{"text": "IPF component complements the PforR with targeted technical assistance on key aspects of the Program , which include : - i . the implementation of ongoing reforms ( CBC , formative assessment , teacher management ) , - ii . the improvement of information systems and management practices in the sector ( including NEMIS and inclusion of refugee education in the information system and the development of quality assurance systems and school audits ) ; - iii . the mitigation of safeguards and fiduciary risks ( through the Program Action Plan ( PAP ) ) , and - iv . program management and implementation ( including M & E and staff development programs in implementing entities ) . 15 . IPF activities are categorized under the following sub-components : a ( detailed list of activities to be financed under each sub-component is presented in Annex 3 ) - i . * * Sub-component 1 : * * Program management , policy dialogue , communication , monitoring and evaluation , safeguards and fiduciary , and verification ( US $ 4 million ) . This sub-component will finance the operational costs associated with coordination , implementation , communication , monitoring , and evaluation of Programrelated activities at the national and county levels . - ii . * * Sub-component 2 : * * Technical assistance and capacity building for adequate implementation of the initiated reforms ( US $ 6 million ) . This sub-component will finance a sample-based national survey to measure pre-school quality and pre-primary children ’ s school readiness ( cognitive , motor , language , and 3", "spans": [{"start": 1428, "end": 1456, "text": "sample-based national survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > FMOH | Routine CBN data , FMOH | | Number of children 6-59 months receiving a | | Number | Value | 10200000 . 00 | 1070000000 . 00 | 11300000 . 00 | | dose of Vitamin A every 6 months | | Sub Type | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | | | Breakdown | Comments | UNICEF EOS 2008 data < br > ( revised indicator definition < br > and baseline value ) | Source : FMOH 2010-11 data | Source : Routine CHD / EOS < br > reports , FMOH | Page 2 of 5", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 28, "text": "Routine CBN data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 282, "end": 302, "text": "UNICEF EOS 2008 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 380, "end": 397, "text": "FMOH 2010-11 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "urban refugees and asylum seekers . Pro-active outreach is essential for refugees to be aware of the protective mechanisms , services , livelihood opportunities and durable solutions available to them-through UNHCR , government or civil society - - and to understand how to access them . When one considers how resource intensive grassroots community work is , new and non-traditional partners ( mosques , churches , merchants associations , city social workers , etc . ) could be enlisted to help promote integration and protection for refugees . Survey fi ndings also clearly reinforce the link between effective outreach and communication with refugees and prevention of security incidents . Paradoxically , survey fi ndings indicate that many offi ces fi nd that the defensive security protocols prescribed to help keep UNHCR property and staff safe , actually make it harder to be accessible and responsive to refugee needs and to build the rapport with refugee communities , which in turn helps to keep the offi ce safe . # # # # # * * A safe and sustainable existence for urban refugees * * Survey fi ndings support the assertion that urban refugees ’ access to viable livelihoods is the key factor establishing their well-being or even just survival . If urban refugees can secure a livelihood and meet their basic material needs , they can better manage ( and afford ) to access services like education and health . Often this debate around livelihoods focuses on whether or not the host government provides refugees with the legal right to work per se . However , the survey fi ndings indicate that the access to fi nancial capital , credit and banking services is in fact more salient . Other factors – the socio - economic situation in the host country , refugees ’ skills relevant for the urban economy , freedom of movement , the status of refugees ’ documents and perceptions about resettlement - - also signifi cantly infl uence whether urban refugees can be self-reliant or not . These survey fi ndings enable UNHCR operations to explore other avenues when the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s and intended outcomes were reflected well in the results framework . The objectives of the original project and the AF were clearly specified . The outcome indicators encompassed all elements of the objectives statement , and most indicators were appropriately specific and measurable . Some of the indicators measured more than one aspect , such as the outcome indicator “ additional number of beneficiary households receiving timely and predictable cash transfers ( as defined in the operations manual ) . \" Also , the ICR ( p . 24 ) noted that some of the indicators did not have real baseline values , but instead only estimates . These estimates resulted in challenges during implementation when the real baseline values turned out to be higher or lower than originally expected , and targets had to be modified . According to the ICR ( p . 26 ) , institutional arrangements for M & E were adequate to collect data on a regular basis and allow for analysis to inform program management . Initially , the Central Program Unit and later the Social Assistance Unit ( SAU ) were responsible for the project ’ s M & E activities . These activities included regular operational monitoring reports as well as an impact evaluation and two rounds of the PIBS survey , in 2015 / 2016 and 2017 / 2018 . Page 11 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 1252, "end": 1263, "text": "PIBS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 Grootaert chose the 75 , 000 CFAF per day poverty line as the index of extreme poverty because it corresponded to a headcount index of 10 percent in 1985 , based on the set of deflators he used . This paper uses the CPI series published by the INS as the basis for its deflators . For a discussion of the construction of the deflator series for the household surveys , see Appendix B . The 75 , 000 CFAF / day poverty line translates into $ PP 410 ( purchasing power parity ) , slightly exceeding the poverty line of $ PP 370 ( 1985 $ PP ) used in the 1990 World Development Report . This calculation is based on the purchasing power parity exchange rate for 1985 for private consumption of 182 . 85 CFAF / $ PP from the Summers and Heston data which was used in Chen , Datt , and Ravallion ' s ( 1994 ) estimations of the incidence of poverty in developing countries . 4", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 228, "text": "CPI series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 723, "end": 746, "text": "Summers and Heston data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from the 2011 DHS ( see para . 38 in the main text ) but do not seem wildly out of keeping with the broader national findings . There is room for legitimate skepticism about the results about condom use among sex workers which was also reported to be very high at baseline . Findings such as these are improbably high and likely reflect that CSWs know the right answer and provide it to surveyors . 41", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 17, "text": "2011 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". * * _Potential impacts_ . * * Identification of ( a ) the project component or activities that give rise to resettlement ; ( b ) the zone of impact of such component or activities ; ( c ) the alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement ; and ( d ) the mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . 5 . * * _Objectives_ * * . The main objectives of the resettlement program . 6 . * * _Socioeconomic studies_ . * * The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including ( a ) the results of a census survey covering ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; ( ii ) standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labor , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; ( iii ) the magnitude of the expected loss - - total or partial - - of assets , and the extent of displacement , physical or economic ; ( iv ) information on vulnerable groups or persons as provided for in OP 4 . 12 , para . 8 , for whom special provisions may have to be made ; and ( v ) provisions to update information on the displaced people ' s livelihoods and standards of living at regular intervals so that the latest information is available at the time of their displacement . ( b ) Other studies describing the following 59", "spans": [{"start": 679, "end": 692, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "AKWET - < br > 84478-GO-RFQ / Purchase 3Baby Resuscitators forhospital maternity in Iten IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-12-05 2019-01-30 2019-05-30 < br > County Referral Hospital < br > KE-UASIN GISHUCOUNTY-84489-GO-RFQ / Procure 30 implant removalsets for 30 health facilities IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-12 2019-03-09 2019-09-05 < br > KE-MARSABIT COUNTY - < br > 84512-GO-RFQ / Procure < br > 14No . laptops for projectaccountant and all the 13HRIOs at Marsabit CountyReferral Hospital , Moyale IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-16 2019-02-18 2019-05-19 < br > hospital , Laisamis hospital , < br > Kalacha hospital < br > KE-ELGEYO MARAKWET - < br > 84513-GO-RFQ / Purchase of < br > 1 Heavy Duty Multipurposephotocopier ( 4 in one ) tosupport RMNCAH Data IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-25 2019-01-20 2019-05-20 < br > review for County Referral < br > Hospital Iten < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 7", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 997, "text": "RMNCAH Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recovery . We find no evidence of problems in multiple statistics for bank conditions , credit performance , or portfolio allocations across any of the eight financial ratios examined for the distribution of all banks or for the distribution of large , systemically important banks . Before proceeding , however , we provide three caveats regarding the regulatory accounting data due to easing actions by U . S . regulators and supervisors , and how they may affect our analysis . First , regulators made a number of changes to how the Basel III regulatory capital ratios were computed during the crisis to make it easier for banks to meet the requirements . For this reason , we view these regulatory capital ratios as potentially less informative during the crisis and exclude them from consideration . We focus attention instead only on a non-regulatory equity capital ratio that is measured consistently over time . Second , supervisors allowed for forbearance of missed or late payments on some debt , which may affect the accuracy of our calculation of the nonperforming loans ratio based on credits that are past due at least 90 days or in nonaccrual status and / or charge-offs on these loans . While we keep these figures , we view them with additional caution and also include a ratio for loan and lease loss allowances , which should reveal whether banks are keeping sufficient reserves for eventual losses on these loans . Third , supervisors temporarily reduced focus on bank examinations , which could result in some institutions taking advantage of lessened oversight and reporting inaccurately favorable Call Report data . While we do not expect substantial inaccuracies to occur as a result , this could affect the books of a small number of banks , and so we recommend overall caution in interpreting the data . Thus , while the statistics we report may be imperfect , they are the best that we have available and they tell a very consistent story . As a further caveat , we certainly cannot claim that there will be no banking crises or other 17", "spans": [{"start": 353, "end": 379, "text": "regulatory accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1620, "end": 1636, "text": "Call Report data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and significant household wealth effect ( measured in terms of household assets ) for rural households living close to refugee camps and negative wealth effects for households in urban areas . Thanks to the World Bank Kagera Health and Development panel Survey ( KHDS ) a number of studies were able to assess the impact of these refugees on host communities focusing mainly on household wellbeing and labor market outcomes . Maystadt and Duranton ( 2018 ) find that all types of local workers gained from the refugee presence , although the positive effects are weaker for agricultural workers and the selfemployed in non-agricultural activities . They find a positive and significant effect on household consumption in 9 of the 16 models ’ specifications they propose with the rest of the results being all positive and non-significant . Maystadt and Verwimp ( 2014 ) use six different specifications of a similar model and find four of these specifications with a positive and significant effect on consumption with the remaining two specifications being positive and non-significant . They also show a differentiated impact between agricultural laborers and self-employed with the former suffering from high prices and competition on jobs and the latter benefitting from higher prices and cheap labor . Overall , doubling the refugee presence is found to increase per adult equivalent consumption of host households by 6-8 percent . The effect is also positive but lower ( 2-3 percent ) for agricultural workers and self-employed in non-agricultural activities . Using the same data , Ruiz and Vargas-Silva ( 2016 ) find that the forced migration shock led to an increase in the likelihood of Tanzanians working outside the household as caretakers and a lower likelihood of working outside the household as employees . This is particularly true for agricultural employees suggesting a certain substitution effect between locals and refugees . Ruiz and Vargas-Silva ( 2015 ) complement these results by finding that the general impact on employees is negative and significant but the impact on professionals and government employees is positive and significant . Looking closer at the relative differential impacts by gender and skill-level , Ruiz and Vargas-Silva ( 2017 ) find that , on average , the refugee influx led to women being less likely to engage in employment outside the", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 260, "text": "Kagera Health and Development panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . DATA AND RESULTS * * The analysis is based on the India Annual Survey of Industry ( ASI ) which was available to us from 1983 / 84 through 1997 / 98 disaggregated by state and 3 digit ( NIC ) industry . < sup > 16 < / sup > This is a survey of registered manufacturing firms , reporting employment in two skill categories ( nonmanual and manual workers ) , which we interpret as representing skilled and unskilled labor , respectively . The data also contain wage-bills for each labor category , output , value added , capital stock and a number of other variables . < sup > 17 < / sup > The public-use ASI data are of uneven quality . We discovered numerous internal and external inconsistencies in these data and believe that we have resolved most of them . In keeping with the Griliches ’ tradition of attention to measurement issues ( Griliches , 1986 ) we discuss what we ’ ve learned here . ( A separate appendix on data construction is available upon request . ) We examined time-series of employment for sudden changes in each 3 digit industry by state , and then compared these figures with totals available from the Central Statistical Organization with data from other sources when any inconsistencies remained unexplained . We found two types of data problems : 1 ) Possible coding mistakes - The data indicate a very sharp decline in employment in West Bengal between 1984 and 1985 , from 1 . 1 million manufacturing workers to 800 thousand . 180 thousand of that decline is reported in one 3 digit industry , aluminum manufacturing ( NIC 335 ) < sup > 18 < / sup > . Similar declines are reported for value added , output and other statistics . That sharp reduction in employment is inconsistent with the slight but steady employment _increase_ reported in official statistics by the Bureau of Economics and Statistics in the Government of West Bengal . < sup > 19 < / sup > Compared to national totals for employment , the 1984 figures from our ASI data seem to be about 160 , 000 too high , indicating that this one industry is probably", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 91, "text": "India Annual Survey of Industry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 244, "end": 284, "text": "survey of registered manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 613, "end": 621, "text": "ASI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improved their ratings , while 9 remained unchange ( of these 4 are ‘ high ’ , 2 ‘ moderate ’ and 3 ‘ low ’ ) and only two deteriorated – Mozambique and Sudan . Further , of the 20 countries that show an improvement in their risk ratings more than half ( 65 percent ) improved by more than one step ( went from ‘ high ’ to ‘ low ’ ) , while 7 improved one step ( 6 from moved from ‘ high ’ to ‘ moderate ’ and 1 from ‘ moderate ’ to ‘ low ’ ) . The rating deterioration from ‘ low ’ to ‘ moderate ’ for Mozambique is due to increased external borrowing for infrastructure investments around natural gas exploration and liquefaction . However , as noted in the DSA these investments are broadly seen as important for the country ’ s development , and the increased risk of debt distress is deemed appropriate . * * Figure 4 . 1 : DSA Based Debt Distress Level Change * * ( Percentage of total sample ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 74 < br > 55 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 29 < br > 16 < br > 20 10 13 < br > 3 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > Low Moderate High In debt distress < br > 2009 ‐ 2011 2012 ‐ 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nadpal / Nako | dok < br > 88 | | | * * Total * * | | * * 338 * * | # # * * Economic Analysis * * 21 . * * The upgrading of the Eldoret / Lesseru-Nadapal / Nakodok road sections . * * A revised economic analysis was done for the upgrading of the Eldoret / Lesseru-Nadapal / Nakodok using the latest increased prices obtained from the actual bids , the expanded scope of works and the latest traffic data ( Annex 2 ) . The project ' s main benefits are the savings to be made by road users on vehicle operating costs and passenger time costs . Since appraisal of the project in 2015 , not only have the construction costs and scope of works increased but also the traffic levels and expected growth rates . The road corridor considered under this project measures 338km and was divided into five sections for purposes of design and construction . The name of the road sections and the corresponding lengths are presented in Table 8 . * * Table 8 : Road Sections along Lokichar – Nadapal / Nakodok Road Corridor * * 22 . The revised Net Present Value ( NPV ) of the upgrading of the entire Eldoret / Lesseru-Nadapal / Nakodok in 2021 is US $ 516 . 1 million , with an overall Economic Internal Rate of Return ( EIRR ) of 25 . 7 percent . This varies across individual road sections under the project ( some of which are completed ) from 15 . 1 percent to 36 . 5 percent . The results show that all the road sections are still economically viable given the positive NPVs and EIRRs greater than the 12 percent planning discount rate . Table 9 and Annex 2 give the details of the economic re-evaluation . - 15 - | P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 403, "text": "traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : SME Finance Project ( P148447 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P148447 | IDA-57930 | Effective | USD | 200 . 00 | 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 12 . 50 | 191 . 46 | 6 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | < br > Signin | g Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P148447 | IDA-57930 | Effective | 17-May-2016 | 15-Ju | n-2016 | 01-Sep-2016 | 31-Au | g-2022 | 31-Aug-2022 | # # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * # * * Restructuring History * * Level 2 Approved on 20-Sep-2017 # * * Related Project ( s ) * * 12 / 6 / 2017 Page 7 of 8 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "long-run price differences that remain among them reflect trade costs only . < sup > 11 < / sup > Assessing integration involves examining carefully the evolution of prices of specific products across different cities in South Sudan , and testing their short and long-run co-movement . When doing so , the drivers of different degrees of co-movement can also be explored , which allows us to understand how policy actions can help achieve greater market integration . # # * * 3 . 1 . The Data * * We use consumer price series for seven food products for the period 2009-13 : broad beans , groundnuts , maize ( white ) , millet , sesame , sorghum and wheat flour , and for two energy products : diesel and gasoline . Five food products were dropped due to absence of data . These are : cassava and cassava meal for which the data available only covered the capital city of Juba , and red beans , maize in grains , and cooking oil for which data available covered less than 12 observations per city . For the remaining products , the period of analysis is heterogeneous , but typically covering 2009-2013 ( diesel and gasoline prices , for example , are only available for 2012-2013 ) . Appendix > 10 This might change with the construction of the all year passable road to Kenya . > 11 Varela , G . et al ( 2012 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 504, "end": 525, "text": "consumer price series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and disadvantages to each of these approaches , < sup > 5 < / sup > there are some distinct advantages to using an existing F2F survey when it comes to counteracting coverage and nonresponse bias . The F2F survey that the phone sample is drawn from will typically contain detailed information across a wide variety of domains not just for interviewed households but also households that were ineligible ( i . e . did not have access to a mobile phone ) and those that were not successfully interviewed ( i . e . those that did not respond or refused ) . This wealth of information can be harnessed to more effectively reduce bias in the phone survey sample . RDD surveys and surveys utilizing network provider frames often do not have the luxury of having detailed information on the ineligible and nonresponding sample to attempt to reduce the bias and thus any bias adjustments employed for those surveys are potentially inferior to those from representative F2F surveys . < sup > 6 < / sup > The most prominent method to achieve a reduction in bias in telephone surveys is through adjustments to the survey weights . In order to implement these weighting adjustments , additional information is required to understand and attempt to correct for the bias . External information on known demographic composition of the general population ( e . g . from population census ) can be compared with that of the interviewed sample and the weights adjusted to counteract that balance . Such external information is usually limited to basic demographics . More detailed information from recent representative F2F surveys ( e . g . LSMS , Demographic and Health Surveys , Household Budget Surveys , etc . ) could similarly be compared with the interviewed sample . However , for RDD and telecom list-based phone surveys , information on these characteristics must also captured in the phone survey which is not always feasible in a phone survey format where the scope ( in terms of question complexity ) and length ( in terms of interview time ) are much reduced compared to a typical F2F surveys . For example , it is not feasible to collect all information necessary to construct an aggregate measure of household", "spans": [{"start": 1354, "end": 1371, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1631, "end": 1661, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1664, "end": 1688, "text": "Household Budget Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "retail food prices in all monitored markets were much higher than the same month in 2016 . For example , the price of a kilo of sorghum had increased by about 629 percent in Juba , and 86 percent in Bentiu compared to the same time last year . The price of maize increased by 1 , 017 percent in Juba , while the price of beans , one of the major food imports , increased by more than 150 percent compared to last year ( despite the recent introduction of reduced customs duty on imported food to relax the pressure on prices ) . On average , the prices of most food crops in major markets now hover around 345 percent to 1100 percent above their long ‐ term average ( 2007 ‐ 2015 ) . 7 . * * Overall , according to the National Bureau for Statistics , the Consumer Price Index increased by 480 percent from February 2016 to February 2017 mainly on account of higher food prices * * . The highest increases are registered for bread and cereals , with prices increasing by more than 600 percent between December 2015 and December 2016 ( see Figure 1 ) . Such extreme increases in prices have had a serious adverse impact on the purchasing power and the food security of poor households , the majority of whom depend on the market for their food supplies . > 1 These include : ( i ) the current drought in the Horn of Africa , which has reduced overall output in primary exporters Uganda and Sudan and limited the food imports that South Sudan can viably access ; ( ii ) high food prices mainly driven by depreciation of the local currency and a very high inflation rate ; ( iii ) declines in crop production from already low levels due to insecurity and displacement of farmers ; and ( iv ) destabilization of markets due to restrictions to movement in commodity ‐ supply corridors . Page 10 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 776, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unit costs per place established across regions , and in slightly higher performance on implementation indicators . In low income countries , the potential for greater effectiveness of nonformal training has , so far , been confounded by the management challenges of a new and more complex institutional design . The relative cost-effectiveness of vocational secondary schools and nonformal training institutions in middle income countries in pre-employment training cannot be judged from World Bank project experience . The available data from Korea demonstrates that these modes can be equally cost-effective , but the Korean context is unique in the strength of the basic education system and the rapid growth of the industrial sector . 6 . 23 The costs of establishing nonformal training places have been about twice those of secondary places in low income countries . In lower-middle income countrie - secondary places have cost somewhat more . In upper-middle income countries nonformal places have cost nearly seven times those in secondary vocational schools . Nonformal places , of course , are used more frequently in a given time period than those in secondary schools . While data on the outputs of these systems", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 550, "text": "data from Korea", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in July 2011 . < sup > 78 < / sup > Similarly , between January and June 2011 , new Somali arrivals in Kenya averaged about 9 , 500 per month , but jumped to 26 , 000 in July 2011 . < sup > 79 < / sup > During the course of the crisis , approximately 150 , 000 and 120 , 000 Somalis are thought to have arrived in Kenya and Ethiopia , respectively . < sup > 80 < / sup > Yemen was another key destination for Somalis , and to a lesser extent , Djibouti and Uganda . < sup > 81 < / sup > > 74 Maxwell and Majid , ibid . , p . 60 . > 75 Ibid . , p . 59 . > 76 Ibid . > 77 See e . g . ibid . > 78 Ibid . , p . 70 . Relates to Dollo Ado camps , which are discussed in the Subsection on Ethiopia ’ s response . > 79 Ibid . , p . 72 . Relates to Dadaab camps , which are discussed in the Subsection on Kenya ’ s response . 80 Ibid . , p . 70 . > 81 See e . g . UNHCR , “ UNHCR Population Statistics Database ” , available at : > < u > http : / / popstats . unhcr . org / en / persons_of_concern , accessed between February and September 2018 . < / u > 37", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 901, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 # # # * * V . TENDANCES DES DÉPLACEMENTS ET PROFILS DES POPULATIONS * * # # # # * * A . PERSONNES DÉPLACÉES INTERNES * * Lors de l ’ opération de collecte et de mise à jour des données menée en décembre 2023 , un total de * * 354 . 739 * * PDI a été identifié . Le nombre de PDI est en effet passé de 391 961 personnes en septembre 2023 ( rapport DTM de septembre 2023 ) à * * 354 739 * * en décembre 2023 . Ainsi de septembre 2023 à décembre 2023 , une diminution de * * 37 222 * * personnes déplacées ( environ 9 % de diminution ) a été constatée . Tableau 1 : Déplacés Internes au Mali par région | * * Région * * | * * Ménage * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Total Individus * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MOPTI | 21287 | 50159 | 38788 | 88947 | | MENAKA | 14192 | 32686 | 25245 | 57931 | | TOMBOUCTOU | 10114 | 24799 | 18884 | 43683 | | BANDIAGARA | 11496 | 24299 | 17909 | 42208 | | GAO | 9998 | 21331 | 15023 | 36354 | | SEGOU | 9798 | 20725 | 15127 | 35852 | | KIDAL | 3016 | 7235 | 5622 | 12857 | | SAN | 3008 | 6912 | 4970 | 11882 | | DOU", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ": Availabil | ityofadequatesuppli | esoffertilizerforth | e2009-2010cropseason | | | C . Fertilizer procured and < br > distributed / sold ( in tons ) . | < br > 442 , 000 < br > ( procurement ) < br > 405 , 000 < br > ( distributed ) | < br > 400 , 000 < br > ( procurement ) < br > Target not formally < br > established . | < br > 510 , 000 < br > ( procurement ) < br > 427 , 000 < br > ( distributed ) | < br > MoARD ( 2010 ) and < br > interil1l data sheets < br > fromAISEas < br > summarized in World < br > Bank ( 2009-20I 0 ) | AIDB and Japan additionally < br > I < br > procured 118 , 000 tonsofureaduring < br > FSP implementation . | | D . Woredas reporting delays in < br > fertilizer distributionofover 5 days < br > ( percent ) . | < br > No baseline data < br > available . | Less than10 < br > percent . | < br > Qualitative < br > evidence . | MoARD ( 2009 ) , < br > MoARD ( 20 I 0 ) , DSA < br > ( 2010 ) , WordBank < br > ( 2009-2010 ) | MoARD ( 2009 ) interim data wereofi < br > moderate quality . Evidence from < br > field supervision indicates that delays < br > were an isolated issueandlikely < br > below 10 percent . | | E . Farmers reporting access to and < br > timely delivery offertilizer < br > ( percent ) . | Nobaseline data < br > available . | No reduction over < br > last year . | Almost all", "spans": [{"start": 961, "end": 988, "text": "MoARD ( 2009 ) interim data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10724 # * * Abstract * * The complex relationship between climate shocks , migration , and adaptation hampers a rigorous understanding of the heterogeneous mobility outcomes of farm households exposed to climate risk . To unpack this heterogeneity , the analysis combines longitudinal multi-topic household survey data from Nigeria with a causal machine learning approach , tailored to a conceptual framework bridging economic migration theory and the poverty traps literature . The results show that pre-shock asset levels , in situ adaptive capacity , and cumulative shock exposure drive not just the magnitude but also the sign of the impact of agriculture-relevant weather anomalies on the mobility outcomes of farming households . While local adaptation acts as a substitute for migration , the roles played by wealth constraints and repeated shock exposure suggest the presence of climate-induced immobility traps . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at apaolantonio @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TRANSPARENT < br > ANALYSIS < br > G < br > R E < br > N < br > S < br > I P < br > Y E < br > K A < br > C A < br > R P < br > LI R < br > O E < br > O C < br > W R < br > H < br > S < br > P < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 361, "text": "longitudinal multi-topic household survey data from Nigeria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 6 - Microfinance indicators from CGAP financial access database * * | | * * Financial in * * < br > * * Promoting * * < br > * * rural areas * * | * * clusion : * * < br > * * access in * * | * * Deposits * * < br > * * Account * * < br > * * adults * * | * * : * * < br > * * s per tho * * | * * usand * * | * * Deposit * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * of GDP * * | * * s : * * < br > * * as perc * * < br > | * * entage * * | * * Loans : * * < br > * * Accoun * * < br > * * adults * * | * * ts per th * * | * * ousand * * | * * Loans : * * < br > * * Value a * * < br > * * GDP * * | * * s percen * * | * * tage of * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Agency is < br > responsible < br > ( Yes / No ) | Dedicated < br > team < br > or < br > unit < br > ( Yes / No ) | Coope - < br > ratives | SSFIs | MFIs | Coope - < br > ratives | SSFIs | MFIs | Coope - < br > ratives | SSFIs | MFIs | Coope - < br > ratives | SSFIs | MFIs | | * * Malaysia * * | √ | √ | 2 . 78 | 1", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 75, "text": "CGAP financial access database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have been consistent with appropriate economic and financial criteria . The Government also intended to complete an energy sector investment program * * by * * March * * 1983 . * * Although a draft energy policy paper was reviewed * * by * * the Bank staff in March * * 1983 , * * a well-defined energy investment program with an adequate analytical framework has not yet been formulated , reflecting the institutional fragmentation of the sector and administrative weaknesses in the recently created Ministry of Energy . * * 33 . * * Population . In order to provide more effective leadership to the family planning program , particularly information and education to generate greater demand for family planning services , a National Council for Population and Development was established , staffed , and funded , in the Office of the Vice President and Minister for Home Affairs . This satisfied one of the specific conditions of release of the second tranche . However , the Government has not yet implemented its intention to develop specific targets for family planning acceptors , average family size , and population growth . 34 . External Debt Management . The Government prepared an external borrowing plan for the period January 1983-June 1984 which was consistent with the IN program and with maintenance of long term creditworthiness . However , a review mission from the Bank ' s External Debt Division in October * * 1983 * * found that gaps arising from weak methods of data collection , particularly on parastatals and private enterprises , resulted in debt statistics of questionable quality and incomplete coverage . The mission noted that the staffing of the Debt Management Section , and coordination", "spans": [{"start": 1569, "end": 1584, "text": "debt statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _Private financing_ : Dummy variable indicating whether the project is funded < br > entirely through private funds ( without any financial investment of the state , < br > whether local or national ) or not . | 160 ( 52 . 1 % ) | 147 ( 47 . 9 % ) | | _Bidding process_ : Dummy variable indicating whether there was or not a bidding < br > process to award the concession . | 272 ( 88 . 6 % ) | 35 ( 11 . 4 % ) | | _Award criteria_ : Dummy variable classifying award criteria ( 1 for highest price , < br > highest canon or lowest subsidy , 0 for all others ) | 106 ( 34 . 5 % ) | 201 ( 65 . 5 % ) | | _Minimum income guarantee_ : Dummy variable indicating whether there is or not a < br > governmentguarantee in terms of minimum incomepromissory . | 63 ( 20 . 5 % ) | 244 ( 79 . 5 % ) | | _Arbitration process_ : Dummy variable indicating whether there is or not a formal < br > set of arbitration processes stated in the contract providing for the settlement of a < br > dispute between the concession holder and the government , should such a situation < br > arise . | 179 ( 58 . 3 % ) | 128 ( 41 . 7 % ) | | _Election_ : Dummy variable indicating whether there were or not national elections < br > ( legislative or presidential ) in any given year . Source : Political Database of the < br > Americas . Georgetown University / Organization of American States . Center for < br > Latin American Studies . | n . r . | n . r . | | _Political Change_ : Dummy variable indicating whether there were or not a change < br > in power following national elections ( legislative or presidential ) in any given < br > year . Source : Political Database of the Americas . Georgetown < br > University / Organization of AmericanStates . Center for Latin AmericanStudies . | n . r . | n . r", "spans": [{"start": 1631, "end": 1665, "text": "Political Database of the Americas", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Primary enrolment rates < br > a . Net enrollment rates for grade < br > 1-8 ( % ) | % | 79 . 1 | 87 . 9 | 89 . 7 | 91 . 5 | Annual | EMIS | MoE | | | b . Gender Parity Index for grade < br > 1-4 | % | na | 93 | 94 | 94 | Annual | EMIS | MoE | | | 2 . Children vaccinated against < br > a . DPT3 + HepB3 + Hib3 | % | 76 . 8 | 82 | 85 | 88 | Annual | HMIS | MoH | | | b . Measles | % | 68 | 76 . 6 | 82 | 86 | Annual | HMIS | MoH | | | c . Children immunized | Number | 1 , 387 , 351 | 1 , 711 , 721 | 1 , 800 , 000 | 1 , 900 , 000 | Annual | HMIS | MoH | This indicator measures < br > number of children fully < br > immunized , and refers to < br > annual value | | 3 . Births attended by skilled < br > health personnel | % | 16 | 15 . 7 | 34 | 48 | Annual | HMIS | MoH | Figures are rounded | | 4 . Proportion of malfunctioning < br > water supplies | % | 20 | 20 | 18 | 16 | Annual | Annual | MoWE reports | MoWE | 7 UOM = Unit of Measurement . - 8 Target values are entered for the years data will be available , not necessarily annually . When targets refer to annual values , it is indicated in the “ frequency ” column . Otherwise , notes are provided in the “ Comments ” column . Targets are", "spans": [{"start": 970, "end": 982, "text": "MoWE reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 The microeconomic evidence at the individual worker level is also consistent with the firm-level evidence . Survey work performed in the summer of 1994 indicates that about 70 percent of an urban sampling of current or ex-state enterprise employees were engaged in unofficial activities . The sample participants as a whole derived more than one-half of their total income from these nonofficial activities ; formal wage income represented less than one-half of their total income . For those working at lower-than-average official wages , the share of unofficial incomes was about two-thirds . ' < sup > 7 < / sup > To complement the microevidence presented here , and to provide for a comparative methodology for FSU and CEE countries , we turn now to a top-down approach to measuring the dynamics of the unofficial economy . # * * The Macroelectric Approach to Measurement of the Unofficial Economy and Its Application to Ukraine * * In most of the FSU and CEE states , official GDP figures measure the official economy . Almost by definition , and due to the slow ( and very partial at best ) adaptation of statistical methodology to more market-based systems , the unofficial economy has been minimally captured in official statistics . Official GDP figures can therefore be considered a good approximation of the measurement of official activities . But contrary to the prevalent use by analysts and decision makers , they cannot provide a reliable measure of overall economic activity in an economy . For a valid measurement of overall economic activity , a different indicator is needed . # _Unitary Elasticity of Electricity Consumption : Sensible Assumption ? _ To measure overall economic activity in an economy , electric-power consumption is regarded as the single best physical indicator of economic activity . Overall economic activity and electricity consumption have been empirically observed throughout the world to move in lockstep - - with an electricity / GDP elasticity usually close to one . \" < sup > 8 < / sup > By having a proxy measurement for the overall economy and subtracting it from estimates of official GDP , an estimate of unofficial GDP can be derived . Before proceeding further , however , we need to address the question of likely biases", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 996, "text": "GDP figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "turn depends on its market power . However , neither cost shocks nor market shares are observed directly at the firm level . < sup > 3 < / sup > Our identification strategy goes around this by relating firm-level export prices ( on which we have data ) to bilateral exchange rate shocks . Consider a firm faced with a series of bilateral exchange rate shocks , one on each of its destination markets . If it passed through the entirety of each shock onto consumer prices , its producer price in the home currency would remain the same irrespective of destinations ; there would be no PTM . However , with incomplete pass-through , a fraction of each shock is absorbed by the firm into its producer price ; as a result , the uniqueness of the producer price breaks down , giving rise instead to a series of differentiated ones by destination . In other words , the firm prices to market . Like in the case of a symmetric cost shock , the reaction of a firm ’ s producer price to an exchange rate shock tells us something about the elasticity of demand it perceives on its destination market — i . e . , about its unobserved market power . Specifically , a firm with strong market power in a given destination ( hence a low perceived price elasticity of demand ) will absorb a large fraction of the bilateral exchange rate shock , and conversely . As destination markets vary in terms of their trade policy , we can then infer the effect of trade policy on market structure by observing the pricing behavior of firms exporting there , without directly needing to observe their market shares or any other measure of market power . We start by discussing the impact of trade policy instruments on PTM in the destination country using a class of heterogeneous firms models featuring variable and endogenous markups . > 2See for example Krugman ( 1986 ) , Feenstra _et al . _ ( 1996 ) , Atkeson and Burstein ( 2008 ) , Berman _et al . _ ( 2012 ) , Auer and Schoenle ( 2016 ) , or Amiti _et al . _ ( 2014 ) . > 3Market", "spans": [{"start": 202, "end": 226, "text": "firm-level export prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6452 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the microeconomics behind the dramatic export boom experienced by Turkey during the 2000s . Using disaggregated customs data covering the universe of export transactions for Turkey during the period 2002 – 2011 , it characterizes firm-level dynamics in the export sector and decomposes export growth at the aggregate , sector , and destination market levels to identify the role of firm turnover , destination turnover , and product turnover . The paper shows that in the shortrun , aggregate export growth is dominated by growth in continuous exporters , and for these , growth is dominated by exports to their continued destinations and of their continued products . However , the observed high degree of churning across firms , destinations , and products accounts in the long run for a substantial part of Turkey ’ s export growth . The patterns of micro-dynamics of export growth are verified across sectors and across groups of destination markets with some exceptions regarding exports to new emerging markets where net entry by Turkish-based exporters plays a more critical role for long-run growth . This paper is a product of the Trade and Integration Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at afernandes @ worldbank . org and tcebeci @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 198, "text": "disaggregated customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Pension Assets Relative to the Economy < br > ( % of GDP ) < br > 80s < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : ( I ) Data pertain to year-end 1994 for Indonesia and year-end 1991 for other countries . ( 2 ) For Singapore , Sri Lanka , Kenya and Malaysia , only national provident funds are covered . Sources : World Bank , _Averting Old Age Crisis , _ and data supplied by the government . Given Indonesia ' s already high domestic saving rate , wider use of pensions may not make much of a difference in raising the volume of savings . Studies of pensions ' impact on saving have not been conclusive , but they suggest that the overall effects are not large and depend on the type of pension schemes adopted ( see box 3 ) . Nonetheless , as more saving is channeled through pension mechanisms , the demand for long-term financial instruments may be expected to rise . The resulting financial services that emerge to fulfill this demand would contribute to capital market development . Domestic placements of stocks and bonds , whether private or public , would have better prospects . Domestic financial markets would offer more financing options to investors , and thereby lessening the reliance on external debt .", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 453, "text": "data supplied by the government", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ tools * * | < br >  Noise < br > and < br > Vibrations < br > nuisances < br >  Grievances < br > from the host < br > community < br >  Impact < br > on < br > nearby < br > structures < br > < br > < br > < br > | sclo < br >  A < br > regular < br > proper < br > maintenance of machinery < br > including generators ; < br >  Sensitization < br > of < br > machine < br > operators to shut off plants < br > not in use and ensuring no < br > unnecessary idling ; < br >  Provision < br > of < br > ear < br > mufflers < br > to < br > those < br > most < br > exposed , < br > especially < br > that < br > operating heavy machinery / < br > equipment ; < br >  Adhering to the Noise and < br > Vibrations regulations | sure < br >  Noise and vibrations < br > within < br > allowable < br > limits under EMCA < br > especially < br > near < br > residential areas and < br > other < br > sources < br > of < br > noise ; < br >  Maintenance < br > and < br > servicing records for < br > the machinery ; < br >  Noise and vibrations < br > analysis records ; < br >  Qualified < br > plant / < br > machinery < br > operators ; | < br >  Sample visits ; < br >  Vehicle < br > and < br > equipment < br > monitoring < br > schedule < br > and < br > reports | < br > Contractor | Routine | Considered in < br > works < br > contract | | * * General *", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1073, "text": "analysis records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 | 7 . 9 | X | 6 . 1 | 4 . 8 | | Asia | | 2 . 6 | 1 . 1 | | 7 . 5 < br > | 4 . 9 | | 2 . 9 | 3 . 8 | | Latin America < br > Developmng < br > counity sampleg | , < br > jI , < br > V | 2 . 4 < br > 2 . 2 | 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 2 | * * 7 * * < br > 2 | < br > 7 . 3 < br > 8 . 5 | 4 . 7 < br > 6 . 1 | , | 2 . 7 < br > 4 . 7 | 2 . 3 < br > 4 . 1 | | * * OECD countries * * | * * 25 * * | < br > 2 . 9 | 1 . 9 | i , | 5 . 5 | 4 4 | 1 | . 71 . 6 | | | Total sample | . | * * 2 . 5 * * | * * 1 . 5 * * | | 7 . 3 | 54 | | 3 . 7 | 3 . 2 | _Source : Forearly 1980s Hellerand Tait , 1983 ; forearly 1990 ' s Annex A-3 , Annex A4 . _ _ * Note that the datafor the early 1990 ' s are limited to the Heller and Tait sample . They are therefore differentfrom those for the largersample in this stufdy . N represents the number of countries in the sample . _ - Among developing regions , the reduction in relative government employment took place in Africa and Asia . In Asia , this reduction was partly offset by growth in local government . In LAC , an equally impressive reduction in central personnel is almost entirely explained by a vast shift from central to local government . In Africa , total government employment fell in the 1980s both relative to population and slightly in absolute terms ;", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > FEEDBACK TO < br > WORKER < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 : The Process Flow Chart of Workers ’ Grievance Redress * * Once a worker ’ s grievance has failed to be addressed at the first level or in case of dissatisfaction on part of complainant , it is then escalated to the next level or referred to an appropriate public office such as labour office . It should be noted that in compliance with existing national laws , some categories of grievances and crimes though to be still recorded in NUSAF Log books , depending on their nature , will be directly reported to the Justice Law and Order sector . This includes the police , the Directorate of Public Prosecution , and the courts of law , among others . All workers and service providers shall be oriented and asked to sign the Codes of Conduct ( CoC ) and shall be bound by the clauses therein . Awareness raising and trainings shall be undertaken prior to the signing of the CoC and throughout the project life cycle . Such awareness creation will ensure that all the requirements in the CoC are clearly understood by all workers . This CoC shall prohibit workers from engaging in SEA , GBV , VAC and other criminal acts while employed under the project . In case of transgressions , appropriate sanctions will be applied if a worker is confirmed as a perpetrator and such as , a formal warning , reprimand , and / or a suspension from duty , termination or referral to the police or other authorities as warranted . 70", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 567, "text": "NUSAF Log books", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources_ : Poverty rates are based on Tendulkar poverty lines updated from 2004 / 05 to 2009 / 10 using statespecific consumer price indices for agricultural laborers ( CPIAL ) and per capita consumption expenditures in Schedule 1 . 0 . Poverty rates for J & K and Uttarakhand not reported because data not available on state-level CPIAL . Female share of person days from MGNREGS administrative data ( http : \\ \\ nrega . nic . in ) . Remaining columns from authors ‘ calculations from unit record data of 2009 / 10 National Sample Survey Schedule 1 ( for headcount rate ) and Schedule 10 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 400, "text": "MGNREGS administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in coordination with other clusters , released the Framework for Voluntary Relocations of IDPs Elsewhere in the Country to address requests for IDP relocations in a principled manner . The framework facilitates relocations in line with humanitarian principles and reduces evictions that violate the rights of the displaced ( NPC 20 / 06 / 2023 ) . - The NPC also provided legal assistance , including legal representation , mediation , counselling , and conflict resolution , through 16 responders ( as at November 2023 ) , ten of whom supported HLP case management ( NPC accessed 26 / 11 / 2023 ) . - The NPC HLP monitoring tools include the Humanitarian Response Plan HLP indicators and eviction tracker ( NPC unpublished ) . - It also used a secondary data analysis of publicly available sources on forced evictions and land tenure issues in Yemen . - Two consultation sessions with NPC responders and ACAPS supplemented these analyses . The first consultation engaged key collaborators delivering HLP-related services in the country , while the second involved the wider protection community of the NPC in Yemen . The consultations were held in September and October 2023 . An additional consultation was held with the NPC Strategic Advisory Group in November . # # * * LIMITATIONS * * - There is limited available information directly related to the impact on specific groups of people facing evictions who might be more exposed to certain risks and who have specific needs . - Publicly available information on the impact of forced evictions is often qualitative , making it difficult to compare and aggregate data continuously and countrywide . - Data on evictions from managed IDP sites covered by CCCM and collective centres and from rented accommodation is collected through different mechanisms . - Quantitative data on forced evictions outside managed IDP-hosting sites is largely based on sample datasets from monitoring and recently launched mechanisms to track evictions . 4", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 705, "text": "Humanitarian Response Plan HLP indicators and eviction tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1654, "end": 1694, "text": "Data on evictions from managed IDP sites", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compare between the two cities , and depending on the migration / relocation cost between the two cities , an increase in the urban school fee may result in the migrant worker sending the child back to the rural area ( case ( i ) ) or relocating to another city with or without the child ( cases ( ii ) and ( iii ) respectively ) . It is easy to see that when the relocation cost is sufficiently large , both � � ∗ � � � ∗ ∗ and � � ∗ � � � ∗ ∗ ∗ hold , so that case ( i ) prevails . We thus have the following corollary . # * * Corollary 3 . 1 . School fee increases and relocation decisions * * _If relocation costs are sufficiently large , an increase in the school fee will only affect the decision to bring the child as the worker will remain in the city . _ * * Proof : * * Appendix 1 , Part A _ . _ Corollary 3 . 1 is relevant in the case of China and helps explain that , given prohibitive relocation costs across Chinese cities , migrants typically do not relocate after migrating to a city ( see , for example , Chen et al . , 2010 ) . Put differently , under Corollary 3 . 1 , � � , the set of migrants in city 1 defined in equation ( 3 ) , is likely to remain the same after the change in school fee , which supports the internal validity of our empirical results using post-migration data in destination areas . Moreover , note that higher school fees may place vulnerable households ( i . e . , poorer households or households with precarious jobs or without health insurance ) at a particular disadvantage . These households are likely to expect lower ( non - ) schooling outcomes in the city , and would thus benefit most from social protection policies . < sup > 21 < / sup > The following corollary to Proposition 3 helps shed light on their response to higher school fees . # * * Corollary 3 . 2 . School fees and vulnerable households * *", "spans": [{"start": 1282, "end": 1301, "text": "post-migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "eleka lake area has remained permanent wetland ( swamp ) , of which certain part is covered by open water body . In addition , there are expansive grassland plains around the swamp that are seasonally wet and waterlogged while they are essential grazing grounds for huge livestock population during the dry season . Tikur Weha river crossed by the TL bn T . no . 11 & Downstream view of Edo river along the corrdior of no . 12 ( km 3 . 50 ) with extensive marshland along the Tower no . 3 & no . 4 . river . Photo 2 : Photos Depicting Major Rivers Draining through the TL Corridor # # # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 4 Land Use / Land Cover * * The objective of the land use and cover study was to define the types and extent of land use / land cover of the subproject corridor . It was also aimed to determine the types and extent of land uses that would be affected during construction and operation phases of the proposed power transmission line and substation subproject . The land cover types along the Hawassa-Shashemene TL and at the Shashemene-II substation are classified into six land cover classes . The land cover map ( Figure 4 . 4 ) reveals that the power transmission line traverses cultivated lands , range lands , built-up areas , and tree cover . The dominant land use / land cover crossed by the TL is cropland that covers for about 40 . 9ha or 68 % of the total 30m wide route corridor followed by rangeland and builtup areas comprising about 19 % and 8 . 4 % of the route corridor , respectively . Of the farmland within the TL corridor , about 68 % ( 28ha ) belongs to smallholder farmers whereas the rest Page 73", "spans": [{"start": 1103, "end": 1117, "text": "land cover map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 | Oct / 2028 | | NewIndirect , total jobs ( Number ) < br > | Comments on ac < br > | hieving targets < br > | New indicator ali < br > based on the elas < br > in labor income o | gned with WBG CSI . I < br > ticity ( change in GDP < br > f 0 . 75 % . | ndirect estimates < br > per % change in i < br > | are based on a multi < br > nternet penetration ) < br > | plier applied to n < br > of 0 . 0181 and pe < br > | ew internet users , < br > rcentage change < br > | | NewIndirect , female jobs ( Number ) < br > ( Number ) | 0 | Dec / 2024 | | | 0 | 31-Dec-2024 | 70 , 000 | Oct / 2028 | | RevisePeople provided with enhanced | 0 . 00 | Nov / 2022 | 0 . 00 | 30-Jun-2025 | 0 . 00 | 30-Jun-2025 | 5 , 000 . 00 | Oct / 2028 | | digital skills training under the project < br > ( Number ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | This indicator me < br > theproject . | asures the number o | f beneficiaries tha | t have been provided | with digital skill | s training under | | RevisePeople provided with | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | 2 , 500 . 00 | | | < br > enhanced digital skills training < br > under the project , of which < br > female ( Number ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | This indicator me < br > under the project | asures the number o < br > . | f female beneficia | ries that have been p |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers . “ Not Applicable ” ” # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . “ None ” . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 literature that the returns to experience decrease over time ( Lagakos et al . , 2018b ; Jedwab et al . , 2021c ) . If _ < u > re < / u > _ < sup > _ < r_ ̄ < / sup > < sup > _e_ , then the returns embody a college premium . < / sup > # * * 2 . 2 . Returns Parameters * * We follow the methodology of Lagakos et al . ( 2018b ) and Jedwab et al . ( 2021c ) to estimate the returns to education and experience by college status : _r_ ̄ _s_ , _ < u > rs < / u > _ < sup > , ̄ < / sup > < sup > _re_and < / sup > < sup > _ < u > r < / u > _ < / sup > _e_ < sup > . < / sup > * * Sources . * * The data source is the _International Income Distribution Database_ ( I2D2 ) of the World Bank . The database consists of a large number of household and labor force surveys and census samples . The data was initially compiled by the World Bank ’ s _World Development Report_ ( WDR ) unit between 2005 and 2011 . The database has since been expanded . < sup > 17 < / sup > Only select members of the WDR team or research team or individuals in charge of harmonizing the data can access the database . However , a significant number of the surveys can be accessed online or after entering an agreement with the countries ’ respective statistical office . < sup > 18 < / sup > Finally , the surveys are nationally representative and large enough for our purpose . < sup > 19 < / sup > Jedwab et al . ( 2021c ) also verify that the database generates global patterns that are consistent with patterns observed when using other global databases such as the _World Development Indicators_ database of the World Bank . < sup > 20 < / sup > * * Sample Size . * * I2D2 includes about 1 , 500 survey / census samples", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 666, "text": "I2D2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 732, "end": 784, "text": "household and labor force surveys and census samples", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Aide Memoire Kenya Cash Tranifer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Mid-term Review_ Annex 4 : CT · OVC Results Framework · Update March 20 , 2012 | | _nla_ | | 70 % | 85 % | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | nla | 85 % | 90 % | 95 % | 100 % | | | 66 % | 68 % | 72 % | 76 % | 80 % | | nuuSt : nolUSreporting satisfactory < br > external assessments | nla | 70 % | 75 % | 80 % | 85 % | 4 Data reported regularly from MIS . 5 The planned 2 < sup > nd < / sup > impact evaluation of the Programme is specifically designed to answer this question . 6 Reported every two years from impact evaluation on original locations and will also be measured with second impact evaluation on new programme areas . 7 This is calculated from the responses of households to a range of questions on specific aspects of the programme ' s functioning . It is the average of household responses to a list of questions in the three districts surveyed by the July , August and September 20 * * II * * Spot Reports . 8 Data collected through spot checks . It might be useful to consider adding more general question such as a single question that asks beneficiaries if they believe that they have all the information required to understand how the programme operates . 9 Produced as part of regular IFR reporting . 10 This is measured as the \" proportion of children ( aged 0-17 ) holding a birth certificate or birth registration form \" . It is reported every two years from impact evaluation on original locations and will also be measured with second impact evaluation on new programme areas . 1 This is measured as the \" proportion of children aged 1 · 3 years fully vaccinated \" based on information from health cards", "spans": [{"start": 1718, "end": 1730, "text": "health cards", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 - Table 3 : UNDP Funded Project Components Item Amount Resident exploration consultant . . . . . . . $ 330 , 000 Reprocessing of seismic data . . . . . . . . . . . 470 , 000 Training : Six two-year scholarships . . 250 , 000 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 , 000 Total . . . . . . . $ 1 , 300 , 000 The UNDP would finance 100 percent of the foreign exchange cost of these project components . The local costs of the project , estimated at about US $ 1 . 2 million equivalent , would be financed by the Government . # Project Implementation 79 . The Ministry of Mines and Energy , assisted by consultants to be provided under the project , will be in charge of project implementation . The consultants will have qualifications , experience and terms and conditions satisfactory to IDA . The Ministry intends to keep BEICIP as exploration consultant ; Butler , Binion , Rice , Cook and Knapp of Washington , D . C . , as legal consultants ; and Coopers & Lybrand of London , United Kingdom , as accounting . and auditing consultants . These consultants were selected with the concurrence of IDA ( para . 65 ) and have been performing satisfactorily to date . The exploration and legal consultants will assist the Ministry in the bidding process for acreage and in subsequent negotiations with interested oil companies as part of their tasks ( para . 75 ) . 80 . Staff from the Ministry of Mines and Energy will implement the project , supervised by the Permanent Secretary . The exploration promotion component will be undertaken by a project coordinator within the Ministry ' s Institute of Geological Surveys , to whom will report a geologist , a geophysicist , a petroleum lawyer , and an accounting officer . A condition of effectiveness of the proposed credit would be designation of staff to each of the above positions in accordance with qualifications acceptable to IDA ( Section 6 . 01 ( a ) , draft", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 144, "text": "seismic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". For India based on plant-level data for over 20 , 000 firms over 1989-2008 , Mukim ( 2010 ) finds that exporting improves firm performance , though Tabrizy and Trofimenko ( 2010 ) do not ( they find that self-selection of more productive firms into exporting explains the productivity differential between exporters and non-exporters ) . Cheaper intermediate and capital goods imports , on the other hand , may allow firms to produce existing goods using the same inputs as before , but at lower cost . They could also open up new ways of producing existing goods , and even allow entirely new goods to be made . Acharya and Keller ( 2009 ) estimate that the contribution of international technology transfer to TFP growth exceeds that of domestic R & D and that imports are a major channel for these spillovers . Topalova and Khandelwal ( 2011 ) show a causal link between increases in the number and volume of imported inputs from abroad and increases in TFP in India , while Goldberg et al . ( 2010b ) link access to new imported inputs and new products introduced by domestic firms in India . < / mark > - * * < mark > Access to knowledge through other channels < / mark > * * - * * _ < mark > internet use < / mark > _ * * < mark > : firms can acquire disembodied external knowledge flows from open source information such as scientific , technical and industrial journals , informal contacts and communications through networks of specialists , trade and industry associations , and other knowledge flows accessible through the internet , via e-mail or website use . < / mark > 11", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 37, "text": "plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 24 - * * Figure 10 : Long-run Fees over Assets for Average , Highest and Lowest Cost MPF * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 14 % < br > 12 % < br > 10 % < br > 8 % < br > 6 % < br > 4 % < br > 1 . 66 % < br > 2 % < br > 1 . 18 % < br > 0 . 49 % < br > 0 % < br > Average Cost MPF Lowest Cost MPF Highest Cost MPF < br > 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Real wage growth = 4 % , rate of return = 8 % . Source : Own calculations on HFSA data . 48 . An alternative way to examine fees in Hungary entails the examination of the long-run equivalence of fees over contributions and assets , building on the general methodology developed in Diamond ( 2001 ) . Figure 11 shows the compensating variation in fees of contributions that would be required to maintain the final balance constant if the fees on assets is set to 1 percent for an individual with a wage growth of 5 % , a working career of 40 years ( _T_ = 40 ) , and no interruption in service ( _T_ < sup > * < / sup > = 40 ) . It shows that fees on assets of 1 percent are equivalent to fees of 15 to 30 percent on contributions , depending on the net rate of return ( gross rate minus fees ) . These results are consistent with the simulations shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8 , and illustrate the long-run impact of asset fees charged during the whole accumulation phase . In particular , the long-run total fee over assets of 1 . 18 percent for the average MPF would translate in a long run contribution fee of 17 – 35 percent . < sup", "spans": [{"start": 617, "end": 626, "text": "HFSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RIE ) < br > and RIN ( GWh ) | 12 , 876 | 13 , 546 | 14 , 362 | 15 , 000 | 15 , 646 | 16 , 330 | 17 , 059 | 17 , 881 | Source : _Étude du projet d ' interconnexion des réseaux électriques du Cameroun et du Tchad , Electrification Rurale ; Hatch-Artelia ; May 2017_ _Note : _ The interconnector will be operational as from 2028 in the base case scenario . # # * * _Chad_ * * # # _ < u > CASE A : Without Project < / u > _ 6 . Grid electricity consumption projections for Chad have been made based on a methodology similar to the one detailed in the Hatch-Artelia feasibility study for the AfDB-financed Cameroon - Chad interconnector . < sup > 52 < / sup > The total electricity consumption consists of the sum of total end-use consumption and technical losses . Technical losses are assumed to remain fixed at 12 percent ; < sup > 53 < / sup > total consumption is the sum of three brackets : * * 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝐺 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝐴 𝑃 * * _Note : Historic data and projections of Chad ’ s population are derived from the UN World Population Prospects 2019 . _ * * 𝑃 𝑃 𝐴 𝑃 * * < sup > _54_ < / sup > _The number of people per household is derived from the Hatch-Artelia study . Grid access in 2017 has been estimated based on SNE ’ s total number of domestic clients in 2017 . Total residential consumption and consumption per household are derived from the 2017 SNE Activity Report . The analysis assumes the same electricity access growth rate as the low-growth scenario in the Hatch Artelia report", "spans": [{"start": 1013, "end": 1047, "text": "UN World Population Prospects 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1147, "end": 1166, "text": "Hatch-Artelia study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1349, "end": 1373, "text": "2017 SNE Activity Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using repeated cross-section surveys , hence are much less data intensive . This is the reason why in the present paper we focus on analyses ( i ) and ( iii ) . See Aaberge et al . ( 2011 ) for an analysis of long-term inequality of opportunity along the lines of concept ( ii ) . # * * 2 . The model * * # * * 2 . 1 Canonical models of inequality of opportunity * * The conceptual basis for the definition of inequality of opportunity is provided by the distinction , among the factors influencing the individual achievements , between individual efforts and predetermined circumstances – defined as those which lie outside the realm of individual responsibility . The EOp approach considers that inequality due to the former is not ethically offensive , whereas it suggests that differences in individual outcomes due to the latter represent a violation of the principle of equality of opportunity and should be removed . In what follows we will follow the simple framework introduced by Checchi and Peragine ( 2010 ) to measure inequality of opportunity . Consider a distribution of income Y in a given population . Suppose that all determinants of Y , including the different forms of luck , can be classified into either a set of circumstances C that lie beyond individual responsibility , belonging to a finite set Ω , or as responsibility characteristics , summarized by a variable e , denoting effort , < sup > 2 < / sup > belonging to the set Θ . The outcome of interest is generated by a function g : Ω � Θ → R such that : > 1 Also the cross-country comparability is a relevant issue , given the potentially different definitions of outcome and circumstances involved in the analysis . > 2 Effort could also be treated as a vector . However , we follow the literature and treat it as a scalar . 2", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 36, "text": "cross-section surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 . * * Supporting improved systems and approaches for mapping and planning . * * The project will support enhancement of the systems and processes at the MoL for mapping and planning of informal settlements , an area that is currently under resourced and which is a constraint to scale-up . It will also support contracting out of physical planning activities to independent qualified firms and licensed surveyors , thereby allowing the physical planning department of the MoL to move from its impossible role of drafting plans for each informal settlement in the country to one where it acts as enabler and approver of plans . 12 . * * Tenure security can be enhanced without titling , and can be further increased through infrastructure investments * * . Although component 2 directly supports various stages of tenure regularization and titling , it is important to acknowledge that tenure security can be achieved at an intermediate stage of the regularization process , especially if this is complemented with public infrastructure investments . The MoL indicates that a good indicator of settlement readiness for infrastructure investment is for the settlement to have both a part development plan and a survey plan approved by the MoL and for the residents of the settlement to have their names included on a list of legitimate residents compiled by the settlement executive committee . The tenure rights of such legitimate residents will then be registered under a group title or household title , depending on the population density of the settlement . Kenya ‘ s Sectional Properties Act ( number 21 of 1987 ) , provide for the ― division of buildings into units to be owned by individual proprietors and common property to be owned by proprietors of the units as tenants in common and to provide for the use and management of the units and common property and connected purposes . ‖ 13 . * * Component 3 : Investing in infrastructure and service delivery * * _ ( IDA US $ 70 . 3 million ) _ . This component will support investment in settlement infrastructure , and , where necessary , extension of trunk infrastructure to settlements . 14 . * *", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1346, "text": "list of legitimate residents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "privatized firms perform better than state firms because they were simply better firms to begin with ( and were perhaps privatized for this reason ) - - is an important element of our argument that privatization leads in short order to dramatic improvements in performance . To evaluate the presence of selection bias , we test for the equivalence of the pre-privatization performance of sample firms ; to verify the subsequent divergence of performance , we apply the same test to the post-privatization data . Both tests involve re-estimation of equation ( 1 ) for those firms only for which complete pre - and postprivatization data are available . This allows us to deterrnine whether the _same_ privatized firms that were outperforming state firms after privatization were also outperforming the _same_ state firms prior to privatization . < sup > 7 0 < / sup > To verify that state and privatized firms were in a similar initial \" shape , \" we assessed the excess of revenues over variable costs ( labor and materials . ) Within the limits of our data , a higher 70 The tests rely on a substantially smaller number of firms : in comparing the pre - and post-privatization performance of the same firms , we can use only finns privatized in 1991 and 1992 ( since we had not asked for preprivatization data for firms privatized in 1990 ) and , among those , only firms that provided data on both pre - and postprivatization performance . The small number of such finns ( 10 finrs privatized in 1991 and 19 firms privatized in 1992 ) necessitates grouping of the two \" vintages . \" This , in turn , creates a problem of choosing the demarcation line between the pre - and post-privatization periods for the entire group . In the event , we decided to use 1990-91 as the pre-privatization period and 1992-93 as the post-privatization period , with 1991-92 excluded from the equations . If anytiing , our choice tilts the results in favor of the selection bias hypothesis . Given the already observed quick impact of privatization , one would expect privatized firms to improve their performance somewhat in the year of privatization . Hence , including 1991 in the pre-privatization period for", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 509, "text": "post-privatization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1289, "end": 1310, "text": "preprivatization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kikkawa , 2021 ; Kee and Tang , 2016 ; Puzzello , 2012 ) . 4 Recent micro approaches to GVC measurement use detailed firm-level transactions . Tang et al . ( 2016 ) and Bems and Kikkawa ( 2021 ) infuse firm information in IO tables , while Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) directly estimate DVAR from the customs transaction data . However , these approaches rely on complex firm-to-firm data or matching customs records with census data when firms do not use all their imported inputs for exporting , therefore limiting their scope to specific countries or industries and raising concerns about broader applicability . 5 This paper builds on Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) by incorporating firm-level heterogeneity through customs data , reducing aggregation bias and complementing IO-based macro approaches . With fewer data requirements , the export revenue function approach applies to a wider range of developed and developing countries , enhancing the external validity of micro-level GVC measures . It also enables bootstrapped standard errors for statistical testing on DVAR estimates . From a policy perspective , this paper emphasizes the critical role of domestic transportation infrastructure — beyond trade and FDI liberalization — in advancing China ’ s position in 4Moreover , the infrequent updates of IO tables , coupled with significant time lags and discrepancies in benchmark years across countries , pose challenges for researchers attempting to capture the dynamic shifts in global value chains . For a comprehensive review of the GVC literature , including the advantages and limitations of both macro and micro approaches , see Antràs and Chor ( 2022 ) and Johnson ( 2018 ) . 5Even in countries where both accounting-type firm records and transaction-based customs information are available , combining these datasets can be challenging and often leads to matching errors . For a detailed discussion on matching efficiency , see Egger et al . ( 2021 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 318, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 704, "end": 716, "text": "customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1298, "end": 1307, "text": "IO tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1710, "end": 1738, "text": "accounting-type firm records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1743, "end": 1780, "text": "transaction-based customs information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "terminated by the employer . Improvements in job finding rates and retention translate into sizeable gains in work experience . After two years , people in the treatment group who graduated from vocational schools have spent 1 . 03 more months ( 14 . 8 % ) in formal employment , driven by a 1 . 23 month ( 25 . 7 % ) increase in experience with permanent contracts . Importantly , when people switch jobs , even involuntarily , they do not experience a drop in wages , suggesting that the skills workers learn on the job are not firm-specific ( Becker , 1964 ) . Especially in LMICs where youth turnover rates are high ( Donovan et al . , 2020 ) , obtaining general skills is important for helping workers maintain positive wage growth , even as they transition between firms . Fourth , we provide evidence for the underlying mechanisms of these treatment effects and for why not a larger share of secondary school graduates pursue formal employment . We show that high reservation wages are binding and affect graduates ’ career choices . The shift from informal to formal employment and transition from temporary to permanent contracts among the formally employed is driven by job seekers with reservation wages just above formal sector starting salary levels . This raises the question of why reservation wages are so high given the rapid wage growth for youth with entry-level formal jobs . To guide our analysis of underlying mechanisms , we adapt a dynamic job search model with segmented labor markets and job seeker beliefs ( Meghir et al . , 2015 ; Mueller and Spinnewijn , 2021 ) . We find that youths in our sample have very high discount rates , which reduces the benefit of future wage growth and dampens its negative effect on reservation wages . < sup > 3 < / sup > In addition , we collect incentive-compatible data on beliefs and find that job seekers have fairly accurate beliefs about job separation rates but underestimate formal wage growth . Even two years after graduating , the median youth believes that formal wages increase by less than 10 % over the first six months compared to the actual growth rate of about 25 %", "spans": [{"start": 1807, "end": 1843, "text": "incentive-compatible data on beliefs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private sector workers earned 5750 dongs per hour ( see table 2 ) . Our measure of earnings is the hourly compensation declared by the workers and includes the wages and benefits received from employers in cash and in kind . < sup > 5 < / sup > The ability to account for workers ’ benefits is crucial for the purpose of this study . Without benefits , public employees ’ compensation would be much lower than the compensation of private sector employees ( see table 2 ) . Interestingly , wages , rather than benefits , drive the increase in the publicprivate pay gap . Finally , the last row of table 2 shows that the number of hours worked increased slightly more in the private sector , contributing to lower growth in hourly earnings compared with the public sector . < sup > 6 < / sup > | TABLE2 . P | ublic and Privat < br > 1 | e Sector Earnin < br > 993 | gs in 1993 an | d 2006 ( Dongs , i < br > 1998 | n Nominal T < br > Ch | erms ) < br > ange | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Public | Private | Public | Private | Public | Private | | Hourlyearnings | 1 , 460 | 1 , 321 | 9 , 321 | 5 , 747 | 538 % | 335 % | | Hourlybenefits | 315 | 81 | 1 , 203 | 414 | 282 % | 414 % | | Hours worked | 1850 | 1621 | 2047 | 1892 | 11 % | 17 % | _Source : _ Author ’ s calculations based on VLSS 1993 and VHLSS 2006 data . The distribution of earnings for public and private employees and their changes over time is displayed in figure 1 . In 1993 , the public and private sectors were difficult to distinguish whereas , in 2006 , the public sector wage distribution clearly dominated the private sector distribution . Another striking change is the shape of the two distributions :", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1327, "text": "VLSS 1993", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1332, "end": 1347, "text": "VHLSS 2006 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > 10 employees in Chile , Colombia and Indonesia . Second , even amongst the countries for which data cover all firms with at least one employee , data may be at the establishment level instead of the plant level , and the definition of both may vary across countries . Third , data for some countries are based on other selection criteria , which might induce some bias in the results which cannot be determined a priori ( e . g . in France data exclude firms with a turnover below a given threshold ) . Finally , from a sectoral perspective , community services and utilities are more difficult to compare , given the important role of the public sector , whose coverage changes from country to country , and of regulation in these sectors . Table 2 suggests that in all countries the population of firms is dominated by micro units ( with less than 20 employees ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > They account for at least 80 percent of the total firm population . Their share in total employment is much lower and ranges from less than 15 percent in some transition economies ( e . g . Romania ) - - which still reflects the presence of large ( formerly or still ) state-owned firms inherited from the central plan period - - to less than 20 percent in the United States and around 30 percent or more in some small European economies . < sup > 10 < / sup > 8 . However , the enterprise survey in Venezuela is representative of all firms with at least 15 employees , and only includes a random sample of firms below this threshold . In our analysis , we have used the data for Venezuela with reference to firms with 20 + employees , given the lack of coverage for the lover size classes . 9 . For proper comparability , the Table excludes all countries for which the size threshold is 5 or 10 employees instead of one . 10 . The Table reports the share of firms with fewer than 20 employees over the total number of firms or total employment for the countries for which we have all", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1406, "text": "enterprise survey in Venezuela", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1568, "end": 1586, "text": "data for Venezuela", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 565 * * * | 803 | 0 . 251 | 0 . 347 * * * | 964 | | < br > Started or increased delivery of goods , services < br > or carryout | 0 . 366 | 0 . 567 * * * | 803 | 0 . 234 | 0 . 329 * * * | 965 | | Started or increased remote work | 0 . 472 | 0 . 538 | 801 | 0 . 433 | 0 . 509 * * * | 988 | | Exporting directly ( at least 10 % of sales ) | 0 . 052 | 0 . 107 | 734 | 0 . 093 | 0 . 073 | 878 | Note : This table shows descriptive statistics from El Salvador and Georgia COV-ES data . Round 1 and Round 2 columns show the respective statistics of firms in the respective round . N denotes the number of observations . Means are weighted using the sampling weights from the ES . Asterisks reported in the columns for Round-2 are for unconditional t-tests comparing means across the two rounds . For these t-tests , standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 4 for more details . 36", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 482, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 Energy Survey were combined into the Household Energy Planning Program . It was completed in 1990 , and recommended a US $ 6 . 5 million investment program mainly aimed at improving the efficiency of charcoal production and use . Although this study was comprehensive , neither the Bank nor the Government considered its recommendations adequately justified , and it thus failed to provide the basis for a household energy strategy as envisioned . In 1992 , the Ministry agreed to re-allocate about US $ 2 million to UEB to finance the repair of damages caused by fire at Owen Falls . 4 . 8 * * Project * * Cost . The estimated cost of the project at the time of appraisal was about US $ 73 . 4 million . Actual project cost was about US $ 113 million in December 1994 , as shown in Table 5 . 1 in Part III . The costs of both the rehabilitation of the Owen Falls and the transmission and distribution systems were substantially higher than estimated in the SAR as a result of implementation delays and also because the scope of the rehabilitation was under estimated . Final cost data will be available when the Owen Falls rehabilitation has been completed in early 1997 . 4 . 9 * * Project Risks . * * The major risk considered during appraisal was the ability of the Government of Uganda to maintain public security and secure working conditions for project implementation and subsequent maintenance . It was especially expected that the rehabilitation work on the transmission and distribution systems could be delayed because of security reasons , but the Owen Falls site would not be affected . In retrospect , it can be noted that at least three additional risk factors should have been identified and addressed in a greater detail : the weak initial implementation capacity of UEB and MPPT ; the weak financial management of UEB given that the appraisal team were unable to obtain up-to date financial data , and that UEB ' s financial position was judged to be weak ; and technical risks in regard to the rehabilitation works .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 16, "text": "17 Energy Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1079, "end": 1088, "text": "cost data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1903, "end": 1917, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "d , currently , only 19 % of L < br > e 2021 mission . | FY 22 / 23 budget , the < br > Gs are compliant . This | # ~ ~ < u > IN01298976 < / u > ~ ~ # ► Critical Sector Departments & LLG staff - % of LGs all critical staff in place . ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | 55 % | 61 % | 55 % | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments | Information obtaine < br > 2022 . | d from the updated monitoring t | ool and provides latest info | rmation as at June 30th | 1b : Adequacy of Non-Wage Recurrent and Development Financing for Service Delivery ~ ~ < u > IN01298969 < / u > ~ ~ ► LG Non Wage Recurrent Financing - Nominal Budget Allocations for Health and Education ( UGX billion ) ( Text , Custom ) 8 / 5 / 2023 Page 8 of 21", "spans": [{"start": 529, "end": 549, "text": "updated monitoring t", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 4 . 2 . 2 . 3 . Climate * * Addis Ababa experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern typical of the Central Highlands of Ethiopia . The main wet season ( Kiremt ) extends from June to September , contributing approximately 70 % of the annual rainfall . A shorter rainy season ( Belg ) occurs from midFebruary to mid-April . The remaining months are dry . The average annual temperature range is 15-20 ° C ( maximum ) and 10-15 ° C ( minimum ) . Average annual rainfall ranges from 8001200 mm . Data from the Bole Airport meteorological station , located 6 km north-northeast of KIP , indicates a mean maximum annual temperature of 23 . 5 ° C , a mean minimum of 10 . 5 ° C , and a mean annual temperature of approximately 17 ° C . Figure 13 : Historical peak daily rainfall events of Addis Ababa ( Data from Ethiopian Meteorological Institute ) The daily temperature variation is more pronounced than the annual variation . Temperatures in KIP are expected to be slightly warmer than the city center due to the lower elevation . The Akaki-Kaliti sub-city falls within the Weyna-dega ( 98 % ) and Dega ( 2 % ) agro-ecological zones . Annual rainfall in the KIP area is estimated at 1080 mm , and wind speed at 0 . 55 km / hr , with a predominantly westerly direction . Prevalent wind in the three seasons of Addis Ababa Bole station based on long term data ( 1981-2010 ) wa * * s * * presented using a wind rose diagram from Figure 14 . 50", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 545, "text": "Data from the Bole Airport meteorological station", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 800, "end": 844, "text": "Data from Ethiopian Meteorological Institute", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1343, "end": 1357, "text": "long term data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is also noted during the socio-economic survey and 50 % and 20 . 6 % of them reside in 3 and 4 roomed residential houses respectively . The proportion of households residing in single and double roomed houses is equal and combined accounted for 23 . 5 % of the HHs . Moreover , 2 surveyed households reported to have residential houses having more than 4 rooms . The baseline survey further indicated the availability and utilization of a range of household amenities including cooking space and toilets . Accordingly , 88 . 2 % use a separate kitchen for cooking , and the remaining 11 . 8 % cook inside the living room . Regarding availability and use of toilets , all of the surveyed households use a private toilet ( pit latrine ) . Page 75 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 46, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 367, "end": 382, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 . Changes in Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Prevalence < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Baseline 5 weeks 3 months < br > Control Treatment < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Saraf , 2019 ; World Bank Group , 2018 Looking at the movement of individuals across the four categories of severity measured by the PHQ ‐ ADS ( none , mild , moderate , and severe ) provides a clearer picture of how these changes affect individual entrepreneurs at various points along the depression ‐ anxiety spectrum . Table 6 ( Columns 1 ‐ 2 ) shows the changes across the severity categories between the treatment and the control group participants . This analysis suggests that the _treatment was most effective at improving outcomes for those at the margins or onset of depression and anxiety ( that is , those in the “ mild ” category ) _ , as well as those _experiencing moderate levels of depression and anxiety_ , the latter especially at the 5 ‐ week mark . This becomes clearer when data is restricted to only those entrepreneurs who were interviewed at all 3 rounds ( columns 3 and 4 ) . The proportion of treatment group entrepreneurs in the mild and moderate categories go from 19 . 3 % at baseline to 8 . 2 % at the 3 months mark , which is a substantial reduction . While reduction is also observed in the control group ( from 24 . 2 % to 17 . 6 % ) , the percentage reduction is much smaller . Table 6 . Changes in Depression and Anxiety Category across 3 Rounds | | | * * A * * | * * ll * * | * * Restricted * * | * * sample * * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Time ‐ * * < br > * * points * * | *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be calculated using at least 25 tax IDs . In sum , the merged data set allows us to study real and financial aspects of both the credit and the employment program covering the universe of firms . For most of the analysis , we use the 2018 – 2020 period of these data sets . To construct the sample of firms we use , we start from all legal and formally registered firms in the economy ( 602 , 874 firms ) that have a tax ID , which we call _formal firms_ . < sup > 5 < / sup > We then build several samples of the merged data that we use in different parts of the paper . Each sample has a different size and coverage ( Table 1 ) . The first sample , which we call _active firms_ , is constrained to include only firms with positive sales in 2019 , which amounts to 449 , 615 firms . We use this sample to conduct the aggregate analysis of the paper and the > 5We exclude natural persons who use their personal tax ID to borrow as a firm . For these natural persons , we do not have the same scope of information as we do for active firms , and we exclude 818 , 572 tax IDs for this reason . These natural persons are only included in our aggregate analysis when we report the total value of the program and in our estimate for total expected credit loss ( Table 11 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 70, "text": "merged data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) | Value | 68 . 00 < br > 84 . 00 | 84 . 00 < br > 86 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | - - < br > 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 < br > - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 2012 HMIS Data Quality Assessment < br > and current data from 2018 SARA report . | ( DQA ) Report , previous data from 2014 HMIS DQA | ► DLI 7 Development and implementation of Annual Rapid Facility Assessment ( restructured-DLI - 7c ) ( Process , 10 , 950 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | | Baseline data from | 2012 Services Availability and Rea | diness Assessment ( SARA ) r | eport , previous data from | | * * Comments * * | 2014 SPA + / SARA r | eport and data for the current from | 2018 SARA report . | | ► DLI 8 Transparency of PFSA procurement process ( scaled - DLI 8c ) ( Process , 10 . 86 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | No | No | | Date | 31-Mar-2013 | 24 -", "spans": [{"start": 297, "end": 330, "text": "2012 HMIS Data Quality Assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 360, "end": 376, "text": "2018 SARA report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 417, "end": 430, "text": "2014 HMIS DQA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 967, "end": 983, "text": "2018 SARA report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 : Panel Growth Rates by Percentiles of Distribution * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Changes 08-05 , all Urban < br > + 20 % + 20 % < br > + 15 % + 15 % < br > + 10 % + 10 % < br > + 5 % + 5 % < br > + 0 % + 0 % < br > - 5 % - 5 % < br > - 10 % - 10 % < br > 1 25 50 75 100 1 25 50 75 100 < br > Percentiles of 2005 welfare Percentiles of 2005 welfare < br > % pctl growth mean 95-perc confidence % pctl growth mean 95-perc confidence < br > Rural < br > + 20 % < br > + 15 % < br > + 10 % < br > + 5 % < br > + 0 % < br > - 5 % < br > - 10 % < br > 1 25 50 75 100 < br > Percentiles of 2005 welfare < br > % pctl growth mean 95-perc confidence < br > Annual growth rate for welfare , Annual growth rate for welfare , < br > Annual growth rate for welfare , < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : welfare rank is based on household consumption divided by its lower poverty line . Source : own estimates based on HIECPS 2005-2008 . _ Growth incidence curves for panel data show that in reality very few households moved along with the average growth rate of the economy ( of about 2 percent per year when measured in per capita and against a cost of poverty basket ) : 15 percent of the population experienced annual losses in their welfare of more than 10 percent , and 25 percent experienced gains of similar magnitude . This extreme degree of mobility and a clear pattern of negatively sloped growth incidence immediately raise concerns about the impact of the measurement error . To see whether measurement error is behind the observed pattern we move now 15", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 948, "text": "HIECPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 991, "end": 1001, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) studies ] ” ( p . 177-8 ) . This suggests that just focusing on the weight outcome , deworming is highly cost effective relative to another widely implemented intervention . As noted by Galloway et al . ( 2009 ) , school feeding is implemented in over 72 countries by the World Food Programme alone . To the extent that school feeding programs aim to produce child weight gain , deworming is likely to be a highly cost effective option for policymakers who already support school feeding . < sup > 28 < / sup > Of course , a complete cost-effectiveness analysis of mass deworming treatment would also need to consider effects on later educational and labor market outcomes , in addition to child weight gains , and as noted above these are often substantial ( Ahuja et al . , 2015 ; Baird et al . , 2016 ; Bleakley , 2007 ; Croke , 2014 ; Ozier , 2015 ) . # * * 6 Conclusion * * We began with the question of whether the expected benefits of mass drug administration according to WHO guidelines for deworming exceed the cost . To summarize , the null hypothesis of a common effect of zero weight gain from multiple-dose mass drug administration is rejected at the 10 % level using the TMSDG data . Employing either of two classification systems used in previous Cochrane Reviews would lead to rejection at p < 0 . 01 . Any one of five other updates to the data leads to rejection of the null hypothesis at the 5 % level . Combining all updates leads to rejection with p < 0 . 001 . > 28 Note that this comparison is imperfect for a number of reasons , including that the cost figures for deworming are for India whereas those for school feeding are based in three African countries . Moreover , both school feeding and deworming may affect other outcomes . However , it is unlikely that appropriate adjustments for these factors would overturn the conclusion that deworming is highly cost effective in increasing weight relative to school feeding programs , given that the cost per kg of weight gain is an order of magnitude higher", "spans": [{"start": 1208, "end": 1218, "text": "TMSDG data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and final goods as follows : intermediate goods are primary goods , semi-finished goods , parts and components ; and final goods are consumption goods and capital goods . We use two disaggregations . In the first , trade flows are divided into capital goods , intermediate inputs and consumption . In the second , we divide trade flows into intermediate inputs , final goods and primary goods . We construct index for trade proximity ( TP ) as follows . For given aggregate bilateral trade flows ( total , intermediate input or final goods ) between a country _i_ and a country _j_ , we define : where _Tj → j_ is the export value from country _j_ to country _i_ . * * Measure of GVC participation based on Value Added . * * One of the main purposes in this paper is to identify production linkages between countries . Over the past decade , several accounting and theoretical framework have been developed to measure GVC participation . In this paper , we use the recent GVC indicators from Borin and Mancini ( 2019 ) . They offer a new toolkit for value-added accounting of trade flows at the aggregate , bilateral , and sectoral levels that can be used to investigate a broad set of empirical questions — including in this case an assessment of the global inflation synchronization . * * Product Stickiness . * * Another related feature of GVCs is their relational aspect . Some products are associated with a higher degree of rigidity in the buyer – seller relationships , which is sometimes associated with a high degree of product customization to integrate within the same production process . Martin et al . ( 2018 ) propose a measure of business relationships ’ stickiness based on the duration of firm-to-firm trade and use firm level data in France to measure a “ stickiness ” index for more than 4 , 000 HS6 products . We use their classification to separate trade flow into their “ sticky ” and “ non-sticky ” parts , based on the products that are traded . * * Financial Proximity . * * Financial interconnection could impact GDP comovement in a way that is not related to international trade . We use", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 986, "text": "GVC indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1734, "end": 1759, "text": "firm level data in France", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as an open-source platform and provides an environment for development and further innovations in future . # # # * * Support to Kenya Roads Board * * 78 . A number of staff of Kenya Roads Board ( KRB ) and County Governments have been trained in project management and preparation of road maintenance plans . The impacts of these training programs include improvement in planning , prioritization and reporting of road maintenance activities , improved participation by stakeholders in matters related to road maintenance and enhanced coordination of research activities in roads development as well as uptake of research findings by various institutions . # # # * * Support to Kenya Engineering Technology Registration Board * * 79 . Procurement for various activities in support of Kenya Engineering Technology Registration Board ( KETRB ) has been completed and contracts signed . These include : ( i ) Supply , installation and commissioning of Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) System with Four ( 4 ) Key Modules ; Registration , Finance , Procurement and Inventory ) ; ( ii ) purchase of various ICT equipment , office furniture , vehicles . 80 . Consultancy studies on : ( i ) development of a Strategic Plan for KETRB ; ( ii ) financial sustainability of KETRB ; and ( iii ) National Baseline Survey on the ratio of Engineers to Engineering technologists , and Technicians to Craft Persons in Training and Employment are ongoing and are expected to be completed by the close of the project . All these activities will boost KETRB ’ s capacity in delivering on its mandate . # # # * * University of Nairobi ( UoN ) * * 81 . Supply of equipment to UoN is complete . The following laboratories benefited from this activity : ( i ) Transportation ( highways and materials ) laboratory ; ( ii ) Geotechnical laboratory ; ( iii ) Concrete laboratory ; ( iv ) Strength of materials laboratory ; ( v ) Timber laboratory ; ( vi ) Hydraulics laboratory ; ( vii ) Public health laboratory ; and ( viii ) ICT and computer laboratory . 82 . Student", "spans": [{"start": 1286, "end": 1310, "text": "National Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ant at 5 % < br > 0 . 380 | level * * * < br > 0 . 306 | Significant at 1 % < br > 0 . 428 | _Note : _ * Significant at 10 % level * * Significant at 5 % level * * * Significant at 1 % level . t-statistics are in parentheses . Size is population size . With a descriptive picture of the level of service export sophistication in the three European country groups , we will now look at the extent to which their level of sophistication is associated with their level of economic growth . # * * 4 RESULTS FROM GROWTH REGRESSIONS * * We now turn to the analysis of the relationship between service export sophistication and growth , and in particular if there are any differences in how the level of sophistication affects growth in Europe compared to the rest of the world . Mishra , Lundstrom and Arnand ( 2011 ) analyses the relationship between _Service EXPY_ and economic growth through a number of estimations using fixed effect panels and GMM techniques . The data includes up to 103 countries over the time span of 1990-2007 , and the result show a strong positive association between service sophistication and growth . The result stands given a number of different model specifications . < sup > 9 < / sup > In this section we use the same approach but take a closer look at Europe . The baseline empirical growth model consists , in addition to the variable of interest , of four determinants of economic growth - initial income level , rates of physical and human capital accumulation , trade openness and institutional quality . We use data on income per capita from WDI . To account for differences in human capital accumulation we use latest available data on years of schooling from Barro and Lee ( 2010 ) . We use M2 ( as percent of GDP ) as a proxy for > 9 Apart from the control variables presented in the base model , they control for Goods EXPY , test various time periods and country groupings and drop outlier such as India , and the result still holds . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1548, "end": 1582, "text": "data on income per capita from WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1666, "end": 1692, "text": "data on years of schooling", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "most cases for Math , Reading , and Science . 24 . One of the stated goals of the ERfKE II reforms is to _eliminate double shifting_ . Eliminating double-shifting is popular with policy makers and some education analysts , but given that it involves lowering the overall use of infrastructure investments rather than raising them , it is often difficult analytically to make an economic case since sufficient outcome data are not usually available . However , we can deduce from Parolin ’ s ( 2008 ) school planning study that eliminating double shifting can add about 4 hours per week of instruction . < sup > 13 < / sup > In addition , we can isolate the costs of eliminating double shifting . The estimated construction cost of eliminating double-shifting is in the order of 31 , 505 , 000 JD ; if soft costs are calculated as well the figure is in the order of 4 , 070 , 952 JD ; the total costs over the six-year time period are therefore estimated to be 35 , 575 , 952 JD . The approximate number of students that would take from double-shift to single shift schools is 28 , 872 , or approximately 1220JD per student — a one time investment that eventually brings a dividend in hours of instruction ( and presumably cognitive skill development ) for nearly 29 , 000 students each year far into the future . Presumably there would also be additional benefits to the elimination of double shifting aside from the isolated effect of the added hours of instruction , and thus in sum this portion of Component 5 seems defensible on economic and education quality grounds . 25 . Maintenance and repair funding is currently below what is necessary to preserve the value of the capital investments . Currently the school planning preparation study estimates that about US $ 50 million dollars is needed over the program period simply to protect the overall stock of investments in school infrastructure from wasting inefficiently . ERfKE II allocates approximately US $ 25 million to such efforts , which is clearly likely to be worthwhile and pay", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 421, "text": "outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "land area ( 15 % ) ; municipal population projection based on population growth rate of the municipality ( 45 percent ) ; and municipal poverty head count ( 40 percent ) . However , following an intergovernmental fiscal transfer reform , Government has revised the allocation formula for its program . Like the original formula , the revised formula is simple , transparent , based on easily available data from a reputable institution – Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBoS ) - and nationally accepted . To be consistent with the Government program , the AF will use the revised government formula to allocate the MDG window of the Program to the participating municipal LGs . Similarly , the refugee window , will use the Government allocation formula . # # # # * * d ) Institutional arrangement changes * * 49 . * * _The main institutional arrangements will remain largely unchanged from the previous phase and the alignment with the intergovernmental fiscal transfer reforms strengthened . _ * * MoLHUD will continue to be the coordinating ministry for the Program . As part of the AF preparation an institutional capacity assessment of the MoLHUD was done to update the 2012 baseline and established whether there had been improvements in capacity during the Program period . The results show that not much has changed at the executive , technical and professional level . As a result , the Program Support Team < sup > 44 < / sup > will be maintained and strengthened , based on the experiences of implementation of the original Program , with one additional specialists – a Social Safeguard Specialist . The Communication Specialist working on the Albertine project in the MoLHUD , who will be on board before credit effectiveness , will also handle the communication needs under the USMID AF . However , to enhance leadership and skills transfer to MoLHUD staff , PST staff will only be answerable to the respective heads of Departments and reporting responsibility will be transferred to the MoLHUD . 50 . * * _Following lessons learnt from the ongoing Program , where some Municipal LGs did not", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "surveys advertised through Facebook in 2022 / 2023 . The main report on the in-person survey < sup > 4 < / sup > outlines the relevant context of the West Bank and Gaza as well as theoretical frameworks linking mental health outcomes to socio-economic outcomes , experience of adversity , and exposure to violence and trauma . Taking this context and theoretical relationships as given , the analysis that follows explores differences between the in-person and Facebook surveys . We can reasonably expect estimates from internet surveys and in-person surveys to differ , even if they aim to measure the same things . In the West Bank and Gaza example , the Facebook survey estimates more severe outcomes ( i . e . , higher exposure to conflict , worse mental health ) then its in-person counterpart for most topics and populations . In this report we explore three possible mechanisms that may have contributed to this pattern of differences : ( 1 ) nonresponse bias , ( 2 ) sensitivity bias , and ( 3 ) misreporting to influence resource allocation . We find that estimated outcomes tend to be more similar for people in Gaza , possibly because of greater homogeneity in socioeconomic experiences and exposure to violent conflict and broader interest in a survey on the effects of the May 2021 violence . We also assess the extent to which our results are robust to different ways of controlling for observable characteristics , and find that neither alternative weights nor sample restrictions erase the systematic differences between surveys . > 3 These included the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ( PCBS ) , Zentrum Überleben , and the International Security and Development Center ( ISDC ) . > 4 World Bank Group et al ( 2022 ) , available here . The PPCS data [ World Bank ( 2023 ) ] can also be accessed directly < u > here . < / u > 2", "spans": [{"start": 1766, "end": 1775, "text": "PPCS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 # # # * * 10 . Monitoring and Evaluation * * # # # * * 10 . 1 Mechanisms for monitoring , evaluation and reporting * * All project results indicators will be disaggregated by gender to monitor women ’ s participation in the project interventions . The project will also enhance inclusion of vulnerable hard-toserve female-headed households , child-headed households those living in the targeted counties or those from marginalized communities of Kenya . The implementation of VMGPs will be monitored . The PCT will establish a monitoring system involving the project staff at national and county level , as well as community groups of VMGs to ensure effective implementation of VMGP . A set of monitoring indicators will be determined during VMGP implementation and will be guided by the indicators contained in the VMGF document . The project support consultants will carry out monitoring , as will the World Bank social staff . Appropriate monitoring formats will be prepared for monitoring and reporting requirements . The PCT and NGOs will collect baseline data including qualitative information and analyse the same to assess the impacts of the project on groups that meet the OP 4 . 10 . The experts will advise on compliance issues and if any significant issues are found , the PCT will prepare a corrective action plan or an update to the approved VMGP . The PCT will follow up on implementing the corrective actions to ensure their effectiveness . For any sub-project found to have significant adverse impacts on VMGPs , external experts or NGOs will be engaged by the PCT to verify monitoring information of the VMGP for those sub-projects . * * Table 7 : Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators for VMGF * * | * * Issues * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Respon * * | * * sibility * * | * * Data Sources * * | | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 1176, "end": 1189, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are able to map 280 of our observations to the 543 observations used by Deaton in his comparison of survey means to HFCE . For Ravallion , we match 54 of our estimates to his 88 observations . Given this inability to match many countries , we also consider a subsample where the match is less precise . More specifically , we include in our subsample for comparison an observation if we can match on the country within the overall reference period of the Ravallion and Deaton studies . When we consider this criterion , we match 507 of Deaton ’ s sample and 72 of Ravallion ’ s . Table A1 . 1 presents the original estimates from Deaton and Ravallion ’ s studies , as well as our estimates for the matched samples . The point estimates for the gaps for our matched samples are generally similar or a bit larger ( i . e . larger in absolute value ) than the estimates from Deaton and Ravallion for the same countries and time period . In contrast to Ravallion ’ s original estimate for consumption surveys , our estimates for the matched samples are statistically different from zero . We do not observe statistically different estimates for income versus consumption surveys , as Ravallion did in his assessment . In our comparison with Deaton ’ estimates , we generally find larger gaps using our matched data , but no evidence that these differences with his findings are statistically significant . In summary , although our findings differ substantially when considering our overall sample , the gaps are very similar when considering subsamples from overlapping periods and matched samples of the previous studies of Ravallion and Deaton . The overall larger gap that we find then is driven by the more recent data , especially post 2000 . This likely reflects the fact that as more countries have grown into middleincome countries , which we find is associated with larger gaps ( a trend also observed by Deaton ) , the overall average gap becomes larger .", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 1004, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As shown Graph 20 above , just over half the offi ces ( 13 ) report that they provide cash assistance to less than 20 % of urban refugees ; less than a quarter of offi ces ( 5 ) provide cash assistance to 20-39 % of refugees ; three offi ces provide cash assistance to 40-59 % of urban refugees ; and three offi ces provide cash assistance to more than 80 % of urban refugees . Other means of meeting material needs include advocacy for fee exemption , vouchers for clothes , support for transport and support for education . In Ecuador the offi ce provides Non-Food Items ( NFI ) vouchers to provide material assistance in a way that allows for more fl exibility , dignity and decision-making power for refugees to assess and respond to their needs . # # # # # * * Assessing vulnerability and determining eligibility * * | * * Graph 21 : * * How does UNH | CR assess urban refugees ’ eligibility for material support ? | | - - - | - - - | | Socio-economic studies and < br > wealth ranking | | | Government data | | | Reports from < br > community leaders | | | Reports from refugee < br > incentive workers < br > Home visits to < br > determine need | | | Means testing criteria | | | Other < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces | 0 < br > 5 < br > 10 < br > 15 < br > 20 < br > 25 | * * Most offi ces ( 23 ) use home visits to determine needs . * * As noted in Graph 21 above , over threequarters of operations ( 19 ) use means testing criteria ; and just under half of operations ( 11 ) use reports from community leaders . Other methods include : reports from refugee incentive workers , socio - economic needs assessment , poverty line indicators , identifi cation of vulnerable cases through counseling , vulnerability assessments , reports from NGOs", "spans": [{"start": 997, "end": 1012, "text": "Government data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "45 Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication , but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions . Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution , so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University . As explained in the text , only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating . An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times . The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn ( 1 ) . The measure _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > is defined in eqn ( 2 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 135, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "173 , 108 * * | | ExtraneousDutyAllowance | * * 18 , 363 , 000 * * | * * 19 , 555 , 871 * * | | * * NSSF - * * Employer ' sContribution | * * 1 , 161 , 300 * * | * * 1 , 109 , 800 * * | | Pension-Employer ' sContribution | * * 88 , 700 , 868 * * | * * 89 , 482 , 038 * * | | Gratuity Contribution | 6 , 470 , 542 | * * 5 , 661 , 954 * * | | | 741 , 348 , 040 | 742 , 214 , 197 | # # # # * * 6 . Board Members ' Expenses * * * * These * * are the expenses incurred * * by * * the members of the Board of Directors : | | _2019_ * * / * * 2020 < br > KSh . | * * 2018 / 2019 * * < br > KSh . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Board andCommitteesexpenses | * * 2 , 707 , 218 * * | * * 8 , 475 , 091 * * | | Sittingallowancesforboardmembers | 5 , 519 , 400 | 4 , 012 , 200 | | ConferencesandTraining | * * 852 , 200 * * | * * 1 , 154 , 275 * * | | Honoraria | * * 960 , 000 * * | * * 1 , 013 , 000 * * | | Total | * * 10 , 038 , 818 * * | 14 , 654 , 566 | Some of the Board ' s expenses during the period were under the census activities . 48", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | | Japan | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | | Korea , Rep . | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | | Thailand | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | Source : World Bank , WITS database . Note : Rankings established from data at the two-digit level for exports in the WITS database . The international division of labor and production offers another angle for examining the flyinggeese pattern . Table 2 , based on historical trade statistics for footwear , offers credibility to the flying-geese hypothesis . It is constructed using revealed comparative advantage indexes for lead countries and latecomers in that industry . The table shows that Japan had a revealed comparative advantage in the early 1960s , during the earlier light manufacturing phase of its development . Later on other countries moved into the picture and began to take over larger shares of global production . The pattern displayed does not conform precisely with a ― pure ‖ dynamics of ― flying geese . ‖ Real-world data always involve some ― noise ‖ because products with different sophistication and different capital and technology intensities may be grouped in the same category . And government interventions may cause some deviation of industrial structure away from the optimal one determined by the country ‘ s comparative advantage . Still , the general picture is consistent with the theory .", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 198, "text": "WITS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 428, "end": 468, "text": "historical trade statistics for footwear", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 994, "end": 1009, "text": "Real-world data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Statistical Life . ” _Journal of Human Resources_ 45 ( Summer ) : 749-771 . Hildebrandt , Nicole , and David J . McKenzie . 2005 . “ The Effects of Migration on Child Health in Mexico . ” _Economia_ 6 ( 1 ) : 257 – 89 . Juranek , Steffen , Jörg Paetzold , Hannes Winner , and Floris Zoutman . 2020 . “ Labor market effects of COVID-19 in Sweden and its neighbors : Evidence from novel administrative data . ” NHH Dept . of Business and Management Science Discussion Paper 2020 / 8 . < mark > Khamis , Melanie , Daniel Prinz , David Newhouse , Amparo Palacios-Lopez , Utz Pape , Michael Weber . 2021 . “ The Early Labor Market Impacts of COVID-19 in Developing Countries : Evidence from High-Frequency Phone Surveys . ” Policy Research Working Paper No . 9510 . World Bank , Washington , DC . © World Bank . < / mark > Kramarz , Francis and Oskar Nordström Skans . 2014 . “ When Strong Ties are Strong : Networks and Youth Labour Market Entry , ” _Review of Economic Studies_ , 81 ( 3 ) : 1164 – 1200 . < mark > Kugler , Maurice ; Mariana Viollaz , Daniel Duque , Isis Gaddis , David Newhouse , Amparo Palacios-Lopez , Michael Weber . 2021 . “ How Did the COVID-19 Crisis Affect Different Types of Workers in the Developing World ? ” Jobs Working Paper No . 60 . World Bank , Washington , DC . © World Bank . < / mark > 30", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 404, "text": "novel administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 686, "end": 714, "text": "High-Frequency Phone Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 2 . Development implications of migration for the origin countries Migration is a decision that impacts the welfare of the household , the home community , and in the end the whole economy in various ways ( Azam and Gubert 2006 ) . The welfare implications of migration on the origin country are most often , though not always , sizable and positive . The main channels through which migration alleviates poverty are increased incomes from remittances , ability to smooth consumption , access to finance for starting a new business , as well as tapping on to the knowledge and resources provided by the international community of the migrant diaspora . Besides pure monetary gains , migration and remittances allow for higher investment in health care and education . Yet , not all impacts are positive : exploitation of migrants by unscrupulous recruiters or employers is reportedly widespread ; separation from family can be stressful for migrants ; and large scale immigration can pose serious challenges to a nation ’ s identity and sovereignty . # * * _2 . 1 Economic implications for the country of origin_ * * While migration has economic , social , and cultural implications for the sending and host societies , remittances the migrants send home are perhaps the most tangible and least controversial link between migration and development ( Ratha 2007 ) . According to the official estimates , migrants from developing countries sent over $ 315 billion to their origin countries in 2009 , three times the size of official development assistance ( Ratha _et al . _ 2010 ) _ . _ The true size of remittances including unrecorded flows through formal and informal channels is likely to be even higher . While remittances to developing countries declined modestly in 2009 because of the global financial crisis , these flows have remained resilient compared to private capital flows , and have become even more important as a source of external financing in many developing countries . Migration and remittances have both direct and indirect effects on the welfare of the population in the migrant sending countries . < sup > 2 < / sup > A cross-country study of 71 developing countries found that a 10 percent increase in per capita official", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 022 | 0 . 063 | 0 . 513 | | * * KAIROUAN * * | 0 . 026 | 0 . 062 | 0 . 481 | | * * KASSERINE * * | 0 . 021 | 0 . 074 | 0 . 583 | | * * SIDI BOUZIDE * * | 0 . 031 | 0 . 069 | 0 . 513 | | * * GABES * * | 0 . 021 | 0 . 077 | 0 . 499 | | * * MEDNINE * * | 0 . 023 | 0 . 071 | 0 . 540 | | * * TATAOUINE * * | 0 . 030 | 0 . 087 | 0 . 649 | | * * GAFSA * * | 0 . 024 | 0 . 085 | 0 . 570 | | * * TOZEUR * * | 0 . 028 | 0 . 084 | 0 . 600 | | * * KEBILI * * | 0 . 037 | 0 . 079 | 0 . 428 | Source : our elaborations from INS ( 2020 ) . In order to better highlight the findings , in the Annex we have reported four graphs corresponding to the 1 , 800 clusters selected for the new EBCNV 2021 survey ( see Section 4 ) . In particular , Figure A1 reports confidence intervals for all 1 , 800 clusters , whereas Figures A2 , A3 and A4 report confidence intervals for the bottom of the distribution , the distribution near the national mean consumption level , and the top of the distribution , respectively . 14", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 694, "text": "EBCNV 2021 survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "those used by the detailed design study . # # # # # * * 2 . Objective of the re-assessment * * The primary objective o f this economic re-assessment i s to determine whether it i s economically viable to proceed with the implementation o f Kampala - Gayaza - Zirobwe road based on the returned bids . The analysis also included the section o f Zirobwe - Wobulenzi road although its evaluation was based on the returned bid values for Gayaza - Zirobwe road . As part o f this exercise , RAFU carried out 7 - day 12 - hour traffic counts on the project road from the 9 - 15 March 2007 for updating the current traffic on the road . # # # # * * 3 Input Parameters for the Economic Analysis * * This analysis relied on the same calibration information o f the HDM-4 as was used during the feasibility study apart from traffic and road upgrading unit costs . The traffic information used was based on the traffic count carried out in March 2007 while the road upgrading unit costs were based on the bid o f the lowest bidder . > ( Decrease in user costs + net exogenous benefits - increase in road agency costs ) / Total Road Agency Costs 26", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 535, "text": "7 - day 12 - hour traffic counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 939, "text": "traffic count carried out in March 2007", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2019-08-07 | | ET-MOST-69291-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of consulting < br > firm for standards need < br > assessment survey < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Po | st | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - < br > International | 100 , 000 . 00 | 97 , 904 . 57 < br > Signed | 2018-07-19 | 2018-08-09 | 2018-09-22 | 2018-10-22 | 2018-11-26 | 2019-05-25 | | ET-MOST-37071-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service for the < br > development and installation < br > of software for online < br > accreditation application and < br > accreditation solution of < br > ENAO < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Po | st | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - < br > International | 180 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-11-16 | 2017-12-07 | 2018-01-20 | 2018-02-19 | 2018-03-26 | 2018-09-22 | | ET-MOST-27862-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of local < br > consultants for standards < br > need assessment survey < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Po | st | Consultant", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Intelligence Network database provides data on vessel-specific fixtures , namely time charter and spot rates . Vessel-specific rates are not particularly representative of a given market segment ( i . e . , containerships , dry bulk , tankers , auto carriers , etc ) . For example , Brancaccio et al . ( 2020 ) report that Clarksons tend to oversample newer and medium-sized vessels in dry bulk freight markets . That said , Clarksons does provide a representative summary of the freight earnings time series ( from an annual to a weekly reporting frequency ) for main trade routes and vessel benchmarks : e . g . , Feeder Containership 2 , 7500 TEU gearless 6-12 month Timecharter rates ( $ / day ) or SCFI Shangahi-West Coast America ( spot ) freight rates ( $ / FEU ) . Another readily available data source of transport costs for large cross-sections of countries is the Doing Business ( DB ) survey , compiled by the World Bank . < sup > 18 < / sup > It contains information on international transport for 189 countries since 2006 . The section \" Trading across Borders \" provides data on the number of documents , time , and import and export costs . More specifically , it reports the US dollar cost container to and The data in the DB is collected a World per import export . survey using Bank questionnaire completed by trade facilitators and freight-forwarders across countries . For the comparability across countries , the survey presents the respondents with a detailed , stylized import or export case . The cost per container is for dry-cargo , 20-foot , full container load , and the products shipped do not require any special standards . Given the description in the survey , the most likely product categories are textile yarn and fabrics ( SITC 65 ) , articles of apparel and clothing accessories ( SITC 84 ) , and coffee , tea , cocoa , spices ( SITC 07 ) . The respondents are also asked to identify the likely port of loading ( Djankov et al . , 2010 ) . Therefore , the variation in transport costs across products , routes , or firms is rather limited ( Blonigen and", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 29, "text": "Intelligence Network database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 903, "text": "Doing Business ( DB ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * SOURCE OF * * < br > * * IMPACT * * | * * IMPACTED VESC * * | < br > * * POTENTIAL IMPACTS * * < br > | * * PROJECT * * < br > * * LINE * * < br > * * S * * | * * COMPONENT * * < br > * * UBSTATIONS * * | < br > < br > * * MITIGATION MEASURES * * | * * IMPLEMENTATION * * < br > * * TIMING * * | * * RESPONSIBILITIES * * | * * BUDGET ( USD ) * * | < br > * * SPECIFIC MONITORING MEASURES / * * < br > * * PARAMETERS / INDICATORS WHERE * * < br > * * RELEVANT * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Avifauna | Disturbances and modification < br > of birds communities ; < br > Bird electrocutions and < br > collisions ; | x | | Undertake a pre-construction survey , covering < br > migration season and seasonal specificities in < br > order to validate areas of higher risk for bird < br > communities . Develop adapted mitigation < br > measures . The survey should comprise : < br > - Assessment of birds breeding along the < br > proposed route , and within an appropriate buffer < br > zone including the construction site itself ; < br > - Vantage point surveys throughout the year with < br > intense monitoring during peak migration periods ; < br > - Species specific assessments for species with < br > conservation interest as well as water birds and < br > breeding", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * [ insert Table C . 3 ; Figure C . 3 ] * * # * * _Bottom-up solution : Direct democracy_ * * Since the classic Alesina et al . ( 2008 ) paper shows that procyclicality ( associated with corruption ) is a feature of democracies , we explore the role of democratic institutions on procyclicality . Taking advantage of the Varieties of Democracy ( V-dem ) database , we identify ( i ) whether the initiative is permitted at the subnational level , and or at the national level ; and ( ii ) whether the popular referendum is permitted at the subnational level , and or at the national level . We focus on the period 2009-2015 ( 2016 not available yet in data ) . The correlations ( Table C . 4 and Figure C . 4 ) show that both the initiative and the referendum are negatively correlated with fiscal procyclicality , but the effect seems stronger for the initiative rights . This finding echoes results of Matsusaka ( 2014 ) regarding the effects of initiative on fiscal congruence and fiscal conservatism in U . S . states . Hence , delegating more fiscal legislation to the citizens may be a tool to reduce the procyclical bias . # * * [ insert Table C . 4 ; Figure C . 4 ] * * # * * _Bottom-up solution : Spending and tax composition_ * * The literature shows that different types of spending behave differently along the cycle . Ardanaz and Izquierdo ( 2017 ) show that current spending is more procyclical during upswings of the cycle , whereas capital spending is more procyclical during downturns . Hence , for policy making purposes and institutional design , it would be beneficial to limit the growth of current spending in the good times , while in bad times protecting the capital spending would be beneficial for stabilization . In this paper , we show that when spending is more rigid , it will be less procyclical during the good times , but less countercyclical during the downturns . The composition of the tax structure also indicates that VAT rates are less procyclical than the other types of taxes . , hence adding a potential", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 366, "text": "Varieties of Democracy ( V-dem ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Description | ERA5 climate < br > reanalysis gives a < br > numerical < br > description of the < br > recent climate , < br > produced by < br > combining models < br > with observations . < br > Total precipitation is < br > the accumulated < br > liquid and frozen < br > water , comprising < br > rain and snow , that < br > falls to the Earth ’ s < br > surface . It is the sum < br > of large-scale < br > precipitation and < br > convective < br > precipitation . | The CHIRPS data < br > archive is a quasi - < br > global ( 50S – 50N ) < br > gridded 0 . 05 ° < br > resolution times series < br > covering precipitation < br > from 1981 to near-real < br > time . | The SPEI is a multi - < br > scalar drought index < br > based on climatic data . < br > It is a ratio of actual to < br > potential < br > evapotranspiration . | This spatially explicit < br > index is an indicator of < br > crop performance < br > based on the < br > availability of water to < br > the crop during a < br > growing season . | The Soil Water Index < br > quantifies the < br > moisture condition at < br > various depths in the < br > soil . It is mainly driven < br > by precipitation via < br > the process of < br > infiltration . Various t - < br > values are available : 1 , < br > 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 40 , 60 , < br > 100 . The T - value < br > simulates the < br > infiltration time into < br > deeper soil layers and < br > hence indicates < br > qualitatively the depth < br > of the SWI estimate . < br > T40 was selected as < br > being generally < br > representative", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 490, "text": "CHIRPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ensure resources availability to conduct day-to-day functions . The Ministry may also get staff from other Ministries on secondment to augment the capacity of the PMT . The Project has a dedicated PM with overall responsibility for effective implementation of the activities . The PMT will prepare quarterly financial and technical reports and submit them to the World Bank within the stipulated timelines . All stakeholder engagements will be documented , tracked , and managed ( for example by stakeholder database , commitment register among others ) . Communication officer will be hired to implement communication campaigns . - * * 5 . 7 Budget for implementation of the SEP * * 30 . The budget for the SEP is estimated to be around US $ 25500 included in the costing table under the operational expenses of the Project . The MoH will review the SEP biannually on stakeholder categories , engagement activities and budget . Table 5 presents a list of proposed costed activities for the implementation of the SEP and an estimated annual budget . * * Table 5 : Estimated Stakeholder Engagement Budget * * | * * No . * * | * * Activity * * | * * Timeline * * | * * Unit Cost , * * < br > * * USD ) * * | * * Responsible * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . | Project awareness and consultation < br > sessions | Once and on need < br > basis | 20 , 000 | PMT | | 2 . | ESHS Sensitization / training on GRM and < br > other safeguards requirements < br > ( Contractors , contractor workers , county < br > Government and health facilities ) | Contractors < br > during contracting < br > and on quarterly < br > basis | 5 , 000 | Social specialist | | 3 . | GRM - training of GRM committees , < br > Printing and Distribution of", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 516, "text": "stakeholder database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 519, "end": 538, "text": "commitment register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Berkely , University of California Press . - Feldstein , M . ( 1980 ) ' Inflation , portfolio choice , and the prices of land and corporate stock ' , _American Journal of Agricultural Economics , _ 62 : 910-916 . - Foster , Andrew D . and Rosenzweig , Mark R . ( 1996 ) ' Comparative advantage , information and the allocation of workers to tasks : Evidence from an agricultural labor market ' , University of Pennsylvania . - Frisvold , George B . ( 1994 ) ' Does supervision matter ? Some hypothesis tests using Indian farm-level data ' , _Journal of Development Economics , _ 43 : 217-238 . - Fujimoto , A . ( 1988 ) ' The economics of land tenure and rice production in a double-cropping village in southern Thailand ' , _Developing Economies , _ 26 : 189-211 . - Galor , Oded and Joseph Zeira . 1993 . \" Income Distribution and Macroeconomics . \" _Review of Economic Studies_ 60 : pp . 3 5-52 . Oxford : The Review of Economic Studies Limited . - Gavian , Sarah and Fafchamps , Marcel . ( 1996 ) ' Land tenure and allocative efficiency in Niger ' , _American Journal of Agricultural Economics , _ 78 : 460-471 . - Geertz , Clifford . 1968 . _Agricultural Involution : The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia . _ Berkeley : Published for the Association of Asian Studies by University of California Press . - Glaeser , - E . L . 1996 , The Incentive Effects of Property Taxes on Local Governments , Public-Choice ; 89 ( 1-2 ) , 93-111 . . - Glover , D . ( 1990 ) ' Contract farming and outgrower schemes in East and Southern Africa ' , _Journal of Agricultural Economics , _ 41 : 303-315 . - Gordillo , Gustavo , Alain de Janvry , and Elisabeth Sadoulet 1997 , Mexico ' s second agrarian reform : household and community responses , 1990-1994 , La Jolla , Calif . : Center for U . S . - Mexican Studies , University of California , San Diego . - Guinnane , Timothy W . and Miller , Ronald I . ( 1997 ) ' The limits to", "spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 536, "text": "Indian farm-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indicators are considered . Compared to the CPI , the WGI CC , which is published by the World Bank Group , is a broader measure of public sector corruption . It measures both political and general bureaucratic corruption . < sup > 8 < / sup > The WGI CC is updated yearly and it ranges from - 2 . 5 ( most corrupt / least effective ) to 2 . 5 ( least corrupt / most effective ) . It is based on 30 individual data sources , selected to include the views of citizens , business owners , academics , and experts drawn from the public , private , and NGO sectors from across the globe . Then , the WGI GE measures non-elected public sector corruption . To the extent that bureaucrats behave somewhat independently from elected officials , the WGI GE captures corruption in the bureaucracy , rather than political corruption . Lastly , we consider one objective indicator of corruption : the index issued by ICRG . It refers to the financial corruption associated with conducting business ( e . g . , bribes ) as well as other forms of political corruption ( e . g . , excessive patronage , nepotism , and close ties between politics and business ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > As these four indicators use different scales , we have re-scaled them to range from 0 ( least corrupt ) to 10 ( most corrupt ) . Summary statistics are presented in Table 1 . < sup > 10 < / sup > As shown in Figure 1 , there is a substantial difference in corruption levels across European countries . The southeastern region of the European continent is characterized by more corruption levels ( Bulgaria and Romania at 5 . 6 , Greece at 5 . 4 , and Italy at 5 . 1 ) when compared to the Nordic region ( Finland at 0 . 7 , Denmark at 0 . 8 , and Sweden at 1 . 0 ) . # * * 2 . 2 Migration * * We focus on bilateral migration flow data across EU28 and EFTA countries between 2008 and 2018 . These data are from Eurostat . Across the", "spans": [{"start": 1774, "end": 1803, "text": "bilateral migration flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "07-02 | 2026-08-01 | | d for hydrological data collec < br > tions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * NON CONSULTING SERVICES * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > | | | | | | | < br > | < br > < br > | < br > | | | | < br > < br > | | < br > | < br > Bid Evaluation Report | | | | < br > Description < br > Loan / Credit N < br > o . | < br > Component | Review T | ype < br > Method | Market Approac < br > h | Procurement Pro < br > cess | Prequalification < br > ( Y / N ) < br > | stimated Am < br > ount ( US $ ) < br > | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Process St < br > atus < br > | Draft Pre-qualification < br > Documents < br > Pr < br > < br > < br > | equalification Evalu < br > ation Report < br > < br > | Draft Biddin < br > ent / Justif < br > | g Docu < br > ication < br > | < br > Specific Procurement < br > Notice / Invitation < br > Bi < br > < br > < br > | ding Documents < br > s Issued < br > < br > | a < br > Proposal Submission < br > Opening / Minutes < br > < br > | < br > < br > and Recommendation < br > for Award < br > < br > | Signed Contract < br > < br > | Contract Completion < br > < br > | | ET-MOWE-547327-NC-DIR /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or economic displacement . | National legislations do not specifically < br > mention alternative project designs to < br > avoid < br > or < br > minimize < br > adverse < br > E & S < br > impacts . < br > However , < br > infrastructure < br > projects often adopt alternative project < br > designs in an attempt to avoid or < br > minimize adverse E & S impacts . The < br > current project with its multiple bends < br > alternative routing is a good example of < br > efforts made to minimize impacts < br > through exploring alternative project < br > designs . | National legislations do not specifically < br > provide for the need to limit involuntary < br > land acquisition or land use access < br > restriction for project purposes nor do < br > they specify the time period for land - < br > take . Moreover , national legislations do < br > not < br > specify < br > the < br > need < br > to < br > explore < br > alternative project designs to avoid or < br > minimize land acquisition or restrictions < br > on land use . | Given it potential to avoid or < br > at < br > least < br > minimize < br > land < br > acquisition < br > and < br > access < br > restriction through exploring < br > alternative < br > subproject < br > designs , the WB ’ s ESS 5 < br > shall be applied . | | Planning < br > and < br > Implementation | ▪ a census should be conducted to : < br > ` o ` identify the persons who will be < br > affected by the project , < br > ` o ` establish an inventory of land and < br > assets to be affected , < br > ` o ` determine who will be eligible for < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1355, "end": 1361, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> laptop computer . The reason < br > of Buying 6 Units of laptop < br > computer is to conduct works < br > at home Due to Covid 19 . | / | Biogas user survey under < br > National Biogas Program | Post < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 5 , 560 . 89 < br > Completed | | | 2020-04-25 < br > 2020-05-01 | | | | | 2020-05-04 < br > 2020-06-19 | 2020-05-11 < br > 2020-06-21 | | | ET-DBE-209379-GO-RFQ / < br > Microsoft SQL Server 2019 < br > Standard Edition ( English < br > Language , 64-bit ) Licenses ) | / | Biogas user survey under < br > National Biogas Program | Post < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 25 , 984 . 92 < br > Under < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2020-12-22 < br > 2021-01-11 | | | | | 2021-01-15 | 2021-01-31 | | | ET-DBE-219072-GO-RFQ / < br > 42 unit of Core i 7 Laptop < br > computers for virtual capacity < br > building on carbon financing < br > and It training on Java < br > Fundamentals for Android < br > Development and Google < br > associate android developer . | / | Biogas user survey under < br > National Biogas Program | Post < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > En", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 159, "text": "Biogas user survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy services for < br > Community Outreach andSocial Communication , Security Perception Survey , Implementation of the ProjectGRM , Mitigation Against GBV IDA / 67680 Component D : InstitutionalStrengthening of SelectedTransport and RelatedInstitutions Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-03-21 2021-04-20 2021-06-10 2021-07-08 2021-08-07 2021-09-11 2021-10-25 2022-10-25 < br > and Prevention of SEA-Lot 3 : < br > Mandera County < br > KE-KENHA-223068-CS-QCBS < br > / ‘ Consultancy services forCommunity Outreach andSocial Communication , Security Perception Survey , Implementation of the ProjectGRM , Mitigation Against GBVand Prevention of SEA L Lot 3 : IDA / 67680 Component C : ImprovingAccess to Selected BasicSocial Services at DesignatedLocations along Isiolo-Mandera Regional Roa dCorridor Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 Canceled 2021-04-30 2021-05-13 2021-05-21 2021-07-14 2021-08-12 2021-09-21 2021-11-21 2021-11-21 2022-11-21 < br > Mandera County < br > KE-KENHA-223057-CS-QCBS < br > / Consultancy Service for < br > community Outreach andSocial Communication , Security Perception Survey , Implementation of the projectGRM , Mitigation against GBV IDA / 67680 Component D : InstitutionalStrengthening of SelectedTransport and RelatedInstitutions Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2021-03-21 2021-03-21 2021-03-21 2021-05-03 2021-04-18 2021-10 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assignment of students across classes has been used in a number of papers . Ammermueller and Pischke ( 2009 ) follow a similar approach for estimating peer effects using PIRLS data of primary school children across six European countries . McEwan ( 2003 ) also bases his estimates of peer effects in Chilean secondary schools using school fixed effects , although the argument of randomization tends to be weaker at the secondary level , given that a fraction of all school aged children do attend this level . Vigdor and Nechyba ( 2004 , 2006 ) take advantage of randomization in primary schools in North Carolina to estimate peer effects for fifth graders . In all of these cases , however , the peer effects were estimated using the mean of the peer characteristics and no composition or heterogenous peer effects were allowed . < sup > 11 < / sup > My approach is also close to Hoxby ( 2000 ) who estimates non linear peer effects > 11Ammermueller and Pischke also cast doubts on the validity of the random assignment 17", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 180, "text": "PIRLS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mark > The local official stressed the importance of ensuring that the proposed Subproject design should not contradict with the master plan < / mark > and other planned infrastructure projects in the Woredas and sub cities _ < mark > Ensuring health and safety of the Public : < / mark > _ < mark > The local officials suggested the importance of following all the necessary safety measures during construction phase of the Subproject to < / mark > avoid unnecessary accidents because of negligence of construction workers . _ < mark > Careful inventory of Impacted Assets : < / mark > _ < mark > The local officials also expressed the need for careful study during inventory of Subproject affected assets in order to avoid future complaints from < / mark > Subproject affected households . _ < mark > Livelihood Restoration Plan : < / mark > _ < mark > The other important mitigation measure suggested by consulted officials is related to provision of livelihood restoration plan and assistance for affected households in order to restore their livelihood . < / mark > Photo 5 : Consultation Meeting with Officials from Haromaya Sub city ( left ) Maya City ( Right ) Page 117", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 706, "text": "inventory of Subproject affected assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from International Monetary Fund ( 2002 ) by Martinez-Vazquez , McLure , and Vaillancourt ( 2006 ) . Countries are listed in order of tax-to-GDP ratio ( as based on a variety of sources and in some instances for a later year than the detailed tax data included in this table ) .", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 251, "text": "tax data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 32015-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of a consultingfirm for Green buildingConstruction design ( layoutand specifications ) ofestablishment of new agro IDA / 59830 Component 1 : StrengtheningInstitutional Capacity forNational QualityInfrastructure Development Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - International 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2017-10-31 2017-11-21 2018-01-04 2018-02-03 2018-03-10 2018-09-06 < br > processing testing laboratory . < br > ET-MOST-43978-CS-LCS / Recruitment of externalauditor IDA / 59830 Component 3 : ProjectManagement and Monitoringand Evaluation Post Least CostSelection Open - National 10 , 000 . 00 1 , 816 . 41 Completed 2018-01-22 2018-02-16 2018-02-12 2018-03-28 2018-03-06 2018-04-25 2018-05-25 2018-06-20 2018-06-29 2018-06-20 2018-08-03 2018-07-02 2019-01-30 2020-12-08 < br > ET-MOST-21710-CS-UN / < br > Procurement of individual < br > consultants for the Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Preparation of technicalequipment specification for IDA / 59830 Institutional Capacity forNational Quality Prior UN Agencies ( Direct ) Direct 75 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2017-09-02 2018-03-01 < br > food and agro , inspection , Infrastructure Development < br > textile and leather testing labs < br > of ECAE < br > ET-MOST-60833-CS-CQS / Recruitment of a consultingfirm to carry out a baselineand client engagement survey . IDA / 59830 Component 2 : EnhancingPrivate Sector Engagement Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "made contributions to humanitarian operations which in addition to other crises , are responding to the extreme food scarcity in South Sudan . Among others , these include : US $ 184 . 4 million from the United Kingdom , US $ 151 million from the United States , US $ 65 million from the European Union , and contributions from other countries < sup > 3 < / sup > . Many donors have also provided flexible , unearmarked funding to aid agencies ’ regional or global operations , or to country ‐ based pooled funds and the UN ’ s Central Emergency Response Fund ( CERF ) . Even with these contributions , according to the UN ’ s Financial Tracking Service ( FTS ) , only about 18 . 5 percent ( US $ 231 million ) of the funding needs ( currently standing at US $ 1 . 25 billion ) for the priority sectors ( food security , nutrition , health , and water , sanitation and hygiene ) in the Humanitarian Response Plan for South Sudan have been met . # # 12 . * * Because of the financing gap , the Government , requested the World Bank Group ’ s emergency assistance to support the food and nutrition security needs of the most vulnerable sections of the * * > 3 Other contributions include : US $ 5 . 5 million from Japan , US $ 8 . 4 million from Sweden , US $ 8 . 9 million from Denmark , US $ 5 . 3 million from Australia , US $ 5 . 7 million from Switzerland , and US $ 3 . 9 million from Canada . Page 12 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 627, "end": 653, "text": "Financial Tracking Service", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * VII . CONCLUSION * * This report provides an overview of trends in the situation of SGBV among refugees in Chad and emphasizes the need for a comprehensive response approach to prevention and protection against genderbased violence among refugees . UNHCR and its partners will need to continue advocating for adequate provision of funds to combat SGBV and promote peaceful cohabitation between refugees in camps and surrounding villages . The analysis of the SGBV data collected in 2016 shows that most victims of violence in 2015 remain the same . Women and children under the age of 18 are particularly affected by SGBV . Effectively taking into account the policy of age , gender and diversity mainstreaming in the various programs represents the best approach to the various forms of SGBV identified among refugees . The actual situation of SGBVs in refugee camps remains underestimated due to non-reporting of cases due in turn to socio-cultural constraining norms , fear of reprisals , stigma , rejection , and the difficulties of collecting and managing Data in the absence of an effective tool such as the GBVIMS . The limitations of the tool currently in use for data collection are a n obstacle to better information on the victims , the circumstances and the profile of the alleged perpetrators in order to implement an appropriate prevention program . The increase in the number of children affected by sexual exploitation and sex for survival is a challenge to the various actors that requires the revision of the protection programme as a whole and especially the targeting of available assistance to the most vulnerable and most exposed to SGBV . The permanent need for continuous training of service providers to improve the quality of services . Joint interventions such as the Goz-beida ( UNFPA / COOPI-UNHCR ) project should serve as an example rationalizes efforts in favour of SGBV victims . UNHCR and its partners need to strengthen collaboration with other UN agencies , non-governmental organizations and government technical services such as the Technical Directorates in the Ministry of Women ,", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 498, "text": "SGBV data collected in 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1126, "end": 1132, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these assessments to allocate concessional resources across countries . < sup > 8 < / sup > This category also includes two discontinued data sources , from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , and the French international development agency . Finally , two data sources in this category are based on data reported by the US Department of State , on human trafficking ( Trafficking in Persons Report ) and on human rights violations ( as coded by academic researchers in the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Data and the Political Terror Scale ) . Finally , four WGI data sources come from commercial business information providers . Three of them are long-running data products providing subscription-based quantitative ratings of a broad range of business environment and political risks , produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( Country Viewswire ) , Political Risk Services ( International Country Risk Guide ) and S & P Global ( Country Risk Service ) . The fourth is Crisis24 , a specialized security risk firm , which provides quantitative measures of security risks facing business travelers that feeds into the Political Instability and Absence of Violence / Terrorism measure in the WGI . All four organizations rely on a global network of experts who provide scores following a standardized methodology subject to centralized internal review within the organization . The source data used to construct the WGI is publicly available at www . govindicators . org . < sup > 9 < / sup > The data are available in their original form as retrieved from the original providers . We also report the data rescaled and reoriented ( if necessary ) to run from zero to one with higher values corresponding to better governance outcomes , using the minimum and maximum possible scores on each variable to do this rescaling . The rescaled data is comparable within a given data source over time and across countries . However , it is not necessarily comparable across different data sources , because different data sources cover different sets of countries with different underlying distributions of governance . For example , a score of 6 out of 10 might mean something different in a data source that covers only advanced > 8 In addition , the World Bank and the", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 362, "text": "data reported by the US Department of State", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 388, "end": 417, "text": "Trafficking in Persons Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 493, "end": 531, "text": "Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 874, "text": "Country Viewswire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) 12 . Lebanon is primarily a mountainous country and has been recently witnessing more extreme weather with shorter yet more severe winters and snow periods . MPWT has currently insufficient number of vehicles particularly for snow removal , and most the existing equipment is outdated with an average age of 20 years . MPWT has currently 60 wheel loaders , 25 snow blowers , and 7 salt spreaders and is having difficulty deploying them timely to all mountain roads and regions in Lebanon during extreme weather and snow events which can cover up to 70 percent of Lebanon national and local road networks during winter season . This results in some mountain villages and towns , and some primary roads and highways such as the Beirut ‐ Damascus Highway , being inaccessible for substantial periods of time . 13 . In addition to the purchase of vehicles , this component will assist MPWT revise its winter and snow emergency procedures to better plan , communicate , deploy , and respond to winter and snow emergencies . Given its strong linkages to the climate change agenda , this component could benefit at later stages from additional support from disaster risk management and climate adaptation funds . # # # * * Project Component 3 : Capacity Building and Implementation Support ( US $ 7 . 5 million ) * * 14 . This component will finance consultancy services , and related software and IT equipment , to support the following subcomponents : 15 . * * Subcomponent 1 . * * Strengthen national road asset management ( US $ 2 million ) . This subcomponent will finance the creation of a road asset database for the trunk network in Lebanon , the collection of the basic information for the database ( such as road condition visual surveys , IRAP assessment of road safety , and traffic counts on select road sections ) , and the revision of design and maintenance standards to reflect changing climate conditions , particularly related to drainage and slope stabilization . This subcomponent will also finance the preparation of routine maintenance manual for small", "spans": [{"start": 1653, "end": 1672, "text": "road asset database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1775, "end": 1804, "text": "road condition visual surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1807, "end": 1837, "text": "IRAP assessment of road safety", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1844, "end": 1858, "text": "traffic counts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requires identifying a vector of rental values for the observed population — object of the distributional analysis . For each household , the rental value to be used in the construction of a welfare aggregate is the actual rent paid by market tenants ( h ) , and the imputed rental value for home-owners and tenants not paying the market price ( h ) . Information on rent paid by market tenants is generally available in TT rr household budget surveys as the regular payment to landlords for living in the dwelling , although data from OO rr other sources might be also used ( e . g . administrative registers , listings , mortgage transactions , experts ’ survey ) . Imputed rent for home-owners and non-market tenants must instead be estimated . Several different imputation approaches have been developed , and no one has emerged as superior to others so far ( Balcázar et al . 2017 ) . Notwithstanding the lack of consensus about the best method to adopt , two approaches , in addition to excluding the housing component _tout court_ from the welfare aggregate , are commonly 7", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 451, "text": "TT rr household budget surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 526, "end": 541, "text": "data from OO rr", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 585, "end": 609, "text": "administrative registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 647, "end": 663, "text": "experts ’ survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "92 % < br > 78 % < br > 80 % < br > 60 % 53 % < br > 47 % < br > 40 % < br > 40 % < br > 31 % < br > 20 % < br > 6 % < br > 0 % < br > Rely on less Limit portion size at Restrict Borrow food or Reduce number of Restrict Spend days without < br > preferred and less meals ( different consumption by relied on help from meals eaten in a day consumption of eating < br > expensive food ( ie from above : ie less adults in order for relative ( s ) or female household < br > cheaper lower food per meal ) small children to eat friend ( s ) members < br > quality food ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : WFP ‟ s Food Assistance ( E-card / Food parcels ) Post Distribution Monitoring survey 35", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 703, "text": "Post Distribution Monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ESIA and ESMP for The Proposed Rehabilitation and Improvement of Tamu Law Courts_ # * * REFERENCES * * - Sustaining Judicial Transformation ( SJT ) . A service delivery agenda 2017-2021 , Judiciary , Republic of Kenya , 2017 - _First County Integrated Development Plan 2013-2017 for Kisumu County_ , 2013 . _Government printer , Nairobi_ - KNBS , 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census Vol . 1A , 2010 - Kenya gazette supplement Acts 2000 , Environmental Management and Coordination Act Number 8 of 1999 . _Government printer , Nairobi_ - Kenya gazette supplement number 56 . Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003 . _Government printer , _ Nairobi - Kenya gazette supplement Acts , Environmental Management and Coordination ( Water Quality ) Regulations , 2006 _ . Government printer , Nairobi_ - Kenya gazette supplement Acts , Environmental Management and Coordination ( Waste Management ) Regulations , 2006 _ . Government printer , Nairobi_ - Kenya gazette supplement Acts , Environmental Management and Coordination ( Noise and Excessive Vibrations Pollution ) Regulations , 2009 _ . Government printer , Nairobi_ - Kenya gazette supplement Acts _Land Planning Act ( Cap . 303 ) . Government printer , Nairobi_ - Kenya gazette supplement Acts _The Occupational Safety and Health Act 2007_ , _Government printer , Nairobi_ - Kenya gazette supplement Acts _Physical Planning Act , 1999 . Government printer , Nairobi_ - Kenya gazette supplement Acts _Public Health Act ( Cap . 242 ) . Government printer , Nairobi_ - Kenya gazette supplement Acts _Water Act , 2002 . Government printer , Nairobi_ 90", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) ICR DOCUMENT be attributed to several factors . Conflicts in key honey-producing regions such as Tigray , Amhara , and Oromia significantly disrupted production . Additionally , the EIER qualitative survey data revealed that the use of herbicides and pesticides for crop protection adversely affected bee populations . Limited availability of modern beehives , as noted by key informants , further constrained productivity improvements . Moreover , droughts in northern regions , particularly in Tigray , along with deforestation , pests , and predators , also negatively affected honey production and productivity . 28 . Overall , AGP2 interventions played a vital role in increasing milk productivity and overall livestock production among households in AGP2 woredas . These successes were driven by several key initiatives , including the adoption of demonstrated and innovative yield-enhancing livestock technologies such as AI and the provision of improved cow breeds . The project also provided demonstration-based training on livestock production , including the establishment of four Dairy Herd Performance Recording Systems at Training Centers , which delivered critical data on milk production and facilitated the identification of superior breeding animals . Additionally , the expansion of animal health centers , with over 155 clinics and 607 health posts established in intervention areas , significantly improved access to veterinary care . The project further supported livestock health by supplying medical tablets free of charge , contributing to the overall success of dairy sector productivity initiatives . # # # * * PDO Part 2 : Increased commercialization among targeted smallholder farmers ( in percentage ) * * 29 . Commercialization was defined in terms of the percentage increase in real revenue from selected crops and livestock products — cereals / pulses , vegetables / fruits , milk , honey , and eggs . The project exceeded its targets for increased real revenue from the sale of cereals and vegetables . However , revenues from honey and egg sales fell short due to lower-than-expected production ( as described above ) . Notably , milk sales were puzzlingly", "spans": [{"start": 252, "end": 280, "text": "EIER qualitative survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Actual < br > 2019-02-28 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Description | N | o . | Component | Review Type | Method | Approach | | Amount ( US $ ) | Amount ( US $ ) < br > | Proce | ss Statu | s < br > Terms of < br > Planned | Reference < br > < br > Notic < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > e < br > Request for < br > Actual < br > Planned | Proposals < br > < br > Actual < br > Pla | < br > as < br > nned | < br > Issued < br > < br > Actual | < br > < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > Planned < br > Actual | Technical Proposal < br > Planned < br > Actual | Report and Draft < br > Negotiated Contract < br > Planned < br > Actual | Signed Contract < br > Planned < br > Actual | Contract Completion < br > Planned < br > Actual | | KE-MOALF-35273-CS-CQS / < br > BASELINE SURVEYS | < br > IDA / 59 | 450 | Component 3 : Supporting < br > Agro-weather , Market , < br > Climate , and Advisory < br > Services ( US $ 32 . 9 million < br > equivalent ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "year . Annual < br > tion of activities ) and < br > n earlyin theyear ; | onducted through < br > on developed ; Disc < br > for Channel 1 . < br > plan to be accomp < br > cash forecast by e < br > | the DHIS2 < br > ussions with < br > anied by < br > ach directorate | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | FiduciarySystems | NA | MOH | Recurrent | Semi-Annually | In Progress | | Completion < br > Measurement | Re-planning < br > reports | sessions conducted and | budget utilization bec | omes consistent th | rough quarterly | | Comments | • The replan < br > updated bas | ning session was conduc < br > ed on the revised plan . | ted from March 13-14 | , 2025 . • Cash flow | forecast was | | Action Description | Sign MoU wi < br > condition for < br > additional re | th regions for accountabi < br > transferring additional r < br > source . Establish a clear | lity and make MoF & < br > esource & settle all a < br > timetable to monitor | BoF co signatories . < br > dvances before rec < br > tasks . | Set minimum < br > eiving | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | FiduciarySystems | NA | MOH | Recurrent | Quarterly | Completed | | Completion < br > Measurement | MoU signed , < br > outstanding | minimum condition agre < br > advances | ed with implementer | s and gradual decr | ease of long | | Comments | The MOU ha", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 211, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _Firm Performance_ : How do skills and skill deficits impact firm performance ? What do production function estimates reveal about the returns to employer investments in capital and different labor skill groups , and the effectiveness of alternative strategies to mitigate skill deficits ? - _Skills Supply_ : How do employers assess the supply of graduates from higher education and TVET institutions , how responsive are education and training providers to the skills demands of employers , and what policy implications follow from these insights ? The remainder of this study is organized as follows . Section II provides a broad overview of the education level of the population of Tanzania and employers ’ views of the adequacy of education and training for their workforce . Section III describes the data source and outlines the analytic framework used to address policy concerns regarding formal sector enterprise skills in Tanzania . It describes the key variables elicited in the Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey and how they are used in the empirical implementation of the analyses . Section IV reports the regression analyses on the determinants of employer choices about skills mix , skill deficits and strategies to mitigate them , and their impacts on labor productivity . Section V reports on qualitative survey findings on where firms source their workforce and training programs . Section VI describes the policy implications that emerge from these results . 4", "spans": [{"start": 992, "end": 1025, "text": "Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178587 ) in an inclusive and non-discriminatory manner . However , certain groups , including Syrian and Palestinian refugees , have been lagging behind in COVID-19 vaccination ( see Table 5 ) due to multiple challenges including difficulties in navigating the vaccination registration process , vaccine hesitancy , fuel and economic crises , and competing priorities . A hesitancy survey conducted by International Medical Corps ( IMC ) in June / July 2021 showed that while the proportion of Lebanese willing to take the vaccine has increased by 32 percent , in the refugee community , only a 10 percent increase was noted . In fact , more than 60 percent of refugees did not think the COVID-19 vaccine was safe nor efficient . 10 percent of the surveyed refugees cited transportation to vaccination centers and security concerns as barriers to vaccination . According to a recent report on vaccine hesitancy among refugees in Lebanon < sup > 8 < / sup > , Syrian refugees , similarly to Lebanese , had higher hesitancy towards specific types of vaccines compared to others ( namely more hesitancy towards the Astrazeneca vaccine compared to the Pfizer vaccine ) . This might have had an impact on the vaccination rates among Syrian refugees as their preferred vaccine type was restricted to specific age groups based on the prioritization plan at the initial stages of the campaign . Refugees also expressed a shift in priority from COVID-19 related concerns to challenges arising from the socio-economic crisis . Several actors have been engaged in efforts to increase registration and vaccination among the refugee population . This includes outreach to Syrian refugees by phone and through doorto-door visits to raise awareness on the importance of vaccination and support in the registration process by UNHCR . UNHCR ’ s partners have also deployed mobile units to areas of high Syrian refugee concentrations to conduct vaccination . As for the < mark > United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East < / mark > ( UN", "spans": [{"start": 442, "end": 458, "text": "hesitancy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "self-discipline to enforce rules ; and lack of coherence between sector specific rules and global rules in countries . # * * 4 . 1 . The design and practical effect of constitutional rules * * The functioning of democracy and separation of powers in a country are essential to understand the relationship between accountability and sector performance . Horizontal checks and balances — how the parliament should control the executive , for example — are fundamental principles of constitutional design and to a large extent , underestimated drivers of sector performance . Vertically , the control is manifested in election rules , a free press , access to information laws , and access to education . Countries have budget procedures that involve several governance institutions to secure consistency between development plans and actual spending . When these mechanisms are interfered with — for example if access to information about political decisions is blocked — the incumbent politicians can bias their sector decisions in line with their private agendas more easily . There is striking variation across countries when it comes to political control procedures , how powers are separated between institutions , the clarity of the rules , and the enforcement of them . < sup > 50 < / sup > Constitutional protection of human rights and control on political powers are not more than a façade in some countries . Other countries focus on constitutional weaknesses just to highlight the fact that it is their own rules that make it difficult to enforce democratic principles . Constitutional weaknesses may themselves be the result of private agendas . Torvik and Robinson ( 2008 ) explain presidentialism as endogenous by pointing at the incentives of incumbents in a parliamentarian system to move toward a more presidential system . Over the last decades many countries have tended to concentrate political power in the executive . Constitutional reforms have removed constraints on reelection of individual politicians , while fiscal reforms have provided the national level with relatively more authority on spending decisions compared > 50 See the Open Budget Index < u > ( http : / / www . openbudgetindex . org ) for variation in control and transparency of budget < / u > procedures . 18", "spans": [{"start": 2157, "end": 2174, "text": "Open Budget Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 9 Conclusions and Recommendations * * # # # # # # * * 9 . 1 Conclusion * * The ESIA review revealed several gaps that were identified and documented . First the Baseline environmental and social data for Kisumu County were not only inadequate but also outdated based on the period lapse between the initial ESIA study ( 2017 ) and the current ESIA review exercise ( 2023 ) . New and revised legal requirements in addition or the Bank ’ s Environmental and Social Framework ( ESF ) and other international requirements and guidelines were reviewed as well and considered in the updates of the ESIA study report . Additional public consultation was also done in order to revise the scope , guided by KISIP . The re-scoping exercise was done consultatively involving both the GRC and the SEC . Only the settlements and the projects that were agreed upon were reviewed and included in the updated ESIA study . No significant additional impact was identified during the course of the study based on the initial study report . * * 9 . 2 Recommendations * * The following are the consultant ’ s recommendations ;  That the Contractor , guided by the ESMP , develops project specific Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan that should be reviewed and approved by the Project Engineer prior to implementation  That a robust Labour Management Plan for the project is developed for application in all projects specifying code of ethics for employment guided by the Employment Act .  That a robust Waste Management Plan be developed that aligns to the Sustainable Waste Management Act , 2022 and the County legislation  That a comprehensive Grievance redress procedure be developed by the contractor for review and approval by the Engineer to handle grievances raised by the community members  That the contractor confirms that all the required permits and approvals have been acquired and available for inspections and audits by the Project Engineer of the Employer .  That , prior to the start of the project , entry meetings should be held in each settlement", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 215, "text": "Baseline environmental and social data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2021-02-10 | 2021-03-17 | | 2021-09-13 | | < br > Data Dissemination and User < br > Satisfaction | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * CONSULTING FIRMS * * < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | Loan / Credit < br > No . | Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approach | < br > Contract Type | Estimated < br > Amount ( US $ ) < br > A | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) | Proc | ess Status < br > Terms of R < br > | eference < br > Expression of < br > Notic < br > < br > | Inte < br > e < br > | rest < br > Short < br > Reques < br > < br > | List and Draft < br > t for Proposals < br > Requ < br > < br > < br > | est for Proposals < br > as Issued < br > < br > | Opening of Technical < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > < br > | Evaluation of < br > Technical Proposal < br > < br > | Combined Evaluation < br > Report and Draft < br > Negotiated Contract < br > < br > | Signed Contract < br > < br > | Co < br > | ntract Completion < br > < br > | | ET-CSA-156237-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Household Surveys and Price < br > Statistics - Consultancy < br > Services on Technical issues < br > of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activity . The project triggers OP 4 . 12 Involuntary Resettlement in line with the Bank ’ s safeguard policies , the access to and use of common or natural resources need to be safeguarded in a process of \" free , prior and informed consultation \" . Consultations have taken place between all those traditionally inhabiting an area with those external people who made agricultural investments in the area . The ESMF has developed mechanisms through which kebele-based arbitrations and compensations are implemented . At kebele level , grievance redressing complaints and issues related to the implementation of sub-projects that affect private and community properties will be incorporated in participatory subproject planning guidelines and screening criteria in the Project Implementation Manual . Substantial numbers of community level sacred and ritual sites of religious and cultural importance , ( sacred trees , springs , rivers , ritual sites , etc ) have been identified by the social assessment in all target locations , thereby triggering OP4 . 11 Physical Cultural Resources . Implementation of AGP ’ s sub-components in the area of small irrigation schemes , water reservoir and dam excavation and rural roads construction may likely affect physical cultural resources ( PCRs ) . A set of procedures for ensuring that PCRs are considered in the designing process of AGP sub-projects is part of the ESMF . Mandatory measures are detailed once a PCR safeguard is triggered during a sub project screening process . 2 . Describe any potential indirect and / or long term impacts due to anticipated future activities in the project area : AGP resources are expected to support institutional building of farmer organizations , processing and marketing entities and strengthening advisory and extension services , sustainable land management ( including soil & water conservation , watershed", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > < sup > * * by * * Lawand NationalTreasury < / sup > Regulations , as well as * * by * * the participating < sup > developmentpartners , asdetailedintheGovernmentof < / sup > Kenya Budget Printed Estimates < sup > fortheyear . TheDevelopmentProjectsarebudgetedforunder the < / sup > MDAs but receive budgeted funds as transfers < sup > andaccountforthemseparately . Thesetransfersare < / sup > recognised as inter-entity transfers and < sup > are eliminated upon consolidation . < / sup > * * A * * high-level assessment of the Project ' s < sup > actualperformance againstthecomparablebudgetforthe < / sup > financial year / period under review has been < sup > included in anannex to these financialstatements . < / sup > # # # * * 10 . 14 Third party payments * * Included in the receipts and payments , < sup > arepayments made onitsbehalf < / sup > < sup > * * by * * tothirdpartiesin formof < / sup > loans and grants . These payments do < sup > notconstitute cash receiptsand paymentsandaredisclosed in the < / sup > payment to third parties column < sup > in thestatement of receiptsand payments . < / sup > During the year Kshs * * NIL * * being loan < sup > disbursementswerereceivedinformofdirectpayments from < / sup > third parties . # # # * * 10 . 15 Exchange rate differences * * The accounting records are maintained < sup > in thefunctionalcurrencyof the primary economicenvironment < / sup > in which the Project operates , Kenya Shillings . < sup > Transaction", "spans": [{"start": 1309, "end": 1327, "text": "accounting records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 : NEET Rates for 15 - to 24-Year-Olds , by Region * * | * * Region * * | * * NEET * * | * * rates , latest y * * | * * ears * * | * * Female share * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Total * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | | | * * World * * | * * 21 . 8 * * | * * 9 . 8 * * | * * 34 . 4 * * | * * 76 . 9 * * | | * * Developing countries * * | 12 . 1 | 8 . 0 | 16 . 0 | 66 . 1 | | * * Emerging countries * * | 25 . 2 | 9 . 6 | 41 . 8 | 80 . 3 | | * * Developed countries * * | 13 . 1 | 11 . 3 | 14 . 9 | 55 . 7 | | * * _Northern Africa_ * * | 26 . 1 | 16 . 7 | 36 . 0 | 67 . 6 | | * * _Sub-Saharan Africa_ * * | 15 . 5 | 11 . 2 | 19 . 0 | 61 . 4 | | * * _Latin America and the Caribbean_ * * | 19 . 4 | 11 . 9 | 27 . 0 | 68 . 6 | | * * _Northern America_ * * | 16 . 3 | 14 . 1 | 18 . 6 | 55 . 8 | | * * _Arab States_ * * | 18 . 2 | 9 . 9 | 27 . 1 | 71 . 8 | | * * _Eastern Asia_ * * | 3 . 7 | 2 . 8 | 4 . 7 | 61 . 8 | | * * _South-Eastern Asia and Pacific_ * * | 18 . 0 | 13 . 4 | 22 . 6 | 61 . 5 | | * * _Southern Asia_ *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Country * * < br > This table presents c < br > EPFR data . TIC data i < br > residents in a country ) < br > the absolute value of < br > by market capitalizati < br > Bloomberg , US Treasu | * * Equity EPFR / TIC * * < br > * * Correlation * * < br > * * Country * * < br > * * Table 8 * * < br > * * Correlation between TIC and EPFR data * * < br > ountry correlations between capital inflows < br > s the absolute value of monthly inflows ( purch < br > normalized by equity market capitalization o < br > monthly inflows into a country by global equ < br > on or total debt . * denotes significance at the < br > ry , BIS . | * * Bond EPFR / TIC * * < br > * * Correlation * * < br > < br > measures from TIC and < br > ases minus sales from US < br > r total debt . EPFR data if < br > ity / debt funds normalized < br > 1 % level . Source : EPFR , | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Argentina | 0 . 4422 * < br > Argentina | 0 . 2211 | | Brazil | 0 . 1846 < br > Brazil | - 0 . 0704 | | Chile | - 0 . 03 < br > Chile | 0 . 0922 | | China | 0 . 1475 < br > China | - 0 . 1972 | | Czech Republic | - 0 . 0691 < br > Hungary | 0 . 1152 | | Egypt | - 0 . 0892 < br > Indonesia | - 0 . 1646 | | Hungary | 0 . 1475 < br > Poland | 0 . 1454 | | India | 0 . 0839 < br > Mexico | 0 . 2493 | | Indonesia | - 0 . 0055 < br > Peru | - 0 . 0794 | | Israel | 0", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 63, "text": "EPFR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 66, "end": 74, "text": "TIC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of _A_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > ) under the _A_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > decomposition of Ωand the _m × _ 1 dimensional column vector _ri_ ( _k_ ) as the vector response [ _r_ 1 _i_ ( _k_ ) _ , . . . , rmi_ ( _k_ ) ] ’ , the _m × _ 1-dimensional impulse response _ra_ ( _k_ ) < sup > 11 < / sup > at horizon _k_ to the impulse vector _a_ is given by : where _qi_ is the _i_ < sup > _th_ < / sup > entry of _q_ . Identification of the structural shock _s_ , that is the impulse vector _a_ = _a_ < sup > ( < / sup > < sup > _s_ ) < / sup > with sign restriction consists of selecting the right impulse vector _a_ = _a_ < sup > ( < / sup > < sup > _s_ ) < / sup > that satisfies sign restrictions imposed on the IRFs . The procedure is explained in detail in the Appendix . # * * 2 . 3 Data description * * The VAR-system is composed of two blocks _y_ 1 _t_ and _y_ 2 _t_ of quarterly data from the first quarter of 1970 to fourth quarter of 2010 . The first block _y_ 1 _t_ contains Canadian variables : ( a ) GDP , ( b ) private consumption , ( c ) private non-residential investment , ( d ) government spending , ( e ) net tax revenue , ( f ) GDP deflator , ( g ) REER , ( h ) net-exports-to-GDP ratio and ( i ) the 3-month T-bill rate . Variables ( a ) to ( e ) are presented in real per-capita terms by dividing each real variable by the labor force . Except for the net-exports-to-GDP ratio and the 3-month T-bill rate , all the variables are expressed in log form . Private consumption is comprised of non-durable goods and services . Government spending is government purchases ( i . e . the sum of current consumption and public investment ) . Net tax revenue is the sum of personal and corporate income tax revenues , social", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 876, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "' · executionofEnvironmental • and Social < br > I · ImpactAss ~ ssments ( ESIA ) Briefs < br > _ . , . _ \" | • . 0 . 13 | ; > l < br > 0 . 03 | _I ! _ < br > 0 . 10 | | * * Sub-component4 . 2 : Enabling Environment * * | | | ~ ~ - ~ ~ | | Supplies ' Yf & \" · various projectmeetings ' \\ t ' IU | _b : 02_ | I • . < br > 0 . 00 | . . · . • < br > 0 . 01 | | Updating the Electrification Survey Report , 2018 < br > by UBOS | 0 . 22 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 05 | | Technical ASsistancetoMEMDtowards the < br > implemen_tationofthe second-generatibn power < br > sector reJorms | 0 . 21 | ' . r ! - < br > 0 . 16 < br > _ ' . ii_ | 0 . 05 . < br > , , < br > , _ , . , . | | Interim Marketing activities to support connection < br > Implementation | 0 . 15 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 10 | | Consultan , ~ < br > services for E-Mobility } Strategy & < br > Market DevelopmentforUganda < br > _ , . | 0 . 26 < br > | ; I . } ~ . < br > 0 . 16 | O . fO < br > - ~ | | Training < br > and < br > Continuous < br > Professional < br > Development-PIU | 0 . 132 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 10 | | < FAT-Te : Pilnical Reviews-PCU < br > ~ =", "spans": [{"start": 371, "end": 400, "text": "Electrification Survey Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households that stayed behind in the same region of origin . To account for selection bias , we exploit the well-documented evidence that migrants tend to settle where other migrants from the same village ( or town ) of origin reside . We make use of historical migration networks at destination as an exclusion restriction : we use district-level information from the 1984 Census to construct our measure of network , captured by the historical internal immigration rate at destination up to 16 years before the migration episode occurred . Our estimates indicate that migration has a positive impact on consumption levels . On average , migrant households have a consumption level 77 percent higher than non-migrant households , and the effect is driven by households originally from Inland Ghana . In other words , there is a big gain in moving out of the Northern regions of the country . The impact is larger among male-headed households and households headed by higher educated individuals . We also find that migration substantially reduces distance from the poverty line . We show robust evidence that such impact is attributable to a physical mobility effect that goes beyond the effect associated with moving out of agriculture or moving out of a rural area . Most of the migrants , in fact , do not move to an urban area from a rural location , and the large majority does not change sector of employment at destination . Internal migration in Ghana is beneficial to household welfare , remarkably when migration occurs from Inland Ghana to other regions . Policies aimed at limiting internal migratory flows are not recommended , as migration can bring positive effects and the policies would represent a limitation to individuals ’ freedom . At the same time , however , internal migration comes with important social costs that need to be factored in . First , as described in previous sections , those migrating are generally younger , more educated and more entrepreneurial than those deciding to stay . It follows that areas that are already poor see an outflow of important resources that could have contributed to the local development ( Awumbila , 2007 ) . True is that via remittances poor areas might eventually get some compensation for this brain", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 380, "text": "1984 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", mostly limited to head counting . Refugees and IDPs are very different in that they have a different legal status , which leads to different access to public services , labor markets , government , and international assistance . Surveys for IDPs are often more difficult to conduct because the host country might be linked to the cause of displacement , and a registration system like UNHCR ’ s proGres is absent , making it more challenging to obtain a representative sample . Given the large number of IDPs ( 58 percent of all FDPs ) , the real challenge will be to collect microdata on IDPs systematically in all those countries that are home to large numbers of IDPs . So far , the only country that collects data on IDPs systematically is Colombia and this country has shown that , when quality microdata are available , research on IDPs flourishes . While many of the discussed issues need more attention and research , some processes are in place that should lead to the establishment of guidelines that address some of these questions . A recent process > 12 All these surveys can be found in the World Bank microdata library at : https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog ? sort_by = rank & sort_order = desc & sk = refugees . 20", "spans": [{"start": 1118, "end": 1127, "text": "microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Socio-economic inclusion pla < br > nning < br > Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 590 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2023-10-05 | 2023-10-26 | 2023-12-09 | 2024-01-06 | 2024-02-05 | 2024-03-11 | 2024-04-15 | 2025-04-15 | | KE-MOTI-238027-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R MAPPING AND DEVELOPME < br > NT OF A NATIONAL GEO DAT < br > ABASE OF SLUMS AND INFOR < br > MAL SETTLEMENTS IN KENYA < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum upgrading < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-06-11 < br > 2022 - | 07-29 < br > 2021-07-02 < br > 2022 | - 10-15 < br > 2021-08-15 | 2021-09-12 | 2021-10-12 | 2021-11-16 | 2021-12-21 | 2022-04-20 | | KE-MOTI-382313-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R AN OPERATOR / CONSORTIU < br > M TO IMPLEMENT SETTLEME < br > NT LEVEL COMMUNITY DEVEL < br > OPMENT PLANS ( PHASE 1 ) IN < br > 8 SELECTED INFORMAL SETT < br > LEMENTS IN NAIROBI AND KI <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regards to eligibility of PAPs who < br > have no recognizable legal right or < br > claim to the land for compensation , < br > national < br > laws < br > are < br > in < br > a < br > clear < br > contradiction with the requirements of < br > the WB ’ s ESS 5 . For example , national < br > legislations do not only deny the rights < br > of informal landholders , but they also < br > require them to evacuate such land < br > without claiming compensation when < br > expropriated for public purposes . | It is recommended that the < br > WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements < br > are < br > applied < br > to < br > the < br > proposed project . | | Cut-off date | ESS 5 requires that in conjunction with the < br > census , a cutoff date for eligibility shall be < br > established . Information regarding the cut - < br > off date shall be well documented and will < br > be disseminated throughout the project < br > area at regular intervals in written and ( as | Both the Constitution and Proclamation < br > No . 1161 / 2019 imply ( e . g . declaration of < br > public purpose , written notification [ one < br > year in advance ] to landholders whose < br > landholdings would be expropriated for < br > public < br > purpose ) . < br > The < br > Proclamation | The national legislation require the < br > expropriation order / notification to be < br > issued prior to the expropriation . The < br > WB ’ s ESS 5 also required information < br > regarding the cut-off date to be well | The < br > Ethiopian < br > legal < br > framework < br > and < br > WB ’ s < br > ESS5 <", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 720, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Final_ * * _TG Consultancy PLC_ - Confirm GRM establishment and arrangements of the E & S risk management system is in place throughout the sub-component implementation . - Inform the implementing institutions / beneficiaries to commence the implementation of the sub-component 3 . 1 . - Disclosure of the 3 . 1 subcomponent information including the risks / impacts and mitigation measures timely and in accessible manner to all stakeholders . - Disclose to Regional ESMS focal persons that the planned 3 . 1 subcomponent was screened and categorized based on federal environmental policy and laws , WB ESSs and ESMS as well . - Ensure the implementation of GBV / SEA / SH Prevention and Response policy . - Ensure that all OGS companies / cooperatives successfully completed the supply and installation of solar home systems as per the contract agreement and E & S due diligence ( _Annex_ 10 ) - Follow up the generation of e-waste are avoided or minimized and ensure the implementation of the e-waste management as per the E & S policy and standard requirements stated in this ESMS . The OGS companies / cooperatives distribute / install / maintain the SHS , while individual households manage / dispose the SHS out of service . - Approve ESAP prepared or customized by OGS companies / cooperatives . - Ensure the implementation of the ESAP and the ESMS by Woreda ESMS persons and OGS Company / Cooperatives . - Facilitate and maintain adequate stakeholder engagement and ensure the commitments and planned activities are operational . - Collect the E & S performance reports from regional ESMS focal persons and OGS companies / cooperatives and submit a compiled report to the Electrification and Energy Information Lead Executive . - Facilitate E & S performance auditing and review audit reports of OGS companies / cooperatives and Woreda ESMS focal persons to evaluate the implementation status of them . - Implement the stakeholder engagement plan ( MoWIE 2021 )", "spans": [{"start": 1558, "end": 1583, "text": "E & S performance reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in agro-met data collection , management , analysis and dissemination . - _1 . 2 . 1 . 4_ SUB _-COMPONENT_ _ < u > 1 . 4 . STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION OF CSA TIMPS ( US $ 31 . 3 MILLION < / u > – IDA ; _ _ < u > US $ 1 . 3 MILLION – WHR ) . < / u > _ This sub-component will support strengthening technical and institutional capacity of the ZARDIs and the Animal Genetic Resources Centers ( ANGRCs ) to deliver CSA TIMPs , and support development of sustainable climate smart seed delivery systems to all the project districts including RHDs . Under technical capacity strengthening the sub-component will finance : ( a ) shortterm training and re-tooling of staff ( mainly from ZARDIs ) in CSA research ; ( b ) hiring interns in specialized areas to support the existing scientific staff at ZARDIs ; ( c ) strengthening researchextension linkage through specified training of district subject matter specialists ( SMSs ) and improving knowledge management systems ; and ( d ) training of district extension staff , and farmer producer organizations on use of weather and climate information and advisories . Institutional capacity building activities will finance the refurbishment and / or upgrading of selected facilities and infrastructure such as communication equipment , animal experimental structures , seed stores , small seed processing plants and fish fingerling production structures . Financing will be provided for upgrading and operationalizing the Weather Information Dissemination System ( WIDS ) using ICT platforms and provisions made for laboratory and value addition equipment , motor vehicles , and farm machinery for selected institutions . > 1 . 2 . 2 COMPONENT 2 : PROMOTING ADOPTION OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES . > The component will support investments in and adoption of climate smart agriculture ( CSA ) technologies , innovations , and management practices ( TIMPs )", "spans": [{"start": 3, "end": 16, "text": "agro-met data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "channels could be at least partly blocked by financial institutions that provide for better disclosure of information ( about borrowers ) , stronger creditor rights , widespread credit reporting , etc . For instance , Blackburn and Sarmah ( 2006 ) construct a theoretical model and derive several predictions about the impact of corruption and red tape on firm ’ s access to finance . One of their main predictions is that ceteris paribus , higher corruption increases the size of loan or financing needed by firms to continue operations . Therefore , chance of bankruptcy among borrowers increases and with it the expected verification cost of financial intermediaries . The authors conclude that for these reasons , corruption serves to compound the inefficiencies of capital market imperfections or that greater the extent of capital market imperfections , the stronger the effects of corruption . The authors are quick to point out that bribery is different from other obstacles such as red tape . Both bribery and red tape increase the cost of business activity , but they do so for different reasons : in the case of red tape agents must spend time and effort on acquiring licenses to undertake the advanced project ; in the case of bribery agents must spend physical and financial resources to obtain these licenses . Based on the discussion in the previous paragraph , we obtain two testable hypotheses . First , increase in the likelihood of a firm being financially constrained due to higher corruption is less in countries with more developed financial institutions to address asymmetric information problem and other sources of credit market imperfections . The first proxy measure of the quality of financial institutions we use is the “ Getting Credit ” sub-index compiled by Doing Business , World Bank . The sub-index is a composite index of depth of credit information index and strength of legal rights index . < mark > The depth of credit information index measures practices and rules that affect both the accessibility and scope of credit information available through credit registries or bureaus . < / mark > The legal rights index measures < mark > the degree to which both bankruptcy laws and collateral agreements protect the < / mark > 18", "spans": [{"start": 1858, "end": 1891, "text": "depth of credit information index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1896, "end": 1926, "text": "strength of legal rights index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ 15 % is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ 7 . 5 % is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 - Bursztyn , L . , González , A . & Yanagizawa-Drott , D . , 2018 . Misperceived Social Norms : Female Labor Force Participation in Saudi Arabia . _National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No . 24736_ . - Cialdini , R . B . , Kallgren , C . A . & Reno , R . R . , 1991 . A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct : A Theoretical Refinement and Reevaluation of the Role of Norms in Human Behavior . _Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 24_ , pp . 201 – 234 . - Dildar , Y . , 2015 . Patriarchal Norms , Religion , and Female Labor Supply : Evidence from Turkey . _World Development_ , 76 , pp . 40 – 61 . DiMaggio , P . , 1997 . Culture and Cognition . _Annual Review of Sociology_ , 23 , pp . 263 – 287 . Duckworth , A . , 2018 . _Grit : The Power of Passion and Perseverance_ , New York , NY : Scribner . - El Feki , S . , Heilman , B . and Barker , G . , Eds . ( 2017 ) Understanding Masculinities : Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey ( IMAGES ) – Middle East and North Africa : Executive Summary . Cairo and Washington , DC : UN Women and Promundo-US . Elster , J . , 2003 . _The Cement of Society : A Study of Social Order_ , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . - Eriksson , L . , 2015 . Social Norms Theory and Development Economics . _Policy Research Working Papers No . WPS 7450_ . World Bank , Washington DC . - Evans , A . , 2016 . The Decline of the Male Breadwinner and Persistence of the Female Carer : Exposure , Interests , and Micro – Macro Interactions . _Annals of the American Association of Geographers_ , 106 ( 5 ) , pp . 1135 – 1151 . - Field , E . et al . , 2016 . On Her Own Account : How Strengthening Women ' s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms . _Working Paper_ . - Gauri ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is proposed to support the GoE ’ s initiatives in building lowlands livelihood resilience to the impacts of climate change and other disasters . The proposed project ( LLRP II ) is aligned with relevant national strategies . The project will support the World Bank ’ s Country Partnership Framework 2018 – 2023 ( CPF ) , particularly pillar 3 which aims to build resilience and inclusiveness . It is also aligned with key national development strategies , including the Ten Years Perspective Development Plan ( 2021 – 2030 ) which considers Climate Resilient Green Economy ( CRGE ) as one of its strategic pillars , and the Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy to 2050 ( LT-LEDS ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > The implementation of the LLRP II requires meeting the environmental and social safeguards requirement outlined within the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework ( WB-ESF ) . Thus , in line with this requirement the borrower Ministry of Irrigation and Lowlands ( MILLs ) has prepared this social assessment ( SA ) report . The social assessment includes evaluation and lessons learned from the work done on LLRP I to date , as well as new elements added to the MILLs programs through the LLRP II . The MILLs lowlands residence related programs are supported by the World Bank through existing and new projects and additional funding to support arid and semi-arid lowlands area . > 1 FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization ) . 2018 . Livestock production systems spotlight cattle sectors in Ethiopia . Africa Sustainable Livestock , 2050 . © FAO , 2018 I8271EN / 1 / 01 . 18 . > 2 USAID ( United States Agency for International Development ) . 2016 . Resilience at USAID 2016 progress report . Washington , DC : USAID . Center for Resilience . > 3 CSA ( Central Statistical Agency ) . 2013 . Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at Woreda level from 2014 – 2017 . Addis Ababa . > 4 Ayele , T . , D . Dedecha , and D .", "spans": [{"start": 1809, "end": 1842, "text": "Population projection of Ethiopia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The PAD noted that the results framework with PDO and intermediate results indicators , and baseline values of zero for all indicators ( PAD , Annex 3 ) would guide the design of the M & E system . Target values for infrastructure were “ to be determined ” during implementation . The six PDO outcome indicators covered the two objectives of the project ( to strengthen local government , and to improve municipal services ) . However , most of the indicators ( 4 of 6 ) represented outputs rather than outcomes . One intermediate outcome indicator also proved hard to measure - the proportion of environmental management plans implemented satisfactorily \" ( see below ) . The project M & E design included end of Phase 1 surveys of service delivery ( beneficiary assessments ) ( PAD , paragraph 62 ) . M & E design was embedded at the national and local government levels . The 2015 Restructuring revised the PDOs to better address the new institutional set up resulting from the 2010 constitution , which replaced municipalities and urban local governments with counties , functions that have devolved from former interlocutors to new agencies and no longer within the scope of the project as designed , and dropped activities no longer relevant to the revised PDO . New outcome indicators were added to reflect the narrowed focus on urban management , and targets for infrastructure were added . The new indicators addressed the revised objectives of urban planning and delivery of urban infrastructure services . In 2013 , the Bank financed a comprehensive survey of 1 , 400 household heads to generate baseline data on living conditions of the 15 participating municipal governments as part of the \" Kenya State of the Cities Baseline Survey , which were key to the Bank ' s Kenya Urbanization Review , a separate undertaking outside of this Page 14 of 18", "spans": [{"start": 709, "end": 751, "text": "end of Phase 1 surveys of service delivery", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1549, "end": 1596, "text": "comprehensive survey of 1 , 400 household heads", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1707, "end": 1748, "text": "Kenya State of the Cities Baseline Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | - 0 . 33 % | - 0 . 54 % | 0 . 38 % | 0 . 39 % | 0 . 40 % | - 1 . 10 % | - 0 . 26 % | - 0 . 25 % | - 0 . 25 % | - 1 . 70 % | | * * 9 * * | - 0 . 33 % | - 0 . 33 % | - 0 . 33 % | - 0 . 47 % | 0 . 22 % | 0 . 22 % | 0 . 23 % | - 0 . 94 % | - 0 . 39 % | - 0 . 38 % | - 0 . 38 % | - 1 . 40 % | | * * 10 * * | - 0 . 30 % | - 0 . 30 % | - 0 . 30 % | - 0 . 31 % | - 0 . 04 % | - 0 . 03 % | - 0 . 03 % | - 0 . 58 % | - 0 . 50 % | - 0 . 49 % | - 0 . 49 % | - 0 . 89 % | Source : Estimates based on POF 2017 / 2018 . Lower-bound and Upper-bound are estimated using a 95 % confidence level . Estimates assume a price shock of 20 % . Figure 3 demonstrates that the impact of changes in product expenditure after taxes for processed and ultra-processed foods together is not simply an average of the two components . Although both food groups exhibit a similar pattern with a gradual decrease in their effects , the level of impact is noticeably higher for ultra-processed foods compared to processed ones . Interestingly , when considering the effects of joint taxation on both groups , there is a significantly greater impact on households at the lower end of the consumption distribution . Furthermore , the decrease in the effect is much more pronounced , resulting in a final product expenditure level that is lower for the top consumption decile compared to the separate components . _Figure 3_ - Change in product expenditure < ! - - Start of picture text -", "spans": [{"start": 491, "end": 506, "text": "POF 2017 / 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * _4 , 275_ * * | * * _18 , 551_ * * | * * _9 , 069_ * * | * * _6 , 798_ * * | * * _3 , 628_ * * | * * _150 , 696_ * * | _Source : NPTP Database , Ministry of Social Affairs_ # * * Essential Healthcare Package ( EHCP ) * * 5 . The project will provide beneficiaries with a package of essential healthcare services comprising of the following : ( i ) three age specific and gender wellness packages ( ages 0-18 , females 19 years and above , males 19 years and above ) ; ( ii ) two care packages for the two common NCDs in Lebanon ; diabetes and hypertension ; and ( iii ) a reproductive health package . Eligible beneficiaries will be covered for the following : ( i ) screening and preventive and health promotion visits ; ( ii ) essential clinical and diagnostic tests ; ( iii ) prenatal and post care visits ; < sup > 22 < / sup > ( iv ) consultation visits for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension ; and ( v ) prescription medications . Members will receive the EHCP according to their age and gender . Individuals diagnosed with diabetes and hypertension will receive treatment , follow-up visits and medications . 6 . As for diagnostic tests , the MoPH has a list of pre-approved lab and radiology tests that can be provided at the PHCC level . Other tests that require additional capabilities and advanced technology ( such as mammography ) will be referred to pre-selected certified facilities in their catchment area . Annex V presents the different packages and services provided under each package . # * * Providers * * 7 . The package of essential healthcare services will be provided to beneficiaries through contracted PHCCs . Selection of PHCCs is based on two main criteria : ( i ) participation in the National PHCC Network ; and (", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 152, "text": "NPTP Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Number of PAPs not promptly paid and reasons . • Number of PAPS with restored livelihood enterprises • Use of compensation cash . • Livelihood Restoration • Number of PAPs with restored assets . • Number of PAPs with livelihood levels restored ( based on sociobaseline survey ) . • Number of community facilities restored . • Number of vulnerable PAPs assisted Type of assistance provided to vulnerable PAPs . • Number of vulnerable PAPs resettled . • Number of PAPs without restored assets . • Number of PAPS without restored livelihood enterprises . * * _Table 9 . 2_ : Internal Monitoring Indicatorsg Indicators Indicators * * | < br > * * Activity / Parameters * * | < br > * * Indicators * * | | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * Vulnerable Groups * * | < br > • < br > * * Number of Vulnerable groups facilitated assisted . * * | | | o < br > • < br > * * Number of vulnerable PAPs not assisted and reasons . * * < br > • < br > * * Number of Vulnerable PAPsgiven further assistance . * * | | < br > Compensation payment to PAPs | sure C < br > • < br > Number of PAPs promptly paid disaggregated by gender . < br > • < br > Number and amounts of payments made to PAPs . < br > • < br > Number of PAPs with restored assets disaggregated by type of < br > structure . < br > • < br > Number of PAPs not promptly paid and reasons . < br > • < br > Number of PAPS with restored livelihood enterprises < br > • < br > Use of compensation cash . < br > • | | Disc < br > Livelihood Restoration | lo < br > • < br > Number of PAPs with restored assets . < br > • < br", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 275, "text": "sociobaseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * As part of RP studies , the following important tasks were undertaken : - Engage and consulted the affected communities , communities ’ leaders and vulnerable groups , as well as relevant stakeholders such as government sectors , civil society organizations , and non-governmental organizations . The aim is to ensure that these stakeholders are well-informed and actively involved in decisionmaking processes related to the RP , including the valuation and compensation approaches . This involvement was facilitated through a stakeholder engagement process described in the World Bank ' s ESS 10 ( and as per the SEP developed for PRIME 1 ) . The consultation process was designed to ensure that the perspectives and concerns of women and other vulnerable groups are captured in a fair and inclusive manner . It was important to gather their opinions and consider their interests at every stage of resettlement planning and implementation . - Conduct a complete census of affected households and their household members including their livelihood , income , age and sex , education background , landholding size , size of the household member , etc . - With the expression of the agreements reached from the negotiations with affected people , determined land and assets to be affected , and established eligibility for compensation and relocation assistance . - Conduct a gap analysis between Ethiopia ' s laws and the World Bank ' s Environment and Social framework ( ESF ) . Bridge any gaps to ensure compliance with both sets of requirements . Page 23", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 996, "text": "census of affected households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ Voting Technology , Political Responsiveness , and Infant Health : Evidence from Brazil . ” Econometrica 83 ( 2 ) ( 2015 ) p . 423 – 64 . > 105 M . Kudamatsu , “ Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa ? Evidence from Micro Data . ” Journal of the European Economic Association 10 ( 6 ) ( 2012 ) p . 1294 – 317 . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discern it for a variety of reasons ( we are underpowered ; we have not measured the relevant traits well ; local bureaucrats may be strategically appointed by national bureaucrats and politicians , making bureaucrat traits more endogenous to district characteristics which directly predict service delivery . ) The one result that is revealed systematically by the data is that political quality ( and specifically , the characteristic of integrity ) matters significantly for the productivity of bureaucratic organizations . All results presented so far document how politicians ’ integrity correlates with overall health scores . The details of the health service delivery index construction are presented in Annex 9 . 3 , but it ’ s reasonable to assert that the weights attributed to each of the com23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information of the firm demand of employment categories such as directors , specialized workers ( engineers , professionals ) , administrators , blue-collar operatives , and maintenance services workers . The firm data from the ENIA is combined with administrative customs data on firms ’ exports . This allows us to link the exporting status of a firm with the demand for skilled tasks and to track this link for several years . We show that Chilean exporters utilize more skills than Chilean non-exporters . However , the skill composition of employment matters . In particular , we show that exporters require the services of skilled specialized workers ( engineers ) as opposed to skilled administrative workers or managers . In addition , exporters demand less unskilled labor , especially blue-collar operatives . This suggests that exporters substitute skilled for unskilled labor in the provision of certain skill-intensive tasks used in production . We establish these results with an instrumental variable estimator , where we instrument the firm ’ s exports ( as a share of total sales ) with the weighted average of the changes in the exchange rate of all the firm ’ s international partners ( Brambilla , Lederman , Porto 2012 ; Park , Yang , Shi and Jiang 2010 ; Verhoogen , 2008 ) . We argue that our results thus estimated provide causal evidence of the skilled tasks demanded by exporters relative to non-exporters . Our results contribute to a rather succinct literature on tasks utilized in exports . The theory on organizational structure and layers of employment launched by Caliendo and Rossi-Hansberg ( 2012 ) has been applied to French data ( Caliendo , Monte and > 1An extended version of this mechanism is the “ quality-complementarity ” hypothesis . Exports require higher quality products that need to be produced with high-quality inputs ( labor , intermediate inputs , machines ) at high-productivity firms . See Kugler and Verhoogen ( 2012 ) and Bastos , Silva and Verhoogen ( 2017 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 232, "text": "firm data from the ENIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 250, "end": 277, "text": "administrative customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1653, "end": 1664, "text": "French data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "views , and family circumstances . In instances in which discrimination in the workplace appears to be the result of statistical discrimination ( for example , employers believe that female applicants are still , on average , less qualified or less productive than male applicants ) , Tunisia ’ s National Employment Agency < mark > ( Agence nationale pour l ' emploi et le travail indépendent ) could strengthen its labor market programs and job intermediation services between employers and job seekers , e < / mark > specially in workplaces where most workers are men < mark > . Offering internships and on-the-job training c < / mark > an serve > 18 https : / / wbl . worldbank . org / . > 19 World Bank , Women , Business and the Law database , 2019 , https : / / wbl . worldbank . org / . 44", "spans": [{"start": 710, "end": 747, "text": "Women , Business and the Law database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# VII . * * Conclusion * * This paper examines the effect of decision-making rules on resource allocation outcomes . Using data from 250 villages in Afghanistan , we compare the allocation outcomes under direct democracy with outcomes under consultative procedures . Our findings indicate that direct democracy limits elite influence over allocation outcomes , while consultative processes are susceptible to elite control . Elite control over selection outcomes is found to worsen perceptions of local governance and of the local capture , which implies that such influence is contrary to the interests of the general population and thereby reflects elite capture , rather than more benign forms of elite influence . Direct democracy in contrast , increases public satisfaction both by increasing alignment of outcomes with public preferences and as a result of increased acceptance of the process by villagers . The findings of the study are especially noteworthy given the context in which they occurred . While direct democracy is almost unheard of in rural Afghanistan , the consultation meeting procedure employed by the experiment approximated the method by which public decisions are traditionally made , with a council of tribal elders and other local notables convening an open discussion among community members with an aim of reaching decision by consensus . Such procedures command great legitimacy in Afghan society owing to their long history of use and accordance with practices prescribed by the Holy Qur ‘ an . That these procedures proved susceptible to elite capture in the experiment thus suggests that direct democracy can serve a valuable role in improving the equity of public goods provision even in societies that lack democratic traditions . The study is also noteworthy in that it replicates the field experiment of Olken ( 2010 ) and , given the difference in the results of the two studies , demonstrates how the context of an intervention can affect outcomes . Whereas Olken ( 2010 ) observes a limited effect of direct democracy on the type of projects selected within a context of a repeated series of project selections and multi-hamlet Indonesian villages , we find that a similar intervention can influence the type of projects selected in a one-off event in single Afghan hamlets . The difference between the two programmatic contexts in the", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 160, "text": "data from 250 villages in Afghanistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Fareed M . A . Hassan , ECSPE_ _6_ What is the potential revenue that this income tax structure could generate ? To calculate the potential revenue , it is important to know not only the aggregate tax base - - individual incomes - - but also its distribution . * * Table 2 : Bulgaria ' s Personal Income * * Tax * * Schedule , 1992 * * | Annual incorne ( Lev ) | Annual tax schedule | | - - - | - - - | | 0 - 9 , 000 | tax free | | 9 , 000 - 12 , 000 | 20 % on excess over 9 , 000 | | 12000 . 01 - 36 , 000 | 600 + 24 % on excess over 12 , 000 | | 36 , 000 . 01 - 72 , 000 | 6 , 360 + 28 % on excess over < br > 36 , 000 | | 72 , 000 . 01-120 , 000 | 16 , 440 + 32 % on excess over < br > 72 , 000 | | 120 , 000 . 01-240 , 000 | 31 , 800 + 36 % on excess over < br > 120 , 000 | | over 240 , 000 | 75 , 000 + 40 % on excess over < br > 240 , 000 | _Source : Tax Notes International Vol . 6 , No . 19 , 1993 , p . 1140 . _ Bulgarian households ' income level and distribution for 1992 was derived from the 1992 Individual Budgets of Households Survey compiled by the National Statistical Institute ( NSI ) of Bulgaria . < sup > 2 < / sup > The sample covered 2202 households . It was constructed as a two-tier random sample based on a sample frame developed from the 1985 Population Census . The data allow a preliminary examination of the questions I am interested in : ( i ) how well the tax brackets and rates capture the revenue potential of their respective income groups , and ( ii ) how well they serve any distributional objectives implicit in the existing tax structure ? To this end , the section briefly discusses the relationship", "spans": [{"start": 1006, "end": 1050, "text": "1992 Individual Budgets of Households Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1267, "end": 1289, "text": "1985 Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * | Violence < br > Against < br > Children |  < br >  Adequate sensitization for < br > contractors not to recruit < br > children . < br >  The contractor will keep a < br > record of the age numbers of < br > all their employees so as to < br > avoid < br > employing < br > those < br > below the age of 18 and < br > verification documents such < br > as < br > copies < br > of < br > national < br > identification will be kept on < br > site . < br >  No cases of VAC will be < br > tolerated < br > on < br > the < br > infrastructure projects , and < br > these will be punishable by < br > law . < br >  The project will therefore < br > work with the Police and the < br > associated local Probation < br > officers to see that VAC < br > cases are minimized on the < br > project . |  Employment < br > record < br > details . < br >  Human resource manual < br > in place . < br >  No police cases regarding < br > children on the project . | Awareness < br > activities < br > < br > education | and | Quarterly | Contractors , < br > CSC | 10 , 000 , 000 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Transmission < br > HIV / AIDs < br > and < br > other diseases |  Workers shall be regularly < br > sensitized on the spread of |  Record of sensitizations < br > carried out . | Sensitization | | Quarterly | Contract", "spans": [{"start": 1333, "end": 1357, "text": "Record of sensitizations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A strand of the literature studies spillovers from protests . Several papers have documented that protests in Tunisia and Egypt have inspired protesters elsewhere ( Bamert et al , 2015 ; Hale , 2013 ; Lynch , 2013 ; Saideman , 2012 ) . Similar spillovers were observed from other revolutionary periods , such as the Eastern European democratization in the 1990s and the revolutionary wave of 1848 in Europe ( Hale , 2013 ; Weyland , 2010 , 2012 ) . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section II presents the data and the empirical strategy . Section III shows the results . Section IV presents robustness checks . Section V concludes . # * * II . Data and Empirical Strategy * * Data on protests are from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data ( ACLED ) Project . Protests are defined in the data set as _ “ non-violent demonstrations , involving typically unorganized action by members of society . ” _ This category covers peaceful protests , protests with interventions ( e . g . arrests ) , and protests in which excessive force was used against protesters ( e . g . causing injuries and deaths ) . Note that this definition does not include violent demonstrations and mob violence . The data coverage starts in 1997 but is severely imbalanced , rendering difficult the use of earlier years to conduct the spatial analysis . We aggregate the number of protests at the monthly ( and quarterly ) level . Figure 1 shows the evolution of the number of protests at a monthly frequency as recorded by ACLED — in absolute number ( Panel A ) and in per million capita ( Panel B ) . Note that starting in 2010 and subsequent years more countries were added to the data set — see Panel A of Appendix Table A1 for the list of countries included in the data set . That explains the big jump in the series in the year 2010 . We hence restrict our sample to start in January 2010 when using the ACLED data set . < sup > 2 < / sup > * * Figure 1 : Evolution of the Total Number of Protests * * *", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 763, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1905, "end": 1919, "text": "ACLED data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( i ) land tenure and transfer systems , including an inventory of common property natural resources from which people derive their livelihoods and sustenance , non-title-based usufruct systems ( including fishing , grazing , or use of forest areas ) governed by local recognized land allocation mechanisms , and any issues raised by different tenure systems in the project area ; ( ii ) the patterns of social interaction in the affected communities , including social networks and social support systems , and how they will be affected by the project ; ( iii ) public infrastructure and social services that will be affected ; and ( iv ) social and cultural characteristics of displaced communities , including a description of formal and informal institutions ( e . g . , community organizations , ritual groups , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) ) that may be relevant to the consultation strategy and to designing and implementing the resettlement activities . 7 . * * _Legal framework_ * * . The findings of an analysis of the legal framework , covering ( a ) the scope of the power of eminent domain and the nature of compensation associated with it , in terms of both the valuation methodology and the timing of payment ; ( b ) the applicable legal and administrative procedures , including a description of the remedies available to displaced persons in the judicial process and the normal timeframe for such procedures , and any available alternative dispute resolution mechanisms that may be relevant to resettlement under the project ; ( c ) relevant law ( including customary and traditional law ) governing land tenure , valuation of assets and losses , compensation , and natural resource usage rights ; customary personal law related to displacement ; and environmental laws and social welfare legislation ; ( d ) laws and regulations relating to the agencies responsible for implementing resettlement activities ; ( e ) gaps , if any , between local laws covering eminent domain and resettlement and the Bank ' s resettlement policy , and the mechanisms to bridge such gaps ; and ( f ) any legal steps necessary to ensure the effective implementation of resettlement activities under the", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 100, "text": "inventory of common property natural resources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 : Total labor content of exports and domestic production , South Africa 2001-2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2000 2005 2010 < br > Year < br > Total LVAD Total LVAX < br > 200000 < br > 150000 < br > US $ Mil 100000 < br > 50000 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . # * * b . Jobs * * The slower growth in the labor value added of exports compared to domestic final output is mainly due to the fact that the export sector has been slowly shedding jobs . The LACEX data combined with South Africa ’ s Labor Force Survey data show that between 2001 and 2011 , the total number of jobs supported by South Africa ’ s exports declined from 3 . 0 million to 2 . 9 million , despite positive growth in exports ( 10 . 3 % annually ) as well as the wages paid to produce exports ( 7 . 9 % annually ) . This finding confirms previous literature that exports in South Africa have not been job-creating ( Chinembiri 2010 , Smet 2013 ) . The LACEX data allow us to consider not only the direct impact of exports on jobs but the indirect impact , by considering the backward linkages with the rest of the economy that exports support . In fact , the LACEX data combined with South Africa ’ s Labor Force Survey data highlight the importance of considering both the direct and indirect contributions for understanding how exports support jobs in South Africa : only two in five jobs generated by exports were generated directly in 2011 . Failing to account for the indirect jobs presents only a partial view of how exports contribute to labor outcomes in South Africa and other countries throughout the world , which have become more important over time . The direct number of jobs supported by South Africa ’ s exports declined from 1 . 47 million to 1 . 15 million between 2001 and 2011 , but the indirect number of jobs increased", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 353, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 548, "end": 558, "text": "LACEX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 590, "end": 613, "text": "Labor Force Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Salaam . When interacting job density with flood exposure / risk for each city , the negative effect of job density on rents is higher when flood exposure / risk is high in Accra and Addis Ababa , and the positive effect of job density on rents becomes negative when flood exposure / risk is high in Antananarivo . The result indicates that job access is a driving factor for households settling in flood prone areas . In addition to flood exposure / risk , it is found that housing conditions and public services are important determinants of rents . It is inherently difficult to measure flood risk using self-reported data . For example , if a binary variable is used to distinguish affected from non-affected populations , no differentiation is made between households that have experienced a one-off flood event and those that experience frequent . However , self-reported data on flood exposure have two advantages compared to frequently used flood risk maps : 1 ) household survey data are more often available than flood risk maps particularly in the case of data scarce environments , and 2 ) information on actually affected households and their expectation about the risk of future flooding are more likely to influence the value households assign to housing than data that is rarely known to the public . The different results for different cities indicate that the ability of people to internalize flood risks through rents is context specific . This study contributes to our understanding of this issue for four cities in Africa . The findings for the relationship between flood risk and rents are economically significant despite the limits related to measuring flood risk , property pricing , and accessibility to jobs . They provide some important insights on how households assign value to amenities including flood protection , in low - income , highly informal contexts . They can help policy makers estimate the potential value that 19", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 625, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 949, "end": 964, "text": "flood risk maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 971, "end": 992, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "themoftheproject . Sub-County < br > Consultationcommitteeswereestablishedtoassistinconsultation < br > activitieswithlocalvillages . Publicmeetingswereheldinthe < br > affectedcommunitiestoadvise peopleofthe projectandto < br > receivetheircommentsandconcerns . | | ProjectAffectedPersons | PAPswereresettled underthepreviousSEAprocess undertaken < br > bytheformerprojectsponsor . Socio-economicauditsurveys < br > wereundertakenwiththePAPsaspartofthis processandan < br > actionplanhasbeenpreparedtodealwithremaining issues . < br > Additionalsurveyswerealsoundertakenwiththe \" fishers \" < br > stakeholdergroupintheprojectarea . | | Vulnerablegroups | Vulnerablegrouprepresentativeswereincludedonthe Sub-county < br > ConsultationCommittees . Their interestswereconsideredbased < br > ontheinput providedbytheConsultationCommitteesandthrough < br > theirmeetingswiththeaffectedvillages . | | BusinessOperators | < br > Aspartofaseparate tourismimpact studythatwasundertaken , < br > keyaffectedbusinesseswereconsulted through individual < br > interviews . Subsequentdiscussionsbetweenthetouristoperators < br > andBELregardingmitigation / compensationdue tothefloodingof < br > BujagaliFallshavebeenongoing . Discussionswiththe < br > employeesofthetourism industryhave alsooccurredandactions < br > todealwithpotentiallossofincome ( eithertemporaryor < br > permanent ) havebeenproposed . | R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 409, "text": "Socio-economicauditsurveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1751 # Summary findings Bond presents a tariff index that uses constant-elasticityof-substitution aggregators of tariff line data to calculate how preferential tariff reductions affect both prices and average tariff rates . A simple general-equilibrium model with sectorspecific factors of production can be combined with the tariff indices to calculate how a preferential trade arrangement affects sectoral output , factor prices , and general welfare . The general equilibrium model is simple enough that it can be calculated on an Excel spreadsheet , and is flexible enough to be used with different ranges of available domestic data . Bond presents an example of the model , simulating the effects of free trade agreements between Chile and MERCOSUR countries and between Chile and NAFTA countries . which allows large amounts of detailed tariff line data to be aggregated for use with domestic production data that is available only at a more aggregated level . Bond finds that results using the tariff aggregators may differ substantially from those derived using simple averages of tariff reductions . Reductions in import prices using the index were 10 to 30 percent larger than those calculated using a simple average of tariffs . Ignoring the information available in tariff line data could lead to a substantial overestimate of the average tariff rate on imports after a preferential reduction . The tariff index could be extended to incorporate the role of quantitative restructions . The general equilibrium nmodel could be used to consider the effects on domestic production of allowing reallocation of capital between industries over time . Calculations for the case of Chile show that the index is simple to calculate because of its recursive structure , - - This paper a product of the International Trade Division , International Economics Department represents the results of a study funded by the Bank ' s Research Support Budget , \" An Operational Model for Evaluating Preferential Trading Arrangements \" ( RPO 679-77 ) . Copies of this paper are available free from the World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Please contact Jennifer Ngaine , room NS-060 , telephone 202-473-7947 , fax 202-522-1159 , Internet address trade @ wworldbank . org . April 1997 . ( 42 pages ) _The Policy", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 161, "text": "tariff line data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 922, "end": 946, "text": "domestic production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a lesser extent , although significant , the VASyR found that 21 % of households withdrew their children from school . # # Figure [ 16 ] : Non food-related coping strategies by type # # * * Non-food related coping strategies * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Spent savings 45 % < br > Bought food on credit or borrowed money to purchase food . 39 % < br > Selling household goods 30 % < br > Reduce essential non-food expenditures such as education , … 30 % < br > Withdrew children from school 21 % < br > Sell productive assets or means of transport 14 % < br > Have school children involved in income generation 13 % < br > Sent an adult household member sought work elsewhere 12 % < br > Marriage of children under 18 6 % < br > Sold house or land 6 % < br > Accept high risk , illegal , socially degrading or exploitative … 5 % < br > Begged 4 % < br > 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : VASyR 2013 Research shows that running into debt is one of the main non food-related coping strategies Syrian refugees resort to . The VASyR 2013 found that 75 % of households had debts and 70 % reported borrowing money or receiving credit during the three months before the survey . The average amount of debt was USD 600 , but half of the interviewed households owed USD 200 or less . Loans were mainly provided by friends or relatives to buy food ( 81 % ) , pay the rent ( 52 % ) or cover health expenses ( 25 % ) . Households registered longer ago were significantly more likely to have higher amounts of debts . # # _North / T + 5_ According to Solidarités International ‟", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1114, "text": "VASyR 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- h ) Any displeasure or discontent with the transparency and the whole process of census enumeration registration of affected property , and - i ) Proposed mitigation , compensation and livelihood restoration measures proposed by participants at various levels . - * * 8 . 5 Consultation Meeting with Woreda and Kebele Administration Officials * * Local authorities ( Kebele and Woreda level public officials ) are key stakeholders to the subproject . They are key in the process of this RP both in strategic as well as operational terms . Strategically , as a democratically elected bodies , local public officials are representatives of their respective constituencies , and as such , they are the ultimate owners of the subproject who would also shoulder public responsibility of not only ensuring smooth and successful completion of the proposed subproject during construction , but also to protect the infrastructure ( Towers , Substations ) built by the subproject during operation and beyond . Operationally , local authorities are situated between the subproject on one hand and local communities and subproject-affected persons on the other . As a group with a “ gobetween ” role , local authorities can hinder or facilitate execution of the subproject . Page 91 Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 . Table 2 below shows the changes in the number of health facilities over the seven-year project period ( from 1997 / 98 to 2004 / 05 ) . * * Table 2 . Number of health facilities * * | | * * 1997 / 98 * * < br > * * 1990 EC * * | * * 2004 / 05 * * < br > * * 1997 EC * * | * * Increase * * | * * % change * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Hospitals | 96 | 131 | 35 | + 36 % | | HealthCenters | 282 | 600 | 318 | + 113 % | | HealthStations | 2 , 331 | 1 , 662 | ( 669 ) | - 29 % | | Healthposts | 802 | 4 , 211 | 3 , 409 | + 425 % | | Private Clinics | 712 | 1 , 578 | 866 | + 122 % | Source : Health and Health Related Indicators ( 1990 EC to 1997 EC ) 13 . Under the facility construction and rehabilitation component , construction of new health facilities has progressed extremely well , with increases of 36 % for hospitals and 113 % for health centers ; those achievements are well above targets . The increase in the number of health posts has been tremendous ( plus 425 % ) , with a marked acceleration in the last two years ( the decrease in the number of health stations is the consequence of the transformation from a 6-tier to a 4-tier health care delivery system ) . Also noteworthy is the substantial increase in the number of private clinics ( plus 122 % ) . As a result , the potential health service coverage increased from 45-50 % to 72 % , an achievement above the target of 55-60 % for HSDP ( the coverage is 83 % if the services provided by private health facilities are included ) . 14 . However , synchronization between construction", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 649, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hrs with a word of prayer . * * Table 1 : Plenary issues discussed * * | * * Issues * * < br > * * Way Forward * * | | | - - - | - - - | | * * Watamu Town * * | | | • < br > PAPs with semi-permanent structures preferred < br > valuation to done for the entire structure rather than < br > only for the affected encroaching section | The PAPs were informed that < br > affected structures will be valued at < br > full replacement cost and also PAPs < br > will be allowed to salvage < br > construction materials , they were < br > informed that valuation will take into < br > consideration various factors which < br > include cases of partial or total < br > valuation of the structure depending < br > on nature of impact . | | | PAPs were further clarified that < br > valuation will be done to only < br > affected structures at full | | • < br > Community members with structures attached to < br > encroaching structures inquired whether they will < br > be facilitated also | replacement cost as discussed in < br > response to issue in row ( 2 ) above . < br > Structures attached to the affected < br > structures and away from the road < br > reserves will not be included in the < br > asset register . | | • < br > Community members inquired whether they should < br > continue constructing along the road reserves and < br > only stop when the Project commences | Kilifi County representative clarified < br > to the community that the County by < br > laws condemn construction of < br > structures with road reserves . He < br > further noted that any persons < br > constructing new structures within | * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 1199, "end": 1213, "text": "asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OH | During < br > operation | 80 , 000 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * ii ) Chemical Hazards Mitigation Measures * * < br > • < br > To avoid accidental leakage or spillage , secondary containers , such as leak-proof boxes , shall < br > be used , fitted with racks so that the specimen containers remain upright , < br > • < br > Respiratory protection shall be used when carrying out high-hazard procedures . The choice < br > of respirator will depend on the type of hazard ( s ) and it is available with interchangeable < br > filters for protection against gases , vapors , particulates and microorganisms < br > • < br > Volatile solvents shall be handled in a chemical hood , < br > • < br > Material Safety Data Sheets ( MSDS ) or equivalent shall be considered while handling , < br > storing , using , and disposing hazardous chemicals . < br > • < br > Only small amounts of chemicals necessary for daily use shall be stored in the laboratory , < br > • < br > Where corrosive , oxidizing , or reactive chemicals are used , handled , or stored , qualified < br > first-aid would always be ensured . < br > • < br > Either fully buttoned laboratory coats , gowns , coveralls , or long-sleeved , back-opening < br > gowns or coveralls shall be used in the facility . Aprons may also be worn over laboratory < br > coats or gowns where necessary to give further protection during the handling of chemicals , < br > hazardous and infectious materials , and < br > • < br > Eye and face protection ( goggles , mask , face shield or other splash guards ) shall be used for < br > anticipated splashes or sprays of infectious or other hazardous chemical materials . | VMF , < br >", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 747, "text": "Material Safety Data Sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 . 48 | 5 . 47 | 3 . 28 | 5 . 59 | 7 . 39 | 4 . 34 | 2 . 04 | 5 . 26 | | Other | 7 . 45 | 5 . 25 | 4 . 92 | 6 . 87 | 6 . 69 | 2 . 88 | 1 . 51 | 4 . 66 | | HH without children | 4 . 10 | 3 . 59 | 2 . 46 | 3 . 44 | 5 . 44 | 1 . 98 | 1 . 30 | 2 . 80 | | Retiree HH | 1 . 61 | 0 . 90 | 0 . 81 | 0 . 87 | 1 . 54 | 0 . 83 | 0 . 64 | 0 . 36 | | HH with children | 7 . 65 | 5 . 53 | 4 . 38 | 6 . 95 | 6 . 43 | 4 . 02 | 2 . 52 | 5 . 14 | | 1 child | 7 . 50 | 5 . 81 | 3 . 90 | 7 . 54 | 6 . 11 | 4 . 37 | 2 . 55 | 4 . 75 | | 2 children | 6 . 48 | 4 . 92 | 5 . 40 | 6 . 60 | 7 . 17 | 3 . 77 | 2 . 58 | 5 . 73 | | 3 and more children | 12 . 55 | 5 . 84 | 3 . 89 | 3 . 66 | 5 . 73 | 2 . 35 | 2 . 12 | 5 . 74 | | singleparent | 3 . 27 | 3 . 00 | 4 . 71 | 2 . 48 | 6 . 82 | 3 . 18 | 2 . 19 | 3 . 12 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 34", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 833, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Among the Somalis and Ethiopians who reach South Africa , an estimated fifty percent continue their journey onward to destinations beyond the African continent ( IOM 2009 ) . The southward flow from the Horn of Africa , of course , is only part of the picture . Others head north , while many move east across the Gulf of Aden to Yemen . Available statistics from the Mixed Migration Task Force < sup > 5 < / sup > indicate that in 2008 , more than 50 , 000 people made the perilous voyage in smugglers ‟ boats . At least 590 drowned and another 359 were reported missing along the different East Africa migration routes . # # _The Great Lakes region_ Mixed movements from the Great Lakes region are to date poorly documented . The cycle of violence in the DRC since the mid-1990s has generated large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers . Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda and Burundi all host sizeable Congolese refugee populations ( approximately 60 , 000 each in Tanzania , Uganda and Rwanda , and over 20 , 000 in Burundi ) . Although the 2006 elections in the DRC , following the peace agreement that brought the second Congolese war to an end , have brought relative stability to some areas of the country , other regions continue to suffer from violence and displacement . Attacks by the Lord ‟ s Resistance Army in north-eastern DRC , complex conflicts related to identity , ethnicity and nationality , as well as rising levels of sexual violence in the Kivus , have exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in that country . There is a concern that the lack of protection experienced by many Congolese citizens may be perpetuated and reinforced by a possible withdrawal of MONUSCO forces in 2011 . Since the 1990s , there has been a considerable growth in the movement of people from the DRC to South Africa . It is estimated that there are currently around 3040 , 000 Congolese in South Africa and many , particularly those from eastern DRC ( the Kivus ) have strong claims to refugee status . Some Congolese , including", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 394, "text": "statistics from the Mixed Migration Task Force", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Data should be disaggregated by age , gender and disability . - Take an ‘ all hazards ’ approach when designing assessment framework and consider natural hazards alongside manmade hazards . - Injury specialists should come together at the global level to rectify deficiencies in the reporting of injuries across emergencies in WHO member states . Health statistics and information systems should better capture information and reflect the balance between the emergency ( i . e . flooding ) and the type of injury ( i . e . drowning ) ; inform better policymaking , especially in DRR . ‘ The time to teach is before ’ ! Disaster Risk Reduction ( DRR ) is critical to reducing the physical risks that children face in emergencies , and emergency preparedness can ensure that families are ready for emergencies lessening the impact of emergencies and injuries once they have happened . They build resilience and natural coping mechanisms . More emphasis should be placed and resources allocated to DRR and preparedness - Use learning on how children were injured in previous emergencies to inform ongoing or future DRR and preparedness . - Efforts should focus on developing practical risk reduction life-skills as well as raising awareness ; there should be greater emphasis on translating knowledge into life-skills that help prevent injury . Dangers and injuries affect children differently depending on age , gender , socioeconomic status , disability , family structure and ethnicity , among others . Certain groups are more at risk to specific injuries in specific contexts e . g . young children to drowning , adolescents to road collisions , girls to burns and boys to falls and road collisions . Response services for children with disabilities are often not available , inadequate or not age appropriate . - Effective responses need to understand these differences and target preventative efforts and responses at different groups of children . - Ensure children with disabilities are consulted , provided with information , are supported to access services including education psychosocial services and child friendly spaces , and water and sanitation . - Invest in specialist psychosocial services where the level of serious injury and newly acquired disabilities are high and children will require", "spans": [{"start": 349, "end": 390, "text": "Health statistics and information systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) on Information Classification , also approved by the government in 2020 ) . The government also mandates the Information Commission to elaborate and apply a performance indicator for the enforcement of the right to information capturing : ( 1 ) the timeliness of government responses to requests for information ; ( 2 ) applicants ’ satisfaction with the quality of information provided ; and ( 3 ) the range of information proactively disclosed . The Program supports the strengthening of the policy , regulatory and institutional framework for the strengthening of e-information . It does not entail any significant technical challenges in that regard . * * - Regarding interactive statistical data , the Program supports the government objective stated both in the Economic Modernization Vision and the Public Sector Modernization Roadmap to “ empower a public data agency responsible for data availability , access , and decision-making support ” called a national statistics center . * * The government is currently reviewing the draft national Statistics to clarify the responsibilities of the Department of Statistics , including that it is to approve the definitions , classifications and technical standards for statistical units in all government departments . As part of the EMV , it is also establishing an interactive data center . A number of MOUs were signed to allow regular and timely access to the latest and legally permissible government data sources . The law also authorizes the sharing of anonymized data for the purposes of study and scientific analysis . Therefore , the Program incentivizes the establishment of an online portal with clear protocols for requesting data access for research or policy-relevant analysis . These reforms set the building blocks for the interface and protocols for data access , which will facilitate data transparency and accessibility . * * - Regarding health data quality enhancement , the Program aims to address identified challenges in terms of availability , efficiency and regular reporting of health data by medical staff . * * According to a 2021 assessment report , health data management is undermined by : paper-based forms", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 796, "text": "interactive statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _b9 , 1_ * * THE WORLD < sup > BANK < / sup > * * lFjP ' . ý IDA * * WP ~ < sup > KGROUP < / sup > CREDll * * - GýS - UG ANE ANT DS ! * * Annua [ Financiat Statements for < sup > the year ended < / sup > < sup > * * 301 * * June 2025 < / sup > | | * * CD * * | * * CD * * < br > r \" ) < br > Lrý < br > _Lr ) _ < br > rl-i < br > * * OCý * * | * * cý * * < br > * * C ) * * < br > * * Cý * * < br > LIý , | * * 10 * * < br > crý < br > * * 11ýý * * < br > * * ýq - * * | * * CD * * | * * C ) * * < br > Ln < br > * * CD * * | * * Cý * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * X * * < br > * * - o * * < br > * * Q ) * * < br > * * > * * < br > * * 0 * * < br > L - < br > * * 121 - * * < br > * * cý - * * < br > * * < * * | * * CD * * < br > * * CD * * < br > * * cý ) * * < br > * * CD * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 170, "text": "Annua [ Financiat Statements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where betterpaid and better-educated workers were almost fully insulated from the shock . We focus on migrant workers , who represent an under-examined category of workers within the literature that has analyzed the labor-markets impacts of the pandemic thus far . A handful of studies have looked at this group , finding that immigrant workers tended to be more exposed to the negative labor market consequences of the pandemic ( Boeri et al . 2020 ; Borjas and Casidi , 2020 ; Fassani and Mazza , 2020a ; Fasani and Mazza , 2020b ; Yasenov , 2020 ) . However , the drivers of increased exposure among migrant workers have yet to be analyzed in detail . In contrast to previous contributions , this paper provides a detailed descriptive analysis of the potential drivers of the higher economic and health risks faced by migrants during the pandemic . It also examines actual job losses that followed the pandemic by migrant status , in addition to ex-ante measures of vulnerability to the pandemic . We focus on migrant workers in the EU , one of the main destinations for immigrants ; the region hosts some 60 million of the world ’ s estimated 272 million immigrant workers . By taking advantage of the harmonized labor-force data available for multiple destination countries in Europe , we examine potential drivers at a granular level , taking into account migrants ’ personal characteristics , occupations , and origin countries . The paper also contributes to a literature examining and comparing the occupational choices of immigrant and native workers , and the risk levels for the two groups that stem from these occupational choices . The literature has primarily focused on occupational hazards and has shown that immigrant workers are over-represented in occupations with higher rates of injuries and fatalities . This has been evidenced in the US context ( Orrenius and Zavodny 2009 ; Hersch and > 1 For evidence on the labor market effects of COVID-19 in developing economies , see for example Kamis et al . ( 2021 ) and Kugler et al . ( 2021 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1206, "end": 1233, "text": "harmonized labor-force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capacity for procurement and fiduciary management at the ministry . A municipal TA pool with expertise on procurement and financial management will provide hands-on support to selected municipalities under KISIP to help them to operate in full compliance with the Bank ‘ s fiduciary safeguards . Increased transparency in bidding will result from advertising for suppliers in local newspapers and on KISIP website . All bids will be opened in public . # # * * Strengthening accountability to citizens * * 3 . KISIP supports several initiatives aimed at strengthening the demand-side for accountability and transparency . In addition to the participatory approaches noted above , these include : - _Supporting a multi-faceted learning and communications program_ . A central element of the learning and communications activities will be the creation and maintenance of a KISIP website . This will serve as a repository of key documents ( such as KISIP progress reports , the environmental and social management framework and the resettlement framework , environmental impact assessments , and resettlement actions plans ) and information ( such as the list of settlements participating in the KISIP , selection criteria , financial allocations , subprojects under implementation , and others ) . The learning and communications activities will also disseminate information and gather citizen feedback through traditional media ( for example , radio , television , and print ) and nontraditional approaches ( for example , twitter ) . - _Promoting application of citizen accountability approaches_ . The Bank ‘ s KISIP team includes a specialist in the use of techniques to promote accountability through citizen voice . This person will develop , put into place , and monitor the effectiveness of various approaches to enhance government accountability to citizens . # # * * Ensuring that KISIP resources are used as intended * * - _Contracting an independent supervising engineer_ . KISIP will finance an independent consulting engineer to supervise implementation ( including certification of contractor payment ) . The KISIP ‘ s progress reports will include key issues presented in the reports of the consulting engineers . - _Undertaking annual", "spans": [{"start": 1151, "end": 1197, "text": "list of settlements participating in the KISIP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Historias migratorias de venezolanos que vuelven al país * * * * 85 * * - Montoya Zavala , E ; Nava Zazueta , M ( coord . ) ( 2105 ) Migración de retorno en América Latina . Una visión multidisciplinaria . Facultad de Estudios Internacionales y Políticas Públicas . Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa . Juan Pablos Editor . México . - Namen O ; Rodríguez Chatruc , M ; Romero Bejarano , N . ( 2021 ) Las dos caras de la integración percepciones de colombianos y venezolanos sobre el fenómeno migratorio en Bogotá , Colombia . BID - Unidad de Migración . Nota técnica IDB-TN-2132 . - Organización Internacional para las Migraciones . OIM-DTM ( 2020 ) . Encuesta sobre población venezolana con vocación de permanencia en el territorio colombiano . Informe General Colombia . Encuesta DTM . Organización Internacional para las Migraciones . Informe financiado por : Oficina de Población , Refugiados y Migración ( PRM US ) del Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea . Misión Colombia . - Organización Internacional para las Migraciones . OIM ( 2021 ) Grandes movimientos de migrantes altamente vulnerables en las Américas provenientes del Caribe , Latinoamérica y otras regiones . Organización Internacional para las Migraciones . San José , Costa Rica ; Buenos Aires , Argentina . - Organización Internacional para las Migraciones . OIM ( 2017 ) Hacia un enfoque integrado de la reintegración en el contexto de", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 688, "text": "Encuesta sobre población venezolana", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 774, "end": 786, "text": "Encuesta DTM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Table 3 gives the participation rate , demand rate and the rationing rate by rural household quintiles defined on household consumption per person from the survey . < sup > 13 < / sup > As expected , we see that demand for work on MGNREGS declines with consumption per person . Richer households are less likely to want to do this work , although there is demand even amongst the richest quintile in rural areas . Consistently with the incidence of expressed demand , we also see that the proportion of households who have obtained job cards declines with consumption per person . But notice that the demand rate is higher than the proportion with job cards ; there are many households who express demand for work who have not obtained job cards . Across India as a whole , the rationing rate tends to rise with consumption per person . The local-level processes of deciding who gets work amongst those who want it entails that poorer households are less likely to be rationed , although the difference is modest . Thus we see that the participation rate declines with household consumption per person even more steeply in proportionate terms than the demand rate . < sup > 14 < / sup > By contrast the absolute gap between the participation rates for the poorest quintile and the richest is attenuated by rationing , given that its overall incidence ( the excess demand rate ) falls with consumption ( Table 3 ) . Quintile averages lose a lot of detail . Figure 4 provides a finer representation of the data using the household-level data from the NSS . Panel ( a ) gives the non-parametric regression function — a locally smoothed scatter plot — of the participation rate against consumption per person , with the latter converted into ranks and normalized to be between 0 and 100 . Thus the horizontal axis gives the percentile of the consumption distribution . < sup > 15 < / sup > The lower panel ( b ) gives the rationing rate . ( The demand rate shows a similar pattern to panel ( a ) , though at higher levels given the rationing . ) In both cases we also give the regression functions with controls", "spans": [{"start": 1519, "end": 1552, "text": "household-level data from the NSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | | Value | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 85 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-May-2017 | 20-Nov-2017 | 25-Jun-2018 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P109224 | IDA-47690 | Effective | USD | 120 . 00 | 120 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 115 . 02 | 0 . 15 | 96 % | | P108886 | TF-97184 | Effective | USD | 7 . 20 | 7 . 20 | 0 . 00 | 7 . 20 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | # # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * 12 / 27 / 2017 Page 9 of 10 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 176, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "second semester of 2010 . < sup > 5 < / sup > Trends for the four CLS-WILL regions show a wide variation between and within regions . Three of the four regions faced at least one massacre between 1993 and 2009 . While the Southern and Coffee Regions suffered massacres at the end of the 1990s , the Atlantic region faced massacres in 2003 . # [ Graph 2 goes about here ] Escalating aggressions against the civilian population produced massive outflows of forcefully displaced persons . During the period ranging from 1999 to 2009 , 3 ’ 303 , 979 < sup > 6 < / sup > persons were forcefully displaced after being the victims of an attack or in an effort to avoid being victimized . This figure , which is equivalent to 7 . 9 percent of the Colombian population , is the second highest magnitude worldwide after Sudan . < sup > 7 < / sup > Incidences of violence in 2009 for the four CLS-WILL regions and Colombia are presented in Table 1 . The figures reveal a wide variation across regions with respect to incidences of different types of violent events in Colombia . The homicide rates are highest in the Coffee region ; the figure is well above the national rate . On the other hand , the forced displacement rate is indeed large in the Southern Region ( almost double the national rate ) , which indicates that direct aggression against the civilian population is high in this region . The Central region reports the lowest incidence of violence . # [ Table 1 goes about here ] The official figures for violent events are confirmed by the responses to the rural district questionnaire of the CLS-WILL . Table 2 reports the results for the questions on the rural district questionnaire related to conflict and aggressions against the civilian population . The results show that the presence of armed groups during the last 10 years is frequent for the four regions , and ranges from 15 . 8 percent of rural districts in the Atlantic Region to 44 . 1 percent of rural districts in the Southern Region . Direct violent attacks against the population are widespread , while aggressions that cause immediate economic", "spans": [{"start": 1659, "end": 1687, "text": "rural district questionnaire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "II . All regions assigned temporary Regional Program Coordination team & Focal Persons - III . Selection of Woredas , project sites and project components completed by regions and reported to MUI - IV . Benishangul Gumuz , Gambella , Sidama , South West Ethiopia , Central Ethiopia , Amhara , Tigray , Oromia , South Ethiopia & DireDawa City Administration Regions have completed Rural Road Condition Survey for road maintenance project planned for EFY 2017 . - V . All regions Completed Preparation of SBD based on Model sent from Federal and Comments are incorporated for procurement process . All Regional Governments allocated RCFSP Matching Fund allocation to RCFSP dedicated account is on Progress : - Oromia and Somali region disbursed matching fund to dedicated account . At all Regional Bureau of Finance RCFSP Bank account opened & RREs Bank opening is completed 6 . The following table show the number of projects in 2017 EFY by regions : | | | Number of P | rojects | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Regions | New road | Maintenance | Special < br > Structure ( no . ) | Trial Bridge ( no . ) | | Amhara | 33 ( 556 kms . ) | 44 , ( 475kms . ) | 34 | 18 | | Oromia | 53 ( 568Kms . ) | 54 ( 758kms . ) | 56 | 26 | | Somali | 8 ( 210Kms . ) | - | - | - | | Harari | 2 ( 61Kms . ) | - | - | - | 17", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 407, "text": "Rural Road Condition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 # * * INTRODUCTION * * Durant l ’ année 2020 , dans un contexte marqué par l ’ insécurité et la pandémie à coronavirus , les groupes armés ont poursuivi leurs attaques contre les populations civiles dans le Nord et le Centre du pays . Dans le centre , les violences intercommunautaires et des affrontements ont été signalés . Le caractère violent des conflits a provoqué d ’ importants déplacements de populations tant à l ’ intérieur du territoire malien que vers les pays limitrophes . La situation dans le Centre et le Nord du pays reste instable , et marquée par l ’ augmentation des attaques directes ou indirectes visant les forces armées nationales et internationales ainsi que la population civile . Un nouveau cycle de violence a aggravé la situation et provoque des déplacements forcés . Ainsi , le caractère ponctuel de ces nouveaux déplacements exige une importante flexibilité des services disponibles dans les sites et autres zones d ’ accueil des déplacés . Le transfert du programme matrice de suivi des déplacements DTM ( Displacement Tracking Matrix ) au gouvernement par l ’ OIM , en novembre 2014 et la signature de deux accords de partenariat entre le gouvernement et l ’ UNHCR pour la gestion des sites PDIs et l ’ enregistrement des rapatriés , ont permis au gouvernement du Mali d ’ obtenir une meilleure compréhension des caractéristiques des populations déplacées et retournées , ainsi que de mettre au jour leur", "spans": [{"start": 1064, "end": 1092, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "- < mark > You , J . ( 2014 ) . “ Dietary change , nutrient transition and food security in fast-growing China . ” in R . Jha , R . Gaiha and A . B . Deolalika , eds . , Handbook on Food , pp . 204-245 . Cheltenham , UK , Edward Elgar Publishing . < / mark > < mark > Zezza , Alberto , Carletto , Calogero , Fiedler , John L . , Gennari , Pietro , Jolliffe , Dean . ( 2017 ) < / mark > - < mark > “ Food counts . Measuring food consumption and expenditures in household consumption and expenditure surveys ( HCES ) . ” Introduction to the special issue , < / mark > _ < mark > Food Policy < / mark > _ < mark > , Volume 72 : 1-6 . < / mark > - < mark > Zwane , Alix Peterson , et al . ( 2011 ) . \" Being surveyed can change later behavior and related parameter estimates . \" < / mark > _ < mark > Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences < / mark > _ < mark > 108 . 5 : 1821-1826 . < / mark > 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as part of the < br > regular farming cycle in the project area < br > and land is required , prior to harvesting , < br > Crop Owners receive : < br > Cash : < br > damaged < br > crops < br > will < br > be < br > compensated in cash as mature crops at < br > agreed rates determined annually based < br > on replacement cost determined by < br > Ministry of Agriculture based on market < br > prices plus transaction costs < br > Statutory Disturbance Allowance of < br > 15 % ofcompensationamount . | Crop < br > owners < br > identified < br > through final asset surveys < br > by NLC and verified by < br > RAP IT | Financial < br > training < br > for < br > the < br > sustainable and prudent use of cash < br > compensation < br > Household < br > level < br > livelihood < br > restoration plan as a condition of < br > compensation payment . < br > Agriculture < br > and < br > livestock < br > development projects and support < br > programs targeting the PAHs and < br > host communities < br > Business < br > skills < br > training < br > and < br > enlightenment < br > on < br > alternative < br > income generating activities . < br > Monitoring mechanism at main < br > stages of resettlement | | 11 . | < br > Perennial < br > Crops < br > ( Including fruit and < br > economically < br > valuable trees ) | Owners of crops on farm < br > land | Cash < br > compensation < br > based < br > on < br > replacement < br > cost < br > determined < br > by < br > Ministry of Agriculture and Kenya < br > Forest Service for crops / fruit trees", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 576, "text": "final asset surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > rategy < br > UG-MOES-333711-CS-QCBS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Child < br > ren ( VAC ) survey and variousactivities to deliver safe schools in 326 secondary schools IDA / D7010 Expansion of Lower Secondary Education Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 Canceled 2022-12-29 2023-01-19 2023-03-04 2023-04-01 2023-05-01 2023-06-05 2023-07-10 2024-07-09 < br > divided into 5 lots ; Lot 1 : 68 s < br > chools , Lot 2 : 64 schools , Lot < br > 3 : 93 schools , Lot 4 : 93 scho < br > ols , Lot 5 : 7 schools < br > UG-MOES-359642-CS-QCBS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Child < br > ren ( VAC ) survey and variousactivities to deliver safe schools under Lot 1 in 68 schools IDA / D7010 Expansion of Lower Secondary Education Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-05-11 2023-05-31 2023-06-01 2023-08-25 2023-07-15 2023-08-12 2023-09-11 2023-10-16 2023-11-20 2024-11-19 < br > located 39 districts in East C < br > entral , Elgon , Teso , Lango an < br > d Acholi sub regions < br > UG-MOES-359694-CS-QCBS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Children ( VAC ) survey and variousactivities to deliver safe scho IDA / D7010", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "organizations . How many have been resolved and how many are pending ? ( Please attach a log of the grievance redress registry . Report the number and type of court cases on E & S grounds , if any ( Please attach a log of all court cases and their status ) . 113", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 126, "text": "grievance redress registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 215, "end": 237, "text": "log of all court cases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thematic report | 28 December 2023 # # # Figure 6 . Households in IDP sites with tenure agreements in 2023 Source : UNHCR ( accessed 06 / 12 / 2023 ) Likewise , most IDPs living in privately rented accommodation lack a rental agreement , increasing the risk of eviction or eviction threats . A 2020 survey among renters in Yemen by the Overseas Development Institute and the Global Land Alliance found that almost all renters ( 98 % ) felt that the biggest eviction threat was the owner asking them to leave . The second most often named reason by more than 80 % of respondents for insecure tenure was the lack of money or other resources to pay rent ( Prindex 02 / 2021 ) . The survey did not differentiate between displaced and non-displaced people , and results may point to the general tenure insecurity any renter in Yemen faces because of the lack of implementation of legal protection from evictions . * * Some land on which IDP sites are located is unsuitable for settlement * * . While most evictions are landowner-driven , in some areas , the risk of flooding causes authorities to evict people from IDP sites without being able to provide suitable land for relocation , as was reported in Ibb ( Consultation session with NPC responders 29 / 08 / 2023 ) . # # # * * Groups at heightened risk of forced eviction * * * * The absence of protection mechanisms for marginalised people from forced eviction , especially those displaced , increases the risk of repeated forced eviction . * * The most-atrisk groups are those that have no social protection mechanisms and no tribal protection or protection from customary law ( Consultation session with NPC responders 29 / 08 / 2023 ) . These groups include Al Muhamasheen , who are often excluded from efforts by host communities and local authorities when supporting IDPs . They regularly face eviction threats from the owners of the land where they take refuge ( UN-Habitat 07 / 08 / 2020 ; MRG accessed 06 / 12 / 2023", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 328, "text": "2020 survey among renters in Yemen", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enumeration area , EA ) was chosen within the village through simple random sampling . < sup > 14 < / sup > In the selected EA , all households were listed . From these lists three households were randomly assigned to each of the eight modules . This was done through simple random sampling starting with module 1 and moving to module 8 . The five alternative recall questionnaires were conducted in the span of the 14 days the survey team was in the EA to conduct the household diaries . Fortunately refusal and attrition after starting the survey are not an issue . Among the original households selected for the survey and assigned to a module , there were 13 replacements due to refusals . Three households that started a diary were dropped because they did not complete their final interview . This yields a final sample size of 4 , 029 households . < sup > 15 , 16 , 17 < / sup > The basic characteristics of the sampled households generally match the nationally representative data from the Household Budget Survey ( 2006 / 07 ) ( results not presented here but available from the authors upon request ) . Household interviews were conducted over a 12-month period , but because of relatively small samples within the period , we do not explore the survey assignment effects across seasons . Instead , the analysis reports the mean effect of questionnaire design across all seasons in Tanzania since each season is equally weighted in the data . The randomized assignment of households to different questionnaire variants appears to have been successful when examining a set of core household characteristics , presented in Appendix Table 1 , in terms of balance across characteristics relevant for consumption and consumption measurement . The table presents these mean characteristics by each module . At any point where there is a significantly different pairwise comparison , those pairs are indicated . Out of a possible 420 pairwise comparisons in Appendix Table 1 , only 13 pairs are significantly different at the 5 percent level . 14 The equivalent of a village in urban areas is the _mtaa_ ( Swahili for “ street ” ) . As there is no official subdivision of an _mtaa_ ,", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1021, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "registered outside of the village . # * * _2 . 3 Characteristics of e-households and non-e-households in Taobao Villages_ * * E-commerce participation is not random . E-households and non-e-households differ in many dimensions . Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics for these two household types in the Taobao Villages . Comparing the characteristics of household heads , e-households are significantly younger than non-e-households with an average difference of about 10 years . E-household heads are better educated than those of the non-e-households . Specifically , non-e-household heads are about 12 percent more likely to have completed primary or junior high school education compared to e - household heads , but 6 percent , 10 percent , and 3 percent less likely to complete senior high school , college , and university education , respectively . E-household heads are healthier and less likely to be unable to work due to sickness . E-households are 16 percent less likely to be locally registered than non-e-households , but 13 percent more likely to come from another province . This observation confirms the finding on the village level illustrated in Table 1 that people tend to migrate to Taobao Villages to engage in e-commerce . E-household heads are 9 percent more likely to have working experience in urban areas and 31 percent more likely to have self-employed experiences than non-ehousehold heads . Among those who have urban experiences , e-household heads are 20 percent more likely to have learned about e-commerce than non-e-household heads . Measured by a constructed risk preference index , < sup > 9 < / sup > e-household heads are significantly less risk-averse than non-e-households . In terms of household characteristics , e-households have slightly more members than none-households and have younger age composition . Land ownership of the two household types is not significantly different , potentially because agricultural land is not essential capital for e - commerce business . > 9 Risk preference of the household head is constructed from the answers to hypothetical survey questions that ask people to choose between receiving an amount of cash for certainty versus playing a game with uncertainty . The seven survey questions are formulated as follows : “ Would you like to receive X yuan for certainty or receiving 2 , 000", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Annex 9 : Economic and Financial Analysis_ - * * _0_ * * It i s assumed the maximum monthly water bill affordable for urban households i s * * 5 % * * of household income . For standpost users , the maximum monthly bill i s calculated as 5 % of twice the minimum wage . For customers with yard taps , the maximum monthly bill i s calculated as 5 % of the average household income in urban areas . - * * _0_ * * Time saved : It i s assumed that installation o f a water point in a rural community will reduce time spent fetching water from between 2 to 4 hours per day per household to 1 hour ( a savings of 2 hours on average ) . The time savings are assumed to be the same across all types of RWSS schemes . For towns , it i s assumed standpost users will reduce the time spent fetching water by 1 hour per day per household . - * * _0_ * * For purposes of calculating the additional income that can be earned by households as a result of savings in time spent fetching water : - The daily labor rate for rural areas i s assumed to be the rate used for ESRDF in the highland regions - between 6 and 7 Birr per day , or $ 0 . 10 per hour . - The daily labor rate for urban areas i s calculated from the national minimum wage - 200 Bidmonth , or $ 0 . 15 per hour . - It i s assumed 50 % of time saved will be used on productive activities ; no value i s assigned to the remaining 50 % , which would be spent on family and leisure activities . - * * _0_ * * Health costs are assumed to be $ 5 per capita without the project _ ( Source : World Bank , SZMA database , total per capita expenditures on health ) . _ It i s assumed per capita health costs will be reduced by 10 % in communities where", "spans": [{"start": 1550, "end": 1563, "text": "SZMA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "no consultoría para la a < br > ctualización permanente del < br > Registro Social / Visita Domicil < br > “ | < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 1 : Improving eq < br > uity , integration and sustain < br > ability of the selected SSN pr < br > ograms < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Limited < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 2 , 387 , 781 . 39 | 0 | . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | | 2023-06-23 < br > 2023-06-22 < br > 2023-06-26 | | 2023-07 - | 11 < br > 2023-08-10 | 2 | 023-09-14 | | 2024-03-12 | | iaria en la Circunscripción 5 < br > Sierra Centro-Sur ” | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * S * * < br > | | | | < br > < br > | < br > | | | | | < br > < br > | | < br > | < br > Combined Evaluation | | | | | | < br > Description | Loan / Credit < br > o . | < br > Component | Review Ty | pe < br > Method | Market Approac < br > h < br > Contract Type < br > | stimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Proc | ess Stat | us < br > Terms of Referenc | e < br > Expression of In < br > Notice | terest < br >", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 99, "text": "Registro Social / Visita Domicil", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distance and historical ties ( see , for example , Head and Mayer , 2013 ) . The first stream of studies presents evidence that is in alignment with horizontal FDI by showing a positive relationship between FDI on the one hand and market size and trade cost on the other . Brainard ( 1997 ) , one of the first empirical studies examining the proximity-concentration trade-off , finds that the patterns in which country characteristics relate to U . S . FDI are broadly in alignment with the market access motive . Specifically , she uses U . S . trade and affiliate sales data from the 1989 BEA Benchmark Survey of U . S . Direct Investment Abroad and finds that FDI increases with hostcountry income and trade cost including the transportation cost to ship goods between the headquarters country and the host country , consistent with the market access motive in horizontal FDI . Similar findings are shown in Carr , Markusen , and Maskus ( 2001 ) who incorporate both horizontal and vertical FDI into a knowledge-capital model of multinational firms and offer support to both market access and knowledge capital hypotheses . In particular , the elasticity of affiliate sales with respect to distance is estimated to range from - 0 . 8 to - 1 . 8 , suggesting strong gravity in FDI patterns . Affiliate sales tend to diminish by around 8 to 18 percent when the distance between parent and 4", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 611, "text": "BEA Benchmark Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "I * * POIICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER * * 1661 # * * Summary findings * * Randolph , Bogetic , and Heffley empirically study factors that influence public investment in transportation and communication infrastructure . Using pooled crossnational and time-series data for 1980-86 for 27 lowand middle-income economies , they assess the influence on public infrastructure spending of a government ' s objectives ( especially its commitment to poverty alleviation ) , the nature of the domestic economy , and the flow ( and composition ) of external assistance . Their findings : * Per capita spending on infrastructure responds most strongly to changes in the level of development , the urbanization rate , and the labor force participation rate . * Spending is greater in countries with large foreign sectors and is positively influenced by sectoral imbalances between rural and urban areas ( reflected in migration rates ) . Moreover , as the stock of infrastructure increases , so does per capita spending on it . D If total flows of foreign savings increase , there is a small positive response in per capita spending . The composition of foreign savings matters : when commercial bank flows represent proportionately more of such flows , infrastructure spending is greater . * With higher population densities , consolidated government spending declines . Central government spending increases initially , but decreases as population densities rise . * Central budget spending is positively associated with improved institutional development , whereas consolidated budget spending falls as institutional development improves ( when levels of institutional development are low ) . > * The size of the budget deficit appears not to influence central budget spending but is positively associated with consolidated budget spending . * Greater outward orientation is positively associated with increased consolidated budget spending but seems to bear no relationship to central budget spending on infrastructure . * Governments that are not committed to alleviating poverty , or that are extremely committed to it , spend less from the central budget on infrastructure . Governments with only limited commitment to alleviating poverty adopt strategies to increase the productivity of the poor by investing in infrastructure . But as their commitment intensifies , their strategy shifts to improving human capital or strengthening the social safety net ,", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 264, "text": "pooled crossnational and time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "• Number of women with access to < br > renewable energy sources | 60 Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) [ Ethiopia ] and ICF . 2016 . Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 : Key Indicators Report . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , and Rockville , Maryland , USA . CSA and ICF . Page 32 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 178, "text": "Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "emphasizing moral hazard effects of UB in developing economies ( e . g . , Van Doornik et al . 2018 ) , these studies underscore the scarcity of formal jobs in developing countries as a key factor reducing the likelihood of reemployment in the formal sector . Another argument concerning the efficiency of UB in developing countries is the weaker institutional capacity of these countries in administrating and monitoring UB system . In the majority of developing countries , UB covers a small percentage of population and social security database is not well developed . Therefore , in these countries , protecting jobs – through stricter labor market regulations , such as higher severance pay or restrictions in hiring and firing policies – is more common than protecting workers – through social protection or unemployment benefits ( Vodopivec 2013 ; Holzmann et al . 2012 ; Asenjo and Pignatti 2019 ; and Ozkan 2020 ) . High economic cost of strict labor regulations has been well established in the literature , leading to the adoption of “ flex-security ” policies by many countries that combines relaxing labor regulations and increasing social security and unemployment benefits . For example , in Brazil , Britto ( 2022 ) found that severance pay , which is a one-time lump sum payment to unemployed individuals has more detrimental effect on formal employment and reemployment earnings than extension in UB period , as the latter provides more bargaining power to the job seeker and involves in training and job matching support . Gerard and Naritomi ( 2021 ) also showed that upon receiving lump sum severance payment at layoff , workers increased their consumption by 35 percent despite experiencing a 14 percent long-term loss , indicating bias for present time and the importance of the disbursement timing of unemployment and social protection . In an effort to increase the efficiency of UB system in an environment with limited administrative capacity , Chile introduced a two-tiered UB program in 2002 , which provided benefits through a combination of mandatory individual insurance accounts fully funded by individual contributions and solidarity funding . The first tier would minimize disincentive and moral hazard and the second tier , funded by general tax , would protect vulnerable population without impeding formal jobs (", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 547, "text": "social security database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9500 # * * Abstract * * This paper investigates the relationship between immigration and the exposure of native workers to the health and labor-market risks arising from the COVID-19 pandemic . Using various measures of occupational risks based on European Union labor force survey data , the paper finds that immigrant workers , especially those from lower-income member countries in Eastern Europe or from outside the EU , face greater exposure than their native-born peers to both income and health-shocks related to COVID-19 . The paper also shows that native workers living in regions with a higher concentration of immigrants are less exposed to some of the income and health risks associated with the pandemic . To assess whether this relationship is causal , a Bartik-type shift-share instrument is used to control for potential bias and unobservable factors that would lead migrants to self-select into more vulnerable occupations across regions . The results show that the presence of immigrant workers has a causal effect in reducing the exposure of native workers to various risks by enabling the native-born workers to move into jobs that could be undertaken from the safety of their homes or with lower face-to-face interactions . The effects on the native-born population are more pronounced for high-skilled workers than for low-skilled workers , and for women than for men . The paper does not find a significant effect of immigration on wages and employment — indicating that the effects are mostly driven by a reallocation of natives from less safe jobs to safer jobs . . This paper is a product of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice and the Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at lbossavie @ worldbank . org , dgarrotesanchez @ worldbank . org , mmakovec @ worldbank . org , and cozden @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 316, "text": "European Union labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SECTION 12 : INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CHILDREN 0-23 MONTHS * * * * < u > ( The questionnaire is to be administered to the mother of care giver responsible for feeding the child ) < / u > * * | * * Section * * | * * code / number * * : _________ * * Block cod * * | * * e / number * * : ___________ * * Consent * * : yes / no / absent | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Date of interview ( dd / mm / * * | * * yyyy ) * * < br > * * Cluster Number ( in cl * * | * * uster survey only ) * * | | | __ | _ | ___ | / | ___ | ___ | / | ___ | ___ | | ___ | | ___ | | | ___ | ___ | | | | * * Team Nu * * | * * mber * * < br > * * ID Number * * | * * HH Number * * | | | | | ___ | < br > | ___ | ___ | ___ | | | ___ | ___ | ___ | | | * * No * * | * * QUESTION * * | * * ANSWER CODES * * | | | * * SECT * * | * * ION IF1 * * | | | | * * IF1 * * | S | Ml 1 | | | | ex | ae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "filled the short-term survey . This should mitigate the concern that the results could be driven by over-exposure to the questionnaire and its interaction with the treatment ( e . g . , recall bias ) . To recover the average treatment effects of the two series in the short and medium terms , we estimated the following linear model via OLS : where _i_ is the individual , and _t_ stands for the survey wave , namely , baseline ( _t_ = 0 ) , short term ( _t_ = 1 ) and medium term ( _t_ = 2 ) . Treatment 1 is a dummy indicator equal to 1 if the individual was assigned to the humorous drama with implicit messaging and 0 otherwise , while Treatment 2 equals 1 if the individual was assigned to the docuseries with explicit messaging and 0 otherwise . Y indicates the outcomes of interest , specifically , the general and topic indexes described previously as well as variables measuring information-seeking and posting behaviors . Most of our outcomes were only collected at follow-ups . Given the experimental design , the lack of baseline values should not affect the causal interpretation of the results as both the treatment and control groups are identical in expectations ( Bruhn and McKenzie , 2009 ) . As shown below , this is further confirmed by observed balance for the pre-treatment values of observable characteristics and attitudinal self-reported outcomes . As such , we show plain estimates from a parsimonious specification with no controls . Nevertheless , to improve the efficiency of the estimator , we also report the results controlling for a series of socio-economic indicators measured at baseline , represented by vector * * X ’ * * in ( 1 ) . < sup > 19 < / sup > Among them , we always include an index measuring the baseline stance of the individual towards gender norms and VAW . Specifically , we rely on those few knowledge and attitudinal variables that were – – measured at baseline and aggregate them into an index i . e . , the Baseline Stance Index which captures the ex-ante progressiveness of the respondents ’ view . < sup > 20 < / sup > Finally , when the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional information on ability and hence indirect taxes cannot be used to relax the incentive compatibility constraint . The latter case emphasizes the importance of the assumption of homogeneous tastes . In contrast , if individuals have heterogeneous tastes then a higher and lower ability individual earning the same income would no longer consume the exact same bundle of goods , and so consumption patterns may once again provide information about ability . Mirrlees ( 1976 ) , Saez ( 2002 ) and Gauthier and Henriet ( 2018 ) consider models with heterogeneous tastes . They show that if tastes depend on ability , then a higher indirect tax should , in general , be imposed on a good if higher ability individuals have a relatively strong taste for that good . < sup > 19 < / sup > Another strand of literature has considered the impact of home production on optimal tax rates . Kleven et al . ( 2000 ) develop a single representative consumer model incorporating home production . This effectively produces a modified Corlett and Hague ( 1953 ) rule where the tax distortion favoring ( untaxed ) home production pushes down the optimal tax rate on consumer services that are substitutes for home production ( e . g . house repairs , cleaning services ) . Where goods and services are equally complementary with leisure ( so that uniform taxation would otherwise be optimal ) , they show that substitutes for home production should unequivocally face a relatively low tax rate . Piggott and Whalley ( 2001 ) develop a very similar model incorporating home production . They simulate their model based on Canadian data and find that Canada ’ s 1990 VAT reform that brought consumer services into the indirect tax net was welfare reducing . < sup > 20 < / sup > Kleven ( 2004 ) and Boadway and Gahvari ( 2006 ) consider models where both goods and time must be allocated . Kleven ( 2004 ) finds that market goods that take more time to be consumed should be taxed more heavily than those that take less time , or those that save time . Boadway and Gahvari ( 2006 ) find that goods that are less pleasurable to consume should be taxed", "spans": [{"start": 1613, "end": 1626, "text": "Canadian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _OFFICE OF THEAUDITOR-GENERAL Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June , 2024_ * * * * 5 . STATEMENT OF PERFORMANCE AGAINST PREDETERMINED OBJECTIVES FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 2022 / 2023 ( CONTINUED ) * * # # # # # * * SDG 4 : Quality Education ( continued ) * * * * The * * audit established that the State Department for Early Learning and Basic Education did not ensure access to adequate , safe and nutritious food commodities to feed pupils every school day . The audit recommends that the State Department for Early Learning and Basic Education carries out continuous market research to ascertain actual cost of a meal and ensure enrolment data used reflects the actual enrolment in beneficiary schools , to inform better planning and budgeting for the programme . Additionally , the State Department for Early Learning and Basic Education should coordinate with relevant stakeholders to explore mechanisms for the provision of safe , quality , and nutritious school meals . # # # # * * SDG 5 : Gender Equality * * The performance audit report on the Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence ( GBV ) addresses Sustainable Development Goal * * ( SDG ) 5 , * * which focuses on achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls . Specifically , it aligns with Target * * 5 . 2 , * * which aims to eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls . The objective of the audit was to evaluate the effectiveness of measures implemented * * by * * the State Department for Gender and Affirmative Action , along with other state actors , in preventing and responding to GBV . The findings revealed that the State Department has not effectively coordinated actors involved in GBV prevention and response due to the lack of a data management system , hindering the development of impactful interventions . The report recommends that the State Department for Gender and Affirmative Action should implement measures to ensure the collection and consolidation of data from various stakeholders , thereby improving", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 676, "text": "enrolment data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "civil society organizations . > 17 Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme , February 2019 , https : / / reliefweb . int / sites / > reliefweb . int / files / resources / 67961 . pdf > 18 Migration Open House in Obrenovac materials , March 26 , the Commissariat for Refugees and Migration of the Republic of Serbia > 19 UNHCR Inter-Agency Operational updates 2018 , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / 20 UNHCR , Desperate Journeys , January-December 2018 , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / documents / download / 67712 # _ga = 2 . 186617261 . 588054035 . 1557418235-1885394486 . 1557155396", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 380, "text": "UNHCR Inter-Agency Operational updates 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in earnings explains only 70 percent of the decline in cash incomes , while falling government transfers in real terms and declines in other income are also quite important ( Figure 20 ) . For the non ‐ vulnerable , government transfers and other types of income actually grew during the crisis times . The positive dynamic of other types of income is mainly driven by top income deciles that enjoyed higher dividends during the crisis due to higher interest rates . _Figure 20 : Decomposition of real cash income change during the crisis ( 2014 ‐ 2016 ) and the recovery ( 2017 ) _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > - 10 < br > - 20 Other income < br > - 30 < br > Transfers < br > - 40 < br > Earnings < br > 2014-2016 2016-2017 < br > Average Vulnerable Non-vulnerable Average Vulnerable Non-vulnerable < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Absolute income change is measured in real 2014 roubles per capita . The income change could be explained by both the income dynamics for the vulnerable and non ‐ vulnerable groups and by the change in the composition of those groups from one period to the next – during the crisis poverty risks and the vulnerable group expanded , and it could be the influencing factor for the change in income structure of the vulnerable population . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS . Government transfers did not help vulnerable households to smooth declining incomes during the crisis ; moreover , the decline in transfers exacerbated the decline in earnings and other types of income . During the recovery , transfers also did not play a positive role for the vulnerable – the restoration of incomes was predominantly led by earnings and , to a much smaller extent , by other types of income . For the non ‐ vulnerable , on the contrary , other income sources were declining in 2017 , reflecting lower interest rates in the aftermath of the crisis . The reason why government transfers were not", "spans": [{"start": 1373, "end": 1386, "text": "quarterly HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "main data source consists of various publications by the International Labor Organization , such as the _Labor Statistics Database_ and the _ILO Conventions and Recommendations_ . The drawback of ILO sources is that the relevant information is dispersed and not always comparable across countries . These problems are remedied to a large extent in the database of labor market indicators 22", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 387, "text": "database of labor market indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "list of economies included in the _common_ sample . # _3 . 2 . Description of variables_ # _Dependent variable : Labor productivity_ Labor productivity is measured as the natural logarithm of sales per worker , computed as the revenue deflated and represented in 2009 USD during the last fiscal year divided by the number of employees ( see also Amin & Okou , 2020 ) . We use labor productivity instead of the TFP measure ( Francis et al . , 2020 ) because information for the latter is only available for less than 40 % of the observations and is not available for firms in the non-tradable sectors . # _Independent variable : Urban density_ We use urban density instead of urban population size to measure agglomeration since recent research argues that in the developing world agglomeration externalities predominantly arise from density rather than absolute market size ( Henderson et al . , 2019 ) . Urban density is obtained from 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Historias migratorias de venezolanos que vuelven al país * * * * 66 * * Figura 1 Ejes de valoración y de activos de contexto En general toda la zona inferior del eje vertical dibuja mayor precariedad . Encierra realidades que podríamos asociar con vulnerabilidades que constituyen problemáticas inhibidoras de autonomías tempranas e impactantes en la definición , comprensión e interpretación del futuro de los sujetos más vulnerables . El embarazo adolescente , la desescolarización a niveles tempranos de la enseñanza primaria , y la ocupación de viviendas totalmente inadecuadas ( construidas con materiales de desecho ) podrían incluirse en un ejercicio de construcción de esta línea con fuentes estadísticas . Podría también incluirse otros indicadores que son incluso extraños o infrecuentes en la población más vulnerable del país , que comprometen el futuro de los sujetos miembros de estos hogares y que sobre todo comprometen la posibilidad de una valoración autonómica e integrada de la sociedad . Como , por ejemplo , los hogares en donde los niños y niñas en edad escolar a nivel de primaria no asisten a la escuela . La clave aquí es mirar el ámbito familiar como un escenario de capital y reservar para la sección más baja de la línea el compendio de indicadores menos satisfactorios en tanto locus de activos familiares . La parte baja de la figura se divide en dos cuadrantes que hemos llamado de _super", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 716, "text": "fuentes estadísticas", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "salary increases for their performance as classroom teachers , school directors , supervisors and technicaladministrators . Teacher evaluation is based on performance ( 35 points ) , experience ( 10 points ) , professional skills ( 25 points ) , educational attainment ( 15 points ) and completion of accredited courses . There are five levels of promotion ( “ A ” , “ B ” , “ C ” , “ D ” , “ E ” ) . The salary rewards allocated to each one of these levels represent an increase but do not represent a change in post assignment . The promotion ladder attaches considerable importance to seniority within _Carrera Magisterial_ , rural posts or teaching in under-developed areas . Promotion within _Carrera Magisterial_ is complex because of the different levels ( _escalafones ) . _ Government is the dominant provider of basic educational services . It owns close to 91 percent of primary and secondary schools , which account for 90 percent of total enrollment . < sup > 4 < / sup > At the university level , however , the private sector plays a much bigger role , accounting for close to half of the enrollment ( 46 percent ) . The educational system in Mexico is now so extensive that there are over 483 , 000 schools ( excluding preschools ) staffed by over a million teachers , of which 84 . 3 percent are in public schools . In 1999 , public schools teachers < sup > 5 < / sup > held 43 percent of total government positions . All teachers in basic public education are affiliated with SNTE . All teachers in upper secondary and tertiary education have a union or are independent ( in Autonomous or State Universities ) . # * * 3 . THE DATA * * The National Household Income and Expenditures Survey ( _Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares_ , ENIGH ) is collected by the National Institute of Statistics , Geography , and Information ( _Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía e Informática_ , INEGI ) . This survey is available for 1984 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 and 1996 . Each survey is representative at national level , and distinguishes urban from rural", "spans": [{"start": 1656, "end": 1705, "text": "National Household Income and Expenditures Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ware ) ( e-KYC , IBan verification , etc ) . This will be complemented by technical assistance around necessary regulatory changes to support e-KYC and KYC registry and regulatory and policy aspects of digital G2P payments and financial inclusion under the forthcoming MENA MSME Facility 2 . 0 ; and ( vi ) implementing IT enhancements in the ID systems to meet the needs of the financial sector . This includes using the ID system for e - KYC ; developing hosted digital signature services for use by individuals for their interactions with financial institutions ( e . g . , authorizing sharing of data , signing new loan applications , etc . ) ; and enabling linkages with other identification and information providers ( e . g . , a bank providing information on address records , tax authority on annual income , etc . in the form of a federated architecture ) . More details are provided in Annex 2 . # # * * < mark > Component 3 : Project Management and Implementation Support ( US $ 5 million ) < / mark > * * * * 48 . * * Component 3 will support provision of technical advisory services and goods to manage , coordinate , monitor and evaluate the project , including operating costs , independent verification of the achievement of DLIs and independent verification of completion of employment objectives for employment subsidies and relevant results milestones for matching grants . A PMU will be set up in the MoDEE and will include focal points for MoL and MoE . The PMU ( within MoDEE ) will have the overall fiduciary responsibility for project implementation and ensure activities are executed in accordance with the Project Operational Manual ( POM ) . < sup > 33 < / sup > It will have the overall responsibility for the monitoring and evaluation of project activities , as well as designing and implementing outreach activities specifically targeting women . This component will finance : ( a ) PMU staff ( non-civil servants ) salaries ; ( b ) PMU equipment and operating costs related to the", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 782, "text": "address records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Estimating the causal link between such communication and attitudes towards the state from observational data poses challenges as governments strategically adjust their communication in response to public opinion . To address our research questions , we leverage randomly assigned informational treatments shared with Pakistani citizens through a phone survey . We conducted our experiment during the early stages of the pandemic ( in May and June 2020 ) with 5 , 771 respondents in Lahore and Faisalabad , the two most-populous cities in Pakistan ’ s Punjab province . Pakistan provides an excellent setting to explore our research questions since many Pakistanis distrust the state and increasingly rely on non-state actors for basic services ( Cheema et al . , 2017 , Acemoglu et al . , 2020 ) . We designed the informational treatments to increase citizens ’ support for the govern - > 1For instance , see Daron Acemoglu ’ s presentation on “ Unkowns , Challenges and Opportunities in the Time of Covid-19 ” ( April 9 , 2020 ) on the Royal Economic Society Covid-19 Hub . 2", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 109, "text": "observational data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * * * < br > * * [ eq . USD ] * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 4 : Shifting G7 Share of Global GDP ( % ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 55 % < br > 50 % < br > 45 % < br > 40 % 50 < br > years < br > 35 % 50 years < br > 30 % < br > 1900 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Data from Maddison ( constant 1990 Geary-Khamis Dollars ) _Low and Middle Income Country Growth ― Traps ‖ _ In principle , one would expect , and certainly hope , that the poorer countries in the world can catch up with the richer countries in the world . Unfortunately , few countries have experienced ― convergence ‖ on a sustained basis . In fact , one famous paper that discusses the performance during the twentieth century is entitled : ― Divergence , Big Time ‖ . < sup > 4 < / sup > One approach to measuring relative progress is to look at per capita GDP relative to the United States , which has been the symbol of advanced industrialized countries after WWII . Figure 5 shows that the shares of countries in each ratio range has been fairly stable , with some growth in the percentage of countries in the upper MIC range ( say , roughly 0 . 3-0 . 7 ) , but really not much expansion of the share of countries that are at 0 . 7 of the US level of per capita GDP . At the bottom end , the share at 0 . 1 or less of US levels remains stuck near 40 percent . Persistently , over 80 percent of the countries in the world have GDP per capita levels that are half or less than half of the level in the United States . > 4 Pritchett ( 1997 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 280, "end": 298, "text": "Data from Maddison", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") : 285 – 318 . - Coppedge , Michael , John Gerring , Carl Henrik Knutsen , Staffan I Lindberg , Jan Teorell , Nazifa Alizada , David Altman , Michael Bernhard , Agnes Cornell , M Steven Fish et al . 2021 . “ VDem Dataset v11 . 1 . ” . - Crea , Thomas M , Roc ́ ıo Calvo & Maryanne Loughry . 2015 . “ Refugee health and wellbeing : differences between urban and camp-based environments in sub-Saharan Africa . ” _Journal of Refugee Studies_ 28 ( 3 ) : 319 – 330 . - De Berry , Joanna Peace & Andrew James Roberts . 2018 . Social cohesion and forced displacement : A desk review to inform programming and project design . Technical report The World Bank . - De Juan , Alexander & Jan Henryk Pierskalla . 2016 . “ Civil War Violence and Political Trust : Microlevel Evidence from Nepal . ” _Conflict Management and Peace Science_ 33 ( 1 ) : 67 – 88 . - De Luca , Giacomo & Marijke Verpoorten . 2015 . “ Civil war and political participation : Evidence from Uganda . ” _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ 64 ( 1 ) : 113 – 141 . 27", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 221, "text": "VDem Dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) estimated that droughts have the greatest economic impact and cost 8 percent of GDP every five years . There are high risks in terms of the target areas ’ exposure to weather related shocks and the key beneficiaries from this Operation - girls , poor , and special needs children – are among the most vulnerable to climate change risks . For example , the district of West Pokot is one the country ’ s most disaster-prone areas and has required significant disaster risk investment . Indeed , lower-income populations reside in more hazard prone locations , with high potential for significantly increased exposure of already vulnerable populations . Sea level rise presents a risk to the coastal counties of Tana River and Lamu and their populations . Sea level rise in combination with extreme weather events is likely to intensify flooding as most of the coastland is low-lying . - Increased incidence of climate change related to extreme weather events and its implications have consequences on the education system in Kenya . The country is recognized as highly vulnerable to climate change impacts , ranked 152 out of 181 countries in the 2019 ND-GAIN Index < sup > 59 < / sup > . Climate changeinduced pressures on agriculture and food systems can increase the prevalence of malnutrition among children . This could increase stunting rates and affect children ’ s cognitive development , with direct longterm impacts on labor productivity . Poor and vulnerable communities in disaster-prone areas are at most risk . In addition , warmer and wetter climate is expected to increase the incidence of diseases including malaria , Rift Valley fever and dengue transmission , in both temperate highland and arid lowland regions of the country . The highlands , where 70 percent of Kenyans live , are particularly at risk . < sup > 60 < / sup > The warmer climate will have direct negative consequences on students ’ performance and human capital accumulation , given the impact of cumulative heat exposure on cognitive skill development < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1225, "end": 1243, "text": "2019 ND-GAIN Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ns ) * * | | Soil moisture | | | | 0 . 693 | 0 . 610 | | | | | | ( 0 . 497 ) | ( 0 . 173 ) | | NDVI | | | | 0 . 396 | 0 . 161 | | | | | | ( 1 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 852 ) | | Rainfall | | | | 0 . 205 | 0 . 334 | | | | | | ( 0 . 942 ) | ( 0 . 826 ) | # _Source : _ World Bank . _Note : _ NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ; SPEI = Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index ; WRSI = Water Requirement Satisfaction Index . Countries and surveys included are : Ethiopia ( 2011 , 2016 ) , Lesotho ( 2017 ) , Malawi ( 2010 , 2016 , 2019 ) , Mauritania ( 2014 , 2109 / 20 ) , Mozambique ( 2014 ) , Niger ( 2018 ) , Nigeria ( 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) , Zambia ( 2015 ) , and Zimbabwe ( 2017 ) . hazard as a level along with the fixed effects method or it uses the specification of the hazard as a standardized anomaly from the local normal ( over the 20-year period ) . In fact , in the extreme case in which only one crosssectional round of survey data is available , then the specification of the hazard as a standardized anomaly is the only sensible option , since in this instance , use of the level of hazard with the fixed effects for districts ( for example ) would simply express the hazard as a deviation from the district mean of the hazard values experienced in the same survey round by other households in the survey . 16", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 960, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affected people will be considered . Persons who encroach the area after the socio-economic study ( census and valuation ) are not eligible for compensation or any form of resettlement assistance . # # * * 9 . 5 Procedures for Payment of Compensation * * Compensation payment will be made in the following ways : - ( a ) By agreement between the ICTA and the PAPs or entities ( individuals / households / communities ) : - ICTA will offer such sums deemed adequate as compensation to the entity who may accept that amount as compensation payable to him or her and - Such sums will be disbursed directly to the beneficiary entity ’ s bank accounts with the relevant records of payments ( land acquisition mechanism ) consigned to the RAPs and the records of the appropriate county government . Where PAPs require assistance to open bank accounts the project shall render such support . - ( b ) In case of grievances , by court order on the amount of compensation where this has been the subject of litigation between ICTA and the affected entity . 52", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 684, "text": "records of payments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant , however . The treatment offer reduced total monthly earnings among female participants in garment making by almost 11 GHS ( 15 percent ) compared with the control group , although the p-value is just outside the threshold for marginal significance . The reduction in total earnings was driven by noisy reductions in wage earnings and self-employment income . Although the estimated coefficients on farming and apprenticeship income are positive , the magnitudes are negligible and statistically insignificant . # * * 4 . 2 . 2 Material Well-Being * * We present results on durable household assets , personal consumption expenditure on a limited set of items ( such as phone calls ) , savings , loans , and migration in Table 6 . These indicators enable us to examine broad measures of individual welfare . Our durable household assets index measured whether the household in which the respondent lived owned any of the following items : a radio , television , car , motorbike , and refrigerator , with the restriction that these items had to be functioning at the time of the endline survey ( Column 1 ) . Previous studies constructed similar indices based on householdowned durable assets for measuring poverty and conducting welfare analysis ( Booysen , Van Der Berg , Burger , Von Maltitz , & Du Rand , 2008 ; Filmer & Scott , 2008 ) . Although the overall ( full-sample ) treatment effect on durable household assets is positive , it is not statistically significant . For male participants in construction , however , the intention-totreat estimate is negative and insignificant . Among female participants in cosmetology the program offer increased assets by 0 . 1 _σ_ ( p-value _ < _ 0 . 05 ) , but this is not very robust to multiple testing adjustments . The estimated effect among female participants in garment making is small ( 0 . 03 _σ_ ) and insignificant . Overall , these results could be driven by the greater propensity for cosmetologists to finish training and shift into self-employment , leading to greater asset accumulation . Because of time and budget constraints , we could not field a full detailed consumption module . Rather , we measured personal consumption expenditure as the sum of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "three phases : the demobilization , the reinsertion and the reintegration . The demobilization phase started with disarmament , followed by the transfer of ex-combatants to a demobilization center . Ex-combatants spent eight days in the center , attending training on economic strategies and opportunities , HIV / AIDS , civic responsibility , as well as peace and reconciliation . As part of the reinsertion phase , demobilized combatants received a cash allowance worth 18-month salary , paid in four installments over a period of eighteen months . Demobilized combatants received the first reinsertion payment when leaving the demobilization center . Called the Transitional Subsistence Allowance ( TSA ) by the World Bank , the reinsertion money was dedicated to _ “ enable the ex-combatants to return to their community and to sustain themselves and their families for a limited period following demobilization ” _ ( The World Bank Group , 2004 ) . The total amount of the cash allowance increased with military rank , starting from a minimum of FBU 566 , 000 ( US $ 515 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > The average benefit amounted to FBU 644 , 000 per demobilized combatant ( US $ 586 ) . Data from our survey in 2010 shows that civilian households consumed on average about FBU 190 , 000 ( US $ 173 ) per adult equivalent per year , which is about one third of the minimum cash allocation to FNL rebels . Finally , the reintegration phase consisted of a one-off in-kind transfer worth FBU 600 , 000 ( US $ 545 ) . The ex-combatants could choose from a range of options , including vocational training , support for agro-pastoral activity , and start-up material for a small business or a construction project . This phase was launched in September 2006 for the CNDD + . < sup > 7 < / sup > Of the 23 , 000 CNDD + beneficiaries , 85 % had received the reintegration support by December 2008 . This phase was just starting for the FNL ex-combatants at the time of our 2010 survey . Some rebels had ties with the factions , but did not benefit from the DDR program . A list of criteria was established in", "spans": [{"start": 1187, "end": 1215, "text": "Data from our survey in 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "engagement on voting using a panel of precinct-level voting data for 2013 and 2018 . Our findings suggest that local digital participation on the issue of local roads is associated with ‘ political dividends ’ to the incumbent . Engagement with the city government through digital technologies ( measured in our study by pothole complaints ) results in an increased number of votes and a higher margin of victory for the incumbent mayor . Our identification strategy is based on the engineering literature and direct evidence from the city authorities . It exploits arguably exogenous variation in intra-city weather conditions during the heating season , which differentially affects 2", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 64, "text": "precinct-level voting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of consultancy se < br > rvices for a firm to support c < br > onsulting firm to support the < br > capacity building of service p < br > roviders on GBV response thr < br > ough virtual / onlineplatform . | < br > < br > < br > IDA / 65980 | Gender Based Violence Resp < br > onse < br > | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > L | imited | 332 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation | 2021-10-29 < br > 2021-10-05 | | | 2021-11-06 | | | 2021-11-13 | 2021-11-30 | 2022-05-29 | | KE-MOH-268646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand plannin < br > g , blood and blood products f < br > orecasting , quantification an < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector | < br > < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products < br > | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > L | imited | 270 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-12-21 | | | 2022-01-04 | | | 2022-02-03 | 2022-03-10 | 2022-09-06 | | KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to gui < br > de community engagement a < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Petroleum Technical Assistance Project ( KEPTAP ) ( P145234 ) # * * II . SUMMARY OF PROJECT STATUS AND PROPOSED CHANGES * * The Kenya Petroleum Technical Assistance Project ( KEPTAP ) was approved in August 2014 . Due to delays as a result of the Covid-19 crisis , the project was extended for 6 months from February 28 , 2021 to August 31 , 2021 . From a slow start , the project implementation has gained momentum over time , and the disbursement rate has improved steadily , with a projection to near-full absorption by the close of the project . The IDA Credit is 86 % ( US $ 38 . 5 million ) disbursedand the Global Affairs Canada ( GAC ) Grant at 96 % ( US $ 6 . 43 million ) . The project has supported several institutional reforms such as the : ( 1 ) local content policy for the oil & gas sector , ( 2 ) gender assessment for the sector , ( 3 ) adoption of a transparency and accountability framework and action plan for the petroleum sector , ( 4 ) occupational safety health guidelines for the petroleum sector , ( 5 ) design of the institutional framework of a petroleum sector regulating agency , ( 6 ) LPG study for domestic distribution plan , ( 7 ) Geoscience data acquisition , ( 8 ) transaction advice for recoverable costs audit , and ( 9 ) access to transaction and technical advisors for negotiations with the operator . This restructuring will address a disbursement challenge posed by the current configuration of KEPTAP ' s disbursement Categories 9 and 10 . Currently , category 9 is 88 % financed by the Credit and 12 % by the Grant ( , while category 10 is 84 % financed by Credit and 16 % by the Grant . The Credit and the Grant have varied closing dates , which presents a risk of undocumented expenditures at project closure if activities under the two categories are not completed and paid for within the Grant ’ s timelines . The Grant funds has", "spans": [{"start": 1195, "end": 1210, "text": "Geoscience data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 : Tiers of Cumulative Classes Completed : Transitions Throughout College . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 100 Tier 1 100 Tier 2 to tier 1 100 Tier 1 to tier 2 , 3 & 4 < br > Tier 2 Tier 3 to tier 1 & 2 Tier 2 to tier 3 & 4 < br > 90 90 Tier 3 90 Tier 4 to tier 1 , 2 & 3 90 Tier 3 to tier 4 < br > Tier 4 < br > 80 80 80 80 < br > 70 70 70 70 < br > 60 60 60 60 < br > 50 50 50 50 < br > 40 40 40 40 < br > 30 30 30 30 < br > 20 20 20 20 < br > Tier 1 < br > 10 Tier 2 10 10 10 < br > Tier 3 < br > 0 Tier 4 0 0 0 < br > 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 < br > Year Year Year Year < br > a . Persistence b . Dropout c . Catch − up d . Fall behind < br > Percent Percent Percent Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Calculations based on SPADIES for the 2006 entry cohort ( first semester ) . _Notes_ : Each panel shows the probability that a student who ended the previous year in a given tier experiences the following outcomes in the current year : persist in the tier ( panel a ) , drop out ( panel b ) , catch up ( rise ) to a higher tier ( panel c ) , or fall behind to a lower tier ( panel d ) . For a given year and tier , probabilities add up to 100 across panels . For example , a student who finished year 1 in tier 3 is depicted in green . In year 2 , she is 35 , 23 , 18 , and 24 percent likely to persist in tier 3 , drop out , catch up to tiers", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 792, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * UKRAINE * * | JUNE 2023 The 24 February 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation has led to an international armed conflict constituting regular direct and disproportionate * * attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure , forced displacement , destruction of civilian property , sexual violence , * * and * * infliction of psychological trauma and stress . * * As of May 2023 , an estimated 6 . 2 million people have fled Ukraine as refugees < sup > i < / sup > and 5 . 4 million persons are internally displaced . < sup > ii < / sup > According to the 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan ( HRP ) , 15 . 4 million individuals , including IDPs , returnees and non-displaced people are in need of humanitarian protection assistance , including General Protection , Gender-Based Violence ( GBV ) , Child Protection and Mine Action _Protection Cluster People in Need Map - Humanitarian Needs Overview ( HNO ) 2023_ interventions . 4 . 4 million people in the East near the frontline and in areas under the temporary military control of the Russian Federation are at highest risk . From February 2022 to June 2023 , an estimated * * 4 , 043 acts of violence targeting civilians have been recorded across Ukraine * * — with three quarters of incidents consisting of shelling , artillery and missile strikes , rendering Ukraine the deadliest country in the world for violence in 2022 and causing continued untold harm to civilian populations . < sup > iii < / sup > | Total PIN | * * Displaced * * | * * Returnees * * | * * Non Displaced * * | Males | Females | * * Children * * | * * Adults * * | * * Elderly * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 15", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 898, "text": "People in Need Map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 901, "end": 928, "text": "Humanitarian Needs Overview", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for establishing broad patterns , we caution that any observed misperceptions might be attributable to sample selection rather than pluralistic ignorance . # * * 2 . 4 Comparison of the Gender Equality at Home Survey with Other Data Sources * * The Gender Equality at Home Survey represents a general population of Facebook users and should not be considered representative of a country ’ s population . For example , demographic characteristics of the respondents on Facebook might differ from the average characteristics of a representative individual in the same country ; or they may have different gender attitudes . While our sample is not nationally representative , we examine how closely the gender attitude statements from our data correlate with comparable attitude statements collected in nationally representative global data sources : the World Values Survey ( WVS ) < sup > 16 < / sup > and > 16For our analysis , we utilized data from Wave 7 of the World Value Survey , spanning from 2017 to 2021 . 10", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 279, "text": "Gender Equality at Home Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 853, "end": 872, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 965, "end": 983, "text": "World Value Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 000 | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 2 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 812 | 0 . 790 | 0 . 847 | 0 . 749 | 0 . 769 | Notes : < sup > [ A ] < / sup > GDP data are adjusted for international differences in purchasing power of the dollar . < sup > [ B ] < / sup > When the p-value of the Hansen test is a borderline case , the instruments are validated by the supplementary evidence from the Sargan test of the over-identifying restrictions . Robust standard errors in parentheses ; asterisks indicate statistical significance at the * * * 1 , * * 5 , and * 10 percent level . Data for the transition economies refer only from 1997 onwards . All equations include time period and group-specific dummies . Although the stock approach to global imbalances has mostly been applied when explaining the international adjustment mechanism ( e . g . , Milesi-Ferretti and Razin , 1998 and 2000 ) , recent empirical studies have also listed the net foreign assets as a determinant of economic growth ( e . g . , Prasad et al . , 2007 ; and Abiad et al . , 2009 ) . On theoretical grounds , the impact of cross-border holdings of assets and liabilities on economic growth is ambiguous due to the variety of channels at work . An improvement of the NFA position reduces the aggregate capital domiciled in the home economy . Hence , an improvement in the NFA position could be negatively correlated with economic growth . On the other hand , larger cross-border holdings of foreign assets improve the NFA position and increase the net inflow of factor incomes in the creditor economy . As Prasad et al . ( 2007 ) conclude , this implies that the countries that have accumulated more assets are expected to grow faster . But are emerging European countries also different ? Assessing the evidence requires an empirical resolution . 13", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 142, "text": "GDP data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", xi2 ) is not known and we thus ignore whether an individual cumulates low achievements in several dimensions . One problem is that non-monetary outcomes are often collected through different surveys than monetary outcomes . At global level , monetary outcomes are collected through LSMS-type surveys while non-monetary outcomes are collected through DHS or MICS surveys . < sup > 10 < / sup > As a result , the joint distribution between monetary outcomes ( consumption or income ) and non-monetary outcomes is often missing . A similar problem arises for the mortality dimension . The joint distribution between mortality risks and other well - > 10At country level , this constraint may not be present , which allows some countries like Mexico to construct multidimensional poverty indicators capturing both monetary outcomes and non-monetary outcomes ( Bank et al . , 2021 ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 301, "text": "LSMS-type surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 359, "end": 371, "text": "MICS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "see the appendix in annex 2 . 35 . * * Supporting improved systems and approaches for mapping and planning . * * The project will support enhancement of the systems and processes at the MoL for mapping and planning of informal settlements , an area that is currently under resourced and which is a constraint to scale-up . It will also support contracting out of physical planning activities to independent qualified firms and licensed surveyors , thereby allowing the physical planning department of the MoL to move from its impossible role of drafting plans for each informal settlement in the country to one where it acts as enabler and approver of plans . 36 . * * Tenure security can be enhanced without titling , and can be further increased through infrastructure investments * * . Although component 2 directly supports various stages of tenure regularization and titling , it is important to acknowledge that tenure security can be achieved at an intermediate stage of the regularization process , especially if this is complemented with public infrastructure investments . The MoL indicates that a good indicator of settlement readiness for infrastructure investment is for the settlement to have both a part development plan and a survey plan approved by the MoL and for the residents of the settlement to have their names included on a list of legitimate residents compiled by the settlement executive committee . The tenure rights of such legitimate residents will then be registered under a group title or household title , depending on the population density of the settlement . Kenya ‘ s Sectional Properties Act ( number 21 of 1987 ) , provide for the ― division of buildings into units to be owned by individual proprietors and common property to be owned by proprietors of the units as tenants in common and to provide for the use and management of the units and common property and connected purposes . ‖ 14", "spans": [{"start": 1348, "end": 1376, "text": "list of legitimate residents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distributions of consumption and income from 1981 to 2017 that closely align with the World Bank ’ s official estimates . < sup > 10 < / sup > For comparisons of growth as estimated by national accounts and surveys , there is the additional concern that heterogeneity in the survey data over time can potentially create noisy growth estimates . To partially address this concern , consumption and income surveys are considered separate series for each country , so that we do not calculate growth rates from an income survey in one year and a consumption survey in another . But there remain many ways in which growth estimates of consumption surveys ( or income surveys ) can be problematic due to changes in survey methods and practices . Jolliffe ( 2001 ) , Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) , Jolliffe et al . , ( 2014 ) all document how changing instrument design over time within a country can change measured consumption , which will appear as growth ( or contraction ) over time independent of whether national well-being has in fact changed . As survey methods and questionnaires change over time within a country , PovcalNet typically does not post-adjust data from previous years for that country . Metadata on survey comparability suggests revisions in survey methods are widespread and create a break in comparability for two-thirds of the 164 countries that have data over time . < sup > 11 < / sup > As further evidence of this problem , the World Bank is only able to produce comparable data for mean household survey growth required for the shared prosperity measure ( requiring comparable data over a five-year period ) for 88 of the 168 economies in its database . < sup > 12 < / sup > For the assessment of growth rates , where comparability in the measures matters significantly , we create an ancillary analysis file based on the World Bank ’ s _Global Database of Shared Prosperity_ . This database is designed with the objective of assessing growth as measured 10 Following an approach similar to that taken by Lakner et al . ( 2019 ) , we use the ungroup command included in the DASP Stata Package ( Abdelkrim and Duclos ,", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 524, "text": "income survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 543, "end": 561, "text": "consumption survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". * * A baseline survey for selected districts in the Programme was undertaken in 2007 . A second panel survey was fielded to the same households in 2009 . In 2011 , a third round panel survey was undertaken that assessed progress towards the same indicators as previous evaluations and additional indicators related to the impact of the transfers on adolescent sexual practice and on the effect of the cash transfer on the household , community and local economy . The initial results of the most recent survey were presented to the Mission ( see paragraph 7 ) . The Mission welcomed these significant findings and agreed that a clear dissemination strategy should be developed . This plan will include the publishing of policy briefs on several topics contained in that report . The MTR supported the recommendation to develop four research papers based on the broad areas of impact noted from the studies , by June 30 , 2012 . The topics for the papers will include : ( i ) comparison of 2 and 4 year impacts on spending , health , education and poverty ( ii ) HIV risk behavior and psycho-social status ; ( iii ) household and individual economic activity ; and , ( iv ) local economy effects of the Programme . The papers will be shared with the Programme partners for review and comment prior to finalization and presentation at a national dissemination workshop , proposed for September 2012 . Furthermore , the Mission agreed that shorter policy briefs on each of these topics would be written by the research team and disseminated to the public . For the economic impact studies , it was confirmed that planned qualitative follow-up work will be undertaken by June 2012 . 40 . The Programme has recently engaged the services of another firm to undertake a separate impact evaluation in seven districts in which co-responsibilities are being piloted with the objective of determining if co-responsibilities improve impact on outcomes of interest for the Programme . The survey will also assess the effectiveness of the targeting system in those locations . This firm is expected to undertake a baseline study in AprillMay", "spans": [{"start": 8, "end": 63, "text": "baseline survey for selected districts in the Programme", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 91, "end": 110, "text": "second panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 168, "end": 192, "text": "third round panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "global patterns that are consistent with patterns observed when using other global databases such as the _World Development Indicators_ database of the World Bank . < sup > 20 < / sup > * * Sample Size . * * I2D2 includes about 1 , 500 survey / census samples . However , wages are only reported for two-thirds of them . We restrict our analysis to workers aged between 18 and 67 with data on age and education . The baseline sample that we obtain includes 24 , 437 , 020 individuals from 1 , 073 surveys and 11 censuses in 145 countries from 19902016 ( median = 6 ; mean = 7 . 5 ; min = 1 ; max = 44 ) . We include surveys from the 1990s to increase sample size . The 145 countries comprise 95 % of the world ’ s population . * * Variables . * * Data are available on the monthly wage , age , and number of years of education . For a substantial subsample , information is available for the hourly wage , the number of hours worked , and the employment status ( e . g . , self-employed or paid employee ) . Note that I2D2 calculates the wage of self-employed individuals as the amount of salary taken from the business . Next , we calculate _potential work experience_ > 17We use the expanded December 2017 vintage of the database . > 18World Bank ( 2013 ) writes that I2D2 ’ s aim is “ to provide the World Bank and its client countries reliable micro economic data that is in an easy to use format . The data will be used to calculate a variety of indices and in the future can be used for complex economic analysis . The micro level data will be strictly confidential ; however , the aggregate data can and will be used for information and research purposes . ” 19World Bank ( 2013 ) writes : “ In practice we frequently see samples sizes of 10 , 000 . ” > 20They find that the samples are globally representative in terms of per capita income , age structure , education , and self-employment . The Mincerian R-squareds are also not too different", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 638, "text": "surveys from the 1990s", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1348, "end": 1367, "text": "micro economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Digital Economy Acceleration Project ( P170941 ) # # # * * ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS * * | AWPB | Annual workplan and budget | | - - - | - - - | | CTM | Commercial Transaction Manual | | DLP | Digital LiteracyProgram | | EARDIP SOP | Eastern Africa Regional Digital Integration Project ( EARDIP ) Series of Projects | | EDRMS | Electronic Digital Records Management System | | eTIMS | electronic Tax Invoice Management System | | Gbit / s | Gigabitsper second | | GoK | Government of Kenya | | ICTA | Information Communications TechnologyAuthority | | IGRP | Integrated Government Resource Platform | | IPF | Investment Project Financing | | KDEAP | Kenya Digital EconomyAcceleration Project | | KES | Kenya Shillings | | LEO | Low-Earth Orbit | | MCDA | Ministries , Counties , Departments and Agencies | | MICDE | Ministryof Information , Communications and Digital Economy | | MPA | Multi-phase Programmatic Approach | | MTR | Mid-Term Review | | NEMIS | National Educational Management Information System | | NOFBI | National Optical Fiber Backbone Infrastructure | | NT | National Treasury | | OGN | One Government Network | | PAD | Project Appraisal Document | | PCM | Private Capital Mobilization | | PDO | Project Development Objective | | PIU | Project Implementation Unit | | PSC | Project SteeringCommittee | | QCBS | Quality - and Cost-Based Selection | | STEP | Systematic Trackingof Exchanges in Procurement | | UCS | Unifed Communication System | | US $ | United States Dollars | | WBGRI | World Bank GroupResults Indicators | Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has achieved this DLI * * by * * recruiting and deploying a total of * * 5 , 000 * * teachers to primary schools with the highest teacher shortage . Under the Investment Project Financing ( IPF ) and Additional Financing ( AF ) components , the Commission was allocated funds to ; monitor the achievement of the DLI , procurement of * * ICT * * equipment , procurement of teacher robust management system , review of teacher recruitment , management and development process and development of an action plan to address any gender gaps . procure Technical Assistance to Analyze TPAD data and to procure Technical Assistance to measure teacher proficiency at midterm and endline of the Program . The challenge faced in implementation of IPF and * * AF * * activities was non completion of all the procurement activities due to non-responsiveness of tenders . These activities have been rolled over to the financial year * * 2025 / 26 . * * xi", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 586, "text": "TPAD data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK ) ( P161387 ) * * Comments * * No progress expected at this stage . ► DLI 15 DLR4a : Plan adopted for GHRIS to be enhanced to handle consolidated HR data from MDAs which interfaces with IFMIS ( Output , 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | Date | - - | - - | - - | - - | | * * Comments * * | A consultancy is underway , | funded from KADP , to sup | port the preparation of plan f | or the GHRIS . | ► DLI 16 DLR4b : Number of MDAs whose payroll data has been uploaded to GHRIS and are up to date . ( Outcome , 18 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | Date | - - | - - | - - | - - | | * * Comments * * | No progress expect | ed at this stage . | | | ► DLI 17 DLR 5 . 1 : The percentage ( % ) of MDAs the National Treasury has reviewed the quality of Annual Financial Statements generated from IFMIS and has submitted to the OAG within 4 months . ( Output , 8 , 000 , 000 . 00", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 757, "text": "payroll data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Total * * < br > * * Table 23 . Credit status * * | | - - - | | * * Totally paid * * < br > 21 . 9 % | | * * In payment process * * < br > 65 . 0 % | | * * Without using it * * < br > 13 . 1 % | | * * Total * * < br > * * 100 % * * | | * * Source : ENDESFI * * | # D . What is the problem with being unbanked in Mexico ? There are no formal studies of the costs paid by Mexicans as a result of having such a large percentage of the population outside of the banking system , but there are good reasons to believe that these costs could be significant . They must , for example , pay extra fees to pay their utility bills through a bank . The 83 % who are paid by check must pay , direct commissions or through favors and time to cash salary checks . Focus group interviews and cost surveys carried out as part of a World Bank survey of Mexico City ’ s unbanked suggest that households earning below median income ( about U . S . $ 2 , 500 ) can spend up to $ 100 – or 0 . 5 % per year on such extra fees , not counting the time lost – a heavy burden for persons dependent on daily wages . In addition , the lack of a deposit account can make it difficult for households to build assets . The households may lack a safe place to guard any financial savings that they may have . More importantly , one ’ s access to formal-sector credit is linked to the maintenance of a bank account . And credit can be used to acquire such non-financial assets as a home or an automobile , to smooth consumer purchases over time , or to finance small business activities . The cost of credit outside the formal banking system is high , as the data in Box 1 , below . Finally , all Mexicans may pay a price as", "spans": [{"start": 1632, "end": 1645, "text": "data in Box 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : Comparison of reported secondary jobs by activity type : 7 day versus 12 month recall , 2009 / 10 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12 month recall 7 day recall < br > Family worker-farm 317 533 < br > Family worker-nonfarm 119 125 < br > Own account-farm 435 < br > 359 < br > Own account-nonfarm 401 < br > 437 < br > Public wage 18 58 < br > Private non-farm wage 133 444 < br > Private farm wage 246 684 < br > 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 < br > Number of observations < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Source : * * Authors calculations based on the UNPS 2009 / 10 . Using only short recall affects other indicators and analyses as well . One common indicator prepared as an alternative to the ILO defined unemployment measure is _underemployment_ . This concept is used because few people in a low-income country can afford to be completely without work , although they may not > 16The Uganda National Panel Survey ( UNPS ) 2009 / 10 is a follow up of a randomly selected sub-sample of the UNHS 2005 / 06 . It is the latest survey with available data that captures multiple activities in different recall periods . However , the national representativeness of this data is compromised by high attrition , which could be non-random from the perspective of employments characteristics of those who attritted . While the structure of primary employment [ weighted with attrition adjusted weights ] from the data is similar to that in the UNHS 2009 / 10 , the paper uses unweighted statistics from the survey and only provides a sample interpretation of the statistics to analyze how respondents in the sample varied their responses to questions with different reference periods . 19", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 606, "text": "UNPS 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 929, "end": 957, "text": "Uganda National Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1033, "end": 1047, "text": "UNHS 2005 / 06", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1478, "end": 1492, "text": "UNHS 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "027 | | | | | | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | | Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Observations | 102056 | 102056 | 102056 | 102056 | 102056 | 102056 | | Firms | 11764 | 11764 | 11764 | 11764 | 11764 | 11764 | | R-squared | 0 . 121 | 0 . 118 | 0 . 072 | 0 . 121 | 0 . 119 | 0 . 076 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . Measures of Germany ’ s specialization refer to the period 1994-2004 . TFPR is estimated using the method in Levinsohn and Petrin ( 2003 ) . Border is a dummy variable that takes value 1 if a firm is in one of the three regions bordering Germany : Dolnoslaskie , Lubuskie and Zachodniopomorskie . Standard errors in parentheses clustered at 2-digit industry level . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level , and * * * 1 % level . Table A . 11 : Effects of EU accession on firm performance across sectors | Dep . variable : Log TFPR | ( 1 ) < br > All | ( 2 ) < br > Low labor-intensity | ( 2 ) < br > High labor-intensity | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Post 2000 # Exports share Ger ( log ) | 0 . 017 * * | - 0 . 003 | 0 . 028 * * | | | ( 0 . 008 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | | Pos 2004 # Exports share Ger ( log ) | 0 . 083 * * * | 0 . 071 * | 0 . 090 * * * | | | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 024", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 408, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Plasmodium falciparum_ malaria for 2007 . These estimates are then compared with those derived under existing surveillance-based approaches to arrive at the final data used in the malaria mapping ( Hay et al . , 2009 ) . < u > ( http : / / www . map . ox . ac . uk / media / maps / pdf / mean / World_mean . pdf , accessed 2011 ) < / u > Malaria maps generally separate the malaria endemicity into three broad categories by _Plasmodium falciparum_ parasite rate ( PfPR ) , a commonly reported index of malaria transmission intensity : PfPR < 5 % as _low_ endemicity , PfPR 5 % - 40 % as _medium / intermediate_ endemicity , and PfPR > 40 % as _high_ endemicity . In the _low_ endemicity category , there may not be much use of DDT as other measures of vector control can be generally adequate to eliminate malaria . In the _medium / intermediate_ endemicity range one can expect to see the use of Insecticide Treated Nets ( ITN ) / Long-lasting insecticide treated nets ( LLIN ) along with targeted IRS to interrupt malaria transmission . In the _high_ endemicity range , however , DDT is likely to have widespread use in IRS . In this study , global mapping techniques were used to estimate population exposed to DDT . This involves combining spatial information of endemicity areas and administrative areas and then summarizing the estimates of population by the combined areas . < sup > 15 < / sup > First , the malaria endemicity maps were overlaid on global population maps from Landscan 2005 < sup > 16 < / sup > ( Dobson , 2000 ) and country-level population exposure in the three endemicity areas were then computed . Figure 1 presents country level estimates of the population exposure to DDT that is expressed by Malaria endemicity categories in 71 countries known for malaria prevalence . Table 3 summarizes the vulnerable population estimates for each category of malaria intensity by presenting the top-10 malaria cases based on total exposed population . # * * [ Insert Figure 1 ] * * > 15 Due to the spatial reference of the data and the number of observations in the", "spans": [{"start": 1416, "end": 1439, "text": "malaria endemicity maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1485, "end": 1498, "text": "Landscan 2005", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # # # # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # # # # # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis and consultation during policy design has contributed to instability and unpredictability of the tax regime , while widespread tax exemptions cost the tax system about 4-5 percent of GDP each year ( World Bank , 2018 ) . A combination of these factors has created perceptions of unfairness and disincentivized taxpayer compliance . Tax administration is undermined by gaps and inefficiencies , with Uganda Revenue Authority ( URA ) still operating with information and communications technology ( ICT ) systems , infrastructure and an organizational structure in need of modernization and improvements to match current challenges . URA also has gaps in human resource capacity , as well as in knowledge and skills in critical areas like international taxation , audit and enforcement . Moreover , limited access to third-party data combined with weaknesses in internal data management constrain URA ’ s ability to improve compliance using modern risk-based approaches . To boost its revenue effort , Government has started implementing a four-year Domestic Revenue Mobilization Strategy ( DRM-S ) , commissioned in October 2019 . The DRM-S , aims to improve the tax system by closing gaps in tax policy and improve productivity of tax instruments , enhance the administration of domestic revenues , and undertake actions to improve the social contract . The key cross cutting measure relates to improving the fiscal oversight and transparency of tax expenditures . With support from World Bank and other development partners , GoU is developing a Fiscal Governance Framework to streamline the authorizing environment , and better target the use of tax expenditures by assessing the efficiency and equity of tax exemptions . < sup > 12 < / sup > The framework covers four key pillars ( i ) a publicly accessible repository system of all tax relief measures ; ( ii ) tools for quantifying revenue forgone , with a clearly benchmarked tax system ; ( iii ) tools for assessing efficiency impact and equity ; ( iv ) a governance framework for the authorization , budgeting and disclosure of tax expenditures . # # # 19 . * * Spending pressures continued to rise in the first", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 840, "text": "third-party data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in documentation exercise - It is vital to have clear budget or source of finance for paying compensation as it will not be a challenge when it comes to project implementation - The program will try to avoid any structure , rerouting the Row , unless necessary to do so . - EEU has documented the process of compensation for HV lines and including sex , age disaggregated data for HV-transmission line projects , such experiences might be utilized AF-ELEAP . - Strong and readily accessible grievance redressal mechanisms were available for parent ELEAP < u > program . Including institutional capacity strengthening of implementing sectors . < / u > - * * Threats * * : - Down to the earth implementation of compensation to affected people is largely depends on the power of the affected individual or protective stance of local leaders , which has risk of making vulnerable groups not benefit from his / her compensation right - EEU ’ s compensation policy that explicitly states that it does not pay compensation for distribution line ( LV ) related land acquisitions , crop or tree losses . - No special considerations for high-risk groups such as women , children , the elderly , ethnic minorities , indigenous people , landless , & those living under the poverty to ensure that they are benefiting from the project * * Risks * * : The risk is relatively low , since minimal land acquisition for on-grid distribution line or AF-ELEAP last mile connection activities . Yet in the event of crop or perennial fruit tree loss the impact on individual livelihoods could be substantial . EEU or its contractor ’ s site selections consider avoiding major impacts . Inability to consult with , rehabilitate and adequately compensate affected people while acquiring land or erasing crops / trees for the project activities will adversely affect livelihoods and living standards of affected people . Given the limited scope of investment activities , * * these risks are deemed to be moderate . * * # # # * * Annex 1 . 5 Core Principle 5 : Indigenous Peoples and Vulnerable Groups", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 376, "text": "sex , age disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 % of municipality-years have an average payment delay above 30 days , and many are above 45 or even 60 days . Overall , approximately 15 % of the total amount paid in the procurement of goods and materials in recent years is made in more than 30 days . In Figure 10 , we present a map of the regions in Brazil included in our paper and color municipalities according to their average payment delay in 2018 . Consistent with the distributions we plot above , we see that the majority of municipalities are paying their suppliers on average below 30 days , which are represented in dark and light green colors . Slow paying municipalities are often spread across the geography , but some clusters are clearly seen - the northeastern part of MG , for example , in the upper part of the \" Southeast and South \" region , is home to several municipalities that pay on average in more than 30 days . < sup > 27 < / sup > This is also a region of lower-income municipalities , which suggests that perhaps payment delays are consistently correlated with local income – either because these are areas of lower state capacity or because local governments face budget constraints , for example . We first document that , in that raw data , this relationship seems to be present : in Figure 11 , we document a negative correlation between a municipality ’ s per capita GDP and their average payment delay – those with higher incomes pay their suppliers systematically faster . We then present in Table 5 a series of regressions documenting that this relationship is robust to other measures of payment timeliness . In all specifications , we control for the log of population and include state and year fixed-effects . In column ( 1 ) , we show that municipalities with 1 log-point higher income ( which is roughly moving from the 1st to 3rd quartile in the per capita GDP distribution ) pay their suppliers on average 1 . 7 days faster - this is approximately an 8 % increase in payment timeliness when compared to the sample mean of 21 payment delay . While the average payment delay is important , it", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1228, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "missions ; and ( b ) training of the procurement staff in the implementing agencies under the project . 47 . Procurement for the proposed Project at the national level will be conducted by the UETCL and the MEMD , for whom procurement capacity has been built under the predecessor IDA-supported projects . The key risks are : ( i ) slow processing of procurement ; ( ii ) limited experience in the selection of consultants using IDA procurement procedures ; ( iii ) the inadequate structure of the UETCL Procurement Unit to conduct procurement ; ( iv ) inadequate staffing in the technical departments to support the procurement and contract management ; and ( v ) inadequate monitoring of procurement progress . These risks shall be mitigated by : ( a ) establishment of a procurement monitoring system in UETCL and MEMD ; ( ii ) recruitment of additional staff / consultants in the technical departments in UETCL and MEMD ; ( iii ) revision of the structure of the Procurement Unit in UETCL ; ( iv ) establishment of a contract management system in UETCL and MEMD ; and ( v ) continued training of UETCL and MEMD staff in procurement . # # * * E . Social ( including safeguards ) * * 48 . The proposed Project will finance a new 220 kV transmission line with a length of 137 km between Masaka and Kawanda , which has implications on access to land and other assets on it . Therefore , to mitigate the social impacts associated with land acquisition , a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) consistent with national and World Bank Group standards was prepared and disclosed both in-country and at the World Bank Infoshop in December 2010 . The project was initially categorized as B , as its environmental impacts are moderate and the initial census indicated some 6-7 , 000 project-affected people , of which about 10 percent would have to be permanently resettled . During project preparation , both the technical work and census 13", "spans": [{"start": 1732, "end": 1746, "text": "initial census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> rate . Let _Wi_ / < sup > _W_ < / sup > _i EGS_ be the relative wage in state _I_ , where _Wi_ is the wage rate in the ( non-PW ) casual labor market and _Wi EGS_ is the MGNREGS wage rate . The correlation coefficient between ln ( _Wi_ / < sup > _W_ < / sup > _i EGS_ ) and un-met demand ( _EDi_ ) is – 0 . 558 which is significant at the 1 % level . < sup > 24 < / sup > However , there are two reasons to question whether this really reflects greater tightening of the casual labor market in states where there is less un-met demand for work on the scheme . First , the implied relative wage rate at zero rationing is too high to be believed . We postulate that the relative wage depends on the excess demand as follows : < sup > 25 < / sup > The expected value of the log relative wage rate when all demand for work on MGNEGS has been satisfied is then given by  . Using the data in Table 1 and 5 , the estimated value of  is 0 . 398 ( st . error = 0 . 105 ) and the estimate of  is – 1 . 777 ( st . error = 0 . 519 ; R < sup > 2 < / sup > = 0 . 311 . ) This implies that , when all demand for work is satisfied , the market wage rate would be 50 % higher than the MGNREGS wage rate . < sup > 26 < / sup > Yet the work is very similar , and there is no obvious reason why such a differential would exist in equilibrium . Second , the excess demand variable could well be picking up some other factor correlated with it . Following our discussion in section 2 , poverty is a plausible candidate . Adding the poverty rate to equation ( 5 ) , we find that the effect of excess demand becomes insignificant ( prob . = 0 . 19 ) while the poverty rate is significant ( a coefficient of 0 . 828 , with st", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 902, "text": "data in Table 1 and 5", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ * * Figure 22 : Land Tenure System * * # # # * * 3 . 1 . 18 . Source of Water * * Access to safe water and good sanitation are very crucial to the health of the population . Use of unsafe water sources coupled with poor sanitation poses one of the greatest threats to health . Hence universal access to safe water and sanitation is a key priority of the Government of Uganda . The 2002 Census showed that 61 % of the households had access to safe water sources compared to 26 % in 1991 , representing a 35 % point ’ s increase . Despite the improvement , the current levels are still below the PEAP targets of 100 % and 90 % for urban and rural areas respectively by 2007 / 08 and the MDG target of 80 % for all areas by the year 2015 . Results from the study indicate that 38 % of the people from Hoima use spring water while only 30 % use boreholes . * * Figure 23 : Main Source of Water * * One of the barriers to use of safe water is the long distances to the sources . In Uganda the responsibility of fetching water mainly lies with women and children and reduces the time they have available to productively engage in other activities including income generation and household activities for women ; education and other childhood activities for children ; and leisure for both women and children . From the community meeting in all the three project areas it reported that mostly wives , girl children and female heads of households are the ones engaged in fetching Page 34", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 478, "text": "2002 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "operating budgets of BPO-ITO companies . Getting that subsidized will enable the companies to bid for new contracts more aggressively as it relates to pricing . The rationale of making the first payment after 4 months of employment is because Jordanian employees must register at Social Security Corporation by the end of their third employment month . Once registered , the commitment of the employer to retain them in the medium term becomes much higher . This will ensure higher retention rate for new employees supported by the project . The project will ask for the social security records of new employees to process payments . * * Support increasing access to new market opportunities for digital firms ( US $ 4 million ) : 21 . * * The project will support building linkages between Jordanian digital firms and potential buyers and investors in regional / global markets , to provide access to market and investments . * * 22 . Support to digital firms : * * Support the business development efforts of digital firms ( focusing on ITO-BPO businesses ) aimed at securing new contracts from target markets in the GCC countries , Europe , Page 73 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 594, "text": "social security records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Yes / No | | DMO ' s are now physically < br > separate from ERA , and the < br > regulation for establishment of the < br > Corporation has been submitted to < br > Minister of Councils for approval | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 20-May-2011 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P091077 | IDA-43150 | Effective | 31-May-2007 | 08-Jun-2007 | 21-Aug-2007 | 30-Jun-2015 | | P091077 | TF-56516 | Effective | 31-Dec-2007 | 31-Dec-2007 | 31-Dec-2007 | 31-Dec-2011 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * Page 5 of 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evidence about the effectiveness of different policies . The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications and directions for future research . # * * 2 . Data * * We rely on data from the first wave of the Business Pulse Surveys ( BPS ) developed by the World Bank Group ( WBG ) to measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the private sector ( ApedoAmah et al . , 2020 ) , as well as the COVID-19 follow-up rounds of the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . < sup > 2 < / sup > This novel harmonized data set offers the most comprehensive assessment of the short-term impact of the shock ( from April through August 2020 ) . The sample includes more than 120 , 000 businesses in 60 low - , middle - , and high-income countries in the six regions where the WBG is present . < sup > 3 < / sup > The sample covers micro , small , medium , and large businesses across all main sectors ( agriculture , manufacturing , retail , and other services , including construction ) . The questionnaire collects information on business performance through the COVID-19 shock on some critical economic dimensions : operations of the business , sales , liquidity and insolvency , labor adjustments , firms ’ responses , and expectations and uncertainty about the future ( Apedo-Amah et al . , 2020 ) . Businesses are asked about their preferred mechanisms of support during the pandemic . We grouped these mechanisms in the following categories of policy instruments : monetary transfers , deferral of payments , access to finance , support with tax obligations , wage subsidies , and others . < sup > 4 < / sup > Businesses are also surveyed on whether they have received any of these mechanisms of support > 2Source : Enterprise Surveys , The World Bank , http : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org . > 3The survey covers East Asia and Pacific ( EAP ) , Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) , Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) , Middle East and North-Africa ( MNA ) , South Asia ( SAR ) , and Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) .", "spans": [{"start": 217, "end": 239, "text": "Business Pulse Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 438, "end": 467, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ - _ii ) Public consultations : _ Public consultations with City , Zonal , sub-city , Woreda and local officials and institutions , PAPs , women , youth and elders , civil society and NGOs were conducted in the assessment process . In doing so , the discussions enabled stakeholders to understand anticipated risks , impacts , and opportunities of the subproject . The series of discussions allowed stake holders to express their views and perceptions for consideration for consideration during the implementation of the subproject . - _iii ) Identification of socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures : _ Key potentially beneficial as well as adverse impacts on the socio-economic environment associated with the construction and operation phases of the subproject are identified and quantified where possible . The assessment has identified and recommended feasible and cost-effective mitigation and benefit enhancement measures . Finally , key issues and impacts , which are of importance in terms of affecting the overall Socio-Economic performance of the Subproject have been highlighted in the summary and conclusion sections . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 2 . 2 Methodology * * In order to meet the objectives of the assessment , five methods have been employed by the consultant . These methods are described as follows : - _i ) Structured household survey : _ It was employed to gather information on the existing natural and socio-economic resources ; and socio-cultural ( land use , development activities , community structure , employment , distribution of income , goods and services , recreation , public health , cultural properties , ethnicity , costumes , etc . Structured survey questionnaire was used to generate quantitative data from sampled households . _Sampling Procedure and Sample Size : _ Based on findings of Environmental and Social Impact Screening ( ESIS ) report ( 2023 ) , three Woredas ( two from", "spans": [{"start": 1536, "end": 1563, "text": "Structured household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with support of legal experts to draft reforms that integrate the different legal systems . The policies should also guide on the expansion of the national digital registry , particularly in conflict-affected areas , this will help documentation of HLP ownership and provide longterm solutions for safeguarding property records , even in times of conflict or disaster . 5 . * * Addressing Gender Disparities and Supporting Marginalized Communities in accessing HLP rights * * : This will increase social equity and protection for vulnerable populations , particularly women and marginalized groups who are disproportionately affected by displacement . Ensuring that women , especially widows , divorced women , and femaleheaded households , have access to HLP rights will empower them economically and reduce their vulnerability to exploitation and discrimination . To achieve this , the Legal reforms must explicitly protect women ’ s inheritance and ownership rights , clarifying the interactions with customary laws to ensure that discriminatory practices do not prevent them from accessing these HLP rights . Secondly , protection cluster through the HLP AoR as well as other clusters should target gate keepers who oven perpetuates some of the discriminations such as targeted evictions with other livelihood opportunities as well as work closely with local governments and traditional leaders or elders . 6 . * * Preventing Forced Evictions and Enhancing Accountability : * * By ensuring that evictions comply with national laws and international standards , vulnerable individuals will be less likely to experience homelessness or lose their livelihoods as a result of eviction . This will enhance stability in displacement-affected areas and improve the overall protection environment . To achieve this , the legal analysis should lead to enactment of binding laws that protect arbitrary evictions . While this may take long , the HCT and Protection cluster should continue Advocating with the office of the prime minister , that of the mayor of for the implementation of the National Eviction Guidelines and ensure that evictions are monitored to prevent abuse . More so , through protection cluster particular the HLP AoR and government and partners , Legal assistance should be provided to IDPs facing", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 172, "text": "national digital registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "social interaction are important , in large cities associational forms are sturdier than everyday forms of engagement , especially when confronted with attempts by politicians to polarize people on ethnic lines . # * * Quadrant 4 - Coping : Poorly Functioning State , Abundant Cross-Cutting Ties * * Societies with higher levels of cross-cutting ties rather than deep social cleavages and ineffective or co-opted states are characterized by the substitution of the formal system by informal systems . If the state is not totalitarian or coercive , societies may not disintegrate into widespread crime , violence or war , but large segments of society are left to their own devices to cope in the best ways they can . Richard Rose ( 1995 ) uses the term \" hour-glass society \" to describe such societies , like Russia during the transition . There is a rich social life at the base , consisting of strong informal networks relying on trust between friends , relatives and other face-to-face groups and which may include friends of friends . At the top of the hour glass , there is rich political and social life , as elites compete for power , wealth and prestige . There is co-operation within and between elites and formal institutions as the elites use the resources of the state for their own betterment . The narrow mid-point of the hour-glass insulates individuals from the influence of the state , and citizens can be described as \" negatively integrated \" from the demands of potentially oppressive state . The state on the other hand tolerates small-scale \" rogue \" organizations as long as they do not interfere with the affairs of the state . Using data from the New Russia Barometer , a nation-wide survey , Rose documents that only one in eight reported that they earned enough from their official jobs to meet their basic needs . The majority get by because in addition to the official economy , they rely on a multiplicity of unofficial economies such as growing food , exchanging help and services with friends , having a second job or depending on tips and bribes . There is a vast disconnect between the rich social mechanisms and exchanges at the bottom and local formal institutions . Three-quarters", "spans": [{"start": 1673, "end": 1693, "text": "New Russia Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 | | * * Undertaking * * < br > * * Baseline * * < br > * * Noise * * < br > * * and Air Quality * * < br > * * measurement * * | < br > Gap < br > in < br > baseline < br > analysis results that < br > may < br > result < br > in < br > grievances and a gap < br > in monitoring | s < br > Undertake < br > baseline < br > air < br > quality and noise survey < br > within the project site . At < br > least 2 points per kilometer | ur < br > Baseline < br > Air < br > and < br > Noise < br > quality < br > assessment report | < br > Available Noise < br > and Air quality < br > assessment < br > report . | < br > Contractor | Prior to the < br > start of the < br > Project | 400 , 000 | | * * Preparing ESIAs * * < br > * * for * * < br > * * the * * < br > * * borrow * * < br > * * pits , Camp-sites , * * < br > * * Batch plants etc * * | < br >  Legal implications < br > due < br > to < br > lack < br > of < br > adhering < br > to < br > the < br > laws . < br >  Project stoppage by < br > the < br > Environment < br > department < br >  Project < br > delay < br > prompting < br > social < br > issues . | isclo < br >  Prior < br > identification < br > of < br > material sites , campsites etc < br > that require an EIA license < br > in order to develop /", "spans": [{"start": 338, "end": 362, "text": "quality and noise survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by Ministry of Women Affairs and co-chaired by SEMA as a strategy to gradually making sure the SGBV programme is integrated into government available services . UNHCR and protection partners JRS , CARITAS and FJDP continue to take lead in in implementation . Other stakeholders include , * * NCFRMI , Rhema Care , NRCS , FHI360 , SCI , CUSO international and Mediatrix . * * In coordination with the Ministry of Women Affairs , SEMA , NCFRMI , Rhema Care and CARITAS . The dignity kits assessment was conducted with women and girls of reproductive age whereby six FGDs in Adagom , Adagom III and Ukende settlements . The assessment aimed at informing the basic hygiene practice and constraints women and girls face when accessing basic needs including dignity kits materials . The discussion was also a platform to understand the quality , preference ; and risks women and girls face related to other basic needs of WASH , safety and security among other needs . In participation were Women aged 19 - 49 and girls aged 11-18 years . UNHCR continues to coordinate with partners in other location through continued assessment that will help inform and improve programming in provision of dignity kit materials . * * 11 * * @ unhcrnigeriapage @ unhcrnigeria @ unhcr_nigeria http : / / www . unhcr . ng / | https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / nga", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > 2 < / sup > to over 13 kmph , < sup > 3 < / sup > comparable to East Africa ; in the parts less travelled and with poorer-quality roads , velocity is consistent with central African countries * * Table 3 . Time and costs associated with transport within Sudan * * | Route | Mode of transport < br > Time ( days ) | Implicit velocity | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Khartoum – < br > Malakal | Road and river < br > 7 | 4 . 7 | | | Road < br > 5 | 6 . 7 | | Khartoum – < br > Juba | Road and river < br > 13 . 5 | 6 . 3 | | | Road < br > 7 . 5 | 11 . 4 | | _Source : _AICD c < br > and FAO ( 2005 | alculations based on data from Yoshino and oth < br > ) , and Keer - MISC ( 2007 ) . | ers ( 2009 ) , UNJLC | ( table 2 ) . Overall , freight in Sudan moves at the pace of a horse and buggy . Poor road transport connectivity between Sudan and South Sudan requires the use of multimodal transport during half the year and is associated with lengthy transit times . Roads , particularly during the > 2 This is the estimated velocity of traffic between Khartoum to Kosti . > 3 This is the estimated velocity of traffic between Khartoum and Port Sudan . > < sup > 10 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 648, "text": "data from Yoshino and oth", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", before businesses go bankrupt ; ( b ) relevant , so that the Facility offers reliable and impactful protection ; ( c ) objective and possible to audit , to avoid subjective analysis ; ( d ) cost-effective ; and ( e ) available over a long time horizon so that the likelihoods of triggers can be analyzed to support budget requirements . For example , triggers could be based ( i ) a regional weather index for drought or flood issued by a national or international agency or ( ii ) market price index of inputs and outputs . After a trigger event , the Facility will alert PFI / MSME that they have access to the credit . PFIs will then pay back the Facility as per the agreed terms . # * * 20 . MSMEs broad eligibility Criteria : * * 11", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 428, "text": "regional weather index for drought or flood", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 484, "end": 524, "text": "market price index of inputs and outputs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "municipal solid waste in China ; in 2007 , over 80 % of the disposed municipal solid waste was land filled , about 15 % was incinerated , and about 2 . 6 % was composted ( China Statistic Yearbook , 2008 ) . Even though the pace of China ’ s solid waste management improvement is significant , China has been unable to keep up with the growing demand for waste service coverage , the environmental requirement for safe disposal systems , and the rationalization of costeffectiveness in service delivery ( World Bank , 2005 ) . Most of its landfill sites do not satisfy the national pollution control standard ( Huang et al . , 2006 ) . There is also obvious regional disparity in municipal solid waste treatment capacities . The municipal solid waste disposal ratio varies significantly between the well-developed eastern coastal provinces , such as Beijing ( 95 . 73 % ) , Jiangsu ( 86 . 7 % ) and Zhejiang ( 87 . 4 % ) , and those less developed areas located in the inland , such as Heilongjiang ( 22 . 97 % ) and Gansu ( 26 . 32 % ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > There are even more difficulties in providing residential solid waste management service in rural areas in China . Ye and Qin ( 2008 ) indicate that ― the majority of local authorities at the township and the village level fail to provide the ( solid waste treatment ) services for their constituencies ‖ , and this is ― particularly true after the rural tax reform , which resulted in all rural direct taxes and fees being removed in the early 2000s to lower tax burdens on farmers . ‖ They estimated that in 2005 alone , 280 million tons of garbage was produced in rural China , > 8 Most Chinese municipal solid waste generation data is presented in three categories ; municipal , industrial , and hazardous waste . ― Municipal waste ‖ usually includes residential , institutional , commercial , street cleaning , and non-process waste from industries . In some cases , construction and demolition waste is also included and can dramatically skew the generation rate , especially in times of", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 196, "text": "China Statistic Yearbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1650, "end": 1695, "text": "Chinese municipal solid waste generation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their excess reserves while ministries of finance are actively managing their foreign currency risk without having counterparty risk and by minimizing the operational cost and risk . In fact , the analysis indicates that the ALM approach allows sovereigns first to benefit from natural hedges without a specific need for modelling , then to optimize the reserve portfolio ensuring that higher level objectives of reserve management have been met . It is important to note with caution that even though ALM could address several concerns and reduce FX risk , the amount of external debt is influenced by the degree of domestic debt market development . As almost all the government revenues are denominated in domestic currency , access to international markets is limited and exchange rate fluctuations have been an important source of concern , it might be a natural hedging mechanism for many developing and emerging countries to issue in local currency denominated debt . However , as indicated by the joint The World Bank and the IMF Government Bond Markets Handbook , developing a deeper and more liquid local currency capital market is a long and dynamic process which requires a stable and credible macroeconomic policy framework ; sound fiscal and monetary policies ; effective legal , tax , and regulatory infrastructure ; smooth and secure settlement arrangements ; and a liberalized financial system with competing intermediaries . Therefore , for almost all developing and > 18 Several countries in the sample have received advisory services from the World Bank Treasury in debt and reserves management , potentially contributing to a greater awareness of asset and liability matching already . 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Half a Century of Development Economics , a Review Based on the _Handbook of Development Economics_ # by Jean Waelbroeck # Table of Contents # * * 1 ) Introduction * * # * * 2 ) Structuring the Presentation : Policy Consensuses and Academic Paradigms * * # * * 3 ) The Indian Cong ] ress Consensus * * # * * 4 ) The Dual Economy Development Paradigm * * # * * 5 ) Neo-Radical Ideas , an Aborted . . . or a Dormant Paradigm ? * * - 5 . 1 ) Dependency Theory and Exploitation - 5 . 2 ) Latin American Structuralism - 5 . 3 ) Streeten on the Embryo of a Possible World State - 5 . 4 ) An Aborted Paradigm ? # * * 6 ) Questioning the Dual Development Paradigm * * - 6 . 1 ) Does a Large Labor Market Failure Exist ? - 6 . 2 ) That World Markets Cannot Accommodate Southern Exports is Wrong ; the \" Four Dragons Consensus \" # 7 ) * * Half a Century of Historical Experience and Data * * - 7 . 1 ) Experiments by Nature - 7 . 2 ) \" Stylized Facts \" of Development and the Fashion for Cross-Country Regressions - 7 . 3 ) Survey-Based Studies Data and the New Micro Econometrics - 7 . 4 ) The Emergence of Today ' s Homo Economicus - 7 . 5 ) Modelling General Equilibrium # * * 8 ) Development Economics and the Rational Agent Paradigm * * # * * 9 ) Growth Accounting as a Cumulation of Entrepreneurial Gains * * - 9 . 1 ) Population and Labor Force Growth - 9 . 2 ) Rural-Urban Migration and the Job Opportunities of Migrants - 9 . 3 ) The Supply of Human Capital and Its Use - 9 . 4 ) Private Saving and Its Intermediation - 9 . 5 ) Foreign Capital and Its Intermediation - 9 . 6 ) Technological Progress and Its Implementation 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The wave of LSLBI triggered by the 2007 / 08 commodity boom spawned many descriptive case studies . These studies generally support the notion that LSLBI can increase output and create positive external effects for small producers if ( i ) large and small farms do not compete for land or other resources but complement each other ( e . g . , by large farms providing ancillary infrastructure ) and there are no negative externalities ; < sup > 9 < / sup > ( ii ) large farms increase productivity ( Dubbert 2019 ) or labor demand ( Nolte & Ostermeier 2017 ) , e . g . , through investment in irrigation ( Schuenemann _et al . _ 2017 ) , high-value production < mark > ( Negash & Swinnen 2013 ) , or < / mark > agro-processing ; and ( iii ) institutional arrangements , such as contract farming ( Hall _et al . _ 2017 ) rather than increase skills and benefits beyond what is observed for wage labor - though better endowed individuals may still reap disproportional benefits ( Boamah & Overa 2016 ) . Case studies also suggest that public agencies may use LSLBI to pursue objectives other than that of increasing productivity < sup > 10 < / sup > and that the type of rights large farms can access and the way to obtain them will affect potential benefits . As case studies may be subject to selection bias , e . g . , by focusing on foreign investors to the detriment of locals ( Jayne _et al . _ 2019 ) even if the latter comprise the vast majority of ventures and area ( Hausermann _et al . _ 2018 ) , complete geo-referenced concession inventories , overlaid with existing household or farm surveys , provide a more representative way of exploring and testing welfare and productivity effects of LSLBI on neighboring households . Studies using this methodology have been conducted in Cambodia ( Anti 2021 ) , the Lao People ’ s Democratic Republic ( Nanhthavong _et al . _ 2020 ) , Mozambique ( Deininger & Xia 2016 ; Glover & Jones 2019 ) , and Ethiopia ( Ali _et al . _ 2019a ) . Notwithstanding an interesting approach", "spans": [{"start": 1515, "end": 1552, "text": "geo-referenced concession inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1578, "end": 1603, "text": "household or farm surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity ( P163050 ) This is expected from the second year of the Program ( i . e . , July 2019 ) . The first year of the Program will Comments focus on training of cluster supervisors and key teachers . # # Improved quality # # ~ ~ < u > IN00764944 < / u > ~ ~ # # # # ► IR Indicator 6 . 3 : Average score of composite index of school inspection standards on teaching practi ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 54 . 00 | - - | Not yet due | 70 . 00 | | Date | 07-Jul-2016 | 09-May-2019 | 25-Oct-2019 | 07-Jul-2022 | | Comments | | | | | # # Improved quality # # ~ ~ < u > IN00764945 < / u > ~ ~ # # # # ► IR Indicator 6 . 4 : % of actual teaching time relative to scheduled instructional time in P1 schools ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Time-on-task survey to be < br > conducted in Year 1 and < br > Year 2 | Not available | Not available | To be determined | | Date | 06-Jul-2016 | 09-May-2019 | 25-Oct-2019 | 06-Jul-2022 | | Comments | | | | | # # Improved quality # # ~ ~ < u > IN00764946 < / u > ~ ~", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "apply pesticides will be made , their advance notification procedures for pesticide application , and how they will supply you with pesticide usage records when pesticides are applied ( see Step 10 ) . In either case , the information will help you prepare for , benchmark and track pesticide usage . The goal should be a downward trend over time or ideally , a specific reduction amount , with the end result a reduction to only very occasional usage of highly toxic pest control chemicals . * * Step Five : * * Analyse current housekeeping , maintenance and pest control practices As you prepare to make the switch to IPM , it helps tremendously to have a clear idea of your facility ’ s current policies and practices when it comes to structural maintenance , sanitation and pest control . In some cases , current practice may be in line with IPM principles . In others , you may have a long way to go . The more you know about what your facility is doing now , the better you can prepare for the necessary changes . Here are a few considerations to keep in mind as you lay the groundwork . # # * * Structural Maintenance * * One of the best ( and maybe most obvious ) ways to keep pests out of a facility is to physically stop them from entering wherever possible . As part of your regular IPM inspections , you ’ ll need to inspect cracks , crevices or other unnecessary openings in the building exterior that can be used by pests as harborage areas or entry points — no matter how small — and seal them as appropriate . Is your maintenance staff or pest management provider already doing this ? If not , who will be responsible for this activity under the IPM program ? Will training be required ? What are the cost implications ? # # * * Sanitation * * If pests can ’ t find the food and water they need in your facility , they have much less reason to be there . That ’ s why sanitation will always be one of the most powerful tools in the I", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 155, "text": "pesticide usage records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 4 / 4 MCGs | 12 ICC < br > 4 / 4 MCGs | | Minutes of MCG < br > meetings filed < br > with Directorate < br > of Special < br > Programs . | NACC . | 15", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 63, "text": "Minutes of MCG", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effect for purposes of this Agreement , and the provisions of the Third Additional Financing – IDA Financing Agreement incorporated in this Agreement pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall continue in full force and effect between the Recipient and the Bank for purposes of this Agreement following and notwithstanding such termination of the Third Additional Financing – IDA Financing Agreement . # # * * Section II . * * * * < u > Project Monitoring , Reporting and Evaluation < / u > * * - * * A . Project Reports * * 1 . The Recipient shall ensure that each Project Report is furnished to the Bank not later than sixty ( 60 ) days after the end of each calendar quarter , covering the calendar quarter . 2 . The Recipient shall : ( a ) ensure that the collection , use , and processing ( including transfers to third parties ) of any Personal Data collected under the Project shall be 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conducted our analysis of expenditure at the household level — and average household size may vary across deciles , particularly in Africa — average total expenditure at the household level may not increase as expected when moving across the household per capita expenditure distribution . # * * Service area ( SA ) * * Following Angel-Urdinola and Wodon ( 2007a ) , households are considered to have potential access to a network if they are located in a service area ( _SAh_ ) , < sup > 9 < / sup > which takes the value of 1 if other households in their neighborhood reported having water connections in a household survey . We assume that households in a _SAh_ have the option of connecting to the piped water network present in their neighborhood . The neighborhood is proxied by the enumeration area where the household is located , according to household surveys . However , this assumption may not always be correct . If a neighborhood covers a large geographical area , or if the presence of an adjacent water main varies by household , the survey figures may overestimate the actual number of households with potential access to the piped water network . We can define the ratio of all households that have potential access ( S h = 1 1 ( S h < sup > = 1 ) < / sup > ] / ) and the equivalent ratio for the poor , which is defined as the number of poor households HH HH < sup > = ∑ < / sup > that have potential access divided by the total number of poor households ( S HH [ ∑ h = 1 1 ( S h < sup > = 1 ) < / sup > ) . PP < sup > = < / sup > PP ] / PP # * * Connected ( C ) * * We set this variable to 1 if a household is connected to and drawing from the water network , and to zero otherwise . This is determined by the main source of drinking water , as self-reported in household surveys . We then define , as the share of households that are connected to the network among those", "spans": [{"start": 609, "end": 625, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 852, "end": 869, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indica | tors | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / | of | of | | Share | of age | groupi | n total | | | Pe | rcentag | e fema | leper a | gegro | up | | at location , | Age / | Sex | | residence < br > | location | location < br > | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > | 12-17 | < 18 | 18-59 < br > | 60 + > |", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN FOR BARICHO WELL FIELD PROTECTION WORKS . * * # # * * < u > MINUTES FOR PAPS CONSULTATIVE FORUM HELD ON THE 1 < / u > * * * * ~ ~ < u > 7 < / u > ~ ~ * * < sup > * * < u > th < / u > * * < / sup > * * < u > NOVEMBER 2021 AT BARICHO WATER WORKS OFFICES . < / u > * * # # * * PRESENT : * * | * * Fredrick Chembe Charo * * | * * Asst . Chief , Lango Baya Location * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Haji Massa * * | * * CWWDA * * | | * * Jonathan Mwamvula * * | | | * * Joyce Mutinda * * | | # # * * PAPs - see attached list * * # # * * < u > KEY PROJECT DATA < / u > * * | * * Client / Employer * * | Coast Water Works Development Agency ( CWWDA ) | | - - - | - - - | | * * Financing Agency * * | World Bank | # # * * < u > MINUTES < / u > * * | * * Ite * * < br > * * m * * | * * Minutes * * | * * Action By * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . * * | * * Introduction * * | | | | Mr . < br > Haji < br > called the meeting to order at 2 : 45pm . and < br > requested < br > a < br > member < br > to < br > offer < br > an <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 23 . Rule of Law in Latin America * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( a ) Crime Statistics ( b ) Institutional Quality < br > 600 3 . 0 0 . 7 < br > 500 2 . 5 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 400 2 . 0 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 300 1 . 5 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 200 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 100 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 0 . 0 0 . 3 < br > SCCEs MCCEs & SCCIs MCCIs & SCCEs MCCEs & SCCIs MCCIs & WCCIs < br > WCCEs WCCIs WCCEs < br > Homicides Kidnappings ( right axis ) Absence of corruption Police and Justice Quality < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Country groupings follow Table 2 . Homicides are based on reported cases ; kidnappings are probability estimates based on surveys ; data on corruption and institutional quality are also survey-based ( a higher number reflects better quality ) . _Source : World Justice Project , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNDOC ) and NYA International . _", "spans": [{"start": 705, "end": 749, "text": "data on corruption and institutional quality", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "declines in nighttime lights in China ( Elvidge et al . , 2020 ) , India ( Beyer , Franco-Bedoya and Galdo , 2021 ) , and Morocco ( Roberts , 2021 ) . By the same token , some scholars have taken advantage of real-time information on air pollution . Improvements in air quality during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were particularly noticeable in China and the Republic of Korea , two countries with generally poor air quality ( Liu et al . , 2020 ; Koo et al . , 2020 ; Seo et al . , 2020 ; Zhang et al . , 2020 ; Ju , Oh , and Choi , 2021 ) , but were also apparent in many cities in Sub-Saharan Africa ( Masaki et al , 2021 ) . Finally , several studies investigate the ability of Google data and food prices to track the COVID19 crisis . For example , Woloszko ( 2020 ) uses Google Trends data to track economic activity in 46 OECD and G20 countries . Abay et al . ( 2020 ) utilize Google search terms to investigate changes in demand for selected services across 182 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic . Sampi and Jooste ( 2020 ) employ Google mobility data to nowcast monthly industrial production dynamics in Latin America and the Caribbean in roughly the same period . Dietrich et al . ( 2021 ) document increases in food prices following the introduction of more stringent social distancing policies . In this paper , we contribute to the latter strand of studies , seeking to answer the following question : how well did real-time indicators track the COVID-19 crisis across a broad range of countries ? To answer this question , we collected information on nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) emissions and nighttime light intensity at the subnational level for 142 countries with a population of more than 500 , 000 people . Our findings reveal substantial heterogeneity in the ability of remote sensing indicators to track the COVID-19 crisis , across regions of the world and country income groups . Following the beginning of the crisis in the first quarter of 2020 , NO2 emissions showed the steepest drops in the Middle East and North Africa ( when", "spans": [{"start": 784, "end": 802, "text": "Google Trends data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1051, "end": 1071, "text": "Google mobility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9769 # * * Abstract * * Do larger interventions improve longer run outcomes more cost effectively ? And should poverty traps motivate increasing intervention size ? This paper considers two approaches to increasing intervention size in the context of temporary unconditional cash transfers — larger transfers ( _intensity_ ) , and adding complementary graduation program interventions ( _scope_ ) . It does so leveraging 38 experimental estimates of dynamic consumption impacts from 14 developing countries . First , increasing intensity decreases cost effectiveness and does not affect persistence of impacts . This result can be explained by poverty traps or decreasing marginal return on investment in a standard buffer stock model . Second , increasing scope increases impacts and persistence , but reduces cost effectiveness at commonly evaluated time horizons and increases heterogeneity . In summary , larger interventions need not have more persistent impacts , and when they do , this may come at the expense of cost effectiveness , and poverty traps are neither necessary nor sufficient for these results . This paper is a product of the Development Impact Evaluation Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at fkondylis @ worldbank . org and jloeser @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 507, "text": "38 experimental estimates of dynamic consumption impacts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B # # # # * * Figure 1 . Resettlement Policy Framework * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ESMF / RPF < br > ENVIRONMENTAL < br > SCREENING < br > LAND ACQUISITION NO LAND ACQUISITION < br > IMPACT IDENTIFIED IMPACT IDENTIFIED < br > 1 TO 199 200 OR MORE STANDARD ESMF < br > INDIVIDUALS ARE INDIVIDUALS ARE PROCESSES < br > AFFECTED AFFECTED < br > - Census of affected < br > - Census of affected < br > people and affected < br > people and affected < br > assets < br > assets < br > - Development of an < br > - Development of a < br > Abbreviated < br > Resettlement Action < br > Resettlement Action < br > Plan ( RAP ) < br > Plan ( ARAP ) < br > - Review and approval of < br > - Review and approval of < br > the RAP by the Region ’ s < br > the ARAP by the < br > BWUD , REPA , MWUD < br > Region ’ s BWUD , and World Bank . < br > REPA , MWUD and < br > World Bank . - Disclosure of the RAP < br > through the World Bank < br > - Disclosure of the ARAP < br > InfoShop < br > through the World Bank < br > InfoShop - Delivery of < br > compensation and other < br > - Delivery of < br > entitlements as per this < br > compensation and other < br > RPF , and the specific < br > entitlements as per this RAP < br > RPF , and the specific < br > ARAP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Note *", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 416, "text": "Census of affected", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 426, "end": 444, "text": "Census of affected", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _distjk_ is the distance in kilometers along the shortest path on the actual road network , ( _distjk > _ 50 _km_ ) takes on 1 if the inequality holds and on zero otherwise , and _ξ_ 0 < sup > _T_is calibrated < / sup > so that we match the share of the total government budget allocated to roads . * * Calibration of Transport Costs . * * Observed transport costs between two neighboring regions _i_ and _j_ are a function of the road quality investment _Iij_ ( derived from the DNIT geospatial roads database ) and the geographical-barriers parameter _δ_ < sup > _T_The road quality along a given < / sup > _ij_ < sup > . < / sup > discretized segment is computed as the average speed at which products can travel ( see Appendix E for details ) . To calibrate _δ_ < sup > _T_inturn , weusethedistanceinkilometerstakinginto < / sup > _ij_ < sup > , < / sup > account that one can reach a location through the observed road network or , if there are no roads connecting _i_ and _j_ , by land . More specifically , we compute the geographical barriers between any two locations as the shortest path through the road network or by land weighted by the ruggedness index . We assume , following Allen and Arkolakis ( 2014 ) , an exponential form for the normalized distance . * * Calibration of Electricity Investment Costs . * * To assign values to the marginal cost of investing in quality of electricity , _ξi_ < sup > _G_ , we assume that < / sup > < sup > _ξ_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > _G_can be expressed as < / sup > < sup > _ξ_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > _G_ = < / sup > < sup > _ξ_ ̄ < / sup > < sup > _G_ / < / sup > < sup > _δ_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > _G_ , < / sup > where _ξ_ < sup > ̄ < / sup > < sup > _G_ < / sup > is calibrated to match the share of investment in electricity", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 516, "text": "DNIT geospatial roads database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "comments , a program < sup > forproductionanddistribution of < / sup > rhizobium packets to be carried out under the < sup > Projectduringtheconcerned year , and < / sup > thereafter , implement said program taking into < sup > accounttheAssociation ' scomments < / sup > thereon ; ( e ) for each Project Year , prepare and < sup > implementanaction plan , acceptableto < / sup > the Association , designed to ensure the adequate < sup > and timely importationof fertilizers < / sup > < sup > * * by * * < / sup > the private and public sectors ; * * ( f ) * * implement annual < sup > trainingprogramsin quality control < / sup > enforcement , safe handling and transportation of fertilizer < sup > products for fertilizerinspectors < / sup > and traders ; and * * ( g ) by * * June * * 30 * * of each year , < sup > prepare andfurnish to theAssociation , for < / sup > review and comments , a Project impact evaluation survey < sup > report , forthepreviousyear , < / sup > which shall cover , inter alia , fertilizer use and < sup > impacton production . < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 895, "end": 927, "text": "Project impact evaluation survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Duranton , G . ( 2015 ) . Growing through cities in developing countries . _The World Bank Research Observer_ , _30_ ( 1 ) , 39 – 73 . - Duranton , G . ( 2021 ) . Classifying locations and delineating space : An introduction . _Journal of Urban Economics_ , _125_ . - Duranton , G . , & Puga , D . ( 2004 ) . Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies . In J . V . Henderson & J . - F . Thisse ( Eds . ) , _Handbook of regional and urban economics_ ( pp . 2063 – 2117 , Vol . 4 ) . Amsterdam : Elsevier . - Ellis , P . , & Roberts , M . ( 2016 ) . _Leveraging urbanization in South Asia : Managing spatial transformation for prosperity and livability_ . Washington , D . C . : World Bank . - Fay , M . , & Opal , C . ( 2000 ) . Urbanization without growth : A not so uncommon phenomenon , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 2412 . - Ferré , C . , Ferreira , F . H . , & Lanjouw , P . ( 2012 ) . Is there a metropolitan bias ? the relationship between poverty and city size in a selection of developing countries . _The World Bank Economic Review_ , _26_ ( 3 ) , 351 – 382 . - Ferreira , F . H . , Chen , S . , Dabalen , A . , Dikhanov , Y . , Hamadeh , N . , Jolliffe , D . , Narayan , A . , Prydz , E . B . , Revenga , A . , Sangraula , P . , & Serajuddin , U . ( 2016 ) . A global count of the extreme poor in 2012 : Data issues , methodology , and initial results . _The Journal of Economic Inequality_ , _14_ , 141 – 172 . - Florczyk , A . J . , Corbane , C . , Ehrlich , D . , Freire , S . , Kemper , T . , Maffenini , L . , Melchiorri , M . , Pesaresi , M", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the covered portion that will introduce bias in the results obtained . Phone surveys also commonly suffer from * * nonresponse bias * * whereby the pool of sampled households or individuals who are not successfully interviewed are substantially different from those interviewed . Nonresponse is a common feature of any survey including F2F surveys , but the potential for nonresponse is typically substantially higher for phone surveys . One reason nonresponse is often higher for phone surveys is the difficulties contacting respondents over the phone . Successful contact is subject to mobile network availability and quality , whether the respondent ’ s mobile phone is charged and operational , whether the respondent answers a call from an unknown number , etc . After successful contact , nonresponse can equally result from refusal of the respondent to participate in the interview or a breakoff mid-way through the interview . These two sources of nonresponse are also present in F2F surveys but could be more substantial in phone surveys since respondents might be less responsive to an unseen interviewer over the phone than an interviewer they meet in person . _Bias_ due to this nonresponse will be introduced if the nonresponse is nonrandom with some segments of the population being more likely to not respond . Given the additional sources of nonresponse common to phone surveys , there is also a higher potential for systematic bias due to that nonresponse . # < mark > 2 . 1 Methods to Counteract Bias < / mark > While coverage and nonresponse bias are real concerns with phone surveys , there are methods to attempt to reduce the bias . The methods available will vary according to the type of frame used for the survey . There are three predominant types of frames used for telephone surveys : ( 1 ) existing representative F2F surveys that collected phone numbers of respondents ( for example , LSMS-ISA , DHS , HBS , etc . ) , ( 2 ) a list of phone numbers from a telecom provider , and ( 3 ) a list of numbers generated randomly ( random digit dialing , or RDD ) ( Himelein et al , 2020 ) . While there are advantages 3", "spans": [{"start": 1956, "end": 2001, "text": "list of phone numbers from a telecom provider", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Accounting and financial reporting * * 47 . * * _Accounting_ * * . * * The government has financial regulations , manuals and procedures in place to guide the PFM of the country * * . The government uses modified cash basis of accounting with double entry to record transactions . EPSA also has its own financial management manual which highlights the critical financial management issues . The initial design of the SDG PF is with the understanding that significant part of the resource will be used at federal level and sub national governments would be supported through provision of goods and services . As such , there was no specific FM manual for the fund . However , in practical terms , the profile of the fund has evolved to include transfer of cash to regions which need to be properly guided by a financial management manual . The development of this manual along with disbursement guideline is under preparation and expected to be finalized before the project becomes effective . 48 . * * At MoH , Peachtree accounting software is in use for recording transaction and producing reports . * * The project ’ s transactions are also captured in IFMIS , but no report is produced for the project purpose as IFMIS will need to be customized to be able to capture all the components of the program . The Peachtree accounting software is currently operating on a multiuser mode by using one of the PCs as a server . Regions use the same software to capture transactions of the project . Zones and woredas are mostly manual . The consolidated expenditure of the program is entered into IFMIS on daily basis for MoH and as soon as SOEs are received from other implementers . 49 . * * The EPSA continues to use the Peachtree Sage 50 for transaction recording and producing reports whereas the inventory is handled by Health Commodity Management Information System ( HCMIS ) . * * EPSA is trying to fully automate its operation through ERP . Such an action has been a Disbursement Linked Indicator in the", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1170, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to return to school and whose learning were assessed . No sooner had the classes P4 , P5 , S1 , S2 reported to school than the second lockdown was instituted . The students in the pre-primary and the lower primary ( P1-P3 ) were never allowed return to school . The second COVID-19 lockdown was instituted in June 2021 before they returned under the phased re-opening . # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P174033 | TF-B3597 | Closed | USD | 14 . 70 | 14 . 70 | 0 . 00 | 14 . 70 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P174033 | TF-B3597 | Closed | 29-Aug-2020 | 26-Se | p-2020 | 26-Sep-2020 | 31-De | c-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * 1 / 18 / 2022 Page 6 of 7", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 444, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the timeliness of cash transfers , with more uneven results for timeliness of food aid . - Both the Government ICR and the IFPRI Endline Evaluation found that clients did not receive their complete entitlement . According to the Government ICR ( p . 42 ) , on average , Public Works households received 57 percent of their entitlement and Permanent Direct Support household received 39 percent . - The goal of 95 percent of PSNP core transfers with a value of at least 15 kg of cereals or its cash equivalent was * * not achieved * * . Despite the baseline of 80 percent actual achievement at completion was 0 % . The ICR explains that based on analysis of CPI data and reflecting adjustments to the transfer amount over time , the existing wage could purchase an average of only 9 . 4kg of cereals . According to the TTL , in kind beneficiaries did get 15 kgs of cereals , however , the program was not able to establish parity between cash value and in-kind because of extremely high food inflation . The program was unable to increase the cash value because lack of resources . - The new rural safety net MIS was designed but only partially piloted . The ICR notes that MIS development reached the user testing stage , but roll-out at the woreda level was suspended due to the impacts of COVID-19 on data collection capacities . # # # < u > Using robust payment systems to ensure that transfers reach the right people : < / u > - The PASS payroll system was upgraded to RPASS in 2018 , including provisions to prepare payrolls for both PSNP and HFA clients , improved reconciliation features , and the means to record the timing of transfer delivery . The number of woredas using the upgraded system by project close was 326 , * * partly achieving * * the intermediate goal of 431 . - 93 percent of rural safety net woredas had all payrolls for PSNP core beneficiaries administered by the Woreda Office of Finance and Development", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 668, "text": "CPI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "military operations , the five camps in Dollo Ado shelter Somalis who predominantly arrived in Ethiopia since 2009 . < sup > 10 < / sup > Bokolmanyo and the Melkadida camps , the two oldest , were opened in 2009 , but Kobe , Hilaweyn and Buramino were opened in 2011 to accommodate contemporaneous movements . < sup > 11 < / sup > Together the Dollo Ado camps host almost 218 , 000 Somali refugees . Somalis continued to arrive into these camps during 2015 and 2017 , but in much smaller numbers compared to 2011 and 2012 . They have continued to be registered and recognized as refugees . < sup > 12 < / sup > Ethiopia has provided Somalis , including populations that arrived in 2011 and 2012 , with refugee status . Indeed , Ethiopia has a long-standing history of hosting refugees , > 7 See also , Hammond , supra note 1 . > 8 For more on the background and origins of Somali refugees who have arrived in Ethiopia from Yemen , see e . g . UNHCR , “ Comprehensive Response and Solutions Strategy for Somali Refugees in Ethiopia ” , September 2016 , on file with the author . > 9 As at 30 April 2018 ; UNHCR , supra note 6 . > 10 This camp complex is sometimes referred to as “ Melkadida ” ; it appears that the two names are used inconsistently , including by UNHCR . For the purposes of this report , the term “ Dollo Ado ” is used , as this is the name used in UNHCR ’ s data portal . The UNHCR sub-office in that area may have more recently been renamed Melkadida . > 11 UNHCR and ARRA , supra note 4 . > 12 Over 5 , 600 in 2015 , 3 , 000 in 2016 , and 6 , 500 as at 30 September 2017 . Ibid . 150", "spans": [{"start": 1366, "end": 1387, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Financial management . _ * * The Grant Finance Team particularly at regional level is severely understaffed where by 1 to 2 which is evident that there is significant workload . Zones and woredas use regular health sector finance specialists . As there are a number of grants going to the regions / zones and woredas , the current staff are overstretched and supervision to lower level is constrained . As such significant advances provided to zones and woredas is not collected in a timely manner . 120 . * * _Procurement . _ * * The system strengthening activities undertaken at EPSA through the DLI and PAPs agreed under Health PforR project has contributed to improvements in the procurement system . DLI 8 targeted Transparency of PFSA Procurement processes through launch of website and posting the following procurement information ( i ) procurement plan and its revisions , ( ii ) specific procurement advertisements , ( iii ) award decisions ( product , bidders , contract amount , scope of contract , winning agency , and country of winning agency ) , ( iv ) Standard Bidding Documents , and ( v ) proceedings of annual meetings with suppliers . Accordingly , EPSA has achieved the annual target results and has significantly improved the transparency of its procurement process which was an issue at the start of the project . In addition , DLI 9 targeted procurement system strengthening through data collection and measuring performance using format and guidelines developed by FPPA for measurement of procurement performance . Accordingly , the EPSA started the activity by recording key milestone data in the procurement process . Since the DLI is initiated recently , the system is not yet mainstreamed as part of its regular activity . Given that the national KPIs are design to measure and improve the core aspects of procurement process , the system of performance measurement through KPI need to be improved both in quality and in commitment . 38 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 1603, "end": 1621, "text": "key milestone data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural Boy 5-17 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural Girl 5-17 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural Girl 5-17 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . For Ebonyi the shares for urban boys and girls are excluded because of too limited sample size . The threshold for exclusion is set at less than 30 observations per demographic group . 23", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 350, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Sørensen ( 2007 , 2010 ) argues that a lack of elasticity information , combined with administrative and political economy considerations , suggests that “ uniform taxation should be the main guideline for indirect taxation ” ( Sørensen , 2010 ; p241 ) . Nevertheless , he also adds that , following the recent home production literature , there is a good case for applying relatively low indirect tax rates to substitutes for home production activities . In summary , consideration of the above literature provides support for a uniform VAT rate in two ways . First , and most clearly , the optimal indirect tax literature provides the strong message that rate differentiation should not be used to achieve distributional goals when other more direct instruments are available . Second , while the optimal indirect tax literature does provide a potential efficiency rationale for differentiated rates , such an approach is not practically implementable due to the extremely high data requirements . Therefore , from an efficiency perspective , we fall back on a single rate structure to avoid distorting consumption decisions ( while also reaping the administrative benefits of a single-rate structure , as discussed subsequently in this paper ) . The one potential exception on efficiency grounds is regarding substitutes for home production activities – although , as discussed below , this also has practical limitations . 22 Additionally , they find capital income to be significantly negatively related to hours of work . Gordon and Kopczuk ( 2014 ) make a similar finding based on United States data . Both papers argue therefore that capital income should be taxed . They also argue that current direct tax concessions ( e . g . mortgage interest deductibility ) for housing should be removed . 23 Bastani et al . ( 2015 ) argue that Mirrlees et al . ( 2011 ) are effectively considering a situation where all goods are separable from leisure with the exception of one good needed for work . They develop a model to show that in such a case there remains an equity argument to apply differential tax rates to the goods that are separable from leisure . The rationale is that , because a family needs to pay for childcare in order to work", "spans": [{"start": 1590, "end": 1608, "text": "United States data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has resulted in reduced overall productivity as well as number of hazards reported . However , there was no significant fluctuation over the numbers of hazardous areas closed in comparison with the previous year ’ s reporting period . The real impact of access issues can be primarily seen on the vertical graph which indicates number of hazards found . From October to December , 19 Mine Action teams were deployed to conduct surveys , clearance , and risk education to support protection of civilians , create conditions for the delivery of humanitarian assistance , and support protection monitoring and reporting . A total of 215 hazardous areas ( HAs ) were newly reported during this period ; of the 669 With fewer teams operational this has meant fewer embedded Community Liaison Teams , who are the main interlocutors with with communities in gathering information and locations of unreported HAs . Despite the Known Hazardous Areas and Number of Known Hazards as of December 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Known Hazardous Areas and Number of Known Hazards < br > as of December 2016 < br > SUDAN < br > Upper Nile < br > Abyei area < br > Unity 29 < br > Northern < br > Bahr el Ghazal < br > Western 11 < br > Bahr el Ghazal 1 Warrap < br > 4 Jonglei < br > ETHIOPIA < br > 11 Lakes 108 < br > 11 < br > CENTRAL AFRICAN < br > REPUBLIC EquatoriaWestern < br > Central < br > Equatoria Eastern < br > 41 Equatoria < br > DEMOCRATIC 199 < br > REPUBLIC OF < br > THE CONGO 284 < br > KENYA < br > x Number of known hazards < br > Size of hazardous area ( sqkm ) UGANDA < br > < 1 1 - 4 6 - 10 30 - 40 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Information Management System of Mine Action ( IMSMA", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 . 4 | n . d | 29 . 0 | n . d | 30 . 5 | < br > 30 . 5 | n . d . | | * * The mixed-skilled group * * | * * 46 . 0 * * | * * 43 . 9 * * | * * 43 . 4 * * | * * 41 . 3 * * | * * 1 . 2 * * | * * 5 . 6 * * | * * 47 . 2 * * | * * 49 . 5 * * | * * 8 . 7 * * | < br > * * 6 . 1 * * | * * 24 . 4 * * | | The agricultural group | 38 . 2 | 36 . 7 | 36 . 0 | 34 . 6 | 5 . 2 | 6 . 8 | 43 . 4 | 43 . 5 | 25 . 6 | < br > 18 . 5 | 27 . 6 | | The low-skilledgroup | 42 . 2 | 41 . 4 | 39 . 8 | 39 . 0 | 1 . 2 | 3 . 4 | 43 . 5 | 44 . 8 | 7 . 7 | < br > 6 . 5 | 15 . 4 | Source : Own calculations based on ENIGH96 survey 1 / Following OECD , it is assumed that teachers worked on average 41 weeks per year and non-teachers worked on average 49 weeks per year . . # _Income , Labor Earnings and Salaries_ Teachers salaries have been highlighted as a very important issue in school improvement discussions . The level and structure of teacher remuneration are said to affect teacher morale and ability to focus on and devote adequate time to teaching well . Teacher remuneration could also determine the capacity of the education system to attract and retain good teachers . Table 5 presents several definitions of salaries and personal income sources , since much of the argument over teacher compensation refers to what is meant by the term “ underpaid . ” An issue that may hamper the comparison of net earnings across occupations and locations is", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 601, "text": "ENIGH96 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | ( 0 . 25 ) | ( 0 . 15 ) | ( 0 . 24 ) | ( 0 . 97 ) | | Observations | 2 , 000 | 2 , 000 | 2 , 000 | 2 , 000 | 2 , 000 | | Adjusted R-squared | 0 . 66 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 63 | 0 . 34 | 0 . 08 | _Notes_ : ( 1 ) Higher the outcome variables , higher the conservativeness of beliefs and social expectations and higher the expected sanctions . ( 2 ) Reference group for province is Bagmati Province . ( 3 ) SEs clustered at the ward level . ( 4 Robust standard errors in parentheses . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . SEs clustered at the ward level . Contrary to intuition , we find no evidence of respondents in rural areas being more likely to hold conservative beliefs either about norms around women ’ s household roles , or about women being in the public space as compared to those in urban areas . However , those in rural areas are more likely to expect negative sanctions for breaching a norm . These variables , together , explain between 27 and 66 percent of the variation in the social norms indices , and 8 percent of the variation in the sanctions index . Geographically , respondents from Madhesh and Sudurpashchim Provinces are more likely to hold conservative beliefs and social expectations , as compared to those from Bagmati Province . On the other hand , respondents from Gandaki Province are more likely to be liberal . Relatedly , those who belong to the Madheshi ethnic group tend to be more conservative . These differences are supported by earlier literature showing that Nepal ’ s socio-cultural practices differ along the lines of castes and ethnicities . For example , Chakravarty et al . ( 2019 ) find that in Southern Nepal ( Terai and Madhesh ) , women are more frequently confined to the 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Proposals / < br > Actual < br > Planned | echnical < br > Minutes < br > Evaluation o < br > Prop < br > Actual < br > Planned | f Technical < br > osal < br > < br > Report an < br > Negotiated < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > d Draft < br > Contract < br > Signed < br > Actual < br > Planned | Contract < br > Contract C < br > Actual < br > Planned | ompletion < br > Actual | | PSNP / CS-QCBS / 01 / 17 / < br > Mapped Public Work Database < br > establishment | IDA / 55400 | Productive safety nets and link < br > to livelihoods services | s < br > Prior < br > < br > | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - International | | 900 , 000 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > U < br > I | nder < br > mplementation | 2017-04-25 | 2017-05-16 < br > 2017-05-04 | 2017-06 | - 29 | | 2017-07-25 | 2017-08-26 | 2017-09-30 | 2017-11-04 | 2018-11-04 | | | ET-MANR-20227-CS-LCS / < br > Commodity Audit 2009 EFY | IDA / 55400 | Productive safety nets and link < br > to livelihoods services | s < br > Post < br > L | east Cost Selecti | on Open - National | | 100 , 000 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > P < br > I | ending < br > mplementation | 2017-07-17 | 2017-08-07 | 2017 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 is disrupted , i . e . we consider all values of _ν ∈ _ [ 0 _ , _ 1 ] . Later we discuss which values are most likely for each country group , depending on school closures , technology , etc . # * * 3 . 1 . 2 . Employment Shock * * * * Incidence * * The employment shock affects mainly workers with sub-college education and the young . We assume that , if the unemployment rate among adults without college education rises by a certain amount _x_ , then unemployment among college-educated adults rises by one half of that amount ( 0 _ . _ 5 _x_ ) . Youth unemployment is more severely affected so we assume that if unemployment among adults without college rises by _x_ youth unemployment rises by 2 _x_ . We explain in detail in Web Appx . Section D how we arrived at these factors , based on ILO ( 2020 ) data over the COVID-19 pandemic . * * Severity * * We examine an increase in overall unemployment rates ranging from zero to ten percentage points . This is achieved by varying _x_ between 0 and the value that leads to overall unemployment increasing by 10 percentage points in each economy . Web Appx . Section D explains in detail how we arrived at this range , but note that the ILO ( 2020 ) nowcasting model estimates that total working hours ( including unemployment , inactivity and reduced hours ) lost worldwide in 2020 were 8 _ . _ 8 percent , varying from 6 _ . _ 7 percent in LIC up to 9 _ . _ 5 percent in MIC , making 10 percent a reasonable upper bound . * * Duration * * Hall and Kudlyak ( 2021 ) find that recoveries from unemployment shocks regularly occur following a proportional factor _ρ ∈ _ ( 0 _ , _ 1 ) – that is , given an initial employment shock _x_ 0 , thereafter _xt_ + 1 = _xt × ρ_ . Based on employment data from across the OECD , we calculate a proportional factor of _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 7143 ( see Web Appx . Section D ) .", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 816, "text": "ILO ( 2020 ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1735, "end": 1771, "text": "employment data from across the OECD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Additional Financing for Energy Access Project , Resettlement / Rehabilitation Framework - DRAFT March 2010 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – The EEPCo , in consultation with Woreda Administration offices and Municipalities shall establish a Property Valuation Committee . The establishment of a property valuation committee will be in line with proclamation No . 455 / 2005 , Article 10 . The following are proposed valuation committee members either in rural or urban areas . In rural areas the valuation and compensation committee members may include : 1 . Woreda Administrator 2 . Agriculture and Rural development office head 3 . Kebele Administrator 4 . Representative of PAPs 5 . Representative of the project office In urban areas : 1 . Head of the Municipality or Urban Administration 2 . Town planner / surveyor 3 . Representative of PAPs 4 . Representative of the Project office The amount of compensation will be determined according to proclamation No . 455 / 2005 , Part Three , Article 7 . The amount of compensation will be paid at a replacement cost and also taking into account World Bank requirements . All compensations will be effected ahead of the civil works . The environmental unit of the project office will carry out household census of project affected persons and identify the impact and affected property . The following methodology and procedures are suggested for the valuation of compensation rates for crops and trees . - Cash compensation is paid for loss of crops and trees that are found on the land that has been acquired . The relevant agricultural office of the locality considered establishes the compensation rates . In accordance with the EEPCo procedures and in", "spans": [{"start": 1400, "end": 1444, "text": "household census of project affected persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". This approach assumes that products with the same HS 6-digit code are substitutes . An advantage of this approach — matching upstream and downstream firms based on product codes — is that it eliminates the need for firm-level matching by names or reliance on industry IO tables , which often pose significant data limitations . This method also captures heterogeneity by allowing each firm to have its own set of relevant domestic suppliers , even within narrowly defined industries . Furthermore , since we focus on potential rather than actual suppliers , we avoid issues of endogeneity or selection bias , making the analysis more robust and flexible across various data environments . However , several caveats are worth noting . First , this strategy may overlook domestic 15In Section 6 , we establish the theoretical foundation for the Connectivity Index , which captures the role of HSR in linking exporting firms to domestic suppliers . > 16Alternatively , industry IO tables could be employed to link downstream firms with upstream suppliers , as in Javorcik ( 2004 ) . However , this approach presents several challenges . First , IO tables , typically available at the regional or industry level , obscure firm-level heterogeneity , potentially leading to aggregation bias . Second , since IO tables are often based on data from larger firms , they may introduce selection bias and underestimate the production linkages among small and medium-sized enterprises . Finally , the infrequent updates of these tables limit their ability to capture annual variation . 17", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 279, "text": "industry IO tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1144, "end": 1153, "text": "IO tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the lack of the procurement capacity in general , but often due to weak quality control of procurement documents combined with quality of engineering documentations . Similar weakness is also observed in the area of environment and social safeguard issues . To minimize the non-compliance risk and to ensure the quality of environment and safeguard related activities and social aspects of transport services in general , further quality assurance in this area is necessary through provision of enhanced project site visits and close monitoring and documentation of actions taken or to be taken to mitigate adverse impacts caused by the project / s . ( 3 ) _Poor performance of contractors / consultants . _ Poorly performing international contractors and consultants posed a challenge to ERA and also to the donors including Bank . These contractors and consultants have been pre-qualified or short-listed satisfying various requirements regarding past performance records , areas of expertise , financial capacity , etc . . However , the same contractors and consultants often turned out to be mal-performing causing substantial delay and poor quality . There are contractual measures to be taken to rectify such weak-performing contractors / consultants . However , such measure often requires further delay of the progress as well as resources before reaching settlement or in extreme case , termination , thus impeding the timely achievement of the development objectives of the program / project . The lesson learned from these experiences is the needs to establish a monitoring system of contractors / consultants performance - to ensure that ERA maintains necessary and as objective as possible performance data , close to “ real-time basis ” , and disclose such monitoring results to public / road users , which APL3 benefits as one of the components . ( 4 ) _Project costs monitoring . _ Civil works cost increase as a result of global oil price hike experienced recently has raised a great concern to GOE as well as to funding agencies . Conventional cost estimation practice of superimposing cost data ( e . g . , applying unit rates of recent works of similar type and under similar environment , and", "spans": [{"start": 1706, "end": 1722, "text": "performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2107, "end": 2116, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > major urban areas , namely Dushanbe ( the capital ) , Khujand , Istaravshan , Kurganteppa , Kulyab , and Horog . Because of few observations in the household surveys for individual urban areas we group all urban areas into one . We estimate composite urban vulnerability using the same methods and data as for rural areas with the exception that for urban areas the agricultural variables are not included in the calculation of the sensitivity index . < / mark > < sup > 2 < / sup > # * * < mark > 4 . Results < / mark > * * < mark > The results show that vulnerability varies according to socio-economic and institutional development in ways that do not follow directly from exposure , geography , or elevation . Urban areas are by far the least vulnerable while the eastern RRS mountain zone is the most vulnerable and the remote GBAO mountains rank in the middle . In the following we first present results for rural agro-ecological zones , then for the urban areas , and finally for oblasts . < / mark > # * * < mark > Results for agro-ecological zones < / mark > * * < mark > The results show substantial and sometimes surprising variation in vulnerability and its components . Overall vulnerability varies much less than exposure , sensitivity , and adaptive capacity ; this is because the sub-indices tend to cancel each other out . For example , while the remote GBAO highlands experience the highest exposure , it also benefits from the highest adaptive capacity of any area combined with medium sensitivity . Overall , GBAO therefore has medium vulnerability according to these estimates . The lesson is that a full understanding of the determinants of vulnerability alters the results from what analysis of exposure to the impacts of climate change alone would have led to ; such analysis would have placed GBAO in the top as the most exposed region . < / mark > < mark > The most vulnerable areas are the eastern RRS ( Region of Republican Subordination ) mountains , Southern Sughd hills , and Khatlon hills and lowlands ( Figure 2 and Figure 3 ) . These are areas of", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 174, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . The Impact of the Great Recession on Cities * * A large number of publications from international organizations , NGOs , and associations of municipalities published surveys of the impact ( or likely impact ) that the crisis would have on cities at the onset of the Great Recession ( Clark 2009 , European Commission 2011 , United Cities and Local Governments 2009 , Paulais 2009 , United States Conference of Mayors 2010 , United Nations-Habitat 2010 , URBACT 2010 , Lee , Morris and Jones 2009 , Wial and Shearer 2010 ) . City officials around the world have reported that the Great Recession has had a major impact of on economic activity — for instance 80 % of the 131 cities from the 25 European Union member countries surveyed by URBACT in 2009 reported such an impact . These effects range from the closing and bankruptcy of many companies , to the slowdown in economic activity in all its branches , decrease in investment , restriction of loans , reticence of companies to take risks in times of uncertainty , decrease in the number of new startups , and decline in exports . The most serious impact is the sharp increase in unemployment ( and underemployment ) in cities , small or large . The issue is more serious in developing countries where a large number of persons are underemployed or work in the informal economy . For example , in Mexico , in September 2010 , open unemployment in the 32 most important urban areas reached 6 . 6 % of the labor force but the underemployment rate was 8 . 5 % . Urban poverty rates have also increased dramatically . In the US principal cities , for example , the poverty rate has shot up from 16 . 5 % before the crisis to 20 % in 2011 ( Perlo 2011 ) . Below , these trends are illustrated using recent census data . * * United States , 2005 to 2011 . Poverty by Residence ( in thousands ) * * | * * Year * * | * * Inside met * * < br > * * statistica * * < br > | * * ropolitan * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 1765, "end": 1776, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "197 ستشتمل أنشطة اإلشراف المالي ، ضمن أشياء أخرى ، على مراجعة بيانات الصرف ، لشراف * * ا * * عمليات وتقارير المراجعة المالية ربع السنوية ، والبيانات المالية السنوية المدق َ قة ، وخطاب اإلدارة ، عالوة على المتابعة . ت إشراف على اإلدارة المالية خالل السنة وسوف تتم أربع عمليا المنظمة للنقاط التي أثارها المراقب المالي . . ستتألف بعثات البنك الدولي اإلشرافية من زيارات لوحدة تنسيق المشروع األولى ، ثم مرتين سنويا ً فيما يلي ذلك وسوف تشمل كل بعثة عملية استعراض لممارسات اإلدارة المالية ، وأساليب التوريدات ، وإجراءات الدفع ، . والتوثيق * * لخطة العم * * | الموعد النهائي | الجهة القائمة باإلجراء | اإلجراء المقرر اتخاذه < br > إ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | قبل المفاوضات | وحدة تنسيق المشروع | تعيين موظف اإلدارة الم", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 74, "text": "بيانات الصرف", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "The Structure of Social Disparities in Education : Gender and Wealth < sup > 1 < / sup > # I ) Introduction Universal primary education was enshrined as a human right in the United Nation ' s Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 . Forty years later the goal was still not in sight and a call on donors and governments to reaffirm their commitment to universal primary enrollment was part of the World Declaration on Education for All issued in Jomtien , Thailand in 1990 . The year 2000 was set as the target for achieving this goal . It is now 1999 and we are still not near to achieving universal primary education - and as pointed out dramatically in a recent report by Oxfam International ( 1999 ) we do not appear to be closing in on it . This paper uses a collection of internationally comparable household datasets to investigate the correlates of educational enrollment and attainment gaps within countries . The data from the Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) for 57 surveys in 41 countries are used to carry out country specific analyses , which are comparable across countries . Specifically , the effects of gender , household wealth , the education of adult household members , and the presence of schools in the community on the educational outcomes of children are assessed in each country and compared across countries . Using household based surveys allows the analysis to go beyond comparing country aggregates which are reported in several large \" international databases \" ( e . g . UNESCO data or derivatives thereof such as Barro and Lee , 1993 ; Nehru , Swanson and Dubey , 1993 ; Dubey and King , 1994 ; Ahuja and Filmer , 1996 ) . The DHS have a drawback in that they lack data on household consumption expenditures , the usual variable used to rank households by their socio - > ' This paper has benefited greatly from comments from Jere Behrman , Jeff Hammer , Elizabeth King , Julian Lampietti , Andrew Mason , Lant Pritchett , Martin Ravallion , Jee-Peng Tan and participants at a workshop on Gender and Development in June 1999 . Errors are of course my own . Please see http", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 830, "text": "internationally comparable household datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 944, "end": 974, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1357, "end": 1380, "text": "household based surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1528, "text": "UNESCO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 . Colmer , J . , Hardman , I . , Shimshack , J . & Voorheis , J . Disparities in PM2 . 5 air pollution in the United States . _Science_ * * 369 , * * 575 – 578 ( 2020 ) . 15 . Rosofsky , A . , Levy , J . I . , Zanobetti , A . , Janulewicz , P . & Fabian , M . P . Temporal trends in air pollution exposure inequality in Massachusetts . _Environmental research_ * * 161 , * * 76 – 86 ( 2018 ) . 16 . Hajat , A . , Hsia , C . & O ’ Neill , M . S . Socioeconomic disparities and air pollution exposure : a global review . _Current environmental health reports_ * * 2 , * * 440 – 450 ( 2015 ) . 17 . Wang , Y . , Wang , Y . , Xu , H . , Zhao , Y . & Marshall , J . D . Ambient air pollution and socioeconomic status in China . _Environmental Health Perspectives_ * * 130 , * * 067001 ( 2022 ) . 18 . Gupta , S . , Das , S . & Murty , M . Quantifying Air Pollution Vulnerability and its Distributional Consequences : Some Perspectives from Delhi . _Ecology , Economy and Society-the INSEE Journal_ * * 2 , * * 93 – 125 ( 2019 ) . 19 . Dasgupta , S . , Lall , S . V . & Wheeler , D . Traffic , air pollution , and distributional impacts in Dar es Salaam : A spatial analysis with new satellite data . _World Bank Policy Research Working Paper_ ( 2020 ) . 20 . Dionisio , K . L . _et al . Air pollution in Accra neighborhoods : spatial , socioeconomic , and temporal patterns_ 2010 . 21 . Rooney , M . S . _et al . _ Spatial and temporal patterns of particulate matter sources and pollution in four communities in Accra , Ghana . _Science of the Total Environment_ * * 435 , * * 107 – 114 ( 2012 ) . 22 . Liu , Q . , Wang , S", "spans": [{"start": 1181, "end": 1195, "text": "satellite data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Becker Chris ( 2016 ) , “ Vulnerabilities of Isolated Small Island States in the Pacific ” in _Resilience and Growth in the Small States of the Pacific_ ( eds ) Hoe Ee Khor , Roger P . Kronenberg , and Patrizia Tumbarello , International Monetary Fund . Bharadwaj , Ritu , Tom Mitchell and N Karthikeyan ( 2023 ) , “ Protecting against sovereign debt defaults under growing climate impacts : Role for parametric insurance ” , IIED , London . http : / / pubs . iied . org / 21426IIED . Burns Andrew , Charl Jooste and Gregor Schwerhoff ( 2021 ) , “ Macroeconomic Modelling of Managing Hurricane Damage in the Caribbean : The Case of Jamaica ” , Policy Research Working Paper 9505 , the World Bank . Cabezon , Ezequiel , Leni Hunter , Patrizia Tumbarello , Kazuaki Washimi , and Yiqun Wu ( 2016 ) , “ Strengthening Macro-fiscal Resilience to Natural Disasters and Climate Change in Small states in the Pacific ” in _Resilience and Growth in the Small States of the Pacific_ ( eds ) Hoe Ee Khor , Roger P . Kronenberg , and Patrizia Tumbarello , International Monetary Fund Cevik , Serhan ( 2022 ) , “ Waiting for Godot ? The Case for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Small Island States ” , Working Paper WP / 22 / 179 , International Monetary Fund . Doan , Miki Khanh , Ruth Hill , Stephane Hallegatte , Paul Corral , Ben Brunckhorst , Minh Nguyen , Samuel Freije-Rodriguez and Esther Naikal ( 2023 ) , “ Counting People Exposed to , Vulnerable to , or at High Risk from Climate Shocks : A Methodology ” , Policy Research Working Paper , 10619 , World Bank . Fresnillo , Iolanda and Illaria Crotti ( 2022 ) , _Riders on the storm : How debt and climate change are threatening the future of small island developing states_ , EURODAD ( European Network on Debt and Development ) . Gall , Melanie ( 2015 ) . “ The suitability of disaster loss databases to measure loss and damage from climate change ” , _International Journal of Global Warming_ , vol 8 , no 2 , pp170-190 . Guerson , Alejandro ( 2020 ) , “", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Although the impact is minor , to mitigate habitat disturbance the following measures are recommended : - As much as possible the size of the area to be cleared and used for the Subproject shall be minimized ; - Limiting loss or disturbance of wildlife habitats only to the areas necessary for the Subproject works ; - Taking precautions to avoid any fire accident and control any fire incident due to contractor ' s activities ; and - Habitat restoration activities shall be initiated after construction activities are completed . # # # # # * * b ) * * Impacts on Wildlife Resource As with the vegetation , the original wildlife habitat along the Subproject area has been modified * * by * * man . Particular pressures include hunting , charcoaling , and grazing competition * * by * * livestock . Therefore , in most sections of the Subproject corridor , the wildlife species number and population are low . Based on secondary information or literature review and fieldwork , the wild animals recorded in the Subproject influence area include Anubis Baboon , Grivet Monkey , Colobus Monkey , Hyena , Crested Porcupine , Bush Pig , Common fox , and Serval Cat . In terms * * of * * population size , the primates ( Baboon and Monkey Monkey ) . Some of these species are occasionally observed in the Subproject corridor . However , as per the * * IUCN * * Red List of Threatened Species , none of these are threatened as they are categorized as common and low risk . However , relatively minor localized impediments to wildlife movements is expected during construction . These will be a temporary impediment to existing wildlife movements if such movements go through construction areas . However , most wildlife will likely tend to avoid such areas temporarily using other more convenient movement routes . Necessary Mitigation Measures In addition to the above , the following mitigation measures are recommended to offset the adverse impacts posed * * by * * the construction of the Subproject : - . - Strict prohibition of illegal hunting * * by * * the workforce", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1386, "text": "Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "can significantly increase the signal-to-noise ratio . However , going beyond equal-weights can also serve another goal , namely improving the perceived credibility and legitimacy of multidimensional poverty indicators . Yet , these methods come with their own issues , which limit the impact they may yield on the indicators ’ perceived credibility . There will always be doubts about the relationship between the preference data and “ true ” wellbeing ( see footnote 64 ) . Furthermore , applying preference information in another context than the one in which it is obtained is bound to raise questions on its external validity . Finally , although the dimension-by-dimension approach to policy making is unlikely to change overnight , it might still be worth conducting policy analysis in a multidimensional way . Indeed , some of its insights may be productively used . And even if it is not immediately the case , these insights could raise awareness of the potential gains of an integrated approach to policy making . # * * 5 Research papers * * In this section , we outline a list of seven research papers based on the opportunities 1 . Empirical implications of going beyond the dichotomous counting methodology Dichotomizing non-binary variables “ wastes ” well-being relevant information . The solutions listed in section 3 . 2 provide ready-to-use conceptual improvements on the dichotomous counting methodology underlying mainstream multidimensional poverty measures . They will thus help improve the targeting of policies across households . One open question is the empirical significance of these solutions . By how much do they affect inter-household and cross-region well-being comparisons ? How different are the households they identify as poor when compared to those identified under the counting methodology ? This could be investigated both for the World Bank ’ s MPM as well as for national multidimensional poverty measures . 2 . Harnessing separate surveys through hybrid well-being indices Hybrid well-being indices , which are part-synthetic and part-objective , are one way of avoiding “ wasting ” part of the data available in separate surveys , like LSMS and DHS . Sections 3 . 3 and 3 . 4 . 1 list solutions for the construction of hybrid multidimensional indices . They may thus help improve cross-regions well-being comparisons as well as", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 430, "text": "preference data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2181, "end": 2185, "text": "LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2190, "end": 2193, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( starting 02-16-2020 ) against the last 5-8 school months ( which depends on the country ’ s school year schedule ) . We think of the last 5-8 school months as being representative of the second year of disruption . This provides estimates of _s_ . < sup > 38 < / sup > * * Reach and Effectiveness * * To obtain estimates of the reach ( _c_ ) _ × _ effectiveness ( _e_ ) rate of school not in-person in each group , we first discuss data on the reach and effectiveness rates of different remote learning modalities in each group . However , as these rates are likely misestimated , we also rely on direct estimates of the reach _ × _ effectiveness rate . UNESCO , UNICEF and the World Bank recently conducted a survey of ministries of education on national responses to COVID-19 ( UNESCO , 2020b ) . Four remote learning modalities have been provided : _online platform_ ( mostly in HICs and MICs ) , _take-home packages_ ( HICs , MICs ) , _television_ ( MICs , LICs ) , and _radio_ ( LICs ) ( Web Appx . Table A . 1 ) . While take-home packages are accessible to all , we find lower reach rates of online platforms ( as proxied by internet access ) and television and radio programs ( television and radio ownership ) in LICs and MICs than in HICs ( Web Appx . Table A . 2 ) . 38Web Appx . Fig . A . 3 shows for each school year and each income group the share of schools that are _fully open_ , _partially open_ or _closed_ ( using the child population of each country c . 2018 as weights ) .", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 745, "text": "survey of ministries of education", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While this is difficult to test , empirically , we provide some checks to assuage this concern . We use census data on migration rates at the municipality level and sequentially trim our sample by dropping observations in municipalities with high migration rates . < sup > 15 < / sup > Specifically , we estimate the baseline specifications under the three sets of fixed effects in Table 2 while systematically dropping observations in municipalities where the migration rates exceed the following thresholds : 60 % , 50 % , 40 % , 30 % , 20 % , 10 % , 6 % and 3 % respectively . The results are shown in Figure 7 . Across the various specifications , the results for the respective subject groupings remain positive and statistically significant , regardless of the migration threshold that is applied . Thus , we can rule out the potential of selective migration confounding our results . # * * 5 . 3 . 4 Alternative Measure of Catchment Area * * So far , we have used a very conservative measure of treated locations using a 2 . 5km radius around the coffee mills . However , as shown in Macchiavello and Morjaria ( 2021 ) , the size of the catchment area of coffee mills could extend to about 5km . Thus , if indeed the true benefits of coffee mills extend beyond 2 . 5km , then our baseline estimates may underestimate the true effect of the coffee mills on students ’ outcomes . In this section , we redefine the catchment area to include communities within a 5km radius of a coffee mill and replicate the analysis forgoing analysis . The corresponding results are shown in Tables A3 - A7 ( Section B . 2 ) in the appendix . Reassuringly , the results align with the baseline results , albeit the effect sizes are relatively low compared to the latter . Overall , both sets of results point to a positive impact of exposure to coffee mills in early life on educational performance in the medium term . # * * 5 . 3 . 5 Spillovers and Geographic Distribution of Impacts * * Next , we address two potential threats to our assignment of treatment and", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 115, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 90 . 90 | 90 . 90 | 75 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 < br > 30-Apr-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : 2018 PSNP 4 - HFA Baseline Report . < br > The breakdown of a functional KAC is as follows : < br > PSNP woredas : 90 . 9 % < br > non-PSNP woredas : 33 . 3 % < br > All HFA woredas : 79 . 2 % < br > Note that the endline for the PSNP IE was planned fo < br > COVID-19 , all data collection activities have been su | r March 2020 however due < br > spended until March 2021 | to the onset of the | # < u > < mark > IN00936013 < / mark > < / u > ► % of sampled kebeles where targeting of PSNP core caseload and transitory transfers are targeted using one committee structure ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 61 . 00 < br > 61 . 00 < br > 90 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Apr-2020 < br > 30-Jun-2020 < br > 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : 2018 IFPRI < br > Source : 2018 IFPRI < br > Targeting using one < br > the", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 342, "text": "2018 PSNP 4 - HFA Baseline Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fourth , elementary strictly green jobs are home to many excluded workers that play a vital role in the green economy value chain but may be even more productive through organization . For example , waste pickers in South Africa are beginning to organize by registering with municipal authorities , organizing their work streams to increase the value added , and gaining some worker rights . As the green economy expands , such organized groups of workers may play a stronger role ( Medina 2008 ) . Finally , as South Africa moves toward a green economy , it will be even more important to understand and track the impact on jobs . This paper used proxies to estimate the number and profile of green jobs in South Africa . But better measures will be needed . This highlights the need to develop detailed and regularly updated occupation-task databases , such as through web scrapes or other big data sources . It will also require academia-industry collaboration to more succinctly define the South African skill profile needed in emerging green jobs , as well as profiling those occupations that will disappear through the transition and related necessary reskilling . 26", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 852, "text": "occupation-task databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 1 . Woreda Administrator 2 . Rural development or Agriculture office head 3 . Kebele administrator 4 . Representative of PAPs 5 . Representative from local NGO 6 . EEPCo representative In urban areas : 1 . Head of the Municipality or Urban Administration 2 . Town planner / surveyor 3 . Representative of PAPs 4 . Representative from local NGO 5 . EEPCo representative The amount of compensation will be determined according to proclamation No . 455 / 2005 , Part Three , Article 7 . The amount of compensation will be paid at a replacement cost , and also taking into account World Bank requirements . All compensations will be effected ahead of the civil works . The environmental unit of the project office will carry out household census of project affected persons , and identify the impact and affected property . The following methodology and procedures are suggested for the valuation of compensation rates for crops and trees . • Cash compensation is paid for loss of crops and trees that are found on the land that has been acquired . The relevant agricultural office of the locality considered establishes the compensation rates . In accordance with the EEPCo procedures and in consultations with Woreda administrations , the project office and EEPCo ’ s EMT execute the expropriation and the compensation for the loss of crops and trees . The decisions taken will be , as is the practice , documented with meeting protocols and receipts upon payment . The documents will , as usual , be available at municipalities and Woreda government offices and at EEPCo . • Compensation rates for loss of crops and trees will be based on market values and cover a cash value of the loss estimated until the new crop or tree comes to maturity . The process and the necessary actions to be taken will be concluded after consultations with Woreda administrations and EEPCo . # # # * * < u > Unit Rates of Compensation for Loss of Crops < / u > * * < u > : < /", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 822, "text": "household census of project affected persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "public institutions , ensuring the right to protest safely , lowering the number of signatures required on petitions to elevate issues to authorities , and providing technical support to neighborhood associations , to mention a few . Lesson from Banerjee and Duflo ’ s ( 2011 ) small radical thinking to fight global poverty might also be relevant in the context of citizen participation . The analyses conducted here can be replicated elsewhere by developing machine learning methods able to “ learn ” from datasets covering other regional or national settings . Future research on the linkages between political trust and citizen engagement in the Latin America and the Caribbean region and in other regions should also consider other emerging forms of political engagement like e-participation — that is , online political activity such as , for example , participating in online surveys , using government digital transparency , or adding political banners to profile pictures on Facebook , among others — in addition to voting . It should also more precisely unpack data on different forms of trust , for example in national versus local governments , or across different branches of the police , armed forces , and judiciary . More detailed information is also needed to capture the types of community problems citizens engage or the type of causes that participation in demonstrations are sought to reverse , which are not currently asked in Latinobarómetro . Future efforts would also benefit from additional investments in quantifying the costs involved in different types of political participation . Flexible models allowing for nonlinearities capturing systems 26", "spans": [{"start": 1449, "end": 1464, "text": "Latinobarómetro", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumed ( because this VAT cannot be captured by an analysis based on data from a single year ) . < sup > 25 < / sup > Because savings rates tend to increase with income , this biases income-based VAT burden results downwards at higher income levels – driving the finding that the VAT is regressive . In contrast , studies that measure VAT burdens as a proportion of expenditure ( across either the income or expenditure distribution ) tend to find that VAT systems are relatively proportional , or even slightly progressive ( see , e . g . , Thomas , 2022a ; Bird and Smart , 2016 ; IFS , 2011a ; Metcalf , 1994 ) . The largest crosscountry study favoring the expenditure-based approach is Thomas ( 2022a ) , who finds the VAT to be either roughly proportional or slightly progressive in 23 of 27 OECD countries examined . However , results for four countries show that broad-based VAT systems with very few reduced VAT rates or exemptions can produce a small degree of regressivity . Most recently , Bachas et al . ( 2023 ) have considered the impact of informality in developing countries on the distribution of VAT burdens . They estimate informality Engel curves ( relating the informal budget share to log total expenditure ) for 32 low and middle-income countries . They find that informality decreases as household expenditure increases , and conclude that this will create a degree of progressivity in the VAT in developing countries . Similarly , Jenkins et al . ( 2006 ) find that informality creates progressivity in the VAT in the Dominican Republic . # 4 . 1 . 2 The ability of reduced VAT rates to target poorer households A number of empirical studies examine who benefits from reduced rates , finding the VAT to be a poorly targeted tool for supporting poorer households . For example , two large scale studies consider who benefits from reduced VAT rates in nine European ( IFS , 2011a ) and 20 OECD countries ( OECD / KIPF , 2014 ) . Both studies find that reduced VAT rates as a whole have a progressive impact , but that richer households benefit more in aggregate terms than poorer households .", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 94, "text": "data from a single year", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) high school ( relative to the other students ) . Given that a digital curriculum requires updating periodically , we count the estimated the benefits for the first 4 cohorts of students that are exposed to the curriculum . Thus , we take the number of students enrolled in grades 6 , 7 , 8 , and 9 at 2 years after program starts and calculate the proportion of each that would be going directly into the job market after high school , after 2-year technical schools , and after 4-year universities . Since someone at grade 7 graduates high school 5 years later , the benefit streams from the curriculum begins seven years after beginning of project and , following the literature , counted for the next roughly 45 years . * * 12 . Assumptions and parameters in the analysis : * * Below in table 1 we present the set of values used when to estimate the costs and benefits to each of the above listed approaches and components . The assumptions are mainly based on evidence from the literature , labor force survey data ( JLMPS 2016 ) , or our expectations of outputs for the program from different components , which are described in other section of this PAD . Below we list all amounts is USD and refer to annual earnings as wages to keep constant terminology with the models above . In all cases , once there is a job created or a beneficiary placed in a job , the effect wanes over time using a decay rate of 5 percent for skills training components and 10 % for components directly supporting firms ( as pointed out above , for gig economic employment we use a decay rate of 25 percent ) . Note that all statistics from labor force date ( wages and employment rates ) are taken for the population of 18 to 30 years old . * * Table 1 . Summary of assumptions * * * * C 1 . 1 : Digital skills training and related services * * < ! - - Start", "spans": [{"start": 1075, "end": 1098, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1101, "end": 1111, "text": "JLMPS 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1705, "end": 1721, "text": "labor force date", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Policy Research Working Paper_ No . 7252 , World Bank , Washington , DC , 2015 . https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 21867 - Stiglitz , J . , A . Sen and J . Fitoussi , “ Report of the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress ( CMEPSP ) , ” 2009 . < u > https : / / ec . europa . eu / eurostat / documents / 8131721 / 8131772 / Stiglitz-Sen-FitoussiCommission-report . pdf < / u > - Stone , R . , D . G . Champernowne and J . E . Meade , “ The Precision of National Income Estimates , ” _Review of Economic Studies_ 9 , 111 – 25 , 1942 . doi : < u > 10 . 2307 / 2967664 . < / u > - Subramanian , S . and D . Jayaraj . “ Growth and Inequality in the Distribution of India ’ s Consumption Expenditure : 1983 to 2009-10 , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 50 , 7 – 8 , 2015 . - Sundaram , K . and S . D . Tendulkar , “ Poverty Has Declined in the 1990s : A Resolution of Comparability Problems in NSS Consumer Expenditure Data , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 38 , 327 – 337 , 2003 . - Winter , J . “ Response Bias in Survey − Based Measures of Household Consumption , ” _Economics Bulletin_ , 3 , 1 – 12 , 2003 . - World Bank , _Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2016 : Taking on Inequality_ , World Bank , Washington , DC , 2016 . < u > https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 25078 < / u > 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Introduction and Context Country Context * * During the last decade , Kenya has emerged as one of a growing number of success stories on the African continent . Kenya has the largest economy in East Africa and between 2002 and 2011 its economy grew by 4 . 6 percent per year on average . Fueling this growth is a strong private sector and an incipient middle class . Despite several internal and external shocks in the past 10 years , Kenya managed to sustain economic growth and its prospects remain strong within the world ’ s turbulent economic waters . The social pillar of Vision 2030 has at its core ‘ investing in the people of Kenya ’ with a focus on health , education , youth and sports , gender , children and social protection , environment and housing among other welfare improving programs . These programs and flagship projects are intended to ensure that the provision of public services will improve livelihoods of Kenyans . Vision 2030 targets the creation of 3 . 5 million jobs and a reduction in the poverty incidence from 46 in 2005 to 28 percent in 2030 , and an increase in the human development index from 0 . 47 in 2005 to 0 . 7 in 2030 . Page 1 of 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Mixed Migration Centre ’ s flagship primary data collection system , an innovative approach that helps fill knowledge gaps , and inform policy and response regarding the nature of mixed migratory movements and the protection risks for refugees and migrants on the move . 4Mi field enumerators are currently collecting data through direct interviews with refugees and migrants in East and Southern Africa , North Africa , West Africa , Europe , Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean . Note that the sampling approach means that the findings derived from the surveyed sample provide rich insights , but the figures cannot be used to make inferences about the total population . See more 4Mi analysis and details on methodology at : < u > www . mixedmigration . org / 4mi < / u > > 11 Interviews with humanitarian organisations and authorities in N ’ Djamena and Adre , June 2024 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 70, "text": "primary data collection system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HIV seroprevalence data for the IDP population . In the last 10 years the predominant pattern of sexual transmission has changed , with a progressive increase in heterosexual transmission , since the ratio of male to female cases has fallen from 8 : 1 between 1990 and 1994 to 3 : 1 between 2000 and 2003 . In some regions , like in the Caribbean coast and north eastern region , where HIV infection has affected men and women with greater parity since early nineties , the number of new infections in young women is reportedly increasing at a greater speed than it is in men , and the female to male ratio is close to 1 : 1 . The high vulnerability of Colombian women to the HIV / AIDS epidemic is determined by the cultural context that calls for sexual relations dominated by men ; forced 24", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "HIV seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | - 0 . 015 < br > ( 0 . 188 ) | - 0 . 008 < br > ( 0 . 185 ) | 0 . 112 < br > ( 0 . 188 ) | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 288 | 0 . 295 | 0 . 328 | 0 . 288 | 0 . 295 | 0 . 328 | | Observations | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | | Geography controls | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Population 1991 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Socio-Economic Development 1991 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Region FE | | Y | Y | | Y | Y | | Province FE | | | Y | | | Y | * * Notes * * The table presents OLS regression estimates measuring the joint effect of the share of refugees in 1928 and the share of Albanian immigrants in 2001 on the presence of sport club in the early 2000s , at the community level . Standard errors are clustered at the province level . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the 1928 Greek population census and General Secretariat of Sports ’ inventory . 37", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 896, "text": "1928 Greek population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "So , the null hypothesis of weak identification is rejected . Employing two instruments for two endogenous variables , we are unable to test for orthogonality in the falsification test . However , based on the literature on social conformity I believe that taxpayers ’ trust in public institutions and the neighborhood is the only channel through which the community level trust in public institutions and the neighborhood affect the taxpayer ’ s morale . # * * 4 . 4 Set of controls * * # # * * Individual-level controls * * . Assessing the determinants of tax morale , I should keep in mind the drawbacks of using selfreported information which might be subject to potential biases ( Bertrand and Mullainathan , 2001 ) . One can imagine that respondents will tend to overstate their attitude towards taxes to avoid the social stigma associated with illegal activities ( Kountouris and Remoundou , 2013 ) . Moreover , attitudes towards taxes and trust might be affected by important omitted variables and potential unobservable individual characteristics . Although the identification strategy presented above minimizes issues related to omitted variables , error measurement , and reverse causality biases , the findings may still be biased due to unobservables ’ characteristics correlated with trust and tax morale . In this section , I include three additional variables , which might help to minimize such biases . The WVS contains three critical variables that can be used to minimize issues from unobservable characteristics and assess the sensitivity of the findings . The first relevant question asks : \" how justifiable is avoiding a fare on public transport ? \" Responses are on a 10-point scale and relabeled as before so that 1 corresponds to \" always justified \" and 10 to \" never justified \" . Controlling for this variable to minimize biases arising from important omitted variables and unobservable heterogeneity . As one might expect , the variable is highly correlated with tax morale and might capture some of the intrinsic characteristics of the taxpayer in term trust and tax morale . The pairwise correlation coefficient is 0 . 557 and statistically significant at the 1 percent level . The additional variable is included in the 30", "spans": [{"start": 1425, "end": 1428, "text": "WVS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- One Envelope 46 , 368 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-25 2022-12-29 2023-12-29 < br > a Encuesta Nacional de Desn < br > utrición Infantil año 2023 < br > C2-MIES-INEC-51 / Contratac < br > ión de 16 Supervisores de operativo de campo de Enlistamiento para el operativo de c IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 230 , 640 . 75 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-15 2022-12-27 2023-12-28 < br > ampo de la Encuesta Nacion < br > al de Desnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-52 / Contratac < br > ión de 8 Operadores Cartográficos de Enlistamiento parael operativo de campo de laEncuesta Nacional de Desnut IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 79 , 358 . 72 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-22 2022-12-30 2023-12-29 < br > rición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-53 / Contratac < br > ión de 8 Revisores de controlde calidad de Enlistamiento para el operativo de campo dela Encuesta Nacional de Desn IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 73 , 122 . 56 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-18 2022-12-28 2023-12-28 < br > utrición", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * # # * * _None . _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". a . | n . a . | | unreserved in industry | ( 0 . 247 ) | ( 0 . 119 ) | ( 0 . 309 ) | | | | < br > | | | D . Change in male segmentation | | | | Increase in share of products | - 0 . 133 | - 0 . 214 * * | - 0 . 370 * * * | - 0 . 150 * | 0 . 025 | | unreserved in industry | ( 0 . 082 ) | ( 0 . 104 ) | ( 0 . 081 ) | ( 0 . 077 ) | ( 0 . 094 ) | | | | | E . Change in female segmentation | | | | Increase in share of products | 0 . 252 * * | 0 . 023 | 0 . 245 * | 0 . 267 * * | 0 . 035 | | unreserved in industry | ( 0 . 105 ) | ( 0 . 131 ) | ( 0 . 139 ) | ( 0 . 117 ) | ( 0 . 079 ) | | | | | F . Change in combined segmentation | | | | Increase in share of products | - 0 . 025 | - 0 . 180 * | - 0 . 181 | - 0 . 000 | - 0 . 093 | | unreserved in industry | ( 0 . 118 ) | ( 0 . 101 ) | ( 0 . 135 ) | ( 0 . 095 ) | ( 0 . 121 ) | Notes : Estimations include 50 industry-level observations , are weighted by log industry employment , winsorize changes at 5 % / 95 % level , include initial values of dependent variables , report robust standard errors , and are transformed to unit standard deviations .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private commercial banks . Private bank participation had increased gradually , accounting for 23 . 5 percent of commercial banking assets in 2005 , with the remainder shared by the two public sector commercial banks . Focused primarily in the rural sector , a small but enterprising microfinance industry was demonstrating strong expansion . < sup > 1 < / sup > * * Rationale for Bank assistance : * * A notable weakness underpinning poor performance in the financial sector was the relative inablity of the National Bank of Ethiopia ( NBE ) to fulfill its mandate to effectively regulate and supervise the financial sector , undertake research , and formulate and implement monetary policy . A second area of concern was the country ‟ s severely underdeveloped financial sector infrastructure . The absence of a modern payment system , a clearing and settlement infrastructure for bond market development , deficiencies in the credit information system , and weaknesses in accounting and auditing , presented serious impediments to financial sector development . A third constraint , limiting access to finance by many segments of the economy , was the absence of a sufficiently diversified basket of financial products . A lack of long-term instruments , such as bonds , had limited the development of infrastructure and housing finance . Financial sector practitioners were generally characterised by a paucity of technical expertise and professional skills , and the development of these skills was hampered by inadequate and unsatisfactory in-country training facilities and ineffective professional associations . > 1 In 2005 , 23 microfinance institutions serviced approximately 1 . 5 million households . In the 2004 / 05 FY , the number of clients grew by about 26 percent , while the volume of credit extended to clients grew by more than 50 percent . The average credit to deposit ratio of MFIs stood at over 200 percent . 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Antidumping , Retaliation Threats , and Export Prices < sup > 1 < / sup > _Veysel Avsar_ < sup > _2_ < / sup > 1 I am indebted to Marc Muendler for kindly inviting me to UC San Diego to work with the SECEX and RAIS data , sharing his data preparation codes , providing computational support and answering all of my related questions . I want to thank Lisandra Flach for helping me with the data and for many other useful suggestions . I also want to thank the UC San Diego Department of Economics , where part of this research was conducted , for their hospitality . I am grateful for the guidance of my advisor , Richard Chisik . This study also benefited from helpful suggestions from Jesse Bull , Sheng Guo , Alexis Habiyaremye , Cem Karayalcin , Peter Thompson , Mehmet Ulubasoglu , three anonymous referees , and Alain de Janvry , the editor . Financial support from Florida International University ’ s Doctoral Evidence Acquisition Fellowship and Dissertation Year Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged . 2 Assistant Professor , Department of Economics , Antalya International University , Antalya , Turkey . E-mail : veysel . avsar @ antalya . edu . tr", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 205, "text": "SECEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 210, "end": 219, "text": "RAIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hpa-An Environmental Scoping Report | | NEAT + | | October 2019 | 14 _Figure 7 : Results from the NEAT + environmental sensitivity module regarding the “ risk of flooding ” issue of concern . _ # Methodology The methodology followed for the field application of the NEAT + tool in Hpa An Township involved conducting a two-day field test of the NEAT + with NRC field and office staff in various locations , facilitating focus group discussions with local communities and holding a half day multi-stakeholder workshop presenting preliminary results and discussing the NEAT + . These data collection methods are expanded on below . # # # 1 . Secondary data review pre-field test Before arrival in Hpa An , the JEU team completed a secondary data review of open spatial and non-spatial data available on a national level and for Myanmar and Hpa An . Non-spatial data was mostly reviewed through reports and studies done in Myanmar by civil society organizations . Over 100 spatial datasets were compiled into a geodatabase , collected from sources such as < u > Open Street Map , HDX , and the Myanmar Information Management Unit geoportal . Relevant spatial datasets were uploaded to a MapX data project , which is open to the < / u > public . < u > MapX < / u > is an open-source , cloud-based geospatial mapping platform managed by UN Environment and GRID-Geneva . Once the open geospatial data had been uploaded to MapX , the national level data could be compared to global datasets to conduct a preliminary study on the biophysical conditions of the target areas . Optical satellite imagery was obtained from the Copernicus Open Data Hub to assess ground conditions before and after the settlement . # # # 2 . NEAT + field test The tool was applied over two days with various users from NRC , including field staff , the regional programme advisor and the Livelihoods and Food Security sector advisor . The NEAT + field application took", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1074, "text": "Open Street Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1091, "end": 1136, "text": "Myanmar Information Management Unit geoportal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1184, "end": 1201, "text": "MapX data project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1374, "end": 1394, "text": "open geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1615, "end": 1639, "text": "Copernicus Open Data Hub", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "matters : most studies find significant effects using “ rule of law ” as a proxy for governance , however , robustness of the results is weaker when using corruption or democracy as proxies . The role of governance in handicapping MENA ’ s economic growth is not a new thesis ( see World Bank , 2003a ) . Weak governance has been estimated to have slowed MENA ’ s GDP growth by 1 to 1 . 5 percentage points ( World Bank , 2003a ) . Poor governance also discourages foreign investment that can be important for job creation , innovation and trade . Unlike other regions , trade has not been a driver of job creation in MENA . Political instability is a primary source of risk and uncertainty for the region , and FDI has not only decreased but has also skewed towards sectors with low job creation and that do not support exporting ( World Bank , 2013 ) . The low quality of governance in MENA is readily apparent in the World Governance Indicators ( WGI ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > World Governance Indicator scores for MENA countries are much lower relative to other countries . In five out of the six areas , MENA countries have significantly lower scores than both upper middle and high-income countries . Two governance values identified to be very relevant for MENA are inclusion and accountability ( World Bank , 2003a ) . The WGI Voice and Accountability indicator is very closely aligned to these two values . Indeed , the MENA region ranks lower than any other in this indicator . Moreover , among all size WGI indicators , the MENA region has the lowest scores in Voice and Accountability . Figure 6 ( in the Appendix ) illustrates WGI rankings given GDP per capita , averaged from 19952009 . In the instance of Voice and Accountability , MENA countries perform the worst in this ranking given their level of development . # * * 3 . ESTIMATION * * The literature offers many studies on complementarities between country-level characteristics and policies ( or country-country level interactions ) towards growth and economic outcomes . < sup > 16 < / sup > For example in the MENA", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 947, "text": "World Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1330, "end": 1368, "text": "WGI Voice and Accountability indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2018-11-21 | | | 2019-01-16 | 2019-07-15 | | | KE-WEST POKOT COUNTY - < br > 84630-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of two utility < br > vehicles to be used by the < br > health department for project < br > activities accross the county < br > ( 4wd Double Cabin Pickup ) < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 117 , 480 . 00 | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2018-11-21 | | | 2019-01-16 | 2019-07-15 | | | KE-WEST POKOT COUNTY - < br > 84645-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of one cabinet < br > drawer for storage of < br > RMNCAH / THS-UC files at the < br > kapenguria County reffereral < br > office < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Direct Selection | Dire | ct | | | 280 . 00 | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-11-09 | 2018-11-14 | | | 2018-12-19 | 2019-06-17 | | | KE-WEST POKOT COUNTY - < br > 84948-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 5 Laptops and < br > 5 hard disks for HRIOs ( Sigor , <", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 738, "text": "RMNCAH / THS-UC files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 : COVID-19 Government Restriction Stringency Score Over Time < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria < br > Apr20May20Jun20Jul20Aug20Sep20Oct20Nov20Dec20Jan21Feb21Mar21Apr21May21 < br > Stringency Score < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note_ : The figure presents government stringency scores for each of the three countries over time . The scores are provided by _Our World in Data_ and measure the severity of COVID-19-related government restrictions on a daily basis , with higher scores indicating stricter regulatory regimes ( Mathieu et al . , 2020 ) . We average these daily scores to match with our monthly data . In general , government restrictions were most stringent in early 2020 and relaxed in late 2020 . In some cases , new restrictions were imposed in early 2021 as cases surged . 24", "spans": [{"start": 705, "end": 717, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "meetings with GRM committee members , city level staff , and national staff during visits to their project site ; - Grievance boxes and desks ; - Written letters , E-mail or SMS and hotline services . Upon receipt of the grievance , the Woreda GRM committee shall assess the grievance to establish whether it could be resolved locally or needs to be referred to the next level . Where possible , the Woreda GRM committee shall attempt to resolve and close the matter if the complainant is satisfied with the resolution . Where the matter has failed to be resolved or where it is deemed to be beyond the capacity of the Woreda GRM committee , the matter shall be referred to the city level GRM Committee or another relevant institution for further redress . The complainant will be informed , and the determination will be appropriately recorded in a grievance register , as part of the project ’ s Management Information System ( MIS ) . Upon receiving a written referral from the Kebele / woreda GRM , the City GRM Committee shall also attempt to resolve the matter by convening concerned parties where possible . The same process will be repeated with further referral levels until the case is resolved . Regarding , refugee and host integration grievance both the UPSNJP and RRS GRM would be applied . Like that of MUI / Food Security , RRS has its own GRM basis on the Refugees and Returnees Grievances and Appeals Handling Directive ( Directive No . 03 / 2019 ) that explicit 47", "spans": [{"start": 850, "end": 868, "text": "grievance register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inequality . The key missing piece is an estimate of the correlation between growth and inequality which cannot be readily estimated with Kakwani ' s formulae . But it can be found using our regional panel by estimating the following regression : Log Gkt = a + , Log Wkt + ak + skt ( 9 )", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 205, "text": "regional panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * # # * * _None . _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services ( P179040 ) the business climate , and address macroeconomic imbalances . The government is also devoting a high share of its budget to pro-poor programs and investments , notably to Productive Safety Net Programs ( PSNP ) launched in 2005 . 4 . * * Gender disparities in Ethiopia , including access to economic opportunities for women , are profound . * * The 2022 Global Gender Gap report ranked Ethiopia 74 out of 146 countries , and 15 in Africa . The rank drops to 112 for economic participation and opportunities , and to 133 for educational attainment . < sup > 1 < / sup > The 2017 Global Findex Survey < sup > 2 < / sup > found that only 29 percent of women had a financial account , compared to 41 percent of men , with the gap growing significantly from 2014 when the rates were 21 percent and 23 percent respectively . 5 . * * Ethiopia hosts many forcibly displaced persons , including refugees and asylum-seekers , and risks of statelessness affect various vulnerable groups . * * It is the third-largest refugee-hosting state in Africa , with nearly 1 million refugees . < sup > 3 < / sup > The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre estimates there are over 2 million internally displaced people ( IDPs ) . In addition , stateless persons and persons at risk of statelessness , especially children with Eritrean-Ethiopian parents and long-term refugees , face challenges exercising their rights and accessing services , including because they often lack identification . Implementing an accessible identification system can address these challenges and promote inclusivity , economic empowerment , and integration for stateless populations . Having legal proof of their legal identity can be a first but critical step in their journey out of statelessness . 6 . * * Ongoing internal conflicts have limited economic growth and reduced access to basic services and infrastructure . * * However , the November 2022 peace agreement to end hostilities between the", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 460, "text": "2022 Global Gender Gap report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 667, "end": 680, "text": "Findex Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Panama over the 1997-2003 period . Although international migration is likely to be an important element in the dynamics of the Panamanian labor market , it is not considered in this analysis due to the difficulties of modeling this flow in a single-country setting . Labor mobility across formal and informal activities is not limited , but informal workers earn significantly lower salaries ( on average , 20 percent of formal sector wages ) , giving rise to potentially large productivity effects when demand for one of the activity types rises . Finally , the model assumes no change in the degree of resource utilization , or fixed employment . This assumption is consistent with the available econometric evidence for Panama ( see Galliani , 2006 ) , which shows that the unemployment rate has been fairly steady at around 6 percent and has not changed much during economic upswings or downturns . The volumes of government current and investment spending ( including investments in the canal ) are fixed as shares of real GDP , while the deficit ( in real terms ) is also fixed . Public revenues adjust to clear the government balance by means of a flexible household direct tax rate . < sup > 7 < / sup > The investment-to-GDP ratio is fixed at the base year value and a flexible marginal propensity to save out of household disposable income ensures that total saving equals total investment . The current account balance is fixed by the available quantity of foreign saving and the exchange rate is the numeraire , which means that domestic prices are determined relative to a fixed-cost basket of foreign goods . < sup > 8 < / sup > The model is solved in a recursive dynamic mode , in which subsequent end-of-period equilibria are linked with a set of equations that update the main macro variables . There are three determinants of real GDP growth in the model : labor supply growth , capital accumulation , and increases in productivity . The volumes of both types of labor grow exogenously at the rate of growth of the working age population ( ages 15-64 ) , obtained from World Bank population forecasts . The capital stock in each period is the sum of", "spans": [{"start": 2091, "end": 2122, "text": "World Bank population forecasts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Chad COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Project ( P173894 ) project . This component will also finance coordination activities . These include meetings of Technical Coordination committees , Coordination ’ s meetings at different level of the health system and operation costs of Emergency Operation Center . . . Legal Operational Policies | | * * Triggered ? * * | | - - - | - - - | | Projects on International Waterways OP 7 . 50 | No | | Projects in Disputed Areas OP 7 . 60 | No | Summary of Assessment of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts * * Note to Task Teams : * * This summary section is downloaded from the PAD data sheet and is editable . It should match the text provided by E & S specialist . If it is revised after the initial download the task team must manually update the summary in this section . * * _Please delete this note when finalizing the document . _ * * 31 . The main concerns relate to testing and treatment of infected persons , handling of medical samples and waste by medical professionals and local community health and safety . The project will finance equipment for selected primary health care facilities and hospitals to improve their ability to deliver critical medical services including testing , treatment and hospitalization . The PIU will prepare an ESMF to provide clear guidance regarding the treatment of medical waste , guidelines for community engagement and the preparation of subproject ESMPs ( if needed ) . The ESMF will also incorporate international protocols for community health and safety during a pandemic and measures to address GBV / SEA . The ESMF will be consulted with stakeholders using the modified approach currently under preparation and publicly disclosed per the requirements of the ESF no later than 30 days after Project effectiveness . * * Note * * : To view the Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts , please refer to the Appraisal Stage ESRS Document . * * _Please delete this note when finalizing the document . _ *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Community residents , patients or health workers . - Supervising engineer , clerk of works or contractor . - - Monitoring team who will forward issues / concerns identified in the field . Steps of the grievance process are described below . A flow chart outlining the main actions and decision points is shown in Figure 3 . # # # * * _Step 1 : Receipt of complaint_ * * A verbal or in written complaint from a complainant will be received by the Clerk of Works and recorded in a complaints log s ( he ) keeps on site . The log will indicate grievances , date lodged , action taken to address complaint or reasons the grievance was not acted on ; information provided to complainant and date the grievance was closed . Grievances should be lodged at any time , either directly to the Clerk of Works ’ office or through the Local Council Chairperson . The process for lodging a complaint is outlined below :", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 493, "text": "complaints log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Uganda : Albertine Region Sustainable Development Project ( P145101 )  Number of learners from the Albertine Region receiving bursaries to undergo training in identified programs in targeted BTVET institutions across the country , of which % female ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | | 0 . 00 | 600 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2013 | - - | | 01-Jun-2015 | 31-Jul-2019 |  Female learners receiving bursaries . ( Percentage , Custom Supplement ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | | 0 . 00 | 40 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2013 | - - | | 01-Jun-2015 | 31-Jul-2019 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P145101 | IDA-54060 | Not < br > Effective | XDR | 94", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 939, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * from people working at the project site ( e . g . , from labour camps ) , and some liquid waste from construction processes at substation sites . * * - * * 2 . 3 . 24 National Environment ( Wetlands , River Banks and Lake Shores Management ) Regulations , 2000 ( No . 3 of 2000 ) * * These Regulations provide for the management of wetlands and wetland resources , as well as river banks and lake shores . On wetlands , the Regulations aim to provide for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources in Uganda , to ensure water catchment conservation and flood control , to ensure the sustainable use of wetlands for ecological and other purposes , to ensure that wetlands are protected as habitats for species of fauna and flora , and to prevent pollution . The Regulations establish the Technical Committee on Biodiversity Conservation which is responsible for advising on the wise use , management and conservation of wetland resources . District Environment Committees are also established . The Minister may declare protected wetlands under Regulation 8 . Other regulations on wetlands concern inventorying of wetlands , their use and granting of use permits . Part III of these Regulations apply to all river banks and lake shores in Uganda . Its provisions aim at sustainable use and protection of river banks , preventing siltation of rivers and lakes , as well as controlling pollution or degrading activities . They provide for an inventory of degraded river banks to be made by local authorities and institute a permitting system for persons wishing to use river banks . Section 34 provides that an ESIA be carried out for a project which may have significant impact on a wetland , riverbank or lakeshore in accordance with part 10 of the NEA No . 5 of 2019 . * * These regulations are triggered by the Project as some portions of the TL will cross wetlands and other water bodies and , therefore , wetland user permits shall be obtained prior to construction of access roads and tower foundations within wetlands . * * Restoration of wetlands will be among the predecommissioning activities that", "spans": [{"start": 1462, "end": 1495, "text": "inventory of degraded river banks", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\" الحساب الجاري الخاص \" حصرا ً لتسجيل كافة المعامالت المالية المرتبطة ب اإلمدادات الغذائية األساسية ، بما في ذلك . الحساب سنويا ً من ق ِ بل شركة تدقيق مستقلة تعي ّ نها وزارة الصناعة والتجارة وت ُ دقق البيانات المالية ل شركة مصفاة . الخبز وي ُ دق ّ ق هذا . ويتعين على وزارة المالية التأكد من أرص دةنها شركة مصفاة البترول األردنية ّ سنويا ً من شركة تدقيق خارجية تعيالبترول األردنية ديسمبر / كانون األول 31المسا ل على النحو الوارد في البيانات المالية المدققة للسنة المنتهية بتاريخ دعم الخبز وغاز البترول . 2013 مارس / آذار 30 والتقرير الربع سنوي الصادر بتاريخ 2012 ، ست ُ سحب2013 يونيو / حزيران 30 لتمويل جزء من الزيادة في كلفة إعانات دعم الخبز وعبوات غاز البترول المسال بعد . 52 األموال من الحساب المحدد على أساس التقارير الشهر", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 216, "text": "البيانات المالية", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 431, "end": 447, "text": "البيانات المالية", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "GOP < br > deflator < br > . CPI | | Overall surplus / deficit | | - 1 . 7 | - 12 . 6 | - 10 . 4 | | | * * TRADE * * | | | | | | | _ ( US $ millions ) _ | * * 1977 * * | * * 1987 * * | * * 1997 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * Export and import levels ( US $ millIons ) * * | | Total exports ( fob ) | | 311 | 167 | 205 | 1 , 00 | | Minerals and fuels < br > Food , beverage , and tobacco < br > | | | 46 < br > 18 < br > | 57 < br > 22 < br > | * * 750 * * | | Manufactures < br > Total imports ( fob ) < br > | | 316 | 99 < br > 685 < br > | 122 < br > 826 < br > | soo < br > < br > < br > | | Food | | | 164 | 197 | * * 25 * * < br > * < br > _ < br > 1 | | Fuel and energy < br > | | | 71 < br > | 86 < br > | | | Capital goods | | | 99 | 120 o | < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > | | Export price index_ ( 1993 = 100 ) _ | _ . . _ | | | | * * 92 * * < br > * * 93 * * < br > so < br > * * n5 * * < br > * * 95 * * < br > * * 7 * * < br > * * 58 * * | | < br > Import price index ( 1993 = 100 ) | | | | | * * rExporns * * < br > I", "spans": [{"start": 959, "end": 977, "text": "Import price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Mediating Variables These are variables that might facilitate improvements in business performance as a result of improved mental health and well ‐ being of entrepreneurs . They include counterproductive work behaviors ( CWB ) , social networking , perceived social support , individual entrepreneurial orientation ( autonomy , risk taking , proactive decision making , information seeking , and so on ) , as well as overall work ‐ life balance . A brief description of each is provided below . - * * Perceived social support * * was measured using the Multi ‐ dimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support ( MSPSS ) . MSPSS measures perceived social support in three domains : family , friends and significant others ( 4 items each ) . - * * Psychological capital * * was measured using the Psychological Capital Questionnaire ( PCQ ) 12 items version . The PCQ ‐ 12 measures psychological capital across four domains ( hope ‐ 4 items , optimism ‐ 2 items , resilience 3 items and self ‐ efficacy ‐ 3 items ) . - * * Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation ( IEO ) * * was measured using an adapted Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation ( IEO ) Scale ( Sang and Lim 2009 ) . Data were collected regarding the autonomy , innovativeness , risk taking , competitive aggressiveness , information seeking ( pro ‐ active behavior ) and impulsiveness to reflect the degree of change in behaviors over time . - * * < mark > Social networking < / mark > * * < mark > was measured using the composite scores of social networking with other business circles , as measured by the 4 ‐ item Social Networking Questionnaire . The questionnaire tapped into 4 areas of entrepreneurial networking : 1 ) sharing of business ideas , new techniques or suppliers ; 2 ) formation of connections with new potential customers , markets or other entrepreneurs ; 3 ) gain of new customers , or financial support from other entrepreneurs ; and 4 ) Sharing of tools , inputs , equipment or employees with other entrepreneurs . < / mark > - * * < mark > Work ‐ life balance ( WLB ) < / mark > * * < mark > was measured", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| < br > * * ة بالصرف * * | * * المؤشر * * < br > * * ات المرتبط * * | * * المسؤولية عن * * | < br > | | | | * * اسم * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * قابلية توسع * * < br > * * المصروفات * * < br > * * / ( نعم * * < br > * * ك ) لا * * | * * المسؤولية عن التحقق من * * < br > * * البيانات * * < br > ا | < br > * * جمع البيانات * * | * * منهجية * * < br > * * جمع البيانات * * | * * مصدر البيانات * * | * * ال * * < br > * * را تكر ية * * | * * ) الوصف ( تعريف واضح وما إلى ذلك * * | * * المؤش * * < br > * * ر ( # ) * * | | | الوطنية < br > لالستخدام و < br > نظا < br > م < br > إدارة المعلومات | | | | | | | | نعم | ت قوم هيئة التحقق المستقلة < br > بتدقيق التقارير من < br > مقدمي < br > خدمات التدريب من القطاع", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "the automotive . The EU recently adopted an Economic and Investment Plan for the Western Balkans which sets out a substantial investment package mobilizing up to € 9 billion of funding for the region to support sustainable connectivity , human capital , competitiveness and inclusive growth , and green and digital transition ( See Box 9 . 1 for more details ) . * * Strengthening human capital remains a key priority . * * In addition to well-functioning health systems , the epidemic underscored the importance of such solid fundamentals as robust social protection mechanisms , enhanced human capital , and strong institutions . Social protection mechanisms should be directed to identifying and supporting groups vulnerable to adverse economic shocks , and social assistance spending should first target the poorest . Demographic challenges caused by aging societies and expanding emigration complicate the scenario , as does low human capital . According to the Human Capital Index ( HCI ) 2020 , a child born in the region today will only be 57 to 63 percent as productive when she grows up as she would be if she enjoyed complete education and full health , although an exception is Serbia , where the HCI is somewhat higher at 68 . Although HCI rankings have improved over time , those in the Western Balkans are far below the average for the whole of ECA , and COVID-19 has no doubt caused them to deteriorate . * * A resilient recovery will require continued structural policy action in all six Western Balkan countries . * * Key among these are policies that boost private sector led growth and productivity , including consistent and efficient implementation of regulations , as well as policies that support greater competitiveness and innovation ( see the separate Spotlight ) . The EU funding for the six Western Balkan countries in the Multiannual Financial Framework ( MFF ) 40 | < sup > 9 . REsILIENCE LIEs IN BUILDING sTRONGER FUNDAMENTALs ThROUGh sUsTAINED REFORM < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 986, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ * * _ < mark > Household Income and Expenditure : < / mark > _ * * < mark > Based on a comparative analysis of average annual household income and expenditure obtained from the sample Socioeconomic survey results , the 270 sampled households in project impact corridor earned ETB 52 , 341 , 996 in the 12 months preceding the survey . This translates to an average annual income of ETB 193 , 859 per household , which is approximately 4 USD per day . On the other hand , the 270 surveyed households spent a total of ETB 38 , 171 , 738 over the 12 months preceding the survey . This means an average annual expenditure of approximately ETB 141 , 376 per household . < / mark > * * _Access to Water Supply : _ * * Majority of households ( 78 . 1 % ) have access to safe potable water from various sources , while 21 . 9 % rely on unprotected water sources . Private taps primarily within dwelling yards serve as the main water source for 37 . 8 % of households overall . 71 . 7 % of households in Hetosa Woreda utilize private tab as their main source of potable water . In contrast , no households in Sude Woreda have access to private taps . # # # # # # * * 0 . 5 Impact of the Subproject * * The proposed Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Transmission Line and Substation Subproject is located in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Regional State . The subproject will affect a total of 20 kebeles along the transmission line corridor across 5 Woredas . The new Arsi Robe substation is located in the outskirts of Arsi Robe town . * * _Number of Households and Population Affected by the Subproject : _ * * The construction of the Asela -", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 363, "text": "Socioeconomic survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HIPCs and Fragile countries are the groups most affected by shocks , both in the size and length of breaches , while Oil Exporters are less affected , except for the shock on exports growth ( B2 ) . Overall , LICs on average are more vulnerable to suffer a downgrade in their risk ratings because of shocks affecting their solvency rather than liquidity , a result consistent with their historical – albeit decreasing – access to concessional financing . # * * 4 . 3 Assessing Debt Vulnerabilities of SSA Oil Exporting Countries after the 2014 Oil Price Shock * * This section sheds some light on the SSA oil exporting countries ’ debt vulnerabilities resulting from the oil price shock of late 2014 , which directly affects their debt repayment capacity . The exercise illustrates how the different debt burden indicators – and the risk of debt distress – would change in each of the four oil exporting countries after the shock , if they were to substitute the lower exports and government revenues with new government ( PPG MLT ) debt , so that no adjustment is forced on the economy – no reduction in imports , government expenditures or changes in the exchange rate occurs . The magnitude of the changes in the debt burden indicators under such , albeit extreme , assumptions illustrates how exposed oil exporting countries are to oil price shocks or , alternatively , to what extent an adjustment to the above variables is warranted if a risk classification downgrade is to be avoided . In order to evaluate how significantly the oil price shock can affect the countries ’ debt situation , we make new projections for the five debt burden indicators using the latest available DSAs and a new oil price series that incorporates the drop of late 2014 and an assumed slow recovery thereafter . We begin by comparing the oil price projections made by the US Department of Energy in April of 2014 , with those made by the World Bank Prospects Group in January of 2015 . The comparison shows a drop of 45 percent in the oil price in 2015 ( year average ) and a recovery thereafter of 7 percent yearly until 2023 . We use the projected drop", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where , Y is the net turnover in manufacturing industry i for time period t measured at the 2-digit VSIC level ( there are total 22 3-digit VSIC manufacturing industries ) ; P is industry-wise pollution intensity and μ is industry fixed effects . In addition to 22 industry level effects , we also used fixed effects for dirty and clean industries , using the Mani and Wheeler ( 1998 ) classification . Labor productivity ( L ) is the average net turnover per employee . Capital productivity ( K ) is calculated by dividing the net turnover by the total stock of fixed capital . The coefficient of interest is β 3 < sup > which captures the < / sup > increase in production of dirty industries relative to clean industries during the 2000-2002 period . If domestic production does shows an increase in the dirty industries relative to cleaner industries , we would find β 3 < sup > > 0 . The results for equation ( 2 ) are presented < / sup > in Table 2 . Second , we measure whether exports have increased in the dirty industries relative to clean industries between pre-2000 and post-2000 years ( in the year 2000 , USBTA came into effect ) . Based on Grossman and Krueger ( 1993 ) , we estimate exports from Vietnam as a function of labor intensity ( L ) , capital intensity ( K ) , and pollution intensity ( P ) . Similar to the specification of hypothesis 1 , we use 2-digit VSIC level data for manufacturing industries to compare pre-2000 ( 1997-1999 ) with those immediately following trade liberalization ( 2001-2002 ) . The regression model is : where , X is the export from industry i as a fraction of net turnover for time period t measured at the 2-digit VSIC level ( there are total 22 3-digit VSIC manufacturing industries ) ; T is the liberalization dummy that takes the value 1 for post-2000 years and 0 14", "spans": [{"start": 1372, "end": 1395, "text": "2-digit VSIC level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for younger girls . Allowing them unfettered mobility may signal a loose attitude about female honor in general , with repercussions for other womenfolk . Second , because the decision to enroll a child is driven in large part by the option value of future schooling , and because schooling is costly , anything that raises the likelihood of dropping out of primary school in the future will reduce the incentive to enroll at the outset . With these considerations in mind , we state our two main hypotheses : - Hypothesis 1 : Holding constant travel time to school , a girl who would have to cross settlement boundaries to attend school will be less likely to enroll than a girl who can attend a school in her own settlement . The same crossingboundary effect should not be observed for boys . - Hypothesis 2 : Children will be more likely to be enrolled in school if their caste status coincides with that of the dominant caste of the settlement containing their most convenient school ( child-school caste concordance ) . # 4 Salience of Settlement Boundaries # # 4 . 1 Empirical strategy We use household and school GPS coordinates , and information on the year of school establishment , to identify the location of each primary school that was available in or near the child ’ s village by the time the child turned 9 . As new schools are established ( and old ones closed down ) , the set of available schools can differ between two children of different ages living in the same settlement . Moreover , since singlesex schools are common in Pakistan , the set of available schools will also vary within settlements by the gender of the child . From this information , we can construct the two key variables for our test of hypothesis 1 : where settlement  of village  is that in which child  resides , and 9", "spans": [{"start": 1099, "end": 1135, "text": "household and school GPS coordinates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 4 Methods and assumptions * * Our analysis is based on several key assumptions . First , we assume that any urbanization that occurs on current land used for crop and livestock ( i . e . , as of 2010 ) will result in a significant impact on the agricultural production there . Specifically , such an overlap could culminate in either a loss of crop or livestock previously produced on the piece of land , or it could lead to a proximity of urban and agricultural functions , which may alter agricultural production cycles and scales . Second , for the baseline condition , since the urban expansion data use 2015 as the starting year , any crop or livestock that overlap with the 2015 urban extent are _not_ counted toward the initial agricultural production ( see Table 2 ) . Consequently , only crop and livestock outside of the 2015 urban extent are aggregated for the baseline quantity of crop and livestock production . This would lead to eliminating about 2 - 6 percent of crop or livestock production in the data ( see Table A1 . 6 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > Third , we assume no further expansion of land used for crop and livestock beyond its footprint in 2010 . To clarify , the potential impact on crop and livestock production is calculated based on how much future urban expansion is projected to extend into current land used for crop and livestock production . This assumption is made despite acknowledging that a growing global population would entail increasing crop and livestock demands in the future . While such intricate dynamics would affect impacts on crop and livestock production , it is beyond the scope of this paper to devise robust models for future land uses . Fourth , we assume that receding urban frontiers does _not_ replenish land used for crop and livestock production . To elaborate , while the data from Chen et al . ( 2020 ) shows that across different SSP scenarios , urban extents could in fact decrease in some parts of the world , in part due to declining urban populations , we assume that these urban contractions will not result in land", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 613, "text": "urban expansion data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | - 0 . 211 | - 0 . 0438 | - | - | | | [ + 125 . 00 % ] | [ + 204 . 50 % ] | - | - | Note : This table shows the event-study estimates of heterogeneous effects across sector and firm ’ s operating size . Disaggregated sectors ( Panel A ) include manufacturing & construction ; wholesale & retails ; transportation ; and accommodation , food & entertainment . Firm ’ s operating size is broken down by revenue quartiles . The coefficients are estimated following Equation 1 . Data on household business suspension and closure filings are obtained from the Household Business Tax Census . Data on individual work hours and income are obtained from the Vietnamese Labor Force Surveys . Monthly income is detrended from pre-COVID linear trend and residualized from individual observables including age , gender , educational level , and occupation level . Square brackets show the equivalent of estimated coefficients in percentage changes from pre-COVID means . Standard errors are clustered at the commune level and are presented in parentheses . * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . 19", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 586, "text": "Household Business Tax Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 652, "end": 682, "text": "Vietnamese Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compensation , women shall take part in providing consent to the compensation packages and other necessary resettlement related activities of the subproject . The risk rating from expropriation of privately owned farmland is Substantial , which is social impacts with substantial consequences and likely to occur . However , implementation of the proposed mitigation measure will reduce the risk rating to _Low , _ which is social impact with no or limited consequence and less likely to occur . Based on the the existing TL routing design and the field survey , the proposed Subproject will affect 26 residential houses ( physical displacement ) located _wii_ eide the 59 . 0km long TL corridor belonging to about 24 households . These * * ' lk * * e ' sdolents in four Subproject affected Woredas . * * All * * the residential houses are affected * * by * * Subproject tower pad and * * 1W * * aRd * * t * * is no housing structure affected * * by * * the construction of the proposed Robe Ad ta En * * Su * * ject . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > , ~ Pae 169 < br > xio 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Mlid-Day * *", "spans": [{"start": 548, "end": 560, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30-Dec-2011 | 07-Jan-2018 | | | | Comments | | | | Development of ERA ’ s MIS | Text | Value | Web based MIS operational | System Updating production < br > of annual reports | | | | Date | 30-Dec-2011 | 07-Jan-2018 | | | | Comments | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 30-Apr-2013 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing | Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P128891 | IDA-51620 | Effective | 25-Sep-2012 | | 18-Oct-2012 | 20-Dec-2012 | 07-Jan-2018 | | 07-Jan-2018 | | P128891 | TF-13952 | Effective | 12-Feb-2013 | | 12-Feb-2013 | 12-Feb-2013 | 31-Dec-2017 | | 31-Dec-2017 | | * * Disbursements * * | * * ( in Millions ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisb | ursed < br > % Disbursed | | P128891 | IDA-51620 | Effective | USD | | 600 . 00 < br > | 600 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 93 . 00 | | 508 . 34 < br > 16 . 00 |", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 276, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Stylized Fact 15 . * * _The ranking of freight rates depends on their measure . In ad-valorem terms , the drybulk freight rate is up to 5 times_ greater _than the containerized ( non-refrigerated ) freight rate . However , the specific ( per kilo ) dry-bulk freight rate is up to 10 times_ lower _than the containerized one . _ * * Stylized Fact 16 . * * _The freight rate trends of the containerized and dry-bulk freight rates are not synchronized , implying that the cost and demand shocks are either asynchronous or have asymmetric effects on transport costs across commodity types . _ * * Stylized Fact 17 . * * _The aggregate per-kilo and per-TEU trends for a given commodity type are synchronized . _ The last fact is important from a practical standpoint since per-kilo freight rate measures are available in many more datasets . These similarities in trends indicate that , in the absence of the per-TEU measures , the per-kilo trends are good proxies for the per-TEU trends . Finally , some datasets provide the per-container charges . In some cases , these datasets contain the spot-market , but not the annual-contract charges ( e . g . , Drewry , as described by Wong , 2020 ) . The US Bills of Lading data provide per-container charges , but only for a limited sample of the shipments . < sup > 23 < / sup > These data limitations impede utilizing the per-container freight rates in the context of international trade . # * * 4 Containerized Maritime Shipping : Freight Rate Determinants * * Containerized maritime shipping is a multi-billion industry with complex and sophisticated technology . While an exact functional form of transportation cost is difficult to derive , it includes both fixed and variable cost components . The variable cost depends on the market structure , network organization , distance and geography , volume of trade and directional imbalances , good - and variety-specific imbalance : e . g . , empty reefer boxes are needed for the Chilean exports , and therefore the empty returns to Chile are very cheap . > 23These data have been used by Holmes and Singer ( 2018 ) and Terner ( 2021 )", "spans": [{"start": 1199, "end": 1222, "text": "US Bills of Lading data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Bid Evalua | tion Report | | | | | Description < br > < br > o . | < br > Component | Review Typ | e < br > Method < br > | pp < br > h | < br > cess < br > | q < br > ( Y / N ) < br > | < br > ount ( US $ ) < br > | | < br > ( US $ | < br > ) < br > < br > atus | q < br > Documents < br > Planned < br > Actual | < br > q < br > ation Report < br > Planned < br > Actua | < br > g < br > ent / Justificat < br > l < br > Planned < br > Ac | < br > ion < br > p < br > Notice / Inv < br > tual < br > Planned | < br > itation < br > g < br > s Iss < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > ued < br > p < br > Opening / < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > Minutes < br > and Recom < br > for A < br > Actual < br > Planned | mendation < br > ward < br > Signed < br > Actual < br > Planned | Cont < br > A | ract < br > ctual | Contract Completion < br > < br > Planned < br > Actual | | GH-MOF-FSD-80512-NC-RFP < br > / Carrying out a financial incl < br > usion demand side survey < br > IDA / V2190 | Enhancing the Capacity for t < br > he Implementation and Moni < br > toring of Financial Sector Pol < br > icies and Supporting Project <", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 986, "text": "demand side survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". These models assume a convenient ad-valorem form of transportation costs , also known as the Samuelson iceberg . Therefore , the ad-valorem formulation became a natural default for transportation costs in the empirical literature . In addition , most datasets with the direct measure of transportation charges report the value but not the quantity of the imported goods . < sup > 19 < / sup > This further strengthened the reasons to utilize the ad-valorem transportation cost as the per-unit measure could not be calculated without the information on the units . The knowledge about the functional form of transportation costs has been greatly enriched by a seminal work by Hummels and Skiba ( 2004 ) , who utilized the direct measures of transportation costs using the data from six countries ( Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Paraguay , Uruguay , the US ) importing from the rest of the world . They showed that the data do not support the widely assumed ad-valorem 19In the past , several studies have also employed measures of transportation costs constructed using matched partner c . i . f . / f . o . b . ratios from the IMF Direction of Trade Statistics ( DOTS ) and UN COMTRADE data . Hummels and Lugovskyy ( 2009 ) found that the ratios from these sources are subject to significant measurement error and are unrelated to actual variation in shipping costs . 23", "spans": [{"start": 773, "end": 796, "text": "data from six countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1161, "text": "IMF Direction of Trade Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1175, "end": 1191, "text": "UN COMTRADE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using the Political Rights indicator and Economic Freedom . The share of tertiary educated workers over the total residence labor force is not signi . . . cant anymore , probably due to the two variables being highly correlated ( 0 . 7145 ) . Finally , the coe ¢ cient on the GDP per capita is in general positive but not always signi . . . cant . < sup > 20 < / sup > The estimations con . . . rm that democracy is very persistent . Moreover , considering the . . . rst 3 columns in each table , the coe ¢ cient on past democracy ranges between the estimated coe ¢ cient in pooled OLS , which is usually biased upwards , and the estimated coe ¢ cient for the . . . xed e ¤ ect , which usually displays a downward bias . The AR ( 2 ) test which tests the null hypothesis that the error term is not second order serially correlated , and the Hansen J test of overindentifying restrictions , indicate that the moment conditions are satis . . . ed and the instruments are valid . In general , the results appear quite robust across speci . . . cations and indices . < sup > 21 < / sup > To evaluate whether the skill composition of migration , and not just its size , a ¤ ects institutional quality at home , we introduce in column 6 the share of tertiary educated amongs migrants . The coe ¢ cient of the share of tertiary educated migrants is negative but not statistically signi . . . cant for 3 indicators out of 4 and is only positive and signi . . . cant at the 10 percent when considering the EFW indicator . In spite or , rather , because of this inconclusive result , we will further investigate this issue in the next section using numerical simulations . Finally , one may be concerned , as Acemoglu et al . ( 2005 ) were about their own study , that the presence of socialist countries in our sample may largely a ¤ ect the estimation results . Indeed , most socialist countries had high levels of education in the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 2 : Quantile Treatment Effects on Profits After Three Years * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Treatment Effect Spillover Effect < br > 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9095 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9095 < br > Percentile Percentile < br > 1000 1000 < br > 500 500 < br > Weekly Profits 0 Weekly Profits 0 < br > - 500 - 500 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Intent-to-treat effects from quantile regressions controlling for randomization strata and baseline profits , combining round 4 and round 5 survey data . Straight dashed line shows OLS estimate . 95 percent confidence intervals displayed allowing for clustering at market level . 26", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 537, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# The surveys The in-person Palestinians ’ Psychological Conditions Survey ( PPCS ) aimed to better understand mental health outcomes in the West Bank and Gaza , as well as links between those outcomes and exposure to violence , socioeconomic conditions , and attachment to the labor market . < sup > 5 < / sup > A detailed adult individual questionnaire embedded in a larger household survey included modules assessing personal exposure to conflict events ( Gaza only ) , food security , signs of aggressive tendencies , life satisfaction , risk for mental health problems , symptoms of depression , exposure to traumatic events , symptoms of PTSD , COVID exposure , and prosocial behavior . The PPCS was fielded in person in the West Bank , East Jerusalem , and Gaza between March and May 2022 . Out of a planned sample of 7 , 057 households , 6 , 140 participated in the survey . The data collection team attempted to interview 6 , 138 adults for the detailed individual interview , and 5 , 877 individuals formed the final sample used in analysis . A back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that each completed survey cost approximately $ 23 . 40 , excluding staff and consultant time . From March 19 to 22 , 2022 , concurrent with the first month of data collection for the PPCS , the Poverty team ran a pared down version of the adult individual questionnaire through a link that was advertised on Facebook . This shorter questionnaire covered basic sociodemographic questions , personal exposure to conflict events , food security , signs of aggressive tendencies , risk for mental health problems , symptoms of depression , COVID exposure , prosocial behavior , and questions about Facebook usage and whether any other household members had completed the survey ( for weighting purposes ) . Adverts with the survey link were sent to a random sample of Facebook accounts stratified by governorate and gender to try to achieve a realized sample similar in those characteristics to the overall population . During the four days in which the Facebook adverts were live , 18 , 896 people clicked on the link . Of those , 2 , 279 people started the survey , and 1 , 227 respondents formed", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 74, "text": "Palestinians ’ Psychological Conditions Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 376, "end": 392, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sampling locations , frequency of measurements , detection limits ( where appropriate ) , and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions , and so forth . Although not essential to have complete details of monitoring in the EMP , it should describe the means by which final monitoring arrangements will be agreed . Institutional arrangements : Responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring should be clearly defined . The EMP should identify arrangements for coordination between the various actors responsible for mitigation . The EMP table should look as follows : TBIWRDP ESMF / RPF GOVERNMENT OF ETHIOPIA 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "levels and patterns of biological resources , ecological conditions and human interactions with BINP and MGNP are already relatively well developed while others are poor or non-existent . Gaps will be identified at the outset and addressed in the research activities funded by MBIFCT . 12 . Designing and initiating the ecological M & E would be a major thrust of the Trust-funded research activities in the first few years . The overall approach , including decisions on strategy and methodology , would be based on the recommendations of workshop held in October , 1993 , organized by the Institute for Tropical Forest Conservation ( ITFC ) and the East Africa Wildlife Society / Uganda ( EAWLS / U ) . The main guiding principles are : ( i ) the use of the simplest , most cost-effective and replicable methods possible to ensure long-term sustainability , and ( ii ) compatibility with existing data storage and management systems at the national and international levels , such as the National Biodiversity Data Base at Makerere University . 1 / Monitoring can indicate what changes are taking place ; research is needed to tell why they are taking place . The present ecosystems of both the BINP and MGNP reflect a histcry of humaninduced changes , so the overall management objective in many areas is not to maintain the status quo but rather to facilitate a return to original conditions .", "spans": [{"start": 990, "end": 1021, "text": "National Biodiversity Data Base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "top-left graph . Such configuration is rare in our sample , as we shall further discuss in Section V . < sup > 14 < / sup > At the other extreme , in economies with very low poverty rates ( bottom-right graph ) , the effect of raising inequality on poverty is virtually negligible , and its impact on growth , which is shown to be slightly negative , occurs only through the decreasing returns to scale in the production function . In the intermediate case of poor ( but not extremely poor ) economies shown in the top-right and bottom-left graphs , the impact of inequality on poverty is always positive , and hence its indirect contribution to growth is negative , more so the higher the prevailing poverty rate . In turn , the direct effect of inequality on growth ( i . e . , the second term in ( 11 ) ) is almost zero , due to the mutually opposing effects discussed above . As a consequence , the overall impact of inequality on growth is negative , due to the indirect effect of inequality that accrues through poverty . Finally , it is worth noting that these conclusions hold regardless of the prevailing level of inequality , at least for values of the Gini coefficient in the range between 0 . 2 and 0 . 8 – which covers 99 % of our empirical sample , as shown in Section III . # * * III . - Growth , inequality and poverty : Empirical implementation * * We turn to the empirical strategy for analyzing the relationship between growth , inequality and poverty . First , we describe the data we use . Second , we present the baseline growth equation and examine the correlation between the key variables in the model . # * * III . 1 . Data * * We use an extended version of the poverty database constructed by López and Servén ( 2009 ) . Details are given in the Appendix . In brief , given the limited availability of survey-based poverty data , we construct the headcount ratio , P0 , the poverty gap , P1 , and the squared poverty gap , P2 , using a lognormal approximation", "spans": [{"start": 1688, "end": 1704, "text": "poverty database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1829, "end": 1854, "text": "survey-based poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # _Support for host countries and communities_ - 1 ) * * Assessments : * * Consider who needs to be part of an assessment ; who carries out the assessment ; and whether the assessment is being done well and effectively . It is important that assessors are provided with the training , resources , and support they may need to conduct gender-responsive assessments . Efforts must be also made to get to those women and girls who are hardest to reach . - 2 ) * * Engage and support local women ’ s groups , * * within the refugee and host communities , to help lead and participate in humanitarian action . - 3 ) * * Sex and age disaggregated data * * is important to ensure the inclusion of displaced and non-displaced women and girls and should be emphasised in the Programme of Action . - 4 ) * * Ensure national development plans include the needs of refugee women and girls and the promotion of gender equality . * * Include refugee women and girls in other relevant national plans , such as a country ’ s National Action Plan on Women , Peace , and Security and its commitments on the Sustainable Development Goals . - 5 ) * * Ensure adequate resources are available * * to assist host communities and refugee women and girls . Flexible funding is important , as is ensuring that humanitarian and development actors work together from the beginning of a crisis , including local women ’ s development and women ’ s rights organisations . - 6 ) * * Commit to having a session at the High Commissioner ’ s Dialogue * * on women and girls to promote the full inclusion of women and girls in the GCR . Include in the discussion the support required for both refugee women and girls and those from host communities . # # # # # _Durable solutions_ - 1 ) * * Shift the narrative * * when talking about women and girls : they are not a special group , but the majority of the refugee population . -", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 653, "text": "Sex and age disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "infrastructure has increased production and transportation costs and reduced the job opportunities available to the poor . Together , these factors are contributing to a long-term decline in economic productivity . Meanwhile , Guatemala ’ s low tax revenues limit its capacity for redistributive fiscal policy and pro-poor spending . Guatemala ’ s high poverty rates and tight fiscal constraints underscore the critical importance of effectively targeting public spending . # * * _The Role of Data in Poverty Reduction_ * * Effective poverty-reduction strategies require detailed information on the current geographic distribution of poverty and the characteristics of households living below the poverty line . Censuses and household surveys can shed light on a wide range of economic and social indicators . However , these methods are expensive and time-consuming , and implementing them requires considerable institutional capacity . Moreover , adverse local conditions such as violent conflict , high crime rates , or political instability may make traditional in-person surveying impossible in certain areas . As a result , policy makers must often base critical decisions on outdated or incomplete information . Social scientists are increasingly using so-called “ big data ” analysis to supplement more traditional sources of information . Satellite imagery , logs from sensors ( e . g . traffic , weather ) , smartphone applications , and cell phone data — the subject of this paper — have already yielded important insights in numerous fields . Unlike household surveys , which are specifically designed to address certain research questions , big data are usually collected in a non-research context , often as the byproduct of a commercial activity or public service . Analyzing big data requires new research methods , many of which are still in the early stages of their development . Emerging research methodologies based on Call Detail Records ( CDRs ) and advanced machine-learning techniques have especially promising applications in developing countries , as they can potentially generate reliable poverty data at a far lower cost than conventional household surveys . CDR analysis can play a vital role by filling the spatial and temporal gaps left by traditional research methods . By making inferences based on cellular network usage , CDR analysis can reliably project the evolution of poverty dynamics over a specific timeframe .", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 720, "text": "Censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 725, "end": 742, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1272, "end": 1280, "text": "big data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1940, "end": 1959, "text": "Call Detail Records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 0 . 0 | 2 . 2 | _Source : ESIA for Asela – Arsi Robe 132Kv Transmission line and Substation Subproject_ The ESIA study also reveals that the majority 77 . 8 % of households live in houses with corrugated iron sheet ( CIS ) roofs , while the remaining 22 . 2 % have grass-thatched roofs . With respect to wall construction , nearly all 99 . 3 % residential houses are built with wood plastered with mud , with a mere 0 . 7 % using other materials . For flooring , the dominant material used by the majority 89 . 3 % of households is dirt or soil , followed by cement 10 . 4 % and ceramic 0 . 4 % . Concerning household facilities , the ESIA survey results indicate that nearly 95 . 2 % of the surveyed households have a separate kitchen for cooking . In contrast , 4 . 1 % of households cook inside their main houses , and a very small proportion 0 . 7 % cook in open spaces . Regarding sanitation , approximately 94 . 1 % of households own and use private toilets , while 3 . 7 % use communal toilets . Unfortunately , 2 . 2 % of households still practice open defecation , with these households primarily residing in Arsi-Robe and Diksis Woredas . Page 82 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 639, "end": 650, "text": "ESIA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - * * * * _23_ - * * is that fii-tncial _returns_ have been widely dispersed around a low to moderately attractive average * * - * * _perhaps_ between * * 10 % * * and 20 % * * - * * but that that average is sensitive to husbandry standards . The standards can be expected to rise and eventually push the rates to rather handsome levels , * * h . 36 * * With the 10E-20 - - erage estimate in view , the smallholders ' scramble for grade cattle must be explained not * * by * * high average profit levels but * * by * * modest cash returns tied to other incentives , some of which were suggested on pages * * 15 * * and * * 16 . * * It is feasible that smallholders may have been tempted to adopt grade cattle on the basis of misplaced expectations : * * ( 1 ) * * some farmers may overestimate milk yields and underestimate mortality risk simply because of imperfect information , and ( 2 ) some officials may make similar misjudgments because they are oriented towards experiment station results or performance on outstanding farms . Farmers may be attracted to adoption because of expectations with respect to rising prices of grade cattle . The possibility of defaulting on loan repyament obligations ( an option exercised * * by * * many ) further increases the return to the farmer ' s investment . _4 . 37_ One benefit of major importance must * * be * * home consumption . Kenyan smallholders are aware of the nutritional value of milk , and some are prepared to pay for a continuous source for their household . Their imputed value of milk produced at home may exceed market rates . 4 . 38 No meaningful rate of return to the economy for the project as < sup > * * P * * < / sup > whole can be computed from data presently available . Given the suggestion _of_ low", "spans": [{"start": 1720, "end": 1744, "text": "data presently available", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Final * * _GTG Consultancy PLC_ # # # # # * * _Annex 24 Guideline for E & S Auditing Report_ * * The following are the components of the audit report . - * * Defining objectives : * * The audit ' s objectives include evaluating OGS installations ' quality standards , identifying potential E & S risks and vulnerabilities , and verifying the accuracy of documented data . - * * Identifying Scope of the audit : * * Both spatial and temporal coverage of OGS audit will be clearly defined . * * Develop OGS audit plan : * * Create a comprehensive plan that outlines the scope , methodology , and timelines of the audit . This plan should align with the overall project goals and objectives . - * * Conduct OGS audit : * * Conduct audits of OGS installations to verify their compliance with technical specifications , safety standards , and regulatory requirements . This can involve inspecting the quality of components , checking installation practices , and reviewing documentation . - * * Identify risks and vulnerabilities : * * Identify potential risks and vulnerabilities in OGS installations , such as improper wiring , inadequate maintenance practices , or substandard components . This can help mitigate risks and ensure the long-term sustainability of the systems . - * * Verification and evaluation : * * The task involves verifying and evaluating data on OGS installations , including installation rates , energy generation , and maintenance needs , often through cross-referencing with on-site observations and documentation . - * * Report findings and recommendations : * * Prepare audit reports that highlight the key findings , including any non-compliance issues or areas for improvement . Provide recommendations for corrective actions to address identified gaps . - * * Follow-up on corrective actions : * * Monitor the implementation of corrective actions to ensure that identified gaps are addressed and improvements are made . This can involve conducting follow-up audits or inspections of OGS . - * * Ensure transparency and accountability :", "spans": [{"start": 1361, "end": 1386, "text": "data on OGS installations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2002 | 0 . 365 | 0 . 156 | 0 . 090 | 0 . 245 | 0 . 102 | 0 . 060 | | 2003 | 0 . 373 | 0 . 163 | 0 . 097 | 0 . 249 | 0 . 106 | 0 . 064 | | 2004 | 0 . 345 | 0 . 145 | 0 . 083 | 0 . 222 | 0 . 093 | 0 . 054 | Notes : 1 - Rocha ( 1993 ) regional poverty lines . See Appendix 2 for details . 2 - The \" administrative poverty line \" is set as R $ 100 per person per month , in September 2004 values . Source : Authors ' calculations from the PNADs . Behind the overall decline , poverty dynamics in Brazil over the last two decades have been marked by considerable volatility , which largely reflected macroeconomic instability . Unsurprisingly , therefore , the volatility was more pronounced in the unstable decade of the 1980s , with a sharp increase during the 1981-83 recession , and a substantial decline during the recovery that took place between 1984 and 1986 . All three measures are at their minimum in > 16 See Foster , Greer and Thorbecke ( 1984 ) . > 17 The Thai ( Indonesian ) poverty incidence is calculated with respect to a poverty line of US $ 2-a-day ( US $ 1-aday ) , both in 1985 prices and using PPP exchange rates . See Ahuja et . al . ( 1997 , pp . 7 and 33 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 440, "text": "PNADs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Displacement of economic activities - Presence of workers # # # # # # * * Mitigation measures * * - Involve traditional leaders in the resettlement process - Development by UETCL of a structured Communication and Stakeholder / Community Engagement Plan covering all elements described in Appendix 7-2 . Start of its implementing that plan before initiation of resettlement activities and continuation throughout the pre-construction and construction phase .  CSOs / NGOs will be recruited to carry out sensitization / training on social inclusion to communities , contractors , and other relevant stakeholders .  The Contractor will prepare a Community Engagement Plan with the following components : - Identification of Project Stakeholders using the present ESIA , the Project RAP , information from RAP implementation as well as any other relevant information ; - Analysis of stakeholder engagement to date ; - Identification of methods of communication and information disclosure ; - Action plan for stakeholder information and engagement during project construction ; - Roles and responsibilities . - Relocate temporarily students to other schools and prepare a relocation plan - Favour the employment of local labour - Prioritize vulnerable individuals and households in terms of access to the different social measures and programs ; - Support the most vulnerable households and individuals in organizing their transport to the relocation sites and the construction of their new homes - Consideration for employment for the most vulnerable or marginalized individuals or groups in the community including disabled persons , as may be appropriate - As part of the RAP ’ s monitoring program , identify the most vulnerable households and individuals and ensure close monitoring of their health and integration into host communities . - Implement the Grievance Redress Mechanism ( see Appendix 7-4 ) during RAP implementation as well as during the whole pre-construction and construction phase . Provisions for confidentiality must be built into the GRM , and where necessary , a Toll-free number will be made available . -  Implement inclusion and non-discrimination measures to mitigate the risk of exclusion of certain vulnerable or marginalized individuals or groups . # # # #", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Empirical studies have attempted to test this prediction using data on democracy and economic liberalization . An area that has attracted substantial interest is trade policy . Overall , the existing literature suggests a positive impact of democracy on economic ( trade ) liberalization ( e . g . , Banerji and Ghanem 1997 ; Milner and Kubota 2005 ; Giavazzi and Tabellini 2005 ; Eichengreen and Leblang 2008 ; Giuliano _et al . _ 2011 ) . Some studies , however , have argued that this effect is not generally true but depends on a country ’ s resource endowment ( e . g . , O ’ Rourke and Taylor 2007 ; Kono 2006 ) . There are several methodological critiques of these studies , such as the problem of spurious correlation between democracy and economic reforms ( Eichengreen and Leblang 2008 ) or the existence of potential feedback effects ( Giavazzi and Tabellini 2005 ; Milner and Mukherjee 2009 ) . An additional problem is that most existing studies have examined the relationship between democracy and trade policy using aggregate trade indices , such as the trade to GDP ratio or the Sachs and Warner ( 1995 ) openness index ( e . g . , Giavazzi and Tabellini 2005 ; Milner and Kubota 2005 ; Persson 2005 ; Eichengreen and Leblang 2008 ; Tavares 2007 ) . Studies have only rarely employed direct indicators of trade policy , such as tariffs . Moreover , aggregated trade policy indicators may be misleading because different ( and possibly offsetting ) effects may occur at a disaggregated level ( Anderson and Martin 2006 ) . Thus , an examination of disaggregated policies , such as agricultural and food policies , could yield additional insights . Empirical studies have estimated the impact of political institutions on agricultural policies . Lindert ( 1991 ) was the first to document a positive impact of democracy on agricultural protection . Beghin and Kherallah ( 1994 ) examine the impact of different political systems ( no-party , one-party , dominant party , and multiparty systems ) on agricultural protection . They find that political institutions are important and that their effect is nonmonotonic : protection peaks with dominant party systems and then becomes 8", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 108, "text": "data on democracy and economic liberalization", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ____________________ * * : Fifty-sixth Session , Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Any Part of the World , Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , submitted by the Special Rapporteur , Mr . Roberto Garretón , in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998 / 61 , E / CN . 4 / 1999 / 31 , 8 February 1999 - * * United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees * * : Refworld , Centre for Documentation and Research , July 1999 - ___________________ : Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers , April 1998 * * U . S . Department of State * * : 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices , DRC , 25 February 2000", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to correct for within-household correlation over time . The dynamic panel data specification captures causal impacts if the livelihood diversification index is not correlated with the error term . We address issues of endogeneity which might arise from ( 1 ) simultaneity or reverse causality between the independent and dependent variables , ( 2 ) omitted variable bias , or ( 3 ) non-classical measurement error . With regard to the first issue , it is possible that households with better welfare outcomes have more resources , enabling them to diversify their livelihoods . In this case , a simultaneity problem arises as the dependent and independent variables are co-determined . To account for simultaneity , we use lagged independent variables to ensure temporal precedence of livelihood diversification relative to observed household food insecurity , thus isolating the relationship between past diversification and subsequent outcomes . < sup > 9 < / sup > Our panel data , with a pre-COVID baseline helps us avoid omitted variable bias . By including household > 8We pre-specified using past income level and focused on diversification as the coping strategy , but our results are robust to alternative proxies , such changes in income level , and use of other coping strategies and alternative estimators . See Online Appendix B for additional details and results . > 9The use of lagged variables has the potential to bias coefficients downward , which Arellano and Bond ( 1991 ) and others address through instrumental variables . In Online Appendix B we implement the Arellano-Blover / BlundellBond ( Arellano and Bover , 1995 ; Blundell and Bond , 1998 ) GMM estimator and show that the size of the downward bias is small and does not affect the interpretation of our results . 11", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 78, "text": "panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Table 62 : Number of Nets , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 | | - - - | | Table 63 : Slept Under Net of Any Type , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 | | Table 64 : Slept Under LLINT , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 | | Table 65 : Mortality Assessment in the Past 90 Days , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . 87 | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 6 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Co < br > part of the population uses tap < br > BOs working in collaboration < br > se drawing from the rivers and < br > of the residents treat water with < br > able in most of the cases and in < br > and the lake . The sites with the h < br > ps was in both Manyatta A and < br > s on water from river Mtwala . < br > * * Lake or River * * < br > 22 ( lake ) < br > 3 ( lake ) < br > 27 ( river ) < br > 100 ( river Mtwala ) < br > Some use water from babu river | * * Source : Kisumu CIDP * * Within the proposed sites for KISIP investments , a significant part of the population uses tap water mainly supplied by either water service providers or by CBOs working in collaboration with government . Piped water is in some cases untreated while those drawing from the rivers and lakes directly also have untreated water . At the household level , some of the residents treat water with Aqua guard . The residents however indicated that water was not reliable in most of the cases and in such circumstances , they sought other sources such as vendors , rivers and the lake . The sites with the highest number of respondents indicating that they draw water from taps was in both Manyatta A and B that are on the periphery of Kisumu town . Shauri Moyo almost relies on water from river Mtwala . * * Table 5 . 5 : Sources of Water in the KISIP Sites * * * * Source : KISIP Social Economic Survey , 2017 * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 4 Water Quality and Prevalence of Water Borne Diseases * * There is substantial uncertainty concerning the renewability , accessibility and management of groundwater resources in sub-Sahara Africa Over the past decade , the sub-Saharan Africa has experiences severe change of climate variables including extreme droughts", "spans": [{"start": 1367, "end": 1395, "text": "KISIP Social Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entrapment etc < br >  Increased dust < br > emission . < br >  Damage < br > to < br > community < br > assets | Disclo < br >  Ensure only qualified and < br > experienced plant operators < br > handle < br > machinery / < br > equipment ; < br >  Maintain < br > vehicles < br > and equipment in proper < br > working condition ; < br >  Control < br > access < br > around < br > construction sites ; < br >  Install all relevant traffic signs < br > and traffic safety awareness < br > posters < br >  Enforce and monitor a speed < br > limit of 20km / hr within the < br > construction area , at the < br > campsite etc ; < br >  Training and awareness to < br > workers and community | sure < br >  Record of licensed < br > and < br > approved < br > drivers < br > and < br > equipment operator ; < br >  Access < br > control < br > barriers , < br > management system , < br > signs ( danger signs , < br > hazard signs etc ) < br >  Security < br > provided < br > around construction < br > sites and excavations < br > sites ; < br >  Training records | < br >  Qualification < br > record of drivers < br > and < br > heavy < br > equipment < br > operators < br >  Display of warning < br > and danger signs < br > on traffic safety | < br > Contractor < br > SEC < br > CPCT | Monthly for < br > training and < br > competence < br > records . < br > Daily < br > for < br > adherence < br > to < br > traffic < br > managemen < br > t protocol in <", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1077, "text": "Training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 treatment for the sector . For example , if high-income countries ’ import tariffs are at near-prohibitive levels for temperate farm products but are low for tropical products such as coffee , their import-weighted average agricultural tariff could be quite low yet agricultural value added in those rich countries would have been enhanced substantially . Consider also the case of a developing country with a strong agricultural comparative advantage in all but one small farming industry , and with high tariffs to reduce import competition for that industry and for all manufacturing industries . Overall agricultural value added would be depressed by that structure of protection , yet the import-weighted average tariff protection for agriculture would be high and possibly above that for manufactures . A third case is where the non-agricultural primary sector receives a similar level of import protection as the farm sector and less than the manufacturing sector , but is much more export-focused than agriculture : trade reform may cause it to expand at the expense not only of manufacturing but also of farming . Hence it is not possible to say from the tariff data in Table 1 ( a ) alone whether developing country policies now have a pro-agricultural bias , even though the ratio of agricultural to all goods tariffs in that table is well above unity for each of the regions shown . What is needed is a general equilibrium model to estimate the net effects of own and other countries ’ various sectoral distortions on agricultural markets and net farm income . The latter impact , on agricultural value added , is a measure of the global general equilibrium effective rate of assistance to the primary agricultural sector , a portion of which is attributable to own-country policies . < sup > 4 < / sup > > 4 This approach is similar to that taken by Dihel ( 2004 ) except that only own-country policies are considered in that study .", "spans": [{"start": 1166, "end": 1177, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "construction or making the facility suitable for any activity after construction or operation . It is important to identify and screen the likely impacts and prepare mitigation measures . # # * * 7 . 2 . Potential Environmental and Social Impact Assessment * * # # * * 7 . 2 . 1 . Impact Identification * * The main environmental and social impacts shall be identified through professional judgment and a matrix system based on the biophysical and socio-economic baseline data and project characteristics . List of impacts identified are included in Table 12 . # # * * 7 . 2 . 2 . Impact Analysis * * The most important impacts have been identified , their potential size and characteristics were predicted and evaluated systematically by the environmental and social specialists based on physical , biological , socio-economic and cultural data to estimate the likely characteristics and parameters of impacts ( e . g . 99", "spans": [{"start": 432, "end": 476, "text": "biophysical and socio-economic baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "First , we run separated regressions by different levels of household wealth , which , it is generally agreed , influences the extent to which maternal mental health affects children ( Aizer et al 2016 , Lovejoy 2000 ; Shonkoff and Phillips 2000 ) . For our analysis , we compared the vocabulary of children living with mothers with different mental health levels within the upper or lower half of the wealth distribution . Using data from the 2002 round , we estimated three indexes : Housing quality , < sup > 13 < / sup > consumer durables , < sup > 14 < / sup > and services indexes . < sup > 15 < / sup > Then , we created a wealth index for each household of our sample that consisted of the average of the three first ones mentioned above . Using the wealth index distribution , we separated our sample by the median of the wealth index distribution . Results are presented in Table V . Our estimations indicate that 1 standard deviation of maternal mental health issues reduces vocabulary by 0 . 58 to 0 . 63 standard deviation of children living in less wealthy households ( columns 4-6 ) . This is around 0 . 08 standard deviation more than the impacts in the total sample . The effects of maternal mental health on vocabulary of children living in wealthier households is not statistically significant . These results are an important contribution to the evidence of intergenerational transmission of poverty . Poor households are less able to protect themselves from external shocks , such as crop or livestock losses , which then increases stress levels for household heads . In poor families where there is a pregnant woman or with a child younger than 1 year old , our results indicate that the negative shock translates into a reduction of the child ’ s cognitive skills in the short term . Given that the development of these skills during early childhood is the foundation of future ones ( Case and Paxson 2008 ; Cunha and Heckman 2007 ; Schady 2011 ; Powell and Diamond 2012 ) , this negative effect can have long-lasting impacts in terms of human capital accumulation , which is in line with", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 454, "text": "data from the 2002 round", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "total volume transferred permanently was 19 . 7 million * * m * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > * * . * * The data for the New South Wales state , which exists between 1984 and 1991 is summarized in Table 1 . From the data it can be seen that annual transfers vary , although the trend is increasing , and the average unit value of water ( in nominal Australian $ ) vary between I cent and 13 cents . The accumulated experience with the transfer of water among users ( mainly water agencies providing water to agricultural farmers ) both over time and across regions can shed light on relative importance of potential problems associated with water transfers . Pigram et al . ( 1992 ) surveyed the agencies involved in water transfers and the results are presented in Table 2 . The range of potential problems in table 2 may be indication of the set of benefits and concerns associated with the implementation of transferable water rights elsewhere . While some potential problems , such as capacity and water and soil salinity , are associated with the physical short years than in regular rainy years . In such events available water is transferred from staple to perennial crops .", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 142, "text": "data for the New South Wales state", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", UNSDCF , etc . ) aiming at mitigating and responding to common protection outcomes . Engagement with and support from human rights actors is essential to realize the centrality of protection . More work needs to be done to build on past and existing collaboration between OHCHR , national human rights institutions and human rights civil society and humanitarian actors . * * 4 * * The correlation between the HCT Protection Strategies and the HRP strategic objectives on protection is seen as enabling more action-oriented plans to collectively address priority risks . It is recommended to * * 5 * * ensure that the collective strategies and plans are informed by the same protection analysis and priority protection risks . A majority of consulted Protection Clusters and operational partners indicate that efforts to mainstream protection continue to be essential in order to mitigate protection risks and ensure a principled response . Even if not aimed at addressing the most severe protection risks ( i . e . systematic violence or attacks on * * 6 * * civilians ) , protection mainstreaming efforts will impact the safety and dignity of the affected populations , * * 1 * * including their efforts to claim their rights . * * ANNUAL REPORT ON THE CENTRALITY OF PROTECTION IN HUMANITARIAN ACTION 2022 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > The Contractor is ensuring that Traffic Management and the Environmental impact measures < br > like dust control are being implemented weil as evidenced in the photographic progress record < br > below : < br > . i85 < br > Some existing sections in Poor Section where DBM and trial wearing < br > condition ( Lot 2A ) course have been done < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | * * Appe * * | * * ndixI * * | * * II : Schedul * * | * * eofdelaysi * * | * * npayment * * | * * s * * < sup > * * to the Con * * < / sup > | < sup > * * tractor ( Tim * * < / sup > | < sup > * * elines ) * * < / sup > | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lot | I < br > * * PC * * < br > * * N * * < br > * * o . * * | * * Dateof * * < br > * * submissio * * < br > * * nby * * < br > * * Contracto * * < br > r | * * PMMC * * < br > * * certificati * * < br > * * ondate * * | * * Date * * < br > * * Received * * < br > * * atUNRA * * | * * Dateof * * < br > * * payment * * < br > * * approval * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 197, "end": 225, "text": "photographic progress record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 30 < br > 06-Dec-2024 | 40 | 12-Jun-2025 | 90 | Dec / 2028 | | generating their payroll < br > through UHR ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | ets | Achieved | | | | | | State Corporations for which | 0 | Dec / 2023 | 0 < br > 06-Dec-2024 | 0 | 12-Jun-2025 | 90 | Dec / 2028 | | annual financial performance < br > reports have been issued | Comments on < br > achieving targ | ets | KPIs for State Corporations h < br > in the next reporting period a | ave been appr < br > s planned . | oved . The indicat | or should start sh | owing progress | | ( Percentage ) < br > * * Improving the Coordination of * * | < br > * * Priority Program * * | < br > * * s and Projects * * | < br > | | | | | | | Baseli | ne | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | Closing | Period | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value < br > Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | People with enhanced | | | 0 < br > 06-Dec-2024 | 3 , 000 , 000 | 12-Jun-2025 | 6 , 000 , 000 | Dec / 2028 | | resilience to climate risks < br > ( Number of people ) CRI | Comments on < br > achieving targ | ets | Corporate result indicator int < br > next reporting period using d | roduced recen < br > ata from PIMIS | tly . Baseline , act < br > which is still bei | ual , and targets to < br > ng rolled out . | be updated | | People with", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1218, "text": "PIMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i - 15_ per kg , which were much higher than world \\ market prices . According to WorJld Bank commodity prices , world market p \\ Vices for cotton dropped from Birr 1 . 30 per kg equivalent of seed cotton to Birr 0 . 69 per kg between 1980 and 1986 . Therefore if farm gate prices for seed cotton were fifed at export parity prices , state farms would have made < sup > 1 < / sup > osses . The economic analysis ( Para . 5 . 04 ) has been worked out on the basis of import parity prices , the cotton production from AIP having been donsumed domestically . # # Economice ; nalYsis 5 . 04 Only incremental cottoni production and fuel saviigs on pumps were included - in the economic ' analysis because wheat , haricot beans and broqm sorghum production was taken as negligible . Cotton production ascribed tbo the project was valued using 1986 constant prices based on World Bank commodity price projections which were tevised and iss : ed in January ' : 19 , 8 . The uZport parity price was adjusted tor local handling and transport * All actual coits were inclided in the analysis after adjusting for local duties and taxes on imported items . Local costs were adjustedc by a factor of 0 . 52 to convert them to . border prices . During , the remaining life of the Project , conservative estimates of cotton production were used in the analysis . It was assum4ed that the cropped area would be 7 , 200 ha with auh average yield of 33 quintals of seed cotton per ha . During t14s period , constant cotton production co , sts , ' and oper4tion and maintenakce costs of the irrigation system were assumed . Based on the above assumptions , the economic rate of return of the Prqject ' was estimated to be 15 . 3 percent", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 110, "text": "WorJld Bank commodity prices", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 867, "end": 905, "text": "World Bank commodity price projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | | | Modeled | Model-predicted | Survey-measured | | By gender | | | | | Female | 17 . 4 | 2 . 8 | 6 . 4 | | Male | 20 . 0 | 7 . 9 | 8 . 7 | | By age group | | | | | below 25 | 19 . 4 | 6 . 8 | 7 . 1 | | 25-45 | 18 . 3 | 3 . 7 | 6 . 6 | | above 45 | 19 . 8 | 8 . 4 | 9 . 4 | | By nationality | | | | | Georgian | 18 . 8 | 5 . 6 | 7 . 6 | | Azeri | 22 . 6 | 17 . 2 | 12 . 8 | | Armenian | 26 . 9 | 12 . 4 | 12 . 5 | | Other | 16 . 2 | 2 . 0 | 3 . 2 | | Total | 19 . 0 | 5 . 9 | 7 . 8 | Sources : CFUWBES waves 1 and 2 . Notes : Jobs lost in the table are reported as cumulative . The cumulative jobs lost by the time of CFUWBES2 is predicted by aggregating modeled jobs lost in CFUWBES 1 and the modeled incremental jobs lost from R1 to R2 . These patterns are not consistent with those seen for the larger group of all private sector workers according to the GHFPS . In that data , 22 . 9 percent of men had lost their job between March and December 2020 due to COVID ( and were not working in December 2020 ) in contrast to 40 . 8 percent of women ( Table 5-19 ) . More > 51 The CMMHH results must be considered tentative , because Palestinians and Syrians each represent a very small share of pre-COVID PFPS workers ( approximately 3 percent each ) , and sample sizes for the CMMMHH were even smaller , making these statistics somewhat unreliable . 38", "spans": [{"start": 872, "end": 877, "text": "GHFPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , and grid-level correlations of urban expansion and food production . Section 4 concludes . # * * 2 . Data and methodology * * To estimate the relationship of climate-induced urbanization with crop and livestock production , we combine three distinct global spatial datasets — projected urban expansion , crop production , and livestock production — through the process of overlaying them at the grid-level using a mapping software . This allow us to delineate the locations and magnitude of potential urbanization overlap with land used for crop and livestock production , on both a global and regional level . In this case , the potential impact on crop and livestock production is defined as any production located in areas that overlap with future urban expansion . # # * * 2 . 1 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways ( SSPs ) and urban expansion * * # # _SSPs and land use change_ The SSP scenarios depict how underlying determinants ( i . e . population growth , urban share of population , and income per capita ) affect land use ( Riahi et al . 2017 ) . First , under SSP1 , cropland is projected to barely expand between 2010 and 2100 , while pasture , suitable for livestock grazing , is expected to decrease . Meanwhile , forests and other natural land are projected to expand under SSP1 . By contrast , under SSP3 , cropland and pasture are projected to increase , while forests and other natural land are projected to dramatically decline . Under SSP5 , the rapid economic growth 4", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 277, "text": "global spatial datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "created | ( Thousand ) | | | | compiled by CDR & | | | for Lebanese and Syrians | | | | | supervision consultants and < br > verified by World Bank & < br > ILO missions and surveys . | | Description : This is a measure of the jobs created under this project . This will primarily include direct jobs , but also supply chain / indirect jobs where possible to quantify . # # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Core * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Data Source / Methodology * * | * * Responsibility for * * < br > * * Data Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Name : * * Roads rehabilitated , | ✔ | Kilometers | 0 . 00 | 500 . 00 | Bi ‐ Annual | Progress report compiled by | CDR | | Rural | | | | | | CDR & supervision < br > consultants . | | Description : Kilometers of all rural roads reopened to motorized traffic , rehabilitated , or upgraded under the project . Rural roads are roads functionally classified in Page 44 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 181, "text": "ILO missions and surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report < ! - - Start of picture text - - >  He also explained in detail the objectives and aims of the project and < br > more importantly , the four KISIP Components , namely : < br > o Component 1 : Strengthening institutions and project management ; < br > o Component 2 : Enhancing tenure security ; < br > o Component 3 : Investing in infrastructure and service delivery ; < br > o Component 4 : Planning for urban growth ; < br >  He highlighted that the project was at Component 2 on enhancing < br > tenure security . < br >  Salma , the consultant sociologist , then took the community residents < br > through the activities of the next several days . She explained the < br > importance of the socio-economic survey and that there would be < br > another forum for Visioning of the settlement , which would highlight < br > the residents ’ vision for their settlement . < br >  Salma also highlighted how the program for the next few days would < br > in regard to data collection would flow . She highlighted that as the < br > consultant , the planning process would involve collection of structure < br > owner details , the socio-economic survey to gauge the livelihood of < br > the residents of M26 , Surveying of plots and validation of the < br > settlement details collected . < br >  Regarding data collection , she also said that the consultant would < br > recruit youth in the community , who would collect socio-economic < br > data from the residents . This would be done through an interview < br > process the next day ( on 26th June ) to recruit the best candidates , < br > since the data collection would be done digitally with the Kobo < br > Collect ODK Toolbox . < br > ", "spans": [{"start": 832, "end": 853, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To ensure that our study population was generalizable to the national population of Pakistan that has access to a mobile phone , post-stratified weighting was applied . The weighting corrected for differences in the achieved sample ’ s profile and what was expected as per the latest population census ( 2017 ) . For creation of weights , two strata were used , namely : 1 ) Province ( Punjab , Sindh , KP , and Balochistan ) and 2 ) region ( urban or rural ) . Thus , a total of 10 weights were created . # Key Variables and Tools The study focuses on the following key risk variables : parental distress , psychosocial stimulation , food insecurity , maternal education , ECE enrollment , < sup > 3 < / sup > and living in a rural area . The two main outcome variables were child development for children under 36 months and school readiness for children 36-72 months . The age at which a parent believes their child should begin school was also analyzed to understand the association between parental belief and ECE enrollment . The following variables were constructed . A description of the independent variables follows . # # Outcome Variables # # * * _Child Development for Children 0-3_ * * The Caregiver-Reported Early Development Instrument ( CREDI ) is a globally validated , population-level , developmental assessment tool for children aged 0-3 years ( McCoy et al . , 2018 ) . It has been used in over 17 countries and is designed to be culturally and linguistically neutral . The short form questionnaire was chosen given that data were collected using a phone survey and respondent fatigue was a concern . The short form is also recommended for population-level surveys . This version of CREDI has 20 questions to be completed by household parents or caregivers < sup > 4 < / sup > about a selected child . The scale captures development across four domains : motor , language , cognition , and social-emotional development . There are 20 items per form , with items representing developmentally appropriate skills for each of six age groups ranging from 0-2 years ( 0-5 , 6-11 , 12-17 , 18-23 , 24-29 , and 30-35 months", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 301, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Health Sustainable Development Goals Program-for-Results ( P123531 ) | | Promotion < br > ( GMP ) | during this mission showed that GMP data < br > was not being reported in several < br > regions / woredas due to COVID and < br > insecurity . Given these constraints , it was < br > agreed to restructure the GMP DLI to a < br > process indicator to promote child growth < br > through the integration of nutrition < br > screening into immunization catch-up < br > campaigns in security-constrained areas < br > and / or refugee camps / IDPs . | screening in security - < br > constrained contexts ” . The < br > target for this indicator will < br > be Number of Conflict < br > affected areas coved by the < br > campaign . Additional < br > resources are needed from < br > other unmet DLIs / DLRs as < br > the services will be < br > provided in a campaign < br > mode . | DLR12 . 1 ( b ) with new < br > end target year . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 13 . 1 | Percent of PHC < br > facilities having < br > all drugs from < br > the MOH list of < br > essential drugs < br > available | * * Partially achieved : * * the end target exceeds < br > the set target ( 45 % ) . The mean availability < br > of tracer essential drugs at health centers < br > level reached 48 % as verified by SARA < br > 2018 . However , the 2017 target , < br > DLR13 . 1 ( a ) : By December 31 , 2017 < br > Develop Quality Standards for PHC < br > facilities , was not achieved as", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 163, "text": "GMP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 . 0 : Average HLO derived from EGRA and PIRLS , 2000-2017 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 330 . 5 < br > Egypt < br > 364 . 6 < br > 416 . 6 < br > Indonesia < br > 411 . 8 < br > 442 . 0 < br > Macedonia < br > 414 . 6 < br > 449 . 6 < br > Honduras < br > 432 . 2 < br > 0 100 200 300 400 500 < br > HLO - PIRLS HLO - EGRA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # 2 . 2 . PASEC ( 2014 ) The most recent PASEC in 2014 uses Item Response Theory ( IRT ) and is a high-quality RSAT . Ten countries participated , including Benin , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Cameroon , Chad , Congo , Cote d ’ Ivoire , Niger , Senegal and Togo . We include these countries using available microdata . Madagascar also participated in 2015 and was scaled to the PASEC 2014 round . We include Madagascar in our database using estimates from reports . To this end , inclusion of the recent PASEC data adds countries as well as enhances the quality of data from sub-Saharan Africa . This marks a significant improvement over past datasets . To provide a link to past PASEC rounds , which use classical test theory and have substantially different test items , we create an inter-temporal comparison using Togo , which participated in all rounds of PASEC . However , given that PASEC did not conduct an intertemporal scaling calibration as is typical for IRT ISATs and RSATs , priority should be given to analyzing the most recent PASEC 2014 data . Any intertemporal comparisons should be conducted with caution . # 2 . 3 . SACMEQ ( 2013 ) SACMEQ collected its fourth round of data in fifteen countries in East and Southern Africa from 2012-2014 . These include : Botswana , Kenya , Lesotho , Mauritius , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , Seychelles , South Africa , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia , Zanzibar and Zimbabwe . SACMEQ was designed and", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 692, "text": "microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1419, "end": 1434, "text": "PASEC 2014 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in NAADS sub-counties , and 31 % increase relative to farmers in non-NAADS sub-counties . - However , during the same period , there was a decline of between 27 % and 45 % in the value of gross livestock output of NAADs beneficiaries compared to the control groups . This raises concerns , since animal husbandry is an important dimension of rural livelihood in Uganda . The project team explained this result in terms of the small sample size used . - Little data are available on the project ’ s impact on productive efficiency and ehancing farmer ' s economic welfare ( the subsequent objective ) after 2007 , when 60 % of disbursements took place . # # # * * C . Increasing the economic welfare of poor farmers * * ( * * modest * * ) : - According to the ICR ( p . 14 ) , \" NAADS membership had a significant impact on crop revenues of female - headed households , smallholders ( those households who own less than one hectare of land and households that were poor ( i . e . lived in a house with a primitive roof ) . NAADS farmers as a whole benefited from an increase of 27 % up to 2007 in “ real wealth per capita ” compared to the non-NAADs control group in NAADS sub-counties , and of 71 % compared to control group farmers in non-NAADS sub-counties . - While there is evidence that the income of vulnerable farmers increased between 2004 and 2007 , and that wealth for a smaller group of poor farmers was enhanced , there was also significant leakage and elite capture . The ICR reports that the 2004-2007 wealth impact cited above was statistically significant only for those farmers whose dwellings had a “ primitive roof ” . The beneficiary survey ( ICR , p . 52 ) indicated that the program had scored its highest success rate in terms of raising income of the poorest group surveyed ; however , the second best success", "spans": [{"start": 1642, "end": 1660, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". In the absence of a clear criterion such as the crossing of an international border , how far does a person have to move to be considered ‘ internally displaced ’ ? When do internally people cease to warrant that status : when they return to their original place of residence , or when they have achieved a certain degree of physical and socio-economic security in the place to which they have fled ? Given that a large proportion of the world ’ s IDPs are thought to live in towns and cities , how can they be differentiated from other rural-to-urban migrants ? How does one distinguish a refugee from an IDP in situations such as former Yugoslavia and the former Soviet Union , where international boundaries have changed ? And in countries which are engulfed by armed conflict , does it make any sense to distinguish IDPs from ‘ war-affected populations ’ who are besieged in their own homes ? The difficulties associated with the IDP concept are symptomatic of a broader problem confronting the international refugee regime : the extent to which established categories and definitions are being undermined by operational realities . In a number of countries around the world , UNHCR has become involved in emergencies of such complexity that it is very difficult to make a meaningful distinction between ‘ refugees ’ , ‘ returnees ’ , ‘ internally displaced people ’ and ‘ local residents ’ . And even if such distinctions can be made in strictly legal terms , they are irrelevant in terms of human needs and humanitarian assistance . This point is brought out neatly in a review of UNHCR ’ s operations in Ethiopia , which states that “ categorizing people as refugee or returnees did not in this situation have a strong social validity . Most of the refugees and repatriants were nomads or semi-pastoralists who traditionally crossed borders . Discrete categories of beneficiaries could not be confidently established in many situations . ‘ Refugees ’ > 10 United States Committee for Refugees , World Refugee Survey , Washington DC , 1995 , p . 41 . >", "spans": [{"start": 2004, "end": 2024, "text": "World Refugee Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Trends in the key indicators included in the PAD * * | * * Indicators * * | * * Baseline * * < br > * * value * * < br > * * ( PAD ) * * < br > * * 1997 / 98 * * < br > * * 1990 EC * * | * * HSDP * * < br > * * targets * * < br > * * 2001 / 02 * * < br > * * 1994 EC * * | * * HSDP I * * < br > * * Results * * < br > * * 2001 / 02 * * < br > * * 1994 EC * * | * * HSDP II * * < br > * * Results * * < br > * * 2004 / 05 * * < br > * * 1997 EC * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Health Status * * | | | | | | Life expectancy | 52 | 55-60 | 54 | 48 | | InfantmortalityRate | 110-128 | 90-95 | 97 * | 77 * * | | Maternal mortalityrate | 500-700 | 450-500 | 871 * | 673 * * | | * * Health Services * * | | | | | | Potential HealthService coverage | 45 % | 55-60 % | 61 . 0 % | 72 . 1 % | | Increasehealth facilities | See discussi | onbelow | | | | % under 1year immunizedfor DPT3 | 67 % | 70-80 % | 51 . 5 % | 70 . 1 % | | Contraceptive prevalence rate ( CPR ) | 8 % | 15-20 % | 8 . 1 % * | 14 . 7 % * * | Sources : Health and Health Related Indicators ( HHRI ) , or", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1077, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * # # # # Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) | * * RESULT_FRAME_TBL_IO * * < br > * * Indicator Name * * | * * PBC * * < br > * * Baseline * * | * * Intermediate Ta * * | * * rgets * * | * * End Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | | | * * _Action : This indicator is New_ * * | * * _Rationale : _ * * < br > * * _Measures HR capacity in managing GBV cases and provision of_ * * < br > * * _complications . _ * * | * * _psychosocial support in_ * * | * * _RHDs that have seen a s_ * * | * * _urge in GBV cases and mental health_ * * | | * * Component 3 : Project Managemen * * | * * t , Monitoring and Evaluation * * | | | | | Proportion of Grievances captured < br > in the Complaints Register for < br > UCREPP that have been “ CLOSED < br > OUT ” in accordance with GRM < br > under the Project ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 70 . 00 | 85 . 00 | | * * _Action : This indicator has been_ * * < br > * * _Revised_ * * | * * _Rationale : _ * * < br > * * _To monitor redress of stakeholder grievances and complaints_ * * | |", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 838, "text": "Complaints Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to do the reverse as the EUSILC gathers more extensive information on individual characteristics , household wellbeing , and social protection programs . EU-SILC data contains a richer set of information and is therefore more attractive as a recipient dataset . Nevertheless , the European Commission ( 2014 ) recommends using the larger dataset as the donor . We do not follow this approach here , as we are interested in conducting microsimulations based on EU-SILC related variables in future projects . 9 Both Rubin ( 1986 ) and Renssen ( 1998 ) recommend concatenations in settings of complex survey designs . 10", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 31, "text": "EUSILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 154, "end": 166, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "understand how shame , guilt and fear influence and hinder their decision to leave a situation of violence , but also how important are for women trusting relationships with other women and sisterhood in the process of empowerment . This research is not an endpoint but rather a starting point . We intend to organize more discussions to further develop support programs for women based on their realities and needs , as well as awareness and community mobilization activities . Finally , we would like to express our honest and sincere thank you to all research participants , to all the women who took the time to fill out the online questionnaires , who shared their life experiences with us or who called us to tell their stories . Each of them chose to courageously face their personal stories of violence , to challenge injustice and to build a different life story - free , dignified and beautiful . We were and are struck by how much strength and determination these women have shown , we are grateful to them for this and hope that their stories will help other women to become free . # # # # # # * * Veronica Teleucă , * * Coordinator of the National Coalition Life without Violence 04", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 650, "text": "online questionnaires", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Regional livestock losses by b . Regional livestock losses c . Current regional < br > type in 2040 ( % ) } by typein 2100 ( 96 ) livestock distribution < br > ( base year : 2015 ) < br > SSPs ssPt < br > bad = Kiventach = A yentoct < br > * % “ Gobat ass < br > » Pa ) < br > — Ar - < br > a < br > sess e ssp2S5PS 18 ssP2 = & st < br > = < br > ay ~ — me ~ < br > — ony * < br > — wm ~ < br > Omer TM < br > sspa sSP3 SSP3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 65, "text": "Regional livestock losses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "target of 20 % by 2020 ) . - To dispose of 100 % of the remaining solid waste in controlled tipping and sanitary landfill sites that fully comply with 2014 Guidelines by 2030 ( interim target of 50 % by 2020 ) . - To ensure safe disposal of 100 % health care waste from all health care facilities by 2025 ( interim target of 95 % by 2020 ) . - To enforce safe treatment , reuse or disposal of industrial liquid and solid wastes to ensure ecosystem , agricultural and human protection from all industries by 2035 ( interim target of 30 % of all industries by 2020 ) . - To strengthen sector performance through formation of a , ‟ coordination body ” that will be managed and financed so as to direct capacity building efforts towards participating individual or clustered municipalities , utilities and contractors . Such coordination body to be fully established by 2020 ( interim coordination mechanism 2016 ) . - To leverage and increase effective utilization of resources for accelerated and cost-effective implementation of the IUSHSAP . - To establish an effective and reliable monitoring system and sanitation data base by 2020 . # # # # # 3 . 1 . 3 . 8 National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy This National Strategy for Improved Hygiene and Sanitation has been developed to complement the existing health policy ( developed by the MoH , 2005 ) and the national water sector strategy ( developed by the Ministry of Water Resources ) in placing greater emphasis on „ on-site ‟ hygiene and sanitation . The primary focus is on blocking feces from entering the living environment through the safe management of feces , hand washing at critical times and the safe water chain from source to mouth . It places responsibility for improving „ on-site ‟ household hygiene and sanitation firmly in the hands of the household with the direct support of the health extension worker and other resources at community level . ESIA Report 17", "spans": [{"start": 1083, "end": 1125, "text": "monitoring system and sanitation data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | | | * * Enf * * | * * ant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle-Commune * * | * * Ménage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans ) * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | * * Tidermene * * | * * 2 283 * * | * * 2 602 * * | * * 1 995 * * | * * 4 597 * * | * * 1 995 * * | * * 1 821 * * | * * 3 816 * * | * * 173 * * | * * 87 * * | * * 260 * * | * * 4 770 * * | * * 3 903 * * | * * 8 673 * * | |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "benchmark is typically used in tariff setting for initial market penetration . At this 30 percent mark , WTP varied across the towns from US $ 1 . 93 / month to US $ 14 . 58 / month . These factors combined lend credence to the idea presented by EEU , that affordability does not present a barrier in the short-term but may do so in the long run . < sup > 10 < / sup > As such , EEU needs to closely examine the affordability question with a survey on connection fees targeted on households in areas to be connected in the next 2 - 3 years . > 8 EEU sets the customer connection fee based on an estimate which an EEU technician conducts on-site . > 9 Willingness to Pay Completion Report ; USAID Ethiopia / Beyond-the-grid ( August 2017 ) . > 10 There are limitations with this data as the figures are 5 years old and indicative of WTP for electricity on a monthly basis rather than for costs of connection . 9", "spans": [{"start": 442, "end": 467, "text": "survey on connection fees", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10683 # * * Abstract * * This paper quantifies the impact of drought on household consumption for five main agroecological zones in Africa , developing vulnerability ( or damage ) functions of the relationship between rainfall deficits and poverty . Damage functions are a key element in models that quantify the risk of extreme weather and the impacts of climate change . Although these functions are commonly estimated for storm or flood damages to buildings , they are less often available for income losses from droughts . The paper takes a regional approach to the analysis , developing standardized hazard definitions and methods for matching hazard and household data , allowing survey data from close to 100 , 000 households to be used in the analysis . The damage functions are used to quantify the impact of historical weather conditions on poverty for eight countries , highlighting the risk to poverty outcomes that weather variability causes . National poverty rates are 1 – 12 percent higher , depending on the country , under the worst weather conditions relative to the best conditions observed in the past 13 years . This amounts to an increase in the total poverty gap that ranges from US $ 4 million to US $ 2 . 4 billion ( 2011 purchasing power parity ) . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at rhill @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TRANSPARENT < br > ANALYSIS < br > G < br > R E < br > N < br > S < br > I P < br > Y E < br > K A < br >", "spans": [{"start": 716, "end": 727, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # # * * 7 . 3 . 3 Impact on Farmlands due to Construction of Access Road * * An access road connecting the new substation to the nearby existing road will be constructed as part of the subproject . The survey results revealed that ( as per the preliminary alignment along the TL corridor ) due to the proximity of the existing road to the proposed substation site , only 0 . 066ha of farmland will be expropriated for the construction of the access road and it belongs to only one household . # # # # # * * 7 . 4 Impact on Residential Houses and Related Structures * * # # # # # # * * Impact on Residential Houses and Related Structures * * The results of the property surveys along the ROW revealed that 111 residential houses and related structures will be affected by the construction of tower pads , RoW and substation . These 111 housing structures belong to 61 households . 86 . 9 % of the houses and related structures will be affected by tower pads and RoW , while the remaining 13 . 1 % will be impacted by the construction of the new Limu-Genet Substation . Across the project impacted Woredas / towns the proportion of households whose residential housing and related structure will be impacted by the project component is highest in Limu Kosa Woreda accounting for 57 . 4 % of all households , followed by Mana Woreda with 23 . 0 % and Jima town 18 . 0 % . On the other hand , no housing and related structure will be impacted in Limu Genet and Limu Seqa Woreda . All affected kitchens , barns , and toilets are listed in Table 7 . 4 . Table 7 . 4 : Number of PAHs by impact on residential houses & related structures by Woreda | *", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 838, "text": "property surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 : Validation with SICONFI data - payment < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 1500 < br > 600 < br > 1000 < br > 400 < br > 200 500 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PB PE < br > 300 < br > 1500 < br > 200 < br > 1000 < br > 500 100 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PR RS < br > 600 < br > 1000 < br > 400 < br > 500 < br > 200 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > SP % difference from SICONFI data < br > 6000 < br > 4000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > % difference from SICONFI data < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage deviation in total amount of budget payments , at the municipality-year level , between our dataset and SICONFI , the public finance dataset of the Brazilian Treasury . Values are positive whenever the total amount in our dataset , aggregated from individual payments , is larger than that of SICONFI . See Table 1 for more details on our data coverage . We", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 39, "text": "SICONFI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1054, "end": 1061, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In all tables and analysis , we use sampling weights provided in the ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys to correct for unequal probability of selection as well as ineligibility for all reported statistics . We also rescale the sampling weights to give equal weight to all countries . # * * 2 . 1 How many firms received government support and when ? * * Our sample includes 3 , 647 firms across 15 countries that reported whether they received government support in Rounds 1 , 2 , and 3 and reported changes in performance in Round 3 . Table 1 reports the share of firms that received government support by survey round . About 4 in 10 firms reported receiving support in Round 1 ; in Round 2 and Round 3 the share of firms reported doing so drops to about a quarter . Cumulatively , by Round 3 just over half of firms ( 55 percent ) reported having received support . The support measure reaching by far the largest share of firms was wage subsidies , with 44 percent of firms – or 8 out of 10 firms that received any type of support – receiving such subsides . The second most wide-reaching measure was cash transfers ( 22 percent ) , followed by fiscal relief and payment deferrals ( 12 percent each ) . New credit was the least commonly reported support measure ( 8 percent ) . To minimize reverse causality in examining the relationship between firm performance in Round 3 and government support , we will focus on support in Rounds 1 and 2 in our analysis below . The relative ordering of the most common support measures is similar . Table 2 also reports the share of firms that received government support but does so by the share of firms that received government support in each combination of rounds . Considering all three rounds ( Panel A ) , firms could receive up to 3 rounds of support in 8 possible combinations : from receiving support in each of the three rounds to none . Most firms which received any government support did so only in Round 1 : 20 percent of firms or about one-third of firms receiving support . This was followed by firms receiving support", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 98, "text": "ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assessing of the land , resettlement and livelihood related issues and other relevant information . b ) Determine the social impact of the project on the project sites , communities including - v ) Local employment - vi ) Population changes vii ) Effects on Land use viii ) Land acquisition c ) For each site , the following will be required : An Abbreviated Resettlement Plan ( APRAP ) : This will provide information on land needs required if any , a socioeconomic and census survey of the people undertaking , ( non health related ) . Livelihood activities like kiosks , gardening , parking etc on the health facility land / premises that are likely to be disturbed during the renovations and / or expansion . Further the APRAP will give a description of measures to deal with those that will be disrupted , the consultations with the affected people regarding the project and the measures , institutional responsibility for the implementation of the measures , grievance mechanisms , arrangements for monitoring and a time table for implementing the measures and a budget . The health facilities have been grouped in view of the proximity to each other as indicated in the table below , and it is planned that the consultancy is undertaken by one Environmental and social consultancy firm . | * * Hospitals * * | * * HCIVs * * | | - - - | - - - | | Mubende , Nakaseke , Mityana | Kasanda , Kiganda , Ngoma , Mwera , Kyantungo , Kikamulo | | Apac , Kiryandongo , Masindi | Aboke , Aduku , Bwijanga and Bullisa | | Itojo , Kawolo , Entebbe , Buwenge | Kabuyanda , Mwizi , Kitwe , Rubare , Buvuma , Budondo and |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # 2 . 3 Limitations of the Study The subject of refugee economies is a complex one and requires a lot of resources and time to document the various relationships and interlinkages than was allocated to this study . Basically , this study represents a first attempt at unpacking deeper and pervasive refugees ’ livelihoods and challenges that was undertaken over a relatively short period of time when compared to the Uganda one that took up to a year to collect data . That said , the deployment of mixed-methods data collection approaches ( triangulation ) resolved some of the potential shortcomings that would have ensued had the study relied on the household surveys only . Again triangulation approach helped maintain the rigour of the Lusaka urban survey where the initial snowball approach turned out to be costly and inefficient in terms of time . To expedite household sampling and interviews , AAH , a UNHCR implementation partner , was requested to mobilize refugees and former refugees ’ respondents at central locations where our teams conducted interviews and led focus group discussions . To further improve the validity of the research and its findings , our team decided to oversample by up to 30 % to enable us drop , where necessary , some cases that were not complete without adversely affecting the final target sample . In our view , these measures have contributed to making our findings robust enough to inform public policy debates . 19 * * _February 15 , 2017_ * * * * _UNHCR appreciates the generous support of various co-operating partners_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 657, "end": 674, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 764, "text": "Lusaka urban survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Establishment of a baseline and monitoring of socio-economic and environmental data relevant to improving land and natural resources management . It would include a database and a network of practitioners / stakeholders on the issue . * Methods of restoring and sustaining land management and best management practices for increased net benefits ( including both ecosystem and livelihood benefits ) developed , adopted and scaled-up . This would include an understanding and addressing of constraints , and opportunities to the adoption of SLM practices ( soil and water conservation , nutrient management including integration of crops , trees and livestock developed . * Understanding of the socio-economic and policy factors which affect land management and adoption of sustainable land management best practices deepened and methodology and models to assess impacts of policies on natural resource management developed . * Institutional capacity of stakeholders to undertake participatory and multidisciplinary land resource management activities sustainably enhanced . * Exchange of information on land resource management and best management practices among farmers , communities , policy makers and the global fraternity markedly fostered . * Better marketing channels for farm produce and value-added products for improved livelihoods ( on-farm / off-farm linkages strengthened ) . In order to facilitate the achievement of the above outputs and outcomes , the project will strengthen the capacity of producers and communities on SLM and NRM ; promote sub-projects towards addressing key SLM concerns and improved NRM in the operational areas ; strengthen the services , both range of services and service providers , available to producers and communities in the areas of SLM and NRM ; strengthen institutional capacity and facilitate institutional and financial mechanisms with a focus on improved land and natural resources management . Component 1 . Promotion of best management practices and best management technologies for improved livelihoods : KARI and other sister institutions such as KEFRI have over the years developed many SLM practices and technologies that are suitable for scaling-up . These include soil and water conservation measures , water harvesting techniques , reseeding of degraded lands , high yielding and ecologically adapted crop and livestock varieties and genotypes , soil fertility maintenance practices", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 85, "text": "socio-economic and environmental data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APPENDIX # Appendix B : Bond prices and investor returns # # B1 . Database of bond prices and returns This section summarizes the sources and coding for our database of sovereign bond prices and returns across 200 years . As explained in the main text we focus on bonds issued ( i ) by central governments , ( ii ) in foreign currency ( only US dollar and British pound bonds ) , ( iii ) traded and priced on the London or New York Stock Exchanges and ( iv ) with a fixed coupon rate ( no floating rate instruments ) . We first discuss the historical data , then move to the modern sample that uses JP Morgan ’ s EMBI data and then describe the final , merged , 200-year dataset . # # # * * Historical bond prices and returns , 1818-1980 * * For the 19 < sup > th < / sup > century we use price data of those external sovereign bonds traded on the London Stock Exchange ( LSE ) . From the early 20 < sup > th < / sup > century on , these data are complemented with bonds traded on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) . New York becomes the dominant market for trading and issuing external sovereign bonds from the mid-1920s onwards . To identify bonds and their prices we rely on several main sources . The London price data for the early 19 < sup > th < / sup > century and until 1870 comes from the Money Market Review , The Economist , Circular to Bankers , Course of the Exchange , and The Banker ’ s Magazine . For the 1869-1929 period we mostly use LSE pricing data from the Investors Monthly Manual , as provided by Goetzmann and Rouwenhorst at the International Center for Finance at Yale . We extend their data series of LSE sovereign bond prices by 50 years , using quotations from The Economist and Financial Times from 1930 to 1980 . For illustration , Figure B1 shows an example of how this source looks like . The bond price data from the NYSE was coded from the “ Bank and Quotation Section ” of the Commercial Financial", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 622, "text": "EMBI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1208, "end": 1225, "text": "London price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1829, "end": 1858, "text": "bond price data from the NYSE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Poor < br > visibility < br > for < br > road users < br > Blocking of available < br > drainages | < br >  Stabilize < br > disturbed < br > soils with grass and other < br > vegetative matter ; < br >  Avoid activities that can lead < br > to < br > soils erosion during the rainy < br > season ; < br >  Install < br > adequate < br > drainage structures ; < br >  Backfill trenched areas ; < br >  Stabilize drainage channels < br > with concreted or grass . < br >  Implement < br > dust < br > control < br > measures < br >  Sensitize < br > workers < br > and < br > community on respiratory < br > illness < br > management < br > including wearing of masks < br > | ure < br > < br > < br > < br >  % area of Land < br > disturbed < br > during < br > Construction < br > stabilized with grass < br > or vegetative cover ; < br >  Adequate drainage in < br > place as provided for < br > in < br > design < br > and < br > stabilized < br > accordingly ; < br >  % areas of land < br > Landscaped < br > upon < br > Completion < br > of < br > construction works | Copy < br >  Site inspection , < br > Project records < br > of < br > area < br > stabilized < br > Contractor < br > SEC , < br > Host < br > community < br > CPCT | Routine | Under < br > the < br > works < br > contract | | | | < br > near construction areas . | | | | | | * * Im", "spans": [{"start": 1129, "end": 1144, "text": "Project records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provides summary statistics for the study sample of 678 farmers and their registered plots . Panel A reports farmer characteristics . Incomes were low by Mexican standards with an average self-reported annual income of 29 , 414 pesos ( US $ 2 , 200 ) . Panel B of Table 2 for all farmers and column 1 of Appendix Table A3 for farmers in the control group , report the agricultural practices at baseline . Farmers cultivate about 2 plots and an average total area of 5 . 7 hectares . In 2014 ( the year before the intervention ) fertilizer use in their registered plot was near universal ( 97 % ) with farmers carrying out 1 . 6 fertilizations on average though only 6 % fertilized at sowing . Average self-reported yields were about 2 mt / ha and about half sold maize in the market . Only 6 % had used agricultural extension services in the past and only 15 % had paid for a soil analysis . > 16 Specifically , study farmers came from 54 localities ( _localidades_ ) of which 29 were quite small and thus merged with the closest _localidad_ using distance between centroids from INEGI ’ s geographic databases . If there were ties , we chose to merge _localidades_ with the closest altitude . Two of the small _localidades_ were merged into one to give us a total of 26 clusters . The median cluster had 21 farmers , the 25th percentile had 15 , and the 75th had 32 . > 17We note that with individual level randomization , there could be spillovers across farmers in different treatments . We study the potential spillovers in Section 5 . 2 . > 18We lack data for some farmers because they did not sow maize in a particular year ( less than 5 % ) , or because they could not be located for the interview . Appendix Table A2 column 1 shows that attrition was not differential across experimental arms . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1110, "text": "INEGI ’ s geographic databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Final * * _GTG Consultancy PLC_ not recruit any labor of under 18 years of age ; while MoWE prohibits recruiting child labor in any of its activities . To manage the risk that child and / or young worker ( as relevant ) under deployment / engagement in relation to works , the project will carry out important steps like documentation and verification of age to prevent employment or engagement of child labor . Hence , obtaining written confirmation from the applicant of their age ; and where there is any reasonable doubt as to the age of the applicant , requesting and reviewing available documents to verify age ( such as a birth certificate , national identification card , medical or school record , or other document or community verification demonstrating age , when available ) will be undertaken prior to the employment or engagement of a project worker and kept on file . Discrimination is the other potential risk under the proposed MoWE project , and its subcomponents assigned ADELE component 3 . 1 unit . These include potential inappropriate treatment or harassment of project workers related , for example , to gender , age , disability , ethnicity , or religion ; potential exclusion or preferences with respect to recruitment , hiring , termination of employment , working conditions , or terms of employment made on the basis of personal characteristics unrelated to inherent work requirements ; in training and development provision . In the MoWE project , all forms of discrimination are unacceptable as per the Ethiopian Labor Law and ESS2 and it supports equal opportunities for women and men , with emphasis on equal criteria for selection , remuneration , and promotion , and equal application of those criteria . Measures to prevent harassment of project workers , including sexual harassment , in the workplace is addressed with GBV action plan . This will be addressed with the prepared GBV Action Plan . MoWE employ a Code of Conduct ( CoC ) ( _Annex 26_ ) for its staff , outlining objectives , principles , and punishments for non-compliance with set disciplines . Considering the small size of", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 708, "text": "medical or school record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ease of Entry_ Any factor that affects the ease of entering a new business activity would affect profitability _π_ , and also directly affect _α_ , the ease and speed with which copycats can imitate a discovery . We use the World Bank ’ s measure of how difficult it is to start a new business , based on the number of procedures required to complete the process . However , these data are only available for January , 2003 . Therefore , this measure is only useful to the extent that these barriers have been relatively persistent over the past decade , which we consider reasonable . # _The Financial System_ There have been many studies linking financial system development and economic growth ( e . g . Beck , Levine and Loayza 2000 ) . However , beyond these economy-wide effects , the financial system directly affects the profitability of discoveries because the cost of financing directly affects the costs of both experimentation and imitation . To consider this relationship , we introduce 1995 private sector credit as a percentage of GDP . As one of the areas singled out by Hausmann and Rodrik ( 2003b ) when considering methods to overcome market failures for economic discovery in El Salvador is through government support of high-risk finance , the relationship between discovery activity and the financial system is even more interesting . # _Results_ The estimation results using the HS 4-digit and HS 6-digit data are shown in Table 7 < sup > 9 < / sup > . This same estimation was performed on the 4-digit and 6-digit data pooled by industry to give > 9 Most of the explanatory variables of interest are not available for earlier time periods , therefore we will not use the SITC data in this section . Note that to this point , the SITC data have not behaved differently from the HS data . 32", "spans": [{"start": 1418, "end": 1433, "text": "HS 6-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1696, "end": 1705, "text": "SITC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1802, "end": 1809, "text": "HS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "theoretical and empirical implications : since trade shocks impact the size of the choice set , this new mechanism matters for workers ’ mobility and welfare ; and also fundamentally changes how we should conceptualize the impact of trade shocks on workers . The new channel we emphasize matters to workers for two main reasons . First , if a worker can choose her job out of more options , it is more likely that the best one delivers higher welfare . Second , even when she is hit by a negative labor demand shock in the future , it is more likely that she will be able to find another job without having to move to a different region or sector . Thus , a regionsector pair ( henceforth referred to as a _labor market_ ) receiving a positive trade shock will attract more workers not just because it provides a higher wage , but also because of the larger number of job options that are created there . In addition , a labor market with a positive trade shock will experience larger internal churning , i . e . , more job switching within the labor market , which has been largely overlooked in the literature . Our model clearly shows how trade shocks affect workers ’ welfare through labor mobility between and within labor markets . The model delivers a structural equation of trade-induced changes in workers ’ welfare , which can be conveniently estimated in a reduced-form way . We then quantify the magnitude of the welfare effect of a trade shock through the full simulation of the model . Our framework is motivated by reduced-form evidence on the effects of export shocks on labor market outcomes , which draws on rich employer-employee panel data combined with customs records on export transactions from Brazil during 2003-2015 . To account for the endogeneity of exports , we construct an instrument at the labor market level , exploiting exogenous variation in sectoral import demand directed to the labor market . The IV estimates reveal a positive causal effect of exports on residual wages , employment , worker inflows , and job turnover rates within the corresponding labor market . The effect on the internal job turnover rates is the key motivation for", "spans": [{"start": 1631, "end": 1659, "text": "employer-employee panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1674, "end": 1724, "text": "customs records on export transactions from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> impacts of theproject . | | * * Protection of * * | Component 2 will finance the construction of a Tax Data Warehouse within the | | * * Cultural Heritage * * | compound of the MoR that may pose risks to cultural heritage . The Environmental < br > Policy of Ethiopia has provisions for the protection of cultural heritage in this < br > regard . It promotes a sustainable heritage conservation and management < br > program that seeks to understand all the elements of the system , their < br > interrelationships , and how each contributes to social and economic < br > developments ( p . 18 ) . This provision requires the project to assess the risks to < br > cultural heritage and developthe Chance Find Procedure . | | * * Anti - * * | Article 14 Sub-Article 1 ( f ) of the Ethiopian Labor Proclamation No . 1156 / 2019 | | * * Discrimination * * < br > * * Law * * | prohibits discrimination between workers based on nationality , race , color , sex , < br > religion , political opinion , national extraction , social origin , HIV / AIDS status , | 16", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 119, "text": "Tax Data Warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ # # # * * 11 . RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN BUDGET * * # # # * * 11 . 1 . Borrowing from Past Resettlement Experiences in the Region * * According to the Ugandan resettlement practices , REA will be responsible for the financing of land acquisition and resettlement costs under the project . REA will also sign compensation agreements with the PAPs when they receive the compensation packages . Experience has shown that cash compensation is less beneficial to these categories of PAPs as it is subject to abuse by the male beneficiaries . Implementation of Section 40 of the Land Act ( Consent of spouses must be sought ) will put the female spouses at equal level . # # # * * 11 . 2 . Monitoring and Evaluation * * # # # * * 11 . 2 . 1 . Objectives * * Monitoring and evaluation will be key components of the implementation of the RAP . The components will have the following objectives : * * < u > Monitoring : < / u > * * Will consider the < u > progress of the implementation of the RAP , including the progress of key procedures such as < / u > compensation , resettlement etc . Specific consideration will be given to : - Any emerging social or economic difficulties faced by the affected persons during resettlement process - Compliance and completion of the resettlement program . * * < u > Evaluation : < / u > * * Will consider the results and outcomes of the resettlement program , through an assessment of the impact of the resettlement programme on affected households , their incomes , standards of living , environmental issues etc . The focus during the implementation of the resettlement programme will be on the compilation of baseline data on the affected households that will enable the comparison during evaluation missions . # # # * * 11 . 2 . 2 . Approach * * Monitoring of implementation by the RAP consultant will", "spans": [{"start": 1728, "end": 1741, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The following lessons are drawn from the experience of preparing and implementing this project : - The effectiveness of the M & E framework depends on the inclusion of outcome indicators that are measurable with realistic targets . Long delays in collecting and analyzing baseline data can undermine the effectiveness of the M & E system . - Insufficient attention to building implementing agency capacity in project management can lead to lengthy and unnecessary implementation delays . - Outsourcing of project management activities can be counter-productive if the contractor concerned is not experienced in managing Bank projects . # # * * 14 . Assessment Recommended ? * * Yes No # # * * 15 . Comments on Quality of ICR : * * The ICR is clearly written and provides sufficient evidence to evaluate the project . The deficiencies of the outcome indicators are related to weaknesses in the M & E framework rather than ICR quality . Lessons were evidence-based . There is a discrepancy between the total project costs by component in Annex 1 and the amount of financing required . The rating of Risk to Development Outcome is incorrectly stated as “ substantial ” in the Data Sheet . # # * * a . Quality of ICR Rating : * * Satisfactory", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 285, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < < RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK ( RPF ) > > * * - g . Develop appropriate institutional framework necessary for implementing safeguard measures including monitoring and evaluation of resettlement activities . - h . To suggest an appropriate dispute resolution mechanism for resolving resettlement and compensation issues . # # # # # # 1 . 5 . Methodology for the RPF 12 . The methodology employed in the preparation of this RPF involved the use of both secondary and primary data . The secondary data sources included desktop studies of relevant documents to obtain information on ( a . ) Guiding principles , rules and procedures applicable in resettlement of displaced persons as documented in national and international legislations and policies ( b ) , potentially affected asset categories and ( c . ) planning , implementation and monitoring of resettlement process in the context of the KEMFSED Project . Specific documents reviewed are as follows : # # # # # # _1 . 5 . 1 . Documents Review_ - a ) * * Relevant Kenyan legislation including : * * the Constitution of Kenya , Land Act No . 6 of 2012 , the National Land Commission Act , Community Land Act , Sessional paper No . 3 of 2009 on National Land Policy for Kenya , Prevention , Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons and Affected Communities Act No . 56 of 2012 , National Land Commission ( NLC ) Rules and Guidelines for the Assessment of Just Compensation , the Matrimonial Property Act , Evictions and Resettlement Bill , 2014 , Public Participation Bill , 2018 , the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya ( ISK ) valuation standards in the Bluebook 2000 and the Valuers Act Cap 532 of the laws of Kenya . - b ) * * International policy guidelines included : * * World Bank ( WB ) operational policy on involuntary resettlement op 4 . 12 , African Development Bank Safeguard policies , the International Valuation Standards ( IVS ) , and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors ( RICS global ) Valuation Standards . - c ) Secondary information was", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , the average number of sessions attended by compliers was 5 . 68 sessions in NEP-B and 7 . 89 sessions in NEP-I . Therefore , the estimated impact on participants reported in tables 5 and 6 can be interpreted as the average impact of these number of sessions in each treatment arm . 5 . 2 . 2 Impact on program participants Table 5 shows the IV estimates corresponding to equation ( 4 ) . Participation in NEP-I improves receptive language performance by 0 . 432 SD and socio-emotional development by 0 . 540 SD , and NEP-B improves receptive language by 0 . 418 SD and socio-emotional development by 0 . 315 SD . However , only the former estimates are robust to multiple hypotheses testing . There are no statistically significant impacts on the remaining variables in the table , and the point estimates are also smaller in magnitude than those for language and socio-emotional . These results consistently mirror the ITT analysis that shows no significant changes in other child outcomes . < sup > 11 < / sup > As we discussed above , our estimates indicate that the program was remarkably effective in improving language and socio-emotional outcomes of children in the medium term , given its low cost and low intensity . The estimates are striking both because of their size , and because the endline was collected so long after participants stopped participating in the program . As in the case of ITT estimates , when we add more controls in the 2SLS estimation , the coefficients for child outcomes remain fairly stable , and standard errors hardly change either ( Table A7 in Appendix 2 ) . 11 These impacts are subject to the accuracy of the administrative data of participation rates . When a second source of participation based on survey records ( from the endline ) is considered , participation is significantly higher : 44 % in NEP-B and 50 % in NEP-I . Administrative records are usually judged to be superior to survey answers , but they might still have some degree of under-reporting if for example the facilitators at the health center fail to register some sessions electronically . Household surveys might overreport participation because they are subject to recall", "spans": [{"start": 1662, "end": 1681, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1754, "end": 1768, "text": "survey records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> under Part < / sup > < sup > * * 3 . 2 * * of the Projectin accordancewiththe < / sup > provisions of this Agreement ; < sup > andthe term \" PSEs \" meanscollectivelyallsuch < / sup > individuals and firms . * * 36 . \" Resettlement Action Plan \" * * < sup > or \" RAP \" means theresettlementand rehabilitation < / sup > action plan prepared * * by * * the Recipient < sup > in formandsubstanceacceptabletothe < / sup > Association for the purpose of < sup > Part < / sup > < sup > * * I * * of theProject , and disclosedin theterritory < / sup > of the Recipient and in the Association ' s < sup > InfoShop on April < / sup > < sup > * * 8 , 2016 ; * * and for a given < / sup > Project activity ( including Sub-project ) < sup > forwhich theRPFrequiresa site-specific < / sup > resettlement and rehabilitation action < sup > plan , said plan , preparedin accordancewith < / sup > the RPF , acceptable to the Association , < sup > andproviding the following : ( i ) a baseline < / sup > census and socioeconomic survey < sup > information ; specific compensationratesand < / sup > standards ; policy entitlements related < sup > toany additionalimpactsidentified through < / sup > the census or survey ; description of < sup > Resettlementsitesandprogramsfor < / sup > improvement or restoration of < sup > livelihoodsandstandardsofliving ; an < / sup > implementation schedule for Resettlement < sup > activities ; anddetailedcostestimate ; < / sup > ( ii )", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 1018, "text": "census and socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _Receipt of grievances_ : anyone from the affected parties or believing they are affected by the Project can submit a grievance ( written , verbal , a dedicated telephone , email , etc . , as appropriate for the complainant ) . - _Registering the complaint_ : the focal point ( GRC ) who receives the complaint will use the GRM logbook for registering . - _Referral and examination of complaints_ : a GRM Committee established at each project target Kebele will examine the complaint and resolve or refer to the woreda GRM . - _Notifying the complainant_ : the decision / solution / action by the grievance committee shall be communicated to the complainant as per the stipulated timeline ( see below ) . - _Closing the complaint_ : where the decision / solution of complaint is accepted by the complainant , or complaint that is not related to the project or any of its components , or a Complaint that is being heard by the judiciary will be closed following appropriate procedure . # # # * * Suggested timelines of project grievance handling * * Any person who is aggrieved related to project implementation shall lodge his / her complaint to the kebele / woreda grievance redress committee . The kebele grievance redress committee which received the complaint shall give its decision , after reviewing the complaint within 10 days . The woreda grievance redress committee shall give its decision within 15 days from the date of the receipt of the complaint . A person who is unsatisfied with the decision by the woreda grievance redress committee can appeal to the woreda regular court any time . 50", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 337, "text": "GRM logbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Female * * | * * Total * * | * * Average * * < br > * * household size * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Bulisa * * | 12 , 578 | 31 , 022 | 32 , 341 | 63 , 363 | 5 . 0 | | * * Biiso * * | 6 , 127 | 14 , 970 | 15 , 030 | 30 , 000 | 4 . 9 | | * * Biiso * * | 1 , 987 | 4 , 989 | 5 , 151 | 10 , 140 | 5 . 1 | | * * Butiaba * * | 2 , 628 | 5 , 882 | 5 , 558 | 11 , 440 | 4 . 3 | | * * Kihungya * * | 1 , 512 | 4 , 099 | 4 , 321 | 8 , 420 | 5 . 6 | | * * Bulisa * * | 6 , 451 | 16 , 052 | 17 , 311 | 33 , 363 | 5 . 2 | | * * Kigwera * * | 1 , 911 | 4 , 828 | 5 , 134 | 9 , 962 | 5 . 2 | | * * Kisiabi * * | 2 , 419 | 6 , 199 | 6 , 437 | 12 , 636 | 5 . 2 | | * * Ngwedo * * | 1 , 121 | 5 , 925 | 5 , 740 | 10 , 765 | 5 . 1 | _Source : UBOS ( 2002 ) . Uganda Population and Housing Census , Uganda Bureau of Statistics , Kampala Uganda_ While the nationwide growth rate was 3 . 2 % between 1991 and 2002 , Bulisa ’ s population grew at a rate of 2 . 7 % . The population growth rate in Bulisa is explained by the high fertility levels ( about five children per mother ) and migrants from", "spans": [{"start": 773, "end": 809, "text": "Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 4 * * : Cumulative middle-class bounds for LAC countries in 2017 PPP ordered by country GDP < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 15 85 < br > 80 < br > 14 < br > 75 < br > 13 < br > 70 < br > 12 High income ( H ) 65 < br > 11 60 < br > Upper middle income < br > ( UM ) 55 < br > 10 < br > Lower middle 50 < br > income ( LM ) < br > 9 < br > 45 < br > 8 40 < br > hnd bol slv ecu per pry col bra dom mex cri ury arg chl pan < br > Country < br > Vulnerability line Middle-class line ( right axis ) < br > Vulnerability line Middle-class line < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own estimations based on SEDLAC ( 2022 ) Note : World Bank Analytical Classifications using data for 2017 . Results were obtained using 92 synthetic panels built with available surveys from 2010 to 2019 and 25 bootstrap repetitions . # Robustness check : Implementing other methodologies For completeness , the analysis estimates the middle-class lines using previous methodologies . If the Lopez-Calva and Ortiz-Juarez ( 2014 ) methodology is applied only to Chile , Mexico , and Peru - as in the original study - or to Argentina , Colombia , and Costa Rica - as in Ferreira et al . ( 2013 ) - , the lower bound would be $ 12 and $ 16 . 1 , respectively , and the upper bound $ 85 . 8 and $ 109 . 3 , correspondingly . If this method is expanded to all countries over the same period , the lower bound would end up being $ 13 . 6 and the upper bound $ 89 . 1 . Moreover , replicating the simple method applied , the lower and upper bounds would be $ 14 . 7 and $ 79 . 3 , respectively . # Identifying the drivers of change in the thresholds While the update of PPPs from 2011 to 2017 contributed to", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 634, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kena Social and Economic Inclusion Project State Deparitent for - Social Prolection ( and ( Senior Citizen , Affairs_ * * _Annmal Report_ * * _and Financial Satemntmsfor . the financial . vear endled June 30 , _ * * _2024_ * * 3 . * * Project Reporting Requirements : The project requires extensive reporting requirementS to monitor tihe project progress and remain * * fully * * compliant with the financial reporting to the World Bai . IFMIS is currently not capable to run these reports with the details and formats that are required . The * * SDSP * * is currently consiering using the data export capabilities of * * JFMIS , * * the data will be exported and a reporting applicatio n iluding a data analytical application with project reportS uSing the original ledger data and adding additional data points to ensure * * 100 % * * compatibility with the reporting requirements . Project dashboards will be developed to monitor reports . project financial results and day-to-day progress and to support the development of project # # # # # * * RECOMMENDATION * * * * 1 . * * planned IPF Loan iilestones . and gratt should be available for implementation of the programme to achieve the 2 . at To individual have KSEIP unit level . budget lines for each implementing units to facilitate monitoring and spending * * _3 . _ * * Integration of * * IFMIS * * with project reporting templates to facilitate generation of reports with details and formats required * * by * * donor . # # # # # * * _2 . 9 Sunuinaiy ofProject Compliance : _ * * The project has complied with applicable laws and regulations , and essential external financing agreements / covenants . xiii", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 783, "text": "ledger data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than its imports . Since _EL_ is a function of the current account disequilibrium of the balance of payments , it should reflect the impact on the external gap ( the difference between imports and exports ) of deviations between domestic aggregate demand and output . Under stable real exchange rates , the external gap and the output gap ( the difference between potential and actual output ) should be closely related . Hence , _EL_ should be a good proxy for excess aggregate demand . Strong real exchange rate depreciations , however , could channel aggregate demand away from tradables toward non-tradables , in which case the ( positive or negative ) growth impact of domestic demand would be distributed in the _EL_ and _DR_ terms . But otherwise _DR_ should mainly reflect supplybased ( rather than demand-based ) factors , such as changes in productivity that allow a country to produce more for a given level of imports , or changes in trade policies that restrain or promote imports for a given level of output . < sup > 2 < / sup > > 2 Indeed , in the case of advanced economies for which good output gap historical series are available , _EL_ is generally highly correlated to the output gap , which is not the case for _DR_ . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1106, "end": 1134, "text": "output gap historical series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 # # * * Introduction * * This paper focuses on Belgrade and border areas – exit points in Serbia , where Crisis Response and Policy Centre ( CRPC ) and Humanitarian Center for Integration and Tolerance ( HCIT ) conduct part of their protection activities with refugees , migrants and asylum seekers . The refugee situation in 2018 stabilized and moved from emergency and transit to a more stable situation . Refugees and migrants were staying in Serbia for longer periods of time , requiring a more systematic protection approach . Given the constant presence of smugglers , despite the closure of the route and violence at borders , this population is in even greater and constant need of counselling and information on asylum in Serbia . Throughout 2018 , UNHCR estimated that more than 16 , 000 refugees and migrants entered Serbia , originating mostly from Afghanistan , Pakistan , Iran and other countries . The child protection system faced a higher number of unaccompanied and separated children ( UASC ) , especially in mid-summer . Segments of this paper offer analyses of the observed new arrivals , depicting the field experience and protection work of two partner organisations . This paper represents the continuous work of HCIT and CRPC with refugees and potential asylum seekers in 2018 , with specific focus on Belgrade and border areas , trends and conditions , new arrivals , unaccompanied and separated children , cases of collective expulsions from the local point of view . Additionally , since 2018 was marked by the adoption of new asylum and migration legislation , this paper also covers the changes introduced by the new Law on Asylum and Temporary Protection , as well as the practice of misdemeanour courts in AP Vojvodina . Compared to the previous year , 2018 brought further changes in the national legislation and its implementation . According to official statistics provided by the Asylum Office , 8 , 436 foreigners expressed intention to seek asylum in Serbia . However , only 327 asylum requests were officially submitted to the Asylum Office . The Asylum Office granted 11 refugee and 14 subsidiary protection statuses during the year . The long-awaited set", "spans": [{"start": 1883, "end": 1932, "text": "official statistics provided by the Asylum Office", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Wilkinson , G . G . ( 1996 ) . A review of current issues in the integration of gis and remote sensing data . _International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 10_ ( 1 ) , 85 – 101 . - Wineman , A . , N . M . Mason , J . Ochieng , and L . Kirimi ( 2017 ) . Weather extremes and household welfare in rural Kenya . _Food Security 9_ , 281 – 300 . - Yeh , C . , A . Perez , A . Driscoll , G . Azzari , Z . Tang , D . Lobell , S . Ermon , and M . Burke ( 2020 ) . Using publicly available satellite imagery and deep learning to understand economic well-being in Africa . _Nature Communications 11_ , 2583 . - Zandler , H . , T . Senftl , and K . A . Vanselow ( 2020 ) . Reanalysis datasets outperform other gridded climate products in vegetation change analysis in peripheral conservation areas of Central Asia . _Scientific Reports 10_ , 22446 . 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * I13 . * * | CRIS < br > Reduced essential non-food expenditures such as education , h | ealth , etc . | | | __ | | | * * I14 . * * | Consume seed stock held for next season | | | | __ | | | * * I15 . * * | G < br > Y < br > Sold house or land | | | | __ | | | * * I16 . * * | MER < br > NC < br > Illegal income activities ( theft , smuggling , prostitution ) | | | | __ | | | * * I17 . * * | E < br > E < br > Begged | | | | __ | | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 118 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Petroleuni Technical_ * * < sup > * * _AssistanceProject_ * * < / sup > * * _Reports and Financial_ * * < sup > * * _Statemtents_ * * < / sup > * * _For the financial_ * * < sup > * * _y , ear endedJune 30 , 2017_ * * < / sup > # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING * * < sup > * * POLICIES ( Contintied ) * * < / sup > * * i ) Exchange rate * * < sup > * * differences * * < / sup > * * The * * accouning records < sup > * * are * * maintainedinthefunetionalcurrency . of the primaryeconomnic < / sup > environient in xwhich tie < sup > Projectoperates . KenyaShillings . Transactionsinforcign < / sup > currencies during tie ycar / period < sup > areconvertedintotefunctionalcurrencyusingIlie < / sup > exchange rates prevailing < sup > atte datesof tbctransactions . Anytoreign exchangegains < / sup > < sup > * * and * * < / sup > losses resulting from te < sup > settlementof suchtransactionsandfromte translationatyear-end < / sup > exchange rates of < sup > monetaryassetsandliabilities denominatedinforeigncurrCecisare < / sup > recognised in tie statements < sup > of receiptsandpayients . < / sup > # # # # * * j ) Comparative figures * * Wh-lere * * necessary * * coniparatixe < sup > fliguresfortepreviousfinancial <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inputs and because they are typically applied roughly in proportion to the amount of land cultivated . Farmers therefore have strong motives to know and use the true plot size in deciding how much of those inputs to apply . We define log-transformed input use ( and objectively measured plot size ( ) and estimate the following input demand function for each input : YY ) XX < sup > ∗ < / sup > 0 1 2 3 p 4 5 56 ( 2 ) pp where the dependent variable is the input intensity ( i . e . , input use per unit of land ) , with YY − XX < sup > ∗ < / sup > = ββ + ββ TT + ββ XX < sup > ∗ < / sup > + ββ RR + ββ + ββ + ββ θθ + εε standing for log-transformed input use in the post-planting round . All other terms are as defined in equation YY ( 1 ) . The most important parameters in equation ( 2 ) are 1 , 4 , and 5 . The parameter 1 estimates the impact of the information treatment on farmers ' input self-reporting at the average plot size and ββ ββ ββ ββ measurement error in our sample . Rejecting the null hypothesis that 1 = 0 indicates information spillovers across self-reported variables . 4 ( 5 ) captures differential spillover effects associated ββ with plot size ( pre-treatment measurement error in plot size ) . To allow for asymmetric and ββ ββ heterogenous responses , we employ continuous over / underestimation rates in the pre-treatment survey . One important assumption in the estimation of equation ( 2 ) is that recall length does not affect reporting differently for treatment and control groups . As discussed previously and shown in Appendix Table A1 , the control group households were subject to a single post-harvest visit , while the treatment group households were visited once during the post-planting period ( at the time of the information treatment ) and once during the post-harvest period ( together with the control group households in the same EAs ) . This assumption seems reasonable , for at least two reasons . First , Wollburg et al .", "spans": [{"start": 1337, "end": 1357, "text": "pre-treatment survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Inv . * * | $ 25 , 412 | $ 183 , 362 | $ 20 , 000 | $ 25 , 810 | $ 79 , 350 | $ 11 , 828 | $ 714 , 286 | $ 573 , 286 | $ 200 , 000 | $ 150 , 000 | $ 600 , 000 | $ 600 | | * * NPV * * * | $ 127 , 748 | $ 913 , 423 | $ 105 , 166 | $ 31 , 719 | $ 211 , 213 | $ 8 , 650 | $ 3 , 687 , 614 | $ 3 , 231 , 143 | $ 561 , 073 | $ 547 , 847 | $ 717 , 783 | $ 1 , 103 | | * * EIRR * * < br > * * * * * * | 81 . 15 % | 80 . 54 % | 84 . 24 % | 32 . 13 % | 54 . 03 % | 23 . 27 % | 82 . 96 % | 89 . 29 % | 51 . 46 % | 62 . 78 % | 29 . 16 % | 41 . 48 % | _ * NPV with 12 precent social discount rate over a 20-year period . * * Ethiopia ' s Cost of Capital 7percent ( World Bank ) . Source : Team calculations based on empirical data_ 127 . * * This conclusion can be considered conservative , as each of the subprojects presents larger economic returns in terms of indirect social benefits , which are not currently readily quantifiable * * . Furthermore , each of the 63 The weighted average EIRR refers to 12 subprojects on a 20-year period . The cost of capital in Ethiopia is estimated at 7 percent as per World Bank data and a 10", "spans": [{"start": 1192, "end": 1207, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TABLE 1 KENYA MOMBASA-NAIROBI OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE PROJECT Consumption of White Oil Products : Annual Growth * * Rates * * ( % ) | | 1969-73 | 1975-79 | 1979-86 | 1986-91 | 1991-96 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kenya | 11 . 9 | 6 . 8 | 6 . 5 | 6 . 0 | _5 . 5_ | | Uganda | 0 . 7 | 7 . 6 | 6 . 0 | _5 . 0_ | 4 . 0 | | Other areas | | 6 . 2 | 6 . 0 | _5 . 0_ | 4 . 0 | | Total | | 7 . 0 | 6 . 3 | 5 . 7 | _50_ | Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 461, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "review and coordinate the development of the architectural drawings is at the approval of TORs . The draft bidding document for infrastructural works was developed and submitted for review * * by * * the Bank , comments on volume * * 1 * * of these documents were received from the Bank on 11th March * * 2023 , * * and comments on Volumes * * 2-5 * * were received on 22nd March * * 2023 . * * These volumes are being revised * * by * * the team of Engineers . The procurement of the different service providers for implementation of ; Child-Friendly Schools , Accelerated Education Programme , Digitization of adaptable materials , teachers and school administrators training , developing education policies and strategies are at different levels of the procurement process . The acquisition of these teams of service providers will go a long way in enhancing the implementation of the * * USEEP * * project . The Ministry has constituted the Project Coordination Unit * * ( PCU ) , * * with twelve * * ( 12 ) * * core staff out of eighteen * * ( 18 ) * * deployed ; The Project Technical Committee ( PTC ) has been constituted and held its inaugural meeting in May * * 2023 . * * On the other hand , the Project Steering Committee * * ( PSC ) * * has been established and their meeting will be held in the first quarter of Financial Year ( FY ) 2023 / 24 . The Ministry provided funds for conducting a baseline survey and preparations are underway to undertake the exercise . The tool has been agreed upon and teams constituted to collect the data from the * * 96 * * project districts across the country . The data collection exercise is expected to be concluded in the first quarter of FY2023 / 24 . * * A * * total of sixty * * ( 60 ) * * Project Briefs / Environmental and Social Safeguards Management Plans ( PBs ) / ESMPs ) for schools for the first * * 60 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1405, "end": 1420, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Means and Percentages for Selected ECD Indicators by Survey Round and * * * * < u > Treatment Status , Philippines ECD Study < / u > * * | | | Round 1 | | | Round 3 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator / Region | Program | Non - | Total | Program | Non - | Total | | | | program | | | program | | | * * 1 . Cognitive , Social , * * | * * Motor and * * | * * Language De * * | * * velopment * * | | | | | Gross motor skills | – . 197 | – . 296 | – . 223 | . 091 | – . 329 * | – . 021 | | | [ . 043 ] | [ . 053 ] | [ . 034 ] | [ . 029 ] | [ . 081 ] | [ . 029 ] | | Fine motor skills | – . 237 | – . 134 | – . 217 | – . 491 | – . 629 | – . 526 | | | [ . 041 ] | [ . 080 ] | [ . 034 ] | [ . 052 ] | [ . 052 ] | [ . 040 ] | | Expressive | – . 255 | – . 277 | – . 260 | – . 012 | – . 416 * | – . 116 | | language | | | | | | | | | [ . 034 ] | [ . 055 ] | [ . 029 ] | [ . 024 ] | [ . 061 ] | [ . 024 ] | | Receptive | – . 209 | – . 133 | – . 192 | – . 046 | – . 444 * | – . 149 | | language | | | | | | | | | [ . 040 ] | [ . 085 ] | [ . 031 ]", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 138, "text": "Philippines ECD Study", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR6560 The World Bank | Country | First Administrative Division | Location | Planned | Actual | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ethiopia | Oromia Regional State | Bore | | | | Ethiopia | Afar Regional State | Afar Kilil | | | | Ethiopia | The State of Amhara | Amara Kilil | | | | Ethiopia | Oromia Regional State | Oromiya Kilil | | | | Ethiopia | Tigray Regional State | Tigray Kilil | | | | Ethiopia | SSNPR | Southern Nations , Nationalities , and < br > People ' s Regional State | | | # # * * < mark > Results < / mark > * * # # # * * < mark > Project Development Objective Indicators < / mark > * * | | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Works contract completed within contract < br > | | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | | period and budget with satisfactory quality | | | Date | 03-May-2007 | 08-May-2012 | 30-Jun-2015 | | y | | | | Comments | | All 6 ICB contracts have been < br > awarded . < br > NCB contract has not been < br > awarded . < br > Aposto Negele 1 - 9 Dec 08 < br > Aposto Negele 2 - 24 Dec 08 < br > Aposto Negele 3 - 02 Jan 09 < br > Gonder Debark - 09 Dec 08 < br > Gedo Nekempt 1 - 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Executive Board ( EB ) for consideration through December 2010 is obtained from the CDM / JI Pipeline Analysis and Database of the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) Risoe Center . The dataset includes information about individual CDM project , including the project name , type , registration or validation status , approved > 9 This solves the missing price-information problem , but the associated parameter on the dummies likely pick up other attributes of time and place . This is a mixed blessing , since the net effect is to round up otherwise unobserved effects ; however it does confound the interpretation of the estimated fixed effects . 9", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 123, "text": "CDM / JI Pipeline Analysis and Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 | ountry , < br > < br > economy , < br > or < br > territory | Last owbtis < br > P < br > Date | hed censu < br > opulation < br > ( 1000 ) * | s < br > Source for population < br > ( mid-1985 ) | Source < br > for fertility < br > ( 1985-90 , unless indicated ) | Source formortality < br > ( 1985-90 , unless indicated ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | , aoPeople ' s | Mar 85 | 3585 F | Bank projection from census | Bank est . | Bank est . | | Dem . Rep . | | | | | | | Lebanon | Nov 70 | < br > 2126 F | U . N . 1984 assessment | Basedon U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | . esotho | Apr 76 | < br > 1217 F | Bank projection < br > from | Based on 1977 World | Based on 1977 WorLd | | | | | urpwtlished < br > 4 / 86 census | Fertility < br > Survey | Fertility < br > Survey | | Liberia | Feb 84 | < br > 2102 F | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | 1986 DhS | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | | Libya | Jul 84 | < br > 3637 J | Bank projection < br > from census | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | Liechtenstei | n Dec 81 | < br > 26 F | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 | | | | Luxeatourg | Mar 81 | 365J | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat", "spans": [{"start": 417, "end": 444, "text": "Bank projection from census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 45 < / sup > Such a trend would indeed be concerning if the data are correct given the rate of increase . Furthermore , the HIV prevalence in Kalemie is much higher compared with the overall HIV prevalence for DRC at 4 . 2 % . < sup > 44 < / sup > However , there are some questions regarding the reliability and quality of the SC-UK survey , as HIV-2 was very high relative to HIV-1 which is unlikely in DRC and it is unclear what quality control measures were undertaken . Further HIV studies need to be undertaken in Eastern DRC that include disaggregation between displaced and nondisplaced persons before conclusions can be made . 26", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 348, "text": "SC-UK survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consultants and workshops for consultation and validation of the final document . It also supported the establishment of the Open Data Initiative Executive Committee . COMPONENT 2 . Ensuring the Quality of Open Data Portal Development and its Utilization ( US $ 179 , 000 . 00 ) 2 . 1 . Ensuring Quality of Open Data Portal 9 . The Government of Ethiopia had already commissioned a local consulting firm to develop the national data portal and select national data sets at the time of the project effectiveness . This component was meant to support the recruitment of international consultants to ensure the quality of the national open data portal . The international consultants were meant to supervise the national data portal development project by reviewing the requirement study , the design document and the final open data portal to ensure international standards are appropriately reflected . In addition , training was to be provided to IT staff at MCIT and other sector Page 5 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 469, "text": "national data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "opportunity to capitalize on a demographic dividend , paired with the challenge of creating enough jobs to support the boom in the working-age population . # # * * _3 . 4 . 2 Politics , Ethnicity , and languages_ * * Kenya is the world ’ s seventh most ethnically diverse country with an evolving political structure aimed at balancing competition and fostering national unity . In the past , political competition has been ethnically divisive , entrenching deep patron-client networks with lasting impacts on the lives of Kenyans . Access to national resources and services mirrored access to political power , widening disparities across diverse communities and accentuating concerns over political exclusion , voice , and accountability . In 2007 , these tensions manifested themselves in severe political violence that ended only after parties agreed to develop a new Constitution ( 2010 ) . Kenya is characterized by counties with diverse ethnicities , cultures , and languages . The commonly spoken languages include English , Swahili , and numerous other indigenous languages . The population is comprised of various ethnic groups such as Kikuyu ( 22 % ) , Luhya ( 14 % ) , Luo ( 13 % ) , Kalenjin ( 12 % ) , Kamba ( 11 % ) , Kisii ( % ) , Meru ( 6 % ) , other African ( 15 % ) , non-African ( one % ) < sup > 48 < / sup > . # # * * _3 . 4 . 3 Employment profile_ * * # # # _3 . 4 . 3 . 1 Latest statistics_ According to Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ( KNBS ) , Quarterly Labour Force Report released in May 2021 , the overall employment to population ratio in the country , for the working age population , was 63 . 7 % in the first quarter of 2021 compared to 64 . 4 % recorded in the same quarter of 2020 , and 65 % recorded in the last quarter of 2020 . The same report notes that the unemployment rate , measured based on the strict definition of seeking work", "spans": [{"start": 1475, "end": 1504, "text": "Quarterly Labour Force Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the savings would amount to $ 1 . 4 billion dollars annually . Based on the volume of Medicare patients in the H-CUP sample , we estimate that $ 690 million of these savings would accrue annually to the Medicare program alone . If we expand the list of tradable procedures to include coronary artery bypass grafts , which are already being consumed abroad in growing numbers , the estimate of annual savings would exceed $ 2 billion . > 25 It is conceivable that foreign prices for these services could increase in the short run with greater consumption by visiting foreign patients , but in the long run , higher revenues could be used to create additional capacity in foreign hospitals , thereby mitigating price increases . 19", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 123, "text": "H-CUP sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "leurs conjoints , suite au refus catégorique de remettre à ces derniers l ’ argent reçu lors des opérations de cash transfert du partenaire PAM , au niveau des villages d ’ opportunités de Dan Dadji Makao , Chadakori et Garin Kaka . La cinquième femme victime de violation de droit est une réfugiée installée à Chadakori , survivante d ’ un viol perpétré par un homme issu de la population hôte ; tandis que les trois femmes restantes ont été victimes de vols de bétail à In Sara , Karo Saboua et Kouka Mai Kogo . Aucune fille victime n ’ a été rapportée pour ce mois ; mais le monitoring a enregistré deux ( 02 ) garçons victimes . Ils ont été victimes d ’ extorsion de téléphones portables lors d ’ une incursion des GANE à In Sara , commune de Guidan Sori . Pour ce qui est du statut des victimes , la majorité des incidents ont touché les populations hôtes . Elles occupent 76 , 26 % des victimes . Par rapport aux réfugiés , ils représentent 18 , 5 % des victimes . Il s ’ agit de 05 femmes réfugiées installées dans les villages d ’ opportunités de Chadakori , Garin Kaka et Dan Daji Makao dont 04 victimes d ’ agressions physiques et une femme survivante de viol . On note un homme refugié installé dans le village d ’ accueil de Garin Tanga , victime d ’ enlèvement par des GANE , et enfin 6 , 06 % de PDI qui sont victim", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 588, "text": "monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "that DBE was never included in the group of commercial banks as a consequence of it being considered a development bank that does not collect deposits . Hence , the NPL ratio time series presented in Table 5 excludes DBE . It is not clear why this was specified during the data collection for the M & E framework , given that the baseline value referred only to commercial banks as confirmed on footnote 3 in the PAD . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poor , has generated greater uncertainty about poverty estimates from national accounts based extrapolation of the latest available survey . < sup > 31 < / sup > Extrapolations or projections of poverty beyond the World Bank ’ s latest reference year that use national accounts growth rates commonly use an adjustment factor to adjust for the discrepancy in growth rates between national accounts and surveys . But even if the systematic bias and overall error is reduced by applying the adjustment > 31 In recent years no survey has been available for India , making global poverty estimates for these years highly uncertain . Nowcasting approaches that take into account the limited pass through of national accounts growth to household consumption growth , have been tested . For a closer assessment of the current method applied by the World Bank for the situation in India see Newhouse and Vyas ( 2019 ) . 24", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 290, "text": "national accounts growth rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the analysis . However , as mentioned above , we are interested in disentangling the trends in labor inequality derived from the inequality of the earnings structure rather than the labor supply decisions of workers . Finally , the data series are spatially deflated between urban and rural areas using a factor of 15 percent of the differences in the cost of living < sup > 23 < / sup > because the lack of the use of spatial deflators overstates income inequality , although the size of spatial price differences depends on the country , < sup > 24 < / sup > and the use of a regional factor is a second-best method , but is better than not deflating spatially . # 3 . Trends in labor earnings inequality Except for Sub-Saharan Africa , Latin America is the most unequal region in the world ( Alvaredo and Gasparini 2015 ; Lakner and Milanovic 2013 ; Williamson 2015 ) . This holds even after one controls for the fact that inequality in the region is measured through income , while , in the rest of the developing world , it is measured using consumption data . Following a method proposed by Alvaredo and Gasparini ( 2015 ) to generate a consumption Gini from income Gini measures , the left panel of figure 1 shows Latin America as the second most unequal region in the world . This position is statistically significant , and it is robust to the exclusion of extreme values . > 21 On the other hand , the underreporting of incomes among top earners , a classical drawback in the literature that measures inequality using household surveys , is less pronounced if labor income is considered because a larger share of the incomes of the top of the distribution is derived from capital gains . Moreover , it has been shown that the current underreporting of these income sources is not an important source of variation in the ranking across countries . > 22 See Katz and Murphy ( 1992 ) and Katz and Autor ( 1999 ) . Autor et al . ( 2008 ) and Acemoglu and Autor ( 2011 ) argue for the use of full-time workers , while Lemieux ( 2006 ) proposes using", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 246, "text": "data series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1050, "end": 1066, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1531, "end": 1548, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "function of secondary education graduation and competitive screening for university admission . The _Tawjihi_ is administered twice a year to grade 12 students , although any Jordanian having completed grade 12 is entitled to take the examination . In addition , Jordan has participated in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) for grade 8 in mathematics and science since 1999 , and PISA for 15 ‐ year ‐ olds in reading , mathematics , and science since 2006 < sup > 16 < / sup > . Jordan also recently started administering the Early Grade Reading and Math Assessments ( EGRA and EGMA ) < sup > 17 < / sup > for grades 2 and 3 students , although this assessment is run by external donors and has not been institutionalized . 19 . * * The general Secondary Certificate Examination ( * * * * _Tawjihi_ ) is the single most influential and decisive high ‐ stakes exam in Jordan ’ s education system . * * This examination has been used for many decades with the dual purpose of a gateway to high school ( upon achieving a passing score ) , and to determine the admissions track to higher education . Results from the exam split students into either technical education and vocational training ( TVET ) tertiary colleges or universities ( with extremely demanding cut ‐ off scores to access the most sought ‐ after faculties and programs ) . Since approximately half the students who sit for the _Tawjihi_ do not obtain a passing score and a further 20 – 25 percent simply do not show up for the examination , the issue of graduation and certification for secondary school remains unresolved for most students . This leaves them empty ‐ handed in terms of qualifications and with just a “ _Tawjihi_ failure certificate ” ( which , paradoxically , is required in some public ‐ sector jobs of low qualification ) . In other words , the focus and prevalence of the competitive / selective function of the _Tawjihi_", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 347, "text": "Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 560, "end": 600, "text": "Early Grade Reading and Math Assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effective in the struggle against fiscal procyclicality of the general government because of the application of subsidiarity principle . Indicators of fiscal decentralization generally refer to the fiscal composition ratio established by the IMF ’ s Government Finance Statistics Yearbooks ( see Blume and Voigt ( 2008 ) and Blume et al . ( 2009 ) for more details ) . Instead of establishing arbitrary thresholds for the fiscal ratio , we focus on indicators of political decentralization ( PD ) established by the Database of Political Institutions provided by the World Bank Group . Namely , we focus on ( i ) whether there are contiguous autonomous regions ; ( ii ) whether local governments and legislature are elected ; ( iii ) whether state / provinces governments and legislature are elected ; ( iv ) whether states / provinces have authority over taxing , spending , or legislating ; and ( v ) whether the constituencies of the upper house members are the states / provinces . We focus on the period 2009-2015 ( 2016 not available yet in data ) to evaluate the efficiency of post-crisis policies . The correlations ( Table C . 3 and Figure C . 3 ) show that the closest proxy of fiscal decentralization ( i . e . the authority of states / provinces over spending , taxing or legislating ) is negatively correlated with fiscal procyclicality , suggesting that decentralization may be a tool to mitigate the procyclicality bias . 20", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 289, "text": "Government Finance Statistics Yearbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 516, "end": 550, "text": "Database of Political Institutions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 SERVICE EXPORT SOPHISTICATION * * # # * * 3 . 1 The Service Export Sophistication Methodology * * We build upon the Hausmann , Hwang and Rodrik framework , which uses a goods export sophistication measure _Goods EXPY_ as a proxy for the most productive set of goods the country can produce at a given time . They argue that export data is the best way to reveal this production frontier as we can expect countries to export those goods in which it is most productive . Along the same reasoning and as described below we will construct a _Service EXPY_ to proxy the service production frontier of a country , by and large following the methodology developed by HHR . We start by constructing so-called _PRODY_ ‘ s for each category of goods exports , reflecting the income / productivity level associated with each good , and we do the same for each category of services . _PRODYj_ is the income value associated with the service _j_ , and is constructed by using the service export ( _x_ ) share of a country _i_ in world ‘ s export of service _j_ , divided by the sum of shares of _j_ in world exports of _j_ across all countries exporting that service . < sup > 5 < / sup > These ratios are multiplied by the exporting countries ‘ respective per capita income level ( _Y_ ) and the result is summed up across all countries . In other words , the _PRODY_ becomes the weighted average of per capita GDPs , where the weights represent the revealed comparative advantage in service _j_ for each country . < sup > 6 < / sup > _PRODY_ s are constructed for each service category , for each year of available data , and are by construction the same for all countries . _EXPY_ is then the weighted income value of services exported by a country , computed as the sum of _PRODY_ s using as weights the share of the particular service in the country ‘ s total service export basket . _EXPY_ s are constructed for each country and for each year with available data . The trade data come from the IMF Balance of Payments statistics", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 343, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1995, "end": 2029, "text": "IMF Balance of Payments statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households consider their generator as a sunk cost : once the up-front cost of the generator is paid , there is little incentive for household to pay for service improvement , possibly reducing the WTP . Second , the Doing Business survey is considering outages for the average firm in the capital city , possibly leading to a large underestimation of the number and magnitude of disruptions . Moreover , not all countries are included in the Doing Business survey and the missing countries are mostly in the bottom 50 % of the GDP per capita distribution , and therefore the most likely to experience numerous outages ( Figure 1 ) . This would increase the likelihood of underestimating the cost of outages . Finally , using a WTP to estimate the well-being impact of power outage creates a strong bias against the poorest . Since these disruptions affect mostly people in poor countries where WTP are mechanically low – due to the wealth effect – , the impact expressed in dollars may appear small , hiding significant implication for immediate well-being , but also for the ability of households to prosper and escape poverty . # 2 . The impact of water disruptions # # 2 . 1 . Water disruptions have a strong impact on health The few studies focusing on health impacts of water provision disruptions and dysfunctions consistently show negative effects on health due to water disruption episodes ( Figure 5 ) < sup > 7 < / sup > . Water outages can affect health through a number of different channels . Disruptions may force households to use unsafe alternative water sources . It may also affect household hygiene practices . Water disruptions ( including low-pressure episodes ) may increase risk of water supply contamination , what affects consumption once water is accessible again . Contamination may occur if water is unsafely stored during disruptions or filtration and purification systems are malfunctioning . Most of these papers focus on systemic water intermittencies while fewer focus on one-off water disruptions . In medium to low income countries , frequent disruptions to potable water supply are widespread ( Kumpel & Nelson , 2016 ) . From 2004 to 2013 , the International Benchmarking Network ( IBNET ) , documented > 6", "spans": [{"start": 443, "end": 464, "text": "Doing Business survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for purchase under the project , Ethiopia in fact purchased about 510 , 000 tons for the amount offoreign exchange supplied through the project 24 . The _anticipated_ availability of foreign exchange allowed AISE to issue tenders for fertilizer in a timely manner ( the Bank agreed to finance imports under such tenders in September 2008 ) . Early award of tenders to foreign suppliers allowed fertilizer delivery at the port in . February-April 2009 and regional warehouses in April-June 2009 . Stakeholders in the field stressed , and the impact evaluation survey confirmed , that fertilizer was overwhelmingly available before the rains . The timely delivery of fertilizer appears to have significantly improved under the project The establishment of a monitoring system under the project also seems to have helped authorities improve the timely d ~ livery of fertilizer . 25 . Shortly before closure , the fertilizer project was formally restructured and extended for one month ( fromJune 30 to July 30 , 2010 ) . This restructuring was done to ensure the reallocation of unused Bank funds ( approximately US $ 15 . 5 minion equivalent ) 4 to the Protection of Basic Services Project Figure 1 : International Fertilizer Prices and FertiliZer Support Project Implementation < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fertilizer Prices ( FOB , bulk ) < br > Monthly Averages < br > January 2007 - October 2010 < br > 1400 < br > May 2008 - < br > ProjeCt eo-IVed < br > 1200 < br > Alllust200l < br > 1000 ~ fardle < br > byGOE JulyZ010 ProJIICt Closed . - < br > 1 . . . 800 _ - January · Mardi Zoot < br > ! l ~ < br > 800 < br > 200 < br > Urea , Arab Gulf , polled 2 < br > 0 ~ - - ~ ~ ~ - - ~ - - ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ - - ~ - - - - - -", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 565, "text": "impact evaluation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subcontract personnel shall be given * * ESMP * * and * * ESHS * * induction training , carried out * * by ESHS * * Manager or his representative . Therefore , the Contractor shall : - Ensure employees are familiar with the * * ESHS * * requirements of the Subproject - Develop and provide employees * * job * * safety training specific to their jobs - Ensure continuous development of its human resource through training and awareness - Develop and implement a mechanism for a continuous assessment of competence of the workforce . - Maintain all training records * * by * * the * * ESHS * * Office and will be produced on request . In an effort to strengthen institutional capacity and environmental awareness , seminar / workshop to be organized under this Subproject shall also be open for individuals from concerned ministries and agencies such as Federal MoWE , * * EPA , * * Regional office of Environmental protection , and Woreda level Environment department , etc . The objectives of the seminar-workshop is to ensure environmental awareness , knowledge and skill for the implementation and monitoring of this * * ESIA . * * * * A * * complete set up to handle and manage information generated from the management plan and other monitoring activities will be established . Therefore , * * ESAO * * shall maintain all necessary records related to environmental management and monitoring , The expected reports to be submitted * * by * * the Contractor include : * * C-ESMP * * and Monthly Site Inspection * * & * * Progress Reports . The construction scale of this Subproject demands the need for the preparation of a comprehensive Contractor ' s * * E & S * * Management Plan Report * * ( C-ESMP ) by * * the Contractor for the major activities . The * * C-ESMP * * report will provide for each construction site a description of the area , how the environmental and social measures will be adapted to the site , and the design of", "spans": [{"start": 548, "end": 564, "text": "training records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _6 . 1 . Village-level Poverty Targeting Using Detailed Household Surveys_ We begin the analysis of the household-level data by using the subset of our observations among which detailed household surveys were collected . These data allow us to calculate household-level consumption aggregates , and therefore to conduct an analysis of poverty at the local level . We use sampling weights to make this sample representative of the population in the 100 study villages . Figure 2 shows the CDF of the consumption aggregate by stratum . We can see that the village elite have the lowest likelihood of being poor followed by non-vulnerable individuals and TASAF II VG group leaders . Vulnerable households , exogenously defined using the criteria devised by TASAF II , are poorer than non-vulnerable households and those who ended up in TASAF II VG groups as „ rank and file ‟ members ( i . e . * * not * * group leaders ) form the poorest stratum . Using a lower bound poverty line ( of 18 , 000 Tanzanian Shillings per capita per month ) , fewer than 20 % of village elites are defined as being in poverty , whereas almost 60 % of TASAF VG group „ rank and file ‟ members are poor . The vulnerability criterion is , in and of itself , a decent targeting criterion : the poverty rate among vulnerable households is 10 percentage points higher than non-vulnerable households ( 51 % vs . 41 % ) . However , inclusion and exclusion errors are many : there are many poor households that are not defined as vulnerable and many vulnerable households who are not poor . The within-village targeting , conditional on the vulnerability criterion , is very different for group leaders ( who are substantially richer than the average eligible beneficiary ) and group rank and file ( who are substantially poorer ) . Hence , while the villages do a good job of forming TASAF II VG groups that are poorer than the eligible population in general , group leaders ( who comprise 20-30 % of the membership in these groups ) are significantly richer than the average eligible household . Again , the combination of the targeting criteria from the center ( vulnerability )", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 205, "text": "detailed household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "iberia ’ s 14-year civil war left much of the country ’ s infrastructure shambles . The country ’ s 170 megawatt power generation capacity and national grid were completely destroyed . In Monrovia , L just 0 . 1 percent of households had access to electricity . According to the 2008 National Census , access to piped water fell from 15 percent of the population in 1986 to less than 3 percent in 2008 . The national road network was left in severe disrepair . Peace brought many positive developments . The Freeport of Monrovia is now privately managed and has resumed normal operations . Essential rehabilitation work has been carried out , and the port ’ s performance now matches that of neighboring ports along the West African coast . Liberia has also successfully liberalized its mobile telephone markets , with access surging to 40 percent in 2009 , at some of the lowest prices in Africa . But Liberia still faces critical infrastructure challenges . Perhaps the starkest lies in the power sector . The country ’ s installed power generation capacity is little more than 2 megawatts per million people , barely one-tenth of the benchmark level for other low-income countries in Africa . The cost of generating power is $ 0 . 77 per kilowatt-hour , exceptionally high by any standard . Furthermore , the power tariff of $ 0 . 43 per kilowatt-hour is about three times the average for Africa , which is already very high by global standards . Investment in more cost-effective power generation is therefore an important strategic objective for the country if electrification is to reach the wider population . Although good progress has been made in securing donor finance for road reconstruction , existing capital spending is about half the level that would be required to complete the rehabilitation process within five years , and existing maintenance spending is about half what would be needed to preserve these new investments into the future . Many countries have addressed this problem by establishing road funds financed by user charges . That approach is being considered in Liberia . Addressing Liberia ’ s public infrastructure needs will require sustained expenditure of between $ 350 million and $ 600 million per year , depending on", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 299, "text": "2008 National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kerala - the focus of this paper - is regarded as a model of social development in the developing world . When last recorded in 2014 , life expectancy was 74 . 9 years , the highest among states in India . The literacy rate was 94 percent in 2011 , compared with 73 percent for India as a whole . < sup > 9 < / sup > Yet despite these laudable achievements in health and education , Kerala has long fared poorly in terms of job creation , suffering from double-digit unemployment rates for decades . Since the 1960s , these poor prospects at home have compelled Keralites to pursue jobs both in other states within India and abroad . In the 1970s in particular , rising oil prices in the Arabian Gulf countries and the resulting construction boom fueled a significant demand for temporary labor , mostly in low-skilled manual work . Keralites responded to this demand in sizeable numbers ( Zachariah et al . , 2003 ) . By 1998 , 7 . 3 percent of Keralite households had at least one member in a foreign labor force . In 2003 ( the end of the five-year period examined in this study ) , that figure had risen to 8 . 4 percent . More recent data from the 2014 wave of the KMS survey show that international migration continues to trend upward , with 18 percent of households having at least one member in a foreign labor force that year . The share of Keralite households with one or more members participating in the labor force of other Indian states has been considerably lower over time . Between 1998 and 2003 , it increased marginally from 3 . 2 percent to 3 . 4 percent . By 2014 , 4 . 9 percent of Keralite households had members working in another Indian state ( KMS , 2014 ) . Domestic ( or interstate ) and international migration from Kerala appear to be competing options for households , with one almost always being chosen over the other . Only infrequently does a single household send family members both overseas and to another Indian state . In 1998 , approximately 6 . 5 percent of migrant households had both domestic and", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1180, "text": "KMS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and data on total credit to domestic enterprises and financial institutions , we can generate a rough estimate of the government ' s total implicit liabilities stemming from guarantees to the financial sector . < sup > 23 < / sup > Table 6 : Estimated Total Non-Performing Bank Loans | | | | No | n-Performin < br > ( estimat | g Credit < br > ed ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Non - < br > Perform . < br > Loans < br > ( % of < br > all loans ) | Credit to < br > Domestic < br > Enterprises < br > and < br > Financial < br > Institutions * < br > ( 6 / 97 ) | % f < br > MB | % of < br > 1997 < br > GDP * * | % of < br > 1997 < br > Central < br > Gov ' t . < br > Revenue \" | | Indonesia | 17 | 343 | 129 . 6 | 9 . 4 | 63 . 0 | | Korea | 16 | 589 | 454 . 1 | 22 . 1 | 103 . 7 | | Malaysia | 16 | 403 | 88 . 8 | 23 . 3 | 98 . 3 | | Philippines | 14 | 1365 | 84 . 5 | 7 . 8 | 41 . 1 | | Thailand | 19 | 7912 | 289 . 6 | 30 . 2 | 176 . 7 | | Hong Kong | 4 | 2223 | 91 . 6 | 6 . 6 | 33 . 6 | | Singapore | 4 | 160 | 35 . 0 | 4 . 4 | 11 . 8 | | Taiwan | 4 | 12157 | 26 . 8 | 6 . 0 | 50 . 0 | * For Indonesia and Korea , expressed in trillions of local currency units . For all others , in billions of local currency units \" * * Estimates . Columns 2 , 3 and", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 75, "text": "total credit to domestic enterprises and financial institutions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Accommodation and food services Agriculture , forestry , fishing , and hunting Retail trade Other services , except government Educational services Administrative and waste management services Arts , entertainment , and recreation Transportation and warehousing Health care and social assistance Construction Real estate and rental and leasing Manufacturing Wholesale trade Mining Professional , scientific , and technical services Utilities Finance and insurance Management of companies and enterprises Information 0 50 , 000 100000 150000 Average annual earnings 2022 ( USD ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Accommodation and food services < br > Agriculture , forestry , fishing , and hunting < br > Services to households < br > Administrative and waste management services < br > Construction < br > Real estate < br > Manufacturing < br > Leasing and business services < br > Transportation and warehousing < br > Wholesale and retail < br > Public administration < br > Education < br > Arts , entertainment , and recreation < br > Mining < br > Utilities < br > Health care and social assistance < br > Professional , scientific , and technical services < br > Finance and insurance < br > ICT services < br > 0 10 , 000 20 , 000 30 , 000 40 , 000 < br > Average annual earnings 2022 ( USD ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1295, "text": "Average annual earnings 2022", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * applications lodged in the 44 * * 6 . 2 % Germany Sweden Kingdom * * industrialized countries covered by * * 6 . 5 % 7 . 4 % 8 . 8 % * * this report . Its annual share in the number of new asylum claims received among the group of industrialized countries remained fairly stable in recent years , ranging between 16 and 19 per cent . * * Canada * * ranked second among the 44 industrialized countries , with 16 , 800 new applications registered during the first half of 2008 . This means that on average every tenth application in the > 5 Figures exclude Italy . > 6 Monthly asylum data for Japan is available from 2002 . * * _4_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 600, "text": "Monthly asylum data for Japan", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) ICR DOCUMENT institutionalization of results monitoring within government . However , the IVA found deviations in 13 percent of LGreported results , the late deployment of WEMIS meant water sector monitoring relied on administrative reporting for most of the Program ' s lifetime , and the RBF facility assessment sample may not have fully captured performance variation across all 176 LG votes . Future PforR operations should include explicit data quality improvement actions in the Program Action Plan , provide capacity-building support to reporting entities , and schedule periodic system audits , particularly where data feeds directly into DLI verification and disbursement decisions . 74 . * * Multi-sector programs must explicitly map cross-sectoral dependencies and assign accountability for joint outcomes , and procurement oversight arrangements must be clearly designated from preparation . * * UgIFT supported infrastructure investment across education , health , and water simultaneously , yet the water coverage PDO indicator remained unmet at closure , partly because schools and health centers were constructed without concurrent water connectivity . This coordination gap was understood in principle but not operationalized in practice . Critically , it persisted through multiple implementation support missions and two substantive restructurings , illustrating the limits of supervision as a corrective mechanism in a PforR that relies on country systems . The hybrid procurement model , which centralized planning and tendering while devolving supervision to LG technical departments , created accountability gaps that contributed to contractor underperformance and works incomplete at closing . Future multi-sector PforR operations should assign clear procurement oversight responsibility at the outset , invest in LG-level contract supervision capacity from preparation , and include Program Action Plan triggers requiring evidence of cross-sectoral functionality before physical investment targets are counted as met . 75 . * * Introducing new sectors or transitioning services into national systems requires sequenced readiness-building , phased staffing plans , and interim continuity arrangements before scaling . * * Two components of UgIFT illustrate this lesson from different angles", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights - Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities - An effective complaint handling mechanism - Inclusion of ES provisions acceptable to the Bank When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Not Applicable Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . None * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fund ( _R_ < sup > _RF_ < / sup > _ − _ 1 ) is set at 2 _ . _ 7 percent . - _Private production_ . Consistent with the evidence on Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) surveyed in Buffie _et al . _ ( 2012 ) , the labor income shares in the nontraded and traded good sectors correspond to _αN_ = 0 _ . _ 45 and _αT_ = 0 _ . _ 60 . In both sectors private capital depreciates at an annual rate of 10 percent ( _δN_ = _δT_ = 0 _ . _ 10 ) . Following Berg _et al . _ 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > * * Output2 . 1 : * * An effective and < br > needs based training program < br > established and implemented < br > to enhance the skills and < br > performanceofcivil servants < br > * * Output2 . 2 : * * A viable , < br > self-sustaining and well < br > managed institution < br > establishedtoprovide relevant < br > high quality services | * * _0_ * * Numbero fcivil servants < br > trained ( target growth < br > numbers foreachyear < br > Numberofprivate sector , < br > NGO , or civil society < br > participants ( target < br > growth numbers for each < br > year tbd ) < br > Number and typeo f < br > training courses ( tbd ) < br > offered by DLC that < br > correspond to the < br > identified needsofthe < br > market study , the national < br > training strategy , and < br > projects ( target % tbd ) < br > * * _0_ * * % ( tbd ) ofclients having < br > declared themselves < br > satisfied with the quality < br > oftheservices < br > * * _0_ * * % ( tbd ) ofGovernment < br > and private sector < br > officialswillingtopay for < br > theservices in < br > comparison to those < br > subsidized . < br > * * _0_ * * % ( tbd ) o fcivil servants , < br > privatesectorand NGO < br > participants returning for < br > tbd ) | < br > ILC quarterlylannual reports < br > ' ost customer satisfaction < br > urvey results ( KirkPatrick ' s < br > eve11methodology ) < br > 2nnual audit reports < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1255, "end": 1283, "text": "ILC quarterlylannual reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _7 . 1 Correlations from alternative cyclical components_ The Hedrick-Prescott filter employed in section 4 . 1 to estimate the correlation of the cyclical components of GDP and the different fiscal variables is often criticized for its so-called end-point problems and spurious dynamics . These issues seem to be especially important when real output is far from its potential value . Recently , Hamilton ( 2018 ) suggested an alternative procedure to filter variables that avoids many of the shortcomings of the Hedrick-Prescott filter while preserving many of its advantages . He proposes a “ linear projection ” , in which a variable at date _t + h_ is regressed on the four most recent values as of date _t_ , resulting in stationary residuals that represent a cyclical component . The value of _h_ is suggested to be 2 for annual data , given that the primary reasons for being wrong in predicting macro variables at a horizon of 2 years ahead are cyclical factors . * * Table * * * * < u > 6 < / u > * * < u > Correlation coefficients between differently filtered fiscal variables and GDP < / u > | * * Country * * | | * * Government * * < br > * * expenditure * * | Obs . | * * Inflation * * < br > * * tax * * | < br > Obs . | * * Tax * * < br > * * revenue * * | Obs . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Bangladesh_ | HP filter | 0 . 33 * | 26 | - 0 . 26 | 22 | - 0 . 08 | 26 | | | Hamilton ( 2018 ) | 0 . 30 | 26 | 0 . 13 | 22 | - 0 . 15 | 26 | | _Bhutan_ | HP filter | 0 . 35 * | 26 | - 0 . 33 * | 26 | 0 . 2 | 26 | | | Hamilton ( 2018 ) | 0", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 842, "text": "annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "production and social distancing is limiting consumption . The growth contraction in 2020 is now expected to reach 4 . 1 percent . < sup > * * 13 * * < / sup > Unemployment is set to grow despite government support schemes , and private investors are struggling with supply disruptions , liquidity shortages , and general uncertainty . Services are being affected by the travel bans still in place . Without the government response , lower labor incomes and remittances would increase poverty in 2020 to pre-2015 levels of about 23 percent ; but government support programs will alleviate the impact of COVID-19 on poverty . * * Over the medium term , growth is expected to return as the pandemic loses force . * * The political stability after the general elections and launch of the EU accession negotiations should boost both reforms and investor confidence so that once the crisis is over , growth rebounds faster . Assuming that new COVID-19 outbreaks are contained through winter and spring , there are no new lockdowns , and the first vaccine successfully completes Phase 3 trials in early 2021 , a gradual recovery of growth to 3 . 6 percent is projected for 2021 . Restoration of consumer and investor confidence would boost personal consumption , exports , and private investment . However , the total output loss will not be fully recovered until 2022 . * * Although the economy is projected to rebound , downside risks dominate , and the duration of the pandemic and its impacts are highly uncertain . * * The containment phase is not yet finished , and a longer period of social distancing policies will affect household income and health expenditures . Increased employee absenteeism , disrupted supply chains , lower > 13 This does not take into account the October changes to historical GDP data which will likely lead to further decline in GDP in 2020 . 72 | < sup > NORTh MACEDONIA < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1792, "end": 1811, "text": "historical GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are increasingly choosing to flee out of South Sudan where they can find security and assistance . From monitoring of new arrivals in Uganda , a number have been living as IDPs in Juba and as far away as Bentiu stating they can no longer afford to provide for their families in South Sudan without work or access to their land . Asylum-seekers in Ethiopia and Uganda have complained of being mistreated by local communities around refugee settlements and accessing basic services , particularly water in Uganda . However , daily , on average , over 1 , 000 South Sudanese are registering in Uganda with a smaller but steady daily number of families seeking asylum in Ethiopia . As of the end of 2016 , there were over 640 , 000 South Sudanese refugees , most from the Equatoria region , in Uganda . < sup > 10 < / sup > Over half of these arrived since July 2016 . Over 80 percent of refugees registered in surrounding countries are women and children . Young men remain to try and protect their property , including crops for their livelihood . There are increasing reports that they have joined , some by force , rebel groups . Most of the 1 . 85 million IDPs that have remained within the county are now located near to the areas they were residing before they fled from conflict . However there has been a significant movement of people to areas where they believe they can find protection . After the Juba 2016 conflict when people identified as Nuer again were targeted in Juba , young males have been increasingly identified as supporting the IO and have been detained , abducted and killed . Threats and targeted attacks on ethnic Dinka civilians in the Equatoria region caused most of the Dinka living in the region to flee to Juba with the support of the government forces . According to the RRC in Juba they have registered over 46 , 000 IDPs mainly from Yei town and the surrounding areas . # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT FORCED DISPLACEMENT AREAS ARE DESCRIBED BELOW : * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Classification ( ISIC ) – of an individual ’ s sector of employment , with tariffs faced in India ' s major export markets at the Harmonized System subheading ( 6-digit ) level . < sup > 7 < / sup > The same concordance was used to determine the variability of NTMs imposed on imports from India by the same top importers for the same reference year across different sectors . < sup > 8 < / sup > The number of NTMs applied to India in this analysis includes those applied by these partners on an MFN basis , e . g . those NTMs that are not targeted specifically at India but at all exporters to that country . In the household surveys under consideration , an individual ’ s sector of employment is based on activities pursued during certain specified reference periods : one year , one week and each day of the reference week . The activity status determined on the basis of each reference period is referred to as ‘ usual status ’ , ‘ current weekly status ’ and ‘ current daily status ’ , respectively . The ‘ usual status ’ approach is generally preferred as it is based on a relatively longer time horizon . Nonetheless , the current weekly status approach is important in any analysis of wages because these are expressed in weekly terms . Each approach is guided by the ‘ majority time spent ’ criterion . For instance , under the ‘ usual status ’ approach , an individual is considered ‘ employed ’ in a particular industry if he or she spent the majority of his or her time in the last 365 days on that economic activity , rather than being unemployed or engaged in non-economic activities . The paper uses two correlated data sets to identify the relevant sector of employment . 1 . Household level data where the sector of employment is based on ‘ usual status ’ of the household head with the corresponding household weekly consumption , which was used as proxy variable for income . 2 . Individual-level data based on members within the household reporting an economic activity and corresponding income from such activity during the reference week . The advantage of using", "spans": [{"start": 618, "end": 635, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1621, "end": 1641, "text": "correlated data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1901, "end": 1922, "text": "Individual-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Congo is the government , the Ministry of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action ( MASAH ) . The mixed movement data of IOM FMR as of August 2022 are not available yet at the moment of writing . > 1 The Southern Africa region refers to the 16 countries covered by the Regional Bureau for Southern Africa of UNHCR including Angola , Botswana , Comoros , Congo , DRC , Eswatini , Lesotho , Madagascar , Malawi , Mauritius , Mozambique , Namibia , Seychelles , South Africa , Zambia and Zimbabwe . UNHCR / August 2022", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 130, "text": "mixed movement data of IOM FMR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The UBOS 2014 reports for Kiryandongo District Community Information System reveals that , of the persons that suffered from malaria , those below 5 years took up the higher percentage of 39 % . Incidence of diarrhea among those aged above 5 years was least in Kiryandongo S / C ( 8 % ) and most in Masindi Port S / C ( 11 % ) . As for those aged below 5 years , diarrhea affected more children in Masindi Port ( 18 % ) with the least incidence recorded in Kigumba SC ( 15 % ) . # # # # * * _Education_ * * The highest education attained was categorized in 3 groups ( primary , secondary and tertiary levels ) . Kigumba Sub County registered the highest population proportion of 1 . 9 % and the lowest proportion under this category was in Masindi Port ( 0 . 2 % ) . This result shows that by the time of the CIS exercise , most people in the district had stopped in primary and very few had gone beyond senior six . # # # # * * _Schooling Status_ * * Depicts the percentage distribution of schooling status by selected age groups at different administrative levels . Data collected was grouped into three age groups i . e . 6-12 years , 13-18 years and 19 + . The schooling status was also grouped in three categories i . e . currently schooling , left school and never attended school . As for age group 19 + , the biggest number of people who left school in both sub counties is about 68 % . Findings also reveal that of the total population currently attending school ; those under age group 13-18 take on the biggest percentage of above 68 % in all the sub counties . Data was collected on the literacy level of all household members ( aged 6 years and above ) in Kiryandongo district and it was grouped into three age groups i . e . 10-12 years , 13-18 years", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 21, "text": "UBOS 2014 reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 26, "end": 75, "text": "Kiryandongo District Community Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on incidents reported . The system has established a network with the county governments where the central data base has contacts of environmental officers in each county . The most common reported cases in the urban areas include ; illegal discharges of untreated sewer , impacts associated with construction in build-up areas , dumping of solid waste and noise pollution from existing facilities . NEMA as a regulator , has a separate system to handle their grievance from NECC which has its defined mandate . The NEMA incident management unit is the first responder to complaints . On issues not resolved , they are 63", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 116, "text": "central data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * None .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Soil moisture | Soil Water Index from Copernicus Global < br > Land Service | Soil moisture standardized anomaly ( based < br > on the average over the first three months < br > of thegrowingseason ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Availability of water < br > for crops | FEWS NET | End of season WRSI as anomaly ( as a ratio < br > of the WRSI to the median historical WRSI ) | _Source : _ World Bank . _Note : _ CHIRPS = Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station ; FEWS NET = Famine Early Warning Systems Network ; MODIS = Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ; NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ; SPEI = Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index ; WRSI = Water Requirement Satisfaction Index . The historical coverage of the data differs . In general , the analysis uses data from the period 2000 / 01 to 2019 / 20 at dekadal or monthly intervals to reflect the shocks faced within the context of a changing climate . For example , the NDVI data utilized are a product of the MODIS ( Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ) satellites and are available for February 2000 and after . However , the precipitation data are from the CHIRPS ( Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station ) global rainfall data set and are available from 1981 . Only the soil moisture data cover a shorter period , starting in 2007 . Despite the limited history , however , soil moisture data are rapidly proving useful in estimating drought conditions , and they have a memory effect that rainfall data lack . The hazard data were extracted at a uniform grid resolution of 0 . 05 ° by 0 . 05 ° ( about 5 km by 5 km near the equator ) and a crop coverage mask ( Copernicus Global Land Cover Layers , 2019 ) was applied to exclude hazard values in areas that would not affect crop yields . Data on seasonal timing were taken from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) for each country . To aggregate the hazard data", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 34, "text": "Soil Water Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1348, "text": "global rainfall data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1491, "end": 1509, "text": "soil moisture data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1632, "end": 1643, "text": "hazard data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1779, "end": 1814, "text": "Copernicus Global Land Cover Layers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 : Magnitude of the Difference between Natives and NonNatives ( percentages ) | | ( 1 ) < br > Difference < br > / SD Total | ( 2 ) < br > Difference < br > / [ Decil 9 - Decil 1 ] | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Precarious housing | 34 . 28 | 45 . 00 | | Ownership land & house | 8 . 77 | 22 . 22 | | Years of education [ 24 + ) | 16 . 89 | 19 . 89 | | Use computer [ 14 + ) | 5 . 56 | 8 . 11 | | Legally married [ 18 + ) | 15 . 95 | 36 . 36 | | Economically active [ 18-65 ] | 3 . 36 | 4 . 76 | | Formal employment [ 18-65 ] | 8 . 97 | 14 . 29 | | Unemployment [ 18-65 ] | 4 . 99 | 20 . 00 | | Health insurance | 24 . 15 | 33 . 33 | | Number of disabilities | 7 . 53 | 29 . 41 | | Teen pregnancy [ 14-19 ] | 5 . 29 | 25 . 00 | | Average | 12 . 34 | 23 . 49 | _Source_ : REDATAM INDEC Censo Argentina 2010 . _Notes_ : Difference corresponds to the columns without FE in Table 2 . In Column ( 1 ) , the difference is divided by the standard deviation of each outcome . In Column ( 2 ) , the difference is divided by the difference between the top and bottom decile of each outcome ( calculated at the department level ) . four outcomes . Table A3 in the Appendix allows us to compare the magnitudes of these disadvantages in terms of standard deviations and relative to the difference between counties in the first and ninth deciles . In terms of standard deviations , the disadvantage faced by Natives is greater in the US than in Argentina in all outcomes but precarious housing . And relative to the difference across counties , the magnitude of the disadvantage of Natives is greater in the US than", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 811, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Censo Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ www . consuladogeralangola-porto . pt / download / pt / 1-regulamento-da-lei-da-nacionalidade-1986 . pdf < / u > # # # # # # * * Lei n . º 9 / 91 de 11 de Maio ( 1991 ) , * * Lei da Nacionalidade < u > http : / / www . consuladogeralangola-porto . pt / download / pt / 2-lei-da-nacionalidade-1991 . pdf < / u > # # # # # # * * Lei n . º 1 / 05 de 1 de Julho ( 2005 ) , * * Lei da Nacionalidade * * Lei n . º 10 / 85 de 19 Outubro ( 1985 ) * * , ( normas pela composição dos nomes ) altera a lei n . º 10 / 77 de 9 de Abril < u > https : / / www . lexlink . eu / conteudo / angola / ia-serie / 66253 / lei-no-1085 / 14793 / por-tema < / u > * * Decreto n . º 31 / 07 de 14 de Maio ( 2007 ) , * * gratuidade dos registos de nascimentos e na atribuição do bilhete de identidade a menores < u > https : / / www . refworld . org / cgi-bin / texis / vtx / rwmain ? page = search & docid = 46bad5922 & skip = 0 & query = registo % 20de % 20nascimento & coi = AGO ; < / u > in English : < u > https : / / www . refworld . org / cgi-bin / texis / vtx / rwmain ? docid", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "’ s has decreased . The proportion of working adult women ranged from 12 percent ( Dominican Republic ) to 54 percent ( Jamaica ) in 1960 and by 2000 , the range was between 37 percent ( Peru ) and 74 percent ( Jamaica ) . Men ’ s participation , on the other hand , declined from approximately 92 percent across the region to 85 percent by the end of the century . Not surprisingly , women ’ s share of the labor force also increased over this period , from approximately 20 percent of the labor force to onethird of all workers . * * _Women ’ s participation is driven by education , urbanization and late marriage_ * * : The diverging trends are due to several factors that differ by gender . First , educational attainment has increased in the region ( World Development Indicators ) leading to higher human capital for women , and thus labor force entry among those whose value was previously higher in the home ( Blau 1998 ) , but a decrease in male labor force participation as boys spend more time in school rather than entering the labor market . Over this period , the growth in women ’ s education attainment exceeded that of men , and in some urban centers in Latin America , women ’ s stock of education , particularly that of young women , exceeds that of men . Second , rapid urbanization has lead to a formalization of the work relationship so women , who are often invisible workers in rural family businesses , became visible employees in the cities . Third , women are marrying later , and thus must work to support themselves ( Demographic and Health Surveys ) . Finally , the emergence of frequent economic shocks and unemployment in the region has increased the need for female labor to cushion the household from negative income shocks ( Geldstein 2000 , World Bank 2000 , Cunningham 2000 ) . > 39 See background work by Cunningham ( 2003 ) 23", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 785, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1548, "end": 1578, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 : Evolution of productivity | | * * Labor productivity ( sales * * | * * per worker in 2009 US $ ) * * < br > | * * Total factor * * | * * productivity * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Mean | Median | Mean | Median | | * * 2006 * * | 40 , 834 . 38 < br > [ 37 , 144 . 52 ; 44 , 524 . 23 ] | 30 , 115 . 93 < br > [ 27 , 224 . 56 ; 32 , 333 . 8 ] | 2 . 34 < br > [ 2 . 22 ; 2 . 46 ] | 2 . 22 < br > [ 2 . 04 ; 2 . 33 ] | | * * 2010 * * | 61 , 021 . 07 < br > [ 40 , 803 . 56 ; 81 , 238 . 57 ] | 40 , 045 . 05 < br > [ 35 , 577 . 81 ; 45 , 986 . 21 ] | 2 . 76 < br > [ 2 . 59 ; 2 . 93 ] | 2 . 54 < br > [ 2 . 38 ; 2 . 72 ] | | * * 2017 * * | 50 , 029 . 06 < br > [ 42 , 930 . 46 ; 57 , 127 . 66 ] | 41 , 843 . 06 < br > [ 38 , 414 . 61 ; 46 , 530 . 6 ] | 2 . 43 < br > [ 2 . 26 ; 2 . 59 ] | 2 . 31 < br > [ 2 . 13 ; 2 . 43 ] | Notes : Survey weights are applied in the computation of the data presented above . Lower and upper bound 95 percent confidence intervals are presented in brackets . Turning next to establishments ’ management practices , the data from the 2017 Enterprise Surveys show that , based on the average management score , establishments in Colombia", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1121, "text": "2017 Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Fiscal Sustainability and Inclusive Green Growth Development Policy Operation ( P180339 ) the National Treasury and Economic Planning and the Office of the Controller of Budget produce regular budget implementation reviews , namely the Quarterly Budget and Economic Review and the National Government Budget Implementation Report . 93 . * * The PFM system and public procurement framework , together with the government ’ s commitment to improve their performance through various initiatives , provide reasonable assurance that the government can manage the country ’ s budget resources appropriately . * * The strengths of the PFM system include a relatively strong budget system that is transparent and accurate ; reengineering , roll-out and use of Integrated Financial Management Information System ( IFMIS ) in all line ministries and counties ; well trained and qualified accountants and budget officers in the National Treasury and Economic Planning and MDAs ; and a functioning Internal Audit Department and independent Supreme Audit Institution , the Office of the Auditor General ( OAG ) . Areas for improvement include delays in the rollout of some of the IFMIS modules ; integration of IFMIS with some GoK information technology ( IT ) systems remains pending ; review and enhancing of IT controls in IFMIS ; automation of consolidation of MDAs ’ financial statements ; and delays in submission of audit reports to Parliament . The government is working on PFM improvements with support from development partners . The World Bank is providing support to the National Treasury and Economic Planning on PFM improvements through the Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( P161387 ) and the Kenya Accountable Devolution Project ( P149129 ) by use of targeted DLIs addressing the areas of weakness . As a result , there has been further strengthening in the areas of ( i ) improved prioritization and management of public investments ; ( ii ) improved borrowing and cash management practices to enable reliable funding for service delivery and investment projects ; ( iii ) consolidation of staff data for better human resource management ; (", "spans": [{"start": 2178, "end": 2188, "text": "staff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 10 | 17 | 9 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 16 | | Other | 11 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 12 | 21 | 17 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 20 | 18 | 20 | | | | | | | Ty | pe of h | ouseho | ld ( HH ) | | | | | | | | | | HH without | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | children | 12 | 14 | 12 | 16 | 11 | 16 | 9 | 14 | 9 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 14 | | Retiree HH | 9 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | | HH with children | 13 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 15 | 22 | 15 | 19 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 19 | 17 | 19 | | 1 child | 15 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 18 | 23 | 20 | 21 | 8 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 13 | 20 | 18 | 21 | | 2 children < br > 3 and more | 13 | 20 | 19 | 21 | 16 | 20 | 5 | 15 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 20 | 15 | 17 | | children | 3 | 16 | 14 | 15 | ‐ 15 | 17 | 19 | 13 | 9 | 23 | 17 | 13 | 5 | 12 | 17 | 11 | | singleparent | 0 | 8 | 4 | 3 | ‐ 1 | 2 | 8 | 6 | ‐ 5 | 2 | ‐ 2 | 3 | 0 | 4 | ‐ 1 | 7 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HBS data . 38", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 955, "text": "HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improvements in quality and efficiency , and reduced levels of inventory . Furthermore , the authors note that the main factor that impedes firms from independently adopting better management practices themselves is barriers to information . In a follow ‐ up paper , Bloom et al . ( 2018 ) , the authors revisited these manufacturing plants in India and found that plants in the treatment group had dropped approximately half of the management practices that had been introduced as part of the experiment due to turnover of key personnel and managerial time constraints . However , nine years after the experiment was initiated , a gap remained between the management practices of treatment and control plants , and , furthermore , treatment plants continued to perform better . Finally , upon revisiting the plants , the authors found that the utilization of improved management practices had spread across plants within the same firm , but not , however , between firms . In this paper , we focus on management practices of establishments in the LAC region . An earlier analysis of management practices in four countries in this region ( namely , Argentina , Brazil , Chile and Mexico ) by Lemos and Scur ( 2012 ) showed that firms in Latin America employ poor management practices when compared to firms in Europe and Asia . The authors note that one of the primary reasons for lagging managerial practices is the high prevalence of family owned and run firms in the region . Furthermore , the authors confirm that better management practices are linked to improved productivity , both at the firm and the national level . The positive impact of improved management practices on firm performance in the region is confirmed by Bruhn et al . ( 2018 ) . Based on evidence from a randomized control trial of small and medium ‐ sized enterprises in Mexico , the authors show that firms that were given access to management consultancy services for one year had higher levels of total factor productivity and return on assets . Using administrative data , the authors also show that , five years after the treatment , those firms that had received consultancy services employed significantly more workers ; showing that the impacts of improved management", "spans": [{"start": 2031, "end": 2050, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 03-2 | 8 < br > 2017-03-27 < br > 2017-03-2 | 8 | | | 2017-04-26 | 2017-05-31 | 2017-08-29 | | KE-JRK-7087-CS-LCS / < br > Technical assistance to review < br > and refine the current < br > database / existing platforms < br > ( County Legislative Database ) | < br > < br > IDA / 51810 | Court Administration and < br > Case Management : | Post | Least Cost < br > Selection | Open - National | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-02-13 < br > 2 | 017-03-0 | 9 < br > 2017-03-06 | | 2017-04-19 < br > 2017-03-1 | 5 | 2017-05-17 | 2017-06-16 | 2017-07-21 | 2017-08-25 | 2018-02-21 | | KE-JRK-10592-CS-QCBS / < br > Technical assistance to review < br > and refine the current < br > database / existing platforms < br > ( County Legislative Database ) | < br > < br > IDA / 51810 | Court Administration and < br > Case Management : | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-03-21 | | 2017-04-04 | | 2017-05-02 | | 2017-05-30 | 2017-06-13 | 2017-07-11 | 2017-08-08 | 2018-08-08 | | KE-JRK-47532-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTING SERVICES FOR < br >", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 259, "text": "County Legislative Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Development Objective of Geothermal Sector Development Project ( GSDP ) is to develop geothermal resource for electricity generation in Ethiopia . # * * 3 . Project Description * * The project intends to develop geothermal resources in Ethiopia to generate electricity in two phases . In the first phase , two potential geothermal sites , Aluto and Alalobad will be developed . These two sites have been selected based on available investigation reports . In Aluto , in addition to 4 exploration wells financed by the IDA Cr . 4795-ET , another 22 wells of about 2000 to 2500 meters each in depth will be drilled to produce geothermal steam . A steam gathering steam connecting all active wells will also be supported under the first phase . In Alalobad , approximately 4 wells will be drilled to explore the site and identify its resource potential . In order to support the drilling operations and to allow Ethiopia to build capacity in upstream geothermal development , the project will procure two modern drilling rigs with all accessories and spare parts at the first phase . The project will also support the GoE in developing the legal , institutional and regulatory framework to ensure sustainable geothermal development in Ethiopia . IDA and SREP funding will be utilized to complete the first phase activities , considered to be the most risky phase of a geothermal project development . GoE will have to secure funds for the second phase and is discussing with IDA , GoJ and other development partners in this regard . In the second phase of the project , the steam resources developed and identified in the first phase will be used to generate electricity . Based on current investigation reports , the Aluto site is expected to generate about 70 MW of electricity . In Alalobad , based on the results of the 4 exploration wells , well-head generators will be installed in the second phase . # # A . Project Components The proposed GSDP project consists of four primary components , designed to better define the potential of Aluto and Alalobad", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 457, "text": "investigation reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1691, "end": 1712, "text": "investigation reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 | Narrative Summary | Targets / Key Verifiable Indicators | Means of Verification | Important Assumptions | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > Project Activities < br > A . Technology development and < br > * * adaptation * * < br > * < br > Updated national agricultural < br > research strategy and plan of 1991 , < br > established national and nofn1 < br > research priorities and programs . | < br > * < br > Year 2 annual workplan reflects updated < br > national and zonal priorities ; priorities < br > which will be reviewed by mid-term of < br > the project . | * < br > Annual evaluation reports ; < br > * < br > Report of peniodic priority < br > setting exercise . < br > * < br > Baseline surveys ; periodic < br > farm surveys ; adoption rate | < br > * < br > NARO management provides < br > close supervision and timely < br > interventions . < br > * < br > Adequate funds are provided in a < br > timely manner . | | * < br > Developed and tested relevant < br > technologies in dominant crops , < br > livestock , fisheries and forestry < br > production systems . | * < br > Increase in number of technologies tested < br > in crops ( 50 % / o ) , < br > livestock ( 30 % / o ) , < br > fisheries < br > ( 3 0 % ) , agroforestry ( 30 % / o ) ; < br > 50 % < br > adoption of technologies by fanners . | < br > studies ; reports of case studies < br > and impact studies . | < br > * < br > Good M & E and MIS systems in < br > place . <", "spans": [{"start": 741, "end": 753, "text": "farm surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Prevent social problems and provide rehabilitation services to the affected members of the society , by conducting studies and creating conducive conditions in cooperation with relevant stakeholders . # # * * 4 . Baseline Conditions of the Project Areas * * # # # * * 4 . 1 . Socio-Economic Information of the DRDIP-II Intervention Areas * * This section will clearly review description of DRDIP-II project target areas with respect to the biophysical , socioeconomic activities , ethnic and religious compositions of the people and the major livelihood activities being undertaking in the areas . This helps to recognize the beneficiary community profile , which are quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of their differential endowment , gender , ethnicity , different economic groups and other regional features . It is also imperative to give special attention to the poor and vulnerable groups during the design and development of mitigation measures for the social risks and challenges that may be encountered during the implementation of the project . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 1 . Afar National Regional State * * Afar region is located in the north-eastern part of Ethiopia ; sharing borders with Oromia region in the south , Tigray Region and Eritrea in the north , Djibouti and Somali Region in the east and Amhara region in the west . The total area of the region is 95 , 265 km² . The altitude of the region ranges from 1500 meters above sea level in the western highlands to - 126 meters below sea level in the Danakil / Dallol depression . Afar region is characterized by an arid and semi - arid climate with low and erratic rainfall . Temperature varies from 20 < sup > 0 < / sup > C in higher elevations to 48 < sup > 0 < / sup > C in lower elevations . Based on the 2017 Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) Population Projection of Ethiopia , the population of the region is 1 , 812 , 002 of whom 99", "spans": [{"start": 1854, "end": 1887, "text": "Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". S . credit scoring bureaus , reported that it examined loan application data from \" tens of thousands \" of individuals applying for installment loans between July 1992 and December 1994 ( Martell et al ) . Using its proprietary data base , Fair Isaac assigned scores for each applicant ranging from 0 to 240 , with a higher score indicating a lower credit risk . The report ( p . 14 ) notes that , “ Many lenders set their cutoff score – the score . . . below which they decline applicants – around 200 . ” The study found that that 54 percent of low - and moderate-income individuals ( defined in the study as individuals with annual incomes under $ 21 , 000 a year ) had scores below 200 , but only 33 percent of individuals with incomes over this amount had scores below this level . Similarly , the Freddie Mac Corporation ( 1999 ) , a large government-sponsored housing enterprise , conducted a survey of 20 , 000 households with incomes under $ 75 , 000 . The survey focused on the households ' credit histories and financial behaviors . It classified a household as having a \" bad \" credit record if the household reported that : - it had been at least 90 days late on a payment in the previous two years , - it had been 30 days late on a payment more than once in the previous two years , or if 24", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 78, "text": "loan application data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 902, "end": 931, "text": "survey of 20 , 000 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Buiagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 * * 498 * * - Monitor the effectiveness of institutional strengthening measures , and carry out any further measures as required . Preliminary information about the institutional strengthening needs of the key government agencies involved , based on preliminary consultations during the SEA process , is outlined below . # # # # * * 8 . 8 . 1 Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited ( UEGCL ) * * After 30 years , ownership of the hydropower facility , together with responsibility for environmental management , will be transferred from BEL to UEGCL or its successor organisation . Prior to the transfer , UEGCL may need assistance to develop in-house expertise to operate and maintain the facility . A programme will be put in place well in advance of the transfer to ensure UETCL has the capability to assume ownership and operational responsibility for the facility . # # # # * * 8 . 8 . 2 National Fisheries Resources Research Institute ( NAFIRRI ) * * Although NAFIRRI is mandated to carry out fish stock assessment , the monitoring programme that has been recommended here is outside the scope of its routine monitoring activities . Discussions with NAFIRRI have indicated that although the Institute has sufficient staff and expertise to carry out the recommended programme , some specialised sampling equipment will need to be purchased . Some fishing equipment has been provided already as part of the baseline surveys , and further support of this nature will be required for operations . Further discussions are required with NAFIRRI to establish their capability vis-a-vis the monitoring plan . # # # # * * 8 . 8 . 3 Directorate of Water Development - Water Resources Management Department * * DWD has been the beneficiary of European Union funding which has supported the Water Resources Assessment Programme . While primarily concerned with compiling a national inventory of surface and ground water resources , this project has also funded the establishment of an international", "spans": [{"start": 2000, "end": 2056, "text": "national inventory of surface and ground water resources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private investment purposes . There are two problems with this explanation . The first is that the primary source of private investment in Africa is from foreign sources ( or retained earnings of partially foreign-owned corporations ) ; domestic savings in most > 13 / This finding echoes Koester and Kormendi ( 1988 ) , whc used a larger data set of 63 countries .", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 363, "text": "larger data set of 63 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been coordinated at the community level by REA personnel and the current consulting teams that have been contracted to prepare the RAP . # # # * * Principle 3 : Establishment of a pre-resettlement baseline data * * * * Action : * * To support the successful re-establishment of affected property , the following activities have been undertaken prior to displacement . - An inventory of landholdings and immovable / non-retrievable improvements ( buildings and structures ) to determine fair and reasonable levels of compensation or mitigation . - A census detailing household composition and demography , and other relevant socioeconomic characteristics has been carried out as part of this RAP . The assets inventories have been used to determine and negotiate entitlements , while the census information is required to monitor homestead re-establishment . The information obtained from the inventories and census will be entered into a database to facilitate resettlement planning , implementation and monitoring . However , REA policy is to compensate only adversely affected landholdings and buildings and it is not given that every land that is within the way leave has to be compensated . People can continue carrying out their activities side by side with the power lines unlike transmission . Page 11", "spans": [{"start": 701, "end": 719, "text": "assets inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 805, "text": "census information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Other studies of the RHVP have been undertaken since the program was launched in 2009 . To provide as complete a picture as possible in this evaluation report , the authors draw data and findings from these other sources . In 2011 Mazzilli conducted a cost-modeling exercise for the HealthyBaby voucher service , adopting a Ugandan SP ’ s perspective of public or external resources . She drew on voucher sales and claims data , as well as cost data , which included reimbursements to voucher SPs for actual services offered to clients , along with program operation costs ( Mazzilli 2011 ) . These costs were obtained from the program headquarters in Mbarara and drawn from the program database , a review of financial reports , and interviews with program staff . The government facility costs were drawn from national sources ( Mazzilli 2011 ) . Brody and colleagues conducted semistructured interviews on workload and job satisfaction in a total of 35 facilities , including eight that accepted the HealthyBaby vouchers , seven that accepted the HealthyLife vouchers , another seven that accepted both vouchers , and 13 nonvoucher facilities ( Brody , Irige , and Bellows 2015 ) . In each of the facilities , SPs were selected for interviews based on the following criteria : ( 1 ) proprietors and administrators , ( 2 ) clinical officers , midwives , and laboratory technicians , and ( 3 ) nurses , nursing assistants , and laboratory assistants . A total of 76 SPs were interviewed , with 56 from the intervention facilities and 20 from comparison facilities ( Brody , Irige , and Bellows 2015 ) . Job satisfaction was measured using an adapted version of the ten-item Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale . # * * < < A > > * * Analysis The evaluation of the population-level impact of the voucher program was initially designed to approximate the counterfactual — that is , what the outcome of the program would have been in the absence of OBA voucher subsidies for comparison with the outcome of the actual interventions . However , since the design was not implemented as planned , the analytical approach adopts a post hoc definition of the counterfactual . Two definitions are used : ( 1 )", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 426, "text": "voucher sales and claims data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 440, "end": 449, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 679, "end": 695, "text": "program database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "initiate an investigation on suspicion on environmental abuse . 64 . Most complaints reported are mainly in the urban areas and are as a result of poor land use planning . This includes ; ( i ) poor waste management as designated waste disposal areas have been grabbed and land available in other locations are wetlands ; utilised as a source of water and waste dumping ; ( ii ) quarrying activities , iii ) Environmental pollution ( air pollution and noise pollution ) ; iv ) poor wastewater management due to lack of sewer system . 65 . There are several ways in which complaints are received comprising ; ( i ) a hotline ( 0722510510 ) , ( ii ) email , ( iii ) posted mail , and ( iv ) in-person at the committee ’ s office . The committee receives approximately 10-11 complaints per day . There is a master register in which complaints are categorized on a priority basis and timelines set dependent on urgency . 15 days in a calendar month are dedicated by the committee ’ s team for hearings and addressing complaints in all the 47 counties in the country . Once a complaint has been received , a notice to respond is issued to concerned parties , a meeting is set up at county commissioners office where a hearing is undertaken and judgement made . 66 . The committee applies the inquisitorial system to investigate complaints in which the complainant , respondent and witnesses are present during a hearing session . Hearings are deliberated by a multi-agency committee comprising of a County Commissioner ( chair ) , representatives from the NECC ( chair ) , County Director NEMA ( Secretary ) , CECM Environment , CECM Planning , Chief Officers , County Commander , Chief Prosecutor and Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) . Judgements made by the multi-agency team are final and stand due to the collaborative decisions making approach employed . Details of the agreed actions are recorded for future follow-up . 67 . The committee has limited financial and human resources to adequately fulfil its mandate . In an attempt to address", "spans": [{"start": 804, "end": 819, "text": "master register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "29 1 ) Figures 12-15 report the plots of the risk premium for the South American countries and Nigeria on the period of the Mexican crisis ( 7 / 29 / 94 to 7 / 28 / 95 ) 31 : the plots show that all five countries had a significant response to the crisis . Moreover , NIGPAR is affected by the peaks of MEXPAR but it follows a much more volatile path , and it has a behavior very similar to VENPAR . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3000 200D__ ____ _______________ ____ _______ < br > 2500 < br > 2000 < br > 1000 - - - - < br > 500 < br > 0 - < br > 7 / 299 10 / 0194 12116194 2 / 24 / 95 5 / 0195 7114195 7 / 2Q ' 94 10 / 07 / 94 12 / i694 2 / 24 / 95 - 605 / 96 7114196 < br > NIGPAR - - - - - - - MEXPAR - VENPAR MEXDIS - ARGDI < br > Figure 12 Figure 13 < br > 2000 2500 < br > 1600 - 2000 < br > 1200 - 1500 < br > 800 - - 1000 < br > 400 - 500 < br > 7 / 12St94 ' 10 / 0Y94 l ' f1Vi94 ' 2i2 / 495 \" 6 i0 & / 9 ' 5 i4 / 5 7 / 29194 - 10 / 0i94 ' 12 / 1694 ' V24195 ' J05 ' 7i M4 / 95 < br > - MEXDIS - - - - - BRADIS - MEXDIS - - ECUDIS < br > Figure 14 Figure 15 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Consider now the other countries in our sample , Philippines and Bulgaria , in figure 16-18 . Note how similar to Poland ' s is the behavior of the Philippines ' bond : the difference between MEXPAR and PHIPAR ( DIFF ) shows the _31_ A first glance at the plots in figure 5 shows that there is no strong evidence of comovements in the risk premium except during periods in which one of the countries", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor force participation rates are significantly larger than in most European countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > In addition , the country registered increasing gender gaps over the last 20 years , mainly driven by declining female labor force participation rates , while the European Union ( EU ) on average reported decreasing gender gaps in labor force participation ( World Bank 2023 ) . In addition , female labor force participation is among the lowest in the EU . There are also signs of gender norms around childcare usage that could deteriorate female labor market participation . According to data from the World Value Survey ( 2018 ) 37 . 2 percent of Romanians thought that a preschool child with a working mother suffers . While these trends already make for an interesting country setup , Romania is also an interesting case given its communist past and its long history of centralized public planning . In the pre-transition period , Romania registered one of the highest female labor force participation rates in the world , also driven by a wide range of childcare programs subsidized by the government ( Fong and Lokshin 1999 ) . The availability of public childcare services dropped significantly in the post-transition period and in 2020 the share of households with children below six years old that relied on these services was less than 1 percent ( EU-SILC 2020 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > Our setting provides a clean policy setup to study the underlying research question . We find no evidence of confounding policies or trends that affected maternal employment of six-year-olds differently from the one of three - to four-year-olds . While the government introduced several policies that potentially impacted employment decisions , it is unlikely that these policies resulted in different dynamics between mothers of six-year-olds and those of three to four-year-old children . Our paper contributes to the economic literature studying drivers behind female labor force participation and employment . Next to the literature analyzing the impact of universal childcare , our work is closely related to a number of papers studying childcare subsidies > 1In 2021 , Romania ’ s female-to-male labor force participation ratio stood at 66 percent , compared to the EU average", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 633, "text": "World Value Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . 3 . Alternative measures of educational outcomes * * Figure 5 . 3 Proportion completing Primary schooling ( CEPE ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 15 20 25 30 10 15 20 25 30 < br > Age Age < br > Others Income declined Others Displaced < br > 10 15 20 25 30 10 15 20 25 30 < br > Age Age < br > Others Lost Ownership Others Lost job < br > . 4 . 4 < br > . 3 . 3 < br > . 2 . 2 < br > . 1 . 1 < br > % completed CEPE < br > 0 0 < br > . 4 . 4 < br > . 3 . 3 < br > . 2 . 2 < br > . 1 . 1 < br > % completed CEPE < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In the previous analysis we used only total years of education as an educational outcome variable . As a sensitivity analysis , we propose to look at another potential outcome variable that measures the percentage of the population that completed CEPE ( six years of primary education ) . This is justified by the fact that the average years of education based on the ENV-2008 data is recorded as being a little over 7 years and almost 40 percent of the population fail to complete the CEPE . We estimate nonparametric kernel-weighted local polynomial regressions of percent ever completing six years of primary education against age using Epanechnikov kernel . We ran the regressions separately for the war victims and the rest of the sample as identified by the victimization indicators . Figure 5 . 3 provides the outcomes of non-parametric estimation for four victimization categories . Of the victimized groups , individuals whose family members suffered from income loss or job loss are less likely to complete CEPE . This is evident particularly in the age-cohort with individuals aged between 10 and 22 . The internally displaced individuals do not show a different trend in the successful completion of CEPE . Among households that suffered", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 962, "text": "ENV-2008 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fracturing of the country post 1991 and the plural legal system as well as the widespread destruction or dispersal of many pre-war land title records . Moreover , HLP is also sensitive for several reasons , and yet displaced people forced to leave homes , villages , jobs , and people , all central to their lives , are traumatized by such loss hence reluctant to return to their village or place of origin . # # * * CHALLENGES * * The most significant challenges related to HLP rights in Somalia include a weak legal framework , insufficient institutional capacity , unclear land tenure arrangements , and widespread forced evictions . Uncertainty surrounding the status and availability of HLP rights further complicates the situation , particularly for IDPs . Additionally , issues of property restitution and land ownership are politically sensitive , as territorial control was a major factor in the 1991 conflict . Although these HLP challenges are common in post-conflict settings , in Somalia , they have not received the attention they warrant . Housing , land , and property disputes are often central to the root causes of conflict and continue to be under-prioritized by both national authorities and the international community . HLP matters are particularly delicate in Somalia , as land is one of the few remaining valuable assets in a country where infrastructure , agriculture , and industry have been severely damaged by decades of conflict . Therefore , this brief aims to provide a clearer understanding of the barriers that have hindered a consistent and comprehensive approach to resolving HLP issues in Somalia . Page * * 4 * *", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 149, "text": "land title records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "development and introduction of a M & E system was an activity of the project , but while M & E database was developed , a comprehensive M & E system was never introduced . # # # _4 . 2 Outputs by components : _ # # # < u > 25 Towns Rehabilitation and Expansion Component – Improved water supply facilities < / u > The rehabilitation works in 20 towns to supply project water needs until at least 2005 were fully or substantially completed . Work is partially complete in two other towns . Three towns could not be rehabilitated due to water sources constraints . Groundwater sources could not be found , so a surface water and treatment works , whose cost is beyond the scope of WSDRP , will be needed . Final engineering and feasibility study reports to 2025 requirements with staged construction and detailed engineering design , drawings and tender documents to meet needs up to 2015 have been completed for all 25 towns . An issues paper on project design on the basis of technical , financial and economical feasibility has been prepared . A planning process has been developed in 23 towns based on community choice , financial viability , and technical criteria . # # # < u > Capacity Building Component – Improved water supply services in urban areas < / u > Capacity building , aimed at establishing autonomous Town Water Boards to oversee the town water supply schemes and professional operators who are able to run the facilities efficiently , is substantially complete in 26 towns ( including Harar which is not one of the 25 towns being rehabilitated ) . Implementation of recommendations of the organizational , financial and technical management studies formed the basis for the capacity building . In 16 towns the Boards have obtained legal status but in the remaining seven project towns of Oromia region the boards have not yet obtained legal status . The Outreach Training Unit ( OTU ) established at Ministry of Water Resources organized and coordinated the development of curricula and delivery of training for a total of 289 trainees from Regional Water Resources Bureaus , zonal and utility staff . The training was provided", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 104, "text": "M & E database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Who Benefits Most from Rural Electrification ? Evidence in India * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > * * Shahidur R . Khandker ( Corresponding author , sector mapping Poverty Reduction ) Hussain A . Samad Rubaba Ali Douglas F . Barnes * * _Keywords_ : Rural Electrification Impacts ; Rural India ; Distributional Impacts of Electrification ; _JEL classification_ : I38 , O18 , O53 * Shahidur R . Khandker is a Lead Economist in the Development Research Group of the World Bank , Hussain A . Samad and Douglas F . Barnes are Consultants in the World Bank , and Rubaba Ali is a PhD . Student in the University of Maryland . The paper ’ s analysis is based on the India Human Development Survey ( IHDS ) of 2005 . The authors would like to thank Will Martin and Giovanna Prennushi for very useful comments and Norma Adams for editorial assistance . Views expressed in the paper are those of authors alone and do not reflect the views of the World Bank or its affiliated agencies .", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 693, "text": "India Human Development Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The Evolution of City Form : * * # * * Evidence from Satellite Data * * Somik V . Lall * Mathilde Lebrand Maria Edisa Soppelsa World Bank # # JEL : O18 , R52 , R14 Key words : internal city structure ; transport networks ; satellite data ; land-use policy * * Acknowledgments : * * The authors thank Hogeun Park for supporting the spatial data analysis . They also thank Richard Damania , Lewis Dijkstra , William Maloney , Forhad Shilpi , Daniel Sturm , and Anthony Venables for helpful discussions . The authors appreciate the partnership with Thomas Esch and Mattia Marconcini of the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) in developing measures of building heights . The authors acknowledge the generous financial support from the Global Platform for Sustainable Cities and the Government of Switzerland ( SECO ) . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . * Author for correspondence : Somik Lall , slall1 @ worldbank . org ; Lead Urban Economist , World Bank", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 243, "text": "satellite data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 52 < / sup > * * Unity * * < sup > 53 < / sup > – During the reporting period , relative to the last Trends report , there has been less confl ict in the region . The Bentiu POC population fi gures have fl uctuated . In January , 2017 , the total population / individuals in the POC was 120 , 011 ( 21 , 221 households ) while In the middle of March , the population reduced to approximately 117 , 654 IDPs . There > 49 Youth in the region seem more concerned with obtaining cattle by raiding then a peace process and agreements made between tribal leaders . > 50 UNHCR Security Incidents Summary through March 2017 , Jonglei Information obtained in this section was largely obtained by the Protection Cluster focal persons , Bor fi eld offi ce , April 2017 > 51 According to UNHCR Protection Desk reports in the POC site . > 52 Ibid . > 53 Information obtained in this section was largely obtained by the Protection Cluster focal person , Bentiu fi eld offi ce , April 2017 . > 54 INGO Nonviolent Peace Force is providing protection monitoring in famine affected areas in Koch , Leer and Mayendit .", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 604, "text": "UNHCR Security Incidents Summary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s to percent of total project cost for which ERR / FRR was calculated . | # # * * 6 . Outcome : * * The project ’ s development objective was highly relevant to the challenges faced by the road sector in Ethiopia . The design relevance was substantial . 790km of upgraded roads were added under the project to restore and expand Ethiopia ’ s road network contributing to an increased road density and proportion of roads in good condition . There was , however , only modest achievement of the project ’ s institutional objectives ; the evidence of conducive conditions created for private sector participation through the project was negligible . The project could have made a more significant impact if the project costs had been better managed at project preparation . The actual costs were 236 % of the appraisal rendering efficiency rating as modest . Outcome is assessed as moderately unsatisfactory . * * a . Outcome Rating : * * Moderately Unsatisfactory # # * * 7 . Rationale for Risk to Development Outcome Rating : * * The GoE is committed to growth of the road sector . For the 2013 / 2014 fiscal year , out of the total budget of 154 . 9 billion birr ( $ 8 . 3 billion ) , its expenditure on roads will amount to 29 billion birr ( as per data subsequently received from the project team ) . The ICR identifies the provision of funding to maintain the condition of the infrastructure as one of the main challenges in the future ( ICR , page 14 ) . According to the information received from the project team , the GoE ' s commitment to road maintenance is evidenced by the new asset management directorate equipped with data collection equipment for monitoring road conditions ; the directorate is headed by a director who is at the same level as other directors for planning and implementation . In addition , the Road Fund Office established at the start of project demonstrates the commitment of the Government to ensure sustainability of the assets through regular maintenance . At the time of the ICR Review ( November", "spans": [{"start": 1251, "end": 1299, "text": "data subsequently received from the project team", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productsi , t | | | | | | | < br > - 0 . 007 < br > ( 0 . 015 ) | < br > 0 . 032 * * * < br > ( 0 . 006 ) | | Industry , Year FEs | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | < br > Observations | 14 , 808 | 13 , 483 | 13 , 831 | 13 , 905 | 14 , 119 | 10 , 995 | 10 , 695 | 10 , 359 | | Adjusted R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 153 | 0 . 146 | 0 . 056 | 0 . 079 | 0 . 082 | 0 . 039 | 0 . 206 | 0 . 497 | Note : * , * * , * * * represent statistical significance at the 10 , 5 , and 1 percent levels . Heteroskedasticity-corrected standard errors clustered at the country-industry level in columns . The subscript i represents firm , j represents industry , c represents country , and t represents during the COVID-19 epidemic and t-1 represents a time before the COVID-19 outbreak . Year FEs labeled as Yes means that fixed effects of the year when implemented the lagged ES surveys ( cover 2016-2019 ) are controlled for . The following tables are the same . 28", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 885, "text": "ES surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to calibrate the ̃ elasticity of substitution between tasks , _σ_ . Since this parameter is related to the love for variety of tasks , we calibrate it to match the elasticity of the number of job options to exports in Table 5 . < sup > 47 < / sup > First , we simulate the model with a 20 % decline in trade costs from Brazil to each partner country uniformly for all sectors . We then run the same regression described in Section 4 . 3 with the simulated data for changes in exports and the number of job options following the shock . The calibrated value of _σ_ ̃ is 2 . 4429 with which the elasticity of job options in Table 5 , 0 . 652 , is matched exactly . The calibrated value of _σ_ ̃ is larger than one and thus confirms the love for variety of tasks channel . # * * 5 . 4 Counterfactual Exercises * * The benchmark counterfactual shock we explore is a 20 % permanent decline in iceberg trade costs _d_ in the manufacturing sector from Brazil to each of its trading partners . This shock can be interpreted as a positive export shock to all manufacturing labor markets in Brazil . For the baseline counterfactuals , all the other model parameters are fixed . We then shut down our job options channel by setting the cost of task operation to be infinite and compare this alternative model to the baseline . Lastly , we simulate the benchmark shock with different levels of between-market moving costs to understand the role of mobility frictions in the transmission of trade shocks on workers ’ welfare . We focus our analysis on Brazil for the of the counterfactual shock on outcomes of interest . > 45As in Section 2 , we use the residual wage after controlling for observable worker characteristics . > 46These cost shares are assumed to be the same across Brazilian regions within the same sector , because the inputoutput data are not available at the detailed region level in Brazil . > 47In addition to the reason related to the interpretation of this parameter , we do not match the other three elasticities in the table because they also depend", "spans": [{"start": 1824, "end": 1840, "text": "inputoutput data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "own - has proven to be effective to increase savings ; and investing in mind-set change The interventions of this proposed project will build on the lessons learned and will be prepared through a consultative process by introducing innovations related to human capital development and economic inclusion and expanding the reach to national level of foundational delivery systems such as dynamic social registry . In 2", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 410, "text": "dynamic social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Simulating Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Minimum Wage Increases in Romania : Evidence from Survey and Administrative Tax Data * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > Monica Robayo-Abril < sup > 1 < / sup > Mădălina Zamfir < sup > 2 < / sup > Marcin Wroński < sup > 3 < / sup > 2 Romanian Ministry of Finance 3 World Bank and SGH Warsaw School of Economics * * JEL classification * * : E24 , J31 , J38 , J46 , J48 * * Keywords * * : labor market ; minimum wage ; administrative tax data ; EU-SILC ; Romania > ∗ This paper was prepared as part of a collaboration between the World Bank and the Ministry of Finance in Romania to analyze minimum wage scenarios . The paper was part of the Poverty and Equity Program for Romania in the World Bank ' s Global Poverty and Equity Practice . The authors are grateful for comments received from Georgiana Balaban ( Romanian Ministry of Finance ) , Reena Badiani ( Senior Economist , World Wank ) and Mihai Macovei ( Economic Analyst , European Commission , Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs ) .", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 141, "text": "Administrative Tax Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". How Much Should We Trust Difference-inDifferences Estimates ? _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ Feb . 2004 : 249-275 . - Bertrand , Marianne , Antoinette Scholar and David Thesmar ( 2007 ) . “ Banking Deregulation and Industry Structure : Evidence from the French Banking Reforms of 1985 . ” _Journal of Finance_ 62 ( 2 ) : 597-628 . - Besley , Timothy and Robin Burgess ( 2004 ) . “ Can Labor Regulations Hinder Economic Performance ? Evidence from India . ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 119 ( 1 ) : 91-134 . - Bollard , Albert , Peter J . Klenow and Gunjan Sharma ( 2010 ) , India ‟ s Mysterious Manufacturing Miracle , mimeo . - Bosworth , Barry , Susan Collins , and Arvind Virmani , ( 2006 ) . “ Sources of Growth in the Indian Economy . ” Brookings Working Paper . - Bosworth , Barry and Susan Collins , ( 2008 ) . “ Accounting for Growth : Comparing India and China . ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , 22 ( 1 ) : 45-66 . - Burgess , Robin and Rohini Pande ( 2005 ) . “ Do Rural Banks Matter ? Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment . ” _American Economic Review_ 95 ( 3 ) : 780-795 . - Central Statistics Office , Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation , Government of India ( 2005 ) . _National Accounts Statistics . _ - Chari , Anusha and Nandini Gupta ( 2008 ) “ Incumbents and Protectionism : Firm level Evidence from India , ” _Journal of Financial Economics_ 88 ( 3 ) : 633-656 . - Department of Public Enterprises , Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises , Government of India , _Public Enterprises Survey 2002-03_ Vol . 1 . Department of Telecommunications ( 2008 ) . Indiastat , 2008 . - Directorate General of Civil Aviation , Government of India ( 2005 ) . “ Air Transport Statistics 2004-2005 . ” < u > http : / / dgca . nic . in / reports / stat-ind . htm . < / u > 31", "spans": [{"start": 1631, "end": 1640, "text": "Indiastat", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1725, "end": 1759, "text": "Air Transport Statistics 2004-2005", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significantly from reduced VAT rates . On close consideration , this is not surprising : Chile and New Zealand both have very few , if any , reduced rates in comparison to the majority of countries covered in the study . Hungary and Latvia also have relatively few reduced rates , and importantly the vast majority of food products are subject to the standard rate . < sup > 24 < / sup > Second , higher spending households in these – and presumably other – countries spend a greater proportion of their total expenditure on items that are either untaxed or exempt from tax ( for example , financial services , international air travel ) . Turning to the Reynolds-Smolensky results , it follows logically that the 22 countries with a positive Kakwani index , also have a positive Reynolds-Smolensky redistribution index – showing that inequality has fallen in these countries . Conversely , the four countries with a negative Kakwani index , also have a negative Reynolds-Smolensky index – indicating an increase in inequality . However , in all cases the redistributive effect is very low , ranging from 0 . 0082 in Belgium to - 0 . 0025 in New Zealand . Redistribution is low despite average tax rates typically being above 11 % , further emphasizing the very low degree of progressivity ( or regressivity ) in the VAT . This highlights that even in countries with the most extensive use of reduced VAT rates and exemptions , the VAT can be expected to have very little impact on redistribution . > 24 Note that while Latvia applied the standard VAT rate to all food products except baby food in 2010 ( the year modelled ) , it now also applies a reduced VAT rate to some fresh fruit and vegetables . Hungary now also applies a reduced VAT rate to a wider range of basic food products than in 2010 . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "period is 36 months , the terrain is flat and there are no cuts and fills , making it possible to achieve the target within a period of 24 months . The overall progress is * * Moderately Satisfactory * * . # # # # # * * Component 2 : Institutional Strengthening ( Total US $ 3 million ; fully financed by IDA ) * * 11 . This component supports UNRA in ( a ) management of social and environmental risks with focus on managing risks in refugee areas through acquiring new skill sets that are required , ( b ) review and strengthening of Environmental , Social , Health and Safety Management System and its piloting including annual system audits , ( c ) acquiring and use of in-situ pollution monitoring equipment , ( d ) analysis of mobility patterns and barriers disaggregated by gender for refugees and host population to inform mobility plans and the design of potential pilots for refugees to benefit from road upgrading , ( e ) institutional capacity building for promoting women ’ s ( refugees and in host communities ) participation in cooperatives , and ( f ) strengthen the skills in handling climate change and natural disasters risks in refugee hosting areas , improve contingency planning and the climate resilience of local communities by enhancement of early warning systems , and update of the Road Design Manuals and Specifications for civil works to account for climate change parameters . Several of the associated procurement activities under this component are now under implementation except for two . Additional details are presented in the procurement section . # # # # # * * Component 3 : Road Safety ( Total : US $ 2 million , fully financed by IDA ) * * 12 . This component supports UNRA in ( a ) completion of development and operationalization of a Road Accident Database Management System disaggregated by gender , refugee , and host community , and ( b ) training and awareness campaigns to school children , motorbike drivers , truck drivers , and refugee and host population in the Project area differentiated by refugee and host community audiences . The procurement activities associated with this", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adoption . For implicit countries . income , inflation , deficit , and M2 stability are averaged over all years for which data were available . Bank crisis data are for the five years leading up to the last decision to retain an implicit program ( i . e . , 1990-94 ) . For both implicit and explicit countries , the ICRG Law Index ( a six-point scale with higher values indicating a stronger legal tradition ) is averaged over 1985-91 . M2 instability is the coefficient of variation in M2 / GDP ( standard deviation / mean ) . Bank crisis is a dummy variable equal to one if a bank crisis occurred . * Means for explicit and implicit are different from one another at the t = 0 . 05 level . ( results similar when variance for each sample assumed equal or unequal ) . Cross-country regressions for the level of financial depth in 1992 indicate that the positive link between explicit deposit insurance and financial development suggested by the summary statistics in Table I is closely associated with income levels . Controlling for income and the average level of inflation from 1990-92 , the partial correlation between explicit deposit insurance and financial depth is actually _negative . _ < sup > _9_ < / sup > The estimated coefficients for the explicit deposit insurance variable imply large reductions in financial - 9 Similar qualitative results apply when deficits as a percentage of GDP are included in the regression and when the coefficient of variation in M2 / GDP replaces inflation as a measure of instability . The instability measures enter the regressions with the expected negative sign , but they never approach conventionally accepted levels of significance , perhaps because they are averaged over a relatively brief time period ( 1990-92 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 160, "text": "Bank crisis data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data for overall public consumption is an estimate since official figures exclude municipal spending . However , they do include the transfers made by the provinces to the municipalities . It is assumed that 70 % of these transfers to municipalities are spent on consumption spending ( given that consumption spending represents that proportion of total municipal spending and that provincial transfers finance two-thirds of total municipal spending ) .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 35, "text": "data for overall public consumption", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 04 2021-01-17 2021-02-14 2021-03-16 2021-04-20 2021-05-25 2022-05-25 < br > system along with statistical < br > dash board System . < br > ET-CSA-156236-CS-QCBS / < br > Employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Construction Price Index - Technical issues of estimation IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 175 , 723 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > and analytical procedures for < br > the compilation of < br > Construction Price Index < br > ET-CSA-1155440-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment ofconsultancy service providingfirm for Revision of Statistics IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 58 , 223 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-02-24 2020-03-16 2020-04-29 2020-05-27 2020-06-26 2020-07-31 2020-09-04 2020-12-03 < br > law < br > ET-CSA-156239-CS-QCBS / < br > Employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Agricultural Census < br > Methodology Improvement - Technical issues ofenumeration planning , tool IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 199 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-06-17 2020-07-15 2020-08-14 2020-09-18 2020-10-11 2021 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relationships with the male family members ( heads ) , thereby making their user rights secondary to those of the men ( heads ) who tend to have rights to land as a right at birth . Women are also vulnerable to land grabbing , and denial of land rights is usually exacerbated by events such as the loss of a spouse or parent . In consideration of this situation , it will be important during the implementation of INVITE project especially during the compensations for land takes that may occur therein to support equitable benefits among male and female members of households from compensations for land and crops . The consent of both women and men of the households will be sought prior to compensation in order to ensure that the opinions and views of the women and other vulnerable family members are considered in the management of project displacement impacts . The people of Uganda depend on land and its resources to sustain their livelihoods . Land and its resources enable people to provide food , build homes , undertake several services , and engage in several trades and maintain biodiversity . Land utilization in Uganda is divided into three components i . e . , agriculture ( crops and livestock ) , the built areas , and land reserved for conservation which are not exclusive of one another . In all the six hubs , a combination of agricultural land , built and conservation areas exist . According to the National Land Use Policy ( 2006 ) , land availability , productivity potential and sustainability for agriculture is not adequately known : soils maps are outdated ; in heavily settled areas there is land fragmentation which leads to land degradation ; there are extensive occurrences of soil rill and sheet erosion even in relatively flat areas of the country ; farmers practice cultivation on marginal lands and in fragile ecosystems especially wetlands , riverbanks , shorelines and hilly areas ; and in some district farmers and their livestock invade areas gazetted for nature conservation and marginal lands . Population pressure has triggered expansion of land under agriculture , resulting in loss of vegetation and other districts especially the cattle corridor continues to experience extensive", "spans": [{"start": 1564, "end": 1574, "text": "soils maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enterprises on average , female-owned enterprises may be further away from the margin of formalizing and less likely to respond to the assistance . To draw the sample for the baseline , we stratified the listing data by location and gender of the business owner and identified 3 , 600 firms that complied with one of the following criteria : ( i ) had at least one worker contracted outside of family members and business owners , ( ii ) were operating in a fixed location with more than one person working in the business , ( iii ) were at the 25th percentile of revenues or above . These criteria were developed in collaboration with government officials to focus on firms that were larger and more likely to both be the target of government formalization efforts , as well as potentially more likely to benefit from formalizing . We were targeting 3 , 000 firms for the baseline but started with 3 , 600 given the risk of not finding firms ( the listing exercise collected limited contact information ) or finding that they registered in the meantime or were incorrectly listed as not registered . < sup > 11 < / sup > Through this process , we completed a detailed baseline survey for 3 , 002 informal firms , of which 1 , 195 were female-owned and 1 , 494 were from Lilongwe . The baseline survey was done between December 2011 and April 2012 . The baseline survey collected information on the characteristics of the firm and owner , including their usage of financial services and finance , their financial literacy and knowledge about business registration processes , and the financial performance of their business . # * * 3 . 2 Summary Characteristics of the Sample by Gender * * Appendix Table 1 compares and further discusses the baseline characteristics of our sample by gender . Over 70 percent of the firms in our sample were in the retail sector , including selling groceries ( 21 percent of total ) , selling agricultural produce ( 10 percent ) , selling animal produce ( 10 percent ) , and hardware shops ( 8 percent ) . The focus on retail was particularly pronounced for men , while women were more", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 216, "text": "listing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1169, "end": 1184, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tine UNHCR data collection | | Responsibility for Data < br > | MoH | | Collection | | | * * Proportion of Children U * * | * * nder 5 with diarrhea treated with Zinc / ORS Co-Pack ( Percentage ) * * | Page 31 of 43 Feb 21 , 2024", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 6 . 2 . Firm-level capabilities and skills Poor labor productivity trends among formal Zambian firms in the non-mining industry and service sectors also reflect firm-level capability and technological constraints . Firms often lack critical managerial , technological , and vocational skills . The Zambian training system provides inadequate training with respect to business and entrepreneurial skills , which are necessary for the establishment and growth of businesses ( Government of the Republic of Zambia 2020 ) . A relatively low percentage of firms in Zambia have licenses for the use of international technologies ( Figure 37 ) or have internationally recognized quality certifications ( Figure 38 ) , proxies for the level of technology adoption , and managerial and operational sophistication . As a result , Zambia ranks 100th out of 132 countries with respect to business sophistication in the World Intellectual Property Organization ’ s Global Innovation Index ( 2022 ) , below countries such as Peru ( 49th ) , Thailand ( 43rd ) , and even Zimbabwe ( 90th ) ( World Intellectual Property Organization 2022 ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 37 . Firms using technology licensed from Figure 38 . Firms with international recognized quality < br > foreign companies certification < br > ( Percent of latest Enterprise Survey respondents ) ( Percent of latest Enterprise Survey respondents ) < br > 40 % 25 % < br > 35 % < br > 20 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % 15 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % 10 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Cross-country averages Structural peers Aspirational peers Zambia Cross-country averages Structural peers Aspirational peers Zambia < br > Note : Select aspirational peers such as Thailand also have lower scores , although in such cases the low score reflects the ready < br > availability of domestically developed technology rather than low business sophistication . < br > Source : World Bank staff calculations based on Enterprise Survey data and the Investment Climate Assessment 2 . 0 toolkit < br > < ! -", "spans": [{"start": 1998, "end": 2020, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 6 : Distribution of share of local suppliers across different states < ! - - Start of picture text - - > MG PR < br > 40 < br > 75 < br > 50 < br > 20 < br > 25 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 < br > RS PB < br > 40 30 < br > 20 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 < br > CE PE < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 10 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 < br > Share of same-municipality suppliers Share of same-municipality suppliers < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the distribution of the percentage of suppliers located within the same municipality where the tender process occurs , regardless of whether it is a headquarters or a branch , for each state . Data are drawn from the tender-participant table , and encompass all types of purchases , including tender waivers , for both products and services . Here , we consider only the winners ’ ( suppliers ) information . We match this dataset with the _Cadastro", "spans": [{"start": 1056, "end": 1080, "text": "tender-participant table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 schooling begins _ < u > a < / u > _ < u > , and the probabilities for schooling < / u > _πs_ ( _ · _ ) and work _πe_ ( _ · _ ) . We obtain the population growth rates _gb_ and the mortality functions _δ_ ( _ · _ ) from United Nations ( 2019 ) . We use the medium variant forecasts over the 2020 _ − _ 2050 period , assuming that ̄ _a_ = 100 . Thus , _δ_ ( _a_ ) = 1 for _a ≥ _ 100 . < sup > 16 < / sup > We assume schooling starts at age _ < u > a < / u > _ = 6 . Agents enter the work force after age _aw_ = 18 unless they are still in school . We then set the schooling transition probabilities _πs_ ( _ · _ ) so as to exactly match the schooling distribution for the relevant country group , based on data from the I2D2 database , the World Bank database of more 1 , 000 household surveys that we use to estimate the returns to education and experience ( see below ) . We make the following assumptions regarding the probability of working _πe_ ( _ · _ ) . We assume that agents may start work once they complete schooling , or reach 18 years of age , whichever is later . At that point , a share _lp_ of agents participate in the labor force . Those that participate face youth unemployment with probability _uy_ each year until they are 24 . Above 24 they face unemployment each period with probability _u_ , until they retire at age _R_ = 65 . We assume unemployment and participation are equal across schooling and age groups . We measure _lp_ , _u_ and _uy_ for each group using data from World Bank ( 2020b ) . Data are based on population-weighted means . Now we turn to the selection of the returns to schooling and experience . We model _rs_ ( _ · _ ) and _re_ ( _ · _ ) as step functions so as to capture salient features of the data with few parameters , in order", "spans": [{"start": 721, "end": 734, "text": "I2D2 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1490, "end": 1510, "text": "data from World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Who Benefits Most from Rural Electrification ? Evidence in India * * # # * * 1 . Introduction * * The goal of rural electrification programs in developing countries goes beyond providing rural households affordable modern energy at a cheaper price than inferior alternatives over the long run . Rural electrification is expected to improve rural people ’ s quality of life and spur growth on a range of socioeconomic fronts . Various examples can be given to substantiate such expectations . As a replacement for kerosene-based lighting sources , electric lighting substantially reduces indoor air pollution and carbon emissions . In addition , it allows school-going children to read during evening hours , thus encouraging more hours of study . Furthermore , it benefits income-generation activities through business operations being able to stay open longer and promoting productive uses . The large body of literature on the benefits of rural electrification claims that rural electrification greatly contributes to the welfare growth of rural households ( e . g . , ADB 2010 ; Barnes , Peskin , and Fitzgerald 2003 ; Cockburn 2005 ; Khandker 1996 ; Martins 2005 ; World Bank 2008 ) . But most of these findings are based only on the correlation between rural electrification and development , without taking any selection or program-placement biases into account . Some recent studies , however , have attempted to ascertain the welfare gains caused by rural electrification ( e . g . , Dinkelman 2008 ; Khandker , Barnes , and Samad , forthcoming ) . To provide further impetus on the welfare gains of electricity , this paper analyzes the impact of electrification on a wider range of household outcomes in rural India and determines who benefits most from rural electrification . With its long history of rural electrification programs , diverse population , and geographic spread , India presents an ideal case for this study , which has benefitted from a large , nationally representative data set . We apply an instrumental variable ( IV ) method in a fixed-effects ( FE ) framework to obtain unbiased estimates of the impacts of rural 2", "spans": [{"start": 1971, "end": 2013, "text": "large , nationally representative data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "avoid duplications ) , ( iv ) security and accessibility , and ( v ) the potential for conflict mitigation ( for example , those areas along border areas with increasing tensions ) . Selected Woredas will be categorized as either Woredas with a high risk of ongoing conflict ( HROC ) or non-high risk of ongoing conflict ( NROC ) based on Woreda Rapid Needs , Conflict , and Capacity Assessments ( WNCCA ) conducted by a third-party ( see Section III ) . The categorization will trigger differentiated implementation arrangements with project activities in NROC Woredas expected to be implemented using government systems and institutions . The POM will be revised ( where relevant ) due to the scale-up activities under Component 2 with the AF . # # # * * D . 2 Overview of Borrower ’ s Institutional Capacity for Managing Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts * * D . 2 Overview of Borrower ’ s Institutional Capacity for Managing Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Ethiopia has gained considerable experience in the implementation of World Bank-financed Projects in various sectors which played an important role in improving its environmental and social risk management ( ESRM ) capacity . Some of the projects that have been implemented by the key stakeholders include Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project ( P152822 ) , Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project ( P169943 ) , Urban Productive Safety Net Project ( P151712 ) Urban Local Government Development Program ( P133592 ) , Urban Institutional and Infrastructure Development Program ( P163452 ) , Sustainable Land Management Project ( P133133 ) , Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) , Resilient Land and Livelihoods Management ( P163383 , P172462 ) , Rural Productive Safety Nets Project ( P163438 ) , Livestock and Fisheries Sector Development Project ( P159382 ) , etc . Although , the Ministry of Finance ( MoF ) and the Ministry of Women and Social Affairs ( MoWSA ) have relatively limited experience in the", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 395, "text": "Woreda Rapid Needs , Conflict , and Capacity Assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "domestic consumption and services . Today resources are being reallocated from agriculture and , since 2013 and at a much slower pace , from industry into services . Following Baumol ( 1967 ) , the decline in productivity growth as the economy matures is almost inevitable but , in China ’ s case , there is scope to improve labor productivity in services . As incomes rise , households spend more of their income on services . Correspondingly , higher income countries tend to have a higher share of employment in services , where productivity is generally lower than in industry . However , China could implement policies that boost service sector productivity . One area , for example , is market competition , as services in China have been much less open to competition and FDI than industry . By one measure — the OECD services trade restrictiveness index ( STRI ) — China , along with the Russian Federation , Indonesia , and India , ranks considerably below the OECD countries and has shown limited improvement over time ( Figure 6 ) . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Labor statistics also reveal a wide gender gap in employment . According to Malaysia ’ s 2022 Labour Force Survey ( LFS , 2022 ) , 54 percent of women are employed , compared to 79 percent for men . This gap persists across all ethnicities . The main reason given for women not participating in the labor force is housework or family responsibilities , cited by 62 . 9 percent of women who are out of the labor force ( LFS , 2022 ) . Qualitative evidence by Schmillen et al . ( 2019 ) suggests that this is due to prevalent social norms that consider most housework , including providing care at home , the responsibility of women . Hence , the lower participation rate in itself does not necessarily reflect discrimination or the relative inability of women to find a job . However , the same study provides evidence of wage discrimination against women , with women earning less compared to men . The > 2The term ” Bumiputera ” typically includes Malays . For the purpose of clarity , this paper differentiates between Malays and non-Malay Bumiputera , with the latter being excluded from the correspondence study . 5", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 115, "text": "2022 Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 4 - to invest in permanent improvements , and land cannot be used as a collateral for the credit most farmers need , to carry out improvements . Government is aware , of the problem , and was informed during negotiations that satisfactory arrangements for the granting of long-term leases to farmers would be a requirement for any lending for a second stage project . 3 . 08 Farmers have the following three sources of credit : - the Development Bank of Ethiopia , which by requiring 200 % collateral In the form of real estate is seriously restricted in its lending activities ; - farm machinery dealers , whose volume of lending is limited ; and - local traders , who make cash advances against standing crops at times when labor must be hired for weeding and harvesting . Farmers frequently have no option but to borrow from such traders whose rates of interest are usurious . 3 . 09 A multi-purpose agricultural cooperative has been registered at Humera . At the time of appraisal , the society comprised about 100 farmers - about 33 % of all farmers in the area - who have subscribed E $ 36 , 000 ( US $ 14 , 400 ) . The society is closely supervised by the Ministry of National Community Development and Social Affairs , which has stationed staff in Humera for the purpose . The cooperative offers its members shortterm credit facilities , and purchases and markets members ' crops . The establishment of a cotton ginnery by the society is being considered . This , if feasible , would provide an improved channel for providing credit , and for distributing the seed of improved cotton varieties . 3 . 10 The region ' s mechanized farms make a significant contribution to the economy of Ethiopia . Accurate data are not available but Customs receipts 1 / indicate that in 1968 mechanized farms in the region produced the following : # # # PRODUCTION FROM MECHANIZED FARMS , 1968 | A | rea C < br > vated < br > ha | ulti - < br > ' 000 < br > | Average Yield", "spans": [{"start": 1742, "end": 1758, "text": "Customs receipts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to check if the results hold when the lower threshold for children ’ s schooling is raised . We thus estimate the IGRC and IGC in a series of samples , starting with 14 years and raising the lower threshold incrementally by one year at a time up to 20 years . The evidence from this exercise is very reassuring ; while the magnitudes differ across the samples , the main conclusions reached on the basis of 13-60 years age range remain intact . For the sake of brevity we report estimates for 16 and 20 years as the lower age threshold for children . A 16 year age cut-off implies potentially 10 years of schooling which coincides with one of the most important public examination in both Bangladesh and India ( called Secondary School Certificate ( S . S . C ) or ‘ Matriculation ’ examination ) . After 12 years of schooling ( 18 years of age cut-off ) , the students sit for a second important public examination , called Higher Secondary Certificate ( H . S . C ) or Intermediate examination . In our Bangladesh data , about 10 percent of 20 years of age or older has 10 years or more schooling , and 5 percent has 12 years or more schooling . For each age range , we present the bias estimates and omit the underlying estimates of IGRC and IGC for full and coresident samples . This allows us to reduce the number of tables by putting together the relevant estimates for both Bangladesh and India in a single table . However , all of the underlying estimates are available from the authors upon request . Note that we do not discuss statistical significance of the estimates , all of the estimates are significant at the 5 percent or lower level . But as noted earlier , the estimated standard errors in IGRC and IGC are very small reflecting the large sample size . Thus statistical significance is not very informative , and the focus should be on the magnitude of the bias . The estimates for three different age ranges for the all children sample including both sons and daughters are presented in Table 4 . The estimates , both for India and Bangladesh", "spans": [{"start": 1005, "end": 1020, "text": "Bangladesh data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Latin America . The surveys were conducted between 2009 and 2014 in the various countries and include manufacturing and services sector firms . Table A1 provides the distribution of the sample by country along with the survey year . A somewhat similar survey instrument and methodology was used across countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > Given the cross-sectional nature of the data , each firm and country are surveyed once at a particular point in time . Thus , it cannot be guaranteed that responses from firms would be similar at other points in time . < sup > 6 < / sup > It is important to note that there is much debate about the definition of informality . The IES data we use defines informal firms as those that are not registered with the relevant authorities . This is consistent with many other studies in the related literature ( Amin and Okou , 2020 ; Loayza and Roginlini 2011 ; Gindling and Terrell 2005 ; Rand and Torm 2012 ; Mead and Morrisson 1996 ) . Another important issue relates to the representativeness of the sample . A nationally representative sample of informal firms would require a complete list of all informal firms in the country . However , such a list does not exist for most countries at the national or even the regional and city level . Hence , most studies using data on informal firms tend to rely on random sample of informal firms taken from one or two main urban centers of the country ( see for example , Harris 2014 , Rand and Torm 2012 ) . These random samples are not necessarily representative of the underlying informal economy , although it is not clear if the sample bias systematically affects the results . Likewise , the sample we use is also random , restricted to 55 regions / cities across 14 countries , and not necessarily representative of the informal economy in the city or the country . This point notwithstanding , the informal surveys we use have been used extensively in the literature to study the sector ( see Amin and Islam 2015 , Islam 2019 , La Porta and Shleifer 2014 ) . > 5 Details of the methodology can", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 673, "text": "IES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1882, "end": 1898, "text": "informal surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , and more likely to be self-employed ( 80 percent compared to men ’ s 70 percent ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > In this context , promoting ways for women to grow and expand their businesses is a good option to promote economic recovery . Micro , small , and medium enterprises ( MSMEs ) created within the past five years now generate over 50 percent of formal jobs , and household enterprises provide employment for another 3 . 1 million households . < sup > 4 < / sup > Furthermore , women are particularly vulnerable > 1 The Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) has recently announced poverty rates based on the UNHS 2019 / 2020 . The data for this survey was collected in two periods with a break during the strictest lockdown period between March – June 2020 . The first data collection period started in September 2019 and ended in February 2020 , then it resumed in July 2020 and ended in November 2020 . > 2 Government of Uganda ( 2020 ) , Third National Development Plan ( NDP III ) . > 3 GoU 2018 . National Labour Force Survey . > 4 World Bank . 2019 . “ Uganda Jobs Strategy for Inclusive Growth . ” Page 7 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 628, "text": "UNHS 2019 / 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1034, "text": "National Labour Force Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 12 . Population of concern to UNHCR by type of location , end-2006 * * * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ * * * * The population by location type does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no location information ( primarily industrialized countries ) are not included . * * | Region and < br > country / < br > territory < br > of | | | Location type < br > Rural / | | | Percen | tage | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum | Camps | Urban | dispersed | Unknown | Total | Camps | Urban | | Afghanistan | 114 , 678 | 79 , 543 | 82 , 543 | 250 , 898 | 527 , 662 | 22 % | 15 % | | Albania < br > < sup > ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ < / sup > | 29 < br > | 57 < br > | 6 | - | 92 < br > | 32 % < br > | 62 % < br > | | Algeria | 90 , 000 | 5 , 124 | - | - | 95 , 124 | 95 % | 5 % | | Angola | 7 , 819 | 2 , 638 | 51 , 041 | - | 61 , 498 | 13 % | 4 % | | Argentina | - | 4 , 025 | - | - | 4 , 025 | 0 % | 100 % | | Armenia | - | 51 , 794 | 61 , 998 | - | 113 , 792 | 0 % | 46 % | | A", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 110, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . < sup > 22 < / sup > Note that the estimated persistence of the value of exports ( _ρp_ = 0 _ . _ 78 ) is significantly lower than our baseline estimate for Algeria and Trinidad & Tobago ( _ρp_ = 0 _ . _ 93 ) . We set _τ_ = 0 since there are no taxes in JS2016 . We lowered the intertemporal discount factor ( _β_ = 0 _ . _ 95 ) and steady-state transfers ( _Trss_ = 0 _ . _ 33 ) to match the long-run interest rate ( _rss_ = 5 _ . _ 1 % ) and the optimal level of reserves ( _Ass / Mss_ = _ . _ 22 _ ∼ _ 2 . 2 months of imports ) in JS2016 , respectively ( shown in Table 3 Panel B ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > > 22JS2016 use annual data from a group of 24 developing countries ( sample 1960 to 2014 ) provided by the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators to calibrate the path of detrended non-tradable output , value of exports and the country ’ s interest rate . > 23Under the new calibration ( aside from discrepancies generated by the linearity assumption ) there are two main differences between the models : the elasticity of substitution between non-tradable and imported goods and the structure of the country ’ s interest rates . In the exogenous income model , we implicitly assume that imported goods and non-tradable goods are perfect substitutes _η_ = _ ∞ _ . Second , the country ’ s interest rate path is assumed to follow an AR ( 1 ) process in JS2016 . In our model , the interest rate depends on the country ’ s net debt , and its persistence", "spans": [{"start": 627, "end": 638, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 734, "end": 762, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > The Uganda Reproductive , Maternal and Child Health Services Improvement Project Financial Statements for 12 Months Ended 30 June 2020 < / mark > * * As of to date ( May 2020 ) , 71 districts are implementing ICCM where VHTs receive commodities through the public health facilities and provide them free of charge ) . The project has supported ICCM supervision in 24 districts in FY 2019 / 20 . Other support is provided by other development partners . Recent supervision visits supported by the project have however revealed : low levels of reporting on ICCM indicators in DHIS2 ; lack of remuneration and transport for the VHTs specifically bicycles ; stock out of key commodities / drugs ; lack of registers for accurate reporting ; lack of other logistics which includes torches to facilitate their work when called at night , rain coats ; lack of adequate human resource to supervise VHTs ; and attrition of VHTs due to death , relocation , old age and loss of morale . # # # * * 3 . 3 . 6 Analysis of RMNCAH Services * * This section provides an update on the status of provision of RMNCAH as analyzed from the DHIS2 for selected RMNCAH indicators for the entire country as briefly highlighted below . The data covers the period January 2019 to March 2020 . # # # * * Antenatal Care * * Overall , first visit antenatal care ( ANC ) attendance reduced from 97 % in January 2019 to a low of 80 . 8 % in December 2019 . The dip in December could be due to the Christmas seasonal holiday and the mass measles and rubella immunisation campaign in the second quarter of FY 2019 / 20 . The attendance recovered to 92 % at end of March but did not get to the January 2019 performance . The 4 < sup > th < / sup > ANC visit ranged between 39 % and 41 % through the whole of 2019 and reduced to 7 % in March . There have been reductions", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 592, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1130, "end": 1135, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to be more accurate . Figure 8b shows that more than 40 % believe there is no wage growth and two thirds of youths believe that informal wages grow by less than 10 % . While we do not have administrative data for informal wages , ENOE survey data suggests that the actual increase is between zero and 10 % . < sup > 31 < / sup > > 30A related question is whether treatment effects vary across people ’ s discount rates . Results ( not reported ) show that the interaction of the treatment indicator and people ’ s discount factor is positive , but modest in magnitude and not statistically significant . There are at least two factors that make this test inconclusive : first , we only elicit discount rates at the endline ( although discount rates are not significantly correlated with the treatment assignment ) . Second , we only collect discount rates for a subset of participants , which limits the statistical power of subgroup analyses . > 31The hourly wage for informal work remains flat over the first half year while the monthly income increases by 10 % suggesting that workers increase the number of hours over time . In our endline survey , respondents working informally are also less than half as likely to report that they received a wage increase compared to those working in the formal sector . 33", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 246, "text": "ENOE survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification * * . Not expected for any works or goods packages in the procurement plan . # * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components : Applicable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 2020-11-15 < br > 2021-01-16 | | KE-MOALF-192049-NC-RFB / < br > Subscription of Weather Data < br > Packae for Kena Aricultur < br > IDA / 59450 | Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > ro-weather , Market , Climate , < br > and Advisor Services ( US $ 3 < br > Post | Reuest for Bids < br > | Oen - National | Single Stage - One E | 35294118 | 30000000 < br > Terminated | 2020-09-10 < br > 2020 | - 10-01 < br > 2020-09-15 < br > 2020-10-27 < br > 2020-11-06 < br > 2020-11-26 < br > 2021-01-11 < br > 2020-12-31 < br > 2021 - | 02-02 < br > 2021-01-30 | | g y g < br > al Observatory Platform - KA < br > OP ( KALRO ) < br > | y < br > 2 . 9 million equivalent , of whi < br > ch IDA US $ 30 . 0 million equi < br > valent ) < br > | q < br > | p | nvelope | , . | , . < br > | | | | | KE-MOALF-196124-NC-DIR / < br > Capacity building of KALRO-s < br > taff on soil-plant analytical te < br > chniques ( KALRO ) < br > IDA / 59450 | Component 2 : Strengthening < br > Climate-Smart Agricultural R < br > esearch and Seed Systems ( < br > US $ 53 . 7 million equivalent , < br > of which IDA US $ 50 . 0 million < br > equivalent", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 100, "text": "Weather Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 There is also no visual evidence of differential pretreatment trends across these region groupings in the raw data . See figure S2 of the supplemental appendix for plots of the mean test score and number of test takers by time to treatment . > 14 We also looked for district-level heterogeneity in the effect of the program on test taking by interacting the program with dummies for low enrollment , rural , and wealthy districts in separate specifications . None of the interaction terms are statistically significant for girls or boys , indicating that increased access for girls was widely shared across districts . Results appear in supplemental appendix table S2 . 15 We have also used administrative data from the Ministry of Education to explore the enrollment effect of the policy by grade . Not surprisingly , the effects are largest in the early secondary grades and diminish as the students ’ progress through school . Results appear in figure S3 of the supplementary appendix . 16 Another potential explanation for the results is that additional students retook the exam in response to the scholarship . However , the scholarship covered exam fees only for enrolled students , which would mute this response . > 17 In columns ( 9 ) – ( 11 ) , we also find no change in the number of private schools in response to the program , either overall or differentially by the characteristics considered . This suggests that private schools experiencing enrollment gains grew in size as a result of the program . > 18 A potential explanation for the increases in test takers and private school share is migration in response to the program . Although Gambian household surveys lack data on residential migration that would allow us to test directly , we think that such a response is unlikely , because the monetary and psychic costs of migration should exceed the scholarship ’ s value of less than US $ 50 annually . Switching schools without changing residence is also unlikely given the sparse geographic distribution of schools , particularly in regions 3 – 6 , as shown in supplemental appendix figure S1 . If such switching occurs , it would most likely be at schools close to the border between an eligible", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 744, "text": "administrative data from the Ministry of Education", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1657, "end": 1682, "text": "Gambian household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| The commencement date for the Subproject is dependent on several factors including the < br > present census survey and RP document finding , budget issue and other related factors . | | | | ▪ < br > Project affected persons will be compensated for their losses at full replacement cost < br > with current market price . | | What is the compensation package for < br > Subproject affected households | Question | ▪ < br > Transition period assistance < br > ▪ < br > Special assistance will also be considered for vulnerable Subproject affected < br > households . < br > ▪ < br > Livelihood restoration support for severelyaffected households mayalso be considered | | Compensation for properties affected by the < br > Subproject should be fair and should be < br > delivered before start of work . | Concern / < br > Suggestion | Compensation for loss to farmland , perennial crops , different trees , and structures will be < br > paid in accordance with the Federal proclamation and World Bank ’ s ESS 5 requirements . < br > These rates will be established based upon the official rates collected from the respective < br > Woreda Offices . | | Could the construction of the substation < br > endanger the nearby community ? | Concern / < br > question | The substation is going to be built in the safest distance from settlement area . Therefore , the < br > public health will not be engendered due to the construction of the substation | | Will people directly affected by the Subproject < br > will have access to employment under this < br > Subproject | Expectation | In fact , employment opportunity is created for the local people during the Subproject < br > construction phase . The contractor will be advised to consider local semi-skilled and < br > unskilled manpower asper their need as much aspossible from Subproject impact areas . | | Will the Kebele crossed by the power <", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 117, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional improved practices for perennial crops to generate the required incremental return of US $ 97 for the project to break even < sup > 7 < / sup > . The probability that this occurred is very low as these improved practices involve significantly higher input costs , and farmers ' inability to access credit is a major constraint to adoption . On this basis , it can be judged with near certainty that the incremental farm household returns generated by the project were inadequate to result in an overall IRR of 15 % for the project , and , further , it is clear that the AEP had a very limited impact on overall productivity . This conclusion is supported by national agricultural production statistics , which do not indicate any improvement in productivity over the life of the project . # # # _4 . 4 Institutional Development Impact : _ Institutional Development Impact was modest . Significant investment in training has improved the capacity of a large number of professionals that will benefit government , other projects and the private sector . However , as noted earlier the UES was not institutionalized and functional integration of extension is no longer practised . The modest efficiency gains in the delivery and management of extension achieved by the project have not been sustained post project . Central government ' s transfer of responsibility for financing and implementing extension to the Local Government Councils in 1994 , the retrenchment of a large number of agricultural staff at both the central and district levels , the abolition of the Directorate of Agricultural Extension in 1998 and the transfer of responsibility for coordinating . extension at the national level to NARO are potentially positive institutional changes but were not instigated by AEP . # # # * * 5 . * * MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME - _5 . 1 Factors outside control of government or implementing agency : _ Factors outside control of govemment or implementing agency which influenced implementation of project activities included : - limited private sector involvement in agricultural sector service delivery and marketing ; - low commodity returns", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 712, "text": "national agricultural production statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey protocol for undertaking an annual facility assessment to determine readiness to provide services ; increasing transparency in the PFSA ; and improvement in the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate . The Task Team continues to follow up on specific actions agreed under the program action plan . Further action under the DLI aimed to increase transparency related to the PFSA which is expected to include regular updates of the information on the PFSA website , after the launching of the website , and publishing of data on contract award decisions including disclosure of some specific procurement notices . There has been progress in surveys undertaken to inform the achievement of the DLIs . 2 / 23 / 2016 Page 1 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 549, "text": "data on contract award decisions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indicators . Recent work has for example examined sources of measurement error in agricultural data ( e . g . Beegle et al . , 2012 ; Rosenzweig and Udry , 2019 ) and measurement methods for women ’ s agency ( e . g . Donald et al . , 2020 ; Jayachandran et al . , 2021 ) . _Estimating structural models . _ Structural models can exploit the experimental variation for identification and enrich experimental data , for example by evaluating the role of underlying preferences and behavioral factors for take-up decisions as a means to conduct welfare analysis or make predictions for the effects of new policies ( e . g . Todd and Wolpin , 2006 , 2010 ; Meghir et al . , 2019 ; Guiteras et al . , 2019 ) . _Statistical learning and machine learning . _ A rapidly growing literature applies machine learning methods to RCT data . Examples include regularization methods to discipline covariate selection or the identification of treatment effect heterogeneity ( e . g . Chernozhukov et al . , 2018 ; Chernozhukov et al . , 2018 ) , and new sampling methods , e . g . multi-arm bandits and related adaptive experimental algorithms ( e . g . Dimakopoulou et al . ( 2018 ) ; Caria et al . ( 2021 ) ; Kasy and Sautmann ( 2021 ) ) . Existing RCT datasets can be used to optimize algorithms , check large - or small-sample behavior , and simulate thousands of trials to improve speed and evaluate performance without incurring costs or burdening subjects . > 4An issue potentially exacerbated by biases inherent to the publication process ( Andrews and Kasy , 2019 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 99, "text": "agricultural data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1236, "end": 1248, "text": "RCT datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > . . | . . < br > . . | . < br > 0 . 0 | . < br > - 7 . 0 | - < br > GDP def . - - - < br > CPI | | < br > Overall surplus / deficit | , . | . | | | | | * * TRADE * * | | | | | | | | 1975 | 1985 | 1995 | 1996 | | | _ ( millions US $ ) _ < br > Total exports ( fob ) | | | 152 | 336 | Export and Import levels ( mill . USS ) < br > 2 , 000 | | n . a . | | | | | | | n . a . < br > Mf | | | | | * * 1 , 500 * * - | | anuactures < br > Total imports ( cifl | . . | . . | 1 , 082 | 1 , 882 | 1 . 000 | | < br > Food < br > | . . | | | | Boo | | Fuel and energy < br > Capital goods | . < br > . . | | . | . < br > . . | o < br > o < br > < br > < br > l < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > | | < br > Export price index * * ( 1987 = 100 ) * * | | | | | _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > __ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > * * 90 * * < br > * * 91 * * < br > 92 < br > 93 < br > 94 < br > 95 < br > * * 96 * * | | Import price index ( 1987 = 100 ) < br > Terms of trade ( 1987 = 100 )", "spans": [{"start": 702, "end": 720, "text": "Export price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 927, "end": 945, "text": "Import price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "but that diversity itself a decade ago would not change current economic activity . This methodology is particularly useful in mitigating potential bias due to the possibility that the economic differences between IDP and non-IDP communes actually attract IDPs , rather than the differences being caused by IDP presence . This method is only valid where we have a strong first-stage relationship between ethnic diversity and IDP presence and numbers , and we only report it for those cases . The third approach is Propensity Score Matching ( PSM ) estimation , which seeks to match communes or households between IDP hosting communes and non-hosting communes . This method allows us to construct counterfactuals of communes and households that are very similar in characteristics to the actual IDP communes . Rather than using the full analysis sample , we construct two groups of IDP and non-IDP communes whose only difference is in the presence of IDPs , and compare them . Given the panel nature of the communelevel data , we implement an approach suggested by Imai , Kim , and Wang ( 2020 ) . The PSM technique works well for the commune level estimates where we have good successes matching observable household characteristics between IDP and non-IDP communes ( Figure 14 ) , but does not work well at the household level since the same households are not sampled every round of the survey . In this exercise , we identify commune observations similar in characteristics to the actual IDP communes in the year of the event and the year before . # * * 5 Results * * We now present the results from our regression analysis in three groups . First , we show the estimated results of IDP presence on economic outcomes in host communes using the binary indicator of IDP presence as the main explanatory variable . Second , we present the effects of IDPs at the intensive margin with the IDP population in communes as the main explanatory variable . Third , we investigate the possible existence of heterogeneous effects of IDP presence at the household level for different types of households . We use all three 22", "spans": [{"start": 1006, "end": 1023, "text": "communelevel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "moderate in the country ( 12 . 7 percent over the cycle ) , but the figure for Grade 1 appears to be particularly high ( 24 percent ) . An econometric approach to analyze access and retention in primary education Access to schooling was analyzed for the 9 to 13 population to allow for late entry to schooling ( 2 , 957 individuals ) . For retention within the primary cycle , the population taken into account was the age group 16 to 20 and restricted to those who had access to schooling ( 809 individuals fulfilled the two conditions ) . In each case , the variable is dichotomous ( 1 for access to Grade 1 in the first model , to grade 6 in the second , versus 0 for those who never were enrolled in the first model or who did not reach Grade 6 in the second ) . Since the dependant variable is dichotomous , the specification used is logistic and the estimates are interpreted as probabilities ( to enroll or to get to the end of cycle for those who have had access ) . The average values of these statistics are very close to the estimates obtained from headcounts in the previous section . The results are given in Table 7 below . Table 6 : Model accounting for access to grade I and retention Grades 1-6 | | | Access * * t * * | * * o * * GradeI | | | Retention | Grades1-6 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ModelI | Model2 | Model3 | Model4 | Model5 | Model6 | Model7 | Model8 | | Intercept | - 0 . 631 * * * | - 0 . 937 * * | - 0 . 666 * * * | - 1 . 183 * * * | 1 . 169 * * * | 0 . 860 * * * | 0 . 367 (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > Reference can be made to international conventions in that regard , notably the right to privacy in the housing sector . Indeed , the CESCR noted in its General Comment No . 4 that the right to adequate housing also implies the right not to be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with one ’ s privacy , family , home or correspondence ( UN OHCHR , 2009 ) . It is also worth mentioning that local custom also imposes in certain lease contracts in Lebanon a 24-hour prior notice by the landlord before being able to visit the tenant at the leased property . # # # # # # EVICTIONS The survey results and FGDs showed that eviction processes did not constitute a noticeable trend or tangible experience for most participants , but rather fears they have . Legally , eviction is defined as the process by which tenants are forcefully taken out of the leased property they resided in by external forces ( e . g . ISF ) and are forbidden to enter it again . This means that the mere inability of tenants to pay the rent followed by them leaving the leased property on their own does not constitute , legally speaking , what is referred to as eviction , but rather is a consequence of the logic of the market . In what concerns legal eviction process , it is important to note that even when the owner of the real property is entitled to evict the occupant ( s ) , such evictions must be mandated by court . Indeed , the owner does not have the right to evict the tenant without a court order based on the legal principle that forbids taking the law into one ’ s own hands ( “ nul ne peut se faire justice à soi-même ” ) and Lebanese judges have extensively ruled in that direction . < sup > 76 < / sup > In fact , Lebanese law penalizes such actions : Article 429 of the Penal Code establishes a penalty of LBP 200 , 000 for anyone who takes the law into their own hands and Article", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Coconut ” category , restrict the “ Dried fish ” group to only “ dried sardines , ” excluding larger fish , and so on . This removes much of the bias from grouping goods of different variety under a single heading . The end result is a data set in which items are far more uniform than those in a typical consumption survey . We also drop items with too few observations , and drop perishable items that cannot be stored for two weeks by most households ( such as beef , milk , and fresh fish ) . We do not drop or retain items based on whether the price schedule exhibits bulk discounts . After selecting the items , we remove outliers by dropping any observations for which the quantity or unit price is more than 4 standard deviations from the item-level mean , and dropping > 6More details are available at the project page , accessible here : http : / / edi-global . com / publications / . Data are available by contacting the lead SHWALITA researchers listed on the project page . 11", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 323, "text": "consumption survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", for the capital ratio , we focus on the mean and P10 for all banks , and the mean and the min for G-SIBs . In contrast , since > 15 < mark > The Financial Stability Board ( FSB ) publishes a list of Globally Systemically Important Banks ( G-SIBs ) based on their scale and the degree of influence in global and domestic financial markets . In 2020 , 30 institutions qualified , including eight U . S . institutions – < / mark > Citigroup , JP Morgan Chase , Bank of America , Bank of New York Mellon , Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley , State Street , and Wells Fargo . The G-SIBs generally refer to bank holding companies ( BHCs ) that own commercial banks , rather than commercial banks themselves . The Call Report data in Table 1 is for the largest or only commercial bank in each BHC . > 16 We do not construct separate summary statistics for small banks , since the vast majority of U . S . banks have less than $ 1 billion in assets . Thus , the summary statistics for the industry cover small banks well . 19", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 722, "text": "Call Report data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "response to the nature of the shock ; but , also , it shows that providing all / most extreme poor households with a lower transfer ( i . e . columns 5 and 6 ) tends to deliver higher impacts than providing a more generous transfer to only a subset of them ( columns 1a and 1b ) , even when poor households cannot be perfectly identified ( i . e . need to rely on a PMT score ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > _Table 9 : North Macedonia – Proportional loss shock_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Proportional Shock < br > Targeting → Household < br > Eligibility ↓ < br > PMT Ex - PMT Post < br > Means < br > Means Perfect Imperfect ante or Shock or < br > Orginal Testing PMT Ex - PMT Post < br > Expansion Testing ( Ex - Universal Loss Loss Perfect Perfect < br > Beneficiaries ( Post Shock ante Shock < br > Ante Poor ) Indicator Indicator Loss Loss < br > Poor ) < br > Budget ↓ Indicator Indicator < br > ( 1a ) ( 1b ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) < br > Poverty Rate Pre-shock : 0 . 169 ; Post-shock : 0 . 219 < br > ( 1 ) 0 . 09 % GDP - 0 . 021 - 0 . 023 - 0 . 024 - 0 . 035 - 0 . 027 - 0 . 027 - 0 . 027 - 0 . 025 - 0 . 025 - 0 . 022 - 0 . 024 < br > ( 2 ) 1 . 0 % GDP - 0 . 048 - 0 . 088 - 0 . 097 - 0 . 110 - 0 . 037 - 0 . 061 - 0 . 059 - 0 . 042 - 0 . 045 - 0 . 040 - 0 . 045 < br > Poverty Gap Sqr . Pre-shock : 3 . 523 ; Post-shock : 4 . 205 < br > ( 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proportion of the population falls within each grouping . UNHCR ’ s Progress database is an important protection tool that supports this approach . The need to devote specific attention and resources to upholding the rights of women and children to ensure their protection has been reflected in UNHCR policies since the early 1990s . These were complemented by a policy on older persons and a Community Development Policy in 2000 and 2001 respectively . The community development policy calls for UNHCR operations to apply a community-based approach and reiterates the right of refugees and others of concern to participate in the design of programmes and the use of resources for their benefit . In the Agenda for Protection , UNHCR reaffirmed its commitment to strengthening capacity to provide international protection to women , boys , girls , and men of concern and empower them to protect and develop solutions for themselves . These policies , together with relevant international legal instruments and Executive Committee Conclusions provide a framework for operations . To promote the rights of the different groups , UNHCR promotes a two-pronged approach to operations : age , gender and diversity mainstreaming and the empowerment of discriminated groups through targeted action . Please refer to the Annexes for further information . # # # # # # * * Challenges : * * Challenges in mainstreaming gender and age in practice include : - * * resistance from the male quarters of the population * * – fearing that they might lose their power and influence ; - * * traditional societies and cultural values * * that may preclude women ’ s participation and leadership ; and , - * * reluctance on the part of UNHCR and NGO staff * * to challenge traditional practices in fear of interfering with refugees ’ indigenous cultures and imposing ‘ western ’ values . In fact , pioneering voices in the women ’ s movement came from the South , and the concept of gender equality is not uniquely Western . Additionally , societies are always in transition : shifts in traditional practices and changing expectations introduce new challenges and new opportunities . Regardless of cultural norms and practices ,", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 85, "text": "UNHCR ’ s Progress database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "values defined by the confidence intervals . These non-trivial confidence intervals reflect the reality that measuring governance is difficult , and that different data sources will come to different conclusions about countries ’ relative positions on the aspects of governance that they measure . We note that this problem is not a consequence of our use of perceptions data to construct the WGI . Even if we were to rely on a set of objective indicators to construct the aggregate WGI measures , these data sources would also differ in their assessments of governance across countries , again leading to margins of error . Indeed , most indicators of governance or the investment climate , or economic indicators more broadly , are subject to measurement error . A key feature of the WGI is that we transparently disclose this measurement error 18", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 375, "text": "perceptions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". For instance , McKinsey estimates that “ Open Data can help unlock between US $ 3 trillion to US $ 5 trillion in economic value annually across seven sectors , including education , transportation , consumer products , electricity , oil and gas , health care , and consumer finance . ” < sup > 5 < / sup > Likewise , previous work by the World Bank has suggested that Open Data can yield economic benefits across five archetypical types of businesses , including suppliers , aggregators , developers , enrichers , and enablers of Open Data . < sup > 6 < / sup > Other economic analyses of the topic include : a European Union study that estimated aggregate direct and indirect economic benefits of € 200 billion < sup > 7 < / sup > ; a UK study that “ conservatively ” estimated the direct economic benefits of public sector information at around £ 1 . 8 billion a year < sup > 8 < / sup > ; and a study produced in Spain that found that the “ infomediary ” sector employs around 4 , 000 people in the country and generates € 330 million to € 550 million annually . < sup > 9 < / sup > Compared with the attention given to these financial and economic benefits — however mind-bogglingly large they are purported to be — considerably less effort has been made in providing a sufficiently critical evaluation of the public-sector benefits , including the potential of _Open Government Data_ ( OGD ) . As a subset of Open Data , OGD is that which is “ held by national , regional , local , and city governments , international governmental bodies , and other types of institutions in the wider public sector ” . < sup > 10 < / sup > As defined by the OECD , Open Government Data can be seen as comprised of two elements : “ ( i ) Government Data , > 2 - See “ Big Data Universe beginning to explode , ” at http : / / www . csc . com / insights / flxwd / 78931 < u > big_data_universe_beginning_to_explode . Accessed September 15 , 2015 . < / u >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Percentage of women in each labor status ) | | * * 2001 * * | * * Rural * * < br > * * 2010 * * | * * 2018 * * | * * 2001 * * | * * Urban * * < br > * * 2010 * * | * * 2018 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Employed | 32 . 9 | 36 . 2 | 29 | 15 . 1 | 14 . 7 | 13 . 7 | | Unemployed | . 54 | . 743 | . 73 | 4 . 96 | 3 . 64 | 4 . 39 | | Inactive | 66 . 5 | 63 . 1 | 70 . 3 | 79 . 9 | 81 . 6 | 81 . 9 | | Paid workers | 17 . 3 | 25 . 2 | 29 . 4 | 93 . 2 | 94 . 7 | 96 | | Formal workers | . 549 | 1 . 75 | 3 . 05 | 32 . 9 | 44 . 3 | 48 . 1 | | Public Salaried | . | 7 . 09 | 10 . 7 | . | 25 . 3 | 22 | | Private Salaried | . | 88 . 1 | 82 . 8 | . | 65 . 6 | 68 . 2 | Source : HCP Enquête National sur l ’ emploi . Paid workers category includes wage workers , independent , employers and others ; it excludes apprentices and cooperatives workers . Formal workers is the share of employed that have health insurance ( CNSS ) . Public and Private categories - unavailable in 2001 - are calculated as shares of employed ( they do not sum up to 100 because of a third “ other ” marginal category ) . In urban areas , the decline in female participation rates is less accentuated , smoother , and spread across age groups ( figure 10 panel b ) . A phenomenon specific to urban areas is the increase in", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 741, "text": "HCP Enquête National sur l ’ emploi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | | * * CEE * * | | | | | Bulgaria | 33 . 1 | 19 . 4 | 8 . 8 | | Czech Republic | 21 . 5 | 7 . 1 | 2 . 5 | | Estonia | 18 . 6 | 13 . 3 | 8 . 0 | | Hungary | 11 . 2 | 5 . 2 | 1 . 2 | | Latvia | 21 . 0 | 13 . 0 | 5 . 5 | | Lithuania | 23 . 1 | 21 . 7 | 10 . 1 | | Poland | 23 . 9 | 19 . 4 | 5 . 6 | | Romania | 4 . 0 | 8 . 6 | 3 . 9 | | Slovakia | 42 . 5 | 18 . 7 | 5 . 2 | | Slovenia | 8 . 9 | 5 . 5 | 2 . 3 | | * * SEE * * | | | | | Croatia a ) | 13 . 7 | 16 . 7 | 7 . 6 | | Macedonia , FYR | - | - | - | | Serbia and Montenegro a ) | 24 . 9 | 19 . 7 | 9 . 5 | | - Data not available | | | | | Note : Labor Force Survey < br > data < br > a ) 2002 | | | | | Source : | | | | | CEE : Eurostat | | | | Croatia : Central Bureau of Statistics , Labour Force Survey 2002 ( second half ) , Bank staff calculations . Serbia and Montenegro : Republic of Serbia , Republican Statistical Office , Labor Force Survey 2002 ( October ) , Bank staff calculations 25", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 637, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 759, "end": 783, "text": "Labour Force Survey 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 905, "end": 928, "text": "Labor Force Survey 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improves as more sightings occur in non-advantaged million new reports per day . The following section tests alphahull boundary mapping from the current provided by existing expert maps . GBIF species and the smaller inventory of expert range maps , with two primary objectives . The first is incorporating more species into an expanded view of global biodiversity . The second is assessing the relationship between GBIF occurrence maps and expert range maps that may “ undershoot ” if their This final condition may seem redundant , since the initial condition is exclusion of species with fewer than five unique occurrences since 1970 . However , a species can pass the initial condition but fail the final one because the alphahull algorithm may exclude an outlier point or two from its computation of the bounded area .", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 247, "text": "expert range maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 PID ( ii ) establishment of an Environmental and Social Unit for mineral activities at MEMD , which will be conducted as part of project implementation , during which MEMD will formalize the creation of this unit , and provide necessary staffing and adequate budget , for its headquarters operations and development of skills to be decentralized towards the regional levels ; ( iii ) environmental baseline information for key potential mining areas , which will be developed under the proposed project , with emphasis to be placed on the most promising areas , to ensure availability and adequacy of data that can be provided to the private sector , for the preparation of environmental assessment ( EA ) studies and / or monitoring the development impact of mining activities in the near future ; ( iv ) public participation in mineral projects , which is at the conceptual level , and will have to evolve with initial emphasis on existing artisanal and small-scale mining activities , until the emergence of an specific pipeline of prospects for larger scale mining ; and ( v ) lack of experience in evaluating socio-economic impacts of mineral projects , which again will require an initial focus on existing artisanal and small-scale mining activities , until the determination of specific prospects for larger scale mining . The above mentioned issues will be addressed principally through an update of the existing Sector Environmental and Social Assessment ( SESA ) , which was developed by the Government during project preparation . This update will be conducted over the first year of the proposed project , and will improve on its comprehensiveness and detail focusing particularly on : ( i ) review of the status of the environmental legal , regulatory and institutional frameworks conceming the mineral sector ; ( ii ) examination of the evolution of the mineral sector from an environmental perspective , including analysis of past and existing mining activities ; ( iii ) preparation of environmental baseline studies in areas considered likely to attract potential investors for exploration and mineral development , including initial assessments of natural , social and mineral sector background data , and delineation of possible physical and socio-economic impacts", "spans": [{"start": 2169, "end": 2220, "text": "natural , social and mineral sector background data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # other languages more than 1 % . # # # # * * Dima Woreda * * Dimma is one of the woredas found in the Anywa Zone of Gambela Regional State . The woreda is located in the southeastern part of the region bordered on the south by the Akobo River which separates it from South Sudan , on the west and north by the Southern Nations , Nationalities and People , on the northeast by Gurafarda Woreda and the Gilo River defines part of its northern boundary . The administrative center of the woreda is Dimma . The terrain of the woreda is hilly , with significant forest coverage and the western part is flat with an elevation ranging from 300 to 400 meters above sea level . Akobo River is an important river in this woreda . According to the 2017 CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia , the woreda has a total population of 11 , 409 of whom 6 , 472 are men and 4937 are women . From the total population 7 , 416 ( 65 % ) are living in rural areas . Majority of the rural dwellers in this woreda are Muslim pastoralist . A notable landmark is the gold mine which occupies the woreda south west of the Akobo river . The economy of Dimma woreda is predominantly agricultural and gold mining . # # # # * * Lare Woreda * * Lare is one of the woredas in Gambella regional state found in Nuer Zone . It is bordered to the south and east by the Anyuak Zone , to the west by the Baro River and to the north by Jikawo River , which separates it from South Sudan and to the west by Itang special woreda . The land of Lare comprises of marshes and grasslands . The woreda annual average rainfall is ranging from 1 , 900 – 2 , 100 millimeters and its elevations range from 410 to 430 meters above sea level . Part", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 786, "text": "2017 CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 21-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 01-May-2018 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | L < br >  Improved environment | al and social management capa | city at local level ( Number , Cu | stom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 200 . 00 | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 21-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 01-Nov-2017 | | Comments < br > Preparation is underway t | o achieve this target . | | | | | L < br >  Lowest-performing wo | redas based on PFM Benchmar | king Rating are supported for | FM reform ( Text , Custom | ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | Bench marking process < br > started but not yet < br > completed and fully < br > verified . | Bench marking process < br > is completed and < br > verification is being < br > finalized - poor < br > performing woreda < br > targeting for reform is < br > due Nov 2017 . | MoFEC < br > supports the < br > lowest - < br > performing < br > woredas for < br > capacity < br > building , based < br > on a completed < br > evaluation of < br > the woreda < br > PFM < br > Benchmarking < br > Rating | | Date |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While refugees have little access to ‘ found fuel ’ in arid Kebribeyah , in Assosa there are cheaper , low-grade cooking fuel options available around the camps . At the time of writing , Gaia Association had distributed only 300 ethanol stoves in Assosa , meaning that most of the 7 , 000 – 8 , 000 households in the two target camps will need to purchase a stove in addition to fuel . For those reasons , the marketbased approach in Assosa will be much more dependent on the UNHCR voucher system . Also , although ethanol can meet most cooking needs , Sudanese cooking styles require a second , larger stove for certain tasks . To meet this need , and because of the availability of appropriate abandoned biomass resources around the camps , Gaia has also introduced a briquette-burning stove and briquette production workshop . Briquette production has the added benefits of clearing fire-hazard grasses , and of creating a supply chain for the local host community to provide feedstock . User acceptance of the briquette stove was assessed through surveys conducted in late 2017 by Gaia Association and local UNHCR field offices . # # # A new set of challenges Over the past 13 years , Gaia Association has met and overcome numerous challenges . These have included essentially establishing a supply chain and market for ethanol from scratch ; and dealing with inconsistent production supply , which locked the NGO out of large-scale carbon financing and threatened previous attempts at demand creation for a sustainable commercial ethanol market outside the camps . However , having had excess ethanol supply for the past three years , Gaia no longer worries about the scale of its programme exceeding that of production . It has built storage facilities in the camps , with 500 , 000 litres of storage capacity . This consistent 26 movingenergy . earth", "spans": [{"start": 1052, "end": 1082, "text": "surveys conducted in late 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Conclusions * * We learn two things from this analysis . First , ( contrary to previous work ) we find that the CF allocations have , in fact , been successful in inducing entry into lagging regions , conditioning on the location of firms ’ headquarters . This result however , can be easily lost among the confounding effects of local unobservables that are negatively correlated with CF allocations . It is hard to capture these determinants of entry with available data describing agglomeration attributes , but without properly accounting for these factors , there is a bias toward finding a negative effect of the CF ’ s . The RAIS data , which describe spatial entry behavior on an annual basis , provide a unique opportunity to overcome this problem non-parametrically . Second , we learn that , while the CF ’ s were successful , headquarter proximity is a significant determinant of entry behavior ( conditional upon having a parent ) that works to offset this success . Simply “ turning-off ” the effect of parent firm location significantly raises overall entry into lagging regions . These effects are , moreover , likely a lower bound on the effect of removing the pull of firm headquarters if we believe that there are positive spillovers between entrants . The conclusions of this paper for policy-makers are , unfortunately , limited . While we find that the CF ’ s were successful in inducing firms to locate in Brazil ’ s lagging regions ( and that the CF ’ s may yield more “ bang for the buck ” if they are used to induce entry by firms ’ headquarters into those regions ) , we are unable to determine whether the CF ’ s were good policy or not . In further research , we plan to move from the limited question of “ do subsidies affect firm location decisions ” to the more policy-relevant > 18 These findings are consistent with Lall , Funderburg , and Yepes ( 2005 ) who examine the effect of transport costs and agglomeration economies on manufacturing wages in Brazil . They find that while wages are higher 25", "spans": [{"start": 642, "end": 651, "text": "RAIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "socio economic infrastructure including markets and public parks , 9 percent are storm water drainage infrastructure , and 7 percent are disaster management and solid waste infrastructure . As of September 2023 reporting period , over 88 percent of these investments are completed or substantially complete and in use , with 95 % , 92 % and 70 % completed and operation under FY 18 / 19 , FY 19 / 20 and FY 20 / 21 financing tranches respectively . Only 33 infrastructure investments are ongoing , with half being over 90 % complete and all of the ongoing works above 50 % completion . Most works are expected to be completed by December 31 , 2023 , with commitments from County Governments to finalize any outstanding works as soon as possible , as part of the Government Program this operation supports . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P156777 | IDA-61340 | Effective | USD | 300 . 00 | 291 . 42 | 8 . 58 | 291 . 03 | 0 . 39 | 100 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P156777 | IDA-61340 | Effective | 26-Jul-2017 | 14-Se | p-2017 | 11-Jan-2018 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a good financial management system , as i s expected from a financial institution . NBE uses International Financial Reporting Standards in preparing its financial statements . NBE ’ s accounts for the year ended _7_ July 2005 are being audited by external auditors . NBE normally issues its audited financial statements six months after the end o f each fiscal year ( see Annex _7 ) . _ 50 . One Special Account ( SA ) in United States Dollar will be opened in the NBE . World Bank ’ s share o f eligible expenditures will be paid from the SA . Replenishment o f the SA will be based on Quarterly Financial Monitoring Reports ( FMRs ) , based on the agreed format . The external auditors o f the project will include the movement o f the SA in their annual audit . * * 5 * * 1 . The financial transactions o f the project will be included in the annual accounts o f the NBE . The notes to accounts o f the NBE audited accounts will show the financial 15", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 626, "text": "Quarterly Financial Monitoring Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "materials and energy ) as deviations from a single reference point . As the reference point , the index uses a hypothetical plant operating in the base time period ( the first year of the data being 1983 ) and having average input cost shares , average logarithm of inputs and average logarithm of output . The index is calculated separately for each 4-digit ISIC sector . The key input for our indicator of services sector policy restrictiveness is obtained from the OECD FDI regulatory restrictiveness index , disaggregated by type of restriction and by sector of activity . Input-output data allows us to generate an index of restrictiveness that varies at the level of each manufacturing sector , defined at the 2-digit ISIC 3 disaggregation ( a precise description of the method is presented in the subsection that follows ) . Data on tariffs were obtained from the TRAINS database of the United Nations , and here again , input-output tables were used to calculate input tariffs and output tariffs . > 10 We thank Beata Javorcik from sharing the STATA program to calculate this index . 9", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 594, "text": "Input-output data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 886, "text": "TRAINS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Digital Economy Acceleration Project ( P170941 ) Moreover , the COVID-19 emergency has illustrated the role that digital tools and platforms can play in boosting economic resilience and supporting government , individuals and businesses to cope with social distancing , ensure business continuity , and prevent service interruptions . The project will provide a key contribution to the WBG ’ s support for the medium and long-term response to COVID-19 in Kenya . # * * C . Proposed Development Objective ( s ) * * * * Proposed MPA Program Development Objective ( PrDO ) : * * To support the digital transformation of the Kenyan Economy and Government as a driver of growth and job creation , resilience and improved public service delivery # * * Proposed Project Development Objective ( PDO ) * * Phase 1 ( FY 2021 ) : Expanding digital inclusion and fostering development of the infrastructure , institutions and capabilities for the economy , jobs and government of the future Phase 2 ( FY 2024 ) : Contributing to a technology and data enabled transformation of public services and spurring digitally enabled innovation and commerce in strategic sectors Key Results ( From PCN ) # * * Phase 1 PDO will be measured by the results indicators below : * * - a . People provided with new or enhanced access to internet ( of which , % female ) - b . Percentage of schools with access to internet for pedagogical purposes - c . Percentage of health centres with access to internet - d . Percentage of secondary school graduates demonstrating intermediate digital skills competency ( of which , % female ) - e . Adoption of shared service architecture framework within MDAs - f . Percentage of civil servants utilizing the Unified Communication System for official communications # * * Phase 2 PDO will be measured by the results indicators below : * * - a . % of users satisfied with digital services ( citizen engagement indicator – results will feed back into service refinements ) - b . Volume of transactions on shared digital services platform (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "” _Case Studies on Women ’ s Employment and Pay in Latin America_ . Washington , DC , United States : World Bank ( 1992a ) . * * Arends , Mary . * * “ Female labor force participation and wages : A case study of Panama . ” _Case Studies on Women ’ s Employment and Pay in Latin America_ . Washington , DC , United States : World Bank ( 1992b ) . * * Becker , Gary . * * “ The economics of discrimination . ” _The University of Chicago Press : Chicago , IL_ ( 1957 ) . * * Berg , Andrew , and Anne O . Krueger . * * “ Trade , growth , and poverty : a selective survey . ” In _Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics_ ( 2003 ) : 47-91 , World Bank . * * Bertrand , Marianne . * * “ New perspectives on gender . ” In _Handbook of Labor Economics_ , vol . 4 , pp . 15431590 . Elsevier , 2011 . * * Blau , Francine D . , Marianne A . Ferber , and Anne E . Winkler . * * “ The economics of women , men and work . ” _Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs , NJ_ ( 2013 ) . * * Caceres , Luis Rene . * * “ Economic openness and stagnation in Central America . ” _Journal of Developing Areas_ 51 . 1 ( 2017 ) : 373-389 . * * CEDLAS , and the World Bank . * * “ Socio-economic database for Latin America and the Caribbean _ . ” Centro de Estudios Distributivos , Laborales y Sociales , _ Facultad de Ciencias Economicas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina ; _the World Bank , _ Washington DC ( 2019 ) . * * Chant , Sylvia . * * “ Men in crisis ? Reflections on masculinities , work and family in north-west Costa Rica . ” _European Journal of Development Research_ 12 , no . 2 ( 2000 ) : 199-218 . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the past several years the WorldPop project , < sup > 14 < / sup > based at the University of Southampton , has produced gridded population maps for dozens of countries , which detail the estimated population per 100 square meters . < sup > 15 < / sup > WorldPop has also produced gridded poverty estimates at a 1 kilometer resolution for a small number of countries using a similar method based on household survey data . In collaboration with the Flowminder Foundation , WorldPop is now beginning to integrate CDR-derived features into the same framework . While relatively little information has been published on this approach , it has the advantage of being able to incorporate all of the relevant data into a single format . The resulting maps should not only be highly accurate , but also as consistent as possible with the underlying datasets . One caveat to the WorldPop approach is that the inclusion of the poverty dimension is still in an early stage , and it is not clear how these maps are validated , since by design they should closely correlate with survey-based poverty estimates . < sup > 16 < / sup > # * * Using CDR Data for Poverty Mapping * * As technical approaches to using CDRs for poverty mapping continue to evolve , a number of challenges will need to be addressed in order to operationalize this methodology as a practical tool for policy analysis . Several of these challenges are described below . A range of other legal and ethical issues are considered in a separate World Bank / Data-Pop Alliance white paper . < sup > 17 < / sup > # # * * _Validation and Transparency_ * * Validation is more complicated for CDR models than it is for survey-based techniques . Survey instruments are relatively transparent . They can be inspected , and quantitative and qualitative fieldwork performed both before and after data collection can build confidence . Spatial and temporal inconsistencies can be checked , and in rare cases overlapping surveys can be crosschecked . As a result , well-established survey programs such as the Demographic and Health Surveys and Living Standards Measurement Study are often treated as close to the ground truth .", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 424, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1137, "end": 1145, "text": "CDR Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 emissions . The model presented in this section was developed by Heil and Selden ( 1998 ) , following Holtz-Eakin and Selden ( 1995 ) in predicting per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) and using the projections to develop business-as-usual scenarios of per capita emissions . < sup > 3 < / sup > Emissions are modeled as a quadratic function of GDP ( the cubic term in levels was not significant ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > Data for carbon dioxide emissions ( 1951-92 ) come from the sixth release of the DOE NDP-030 data set of the U . S . Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( Boden , Marland , and Andres 1995 ) . These data include all major sources of anthropogenic carbon emissions , except those from land-use changes which are not sufficiently developed to be included in this study . ' PPP-adjusted GDP figures ( 1951-92 ) are provided by the Penn World Tables Mark 5 . 6 ( Summers and Heston 1991 ) . The resulting uneven panel includes 135 countries ( 4491 observations ) representing nearly 90 percent of world population and three-fourths of carbon emissions from fossil fuel use and cement manufacture . < sup > 6 < / sup > Denoting per capita emissions ( in kgs ) by p , and per capita PPP-adjusted GDP by _y , , , _ the estimated emissions model is ( standard errors in parentheses ) : R < sup > 2 < / sup > = 0 . 84 n = 4491 where a , are fixed country effects and d , fixed year effects ( see Heil and Selden 1998 for estimation 3See Schmalensee , Stoker , and Judson ( 1998 ) for an alternative model for predicting carbon emissions based on GDP . 4The model used here for distribution analysis is the baseline quadratic in levels model . The quadratic in logarithms model yields considerably less convergence in per capita emissions over the forecasting period , but the authors believe the levels model more accurately represents future trajectories ( Heil and Selden 1998 ) . 5The omission of land-use emissions alters both the emissions totals and distributions . In general , the lower income countries currently have higher", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 528, "text": "DOE NDP-030 data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 849, "end": 866, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "generated from IFMIS | & submitted to OAG ( Perc | entage , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 10 . 00 | 15 . 00 | 15 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Jan-2020 | 30-Jan-2020 | 30-Jun-2022 | | Comments | Refer to DLR5 . 1 for i | nformation on progress | | | | Strengthened Fiduciary Assurance and Transparency < br > ~ ~ IN00901098 ~ ~ < br > ► IRI 6 . 1 : MDAs can access multi-year itemized & facility level budget & outturn data in IFMIS ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Jan-2020 | 30-Jan-2020 | 30-Jun-2022 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00901103 ~ ~ | Refer to DLR6 . 1c fo | r information on progress . | | | | ► IRI 6 . 2 : UAT of onlin | e pub interface providing search | able info on progs , projects & tr | ansfers to SDU ( Yes / No , | Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Jan-2020 | 30-Jan -", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 20, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . RESULTS * * # * * 5 . 1 . TRADE SPECIALIZATION * * First , we examine the outcomes when only financial sector development , proxied by the private credit to GDP ratio , is considered . The association between financial sector development with both sector-level external finance dependence ( � � � � � � ) and asset tangibility ( � � � ) are included in the regression . The interaction terms with these two sector-specific requirements capture different mechanisms . The interaction term with � � � � � � captures how industries highly reliant on external financing benefit more from financial sector development since financing from sources outside the firm becomes less costly relative to the firm ’ s own funds . The interaction term with � � � reflects the agency problem and the preference towards lending to firms that have tangible ( i . e , . physical ) assets to offer as collateral . Table 3 display estimates for equation ( 2 ) using the share of exports per sector as the dependent variable . Results for trade specialization are shown using data from both the BACI and the EDD . The BACI data contains many more MENA countries than the EDD data set . Results in columns ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) yield similar results to Beck ( 2003 ) , a significant correlation is found between sectorlevel external finance dependence and a country ’ s financial sector development . The interpretation being that for a sector with a given level of external finance dependence , the share of exports from that sector is higher in countries where the financial sector is more developed . This result holds irrespective of the export data source , though the effect is much smaller using BACI data than the EDD , possibly reflecting the different country and temporal coverage of the data sets . Results from columns ( 2 ) and ( 4 ) are also consistent with Hur , Raj , and Riyanto ’ s ( 2006 ) study , which examines both sector level external finance dependence and asset tangibility . The summary statistics in Table 3 ( lower section ) shows that sector-level dependencies and private credit to", "spans": [{"start": 1684, "end": 1693, "text": "BACI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1703, "end": 1706, "text": "EDD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "section outlines the main features of the datasets . # # * * 3 . 1 U . S . Manufacturing firms Across Industries and Time * * The CM is conducted every five years and the empirical part of this paper makes use of CM information from 1992 , 1997 , and 2002 . < sup > 11 < / sup > The unit of observation for the Census is a manufacturing establishment , or plant , and it contains detail information on inputs and output of all establishments . < sup > 12 < / sup > For 1992 and 1997 , plants are classified at the four-digit Standard Industrial Classification level ( SIC4 ) . In 2002 , industry classification changed to the 6-digit North American Industry Clas - > ones for which differentiation and variety is important . > 10See Bernard et al . ( 2009 ) for a complete description of the LFTTD and its construction . For an extensive discussion of the LBD see Jarmin and Miranda ( 2002 ) . > 11Though CM data are available for earlier periods , I cannot use them because export information on the LFTTD is not available . > 12The CM imputes input usage data for small manufactures , referred to in the data as “ administrative records ” . As it is customary in the U . S . microdata research — see Bernard , Redding and Schott ( 2010 ) — , these observations are excluded from the analysis . 10", "spans": [{"start": 905, "end": 912, "text": "CM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "growing sectors would be located within the TPP-RCEP block , excluding the United States , the European Union , and China . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 10 . Sectoral decomposition of exports in 2030 < br > ( percentage point differences with respect to baseline ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > EU-IDN FTAAP TPP-15 < br > Agriculture < br > Natural resources / mining < br > Food , beverages , tobacco < br > Textiles < br > Wearing apparel and leather < br > Chemical , rubber , plastic products < br > Metals < br > Transport equipment < br > Electronic equipment < br > Machinery and equipment nec < br > Other manufacturing < br > Utilities < br > Construction < br > Trade and transport < br > Finance and other business services < br > Communication and business services nec < br > Social services < br > - 5 0 5 - 5 0 5 - 5 0 < br > USA Other TPP TPP / RCEP joint members China Other RCEP members EU Rest of World < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Productivity kick The results described above do not incorporate gains in productivity due to trade liberalization and increased openness as the analysis only captures the reallocation of production to the most efficient sectors . However , several studies ( e . g . , Topalova , 2004 ; Amiti and Konings , 2007 ; Yu , 2015 ) show that lower import tariffs for final goods increase firms ’ productivity by inducing tougher import competition , while cheaper intermediates can improve productivity via learning , variety and quality effects . In particular , Amiti and Konings ( 2007 ) find that a 10 percentage point fall in input tariffs leads to a productivity gain of 12 percent for Indonesian manufacturing firms that import their inputs . For Chinese manufacturing firms , Yu ( 2015 ) illustrates that a 10 percentage point fall in output ( input ) tariffs leads to a productivity gain of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply # * * 1 . Introduction * * Providing adequate fuel for household and institutional use in displacement settings is a significant challenge for local authorities , humanitarian agencies , local communities and refugees . The Moving Energy Initiative ( MEI ) estimates that forcibly displaced families living in camps are burning 64 , 700 acres of forest ( equivalent to 49 , 000 football pitches ) each year . < sup > 5 < / sup > In many displacement settings , a crisis point is being reached in which firewood from the local environment is no longer available and no alternatives exist . There are also significant health risks associated with household air pollution from cooking with solid-biomass fuels ( e . g . wood and charcoal ) ; in nearly all cases , these risks are not addressed by the introduction of fuel-efficient stoves . People living in and around refugee camps and settlements often have little income , and the remote nature of these settings limits access to more modern energy products and services . At the same time , people in these settings are engaging in markets and using what little income they have to purchase traditional fuels for cooking . The MEI survey in Kakuma I estimated that 17 per cent of refugees ’ median income is spent on cooking , amounting to $ 4 . 99 per month , or more than is spent on lighting and phone-charging combined . A study by the Technical University of Denmark ( DTU ) found that 53 per cent of refugees in Nyarugusu , Tanzania , were spending nearly half their monthly capped income ( $ 12 out of $ 27 legally allowed employment income ) on cooking fuel . < sup > 6 < / sup > Within this context , the MEI set out to investigate innovative models that could be used to scale up the distribution and consumption of non-wood cooking fuels , focusing in particular on the Kakuma complex in north-west Kenya . Research from the", "spans": [{"start": 1271, "end": 1293, "text": "MEI survey in Kakuma I", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 Literature review * * A common approach to testing the convergence hypothesis is the _β_ - convergence that relies on whether poorer countries grow faster . It can be tested by using country-level cross-sectional or panel data : where _y_ represents per capita income in country _i_ and time _t_ , < sup > 2 < / sup > _τ > _ 0 , and _ε_ is an error term . Empirically , testing for convergence entails conducting a test of the null hypothesis _β_ = 0 against the alternative _β < _ 0 ( Johnson and Papageorgiou 2020 ) . This test presumes that initial per capita income contains sufficient information to capture countries ’ initial conditions . If the null hypothesis is rejected , this provides support to the _β_ - convergence hypothesis . Specifically , it implies the occurrence of unconditional convergence in that there is no effect of initial conditions in the long run . However , several studies show that initial per capita income is not a sufficient statistic to determine convergence , and therefore , other factors such as geography , human capital , and institutions need to be accounted for in characterizing income growth . < sup > 3 < / sup > This is called conditional convergence and can be tested as in equation 1 after introducing controls ( _Ci , t − τ_ ) and country fixed effects ( _λi_ ) : Another approach to testing for convergence is the _σ_ - convergence depending on whether crosscountry dispersion in per capita income falls over time . That is , between two different points in time _t_ and _t_ + _τ_ where _τ > _ 0 , the presence of _σ_ - convergence yields _σt_ < sup > 2 < / sup > < sup > _ > σ_ < / sup > _t_ < sup > 2 < / sup > + _τ_ < sup > , where < / sup > < sup > _σ_2isthecross - < / sup > country dispersion in per capita income . It is important to note that _β_ - convergence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for _σ_ - convergence . < sup > 4 < / sup > Empirically , testing for", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 234, "text": "country-level cross-sectional or panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ASTRAL SURVEY A < br > ND DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC < br > AL SURVEY OF 8 SELECTED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN < br > MOMBASA AND KWALE COUN < br > TIES - LOT VI CLUSTER 1 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2022-09-08 < br > 2 | 022-10-1 | 8 < br > 2022-09-29 < br > 2023 - | 02-14 < br > 2022-11-12 < br > 2023-06-15 | 2022-12-10 < br > 2023-0 | 7-25 < br > 2023-01-09 < br > 20 | 23-0 | 9-18 < br > 2023-02-13 < br > 20 | 23-10-31 | 2023-03-20 | 2023-1 | 1-27 < br > 2024-09-10 | | KE-MOTI-312110-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES TO < br > UNDERTAKE PHYSICAL PLAN < br > NING , CADASTRAL SURVEY A < br > ND DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC < br > AL SURVEY OF 9 SELECTED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN B < br > ARINGO AND NANDI - LOT VI < br > CLUSTER 2 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The need to protect vulnerable assets against natural disasters is apparent and one of the first steps towards achieving this is the understanding of how vulnerable assets are exposed to hazards . In this report , we make use of an accurate dataset to identify the number and locations of Chinese wastewater treatment plants exposed to changing probabilities flooding in the context of climate change , as well as those plants that are exposed to significant earthquakes . We limit wastewater network impacts to treatment plant facilities , ignoring any conveyance infrastructure , overflows , and pumping assets located upstream . Further to this analysis , we calculate the number of users each WWTP asset serves , according to population and usage data . Only direct outage , i . e . those caused directly by the hazard are considered . Outages caused by dependent infrastructures , such as to electricity networks supplying the WWTPs are not considered herein . # * * 2 . Methodology and Data * * To examine how China ’ s WWTPs are exposed to flooding and earthquakes , we intersect their spatial locations with hazard and susceptibility maps . We present detailed methodology below . # * * 2 . 1 . Wastewater Treatment Plants and Users * * We firstly assemble a data set for wastewater treatment works ( 2 , 743 assets ) from the Chinese Ministry of the Environment ( Ministry of the Environment , 2013 ) . The dataset contains full name of the treatment plant , daily capacity , actual amount of wastewater treated and city information . As we do not know the exact location for each plant , we resort to a thorough process of searching plant addresses online and geocoding these in Google Earth and / or Baidu to our database . We then validate this dataset with Google Satellite Images to verify their exact locations . Unfortunately , the location information of several of these treatment plants is either missing or inaccurate , with sometimes the stated plants locations being kilometers away from their actual locations as seen by satellite imagery . As such , we were able to locate 1 , 346 WWTPs , out of the orginial number 2 , 743 . It is noted that the", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 755, "text": "population and usage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1267, "end": 1306, "text": "data set for wastewater treatment works", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1770, "end": 1793, "text": "Google Satellite Images", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "” include the results from the regressions with the dichotomous variable that identifies exposure to a shock in the current period ( irrespective of potential exposure to past weather shocks ) . The columns that are labeled as “ 2 ” show the results from the regressions with the dichotomous variables that identify exposure to a shock ( i ) _only_ in the current period and ( ii ) in consecutive periods . We report the results for each variable using these two specifications , first for the IHPS sample and then for the FIAS sample . > 21 Full results are found in Online Appendix 5 . 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 . 9 | 69 . 9 | | EU15 | 64 . 3 < br > 7 . 7 | 69 . 7 | - Data not available Note : Labor Force Survey data Definitions : Working-age population : 15-64 Labor force = employed plus unemployed ( aged 15 + ) Labor force participation rate = labor force 15-64 as a percentage of working age population Employment rate = employed 15-64 as a percentage of working age population Unemployment rate = unemployed as a percentage of the labor force 7", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 103, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B . 6 : Missing municipalities : budget execution < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Commitment < br > 10 . 0 < br > 7 . 5 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Verification < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Payment < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > CE MG PB PE PR RS SP < br > 20032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022 < br > % < br > % < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage of municipalities by year for which we do not have data in the budget execution dataset . Data from RS are restricted between 2009 and 2020 to avoid distorting the graph . In 2008 , commitment data are unavailable for over one third of the municipalities from RS , whereas in 2021 we only have data for 12 % of the municipalities . 53", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 595, "text": "budget execution dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 690, "end": 705, "text": "commitment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "tables in STEP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Their livelihood is threatened mainly by the dwindling access to land and natural resources on which they depend either as pastoralists or as hunter-gatherers . It should be emphasized , however , that although the law in Uganda does not expressly recognize these , it makes provision for addressing some of the negative effects arising from ethnic vulnerability and imbalances . INVITE project will therefore devise measures for inclusion of the groups of people categorized as vulnerable and marginalized in its project activities . # # * * 1 . 20 Employment * * According to 2016 / 17 Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) , Uganda ’ s working age population stood at 19 , 104 , 000 of which 78 . 8 % were working . The largest proportion of the population ( 65 % ) being employed in agriculture . The rest are engaged in trade , manufacturing , transport etc . Women made up 44 . 4 % of the working population ( Uganda National Household Survey , UNHS , 2017 ) . Uganda will also need to take steps to avoid the pool of unemployed or underemployed becoming larger . The economy needs to generate demand for at least 600 , 000 new jobs each year between 2020 and 2030 . < sup > 3 < / sup > Small and young firms in Uganda play a key role in employment creation – registered firms , five years and younger , account for over 50 percent of formal employment . In addition , 3 . 1 million household enterprises provide self-employment and employment for family members , the majority ( 56 . 2 percent ) of which operate a service business ( trade , construction , and so on ) , with a substantial proportion ( 20 . 3 percent ) engaged in manufacturing activities and agro-processing activities . Businesses in agricultural production ( excluding smallholder farm families working on their own farms ) , food and beverage processing , and food and beverage services retail accounted for more than a quarter of all formal business employment in 2010 . < sup > 4 < / sup > # # * * 1", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 620, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Compared to other large apparel exporters , only a small part of value in exports is embodied in wages ( see Figure 3 ) . Lesotho remains stuck in a low-wage , low-skill , low-linkage segment with many foreign firms ( especially from Asia ) investing little in skills training or in developing backward linkages to domestic suppliers ( Morris and Staritz 2016 ) . * * Figure 3 : Textile / apparel labor value added as share of total export value * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Cambodia 14 . 5 < br > Lesotho 16 . 4 < br > Viet Nam 17 . 0 < br > Malaysia 19 . 1 < br > Honduras 21 . 2 < br > El Salvador 26 . 6 < br > Mauritius 29 . 7 < br > Egypt 30 . 1 < br > South Africa 41 . 7 < br > Bangladesh 44 . 9 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Lesotho ’ s Social-Accounting Matrix and LACEX database According to the country ’ s recent input-output table ( 2011 ) , unskilled labor makes up 87 % of labor value added in textile and apparel exports ( Figure 4 ) . This indicates that sustaining apparel exports – or similar types of jobs – is essential to poverty reduction in Lesotho . * * Figure 4 : Direct and indirect contribution of skilled and unskilled workers to labor value added in exports ( 2011 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Direct - Skilled Direct - Unskilled Indirect - Skilled Indirect - Unskilled < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Lesotho ’ s Social-Accounting Matrix", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 851, "text": "Social-Accounting Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 856, "end": 870, "text": "LACEX database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the first valuable contribution by challenging the commonly held view that country-specific standards act as a barrier to trade whereas harmonized standards encourage trade . < sup > 2 < / sup > In a gravity framework , the author uses a panel data set with data on country-specific and bilaterally standards for 471 industries in 12 OECD countries during the period 1980-1995 . He finds that bilateral share standards are favorable to trade while country-specific standards tend to hinder trade in simple goods ( including agricultural products , food , beverages , and mineral fuels ) and promote trade in complex goods ( like machinery and electronics ) . The author then offers an explanation for the divergent effect of country-specific standards based on the dual impact of standards in production and trade costs : While standards may impose additional costs on exporters as it maybe necessary to adapt products for specific markets ( cost-effect ) , they also can reduce exporter ’ s information cost if they convey relevant market information which would be costly to gather in the absence of the standard ( informational-effect ) . Moenius ( 2004 ) results imply that the cost-effect outweighs the informational-effect for simple products while the opposite is true for complex products . In > 2Moenius ’ work focuses mostly in bilateral harmonization of standards rather than in international harmonization of standards . 3", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 252, "text": "panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * MACROPRUDENTIAL STRESS TESTING OF CREDIT RISK : A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR POLICY MAKERS * * < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > DANIEL BUNCIC < sup > ¶ < / sup > MARTIN MELECKY < sup > § < / sup > * * Abstract * * Drawing on the lessons from the global financial crisis and especially from its impact on the banking systems of Eastern Europe , the paper proposes a new practical approach to macroprudential stress testing . The proposed approach incorporates : ( i ) macroeconomic stress scenarios generated from both a country specific statistical model and historical cross-country crises experience ; ( ii ) indirect credit risk due to foreign currency exposures of unhedged borrowers ; ( iii ) varying underwriting practices across banks and their asset classes based on their relative aggressiveness of lending ; ( iv ) higher correlations between the probability of default and the loss given default during stress periods ; ( v ) a negative effect of lending concentration and residual loan maturity on unexpected losses ; and ( vi ) the use of an economic risk weighted capital adequacy ratio as the relevant outcome indicator to measure the resilience of banks to materializing credit risk . The authors apply the proposed approach to a set of Eastern European banks and discuss the results . * * Keywords : * * Macroprudential Supervision , Stress Test , Individual Bank Data , Eastern Europe . * * JEL Classification : * * G28 , E58 , G21 . * * Sectoral Board : * * Financial Sector ( FSE ) . > _ ∗ _ We thank Martin ˇCih ́ ak , Joaquin Gutierrez and Mar ́ ıa Soledad Mart ́ ınez Per ́ ıa for comments on an earlier draft of this paper . The views and opinions expressed in the paper are those of the authors and do not reflect those of the World Bank or its Executive Directors . > _ ¶ _ Institute of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St . Gallen , Bodanstrasse 6 , 9000 St . Gallen , Switzerland . Tel : + 41 ( 71 ) 224 2604 . Email : daniel . buncic @ unisg . ch . Web", "spans": [{"start": 1358, "end": 1378, "text": "Individual Bank Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "following the same households over time . As a result , there is a significant panel dimension to the household sample . < sup > 12 < / sup > The scope of the survey is quite broad . Households are asked a range of questions regarding political status ( e . g . , household cadre status ) , education , sources of income , labor supply , land use , asset ownership , occupational choice and other household characteristics . Respondent households keep daily diaries of income earnings and expenditures and a resident survey administer / enumerator living in the county seat visits with households once a month to collect information from the diaries . The data set used in our analysis comes from part of the complete RCRE survey . < sup > 13 < / sup > It covers ten provinces ( Shanxi , Jilin , Jiangsu , Zhejiang , Anhui , Henan , Hunan , Guangdong , Sichuan and Gansu ) and spans the period 1986-2003 except 1992 and 1994 as RCRE was unable to conduct the survey in these years because of funding difficulties . As a result , the data set includes 14 , 417 households and has a total of 123 , 867 householdyear observations . RCRE ‘ s sampling is not proportional to provincial rural population . For example , the number of households surveyed in Sichuan is nearly the same as that surveyed in Gansu , despite the fact that Sichuan has a rural population that is nearly five times larger . Thus , in the descriptive statistics presented , we weight by rural population > 12Despite the significant panel dimension , nearly one third of originally selected households were lost to attrition during the period 1986-1999 . This is mainly due to village attrition that occurred during two two-year gaps when RCRE was unable to conduct the survey in 1992 and 1994 because of funding difficulties . To supplement the sample , RCRE replaced lost villages by comparable villages in the same counties . Households lost through attrition were replaced ( at least in principle ) on the basis of random sampling . For a detailed discussion of the RCRE panel data set , including discussions of survey protocol , sampling , attrition", "spans": [{"start": 709, "end": 729, "text": "complete RCRE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2038, "end": 2057, "text": "RCRE panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * A comparison of the distributions of \" true \" income based on EU-SILC and the imputed tax admin income reflects the underreporting of income at lower income quintiles and the underreporting of top incomes in survey data . At the median , the gap between “ true ” and “ reported ” income is 9 % ; thus , tax compliance is 91 % . * * The mean value of income imputed tax income is higher than that of survey income . This results from a significant underreporting of top income in EU-SILC data . If we censor income distribution at the 99 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of the distribution of labor income in EU-SILC data , the mean imputed tax income is lower than survey income . The gap between mean “ reported ” and “ true ” mean income is 6 % . < sup > 12 < / sup > our Due to challenges arising from the underreporting of top incomes in EU-SILC data , < sup > 13 < / sup > preference is to assess tax compliance by comparing median incomes . This approach mitigates complications associated with data discrepancies and provides a clearer perspective on tax compliance levels . * * We present the income distributions in the ( original ) EU-SILC ( gross labor income ) and imputed tax income in the EU-SILC in Figure 1 * * . We censured the distributions at the 99th percentile to keep the graphs readable . The rounding of income is an obvious problem in the EU-SILC data . Many respondents do not provide the exact income value , only a rounded value . When comparing the distribution of income observed in EU-SILC with the imputed tax income , we observe a spike in values corresponding to the minimum wage ( the annual value of minimum wage for the employees without higher education is 5 , 531 EUR , the annual value of minimum wage for the employees in the construction sector is 7 , 441 EUR ) . However , the imputed tax income data spike is significantly higher than that observed in EU-SILC data . The spike in the value of minimum wage may be seen as evidence that the", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 73, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 212, "end": 223, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 846, "end": 858, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1824, "end": 1847, "text": "imputed tax income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poor should not < br > be targeted to take on enterprises that would take a lot of their resources < br > and technical resources , otherwise it would lead to failure of the projects . < br > Some of the enterprises that would not fit the poor are like livestock rearing . < br > Project to consider mindset change training to all beneficiaries as an < br > introduction / initiation to participate in project activities . Many of the < br > community members were said to have poor mindset and would not be < br > transformed if they are funded in the current state . < br > In addition to mindset change , all targeted beneficiaries should also receive < br > financial literacy to enable them to handle and plan better whatever they < br > shall earn . This will also help reduce conflict among group members and < br > most especially in homes . < br > Local content should be enhanced in its actual meaning . It had been < br > observed in other projects that local content provision was available on < br > paper but was never implemented as described on paper . Key supplies were < br > centralized , part of which crippled many of the projects for sample supply of < br > farm inputs like seeds , cuttings and livestock . This will also ensure that the < br > revenue is retained at the community level and not taken out through < br > external service providers . < br > Projects should not break social fiber and networks in the community or take < br > away their responsibility . It should also promote ownership . Example , NAADS < br > gave 5000 / = facilitation for meetings and with that , people never attended < br > meetings thereafter . < br > Potential GBV , VAC , child labor , sexual abuse and exploitation once the < br > projects start * * ( ESS 1 , 2 & 3 ) * * < br > Conduct a baseline survey in the community to ensure the right persons are < br > targeted", "spans": [{"start": 1804, "end": 1819, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 14 Bar charts generated for waterbirds qualifying as critical habitat species using eBird data for Western Uganda ( vertical bars = presence ; orange shading – breeding season ) Wetlands and their surroundings must be carefully inspected by competent ecologists prior to commencement of bidding for the TLs so that any additional measures can be included in the bid documents for compliance by contractors . Wetlands must similarly be inspected prior to construction to confirm the absence of nests at risk . The following inspections are required : - * * Bird inspections * * : Shoebill would be present deep inside the larger wetlands , Gray Crowned Cranes are more likely to occur on the wetland periphery , while the two herons are most likely to occur along the wetland margins . Construction should be delayed if any of the above birds show evidence of breeding , alternatively efforts must be taken to flush all birds from the wetlands prior to construction . - * * Botanical inspections * * : Wetlands must be inspected for the presence of _Aldrovanda vesiculosa_ , an aquatic water plant ( Figure 13 ) . This plant is not rooted and floats within the water column and if present , can be moved to parts of the wetland that are not impacted . Samples can be easily returned during wetland restoration , with no residual impacts expected to these plants . Construction activities must be organized and appropriately resourced with workers and equipment to install TLs across wetland ecosystems at a fast pace and within the shortest possible time period . The Project description states that features installed within wetlands for construction access will be removed post construction and wetlands will be restored to their original condition . Vegetation growth is rapid for most wetland plants and Papyrus is the dominant wetland vegetation which has the capacity to recover rapidly after disturbance . 35", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 101, "text": "eBird data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Issue / Action Category * * | * * Action * * | * * Action implemented / timeline * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | and poor people < br > affected by the Project . | individuals whose names < br > were submitted in < br > addition to the eight < br > individuals already < br > identified by KenGen and < br > communicate the result of < br > this re-assessment . | | | 2 ) Formulate tailor-made < br > programs to ensure < br > livelihood activities for < br > the vulnerable and the | ` - ` KenGen will continue < br > support of RAPland < br > Olkaria Primary Pupils < br > through scholarships . | * * _Completed_ * * | | very poor among the < br > project-affected persons < br > ( as identified through < br > the survey ) are < br > enhanced . | ` - ` KenGen will support < br > vulnerable project - < br > affected persons by < br > linking the elderly and < br > orphans to the national | * * _Completed ( in previous reporting period ) _ * * | | 3 ) Continue to work with < br > disabled project - < br > affected persons to < br > ensure accessibility of < br > houses and facilities < br > provided at RAPland . | < br > government social safety < br > nets as well as linking the < br > Naivasha Sub-county < br > Medical Officer Health < br > with the Kenya Palliative < br > Care Society to train and < br > build capacity of the local < br > health unit and < br > community to administer < br > palliative care . | | | | ` - ` KenGen will consult with < br > every vulnerable < br > household", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 732, "text": "survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * - Aggarwal , Shilpa , Jenny Aker , Dahyeon Jeong , Naresh Kumar , David S . Park , Jonathan Robinson , and Alan Spearot ( 2021 ) . “ The Effect of Cash Transfers and Market Access on Households in Rural Liberia and Malawi . ” AEA RCT Registry . - Ag ̈ uero , Jorge M . , Ursula < sup > ́ < / sup > Aldana , Erica Field , Veronica Frisancho , and Javier Romero ( 2020 ) . “ Is Community-Based Targeting Effective in Identifying Intimate Partner Violence ? ” _AEA Papers and Proceedings_ 110 : 605 – 609 . - Ag ̈ uero , Jorge M . and Veronicar Frisancho ( 2021 ) . “ Measuring Violence Against Women with Experimental Methods . ” _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ . - Chuang , Erica , Pascaline Dupas , Elise Huillery , and Juliette Seban ( 2021 ) . “ Sex , lies , and measurement : Consistency tests for indirect response survey methods . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 148 : 102582 . - Cullen , Claire ( 2020 ) . “ Method Matters : Underreporting of Intimate Partner Violence in Nigeria and Rwanda . ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9274 . - Devries , Karen et al . ( 2013 ) . “ The Global Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women . ” _Science_ 340 ( 6140 ) : 1527 – 1528 . - Ellsberg , Mary , Lori Heise , Rodolfo Pena , Sonia Agurto , and Anna Winkvist ( 2001 ) . “ Researching Domestic Violence against Women : Methodological and Ethical Considerations . ” _Studies in Family Planning_ 32 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 . - Falb , Kathryn et al . ( 2016 ) . “ Implementation of Audio-Computer Assisted Self-Interview ( ACASI ) among adolescent girls in humanitarian settings : feasibility , acceptability , and lessons learned . ” _Conflict and Health_ 10 ( 32 ) . - Fincher , Danielle , Kristin VanderEnde , Kia Colbert , Debra Houry , L . Shakiyla Smith , and Kathryn M . Yount ( 2015 ) . “ Effect of Face-to-Face Interview Versus Computer-Assisted Self-Interview on Disclosure of Intimate Partner Violence Among", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7324 The World Bank | | | | | be completed by June 30 , < br > 2012 . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of sero-prevalence surveys of HPAI | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | 4 . 00 | | and emerging zoonotic diseases | | Date | 08-Apr-2011 | 13-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | | | | Comments | | Surveys for PPR , FMD , < br > Anthrax , CCPP and HPAI < br > have been undertaken | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 28-Jun-2012 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | < br > Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P110207 | IDA-44820 | Effective | 19-Jun-2008 | 10-Oct-2008 | 03-Dec-2009 | 30-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2013 | | P110207 | TF-92919 | Closed | 10-Oct-2008 | 10-Oct-2008 | 10-Oct-2008 | 30-Jun-2011 | 30-Jun-2011 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 182, "text": "sero-prevalence surveys of HPAI", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 429, "end": 458, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", hearing , cognition , self-care , and communication . For the purpose of this report , disability is defined as level 3 and above , indicating significant limitations in functioning ( ‘ a lot of difficulty ’ or ‘ cannot do at all ’ ) . For indicators related to chronic illness and vaccination , respondents self-reported whether they or any household members had a chronic illness and whether children in the household had received measles vaccine . To facilitate trend monitoring , the questionnaires were standardized across all countries , ensuring consistency in the majority of indicators between 2023 and 2024 . Since the 2023 regional survey did not include data from Latvia , Lithuania , and Estonia , 6 . < u > https : / / www . washingtongroup-disability . com / question-sets / wg-short-set-on-functioning-wg-ss / < / u > * * 22 * *", "spans": [{"start": 631, "end": 651, "text": "2023 regional survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ of-way and substation . No locally , regionally or globally endangered plant species will be affected as a result of the proposed subproject activities . - Impact on wildlife including disturbances of Hippopotamus and birds that inhabit in the Tikur Weha River and its shoreline habitat due to construction of the TL . - Impact on avifauna including birds mortality through electrocution and collision with the power line , and displacement of birds due to habitat destruction . - Impact on cultural heritage : the subproject activities are not expected to have impact on archaeological and cultural heritage sites . - Impact on worship places : two mosques located within the power line right-of-way are potentially affected . # # # # * * 0 . 8 Cumulative Impact Assessment * * On the basis of the site survey and information provided by the relevant local administration offices there is a major on-going road development project , namely Arsi Negele - Hawassa express road construction project in the subproject area of influence . The cumulative impacts of the PRIME-1 subproject and the road project have been identified and their significance analysed . The cumulative impact assessment ( CIA ) of the two projects was conducted in November-December 2023 when major road construction works were underway . However , as of February 2025 most of the road construction works including asphalt pavment are completed . Therefore , the CIA of the road and power transmission projects is revised considering that there will be little overlap of the construction stage of the two projects and minimal synergies between them . The summary of the analysis is presented in a table form . The siginificance of cumulative impact of the two infrastructure projects is rated as Moderate for most of the identified potential E & S impacts . According to available information , there are no other known ongoing or", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1009, "text": "site survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 9 : Heath care data | | Problems | Solutions / Assumptions | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Most recent official beneficiary and expenditure < br > information refers to 2008 , while household-level < br > LCMS information refers to 2010 . | * * Main Assumption : * * 2008 spending is representative of < br > 2010 spending . < br >  < br > We deflate the private expenditure data for 2010 < br > ( from the LCMS survey ) and the government < br > expenditure data for 2008 ( from official sources ) and < br > express both in 2009 prices . < br >  < br > We assume that government expenditures ( both in < br > terms of real value and distribution ) remained < br > constant between 2008 and 2010 . < br >  < br > We assume that the number and distribution of < br > beneficiaries by welfare level remained constant < br > between 2008 and 2010 . < br >  < br > We assume that households ‘ healthcare expenditures < br > ( both real value and distribution ) remained equal < br > between 2008 and 2010 . | | 2 | From the survey we know : < br > a ) The number of people who were ill or < br > injured during the 15 days before the survey . < br > b ) The amount spent on healthcare for each < br > individual during the 15 days before the < br > survey . < br > c ) If subject visited a public health facility for < br > treatment . < br > But we do not know : < br > a ) If a reported visit actually took place during < br > the 15 days before the survey or earlier . < br > b ) If a patient visited a health facility other than < br > the reported visit to a hospital < br > c ) The number of visits to hospitals or health < br > posts during the 15 days before the", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 427, "text": "LCMS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dimensions of personality . Taken together , the five first dimensions – Openness , Conscientiousness , Extraversion , Agreeableness and Emotional Stability – are usually referred to as the Big Five Inventory ( BFI ) , which have been shown to approximate the main dimensions used to describe personalities ( John and Srivastava , 1999 ) . Whereas the BFI concerns very broad personality traits , the module also collects data on three other more specific dimensions of behavior – Grit , Decision-Making and Hostility Bias . Interviewees 64", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is , taxpayers outside Dar es Salaam might have been ‘ lying to the taxman . ’ The lack of a behavioral response to this visit supports the notion that the visits were viewed as possible enforcement actions without much credibility to support them . In the absence of further presence , reporting behavior did not change or ( in the case of the Southern Zone ) actually worsened ( frustration over the visit combined with a low credibility of enforcement actually backfired ) . Meanwhile , the finding that compliance improved in areas where tax morale did not improve could reflect a higher ( albeit short-lived ) credibility of enforcement caused by the intervention . Businesses in the Eastern zone of the country are more used to seeing heavier presence of the tax officials in their wards , so the presence of the tax officials at the moment of the survey did not influence their tax morale ( stated , of course ) . However , as it was different from other local presence ( surveying rather than conducting enforcement actions ) , it might have shifted the credibility of enforcement on the margin or alternatively increased the sense of trust , since the local presence was purely observational and no enforcement or quasi-voluntary actions were being take . The endline survey seems to support the second hypothesis , but this is not entirely clear from our analysis of the data . Despite the lack of clarity in our findings , this intervention was meaningful in that it shows the promise and potential challenges in conducting experimentation through a revenue authority that involves face-to-face interaction and steps outside the traditional “ nudge ” framework . Further research is needed to understand how and why local presence in highly centralized revenue administration environments can serve to improve compliance ; in particular , to understand whether increased presence interpreted as enforcement actions versus facilitation of trust-building actions can serve to increase compliance and collection , particularly among SMEs where there is limited cost-effectiveness from heavy handed enforcement interventions . 26", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1283, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # 6 . 2 ICT use in primary livelihood activities While the rest of the global economy has increasingly adopted ICT and the Internet for commerce , trade and industry , the African region lags behind the rest of the world in this regard . ITU figures show that Internet penetration rates for developed countries is estimated at 81 % and 41 % for developing countries ( ITU , 2016c ) . On the other hand the Internet World Stats estimated , for 2016 , Internet penetration rate for Zambia at 20 . 4 % and for the rest of Africa at 28 . 7 % . As of June 2016 , the website estimated Internet use in Africa at 9 . 3 % versus the rest of the world at 90 . 7 % . < sup > 21 < / sup > The Internet is a resource for both households and livelihood activities . Table 6 . 2 shows that in Lusaka , the respondents that reported that someone in their household used the Internet was almost one in two refugees ’ households ( 46 . 4 percent ) ; and one in four ( 25 % ) households reported the use of the Internet in their primary livelihood activities . In Meheba , 38 . 8 percent reported some household members using the Internet but only 11 . 8 percent used it in their livelihood activities ( i . e . communicate with suppliers , customers and business partners ) . The reported lowest Internet use of members of the households was in Mayukwayukwa at 26 . 9 percent ; and 0 . 8 percent in livelihood activities . This would be expected as Mayukwayukwa is the most remote location compared to Meheba . In Lusaka , the Rwandese and Somali communities have the highest Internet penetration rates ( with DRC as the least Internet penetrated group ) . In the settlements , DRC refugees have the highest Internet penetration rates , followed by Burundians ( in Meheba ) and Angolan former refugees were the least . The Internet penetration rates among refugees , when compared to ITU and Internet World", "spans": [{"start": 242, "end": 253, "text": "ITU figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 410, "end": 430, "text": "Internet World Stats", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : Data from Table 1 The probability of shadow employment estimated according to the basic definition is , by design , strongly dependent on the form of contract declared by the respondent in LFS . It significantly increases if the declared employment contract is fixed term . The share of such contracts in Poland was strongly increasing in years 2003-2006 whereas in 2007-2008 it started to stabilize and then decrease . The measured average probability of shadow employment tends to follow the same path . It seems that both of these trends are related to the general developments in the Polish labor market . One has to remember that in 2003 the unemployment rate in Poland was very high reaching on average 19 . 5 % . Then it started to decrease slowly reaching 17 . 8 % in 2005 and 13 . 8 % in 2004 . Then the pace of unemployment rate decrease accelerated even further falling to only 7 . 1 % in 2008 . It seems that the sharp increase of the number of fixed term contracts was one of the deciding factors in the gradual fall of unemployment rate in Poland between 2003 and 2005 . The labor market situation was still difficult and workers were still very likely to accept fixed term jobs . At the same time , companies did not have to compete for workers with better working conditions . After 2006 when the labor market situation started to improve very dynamically , the companies started to offer them better ( more stable ) working conditions and workers were more reluctant to accept fixed term jobs . It is logical to assume that similar patterns of behavior exist also in shadow employment which by most of related literature is assessed as counter-cyclical . On the other hand , the shadow employment proxy constructed without the contract variable does not have any explanatory variable . It shows that as unemployment was falling , more people with low employability started to get jobs . Additionally more jobs were also created in services and construction sectors – traditional hubs of shadow employment . Hence this proxy seems to be naturally ― pro-cyclical ‖ – i . e . it increases as the labor demand grows . It seems", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification * * . Not expected for any works or goods packages in the procurement plan . # * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components : Applicable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "richer than other states . Figure 2 shows the income residual by quintile of population , and we see the very strong income effect in the microstate bottom quintile of population . We also note that the favourable performance of small states carries over to other quality of life indicators . For example , if we in tum use under-five infant mortality and life expectancy at birth as the dependent variable in the above regression , we find that infant mortality is significantly lower in small states by 22 per thousand , while life expectancy is about four years higher . We are not sure why microstates are so much richer than their regional neighbours and have so much better human development indicators , but we see this as a decisive refutation of the macro arguments that microstates suffer from a development disadvantage . Are microstates richer than others , controlling for location , because they save more or because they have a higher productivity level ? We use the Mankiw-Romer-Weil ( 1992 )", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 708, "text": "human development indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "imbalances and exchange rate misalignments ) , fiscal risks ( e . g . rollover and financing risks , market perception of sovereign risk , and sensitivity of the public sector to shocks ) , corporate sector risks ( e . g . leverage and liquidity , and profitability ) , asset price and market valuation ( e . g . real estate and equity market bubbles ) and financial market risk attitudes ( e . g . asset and market volatility and the global financial stability map ) . The second block intends to empirically quantify macro tail risks and worst outcomes , attributing probabilities . Finally , systemic implications from models of cross-border bank contagion and distress dependence framework are drawn from financial market data . Large Complex Financial Institutions and different global scenarios simulations are also considered in this block . Another initiative is the financial stress index ( FSI ) , which aggregates five indicators : the spread of 3 - month interbank rate over government bills for the same maturity , negative quarterly equity returns multiplied by minus one , realized volatility on the equity index , the same indicator for nominal exchange rate , and the volatility of the yield in the 3-month government bill . Duca and Peltonen ( 2011 ) did a “ quartile ” standardization to create an indicator between zero and three , in which higher values mean deeper stress . Then , optimal thresholds for policy interventions are calculated for standalone indicators and probabilities of systemic events . Their results showed that asset price misalignments and credit booms are useful leading indicators for systemic events and that models outperform standalone indicators , as they consider domestic and global macrofinancial vulnerabilities . 31", "spans": [{"start": 709, "end": 730, "text": "financial market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) overtime . The table 5 . 6 below gives data for groundwater samples collected in Kisumu . Routine water quality monitoring is rarely done and data available is from the borehole completion records . * * Table 5 . 6 : Water Quality analysis from selected Kisumu County boreholes . * * * * Source : Kanoti J et al , 2019 * * From the water chemistry perspectives , groundwater is of good quality . However , fluoride levels exceed the WHO limits in a number of borehole ( World health organization , 2017 ) . The recommended maximum is 1 . 5 mg / l . Concentrations above this value carry an increasing risk of dental fluorosis , and much higher concentrations lead to skeletal fluorosis . The nitrate levels are within the WHO limits ( nitrate max 10mg / L ) . Presence of nitrate is an indicator of contamination either through grey water or sanitation ( Kanoti J et al , 2019 ) An inadequate water supply enhances the prevalence of water borne diseases such as typhoid , cholera and diarrhea . Prevalence of these diseases varies from one KISIP site to the other where the high incidence of these diseases could be attributed to people drinking untreated water some directly from the rivers . There could also be the risk of contamination of ground and surface water by sanitation facilities especially during the rainy season when there is flooding . The Table below summarizes disease prevalence as reported in the Kisumu KISIP social economic survey report undertaken as part of the implementation of the KISIP Project . * * Table 5 . 7 : Disease Prevalence in the KISIP Sites * * * * < mark > Type of Disease < / mark > * * # # # # # # * * Source : Kanoti J et al , 2019 * * From the water chemistry perspectives , groundwater is of good quality . However , fluoride levels exceed the WHO limits in a number of", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 389, "text": "borehole completion records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1611, "end": 1653, "text": "Kisumu KISIP social economic survey report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STRONGER DATA , BRIGHTER FUTURES | Protecting Children on the Move with Data and Evidence < ! - - Start of picture text - - > DATA ON MIGRANT STOCK BY AGE < br > REMAIN SCARCE < br > 2017 VS . 2020 < br > Global Africa Global Sub-Saharan < br > Africa < br > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > of countries and of countries and < br > 77 % 71 % < br > territories had territories had < br > age-disaggregated age-disaggregated < br > migrant stock data , migrant stock data , < br > including only including only < br > 57 % in Africa 65 % in sub-Saharan Africa < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division , International Migrant Stock ( 2017 , 2020 ) . Note : Measured as share of countries or areas that had at least one data source on the age of international migrants since the 2010 census round at time of publication . To date , data-related conversations in the framework of the GCM have largely focused on remittances and migrants ’ contributions to host and home communities and incidents of exploitation , such as human trafficking . But children on the move , and the specifics of their data needs , have been notably missing from the discussion . Data-related initiatives in pursuit of the GCM have not done enough to incorporate an evidencebased child-sensitive lens , which is one of the GCM ’ s guiding principles . It is time for this to change . * * A * * s we gather at this important juncture for the GCM and renew our commitment to protecting the rights of all", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 154, "text": "DATA ON MIGRANT STOCK BY AGE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 531, "end": 549, "text": "migrant stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 552, "end": 570, "text": "migrant stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 792, "end": 819, "text": "International Migrant Stock", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 966, "end": 983, "text": "2010 census round", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indices representing the different impacts of governance : for example , Mauro ( 1995 ) use these measures to create an index of governance instability while Knack and Keefer ( 1995 ) select some indicators as being of greatest relevance to the security of private property and the enforceability of contracts . Expanding on surveys designed and implemented by Brunetti , Kisunko and Weder ( 1997 ) , the World Business Environment Survey ( WBES ) of the World Bank surveys firms in more than 75 countries , inquiring about corruption , the quality of government-provided services , and the predictability of laws and policies . Kaufmann et al . ( 1999 ) provide a methodology for constructing indices of perceptions on corruption , by aggregating governance indicators from numerous sources including surveys of enterprises and households . These subjective governance indicators have attained wide usage in the growth and development literature . Its application when discussing the impact of reforms , however , should be very careful . First , ratings may be affected by the expert ' s knowledge of recent economic performance . Second , these measures typically represent conditions facing foreign or large investors , not necessarily those confronting most domestic investors . Subjective risk evaluations remain only partial indicators of the institutional environment that can affect economic performance . An alternative to subjective ratings was proposed by Clague et al . ( 1999 ) . They suggest using the proportion of M2 within the banking system , an objective measure not subject to contamination by the expectations of surveyed country experts . The justification for this measure is that individuals will hold a larger proportion of their financial assets in the form of currency in environments where third-party enforcement of contracts is unreliable . Money lent to financial institutions ( i . e . bank deposits ) is less safe where contracts cannot be relied upon . The ratio will increase where governments better enforce and respect contracts and private property rights . The main limitation of the CIM is that , at best , it only measures the tradeoff between holding assets in currency or bank deposits . Moreover , other elements affect this decision rendering its comparability across countries dubious ( e . g . , inflation", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 438, "text": "World Business Environment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 802, "end": 839, "text": "surveys of enterprises and households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > GE ( 0 ) and GE ( 1 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > How about the dynamics of poverty over this period ? Unlike many other countries , Brazil does not have an official poverty line . A set of regionally-specific poverty lines calculated by Rocha ( 1993 ) for use with PNAD 1990 data has historically been used by many researchers . Rocha > 12 The E ( 2 ) series is not shown on Figure 1 , but it is similar and available from the authors upon request .", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 298, "text": "PNAD 1990 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Draft Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) Kenya Electricity Systems Improvement Project ( KESIP ) # # * * ANNEX G SAMPLE ESIA AND ESMP TABLE OF CONTENT * * # # # # * * Environmental and Social Impact Assessment * * The consultant will prepare the ESIA according to the following table of content : - a ) _Executive summary_ . Concisely discusses key findings and recommended actions . - b ) _Project description_ . Concisely describes the proposed facility and its associated facilities , its geographic location , including detailed maps , and its layout . Indicates for reference the need for any resettlement plan or indigenous peoples ’ development plan . - c ) _Policy , legal , and administrative framework_ - i ) Discusses the policy , legal , and administrative frameworks within which the EA is carried out . - ii ) Describes ROY requirements and procedures , including reporting requirements of the National Environmental Authority - iii ) Describes the relevant World Bank Safeguards Policies triggered under this Project , including the World Bank Group General Environmental , Health and Safety ( EHS ) Guidelines and the appropriate Industry Sector Guidelines - iv ) Explains the environmental requirements of any cofinanciers . - v ) Identifies relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party . - d ) _Baseline data_ - i ) Presents data directly relevant to decisions about project location , design , operation , or mitigatory measures , including physical aspects ( such as topography , landforms , geology , soils , climate , air quality , and hydrology ) , and socioeconomic conditions ( such as demography , settlements , community structures , vulnerable and marginal groups , sources and distribution of income , employment and labour markets , land use , and cultural heritage ) . - ii ) Identifies any changes anticipated before the project commences . - iii ) Takes into account current and proposed development activities within the project area but not directly connected to the project . - iv ) Collates data from existing sources ,", "spans": [{"start": 2083, "end": 2109, "text": "data from existing sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7986 # * * Abstract * * Simultaneity of borrowing , withdrawal of savings , and loan defaults due to the pronounced seasonality of ag-riculture often leads to investment failure of rural financial institutions . Lack of borrowing leads to lack of in-come - and consumption-smoothing , and in turn , causes inefficient resource allocation by rural households . Financial institutions that are active in rural areas take different measures to address the covariate risks in in-termediation . For example , microfinance institutions have sought various measures such as supporting non-farm activities to diversify income , introducing seasonal loans , and bringing flexibility in loan repayments to reduce non-payments in lean seasons . This paper examines whether the financial inclusion policies of micro-finance institutions have successfully helped reduce the adverse effects of covariate risks . Analysis of household and program level data from Bangladesh suggests that despite the innovative measures taken by the MFIs to cope with the covariate risks , seasonality of income still affects seasonality of borrowing and invest-ment decisions of both the households and MFIs beyond and above what is caused normally by agricultural seasonality . Innovation is needed to promote , among other things , sectoral diversification of financial inter-mediation and to avert the extreme seasonality of rural income . Rural labor markets should be diversified enough to address the seasonality of income and consumption . Public policies guiding rural financial interme-diation must reflect such realities of rural economies . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Inequality Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at hsamad @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 988, "text": "household and program level data from Bangladesh", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- waste estimated at 1 , 900 MT and growing by 25 , 000 tons annually . A recent study has projected that between 2018 and 2022 , an average of 4 , 500 tons per year of e-waste will be generated from communications end user equipment only ( phones , televisions , computers , and radios ) . < sup > 37 < / sup > > 32 NITA-U ( National Information Technology Authority of Uganda ) . 2018 . National Information Technology Survey 2017 / 18 Report . NITA Uganda , March 2018 . > 33 https : / / www . speedtest . net / global-index / uganda > 34 https : / / www . gsma . com / mobilefordevelopment / wp-content / uploads / 2019 / 07 / The-Digital-Lives-of-Refugees . pdf > 35 Inter-agency report : refugee women and girls in Uganda disproportionately affected by COVID-19 , > https : / / www . unhcr . org / afr / news / press / 2020 / 12 / 5fc7a6694 / inter-agency-report-refugee-women-and-girls-in-ugandadisproportionately . html > 36 UNEP . > 37 UNEP . Page 5 of 76", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level , with the latter managed by Ministries of Education . Many of the national training systems employ a significant degree of decentralization in order to strengthen training center responsiveness to local industry needs . Decentralization strategies , however , have encountered implementation difficulties where adequate preparation of decentralized units has not been undertaken . xxii . Such systems may be under development in current projects in a limited number of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa . However , most of the early investments in these countries have been small projects supporting a few vocational schools ; in later years these have supported nonformal training centers . Sustained investment in systems development has so far been comparatively rare . # Performance xxiii . Data on economic outcomes of training are absent from project evaluations . Reliable unit recurrent cost data is almost entirely lacking , although the data that are available confirm that secondary vocational schools are more expensive than general secondary schools . Thus assessment of investment performance is largely limited to criteria of implementation success . xxiv . The exception is found for the investments in Asia . There information on graduation rates , placement rates and employer satisfaction was available for a sufficient proportion of the components to justify inferences . On all three criteria , the institutions supported in these components performed very well . These included all modes of training . - xv . On the criterion of proportion of enrollment targets achieved at completion , performance varied directly with the income level of the country . About 40 % of targets were achieved in low income countries ; 90 % in lower-middle income countries , and 109 % in upper-middle income countries . Overall , there was little varlition across modes . However , secondary vocational schools performed best overall , and slightly better across income levels than the more complex nonformal institutions . The data indicate that it is difficult to establish any institutional mode in low income countries ( including secondary vocational schools ) , with weak implementation capacity and financial constraints . The opposite is true for middle income countries . xxvi . This criterion , of course , does not capture the eventual enrollment performance of project institutions , many which suffered from significant delays", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 909, "text": "unit recurrent cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 1 : Project Design Summary * * * * GUINEA : MULTI-SECTORAL AIDS PROJECT ( MAP ) * * | _ - ' - _ < br > , , t_ < br > - - , < br > - 9 * ' - < br > * * . * * F - ~ - ' . < br > * * HierarchiyofObjectives * * | * * KeyPerformance * * < br > * * ' * * < br > - . < br > * * - Indicato ' r8 * * < br > . | - * * DataCollectlonStrategy * * . < br > ; < br > * * : 9rCriticalAssumptionss * * | - | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * Sector-relatedCASGoal : * * < br > Mitigatesocioeconomic < br > impactofHIV / AIDSwithin < br > frameworkofpoverty < br > reduction strategy | * * SectorIndicators : * * < br > HumanDevelopment < br > indicators , includingpoverty < br > profiles | * * Sector / country reports : * * < br > UTNDPannualreport < br > Epidemiologicalreportsad < br > surveys < br > PRSPimplementation < br > progressreports | * * ( fromGoaltoBankMission ) * * < br > Politicalcommitmentto < br > effectivelyaddressthe < br > HIV / AIDSepidernic , and < br > sufficientfinancingofthe < br > nationalHTV / AIDScampaign < br > An effective and < br > well-coordinated multi-sector < br > program , fullyinvolvingthe < br > publicandprivatesectors , < br > NGOs , civilsociety , and < br > donors", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 757, "text": "UTNDPannualreport", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Photo 2 : View of Typical Housing structure Affected by the TL * * Impact on residential houses due to the Construction of the two new Substations * * < mark > The construction of Chelenko and Haromaya substations will also affects a total of 14 residential houses and related structures and these belong to 8 households . Accordingly , 7 residential houses , 2 kitchens , 4 fences and 1 water well are among the 14 structures < / mark > affected by the construction of the new Chelenko and Haromaya substations subprojects . < mark > Table 7 . 6 : Number and types of housing structures affected by Substations < / mark > | * * Housing structure * * | * * Chelenko SS * * | * * Haromaya SS * * | * * Both Substations * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Main House | 6 | 1 | 7 | | Kitchen | 1 | 1 | 2 | | Fence | 0 | 4 | 4 | | Water Well | 0 | 1 | 1 | | * * Total * * | * * 7 * * | * * 7 * * | * * 14 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January-March 2025_ # # # # # # * * 7 . 5 Impact on Fruit Trees and Homesteads * * Side by side with annual crop farming , households in the Subproject impact Woredas are well known for growing perennial crops particularly khat mainly for market purposes . Based on the census and enumeration result , a total of 26 , 035 different sizes and species of perennial crops and fruit trees are impacted . These belong to 198 households ( 162 HHs by RoW and tower pad installation and 36 HHs", "spans": [{"start": 1076, "end": 1118, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1389, "end": 1418, "text": "census and enumeration result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "loan negotiations and in coordination with the IMF staff . Country Data Sheets are attached in Annex 1 . 3 . Kenya ' s remarkable economic performance during the first decade of independence was fully acknowledged in the Bank ' s 1974 Basic Economic Report . Between 1964 and 1972 , GDP grew by about 7 percent in real terms , which allowed significant gains in per capita income despite a 3 . 5 percent population growth rate . Less satisfactory aspects of development in this period were lack of progress in distributing the benefits of development more equitably and , in particular , growing unemployment and persistent poverty at the lower end of the income scale . The dualistic nature of the economy at independence in 1963 , with its concentration of wealth in the European and Asian communities and serious poverty in the rural areas where 90 percent of the population lived , was at the root of this unequal development , since it proved difficult to change rapidly .", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 78, "text": "Country Data Sheets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Draft Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) Kenya Electricity Systems Improvement Project ( KESIP ) # * * 10 MONITORING AND REPORTING * * This section will detail the procedures to monitor the implementation of subproject ESMPs during subproject implementation , including the compliance of contractors with their Contractor ESMPs . It will describe monitoring schedules and accountability , the types of reports , who reports , who gets the reports , when and how frequently reports are prepared , the management of corrective actions , and define a set of standard indicators that will reported on . The same set of indicators will be included in every subproject ESMP . KETRACO will monitor the overall implementation of the ESMF , most particularly the : - timely preparation of environmental and social screening forms for all subprojects ( list of subprojects by risk category by date ) - timely preparation and clearance of subproject ESIAs and ESMPs , as needed ( list of instruments with dates ) - management of prior review requirements of the World Bank ( non-objection requests with dates ) - monitoring of ESMP implementation , including monitoring of mitigation measures and monitoring of contractors environmental and social performance ( indicators ) - training of project staff , and contractors ( list of persons , dates and places ) KETRACO will prepare : - quarterly reports summarizing monitoring results , to be included in the Project ’ s Quarterly Reports to the World Bank - reports that aggregate and analyse monitoring results ahead of regular World Bank implementation support missions - an annual evaluation of all environmental and social monitoring activities , which will be submitted to the World Bank as part of overall project implementation reporting KETRACO will establish , maintain , and update a database of subprojects that will include for each subproject : - type of subproject , name of subproject - safeguards risk level - timeline ( clearance of screening form , clearance of ToRs , clearance of safeguard instruments ) - supervision reports during implementation - contractor reports", "spans": [{"start": 1853, "end": 1876, "text": "database of subprojects", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "particular , continue to be dominated by customs that impose serious constraints on women ’ s ability to own and control land resources . These customs limit the user rights of land by women to their relationships with the male family members ( heads ) , thereby making their user rights secondary to those of the men ( heads ) who tend to have rights to land as a right at birth . Women are also vulnerable to land grabbing , and denial of land rights is usually exacerbated by events such as the loss of a spouse or parent . In consideration of this situation , it will be important during the implementation of INVITE project especially during the compensations for land takes that may occur therein to support equitable benefits among male and female members of households from compensations for land and crops . The consent of both women and men of the households will be sought prior to compensation in order to ensure that the opinions and views of the women and other vulnerable family members are considered in the management of project displacement impacts . The people of Uganda depend on land and its resources to sustain their livelihoods . Land and its resources enable people to provide food , build homes , undertake several services , and engage in several trades and maintain biodiversity . Land utilization in Uganda is divided into three components i . e . , agriculture ( crops and livestock ) , the built areas , and land reserved for conservation which are not exclusive of one another . In all the six hubs , a combination of agricultural land , built and conservation areas exist . According to the National Land Use Policy ( 2006 ) , land availability , productivity potential and sustainability for agriculture is not adequately known : soils maps are outdated ; in heavily settled areas there is land fragmentation which leads to land degradation ; there are extensive occurrences of soil rill and sheet erosion even in relatively flat areas of the country ; farmers practice cultivation on marginal lands and in fragile ecosystems especially wetlands , riverbanks , shorelines and hilly areas ; and in some district farmers and their livestock invade", "spans": [{"start": 1764, "end": 1774, "text": "soils maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 , 282 | | morocco | 479 | 352 | 338 | 327 | 352 | 372 | 2 , 220 | | Ethiopia | 380 | 325 | 321 | 343 | 396 | 425 | 2 , 190 | | haiti | 371 | 350 | 399 | 350 | 324 | 292 | 2 , 086 | | ghana | 296 | 261 | 277 | 360 | 316 | 289 | 1 , 799 | | Ecuador | 174 | 183 | 319 | 259 | 290 | 344 | 1 , 569 | | Cameroon | 234 | 275 | 272 | 267 | 266 | 246 | 1 , 560 | | other | 6 , 157 | 5 , 775 | 6 , 433 | 6 , 410 | 6 , 605 | 7 , 283 | 38 , 663 | | * * total ( 44 ) * * | * * 51 , \u0003 445 * * | * * 45 , \u0003 994 * * | * * 50 , \u0003 149 * * | * * 52 , \u0003 433 * * | * * 56 , \u0003 476 * * | * * 64 , \u0003 179 * * | * * 320 , \u0003 676 * * | Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 33 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respondent ’ s education level ( Altaf and Deshazo , 1996 ; Aadland and Caplan , 1999 ; Huang and Ho , 2005 ) , conscience about the seriousness of solidwaste-related pollution problems ( Huang and Ho , 2005 , Ichoku et al . , 2009 ) , past positive experience in receiving the SWM services and trust in the proposed project ( Afroz et al . 2009 ) . This suggests that SWM service is a normal economic good . Female respondents have a general tendency to be willing to pay more than the male respondents ( Aadland and Caplan , 1999 ; Fonta et al . , 2007 ; Ichoku et al . , 2009 ) Family size seems to affect negatively the WTP ( Huang and Ho , 2005 ) but the families having kids may be ready to pay more ( Lake et al . 1997 ) . This finding in fact echoes to the conclusion of Johnstone and labonne ( 2004 ) . Based on an OECD-country macroeconomic database , they found the family size does not affect significantly the demand for SWM , since the children and adults apparently do not play the same role in the determination . Several studies , especially those conducted in the developing countries , also reveal an important phenomenon that although people rank improper solid waste disposal as the top environmental problem , the user fee that they are willing to pay can only partially cover the cost of the service . Bluffstone and Deshazo ( 2003 ) concluded that the WTP for upgraded landfills covers only about 80-90 % of the cost for a project in Lithuania to upgrade their SWM system to European level . Naz and Naz ( 2005 ) found the ratio of WTP over the total cost to be only 22-35 % in the Philippines . Palatnik et al . ( 2006 ) also mentioned the necessity of subsidy to achieve an efficient level of recycling for the case of Israel . Table 1 lists the WTP values reported in various CV studies . Although the components of the hypothetically proposed projects are different from each other , a general impression is that the WTP for SWM service does not occupy an important share in household income", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 859, "text": "OECD-country macroeconomic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The result is 250 independent stochastic realizations of what a 40-year precipitation time series might be . The pseudo-precipitation values generated based on ERA5 ( prior to the adjustment for CHIRPS ) were subsequently used to generate SWI and NDVI catalogs using empirical correlations known to exist between precipitation and these two variables to develop statistical relationships . Each stochastic realization of NDVI and SWI was thus obtained from ( and consistent with ) the stochastic realizations of precipitation . # * * Validation * * Stochastic catalogs are designed to provide a view of hazard that goes beyond the data available in the historical record . In developing such catalogs , care must be exercised to avoid compromising the ability to realistically represent the physical processes governing the natural phenomena being modeled . Several diagnostic figures were generated using the rainfall catalog to show that the catalog created statistically robust stochastic realizations . Specifically , these realizations ( i ) preserved the intrinsic properties in terms of spatial and temporal correlations ; ( ii ) were consistent with the empirical distributions of precipitation at each individual location ; and ( iii ) produced a realistic view of hazard , consistent with historical observations while allowing for the creation of new extremes . Validation diagnostics included several comparisons : - The synthetic rainfall time series was compared with historical data ( CHIRPS satellite rainfall data and gauge rainfall data ) , across different spatial aggregations ; this included comparing the distribution of monthly rainfall averages for each month in the stochastic catalog ( figure C . 1 ) with the CHIRPS data set . The result shows that the stochastic catalog captures well both historical trends and an extension of the tails of the monthly distributions , suggesting the presence of previously unseen extremes and consistent with physical processes at play . - The cumulative distribution functions ( CDFs ) for historical and simulated hazards were compared to assess the relationship between frequency of an event ’ s occurrence and its severity . - The spatial distributions of rainfall averaged over various time scales were compared . 42", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 164, "text": "ERA5", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 910, "end": 926, "text": "rainfall catalog", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1500, "end": 1530, "text": "CHIRPS satellite rainfall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1535, "end": 1554, "text": "gauge rainfall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1736, "end": 1751, "text": "CHIRPS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Registered Incidents : January - March 2017 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Denial of Recruitment < br > humanitarian & use of < br > access 45 % 252 children 27 % < br > total incidents < br > registered Attacks on schools < br > & military use 7 % < br > Killing 7 % < br > Abduction 4 % Injuring 6 % < br > Sexual < br > violence 4 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > for their alleged association with armed forces and armed groups . The UN documented three incidents of attacks on schools and six incidents of military use of schools . Four schools previously used by armed forces or armed groups were also vacated . The total number of schools that have been verifi ed as being used for military purposes stood at 39 at the end of March . Additionally , four health clinics were attacked during the reporting period . During the attacks , drugs , immunization kits , and cold-chain refrigerators were looted from the facilities . and vandalized after confl ict erupted and civilian populations were displaced in both regions . Denial of humanitarian access continues to be the most documented violation . During the reporting period humanitarian workers were abducted , humanitarian compounds were looted and vandalized , and in one incident humanitarian workers were killed in an ambush . Most incidents of denial of humanitarian access were documented in Central Equatoria and Jonglei , where humanitarian compounds were found looted | Incidents < br > | of Grave Child Rights Violations ( cumulative ) < br > Mar2014 - Mar2017 | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No . of children affected | | | | | No . of Incidents | | 79 , 152 | 83 , 537 | | 35 , 398 | 65 , 894 | | | | 21 , 724 < br > 315 < br > 755 | 1 , 829 | 2 , 681 | 2", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 20, "text": "Registered Incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HBS . Leulescu et al . ( 2013 ) apply a similar research question to the EU-SILC and EU-LSF while Kaplan and McCarty ( 2013 ) use statistical matching techniques in the case of educational data from PISA and TALIS surveys . Similarly , Wiest et al . ( 2019 ) explore the potential of statistical matching for the analysis of wider benefits of learning in later life . 7", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 221, "text": "TALIS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . 8 * * * * _Objectives of the Resettlement Policy Framework_ * * The specific objectives of the RPF are to provide framework guidance to identifying and managing situations when the project may lead to impact on persons livelihoods ( physical or economic displacement / resettlement ) or interfere with their cultural resources . Any compensation measures will be implemented in accordance with this RPF , which will guide when and how the site-specific Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) will have to be completed and implemented before any investment activities can begin . See Annex 2 - World Bank Involuntary Resettlement Instruments ( RPF outline in the Environment and Social Standards ) Screening of project activities will be carried out throughout preparation and implementation , and impacts of any potential resettlement will be included in monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) . Whenever a Resettlement Action Plan is required , it will be prepared in accordance with guidance provided in this RPF , including Detailed Measurement Surveys , a Socio-economic Study and Identification ( Census ) of PAPs / impacted persons , and Public Consultation and Disclosure ( PCDP ) . The RPF seeks to align the development of the RPF with ESS5 on aspects of restrictions on land use through acquisition of easements . This RPF seeks to ensure that possible adverse impacts of proposed project activities are addressed through appropriate mitigation measures , in particular , against potential impoverishment risks . These risks can be minimized by : - i . Minimizing either impacts on or the number of PAPs or both , to the extent possible ; - ii . Preparing a well-designed compensation plan and relocation plan if necessary ; - iii . Compensating in a timely manner ( prior to project implementation ) for losses likely to be incurred , displaced incomes and livelihoods ; and - iv . Ensuring resettlement assistance or rehabilitation , as needed , to address impacts on PAPs livelihoods and their well-being . # * * 1 . 9 * * * * _Scope of RPF_ * * This Resettlement", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Some growth accounting studies for Guatemala also exist . Results differ and no firm conclusions can be drawn . The main discrepancies stem from the assumed or estimated factor shares , distinct time periods and , in particular , from data issues . Most studies rely on international data sets . They make no adjustments for the quality of inputs and are not concerned too much about data problems in the light of the civil strife . In general , studies tend to find that the role of total factor productivity growth was moderate and decreasing for recent periods . ( with the exception of Bailén 2001 , see for example Bosworth et al . 1996 , Edwards 2000 , Gregorio 1992 , Loayza et al . 2002 , Morán and Valle 2002 , Nehru and Dhareshwar 1994 , Segovia and Lardé 2002 , Prera 1999 , and World Bank 1996 ) . Particularly interesting is the work of Sakellariou ( 1995 ) who claims to use the Lucas ( 1988 ) model of endogenous growth . While analyzing microdata from the 1989 household survey , Sakellariou tests external effects of education on wage differentials . Unfortunately , the study suffers from a limited number of industry categories and human capital variables . Consequently , the regressions turn out to be statistically insignificant and strong conclusions cannot be drawn . However , Sakellariou goes as far as finding that the analysis does not reject the hypothesis that external effects of human capital investment could be present in Guatemala . # * * 5 . 3 Schooling and Growth by Education Level * * Using education data by levels may be preferable for a number of reasons . In particular , the growth impact of different forms of educational capital may vary . Columns 1-6 in Table 6 present the results of the production function augmented for human capital . The education level of the labor force enters separately into the estimation . The share of the labor force with primary , secondary and tertiary education is used here as the relevant unit . It may be argued that _average years of schooling_ by level of education should be used instead of labor force _participation_ . In any case , with the given data", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 295, "text": "international data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 974, "end": 995, "text": "1989 household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1532, "end": 1546, "text": "education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "base to provide family planning ( FP ) services in Kenya . Population II ( Cr . 1238-KE , 19831990 ) , with a credit of US $ 23 million , aimed to create demand for FP services in rural areas and continue reduction in morbidity and mortality . Population III ( US $ 12 . 9 million ) became effective based on assumptions that prospects for fertility control in Kenya were bleak , and that fertility rates would remain high due to opposition to family planning and widespread lack of interest in family planning . However , the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey ( KDHS ) revealed surprising progress in population indicators , thus also revealing challenges such as significant unmet demand for contraceptives . This , combined with the shortfall of funding available from donors at the time , led the GoK and IDA to develop Population IV , which became effective just two years after Population III , with a principal focus on providing for the country ' s contraceptive needs and strengthening the infrastructure of the population sector . The implementing agencies were the Ministry of Health ( MOH ) and the National Council for Population and Development ( NCPD ) in the Ministry of Planning and National Development ( MPND ) . # # # # # # * * PROJECT OBJECTIVES * * 3 . The objectives of the project were : ( i ) to increase the availability , accessibility , and quality of family planning services provided by the Government and non-government organizations ( NGOs ) ; ( ii ) to further strengthen the demand for FP services through expansion of Information Education and Communication ( IEC ) programs to additional government ministries and NGOs ; and ( iii ) to further - _Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 1998 Preliminary Report . _ National Council for Population and Development , MPND ; Central Bureau of Statistics , MPND ; and Macro International . September , 1998 .", "spans": [{"start": 532, "end": 567, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 * * < / sup > . * * S8 . * * Hombre . Edad : Mayor de 30 años . Registrado en : Casa Comunal Los Naranjales . Estado Táchira . Retorno : cinco meses antes de realizar la entrevista . Viajó de ida a Colombia en el año 2018 . Antes lo había hecho solo , sin su familia . Viajaron en transporte . Fue un viaje tutelado y financiado por el contratante . Se dirigía a trabajar en un cultivo ilegal en una zona rural colombiana . Trabajó en dos fincas . Su mujer trabajaba como cocinera . Sus hijos estudiaron durante la estadía en Colombia ( o parte de ella ) . Migró porque los sueldos en Venezuela no eran rentables . Volvió porque necesitaba operarse de una hernia inguinal . Aún no contaba con la documentación reglamentaria en Colombia para hacerlo allá . Debe también operar de la pierna a su hijo . Está en > 4 El número de cédula que espontáneamente dijo constituyó un punto llamativo en la entrevista . Además , había mencionado cierto conocimiento sobre el mecanismo y costo de obtención de cédulas falsas en Colombia . Consultando el registro público en línea del CNE se concluyó que el número de cédula no coincidía con el nombre que el sujeto voluntariamente informó como propio . Podría tratarse de un caso de portador de cédula falsa . Cabe también la posibilidad de que se haya equivocado en algún dato o que el registro de", "spans": [{"start": 1042, "end": 1075, "text": "registro público en línea del CNE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "PQ ( C ) is price of commodity c QINT ( C , A ) is the quantity of intermediate commodity , c , purchased by activity , a The price of the aggregate intermediate input now includes the rebate per unit of aggregate intermediate input : _PINTA_ ( _A_ ) = ∑ _PQ_ ( _C_ ) ⋅ _ica_ ( _C_ , _A_ ) − _REBATE_ ( _A_ / ) _QINTA_ ( _A_ ) _c_ where : PINTA ( A ) is the price of the intermediate aggregate input PQ ( C ) is the price of the composite commodity ica ( C , A ) is the intermediate input c per unit of aggregate intermediate QINTA ( A ) is the quantity of aggregate intermediate input 8 We use the effective tax rates based on tax collection data . The rates differ by sector and differ from the reported statutory rate of 14 % due to sector aggregation , the treatment of the informal sector and / or measurement error . 7", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 647, "text": "tax collection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Rasul , I . , & Rogger , D . ( 2018 ) . Management of Bureaucrats and Public Service Delivery : Evidence from the Nigerian Civil Service . _The Economic Journal_ , _128_ ( 608 ) , 413 – 446 . 13 - Roelcke , G . , Nkya , F . M . , Besta , N . A . , Mchallo , I . , Musyangi , M . E . , & Orao , S . ( 2018 ) . Urban local government strengthening program united republic of tanzania ( program-for-results operation ) : Quality assurance review of the sixth annual performance assessment ( assessing the performance during fy 2016 / 17 ) . 26 - Stern , N . H . , Dethier , J . - J . , & Rogers , F . H . ( 2005 ) . _Growth and empowerment : making development happen_ . Cambridge , Mass . : MIT Press . OCLC : 62034045 . 1 - Stewart , D . ( 1795 ) . _Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith , LL . D . _ . 1 - Tilly , C . ( 1992 ) . _Coercion , capital , and European states , AD 990-1992_ . Studies in social discontinuity . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell , rev . pbk . ed ed . 4 , 7 - Weber , M . ( 1946 ) . _From Max Weber : Essays in sociology_ . New York : Oxford university press . Open Library ID : OL6498314M . 7 - Weigel , J . L . ( 2020 ) . The Participation Dividend of Taxation : How Citizens in Congo Engage More with the State When it Tries to Tax Them . _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , _135_ ( 4 ) , 1849 – 1903 . Publisher : Oxford Academic . 4 - World Bank ( 2005 ) . Project appraisal document on a proposed loan in the amount of us $ 14 . 50 million and a proposed credit in the amount of sdr 9 . 92 million to the republic of Indonesia for the initiatives for local governance reform project . 27 - World Bank ( 2011 ) . _Conflict , security and development_", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Ceriani , Olivieri and Ranzani ( 2019 ) test the accuracy of home-owners ’ selfassessed rental value in an application to Peruvian data . # * * 4 . Results * * In this section , we analyze the distributional impact of including the flow of services from dwellings in the consumption aggregate using data from four developing countries : Albania , Bangladesh , Iraq and Peru . We measure the effect on different outcomes including inequality and poverty indices , profiling of the poor and shared prosperity by comparing consumption aggregates without the housing component with aggregates that include rental values imputed by means of one of the two approaches described above . This section summarizes the distributional impact of including rents in the consumption aggregates of the selected countries , differentiating between ( i ) the baseline scenario , with no rent , and two rent-imputation methods : ( ii-a ) self-assessment and ( ii-b ) log-linear hedonic model . < sup > 12 < / sup > We start off by illustrating the relevance of the housing component as a share of the total consumption aggregate on average and along the distribution ( by quintile of the original welfare indicator ) ( Table 4 ) . On average , rents ’ shares range from a minimum of 4 . 8 percent of total per capita household welfare ( Bangladesh , 2010 , self-assessment imputation method ) to a maximum of 22 . 7 percent ( Albania 2008 , log-linear imputation method ) . In Albania and Iraq , two upper-middle income countries , housing contributes about 20 percent of total household consumption . Yet , we cannot generalize this result to upper-middle income countries since Peru exhibits a rent share of 14 percent maximum . Rent shares vary according to the rent imputation method . In line with the expectation associated with the type of question used to collect self-assessed rental values , Albania is the only country where on average rental shares based on self-assessment are higher than those obtained with a log-linear model . However , this does not hold all along the distribution : the log-linear approach produces higher rent shares in the bottom three deciles . A similar pattern is recognizable in Bangladesh ( 2005 )", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 137, "text": "Peruvian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 301, "end": 336, "text": "data from four developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". # * * Methodology and empirical model * * Motivated by the model of innovation proposed by de Mel et al . ( 2009 ) , we test the correlation of both firm / owner-specific and business environment indicators with various measures of firmlevel innovation . Our basic empirical specification is of the form : where [ Innovate ] i is a measure of innovation undertaken at firm _i_ , _A_ is a vector of industry controls , Z is a vector of business environment indicators which vary at the firm level , and _K_ is a vector of objective firm - or owner-specific characteristics which may influence innovation . εi is a randomly distributed disturbance term . We estimate this equation using a probit estimator , controlling for industry and regional ( provincial ) fixed effects . # * * What explains innovation within firms ? * * Estimates from equations exploring the relationship between available business environment variables and a core set of innovation measures are reported in Tables 10 ( from the 2011 WBES ) and 11 ( from the 2009 SLLSE ) . < sup > 19 < / sup > Across both datasets , measures of innovation are most > 18 The sample frame for this dataset came from two sources . 400 enterprises were selected from a census of firms carried out by AC Nielsen , Lanka . The Nielsen census covered only part of the geographic area of the survey , so the sample was supplemented by asking wage workers in the representative listing for the name and size of the firms where they are employed . An additional 210 firms with 5 to 250 workers were thereby added to the sample . 19 We also have estimated the business environment correlates to a wider range of innovation measures , available from the authors upon request . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1012, "text": "2011 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1038, "end": 1043, "text": "SLLSE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1224, "end": 1239, "text": "census of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1280, "end": 1294, "text": "Nielsen census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "treatment effect over a period 9-15 months post-treatment is likely to be reasonable . < sup > 10 < / sup > In contrast , if there is reason to believe the effects differ dramatically with time since treatment , one will not want to average over long periods . High seasonality may provide another reason to conduct multiple measures – it may be of more interest to get the average impact over high and low demand periods than to get the impact only at one particular point in time . 2 . _Survey compliance and attrition . _ Conducting multiple survey waves increases the burden on respondents , which might increase attrition . Using multiple pre-treatment waves can be beneficial in this respect , by eliminating the individuals most likely to attrit before the randomization is done , one can improve internal validity by randomizing only over individuals that are likely to be found in a follow-up survey . In contrast , if multiple rounds of post-treatment surveys cause significant attrition , this will limit the extent to which researchers will wish to conduct many rounds of the survey . If the survey is just collecting measurement of a few key outcomes , these additional rounds of post-treatment surveys can be short and less burdensome for respondents , which can minimize this dropout . Secondly , by conducting multiple post-treatment rounds , researchers stand a better chance of capturing at least once post-treatment individuals who are harder to track down . For example , a business owner who travels temporarily to other towns might get missed in a one-off survey , but may get found when going back at monthly or quarterly intervals . Finally , there is also the possibility that waiting for a long time to re-contact people may make it harder to find them , and make respondents think you have lost interest in them , whereas regular follow-ups may instead these risks . 3 . _Will multiple measures change people ’ s reporting or people ’ s behaviors ? _ Experience with measuring microenterprise profits suggests that respondents may report more accurately after one or two rounds of surveys , perhaps as they better understand the concepts being asked and can recall them better when asked for a second", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > - 0 . 5 < br > 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 < br > 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : World Bank , Bloomberg , Consensus Economics . Note : Gray areas represent the gobal financial crisis of 2008-09 , the intensification of the Euro area debt cris in 2010 and 2012 . A . The implied volatility of option prices on the S & P 500 is recovered using the Black-Scholes formula from 6 - and 18-monthahead put and call option contracts . B . The skewness of option prices on the S & P 500 is approximated using ( 25 Delta put volatility-25 Delta call volatility ) / 50 Delta volatility where Delta stands for the degree to which an option is exposed to shifts in the price of the underlying asset . This skewness measure is scaled down by a factor of 3 to match the equivalent skewness parameter of the risk neutral density function ( Mixon 2011 ) . C . D . The degree of uncertainty ( proxied by dispersion ) and balance of risks ( proxied by skewness ) of current and next-year term spread forecasts are compiled from monthly surveys of professional forecasters . 11", "spans": [{"start": 1118, "end": 1161, "text": "monthly surveys of professional forecasters", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts of baseline data . It also gives information for adoption of additional mitigation measures if the proposed measures are found insufficient . Thus , it avails information for management decisions taking in the different phases of the project . Monitoring should be performed during all stages of the project ( construction , operation and decommissioning ) to ensure that the impacts are not greater than predicted , and to verify the impact predictions . The monitoring program will indicate where changes to procedures or operations are required , to reduce impacts on the environment or local population . # # # # # * * _Implementation arrangements and capacity building_ * * SLWSSE has an established position for an Environmental Officer and positions for sociologists , which will provide oversight on the implementation of the environment components ( ESIA ) of the program . It is further planned that oversight on environmental issues will further be supplemented through the recruitment of additional environment expertise by the supervising consultant once the project commences . In the interim , this staffing arrangement is deemed adequate . The responsibility for implementing the ESMP of the supplement ESIA during construction will be of the contractor , SLWSSE and the bureau of Health . During the operation and maintenance of the FSTP works , the responsibility will be mainly under the SLWSSE . Similarly , Afar region EPA has the sole responsibility in monitoring and regulating the overall social and environmental performance of the subproject activities . The environmental sustainability of the FSTP is dependent on the capacity of institutions at all levels ( i . e . , staffing , training , and other necessary support services ) to carry out the associated ESMP implementation xxiv ESIA Report", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 24, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 4 . GDP Per Capita for Commodity Exporters ( 1950 = 1 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( a ) LatAm Countries ( b ) LatAm vs Comparator Countries < br > 1 . 6 1 . 30 < br > 1 . 20 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 1 . 10 < br > 1 . 2 1 . 00 < br > 0 . 90 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 80 < br > 0 . 8 0 . 70 < br > 0 . 60 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 50 < br > 0 . 4 0 . 40 < br > Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Peru Uruguay Venezuela LatAm specialized LatAm diversified LatAm specialized LatAm diversified World diversified World specialized < br > 1 9501 95 1195 21 95 3195 41 95 5195 6195 71 95 819591 96 019611962196319641 96519661 967196819691 97 019711 97 21 9731 97 41 97 51 97 61 97 71 97 81 97 919801 98 119821 98 31984198519861987198819891990199119921 99 319941 99 51 9961 99 71 99 81 99 92 00 0 19501952195419561958196019621964196619681970197219741976197819801982198419861988199019921994199619982000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : LatAm specialized is the simple average of Argentina , Chile , Peru , Uruguay and the República Bolivariana de Venezuela . LatAm diversified is the simple average of Brazil , Colombia and Mexico . World specialized commodity exporters include New Zealand , South Africa and an average of eight oil exporters ( Algeria , Bahrain , Cameroon , Gabon , Kuwait , Nigeria , Qatar and United Arab Emirates ) . World diversified commodity exporters include Australia and Canada _ . _ Countries ’ per capita GDPs are divided by the GDP of the US . _Source : Maddison Project . _", "spans": [{"start": 1509, "end": 1525, "text": "Maddison Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > products / international ‐ macroeconomic ‐ data ‐ set . aspx ( Accessed on September 27 , 2015 ) . There < / u > was a relatively small ( 9 percent ) difference in the total estimated shortages in 2030 based on the two methods ( 15 . 6 million with the main method we used , and 17 . 0 million using USDA numbers ) . Second , we examine the possible upper and lower bounds of the predictions older than 65 resulting from high and low future population estimates . Because population is the largest driver of demand in our model , using the high and low variant estimates , we can obtain predicted total health worker deficits that may result from population growth among people older than 65 that is higher and lower than expected , compared to the median estimate that is presented in the main results . These alternative low and high estimates ( shown in Annex Figure A1 ) indicate a tight band for the resulting predicted values . # _Projecting supply_ The supply of health workers was projected to 2030 using historical data to predict the changes in health worker densities ( per 1 , 000 population ) for each country . We assume that the historical growth rate of health workers density for each country will continue into 2030 at the same rate . This assumes that supply growth is exogenous and only trends with time . This assumption may be plausible if the health labor market is relatively rigid , for example , due to the strong influence of professional associations and trade unions in the sector . Given that data are only available beginning from 1990 , and that many countries only have a few data points , the growth rate method enables us to obtain projections using minimal empirical data inputs . We separately estimate physician and nurses / midwives density for each country from time _t_ = { 1990 , . . . 2013 } using the following equations : * ( Eq 2 ) _Physicians per 1000 populationt_ = _α_ 0 + _α_ 1 _yeart_ + _εt_ * ( Eq 3 ) _Nurses / midwives per 1000 populationt_ = _β_ 0 + _β_ 1 _yeart_ + _εt_", "spans": [{"start": 1019, "end": 1034, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Equation 2 . < sup > 16 < / sup > A distributed lag ( DL ) speci cation is standard in the MPC literature for one-o \u001b transfers , such as in JPS and Parker et al . ( 2013 ) . Although the direct projections approach is more popular in the multiplier literature , regressions on simulated data reveal that it has di culty isolating the lagged e \u001b ects of one-o \u001b transfers over short horizons , whereas the DL speci cation uncovers the correct multipliers exactly ( see Appendix 3 . 5 ) . Other speci cations are reported in Appendix 3 . 3 and Appendix 3 . 4 , including a speci cation in detrended levels , which produce broadly similar results . # 3 . Empirical Results 3 . 1 . Graphical Evidence . Figure 1 provides a visual representation of the size and direction of the relationship between changes in transfers on the x - axis ( permanent and temporary ) , and contemporaneous growth in per capita labor income and GDP ( y-axis ) . The slope of relationship is a simple estimate of the size of the cross-region transfer multiplier . For the temporary transfers ( Figure 1 , Panels B \u0015 D ) , each of the 50 dots represents the growth rate and transfer size in a di \u001b erent state in the quarter the transfer was paid . For permanent transfers ( Figure 1 , Panel A ) there are too many Social Security increases to be plotted in this way . So instead , I group permanent transfer change residuals into 50 bins based on their size ( across di \u001b erent quarters and states ) and plot the average transfer size in each bin ( x-axis ) against the average growth rate residuals of per-capita labor income for that bin ( y-axis ) . Residuals are calculated after removing time and state FEs . < sup > 17 < / sup > . In all four subplots in Figure 1 there is a positive and signi cant relationship ( line slope ) , indicating that states that received larger transfers tended to grow faster contemporaneously . Also note that the relationship between transfers and contemporaneous growth has a steeper slope", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 287, "text": "on simulated", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8746 * * Beyond the Gap * * How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need While Protecting the Planet _Background Paper_ Assessing Rural Accessibility and Rural Roads Investment Needs Using Open Source Data _Mehdi Mikou_ _Julie Rozenberg Elco Koks Charles Fox Tatiana Peralta Quiros_ Sustainable Development Practice Group Office of the Chief Economist February 2019", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 244, "text": "Open Source Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "placed within the < br > settlement < br >  Reduced / no < br > littering within the < br > settlement < br >  Removal of wastes < br > from the skips by < br > County team when < br > they are full . | Co < br >  Available < br > waste < br > skips < br >  Use of the skips < br > by the residents < br >  Waste < br > management plan < br > implemented by < br > the CPCT < br >  | < br > SEC / CPCT < br > County < br > government | Monthly | Internal Costs | | * * Piles * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * waste * * < br > * * provide breeding * * < br > * * grounds * * < br > * * for * * < br > * * disease vectors * * | < br > Outbreak < br > of < br > Diseases | < br >  Ensure < br > waste < br > are < br > collected < br > from < br > households and disposed < br > of appropriately ; | < br >  Mechanisms < br > for < br > waste < br > collection in place ; < br >  Responsibility < br > for < br > cleaning drains ; | < br >  Records of waste < br > collection < br >  Drainage < br > maintenance plan | < br > SEC < br > County < br > Government < br > ( road < br > maintenance / | Routine | County < br > Internal Cost | 170", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 963, "text": "Records of waste", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is the risk-free rate , denominated in the same currency as bond _i_ . Appendix A provides the sources for these risk-free rates ( total return series on UK and US bonds ) . For completeness , we also compute excess returns vis-à-vis UK or US bills , which is useful when comparing the risk-return properties of external sovereign bonds with those of other asset classes ( Section 6 ) . Further methodological details are discussed in Appendixes B2 and B3 , including a discussion on how we deal with historical bond features such as sinking funds . # 4 . 3 . Main results on bond returns Table 3 summarizes our main results . The table shows average yearly sovereign bond returns for our global portfolio of foreign-currency bonds over 200 years . Henceforth , we do not show returns for the period 1974 to 1994 due to a lack of representative bond pricing data in the 1970s and 1980s . < sup > 39 < / sup > This means that the time series for the global portfolio ends in 1973 and starts again in 1995 . Appendix B5 shows a number of robustness checks , such as on selection ( survivorship ) bias and the inflation series used . Table 3 : Returns on a global portfolio of external sovereign bonds , 1815-2016 | | Re < br > | al Retur < br > | n < br > < br > | Nomi < br > | nal Ret < br > | urn < br > < br > | Above < br > US / UK | < br > < br > Sharpe < br > rti | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Arithm . < br > Mean | Geom . < br > Mean | < br > < br > SD | Arithm . < br > Mean | Geom . < br > Mean | < br > < br > SD | < br > gov . < br > Bonds | < br > < br", "spans": [{"start": 845, "end": 862, "text": "bond pricing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > < br >  Minutes < br > of < br > Consultative < br > meetings < br > held to identify water < br > sources ; < br >  Grievance records < br >  Map showing the < br > approved sources of < br > water < br > and < br > water < br > abstraction point < br >  Water < br > abstraction < br > permit | < br > Grievance < br > records | < br > Contractor < br > SEC < br > CPCT | Water < br > abstraction < br > permit before < br > abstraction < br > begins < br > Other < br > measures < br > monitored < br > monthly | 100 , 000 < br > ( to facilitate < br > consultative < br > meeting ) | xxxviii", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 173, "text": "Grievance records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B The socio-economic survey will be undertaken by a consultant contracted by MWUD or the BWUD . When this is not possible , and where the resettlement is minimal - e . g . a very small percentage of a person ’ s land and livelihood is affected , - the relevant ULG IO that is proposing the ULGDP investment project , will carry out the survey with the use of the sample socio-economic survey in Annex B of this RPF . It will be accompanied by a land asset inventory to determine what assets will need to be compensated for during the resettlement process . A sample inventory form can also be found in Annex B . # # # # * * STEP 4 : DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAP OR ABBREVIATED RAP * * Following the socio-economic survey and identification of affected parties , a RAP or ARAP will be developed according to the structure as set out in Box 8 . 1 and Box 8 . 2 based on the Resettlement Policy Framework illustrated in Figure 1 on page 16 . Full descriptions of the RAP and ARAP are provided in Annexes D and E . # # # # * * < u > Preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan < / u > * * The preparation of a RAP will be done by the ULG IO with the support of a consultant contracted by MWUD or the BWUD and in consultation with the affected parties , particularly in relation to the cut-off date for eligibility , disturbances to livelihoods and income-earning activities , methods of valuation , compensation payments , potential assistance and timeframes . The basic elements of a RAP and ARAP are provided in summary in Boxes 1 and 2 and in full in Annex D , Resettlement Action Plan and Annex E , Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan . In order that this is not an unnecessarily difficult process , the level of detail and extent of the RAP must be related to the extent of the resettlement impact . Should the", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 69, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 412, "end": 433, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 487, "end": 507, "text": "land asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 735, "end": 756, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be replaced with a new indicator < br > and timeline ( December 2021 ) . | DLR 13 . 3d will be modified < br > with “ Conduct National < br > assessment on the < br > Integration of Youth < br > Friendly Health Services < br > into Primary Health Care < br > Unit at selected health < br > facilities ” . The means of < br > verification will also be < br > changed to assessment < br > report using COVID-19 < br > sensitive methodology as < br > conducting the SPA survey < br > demands physical < br > observation of all sampled < br > health facilities . | US $ 1 million from < br > TF0A4689 and SDR < br > 1 , 556 , 000 from DLI 7c < br > will be reallocated to < br > the modified DLR and < br > extend the end target < br > year ( December 30 , < br > 2021 ) | | 15 . 1 | Devise and < br > implement a < br > mechanism for < br > documenting < br > consultations < br > when < br > communal / priva < br > te land is used < br > for construction | * * Not achieved : * * The land acquisition < br > screening checklist was developed , < br > however progress has not been observed < br > as there have been changes in focal < br > persons assigned at national level to < br > coordinate and oversee these activities . < br > The targets for 2017 , 2018 and 2020 were < br > missed . This DLI is critical to ensure this < br > initiative is institutionalized across the | Reallocate the remaining < br > resources attached to the < br > missed DLR to other new < br > proposed RMNCH DLIs and < br > keep the end target 2020 < br > DLR and extend the target < br >", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 473, "text": "SPA survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "widely affecting areas that do not count with efficient water management approaches and systems such as de-silting or boundary clearance . Violence continues to have devastating effects on both livelihood resources and social infrastructure , and the access to minimum basic services , such as education , health , WASH , and protection support to victims . Illustratively , children ' s access to schools is severely limited by incidents in and around education facilities , as well as destruction or occupation of facilities . Continued attacks on civilians have further exacerbated food insecurity . In the lean season projection period of April to July 2022 , an estimated 7 . 74 million people ( 62 . 7 % of the population ) will likely face high acute food insecurity ( IPC Phase 3 or above ) , with 87 , 000 people likely to be in Catastrophe ( IPC Phase 5 ) in Fangak , Canal / Pigi and Ayod counties in Jonglei State ; Pibor County in Greater Pibor Administrative Area ; Cueibet and Rumbek North counties in Lakes State ; and Leer and Mayendit counties in Unity State . During this period , an estimated 2 . 9 million people are likely to face Emergency conditions ( IPC Phase 4 ) . < sup > 31 < / sup > In 2021 , 560 schools were damaged due to flooding , 535 due to conflict and 1292 schools were closed for unspecified reasons . School closure , inaccessibility and spontaneous dropouts increase risks , particularly for girls . Early marriage and pregnancy are reported to increase during school closures . < mark > RISK 2 : < / mark > Gender and conflict-related sexual violence , including sexual exploitation and abuse . According to the GBV IMS in South Sudan , a total of 7550 cases have been reported in 2021 , and more than 2000 cases in the first quarter of > 31 < u > https : / / www . ipcinfo . org / ipc-country-analysis / details-map / en / c / 11", "spans": [{"start": 1654, "end": 1661, "text": "GBV IMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shows a high degree of spatial correlation , underscoring the need to accommodate this feature in the econometric analysis . Lightning strikes are least prevalent in the south , which is covered by the Sahara desert , and most prevalent in the Chaambi mountains close to the Algerian border and in the Cape Bon peninsula located in the North East . A comparison of the spatial variations in lightning ( Figure 1c ) and in internet access ( Figure 1b ) points to a high correlation . * * Other data * * We complement census data with delegation-level nighttime light data ( Li et al . , 2020 ) for the 1995-2014 period , which we use as a proxy for income . Information on > 5We only consider metrics for the male population where possible , since the sample of recruits comprises men only . In practice , this distinction makes little difference to our results . The correlation between male internet access rate and overall internet access rate is _ρ_ = _ . _ 94 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 570, "text": "delegation-level nighttime light data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 | Mar / 2025 | | < br > centers linked to and using < br > blood service information < br > system ( Percentage ) < br > * * Project implementation and m * * | Comments on < br > achieving targ < br > * * onitoring * * | < br > ets | Target surpa | ssed | | | | | | | Basel | ine | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Percentage of complaints to | 0 . 00 | Apr / 2020 | 100 | 31-Mar-2025 | 100 | 31-Mar-2025 | 80 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | < br > the GRM satisfactorily < br > addressed within 4 weeks of < br > initial complaint being < br > recorded . ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Target surpa | ssed | | | | | | * * Gender Based Violence Respo * * | * * nse * * | | | | | | | | | | Basel | ine | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | Page 8 of 11 Dec 23 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 89, "text": "blood service information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the imputation of energy poverty indicators and energy spending shares . The literature so far has mainly focused on income-based or education-based indicators . < sup > 6 < / sup > Moreover , to the best of our knowledge , we are the first to explore statistical matching techniques in Bulgaria ' s case . # * * Moreover , we make an important contribution by investigating three different multiple imputation * * * * approaches and comparing them to each other . * * This assessment can shed light on the quality , validity , and sensitivity of data fusion methods . To facilitate statistical matching in the future , we recommend including auxiliary variables – variables that are highly correlated with energy expenditure – in both surveys . Elevating data on energy spending for a small subsample of the EU-SILC could also improve the quality of data fusion in the context of energy spending shares . * * The paper at hand is subject to some important limitations . * * First , we show that significant differences in the distribution of the matching variables between surveys persist after the intent to harmonize them . Future research could address this shortcoming by analyzing how to better harmonize variables between both surveys . Second , similar to most papers in the area of statistical matching , our results rely on the assumption of conditional independence , which is untestable in the current setup . Third , future research could analyze if our results differ from an approach that combines EU-SILC 2020 ( with income reference year 2019 ) with HBS 2020 . * * The paper is organized as follows . * * Section II describes the methodology and data . Section III summarizes the main results of the imputation and how energy and income poverty overlap . Section IV concludes . 6 Most of the work to date focuses on imputing income data collected as part of EU-SILC surveys into HBS . Leulescu et al . ( 2013 ) apply a similar research question to the EU-SILC and EU-LSF while Kaplan and McCarty ( 2013 ) use statistical matching techniques in the case of educational data from PISA and TALIS surveys . Similarly , Wiest et al . ( 2019", "spans": [{"start": 1517, "end": 1529, "text": "EU-SILC 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1571, "end": 1579, "text": "HBS 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1879, "end": 1894, "text": "EU-SILC surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2108, "end": 2121, "text": "TALIS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The obtained variable , now denoted _g_Statusst_ for each regions _s_ and year _t_ , becomes the dependent variable in our estimation framework , which we regress on the fraction of migrant workers in the working-age population in region _s_ and year _t_ ( fst ) , together with region and time fixed effects . The baseline equation we estimate is given therefore by the following : S S s = γ s s ( 6 ) ss ss gg_S + αα + ττ + εε In this specification , _g_Status_ st is the adjusted measure of risk exposure among the working-age population of natives in NUTS2 region _s_ and year _t_ ; τt are the time fixed effects that account for common , time-varying technological parameters ; αs are region fixed effects that account for variation due to time-invariant unobserved characteristics of the population in that region ; and fst is the share of foreign workers in each region and year . Therefore , γ is the main parameter of interest in the estimation . From the EU Labour Force Survey , our sample consists of 123 NUTS regions in 14 EU countries observed with yearly frequency from 2011 to 2018 . Estimating Equation 6 using a standard OLS approach can raise endogeneity concerns , even after including fixed effects to control for unobserved regional characteristics and time patterns . In particular , OLS estimates for γ may be inconsistent if the share of immigrants in EU regions is correlated with the unobservable term in equation 6 ( st | fst ] ≠ 0 ) . This might arise , for instance , when migration flows to a given region are driven by unexpected contemporaneous ii . ee . EE [ ε region-specific shocks . Further , OLS estimates could suffer from reverse causality if migrants choose to locate in areas where natives are employed in occupations that complement migrants ’ skills . These occupations , in turn , may differ in their degree of exposure to economic and health risks due to COVID-19 . Similarly , unobserved technology and demand shocks , which may differ across EU regions due to sectoral variation , may simultaneously affect the productivity of ( and demand for ) certain occupations as well as the demand for", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 987, "text": "EU Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 14 : Variation in the task content performed by part-time workers . ( Change from Mid-90s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 , 5 < br > 1 < br > 0 , 5 < br > 0 < br > ‐ 0 , 5 < br > ‐ 1 < br > ‐ 1 , 5 < br > Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Mexico El < br > Rep . Salvador < br > NRCA NRCI RC RM NRM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys . Note : NRCA refers to Non-Routine Cognitive Analytical , NRCI is Non-Routine Cognitive Interpersonal , RC is Routine Cognitive , RM is Routine Manual and NRM is Non-Routine Manual . Figure 15 : Variation in the task content performed by temporary workers . ( Change from Mid-90s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 , 8 < br > 0 , 6 < br > 0 , 4 < br > 0 , 2 < br > 0 < br > ‐ 0 , 2 < br > ‐ 0 , 4 < br > ‐ 0 , 6 < br > ‐ 0 , 8 < br > ‐ 1 < br > Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador < br > NRCA NRCI RC RM NRM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys Note : NRCA refers to Non-Routine Cognitive Analytical , NRCI is Non-Routine Cognitive Interpersonal , RC is Routine Cognitive , RM is Routine Manual and NRM is Non-Routine Manual Page 23 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 426, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GP unit | IDA / 57660 | | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Lim | ited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | 2016-12-14 | | | | 2017-02-10 | 2017-03-13 | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-996-GO - < br > RFQ / Procurement < br > Furniture and IT Equipment < br > for Audit Service < br > Cooperation ( ASC ) | IDA / 57660 | | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Lim | ited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | 2017-01-30 | | | | 2017-03-13 | 2017-04-17 | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-923-GO - < br > RFB / Procurement of IT < br > equipment for IFMIS data < br > center | IDA / 57660 | | Prior | Request for Bids | Ope < br > Inte | n - < br > rnational | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 702 , 484 . 81 < br > Completed | | 2 | 016-12-15 | 2016-12-20 | | 2017-02-09 | 2017-03-11 | 2017-04-16 | 2017-10-15 | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-931-GO - < br > RFB / Procurement of < br > IFMIS Audit Tool acquisition < br > of software | < br > IDA / 57660 | | Prior | Request for Bids | Ope < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adopted and these are presented below : Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on January 14 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for all Subproject components ( the new substation , TL tower pad and RoW ) . All PAPs have been informed by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members that there will be no payment of compensation with respect to any construction or perennial crops planted or any improvement to land where such activity is done after PAHs ’ census and inventory of their assets . Official Use Only Page 128", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 99, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "variety of channels . < sup > 17 < / sup > Separating the domestic content from the foreign content contained in a country ’ s exports — as achieved in the LACEX data — is a necessary step when disentangling the impact of production across multiple borders . However , when defining GVC-trade as value addition across different geographical locations governed by > 16 Exceptions include Kucera et al . ( 2012 ) . > 17 For example , the requirement of GVCs to meet strict quality standards often leads to increased mechanization , and the scale economies possible from accessing larger global markets may make capital investments more viable . Less labor-intensive methods of production may result , lowering the number of jobs for a given volume of output / exports . GVCs may also have distributional consequences in terms of the nature of skills demand and their implications for wages . On the other hand , if greater foreign value added in exports leads to an increase in total exports , by complementing the domestically available intermediate products and skills , it may lead to higher demand for labor in an industry . However , if it substitutes domestic production , it can lead to a lower share of domestic value added in exports and thereby lower labor demand . As another alternative , it could substitute the direct labor within an industry , but complement the indirect labor ( Farole 2015 ) . 27", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 166, "text": "LACEX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . 1 Non-farm income as an exogenous transfer * * Under the hypothesis that non-farm income is an exogenous transfer , the Gini index can be decomposed into three parts : the share of each income component , the Gini index of each income component , and the Gini correlation of each income component . The first column of table 2 shows that the farm income is the largest component of the total income ( 58 . 6 % ) , following by the non-farm income ( 31 . 5 % ) . The second column shows that the Gini index of the distribution of the observed total income , including the contribution of non-farm activity , is 0 . 508 ; while that of the distribution of the farm income is 0 . 579 . It suggests that , in the absence of non-farm activity , household income would have been 14 . 0 % more unequal . In other words , the presence of nonfarm income reduces rural income inequality . * * < u > Table 2 Decomposition of Gini Index < / u > * * | | Percentage of < br > total income < br > _k_ < br > _S_ | Gini Index < br > _k_ < br > _G_ | Gini Correlation < br > _k_ < br > _R_ | Contribution to < br > inequality < br > 0 < br > _G_ < br > _R_ < br > _G_ < br > _S_ < br > _k_ < br > _k_ < br > _k_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total income | 100 . 0 | 0 . 508 | 1 . 00 | 100 . 0 | | Farm income | 58 . 6 | 0 . 579 | 0 . 78 | 52 . 3 | | Agriculture | 31 . 5 | 0 . 635 | 0 . 62 | 24 . 6 | | Livestock | 16 . 0 | 0 . 729 | 0 . 45 | 10 . 3 | | Forestry and fishing | 11 . 1 | 0 . 986", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "certain items , the values are either simulated or imputed . Because the survey data is being used for the assessment of taxes and benefits , the annual amounts of tax revenues and social spending do not necessarily coincide with those found in other sources , in particular National Accounts . < sup > a < / sup > We focus on the redistributive role of tax and benefit policies as one of the underlying forces behind the disparities in poverty and inequality rates across the FSU countries . Poverty is measured using the LowerMiddle-Income Class Poverty Line of the World Bank . Depending on the year in which a CEQ study for each country was conducted it is equal to either $ 2 . 5 or $ 3 . 2 per person per day at 2011 PPP values . < sup > 2 < / sup > Inequality is measured using the Gini coefficient . The _distributive impact_ of a tax or a transfer is measured as the marginal reduction in inequality / poverty due to a tax or a transfer , i . e . the absolute change in Gini index / poverty headcount due to a removal of the transfer or the tax from household income ( Reynolds and Smolensky 1977 ) . Therefore , a positive value indicates that a tax or a transfer contributes to a decline in inequality / poverty , and otherwise . The extent of fiscal redistribution depends on the size of taxes and social spending ( as share of the GDP ) and on their progressivity . < sup > b < / sup > _Progressivity_ refers to the degree to which tax burdens and benefit entitlements rise or fall with household income . The summary measure of progressivity is the Kakwani index ( Kakwani 1977 ) . The Kakwani index is equal to the difference between the Gini index for a tax / transfer , and the Gini index for incomes before application of the tax / transfer . Theoretically , the Kakwani index can vary between - 1 to 1 ; the larger the index is , the more progressive is the expenditure or tax . The data for comparative analysis comes from the CEQ analyses for separate countries produced by country teams", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 84, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PCT to IFIs in return for competitive lending rates . Levy Yeyati ( 2009 ) argues that PCT is related to an insurance motive – namely the expectation that IFIs will extend credit during a crisis . Humphrey ( 2015 ) stresses IFIs mutual ownership structure . Risk Control ( 2017 ) collects statistics related to these three potential “ drivers ” of PCT ( favorable rates , countercyclical lending , cooperative nature of the institutions ) and . . . nds evidence that IFIs do indeed extend funds at lower rates than the market , that they are countercyclical , and that they lend in bad times . The paper also compares the degree of “ mutuality ” of each institution and discusses how that may a ¤ ect preferential treatment . Second , within the large empirical literature on sovereign defaults , a subset of papers consider defaults ( and the building up of arrears ) on IFIs . Schlegl et al ( 2015 , 2019 ) claim a hierarchy in seniority with the IMF and MDBs at the top . Their analysis is based on World Bank data and covers 127 countries from 1980 to 2006 . Considering arrears , bonds appear below MDBs in the pecking order , and then come bilateral lenders , banks and trade credit . The analysis also shows that not all multilateral lenders are treated equally ; > multilateral lenders such as the IFC ( the private sector arm of the World Bank Group ) do not generally claim preferred status . > 9 Focusing on emergency lending ( and abstracting from lending for consumption-smoothing motives in normal times ) provides a clean way to illustrate how a preferred lender could exist as an equilibrium outcome . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1002, "end": 1017, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The objective of the Component is to “ enhance Institutional capacity of KCCA for infrastructure development and maintenance ” . This will be achieved by strengthening the capacity of KCCA for design , supervision , implementation and operation and maintenance ( O & M ) of existing and new infrastructure . The infrastructure to be financed need to be consistent with the physical development plans for the city and KCCA capacity need to be strengthened to mobilize increased OSR to finance the O & M of these investments . The Component will therefore focus mainly on the Directorates of Engineering and Technical Services ; Physical Planning ; and Revenue . These Directorates are necessary for the implementation of Component 1 and their outputs are directly linked to the achievement of the project objective . The activities to be supported under each of the Directorates are provided in Annex 2 . Support to Directorate of Engineering and Technical Services ( US $ 4 . 0m ) – the implementation of Component 1 will be mainstreamed into this Directorate . The project will address the current skills gaps in project management and build the institution capacity of the Directorate for effective project delivery . The city currently has no comprehensive assets register and neither does it have an asset management policy and plan . There is need to adequately establish the number , size / capacity and quality of all city assets so as to sustainably operate and maintain them so as to maximize their value . Adequate management of assets like road reserves would also minimize the resettlement cost associated with infrastructure development . The KCCA traffic and transport planning unit is to plan , design and operate the capital city transport system . The unit shall be within the Directorate of Engineering and Technical Services of KCCA and will include ( i ) Traffic Management and Control team , ( ii ) Road Safety & Development Control Support team , and ( iii ) Transport Planning & Strategy team . It is anticipated that in the next five years , with the planned infrastructure investments and transport policy review , the unit will be fully staffed and resourced to improve transport system", "spans": [{"start": 1260, "end": 1275, "text": "assets register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Randomization to different interview modes was adopted to guide an eventual transition to recall as a cheaper way of collecting IHSES data on food . < sup > 9 < / sup > As non-food expenditures are already measured using different recall periods depending on the frequency of purchase , the experiment was limited to food measurements . Recall groups were defined and matched to their counterparts in the diary using the COICOP classification , yielding the quantities _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > and _Y_ < sup > _r_ < / sup > defined above . Both quantities include household estimations of the market value of food items consumed that are not acquired from the market such as self-produced items and gifts . In practice , however , market purchases account for almost all entries in our case study . We used the square root of family size to equivalize survey measurements in our analysis . Acquisitions and valuations of recalled consumption , in Iraqi dinars , were transformed to US dollars throughout . There are no incentives for households to report specific consumption levels , for instance , to meet thresholds for social programs . The most important social safety net , the Public Distribution System ( PDS ) , is a universal in-kind food subsidy , and other much smaller public transfers were not meanstargeted at the time of the survey . < sup > 10 < / sup > A separate IHSES module collected information about ration items received , consumed , bartered , sold or given away by the household during the last 30 days . The diary recorded market transactions to purchase ration items over and above the monthly allocation , but these transactions in our data are rare and small in magnitude . Because our focus is on comparing diary entries with recalled consumption , the consumption of rationed products is excluded from our analysis . # * * 3 . 3 Covariate Balance and Raw Distributions * * Table 1 documents the demographic balance for households assigned to recall modules . This randomly selected group of roughly 8 , 000 households constitutes our “ treatment ” sample , while all remaining households form the “ baseline ” sample . This table shows treatment-control", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 138, "text": "IHSES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* b ) * * Responsible ethical practices The project upholds high technical , professional and safety standards . The project is committed to behaving ethically at all times and taking responsibility for the actions of staff / consultants when those actions are taken on behalf of the Ministry . Where a credible allegation of bribery or corruption is made against a consultant or employee , he / she is specifically required * * by * * the terms of engagement with the project to participate fully and openly in all investigations undertaken . This can include the provision of full access to tax returns , bank records , and / or other relevant financial and personal data . Moreover , measures are taken to mitigate against conflict between official duties and private interests . In line with the Ministry ' s Code of Conduct , all staff are required to disclose outside business interests or activities where these may conflict with or potentially damage the interests of the project . Additionally , staff and consultants who are nominated to evaluate quotations / proposals as a member of procurement committee must sign Col form and declare if a real or apparent conflict of interest is involved . xvii", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 604, "text": "tax returns", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 607, "end": 619, "text": "bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) lending , especially to the tourism , transport and communication , real estate , trade , and manufacturing sectors . # # # * * Box 1 : The liquidity problem and rationale for MSME liquidity support * * < mark > Interbank rates and aggregate liquidity data ( with liquidity ratios of 54 . 5 percent in 2020 compared to the statutory minimum requirement of 20 percent and 45 . 5 percent in 2019 ) shows that there is adequate liquidity in the financial system , but they mask liquidity concentration and the uneven distribution amongst the different players ( Annex 5 ) . Banks generally rely on short-term customer deposits to fund their lending business . Due to large branch networks , large banks can attract cheap deposits , giving them a comparative advantage over small banks , which largely depend on more expensive wholesale deposits from large banks and other corporates / institutions and market borrowings . Consequently , in August 2020 , Tier I and Tier II banks had liquidity ratio of 50 . 3 percent and 67 . 18 percent , respectively but the ratio for Tier III banks was well below the industry average in January 2019 ( at 37 . 6 percent ) and stood at 46 . 3 percent in August 2020 . In addition , the cost of funds differs among banks , with smaller banks having higher cost ( at almost 3 percent in 2019 ) than the industry average ( 2 . 44 percent in 2019 ) . < / mark > < mark > With corporates and individuals increasingly seeking extensions on their loan repayments , banks are now taking a cautious approach in extending credit anew , thus affecting MSME lending . At the same time , net credit to government accelerated to 39 . 6 percent in July 2020 from 12 . 8 percent in July 2019 , as the government turned to domestic sources to fund its widening budget deficit ( including COVID-19 related spending ) . However , this rate has reduced to about", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 362, "text": "Interbank rates and aggregate liquidity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contribution * * by * * the Government of Kenya . This was contrary to the Disbursement and Financial Information Letter which requires * * IDA * * Credit , * * IDA * * Grant and GoK to finance * * 38 . 5 % , 16 . 5 % * * and 45 % of expenditure . In the circumstances , the low absorption may affect the planned Project activities and may have impacted negatively on service delivery to the public while the GoK is in breach of the law . # # # # # # 2 . Irregular Procurement of Motor Vehicles The statement of financial position reflects Kshs . 84 , 612 , 384 in respect of property plant and equipment as disclosed in Note * * 11 * * to the financial statements . Included in the balance is Kshs . 68 , 790 , 244 in respect of five * * ( 5 ) * * motor vehicles procured during the year under review . However , review of procurement records provided for audit revealed that Management requested for bids for the supply and delivery of Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Project vehicles vide Tender KE-MOE-427412-GO-RFB . The advertisement was made on 21 January , * * 2025 * * and closed on 20 February , * * 2025 * * and three firms responded , out of which two firms were recommended for award * * by * * the tender evaluation committee . However , the following observations were made ; - * * i . * * The estimated cost of the five * * ( 5 ) * * vehicles in the Project Procurement Strategy for Development was * * USD . 290 , 909 * * or Kshs . 33 , 745 , 444 . However , the procurement plan provided for audit reflects an estimated cost of * * USD . 650 , 407 * * or Kshs . 83 , 902 , 503 , resulting to unexplained difference of * * USD . 359 , 498 * * or Kshs . 50 , 157 , 059 representing 124", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 843, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > end of project target of 95 % . | < br > Current Target value under < br > Original Concession < br > Agreements is set at 95 % . | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 27-Jul-2009 ) * * | * * Financial Agreem * * | * * ent ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | P050439 | IDA-34110 | Effective | 24-Aug-2000 | 18-Dec-2000 | 31-Jan-2001 | 31-Jan-2006 | 15-Feb-2015 | | P050439 | IDA-3411A | Effective | 24-Aug-2000 | 18-Dec-2000 | 31-Jan-2001 | 31-Jan-2006 | 31-Mar-2013 | | * * Disbursements ( * * | * * in Millions ) * * | | | | | | | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed < br > | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P050439 | IDA-34110 | Effective | XDR | 24 . 42 < br > 16 . 16 | < br > 8 . 26 | < br > 10 . 69 | 5 . 48 | 66 .", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 176, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * ICR DOCUMENT # # # Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) | IR Indicator 4 . 10 : Water : % of water < br > facilities-schemes functional as < br > reported in upgraded MIS ( Text ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | Target achieved . 85 % of water facilit < br > program close , meaning functionalit | ies reported as funct < br > y data for earlier yea | ional in WEMIS . W < br > rs relied on admini | EMIS was fully dep < br > strative reporting . | loyed only at | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IR Indicator 4 . 11 - Water : % of water | N / A | Jun / 2019 | | 30 % | Jun / 2025 | 30 % | Dec / 2025 | | supply facilities with adequate < br > hygiene practices within the service < br > areas [ collection & storage < br > containers ] ( Text ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | Target achieved . The hygiene practic < br > Open Defecation Free . Progress was < br > sector LG performance assessment . | es target was met , w < br > supported by hygien | ith 30 % of water s < br > e promotion camp | upply facility servic < br > aigns integrated in | e areas declared < br > to the water | | d b f | N / A | Jun / 2019 | | 519 | Jun / 2025 | 855 | Dec / 2025 | | ~ ~ I ~ ~ R Inicator 4 . 12 - Water : Numer o < br > water connections and point sources < br > constructed or rehabilitated in < br > refugee hosting LGs", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 419, "text": "WEMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") EUR ( Right ) LATAM SSA OTHER < br > LATAM ( Right ) EUR ( Right ) < br > e . Local Claims of Foreign Affiliates in All f . Loan to Deposit Ratio , 2010 < br > Currencies , 2000 : Q1 – 2011 : Q4 ( Median ) ( In percent ) < br > 20 50 < br > 140 < br > 120 < br > 40 < br > 15 100 < br > 80 < br > 30 60 < br > 10 40 < br > 20 20 < br > 0 < br > 5 < br > 10 < br > 0 0 < br > ASIA MENA LATAM < br > SSA OTHER CEE ( Right ) < br > EUR ( Right ) < br > Q1 2000 Q4 2000 Q3 2001 Q2 2002 Q1 2003 Q4 2003 Q3 2004 Q2 2005 Q1 2006 Q4 2006 Q3 2007 Q2 2008 Q1 2009 Q4 2009 Q3 2010 Q2 2011 Q1 2000 Q4 2000 Q3 2001 Q2 2002 Q1 2003 Q4 2003 Q3 2004 Q2 2005 Q1 2006 Q4 2006 Q3 2007 Q2 2008 Q1 2009 Q4 2009 Q3 2010 Q2 2011 < br > Q1 2000 Q3 2000 Q1 2001 Q3 2001 Q1 2002 Q3 2002 Q1 2003 Q3 2003 Q1 2004 Q3 2004 Q1 2005 Q3 2005 Q1 2006 Q3 2006 Q1 2007 Q3 2007 Q1 2008 Q3 2008 Q1 2009 Q3 2009 Q1 2010 Q3 2010 Q1 2011 Q3 2011 Q1 2005 Q3 2005 Q1 2006 Q3 2006 Q1 2007 Q3 2007 Q1 2008 Q3 2008 Q1 2009 Q3 2009 Q1 2010 Q3 2010 Q1 2011 Q3 2011 < br > Q1 2005 Q3 2005 Q1 2006 Q3 2006 Q1 2007 Q3 2007 Q1 2008 Q3 2008 Q1 2009 Q3 2009 Q1 2010 Q3 2010 Q1 2011 Q3 2011 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : Panels a – e , IMF , _World Economic Outlook_ , and BIS , Consolidated Banking Statistics , table 9A , table 9B , table 9C ; Panel f , World Bank , FinStats .", "spans": [{"start": 1247, "end": 1278, "text": "Consolidated Banking Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agriculture or services in Bangladesh , nor agriculture in Cambodia . In India , only the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra have agriculture included in the survey . Table 2 provides the distribution of the number of firms sampled in each country , by sector and firm size group . We exclude micro-firms with fewer than 5 employees . Micro firms , particularly in developing countries , are more likely to be informal ( Ulyssea , 2018 ) , making them less likely to be captured in the sampling frame ; and this would require further adjustment in the survey instrument and sampling design . < sup > 30 < / sup > This size threshold is aligned with other firm-level standardized surveys with comparability across countries . The World Bank Enterprise Survey ( WBES ) also uses a threshold of 5 employees . The World Management Survey ( WMS ) uses a threshold of 50 employees . We stratify the universe of establishments by firm size , sector of activity , and geographic regions . Our sample is representative across these dimensions . In the firm size stratification , we have three strata : small firms ( 5-19 employees ) , medium firms ( 20-99 employees ) , and large firms ( 100 or more employees ) . Regarding sector , for all countries , we stratified at least for agriculture ( ISIC 01 ) , food processing ( ISIC 10 ) , Wearing apparel ( ISIC 14 ) , Retail and Wholesale ( ISIC 45 , 46 and 47 ) , other manufacturing ( Group C , excluding food > 30In addition , establishments below this threshold often lack the organizational structure to respond to some of the questions . 99", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 756, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 809, "end": 832, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", ” _Oxf . Econ . Pap . _ , 60 ( 2 ) , 212 – 236 . - Hagerty , M . R . ( 2000 ) : “ Social comparisons of income in one ’ s community : evidence from national surveys of income and happiness , ” _Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_ , 78 , 764 – 771 . - Helliwell , J . F . ( 2003 ) : “ How ’ s Life ? Combining Individual and National Variables to Explain Subjective Well-being , ” _Economic Modelling_ , 20 , 331 – 360 . - Hirschman , A . , and M . Rothschild ( 1973 ) : “ The changing tolerance for income inequality in the course of economic development , ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 87 ( 4 ) , 544 – 566 . - Hopkins , E . ( 2008 ) : “ Inequality , happiness and relative concerns : What actually is their relationship ? , ” _Journal of Economic Inequality_ , 6 , 351 – 372 . - Inglehart , R . F . ( 1990 ) : _Culture shift in advanced industrial society_ . Princeton University Press . - Lepper , H . S . ( 1998 ) : “ Use of other-reports to validate subjective well-being measures , ” _Social Indicators Research_ , 44 ( 3 ) , 367 – 379 . 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 7 : Memo on Expenditure framework sharing between the ESPES ( P151432 ) , CALM * * * * < u > ( P170384 ) , GEQIP E ( P163050 ) , HCP ( P172284 ) and other future P4R operations < / u > * * # # # * * Background * * 1 . The ESPES program continues to finance Woreda-level recurrent spending , mainly salaries , to deliver basic services and the Woredas ’ recurrent cost constitutes the ESPES program Expenditure Framework for the P4R component . These expenditures are part of the General-Purpose Grant ( GPG ) allocation of the government to the regions . At design , the ESPES-AF share from total woreda recurrent spending was estimated at 4 . 8 percent . Currently , the woreda recurrent expenditure share of ESPES , as calculated from different Interim Financial Reports , stood at roughly 8 percent , on average . In terms of sectoral shares , the contribution of ESPES for education , health , agriculture , water and rural roads stood at 9 . 0 percent , 8 . 1 percent , 9 . 7 percent , 7 . 6 percent and 5 . 1 percent , respectively . During the CALM PforR preparation , the issues of sharing the expenditure framework ( EF ) among different World Bank operations that support basic service sectors at the woreda level was brought up as an issue for discussion between the ESPES , CALM , FM and OPCS teams , and finally with Channel One Programmes Coordination Directorate ( CoPCD ) at Ministry of finance ( MoF ) . It was agreed that the EF of ESPES at woreda level can be reduced to allow for the CALM project and other IDA-financed projects . This action is not intended to have implication on the decentralized woreda level allocation and spending . Rather it is required for the accounting and reporting purposes to show the contribution", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 786, "text": "Interim Financial Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cent over the past five years . Around 10 million people move to towns and cities in search of jobs each year . < sup > 180 < / sup > India ’ s urban population is projected to increase by 404 million between 2014 and 2050 , making the country the largest contributor of urbanisation globally . < sup > 181 < / sup > The average household size is 4 . 8 people , and the average population density is 421 people per square kilometre . The figure is higher , however , in urban areas , the north of the country , and the Sundarbans delta . # # # # 6 . 2 . 1 Internal India ’ s population size and its geographic and climatic vulnerabilities mean the scale of displacement caused by disasters is huge . Between 2008 and 2013 , more than 26 million people were displaced by sudden-onset events , making it by far the worst-affected country in South Asia . In 2013 alone , more than 2 . 1 million people were newly displaced . < sup > 183 < / sup > In July 2014 several rivers , including the Brahmaputra , flooded after heavy monsoon rains in the eastern state of Assam , affecting 3 . 6 million people and displacing 350 , 000 . < sup > 184 < / sup > A month later the Mahandi river burst its - 176 UNDP , 2014 , _India , Human Development Reports , _ < u > http : / / goo . gl / p9fFxI < / u > > 177 IFPRI Food Security Portal , _India , _ < u > http : / / goo . gl / iGzwd9 < / u > > 178 CIA , 2013 , _The World Factbook India , _ < u > http : / / goo . gl / W5u94n < / u > > 179 Harris , Gardiner , 2013 , Coal Rush in India Could Tip Balance on Climate Change , _New York Times , _ < u", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9205 # * * Abstract * * To comprehend how development really happens , it is necessary to understand the evolution of its drivers and their relationship with individuals ’ income . This paper analyzes the expansion of access to education and basic services in Latin America and its association with the evolution of incomes in the region . The paper focuses on the importance of access to opportunities as one of the drivers of development and highlights the role of policy making . The findings suggest that access to education and basic public services early in life are positively correlated with incomes in adulthood . The analysis also suggests that countries follow a dissimilar path to increase access to education and basic services . The paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of historic census records to add granularity to the assessment of the development of countries , matched with detailed individual-level information from household surveys of several countries in the region . The paper widens an ongoing area of research on the long-run relationship between access to opportunities during childhood and incomes in adulthood . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at gcaruso @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 845, "text": "historic census records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 990, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using the threshold PPMT method presents a trade-off ; while almost all of those picked by the method at a very high confidence level would accurately be referred for the government support , it may exclude a significant number of cross-eligible households . The share of cross-eligible households referred by the method , however , would increase by decreasing the confidence level and / or extending the government program to less poorer households ( increasing eligibility thresholds ) . Moreover , as discussed , the PPMT can also be exploited by applying the more flexible ranking method , which would overcome such a trade-off . The high and significant rank correlations ( 0 . 7 ) between the PPMTs and full PMT ( Table A1 ) suggest that the two formulas order the households similarly and it is appropriate to employ the “ ranking ” approach . We set the “ pre-set ” targeting rate same as the MoLSA simulated program size . For instance , for the program targeting households below the poverty line i . e . , bottom 18 percent nationally , we set 18 percent as the “ pre-set ” targeting rate for the ranking method , i . e . , the bottom 18 percent of the households in the PPMT score would be regarded as eligible . < sup > 8 < / sup > Under such scenario , both the PPMT-SEVAT and the PPMT-Legacy VA models would refer about 36 percent of the extremely vulnerable households to the government support . Part II of Table 5 shows that a high referral success ( e . g . , 77 percent in the PPMT-SEVAT model ) and a low failure to refer ( 30 percent in the PPMT-SEVAT model ) is achieved with the ranking method . That is , simply ranking referrals based on their score but not placing a maximum referral threshold means many more households will be referred and with relatively low referral failure . Given the significant difference between the scope and hence the survey methodologies between the SWIFT on which the PPMT is designed and the CLCI ’ s verification field-test survey to which the PPMT is applied , the ranking method is more appropriate ; a small reduction in successful referral rates", "spans": [{"start": 1951, "end": 1990, "text": "CLCI ’ s verification field-test survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important note : < / u > _ * * * * In countries with more than one level in the procedure ( first instance , appeal , etc . ) , the figures for both procedures have been added up . As a result , appeal cases might have been counted more than once ( once at first instance and once on appeal ) . These data allow to monitor the number of decisions taken , but they are not indicative of the final outcome of the procedure of negative decisions . For instance , recognition rates for nationalities which tend to appeal a rejection are underestimated . * * | | Pendi < br > start-2 | ng < br > 006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pendi < br > end-20 | ng < br > 06 | Recog | Protec < br > nition | tion indic | ators * < br > Change p | ending | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | _of which : _ | Applied | Positi | ve | | | | | _of which : _ | rat | es | O / w . | cases | ( % ) | | Origin | Total | _UNHCR_ < br > _assisted_ | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | Rejected | Other", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 101, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 : Percent of total sales on Chaldal by firm size < ! - - Start of picture text - - > < 0 . 25 0 . 25 to 0 . 5 0 . 5 to 0 . 75 > 0 . 75 < 0 . 25 0 . 25 to 0 . 5 0 . 5 to 0 . 75 > 0 . 75 < br > Small ( 0-20 employees ) Large ( > 20 employees ) < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > percent < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > As noted earlier , survey respondents were a mix of firm owners , managers and sales managers . These respondents are on average 35 years old , and mostly male . Among the respondents , 84 percent have at least a Bachelor ’ s degree . This is a relatively high number in the context of firms in Bangladesh , as discussed later in this paper . # * * 2 . 4 Descriptive Statistics : Daraz Survey * * Data from the Daraz survey highlights some similarities but also important differences from the case of Chaldal . In terms of geographic dispersion , 41 . 6 percent of the Daraz vendor sample is from Pakistan , 27 . 7 percent from Bangladesh , 21 . 8 percent from Sri Lanka , and 8 . 8 percent from Nepal . Compared to Chaldal , firms in the Daraz sample are on average young and small in size ( table 2 ) . The average age of responding firms is 3 . 4 years ; 51 . 0 percent have been operational for two years or less , and 18 . 5 percent have been operational a year or less ( figure A . 1 ) . Firms have on average 3 . 5 employees ( in addition to the owner ) . Some 86 . 9 percent of firms in the sample have fewer than five employees , and 14 . 1 percent have no employees ( figure 3 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 738, "text": "Daraz Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Slope = - 0 . 02 [ s . d . = 0 . 11 ] Slope = 0 . 19 [ s . d . = 0 . 11 ] < br > - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 < br > Integrity Index - Average Bureaucrats Risk Aversion - Average Bureaucrats < br > ( a ) Integrity Index ( b ) Risk Aversion < br > Slope = 0 . 11 [ s . d . = 0 . 11 ] Slope = - 0 . 06 [ s . d . = 0 . 11 ] < br > - 4 - 2 0 2 4 - 1 0 1 2 3 < br > Cognitive index - Average Bureaucrats Choose dominated risk option - Average Bureaucrats < br > ( c ) Cognitive Index ( d ) Dominated Risk Option < br > Slope = 0 . 25 [ s . d . = 0 . 11 ] Slope = 0 . 06 [ s . d . = 0 . 11 ] < br > - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 < br > Altruism - Average Bureaucrats Non-Cognitive Index - Average Bureaucrats < br > ( e ) Altruism ( f ) Overall Non-Cognitive Index < br > Slope = - 0 . 01 [ s . d . = 0 . 11 ] Slope = - 0 . 23 [ s . d . = 0 . 11 ] < br > - 2 - 1 0 1 2 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 < br > Big Five Index - Average Bureaucrats PSM Index - Average Bureaucrats < br > ( g ) Big Five Personality index ( h ) PSM index < br > 2 2 < br > 1 1 < br > 0 0 < br > - 1 - 1 < br > - 2 - 2 < br > - 3 - 3 < br > 2 2 < br > 1 1 < br > 0 0 < br > - 1 - 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- the Second Highway Project ( Cr . 120-KE , Audit Report No . 846 ) completed in 1972 , and the Third Highway Project ( Ln . 639-KE , Audit Report No . 2062 ) completed in 1975 . Both projects encountered substantial cost overruns and delays in implementation , partly because of design changes , increased quantities , and contractor problems . Mostly because of cost overruns , re-evaluated rates of return on some roads were lower ( less than 10 % ) than those estimated at appraisal , even though traffic levels on most roads were above the levels projected . However , with the sharp increase in traffic levels since 1976 , some of these roads may now be justified . The major lesson gained from these two projects is that road design standards were inadequate , even for projected traffic levels . This situation has been made worse by traffic volumes above projected levels , as well as higher axle loads . Consequently , RD is now in the process of raising design standards ( para . 40 ) . Measures were also taken to control vehicle overloading under the Fourth Highway Project ( Cr . 276-KE ) . All cost estimates for the Highway Sector Development Plan have been based on higher design standards and on traffic projections derived from past trends . Longer contracting periods have also been allowed given the delays experienced under previous projects . 45 . There are four ongoing Bank Group financed projects . The Highway Maintenance Project ( Cr . 224-KE ) was designed to establish a sound maintenance organization ; it has run into problems because of lack of recurrent funds and poor administration of MTD . The Fourth and Fifth Highway Projects ( Cr . 276-KE and Ln . 932-KE ) have generally progressed satisfactorily , although implementation has been deliberately delayed by Government because of a cutback in", "spans": [{"start": 1215, "end": 1234, "text": "traffic projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our findings can be summarized as follows . First , for industries with high levels of import penetration , trade policy changes have a significant short-run effect on income risk . Second , the effect of the tariff _level_ on income risk is insignificant . Third , while the tariff _level_ has an insignificant mean effect , it nevertheless changes the degree to which macroeconomic shocks affect income risk . Finally , the welfare costs associated with the estimated increases in income risk are substantial . As we have pointed out before , the welfare results reported in this paper have to be interpreted with caution keeping in mind several limitations of our analysis . More specifically , we focus _exclusively_ on the link between trade policy and individual income risk , and do not study how trade reform affects the mean of income growth . Second , our welfare calculations do not allow for the possibility that an increase in income risk might lead to a simultaneous rise in insurance opportunities ( endogenous market incompleteness ) . Third , we follow a longstanding tradition in economics and measure risk by the variance ( second moment ) of the relevant distribution , which is justified if ( as assumed in this paper ) the economic variables of interest are ( log ) - normally distributed . Finally , the Mexican household survey we use to implement our general approach is a rotating panel that follows individual workers for five quarters over time , which means that the panel dimension of our income data is somewhat limited . In short , the welfare results presented here do not show that trade liberalization is necessarily costly , but they do provide strong evidence that any comprehensive welfare analysis of trade liberalization ought to take into account the cost of increased labor market risk . 34", "spans": [{"start": 1327, "end": 1351, "text": "Mexican household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Number Radios ( HQ ) < br > Average Integrity - Politician < br > Altruism - Bureaucrat < br > Risk Aversion - Bureaucrat < br > Less than College education - Bur < br > Poverty Rate 2013 < br > Voter Attachment to National Party < br > UCE score 2011 < br > - . 8 - . 6 - . 4 - . 2 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 < br > Point estimate and 95 % CI < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ( a ) Bivariate Regressions < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Number Radios ( HQ ) < br > Average Integrity - Politician < br > Risk Aversion - Bureaucrat < br > Altruism - Bureaucrat < br > Poverty Rate 2013 < br > UCE score 2011 < br > Less than College education - Bur < br > Voter Attachment to National Party < br > - . 6 - . 4 - . 2 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 < br > Point estimate and 95 % CI < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ( b ) Multivariate Regression Figure 9 : Robust Correlates of Health Service Delivery - LASSO selection _Note : _ This graph reports the point estimate and 95 percent CI for the coefficient on the variable in the axis , in a bivariate regression using District level health outcomes as dependent variables . CI is constructed using robust standard errors . The variables used here are those previously selected in a LASSO model . All variables are standardized to have unit standard deviation . 53", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sustainable development of these sectors . The Project will provide support for the review , amendment and / or drafting of financial sector laws that govern all the regulators and the DPF . It will also support capacity building initiatives for these institutions , including training needs assessment , training of staff , resident advisors , and establishment of capacity to regulate and supervise the microfinance and SACCOs sectors under the proposed new legislation . In addition , improvements will be made to the Management Information Services ( MIS ) of these institutions , including software upgrades and purchase of hardware . * * _Component 4 : Improving the Lending Environment . _ * * One of the major impediments to growth in Kenya is insufficient access to financial services by large segments of the population and enterprises , especially micro , small and medium sized ones . While there are a large number of providers of micro and SME credit , the market is segmented and disconnected . In the formal banking sector , deficient property registration systems , weaknesses in the creditor rights framework and institutional infrastructure , the overly debtor-friendly enforcement mechanisms and the pervasive lack of credit information have contributed to high lending risks as well as costly and inaccessible credit . The Project will support : ( i ) improvements in the operation of the Companies Register to allow for speedy and accurate information sharing of corporate information and data ; ( ii ) combining of the Charges Register and the Chattel Mortgage Register into one and moving the combined separate register ( notification system ) for charges / pledges over movable assets out of the Companies Register ; ( iii ) establishment of a legal and regulatory framework for the operation of a credit reference bureau that would facilitate the much needed information flow among the credit granting institutions ; and ( iv ) introduction of a summary court procedure for uncontested debt enforcement that would eliminate the frequent frustration of enforcement procedures through the discretionary granting of injunctions . In addition , the project will support the review of impediments to the growth of the leasing industry , including tax laws on leasing . * * _Component 5 :", "spans": [{"start": 1410, "end": 1428, "text": "Companies Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The conclusion of this breakdown is that at federal level only about 10 % of the budget is subject to system internal ex-ante budget controls . The remaining 90 % , including the majority of salary and pension payments , is handled outside the system . The system can thus not credibly affect aggregate expenditure control or expenditure targets . As the payment and reporting is only integrated for those payments transacted through FABS , the integrity of reporting can only be guaranteed for those 10 % . At the provincial level FMIS coverage is significantly larger ranging from 44 % in Punjab to over 65 % for other provinces . Payroll and pension expenditures constitute a large share of the budget and are well captured by the system . This supports greater overall expenditure control at this level . Agencies whose payroll and pensions are processed outside the system should be brought in . This is true mainly for the federal level where the percentages of the payroll and pensions processed thru the system are very low . The low percentages for payroll and pensions at the federal level are due to the fact that defense does not use the FMIS . The pension figures for Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are low because not all pension payments in Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are done through the FMIS and still follow the legacy PPO process . # Analysis of the Pakistan Expenditure Transaction Profile Assessing the transaction profile in more detail reveals that most non-salary transactions processed by the system are of low value and don ’ t make up a large share of the budget . At the federal level , non-HR related transactions smaller than PKR 10 , 000 make up 40 % of the budget and the percentage of transactions below PKR 20 , 000 is about 50 % for the center and all provinces . However , all of these transactions together only make up between 0 . 4 % and 1 . 5 % of non-HR related disbursement through the system . Conversely , high value transactions ( > PKR 500 , 000 ) are few across all systems but make up a large share of the budget as detailed in table 5 . The entire transaction profiles for", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "roc . Many people are reportedly hiding in the bush . At the time of this Trends report , a large number of the Shilluk civilian population have now congregated in and around Aburoc . It is estimated there are up to 30 , 000 mostly women and children , exhausted > 32 More ethnic Luo ( from Jur River County ) have joined the POC AA , including from the ECS site . > 33 See DRC Post Displacement Rapid Protection Assessment Wau city , Wau State April 2017 . > 34 DRC and UNHCR protection assessments . > 35 The RRC provided information that as many as 17 , 000 people have been displaced from Raja ; so far not confi rmed . > 36 This includes Wau town , surrounding villages , Raja and Awiel . > 37 The last Trends report used January statistics of 41 , 000 plus individuals in Collective Sites and 80 , 000 in total in the region . With the expansion of POC AA many people moved . The discrepancies indicate the > diffi culties of maintaining reliable registrations as populations have moved from relocations to new collective sites and with increased security concerns over the past two reporting periods . 38 According to DRC , NP and UNHCR assessments . > 39 See UNHCR / DRC joint mission report to Aburoc , 1 March 2017 . > 40 Information provided by DRC . 41 See report on protection and rapid reeds assessment to Tonga – Saturday 28 April , 2017 and OHCHR High Commissioner statement on Aburoc , 12 May 2017 .", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 745, "text": "January statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Hiring senior general < br > education inspection data < br > analyst < br > IDA / D2620 | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 6 , 512 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-10-29 | 2021-12-06 | 2021-12-14 | 2022-01-04 | 2022-12-30 | | MOE / GEQIP-E / C / IS-168 / 22 / < br > Hiring senior general < br > education inspection data < br > base admnistration < br > IDA / D2620 | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 5 , 328 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-10-29 | 2021-12-05 | 2021-12-14 | 2022-01-04 | 2023-01-04 | | MOE / GEQIP-E / C / IS-169 / 22 / < br > Hiring senior general < br > inspection M and E expert < br > IDA / D2620 | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 6 , 512 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-11-01 | 2021-11-30 | 2021-12-08 | 2022-01-03 | 2023-01-03 | | MOE / GEQIP-E / C / IS-170 / 22 / < br > Hiring senior general < br > education inspection < br > development expert < br > IDA / D2620 | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 6 , 512 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 7 billion items shipped . < sup > 81 < / sup > Customers ’ expectations about efficient logistics are also growing . According to a 2018 study , 91 percent of U . S . online shoppers said they will leave a retail website if critical services such as “ fast , free shipping ” are not available . < sup > 82 < / sup > Poor logistics remains a barrier for the growth of both domestic and cross-border e-commerce in many developing countries . A lack of quality physical infrastructure such as ports , railroads , and roads is the first bottleneck . According to the Logistics Performance Index , low-income countries score 2 . 2 out of 5 on the physical infrastructure indicator , compared with high-income countries ’ score of 3 . 5 on average . An infrastructure investment gap also exists between rural and urban areas . In the Lao People ’ s Democratic Republic , 65 percent of the rural population does not have access to an all-weather road . < sup > 83 < / sup > Beyond the need for investment in physical infrastructure , governments should also support the provision of logistics services through better administrative governance . In many countries , home delivery of purchases is still challenging because of lack of a national addressing system . A large percentage of the population has to pick up or send mail from a postal establishment , which gives them no incentive to engage in e-commerce activities ( figure 9 ) . # * * Figure 9 . Some countries lack a national addressing system to support e-commerce * * 21", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 677, "text": "physical infrastructure indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | | Pure Control Mean | 0 . 907 | 0 . 913 | 0 . 964 | 0 . 903 | 0 . 881 | 0 . 939 | | Sample Size < br > Notes : Robust Standar < br > * , * * , and * * * indicate < br > Data on weekly sales a < br > be closed ( since then s | 3537 < br > d Errors in P < br > significance < br > nd profits av < br > ales and pro | 3537 < br > arenthese < br > at the 10 , < br > ailability c < br > fits are kn | 3537 < br > s , Clustere < br > 5 , and 1 pe < br > odes data < br > own to be | 3537 < br > d at the M < br > rcent leve < br > as availab < br > zero ) . | 3537 < br > arket Level < br > ls respectiv < br > le if firm is | 3537 < br > . < br > ely . < br > known to | 46", "spans": [{"start": 197, "end": 217, "text": "Data on weekly sales", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "comprehensive understanding of tax evasion . This paper is the first study linking administrative and survey data to investigate the issue of envelope wages and measure tax compliance in Romania . * * In the case of Romania , the following data sources were available for this study : administrative tax records , the EU-LFS ( European Union Labor Force Survey ) , and the EU-SILC ( European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions ) . * * The administrative tax records collected by the Romanian Ministry of Public Finance included a full sample of monthly tax records for all employees from 2020 to 2021 . The EU-LFS Additionally , the records for self-employed individuals were available for 2019 and 2020 . < sup > 2 < / sup > and EU-SILC , household survey data , were also available for this study . The EU-SILC data covered the years 2020-2021 , which included the income years 2019 and 2020 . The EU-LFS data covered the years 2019-2021 . The EU-LFS and EU-SILC data were also valuable as they allowed for comparing estimates of reported and true incomes . Using a combination of administrative records and survey data , this study can better understand tax evasion in Romania . * * The administrative records are an essential and rich data source , providing detailed information on tax payments and potential estimates of reported income . * * Brockemyer ( 2019 ) discusses the types of administrative data used in empirical economic research . She also debates the upsides and downsides of administrative tax data . Our data is a tax register covering all employees who received labor income in 2020 – 2021 . The value of income is reported by the third party – the employer . The tax administration extracted the de-identified data under the formal agreement . The tax administration also provided a detailed and comprehensive description of the tax forms and variables in the dataset . Tax administrative records cover the entire formal sector , providing a more comprehensive sample than survey data . The data provided detailed information on labor income and COVID-19 support programs . The monthly number of taxpayers varies between 6 . 9 million and 7 . 4 million . This data is less prone to", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 311, "text": "administrative tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 318, "end": 324, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 327, "end": 360, "text": "European Union Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 373, "end": 380, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 914, "end": 925, "text": "EU-LFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 971, "end": 983, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1124, "end": 1135, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1912, "end": 1934, "text": "administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use of a data set explored by Autor , Levy , and Murnane ( 2003 ) that breaks down the ‘ task ’ composition of a wide range of occupations in US labor data . Authors who exploit these distinctions to look at the differential effects of trade shocks on workers with different types of occupations include Peri and Sparber ( 2009 ) , Ebenstein , Harrison , McMillan , and Phillips ( 2009 ) , and Liu and Trefler ( 2011 ) . Some of the results in Ebenstein et . al . ( 2009 ) , in particular , suggest that occupational distinctions may be more important than industry in identifying who loses from globalization , that it is workers in vulnerable occupations ( namely , those that are the most offshorable ) in affected industries who lose . 2", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 155, "text": "US labor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "454 ) | | International market | 3 . 991 | - 6 . 101 | 1 . 691 | - 2 . 143 | | dummy | | | | | | | ( 3 . 942 ) | ( 7 . 897 ) | ( 4 . 999 ) | ( 4 . 544 ) | | Constant | - 22 . 878 * | - 40 . 982 | 67 . 940 * * | 74 . 194 * * * | | | ( 12 . 041 ) | ( 29 . 101 ) | ( 23 . 510 ) | ( 9 . 539 ) | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 049 | 0 . 101 | 0 . 060 | 0 . 229 | | Number of observations | 3 , 507 | 3 , 546 | 3 , 546 | 3 , 247 | _Sources_ : Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys and Enterprise Surveys . _Notes_ : All regressions are ordinary least squares and include sector and country fixed effects . Standard errors are clustered at the country level . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . 17", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 481, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 486, "end": 504, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "75 % < br > spending on prevention < br > related activities . The recent < br > mission to a region found the < br > region has complied wih the < br > 75 % guideline | | | All participating Woredas have implemented < br > action plans that are aligned to national | | Text | Value | ew measurment for the M & E < br > system | 100 % | 100 % | | strategy with programs targeting most | | | Date | 17-Sep-2007 | 30-Sep-2009 | 30-Jun-2011 | | | | | Comments | This was a new measure for < br > the M & E system thus there < br > was no base line data . | All EMSAP II Woredas have < br > produced action plans in line < br > with the national strategic < br > plans . Submission of action < br > plans a pre-requisite for < br > receiving EMSAP II support | Information is collected and < br > analyzed from the woreda < br > reports | | Number of PLWHA & orphans who have < br > received care and support through Woredas . | | Text | Value | PLWHA 35 . 000 Orphans < br > 80 , 000 | PLWHA 103 , 659 < br > OVCs give school material < br > support 354 , 660 | PLWHA 100 , 000 Orphans < br > 200 , 000 | | | | | Date | 17-Sep-2007 | 31-Aug-2011 | 30-Jun-2011 | | | | | Comments | | The figure given is for all < br > types of support | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 17-Oct-2011 ) * * * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * Page 5 of 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to SNE . Nonetheless , the experience of the regional projects points at the need to ensure high-level oversight , and this lesson has been captured in the setting up of a join ministerial committee and a joint technical committee to oversee the implementation of the cross-border interconnection , as well as the joint recruitment by SONATREL and SNE of a Common Owner ’ s Engineer ( COE to mitigate the interface risks between national PIUs during construction . # * * III . IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS * * # # * * A . Institutional and Implementation Arrangements * * 62 . SONATREL and SNE will be the implementing agencies for the Project ’ s activities within their respective countries . > 27 Existing ( AfDB-financed ) ESMF and RPF instruments need to be updated to cover for additional IDA-financed investments in N ’ Djamena , while the ESIA , ESMP and RAP for the interconnector need to be finalized to fully comply with World Bank ’ s safeguards policies and update PAPs census . Page 32", "spans": [{"start": 977, "end": 988, "text": "PAPs census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 17 - and 4 Asian countries for which comparable data are available . The 12 African countries include all those on Table 3 except Zimbabwe and Mozambique , for which it was not possible to break out employment in rural towns , and Ivory Coast where data from only one region was available . We have plotted nonfarm employment percentages rather than densities , because in cases such as these , where complete rural employment data are available , percentages are less susceptible than are densities to noise introduced through differences in working age classifications and measured female participation rates . The raw data come from the same sources reported in Table 3 adjusted to include rural towns up to 250 , 000 in size . Figures 1 and 2 depict a positive relationship between rural nonfarm employment and both per capita GNP and agricultural income , thus supporting Hypotheses 3 and 4 . Correlation coefficients for the African countries portrayed stand at . 41 and . 33 , respectively . Extending the range of observation , the Asian data reinforce both of these conclusions . In addition , Figure 2 indicates that , for any given level of agricultural income , Asian countries generate higher levels of nonfarm employment than do their African counterparts , thus suggesting that agricultural multipliers may be higher in Asia . Only in testing the effect of population density do the African cross-section data appear ambiguous . Except for Rwanda , the outlier in the lower right , the African data imply essentially no correlation between population density and rural nonfarm employment . Yet extrapolation to population density levels common in Asian countries does suggest a positive relationship . Perhaps 50-100 people per square kilometer represents a threshold level necessary for population density to play a discernible role in stimulating rural nonfarm activity . Lending credence to this notion , the Nigerian data in Figure 4 indicate a strong . 87 correlation between population density and adult rural nonfarm employment ( . 78 for children ) in", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 433, "text": "rural employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1042, "end": 1052, "text": "Asian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1400, "end": 1426, "text": "African cross-section data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1503, "end": 1515, "text": "African data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1929, "end": 1942, "text": "Nigerian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "competition index in 2000 and a 0 . 35 increase in 2001 . The standard deviation of the competition index is 3 . 92 so these increases amount to roughly a 0 . 1 standard deviation increase in the competition index . These positive pro-competitive effects fade somewhat over time but rise again between 2006 and 2009 . < sup > 22 < / sup > > 21 The point estimates on individual competition indicators , however , are broadly suggestive of entry rates ( column 1 ) , the number of firms ( column 7 ) and prices falling somewhat faster in industries where firms owned by the Suharto family had greater market shares . By contrast , price costs margins ( column 3 ) , the Hirschman-Herfindahl index of concentration ( column 5 ) and the market share of the 4 largest firms ( column 6 ) seemed to be rising somewhat faster in these industries . This helps explain why point estimates from regressions in which the summary competition indicator – the competition index Z – is the dependent variable ( column 9 ) are suggestive of deteriorating competition in industries in which connected firms had higher market share during the Suharto era , though none of the individual coefficients is statistically significant . 22 These results could also in part be driven by the increase in sample coverage in 2006 which is a census year ; every 10 years the Indonesian bureau of statistics ( BPS ) conducts an economic census , which typically leads to an improvement in coverage of the manufacturing survey . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1413, "text": "economic census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of dispute , the Commission may at any time pay the amount of the compensation into a special compensation account held by the Commission , notifying the owner of the land accordingly . If the amount of any compensation awarded is not paid , the Commission shall on or before the taking of possession of the land , open a special account into which the Commission shall pay interest on the amount awarded at the rate prevailing bank rates from the time of taking possession until the time of payment . Once the first offer payment has been awarded , the NLC will serve notice to landowners on the property indicating the date the Government will take possession . Upon taking possession of land , the commission shall ensure payment of just compensation in full . When this has been done , NLC removes the ownership of private land from the register of private ownership and the land is vested in the national or county Government as public land free from any encumbrances ( Section 115 & 116 ) . 31", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 870, "text": "register of private ownership", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Additional Financing for Energy Access Project , Resettlement / Rehabilitation Framework - DRAFT March 2010 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10 . The Plan is prepared by the regional social development unit in consultation with the TTs and Legal . 11 . See OP / BP 13 . 05 , _Implementation Completion Report_ . 12 . The ICR ’ s assessment of the extent to which resettlement objectives were realized is normally based on a socioeconomic survey of affected people conducted at the time of project completion , and takes into account the extent of displacement , and the impact of the project on the livelihoods of displaced persons and any host communities . – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 60 EEPCO , Power System Planning", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 620, "text": "socioeconomic survey of affected people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | 6 Ethiopia Demographic Health | Survey ( EDHS ) Report . Up | date to be provided by | ► DLI 6 Health Centers reporting HMIS data in time ( restructured - DLI - 5a ) ( Process , 7 , 770 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | 6 / 28 / 2019 Page 13 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 133, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "urban and rural areas . < sup > 12 < / sup > Referring to Nicita ( 2004 ) for a detailed explanation of the model , the estimating equation is given by : where _X gt_ is the primary control variable ( the international price of good _g_ expressed in domestic currency ) , while _Z gtr_ is a vector of control variables that includes local supply and regional income , _R_ and _U_ denote rural and urban dummy , and ε _gtr_ is an i . i . d . error term . The coefficients of interest are : γ that represents the tariff pass-through elasticity and < sup > γ < / sup > 1 < sup > and < / sup > γ 2 that are its adjustment for distance from the US border . The pass-through is “ full ” or “ complete ” if γ = 1 and the pass-through is “ incomplete ” if γ < 1 . Similarly , the effect of the pass-through will be identical in all urban areas if γ 1 = 0 . On the other hand , if local prices vary as a consequence of movement in the tariff , then γ 1 ≠ 0 . Similar reasoning is applied in the case of rural areas , where the coefficient of interest is γ 2 . The econometric estimation of equation ( 1 ) combines a time series of crosssectional data set into a pseudo panel . < sup > 13 < / sup > The data consist of domestic prices for 63 regions and six time periods . Average prices for each region are arranged into a panel data set and the estimation is performed separately for agriculture and for manufacturing . Table 3 > 12 Higher transport costs and local supply suggests a lower price pass-through in rural areas , especially on agricultural products . > 13 From a time series of six cross section surveys ( from 1989 to 2000 ) , synthetic cohorts are defined as groups with fixed membership , whose individuals ( or households ) can be identified as they show up in the surveys . For this reason , groups are defined according to some time invariant variables . Means within each cohort are", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1145, "text": "crosssectional data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1314, "end": 1328, "text": "panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1568, "end": 1608, "text": "time series of six cross section surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ‐ 101 . 552 * * | | | X Other worker ill X Female | | | | [ 45 . 910 ] | | | Highest usual hours of work in household | | | | | 24 . 664 | | X Other worker ill | | | | | [ 46 . 347 ] | | Highest usual hours of work in household | | | | | ‐ 89 . 162 | | X Other worker ill X Female | | | | | [ 53 . 808 ] | | Mean dependent variable | 3 , 948 | 3 , 766 | 3 , 948 | 3 , 948 | 3 , 948 | | Observations | 116 . 4 | 113 | 116 . 4 | 116 . 4 | 116 . 4 | _Notes : Other worker ill = 1 if another household member reported missing work for an entire week in which s / he was planning to work and the reason for missing work was injury / illness . Sample includes respondents employed at baseline . Assets are measured by the first principal component from an index of household assets including bed , wall clock , watch , player , radio , tv , sewing machine , fan , air conditioning , fridge , freezer , gas stove , shovel , landline telephone , cell , bike , motorbike , car , computer , livestock , farm implements , generator , land ; then normalized to have mean zero and standard deviation one . Usual earnings and usual hours of work from reports in baseline survey . All specifications include individual fixed effects . Estimation uses least squares with trimming to account for censoring of the dependent variable ( Honore , 1992 ) . Regressions include controls for the number of household members planning to work in that round interacted with gender . Standard errors in brackets , clustered at the household level : * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . _", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1167, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * IV . Data * * Description * * and * * Sample Profiles # * * Samplo * * Distribution by * * Gender , * * Cohort . * * and Residenc . 15 / * * The sample for the analysis consists of 5 , 644 females and 5 , 241 males aged 20-59 drawn from the Peruvian Living Stanlards Survey ( PLSS ) . The PLSS was fielded from June 1985 through July 1986 by Peru ' s Instituto Nacional de Estadistica ( INE ) . The survey questionnaire was developed by the World Bank in collaboration with IKE and the Central Bank of Peru . For details about the PLSS sample and survey design , see Grootaert and Arriagada ( 1986 ) . A sample of adults was chosen to allow us to observe completed schooling levels . Yet , since 232 of those aged 20-24 were still enrolled in school when the data were collected , we do not fully capture the final education levels of more highly educated persons . A breakdown of the sample by current place of residence and by birth year is displayed in Table 1 . The individuals in the sample are , on average , nearly equally distributed across Lima , other urban and rural areas , with a slightly larger proportion residing in rural areas . The spatial distribution of the sample differs , however , by cohort . Over 40 percent of the oldest cohorts live in rural areas , compared to about one-third of the youngest cohorts . 15 / We , o not estimate the models separately by current place of residence , i . e . Lima , other urban , and rural areas , because current place of residence could differ from placs of residence at the time of schooling due to migration . Rather , place of residence is included as an explanatory variable in the regressions . 24", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 279, "text": "Peruvian Living Stanlards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 3 , 761 , 138 . 58 * * | * * 1 , 448 , 572 . 07 * * | | Totalamountwithdrawn ( asperStatementofReceipts < br > Payment ) 320 , 000 , < br > | 000 | 307805 , 571 | < br > * * 3 , 117 , 816 . 10 * * | * * 3 , 005 , 886 . 03 * * | | AmountintheExchequerAccount | * * 149 , 935 * * | * * - * * | 1 , 452 . 01 | | | * * _accountreconciliationattached ) _ * * | 65 . 842 . 741 | * * 99 . 857 * * | * * 642 , 873 . 39 * * | * * 10292 * * | The Special Deposit Account reconciliation statement has been attached as an Appendix to support these closing balances . # # # # # # * * 8 . 9 . * * B Cash in Hand There was no cash in hand as at * * 3 0 th * * June * * 2017 * * as per the Board of Survey report . # # # # # # * * 8 . 9 . C * * Cash equivalents ( short-term deposits ) There were no short-term deposits as at * * 30 ' * * June * * 2017 * * # # # # # # * * 8 . 10 . OUTSTANDING * * IMPRESTS * * AND ADVANCES * * Outstanding imprest and advances consist of amounts paid to officers for purposes of implementing the activities . When the imprest is accounted for they are recognized as expenditures in the Statement of Receipts and Payments . | NameofOfficeror * * Institution * * | * * AmountTaken * * | * * DuePateof * * < br > Surrender | Sun < br > Surrendered | Balance * * 2017 * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 704, "text": "Board of Survey report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "61 . 7 % ) and Hoima ( 73 . 9 % ) . The proportion of pregnant women that slept under mosquito net of type was 100 % in Adjumani and Moyo . Other districts with high proportion of pregnant women that slept under mosquito net of type were Arua ( 95 . 7 % ) and Lamwo ( 95 . 0 % ) . The lowest proportion of pregnant women that slept under * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 85 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "variables then include information on past late payments and defaults while positive variables include a borrower ’ s ( non-default ) rating , aggregate exposure , the number of open credit lines , and availability of collateral . To ensure consistency across countries , we restrict the dataset to private sector non-financial enterprises . The Mexican public registry only includes loans above US $ 20 , 000 , this is adopted as the baseline for empirical testing in Argentina and Mexico . For the case of Brazil a higher cutoff , of US $ 300 , 000 , was adopted . 8", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 369, "text": "Mexican public registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Does It Pay to Be a Cadre ? Estimating the Returns to Being a Local Official in Rural China * * # * * I . Introduction * * While individuals in leadership positions within the public sector may have intrinsic motivation to perform public and community service , convincing citizens to become leaders in their communities may require some expectation of financial return for time and effort ( Liu and Tang , 2011 ) . Apart from receiving reasonable financial incentives for public sector work , however , one may worry about negative consequences if leaders are perceived to exploit their position and connections for personal financial gain beyond reasonable compensation for the work they do on behalf of rural residents . Rural agrarian economies are not immune to the potential tension between providing appropriate incentives and the potential that leaders may engage in excessive rent-seeking . Goldstein and Udry ( 2008 ) , for example , show that individuals holding powerful positions in local political hierarchies in Ghana have more secure tenure rights to cultivated land , and as a result , the political elite invest more and enjoy substantially higher output . < sup > 1 < / sup > In this paper , we use a large rural household panel data set covering 10 provinces across 16 years to examine the extent to which having a rural cadre as a household member contributes to earnings above and beyond those earned by non-cadre households . > 1A related literature examines how political status and connections may be used to raise personal income and / or the value of firms . Roberts ( 1990 ) took advantage of the unexpected death of Senator Henry Jackson to identify the value to others of the political connections to him . The share prices of companies with ties to the senator declined in reaction to his death ; in contrast , share prices of companies with connections to his successor rose . Similarly , Fisman ( 2001 ) showed that the timing of the emergence of a string of rumors about the health of former Indonesian President Suharto was associated with a decline in the value of firms that had strong political connections with the Suharto family . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1262, "text": "large rural household panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "value of labor income in national accounts and administrative tax data , and EU-SILC . * * One option to check for potential biases > 4 While in the EU-SILC , the income was initially collected in local currencies in a data set shared with researchers , it is recorded in euros . The income in tax data is recorded in Romanian leu ( RON ) . We converted tax income into euros using the exchange rate provided in the database . 12", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 70, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 77, "end": 84, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * # # * * Appendix 4 : Sample TOR for Preparation of RAPs * * < mark > The scope and level of detail of the resettlement plan vary with the magnitude and complexity of resettlement . The plan is based on up-to-date and reliable information about ( a ) the proposed resettlement and its impacts on the displaced persons and other adversely affected groups , and ( b ) the legal issues involved in resettlement . The resettlement plan covers the elements below , as relevant . When any element is not relevant to project circumstances , it should be noted in the resettlement plan . < / mark > _1 . Description of the project_ . General description of the project and identification of the project area . _ < mark > 2 . Potential impacts < / mark > _ < mark > . Identification of : < / mark > < mark > ( a ) the project component or activities that give rise to resettlement ; < / mark > < mark > ( b ) the zone of impact of such component or activities ; < / mark > < mark > ( c ) the alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement ; and < / mark > < mark > ( d ) the mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . < / mark > _3 . Objectives_ . The main objectives of the resettlement program . < mark > 4 . < / mark > _ < mark > Census Survey < / mark > _ < mark > . The findings of the census survey to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including < / mark > < mark > ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; < / mark > < mark > ( ii ) standard characteristics of displaced", "spans": [{"start": 1362, "end": 1375, "text": "Census Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1420, "end": 1433, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decisions based on objective criteria - 3 * * Impartiality * * in evaluating individuals without relying on one ’ s gut-feeling in guiding the interview - 4 * * Diversity * * considerations in selection among qualified candidates , taking into account gender , geography and background - 5 * * Accountability * * of one ’ s hiring practices by maintaining recruitment data to identify trends and gaps With this sensitization , panellists are then able to go into an interview more cognizant of the personal perceptions and assumptions they themselves must pay attention to when evaluating someone else . For more information on this initiative , please contact * * IOM ’ s Gender Coordination Unit * * at < u > gcu @ iom . int < / u > * * UNHCR * * | A selection of promising practices on organizational culture change 22 / 34", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 372, "text": "recruitment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shops , etc . ) and other commercial activities / trades in small towns and rural settlements , Moderate number of people will receive new employment opportunity at the peak * * of * * construction activities . The creation of regular wage employment in the Subproject area is important , even though it will be on a relatively small scale , at relatively good rates of pay and for a limited period , since there are currently few other opportunities available . Currently , there are very few gainful employment opportunities in the Subproject area . Results of the households ' baseline survey also revealed that they anticipate that the proposed Subproject would create direct employment and market opportunities for their community members . Although labour recruitment is a matter for the contractor , who has the right to determine whom they shall and shall not employ , he shall be formally encouraged to hire locally wherever possible , in order to maximize the benefit distribution and social acceptability of the Subproject . Therefore , the contractor will be required to use his best endeavour to maximize local hire of labour , as far as this is compatible with his skill requirements , and to maximize local procurement of supplies . Therefore , the construction of this TL and * * SS * * subproject will provide short-term employment opportunity for several local people . Based on similar scale subprojects in Ethiopia , the required number of skilled and semiskilled workers is estimated at 200 . During the peak construction periods , the * * job * * opportunities for unskilled ( labourer ) including the workers for supporting services will be about * * 300 . * * The opportunity for female workers ranges between * * 5 % * * and * * 10 % . * * This will mainly be in the site subproject coordination offices . In addition , the workforce required during operation at the Arsi Robe substation will be will be * * 26 * * professional and * * 30 * * semi-professionals . The * * job * * opportunities for operators and workers for supporting services will", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 595, "text": "households ' baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | | 0 . 252 * * * < br > | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 036 ] | | | | Q3 2018 Indicator | - | | 0 . 227 * * * | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 042 ] | | | | Interaction Between IPC Status and the Post < br > Announcement Indicator | | | | | | | ____________________ < br > Post Announcement Indicator * IPC 4 Indicator | - | | - | 0 . 095 * * < br > [ 0043 ] | - | | Interactions Between the Post Announcement < br > Indicator and Individual Governorates in IPC 4 < br > Regions | | | | . | | | ____________________ < br > Post Announcment Indicator * Abyan Indicator | - | | - | - | 0 . 064 * * * < br > | | | | | | | [ 0 . 021 ] | | Post Announcment Indicator * Al Hudaydah Indicator | - | | - | - | 0 . 008 | | | | | | | [ 0 . 028 ] | | Post Announcment Indicator * Hajjah Indicator | - | | - | - | 0 . 028 < br > [ 0 . 021 ] | | Post Announcment Indicator * Lahj Indicator | - | | - | - | 0 . 233 * * * | | | | | | | [ 0 . 021 ] | | Post Announcment Indicator * Sa ' ada Indicator | - | | - | - | 0 . 279 * * * | | | | | | | [ 0 . 021 ] | | Post Announcment Indicator * Shabwah Indicator | - | | - | - | 0 . 016 < br > [ 0 . 021 ] | | Post Announcment Indicator * Taizz Indicator | - | | - | - | 0 . 130 * * * | | | | | | | [ 0 . 021 ] | | Observations | 357 | 357 | 357 | 357 | 357 | | Controls", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "trends ( World Bank , 2009 ) . Another exogenous variable in the model baseline is the growth of energy prices , which are calibrated with projections made by the Energy Information Administration of the U . S . Department of Energy < sup > 5 < / sup > . For the purpose of the study we define two scenarios . The first scenario considers the implementation of biofuel use targets consistent with what countries already have announced ( hereafter “ AT ” scenario ) . Please see Column 3 in Table 1 for shares of biofuels under the AT scenario in 2020 . The second scenario generally considers a doubling of the announced targets > 3 The base year for calibrating the model is 2004 , the year for which the social accounting matrices , the main database for the model , were constructed . Although our base year is 2004 , the model is calibrated to replicate major historical statistics until year 2009 . > 4 Impacts of removal of subsidies and import duties have been analyzed in detailed in a separate paper . > 5 A module that can represent both conventional and un-conventional oil and gas reserves and production would be ideal ; however , the model used here does not have that capacity . Hence , we used energy price forecasts from other sources instead of generating them endogenously in the baseline . 19", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 732, "text": "social accounting matrices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that could not be interviewed despite several call attempts may introduce a potential bias in the selection of the sampled households . To overcome this potential bias and obtain statistics representative at the national level , a balanced sampling approach was adopted , leveraging on the extensive set of variables available in the Nigeria General Household Survey ( GHS ) - Panel 2018 / 19 . Additionally , this study uses the publicly available phone survey weights , calculated by adjusting the GHS-Panel 2018 / 19 household weights to reflect the selection and interviewing process and calibrated according to the characteristics of the weighted sample included in the GHS-Panel 2018 / 19 . This study mainly relies on the information included in Round 6 of the COVID-19 NLPS . This survey round includes information at the individual level on school attendance and other education variables for household members aged 5-18 . < sup > 8 < / sup > A maximum of 6 household members were selected for each household to limit the randomly respondents ’ burden , with a final sample of 4 , 006 members 5-18 aged of 4 , 325 eligible individuals ( of the 1 , 762 households successfully interviewed in Round 6 ) . Given the selection process of individuals aged 5-18 years , individual-level weights were calculated and calibrated to correspond to the sex and age distribution of the total weighted population aged 5-18 years as included in the GHS-Panel 2018 / 19 . < sup > 9 < / sup > # * * 2 . 2 . 2 Measuring School Attendance * * To measure children ’ s school attendance just before the school closure and just after school reopening , we take advantage of the COVID-19 round 6 phone survey which , unlike previous rounds where schooling information was measured at the household level , provides information on schooling at the individual level for children aged 5-18 . In the survey , after schools reopened in Nigeria in October 2020 , respondents were asked whether were school at the moment of the either in they attending survey person or remotely . Hence , we define school attendance after school reopening as a binary variable taking the value one if the individual answered \" Yes \"", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 366, "text": "Nigeria General Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 500, "end": 509, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 675, "end": 694, "text": "GHS-Panel 2018 / 19", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 768, "end": 781, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1665, "end": 1694, "text": "COVID-19 round 6 phone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> - 12 . 8 | _ | | < br > Services | | 76 | - 37 | < br > 97 < br > 98 < br > _9_ | | < br > | | . < br > | . < br > < br > | a < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > | | Privateconsumption < br > | | * * 4 . 3 * * < br > | * * - 3 . 6 * * < br > < br > < br > | o , < br > 9 < br > | | General governmentconsumption < br > . . < br > Gdti itt | . . | 9 . 7 < br > 19 < br > | 15 . 5 < br > . 2 < br > 129 | 0 . < br > - < br > Exrtns < br > m < br > morts | | rossomesc nvesmen < br > Importsofqoods andservices | | . < br > < br > * * 2 . 0 * * | . < br > * * - 1 . 4 * * | p < br > < br > p | Note : 2000 data are preliminary estimates , ' The diamonds show four kev indicators in the countrv ( in bold ) compared with Its income-qroup average , If data are missino , the diamond will be incomplete . - 51 -", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 608, "text": "2000 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Given that we allow for a lagged effect of restrictiveness in services on manufacturing TFP , we have three overlapping periods on which the model is estimated . In the first period , the matching data are the restrictiveness index for 1997 with firms ’ productivity averages for 1998 , 1999 and 2000 . In the second , the restrictiveness index for 2003 with firms ’ productivity averages for 2004 , 2005 and 2006 . In the third , the restrictiveness for 2006 with firms ’ productivity averages for 2007 , 2008 and 2009 . The X vector includes controls for other factors related to integration with the global marketplace that may affect performance . < sup > 14 < / sup > - ( 1 ) Policy restrictiveness in upstream manufacturing sectors , as this may also affect a firm ’ s TFP in addition to that in service sectors . Here , we rely on the OECD restrictiveness indices for manufacturing , and weight them in the same way as in ‘ rest ’ , using inputoutput coefficients . - ( 2 ) The level of tariff protection in upstream manufacturing sectors ( again weighted by the input-output coefficients ) . - ( 3 ) The degree of competition faced by firms , proxied by ( a ) the level of tariff protection and ( b ) the share of output produced by foreign firms operating in the same sector ( which in turn also captures potential horizontal spillover effects ) . We consider five variations of our baseline specification above , to obtain answers to the following specific questions : - ( 1 ) Is the effect of ‘ rest ’ on firm ’ s TFP different for domestic and for foreign firms ? For this , we estimate equation ( 2 ) on the subset of domestic firms only , following Arnold et al ( 2011 ) . - ( 2 ) Is ‘ policy restrictiveness ’ capturing the effect of restraining FDI flows from coming in ? To answer this , we replace ‘ rest ’ with FDI flows in equation ( 2 ) . - ( 3 ) Are the effects of ‘ rest ’ on firms ’ TFP the same for firms at the bottom , at", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 870, "text": "OECD restrictiveness indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # * * Country contexts * * The six countries covered by this research are strikingly diverse . They were different socially and economically prior to the start of the Syria crisis . Clearly they have all been affected differently by the emergency , and the capacities of national and local actors to respond and to work in cooperation with international organisations vary considerably from context to context . It is not the primary purpose of this research to describe each country context in detail . However , it is worth briefly describing some of the key variable factors in each country in order to put this research into context . # # * * Jordan * * * * Key information at a glance : * * - Jordan is host to approximately 1 . 38 million Syrians , just under half of which are registered as refugees . - Funding of almost US $ 1 . 1 billion is required for inter-agency initiatives in Jordan in 2018 , of which 63 % is for refugee response and 37 % is for building resilience . - 62 out of 136 institutions and organisations ( 46 % ) involved in the JRP planning process in 2017 can be classified as national or local actors . Jordan is host to approximately 1 , 380 , 000 million Syrians , of which 655 , 056 are registered as refugees . Approximately 11 % of this population are living in camps , with the remainder living outside of camps in both rural and urban areas . The Jordan Response Plan for the Syria Crisis ( JRP ) sets out the nationally-determined priorities for responding to the needs of Syrian refugees and host communities . The Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation ( MOPIC ) leads the Jordan Response Platform for the Syria Crisis ( JRPSC ) – a mechanism for strategic partnership and collaboration between the Government of Jordan , donors , UN agencies and NGOs in response to the impact of the Syria crisis . The Government-run Jordan Information System for the Syria Crisis ( JORISS ) provides an overview of", "spans": [{"start": 1947, "end": 1993, "text": "Jordan Information System for the Syria Crisis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evaluation systems . # # # * * _ < u > Participatory Appraisal through non-structured survey < / u > _ * * 12 . The participatory approach helped to generate such important information that could not be easily captured through the structured survey and also provided greater flexibility to the experts to investigate new conditions that may not have been anticipated in the planning of the study and designing the instruments . 13 . FGDs were undertaken with different segments of the target youth groups in order to have a fair representation of the various cross-sections of the age cohort . The consulting team held one FGD in each woreda selected for the structured survey . On average , about ten youth participated in these FGDs . Supervisors purposively selected the participants with sensitivity to gender and social station . # # # * * _ < u > Secondary data collection from stakeholders < / u > _ * * 14 . These quantitative and qualitative sources of data were further enriched by the information provided by active stakeholders working in the front lines , including local HAPCO , the anti-AIDS clubs in schools , the local chapters of the national and regional associations of PLWAs as well as front line peer educators . They provided crucial information about the factors that influence the sexual behavior of the local youth , the possible sources of misconception , and the degree of acceptance of HIV / AIDS not only as a healthcare issue but more importantly as a socio-economic phenomenon as well as the available care and support services within the local context . Equally important has been the information provided by these stakeholders regarding the nature and effectiveness of the intervention currently underway their respective localities . # # # * * _ < u > Data Validation < / u > _ * * 15 . The consulting team reviewed the data collected from the different sources to verify their validity at the field level . This helped track data inconsistencies and allow timely corrections . 39", "spans": [{"start": 1855, "end": 1896, "text": "data collected from the different sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "value with inflation . In the case of savings clubs and “ lay-away plans ” at stores , informal savings can be shown to lose a margin in excess of the inflationary loss , since savings are frequently traded in for certain items sold above list price . In addition , informal savings systems do not benefit from any institutional deposit insurance , having to rely on personal trust mechanisms instead . * * Table 3 . 2 Banked versus unbanked users of informal savings services * * | | * * Banked * * | * * % * * | * * Unbanked * * | * * % * * | * * Total * * | * * % * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Uses informal savings | 318 , 211 | 19 . 0 % | 237 , 424 | 9 . 1 % | 555 , 635 | 12 . 9 % | | Does not use informal savings | 1 , 359 , 091 | 81 . 0 % | 2 , 379 , 201 | 90 . 9 % | 3 , 738 , 292 | 87 . 1 % | | _Total_ | 1 , 677 , 302 | _100 % _ | 2 , 616 , 625 | _100 % _ | 4 , 293 , 927 | _100 % _ | _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ 48 The savings rate in Colombia has been constantly declining since 1990 from 24 % of GDP to 14 % of GDP in 2003 . 49 The DANE did not gather sufficiently robust information on the savings behavior of the interviewed people . A second application of the survey with revised questions is therefore recommended . In contrast , the México City survey included several in-depth questions on savings behavior . 53", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 973, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1311, "end": 1329, "text": "México City survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "high levels of informality where the majority of land transactions remains off the register , in line with what is found by recent studies ( World Bank 2006 ) . In many instances of post-communist transition , a key reason for land holdings to be fragmented is that households received different types of land ( cropland , pastures , orchards , vineyards ) or land with different levels of quality or associated infrastructure ( Tanaka 2007 ) . Data on land use suggests that this may be the case in Albania as well ; land holdings are made up of irrigated and rainfed fields for annuals ( close to 0 . 3 ha each ) , rainfed and irrigated orchards ( 520 and 180 m < sup > 2 < / sup > , respectively ) , and pastures ( 900 m < sup > 2 < / sup > on average ) . Not all the available area is cultivated or transferred through markets ; indeed some 18 % of households , most of them in the country ‟ s coastal and central parts , leave land fallow for reasons unrelated to productivity . < sup > 6 < / sup > With some 12 % of the total ( from 0 . 16 ha in coastal to 0 . 04 ha in mountain areas ) , the area affected is not negligible . Some two thirds of this has been fallow for 5 years or more , pointing towards potentially far-reaching implications for agricultural incomes overall . Most notably , the amount of land left idle is about three times what has been transferred through land rental markets in 2005 . In line with what was discussed earlier , the value of agricultural output , from crops and livestock together , amounts to approximately $ 1 , 000 per household , slightly less than half ( 48 % ) of which comes from livestock production . Magnitude and composition of agricultural income vary across regions , with the highest levels ( $ 1 , 318 , about two-thirds of which from crop agriculture ) in the coast and the lowest ( $ 850 , some two-thirds of which from livestock ) in the mountains . About 21 % of producers have access", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 461, "text": "Data on land use", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Costinot , A . , D . Donaldson , and I . Komunjer ( 2012 ) . “ What Goods Do Countries Trade ? A Quantitative Exploration of Ricardo ’ s Ideas , ” The Review of Economic Studies , vol . 79 ( 2 ) , pp . 581 – 608 . Costinot , A . , A . Rodriguez-Clare ( 2014 ) . “ Trade Theory with Numbers : Quantifying the Consequences of Globalization , ” Handbook of International Economics , Edited by G . Gopinath , E . Helpman and K . Rogoff , Chapter 4 , pp . 197 – 262 . Deaton , A . ( 1989 ) . “ Rice Prices and Income Distribution in Thailand : a Non-parametric Analysis , ” Economic Journal , 99 ( Supplement ) , pp . 1 – 37 . Deaton , A . ( 1997 ) . _The Analysis of Household Surveys - A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy_ . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Deaton , A . and O . Dupriez ( 2011 ) . “ Purchasing Power Parity Exchange Rates for the Global Poor ” American Economic Journal : Applied Economics , 3 ( 2 ) : 137-66 . Faber , B . ( 2014 ) . “ Trade Liberalization , the Price of Quality , and Inequality : Evidence from Mexican Store Prices , ” mimeo , Department of Economics , University of California at Berkeley . Fajgelbaum , P . and A . Khandelwal ( 2016 ) . “ Measuring the Unequal Gains from Trade , ” Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol . 131 , pp . 1113 – 1180 . Galle , S . , A . Rodriguez-Clare , and M . Yi ( 2017 ) . “ Slicing the Pie : Quantifying the Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Trade , ” mimeo Berkeley University . Nicita , A . ( 2009 ) . “ The Price Effect of Trade Liberalization : Measuring the Impacts on Household welfare , ” Journal of Development Economics , vol . 89 ( 1 ) , pp . 19 – 27 . Nicita , A . , M . Olarreaga , and G . Porto ( 2014 ) . “ Pro-Poor Trade Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the effects suggest that the selected women are not just able to appropriate any additional income they may earn thanks to the promotion income , but also that a reallocation of the income they would earn in the absence of the program is taking place . A back-of-the-envelope calculation shows that the intent-to-treat impact on female expenditures and remittances combined adds up to about 1 , 543 Taka . < sup > 51 < / sup > This is far greater than the intent-to-treat increase in personal income of about 689 Taka in Table 3 . This suggests that the promotion program leads to renewed bargaining over more than just the newly earned income . The effect is positive for all components of women ’ s assignable expenditures , though the effects are largest on expenditures on women ’ s clothing and footwear as well as accessories and > 48See Figure B . 4 in the Online Appendix . Note that the outcome variables for the separate decisions again are indices , since I dichotomize the four different categories of involvement explained in Section 3 into dummy variables , and then create a standardized Anderson index . > 49See Figure B . 5 in the Online Appendix > 50Table C . 12 in the Online Appendix investigates whether other household expenditures change , such as on food , different type of durables , housing , savings and recreation . None of these expenditures is significantly affected , though the point estimates are sizeable at - 0 . 8 to - 0 . 9 percentage points for kitchen durables , furnishing durables and savings , and + 0 . 8 percentage points for food . > 51See Table C . 11 in the Online Appendix . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "S . experience with community development banking has demonstrated the stability and profitability of “ popular banking . ” It has also proved a source of investment for traditional commercial banks . As in the U . S . , future Mexican policy would benefit from more research . The ENDESFI survey was invaluable in providing a baseline survey of the use of financial services by households in Mexico City . Additional research should develop this further and also focus on the business models of financial institutions , both banks and non-banks that currently serve moderate-income households . This will provide policy makers and private sector institutions a better understanding of how moderate-income households obtain financial services , what they pay form then , and what might be done to lower the cost or improve the quality of these services . 57", "spans": [{"start": 282, "end": 296, "text": "ENDESFI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "FHH | 573 | 1 . 29 | 0 . 91 | 454 | 3 . 81 | 5 . 27 | 0 . 000 * * * | 194 . 9 | | | ( liters / day ) | Total | 2 , 386 | 1 . 32 | 0 . 92 | 2 , 040 | 3 . 95 | 5 . 35 | 0 . 000 * * * | 199 . 2 | | Non-AGP2 Woredas | | Total | 551 | 1 . 26 | 0 . 97 | 465 | 4 . 85 | 5 . 88 | 0 . 000 * * * | 284 . 7 | _Source : _ AGP2 EIER ( based on survey data collected in March 2017 and May 2024 ) . Page 34", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 319, "text": "AGP2 EIER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 331, "end": 342, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The first wave of the survey , conducted between August and December of 2007 , included 658 HIV households and 341 comparison households . In the second wave , one year later , HIV households that could not be found and interviewed were not replaced , but comparison households were . The panel consists of 896 households interviewed in both waves : 616 HIV households and 280 comparison households . At the individual level , there are 616 identified HIV positive patients , 2579 individuals living in HIV households but not identified as HIV positive , and 1431 individuals belonging to comparison households . In addition to the living standards and health questionnaire , we collect biomedical records for HIV positive individuals at the health facility , allowing an objective measure of the health and treatment status of patients . These biomedical records include the date of treatment initiation as well as the dates , weights and CD4 counts at the last visits ( up to 7 ) by the patient at the health facility . There are 498 observations in this biomedical record dataset , out of the 616 potential patients identified in the living standards and health survey . # * * 3 . Is there an impact of the food crisis on the welfare of households in Mozambique ? * * The first step of our analysis is to assess whether the food crisis had an impact on the welfare of households in Mozambique , and , in particular , on their nutritional status . Indeed , if the crisis lowers the income of households , then access to food could be restricted which will have a negative impact on adherence to treatment or health outcomes . As mentioned in the introduction , a food crisis , namely , the drastic increase in the price of food products , affects different types of households differently . An urban household is mainly a net consumer of food and is therefore affected negatively by a price increase , whereas a rural household can be affected positively if he is a net seller of food . In the data , health facilities in which HIV patients are found for the survey are identified as rural or urban . Using this definition of urban or", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1082, "text": "biomedical record dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1137, "end": 1171, "text": "living standards and health survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report * * * * Manyatta A , Manyatta B , Nyawita and Kibuye settlements * * collection of relevant resettlement information , analysis , and documentation to inform the project RAP monitoring process . The PCT − the key person being the M & E officer ( provided for in the RPF as the Social Safeguard Officer in the county team ) − after every major activity updates the M & E database . For instance , to monitor the delivery of the consultations held with the PAPs as scheduled , after the meeting , the title of the meeting held , date , number of participants ( male and female ) , and issues discussed , etc . should be updated in the database . In addition , after every compensation cycle undertaken by Kisumu County , County Project Coordination Team will update the compensation schedules . The monitoring team will track the progress of the grievance handling and get updates on compensation disbursement . The reports generated will be used to make decisions where adjustments are needed to ensure the ARAP implementation process achieves the desired results on time . the desired results on time . * * Midterm Impact evaluation * * The midterm impact evaluation will gauge the effectiveness of the ARAP and its implementation in meeting the needs of the affected population i . e . , assesses the satisfaction of affected people with resettlement initiatives and , thus , the adequacy of those initiatives . Its focus is largely on the effects of resettlement or compensation , although it will incorporate some performance aspects . For instance , it will purposely validate the work done by the NPCT and CPCT in monitoring , to ascertain that the targets are met and the objectives of the ARAP are adhered to . Essentially , evaluation should be as participatory as possible . Therefore , evaluators will involve and interview PAPs ( and other stakeholders ) , to ascertain their knowledge and concerns about the resettlement process , their entitlements , and the rehabilitation measures . It uses a variety of avenues to collect data , including :", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 426, "text": "M & E database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is available through the gravity portal of the US ITC . < sup > 6 < / sup > For further robustness checks , we also use WIOD . While Release 2 of the ITPDE includes trade data for manufacturing and agriculture since 1989 , information on services is only available starting in 2000 . Hence , our sample spans the years 2000 to 2015 , a time crucial for the development of RTAs : According to the WTO , the number of RTAs in force more than tripled in this period . < sup > 7 < / sup > For computational ease we restrict the sample to the 120 largest countries measured in terms of GDP in 2019 taken from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators . < sup > 8 < / sup > To estimate Equation 4 , we further need information on the presence of RTAs and their type . For partial scope agreements , free trade agreements , and customs unions , we draw information from Mario Larch ’ s RTA database ( Egger and Larch 2008 ) . For non-reciprocal arrangements the database on Economic Integration Agreements maintained by Jeffrey Bergstrand and Scott Baier is the main source ( Bergstrand et al . 2015 ) , we update it to 2014 ourselves using information from the WTO ’ s PTA database . < sup > 9 < / sup > With these two data sets at hand , we know whether there was any RTA in force in the first place and we can distinguish between agreements that were notified under the Enabling Clause , i . e . non-reciprocal trade arrangements and partial scope agreements , and those that were notified under Article XXIV , i . e . , free trade agreements and customs unions . Our analysis builds on the World Bank ’ s Deep Trade Agreement Dataset ( DTA data ) provided by Hofmann et al . ( 2019 ) to determine which Article XXIV agreements can be considered to be “ deep ” . The data set on the content of RTAs maps 52 provisions in 279 PTAs notified to the WTO and signed between 1958 and 2015 . It also includes information about the legal enforceability of each provision", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 651, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 885, "end": 897, "text": "RTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 961, "end": 1004, "text": "database on Economic Integration Agreements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1169, "end": 1181, "text": "PTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1608, "end": 1636, "text": "Deep Trade Agreement Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and come from information provided by the household interviews in the preceding wave of the panel . Our final ( unbalanced ) panel dataset includes 5 , 461 observations of 2 , 736 agricultural households from waves 2 , 3 , and 4 of the Nigeria GHS Uniform Panel Data that were also interviewed in the preceding wave . Descriptive statistics for the key variables of interest are reported in Table A1 in the Appendix . Note that the average value of the reversed GS-SPEI is 0 . 23 , suggesting that in our sample drier-than-normal conditions represent the prevalent type of weather anomaly experienced by farming households , and that growing season weather throughout the survey period has been overall less favorable compared to the historical ( 1900-2020 ) long-run sample mean over which the SPEI is computed . # * * 4 . Methods * * Our identification strategy is based on the use of causal forests . Causal forests were specifically developed for the estimation of Conditional Average Treatment Effects ( CATEs ) , which constitute non-parametric estimates of treatment effect heterogeneity based on a set of chosen covariates ( Athey & Imbens , 2016 ; Athey et al . , 2019 ; Wager & Athey , 2018 ) . Causal forests are a causal inference adaptation of random forests — a powerful supervised machine learning method aimed at predicting a given outcome on the basis of a set of inputs ( Breiman , 2001 ; Hastie et al . , 2009 ) — to the task of predicting heterogeneity in causal effects . The causal forest algorithm is an ensemble of causal trees . Each of these trees is defined by datadriven sample splits that generate leaves , which are followed by a prediction of the causal effect over a set of conditioning characteristics _X_ . The aim of a causal forest is to split the data so as to maximize treatment effect heterogeneity across leaves . To prevent the risk of overfitting , the algorithm is based on the so-called \" honest approach \" ( Athey & Imbens , 2016 ) , which randomly splits the sample in two equal parts : half of the sample ( the _prediction_ sample ) is employed to define the sample splits (", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 266, "text": "Nigeria GHS Uniform Panel Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 31-Jan-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2017 | |  Annual audit recommendations implemented as a proportion of all actions recommended ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2017 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 8 / 14 / 2015 Page 7 of 8 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _Not Applicable . _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Not Applicable . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Logia sub town 04 Kebele and Semera sub-town 04 Kebele . The open defecation is also practices in many other parts of the two sub towns . The existing public toilets , which are pit latrine types , are not enough to provide services for the two sub towns given its size , commercial importance , and high level of people ’ s mobility . Semera-Logia has five public toilets , each having 4 cubicles making a total of 20 cubicles which are not enough to meet people ’ s public toilet needs . A quite large number of the community members were not satisfied with their current sanitation facilities in the Semera-Logia . Even though the public toilets have showers , they are not functional due to a shortage of water . According to the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey ( EDHS ) 2016 , only 20 . 1 % of the urban population had access to improved sanitation facilities . However , this study has found that at least 0 . 26 % of the households have access to flush toilets , 56 . 03 % use improved pit latrine with and without slabs , 4 . 28 % are VIP and only 36 . 6 % of households use open defecation in the two sub towns . Only about 12 . 2 % of the residents in Semera-Logia currently empty their pit latrines / septic tanks . The situation could be attributed to the highly permeable sandy soils predominant in Semera-Logia town that allow the infiltration of leachate from pits and soak away , resulting in the great majority of tanks and pits operating for longer periods without the need to be emptied . However , for high groundwater table areas , areas near well fields and congested areas , the sludge which is not emptied may risk contamination of the groundwater . Liquid waste management of the two sub-towns is carried out by the general services of the municipality . The Water and Sewerage Utility has 6 m < sup > 3 < / sup > vacuum truck each", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 776, "text": "Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "de Gorter and Swinnen survey with an analytic survey of recent models about pressure groups that has begun to receive attention in the literature . Of specific interest is the debate over two schools of thought about how those pressure groups operate . One set of models emphasizes that pressure groups lobby by paying for services , while the other set of models maintains that pressure groups seek to informationally lobby policymakers , and money primarily buys access but not the policy itself . It is hoped that the analysis in this paper informs that debate in the context of agricultural policy . We begin with 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resources is not routinely tracked ( see section on Transparency below ) . funding in Lebanon for the LCRP in 2017 , tracked by UNDP and UNHCR , provides greater insight . It shows that between January to August 2017 , just over 2 % of direct funding went to local and national organisations , namely local and national NGOs , compared with almost 80 % to UN organisations and over 18 % to international NGOs . Clearly , much more funding is provided indirectly to local and national organisations , though this onward passing of resources is not routinely tracked ( see section on Transparency below ) . Again , this data is not comprehensive . A recent report , for example , revealed that US $ 187 . 2 million was channeled to or through Lebanese institutions in 2016 within the framework of the LCRP ( Inter-Agency Coordination , Lebanon , 2017 ) ; compared with a figure of US $ 2 million going to the public sector in Lebanon according to UN OCHA FTS data for the same year and US $ 0 according to LCRP tracking data . Regardless of the variation between different data sources , it is clear that the volume of funds going directly to local and national actors compared with their international counterparts is extremely low . This contradicts global commitments within the Grand Bargain to invest in the institutional capacities of local and national responders , and undermines principles articulated within the 3RP to work within the framework of national ownership and leadership , and strengthen local capacities and systems . There are a number of reasons for this , not least competition for scarce resources , given the multiple largescale crises that are putting a strain on donor budgets . Another major constraint in lack of administrative capacity within donors at field level to interact with multiple local humanitarian responders , process grant agreements and follow-up on reporting requirements ( OECD , 2017a ) . Moreover , legal restrictions , such as counter-terrorism legislation , can actively inhibit and prevent donors from directly funding national and local organisations ( OECD , 2017a ) , particularly within Syria but also", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 961, "text": "UN OCHA FTS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1004, "end": 1022, "text": "LCRP tracking data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Human Capital Index score in 2020 , it still ranks ahead of only six other countries . The fluctuating nature of budgetary allocations of the Federal Government in areas like health , education , water and sanitation , in Naira terms and in terms of the share of the total government budget , do not seem to be encouraging or indicative of strong commitment to improve on the condition of children or on human capital in general . The additional availability of data on state and local government budget allocations in these areas , as well as the donor communities ’ initiatives , may allow more focused impact evaluations of these initiatives on monetary and multi-dimensional deprivation-based child poverty across the country . Further analysis will also be needed to find whether the adoption of the Child ’ s Rights Act is correlated with the level of deprivation . Its adoption though indicates a higher level of commitment and also creates an enabling environment for interventions to address different areas of deprivations of children . The Federal Government along with the States that have adopted the Act should therefore make a concerted effort to encourage remaining states to adopt the Act and to live up to the obligation of the constitution and ensure uniform protection for the children in Nigeria . # 7 References < mark > Abdu , M . , & Delamonica , E . ( 2018 ) . Multidimensional child poverty : From complex weighting to simple representation . < / mark > _ < mark > Social Indicators Research < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 136 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 3 ) , 881-905 . < / mark > < mark > Abramovsky , L . , Augsburg , B . , & Oteiza , F . ( 2015 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > Sustainable Total Sanitation - Nigeria : Baseline Report < / mark > _ < mark > . Institute for Fiscal Studies , Centre for the Evaluation of Development Policies : London < / mark > < mark > Adebowale , N . ( 2019 ) . UPDATED : 11 states in northern Nigeria yet to", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 515, "text": "data on state and local government budget allocations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the last two rows of Table 2 . We find that for the average high-income economy , the elasticity of domestic GDP to exports is very close across the two periods ( 0 . 5 and 0 . 6 , respectively ) , both in gross terms and in value added terms . For the average developing economy , the change over time in the estimated elasticity is slightly larger : from 0 . 7 to 1 . 0 in gross terms , and from 0 . 5 to 0 . 7 in value added terms . T-tests confirmed that the differences in elasticities between 1990s and 2000s were statistically significant for estimates based on gross export data , but not for estimates based on value-added trade data , possibly due to the reduced sample size . < sup > 6 < / sup > > 6 A set of alternative methodologies validated the results reported in Table 2 . First , averages were recalculated after removing elasticities from estimations with non-significant coefficients of adjustment . Second , ratios of 10-year ( for gross ) and 5-year ( for value-added ) moving averages of export and GDP percentage changes were computed and averaged by country group . Differences in the 2000s relative to 1990s were assessed by inspecting the monotonicity of the country-specific ratios . Finally , estimates of elasticities were derived using panel estimations with country fixed effects . Regressions were run only on the gross export data set – due to limitations in the value added exports data – and separately for high-income and emerging market economies . Elasticities for the 1990s and 2000s were found to be statistically different from each other .", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 589, "text": "gross export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 623, "end": 645, "text": "value-added trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1350, "end": 1371, "text": "gross export data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1400, "end": 1424, "text": "value added exports data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Reference * * Acemoglu , D . , S , Johnson and J . A . Robinson ( 2005 ) “ Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth . ” Handbook of Economic Growth 1A : 386-472 . Alfaro , L . , and F . Kanczuk ( 2019 ) “ Undisclosed Debt Sustainability . ” _NBER Working Paper_ 26347 . Banisar , D . ( 2006 ) “ Freedom of Information around the World 2006 : A Global Survey of Access to Government Information Laws . ” Privacy International . http : / / www . freedominfo . org / Beck , T . , G . Clarke , A . Groff , P . Keefer and Patrick Walsh ( 2001 ) \" New tools in comparative political economy : The Database of Political Institutions . \" _World Bank Economic Review_ 15 ( 1 ) : 165-176 . Bellver , A . , and D . Kaufmann ( 2005 ) “ Transparenting Transparency . ” MPRA Paper 8188 , University Library of Munich , Germany . Blinder , A . , C . Goodhart , P . Hildebrand , D . Lipton , and C . Wyploszet ( 2001 ) “ How the Central Banks talk ? ” Geneva Report on the World Economy 3 , ICMB . Berliner , D . ( 2014 ) “ The Political Origins of Transparency . ” _The Journal of Politics_ 76 ( 2 ) : 47991 . Calderon , C . , and A . Zeufack ( 2018 ) “ Debt Trends and Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa . ” Washington , DC : The World Bank , Manuscript , November . Calvo and Mendoza ( 1996 ) “ Petty Crime and Cruel Punishment : Lessons from the Mexican Debacle . ” The American Economic Review 86 ( 2 ) : 170-75 . Chinn , M . D . and H . Ito ( 2006 ) \" What Matters for Financial Development ? Capital Controls , Institutions , and Interactions \" _Journal of Development Economics_ 81 ( 1 ) : 163-192 . Chinn , M . D . and H . Ito ( 2008 ) \" A New Measure of Financial Openness . \" _Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis_ 10 ( 3 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Source : Author ‟ s computation using Tanzania Household Budget Survey 2007 To further explore the role of search costs and distances to markets and test our first hypothesis , we test a model of the determinants of maize prices using OLS regression . We commence with a simple univariate model : 13", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 77, "text": "Tanzania Household Budget Survey 2007", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ include both urban and rural neighborhoods , and density varies according to three broad settlement types . These are ( i ) well-defined residential housing and industrial areas : low density with good , well-planned road access ; ( ii ) old Kebeles within the city : medium to high density ; ( iii ) newly developing informal peri-urban areas : high density for those within the city boundary , while those encroaching on the city are currently more rural in nature ( Hassan , 2020 ) . The city started to rapidly expand after 1995 , following its assignment as the capital city of the regional state ( Wondrade et al . , 2014 ) . Its horizontal urban expansion growth , unlike the classic ribbon sprawl in most of the developing nations , is multidirectional . The city administration is set to develop an additional 19 , 421 hectares of land , based on the recent urban expansion plan . This will make Hawassa 34 , 691 hectares wide by 2040 ( LamsonHall et al . , 2014 ) . However , most of the expected developments will occur in areas that are already peri-urbanised . A survey conducted in February 2023 revealed that factors contributed to the rapid growth of Hawassa City included , among others , suitable topography for settlement ( 27 . 7 % ) ; geographical proximity and accessibility ( 17 . 6 % ) ; climatic suitability for settlement ( 19 . 3 % ) ; high natural population increase in the city ( 28 . 4 ) ; and investment program implementation ( 6 . 8 % ) ( Mefekir and Birhanu , 2023 ) . Hawassa ’ s rapid urbanization , its land policy and the undergoing urban development endeavors are shaping new settlements at the periphery . Consequently , former rural settlements and private farm lands have been transformed into urban", "spans": [{"start": 1275, "end": 1308, "text": "survey conducted in February 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development ( P146797 ) # # * * 3 . Relevance of Objectives * * # # * * Rationale * * Kenya is a lower middle-income country and the ninth largest economy in Africa , with recent decades of growth fueled by strong consumption , investment , and broad-based growth . Human development indicators have also been steadily improving over the last couple of decades , including life expectancy at birth , infant mortality , and fertility rate . Poverty has also been declining ( 46 % in 2005 to 34-42 % in the last decade ) , but inequalities remain high . In the education sector , specific interventions and increased public spending have resulted in near universal primary enrollment and reduced gender gaps in school enrollment . Free primary education was introduced in 2003 and led to expanded access to education ( net enrollment rate in primary school was 95 . 9 % in 2013 ) . However , enrollment and completion rates are lower in arid / semi-arid land ( ASAL ) areas and in urban slum areas . In addition , the rapid expansion of the education system has affected Kenya ' s capacity to maintain and improve the quality of education nationwide . This has been reflected in low competency levels in early grade mathematics and reading and declining national test scores ( UWEZO survey findings throughout 2009 , 2011 , and 2012 indicate that fewer than a third of children enrolled in grade 3 have basic grade 2 level numeracy skills ) . These low levels of learning have been attributed to low teacher productivity ( absenteeism , time on task ) , low teacher pedagogical competency , insufficient budget and instructional resources , and ineffective management and accountability at the school and system levels . Kenya ' s economic development plan - Kenya Vision 2030 - sets the goal to become a newly industrializing middle-income country by 2030 , including through developing a globally competitive quality education system . The National Education", "spans": [{"start": 1396, "end": 1408, "text": "UWEZO survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 The second page adds results for every 25 years from 2000 to 2150 ( as well as rates for the 1985-2000 period ) . This page provides fewer indices , including only the population by age and sex , the birth , death , net migration , and growth rates , total fertility , life expectancy , and infant mortality . Most of these numbers are standard demographic indicators , but the infant mortality rate requires ome qualification . More properly labeled lqo , it is an index extracted . ; : om a Coale-Demeny model life table chosen to provide an appropriate life expectancy . It need not , and often will not , correspond to an observed infant mortality rate . # Methods and Data Sources The key elements in chese projections are base-year ( mid-1985 ) total population estimates and age-sex structures , base-period ( 1985-90 ) mortality , fertility , and migration rates , and assumed trends in the rates . These elements and additional assumptions that are made will all be described . The basic methodology is identical to that used last year ( see Zachariah and Vu 1988 ) . Those familiar with the previous publication may therefore wish to skip to the summary of results . Data and sources have been updated ; an Appendix indicates the sources for all base-year or baseperiod estimates . # Total Donulation and age-sex comDosition The estimates of total population in mid-1985 come from diverse sources . Where possible , estimates are Bank projections from reasonably complete censuses or official figures from governments with comprehensive population registration . Other official figures are also used , either from the U . N . Population and Vital Statistics Report or from government publications . When these figures do not pertain to 1985 , ' hey are projected forward . Other sources of estimates include the U . N . 1988 revision of world population prospects ( forthcoming ) , the U . N . 1984 assessment ( published in 1986 ) , Eurostat ( 1987 ) , the U . S . Bureau of the Census ( 1985 ) , and Celade ( 1987 ) . The specific source for each country is listed in the Appendix . The 1985 population of", "spans": [{"start": 1898, "end": 1921, "text": "U . N . 1984 assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1946, "end": 1954, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 3 Gini coefficient of household per capita income , skilled-unskilled and highschool-dropouts wage premiums over time , net of country effects . 16 LA countries , 1989-2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > . 06 < br > . 04 < br > . 02 < br > 0 < br > Gini coefficient HPCI < br > - . 02 < br > - . 04 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > - . 1 < br > - . 2 < br > Wage Premium , Skilled-Unskilled < br > - . 3 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > - . 1 < br > Wage Premium , Highschool-Dropouts < br > - . 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 26", "spans": [{"start": 715, "end": 721, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "H every six months . 13 . * * Component 2 : Capacity Building and Project Management ( US $ 3 . 8 million ) . * * This component ’ s objective was to support project management functions and build national capacity to implement SD voucher scheme in the health sector . Under this component , the project financed ( a ) specific project management activities including oversight functions by the MoH , project administration and management by the VMA , verification activities by the IVEA , service provider selection , audit , and monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) and ( b ) capacity-building activities including training and quality assurance activities to streamline and harmonize implementation processes for scaled-up implementation of the voucher scheme in the sector . # # * * B . SIGNIFICANT CHANGES DURING IMPLEMENTATION ( IF APPLICABLE ) * * 14 . * * The project ( with a total financing of US $ 13 , 300 , 000 ) was approved on December 18 , 2014 , instead of February 28 , 2014 , as originally planned due to concerns regarding the anti-homosexuality act . * * The delay allowed the project to draw in more resources , that is , parallel financing of US $ 3 , 058 , 950 from the UHSSP and US $ 954 , 436 from the UNFPA . These were added to the original financing of US $ 13 , 300 , 000 from the GPOBA , and enhanced the project ’ s overall resource envelope ( totaling US $ 17 . 31 > 11 The project used a combination of geographical targeting ( based on poverty mapping ) and a customized poverty-grading tool to select eligible beneficiaries . Eligibility for geographical targeting was determined through the use of poverty maps prepared by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) using the 2002 census . The following criteria were used to determine eligibility for subsidies under the project : ( a ) pregnant women residing in sub-counties where over 60 percent of households are deemed poor on the basis of the poverty maps by", "spans": [{"start": 1710, "end": 1721, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "yes * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | | * * Stage 3 . Montly charges should not exced 0 . 01 * * < br > | * * % of monthly incom * * < br > | * * e : yes or no * * < br > | | | * * Maintenance fee * * < br > * * $ 18 . 6 * * | * * $ 16 . 6 * * | * * $ 6 . 0 * * | * * $ 2 . 6 * * | | * * Income percentile 25 th : * * | | | | | * * $ 1 , 547 * * < br > * * no * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | | * * Income percentile 50 th : * * | | | | | * * $ 2 , 380 * * < br > * * yes * * < br > * * Income percentile 75 th : * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | | * * $ 3 , 703 * * < br > * * yes * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | | * * Income percentile 100 th : * * | | | | | * * $ 11 , 619 * * < br > * * yes * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | * * yes * * | | * * Source : Own estimatios with datum of Bansefi . * * | | | | The Mexican government recognizes that a lack of competition among banks likely contributes to high bank fees and the high percentages of people outside of the banking system . It has embarked on a three-pronged policy to address the problem . First , it has recently begun to apply verbal pressure to encourage large banks to make basic deposit accounts", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 839, "text": "datum of Bansefi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "its budget line for public sector modernization and digitalization ( with JD 45 . 00 million ( US $ 63 . 50 million ) budgeted in 2023 and the next two years ) . It will support the achievement of targeted results under the Program . * * 30 . The program management unit ( PMU ) will be anchored at MOPIC . * * Assigned responsibilities to the PMU include : ( 1 ) coordination of the Program ’ s implementing agencies , including under the relevant Inter-Ministerial Committees and Program Technical Steering Committee ; ( 2 ) implementation progress monitoring and reporting to the political leadership at the cabinet level and to the World Bank ; ( 3 ) TA and capacity building to Program implementing agencies , including by leveraging donor support ; ( 4 ) compliance with social and environmental safeguards , including with regard to stakeholder engagement , disclosure of information , and grievance redress ; and ( 5 ) compliance with fiduciary requirements , including financial management ( FM ) , integrity , and procurement . MOPIC already has experience coordinating the implementation of two large World Bank PforR operations ( namely , the Economic Opportunities for Jordanians and Refugees PforR , and the Jordan Transparent , Inclusive and Climate Responsive Investment PforR ) . It also manages the Jordan Growth MDTF , including the Reform Support Fund under the Strengthening Reform Management under the Recipient-Executed Trust Fund ( RETF ) . It can provide both Bank - and recipient-executed TA for the achievement of the Program ’ s targeted results , just as it already does for the Jordan Transparent , Inclusive and Climate Responsive PforR . In addition , the DOS under MOPIC will be responsible for DLI9 concerning interactive statistical data . * * 31 . The Program ’ s institutional set up includes three sector line ministries ( MODEE , the MOE , and the MOH ) and the SPAC , the newly established authority on civil service and service delivery , in addition to MOPIC and the PMO . * * - The MOH", "spans": [{"start": 1744, "end": 1772, "text": "interactive statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "follow-up . Next , we add a series of covariates , such as gender , age , marital status , parental status , ethnicity , and employment , a set of district and T & E provider-specific control dummy variables . The results indicate that attrition is not correlated with treatment status , and hence differential attrition between treatment and control groups is not an issue in this evaluation . # * * c . Uptake of EF-Sponsored Training Courses * * Another threat to our study is imperfect compliance , which occurs when those offered treatment choose not to participate , or when people from the control group gain access to the program . These deviations from treatment assignment may bias our estimates of program impact , because the factors that determine one ’ s actual participation , such as motivation and tenacity , cannot be observed and are likely correlated with the outcomes of interest . > 40 We have redone the baseline balance tests after matching , and the results indicate that though the similarity of treatment and control groups has improved , significant differences remain . The post-matching balance tests are available upon request . > 41 Because the EF-sponsored training courses vary in length from 1 to 3 months , the follow-up survey examines outcomes 9 to 11 months after the end of the training . > 42 The EF itself conducts follow-up with a sample of participants up to 6 months after the training to verify employment and earnings . Hence , the impact evaluation follow up survey occurs 3-5 months after the treatment group ’ s last contact with the program . > 43 The reasons given for loss to follow-up for the 2010 and 2011 cohorts include : inability to track the household ( 11 % ) , no one in the household during multiple visits ( 15 % ) , refusal ( 8 % ) , respondent migrated for work within Nepal or abroad ( 8 % ) , respondent migrated after marriage ( 10 % ) , or other ( 40 % ) . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1479, "end": 1513, "text": "impact evaluation follow up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "average public sector wage premiums in developing countries are positive and larger than those in developed economies . The rest of this paper is structured as follows : Section 2 provides background on the economic situation in Bhutan . Section 3 contains a description of the Bhutan Labour Force Survey ( BLFS ) 2014 , the data set used henceforth . The same section also introduces the analytical strategy and describes the econometric model underlying the three-step procedure . The main empirical analysis follows in Section 4 . The section consists of four parts : First , a compilation of descriptive statistics on wages , fringe benefits and other variables . Second , an analysis of self-selection into labor force participation and public or private sector as well as of the determinants of wages in either sector and a decomposition of the selection-adjusted difference in average wages between public and private sector into characteristics and coefficients effects . Third , an appraisal of whether results are robust to variations in the empirical setup . Fourth , similar decompositions for different quantiles of the wage distribution . Finally , Section 5 discusses possible implications for research and policy and concludes . # * * 2 . Background * * Bhutan is a landlocked country in South Asia bordering China to the North and India to the West , South and East . According to NSB ( 2014 ) , Bhutan ’ s population in 2014 was around 745 , 000 and its land area covers 38 , 394 square kilometers . Thus , Bhutan has a population in the same order of magnitude as the Comoros or Guyana and covers a land area similar to that of the Netherlands or Switzerland . Bhutan ’ s official currency is the _ngultrum_ or _Nu_ . The _Nu_ is pegged to the Indian _rupee_ at par ; in late 2014 one US dollar was worth about _Nu_ 63 . 5 . Administratively , Bhutan ’ s territory is divided into 20 _dzongkhags_ ( administrative districts ) . The 20 _dzongkhags_ are further divided into 205 _gewogs_ ( groups of villages ) . Bhutan is maybe most famous for introducing and popularizing the concept of Gross National Happiness ( GNH ) , now enshrined as a principle of state", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 304, "text": "Bhutan Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| __ | __ | | __ | __ | < br > F4 . Third ( leave blank if none ) | __ | __ | | __ | __ | < br > Income source codes : 7 = Small business / self-employed 14 = Borrowing < br > 1 = Food crop production / sales 8 = Petty trade ( firewood sales , etc . ) 15 = Food assistance < br > 2 = Cash crop production / sale ( e . g . coffee ) 9 = Pension , allowances 16 = Skilled Trade < br > 3 = Sale of animals or animal products 10 = Salary / wages 17 = Sale of food assistance < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 115 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "low-income cities such as Kinshasa and Mumbai are also lower than their naïve population densities , with the correction making more of a difference for specific neighborhoods that have taller structures . While the FAPD makes intuitive sense , more work is needed to get better estimates of building heights . The DLR WSF3D data make a first contribution to such measurement . There are many measurement errors in the data coming from the ability of satellite sensors to measure height as well as noise introduced in the aggregation of the data collected at 12mx12m resolution . However , analysis of these data for the city of Dhaka shows remarkable correlation with predictions of heights based on productivity measures estimated through a general equilibrium urban model ( Sturm , Takeda and Venables 2021b ) . 14", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 329, "text": "DLR WSF3D data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "them audited by auditors appointed by the Bank . We agree to preserve all accounts , records , and other documents ( whether in hard copy or electronic format ) related to the procurement and execution of the contract . Name of the Bidder / Consultant : Name of the person duly authorized to sign the Bid / Proposal on behalf of the Bidder / Consultant : > 2 For the avoidance of doubt , a sanctioned party ’ s ineligibility to be awarded a contract shall include , without limitation , ( i ) applying for pre-qualification , expressing interest in a consultancy , and bidding , either directly or as a nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider , in respect of such contract , and ( ii ) entering into an addendum or amendment introducing a material modification to any existing contract . > 3 A nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider ( different names are used depending on the particular bidding document ) is one which has been : ( i ) included by the bidder in its pre-qualification application or bid because it brings specific and critical experience and know-how that allow the bidder to meet the qualification requirements for the particular bid ; or ( ii ) appointed by the Borrower . > 4 Inspections in this context are usually investigative ( i . e . , forensic ) in nature : they involve fact-finding activities undertaken by the Bank or persons appointed by the Bank to address specific matters related to investigations / audits , such as evaluating the veracity of an allegation of possible Fraud and Corruption , through the appropriate mechanisms . Such activity includes but is not limited to accessing and examining a firm ' s or individual ' s financial records and information , and making copies thereof as relevant ; accessing and examining any other documents , data , and information ( whether in hard copy or electronic format ) deemed relevant for the investigation / audit , and making copies thereof as relevant ; interviewing staff", "spans": [{"start": 1817, "end": 1850, "text": "financial records and information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption expenditure and financial assets accumulation , the advantages of cadre households over non-cadre households are consistent with what we observe for the income measures . In common with income returns , there are positive correlations between cadre status and expenditures and asset accumulation after controlling for both observables and fixed household unobservables , but results from expenditure and asset accumulation models suggest only modest returns to cadre status . * * _Life-Cycle Effects . _ * * As our favored model does not include age or any other indicator of stage in the lifecycle , one might be concerned that the cadre variable in our regressions is picking up lifecycle effects . For survey data from the period from 1993 to 2003 , the RCRE survey enumerated the age of the main household income earner ( the definition used for household head ) in the following categories : ( 1 ) below 31 , ( 2 ) between 31 and 40 , ( 3 ) between 41 and 50 , ( 4 ) between 51 and 60 , and ( 5 ) above 60 . Appendix Table 1 presents the percentages of the households with the age of main laborer in each of the five categories . Specifically , 35 percent of the households have their main laborers with the age between 41 and 50 while 29 percent of the households between 31 and 40 and 20 percent between 51 and 60 . Moreover , cadre and non-cadre households appear to differ greatly in the share of households between 41 and 50 . While 45 percent of cadre households have their primary income earner between 41 and 50 while only 34 percent of the non-cadre households fall in this age range . When we include indicator variables to control for age of the main income earner , we do not observe appreciable differences in the returns to cadre status ( Appendix Tables 2 and 3 ) . First , when including the age variables in the regression , the point estimate of cadre households rises to 102 yuan , 21", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 728, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 769, "end": 780, "text": "RCRE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The February 2011 national elections including the presidential polls granted the current president another five year term . While there is a strong legal framework in place , Uganda has struggled to translate its anticorruption laws into practice . According to a 2009 Africa Peer Review Mechanism Country Review of Uganda , petty and high-level corruption are prevalent and affect every institution in the country , and are most rife in procurement , privatization , administration of revenues and public expenditures , and public service delivery . Despite the government ‘ s zero tolerance policy on corruption and its efforts on anti-corruption including the establishment of a dedicated anticorruption court , some of the high-level corruption cases are yet to be concluded . Local public opinion polls indicate that petty corruption is widespread and increasing . 4 . The recent discovery of oil in the north-western region offers both opportunity and risk . Increased government revenues , if used wisely , can help to fund the facilities and services needed to support a modern and diversified economy . Employment and training opportunities related to exploration , production and product distribution , as well as more generalized support services to the petroleum companies will help to absorb some of the surplus labor force and enhance the overall skills level . At the same time , the discovery of a source of great wealth may give rise to increased risk of corruption and international and inter-regional tension . Few lowincome countries have succeeded in developing newly-found mineral resources in a transparent manner to the benefit of the general population , and the challenges facing Uganda in this regard are considerable . In order to address these issues , the Government of Uganda has put in place a National Oil and Gas Policy , which is under implementation . 1", "spans": [{"start": 784, "end": 810, "text": "Local public opinion polls", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 Access to jobs and rents * * A job density proxy was measured based on spatial data of the economic activity distribution ( Barzin et al . , 2022 ) and added to the model to assess the relationship between rent and access to jobs . Better access to jobs tends to be associated with higher rents and housing costs so it is therefore assumed that _α_ ˆ2 _ > _ 0 in Equation ( 1 ) . Figure 5 presents the value of the marginal effects of job density on rents in percentage , based on estimations including the variable exposure to actual floods ( Appendix Tables C . 1 to C . 4 , column ( 7 ) ) . In Accra and Addis Ababa , areas with higher job density are associated with lower rents . These results are contrary to our hypothesis . In Accra , while some expensive dwellings located in the northeast of the Accra district , have relatively high job density , many households living in more expensive dwellings in the south-west have relatively low access to jobs . These households in the south-west could be driving the results ( Appendix Figure D . 1 ) . In the case of Addis Ababa , the highest job density is around the Ketema district , a populous area with low rents and improvised settlements , that means rents are lower in the economic center , and higher in the periphery . Two of the richest locations in Addis Ababa are close to the airport , and close to the African Union , respectively two and one hours travel time from the economic center ( see Appendix Figure D . 4 ) . In Dar es Salaam , the relationship between job density and rents is also negative but not statistically significant . In Antananarivo , areas with high job density have higher rents , on average . WB ( 2017 ) also found that rents close to the city center were higher . The result is intuitive also since Antananarivo is a relatively monocentric city , where jobs are concentrated in the center ( see Figure D . 2 ) Since the variable we use to measure job density is non dimensional", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 133, "text": "spatial data of the economic activity distribution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Although the risk of unintended health problems may vary by age and a number of other contributory factors , the RR has been used as an average measure of the increased risk for the exposed population in this study . # * * _3 . Estimates of Population Exposed to DDT_ * * A number of countries currently use DDT for malaria control . < sup > 12 < / sup > In addition , the re-introduction of DDT for lowering the spread of malaria is under consideration in some other countries , especially in Sub-Saharan Africa . By and large the population of the geographic location where DDT is currently being used or where it may be re-introduced faces the risk of exposure to DDT and is the focus of this analysis < sup > 13 < / sup > . In order to determine the population exposed to DDT from its continued use or potential future use , detailed geographic data of DDT use at a sub-country level are required . However , while production and usage data on DDT is generally available at country level , sub-country level DDT usage data are scarce . In its absence , this study focused on a proxy , the malaria endemicity across countries to capture the current and potential exposure of population to DDT within each country given that the use of DDT is restricted to malaria eradication . < sup > 14 < / sup > The malaria endemicity in this study is based on the Global malaria atlas compiled by the Malaria Atlas Project ( MAP ) of the Oxford University . The data are based on 24 , 492 parasite rate surveys ( _Plasmodiumfalciparum . _ 24 , 178 ; _Plasmodium vivax . _ 8 , 866 ) from an aggregated sample of 4 , 373 , 066 slides prepared from blood samples taken in 85 countries . The MAP study employs a new cartographic technique for deriving global clinical burden estimates of 12 The following 13 countries reported using DDT for malaria control and prevention : Eritrea , Ethiopia , Gambia , India , Madagascar , Malawi , Morocco , Mozambique , Namibia , South Africa , Swaziland , Zambia , and Zimbabwe ( WHO 2001a ) . 13 LAC", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 951, "text": "production and usage data on DDT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1355, "end": 1375, "text": "Global malaria atlas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affect reporting of these outcomes — including whether women entrepreneurs themselves underreport their decisionmaking roles in the business , as was found in an entrepreneurship training program in rural Pakistan ( Giné and Mansuri , 2014 ) . Using the 2016-17 Malawi survey , for example , Figure 7 compares men ’ s and women ’ s responses on whether they ran a business in the _household labor mo_ dule , with responses in the _non-farm_ 15", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 275, "text": "2016-17 Malawi survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank ' s Approach to Poverty Reduction . _AEA Papers and Proceedings_ 87 ( 2 ) : 32-37 . The World Bank . Blanchflower , David G . , Oswald , Andrew J . 1998 , What Makes an Entrepreneur ? _Journal of Labor Economics_ 16 ( 1 ) , 26-60 Buainain Ant6nio Marcio , Jose Maria da Silveira , Hildo Meireles Souza , and Marcelo M . Magalhaes , Communitybased land reform implementation in Brazil : A new way of reaching out to the marginalized ? Paper presented at the GDN Launch Workshop Bonn , Dec 5-8 , 1999 ( www . gdnet . org ) . Carter , Michael and Julian May 1999 , Getting Ahead or Falling Behind : The Dynamics of Poverty in Post-Apartheid South Africa , University of Wisconsin , mimeo Case , Anne and Angus Deaton 1996 , Large Cash Transfers to the Elderly in South Africa , NBER Working Paper No . W5572 , Cambrige MA Cousins , Ben 1995 , Common Property Institutions and Land Reform in South Africa , _Development Southern Africa_ 12 ( 4 ) , pp . 481-507 Cousins , Ben 2000 , Does land and agrarian reform have a future and , if so , who will benefit ? In : B . Cousins ( Ed . ) , At the Crossroads : Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa into the 21 * * ' t * * century , Cape Town Deininger , Klaus , and Lyn Squire . 1998 . \" New Ways of Looking at Old Issues : Inequality and Growth . \" Journal of Development Economics 57 ( 2 ) , 257-285 . Deininger , Klaus , Francisco Lara , Miet Maertens , and Agnes Quisumbing 1999 , Agrarian Reform in the Philippines : Past Impact and Future Challenges ' . Paper presented at the GDN Launch Workshop Bonn , Dec 5-8 , 1999 ( www . gdnet . org ) . Development Bank of South Africa , 1998 : _Development Report , 1998 : Infrastructure , A Foundation for Development , _ Development Bank of Southern Africa , Midrand . Duflo , Ester 1999 , Child Health and Household Resources in South Africa : Evidence from the Old Age Pension Program , MIT , Cambridge ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a phone were excluded from our study . As such , our study results are only representative of the phone-owning households in Pakistan . Fourth , given the nature of the phone survey , all responses were caregiver-reported . Fifth , since the survey was cross-sectional , we could not draw any causal inferences from our regression analyses , and rather could only comment on associations between our exposures and outcomes of interest . # Conclusion This work sheds light on a major gap in the ECD literature as , prior to this study , no nationally representative data existed that quantified ECD among 0 – 3-year-olds in Pakistan . Moreover , it highlights the need to expand the reach of parenting education programs that explicitly teach 33", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 181, "text": "phone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", separation from protective networks , and limited access to protection support and to services are among the factors that further increase GBV risks for refugee women . Despite these efforts , GBV and domestic violence continue to be an issue in Moldova , driven by several factors , many of which will be approached in this study . For instance , a study led by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) found that one every three women in rural areas , and one every four women in urban areas , have experienced some form of GBV in their lifetimes . This means that about 73 % of the female population in Moldova have been affected by some form of GBV . Additionally , two in five women ( 40 % ) say they have been subjected to physical and / or sexual violence by a partner or non-partner since the age of 15 . Almost half of women ( 45 % ) stated that their friends would agree that ‘ violence against women is often provoked by the victim ’ . Similarly , two in five women ( 40 % ) think that their friends would agree that ‘ women who say they have been abused often make up or exaggerate allegations of abuse or rape ’ . Half of women think that their friends would agree that ‘ a good wife should obey her husband even if she disagrees ’ . < sup > 6 < / sup > Reflecting this context , data shows that about 40 women are killed annually by their partners in Moldova , an extremely high figure compared to the country ’ s population size . < sup > 7 < / sup > Since February 2022 , over 1 , 180 , 000 persons crossed the border from Ukraine into Moldova . Of these , approximately 123 , 000 remained in the country , of which 58 % are women and girls . Risks of GBV , including trafficking and SEA , are present in Ukraine , during displacement and after arrival in Moldova . According to > 6 < u > OSCE-led Survey", "spans": [{"start": 1832, "end": 1847, "text": "OSCE-led Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Horn of Africa Gateway Development Project ( P161305 ) | Female graduates recruited in a paid < br > six months internship program in the < br > IAs supported by the project < br > ( Percentage ) ( Percentage ) | Comments on achieving targets | The project will support an internship program , which will define a specific quota for women engineers , and gap < br > analysis and activities to promote their participation in internship programs , and a minimum 30 percent of < br > project cost allocated for supporting this activity will target women . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 . 00 < br > Jun / 2020 | 0 . 00 < br > 08-Dec-2023 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 15-Jun-2024 < br > 60 . 00 < br > Jun / 2028 | | Citizen Engagement , Share of target < br > beneficiaries with rating ‘ Satisfied ’ or < br > above on project interventions < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator estimates demand-side social accountability through engagement with project beneficiaries and < br > the extent to which project activities and outcomes are meeting beneficiaries ’ demands . This is based on a < br > perception survey administered on a representative sample to representative local communities / beneficiaries < br > including Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups ( VMGs ) and focus on the management of social and < br > environmental risks and impacts , management of security forces , the selection process of the selected local < br > social infrastructure , and quality of construction of the social infrastructure . Survey results will be disaggregated < br > by gender . | Page 18", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1165, "text": "perception survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9445 # * * Abstract * * This study takes advantage of a publicly salient policy sphere — road quality — in the Russian Federation ’ s capital city to explore the use of digital technologies as means of aggregating information and demonstrating government capacity and effectiveness . It focuses on the potential linkage between road quality based on citizens ’ complaints and electoral outcomes in two rounds of Moscow mayoral elections in 2013 and 2018 . The data on more than 200 , 000 online potholes ’ complaints were collected and combined with local election data . The causal relationship between these two processes is established , making use of an arguably exogenous variation in the differences across local weather conditions during the heating season that differentially affects pothole creation but is uncorrelated with electoral outcomes . The results indicate that greater use of digital technologies ( measured by pothole complaints ) results in an increased number of votes and a higher margin of victory for the incumbent . They highlight digital technologies ’ role as a tool to create participatory governance mechanisms and convey to the public an image of a transparent , responsive , and capable government . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at jsteinbuks @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 599, "text": "local election data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > NATURAL RESOURCES < br > Mining < br > Sites Potential < br > WO Ge PreciousMetals PreciousMetalsMetals « Diamonos < br > WWD orethertotalsMetal orethertotalsMetalthertotalsMetaltotalsMetalMetal < br > & oirieis < br > Cropland Extent Extent < br > < 10 % 10 % but High Suitability < br > e 10 % = Sov = SovSov < br > @ > 50 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ee CONGO NATURAL RESOURCES < br > SKS < br > SSSA , Mining < br > KORE OPS , Sites Potential < br > Seessee 1 . WO Ge PreciousMetals PreciousMetalsMetals « Diamonos < br > KRterete a DEM REP OF CONGO WWD orethertotalsMetal orethertotalsMetalthertotalsMetaltotalsMetalMetal < br > RK0 . 9 . ROKK ¢ , ws - r . TM & oirieis < br > SKKRRKCES 7 Ww Cropland Extent Extent < br > ee etetetete Zaire { < 10 % 10 % but High Suitability < br > “ CRY BESreticalSOK ] FF . Vige a = ~ e 10 % = Sov = SovSov < br > SRRKS pet ) ‘ r @ > 50 % < br > ee RK ~ ~ | = e ne , < br > BhOvo . r YaiI ES \\ fis none ) / = ) = I . < br > Reese = Cuanza Norte = 1 Vea of i < br > LXer ’ PRCHIO we sek , re { i ) ones * + - < br > QS , Sx \\ i = é 7 / f Lunda sit } < br > Oees , » = x 4 > i , i 4 < br > ; \\ < br > Eee anza Sul - | : J ‘ < br > 4 . it ) < br > \\ . Benguela Huagpo - | Bie f 7 ~ , . « < br > } \\ \\ , Moxico i < br > > 4 < br > j \\ < br > t } \\ \\ ~ < br > @ Huila We = \\ ;", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | 70 . 1 % | | Contraceptive prevalence rate ( CPR ) | 8 % | 15-20 % | 8 . 1 % * | 14 . 7 % * * | Sources : Health and Health Related Indicators ( HHRI ) , or DHS if marked with asterisk ( s ) . * = 2000 DHS and * * = 2005 DHS The Potential Health Service coverage is the percentage of population within 10 km of a MOH or NGO health facility ( Health Center , Health Station or Health Post ) . The performance of the Health , Nutrition and Population sector has improved under HSDP , but according to the PAD of the Protection of Basic Services ( PBS ) Project most of the progress has occurred in urban areas with less marked change in rural , poorer regions . Between 1997 / 98 and 2004 / 05 , the infant mortality rate has decreased by about 30 % from 110 to 77 per thousand live births . Similar progress has been made in reducing the child mortality rate and the under-five mortality rate . Between 2000 and 2005 , the child mortality rate has decreased by about 35 % from 77 to 50 , and the under-five mortality rate has decreased by about 26 % from 166 to 123 deaths per thousand live births . These results are quite remarkable . According to the DHS , the maternal mortality rate was 871 in 2000 and it decreased by about 23 % to 673 in 2005 . The fact that maternal mortality still remains extremely high may be explained in part by the very low percentage of births attended by skilled staff , which has barely improved and is now only 12 % ( in Ethiopia , pregnant women deliver at home ) and low levels of contraceptive prevalence . The contraceptive prevalence rate has increased to a level close to the lower-end of the HSDP target but not good enough to influence the Maternal Mortality rate . A comparison of the 2000 and 2005 DHS ( Annex 11 ) shows improved nutrition , and slightly improved immunization and birth spacing , all of which", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 146, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 161, "end": 164, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 220, "end": 228, "text": "2005 DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1157, "end": 1160, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1746, "end": 1749, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 When all effects are taken together , the net impact of higher food prices in 2008 in Brazil was substantially different in rural and urban areas – and this was driven primarily by the offsetting positive market income effect . The negative expenditure effect was in fact stronger in rural areas , where people tend to be poorer and spend a greater proportion of their incomes on food . But higher earnings from food production may have considerably alleviated those effects . Under the more optimistic assumption of 100 % pass-through from food prices to agricultural wages , there may have been substantial welfare gains among the rural poor . Rural extreme ( moderate ) poverty incidence would have fallen by approximately six percent ( two percent ) , and the higher-order FGT indices would also have declined . Under a less optimistic pass-through scenario ( α = 0 . 5 ) , poverty and inequality would have increased as a result of higher food prices , even in rural areas , but much less markedly than when the market income effect is ignored . For the country as a whole , the net effect of higher food prices on poverty is positive ( i . e . poverty increases ) for all three measures and for both poverty lines , even if α = 1 . 0 . But instead of rising from 11 . 0 % to 13 . 5 % ( the expenditure effect ) , extreme poverty increases to 12 . 3 % in net terms . Moderate poverty rises from 31 . 3 % to 33 . 4 % when all effects are taken into account , instead of to 35 . 1 % under the expenditure effect alone . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * In this paper we combined spatially disaggregated data on changes in the consumer prices of sixteen food categories with detailed information on household consumption patterns , individual occupations and incomes in Brazil , to investigate the distribution of the welfare consequences of rising food prices in 2007-2008 . These price increases were substantial : while headline inflation averaged 5 . 3 % in the two-year period , food price inflation peaked at over 18 % in mid-2008 . Because Brazil", "spans": [{"start": 1578, "end": 1606, "text": "spatially disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Map 1 * * trends in asylum claims lodged in 44 industrialized countries * * Absolute and relative increase or decrease in first half 2014 compared to first half 2013 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > + 1 , 300 < br > + 11 , 220 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > + 530 + 620 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 1 , 160 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 40 < br > + 70 < br > + 290 < br > + 9 , 650 < br > 0 < br > + 90 < br > + 300 < br > + 30 < br > + 120 < br > + 120 + 6 , 070 - 6 , 320 < br > + 22 , 350 < br > - 860 < br > - 60 + 110 < br > - 30 < br > + 160 < br > - 1 , 240 - 540-10 - 6 , 770 < br > 0 - 490 - 50 < br > + 14 , 390 < br > - 30 + 2 , 400 < br > - 560 + 1 , 580 < br > - 80 < br > - 20 < br > - 300 < br > - 40 < br > + 10 , 300 < br > + 920 < br > + 120 < br > + 240 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # # * * Increase and decrease of asylum claims * * in 2013 ( 6 , 300 claims ) . china was followed by Mexico ( 6 ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * To establish trust in the measurement of poverty and inequality , statistical offices must regularly assess and continuously improve the quality of their processes as well as the accuracy of their data . This should be one of the prerequisites to prevent misguided policies , especially when such policies are based on data from household budget surveys . Over the past decades , national statistical offices worldwide have started to develop reports describing the quality criteria adopted in the surveys and explaining any instances in which these criteria could not be met . One common method for reporting the precision of poverty measures is to include sampling variability or standard errors and , consequently , the confidence intervals of such estimates . This practice is needed much more when poverty measures are disaggregated at smaller territorial levels or for some sub-groups of the population . Recently , the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ( UNECE ) has addressed these issues in a series of conferences resulting in a useful guide for data disaggregation ( UNECE , 2020 ) . While in the past many national sample surveys were conducted with the aim of getting estimates that were significant at national level , only nowadays it is becoming more and more important to first define the exact type of _domains_ for which national statistical offices intend to calculate , and then publish poverty measures . This is necessary because when such measures were disaggregated at lower territorial levels or for other _domains_ , often such estimates ended up being non-significant according to standard errors calculated _ex-post_ . The ex-ante definition of sub-sample sizes in particular and sample designs in general , therefore , becomes crucial to have statistically significant estimates . There is obviously a trade-off between more precise _domain_ estimates and the total cost of a sample survey . For this reason , several statistical offices have a strong incentive to plan and implement highly efficient sampling designs . Indeed , an efficient sample design is a prerequisite for any sample survey , and it plays a fundamental role in household budget surveys . As a matter of fact , improvements 2", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 380, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1157, "end": 1180, "text": "national sample surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Migrant households with a short-term contract are affected by higher school fees ( row 4 ) , while those with a permanent or long-term contract are not ( not shown ) . Next , we divide the sample by two subjective indicators : whether the household head is planning to stay in the city for a long time , and whether the household head is depressed based on Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale ( CES-D10 ) questions . < sup > 42 < / sup > Estimation results , however , are similar for these different groups , even though the depressed migrant workers appear to be more impacted by changes in school fees ( with the estimated coefficients being larger than those in Table 3 , column 3 ) ( row 6 ) . We then compare the impacts for migrant households with more than one child and migrant households with only one child . The estimation results show that households with only one child ( row 7 ) are more likely to be affected by school fees . Migrant households with both spouses in the city ( row 8 ) or with only one spouse ( not shown ) are both sensitive to school fee changes . The same result holds for both employees ( not shown ) and the self-employed ( row 9 ) . Overall , the estimation results in Table 6 suggest that the vulnerable groups ( including the poor , the uninsured , those without permanent contracts , and to some extent , the depressed ) are more sensitive to changes in school fees . These results are consistent with our theoretical results . _School fees and child migration during the economic crisis_ Our theoretical results suggest that child migration would increase in response to the reduced school fees in 2009 ( Propositions 1 and 3 ) , but would decrease during the economic crisis in this same year ( Corollary 3 . 3 ) . Which effect would dominate child migration ? Estimation results using the 2009 wave of the RUMiC survey show that the non-IV estimates ( Table 7 , row 1 ) are negative , and are between 60 percent and twice larger in absolute magnitude than those for 2008 ( bottom of Table", "spans": [{"start": 1866, "end": 1878, "text": "RUMiC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "individual migration data at the household level provides enough of a gain in statistical power and sufficient outcome variation needed for estimation . In our case , we observe just above 3 % of migrant _individuals_ across the panel ( 2010-2019 ) but almost 27 % of migrant-sending _households_ over the same period . We then integrate household data with gridded geospatial weather information collected from third-party , publicly-available sources using spatially anonymized household GPS coordinates . < sup > 9 < / sup > > 9 Spatial anonymization is standard practice in georeferenced household survey data that are publicly available , to protect the privacy of the respondents . Michler et al . ( 2022 ) have recently shown that spatial anonymization methods currently implemented in longitudinal surveys supported by the LSMS do not exert any meaningful impact on estimates of the relationship between weather and agricultural outcomes . In particular , the authors conclude that researchers need not be concerned about potential inaccuracies that may be introduced by integrating spatially - 13", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 25, "text": "individual migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 578, "end": 613, "text": "georeferenced household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 793, "end": 813, "text": "longitudinal surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Core * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Data Source / Methodology * * | * * Responsibility for * * < br > * * Data Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage of women with < br > unique ID | | Percentage | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | | | Description : Percentage of population who have received a unique ID number ( of which women ) . A key component for building a government interoperable digital platform and increase citizen access to services is to have a unique ID . Building and increasing the number of unique ID will ensure a larger access to services . Since the e - ID system will take two years to be built , the plan is to have the enrollment to take place in year 3 . So , no quantifiable results till December 2020 . e-ID numbers are for whole population whereas e-ID cards which will generally be issued for adults . | * * Name : * * Time taken to clear < br > Customs < br > | Days | 8 . 00 | 6 . 00 | Annual | Customs < br > administration statistic < br > report and World Bank < br > Doing Business data on < br > Trading across Borders . | Customs < br > administration < br > ( DGDDI ) and < br > ANSIE / PCU | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 1177, "end": 1201, "text": "administration statistic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1238, "end": 1257, "text": "Doing Business data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * KE Electricity Modernization Project ( P120014 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 195 , 689 . 00 | 502 , 610 . 00 | 618 , 750 . 00 | | Date < br > | 30-Jun-2014 | 25-May-2020 | 19-Nov-2020 | 31-Dec-2021 | | IN00927561 < br > ► People provided wit < br > ( Cumulative ) ( Number , | h access to electricity under the pr < br > Custom ) | oject by household connections | – Off - grid / mini-grid only ( re | newable sources ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 13 , 500 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 25-May-2020 | 19-Nov-2020 | 31-Dec-2021 | | IN00927562 < br > ► Total number of new | non-residential connections ( Cu | mulative ) ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 610 . 00 | 1 , 079 . 00 | 1 , 250 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 25-May-2020 | 19-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00927563 < br > ► KPLC Commercial l | KPLC Customer Data < br > osses ( Percentage , Custom ) | base Total number of new", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1175, "text": "KPLC Customer Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "One central aspect of the study depends on the classification < sup > 5 < / sup > of the more than 8 , 000 food items present in the POF database using the NOVA classification , described in section 2 . Table 2 presents , for each consumption decile , the food consumption pattern of households following the classification describing the four food types : in natura ; culinary ingredients ; processed ; and ultra-processed foods . The statistics show that in natura foods represent the most important food group for every decile and , with the exception of the top consumption decile , in natura represents over 50 % of the total food consumption . More importantly , ultra-processed consumption is smaller for lower deciles and grows with household consumption decile , with the top decile having a 65 % larger consumption than the bottom decile . This pattern is different from countries such as the United States , where consumption of ultra-processed foods is generally associated with poorer households ( Baraldi et al , 2018 ) . Consumption of processed foods follows an opposite pattern to ultra-processed , with consumption being higher at the bottom of the distribution . This group includes foods such as bread , cheese , canned food and in general foods that contain no more than three or four ingredients . Table 2 - Consumption statistics of food | | | Share of household food co < br > | nsumption by type < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Decile | In natura | Culinary Ingredients | Processed | Ultra-processed | | 1 | 54 . 0 % | 3 . 9 % | 24 . 4 % | 17 . 7 % | | 2 | 58 . 5 % | 3 . 9 % | 19 . 3 % | 18 . 3 % | | 3 | 58 . 6 % | 4 . 0 % | 17 . 0 % | 20 . 5 % | | 4 | 58 . 2 % | 4 . 0 % | 17 . 3 % | 20 . 5 % | | 5 |", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 145, "text": "POF database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1980 when the last valuation roll for the city was prepared . Given the extensive urban development in Nairobi over the last 20 years , and the related increases in land value , the updating of the roll was long overdue and the county has been collecting land rates far below the potential . The updated roll is currently undergoing the approval process in the County and is expected to improve revenue collection significantly . # # # * * Justification of Overall Efficacy Rating . * * 31 . The overall efficacy rating is assessed as _Substantial_ . The Project achieved all its PDO indicators ( surpassing them all ) and all but one of its intermediate results indicators as the Mitubiri landfill is still under construction . In addition to fully achieving the PDO of strengthening urban services in the metro region , the project also generated positive long-term socioeconomic outcomes . # # # * * C . EFFICIENCY * * # # # * * Assessment of Efficiency and Rating * * Rating _ : Substantial_ 32 . * * An economic and financial analysis was prepared at ICR to estimate the economic rate of return of the Project , incorporating actual disbursement figures . * * Based on an analysis limited to the majority of investments under Components 2 and 3 < sup > 2 < / sup > , the NPV is estimated to be US $ 159 million at a 15 percent discount rate with an ERR of 46 % over a twelve-year period including the full project implementation period . < sup > 3 < / sup > This analysis is based on improved cash flows of > 2 The investments used in this analysis total at US $ 240 million , meaning that this analysis is based on approximately 89 % of the project . > 3 The estimated NPV at a discount rate of 5 % is US $ 476 million , which better reflects the cost of WB capital to the Government Page 16 of 44", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 46, "text": "valuation roll for the city", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these outcomes are well balanced across treatment arms . Out of the six schools that dropped out of the sample , two schools were in the control group , two were in the _Original_ group , and two in the _Plus_ group . The _p_ - values of the Komolgorov-Smirnoff statistic for the equality of the distributions of work experience in the school of the community instructors in each treatment arm and the control group are 0 . 773 and 0 . 892 , respectively . The _p_ - value of the _Plus_ - _Original_ difference in the share of mentors who drop out from the program during the experiment is 0 . 957 . There is no evidence of composition changes between the _Original_ and _Plus_ groups induced by mentor turnover ( see Table B-3 ) . The effective sample size of the second experiment is 1 , 045 children / parents and 224 schools ( see Appendix A . 2 for further details on the sampling design ) . We use the Early Grade Reading Assessment ( reading score ) and the Early Grade Math Assessment ( math score ) as our main measures of children ’ s cognitive achievement . Those are individually administered student assessments that have been conducted in more than 40 countries and in a variety of languages ( Dubeck and Gove , 2015 ; Platas et al . , 2016 ) . While these instruments are typically applied to students in first , second , or third grade , we administer them to third through six grade students to account for the large learning gaps of the children in our sample . The school-average standardized scores in math and Spanish as measured in the school year prior to the introduction of the second experiment are , respectively , 0 . 5 and 0 . 7 standard deviations below the national averages . < sup > 4 < / sup > To measure the impact of the intervention on socio-emotional skills , we consider a collection of thirty-two behavioral issues as reported by a caregiver , which resembles the questionnaire in the Children section of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth ( CNLSY-79 ) , such as antisocial behavior , anxiety / depression , headstrongness , hyperactivity and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table A4 . 1 Captivate Index * * | * * Question * * | * * Factor * * < br > * * Loadings * * | | - - - | - - - | | A . I feel it the way I teach Science changes a lot . | 0 . 67 | | B . I like and / or enjoy more teaching Science than in previous years . | 0 . 80 | | C . I feel that by implementing the ideas of this training , my students learned < br > more in comparison with other groups and / or subjects . | 0 . 80 | | D . I feel my students develop more skills than in previous years . | 0 . 78 | Author ’ s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study * * . * * 14", "spans": [{"start": 540, "end": 557, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Special Supplement | | Sierra Leone | Dec 85 | 3516 F | Bank projection from census , < br > adjusted for 5 % urdercount | Based on 1974 census | U . N . 1988revision < br > ( pretim . ) | | Singapore | Jun80 | 2414 F | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | SolomanIslands | Feb 76 | 197 F | USBOC < br > 1985 | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | USBOC < br > 1985 | | Somalia | Feb 75 | 3253 F | Bank projection from census , < br > adjusted for 20 % undercount | Bank est . | Bank est . | | South Africa | May 80 | 25017 F | < br > U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( preLim . ) | | Spein | Mar 81 | 37746 F | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | | Sri Lanka | Mar 81 | 14847 F | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | 1987DHS | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | St . Helena | Feb 87 | < br > 6 F | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 88 ( official < br > est . ) | - - | - | | St . Kitts < br > and Nevis | may 80 | < br > 44 F | Official < br > est . , Statistics < br > Office , < br > Plarting < br > Unit | Based on official < br > data , < br > Statistics < br > office , < br > Planning < br > Unit | Based on official < br > data , < br > Statistics < br > Office , < br > Planning < br > Unit | | St .", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 326, "text": "UNPVSR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 478, "end": 505, "text": "Bank projection from census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 800, "text": "Eurostat 1987", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in an aggregate indicator that they wish to influence . Of course , we do not claim that perceptions data are the _only_ relevant type of data for measuring governance . Objective data on the specific laws and regulations “ on the books ” that shape the regulatory environment also are useful , even though they may differ substantially from their implementation in practice . Similarly , indirect measures based on data patterns such as gaps between spending on infrastructure and infrastructure actually built , or the performance of politically connected firms relative to non-connected firms , or patterns in tax return and procurement data can provide > 10 Previous vintages of the WGI aggregate indicators are available on the WGI website at www . govindicators . org . In addition , we occasionally need to revise the historical source data if we discover an error we have made in processing the data and assigning it to governance clusters . This also contributes to revisions of the historical aggregate WGI measures . All revisions to the historical dataset , as well as the addition or deletion of data sources , is separately described at www . govindicators . org for each annual update of the WGI . 9", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 105, "text": "perceptions data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 687, "end": 711, "text": "WGI aggregate indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 825, "end": 847, "text": "historical source data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to make assumptions about the relationship between the error terms and . Specifically , we assume that these are , on average , positively correlated over time . In the presence of ii1 εε household fixed effects and persistence of shocks , this does not seem to be an unreasonable assumption . ii2 εε Where panel data are available , the correlation coefficient can be estimated directly , and indeed Dang et al . ( 2014 ) report values between 0 . 39 and 0 . 66 for the six countries they investigate . < sup > 10 < / sup > We do not make ρρ further assumptions about the shape of the distribution of the error terms ; in that sense , these estimates are non-parametric . > 9 This age range is chosen so that formation of new households and dissolution of existing households should be at a minimum . Moreover , it ensures that in round 1 heads will generally have obtained their maximum level of education . > 10 Dang et al . estimate a value of 0 . 50 for Indonesia ( 1997-2000 ) and values of 0 . 58 – 0 . 66 for Vietnam ( all pairs of 2004 , 2006 and 2008 ) ( Dang et al . 2014 , p . 120 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 307, "end": 317, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are rated < br > as meeting CfP criteria for approval < br > each year . [ Not in KNASP - - - < br > TOWA-specific ] . | N / A | 70 % | 80 % | 80 % | 80 % | Annual | CACC / DTC reports X < br > Independent < br > Verification Agency | | 14", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 184, "text": "CACC / DTC reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Paraffin < br > Natural gas < br > Firewood < br > Electricity < br > Charcoal < br > Bio gas < br > 0 . 0 10 . 0 20 . 0 30 . 0 40 . 0 50 . 0 60 . 0 70 . 0 80 . 0 < br > Bio gas Charcoal Electricity Firewood Natural gas Paraffin < br > Energy for Cooking 3 . 8 67 . 3 1 . 9 15 . 4 7 . 7 3 . 8 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 3 . 14 : Energy for Cooking * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT * * The survey results show that 55 . 8 % of the PAPs disposed household solid waste through burning of waste . Another 32 . 7 % reported disposing their waste by dumping outside the house while another 7 . 7 % reported disposal of waste through dumping by the roadside . Only 1 . 9 % of PAPs dumped their waste by use of public garbage disposal bins and county garbage collectors . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Public garbage disposal bins < br > Dumping outside the house < br > Dumping by the roadside < br > County garbage collectors < br > Burning of waste < br > 0 . 0 10 . 0 20 . 0 30 . 0 40 . 0 50 . 0 60 . 0 < br > County garbage Dumping by the Dumping outside Public garbage < br > Burning of waste collectors roadside the house disposal bins < br > Solid Waste Management 55 . 8 1 . 9 7 .", "spans": [{"start": 716, "end": 730, "text": "survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "especially , * * by * * the steady declining foreign wealth * * / * * domestic wealth ratio , itself driven * * by * * rapid capital accumulation . This raises Chile ' s demand for foreign assets , bringing their equilibrium position close to zero . The case of Mexico , portrayed in Figure _4 . 5 , _ does not display such clear cycles . Both risk and return remain relatively steady , with the latter experiencing a sharp decline in * * 1977-81 * * that accounts for the marked rise in the equilibrium ratio . In the late 1980s , a rise in the risk index and a decline in the return index both tend to bring up the equilibrium series . Unfortunately , asset data for Mexico stop in 1994 , when our estimates show a widening gap between the actual and equilibrium nfa * * / * * wealth ratios . In Korea ( Figure 4 . 6 ) , large gaps between the actual and equilibritun series do not arise ( with the exception of the year * * 1981 ) . * * The initial part of the sample period is characterized * * by * * high values of the return index , which declines steadily since the early 1980s . Risk declines too , but in a less pronounced manner , and rapid capital accumulation brings down the foreign domestic wealth ratio and raises the demand for foreign assets , bringing the equilibrium asset position close to zero * * by * * the end of the sample period . The distinguishing feature of Singapore ( Figure 4 . 7 ) is that it displays a very large and persistent gap between the equilibrium and actual values of the foreign asset * * / * * wealth ratio . Our parameter estimates yield a very slow speed of adjustment , which accounts for the persistence of the divergence Figures 4 . 8-4 . 11 portray industrial countries . In general , the gaps between actual and equilibrium nfa * * / * * wealth ratios are of a smaller order of magnitude than in developing countries . In Germany ( Figures 4 . 8-4 . 9 ) the results suggest that", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 675, "text": "asset data for Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OFSP , including provision of vine cuttings of three varieties , to enable community-based procurement of OFSP for the next round of inputs . The next planting season ( Jan-June 2015 ) will continue to implement project activities following the implementation plan : ( i ) 5420 farmers will be provided training and inputs to support production of OFSP . Selection will be completed by end of March 2015 , and training and input packages will be provided by end of May 2015 ; ( ii ) Procurement will be initiated for necessary lab equipment and products to support the initiation of a tissue culture lab . Procurement is expected to be initiated by February 15 , 2015 , and the tissue culture lab will be operational by August 2015 ; ( iii ) initiation of pilot conditional support to pregnant women who complete 4 ANC visits will start by April 1 , 2015 ; ( iv ) Training of 40 health workers to deliver strengthened nutrition services to under-5 children and pregnant / lactating women will be completed by April 1 , 2015 ; ( v ) Training of marketing agents to link smallholder famers with local markets will be completed by June 2015 ; ( vi ) Introduction of innovative financial products to promote cultivation of nutrient-rich crops will start from August 2015 ; ( vii ) Using baseline data collected in March-April 2014 , two of the three PDO indicators were updated ( Children 0-5 months exclusively breastfed ( 57 % ) and beneficiaries adopting orange flesh sweet potatoes ( OFSP ) ( 8 % ) ) . The analysis to update the third PDO indicator will be available by end of January 2015 ; and ( viii ) Due to the delayed implementation of the initial round of project inputs , the collection of midline data was moved from November 2014 to November 2015 , which will allow updating of PDO indicators . Endline data will be collected in October 2016 . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan", "spans": [{"start": 1283, "end": 1326, "text": "baseline data collected in March-April 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1699, "end": 1711, "text": "midline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10572 # * * Abstract * * This study investigates how the landscape of sex work in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania , evolved in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic . Using a mixed-methods approach , the analysis triangulates data from quantitative and qualitative sources to quantify shifts in income , demand , and client frequency and describe female sex workers ’ perspectives on their work environment . The COVID-19 restrictions introduced in early 2020 resulted in dramatic decreases in sex work income , leading to extreme financial vulnerability , food insecurity , and challenges in meeting other basic needs such as paying rent . However , in a 2021 follow-up survey , sex workers reported the summer of 2021 as a key turning point , with the demand for sex work rebounding to closer to pre-pandemic levels . Notably , despite the average number of unique weekly clients not yet having fully rebounded , by 2021 the price per client and the total monthly sex work income had returned to pre-pandemic levels . This may potentially be explained by an increased number of repeat clients , which represented a larger proportion of all clients during the COVID-19 pandemic . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at at mbalampama @ pactworld . org ; ddewalque @ worldbank . org ; wdow @ berkeley . edu ; and rebeccahemono @ berkeley . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 699, "text": "2021 follow-up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > intensity | | Secure the timely delivery of social < br > services to the affected populations | Same above | Socio economic survey to be carried < br > out by RAFU during project < br > implementation | Same above | | Facilitate the productive settlement < br > of war refugees in Northern Uganda | Increased accessibility through the < br > restoration / improvement of riding < br > conditions in the Atiak - Moyo Road | Same above | Same above | | Stabilize the eco-system in the < br > affected areas | Re-establishment of drainage < br > conditions to \" pre-flooding \" levels | RAFU to undertake \" ex-post \" < br > environmental audit | Same above | | * * Project Outputs * * | | | * * ( Outputs to Objectives ) * * | | Restoration of infrastructure in < br > affected areas to standards prior to < br > the occurrence of the emergency | Technical standards in line with < br > MOWTC ' s road specifications | Supervision and monitoring by < br > MOWTC technical staff and IDA < br > supervision missions | Timely completion of the emergency < br > works < br > Security situation in Northern < br > Uganda will not worsen | I Baseline and targeted values should be shown , with the latter divided into values expected at midterm , end of project and full impact .", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 136, "text": "Socio economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "practices ) might have on sibling caregivers . For example , the standard format of the Family Care Indicators , one of the most widely used measures of early childhood stimulation , does not record stimulating activities carried out by household members under 15 years old ( Hamadani _et al_ . 2010 , Kariger _et al_ . 2012 ) . Researchers also tend to ignore the potential impacts of parenting interventions on sibling caregivers . For example , a recent systematic review of 466 impact evaluations of early childhood development interventions in LMICs found that only four measured indirect effects on older siblings in middle childhood or adolescence ( Evans , Knauer , and Jakiela 2020 ) . This tendency to ignore the caretaking role of older siblings is at least partially attributable to the widespread perception that parental stimulation is more beneficial to young children than stimulation by older children ( though it may also entail a higher opportunity cost ) . In a published response to Weisner _et al_ . ( 1977 ) , Brian Sutton-Smith argued that “ Maximal personal and social development of infants is produced by the mother ( or caretaker ) who interacts with them in a variety of stimulating and playful ways . Unfortunately the intelligence to do this with ever more exciting contingencies is simply not present in child caretakers , ” Weisner _et al_ . ( 1977 , p . 184 ) . Thus , sibling caregiving , though widespread , is often considered a second-best alternative to greater maternal investment — particularly since childcare responsibilities might limit older siblings ’ ability to invest in their own human capital through formal schooling . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "availability of cold chain equipment and supplies has increased in most regions , but their functionality has been affected by the availability of spare parts . 28 . About 450 Special Pharmacies ( SPs ) have been established all over the country . The concept behind SPs is to allow patients to obtain drugs when they are not available in the budget pharmacies . SPs add a markup of about 20-30 percent to the cost of drugs but they are still a lower cost alternative relative to private pharmacies and drug stores . They also raise funds for health institutions . SPs are often staffed by at least some health workers . A crude comparison of surplus generated by SPs to a hospital ’ s operational budget suggests that surplus from SPs could cover close to 30 percent of a hospital ’ s operational budget ( HCF / MOH 2001 ) . Efforts to expand the number of special pharmacies are faced with many challenges : a retention arrangement problem , shortage of pharmacy professionals , a lack of storage space , limited financial management capacity , particularly in the rural areas and at lower health service levels . 29 . In summary , the pharmaceutical sector has improved during the implementation of HSDP , especially due to the establishment of Special Pharmacies ( SP ) which has resulted in better drug availability and increased ability to cover recurrent costs . However , the retention program is not yet widely introduced within the Regions , while the two systems ( Special Pharmacies and Budget Pharmacies ) are still operating as parallel systems . The accessibility and affordability of basic drugs for the poor are not ensured . 30 . The lesson learned is that efforts are still needed in the area of procurement and distribution , human resource availability , rational drug use , budget allocation and logistics to ensure regular supply of quality and affordable drug supply to all levels . According to the ARM 2006 Report , FMOH has conducted an assessment of the Health Commodities Supply System ( HCSS ) , and has developed a Master Plan ( MP ) for HCSS . A “ Drug Revolving", "spans": [{"start": 1924, "end": 1939, "text": "ARM 2006 Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at improving forest degradation levels , establishing , and institutionalizing the * * NFMS * * as approved * * by * * the national REDD + structures . The additional grant will continue to support goods , workshops , travel , training , services , and operational costs for designing at least two such ER Programs for : - a ) Improving estimations from forest degradation ; - * * b ) * * Updating forest inventory and quantify biomass and stock estimates for trees outside \" forests \" , which include updating the database of inventory data and provision of training to the * * NFA * * and * * UWA * * staff in forest inventory and data analysis ; - c ) Institutionalizing the MRV system and its deployment at regional * * / * * zonal levels as per the approved design ; - * * d ) * * Piloting a specific activity for community led monitoring and integrating community based data into national MRV systems including ground truthing of forest inventory and land cover changes . It will explore existing community monitoring practices in Uganda and how these could be beneficial in support of forest co-management , monitoring , benefit sharing , and the design of landscape programs . * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 541, "text": "database of inventory data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 860, "end": 880, "text": "community based data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS 3464 # * * Microeconomic Evidence of Creative Destruction in Industrial and Developing Countries * * * * By Eric Bartelsman , John Haltiwanger and Stefano Scarpetta * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > # # _Abstract_ _In this paper we provide an analysis of the process of creative destruction across 24 countries and 2-digit industries over the past decade . We rely on a newly assembled dataset that draws from different micro data sources ( business registers , census , or representative enterprise surveys ) . The novelty of our approach is in the harmonization of firm-level data across countries , which enables international comparisons and the identification of country-specific factors as opposed to sector and time effects . All countries display a massive reallocation of resources , with the entry and exit of many firms in all markets , the failure of many newcomers and the expansion of successful ones . This process of creative destruction affects productivity directly by reallocating resources toward more productive uses , but also indirectly through the effects of increased market contestability . There are also large differences across groups of countries . While entry and exit rates are fairly similar across industrial countries , post-entry performance differs markedly between Europe and the United States , a potential indication of the importance of barriers to firm growth as opposed to barriers to entry . Transition economies show an even more impressive process of creative destruction and , those that have progressed the most toward a market economy show better outcomes from this process . Finally , Mexico shows large firm dynamics with many new firms entering the battle but also many failing rapidly , while Argentina resembles Continental Europe with smaller flows and less impressive post-entry growth of successful firms . _ _JEL classification : L11 , G33 , D92 , _ _Keywords : entry , exit , survival , firm size , productivity , micro data_ > 1 . Respectively : Free University Amsterdam and Tinbergen Institute ; University of Maryland , U . S . Census Bureau , and NBER ; The World Bank . We are grateful to the World Bank for financial support of this project and to Karin Bouwmeester , Helena Schweiger and Victor", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 440, "text": "micro data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 443, "end": 461, "text": "business registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 476, "end": 509, "text": "representative enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 569, "end": 584, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Development Indicators Technology is also part of the story . From both theory and practice , we expect developing countries to lag the high income countries in technology , since the latter are at the technological frontier in most products that they produce . That said , one would expect the more dynamic middle-income countries to begin to move up the technological ladder as they move up the per capita income ladder . In addition , there are sectors in middle income countries that are reaching ( or have already reached ) the technological frontier – for example , Brazil ‘ s deepwater oil drilling capacity . As a result , one would expect these countries to begin to invest more in research and development and begin to produce more homegrown technological innovation . 22", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 103, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has made it possible to improve some of the medical infrastructure and equipment of the health posts in Holl Holl , Ali Adeh , and the regional hospitals in Ali Sabieh and Obock , but much remains to be completed to ensure full inclusion . Referral patients from camps to Djibouti City for Level 3 care ( tertiary level ) has encountered challenges since 2022 . While initially considered a government commitment , the costs of such referrals have not been covered , preventing refugee and asylum-seeker patients from accessing tertiary healthcare . Negotiations with the World Bank are underway to secure support for the Ministry of Health in addressing this issue . Additionally , an inclusion strategy aimed at providing universal medical insurance to 12 , 500 refugees , financed by the European Union ( EU ) delegation through the Ministry of Social Affairs and Solidarity , has faced challenges in reaching an agreement . The individual insurance cost was deemed low , but sustainability remains a concern . Plans are now being considered for the pilot inclusion of vulnerable refugees if donor support can be obtained . Refugees residing in Djibouti City have enrolled in the national health insurance , while those with specific needs continue to access public health facilities in the city free of charge upon presentation of their identification documentation . # # # * * 4 . 3 Social protection * * The National Social Protection Strategy 2018-2022 of the Republic of Djibouti was officially promulgated through the < u > Law No . 043 / AN / 19 / 8ème L of 23 June 2019 . The responsibility for implementation of the < / u > strategy lies with the Ministry of Social Affairs and Solidarity ( MASS ) . The strategy aims to provide support to Djiboutian households living in extreme poverty by granting them access to social assistance as part of the National Family Solidarity Program ( PNSF ) . Under this program , eligible households receive FDJ 30 , 000 , equivalent to USD 170 , each quarter . Eligibility criteria require that households are registered in the national social registry , with a focus on those experiencing poverty and", "spans": [{"start": 2076, "end": 2100, "text": "national social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * References : * * - Alwang , - Jeffrey ; Siegel , - Paul-B . ; Jorgensen , - Steen-L . 1996 , Seeking Guidelines for Poverty Reduction in Rural Zambia , _World-Development , _ 24 ( 11 ) 1711-23 . - Amemyia , T . and T . E . MacCurdy , ( 1986 ) , \" Instrumental variables estimation of an error components model \" , _Econometrica , _ 54 , 869-880 - Breusch , T . S . , G . E . Mizon and P . Schmidt , ( 1989 ) , \" Efficient estimation using panel data \" , _Econometrica , _ 57 , 695-700 . - Deininger , Klaus , Pedro Olinto , Mukata Wamulume , and Dennis Chiwele , \" Agricultural sector performance in a post-reform environment : Implications for second generation reforms in Zambia , World Bank , mimeo . - Francis Paul A et al . 1997 , Listening to farmers : Participatory assessment of policy reform in Zambia ' s agriculture sector , World Bank Technical Paper 375 , Washington , D . C . - Gourieroux , C . and A . Monfort ( 1993 ) . \" Simulation-Based Inference : A Survey with Special Reference to Panel Data Models , \" _Journal of Econometrics , _ 59 : 5-33 . - Hattink , - Wolter ; Heerink , - Nico ; Thijssen , - Geert 1998 , Supply Response of Cocoa in Ghana : A Farm-Level Profit Function Analysis , Journal-of-African-Economies ; 7 ( 3 ) , October 1998 , pages 424-44 . - Hausmann , J . A . and W . Taylor , ( 1981 ) \" Panel data and unobservable individual effects \" , _Econometrica , _ 49 , 1377-1399 - Hazell , Peter B . R . ; Hojjati , Behjat 1995 , Farm / Non farm Growth Linkages in Zambia , _Journal of African Economies ; 4 ( 3 ) : _ 1995 , 406-435 - Holden , Stein T . ; Taylor , J . Edward ; Hampton , Stephen , 1999 , Structural Adjustment and Market Imperfections : A Stylized Village Economy Wide Model with Non-separable Farm Households , _Environment and Development Economics ; _ 4 ( 1 ) : 1999 , 69-87", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 : * * Reservation wage correlates | | Re | servation | Wage ( Lo | g ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | Wage growth belief | - 0 . 031 < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 018 ) | | | | | Discount factor | | - 0 . 417 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 169 ) | | | | Discount factor ( Inc . ) | | | - 0 . 004 < br > ( 0 . 109 ) | | | Liquidity Constrained | | | | - 0 . 103 < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 055 ) | | Observations | 533 | 1362 | 619 | 552 | | R square | 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 01 | Notes : Source : Endline survey . The dependent variable is the log of reservation wages reported at endline . _Wage growth belief_ measures the perceived percentage increase over a six months spell . _Discount factor_ measures how much people discount future payments , collected in the inperson edline . _Discount factor ( Inc . ) _ captures the incentivized measure of how much people discount future payments , collected in the SMS edline . _Liquidity constrained_ is a dummy measuring whether people are not able to raise funds for a risk free profitable investment . Robust standard errors are presented in parentheses . < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 10 , < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 # * * 5 . 5 Other explanations * * In addition", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 606, "text": "Endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Female unemployment rates are above those of males in all countries in Latin America_ * * This reflects a world-wide trend which the US and European literature suggests is due to women ’ s role as secondary earner in the household that permits for longer spells of unemployment , the difficulty in finding employment that allows for the competing demands on women ’ s time , and women ’ s frequent entry and exit from the labor force , resulting in more frequent unemployment spells and their lower attachment to it , leading to longer search periods ( Blau and Ferber , 1992 ) . While women participate less in the labor market than men , their labor in the household far exceeds that of men . Homecare is more than a full time job for women who do not work outside the household ( 49 hours weekly among married Mexican women , for example ) while it is a substantial part time job for those who do ( 33 hours weekly ) . Men , on the other hand , spend approximately 5 hours weekly in housework , regardless of own , or spouse ’ s employment status ( Cunningham and Jacobsen 2004 ) . * * _Women are disproportionately informal . _ * * While women generally make up approximately onethird of the LAC labor force , they account for approximately half of all informal wage jobs , are over-represented in the self employment sector and are underrepresented in the formal sector ( Cunningham 2001 ) . Further , Markov transition matrices suggest women have exaggerated rates of transition between self employment and being out of the labor force ( Bosch and Maloney 2004 ) . * * _But this seems largely a result of balancing home and work responsibilities_ * * : A body of sociological work ( Geldstein 2000 , Chant 1991 , Gonzalez de Rocha 1994 ) , supported by survey data shows that women have a higher preference for unstructured work environments and shifts than men . Women disproportionately cite “ the need to care for the household ” as their reason for being self employed , contract workers , or informal wage earners ; where the flexible work shifts and work locations allow them to", "spans": [{"start": 1764, "end": 1775, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at what kinds of skills are available to Tanzanian firms , using educational attainment as a proxy for skills . Figure 1 shows the growth in average years of education of the population aged 25 and over in Tanzania along with a sample of other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) and Vietnam . Tanzania ’ s average is about 5 years of education , behind Kenya with 6 years of education and other middle-income countries of SSA with 8 to 10 years of education . It is estimated that it would take Tanzania 45 years to attain an average of 8 years of education at the pace witnessed over the most recent 20-year period . * * Figure 1 : Average Years of Education in Tanzania and Selected Countries * * > 10 See the ILO ’ s ( 2012 , page 11 ) definition of skills in the International Standard Classification of Occupations , 2008 ( ISCO-08 ) . > 11 This follows the World Bank ’ s Skills Toward Employment and Productivity ( STEP ) framework described by Banerji et al . ( 2010 ) . > 12 STEP household and employer surveys have been rolled out in several countries since 2012 including ( among others ) Sri Lanka , Vietnam , Armenia , Colombia , Lao PDR , Ghana and Yunnan Province in China . > 13 For example , a job requiring engineering skills and competencies cannot be filled by a person with basic education even after 20 years of experience or training . 6", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1024, "text": "STEP household and employer surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and that industry is a relatively lagging sector . 46 . The differences described above are readily explicable , in terms of actual developments in the world economy and in Kenya Government policies . With regard to the world economy , the unexpected appreciation of the * * U . S . * * dollar vis-a-vis other currencies during * * 1982 / 83 * * has caused trade and payments statistics expressed in * * U . S . * * dollars to be generally less than projected earlier . The recession in the world economy turned out to be sharper , and of longer duration , then expected earlier ; the volume of world trade actually declined in * * 1982 . * * With regard to Government policies , export promotion measures were not implemented , and import policy shifted , at least temporarily , from liberalization to restriction . These factors , as well as the world economic environment , influenced the trade outcome . The reduction in the public investment program , and the slippage , arising from delayed program implementation , of the * * SAL * * II second tranche from * * 1983 * * to 1984 , contributed to the shortfall in MLT loan disbursements . 47 . In sum , the economic data indicate , as did the discussion in earlier sections above , that the Government has been more successful at stabilizing the economy , than at bringing about the structural adjustments necessary for the restoration of sustained growth of per capita incomes .", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 388, "text": "trade and payments statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1164, "end": 1177, "text": "economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 households , offer them cheaper financial instruments to manage their risk , or finance the expansion of more firms that would be using their skills . The more a financial structure would be bank-oriented the narrower income inequalities and the lower poverty would be . Empirically , most studies looking at the structure of the financial system tend to suggest , however , that it is irrelevant . Beck and Levine ( 2004 ) , Levine and Zevros ( 1998 ) , and Rousseau and Wachtel ( 2000 ) use indices of stock market development and bank credit to the private sector to measure the finance-growth link . They show that that both banking sector and stock market developments positively influence economic growth . Looking at firm level data , Beck and Levine ( 2002 ) and Levine ( 2002 ) come to the conclusion that financial structure per se does not importantly explain industrial performance or the creation of new firms . Arestis , Demetriades , and Luintel ( 2000 ) , nevertheless , suggest that banks could play a more important role . Using quarterly data and applying time series methods to five developed economies , they show that , while both banking sector and stock market development explain subsequent growth , the effects of banking sector development is substantially larger than that of stock market development . Honohan ( 2004 ) shows that bank credit reduces poverty while market indicators ( capitalization and turnover ) do not seem to have any significant effect . # * * III . EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS * * # * * A . Sample * * We compiled data for a sample of 47 developing economies over the period 1984-2008 . Developing countries are defined as countries classified by the World Bank as low - or middle-income countries . Excluding developed countries from the sample reduces sample heterogeneity . The sample size and the period of study are limited by the availability of data on poverty and stock market indicators . To smooth short-term fluctuations of macroeconomic variables and take into account the fact that yearly poverty indicators may not be available for many countries , we averaged the data over a 5-year period , which gives us up to five data points per country", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 741, "text": "firm level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1049, "end": 1063, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Verbelen , D . ; Bovens , W . ; Dwyer , J . F . and Swinnen , K . ( 2024 ) Wire marking reduces bird collisions with a transmission powerline in western Belgium . Cambridge University Press website ( visited 26-Aug-2025 ) < u > Online Link < / u > ( Project evidence of UV illumination provides reductions in winter collisions post-marking ) - Witte , Goldschmidt , Goudswaard , Ligtvoet , van Oijen & Wanink ( 1992 ) . \" Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria \" . Netherlands Journal of Zoology 42 ( 2 – 3 ) : 214 – 32 . < u > Online Link < / u > - Wetlands International . Waterbirds Population Estimates ( WPE ) online database . Online Link . Visited 29-Sept2025 . World Bank Good Practice Note ( undated ) . Reducing Illegal Trade of Biodiversity & Living Natural Resources . World Bank Group . Environmental and Social Framework ( ESF ) . Available in pdf format . Online Link # 9 APPENDICES The following appendices are included : Appendix 1 CR and EN Species assessed to have Possible Likelihood of Occurrence within the AoA - Appendix 2 CR and EN Species assessed to be Not Present or with Unlikely LoO in the AoA - Appendix 3 Range-Restricted species assessed with a Possible LoO - Appendix 4 Range-Restricted Species assessed as not present or unlikely LoO - Appendix 5 Evidence Table of Transmission Line Design and Bird Flight Diverters to mitigate bird-TL collisions 45", "spans": [{"start": 609, "end": 640, "text": "Waterbirds Population Estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * INTRODUCTION * * | * * MEETING DISCUSSIONS AND RESOLUTIONS * * | | - - - | - - - | | | and Tsuma to list what they would need to complete adjudicating of < br > Bofu area . < br > Mr . Mutavi observed that Hanje area had not been mentioned in the < br > discussions . < br > Irene informed the meeting that because of the dispute involved , they < br > had decided to gazette Hanje area as per the official registration data < br > which would trigger any official complaints , then handle them < br > accordingly through the project GRM . < br > Dr . Winnie called on the sensitization of Hanje people through the < br > local administration even as the project publish the gazette notice and < br > have the parcels at Hanje registered as disputed parcels . < br > Madam Saumu noted that there was a lot of goodwill and partnership < br > between the National and County Government Surveying departments . < br > She promised to work with Mr . Njenga to clear the land issues < br > beginning with the Mwavumbo and Hanje issues . She informed the < br > participants that there was need for a meeting to discuss the issue of < br > surveying and register all the community land in Kwale and budget for < br > their registration . She added that the County government had put < br > money in the budget for their registration process . < br > She requested Irene to inform the PM that they needed his support to < br > complete the project . | | * * MIN 04 / 7 / 2020 / 2 * * | * * A . O . B AND CLOSING * * | | | Since there was no other business to be discussed the meeting ended at < br > 1 : 43 PM with prayers led by Mr . Mwero Mkalla . |", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 430, "text": "official registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2021 ) . This may explain why a much larger share of households in LICs report to have lost income since the pandemic started . Employment recovery among LICs appears to stall in 2021 , with gains driven only by new entrants and , unlike in MICs , the share of adults that had stopped working since the pandemic did not continue to fall between the second half of 2020 and 2021 ( Table A6 . 2 and Table A6 . 3 ) . Across all regions , employment fell most in the early phase of the pandemic and was substantially lower in LAC compared to other regions . Employment levels recovered during the second half of 2020 , most significantly in Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) , LAC and SSA , relative to prepandemic levels . The EAP region diverges from these patterns when considering results in a panel of five countries , where there is limited recovery from initial labor market losses throughout 2020 and into 2021 . Results for a smaller but stable sample of countries also suggest little recovery in employment levels during 2021 in ECA and SSA ( Table A6 . 1 ) . # * * 4 . 2 We ’ re all in this together ? Employment gains across different population groups * * One of the main findings in studies of initial COVID-19 impacts described in Section 2 related to the uneven impacts of the pandemic on different population groups — those with lower levels of education , informal employment , and women have been impacted to a greater degree initially by job losses . Table 3 reports the percentage change in employment across different population groups in 2020 and 2021 , relative to each group ’ s prepandemic employment level ( based on recall ) , both for the full set of countries and for the country panel . Our main interest is in comparing the magnitudes of relative employment changes across different population groups over time . To make comparisons across countries in terms of education level , we define low education as primary or less in LICs and LMICs , and secondary or less in UMICs and HICs . The estimates from the expanded HFPS sample confirm that the initial impacts", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 715 | 0 . 009 | < br > Incipient Agriculture | 1 , 831 | | Vilela | 519 | 0 . 001 | Hunter-gatherers | 1 , 891 | | Wich ́ ı | 50 , 419 | 0 . 127 | Hunter-gatherers | 1 , 881 | | Other | 5 , 301 | 0 . 013 | - | . | | Total Natives | 955 , 032 | 2 . 407 | - | . | Source : REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 for columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , see text for columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) . There is geographical variation in the distribution of Natives across provinces as shown by Figure 1 . The province with the greatest prevalence of Natives is Chubut , with 8 . 7 per - > 5 It is important to note that 149 , 000 respondents self-identified as Afro-Argentine ( “ afrodescendientes ” ) , which corresponds to 0 . 4 percent of the population . While the main focus of this paper is on the native population , we will also provide an analysis of their outcomes as a point of comparison . 4", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 308, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MONGOLIA ' S INFORMAL SECTOR Contents * * iii * * # Table of Contents | * * Abstract . * * < br > * * . . . . . . . . . . . . * * < br > * * i * * | | - - - | | * * Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * < br > * * ii * * | | * * Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . * * < br > iii | | * * Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * < br > * * v * * | | * * Figures . * * < br > * * v * * | | Boxes * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * < br > * * v * * | | * * 1 . * * Overview * * . 1 * * < br > What Does It Mean to be \" Informal \" in Mongolia ? < sup > . < / sup > < br > 2 | | Sources of Information . < br > 6 | | Outline of the Report . < br > 6 | | * * 2 . Observations * * on * * the Size of the Informal Sector . * * < br > * * 8 * * | | Employment in the Informal Sector . < br > 8 | | Background on Employment Statistics in Mongolia . < br > 8 | | < br > Trends in Employment in Ulaanbaatar ' s Informal Sector . < br > 9 | | The Current Situation : Employment in Ulaanbaatar ' s Informal Sector . 12 | | Aggregate Household Income in the Informal Sector . . . . . . . . . < br > 13 | | Trends in Informal Income . 13 | | The Current Situation : Aggregate Informal Income in Ulaanbaatar . 14 | | < br > Trends and Current Size of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TABLE 6 # # KENYA # # MOMBASA-NAIROBI OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE PROJECT Kenya Pipeline Company Limited # # Estimated Schedule of Disbursements | IBRD Fiscal < br > Year and Quarter | Cumulative < br > Disbursements < br > at end of Quarter < br > us $ ' 000 | | - - - | - - - | | 1975 / 76 | | | September < br > 30 , 1975 | 1 , 800 | | December 31 , 1975 | 2 , 000 | | March31 , 1976 | 2 , 200 | | June30 , 1976 | 7 , 000 | | 1976 / 77 | | | September < br > 30 , 1976 | 12 , 000 | | December < br > 31 , 1976 | 16 , 000 | | March31 , 1977 | 18 , 000 | | June30 , 1977 | 18 , h00 | | * * 1977 / 78 * * | | | September < br > 30 , 1977 | 19 , 200 | | December 31 , 1977 | 19 , 200 | | March 31 , 1978 | 20 , 000 | Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 736, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "critical underpinning both to the foundations for economic growth , and increased levels o f development assistance that have flowed through the budget until recently . However , a confluence o f negative factors has recently required the Government to take decisive action to ensure continuation o f the long-run trend o f macro-stability . While exports grew strongly in 2004 / 05 , imports have grown even faster . Due to rising oil prices , increased demand for imports due to fast economic growth , and an ambitious infrastructure investment program , Ethiopia ’ s balance of payment situation has shown increasing fragility . Government has made concrete proposals for delaying portions o f its public investment plan ( in energy and telecom ) in light o f the need to bridge a BOP financing gap , indicated that the oil import bill i s expected to be lower than initially estimated , and that Government borrowing from NBE for deficit financing will be held at a lower level than initially proposed . # # # # # # * * _Poverty_ * * Although the country has abundant resources and good potential for development , most o f Ethiopia ’ s population lives in absolute poverty . Poverty i s pandemic and often linked to environmental and natural resource degradation . The ongoing update by the Government o f the Household Income , Consumption , and Expenditure Survey ( H1CES ) - expected in the coming months-will provide the first comprehensive update 18", "spans": [{"start": 1315, "end": 1370, "text": "Household Income , Consumption , and Expenditure Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1373, "end": 1378, "text": "H1CES", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care ( P152394 ) | Value | 88 . 80 | 96 . 60 < br > 97 . 70 | 98 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date < br > 12 | 31-Dec-2015 | 31-Mar-2021 < br > 31-Oct-2021 | 30-Sep-2023 | | IN007074 < br > ► Births registered with | in 6 months of occurrence ( Perc | entage , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 65 . 90 | 82 . 90 < br > 82 . 90 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 31-Dec-2020 < br > 31-Oct-2021 | 30-Sep-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Actual achievement | measures 2020 data ( report not yet published ) . | | | IN01070727 < br > ► RMNCAH related op | erations research completed to i | nform policy / strategy ( Number , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > 1 . 00 | 2 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | 31-Mar-2021 < br > 31-Oct-2021 | 30-Sep-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01070728 < br > ► A benefit package de | Kangaroo Mother Ca < br > Mother Care to evalu < br > spread across six co < br > Iron and folic acid su < br > supplements among < br > since the", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 662, "text": "measures 2020 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Vulnerable PAPs by gender and age , who may need special targeting for livelihood restoration or other forms of assistance including their details as well as explanation or description of their vulnerability and the kind of support that might be accorded to them . - Standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labour , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels / income streams and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living , including education levels and health status of the displaced population The detailed census will include the following information as appropriate : 1 . Where physical displacement / relocation is anticipated : - Number of owner households to be affected ; - Number of renter households to be affected ; - Number of informal occupant households to be affected . 2 . Where land acquisition is anticipated - Number of affected households with titles ; - Number of affected households without titles ; - Number of affected households losing more than 50 % of their land ; - Number of affected households less than 30 % of their land . 3 . Where non-land economic displacement is anticipated - Number of households to be affected ; - Number of individuals to be affected by non-land economic displacement ; - ` o ` Types / nature of economic displacement . In all three cases above , and as appropriate - Total number of VMG households affected by the proposed subproject ` o ` Total Estimated population of the VMGs present in the subproject area . # # # # * * _h . Census and valuation of PAPs Assets_ * * The Consultant will carry out a detailed census of PAPs assets including farm / commercial land , structures , crops , and trees . - ( i ) Census and valuation of land - For each PAP , whose land is affected , provide ( i ) actual acreage of land to be taken by the transmission line way leave ; ( ii ) total acreage of the PAP ’ s land ;", "spans": [{"start": 1751, "end": 1772, "text": "census of PAPs assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Children < br > abuse impacts | < br > High | isclosure < br >  < br > The < br > contractor < br > will < br > develop and implement a < br > Children < br > Protection < br > Strategy that will ensures < br > minors < br > are < br > protected < br > against negative impacts < br > associated by the Project . < br >  < br > All staff of the contractor < br > must < br > sign , < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * * * Table 6 . Asylum a * * * * < mark > pplications lodged in Central Europe * by origin , first quarter 2006 to second quarter 2008 < / mark > * * < mark > * See Table 1 for countries included . Ranking of countries based on applications lodged during second quarter of 2008 . < / mark > | | | 200 | 6 | | | 200 | 7 | | 200 | 8 | First se | mester c | hange | ' 08 - ' 07 < br > Q3Q4 / | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | ' 07 - ' 06 | ' 08 - ' 07 | ' 08 - ' 06 | Q1Q2 | | Russian Federation | 830 | 978 | 1 , 497 | 1 , 322 | 697 | 721 | 1 , 496 | 4 , 162 | 1 , 480 | 1 , 481 | - 22 % | 109 % | 64 % | - 48 % | | Serbia * * | 122 | 183 | 234 | 157 | 159 | 281 | 581 | 266 | 243 | 228 | 44 % | 7 % | 54 % | - 44 % | | Iraq | 65 | 117 | 125 | 227 | 220 | 208 | 295 | 411 | 247 | 161 | 135 % | - 5 % | 124 % | - 42 % | | Georgia | 125 | 106 | 128 | 120 | 68 | 104 | 94", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 155, "text": "pplications lodged in Central Europe", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# References Afridi , F . , Mukhopadhyay , A . & Sahoo , S . Female labor force participation and child education in India : evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme . IZA J Labor Develop 5 , 7 ( 2016 ) . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1186 / s40175-016-0053-y Allen , Joseph P . 2008 . “ The Attachment System in Adolescence . ” In Handbook of Attachment : Theory , Research , and Clinical Applications , 2nd Ed , 419 – 35 . New York , NY , US : The Guilford Press . Alto , Michelle E . , and Christie L . M . Petrenko . 2017 . “ Fostering Secure Attachment in Low - and MiddleIncome Countries : Suggestions for Evidence-Based Interventions . ” Evaluation and Program Planning 60 ( February ) : 151 – 65 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . evalprogplan . 2016 . 11 . 003 . Baker , Michael , Jonathan Gruber , and Kevin Milligan . “ Universal Child Care , Maternal Labor Supply , and Family Well ‐ Being . ” Journal of Political Economy 116 , no . 4 ( August 2008 ) : 709 – 45 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1086 / 591908 . < / u > Currie , J . ( 2009 ) . ‘ Healthy , Wealthy , and Wise : Socioeconomic Status , Poor Health in Childhood , and Human Capital Development ’ . Journal of Economic Literature , 47 ( 1 ) : 87 – 122 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1257 / jel . 47 . 1 . 87 < / u > Cheryl Doss , Intrahousehold Bargaining and Resource Allocation in Developing Countries , The World Bank Research Observer , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , February 2013 , Pages 52 – 78 , https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / wbro / lkt001 Duflo , Esther . 2003 . “ Grandmothers and Granddaughters : Old Age Pension and Intra-Household Allocation in South Africa . ” World Bank Economic Review 17 (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than their Ugandan counterparts and have been slower to recover . < sup > 8 < / sup > Female refugees were more likely to stop working following COVID-19 lockdowns than Ugandan nationals or male refugees . While there was no difference based on gender , refugee businesses were less likely to continue operating after COVID-19 shocks than those of Ugandan nationals . Compared to less than a quarter of Ugandan households , at least half of refugee households borrowed money to cope with the impacts of the COVID-19 emergency . Preliminary evidence suggests that many refugees in urban areas moved to rural areas during lockdown and the subsequent months , due to difficulties of paying rent with reduced income . Under these intense pressures , refugees are ten times more likely to suffer from depression . < sup > 9 < / sup > # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 7 . * * Uganda has the highest proportion of women ’ s business ownership in the Africa region . * * The 2020 Mastercard Global Index of Women Entrepreneurs estimated that women own nearly 40 percent of all businesses . < sup > 10 < / sup > Earlier surveys have presented more varied estimates , suggesting female-owned enterprises make up between 23 – 44 percent of all businesses . < sup > 11 < / sup > MSMEs are critical to the economic growth . They employ nearly 2 . 5 million people , 90 percent of all private sector employees , produce 80 percent of manufactured products , and generate 20 percent of GDP . < sup > 12 < / sup > 8 . * * Yet most women-led firms never grow past the micro level , while male-owned firms are twice as likely to move from micro to small size * * . Estimates from various surveys suggest that 80 – 94 percent of all women-owned firms in Uganda > 5 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and the Office of the Prime Minister (", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 1036, "text": "2020 Mastercard Global Index of Women Entrepreneurs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for that year , one gets an average of 3 . 2 % p . a . over a seven years period . This is still a favorable growth rate by most international standards , although Kenya ' s 4 % population growth does make its agricultural growth rates appear sluggish . Anyway , the Bank attributed the sluggish performance over 1972-79 to adverse weather , poor budget and financial management procedures in the agricultural ministries , and inappropriate policies on agricultural prices , land use , and land tenure . Some of these \" shortcomings \" of the agricultural sector attracted the attention of those in the Government of Kenya and in the Bank who were preparing the Bank ' s second Structural Adjustment Operation ( SAL II ) . They duly incorporated into SAL II design elements that included agricultural reform conditionality . They judged that meeting this conditionality required strengthening of the Kenya administration ' s analytical capabilities , which inspired a companion ATAP operation to provide technical assistance in support of SAL II . 1 Source : World Bank Database ( BESD ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1058, "end": 1077, "text": "World Bank Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", they do not show any significant effect over perceived economic mobility . * * Countries with weak growth have on average more negative perceptions , particularly for those countries faring better pre-transition . * * A 10-percent increase in GDP per capita between 1990 and 2006 translates into 3 percentage points higher probabilities of perceiving a movement up . However , the starting point matters for perceptions of mobility : for countries with similar growth , a higher GDP per capita in 1990 ( by US $ 1 , 000 ) translates into a 3 percentage point lower probability of reporting improvements . * * A stronger economic contraction during the transition period is associated with more positive perceptions . * * After controlling for the effect of initial GDP per capita level and the change between 1990 and 2006 , a more severe contraction of the GDP per capita during the nineties is associated with more probabilities of self-reported upward economic mobility . This result suggests that those in countries that experienced tough economic times in the nineties place more value in the country ’ s or own relatively improved economic situation by 2006 . The lowest point during the transition period is likely to be a reference point for countries that had severe economic contractions . * * Bigger public sectors in 1989 are associated with more negative perceptions . * * With the exception of Turkey , in all the countries of the region the State controlled considerable productive resources in the economy . This translated in massive public employment which ranged from 57 % for Czech Republic to 91 % in Belarus ( own estimation based on EBRD 2006 ) . The regression analysis shows that an increment of 10 percentage points in the share of public employment in 1989 translates in 9 percentage points less probabilities of perceiving upward mobility . This result hints that populations in countries that use to have more certainty about future employment may have been hit worse by the changes introduced with the liberalization of the economy . * * Accordingly , countries that reduced more intensely their share of public employment have more negative perceptions . * * Between 1989 and 2006 all countries in the region reduced the participation of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  Percentage of trainin | gs delivered using AGP agreed c | apacity development approach | ( Percentage , Custo | m ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | - - | 90 . 00 | | Date | 25-Jan-2015 | - - | - - | 30-Sep-2020 | |  Annual progress reports meets World Bank quality and timely delivery requirements ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | - - | - - | | Y | | Date | 25-Jan-2015 | - - | - - | | 30-Sep-2020 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P148591 | IDA-56050 | Not < br > Effective | XDR | 248 . 30 | 248 . 30 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 4 . 03 | 7 . 98 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . Table reports export shares by sector over the period 1994-2004 for sectors are classified according to NACE Rev . 1 ( 2-digit ) classification . Table A . 3 : Average treatment effects using alternative measures of foreign ownership | Dep . var . : | ( 1 ) < br > Employment ( log ) | | ( 2 ) < br > Employment ( log ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Post * German ownership ( binary ) | 0 . 156 * * * < br > ( 0 . 041 ) | Post * German shareholders ( num ) | 0 . 088 * * * < br > ( 0 . 020 ) | | Post * French ownership ( Binary ) | 0 . 155 * * < br > ( 0 . 066 ) | Post * French shareholders ( num ) | 0 . 080 * * < br > ( 0 . 037 ) | | Post * British ownership ( binary ) | 0 . 099 < br > ( 0 . 064 ) | Post * British shareholders ( nun ) | 0 . 084 < br > ( 0 . 055 ) | | Year FE | Yes | | Yes | | Firm FE | Yes | | Yes | | Observations | 271555 | | 271555 | | Firms | 61254 | | 61254 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on Orbis data . Each cell is obtained from a different specification where the number of employees is regressed on a time-varying indicator of foreign ownership indicated on the row . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . Coefficients show the average treatment effects of foreign ownership . Results refer to firms that were observed both before and after accession . Data exclude the year 1999 due to anomalies in the data . Foreign ownership in column ( 1 ) is measured by a binary indicator taking value one when a firm had a foreign shareholder .", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 71, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1057, "end": 1067, "text": "Orbis data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proportional achievement , a reform-preserving intervention . The DLI 4 experience illustrates that disbursement failures in complex programs often reflect two compounding design flaws : binary all-or-nothing structures ill-suited to incremental institutional reform , and verification protocols that exceed the capacity of available systems to apply rigorously and consistently . For future PforR operations , DLI design should be stress-tested against realistic institutional capacity at entry . Scalable structures should be the default for reforms spanning multi-level governance arrangements , and verification protocols should be assessed against the operational capacity of verification agents before they are finalized , with simplification built in rather than added through restructuring . 73 . * * Leveraging country M & E systems yields durable institutionalization gains , but data quality must be treated as an active risk throughout the program cycle , not a baseline assumption . * * UgIFT deliberately built on existing government data systems , including LGMSD , TELA , and WEMIS , rather than creating parallel project structures , contributing to the Page 19 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1037, "end": 1060, "text": "government data systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1073, "end": 1078, "text": "LGMSD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1081, "end": 1085, "text": "TELA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1092, "end": 1097, "text": "WEMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Description of Stakeholder * * | * * Expected Role * * | * * Information needs and interests * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _2 . _ * * | * * City level MSE offices * * | Facilitate CB for OSSCs , monitoring < br > and < br > communication < br > on < br > services < br > offered | | | * * _3 . _ * * | * * City Chambers of commerce * * < br > * * and business / sectoral * * < br > * * associations * * | Communication and motivation with < br > businesses , coordination with city < br > MSE office , sharing information on < br > job openings and skills needs from < br > member < br > enterprises , < br > support < br > development < br > of < br > plans < br > for < br > apprenticeships , | Information < br > on < br > project < br > and < br > plans , < br > consultation < br > with < br > members , < br > feedback < br > forums , | | | Component 3 . | | | | * * _4 . _ * * | * * City Level Women and Social * * < br > * * Affairs Office * * | Identify < br > and < br > organize < br > those < br > individuals eligible for direct support < br > and destitute component . < br > Identify key partner NGOs , support < br > and monitor implementation | data and information on beneficiaries , < br > targeting < br > implementation < br > follow < br > ups , < br > implementation updates on SEP and GRM < br > management , challenges and concerns | | * * _5 . _ * * | * * City level Urban &", "spans": [{"start": 1186, "end": 1223, "text": "data and information on beneficiaries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > = = = = = = = = = | 54 , 401 , 069 < br > = = = = = = = = = | 65 , 471 , 026 < br > = = = = = = = = | 54 , 401 , 069 < br > = = = = = = = = = | Trade and other receivables are evaluated regularly to assess the likelihood of impairment . Based on this evaluation , allowances are taken to account for the expected losses on these receivables . As at 30 June 2016 , the carrying amounts of such receivables , net of allowances , approximates their fair value . The fair values of term deposits , bank and cash balances and trade and other payables approximates their carrying amounts largely due to the short term maturities of these instruments . - ( ii ) Fair value hierarchy The Company uses the following hierarchy for determining and disclosing the fair value of financial instruments by valuation technique : Level 1 : quoted ( unadjusted ) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities ; Level 2 : other techniques for which all inputs which have a significant effect on the recorded fair value are observable , either directly or indirectly ; Level 3 : techniques which use inputs which have a significant effect on the recorded fair value that are not based on observable market data . 43", "spans": [{"start": 1188, "end": 1210, "text": "observable market data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on cases , often required to justify interventions , scale up or reduce programmes , and advocate for funding . However , despite a general understanding that GBV , including violence against women and SEA , are underreported , little attention is given to the different and overlapping barriers that hinder survivors from seeking support . While acknowledging the relevance of statistical data for advocacy and policymaking , this study was based on a methodology that combined both quantitative and qualitative methods . To achieve this , the research team conducted the following between December 2023 and May 2024 : - Analysis of documents and information on the normative framework and regulations relevant to violence against women in Moldova . - Analysis of reports outlining the specific risks faced by refugee women in the country . - Quantitative survey involving a sample of 300 women aged 18-74 , currently residing in Moldova , who completed online questionnaires developed for the survey and tested on a focus group , and then distributed online to a larger group . The collected data were analysed and categorized by topic . - Six focus group discussions with 53 women were conducted across five locations in Moldova , including Chisinau , Stefan Voda , Cahul , Ocnita , Chirsova ( Gagauzia ) , and Tiraspol ( Left Bank ) . Women were from diverse social groups and backgrounds , including refugee women from Ukraine , Roma women , women with disabilities and older women . All participants responded to the same set of questions to assess their perception of GBV , and the potential barriers to disclosure . - 30 interviews with representatives of civil society organizations and government staff who provide services to survivors of GBV . - Six in-depth interviews with women to further explore concepts of shame , women ’ s vulnerabilities , and factors 12", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 394, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 844, "end": 863, "text": "Quantitative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the estimation of price elasticity , described in section 5 . 1 . The demographic statistics of POF are aligned with other household surveys , such as the Continuous National Household Sample Survey ( _PNAD Contínua_ ) , showing that the higher the consumption decile , the higher the incidence of educated white men as heads of household . Table 1 - Demographic statistics | Consumption < br > Decile | Woman < br > head < br > of household | White head of < br > household | Literate head of < br > household | Urban household | Years of schooling of < br > head of household | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | 49 % | 26 % | 81 % | 76 % | 6 . 25 | | 2 | 47 % | 32 % | 85 % | 80 % | 6 . 78 | | 3 | 43 % | 34 % | 86 % | 81 % | 7 . 31 | | 4 | 42 % | 37 % | 88 % | 84 % | 7 . 69 | | 5 | 41 % | 41 % | 92 % | 87 % | 8 . 29 | | 6 | 42 % | 44 % | 92 % | 88 % | 8 . 78 | | 7 | 39 % | 48 % | 94 % | 90 % | 9 . 37 | | 8 | 39 % | 53 % | 96 % | 91 % | 10 . 1 | | 9 | 38 % | 60 % | 97 % | 93 % | 11 . 4 | | 10 | 37 % | 69 % | 99 % | 96 % | 13 . 3 | | Total | 42 % | 44 % | 91 % | 86 % | 8 . 93 | Source : POF 2017 / 2018 9", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 198, "text": "Continuous National Household Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 3 < br > Earnings Profile for teachers and other comparable groups < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 . 000 < br > 4 . 500 < br > 4 . 000 < br > 3 . 500 < br > 3 . 000 < br > 2 . 500 < br > 2 . 000 < br > 1 . 500 < br > 1 . 000 < br > 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 < br > Years of experience < br > Teacher in basic public schools Teacher in basic private schools Other government workers Private sector workers < br > Log Hourly Earnings < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on ENIGH 1996 Teachers in basic private schools face the most uncertainty about lifetime salary and job tenure . Moreover , between eleven and thirty years of experience they earn more than public school teachers and the other groups . Teachers in basic public schools and comparable groups deal with a significantly lower risk from their salaries than do basic private school teachers . Teachers labor earnings in basic public school profiles are slightly flatter than the income profile for the private sector workers . At their initial stage of their professional life , teachers are paid about 79 % more per hour than the private sector workers , and about 77 % more than the other government workers . However , as can be seen in Figure 3 , the public teacher ' s earnings grow at a slower rate than the comparable occupations . Note that other government workers ’ wages grow at a significantly higher rate than do public teacher ' s salaries . Other government workers face significant risk through their professional life , possibly due to the uncertainty of obtaining retirement benefits and the lack of a civil service career in the public sector . But the public teachers ́ union has been effective", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 643, "text": "ENIGH 1996", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "According to official statistics , Argentina has 11 million students enrolled in four education levels : preschool ( ages 3 – 5 , 15 . 6 percent ) ; primary ( ages 6 – 11 , 41 percent ) ; secondary ( ages 12 – 17 , 35 . 5 percent ) ; and tertiary ( ages 18 – 22 , 7 . 9 percent ) . The majority of these students ( 71 percent ) attend public schools ( DiNIECE 2015 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Between 2003 and 2013 , student numbers increased by approximately 10 percent , while the number of teachers increased by more than 20 percent over roughly the same period ( DiNIECE 2004 , 2015 ) . This allowed Argentina to reach a pupil-teacher ratio of 11 , the lowest in Latin America after Cuba ( OECD 2016 ) , although it is worth noting that this ratio varies considerably across provinces . Although there have been large successes in terms of increasing coverage , the Argentinean education system fails to provide high-quality education ( at least as measured by standardized test scores ) . While other countries in the region improved learning outcomes since 2000 — measured by the OECD ’ s Program for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) — Argentina ’ s scores show no progress ( at best ) in Science , or even experienced a marginal decline between 2000 and 2012 . < sup > 7 < / sup > According to the 2012 < sup > 8 < / sup > study , Argentina ranked amongst the lowest of the participating countries ( 59 out of a possible 65 ) ( OECD 2014 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > CABA , being the wealthiest jurisdiction in Argentina , exhibits some specific features ; namely , a lower share of students attending public schools ( 49 percent ) and higher levels of student achievement ( DiNIECE > 6 These figures do not include special and adult education . > 7 According to De Hoyos , < u > < mark > Holland , and Troiano < / mark > ( 2015 ) , there is a gradual increase in Argentina ’ s Science scores", "spans": [{"start": 1091, "end": 1135, "text": "Program for International Student Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "en the financial systems by automating the < br > comprehensive fixed asset register maintained . | | 4 | Insufficient coordination and monitoring at the count level < br > due to COVID 19 pandemic and associated protocols and < br > restrictions . | Strengthen the accounting and financial reporting and < br > monitoring at the county level by automating operations . | | 5 | Weak internal controls at the counties | Internal Audit to do follow up audits to monitor < br > implementation of their recommendations | # # * * 8 . 0 Financial Management Capacity * * Page 23 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 84, "text": "comprehensive fixed asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Trust People In Community G < br > Plan to Vote 2022 G < br > Member of Association G < br > Control Over Life G < br > Contribute to Events in Community G < br > Ability to Change Life G < br > − 0 . 50 − 0 . 25 0 . 00 0 . 25 0 . 50 < br > Estimate < br > Displacement G Camp < br > Iraq < br > Variable < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 7 : ATT of Being in a Camp Based on Match Sample in Iraq ( Brookings 2010 ) . In this paper , we use a multi-country approach to understand the seventh criteria for durable solutions in a context of forced displacement : the potential for social and political participation of those forcibly displaced . We collect and analyze survey data in three situations of internal displacement to examine the conditions under which IDPs become socially or politically empowered by examine factors associated with such engagement , in particular with regards to displacement settings , timing , and broader context . We find that , perhaps against expectations , displacement experiences are associated with perceptions of empowerment and engagement with local communities and local governance institutions , but this is not consistent across place and time . Generally , our findings challenge simple assumptions of post-traumatic growth leading to enhance pro-social behaviors among IDPs in a forced displacement contexts . Across countries , we find that different manifestations of participa24", "spans": [{"start": 716, "end": 727, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where we pseudo-randomly generate the value of parameters within a range based on historical data . For instance , we look at the value and change in the share of employment in agriculture in the past 20 years to determine a range of possible change in agriculture employment in a country in 2030 ( see Rozenberg and Hallegatte ( 2015 ) for further details ) . We generate 500 scenarios per country using the Latin Hypercube Sampling method ( Kwakkel , 2017 ) where we fluctuate independently values for the various parameters characterizing each scenario . Combining this with the two SSP scenarios , we generate 1 , 000 baseline scenarios of future socioeconomic and demographic change for each country . Latin Hypercube Sampling ensures that each parameter is represented evenly across the entire scenarios , thus resulting in a wide and extensive coverage of the uncertainty space ( McKay , Beckman , & Conover , 1979 ; Kasprzyk , Nataraj , Reed , & Lempert , 2013 ) . Each 2", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 97, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * ESS3 . Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention * * # # # * * Environmental Monitoring * * Provide copy of environmental monitoring data reports for this reporting period , collected consistent with the ESMPs for the sub-projects . Briefly describe environmental mitigation measures implemented during the reporting period to comply with E & S requirements . # # # * * Resources Efficiency : Energy and Water * * Provide data on energy and water consumption during the reporting period . If the data requested are available in another format , they can be submitted instead . Describe the resources efficiency measures / efforts being implemented to minimize fuel , energy , and water consumption . * * Hazardous , non-Hazardous Waste and E-Waste * * # # # * * ESS4 Community Health , Safety and Security * * # # # * * Community Health and Safety * * Please list and describe any initiatives implemented in relation to community health and safety during the reporting period . Please provide the list and description of the actions , the expected or actual dates of implementation , progress / status , results obtained . You can use a tabular format ( as below ) or provide the information as an attachment of the report . # # # * * Accident Reporting * * Provide details for the non-fatal casualties , involving third parties , during this reporting period . | * * Date of Accident * * | * * Type * * | * * of * * | * * Description * * | * * of * * | * * # * * < br > * * of * * | * * Preventive * * < br > * * measures * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Accident * * | | * * Accident * * | | * * People * * < br > * * Injured", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 158, "text": "environmental monitoring data reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 435, "end": 471, "text": "data on energy and water consumption", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Woreda . The impact on fruit trees and perennial crops is minimal in terms of the number of affected PAHs . Owners of these impacted fruit crops and perennial trees will receive cash compensation . All the fruit trees will be impacted during construction phase and the impact will be permanent . However , no fruit trees and perennial crops will be impacted by the construction of Arsi Robe substation . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Eucalyptus and Other Trees_ * * Based on the survey results , the subproject will affect a total of 47 , 084 eucalyptus trees of different sizes and this will be a permanent removal . These trees belong to 150 households and will be affected by the subproject ' s tower pads , Right of Way ( RoW ) , and substation . A vast majority , 46 , 064 trees ( 99 . 96 % ) , will be trimmed due to RoW clearance for the proposed subproject . On the other hand , only 497 indigenous trees of varying sizes belonging to 74 households will be impacted by the project components . The impact on these trees will primarily be due to the construction of project tower pads and RoW with only one acacia tree affected by the construction of a new substation at Arsi Robe . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Grazing Land and Crop-by-Product_ * * Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property showed that the construction of the subproject will also affect a total of 0 . 0576 ha of grazing land belonging to 17 PAPs . The construction of the new Arsi Robe substation will not affect grazing land . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Vulnerable Groups_ * * A total of 134 heads of households are identified as potentially vulnerable , and hence , will require special assistance during project implementation and payment of cash compensation . Heads of households identified as potentially vulnerable include : 44 elderly male household heads ( 65 & older ) , 87", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1320, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Arsi Robe * * 132kV * * Power Transmission Line Subproject is situated in the Oromia Regional State and covers approximately * * 59 . 0 * * krn long with 26m wide route corridor ( Right-of-Way ( ROW ) . Information on existing natural and socio-economic resources is * * of * * fundamental importance for evaluation of environmental impacts . The contemporary and standard tools were used to investigate the physical , biological and social environment along the TL corridor . Physical observation , Key Informant Interview ( KII ) , stakeholder consultation , transect walk , analysis of satellite image and Geographic Information System were the major tools and techniques employed for detail baseline study . The environmental parameters were collected , measured and presented in ways , which are consistent with applicable environmental standards , norms and requirements of both national and international guidelines . Secondary data from the study area were used where it is available and relevant . In this chapter , the baseline data on the status of the physical , biological and sociocultural environment along the transmission line corridor have been assembled , evaluated and presented . Starting at Eteya substation , central part of Ethiopia , the Arsi Robe Transmission Line Subproject travels to Arsi Robe Town , the same region in Arsi Zone , Ethiopia . It traverses across a variety of topography , from flat to steep , but the majority of the transmission line route , roughly * * 68 . 3 % * * of the entire route-can be categorized as flat to gently sloping ( Table 4 . 1 and Figure 4 . 1 ) . | * * 1 * * | * * 0-3 * * | FlatorAlmostFlat | * * 11 . 1 * * | * * 1 & 8 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 < br > * * - - - * * | * * 3-8 * * < br > * *", "spans": [{"start": 929, "end": 943, "text": "Secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1033, "end": 1046, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education which is slightly lower than the one of up to incomplete primary education ( excluding no schooling at all ) . For example , consumption of households headed by someone with some primary education is about 19 percent higher than consumption of households headed by someone with no education . Households headed by someone with post-secondary education or above have a consumption level about 91 percent higher than the consumption level of households whose head has no schooling . The household size and composition also plays a role . Consumption level , measured in per adult equivalent terms , reduces with the size of the household , and it is negatively correlated with the share of young household members and positively associated with the share of members in working-age . It is also remarkably higher in households with a larger share of employed members and it is lower the larger the share of family members without a job . Controlling for all the characteristics of households and households ’ heads , geographical location still plays a relevant role : urban households have a consumption level about 32 percent higher relative to their rural counterparts , and households originally from ( or still residing in ) Inland Ghana , notably in the remote regions in the North of Ghana ( Norther , Upper East , and Upper West ) , suffer a considerable consumption loss ( up to - 83 percent ) relative to households in the Greater Accra region . < sup > 16 < / sup > Table 5 presents heterogeneous effects by year of migration . The hypothesis we want to test is whether the effect of migration on current consumption levels fades away over time . For this purpose , we consider two periods of time : the first goes from 2000 to 2011 , the second spans between 2005 and 2011 , in other words we compare non-migrant households with households that migrated up to a maximum of 11 ( 7 ) years before the survey and between 16 and 27 ( 21 and 27 ) years before the 1984 census in the first ( second ) case . We do not find large differences by year of migration . The average migrant household migrated between 2000 and 2011", "spans": [{"start": 1978, "end": 1989, "text": "1984 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 6 : Antitrust , Concentration , and Informality . * * The regression left hand side variable is the estimated change in an outcome measured by the SDID estimator , where synthetic control weights match pretreatment trends in the log of sales for comparability with previous results . All specifications use a random effects meta regression . Firms with multiple establishments are treated as a single firm . The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is the sum of firms ’ squared percentage market shares , and ranges from 0 and 10 , 000 . The CR4 ratio is the market share of the four largest firms in a market , expressed as a percentage from 0 to 100 . The CR1 ratio is the market share of the largest firm in a market , also expressed as a percentage . The legal informal share of employment is the percentage of workers in establishments with workers but no recorded remuneration , indicating workers are compensated out of profits , as in the case of a family business . The social security share of wage bill is employer contributions to social security as a percentage of the wage bill . Levy Algazi ( 2010 ) proposed definitions of legal and illegal informal employment that can be measured in the Economic Census . Legal informal employment is unremunerated labor , illegal informal employment is remunerated labor without employer contributions to social security . Standard errors in parentheses . * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Change in | The log of < br > the number of < br > frms | Herfndahl - < br > Hirschman < br > Index | CR4 : Sales share < br > of four < br > largest frms | CR1 : Sales share < br > of largest <", "spans": [{"start": 1206, "end": 1221, "text": "Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 150 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 20-Feb-2019 < br > 31-Jul-2020 | 15-Feb-2021 | 20-Feb-2024 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00956551 | Volume of bonds issued by KMRC ( amount in loca < br > would be 15 billion KES . | l currency translated in US | $ ) . The correct indicator | | ► Number of affordable | mortgage / housing loans refinanced by KMRC ( Number , Cu | stom ) | | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 1 , 393 . 00 | 30 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 02-Jan-2019 < br > 31-Jul-2020 | 15-Feb-2021 | 21-Feb-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator monitors the number of affordable h < br > amount below KES 3 million , or KES 4 million in N < br > collected as needed . | ousing / mortgage loans refin < br > airobi Metropolitan ) . Furthe | anced by KMRC ( i . e . of an < br > r disaggregated data will be | # * * Overall Comments PDO * * 3 / 4 / 2021 Page 2 of 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wards , or because land planning and zoning at the city level have different implications for the tolerance of municipal authorities to informal settlements across the city . In particular , we run the following regression where _c_ is a constant term , _F_ is a dummy variable for formal sector , _Z_ are variables describing provision of services by local authorities , and _wi_ are ward dummies . Results are reported in Table 5 . In the first column , we do not include ward dummies . We find that inclusion of dummies significantly improves the explanatory power in terms of _R − squares . _ Another interesting feature of this result is that rates of return are 19 percent and 22 percent higher in the informal sector with exclusion and inclusion of dummies for wards respectively . This is similar to what we have found in regression ( 10 ) . As expected , we find that provision of these services have no explanatory power when we run a separate regression for the formal sector . In the informal sector , point estimates suggests that provision of community tap for water supply raises the rate of return , implying a higher probability of destruction . Therefore , informal settlements which rely on community tap for water are more vulnerable in the sense that they face a higher risk of destruction . An interpretation for this result could be that if the government were committed in recognizing a particular informal settlement , households living in that settlement would rely more on individual connections , or some form of piped water supply . # * * 4 . 5 Interpreting Results from Previous Literature * * The remaining of the empirical part of the paper tries to make the link between our approach and empirical findings of Jimenez ( 1984 ) , Friedman , Jimenez and Mayo ( 1988 ) . Taking a demand-side approach in which renters and owners are not distinguished , they run hedonic ( log ) price and ( log ) rent regressions for urban areas of the Philippines to assess the premium given to dwelling values by property rights . Jimenez ( 1984 ) looking at data from Davao , 1979 , found a 18 percent differential for the", "spans": [{"start": 2074, "end": 2096, "text": "data from Davao , 1979", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 7 . 2 . 3 . 4 AVIFAUNA * * # # # # # # CONSTRUCTION PHASE # # # # # # * * Potential Impact * * - Modification and alteration to bird habitats ; - Disturbances and modification of bird communities . # # # # # # * * Sources of impact * * - Site preparation ; - Construction activities ; - Presence of workers . # # # # # # * * Mitigation measures * * Mitigation measures aimed at reducing impacts on soils , water resources , ambient air quality and ambient noise levels , as well as relating to the protection of terrestrial habitats and associated flora ( protection of vegetation cover and species diversity ) will also help mitigating impacts on aquatic habitats and associated fauna . Moreover , the following specific mitigation measures should be applied : - Complete tree and / or brush cutting prior to or after the core nesting season ; - Undertake a pre-construction survey , covering migration season and seasonal specificities in order to validate areas of higher risk for bird communities . Develop adapted mitigation measures . The survey should comprise : - Assessment of birds breeding along the proposed route , and within an appropriate buffer zone including the construction site itself ; - Vantage point surveys throughout the year with intense monitoring during peak migration periods ; - Species specific assessments for species with conservation interest as well as water birds and breeding bird species for collision risks and / or electrocutions ; - Winter ornithological surveys ; - Identification of any additional specific mitigation measures required to reduce impacts on avifauna ; - Compensate any loss of breeding / nesting sites by the creation of suitable habitat elsewhere , notably from enhancement of degraded habitats ; - Implement compensation measures prior to construction work . # # # # # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * Construction activities will lead to habitat losses , modification and fragmentation for some terrestrial and water birds . Vegetation clearing will however be minimized as much as", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "selected by a panel of independent judges and unveiled in August 2021 . The Social Enterprises will provide various services linked to job creation to over 3 , 000 hard to serve / reach youths . The activity is on track with the first disbursement milestone concluded and the second disbursement expected soon * * Component 3 LMIS : * * The Ministry for Labour ( MoL ) has embarked on conducting an enterprise survey , this is in addition to completing an informal sector survey , updating the Kenyan National Occupational Classification ( KNOCS ) , and setting up a Labour Market Observatory ( LMO ) that is implementing a roadmap for the Kenya Labour Market Information System ( KLMIS ) . * * Component 4 * * . National Youth Policy : The National Youth Policy was endorsed by the Cabinet in November 2019 and has been disseminated to key stakeholders all over the 47 counties over the past 6 months . # * * Risks * * # * * Systematic Operations Risk-rating Tool * * | Risk Category | Rating at Approval | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Political and Governance |  Substantial |  Substantial |  Substantial | | Macroeconomic |  Moderate |  Substantial |  Substantial | | Sector Strategies and Policies |  Low |  Low |  Low | | Technical Design of Project or Program |  Substantial |  Substantial |  Substantial | | Institutional Capacity for Implementation and < br > Sustainability |  High |  High |  High | | Fiduciary |  High |  High |  High | | Environment and Social |  Low |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Stakeholders |  Moderate |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Other | - - | - - | - - | | Overall |  Sub", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 416, "text": "enterprise survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 456, "end": 478, "text": "informal sector survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "year , the economy has to-date posted positive economic growth upwards of 6 % ( at 2010 prices ) up to 2014 and then at about 3 % per year since then . The other effect has been that much of that growth has not been accompanied by structural transformation nor an increase in the economy ’ s capacity to create decent job opportunities to absorb the ever increasing labour force – with the informal economy still accounting for about 84 % of the labour force in 2014 . As we show later in this report , the absence of decent formal employment opportunities represents a major binding constraint to refugees ’ livelihoods who are even restricted from most informal economy activities like groceries and other activities . The structure of the Zambian economy in 2015 ( see figure 1-3 ) is dominated by services with wholesale and retail trade contributing 18 . 4 percent ; community , social and personal services 16 % ; construction 13 percent ; financial services 12 % ; transport , storage and communications 10 % ; mining and quarrying 10 percent ; agriculture , forestry and fisheries 10 percent ; manufacturing 8 percent < sup > 7 < / sup > ; etc . Economic growth has been concentrated in capital-intensive industries such as construction , mining , financial services and transport . It has largely by-passed the majoity of Zambians who subsist on agricultural and survivalist urban informal economy activities . Accordingly , the 2015 Living Conditions and Monitoring Survey ( LCMS 2015 ) results show national headcount poverty rate at 54 . 4 % and extreme poverty at 40 . 8 % . For rural areas head count poverty was estimated at 76 . 7 % . < sup > 8 < / sup > Figure 1-3 : Structure of Real GDP by Sectoral Contribution , 2015 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Commuunity , Social Agriculture , Forestry Mining and < br > and Personal Services and Fishing Quarrying < br > 16 % 9 % 10 % < br > Financial Manufacturing < br > Intermedia", "spans": [{"start": 1438, "end": 1482, "text": "2015 Living Conditions and Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the most recent year for which location data are available . Region 1 schools and Upper Basic ( middle ) schools are excluded from the estimation sample but shown on the map to illustrate the locations of secondary schools throughout the system . Not all schools in the sample appear on the map due to missing location data . 10 The strategy resembles that of Lucas and Mbiti ( 2012a , 2012b ) , who study the effect of free primary schooling in Kenya using variation in pretreatment local enrollment rates . > 11 An alternative possibility mentioned by a referee is that the policy led to greater scrutiny of “ ghost ” students , reducing reported enrollment . The direction of misreporting in response to the policy is therefore unclear . > 12 Increased enrollment in private schools in later periods partially explains the fall in male enrollment . We explore private school enrollment later in the paper . 25", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 46, "text": "location data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the National Treasury , The purpose of this , letter is to ifor l onist rnfrtefnsbfr February , * * 2020 . * * Kindly send a copy of the pA bank statement to the respective ocaj3r Cluster Coordinators confirming the transfer of these funds .", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 154, "text": "pA bank statement", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the period . Conversely , only 11 % of the micro firms and 17 % of the small firms had similar access to long term financing . Half of the micro firms and 44 % of the small firms never had long term debt , while only 1 . 9 % of large firms never had long term debt . Similar conclusions concerning the correlation between access to long term debt and size are derived from sample SC2 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda : Investment for Industrial Transformation and Employment ( P171607 ) - * * Component 1 . * * Window 1 supports the extension of the loan period for an expected 5 , 300 SME borrowers . Window 2 supports existing microenterprise clients of MFIs , MFDs , and SACCOs , providing a loan restart discount to over 200 , 000 borrowers across a total loan portfolio of US $ 223 . 4 million , including more than 40 , 000 borrowers in RHDs ( US $ 18 . 4 million loan portfolio ) . Window 3 provides MSMEs liquidity aiming to support over 42 , 000 transactions , total invoice portfolio of US $ 145 . 9 million . The benefit stream of these interventions is measured as the additional cash flow which can be reinvested by a MSME to earn a rate of return on the investment . Component 1 is expected to contribute to the PDO through increasing the percentage of jobs saved that would be lost due to COVID-19 , increasing the number of formally employed in the manufacturing sectors , and increasing the number of firms in RHDs that benefit from private sector initiatives ( see PDO Indicators ) . - * * Component 2 . * * Window 1 leverages new lending to MSMEs in new or expanding supply chains , providing more than 1 , 000 credit guarantees across a total new portfolio of US $ 84 . 8 million , enabling MSMEs to increase their return on investment . Windows 2 and 3 facilitate direct investment in productive assets ( factories , warehouses , cooling stations , test labs , and so on ) , providing financing across a total investment portfolio of US $ 298 . 9 million ( including US $ 128 . 1 million in RHDs ) , enabling commercial lenders and private investors to benefit from moving more of their capital into productive assets . Component 2 is expected to contribute to the PDO through increasing the value of private investment in manufacturing sectors , increase the number of new loans issued to firms", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are left unchanged . Their model highlights that the poor care about prices more than product quality or other factors . Urzúa ( 2013 ) discovers welfare losses because of the exercise of market power in Mexico . His results suggest that the welfare losses deriving from firms with market power are larger among the poor , in the rural sector , and in the southern ( poorest ) states . Meanwhile , Brummund ( 2013 ) analyzes the effects on poverty reduction that arise because firms are behaving in a monopsonistic way , that is , paying lower wages and hiring fewer workers . Using data on Indonesia , the author finds a substantial increase in wages and employment and a corresponding lower poverty rate if the labor market is perfectly competitive . Ghani and Reed ( 2015 ) study the economic relationship between a monopoly ice manufacturer and retailers in Sierra Leone , highlighting the importance of market entry in promoting growth and welfare . According to the paper , growing competition disrupts collusive arrangements , thereby leading to a reduction in prices and other positive effects such as the establishment of trade credit services . To clarify the conceptual relationship between market concentration and poverty , this paper develops a simple model to study the welfare effects of market power . The model relies on equivalent income functions and the class of poverty measures defined by Foster , Greer , and Thorbecke ( 1984 ) to estimate the welfare effects . The analysis is based on specific functional forms so that the relevant poverty measure can be calculated explicitly . In particular , equivalent income functions associated with an oligopolistic equilibrium are computed directly to simplify the welfare analysis . Then , comparative statics are developed in terms of exogenous variations in the number of firms in a market for a homogeneous good to determine the effects of greater market concentration on poverty . The first set of results that emerge from this model shows that in an economy in which consumers have homogeneous skills ( productivity ) and there are different degrees of firm ownership , the negative price effect of market concentration is greater than the positive profit effect of firm ownership so that greater market concentration increases the", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 600, "text": "data on Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "back into poverty on the other hand , what may be required is strengthening the coverage , reach and if needed also the generosity of social protection and safety net systems . * * Figure 4 : Episodes of movements in and out of poverty ( % of population ) * * ( a ) Episode between 1995 / 96-2003 / 04 ( b ) Episode between 2003 / 04-2010 / 11 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 40 < br > 36 < br > 35 33 35 < br > 29 < br > 30 30 < br > 26 < br > 24 < br > 25 25 < br > 20 < br > 20 17 20 < br > 14 < br > 15 15 < br > 10 10 < br > 5 5 < br > 0 0 < br > Poor , poor Poor , non - Non-poor , Non-poor , Poor , poor Poor , non - Non-poor , Non-poor , < br > poor poor non-poor poor poor non-poor < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Bank staff calculations using data from three rounds of NLSS data for 1995 / 96 , 2003 / 04 and 2010 / 11 . The methodology used is called the synthetic panel methodology and is described in Annex 2 . What is the relative size of these groups in Nepal ? We answer this question for two poverty reduction episodes between 1995 / 96 and 2003 / 04 using data from three rounds of the NLSS data . Recall that the headcount poverty rate using the comparable 2010 / 11 poverty line declined by 14 and 19 percentage points respectively during these two episodes . From what is presented in Figure 4 , what we see is that if 26 percent of the population escaped poverty between 1995 / 1996 and 2010 / 11 , 17 percent actually fell into poverty during the process . Likewise , between 2003 / 04 and 2011 , 29 percent moved out of poverty while 14 percent fell back in . This essentially implies that that for every 2 Nepalis that got out of poverty in", "spans": [{"start": 812, "end": 821, "text": "NLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the inverse of the iteration sequence number raised to a power that varies in increments of 0 . 1 between 0 and 2 . 0 . The second is the number of iterations , which varies from 1 to 20 . Our grid search yields best fits for decay and iteration parameters of 1 . 0 and 10 , respectively . Using these parameters , we incorporate wind displacement effects as follows . For each year and month , we use our industrial and fire emissions data to compute total CO2 emissions separately for industry and fires in each grid cell . We route these emissions across nearby cells through 10 sequential iterations , identifying the destination cells by iteration . Once this process is complete for all cells in the grid , we proceed cell-by-cell . For each cell , we add across observations for displaced CO2 from every other cell , with separate totals by iteration step . We weight these totals for industry and fire CO2 by the inverse iteration step number ( which incorporates the decay function ) . Next , we add across the weighted totals to obtain the overall decay-weighted totals for wind-displaced CO2 in each cell . These are the variables _DI_ and _DF_ in the econometric model ( equation [ 1 ] ) . > 6 We use the IHST rather than the logarithmic transformation because most of the observations in the data set are zeros ( see Burbidge , Magee and Robb ( 1988 ) and Layton ( 2001 ) ) . > 7 The bearing calculation formula can be viewed at https : / / www . movable-type . co . uk / scripts / latlong . html . 6", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 440, "text": "industrial and fire emissions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 8 . The Effect of Titling firms ’ Ownership on Investment * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008 to 2017 . This table presents parameter estimates from OLS regression of investment on Titling Firm dummy variable and firm ownership , i . e . , whether the firms are SOE or not . The independent variable is the averaged investment ( capital expenditure divided by PP & E ) between 2013 and 2017 net of investment between 2010 and 2012 . Columns ( 1 ) and Columns ( 2 ) presents parameter estimates associated with SOE subsample and non-SOE subsample , respectively . _Titling Firm_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm has allocated land before the land title scheme starting from 2012 and 0 if otherwise . _SOE_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm is affiliated to the government and 0 if otherwise . All variables are winsorised at the upper and lower 1-percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification . The _t-statistics_ are computed using standard errors that are White-corrected . The * , * * , * * * indicates significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | ∆ ( Investment / PP & E ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | SOE Subsample < br > None SOE Subsample | Whole Sample | | | ( 1 ) < br > ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | Titling Firm | 0 . 424 * * * < br > 0 . 075 | 0 . 090 | | | ( 4 . 812 ) < br > ( 0 . 528 ) | ( 0 . 648 ) | | SOE | | - 0 . 064 * * | | | | ( - 2 . 126 ) | | Titling", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 148, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * SupporttoSectors * * < br > Sectorshavedeveloped < br > customizedAIDSplansand < br > implementedthem | prevent transmissionofthe < br > HIVorwhohaveerroneous < br > knowledgeofitfromits1999 < br > levelof30 % . < br > - 100 % oftruck stops ( totalof < br > 10incountry ) offeran < br > HIV / AIDSprevention < br > programtodrivers < br > - 100 % ofministries and2 < br > mainUnionshaveHIV / AIDS < br > work plans byend2003 . | CNLSProgressReports < br > CNLSprogressreports | CapacityofCNLSto < br > coordinate | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | - 80 % of303CRDsare < br > implementing80 % oftheir < br > annualHIV / AIDSplansby < br > 2007 . | idem | Smoothfinancialflow < br > Goodmonitoringdata | | Project * * Coordination ( M & E ) * * | - 100 % ofblood unitsin < br > hospitalsareregularlyand < br > adequatelyscreenedby2005 < br > - 100 % ofhealthpersonnel < br > involvedwithSlTsand < br > opportunistic infectionsfully < br > trainedby2006 . < br > - 70 % ofPLWAsbenefitfrom < br > treatmentofSTIsand70 % of < br > thosewithTB treatedby2006 . < br > - Allnationalandregional < br > hospitalshavefacilities to < br > disposeofhospitalwasteand < br > usethem regularly < br > - 85 % ofyouthbetween15-24 < br > yearshave knowledgeof < br > symptomsfor STDs andof < br", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 454, "text": "CNLSProgressReports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 462, "end": 481, "text": "CNLSprogressreports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well as asylum-seekers who have been pre-registered but who are pending official registration with UNHCR . As of early September 2014 , there were some 832 , 000 registered Syrian refugees in Turkey covered by the Government ’ s Temporary Protection Regime . The number of Syrian asylum-seekers included in this table covers only those who for specific reasons have been referred to UNHCR for further evaluation of their international protection needs . ( 5 ) Combination of number of persons ( EOIR ) and cases ( DHS ) . Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 29 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "monthly average drops in export and import values , respectively , according to Arenas et al . ( 2022 ) . We closely follow the two studies with a focus on Indonesia and in turn make three contributions to this literature . Our first contribution is that our paper incorporates non-tariff measures ( NTMs ) in the analysis , allowing the paper more policy relevance . This is highly relevant for Indonesia , as NTM incidence is among the highest in the region , and their use was prevalent in the pre-COVID period ( Cal ` ı & Montfaucon , 2021 ) . The novel feature of this contribution is the use of the most updated time-varying data on non-tariff measures , an area in trade policy that has not received much attention in this literature , especially due to the lack of reliable data on NTMs . This allows us to link to the timeline of the pandemic and assess how various lockdown policies differently affected import trade of products subject to specific NTMs . Our second contribution is methodological . We employ an event-study in our study . This approach is preferred over impact-evaluation estimators such as the difference-in-differences ( DiD ) and Propensity Score Matching ( PSM ) , and a gravity-model . The event-study approach addresses concerns of lockdown anticipation . Since East Asia was the first epicenter of COVID-19 , most countries in the region started imposing restrictions earlier than the rest of the world ( Arenas et al . , 2022 ) , which could have triggered the reaction of exporters and importers in Indonesia in anticipation of the imposition of lockdowns in partner countries . The event study also enables us to observe the reaction of international trade to lockdown policies at high frequency ( months ) , which often changed depending on the spread / wave of the virus in a country . Finally , we add to the literature on COVID-19 ’ s impact on trade in a country case study by using more recent and more detailed trade data in a comprehensive analysis of trade for Indonesia , separating impacts of domestic and external lockdowns on trade . This is unlike other studies on Indonesia such as Eschachasthi ( 2022 ) , Ing and", "spans": [{"start": 618, "end": 658, "text": "time-varying data on non-tariff measures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1956, "end": 1966, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Cash Transfer for OVC ( FY09 ) ( P111545 ) # # * * Revised Rationale * * The capacity of the government to deliver the NSNP was to be enhanced by strengthening program systems to ensure good governance ; harmonizing CT programs to improve sector coherence ; and capacity building for expanding CT programs to promote more comprehensive and equitable coverage . # # # * * Outputs : * * - A Social Protection Secretariat was established . An SP Policy Framework was adopted in June 2011 and was being updated as of the time of the ICR , but the target of developing a new SP strategy was not achieved . - TA was provided to develop alternative payment mechanisms for beneficiaries . - Trainings were implemented related to M & E , MIS , enrollment , targeting , and beneficiary outreach . 100 percent of NSNP progress reports produced by the MIS met agreed reporting standards , meeting the target . - An electronic payment mechanism with two-factor authentication was introduced to ensure that CTs became more secure , accessible , and predictable . - The project introduced biometric enrollment and identification of beneficiaries , improved targeting mechanisms , and consolidated financial management processes . A grievance and case management system was established to enable beneficiaries and others to lodge grievances or provide updates on household data . # # # * * Outcomes : * * - The percentage of NSNP beneficiaries who conformed to the program targeting criteria increased from 30 percent in 2009 to 82 percent in 2018 , exceeding the original target of 50 percent and almost achieving the revised target of 85 percent . - The percentage of NSNP beneficiaries for whom payments were made electronically through payment services providers and used two-factor authentication increased from 40 percent in 2013 to 100 percent in 2018 , surpassing the original target of 75 percent and the revised target of 90 percent . - The percentage of NSNP beneficiaries who were able to name two means of making", "spans": [{"start": 1443, "end": 1457, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the analysis , the number of households is reduced slightly to 13 , 732 due to missing values in some of the key variables , which is equivalent to 4 . 35 % of the sample ( 6 . 63 % for individuals aged 15-64 ) . # Mobile Broadband Coverage Data Nigeria is the largest mobile market in Africa . At the end of 2019 , there were more than 170 million mobile connections ( 60 % of which used 3G or 4G mobile broadband technologies ) and the country accounted for around one in six mobile subscriptions on the continent . < sup > 8 < / sup > Figure 1 shows how the adoption of 2G and 3G / 4G technology evolved in Nigeria between 2010-2016 . In this study , we look at mobile broadband network coverage ( or availability ) . Coverage is distinct from usage ( or access ) , which is when an individual has a SIM card that can be used in a mobile phone to access the internet . We look at coverage because it is not determined at the household-level and because coverage captures not only the direct impacts of individuals accessing the internet but also spillover effects . The latter includes , for example : internet users sharing information with non-users and non-users benefitting from lower market prices ; job creation and productivity gains among domestic firms due to more technology use and access to international markets ; or more financial capital accumulation and utilization due to increased use of digital payment platforms and mobile banking . Mobile networks can be conceptually divided in two components . The first is the Core Network that ensures the intelligence of the network , such as switching user calls or routing user data to and from the internet . The second is the Radio Access Network , which is the collection of relay sites ( i . e . towers hosting base stations and radio equipment ) that connects the User Terminal ( e . g . mobile phones ) to the core of the network . Relay sites communicate with mobile phones in their vicinity using electromagnetic signals . The quality and availability of this communication link can be affected by several factors such", "spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 249, "text": "Mobile Broadband Coverage Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ants * * < br > * * Services * * | 325 | * * 804 * * | 1 , 129 | * * 910 * * | 2 , 251 | 3 , 161 | _5 . 5_ | | 5 . Basic Project Costl / < br > 6 Contingencies : | 5 , 491 | 14 , 958 | 20 , 449 | 15 , 375 | 41 , 882 | 57 , 257 | 100 . 0 | | . < br > Physical2 / < br > | 312 | 736 < br > | 1 , 048 < br > | 874 | 2 , 061 | 2 , 935 | 5 . 1 | | Price | | 4 , 214 | 5 , 604 | 3 , 892 | 11 , 799 | 15 , 691 | 27 . 4 | | Sub-total : < br > Contingencies | < br > 1 , 702 | 4 , 950 | 6 , 652 | 4 , 766 | 13 , 860 | 18 , 626 | 32 . 5 | | 7 . Total Cost - ' | 7 , 193 | 19 , 908 | 27 , 101 | 20 , 1l | 55 , 742 | 75 , 883 | 132 . | 1 / Local cost includes KE 2 . 069 million for local taxes . * * 3 / Local cost includes * * KL 2 . 517 * * million for local taxes * * * * 2 / * * 1 % on pipe and * * about * * 8 % on other * * costs . * * Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 840, "end": 857, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "local CO2 emissions , reflecting the time lag between local emissions of CO2 molecules and their full dispersion into the global mix . We follow convention by terming this the “ concentration anomaly ” since it measures the local deviation from the global background CO2 concentration . In our global emissions model , we classify the determinants of local concentration anomalies in three categories . The first comprises activities in the most significant CO2-emitting industry sectors . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) ( Gale et al . 2005 ) has identified four dominant industrial sources of CO2 emissions : ( i ) power plants , ( ii ) steel mills , ( iii ) cement plants , and ( iv ) oil refineries . The second category includes CO2 emissions from agricultural and forest fires . The third category comprises population-related emissions other than those directly associated with CO2-intensive industrial activity . These include motor vehicle emissions , which are not measured reliably at the spatial resolution required for our analysis . < sup > 1 < / sup > We would expect traffic emissions per capita to increase with income per capita , all else being equal . Population-related factors also include CO2 emissions from household heating and cooling , which are not captured by data for central power plants . < sup > 2 < / sup > The subway component of the model affects population-related emissions by > 1 Recent research has used Google Traffic to infer vehicular emissions from high-resolution traffic congestion data for some cities ( Heger et al . 2018 ; Dasgupta , Lall , and Wheeler 2021 ) . However , no currently available technology enables direct estimation of global vehicular emissions at 25 km resolution . > 2 Household air conditioning is powered by fossil-fired home generators in many hot low-income areas where utility-scale power is either nonexistent or unreliable . For a detailed assessment , see Lam et al . ( 2019 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1312, "end": 1341, "text": "data for central power plants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1516, "end": 1555, "text": "high-resolution traffic congestion data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shortcoming of including very ( small ) gradual changes that are only poorly related to significant regime changes in democratic transitions . < sup > 14 < / sup > Applying these criteria to our 74-country data set , we obtain 67 regime changes , of which 42 are transitions into democracy and 25 are transitions into autocracy ( see table S . 1 ) . The distribution of these reforms is uniform over time ( 53 percent before 1985 ) but not across continents : approximately 50 percent of the reforms are in Africa , 28 percent are in Asia , and 18 percent are in Latin America . To avoid the use of very brief reform episodes , we introduce the criterion that the dependent variable must be observed for at least four years before and after each regime transition . Under this rule , the effective number of reform episodes decreases to approximately 40 . As a robustness check , we relax this criterion to only two years of observable outcomes ; this period includes nearly all of the reform episodes reported in table S . 1 . To check the robustness of our results , we use a distinct definition of regime transitions . Specifically , we use the recently developed data set by Papaioannou and Siourounis ( 2008 ) to define regime changes . These data are based on a more complex procedure than that applied above . Specifically , to identify the precise timing of each regime change , Papaioannou and Siourounis ( 2008 ) rely not only on the Polity2 index and the Freedom House democracy index but also historical evidence derived from numerous political archives and election databases . Using this procedure , the authors identify “ full ” or “ partial ” democratization episodes . However , because their analysis focuses solely on permanent democratization , the use of their coding applies to a lower number of transition episodes ( 23 ) in our data ( see table S . 1 ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 214, "text": "74-country data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1444, "end": 1457, "text": "Polity2 index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1466, "end": 1495, "text": "Freedom House democracy index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Results * * In this section we present our main results . Many outcome variables are measured at the household level . However , several of these outcomes are also reported separately by different individuals within households which allows us to explore gender-differentiated impacts . In Tables 4 to 13 we present the main impact estimates for the Land Titling Program . All tables follow a similar format . Column 1 provides the sample size for the pooled regression and Column 2 the mean of the dependent or outcome variable of interest in the control group for the third survey round . Columns 3 to 5 report the estimates for each survey round separately which correspond to the coefficients on the interaction terms in Equation 1 . Column 6 reports the estimates from the pooled regression and Columns 9 to 11 show the results from estimating the SAR regression model on those respondents for whom household-level GPS data were available . < sup > 14 < / sup > We start our examination of impacts with the most proximate indicator that the program might be working : individuals reporting that the land was registered and their perceptions of security . Table 4 shows these variables . Land in the treatment area is significantly more likely to be reported as registered by the respondents , and this coefficient increases across our three rounds for women . Although it is hard to capture in quantitative data , there is some suggestion that perceptions of security have also improved . A significant fraction of both men and women are worried that they will lose their plot if they leave it fallow ( about a third in the control group in round 3 ) . For men we see significant reductions of this for the pooled estimate , although this effect may have tapered off by the > 13 The distance decay can also be formulated as a power function and the elements of W matrix can be inverse 1 distances with a distance decay factor , , ∅ = , where i denotes the distance between units and i 14 The GPS measurements of plots in our data are incomplete and , as mentioned above , we rely on a repeated γγ", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 937, "text": "household-level GPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 00 | 48 . 60 | 45 . 09 | 93 | | ( THH / FHH ) , ( quintalsper ha ) | 0 . 00 | 55 . 00 | 59 . 04 | 107 | | Increase in yield for selected livestock products in targeted HH - milk | 0 . 00 | 41 . 24 | 209 . 80 | 509 | | ( THH / FHH ) , ( liters day / cow ) | 0 . 00 | 10 . 52 | 183 . 80 | 1 , 747 | | Increase in yield for selected livestock products in targeted HH - eggs | 0 . 00 | 45 . 50 | 3 . 30 | 7 | | ( THH / FHH ) , ( eggs / week / chicken ) | 0 . 00 | 85 . 25 | − 3 . 40 | − 4 | | Increase in yield for selected livestock products in targeted HH - honey | 0 . 00 | 85 . 75 | 13 . 84 | 16 | | ( THH / FHH ) , ( kg / beehives / year ) | 0 . 00 | 285 . 81 | 14 . 31 | 5 | _Source : _ AGP2 EIER ( based on survey data collected in March 2017 and May 2024 ) . 22 . Based on the findings of the AGP2 EIER ( see Table 4 . 1 ) , the project significantly enhanced agricultural productivity among targeted smallholder farmers in Ethiopia . Aggregate crop yield increased by 29 percent , rising from 16 . 2 percent at baseline to 20 . 9 percent at endline . FHHs showed remarkable progress , with a 35 . 4 percent increase , surpassing the 26 . 2 percent growth achieved by male-headed households ( MHHs ) . Vegetables and fruits experienced the highest productivity growth at 45 . 09 percent , compared to cereals and pulses , which grew by 24 . 53 percent . Crop yield indexes were computed for the aggregated data and the two categories", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 725, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 6 Share of Resource Exports in Merchandise Exports and Share of Research and Development Expenditure in GDP in 2015 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 4 . 5 < br > ISR KOR < br > 4 . 0 < br > 3 . 5 < br > JPN SWE < br > 3 . 0 AUT DNK < br > DEU FINUSA < br > 2 . 5 SVN BEL < br > FRA ISL < br > 2 . 0 CHN CZE NOR < br > GBR < br > 1 . 5 EST < br > SVK LUX ESP MYS LTU RUS < br > 1 . 0 POL BGR GRC < br > MEX HRV < br > EGY < br > 0 . 5 MAC KHM PAK IND CYP OMN IRQ < br > SLV BIH KGZ < br > 0 . 0 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 < br > Source : World Bank , World Development Indicators . < br > Note : Share of resource exports in merchandise exports in horizontal axis ; and share of research and < br > development expenditure in GDP in vertical axis . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 3 . 7 Share of Resource Exports in Merchandise Exports and Patent Counts Per Capita in 2015 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 500 < br > 450 < br > ISR USA < br > JPN < br > 400 < br > 350 KOR < br > 300 < br > SWE < br > 250 FIN < br > 200 DEU < br > DNK < br > 150 ISL < br > AUT < br > NOR < br > 100 GBR BEL < br > HKG < br > 50 CHN MEX LUXTUNFRA KGZ EGY CYP GRC OMN RUS IRQ < br > 0 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 < br > Source : World Bank , World Development Indicators ; IP5 Offices ; and World Bank staff", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 613, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The implementing agencies will report Reporting on the grievance redressing activities as part of the overall project monitoring and reporting ; - Documenting the overall grievance resolution processes and resolutions passed at the woreda / town administrations level for each grievance cases . - The grievance form ( in local language ) will be made available in the woreda or Kebele offices that are easily accessible for all relevant stakeholders , alongside a description of the grievance mechanism as well as on the construction sites . - Specifically , nominated and trained members of GRC will record grievance information in a grievance log book which will include the name ( unless filed anonymously ) and contact details ( unless declined by the complainant ) ; gender , age , description of the grievance ; mode of submission ; resolution agreed with the complainant ; whether escalated or not ; and when closed out . All complaints will be verified by the GRC in the Grievance Register and assigned a number and acknowledged within one calendar day . The Register will have all necessary elements to disaggregate the grievance by gender of the person submitting it as well as by type of grievance . The respective actors involved in the GM process will be trained on key principles of GBV / SEA case management including confidentiality , non-judgmental , best interest of the survivor , services and referrals . The PIU at MoF will be responsible for such capacity building . The PIU will also conduct awareness raising campaign regarding the case management procedures ; including confidentiality , non-judgmental , best interest of the survivor , services and referrals . Each grievance will be verified in the registry with the following information : - description of grievance , - date of receipt of grievance and when acknowledgement returned to the complainant ; - description of actions taken ( investigation , corrective measures , and preventive measures ) ; - date of resolution and closure provision of feedback to the complainant . If the GRC at both Woreda and Regional level is unable to address the issues raised by immediate corrective action , a long-term corrective action will", "spans": [{"start": 981, "end": 999, "text": "Grievance Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the absence of the program . < sup > 5 < / sup > While fifth graders in the treatment group did better in math and language tests than those in the control group , particularly in rural areas , program effects for ninth graders in both subjects are negative . Yet , the validity of the findings of this paper is limited for at least two reasons . First , if program effects do exist , they are probably difficult to identify due to the lack of enough statistical power in their analysis . Sample sizes for the nonparametric models of the paper are very low , ranging from 100 to 300 observations depending on the age groups . Second , and perhaps more troublesome , the nationally administered tests used by the authors to infer the academic performance of children ( known as ― _Pruebas Saber_ ‖ ) are only representative at the school rather than at the individual level . < sup > 6 < / sup > This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of the effects of CCTs on school completion and learning outcomes by early adulthood . In particular , this study adds to the existing literature in three ways . First , the analysis focuses on the dynamics of program impacts in the long run as it tracks different cohorts of treatment children who have been in the program from one to nine years . Most of the few studies that measure program effects on intermediate and final outcomes in education did so with children who have been exposed to the treatment for no longer than two years . Second , we use three different data sources and samples ( the baseline survey of the evaluation of the program from 2002 , the program ‘ s information system , and a census of poor households ) to perform two different methodological approaches which allows for a comparison of the findings across methodologies . Additionally , by using data from the program ‘ s information system for impact evaluation purposes , this paper highlights the opportunities for research that may arise from using monitoring and evaluation systems , as these are becoming increasingly popular tools to administer CCTs and other safety net programs . Finally , this", "spans": [{"start": 1551, "end": 1599, "text": "baseline survey of the evaluation of the program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1616, "end": 1646, "text": "program ‘ s information system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1655, "end": 1680, "text": "census of poor households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1827, "end": 1871, "text": "data from the program ‘ s information system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 Returning to Table 7 and looking across countries , a positive relationship between per capita income level and government consumption and expenditure shares , a generalized relationship often referred to as Wagner ' s \" Law \" < sup > 1 < / sup > 4 . s somewhat in evidence . In 1985 , the value of median expenditure shares steadily increases across the four groupings of nations ranked from low-income to industrialized market economies . However , within any one group of countries , the range of both expenditure and consumption shares is broad enough so that a considerable overlap is present across all income groups . A positive relationship between ince-ne level and government spending is also suggested by the movement in individual Ge ( Gc ) ratios over time . Ge ( Gc ) shares increase from 1972 ( 1965 ) to 1985 in 72 % ( 69 % ) of the countries for which data are presented . However , sufficient numbers of cases are exceptions to this trend reflecting either : ( a ) serious misrepresentations in the data ; ( b ) significant shifts in national political orientation ; or , ( c ) counter-examples to Wagner ' s \" Law \" . Caution again appears warranted in positing any unique relationship between government spending shares and per capita income level . Beyond the WDR data , an examination of government expenditure trends in developing economies has been undertaken by Pluta ( 1981 ) . Relying on fiscal data taken from the DiF ' s , International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) , Pluta measures the growth in government expenditures for 20 non-African developing countries from , roughly , the early 1960 ' s to the mid-1970 ' s . IFS data rely on a country ' s own definition of government expenditures and are less comparable across countries than data obtained from the _GFSY . _ Although Pluta does not", "spans": [{"start": 1284, "end": 1292, "text": "WDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1455, "end": 1489, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "water in supply < br >  Water use conflicts | Disclo < br >  Sensitization < br > and < br > awareness creation on < br > responsible < br > use < br > of < br > available resources ; < br >  Metering of resource < br > supply points < br > where < br > possible ; < br >  Use of incentives and < br > disincentives < br > e . g . < br > charging < br > per < br > units < br > consumed on resource < br > use < br > to < br > encourage < br > conservation ; < br >  Mapping < br > and < br > monitoring < br > installed < br > supply < br > structures < br > to < br > curb < br > illegal < br > connections ; | sur < br >  Sustainable water and < br > power < br > management < br > being practiced ; < br >  Household < br > level < br > reduced < br > water < br > and < br > electricity utility bills ; < br >  No . < br > of < br > illegal < br > connection to supply < br > lines ( water , electricity ) ; | < br >  Site visits ; < br >  Incidence < br > reports ; < br >  Records of utility < br > companies < br > ( power < br > and < br > water ) ; | < br > SEC ; < br > Utility < br > companies ; | Routine ; < br > Consumption < br > record quarterly ; | Internal < br > Company < br > costs | | * * Stakeholder * * < br > * * Engagement * * |  Exclusion < br > of < br > Disadvantaged < br > and < br > Vulnerablegroups . |  Share <", "spans": [{"start": 991, "end": 1009, "text": "Records of utility", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | | 100 . 00 | | | | | Date | 03-Jan-2011 | 30-Jun-2011 | 30-Jun-2015 | | | | | Comments | No Framework exists | Task Force already in place | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 25-Jul-2011 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P088600 | TF-91616 | Effective | 17-Nov-2010 | 17-Nov-2010 | 17-Nov-2010 | 31-Dec-2015 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revised | | Cancelled < br > Disbursed < br > Undisbursed < br > | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P088600 | TF-91616 | Effective | USD | 10 . 00 | 10 . 00 | < br > 0 . 00 < br > 1 . 87 < br > 8 . 13 | 19 . 00 | # # * * Disbursement Graph * * Page 3 of 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_A_ ThEX I_ _23-_ # # # A - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET | | urn | | | REFERENCI G < br > | ROUPS ( ADJ < br > | USTED < sup > AVERAGES < / sup > < br > _LA_ < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | LAND AREA ( THOUSAND SO . KM . ) < br > TOTAL < br > 5826 | | | | - MOST R < br > SAME | ECENT ESTI < br > SAME | MATE ) < br > NEXT HIGHEB | | < br > . < br > AGRICULTURAL < br > 99 . 2 | 1960 < br > / b | M < br > 1970 Lb | DST RECENT < br > ESTIMATELb | GEOGRAPHIC < br > REGIONL | INCOME < br > e < br > GROUP / | INCOME < br > d < br > GROUP a | | GNP PER CAPITA ( US $ ) | 100 . 0 | 160 . 0 | 270 . 0 | 223 . 6 | 182 . 9 | 432 . 3 | | ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER < sup > CAPITA < / sup > < br > ( KILOGRAMS OF COAL EQUIVALENT ) | 143 . 0 | 135 . 0 | 174 . 0 | 86 . 7 | 88 . 9 | 251 . 7 | | POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS < br > TOTAL POPULATION , MID-YEAR | | | | | | | | ( MILLIONS ) < br > URBANPOPULATION ( PERCENT OF TOTAL | 8 . 3 < br > ) < br > 7 . 3 | 11 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 56, "text": "SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activities : 1 . Review of national policies and laws / regulations ; 2 . Measurement of dust was undertaken with Diyeeni Air Quality Tester , HT9600 Air Quality Monitor whereas air quality was measured using the MX6 Ibrid Multi-gas detector 3 . Randomly selected points were selected for the air quality baseline survey at the proposed sites and took note of the receptors . 35 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA MFNP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 320, "text": "air quality baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Table 2 . Overview of data used by country and territory_ | Country | Total number of health care - < br > related tenders in country < br > data set | Total number of health care - < br > related tenders in combined < br > health care data set | Years covered | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ecuador | 22609 | 22609 | 2013-2017 | | Brazil < br > ( federal ) | 14108 | 2140 | 2014-2016 | | Amazonas < br > ( Brazil ) | 9030 | 2797 | 2014-2018 | | Santa < br > Catarina < br > ( Brazil ) | 1348 | 948 | 2013-2018 | | Paraguay | 2899 | 830 | 2012-2016 | | Panama | 56738 | 5439 | 2014-2018 | | Uruguay | 12319 | 1008 | 2014-2018 | | Peru | 9217 | 686 | 2015 | | Costa Rica | 517 | 154 | 2016-2017 | | Total | 128785 | 36611 | | Given that the key precondition for unit price analysis is the use of sufficiently detailed and standardized product categories which are in addition comparable across 7 countries , we offer further details on the product codes and their processing . We identified health care-related tenders included in the initial , broad data sets based on product classification codes and higher level descriptions as defined in Annex A , Table A1 . The health care-related product code harmonization was based on a host of classification schemes as used in the national data sets following national legislation ( Table 3 ) . In the absence of a generic , reference categorization , we considered the Ecuadorian nomenclature as the master reference as it was the most comprehensive for the health care products analyzed in the study . We identified the equivalent classification levels in all data sets by using a semi-automated matching method with extensive manual crosschecks . We excluded unmatched categories from the current analysis to enable cross-country pooled analysis . While a large number of categories and tenders were excluded as 12", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 245, "text": "health care data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1283, "end": 1301, "text": "national data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "literature would anticipate . These findings remain robust , irrespective of the use of different dependent variable specifications , distributional assumptions , omitted variables ( small / large datasets ) , or outlier observations . # * * Do Voters Use the EDD / NEDD Ratio to Explain the Level of Political Rent Extraction ? * * Do voters really use the EDD / NEDD ratio to anticipate the level of rent extraction ? So far this paper has shown that perceptions of the behavior of EDDs by elite experts vary , as anticipated , given the EDD / NEDD ratio . However , an additional test of the robustness of the theory is to examine whether in fact voters perceive that the EDD / NEDD ratio affects the average level of rent extraction in ‘ political life . ’ If the model is correct , and rent minimization occurs in the first stage due to the anticipated ability of voters to retrospectively punish / reward only EDDs ( second stage ) , this outcome should also be observed . This is because voters can use the EDD / NEDD ratio to infer the proportion of senior policy-makers insulated from the incentives of elections , and will thus use this to infer the magnitude of rent extraction in political life ( positive test ) . Furthermore , if this assumption of the model is correct , it should also be the case that perceptions of the level of rent extraction undertaken by policy-makers far removed from the control of elected officials , should not be predicted variation in the EDD / NEDD ratio , as such activities are rarely directly handled or supervised by elected officials ( e . g . petty street level corruption ) ( negative test ) . It is relatively easy to identify the sort of activities likely to fall ( or potentially fall ) under the oversight of elected officials , and those activities that will , even in high EDD / NEDD ratio countries , fall under the control of NEDDs . Rent extraction involving the passage of legislation , the abuse of parliamentary allowances , illicit payments to elected officials by lobbyists etc . are clearly the preserve of elected officials . Conversely , the demand for", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 . World International Investment Positions : Bilateral vs . Country-Level Data * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Panel A . Bank Loans and Deposits Panel B . Portfolio Investment < br > 40 60 < br > 35 < br > 50 < br > 30 < br > 40 < br > 25 < br > 20 30 < br > 15 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 0 < br > Panel C . Foreign Direct Investment Panel D . International Reserves < br > 60 14 < br > 50 12 < br > 10 < br > 40 < br > 8 < br > 30 < br > 6 < br > 20 < br > 4 < br > 10 2 < br > 0 0 < br > Bilateral Country level ( based on Lane and Milesi-Ferretti , 2018 ) < br > USD , trillions USD , trillions < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 < br > USD , trillions USD , trillions < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : This figure compares year-end values of world international investment positions for the bilateral data constructed in the paper and the country-level data constructed by Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2018 ) . Bilateral data are at the country-pair level and we obtain country-level data by aggregating values for each source country to all destination countries per year . For each year , we keep countries that appear in both samples and aggregate data across all countries . For comparison purposes , we include offshore financial centers ( OFCs ) . For the rest of our analysis , we exclude these countries", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1204, "text": "bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1367, "end": 1385, "text": "country-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * A ONLINE APPENDIX * * # # * * A . 1 Determination of Rewards and the Reward Ceremonies * * Table A . 1 shows the mapping between the performance indicator and rewards . The rewards ranged from bronze to platinum . There was one national ceremony ( for recipients of the platinum certificate ) , one ceremony in each of the eight regions ( for the gold certificate ) , one ceremony in each of the 38 prefectures ( silver ) , and one ceremony in each of the 243 sub-prefectures ( bronze ) . The ministry of education organized the national ceremony ; the Regional Authorities of Education organized the regional and prefecture-level ceremonies ; and the “ School Delegation of Elementary Education ” ( DSEE ) organized the sub-prefecture ceremonies . The ceremonies were attended by government officials , trade unions , national or local press , locally elected officials , and school parent associations . Table A . 2 shows the breakdown of awards received after the first year of the program and the value of the awards as a proportion of the average civil servant teacher salary . Over a third did not receive any reward , and a quarter of teachers received the highest possible reward . The value of the reward was highly convex , with 4 % of salary for the lowest tier ( rice and radio ) , and almost 49 % of a teacher ’ s annual salary for the highest tier ( rice , TV , cell phone , and generator ) . # # * * A . 2 Tests for Internal Validity * * # # # * * A . 2 . 1 Balance and Attrition * * We investigate internal validity by comparing baseline data from Grade 2 and Grade 3 students from the student assessment , as well as school-level data as reported by school principals , across the groups . The sample is balanced on key variables – test scores and gender – collected at the baseline ; only age shows a difference between control and treatment arms ( Table A . 7 ) . School characteristics ( number of Grade 2 and Grade 3 students , headteacher gender and age ) are", "spans": [{"start": 1551, "end": 1564, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1640, "end": 1657, "text": "school-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "violent activities ( Besley et al . , 2019 ) , and public support for foreign military interventions ( Fetzer et al . , 2021 ) . Our paper focuses on news media coverage and sentiment about economic reforms in the GCC . We use newspaper data from the Dow Jones News Snapshot API . This global news database provides access to newspaper articles from thousands of sources in 28 languages . In addition to the full text , it also includes tags for each document , which identify the following : ( i ) country or countries discussed in the article , ( ii ) the country of origin of the newspaper , and ( iii ) the subject ( s ) of the articles . For this paper , we carefully select articles in the 28 languages which contain terms relating to \" economy \" and \" reforms \" for each of the six GCC countries ( see Appendix A4 ) . Our methodology yields 138 , 782 articles that are tagged to one or more of the six GCC countries . Of these , 46 % are in English , 39 % are in Arabic , and the remaining 15 % are in 26 other languages . Therefore , this paper focuses on English and Arabic media . # IV . 1 Engagement in Discussions on Economic Reform the from News Media We begin by analyzing the evolution of reform coverage across the GCC countries . We find that the number of economic reform articles varies significantly over time and across countries . To address this , we create an index for each country that captures _the percentage of all news articles that discuss economic reforms_ . In other words , we normalize the number of economic reform articles about a country by the total number of articles about that country . For country in year , the index has the following form R R R R I = 100 × ii E E E tt < u > , < / u > ~ ~ . ~ ~ iiEE R RREERREE AARRttiiEEAARRssii tt CChaat IIRRIIii , tt TTEEttTTAA AARRttiiEEAARRssii , tt The reform chatter index can be classified by source : local news ( e . g . , UAE", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 278, "text": "Dow Jones News Snapshot API", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 4 * * * * ISDS * * continigency funding will be applied A separate planning and fundinig process will be developed to cover long term investmenlts for strengthening the district ' s ability to prepare and recover from drought . A separate long-term Drougilt Preparedness Plan will be prepared , whiicih will embody the natural resource management and discrete development area plans , highiligiting agreed long term investments to better prepare the district for drought Districts will be assisted to gather all existing hydrological , range and other physical data with the aim to prepare maps reflecting their mediulil term spatial developmenit plan From this , districts will prepare their first aniual drought preparedness work plan , which will include an environmental assessment and mitigation plans of each large-scale investment to be carried out A second district Drought Contiligency Plan will be formulated , wivose actions will be triggered by the stages of drought signaled by the EWS Contingency fuLids will be on standby to finance agreed activities outlined * * in * * the contingency plan Logistics , plans of operation , scenario developmenit , and a portfolio of rapid intervenitionis for each phase of the drougilt cycle will be developed for funding from the contingency fund Improved fundinig mechaniismiis will be established , to allow better multi-sectoral planing and also to attract other - donors Separate modalities will be developed for fuLiding drought preparedness and drought contingencies . It is expected that a mechanism will be established to allow other donors to contribute to a Drought Contingency Trust Fund . # Component * * 11 : Community-Driven Development * * The Communiity-Driveni Developmenit ( CDD ) component will foster development capacity at the community level and below to empower communlities to take greater charge of their owvn development agenda and take responsibility for the developmenit choices made . The componlent activities will build on the significant", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 569, "text": "hydrological , range and other physical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > posibles tensiones provenien < br > tes del cambio de legibilidad < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 900 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | 2020-01-30 | 2020-02-04 | | | 2020-03-18 | 2020-04-17 | 2020-05-12 | 2020-12-08 | | | C2-MIES-INEC-1 / Contrataci < br > ón del servicio de impresión < br > de stickers , requeridos para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > P | ost | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 1 , 983 . 91 | 1 , 960 . 00 < br > Signed | | | | 2022-03-09 | | | | | 2022-04-06 | 2022-06-10 < br > 2022-04-21 | | | C2-MIES-INEC-3 / Servicio de < br > transporte en < br > camionetas con conductor , < br > necesario para el desarrollo < br > del < br > operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de < br > Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 589, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnut", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Figure 6 . 6 : Proportion of HH Heads ' Educational Level by Woreda # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 2 Occupational Status of HH Heads and HH Population * * The socio-economic baseline survey also explored the primary occupations of household heads and members . As expected , 86 % of household heads identified farming as their primary occupation . In contrast , 4 % of PAHs reported having a salary-based occupation , while 3 % indicated that trade or business is their primary source of income . Daily labor and Livestock Production were reported as the primary occupation by 1 . 2 % and 0 . 9 % of household heads respectively . 0 . 6 % of household heads reported their primary occupation as learner and mason , with each category contributing 0 . 3 % . Additionally , 4 . 3 % of household heads stated they do not have a primary occupation . Figure 6 . 7 : Proportions of HH Heads by primary Occupation Page 73 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 333, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . The Model and Data * * # * * 2 . 1 . A Brief Description of Model Structure * * For our simulations , we utilize a dynamic global CGE model developed at the World Bank . The basic information for the calibration of this model is derived from the GTAP 7 . 0 database with base year 2004 . All results presented are derived from a version of the model with 28 sectors and 25 countries / regions . The 28 sectors are depicted by a set of nested constant elasticity of substitution ( CES ) production functions . At the top level of the production structure , that is , in the final goods sectors , firms minimize costs , i . e . , maximize profits , by choosing an optimal combination of _non energy intermediate input_ ( ND ) and _value added + energy input_ ( VAE ) . The inputs are assumed to be perfect complements so that the elasticity of substitution between the two factors equals 0 as dictated by a Leontief function . Based on the demand for ND and VAE , the firms on the second level of the production tree again minimize costs by choosing combinations of inputs that are supplied by firms on the next lower production level , and so forth . In total , the economy is represented by 7 production tiers ( see Figures 1a-1c ) . The government derives revenues from a number of indirect taxes , import duties and a direct tax on households . Government expenditures are an exogenously determined share of nominal GDP . Government revenues equal the sum of government expenditures and government savings ; the direct tax on households is adjusted each period to ensure a balanced public budget . Households maximize utility , which is represented by a non-homothetic Constant Difference of Elasticities ( CDE ) function < sup > 4 < / sup > , subject to the budget constraint . The households ’ disposable income consists of the factor incomes ( net of taxes ) minus the direct tax . A household savings rate determines the fraction of disposable income that is saved and thus > 4 See Surry ( 1993 ) for details on this", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 275, "text": "GTAP 7 . 0 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . 4 Costs of CPS and other preschools * * Our cost estimates are based on the ingredient method < sup > 11 < / sup > which aims to cost every resource required to make an intervention happen . < sup > 12 < / sup > This includes construction costs as well as support costs , such as management , administrative and overhead costs . Total annual costs for running 500 CPS is estimated to be $ 3 , 136 , 743 for an average cost per school of $ 6 , 273 or $ 256 per child , which compares to roughly 22 % of the GDP per capita ( $ 1 , 160 in 2015 ) . The estimated annual SPS costs are much higher at $ 12 , 602 per school and $ 426 per child . < sup > 13 < / sup > Due to the lack of uniform quality standards no cost estimates for IPS were calculated . However , we anticipate the cost of IPS to be vastly lower . We obtain a back-of-the-envelop cost estimate of the IPS by using the CPS cost analysis from which we subtract all costs related to the construction ( 3 % ) , the material ( 25 % ) , the equipment ( 4 % ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > Based on this approach , the cost of IPS is estimated to be 68 % of that for CPS i . e . $ 174 . # * * 3 Evaluation Design and Data * * # # * * 3 . 1 Randomization and sampling * * This evaluation of the CPS program is based on a randomized controlled trial . All sample villages are situated in the south and northeast parts of Cambodia . Eligibility criteria for villages to participate in the study were : expressed demand for a CPS , a high poverty rate , and a large number of children aged zero to five years . The study sample is composed of 305 villages . Before baseline , villages were randomly assigned to the control group or one of the three treatment groups : CPS ( T1 ) ; CPS and D2D ( T2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . - Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – - Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : There shall be no works contracts under the project .", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 263, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 604, "end": 627, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * < br > | * * Total * * < br > | * * Total * * < br > | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | POGO | 59 | 70 | 75 | 145 | 61 | 59 | 120 | 8 | 6 | 14 | 139 | 140 | 279 | | SIRIBALA | 96 | 189 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| - | - | - | - | - 0 . 650 * * | - 0 . 667 * * | - 112 . 1 | - 161 . 1 * * | | | - | - | - | - | ( 0 . 271 ) | ( 0 . 272 ) | ( 70 . 48 ) | ( 68 . 83 ) | | Observations | 330 , 330 | 330 , 330 | 341 , 165 | 341 , 165 | 372 , 204 | 372 , 203 | 371 , 814 | 371 , 813 | | Observation level | Commune | Commune | Commune | Commune | Individual | Individual | Individual | Individual | | Individual controls | - | - | - | - | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Month fxed efects | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Commune fxed efects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Note : Panel A presents the difference-in-difference estimates of the aggregate effect of COVID-19 on household business performance , following Equation 3 . Panel B presents the estimated effect for each month after January 2020 , following Equation 4 . Data on household business suspension and closure filings are obtained from the Household Business Tax Census ( HBTC ) . Data on individual work hours and income are obtained from the Vietnamese Labor Force Surveys . Data on the face-to-face ( F2F ) index is derived from Avdiu and Nayyar ( 2020 ) , constructed using the 2019 HBTC industrial composition in each commune . Monthly income is detrended from pre-COVID linear trend and residualized from individual observables including age , gender , educational level , and occupation level . Standard errors are clustered at the commune level and presented in parentheses : * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . 20", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 945, "text": "Household Business Tax Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1020, "end": 1050, "text": "Vietnamese Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 - which is an extension of the CSTC program begun under the Third and Fourth IDA Education Projects , includes 40 CSTCs together with funds for staff training courses , and basic furniture and equipment . The EEC is providing funds for program development and evaluation . Locations would be selected in accordance with the agreed criteria ( Annex 3 ) . 4 . 15 School of Veterinary Medicine . The 1975 FAO feasibility study which has been reviewed by Bank Group staff , confirms the urgent need of a school of veterinary medicine in Ethiopia . As a result , the Government has decided to establish the School at Debre Zeit adjacent to the existing Animal Health Training Center . The School which is under the jurisdiction of the Higher * Education Commission , would have a five-year post-secondary program . The first year of pre-professional training would be given at the Addis Ababa University . The planned facilities would provide places for about 30 students in each of the four years at Debre Zeit for an enrollment of about 120 students . The curriculum is designed to meet the specific animal health problems of Ethiopia . The dean of the School has been appointed to take responsibility for the development of staffing plans , detailed curricula and building design . Funds would be provided to finance additional facilities to be shared by the School and the Animal Health Institute . About 30 % of the academic facilities required and boarding and dining facilities are in place . A detailed staff development plan satisfactory to the Association would be provided not later than December 31 , 1981 ( para . 8 . 02 ( g ) ) . 4 . 16 Monitoring and Evaluation Studies . The changes in the educational system which are now in process include major shifts in philosophy , policy and structure . To ensure that changes are introduced smoothly and effectively , the MOE is developing a system to evaluate the results of the modifications as they are introduced ( paras . 4 . 01 , 4 . 12 and 4 . 13 ) . Achievement tests , tracer studies and other methods of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_List only the applicable conditions required to ensure consistency with paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations . If no conditions apply , delete the phrase “ and the following conditions ” . _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _ ~ ~ Leased Assets ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state ~ ~ “ _ _ ~ ~ Not Applicable ~ ~ ” _ * * _ ~ ~ Procurement of Second Hand Goods ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state ~ ~ “ _ _ ~ ~ Not Applicable ~ ~ ” _ * * _ ~ ~ Domestic preference ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ ( Goods and Works ) ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Specify for each ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; ~ ~ ~ ~ Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ~ ~ * * ~ ~ Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 626, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "but NGOs continue assisting both registered and non-registered refugees . Access to data on birth registration is also challenging . South Africa : Corruption in the South African refugee system and significant indirect discrimination . Asylumseekers stay in the asylum-system for five to fifteen years . Payment of bribes is necessary as renewal of asylum permits is a criminal offence . Additionally , asylum-seekers cannot apply for permanent residence , but without permanent residency it is not possible to register children . This results in statelessness because of lack of registration in the country of origin or South Africa . Children of undocumented parents , children of single fathers , children born outside medical facilities without a South African witness , and children of parents with expired documents are particularly vulnerable . Problems persist in Europe as well , where the panel indicated that three percent of asylum-seekers are stateless or at risk of statelessness ; others of unknown nationality . Even in this context , over half of States do not have safeguards against statelessness at birth , despite specific international protections . < sup > 56 < / sup > # # # # # _Solutions for the prevention of statelessness_ In the Middle East and North Africa region , UNHCR has implemented Standard Operating Procedures for registration of stateless refugees from Syria . Raising awareness of importance of birth registration , assistance with late birth registration through courts , addressing challenges with awareness-raising , mobile legal clinics , advocating on barriers , mobile court sessions are ways civil society can promote solutions in this context . In South Africa , civil society tries to help these children apply for permanent residence before the age of 18 . Niger is proactive in trying to prevent statelessness in line with positive developments in the region ( e . g . Banjul Action Plan to eradicate statelessness and SDG Target 16 . 9 ) , strengthening humanitarian / development nexus / > 55 New York Declaration paragraph 72 . > 56 Convention on the Rights of the Child , Article 7 & 1967 Convention for the Reduction of Statelessness , Articles", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 110, "text": "data on birth registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a lead firm , we are unable to distinguish between GVC and non-GVC trade in the LACEX due to its sectoral level of aggregation . Instead , we focus on important GVC sectors globally : motor vehicles , textile and apparel , electronic equipment , and food products . We assess how South Africa ’ s level of GVC participation in these sectors has changed over the last decade , and link this to changes in the direct and indirect labor intensity ( Figure 18 ) , labor content ( Figure 19 ) and the skills mix ( Figure 20 and Figure 21 ) in South Africa ’ s GVC exports . South Africa ’ s participation in these GVC-oriented sectors has been varied . Using data from the UNCTADEora GVC database , between 2001 and 2011 South Africa ’ s participation in the automotive GVC — measured by foreign content embodied in South Africa ’ s exports as a buyer and South Africa ’ s content embodied in foreign exports as a seller — more than tripled and GVC participation remained the second highest for manufacturing . In contrast , South Africa remained weakly integrated in the wearing apparel GVC , and GVC participation fell to one of the lowest for manufacturing . More generally , domestic apparel manufacturing has been in decline over the past 15 years due to increased import competition , a process that accelerated significantly when South Africa acceded to the WTO ’ s Agreement on Textiles and Clothing in 1994 ( van der Westhuizen 2006 ) . Nevertheless , it is classically one of the most GVC-intensive sectors globally , and an important sector for unskilled labor . A high import content of exports is a key feature of GVC participation as a buyer , and as expected the labor intensity of motor vehicle exports declined sharply in South Africa . Automotive exports contributed around $ 37 of domestic labor per $ 100 of exports in 2001 , and declined to below $ 30 in 2011 , well below that of Brazil and China , where the labor content instead increased , and India , where it remained stable . Enhanced participation in the automotive GVC — as both a buyer and a seller — fueled rapid growth", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 691, "text": "UNCTADEora GVC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 12 - Table 1 : Energy Resources and Use , 1981 | | Resourc | es | Use ( Primar | y Energy ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TOE | ( millions ) | Percent | TOE ( ' 000 ) | Percent | | Hydro-power < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 928 | 57 | 169 | 2 | | Natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . < br > 0 . . . . < br > . . | 37 | 2 | - | - | | Petroleum . . . < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . | - | - | 606 | 6 | | Coal and lignite . . . . . . . . . . | | | - | - | | Geothermal ene < br > rgy < br > . . . . . . . . . . - | | - | - | - | | Fuelwood < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 471 | 29 | 5 , 467 | 54 | | Bagasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3 | - | 70 | - | | Other organic residues . . . . . . . | 189 | 12 | 3 , 785 | 38 | | Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1 , 628 | 100 | 10 , 097 | 100 | Sources : The Ethiopian National Energy Committee , Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority , and mission estimates . 39 . Domestic demand for crude petroleum and petroleum products is projected to", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 986, "text": "mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 | | Annex-3 : | Evolution of the PBS Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 | | Annex-4 : | Progress Towards Equitable Services in Education and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 | | Annex-5 : | PBS-3 Results Data ( Achievements_vs . _Targets ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 | | Annex-6 : | Progress Towards Achieving MDGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . 3 Avian Surveys * * To systematically survey the avifauna diversity within the proposed sites , two methods were employed : Timed Species Counts and Point Counts . Timed Species Counts were conducted for one hour between 6 : 30 and 7 : 30am for four days from 01 . 04 . 2023-04 . 05 . 2023 . This method was useful for assessing the relative abundance of birds in specific areas . During each one-hour count , bird species were listed in the order in which they were seen or heard , against a time frame . Point Counts involved the observer recording all birds seen and heard from a stationary point for a set period . A series of point counts were conducted at various locations in the study area . In addition to these methods , the study also employed random searches for birds . This method increased the chances of finding birds in addition to covering a wider survey area . The researcher moved slowly in the habitat , watching the foliage above the ground carefully , listening for bird calls and songs , and watching out for surface-active species . The local people near the park and UWA rangers were also interviewed to obtain information about physical signs ( feathers , nests , calls , droppings , etc . ) of bird presence in the area . All bird species encountered were assessed against the IUCN Red list to understand their conservation status . # # # * * 4 . 3 Stakeholder Engagement and Public Consultations * * # # # * * 4 . 3 . 1 Sampling strategy * * A non-probability sampling strategy was adopted to select the study participants for qualitative studies . * * _Key Informant Interviews_ * * _ : _ Specifically , a purposive sampling procedure was adopted because the key informant was information rich . This is attributed to the roles and responsibilities they perform in their respective line of duty . In total 8", "spans": [{"start": 1379, "end": 1392, "text": "IUCN Red list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this role . In most cases where there are sub-projects with land acquisition and resettlement issues , the matters are handled by the National Land Commission ( NLC ) . The new Social Risk Management ( SRM ) unit under department of social security and protection will be very instrumental in management of social issues and NEMA will collaborate with the department during the ESIA process . 56 . There is inter-agency collaboration with other MDA ’ s . NEMA has a department responsible for lead agencies coordination and also coordinates the National and County government . The main challenge in management of the department is on resource mobilisation and partnership . In the EIA process , based on the sub-project type , all the relevant lead agencies are involved in the review process before NEMA approves and licence a sub-project . On the other hand , The Ministry of Environment , Climate Change and Forestry plays a key role to coordinate on policy formulation issues . 57 . To enhance environmental compliance and enforcement the authority has digitized / automated the licencing process , promote self-compliance audit / reporting by the agencies and has a functional environmental incident management and response system . The environment compliance and enforcement department is currently under review and expected to have two separate departments compliance and enforcement department to enhance their performance . The authority is currently recruiting the enforcement officers to be deployed at the county level . 58 . The NEMA has an environmental incident management unit ( equivalent to the grievance redress department ) that reports to the Deputy Director in charge of enforcement under the Director , compliance , enforcement , and field operation . An incident management framework exists and guides the system in place . The environment incident reporting system has defined uptake channels such as email address and incident hot line contacts with an elaborate database on incidents reported . The system has established a network with the county governments where the central data base has contacts of environmental officers in each county . The most common reported cases in the urban areas include ; illegal discharges of untreated sewer , impacts associated with construction in", "spans": [{"start": 1980, "end": 2020, "text": "elaborate database on incidents reported", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "areas < / mark > characterize the diversity of pastoral communities in Ethiopia . Sixteen pastoral groups are living in the areas , namely : Konso , Derashe , Ari , Bana , Hamer , Dasenech , Nyangatom , Karo , Mursi , Kwegu , Bodi , Male , Tsemai , Arbore , Dime , and Bacha . The livelihood of all groups is primarily based on pastoralism composed of cattle , goat , and sheep herding complexes . According to a recent study , the degradation and reduced carrying capacity of the rangelands ( encroachment and little , erratic rain ) combined with continued overgrazing by large cattle herds made the inter-group conflict over access to water and grazing land a common phenomenon in the areas . Like other historically underserved areas discussed before , the pastoral areas of the South Ethiopia Region are characterized as the areas with the least access to basic infrastructure including electricity , ICT services , water , health , and education . # # # # # # * * 3 . 7 . South-West Ethiopia Region * * The South-West Region of Ethiopia is a regional state in southwestern Ethiopia . It was split off from the Southern Nations , Nationalities , and Peoples ' Region ( SNNPR ) in November 2021 after a successful referendum . The region consists of the Keffa , Sheka , Bench Sheko , Dawro , West Omo Zones and Konta special woreda . The region covers an area of 39 , 884 km < sup > 2 < / sup > and holding a total population of 3 , 302 , 952 ( 2022 population projection ) . The majority of the population is engaged in agriculture , however , pastoralists are also apparent in Keffa and West Omo Zones of the region . # # # # # # * * 4 . Project Components affecting HUCs * * All the proposed project components affect historically underserved regions and communities described in the preceding section . The target federal institutions have regional bureaus in Jig", "spans": [{"start": 1449, "end": 1475, "text": "2022 population projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two effects work in the opposite direction of each other , and if we find coefficients that are significantly different from zero , this will tell us which effect dominates in the data . In fact , the second channel usually dominates : the coefficients are usually positive , meaning that better performing firms face bigger constraints . The exception also fits with the priors expressed above — poorly performing firms report bigger financial constraints . * * _International evidence . _ * * The main results from the 51 PICS and BEEPS surveys are summarized as follows : - Privatized and especially new private firms perceive greater business constraints practically across the board compared to similar state-owned firms in the same country . - Foreign-owned firms also generally perceive greater business constraints , except for constraints related to finance and crime , about which they complain less than domestically-owned firms . - Exporters state they face greater constraints from infrastructure , skills shortages and regulation ( especially , and not surprisingly , customs regulations ) , and complain less about crime , than do comparable non-exporting firms . - Large firms complain more about infrastructure , regulation , and skills shortages , and less about financial constraints , than do smaller firms . 11", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 546, "text": "BEEPS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > 16 < / sup > These results remain robust when differentiating migrants by region of origin and controlling for occupation , region of origin , and region-of-destination ( NUTS2 level ) fixed effects , or when excluding occupations in which there were no migrants in 2005 ( see Appendix 2 ) . Network effects as drivers of occupational choices can , in turn , have an impact on the vulnerability of migrants to pandemic-related shocks . Past studies analyze the role of networks using different measures , but in general , either using the share of co-ethnic migrants in the same region of residence ( as in Beaman , 2012 ) , or the share of co-ethnic migrants in the region of residence working in the same occupation as the migrant ( Patel and Vella , 2012 ) . To assess the role of networks , we cannot use these measures in the multinomial logit from the previous section given that the dependent variable is based on occupations ; thus , any explanatory factor that is also based on ISCO occupations would create perfect multicollinearity , while region-level measures would be captured by the fixed effects . We proceed by using a measure of networks at the individual level . The EU-LFS ad hoc migration module of 2014 includes a question on the method the individual used to find a current job . Options include advertisements ; public or private employment agencies ; training institutions ; direct contact with employers ; and contacts through relatives , friends , or acquaintances . As equation ( 1 ) shows , > 15 The confidence interval expands as the share of migrants increases ( x-axis ) since there are fewer number of such occupations . > 16 We restrict the sample of migrants in the 2018 EU-LFS to those that had been in the country for at most 10 years , so the newer cohort of migrants do not overlap with the older one in 2005 . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1707, "end": 1718, "text": "2018 EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF | * * _Project Stage_ * * | * * _E & S Stage_ * * | * * _E & S Management Procedures_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * monitoring for * * < br > * * projects * * | | ✓ Continue awareness raising and / or training for E & S focal < br > points , sector staff , civil servants in the institutions | | * * d . Evaluation : * * | Operation / | ✓ Assess whether plans have been effectively implemented . | | * * Qualitative , * * < br > * * quantitative , * * | Completion / < br > decommissio | ✓ Ensure that physical sites are properly restored , stabilized and < br > impacts are mitigated | | * * and / or * * < br > * * participatory data * * < br > * * collection on a * * < br > * * sample basis * * | n | ✓ Ensure E & S measures are taken in accordance with legal < br > agreements and WB E & S standards and national EPA < br > requirement . | # # # # # * * a . Subproject Assessment and Analysis – E & S Screening * * As a first step , all proposed activities should be screened to ensure that they are within the boundaries of the Project ’ s eligible activities , and they are not considered as activities listed on the E & S Exclusion List in the table below . Table 7 * * . Exclusion List of criteria for sub-project identification and screening * * - ✓ If the activity is located in , and will negatively affect the environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands , cultural heritage and religious sacred sites , important archeological and cultural sites , ground water recharge areas , and important water sources - ✓ Any", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 730, "text": "participatory data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a first-stage decision variable for the activity ( e . g . water storage for activity _i_ , irrigated agriculture or hydropower ) . cost associated with ( e . g . cost associated with storing water for ) ; at the time is chosen state of nature of water availability ( e . g . if water supply is the random variable , then below mean , mean , above mean flow ) a second-stage decision variable for the activity given that the _k_ < sup > th < / sup > state of nature occurs ( e . g . acres of crop to irrigate or units of hydropower to produce , given state has been realized ) a coefficient associated with activity _yin_ ( e . g . revenue per acre of crop or unit of hydropower generated , given the _k_ < sup > th < / sup > state of nature is realized ) the probability of the _k_ < sup > th < / sup > state of nature occurring ( taken from the BWI analysis ) resource availability in the first stage ( e . g . total land available , or area of sites for storage ) a coefficient associated with activity ( e . g . acre-inches of water required per acre of crop given the _k_ < sup > th < / sup > state of nature is realized ) resource availability when given the _n_ < sup > th < / sup > state of nature is realized ( e . g . total irrigation water available ) a coefficient linking second-stage activity levels to first-stage activity levels ( e . g . acres of crop planted in the second-stage cannot exceed acres prepared for crop in the first stage , or storage used cannot exceed available storage , in which case 1 ) . Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the Lagrangian of ( 4 ) - ( 8 ) provides : , and where are the shadow values of constraints ( 5 ) - ( 7 ) , respectively . By combining and re-arranging we get . This means that in the optimal solution the expected value from an additional unit of activity in the second stage should 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 29 - # * * Productive Safety Net Project ( PSNP ) 6 * * # * * Performance Based Conditions Tracking Worksheet ( IN USD ) * * # * * For The Quarter Ended - - - - - - * * | * * Category * * | * * Allocation ( A ) * * | * * Achieve * * < br > * * d and * * < br > * * verified * * < br > * * PBC * * < br > * * amount * * | * * Disburse * * < br > * * d so far * * < br > * * ( B ) * * | * * Disburse * * < br > * * d in this * * < br > * * quarter * * < br > * * ( C ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Disburse * * < br > * * d ( D ) = * * < br > * * ( B ) + ( C ) * * | * * Remaining * * < br > * * undisburse * * < br > * * d balance * * < br > * * ( E ) = ( A ) - * * < br > * * ( D ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Performance * * < br > * * Based * * < br > * * Conditions * * | | | | | | | | PBC 1 - < br > Beneficiaries < br > receiving < br > Comprehensiv < br > e Support to < br > enhance jobs < br > and < br > livelihoods < br > ( Number ) | 16 . 00 | | | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 111, "text": "Performance Based Conditions Tracking Worksheet", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ 59830 Component 1 : StrengtheningInstitutional Capacity forNational QualityInfrastructure Development Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - International 70 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2018-09-11 2018-03-27 2018-10-02 2018-03-27 2018-11-15 2018-12-15 2019-01-19 2019-07-18 < br > certification for textile and < br > leather sector . < br > ET-MOST-43022-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service todevelop a long-term businessplan and proposal forfinancial funding for IDA / 59830 Component 1 : StrengtheningInstitutional Capacity forNational QualityInfrastructure Development Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - International 50 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2018-10-01 2018-03-30 2018-10-22 2018-03-30 2018-12-05 2019-01-04 2019-02-08 2019-08-07 < br > equipment and infrastructure < br > ET-MOST-69291-CS-CQS / Recruitment of consultingfirm for standards needassessment survey IDA / 59830 Component 1 : StrengtheningInstitutional Capacity forNational QualityInfrastructure Development Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - International 100 , 000 . 00 97 , 904 . 57 Completed 2018-07-19 2018-08-15 2018-08-09 2018-08-21 2018-09-22 2019-03-01 2018-10-22 2019-04-01 2018-11-26 2019-04-01 2019-05-25 2019-10-09 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 5", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 888, "text": "standards needassessment survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "responses and variance decompositions are evaluated at the forecast horizons of 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 quarters ( Table 1 ) . Quarterly data from 1991Q1-2015Q3 are used in the estimation . - * * Estimating weights for dispersion * * _ . _ The weight assigned to each risk factor is here estimated as the share of the global growth forecast error variance explained by each of the risk factors ( Table 1 ) . The variance decomposition is derived from a recursive identification based on the assumption that oil prices are mostly driven by supply factors as in the spillover analysis of World Bank ( 2016a ) . The ordering of the variables used in the Cholesky decomposition is as follows : global term spread , S & P500 , oil prices , and global growth . The derived dispersion of the forecast error distribution is scaled to match the mean square root of past forecast errors since 2010 . - * * Estimating weights for skewness * * _ . _ The weight assigned to each risk factor in the estimation of global growth skewness is estimated using the impulse responses of global growth at the forecast horizons of interest ( 2 , 4 , 6 , and 18 quarters ) from the same VAR ( Table 2 ) . The Cholesky ordering is the same as for the estimation of weights for dispersion . As a result , each of these recovered statistics characterizing the shape of the global growth forecast distribution is time-varying , reflecting shifts in the distribution of the underlying risk factors . # * * 4 . Balance of risks to global growth * * The resulting fan chart shows confidence intervals at 50 , 80 and 90 percent probability around the growth projections in the June 2016 _Global Economic Prospects_ ( Figure 2 ) . The fan chart uses information available up to May 2016 . It illustrates that the uncertainty surrounding global growth forecasts has risen marginally above the long-term average and is increasingly tilted to the downside . The period around the global financial crisis in late 2008 – early 2009 illustrates the risks captured in the fan chart . After sharp corrections in most asset prices ( financial ,", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 154, "text": "Quarterly data from 1991Q1-2015Q3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "detailed dataset , we cannot directly control for potentially important variables such as demand and price differences . In principle , such endogeneity problems could be remedied by means of instrumental variable estimation but , unfortunately , credible instruments are not available in our data . However , using the same Ethiopian dataset as considered in this paper , but focusing only on small manufacturing firms Loening et al . ( 2008 ) argue that endogeneity bias is likely to be small . Using precipitation based indicators of local agricultural performance as a proxy for unobserved local demand , they find that while better local agricultural performance is strongly correlated with firm sales , their parameter estimates are not very sensitive to controlling for this variable , indicating that endogeneity bias is small . Moreover , firms do not frequently adjust factor inputs , despite facing frequent shocks , another reason why the impact of endogeneity bias may be limited . Finally , this approach only focuses on the direct impact of gender and the investment climate on firm productivity . However , perhaps the most important gender and investment climate effects are _indirect . _ For example , the investment climate may also impact on allocative efficiency ( see , e . g . Mengistae and Honorati , 2009 ) , investment and growth , a possibility which is investigated in Appendix F , which shows that , prima facie , gender differences in growth and investment performance are small . It could also induce women to sort into small-scale low productivity sectors . In short , we have to be cautious when interpreting the results from these models . # * * ( c ) Results * * The regressions are estimated separately for each country . Results are presented in Table 5 . The dependent variable is the log of sales in US dollars . We present five different models . The first model only includes a gender dummy while the second model adds a control for firm size . Subsequent models add controls for sector ( model 3 ) , factor usage and differences in technology across sectors ( model 4 ) as well as other firm , human capital and investment climate characteristics ( model 5 ) . <", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 342, "text": "Ethiopian dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Empowerment Case Studies : Uganda PRSC_ all Permanent Secretaries , Directors , Uganda Revenue Authority Officials , 95 percent of ministries , and 77 percent of Presidential Advisors submitted their statements of income , assets , and liabilities . Before the passing of the bill , only 25 percent of all leaders had declared their assets as required . In addition , the Official Secrets Act , an act that restricts public access to government information , was reviewed in March 2001 . It is expected that the act will be replaced by the Access to Government Information Bill by 2004 # _6 . Judicial reform_ In November 2001 , the GOU launched the Medium-Term Strategic Investment Plan to support criminal and commercial justice reform . This has led to the establishment of a Commercial Court , the Case Backlog Reduction Program , the Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution , the strengthening of land and companies registries , and revision of commercial laws . # * * _Pillar 3 : Directly Increasing the Ability of the Poor to Raise Their Incomes_ * * # _1 . Rural development_ Four Agricultural Research Development Centers ( ARDCs ) were established in 2001 . The micro-finance Institutions Bill has been tabled in Parliament and is expected to expand the availability of micro-finance to poor clients by granting license to NGO micro-finance institutions . A 10-year district road development program has been developed to improve the network of roads in rural areas . The National Agricultural Advisory Services ( NAADS ) , which enables farmers to take advice from agricultural professionals on issues related to farming practices , was developed and launched in at least 10 sub-districts . # * * _Pillar 4 : Directly Increasing the Quality of Life of the Poor_ * * # _1 . Education_ PRSC supported the implementation the Universal Primary Education ( UPE ) initiative that began in 1997 . < sup > 6 < / sup > The pupil-teacher ratio decreased from 63 : 1 in 2000 –", "spans": [{"start": 905, "end": 934, "text": "land and companies registries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 * * < u > Table 13 : Land Use in Project Area < / u > * * | * * S / N * * | * * District * * | * * Sub * * < br > * * counties * * | * * Residential * * < br > * * only * * | * * Residential and * * < br > * * small business * * | * * Small * * < br > * * busines * * < br > * * s * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Kiruhura | Kiruhura < br > TC | 100 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | | | Kashongi | 62 . 4 | 32 . 4 | 5 . 2 | | | | Kazo | 79 . 2 | 16 . 7 | 4 . 2 | | | | Kitura | 81 . 2 | 18 . 8 | 0 . 0 | | 2 | Mbarara | Kashare | 29 . 4 | 61 . 8 | 8 . 8 | | | | Rubaya | 100 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | * * Tot * * < br > * * al * * | | | * * 66 . 9 * * | * * 29 . 0 * * | * * 4 . 1 * * | * * _Source : National Housing and Population Census , 2014_ * * Considering that land take is not expected , the project will not have a big impact on the land use in the project area . # # # # * * 4 Encumbrances on Affected Land * * It was noted that most", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 904, "text": "National Housing and Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Other Development Policy Applications of CDR Data * * While CDR models are not yet sufficiently accurate to supplant traditional research methods , increasingly sophisticated techniques for combining CDRs with other data sources can enable cellular data to magnify the value of censuses and household surveys . Two especially promising approaches are described below . # # * * _Unit-Level Predictions Using Mobile Survey Ground-Truth Data_ * * A recent study in Rwanda used targeted telephone surveys to collect data on personal wealth rather than poverty incidence . < sup > 12 < / sup > The advantage of this approach is that telephone survey responses can be combined with CDR data at the individual level . This is typically not possible with official household surveys , which are often anonymous and do not contain a cell phone number that can be cross-referenced against CDR records . By coordinating the collection of survey responses with CDR analysis , the study was able to develop a set of high-quality matched individual data . However , the use of telephone surveys to gather the data presents its own limitations , as it is not possible to obtain the same detailed consumption information that face-to-face household surveys usually reveal . Instead , wealth proxies must be used — in this case , questions about asset ownership . If the results are not carefully validated , this can lead to errors in the output variables . Additionally , matching the data to telephone surveys requires that the CDRs not be anonymized , which generates substantial privacy concerns . The Rwanda study offered an encouraging proof-of-concept for the “ time extrapolation ” application of CDR data . It found that a CDR model for 2009 provided a more accurate poverty assessment than the outdated 2007 household survey . However , the CDR model was not uniquely suited to this task , as macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth could be used to create a similarly accurate projection . < sup > 13 < / sup > Moreover , the CDR model only partially reproduced the estimates of district-level average household wealth recorded by the household surveys . Although correlations of around 0 . 9 were reported at the district level — higher than in the Guatemala", "spans": [{"start": 297, "end": 314, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 682, "end": 690, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1802, "end": 1823, "text": "2007 household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "less weight to individual defaulters ( like Russia ) or episodes that were particularly turbulent ( like the Great Depression ) . We also disregard the ( lower ) returns of sub-sovereign bonds . Instead , we focus on external sovereign bonds and include all episodes for which price quotations exist , including spells with very high returns in the aftermath of wars and crises , as well as during the boom decades of the 1840s , 1860s , 1880s , 1940s , 1950s , 1990s , and the 2000s ( many of these were not included in previous studies ) . A necessary ingredient for the calculation of ex-post returns is to account for losses due to default or restructuring , which requires data on missed payments and recurring debt exchanges . The research on sovereign haircuts has been largely confined to the modern period ( post-1970s ) , and this sample is dominated by defaults and haircuts on sovereign syndicated bank loans , plus about 20 recent restructurings of sovereign bonds . In pioneering work , Sturzenegger and Zettelmeyer ( 2006 , 2008 ) compute investor losses in eight sovereign bond restructurings since 1998 , finding haircuts in the range of 13 % - 73 % . Using a similar approach , Cruces and Trebesch ( 2013 ) , whose study encompasses 187 restructuring events of sovereign bonds and syndicated bank loans since 1978 , calculate an average haircut of 38 % . Moody ’ s ( 2012 ) , Asonuma , Niepelt , and Ranciere ( 2017 ) , and Fang , Schumacher , and Trebesch > 18 Broner , Lorenzoni , and Schmukler ( 2013 ) use Bloomberg and JP Morgan EMBI data for eight countries between 1993 and 2003 , covering two default spells . Borri and Verdelhan ( 2015 ) use EMBI aggregate indices for 41 emerging market countries over 1995-2011 , including eight default events on sovereign bonds . 7", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 730, "text": "data on missed payments and recurring debt exchanges", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1528, "end": 1561, "text": "Bloomberg and JP Morgan EMBI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2016 at UNHCR ’ s _High-level meeting on global responsibility sharing through pathways for admission of Syrian refugees_ where States will be invited to pledge commitments . States are encouraged to : - * * Indicate at the High-level meeting what admissions programmes they are considering * * , even if they cannot make firm pledges now . This could include initiatives related to private sponsorship , student scholarships , or labour mobility schemes , or a commitment to revisit the Blue Card Directive to make its provisions more accessible to refugees who often cannot meet the current requirements for documentation and other elements . This could build on the EU ’ s support for increased resettlement through the Conclusions adopted on 20 July 2015 for 20 , 000 places to be made available by Member States over two years ( 2015-2017 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > - * * Enhance pathways for the mutual benefit of persons in need of protection and for host societies * * . Pathways for admission present an opportunity for Europe to deliver on humanitarian imperatives , enable refugees to contribute to their host societies in productive ways , and address economic needs within the continent . > 4 UNHCR , _Central Mediterranean Sea Initiative Action Plan_ , available at : http : / / www . unhcr . org / 531990199 . html and UNHCR , _Special Mediterranean Initiative , Plan for an enhanced operational response , June-December 2015_ , available at : < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / 557ad7e49 . html . < / u > > 5 UNHCR statistics indicate that just 7 , 567 persons were resettled from Turkey in 2015 , of whom 1 , 140 were Syrian . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1524, "end": 1540, "text": "UNHCR statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "technical aspects that readers are referred to , the technical publications cited in this paper provide the necessary details . The four country-based studies reveal difficult tradeoffs among various policy objectives , including weights put on different sectors , regional advantages , and general economic efficiency gains versus social impacts . The results underscore that no one policy is able to achieve a balanced set of outcomes for the various objectives * * . * * The comparison demonstrates the usefulness of the macro-micro linkage framework in addressing the effectiveness of various policy interventions and providing information that policy makers can use to rank the policy interventions according to their preferences among the objectives . The paper starts by identifying the importance of irrigated agriculture as the sector that uses most of the available water in a country . Then the theoretical framework of the macro-micro linkage approach is set and explained and contrasted against the various economy-wide studies in the literature that are reviewed in Annex 3 so that the advantages and drawbacks of each are fully understood . . The results of the analyses of the macro-micro linkage approach that was applied to Morocco , Mexico , South Africa and Turkey are presented and contrasted so that the tradeoffs between different social allocation preferences are clearly identified in terms of their impact on sectoral productivity , on welfare distribution , using economy-wide performance indicators . The paper is concluded by identifying areas ( e . g . , climate change , globalization , food crisis , migration , distributional effects ) in need of more research and will provide a proposed framework for their inclusion in such analysis . The paper provides a set of recommendations for a balanced policy intervention options that take into account the competing needs by various sectors and the existing institutional arrangements in several countries , including the countries analyzed ( Saleth and Dinar 2004 : Chapter 7 ) . # * * Special attention to irrigated agriculture * * Irrigated agriculture is an important sector in many developing , as well as developed countries . It uses a major share of the available water resources in the country , provides employment opportunities to rural population , and supports , in some countries , their food security", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ation 29 % < br > Language courses 26 % < br > Employment / < br > 23 % < br > Livelihoods support < br > No needs 19 % < br > Healthcare services 17 % < br > Legal status in this < br > 11 % < br > country < br > Education for children < br > 9 % < br > under 18 < br > Trainings / Education of < br > 9 % < br > adults < br > Medicines 7 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Access to adequate housing : * * Findings from Protection Monitoring interviews highlighted that 352 respondents had accommodation as their highest priority need . # # 29 % reported accommodation as their highest priority need . The results indicate obstacles for longer-term housing solutions . Nearly a quarter of respondents ( 24 % ) can only stay in their accommodation for up to six months , while 19 % are not sure how long they can stay for . These figures are higher for residents of collective accommodation facilities ( 37 % and 33 % respectively ) . Of the respondents living in collective accommodation facilities , 21 % are planning to move out in the next three months , while 25 % do not know what they will do . Of the overall respondents who are unable to stay in their accommodation beyond six months , 12 % reported being under pressure to leave . The main sources of pressure were the termination of free or subsidized accommodation ( 36 % ) and the decision of landlords to no longer provide accommodation ( 33 % ) . These findings reflect the change in legislation whereby cost-free accommodation will no longer be available for vulnerable Temporary Protection holders , and accommodation for new arrivals is reduced from 150 - to 90-days , effective 1 September 2024 . Out of those who at least partially cover rent themselves , one-fifth ( 21 % ) indicated that they experienced challenges in paying rent in the past three months , including paying rent on", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 466, "text": "Protection Monitoring interviews", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", origin of goods or services , and / or preferential programs such as but not limited to small and medium enterprises . - * * ( d ) * * Mandatory registration in a supplier list shall not be used to assess bidders ' qualifications . * * A * * foreign bidder shall not be required to register as a condition for submitting its bid and if recommended for contract award shall be given a reasonable opportunity to register with the reasonable cooperation of the Recipient , prior to contract signing . Invitations to bids shall be advertised in at least one newspaper of national circulation or the official gazette or on a widely used website or electronic portal with free national and international access .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Working Paper , ( 7412 ) . < / mark > - < mark > Chibber , K . S . , & Krishnan , S . ( 2011 ) . Confronting intimate partner violence : A global health priority . Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine : A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine , 78 ( 3 ) , 449-457 . < / mark > - < mark > Cislaghi , B . , & Heise , L . ( 2020 ) . Gender norms and social norms : differences , similarities and why they matter in prevention science . Sociology of Health & Illness , 42 ( 2 ) , 407-422 . < / mark > - < mark > Dhar , D . , Jain , T . , & Jayachandran , S . ( 2018 ) . Reshaping adolescents ' gender attitudes : Evidence from a school-based experiment in India ( No . w25331 ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . < / mark > - < mark > De Hoop , T . , van Kempen , L . , Linssen , R . , & van Eerdewijk , A . ( 2014 ) . Women ' s autonomy and subjective well-being : how gender norms shape the impact of self-help groups in Odisha , India . Feminist Economics , 20 ( 3 ) , 103-135 . < / mark > - < mark > Delprato , M . , Akyeampong , K . , Sabates , R . , & Hernandez-Fernandez , J . ( 2015 ) . On the impact of early marriage on schooling outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South West Asia . International Journal of Educational Development , 44 , 42-55 . < / mark > 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reducing regional and gender inequities , building a more inclusive system , improving human capital accumulation , and resulting in more equitable outcomes throughout the life cycle and higher productivity and growth in the medium term . 70 . Specifically , the Operation directly supports the NESSP II and MoE ’ s COVID-19 recovery priorities by focusing on a common set of areas : ( i ) improving quality and relevance of basic education ; ( ii ) equity concerns in school participation and learning outcomes ; ( iii ) recovery of learning loss due to prolonged school closures necessitated by the pandemic ; ( iv ) supporting poor and vulnerable learners to complete quality basic education ; ( v ) school retention ; ( vi ) girls education ; ( vii ) effective use of data for planning and budgeting ; ( viii ) supporting refugee education ; and ( ix ) systems strengthening to improve service delivery . Given the Operation strong links with ongoing IPF operations in basic education , this Operation is important to consolidate gains and achieving impact at scale , with a sharper focus on improving learning outcomes and equity aspects . 71 . * * Technical soundness . * * The approach taken by the Government in developing the NESSP II , is technically sound . Implementation of the NESSP I was disrupted in 2020 and 2021 by the pandemic . The government and partners therefore reviewed and updated NESSP I to NESSP II . The review entailed : ( i ) updating the targets for access and learning outcomes based on the current education data and evidence including findings of various learning assessment data conducted in 2018-2021 ; ( ii ) incorporation of the MoE ’ s COVID 19 response plan into the NESSP II , specifically efforts to enhance quality and equity in basic education ; ( iii ) findings of the midterm review ( MTR ) for NESSP I conducted in 2020 / 2021 jointly by MoE and DPs . The MTR was delayed because of the pandemic ; ( iv ) the need for systems strengthening and institutional capacity building for the Government to", "spans": [{"start": 1532, "end": 1546, "text": "education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1590, "end": 1614, "text": "learning assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Annex 4 Page I of 26 # # # # * * EDUCATION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM * * # # # # * * Economic Assessment * * # # # # * * Links to * * CAS The latest _Country Assistance Strategy_ for Ethiopia sets as a goal the improvement in human capital and the provision of direct and immediate benefits to the poor as foundation for sustained longterm development . This is justified on the basis of extremely low educational attainment . The existing gender bias , which manifests itself in very low girls ' school enrollment , is singled out for immediate attention . ' rhus , there is a need for increased emphasis on education and improvement in women ' s status . The CAS calls for an increase in the primary enrollment ratio to 50 percent by 2002 ( 25 percent in backward areas ) . # # # # * * Links to Sector Work * * The _Ethiopia : Social Sector Strategy Note_ ( February 1997 , white cover ) recommends that efforts be made to increase coverage so that at least half of all primary school aged children receive basic education in the next five years ( from 30 percent ) . The strategy recommended includes a school rebuilding program and a reduction in the high opportunity cost of schooling in rural areas . With school enrollment rates among the lowest in the world , low quality schooling , high opportunity costs , prevalence of overaged children in classrooms , and high repetition and dropout rates , make education a priority public sector investment . In addition to a rebuilding program , the _Social Sector Strategy Note_ recommends that more schools be built closer to communities in order to ensure the demand for schools so that enrollment targets can be met . Local strategies to reduce the opportunity cost of schooling are suggested , for example , making changes to the school calendar so that classes are not scheduled during the important harvest season . This would free children for school attendance . # # # # * * Rationale for Public Intervention * * Along with extremely low enrollment", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10756 # * * Abstract * * Zambia ’ s private sector must deliver quality jobs at scale to keep up with its expanding working age population , contribute to economic transformation , and reduce poverty . This entails both the creation of high-quality jobs and productivity improvement among existing jobs and firms . This paper analyzes the dynamics of formal firms to identify the drivers and barriers to productivity , formal employment , and formal wage growth in Zambia . Leveraging firm and worker administrative tax data from Zambia , the paper decomposes labor productivity and wage growth among formal firms and workers in Zambia into within-firm , between-firm , inter-sectoral , and dynamic components . The findings show that the aggregate labor productivity of formal firms declined over 2014 – 21 , driven by secular within-firm declines in the non-mining industry and service sectors . By contrast , labor productivity grew in agriculture and remained flat in mining over the same period . Real wage trends for formal workers have mostly mirrored labor productivity dynamics , declining 40-50 percent across non-agriculture sectors but growing slightly in agriculture , largely driven by within-firm shifts rather than between-firm or between-sector dynamics . The declines in labor productivity and wages reflect business environment challenges related to access to finance and electricity , as well as burdensome formal compliance requirements and competition with the informal sector . Within-firm labor productivity challenges also reflect low skills and capacity — including low technology adoption — among both firms and workers . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at rkuo @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 566, "text": "firm and worker administrative tax data from Zambia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hospitals continue to be far less than what existing Fund collections and reserves tend to indicate . The MTEF process needs to take account of this still largely unrealized source of hospital financing . This is critical in view of the National Health Strategy ’ s focus on the financing of core health services , implying that more expensive secondary and tertiary care will be increasingly dealt with under health insurance or prepayment arrangements . As an initial step , MoH should examine the magnitude of current reimbursements received by government facilities and work towards increasing such reimbursements consistent with the Fund ’ s financial position and reserve requirements . - Donors – Donor resources flowing to Kenya continue to be a “ black box ” with little information officially being collected on the magnitude , recipients , and uses of these flows . An inventory of donor flows could be done that collects information on existing and planned or indicative commitments and disbursements by year over the next 3-5 years , the recipients of these flows ( MoH , districts , nongovernmental organizations , others ) , their service foci , and whether the expenditures would be recurrent costs or capital investments .", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 904, "text": "inventory of donor flows", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2016 | 15-Jun-2021 | 15-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | EEU published a rep | ort on gender and citizen enga | gement | | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P119893 | IDA-51260 | Effective | USD | 200 . 00 | 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 182 . 87 | 0 . 79 | 100 % | | P119893 | IDA-58140 | Effective | USD | 200 . 00 | 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 110 . 64 | 87 . 76 | 56 % | | P119893 | TF-A2302 | Closed | USD | 5 . 00 | 4 . 90 | 0 . 10 | 4 . 90 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | P153864 | TF-A2909 | Effective | USD | 11 . 11 | 11 . 11 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 39 | 10 . 71 | 3 . 5 % | | P153425 | TF-A2910 | Effective | USD | 9 . 08 | 9 . 08 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 39 | 8 . 69 | 4 . 3 % | | P153425 | TF-A4038 | Effective | USD | 0 . 21 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 00 | 100", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Micro Dynamics of Turkey ’ s Export Boom in the 2000s * * < sup > # < / sup > * * Tolga Cebeci * * < sup > a < / sup > * * Ana M . Fernandes * * < sup > b < / sup > The World Bank * * Keywords : * * Export growth , Exporter dynamics , Entry , Exit , Intensive margin , Extensive margin , Turkey . # # * * JEL Classification codes * * : C81 , F14 . > # We acknowledge the generous financial support from the World Bank research support budget . the Knowledge for Change Program ( KCP ) , a trust funded partnership in support of research and data collection on poverty reduction and sustainable development housed in the office of the Chief Economist of the World Bank < u > ( www . worldbank . org / kcp ) as well as from the < / u > governments of Norway , Sweden and the United Kingdom through the Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Trade and Development . We thank Turkstat President Birol Aydemir , and staff Doğan Böncü , Bülent Tungul , Şahin Çelik , Akın Bodur , Nusret Kılıç , Nilgün Arıkan and Sabit Cengiz Ceylan for allowing us access to the micro data and conduct the empirical analysis in their premises . The findings expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank . aConsultant , Trade and International Integration Unit , Development Research Group , World Bank ( tcebeci @ worldbank . org ) . > bSenior Economist , Trade and International Integration Unit , Development Research Group , World Bank ( afernandes @ worldbank . org ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1061, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "spending OOP ( World Bank 2015 ) . Projected real GDP per capita through 2030 were obtained from the analysis carried out by Patrick Huang ‐ Vu Eozenou ( see Annex B for details ) . Historical data on OOP expenditures per capita ( 1995 ‐ 2013 ) were calculated from health expenditure and OOP percentage data . Estimates for future OOP per capita were obtained by projecting the OOP percentage of total health spending from 2014 to 2030 by selecting the models giving the smallest predicted error for each country ( see Annex A for details ) . Projections of future workforce demand were made for 165 countries for which both demand and supply input data were available . To obtain the estimates for nurses and midwives and all other workers , we use the approach taken by WHO to fill missing data by multiplying the projected physician density for each country by a constant 2 . 517 ratio of nurses and midwives to physicians based on the WHO Global Observatory data ( WHO 2016 ) . This estimation assumes that the production function for health care workers will stay constant and is the same for all countries . To obtain estimates of all other workers , we similarly applied constant multipliers , but did so stratified according to World Bank income groups ( high income = 0 . 373 ; upper middle income = 0 . 406 ; lower middle 8", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 308, "text": "health expenditure and OOP percentage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 940, "end": 967, "text": "WHO Global Observatory data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Basis for Conclusion * * The audit * * was * * conducted in accordance with * * ISSAI 2315 * * and * * ISSAI 2330 . * * < sup > The standards < / sup > require that * * I * * plan and perform the audit to obtain assurance < sup > about whether effective < / sup > processes and systems of internal < sup > controls , riskmanagementandoverallgovernance < / sup > were operating effectively in all material < sup > respects . < / sup > < sup > * * I * * believe that the audit evidence < / sup > < sup > * * I * * have < / sup > obtained is sufficient and appropriate < sup > toprovideabasis for my conclusion . < / sup > REPORT * * ON * * OTHER * * LEGAL AND * * REGULATORY < sup > * * REQUIREMENTS * * < / sup > # # Conclusion As required * * by * * Financing Agreement Credit Number 6540-KE dated 2 June , 2021 , between the International Development Association * * ( IDA ) * * and the Government of the Republic of Kenya , * * I * * report , based on my audit , that : - i . * * I * * have obtained all the information and explanations which , to the best * * of * * my knowledge and belief , were necessary for the purpose of the audit . - * * ii . * * Adequate accounting records have been kept * * by * * the Project , so far as appears from the examination of those records ; and , - * * iii . * * The Project ' s financial statements are in agreement with the accounting records and returns . # # Basis for Conclusion The Financing Agreement requires that * * I * * report on the legal or regulatory requirements ,", "spans": [{"start": 1172, "end": 1190, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Social Safeguards officer | | | | < br > • | < br > Complainant duly signed the < br > Grievance resolution forms . | | | | * * 4 * * | < br > Close of Grievance < br > or refer to 2 < sup > nd < / sup > tier | < br > • < br > • < br > • | < br > Grievance Resolution recorded . < br > Confirm with the complainant < br > that the grievance can be closed . < br > If not refer to the next tier for < br > resolution . < br > Record final acknowledgment to < br > close ofgrievance . | C < br > 15-25 days | < br > Social < br > Safeguard / Grievance < br > Officer | | * * 5 * * | < br > Court of Law | < br > • | r < br > Complainant can resort to court if < br > the 1st and 2nd tiers could not < br > resolve the dispute . | < br > - | < br > Safeguard specialist at < br > CRIC and NRIC | | * * 6 * * | < br > Monitoring < br > and < br > Evaluation | < br > • | su < br > Grievance Mechanism process is < br > documented and monitored | < br > - | < br > Safeguard specialist at < br > CRIC and NRIC | Evaluation documented and monitored CRIC and NRIC The Grievance Officers at County and National levels will establish a register of resettlement / compensation-related grievances and disputes . Receiving complaints will include logging and registration as this will help monitor the status of the grievances and ease reporting on them . The existence and conditions of access to this register ( where , when , how ) will be widely disseminated within the project community / town as", "spans": [{"start": 1129, "end": 1200, "text": "register of resettlement / compensation-related grievances and disputes", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "workers . To support the implementation of the project with regard to these technical items , the following measures will be undertaken : - a . The project will finance specialized consulting firms to undertake the required technical designs , which will be reviewed the by Bank . In addition , specialized road engineering consultants will be financed from the loan to ensure that road works are implemented according to design standards . - b . As data availability and data collection practices is weak in Lebanon , and given the shortcomings of previous projects to establish a sustainable asset management system despite heavy investments in software and laboratory equipment , the project will design a simple and rather basic asset management system which requires little data collection and low cost data collection techniques ( visual survey of the road condition , IRAP safety rating , and traffic data ) . The asset management system will be implemented in collaboration with international consultants and universities , who will also provide capacity building to Lebanese consultants on data collection and update methodology . The asset management system will be installed within both CDR and MPWT , with IT linkages , therefore ensuring redundancy and sustainability . Finally , an engineer will be financed from the loan to be part of the PIU and in charge of the maintenance and update of the asset management system to support CDR and MPWT staff . The World Bank will bring international experience in best practices regarding road asset management systems and will mobilize resources and expertise to assess the network vulnerability and improve its Page 65 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 872, "text": "visual survey of the road condition", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 893, "text": "IRAP safety rating", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 912, "text": "traffic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 44 . 3 percent in Mukono District versus 49 . 0 percent nationally and 94 . 1 percent in Jinja District ) . * * Table 3 . 13 : Health Profile for Jinja District , Mukono District and Uganda , ( 2002 ) * * | * * Health Category * * | * * Jinja * * < br > * * District * * | * * Mukono * * < br > * * District * * | * * Uganda * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Population ( 2002 ) Census < br > | 387 , 573 | 795 , 393 | 24 , 442 , 084 | | Population ( perkM < sup > 2 < / sup > ) | 587 | 256 | 124 | | Fertilityandmortalityrates | | | | | TotalFertilityrate | 6 . 2 | 7 | 6 . 9 | | Infant MortalityRate / 1000 | 77 | 80 | 83 | | ChildMortalityRate / 1000 | 115 | 152 | n / a | | HealthfacilitiesandinpatientsBeds | | | | | Hospitals < br > | 3 | 4 | 104 | | HealthUnits < br > | 65 | 47 | 2971 | | Total Beds | 859 | 950 | 25 , 628 | | Populationwithin5kmradiusofhealth < br > | 94 . 1 | 44 . 3 | 49 . 0 | | facility ( % ) < br > | | | | | DeploymentofTrained Healthpersonnel | 712 | 681 | 16 , 866 | Source : Statistics Abstract , 2002 , Republic of Uganda & District Planning Offices ( Jinja and Mukono ) * * R . J . * * Burnside International Limited * * I-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 395, "text": "Population ( 2002 ) Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gender . On legal identification , we see mixed patterns : in Nigeria , non-displaced persons are significantly overrepresented in MPI poor households with intrahousehold inequality , whereas this is true for the displaced in Somalia . Gender does not reveal any significant differences in intrahousehold inequality for employment in the countries , except for Nigeria , where men are more likely than women to live in MPI poor households where they are employed , and another adult is unemployed and looking for work . As Nigeria ’ s results for differences by displacement were insignificant , we can rest assured that of the two traits , gender is the primary characteristic driving those differences . Moreover , in the legal identification indicator , the test for gender records robust significant differences in intrahousehold inequality only among the MPI poor of Somalia , where men more commonly have a form of legal identification when another household member does not . # * * 6 Policy Implications and Conclusions * * As leaders and policy makers reckon with the backwards slide of progress in the wake of the global pandemic , they must consider the disparate and varied experiences of boys and girls , and men and women , within the household , as questions of building back better turn into policies and programs directed at leaving no one behind . The decomposability afforded by the MPI ’ s individual-level indicators is a step towards informing better policies . The indicators analyzed in the individual and intrahousehold analysis – school attendance , primary school completion , unemployment , and legal identification – can be targeted by government policies and programs to improve the situation for those who are multidimensionally poor . Our comparisons of the household and individual-level deprivations and intrahousehold analyses suggest that displacement status most affects household status , whereas gender drives differences within households . The individual deprivations reflect aspects of both displacement and gender . More broadly , the analysis underlines the importance of going behind household-level outcomes , especially in education . Among the multidimensionally poor , children in displaced households , and especially girls , face greater barriers to educational equity than those of their host community peers . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Nepal * * _Headline : “ Conflict Fuels HIV / AIDS Crisis ” _ Source : The Telegraph ( Weekly ) , Nepal , July 28 , 2004 . Despite a well written and balanced article , the headline is misleading and clearly states that conflict fuels the HIV / AIDS crisis in Nepal . However , the doctor quoted numerous times in the article clearly states that conflicts “ greatly increase the _risk_ of HIV transmission ” . This point is quite distinct from an actual increase in HIV transmission as there are competing factors for increasing and decreasing HIV transmission in conflict that must be evaluated according to the context of each emergency . < sup > 85 < / sup > # # * * Sudan * * _ “ The fact that many Sudanese will return to their homes from countries where the HIV / AIDS prevalence is very high , will doubtless increase the likelihood of a further spread of the epidemic . ” _ < sup > 86 < / sup > _ “ Infection rates are particularly high among vulnerable groups , such as internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) and refugees . ” _ < sup > 86 < / sup > _ “ Data from the mid-1990s onwards suggested the infection rates had risen rapidly in the conflict-affected areas of southern and western Sudan . According to a national prevalence and behaviour survey conducted in 2002 , HIV prevalence was already four percent among pregnant women attending clinics in refugee camps . ” _ < sup > 86 < / sup > Source : Integrated Regional Information Networks , Sept 6 , 2005 . Sudan has been in the media spotlight for several months now due to the conflict in Darfur and the recent ceasefire signed between the Islamic government in the north and the rebel factions in the predominantly Christian and animist south . The large number of IDPs and the alleged human rights violations in the country have led to numerous press articles on HIV among IDPs . < sup > 66", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1266, "text": "national prevalence and behaviour survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 Consequently , the country was unable to produce the goods at a cost advantage and therefore unable to compete in these industries . * * Table * * * * < u > 3 . The Economics of Unrealistic Ambitions < / u > * * | * * Country * * | * * Industry * * | * * Time * * | * * Main producer * * < br > * * at Time * * | * * Real GDP pc * * < br > * * Latecomer * * < br > * * Country * * | * * Real GDP pc * * < br > * * Leading * * < br > * * Country * * | * * Income Ratio * * < br > * * Follower versus * * < br > * * Leader * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | China | Automobile | 1950s | USA | 577 | 10 , 897 | 5 % | | DRC | Automobile | 1970s | USA | 761 | 16 , 284 | 5 % | | Egypt | Iron , Steel , Chemicals | 1950s | USA | 885 | 10 , 897 | 8 % | | India | Automobile | 1950s | USA | 676 | 10 , 897 | 6 % | | Indonesia | Ships | 1960s | Netherlands | 983 | 9 , 798 | 10 % | | Senegal | Trucks | 1960s | USA | 1 , 511 | 13 , 419 | 11 % | | Turkey | Automobile | 1950s | USA | 2 , 093 | 10 , 897 | 19 % | | Zambia | Automobile | 1970s | USA | 1 , 041 | 16 , 284 | 6 % | Source : Author ' s calculations based on data from Maddison ( 1995 ) . To implement the comparative-advantage-defying strategy , developing country governments had to protect numerous nonviable enterprises in the priority sectors . Administrative measures to which governments resorted to reduce the investment and operation", "spans": [{"start": 1143, "end": 1161, "text": "data from Maddison", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : Survey of Public Investment and Spending Multipliers * * | * * Country & * * < br > * * Region * * | * * World Bank * * < br > * * Income * * < br > * * Group ( 2020 ) * * | * * Author ( s ) * * | * * Study * * < br > * * Period * * | * * Methodology , * * < br > * * including * * < br > * * identification * * < br > * * strategy * * | * * Multiplier range * * | * * Type * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Peru | Upper Middle < br > Income | Central < br > Reserve < br > Bank of < br > Peru ( 2012 ) | 1992-2012 | VAR ( output < br > elasticities of < br > expenditure to filter < br > out automatic < br > stabilizers ) | 0 . 24 ; 0 . 92 ( short - < br > term ) < br > 0 . 49 ; 1 . 42 ( medium - < br > term ) | Current ; Capital < br > spending | | Peru | Upper Middle < br > Income | Rossini_et_ < br > _al . _ ( 2012 ) | 2005-2011 | SVAR ( a < br > multivariate , linear < br > representation of a < br > vector of observables < br > on its own lags ) | 0 . 78 ; 1 . 36 ( short - < br > term ) 0 . 52 ; 2 . 63 < br > ( medium-term ) | Current ; Capital < br > spending | | Australia | High Income | Hunt_et al . _ < br > ( 2009 ) | | DSGE model < br > ( simulated impacts < br > on the output ) | 1 . 22 < br > 1 . 12 | Public", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 . 1 % of children in the 0-14 years bracket had undergone FGM in one form or another . Still , the data collected by UNHCR and partners remain underestimated and underreported because of the socio-cultural taboos among the refugees , especially the Sudanese . 10", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 138, "text": "data collected by UNHCR and partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "eurs de CONCERN , CARITAS KONGOLO Antenne de KABALO , < / mark > - < mark > FAO , et les IT des 3 aires de santé de KASU , MPONGO , LUKUNDULA et KASINGE ; < / mark > - < mark > Les présidents de quelques CAC dans la zone de santé . < / mark > # # * * Activités * * - < mark > Rencontre avec l ’ équipe cadre de la zone de santé sur les réponses < / mark > - < mark > nutritionnelles dans la zone , < / mark > - < mark > Séance de travail avec les acteurs ci-haut cités ; < / mark > - < mark > Visite dans les aires de santé < / mark > * * < mark > Mpongo < / mark > * * < mark > , < / mark > * * < mark > Lukundula < / mark > * * < mark > , < / mark > * * < mark > Kasu < / mark > * * < mark > et < / mark > - * * < mark > Kasinge < / mark > * * < mark > pour l ’ analyse de la conformité des chiffre ( données ) avec le bureau central et DHIS2 . < / mark > - < mark > Entretien avec quelques PRESICODEV dans les aires de santé . < / mark > # # * * Approche méthodologique * * - < mark > Entretien avec l ’ équipe du bureau central et les informateurs clés de < / mark > - < mark > Kabalo centre < / mark > - < mark > Revue documentaire < / mark > - < mark > Discussion avec quelques acteurs de", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 844, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "|  While accounting for a relatively minor share of electricity trade in most countries , power < br > exchanges offer an instrument for price discovery . Exchanges can also provide helpful hedging < br > instruments for generators and consumers to lock in electricity prices for future time periods < br > providing some protection from price volatility . | | - - - | | * * Policy recommendations for implementing competitive retail markets * * < br > Based on the global experience with this structure , several key insights can be discerned : < br >  Product differentiation is key for retail supply companies to capture higher margins associated < br > with differentiated and a unique product in a segment that traditionally has slim margins . < br >  The contestability of retail markets is necessary for the cost associated with setting up these < br > complex market structures to deliver expected efficiency results . In some emerging markets , < br > this constraint may justify long durations before a transition to full retail competition . < br >  Transaction costs are typically lower for sales to larger industrial and commercial consumers . < br > In some markets , a phased approach to opening up the retail market first to these customer < br > groups and then extending it over time to households may be preferable . < br >  The market power of incumbent energy companies can threaten effective competition and < br > market entry of new supply companies . Strong sector regulation is needed to limit and eliminate < br > uncompetitive behavior in the market . < br >  Advents in disruptive digital technology hold promise to lower the cost barriers to independent < br > supply companies that do not have these legacy advantages . Retail companies can deploy < br > digital technologies to improve their competitiveness . For example , by utilizing advanced < br > analytics on pooled customer data on customers ’ usage patterns , segmentation , and preferences , < br > they can identify target customer segments and potential opportunities to deploy new products < br > and services . < br >  Technological advances are placing", "spans": [{"start": 1904, "end": 1924, "text": "pooled customer data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 819 | 0 . 819 | 0 . 829 | 0 . 846 | 0 . 848 | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research . _Note_ : < sup > * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 1 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 01 . Robust standard errors clustered at the village level are reported in parentheses . This table provides the coefficients on demographic and farm characteristics estimated in tables 2 to 5 , baseline specification . I do not report the gender of the head of household and the share of land owned , as they are not significant . For soil characteristics , I only report the variables that have a significant impact on productivity at the 5 percent level . # * * Table S1 . 2 . * * First Stages — Specification 2 , Tables 2 , 3 , and 4 | * * Dependant variable : * * | | * * Educ ( * * | * * survey ) * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Group : Caste_ | | | | | | Educ ( listing ) | 0 . 72 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 72 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 72 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 72 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 016 ) | ( 0 . 016 ) | ( 0 . 016 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | _Group : Caste & Occup_ | | | | | | Educ ( listing ) | 0 . 72 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 72 <", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 193, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i . EEP has developed a procurement plan and Terms of Reference ( ToR ) to hire a drilling expert ( s ) who will be the on-site representative of EEP to support the management of drilling operation and optimize the resource usage and facilitate communication between the drilling crew and geothermal resources management team . The specialist will play a key role to ensure that the drilling is informed by best available understanding of the geothermal resource characteristics , and that the drilling operation feeds adequate data to continually improve the geothermal reservoir model . - ii . EEP is also about to finalize the procurement of geothermal data management and modelling software and / or services to enable EEP to manage geothermal resource data during and beyond the project implementation . While such model is already utilized by EEP ’ s supervision engineers to guide the 9", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 761, "text": "geothermal resource data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P174041 ) | Date < br > IN01061298 < br > ► Cumulative number | 15-Apr-2020 < br > of staff trained in laboratory diag < br > | 14-Apr-2021 < br > nosis of SARS-CoV-2 and othe < br > | 29-Oct-2021 < br > r important pathogens ( Nu < br > | 31-Dec-2022 < br > mber , Custom ) < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 250 . 00 | 250 . 00 | 250 . 00 | 700 . 00 | | Date | 15-Apr-2020 | 14-Apr-2021 | 29-Oct-2021 | 31-Dec-2022 | | IN01061300 < br > ► Cumulative number | of targeted hospitals whose labo | ratory spaces have been remod | eled / upgraded ( Number , C | ustom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 2 . 00 | | Date | 15-Apr-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | 29-Oct-2021 | 31-Dec-2022 | | IN01061301 < br > ► Proportion of RRHs | enrolled on the LQMS scoring > | 90 % in the annual biowaste ma < br > | nagement audits ( Percenta < br > | ge , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 30 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ < mark > With regard to the question related to the capacity of the Woredas ’ in terms of paying compensation for impacted households , most of the consulted local authorities replied that their respective Woredas do not have the financial capacity . However , if compensation is going to be paid by respective impacted Woredas , they prefer land for land compensation . However , if the regional government inject additional budget to each affected Woredas the < / mark > officials are confident in handling the compensation payment and its process effectively . < mark > Finally , the consulted local officials stated that the Subproject will respond to the long-term question of most impacted Woredas and the local communities . Therefore , the Subproject should not be delayed because of the issue discussed above and they are willing to address any issues related to the project in collaboration with the Federal and Regional < / mark > governments . _ < mark > Cut-Off Date : < / mark > _ < mark > This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of < / mark > PAPs . < mark > Based on the Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on January 29 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for tower pad , RoW and the new Limu-Genet < / mark > substation . < mark > During the census survey , all PAHs who participated in the consultation meetings have been informed about the cut-off-date by the census survey team members and Woreda / town compensation committee members . They have also been informed that no payment of compensation will be made with respect to any construction or any improvement on land where such activity is done after the cut-off", "spans": [{"start": 1288, "end": 1314, "text": "census and asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1567, "end": 1580, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1687, "end": 1700, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and discrete , rather than interval and continuous ( Regressions 4 and 5 ) has no effect on the results which are still significant at the 1 % level , and have the theoretically anticipated sign . Utilizing the pooled dataset and all possible determinants of rent extraction identified in the literature ( Regression Model 6 and 7 ) also does not affect the results , which remain significant at the 1 % level . Finally , Regression Model 8 shows the importance of the macro-level context . As both the interaction term of the EDD / NEDD ratio and a high-income and democratic context and the independent effect of both the EDD / NEDD ratio and a high-income democracy context , are all negative and significant on the level of perceived rent extraction . Furthermore , when utilizing the subsample of countries that are not high-income democracies ( not shown ) , the EDD / NEDD ratio is positive and statistically significant . The reasons for this may be multiple ( government extensiveness may be correlated with state capacity in some developing countries ) and it is beyond the scope of this work to investigate . However , the fact that the effect of the EDD / NEDD ratio in high-income democracies differs from non-highincome democracies clearly demonstrates the importance of how macro-contextual and meso-contextual factors may have different interaction effects . 23", "spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 225, "text": "pooled dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > and Mineral Development published a list of critical service providers to < br > whom utility services will be guaranteed ; and ( b ) through the Minister of < br > Finance submitted to Parliament a supplementary budget schedule for the < br > approval of funding to the water and electricity companies adversely < br > affected by the Executive ’ s decision not to disconnect vulnerable < br > consumers duringtheperiod April to June 2020 . < br > * * Prior Action # 3 . * * To provide support to those affected by the floods , the < br > COVID-19 shock and related mobility restrictions and to streamline the < br > social safety nets system , the Recipient has , ( a ) through Cabinet approved < br > ( i ) a labor-intensive public works programs in the roads and water and < br > environment sectors to provide income support for a two month period to < br > informal sector workers ; and ( ii ) the expansion of the beneficiaries under < br > the Senior Citizen Grant ( SCG ) and funding for the SCG program ; and ( b ) < br > through Memoranda of Understanding ( MOUs ) signed between relevant < br > core ministries and agencies established a national single registry for < br > beneficiaries of safetynetprograms . < br > * * Operation Pillar 2 : * * * * _Supporting faster economic recov_ * * | Yes , positive < br > NA < br > * * _ery and debt transpar_ * * | Yes , i ) positive < br > indirect effect ; ii ) < br > positive direct < br > effect . < br > Yes , positive direct < br > and potentially < br > significant effect . < br > * * _ency_ * * | | * * Prior Action # 4 : * * To provide liquidity to businesses , the Recipient has , ( a ) < br > through the Minister of Finance submitted", "spans": [{"start": 1155, "end": 1179, "text": "national single registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the region to discuss and agree on priority actions for donors to encourage and facilitate greater localisation within the Syria crisis response . This may include ways to pool and share risk ; taking steps to mitigate the negative impact of counterterrorism legislation ; and increasing flexible , multi-year funding for sustained financial support for national and local actors . - Map local actors , their activities and capacities – including women ’ s groups and other gender-focused organisations – to provide visibility of who is doing what where and how , and encourage donors to fund them directly . Note which organisations have already received funding through CBPFs or from international organisations , and re-use existing partnership capacity assessments ( or similar ) to give # # # # # # * * Partnerships * * - Design a set of guiding criteria for partnerships within the Syria response that emphasises equity and collaboration as critical elements of a genuinely localised approach . The critieria should be informed by existing partnership principles , in particular the Principles of Partnership , and a review of existing * * 35 * *", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 768, "text": "partnership capacity assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Indonesia : * * Staff identifi es and completes registration for vulnerable people at the fi rst appointment . - * * Ecuador : * * An interagency referral system with IPs and some public offi ces enables immediate referral for every case . - * * Iran : * * A phone-in system operates 7 hours a day , fi ve days a week and offers a 24-hour emergency hotline . - * * Cameroon and South Africa : * * Designating different days of the week for different nationalities speeds up the process . - * * Uganda : * * Daily information sessions allow refugees an opportunity to ask questions . - * * Syria : * * Key reception staff and guards are trained to identify persons with special needs and refer them to the team leader to assess vulnerability and fast track those in need of immediate assistance . - * * Yemen : * * Reception staff screen refugees and asylum seekers to identify vulnerable persons such as victims of SGBV , in order to prioritize processing of their case and to refer them to IP . A Global Survey – 2012 15", "spans": [{"start": 1000, "end": 1013, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respondents . Suffering households on the other hand are likely to be lacking in basic food and shelter and report to be under physical pain , stress , worry and sadness . They carry more than double the disease burden as “ thriving ” respondents within each country . Using data from Gallup for Nepal , we find that 90 percent of Nepalis fall in the suffering or struggling categories . In contrast , only 10 percent of the population actually falls in the thriving category ( Figure 10 ) . Juxtaposing this with the earlier result on the size of the middle class , it appears that even though there is a nascent middle class building up in Nepal , roughly half of this group is fundamentally insecure about the prospects of realizing continued improvements in its living standards . * * Figure 10 : The Proportion of Nepalis Struggling , Suffering and Thriving * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 7 < br > 0 . 7 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Suffering Struggling Thriving < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank staff estimates based on data from Gallup World Survey . The numbers presented are country averages for the 2007-2014 period . In the qualitative survey carried out for this analysis , respondents were asked about what they saw as key characteristics of the middle class in Nepal . In both in-depth interviews and focus group discussions , an overwhelming majority of respondents / participants associated being in the middle class with being engaged in relatively secure professions such as government jobs , teaching , medical and engineering professions , and other forms of private sector salaried employment . This association was reinforced by widespread recognition among respondents that economic prospects of those in this group hinge more critically on professional skills and labor", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 301, "text": "data from Gallup for Nepal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1185, "end": 1204, "text": "Gallup World Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and other countries in the periphery experienced major withdrawals of foreign-owned funds in the course of the crisis . The crisis exposed Ireland ' s vulnerabilities to financial contagion . < sup > 13 < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 13 : Foreign-owned banking sector liabilities < br > 30000 % < br > 25000 % < br > 20000 % Ireland < br > Spain < br > 15000 % Iceland < br > Switzerland < br > 10000 % < br > 5000 % < br > 0 % < br > Percent GDP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : BIS ; and IMF , World Economic Outlook database . 35 . The housing boom was also the crucial factor obfuscating the soundness of Ireland ‘ s fiscal position . On the surface , Ireland had pursued conservative fiscal policies and in fact had been running fiscal surpluses since the mid-90s , except in 2002 . However , these surpluses were increasingly driven by tax revenue boosted from the property bubble . In fact , during 2000-2007 , driven largely by the revenue boom , revenue from capital taxes and stamp duties increased from 2 percent in 2000 to 4 percent of GDP , while VAT increased by one percentage point of GDP to 7 1 ⁄ 2 percent . < sup > 14 < / sup > At their peak in 2007 , these revenues represented over a third of total current revenue , as opposed to one-fifth of current revenue in Spain and the UK , two other countries with large asset booms . This asset-related revenue encouraged increases in structural expenditure and masked a rising structural deficit . When adjusting for the impact of asset prices , the Irish structural deficit reached 8 percent in 2007 ( as opposed to a measured surplus of 0 . 9 percent of GDP ) , spiking to 12 percent of GDP in 2008 . > 13 Lenihan and Honohan ( 2010 ) . Also , Lane ( 2011 ) , which discusses how Ireland was able to refinance their debt through the ECB-IMF . Iceland , on the other hand , was", "spans": [{"start": 536, "end": 567, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lenders reluctant to lend and increase risk premiums . The FSAP noted that some of these problems are being addressed by the authorities , most notably the dismissal of cormpt judges and expanded activity o f the Commercial * * Court . * * In addition , these systemic issues will be addressed in the legal reform and improving the lending environment components o f this Project . The Commercial Court will be further strengthened by training judges , introducing modern administration and case management practices , reducing the granting of injunctions that interfere with creditor rights , and accelerating court decisions . Finally , there is an urgent need to strengthen the Companies and Land Registries to enable the collection o f timely and accurate financial data on companies , disseminate this information to investors and provide creditors with a reliable system for creation and edorcement o f security interests over land and movable assets . Kenya ’ s financial system also remains fraagile with non-performing loans in the banking system at around 26 % of _gross_ loans and advances . This situation is especially acute in the state-influenced banks . It was therefore recommended that the highest priority be given to restructuring insolvent banks and divesting government stakes in the banking sector . The fragility o f institutions is compounded by weaknesses in financial supervision . Major regulators suffer from a lack o f independence from government influence and are often handicapped in enforcing prudential regulations . To reduce overall financial sector vulnerabilities , it is critical to ensure the independence o f financial supervisors and strengthen their powers to intervene more rapidly to deal with identified problem banks which are currently beneficiaries o f regulatory forbearance . Revisions to both the Banking Act and the associated prudential regulations are also necessary to address deficiencies in the legal framework for banking supervision . Overall , the FSAP team found that direct government participation in the financial system was a source of distortions and an indirect source o f vulnerabilities . It was therefore recommended that the Government ’ s role in financial development be focused on providing a robust legal and judicial framework , and strong", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The present paper aims to provide causal evidence of the effects of maternal mental health on children ’ s human capital accumulation in developing countries . We study the under-explored relationship between maternal depression and child cognition , a dimension of child development that has been extensively documented as a crucial determinant of life outcomes ( Becker 1964 ; Currie and Thomas 1999 ; Feinstein 2003 ; Cunha et al 2005 ) . We focus our analysis in the context of Peru , a developing country with a high prevalence of maternal depression . To shed light on the issue , we conduct our analysis using information from the Young Lives ( YL ) survey in Peru , a rich longitudinal household survey that follows households with at least one child born between 2001 and 2002 ( index child ) . For our analysis , we use YL ’ s first three rounds : a baseline round in 2002 , when the index child was 6-20 months old , the first follow-up when the child was 4 - 6 years old , and the last round in 2009-2010 , when the index child was 7 - 8 years of age . The YL also has the novelty that includes questions related to maternal mental health and child vocabulary , along with a wealth of information on child , family and community characteristics . Inspired by the literature that links the exposure to shocks during pregnancy , maternal mental health and children ’ s outcomes , we employ an instrumental variables ( IV ) approach as estimation strategy . This approach helps us to address potential simultaneity bias in the estimation of the effect of maternal depression on child ’ s vocabulary . We exploit the richness and longitudinal nature of the data to better capture the dynamic nature of maternal mental health on child cognitive development at 5 and 8 years of age . In particular , we instrument maternal depression with experience of a shock ( loss of crop or livestock ) at baseline ( when the child was in utero or recently born ) . Given the richness of the YL data , there are several potential exogenous shocks that can serve as instruments for maternal depression or additional controls that can", "spans": [{"start": 638, "end": 663, "text": "Young Lives ( YL ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 681, "end": 710, "text": "longitudinal household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1986, "end": 1993, "text": "YL data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of population . Understanding the prevalence of diseases in a population gives vital information on how to control them . All persons who had suffered an illness or injury in the 30 days prior to the UNHS ( 2019 / 20 ) were asked to report the major symptoms that they had suffered . The results show that there is minimal variation by gender and type of symptom reported except for abdominal pain where the females were twice as likely to report it compared to males ( 4 . 4 % verses 2 . 0 % ) . Variation in reporting symptoms by age was noted . The under-five year old persons were more likely to report malaria / fever ( 63 % ) and diarrhoea ( 9 % ) compared to those aged five years and above . * * _Non-Communicable Diseases ( NCDs ) : _ * * According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , NCDs are diseases that are not easily transferable from one person to another through either direct contact or vectors . Such diseases include hypertension , cardiovascular diseases , diabetes , chronic respiratory diseases , sickle cell anemia , mental illness , cancer conditions , injuries as well as oral diseases . The UNHS 2019 / 20 sought to establish the prevalence of three of the most common NCDs in Uganda . These include : diabetes ; high blood pressure ; and heart disease , for which 3 . 6 % of the population in central region reported one of these NCDs . * * _Communicable Disease - HIV / AIDS : _ * * The most significant communicable disease facing Uganda is HIV / AIDS . According to MoH estimates for 2021 , the HIV prevalence among adults ( 15 to 49 years ) in Uganda is 5 . 4 % . The prevalence is higher among females ( 6 . 8 % for females vs 3 . 9 % for males . The TL and substation contractor ( s ) will need to put in place a comprehensive HIV prevention program for both workers and the community . * * Table 48 * * identifies", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 204, "text": "UNHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1125, "end": 1139, "text": "UNHS 2019 / 20", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1504, "end": 1526, "text": "MoH estimates for 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regional interconnections to Kenya ( Eastern Africa Power Pool Project - EAPP P126579 ) ; as well as investment in hydropower generation ( Halele Werabesa Hydropower Project – HWHPP P125734 ) . The proposed project , ENREP , will strengthen the existing transmission network by increasing its capacity and reliability , and will increase access to electricity by grid connection intensification and off-grid electrification . # # # II . * * PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES * * # # # * * A . PDO * * 21 . The Project Development Objectives ( PDO ) of ENREP are to improve reliability of the electricity network and to increase access to electricity services in Ethiopia . # # # * * B . Project Beneficiaries * * 22 . Project beneficiaries will be both the rural and urban population of Ethiopia who will get ( i ) access to electricity through EEPCO or ( ii ) access to energy and / or energy efficient products through the Market Development Component implemented by DBE . As implementing agencies , EEPCO and DBE will also benefit from the project . EEPCO will reinforce its transmission and distribution network infrastructure and DBE will widen its market presence by enhancing its capacity and extending access to finance to private sector enterprises ( PSEs ) and micro finance institutions ( MFIs ) . # # # * * C . PDO Level Results Indicators * * # # # 23 . * * Improved reliability : * * - a ) Average interruption frequency and duration per year in EEPCO ’ s network ( System Average Interruption Frequency and Duration Index - SAIFI and SAIDI ) ; # # # * * Increased access : * * - b ) Number of households provided with access to electricity and energy efficient products under the project ( disaggregated by grid / off-grid ) ; - c ) Direct project beneficiaries ( number ) , of which female ( percentage ) . # # # III . * * PROJ", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ministries and regions , and ( c ) international partners . So far , regional councils only benefited from the recurrent budget allocation . * * Figure 5 . 1 . Transfers flows and decentralization of responsibilities to regions and municipalities * * 7 . * * The FRD modalities are limited to recurrent and maintenance spending , insufficient to foster investment , and lack predictability * * . The FRD , created in 2001 , aimed at financing both recurrent and > 57 GoM ( 2019 ) report on LG performance > 58 Software “ Elkhazin ” . Source : Dahi , Mohamed Lemine . 2019 . Rapport sur l ' évaluation de la capacité institutionnelle des communes Mauritaniennes sur la base des données collectées en 2018 . GIZ _ , _ page 95 . > 59 Sinet , Anne . May 2019 . Evaluation du Fonds Régional de Développement , AMI N ° 2 / PNIDDLE / 2018 , page 23 . > 60 For example , IDA-funded project PNIDDLE ( 2013-2019 ) financed investment in 100 municipalities . In 2015 , the FRD contributed > to 52 percent of the municipal investment effort , the remaining 48 percent being subsidized through PNIDDLE . PNIDDLE was a national program to support the decentralization effort , which was terminated in 2019 in line with its planned closure . Page 62 of 76", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 703, "text": "données collectées en 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The marginal increase in the loan portfolio will particularly benefit those companies or individuals that have a sound repayment history but lack other obvious indicators of creditworthiness such as wealth or that lack guarantees . The use of PCR data may then enable lenders to predict credit risk more accurately and more efficiently . Credit registry data facilitates the evaluation of prospective borrowers , reducing the need for more costly and intrusive background and reference checks . If an adequate supply of data is available for statistical analysis , then automated or semi-automated credit decision tools 12", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 360, "text": "Credit registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Table 10 . Benchmarking ICT indicators * * | | Unit | | Resource-rich < br > countries < br > * * Liberia * * | Low-income < br > countries | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | GSM coverage | % population | | 66 . 9 < br > * * 32 . 0 * * | 42 . 4 | | International bandwidth | Mbps / capita | | 4 . 1 < br > * * 0 . 1 * * | 3 . 0 | | Internet | subscribers / 100 people | | 0 . 1 < br > * * 1 . 0 * * | 0 . 1 | | Landline | subscribers / 100 people | | 19 . 3 < br > * * 0 . 1 * * | 7 . 5 | | Mobile phone | subscribers / 100 people | | 11 . 4 < br > * * 34 . 0 * * | 6 . 4 | | | * * Liberia * * * | | Countries without access to < br > submarine cables < br > Other | developing regions | | Price of monthly mobile basket | | * * 5 . 21 * * | 11 . 12 | 9 . 9 | | Price of monthly fixed-line basket | | | 13 . 58 | — | | Price of 20-hour Internet package | | * * 140 . 00 * * | 67 . 95 | 11 . 0 | | Price of a 3-minute call to the United States | | | 2 . 59 | 2 . 0 | | Price of inter-Africa calls , mean | | | 0 . 72 | n . a . | Source : Minges and others 2009 , derived from AICD national database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data . — = data not available . n . a . = not applicable . # * * Challenges * * Liberia is not currently connected", "spans": [{"start": 1145, "end": 1167, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : COVID-19 Education Response Project ( P174206 ) | | schools in region closed . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . 3 Number of children in Inclusive < br > Education Resource Centers provided < br > with radios / other distance learning < br > equipment | Number of children in < br > Inclusive Education < br > Resource Centers provided < br > with radios / other distance < br > learning equipment , < br > disaggregated by gender , < br > level of education , age , < br > disabilities , and region < br > ( Cumulative ) | Every six < br > months | MoE | MoE will collect data < br > from REBs | MoE | | | Number of children aged 6 - < br > 18 provided with printed | | | | | | 1 . 4 Number of children in appropriate age < br > group provided home learning kits | home learning kits , < br > disaggregated by gender , < br > level of education , age , < br > disabilities , and region < br > ( Cumulative ) < br > Number of public primary < br > and secondary schools < br > equipped by the project < br > with minimum hygiene < br > package for prevention of | Every six < br > months | MoE | MoE will collect data < br > from REBs | MoE | | 2 . 1 % of public schools equipped by the < br > project with minimum hygiene package < br > for prevention of COVID-19 | COVID-19 / total number of < br > public primary and < br > secondary schools , < br > disaggregated by level of < br > education and region < br > ( Cumulative ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "undermining the benefits that farm blocks were expected to provide . Conversely , it may imply expansion of cultivated area beyond farm blocks that may be environmentally less sustainable . Summary statistics on mode of acquisition in panel B of table 2 separately for farms that overlap and do not overlap with digitized parcels illustrate formal and informal institutions ’ role in land administration and management . First , with 31 % overall ( 57 % of parcels without vs . 23 % of parcels with overlap ) , a greater share of land was acquired from chiefs than from all government institutions together ( 30 % ) , highlighting that traditional authorities continue to play a major role in land administration or management . Second , the difference is particularly pronounced for land that has title where 38 % of parcels were inherited or purchased but 44 % with vs . 17 % without overlap with registered parcels , were acquired from a Government body . Third , formal institutions issued close to 80 % of all offer letters ( 74 % on overlapping and 83 % on non-overlapping parcels ) and the centralized nature of Zambia ’ s formal land institutions is illustrated by the fact that only 3 % of parcels with formal documents were received from local government . Before discussing descriptive statistics at parcel level , we focus on changes in output and key inputs with distance to the nearest resettlement or farm block , noting that resettlement blocks were established earlier , mostly on land taken over from European settlers whereas farm blocks were established later to solve the land assembly problem for commercial farmers ( Roth 1995 ) . Table 3 panel A suggests , based on listing data , that digitized parcels are larger than area utilized by individual farms , possibly due to informal subdivision or encroachment . Compared to 630 ha for digitized parcels that overlap with cultivated ones , the average size of used parcels is only 19 ha ( table 2 panel B . 1 ) . Moreover , titled land that overlaps with digitized parcels is , with an average of 27 ha , almost double the size of land to which no formal document exist . Although not all the", "spans": [{"start": 1690, "end": 1702, "text": "listing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Among household population having some formal education 34 . 4 * * % * * of them attended elementary school ( grade * * I * * to 4 ) and * * 29 . 5 % * * ( grade * * 5 * * to * * 8 ) . * * The proportion of household population with high school educational level is bout * * 12 . 5 % * * of which * * 9 . 7 % * * of the household population attended ( grade * * 9 * * to * * 10 ) , * * while those household members reached ( grade * * 11 * * to 12 ) constituted * * 2 . 8 % * * of the of household population whose age is * * 7 * * and older . Unexpectedly , only less than one percent * * ( 0 . 9 % ) * * of the household members reported to have tertiary education . On the other hand , about * * ( 38 . 5 % ) * * of the survey household population were attending school at the time of the survey ; and the proportion of more females * * ( 52 . 1 % ) * * were attending school than males ( 47 . 9 % ) . Across the Subproject woreda the overall literacy rate * * of * * household population is highest in Hetosa with * * ( 86 % ) . * * In contrast , the lowest literacy rate * * of * * household population is recorded in Diksis * * ( 73 . 2 % ) . * * The socio-economic baseline survey has also made an inquiry into what the household heads and household populations do for a living . Accordingly , as expected overwhelming majority ( 90 . 4 % ) of the HH heads reported that farming ( crop and Livestock production ) is their primary occupation , while trade and daily labor is the primary occupation of six percent of the household heads , whereas salary employment is reported to be the primary occupation of 4 household heads * * ( 3 *", "spans": [{"start": 1158, "end": 1188, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we examine two aspects of utilization , namely measures of dietary diversity and consumption of a key macronutrient – protein . Several salient findings emerge from the household-level food security analysis . Prior to and during the large increase in food prices from August 2007 to September 2008 , the descriptive statistics reveal a decline in the real food consumption of approximately 33 > 8 While census data does not exist for Afghanistan , the pre-cursor to the census , a national household listing was undertaken from 2003 to 2005 by the Central Statistics Organization . This listing forms the basis for the current official population estimates and also serves as the sampling frame for the NRVA 2007 / 08 . > 9 The NRVA 2007 / 08 is the third round of the survey ; fieldwork took place from August 2007 to September 2008 . The first two rounds ( 2003 , 2005 ) were each conducted during a single season , leading to seasonallybiased estimates , e . g . , poverty estimates during or immediately after harvest will be lower than during lean periods . The NRVA 2007 / 08 was implicitly stratified over time during the year-long fieldwork so that estimates of wellbeing could account for seasonal variations . > 10 FAO ( 2006 ) 4", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 415, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 482, "end": 508, "text": "national household listing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 704, "end": 718, "text": "NRVA 2007 / 08", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indirect taxes ( value added tax or VAT and excises ) and adding subsidies , we arrive at _post-fiscal_ or _consumable income_ which reflects the actual amount of market goods and services consumed by households . Our _final income_ includes the cash equivalent of the cost of public health and education services consumed by households . This paper analyzes the redistributive and poverty-reducing effect of the tax-benefit system under the assumption that pensions are treated as direct transfers , while contributions to the pension system are subtracted from gross income . This is based on the nature of the pension system in many of the countries considered for the analysis . In particular , the PAYG system formed in the Soviet Union has undergone reforms in the 2000s aimed at adding contributory pillars . This resulted in a divergent mix of pension systems in the region , but with one common feature – the weak link between contributions and actual pensions payments ( Grishchenko 2016 ) . Thus , it is more natural to consider pensions as transfers similarly to other contributory programs ( such as unemployment benefits ) . The analysis used here is point-in-time and does not incorporate behavioral or general equilibrium effects . The analysis is based on economic rather than statutory tax incidence . For example , it is assumed that personal income taxes and contributions by employees and employers are borne by labor in the formal sector . Individuals who are not contributing to social security are assumed to pay neither direct taxes nor contributions . Consumption taxes are fully shifted forward to consumers . According to the common practice adopted in the region , the welfare indicator used is income per capita . Finally , it is worth noticing that CEQ analysis relies as much as possible on information about social transfers and taxes reported in the survey . Therefore , corporation taxes cannot be included in the analysis . If the survey does not include questions on certain items , the values are either simulated or imputed . Because the survey data is being used for the assessment of taxes and benefits , the annual amounts of tax revenues and social spending do not necessarily coincide with those found in other sources , in particular National Accounts", "spans": [{"start": 2077, "end": 2088, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 7 Page 5 | 5 . < br > Cost Estimates | | | - - - | - - - | | | Local < br > Foreign < br > Currency < br > Lxchange < br > - - - - US $ Equivalent - - - - - | | 3 expatriate consultants for 12 months < br > ( including travel and subsistence ) | 120 , 000 | | 4 expatriate consultants for 9 months < br > ( including travel and subsistence ) | 120 , 000 | | 4 local consultants for 12 months | 30 , 000 | | Farm Household Survey | 15 , 000 | | Internal Travel ( 10 , 000 miles per month , < br > at 10 cents p . m . for 8 months ) | 8 , 000 | | Internal Air Travel | 2 , 000 | | Office and Clerical | 30 , 000 | | Report Printing | 2 , 000 | | Mliscellaneous and Contingencies | 28 , 000 < br > 10 , 000 | | Total | 115 , 000 < br > 250 , 000 | April 27 , 1972", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 434, "text": "Farm Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) difficult for Bank staff and other independent agencies to access the project sites and confirm that project resources have been utilized efficiently and economically towards the development objective . 23 . Other risks relate to the rapidly deteriorating macroeconomic situation in South Sudan coupled with the significant depreciation of the local currency relative to the US $ , which could further present a risk of misapplication of project resources . These risks are effectively mitigated by the involvement of UN agencies in the implementation of the project . The UN agencies have adequate technical and fiduciary capacity to implement similar types of emergency operations . The three UN agencies will each sign contracts with MAFS as a basis for their engagement . During the course of implementation , the agencies will submit quarterly utilization ( progress and financial ) reports , which will be validated by the PIU in line with the existing contracts , before sharing with the Bank . Further , the UN has got adequate machinery to access insecure locations and project sites . 24 . Funds disbursed into the DA for the implementation of component 3 will be ring ‐ fenced from ministry ‐ wide fiduciary risks by ensuring segregated project accounts ( DA ) , cashbooks and financial statements , operated , maintained and prepared by the MAFS ‐ based PIU . The PIU will maintain an up ‐ to ‐ date contract register as well as an assets register . Similarly , the FM team will prepare monthly bank reconciliation statements to ascertain the accuracy of the cash balances in the DA . Fiduciary oversight will be effected by the IAD , the NAC , and other private audit firms working with the two Government institutions . The in ‐ year internal audit reviews will be conducted at least once a year and the audit reports will be shared with MAFS , MoFP and the Bank for review and comments . # # * * Funds flow and Disbursement arrangements * * 25 . Disbursement of the Grant will use advances", "spans": [{"start": 1505, "end": 1522, "text": "contract register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1537, "end": 1552, "text": "assets register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 33 - transportation - - roads or railroads - - as necessary first infrastructural investments ( Rondinelli and Ruddle , 1978 ; Rondinelli , 1983 ) . The consumption data from Africa and Asia reinforce this notion , highlighting the importance of road access to rural towns in stimulating agricultural consumption linkages . Beyond that , the spotty record of rural electrification programs alone in fostering industrialization ( Fluitman , 1983 ; Okelo , 1973 ) suggests a need to review evidence on complementarities , sequencing and necessary additional conditions for generating productive impact frid infrastructural investments . Institutional infrastructure will also be essential in fostering the transition to a more specialized , productive rural economy . Efficient rural financial markets will be particularly important . It appears that improvements on this front will require integration of the existing informal credit markets with the formal banking system . Labor markets are also essential , and their increased efficiency will follow in the wake of improved communication and transport infrastructure . 3 Because much current writing emphasizes the need for investments in infrastructure , policy makers can all too easily overlook the collateral need for investments in people . Since services will be among the most rapidly growing rural nonfarm a4tivities , investment in human capital will likely be essential for realizing those potential gairs . Services depend more on skilled people than on equipment and infrastructure . * Many programs of direct assistance to rural nonfarm enterprises , although by no means all , have been cost effective . 14 The record of technical assistance and projects providing modern workshop facilities have been most checkered ; two-thirds of 17 recent project evaluations have found benefit / cost ( B / C ) ratios below one ( Haggblade , 1982 ; Kilby , 1979 ) . On the other hand , credit projects , especially those supplying working capital , have enjoyed greater success . A recent evaluation of seven small", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 171, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Actual | | * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N < br > o . | Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approa < br > h | c < br > Contract Type < br > E | stimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > | Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > P | roce | ss Statu | s < br > Terms of Reference < br > Planned < br > Actual | Express < br > < br > Planne | ion of Interest < br > Notice < br > Short List and Draft R < br > equest for Proposals < br > Request for Proposals < br > as Issued < br > Opening of Technical < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > Evaluation of Technic < br > al Proposal < br > Combined Evaluation < br > Report and Draft Neg < br > otiated Contract < br > Signed Contract < br > Contract Completion < br > d < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | | CQS-1 / Consultant firm to c < br > onduct baseline survey | TF / B6532 | Project Management and Ad < br > ministration , Monitoring and < br > Evaluation , and Knowledge < br > Dissemination < br > | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Open - National | | 25 , 000 . 00 | 23 , 955 . 15 < br > Si | gned |", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1081, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Other data Data on human capital are based on Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) . Data on GDP per capita and population data are taken from the PWT and from the World Development Indicators . Data on legal origins are taken from La Porta et al . ( 1999 ) . # 2 . 2 . 3 Regression results Tables 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 present our main general results from estimating equation 1 and using the Freedom House PR and CL indicators , the Polity2 measure from the Polity IV data set , and the Economic Freedom Indicator ( EFW ) . We start by considering as variables of interest the lagged dependent , the total emigration rate , the share of tertiary educated workers over the total resident labor force , and the log of population size . Column 1 of each table shows the pooled OLS relationship between the total emigration rate and democracy by estimating equation 1 . The results show a positive correlation between openness to migration and democracy , statistically signi . . . cant , however , only when considering the Polity2 and EFW indexes ( all standard errors are robust and clustered by country group ) . In column 2 , when we control for . . . xed e ¤ ect , the coe ¢ cient related to the total emigration rate becomes negative ( except for EFW ) , and statistically not signi . . . cant . We know that in a dynamic panel data model , the standard . . . xed e ¤ ect estimator is biased and inconsistent in panels with a short time dimension ( the so called Nickell bias ( Nickell , 1981 ) ) . Moreover , both in our . . . xed e ¤ ect and pooled OLS estimations , explanatory variables are considered as exogenous . To deal with these problems we use the system GMM estimator that is consistent in dynamic panel estimations and rely on \" internal instruments \" to control for a weak form of exogeneity of all explanatory variables . We consider the explanatory variables of interest as predetermined , i . e . instrumented using their own one-period and further lags , in order to", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 138, "text": "PWT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 152, "end": 180, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 374, "end": 408, "text": "Freedom House PR and CL indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 440, "end": 458, "text": "Polity IV data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 469, "end": 495, "text": "Economic Freedom Indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inspection encourage trade ? Private surveillance companies typically bring with them best practices in terms of customs and transit procedures , potentially resulting in shorter and less variable clearance times . This could encourage trade , partly or totally offsetting the slowing-down effect discussed above . In their study analyzing the relationship between trade facilitation , trade flows and GDP per capita in the Asia-Pacific region ( for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ’ s members ) , Wilson et al , ( 2003 ) define and measure trade facilitation using four different indicators for port efficiency , customs environment , regulatory environment , and electronic-business usage . They further introduce these indicators in an augmented gravity equation specification . They estimate their model solely in a cross-section context though , for the Asia-Pacific countries . In the absence of specific empirical data , the authors rely on survey information in order to construct the four indicators . Their sources are as diverse as to include the World Economic > 6 Ramirez ( 1992 ) and Byrne ( 1995 ) also provide brief discussions as to the pros and cons of PSI . Page | 5", "spans": [{"start": 954, "end": 972, "text": "survey information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "eligibility threshold of this program < sup > 34 < / sup > for the whole sample or when broken down by gender and location . Second , and related to the continuity checks discussed above , there is no evidence of discrete changes in the distribution of other observable dimensions beyond the probability of participation in the program that could indicate some degree of manipulation of the scoring and ranking system . Another issue is the possibility of nonrandom migration and crossover . In theory , families in control areas could try to migrate to treatment areas to become eligible for the program . This may affect the internal validity of the analysis if , for instance , families that are poor – and perhaps systematically different from non-migrants in other dimensions – are more likely to engage in this type of migration . Similarly , parents that live in control areas may prefer to send their children to schools that serve program beneficiaries if they are perceived to be of higher quality and are within their geographical reach . There are , however , a number of reasons to think that migration and crossover effects of this sort are unlikely to invalidate the findings of this paper . First , migration from control to treatment municipalities is close to zero among the baseline households examined in the PSM approach and that were resurveyed in the two subsequent rounds of longitudinal data collected in 2003 and 2005 . Second , as noted above , part of the control group used for the RD analysis is comprised of children and adolescents that are above the cutoff of eligibility but reside in the same municipalities than participating children . Third , the economic incentives induced by the amount of the transfer ( around $ 7-14 per eligible child ) are probably not enough to compensate for the direct and indirect costs of migration . Fourth , _Acción Social , _ the national agency that administers the program opens calls for inscription and enrollment into the _FA_ program only on specific dates for each municipality , making it impossible for people to join the program at other times . Problems of misspecification of the underlying regression models may introduce bias in treatment effects , particularly in", "spans": [{"start": 1399, "end": 1416, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 6 : Temporary employment by age group . ( Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s < br > Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador < br > > 64 years old 50 ‐ 64 40 ‐ 49 25 ‐ 39 15 ‐ 24 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys . In the case of temporary employment , there is evidence of increasing female participation in the five countries analyzed , with large variations in several cases . Indeed , in the five countries for which we identified temporary workers , while temporary employment was predominantly male in the 1990s , today women show a participation higher than 50 % in all cases . Figure 7 : Temporary employment by age group . ( Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s ) employment by gender ( Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s < br > Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Mexico El Salvador < br > Republic < br > Female Male < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys Page 12 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 497, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wth elec . by hhold conn . – Offgrid / minigrid – Only renewable sources ( Number , Core Breakdown ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 171000 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jan-2015 | 27-Oct-2015 | 24-Jun-2016 | 31-Dec-2020 | # # Overall Comments # # * * Global Environmental Objective Indicators * * 6 / 30 / 2016 Page 4 of 10 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 371, "end": 412, "text": "Global Environmental Objective Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# IX . Welfare simulations The net income gains from increasing taxes on tobacco could contribute to poverty reduction efforts in Georgia . < u > Table 9 < / u > shows the simulated reductions in the number of poor people in 2017 , based on international poverty lines ( US $ 1 . 90 and US $ 3 . 20 per capita per day , PPP 2011 ) . Using the more relevant poverty measure for Georgia — the < mark > lower middle income class poverty line of < / mark > US $ 3 . 20 PPP — and considering only out-of-pocket medical expenses , a 50 percent increase in the price of cigarettes could have reduced poverty by 4 . 2 thousand people in 2017 . Implementing an equivalent _specific_ excise tax ( assuming scenario c ) could have lifted close to 7 thousand Georgians out-of-poverty in the same year . These projected reductions in poverty are only indicative of potential improvements in household welfare resulting from the tax increase in isolation . Additional channeling of tobacco revenues to poor households or improved government funding for health and social programs could reduce poverty further . Table 9 . Simulated changes in poverty , 2017 | | Simulated scenar < br > Cigarette price increase | io < br > Smoking-related < br > medical expenses | Reduction in numb < br > by internation < br > US $ 1 . 90 PPP / day | er of poor people , < br > al poverty line < br > US $ 3 . 20 PPP / day | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( a ) | 50 percent uniform price < br > increase | Out-of-pocket only | 1 , 781 | 4 , 210 | | ( b ) | 50 percent uniform price < br > increase | All medical expenses | 4 , 276 | 5 , 750 | | ( c ) | Heterogenous price increase < br > ( average 47percent ) * | Out-of-pocket only | 5 , 600 | 6 , 924 | _Source : _ Author estimations with results from section VIII", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project ( P168185 ) climate change impacts . As a result , poverty is estimated at 41 percent in 2019 affecting 6 . 4 million people , and it is concentrated in rural areas where the majority of the people live . Women continue to be disproportionally affected by poverty and systematically disadvantaged . The country currently ranks 187 out of 189 for the Gender Inequality Index with worsening trends in the past few years . 13 . * * By end 2019 , Chad was gradually recovering from a severe economic and fiscal crisis caused by the 2014-2015 oil prices shock . * * Growth stood at 2 . 6 percent in 2018 and is estimated at 3 . 2 percent ( 0 . 2 percent per capita ) in 2019 , mainly due to higher oil production and agricultural output ( especially cotton ) . Although the negative output gap is closing , inflation declined from 4 . 0 percent in 2018 to - 1 . 0 percent in 2019 , reflecting subdued transportation and food prices . The primary sector ( mainly agriculture and the oil sector ) remains the main driving force contributing about twothird of the 2019 growth rate . Contributions of the secondary and tertiary sectors ( mainly oil-related services ) stood at 0 . 1 and 0 . 7 percentage points , respectively . The slight improvement in industry indicates a slow rise in capital investment while services benefit from strong primary sector activity ( including related transport services ) and the clearance of some domestic arrears . 14 . * * The COVID-19 outbreak and oil price shock , however , are likely to negatively impact the recovery and lead to a recession in 2020 . Infrastructure investments will therefore be critical for a swift growth recovery . * * Growth is expected to fall to - 0 . 2 percent in 2020 , a sharp decline compared to the World Bank ’ s projection of 5 . 5 percent . The contraction is mainly due to lower oil production and weak performance in the non-oil sector . Slowdown in", "spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 442, "text": "Gender Inequality Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "processing trade exports < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > - 20 < br > - 40 < br > - 60 < br > - 80 < br > - 100 < br > ▬ Apparel & footwear ▬ Iron & steel ▬ Mach . & mechan . appl . < br > ▬ Electr . mach . & equipm . ▬ Vehicle & parts ▬ Furniture < br > - - < br > Jun-19Jul-19Aug-19Sep-19Oct-19Nov-19Dec-19Jan-20Feb20Mar20Apr-20May-20Jun-20Jul-20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Eurostat ComExt data and World Bank staff calculations . > 11 Trade in intermediate industrial goods linked to GVCs account for about two-thirds of North Macedonia ’ s and Serbia ’ s exports . 32 | < sup > 8 . ExTERNAL IMBALANCEs wIDEN IN ALL wEsTERN BALkAN COUNTRIEs < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 445, "text": "Eurostat ComExt data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Project consists of the following parts : # # < u > Part 1 Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources < / u > Promoting sustainable management of fisheries resources and enhancing the benefits and revenue generation derived from coastal fisheries through : - a ) Improved governance including control & surveillance ; - b ) Advanced research on coastal , near-shore , fish stocks & technologies . < u > Part 2 Sound Management of Natural Resources < / u > Promoting sound management of natural resources and eco-tourism related industries through : - a ) Development of a coastal biodiversity information system ; - b ) Improved management plans , guidelines and biodiversity strategies developed . 33", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 618, "text": "coastal biodiversity information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 < / sup > and an established 763 km of piped network . Each sub-county has a water service provider as well as community managed suppliers . As per the 2009 Population and Housing census , the mean distance to watering points is about 1km . about 47 % of the HH spend less than 5min , one way , to fetch drinking water . * * Figure 5 . 4 : Assessment of the types of water sources and time it takes to fetch water Source : Kanoti J et al , 2019 * * Although the county receives substantial rainfall , throughout the year , water harvesting and storage are yet to be fully exploited . * * Table 5 . 3 : Gazetted Water Suppliers in Kisumu County * * < mark > Name of Water Sub county Status in terms WSP Kisumu Central Full KIWASCO < / mark > * * Figure 5 . 4 : Assessment of the types of water sources and time it takes to fetch water * * * * Source : Kanoti J et al , 2019 * * Although the county receives substantial rainfall , throughout the year , water harvesting and storage are yet to be fully exploited . * * Table 5 . 3 : Gazetted Water Suppliers in Kisumu County * * | < br > Name of Water | < br > Sub county | < br > Status in terms | < br > WSP | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * Kisumu * * | < br > Kisumu Central | < br > Full | < br > KIWASCO | | * * Kisumu Rural * * | Seme | Full Treatment | Gulf | | * * Maseno Kombewa * * | Seme / Kisumu West | Full Treatment | Gulf | | * * Nyahera * * | Kisumu West | Partial Treatment | Gulf | | * * Mkendwa-k", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 188, "text": "2009 Population and Housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 634, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ The basic source of reference for undertaking IPM is the RP document . The RP document provides the baseline for implementation of the RP , including the types of components and activities to be undertaken , the financial and physical targets to be achieved in relation to the timetable and the schedule established in the RP document . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 IPM Approach and Methodology * * # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 . 1 Monitoring Approach and Methodology * * The general approach for IPM include : - Maintain and regularly update a database with socio-economic baseline , displacement , and restoration data for PAPs as well as a stakeholder engagement log ; - Maintain and regularly update a database of all Subproject grievances , including date of grievance , name of aggrieved , nature of the grievance , and how and when the grievance was addressed at each level of the grievance mechanism ; - Monitor the development , delivery and impact of the livelihood programmes ; and - Recommend to the PIO leadership appropriate adjustment to improve resettlement and livelihood restoration initiatives . All data will be disaggregated by age and gender . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 . 2 How and When to Monitor * * As a project management process , monitoring involves gathering , analysis , and interpretation of data providing real-time information for decision making including taking corrective actions . A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods including progress reports , beneficiary reports , project reports , performance reports , reviews of existing data and project management records , tracking key performance indicators , stakeholder consultative meetings , rapid appraisal , and other participatory techniques can be used to collect data for monitoring Subproject progress and performance in real-time . As far as the timing of monitoring is concerned , there is no single specific time when monitoring", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 818, "text": "stakeholder engagement log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 855, "end": 892, "text": "database of all Subproject grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "explained to the committee the five levels in the project < br > GRM pyramid and the difference between the existing Group Ranch < br > dispute resolution framework and the project ’ s GRM system . He further < br > explained that the aim of the project GRM process is to seek resolution < br > of grievances and disputes and where possible reconcile and enhance < br > peace amongst PAPs and the large PAP community . Mutavi informed of < br > the meeting held earlier with the KCG officers where they indicated that < br > the County is hiring a private surveyor to ratify land subdivision data < br > obtained by the Kwale County Government surveyor . They were < br > informed that the whole ranch will eventually be fully subdivided to < br > allow for title insurance to individual members in the Ranch but the < br > subdivision had started with the areas affected by Mwache dam to < br > facilitate land acquisition and compensation payment to individual < br > members . < br > The committee members were in support of the efforts being put by the < br > KCG in subdividing the entire ranch . They said that the Kwale County < br > survey team had started by marking of the outer perimeter boundary of < br > the approximately 24 , 000ha Ranch and this was now complete . The < br > County Survey team took and confirmed coordinates and reestablished < br > beacons on the boundaries that had initially been marked . From Monday < br > of the previous week , they begun actual subdivision of the Ranch and < br > started with Mwatate location which is mainly affected by Mwache dam . < br > Surveyors had been dispatched into six teams based on the survey < br > equipment available and had been aided and supported by the group < br > ranch committee , village elders and a member from the Ranch < br > subdivision committee . The Ranch subdivision committee had been < br >", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 596, "text": "land subdivision data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ - ii . The process of grievance redress will start with registration of the grievances to be addressed for reference at the locational level through LRCC . In all instances , records will be kept to enable progress updates of the cases . - iii . Traditional local mechanisms will be used and will include local leaders and the affected persons trying to find a solution with the concerned parties . - iv . In cases where a solution cannot be found at the locational or LRCC level reference will be made to the SCRCC . - v . These will ensure transparency , fairness , consensus building across cases , eliminate nuisance claims and satisfy legitimate claimants at low cost . - vi . The response time will depend on the issue to be addressed but all measures will be put in place to ensure efficiency , - vii . Once the grievance is addressed and agreement reached , the compensation will be paid to the PAPs . # # # * * 10 . 4 GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCEDURE * * The Grievance redress will be the functions of the LRCC and SCRCC committees . All the grievances will be channeled to the Locational Resettlement and Compensation Committee . A grievance log will be established by SCRCC and copies of the records kept by both LRCC and SCRCC to be used for monitoring of complaints . The grievance redress mechanisms are designed with the objective of solving disputes at the earliest possible time which will be in the interest of all parties concerned and therefore implicitly discourages referring such matters to the law courts for resolution which would otherwise take a considerably longer time . If LRCC cannot adequately address the grievance , then reference will be made to SCRCC who shall strive to address the grievances raised . If a complaint pattern emerges , the implementing agencies which are CWSB and MOWASCO , SCRCC , and LRCC will discuss possible remedial measures . The above institutions will be required to give advice concerning the need for revisions of procedures", "spans": [{"start": 1187, "end": 1200, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "women in urban and rural areas in two points in time , 2001 and 2018 , using a Probit estimation : where * * X * * i includes age , squared age , number of kids under 10 years old in the household , a 4 - categories education variable , education level of head of household , a dummy variable that equals “ 1 ” if the woman has never been married , number of inactive women in the household and its square . These data come from the LFS of 2001 and 2018 . We report the marginal effect of each covariate using the average values in the sample . We also estimate two models to shed light on the role that values play in determining female labor force status . The first one is also a Probit model as in Equation 1 . The data source is the World Values Survey . * * X * * i includes 10 - Moroccan regions fixed effects , a dummy that takes the value of “ 1 ” if the individual is married , age and squared age , dummies for a 3 - categories educational variable , and number of children . Our variable of interest is a dummy that equals “ 1 ” if an individual agrees with the claim “ Men should have more right to a job than women if jobs are scarce , ” which we associate with conservative or traditional traits . < sup > 9 < / sup > We estimate this model for men and women separately , and we report the marginal effect evaluated at the means of the regressors in our sample . > 9 We drop from the estimation those individuals who do not answer and those who do not know . We set the dummy to a value of zero for those individuals who disagree or whose answer is “ Neither . ” 24", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 436, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 738, "end": 757, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", we use the values measured in 1980 , which is the first year of our sample . Column ( 1 ) of Table 8 runs our preferred specification for all countries from column ( 3 ) of Table 3 on the subsample of countries for which we have data on the Legal System and > 27 Efficiency-maximizing managers would abandon of their own volition those exports that use the available resources suboptimally . However , exporting activities might generate substantial managerial perks that would induce self-interested managers to keep alive also those exports that they know to be inefficient . Jaud , Kukenova and Strieborny ( 2018 ) present a formal model alongside these lines . 27", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 255, "text": "data on the Legal System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as sacred groves , sacred bodies of water and waterways , sacred trees , and sacred rocks ) that are essential to the identity and / or cultural , ceremonial , or spiritual aspects of the Subproject-affected community ’ s cultural livelihood . Therefore , no compensation will be required . # # # # # * * 7 . 12 Impacts on Burial Sites within SS and along the TL Corridor * * Ground survey was conducted by making car transect and foot surveys and no Burial Sites were identified and documented during the archaeological / cultural heritage survey along the TL corridor and the SS works . Therefore , no compensation will be required . # # # # # * * 7 . 13 Impact on Vulnerable Groups * * < mark > Security or vulnerability of households ’ livelihoods vary between households depending on their relative endowment with and / or access to a range of assets ( natural , physical , human , social and financial ) . The more a household owns or have access to different assets , the less vulnerable it is likely to be . Ownership of or access to assets is dictated by an interplay of historical , social , economic , cultural , political and environmental processes that work favourably for some groups of households and unfavourably for others . In effect , social groups with less asset-endowments become more vulnerable to shocks ( adverse impacts of the proposed Subproject on farmland ) than those with relatively generous asset - < / mark > endowments . < mark > Households headed by the elderly , females , the chronically ill , physical disabilities and mental illness are generally more vulnerable than others . Vulnerable households find it < / mark > Page 82 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 547, "text": "archaeological / cultural heritage survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Links_ . > 62 Microenterprise loans in Kenya tend to be 30-day loans and loans to MSMEs from commercial banks tend to be working capital and short-term in nature . > 63 While commercial banks in Kenya are generally liquid , supply of funds available to MSMEs has been limited , following the interest rate cap regime ; banks invest a large portion of their assets in government securities , which are risk-averse asset classes 64 The study was based on a survey of 400 export finance intermediation loans ( EFILs ) and SME beneficiary firms and 200 control firms from credit lines during 1999 – 2010 . 43", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 504, "text": "survey of 400 export finance intermediation loans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to G20 High Income economies < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : _Exports hijk_ defined here as country _j_ ’ s share of total world exports of product _h_ to policy-imposing country _i_ at year _k_ , for years _k_ around the imposition ( year _t_ ) and removal ( year _T_ ) of country _i_ ’ s antidumping import restriction . Constructed by the author with policy data from Bown ( 2012 ) and HS-06 import data from UN Comtrade via WITS . 25", "spans": [{"start": 371, "end": 392, "text": "policy data from Bown", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 406, "end": 423, "text": "HS-06 import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) # * * ESS2 Labor and Working Conditions * * ESS2 applies to the project principally in respect of project beneficiaries who will work on the Public Works program in return for transfers in the form of cash or food . These fall within the ESS2 category of “ community workers ” . ESS2 also applies to : - supervisors or skilled workers who are ( temporarily ) employed directly by the local government office to - support the site works . They are also “ direct workers ” ; - people employed by primary suppliers , such as those bringing cement and other materials on site . They fall - within the ESS2 category of “ primary supply workers ” . - “ contract workers ” engaged on a site in which the labor-intensive work actually constitutes one component of the subproject ( rather than the entire subproject ) . Such a subproject might be , for example , a small masonry check-dam in which the PW labor is employed in clearing the ground , and the government has hired a contractor to provide the cement . Where government civil servants , known as Development Agents ( DAs ) are working in connection with the project , they will remain subject to the terms and conditions of their existing public sector employment agreement or arrangement . ESS2 applies to DAs only in respect of provisions for protecting the work force and occupational health and safety . Based on the latest PSNP4 Quarterly Report , each year , the number of community workers involved in the project could be of the order of 1 . 2 million , and each year an estimated 43 , 000 subprojects will be implemented , in approximately 12 , 500 watersheds plus around 800 rangeland kebeles . The number of DAs engaged on site will typically be one per kebele . One DA will typically cover several up to 3 or 4 subprojects in the kebele . The number of supervisors or skilled workers", "spans": [{"start": 1459, "end": 1481, "text": "PSNP4 Quarterly Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 . 8 | 25 . 2 | 25 . 5 | 23 . 3 | | prediction | Sources : CFUWBES1 , LMPS 2016 , | and CMMHH Jordan 202 | 1 . | | | | of 29 . 9 | | | | | | and 17 . 4 percent , respectively . The model-predicted estimates for wave 2 were once again more in line with the CMMHH data than were the survey-measured numbers . As with gender , the reverse pattern occurs when considering non-PFPS jobs , according to the CMMHH Less than basic survey . In non-permanent or Basic Education Secondary Education informal private sector Higher Education positions , those with higher Total levels of education Source : CMMHH , 2021 . _Table 5-22 Jordan : Percent of Non-Permanent Private Sector Workers Employed Pre-COVID No Longer Employed , by Demographic Group_ | | Unemployed , | 2021 < br > Out of labor force , 2021 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Less than basic | 10 . 9 | 0 . 0 | | Basic Education | 16 . 1 | 1 . 7 | | Secondary Education | 19 . 5 | 9 . 3 | | Higher Education | 24 . 9 | 4 . 8 | | Total | 17 . 8 | 3 . 4 | # experienced a higher rate of job loss ( Table 5-22 ) . Yet the highest rates of withdrawal from the labor force occurred for those with secondary education . # * * 5 . 6 . 2 Georgia * * In Georgia , where a much higher share of the working age population has tertiary education , the rate of loss of PFPS jobs held by those with less than tertiary education in wave 1 was projected to have a modest gradient from 25 . 6 for primary schooled ( or less ) workers to 14 . 9 percent for university-educated ones . For wave 2 the gradient was similarly flat for those with less than a university education at 11-13 percent , and jobs held by those with more than a university degree were predicted to actually increase by the winter of 2020 compared to COVID-19 levels", "spans": [{"start": 258, "end": 268, "text": "CMMHH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 403, "end": 431, "text": "CMMHH Less than basic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "actual RER on the ratio of net foreign assets to GDP , productivity differentials and terms of trade . The actual RER is proxied by the real effective exchange rate ( _REER_ ) , as defined by the domestic price index of country _i_ vis-à-vis the price index of its main trading partners multiplied by the nominal exchange rate of country _i_ , where _eit_ is the nominal exchange rate of country _i_ ( _vis-à-vis_ the US dollar ) in period _t_ , _Pit_ is the consumer price index of country _i_ in period _t_ , _dkt_ is the nominal exchange rate of the _k-_ th trading partner of country _k_ in period _t_ ( in units of local currency _vis-àvis_ the US dollar ) , and _Pkt_ 0 is the wholesale price index of the _k-_ th trading partners in period _t_ . The _nominal exchange rate_ , _e_ , is proxied by the average price of the dollar in local currency ( line _rf_ of the International Monetary Fund ' s International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) ) . Domestic and foreign prices , _P_ , are proxied by the consumer price index of the country ( line _64_ of IFS ) . According to this definition , an increase in _q_ implies a real appreciation of the domestic currency . _NFA_ data is drawn from Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2001 , 2007 ) . This database comprises a set of foreign asset and liability stocks for a large group of industrial and developing countries spanning over the 1970-2005 period . The construction of the data is thoroughly documented in Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2001 , 2007 ) , and the NFA position of country _i_ in year _t_ is defined as : where the letters _A_ and _L_ denote assets and liabilities , respectively . Thus , the net foreign asset position is the sum of net holdings of direct foreign investment , _FDIA_ - _FDIL_ , plus net holdings of portfolio equity assets , _EQYA_ - _EQYL_ , and the net position in non-equity related assets ( _i . e . _ ' ' loan assets ' ' ) . In turn , the net position in non-equity related assets consists of international reserves , _RA_ , and the net", "spans": [{"start": 904, "end": 938, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regulation and supervision has become important . In the next three years , the authorities envisage a move from compliance-based to risk-based supervision and improvements in on-site and off-site surveillance , financial reporting and analysis . 20 . The third theme i s the development o f capital markets . In this area the money and bond markets are seen as the first priority , given their importance in achieving and maintaining monetary policy effectiveness . By 20 10 , these wholesale markets should have developed and deepened , providing also the framework for a secondary mortgage market with the participation o f pension funds . * * As * * necessary , the institutional , legal and regulatory measures for the orderly development o f the stock market should have been completed by that date . 21 . The fourth theme i s rural and low-income finance . It is envisaged that the four large existing MFIs will continue to diversify their product mix , possibly becoming limited-service banks . Other institutions that provide financial services to the lowincome population will also continue to find a role in the medium term , and a regulatory strategy for these institutions , particularly for savings and credit cooperatives , will be elaborated in a consultative manner and implemented by 201 0 . The potential for modem agricultural risk insurance products as well as products to increase financing to small and medium enterprises ( SME ) will be explored and piloted with a view to a fuller roll-out before 20 10 . 22 . The fifth theme focuses on the legal , judicial and information environment . This will include , for example , improved foreclosure laws , enabling legislation for leasing , establishment o f a registry o f assets and enhancement o f the credit information bureau and a major improvement in the quality and reliability o f accounting information . 6 Ongoing capacity development and legislative reforms here will take time . 23 . Within the context o f this medium-term roadmap , and to support the priorities identified , the Government o f Ethiopia has requested the Bank ’ s assistance through a financial", "spans": [{"start": 1730, "end": 1749, "text": "registry o f assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1774, "end": 1799, "text": "credit information bureau", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In order to implement this simulation in a computationally efficient manner , while respecting both the PISA sample and test design we estimate Lorenz curves of the learning distribution . < sup > 57 < / sup > This procedure relies on simple summary statistics of the country level PISA data ( 15 equally spaced bins with the average test score in reading ) , computed using sample weights , replication weights , and the assessment ’ s plausible values . These data are then used to estimate the Lorenz parameters . The basic building blocks of this methodology are the following two functions : _Lorenz curve Lc_ = _L_ ( _Pc_ ; B _c_ ) _Proficiency measure_ : _Pc_ = _P_ ( mu _c_ / _z_ , B _c_ ) where _L_ is the share of the bottom _p_ percent of the student according to learning scores for a specific country _c_ ; B is a vector of ( estimable ) parameters of the Lorenz curve for a specific country _c_ , _P_ is a proficiency measure written as a function of the ratio of the mean learning score _mu ( _ for a specific country _c ) _ to the proficiency threshold _z_ and the parameters of the Lorenz curve of country _c_ . The Lorenz curve captures all the information on the pattern of _relative learning inequalities_ in the student population . It is independent of any considerations of the absolute learning level . The share of students below a proficiency level captures an absolute standard of the student population . To calculate the parameters of the Lorenz curve , we test two functional forms – the Beta Lorenz < sup > 58 < / sup > curve and the General Quadratic ( GQ ) < sup > 59 < / sup > Lorenz curve . For the purpose of this exercise the General Quadratic ( GQ ) Lorenz curve was preferred , as it provided belter results both in terms of internal and external validation . < sup > 60 < / sup > In the context of this exercise , we compute the share of learners below the PISA minimum proficiency level ( MPL ) , the average learning gap in respect to the MPL , and the average", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 291, "text": "country level PISA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_percentages of how much weight you placed on each criterion . ( Please make sure it adds up to 100 % ! ) – [ Growth opportunity , Investment opportunity , Improvement made during program ] . _ Given that investors do not accurately explain the criteria that are important to them ( Petty and Gruber 2011 ) , we followed recent field experiment research and conducted semi-structured interviews to provide more insight into mechanisms driving results ( e . g . , Dimitriadis and Koning 2022 ) . The first author interviewed all 15 trainee investors in one region to further examine how they decided to give a startup a high or low score – what investors were paying attention to during evaluation . To assess the effect of systematizing inquiry on individual investors ’ evaluation , we compared how investors in the treatment and control group evaluated startups using a set of criteria , by founder gender , across three phases of evaluation . We used the same regression model , but changed the dependent variable to each criterion score i . e . , score for “ business model ” . We then reran the regression to assess how investors re-evaluated startups from their first impressions at baseline . * * 6 . 5 . Results : * * The balanced panel dataset after attrition was 1 , 530 investment decisions made by 65 investors on 69 startups over three time periods ( 510 decisions per period ) . Attrition was largely due to Covid-related absences . As shown in Table 4 , there was no significant difference in observable characteristics between treatment and control groups – using raw numbers , percentages , or the p - value taken when regressing each characteristic on treatment . To assess the baseline , we used trainee investors in the control group . Similarly to Stage 1 , investors asked startups represented by females more prevention-focused questions and awarded lower scores than startups represented by all males . However , during the program , we observed this effect lessening , observing only directionally different effects by gender ( see Appendix D ) . This suggests that the Vilcap program itself reduced gender disparities in the control group . The “ Vilcap effect ” could", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1252, "text": "balanced panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the growing competition over land and resources in affected areas and reinforcing Ethiopia ’ s volatile security situation . 94 . * * The project puts forward an integrated approach to reduce flood risk and address climate vulnerability in Ethiopia . * * All PDO-level indicators directly relate to climate change adaptation , while project activities support the longer-term development objective to increase the climate and disaster resilience in Ethiopia . As such , climate adaptation co-benefits will arise from physical investments in flood risk management , including structural measures ( such as , ( re ) construction of river embankment and retention facilities ) under Sub-component 2 . 1 , aimed at protecting vulnerable areas against potential climate-related increases in flood discharge and heavy rain . Strengthening hydromet services and FEWSs under Sub-component 2 . 2 will increase the availability and accessibility of climate and disaster risk data for weather-dependent sectors , such as agriculture , transport , energy , health , fishery , environment , tourism , and emergency services . Strengthening the overall DRM institutional capacity and coordination , and EP & R under Component 1 will enable the government to be better prepared for , and respond to , climate-induced disasters risks , and reduce their impact . Compared to climate adaptation , climate mitigation is of lesser relevance in this project . Nevertheless , the project will seek to maximize climate mitigation co-benefits by pursuing , to the extent possible , nature-based solutions and integrating green infrastructure solutions in riverine flood management . This includes river widening , retention ponds , and wetland preservation as part of the project ’ s integrated and basin-oriented approach to sustainable flood management . Page 42 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 969, "text": "climate and disaster risk data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mation on children ’ s participation in ( pre ) primary education facilities . Appendix A presents detailed information on the data and the underlying variables . We estimate Equation 2 as follows : We also control for additional interaction terms . < sup > 7 < / sup > Table 4 presents the results . The estimate of _β_ 4 is not stable across model specifications . Estimates vary in magnitude and size . This pattern of results might be driven by the small sample size . We also observe that estimates are insignificant in all model specifications . Results are similar when abstracting from the additional interaction terms ( see Online Appendix Table B9 ) . Estimates are more stable when restricting the sample to 20-to-48-year-old mothers . The estimates presented in Online Appendix tables B10 and B11 remain positive across most model specifications , but are insignificant at the common significance levels . The difference between the results presented in Tables 4 and 2 could be due to diverging concepts of work between the underlying surveys . The EU-SILC captures an annual and more stable concept of work than the EULFS . We conclude that estimates are less robust when employing a triple difference estimation . These results might be driven by the small sample size , or by unobservable confounding factors that impact mothers exposed to the reform and complying with it differently than mothers who are not exposed or who do not comply . While we rule out the existence of potential confounding shocks or policies later in this paper , we cannot rule out potentially significant differences in unobservable characteristics between the different groups of mothers . > 7 We control for _Assistist × Post_ 2012 _ist , Post_ 2012 _ist × Mom_ 6 _ist_ , and _Assistist × Mom_ 6 _ist_ . 18", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1068, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Endnotes * * - i See inter alia PSMN flash alerts available at : Country - Somalia , see also : Somalia | OCHA and RNA reports conducted in Galmudug , Puntland , and Jubaland , see also : Somalia - iMMAP Inc . ; OCHA analysis : PSMN reports / flash alerts , available at : Country - Somalia , field reports from protection partners / I / NGOs covering various regions across Somalia , such as MCAN ( Middle Shabelle ) , IMC ( Middle Shabelle ) , Trocaire ( Luuq / Gedo region ) , Ayub NGO ( Lower Shabelle ) SEDHURO ( Luuq / Gedo region ) , and CEDA ( Luuq / Gedo region ) , NRC , Galmudug Commission for Refugees and IDPs ( Galmudug ) , GCEPD ( protection partner in Galmudug ) . See also : Multi-hazard Displacement Projections Quarter 2 ( April-June 2025 ) - Somalia | ReliefWeb . - ii < u > Document - Flash Alert_16_Escalating Clan Conflict and Insecurity in Luuq District , Gedo Region , Jubaland , Somalia < / u > - iii https : / / data . unhcr . org / en / documents / details / 111970 iv Ibid v This is a conservative estimate , see for example Protection and Solution Monitoring Network ( 2024 ) . UNHCR Somalia PSMN Displacement and Protection < u > Information - Region Level Dashboard - Dec 2024 . pdf . < / u > 3 NRC / UNHCR ( 2025 ) : Protection and Conflict Sensitive Analysis in Somalia . Protection and Conflict Sensitive Analysis in Somalia - Somalia | ReliefWeb vii NRC / UNHCR ( 2025 ) Access to Land and Tenure Documents : A Situational Analysis of Minority Groups in Southwest , Jubbaland , and Puntland States of Somalia . minority-access-to-land-and", "spans": [{"start": 42, "end": 59, "text": "PSMN flash alerts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 702, "end": 749, "text": "Multi-hazard Displacement Projections Quarter 2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the best techniques to use when measuring household or self-employment . This results in employment and earnings data that lack relevance to the country setting , and mismeasure the key features of employment ( non-sampling error ) . Not surprisingly , in their detailed analysis of surveys from 23 countries , Guarcello et al ( 2010 ) found that the most consistently measured employment variable was wage employment . The purpose of this paper is to _highlight the sensitivity of employment outcomes to questionnaire methodology and show the analytical difficulties in trying to use survey data from SSA countries ( where questionnaire methodologies are inconsistently applied and non-sampling error appears to be large ) to understand how employment and earnings patterns have changed over time , let alone forming of policies based on such analysis . _ While it uses Ugandan data as an example < sup > 3 < / sup > , the objective of the paper is not analyzing recent trends in employment outcomes in Uganda or any other country . Rather , this paper is about why employment data from SSA countries are unreliable and what issues analysts face in using these data to try to identify employment outcomes and relate them to government policy or household behavior , for the purposes of diagnosing past problems or establishing a baseline to track progress . The paper mainly relies on Uganda data simply because the labor module in its surveys has significantly evolved over time and contains variations both within and across surveys that can be exploited > 2 < u > http : / / www . worldbank . org / ida / results . html , accessed on August 15 , 2012 . Shining a spotlight on an indicator maybe necessary but clearly not < / u > sufficient to improve quality . Despite the attention paid to poverty reduction in the past twenty years , it could be argued that the collection of the consumption data for needed for calculating absolute poverty is plagued by similarly high non-sampling errors . See for example , Jerven ( 2012 ) . 3 This paper is not on how to interpret Uganda ’ s employment trends over time ; interested readers on this topic may wish to consult Fox and", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 120, "text": "employment and earnings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 286, "end": 311, "text": "surveys from 23 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 588, "end": 618, "text": "survey data from SSA countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 874, "end": 886, "text": "Ugandan data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1070, "end": 1104, "text": "employment data from SSA countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1389, "end": 1400, "text": "Uganda data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1889, "end": 1905, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "borrowers , by effectively stopping access to capital , affects policy choices and the pace of adjustment in each country . However , even when reforms are adopted , economic outcomes take time to change in the “ real ” sectors and market perceptions can continue to move in ways that worsen outcomes on the ground , despite reform initiatives having been begun . * * Figure 1 : Sovereign credit default swap ( CDS ) spreads ( basis points ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 , 000 < br > 25 , 000 < br > 1 , 600 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 1 , 200 15 , 000 < br > 800 10 , 000 < br > 400 5 , 000 < br > 0 0 < br > Ireland Portugal Spain Greece < br > 2007 ‐ Jan 2008 ‐ Jan 2009 ‐ Jan 2010 ‐ Jan MoU ‐ GRC ( 1st ) MoU ‐ IRL2011 ‐ Jan MoU ‐ PRT 2012 ‐ Jan MoU ‐ GRC ( 2nd ) MoU ‐ ESP 2013 ‐ Jan 2014 ‐ Jan 2015 ‐ Jan MoU ‐ GRC ( 3rd ) 2016 ‐ Jan < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Monthly data for 5 ‐ year tenor . Values for Greece are on the right axis . Source : Bloomberg , CMA . The interest differential with the German 10 year bund shows that spreads for the GIPS decreased dramatically until 2007 so that by that year , the interest rate differential was . 28 , . 09 , . 21 and . 09 respectively . Following the 2008 crisis , during the first part of 2009 , the VIX index , reflecting global risk aversion and CDS spreads for GIPS had both fallen . Surprisingly perhaps , Greece ’ s risk premium , as measured by CDS spreads , was lower than Ireland ’ s until the end of 2009 . Yet suddenly , from the end of 2009 until the middle of 2011 , global risk aversion as measured by the VIX and CDS spreads for GIPS were moving in opposite directions , the latter having risen dramatically .", "spans": [{"start": 889, "end": 920, "text": "Monthly data for 5 ‐ year tenor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1278, "end": 1287, "text": "VIX index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of migration on educational investments ( Dabalen and Miluka 2010 ) , female empowerment , ( Stecklov _et al . _ 2010 ) , and occupational mobility ( Carletto and Kilic 2011 ) also seem to have been limited . At the same time , migration networks create options for the skilled to leave , possibly draining rural areas of talent and entrepreneurial skills . Finally , although the number of plots per farm in Albania remains low in comparison to China or Vietnam ( Deininger and Jin 2005 , Deininger and Jin 2008 ) , concerns about inefficiencies due to an overly fragmented land ownership structure have been raised ( Lusho and Dhimiter 1998 ) . Fragmentation has also been linked to abandonment of potentially productive plots ( Lemel 2000 ) through a number of channels ( SabatesWheeler 2002 ) including broader social change and low agricultural profitability ( Sikor _et al . _ 2009 ) . Whether fragmentation is to blame or some other issue is at the root of the problem is an important issue that will have implications for the policy options pursued to deal with the problem . # * * 2 . 2 Characteristics of Albania ’ s rural economy * * Data from the 2005 Albania LSMS , administered from April to November 2005 by the Institute of Statistics ( INSTAT ) in collaboration with the World Bank , to 3 , 640 households in 480 enumeration areas > 4 Certificates include a basic sketch and description of the parcel and its boundaries , the name of the household head , and the issuing authority . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1159, "end": 1176, "text": "2005 Albania LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Refugee population and changes by major origin and country of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * The refugee population is included in this table if the number at the end of 2006 was 5 , 000 or more . For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatriation figu < mark > res include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . Figures below 5 have been replaced with an asterisk . | | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Increa | ses during | 2006 | | | | D | ecreases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre |", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 109, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1154, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "products for which there was available price data spanning both sub-periods . We report the state capitals in which the differences in prices volatility were statistically significant . < sup > 15 < / sup > Whenever there was a significant change in price volatility after the border closure , this change implied an increase in volatility . For the case of broad beans , for example price volatility more than tripled in Bor , it doubled in Juba , and increased by almost 10 percentage points in Malakal . Sorghum is the product for which the increases in price volatility were more widespread spatially ( similarly for groundnuts ) . Volatility roughly doubled in Aweil , Bor and Rumbek ; increased by 75 percent in Juba , and by 17 . 5 percent in Wau . > 14 Statistically , the test results from the comparison of the sample variance of price changes pre-closure with the sample variance of price changes post-closure . Both sample statistics are distributed Chi-Squared , and its ratio is distributed as an F . > 15 Given the short sample period , a cut off of 20 percent significance is considered . The full set of results for this volatility comparison as well as figures showing the evolution of the standard deviation of price changes for each state capital and product are presented in the Appendix . 10", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 49, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 4 Floor area adjusted population densities can sort between crowded and livable cities Population density is the most common measure of urban concentration . Most measures of population density take the form of people / urban built-up area or people / total urban area . However , population density is an imperfect measure of urban proximity as it does not account for the quality of built structures . Figure * * 8 * * a shows a scatter plot of population density and city incomes . Population density is measured as people per built-up area of the city , for 400 cities worldwide . Two striking features emerge . First , population densities decline with incomes , as countries move across stages of economic development . Kinshasa , Mumbai and Karachi are four to five time more densely populated than Shanghai , Tokyo or London . Second , naïve measures of population density can conflate crowding with livable densities . Kinshasa , Mumbai and Hong Kong are three cities with similar population density but at very different levels of income . While Hong Kong ’ s residents can live in tall buildings with adequate floor space , over 50 percent of Mumbai ’ s population lives in slums . Most of Kinshasa ’ s population lives in squalid conditions . In low - and lower-middle-income countries , population densities in the range of 50 , 000 people per km2 are reflections of squalor and crowding , not livable densities . Such crowding has been associated with high degree of contagion risk during the COVID-19 pandemic , where residents do not have physical space to be socially distant and need to access shared toilets and water kiosks in their neighborhood ( Lall and Wahba 2020 ) . To untangle crowding from livable densities , we introduce a new measure called the Floor-area adjusted population density ( FAPD ) , which we measure using the heights data available from DLRs WSF 3D database . We first compute total floor area using the heights data as follows : Where TFA is the total floor area . The average floor height is assumed to be 3 meters . This measure can be compared across pixels in a city , or aggregates compared across cities . Using", "spans": [{"start": 1885, "end": 1905, "text": "DLRs WSF 3D database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1952, "end": 1964, "text": "heights data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "results in three treatment subgroups — those who overestimated their household ’ s position on the income distribution , those who underestimated their household ’ s position , and those for whom their prior was confirmed . Note that households that responded to the inequality module had previously been interviewed for the CPHS several times . Hence , they were familiar with the scope and credibility of the survey . After the treatment , the module collected information on beliefs about inequality . Respondents were asked , _ “ There can be a big gap between the rich and the poor in the country . Do you think this gap is a problem for society ? _ ” , with responses coded yes or no . They were also asked , _ “ Do you think the government should do something to reduce this gap between the rich and the poor ? ” , _ with responses coded yes or no . < sup > 6 < / sup > These questions mirror the survey-based measures of beliefs about inequality that have been extensively used by scholars ( Alesina , Stantcheva , and Teso 2018 ; Cruces , Perez-Truglia , and Tetaz 2013 ; Hoy and Mager 2020 ; Kuziemko et al . 2015 ) . We use Equation ( 1 ) to estimate the average effect of the treatments on responses to these two questions . We estimate this average effect separately for the three treatment subgroups mentioned above . As a robustness check , we also estimate a version of Equation ( 1 ) that excludes all controls . that excludes all controls . ( 1 ) i 0 1T T i 2 i 3 T i i ii ii ii ii < sup > + XX < / sup > ii < sup > γγ + εε < / sup > ii YY = ββ + ββ TT + ββ TTRRT RR + ββ SST Here , i is the outcome for respondent _i_ in district _j_ in state _k_ ; T ii ii < sup > is a vector of binary < / sup > variables indicating the respondent ’ s state ; YY i is a binary variable that equals one if the SST ii household was in a", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 329, "text": "CPHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will explain how the grievances received by district GRC members may be channelled through the Project ’ s GRM . Training will be conducted for all GRC members on their roles and responsibilities and the implementing agency shall regularly monitor to ensure no grievances are missed . # # 6 . 3 . 2 Grievance Screening All grievances will be registered , reported and tracked by implementing agency in the Grievance Register by a Grievance Focal Point who is responsible for receiving , logging , referring and following up on grievances . Once a grievance is logged , the related event ( s ) that caused the grievance will be tracked to prevent similar grievances . The status number and trends of grievances will be discussed during weekly E & S meetings during the construction phase . 44", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 424, "text": "Grievance Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mark > hildren and adolescents are more at risk . They live in a world built for adults and evidence shows strong < / mark > associations between injuries , a child ' s age , developmental stage and the activities they undertake . < sup > 14 < / sup > - Unintentional injuries account for almost 90 % of injury cases and are the leading cause of death for children and young people aged 10-19 years old . < sup > 15 < / sup > - < mark > In 2012 more children and young people ( 0-29 years ) died from unintentional injuries than those who died from malnutrition , parasitic diseases ( including malaria , dengue fever and trypanosomiasis ) , and HIV / Aids combined . < / mark > < sup > 16 < / sup > - Reported injury deaths are steadily increasing in many low - and middle-income countries ( LMIC ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > Approximately 90 % of injury-related deaths occur in LMIC . People from poorer economic backgrounds have higher rates of death from injury and non-fatal injuries than wealthier people . This is true regardless of a country ’ s economic status . < sup > 18 < / sup > The millions of deaths that result from injuries represent only a small fraction of those injured . Tens of millions of children require hospital treatment for injuries each year . < sup > 19 < / sup > By 2020 it has been predicted that < mark > injuries will account for 20 % of all ill health in the world . < / mark > < sup > 20 < / sup > > 11 Taken from WHO , 2012 , Global Health Estimates ( GHE ) raw data : Deaths by age , sex and cause . Available from ‘ Global Summary Estimates ’ http : / / www . who . int / healthinfo / global_burden_disease / estimates / en /", "spans": [{"start": 1460, "end": 1483, "text": "Global Health Estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1552, "end": 1576, "text": "Global Summary Estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "622 . 91 | 348837 . 3 | 616623 . 8 | | * * [ Current * * Ratio | 3 . 0 1 | 1 . 2 1 | < br > 1 . 6 | 0 . 8 | 1 . 7 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 8 | 1 . 4 | | | DebtEquity Ratio * * ( % ) * * | 40 % 1 | 104 % 1 | < br > 99 % 1 | 91 % 1 | 99 % 1 | 22 % 1 | * * 16 % | * * | 13 % | _Source : UEBs audited accounts_", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 295, "text": "UEBs audited accounts_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > - Denial or disagreement with the implementation of the peace legal framework or failure of the demobilization process ( which could result in arms proliferation , especially small arms and light weapons that would have value for other armed groups , including those originated from the demobilization of paramilitary groups ) , failed disbandment of armed groups or lack of integration by the Colombian society of the former guerrilla fighters . Furthermore , the lack of preparedness from the country and the State can lead to recurrence of past mistakes , < sup > 27 < / sup > encouraged by the high level of impunity , the persistence of social conflicts that would fuel and legitimize the cycle of violence for the population ( risks of future new forced displacement or other violations of human rights ) . > 23 In Buenaventura , for example , at the beginning of 2014 , OHCHR documented that several key local authorities did not recognize 132 killings occurred in 2012 and the162 killings of 2013 . The mechanisms adopted by the institutions to combat impunity were inappropriate . 24 According to the 2013 ICRC annual report , forced displacement was the result of other humanitarian events . Among them were deaths ; life threats ; sexual violence ; weapons ’ contamination ( improvised explosive devices , landmines and explosive remnants of war ) ; the theft of goods ; and threats of recruiting . The continuity of these situations in a post-agreement scenario is most likely and will require the continuity of a decisive State response of higher quality and exhaustive , with the implementation of comprehensive public policies that develop , at the same time , specific actions and strategic plans at the operational , regulatory and preventive level . Currently the public sector , particularly at the municipal level and more specifically in municipalities of categories 5 and 6 , are the ones who have insufficient institutional capacities for the design , implementation and accountability of the actions included in the public plans and programmes on citizen security . In the short term , these deficiencies will not be overcome . Neglecting these scenarios can", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1139, "text": "2013 ICRC annual report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2016m05 2016m07 2016m09 2016m11 2017m01 2017m03 2017m05 2017m07 2017m09 2017m11 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Shymanovich , Shcherbina , Chubrik ( 2018 ) However , the dynamics of household incomes do not correspond fully to the dynamics of household consumption ( Figure 5 ) . The scale of consumption reduction during the crisis years was much lower than the scale of income reduction , and it started with a half ‐ year delay . This difference can be attributed to savings behavior . The volume of bank deposits stopped growing in the second half of 2015 and steadily diminished afterwards if measured in relation to the cash income of the households . The spike at the beginning of 2016 is explained by currency exchange rate movements : as most of the deposits were denominated in US dollars , the depreciation of the national currency was reflected in their growth if measured in relation to incomes in Belarusian rubles . An additional piece of evidence suggesting that households used up their savings during the crisis comes from the currency market data . In 2015 , households became net sellers of foreign currency , selling US $ 130 million ( for comparison , households bought US $ 1 , 385 million in 2014 ) . This tendency continued in 2016 and 2017 , when households sold US $ 1 , 895 million and US $ 1 , 759 million , respectively , according to the National Bank of Belarus . The currency sold may have come from cash and deposit savings as well as from remittances . Since the majority of remittances to Belarus come from Russia , and Russia also experienced an economic crisis following a major devaluation in 2014 , remittance inflows to Belarus in 2015 and 2016 dropped to US $ 932 million and US $ 937 million in 2015 and 2016 compared to US $ 1 , 231 million in 2014 ( World Bank , 2019 ) . Furthermore , the faster recovery of consumption in comparison to income is believed to be supported by consumer lending . Chubrik ( 2018 ) argues that consumer lending accounted for 1 . 2 – 1 . 5 percentage points 5", "spans": [{"start": 1063, "end": 1083, "text": "currency market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\u0003 459 * * | * * 108 , \u0003 004 * * | * * 112 , \u0003 327 * * | * * 100 , \u0003 946 * * | * * 115 , \u0003 343 * * | * * 39 % * * | * * 23 % * * | * * 71 % * * | * * - 2 % * * | Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 21 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 61 - ANNEX 2 Page 3 AFC Loan Processing Time Surveys Price Waterhouse Report on Review of Management Reporting Function of AFC Organization Chart Other Appraisal Mission Working Documents # X . Personnel Study on AFC by Directorate of Personnel Kenya Civil Service Salary Scale Education Sector Memorandum ( IBRD , March 11 , 1980 ) # XI . Other ILCA Paper on Trypanotolerant Cattle Solar Electric International Paper Note on Economics of Maize Production for Export in East Africa Tractor File Kenya Seed Company Expansion of Faculty of Agriculture February 10 , 1981", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 54, "text": "AFC Loan Processing Time Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Through this study about the impact of the < br > power < br > sector < br > reforms < br > in < br > providing < br > affordable , < br > inclusive < br > and < br > reliable < br > electricity services to support economic < br > growth , it is proposed to carry out a < br > consultation process with all energy < br > stakeholders , including targeted household < br > beneficiaries to learn their concerns about < br > electricityservices delivery . | Annual | MEMD monthly report | MEMD | | UETCL to maintain a debt < br > service coverage ratio of at < br > least 1 . 0 | UETCL to maintain a debt service < br > coverage ratio of at least 1 . 0 | Annual | UETCL ’ s Financial < br > Statements | UETCL | | UETCL to maintain an < br > EBITDA | UETCL to maintain an EBITDA ratio of < br > at least 1percent in FY16 , 1 . 5percent in | Annual | UETCL ’ s financial < br > statements | UETCL | 28", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 484, "text": "MEMD monthly report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "few centimetres . This is not considered to be significant , especially against a background of significant natural seasonal and inter-annual variations in the level of Lake Kyoga . The historical fluctuations in the levels of Lake Kyoga , which during the period 1912 to 1977 fluctuated between 9 . 7 m and 13 . 5 m on the Masindi Port gauge , i . e . 3 . 8 m range ( Sutcliffe & Parks , 1999 ) , tend to confirm that these variations due to Bujagali HPP would not be significant . Recently , significant level fluctuations have occurred , at least partly due to temporary blockages of the outflow by water hyacinth . SNC Lavalin and Power Planning Associates are both preparing reports for the World Bank Group that are tasked with addressing certain hydrological implications of the Bujagali HPP , including in its regional and Nile basin context . Once the final versions of these reports become available , BEL will review this issue in consultation with the sponsors of these reports to ascertain whether further hydrological analyses are required . Future updates of the SEAP for this SEA ( which will be publicly released ) will address the issue further , should it be required . # # # # # # * * Lake Victoria Levels * * The water level of Lake Victoria is the subject of much discussion and debate , as outlined in Chapter 3 of this SEA . A detailed hydrological analysis of the Bujagali project is outside the scope of this SEA , principally because such studies are being R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 342, "text": "Masindi Port gauge", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , the Ranch members who have officially been allocated the subdivided parcels and who are in the process of full registration will be confirmed by the Land Registrar against the available land registration data . The land subdivision and registration data has been submitted by the private Surveyor and processed through the various MoLPP departments and is currently domiciled at the Land Registrar who shared a copy with relevant stakeholders * * ( Refer to Annex 12 ) * * . 25", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 218, "text": "land registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 225, "end": 263, "text": "land subdivision and registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > public interest reasons , as distinct from , < / mark > _ < mark > inter alia < / mark > _ < mark > , the grant of refugee or complementary protection statuses . < / mark > < sup > 33 < / sup > < mark > Some have noted that the 1974 General Law on Population was regarded “ as an instrument of vigilance and control , focused on regulating the entry , stay , voluntary exit , and forced expulsion of foreigners from Mexico ” and there was growing recognition of its unsuitability to address evolving mobility dynamics in Mexico . < / mark > < sup > 34 < / sup > < mark > Oversight and enforcement under this law fell under the INM , housed under the Ministry of the Interior . < / mark > < sup > 35 < / sup > < mark > COMAR , a decentralized body also housed under the Ministry of Interior , was established in 1980 to address the arrival of refugees from South and Central America . < / mark > < sup > 36 < / sup > < mark > Prior to 2003 , however , UNHCR conducted RSD pursuant to its mandate . Since then , COMAR has been the government authority responsible for assessing refugee and complementary protection statuses . < / mark > < mark > In general , in the years before the 2010 earthquake in Haiti and pending the changes brought about by the adoption of a specific refugee law in 2011 ( discussed in the next section ) , RSD involved three stages : < / mark > < sup > 37 < / sup > < mark > ( 1 ) Once an application for refugee status was filed with INM , government officers conducted an interview , researched country-oforigin information and developed a view on recognition . ( 2 ) These views were reviewed and discussed at an Eligibility Committee Working Group , which made decisions on how to proceed : to recognize , reject or request further information . Rejected applicants were", "spans": [{"start": 1530, "end": 1558, "text": "country-oforigin information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expanded by 68 percent in 1982 / 83 owing to the massive increase in governoeat finsacing requirements . Meanwhile , net credit to the private sector declined by about 10 percent in 1982 / 83 . The inflation rate ( as measured by the Addis Ababa retail price index ) dropped from an average of 13 percent during 1978 / 79 and 1979 / 80 to about 4 percent during the three year period ending 1982 / 83 . 10 . The Government has taken a number of decisions since late 1982 to reverse these deteriorating trends . With a view to introducing a short-term focus , the Government ' s ten-year plan is to be phased into three - sub-plans a two-year plan , a three-year plan and a five-year plan . Official pronouncements have stressed the importance of revitalizing agriculture through guaranteed producer prices and diffusion of improved technology to farmers ; the need to restore confidence amongst entrepreneurs engaged in small scale industry ; and the need to attract foreign investment and tecbnology to develop the country ' s resources . 11 . Senior government officials were reassigned in April 1983 , with the intent of strengthening the key ministries concerned with economic development . Other noteworthy steps include a Joint Venture Code introduced in January 1983 to promote joint ventures between foreign investors * * ( public * * or private ) and Ethiopian public enterprises , and the formulation of proposals to simplify and rationalize the system of direct and indirect taxes and to make the tax system more income-elastic . Since 1978 , a Central Planning Supreme Council ( CPSC ) chaired by the Head of State has been responsible for the preparation , approval , and oversight of economic plans , while a Council of Ministers has been responsible for Implementation . In April 1983 , the Government introduced measures that reduced the degree of centralized planning and the authority of the CPSC , and streamlined government institutions and authority relationships along more traditional lines . 12 . Although the above-mentioned initiatives by the Government are steps in the right direction , there are", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 264, "text": "Addis Ababa retail price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "la base des informations de recensement de UNHCR , d ’ une assistance alimentaire du PAM à travers des distributions générales de vivres , l ’ objectif général étant de sauver leurs vies en urgence . Les résultats et recommandations de la dernière évaluation approfondie ( août 2010 ) , de l ’ enquête SMART sur la nutrition ( juin 2010 ) et de l ’ évaluation décentralisée de l ’ EMOP 107350 ( mars 2010 ) établissant une amélioration significative de la situation alimentaire des réfugiés , ont conduit le PAM à concevoir et mettre sur pied pour les années 2011 et 2012 , ce nouveau package visant surtout à apporter une assistance ciblée aux réfugiés centrafricains et tchadiens afin de ( i ) sauver des vies et protéger les moyens de subsistance des populations réfugiées et hôtes nécessiteuses ; et ( ii ) concourir au rétablissement des communautés et reconstituer leurs moyens de subsistance pendant cette période de transition . C ’ est dans cette perspective que le nombre de bénéficiaires de l ’ aide alimentaire du PAM a été revu à la baisse , passant de l ’ ensemble des réfugiés ( 86 000 bénéficiaires ) à seulement ceux en insécurité alimentaires ( 26 400 bénéficiaires ) selon le rapport de la JAM approfondie de 2010 . Pour le PRRO , les bénéficiaires des distributions ciblées de vivres ( TFD ) au cours de l ’ année 2011 , doivent être les plus vulnérables et remplir au moins l", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 48, "text": "informations de recensement de UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "No . 8 / 2022 using traditional and / or electronic means , and v ) Procurement plans are also required to be published for the e-procurement portal , as well as for individual government agency websites . * * 26 . Public procurement complaint mechanism . * * The Public Procurement Complaint Committee ( PCC ) was established by the Prime Minister ' s decision in November 2019 and is located in the Legislation Opinion Bureau . The PCC handles procurement complaints per the Procurement By-law No . 8 / 2022 ( Articles 50 to 53 ) . On average , the PCC handles one complaint every two weeks and follows the defined timeline of the Procurement Bylaw for complaint resolution ( around 24 days ) . Resolutions are published on the procuring entity ' s website . The JONEPS \" Objection \" module is developed and activated , but procuring agencies need to commit to closing the loop of objections electronically . The complaint module for escalating objections to the PCC is completed and awaiting launch by the PCC . Complainants who have used the complaint mechanism offline have expressed trust , even in cases where the resolution was not in their favor . The PCC is in the process of recruiting support and technical staff , as well as acquiring suitable offices , IT , and office equipment . Complaint records will be uploaded and published through the JONEPS platform . # # # _External Auditing_ * * 27 . External audit in Jordan is the responsibility of the Audit Bureau . Its performance was found acceptable for the purposes of the Program . * * The Audit Bureau was created by Article No . 119 of the Jordan Constitution , which states that it is “ To be established in accordance with the Audit Bureau ’ s Law to supervise the revenues and expenditures of the state and ways of spending ” . It performs compliance , financial , and performance auditing in accordance with NTOSAI standards . Jordan ’ s Audit Bureau audits several World Bank operations , < sup > 35 < / sup > and its performance", "spans": [{"start": 1295, "end": 1312, "text": "Complaint records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "~ ~ tUM ~ ~ ~ ~ ! teU ~ ~ | ConsultancyServicesfortheDetailedDesignofthe < br > UpgradingtoPavedStandardofGulu - NimuleRoad < br > ContractNo . RDPIHWIS018 | VKEIntemational ( Ply ) lid < br > ResettlementActionPlan < br > July2009 | | - - - | - - - | # # # # # Income Restoration Restoration of the incomes of the affected persons is one of the key objectives of the bank ' s resettlement policy . It requires that after resettlement , all the affected persons should have incomes , which are at least equivalent to their pre-project income levels . Restoration of incomes , incomes the standards of living and the productivity levels of the affected persons constitute the core of the Bank Resettlement Policy . Though resettlement programs should be designed to help population , they must minimally be restored . Resettlement planning is one of the main mechanisms through which the bank and Borrower work towards ensuring that the incomes of all categories of affected persons are restored after resettlement . # # # # # Squatters and encroachers Squatters and encroachers are persons without legal titles to the land and structures occupied ! used by them . The term squatters are typically used for those occupying structures for residential / commercial purposes while encroachers are those occupying land for agriculture . The Bank ' s resettlement policy explicitly states that the affected persons cannot be denied compensation / resettlement assistance based on lack of legal title . Bank projects therefore need to make provision for helping squatters lencroachers achieve the objectives of the Bank ' s resettlement policy . # # # # # Cut off Date This is the date of completion of the census and assets inventory of persons affected by the project . Persons occupying the project area after the cutoff date are not eligible for compensation and / or resettlement assistance . # # # # # Displacement Displacement is the impact that necessities resettlement of affected", "spans": [{"start": 1700, "end": 1727, "text": "census and assets inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was conducted as well as undertaking gap analysis thus generating documentation compliant to < sup > ISO < / sup > < sup > * * 9001 : 2015 . * * < / sup > # # # # # * * Economic Survey 2016 and its Popular Version report * * The Economic Survey * * 2016 * * report highlighted the performance of the economy < sup > in2015 < / sup > and also provided key socio-economic statistics for the period * * 2011-2015 . * * The report , together with its popular version , was prepared * * by * * April * * 2016 * * and provided key indicators that informed the National Government budgetary process . * * 16 * *", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 189, "text": "Economic Survey 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 355, "end": 380, "text": "socio-economic statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # 4 . 3 . 5 Educational Facilities Due to the Afar people ' s pastoral lifestyle , the Afar area has one of Ethiopia ' s lowest percentages of elementary and secondary school enrolment . The lowest enrolment rate was also influenced by insufficient investments in infrastructure , education , and the development of curriculum in the Afar language . According to information from the Regional Socioeconomic Profile Report , there are four ( 4 ) kindergartens , seven ( 7 ) first-cycle primary schools , four ( 4 ) second-cycle primary schools , and two ( 2 ) comprehensive secondary schools in the region . Additionally , there is a university , a technical and vocational training college , and a college of public health . # # # # 4 . 3 . 6 Health Facilities According to health data from the Regional Health Bureau , diseases connected to water borne are a significant source of illness in the Region . Reports indicate that water and hygiene-related diseases rank among the 10 top leading causes of morbidity and mortality ( e . g . , Typhoid , paratyphoid and other includes acute upper respiratory infections , shigellosis , and functional intestinal disorders ) . This situation calls for a more coordinated and concerted effort to improve the situation . According to the Regional Bureau of Finance and Economic Development , two government health centers , one in each of the two sub-towns of Semera and Logia , two private clinics , and one private pharmacy and the five ( 5 ) health institutions serve the two sub-towns . # # # # 4 . 3 . 7 Road Network and Transport There is asphalt road in Semera and all-weather gravel road in Logia . Minibuses are utilized for transportation between Semera-Logia town whereas Bajaj is the primary mode of transportation within Semera-Logia town . Buses , minibuses , and trucks , on the other hand , are the primary modes of transportation to adjacent towns and Addis Ababa along", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 425, "text": "Regional Socioeconomic Profile Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 778, "end": 821, "text": "health data from the Regional Health Bureau", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE and agricultural resources and are investing heavily in the transport and energy facilities needed to support their operations . Because of Liberia ’ s policy of ensuring that such investments benefit the broader national economy , they could potentially contribute to meeting the country ’ s overall infrastructure spending needs . Despite the potential for private investment , Liberia will likely need more than a decade to reach the illustrative infrastructure targets outlined in this report . Under business-as-usual assumptions for spending and efficiency , it would take at least 40 years for Liberia to reach these goals . Yet with a combination of increased finance , improved efficiency , and cost-reducing innovations , it should be possible to significantly reduce that time . # The continental perspective The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic ( AICD ) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure in more than 40 Sub-Saharan countries , including Liberia . The results have been presented in reports covering different areas of infrastructure — ICT , irrigation , power , transport , water and sanitation — and different policy areas — including investment needs , fiscal costs , and sector performance . This report presents the key AICD findings for Liberia , allowing the country ’ s infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers . Liberia is a low-income state richly endowed with natural resources ; therefore , both low-income and resource rich benchmarks will be used to evaluate its performance . Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) and other states that have emerged from conflict such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda . Several methodological issues should be borne in mind . First , because of the cross-country nature of data collection , a time lag is inevitable . The period covered by the AICD runs from 2004 to 2009 . Most technical data presented are for 2006 ( or the most recent year available ) , while financial data are typically averaged over the available period to smooth out the effect of short-term fluctuations . Second , to ensure consistent comparisons across countries , the indicators and analysis were standardized", "spans": [{"start": 2156, "end": 2170, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * UNICEF and UNHCR call on European states to take the following actions : * * * * 1 . Ensure every stateless refugee or migrant child is properly identified and protected . * * Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons , Article 1 : The term ‘ stateless person ’ means a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law . Article 32 : The Contracting States shall as far as possible facilitate the assimilation and naturalization of stateless persons . They shall in particular make every effort to expedite naturalization proceedings and to reduce as far as possible the charges and costs of such proceedings European Convention on Nationality , Article 6 ( 4 ) : Each State Party shall facilitate in its internal law the acquisition of its nationality for the following persons : ( … ) stateless persons and recognised refugees lawfully and habitually resident on its territory . - Ensure that potentially stateless children are recorded as such upon arrival and that their possible statelessness is given due consideration within asylum and civil registration procedures while prohibiting the sharing and use of the personal data collected for other purposes < sup > 20 < / sup > ; - Establish a formal statelessness determination procedure in order to properly identify and protect stateless children and enable them to access specific rights and services , learning from countries that have such procedures in place < sup > 21 < / sup > ; - Improve data collection and analysis on statelessness and its impact on children to better shape legislation , policies and practices ; - Review and amend legislation , policies and practices across sectors so that all stateless children in the territory can enjoy their rights and access services as per the Convention on the Rights of the Child ; - Enhance the protection of identified stateless children by strengthening resources and skills in the child protection sector , enabling qualified social workers to intervene and support the child from the earliest stage of identification ; - Invest in training of judges and caseworkers involved in statelessness determination , and of law enforcement", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1710 # Summary findings Formal regulation of industrial pollution control standards has been hampered in some developing countries by the absence of a clear regulatory framework , by limited institutional capacity , and by limited information on emissions . For many manufacturing facilities in developing economies , the governmentimposed \" price of pollution \" is zero . Yet Hartman , Huq , and Wheeler find strong evidence that despite weak or nonexistent formal regulation and enforcement of environmental standards , many plants in South and Southeast Asia are clean . Of course , many plants are also among the world ' s worst polluters . To account for the extreme variation among plants , the authors review evidence from a survey of pollution abatement by 26 pulp and paper plants in four countries : Bangladesh , India , Indonesia , and Thailand . They find that the level of pollution abatement is significantly affected by three factors . Abatement is : * Positively associated with scale and competitiveness . * Negatively associated with public ownership . • Unaffected by foreign links ( in ownership or financing ) . communities successfully pressure plants to abate pollution even if they have little or no support from formal regulation . High local income is a powerful predictor of effective informal regulation . The authors also find that policy matters . Privatization , to the extent that it increases plant efficiency , can significantly improve environmental performance . As private ownership , competitiveness , and per capital incomes rise , communities may be in a better position to exert strong local pressure on polluting facilities to clean up production . The government may need to intervene to prevent environmental injustice in communities whose citizens are mostly poor , poorly educated , or members of marginalized minority groups ( and hence less capable of applying local pressure on firms and less likely to be knowledgeable about pollution ) . To compensate , national regulators may want to consider strategies for improving participation in pollution control in those communities , and for targeting regulation to the problems of poor communities . A clear source of interplant differences is the level of community pressure , or informal regulation . Some This paper - a product of", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 793, "text": "survey of pollution abatement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 . 1 * * Kakuma camp within the region < ! - - Start of picture text - - > SOUTH ETHIOPIA < br > SUDAN < br > Kakuma SOMALIA < br > DEMOCRATIC Refugee Camp < br > REPUBLIC OF < br > THE CONGO < br > Uganda < br > KENYA < br > RWANDA international boundary < br > Undetermined international boundary < br > BURUNDI REPUBLIC OFUNITED Administrative boundary < br > TANZANIA The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations . < br > Source : UNHCR 2017 . < br > Figure 1 . 2 Population of Kakuma camp , 1992 – 2016 < br > Population of Kakuma camp through the years , peaking at close < br > to 200 , 000 before 2016 < br > Population in K-camp < br > 200 , 000 < br > Large increase in < br > population < br > 150 , 000 < br > 100 , 000 < br > 50 , 000 < br > 0 < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank Group & UNHCR 2016 , “ Yes ” In My Backyard ? # # # # # # * * Figure 1 . 3 * * Kakuma camp layout # # # # # # Population About 85 percent of the camp ’ s 160 , 000 refugees arrived within the last 10 years and more than half within the last five . < sup > 25 < / sup > Kakuma camp is now an established , though informal , urban settlement and when combined with the town can be considered a single market . In late 2016 , about 220 , 000 people lived in Kakuma camp and town combined , making it comparable to Kenya ’ s 10th largest urban area . < s", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Good Practice Age , Gender and Diversity Mainstreaming – Affirmative Action Programme ( AAP ) for Girls ’ Education – Jesuit Refugee Services ( JRS ) - Uganda * * Cross-References : * * _Protection Monitoring / SGBV_ * * Goal : * * Promotion of girls ’ education , to reduce their current and future vulnerability . * * Partners : * * JRS working with local government officials , UNHCR , school authorities , parentteacher associations and other NGOs , in particular women ’ s groups . # # # # # # * * Objectives : * * - 1 . Establish and maintain a database to track girls ’ attendance at school ; - 2 . Sensitize communities about the importance of education of girls ; - 3 . Identify obstacles to girls ’ attendance ; and - 4 . Design and implement strategies to overcome these obstacles . * * Background : * * Girls who attend school and are hopeful about their prospects are less vulnerable . The project is designed to discourage child labour , early marriage and pregnancy , sexual exploitation and negative community attitudes towards girls and women . The project supports refugee communities to establish , provide and maintain quality primary education as a right of every child under the _Convention of the Rights of the Child_ ( CRC ) . # # # # # # * * Implementation Strategy : * * JRS has been present with Sudanese refugees in Adjumani since 1993 . In 2004 , JRS financially or professionally supported 49 nursery schools , 46 primary schools , 5 secondary schools and supervised a tertiary training program for 218 full and part-time teachers . A research project in 2002 determined why girls dropped out of school . The researcher talked to girls to identify aspirations and obstacles and gather information from parents , teachers , school administration and other parties . Analyzing the reasons for dropouts , JRS undertook the following measures : < u > Primary schools : < / u > - Workshops for head teachers , deputies , Senior Women Teachers to", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 597, "text": "database to track girls ’ attendance at school", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9321 # * * Abstract * * This paper explores the spillover of protests across countries using data on nonviolent and spontaneous demonstrations for 200 countries from 2000 to 2020 . Using an autoregressive spatial model , the analysis finds strong evidence of “ contagious protests , ” with a catalyzing role of social media . In particular , social media penetration in the source and destination of protests leads to protest spillovers between countries . There is evidence of parallel learning between streets of nations alongside the already documented learning between governments . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Middle East and North Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at rarezki @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 172, "text": "data on nonviolent and spontaneous demonstrations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Labor legislation : M * * any countries have enacted laws that prohibit racial discrimination in the labor market . However , little is know about adequacy , enforcement and effectiveness of this legislation . # * * References : * * - Addison , J . and J . L . Grosso . ( 1996 ) . \" Job Security Provisions and Employment : Revised Estimates . \" Industrial Relations . 35 ( 4 ) . - Addison , J . and P . Teixeira . ( 2001 ) . \" The Economics of Employment Protection . \" IZA Discussion Paper No . 381 . Institute for the Study of Labor , Bonn , Germany . - Addison , J . T . , P . Teixeira , and J . L . Grosso . ( 2000 ) . \" The Effect of Dismissals Protection on Employment : More on a Vexed Theme . \" _Southern Economic Journal_ 67 ( 1 ) : 105-122 . - Akerlof , G . and R . Kranton ( 2000 ) . “ Economics and Identity ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 115 ( 3 ) : 715-53 . - Arbache , J . S . . ( 2002 ) . \" Unions and the Labor Market in Brazil \" . Background paper for the Brazil Jobs Report . The World Bank and Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada . - Arias , O . and W . Sosa . ( 2004 ) . \" Subjective poverty in Bolivia : a binary quantile regression approach , 2003 . \" Work in process . World Bank , Washington , D . C . - Arias , O . , Yamada , G . and L . Tejerina ( 2004 ) . “ Education , Family Background and Racial Earnings Inequality in Brazil . ” International Journal of Manpower , Vol . 25 , No . 314 . - Barrera , F . and L . Higuera . ( 2004 ) . “ Characterization of Training in Colombia Household and Firms surveys ” , Background study for a World Bank study “ Colombia Lifelong Learning ” , Bogota , Colombia . - Batra , G . ( 2001 ) . “ Skills Upgrading and Competitiveness in Developing Countries", "spans": [{"start": 1514, "end": 1550, "text": "Colombia Household and Firms surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * No of * * < br > * * Affected * * < br > * * Kebeles * * | * * Num * * < br > * * TR & * * < br > * * RoW * * | * * ber of PA * * < br > * * SS * * | * * Hs * * < br > * * SS & * * < br > * * ACR * * | * * Total * * < br > * * PAHs * * | * * Institution * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Jima | 2 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 1 | | Kersa | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | | Limu Kosa | 6 | 268 | 16 | 1 | 285 | 4 | | Limu Seqa | 1 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 | | Limu Genet | 3 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | | Mana | 7 | 242 | 0 | 0 | 242 | 0 | | | * * 20 * * | * * 596 * * | * * 16 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 613 * * | * * 6 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( January 2025 ) _ # # # # # # * * _Impact on Farmland and Livelihoods_ * * The construction of the proposed new Limu Genet substation and the transmission line Subproject will affect an estimated 4 . 374ha of farmland owned by the 121 smallholder farm households ( i . e . 109 HHs by tower pads and 11 by the new Limu Genet substation and one HH by SS and new access road ) . < mark >", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 691, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Yes | | Health Centers reporting HMIS data in time < br > ( Percentage ) | 50 . 00 | 86 . 00 | | 86 . 00 | | Development and implementation of Annual < br > Rapid Facility Assessment ( Yes / No ) | No | | | Yes | | Improved transparency of Pharmaceutical Fund | | | | | | and Supply Agency ( PFSA ) procurement process < br > ( Yes / No ) | No | | | Yes | Page 12 of 28", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 46, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lack any treatment by the IHC program , the post-treatment RMSPE for the placebo firms is a good indicator of how well SCM forecasts the outcome variable . The results are reported in Table 13 . Dube and Zipperer suggest that the preferred set of conditioning variables should be those that produce the smallest post-treatment RMSPE . By this metric , the benchmark set of conditioning variables is the set that performs best for each of the five outcome variables . * * < u > Table 13 . Forecast Accuracy among Placebo Firms < / u > * * | | RMSPE for p < br > | lacebo firms < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | 95 % CI for population | | * * ( * * < br > | * * log ) Median Clear * * < br > | * * ance Time * * < br > | medianof forecast error < br > | | Benchmark | 0 . 356 | 0 . 629 | ( - 0 . 008 , 0 . 062 ) | | Matchallpre-treatment outcomes | 0 . 271 | 0 . 631 | ( 0 . 002 , 0 . 080 ) | | Match average pre-treatment < br > outcomes | 0 . 420 | 0 . 651 | ( - 0 . 028 , 0 . 017 ) | | * * ( log ) * * < br > | * * Clearance time - 7 * * < br > | * * 5 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * percentile * * < br > | | | Benchmark | 0 . 405 | 0 . 740 | ( - 0 . 049 , 0 . 068 ) | | Matchallpre-treatment outcomes | 0 . 291 | 0 . 772 | ( - 0 . 040 , 0 . 073 ) | | Match average < br > pre-treatment outcomes | 0 . 485 | 0 . 793 | ( - 0 . 137 , - 0 . 026 ) | | * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exports will need to skew more towards high value-added sectors , and this may require policy measures to strengthen particular features of the legal and governance framework in addition to more financial sector development . The analysis in this paper contributes to the FSD and governance policy reform discussion . The next sections are organized as follows . Section 2 benchmarks trade dynamics and two areas of MENA ’ s business environment focused in this study , financial sector development and governance . Sections 3 and 4 discuss the estimation strategy and data employed . Results are discussed in Section 5 , and Section 6 concludes . # * * 2 . EXPORTS , FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNANCE IN MENA * * # * * 2 . 1 . EXPORT DYNAMICS * * MENA ’ s export-to-GDP ratio outpaced the world average until the mid-1970s , subsequently took a downward turn and has continued to decline since then . By 2008 , only 1 . 8 percent of global exports originated from MENA . Empirical studies repeatedly find that exporters in the MENA region export at rates below their potential . Behar and Freund ( 2011 ) find the MENA region undertraded by 60-70 percent in the 2000s . Bhattacharya and Wolde ( 2010 ) estimate MENA export levels are 86 percent lower than expected given the characteristics of their economies . Iqbal and Nabli ( 2007 ) find that non-oil exports in MENA are only one-third of their expected levels based on country characteristics . Between 2005 and 2010 , MENA countries exhibited lower mean exporter size , and exported fewer products and to fewer destinations than other countries < sup > 11 < / sup > ( World Bank ’ s Export Dynamics Database ( EDD ) ) . Using data from the EDD for the 2005-2010 period , summary statistics corroborate previous empirical studies showing that MENA countries export less and are less diversified than comparable countries in the rest of the world . < sup > 12 < / sup > Table 1 summarizes the sample statistics for 6 MENA countries and 26 non-MENA countries . The principal differences in export dynamics between these MENA and non-MENA countries lie in the number of exporters and the value of exports", "spans": [{"start": 1650, "end": 1674, "text": "Export Dynamics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1693, "end": 1710, "text": "data from the EDD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SEDLAC ( 2022 ) Note : World Bank Analytical Classifications using data for 2017 . Results were obtained using 38 synthetic panels built with available surveys within + / - 2 years circa 2017 and 100 bootstrap repetitions . # Robustness check : Increasing the time span When estimating the International Poverty Lines , Jolliffe et al . ( 2020 ) select for each country one survey that was conducted in 2017 or the closest year . The proposed analysis in this paper followed the same principle by choosing a two-year interval around 2017 ( i . e . , 2015 and 2019 ) for LAC countries to capture their income and poverty dynamics . < sup > 14 < / sup > However , expanding the time span - including more rounds - might increase the statistical support by embracing changes that are not necessarily assigned to a specific period . To check the robustness of both thresholds , new two-year synthetic panel rounds were constructed for the 2010 – 2015 interval . Figure 3 shows that when using more than 90 synthetic panels ( 2010-2019 ) , variations in bounds estimates are not significant : the median lower-middle class line > 14 Lopez-Calva & Ortiz-Juarez ( 2014 ) exploit the longitudinal data for 3 or 4-year intervals : Chile ( 2001-2006 ) , Mexico ( 20022005 ) , and Peru ( 2002-2006 ) . 13", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 6, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 67, "end": 80, "text": "data for 2017", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ Over the past decade , UNHCR has devoted considerable time and resources to the collection of statistical data on large refugee populations . The results of such efforts , however , have often proved to be inaccurate and inconsistent . In many countries , host government figures differ widely from UNHCR ’ s own statistics and estimates . There is confusion both within and outside of UNHCR about the various categories of people who can be considered and counted as refugees … Some UNHCR staff … see no value in risking a confrontation with the host government authorities and prefer to restate unvalidated official data in their own reports . ” < sup > 35 < / sup > Since those words were written , several initiatives have been taken to professionalize ( perhaps a more useful word than depoliticize ) the statistical function within UNHCR . First , 1993 witnessed the recruitment of the agency ’ s first professional statistician , an expert in population and migration statistics with previous UN experience . The post has since been upgraded to the title of Senior Statistician and has been given ‘ specialist ’ status , allowing the staff member concerned to remain in post in Geneva - an arrangement which , according to the incumbent , provides the function with a valuable degree of authority and independence . Second , since 1994 , UNHCR has published an annual statistical overview of ‘ refugees and others of concern to UNHCR ’ . As well as an introductory essay which discusses concepts , definitions , sources and major trends , the review provides an increasingly broad and detailed set of statistical tables , including a number on the demographic structure of refugee populations . Thus in 1994 , the review consisted of 32 pages and included 15 tables . By 1998 , the publication had grown to 104 pages and included 32 tables . As well as being widely distributed in hard copy , these tables are available on the UNHCR website and the _Refworld_ CD-Rom . The annual statistical review also forms the basis of all the figures which appear in UNHCR publications such as _Refugees_ magazine", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 112, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ make money from the forest plantation in a shorter period of time due to the low level of industrialization in the country . Consequently , measures will be put in place to access other secure sources of cash that one can draw upon . It is also envisaged that liquidity risk will slowly be overcome as the market for thinnings at age 4 and 7 develops and policy a framework that supports innovative market arrangements to overcome this risk are put in place . Examples of the latter might include legislation to support the forward sales of future cutting rights , or even the development of futures markets for roundwood and forest products including investment in value addition in wood waste including young thinnings and branches as is the case in developed countries . # # # # # * * 9 . 5 . 2 . Market risk * * Market risk refers mainly to the risk that future prices , costs and market conditions will vary from those assumed when the initial financial appraisal of the forest plantation project was prepared . This includes the more obvious risk that the prices of outputs ( i . e . roundwood ) or inputs ( e . g . tools , machinery and labour ) may change . However , it also includes the risk that market factors may change ( interest rates ; exchange rates ; and market size ) . Markets can collapse due to the failure of one or a number of potential buyers . Also the markets for a particular type of roundwood may shrink due to changes in product specifications , manufacturing technology or competing products Due to the long time-horizon involved in this forest plantation project , it is quite likely that costs and prices will change during the rotation and that this might have a significant effect on profitability . Therefore , the risk associated with each cost and price figure has been evaluated by calculating the variability ( i . e . variance ) of each cost or price based on historical data . # # # # # * * 9 . 5 . 3 . Political", "spans": [{"start": 1945, "end": 1960, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* _85_ * * | * * _28_ * * | * * _7_ * * | * * _12_ * * | * * _9_ * * | * * _1_ * * | * * _4_ * * | * * _24_ * * | | Market functioning | 65 | 23 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 12 | | Non-bank financial institutions | 50 | 26 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 5 | | Public debt management | 28 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 9 | | * * Liquidity and funding * * | * * _143_ * * | * * _36_ * * | * * _13_ * * | * * _18_ * * | * * _22_ * * | * * _7_ * * | * * _8_ * * | * * _39_ * * | | Liquidity support | 125 | 33 | 12 | 13 | 20 | 5 | 8 | 34 | | Easing of policy rates | 106 | 25 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 5 | 5 | 26 | | Assetpurchases | 30 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 | | * * Payments Systems * * | * * _90_ * * | * * _21_ * * | * * _6_ * * | * * _10_ * * | * * _12_ * * | * * _7_ * * | * * _6_ * * | * * _28_ * * | | Digital payments | 82 | 17 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 26 | | Relaxation of compliance requirements | 17 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 9 | | Cash / Cheque usage restrictions | 14 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | | Cash acceptance | 15 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Source : World Bank COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database . Note : World Bank regional", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1107, "text": "COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "girls to younger boys are more likely to reflect financial considerations , as liquidity-constrained households with older girls would gain relief earlier . We expect spillovers for nonfinancial reasons to be stronger when girls are younger , as parents would prefer older boys to accompany younger girls to school . Unfortunately , the exam records do not identify which students belong to the same household , preventing us from testing these hypotheses using the same outcomes already considered . However , the Gambian Integrated Household Survey data allow us to explore the enrollment response using a richer set of individual and household characteristics . We use the 1992 , 1998 , 2003 , and 2010 waves of the survey , limiting the sample to secondary school-aged boys ( 13 – 18 ) in regions 2 – 6 . The data record all household members , allowing us to observe if boys live in the same household as scholarshipeligible girls ( though we cannot distinguish siblings from other types of connections ) . We run a series of linear probability models in which the outcome is an indicator for enrollment . Note that this outcome differs from others previously considered , because the sample is all boys in the age group , whereas previously our sample was Grade 12 boys taking the exit exam . In table 7 , column ( 1 ) , we find no statistically significant effect of the program on boys ’ enrollment . The finding is consistent with Gajigo ( 2014 ) , who found no increase in the boys ’ enrollment rate in response to the program . 20", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 349, "text": "exam records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 515, "end": 555, "text": "Gambian Integrated Household Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 4 : Earnings by age group and gender : 2000-2015 . Restricted to workers with < br > college . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Males B . Females < br > Year - Quarter Year - Quarter < br > 23-30 31-40 23-30 31-40 < br > 41-50 51 + 41-50 51 + < br > 20000 20000 < br > 16000 16000 < br > Monthly Labor Earnings 12000 Monthly Labor Earnings 12000 < br > 8000 8000 < br > 2000q2 2001q2 2002q2 2003q2 2004q2 2005q2 2006q2 2007q2 2008q2 2009q2 2010q2 2011q2 2012q2 2013q2 2014q2 2015q2 2000q2 2001q2 2002q2 2003q2 2004q2 2005q2 2006q2 2007q2 2008q2 2009q2 2010q2 2011q2 2012q2 2013q2 2014q2 2015q2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys from 2000 to 2015 . Earnings are in constant Mexican Pesos 2014 : 1 . Earnings refer to ful-ltime workers ( at least 30 weekly hours of work ) with a valid wage . Includes workers with college education : salaried , self-employment and owners . Earnings below and above the 1 and 99 percentile ( within gender and education group ) are dropped . Lines are smoothed by a moving average with a 0 . 4 weight to the current observation and 0 . 3 to the previous and post observation . As discussed , if a degraded tertiary effect is taking place , we would expect that inequality among younger workers would increase more ( or decrease less ) than for workers of other age groups . However , as shown in Figure 5 , wage inequality among the younger age group declined . There is no clear difference in the pattern of inequality change among workers of different ages ( whether males or females ) . Figure 5 shows a decline in inequality for all workers , including college-educated older workers . Skill-obsolescence ( or lower relative demand for older workers in recent cohorts ) might imply that high-wage college-educated older workers are earning a lower wage and", "spans": [{"start": 763, "end": 792, "text": "quarterly Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") ot groundwatei development . * * I * * lie contract was signed and art inception , final and baseline reports were submitted . - * RoIl out of Water Information System in Victoria , Upper Nile , Albert and Kyoga WMZ ( i . e . WIS-Phase-2 ) . The ccontract was signed and all equipment supplied . Installation is Undergoing , I - ProcLremnCot of Teical eq potipment for Regional Laborato ries as : Lot * * 1 : * * Laboratory Analytical EqiPIment iii0 2 : * * 1 * * abutatory processing , containment and storage equipment . * * Lot3 * * Field E i quipient . Lot 4 : Laboratoty apparatus and glassware . * * All * * equipment were delis _Crud_ anitd are ilder installatiot . - Nyamwamiba Emergency Catchmuient imeasures - * * All * * the contracts were signed and implementation is * * 80 % * * physical progress . - Nvarmwamiba limergency works niaintenance - The contract was signed and iml . ple 1tation is * * 60 % * * lpyo , i * * l * * progress . - * * 5 . * * Liaison * * - * * Coordination and * * Ipl 1 * * CreMItation SLippotl . * Coordination * * of * * Project Activities . Meetings were conducted and full participation in SuLIpport missions held . - Project Financial Mainagement alrngeeiits Project annual budgets prepared , quarterly and annual financial reports sseie all epari ed that were timely , reliable and accurate . * * I * * 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ principles and procedures utilized by this RP . During the development of an Addendum to the RP , the site for construction / implementation of certain subproject activities , size of land to be acquired , number and category of PAPs to be affected , and related aspects may not be known but apparently would come to the scene . EEP shall therefore be responsible to prepare a RP Addendum using the same principle and method of compensation consistent to the original RP . A census will be conducted , and a full inventory of losses shall be established to prepare such RP Addendum . The Addendum will not discuss all the key elements of a RP as such elements have already been discussed or addressed in the original RP prepared for the Subproject . The key objectives will be to provide mitigation measures in terms of compensation for structure and other assets at full replacement cost and other necessary assistance to ensure that PAPs are appropriately compensated and assisted for their losses . The Addendum , following the RP policies and principles , establishes the provisions for payment of resettlement assistance to affected households , farmlands , grazing places etc . and as deemed necessary , special assistance to vulnerable households and / or income restoration activities . It shall also need to present demographic profiles of the affected households and their socioeconomic characteristics , the implementation arrangements , consultation outcomes , implementation schedule and the estimated budget for implementation , established cut-off dates , etc . # # # # # # * * Minimum Elements of RP Addendum * * - The main objectives / purpose of the RP Addendum , - Description of the specific subproject activities entailing the expected land related impacts and identification of the Subproject area , - Identification of potential impacts , explaining why the selected land must be acquired for use within the timeframe of the Subproject , - Identification of subproject affected population , - The scope and", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 686, "text": "inventory of losses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "According to the World Food Programme , Afghanistan is among the world ’ s most vulnerable countries in terms of absorbing food and fuel price shocks ; such countries have consistently high levels of food insecurity , are heavily dependent on food and fuel imports , and have large populations of poor people who spend significant shares of their income on food ( Sanogo , 2009 ) . Also , mountainous terrain and poor infrastructure , coupled with weak governance , insecurity and corruption , have limited the government ’ s ability to manage its food distribution and supply networks . International prices of food commodities increased substantially in 2007 and rapidly in early 2008 , peaking around May-July 2008 . During this period , Afghanistan experienced several shocks that led to a disruption of its food supply network , causing prices to soar throughout the country . Due to drought and early snow melt , the 2008 wheat harvest of 1 . 5 million metric tons was the worst since the 2000 harvest ( Persaud , 2010 ) . ( The harvest period typically falls in the summer months : May-August . ) The price impact of the large shortfall in wheat production was magnified by export bans in Pakistan and rising international food prices . In February 2008 the Afghan government eliminated import tariffs on wheat and wheat flour ( tariffs had been set at 2 . 5 % ) , but due to export bans in Pakistan , Iran and Kazakhstan , there was little effect on prices . Between fall 2007 and summer 2008 , the prices of domestic wheat and wheat flour increased by over 100 % . Figure 1 displays the retail price ( Afghani per kilogram ) of wheat in four major markets from January 2006 to December 2009 . Total inflation was largely driven by the surge in food prices . Figure 2 presents the consumer price indices ( CPI ) for food and non-food items in urban areas from 2006 to 2008 constructed by the Government of Afghanistan . < sup > 19 < / sup > During the NRVA survey timeframe ( August 2007-September 2008 ) , the urban food CPI increased by nearly 60 % , while the nonfood CPI increased by only", "spans": [{"start": 1960, "end": 1971, "text": "NRVA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gumuz Regional State hosts refugees from neighboring countries in three woredas , Bambasi , Homosha and Mao and Komo , and five refugee camps , Wamba , Sherkole , Tsore , Tongo and Gureshombolla refugee camps . DRDIP-II will be implemented in four woredas ( Assosa zuria , Bambasi , Homosha , and Mao and Komo special woreda ) and 2 city administration ( Assosa City Administration and Bambasi City Administration ) and 77 kebeles of the region . Phase-I ( DRDIP-I ) was implemented in 3 woredas of the region , namely ; Bambasi , Homosha & Mao and Komo special woreda and benefited 32 beneficiary kebeles . # # # # * * Bambassi woreda * * Bambassi woreda is one of the 20 Woredas in the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State , part of the Asossa Zone . The Woreda is bordered by the Mao and Komo Special Woreda on the southwest , Asossa in the northwest , Oda Buldigilu in the northeast and by the Oromia Region in the southeast . The Dabus River is also originates from this Woreda . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA , a total population of this Woreda is 68 , 594 , of whom 34 , 796 are men and 33 , 798 are women ; 19 , 859 or 28 . 95 % of its population are urban dwellers and 48 , 735 ( 71 . 05 % ) are living in rural areas of the woreda . The majority of the inhabitants are Muslim , with 66 . 69 % of the population , while 29 . 26 % of the population followed the Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , and 3 . 83 % are Protestant . Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2007 , this Woreda has an estimated area of 2 , 210 . 16 square", "spans": [{"start": 994, "end": 1036, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1465, "end": 1508, "text": "figures from the Central Statistical Agency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", which have been prepared on the Cash Basis Method of Financial Reporting , using appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards . * * _The Principal Secretary , _ * * State Department for Industrialization and the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * _for_ * * _Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship Project ( KIEP ) , _ * * are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year / period ended June * * 30 , * * 2021 , and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The * * _Principal Secretary , _ * * State Department for Industrialization and the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * _for_ * * _Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship Project ( KIEP ) , _ * * further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation * * of * * the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . * * _The Principal Secretary_ * * for Industrialization and the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * _for_ * * _Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship Project ( KIEP ) , _ * * confirm that the Project has complied * * fully * * with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . * * xix * *", "spans": [{"start": 851, "end": 869, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "documents . < / mark > < mark > An appraisal visit consisting of Community conservation Warden o < / mark > r Chief Warden of BINP and District community Development Officer , Natural Resources officer of Kisoro District will be conducted to the < mark > applicants to appraise proposed applicants and other information provided in the application form , among others . < / mark > # # # * * 3 . 8 Monitoring and evaluation requirements * * The implementation of this VMGP shall be in accordance with the overall M & E Framework for the IFPA-CD project . The MWE has the overall responsibility for coordinating M & E and ensuring that data and information are produced on time and of the necessary quality . Monitoring data will be collected at field and agency level by UWA and DLGs , and User Departments and forwarded to UWA and the Project Coordinating Unit ( PCU ) 24", "spans": [{"start": 707, "end": 722, "text": "Monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 1 . Preparatory activities * * are foundational to the plan . In early 2025 , the return strategy was formally introduced through socialization and dialogue processes , with a focus on aligning national actors , particularly the Ministry of Social Affairs ( MoSA ) , GSO , and Lebanese Armed Forces ( LAF ) with the Inter-Agency action plan . Technical committee meetings convened and have brought together humanitarian partners to clarify roles , responsibilities , and operating principles . As part of these preparations , targeted capacity-building activities are being planned to support local authorities , partners , and representatives of displaced Syrians in understanding the international protection principles of return and the rights-based foundations of the action plan . These training cover topics such as international protection standards , eligibility screening , civil documentation , and the facilitation of informed decision-making by displaced households . * * 2 . Community engagement and communication with affected populations * * are at the center of the return plan . Multiple modalities are being deployed to ensure that displaced Syrians have access to timely , accurate , and actionable information regarding conditions in Syria and the procedures for return . Regular surveys of RPIS are being conducted to track Syrians ’ intentions , decision-making factors , and evolving concerns . These are completed by participatory methods , including focus group discussions . A website and national hotline have been activated and dedicated for return , offering clarifications on return modalities . Meanwhile , partners and MoSA are working through community structures to disseminate verified information on services available in areas of return , and procedures for enrolment in return programs . MoSA will prioritize information dissemination among displaced persons in informal settlements . Messaging is > 3 Considered as preliminary and non-binding to the Lebanese Government , waiting for the outcome of the tripartite dialogue amongst Lebanese and Syrian authorities , in addition to discussions with the UNHCR . > 4 The five components are grounded in the protection framework outlined by UNHCR and implemented through an InterAgency approach coordinated by the Durable Solutions Working Group ( DSWG ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1319, "text": "surveys of RPIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-12-14 2020-12-19 2021-01-30 2021-03-01 2021-04-05 2021-10-02 < br > 2 . Purchase of AUTODESK Sof < br > tware , installation , testing , a < br > nd commissioning < br > KE-SDPW-220638-GO-RFB / Component D : Institutional S < br > Supply , Installation & Commissioning of a new integrated IDA / 67680 trengthening of Selected Transport and Related Institutio Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2021-03-08 2021-04-26 2021-03-13 2021-04-24 2021-05-24 2021-06-28 2021-12-25 < br > 60TB Network Storage Devic ns < br > e < br > KE-SDPW-216469-GO-RFB / < br > Purchase of AUTODESK Softw < br > are , installation , testing , andcommissioningLot 1 . - BIM 360 Project Management System - BIM 360 ( Design , Build & Cost - 500 , 10 IDA / 67680 Component D : Institutional Strengthening of Selected Transport and Related Institutions Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 Canceled 2021-03-08 2021-04-27 2021-03-13 2021-04-24 2021-05-24 2021-06-28 2021-12-25 < br > 0 & 50 Licenses respectively ) < br > Lot 2 . - 100No . Revit AEC Coll < br > ection Subscription Licenses < br > KE-SDOI-210268-GO-RFB / R < br > oads Division : Supply and delivery of : 4 No . idrims international roughness index ( IRI", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform , Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) # # * * ANNEX 3 : Closing the Gender Gap in Ethiopia ’ s Energy Sector * * 1 . < mark > GoE has a strong commitment to gender equality , which is rooted in the Ethiopian Constitution and national policies as well as in the signing of international and regional treaties and protocols on women ’ s rights . Article 35 of the Ethiopian Constitution clearly stipulates the rights of women and the Women ’ s Policy of Ethiopia reiterates the Government ’ s commitment to gender equality . The Ministry of Women and Social Affairs developed the National Gender Mainstreaming Guidelines in 2005 and urged all Government sector ' s commitment to ensure gender integration throughout the sectors planning and implementation process . Also , equitable participation of women in all sectors is one of the strategic pillars under the Ethiopian Ten Years Perspective Development Plan ( 2021 – 2030 ) . Though the legal and institutional arrangements are available , women and girls in Ethiopia continue to face discrimination throughout their life cycle . Persistent gender gaps are reflected in Ethiopia ’ s Human Development Index ( HDI ) by gender , which equaled 0 . 478 for women and 0 . 519 for men in 2021 ; the ratio of women ’ s to men ’ s HDI , the Gender Development Index ( GDI ) , was 0 . 921 , putting Ethiopia in the group of countries with the largest GDI gaps . < / mark > 2 . < mark > The successful mainstreaming of gender in the energy sector requires , among others , the removal of institutional and technical barriers so that staff members have a better attitude , skill , as well as commitment to mainstream gender and contribute toward the realization of the vision and commitment of the country regarding achieving gender-inclusive growth . EEP has supportive structural arrangements for gender equality programs and initiatives . Women and Social Affairs Departments ( WSADs ) with dedicated staff exist . In", "spans": [{"start": 1207, "end": 1230, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1357, "end": 1381, "text": "Gender Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( ii ) the condition for a positive optimal brain drain ( dm < sup > < u > dI < / u > < / sup > s < sup > > 0forms = 0 ) is < / sup > ( iii ) and the condition for an interior optimal brain drain ( dm < sup > < u > dI < / u > < / sup > s < sup > < 0forms = 1 ) is < / sup > In these conditions , variables zs , z0 and z1 are country-speci . . . c and their distribution can be computed using the Gaussian kernel density estimator . The ratio < sup > < u > � 2 < / u > < / sup > � 1 results from our estimation . Using the point estimates from our baseline regressions both in an unbalanced and balanced sample ( column ( 3 ) of tables 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 for the unbalanced sample , and columns ( 1 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 5 ) of table 5 for the balanced sample ) , we can simulate these three conditions . < sup > 25 < / sup > To save place and given that we are mostly interested in the . . . rst of these conditions , we do not present simulation results for the last two . < sup > 26 < / sup > Figures 2a to 2d show the kernel distribution of 11 � � mh < sup > � zsandverticallinesat < / sup > values of < sup > < u > � 2 < / u > the4indicators ( thicklinesfortheunbalancedsample ; thinlines < / sup > � 1 < sup > for < / sup > for the balanced sample ) . As can be seen from the . . . gures , the marginal e ¤ ect of the skilled emigration rate is positive for almost all of the countries ( the kernel distribution is completely to the left of the thresholds , except for CL in a balanced sample ) . < sup > 27 < / sup > However , when we calculate 90 percent con . . . dence intervals ( dashed", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 | | 4 . 4 | . 2 < br > The Socio-economic survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 | | 4 . 4 | . 3 < br > Data cleaning and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 | | 4 . 4 | . 4 < br > Computation of the assets register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 | ix", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assumes that it is possible to find a type and form of targeting that is perfect ( i . e . , no errors of inclusion or exclusion ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > We look at each of these policies separately and jointly because there are strong advocates for one or the other approach . In this case , we find that uptake rates among the poor are all significantly higher . Compared to the results in Table 5 ( with positive monthly charges and connection charges ) , the uptake rates increase by 19 ‐ 20 percentage points for poor connected households and by 39 ‐ 40 percentage points for poor unconnected households . Hence , large scale subsidization of the piped water service may have a positive impact on the poor gaining access to the service . Yet , despite the massive subsidization a still significant part of the poor population will still not be interested in making the switch from their current source to piped water , suggesting that subsidization can make a difference , but may not be sufficient to achieve universal coverage of piped water service . # * * 5 . Discussion and Conclusions * * In this paper , we present a case ‐ study from Sri Lanka , where we surveyed approximately 1 , 800 households in 2003 , to clarify concepts and offer an operational interpretation of how WTP surveys can be used to estimate coverage of piped water connections . WTP surveys can be used to gauge household demand for improved network water and sanitation services by presenting consumers with a contingent scenario in which they can obtain the described service . These surveys are particularly useful as policy analysis tools because behavioral data are typically not available to estimate parameters of demand for service such as improved supply of safe , reliable and sufficient water . In addition to solving the problem of missing ‘ behavioral data ’ , WTP surveys can contribute a valuable participatory element to the development planning process , and they provide an important type of ‘ field experiment ’ in which the analyst can mix control and realism in a practical way . > 10 We investigate the options for targeting through geography", "spans": [{"start": 1836, "end": 1851, "text": "behavioral data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1856, "end": 1867, "text": "WTP surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Borrowers were then sorted for each model specification according to two different criteria : ( A ) to determine the number of borrowers who would default at given acceptance rates ; and ( B ) to estimate the number of firms that would receive credit at a given default rate . Table 4A presents information on the percent of borrowers who would be expected to default at given approval rates for Argentina and Brazil . The exercise shows that for any target approval rate , a loan portfolio selected using the complete information model has a lower default rate than the one selected using only negative information . For example , in the case of Argentina , if one wanted to extend credit to 60 % of the sample population , then having access to positive information would reduce the default rate from 3 . 81 % to 2 . 98 % , a reduction of approximately 20 % on portfolio losses . In Table 4B the gains from using positive information in terms of increased access to credit is demonstrated , controlling for the riskiness of borrowers . In this ex-post exercise , borrowers again are sorted in order of increasing predicted default probability and the percentage of approved loan applications is computed once the portfolio default rate reaches the set target . In both cases , more borrowers gain access to credit for a given default rate when using the complete information model than in the case of only negative information . Taking the case of Brazil , if a target default rate of 3 % is desired , then the full model permits more than 82 % of the sample population to obtain credit whereas this figure is only 55 . 8 % for the negative only model – a difference of more than 30 % in terms of providing access to credit . # * * _Individual bank versus shared information_ * * Having established the importance of including both positive and negative information , we now turn to the more general issue : the value of sharing information . Using data from the Argentine PCR we estimate the following equation for individual financial institutions : # Pr . ( Deafult ) _i_ = αINDIVIDUAL _i_ + βSHARED _i_ +", "spans": [{"start": 1951, "end": 1978, "text": "data from the Argentine PCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "host countries rises by 10 percent . In fact , the extent of gravity in FDI is comparable to the extent of gravity in trade that has been found in the literature ( see , for example , Head and Mayer , 2013 ) . Yeaple ( 2003a ) extends earlier work by exploring an interaction between country and industry determinants of FDI and offers empirical support to both market access and comparative advantage motives . Specifically , he uses U . S . affiliate sales data in 39 countries and 50 manufacturing industries from the BEA Benchmark Survey of 1994 and finds that U . S . multinational firms from unskilledlabor intensive industries tend to invest in unskilled-labor abundant countries , a result consistent with the hypothesis that countries ' factor endowment differences lead to vertical FDI . Unlike in Brainard ( 1997 ) , the role of transportation cost is found to be negative and statistically insignificant , departing from the expected sign in the context of horizontal FDI . Irarrazabal , Moxnes and Opromolla ( 2013 ) exploit the source of gravity in FDI by introducing intrafirm trade into the framework of Helpman , Melitz and Yeaple ( 2004 ) and generating gravity relationships for both exports and multinational production . The model rationalizes gravity in FDI by assuming that the headquarters produce a firm-specific tangible or intangible input that is required for production in any location and trade in such input is subject to trade costs including transportation costs or tariffs in the case of physical inputs and cultural and geographic remoteness from the headquarters in the case of headquarters services . The results suggest that intra-firm trade appears to play a crucial role in shaping the geography of multinational production ; to justify the gravity observed , the affiliate ' s cost share related to input purchases from the headquarters must be about 90 percent . As suggested in the paper , this result may have captured other mechanisms that are dampening firms ' multinational production as trade costs increase , such as imperfect transmission of technology between parents and affiliates either because of imperfect codifiability as discussed in Keller and Yeaple ( 2013 ) or because of higher frictions in the match between firms and workers . Addressing", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 463, "text": "U . S . affiliate sales data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 521, "end": 541, "text": "BEA Benchmark Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Abstract * * We estimate the impact of global merchandise trade distortions and services regulations on agricultural value added in various countries . Using the latest versions of the GTAP database and the GTAP-AGR model of the global economy , our results suggest real net farm incomes would rise in developing countries with a move to free trade , thereby alleviating rural poverty – despite a terms of trade deterioration for developing countries that are net food importers or are enjoying preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries . We also show , for several large developing countries , the contribution of their own versus other countries ’ trade policies . # # * * JEL codes : C68 , D58 , F17 , Q17 * * * * Key words : * * Trade policy reform , CGE modeling , agricultural markets , economic welfare # # * * Contact author : * * Kym Anderson Development Research Group The World Bank Mailstop MC3-303 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 USA Phone + 1 202 473 3387 Fax + 1 202 522 1159 kanderson @ worldbank . org", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 204, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "iii ) < br > * * EMIS * * datafor < sup > primaryeducation published < / sup > < br > annuallyfrom * * 2016 * * < br > ( iv ) NASMLA < sup > forstandard < / sup > < sup > * * 3 * * pupilsconductedand < / sup > < br > disseminatedin * * 2015 * * < sup > and < / sup > < sup > * * 2018 * * < / sup > | | Other < br > important < br > background < br > informationof < sup > theproject < / sup > | The < br > project < br > has < br > completed < br > its < br > third < br > year < br > of < br > implementation | iii", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 21, "text": "EMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms active in this sector . We observe 4-digit NACE codes identifying the branch of the economy . Unfortunately , our data does not directly identify public-sector workers . However , official statistics indicate that only a small proportion of public employees fall into the category of minimum-wage earners . * * Nonetheless , employing the administrative tax datasets to examine employment and unemployment analysis encounters certain obstacles . * * Firstly , the data is primarily intended for administrative purposes , such as computing social security contributions and worker benefit eligibility , rather than designed for research purposes . Secondly , there is no registered unemployed in the data . It differs from the unemployment definition employed in administrative tax datasets , even if it exists . It diverges from the standard set by the International Labour Office ( ILO ) , as it does not contain the entire universe of unemployed ( only those registered ) , and tracking of the unemployed is limited to the period during which they receive benefits . In Romania , the unemployed do not pay labor income tax and thus are absent in our dataset . Therefore , our analysis focuses on formal employment stocks and flows rather than unemployment . * * We exclude missing values from our analysis , as there is insufficient information to impute these values accurately . * * The gross salary and working time information is missing or equal to zero for some workers . We cannot use such observations in our analysis , as the reasons for the missing variables are unknown . If there is a systemic bias in missing variables ( e . g . , gross salary information is often missing for low-income earners ) , our results may also be biased . The share of taxpayers included in the sample ( observations with non-missing information on working hours and gross wages ) varies between 72 % and 87 % . * * Our first task is to identify minimum wage workers in the tax administration data . * * We identify minimum wage earners based on the value of the gross wage . As discussed above , in January 2020 , three different minimum wage levels existed in Romania . We can directly identify construction", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 795, "text": "administrative tax datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1972, "end": 1995, "text": "tax administration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ . _ < br > _242 . 478_ | . < br > 9 . 270 | . < br > 33 . 351 | 1 . 311 . 834 | 155 . 006 | 700 . 116 | . < br > 71 . 537 | . < br > 2 . 533 . 139 | | Total África | 3 . 619 . 797 | 71 . 048 | 3 . 690 . 845 | _3 . 459 . 362_ | 656 . 817 | 96 . 855 | 9 . 557 . 127 | 1 . 541 . 468 | 721 . 418 | 650 . 379 | 16 . 914 . 909 | | Asia y Pacífico | 3 . 568 . 538 | 280 . 133 | 3 . 848 . 671 | _3 . 053 . 381_ | 116 . 910 | 18 . 345 | 2 . 731 . 090 | 174 . 901 | 1 . 509 . 696 | 282 . 217 | 8 . 681 . 830 | | Oriente Medio y Norte < br > de África | 2 . 898 . 533 | 65 . 413 | 2 . 963 . 946 | _2 . 538 . 420_ | 95 . 271 | 10 . 913 | 11 . 926 . 016 | 105 . 772 | 444 . 230 | 8 . 996 | 15 . 555 . 144 | | Europa | 3 . 089 . 398 | 18 . 181 | 3 . 107 . 579 | _1 . 634 . 736_ | 690 . 203 | 699 | 2 . 016 . 235 | 450 | 605 . 689 | 81 . 815 | 6 . 502 . 670 < br > * * . . . ⁄ . . . * * | ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014 * * 47 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "the region . Third , again due to cultural closeness , the nature of these variations is known across the region . < sup > 9 < / sup > * * Additional measures * * : We collected usual socio-economic and demographic information , including : age , gender , marital status and education . In addition , we collected data on selfreported risk preference and a short-form personality survey to ascertain GRIT among participants . Noting that a small number of participants did not answer all survey questions , we undertake a regression-based data interpolation process to complete the dataset . < sup > 10 < / sup > Table 1 : Partner Assignment and Sample Sizes by Treatment and Community Status | | | H | ost | | | Re | fugee | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | In | group | Ou | tgroup | Ing | roup | Out | group | | | T | C | T | C | T | C | T | C | | Outreach / Baseline | 219 | 48 | 203 | 48 | 147 | 72 | 147 | 49 | | Endline | 179 | 34 | 222 | 37 | 148 | 45 | 133 | 51 | We present summary statistics of demographic data and other covariates for the baseline ( Top ) and endline ( Bottom ) for Jordan in Table 2 and for Lebanon in Table 3 . # [ TABLES 2 AND 3 ABOUT HERE ] _Identification : _ The “ fuzzy ” , treatment intake is not random . As can be seen in Table 1 , there are some elements of attrition from the sample . The sample decreases by about 10 % from baseline to endline . We , therefore , first examine whether or not there is structure , both , to selection into the treatment group and attrition , which could undermine our econometric approach , where we rely on difference-in-difference estimators . Imbalance between treatment and control groups could undermine the", "spans": [{"start": 357, "end": 386, "text": "short-form personality survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1053, "end": 1069, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBYA , CASH & MARKETS WORKING GROUP Strategic Workshop Report , February 2018 # # * * CONTEXT * * # * * Shadow economy * * _ “ Libya has been in a state of turmoil since the overthrow of longtime leader Muammar Gadhafi in 2011 . Conditions deteriorated significantly after a power struggle between rival political factions escalated in the summer of 2014 . Civil , security , and social services have since collapsed in many parts of the country , as the power struggle between rival political forces increasingly cripples the ability of state institutions to respond to public needs . ” _ _Mercy Corps , Shadow Economy , April 2017 . _ _ “ Libya is experiencing an economic crisis , characterized by a drop in GDP , the drastic depreciation of the Libyan dinar , a severe liquidity shortage and rapid inflation . ( . . . ) the economy is undergoing a process of ‘ black-marketization ’ - a vicious cycle , in which the shadow economy both feeds on the liquidity crisis and exacerbates it . The importance of the shadow economy should not be underestimated : it is assumed that more than half of the money circulating in Libya moves within the informal sector . ” _ _Mercy Corps , Shadow Economy , April 2017 . _ With the risk of feeding directly or indirectly the shadow economy , Cash Based Programming present specific challenges in the Libyan context . * * Understanding these risks and establishing mitigation measures are paramount to ensuring responsible and ethical programing inline with the Do No Harm approach . * * An estimated 165 , 478 people remain internally displaced . 341 , 534 returnees were identified while 704 , 142 migrants were identified in January 2018 by the Displacement Tracking Matrix ( Round 17 ) of the International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) . # # # * * Presentation * * UNSMIL and Mercy Corps # # # * * Recommandation * * Creation of a Task force composed of World Bank / UNSMIL / OCHA to analyse and recommend on best practices to ensure that there", "spans": [{"start": 1688, "end": 1716, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A11 : Consumption patterns do not differ by treatment | | Pane | l A | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) < br > Luxury | ( 2 ) < br > Necessary | ( 3 ) < br > Total Cons . | | Work | 0 . 28 | 3 . 10 | 3 . 91 | | | ( 0 . 36 ) | ( 1 . 89 ) | ( 2 . 13 ) | | Cash | - 0 . 20 | 2 . 69 | 2 . 85 | | | ( 0 . 42 ) | ( 1 . 95 ) | ( 2 . 25 ) | | Shrp . q-val Work | 0 . 181 | 0 . 181 | 0 . 181 | | Test Work = Cash | 0 . 189 | 0 . 815 | 0 . 604 | | Shrp . q-val Work = Cash | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | | Mean in Control | 4 . 19 | 21 . 41 | 25 . 70 | | Observations | 726 | 726 | 726 | | | Pane | l B | | | | ( 1 ) < br > Savings | ( 2 ) < br > Borrowing | ( 3 ) < br > Lending | | Work | 2 . 47 | - 8 . 48 | 0 . 55 | | | ( 0 . 63 ) | ( 2 . 22 ) | ( 0 . 18 ) | | Cash | 1 . 64 | - 9 . 04 | 0 . 38 | | | ( 0 . 73 ) | ( 2 . 61 ) | ( 0 . 22 ) | | Shrp . q-val Work | 0 . 001 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 001 | | Test Work = Cash | 0 . 264 | 0 . 793 | 0 . 474 | | Shrp . q-val Work = Cash | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | | Mean in Control | 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 * * | * * 7 . 9 * * | * * 73 . 5 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * _Impact on Farmland and Livelihoods_ * * The construction of the proposed Chelenko-Haromaya power transmission line and associated 2 substation subprojects affects a total of 7 . 56 ha of farmland belonging to 176 smallholder farm households ( i . e . 129 HHs by tower pads and 47 by the construction of two new substation ( Haromaya & Chelenko ) . Out of total PAHs whose farmland is affected , two of the PAHs will lose their farmland both by substation and access road to respective substation sites . < mark > Total land impacted by the construction of the proposed subproject components is summarized below . < / mark > Table 0 . 3 : Summary of farmland Impacted by Subproject Components | * * Subproject Component * * | * * Farmland Impacted ( ha ) * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Chelenko Substation | 3 . 9350 | 52 . 1 | | Haromaya Substation | 3 . 1500 | 41 . 7 | | Tower | 0 . 4010 | 5 . 3 | | Access road | 0 . 0695 | 0 . 9 | | Total | 7 . 5555 | 100 . 0 | # # # # # # * * _Impact on Residential Land and Property_ * * The results of the property surveys along the Subproject route revealed that 155 residential houses and related structures will be affected by the Subproject components ( Tower pads , Page 17", "spans": [{"start": 1132, "end": 1148, "text": "property surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya GPE COVID - 19 Learning Continuity in Basic Education Project ( LCBEP , US $ 10 . 80 million , P174059 ) . > 13 World Bank , ( 2021 ) , Socioeconomic Impacts of COVID-19 in Kenya on Households Rapid Response Phone Survey Rounds 1 , 2 and 3 . Page 13 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 226, "text": "Rapid Response Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Coastal Development Project ( P094692 ) | | | | | * * Target * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Revenue generation to GOK | Amount ( USD ) | 0 . 68 | 1 . 00 | 3 . 18 | 4 . 09 | | from near shore and EEZ < br > fisheries | | 01-Jun-2011 | 01-Jun-2011 | 05-Oct-2015 | 30-Jun-2017 | * * Comments ( achievements against targets ) : * * Target achieved ( 129 % ) : US $ 4 . 09 million in revenue has been generated from near shore and EEZ fisheries through licensing of foreign fishing vessels , fishermen licenses , fishing registration , fish processing licenses , aquarium dealer licenses and inshore water revenue collection , which exceeds the target of US $ 3 . 19 million . Frame survey information was used to enhance the licensing of vessels used in in-shore areas . Enforcement patrols and sensitization were also carried out contributing to increase in revenue generation . The data was collected annually . | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Original Target * * | * * Formally Revised * * < br > * * Target * * | * * Actual Achieved at * * < br > * * Completion * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of coastal households < br > with annual earnings of US $ 50 < br > or more from commercial NRM < br > activities supported by the < br > project | Number | 0 . 00 < br > 05-Oct-2015 | 1000", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 754, "text": "Frame survey information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > | * * o . 6 * * < br > | 781 < br > | 1 , 184 | 13 . 2 | | 1992 < br > | 2 , 729 < br > | 4 , 053 < br > | 13 . 4 < br > | 54 < br > | 1 , 482 < br > | 0 . 6 < br > | 823 < br > | 1 , 259 | 13 . 1 | | 1993 < br > | 2 , 815 < br > | 4 , 252 < br > | 13 . 2 < br > | 54 < br > | 1 , 554 | 0 . 6 | 862 | 1 , 320 | 13 . 1 | | 1994 < br > | 2 , 926 < br > | 4 , 463 | 13 . 0 | 55 | 1 , 612 | 0 . 6 | 910 | 1 , 398 | 13 . 0 | | 1995 < br > | 3 , 054 < br > | 4 , 699 < br > | 12 . 8 < br > | 56 < br > | 1 , 692 < br > | o . 6 | 964 | 1 , 484 | 13 . 0 | | 1996 < br > | 3 , 254 < br > | 4 , 935 < br > | 13 . 0 < br > | 57 < br > | 1 , 766 < br > | 0 . 6 < br > | 1 , 025 < br > | 1 , 571 < br > | 13 . 0 < br > | | 1997 | 3 , 254 | 5 , 184 | 12 . 4 | 57 | 1 , 855 | o . 6 | 1 , 025 | 1 , 651 | 12 . 4 | Source : Feasibility Study and Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 812, "end": 851, "text": "Feasibility Study and Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": "Productive and Resilient Intermediate Cities ( P169332 ) # * * The World Bank * * | * * Development * * < br > * * Partner * * | * * Project * * | * * Budget * * | * * Period * * | * * Scope / Activities * * | * * Geographic Coverage * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | ‘ El Beledi-El Khazen ’ which is a joint system between the DGCT < br > and the DGTCP ( Treasury ) | | | | | | | Development and piloting of the El Mouhassil software for < br > collecting municipal taxes in the municipality of Sebkha : < br > • < br > Digitalized census of taxpayers < br > • < br > Software development and installation < br > • < br > Equipment and trainingof communal agents | Sebkha | | | | | | Capacity building and other support tools of the DGCT : < br > • < br > Elaboration of textbooks , guides , and manuals < br > • < br > Website < br > • < br > Development of a strategicplan for 2020 – 2023 | DGCT | | | | | | As part of the new Agenda 2030 component : < br > • < br > Development of participatory budgets ( 5 pilot < br > municipalities ) < br > • < br > Development of a Regional Strategy for Accelerated < br > Growth and Shared Prosperity ( SCRAPP ) in Brakna < br > region and in Tagant region < br > • < br > Development of a monitoring system for the SCAPP < br > and Agenda 2030 < br > • < br > Raising awareness and local understanding of SDGs < br > takinginto account the local context | Agenda 2030 | | |", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 584, "text": "Digitalized census of taxpayers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Improving the quality of education is one of today ’ s main challenges to policy makers in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world . Despite the fact that Indonesia doubled real spending on education in the last decade < sup > 1 < / sup > , the quality of instruction , as measured through international student comparisons like PISA and TIMSS , has not ( or not much ) improved . PISA researchers conclude for example that half of Indonesia ’ s 15-year-olds do not have “ a basic level of proficiency , at which students begin to demonstrate the reading literacy competencies that will enable them to participate effectively and productively in life [ p50 . in OECD ( 2010 ) ] . ” < sup > 2 < / sup > This suggests that many teachers and schools fail to prepare the next generation for an ever-more demanding global labor market . This paper presents two empirical results for Indonesia that potentially also apply to the broader developing world . First , section ( 2 ) shows that subject-matter knowledge of primary school teachers in Indonesia is arguably low on average , and most likely a binding constraint to learning in many Indonesian primary schools . Second , section ( 4 ) presents evidence that increases in teachers ’ subject-matter knowledge can help increase student-learning outcomes . The inference is based on three types of value-added regressions : a standard model in levels , a school fixed-effects model , and a flexible student-teacher fixed-effects model . The latter estimates the parameters of a value-added model , only using variation within each student-teacher pair across the three different subjects – mathematics , science and Indonesian language . The student-teacher fixed-effects model attempts to address important threats to conventional value-added models in levels . The fixed-effects results , for example , would be insensitive to situations in which intrinsically more able students students are matched to better schools or teachers . Moreover , models in levels are incapable of separating out a teacher ’ s subjectmatter knowledge from other ( unobserved ) teacher attributes , such as motivation , general intelligence , etc . The idea of looking at within-student variations across different subjects is", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 418, "text": "PISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", cocoa , spices ( SITC 07 ) . The respondents are also asked to identify the likely port of loading ( Djankov et al . , 2010 ) . Therefore , the variation in transport costs across products , routes , or firms is rather limited ( Blonigen and Wilson , 2018 ) . The advantage of these data is that it allows for a comparison across many countries and some variation over time in the cost of a container and provides a more accurate measure of transport costs than , for example , the previously discussed c . i . f over f . o . b ratio or physical distance . Finally , some studies use more focused data . For example , Simonovska ( 2015 ) used the DHL shipping rates , Limao and Venables ( 2001 ) used shipping rate quotes for a standard 20-container from > 18The survey has been recently discontinued . See WB Statement for more details . 20", "spans": [{"start": 649, "end": 667, "text": "DHL shipping rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using equal weights . We call “ objective ” the indices that are constructed using the joint distributions of outcomes . Objective indices first aggregate across dimensions at the individual level to ˆ generate an individual index u ( di ) . Then , the individual indices are aggregated across individuals , typically by averaging them . This is for instance the case of the two main global multidimensional poverty indices : the global MPI of UNDP-OPHI and the World Bank ’ s MPM , both defined in Appendix 6 . 1 . These indices generate their individual indices uˆ ( di ) following the Alkire-Foster aggregation methodology ( Alkire and Foster , 2011a ) . This methodology makes a weighted sum of dichotomous deprivation statuses in a number of dimension-specific variables ( see Section 3 . 2 ) . From a conceptual perspective , objective indices are more appealing than synthetic indices because the former account for well-being inequalities across individuals ( Fleurbaey , 2009 ) . Synthetic indices ignore that some individuals cumulate low achievements in several dimensions . Moreover , synthetic indices do not generate an individual index uˆ ( di ) and can therefore not be used for inter-personal well-being comparisons . However , synthetic indices can be computed even when the joint distribution is missing . Consider then the columns in Table 1 . In absence of data on preference u , the typical practice consists in using ad-hoc methods to set weights , like the popular “ equal-weights ” procedure . < sup > 12 < / sup > The risk when resorting to this ad-hoc procedure is to select weights that are not plausible , which casts doubt on the added-value of the multi-dimensional indicator ( Ravallion , 2012 ) . Going beyond ad-hoc methods may help increase the confidence in well-being comparisons obtained from multidimensional indicators . This requires selecting the values of weights from some empirical source , like dedicated preference-elicitation surveys ( willingness-to-pay , stated preferences , etc . ) , subjective well-being data or external sources in the literature . For instance , the dimension-specific statistics feeding synthetic indices are sometimes aggregated using a parametric utility function . Its parameters can be calibrated using empirical values taken from specialized literatures . For the", "spans": [{"start": 1951, "end": 1981, "text": "preference-elicitation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2036, "end": 2062, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information provided by the MoAIWD in response to the annual FAOSTAT questionnaire . If true , the increase in the national cassava yield from 14 , 300 kg / ha in 2005 to 22 , 504 kg / ha in 2014 , as well as the parallel surge in the harvested area from 153 , 687 hectares to 222 , 750 hectares during the same period would be remarkable . P8F < sup > 9 < / sup > However , given the lack of immediately-accessible documentation on the generation of the APES and FAOSTAT estimates ( and disregarding for now the discrepancies between them ) , it is not clear whether these yields capture potential , attainable , economic or actual yields , as defined later in section 3 . 4 . # * * 3 . Data * * To investigate the relative accuracy and cost-effectiveness of a range of survey methods vis-à-vis their gold standard counterparts in the areas of cassava production and productivity measurement , as well as cassava variety identification , the Malawi National Statistical Office ( NSO ) , in collaboration with the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) and the CGIAR Standing Panel on Impact Assessment ( SPIA ) , implemented a randomized household survey > 7 A third source is the Integrated Household Survey ( IHS ) , which is conducted by the National Statistical Office ( NSO ) . Previous rounds of the IHS that could be used for computing national estimates of cassava production and yield are 2004 / 05 ( IHS2 ) , 2010 / 11 ( IHS3 ) , and 2016 / 17 ( IHS4 ) . > 8 The time series information on cassava production and yield was not available on the MoAIWD website at the time this paper first appeared online . > 9 The available statistics in fact date back to 1964 , supportive of the upward trend observed for the 2005-2014 period . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1198, "end": 1225, "text": "Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– originally consisting of 434 , 253 individuals , which then decline to 308 , 625 valid observations . Our selection rules include individuals aged 25-80 with a positive disposable income , harmonized according to the LIS procedure ( variable DPI ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > Incomes are converted to constant prices using the national consumer price index . Parental education is typically a categorical variable recording the highest educational attainment in the parental couple . In order to estimate a unique coefficient associated to the intergenerational transmission of education , we have converted them into years of education . < sup > 8 < / sup > Descriptive statistics at survey / country disaggregation are reported in tables 1 to 5 in the Appendix . Using these data , total inequality , absolute inequality of opportunity ( namely inequality computed over incomes predicted according to circumstances ) and relative inequality of opportunity ( see equation ( 13 ) ) have been estimated for each country and for each survey / year . These measures are reported in tables 6 to 10 , including two indicators of inequality ( standard deviation of logs and mean > 7 To avoid negative values associated to logs , we have excluded all individuals with yearly incomes below 10 . Data for the United Kingdom were rather volatile with respect to top incomes : in order to avoid confounding factors associated to differences in sampling procedures , we have trimmed them excluding incomes exceeding the 99 . 5 centile . > 8 In the Italian file , recoding implies the following conversion : [ 1 ] illiterate = 0 years ; [ 2 ] primary = 5 years ; [ 3 ] lower secondary = 8 years ; [ 4 ] upper secondary = 13 ; [ 5 ] tertiary = 18 . In the German file , recoding implies the following conversion : [ 1 ] school not attended = 0 years ; [ 2 ] no school degree = 4 ; [ 3 ] Secondary General School ( _Hauptschule_ ) = 9 years ; [ 4 ] Intermediate School ( _Realschule_ ) = 10 years ; [ 5 ] Technical High School ( _Fachoberschule_ ) = 12 years ; [ 6", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 352, "text": "national consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * A number of important policy and research issues concern the relationships of banks with nonfinancial firms . Theory suggests that such relationships may play key roles in resolving information problems and mitigating financial market imperfections more generally , and empirical analysis has shown important benefits from strong banking relationships . Much of the research focus is on the nature of relationships formed by different types of banks and on the rationale for multiple banking relationships . To our knowledge , however , existing studies of relationship forms and multiple relationships have not directly addressed the potentially important role of bank ownership types – foreign , state-owned , and private domestic banks . In addition , very few of the empirical relationship studies are applied to data on developing nations , where relationships may be particularly important because of financial system inadequacies . This paper directly addresses these under-researched issues by formulating hypotheses about the effects of bank ownership type on relationships and testing these hypotheses using data from India , one of the largest and most important developing nations . In particular , we test for patterns in firms ’ main banking relationships across ownership types , and investigate the impact of bank ownership type on the number of banking relationships and the likelihood that firms diversify across ownership types . The hypotheses are based on the extant theory and knowledge about the effects of bank ownership type on bank-firm relationships . Theory suggests a number of reasons why ownership type might affect relationships . Information-based theories of banking relationships ( e . g . , Stein 2002 ) suggest that foreign banks – by virtue of their inability to process “ soft ” information about opaque local firms and market conditions – may be more likely to use their advantages in “ hard ” information and serve as the main relationship bank for transparent firms . In contrast , state-owned banks often have direct mandates to serve certain types of businesses , such as small firms with limited access to private-sector credit , stateowned firms , firms in rural areas , or those in “ priority sectors . ” Other research emphasizes that multiple banking relationships might be a consequence of firms ’ need to", "spans": [{"start": 1145, "end": 1160, "text": "data from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 383 * * # # # # # # * * Buiagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 the order of 45 dBLAeq , corresponding to an internal level of about 35 dBLAeq at the ear of the sleeper . These desirable long-term levels are reflected in the NEMA ( 1997c ) draft standard for the Control of Noise Pollution in relation to general environmental noise and in the WBG ' s General Environmental Guidelines ( World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook ) . While the WBG guidelines do not provide guidelines for noise during construction , the Ugandan noise standards do include maximum permitted general construction noise levels for residential buildings . The recommended facade noise levels are 75 dBLAeq during the day ( 0600-2200 ) and 65 dBLAeq at night ( 2200-0600 h ) . Information contained in Chapters 8 and 9 of Knight Piesold ( 1998b ) was used as the basis for the construction noise predictions . Plant and machinery schedules were ascribed to each activity and typical sound power levels extracted from British Standard 5228 or from manufacturers ' data . Typical equipment includes concrete batchers , concrete pumps , poker vibrators , rock crusher , excavators , dozers , tracked loaders , dump trucks and cranes . Based on this information , typical construction noise levels , and their variations through the construction period , have been predicted at five representative locations in the vicinity of the embankment works . The five sample locations are shown on Figure 3 . 4 and described below : - A . Scattered properties in Namizi , on the east ( right ) bank of the river , about 830 m from the powerhouse . - B . Scattered properties in Kikubamutwe , on the west ( left ) bank of the river , about 550 m from the powerhouse . - C . Scattered properties in Malindi , on the west ( left ) bank of the river , about", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1144, "text": "manufacturers ' data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "likelihood of having been affected by the violence . There may also be unobserved household and individual characteristics which are correlated both with the conflict and the outcome variables . < sup > 15 < / sup > This may potentially lead to biases in the analysis , which are typically corrected through instrumental variable estimation techniques . The economics literature on violent conflict usually employs geographical correlates of violence at a suitable level of analysis ( village or district ) as instruments for self-reported conflict information . Unfortunately , the codes for sampled villages and districts in Timor Leste were not disclosed in the 2001 TLSS , and we are unable to employ this strategy in the analysis . We only have suitable information at the area level . As Timor Leste is divided into only five areas , the IV estimator is not reliable at that level . However , we are able to make use of the DID estimation > 14 Employment characteristics are collected only on individuals of 10 years or older . > 15 One of the most common omitted variables in empirical research on the impact of violent conflict is the level of support of households for armed groups ( see Wood 2003 , Petersen 2001 ) . Another common omitted variable is the level of control of different armed factions ( Kalyvas 2006 ) . In the case of Timor Leste , the level of control of FRETILIN and the Indonesian troops is likely to vary with the geographical characteristics of each area , as well as their proximity to West Timor . 18", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 674, "text": "2001 TLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Education Spillovers in Farm Productivity : Revisiting the Evidence * * # # * * Véronique Gille * * * * JEL Classification : * * D13 , I25 , O12 , Q12 * * Keywords : * * education externalities , rural India , farm productivity , caste # # # * * 1 . Introduction * * This paper investigates the question of social returns to education by studying the existence and the magnitude of education externalities in agriculture in rural India . Quantifying education externalities is key to the design and the evaluation of schooling systems and education policies : if social returns of education are higher than private ones , schools should be publicly financed or students subsidized such that individual investments in education become socially optimal . It is of particular relevance in India , where the number of private schools has soared in the last 10 years . The percentage of 6-to-14-year-old children enrolled in private schools almost doubled between 2005 and 2014 , going from 16 . 3 percent to 30 . 8 percent . < sup > 1 < / sup > Understanding the importance of education externalities helps the evaluation of the longterm consequences of these structural changes in the schooling system . The focus of this paper on agriculture in rural areas is motivated by the fact that 70 percent of the population of India lives in rural Véronique Gille is a research fellow at Développement , Institutions et Mondialisation ( DIAL ) , Laboratoire d ’ économie de Dauphine ( LEDa ) , Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) , Université Paris-Dauphine , Université PSL , 75016 Paris , France ; her e-mail address is gille @ dial . prd . fr . The author thanks the editor and three anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions , which have considerably improved the paper and Flore Gubert and Kaivan Munshi for insightful discussions . The author also thanks Andrew Foster for providing the data . > 1 Annual Status of Education Report ( 2005 , 2014 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1928, "end": 1961, "text": "Annual Status of Education Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Mana | 14 | 26 . 4 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 23 . 0 | | * * All * * | * * 53 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 8 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 61 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 86 . 9 * * | | * * 13 . 1 * * | | | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ The census survey further revealed that 91 residential houses and related structures are owned by 53 households , and these would be affected by tower pads and RoW . Among affected structures , 52 are main residential houses , 16 kitchens , 5 toilets , 3 grain stores , 9 animal sheds , 6 fences of different sizes and types will be affected by the tower and RoW ( See table 7 . 5 ) . During the census survey , it is confirmed that PAPs will be able to rebuild the lost structures in the remaining land . Page 84", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 299, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 339, "end": 352, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 731, "end": 744, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consider the difference of 54 yuan in village subsidies , aid and fund between cadre and non-cadre households to be the average compensation and subsidies for being a cadre from village coffers . Moreover , and again as we discussed above , the other part of compensation and subsidies for being a cadre is included among transfers from the government . Then , we also consider the difference of eight Yuan in the transfer from government between cadre and non-cadre households as the compensation and subsidies for being a cadre from government treasury . Taking these results together , we infer that , on a per capita basis , cadre households earn about 62 yuan of compensation and subsidies for being a cadre . Taking account of the average family size of five for cadre households in our sample , this means that the average cadre wage was about 310 Yuan ( measured in 1986 Yuan ) in the period of 1986 to 1991 ( i . e . , 62 * 5 = 310 ) . Our inference of the wage income earned by cadres appears to be reliable . To assess the reliability of our inference , ideally , we would draw a comparison with national / large-scale surveys on cadre wage income . Unfortunately , no such surveys are available . Instead , we put our inference in perspective by citing a number of studies , which survey cadre wage incomes in specific locations of China . Specifically , two studies show the cadre wage income to be 1510 Yuan in year 2003 in one county of Shannxi province and 4060 Yuan in 2006 in another county of the province while another study shows the average cadre wage income to be 2014 Yuan in 2003 in four counties of Hubei province ( Peng and Zhang , 2003 ; Wang , 2004 ; Wang , Ning and Rae , 2008 ) . When measured in 1986 Yuan , these cadre wage income numbers become 460 , 1237 and 667 Yuan , respectively . Thus , taking into account the fact that per capita income in rural China during the period of 1986 to 2006 had increased by 150 % , our inference of 310 Yuan does not seem to be at odds", "spans": [{"start": 1107, "end": 1158, "text": "national / large-scale surveys on cadre wage income", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 . Distribution by Income Classification : COVID-19 Deaths , All-Cause Deaths and Total Population ( percent ) | | | Balance < br > ( 160 co | d group < br > untries ) | Unbala < br > ( all c | nced group < br > ountries ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Share in < br > COVID-19 < br > deaths | Share in < br > expected < br > deaths from < br > all causes | Share in < br > population < br > | Share in < br > expected < br > deaths from < br > all causes | Share in < br > population | | HICs | 78 . 9 | 18 . 1 | 15 . 7 < br > | 18 . 6 | 16 . 2 | | UMICs | 17 . 8 | 34 . 5 | 36 . 0 < br > | 32 . 7 | 34 . 1 | | LMICs | 3 . 1 | 38 . 9 | 40 . 1 < br > | 38 . 3 | 39 . 7 | | LICs | 0 . 2 | 8 . 5 | 8 . 1 < br > | 10 . 6 | 10 . 0 | Source : Johns Hopkins University ; World Health Organization ; World Population Prospects . Note : COVID-19 data for 160 countries ( balanced group ) and world ( unbalanced group ) . The starkly differential impact creates the impression of rich and poor countries being subjected to ‘ two pandemics ’ . HICs currently claim 79 percent of recorded deaths globally due to COVID19 ( Table 2 ) . This leaves 21 percent for the developing world , which comprises 85 percent of the global population . Some 18 percent of the global death toll is claimed by UMICs , whereas just 3 . 1 and 0 . 2 percent , respectively , by LMICs and LICs . In other words , the two poorest groups of countries collectively represent almost half of the global population but", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 893, "text": "COVID-19 data for 160 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lack of innovativeness is also reflected in the small proportion of innovating firms introducing new innovation outputs such as patents ( Table 11 ) , although regional innovation leaders present values above the average for the ECA and Africa regions . However , laggards are below international standards . Other innovation outputs such as trademarks or licensing are more important than patents for all the countries considered . < u > Table 11 . Innovation outputs ( % of innovating firms ) < / u > | | * * Bangladesh * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * India * * | * * Nepal * * | * * SARaverage * * | * * ECA * * | * * Africa * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Patent | 8 % | 2 . 2 % | 8 % | 1 . 3 % | 5 % | 2 . 5 % | 6 % | | Other than patents | 18 % | 5 % | 32 % | 1 . 7 % | 14 % | - | 17 % | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) < u > Table 12 . Links between innovativeness and firm characteristics < / u > | | | * * Bangladesh * * | * * India * * | * * Nepal * * | * * Pakistan * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No innovators | age | 18 . 70 | 22 . 54 | 13 . 65 | 22 . 15 | | Imitators | age | 18 . 42 | 20 . 39 | 18 . 21 | 34 . 24 | | radical | age | 16 . 46 | 20 . 51 | 16 . 57 | 28 . 25 | | No innovators | size | 162 . 09 | 95 . 99 | 12 . 89 | 168 .", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 887, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "developing climate change allowances , the projections presented are for SSP5-8 . 5 < sup > 10 < / sup > . The CCKP presents climate projections for a range of indicators for eight geographical regions of Kenya . Appendix A provides a table to look up the region for each urban area in Kenya to select the appropriate climate projections . # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Sea-level rise * * Sea-level rise is relevant to all infrastructure adjacent to the coast . The sea-level rise can be found using World Bank ’ s Climate Change Knowledge Portal < sup > 11 < / sup > ( CCKP ) and is shown in the table for the coastal area in Appendix B . NASA also has a Sea level projection tool showing the rise at more locations along the coast . If designing near coastlines , the sea level for SSP5-8 . 5 and the design lifetime of the project should be used . In the absence of a design lifetime , 50 years should be used as default . * * What is “ Design rainfall , extreme rainfall , IDFs and rainfall 3 . 2 . 3 Extreme rainfall intensity intensity ” and how are they * * Surface water drainage is potentially relevant for all * * linked ? * * infrastructure types under KUSP2 . When designing drainage for any roof , site , road , or stormwater system , The name for the extreme rainfall an appropriate climate change allowance , based on value that is included in design regional climate change projections and project lifetime calculations is called design rainfall . must be selected and applied to design rainfall . Design rainfall provides a rainfall intensity for various return periods To estimate rainfall intensity with climate change : ( e . g . the 1 in 100 year storm ) . • Look up the relevant region in Appendix A Design rainfalls can also be supplied as an Intensity-Duration • Find the relevant graph for the region in Frequency curves . - Find the relevant graph", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 540, "text": "Climate Change Knowledge Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) Reasonable people may disagree about statistical methods for analyzing data . However , at a minimum , it seems clear that implementing MDA generates child weight gains in some circumstances . Since the null hypothesis of a common zero effect is rejected , MDA must have positive impacts in at least some environments . This implies that if one accepts the standard view that anthelmintic drugs have no substantial negative side effects , the expected effect of deworming on child weight is positive . Applying standard approaches from the _Cochrane Handbook_ to a larger set of studies yields an estimated average effect of deworming on weight of 0 . 134 kg [ 95 % CI : 0 . 031 , 0 . 236 ] , corresponding to an estimated average effect of 0 . 301 kg [ CI : 0 . 071 , 0 . 530 ] among those with worm infections . While this effect is modest , it is substantial relative to the cost of deworming , and suggests that deworming is many times as cost effective as widely implemented school-feeding programs at enabling weight gain among school age children in low-income populations . Moreover , the findings that deworming improves nutrition in at least some environments implies that the literature on the long-run educational and economic impacts of deworming cannot be dismissed on _a priori_ grounds , and this literature suggests that the expected benefits of MDA greatly exceed the cost . Our results also suggest that the data from studies of mass deworming are consistent with the data from studies of deworming of those known to be infected , given the much lower prevalence and intensity of infection in MDA studies than in test-and-treat studies , and the substantial confidence intervals around both the MDA and test-and-treat estimates . A key lesson of this paper is that large samples are needed to have adequate statistical power to pick up a minimum detectable effect ( MDE ) that corresponds to what would be needed to form a policy judgment that the expected benefit of deworming is less 28", "spans": [{"start": 1450, "end": 1485, "text": "data from studies of mass deworming", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 | 0 . 07 | | | WRSI | 0 . 21 | 0 . 13 | < br > 0 . 12 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 15 | - 0 . 11 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 02 | | | | | * * Pastoral * * | | | | | * * Ag * * | * * ropastora * * | * * l * * | | | | | Total seas < br > rainfal | onal < br > l | Soil < br > moisture | SPEI | < br > NDVI | To | tal seas < br > rainfall | onal < br > < br > | Soil < br > moisture | SPEI | NDVI | | | Soil moisture | 0 . 46 | | | | | | 0 . 32 | | | | | | | SPEI | 0 . 45 | | 0 . 23 | | | | 0 . 51 | | 0 . 39 | | | | | NDVI | 0 . 57 | | 0 . 54 | 0 . 28 | | | 0 . 33 | | 0 . 60 | 0 . 31 | | | | WRSI | 0 . 29 | | 0 . 09 | 0 . 24 | < br > 0 . 26 | | 0 . 26 | | - 0 . 11 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 10 | | _Source : _ World Bank . _Note : _ NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ; SPEI = Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index ; WRSI = Water Requirement Satisfaction Index . # 3 . 2 . Hazard simulations data For the analysis , we asked Verisk ’ s AIR Worldwide ( AIR ) to produce 10 , 000-year drought-related stochastic catalogs of synthetic simulations for Malawi at a spatial resolution of 0 . 05 ° and dekadal temporal resolution . Stochastic catalogs are designed to provide a view of hazard that goes beyond the data available in the historical record . AIR used historical data on rainfall to", "spans": [{"start": 1285, "end": 1312, "text": "historical data on rainfall", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 from UNFPA and other could be continued in 1989 and 1990 with financing donors outside the project . # # Pharmaceuticals Development 3 . 24 The overall objectives of the component would be to improve the supply of drugs available at peripheral health facilities , through rationalization of manufacturing , better demand forecasting , inventory management and distribution ; to develop a system for regular drug quality testing ; and to increase the efficiency with which drugs are used , through reductions in over - and misprescription . Progress ig the implementation of construction , staffing , training etc . would be measured against annual plans . Improvements in the efficiency of procurement and distribution would be measured through the following indicators : Number , type and volume of tenders placed annually by EPHARMECOR ; port clearance and order lead-times ; actual value of order lead-tii as compared to past averages ; and value of annual drug consumption of essential drugs and inventory turnover rate at the Central Medical Stores ( CMS ) , the zonal branch . and the regional stores for the Shewa regions . Improvements in drug quality control would be indicated by changes in the percentage of imported and domestically formulated drugs tested by the Pharmaceutical and Medical Supplies Control Department . Progress in reducing misprescription would be measured by regular surveys of prescribing trends , following in-service training of health workers in prescription practices , at a sample of health centers and health stations in the Shewa regions . 3 . 25 In order to increase the domestic output of drugs , the project would finance the purchase of a small amount of manufacturing equipment to modernize and rationalize production at the Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Corporation ' s ( EPHARM ) essential drugs plant in Addis Ababa ; and 4 man-months of technical assistance in production to assist in the rationalization of production flow and product mix . Necessary overseas training in manufacturing ( about 12 man-months ) will be obtained on a grant basis from other donors . 3 . 26 In order to improve the drug distribution infrastructure , the project would finance minor renovations to", "spans": [{"start": 1402, "end": 1431, "text": "surveys of prescribing trends", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX B . 8 # # # # * * DGIPE : Proposed Budget For 1992 / 93 * * - * * 1993 / 94 Technical Assstance Costs * * | | US $ , 000 < br > 1992 / 93 | US $ ' 000 < br > 1993 / 94 | USS ' O0O < br > PERIOD | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Long-term : < br > 1 ) Manager - Reform | 240 | 240 | 480 | | 2 ) Manager - MIS | 240 | 240 | 480 | | 3 ) Manager 0PS M & S | 240 | 240 | 480 | | 4 ) Advisor to CE | 240 | 240 | 480 | | 5 ) Safety Net Advisor | 240 | 240 | 480 | | Short-term : < br > 1 ) PE Debt Mgt . Dept . | _lS0_ | 0 | ISO | | | 1 , 350 | 1 , 200 | 2 , 550 | | L4ina < br > Su | | | | | Computers , other equipment | 157 | 0 | 157 | | < br > Vehicles | 45 | 0 | 45 | | | 202 | 0 | 202 | | Tning | | | | | Six modules | 35 | 35 | 70 | | | 35 | 35 | 70 | | * * Studies * * & T | | | | | Executive Database | 50 | 0 | 50 | | Subsidies / Financial Flows Study | 630 | 0 | 630 | | PE Profiles | _155_ | 0 | _155_ | | PE Indebtedness | 260 | 0 | 260 | | Performance Contracts & Corporate Planning | 600 | 400 | 1 , 000 | | Authorities & Boards Studies | _850_ | 0 | 850 | | Legal & Regulatory Study | _500_ | | _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Moyenne Guinee , \" STAT-View Association , September 2000 . _ - _ \" Etude sur la sante urbaine a Conakry \" , KIT ( Royal Tropical Institute ) , for the Ministry of Health , August 2000_ - _ \" KAP Survey on STI and AIDS among refugees in Guinea , \" _ G7Z _1999 . _ - _ \" Etude Qualitative sur la Privention des MST / SIDA aupres des Filles Libres et des camionneurs a Tamagaly et Mamou , \" SIDALERTE , Octobre 1997 . _ - _ \" Rapport de I ' Enque ^ te CAP aupr & s des Tenanciers et Filles Libres au Km 36 , \" SIDALERTE , June 1996_ - _ \" Recensement Gengral de la Population . . . 1996 , Caracteristiques de l ' Habitation , \" FNUAP , Conakry 2000_ - _ \" Recensement Gieniral de la Population . . . 1996 , Etat de la Population , \" FNUAP , Conakry 2000_ - 56 -", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 573, "text": "Recensement Gengral de la Population", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 654, "end": 691, "text": "Recensement Gieniral de la Population", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| ET-MOST-37071-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service for the < br > development and installation < br > of software for online < br > accreditation application and < br > accreditation solution of < br > ENAO | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection < br > | Open - International | 180 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-11-16 | 2018-01-01 < br > 2017-12-07 < br > 2018-01-03 < br > 2018-01-20 < br > 2018-02-10 | | | 2018-02-19 | 2018-03-26 | 2018-09-22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ET-MOST-27862-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of local < br > consultants for standards < br > need assessment survey | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection < br > | Open - National | 30 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-09-30 | 2017-10-12 < br > 2017-10-21 < br > 2017-11-02 < br > 2017-12-04 < br > 2018", "spans": [{"start": 829, "end": 851, "text": "need assessment survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "model ( 0 . 8 ha ) . _ Typical crop models ( per hectare basis ) were developed for the main crops currently cultivated by targeted smallholders . These crops included ( a ) _Cereals : _ wheat , barley , teff , maize , and sorghum ; ( b ) _Pulses : _ fava ( common ) bean , haricot bean , chickpea , and lentil ; ( c ) _Oil crops : _ sesame , linseed , and nugseed ; ( d ) _Vegetables_ ( rainfed and irrigated ) : onion , tomato , head cabbage , and sweet pepper ; and ( e ) _Tubers : _ potato and sweet potato . 15 . The calculations aimed to compare the \" without project \" and the expected \" with project \" ( adoption of improved technology ) situations . This involved detailing for each crop budget : unit , quantities , cost per unit ( in ETB ) , value ( in ETB ) for both scenarios . It also specified cropping practices and cultural operations , highlighting labor use that could be a bottleneck in some operations / farming systems ( whether family labor or hired labor ) . The analysis calculated total revenue and cash income ( cash derived from sales ) , detailed input , services , and equipment replacement as well as financial services costs , and calculated production costs ( per hectare and per kilogram ) , gross margins , and net cash income ( sales minus cash input costs ) . 16 . The typical \" without project \" situation was represented by the current average situation of most smallholders targeted under AGP2 . Typically , smallholders who had not yet adopted any improved \" crop extension packages \" followed a traditional cropping pattern / practice characterized by the use of locally / own produced seeds and broadcasting , and minimal use of fertilizer . 17 . It was estimated that the average yields by crop recorded at national ( and regional ) levels by the Central Statistics Agency fairly represented the current \" without project \" situation of", "spans": [{"start": 1716, "end": 1738, "text": "average yields by crop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Fang , Lei , David Peter Wyon , Geo Clausen , and Povl Ole Fanger ( 2004 ) , “ Impact of indoor air temperature and humidity in an office on perceived air quality , sbs symptoms and performance . ” _Indoor air_ , 14 , 74 – 81 . - Fesselmeyer , Eric ( 2019 ) , “ The impact of temperature on labor quality : Umpire accuracy in major league baseball . ” _Available at SSRN 3421241_ . - Fletcher , Jason M and Barbara Wolfe ( 2016 ) , “ The importance of family income in the formation and evolution of non-cognitive skills in childhood . ” _Economics of education review_ , 54 , 143 – 154 . - Galster , George and Patrick Sharkey ( 2017 ) , “ Spatial foundations of inequality : A conceptual model and empirical overview . ” _RSF : The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences_ , 3 , 1 – 33 . - Garg , Teevrat , Gordon C McCord , and Aleister Montfort ( 2020 ) , “ Can social protection reduce environmental damages ? ” - Hallegatte , Stephane , Jisung Park , Mook Bangalore , and Evan Sandhoefner ( 2018 ) , “ Households and heat stress : estimating the distributional consequences of climate change . ” _Environment and Development Economics_ . - Harries , Keith D , Stephen J Stadler , and R Todd Zdorkowski ( 1984 ) , “ Seasonality and assault : Explorations in inter-neighborhood variation , dallas 1980 . ” _Annals of the Association of American Geographers_ , 74 , 590 – 604 . - Hausman , Jerry A , Bronwyn H Hall , and Zvi Griliches ( 1984 ) , “ Econometric models for count data with an application to the patents-r & d relationship . ” Technical Report 17 , National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge . - Heilmann , Kilian and Matthew E Kahn ( 2019 ) , “ The urban crime and heat gradient in high and low poverty areas . ” Technical report , National Bureau of Economic Research . - Heller , Sara B , Anuj K Shah , Jonathan Guryan , Jens Ludwig , Sendhil Mullainathan , and Harold A Pollack ( 2017 ) , “ Thinking", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 6 MANAGEMENT OF THE PLAN * * The stakeholder engagement plan will be implemented as part and partial of the broader framework of environmental and social safeguards management for the project that involves consultations , infrastructure condition assessment , environmental and social screening , feasibility studies , environmental and social impacts assessments , construction and operation of infrastructure and supervision and monitoring as well as overall project implementation . The implementation arrangement for the SEP at the national level will be coordinated by the Project Coordinating Unit ( PCU ) in collaboration with MoES . The Project Environmental and Social Specialists within the PCU will provide support and coordinate the management of the environmental , social , and health and safety risks and impacts posed by the project at central level . The specialists will directly oversee the implementation of SEP and thus compile periodic progress reports for the interested stakeholders . The specialists will also support training and capacity building of relevant stakeholders on the SEP . Overall management responsibility for implementing the SEP will rest with the Permanent Secretary for MoES . The Technical schools are required to have a management structure to handle stakeholder issues and report upwards as appropriate . In addition , for purposes of interaction of the contractor ( s ) with community , it is advisable that the contractors recruit a Community Liaison Officer ( CLO ) to handle stakeholder issues . The stakeholder engagement plan will be shared with all the stakeholders already outlined in the previous sections , through email and disclosure on the Ministry ’ s / Colleges website once approved . And a stakeholder database comprised of hard and soft files / registers will be kept at the PCU / Colleges . # # # # 6 . 1 IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET The implementation of the SEP is to be led by MoES through USDRH Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) and the budget for its implementation is proposed as herein . * * Table 6 : 1 : Proposed budget * * | * * No . Activities * * | * * Approx . Cost ( USD ) *", "spans": [{"start": 1768, "end": 1788, "text": "stakeholder database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "represents the simulation of GDI under a specific fiscal rule ( BBR , SSR , BBR-HR , and SSR-HR ) and submodel ( Default and External Balance ) . Likewise , panels C , E , and F display incremental GDP , public and private investment , respectively . Finally , panel D shows incremental GDP growth _ , _ defined as the difference in growth rates between scenario and baseline , in percentage points . Below we briefly discuss the impact of oil prices in each variable . Appendix Table 6 through Appendix Table 8 provide a detailed summary of the results . > 45 These assumptions are based on the estimated forecast distribution of oil prices , using the World Bank ’ s Commodity Markets Outlook data from 1960 to 2019 . The price of $ 80 is the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of the distribution and $ 50 is the unconditional mean . See Appendix Figure 5 for details . 33", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 699, "text": "Commodity Markets Outlook data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inequality is a threat to political and economic stability . When people see some living in luxury while others are impoverished , it creates social unrest that typically culminates in the overthrow of government , disruption of the local economy and collapse of foreign investor confidence . Negative associations between the ethnic diversity of societies and growth have been reported by authors such as Easterly and Levine ( 1995 ) and Mauro ( 1995 ) . Collier and Gunning ( 1997 ) demonstrate that ethnic fractionalization negatively affects policy and reduces productivity more directly . They also show that the correlations are stronger with the delivery of public services such as schools and telephones , and weaker for macroeconomic policy . The wide use of the ethno-linguistic fragmentation indicator has created a mindset in which equates ethnic diversity with economic and political disaster , particularly in Africa . In an important study , Collier and Hoeffler ( 1998 ) establish that the relationship between civil war and ethnic fractionalization is not linear . The most unstable societies are those in which the index is around 45-50 , societies with two fairly equal ethnic groups . On the other hand , highly fractionalized societies , such as are found in many countries in Africa ( average score of 67 . 6 ) , are as stable as the most homogenous societies . In Latin America , by contrast , if one groups all the non-Spanish indigenous people together and all the Spanish speakers together , many Latin American countries then consist of two large groups with little interaction across groups , a situation rife with latent conflict . A recently completed poverty study in Peru found that the overall poverty levels had declined in Peru . However , the non-Spanish speaking population had not been integrated politically , socially or economically . In fact it had fallen further behind in income terms even after controlling for education , location , access to services , land and or house ownership ( Hentschel et al , 1998 ) . To complement findings from cross-country data , and to understand the importance of cross-cutting ties in reducing exclusion even in multi-racial , multiethnic industrialized countries , it is useful to examine within-country data . Sustainable economic development requires", "spans": [{"start": 2085, "end": 2103, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2269, "end": 2288, "text": "within-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Strauss et al . 2004 , Frankenberg et al . 1999 ) . > 5 Countries with high infant mortality rates are those in the highest quartile of the distribution of under-five mortality rate scores ( per 1 , 000 live births ) for 151 developing countries in the year 2007 . Similarly , countries with low female schooling are those in the lowest quartile of the distribution of the ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary enrollment for 131 developing countries for the latest year between 2004 and 2007 ( World Development Indicators 2009 ) . Countries with decelerating growth identified by using World Economic Outlook 2009 projections and calculations by World Bank Staff . 17", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 540, "text": "World Development Indicators 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 600, "end": 627, "text": "World Economic Outlook 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 INTRODUCTION * * # # * * 1 . 1 Background * * # # * * _1 . 1 . 1 Low Productivity Conundrum_ * * Economic transformation in Kenya is underway , but the share of employment in low-productivity sectors and firms remains high , stifling livelihoods and limiting inclusive growth . Agricultural output as a share of Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) has declined , in parallel with output growth in the higherproductivity industrial and service sectors . Even though overall unemployment decreased from 10 percent in 2006 to 5 percent in 2019 , labor force participation has decreased in recent years , dropping from 73 percent in 2015 to 69 percent in 2019 . Jobs remain concentrated in sectors with low labor productivity as job creation has not matched output growth in high-productivity sectors , and productivity growth has been limited in traditional sectors . < sup > 1 < / sup > Sectors such as agriculture , retail and wholesale trade , accommodation and food , education , health , and social security account for 80 percent of employment but all have below average aggregate sector productivity . As a result , wages remain low for many Kenyans despite the country ’ s headline GDP and employment growth . < sup > 2 < / sup > Indeed , in his inaugural speech in September 2022 , the President noted that “ of 800 , 000 people joining the labor market each year , 600 , 000 do not find opportunities for productive work . ” Increasing the productivity of the most labor-intensive sectors holds the potential to improve the livelihoods and wages of the widest share of the workforce . The 2019 World Bank Country Private Sector Diagnostic ( CPSD ) echoes this dichotomy and identifies agribusiness , building materials , and manufacturing as the sectors with the highest potential for short-term private sector job creation based on development impact , feasibility , current performance , and value addition . Low productivity has gone hand in hand with decreased competitiveness in labor-intensive sectors , as evidenced by deteriorating trade and FDI", "spans": [{"start": 1601, "end": 1650, "text": "2019 World Bank Country Private Sector Diagnostic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 18 : Prevalence of Part-time employment among salaried employees . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 16 % Starting point < br > 14 % Ending point < br > 12 % < br > 10 % < br > 8 % < br > 6 % < br > 4 % < br > 2 % < br > 0 % < br > Russia Georgia Kyrgyz Turkey Armenia Albania Moldova < br > Republic < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys . Figure 19 : Prevalence of Temporary employment among salaried employees . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 % < br > starting point < br > 20 % < br > ending point < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Turkey Armenia < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys The older age profile of part-time employment in most of the analyzed countries of Eastern Europe and Asia is consistent with the age profile observed for total employment . In fact , the mean age of the labor force rose 4 . 5 years on average in the countries included in the study . That is , the older age profile of NSE workers reflects the aging trend of the overall labor force . Page 27 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 431, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Overall , as seen in Figure 2 , the employment impact of the pandemic and its gendered implications were not uniform across job types . As previously discussed , the bulk of job losses for both male and female workers was concentrated in the informal sector . What is of particular interest is the gendered impact of the pandemic among salaried workers in the private sector . In fact , while male employment increased , albeit marginally , during the first year of the pandemic , the opposite trend was observed among women . < sup > 11 < / sup > * * _Figure 2 : Changes in employment 2019-20 / 2020-21 , by gender and type of job_ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 200000 < br > 100000 < br > 0 < br > Informal Salaried private Salaried public Employer < br > - 100000 sector sector < br > - 200000 < br > - 300000 < br > - 400000 < br > - 500000 < br > Men Women < br > # of jobs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In order to better investigate whether the differential gendered impact of the pandemic is due to differences in pre-pandemic characteristics of employment , we take advantage of the rotating panel component of the LFS and restrict the sample to individuals who were interviewed at least one time pre and post March 2020 and who were employed before the pandemic . < sup > 12 < / sup > In particular , we estimate the following model : where the dependent variable is the probability of being employed in 2020-21 for individual _i_ conditional on him / her holding a job _j_ before the start of the pandemic . The main variable of interest is the interaction term between a dummy indicating female workers and a categorical variable indicating the job type before the pandemic , which can be either informal ( omitted category ) , salaried worker in the private sector or salaried worker in the public sector . Controls include a set of individual characteristics which includes age , age squared , education , marital status urban residence and province", "spans": [{"start": 1145, "end": 1148, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9539 The World Bank | | Sub Type | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | 30-Nov-2012 | 31-Dec-2014 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Breakdown | Comments | | | | | Female | Percentage | Value | 1 . 00 | 30 . 00 | 35 . 00 | | | Sub Type | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | | 31-Dec-2014 | | | Breakdown | Comments | | | | | A harmonized agricultural sector development < br > strategy ( ASDS ) and its implementation | Text | Value | Draft ASDS | ASDS in Place and < br > implementation ongoing | Implemented | | framework completed and implemented . | | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | 30-Nov-2012 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | Comments | Agicultural Sector policies < br > include triggers for APL < br > Phase III . | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 08-Apr-2013 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing | Date | Revised | Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P109683 | IDA-45920 | Effective | 11-Jun-2009 | 06-Jul-2009 | 04-Mar-2010 | 31-Dec-2014 | | 31-Dec - | 2014 | | P109683 | TF-96460 | Closed | 21-Apr", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agency . 2 . See OP 4 . 12 , _Involuntary Resettlement . _ 3 . Unit or department in the Region responsible for resettlement issues . 4 . The Bank satisfies itself that the borrower has explored all viable alternative project designs to avoid involuntary resettlement and , when it is not feasible to avoid such resettlement , to minimize the scale and impacts of resettlement ( for example , realignment of roads or reduction in dam height may reduce resettlement needs ) . Such alternative designs should be consistent with other Bank policies . 5 . Such actions may include , for example , developing procedures for establishing eligibility for resettlement assistance ; conducting socioeconomic surveys and legal analyses ; carrying out public consultation ; identifying resettlement sites ; evaluating options for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living ; or , in the case of highly risky or contentious projects , engaging a panel of independent , internationally recognized resettlement specialists . 6 . See < u > BP 17 . 50 , < / u > _Disclosure of Operational Information_ ( forthcoming ) for detailed disclosure procedures . 73", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 706, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "equipment ) that connects the User Terminal ( e . g . mobile phones ) to the core of the network . Relay sites communicate with mobile phones in their vicinity using electromagnetic signals . The quality and availability of this communication link can be affected by several factors such as distance between the relay site and the mobile phone or the presence of obstacles ( e . g . hills or buildings ) . A geographical area is considered _covered_ when the signal of any relay site is strong enough for mobile phones in that area to establish a usable connection link with that relay site . The aggregated coverage of a mobile network is calculated by adding up the coverage of all the relay sites in its Radio Access Network . To produce the aggregate coverage data for Nigeria , first we collected network infrastructure data directly from three of the largest four MNOs in Nigeria . < sup > 9 < / sup > For each individual relay site we collected > 8 Source : GSMA Intelligence . A mobile connection is a unique SIM card ( or phone number , where SIM cards are not used ) that has been registered on a mobile network . Connections differ from subscribers as a unique subscriber can have multiple connections . > 9 During the period of our analysis , the average combined market share for the three operators that we collected data for was around 75 % and one of them had the highest 3G coverage in the market , with 70 % of the population covered . While we were unable to collect primary data for the fourth MNO ( MNO-4 ) , we collected secondary data on the coverage of MNO-4 in 2015 and 2016 and overlapped this with our coverage data set for the other operators . We did not find any locations that were covered only by MNO-4 . To test if MNO-4 could have deployed in those overlapping locations before the other three MNOs , we compared the coverage of MNO-4 with the coverage of the other operators in 2012 . This highlighted nine enumeration areas ( less than 1 % ) from the GHS data set that were covered only by MNO-4 . This is", "spans": [{"start": 755, "end": 768, "text": "coverage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 802, "end": 829, "text": "network infrastructure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1629, "end": 1646, "text": "coverage data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1987, "end": 1999, "text": "GHS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that can be used to identify an identifiable individual include , but are not limited to , name , identification number , location data , online identifier , metadata and factors specific to the physical , physiological , genetic , mental , economic , cultural or social identity of an individual . * * 33 . * * \" Procurement Audit \" means the audit referred to in Section * * III . A . 2 * * of Schedule 2 to this Agreement . 34 . \" Procurement Regulations \" with respect to the Project means , for purposes of paragraph * * 87 * * of the Appendix to the General Conditions , the \" World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers \" , dated November 2020 . * * _35 . _ * * \" Project Operations Manual \" or \" POM \" means the Recipient ' s manual referred to in Section I . B . 2 ( c ) of Schedule 2 to the Financing Agreement . * * - 37 - * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 year , and the impacts are constructed as most severe in Q2 and Q3 . The updated simulations incorporate the wage subsidy and cash support measures for Albania , Kosovo , Montenegro , and Serbia . These are response policies that could be directly mapped to the household surveys used to analyze income distributions . * * Figure 4 . 1 . * * Government response measures are expected to help lessen the impact on poverty . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Poverty levels ( US $ 5 . 5 , 2011 PPP ) , percent of the population < br > 50 < br > 43 . 6 < br > 41 . 4 < br > 40 < br > 35 . 5 < br > 30 27 . 5 < br > 22 . 9 22 . 9 < br > 21 . 3 20 . 4 < br > 20 17 . 9 18 . 1 18 . 2 18 . 9 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > ALB KOS MNE SRB < br > J No virus J Virus impact but no policy response J With response < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Bank simulations based on 2017 income data from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions ( SILC ) for Albania and Serbia ; 2015 income data from the SILC in Montenegro ; and 2017 Household Budget Survey ( HBS ) for Kosovo . _Note : _ Income measures in the SILC and consumption measures in the HBS are not strictly comparable . “ No virus ” baseline = poverty as estimated in 2019 based on household survey data in earlier years and growth in real GDP per capita , using the original 2011 PPPs . * * In the four countries covered , the COVID-19 crisis is estimated to have pushed more than 300 , 000 people into poverty even after taking into account response measures , but that is less than", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 335, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 942, "end": 958, "text": "2017 income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 968, "end": 1006, "text": "Survey of Income and Living Conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1092, "end": 1120, "text": "2017 Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1308, "end": 1329, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2009 * * * * Table 5 . Asylum a * * * * < mark > pplications lodged in the Nordic region * by origin , first quarter 2007 to second quarter 2009 < / mark > * * < mark > * See Table 1 for countries included . Top-40 ranking of countries based on applications lodged during second quarter of 2009 . < / mark > | | | 200 | 7 | | | 200 | 8 | | 200 | 9 | First se | mester c | hange < br > | ' 09 - ' 08 < br > Q3Q4 / | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | ' 08 - ' 07 | ' 09 - ' 08 | ' 09 - ' 07 | Q1Q2 | | Somalia | 828 | 790 | 1 , 002 | 1 , 032 | 1 , 027 | 1 , 208 | 1 , 617 | 2 , 038 | 1 , 684 | 2 , 019 | 38 % | 66 % | 129 % | 1 % | | Afghanistan | 265 | 218 | 258 | 317 | 372 | 358 | 1 , 049 | 1 , 040 | 1 , 371 | 1 , 791 | 51 % | 333 % | 555 % | 51 % | | Iraq | 5 , 438 | 4 , 934 | 5 , 268 | 5 , 154 | 3 , 426 | 2 , 214 | 2 , 580 | 2 , 801 | 1 , 715", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fitted with bird flight diverters ( BFD ) . TL crossings of larger wetlands will need to be fitted with a diversity and density of BFDs to maximize the collision reduction for Shoebill and Gray Crowned Cranes . BFD should also be installed in any additional line segment identified through a bird survey that includes monitoring of bird mortality and mitigation efficiency . Raptor and wetland bird collisions with the TL can be reduced by incorporating BFDs through the following approach : - Incorporate BFD installation into the design of the Project TL ; - Mainstream BFDs as a standard feature of UETCL future TL designs ; - Adaptation of technology and development capacity for remote-based BFD installation ; - Net Gain quantification for BFD installation on high-risk lengths of operational TLs ; and - Develop monitoring protocols and capacity to measure net gain effectiveness # # * * ES 7 . 3 Socio-Economic Environment * * # # # * * ES 7 . 3 . 1 Land Use * * Agricultural activities and livestock are likely to be affected during the work due to the loss of arable lands , restrictions imposed on the movement of livestock , potential breakage to fences and drainage channels . Adequate compensation and / or reestablishment measures ( de-compaction of land , reconstruction of fences , etc . ) will be proposed to affected landowners . Crops in the way-leave area will be destroyed or delayed during the construction period . It is , however , difficult to assess the precise impact on the annual harvest since the exact period and duration of construction in each locality are not known at this stage . Land use directly adjacent to the * * 25 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 303, "text": "bird survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adverse conditions in Tanzania through trade . For each trading partner , we report the percentage of Tanzania dry years in which that country does not also experience a dry year . We report these percentages for each decade of the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century . - We calculate how often each of Tanzania ’ s key ( or potential ) trading partners experiences a dry year in the same year that Tanzania does not experience a dry year . This metric indicates the likelihood that Tanzania will experience non-adverse climate conditions in the same year as her trading partners experience adverse conditions , therefore offering the potential for Tanzania to benefit through trade . For each trading partner , we report the percentage of dry years in that partner-country in which Tanzania does not also experience a dry year . We report these percentages for each decade of the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century . We combine the 22 GCM realizations from the CMIP3 archive by first performing the above calculations for each GCM realization individually , and then calculating the mean across the ensemble of GCM realizations . # * * 4 . 2 . 2 – SEVERE DRY EVENTS IN TANZANIA * * Table 7 shows the number of dry years in Tanzania in each decade of the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century , along with the percentage of Tanzania dry years in which each trading partner does not experience a dry year . The decadal occurrences are reported as the mean of the decadal occurrences of the individual climate model realizations . With this measure , a dry year occurrence of 0 . 5 , as reported for the decade from 2000-2009 , indicates that across all of the GCM realizations in that decade , the occurrence of dry years in Tanzania was half as common as in the historical period ( which was one year on average per decade given the way the dry year has been defined ) . In addition , the number of years in which Tanzania experiences a dry year but another trading partner does not is reported as a percentage of the Tanzania dry years in that decade", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 968, "text": "CMIP3 archive", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Host Country | Number | Origin Country | Number | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Turkey | 2 , 715 , 873 | Syrian Arab Rep . | 4 , 914 , 718 | | 2 | Pakistan | 1 , 566 , 950 | Afghanistan | 2 , 784 , 373 | | 3 | Lebanon | 1 , 079 , 864 | Somalia | 1 , 059 , 490 | | 4 | Iran , Islamic Rep . | 979 , 410 | South Sudan | 772 , 394 | | 5 | Ethiopia | 732 , 018 | Sudan | 624 , 205 | | 6 | Jordan | 680 , 952 | Congo , Dem . Rep . | 497 , 941 | | 7 | Kenya | 555 , 291 | Myanmar | 481 , 467 | | 8 | Uganda | 500 , 192 | Central African Rep . | 469 , 801 | | 9 | Germany | 484 , 748 | Iraq | 381 , 491 | | 10 | Congo , Dem . Rep . | 376 , 144 | Eritrea | 372 , 309 | Table 1 : Top 10 host and origin countries by number of refugees at the end of 2015 UNHCR data show that there are 33 major refugee situations today which have been lasting five years or more ( protracted situations ) . Yet , forced displacement situations are inherently dynamic and there are often significant variations in the number of refugees during a displacement period . This is often the reflection of the circumstances that cause refugee movements . To illustrate the extent to which UNHCR refugee statistics capture such evolving circumstances , Figure 2 displays refugee statistics for three situations : Somalis , Afghans , and Congolese refugees . Panel 2a shows the number of Somalis who are hosted in Kenya . Refugees started to arrive massively around 1990 , after the fall of the Siad Barre regime and the ensuing civil war . Their number declined slightly around the end of the United Nations intervention ( 1992-1995 ) as military clashes between factions became shorter ,", "spans": [{"start": 766, "end": 776, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1177, "end": 1201, "text": "UNHCR refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "less | 300 , 000 | - | 300 , 000 | - | | Tajikistan | Stateless | - | - | 184 | - | | TfYR Macedonia | _De facto_stateless | 2 , 200 | - | 1 , 039 | 762 | | Thailand < sup > 25 < / sup > | Stateless | * | - | * | - | | Turkmenistan | Stateless | * | - | * | - | | Ukraine | Formerly deported persons ( FDPs ) in < br > Crimea | 6 , 500 | 3 , 331 | 6 , 000 | 2 , 850 | | Ukraine < sup > 26 < / sup > | Stateless | 63 , 577 | 50 | 58 , 992 | 60 | | United Arab Emirates < sup > 27 < / sup > | Stateless | * | - | * | - | | United Kingdom < sup > 28 < / sup > | Stateless | 205 | | * | | | Uzbekistan | Stateless | 7 | | 7 | | | Viet Nam | Former Cambodian refugees | 15 , 000 | - | 7 , 200 | - | | * * Total * * | | * * 2 , 383 , 082 * * | * * 75 , 087 * * | * * 5 , 806 , 011 * * | * * 727 , 327 * * | # # # # # # * * Notes * * > 1 This definition refers mainly to _de jure_ stateless persons but also includes _de facto_ stateless persons as well as persons who have difficulties establishing their nationality . 2 The number represents the official figure on stateless persons in Azerbaijan ( 1 , 800 persons ) as well as UNHCR estimates of ethnic Armenians . 3 The increase over 2005 is due to a revised estimate based on a survey of Bihari settlementsconducted by UNHCR . According to Bangladeshi court", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1263, "text": "survey of Bihari settlementsconducted", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO ETHIOPIA FOR A SIXTH EDUCATION PROJECT 1 . I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to Ethiopia for SDR 67 . 3 million ( US $ 70 . 0 ilIlion equivalent ) on standard IDA terms to help finance a sixth education project . PART I - THE ECONOMY 2 . The last economic report on Ethiopia ( No . 4683a-ET ) entitled Ethiopia , Recent Economic Developments and Future Prospects , was circulated to the Executive Directors on May 31 , 1984 . The report ' s findings are reflected in the following paragraphs . A summary of social and economic data is included In Anne % I . # # Structural Characteristics 3 . Ethiopia , with a population estimated at about 33 million In 1982 , is the third most populous country in Africa ( after Nigeria and Egypt ) . About 85 percent of the total population is rural . The country ' s Land area extends over 1 . 2 million square kilometers and may be broadly divided into two main geographical zones , namely : the highland plateau of central Ethiopia , and the surrounding lowlands . Its capital city , Addis Ababa , located in the central highlands , has a population estimated at around 1 . 4 million . 4 . Agriculture is the mainstay of the country ' s economy , accounting for about 50 percent of CDP , 90 percent of exports , and 85 percent of total employment . The major food crops are tef ( a locally consumed cereal ) , maize , barley , sorghum , wheat , pulses , and oilseeds . Coffee , the principal export crop , generates over 60 percent of the country ' s export earnings . Other export crops include oilseeds , pulses , cotton , sugarcane , fruits and vegetables . The country ' s livestock herd is the largest in Africa ; the export of live animals has begun to increase in recent years . Ethiopia ' s known natural resources include gold", "spans": [{"start": 687, "end": 711, "text": "social and economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 73 - In all countries the formal systems have been relatively successful as well , and , as will be discussed below , became increasingly differentiated in function and governance from the nonformal system . In the middle and later stages of systems development all three countries invested in larger numbers of institutions , more modes , and the development of policy and management capacity . In sum , the record suggests that by beginning with relatively small investments in formal institutions , and gradually increasing the complexity of development in terms of the variety of modes . As policy , planning and management capacity developed , these countries were able to build incrementally from experience . ( d ) Responsive Planning : In general , these systems were planned in response to - - not in anticipation of - - employment demand . In early stages , manpower data and manpower forecasting capacity were largely absent . Investments were justified on the basis of demonstrated industrial expansion . The development of strong institutional linkages between training and employment to facilitate incremental and localized planning and adjustment were , in retrospect , important alternatives to formalized manpower forecasting . In this context , the location of training institutions became an important variable . In Korea sites were chosen to be close to expanding enterprises ; in Brazil , mobile training units were created to take training to the trainees . ( e ) Early and Sustained Involvement of Enterprises : In all three countries sustained efforts were made to establish linkages between training and employment for all modes ( in Brazil , these linkages had been part of the SENAI tradition since the 1940s ) . Enterprises played active roles in curriculum and enrollment decisions and in the design and provision of on-the-job training experience and apprenticeships . What may be most important is the consistency of commitment in training agencies to the importance of these linkages . Combined with expanding employment and increasingly effective enterprise management , this helped create a supportive \" ethos \" in which the needs of employers were taken seriously and reflected in training plans and curricula . In later stages , the nonformal systems began to branch out to provide a range of training services to enterprises", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 883, "text": "manpower data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > only 2 < br > 1 & 2 < br > 1 & 2 | | Better “ flter ” < br > available data | 3 . 5 Use most fned-grained unit of analysis < br > ( take advantage of individual-level data ) < br > 3 . 6 Select weights from information on preference < br > ( SWB data or preference-elicitation surveys ) | 1 & 2 < br > 1 & 2 | | Beyond dim-by-dim < br > policy making | 3 . 7 Develop best practices for MPM analysis | 1 & 2 | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 . 4 . 3 Total consumption 1 & 2 < br > Better “ filter ” 3 . 5 Use most fined-grained unit of analysis 1 & 2 < br > available data ( take advantage of individual-level data ) < br > 3 . 6 Select weights from information on preference 1 & 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( SWB data or preference-elicitation surveys ) < br > Beyond dim-by-dim 3 . 7 Develop best practices for MPM analysis 1 & 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > policy making < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Many opportunities presented in this review are complementary and are thus worth pursuing in parallel . Some opportunities are substitutes for one another , like the three alternative methods to deal with the missing joint distribution between monetary and non-monetary outcomes . Among these three methods , the first ( overlap ) is the simplest and the second ( imputation ) is conceptually the most promising . This does not disqualify the third method ( total consumption ) , which could be very useful if the second method proves impractical or unreliable . For what it is worth , our own expectation is that the largest increase in signal-to-noise ratio will come from the integration of additional data . This could in particular", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 291, "text": "SWB data or preference-elicitation surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 785, "end": 815, "text": "preference-elicitation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig 5 . 4 Is primary livelihood person self-employed or < br > employed by others ( % ) < br > 100 89 < br > 80 < br > 62 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 25 < br > 20 11 < br > 0 < br > Self Employed Employed by Others < br > Urban Rural < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The empirical data on average monthly total household incomes from all livelihood activities shows that most refugees live at the bare minimum of survival . The Jesuits Centre for Theological Reflections ( JCTR ) estimates the basic need basket for a family of five for most provincial centres in Zambia and the City of Lusaka . Lusaka , at K5 , 005 . 14 for November 2016 was the highest followed by Solwezi at K4 , 079 . 79 and the least was Kasama at K2 , 966 . 39 . Even if we set the basic needs basket for rural areas at a third of the lowest provincial centre ( in this case Kasama and K1 , 000 . 00 ) , table 5 . 1 shows that up to 92 % of rural settlements refugees live below this subsistence threshold – a situation that contrasts with urban refugees where only 36 % live below the K1 , 000 / month threshold . Table 5 . 1 further demonstrates the income disparities between rural and urban based refugees – with the latter skewed towards the high end of the income scale while the former is skewed towards the lower end of the income scale . Table 5 . 1 Monthly total average household income from all different sources of income for both rural and urban based refugees | | Lusaka U | rban | Rural Sett | lements | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Frequency | Percent | Frequency | Percent | | 0-50", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 328, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 8 ) Step 8 : Community payments , PAPs Compensation and Livelihood Restoration . Community payments will apply where the proposed project affected asset belongs to a community . Examples of community compensation expansion of grazing grounds or school land . PAPs will be compensated in line with the asset registers developed in line with the entitlement matrix . Livelihood restoration brings the economic statuses of the affected persons and communities to pre-project or better conditions . - 9 ) Step 9 : Grievance mechanism . The sub-project RAP team will establish community grievance mechanism . This may be set up through Local Authorities , including a Resettlement or Land Committee and through community leaders . All PAPs will be informed about how to register grievances or complaints , including specific concerns about compensation and relocation . The PAPs should also be informed about the dispute resolution process , specifically about how the disputes will be resolved in an impartial and timely manner . The RAP Team will produce a Report containing a summary of all grievances . If needed , the dispute resolution process but traditional institutions can be an effective first step in both receiving and resolving grievances . - 10 ) Step 10 : Disclosure and notification . This process is continuous throughout the project to foster confidence in the project . The subject of disclosure will include cut-off date , economic and displacement impacts , eligibility criteria , the RAP process and grievance redress mechanisms . In special cases where there are no clearly identifiable owners or users of the land or asset , the RAP team must notify the respective local authorities and leaders . - 11 ) Step 11 : Monitoring and Evaluation . This will be continuous through the RAP process . The indicators provided under the chapter on monitoring and evaluation in this RPF will form a gude for this process . # # * * 4 . 1 . 3 Project Affected Entities * * These are entities whose assets may be lost , or access to natural and / or economic resources as a result of activities related to sub-project ( s ) . Project affected persons ( PAPs", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 318, "text": "asset registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these variables for Chile in Table 3 . 1 reveals an increase in the wage gap between the skilled and the unskilled in the 1990s , and after a short plateau , a fall throughout the 2000s . The relative supply of skilled workers increased over the two decades , although at a slower pace in the 2000s . These patterns of wages and supply are consistent with a strong increase in the demand for skilled labor in the 1990s and a fall in the 2000s . < sup > 25 < / sup > The pattern for the high school-dropout relative remuneration , presented in Table 3 . 2 , is similar to the evolution of the aggregate wage skill premium : it increased slightly over the 1990-2000 decade , and fell significantly ( - 1 . 8 per year on average ) for the 2000-2009 period . The main difference with the aggregate skilled-unskilled trend is the evolution of the relative supply : workers with secondary education increased substantially for both decades , and the relative change of the high school group with respect to dropouts was larger than the relative increase for the higher skill group . This pattern indicates the presence of an increasing relative demand for workers with secondary education in the 1990s , which counterbalanced the negative effect of the increase in their supply on the corresponding wage premium , and a lower impact of demand factors for this group in the following decade . The household surveys in Colombia have changed substantially over the period under analysis , posing substantial challenges for the analysis of patterns over time . Table 3 . 1 and 3 . 2 report changes in these variables for two episodes for which surveys are comparable to a reasonable degree – 1996 to 2000 and 2001 to 2007 . During the first period , the wage skill premium became substantially larger , despite a strong increase in the relative labor supply of skilled workers . This combination suggests a strong increase in the relative demand for skilled labor . In contrast , the 2000s have > 25 The pattern of a roughly constant wage skill premium and sizeable increase in the relative supply of skilled labor in the 1990s , and the conclusion", "spans": [{"start": 1390, "end": 1407, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Are You Being Asked ? Impacts of Respondent Selection on Measuring Employment * * Talip Kilic < sup > ‡ < / sup > , Goedele Van den Broeck < sup > ǂ < / sup > , Gayatri Koolwal < sup > § < / sup > , Heather Moylan * < sup > 1 < / sup > * * Keywords : * * Gender , Labor , Respondent Selection , Household Surveys , Malawi , Sub-Saharan Africa . > 1 ‡ Senior Economist , Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) , Data Production and Methods Unit , Development Data Group ( DECDG ) , The World Bank , Rome , Italy ; tkilic @ worldbank . org . < sup > ǂ < / sup > Assistant Professor , Earth and Life Institute , UC Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium , < u > goedele . vandenbroeck @ uclouvain . be < / u > . < sup > § < / sup > Consultant , LSMS , Data Production and Methods Unit , DECDG , The World Bank ; < u > koolwalg @ devscience . org . < / u > < sup > * < / sup > Survey Specialist , LSMS , Data Production and Methods Unit , DECDG , The World Bank , Rome , Italy ; hmoylan @ worldbank . org . The authors thank Kathleen Beegle for her comments on the earlier draft of this paper .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9837 # Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy Survey and Experimental Evidence from Papua New Guinea _Christopher Hoy Terence Wood Ellen Moscoe_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice November 2021", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "performers . Among the criteria used for scoring the heatmap , two are especially relevant for the type of debt we analyze : sectoral coverage of debt reporting and debt instrument coverage . Sectoral coverage of debt reporting is important as SOEs , and not central government , are often the borrowing party . Debt instrument coverage is also important as it reveals whether the borrower has received a government guarantee in support of its loan repayment obligations . Across the RBL borrower countries scored on the heatmap , only the DRC has full coverage across both sectors and instruments . Guinea does not report SOE debt . Ghana reports on government-guaranteed SOE debt , but Ghana ’ s reporting on non-guaranteed SOE debt is missing . None of the other RBL countries reports on either of these aspects according to the heatmap . The transparency of SOEs is critical given that they were the borrowers in nine of the 30 loans . These borrowers are Ghana Integrated Aluminum Development Corporation ( GIADEC ) , Gécamines ( DRC ) , SNPC ( Rep . Congo ) , SHT ( Chad ) , Sonangol ( Angola ’ s national oil company ) , and Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority ( ZESA ) ) . Of these SOEs , Sonangol publishes audited financial statements yearly ( latest available 2018 ) . SHT recently released audited financial statements for the first time . 31 SNPC recently released its audited financial statements for 2012-2018 for the first time , although consolidated financial statements for the SNPC Group have yet to be disclosed . 32 ZESA does not have a functioning website . Gécamines produces audited financial accounts , which it files to the public registry and shares with the EITI secretariat but they are not made public . 33 GIADEC does not publish audited financial statements , which may be because it was only recently established . 34 In many additional instances SOEs played an important intermediary role ( for example through an additional offtake contract offering to supply resources which are then deployed as collateral for repayment of the sovereign ’ s loan ) . Only 15 of the 30 loans analyzed could be identified on the World Bank ’ s Debtor Reporting System . Of these 15", "spans": [{"start": 2165, "end": 2188, "text": "Debtor Reporting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The paper contributes to the literature in three ways : first , it is the first study that covers a large number of developing as well as developed countries to analyze the interlinkages between UB and ALMP and labor market outcomes ; second , it utilizes rich , novel data from the World Bank covering 191 economies in 2019 and 2020 ; third , it is the first study assessing the association of both UB and ALMP with employment , unemployment and productivity using macro data and distinguishing among different income groups . There is no previous study analyzing the relationship between ALMP and productivity , and there are only few studies assessing the association of UB with productivity , including Solter ( 2017 ) and Acemoglu and Shimer ( 2000 ) . All other studies focus on the interlinkages between UB or ALMP with employment , unemployment , matching quality , or earnings , and the overwhelming majority of these studies focus on developed economies . To the best of our knowledge , Pignatti and Van Belle ( 2018 ) is the only other study that uses data from both developed and developing economies — covering 36 developed , 64 emerging and 21 developing economies — to analyze the impact of ALMP and UB on unemployment and employment . < sup > 3 < / sup > The authors find that in developing countries ALMP spending decreases unemployment and increases employment , while the spending on passive labor market policies ( PLMP ) , like UB , lacks a significant impact on either . They also point out that ALMP and PLMP in developing countries are substitutes , rather than complements , in promoting employment and reducing unemployment . In contrast , in developed economies , both ALMP and PLMP increase unemployment and decrease employment . However , there is a complementary relationship between them , in that when ALMP spending is sufficiently high , higher PLMP spending reduces unemployment and boosts employment . Different from the work of Pignatti and Van Belle ( 2018 ) , this study covers a larger number of developing and developed countries . In addition to employment and unemployment , it also investigates the linkages of UB and ALMP with productivity growth and incorporates an interaction term", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 293, "text": "data from the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 466, "end": 476, "text": "macro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1063, "end": 1112, "text": "data from both developed and developing economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Tobacco control policies < mark > Georgia is a party to the WHO ’ s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ( FCTC ) since 2006 . The State Tobacco Control Committee was created in 2013 , chaired by the Prime Minister . And the Tobacco Control National Strategy of the Government of Georgia — through the Decree No196 , published in July 2013 — set the goal of reducing smoking prevalence among the adult population by 2 percent annually . < / mark > A major legislative reform on tobacco control was adopted by the Georgian Parliament in May 2017 , after unsuccessful attempts in previous years . The main components of the law are summarized on < u > Table 2 , and < / u > a more detailed description is included in < u > Annex 1 . Georgia ’ s tobacco-control efforts have received < / u > international recognition . The new legislation has been called “ one of the strongest single comprehensive tobacco control laws in the world ” ( The Tobacco Atlas 2018 ) . The policy changes have enjoyed popular support among Georgians . < sup > 5 < / sup > However , the implementation of some provisions has been postponed until the end of 2022 . In 2017 , Georgia was selected as partner to the FCTC ’ s 2030 project ( the only country from the Europe and Central Asia region ) . This initiative seeks to provide special assistance to fifteen partner countries to foster the implementation of the Convention ( WHO 2017 ) . Additionally , tobacco control has important implications for Georgia ’ s process towards integration to the European Union ( EU ) . Within the 2014 Association Agreement signed with the EU , Georgia is required to implement the provisions of the tobacco product and tax directives . The EU Directive 2011 / 64 / EU on the structure and rates of excise duty on manufactured tobacco requires Georgia to meet counter-illicit trade and tobacco tax rates obligations — based on the FCTC ’ s targets — by 2021 . # Tobacco taxation policy < mark > Taxes on tobacco products in Georgia were introduced in 1997 . However , locally manufactured cigarettes enjoyed substantially lower tax", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nonrenewable resources , Income Inequality and per Capita GDP : An Empirical Analysis # 4 . EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS This section summarizes the results of the analytical methodology described above . The specifications and the estimation techniques have been systematically adapted according to the different assumptions characterizing each model . The baseline model estimates the average empirical associations for all the countries included in the dataset , and is then adjusted to assess heterogeneity between country income groups . Finally , the model was tested on a sub-sample of resource-rich countries < sup > 15 < / sup > , with a view to test the robustness of the empirical association . # # 4 . 1 The Baseline Model : Pooling All Countries Table 6 presents the results from the recursive baseline model . The two equations have been estimated separately using a fixed-effect estimator and simultaneously using SURE plus country-level dummy variables . We find that , on average , nonrenewable resource dependence is negatively associated with both income inequality and GDP per capita . In the simultaneous estimation both coefficients increased because of the correlation between the error terms of the two equations . Table 6 : Estimated Results from the Recursive Model Specification ( baseline model ) | | * * Fixed * * < br > | * * Effect * * < br > | * * SU * * < br > | * * RE * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | | Non Renewable resource dependence | - 0 . 059 * * | - 0 . 087 * * | - 0 . 149 * * * | - 0 . 132 * * | | High-low education ratio | - 0 . 639 * * * | - | - 0 . 203 | - | | High-low education ratio square | 0 . 021 * * * | - | 0 . 010 * * | - | | Consumer price index ( 2005 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Food deprivation National averages of severely food deprived children have remained constant in urban and in rural areas over 2009 through 2017 . A temporary drop in food deprivation estimates based on the GHS wave 2 data may be a result of data quality concerns . While the data food deprivation throughout all survey waves of GHS and MICS suffers from high proportions of missing information , the consistency of the GHS wave 3 and 4 and MICS estimates give the results little more credibility . Food deprivation is not as widely dispersed between urban and rural as it is between northern and southern regions . Despite widespread subsistence farming in rural areas across regions , which might suggest that rural children have better access to food than urban children , an on average 10 percentage points higher share of rural compared to urban children is food deprived . Figure 16 : National Level Severe Food Deprivation < ! - - Start of picture text - - > AGGREGATE FOOD DEPRIVATION - GHS AND MICS < br > child child north child south child rural child urban < br > W A VE 1 W A VE 2 W A VE 3 MIC S 2016 / 2017 W A VE 4 < br > 23 % 28 % 17 % 26 % 15 % 11 % 13 % 9 % 13 % 8 % 23 % 30 % 11 % 26 % 16 % 24 % 30 % 8 % 28 % 16 % 22 % 30 % 8 % 24 % 16 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-4 and MICS 2016 / 17 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . In line with the findings of rural children facing higher rates of severe food deprivation , children in the largely rural north are found to be more food deprived than the south . This is consistent across regions as per GHS and MICS data sets . 30", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 223, "text": "GHS wave 2 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1338, "end": 1350, "text": "GHS Wave 1-4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1710, "end": 1713, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1718, "end": 1732, "text": "MICS data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "waste ; < br > manage spills properly | Fertilizer properly < br > stored ; no visible < br > contamination ; < br > packaging waste < br > collected separately | Visual inspection ; < br > storage records ; < br > worker interviews | During storage < br > and distribution | Suppliers / < br > Warehouse < br > Supervisors ; PIU < br > oversight | 68", "spans": [{"start": 190, "end": 205, "text": "storage records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) – Additional Financing Request 2 level . In this regard , the emphasis of the ongoing CBC reform on sciences , mathematics and English can be considered a strategic long-term investment on the job ’ s agenda . PforR Program Scope 5 . The scope of the Additional Financing Program will cover selected subprograms in the National Education Sector Strategic Plan ( NESSP II ) : primary education , teacher education , professional development and management ; and cross cutting issuesgirl ’ s education and refugee education . # # # * * C . Program Development Objective ( s ) * * # # # Original Development Objective To reduce regional disparities in learning outcomes , improve the retention of girls in upper primary education , and strengthen systems for delivering equitable education outcomes . # # # Current Development Objective To reduce regional disparities in learning outcomes , improve the retention of girls in upper primary education , and strengthen systems for delivering equitable education outcomes . Proposed New Development Objective To reduce regional disparities in learning outcomes , improve the retention of girls in junior school , and strengthen systems for delivering equitable education outcomes . 6 . * * The Results Areas ( RAs ) are mainly unchanged for the Second AF * * . The RAs for the Program are : - a ) Equalize learning opportunities : improve learning outcomes in target counties and for refugee populations - b ) Improve girls ’ participation in schooling , including in refugee hosting counties . - c ) Strengthen reform implementation capacity . 7 . * * Progress towards the PDO will be measured through the following PDO indicators * * : - < mark > a ) Increase in the share of students achieving higher order competencies in literacy and numeracy ( Level 4 ) in the NASMLA Grade 3 assessment , in Counties falling into the lowest quintile of performers , including in refugee populations . ( Percentage ) . < / mark > - < mark > b ) Improved retention of poor and vulnerable girls", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 35 . * * followed by South * * Asi * * with 17 % , LAC with 15 % , East Asia with 13 % , and EMENA with 10 . 5 % . Other Indicators of service quality are either not available or require further analysis before any conclusions can be drawn . The need for load shedding because of Insufficient generating capacity cannot be Inferred directly frT the available data , for example , on the basis of system load factor or the ratio of peak demand to Installed capacity . Load factors could Increase either due to load shedding or changes In demand characteristics . The ratio of peak cemand to Installed capacity Is an Indicator of the level of reserve margin available and therefore the ability to meet peak demand with allowance for both scheduled and forced outages . The peak demand to total Installed capacity ratio was analyzed using the PPAR basic data sheets and was found to lie In the range of 40-100 % at the time of project appraisal . For utilities at the high end of the range , generation additlons were clearly required . For utilities with an Implied reserve margin of around 50 % , i cannot be concluded Immediately that there is excess generating capacity because of the varying technical characterlstics of the systems . In countries where maintenance Is Inadequate due to lack of skilled staff and available spares , a higher reserve margin would be required to achieve a reasonable level of service as measured by Loss of Load Probability ( LOLP ) . The Qptimum level of LOLP will depend on the economic cost of outages such that more Industrialized countries In EMENA , LAC , and increasingly In East Asia Regions would require a lower LOLP and , hence , higher reserve margin . The optimal reserve margin requirement 13 also a function of the nature of the sys ! em , Its mix of plant , the seasonal firm power available In hydro based and mixed systems , and the extent of derating of older thermal plants . In short , the optimal reserve margin requirement varies depending on circumstance , so that the maxlmum peak demand to Installed capacity figure would show significant", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 868, "text": "PPAR basic data sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( remember that we use the same age cohort in estimating the synthetic panel , so that mean birthyear should remain the same if the composition of households does not change ) . A possible explanation is that there are more deaths among the older part of the sample . We also investigated the sensitivity of round 1 coefficients to the age cohort on which the model is estimated . Fortunately , our estimators of the coefficients are not much affected by the specification of the age cohort . This implies that the round 1 predictions for round 2 households are robust to the difference in population characteristics . We use a vulnerability line to study income mobility in more detail . The line is set based on the synthetic panel for the first interval in the dataset ( 2004 – 2007 ) and kept constant afterwards . It is derived from a vulnerability index of 0 . 4 , implying that all non-poor household in 2004 that face a probability of 0 . 4 or more of falling into poverty in 2007 are considered vulnerable . < sup > 21 < / sup > In our data , this conditional probability is attained at an income level of MYR 703 per capita per month ( about MYR 23 per day , or USD 14 at 2016 PPP levels ) at the upper bound of mobility . This means that in any round all households with per capita income between MYR 527 and MYR 703 are considered vulnerable . Households with incomes above MYR 703 are labeled economically secure . # 5 . Population-level results This section presents findings from applying the synthetic panel methodology to Malaysia ’ s official household survey data . In interpreting these results , it is important to recall that , although the poverty line is defined in relative terms in 2004 , it is kept constant in real terms after that . That means we do not adjust it for greater general affluence in Malaysian society over time . This also holds for the vulnerability line . Moreover , all comparisons are based on households of heads aged 25 – 55 in round 1 and adjusted accordingly for round 2 . < sup > 22 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1561, "end": 1582, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Section 5 provides the results of the interventions on the rate of formalization among informal firms , and Section 6 concludes with discussion of implications for both policy and further studies in this area . # * * 2 . Context and the Process of Formalizing * * Belo Horizonte is the capital city of the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil , and has a city population of almost 2 . 5 million , with 5 . 5 million in the official metropolitan area ( the third largest in Brazil after São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro ) . A 2009 survey by the Brazilian statistical agency IBGE along with government records was used by SEBRAE , the government agency for supporting micro and small businesses , to estimate that Belo Horizonte has a total of 561 , 310 businesses , of which 402 , 744 were informal ( 72 percent ) . # * * 2 . 1 . Registering a Microenterprise in Belo Horizonte * * The Complementary Federal Law 123 defines micro-enterprises as firms with annual revenues up to R $ 360 , 000 ( US $ 177 , 000 ) < sup > 3 < / sup > , provided they are not the subsidiary of another firm . Microenterprises which meet several other conditions – the key ones being they do not have a foreign owner or partner , they are not in certain sectors like financial services , consulting , alcohol or tobacco , or transportation – are eligible to register their businesses formally under a national simplified taxation system called SIMPLES . The SIMPLES regime combines several ongoing tax and contribution payments into a single payment ( including employee taxes and ICMS , the State sales tax ) , but does not simplify the registration process itself . In addition , at the time of beginning our study , enterprises with one or fewer employees and which had R $ 36 , 000 or under in annual revenues could instead register as individual microentrepreneurs ( MEIs ) . This was changed after our intervention had begun , with the eligibility threshold being raised to R $ 60 , 000 after a law change in September 2011 . The State government created a unit called Minas Fácil", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 598, "text": "government records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". In addition to this two-fold policy challenge within countries , experiences regarding the labor market effects of trade vary between countries . To emphasize such differences in country experiences , it helps to look at one aspect of the literature examining the impacts of increased import competition from China following its 2001 World Trade Organization ( WTO ) accession . Estimates of the impact vary for the United States , but the key insight is that the biggest changes are at the local level : aggregate impacts are much smaller , though still substantial . A reduced form estimate from Acemoglu et al . ( 2016 ) gives the figure of 2 . 0 million to 2 . 4 million US manufacturing jobs lost , which translates into a substantial amount of labor market disruption , which in turn means lost jobs and impaired wellbeing . But a similar approach using data for Ethiopia by Ngoma ( 2022 ) finds a stunningly different result : increased imports from China translated into major economic gains , including more jobs for Ethiopian workers , with corresponding increases in incomes and well-being . Better understanding the mechanisms that give rise to these disparate labor market impacts from changing trade costs is a key objective of this paper . Clearly , the United States and Ethiopia differ along many dimensions , so it is important to make an effort to identify which ones give rise to such distinct labor market experiences from closely related changes in policy — in this case reductions in trade costs vis-à-vis China , combined with gains in Chinese competitiveness in a variety of manufacturing sectors . But understanding the underlying mechanisms also matters from a human and > 3 Anderson and Van Wincoop ( 2004 ) define trade costs as the set of factors that drive a wedge between producer prices in the exporting country and consumer prices in the importing country . They therefore include “ classical ” trade policy factors like tariffs , but also behind-the-border regulations , institutional quality , and other factors that affect the costs of moving goods or services between countries . This paper uses the term “ trade policy ” broadly to refer to any policy that affects trade costs . It therefore includes standard", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 879, "text": "data for Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Annex 7 : Financial Management and Disbursement Arrangements * * # # # # # * * Introduction * * The project i s designed to support the Government ’ s policy o f decentralization and to enhance the capacity at the local level to implement water supply and sanitation improvements . The Government and IDA have agreed that the implementation arrangements should work within established funds flow channels and allocate resources to Regions according to the Government ’ s formula , while at the same time maintaining performance-based incentives to encourage Regions , Woredas , Rural Communities , Municipalities and their Town Water Boards to adopt reforms set out in the Water Resources Policy and develop capacity for implementation . So that each Woreda , Town and Region can move at its own pace through the process as capacity i s developed for implementation , reimbursements will be based on Statements o f Expenditure ( SOE ) . Financial Monitoring and Reporting ( FMR ) will be implemented at all levels to ensure accountability . # # # # # * * Financial Management Assessment * * The financial management assessment i s done inline with the guidelines issued by the FM Board on June 30 , 2001 and revised on October 1 , 2003 . The objective o f the assessment i s to determine whether the implementing entities have acceptable financial management arrangements , which will ensure : ( 1 ) the funds are used only for the intended purposes in an efficient and economical way , ( 2 ) the preparation of accurate , reliable and timely periodic financial reports , and ( 3 ) safeguard the entities ’ assets . The FM assessment was done during the months o f January , February and March 2004 . The team visited M o W R and SNNPR Water Bureau . The Ethiopia Country Financial Accountability Assessment was issued on 17 June 2003 and the results o f which have been taken into account in performing the assessment for this Project . # # # # # * * Country Issues * * The recent Country Financial Accountability Assessment carried out jointly by", "spans": [{"start": 1769, "end": 1821, "text": "Ethiopia Country Financial Accountability Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Has the assessment determined that local communities could face < br > significant adverse impacts in event of an accident or emergency < br > situation associated with theproject ? | Yes [ ✔ ] No [ ] N / A [ ] | | - - - | - - - | | If so , has an Emergency Preparedness Plan ( EPP ) been prepared and < br > arrangements been made forpublic awareness and training ? | Yes [ ✔ ] No [ ] N / A [ ] | | * * Projects on International Waterways * * | | | Have the other riparians been notified bythe Bank of theproject ? | Yes [ ] No [ ] N / A [ ✔ ] | | * * Projects in Disputed Areas * * | | | Has the memo conveying all pertinent information on the < br > international aspects of the project , including the procedures to be < br > followed , and the recommendations for dealing with the issue , been < br > prepared bythe Bank ? | Yes [ ] No [ ] N / A [ ✔ ] | | * * Disclosure * * | | | If Category A or B , has the ESRS been sent to the World Bank ' s Info < br > Shop ? | Yes [ ✔ ] No [ ] N / A [ ] | | Have relevant assessment documents prepared by the client been < br > disclosed in-country in a public place in a form and language that are < br > understandable and accessible to project-affected groups and local < br > NGOs ? | Yes [ ✔ ] No [ ] N / A [ ] | | * * Monitoring and Reporting * * | | | Has the client agreed to submit an Annual Monitoring Report to the < br > Bank to report on the management of environmental and social risks < br > and impacts , and does the Legal Agreement contain thisprovision ? | Yes [ ✔ ] No [ ] N /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 | - | 261 . 741 < br > | | E Savaor < br > Emiratos Árabes Unidos | 35 < br > 417 | - < br > - | 35 < br > 417 | _8_ < br > _417_ | - < br > 216 | 4 < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | 39 < br > 633 | * * . . . ⁄ . . . * * * * 44 * * ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , * * / * * signed", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 850, "text": "Association records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 Empirical Strategy We begin by estimating the impacts of offering NEP-B and NEP-I on parental behaviors and child development , what is usually referred to as the intention-to-treat parameter ( ITT ) . Impacts on child outcomes are estimated using data at the child level , while impacts on parental outcomes such as behaviors , beliefs and well-being are estimated using data at the household level . We use the following specification : where Y is the outcome of interest at endline , which varies by child / household i , in health center , c . NEP is an indicator which takes value 1 if the caregiver was invited to participate in NEP-B , and NEP is an indicator which takes value 1 if the caregiver was invited to NEP-I . X is a set of control variables including children ’ s attributes such as sex and age , household characteristics such as family structure , household ’ s per capita income , caregiver ’ s education , and the outcome of interest at baseline . Γ are health center fixed effects which capture unobservable differences in program quality . Coefficients β and β7 are the ITT parameters of interest . Since participation in NEP was voluntary , we complement the ITT analysis with the estimation of instrumental variables ( IV ) estimates of the impacts of NEP . If these impacts are heterogeneous in the population , these estimates are usually interpreted as Local Average Treatment Effects ( LATE ) . The first and second stage equations for this estimator are : where random assignment dummies NEP and NEP are used as instrumental variables for participation in each treatment arm , T and T ( Basico and Intensivo , respectively ) . # # 5 Results This section presents the estimated impacts of NEP-B and NEP-I on child outcomes and parenting attributes . Because the endline survey was conducted between 30 to 36 months after the end of the interventions for households in our sample , these can be interpreted as medium-term effects of the program . In this section we focus on the simplest specification where we only control for health center fixed effects . In tables A1-A4 in Appendix 2 we present specifications that include age , gender", "spans": [{"start": 252, "end": 275, "text": "data at the child level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 376, "end": 403, "text": "data at the household level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1796, "end": 1810, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * trees * * | * * Substation * * | * * Tower & Row * * | * * eucalyptus * * | | | Big | 1 | 244 | 245 | 0 . 3 | | Medium | 12 | 275 | 287 | 0 . 4 | | Small | 6 | 551 | 557 | 0 . 8 | | Kuami | 199 | 61 | 260 | 0 . 4 | | Korkoro Mager | 18 , 844 | 12 , 923 | 31 , 767 | 43 . 6 | | Meri | 356 | 2 , 398 | 2 , 754 | 3 . 8 | | Teshegagari | 21 | 1 , 325 | 1 , 346 | 1 . 8 | | Gidgida Mager | - | 8 , 189 | 8 , 189 | 11 . 2 | | Chefeka | 4 , 878 | 22 , 261 | 27 , 139 | 37 . 3 | | Seedling | - | 290 | 290 | 0 . 4 | | * * All * * | * * 24 , 317 * * | * * 48 , 517 * * | * * 72 , 834 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 33 . 4 * * | * * 66 . 6 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Page 88", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 736, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "suspension . By doing so , it lays a foundation for future research that seeks to better understand informal sector activities and performance via high-frequency tax reporting information . In particular , future work should try to better understand both the extent and the factors that lead small firms , and especially household-owned firms , in developing countries to suspend their businesses when faced with shocks that could be idiosyncratic or aggregate . Understanding the performance and dynamics of small firms is key to improving the livelihoods of poor households , generating jobs , and boosting labor productivity in low-income countries . # * * References * * - * * Avdiu , Besart and Gaurav Nayyar * * , “ When face-to-face interactions become an occupational hazard : Jobs in the time of COVID-19 , ” _Economics Letters_ , 2020 , _197_ , 109648 . - * * Banerjee , Abhijit , Dean Karlan , and Jonathan Zinman * * , “ Six Randomized Evaluations of Microcredit : Introduction and Further Steps , ” _American Economic Journal : Applied Economics_ , January 2015 , _7_ ( 1 ) , 1 – 21 . - * * Banerjee , Abhijit Vinayak * * , “ Microcredit Under the Microscope : What Have We Learned in the Past Two Decades , and What Do We Need to Know ? , ” _Annual Review of Economics_ , 2013 , _5_ ( 1 ) , 487 – 519 . - * * Bartik , Alexander W , Marianne Bertrand , Zoe Cullen , Edward L Glaeser , Michael Luca , and Christopher Stanton * * , “ The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations , ” _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ , 2020 , _117_ ( 30 ) , 17656 – 17666 . - * * Beland , Louis-Philippe , Oluwatobi Fakorede , and Derek Mikola * * , “ Short-Term Effect of COVID-19 on Self-Employed Workers in Canada , ” _Canadian Public Policy_ , 2020 , _46_ ( S1 ) , S66 – S81 . - * * Bosch , Mariano and William Maloney * * , “ Cyclical Movements in Unemployment and Informality in Developing Countries , ” _World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 4648_ , 07 2008", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 187, "text": "high-frequency tax reporting information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been a useful and worthwhile exercise , they also acknowledge its weaknesses . First , in the words of some , it turned out to be a “ data collection exercise , ” which “ provided a pipeline for resettlement , ” but which was not really used to craft new protection strategies . Second , while a considerable amount of money ( 1 . 5 million rand ) and people were involved in the exercise , the raw data collected was not fully analyzed or presented in a final report . 140 . Third , some UNHCR informants expressed the view that the methodology of the PNA has been “ haphazard ” and “ unsystematic . ” Only people identified by local organizations were interviewed in the course of the PNA and Zimbabweans were not included . Fourth , the exercise reportedly created resentment amongst those people who were not included in the PNA and raised unrealistic resettlement expectations amongst those who were included . Lessons should be learned and documented from this experience in order to inform and enhance future exercises of this type . 141 . With respect to the broader issue of community outreach , there are , as indicated earlier in this report , some differences of opinion within UNHCR as to whether the organization should adopt a governmental-institutional approach or one that it is more community-based . The last two years have effectively seen a shift from the former to the latter , largely as a result of the xenophobic violence of 2008 , as well as the increased scrutiny of UNHCR by NGOs and civil society organizations , many 25", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 403, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "118-136 . Bayraktar , N . , and H . Fofack . 2011 . “ Capital Accumulation in Sub-Saharan Africa : Income-Group and Sector Differences . ” _Journal of African Economies_ 20 ( 4 ) : 531-561 . Buigut , S . 2016 . “ Trade Effects of the East African Community Customs Union : Hype versus Reality . ” _South African Journal of Economics_ 84 ( 3 ) : 422-439 . Calderón , C . , and L . Servén . 2010 . “ Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa . ” _Journal of African Economies_ 19 , AERC Supplement 1 : i13 − i87 . Chaney , N . W . , J . Sheffield , G . Villarini , and E . F . Wood . 2014 . “ Development of a HighResolution Gridded Daily Meteorological Dataset over Sub-Saharan Africa : Spatial Analysis of Trends in Climate Extremes . ” _Journal of Climate_ 27 , no . 15 : 5815-5835 . Dauvin , M . , and D . Guerreiro . 2017 “ The Paradox of Plenty : A Meta-Analysis . ” _World Development_ 94 : 212-231 . EBRD ( European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ) . 2019 . _Eight Things You Should Know About Middle-Income Transitions_ . April . London : European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . European Commission . 2018 . “ Association Implementation Report on Moldova . ” Joint Staff Working Document . European Commission : Brussels . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international protection among the group of * * 44 * * industrialized countries will surpass the 2013 level significantly . Last year , some * * 56 , 300 * * Syrians lodged new asylum claims . * * * * Syrians lodged asylum claims in all but one of the * * 44 * * industrialized countries ( Lithuania ) during the first half of * * 2014 * * . As such , they accounted on average for one out of * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig . 3 Main nationalities of asylum-seekers | First half 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Syrian Arab Republic < br > 15 % < br > 6 % Iraq < br > other 53 % 6 % Afghanistan < br > 6 % < br > Eritrea < br > 4 % < br > 4 % Serbia * < br > 3 % < br > 3 % < br > Pakistan < br > China < br > Somalia < br > * Serbia ( and Kosovo : S / RES / 1244 ( 1999 ) ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 13 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY # # * * CHAPTER 8 : ELIGIBILITY AND COMPENSATION * * # # # # # * * 8 . 1 Eligibility for Compensation * * The affected persons , irrespective of their tenure status , are eligible for assistance if their assets will be affected by planning and surveying or engaged in any livelihood income-generating activity in the settlement before the entitlement ‘ cut-off date ’ which was set as 7 < sup > th < / sup > February 2018 * * . * * The entitlement ‘ cut-off ’ date refers to the time when the census and assessment of PAPs and their property in the settlement began . This was explained to the beneficiaries and PAPs during community consultations and the PAP census . Thereafter no new cases will be considered for compensation . will be affected by planning and surveying or engaged in any livelihood income-generating activity in the settlement before the entitlement ‘ cut-off date ’ which was set as 7 < sup > th < / sup > February 2018 * * . * * The entitlement ‘ cut-off ’ date refers to the time when the census and assessment of PAPs and their property in the settlement began . This was explained to the beneficiaries and PAPs during community consultations and the PAP census . Thereafter no new cases will be considered for compensation . The cut-off date was discussed and adopted by the community in the LPDP presentation meeting held in the settlement on 10 < sup > th < / sup > January 2018 , minutes of the meeting are provided as annex 4 to this report . Those who encroach the road reserves after established cut-off date will not be eligible for compensation or assistance . The following categories are eligible for disruption assistance and were identified among the PAPs in the settlement .", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 788, "text": "PAP census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the livelihood restoration plan ; - Mobilise and guide government line offices to fully participate in the implementation of the RP and LRP ; and - Closely follow and ensure that the RP and LRP are implemented according to the plan in the Woreda and Kebeles . # # # # # # * * 14 . 5 Local Administration : Affected Kebeles * * The following are among some of the key responsibilities of the Subprojects Affected Kebeles ( PAKs ) Administration Offices : - Participate in all the Subproject information disclosure meetings ; - Participate in the identification of affected households and mobilise PAPs ; - Give feedback / notification to PAPs on Subproject related issues ; - Participate in and witness the process of the affected land survey , property valuation and compensation payment process ; and - Attend to all grievances within the Kebele with regard to land required by the Subproject . Official Use Only Page 179", "spans": [{"start": 724, "end": 744, "text": "affected land survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 3 . 3 . 2 Internal audit . * * 33 . On internal audit , the PFM Act 2012 and PFM Act regulation 2015 defines the legal framework for internal audit . The Internal Audit function falls under the Directorate of Accounting Services domiciled at national Treasury . The Internal Audit Department staff are seconded to the MDAs and have dual reporting lines , technically to the MDAs Audit Committees / Internal Auditor General and administratively to the accounting officers in the MDAs . The Audit Committee of the Ministry was recently appointed . It was however inactive from end of 2019 due to expiry of their term , but the term was extended this year and made a sitting in June 2022 and continues to operate and to have another meeting in November 2022 . The MoE IAD , has 11 auditors who audit all the operations of the ministry . The staff are well qualified and are experienced . Their annual work plan is approved by the audit committee . Reports are issued after completion of every engagement and management takes action on the internal audit findings which is mainly that they will issue a circular to the Counties . In addition to the IAD , MoE has a directorate that specifically deals with schools ’ audits . 34 . * * Key risks identified * * ( i ) IAD Limited time to sample many schools per county and sub county ( ii ) limited capacity in terms of staff given wide audit universe - the whole Ministry operations and at times funding issues for their activities impeding the effectiveness of the internal audit function ( iii ) Challenges auditing through the systems-NEMIS platform . ( iv ) Period of inactivity of Audit Committee can weaken the oversight ( iv ) Failure by counties to adhere to laid down regulations ( v ) Lack of value for money ( iv ) < mark > Lack of authenticity for payment made leading to loss of public funds . ( v < / mark > i ) Enrolment numbers at the school did not tally with NEMIS data which was the basis by", "spans": [{"start": 1929, "end": 1939, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "only changes in relative prices are coming from the trade policy changes including those linked to BRI . Moreover , most inputs are assumed to be consumed in fixed quantities . All else equal , the scale effects should line up with increases in GDP on a country basis . The composition effects are likely to be large as policies engendered by BRI lead to changing comparative advantage with significant changes in both the internal and external composition of output . These are not necessarily easy to trace in a modeled economy with many sectors and countries . If production moves to relatively ‘ clean ’ sectors and countries , the composition effects may counteract the scale effects , or vice versa . Figure 2 provides an overall picture for the changes in emissions at the global level from the BRIUB scenario . GDP growth is some 0 . 12 % , thus this scenario suggests that for most gases , the composition effect dominates the scale effect . There are some notable exceptions — F-gases , NMVB , and SO2 . F-gases are linked in particular to electronics manufacturing , thus this suggests that re-allocation of electronics manufacturing would lead to somewhat cleaner production . SO2 is often related to coal-based electricity production . A decline in SO2 would bring some health benefits . > 12 Emissions covered in Envisage include : Greenhouse gases : Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , Nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , Methane ( CH4 ) , F-gases ( HFCs , PFCs , SF6 , NF3 ) and Other gases : Black carbon ( BC ) , Carbon monoxide ( CO ) , Ammonia ( NH3 ) , Non-methane volatile organic compounds short carbon cycle ( NMVB ) , Non-methane volatile organic compounds long carbon cycle ( NMVF ) , Nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , Organic Carbon ( OC ) , Particulate matter 10 ( PM10 ) , Particulate matter 2 . 5 ( PM2 . 5 ) and Sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) . 13 Also referred to at times as the Kyoto gases as they were targeted in the Kyoto Protocol Agreement , signed in 1997 . - 11 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "avoid all legally protected areas , with the exception of the following two forest reserves , based on data from the World Database of Protected Areas ( WDPA ) provided by IBAT : - The Wobulenzi-Masaka route cuts through the southern tip of the Luwawa Forest Reserve near Gobero , 34 . 6 km south of the Wobulenzi substation . Google Earth imagery reveals the forest cover within this reserve is depleted with numerous agricultural plots and extensive loss of tree cover . The portion of the forest reserve intersected by the TL is entirely dominated by cultivated land and devoid of tree cover ( * * Error ! Reference source not found . * * ) . Ground truthing revealed the forest cover represents Eucalyptus plantation and this area is not ecologically sensitive . - Wabinyomo Forest Reserve – the Wobulenzi-Masaka route cuts through the southern tip of this area , located 77 . 6 km south of the Wobulenzi substation . This reserve is similarly encroached by cultivation and no forest cover is directly affected by the proposed route , so is also not ecologically sensitive ( * * Figure 25 * * ) . * * Figure 20 : * * * * _Layout of Legally Protected Areas within a 50 km Buffer of the Wobulenzi-Masaka Transmission Line Route ( refer Zoomed Map of the Internal Rectangle ) _ * * 155", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 150, "text": "World Database of Protected Areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 - between 18 and 40 percent of the total annual freight hauled , is detarmined as much by the performance of the Kenyan and Tanzania railways and harbors as by the efficiency of URC ' s own rail and ferry operations . Since the break-up of the EARC , wagon interchanges require periodically negotiated special bilateral agreements . Currently , the wagon roundtrip time between Kampala and Mombasa Port via Malaba or Kisumu is 15 days as against 40 - 60 days between Kampala and Dar es Salaam via Mwanza . Ideally , the Tanzanian roundtrip should not exceed 17 days ; the delays are attributed mostly to a grave shortage of shunting engines at Dar-es-Salaam Port and partly to intermittent nonavailability of main line locomotives fo ; Uganda traffic over the Tabora / Dar es Salaam section . URC , which presently does not maintain wagon turn-around data , needs to collect these data . as a part of its daily and periodic management information system . Indirect calculations suggest that wagon turnaround has apparently gone up from 20 days in 1985 to 34 days in 1987 . While these derived figures cannot be wqholly relied upon , as they have not been corrected for actual average wagon holdings net of interchanged stock , they are consistent with two salient features of the 1987 operations : URC ' s prevailing shortage of mainline motive power , and hold-up of wagon stock in Tanzania resulting from a sharply ircreased routing of Uganda ' s international traffic ( up to 33 percent of total ) to Dar es Salaam port . The Lake Victoria wagon ferry services give URC considerable flexibility in switching traffic between the Mombasa and Dar es Salaam routes . If four ferries ( 3-URC and 1 - KRC ) were deployed to move Uganda traffic , the lake throughput capacity would be of the order of 528 , 000 tonnes annually . URC ' s opt ' ons for routing the lake traffic are discussed in Annex 10 . 2 . 24 Financial", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 858, "text": "wagon turn-around data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as child minding and the Child Development Workers ) and some being improvements on already existing services such as growth monitoring and micronutrient supplementation ; ( 2 ) the delivery of many of the program components is not centralized , so actual treatment under various components is difficult to ascertain and model ; and ( 3 ) information campaigns about ECD in the community as well as home-based visits are an important aspect of the program mechanisms . In all , program impact is not likely to depend on service utilization in ways that may be true for programs that offer a single centralized service . < sup > 13 < / sup > ________________ 12 Children less than age six months are generally not included because among full-term infants the risk of iron deficiency in this age range is relatively low due to adequate iron provisions from the perinatal period ( World Health Organization 2001 ) . Hemoglobin levels were determined by diluting blood samples with a cyanmethemoglobin reagent in a spectrophotometer and using the proportional relationship of the absorbance of the reagent with the concentration of hemoglobin to determine the latter quantity . This method is one of two generally recommended as best for assessing hemoglobin levels in surveys ( World Health Organization , 2001 ) . 13 Moreover , for some of the new components of the program such as child minding , utilization rates were far too low to allow us to use them in the analysis . Several other program components such as receiving home visits from barangay health workers , immunization , or being weighed at the barangay health center are difficult to examine because so few children did not receive these services . Thus the impact of the utilization of each ECD treatment is likely to provide a biased estimate of the overall ECD program effect . Nevertheless , we did experiment with defining treatment as whether the child had any contact with the barangay health station in the year prior to the survey for children living in program regions 6 and 7 only . We 13", "spans": [{"start": 2000, "end": 2019, "text": "survey for children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : Étude du projet d ' interconnexion des réseaux électriques du Cameroun et du Tchad , Electrification Rurale ; Hatch-Artelia ; May 2017_ 9 . Self-generation with diesel generators from rural settlements in Chad that will be electrified by the Project is estimated from the AfdB study for the Cameroon-Chad interconnector . < sup > 56 < / sup > This analysis starts from the 2016 demand reported in the AfdB study < sup > 57 < / sup > and assumes the demand of the rural settlements grows at the average population growth rate in Chad of 2 . 6 percent < sup > 58 < / sup > . Table 3 . 4 reports the projected energy requirements for the rural settlements in Chad in the “ without Project ” scenario up to 2035 . # # _ < u > CASE B : With Project < / u > _ 10 . Energy consumption forecasts in the “ with project ” scenario have been made for three distinct periods : - 2020-2022 , when Project is in preparation and conditions are the same as for the “ without project ” scenario ; - 2023-2027 , when estimates are slightly above the “ without project ” forecasts due to the electrification of 1 / 3 ( 16 . 7k connections ) of the new connections delivered by the project . Even though technical losses will reduce from 12 to 8 percent ( due to grid rehabilitation in N ’ Djamena ) in this period , the forecast assumes there will be more than enough demand to absorb the additional available energy for consumption resulting from loss reduction ; - 2028-2030 , which is characterized by a step increase due to two reasons : a ) the electrification of the remaining 2 / 3 ( 33 . 3k connections ) new connections deployed by the project in N ’ Djamena ; and b ) the connection of rural settlements along the Cameroon – Chad interconnector ; and", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 291, "text": "AfdB study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 420, "text": "2016 demand reported in the AfdB study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has been a symbiotic relationship between the Bank ‘ s research department and the research community outside the Bank . Measuring the impact of these activities on development is notoriously difficult . The Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) of the World Bank attempted an evaluation of country level studies – Economic and Sector Work ( ESW ) – and TA . < sup > 69 < / sup > One key technique was to use opinion surveys of Bank counterparts in client countries . The report found : ― The majority of ESW and TA met their objectives at least to an average extent during fiscal 2000 – 06 . Between 65 and 80 percent of users of ESW and TA in client countries and between 74 and 87 percent of users within the Bank gave ratings of average and above when asked to what extent these products met their stated objectives . But there were substantial differences in ratings across countries and tasks , some of the reasons for which are as follows . First , the technical quality of ESW and TA influenced their effectiveness . Second , close collaboration with clients , from task initiation through the formulation of recommendations , was important for ESW and TA to be effective , whether clients actually produced part of the task or not . Third , sustained follow-up after the completion of the tasks , rather than just dissemination , was important for effectiveness . Fourth , whether clients requested the tasks or not did not matter for their effectiveness , although tasks not requested by clients needed to be tailored to client needs and interests to be effective . Fifth , there is some evidence that ESW and TA were less effective in countries where > 67 For a history of World Bank research see Dethier ( 2009 ) . > 68 See Ravallion and Wagstaff ( 2010 ) . More details are provided below . > 69 Internal Evaluations Group ( World Bank ) , 2008 . 43", "spans": [{"start": 408, "end": 423, "text": "opinion surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "39 . 3 ] [ - 8 . 5 ] [ 2 . 6 ] [ 2 . 7 ] [ - 0 . 8 ] < br > R ? 0 . 01 0 . 02 0 . 01 < br > Employment status ( omitted category : not employed ) < br > Employed - 0 . 51 * * * - 0 . 55 * * * - 0 . 31 * * * - 0 . 33 * * * - 0 . 34 * * * — - 0 . 25 * * * < br > [ - 59 . 0 ] [ - 58 . 0 ] [ - 14 . 8 ] [ - 28 . 3 ] [ - 27 . 6 ] [ - 8 . 1 ] < br > R ? 0 . 05 0 . 05 0 . 01 0 . 14 0 . 14 0 . 09 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | | | | | | One cha | racteristic | at-a-time | All ch | aracteristic | s jointly | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | re | | e | | | All < br > — | Emerging | Developed | All < br > — | Emerging | Developed | | | All | Emerging | Developed | Individualandhouseholdcharacteristics | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | Householdincome ( omittedcategory : quinti | le3 ) | | | | | | | | | | | Quintile 1 | 0 . 52 * * * | 0 . 48 * * * | 0 . 70 * * * | 0 . 46 * * * | 0 . 41 * * * | 0 . 63 * * * | | Unconditionalaverage |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# The Insights and Illusions of Consumption Measurements < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > Erich Battistin < sup > _ † _ < / sup > Michele De Nadai < sup > _ ‡ _ < / sup > University of Maryland , CEPR , FBK-IRVAPP and IZA University of New South Wales Nandini Krishnan < sup > _ § _ < / sup > World Bank JEL Classification : C81 , D31 , D63 , E21 , I32 Keywords : Household Consumption , Household Expenditure Surveys , Inequality , Poverty and Household Well-Being , Modes of Data Collection > _ ∗ _ This version Thursday 21st May , 2020 . The manuscript benefited from comments by Kathleen Beegle , Leah Bevis , Joachim De Weerdt , Beatriz Godoy , Arthur Lewbel , Juan Munoz , Sergio Olivieri , Thomas Pave Sohnesen and Tara Vishwanath as well as seminar participants at the CEPR conference on New Consumption Data ( September 2019 ) , NEUDC ( October 2019 ) and the IARIW-World Bank conference on “ New Approaches to Defining and Measuring Poverty in a Growing World ” ( November 2019 ) . The views expressed here are those of the authors alone . > _ † _ Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics , 7998 Regents Drive , Symons Hall , College Park , MD 20742 , United States of America . Contact : ebattist @ umd . edu . > _ ‡ _ UNSW Business School UNSW Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . Contact : m . denadai @ unsw . edu . au . > _ § _ Poverty and Equity Global Practice , World Bank , 1818 H Street , NW Washington , DC 20433 , United States of America . Contact : nkrishnan @ worldbank . org .", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 408, "text": "Household Expenditure Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "functions , and procedural innovations , which consists of changes to routines , processes , and operations of a company . Thus , these innovations change or implement new procedures and processes within the company , such as simultaneous engineering or zero buffer rules . Marketing innovation is a change made to incorporate the advances in marketing science , technology or < u > engineering to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of marketing , to gain competitive advantage . < / u > In order to examine the innovative behavior of firms in the South Asia region , we use the World Bank Enterprise Survey and its specific innovation module implemented in the region during the 2014 and 2015 years . The survey , which compiles data from face-to-face interviews , uses a stratified sampling method where firms are stratified by industry , size , and location . Firm-size levels are 5-19 ( small ) , 20-99 ( medium ) , and 100 + employees ( large-sized firms ) . Since in the South Asia region most firms are small and mediumsized , the Enterprise Survey oversamples large firms . Overall , the data set has around 5 , 500 observations unevenly distributed between the four South Asian countries . For instance , the number of firms surveyed in India surpasses what was surveyed in the other three countries jointly ( see Table 1 ) . Regarding the sector composition of the sample , more than 4 , 000 firms belong to the manufacturing sectors , while only 1 , 266 firms operate in services . The survey targeted formal firms only and excludes micro firms , although few firms in the survey are de facto micro as they had fewer than 5 employees . Table 1 . Sample composition | | * * M * * < br > * * small ( < 20 ) * * | * * anufacturing * * < br > * * Medium * * < br > * * ( 20-99 ) * * | * * Large * * < br > * * ( 100 and * * < br > * * over ) * * | * * Ser * * < br > * * small ( < 20 )", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 614, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1045, "end": 1062, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "service quality and reliability and enable last-mile connections . Based on UEDCL State of the Distribution Asset Report ( 2025 ) and its Network Investment Plan 2026 – 2030 ( 2025 ) a pipeline of priority investments for improving quality and reliability of supply and enable last mile connections to achieve GoU access objectives have been identified . The investment pipeline includes replacement of transformers , switchgear , and primary and secondary plant , and also strengthening and extension of medium and low-voltage ( MV / LV ) networks by new climateresilient components integrating hardened and waterproof material in their design . This will result in lower technical losses and reduced GHG emissions . UEDCL will determine procurement packages for priority investments and competitively tender these on a supply and installation basis in accordance with World Bank Procurement Regulations . # # # * * Component 2 : Financial Intermediation for Energy Access Scale Up * * The objective of this component is to scale up energy access and consumption for residential and commercial consumers including households and productive users - by strengthening access to finance solutions for private sector sustainable service delivery and end user affordability . Building on institutional knowledge , capacity and processes of UECCC under the EASP , the component will tackle the main financial barriers to energy access scale up for off-grid connectivity as well as for access to clean cooking solutions through dedicated financial instruments . ASCENT will enable UECCC to scale up and expand the scope of its existing line of results-based financing , credit facility , and partial credit guarantees to crowd in private investments . As an addition to the ongoing EASP , the component will also support e-mobility charging infrastructure through the Credit Support Facility ( CSF ) , enabling private sector investment in electric vehicle charging stations and last-mile e-mobility solutions to reduce transport costs and fuel import dependency ; provide credit support window for investing in e - waste management system including facilities for collection , storage , refurbishing , promote second-life-use of batteries and setting-up of", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 120, "text": "UEDCL State of the Distribution Asset Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s gender and age , mobile phone ownership status , whether they lived with and cared for a child eight years old or younger , and the > 17The eligibility criteria are described in footnote 12 . > 18We only find differences between the EHPM and the survey-mode experiment samples in educationallevel variables ; the survey-mode experiment sample is more educated . This difference could also stem from the fact that only 60 percent of our sample completed the baseline survey . Therefore , educational attainment data is available only for a subsample of 358 ( out of 599 ) individuals . > 19In Figure 1 we present the different stages of data collection that we describe in this section . 10", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 516, "text": "educational attainment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rate of approximately 3 % in 2000 . However , the national prevalence survey undertaken in July 2001 showed that the HIV prevalence rate was much higher than estimated . The prevalence rate among pregnant women had reached the critical point of 4 . 4 % in the urban areas throughout the country , with even higher rates in Conakry ( 5 % ) and _Guin & e Forestnre_ ( 7 % ) . The higher rates in _Guinee Forestiere_ are probably due to the state of conflict in that region , the large military presence , increased migration , and the heavily traveled roads leading to and from neighboring countries such as the _Cote d ' lvoire . _ In the late 1980s , the gender ratio of HIV-infected patients reporting to health facilities was 8 men for 1 woman . In 2000 , the ratio shifted to 2 women for one man , clearly showing that HIV / AIDS had spread to the general population , mainly through heterosexual relations . The average age of AIDS cases has decreased from 39 years old in 1989 to 26 years old in 1999 . These rates show that the epidemic is clearly picking up speed and must be halted through rapid and effective actions to prevent the devastation which occurred in Central African Republic . CAR also had a prevalence rate of 4 . 7 % among urban pregnant women in 1986 ; three years later the rate reached 8 % ; and ten years later it had climbed to 11 . 6 % . The progression of the epidemic was similar in _Cote d ' lvoire_ where 3 % of urban pregnant women were infected in 1986 , increasing to 8 % two years later , and climbing to 15 % in 1991 . In Guinea , studies have shown some groups to have extremely high rates : 42 % of commercial sex workers , 7 . 3 % of truck drivers , 6 . 7 % of military , and 4 . 7 % of miners . EpiModel estimates indicate that in 2002 about 70 Guineans would be infected", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 76, "text": "national prevalence survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reduction , most notably in Asia , although there are considerable geographical , sectoral , and structural differences in the speed with which poverty reduction is delivered in the context of growth ( Ravallion 2000 ) . Growth has been found to be important specifically for increased climate change adaptive capacity . For example , examining time series data across countries over the last 50 years , Dell et al . ( 2008 , 2009 ) found that higher temperatures significantly reduced economic growth rates in poor countries but not in rich countries . Raddatz ( 2009 ) showed large declines in GDP per capita from climate-related disasters in low-income countries ; in percentage terms , these declines were four times the size of the declines in rich economies . Noy ( 2009 ) showed that higher GDP per capita and better institutional and human development indicators reduced losses from climate-related disasters . Raddatz ( 2009 ) also found that the larger impacts in low-income countries are much more than could be explained by the relatively high share of agriculture in these countries , so this issue is not simply solved by diversification away from agriculture . Although they are difficult to identify statistically , Fomby et al . ( 2012 ) also found losses in both agricultural and non-agricultural growth , although the type of shocks appears to affect generalizations on this issue . Unfortunately , engineering these growth and poverty reduction processes in a world of environmental change is problematic . It is generally acknowledged that the pressures of climate and other environmental changes will have serious implications for the growth prospects of some of the poorest countries in the developing world over the coming decades ( IPCC 2007 ; World Bank 2010a ) . Changes in climatic conditions will change the mean return to agriculture and increase its variance . Furthermore , the increased impacts of extreme weather events will affect the accumulation of productive assets , not least in low-lying areas such as coastal cities , where the potential returns to economic activity are 2", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 361, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and urban settings , under the Northern Uganda Social Action Fund ( NUSAF ) 1 , 2 and 3 projects . The infrastructure for expanding LIPW in rural areas is in place and tested ; the government will develop further the guidelines for LIPW in urban areas with TA from the World Bank and International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . An application will be developed to enable interested beneficiaries to send a text message with their name , National Identification Number ( NIN ) , and location to the implementing agency . This information will be verified using the National Identification Registration Authority ( NIRA ) database . Beneficiaries will be selected based on objective targeting criteria , and tasks will be allocated to eligible beneficiaries . During field level activities , implementation guidelines on occupational health and safety ( OHS ) and safeguards related to maintaining social distancing will be followed . Provision of sanitation facilities at the worksites will be required . The public works design and implementation will uphold environmental and social safeguards . A supervisor will verify task completion by taking photos of the beneficiary and task accomplished and sending this to the Management Information System ( MIS ) for approval of payment . The daily wage will then be sent to the beneficiary ’ s mobile phone or bank account directly . Confirmation of payment will be sent to the MIS for accountability . The Ministry of Gender , Labor and Social Development ( MGLSD ) will lead implementation of the intervention , working closely with the Ministry of Works and Transport , and the Ministry of Local Government . The oversight and supervision of tasks will be managed by the Ministry of Works and Transport , in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Government . 55 . * * _Substance of the prior action : _ * * This operation seeks to strengthen both the institutional underpinning and expand the instruments to respond to the crisis and mitigate impacts on vulnerable households . Cabinet approved on May 25 , 2020 the paper , which : ( a ) approves LIPW in the main urban areas and rural areas affected by floods for two months from", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 628, "text": "National Identification Registration Authority ( NIRA ) database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# ~ ~ Executive Summary ~ ~ Since the publication of its 2009 policy on urban refugees , _UNHCR policy on refugee protection and solutions in urban areas , _ the topic of urban refugees has become increasingly prominent amongst humanitarian actors . It is widely acknowledged that refugees are more often fl eeing to cities instead of camps . According to current estimates , as many as almost seven million refugees and asylum seekers are living in cities , potentially more than half of the world ’ s refugees . < sup > 1 < / sup > In 2012 , UNHCR created an Urban Refugee Steering Group to coordinate the agency ’ s strategy for meeting the evolving needs of this burgeoning demographic group . The body of literature on urban refugees is also growing . Beginning in 2010 , UNHCR published a series of evaluations of urban refugee operations in various countries . UNHCR ’ s Asia Bureau recently completed a regional analysis of urban refugees in nine of the countries they cover . However , a global analysis of UNHCR ’ s urban refugee operations was missing . The Urban Refugee Steering Group commissioned this review of its largest urban refugee operations in 2012 . This study is based on a detailed survey that was sent to the agency ’ s 24 programs with urban refugee programs that numbered more than 5 , 000 according to UNHCR ’ s 2011 statistics . The survey sought to gauge the rate of implementation for each of the 24 UNHCR operations against the twelve protection strategies set forth in the policy . By doing this we hoped to provide a baseline for future implementation measurements , and , to identify good practices and specifi c challenges concerning urban refugees . The way the policy is written is conducive to measuring implementation . The policy ’ s twelve protection strategies are readily translated into objectives and are so well described that it was easy to formulate indicators for compliance for each protection objective . For an overview , the twelve objectives can be grouped into three categories : � * * Documentation and Status Determination * * ; � * * Community Relations * *", "spans": [{"start": 1198, "end": 1213, "text": "detailed survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1331, "end": 1356, "text": "UNHCR ’ s 2011 statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is not clear that the same holds for some of the mature programs in India , Indonesia , Egypt , Pakistan and Bangladesh . In fact , it should be mentioned that sector work regarding mature programs hai been extremely limited . At the aggregate level , there seems to be a clear correspondence between the volume of sector work and the number of projects : compared to 71 PHN related sector and economic reports , there are 60 projects . However , we find that sector work has not always been a precursor of project development . Our tentative analysis indicates that there are 22 projects in 17 countries where no sector work was done before the project was appraised ( Table A-2 ) . There are 23 sector reports for 22 countries where the sector work has been completed , but where no 18", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 714, "text": "sector reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bought time for banks and sovereigns , key underlying problems remain . * * Market participants are concerned that reduced funding pressures due to ECB support may have diminished incentives to restructure balance sheets and to seek alternative , more sustainable ways to boost capital . Likewise , the LTROs can perpetuate unviable ― zombie ‖ banks , which may continue to take risks . For governments , pressures to reform may have eased as borrowing costs decline . A flood of liquidity may also harbor the risk of bubbles in the bond , equity , and real estate markets . The encumbered LTRO collateral that banks put up has increased risk for senior bank bondholders , which might inhibit unsecured market funding going forward . Last , by loading up on sovereign bonds , banks have reversed a selling trend , realigning their fate > 9 Most of the net € 190 billion liquidity infusion of the first LTRO is believed to have been used by Spanish and Italian banks to purchase bonds with high yields . The larger LTRO in February ( net ~ € 320 billion ) is believed to have improved lending conditions , as more small banks participated and carry trade became slightly less attractive . Spanish banks bought € 20 . 1 billion of government bonds in March ( or € 81 billion in the preceding four months ) , and Italian banks bought € 24 billion of government debt ( or € 67 billion in the preceding four months ) , bringing Euro Area bank purchases to € 142 billion in 2012 : Q1 . With most of the liquidity injection used by Italian and Spanish banks , the sovereign yield curves for Spain and Italy have decreased further , particularly on the short end . 10 Indeed , private credit conditions remained weak in February 2012 , and only an estimated € 10 billion of the December 2011 LTRO ( 5 percent ) reportedly found its way to the real economy as credit . > 11 The ECB data shows that Greek bank deposits fell from a peak of Є245 billion in end-2009 to Є170 billion in February 2012 , while Spanish deposits fell by Є6 . 4 billion in February 2012 , after a Є17", "spans": [{"start": 1869, "end": 1877, "text": "ECB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _R_ < sup > _2_ < / sup > | 0 . 17 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 29 | 0 . 29 | 0 . 29 | | _Observations_ | 443253 | 443253 | 343252 | 343252 | 343252 | _Source : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . _Notes_ : _p_ denotes six-digit HS product , _k_ denotes three-digit ISIC industry , _f_ denotes firm , _d_ denotes destination , and _t_ denotes time in years . Standard errors are in parentheses ( clustered by firm-product combinations ) . < sup > * * * < / sup > , < sup > * * < / sup > , and < sup > * < / sup > indicate the level of significance at 1 % , 5 % and 10 % , respectively . All specifications include a constant term that is suppressed . 22", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 205, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "related works , < br > Construction areas shall be separated by a fence and a < br > separate access gate is used for construction workers , < br > Ensure that women are given a mentorship orientation < br > before starting their work . < br > Provision of gender-disaggregated data , separate bathing , < br > changing , and sanitation facilities for men and women < br > shall be made ready by the contractor , and < br > Impose zero tolerance on sexual harassment , all forms of < br > gender-based violence and discrimination at all phases of < br > the project . < br > MOH must clearly define the SEA / SH requirements and < br > expectations in the bidding documents for contractor < br > MOH environmental and social safeguards team must < br > ensure that the contractors included GBV prevention and < br > response framework like code of conduct in Contractor | Availability of signed < br > workers code of conduct . < br > Availability < br > of < br > construction limit fence . < br > Percentage of women < br > employed . < br > Availability < br > of < br > day < br > worktime limit . < br > Availability of training < br > attendance of the GBV < br > prevention and response < br > Availability of SEA / SH < br > requirements < br > and < br > expectations < br > in < br > the < br > contract and sub-contract < br > agreements . < br > Availability of SEA / SH < br > records . | Akaki < br > sub-city < br > Women and Social < br > Affairs < br > office , < br > MOH Supervisory < br > engineer < br > and < br > Environmental and < br > social Safeguards < br > Specialist , | Every < br > three < br > months | 2500 |", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 282, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > * * intervention * * | * * Responsible * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Relapse in < br > observing < br > COVID-19 < br > protocols by < br > VMG < br > communities < br > d ll | Activities < br > focused on < br > behavior < br > change < br > communication < br > ( BCC ) | • TOT on BCC < br > • Media messaging < br > impacting on behavior < br > change < br > • Community dialogue < br > sessions | Continuously | All VMG < br > communities < br > ( This will also < br > include awareness on < br > vaccine ) | Communications / < br > DCH / SS | | an argey < br > the general < br > public | Need for < br > COVID-19 risk < br > communication < br > feedback < br > assessments | • Undertake periodic < br > Knowledge Attitude and < br > Practice ( KAP ) Survey . < br > This to include VMGs | Half yearly | | Communications / < br > DCH / SS | > 19The Divisions have already raised requests to actualize communication and community engagement activities between March and April 2021 . This includes ( i ) Training of Trainers on behavior change communication ( BCC ) with representatives from VMG communities as TOTs who will be expected to disseminate BCC messages to their communities ( ii ) The Divisions will also undertake a Knowledge Attitude and Practices ( KAP ) Survey in which VMG communities will form ten ( 10 ) percent of the total respondents in the thirty-one ( 31 ) VMG counties . This will be held between 6 < sup > th < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1271, "end": 1318, "text": "Knowledge Attitude and Practices ( KAP ) Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GDP , not as a percent of total government expenditure , so this is also what we present here . Both current and capital spending are included in these values . While ASPIRE data have limitations , they are the most comprehensive set of social protection spending data for low-income countries . In line with IMF ’ s recent work on social sector spending ( IMF 2019 ) , we choose ASPIRE over EURSTAT , which has data only for a limited number of countries . > 3 See “ Mobilizing Resources for Education and Improving Spending Effectiveness : Establishing Realistic Targets Based on Past Trends ” ( Al-Samarrai , Cerdan-Infantes , and Lehe 2018 ) for further details . > 4 Our main interest is to examine the relationship between social protection spending and the HCI . We exclude pensions because spending directed toward those of pension age is unlikely to have a strong impact on the human capital of a child born today . While some evidence documents that pensions received by older women may impact the human development of the recipients ’ granddaughters ( Duflo 2000 ) , the context of this study may not be globally applicable . We exclude contributory programs because our interest is in examining _government_ expenditure on human capital , rather than the contributions of its citizens , which are likely highly correlated with income . 4", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 399, "text": "EURSTAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "three ( four ) formal jobs pay 10 % ( 20 % ) more than informal jobs . The light line shows that when we control for worker characteristics ( including gender and education ) , the same trend holds but the line is shifted downwards implying that the initial wage advantage of informal work is even larger ( 17 % ) . One explanation is that workers in the formal sector tend to be more educated ( Conover et al . , 2022 ) . A similar pattern holds when we limit the sample to those who are continuously employed for at least three quarters ( Appendix Figure A1 ) , confirming results from IMSS data that fast wage growth is not primarily driven by selection . Interestingly , the pattern looks different for the cohort of people aged 21 to 24 ( Panel B ) . Starting hourly wages are higher in the formal sector and there is less wage growth over time . One possible explanation is that this older group is less likely to accumulate human capital on the job . The wage patterns for these older cohorts is more similar to aggregate wage differentials in other settings , where formal jobs pay more even after controlling for observable characteristics ( e . g . Ulyssea ( 2010 ) ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > However , evidence disaggregated by age and education levels shows that across many LMICs , youths with primary and secondary education earn more in informal than in formal employment ( Shehu and Nilsson , 2014 ) . # * * 2 . 3 Characteristics of formal vs . informal employment * * What can explain this substantial wage growth for school leavers , and why is it limited to the formal sector ? Table 2 compares job characteristics from employed youths in our study sample ( described in more detail below ) collected two years after graduating . Among these , 47 % and 30 % report that they received formal training on the job for formal employment with permanent and temporary contracts , respectively . By comparison , this figure is only 6 . 5 % in the informal sector . < sup > 12 < / sup > A", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 597, "text": "IMSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is easier to tie aid . Nevertheless we attempt to correct for any possible endogeneity bias empirically using instrumental variables estimation . In table 5 we treat aid share as endogenous in estimating its effects on tied aid using 2SLS . Exogenous instruments for aid share include ( 1 ) geographic distance between the capital cities of the donor and recipients , ( 2 ) a dummy for whether or not the recipient is a former colony of the donor country , and ( 3 ) share of aid from multilateral donors , including the EC . Data on distance were obtained for 1946 observations from Gleditsch ( 2011 ) , and supplemented with our own research for 13 other observations belonging to Tonga and Kiribati . The colonial ties variable was the product of our own research , and is defined with respect to the final colonial power for recipients where there was more than one . Data on multilateral aid shares are from AidData . Colonial ties have been shown in various studies to be associated with higher aid from a donor ( e . g . Alesina and Dollar , 2000 ) . Donors also tend to focus more of their aid on countries within their geographic region , for example Japan and Australia in the East Asia and Pacific region . This likely reflects enhanced geo-political interests , as well as lower costs in providing aid ( such as shorter flights for donor missions ) . Colonial ties and distance vary across observations both by donors and by recipients . The third instrument , share of aid from multilaterals , is a recipient-level variable . In recipients with higher shares of multilateral aid , aid shares for each bilateral donors should be lower ( unless there are fewer of them present ) . The share of aid from multilaterals should have no direct effect on tying status of bilateral aid , although we cannot rule out the possibility that the decisions of some bilaterals may be influenced one way or the other by greater multilateral involvement in a country . For colonial ties and geographic distance , it is conceivable they could affect aid tying directly . If donors have more of a stake in development outcomes in recipients that", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 542, "text": "Data on distance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 872, "end": 903, "text": "Data on multilateral aid shares", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 913, "end": 920, "text": "AidData", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * National Safety Net Program for Results ( P131305 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # Comments Follow up survey ( PIBS ) not yet undertaken . # # #  System for scaling up the NSNP as part of the national drought risk management system ( Yes / No ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | N | | N | | Date | - - | - - | | 31-Jul-2014 | # # #  Strategy for consolidating the cash transfer programs ( DLR : Strategy Adopted ) ( Yes / No ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | N | | N | | Date | - - | - - | | 31-Jul-2014 | |  Strategy for consolidating the cash transfer programs ( DLR : Strategy Implemented ) ( Yes / No ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | N | | N | | Date | - - | - - | | 31-Jul-2014 | # # #  Government finances the HSNP in line with budget and policy commitments ( Yes / No ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | Y | | Y | | Date | - - | - - |", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 166, "text": "Comments Follow up survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shipping days , three-month for 30 to 59 shipping days , and four-month for more than 60 shipping days . - ( iii ) For landlocked exporter and / or importer countries , we add the number of days needed to transport goods by road from ( or to ) the closest port to ( or from ) the capital using the shortest road distance from Google Maps as in Akbar et al . ( 2018 ) and Zarate ( 2021 ) . # * * Product vulnerability measures * * We rely on several data sources to construct proxies for production resilience which we map to our HS4 product categories . First , we use data from US NBER-CES Manufacturing Industry Database on the unskilled labor intensity of production : the ratio of unskilled ( blue-collar ) employment to capital for each 6-digit 1997 NAICS industry in 2011 ( the most recent year available ) . Second , we rely on OECD ’ s harmonized input-output tables for 2011 to compute sectoral imported input contents following Hummels et al . ( 2001 ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > We compute the reliance of production on imported inputs as the ratio of imports over the sum of output plus imports minus exports by ISIC 2-digit industry and exporting country . Using a measure with country variation ( from the input-output table ) accounts for different countries ’ sources of different inputs . Third , we use export data from UN COMTRADE at the exporting country-HS4-year level combined with the aforementioned OECD harmonized input-output tables to construct measures of ( i ) the reliance on China as a supplier of inputs for production of each sector and ( ii ) the > 3 OECD input-output tables are available for 63 countries ( all 36 OECD countries and a variety of other countries including several developing countries ) . Since our monthly trade data cover exports for an additional 158 countries with no OECD input-output tables , we assign to each of those countries the input-output table from the country that is most similar in terms of three dimensions : level of development captured by GDP per capita , size captured by population and economic structure captured by share of manufacturing value", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 622, "text": "US NBER-CES Manufacturing Industry Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1316, "end": 1344, "text": "export data from UN COMTRADE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1423, "end": 1453, "text": "harmonized input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1580, "end": 1604, "text": "OECD input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1746, "end": 1764, "text": "monthly trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transformation Entry * Exit * < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database Fluctuations in labor productivity in the mining sector are largely due to idiosyncratic factors within individual firms operating in the sector . The between-firm component — corresponding to changes in the correlation between firms ’ market share and productivity — was the primary driver of changes in productivity over the 2014-2021 period ( see Figure 26 ) . This trend reflects how the mining sector has a high level of industry concentration and individual mines are subject to significant operational variability from year to year ( for instance , variation in ore grade or unexpected disruptions ) . For example , the sharp decrease in productivity seen in 2016 was due to safety incidents that occurred in some of the largest copper mines in Zambia , which led to temporary closures . On the other hand , the sharp increase in productivity in 2017 was due to the rapid expansion of a newly opened mine that employed the latest technology ( i . e . , a high-productivity firm ) , resulting in improved efficiency in resource allocation . < sup > 11 < / sup > # 5 . Firm dynamics and formal job flows # # 5 . 1 . Methodology for jobs analyses This paper analyzes trends in the stock , flow , and wages of formal jobs in Zambia by leveraging the PAYE database . Paying into PAYE taxes serves as a proxy for formal employment . For the purposes of this paper , formal employment ( i . e . , jobs covered by PAYE taxes ) can occur at both formal firms ( i . e . , firms paying into CIT ) and informal firms . Similarly , formal firms may have both formal and informal employees . We define one formal full-time equivalent worker ( FTE ) as 12 monthly returns to account for seasonal labor . Wages are annualized and deflated by the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) to align real wages to spending power . >", "spans": [{"start": 1469, "end": 1482, "text": "PAYE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "macroeconomic environment ; and ( ii ) approve a 2008 / 09 budget consistent with PEAP 3 and its medium-term growth objectives . > 16 A 2008 review of public procurement contracts showed that out of 200 contracts , 74 percent had not fully met at least one of the seven criteria for full compliance with established procedures . By value , over 80 percent were noncompliant with at least one criterion . > 17 The original prior action ( for the first tranche ) required that the draft revisions would be subject to the review and comments of the Bank and approved by Cabinet , not simply submitted to Cabinet . The revised prior action for the second tranche release dropped the requirement that the amendments be subject to Bank review and Parliamentary approval , apparently because the Bank became part of the technical working committee proposing the amendments . 18", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 179, "text": "2008 review of public procurement contracts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LLG ) IVA report found that across assessment rounds during implementation 13 percent of LGs had results falling outside a ± 10 percent deviation band , suggesting that while the aggregate performance trend is positive , subnational data reliability varies . This limitation should inform how future assessments are designed and verified . 35 . * * Beyond the formal assessment mechanism , the Program fostered informal but durable networks for peer learning and problem-solving * * . In the agriculture sector , WhatsApp groups organized across 14 clusters of 137 districts became a \" vibrant site for providing guidance , \" allowing local engineers to share technical advice and solve problems without waiting for central government intervention . These networks continue at low cost and represent a form of institutional infrastructure that outlasts the Program ' s formal closing . The conditions that enabled them , a shared performance framework , transparent comparative data through the LGMSD assessment , and a multi-year working relationship between LG officials pursuing common targets , suggest that such networks emerge where formal systems create the right informational and incentive environment . Future programs should recognize that informal institutional infrastructure of this kind is itself a program outcome worth designing for , by creating the conditions under which it can emerge organically , without attempting to formalize or institutionalize it in ways that would undermine the informality that makes it effective . # # * * _Outcome 4 : Improving Service Delivery Performance – Rated Substantial_ * * _This outcome measures the extent to which the Program improved the availability and quality of LG service delivery at the facility and sub-county level , across the four sectors , including for refugees and host communities_ . # # * * _a ) Education_ * * | * * Indicators * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Target * * | * * Actual * * | * * Achieved * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * *", "spans": [{"start": 995, "end": 1011, "text": "LGMSD assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * ( i ) Improving intermediation environment * * # _Overview_ 71 . * * Ugandan financial sector is sound and has been growing steadily in recent years , it remains , however , relatively shallow and inefficient . * * Banks are well capitalized and the nonperforming loans ratio is low . Deposit levels are growing but remain low . Despite growth in asset levels , Uganda remains a low intermediation banking system . Banking sector soundness indicators compare favorably within the region . Uganda ‘ s capital adequacy ratio and share of nonperforming loans are respectively the highest and lowest compared to those of its two largest EAC partners , as well as Ghana , Nigeria and South Africa . Development and efficiency indicators , on the other hand , compare negatively , with lower levels of deposit and private sector credit ( as share of GDP ) , higher lending to deposit interest spreads , and higher interest margin . Uganda ‘ s ratio of overheads to total assets stands at some 6 percent and is higher than in all comparators but Ghana . 72 . * * A large portion of the Ugandan population does not have access to any kind of financial services . * * According to 2009 Finscope results , about 28 percent of Ugandans older than 18 years remain unserved by any kind of financial institution . This represents a significant improvement since 2006 , when the proportion of financially excluded was estimated at 43 percent . Despite the concomitant increase in number of bank branches and the upgrading of Micro Deposit Institutions ( MDIs ) to commercial banks , the improvement in financial inclusion has come mainly from informal service providers . The most recent Finscope report indicates that the differences in figures between 2006 and 2009 are likely to be largely explained by a better measurement of the informal services market in the latter exercise than an actual improvement in access . The survey also revealed that one fifth of the population uses both , formal and informal financial services providers . These results confirm that the scope and variety of formal financial services offer need to be", "spans": [{"start": 1178, "end": 1199, "text": "2009 Finscope results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "annual data for GDP per capita in the purchasing power parity terms ( GDP pc in PPP terms ) is taken from the World Development Indicator Report 2006 , and is reported in constant 2000 US dollars . The data for real exchange rate is also taken from the World Development Indicators database . The trade openness variable ( the sum of a country ’ s exports and imports divided by its GDP ) is from the Penn World Tables . The IMF dummy capturing whether a given country was a subject to the IMF program ( i . e . , received an official IMF loan ) in a given year is constructed based on data from the 10", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 30, "text": "annual data for GDP per capita", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 110, "end": 149, "text": "World Development Indicator Report 2006", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 253, "end": 290, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 401, "end": 418, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 586, "end": 602, "text": "data from the 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 large parts of their careers — in the US . Most ( 85 ) of the top-100 are also men . The US dominance is a little less pronounced in the top-50 ( only 62 percent are Americans ) , but the male dominance is equally pronounced in the top-50 ( 88 percent of the top-50 are men ) . # * * Institutions * * Our dataset contains 738 institutions with five or more health economics publications in EconLit . ( Recall the author ‘ s affiliation is at the time the publication was published . ) Over half of these ( 420 ) have ten or more , and 30 percent have 20 or more . Table 6 shows the top 100 institutions in terms of the _h_ - index . These 100 institutions account for 62 % of health economics publications since the start of the 1980s when author affiliation data started to appear in EconLit records . Also shown in Table 6 are the other indices , the fraction of publications not found in Google Scholar , and the citations of the institution ‘ s most-cited publication . Harvard emerges the clear winner , beating others on the _h_ - index , the publication count , total citations and the _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > index with  = 0 . 5 . Seven institutions come in the top 10 on total publications , total citations , the _h_ - index and _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > with  = 0 . 5 , namely Harvard , the World Bank , UC Berkeley , U Chicago , U PA , U MI , and U York . Among the top-10 , only MIT is not in the top-20 on all four measures . Eight of those ranked 11-20 are in the top-20 on all four measures , the exceptions being Cornell U , Princeton U and PA State U . Among the 80 institutions ranked 21-100 on the _h_ - index , 61 are in the top-100 on all four indices . Most of the 39 not in the top-100 on all four measures appear in the lower part of the top-100 on the _h_ - index . It is noteworthy", "spans": [{"start": 743, "end": 766, "text": "author affiliation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 788, "end": 803, "text": "EconLit records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries considered by this report have very low levels of birth registration and have not historically provided for a national identity card or required one to access services . The distinction between a person lacking identity documents and a person who is stateless is thus not necessarily immediately clear : it remains possible for many people living in the Horn of Africa , whether peasant farmers or nomads in remote areas , or others who remain entirely in the informal sector , to avoid the need for identity documentation altogether . There are plans and existing projects to upgrade identity systems throughout the region , and it may be that it is during these processes that statelessness is revealed . The conclusion and recommendations for this report propose legal reforms and procedures that should be put in place to ensure that these efforts to strengthen identification result in the prevention and reduction of statelessness , rather than its creation . # # Causes of statelessness The causes of statelessness include gaps in nationality laws , when they fail to provide the safeguards against statelessness established by international law ; most importantly the right to nationality for children found in a state ’ s territory of unknown parents and for children born in the territory who cannot acquire nationality from either of their parents . Even where these protections exist , however , risks of statelessness remain high if the law provides no general rights to nationality based on birth in the territory and if naturalisation is difficult to access ( as is the case in all the states considered in this report ) . UNHCR – December 2021 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that PAPs might suffer multiple impacts such as loss of structure and loss of business from a single impacted structure . * * Table 6-4 : Summary of losses * * * * Note : Map of affected structures is presented as Annex 7 of this report . * * 27", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 197, "text": "Map of affected structures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Appendix B . List of survey waves in the WBES ’ standardized data set for the period 2006-2022 * * * * Table B . 1 . List of survey waves . * * | * * Country * * | * * Freq . * * | * * Percent * * | * * Cu * * | * * m . * * | * * Country * * < br > * * Fr * * | * * eq . * * < br > * * Per * * | * * cent * * | * * Cum . * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Angola 2006 | 212 | 1 . 63 | | 1 . 63 | Ethiopia 2011 | 258 | 1 . 98 | 19 . 29 | | Angola 2010 | 71 | 0 . 55 | | 2 . 17 | Ethiopia 2015 | 335 | 2 . 57 | 21 . 86 | | Benin 2009 | 71 | 0 . 55 | | 2 . 72 | Gambia , The 2006 | 32 | 0 . 25 | 22 . 1 | | Benin 2016 | 63 | 0 . 48 | | 3 . 2 | Gambia , The 2018 | 72 | 0 . 55 | 22 . 66 | | Botswana 2006 | 114 | 0 . 88 | | 4 . 08 | Ghana 2007 | 284 | 2 . 18 | 24 . 84 | | Botswana 2010 | 85 | 0 . 65 | | 4 . 73 | Ghana 2013 | 371 | 2 . 85 | 27 . 69 | | Burkina Faso 2009 | 82 | 0 . 63 | | 5 . 36 | Guinea 2006 | 130 | 1 | 28 . 68 | | Burundi 2006 | 98 | 0 . 75 | | 6 . 11 | Guinea 2016 | 24 | 0 . 18 | 28 . 87 | | Burundi 2014 | 59 | 0 . 45", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 73, "text": "WBES ’ standardized data set", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respectively , from the first approach is fairly stable across parametric ( OLS ) and nonparametric ( matching ) models . Similarly , and given that the consequences of model misspecification are more serious in the RDD approach , the empirical models in this design were run for a number of low-order polynomial functions as well as other more flexible functional forms including third - and fourth-order polynomials and nonparametric models . The direction – and even in some cases the magnitude – of the RDD estimates to test for school completion are robust to the inclusion of different polynomial terms in the control function . Finally , another concern is that the higher rates of matching survey data and test records observed for the treatment group may be driven by differences in the merging procedures and quality of information rather than by the effect of the program . In particular , considering that part of the information used to construct the treatment and control groups come from different datasets , it could be that the individual-level variables used to merge them ( name , date of birth and national identification number ) may be more accurate for people in the treatment group . For instance , surveyors that collected the data for the short-term impact evaluation could have been more careful to correctly keep the information to identify individuals in the treatment group for the subsequent rounds of data collection . Similarly , as part of the regular updates of the data entered in the information systems of FA ( SIFA ) , program administrators may be more likely to correct mistakes in names , birth dates , and national identification numbers of program beneficiaries . As a result , individuals in the treatment group may be more likely to be matched with records in the _Icfes_ database , not because they are more likely to take the test , but because of better information quality . In practice , however , measures computed from the matching algorithms such as the _Levenshtein_ distance do not indicate systematic differences in the accuracy of data between the treatment and control groups . Therefore , it seems unlikely that this could be a reason to find children covered by the FA program to be more likely", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 709, "text": "matching survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1810, "end": 1826, "text": "_Icfes_ database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "worrying attitudes among the population towards people living with HIV / AIDS . In addition , 96 . 2 % support prenuptial screening and 86 . 9 % favour screening before the conception of a child . < sup > 28 < / sup > # # * * 2 . * * * * < u > Colombia : < / u > * * # # < u > IDP Situation : < / u > Colombia has suffered from 4 decades of socio-political violence , and represents the American continent ’ s longest running internal conflict . All parties use “ dirty war ” strategies , namely the targeting of civilians , which explains why internal displacement is a direct and intended consequence of the conflict . Colombia has the world ’ s second largest IDP population , and accounts for most of Latin America ’ s 3 . 7 million IDPs as well as nearly all the new displacements in the region . Recent figures from the Global IDP Project estimates over 3 million Colombians displaced by violence since 1985 . < sup > 29 < / sup > Only 22 % of Colombians have fled in large groups due to a high level of insecurity and continuous lack of protection ; the majority prefers to flee as individuals and families and do not acknowledge their displaced status for fear of retribution . < sup > 30 < / sup > Indigenous people and Afro-Colombians make up 40 % of all IDPs , and most of them worked in agriculture before being displaced . IDPs tend to move to nearby villages , then to towns , and finally to major urban centres . < sup > 31 < / sup > Most displacement is rooted in coca , oil and economic disputes , and agents of displacement include paramilitary and guerrilla groups , as well as the Colombian armed forces . Security measures have not improved , and conflict is not only prompting intra-urban displacements , but is also spilling over international borders . Displacement has taken place in the North-Eastern departments of North of", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 844, "text": "Global IDP Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "At age 5 , we estimate a 0 . 208 S . D . increase in scores on the physical health and well-being domain and a 0 . 115 S . D . increase in scores on the emotional maturity domain for the overall sample . However , these effects do not persist to age 8 . We generally observe null effects in 2016 , with one negative impact on the communication skills and general knowledge domain ( - 0 . 136 S . D ) . These results are largely consistent with the fade-out literature in early childhood education , where interventions aimed to reduce early childhood inequalities have large initial impacts but these dissipate over time ( see for instance the studies included in Tanner et al . , 2015 ) . Our results suggest that the impact on emotional maturity may be concentrated among those classified as poor in our data . < sup > 13 < / sup > There are no other statistical differences across subgroups – either by wealth or by parenting practices . One note of caution in interpreting our results is warranted . The data suggest that measurement error may contribute to the null effects on the EDI that we observe in 2016 . In the raw histograms of the EDI domains presented in Appendix Figure 1 , we find evidence of ceiling effects in 2016 that are not present in 2013 . The exception in 2013 was ceiling effects on the communication skills and general knowledge domain , which may also explain the negative impact on this domain identified in 2016 . 13 See Appendix Table 5 . 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discusses fiscal risks in section VI . Section VII concludes , noting limitations and setting the stage for further analytical work . # I . Literature Review The impact of large debt-financed investments on debt sustainability depends critically on how these investments affect the economic growth . A large literature studies the contribution of infrastructure capital to productivity and output . Methodologies and estimates of this impact vary widely . Using panel data , research finds that output elasticities to aggregate measures of infrastructure investment range from 0 . 06 to 0 . 18 ( Calderón , Moral-Benito and Servén , 2011 ) in developing countries . However , there is a recognition that different types of investment have different impact on growth ( Calderon , 2009 ) and that the efficiency of investment spending may vary across countries . For example , the impact of the observed monetary measures of public investment tend to be overstated in many low-income countries with poor institutions ( Keefer and Knack 2007 ) due to weakness in public investment management . To identify the impact of BRI investment on growth in recipient countries this paper applies a theoretical approach and an empirical approach . Hence , it would address the two main issues which are identified in the literature . First , countries have different elasticities of investment on growth . Second , physical indicators for the stock infrastructure are better predictors of the impact of infrastructure investment on growth . The theoretical approach , based on Devadas and Pennings ( 2018 ) , uses a constant elasticity production function to derive the marginal productivity of BRI investments . This model assumes that the impact of additional investment on growth declines as the public capital stock rises . It assumes a constant investment spending efficiency over the medium-term . This model has the advantages of being based on data that are available for most countries and providing country-specific growth estimates based on the level of capital stock and amount of investment . However , it is calibrated using a measure of capital stock derived from real public fixed capital formation , which has been shown not to be a reliable indicator of the increased capital stock . In the empirical approach , the contribution of physical infrastructure", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 1 . 3 The 2005 Ethiopian Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty ( Ethiopia ‘ s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper , known as PASDEP ) has an eight pillar strategy focused on the main drivers of long term poverty reduction in the country . These are : - Building all-inclusive implementation capacity ; - A massive push to accelerate growth ; - Creating the balance between economic development and population growth ; - Unleashing the potentials of Ethiopia ' s women ; - Strengthening the infrastructure backbone of the country ; - Strengthening human resource development ; - Managing risk and volatility ; and , - Creating employment opportunities . 1 . 4 In the PASDEP safety nets are viewed as an explicit part of efforts to achieve food security and lie under objectives for rural and agricultural development ( Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( GFDRE ) 2005 ) . 1 . 5 The relationship between politics / power and social safety nets presents a paradox in Ethiopia . In most regions , the rural poor constitute the foundation of support for the current ruling party . Many people maintain allegiances to the regional parties that freed them from the Derg . The paradox is that , despite this allegiance , there are relatively low levels of political participation ( Vaughn and Tronvoll 2003 ) and a ― recurring cycle of opening and closing of political space ‖ ( World Bank 2008a : 2 ) . The social contract between citizens and the state is rhetorically strong and the ruling party is omnipresent at local level and yet there is only limited accountability within government and between citizens and the state and little questioning of government policy on safety nets . # # # # * * Poverty Challenges and Responses * * 1 . 6 Household survey evidence suggests that real total expenditure per capita grew by 19 percent between 1999 / 00 and 2004 / 05 with a resultant fall in poverty headcount of 12 . 4 percent . The World Development Indicators ( 2009 ) cites a poverty headcount of 44 percent and GNI per", "spans": [{"start": 1782, "end": 1807, "text": "Household survey evidence", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1974, "end": 2002, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF expected or be perceived to cause offense or humiliation to another . Such conduct among the employees may interfere with work to make a condition of employment or create an intimidating , hostile , or offensive work environment to properly implement the project . All the project Components have subproject activities involving capacity building for the personnel of the respective implementing agencies . This may be followed by a continuous assessment of the employee ’ s competency and behavioral change to fit performance-oriented personnel management . Added to this , the position of management / decisionmaking in all the implementing agencies is occupied by males . The female employees may be requested for sexual favors to get the opportunity for capacity-building activities or unfairly evaluated in the competency assessment . The project SH risks in both cases are substantial . The SEA risks for the project can occur in different forms . Components 1 , 2 , and 3 comprise subproject activities involving the delivery of crucial public services targeting a large number and different groups of the public . Despite the digital reform expected to significantly reduce the problem , abuse in the delivery of public services can occur by way of SEA . For instance , access to public services can be used to extract sexual gain : The management or employees of the respective implementing agencies can request the users for sexual favors in exchange for access to the public service in need . The SEA risk in this form is substantial . In addition , Component 2 has civil work subproject activities that pose the risks of SEA . A project worker ( contractor staff , subcontractor staff , supervising engineer ) can use unequal power or abuse a vulnerable position to force female labor workers into unwanted sex . However , the civil work activities are limited to the construction of a tax data warehouse within the MoR and the ensuing SEA risk is not significant as such . Yet , the employees of the implementing agencies , particularly in Historically Underserved Regions , may have sexual relationships with underage children and women members", "spans": [{"start": 1985, "end": 2003, "text": "tax data warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a wide variety of mammalian species . Therefore , this report provides insights into the encountered species and includes some additional species that were not physically encountered but are known to frequent the study sites based on reports from UWA rangers . For all sites there were no visible animal tracks , although it is noted that these sites are within the ranges of most species that occur in the park . Most of the sites selected for the staff accommodation are existing sites . For the new sites , e . g Guruka , the sites were selected during the General Management Planning process after a thorough assessment to avoid the sensitive areas like the kobleks , animal corridors , nesting grounds , etc . 59 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 258, "text": "reports from UWA rangers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant . On impact , an additional USD of public capital expenditure results in an increase of GDP by 0 . 62 USD . Over time , additional benefits drive up the cumulative effect close to 1 USD . Our results hence suggest that positive impact of public spending on economic activity in South Asia comes entirely from capital expenditure . These results are very much in line with the findings of Ilzetzki et al . ( 2012 ) for developing countries in general . They find an insignificant multiplier for government consumption and a significant impact of public investment . The latter is 0 . 6 on impact and 1 . 6 in the long run . While we find nearly the same initial impact , the long-run effect seems lower in South Asia compared to other developing countries . * * Table 5 * * Multipliers of current and capital expenditures | * * Multiplier * * | * * Current * * < br > * * expenditure * * | * * Capital * * < br > * * expenditure * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Impact | 0 . 12 | 0 . 62 * * | | Peak | 0 . 15 | 0 . 96 * | | Cumulative ( 4 years ) | 0 . 02 | 0 . 96 * | * * Note : * * Both models are balanced panel VAR models with variables current and capital expenditure respectively , instead of the total expenditure . The model with 3 lags is estimated using the annual data from 1990 to 2017 . * * * , * * , * denote significance at the 1 , 5 and 10 percent levels respectively . * * Sources : * * ADB , IMF , World Bank , and own calculations . # * * 7 . Robustness checks * * In the following , we present some robustness checks that provide additional support for the findings discussed above . We present an alternative measure of cyclical components for the correlation exercise , a different estimation procedure for the error-correction model , and a couple of alternative PVAR specifications . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1280, "end": 1291, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 # # # * * Have all IP groups in project area been identified ( is screening by the Bank adequate ) ? SO * * * * < u > < mark > CIAL ASSESSMENT < / mark > < / u > * * * * Has a social assessment taken place ( is baseline data given ) ? Provide summary of social assessment . * * * * Has the legal framework regarding IPs been described ? * * * * Have benefits / adverse impacts to IP groups been identified ? * * # # # * * C * * * * < u > < mark > ONSULTATION , PARTICIPATION , COMMUNITY SUPPORT < / mark > < / u > * * * * Have IPs been involved in free , prior and informed consultation ( at the project ’ s preparation stage ) ? Are there any records of consultations ? Is there a description of steps for increasing IPs participation during the project implementation ? * * * * Does the project have verifiable broad community support ( and how has it dealt with the issue of community representation ) ? Is there a framework for consultation with IPs during the project implementation ? IN * * * * < u > < mark > DIGENOUS PEOPLES PLAN < / mark > < / u > * * * * Is there a specific action plan ( implementation schedule ) ? * * * * Does the IPP include activities that benefit IP ? * * * * Are activities culturally appropriate ? * * * * Have institutional arrangements for IPP been described ? * * * * Is there a separate budget earmarked for IPP ? * * * * Are there specific monitoring indicators ? If yes , are these monitoring indicators disaggregated by ethnicity ? * * * * Has a complaint / conflict resolution mechanism been outlined ? * * * * Disclosure : Were", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 348, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 2018-06-18 < br > | 2017-04-26 < br > 2018-09-05 | 2017-05-24 < br > 2018-09 | - 18 < br > 2017-07-25 | | ET-EMAA-4951-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Service for Dry < br > port network study . | / | Improvement of < br > infrastructure at Modjo | Prior < br > < br > | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | | 650 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled < br > | 2017-02-01 | | 2017-02-22 | | 2017-04-07 | | 2017-04-27 | 2017-05-23 < br > | 2017-06-27 | 2017-08-01 | 2017-08-31 | | ET-EMAA-4955-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Service for < br > Baseline survey | / | Improvement of < br > infrastructure at Modjo | Post < br > < br > < br > | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled < br > | 2017-01-25 < br > | 2018 | - 03-05 < br > 2017-02-15 | | 2017-03-31 | | | | 2017-04-30 | 2017-06-04 | 2017-07-12 | | ET-EMAA-4953-CS-INDV / < br > Consultancy Service for < br > Environment and Social < br > Management Framework < br > ( ESMF ) Preparation | / | Improvement of < br > infrastructure at Modjo | Post", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 1 : This result measures the update and approval of the TLM standards , which are used to guide provision of TLMs to all schools under DLR 3 . 2 . | | Description | DLR 3 . 2 : This result measures theIncrease in the number of schools in targeted regions meeting minimum teaching and learning materials ( TLM ) standards in < br > pre-primary and key subjects in primary classrooms . < br > * * For AF DLR : * * < br > * * DLR 3 . 2 : * * This result measures the increase in the number of newly integrated refugee schools meeting minimum TLM standards in pre-primary and key < br > subjects inprimaryclassrooms . < br > i | | Data source / Agency | EMIS , School inspection reports < br > ii | | Verification Entity | Verification Agent ( VA ) contracted bythe MoE | | Procedure | DLR 3 . 1 : The result is achieved when the government has updated and endorsed minimum standards for teaching and learning materials ( TLM ) availability in < br > pre-primary and key subjects in primary school agreed with the Bank . The MoE will verify the achievement based on notification issued . < br > DLR 3 . 2 : The result is measured by calculating the number of schools in selected regions ( to be defined in the POM ) meeting minimum teaching and learning < br > materials ( TLM ) standards inpre-primaryand keysubjects inprimaryclassrooms . This data would be from the EMIS ( or other similar ) portal . The VA will cross - | Page 51", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 658, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1368, "end": 1372, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > and malaria prevention studies in districts hosting refugees should include assessing on potential causes of anaemia . < / mark > # # # * * Infant and young child feeding programme * * - a . < mark > In emergency response , IYCF interventions frequently are not prioritized interms of resource allocations , from preparedness , policy and planning aspects to the actual execution of activities . It is recommended that through MoH guidances , partners should adequately protect , promote and support IYCF interventions in the districts hosting refugees in ordre to reduce the current levels of under 5 years morbidity and mortality . < / mark > - b . < mark > In coordination with the health and nutrition stakeholders , MoH should endervour to conduct an inventory of the IYCF related activities currently implemented in the districts hosting refugees . Mapping of the ongoing IYCF interventions at the district level will assist partners to understand the key bottlenecks and gaps and this will inform the government the IYCF needs , which in turn support the national IYCF-E capacity development plan . < / mark > # # # * * Maternal child health * * - a . < mark > Provide knowledge about maternal health services among women at reproductive age to improve up take and use ANC of services . Encouraging eligible women to enrol and utilise ANC services ; Reinforce women enrolled in MCH to complete their four ANC visits . < / mark > - b . < mark > Provide health and nutrition education to pregnant women , emphasize on the recommended schedule for ANC visits through pregnancy up to 6 months of postnatal period . Provide prenatal key messages including ; timely initiation of breastfeeding ( giving colostrum ) , exclusive breastfeeding from birth up to 6 months ( avoid other liquids and food , including water ) . Focusing on good attachment and positioning and place baby skin-to-skin with mother < / mark > - c . < mark > Pomote and support breastfeeding on demand – up to", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Table 11 . Over | view of scorecard results < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Target fullyachieved | Performs above the median | | Cost < br > recovery | Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , Chad , Côte < br > d ’ Ivoire , Kenya , Namibia , Senegal , Uganda | Ghana , Madagascar , Mozambique , Rwanda , < br > South Africa , | | Efficiency | Chad , Kenya , Uganda , Ghana , Mozambique , < br > Rwanda , Botswana , Cameroon , Lesotho , < br > Malawi , Congo , Rep . of | Namibia , Congo , Dem . Rep . of | | Affordability | Senegal , Cameroon , Cape Verde , South Africa , < br > Congo , Dem . Rep . of | Kenya , Tanzania , Zambia , Côte d ’ Ivoire | | Equity | None | Cameroon , Cape Verde , South Africa , Côte < br > d ’ Ivoire , Congo , Dem . Rep . of | _Source : _ Derived from Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . 38", "spans": [{"start": 782, "end": 844, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between establishments in the group that proxies for the response sample and the group of establishments that proxies for the non-response sample . * * Response bias . * * To assess the relevance of response bias , we conducted a parallel pilot in Kenya where we re-interviewed 100 randomly selected establishments with a short version of the questionnaire . For those establishments , we randomly selected three business functions and asked about the presence of the relevant technologies . We estimated a probit model to assess the likelihood of consistent answers between the original and the back-check interviews , controlling for establishment-level fixed-effects . Reporting the use of a technology in the back-check interview is associated with 80 . 6 % of the likelihood of reporting the use of the same technology in the original interview . Conversely , reporting that a technology is not used in the back-check interview , is associated with a 70 . 7 % likelihood of not being reported in the original survey . These estimates do not differ between establishments of different sizes . < sup > 13 < / sup > * * Validation using external sources . * * We evaluate the quality and reliability of the data collected by comparing it to external sources in Korea ( KED ) and Brazil ( RAIS ) . We focus on variables related to establishment size , productivity and technology . Table A . 24 shows that the weighted sample averages of the labor variables in the FAT data ( number of workers , average wages , share of college workers , share of low - and high-skill workers ) are not statistically different from the averages in the universe of firms from the RAIS dataset . In the Brazil matched establishments , we find a strong correlation between FAT measures of log valueadded per worker and the log of average wages from RAIS ( See Table A . 23 ) . In the Korean matched establishments , we find very high cross-establishment correlations ( above 0 . 93 ) in the log levels and growth rates of sales and employment , as well as in log labor productivity ( 0 . 73 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > Additionally , the average", "spans": [{"start": 1271, "end": 1274, "text": "KED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1466, "end": 1474, "text": "FAT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1664, "end": 1676, "text": "RAIS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1831, "end": 1835, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2016 | 13-Jun-2017 | 18-Dec-2017 | 30-Nov-2021 |  Increase in project stakeholders accessing information through ICT platforms ( Percentage ) ( disaggregated by platform ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 35 . 00 | | Date | 23-Aug-2016 | 13-Jun-2017 | 18-Dec-2017 | 30-Nov-2021 | # # Overall Comments The physical implementation of the sub-projects and micro-projects has not started . Therefore , the actual values remain zero . The preparation for the baseline survey is underway . Thus , some of the baseline data are still mission or not confirmed . 12 / 29 / 2017 Page 8 of 10 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 608, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 642, "end": 655, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "family , < sup > 21 < / sup > their incentive to do so declines post-reform since the amount of money at the father ’ s disposal to bequeath is smaller . Testing the bargaining channel amounts to finding evidence that , within a particular type of family setup , women exposed to the reform have better autonomy outcomes . Examining the partition channel involves finding evidence that the following key patterns hold : ( a ) _A preference for nuclear households : _ Women in nuclear families should have higher autonomy than those in joint ones . ( b ) _Partition driven by an increase in wives ’ inheritance : _ Couples in reform states married after the reform should be less likely to be residing in joint families . ( c ) _Partition driven by a decrease in husbands ’ inheritance : _ Men in the reform states should switch to nuclear households if their income streams are potentially constrained by the reform . In the next section , I empirically examine whether both these channels are in operation . I do not make any claims about the relative importance of the two . I first provide evidence for the partition channel and then explore whether the bargaining channel is in effect as well . # VI . EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR CHANNELS The NFHS data allows me to determine the family status of each married woman ( joint or nuclear ) . I observe a list of all the members of each household in the Household Schedule of the data , and whether each of them is a usual resident in the household , which lets me identify which women live in the same establishment with family elders ( i . e . , a joint family for my purposes ) . A _joint_ family is defined as a family where a parent-in-law of a woman is present in the household ; < sup > 22 < / sup > the dummy > 21 . Botticinni and Siow ( 2003 ) shows that parents would want to leave bequests to those children who reside with them . > 22 . For instance , the woman identifies herself as the daughter-in-law of the household head or the woman reports she is the", "spans": [{"start": 1242, "end": 1251, "text": "NFHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- scale initiatives to strengthen refugee inclusion . * * There are very few impact evaluations targeting the effectiveness of policies and initiatives . Further , policy reports and studies tend to be descriptive , with little analysis of the factors that have underpinned decisions and adoption of different approaches , meaning that discussion of political factors is often absent – despite their centrality in programming decisions and educational outcomes . * * Strengthen the evaluation of different approaches and initiatives to boost inclusion and help inform national programming ; * * this is particularly the case if quantitative EMIS data , data from learning assessments and national exams , and qualitative evidence from students , parents and school staff are included in evaluations . Building Inclusive Education Systems for Refugees * * 9 * *", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 650, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 653, "end": 702, "text": "data from learning assessments and national exams", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Third Northern Uganda Social Action Fund ( NUSAF 3 ) ( P149965 ) and gender analysis . The evidence from NUSAF 3 will support the policy dialogue on development of national shockresponsive social protection system in Uganda . There are no outstanding audits for this project . # * * II . DETAILED CHANGES * * # * * LOAN CLOSING DATE ( S ) * * | | | * * Original * * | * * Revised * * | * * Proposed * * | * * Proposed Deadline * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Ln / Cr / Tf * * | * * Status * * | * * Closing * * | * * Closing ( s ) * * | * * Closing * * | * * for Withdrawal * * | | | | | | | * * Applications * * | | IDA-56450 | Effective | 31-Dec-2020 | | 30-Jun-2021 | 30-Oct-2021 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "opinions . Many of these problems are obvious , but some of their manifestations are not . For example , a simple \" yes / no \" question can accidentally be manipulative or suggest to the respondent that there is a correct response by not including all possible responses in the question itself . A question that simply asks , \" Do you do x ? \" may make the respondent more likely to answer \" yes \" since the alternative was not presented . One possibility is to ask instead , \" Do you do x , or not ? \" ( Fowler 1995 ) . An induced response is more of a concern when one answer to a question is more socially acceptable than another . We discuss issues in asking sensitive questions below . Asking multipurpose questions-questions that ask about more than one issue or along more than one dimension-turns out to be unfortunately simple and common . For example , the World Business Environment Survey ( World Bank 1998 ) asks respondents to \" rate the overall quality , integrity , and efficiency of services delivered by the following public agencies or services . \" Although quality , integrity , and efficiency are probably highly correlated , they are three separate issues and should be asked separately . Sometimes , however , the problem is not so obvious . \" Agree / disagree \" questions , for example , usually ask the respondent to rate how much she agrees or disagrees with a statement . The survey asks the respondent whether she \" strongly agrees , agrees , disagrees , or strongly disagrees . \" The problem with this scale is that it combines an emotional component ( \" strongly \" ) with the more important cognitive component . Instead , the survey should ask whether the respondent \" completely agrees , generally agrees , generally disagrees , or completely disagrees \" ( Fowler 1995 ) . Careful survey writing can minimize problems of the sort described above . Other problems are more complicated . Small differences in question wording , for example , can generate large differences in responses . A particularly well-known example is from a 1941 experiment in which matched samples of respondents were asked one of", "spans": [{"start": 867, "end": 900, "text": "World Business Environment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank Policies , as well as a gap analysis of the provisions and how they will be beached . 4 . * * Potential impacts * * . Identification of : ( a ) the project component or activities that give rise to land acquisition and resettlement ; ( b ) the alternatives considered avoiding or minimizing land acquisition and resettlement ; and ( c ) the mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . 5 . * * Objectives . * * The main objectives of the resettlement program . 6 . * * Results of census socio-economic surveys . * * The findings of surveys to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially affected people , including : ( a ) the results of a census survey ; ( b ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the compensation payment and resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; ( c ) standard demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the affected households ; ( d ) the magnitude of the expected loss - total or partial - of assets and the extent of impact , physical and / or economic ; ( e ) public infrastructure and social services that will be affected ; and ( f ) social and cultural characteristics of affected communities , including a description of formal and informal institutions ( community organizations , NGOs , ritual groups , that may be relevant to the consultation strategy and to designing and implementing the resettlement activities . 7 . * * Eligibility . * * Definition of affected persons and criteria for determining their eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance , including relevant cut-off dates . 8 . * * Valuation of and compensation for losses . * * The methodology to be used in valuing losses to determine their replacement cost and a description of the proposed types / levels of compensation under 51", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 576, "text": "census socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 759, "end": 772, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", time , date and the circumstances under which it happened . While the GRM is operated in English , the person picking or handling grievances will make all efforts to translate or write down grievances presented in local languages . # # # # # # * * 8 . 2 . 5 . 2 Acknowledgement , Assessment and Record . * * The social safeguard specialist will also be the grievance officer who will receive all grievances and feedback for the project . The project will acknowledge grievances about the project from all stakeholders and the different channels mentioned . The complainant should receive an acknowledgement of receipt of the grievance within 3 days from the receipt of the complaints , in writing . The participant will be engaged in the resolution process . This process is participatory as the aggrieved can spell out his / her wishes and be part of the problem-solving process . The grievance will be logged in the grievance register before the assessment of the grievance is done . Assessment is done to ascertain the type of grievance before relevant management is notified . Assessment of the grievance helps in the determination of the magnitude and intervention paths to be adopted and assigning responsibilities . This is expected to be done in four days within which the grievance has been received . # # # # # # * * 8 . 2 . 5 . 3 Investigation * * Complaints may be straightforward and can often be resolved on receipt of the grievance . If not , the case requires investigation . The investigation includes gathering relevant documents , data and 152", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 938, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were far from their quota limits in the QFII / RQFII or the Stock Connect program . Those limits were removed in 2020 and 2016 , respectively . Domestic investors seemed to have provided bridge financing for domestic firms before international investors increased their participation . Foreign equity inflows were substantially smaller than domestic equity issuances during 2014-17 . This suggests that domestic rather than international investors bought most of the new shares issued during those years . Foreign equity inflows surpassed domestic equity issuances during 2018-20 . < sup > 37 < / sup > Next , we analyze the evolution in firms ’ foreign ownership structure . We compute the percentage of foreign ownership , the value of shares held by investors outside mainland China over the total value of shares outstanding per firm . We plot the average foreign ownership ratio across domestic listed firms over time ( Figure 8 , Panel B ) . The figure shows how the foreign ownership ratio substantially increased during 2018-20 relative to previous years . By 2020 , the average percentage of foreign owned shares per firm had almost tripled compared to 2016 , from 1 . 3 percent to 3 . 8 percent . Overall , the evidence suggests that most of the increase in foreign equity investment in China occurred with the addition of domestic listed stocks to the MSCI Emerging Markets Index . < sup > 38 < / sup > China ’ s weights in foreign equity holdings ( from CPIS data ) and in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index followed a similar trend ( Figure 10 , Panel A ) . However , the CPIS weight lagged behind the > 37 Some minimum degree of bridge financing had to occur because , by regulation , firms could sell the shares of the primary issuance activity ( IPOs or SEOs ) only to domestic investors . However , after purchasing them from firms , domestic investors could have immediately sold those shares to international investors . Thus , this regulation does not explain the years of bridge financing domestic investors provided . > 38 Comparing portfolio equity inflows with foreign direct investments ( FDI ) into China shows that the former grew relative to the latter during the internationalization process", "spans": [{"start": 1466, "end": 1475, "text": "CPIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "82 . 27 | 35 . 05 | 851 | 79 . 44 | 37 . 71 | - 3 . 87 | - 9 . 59 | 1 . 86 | | HH FIB log10 MPN / 100mL | 1098 | 1 . 76 | 0 . 53 | 851 | 1 . 72 | 0 . 58 | - 0 . 06 | - 0 . 15 | 0 . 04 | | Weight for age | 1223 | - 1 . 17 | 1 . 16 | 919 | - 1 . 14 | 1 . 16 | 0 . 06 | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 15 | | Weight for length | 1224 | 0 . 14 | 1 . 07 | 918 | 0 . 22 | 1 . 03 | 0 . 10 | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 22 | | Life satisfaction & self-esteem index | 1843 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1435 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 98 | 0 . 01 | - 0 . 12 | 0 . 14 | | Life satisfaction ( WVS ) | 1843 | 4 . 87 | 3 . 20 | 1435 | 5 . 04 | 2 . 89 | 0 . 20 | - 0 . 10 | 0 . 49 | | Feel I am person of worth ( Rosenberg ) | 1843 | 2 . 25 | 0 . 90 | 1435 | 2 . 19 | 0 . 90 | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 13 | 0 . 07 | | Feel that I have good qualities ( Rosenberg ) | 1843 | 2 . 42 | 0 . 74 | 1435 | 2 . 36 | 0 . 75 | - 0 . 02 | - 0 . 10 | 0 . 05 | | Inclined to feel I am a failure ( Rosenberg ) | 1843 | 1 . 43 | 1 . 11 | 1435 | 1 . 49 | 1 . 05 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 16 | 0 . 08 | | Able to do things as well as other people ( Rosenberg ) | 1843 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development ( P096323 )  Farm area provided with improved irrigation supply through the rehabilitation of damaged small scale irrigation facilities ( Hectare ( Ha ) , Custom Supplement ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 464 . 00 | | 12000 . 00 | 1000 . 00 |  development of community drinking water facilities in the project area ( Number , Custom Supplement ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 675 . 00 | | 675 . 00 | | 650 . 00 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | D | isbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P096323 | IDA-44570 | Effective | USD | 45 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 41 . 18 | 0 . 03 | | 92 % | | P096323 | IDA-57150 | Effective | USD | 5 . 10 | 5 . 10 | 0 . 00", "spans": [{"start": 809, "end": 838, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 2019-03-09 | 2019-09-05 | | KE-MARSABIT COUNTY - < br > 84512-GO-RFQ / Procure < br > 14No . laptops for project < br > accountant and all the 13 < br > HRIOs at Marsabit County < br > Referral Hospital , Moyale < br > hospital , Laisamis hospital , < br > Kalacha hospital | IDA / 58360 | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2019-01-16 < br > 2019-02-18 | 2019-05-19 | | KE-ELGEYO MARAKWET - < br > 84513-GO-RFQ / Purchase of < br > 1 Heavy Duty Multipurpose < br > photocopier ( 4 in one ) to < br > support RMNCAH Data < br > review for County Referral < br > Hospital Iten | IDA / 58360 | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-11-25 < br > 2019-01-20 | 2019-05-20 | | KE-UASIN GISHU < br > COUNTY-84515-GO-RFQ / < br > Procure 3 delivery sets for < br > Burnt forest Subcounty < br > Hospital | IDA / 58360 | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2019-01", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 627, "text": "RMNCAH Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "little : Lndication as yet of a return to input importation through normal comme : : cial trading operations or local manufacture , inputs would be provided and distributed under the proposed project . Where possible the requjirements for tools , equipment , recurrent supplies etc . have been based on information and data on farm inventories , consumer demand and likely useful life of the items concerned . However , in many cases the data base at appraisal was found to be unreliable or non-existent . Since accurate ca : lculations of input requirements were therefore not possible , many of the estimates in Annex V Tables 2-4 are tentative and have been based on the judgement of senior staff working on the on-going ARP ( para 1 . 33 ) and on demand projectious from sales at warehouses and cooperative stores . More accurate estimates of requirements will only become apparent after t : he project has started , necessitating a flexible approach in arranging for the supply of most items . The estimates of input requirements should therefore be regarded as indicative", "spans": [{"start": 327, "end": 343, "text": "farm inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Chapter 4 * * Regulatory framework * * : Relevant laws of Ethiopia , relevant policies and procedures , WB Operational Policies . - Chapter 5 * * Institutional framework * * : Political structure , NGOs . - Chapter 6 * * Socioeconomic characteristics * * : The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of Subproject preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including results of household and census survey , information on vulnerable groups , information on livelihoods and standards of living , land tenure and transfer systems , use of natural resources , patterns of social interaction , social services and public infrastructure . - Chapter 7 summarises the * * Potential impacts and magnitude of displacement * * : Identification of Subproject related impacts , chiefly to land acquisition and restriction to land use . Summary of the numbers of persons , households , structures , public buildings , businesses , croplands , churches , etc . , to be affected . - Chapter 8 * * Stakeholder engagement * * : Summary of public consultation and disclosure associated with resettlement planning , including engagement with affected households , local and / or national authorities , relevant NGOs and other identified stakeholders . This chapter includes at a minimum , a list of key stakeholders identified , the process followed ( meetings , focus groups , etc . ) , issues raised , responses provided , significant grievances ( if any ) and plan for ongoing engagement throughout the resettlement implementation process . - Chapter 9 * * Eligibility * * : Definition of displaced persons and criteria for determining their eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance , including relevant cut-off dates . - Chapter 10 * * Valuation of and compensation for losses * * : The methodology used in valuing losses to determine their replacement cost ; and a description of the proposed types and levels of compensation under local law", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 617, "text": "household and census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Other anecdotal evidence from Iran also suggests that bad living conditions intensify negative attitude towards refugees . Nasr Esfahani ( 2020 ) reports that among Tehran citizens , the opinion that “ do you agree to prohibit the residence of Afghan refugees in Tehran ? ” is responded “ yes ” much more often in poor districts of the city and among people who stated having problem in their livelihood . * * 5 . 5 . The effect on inter-community and intra-community inequalities * * As the last empirical exercise , we carry on examining how economic shocks affect inter-community and intra-community inequalities . For doing this , we measure inequality in total expenditure per capita using the Theil index , which allows us to decompose inequality into the parts due to inequality within communities and between communities . Specifically , the Theil index can be written as where μ is average expenditure for the total population , and s � and x ̅ � , respectively , show expenditure share and average expenditure for Afghan and Iran nationality groups . Using HEIS data , we compute the monthly Theil index and its between and within components . Panel A of Table 9 shows the summary statistics of the measures . As expected , the numbers suggest higher inequality among Iranians ( 9 . 85E-4 ) compared to Afghan refugees ( 4 . 95E-4 ) . Moreover , since Afghan refugees comprise a small share of the sample , the between-component of the Theil index is much smaller than the within-component . For this reason , we also use the ratio of between to within components as a dependent variable in the regressions . After computing monthly inequality measures , we estimate the following regression for between and within components and their ratio Panel B of Table 9 shows the estimation results using both measures of shocks which are year-on-year difference of exchange rate and its cyclical component . We find that both between and within components of inequality are positively associated with the economic shock variables . In addition , columns ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) suggest that bad economic conditions increase the between-component of inequality more than the withincomponent . Therefore , in regard to Afghan refugees in Iran", "spans": [{"start": 1067, "end": 1076, "text": "HEIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activities accross the county < br > ( 4wd Double Cabin Pickup ) < br > KE-WEST POKOT < br > COUNTY-84645-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of one cabinet Pending < br > drawer for storage of IDA / 58360 Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 Implementati 2018-11-09 2018-11-14 2018-12-19 2019-06-17 < br > RMNCAH / THS-UC files at on < br > the kapenguria County < br > reffereral office < br > KE-EMBU COUNTY-84646 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 1 Backupcompressor for the cold roomwith an alarm system tobe used in Embu County IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-12 2018-12-02 2019-03-02 < br > Refferal Hospital < br > KE-EMBU COUNTY-84665 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 16manual blood mixer forEmbu county Refferal IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-12 2018-12-06 2019-03-06 < br > Hospital < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 9", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 319, "text": "RMNCAH / THS-UC files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Sacco segment ( see Component 3 ) . The NT Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) will track performance throughout the duration of the Project using data from financial statements published by PFIs and coordinate with the regulators to obtain on a quarterly basis , comprehensive prudential reports on the PFIs . The Apex institution in collaboration with the NT and regulatory authorities will draft a reporting template that the PFIs will use to provide information about the loan portfolio supported by the Project and on the MSME beneficiaries . * * 33 . Both windows will be managed by one Apex institution that will wholesale the lines of credit ( Annex 1 ) . * * The Apex institution will be an entity , which may include an FI , identified by the NT , in line with government policies and regulations and in accordance with the eligibility criteria acceptable to the Association . The identification and assessment of the Apex institution to ensure that it meets the performance criteria in Annex 1 will be a disbursement condition under Component 1 . The Apex institution will also be required to have an Environmental and Social Management System ( ESMS ) and will adopt the umbrella ESMS to be developed by the NT . The umbrella ESMS will be adequate in line with the level of environmental and social ( E & S ) risks of the Project and the NT will develop the necessary capacity and commitment to adequately manage the E & S risks of the PFI lending activities . This will be specifically reflected in the Subsidiary Financing Agreement between the NT and the Apex institution and further between the Apex institution and the PFIs that will on-lend to MSMEs . * * 34 . The Project design aims to meaningfully integrate a gender lens and target a segment of the population that is vulnerable and has been hit harder during the pandemic . * * Given the digital divide , using digital platforms is likely to be a disadvantage for women entrepreneurs . < sup > 46 < / sup > Complementing the Project design with low-tech alternatives could support women ’", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 199, "text": "data from financial statements published by PFIs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing Ethiopia Electrification Program ( P178895 ) 36 . * * EEU is in urgent need to update and modernize the digital and infrastructure tools to allow for accurate and disaggregate loss measurement , as well as to identify and adopt actions for loss reduction and performance improvement . * * To measure system losses , it will be necessary not only to develop an upgraded delivery point meter to determine power deliveries to EEU , but also upgrade the feeder meter so that losses by feeder can be accounted for . Ideally , these upgrades would be implemented in the form of smart meters so that data can be time-coordinated , and the results can be disaggregated in ways that would provide metrics for operating regions and eventually for feeders . In addition , the availability of a digitally mapped network , the possibility of getting network asset database from GIS initiatives , customer indexing data , and the meter-to-cash pilot project will provide the utility with better loss value estimation and allow it to design an informed plan for reducing commercial losses . 37 . * * The operational and financial performance improvement supported under DLI 8 focuses on reducing EEUs non-technical losses , thereby increasing the utility ' s revenue collection * * . This is done by making certain that the EEU accurately measures what it buys and what it sells . The utility can achieve this by improving service to the customer , reducing commercial energy losses , improving billing and collections , and settlement of arrears and accounts receivable , proper demand side management , and technical system improvements . Actions will include ( i ) deployment of AMI at transformer level and for large commercial and industrial customers to systematically track losses , monitor consumption and adopt corrective action as needed , including detailed definition and implementation of operational procedures for revenue protection using information provided by AMI ; ( ii ) the universalization of use of prepaid metering , including interconnection of vending platform with information system supporting commercial functions companywide ; and ( iii ) re -", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 903, "text": "network asset database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 927, "end": 949, "text": "customer indexing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "processes and systems of internal controls , risk management and overall governance were operating effectively , in all material respects . * * I * * believe that the audit evidence * * I * * have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my conclusion . REPORT * * ON * * OTHER * * LEGAL AND * * REGULATORY * * REQUIREMENTS * * As required * * by * * Financing Agreements dated * * 03 * * April , 2020 , I report based on my audit , that : - * * i . I * * have obtained all the information and explanations which , to the best of my knowledge and belief , were necessary for the purpose of the audit ; - * * ii . * * In my opinion , adequate accounting records have been kept * * by * * the Project , so far as appears from the examination of those records ; and , - * * iii . * * The Project ' s financial statements are in agreement with the accounting records and returns . # # # # * * Responsibilities of Management and those Charged with Governance * * Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( Cash Basis ) and for maintaining effective internal control as Management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement , whether due to fraud or error and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls , risk management and overall governance . In preparing the financial statements , Management is responsible for assessing the Project ' s ability to continue to sustain its services , disclosing , as applicable , matters related to sustainability of services and using the applicable basis of accounting unless Management is aware of the intention to terminate the Project or to cease operations . Management is also responsible for the submission of the financial statements to the Auditor-General in accordance with the provisions of Section 47 of the Public Audit Act , * * 2015 . * *", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 681, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 resettlement and related development activities have been completed ; using the results of resettlement monitoring to guide subsequent implementation . # # # * * Abbreviated Resettlement Plan * * 22 . An abbreviated plan covers the following minimum elements : - ( a ) A census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets ; - ( b ) Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided ; - ( c ) Consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives ; - ( d ) Institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for grievance redress ; - ( e ) Arrangements for monitoring and implementation ; and - ( f ) a timetable and budget . # # # * * Resettlement Policy Framework * * 23 . The purpose of the policy framework is to clarify resettlement principles , organizational arrangements , and design criteria to be applied to subprojects to be prepared during project implementation ( see < u > OP 4 . 12 , paras . 26-28 ) . Subproject < / u > resettlement plans consistent with the policy framework subsequently are submitted to the Bank for approval after specific planning information becomes available ( see < u > OP 4 . 12 , para . 29 ) . < / u > 24 . The resettlement policy framework covers the following elements , consistent with the provisions described in OP 4 . 12 , paras . 2 and 4 : - ( a ) a brief description of the project and components for which land acquisition and resettlement are required , and an explanation of why a resettlement plan as described in paras . 2-21 or an abbreviated plan as described in para . 22 cannot be prepared by project appraisal ; - ( b ) Principles and objectives governing resettlement preparation and implementation ; - ( c ) A description of the process for preparing and approving resettlement plans ; - ( d ) Estimated population displacement and likely categories of displaced persons , to the extent feasible ; - ( e ) Eligibility criteria for defining various categories of displaced persons ; 92", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 358, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 provision in the law that the state should attempt to minimize involuntary resettlement . However , this appears to be implicit in the country ’ s _Constitution_ . Where there is a difference between OP 4 . 12 and Ethiopian law , the higher standard shall prevail . # # # * * 8 . 6 . 5 Entitlements * * All affected assets ( and related affected people , i . e . owners and users of the said affected assets ) located within the footprint of a sub-program shall be inventoried . Only affected assets identified during the census will be eligible for compensation . Appendix 3 presents frameworks of forms to be used for this census . The following table presents the relationship between impacts and entitlements . # # # * * Impact / Entitlement Matrix * * | * * Type of Impact * * | * * Entitlement * * | | - - - | - - - | | Permanent loss of land < br > ( held under rural land < br > holders ) | Cash compensation for loss of land as per Ethiopian Proclamation No . 455 / 2005 . < br > Cash compensation for the harvest or product from the affected land or asset , < br > equivalent to ten times the average annual income she / he secured during the five < br > years preceding the expropriation of the land . * * O * * r replacement by a similar piece of < br > land ( similar in location , potential and size ) , held under similar tenure < br > arrangements . < br > No cash compensation for loss of rented land | | Loss of sharecropping < br > rights over a piece of < br > agricultural land | Cash compensation for loss of assets as per Ethiopian Proclamation No . 455 / 2005 . < br > Or Access to similar or better rights ( at least sharecropping , or if possible tenancy ) < br > over apiece of land of similar agriculturalpotential | | Permanent loss", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 581, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 678, "end": 684, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "advice , will include : market data , budget and sources o f financing , training , and other services to be provided ( lectures , seminars , etc . ) , source and programming o f training , rates for the different types o f training , the monitoring and evaluation plan ( including the learning expectations ) , and financial projections in the form o f budget , operating account and market strategy . The business plan will be updated and approved by the Board on an annual basis . To this effect , the Centre will continue to assess demand , identify and program appropriate training courses , market the services o f the Centre , and increase its visibility in Kenya and abroad . The Director i s expected to meet the operating expenses o f the Centre ( excluding amortization ) up to 20 % , 40 % , 60 % and 80 % respectively during the first four years from generated income , and to ensure at least the financial equilibrium as early as the fifth year o f operation . The net cash flow ( net result increased by amortization ) will be used to renew , upgrade , or repair the Centre ' s equipment so as to continuously enhance the value o f the business . Although the Centre must be run on a business basis to promote sustainability , it must also take into account that it was created as a public good to share development knowledge and information . Therefore , an appropriate balance i s required between the not-for-profit intention and the need for viability . Shortly upon taking office , the newly appointed Director should visit an established D L C in Africa on a learning and familiarization study tour . # # # # # # * * _StakeholdeidTraining Institutionsmevelopment Partners_ * * The Director will build up close relationships with other Kenyan-based institutions involved , or potentially involved in the provision o f ITC-facilitated distance learning . These include organizations that have already collaborated in the delivery o f GDLN programs to Kenya ( e . g", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 35, "text": "market data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Savannas & Shrublands biome . Based on the ecoregion , natural habitats can comprise both forest and savanna habitats . A habitat classification has been conducted within a 2 km buffer of each section of the TL route . Habitats are characterized based on land cover data produced by the CCI Map of Africa 2016 land cover assessment ( 20 meter resolution ) , sourced through Earth Map ( Figure 3 and Figure 4 ) . Figure 5 provides a clearer representation of wetlands . A field visit was conducted from 27 to 28 August 2025 , to ground truth the land cover units , which are categorized as either modified or natural habitats ( Table 2 and Table 3 ) to estimate the extent of natural habitat associated with each route . Some land cover units represent both modified and natural habitats and percentage compositions are applied based on field observations . Further field validation of this classification is required . > ( 1 ) NNL is defined by ESS6 ( footnote 8 ) as the point at which project-related impacts on biodiversity are balanced by measures taken to avoid and minimize the project ’ s impacts , to undertake on-site restoration and finally to offset significant residual impacts , if any , on an appropriate geographic scale ( e . g . , local , landscape-level , national , regional ) . 13", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 270, "text": "land cover data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 287, "end": 331, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016 land cover assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 374, "end": 383, "text": "Earth Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Introduction * * It takes 116 days to move an export container from the factory in Bangui ( Central African Republic ) to the nearest port and fulfill all the customs , administrative , and port requirements to load the cargo onto a ship . It takes 71 days to do so from Ouagadougou ( Burkina Faso ) , 87 days from N ’ djamena ( Chad ) , 93 from Almaty ( Kazakhstan ) , and 105 from Baghdad . In contrast , it takes only 5 days from Copenhagen , 6 from Berlin , 16 from Port Louis ( Mauritius ) , 20 days from Shanghai , Kuala Lumpur or Santiago de Chile . We introduce and utilize new data on trade costs from the World Bank ’ s Doing Business report . The data are collected from 345 freight forwarders , port and customs officials operating in 126 countries . We use data on the average time it takes to get a 20foot container of an identical good from a factory in the largest business city to a ship in the most accessible port . Our goal is to estimate the effect of time costs on trade volumes . A standard tool is the gravity equation . < sup > 1 < / sup > There are , however , two concerns with the use of a gravity equation that we address . The main concern is that the volume of trade may directly affect trade facilitation . The marginal value of investment in trade facilitation is higher when the trade volume is large since cost savings are passed on to a larger quantity of goods . In addition , many time-saving techniques , such as computerized container scanning , are only available in high-volume ports . Thus , while more efficient trade facilitation stimulates trade , trade also generates improved trade facilitation . < sup > 2 < / sup > > 1 Wilson et . al . ( 2004 ) and Nordas and Piermartini ( 2004 ) use a standard gravity equation to estimate how trade facilitation costs and infrastructure affect trade flows using a gravity model . They use data on port efficiency from the Global Competitiveness Report . These data are based on perception", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 611, "text": "data on trade costs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 636, "end": 657, "text": "Doing Business report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1881, "end": 1904, "text": "data on port efficiency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1914, "end": 1943, "text": "Global Competitiveness Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Muchoki said that in the interest of the PAPs , it was better to spend another one month to clear the Mwavumbo subdivision than to publish a gazette notice for the unpopular LR . Mwavumbo / 1 . Mr . Mutavi asked whether the legal provision which was used to subdivide the 650 parcels could be used to register them fully . The Madam Saumu responded that the subdivision of the Ranch began with the 650 parcels because they were in the Mwache Dam project area but the process could not end there . They had to continue with the remaining approximately 10 , 0000 for the Mwavumbo Group Ranch title deed ( Mwavumbo / 1 ) to be dissolved and pave way for full registration and issuance of Title Deed to all the subdivided parcels . Hon . Yama stated that land compensation did not need title deeds . This was agreeable to all . Madam Saumu in support of the above said that compensation was possible if one could get confirmation from Mr . Njenga that they are members of the Ranch . This could involve his comparing the details of the Area List : PAPs Names , Membership Number and IDs which originates from the Regional Surveyor among other details and he could match it with the Membership Register . Mr . Njenga confirmed that he ( as the custodian of the Group Ranch members register ) had the original list of Mwavumbo Group Ranch members . Madam Saumu indicated that they could only own the Area list when signed by a registered surveyor then it could be forwarded to Mr . Gitau , the Kinango Land surveyor . She asked Irene the SSS to give deadline for publication of the Mwavumbo GR Gazette Notice . The SSS in response informed the participants that MoWSI was waiting for an authentication report from Director of Survey ( DoS ) < u > with regard to the status of Chigato and Mazeras parcels on 24 < / u > < sup > th < / sup > < u > July", "spans": [{"start": 1032, "end": 1041, "text": "Area List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1256, "end": 1284, "text": "Group Ranch members register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1394, "end": 1403, "text": "Area list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "question necessarily precedes and motivates further work on measuring the welfare impacts of the policy ( which we outline in the conclusion ) . In addressing this question , we account for two features of the firm location problem that have the potential to bias estimates if ignored . First , we non-parametrically account for regional attributes such as amenities , infrastructure , local public goods , and natural endowments . Since regional incentives are allocated to compensate for inter-regional differentials in local characteristics , it is imperative to adequately account for these factors in examining the contribution of these programs . Otherwise , there is a tendency to systematically understate their value . Second , our empirical analysis makes use of a linked headquarter-branch plant panel data set , which allows us to consider the role of intra-firm considerations in the location decisions of vertically integrated firms . If firms tend to locate branch plants in close proximity to their headquarters , and if those headquarters are disproportionately located in unsubsidized areas , this could be mis-interpreted as a failure of the fiscal incentive . While the empirical application focuses on Brazil , the estimation strategy outlined in the paper has broader applicability and can be used to examine similar issues across countries . Our main findings are that subsidized credit offered to firms via the CF ’ s has worked in terms of industrialization in the Northeast . At the same time , we find that pull of the headquarters has a much bigger effect on entry than the CF ’ s for the minority of vertically integrated firms ( i . e . , with headquarters ) . This implies that , for vertically integrated industries , firm structure needs to play a part in the CF – i . e . , reform to promote entry by headquarter firms into lagging regions . In more footloose sectors , such reforms would not be necessary . 6", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 821, "text": "linked headquarter-branch plant panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "all target < br > schools | Schools are conducting rapid , no ‐ stakes formative assessments < br > given by Grade 3 teachers at the beginning of the year to < br > evaluate student learning needs , particularly in math and < br > reading . | School records of < br > assessments | Third Party | Check assessments records for a < br > sample of schools | | * * DLR # 7 . 3 * * First phase of _Tawjihi_ < br > exam reform completed and < br > action plan for reform rollout is < br > produced | The first phase of the_Tawjihi_reform will consist of conducting < br > consultations on the reform with the various stakeholders , the < br > design of the new examination instruments and the piloting of < br > those instruments . After the first phase , MOE will analyze the < br > examination data , in addition to perception and satisfaction < br > data collected during the process and will accordingly identify < br > lessons learnt and develop an action plan for the rollout of the < br > reform . | First phase of < br > _Tawjihi_reform < br > report and action < br > plan | Third Party | The verification agency reviews first < br > phase completion report which < br > includes results of stakeholder < br > consultations , instruments design < br > methodology , pilot results , < br > recommendations , and action plan < br > for reform roll ‐ out . | | * * DLR # 7 . 4 * * Legal framework for < br > the_Tawjihi_exam has been < br > adopted so that its secondary < br > graduation and certification < br > function is separated from its < br > function as a screening < br > mechanism for university < br > entrance | Legislations and / or decrees reforming the requirements for < br > secondary school graduation", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 794, "text": "examination data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Policy Research Working Paper Series | Title | Author | Date | Contact < br > for paper | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | WPS1746 The Role of Long-Term Finance : < br > Theory andEvidence | Gerard Caprio , Jr . < br > * * Asli * * DemirgOt-Kunt | April 1997 | P . Sintim-Aboagye < br > 38526 | | WPS1747 Protection and Trade in Services : < br > A Survey | Bernard Hoekman < br > Carlos A . Primo Braga | April 1997 | J . Ngaine < br > 37947 | | WPS1748 Has Agricultural Trade Liberalization < br > Improved Welfare in the Least-Devel < br > Countries ? Yes | Merlinda D . Ingco < br > oped | April 1997 | J . Ngaine < br > 37947 | | WPS1749 Applying Economic Analysis to < br > Technical Assistance Projects | Gary McMahon | April 1997 | C . Bernardo < br > 37699 | | WPS1 750 Regional Integration and Foreign < br > Direct Investment : A Conceptual < br > Framework and Three Cases | Magnus Bl6mstrom < br > Ari Kokko | April 1997 | J . Ngaine < br > 37947 | | WPS1751 Using Tariff Indices to Evaluate < br > Preferential Trading Arrangements : < br > An Application to Chile | Eric Bond | April 1997 | J . Ngaine < br > 37947 | | WPS1 752 Ghana ' s Labor Market ( 1987-92 ) | Sudharshan Canagarajah < br > Saji Thomas | April 1997 | B . Casely-Hayford < br > 34672 | | WPS1753 Can Capital Markets Create < br > Incentives for Pollution Control ? | Paul Lanoie < br > Benoit Laplante | April 1997 | R . Yazigi < br > 37176 | | WPS1754 Research on Land Markets in South < br > Asia : What Have We Learned ? | Rashid Faruqee < br > Kevin Carey | April 1997 | C . Anbiah < br > 81275 | | WPS1755 Survey Responses from Women < br > Workers in Indonesia ' s Textile , < br > Garment , and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "January to June 2019 # # # UNHCR , UNICEF and IOM # # Age Breakdown of Accompanied and Unaccompanied Children by Country of Arrival Among the 6 , 000 accompanied children who arrived in Greece and Bulgaria , 37 % were 0 to 4 years old , 52 % were 5 to 14 years old and 11 % were 15 to 17 years old . An age breakdown for accompanied children in Italy and Spain is not available . Age Breakdown of Accompanied Children by Country of Arrival < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 - 4 years 5 - 14 years 15 - 17 years < br > Greece 37 % 52 % 10 % < br > Bulgaria 33 % 36 % 30 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ _ < u > Hellenic Police , EKKA , Bulgarian State Agency for Refugees < / u > _ The majority of UASC who arrived in Italy , Greece and Bulgaria between January and June 2019 were between 15 and 17 years old ( 86 % overall ) . Age disaggregated data on children arriving to Spain is not available . Unaccompanied and Separated Children – Age breakdown < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 - 4 years 5 - 14 years 15 - 17 years < br > Greece 1 % 16 % 83 % < br > Italy 1 % 6 % 93 % < br > Bulgaria 16 % 84 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # Sex Breakdown of Children by Country of Arrival Overall , the proportion of boys among arrivals remains high - nearly two-thirds of children who arrived through various Mediterranean routes in the first half of 2019 were boys . Yet , the proportion of girls arriving to Greece in the same period was significant - 42 % of all child arrivals . This is due to the fact that children arriving to Greece are primarily accompanied , and the proportion of girls among accompanied children is overall much higher as compared to", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 875, "text": "Age disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by IUCN as inshore areas of lakes ( principally Lake Victoria ) and quiet parts of rivers . The 8 km reach of the Victoria Nile that will be affected by the Bujagali HPP is not considered to be critical habitat for any of these species . As the project is not located in an area of critical habitat , and is unlikely to cause the loss of any preferred habitat , we consider that the project will not have any significant adverse impact on these species . The Nalubaale dam is an existing barrier to fish migration . However , the FIRRI studies indicate that migratory species continue to exist in the Victoria Nile despite the presence of the Nalubaale dam . Therefore , the fish either use the accessible parts of the Victoria Nile , or its tributaries for spawning , or they are not obligatorily migratory . _Mitigation / monitoring measures : _ For the reasons outlined above , no specific mitigation measures are proposed to address impacts on fish resources . However , a monitoring programme will be implemented to confirm the accuracy of these predictions , and remedial action will be taken in consultation with private and institutional stakeholders , should this be necessary . R . J . Burnside Internationl Limited I-A * * 10045 * *", "spans": [{"start": 530, "end": 543, "text": "FIRRI studies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * EA Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project ( Second Phase of Program ) ( P148853 ) # # ( e ) Feasibility and design reports for the project road sections # # * * Traffic Data * * 8 . To re-evaluate the viability of the Lokichar – Nadapal / Nakodok Road Corridor , updated traffic counts , were carried out by KeNHA in 2021 . The computed annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) is as shown in Table 1 . 4 below . * * Table 1 . 4 : 2021 Annual Average Daily Traffic * * | * * Lot * * | * * Motorcycle * * | * * Cars * * | * * 4 W / Drive * * | * * Pick - Up * * | * * Minibus * * | * * Small Bus * * | * * Large Bus * * | * * Light Truck * * | * * Medium * * < br > * * Truck * * | * * Heavy Truck * * | * * Articulated * * < br > * * Truck * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lot 0-Loichangamak - Lodwar | 3 , 540 | 536 | 436 | 412 | 69 | 8 | 1 | 20 | 144 | 121 | 29 | * * 5 , 316 * * | | Lot 1-Lodwar - Loukitaung | 1 , 398 | 109 | 92 | 98 | 32 | 9 | 15 | 30 | 43 | 58 | 23 | * * 1 , 907 * * | | Lot 2-Loukitaung - Kalobeyei River | 1 , 138", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 221, "text": "Traffic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Additional Financing for Strengthen Ethiopia ' s Adaptive Safety Net ( P179092 ) # # * * BASIC INFORMATION * * # # * * A . Basic Project Data * * | Country | Project ID | Project Name | Parent Project ID ( if any ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ethiopia | P179092 | Second Additional < br > Financing for Strengthen < br > Ethiopia ' s Adaptive Safety < br > Net | P172479 | | Parent Project Name | Region | Estimated Appraisal Date | Estimated Board Date | | Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive < br > SafetyNet | EASTERN AND SOUTHERN < br > AFRICA | 03-Aug-2022 | 25-Aug-2022 | | Practice Area ( Lead ) | Financing Instrument | Borrower ( s ) | Implementing Agency | | Social Protection & Jobs | Investment Project < br > Financing | Federal Democratic < br > Republic of Ethiopia | Ministry of Agriculture , < br > Third Party Implementer < br > in areas of High Risk of < br > Ongoing Conflict ( UN < br > Agencyto be determined ) | < mark > Proposed Development Objective ( s ) Parent < / mark > The Project development objectives are ( a ) to expand geographic coverage and enhance service delivery of Ethiopia ’ s adaptive rural safety net to improve the well-being of extremely poor and vulnerable households in drought prone communities , and ( b ) in case of an Eligible Early Response Financing Event ( “ Eligible ERF Event ” ) , respond promptly and effectively to it . < mark > Components < / mark > Adaptive Productive Safety Net Improve Shock Responsiveness of the Rural Safety Net Systems , Capacity Development , and Program Management Support # # * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions )", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( 0 . 240 ) | ( 0 . 249 ) | ( 0 . 251 ) | ( 0 . 251 ) | ( 0 . 250 ) | | log maintenance | - 0 . 08 | - 0 . 14 | - 0 . 13 | - 0 . 14 | - 0 . 14 | | | ( 0 . 183 ) | ( 0 . 186 ) | ( 0 . 185 ) | ( 0 . 185 ) | ( 0 . 184 ) | | _N_ | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | | Firms | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | | frm and year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | log employment | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | industry-specifc trends | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | frm-specifc trends | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | | imported inputs | No | No | No | No | Yes | NOTES : IV-FE regressions of ( log ) employment on an exporter dummy . Column ( 1 ) : firm fixed-effects and year fixed-effects ; column ( 2 ) : adds log total employment ( firm size ) ; column ( 3 ) : adds controls for industry-specific trends ( i . e . , interactions between year dummies and industry dummies ) ; column ( 4 ) : adds initial conditions to control for firm-specific trends ; column ( 5 ) : adds the share of imported inputs . Data are from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( National Annual Industrial Survey ) , Chile 2001-2005 . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1026, "end": 1060, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1063, "end": 1096, "text": "National Annual Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "public emergency . The drawdown trigger for the DPL with Cat DDO is limited to declaration of a state of emergency resulting from a disaster . * * Drawdown period and renewals . * * The drawdown period for this operation will be three years . The DPL with Cat DDO may be renewed up to four times for a total of 15 years . Renewals require that the original program remain largely in place , i . e . , the adequacy of the macroeconomic framework and a disaster risk management program will be reconfirmed and updated upon renewal . Renewal will need to take place no earlier than one year and no later than six months before the expiration date . * * E . Poverty and Social Impacts and Environmental Aspects * * Poverty and Social Impacts * * Droughts and floods can have socioeconomic consequences that go beyond their most obvious impacts . * * Statistics on macroeconomic and fiscal impacts do not reflect the indirect impacts that disaster losses can have on the poorest members of society , nor their long-term impacts on human and economic development . * * The Government policies supported by the proposed operation are expected to have a positive poverty and social impact in the medium term . * * The operation will provide access to immediate liquidity to improve the adequacy , allocation , and timeliness of post-disaster assistance , while also promoting better risk management through shared action and responsibility at different levels of society , and risk reduction . Page 5 of 7", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 892, "text": "Statistics on macroeconomic and fiscal impacts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > NBS ( 2018 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > N < / mark > ational Nutrition and Health Survey ( NNHS ) 2018 Report on the Nutrition and Health Situation of Nigeria_ . National Bureau of Statistics : Abuja , Nigeria National Population Commission ( NPC ) [ Nigeria ] and ICF ( 2019 ) . _Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018 Key Indicators Report_ . Abuja , Nigeria , and Rockville , Maryland , USA : NPC and ICF . Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) and World Bank ( 2019 ) . Basic Information Document Nigeria General Household Survey – Panel 2018 / 19 . Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) and United Nations Children ’ s Fund ( UNICEF ) ( 2017 ) . Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17 , Survey Findings Report . Abuja , Nigeria : National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children ’ s Fund . Nwokolo , A . ( 2019 ) . Terror and Birth Weight : Evidence from Boko Haram Attacks . Draft March 2019 . Retrieved 14 < sup > th < / sup > June 2019 : https : / / novafrica . org / wp-content / uploads / 2019 / 05 / Terror_Birth_Weight . pdf < mark > OHCHR < / mark > ( n . d . ) . Realisation of the equal enjoyment of the right to education by every girl . < mark > Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) . R < / mark > etrieved 27 < sup > th < / sup > April 2020 : < u > https : / / www . ohchr . org / Documents / Issues / Women / WRGS / ReportGirlsEqualRightEducation . pdf < / u > < mark > Pande , R . P . ( 2003 ) . Selective gender differences in childhood nutrition and immunization in rural India : the role of siblings . < / mark > _ < mark > Demography < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 40 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 3 ) , 395-418 . < / mark", "spans": [{"start": 520, "end": 552, "text": "Nigeria General Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 679, "end": 720, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Meehl et al . , 2007 ) and decrease the occurrence of dry years in Tanzania ( Table 7 ) . These results suggest that Tanzania could experience decreased agricultural stress from precipitation deficits in the future . However , dry years do persist in Tanzania through the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century ( Table 7 ) . Quantifying the cooccurrence of these dry years with non-dry years in Tanzania ’ s key trading partners indicates the likelihood that Tanzania ’ s trading partners will experience non-adverse climate conditions in the same year that Tanzania experiences adverse conditions , therefore offering the potential for Tanzania to ameliorate adverse conditions in Tanzania through increased imports . Analysis of the CMIP3 archive of global climate model simulations indicates that those dry years that do occur in Tanzania in the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century will often coincide with non-dry years in Tanzania ’ s key trading partners both within and outside of Africa ( Table 8 ) . These results suggest that importing grains from other trading partners could help to alleviate negative effects of severe dry conditions going forward in the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century , particularly for a mix of trading partners that can help to hedge against the coincidence of severe dry years both within and outside of Africa . In particular , our analysis identifies Sudan as the trading partner within Africa that is most likely to consistently experience non-dry conditions in the years in which Tanzania experiences dry conditions , and Kenya , Mozambique and Zambia as the least likely . Likewise , our analysis identifies Canada , China , the Russian Federation , and the USA as the trading partners outside of Africa that are most likely to consistently experience non-dry conditions in the years in which Tanzania experiences dry conditions , and Mexico and Australia as the least likely . The CMIP3 suite of global climate model projections also suggests that further global warming is likely to increase the occurrence of dry conditions in many of Tanzania ’ s trading partners , and to alter the co-occurrence of dry years in Tanzania ’ s trading partners with non-dry years in Tanzania as Tanzania", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 777, "text": "CMIP3 archive of global climate model simulations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ < br > Conducting an Environmenta < br > l and Social Impact Assessme < br > nt of the planned constructio < br > n works under MLHUD ( arch < br > ival center and one floor on < br > NLIC ) < br > IDA / 65380 < br > Land A | dministration Refor | m < br > Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > < br > | Under Implemen < br > ation | t < br > 2021-07-08 < br > 2021-09-30 | 2021-07-18 | 2021-09-21 | 2022-03-20 | | UG-MLHUD-235533-CS-CDS / < br > SLAAC Data Capture and Pro < br > cessing Software upgrade an < br > d Maintenance . The function < br > alities of the software to be u < br > pgraded should allow for mas < br > sive parcel geometry data ca < br > pture and titles certification . < br > IDA / 65380 < br > Land A | dministration Refor | m < br > Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > < br > | Under Implemen < br > ation | t < br > 2021-07-08 < br > 2021-08-17 | 2021-07-18 | 2021-09-21 | 2022-03-20 | | UG-MLHUD-235551-CS-CQS / < br > Design Review and Construct < br > ion Supervision of Constructi < br > on of Land Administration str < br > uctures to support enhance < br > d service delivery ( archival c < br > enter and one floor on NLIC ) < br > IDA / 65380 < br > Land A | dministration Refor | m <", "spans": [{"start": 645, "end": 665, "text": "parcel geometry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i . e . the cassava belt ) lead cassava production and gear much of their cassava production towards home consumption . These districts predominantly grow bitter cultivars that constitute an essential component of diets and that can be harvested , depending on the variety , within a 12 - to 18-month period . The preference for bitter varieties is anchored in the desire to protect the crop against thieves and animals , and in the tradition to produce _kondowole – _ fermented cassava – from these cultivars ( Kambewa and Nyembe , 2008 ) . Elsewhere in Central and Southern Malawi , while the caloric contribution of cassava consumption is not nearly as high , sweeter cassava varieties are grown , over harvest periods of 6 to 12 months , predominantly for commercial purposes ( sold either in raw form or as processed snack food ) and / or as a last resort food security measure during the lean season or in the face of unforeseen shocks ( Moyo et al . , 2004 ) . Typically , when non-cassava belt districts in southern Malawi rely on cassava as a staple food , they produce _makaka , _ a nonfermented cassava flour formed from dried cassava chips . The spatial differences in cultivated cassava varieties are also at the heart of spatial differences in production and yield ( Kabambe , 2011 ) . > 6 Based on the authors ’ calculations using the Integrated Household Panel Survey ( IHPS ) 2016 data . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1350, "end": 1383, "text": "Integrated Household Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . 4 . Matching of household surveys to livelihood zones * * | | Ethiopia | Lesotho | Malawi | Mauritania | Mozambique | Niger | Nigeria | Zambia | Zimbabwe | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Maize mixed | 2 , 913 | 377 | 26 , 172 | 0 | 2 , 610 | 0 | 0 | 5 , 580 | 12 , 614 | 50 , 266 | | Highland | 10 , 651 | 2 , 444 | 0 | 0 | 227 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 1 , 695 | 15 , 046 | | Roots and < br > lowland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 , 705 | 0 | 0 | 5 , 705 | | Agropastoral | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 , 315 | 2 , 278 | 0 | 0 | 4 , 593 | | Pastoral | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 , 463 | 0 | 2 , 178 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 , 641 | _Source : World Bank . Note : _ Livelihood zones are generated from Dixon et al . ( 2019 ) . Agropastoral and pastoral regions in Ethiopia are not included in the analysis . Pastoral includes pastoral and arid pastoral oasis farming systems . Highland includes highland perennial and highland mixed farming systems . Roots and lowland combines root and tuber crop , cereal root crop , and humid lowland tree crop farming systems . * * Table 3 . 5 . Descriptive statistics for variables by * * * * < u > year and country < / u > * * | * * Year * * | * * Country * * | * * Average per * * < br > * * capita * * < br > * * consumption * * < sup > * * a", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 47, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "output by the less productive firms actually reduce industry productivity . And finally , at the level of separate size groupings , the largest increase in allocative efficiency has occurred among large firms , with resources moving from smaller to larger firms within this size group ; large firms have also benefited from the largest increase in average technical efficiency , a 36 percent increase . In contrast , medium-sized firms are characterized by the smallest increase in both allocative and technical efficiency . # * * VII . Firm-level Innovation Analysis * * # * * Data sources * * For the firm-level innovation analysis , we compare the full 2011 WBES , including both manufacturing and services firms , to the baseline of the Sri Lanka Longitudinal Survey of Enterprises ( SLLSE ) – a survey collected between January and May 2008 and used by de Mel et al . ( 2009 ) . This survey was designed to obtain a representative sample of micro , small and medium-size manufacturing and services enterprises in urban Sri Lanka , irrespective of their registration status . We use the booster sample of 610 small and medium enterprises collected for this survey because it is more representative of the size distribution of establishments in Sri > 17 Our large city sample comes from Colombo , Gampaha , Kurunegala , and Kandy . 21", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 665, "text": "2011 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 741, "end": 785, "text": "Sri Lanka Longitudinal Survey of Enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1091, "end": 1141, "text": "booster sample of 610 small and medium enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CCT programs in Latin America have been carefully analyzed — see for example , Schultz ( 2004 ) and Behrman , Sengupta and Todd ( 2005 ) on the PROGRESA program ( now re-named Oportunidades ) in Mexico , Bourguignon , Ferreira and Leite ( 2003 ) on the Bolsa Escola program ( now re-named Bolsa Familia ) in Brazil , and the reviews by Rawlings and Rubio ( 2005 ) and Das , Do , and Ozler ( 2005 ) . In this paper we assess the impact of a similar program in a context with much lower income , lower enrollment rates , and weaker institutions . As we show below , the JFPR scholarship program had a large , positive effect on the school enrollment and attendance of girls in Cambodia . Our preferred set of estimates suggest program effects on enrollment and attendance at program schools of 30 to 43 percentage points ; scholarship recipients were also more likely to be enrolled at any school ( not just program schools ) by a margin of 22 to 33 percentage points . The impact of the JFPR program appears to have been largest among girls with the lowest socioeconomic status at baseline . The results we present are robust to a variety of controls for observable differences between scholarship recipients and non-recipients , to unobserved heterogeneity across girls , and to selective attrition out of the sample . # * * 2 . Data , variables , and program selection rules * * The main sources of data for the analysis in this paper are two : Application forms to the scholarship program , and data on school enrollment and attendance from an unannounced school visit . The application form contains 28 questions about parental education , demographic composition of the household , ownership of various assets , housing materials , and distance to the nearest secondary school ; applicants were also asked to specify the name of the secondary school they would like to attend , with the understanding that this should be one of the 93 schools that were eligible for the scholarship program . These forms were completed by a girl in class or at home ; some provisions were made for teachers to verify that the data", "spans": [{"start": 1497, "end": 1537, "text": "data on school enrollment and attendance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "c . Government digitization and e-services expansion have created a need for better data protection and an opportunity to harness data-driven insights to enhance public service quality ; and 3 . Need to boost digital capabilities to fuel the digital economy and creative industries ; - a . Substantial gaps remain in the delivery of basic digital skills training in primary and secondary education ; - b . There is also a need to scale labor market initiatives geared toward nurturing and linking digital talent , particularly youth , to income-generation opportunities in the digital age ; - c . The new Government is focusing on further development of the ‘ creative economy ’ , combined with digital initiatives , to absorb some of this overhang and connect Kenyan youth to new types of job opportunities ; - d . < mark > Gender gaps exist in access to affordable smart devices and around the safe use of the internet , as indicated by sex-disaggregated data collection ; < / mark > > 1 Key findings are featured in the 20 < sup > th < / sup > edition of the Kenya Economic Update . See : _http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 968481572468094731 / pdf / Kenya-Economic-Update-Securing-FutureGrowth-Policies-to-Support-Kenya-s-Digital-Transformation . pdf_ . 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Component * * | * * Sub-Projects Clusters * * | | - - - | - - - | | Component 1 < br > * * Institutional Reform and * * < br > * * Development * * |  Selection of physical support location < br >  Construction and installation of offices and facilities < br >  Establish capacity on Environment and social management | | Component 2 < br > * * Other Critical Public * * < br > * * Services * * |  Installation of street lighting in pre-identified road junctions < br >  Markets development in collaboration with respective County Councils < br >  Development and improvement of drainage systems in selected urban zones < br > ( commercial and residential areas < br >  Development OR rehabilitation of sanitation facilities in collaboration with County < br > Councils , Athi Water Services Board and Water Services Providers < br >  Establishment of public parks and green spaces in collaboration with County < br > Council | | Component 3A |  Waste management Audits by Local Authorities < br >  Development of waste transfer stations in towns | | * * Integrated Solid Waste * * < br > * * Management * * |  Development of engineered sanitary solid waste disposal sites < br >  Decommissioning of unsanitary disposal sites < br >  Capacity building initiatives ( skills , institutional equipment , waste collectors < br > welfare | | Component 3B |  Construction of new link roads , upgrading and improvement of existing roads < br > and associated facilities ( bridges , etc ) within Local authority jurisdiction . | | * * Transport Management * * |  Construction of NMT facilities ( foot bridges , under passes , footpaths , cycle < br > tracks , hand cart passages , Bodaboda ” parking areas , etc . ) < br >  Rehabilitationofexistingrailway corridorsforcommutertrainand associatedrail | Consultant : Harrison W . Ngiri", "spans": [{"start": 954, "end": 977, "text": "Waste management Audits", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "some activities , which require contextualizing to the different needs , priorities , and circumstances of various groups and cultures . For example , pastoralists and agro-pastoralists are characterized by frequent movements in need of pasture and water for their livestock . Therefore , services provided by the basic sectors such as education and health should designed in culturally appropriate manner . As a result of the mobility of the community in the pastoral society , public consultation is a challenge . Thus , understanding and strengthening the existing traditional ways of communications and consultations is necessary . # * * Gender and gender-based violence * * Though the scale may vary , gender inequality has been common in all parts of the country . This is mainly observed in accessing productive resources and basic services . This could also happen in ESPES-supported basic sectors . However , most basic sectors have recognized the problem and have initiated mitigating measures . For example , the MOE has considered girls grade 8 completion rate as one criterion to select the bottom 20 % woredas that was used to be included in the ESPES project . Moreover , regional governments have passed a directive which gave a 50 % share to women in committees formed to increase public participation . In relation to GBV , the DHS data reported that in all regions , there were considerable number of GBV cases . There is also a possibility that ESPES supported sectors may face similar challenges . As a result , the issue cannot be overlooked . Some of the positive developments in developing mitigation measures include the establishment of one stop center that provide service to victims in 11", "spans": [{"start": 1346, "end": 1354, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 3 . Earthquake Hazards and Impact on WWTPs * * Direct earthquake impacts on WWTPs are largely due to ground shaking and ground failures , with individual components or stages of the wastewater treatment process responding in different ways . For example , non ‐ structural elements , such as scrapers , aerators , and mechanical equipment are largely be affected by excessive shaking . Whereas , ground deformation ( in the form of fault rupture , landslides , and liquefaction causing settlement or lateral spreading ) , lead to breakages , lifting , and deformations of structural elements , such as tanks , pipes , or treatment pond bunds . The actual shaking properties required to initiate such processes vary significantly spatially – even at very local scales . This ensures predicting damage due to both shaking and ground deformation on a wider WWTP facilities remains a challenge . Given the myriad of data that is required to carry out a detailed analysis at each WWTP site , we instead adopt two readily available measures to provide a proxy for estimating asset damage . These are : Peak Ground Acceleration ( PGA ) and Liquefaction Susceptibility . PGA is an important ground motion parameter used in earthquake engineering applications and design as structural damage is often closely correlated . Liquefaction susceptibility is a measure of how susceptible local ground conditions would be to liquefy given sufficient ground shaking is experienced . Combined these parameters can give a proxy for a combined likelihood of a WWTP facility experiencing damage in an earthquake via the two predominant causes : shaking and ground deformation . As with the flooding exposure analysis above , PGA and Liquefaction Susceptibility parameters are assigned to each WWTP through a simple spatial intersection . These datasets are described in the following section . # * * 2 . 3 . 1 . Hazard Datasets * * PGA hazard maps are for return periods of 250 ‐ , 475 ‐ , 950 ‐ , 1500 ‐ , and 2475 ‐ years ( UNISDR , 2015 ) . As these were created at the global scale , we note that they may underestimate the hazard in local areas for fault lines not captured in historical catalogues . As", "spans": [{"start": 1921, "end": 1936, "text": "PGA hazard maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 65 - # V . Performance 5 . 01 The . valuation of vocation & aly-specific education and training should ideally be carried out against a hierarchy of objectives . The ultimate objective is economic efficiency , measured < sup > by < / sup > assessing the economic benefits of training ( usually productivity < sup > as < / sup > reflected in earnings ) . The next lower objective in the hierarchy < sup > is < / sup > placement in employment , a necessary but not sufficient criterion for econ-omic efficiency . At this same level employer satisfaction with graduate performance provides a weaker but useful standard . Next comes course completion or graduation . This in turn rests on a number < sup > of < / sup > internal efficiency measures , such as drop out and repeater rates . Enrollments as a proportion of capacity can serve as an initial indicator of institutional relevancy and efficiency . All of these measures can , and ideally should , be assessed against costs , yielding a range of efficiency and cost-effectiveness indices . 5 . 02 Fundamental to all of these measures , of course , is the actual establishment of a training institution . From the perspective of World Bank project investments this is an implementation criterion , one bound by the initiation and completion dates of a given project . # ECONOMIC OUTCOMES 5 . 03 A review of Bank investments based primarily on document analysis is severely limited with respect to the indicators of investment effectiveness that can be used . Economic analyses of the outcomes of Bank investments are absent from project completion reports . 5 . 04 Reliable unit recurrent cost data is almost entirely lacking in project documentation . Recurrent costs were reported for 11 of the 76 projects in the sample ( 8 of 34 countries ) . The figures are most often developed by dividing gross recurrent cost budgets by enrollments across a set of institutions . 5 . 05 These data , however , generally confirm that vocational secondary schools are more costly on an annual unit recurrent < sup > cost < / sup > basis than general secondary schools , with ratios ranging from 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 1628, "end": 1652, "text": "unit recurrent cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda Project ( P176747 ) owned enterprises without children . < sup > 19 < / sup > With total fertility rates in Uganda still very high at 4 . 7 children per woman , care burdens are compounded for women . 13 . * * Social norms and risks of violence against women also influence the choices of Ugandan women for businesses sectors and sizes . * * Women can feel discouraged from entering or expanding in more profitable ( male-dominated ) sectors , as doing so may signal their transgression of gender norms about men being the main income providers in households . Risk of violence also constitutes a significant barrier to women ’ s entrepreneurship in Uganda . A 2020 national survey of violence against women reports that almost all ( 95 percent ) of Ugandan women between 15 – 49 years old have experienced physical or sexual violence from either an intimate partner or a non-partner during their lifetime . < sup > 20 < / sup > This is more than three times the global average ( 27 percent lifetime , ) and the averages for Sub-Saharan Africa ( 33 percent lifetime ) . < sup > _21_ < / sup > More than half reported that their partners insisted on knowing where they were at all times ( 54 percent ) and control how they spend their money ( 29 percent ) . 14 . * * Women entrepreneurs are likely to be excluded from the channels of information , networks , and mentors associated with the more profitable , male-dominated sectors and businesses within them * * . Throughout a firm ’ s life , the diversity of networks can impact whether an entrepreneur has access to credit , learns about new market opportunities , and acquires the skills needed to successfully operate their businesses . < sup > 22 < / sup > Studies of women entrepreneurs in Uganda find that women who work closely with a mentor — often male , and usually a family member — are more likely", "spans": [{"start": 762, "end": 808, "text": "2020 national survey of violence against women", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 2 . 5 Post-completion OperationlNext Phase 31 . The project was prepared in the context of the Global Food Crisis Response Program and explicitly designed as a short-tenn emergency measure , with no follow-up plans . At the same time , Bank support for strengthening sustainable agricultural growth and food production in Ethiopia is continuing through a number of current and new investment lending operations , such the Irrigation and Drainage Project , Rural Capacity Building Project , Sustainable Land Management Project , Tana ~ Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project , and most notably the recently established Agricultural . Growth Prograrn . # # 3 . Assessment of Ou . tcomes # # 3 . 1 Relevance of Objectives , Design , and Implementation 32 . Given the global food and fertilizer price crisis , combined a significant shortage offoreign exchange , the PDO was highly relevant In a situation of high food and overall p ~ ce inflation , the failed 2008 belg harvest , and the extreme shortage of foreign exchange , the project was designed as an emergency operation to support the import of fertilizer and thereby sustain grain production . The anticipation of Bank funds allowed the timely procurement and subsequent distribution of fertilizer . 33 . Despite declining fertilizer prices over time , the relevance of the project ' s PDO was high ( though it would not be high in the absence of an emerJSency ) , Fertilizer prices dropped significfIDtly by the time the project was approved , and further declined when the project was implemented . However , the global fertilizer market was uncertain and volatile . Based ~ n historical price records , fertilizer prices take approximately three years to stabilize after a major crisis . In fact , price increases in late 2010 indicated that the market may not yet have stabilized . 34 . The design of the project was relevant , mainly because its simplicity allowed fast implementation . One major aspect was the design of the procurement process , which led AISE to become the de facto single importer of fertilizer . Under the", "spans": [{"start": 1653, "end": 1677, "text": "historical price records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178587 ) - 79 * * . The World Bank will support various efforts to actively engage with citizens to collect feedback on the NDVP and project performance , through social media surveys , the TPM mechanism , and through the use of Iterative Beneficiary Monitoring ( IBM ) . * * In February 2021 , the World Bank team administered a Facebook survey to assess beliefs and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination . Responses from more than 15 , 000 participants showed that only 28 percent of them intended to take the vaccine when it becomes available , and 48 percent were still unsure at the time of the survey . Moreover , as part of the TPM mechanism , feedback from vaccine recipients and health providers was collected and shared regularly with the MoPH , the National Vaccination Committee , and the Vaccine Executive Committee for corrective action as needed . Additionally , performance score cards were produced and shared with vaccination sites to monitor performance and identify challenges . An IBM approach is also being planned as an iterative feedback loop that collects information directly from beneficiaries and identifies challenges at the local level that can be addressed by project teams . In addition to improving project efficiency , this approach increases beneficiary engagement and satisfaction by creating positive , self-reinforcing cycles of improvement . Findings will be used to improve the communication campaign and citizen engagement . Through the IBM as well as social media surveys , engagement with community , especially in remote areas , will ensure the inclusion of their ongoing feedback in the rollout and implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign to strengthen targeting accuracy and increase uptake . To ensure citizen engagement , the project will : ( a ) target messages to areas where vulnerable groups , including refugees and IDPs , reside to inform them about safety measures and benefits ; ( b ) tailor messages to the elderly and those with medical risks including their target family members and health care providers ; and ( c ) provide information for Persons", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 253, "text": "social media surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 400, "end": 415, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1564, "end": 1584, "text": "social media surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5710 # * * Abstract * * Can communal heterogeneity explain persistent educational inequities in developing countries ? The paper uses a novel data-set from rural Pakistan that explicitly recognizes the geographic structure of villages and the social makeup of constituent hamlets to show that demand for schooling is sensitive to the allocation of schools across ethnically fragmented communities . The analysis focuses on two types of social barriers : stigma based on caste affiliation and female seclusion that is more rigidly enforced outside a girl ’ s own hamlet . Results indicate a substantial decrease in primary school enrollment rates for girls who have to cross hamlet boundaries to attend , irrespective of school distance , an effect not present for boys . However , low-caste children , both boys and girls , are deterred from enrolling when the most convenient school is in a hamlet dominated by high-caste households . In particular , low-caste girls , the most educationally disadvantaged group , benefit from improved school access only when the school is also casteconcordant . A policy experiment indicates that providing schools in low-caste dominant hamlets would increase overall enrollment by almost twice as much as a policy of placing a school in every unserved hamlet , and would do so at one-sixth of the cost . This paper is a product of the Agriculture and Rural Development Team , Development Research Group ; and the Poverty Reduction and Equity , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at hjacoby @ worldbank . org and gmansuri @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 200, "text": "novel data-set from rural Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the likely poverty and inequality consequences of the Canal expansion . The paper is organized as follows . The next section discusses the data and presents some background information on Panama and the Canal shock . Section 3 summarizes the model framework , while section 4 discusses the macro and micro results of our simulations . Section 5 offers concluding remarks . # * * 2 . Background * * # # * * _2 . 1 . Panama before the Canal Expansion_ * * Panama has been often characterized as a dual economy , consisting of a dynamic , high-wage export-oriented segment and a rigid , low-earning domestic-oriented segment . < sup > 1 < / sup > Service sectors dominate Panama ‘ s economy , accounting for 77 percent of total value > 1 The data used in this exercise come from an updated 2003 Social Accounting Matrix ( SAM ) for Panama as well as two Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida ( ECV ) Panama household surveys for 1997 and 2003 . The SAM has been constructed specifically for the purposes of this paper , with particular attention devoted to the identification of labor and capital remuneration in both formal and informal activities ( Annex 1 ) . Furthermore , considerable efforts have been devoted to improving consistency between macro ( SAM ) and micro ( survey ) data , although a full reconciliation of the two data sources remains beyond the scope of this paper . The SAM data is summarized in the table presented in Annex 1 , which shows the structure of final demand and value added at the level of SAM accounts . 2", "spans": [{"start": 791, "end": 820, "text": "2003 Social Accounting Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 855, "end": 886, "text": "Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_This chapter is a living document and will be updated in response to the evolving context . _ specialized arrangements to facilitate their return . Border infrastructure , including health and WASH facilities , is being rehabilitated to ensure conditions conducive to a dignified and orderly departure . This includes the installation of external gender-segregated latrines , water tanks , tap stands with water trucking and desludging services , and the rehabilitation of the wastewater treatment system . Light hygiene kits are also being provided at staging areas through the Rapid Response Mechanism ( RRM ) . * * 3 . Cross-border coordination and enabling activities * * aim to sustain returns . A dedicated Solutions Working Group will be established in Syria to coordinate information flows , ensure continuity of services , and link returnees to existing programs . Technical and vocational skills training for Syrian displaced should take place inside Syria to support sustainable return . These activities are aligned with existing sectoral strategies and do not require repurposing or additional funding . The skills gained through these training — within sectors permitted by national regulations — are transferable and may contribute to the reintegration , early recovery , and reconstruction processes in areas of return . Returnees will also be connected to income generating opportunities such as cash-forwork and community rehabilitation projects in Syria . Mapping of HLP restitution mechanisms and evidentiary requirements for property claims is ongoing , with the results to be used by legal actors in Lebanon to guide displaced Syrians in securing relevant documentation prior to departure . The Inter-Ministerial Committee will coordinate with Syrian authorities on cross-border movement and organized transportation to ensure protection and proper border management . * * 4 . Monitoring and feedback mechanisms * * are included in the plan to ensure accountability and responsiveness . The DSWG , supported by its Technical Working Group , will oversee regular tracking of return figures , return modalities , and overall trends . The safety , and sustainability of returns will be monitored at multiple points , from Return Centers to border crossings and through post-return follow-up .", "spans": [{"start": 2097, "end": 2111, "text": "return figures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "comparison , the headcount for monetary poverty using consumption is 65 percent ( Figure 35 ) . * * 69 . The main drivers of multidimensional deprivation are found in the “ living standards ” dimension of the MPI . * * Higher proportions of deprivation were identified in the indicators of quality of flooring ( 90 percent of households deprived or severely deprived ) , asset ownership ( 76 percent ) , and access to electricity ( 68 percent ) . In the education dimension of the MPI , deprivation is low for the current school enrollment indicator ( 2 percent ) but somewhat higher for the adult education achievement indicator ( 33 percent ) . Child mortality as captured in the health dimension of the MPI was reported by 8 percent of households . * * 70 . The highest rates of multidimensional poverty occur in women-headed households , as well as those from South Sudan and Uganda . * * Women-headed households have a > 91 The multidimensional poverty rate was not calculated for nationals . > Results  29", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "toilet facilities , and electricity . Coverage bias was not much of a concern in Nigeria , but this can be largely attributed to relatively higher mobile phone penetration in the country compared to Ethiopia , Malawi , and Uganda . However , a more serious problem and common in all four countries is non-response bias due to unsuccessful contact with the respondent . The successfully contacted sample was biased towards wealthier households with higher living standards . This bias can be largely attributed to the difficulties contacting respondents either as a result of poor network reliability , respondent ’ s phone being turned off or unpowered , or the respondent not picking up the phone . This shows that even though higher phone penetration can lead to lower coverage bias , there is still substantial potential for bias due to unsuccessful contact with respondents in these countries . On the other hand , bias due to non-interview ( refusals and breakoffs ) did not introduce much additional bias in any of the countries . The overall bias found is substantial and widespread across different characteristics . The bias nearly always tends to favor wealthier households and thus poorer households are underrepresented . This direction in the bias , left unaddressed , would result in biased estimates from the interviewed sample that do not fully reflect the situation of poorer households in the county . This is a population of critical interest to policy makers since poorer households are likely most vulnerable to the negative impacts of the COVID19 crisis . Counteracting this bias is therefore essential to ensure that the results more closely reflect the reality of the poor and provide accurate information to policy makers . The study has shown that these phone survey biases can be substantially reduced by applying survey weight adjustments using information from the representative F2F survey from which the sample is drawn . This was demonstrated using a wide array of demographic and socioeconomic variables that are often included in standard household consumption and well-being measurement surveys . While these bias adjustments did not fully eradicate the bias across all dimensions , they were highly effective at reducing bias . This highlights one advantage to drawing phone survey samples from existing face-to-face , representative surveys rather than", "spans": [{"start": 1894, "end": 1919, "text": "representative F2F survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the ‘ GYM package ’ using information from the students ’ census evaluation ( _Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes_ , ECE ) , administered a few months after the intervention for those in the eighth grade , and more than a year later for those in the seventh grade ( see * * Section 4e * * ) . 15 Pre-intervention power calculations of the school-clustered randomized control trial suggested a low minimum detectable effective size ( MDES ) of 12 % for the pooled sample , while individual experiments were powered to detect an MDES of at least 17 % . To compute MDES in this level-3 cluster RCT , we assumed 2 sections per school with 25 pupils per section , an intra-class correlation at the school-level of 0 . 25 and within-school correlation across teachers of 0 . 15 . In reality , pre-treatment power calculations were very conservative : not only average schools turned out to be larger , but the intra-class correlation across schools was closer to 0 . 15 . Ex-post calculation based on the 2015 ECE national data suggests that the pooled and individual studies were powered to detect 8 % and 12 % MDES respectively . 9", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 78, "text": "students ’ census evaluation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1000, "end": 1022, "text": "2015 ECE national data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 urban households were regrouped in one stratum per division . Yet it is feasible to retrieve approximate expansion factors by stratum for previous years using information on the number of household living in the various areas in the 1981 and 1991 censii , and using geometric projections for computing rates of growth in the number of households between these two years . We conducted this exercise , which yielded the expansion factors in Table A2 for the survey years 1983-84 to 1991-92 . Note also that the definition of urban areas in the HES does not match that of the 1991 census ( this was taken into account in computing the expansion factors in Table A2 ) . In 1991-92 for example , the HES counts as rural 12 of 107 municipalities reported by the 1991 census as urban , as well as all 415 thana headquarters and nonmunicipal towns also reported as urban by the census . Therefore , the urban population share in the HES is lower than that in the Census ( in 1991-92 , the urban share was 16 . 5 percent according to the HES , versus about 20 percent according to the 1991 census ) . We used BES shares for the macro simulations . A second comparability issue between the 1995-96 LES and previous surveys relates to the collection method for the food diaries recording consumption expenditures . In 1995-96 , the households kept their food diary for 7 days ( for a few households , the number of days is lower , but this information is available in the data , so that adjustments can be made ) . Accordingly , the total monthly food expenditure was computed as the total expenditure recorded in the diary times 30 . 42 / 7 ( with 30 . 42 days also being used to estimate the monthly food poverty lines in the cost of basic needs method ) . In previous years however , the households kept their diary for 15 days . The issue relates to the quality of the recall . It could be conjectured that households keep better track of their food expenditures over a 7 days than over a 15 days period . Then the monthly food expenditure totals for previous years would", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 702, "text": "HES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 760, "end": 771, "text": "1991 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Western Balkans took steps to protect current beneficiaries of last-resort income support programs . * * Several provided additional support to beneficiaries ; in Albania , BiH , Kosovo , and Montenegro the amount of the transfer was temporarily increased . In Montenegro , the functionality of the Social Card was modified for two ad hoc payments , € 50 in April and € 200 in August , and families received their payments within three days . In Albania and Kosovo , the social assistance payment was doubled for the first three months of the pandemic . Regular social assistance payments continued to be made into bank accounts , as in North Macedonia , or through post offices , as was done in Montenegro through the post office ’ s door-to-door network , and in Kosovo , which paid people in cash at the post office . * * Countries that require beneficiaries to periodically reapply for support waived this requirement during the first few months of the pandemic : * * Albania , for instance , removed the requirement that households present every three months to the social administrator to review their socioeconomic situation . Beneficiary recertification and home visits were also suspended in North Macedonia . In Kosovo , the government automatically extended support to households that had ceased to be eligible between March and July 2020 due , for example , to the youngest child turning 5 years old . Steps were also taken in most countries in the region to simplify application processes and move these online to comply with social distancing measures . In Serbia , applications , which normally must be done in person at a Center for Social Work , could be submitted by mail or electronically by e-mail or smartphone . It was also possible to simply state the applicants ID number and authorize the agencies to collect all the other documentation they required . Applications in North Macedonia were accepted by phone or online , with all necessary documentation to support the application available electronically through the unique registry of social assistance beneficiaries , which is linked with the administrative databases of several key agencies . Such measures increased the number of beneficiaries enrolled in these last", "spans": [{"start": 2049, "end": 2092, "text": "registry of social assistance beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2120, "end": 2144, "text": "administrative databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 07-15 < br > county ( 4wd Double Cabin < br > Pickup ) < br > KE-VIHIGA COUNTY - < br > 84626-GO-RFQ / Purchaseof 5 Reclining beds for 5KMC sites i . eVCRH , Emuhaya SC , Hamisi IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-12-18 2019-02-12 2019-06-14 < br > SC , Sabatia Hc and < br > Emusire HC < br > KE-THARAKA NITHICOUNTY-84639-GO-RFQ / Printing of 938 Reportingtools IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-28 2019-03-06 2019-06-04 < br > KE-WEST POKOT < br > COUNTY-84645-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of one cabinet Pending < br > drawer for storage of IDA / 58360 Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 Implementat 2018-11-09 2018-11-14 2018-12-19 2019-06-17 < br > RMNCAH / THS-UC files at ion < br > the kapenguria County < br > reffereral office < br > KE-EMBU COUNTY-84646 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 1Backup compressor for thecold room with an alarmsystem to be used in Embu IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-12 2018-12-02 2019-03-02 < br > County Refferal Hospital < br > KE-SIAYA COUNTY", "spans": [{"start": 814, "end": 826, "text": "THS-UC files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Data published by Damodaran on listed company effective tax rates according to companies ’ financial reports supports this relatively high level of profits taxation . The different versions of effective tax rates calculated by him for the profitable mining companies as a sector varies between 25 . 8 % for _average cash tax rate_ and 40 . 5 % for the _aggregate effective tax rate_ . < sup > 7 < / sup > These numbers do not include precious metal miners , where he observes higher rates than for the non-precious miners . Because surplus is only a portion of profits , the tax on surplus and thus resource rent will be greater than these relatively high rates of profit taxation . A review of 17 mining projects in selected Latin American countries estimated that governments take on average more than 60 % of mining project rents over the life of the project , leaving less than 40 % to go to other claimants . < sup > 8 < / sup > In other words , to the extent that mining projects contain resource rents , there is evidence that most of it is being taxed away under existing tax instruments . # E . Mining Rents and Surplus Are Relatively Large Rents are not observable in the market . What is observable is the miners ’ after-tax profit margins . If resource rents were large , they should be observable on the bottom lines of mining companies ’ financial > 5 < u > https : / / www . imf . org / en / Blogs / Articles / 2021 / 11 / 05 / blog-countering-tax-avoidance-sub-saharan-africa-miningsector . < / u > > 6 _ICMM Members ’ Tax Contribution_ - _Focusing on Corporate Income Tax and Royalties – 2021 Update_ . ICMM , December 2022 . > 7 ~ Retrieved in August 2023 from https : / / pages . stern . nyu . edu / < u > adamodar / New_Home_Page / datafile / taxrate . htm . < / u > 8 According to Davis and Smith ( 2020 ) , governments in Latin America take 60 % of project value at the development stage . Because value at this stage includes quasi-rents as a return to past", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data for about 90 % of the potential universe throughout the period we consider . No comparison over time is possible for social protection spending , since we have only one data point for each country . When contrasting the HCI or its components with spending values , we use the most recent data point available from each country . Health data are most dense . Specifically , 98 % of countries have data from 2016 , meaning that the vast majority of countries have data from the most recent possible year . For education , however , the most recent observation of spending data ranges in years from 2000 to 2016 ( with 52 % from 2016 and 86 % from 2010 and more recent ) . Social protection spending data are from 2009-2016 . In short , only in very selected cases do measures of the outcomes and the spending refer to the same year . The government domestic expenditure on health , education , and social protection in the most recent year is available for 124 countries and is used in our estimates of “ social sector spending ” . # B . Data density High-quality data are the prerequisite to understand the relationship between social sector spending and human capital outcomes . In this section we discuss how spending data availability has evolved over time and across regions . For this purpose , we divide the time period under consideration into four sub-periods ( 2000-2003 , 2004-2007 , 2008-2011 , 2012-2016 ) , with the different length of the last one explaining the difference in the number of potential observations . Data density for domestic current health spending has been consistently high , with a coverage of at least 96 % of all potential observations throughout the entire time period ( Table 2 ) . Remarkably , low-income countries ( LICs ) have seen a significant increase from 88 % in 2000-2003 to 93 % in 2011-2016 . The picture is completely different when we look at the density of spending data for education , with coverage peaking at 67 % in the time period between 2008 and 2011 ( Table 2 ) . Perhaps even more worryingly , we do not observe a stable upward trend in data availability", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 345, "text": "Health data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 693, "end": 706, "text": "spending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "often included in standard household consumption and well-being measurement surveys . While these bias adjustments did not fully eradicate the bias across all dimensions , they were highly effective at reducing bias . This highlights one advantage to drawing phone survey samples from existing face-to-face , representative surveys rather than from RDD or lists from telecom providers where such adjustment methods can be more limited . Phone surveys are likely to be widely considered as alternative data collection platforms in developing countries especially in emergency situations . National statistical offices have unique opportunities to implement these techniques using their recently implemented representative F2F surveys that can serve as frames for phone surveys . 48", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 732, "text": "representative F2F surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) benefits there are 𝛿 dollars generated that represent the value of the job to the broader society ; 𝛿 is assumed to be . 2 ( 20 cents of social externality per dollar ) < sup > 56 < / sup > unless otherwise specified . * * 5 . * * The adjustments necessary to component 1 . 1 are the need to differentiate between males , female , and Syrian refugee workers . The labor force survey data shows stark contrast in the wages and employment rates . We also attached a higher social multiplier , of . 35 ( compared to . 20 used elsewhere ) for refugees . Given there are different skill level courses , a different wage rate is applied to basic and mid and advanced skill graduates . * * 6 . Business expansion subsidies and support : * * Activities to support the expansion of firms are done through subsidies , in the form of matching grants or subsidized business development services . Subsidies used in this way help correct a market failure caused by the existence of _jobs-linked externalities ( JLEs ) _ by inducing the creation of a socially optimal number of jobs . The fact that subsidies are being used to correct a market failure justifies public sector allocation of resources . The JLEs stem from having firm profit maximizing decisions that , presumably , do not account for benefits received by the workers , although those benefits are determined by the firm ’ s choices . The disconnect between worker benefits and the benefits that the firm is able to appropriate results in underinvestment in job creating expansions . Hence , subsidies < sup > 57 < / sup > are meant to induce expansions that may have great value to society but , due to the inability of firm owners to appropriate the full benefit of the expansion , may not be profitable enough to motivate them to cover the costs . < sup > 58 < / sup > * * 7 .", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 467, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", even though data for most countries show a gap between rural and urban income . Kummu , Taka , and Guillaume ( 2018 ) use a similar methodology , and Yetman , Gaffin , and Xing ( 2004 ) use it to generate a future gridded GDP based on a future gridded population . The method to grid GDP by UNEP and the World Bank distinguishes between rural and urban population assuming the latter to have a higher GDP per capita and allocates GDP using an estimated ratio of urban to rural GDP per capita by country ( UNISDR 2011 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Ghosh , Powell , Elvidge , et al . ( 2010 ) use LandScan population grids ( e . g . Dobson et al . 2000 ) to distribute national level agricultural GDP into the rural area , then use night lights to distribute the remaining GDP to urban areas . Rafa , Moyer , and Wang et al . ( 2017 ) also use a hybrid method for distributing rural and urban GDP in Uganda . Likewise , Gunasekera et al . ( 2015 ) use separate models for the non ‐ agricultural and agricultural sectors with refinements of the non ‐ agricultural model in Blanchard et al . ( mimeo ) . < mark > Turning to the first of two new methodologies for generating gridded agricultural GDP , we note that previous work of spatial allocation models includes GDP models ( Ghosh et al . 2010 ; Nordhaus 2006 ; UNISDR 2011 ; and Gunasekera et al . 2015 ) , population models ( Tobler et al . 1997 ) and agricultural models such as MapSPAM ( You et al . 2006 ) and Global Agro ‐ Ecological Zones ( GAEZ ) ( FAO / IIASA 2012 ) . GAEZ has a total crop production data set for the year 2000 that combines actual yield and production and FAO crop statistics ( international ) prices for 23 major commodities . < / mark > > 6 Available at Global Risk Data Platform : http : / / preview . grid . unep . ch . 3", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 616, "text": "LandScan population grids", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1535, "end": 1565, "text": "total crop production data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1630, "end": 1649, "text": "FAO crop statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * VI . Final remarks * * This study analyzes the impacts of adjusting the LAC lower and upper-middle-class regional thresholds when new and better rounds of PPPs are estimated . First , the paper proposes a two-step methodology to update these thresholds . The first step consists in building two-year synthetic panels between 2015 and 2019 for 15 countries in the LAC region . It is based on the paper by Lucchetti et al . ( 2020 ) and introduces several improvements in the methodology : matching is done using constrained donation subsets based on gender , birth year , and educational attainment ; introduces weights harmonization procedure to preserve the original distribution in terms of relevant variables for the analysis ; neighbor selection is based on random selection within the subset of closest neighbors , considering the sampling design of the donor survey ; it implements more bootstrap repetitions to achieve more accuracy in estimates , etc . The second step defines the _lower bound_ as the median per capita household income over households who were not poor in the initial year and became poor in the final year and the _upper bound_ as the maximum per capita income ( 99th percentile ) over those who have changed their status . This yields a vulnerability or lower-bound line of $ 14 in 2017 PPP per person per day and a middle-class or upper line of $ 81 in 2017 PPP . These thresholds are robust to expanding the set of countries , widening the time interval , increasing the number of repetitions , and implementing previous methodologies . This study analyzes the impact on the LAC regional poor , vulnerable , and middle-class groups estimate using the international poverty lines ( IPL ) , the regional vulnerability and middle-class lines , and the 2017 PPPs . While the changes at the upper-middle-income line ( $ 6 . 85 in 2017 PPP ) are significantly larger , the 2017 PPPs have small implications for extreme poverty and poverty at the lower-middle-income line ( $ 2 . 15 and $ 3 . 65 lines ) . Extreme poverty and poverty at $ 3 . 65 would increase marginally by 0 . 3 and 0 . 9 percentage points ( pp . )", "spans": [{"start": 1785, "end": 1794, "text": "2017 PPPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are relatively wealthier than other households , or have systematically different preferences , all else being equal , then their asset purchases may differ from other families — even in the absence of migrating members . To tackle these confounding factors , I added controls for initial levels of wealth and preference proxies by including , which serves as a vector of baseline ( pre-migration ) household and location characteristics as of 1998 . The indicators encompassed within this vector are wide-ranging : whether the household has had at least one member who has ever migrated outside Kerala , the number of all adults in the household ( age 25 or older , whose education decisions would mostly all have been made by that age ) with their various educational attainments , overall household size , the number of male-headed households , the age of the head of household , the highest educational level of the head of household , the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation ( IHST ) of landholdings , and district-level dummies . < sup > 26 < / sup > My second reason for adding these controls is that , to the extent that unobserved ex-post shocks are correlated with observed pre-migration characteristics of the household or community , incorporating a set of pre-migration controls would further help to mitigate the influence of time-varying unobservables . Robust ( Huber – White ) standard errors are reported in all cases . # < u > B . 2 . Asset Indices < / u > When one examines changes to a household ’ s welfare , the primary outcomes of interest are measures of its assets . The KMS data sets do not contain income and consumption information , but they do include asset indicators . While this could be interpreted as a limitation of the data , the use of asset holdings may better reflect a household ’ s long-term economic status and is also less likely to be subject to recall bias or measurement error . < sup > 27 < / sup > To create the asset indices , I followed Filmer and > 26 The inverse hyperbolic sine transformation of is . Interpretation is analogous to that of a logarithmic dependent variable , without suffering the problem of", "spans": [{"start": 1600, "end": 1613, "text": "KMS data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "technological change can be safely assumed to reinforce each other , in developing countries both factors probably operate in opposite directions and empirical evidence is crucial to determine which tends to prevail . This paper provides new evidence on that question , by estimating the net effect of the use of imported inputs , exports and FDI on the relative demand for skilled workers , using recently collected manufacturing plant-level data from Brazil and China , two developing countries which have experienced signi fi cant increases in their degree of international integration . Previous empirical work on the U . S . and other OECD countries has generally found skilledbiased technological change to be more important than trade as the main factor underlying the aforementioned labor demand shifts . Thus , only a small share of the observed changes in the demand for skilled labor can be attributed to a reallocation of production towards skill-intensive — sectors as the trade hypothesis would predict . Rather , it appears that most of the shift away from unskilled labor has taken place within narrowly de fi ned industries , a result that is consistent with the hypothesis of skill-biased technical change . Moreover , studies using industry-level and plant-level data have found a direct link between the relative demand for skilled workers and investments in the adoption of computers or in research and development ( R & D ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > However , these studies have been less successful in uncovering the hypothesized effects of exports , imports and foreign investment fl ows on the demand for skilled labor . < sup > 4 < / sup > The evidence for developing countries is more scarce . In Mexico , the relative wages of skilled workers increased dramatically after the country liberalized its trade regime and relaxed restrictions on FDI in the early 1980s . Feenstra and Hanson ( 1997 ) show that the states and > 3 See Berman et al . ( 1994 ) , Doms et al . ( 1997 ) , Dunne et al . ( 1997 ) , Autor et al . ( 1998 ) , Machin and Van Reenen ( 1998 ) , and Haskel and Heden ( 1999 ) . > 4", "spans": [{"start": 417, "end": 469, "text": "manufacturing plant-level data from Brazil and China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1251, "end": 1286, "text": "industry-level and plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * REPRESENTATIVE | * * SIGNATURE : * * | | * * CENTRALBANK * * OFKENYA | * * DATE * * | | * * AUTHORISED * * REPRESENTATIVE < br > * * EXTERNALRESOURCES * * | * * Vi * * < br > * * SIGNATURE : * * | | * * DEPARTMENT-TREASURY * * | * * DATE * * | NOTL : The ending baoance * * as * * per Centra Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 3Dth Jne * * 2018 * * have _been_ rcnc , ed and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 324, "text": "Centra Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * GEQIP-E ( P163050 ) remained functional and credible , supporting accountability and adaptive management throughout implementation . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * M & E data was used to assess progress toward the PDO and guide program management , including adjustments under AF1 and AF2 . Independent Verification Agent reports were used to validate DLI / DLR achievements and inform IDA disbursements . Evidence generated through national assessments and analytical work ( including EGRA , NLA , MELQO , and RISE studies ) was used to inform the ICR analysis , adjust indicators during implementation , support policy decisions within the MoE ( such as the expansion of ECE to two years and improvements in teacher training progams ) , and update development partners on program progress . These findings also informed the design of the successor ETOL operation . Overall , M & E informed operational adjustments and broader sector policy development . # # * * M & E Quality Rating * * Substantial # # * * 9 . Other Issues * * # # * * a . Safeguards * * The Environmental and Social Systems Assessment ( ESSA ) conducted at appraisal concluded that safeguards arrangements were aligned with PforR policy and identified moderate environmental and social risks , alongside institutional and capacity gaps . The ESSA anticipated largely positive social impacts — including enhanced equitable access , greater gender equality , and improved inclusion of vulnerable groups — while identifying limited and reversible environmental risks associated mainly with minor rehabilitation works ( e . g . , ramp construction and latrine renovations ) . These risks were expected to be mitigated through appropriate safety protocols , training and awareness measures , and proper chemical storage and disposal practices . The ESSA recommended actions to strengthen the Environmental and Social Management System ( ESMS ) , enhance grievance redress and stakeholder engagement mechanisms , introduce systematic screening of all program activities to identify and exclude those with significant or irreversible", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 270, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* tota * * | * * l * * < br > * * 101 , \u0003 882 * * | * * 106 , \u0003 077 * * | * * 126 , \u0003 358 * * | * * 139 , \u0003 900 * * | * * 118 , \u0003 200 * * | * * 140 , \u0003 176 * * | * * 157 , \u0003 944 * * | * * 161 , \u0003 977 * * | * * 147 , \u0003 588 * * | * * 173 , \u0003 088 * * | * * 24 % * * | * * 24 % * * | * * 54 % * * | * * 0 % * * | Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 19 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "panel to the administrative geography of India as of the 55 < sup > th < / sup > round survey in 1999 / 00 . Consequently , the number of regions we have poverty estimates for is 59 , with these available for four years , giving a balanced panel of _N_ = 236 . The pattern of change in rural poverty over time is shown in Table 1 . The headcount index halved over the two decades considered , falling from 50 percent in 1993 / 94 to 25 percent in 2011 / 12 . The poverty gap index declined even faster , with a fall from 0 . 123 in 1993 / 94 to 0 . 045 in 2011 / 12 . The reductions in poverty rates are spread fairly evenly between the four survey years , but since there is a ten-year gap between the first two surveys and then gaps of four years and two years , it is clear that the pace of poverty reduction is increasing . > 7 These are the “ Tendulkar ” poverty lines , after Suresh Tendulkar who headed an expert group that revised India ’ s official poverty lines . Among several revisions were a smaller rural-urban cost of living differential than the original Planning Commission poverty lines . At 2011 purchasing power parity ( PPP ) the Tendulkar poverty lines have a value of $ 2 . 09 per day . > 8 The NSSO follows the Census in defining areas as urban , based on criteria in terms of minimum population , minimum population density , and the percentage of the population working outside of agriculture , or whether an area is a Statutory town ( e . g . , has a Municipality , Corporation , Cantonment Board , etc . ) . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ón de equipos informáticos , dispositivos móviles para el levantamiento de informaciónde la Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 33 , 984 . 16 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-09-14 2022-10-14 2022-10-21 2022-11-25 < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-38 / Adquisici < br > ón de equipos informáticos c < br > on sus respectivos mantenimiento preventivos , necesariospara el personal que implem IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 42 , 560 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-09-21 2022-10-28 2022-11-18 < br > enta el proyecto para la Encu < br > esta Nacional de Desnutrició < br > n Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-41 / Adquisici < br > ón de suministros de oficinay papelería para el desarrollode las actividades de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrició IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 63 , 097 . 72 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-24 2022-12-30 2023-01-29 < br > n Infantil , fase de encuest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "countries demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between household dietary diversity and child and adult nutritional status , and , more broadly , the access to and utilization of food ( Hoddinott _et al . _ , 2002 ; Ruel , 2003 ; Arimond and Ruel , 2004 , Rose _et al . _ , 2002 ) . Daily per capita calorie intake and protein intake are calculated by dividing weekly total household calories and protein intake by seven days and by the effective household size . The effective number of household members incorporates guests eating meals within the home . < sup > 29 < / sup > Food quantities were converted to kilocalories and nutrients using the FAO Food Composition Tables for the Near East . < sup > 30 < / sup > The food consumption score ( FCS ) is an indicator developed by the World Food Programme originally used in southern Africa , and now used in food security analyses throughout the world . < sup > 31 < / sup > During the global food price crisis , the FCS was used in field assessments to gauge short-term changes in food security ; a benefit of using the FCS is that it is comparable across countries . < sup > 32 < / sup > It is constructed by taking the weighted sum of the frequencies with which households consume foods within eight food groups over the previous week . < sup > 33 < / sup > The food groups are staples , pulses , vegetables , fruit , meat / fish , milk / dairy , sugar , and oil / fat . # _3 . 2 . 2 Variable of interest and control variables_ Our coefficient of interest is � � , which measures the price elasticity of the dependent variable with respect to changes in the price of domestic wheat flour . ( In other words , � � measures the percentage change in the food security measure from a one percent change in price . ) We use the average price of domestic wheat flour since wheat is the primary staple of > 29 Some studies use household size to calculate per capita amounts . In Afghanistan the custom of sharing meals with guests", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 691, "text": "FAO Food Composition Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY * * _UNHCR Kenya & EHAGL RB Economic Advisory Unit January 2023_ # * * KENYA : * * SUMMARY OF LEARNING FROM WORLD BANK-UNHCR DATA AND EVIDENCE COLLABORATION ( 2016 ⁠ – 2023 ) The World Bank and UNHCR have collaborated since 2016 on research , socioeconomic surveys and publications to generate evidence and develop an understanding of the living conditions of refugee , stateless and host community populations in Kenya . These activities also assess the impact on local communities arising from hosting forcibly displaced persons and identify and plan appropriate solutions . Key learnings and recommendations from this body of work are summarized below . # # # * * Timeline of collaboration and publications ( 2016 – 2023 ) * * # # * * Economic and social impacts * * # # # # * * Publication * * # # # # * * Objectives / research questions * * - “ Yes ” in My Backyard : ➢ What are the economic and social impacts of the refugee < u > The economics of < / u > presence on the host community in Turkana County and the rest < u > refugees and their < / u > of Kenya ? < u > social dynamics in < / u > ➢ How can the positive impacts of hosting refugees be magnified < u > Kakuma , Kenya ( 2016 ) < / u > while reducing the adverse effects ? - ➢ What is the international community ’ s appropriate role in supporting host countries ? 1", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 286, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this Subproject who are entitled to compensation and other resettlement assistances : - ( i ) Those who have formal legal rights to land or other assets recognized under the laws of the country concerned ; - ( ii ) Those who may not have formal legal rights to land or other assets at the time of the census / evaluation but can prove that they have a claim that would be recognized under the customary laws of the country ; and - ( iii ) Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying in the Subproject area of influence and who do not fall into either of the two categories described above if they themselves or witnesses can demonstrate that they occupied the Subproject area of influence for at least six months prior to a cut-off date established by the borrower or client and acceptable to the Bank . # # # # # # * * 9 . 3 Entitlement Matrix * * An entitlement matrix facilitates the timely disbursement of compensation and other benefits for those entitled to them . It specifies those individuals and households who are entitled to compensation and other benefits ( and the types of property for which they will be compensated for ) and differentiates them from non-entitled HHs . Official Use Only Page 127", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ouedraogo , Daniel Camos , and Maria Shkaratan . 2008 . ― Underpowered : The State of the Power Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa . ‖ AICD Background Paper 6 , Africa Region , World Bank , Washington , DC . - EIA ( United States Energy Information Administration ) . 2009 . ― Sudan Country Energy Brief 2009 . ‖ < u > www . eia . doe . gov / cabs / Sudan / Background . html . < / u > - Foster , Vivien , and Jevgenijs Steinbuks . 2009 . ― Paying the Price for Unreliable Power Supplies : In-House Generation of Electricity by Firms in Africa . ‖ Policy Research Working Paper 4913 , World Bank , Washington , DC . Platts . 2009 . WEPP database Rosnes , Orvika , and Haakon Vennemo . 2009 . ― Powering Up : Costing Power Infrastructure Spending Needs in Sub-Saharan Africa . ‖ AICD Background Paper 5 , Africa Region , World Bank , Washington , DC . > < sup > 2 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 639, "text": "WEPP database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) national accounts and price statistics . Periodic monitoring also continued through Article IV consultations and staff visits ; the latest of which occurred in May 2019 and February 2020 respectively . # # # * * 3 . GOVERNMENT PROGRAM * * 37 . * * Uganda ’ s long-term development aspiration is to transform Uganda to a competitive upper middleincome country with a per capita income of US $ 9 , 500 by 2040 . * * Uganda Vision 2040 presents a blueprint with goals and targets for this desired socioeconomic transformation , which will be achieved through the implementation of six five-year national development plans . Uganda is in the final year of implementing the Second National Development Plan ( NDPII ) , covering the period FY15 / 16 to FY19 / 20 , which has four strategic objectives : ( i ) increase sustainable production , productivity , and value addition in key growth opportunities ; ( ii ) improve the stock and quality of strategic infrastructure to accelerate the country ’ s competitiveness ; ( iii ) enhance human capital development ; and ( iv ) strengthen mechanisms for quality , effective and efficient service delivery . 38 . * * NDPIII will continue the efforts of NDPII in strengthening Uganda ’ s competitiveness for sustainable wealth creation , employment and inclusive growth * * . NDPIII , covering the period FY20 / 21 to FY24 / 25 , intends to : ( i ) enhance value addition in key sectors ( e . g . agriculture , manufacturing , tourism , minerals , oil and gas , and digital services ) ; ( ii ) strengthen the private sector to drive growth and create jobs ; ( iii ) consolidate and increase the stock and quality of physical infrastructure ; ( iv ) increase productivity and the social well-being of the population ; and ( v ) strengthen the role of the public sector in guiding and facilitating development . The socio-economic impact of the CO", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 140, "text": "national accounts and price statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Bangladesh has seen robust economic growth during the last decade , with real GDP growing by more than 6 percent on average every year during 2006 – 2015 . Additionally , the economy has seen a long ‐ term acceleration in growth since the late 1970s when the real GDP was growing by just over 4 percent annually . The acceleration in real GDP growth has also translated to an acceleration in real GDP per capita growth as the gap between real GDP growth and population has been widening over time . < sup > 2 < / sup > Beginning from $ 352 in 1980 , real GDP per capita ( measured in 2010 US dollars ) crossed $ 700 in 2008 and is on mark to cross $ 1 , 000 next year . The sustained economic growth during the last few decades has helped the country graduate from a low ‐ income country to a lower ‐ middle ‐ income country as classified by the World Bank ( World Bank , 2015 ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 8 < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > ‐ 2 < br > ‐ 4 < br > ‐ 6 < br > GDP GDP per Capita < br > Source : World Development Indicators < br > Average Annual Growth Rate ( % ) < br > 1961 ‐ 1965 1966 ‐ 1970 1971 ‐ 1975 1976 ‐ 1980 1981 ‐ 1985 1986 ‐ 1990 1991 ‐ 1995 1996 ‐ 2000 2001 ‐ 2005 2006 ‐ 2010 2011 ‐ 2015 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > To better understand the sustained growth achieved by the country , it is useful to explore how some of the key growth drivers have evolved during this period . Capital accumulation has been a key driver of economic growth for many countries and Bangladesh is no exception to this phenomenon . Bangladesh has realized continued rise in the investment share of GDP during the last 35 years . The investment share of GDP has almost doubled from 14 . 4 percent", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1085, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Country-level data * * At the country level , we control the quality of regulation , financial development , bank concentration , foreign aid , inflation , economic growth , and the level of wealth . Indeed , Agostino et al . ( 2020 ) establish strong evidence that better local institutions ( the rule of law and government efficiency ) help small and mediumsized firms become more productive in Europe over the period 2010-2014 . We also have evidence of a positive effect of foreign aid on firm sales growth ( Chauvet and Ehrhart , 2018 ) . Furthermore , financial development and greater competition between banks ( strong bank concentration ) favor the performance of firms ( Chauvet and Jacolin , 2017 ; Lee et al . , 2020 ) . Finally , Bambe et al . ( 2022 ) show that inflation targeting increases the growth and productivity of firms in targeted countries compared to non-targeted countries . Indeed , inflation targeting improves the performance of developing countries by reducing the level and volatility of inflation ( Lin and Ye , 2009 ) . Further details on the country-level variables can be found in Appendix Table ( 16 ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 18, "text": "Country-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "507 524 Note : * * significant at 5 % ; * * * significant at 1 % . Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered at school level . P - values are in brackets in the third column . Controls : ( i ) students characteristics ( gender , age , nationality , parent ’ s education , if the student missed , at most , one class per month , if the student has internet in his home ) , ( ii ) teacher characteristics ( gender , age , years of experience , if she / he has post-graduate certificates ) , and ( iii ) school characteristics ( school size , 7 < sup > th < / sup > size , 7 < sup > th < / sup > repetition rate , FEPBA score in Language , school district – or location ) . All the regressions exclude the classrooms where the Human Body Unit was not taught . Author ’ s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study * * . * * # * * Table A8 . 2 . Results on Science learning according to student gender * * | | Sequence vs . < br > Control | Coaches vs . < br > Control | Wald Test | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Dependent variable_ | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | | _Panel A : Female_ | | | | Science score | 0 . 519 * * * | 0 . 733 * * * | 1 . 93 | | | ( 0 . 146 ) | ( 0 . 138 ) | [ 0 . 165 ] | | | 544 | 545 | | | Percent of correct answers | 0 . 089 * * * | 0 . 121 * * * | 1 . 06 | | | ( 0 . 030 ) | ( 0 . 025 ) | [ 0 . 304 ] | | | 544 | 545 | | | Percent of incorrect answers | - 0 . 035 | - 0 . 049 * * * | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 809, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK ) ( P161387 ) # * * The World Bank * * 17 . * * RA 1 : Changes to DLI 1 ( Prioritized Public Investments ) * * . The modifications under this RA included : ( a ) replacing references to the “ PIM Manual ” with “ PIM Guidelines , ” which were disseminated widely across MDAs , and constituted the foundation for the draft PIM Regulations , a Prior Action under a DPF series ; ( b ) new actions for the completion of the inventory of public investment projects to address challenges regarding nonperforming and stalled projects in the development budget that became a Government priority under the focus on fiscal consolidation in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis ; and ( c ) deleting references to e-ProMIS as the platform for the automation of the PIM process as GoK opted for a more advanced and suitable technology . 18 . * * RA 2 : Changes to DLI 2 . 1 ( Reliable Funding for Service Delivery and Investment Projects ) , DLI 2 . 2 ( Improved Revenue Projections ) , and DLI 2 . 3 ( Reliability of Domestic Financing ) . * * DLI 2 . 2 and DLI 2 . 3 were deleted due to challenges regarding persistent difficulties in revenue forecasting in an uncertain fiscal environment . However , the substance of the related reforms was not lost as it was incorporated in the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) program and the Inclusive Growth and Fiscal Management DPF ( P168204 ) . The modifications to DLI 2 . 1 were intended to align the next phase of actions to improve cash management practices anticipated under this RA with the provisions of the new Cash Management Framework that was developed by the NT as part of the PFMRS and with support from the Program . The new DLRs under DLI 2 . 1 aimed at leveraging the power of automation to consolidate the gains", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation process . The process of ARAP implementation will also involve other tasks as summarized below ; i . Audit of PAP register and compensation package due to each PAP . ii . Resolution of emerging grievances . iii . Notification and sensitization of PAPs prior to the commencement of the activities that will affect them . iv . Commencement of project operations including issuing of titles . v . Monitoring and Evaluation , including baseline information update . Table 10 . 7 below presents phase 1 ( upper section of the settlement away from the flood plain ) ARAP implementation schedule 10-14", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 137, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at EPSA by Source of Fund based on PO data_ * * | * * Funding Source * * | * * 2017 * * < br > * * [ USD ] * * | * * 2018 * * < br > * * [ USD ] * * | * * 2019 * * < br > * * [ USD ] * * | * * 2020 * * < br > * * ( 6 months ) * * < br > * * [ USD ] * * | * * Total * * < br > * * [ USD ] * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | RDF | 115 , 777 , 321 | 153 , 935 , 833 | 131 , 558 , 008 | 10 , 160 , 128 | 411 , 431 , 290 | | Global Fund | 125 , 983 , 538 | 56 , 901 , 410 | 33 , 801 , 391 | 3 , 259 , 691 | 219 , 946 , 030 | | SDG | 28 , 805 , 098 | 34 , 094 , 164 | 44 , 991 , 727 | 242 , 608 | 108 , 133 , 597 | | MOH | 2 , 312 , 858 | 61 , 465 , 013 | 3 , 409 , 053 | 8 , 565 , 296 | 75 , 752 , 220 | | Pfizer | - | - | 20 , 383 , 440 | 21 , 626 , 779 | 42 , 010 , 219 | | GAVI | 11 , 129 , 777 | 907 , 680 | 7 , 995 , 791 | 3 , 017 , 381 | 23 , 050 , 629 | | MDG | 2 , 468 , 005 | 4 , 191 , 777 | 2 , 413 , 656 | | 9 , 073 , 438 | | CHAI | 1 , 449 , 223 | 294 , 678 | - | 380 , 241 | 2 , 124 ,", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 43, "text": "PO data_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # ▪ 0 . 0144ha of grazing land # # # # # * * 0 . 9 Livelihoods Restoration Plan * * # # # # # # * * _Asset Losses Resulting from Land Acquisition_ * * To enable PAPs not only to restore their income but also to improve their standard of living , EEP is committed to supporting and providing resources for the implementation of various income restoration and community development schemes for the Subproject affected communities . Based on the analysis and findings of the census surveys and public consultation meetings as well as the objective conditions of different categories of PAHs ( experiences , opportunities , and capabilities in terms of resources and skills for income generating activities , needs , and constraints in the case of vulnerable groups ) , we have categorized the eligible PAHs into three broad categories as follows : - a ) Severely affected PAHs at the Limu Genet Substation site and 20 % or more farmland affected and ( 17 PAHs ) ; - b ) Moderately affected PAHs inside the RoW corridor due to loss of Cash Crops ( 127 PAHs ) ; and - c ) Limited Impact with less than 20 % or less farmland affected ( 104 PAHs ) . The LRP , which directly targets PAPs incorporates various strategies and components including : - Land-agriculture based strategies ( crop production and improvement through various extension package . - Special assistance measures for vulnerable groups of PAPs ( elderly and femaleheaded households ) . Based on core principles and underlying assumptions described above , an agriculturebased livelihood restoration and improvement strategies are outlined below : - a ) Agriculture-based Livelihood Restoration Components - b ) Livestock and Dairy Production Improvement Components - c ) Provision of Tailored Training , Support and Extension Services Three key Subproject inputs and support", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 650, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "detail in this respect or the reforms . # # < u > Outcomes < / u > - The original targets of increasing the share ( percentage ) of periodic maintenance and routine maintenance ( in value terms ) contracted on a competitive basis to domestic contractors were dropped during the 2nd AF as APL 2 did not include periodic and routine maintenance . As the ICR reports , domestic consultants participated in joint venture partnerships with international consultants in APL 2 . However , as the ICR acknowledges the achievement of this objective cannot be attributed to APL 2 . There was no participation of local contractors on any of the road projects financed under APL 2 except the 70 km Shashemene-Dodola road section , which was eventually financed by the GoE . # # < u > B . Primary Road Program Objectives < / u > 790km of upgraded roads were added under the project to restore and expand Ethiopia ’ s road network . It would be reasonable to assume that it would help promote growth and access in a socially and environmentally sustainable manner that would eventually lead to poverty reduction and increased employment . Stronger evidence on impact would be useful upon completion of the four planned stages of the Road Program . # # * * 5 . Efficiency : * * The ex-post economic rate of return ( ERR ) were carried out for three roads , for which actual traffic data were available . The ex-post ERR for the Assela-Dodola-Goba / Shashemene-Dodola roads is estimated to be 15 . 7 % as compared with 26 . 7 % at appraisal , and the ex-post ERR for the Gobgob-Weldiya road is estimated to be 17 . 2 % as compared with 23 . 8 % at appraisal due to the lower actual traffic growth rate and relatively high construction costs . The ex-post ERR of the Shire-Adiabun road was 27 . 8 % compared with 30", "spans": [{"start": 1352, "end": 1371, "text": "actual traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) | | that implemented IDPs | | Planning | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Citizen engagement : Percentage of < br > beneficiary firms reporting project < br > financing reflected their needs | A mid-term beneficiary < br > feedback survey will < br > measure the satisfaction of < br > theproject beneficiaries | At mid - < br > term < br > review | Project < br > Implementati < br > on Unit , PIU | Survey of beneficiary < br > firms | Implementing Agency | | Citizen engagement : Percentage of < br > beneficiary firms reporting project < br > financing reflected their needs - of < br > which , women-owned | A mid-term beneficiary < br > feedback survey will < br > measure the satisfaction of < br > women-owned project < br > beneficiaries | At mid - < br > term < br > review | PIU | Survey of beneficiary < br > firms | Implementing Agency | | | A citizen engagement survey < br > will be provided to a subset < br > of beneficiaries and < br > designed to assess overall < br > satisfaction of services < br > ( including ease of access , | | | | | | Citizen engagement : Report drafted on < br > Citizen Engagement Survey | quality , process , disclosure , < br > responsiveness of needs , < br > etc . ) The results of the < br > survey will be analyzed and < br > assessed in a report , which < br > will also contain proposed < br > recommendations for < br > project adjustments < br > informed by citizen < br > feedback . | At mid - < br >", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 1011, "text": "citizen engagement survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1236, "end": 1261, "text": "Citizen Engagement Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 2 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR by origin , end-2006 * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . | Origin < sup > 1 < / sup > | Refugees < sup > 2 < / sup > | _Of whom_ < br > _assisted by_ < br > _UNHCR_ | Asylum - < br > seekers < br > ( pending < br > cases ) < sup > 3 < / sup > | Returned < br > refugees < sup > 4 < / sup > | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted by < br > UNHCR < sup > 5 < / sup > | Returned < br > IDPs < sup > 6 < / sup > | Stateless < br > persons < sup > 7 < / sup > | Various < sup > 8 < / sup > | Total < br > population of < br > concern | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TfYR Macedonia | 7 , 940 | _406_ | 1 , 587 | 176 | - | - | - | - | 9 , 703 | | Thailand | 3 , 325 | _122_ | 209 | - | - | - | - | - | 3 , 534 | | Tibetans | 20 , 184 | _-_ | 1 | - | - | - | - | 387 | 20 , 572 | | Timor", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 217, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| C2-MIES-INEC-86 / Contratac < br > ión de una agencia de viaje p < br > ara la provisión de pasajes a < br > éreos en rutas nacionales pa < br > a el operativo de campo de l < br > a Encuesta < br > Nacional de Desnutrición Inf | < br > < br > r < br > < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 26 , 556 . 70 < br > 0 | . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-05-24 | | | | 2 | 023-07-1 | 9 < br > 2024-01-15 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > ntil año 2023 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N | | | | Market Aroac < br > Ctt T < br > | stimated Amo < br > A | ctual Amount | | Exression of In | terest < br > Short List and Draft R < br > Reuest for", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 229, "text": "Nacional de Desnutrición Inf", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the population . It does not matter if the reference group is constituted by the poor , the rich or both groups because individual satisfaction is only defined within the reference group . Theory would therefore suggest at least two mechanisms through which income inequality may affect individual satisfaction . The first is that a rise in income inequality signals future mobility and increases present satisfaction . This implies a positive relation between income inequality and life satisfaction ( the Hirschman / Rothschild mechanism ) . The second mechanism is that a rise in income inequality leads to an increase in relative deprivation and a decrease in life satisfaction ( the Runciman / Yitzhaki mechanism ) . Moreover , while the Hirschman / Rothschild mechanism does not have clear predictions on which income group benefits the most from increased inequality , the Runciman / Yitzhaki mechanism indicates that the poor are more deprived and should be more inequality averse than the rich . It is important to clarify at this point what we mean by inequality aversion and how we interpret the sign of the happiness-inequality relation . Economics and statistics offer different definitions of inequality aversion . One is the definition derived from risk theory , which describes inequality aversion as the concavity of the utility curve . A second is the inequality aversion parameter used in statistical indexes of inequality which attributes a different weight to incomes located in different parts of the income distribution . One example is the Atkinson inequality measure . A third is the inequality aversion measured with experimental questionnaires and games specifically designed to capture the taste for inequality , for example the work conducted in recent years by Amiel and Cowell ( 1992 ) . A fourth approach is to consider a negative relation between life satisfaction and income inequality as a sign of inequality aversion . For example , Clark ( 2003 ) argues that workers may not be inequality averse because he finds a positive relation between happiness and income inequality and Schwarze and Harpfer ( 2003 ) argue that Germans are only weakly inequality averse because a reduction in inequality does not increase well-being . In this paper we follow this last approach by interpreting a positive sign of the happiness-inequality relation as", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of subsidies as well as delivery modalities and mechanisms is a pre-requisite for the CMWG to decide on best suited approach . The WB presented the methodology for their ongoing National Social Safety Net assessment in Libya . This exercise is estimated to be completed in 6 / 9 months . At this point in time , only early scale data is available . Preliminary findings show that the Libya Social Solidarity fund , which is not income-based , can serve selected needs whereas the Social Economic Fund in southern Libya did not operate last year . # # # * * Recommandation * * Establishment of a formal platform of collaboration and coordination between CMWG , World Bank and key GoL stakeholders . Clarification of the notions of vulnerability , social status and subsidies ( nature and amount ) and the criteria for inclusion / exclusion from respective NSSN programmes . CMWG to follow-up on NSSN mapping from World Bank . Understanding of the determination of vulnerability criteria based on socio-economic criteria vs . Humanitarian criteria . * * CMWG folder * * _https : / / drive . google . com / open ? id = 15ZuPvpXCIE7SnjsMecKoR0CqTG6pX3xU_ 13", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 333, "text": "early scale data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Second , despite a dominance of the firm intensive margin in accounting for the Turkish long-run aggregate export growth over the whole 2002-2008 period , net exporter entry plays a more substantive role for long-run growth than it does for short-run growth . Similarly , the churning across destination markets accounts for about a third of long-run growth of continuing > 4 See Aysan and Hacihasanoglu ( 2007 ) for a macro perspective on the Turkish export boom in the 2000s and Erdal , Günçavdi , and Kayam ( 2012 ) for a sectoral perspective . > 5 While writing this paper we became aware of a study by Lo Turco and Maggioni ( 2012 ) which uses a subset of the same exporter-level data to examine the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 in Turkey by decomposing manufacturing exports into the contribution of the extensive and intensive margins at the firm and firm-product level . Our focus here is , however , different , as we are interested in understanding the export boom , and moreover we do not focus our analysis exclusively on manufacturing firms with more than 19 employees as that study does but rather we cover all exporters of manufacturing but also agricultural and mining products . See also World Bank ( 2012 ) for a broader analysis of Turkey ’ s recent trade performance and competitiveness . 3", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 691, "text": "exporter-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "claimants in specific instances . The LLSV theory focuses on the differences between five influential legal traditions : the British common law , the French civil law , the German civil law , the Scandinavian civil law and the Socialist law countries . To identify the legal origin of the country , we use five different dummy variables to capture each type of legal system using data from LLSV ( 1998 , 1999 ) . We refer to the effect of legal origin on property rights as the * * _Law and Finance view . _ * * Acemoglu , Johnson , and Robinson ( 2001 ) ( henceforth AJR ) argue that in many countries , especially former colonies , the legal system was not designed to protect property rights . Instead , its purpose was to facilitate the extraction of resources from the indigenous population . Thus , two systems with the same legal origin may in practice offer very different protections . AJR ( 2001 , 2002 ) and Engerman and Sokoloff ( 1997 ) contend that European colonization offers a natural experiment to test this hypothesis . Europeans set up extractive systems in colonies which were not attractive for colonial settlement because of high settler mortality due to natural causes at the time of colonization or because the indigenous population was relatively large . In colonies where settlement was feasible the judicial systems were set up so as to protect the property rights of the settlers . This theory emphasizes the role of geography ( latitude and natural endowments ) and disease environment ( which affected the settler mortality ) in shaping property rights . We refer to this theory as the * * _Endowment view_ * * . To measure geographical endowments , we use Latitude , which is the absolute value of the latitude of the country scaled between 0 and 1 , from LLSV ( 1999 ) . Countries closer to the equator tend to have a more tropical climate that was inhospitable to European settlers and therefore fostered “ extractive ” institutions . We use data on Settler Mortality from Acemoglu , Johnson , and Robinson ( 2001 ) where settler mortality is a measure of the death rates faced by European settlers in former colonies", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 394, "text": "data from LLSV", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1976, "end": 2001, "text": "data on Settler Mortality", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as Chad , Jordan , Kenya , Niger and Uganda ( e . g . , World Bank 2021b ) . However , the political economy and data privacy can make these efforts challenging . For host countries , FDPs may be only one of the many marginalized groups they may be concerned with . With limited budgets , statistical agencies need to justify prioritizing one group over another . Furthermore , data privacy is particularly relevant for FDPs . National sampling frames are constructed based on census information , including personal information such as addresses , phone numbers , names as well as GPS locations in some cases . The UNHCR and national governments generally work together to collect registration data but there is some information that may not be shared between the two sides . For example , national statistical agencies protect the national sampling frame and cannot share the underlying cartography that would be required for UNCHR to amend the sampling frame with counts of FDPs . Even if both agencies would be able to create a trusting relationship allowing close collaboration , questions remain on whether FDPs would need to agree with sharing their information with a government agency . This becomes even more relevant in the context 8", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 500, "text": "census information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 687, "end": 704, "text": "registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * States should use a holistic approach to self-reliance that encompasses access to civil documentation , national health ( including psychosocial ) , education services in addition to livelihood opportunities and labour market access . Integration and participation of refugees and host communities from the outset of self-reliance efforts is critical . - * * Appendix 1 , 13 . c : * * States and UNHCR should take into account the unique contributions of women and youth towards community well-being . All parties should uphold the ‘ Do no harm ’ principle throughout the solutions process . - * * Appendix 1 , 13 . d : * * States should invest in incentives ( ex . tax reductions for business , salary subsidies ) that create win-win solutions for refugees and the marketplace . Investment should also be made to include self-reliance data in national data collection efforts . - * * Appendix 1 , 14 . a : * * States and UNHCR should use employment , not access to work permits as the measure of impact for labour schemes . - * * Appendix 1 , 14 . b : * * Complementary pathways extended by States should not be biased by age , gender , etc . , nor should pursuing such pathways exclude refugees from accessing durable solutions ( ex . continuing to wait for resettlement while making use of an academic visa ) . - * * Appendix 1 , 14 . c : * * - * * iii . * * States should consider adapting complementary pathways to better support protection of refugees , ( ex . applying a broader definition of family unity in family / humanitarian visas or integrating _non-refoulement_ elements with labour visas ) . - * * iv . * * States should not limit resettlement to refugees from a certain region ; a certain religion ; a particular level of education ; or a particular skill set . - * * Appendix 1 , 16 : * * States investing in complementary pathways should offer these in addition to , not in place of , existing resettlement quotas . # # # *", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 844, "text": "self-reliance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2015 ) 25 . Actogether Uganda 2010 : Arua Municipality Slum Profile 26 . Lira Municipal Council , February 2007 : Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Waste Composting Plant and Landfill 27 . The Abbreviated Resettlement Plans ( ARAPs ) for the Municipal solid waste composting Project in Fort-Portal Municipality ( for Project Activities Land and Access Roads ) . November , 2011 . 28 . Uganda Bureau of Statistics , profile of higher local governments : May 2009 75", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 464, "text": "profile of higher local governments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SHS dissemination . Lessons from the Bangladesh case study can possibly be transferred to other countries while taking account of local conditions . # 4 . * * The 2005 Bangladeshi national survey * * A national household survey was conducted in 2005 for monitoring and impact evaluation of the RERED project . Although this survey was conducted to study grid electrification impacts , it also collected information on SHS households , which allows us to undertake this study . In fact , this survey is nationally representative of the rural population and it is the first available large-scale national household survey that collects information on SHS purchases in developing countries where various donor-financed SHS programs have been implemented . This survey covers 20 , 900 households in rural areas of all six administrative regions in Bangladesh , including 1 , 000 households who had purchased SHS under various subsidy programs implemented in rural Bangladesh since 2001 . Table 1 summarizes the sample size and distribution of electricity access across the six administrative regions . Overall , about 62 % of households have no electricity access , 6 % with SHS and 31 % with grid-electricity . Electricity access varies across regions , with the Barisal region having the highest concentration of nonelectrified household at about 73 % , while the Chittagong region has the lowest at 53 % . 5", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 195, "text": "2005 Bangladeshi national survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 202, "end": 227, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "overcoming the epidemic . # # # Burial of the Dead The road project will make all necessary arrangements for the transport , to any place as required for burial , of any of his expatriate employees or members of their families who may die in Uganda . The contractor will also assist with appropriate arrangements with regard to burial of any of its local employees who may die while engaged in work for the road project . # # # Accident or Injury to Workers Except as required by Ugandan Law , contractor will not be liable for or in respect of any damages or compensation payable to any employee , other than death or injury resulting from any act or default of , his agents or servants . # # # Reporting of Accidents The Contractor will ensure any sub-contracts established with non-employee workers for the KobokoYumbe-Moyo road project will outline the responsibilities to report to appropriate project staff the details of any accident as soon as possible after its occurrence . In the case of any fatality or serious accident , contractor would ensure that the sub-contractors are aware of the importance to notify the contractor immediately by the quickest available means following an accident ( Ref . to HSMP ) . Records of Safety and Health 15", "spans": [{"start": 1222, "end": 1250, "text": "Records of Safety and Health", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "defined microregions , grouping the 5571 municipalities in the data . To ensure a consistent definition of microregions over time , when necessary we merge microregions whose boundaries changed over the period of analysis . < sup > 11 < / sup > We merge RAIS with customs records on export transactions by microregion , industry , and destination each year from the administrative data collected by _Secretaria do Com ́ ercio Externo_ ( SECEX ) of the Ministry of Development , Industry and Foreign Trade . These data are defined at the level of the municipality , detailed product category , and destination market , and are available since 1997 . For consistency with the RAIS data and our definition of the labor market , we restrict the analysis to the post-2003 period and aggregate the customs records to the microregion-sector level . We further use yearly data on the industry-level imports of each of 189 Brazilian destinations reported in the customs data ( sourced from all countries except Brazil ) to construct the instrument and link them to the information on industry-level imports from the UN COMTRADE . We use the data of the year 2003 only for initial weights in our instrument and in the regressions , and the main analyses draw on yearly changes of variables of interest during 2004-2015 as specified in the next subsection . # * * 2 . 2 Econometric Model * * We now describe the econometric strategy for examining the effects of export shocks on labor markets . Our baseline specification is : where _Yt_ < sup > _k_ < / sup > denotes the log of the outcome variable of interest in the region-sector pair , i . e . , labor market , _k_ in year _t_ ; _Zt_ < sup > _k_isthelogofexportrevenueoriginatedin < / sup > < sup > _k_ ; < / sup > < sup > _κt_denotesayearfixedeffect ; and < / sup > _ε_ < sup > _k_ < / sup > _t_ < sup > istheerrorterm . The ∆ operatordenotesthelinearchangeofavariablebetweenyear < / sup > < sup > _t_andyear < / sup > _t − _ 1 throughout the paper . Figure 2 depicts the change in export revenue observed in different microregions over the period of our main", "spans": [{"start": 674, "end": 678, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 953, "end": 965, "text": "customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1153, "text": "data of the year 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The impact evaluation included a survey of about 3 , 500 households in all major regions ( DSA 2010 ) . The survey and analysis received detailed technical backstopping from the task team . The assessment also collected other information , such as secondary data , and conducted intensive qualitative interviews with stakeholders to cross-check the findings . Because the impact evaluation suffered from procurement delays , putting the monitoring and evaluation component at risk , it was rated unsatisfactory to moderately unsatisfactory during implementation . At closure the impact evaluation was submitted on time . # # 2 . 4 Safeguard and Fiduciary Compliance _28 . Environmental and social safeguards . _ The project was classified as environmental category B , which requires a partial assessment . The overall compliance with environmental and social safeguards by the client was rated marginally unsatisfactory throughout the project ' s life . Following a series of procurement delays , combined with difficulties in identifying and contracting staff and some lack of attention , MoARD submitted the Environmental and Social Assessment and the Environmental and Social Management Plan ( see Admasu 2009 ) with such a significant delay that recommendations could not be implemented . The main risks were ( i ) diverse health and safety issues arjsing when handling fertilizer and ( ii ) fire and explosion hazards presented - 7 -", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 67, "text": "survey of about 3 , 500 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 248, "end": 262, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Policies to Support Businesses through the COVID-19 Shock : A Firm Level Perspective < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > Xavier Cirera ( World Bank ) Marcio Cruz ( World Bank ) Elwyn Davies ( World Bank ) Arti Grover ( World Bank ) Leonardo Iacovone ( World Bank and Hertie School ) < sup > _ † _ < / sup > Jose Ernesto Lopez Cordova ( World Bank ) Denis Medvedev ( World Bank ) Franklin Okechukwu Maduko ( Central European University and World Bank ) Gaurav Nayyar ( World Bank ) Santiago Reyes Ortega ( World Bank ) Jesica Torres ( World Bank ) Originally published in the Policy Research Working Paper Series on _January , 2021 . _ This version is updated on _February , 2021 . _ To obtain the originally published version , please email prwp @ worldbank . org . JEL classification : D22 , L20 , L25 , O10 Keywords : COVID-19 , Firms , Policies , Uncertainty . > _ ∗ _ The authors thank Caroline Freund for her guidance and support of the Business Pulse Survey initiative . We gratefully acknowledge feedback and advice on the survey questionnaires from Nicholas Bloom , Francisco Campos , Ana Paula Cusolito , Mark Dutz , Caroline Freund , Jorge Rodriguez Meza , David McKenzie , Silvia Muzi , and Bilal Zia . Similarly , we are grateful to all the colleagues and counterparts institutions that have supported the data collection ( a complete list of all colleagues , collaborators and institutions that have been crucial in providing support during data collection is provided in the online appendix ) . We would like to especially thank Edgar Avalos for his outstanding research support , and Tanay Balantrapu , Joao Belivaqua Basto , and Kyungmin Lee for their help through the data collection . We thank the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the Development Economics Global Indicators Department of the World Bank Group for making the Enterprise Survey data available . Financial support from USAID , the World Bank , and the IFC is gratefully acknowledged . The views expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the", "spans": [{"start": 1828, "end": 1850, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2 ) will enhance functionality of key services , allowing payments to go both ways between persons and government ( P2G ) and government to persons ( G2P ) . This additional functionality increases the sophistication of services ( e . g . services can be accessed , paid for and delivered electronically ) ; and will increase effectiveness and transparency of service delivery . This functionality paired with re-engineering and automation of processes will make a tangible difference for citizens and businesses in terms of efficiency and ease of access . * * 33 . * * This subcomponent will support ongoing efforts to reengineer business processes and digitize administrative services to be more user-centric . Under the project , a key first step is a public value assessment of services already available to ensure they are efficient , high quality , and meet user acceptance standards . An additional shared services assessment covering interoperability , systems capabilities , data governance , resilience , and requisites to realize fully digital payment systems will also be conducted in Year 1 of the project . This services assessment will also examine the legal and regulatory environment around e-services such as e-signature , e-transaction , data exchange , and authentication of e-documents legislation and ensure responsible data use and data protection and privacy surrounding online delivery mechanisms . * * 34 . * * The GoJ has planned for re-engineering and automation of services under 7 ministries , departments and agencies ( MDAs ) < sup > 45 < / sup > . Each MDA has completed a service inventory which was used to > 45 Execution plan includes Ministry of Interior , Supreme Judicial Department , Ministry of Finance , Ministry of Local Administration , and Ministry of Social Development as well as the automation for Department of Land and Survey , Companies Control Department , Ministry of Industry and Trade , Driver and Vehicle Licensing Department , Ministry of Labor , Ministry of Justice , Ministry of Social Development , Ministry of Health , Greater Amman Municipality , Income and Sales Tax Department , Civil Status and Passport", "spans": [{"start": 1608, "end": 1625, "text": "service inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Similar to the energy sector , the transport industry is vulnerable to both climate-related conditions and the risks associated with climate transition – think economywide carbon pricing , climate-smart transport policies , new transportation solutions , among others . As one of the leading contributors to carbon emissions , responsible for 24 % of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion on a global scale , the transport sector is expected to undergo a significant transformation ( IEA , 2020 ) . These long term and far reaching effects are often overlooked in analysis , but are crucial for shaping effective policies . Section 3 . 3 . 1 discusses examples of government response , including carbon tax and energy pricing , and their impact on employment . # * * 2 . 3 . Labor supply and time allocation * * Changes in climate may affect labor supply and time use in various ways . First , weather conditions may encourage worker absenteeism . In India , a rise in the 10-day average temperature by 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C WBGT < sup > xxi < / sup > increased the probability of absenteeism among steel workers by 2 % and among garment workers by 10 % , but not for piece rate workers in cloth-weaving factories ( Somanathan et al . , 2021 ) . Workers in Chinese manufacturing , however , are not more absent on hotter days ( Cai et al . , 2018 ) . < sup > xxii < / sup > Weather conditions may also encourage shirking . The quality of reported data among Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) interviewers declined significantly on hot days , with more missing responses per interview on average , while the total number of interviews conducted per interviewer remained unchanged ( LoPalo , 2023 ) . < sup > xxiii < / sup > Second , workers may adjust the distribution of work time in response to weather shocks . In one example work time is reallocated from farm to off-farm work . Indian households that experienced a persistent annual decline in farm income due to drying up wells ( caused by climate change ) are 12 percentage points more likely to derive income", "spans": [{"start": 1461, "end": 1490, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 11 - * * ( ii ) its road maintenance equipment and workshops ; and shall cause all necessary repairs and renewals thereof to be made promptly as required , all in accordance with appropriate road engineering standards and economic practices . For this purpose , ERA shall assign the highest priority in the allocation of its resources to the maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing road network of the Borrower . Section * * 3 . 03 . * * ERA shall take out and maintain with responsible insurers , or make other provisions satisfactory to the Association for , insurance against such risks and in such amounts as shall be consistent with appropriate practice . Section 3 . 04 . In order to provide a basis for future road planning , ERA shall continue to collect traffic statistics and take such steps as may be agreed upon from time to time between ERA and the Association for improving such traffic data collection .", "spans": [{"start": 774, "end": 792, "text": "traffic statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "smoothing parameter for annual data . In the robustness section , we also present results for a different filter that avoids many of the shortcomings of the typical procedure ( Hamilton , 2018 ) . When GDP growth accelerates , most governments in South Asia also tend to spend more . The cyclical components of public spending and GDP move strongly together in Nepal ( 0 . 40 ) , Pakistan ( 0 . 37 ) , Bhutan ( 0 . 36 ) , and Bangladesh ( 0 . 33 ) . The analysis of the co-movements between growth rates , rather than cyclical components , yields similar results . By this metric , however , Pakistan ’ s government spending is the most procyclical in the region ( 0 . 37 ) . Except for Sri Lanka , the procyclicality of public spending increased after the Global Financial Crisis ( see Table A3 in the Appendix ) . The inflation tax seems acyclical in most South Asian countries , as no statistically significant relationship in either direction emerges . The two exceptions are Bhutan and Nepal , in which the inflation tax declines with stronger economic activity . In terms of deviations from trend , the elasticities are - 0 . 33 and - 0 . 44 respectively . In terms of growth rates , the relationship is only significant in Nepal . * * Table 1 * * < u > Correlation coefficients between fiscal variables and GDP < / u > | * * Country * * | < br > | * * Government * * < br > * * expenditure * * | Obs . | * * Inflation * * < br > * * tax * * | < br > Obs . | * * Tax * * < br > * * revenue * * | Obs . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Bangladesh_ | cyclical components | 0 . 33 * | 28 | - 0 . 25 | 24 | - 0 . 07 | 28 | | | growth rates |", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 35, "text": "annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "across countries , the determinants of inflation are not purely domestic anymore . Following results presented in table 1 , in table 2 we extend the analysis by using value-added data for trade flows instead of gross trade flows . Doing so is important because , for example , gross import flows might contain value added produce in a third country , in which case domestic inflation would be more likely to be synchronized not with the _direct_ import partner but with the country of origin of value added . Looking at column ( 1 ) , we first find that the finding related to total trade is _reversed_ : while an 13", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 183, "text": "value-added data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 211, "end": 228, "text": "gross trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "selection bias because we are only observing firms with more than 20 employees it appears to be making it harder to reject cleansing . Finally , to address the concern that exit is a protracted process and that by focusing on > 11 Our preferred specifications do not control for capital because controlling since this would introduce sample selection bias as the response rate for capital is far lower for measures of the capital stock than for other variables . It is also missing in the 1996 data , requiring it to be estimated for that year ( see Appendix ) . 23", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 498, "text": "1996 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> # # * * Theory of Change ( Results Chain ) * * 5 . * * The operation ’ s results chain was designed based on the global evidence and the lessons from the previous project , which was rated Satisfactory ( Reproductive Health Vouchers in Western Uganda ) . * * A key assumption was that combined investments in ( a ) the demand side ( to remove financial barriers to service utilization among poor pregnant women residing in rural areas through provision of highly subsidized vouchers < sup > 7 < / sup > ) , ( b ) the supply side ( to improve access to and quality of obstetric services ) , and ( c ) the health system ’ s capacity ( to strengthen project management and implementation capacity ) would lead to reduction in risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth . 6 . * * A key aspect of this new project was the implementation of the output-based aid ( OBA ) financing . * * This financing model had been used in the two projects that preceded this new project : Sexually Transmitted Infections ( STIs ) OBA Voucher Project ( financed by German Development Bank [ _Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau_ ( KfW ] ) and Reproductive Health Vouchers in Western Uganda ( financed by KfW ) . This model held service providers accountable for results by only disbursing payment upon verification of the achievement of the pre-agreed results listed below . The Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid ( GPOBA ) > 5 The PNFPs are predominantly faith based . The PFP providers predominantly comprise clinics but also include drug shops and vendors operating informally . > 6 Implementation Completion and Results Report ( ICR ) on _Reproductive Health Vouchers in Western Uganda_ , December 31 , 2012 . > 7 The 2011 Uganda DHS indicated that financial barrier was a critical factor that hinders poor women in rural areas to access maternal care services . According to the survey , 49 percent of women reported that getting money to", "spans": [{"start": 1705, "end": 1720, "text": "2011 Uganda DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Household surveys are the dominant tool to measure and monitor welfare in low - and middle-income countries . In these contexts , measures of material well-being typically consider a combination of household consumption and expenditures , of which food comprises a large share . Indeed , global monitoring of extreme poverty relies on food-based estimates of welfare , such as the Cost of Basic Needs approach . Proxy means-tested targeting of interventions also derives from these estimates of welfare . Many programs worldwide target food consumption and nutrition , ranging from school meals to food subsidies like the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) . Because of its centrality to policy and welfare measurement , a large body of the literature has questioned the accuracy of different modes of collecting consumption data to assess household well-being . We revisit this issue at a time when developing countries have increasingly moved to recall modes to collect food consumption in their national expenditure surveys . Acquisition diaries have become the workhorse for benchmarking comparisons of household measurements from alternative collection modes . Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) randomize households in Tanzania to individual assisted diaries to define a benchmark against alternative survey designs that use recall questions . This is possibly the most important experiment on consumption measurement in low - and middle-income countries in the last decade ( a more recent study for Niger is Backiny-Yetna et al . , 2017 ) . The accuracy of consumption measurements is also of concern in the developed world . For example , Brzozowski et al . ( 2017 ) compare recall questions on food spending from the Canadian Food Expenditure Survey to data from expenditure diaries . Battistin and Padula ( 2016 ) , among others , do so using the Consumer Expenditure Surveys in the United States . In these instances , too , the accuracy of reports is assessed against diaries . The assumption that diaries provide an error-free benchmark has little statistical justification . Diaries arguably minimize various types of reporting errors , including recall errors , telescoping , rule of thumb , and errors of omission ( Lyberg and Kasprzyk , 2004 ) . However , diaries are far from perfect . Most", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 42, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1039, "end": 1067, "text": "national expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1756, "end": 1788, "text": "Canadian Food Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1887, "end": 1915, "text": "Consumer Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "small in magnitude to be of importance . Distance from the market is statistically significantly associated with lower normalized losses , but the magnitude is inconsequential . Perhaps the most interesting results in Table 5 are those related to wealth . When using levels ( columns 1-2 ) , losses appear to be positively related to wealth . When using percentages ( columns 3-4 ) , losses are negatively related to wealth . This pattern suggests that there may be different types of loss-prone households — wealthy households that suffer large losses in levels but small losses as a percentage of total spending , and poor households that suffer small losses in levels but large losses as a percentage of total spending . In some of the analysis to follow we distinguish between households that are loss-prone in levels only , percentiages only , both , and neither , where a household is “ loss-prone ” if it is in the highest quartile of losses . Section S4 in the Appendix contains more details on this categorization . # * * 5 What explains the observed purchasing patterns ? * * We now turn to hypotheses about what might lead households to engage in financially inefficient purchasing by foregoing bulk discounts . We consider a number of possibilities : binding liquidity constraints , utility from frequent shopping , transport costs , storage costs , ignorance of bulk discounts , purchasing in small quantities as a form of self - or other-control , avoidance of social taxation , and coordination costs within the household . These hypotheses arose from three sources : discussions with individuals and focus groups in Tanzania ( described in Section 3 ) , our own hypothesizing based on the literature or our knowledge of the context , and suggestions from colleagues or seminar participants . Our analysis uses observational data , so it is not possible to say that a mechanism is relevant or irrelevant for all households . Rather , we assess which mechanisms do or do not seem to have a substantial impact on the losses that we observe . Our findings provide an important check on certain hypotheses , and should be especially useful as a guide to steer future research . Because it is important for assessing", "spans": [{"start": 1826, "end": 1844, "text": "observational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "border delays related to border compliance come from the “ trading across borders ” section in the World Bank ’ s Doing Business Database . < sup > 15 < / sup > Border compliance data capture the time associated with compliance with the customs clearance and mandatory inspections regulations . To account for the very high share of maritime shipping in international trade due to price differentials , the algorithm opts for maritime if the shipping time is lower than four times the shipping time incurred using rail links . In the improved scenario of the network simulation , when a project involves building a new port or upgrading an old port , the associated “ processing time ” is assumed to decrease to 50 percent of the port delay in the region or to the lowest worldwide processing time , whichever is higher . Finally , the population weighted time distance between country-pairs is transformed into ad-valorem equivalents using estimates from Hummels and Schaur ( 2013 ) on the “ daily value of time ” at the sector level . These estimates are added to transport costs and data on tariffs from GTAP to obtain country pair-sector values of trade costs . Table 2 presents the results for two scenarios , referred to as the “ lower-bound ” and the “ upper-bound ” . The “ upper-bound ” scenario allows for changes in transportation mode due to the new infrastructure while the “ lower-bound ” scenario assumes that switching mode of transportation is difficult - allowing for modal changes lower than 5 percent with respect to the pre-BRI modes of transport . The decrease in total trade costs associated with the new BRI projects ranges between 1 . 05 and 2 . 19 percent . For some country ‐ pairs this decline is zero , while the maximum change ranges between 61 . 52 and 65 . 16 percent . _Table 2 : Percentage decrease in trade costs due to the BRI_ | % decrease in < br > trade cost < br > | Min < br > | Max < br > * * Wo * * < br > | Mean < br > * * rld * * < br > | Std . Dev < br >", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 137, "text": "Doing Business Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 161, "end": 183, "text": "Border compliance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1086, "end": 1111, "text": "data on tariffs from GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The gap of microfinance in OIC is not only demonstrated by its limited scope , but also by the lack of regulation in OIC countries compared to other developing countries . * * In MENA region for example , only Egypt , Morocco , Syria , Tunisia , and Yemen have specific legislation for Microfinance institutions ( Figure 4 ) . Also , according to the CGAP financial access database ( Figure 5 ) , 68 % of the covered 37 OIC countries have appointed agencies to promote access to finance in rural areas , while 57 % of the countries have dedicated team or unit in charge of the task . The ratios are above the developing countries average , but below the low-income countries average . * * Figure 4 . Microfinance regulation and supervision by region * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 20 < br > 7 . 7 < br > 7 . 8 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 30 35 . 4 Supervised only by other < br > 60 42 . 7 < br > regulator < br > 50 < br > Supervised only by a bank < br > 40 regulator < br > 30 < br > Not regulated < br > 50 47 . 7 < br > 20 37 . 9 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > MENA ( % ) Developing All ( % ) < br > Countries ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Peace ( 2010 ) , M Khaled , CGAP ( 2010 ) * * Figure 5 . Who is responsible for rural finance promotion ? * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 90 % < br > 79 % < br > 80 % < br > 68 % < br > 70 % 62 % < br > 57 % < br > 60 % < br > 47 % OIC countries < br > 50 % < br > 36 % < br > 40 % Developing countries < br >", "spans": [{"start": 355, "end": 385, "text": "CGAP financial access database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ The terminal external evaluation will be generally comprehensive in nature in that its main purpose is to assess the outcomes and effects of the RP in relation to the objectives and aims . Accordingly , the focus of the evaluation will be on the impact of the Subproject on PAHs and the outcomes of the compensation , livelihoods restoration and well-being of PAHs . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 . 1 Objectives of External Evaluation * * The following will be the focus and purpose of the evaluation : - Verify whether the outcomes of the RP comply with the national legislation and WB ’ s ESSs , in particular ESS 5 ; - Assess whether or not the aims and objectives of the RP were achieved in terms of the actual implementation of the components and activities of the RP including the timely and full payment of compensation , the attainment of the objectives of the income restoration and community development projects and interventions in mitigating the adverse impacts of the subproject and in the improvement of the income and wellbeing of the PAHs ; - Identify and document the problems and challenges encountered in the process of implementing the RP ; and - Identify and assess the main lessons learned to inform the planning and implementation of similar EEP projects in the future . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 . 2 Indicators for External Monitoring and Evaluation * * The following indicators shall be included in the RP evaluation . All data collected shall be disaggregated by gender to enable specific analysis of different impacts on women and age . - i ) _Basic Information of PAPs : _ The most important information and data for external monitoring include : - Location - Gender of household head - Housing type - Land type and uses - Income and sources of income - Agricultural production data - Values of assets , compensation and resettlement entitlement - ii )", "spans": [{"start": 1926, "end": 1954, "text": "Agricultural production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "o * * | * * f Firms * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Refugee * * | * * Ugandan Host * * < br > * * Community * * | * * % of * * < br > * * Total * * | * * Refugee * * | * * Host * * | | * * Northern West RHDs * * | | | | | | | Yumbe , Adjumani , Terego , Madi Okollo , < br > Lamwo , Koboko , Obongi | 873 , 844 | 2 , 169 , 200 | 29 % | 1 , 987 | 13 , 505 | | * * South Western RHDs * * | | | | | | | Isingiro , < br > Kyegegwa , < br > Kamwenge , < br > Kiryandongo , Kikuube | 576 , 922 | 2 , 266 , 800 | 20 % | 2 , 526 | 15 , 095 | | * * Total non-Kampala RHDs * * | 1 , 450 , 766 | 4 , 436 , 000 | 25 % | 4 , 513 | 28 , 601 | | * * Total Kampala * * | 98 , 415 | 1 , 709 , 000 | 5 % | 5 , 028 | 104 , 972 | # # * * 1 . 16 Youth * * > 1 Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal ( https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / uga ) , September 20 , 2020 . 2 Calculation based on district-level firm data from Census of Business Establishments , and refugee and host community household data from the Refugee and Host Community Household Survey . 43", "spans": [{"start": 948, "end": 972, "text": "district-level firm data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 978, "end": 1011, "text": "Census of Business Establishments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1018, "end": 1059, "text": "refugee and host community household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1069, "end": 1112, "text": "Refugee and Host Community Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "control for all city-wide factors through city dummies ( City fixed effects ) . Note that city fixed effects absorb country fixed effects . The identification of the main results here comes from variations across firms within a country rather than across countries . Thus , cross-country differences in factors such as overall economic development , quality of institutions , historical and geographical influences on employment growth , culture , and the quality of the business environment that may lead to omitted variable bias problem are accounted for . The regression exercise involves repeating the baseline regressions ( as in Table 4 ) with country or city dummies included in all the specifications and using cell averages of informal competition at the country-industry or city-industry level . Our main result for the negative relationship between informal competition and employment growth continues to hold with country-industry and city-industry cell averages . We present the results for the city-industry level as they are on the conservative side . Table 7 contains the results . The results show that the estimated coefficient value of informal competition is large , negative and significant at the 5 percent level in all the specifications . It is roughly equal in magnitude to the ones in the baseline model . For instance , for the final specification with all the baseline controls included , the coefficient value equals - 5 . 8 ( column 4 , Table 7 ) compared to - 5 . 7 in the baseline model ( column 5 , Table 4 ) . # 4 . 4 _Two-Stage Estimation_ So far , we used the cell averages of informal competition directly in the regressions . An alternative is two-stage estimation where in the first stage we regress the dummy equal to 1 if the firm competes against informal sector firms and 0 otherwise ( henceforth , informal competition dummy ) on its country level cell average . Predicted values of the informal competition dummy are obtained 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A 2009 study shows that the prevalence of maternal deaths in the Bekaa is 21 . 3 percent , more than double of the national average of 10 . 7 percent ( IGSPS et al , 2012 ) . > 4 For example , Mount Lebanon has the highest density of physicians and nurses ( 42 percent and 33 percent ) , compared to Beka ’ a , with only 7 . 8 percent of Lebanon ’ s physicians and 19 percent of nurses ( Ammar , 2009 ) . > 5 WHO , NCD Country Profile , 2011 . > 6 MoPH , Vital Health Statistics , 2013 . > 7 National Health Accounts ( NHA ) data listed in World Bank , World Development Indicators , 2013 . > 8 MoPH website , National Health Accounts Summary Table , 2012 . > 9 NHA , 2005 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 478, "text": "Vital Health Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 492, "end": 516, "text": "National Health Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 553, "end": 581, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 610, "end": 648, "text": "National Health Accounts Summary Table", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Correction for inflation . _ * * Egypt has experienced rapid inflation between 2005 and 2008 . It is therefore important to rely on real values for comparisons over time . The CPI index disaggregated by regions and into food and non-food component was used . The second way was to use the poverty lines for each household re-estimated in actual prices as deflators ( consumption is then measured in terms of poverty baskets a household can purchase in the current month , see El Laithy and Lokshin , 2003 , for methodology ) . # * * IV . Economic growth , inequality and poverty over 2005-08 : A cross-sectional perspective * * Egypt witnessed rapid and sustained economic growth during 2005-08 . This episode followed a period of economic turmoil ( large depreciation of national currency ) and slow , at times almost zero , growth in per capita consumption . In contrast , real GDP annual growth averaged over 6 percent , leading to an accelerated growth in total final household consumption expenditure . In per capita terms , private consumption grew at an average rate of almost 4 percent per year in this period . The HIECPS data for 2005-2008 shows remarkably similar picture . Households ' real average per capita consumption < sup > 14 < / sup > increased by 12 . 3 percent between 2005 and 2008 ( 3 . 9 percent per year ) – practically identical to macroeconomic estimates from the National Accounts ( Table 1 ) . But price increases for goods and services consumed by households were also staggering . Inflation over the period was very uneven : prices of food and other basic goods and services increased much faster than other prices . The cost of the subsistence minimum food basket increased by 47 percent , far more than the overall increase in the CPI ( 31 percent over the three years ) . * * Table 1 : Survey Results – Growth in Monthly Mean Consumption * * | | | * * Consumption per * * | * * capita in 2005 LE * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 190, "text": "CPI index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1129, "end": 1140, "text": "HIECPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their questions and comments in advance . It is essential to allocate a sufficient amount of time for a concluding Q & A session at the end of any public meeting or a hearing . This allows the audience to convey their comments and suggestions that can subsequently be incorporated into the design of the project . Keeping a record of all public comments received during the consultations meetings enables the project ’ s responsible staff to initiate necessary actions , thereby enhancing the project ’ s overall approach taking onto consideration the stakeholders ’ priorities . The recorded comments and how they have been addressed by the project become an appropriate material for inclusion in the project ’ s regular reporting to the stakeholders ; - e . Distribution of targeted invitations to the consultation meeting or a hearing is an important element of the preparation process and is based on the list of participants that is compiled and agreed in advance of the consultation . Invitations may be sent both to certain individuals that have been specifically identified as relevant stakeholders ( e . g . representatives of authorities , leaders of local NGOs and initiative groups , village / community chairpersons ) and as public invites ( e . g . addressed to initiative and professional bodies , local organizations , and other public entities ) . Text of individual invitations can be tailored to reflect the specifics of an invitee and their role in the process , whereas the text of public invitations normally indicates general details . Means of distributing the invitations should be appropriate to the customary methods of communication that prevail locally in the Project Area of Influence ( PAI ) . Depending on the availability and technical feasibility , the following means of distribution can be used : direct mail ( post ) ; as an inclusion with other existing public mailings , utility bills , or circulates from a local authority . The invitation should typically contain a clear request for confirmation of the participation , also specifying a date by which the confirmation is expected . All invitations that will be sent out are tracked in order to determine and manage the response rate . If no response has been received", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 929, "text": "list of participants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < < B > > * * Household Surveys ( Primary Data ) The target populations in both the baseline and follow-up household surveys were women aged between 15 and 49 who had experienced a pregnancy or birth during the 12 months prior to the survey as well as men of similar age group whose partner was pregnant or had given birth over the same period . Two visits were made to each village . The purpose of the first visit was to seek the cooperation of the local council chair in generating a list of households in which a pregnancy or birth had occurred in the previous 12 months and to take global positioning system ( GPS ) coordinates to ensure that all the villages were within the prescribed geographical location . During the second visit , a survey was administered to all women living in those households meeting the inclusion criteria . A total of 2 , 266 women and 177 men participated in the baseline survey , and another 2 , 313 women and 582 men participated in the follow-up survey . In both surveys , respondents provided information on household assets and amenities , health-related household arrangements , food security , household expenditures on goods and services , individual background characteristics ( age , education level , religious affiliation , and marital and employment status ) , general health status and health care utilization , childbearing experiences and intentions , family planning knowledge and use , trust and social cohesion in the community , and awareness , use , and perceptions regarding vouchers . Also sought were men ’ s perceptions regarding the importance and timing of ANC , delivery care , and PNC for their partners , and their willingness to pay ( WTP ) for such services . However , findings from the men ’ s WTP questions are not presented here . In 2008 women were asked detailed questions about their two most recent births , including the use of ANC , delivery care , and PNC , and experiences and management of any complications . In the follow-up survey , women provided detailed information on all births in the five years prior to the survey . Table A1 in the appendix presents the", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 37, "text": "Household Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been recently upheld by the Supreme Court . < sup > 20 < / sup > On the other hand , concerns have been raised that the wage rate on MGNREGS is being set too high , relative to actual casual labor market wages . The concern here is that the scheme will attract workers from market work and so bid up the market wage rate . < sup > 21 < / sup > ( Though to many supporters of the scheme this is counted as a benefit . ) What does the evidence suggest ? Table 6 gives the average wage rates from the administrative data . These are calculated as total MGNREGS spending on unskilled labor divided by total person days of employment provided . < sup > 22 < / sup > The table also reports estimates for average wages in ( private ) casual labor from the NSS for the same year . < sup > 23 < / sup > We see that it is not the case that the MGNREGS wage rate is everywhere well above the market wage rate . Indeed , for India as a whole the two wages are quite close . If rural India was one labor market one might conjecture that the scheme has indeed brought the two wage rates into parity . However , rural India is not one labor market , as mobility is clearly imperfect . Across states we see that for half of them the MGNREGS wage rate in 2009 / 10 is actually lower than the average wage rate for casual labor ( Table 6 ) . Given the extent of rationing we have reported earlier in this paper , it does not seem plausible that the scheme would be having a large impact on wages for other casual work , let alone resulting in a higher casual wage than for MGNREGS in half the states . For example , with only 17 % of those who wanted work on the scheme in Punjab getting that work , it is hard to believe that the fact that the casual ( non-PW ) wage rate is above the MGNREGS wage rate is due to competition with the scheme for workers . That said , we do find that", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 517, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 749, "end": 752, "text": "NSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indic | ators | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cover | age * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / < br > residence | of < br > location | of < br > location | 0-4 | Share < br > 5-11 < br > | of age < br > 12-17 | groupi < br > < 18 | n total < br > 18-59 < br > | 60 + > | 0-4 | Pe < br > 5-11 | rcenta < br > 12-17 | ge fema <", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Table 1 . S * * | * * ummary Stati * * < br > Mean | * * stics * * < br > Median | Std Dev | # Obs | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Panel A . Loan level data - working capital * * | * * loans of recipi * * | * * ent firms * * | | | | Spreadlfbt | 27 . 13 | 20 . 69 | 22 . 97 | 397 , 427 | | Volumelfbt | 11 . 11 | 10 . 90 | 1 . 53 | 397 , 427 | | Provision ratelfbt | 1 . 75 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 56 | 397 , 427 | | Earmarkfbt | 0 . 61 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 49 | 397 , 427 | | Collaterallfbt | 0 . 79 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 41 | 397 , 427 | | Maturitylfbt | 16 . 06 | 12 . 00 | 12 . 48 | 397 , 427 | | BF Relationfbt | 3 . 03 | 2 . 45 | 2 . 47 | 397 , 427 | | WC Loan Ratingft | 8 . 13 | 8 . 00 | 0 . 95 | 259 , 993 | | First Ear Ratingf | 7 . 73 | 7 . 00 | 1 . 03 | 353 , 224 | | HHfy | 15 . 82 | 14 . 58 | 5 . 79 | 397 , 427 | | * * Panel B . Firm-bank-year level data * * | | | | | | Probability of new earmarked loanfby | 0 . 04 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 19 | 1 , 990 , 576 | | Firm agefy | 1 . 83 | 1 . 91 | 1 . 02 | 1 , 990 , 576 | | Firm sizefy | 1 . 84 | 1 . 61 | 1 . 45 | 1 , 990 , 576 | | BF Relationfby | 1 . 72 | 0 . 94 | 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care ( P152394 ) # * * The World Bank * * # # # #  Pregnant women attending ANC supplemented with IFA ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 31 . 00 | - - | 52 . 10 | 40 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | - - | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2021 | # # Comments Due to data quality issues , data from Kwale County was excluded . |  Health facilities providing BEmOC ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 39 . 00 | - - | - - | 60 . 00 | | Date < br > 11-Mar-2016 | - - | - - | 30-Jun-2021 | # # Comments MOH is still compiling the data for this indicator . The intermediate data will not be reported in this ISR but will be reported in the next ISR . # # # #  Facilities inspected for safety standards ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 5 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | - - | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2021 | # # Comments To date , public L2-L4 health facilities", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 511, "text": "data from Kwale County", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor . As expected , intra-group inequality is higher for skilled labor and this group is projected to increase its share in total employment from 36 . 8 % in 2015 to 42 . 3 % by 2030 ( Figure 12b ) . The sectoral reallocation of labor ( step ( b ) ) helps offset the regressive effects of step ( a ) by allowing labor to move away from the low-wage and shrinking agricultural sector to the expanding non-agricultural sectors of the economy . Step ( c ) modifies skilled wage premia by sector in line with general equilibrium conditions . This step typically generates strong regressive effects in the baseline as the overall structure of the economy shifts away from agriculture towards skill-intensive manufacturing and services as a result of a rapid capital expansion . This shift in the economic structure determines a relative increase in the demand for both skilled labor and capital . Lastly , ( d ) the effect of consumption prices is slightly regressive considering that under baseline conditions the inflation of non-food items is slower than that of food prices , resulting from general-equilibrium conditions . The combined effect of these mechanisms is regressive under baseline conditions , making the ratio > 18 Global extreme poverty has been measured using an absolute poverty line , currently at PPP ( 2011 ) $ 1 . 90 / day . While this absolute poverty line is adequate for the majority of low-income countries , more adequate definitions are needed to measure the evolution of poverty in middle - and high-income countries . As a matter of fact , as countries reach higher levels of per capita income they either increase the minimum threshold level for poverty or adopt relative poverty lines ( Ravallion and Chen ( 2011 ) ) . The World Bank has released a set of additional poverty lines at PPP $ 3 . 20 a day for lower-middle income and at PPP $ 5 . 50 a day for upper-middle income countries . In the forward-looking context of this paper and considering that Indonesia would reach upper-middle income status under business as usual conditions , we monitor the extent of poverty using these two alternative poverty lines . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 29 * * Landlord – tenant exchange as migrant workers and , more recently , refugees . They typically have built these additional spaces in self-help form , without securing proper paperwork , and extend basic urban services ( e . g . electricity , potable water , etc . ) , when possible , through the form of illegal hookups , temporary self-made connections , and other ad hoc solutions . Many of these landlords view their properties as a main source of income that complements their poor households ’ revenues , making of the rental market a supportive pillar of their livelihoods and a source of a direly needed meagre income . Furthermore , and in contrast with earlier research on Syrian refugees in Nabaa ( eastern suburbs of Beirut ) where the shelter rental market was found to be dominated by realtors who mediate between landlords and tenants ( UN-Habitat and UNHCR , 2014 ) , FGDs and survey findings for the purposes of this study on Homs refugee households indicate that most landlords and tenants interact directly , without the intervention of mediators or arbitrators : about 83 percent of the surveyed households rented their accommodation directly from the property owner ( * * Table 15 * * ) . Moreover , FGDs show that the categories of landlords and tenants are sometimes blurred for this population group ; many landlords are related to the Homs refugees by kinship , marriage or friendship . As noted above , such social networks facilitated the first locational choice for many refugees and helped them settle , often hosting them during the first period following their arrival in Lebanon . Eventually , the long duration of the refugee settlement changed the nature of the relation , introducing rental arrangements in recognition of the burden imposed by refugees and the income needs of their hosts . For instance , one man in Akkar reported having been hosted for free by a cousin when he and his family first arrived in Lebanon , but recently having started paying him LBP 200 , 000 for the rent", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as collateral . This means that , in general , households have an incentive to over - rather than underreport their land to the bank , whereas households in the vicinity of the program cutoff would have had to manipulate their documented land downward to benefit from the program . _Third_ , several mechanisms were in place to assure faithful implementation and prevent the ex-post manipulation of land documentation . As a transparency measure , all bank branches were required to publicly post the land records and debt relief details of all eligible individuals . Banks themselves had multiple levels of internal audits and the central bank and local regulators performed further audits . Finally , I test for robustness to corruption concerns by auditing official land documents using a statewide electronic database of landholdings . Electronic land records are administered by a central authority and cannot be amended by local administrators . Detailed results of these land audits are reported in the Supplemental Appendix . All results are presented for the sample of all surveyed households , as well as a robustness sample of households with audited and matching land records for which land manipulation can be ruled out . In 13", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 837, "text": "statewide electronic database of landholdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8607 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the patterns and economic effects of foreign direct investment across the Belt and Road Initiative countries and assesses the potential role of the initiative in shaping the patterns and effects . Exploring cross-country bilateral transportation cost and foreign investment data , the analysis shows that , by reducing overall travel times and transportation costs , the proposed Belt and Road Initiative transportation network can pave the way for additional investments and increased growth in gross domestic product . But the magnitude of the effect varies significantly across source and destination countries . Aggregate foreign direct investment in Belt and Road Initiative countries is predicted to increase by around 5 percent , with regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia and Pacific seeing greater potential gains . The increase in foreign direct investment can exert a positive effect on GDP , trade , and employment growth , especially for lower-income countries . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at xchen @ gwu . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 352, "text": "cross-country bilateral transportation cost and foreign investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | Loan / Credit < br > No . | Component | Review Type < br > Method | Market Approach < br > Procurement < br > Process | Prequalification < br > ( Y / N ) < br > A | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Process < br > Status < br > Draft Pre - < br > Docu < br > Planned | qualification < br > ments < br > Prequali < br > Evaluatio < br > Actual < br > Planned | fication < br > n Report < br > Draft Bidding < br > Document / < br > Justification < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | Specific Procurement < br > Notice / Invitation < br > Planned < br > Actual | Bidding Documents as < br > Issued < br > Pr < br > < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > P | opo < br > Ope < br > lann | sal Submission / < br > ning / Minutes < br > Bid < br > and < br > ed < br > Actual < br > Pla | Evaluation Repor < br > Recommendatio < br > for Award < br > nned < br > Actual | t < br > n < br > Signed Contract < br > Planned < br > Actual | Contract Completion < br > Planned < br > Actual | | | ET-DBE-170395-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of six units of < br > laptop computer . The reason < br > of Buying 6 Units of laptop < br > computer is to conduct works < br > at home Due to Covid 19 . | / | Biogas user survey under < br > National Biogas Program |", "spans": [{"start": 1253, "end": 1271, "text": "Biogas user survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "connections , responding to complaints that are of technical nature that may arise during the project implementation . The commercial and administrative staff who will handle the commercial and administrative issues during the project implementation , and the community liaison officer will help in liaising with the community during the project implementation to reduce / eliminate any negative environ or social impacts . The project management by the unit will be overseen by NWSC headquarters which is also responsible for overseeing management of all water and sewerage services in all areas under its jurisdiction . The UPPB will also be responsible for the primary report given on the OBA water project . This report will be passed on to NWSC Headquarters which will be responsible for presenting the final annual report on the OBA Water project to GPOBA and external auditors . # # # # # * * 2 . 3 . 3 Independent Audit team * * It is proposed that an independent audit team composed of technical and financial advisors will verify outputs produced under this project . The team will use data provided by NWSC project team , as well as collect its only primary data . # # # # # * * 2 . 3 . 4 Customers * * The customer signs a contract with NWSC for provision of Water supply to their premises which is usually categorized as domestic , Public Stand pipe , urban poor , commercial / industrial , institution / government and in turn the customer pays for the water used at a tariff rate that is dependent on their category . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1130, "text": "data provided by NWSC project team", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distinction among survey questions is whether respondents are asked about their aspirations without any constraints or limitations ( Roy , et al . , 2018 ; Ross , 2019 ; Favara , M . , 2017 ) . This analysis examines three key dimensions ( i ) educational aspirations , which were assessed using the question ‘ _Imagine you had no constraints and could study for as long as you liked or go back to school if you have already left . What level of formal education would you like to complete ? ’ _ ; ( ii ) occupational aspirations , determined through the question ‘ _When you are about 30 years old , what job or \" dream \" job would you like to be doing ? ’ _ ; and ( iii ) migration aspirations , gauged by asking _ ‘ Would you consider leaving your community to look for better job opportunities ? ’ _ > 2 The ILO SWTS questionnaire ( 2009 ) , Module 2 ; the World Bank Young Basotho ' s Aspirations and Challenges Survey ( 2019 ) ; and Young Lives , Round 4 , Ethiopia ( 2013-2014 ) . > 3 < mark > World Bank . Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey 2020-2023 . Ref : ETH_2020-2023_HFPS_v13_M . Dataset downloaded from h < / mark > < u > ttps : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3716 < / u > < mark > on January 2 , 2024 ; Malawi National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( Government of Malawi ) . Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey 2020-2024 ( HFPS-COVID-19 2020-2024 ) . Ref : MWI_2020-2024_HFPS_v18_M . Downloaded from < / mark > < u > < mark > https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3766 < / mark > < / u > < mark > on January 2 , 2024 ; National Bureau of Statistics . Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey ( COVID-19 NLPS ) 2020-2021 , Phase 1 . Dataset downloaded from < / mark > < u > https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3712 < / u", "spans": [{"start": 1329, "end": 1356, "text": "High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1369, "end": 1392, "text": "HFPS-COVID-19 2020-2024", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1676, "text": "Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Additionally , tenants will be entitled to a two-month ’ s cash equivalent of rent . For vulnerable categories and as provided by the KISIP Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , this ARAP provides additional Kshs 2 , 000 for the first 2 months , specialized < sup > 1 < / sup > assistance during relocation and priority in disbursement of compensation funds . The list of the elderly vulnerable PAPs will be shared to the County for enlisting into government social programme such as the \" Inua Jamii cash transfer programme for aged persons . * * < u > ARAP Implementation Budget < / u > * * The budget for compensating the 46 PAPs enumerated on upper section of the settlement is Three Million , Six Hundred and Twenty Nine Thousand , and Five Hundred and Fifty Five and Sixty Three Cents . ( Kshs . 3 , 629 , 555 . 63 ) . * * < u > ARAP commitments including < / u > * * : vulnerability Support and assistance , awareness raising and sensitization of beneficiaries and PAPs , training and Capacity Building for Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) , operational and administrative costs and monitoring and evaluation costs are provided as Kshs . 700 , 000 . 00 ) . Details of the budget are outlined in Chapter 10 in this report . * * < u > Grievance Redress Mechanism < / u > * * This ARAP provides for a three tier Grievances Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) at no cost to the PAPs . The first tier is the Settlement Grievance Redress Committee ( SGRC ) which already exists within the settlement ; this committee will be the first level of grievance redress . The second level will be the Resettlement Implementation Committee ( RIC ) which will comprise of KISIP Project Coordinating Team ( PCT ) , Mombasa County KISIP representative and the local administration . The third tier will > 1Specialized assistance will include assistance in reconstruction of affected assets", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 403, "text": "list of the elderly vulnerable PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 127 * * * | | | ( 0 . 158 ) | ( 0 . 0986 ) | ( 0 . 101 ) | ( 0 . 120 ) | | Observations | 206 | 200 | 406 | 406 | _Note : _ Standard errors in parenthesis . Column 4 shows results of pooled regression with standard errors clustered at the individual level * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 Source : Saraf , 2019 ; World Bank Group , 2018 Figure 4 below show prevalence trends across the three rounds for all participants . > 10 The pooled sample comprises of all respondents from both follow ‐ up panels ( i . e . 5 weeks and 3 months ) . Table 5 , Column 3 shows the result of the pooled logistic regression , and Column 4 shows the same result after clustering standard errors at the individual level . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Mexico . In fact , this was the focus of an evaluation by Catteno et al . ( 2009 ) . With these caveats , Linn ( 2010 ) selected the following research issues . # 1 . < u > Slum improvement < / u > The prevalence and growth of slums remains a major challenge , as reflected in the fact that slum improvement is the only urban target included in the MDGs . While much has been learned over the years , there remain major unresolved issues , including whether or not to focus on the urban poor where ever they are , or specifically on slum areas ; whether slums are predominantly a problem or an opportunity ; whether targeted interventions to improve or reduce slums are worth pursuing ; whether one should focus on improving existing slums or on preventing the growth of new slums ; whether to focus on large or rather on small and medium cities , etc . Linn ( 2010 ) explains how the slum improvement research agenda could be shaped to consider - different challenges ( e . g . , gender issues , crime and violence , employment creation and access to transport services ) , - different instruments ( comprehensive versus narrowly focused slum improvements , relying on community participation and multi ‐ stakeholder alliances , or employing conditional cash transfer programs ) , - different analytical tools ( happiness analysis , impact evaluation , longitudinal analysis , GIS and poverty mapping , and different planning tools ) , - different institutional constraints and opportunities ( fragmentation of governmental responsibility , the role of international partners , the effectiveness of aid ) , and - different geographic dimensions ( a special focus on Africa , or on South Asia ; or learning from the decade ‐ long experience of Latin America ) Among the highest priorities from these choices for research would in our view be an assessment of African slum growth and improvement , bringing to bear the international experience with comprehensive slum improvement programs , combining various tools of impact analysis , longitudinal studies , and life ‐ satisfaction approaches , with a special focus on the role of participatory planning . Of particular interest is the impact of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > literacy of adult ) – 3 outputs ( literacy of youth , first < br > levelcomplete , secondlevelcomplete ) | . 98 | 1 . 0 | 1 . 0 | . 98 | . 99 | . 99 | Rows 4 and 5 of Table 8 allow comparing the impact of adding the variable teachers per pupil as an additional input . In Africa the change is dramatic , while in ECA and MNA there is no significant change . Further analysis is required to explain this differential response to the inclusion of this input . In health there are multiple combinations of inputs ( public expenditure , private expenditure , and literacy of adults ) and outputs ( life expectancy at birth , immunization DPT , immunization measles , and Disability Adjusted life expectancy ( DALE ) ) . The combinations we selected produce rankings that are more homogeneous . The rank correlation is in the range of . 65 to . 98 ( Tables 10-12 ) . Bangladesh appears as efficient , as well as Niger , mainly due to the inclusion as of the ( low ) levels of literacy of adults as an input , and hence , making these countries to appear as efficient . * * Table 10 . Health Attainment : Multiple Inputs , Multiple Outputs * * | | Input-Efficient | OutputEfficient | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | More efficient | Bangladesh , Malaysia , Costa < br > Rica , Kuwait , Morocco , Oman , < br > Mauritius , Niger | Bangladesh , Costa Rica , < br > Kuwait , Malaysia , Morocco , < br > Mauritius , Oman , Niger | | Least efficient | Russia , Belarus , Namibia , < br > Romania , Estonia , Croatia , < br > Lituania , , Hungary , Jordan | Namibia , Togo , Ethiopia , < br > Mozambique , Cote d ” Ivoire , < br > Cameroon , Congo , Central < br > African Republlic , Nigeria , < br > Uganda | 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "governments and businesses , ID systems can serve as a platform for more effective and efficient service delivery by enabling the unique identification and verification of persons . Importantly , ID systems can promote greater inclusion by de-risking and reducing the costs of > 8 UNHCR ' s Ethiopia Update on the Total Number of Refugees and Asylum Seekers as of August 31 , 2023 . > 9 In Tigray , new internal displacement data has been reported , including 1 , 021 , 798 IDPs ( 250 , 468 households ) in 643 sites across six zones ( excluding 20 _woredas_ / districts hard to reach due to security or environmental factors ) . > 10 IOM . 2023 . Ethiopia National Displacement Report 16 - Site Assessment Round 33 and Village Assessment Survey Round 16 : Nov 2022 - Jun 2023 . https : / / reliefweb . int / report / ethiopia / ethiopia-national-displacement-report-16-site-assessment-round-33-and-village-assessment-survey-round16-november-2022-june-2023 . > 11 Foundational ID systems are primarily created to provide credentials to the general population as proof of identity for a wide variety of public and private sector transactions . Common types of foundational ID systems include civil registries , national ID systems , and population registers . Page 2 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 429, "text": "internal displacement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a categorization of employment as either formal or informal based on registration with the social security system . It also captures individuals who are not employed . Responses to the questions asked allow us to distinguish between workers who are informally employed and those who are unemployed . To shed light on whether the decline in formal employment was accompanied by an increase in informal employment , unemployment or inactivity , we estimate the effects of the minimum-wage increase using data from seven annual waves of the Turkish Household Labor Force Survey , from 2010 to 2016 . To estimate the causal effects of the minimum wage using the HLFS data , we use a grouping estimator in a similar way as Blundell et al . ( 1998 ) and Harasztozi and Lindner ( 2019 ) . We assign working-age individuals in the survey to mutually exclusive groups formed from combinations of the 26 regions ( NUTS 2 ) , age in five categories ( 16-19 , 20-24 , 25-34 , 45-54 , 5560 ) , gender , and education ( low , medium and high ) . We measure group-level exposure to the 2015 minimum-wage increase in the same way as we did previously with the EIS registry data ; we define exposure as the percentage change in the wage bill that is necessary to bring all workers in a given group to the new minimum wage , relative to the 2015 wage bill . < sup > 26 < / sup > Formally , the grouplevel difference-in-difference equation that we are estimating is the following : P ( 5 ) ggii gg gg gg ii gg ii gg ggii yy = αα + ββ P × EE + φφEE + γγXX + PP + RR + PP × RR + εε where i is the percentage change in the labor-market outcome of interest of group g between year t-1 and year t . < sup > 27 < / sup > is the measure of minimum-wage exposure to the 2016 minimum-wage yy increase at the group level , measured in 2015 . gg _POST_ is a dummy variable that takes the value one EE if the group is observed after the minimum-wage increase ( i . e . , after 2015 )", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 574, "text": "Turkish Household Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 658, "end": 667, "text": "HLFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1144, "end": 1161, "text": "EIS registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an Impact Evaluation of DRDIP I – demonstrates that the refugee presence has had both positive and negative effects on host communities . Positive impacts include : ( a ) the presence of refugees is associated with an increase in livelihood diversification and livestock sales for host communities . However , these benefits were not evident in the crop-producing Tigray region ; and ( b ) the presence of refugees is associated with an improvement in access to services , especially education and health , as development > 26 World Bank ( 2018 ) Informing Durable Solutions by Micro-data : A Skills Survey for Refugees in Ethiopia . Washington DC : World Bank . > 27 < mark > Admasu , Y . ( 2021 ) “ Forced Displacement , Gender , and Livelihoods : Refugees in Ethiopia . ” Policy Research Working Paper No . 9862 . World Bank , Washington , DC . < / mark > > 28 World Bank Poverty and Equity Brief for Ethiopia , October 2021 . > 29 World Bank-UNHCR Joint Data Center Report No . 2 March 2021 . “ Monitoring COVID-19 Impacts on Refugees in Ethiopia . ” > 30 Arango , D . , J . Kelly , J . Klugman and E . Ortiz ( 2021 ) _Forced Displacement and Violence Against Women_ . Washington DC : World Bank . > 31 In Ethiopia , IPV affects about 27 percent of displaced women compared to 26 percent of non-displaced women : Arango et al 2021 . Page 12 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 631, "text": "Skills Survey for Refugees in Ethiopia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In our baseline analysis , we employ daily data of emerging market sovereign spreads over Treasuries on U . S . dollar-denominated debt for 58 countries included in the J . P . Morgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Global ( EMBI Global ) . Table A2 presents our sample of countries , and the sample period covered is January 2 , 2019 through May 27 , 2022 . The global factor used in our analysis is the EMBI Global index . Corporate spreads are captured by the J . P Morgan CEMBI IG + index . To construct the regional factor , we adopt an approach similar to that used by Daehler et al . ( 2021 ) . First , countries are grouped into geographic buckets according to the seven regional classifications defined by the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators database . < sup > 14 < / sup > The regional factor for a given country is then calculated as the daily average logged spread for the country ’ s regional grouping , excluding the country itself . The country-specific economic indicators used as controls include the total external debt stock , primary balance ( % of GDP ) , GDP per capita growth , and annual changes in consumer prices , all lagged by one year . Data for the external debt stock and primary balance is sourced from the spring 2022 vintage of the cross-country database of fiscal space created by Kose et al . ( 2022 ) . GDP per capita growth is sourced from the IMF WEO database , and annual inflation data comes from the IMF as well . Our policy-related variables are included to control for the influence of monetary policy decisions and pandemicinduced lockdowns and restrictions . These controls include dummy variables indicating dates of Federal Reserve and ECB announcements through the pandemic timeframe , and daily log changes in the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker Stringency Index . The Stringency Index , ranging from 0 to 100 ( with 100 indicating the strictest response ) , is a composite of nine metrics measuring the stringency of school and workplace closures , stay-at-home requirements , and other government-mandated restrictions . Use of the Stringency Index serves as a control for variation in governments", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 84, "text": "daily data of emerging market sovereign spreads", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 401, "end": 418, "text": "EMBI Global index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 459, "end": 488, "text": "J . P Morgan CEMBI IG + index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 730, "end": 767, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1274, "end": 1312, "text": "cross-country database of fiscal space", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1390, "end": 1406, "text": "IMF WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1772, "end": 1832, "text": "Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker Stringency Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sectors that received these incentives , agglomeration forces led to employment gains in sectors that were not directly incentivized by the policy , and the indirect effects from externalities were more significant through the labor-pooling mechanism than through the input-output linkages . We caution , however , that our findings do not fully rule out the displacement effect and cannot speak to the national-level welfare impact of the place-based industrial promotion scheme . This will be a useful topic for future research . Additionally , more research is required to assess if agglomeration economies were strong enough for industries to continue co-locating in these areas , once the incentive policies were rolled back . The availability of new data in the coming years makes this a promising research direction . # References - Abeberese , A . B . and Chaurey , R . , 2019 . An unintended consequence of place-based policies : A fall in informality . Economics Letters , 176 , pp . 23-27 . - Alder , S . , L . Shao , and F . Zilibotti . 2016 . “ Economic Reforms and Industrial Policy in a Panel of Chinese Cities . ” Journal of Economic Growth 21 ( 4 ) : 305 – 49 . - Amirapu , A . , Hasan , R . , Jiang , Y . and Klein , A . , 2019 . Geographic concentration in Indian manufacturing and service industries : Evidence from 1998 to 2013 . Asian Economic Policy Review , 14 ( 1 ) , pp . 148168 . - Asher , S . , Matsuura , R . , Lunt , T . and Novosad , P . , 2019 . The Socioeconomic High-resolution Rural-Urban Geographic Dataset on India ( SHRUG ) . - Austin , B . , E . Glaeser , and L . Summers . 2018 . “ Saving the Heartland : Place-Based Policies in 21st Century America . ” In Brookings Papers on Economic Activity . Conference draft , March . - Baldwin , R . E . , Forslid , R . , Martin , P . , Ottaviano , G . I . P . and Robert-Nicoud , F . 2003 . Economic Geography and Public Policy , Princeton and Oxford :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a virtuous circularity between supply and demand ( see Figure 1 in the PAD , on the theory of change ) . In the broader economic agenda , the project will contribute to enhancing Ethiopia ’ s competitiveness . In the World Economic Forum ( WEF ) Global Competitiveness Report , 2019 , Ethiopia ranked 126 < sup > th < / sup > out of 141 countries in the 2019 ranking , having slipped four places . < sup > 18 < / sup > The WEF _Global Competitiveness Index_ is based > 18 < u > http : / / www3 . weforum . org / docs / WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019 . pdf . < / u > Oct 23 , 2020 Page 9 of 22", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 457, "text": "WEF _Global Competitiveness Index_", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assist with road naming , addressing and city navigation . The upgrades to the city ’ s Geographic Information System ( GIS ) software allowed KCCA to improve data collection on traffic safety . Together , these improvements have positively impacted on KCCA ’ s urban mobility . 25 . * * Further analysis would be needed to fully establish the direct impact of the roadworks on urban mobility itself . * * Traffic counts suggest that there has been an increase in the volume of traffic on selected KIIDP2 roads before and after implementation of the project ( a 24 percent increase on John Babiha Road , a 122 percent Page 14 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 420, "text": "Traffic counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : Southern Africa ’ s rising working-age population share is expected to remain higher than that of Sub-Saharan Africa in coming decades , and will not peak for most countries before 2050 * * Working-population share ( percent ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 < br > Botswana < br > Lesotho < br > Namibia < br > South Africa < br > 65 Swaziland < br > Sub-Saharan Africa < br > 60 < br > 55 < br > 50 < br > 45 < br > 1950 60 70 80 90 2000 10 20 30 40 50 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates Note : Data from UN ( 2015 ) . The value for Sub-Saharan Africa is a weighted average . The working-age population is defined as people aged 15-64 . * * Figure 2 : Total dependency ratios in Southern Africa have declined much faster than the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa since the 1980s and are now below the regional average * * Total dependency ratio < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 . 1 < br > Botswana < br > Lesotho < br > Namibia < br > 1 . 0 South Africa < br > Swaziland < br > Sub-Saharan Africa < br > 0 . 9 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 7 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 1950 60 70 80 90 2000 10 20 30 40 50 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates Note : Data from UN ( 2015 ) . The value for Sub-Saharan Africa is a weighted average . The total dependency ratio is the ratio of the number of children ( peopled aged less than 15 years ) and aged ( people aged over 64 years ) to the number of people of working-age ( 15-64 years 6", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 566, "text": "Data from UN", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to social services . Working to ensure the acceptability of issued civil documents within IGAD countries , the use of existing systems and processes are some of the opportunities identified to access to civil documentation . Opportunities related to advancing the self-reliance agenda for refugees and host communities in the region include progressive refugee legal frameworks , initiatives that facilitate refugees ’ engagement in businesses and the participation of the private sector , and increased funding for country-based robust jobs and livelihoods response plans . Area-based approaches which holistically consider refugees , hosts , internally displaced persons ( IDP ) and returnees should be further explored . The inclusion of refugees in national statistical collection , household surveys , and vulnerability mapping are considered opportunities in implementing the GCR and contributing to the whole-of-government approach . In conclusion , it was noted that several overarching elements were necessary for the successful roll out of the GCR and the CCRF approach , notably enabling legislation and polices as well as political will to take commitments forward . Joint initiatives between host and refugee communities and the engagement of the private sector are encouraged . Coordination is key , not only within government ( among line ministries and at national to local levels ) but also between all relevant stakeholders for the effective realization of the whole-of-government approach . The use data and evidence are key to the implementation of the GCR . Fulfilling national commitments to further its duty of care to refugees , relative to existing national resource constraints of governments in the East and Horn of Africa , will be dependent on further equitable responsibility-sharing by the international community . In this regard , new financing models of assistance , in addition to the engagement of new actors , should be prioritized . The upcoming Global Refugee Forum ( GRF ) is an opportunity to further strengthen responsibility-sharing in the spirit of the GCR , which was called for by all participating governments . * * _2_ * * * * _2 . _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 784, "text": "national statistical collection", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 804, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 811, "end": 832, "text": "vulnerability mapping", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "internal control to confirm whether the accounting procedures currently in place are preventive and detective in nature so as to ensure the integrity of records . We further inquired , whether the system manual or electronic is designed to ensure that transactions are completely and accurately recorded . We sought confirmation on authority over alterations in the financial records . We examined treatment of rejected entries and measures put in place to prevent records are done by the duplieate reports . Preparation of accounting records are done by the Project Accountant and checked by Finance Management Specialist and thereafter approved by the Project Manager . The manual records are kept in steel cabinets accessible only by authorized staff . Access to electronic data is segregated in such a way that only authorized persons using individual Page / 8", "spans": [{"start": 766, "end": 781, "text": "electronic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * f . Unions * * < sup > * * 33 * * < / sup > Unions differ greatly in character throughout Latin America , but commonalities emerge in their impacts on : the profitability of the firms , investment and technology , wage and employment determination , and the size of the unregulated informal labor market in Latin America . * * _Unions decrease firm profitability : _ * * Several studies for Latin American countries are consistent with the OECD literature that in advanced countries union power tends to harm business profitability . Saavedra and Torero ( 2002 ) show decreasing profitability for firms in the presence of unions for Peru during the period 1994-1996 Similar evidence if found for Brazil by Menezes-Filho , Zylberstajn , Chahad and Pazello ( 2002 ) where they use the Annual Industry Survey pooled for the period 1988-1998 . However , the results become inconclusive when observing the performance over time . Cassoni , Labadie and Fachola ( 2002 ) present preliminary evidence of a negative impact of unionization in profitability for Uruguay , though they acknowledge further work needs to be done . Urizar and Lee ( 2003 ) argue that in spite of low union density , productivity in coffee producers firms in Guatemala suffer greatly in the presence of Unions . * * _The impact on aggregate employment is unclear , but there is evidence of efficient bargaining . _ * * The mainstream “ efficient bargaining ” models stress how in the presence of firm monopoly power , unions may choose to direct their negotiated share of rents toward either higher wages or employment . Hence , their impact on total employment may differ from standard “ right to manage ” models where unions raise wages and firms move along the demand curve to reduce employment . Maloney and Ribeiro ( 2001 ) find a strong impact on employment in Mexico , but little on wages , consistent with an extreme “ efficient bargaining ” model . Both Saba Arbache ( 2002 ) and MenezesFilho et al ( 2002 ) find wage effects , and the latter work finds positive employment effects of unions as well . Menezes also finds a concave relationships where some union concentration raises", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 843, "text": "Annual Industry Survey pooled for the period 1988-1998", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Refugee population and changes by major origin and country of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * The refugee population is included in this table if the number at the end of 2006 was 5 , 000 or more . For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatriation figu < mark > res include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . Figures below 5 have been replaced with an asterisk . | | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Increa | ses during | 2006 | | | | D | ecreases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre |", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 109, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1154, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 . 5 Original Components * * * * _1 . 5 . 1 Component 1 – Power System Expansion and Rehabilitation ( US $ 83 . 91 million – US $ 56 . 82 million Bank financing , US $ 14 . 40 million NORAD financing and US $ 12 . 70 million NDF financing ) _ * * 11 . Component 1 ( part A ) objective : to increase annual electricity generation , reduce outages in the transmission system , reduce network losses and increase urban residential and industrial connections . The component had several investment and institutional support sub-components , namely : ( i ) installation of Kiira hydropower turbines 14 and 15 ( 2x40 MW ) ; ( ii ) upgrading and extension of the existing SCADA and telecommunication system ; ( iii ) rehabilitation of critical transmission system components to ensure operational safety , reliability and efficiency ; ( iv ) civil works and hydro-mechanical equipment for completion of the installation of Kiira unit 13 ; ( v ) project design and supervision support . # # * * _1 . 5 . 2 Component 2 – Environmental Monitoring ( US $ 0 . 21 million ; no Bank financing ) _ * * 12 . Component 2 ( part B ) objective was to provide an environmental officer and environmental monitoring equipment to UEB , in order to ensure compliance with , and enforcement and monitoring of the Bank ' s safeguard policies and Uganda ' s national environmental requirements , in an effort to control any measures that might impact project quality . # # * * _1 . 5 . 3 Component 3 – Power Sector Development and Reform ( US $ 2 . 34 million ; Bank financed ) _ * * 13 . Component 3 ( part C ) objective : to strengthen the GoU capacity at MEMD and ERA to manage reform , privatization and development in the power sector , through providing : ( i ) equipment and staff training ; ( ii ) the Lake Victoria Water Management Study ; and ( iii ) other studies , consultancies , surveys and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "g . UNHCR Ethiopia Updates , including Briefing Notes on the Somali Situation , such as the one dated April 2017 ; UNHCR and ARRA , “ Briefing Note : Melkadida , 30 September 2017 ( draft ) ” , on file with author . 5 UNHCR , “ UNHCR Data Portal , Horn of Africa : Somalia Situation ” , available at : < u > https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / situations / horn , accessed : September 2018 . See Ethiopia and Kenya pages . < / u > 6 UNHCR , “ Data Portal , Horn of Africa : Somalia Situation , Ethiopia ” , available at : > < u > https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / situations / horn / location / 169 , accessed : September 2018 . Urban residence is also possible < / u > through a so-called “ Out of Camp ” policy , a framework that at least until Ethiopia ’ s pledges at the Leaders ’ Summit in New York in 2016 , was only applicable to Eritrean refugees . For more on the Out of Camp policy , see e . g . Samuel Hall Consulting , “ Living Out of Camp : Alternatives to Camp-Based Assistance for Eritrean Refugees in Ethiopia ” , Samuel Hall and NRC , 2014 , available at : http : / / samuelhall . org / wp-content / uploads / 2014 / 05 / Living-Out-of-Camp - < u > Alternative-to-Camp-based-Assistance-in-Ethiopia . pdf , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > 149", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 245, "text": "UNHCR Data Portal", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". From October 2022 to March 2023 , more than 100 missiles were estimated to have directly hit large energy facilities . In 2022 , the electricity sector suffered a 61 % reduction in function , with pre-war capacity moving from 36 Gigawatt ( GW ) to 13 . 9 GW ; around 10 GW is in locations under temporary military control of the Russian Federation , 6 GW of which is sourced from the Zaporizka Nuclear Power Plant . < sup > xvi < / sup > The World Bank and UNDP estimate that over 12 million Ukrainians have suffered as a result of damage to energy sources , leading to rationing of electricity and heating . During the last quarter of 2022 , continued attacks on energy infrastructure caused an energy crisis , testing the whole country ’ s resilience and creating a new dimension of the humanitarian crisis , as the country entered the cold winter season . According to the Independent Commission of Inquiry , attacks on energy-related civilian infrastructure may amount to crimes against humanity . # # # * * < mark > RISK 2 < / mark > * * < mark > Impediments and / or restrictions to access legal identity , remedies and justice < / mark > The lack of access to civil documentation for residents of territories under the temporary military control of the Russian Federation and internally displaced persons remains a serious concern , primarily with regard to undocumented births and deaths . At the end of 2021 , up to 200 , 000 children born in areas not under the control of the Government of Ukraine in Donetska and Luhanska oblasts , as well as Crimea , reportedly did not have a birth certificate . This number is expected to increase dramatically following the full-scale invasion . At the end of 2022 , the number of death certificates issued in the same locations was reportedly 120 , 000 . Official figures , however , have not been published . It is expected that a number of deaths remain undocumented , with severe impacts on the ability of relatives to access compensation benefits ,", "spans": [{"start": 1732, "end": 1750, "text": "death certificates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pension Administration * * | | Indonesia < br > Pt . Astek | Indonesia < br > Pt . Taspen | Malaysia < br > EPF | Singapore < br > CPF | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Admin . Expenses as % of : | | | | | | _Contributions_ | 11 . 7 | 7 . 0 | 2 . 0 | 0 . 5 | | _Pension Assets_ | 3 . 2 | 0 . 6 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 1 | | Real Investment Returns | 0 . 0 | 1 . 3 | 4 . 8 | 2 . 9 | | ( % per annum ) | | | | | Sources : World Bank - _Averting Old Age Crisis ; _ Factbook on Jamsostek 1994 ; and data provided by Pt . Taspen . * * _Resource Mobilization_ * * With low compliance , high lapse rates and poor investment results , resource mobilization under the program has been limited . While similar programs in Chile , Singapore and Malaysia have accumulated assets of at least one-third of GDP , Jamsostek is not expected to mobilize more resources than 2 . 5 percent of GDP in the next 50 years even if its coverage rises to 80 percent ( see figure below ) .", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 525, "text": "data provided by Pt . Taspen", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 33 * * - vii ) Of all districts in Uganda , Bulisa was ranked in the bottom 10 in the 2007 National Primary Examinations , - viii ) Classroom seating is only 60 % adequate , - ix ) Teachers ’ houses are only 12 % adequate . These statistics depict an area with low literacy levels and attendant socio-economic ills . # # # * * d ) Social Services * * # # #  * * _Waste disposal facilities_ * * No waste disposal services or facilities exist in Bulisa District . Prevalent domestic waste disposal methods are burying in backyard pits or open-air burning . Roads are the most prevalent mode of transport infrastructure in Bulisa district . Like most districts of Uganda , Bulisa has got three types of road network classified according to type of surface and institution / authority responsible for their maintenance . Trunk roads are maintained by the Ministry of Works and Transport while feeder roads are a responsibility of Local Administration . Bulisa sub-county has 50 trunk roads and 70 district roads < sup > 1 < / sup > . Water transport by canoe is another common mode of transport . Bulisa also has gravel runways enabling air transport by light aircrafts . Notwithstanding that roads are the prevalent mode of transport , the District has no tarmac road and is characterized by poor gravel roads . # # #  * * _Water supply_ * * Bulisa district lacks potable water supply and relies on boreholes , rainwater or Lake Albert as sources of domestic water . The predominant diseases are malaria and cholera . # # #  * * _Energy_ * * Bulisa has no grid electricity and wood ( biomass ) fuel is the major source of cooking energy . # # # * * 2 . 1 . 5 . 1 Observations at Bulisa HC IV * * - a ) Most staff housing is condemned by district authorities as unsuitable for habitation - b ) Facility had sufficient land", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 134, "text": "2007 National Primary Examinations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and across state borders , forcing them to live a desperately insecure and nomadic existence . ” < sup > 14 < / sup > An additional operational constraint to effective enumeration derives from the fact that refugee populations , like any other population , are dynamic social entities . Refugees die , get married and give birth . Refugee households may split up or regroup . However accurate they may have been at the time of their collection , statistical data about the size and composition of a refugee population can quickly become outdated . Updating this information is not a straightforward exercise either , especially when the refugee population or host country concerned records births , deaths , ages and family relationships in ways that do not correspond with standard demographic practice . The most obvious way of dealing with some of the difficulties identified above - namely for UNHCR to conduct periodic registrations or revalidations of refugee populations - is easier said than done . Such exercises are expensive - around a dollar per head in Africa , a sum that excludes indirect costs such as staff time and travel costs . < sup > 15 < / sup > Registrations and revalidations are logistically complex and can only be undertaken if the necessary skills and experience are available . Such exercises can lead to discomfort and even danger for the refugees concerned , especially when they require large numbers of people to gather in a single location or to queue up for long periods in exposed areas . < sup > 16 < / sup > Finally , experience has demonstrated that registration exercises may be actively resisted by the host government , by the refugees themselves , and even by UNHCR ’ s operational partners . As one report on this issues has observed : “ In some situations , staff and officials may not merely neglect registration , but oppose it . In one recent emergency , for example , voluntary agency officials are cited as having repeatedly refused to ‘ get involved with registration ’ as being against their humanitarian principles . In yet another , officials of a major donor organization are reported to have", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 462, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 2c * * # # # # * * Project Financing by Component ( in US $ million equivalent ) 1 / * * | Management Systems | 1 . 63 | 0 . 18 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Studies | ~ 0 . 28 | 0 . 01 | | Total Project Costs | _15 . 79_ | 1 96 | 1 / * * Note : Actual disbursement by component not available . * * * * Annex 3 * * * * Cost Benefit Analysis * * | 15 % . Less thanl15 % 1 < br > __ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ | | - - - | Note The SAR did not include a traditional cost benefit analysis . The methodology used was based on a sector program approach , and involv * * e * * d stimating theincremental GDP required from adopting farmers in the project for it to generate anIRR of _15 % , _ which was used as the break-even rate . As no baseline without project or with project economic data was collected during AEP , the ICR has used a similar methodology , and in addition has assessed whether the incremental retums were feasible at the household level using regional * * fami * * models that incorporate improved technologies . The results indicate that AEP was not viable as the IRR is less than 15 % . See main text and the Annex 7b on Economic Benefits for additional information . 22", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 858, "text": "project economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country-level crime experienced by firms may affect our police measure , and thus we limit the problem of reverse causality by using lags of the number of police . However , under reverse causality we expect a positive correlation between crime and the number of police and thus any negative relationship we uncover would be even stronger if reverse causality was explicitly accounted for . On the other hand omitted variable bias is an issue that is challenging to overcome given data limitations . While we cannot cleanly solve the identification problem with the data at hand , we employ several strategies in an effort to consistently estimate the parameters of interest . First , we use a dataset of 644 panel firms in 12 Eastern European economies for the years 2004 and 2007 . We caution that the firms sampled in 2004 do not use the same sampling methodology as the firms in 2007 , and data are only available for Eastern European economies . We employ firm-level fixed effects and year effects to account for time invariant firm specific unobservables . Although we cannot completely account for endogeneity , our results do seem consistent with estimates in the literature based on overall crime instead of firm-specific crime . # _3 . 1 Base Regression Results_ The base estimation results are presented in column 1 of table 1 . The coefficient of the number of police is negative and significant at 5 % . In terms of magnitude , a one percent increase in the number of police is associated with a 0 . 43 percent decline in crime losses . This result indicates that the number of police may effectively be a deterrent for crime experienced by firms , just as studies have shown them to be a deterrent for individual-level crime ( Di Tella and Schargrodsky , 2004 ; Levitt , 1997 ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > > 3 When all controls are excluded from the estimation , a negative relationship between police size and crime persists , but it is not significant unless GNI per capita is controlled for . Thus these results are conditional on the level of income in the country . 12", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 720, "text": "dataset of 644 panel firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 2 . 3 Distribution of the working age population by education level . 16 LA countries , c . 1989-c . 2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ARG BOL BRA CHL < br > 90 95 00 05 10 95 00 05 10 90 95 00 05 10 90 95 00 05 10 < br > COL CRI ECU HND < br > 95 00 05 10 90 95 00 05 10 02 04 06 08 10 90 95 00 05 10 < br > MEX NIC PAN PER < br > 90 95 00 05 10 90 95 00 05 90 95 00 05 10 95 00 05 10 < br > PRY SLV URY VEN < br > 95 00 05 10 90 95 00 05 90 95 00 05 10 90 95 00 05 < br > Less than high school High school degree Some tertiary < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . * * Figure 2 . 4 Gini coefficient , poverty based on the 4USD international line and GDP . Average for Latin America , 1992-2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 . 5 < br > 2 . 0 < br > The 1990s Growth < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 Crisis < br > - 0 . 5 < br > - 1 . 0 Stagnation < br > - 1 . 5 < br > - 2 . 0 < br > - 2 . 5 < br > 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 < br > GDP Poverty Inequality < br > < ! -", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 755, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A4 : Food Insecurity Experience Scale ( FIES ) Questions in Nigeria | 41 | | - - - | | | Pre-COVID-19 Surveys | | COVID-19 Surveys | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | FIES | Question | Recall | Question | Recall | | FS1 | You or any other adult in your household worried < br > about not having enough food to eat because of < br > lack of money or other resources ? | 30 day | You or any other adult in your household were < br > worried about not having enough food to eat be - < br > cause of lack of money or other resources ? | 30 day | | FS2 | You , or any other adult in your household , were < br > unable to eat healthy and nutritious / preferred | 30 day | You , or any other adult in your household , were < br > unable to eat healthy and nutritious / preferred | 30 day | | | foods because of a lack of money or other re - < br > sources ? | | foods because of a lack of money or other re - < br > sources ? | | | FS3 | You , or any other adult in your household , ate only < br > a few kinds of foods because of a lack of money or < br > other resources ? | 30 day | You , or any other adult in your household , ate only < br > a few kinds of foods because of a lack of money or < br > other resources ? | 30 day | | FS4 | You , or any other adult in your household , had to < br > skip a meal because there was not enough money < br > or other resources to get food ? | 30 day | You , or any other adult in your household , had to < br > skip a meal because there was not enough money < br > or other resources to get food ?", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 115, "text": "Pre-COVID-19 Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 120, "end": 136, "text": "COVID-19 Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "paths to prosperity_ . Mit Press . - Hidalgo , C . A . and R . Hausmann ( 2009 ) . The building blocks of economic complexity . _Proceedings of the national academy of sciences 106_ ( 26 ) , 10570 – 10575 . - Kalemli-Ozcan , < sup > ̈ < / sup > ̧ S . , B . E . Sørensen , C . Villegas-Sanchez , V . Volosovych , and S . Ye ̧ silta ̧ s ( 2024 ) . How to construct nationally representative firm-level data from the ORBIS global database : New facts on SMEs and aggregate implications for industry concentration . _American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 16_ ( 2 ) , 353 – 374 . - Korn , T . and H . Stemmler ( 2025 ) . The persistence of trade relocation from civil conflict . _Journal of Development Economics 172_ , 103376 . - Korovkin , V . and A . Makarin ( 2023 ) . Conflict and intergroup trade : Evidence from the 2014 Russia-Ukraine crisis . _American Economic Review 113_ ( 1 ) , 34 – 70 . - Korovkin , V . , A . Makarin , and Y . Miyauchi ( 2024 ) . Supply chain disruption and reorganization : Theory and evidence from ukraine ’ s war . _MIT Sloan Research Paper No . 7068-24_ . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "domestic materials for imported ones , thereby increasing firm-level DVAR . The findings of this paper indicate that , in addition to trade and FDI liberalization — previously recognized as key drivers of China ’ s rising DVAR — enhancing domestic transportation infrastructure can also play a critical role in enabling countries to capture more DVA and move up the GVC . While it is beyond the scope of the current paper , our approach of estimating DVAR and capture firm-level IO linkages are general enough to applied to other countries , due to less data requirements . Regarding the last remark , we have started a new project on measuring the DVAR for a wide range of countries , based on the matched importer-exporter customs transaction data from the World Bank ’ s Exporter Dynamic Database and also applied it to Indonesia to analyze the impact of export ban on Nickel on downstream industry value-added creation . 35", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 749, "text": "matched importer-exporter customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 774, "end": 799, "text": "Exporter Dynamic Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10887 # * * Abstract * * How redistributive are fiscal policies in China ? This paper applies the standard fiscal incidence analysis to data from the China Family Panel Study 2018 to study the effect of government taxes and spending on inequality in China . The analysis includes fiscal elements , such as personal income tax , contributions to social insurance , value-added tax , consumption tax , cash transfers , contributory pensions , and spending on education and health , and accounts for 63 percent of total revenues and 43 percent of total government spending . Consistent with previous studies , the paper finds that fiscal policy in China continues to redistribute quite effectively , achieving inequality reduction of about 10 . 3 Gini points , placing China around the median of upper-middle-income country peers on the level of redistribution achieved by fiscal policy . Not unlike several other countries where similar analysis has been done , most of the inequality reduction achieved by China is through education and health spending . Findings from the paper further suggest that while the fiscal system delivers more to those who need the most support , the heavy burden of user fees — relative to disposable income — may prevent some families from accessing needed health care services and imply high costs of raising children . In addition , there is room for the progressivity of the overall package to be enhanced . In particular , the fiscal system could make a greater dent in inequality by collecting more from those who could afford to pay more and leaving more money in the pockets of those who need it the most . This could be done by increasing the share of fiscal revenues collected through progressive taxes such as personal income tax and increasing the level of cash-based social benefits ( such as residents ’ pensions and transfers ) . This paper is a product of the Human Development Practice Group and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 209, "text": "China Family Panel Study 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Paraguay , Peru , Suriname , Uruguay and Venezuela . 6 . _Local Europe . _ Includes routes between or among the States of geographical Europe , Algeria , Azores , Canary Islands , Greenland , Iceland , Madeira , Malta , Morocco , Tunisia and Turkey . 7 . _Local Middle East . _ Includes routes between or among the following States : Bahrain , Cyprus , Egypt , Islamic Republic of Iran , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syrian Arab Republic , United Arab Emirates and Yemen . 8 . _Local Africa . _ Includes routes between or among the States of continental Africa and offshore islands , but excluding Algeria , Azores , Canary Islands , Egypt , Madeira , Malta , Morocco , Sudan , and Tunisia . 9 . _Between Europe and the Middle East . _ Includes routes between the two geographical areas defined by route group 6 ( “ local Europe ” ) and route group 7 ( “ local Middle East ” ) respectively . > 41 The August 2010 version of the ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator , in Appendix A on page 12 , Bermuda is included in this group . Bermuda has thus also been included in the calculations presented here . 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation ; and choices of livelihood restoration opportunities , needs , preferences , and constraints of displaced persons ; a series of consultative meetings were held with representatives of PAHs , local public officials as well as some NGOs actively operating in the Subproject area . The information gathered in connection with the census along with the socio-economic survey conducted as part of the ESIA will be the baseline , which will serve as a benchmark against which the results of livelihood restoration , income improvement , and other rehabilitation Page 152", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 386, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 3 . 3 . 2 Internal audit . * * 33 . On internal audit , the PFM Act 2012 and PFM Act regulation 2015 defines the legal framework for internal audit . The Internal Audit function falls under the Directorate of Accounting Services domiciled at national Treasury . The Internal Audit Department staff are seconded to the MDAs and have dual reporting lines , technically to the MDAs Audit Committees / Internal Auditor General and administratively to the accounting officers in the MDAs . The Audit Committee of the Ministry was recently appointed . It was however inactive from end of 2019 due to expiry of their term , but the term was extended this year and made a sitting in June 2022 and continues to operate and to have another meeting in November 2022 . The MoE IAD , has 11 auditors who audit all the operations of the ministry . The staff are well qualified and are experienced . Their annual work plan is approved by the audit committee . Reports are issued after completion of every engagement and management takes action on the internal audit findings which is mainly that they will issue a circular to the Counties . In addition to the IAD , MoE has a directorate that specifically deals with schools ’ audits . 34 . * * Key risks identified * * ( i ) IAD Limited time to sample many schools per county and sub county ( ii ) limited capacity in terms of staff given wide audit universe - the whole Ministry operations and at times funding issues for their activities impeding the effectiveness of the internal audit function ( iii ) Challenges auditing through the systems-NEMIS platform . ( iv ) Period of inactivity of Audit Committee can weaken the oversight ( iv ) Failure by counties to adhere to laid down regulations ( v ) Lack of value for money ( iv ) < mark > Lack of authenticity for payment made leading to loss of public funds . ( v < / mark > i ) Enrolment numbers at the school did not tally with NEMIS data which was the basis by", "spans": [{"start": 1929, "end": 1939, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "action ; ( b ) referral to the appropriate institution to handle the grievance ( c ) undertake mutually agreed follow-actions . - v . * * Update the complainant and project team * * involves providing users with a grievance redress status update and outcome at each stage of redress . - vi . * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * incorporates tracking of grievances and assess progress being made to resolve them * * ; * * analyze raw data on the average time to resolve grievances , percentage of complainants satisfied , action taken , and number of grievances resolved . This should be the first point of contact to provide a report on grievance redress actions - vii . * * Feedback * * on GRM users and the public at large about on : results of investigations and actions taken . The detailed SEQIP GRM value chain and categories of grievances are provided in annex 2 and 3 respectively . 61 . Multi – Agency Grievance Redress Committees ( GRC ’ s ) The GRC ’ s has the following functions : - Receiving , evaluating , and analyzing complaint - Providing receipt of the complaint - Recording the grievances - Consultation with the affected and relevant communities - Choosing the best solution and or Resolving issues through mediation . - Informing complainants of the decisions taken and follow-up - Report ( number and category of cases , place , position , gender and outcome of complaint - ( rejected / resolved ) . * * GRC ’ s are * * organized in the following five ( 5 ) levels : | * * No . * * | * * Committee * * | * * Description * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * | The National Multi-Agency GRM Committee | The committee consists of MoE ; KICD , TSC , KNEC , < br > and CEMASTEA ; and potential Statutory grievance < br > referral institutions including : NGEC , CAJ , NEMA < br", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 435, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( https : / / www . aqi . in / dashboard / kenya / kisumu / kisumu ( https : / / www . aqi . in / dashboard / kenya / kisumu / kisumuhttps : / / www . aqi . in / dashboard / kenya / kisumu / kisumu accessed on 18 July , 2023 ) . This makes the air to have long term health impacts to residents with high sensitivity to pollen and will not be able to perform high intensive tasks for prolonged periods of time . People with already existing respiratory diseases are most affected . # # # # # # * * 5 . 1 . 9 Noise levels * * The project area is within disturbed environment with various activities , such as shops , motorized and non-motorized transport , people , and domestic animals among others within fairly limited surface area . The noise levels are generally high during the day , and part of the night . The sources of noise are the same as the sources of air pollution in the area , and include : - Vehicular traffic along the major roads . - Construction material haulage operations and , - Any potential project component depending on intention of use ( i . e . mechanical pumps ) # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 Social Economic Baseline Information * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 1 Land Use and Tenure * * On average according to the Household Baseline Survey Report ( 2014 ) land allocation to different uses was as follows : subsistence crops ( 34 % ) , natural pastures ( 34 % ) , commercial crop production ( 18 % ) and homesteads ( 7 % ) . About 1 % of the lands constituted woodlots while 18 % was classified as not utilizable . Very little land was identified to have been set aside for conservation purposes that have potential to negatively affect water , soil nutrients , plants and animals ( GoK , 2014 ) . The mean land holding size at 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 1233, "end": 1265, "text": "Household Baseline Survey Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Productive & Resilient Intermediate Cities ( P169332 ) In each targeted locality , the PCU will conduct surveys on a semiThis indicator captures the Progress annual basis to number of refugees reports by estimate the number of benefiting from various Semi-annual PCU and refugees who are PCU Disagregated by refugees types of services such as semi-annual accessing each service electricity , market , waste surveys provided under the management , road , as a project . The result of the project . methodology for each specific service will be specified in the POM . An impact evaluation survey will be conducted by mid-term and prior to closing of the project focusing on businesses benefiting This indicator captures the Survey from the number of local businesses At mid-term conducted at infrastructures which Beneficiary local businesses in targeted positively impacted by the and prior to mid-term activities have been PCU localities positively impacted by the various types of services closing of the and prior to positively impacted . infrastructures financed by the project financed by the project such project closing of The same methodology as electricity , market , waste project used to identify management , road , etc . beneficiary people ( or households ) will be used to identify the beneficiary businesses . The survey methodology and < u > questionnaire for < / u > Beneficiary local businesses in targeted localities positively impacted by the infrastructures financed by the project Page 37 of 76", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 616, "text": "impact evaluation survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "including household surveys , the next round of the Financial Transparency and Perceptions Survey ( FTAPs ) , field visits , social impact assessments , Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys , a PEFA , an Accountability Baseline survey to trace “ trajectories of change in 25 woredas , and a number of studies to enhance effective monitoring and evaluation of the various PBS components . Data collected as part of the Woreda Benchmarking Surveys will be drawn upon and analyzed , alongside the data and information collected from the other initiatives already mentioned . This sub-program will also provide targeted support to the Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) in strengthening the various surveys that the CSA conducts ( e . g . the agricultural sample surveys . # * * D . Project location ( if known ) * * The proposed operation will be implemented throughout the country by local government authorities in collaboration with respective sector specialists operating at the local and regional levels . # * * E . Borrower ’ s Institutional Capacity for Safeguard Policies [ from PCN ] * * From an environmental and safeguards point of view , the proposed operation will support the federal budget that in turn funds these local investments . This project is rated “ B ” and investment specific safeguard issues are addressed as described below . This includes application of the principals from both the ESMF and RPF from PBS I and the development of the LIG Operations Manual which contains specific technical guidance for all sector civil works at the woreda level . The Government has also embarked on an extensive capacity building program for decentralization and the safeguard provisions are incorporated into the training as part of the Operational Manual . # * * F . Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialists * * - Mr Kenneth M . Green ( AFTQK ) Ms Roxanne Hakim ( AFTCS ) # * * II . SAFEGUARD POLICIES THAT MIGHT APPLY * * | * * Safeguard Policies Triggered * * < br > * * Yes * * | * * No * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 27, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 52, "end": 97, "text": "Financial Transparency and Perceptions Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 153, "end": 188, "text": "Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 193, "end": 197, "text": "PEFA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 203, "end": 233, "text": "Accountability Baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 417, "end": 444, "text": "Woreda Benchmarking Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 738, "end": 765, "text": "agricultural sample surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Data Description and Empirical Strategy * * We use data from nationally representative student assessments conducted for mathematics in 2019 and 2021 . In 2019 , a nationally representative sample of grade five students sat for the assessment . In 2021 , a nationally representative sample of grade five students from the same schools sat for the 2021 assessment , specifically designed to ensure comparability with the 2019 assessment . Additionally , the 2021 assessment traced and assessed the students who had participated in the 2019 assessment . Of the 3 , 922 students who participated in the mathematics assessment in 2019 , 3 , 411 participated in the 2021 assessment leading to an attrition rate of 13 percent . In 2021 , the assessment was complemented with student and teacher questionnaires providing a rich data set to analyze variables affecting learning during COVID-19-induced school closures . ( For more details on the data , see the Appendix . ) Using the data from student assessments , student , and teacher questionnaires , we test five hypotheses based on a reading of previous literature on learning loss due to temporary school closures or during summer recess : _H1_ : Student learning declined due to COVID-19-induced school closures . _H2_ : Learning loss is greater in schools with longer duration of COVID and non-COVID school closures . _H3_ : Learning loss is greater among students with less-educated parents / guardians . _H4_ : Learning loss is greater among students with lower access to and usage of digital devices . _H5_ : Learning loss is greater among boys than girls . To test the first hypothesis ( H1 ) , we employ two identification strategies to analyze learning trends during COVID-19 . The first strategy compares average scores from a nationally representative sample for grade 5 in 2019 to the average scores from the same nationally representative sample for grade 5 in 2021 . The sample of schools was developed in 2019 according to the list of all schools in the country with students in grade 5 . The same schools were surveyed in 2021 . The sample frame was not renewed due to no major changes in the sampling frame over the two years . This identification strategy allows us", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 116, "text": "nationally representative student assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1015, "text": "student assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "yields for virtually all crops are lower for poor ( small ) farmers and higher for rich ( large ) farmers , thus turning the farm-size productivity relationship upside down . Furthermore , the lanid rental market leads to land transfers from poor and labor-abundant small holders , to rich and relatively labor scarce households ( Kevane 1996 ) . The reason is that capital market imperfections combined with reasonably functioning land and labor markets and a technology that is not supervision intensive make it more attractive for small credit-constrained households to rent out land and work for a wage than to engage in owner-cultivation without capital inputs . By contrast , in panel data from Burkina Faso an inverse farm size-productivity relationship was observed even though a positive presence of correlation between yields and cash inflows from non-agricultural employment suggests the presence of capital market imperfections ( Udry 1996 ) . The conclusion is that imperfections in land , labor , credit , and > * * 29 * * Due to the covariance of production risks , crop insurance is very difficult and forward markets to insure against price risk are often unavailable to small producers due to high transaction costs . > The difficulty of land acquisition through borrowing by would-be smallholders , in spite of their productivity advantage , has been highlighted by Binswanger and Elgin ( 1998 ) and Carter and Mesbah ( 1995 ) . Furthermore , they point out that by exhausting access to credit for land acquisition , the ability to borrow for working capital is eliminated . 18", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 695, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * EASTERN AFRICA REGIONAL TRANSPORT , TRADE & DEVELOPMENT FACILITATION PROJECT * * * * _Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2021_ * * # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) * * payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a nonexchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # * * f ) In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # * * g ) Cash and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account balances include amounts held at the National Bank of Kenya at the end of the financial year . For the purposes of these financial statements , cash and cash equivalents also include short term cash imprests and advances to authorised public officers and / or institutions which were not surrendered or accounted for at the end of the financial year . # # # * * Restriction on", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 519, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Additional land area with improved land and < br > water management practices | | Number | Value | | | | | | | | Date | | | | | | | | Comments | | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 23-Jun-2010 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | | Approval Date | Signing Date | | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P109224 | IDA-47690 | Not Effective | | 22-Jun-2010 | | | | 30-Jun-2015 | | | * * Disbursements * * | * * ( in Millions ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan No . | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | P109224 | IDA-47690 | Not Effective | USD | 120 . 00 | 120 . 00 | < br > | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | < br > 116 . 91 | 0 . 00 | Page 2 of 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor force participation has also stalled , exacerbating the _ < mark > Figure 1 : The Job Challenge < / mark > _ urgency posed by the presence of 1 . 3 million Syrian refugees that started arriving in 2011 . While the youth proportion ( 15-24 years ) in Jordan ’ s population is similar to the regional average ( 19 percent in 2015 ) , Jordan ’ s youth unemployment rate is far above the regional average ( 28 percent ) . * * 3 . Women ’ s economic participation in Jordan is strikingly low . * * < sup > 3 < / sup > Since 2000 , female labor force participation has increased by only 2 percentage points . < sup > 4 < / sup > At 14 percent , Jordan ’ s female labor force participation is well below both the regional average and the average for low - and middle-income countries in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) region . Similarly , the ratio of female-to-male labor force participation in Jordan in 2019 ( 22 . 2 percent ) was lower than the regional average ( 30 percent ) . Of the few women active in Jordan ’ s labor market , a large share is unemployed ( 23 percent of the female labor force is unemployed , compared to 13 percent of the male labor force ) , with young women particularly disadvantaged ( 55 percent of female youth are unemployed , compared to 33 percent of male youth ) . The government has recently strengthened its commitment to gender equality and female social and economic empowerment through Jordan ’ s Renaissance Plan 2019-2020 and through its the Women > 1 Department of Statistics , Jordan ( Q3 2019 ) > 2 International Labor Organization , ILOSTAT database . Data retrieved in Sept 2019 . > 3 The gender analysis in this document has been adapted from “ Jordan : Improving Women Economic Opportunities - Select Entry Points for Policy Dialogue and Operational Interventions ” , World Bank ( June 2019 ) . > 4 World Development Indicators . Data retrieved in June 2019", "spans": [{"start": 1590, "end": 1606, "text": "ILOSTAT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1859, "end": 1887, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) be sufficient to provide 2100 calories per person per day , which is the minimum energy requirement necessary to maintain a normal and active life . In the special cases , where people are fleeing from conflict the rations could include high energy biscuits . # # * * _Subcomponent 1 . 2 : Support to Integrated Management of Malnutrition SDR16 . 2 million ( US $ 22 . 0 million equivalent ) _ * * Support under this subcomponent will go towards an integrated nutrition security intervention that specifically seeks to meet the urgent nutritional requirements of children under the age of five and both the pregnant women and lactating mothers . To prevent wasting , the nutritional needs of children , ( including those in the critical 1000 ‐ day window and those between 6 ‐ 59 months ) as well as those pregnant and lactating mothers in areas with GAM rates exceeding 15 percent ( and for populations classified as being in crisis and emergency levels by the IPC exercise ) will be addressed using specialized foods provided through BSF . The nutrition needs of pregnant and lactating mothers as well as those of children that already suffer from moderate to acute malnutrition will be addressed through TSF . Support will also be extended to the integrated management of SAM through screening and treatment of SAM children , establishment of Stabilization Centers , reopening of OTPs ; procuring , prepositioning and distributing therapeutic nutrition supplies . For improved effectiveness of the nutrition intervention , support will be provided for WASH , prevention and treatment of common diseases ( e . g . malaria , measles etc . ) as well as for protection services targeting the most vulnerable children and women . Eligible beneficiaries would be identified based on surveys and predetermined criteria to be implemented through a facilitated community targeting process , which would determine who , for how long , how much and with what types of food the beneficiary would be supported . Given the current insecurity , special attention will be given to the safety of beneficiaries at collection", "spans": [{"start": 1873, "end": 1880, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "good track records , and who were therefore approached by branch officers about becoming an agent . As such , less than 0 . 1 % of applications to become an agent have been rejected to this point . There were thus too few rejected applicants ( less than ten ) to permit meaningful analysis differentiating the characteristics of those who became agents from those who did not . < sup > 16 < / sup > # * * 3 . Data and the Estimation Approach * * Our data come from 190 FINCA DRC agents who began operations at some point from 2012 to 2015 . We rely on monthly transactions data for the dependent variables in the regressions that follow . Although we have some data on other transfers to FINCA accounts , those transactions occurred too infrequently to permit meaningful analysis . Similar to Jack and Suri ( 2013 , 2014 ) , we therefore focus on cash-in , cash-out transactions in our analysis . As explanatory variables , we rely on the personal / business characteristics of the agents and the socio-economic characteristics of the agents ’ locations . Personal and business characteristics are taken from the applications that agents submitted to FINCA . Our data are from agents located in and around Kinshasa since that was the focus of FINCA DRC in the initial phases of their agent rollout . Agents are located in four major business districts – Funa , Lukunga , Tshangu and Mont Amba – which are further subdivided into 24 so-called municipalities . < sup > 17 < / sup > In our regressions , we rely on data from agents operating in 23 of those municipalities . These municipalities vary greatly in > 16 In principle , it might be possible to distinguish the characteristics of agents who ceased operations from those that continued throughout our period of study to assess the viability of the agent model in different contexts . But according to FINCA agent network representatives , hardly any agents quit the business in the first few years of developing the network , precisely because those agents were picked based on ongoing business relationships with branch officers . We acknowledge , however , that 14 % of our sample is comprised", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 577, "text": "monthly transactions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > S U D A N . . EY < br > rz 1 , i , ; \\ s / rl . j t NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROJECT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ AGROCLIMATIC ZONES < br > / 51 , ] / ! 1 1l \\ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E T H I O p I A . < br > e - T UR KA A l A | , Xa < br > t1 | s X - A i s . / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ MA NDI ' RA , < br > \\ , . , . - f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ MA RSA B / T f / < br > z V A L L E Y J E A S T ) R Nt < br > % , > eJrxovssx ( < ) , ' \\ Nxp ~ ~ ~ ~ N \\ ~ R T H i2 < br > 3 . ; / ~ ~ ~ ~ Al SAMgUk ( - ' , n sv > f < br > < RIFT4 > / X zAAREPCXk ? E A $ S ) TtE R N | R / / iR T E R / 0A < br > t \\ . s . - | C 0 \\ 9 ~ AC A O 1 < br > Ps ~ ~ ~ ~ lsOr / r8 . V \\ C O / GAR 15 / 5A 2 < br > - - Sacndry Rods ? G , , 4 X / D O % 4 g / \\ y < br > - - IA S ' 7 U sIH loo A ono nludre r \" i i ) qeoa lsar | 5T_s f1l1x5 c o N r rso 2 \\ 4 / =", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . Data Sources * * Household-level data : * * The analysis utilizes household-level data from the Philippines Family Income and Expenditure Surveys ( FIES ) for the years 2003 , 2006 , 2009 , 2012 , and 2015 , collected by the Philippines Statistical Authority . The FIES is used for the official estimation of poverty in the Philippines and it provides detailed information on the components of household food and non-food expenditures ( inside and outside the home ) , household income by source , as a well as a wide variety of household socio-economic characteristics . FIES data are collected twice for each household , just after the middle of the year ( July ) and just following the end of the year ( the following January ) , with responses for each survey reflecting economic behaviors over the preceding six months . Responses for each household are then averaged between the two surveys to construct annual estimates . It is important to note that if a household cannot be found in either round of the survey , it is dropped from the sample , which raises some concerns about the use of the annual FIES data made publicly available in any analysis of the welfare impacts of typhoons in general . Typhoon activity in the Philippines is concentrated in the second half of the calendar year , so estimates of typhoon impacts using consumption data averaged over two points , one in June and the other in January of next year , may be somewhat attenuated because the consumption in June is collected prior to the bulk of typhoon events and thus likely to be higher than the consumption expenditures collected in January next year . We are fortunate to have access to the semester data behind each publicly available annual FIES survey . This offers a number of advantages : ( i ) it allows closer and better matching of the timing of a typhoon and the date of measurement of consumption and thus an investigation of the short-term impacts of typhoons occurring during the six month interval prior to the collection of household expenditure ; and ( ii ) the possibility of investigating the medium-term impacts of typhons , i . e . the impacts of", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 43, "text": "Household-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 102, "end": 151, "text": "Philippines Family Income and Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1123, "text": "annual FIES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1344, "end": 1360, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1735, "end": 1746, "text": "FIES survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country . The prevalence rates at the individual and household ( HH ) levels are calculated using the formulas : the formulas : P P P = < sup > N < / sup > where c denotes a country . cc < sup > NPoPPaaNNPPrraa wrrh ooNNnnccrrwwoonnPaawwowwccNNPPrrddcc < / sup > PPnnccPP P rrPP cc TToorrP ppooppNNP rrwwoonn H P P P = < sup > N < / sup > cc PPnnccPP P rrPP N N P o < sup > NPoHHooNNaaPPhooPPawrrh PPrr PPPaarr oonnPP PPaaNNPPrr wrrh ooNNnnccrrwwoonnPaawwowwccNNPPrrddcc < / sup > cc hooNNaaPPhooPPa # * * 2 . 4 Human Development Indicators * * We compare human development indicators across groups by functional difficulty status to establish the size of the gap that may be associated with disability , i . e . the disability gap or inequalities associated with disability . Results are presented in graphs and tables , often in appendix tables . Double disaggregation tables by disability and a demographic characteristic ( sex , rural / urban , age group ) are available from the authors upon request ( Appendices A to C ) . In tables , the disability gap and its statistical significance is typically noted in a separate column . Statistical significance is based on a t-test ( * , * * , and * * * at the 10 % , 5 % and 1 % levels respectively ) . As indicators reflect achievements ( e . g . employment population ratios , asset ownership ) and deprivations ( unemployment rate , food insecurity , exposure to shock ) , positive / negative differences will not consistently reflect a disability gap in achievement / deprivation indicators , respectively . We also use and graph the ratio for a given indicator by dividing the indicator for persons with disability with the indicator for persons with no disability . This is often referred to as a relative rate or as a parity index ( e . g . UNESCO 2018 , OECD 2003 ) . For instance , for the relative employment rate , a relative employment rate at or near one reflects a similar situation of persons with and without disabilities in terms of the share who are employed . The indicators under study are", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data and reporting , while at the County level , funds are transferred and deposited into the approved local bank at the county . Disbursement of the funds is strictly on the purpose detailed in the instructions and only on approval by the respective authorized county staff . On spending , the support documents are sent to the Headquarters where they are reviewed and posted into the IFMIS . Regular monitoring visits by HQ staff and Internal audit functions to the county offices are maintained to ensure accountability of funds transferred to the counties . The assessment further noted the following Page 18 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 391, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expenditures . The relative declines in per capita total budget revenue were greater than for total budget expenditures . As a result , the regional budget surplus , which was quite large in 1992 , almost disappeared . From 1992-95 , pre-transfer revenue dropped by about 27 % on average across the country , and average transfers declined by 28 % . Transfers dropped by 2 . 3 times in 1995 after three years of growth . The only non-budgetary category shown in Table 5 , household income , is also the only category that has steadily grown in real terms from one year to the next , rising by 48 % from 1992 to 199520 , which reflects the gradual recovery of household incomes after their dramatic decline in 1992 following price liberalization . > _19_ In fact that trend stopped in 1995 , when the relative share of local budgets dropped compared to 1994 mainly due to a drastic decline in federal transfers to the regions . See also Table 2 in the previous section . 20 There are some inconsistencies between reported trends in household incomes in Table 1 and those in traditional statistical reports by Goskomstat . The difference is the largest for the change from 1992 to 1993 . Table 5 suggests that real incomes increased by 22 % while regular Goskomstat publications report a 10 % increase . This difference should be attributed to some inconsistencies between Goskomstat ' s reports on regional CPI and regional nominal incomes and their aggregate national equivalents , which reflects general weaknesses of the existing Russia income statistics and underlying household surveys ( World Bank , 1995b )", "spans": [{"start": 1523, "end": 1589, "text": "existing Russia income statistics and underlying household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 7 . The Effect of Characteristics of Land Title on Investment * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008 to 2017 . This table presents parameter estimates from OLS regression of investment on Titling Firm dummy variable and two land title characteristics , whether the previous tenure has expired and whether the land ’ s user rights is in contention . The independent variable is the averaged investment ( capital expenditure divided by PP & E ) between 2010 and 2014 net of investment between 2010 and 2012 . _Titling Firm_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm has allocated land before the land title scheme starting from 2012 and 0 if otherwise . _Tenure Expired_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the tenure of land controlled by the firm has expired and 0 if otherwise . _Rights contended_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the user rights of the land were fragmented in terms of land was being leased to other users or subject to rights contention from multiple claims and 0 if otherwise . All variables are winsorised at the upper and lower 1-percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification . The _t-statistics_ are computed using standard errors that are White-corrected . The * , * * , * * * indicates significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | | ∆ ( Investm < br > | ent / PP & E ) < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | Titling Firm | 0 . 046 | 0 . 013 | 0 . 100 | 0 . 081 | | | ( 0 . 305 ) | ( 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 152, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> @ - 030 — t , BS I < br > & i B42 — Sop so < br > 035 a 2 pr < br > 8 9 410 WW 12 $ 13 # 14 # 415 # 16 # 17 ? 18 # 19 20 241 8 9 ° 70 1 12 $ 13 # 14 # 415 # 16 WF 18 # 19 20 21 < br > Years of education Years of education < br > 0 . 45 co : De : < br > OAQ es a ot A ss < br > i . . . ae Ee - < br > Bo4g — ee < br > 3 Po § < br > fq « ( 0 . 00 3 < br > s $ 4 a < br > = - 0 . 05 : ~ 8 < br > By AQ . — a £ < br > Fi S16 : : : 7 < br > E 145 — — — ~ - 2 < br > 3a20 . 20 ” a 243a © a fa ; < br > - 0 . 30 ; ; ~ oe ~ — 32 12 : et Oe < br > a < br > OBB i 440 ee < br > le } 41 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 aa 12 13 fe } 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 “ 1 12 13 < br > Difference in years between aspired and expected education Difference in years between aspired and expected education < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Rural Electrification Authority : Project Report for the proposed Kamandio Market and Dispensary ( Kitui Central Constituency ) 33 kV power distribution line - Nine out of sixteen adverse impacts have potential to cause secondary impacts while 6 of them have cumulative tendency ie , they have potential to aggravate an already existing problem . - The project has a marginal net neutral impact pre mitigation which will require to be enhanced through adoption of an effective impact mitigation strategy . * * Presentation of impacts : * * From this analysis , it is apparent that the bulk of adverse impacts ( Ns ) will manifest at the construction stage while most benefits ( Ps ) will be realized during the operation phase . In line with this trend , impact mitigation will be targeted more on the construction phase activities . Without exception , all adverse impacts have potential to occasion secondary impacts and thus merit mitigation . For purposes of this study , impact prediction has captured the three core phases of the proposed development namely ; - Design , Construction and Operation phases . Similarly , impacts analysis as presented in Table 7 . 1 has captured and followed all the three phases of the project . Brief highlight of impacts at each stage of the project are presented in sections below . # # # # Impacts at Design Stage # # # * * Positive Impacts of design Stage : * * Generally , the design phase is associated with positive impacts mainly manifested through creation of business opportunities for professionals involved in the design work , support staff hired in the enumeration survey , etc , while the country benefits from generation of additional planning data which will influence policy decisions within long time frames . Certainly , the database compiled from design report will find consumption far beyond the confines of this project . # # # * * Adverse impacts at Design Stage : * * Adverse impacts would mainly be manifested through site disturbances and accidents associated with field survey work . # # # # Positive Impacts at Construction Stage # # # # * * ( i ) Creation of business opportunities :", "spans": [{"start": 1610, "end": 1628, "text": "enumeration survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1788, "end": 1824, "text": "database compiled from design report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- An institutional analysis of MOH to define its new roles and responsibilities under the new constitution . - Establishment of a housing quality index . - Development of a database with a slum inventory . 29 . * * Institutional strengthening for MoL . * * To strengthen the capacity of the MoL and selected land institutions to perform their current and future responsibilities , component 1 will support activities that include : - Identification and implementation of measures to improve the speed and efficiency of mapping , planning , survey , and land registration . 30 . * * Institutional strengthening for municipalities . * * Support will assist local authorities to effectively play their important role in improving living conditions in informal settlements . Specifically , component 1 will support activities that include : - Development and implementation of settlement upgrading plans ( including the facilitation of increased interaction of community development officers with communities and civil society organizations ) . - Development of city-specific slum upgrading investment plans . - Development and implementation of plans for financing infrastructure operations and maintenance and start-up costs . 31 . * * Support for program management and implementation . * * Component 1 will finance the management activities associated with program implementation . This includes establishing and operating a monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) system . It also involves carrying out socio-economic surveys of slum settlements at the beginning and end of the project , with the aim of understanding how the project ‘ s interventions are changing living conditions in these settlements and the impact these changes are having on residents . 32 . * * Component 2 : Enhancing tenure security * * _ ( IDA US $ 8 . 0 million ) _ . This component will directly support implementation of the new national land policy in urban informal settlements through refinement , systematization , and scale-up of ongoing efforts to strengthen tenure security in slums . - Preparation of guidelines for implementation in informal settlements of the 2009 Land Policy . - Establishment of a database on the land tenure status of slums . - Establishment or upgrading of the GIS labs", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 203, "text": "database with a slum inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1500, "end": 1542, "text": "socio-economic surveys of slum settlements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2186, "end": 2229, "text": "database on the land tenure status of slums", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lifted above this level of utility , they are no longer in poverty . The framework uses the AIDADS system to represent consumer preferences , and is calibrated using Tanzania ’ s Household Budget Survey 2000 / 2001 < sup > 10 < / sup > . Households are stratified into seven groups based on earnings sources . The poverty line in Tanzania is taken to match the observed national poverty headcount ratio reported by the World Bank ( 2006 ) . This in turn dictates the poverty level of utility in the initial equilibrium . # * * 3 . 2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN * * The patterns of historical production deviations from trend for each of the five case study years highlighted in the previous section – Scenarios 1995 and 1971 ( “ Tanzania + ” ) , Scenario 1980 ( “ Tanzania 0 ” ) , and Scenarios 1982 and 1983 ( “ Tanzania – ” ) are reproduced in the model via an appropriate combination of international productivity shocks < sup > 11 < / sup > . We then consider the impacts on trade and poverty in the context of a range of different trade scenarios to explore the interplay between trade regimes and the poverty impacts of climate shocks < sup > 12 < / sup > . In order to mimic the short run / transient nature of these productivity shocks , these simulations are conducted under the assumption that agricultural land and capital are immobile across sectors . That is , farmers are limited in their ability to adapt to different climate outcomes . For example , they are able to mobilize labor in response to a climate shock and adjust harvesting dates , but are not able to bring new irrigation infrastructure online in response to a single climate outcome . The allocation of cropland to a given crop is also pre-determined in this short run model closure . The production deviations for the five case study years are simulated under two different trade regimes , as perturbations from the benchmark world economy . Conducting all simulations as perturbations from trend allows for comparability across trade regimes . The two trade regimes are : - Regime 1 ( Baseline ) – The trade regime prevailing in", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 202, "text": "Tanzania ’ s Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 67 * * of * * 73 * * # # # # # # * * THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL Draft OP 4 . 12 Annex Operational Policies March 6 , 200l * * # # # # # # * * Involuntary Resettlement Instruments * * 1 . This Annex describes the elements of a resettlement plan ( Part I ) , an abbreviated resettlement plan ( Part II ) , and a resettlement policy framework ( Part III ) , as discussed in Sections V and VI of OP 4 . 12 . # # # # # # * * Part I : Resettlement Plan * * 2 . The scope and level of detail of the resettlement plan vary with the magnitude and complexity of resettlement . The plan is based on up-to-date and reliable information about : ( a ) the proposed resettlement and its impacts on the displaced persons and other adversely affected groups ; and ( b ) the legal issues involved in resettlement . The resettlement plan covers the elements below , as relevant . When any element is not relevant to project circumstances , it should be noted in the resettlement plan . 3 . Description of the project . General description of the project and identification of the project area . 4 . Potential impacts . Identification of ( a ) the project component or activities that give rise to resettlement ; ( b ) the zone of impact of such component or activities ; ( c ) the alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement ; and ( d ) the mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . 5 . Objectives . The main objectives of the resettlement program . 6 . Socioeconomic studies . The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including : ( a ) The results of a census survey covering : ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people", "spans": [{"start": 1775, "end": 1788, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Consultant < br > Selection | Limited | 144 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2020-11-22 | 2020-11-26 | 2020-12-03 | 2020-12-24 | 2021-01-24 | | KE-MOH-203424-CS-INDV / < br > Engagement of a Consultant < br > for Development of a Five < br > Year Strategic Plan for the < br > Kenya National Blood < br > Transfusion Services Division | IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products < br > P | ost | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Limited | 25 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2020-11-15 | 2020-11-20 | 2020-11-25 | 2020-12-16 | 2021-02-14 | | KE-MOH-226655-CS-INDV / < br > Hire an individual consultant < br > to support implementation of < br > the 5th COVID-19 Knowledge < br > Attitude Practice ( KAP ) Survey . | IDA / 65980 | Community discussion and < br > information outreach < br > P | ost | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Limited | 10 , 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-03-29 | 2021-04-03 | 2021-04-08 | 2021-04-22 | 2021-10-19 | Page 7", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 799, "text": "Attitude Practice ( KAP ) Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 4 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF PAPS * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 4 . 1 Household Main Occupation * * The survey data indicated that majority of the PAPs within the Project area engage in various income generating activities . The most common source ( 69 . 4 % ) of income for PAPs was through self-employed business . 11 . 1 % of PAPs are employed in the formal sector , while 5 . 6 % were un-employed . This is presented in * * Figure 3 . 5 * * below . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 . 0 % < br > 69 . 4 % < br > 70 . 0 % < br > 60 . 0 % < br > 50 . 0 % < br > 40 . 0 % < br > 30 . 0 % < br > 20 . 0 % 13 . 9 % < br > 11 . 1 % < br > 10 . 0 % 5 . 6 % < br > 0 . 0 % < br > SELF EMPLOYED IN EMPLOYED IN CASUAL LABOURERS UN EMPLOYED < br > BUSINESS FORMAL SECTOR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 3 . 5 : Income Streams of PAPs * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 4 . 2 Type of Businesses amongst PAPs * * The type of business activities PAPS are engaged in include small subsistence retail enterprises such as Retail Shops , Grocery Shops , Food Kiosk or Hotels as illustrated in * * Figure 3 . 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 375, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ # # # * * 4 CENSUS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEYS * * A socio-economic survey and census was conducted in the project area . The primary objectives of the surveys are , among others , to understand the scale and nature of project impacts on local communities , identify Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) and map out their social and economic characteristics , obtain information necessary for the preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) , establish indicators for the implementation of the RAP , and provide baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of livelihoods and income restoration and other sustainable development components of the RAP . In order to obtain information needed for entitlement and compensation payments for lost assets , a detailed inventory of all assets affected by the project was undertaken . In this Chapter , findings of the census and socioeconomic sample surveys are presented . # # # * * 4 . 1 POPULATION DYNAMICS AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS OF PAPS * * # # # * * _4 . 1 . 1 Sex of Household Heads_ * * The PAP population is made up of predominantly male headed households accounting for 31 % of the total population . The distribution is shown in the figure below : * * _Figure 4-1 : Sex of PAP Household Heads_ * * # # # * * _4 . 1 . 2 Marital Status of the Household Head_ * * Half of the PAP population ’ s marital status is unknown due to the unavailability of some PAPs and the fact that some PAPs were identified as institutions . However , rest of the population ’ s marital status is shown figuratively below : * * _Resettlement Action Plan Report for Mombasa Lot 2B Pipelines_ * * * * _4-1_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 134, "text": "socio-economic survey and census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 915, "end": 954, "text": "census and socioeconomic sample surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > Table 3 : Policy intervention / shock-NAFTA liberalization + elimination of PROCAMPO Using the CGE Model Simulation Results for Mexico < / u > | < br > * * Impact on * * | < br > * * North * * | < br > * * Central * * | < br > * * Southwest * * | * * Southeast * * | * * Rio Bravo * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Household income < br > ( urban ) |  |  |  |  |  | | Household income < br > ( rural ) |  |  |  |  |  | | * * Comments * * | This simul < br > with elimin < br > by 10 % of < br > impact of a < br > subsidies a < br > reflected in < br > simulated . < br > equally dis < br > not across < br > and Center < br > incomes in | ation combi < br > ating PRO < br > the gross v < br > combined < br > re similar in < br > rural hous < br > The drop in < br > tributed acr < br > regions . Th < br > regions suf < br > creases acro | nes the effect o < br > CAMPO incom < br > alue of their mai < br > NAFTA and re < br > general , the on < br > eholds ‘ income < br > rural househol < br > oss household t < br > e RBB region s < br > fer the most . In < br > ss all regions an | f NAFTA trade < br > e transfers to m < br > ze production . < br > moval of ProC < br > ly important dif < br > drop when PR < br > ds ‘ income is m < br > ypes ( poor , med < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 ~ ~ 018 ~ ~ G ~ ~ HSP-W4 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 03 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3557 ` on 9 February 2024 . - National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( 2012 ) . Malawi Third Integrated Household Survey 2010-2011 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : MWI ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 010 ~ ~ I ~ ~ HS-III ~ ~ v ~ ~ 01 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 1003 ` on 6 September 2019 . - National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( 2015 ) . Malawi Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010-2013 ( short-term panel , 204 EAs ) . Public Use Dataset . Ref : MWI ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 010-2013 ~ ~ I ~ ~ HPS ~ ~ v ~ ~ 01 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2248 ` on 6 September 2019 . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 27 | | 4 . 2 Norway : Disaggregating statistics by refugee status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 28 | | 4 . 2 . 1 Refugees in Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 28 | | 4 . 2 . 2 Population registration in Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the construction of consumption aggregates , prices are used to make consumption data comparable across space and time . Following Deaton and Zaidi ( 2002 ) , the harmonization of consumption data is done by scaling consumption values by a Paasche index of prices . Finally , finding a price increase in primary units where demobilized ex-combatants are numerous would corroborate the hypothesis that positive spillovers of the DDR program are due to a local economy effect . We distinguish two sets of prices . On the one hand , the reference price matrix , denoted _p_ < sup > 0 < / sup > , is a 47 × 1 vector such that each line is a reference price for one of our 47 consumption products . This matrix is common for all households and both periods of time . We used the 2010 panel survey as the reference year . For each one of the 47 products , the reference price was computed as follows . First , the most widely used unit of measurement was selected by considering the 44", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 199, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 777, "end": 794, "text": "2010 panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis in global impact evaluations , we first developed a set of keywords to represent each of the VFM methods based on extensive review of the VFM literature . Keyword sets were developed to represent cost-effectiveness analysis , costbenefit analysis , cost-utility analysis , financial analysis , social return on investment , basic efficiency resource analysis , multi-criteria appraisal , and rank correlation of cost vs impact . A text analytics algorithm was conducted over a full-text search of each of the 236 impact evaluation studies to generate tables of keyword frequencies . This method also was applied to a “ benchmark sample ” of 65 studies drawn from a database of 168 World Bank Group impact evaluations studies published between 2002 and 2011 ( World Bank Group impact evaluation database ) . The benchmark sample was formed by combining IEs from two groups of World Bank impact evaluations . The first group contains 35 IEs identified as including some kind of ( unverified ) efficiency analysis . The second set of studies was pulled randomly from the remaining ( untagged ) 131 studies contained in the near census of World Bank impact evaluations described above . The outcome variable for the untagged impact evaluations is “ No VFM . ” Since IEs in the first and second group do not have the same probability of being selected into the benchmark sample , we applied a sampling weight . The probability of selection into the benchmark sample is 1 for the 35 tagged studies . The probability of selection for the untagged studies is 30 / 131 = 0 . 229 for the 30 untagged studies . Hence the sampling weight , 10", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 811, "text": "World Bank Group impact evaluation database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- CAFI . 2020 . Diagnosis of the Epidemic ’ s Impact on the Financial Health of the Working Class and the - - MSEs in China & Policy Recommendations . < u > https : / / www . findevgateway . org / slide deck / 2020 / 03 / diagnosis-epidemics-impact-financial-health-working-class-and-mses-china-policy . < / u > - Chetty , Raj et al . , 2020 , “ How did COVID-19 and Stabilization Policies Affect Spending and Employment ? A New Real-time Economic Tracker Based on Private Sector Data ” , NBER Working Paper Series . - Cirera , Xavier ; Maloney , William F . , 2017 . The Innovation Paradox : Developing-Country Capabilities and the Unrealized Promise of Technological Catch-Up . Washington , DC : World Bank - Corporate Finance Network , 2020 . “ SMEs ’ supply chains feel the strain due to Covid-19 ” ( accessed 30 July 2020 ) . Dingel , Jonathan I , and Brent Neiman . 2020 . How Many Jobs Can Be Done at Home ? Emont , John . 2020 . “ Retailers Canceling Apparel Orders Amid Coronavirus Torments Clothes Makers . ” The Wall Street Journal . https : / / www . wsj . com / articles / retailers-canceling-apparel-orders-amid - < u > coronavirus-torments-clothes-makers-11588683151 . < / u > - Freund , Caroline and Alfonso Garcia Mora . 2020 . World Bank Group report “ Supporting Firm Resilience ” . < u > http : / / pubdocs . worldbank . org / en / 111141593044217205 / Supporting-Firm-Resilience-Final . pdf < / u > - Gopalan , Prasad and Oksana Nagayets . 2020 . Agribusiness Sector Note from IFC internal publication regarding Government Policy Responses to Support the Private Sector . - Grover Goswami , Arti ; Medvedev , Denis ; Olafsen , Ellen . 2019 . High-Growth Firms : Facts , Fiction , and Policy Options for Emerging Economies . Washington , DC : World Bank IFC . 2017 . MSME Finance Gap . https : / / www . ifc . org / wps / wcm / connect / 03522e90-a13d-4a02-87cd - < u > 9ee9a297b311 / 121264-WP-PUBLICMSMEReportFINAL . pdf ? MOD = AJPERES & CVID = m5SwAQA . < / u > IFC . 2018 . “ IFC Reach Data", "spans": [{"start": 2001, "end": 2015, "text": "IFC Reach Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Government Aided | 08 | | - - - | - - - | | Private | 25 | | Total | 33 | _Source : Education Department 2019_ < mark > Twenty-one percent of person ’ s aged 18 years and above are illiterate in Bukomasimbi District according to the National Housing and Population Census 2014 . < / mark > * * _ < mark > Kalungu : < / mark > _ * * * * < mark > Table 38 < / mark > * * < mark > presents data on the percentage of the population greater than five years of age that has achieved a certain level of education in five sub-counties of the district . < / mark > * * Table 38 : * * * * _Percentage Distribution of Education Levels by Sub-County ( Kalungu District ) _ * * | * * Sub county * * | | | | * * Highest Educa * * | * * tion Level At * * | * * tained * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Population < br > above 5yrs | None | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary | Didn ' t < br > know | Total | | Bukulula | 37 , 264 | 14 . 4 | 64 . 9 | 16 . 1 | 1 . 2 | 3 . 5 | 100 . 0 | | Kalungu | 29 , 929 | 16 . 6 | 59 . 4 | 16 . 7 | 2 . 4 | 4 . 9 | 100 . 0 | | Kyamuliibwa | 25 , 215 | 18 . 5 | 62 . 5 | 14 . 6 | 1 . 4 | 3 . 1 | 100 . 0 | | Lukaya TC | 21 , 319 | 12 . 9 | 52 . 5 | 27 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 278, "text": "National Housing and Population Census 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 0 . 00 | | y < br > ( Percentage ) ( Percentage ) < br > Total Allocation : 25 , 323 , 900 . 00 | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | 51 . 00 | 27-Mar-2025 | 51 . 00 | 27-Mar-2025 | 0 . 00 | | 11 Health Centers with < br > id E | Value | 40 . 00 | | | | | 40 . 00 | | mprove mergency < br > Obstetric Care ( Number ) < br > ( Number ) < br > Total Allocation : 20 , 000 , 000 . 00 | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 27-Mar-2025 | 40 . 00 | 27-Mar-2025 | 0 . 00 | | 12 PHC facilities having all < br > drs from the MOH list of | Value | 48 . 00 | | | | | 50 . 00 | | ug < br > essential drugs ( Percentage ) < br > ( Percentage ) < br > Total Allocation : 10 , 000 , 000 . 00 | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | 48 . 00 | 27-Mar-2025 | 48 . 00 | 27-Mar-2025 | 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | 12 PHC facilities having all < br > d f h MOH li f | Value | 48 . 00 | | | | | 54 . 00 | | rugs rom te st o | | | | | | | | | essential drugs ( Percentage ) < br > ( Percentage ) < br > Total Allocation : 15 , 631 , 000 . 00 | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | 48 . 00 | 05-Mar-2025 | 48 . 00 | 05-Mar-2025 | 10 , 631 , 000 . 00 | Page 13", "spans": [{"start": 529, "end": 537, "text": "MOH list", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the child feeding scheme , if any , are unlikely to be large . # * * 6 Conclusion * * This paper provides empirical evidence to support the notion that political participation and political views are responsive to targeted transfers . The issue is increasingly attracting the attention of policy makers and researchers particularly in a context where identifying policy instruments to balance the trade-offs of the direct and indirect effects of CCTs - including mobilizing people to participate in political processes as voters and electoral accountability - has become important . Using a unique Census dataset with individual level voter registration data , we show that beneficiaries of FA are around 2 . 5 percentage points more likely than comparable non-beneficiaries to vote . Increasing voter turnout is often considered a desirable outcome since it increases representation , a basic element that underpins a democracy . This argument is even stronger for countries like Colombia where voting is not compulsory and turnout rates are around 45 percent , lower than those observed in comparable democratic systems . < sup > 19 < / sup > The increase in intent-to-vote and actual turnout is explained by larger political participation among beneficiary women . In many democracies women are less likely to participate in the political sphere , either as voters or as candidates running for public office . Suffrage was extended to women in many countries during the last century , yet women have traditionally voted less than men . Explanations to understand the gender gap in voter turnout range from cultural norms to limited decision power within the household , personal security concerns , mobility constraints , and access to fewer and poorer sources of information to understand the benefits of voting . Although CCTs are not conceived to directly overcome these obstacles , analyses have found that they improve the status of women in the form of exerting larger control over family > 19Authors ’ calculation based on information from ` http : / / www . idea . int / vt / countryview . cfm ? CountryCode = CO ` . 20", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 615, "text": "Census dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 638, "end": 661, "text": "voter registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "41 - ANNEX 14 Page 4 trading activities and maintains the national sugar account . The national sugar account is a central fund into which all proceeds from the sale of sugar to wholesalers by KNTC are deposited , and from which all sugar payments for purchase , handling , and distribution from KNTC warehouses are made . 10 . The physical distribution of sugar to regional wholesale depots is the responsibility of the Kenya National Trading Corporation ( KNTC ) ; local distribution is in the hands of the private trade . Established in 1965 , KNTC is one of a number of commercial institutions which are wholly-owned by the Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation ( ICDC ) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . The distribution system through KNTC has advantages and disadvantages . The fact that KNTC is a speciLalized multi-commodity trading agency with an established infrastructure is definitely an advantage . On the negative side are such factors as the lack of \" active selling , \" KNTC ' s organizational distance from the sugar industry and occassionally poor and inefficient execution by KNTC and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of their assigned functions . The Ministry of Commerce and Industry is not properly equipped to carry out its functions as the nerve center of the system . Although the marketing system has functioned in the past , improvements , including , for example , storage , transport , market research and analysis and allocation procedures will be necessary as problems associated with marketing , and particularly with storage wiLl worsen rapidly with increased sugar production . These problems were identified in connection with the South Nyanza Sugar Project and the Government had agreed to submit a plan for improvement to the Bank by December 31 , 1978 . The financing and implementation of the plan would be discussed with the Bank subsequently . # # The Market for Sugar 11 . Sugar Consumption and Production . Consumption records in Kenya show a constant annual increase of about 10 % for the period 1955-74 . The sugar retail price increases in the most recent", "spans": [{"start": 1980, "end": 2008, "text": "Consumption records in Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1910 , end 1975 , brodoantot geea ulc e huad of pouain cldsolio . . . ed rosily PIisoig - Acocptors Annua ( thouands ) - Annual naber of r - = inyeicocuntrie . and Ia years ten registra . tion of ; _rotto_ ses Loi - coPtoc o . f birth-vontr-l d-vic - uce aupi-e of cation . . l fcsiiy effect ; data for recent years _sy_ not he - peproble cloe sozt cootries placco pbre . aollehed licenoig . te inyPaoo - Users ( percent of - srid caoen - Per-eatge of seied TV R - ters ( hccc thocdatsatc Vrcioofrhcdatt or cosec of oIild-beriog age ' ( 15-4Li - year ) sic us bicth-cot-ol d-vio-pbi c e huadppltin en . . . nlonodf rim iver inco-trie . toalacideseot ooorgop adin yearo che registrat ion ofTVLst a ieffect . - OwoaerCrcltice ( per thousa Vssato ) liw tieoeaeciclto FLOdiSItirinc Thli ' l ? ' l707 ductoc pr Caita 16 195-71-100 ) - Indso of per capito ofCi . dented priecily ' daily ' general to revodiog ister-et aepaper general , dfined coa . I aS a pLdia i onsidered puitotv cc hr ' doily \" scocalpro", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 315, "text": "data for recent years", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , when the same regression is performed in the health sector , different associations emerge . First , a significant correlation of accountability is found with respect to health provision and outcomes , whereby a 1-point increase in the accountability index , is correlated with an increase in the health provision index by 0 . 406 points and the health outcomes index by 0 . 167 points for the average country in the sample . In these specifications , the effect of accountability on health service provision is larger and more significant than on outcomes , since outcomes may take more time to materialize . Second , when controlling for the public management condition , accountability remains significant for health provision , suggesting that it is a driving factor in this relationship . Conversely , for health outcomes , the opposite is true : accountability loses its significance and public management shows a positive and significant effect ( 0 . 259 ) , suggesting that public management might be a more relevant driving factor than accountability for health outcomes . | | * * ( 1 ) * * < br > * * Health Provision * * | * * ( 2 ) * * < br > * * Health Outcomes * * | * * ( 3 ) * * < br > * * Health Provision * * | * * ( 4 ) * * < br > * * Health Outcomes * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Accountability * * | 0 . 406 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 167 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 423 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 0599 | | | ( 0 . 148 ) | ( 0 . 0668 ) | ( 0 . 174 ) | ( 0 . 0851 ) | | * * Public Mgmt . * * | | | - 0 . 0415 < br > ( 0 . 220 ) | 0 . 259 < sup > * < / sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "language instruction per academic week | 29 . 0 | | Source : World Bank ( 1996a ) Annex F | | What is somewhat puzzling is that class size reductions are even less effective than teacher salaries . However both of these results are consistent with recent estimates by Kingdon ( 1996 ) using sample survey data for students from 30 schools in urban Uttar Pradesh , who finds that if the cost effectiveness of teacher salary is normalized to 1 , the cost 18", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 309, "text": "sample survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "first , by using a \" poverty map \" to assign resources to small geographic areas , and then conducting an informal on-site assessment of the \" poverty \" of the community requesting a project . < sup > 5 < / sup > # 3 . The data set In 1997 , Peru was divided into 13 administrative regions , 24 departments , 194 provinces , and 1812 districts ( Webb and Femrndez Baca 1997 , p . 112 ) . Regions and departments are administrative arms of the central government , which appoints a governor for every region . Provincial and district-level mayors are chosen at municipal elections every three years . Data on FONCODES expenditures , socio-economic characteristics , and voting patterns is available at different levels of geographic aggregation . FONCODES itself keeps monthly records on the number of projects and aggregate amounts spent in each district . Three points are worth noting about these data . First , because expenditures are recorded in the month in which a project is _approved , _ there is a lag of about two weeks before _disbursement_ of the first installment of funds , and of several months before the second ( and final ) disbursement . Second , only expenditures on projects are included , and not administrative costs or expenses for general overhead . Third , district-level information on the distribution of expenditures is only available for the cornmunitybased projects . There is no information on the allocation formulas or the actual distribution of the special projects . The Peruvian National Statistical Institute ( INEI ) has estimated population size , the proportion rural , and a host of socio-economic indicators at the district level . Most of these indicators are based on a population and housing census conducted in 1993 . The one important exception is the rate of chronic malnutrition , which is based on a census of height and weight amongst schoolchildren also conducted in 1993 . The Jurado Nacional de Elecciones , the body which supervises elections in Peru , keeps records on electoral outcomes for elections held since 1990 . Some of these data have also been compiled and published ( Tuesta 1994 , Jurado Nacional de Elecciones ) . Results are generally available for all", "spans": [{"start": 1716, "end": 1745, "text": "population and housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1852, "end": 1902, "text": "census of height and weight amongst schoolchildren", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are roughly in line with 2014 levels in log terms and somewhat higher in level terms ( see Figure 25 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > However , unlike with agriculture , there is not a clearly discernible secular trend , with growth and even overall productivity levels fluctuating significantly on a year-to-year basis ( see Figure 26 ) . Figure 25 . Cumulative change in weighted average log labor productivity , 2014-2021 ( mining and quarrying ; constant 2010 prices ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 8 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Entry * Exit * Total < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database Figure 26 . Annual change in weighted average log labor productivity , 2014-2021 ( mining and quarrying ; constant 2010 prices ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 . 00 < br > 0 . 80 < br > 0 . 60 < br > 0 . 40 < br > 0 . 20 < br > 0 . 00 < br > - 0 . 20 < br > - 0 . 40 < br > - 0 . 60 < br > - 0 . 80 < br > - 1 . 00 < br > 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Structural transformation Entry * Exit * < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database Fluctuations in labor", "spans": [{"start": 897, "end": 909, "text": "CIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # * * Thresholds for Procurement Methods * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | C ≥ 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 1 | Works | 200 , 000 < C < < br > 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition National Market < br > Approach | | | | C ≤ 200 , 000 | RfQ | | | Goods , IT and < br > | C ≥ 2 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 2 | non - < br > consulting < br > services | 100 , 000 < C < < br > 2 , 000 , 000", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are robust after controlling for > 14 For details on methodology of OECD GID-DB see http : / / genderindex . org / sites / default / files / GID_variables . pdf . 15 The OECD GID database contains a total of 12 indicators . However , the other variables show little if any variation across countries and are therefore not considered . 16", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 79, "text": "OECD GID-DB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 2020 is the high base set in H2 2019 . * * Services and industry led the decline in valueadded in Q2 , but agricultural growth was positive . * * On average , value-added in services shrank by 6 . 6 percent in real terms , but it is important to note that some services grew even in Q2 : ICT was up 5 . 4 percent and financial > 14 All comparisons are year-on-year unless otherwise stated . services up 3 . 8 percent in real terms . Contrary to expectations , construction also continued to grow in Q2 : value added was up by 0 . 1 percent . Agricultural output grew by 2 . 2 percent . * * Both labor market participation and unemployment fell during the pandemic . * * According to Labor Force Survey data , in 2019 unemployment fell to an estimated 10 . 4 percent ( annual average , population age 15 and over ) and employment reached a record-high 49 percent . This improvement continued through H1 2020 . Pandemic-related lockdowns prevented numerous workers from finding jobs , leading them to leave the labor market ; as a result , in Q2 active labor market participation was lower than in 2019 by 183 , 000 , and of these , 132 , 000 had been previously employed informally . This brought unemployment rate down to a record low of 7 . 3 percent . But the real impact on the labor market may not be clear until the wage subsidy program expires in September . * * Although its fiscal consolidation efforts in recent years allowed Serbia to enter the COVID-19 crisis in a strong fiscal position , * * 76 | < sup > sERBIA < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 686, "end": 709, "text": "Labor Force Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) The implementation of the Productive Safety Net Project 4 during the second extension period focused primarily on finalization of outstanding high value procurement activities and pending contracts . Accordingly , out of the 80K of wheat procurement , 57K has been delivered , first phase of the MIS developm been finalized , Productive Safety Net Project ( PSNP4 ) end-line impact evaluation has been completed pending only delivery of final products and data co activities for the household registry have resumed in 8 clusters out of 12 . Government has officially requested the Bank for a third extension of the closing date of the project and the Bank Team is considering to further extend th date until June 30 , 2022 . # * * Risks * * # * * Systematic Operations Risk-rating Tool * * | Risk Category | Rating at Approval | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Political and Governance | - - | � High | � High | | Macroeconomic | - - | � Moderate | � Moderate | | Sector Strategies and Policies | - - | � Moderate | � Moderate | | Technical Design of Project or Program | - - | � Moderate | � Moderate | | Institutional Capacity for Implementation and < br > Sustainability | - - | � Moderate | � Moderate | | Fiduciary | - - | � Substantial | � Substantial | | Environment and Social | - - | � Substantial | � Substantial | | Stakeholders | - - | � Substantial | � Substantial | | Other | - - | - - | - - | | Overall | - - | � Substantial | � Substantial | | * * Results", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 622, "text": "household registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international or regional instruments protecting refugees but also its laws , policies , and practices are largely consistent with international refugee law , guaranteeing nonrefoulement and adequate protection for refugees and asylum seekers . Uganda is also implementing the CRRF in accordance with the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants that is guiding and framing all refugee-related activities . These combine with the aim to ensure that the refugee response provides support to both refugees and RHDs , putting them on a path to self-reliance and by bridging humanitarian and development ways of working . Uganda has reiterated its ongoing commitments to refugee protection in the context of COVID-19 in Uganda ’ s Strategy Note on Support to Refugees and RHDs . Since initial eligibility to WHR resources , Uganda has been implementing Refugee and Host Community Sector Response Plans for education ; health ; water and environment ; sustainable energy ; and jobs and livelihoods , with a draft being developed for private sector engagement . < sup > 33 < / sup > The World Bank has supported the implementation of these Plans with WHR resources in IDA18 and IDA19 . # * * II . PROJECT DESCRIPTION * * # # * * A . Project Development Objective * * 28 . The Project Development Objective ( PDO ) is to increase access to entrepreneurial services that enable female entrepreneurs to grow their enterprises in targeted locations , including in host and refugee districts . 29 . The proposed PDO-level indicators are : # # * * _Beneficiaries with access to services_ * * - Beneficiaries reached with non-financial entrepreneurial services ( number , disaggregated by gender and refugee status ) - Beneficiaries reached with financial services ( number , disaggregated by gender and refugee status ) > 32 Based on the Uganda Refugee Protection Assessment Update 3 – February 25 , 2022 . > 33 < mark > This includes : The Education Response Plan for Refugees and Host Communities in Uganda ( September 2018 ) , The Health Sector Integrated Refugee Response Plan 2019-2024 (", "spans": [{"start": 1832, "end": 1877, "text": "Uganda Refugee Protection Assessment Update 3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "price of the good they produce falls below a certain price ) the government will set a tariff to compensate producers for the welfare loss generated by the fall in their income . The existing literature , however , has not addressed the systemic effects of such unilateral policies . Unilateral pro-poor trade policies ( when applied by a \" large \" country or simultaneously applied by a sufficiently large number of \" small \" countries ) create a coordination problem . The game theory portrait below exemplifies the problem . When acting unilaterally each country will find it optimal to protect its own poor . But , in so doing , they end up in an inferior equilibrium . | Strategies < br > CountryA / CountryB | Protect | Don ’ t protect | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Protect | 1 , 1 | 3 , 0 | | Don ’ t protect | 0 , 3 | 2 , 2 | Unilateral \" pro-poor \" trade policies have created a world where the poor end up facing higher tariffs , thus depressing global demand for the goods the poor produce . If all countries protect their low-wage sector , even small countries will behave like a large country , thus depressing demand for the goods that the poor produce . Note that the existence of such coordination problem does not require that the poor are employed in the same sector in each country . It is sufficient that sectors ' wages show a high ranking correlation across countries - a hypothesis that data support ( section 5 . 5 provides evidence for the existence of this correlation ) . # * * 4 . Data and Methodology * * The Government of India ’ s National Sample Survey Office ( NSSO ) regularly conducts national household surveys on employment and consumption . For the present exercise , the data are taken from the 68 < sup > th < / sup > round conducted during the period from July 2011 to June 2012 , specifically survey data collected from the questionnaire referred to as \" Schedule 10 : Employment and Unemployment \" . The number of households surveyed was 101 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1620, "end": 1646, "text": "national household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "below - 60 percent as genuine , reflecting seasonality and the high degree of idiosyncratic variability facing microenterprise owners . As a result of the high variability and low autocorrelation in economic outcomes like firm profits , income , and expenditure among poor households , there is much to be potentially gained by taking multiple measures of these outcomes at relatively short intervals and averaging over them when estimating treatment effects . This is the approach used in de Mel et al . ( 2008 ) , who use a baseline and 8 quarterly follow-up waves of business profits and in Fafchamps et al . ( 2010 ) which uses two survey rounds before randomization and a further 4 quarterly follow-up surveys . < sup > 1 < / sup > However , this approach seems to be the exception rather than the rule . The premise of this paper is that many field experiments are making a suboptimal choice of how many rounds of surveys to collect , and that the default choice of a single baseline and single follow-up study is unlikely to be optimal in many cases . This paper aims to combine insights from the medical literature on repeated measurement , new analysis of the formulae underlying power calculations , and experience from these studies using multiple measures in economics to provide a practical guide for researchers designing experiments . While our discussion will be in terms of experiments , many of the same issues and therefore lessons also apply for design of non-experimental impact evaluation designs , such as matched difference-in-difference estimation . < sup > 2 < / sup > An additional contribution of the paper is to draw to the attention of empirical researchers in economics the large improvement in power that can arise when estimating treatment effects via an Analysis of Covariance ( ANCOVA ) estimation compared to using the more common difference-in-difference specification . The improvement in power is greatest when the autocorrelation is low – intuitively when the baseline data have little predictive power for future > 1 Bloom et al . ( 2010 ) provides an example of very large T , with 114 weekly observations on firm output , quality , and inventory levels . > 2 Gibson and McKenzie ( 2010", "spans": [{"start": 2000, "end": 2013, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 5 Historical , Cultural , Religious and Archaeological Resources * * Culture and cultural heritages are reflections of peoples ’ identity and object of their pride . The whole idea of culture , besides encompassing innumerable societal values , has tremendous economic value , both at national and regional levels . During the survey , a Cultural , historical , and natural heritage sites survey has been conducted along the proposed Arsi Robe SS and the associated 59 . 0km long 132kV TL corridor . The survey also focused on identifying both tangible and intangible cultural heritage sites . According to the survey result , there are no known sites of tangible and intangible , historical or archaeological significance along or in the vicinity of the area to be affected by the proposed transmission line Subproject . Page 84 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 360, "end": 417, "text": "Cultural , historical , and natural heritage sites survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Sustained export growth is a major economic goal for most developing and developed economies . The link between strong export performance and strong growth performance is obvious in the case of China in the last two decades , following on the evidence for other East Asian economies in earlier decades . Following a shift in the theoretical trade literature to models where firm heterogeneity plays a critical role in shaping trade flows such as those of Melitz ( 2003 ) or Bernard , Eaton , Jensen , and Kortum ( 2003 ) , a burgeoning empirical trade literature has explored the increased availability of very disaggregated exporter-level datasets from customs agencies and several stylized facts have been uncovered for multiple countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > For example , studies such as Eaton , Eslava , Kugler , and Tybout ( 2008 ) for Colombia and Amador and Opromolla ( 2013 ) for Portugal document a tremendous degree of churning in export markets , with a large proportion of exporters in a given year not having exported in the previous year . < sup > 2 < / sup > Understanding the micro-economic dynamics behind episodes of strong export growth can help to identify the types of policies that can promote export growth . In this paper we examine the microeconomics behind the dramatic export boom experienced by Turkey from 2002 to 2008 as well as the underlying forces for the strong contraction ensuing from the 2008-2009 global financial crisis and for the recovery thereafter . Turkish exports grew by 265 % between 2002 and 2008 , a very strong export performance compared to the average for peers in the same income group ( Brazil , China , Mexico , and South Africa ) whose exports grew by only 212 % . Interestingly , Turkey was much more negatively affected by the global financial crisis than its peers since its aggregate export growth between 2002 and 2011 was 279 % while that of peers at the same income level was 294 % . < sup > 3 < / sup > This was also a period when Turkey ’ s exports experienced a structural shift away from traditional textiles and clothing towards", "spans": [{"start": 638, "end": 697, "text": "disaggregated exporter-level datasets from customs agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * [ individually * * < sup > * * 4 * * < / sup > * * / jointly * * < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > * * ] * * to deliver the Applications and evidence in support thereof on the terms and conditions specified by the Bank . This Authorization also confirms that * * the Recipient * * is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Bank including by electronic means . The Bank shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC \" ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Bank that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Bank records with respect to the Agreement ( s ) referred to in the subject line of this Authorization . # # * * Signatory Details * * | * * Name * * | * * Position * * | * * Email ID * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * [ Signatory Name ] * * | * * [ Title ] * * | * * [ Email ] * * | # # * * Spedmen Signatures * * | SignatoryName | Signature1 | Signature 2 | Signature 3 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ User Name ] | | | | | [ User Name ] | | | | # # # Yours truly , > 4 Instruction to the Recipient : Use this bracket if any one of the authorized persons may sign ; if this is not applicable , please delete . _Please delete this footnote infinal letter", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1008, "text": "Bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNBS * * | KenyaNationalBureauofStatistics < br > AnnualReportsandFinancial State | mentsfortheYearendedJune * * 30 , * * 2020 < br > | | - - - | - - - | | * * Mr Zachary * * < sup > * * Mwangi , EBS * * < / sup > < br > * * DirectorGeneral * * | MrZacharyMwangihasover24years ' experienceinthe < br > publicservice . HeholdsaBachelorofArts ( FirstClass < br > Honors ) fromUniversityofNairobiandaMastersofArts < br > inEconomic PolicyManagement , MakerereUniversity , < br > Uganda . Hehasexpertiseinofficialstatistics , strategic < br > management , surveysandcensusesimplementation , < br > publicpolicyanalysis , budgeting , andproject < br > management , < sup > amongothers . < / sup > < br > Priortohiscurrent appointmentastheDirectorGeneral < br > oftheKenyaNationalBureauofStatistics * * ( KNBS ) , * * hewas < br > theDirectorofMacroeconomicStatistics , * * KNBS , * * from < br > * * 2008 * * to2012 . From * * 1991 * * to * * 2008 * * heworkedinthe < br > mainstreamcivilservicerisingtothepositionofChief < br > EconomistinthethenMinistryofPlanningandNational < br > Development . < br > He < br > has < br > coordinated < br > the < br > preparation < br > ofvarious < br > publicationsincluding , AnnualEconomicSurveyreports , < br > AnnualStatistical Abstractreports , Quarterly * * GDP * * < br > reports , Socio EconomicAtlas , various surveyreports , < br > PublicExpenditureReviewreports , Quarterly", "spans": [{"start": 1327, "end": 1346, "text": "Socio EconomicAtlas", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 7 * * | | * * 6 . 3 * * | | | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January - March 2025_ The census survey furthermore revealed that 141 residential houses and related structures owned by 119 households will be affected by tower pads and RoW . Of which , 96 of the affected structures are main residential houses , 24 kitchens , 1 toilet , 1grain store , 18 farmhouses and one structure serving as poultry house ( See table 7 . 5 ) . During the census survey , it is confirmed PAPs be able to rebuild the lost structures in the remaining land . Table 7 . 5 : Number of Housing and Related Structures Affected by RoW and TT by Type and Woreda | * * Type of Housing * * < br > * * Structure Affected * * | * * Adele * * < br > * * SC * * | * * Haromaya * * < br > * * SC * * | * * Kersa * * | * * Meta * * | * * All * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Main House | 18 | 0 | 18 | 60 | 96 | 68 . 1 | | Kitchen | 4 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 24 | 17 . 0 | | Toilet | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 7 | | Grain store / Gotera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 7 | | PoultryHouse | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 7 | | Farmhouse | 11 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 12 . 8 | | * * Total * * | * * 36 * * | * * 4 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 102, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 129, "end": 142, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 481, "end": 494, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | 2 . | Structures used for < br > secondary < br > purposes < br > e . g . < br > commercial / < br > business structures | Rightful owners of the < br > affected structures | Cash compensation for all structures at < br > replacement cost , based on professional < br > valuation . < br > Statutory Disturbance Allowance of < br > 15 % of compensation amount . < br > Housing designs and related three - < br > dimensional models will be presented to < br > PAHs before a final decision on self - < br > construction is made and construction < br > supervision will also be offered as an < br > alternative | Ownership < br > established < br > through final asset surveys . < br > Household level livelihood < br > restoration < br > plan < br > as < br > a < br > condition of compensation < br > payment . < br > Cash < br > compensation < br > to < br > owners < br > of < br > affected < br > structures that are either < br > complete or incomplete | 53 < br > Financial < br > training < br > for < br > the < br > sustainable and prudent use of cash < br > compensation < br > Business < br > skills < br > training < br > and < br > enlightenment < br > on < br > alternative < br > income generating activities . < br > Monitoring mechanism at main < br > stages of resettlement < br > Psycho-social support will be < br > provided in conjunction with the |", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 678, "text": "final asset surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a few traffic arteries , and air pollution from aggregate fuel consumption data , coupled with air pollutant emission factors for gasoline and diesel vehicles that may have been generated from small samples in other places . As a result , educated guesswork has often guided the placement of subway lines , road corridor improvements and other spatially-targeted interventions for reducing traffic and pollution . Recent developments in satellite monitoring offer a potential escape from this information trap . High-resolution imagery now permits frequently-updated observations of polluting aerosols and traffic in multiple zones within urban areas . Appropriately mobilized and interpreted , data from these new sources can elevate the state of the art in urban traffic / pollution research , policy analysis and implementation for developing countries . Satellite coverage is global , so the new approach can enable cities in all regions to benefit from the rigorous analyses that have traditionally been limited to well-endowed cities in developed countries . This paper is a pilot exercise for Dar es Salaam that incorporates spatially and temporally non-uniform distributions of vehicle traffic and air pollution into an investigation of impacts on vulnerable households . We highlight potential health damage in areas of Dar es Salaam with high poverty incidence and large numbers of vulnerable children and elderly adults . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 reviews prior research on the health impacts of NO2 pollution , the links between traffic and air pollution , and the socioeconomic dimensions of air pollution impact . In Section 3 , we introduce the new data sources for our analysis . Section 4 uses econometric modeling to investigate the spatial dynamics of NO2 pollution in the metro region , with a particular focus on critical weather factors that drive the locus 2", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 79, "text": "aggregate fuel consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * A Figures and Tables * * Figure A . 1 : Validation with SICONFI data : commitment phase , by function < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 20000 100000 < br > 15000 75000 < br > 10000 50000 < br > 5000 25000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PB PE < br > 15000 < br > 20000 < br > 10000 < br > 10000 < br > 5000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PR RS < br > 40000 < br > 20000 < br > 30000 < br > 20000 < br > 10000 < br > 10000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > SP % difference from SICONFI data < br > 100000 < br > 75000 < br > 50000 < br > 25000 < br > 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > % difference from SICONFI data < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage difference of commitment data from the budget execution dataset in relation to data on committed expenses from SICONFI , as described in Section 3 . 36", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 903, "text": "SICONFI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1104, "end": 1128, "text": "budget execution dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1144, "end": 1183, "text": "data on committed expenses from SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 1 ) . We translate these residuals to emissions using the EDGAR global database of gridded CO2 emissions estimated from local activity measures and standard emissions parameters ( Crippa et al . 2020 ) . The current EDGAR database terminates in 2018 , so we perform the conversion using data for 2015 – 2018 , the period of overlap with our OCO-2 database . > 18 For detailed assessments of net carbon emissions from land-use change , see Gasser et al . ( 2020 ) and Winkler et al . ( 2021 ) . 29", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 81, "text": "EDGAR global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 218, "end": 232, "text": "EDGAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 343, "end": 357, "text": "OCO-2 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appear to be moderate . The project road traverses through 3 Central Forest Reserves ( CFRs ) ; Lodonga CFR in Yumbe District and Eria and Lobajo CFRs in Moyo District . The 3 CFRs are modified habitats having been heavily degraded and converted into exotic tree species plantations ( mainly Eucalyptus camadulensis , Tectona grandis , Gmelina arborea , Pinus orcapa ) . The impact on the standing wood volume is negligent given the fact that the CFR road sections ( carriageway ) are devoid of standing trees . From the biodiversity impact assessment undertaken as part of the project ESIA , there are no plants and / or animals of conservation value in the listed CFRs . The current existing road alignment through the CFRs shall be maintained and therefore minimize the likely impact from the proposed upgrade works . # # * * ESS7 Indigenous Peoples / Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities * * There are no African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities as defined by ESS7 in the project area . The project will be implemented in Northwest Uganda ; a region not known to host any - Batwas have settlement in the southwest , and Benets and Iks in the Northeast . # # * * ESS8 Cultural Heritage * * A complete inventory of cultural heritage within the ROW was conducted as part of the ESIAs and the mitigation hierarchy has been applied on the management of the project ' s potential risks and impacts . Graves structures and other cultural heritage along the ROW , which may be affected and have to be relocated and have been included in the RAP . “ Chance Find Procedures ” will be included in the ESMP and chance find clause will be included in works contracts requiring contractors to stop construction if cultural heritage are encountered during construction and to notify and closely coordinate with relevant mandated country authority for the salvaging and restoration of such cultural heritage . Cultural heritage studies reveal the existence of cultural heritage along the alignment with", "spans": [{"start": 1255, "end": 1294, "text": "complete inventory of cultural heritage", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "76 . WHO . Health and Mortality Survey among Internally Displaced Persons : Gulu , Kitgum and Pader Districts , Northern Uganda , July 2005 . 77 . WHO / UNAIDS . Epidemiological Fact Sheet Uganda . http : / / www . who . int / GlobalAtlas / predefinedReports / EFS2004 / EFS_PDFs / EFS2 004_UG . pdf ; last accessed Sept 27 , 2005 , 2004 . 78 . Ciantia F . HIV Seroprevalence in Northern Uganda : The Complex Relationship Between AIDS and Conflict . Journal of Medicine & The Person Dec 2003 ; 2 ( 4 ) . 79 . Programme USAC . STD / HIV / AIDS Surveillance Report : Ministry of Health , June 2003 . 80 . World Vision . Pawns of Politics : Children , Conflict and Peace in Northern Uganda , 2004 . 81 . Muleme G . War boosts HIV / AIDS in Northern Uganda . - http : / / uniformservices . unaids . org / % 5Ccountry % 5CAfrica % 20and % 20the % 20 Middle % 20East % 5CUganda % 5CArticles % 5C2004-0927 % 20War % 20Boosts % 20HIV-AIDS % 20in % 20Northern % 20Uganda . txt ; last accessed Sept 29 , 2005 , Sept 27 , 2004 . 82 . Lowicki-Zucca M , Spiegel P , Ciantia F . AIDS , Conflict and the Media in Africa : Risks in Reporting Bad Data Badly . Pending publication in Emerging Themes and Epidemiology 2005 . 83 . Wilson P , Ruxin J , Teixeira P , Barcarolo J . Background Paper of the Task Force on Major Diseases and Access to Medicine , Subgroup on HIV / AIDS , April 18 , 2003 . 84 . Amnesty International . Democratic Republic of Congo : Mass Rape - Time for Remedies . http : / / web . amnesty . org / library / print", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 73, "text": "Health and Mortality Survey among Internally Displaced Persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10982 # * * Abstract * * The impacts of climate change on developing economies are becoming increasingly severe , creating challenges for risk management and requiring enhanced levels of resilience . This paper explores how to mitigate the effects of such climate shocks on developing economies , placing a particular focus on the role fiscal policy in creating and strengthening an economy ’ s resilience . Using data on natural disasters , the analysis shows that economies with constrained fiscal space experience more pronounced negative effects . In an application to a small open economy , the paper tests the presence of the non-linearity of short - and long-run disaster impacts in the World Bank ’ s macroeconomic and fiscal model and illustrates the importance of fiscal policy in mitigating shocks . This paper is a product of the Economic Policy Global Department . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at arezai @ wu . ac . at ; fruch @ worldbank . org ; rchoudhary @ worldbank . org ; and jfrancois1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 469, "text": "data on natural disasters", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impact Kebele . This will create positive relationship between the local community members and the Subproject . _Cut-Off Date : _ This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . In this regard , the study team officially informed the consulted local official that the asset inventory was completed on December 21 , 2024 , and therefore , this date is the cutoff date for all Subproject components ( i . e . for TL tower pad , RoW , access road and the new Woliso substation ) . Page 96 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 294, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 387, "end": 402, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international remittances identified in the data are a strict subset of households with international migrants , therefore constituting a smaller number of observations . Subsequently , a discussion of robustness of the base results follows . The main results are > 8 Other proxies for community characteristics that have been controlled for in checking for robustness in the estimations are village home ownership rate , access to clean water , existence of a bank in the village , existence of a slum area in the village , and electricity coverage . 9 The full set of remittance results , though not all presented , is available from the authors upon request . 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ * * _Health Status : _ * * In terms of physical and mental well-being ( health ) , 81 . 9 % of HHHs and 94 . 6 % of the household members reported to be healthy at the time of the census survey , while elderly people constituted 13 . 5 % and 3 . 9 % of HH heads and HH population respectively . * * _Access to Energy : _ * * 52 . 8 % of the sampled households indicated electricity is the primary energy source of lighting for their households , followed by solar lantern . Like many other rural places in the country , firewood is the primary source of energy for cooking for almost all the households surveyed . # # # # # * * 0 . 5 Impact of the Project * * The construction of the proposed Jima II – Limu Genet 132 kV Power TL & SS Subproject will affect a total of 613 households reside in four project impact Woredas and two town administration . Of a total 613 PAHs affected by the proposed project , 596 HHs are affected by tower pad and ROW and 16 HHs by the construction of the new Limu Genet substation , while one PAH will be affected by both the construction of the new substation and access road to the substation site . * * _Number of Households and Population Affected by the TL & Substations : _ * * Table 0 . 2 : Summary of Subproject Affected Households by Woreda Administrations | * * Woreda * * < br > * * / Town * * | * * No of * * < br > * * Affected * * < br > * * Kebeles * * | * * Num * * < br > * * TR & * * < br > * * RoW * *", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 347, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # * * Thresholds for Procurement Methods * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | C ≥ 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 1 | Works | 200 , 000 < C < < br > 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition National Market < br > Approach | | | | C ≤ 200 , 000 | RfQ | | | Goods , IT and < br > | C ≥ 2 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 2 | non - < br > consulting < br > services | 100 , 000 < C < < br > 2 , 000 , 000", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 1 INTRODUCTION * * The purpose of the Mwache Dam Resettlement Action Plan is to identify and outline the resettlement needs and related impacts of the dam project , take actions required to acquire land , relocate affected people and make provisions for livelihood restoration and grievance redress . The proposed project components related to construction of the dam requires compulsory acquisition of land and therefore leads to economic and physical displacement of persons who are within the proposed project area and therefore triggers the need for a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) in accordance with OP . 4 . 12 . The RAP has been reviewed and updated and stems from the original RAP prepared in 2014 which was approved and disclosed by GOK and World Bank at that time . The reasons for reviewing and updating the RAP include : - 1 . Delay in implementation of the RAP prepared and disclosed in 2014 which renders the census , socio-economic data , asset inventory and valuation data , cut-off date etc . outdated and not reflective of the current situation on the ground in view of the fact that the time lapsed implies a possible change in number of PAHs and changes in value of assets , socio-economic status , number of structures and change of land ownership through ‘ willing buyer willing seller ’ purchase or inter family transfer etc . 2 . In order to optimize the dam operations , a design review was undertaken in 2016-2017 which triggered changes in the original dam design including among others : - - Increase in dam height from 78m to 84m hence increasing the reservoir / flooded area and displacement footprint . - Addition of other project components requiring land acquisition including silt pile area ( for depositing of silt ) that will be periodically removed from lower check dam ; inclusion of access roads ; inclusion of a health center and police station at the dam operation area that will require additional land . The dam operation area will in future accommodate the AFD financed water treatment plant . 1", "spans": [{"start": 951, "end": 970, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 1007, "text": "asset inventory and valuation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mencionan o recuerdan los costos y los tiempos ( tasas , legalizaciones , apostillados ) ; instituciones / organizaciones que mencionan : migraciones , consulados , asociaciones , policía , registro nacional de las personas , etc . # # # # * * B . Si NO INICIO TRÁMITE ( caso d ) preguntar : * * - Por qué no inició el trámite [ demora con los turnos , no tiene plata , no consigue los papeles , etc . ] . Interesa el relato espontáneo . - Dónde obtuvo información acerca de los requisitos para regularizar . - Si la falta de regularización le genera obstáculos o problemas en la práctica : cuáles , y en qué circunstancias [ acá interesa el detalle , y los textuales ] : - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � tales , salitas , medicación , tratamiento ) y educación especialmente nnya ) : ¿ cómo fue la respuesta de la institución ante la falta de documentación argentina ? 148 149", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Tables 1 and 2 , column 3 ) . This indicates mild over ‐ sizing , arising from autocorrelation in the error terms generated by the moving average transformation . Overall , three conclusions emerge . First , on model choice , the stochastic trend model is slightly preferred . It is more reliable in its statistical inference . It is also more parsimonious in its data use , which the analysis above has abstracted from . < sup > 14 < / sup > Second , on the matter of whether there is > 14 It remains that the MAD procedure uses up twelve monthly observations in estimating the trend . The estimates reported in Table 2 relay on 5 , 10 , 20 and 40 years of detrended data equivalent to 6 , 11 , 21 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Sep 80 | < br > 676 F < br > < br > 8320 J | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) < br > UNPVSR 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) < br > Based on INED 10 / 87 | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( pretim . ) < br > Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | Switzerland | Dec 80 | < br > 6366 J | Bank projection < br > from official < br > 1984 est . , UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 | < br > Based on INED 10 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR 4 / 87 | | Syrian < br > Arab Rep | . Sep 81 | < br > 9053 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | Taiwan , China | Dec 80 | 17969F | Bank projection < br > from census | Based on USBOC 1985 | Based on USBOC 1985 | | Tanzania | Aug 78 | 17513 F | Bank projection from census | Bank est . | Bank est . |", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 213, "text": "INED 10 / 87", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "317 | | KfW | 1 , 088 | 900 | - 0 - | 53 | | Group Farms Rehabilitation | 56 , 932 | 3 , 580 | 42 , 080 | 131 | | USAID Crop | 2 , 134 | - 0 - | 200 | 87 | | Sub-Total | 550 , 738 | 95 , 800 | 181 , 340 | | | TOTAL | 719 , 654 | 135 , 720 | . 240 , 520 | 100 , 603 | 1 / Figures in current terms . AFC audited Statements , 1979 / 80 March 30 , 1981", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 320, "text": "AFC audited Statements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "trade for thousands of years , < sup > 3 < / sup > but emigration on such a large scale is a relatively recent phenomenon . The first Kerala Migration Survey reported that nearly 1 . 4 million migrants from Kerala were in GCC countries in 1998 and that their annual remittances exceeded Rs . 130 million . This increased sharply to 2 . 4 million migrants by 2013 , with annual remittances increasing to Rs . 710 > 2 < u > https : / / www . arabianbusiness . com / banking-finance / 400036-wkd-uae-saudi-arabia-set-for-near-40bn-talent-shortage-timebomb http : / / saudigazette . com . sa / article / 535108 < / u > > 3 Kerala may have been engaged in trading activities as early as 3000 BC with Sumerians and Babylonians ( Menon 2007 ) . Phoenicians , Greeks , Egyptians , Romans , Jews , Arabs , and Chinese were attracted by a variety of commodities , especially spices and fabrics . Initially foreigners migrated to Kerala . Jews and trading communities from the Middle East settled in Kerala at the end of the first century . During the 15th century the Chinese had used Kerala as a trading base with the Middle East and East Africa . European arrival started with the Portuguese when Vasco da Gama arrived in Calicut in 1498 followed by the Dutch and the British . The British arrived in the 17th and 18th centuries with the East India Company . 3", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 157, "text": "Kerala Migration Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ancy Service for Map < br > ping and Preparation of Natio < br > nal Geodatabase for Slums / I < br > nformal settlements < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum upgrading | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | | 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > C | ancel | ed < br > 2021-02-10 < br > 2021-03-03 | 2021-04-16 | | 2021-05-14 | | 2021-06-13 | 20 | 21-07-18 | | 2021-08-22 < br > 2022-08-22 | | | KE-MOTI-214043-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Service for Capa < br > city Assessment and Implem < br > entation Plan for Counties an < br > d KISIP for Slum Upgrading . < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum upgrading | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - Internation < br > l | a | 300 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > U < br > a | nder I < br > tion | mplement < br > 2021-02-14 < br > 2021-07-13 < br > 2021-03-07 | 2021-04-20 | | 2021-05-18 | | 2021-06-17 | 20 | 21-07-22 | | 2021-08-26 < br > 2022-08-26 | | Page 1", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 90, "text": "nal Geodatabase for Slums", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * COVID-19 containment and economic support policies . * * Policies that aim to restrict community mobility to stem the spread of COVID-19 have also impeded economic activity and revenue mobilization which puts pressure on public , private , and financial balance sheets . Many countries have adopted fiscal stimulus measures to stimulate the economy . Some of these measures directly support the financial sector through guarantees and may therefore necessitate or complement a financial sector policy response . The data are taken from the Oxford Government Policy Response Tracker ( see Appendix A for more detail ) . * * Economic development . * * The level of economic development can be interpreted as a broad proxy of available economic resources and buffers to respond to COVID-19 , as well as differences in economic structure , financial development , and institutional frameworks . We expect countries with higher economic development to be more active in their policy response as highlighted by Benmelech and Tzur-Ilan ( 2020 ) . The notable exception could be the policy response on the _Payments Systems_ category . As more developed economies have more developed payment systems , < sup > 13 < / sup > additional policy measures in this category could be less needed . Therefore , the observed correlation between economic development and policy response might be negative . We use GDP per capita ( expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) as per the end of the year 2019 as a measure of economic development . The data are taken from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators . * * Macro-financial fundamentals . * * On the one hand , the current account , fiscal deficits , and high levels of public and private debt may limit the capacity to mount an effective policy response . On the other hand , external and debt sustainability vulnerabilities as well as crowding out effects could amplify the economic shock of the COVID-19 prompting authorities to respond faster and at a larger scale . We use four indicators : the 2019 current account balance from the IMF World Economic Outlook ( April 2020 ) ; the 2019 general government net lending ( borrowing ) taken from the IMF World", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 585, "text": "Oxford Government Policy Response Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1618, "end": 1646, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2133, "end": 2159, "text": "IMF World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic activity which is assumed to have remained outside the tax net . These studies have arrived at a wide range of tax-loss estimates , from 0 . 7 to 3 . 8 percent of GDP per annum ( see Tatariyanto , 2014 ; Mulyawan , 2017 ; Nizar and Purnomo , 2011 ; Ramadhan , 2019 ; Indupurnahayu and Walujadi , 2019 ) . The revenue authority in Indonesia , the Directorate General of Taxation ( DGT ) , has > 6Based on a joint World Bank and Directorate General of Taxation exercise conducted in 2017 . It analyzed a sample of business tax returns , comparing income tax estimated by taxpayers with that estimated by tax auditors . 6", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 541, "text": "sample of business tax returns", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", are facing acute shortages of shelter and services , and the vast majority of the towns ' inhabitants are severely impoverished . These towns are also straining to keep up with demands placed on them as vital facilitators in the exchange of agricultural goods and services . In addition , in the urban areas unemployment , especially among youth and school leavers , is reaching alarming proportions . Unemployment rates of 12Z for men and 31Z for women were registered in 1978 and are estimated to be even greater today . Further evidence and household studies show increasing numbers and relative proportions of women-headed households ( over 502 in key urban areas ) that are migrating from rural to urban areas , and they characteristically have very low monetary incomes . It is estimated that 70Z of new jobs in the urban areas will need to be developed in the informal , micro-scale enterprise sector . 3 . Rationale for IDA Involvement . In the absence of agreement on a macroeconomic adjustment program at this time , IDA will continue to provide a modest core program of lending to address Ethiopia ' s deep poverty , manifest food insecurity , environmental fragility and low level of human resource development . Through this Project , IDA is helping to alleviate urban poverty and environmental / health constraints and to promote opportunities for women . IDA ' s involvement is regarded as important in supporting the development of appropriate urban policies and investment programs under the present condition of severe resource constraints and in", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 563, "text": "household studies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "etc . ) , community forests , trees providing tree crops and shade trees , and community buildings that are located within the RoW will be demolished or moved . This resettlement operation will be very sensitive due to high density in some areas . With proper resettlement procedures , appropriate and cost-effective compensation measures , the impact of the Project on these households will be minimized but still potentially significant . Sufficient time and care to assist communities and households is crucial to minimize the impact on these resettlements . It should , however , be noted that the definitive number of households likely to be displaced will be established during the final property and asset inventories to be identified when the RP is prepared . In general , however , the TL avoids villages , where the concentration of buildings is demarcated . 287", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 724, "text": "property and asset inventories", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 10 % 6 . 1 % 0 Russia < br > 4 . 9 % < br > Japan < br > 0 % < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ‘ s calculations based on WITS database . One can see another dimension to the trend by focusing on particular geographic trade corridors . For example , if one focuses on the Pacific coast of Latin America , one can see that the ― Pacific Rim ‖ has changed its pattern of trade as well over the last two decades . It is too early to tell on the basis of the last decade , but there may well be a new ― emerging Pacific Rim ‖ characterized by rapidly increasing trade relations between developing countries on both sides of the Pacific Ocean . While it is true that regional trade agreements ( NAFTA , CAFTA ) have strengthened North-South trade with the United States in Mexico and Central America , in South America , China has become a major destination for Pacific Coast economies . Two illustrative examples are Chile and Peru . In the case of Chile , note how China has rapidly overtaken Japan ‘ s role as the major Asian export destination over the last decade ( Figure 11 ( a ) ) . Nearly a quarter of Chile ‘ s merchandise exports go to China . This is all the more remarkable since , at the start of the 1990s , this figure was nearly zero , and it remained below 5 percent until the start of the 18", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 283, "text": "WITS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Ura , K . , Alkire , S . , Zangmo , T , and Wangdi , K . ( 2015 ) . _Preliminary Analysis of the Gross National Happiness Index 2015_ . Thimphu : Centre of Bhutan Studies . Vasquez , E . ( 2016 ) . ‘ Social policy and programs focused on children in Peru ( 20102014 ) : An evaluation based on the Multidimensional Poverty Index ’ , _Sociology and Anthropology_ , 4 ( 10 ) , pp . 887-909 . - Vijaya , R . M . , Lahoti , R . , and Swaminathan , H . ( 2014 ) . ‘ Moving from the household to the individual : Multidimensional poverty analysis . ’ _World Development_ , 59 : 7081 . Youseff , N . and Hetler , C . ( 1983 ) . ‘ Establishing the economic condition of womanheaded households in the Third World : A new approach , ’ in Buvinic , Lycette , and McGreevey ( eds . ) , pp . 216-243 . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and services and services < br > Employment Total labor income Low-skilled Medium-skilled High-skilled < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE and TiVA data , covering 48 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Note : Export-employment ( export-income , resp . ) elasticities at the country-sector level have been estimated using employment ( in natural logs ) as dependent variable and the instrumented trade variables ( in levels and natural logs ) as independent variable . For more information on the instruments , see Appendix 1 . The panel data regressions control for country-sector , country-time , and sector-time fixed effects . Only results significant at the 10 % level and above the critical value for the Kleibergen-Paap test statistic are reported . GVC taxonomy group by World Bank ( 2020 ) . Skills ( right panel ) are determined by ILO statistics depending on their skill levels with high-skilled referring to levels 3 and 4 , mediumskilled to level 2 and low-skilled to level 1 . See https : / / ilostat . ilo . org / resources / concepts-and-definitions / classification-occupation / . Several explanations can be offered for the skewed inverted U-shape of elasticities along the GVC taxonomy groups . Once countries upgrade from exporting mainly commodities ( notably agricultural staples ) to participation in limited manufacturing GVCs , this boosts export-induced demand for jobs in the manufacturing sector , as workers move out of informal ( subsistence farming ) into low-wage manufacturing jobs in apparel , electronics and other labor-intensive sectors . Higher exports of countries specializing in advanced manufacturing and services GVCs are linked to the highest employment growth within sectors due to additional demand for jobs alongside low-tech manufacturing jobs , especially in medium-tech manufacturing but also business services ( such as trading and transport ) . Countries specializing in innovative GVC tasks , however , see their elasticities decline . Possible factors for the lower potential of exports to create jobs in these countries include the higher capital intensity of high-tech manufacturing production sectors , increased automation of routine tasks replacing certain types of workers , and offshoring of low-skill intensive tasks to", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 201, "text": "OECD TiE and TiVA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "land transfers in response to changed circumstances or competitiveness ( Deininger and Byerlee 2011 ) , key aspects of the legal and institutional framework such as the cost of registering transfers and roles of notaries need to be addressed as well ( AGREX 2011 ) . While Eastern Europe ‟ s experience provides institutional lessons , it gives little guidance on the productivity effects of land fragmentation , an issue that has been explored in great detail in China , a country where the number of plots is well above the levels commonly encountered in Eastern Europe . Most studies use stochastic frontier production functions with the number of plots as a proxy for fragmentation . Results are ambiguous , though : some find a negative impact ( Wan and Cheng 2001 ) , others a relationship that is insignificant ( Tan _et al . _ 2008 , Wu _et al . _ 2005 ) , or that follows an inverted U-shape ( Chen _et al . _ 2009 ) . One reason may be that existing arrangements to transfer land at the local level , through market and non-market mechanisms , appear relatively effective in reducing fragmentation over time : the number of plots per household decreased in all of the country ‟ s regions , from a national average of almost 9 in 1986 to 6 in 1999 ( Tan _et al . _ 2006 ) . This suggests that , despite a large number of plots , the operation of land markets implies that land fragmentation in China does not pose critical constraints for productivity . To see whether fragmentation , proxied by the number of plots , affects agricultural production efficiency , we use LSMS data to estimate stochastic frontier production functions for crop , livestock , and total output . In line with the literature ( Coelli 1998 ) , let production follow a Cobb-Douglas functional form where , _i_ indexes households , ln ( _y_ i ) is the value of output in logs , _xi_ a vector of conventional inputs , β a vector of parameters to be estimated , νi is a two-sided white noise error term assumed to be normally distributed with mean 0 and variance σν2 and _u_ i a one-sided non-negative error term", "spans": [{"start": 1579, "end": 1588, "text": "LSMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Albania ( 2015 ) < br > | | Guatemala ( 2014 ) < br > | | Paraguay ( 2014 ) | | Serbia ( 2016 ) | | Indonesia ( 2017 ) | | Spain ( 2017 ) < br > | | United States ( 2016 ) < br > | | < br > Panama ( 2016 ) < br > | | Mauritius ( 2017 ) < br > Croatia ( 2018 ) | | Romania ( 2016 ) | | 0 < br > 5 < br > 10 < br > 15 < br > 20 < br > 25 | _Notes_ : Original estimates based on data from CEQ Institute , CEQ Data Center on Fiscal Redistribution , https : / / commitmentoequity . org / datacenter ; OECD data ; World Bank data . Countries are grouped according to World Bank Income classification system starting with Low < u > Income Countries ( LIC ) , Lower Middle Income Countries ( LMIC ) , Upper Middle Income Countries ( UMIC ) and High Income Countries ( HIC ) < / u > 20", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 505, "text": "OECD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 508, "end": 523, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and proxy activities across the agricultural production cycle . Thus , the main advantage that our survey design randomization offers is its ability to causally estimate survey design unbiased impacts of self / proxy reporting on child labor statistics and to assess potential drivers when these gaps emerge . Moreover , unlike some surveys that aim to capture two responses i . e . , self - and proxy response for each child , the randomization of the survey instrument avoids potential strategic behavior where the last respondent ( e . g . , the child ) tries to be consistent with earlier responses given by the proxy . Likewise , our controlled survey design instrument minimizes the self-selection of proxy respondents , a potential source of bias in standard survey designs . The broader measurement error literature highlights the role of the salience of individuals and work activities , recall decay bias , and cognitive burdens of reporting when explaining recall bias relative to a known benchmark ( e . g . , Bound et al . 2001 ) . Likewise , sources of measurement error in survey designs include question selection , sequencing and wording , and the data collection method . The use of a short module compared to detailed probing questions , for instance , has a statistically significant effect on child labor measurement ( Dillon et al . 2012 ) . Bias in statistics from surveys is also related to the representativeness of the sample due to non-interview rates and non-response rates . In this regard , the small literature on self / proxy reporting on labor statistics shows that self-respondents yield higher non-interview rates , while proxies yield higher item nonresponse rates ( Biggs 1992 ) . Regular and predictable activities are easier to monitor and therefore recalling or counting the occurrence of events that are salient and regular is less costly for respondents . Thus , if farm labor performed by children is variable and irregular , proxy respondents are more likely to focus on information that is less prominent and perceptible , resulting in larger discrepancies of child labor reports . In the absence of recall-and-count information strategies , proxy respondents would 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 34 . * * Climate context : * * Ethiopia is the 32 < sup > nd < / sup > most climate-vulnerable nation in the world according to the 2022 Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index . The country is at high risk of natural disasters such as floods and drought , the latter being the most devastating climate-related hazard in the country . < sup > 10 < / sup > Climate projections show an increase in the frequency of heat waves , floods , droughts and rising temperatures , and intensification of natural disasters . These hazards can significantly affect the education sector : severe floods can damage buildings , preventing children from going to school ; extended exposure to extreme heat can result in heat-related diseases , leading to missed school days and worse academic achievement , especially for young children and children with disability and special needs ; high temperatures impair cognitive function and endurance ; < sup > 11 < / sup > lack of rainfall may force children to spend more time on domestic labor and less in school , as households are under pressure to generate income . < sup > 12 < / sup > To avoid or reduce these damages across Ethiopia , the parent operation incorporates several measures to increase climate-resilience , attracting 100 percent climate co-benefits on the IDA financing , with all six DLIs containing activities related to climate change mitigation and adaptation . Using the same adaptation and mitigation measures utilized under the parent operation , the AF climate financing is shown in Annex 3 . A results framework indicator tracks the number of teachers and students benefiting from climate smart school infrastructure and training / curricula with climate awareness incorporated , which will continue to be tracked for relevant AF-supported activities , with the end target increased accordingly . 35 . * * Paris Alignment * * . The parent operation and AF are aligned with the goals of the Paris Agreement on", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 274, "text": "2022 Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) | Sidewalks | 25 | * * High * * as most material locally produced | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Masonry Wall | 40 | * * High * * as most material locally produced | | Routine | 60 | * * High * * as most equipment / material locally | | Maintenance | | available | | Planting < br > trees / vegetation | 75 | * * High * * as most material locally produced | 7 . Targeted roads will be selected from a long priority list that will be finalized following the ongoing road condition visual survey . Candidate road subprojects will be screened , and subjected to environmental , social and economic analysis on the basis of procedures established under the project . The project will be part of a nationwide program , parallel financed by other donors with the Bank being the major donor , and the targeted roads may be located in any part of the Lebanese national road network . 8 . This component will also finance the piloting of an innovative type of multi ‐ year routine maintenance contracts ( two to three years per contract ) to be undertaken by small local contractors on a select number of the newly rehabilitated road sections , estimated at a total of about * * US $ 15 million , * * and is designed to help the Lebanese government remedy the current weaknesses in the management of road maintenance and to increase the durability and efficiency of road investments . Component 1 of the project will also include * * US $ 12 million * * as price contingencies . 9 . Component 1 will also finance consultancy services for the design and construction supervision of road subprojects . The estimated cost of these services , which will be provided primarily by local consultants is estimated at * * US $ 8 million * * . Under the project , an important job creation potential is also created for national engineers and local engineering firms who will find", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 556, "text": "road condition visual survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "under the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry , formed a regional focal unit in Hpa An . This unit primarily oversees the environmental management and resource conservation of regions , promoting environmental awareness among the public . Despite the existence of this unit , in reality there is no organized structure for environmental governance and management at the Hpa An township level . Sectoral departments take individual responsibility for managing environmental issues pertaining to their activities . For example , the forest department will typically monitor the status of deforestation and loss of wildlife , but the township development committee handles solid waste management . The only environmental impact assessment in Hpa An was completed in 2017 < sup > 4 < / sup > by the Myanmar Environment Institute . # # Myanmar and Hpa An disaster risk context According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2016 , < sup > 5 < / sup > Myanmar was the second most disaster-prone country in the world from 1995 to 2014 . Furthermore , Myanmar has been identified as one of the > 4 Myanmar Environment Institute ( 2017 ) Hpa-An Township Environmental Assessment < u > https : / / themimu . info / sites / themimu . info / files / documents / Hpa_An_Township_Environment_Assessment_R eport_Nov2017 . pdf < / u > > 5 Sönke Kreft , David Eckstein , Lukas Dorsch & Livia Fischer ( 2016 ) “ Global Climate Risk Index 2016 . ” German Watch . Available from : https : / / germanwatch . org / en / 11366 11", "spans": [{"start": 905, "end": 935, "text": "Global Climate Risk Index 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 # Vital Events Registration * * Agency * * StrentheninE Primary HEalth Care < sup > Services < / sup > Designated Account Activity Statement | Forthequarter < br > in * * USD * * | ended | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Linedescription | * * IDA * * | TF | Total | | Openingbalanceasatthe quarterendli | | | | | Advanceduringthequarter | | | | | refundtodonorsfrom * * DA * * duringthequarter | | | | | Less : Transfersoutofthe * * DA * * tothelocal < br > currencyaccountduring the quarter | | | | | * * DA * * closingbalanceasatthequarterendcarried < br > forwardtothe nextperiod | | | | | Bankbalanceperbankstatement | | | | | Difference | | | | * * / l - * * enter the amount shown in the previous IFR", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * KENYA COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT ( P173820 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | Percentage of beneficiaries < br > reporting community < br > engagement and outreach < br > meet their needs < br > ( Percentage ) < br > * * Availability of safe blood and * * | Comments on < br > achieving targ < br > * * blood products * * | < br > ets | Target surpa | ssed | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Basel < br > Value | ine < br > Month / Year | Actual ( < br > Value | Previous ) < br > Date | Actual ( < br > Value | Current ) < br > Date | Closin < br > Value | gPeriod < br > Month / Year | | Percentage of designated | 0 . 00 | Apr / 2020 | 100 | 31-Mar-2025 | 100 | 31-Mar-2025 | 80 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | blood transfusion centers < br > ( regional and satellite < br > centers ) with TTI diagnostic < br > equipment and reagents < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Target surpa | ssed | | | | | | Percentage of KNBTS satellite | 0 . 00 | Apr / 2020 | 100 | 31-Mar-2025 | 100 | 31-Mar-2025 | 80 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | < br > centers linked to and using < br > blood service information < br > system ( Percentage ) < br > * * Project implementation and m * * | Comments on < br > achieving tar", "spans": [{"start": 1210, "end": 1235, "text": "blood service information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure C2 : Impacts on Individual Components of Operational Productivity and Commercial Practices Indices < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Operational Productivity Practices < br > Developed improvement programs of KPIs < br > Measured KPIs on operations < br > Operationalized preventive measures < br > Standardized work sequence < br > Developed continuous improvement methods < br > Developed 5S Methods < br > Used VSM for production processes < br > Identified and managed bottlenecks < br > Evaluated plant lead according to goals < br > Communicated Strategic Goals < br > - . 2 - . 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 < br > ITT Treatment Impact < br > Commercial Practices < br > Measured KPIs for Commercial < br > Created incentive schemes for salesmen < br > Sales training courses < br > Defined role of salesmen < br > Advertising and brand improvements < br > Feedback meetings with customers < br > Uses a CRM system < br > Market research on distribution < br > Market research on customers < br > Market segmentation < br > Marketing and sales plan < br > - . 2 - . 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 < br > ITT Treatment Impact < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes * * : Estimated ITT treatment impacts along with 95 percent confidence intervals are shown . fair . In technical terms , we want to know your beliefs about the intention-to-treat effect ( ITT ) . This is the effect of BEING OFFERED the full program , regardless of whether or not a firm takes up the program . It is simply the DIFFERENCE IN MEAN OUTCOMES for the 100 firms that get the full intervention compared to the 100 firms that just get the diagnostic and trade fair . For example , suppose we look at the percentage growth in exports . We might imagine the 100 firms in the full intervention group can be broken down into : - 10 firms that decide not to pay for the program , and see no benefit : 0 % export growth", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In line with worldwide AD activities , the chemical and iron-steel industries dominate the filings in terms of the number of cases . < sup > 5 < / sup > The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . The second section describes the data , the third section presents the empirical methodology and results , and the fourth section concludes . # * * _ < < A > > DATA_ * * We employed detailed export data from the Brazilian customs office , SECEX _ ( Secretaria de Comércio Exterior_ ) , which gathers export reports using product codes at the plant , month , and NCM ( _Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul_ ) levels . The NCM codes are eight-digit numbers , the first six digits of which coincide with the first six digits in the HS . The destination information is transformed from the Brazilian country codes into the international ISO system . The product codes at the six-digit level in the Brazilian data , for which no corresponding HS entries exist , were removed from the data . All export values in the SECEX data are reported in current U . S . dollars ( USD ) , free on board ( fob ) . We used observations on exporting plants , declared export values , export destinations and export quantities , and we aggregated monthly plant-level export information to years and firms . We focused solely on manufactured products . The main variable of interest in our analysis is the unit price of the exported good _p_ , shipped by firm _f_ to destination _d , _ which is modeled as follows : ufpd = < sup > Export valuefpd < / sup > . Quantityfpd 6", "spans": [{"start": 1012, "end": 1022, "text": "SECEX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * # # # * * 2 . 1 Methodology * * The analysis reported here is based on a two part approach : 1 ) * * Sector Program Approach . * * The AEP SAR used a sector program approach to assess the minimum required incremental output in terms of growth in agricultural GDP for the proj ect to generate an IRR of 15 per cent . This rate of return is treated as the break-even rate . Based on the AEP survey findings and those in related studies on the level of farmer contact and farmer adoption of technologies , the GDP productivity increase and the increased returns required per farm household is estimated to achieve an IRR of 15 per cent . Sensitivity analysis is used to assess the impact of changes in the key variables ( extent of farmer contact and level of farmer adoption ) on the required productivity increase and resulting incremental farm household return to maintain the IRR at this level . 2 ) * * Farm Household and Enterprise Level Productivity . * * The feasibility of achieving the incremental production and increased farm household returns is assessed using indicative 35", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 399, "text": "AEP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We further expand our database with recent rounds of PASEC ( 2014 ) , SACMEQ ( 2013 ) as well as PIRLS ( 2016 ) . The size of our database has a few ramifications . Since the methodology we use to link assessments hinges on overlap in countries which take both an RSAT and an ISAT , the larger the database , the more overlap , and thus all scores are more robust . In addition , we include the largest number of developing countries to date . These countries have the most potential to benefit from educational progress . Thus , a more expansive database enables the inclusion of developing countries as well as enhances the robustness of the methodology used to include them , making each update significant . In addition to the size of the database , this is the most current database with data as recent as 2017 . Given a series of recent global initiatives which focus on education quality highlighted in the 2018 World Development Report , there is significant demand for current , credible and globally comparable measures of learning . This database provides the largest , most comparable , current learning data . Moreover , in this paper we provide a foundation for systematic and continual updates on a periodic basis going forward , enabling tracking of learning outcomes progress and longitudinal analysis . We introduce a series of methodological improvements . First , we include single years , rather than 5-year intervals . Second , we use all available data to create conversion factors between assessments . Third , we construct a fixed conversion factor for data since 2000 . This enables us to deduce changes in scores over time as a function of learning outcomes progress rather than changing conversion factors . Fourth , we provide measures of uncertainty in the form of plausible bounds for our estimates . Fifth , all data are derived directly from test score data . In contrast to black-box and complex imputation , this enables methodological transparency . Moreover , it produces a clear policy lever : when countries perform better on RSATs and ISATs they can be certain the HLO will improve . # 2 . Data Each assessment included in prior databases is documented in", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 58, "text": "PASEC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 70, "end": 76, "text": "SACMEQ", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 97, "end": 102, "text": "PIRLS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1875, "end": 1890, "text": "test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "34 Table 1 . Descriptive statistics : main variables | Variable | Obs | Mean | Std . Dev . | Min | Max | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Panel * * < br > | * * A : Scho * * | * * ol Level * * < br > | | | | | Enrollment | 119 , 061 | 470 . 661 | 651 . 445 | 1 . 000 | 10320 . 000 | | Promotion Rate | 119 , 061 | 94 . 290 | 10 . 241 | 0 . 000 | 100 . 000 | | Dropout Rate | 119 , 061 | 3 . 214 | 8 . 874 | 0 . 000 | 100 . 000 | | Saber 11 Math STD . Scores | 60 , 348 | 0 . 097 | 1 . 003 | - 3 . 946 | 7 . 803 | | Saber 11 Language STD . Scores | 60 , 348 | 0 . 099 | 0 . 997 | - 4 . 027 | 5 . 013 | | Public Schools | 119 , 061 | 0 . 602 | 0 . 489 | 0 . 000 | 1 . 000 | | N . of Teachers | 44 , 890 | 32 . 852 | 32 . 940 | 1 . 000 | 347 . 000 | | Pupil / Teachers Ratio | 44 , 890 | 21 . 260 | 39 . 266 | 0 . 120 | 2332 . 000 | | Temporal Teachers ( % ) | 44 , 890 | 21 . 787 | 25 . 812 | 0 . 000 | 100 . 000 | | Capacity Gap at 2016 | 16769 | 60 . 644 | 130 . 314 | 0 . 000 | 2875 . 000 | | * * Panel B : * * | * * Munici * * | * * pality Le * * | * * vel * * | | | | Predicted Cum . Venezuelans Infow | 6 , 874 | 6 . 746 | 22 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "certain level the differences between products may not be meaningful from a discovery standpoint . For example , within the broad category of textiles , it is possible that discovering that a country can profitably produce shirts is different from discovering that it can profitably produce hats or bedsheets . However , there may not be a difference between discovering that a country can profitably produce long sleeve shirts as opposed to short sleeve shirts . With overlydisaggregated data , the filter will identify a product that is new to the export basket from an accounting viewpoint , but not from a discovery viewpoint < sup > 4 < / sup > . As the appropriate level of disaggregation is not clear , we will use data for both the HS 4-digit level ( approximately 1200 commodity groups ) and the HS 6-digit level ( approximately 5000 commodity groups ) . The level of disaggregation does bias the results in favor of certain industries over others , an issue discussed below . In order to evaluate the robustness of some of our results , we also consider export data under SITC revision 1 system . Data under this classification system are available for a much longer time period than the HS data . However , the consistent lowest common denominator for this data over time is at the 3-digit level , which is highly aggregated and includes only around 175 commodity groups . Therefore , this level of aggregation may be too high to capture discoveries at the level where market failures arise , and therefore would not be suitable for our purposes . However , these data are available as far back as the 1970s , and allow us to exploit more robust time-series estimation techniques . As such , we use this time-series data to verify some of the results of the more disaggregated 1990s HS data . > 4 The issue of the proper level of disaggregation is also problematic in the literature on intra-industry trade ( Grubel and Lloyd ( 1975 ) . 13", "spans": [{"start": 1064, "end": 1075, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1715, "end": 1731, "text": "time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1788, "end": 1801, "text": "1990s HS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR15176 The World Bank | | Breakdown | Comments | | Data requires verification . The < br > progress has been updated < br > during additional financing < br > preparation . | The end target is updated on < br > the basis of the target set for < br > combined original and < br > additional financing projects . < br > This indicator was moved to < br > PDO level during the < br > additional financing < br > preparation . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Secondary cities | Percentage | Value | 80 . 00 | 120 . 00 | 110 . 00 | | | Sub Type | Date | 13-Sep-2007 | 31-May-2014 | 13-Sep-2007 | | | Breakdown | Comments | | Data requires verification . The < br > progress has been updated < br > during additional financing < br > preparation . | The end target is updated on < br > the basis of the target set for < br > combined original and < br > additional financing projects . < br > This indicator was aggregated < br > for Addis Ababa and < br > secondary cities and moved < br > to PDO level during the < br > additional financing < br > preparation . | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 16-Jun-2014 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P101473 | IDA-42920 | Effective | 24 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _Figure [ 2 ] : Frequency of food groups consumption_ # # * * Food Groups Consumption ( PRS ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % 2 % < br > 9 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % 61 % 64 % < br > 74 % < br > 60 % 82 % 86 % 84 % < br > 50 % 99 % 98 % < br > 90 % < br > 40 % 6-7 days / week < br > 30 % < br > 1-5 days / week < br > 20 % 39 % 36 % < br > 26 % 0 day < br > 10 % 18 % 14 % 16 % < br > 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : UNWRA ‟ s survey of registered PRS ( October 2013 ) # # _Inside Palestinian camps_ Generally , diet diversity was found to be highest inside camps . For example , diet diversity was particularly high in the Bekaa , Beirut and Tyre camps where respectively 91 % , 9 % and 98 % of households consumed more than seven food groups ( out of a maximum of 12 ) per day . _Outside Palestinian camps_ Outside camps , Beirut had the lowest diet diversity . Only 47 % of households consumed more than seven food groups per day . In Bekaa , Saida and Tyre , dietary diversity was high with respectively 78 % , 88 % and 96 % of households consuming more than seven food groups per day . _There was no specific data available during the MSNA process for vulnerable local communities and Lebanese returnees . _ 14", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 505, "text": "survey of registered PRS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 5 Taking advantage of individual-level variables * * One key data constraint to global well-being measurement is that major surveys collect many outcomes at the household level rather than at the individual level . This implies that within-household inequalities are not observed even though well-being is typically not equally distributed within households . Importantly , this is a problem that affects not only inter-personal comparisons ( Objective 1 ) , but also cross-region comparisons ( Objective 2 ) because the latter rely on the former . Clearly , this is not a big issue for some dimensions that are almost equally distributed at household level , such as housing . However , key dimensions of well-being are typically unequally distributed within households . This is the case of the monetary dimension , as documented by a growing literature on intra-household decision making ( Lise and Seitz , 2011 ) . < sup > 56 < / sup > Arguably , this is even more so the case for the health dimension , if only because health tends to decrease with age . Yet , many household surveys contain some information on individual-level outcomes . This is typically the case for children ’ s schooling information or for the BMI information underlying stunting and underweight variables . The current practice in global multidimensional poverty measurement treats these individual level outcomes as-if they are household level outcomes . < sup > 57 < / sup > For instance , under the World Bank ’ s MPM , a household is considered deprived in a schooling variable if one of its children is not enrolled in school ( see Appendix 6 . 1 ) . A natural alternative would be to switch the unit of analysis from the household level to the individual level . “ Equal sharing ” assumptions could generate individual level variables from the variables that are only available at household level , such as income of housing . < sup > 58 < / sup > The advantage of such switch would be to allow accounting for the unequal individual outcomes observed in the data . One disadvantage with such switch in unit of analysis is the risk of misinterpretation . Individual-level well-being indices obtained in this way", "spans": [{"start": 1081, "end": 1098, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "thus allowing individual legislators to overcome their collective action problem . This data , however , should still be taken with caution . * * Table 10 : Enactment Rates of President ’ s Bills at the House of Representatives * * | Congress / Administration | President ’ s PriorityBills | President ’ s PriorityBills Enacted | Enactment Rate | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 8th / Aquino | 93 | 54 | 58 . 1 % | | 12th / Arroyo | 20 | 8 | 40 . 0 % | Source : Kawanaka ( 2010 ) First , higher enactment rates may come at a price . The frequently made assertion about the politics of legislative process in the Philippines is that the president needs to “ pay off ” individual legislators to mobilize their votes in favor of his / her priority bills because of the absence of party discipline ( Kasuya 2008 , Kawanaka 2010 ) . For that reason it is necessary for him / her to be selective of which bills to push . A related concern often voiced by both observers and some political actors , though , is that the process of negotiating legislators ’ support sometimes entails not only side payments ( e . g . , preferential releases of the “ pork barrel ” budget ) but also some substantive compromise in the content of the bill itself . On matters related to decentralization , some are weary that pushing for a technically sound bill , say , to reform the IRA distribution formula , might end up being altered into something far less acceptable in the end . > 24 The data on the US state bills is from G . Gamm and T . Kousser ( 2010 ) “ Broad Bills or Particularistic Policy ? Historical Patterns in American State Legislatures , ” _American Political Science Review_ Vol . 104 , No . 1 , pp . 151-170 . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Log of assets is the natural logarithm of assets at the end of 2019 . ROA is net income before extraordinary items divided by assets at the end of 2019 . Book-to-market is the book value of equity divided by the market value of equity at the end of 2019 . Cash-to-price is cash from operating activities in 2019 divided by the market value of equity at the end of 2019 . Earnings-to-price is net income before extraordinary items in 2019 divided by the market value of equity at the end of 2019 . Cash / assets is the sum of cash , cash and equivalents and short-term investments divided by assets at the end of 2019 . Redeployability is a measure of asset redeployability at the four-digit SIC industry level as of 2015 from Kim and Kung ( 2017 ) . Beta is the coefficient of a regression of the daily log stock return on the daily log return of the MSCI World index . Affected industry is a dummy variable indicating industries that are relatively affected by the COVID-19 crisis . Fiscal response / GDP is the total amount of economic stimulus spending announced in a country until March 17 , 2020 divided by GDP . | | Observations | Mean | SD | Min | Max | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Abnormal return | 2211 | 0 . 00555 | 0 . 0626 | - 0 . 157 | 0 . 150 | | CDS change | 111 | - 4 . 508 | 7 . 874 | - 26 . 68 | 39 . 25 | | dMVE / Book assets | 2211 | 0 . 0294 | 0 . 115 | - 0 . 671 | 0 . 510 | | dMVD / Book assets | 111 | 0 . 000595 | 0 . 00114 | - 0 . 00653 | 0 . 00393 | | dMVE / ( dMVE + dMVD ) , < br > dMVE > 0 , dMVD > 0 | 63 | 0 . 879 | 0 . 203 | 0 . 109 | 1 . 000 | | dMVE / (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) operationalization of the national single social registry would strengthen the system . For the increased use of the e-voucher system to distribute agricultural inputs that include pesticides and fertilizers , Government will roll out the program following the existing guidance ( Integrated Pest Management Plan ) and systems that were set up under the ongoing Agriculture Cluster Development Project . NEMA , Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development ( MGLSD ) and Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries ( MAAIF ) will be resourced to undertake supervision and provide guidance on use of pesticides inputs to communities . GoU has in place “ _The Agricultural Chemicals ( Control ) Act , 2006 ” _ and “ _The Control of Agricultural Chemicals ( Registration and Control ) Regulations – Statutory Instrument 29-1 ” _ . In order to fully operationalize their provisions , GoU will develop _Guidelines for Use and Management of Agricultural Chemicals_ , and these shall be easily accessible to farmers through extension services . As part of the institutional strengthening , Government will mainstream management of environmental aspects of agricultural programs into MAAIF ’ s institutional structure . * * Table 6 : Summary Risk Ratings * * | * * Risk Categories * * | | * * Rating * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Political and Governance | ⚫ High | | | 2 . Macroeconomic | ⚫ Moderate | | | 3 . Sector Strategies and Policies | ⚫ Moderate | | | 4 . Technical Design of Project or Program | ⚫ Moderate | | | 5 . Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Sustainability | ⚫ Substantial | | | 6 . Fiduciary | ⚫ Substantial | | | 7 . Environment and Social | ⚫ Substantial | | | 8 . Stakeholders | ⚫ Moderate | | | 9 . Other | ⚫ Moderate | | | * * Overall * * | ⚫ Substantial | | ~ ~", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 159, "text": "national single social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table * * * * < u > S3 . Change in behavior since COVID-19 outbreak < / u > * * | | Handwashed < br > with soap more < br > often | Avoided < br > physical < br > greetings | Avoided crowds | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ethiopia | 0 . 079 * * * | 0 . 238 * * * | 0 . 231 * * * | | | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 019 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | | Nigeria | 0 . 050 * * * | 0 . 196 * * * | 0 . 329 * * * | | | ( 0 . 016 ) | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | | Uganda | 0 . 061 * * * | 0 . 232 * * * | 0 . 301 * * * | | | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 019 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | | Ethiopia-Nigeria | 0 . 001 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 000 | | Ethiopia-Uganda | 0 . 005 | 0 . 485 | 0 . 000 | | Nigeria-Uganda | 0 . 235 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 037 | | Observations | 9 , 138 | 9 , 138 | 9 , 131 | | R-squared < br > _Note_ : Each column re | 0 . 011 < br > ports results from a sin | 0 . 045 < br > gle regression of a | 0 . 064 < br > binary variable equal | _Note_ : Each column reports results from a single regression of a binary variable equal to 1if the respondent changed their behavior and 0 otherwise . The binary variable is then regressed on indicators for each country , with Malawi as the base case . The second panel reports p-values for Wald tests of the simple linear hypothesis that the coefficient on one country indicator equals the coefficient on an indicator for a different country . Data are only from", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and relat < br > 350 . 0 < br > Crude materials , < br > 300 . 0 < br > inedible , except f < br > 250 . 0 < br > Beverages and tobacco < br > 200 . 0 < br > 150 . 0 Food and live animals Manufactured Goods , < br > ( including chemicals , < br > 100 . 0 machinery and transport < br > equipment ) : < br > 50 . 0 < br > 94 . 6 % < br > 0 . 0 < br > Source : WITS < br > Source : WITS < br > 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Development Indicators ( except ( c ) and ( d ) ) . 16", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 587, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 44 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * # * * SECTION 4 : * * CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations aim to ensure that the targeting approach continues to meet its objectives of : 1 ) identifying the most vulnerable in need of assistance and those less vulnerable to be supported with livelihood support , and 2 ) ensuring strong community participation as well as communication with the refugee community . Based on the JPDM ´ s findings , the following recommendations have been jointly identified . # # # # # * * Targeting approach and joint monitoring * * * * The targeting approach and associated eligibility criteria has been found appropriate for the current context and can be retained going forward . * * Based on JPDM findings the targeting approach identified and supported the most vulnerable panel households : while 53 percent remained highly vulnerable , some 22 percent were faring better in September 2021 . About 82 percent of the entire panel household sample were found to have remained stable and / or had improved over the nine months . * * Close and regular monitoring of key outcome indicators , as per corporate requirements , should continue * * . While monitoring exercises should cover the entire refugee population in all its locations , particular attention should be directed at : 1 ) non-assisted households and households receiving less assistance , in order to ensure their observed resilience levels remain robust over time and capable of weathering shocks ; and 2 ) camp variations observed regarding key outcome indicators and 3 ) female-headed households that were found to be at heightened risk of vulnerability compared to their male-headed counterparts . Such monitoring exercises will help to continuously assess the validity of the targeting approach , including the eligibility criteria used , and provide recommendations for adjustments . * * Future joint monitoring exercises are recommended to be aligned with other periodically conducted assessments and surveys . * * Mainstreaming JPDMs into the nationally conducted census , UNHCR ´ s annual participatory assessment and the Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey ( SENS ) , will serve to capitalize", "spans": [{"start": 2082, "end": 2109, "text": "nationally conducted census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2162, "end": 2200, "text": "Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Box 1 : Background on Surveys * * < br > * * Productivity and Investment Climate Survey ( World Bank ) : * * PICS utilizes a standard core < br > questionnaire intended to calculate firm productivity . The PICS sample conducted in Serbia is different < br > from the standard one as it does not cover exclusively manufacturing . The survey was administered to < br > managers of firms and consisted of a core set of questions as well as several modules that can be used to < br > explore specific aspects of the country ’ s investment climate and links to firm-level productivity . The < br > core survey had 11 sections : | | - - - | | � < br > _General information about the firm_ : ownership , activities , and location ; < br > � < br > _Sales and supplies_ : imports and exports , supply and demand conditions , and competition ; < br > � < br > Investment climate constraints : evaluation of general obstacles ; | | � < br > _Infrastructure and services_ : power , water , transport , computers , and business services ; | | � < br > _Finance_ : sources of finance , terms of finance , financial services , auditing , and land ownership ; < br > � < br > _Labor relations_ : worker skills , status and training , skill availability , over-employment , < br > unionization , and strikes ; | | � < br > _Business-government relations_ : quality of public services , consistency of policy and < br > administration , customs processing , regulatory compliance costs ( management time , delays , bribes ) , < br > informality , and capture ; | | � < br > _Conflict resolution / legal environment_ : confidence in legal system and resolution of credit < br > disputes ; < br > | | � < br > _Crime_ : security costs , cost of crimes , and use and performance of police services ; < br > � < br > _Capacity , innovation , and learning_ : utilization , new products , planning horizon , sources", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 93, "text": "Productivity and Investment Climate Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 * * : Government domestic spending data sources | * * Sector * * | * * Source * * | * * Variables * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Health | WHO GHED | • Domestic government health expenditure as % of GDP_ ( current only ) _ < br > • Domestic government health expenditure as % of total government < br > expenditure_ ( current only ) _ | | Education | UIS , IMF | • Domestic government education expenditure as % of GDP_ ( current + _ < br > _capital ) _ < br > • Domestic government education expenditure as % of total government < br > expenditure_ ( current + capital ) _ | | Social < br > protection | ASPIRE | • Domestic government spending on social protection ( defined above ) as < br > a % of GDP_ ( current + capital ) _ | The main source of information on country-specific human capital outcomes is represented by the HCI , which measures the human capital that a child born today can expect to attain by age 18 , given the risks of poor health and poor education that prevail in the country where she lives ( Kraay 2018 ) . The index has three components : - 1 ) * * Survival * * : measured as the complement of the under-5 mortality rate . - 2 ) * * School * * : measured both through the _quantity_ and _quality_ of education . The quantity of education is measured by the number of Expected Years of School . The Quality of education is measured by the Harmonized Learning Outcomes ( HLOs ) , that harmonize test scores from major international student achievement testing programs . A recent paper provides an in-depth discussion on the HLOs ( Altinok , Angrist , and Patrinos 2018 ) . The two measures are aggregated into the Learning Adjusted Years of School that vary between 0 and 14 . - 3 ) * * Health * * : measured by Adult Survival Rate ( ASR ) , the share of 15-year-olds who survive until age 60 , and the complement", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 845, "text": "HCI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "children . - The operating environment is extremely challenging and active conflict and political constraints prevent humanitarian access to many areas , resulting in opportunistic programming where access allows , and significant gaps in the locations served by child protection activities and MRE . There are now comprehensive data sets from WHO showing the areas likely to be highly contaminated by ERW , but the gap between this data and where organisations are able to operate leave huge areas underserved of this life-saving intervention . - Risk education focusing on landmines and UXO is missing some of the big risks to physical safety in this context . - MRE cannot be in isolation of other interventions . - To increase coverage , the MRE toolkit is intended for use across a variety of different contexts in Syria . The messages developed are sufficiently robust but the materials and format need to be developed for local actors from different areas to feel comfortable using them . 58", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 347, "text": "comprehensive data sets from WHO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits 5-7 : Implementation Completion and Results Report_ # # * * 1 . Program Context , Development Objectives and Design * * ( this section is descriptive , taken from other documents , e . g . , Program Document / ISR , not evaluative ) : # # # * * 1 . 1 Context at Appraisal * * _ ( brief summary of country macroeconomic and structural / sector background , rationale for Bank assistance ) _ The second series of Poverty Reduction Support Credits ( PRSC 5-7 ) was implemented in 2005 in the context of strong macroeconomic growth and political stability . Since 1986 , Uganda had benefited from almost two decades of continuous per capita income growth . In the 1990s , this broad-based growth accelerated , with real annual per capita GDP growing by an average of 3 . 2 percent . While economic growth slowed somewhat prior to the start of this series of operations in 2005 , it was still strong at 4 . 5 and 5 . 8 percent , respectively , in 2003 and 2004 , and per capita GDP growth was 1 . 2 percent and 2 . 4 percent in those years . Consistent implementation of stable macroeconomic management and pro-poor , market-friendly , structural policies underpinned Uganda ’ s economic success . This trend continued during the subsequent period of PRSC 5-7 . In those years real GDP grew on average by 8 . 1 percent per annum and real GDP per capita by 4 . 8 percent . The rapid and broad-based economic growth helped the official poverty rate decline from 56 percent in 1992 to 39 percent in 2003 . The 2005 / 06 National Household Survey measured a further poverty rate decline to 31 percent in 2005 . While more recent estimates of poverty rates are not yet available ( ( with the exception of the Northern region ) , in light of the sustained and significant real GDP per capita growth during the second series of PRSCs it is very likely that the poverty rate continued to decline in this", "spans": [{"start": 1538, "end": 1573, "text": "2005 / 06 National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Traditional neoclassical economics suggests possible explanations such as a lack of relevant information or large countervailing costs . In turn , policy makers and researchers have often focused on the health system , user fees , or information , in seeking to remove external obstacles and encourage healthy behaviors . But , while effective , these actions alone have been insufficient to address the full complexity of health behavior change and habit formation . Relative ignorance or limited knowledge on these issues might once have been widespread and undoubtedly still exist among certain population groups . However , in most countries , the majority of adults are now aware of the health risks of , for example , tobacco and alcohol use ( i . e . , WHO Global Adult and Youth Tobacco Surveys ) . Hence , lack of knowledge is unlikely to be a driving explanation of unhealthy behaviors . Similarly , although for some people in some situations the actual cost of a behavior change ( e . g . , giving up smoking ) might be high enough that the ‘ rational ’ decision is not to do so , this is not the case across all such behaviors , nor for most people . A modest reduction in unhealthy behaviors such as high calorie consumption , or a modest increase in healthy behaviors such as walking more , generally has both a low cost and often also some direct near-term benefits such as improved energy and sleep , entirely independent of long-term health outcomes . Hence this is again unlikely to be a driving explanation , and indeed many people report that they wish they acted differently in these respects ( Faries M . D . 2016 ) , strongly suggesting that they are not in fact optimizing their utility according to the traditional framework . Policy efforts towards behavioral and psychological obstacles that influence unhealthy lifestyles and habit formation are needed . Unlike many other causes of morbidity and mortality , NCDs are typically delayed - in the sense that negative outcomes occur years or even decades after the precipitating behaviors - and are often only weakly linked to identifiable individual moments in time . Why would I then change my behavior today for something that might", "spans": [{"start": 760, "end": 802, "text": "WHO Global Adult and Youth Tobacco Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 33 : National Level Shelter Deprivation # * * AGGREGATE SHELTER DEPRIVATION - GHS AND MICS * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > child child north child south child rural child urban < br > W A VE 1 W A VE 2 W A VE 3 MIC S 2016 / 2017 W A VE 4 < br > 51 % 53 % < br > 35 % 43 % 43 % 34 % 44 % 44 % 36 % 45 % 45 % 44 % 32 % 39 % 39 % < br > 23 % 17 % 19 % 15 % 20 % 17 % 22 % 23 % 18 % 14 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-4 and MICS 2016 / 17 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Child refers to children aged 0-17 . There are noteworthy differences though across regions . Irrespective of the survey , a higher share of children in the rural North East and North West are severely shelter deprived than in the South East and South South . The share of deprived children in the rural South West , initially second highest and at par with those in North West clearly decreased over time but is in levels still more comparable to other northers rather than southern regions . Urban shelter deprivation estimate are less than half compared to the ones in rural areas and lie around 10 percent , slightly lower according to the GHS and slightly higher according to the MICS estimates , with only the North East and North West facing higher levels of urban shelter deprivation . In terms of levels both surveys rank regions in the same order except for the MICS finding contrary to the GHS urban shelter deprivation levels in the North East exceeding that of the north West , which might be due to non-random accessibility differences of sample areas in the North East . Further , it is worth noting , that whereas over time the share of severely shelter deprived children clearly decreased in the South West , there appears to be a", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 490, "text": "GHS Wave 1-4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1480, "end": 1483, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Where the _ds_ are dummies for the 27 sub-district * firm density strata used in the block level randomization , and the standard errors are clustered at the block level . The first five rows show variables obtained from the listing survey , while the remainder show variables from the baseline survey . Out of 48 coefficients shown , 5 are significantly different from zero at the 10 percent level , and only one at the 5 percent level , which is in line with what would be expected by pure chance . In contrast , since the inspector block firms were not interviewed at baseline , randomization for this group required randomizing among all firms originally listed . Our original plan called for assigning half the firms listed in these blocks to receive the inspection treatment , and half to be indirect inspector firms . However , this was not feasible with the existing number of inspectors , and so we instead had to randomly choose only one-quarter to be inspector firms . This resulted in 577 firms getting assigned to the inspector treatment . The remaining firms in this block are then all indirectly inspected , but budget constraints required us to randomly choose 593 of the indirectly inspected firms as the sample we would work with for follow-up surveys . The right control group for these firms consists of listed firms in the control blocks . Recall we already have a sample of 689 firms in the control blocks which had answered the baseline survey . We therefore randomly choose an additional sample of 709 control block firms which had not answered the baseline survey , and assigned them also for follow-up . We then reweight the control group sample to take account of the fact that we have all firms which answered the baseline , and only a sample of those which did not , in this group . The first three columns of Table 3 then compare the inspector and indirectly inspected firms to this weighted sample of control firms , in terms of the characteristics available from the listing survey . Although this offers far fewer variables for checking balance than is possible for the communication and free cost treatments , the results are still reassuring , with", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 239, "text": "listing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 286, "end": 301, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Human Capital Operation ( P172284 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * 4 . DATA ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE * * # * * 4 . 1 Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IDA-73410 | Effective | 50 . 00 | 49 . 52 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 49 . 52 | 0 % | | IDA-E2060 | Effective | 350 . 00 | 353 . 09 | 0 . 00 | 69 . 20 | 282 . 49 | 19 . 68 % | | TF-C1474 | Effective | 5 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 0 % | # * * 4 . 2 Key Dates ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval | Signing | Effectiveness | Orig . Closing | Rev . Closing | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IDA-73410 | Effective | 16-Jun-2023 | 25-Jul-2023 | 08-Nov-2023 | 07-Jul-2028 | 07-Jul-2028 | | IDA-E2060 | Effective | 16-Jun-2023 | 25-Jul-2023 | 08-Nov-2023 | 07-Jul-2028 | 07-Jul-2028 | | TF-C1474 | Effective | 17-May-2023 | 25-Jul-2023 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that seeks to pull resources to address the urban challenges facing urban areas in the short term . KMP also funded consultations on a key piece of legislation , the Urban Areas and Cities Act , which prescribes the institutional arrangements for the establishment and management of urban areas . The KMP also funded consultations on the National Urban Development Policy ( NUDP ) , a policy framework that articulates how Government of Kenya intends to tackle urban challenges to enable meet its Vision 2030 goals . The policy was approved by cabinet . Finally , KMP has been instrumental in the funding of preparatory activities for the follow on operation , the proposed US $ 300 million Kenya Urban Support Program that will support both national government and county governments in addressing institutional , governance , planning and infrastructure challenges in Kenya . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P066488 | IDA-47140 | Closed | USD | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 95 . 95 | 0 . 00 | | 96 % | | P066488 | TF-17423 | Closed | USD | 11 . 96 | 11 . 96 | 0 . 00 | 11 . 96 | 0 . 00 | | 100 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effective", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Tax Reform in Transition_ 21 # * * _4 . Conclusions_ * * The analysis of the 1992 household budget survey indicates that Bulgaria can benefit from a much simpler and lower income tax structure than the one which prevailed in 1992 . Two possible types of alternative income tax systems have been explored , a flat rate and a progressive , but simpler three-bracket rate system , and their implications for potential revenue and income distribution . The analysis suggests that each of these alternative systems would have been more efficient in terms of potential revenues , while increasing the protection to the poor through increasing the exemption level , i . e . , revenue-enhancing and redistributive tax reform . The results are robust to the inclusion of the existing significant tax evasion . The actual developments since 1992 have , first , moved Bulgaria even further away from the proposed simple income tax systems . In particular , the 1993 amendments to the 1992 personal income tax have complicated the system in two major ways . First , while the 1992 marginal income tax rates were not low by international standards , the rates implemented in the 1993 amendment were even higher , with top rate rising from 40 to 52 percent . Second , the number of tax brackets were increased from 7 to 10 , with three additional brackets having higher rates of 44 , 48 , and 52 percent . These more complex and higher rates are almost certain to complicate administration and enforcement , and provide powerful additional incentives for tax evasion . Fortunately , the country began to move toward less nominal progressivity in its personal income tax structure , following the 1997 tax reform program . But whichever alternative income tax structure is chosen , it should be clear from the above analysis that the 1992 system and , even more so , the 1993 amended income tax system has inferior characteristics to simpler and more efficient alternatives . Therefore , further efforts in improving the income tax system in Bulgaria must aim to raise the exemption level , set the rates as low as possible , and reduce the number of brackets and define them as broadly , yet realistically , as possible .", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 106, "text": "1992 household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Behavioral Framework * * We assume that a firm ’ s current profit depends on its own state variables , including firm productivity ( _φ_ ) , exchange rates ( _E_ ) , and capital stock ( _K_ ) . Profits are also influenced by other common factors , such as factor prices . At the start of each period , an incumbent exporting firm observes the exchange rate of each source country , its productivity and capital stock , and makes two decisions simultaneously : ( 1 ) how much to use in variable inputs , including imported materials , _P_ < sup > _W_ < / sup > _M_ < sup > _W_ < / sup > , which is part of imports , _IMP_ , and ( 2 ) the optimal level of investment , which includes imported capital goods , _I_ < sup > _W_ < / sup > . We abstract from modeling firm entry and exit decisions in export markets , as the customs transaction data cannot reliably distinguish true exits from missing values . Following OP , we assume that productivity ( _φ_ ) evolves according to a Markov process , leading to a Markov perfect Nash equilibrium in firms ’ decision regarding capital goods imports . With this framework , we can use observed capital goods imports to control for the unobserved productivity , accounting for exchange rates , capital stock , and other common state variables . The imported capital stock of each firm , _Kit_ < sup > _W_ , is constructed using the perpetual inventory method , with a depreciation rate < / sup > of _γ_ : where ( 11 ) describes the law of motion for firm-level imported capital stock , which is determined by adding current-period imported capital good investment to the existing imported capital stock , after accounting for depreciation . In other words , at the start of each period , after observing productivity , exchange rates , and current imported capital stock , firms decide on their investment in imported capital goods . This investment augments the existing capital stock , net of depreciation , to establish the capital stock level for the following period . * * Estimation * * The regression specification in", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 846, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Data * * I rely on disbursement data for individual World Bank projects over the period 1985 ‐ 2009 . Over this period I have information on actual quarterly disbursements by project over the life of each project , for the universe of all projects financed by the two main lending arms of the World Bank : non ‐ concessional lending to middle ‐ income countries by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , and concessional lending to low ‐ income countries through the International Development Association ( IDA ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > For each project , I sum the quarterly data within each calendar year to arrive at annual disbursement flows for each project . Then for each country and year , I sum across all active projects to obtain _total disbursements_ on World Bank loans . I then subtract disbursements on projects approved in the same year to arrive at my measure of _disbursements on previously ‐ approved projects_ on World Bank loans . Disbursements on previously ‐ approved projects by construction reflect project approval decisions made in previous years , and my basic identifying assumption is that they are unlikely to be correlated with contemporaneous macroeconomic events . As discussed above , I also construct an alternative measure of disbursements on previously ‐ approved projects that excludes disbursements on projects approved in the current _and_ previous year . Figure 1 shows the fluctuations over time in total disbursements and disbursements on previously ‐ approved projects as a fraction of GDP for one country in my sample , Zambia . The height of the bars shows total disbursements on World Bank loans . These are large in Zambia , averaging 3 . 4 percent of GDP , and moreover are also very volatile , ranging from close to zero in the late 1980s and late 2000s , to well over five percent of GDP in many other years . The dark ‐ shaded lower portion of each bar isolates my measure of disbursements on previously ‐ approved projects , while the remainder of the bar shows disbursements on projects approved in the same year . In most years , the bulk of disbursements on World Bank loans", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 46, "text": "disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as well as state fixed effects . For the community level analysis , robust standard errors are presented in parentheses . For the household level analysis , standard errors were clustered at the community level . > 2 In Panel B , the number of obs for the household being dependent upon subsistence agriculture matches the full number of observations , while the number of observations for the household head education has some missing data . 35", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Europe | | | | | * * Public sector * * | 14368 | 12000 | Australia | | | | | * * Health and Education * * | 9402 | 7000 | Other | | | | | * * Remittances * * | 8581 | 5833 | | 0 < br > 20 , < br > | 000 < br > 4 < br > | 0 , 000 < br > 60 , 000 < br > 80 , 000 < br > | | * * Total ( excl . remittances ) * * | * * 8529 * * | * * 7000 * * | | MO | NTHLY RE | ITTANCES , AFS | Notes : labor income has been computed for male workers aged [ 14 , 35 ] Source : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 Note : The figure shows a box and whiskers plot . The box ranges from the 25th percentile to the 75th percentile . The line in the middle of the box shows the median . The two lines on either side of the box extend to minimum and maximum values , excluding outliers . The dots indicate outliers . Source : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 The importance of individual economic migration in Afghan households ’ livelihood strategy is confirmed by data on remittances . * * The vast majority of economic migrants send remittances . * * In 2013 – 14 , 80 percent of Afghans who left the household seeking employment opportunities abroad had sent remittances , contributing on average about 70 percent of total labor income to their household . Such numbers are striking , especially when considering that the information on remittances is collected on household members who left just during the year preceding the survey . This implies that over a very short period of time the vast majority of migrants were able to find employment and contribute to the welfare of their households in Afghanistan . * * Remittances ’ amounts vary by destination country , * * reflecting differences in the education profile", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 493, "text": "ALCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 963, "end": 982, "text": "data on remittances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) # # * * Country Context * * 4 . * * Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in Africa , with a gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita of US $ 925 * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * in 2021 as poverty and vulnerability are worsened by internal conflict , the COVID-19 pandemic , and natural disasters . * * Though Ethiopia has made considerable progress in poverty alleviation as extreme poverty < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > declined from 30 . 8 percent in 2015 to 25 . 2 percent in 2020 , the continuation of this trend remains uncertain * * . * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > According to the Macro Poverty Outlook 2022 , the poverty trajectory is variable due to various offsetting factors . On one hand , armed conflict , persistent droughts in lowland regions , and rising inflation are expected to have driven many people into poverty . On the other hand , growth in other parts of the country is expected to have reduced poverty . Whether the poverty effect of growth can fully offset the impact of the conflict , droughts and inflation is unclear , but their intensity suggests that progress in poverty reduction will be lower than in previous periods . The magnitude of estimated household income losses in conflict affected woredas suggest the conflict could have pushed as many as three million people into poverty . < sup > 4 < / sup > Additionally , the COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the extent of the country ’ s vulnerability , particularly among poor and urban populations . The Government of Ethiopia ( GoE ) declared a state of emergency on April 8 , 2020 . Following that , employment rates plunged in the early days of the pandemic , particularly in urban areas where the rate dropped from 80 percent before CO", "spans": [{"start": 710, "end": 736, "text": "Macro Poverty Outlook 2022", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dat and ms not niform caution must be r medieing averages atone indiator toanote Thee avragear only ueul In sapafig the value fone idcator alta tm amomag the country and I pu . * * _Cud MrS atae_ * * ( portheusaadi-Numberof live births in theyear per thousand of mid-yea population : 1960 . 1970 . * * and * * 1983 data . * * _Cue Deat RA_ * * _ ( per_ rdeusdj-Number of deaths in the yr per tbousnd of mid-year population : 1960 . 1970 . and 1983 data . * * _em Repeddau_ * * re-Average nunber of daughtes a woman will bear in hr normal reproductive period if sbe experiences presnt age-speak fertility rates : usually five-year averages ending in 1960 . 1970 . aDd 1983 . AREA ( thousand sq . km . J Total-Total surface area comprising land area nd inlnd watemrs 1960 . 1970 and 19S3 data . Agrfeubml-Estimate of agriutural a ued temporarily or permanendy for crops . pastures market and kthcken prdens or to lie falow . 1960 . 1970 and 1982 data GNP PER CAPfTA ( USS ) - GNP per capita estimates at current market prices caulated by same conversion method as * * _World Bask_ * * _Alirs_ 119S1-83 basis ) 1983 data . * * _tPfaum-Aeeprrs Anal_ * * ftheuadsj-Annual numberofaccptorsofbirth-controldevicesunderauspicesonational fmay pani progrua . * * _any_ * * _pers_ *", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 319, "text": "1983 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1108, "end": 1117, "text": "1983 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Subcomponent 3 . 2 : Urban Destitute Support * * 21 . The mission observed that of the total 14 , 000 UD clients under the contract , 13 , 354 have been confirmed to be receiving service for their reintegration which is 95 percent of the total . Additionally , 13 , 130 UD ( 93 . 8 percent ) homeless UD beneficiaries have been integrated socially , economically or through education . The mission noted that the reintegration rate is higher than the 40 percent targeted in the results matrix . * * 22 . * * As challenge , the mission emphasized that the UD performance review has outlined a range of findings and recommendations in program implementation , safeguard , financial management and procurement areas which require further attention . The mission underlined that those findings observed in performance review should be timely addressed and rectified with special emphasis to procurement and financial management aspects . # * * Component 4 : Institutional Strengthening , Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation * * 23 . * * Monitoring & Evaluation : * * The mission noted the Impact Evaluation , baseline data collected in January 2022 , as well as follow-up I data from September / October 2023 and Follow-up II data from September / October 2024 , have been gathered from the participating cities . These datasets have been submitted to WB for final analysis and integration into the overall dataset . The first draft of the UPSNPJ Phase I and Phase II impact evaluation report has been discussed during the mission . 24 . With regards to the utilization of Geo-Enabling Initiative for Monitoring & Supervision ( GEMS ) , a digital form for the platform has been designed and shared with experts and team leaders across all 88 cities . Kobo Collect accounts have been created for each city , and the corresponding digital forms have been distributed . The rollout of GEMS in the context of climate-smart public works activities is currently awaiting extended access permissions from WB . Additionally , a pilot test of the system has been conducted successfully . * * 25 .", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1163, "text": "baseline data collected in January 2022", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the project achieved its primary objective to prevent the development of a bottleneck in power supplies , but was not successful in improving the financial management of UEB . The Internal Economic Rate of Return of UEB ' s investment program was re-estimated at about 14 percent . This is a reduction compared to the SAR estimates of between 16 . 7 and 21 . 6 percent , but is acceptable and justifies the investments made . The IRR should be re-calculated when final data on costs and benefits are available in 1997 . The sustainability of the project depends on UEB ' s ability to improve its financial management and operational efficiency , without which it will not be able to cover the cost of adequate operation and maintenance of the facilities . To this end , measures have been initiated under the ongoing Third Power project . * * Structural Repairs to the Owen Falls Power House and Dam . * * The Project achieved its objective to repair structural damages in the power house and dam , and to re-waterproof the roof of the power house . * * Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Owen Falls Generators . * * By the end of 1993 , the capacity at Owen Falls had been re-instated and the installed capacity of the plant had been increased from 150 MW in 1988 , to 168 MW in 1993 , mainly by rewinding the alternators of the generators using modern insulating materials . It is estimated that the rehabilitation and upgrading of the remaining units will be completed in 1997 , by which time the total installed capacity will have been increased to 180 MW . * * Distribution and Transmission Rehabilitation . * * The project achieved its objective to rehabilitate priority transmission and distribution systems albeit behind schedule . The increased", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 497, "text": "final data on costs and benefits", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "butter , < br > margarine , other fats / oil | | __ | | | __ | | | | * * H16 . * * | * * Sugar , or sweet : * * sugar , honey , jam , cakes , candy , < br > cookies , pastries , cakes and other sweet ( sugarydrinks ) < br > | | __ | | | __ | | | | * * H17 . * * | * * Condiments / Spices : * * tea , coffee / cocoa , salt , garlic , < br > spices , yeast / baking powder , lanwin , tomato / sauce , < br > meat or fish as a condiment , condiments including < br > small amount of milk / tea coffee . | | __ | | | __ | | | | * * Food * * < br > _1 = O_ < br > _2 = F_ < br > _3 = G_ < br > _4 = Bo_ < br > _5 = M_ < br > _6 = M_ < br > _7 = Be_ < br > _8 = E_ | * * source codes * * < br > _wn production ( crops , animal ) _ < br > _ishing / Hunting_ < br > _athering_ < br > _rrowed_ < br > _arket ( purchase with cash ) _ < br > _arket ( purchase on credit ) _ < br > _g for food_ < br > _xchange labor or itemsforfood_ | | | | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 117 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the following way . When government debt is higher , firms are more likely to rely on internal funds for working capital and investment ( see columns [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] of Table 5 ) . Working capital from other sources ( such as microfinance institutions , credit cooperatives , credit unions , finance companies , moneylenders , friends , relatives ) is significantly > 4 Recall that firms with fewer than 5 workers are not included in the Enterprise Surveys . 13", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 456, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Acronyms * * | | | - - - | - - - | | 5W : OP | Who does What , Where ? Operational presence analysis including the “ when ” < br > and “ for whom ” dimensions | | CRPD | UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities | | DHS | Demographic and Health Survey | | DPO | Organizations of persons with disabilities | | EMIS | Education Management Information Systems | | HMIS | Health Management Information Systems | | IASC | Inter-Agency Steering Committee , mechanism for inter-agency coordination < br > of humanitarian assistance | | INGO | International Non-Governmental Organization | | L3 | Level 3 Emergency , a system-wide designation for the most complex and < br > challenging emergency situations | | MARA | Monitoring , Analysis , and Reporting Arrangements on Conflict-Related Sexual < br > Violence | | MICS | Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey | | MIS | Management Information Systems | | MRM | Monitoring and Reporting Mechanisms on grave violations | | OCHA | Office of the Coordinator of Humanitarian Affairs | | OHCHR | Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights | | ProGres | Profile Global Registration System , the UNHCR database application for < br > refugee registration data | | UNDESA | United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs | | UNDP | United Nations Development Program | | UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | | UNICEF | United Nations Children ’ s Fund | Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 1", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 869, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1192, "end": 1217, "text": "refugee registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Third stage comprised RAP report preparation including valuation of affected assets , social economic data analysis and generating cadastral maps clearly illustrating all the parcels of land that will be acquired . The cadastral mapping was generated from intensive ground surveying technique and Geographical Information System ( GIS ) system enabled management of both the physical information on each plot of land and PAPs socioeconomic attributes . 10", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 106, "text": "social economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 5 . 3 . Years of life lost The impact of a reduction in the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods on long-term income is derived from the reduction in years of life lost ( YLL ) because of mortality . Due to data limitation explained in section 4 . 2 , the impact is estimated for the joint taxation on processed and ultra-processed foods . The goal of this analysis is not to estimate the years of life lost related to dietary risks , as this is calculated using existing Global Burden of Disease estimates . Rather , we are interested in estimating the extent of the increase in income resulting from the reduction in YLL due to a lower dietary risk across households at the various levels of the consumption distribution . Potential gains in years of life lost and consequent increased income are determined based on the weight of processed and ultra-processed foods in households ’ consumption in a given decile , and the price elasticity by decile . Income is calculated using household income per capita . Table 7 shows the results in terms of income gains from reduction in years of life lost related to dietary risks . Every decile has income gains from increased expected income as a result of increased life expectancy , meaning that all values are positive . Notably , lower deciles have higher income gains , with the bottom consumption decile increase being almost 9 times that of the top consumption decile . The pattern of income gains being higher for lower consumption deciles indicates that a tax on processed and ultra-processed foods also presents a progressive pattern when we analyze this specific impact . The progressiveness of taxation is due to higher elasticity for deciles at the bottom of the consumption distribution , as the other possibility for higher income gains would be a relative consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods among lower deciles in comparison to higher deciles , which is not the case , as shown in Table 2 . _Table 7_ – Income gains from reduction in years of life lost related to dietary risks | | * * Processed and * * < br > | * * ultra-processed foo * * < br > | * *", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 522, "text": "Global Burden of Disease estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; whether using written contracts more frequently with new trading partners than old trading partners ; whether using written contracts more frequently with new private enterprises than other new trading partners ? ( The survey of Russian Enterprises ) . - Informal lending : the amount , maturity , the existence and amount of collateral , and provisions in case of default ? ( RPED survey ) The data gathered through these surveys has allowed researchers to better understand the role of contracts and legal institutions on firm ' s performance . In particular , Hendley , Murrell , and Ryterman ( 1999 ) focus on the importance of laws and legal institutions for Russian enterprises 15", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 390, "text": "RPED survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "yemen-humanitarian-response-plan-january-december-2019-enar . Oxfam . 2019 . ” The Humanitarian-Development Peace Nexus . ” Report , Oxfam Discussion Paper , Oxford , England . Sen , A . 1981 . _Poverty and famines : An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation . ’ _ Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1981 . Sundberg , R . , and E . Melander . 2013 . ” Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset . ” _Journal of Peace Research_ 50 ( 4 ) , 523-532 . TFPM . 2018 . “ Yemen - 17th Report . ” International Organization for Migration , Sana ’ a , Yemen . Tandon , S . 2019 . “ When Rebels Attack : Quantifying the Impacts of Capturing Territory from the Government of Yemen . ” _World Bank Economic Review_ 33 ( 2 ) , 328-352 . Tandon , S . and T . Vishwanath . 2020 . “ The Evolution of Food Coping Strategies Over the Course of the Conflict in Yemen . ” _World Development_ 130 , 104922 . Tranchant , J . , A . Bliznashka , A . Diallo , M . Sacko , A . Assima , and E . Siegel . 2019 . ” The impact of food assistance on food insecure populations during conflict : Evidence from a quasiexperiment in Mali . ” _World Development_ 119 , 185-202 . U . N . 2017 . ” Amid Humanitarian Funding Gap , 20 Million People across Africa , Yemen at Risk of Starvation , Emergency Relief Chief Warns Security Council . ” Press Release , United Nations , New York , USA . Verme , P . , and C . Gigliarano . 2019 . ” Optimal Targeting Under Budget Constraints in a Humanitarian Context . ” _World Development_ 119 , 224-233 . World Bank . 2017 . “ Yemen Poverty Notes . ” Report , World Bank , Washington , D . C . World Bank . 2018a . “ Piecing Together he Poverty Puzzle : Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018 . ” Report , World Bank , Washington , D . C . World Bank . 2018b . ” United Nations , World Bank , and Humanitarian Organizations Launch Innovative Partnership to End Famine . ” Press Release , World Bank , Washington D", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 1 Geographical location and proximity to services * * Data has only recently become available in urban areas allowing the mapping of facilities ( health , education , water etc . ) against the refugee settlements . This will allow a proximity variable , _distance to a service_ , to be used in order to determine vulnerability . More specifically , distance to a service , is one parameter used to determine access < sup > 2 < / sup > to services . A score card can be developed to provide a multi-dimensional vulnerability analysis in order to be able to compare geographical locations . This approach would allow a score to be attributed to each refugee location / settlement and therefore provide an analysis of vulnerability based on one parameter ( _distance to a service ) _ of access to services . The following table provides an example of a potential score card to be used . * * Table 1 . Example of Multi-dimensional score card for access to services ( single parameter ) * * | * * Service * * | | * * Vuln * * | * * erability Sc * * | * * ore * * | | * * Score * * | * * Data Source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 1 ( Low ) * * | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 5 ( High ) * * | | | | Water | < 0 . 5 km | < 1 km | < 1 . 5 km | < 2km | > 2 km | | Secondarydata | | Health | < 0 . 5 km | < 1 km | < 1 . 5 km | < 2km | > 2 km | | Secondarydata | | Education | < 0 . 5 km | < 1 km |", "spans": [{"start": 1325, "end": 1338, "text": "Secondarydata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of sulfur combine with oxygen to form sulfates , and , with water vapor to form aerosols of sulfurous and sulfuric acid . These acid mists can irritate the respiratory systems of humans and animals . Therefore , a high concentration of S02 can affect breathing , and may aggravate existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease . Sensitive populations include asthmatics , individuals with bronchitis or emphysema , children , and the elderly . The second , and probably more significant , effect of S02 is traceable to the impact of fine particulates on mortality and morbidity . A review of recent evidence by the US Environmental Protection Agency suggests that fine particulates are the source of the worst health damage from air pollution . In the case of China , there is reason to believe that 30-40 % of fine particulates are in the form of sulfates from S02 emissions . While Xu ' s results and the available data have led us to focus on S02 , we also recognize the potential contribution of total suspended particulates ( TSP ) to atmospheric concentrations of fine particulates ( FP ) . For Beijing and Shenyang , we interpret Xu ' s weak results for TSP to mean that measured total suspended particulates in those cities do not have a substantial FP component . Nevertheless , we recognize that this may not be true in other cases . Therefore , our policy scenarios include projections for industrial TSP emissions , both for China as a whole and for our five cities . # 4 . 4 * * Projecting Abatement Costs * * Abatement costs are projected from our econometric analyses of Chinese factory data for several air and water pollutants . The major determinants are pollutant type ; industry sector ; ownership ; scale of abatement activity ( related to the volume of discharge ) ; pollutant concentration in the waste stream ; and degree of abatement ( or percent reduction in pollutant concentration ) . At the city level , we use our results to project incremental costs for degrees of abatement ranging from 10 % to 90 % . Data on fine particulate emissions are not available , so we have used S02 as a proxy because S02 emissions have a significant", "spans": [{"start": 1588, "end": 1608, "text": "Chinese factory data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to all respondents at the beginning of enumeration . We refer to the remainder of variables , which amount to 37 items in our Indonesian dataset , as optional . In the subsequent discussion and simulations , we take the core questions as given and refer to optional questions when discussing items such as questionnaire length . Having been selected for administrative reasons , the short core questionnaire has limited predictive power for household consumption . At the other extreme , a full socio-economic population sample survey contains rich household information that confers greater predictive accuracy , but is unsuitable for administration to a large section of the population . The following three subsections describe methods that provide a menu of choices in between , and expose the relationship between survey cost and accuracy . # * * 3 . 1 Truncated questionnaires * * A simple approach is to order the optional features from most to least predictive . A truncated questionnaire , i . e . one that is limited to a certain number of questions , arises from adding the desired number of most predictive features to the core set . Computation of the predictive accuracy for each of the iteratively growing variable sets provides the cost-accuracy trade-off . In addition to a predictive model , this approach requires an ordering of features by their predictive power for household consumption . We test several variable selection methods to perform such an ordering and thus generate a sequence that can be truncated . - _Stepwise selection . _ The classic mechanism of PMT modelling < sup > 6 < / sup > . To generate a complete variable sequence instead of a particular set of regressors , we adjust algorithm 1 by eliminating the stopping criterion and recording the order in which variables are added to the set of predictors . - _Variable importance . _ Tree-based predictive models perform variable selection during the construction of their tree structure . Our gradient boosting model , which is based on decision trees , generates two measures of variable importance . One is the proportion of trees in which each variable is used , the other is the sum of increases in the trees ’ objective function produced by the splits of each variable", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 144, "text": "Indonesian dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 495, "end": 534, "text": "socio-economic population sample survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 . 1 Avian Surveys * * To systematically survey the avifauna diversity within the proposed sites , two methods were employed : Timed Species Counts and Point Counts . Timed Species Counts were conducted for one hour between 6 : 30 and 7 : 30am for three days from 14 . 04 . 2023-16 . 04 . 2023 . This method was useful for assessing the relative abundance of birds in specific areas . During each one-hour count , bird species were listed in the order in which they were seen or heard , against a time frame . Point Counts involved the observer recording all birds seen and heard from a stationary point for a set period . A series of point counts were conducted at various locations in the study area . In addition to these methods , the study also employed random searches for birds . This method increased the chances of finding birds in addition to covering a wider survey area . The researcher moved slowly in the habitat , watching the foliage above the ground carefully , listening for bird calls and songs , and watching out for surface-active species . The local people near the park and UWA rangers were also interviewed to obtain information about physical signs ( feathers , nests , calls , droppings , etc . ) of bird presence in the area . All bird species encountered were assessed against the IUCN Red list to understand their conservation status . # # # * * 4 . 3 Stakeholder Engagement and Public Consultations * * # # # * * 4 . 3 . 1 Sampling strategy * * A non-probability sampling strategy was adopted to select the study participants for qualitative studies . * * _Key Informant Interviews_ * * _ : _ Specifically , a purposive sampling procedure was adopted because the key informant was information rich . This is attributed to the roles and responsibilities they perform in their respective line of duty .", "spans": [{"start": 1380, "end": 1393, "text": "IUCN Red list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 570 against a target of 1 : 2 , 500 ( access / quality ) . - The contraceptive prevalence rate for women age 15-49 rose from 19 . 6 to 25 . 3 percent . Skilled birth attendance rose from 10 to 28 percent . Women receiving ante-natal care rose from 34 to 62 percent . Children with a full set of vaccinations increased from 85 to 96 percent ( access / quality ) . - As a result , infant mortality dropped from 59 to 48 per 1 , 000 live births . The child mortality rate decreased from 88 to 67 per 1 , 000 live births . ( Note that these trends in health outcomes draw on the Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) for 2011 and 2016 , and include other influences beyond the increase in health workers . ) # # # * * c . Agriculture * * Page 6 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 607, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will support sustainable capacity development and institutional strengthening to implement PSNP 4 . Component 1 : Systems Development : Component 1 will support the strengthening of the social protection and DRM systems and the transition from independent programs to a system of integrated social protection and DRM service delivery . Supporting the transition to a system will entail support the key building blocks , tools and instruments of the systems , including for harmonized planning , targeting , single registry and information management across social protection programs and associated policies . For the DRM system , support will be focused on the development and implementation of appropriate response mechanisms for transitory needs , including early warning triggers and harmonized planning and monitoring . The current community-based PSNP targeting system , which has worked very well particularly in highlands regions , will be retained and supplemented by a PMT-based poverty index . This will form the basis for the development of a unified registry database which will support harmonized targeting across various social protection interventions . Such a registry could bring together beneficiary data across different programs serving the same clients and harmonize PSNP beneficiary targeting with other social protection programming within the country . This will enable the provision of a suite of services ( for instance , PSNP transfers as well as fee waivers for health services ) to the same beneficiaries , identification of gaps in support , and analysis of the impact of different services . The registry will initially focus on PSNP areas , and expand over time to a true national registry . Harmonized information management will support both the social protection and DRM agendas . It will entail harmonizing M & E systems with common indicators for related programs ( e . g . public works and sustainable land management , pastoral community development ) , and a harmonized M & E data collection and analysis system . In addition , a program-specific MIS will be established , of which the single registry will be one element , to ensure effective knowledge management . A comprehensive public works database will also be a crucial part of the MIS . Establishing such an MIS system will", "spans": [{"start": 1055, "end": 1080, "text": "unified registry database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1207, "end": 1223, "text": "beneficiary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2210, "end": 2245, "text": "comprehensive public works database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Fryer , 2013 ; Fryer Jr , 2011 ) . Given these mixed results , it is clear that context and the details of design matter greatly for determining the impacts of performance-based rewards ( Bruns et al . , 2011 ) . In some contexts teachers may lack the skills and knowledge to respond effectively to incentives , even if they wished to . Our contribution is both to the design and to the discussion of context specificity of these program . First , we document the contrast in the impacts between in-kind and recognition rewards , and explore heterogeneity in how these effects are mediated by teacher and student gender . To the best of our knowledge , this is the first paper with a clear identification strategy to look at the contrasts between financial and recognition rewards for government civil servants . A similar study experimentally compared financial incentives with providing recognition for pro-social behavior , although the agents were private-sector hairdressers ( Ashraf et al . , 2014 ) . Second , we document impacts on learning outcomes even in an environment where teacher skills are relatively low . # * * 2 Intervention , Sample , and Evaluation Design * * Guinea , located on the west coast of Africa , is one of the poorest countries in the world . It is ranked 174 / 189 on the Human Development Index and , as of 2012 , 36 percent of the population lived in extreme poverty . < sup > 1 , 2 < / sup > School enrollment at all education levels have been increasing in recent years , but serious challenges remain both in access and quality . For example , an assessment administered in 2017 revealed that only 25 percent of grade two and three children could read a simple text , < sup > 3 < / sup > and according to the Human Capital Index a child born today can expect to complete 7 years of schooling , but adjusting for quality suggests that amounts to only 4 . 5 years of high-quality schooling ( World Bank , 2018 ) . These apparent problems induced a newly elected government in 2011 to seek innovative approaches in personnel and human resource management reforms", "spans": [{"start": 1307, "end": 1330, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1749, "end": 1768, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2 ) legal structure and security of property rights ; ( 3 ) access to sound money ; ( 4 ) freedom to trade internationally ; and ( 5 ) regulation of credit , labor and business . This index is also normalized between 0-1 . # Migration For emigration data , we use the estimates provided in Defoort ( 2008 ) . Focusing on the six major destination countries ( USA , Canada , Australia , Germany , UK and France ) , she computed skilled emigration stocks and rates by educational attainment from 1975 to 2000 ( one observation every 5 years ) . On the whole , the six destination countries represent about 75 percent of the OECD total immigration stock . < sup > 17 < / sup > > 17However , for some sending countries , the coverage by the Defoort dataset may be quite low . For 11", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 256, "text": "emigration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 739, "end": 754, "text": "Defoort dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the optional questions takes the same amount of time , variable time is reduced to the proportion of grouped questions out of the full questionnaire total . The programme we simulate is the PBI-JKN subsidized health insurance programme intended to cover 40 % of the population nationally , but which the DKI government has extended to 51 % of households . Rounding to 50 % to align with our simulations , and adjusting household figures accordingly , SUSENAS data indicate an incidence of 62 . 8 % in 2019 . A simplifying assumption at baseline is that all households which are included in the social registry receive the programme , as full coverage of all the surveyed households mirrors actual practice at national level , where the DTKS social registry contained the same 40 % share of households that the programme aimed to cover [ Pahlevi , 2019 ] . We simulate the impact of a shorter questionnaire by separating households into consumption deciles and splitting each decile into a surveyed and > 14Based on 26 core items out of a total of 112 ungrouped variables , and rounding up to the full minute . 26", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 466, "text": "SUSENAS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 739, "end": 759, "text": "DTKS social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 , 777 , 846 | 315 , 787 | | Secondary | 5 , 705 | 1 , 986 , 362 | 114 , 859 | | Tertiary < br > including < br > ( higher < br > education ) | 3 , 013 | 311 , 556 | 26 , 804 | | Total | 73 , 240 | 15 , 126 , 167 | 548 , 192 | Source : Report on the Master List of Education Institutions in Uganda ( MEIU ) UBOS 2019 In January 1997 Uganda launched its Universal Primary Education Program , which provides free primary school education for up to four children from each Ugandan family . While not compulsory , the goal is to enrol and ultimately provide a primary education for every Ugandan child . Today , there are over 10 . 7 million learners in primary schools with majority beginning their education at age six and completing elementary school by age 13 . Normally , primary school extends from primary I to primary VII . Uganda , like many sub-Saharan African countries , faces major challenges in providing quality and accessible basic education to children and adolescents , which may hinder effective implementation of COVID-19 prevention measures . For example , majority of Ugandan parents still struggle to meet requirements for school such as scholastic materials including pens , exercise books , sanitary pads for the girls and even bricks for classroom construction . There is increased dropout rates of learners majorly experienced in northern > _1 Spearheaded by the National Planning Authority_ > 2 http : / / www . education . go . ug / wp-content / uploads / 2020 / 05 / Preparedness-and-Response-Plan-for-COVID19-MAY-2020 . pdf 2", "spans": [{"start": 252, "end": 299, "text": "Master List of Education Institutions in Uganda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "supporting information aims to be easy to understand , use , and be in plain language . Interpreter services should be provided , where possible , for people from a non-English speaking background . - c . * * _Responsiveness : _ * * Complaints will be dealt with quickly , courteously , fairly and within established timelines . Complainants will be advised of how long it will take to deal with the complaint in accordance with complaint handling timelines and kept informed of the progress . If additional time is required to resolve the issues the complainant will be kept informed and advised of the additional time required and the reasons for the delay . If the complaint is still not resolved to the complainant ’ s satisfaction , we will explain our decision clearly , and offer any possible alternative actions or review opportunities . - d . * * _Privacy and confidentiality : _ * * The complaint handling process will ensure complainant confidentiality and also ensure confidentiality in the case of complaints against staff . Details of complaints should only be known by those directly concerned . - e . * * _Accountability : _ * * The complaint handling system is open to scrutiny by members of the public and other oversight bodies e . g . the Inspectorate of Government-IGG ( Ombudsman ) . An appropriate reporting mechanism on the operation of the complaints process will be maintained . UCSATP shall maintain a complaint register and regularly audit the complaints handling system with appropriate action plans formulated to address any deficiencies . # # # # # 4 . 3 COMMUNITY GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM # # # # # 4 . 3 . 1 GRIEVANCE CATEGORIES Two major categories of complaints and grievances may arise under the USDRH project community GRM ; a ) Civil and b ) Criminal . Criminal grievances shall be immediately referred to Uganda Police for statutory investigations and management in accordance with Uganda ’ s legal system . These may include GBV , VAC , theft , etc . On the other hand", "spans": [{"start": 1429, "end": 1447, "text": "complaint register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "social responsibility investments toward local and national development priorities ( as opposed to the current largely isolated ad hoc approaches ) ; and ( c ) an opportunistic approach to leveraging mining ancillary infrastructure . The broader macroeconomic management and fiscal decentralization are supported by World Bank budget support operations which have had several triggers on mining . < / mark > 23 . * * < mark > Gender issues are relevant to many aspects of the mining sector . < / mark > * * < mark > While gender dynamics in the mining sector mirror those in the country , the conditions in ASM make them even more prominent . Burkina Faso does not have a mining sector-specific gender policy . A gender assessment in two ASM sites < / mark > < sup > 28 < / sup > < mark > indicated , among other issues , that : ( a ) poverty is the main driver for women involvement in ASM ; ( b ) most women involved in ASM are not married ; < / mark > < sup > 29 < / sup > < mark > and ( c ) issues of GBV are prominent . < / mark > < sup > 30 < / sup > < mark > A study by the International Labor Organization < / mark > < sup > 31 < / sup > < mark > that surveyed the conditions of 61 youth in two ASM sites found that females were involved in lower paying jobs ( crushing , washing , cooking , etc . ) and were subject to GBV . Mining stakeholders in Burkina Faso point to : ( a ) an overall significant decline in females pursuing technical studies in the country resulting in fewer women with graduate level technical positions in the public and private mining sectors ; ( b ) insufficient financial resources to carry out economic initiatives around mining activities ; and ( c ) insufficient participation in the development and deployment of community development plans in general and mining corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) activities in particular with a resulting lower focus on gender-sensitive activities .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The relation involves average , not marginal productivity of capital , because natural disasters do not destroy the least productive assets first , but affect random sectors and random portions of the existing capital ( Hallegatte and Vogt ‐ Schilb 2016 ) . Note that if the productivity of the affected capital was equal to the marginal productivity of capital , that is � � � , then the loss of consumption would simply be equal to the loss of capital ( and would thus be independent of the reconstruction duration ) . Then , to estimate the welfare impact of a macroeconomic loss in consumption , it is necessary to account for the distributional impacts of the disaster , that is whether it impacts poor or nonpoor people , and for the ability of the population to cope with the shock . Our framework is flexible regarding the definitions of “ poor ” and “ non ‐ poor . ” < sup > 3 < / sup > In particular , one can decide to focus on extreme poverty by defining the poor following national or international poverty lines ; through a Multidimensional Poverty Index ; using a given fraction of the population ( e . g . , the bottom 20 or 40 % of the income distribution ) ; or using a broader definition of poor people that is relevant for disaster analysis ( e . g . , the population with no access to financial instruments , or the population that is “ vulnerable ” to falling back into poverty < sup > 4 < / sup > ) . In what follows , we define the poor as the people in the bottom 20 % of the consumption distribution . All the calculations that are proposed in this section are nonetheless possible in a more complex framework with more than two categories . # 2 . 2 . Distribution of asset and consumption losses The distribution of losses from a disaster depends on poverty , assets used , affected individuals and capital , and consumption losses , as each section of the framework below describes . # # 2 . 2 . 1 . Income categories In each country , there are � individuals , partitioned in � �", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 49 * * * | 0 . 10 | 0 . 49 | 212 ( 10 ) | 0 . 45 * * * | 0 . 10 | 0 . 45 | 126 ( 3 ) | 0 . 55 | 0 . 36 | 0 . 55 | | North America | < br > 1114 ( 2 ) | 0 . 63 * | 0 . 19 | 0 . 63 | < br > 496 ( 1 ) | 0 . 31 * * * | 0 . 19 | 0 . 31 | < br > 618 ( 2 ) | 0 . 72 * * | 0 . 11 | 0 . 72 | | South Asia | 175 ( 7 ) | 0 . 83 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 83 | 175 ( 7 ) | 0 . 83 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 83 | | | | | | Sub-Saharan Africa | 410 ( 44 ) | 0 . 75 * | 0 . 13 | 0 . 75 | 409 ( 44 ) | 0 . 77 * | 0 . 13 | 0 . 77 | | | | | * * Note : * * The panels shows results for no-constant regressions of growth rates from surveys on growth rates from national accounts , as done by Ravallion ( 2003 ) . Robust standard errors clustered at the country level ( based on robust sandwich estimator ) . Number of countries ( clusters ) are shown in parentheses next to the number of observations . Statistical significance of difference from _one_ , denoted by * p < = . 1 , * * p < = . 05 , * * * p < = . 01 .", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 638, "text": "surveys on growth rates from national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS , PROTECTION RISKS AND NEEDS OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # Information needs Similar to previous protection monitoring data , financial aid , healthcare , and job opportunities are top information needs . Depending on household composition , the area of information needs slightly varied ; for instance , information on access to healthcare is a higher need amongst households with older persons , whilst the need for information on employment opportunities is greater among households comprised of adults with or without dependents . The most preferred communication mediums continue to be social media ( 67 % ) and websites ( 33 % ) . For older persons , however , the preferred information channel is communication by phone . Focus group discussion with Roma refugees also revealed that many women cannot read and / or do not own electronic devices such as phones and tablets , rendering both written and digitally presented information inaccessible to them . < sup > 17 < / sup > For these groups , the most trusted information sources are Roma community mediators . < sup > 18 < / sup > # # # # # * * TOP INFORMATION NEEDS * * # # # # # * * PREFERRED INFORMATION CHANNEL * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Financial aid 54 % < br > Healthcare 30 % < br > Job opportunities 29 % < br > Legal status 22 % < br > Accommodation 17 % < br > None 15 % < br > Education 13 % < br > Documentation 9 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Social media 67 % < br > Websites 33 % < br > By phone 31 % < br > Friends / family 27 % < br > In person 24 % < br > Written information 10 % < br > None 3 % < br > Don ' t know 2 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 116, "end": 142, "text": "protection monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda Secondary Education Expansion Project ( P166570 ) | Value | 66 . 00 < br > 66 . 00 < br > 66 . 00 < br > 80 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | | Date | 01-Mar-2017 < br > 09-Dec-2022 < br > 02-Jun-2023 < br > 03-Mar-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | Values have not been updated due to the lack of a comprehensive EMIS since 2017 . Efforts are underway < br > to develop a sustainable EMIS with support from development partners . Updated data from the < br > comprehensive EMIS system was expected in early 2023 but is not yet available . Updated data is < br > necessary for monitoring the results framework . The Bank has requested that the PCU investigate < br > whether alternative options for collecting the data , such as compiling enrollments from District Education < br > Officers , may be feasible . | # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * # Component 1 : Expansion of Lower Secondary Education < u > < mark > IN01306296 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of newly constructed , equipped and operationalized lower secondary schools with teachers deployed by the MoES ( Number , Custom , PBC ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 116 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2019 | 09-Dec-2022 | 02-Jun-2023 | 31-Dec-2025 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01306300 | Site selection in pro | gress for first phase of schools . |", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 540, "text": "comprehensive EMIS system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has been set of reaching 19 . 3 percent of female-headed households under the Project , which is the overall percentage of female-headed households present in N ' Djamena . The baseline is listed as zero as the gap has been identified above , but the baseline for the sites in N ’ Djamena is unknown . Focus will be placed on cross-validating the post-electrification findings through possible surveys and focus-group discussions to track project impacts at the community level . 131 . * * Institutional Arrangement for Safeguards Management * * * * _ . _ * * SONATREL and SNE will be implementing the Project within their respective countries ’ borders , and as a result , they will be responsible for compliance with the related environmental and social safeguards . Neither agency has an established environmental and social team so each of them will recruit a social and an environmental specialist who will join their respective PIUs and coordinate with OEs and other consultants hired to provide project implementation prior to the start of civil works . The two companies will also need capacity building to strengthen their management and monitoring of occupational safety risks , environmental and social risks and impacts related to the construction and operation of transmission lines and substations . This capacity building will be ongoing and monitored by the World Bank . 132 . EPC contractors entrusted with works and their sub-contractors will be subject to OHS contractual provisions and industry standards , which will match the scope of works and address aspects such as : construction site maintenance ; worker accommodation ; management of access roads including security and access , as well as fuel storage area , workshop , warehouse ; ongoing training for all workers ; sanctions and penalties to address environmental and social nonconformities and late payment of wages ; adequate meals ; site safety plans ; internal and external GRMs ; documented internal work regulations including conditions for overtime pay ; medical evacuation ; reporting ( monthly , quarterly including accident statistics , workers grievances and social security contributions ,", "spans": [{"start": 2106, "end": 2125, "text": "accident statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Violence ( GBV ) and Sexual and Reproductive Health ( SRH ) services are becoming harder to access . Adolescent girls are feeling isolated and anxious about Covid-19 particularly about the challenges they face including a lack of access to information . Many girls and women were locked down at home with perpetrators of violence and it was challenging to access medical treatment , refuge , or help because of the ban on public and private transport , resulting in an exponential increase in cases of GBV . Violence against women and girls was already a widespread social issue in Uganda . According to the 2019 Uganda Police Report , there were an average of 1 , 141 cases of domestic violence reported monthly , and 64 % of women between the ages of 15-49 in Uganda reported having ever experienced gender-based violence ( UBOS , 2012 ) . Inevitably , in the first month of the lockdown , police noted a significant surge in GBV cases , with an estimated 3 , 280 cases reported to them between March 30 and April 28 ( CNN , 2020 ) . # # 1 . 1 THE EDUCATION SECTOR IN UGANDA Education in Uganda is embedded in the country ’ s strategies for socio-economic development . Vision 2040 recognizes the provision of universal primary and secondary education as a human right and emphasizes the objective of improving girls ’ completion rates . Vision 2040 also highlights the importance of changing the curriculum and methods 1", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 633, "text": "2019 Uganda Police Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Indicator Name | Basel < br > Value | ine < br > Month / Year | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Value < br > Date | Actual < br > Value | ( Current ) < br > Date | Closin < br > Value | gPeriod < br > Month / Year | | Annual inter-governmental < br > summit report submitted to < br > Parliament and County < br > Assemblies within 90 days of < br > the end of the FY ( Yes / No ) | No | Jun / 2023 | No < br > 06-Mar-2024 | No | 31-Oct-2024 | Yes | Dec / 2027 | | Participating counties that | 0 | Jun / 2023 | TBC < br > 06-Mar-2024 | TBC | 31-Oct-2024 | 25 | Dec / 2027 | | have integrated their HR < br > records , authorized staff < br > establishment and payroll , < br > and uploaded cleaned < br > payrolls in the HRMIS < br > ( Number ) DLI | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Actual current value to be con < br > the end of the calendar year . | firmed during | the annual perfor | mance assessm | ents prior to | | Participating counties that | n / a | Jun / 2023 | TBC < br > 06-Mar-2024 | TBC | 31-Oct-2024 | 25 | Dec / 2027 | | are enhancing accountability < br > for results through an < br > integratedperformance | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Actual current value to be con < br > the end of the calendar year . | firmed during | the annual perfor | mance assessm | ents prior to | Page 9 of 13 Jun", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 722, "text": "HRMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Statistik_ ) . The survey contains detailed information on industry , employment , production , trade participation and other firm characteristics . It covers all formal manufacturing establishments with more than 20 employees , which account for about 80 percent of all manufacturing output in Indonesia . < sup > 4 < / sup > For each year , we have approximately 20 , 000 plant-level observations . < sup > 5 < / sup > Our sample spans 1993 – 2009 , which enables us to study competition during the last years of Suharto ’ s reign and the decade following his departure . Following Blalock et al . ( 2008 ) , we exclude the crisis years and the first year of the recovery , i . e . 1997 – 99 , because they are characterized by high turmoil and volatility . These data are used to construct measures of competition . We use entry and exit rates , < sup > 6 < / sup > price costs margins ( PCM ) , the profit elasticity of demand ( PE ) , the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of concentration ( HHI ) , the aggregate market share of the biggest 4 firms ( MS4 ) , the number of firms in an industry and prices . < sup > 7 < / sup > To draw general conclusions about the evolution of competition , we create a summary index of competition following Kling et al . ( 2007 ) . Specifically , our competition index Z is simply the sum of equally weighted average z-scores of each of these 8 indicators , with the sign of each measures oriented so that higher values signal more intense competition ( e . g . more competition is associated with _more_ entry , exit , and market participants but a _lower_ price-cost margin , profit elasticity , market share of the 4 largest firms , concentration , and prices ) . To identify which firms are politically connected , we use data from Mobarak and Purbasari ( 2006a ) . They identify firms with family connections to Suharto , i . e . firms that are directly owned or managed by a Suharto family member ( either directly or being owned by firms held by", "spans": [{"start": 1762, "end": 1793, "text": "data from Mobarak and Purbasari", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * VNG * * International * * ESAP2 * * Audit Report and Financial Statements For the year ended * * 31 * * December * * 2015 * * Appendix * * III - * * Summary of the World Bank Designated account * * by * * category The summary below presents status of the designated account at the World Bank , extracted from the ' Client Connection ' system . The analysis provided the disbursed amount which tallies with the amount received * * by * * that MA . | * * 1 * * | Goods | * * 493 , 559 . 00 * * | 433 , 025 . 41 | * * 60 , 533 . 59 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 | ConsultantServices | * * 2 , 700 , 060 . 00 * * | 2 , 001 , 989 . 44 | * * 698 , 070 . 56 * * | | * * 3 * * | ManagementandCoordinationFees | * * 7 , 955 , 014 . 00 * * | * * 5 , 719 , 745 . 70 * * | * * 2 , 235 , 268 . 30 * * | | 4 | TrainingandWorkshops ( incmedia ) | * * 1 , 161 , 316 . 00 * * | * * 649 , 279 . 17 * * | * * 512 , 036 . 83 * * | | * * 5 * * | GrantsforSub-projects | * * 16 , 722 , 950 . 00 * * | * * 13 , 391 , 234 . 59 * * | * * 3 , 331 , 715 . 41 * * | | * * DA-A * * | DesignatedAccount | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 1 , 380 , 103 . 68 * * | * * - 1 , 380 , 103 . 68 * * | | | Total", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 336, "text": "Client Connection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 | | | Firewood | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | | | Crop-residue | 0 . 0 | 3 . 3 | 5 . 6 | 3 . 3 | 36 . 7 | 9 . 8 | | * * Cooking * * < br > * * Fuels * * | Charcoal | 16 . 7 | 6 . 7 | 2 . 2 | 3 . 3 | 20 . 0 | 10 . 4 | | | Animal dung | 0 . 0 | 3 . 3 | 5 . 5 | 6 . 6 | 0 . 0 | 3 . 0 | | | Electricity | 0 . 0 | 3 . 3 | 1 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 1 | 1 . 1 | _Source : Socioeconomic household survey July 2024_ In relation to sources of energy for cooking purpose , firewood remains the predominant source of energy used for cooking by all the sampled households ( See Table 6 . 7 ) . Charcoal is also another cooking fuel used by about 10 . 4 % of the sampled households . Other sources of energy for cooking include crop-residue ( 9 . 8 % ) and animal dung ( 3 . 0 % ) and electricity ( 1 . 1 % ) . Overall , the cooking energy sources of the Subproject influence areas is dominated by biomass fuel and this cooking energy source could be shifted gradually with the implementation of the proposed Subproject in the area . # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 3 Access to Potable Water * * With regard to access to potable water source the sample socioeconomic survey finding indicated 88 . 9 % of the sampled households reported that they use protected spring for drinking and other purposes . While 3 . 3 % , 2 . 8 % and 0 . 4 % of the sampled household ’ s access potable water from communal tap locally known", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 424, "text": "Socioeconomic household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1160, "end": 1180, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher among food crop farmers than among export crop farmers ( table 9 ) . This is somewhat surprising because there was a large decline in real export crop prices , particularly cocoa , which declined over 50 percent between 1988 and 1993 ( table 10 ) . In contrast , real staple food prices declined between 20 percent to 30 percent between 1988 and 1993 ( table 11 ) , not quite as much as real export crop producer prices . So all other things being equal , we would have expected food crop farmers to have been relatively more insulated from the recession than export crop farmers . A partial explanation for the finding may be that the decline in producer prices had already been absorbed in the 1988 survey results . There is some evidence that farmgate cocoa and coffee producer prices were lower than official prices before the prices were officially lowered in 1989 ( Azam , 1994 ) . Food crop farmers may have also suffered disproportionately to the extent that they provided wage labor for export crop farmers , and wages or employment fell . There is , however , little information about the behavior of the rural labor market available . The decline in real staple food prices merits some comment . Several factors may have been responsible . One factor is that as the real returns to cocoa , coffee and cotton production fell in the second half of the 1980s , farmers may have shifted some resources out of export crop production into the production of staple food crops , thus increasing the supply of staples and putting downward pressure on staple food prices . As the recession intensified and incomes fell , demand for staple foods fell as well ( except perhaps for staples such as maize and cassava that are inferior goods ) . Finally , the decline in the real price of rice - - due in part to government ' s pricing policy - - also likely placed downward pressure on the real price of other staple food crops . 10 Unfortunately , the aggregate data file we obtained for the 1985-88 LSMS data does not include the socioeconomic group variable so we cannot reproduce Grootaert ' s results using the", "spans": [{"start": 2005, "end": 2014, "text": "LSMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Number and details of IPs and other vulnerable individuals engaged in | As necessary | | - - - | - - - | | consultation meetings ; | | | Number of press materials published / broadcast in the local , County , | As necessary | | and National media in the appropriate form and language ; | | # # # # Reporting back to stakeholder groups The stakeholder engagement process will aim to support the development of strong , constructive , and responsive relationships among the key TA stakeholders for successful mitigation of any environmental and social risks of the TA activities . All stakeholder engagement meetings will have minutes , which will be stored in the Program stakeholder engagement database ; this will be to ensure that ( i ) there are records that can be referred to and that all views raised are taken into consideration , and ( ii ) commitments made are delivered upon . In addition , the outcomes of the stakeholder engagement activities with comments that have been considered will be reported to all TA stakeholders . Despite this being for internal use only , it will result in an annual report on stakeholder engagement under the Program . SDD will share TA reports with the relevant TA stakeholders and solicit their feedback and input . SDD will choose a suitable time and mode to deliver such reports and ensure that stakeholder feedback on TA activities is considered by the TA consultants . Where appropriate , the Program team will respond to any questions , comments , or objections that stakeholders might have , and address them respectfully and constructively . 50", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 704, "text": "Program stakeholder engagement database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RBF and Debt . Information of 145 entrepreneurs was collected . - The facilities Manager Opened the Facilities Main account and MOE disbursed Kshs . * * 2 , 223 , 466 , 000 * * to the facilities manager ' s Main account to facilitate the Result Based Financing ( RBF ) and the Debt Facilities . viii", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 47, "text": "Information of 145 entrepreneurs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "chronic or the family suffers other social risks . Our study , which focuses on Peru , provides much needed empirical evidence of the deleterious impact of maternal depression on child cognition in a region where the causal nexus between maternal depression and child cognition has not been studied before despite maternal depression prevalence rates that range between 35 % and 50 % ( Wolf et al 2002 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > Second , the paper focuses on an important marker of early cognition , the accumulation of vocabulary , which has been extensively shown to predict reading comprehension throughout school and into early adulthood ( Powell and Diamond 2012 ) . To capture vocabulary competence , we use performance in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test ( PPVT ) , a test of receptive vocabulary , which has been widely used and translated to Spanish and Quechua , the two most widely spoken languages in Peru . < sup > 6 < / sup > Finally , this paper contributes to the literature on the protective effect that other household members can have on the development of children exposed to maternal depression . Our results suggest that , in and of itself , the presence of other household members does not attenuate the effect of maternal depression on child vocabulary development . In fact , the presence of heavydrinking partners appears to worsen the effect of maternal depression . This latter result may be explained by the increased risk of Intimate Partner Violence ( IPV ) associated high alcohol consumption . Evidence from Psychology suggests IPV constitutes a major predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused women ( Pico-Alfonso , 2005 ) and can lead to negative interactions between mothers and children ( Taylor et al , 2009 ) , directly affecting child development ( Bedoya et al , 2020 ) . Using YL data , Bedoya et al ( 2020 ) find that IPV is one of the > 5 In Peru , official statistics show a challenging scenario in terms of mental health in general . Data indicate that Mental , Neurological and Substance Abuse Disorders ( MNS ) are the leading cause of disease burden in the country , accounting for 17 . 5 percent", "spans": [{"start": 1830, "end": 1837, "text": "YL data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "panel sample not only differs in terms of self-reporting but also in interviewing the respondents separately in absence of other household members , as explained above . Table 2 shows that in the IHS4 , all activities have the same or lower participation rates as compared to the IHPS , with the exception of activities in agriculture ( any crop work — as well as men ’ s crop work strictly for household consumption ) . The distinction between crop production intended mainly for sale — versus all for household consumption / subsistence agriculture — was added to better understand how the survey approach affects the measurement of crop employment under the > 13 Additional results including zeroes for the non-employed ( i . e . unconditional sample ) are available upon request . There were more significant differences in the unconditional sample owing to differences in participation across the two surveys . For weekly hours , we assume that no one can work more than 12 hours per day during the past seven days such that weekly hours are capped at 84 hours . We replace missing values with the median value of weekly hours within the enumeration area ( EA ) and take the logarithm conditional on participation . Annual hours are calculated based on the average number of hours per week spent on wage employment multiplied with the average number of weeks per month and the total number of months during the last 12 months . For _ganyu_ employment , we do not have data on the number of hours per week , so we assume an average of six hours per day multiplied with the number of days per week spent on _ganyu_ . We replace unrealistically high values with a maximum of 4 , 368 hours as we assume that no one can work more than 12 hours per day all year round . Annual earnings represent net income and are derived from all cash and in-kind remuneration that a worker received during the past 12 months . We winsorize earnings at top 1 percent ; replace missing values with the median value within the enumeration area ; and take the logarithm conditional on employment . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report # # * * DEFINITION OF TERMS * * * * Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan * * is a resettlement document prepared to mitigate impacts that have affected less than 200 Project affected persons in accordance to World Bank OP 4 . 12 . * * Compensation / Facilitation : * * means payments made in cash / kind in recognition of loss of assets and Livelihoods resulting from impacts caused by planning and surveying . * * Complete Displacement : * * means the displacement of a structure owner or institution PAP etc . from one parcel of land to a different parcel of land outside the settlement due to the planning and survey activities including demarcation of roads . * * Cut-off date * * is the date of start of the socio-economic survey / census and asset inventory of PAPs . Persons entering and / or occupying land in the project area after this date and not included in the inventory of PAPs will not be considered eligible for facilitation . Similarly , fixed assets such as structures , established after the cut-off date will not be compensated / facilitated . * * Grievance : * * any dissatisfaction or sense of injustice or unfairness felt by a person , in this respect a PAPs or his / her representative in connection with his / her compensation entitlements , the ARAP implementation process , the project and other scenarios related to project implementation . * * Squatters * * are those who have extended their settlements into Government lands and have no formal right or claim to the portion of the lands . * * Market rate : * * selling price of a commodity in the open competitive market . * * Project Affected Person ( s ) ( PAPs ) * * are persons , < mark > households , enterprises , and public or private institutions < / mark > affected because they may lose", "spans": [{"start": 844, "end": 902, "text": "socio-economic survey / census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1023, "text": "inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Literature_ , 36 ( 2 ) : 818-860 . Baccaro L . and D . Rei ( 2005 ) . Institutional determinants of unemployment in OECD countries : A time series cross-section analysis ( 1960-98 ) . DP / 160 / 2005 _Decent Work Research_ , International Institute for Labour Studies : Geneva . Bajada , C . and F . Schneider ( 2009 ) . Unemployment and the Shadow Economy in the OECD . _Revue Economique_ 60 , 1033 – 1067 . Bassanini , A . and R . Duval ( 2009 ) , Unemployment , institutions , and reform complementarities : re-assessing the aggregate evidence for OECD countries , _Oxford Review of Economic Policy_ , 25 ( 1 ) : 40-59 . Baum , C . F . , M . E . Schaffer and S . Stillman ( 2007 ) . _ivreg2 : Stata module for extended instrumental variables / 2SLS , GMM and AC / HAC , LIML and k-class regression_ . http : / / ideas . repec . org / c / boc / bocode / s425401 . html Beck , N . and J . N . Katz ( 1995 ) . What to do ( and not to do ) with time-series cross-section data . _American Political Science Review_ 89 : 634 – 647 . Behar , A . ( 2009 ) . Tax Wedges , Unemployment Benefits and Labour Market Outcomes in the New EU Members . _AUCO Czech Economic Review_ , 3 ( 1 ) : 69-92 . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the consequent expansion of secondary schools has however given rise to a * * pronounced shortage of educators , especially within the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ( ASAL ) and economically disadvantaged urban settings * * . As depicted in Table 1 , the available trained and qualified educators are insufficient . In 2020 , secondary education had a total of 136 , 915 teachers , with public schools accounting for 87 . 2 % of the teachers ( 48 , 626 teachers contracted by the Boards of Management to bridge the gap ) . The current teacher shortage is estimated at 111 , 870 ( TSC Data ) , though efforts in 2023 have seen 20 , 000 recruits . The brunt of this deficiency is borne by the ASAL counties , which as highlighted in the 2017 SEQUIP Baseline Report , face a daunting teacher shortfall of 9 , 108 . Table 1 : Teachers established in secondary schools , 2023 . | # of Schools | Principals | Deputy Principal | Teachers | Total | CBE | Shortage | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 9 , 246 | 7 , 805 | 7 , 611 | 108 , 569 | 123 , 985 | 182 , 566 | 58 , 581 | Source : TSC Data , March 2023 6", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 587, "text": "TSC Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Understanding the effects of market concentration on economic productivity and household welfare , poverty , and inequality has become a policy priority , especially in developing countries , which often have more concentrated markets . < sup > 7 < / sup > In addition , a better understanding of the distributional effects of competition is central to policy making since poor households are typically the most affected by the lack of competition , given that they consume more homogeneous goods , have less opportunities to substitute consumption , and have limited access to markets ( Creedy and Dixon 1998 ; Urzúa 2013 ) . Moreover , policies fostering competition have the potential to provide a cost-effective and sustainable mechanism for poverty reduction , particularly compared with welfare interventions , such as social protection or fiscal policies . < sup > 8 < / sup > Although most of the evidence in developed countries is typically centered on the effects of competition on economic productivity and prices , the rise of marker power and the capital share of income have received more attention in developing countries and have ignited the impetus of academics to conduct rigorous analysis on the causal relationship of market concentration and household welfare . < sup > 9 < / sup > Atkin et al . ( 2018 ) analyze a regulatory reform in Mexico that allowed the entry of foreign retailers ( Walmart supermarkets ) during the 2000s by combining microdata sources and bar-coded information on prices . They find that an external source of market competition in local retail markets led to significant welfare gains ( 6 . 2 percent ) for the average household . However , the positive welfare effects benefited richer households the most . The gains of these households were around 50 percent more than the overall welfare gains of the poorest households because the poor transfer less of their retail consumption to foreign stores . Similarly , Busso and Galiani ( 2019 ) take advantage of a random supply shock in the local retail sector in the Dominican Republic through the expansion of small grocery stores generated by the rollout of a social protection program and find significant welfare gains driven by a reduction in", "spans": [{"start": 1490, "end": 1507, "text": "microdata sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 20 : Part-time employment by age groups . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s < br > Russia Georgia Kyrgyzstan Turkey Armenia Albania Moldova < br > > 64 years old 50 ‐ 64 40 ‐ 49 25 ‐ 39 15 ‐ 24 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys Figure 21 : Temporary employment by age groups . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s < br > Georgia Kyrgyzstan Turkey Armenia < br > > 64 years old 50 ‐ 64 40 ‐ 49 25 ‐ 39 15 ‐ 24 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys A less clear picture is observed in the case of temporary employment . Indeed , in the four countries where temporary employees are identified , we observe different dynamics in the age profile . On the one hand , Kyrgyzstan and Turkey do not evidence significant changes in the age profile of temporary workers in the last 10 / 15 years . On the other hand , Georgia and Armenia present changes in the age profile but in opposite directions . Armenia shows today a higher share of the older groups within temporary employees while Georgia evidences a younger profile of", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 540, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Currently , there are three NGOs that are providing support to improve quality of education in the woreda by engaging in , provision of educational materials and building the capacity and awareness of the community . 52 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tion * * | | | | | Overall | 492 | 65 % | 464 | 61 % | 506 | 67 % | 583 | 61 % | | High income | 186 | 88 % | 172 | 81 % | 168 | 79 % | 189 | 71 % | | Upper middle income | 129 | 60 % | 113 | 52 % | 129 | 60 % | 139 | 51 % | | Lower middle income | 117 | 55 % | 121 | 57 % | 132 | 62 % | 148 | 56 % | | Low income | 60 | 50 % | 58 | 48 % | 77 | 64 % | 107 | 71 % | | | | * * Governme * * | * * nt spending * * | * * on social pro * * | * * tection * * | | | | | Overall | | | | | 21 | 3 % | 102 | 11 % | | High income | | | | | 1 | 0 % | 11 | 4 % | | Upper middle income | | | | | 5 | 2 % | 33 | 12 % | | Lower middle income | | | | | 10 | 5 % | 37 | 14 % | | Low income | | | | | 5 | 4 % | 21 | 14 % | When we look at the disaggregation by region , for health we do find coverage that is close to universal for all the regions ( Table 3 ) . This may be related to decades-long international efforts to collect health expenditure data ( Bui et al . 2015 ) . That is not the case for education , where the trend in data availability is particularly worrying for Latin America ( LAC ) and Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) . It is encouraging , however , to observe a significant positive trend in data availability for South Asia and SubSaharan Africa . Importantly , for education , the shifts in data availability are so large that comparisons of mean spending values are not particularly informative since data availability might", "spans": [{"start": 911, "end": 934, "text": "health expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project policy , procedures , schedules and technical designs set out in the project description , in addition to data on the social baseline environment and the results of the assessment phase stakeholder consultation process , respectively . The valued environmental components ( VEC ) ( physical , biological , social environments ) identified for the Wobulenzi-Masaka TL and substations are listed in * * Table 63 * * . The E & S assessment process focuses only on these components . 240", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 153, "text": "data on the social baseline environment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– compliant staffing ( reasonably available staffing in the host-region ) < br >  < br > National Curriculum and Assessment : Use of the national curriculum and TLMs and Participation in national assessment systems < br >  < br > Supervision and Accountability : includingregular supervision and reporting | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Ministryof Education ( MoE ) | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The number is calculated by counting the number of refugee primary schools that meet all integration criteria as verified under the Program . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * Number of teachers and students benefiting from climate smart school infrastructure and training / curricula with climate awareness incorporated * * < br > * * ( Number ) * * | | Description | Measures the number of teachers and students ( including refugee students and teachers ) benefiting from climate smart school infrastructure , provided < br > through the pre-primary expansion , and the number of teachers and students benefiting from training / curricula with climate awareness incorporated . Key < br > teachers ' training programs will have climate awareness integrated , and students of these teachers will benefit from this through lessons in the classroom . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Trainingreport , Infrastructure Improvement MonitoringReports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | This indicator aggregates the number of key teachers that are trained , the number of students of these teachers ( estimated at 41 students per teacher ) , < br > and the number of teachers and students benefitingfrompre-primaryclassroomsprovided bythe Program . | | Responsibilityfor Data | Ministryof Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) , | Page 47", "spans": [{"start": 1420, "end": 1424, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1441, "text": "Trainingreport", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1444, "end": 1488, "text": "Infrastructure Improvement MonitoringReports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". int / report / somalia / protection-refugeesnot-refugees-somalis-exile-and-securitisation-refugee-policy , accessed : September 2018 ; Moret et al . , “ The Path of < / u > Somali Refugees into Exile : A Comparative Analysis of Secondary Movements and Policy Responses ” , Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies , 2006 , available at : < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / 50aa0d6f9 . pdf , accessed : September < / u > 2018 . 3 Kenya ’ s response to circulated questionnaire , on file with author . 4 See UNHCR , “ UNHCR Data Portal , Horn of Africa : Somalia Situation , Kenya ” , available at : < u > https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / situations / horn / location / 178 , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > 5 See UNHCR , “ Kenya : Registered Refugees and Asylum-seekers , 31 March 2018 ” , available at : < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / ke / wp-content / uploads / sites / 2 / 2018 / 05 / Kenya-Infographics_March-2018 . pdf , accessed : < / u > September 2018 . In May 2018 , one of the four camps ( Ifo # 2 ) was closed . 6 See UNHCR , “ Statistical Summary as of 31 March 2018 : Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Kenya ” , available at : < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / ke / wp-content / uploads / sites / 2 / 2018 / 05 / KENYA-Statistics-Package-March-2018 . pdf , accessed : < / u > September 2018 . 126", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 545, "text": "UNHCR Data Portal", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% ( 42 . 1-55 . 6 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 261 ) * * | 12 . 6 % ( 9 . 1-17 . 3 ) | 1 . 9 % ( 0 . 8-4 . 5 ) | 0 % ( 0-0 ) | 85 . 4 % ( 80 . 6-89 . 2 ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 82 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 16 , 772 | 3 . 0 | * | 59 . 0 | | Bunionectomy | 3 , 139 | 12 , 190 | 2 . 2 | * | 20 . 7 | | Lens and cataract < br > procedures | 2 , 215 | 11 , 483 | 2 . 4 | * | 40 . 4 | | Varicose vein < br > stripping , lower limb | 1 , 957 | 12 , 596 | 2 . 6 | * | 42 . 1 | | Glaucoma procedures < br > | * | 9 , 955 | 2 . 0 | * | * | | Tympanoplasty < sup > 37 < / sup > | 754 | 11 , 983 | 1 . 3 | * | * | _Source : _ H-CUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample , 2002 . Statistics based on estimates with a relative standard error ( standard error / weighted estimate ) greater than 0 . 30 or with standard error = 0 in the nationwide statistics are not reliable . These statistics are suppressed and are designated with an asterisk ( * ) . > 37 Volume pertains to year 2000 . 29", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 443, "text": "H-CUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as ReDSS and IOM for measuring progress towards local ( re ) integration . - ❖ By 2026 , Somalia ’ s urban population will overtake its rural population . Hence , the upcoming two years provide a critical opportunity for UNHCR Somalia to help support the Government in setting a new course of well-planned urbanization through national and federal state level policies , implemented at the city level through fit-for-purpose land administration , and inclusive , representational governance . UNHCR and certain partners are well suited to have impact here given their expertise on HLP and their shelter programmes . < sup > 43 < / sup > Instead of building ready-made shelters , more emphasis will be on trainings for IDP and refugee returnees to equip them to build > 43 In Mogadishu , Berbera , Bossaso ( Gribley Durable Solutions settlement ) and Galkayo ( Wadajir Durable Solutions settlement ) . 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) Implementation Status & Results Report ( 2 . 4 ) KCHS 2018 fieldwork conducted and County poverty report produced and available on-line . # # #  DLI 3 : Produce better real and external sector economic data ( Text ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | The first two DLRs ( 3 . 0 | | | Value | Insufficient capacity to meet < br > SDDS criteria in all real and < br > external sector data < br > categories | and 3 . 1 ) have been < br > achieved as planned and < br > will be assessed as per < br > the verification protocol in < br > January 2016 | DLR 3 . 0 and DLR 3 . 1 were < br > achieved , verified and < br > disbursement against . | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | 06-Jun-2016 | # # Comments The 5 DLRs under DLI 3 are : ( 3 . 0 ) Revised National Accounts with base year updated to 2009 produced and published ; - ( 3 . 1 ) Foreign Investment Survey ( FIS ) conducted and report produced and available on-line ; - ( 3 . 2 ) Business register upgraded and updated ; ( 3 . 3 ) Rebased Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) series produced and available on-line ; and ( 3 . 4 ) Rebased Producer Price Index ( PPI ) series produced and available on-line # # #  DLI 4 : Compile the IMF Data Quality Assessment Framework ( DQAF ) for five macro-economic datasets ( Text ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1014, "text": "Foreign Investment Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1140, "end": 1168, "text": "Rebased Consumer Price Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1231, "end": 1259, "text": "Rebased Producer Price Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7461 # The World Bank # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 29-Nov-2010 ) * * | * * Financial Agre * * | * * ement ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | P101232 | IDA-48140 | Closed | 30-Sep-2010 | 24-Nov-2010 | 25-Nov-2010 | 31-Mar-2012 | 31-Mar-2012 | | * * Disbursements * * | * * ( in Millions ) * * | | | | | | | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed < br > Undis | bursed < br > % Disbursed | | P101232 | IDA-48140 | Closed | XDR | 65 . 90 | 65 . 90 < br > 0 . 00 | 65 . 90 | 0 . 00 < br > 100 . 00 | # # * * Tranches * * # # # * * Tranche 1 * * | Amount ( USD ) | Expected Release Date | Actual Release Date | Status | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 | | Pending | Released | # # * * Key Decisions Regarding Implementation * * None # # * * Restructuring History * * There has been no restructuring to date . # # * * Related Operations * *", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 74, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 6 ( Continued ) * * | | 1 | * * Food C * * < br > IHPS < br > 2 | * * onsumption Score * * < br > 1 | FIAS < br > 2 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Weather Shocks † * * | | | | | | | Weather Shock | - 1 . 625 | | 1 . 149 | | | | | ( 1 . 170 ) | | ( 1 . 919 ) | | | | Current Shock | | - 1 . 368 | | 1 . 084 | | | | | ( 1 . 201 ) | | ( 2 . 004 ) | | | Sequential Shock | | - 6 . 616 | * * * | - 2 . 619 | | | | | ( 2 . 089 ) | | ( 2 . 962 ) | | | * * Aid * Shock * * | | | | | | | Aid | - 3 . 352 | - 4 . 327 | 4 . 645 | 3 . 649 | | | | ( 3 . 362 ) | ( 3 . 443 ) | ( 4 . 370 ) | ( 4 . 501 ) | | | Aid * Weather Shock | - 1 . 861 | | - 2 . 697 | | | | | ( 3 . 674 ) | | ( 4 . 875 ) | | | | Aid * Current Shock | | - 3 . 085 | | - 2 . 711 | | | | | ( 4 . 124 ) | | ( 5 . 849 ) | | | Aid * Sequential Shock | | 10 . 583 | * * | 5 . 220 | | | | | ( 4 . 779 ) | | ( 5 . 537 ) | | | * * Explicit HH Targeting Characteristics * * | | | | | | | Dummy , Female Head | - 0 . 972", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i . e . fuel prices which rise at the same rate as the other commodities included in the comparison would result in an equalizing discount rate of 12 % . 10 . The growth of demand has been projected on the basis of a detailed analysis of future electricity consumption of large industrial consumers and on the correlation between demand of the remaining consumers and the expected development of Kenya ' s economy . If the expectation of economic growth in Kenya - - a slow-down in 1975 and 1976 , and a recovery with a return to the previous economic trend in 1977 - - are too optimistic , then the load growth could be lower than projected . A lower load growth would lead to a reduction in fuel consumption if gas turbines are installed first , and to a longer period of under-utilization of generating capacity if Gitaru is commissioned in 1978 . A reduction in load growth by 10 % would reduce the equalizing discount rate to 9 % . 11 . A simultaneous occurrence of two of the three events analyzed above - - an increase of Gitaru capital cost , a sharp drop in \" real \" fuel prices , a reduction in demand growth by 10 % - - would reduce the equalizing discount rate to 8 % . Under conditions most unfavorable to the strategy of building Gtaru first with all three events occurring simultaneously , the equalizing discount rate would fall below 7 % . However , the likelihood of a simultaneous occurrence is small . The mission estimates that the likelihood of a drop in load growth", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be an important component of the community and beneficiary awareness-raising campaigns . The M & E team indicated that they intend to edit these guidelines and forward them to the communications team by March 30 , so that printing and distribution will take place in April 2012 . The Mission learned that the contract for the technical consultant that is supporting the pilot design and implementation had expired in February 2012 . This consultant was appointed to deliver a series of key outputs . The Mission agreed that , given the intensity of field activities expected in the next month , the consultant ' s contract should be extended for three months to cover the period of April to June 2012 . New outputs and deliverables for the consultants ' extension will be developed and the contracting process will be initiated by the World Bank by March 30 , 2012 . 32 . * * Communication strategy . * * The Mission appreciated that the Secretariat had developed a communications strategy that had informed the design of various communications products . However , the communications team reported that the functionality and use of the various materials had not been assessed and indeed , in some cases , there was anecdotal evidence that they were not being used by target audience . While citizen service charters had been distributed to the DCOs , it was not clear how many had reached the beneficiaries directly . Moreover , monitoring reports suggest that , due to low literacy levels , many beneficiaries do not understand what is contained in the Charters . The Mission stressed the importance of developing a more comprehensive communication implementation plan that would include monitoring of delivery of products and usefulness of communications materials . The implementation plan should be developed in consultation with the M & E team . The Mission also noted the importance of the communication team working with the various operational departments to develop timely and useful products . The findings of the UNC follow-on study , for example , offer an opportunity to disseminate significant programme impact results . These findings will be shared with the Social Protection Secretariat communications and advocacy specialist to enable the Secretariat to develop broader and strategic", "spans": [{"start": 1430, "end": 1448, "text": "monitoring reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix Table 4 : Is the Business Visually Bigger After Three Years ? * * | | All firms | Survivors | All Firms | Survivors | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Assigned to Training | 0 . 042 * * | 0 . 037 | | | | | ( 0 . 021 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | | | | Spillover Group | 0 . 019 | 0 . 019 | | | | | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | | | | Assigned to Mentoring | | | 0 . 059 * * < br > ( 0 . 028 ) | 0 . 058 * < br > ( 0 . 031 ) | | Spillover Group for Mentoring | | | 0 . 022 < br > ( 0 . 030 ) | 0 . 017 < br > ( 0 . 032 ) | | Assigned to Training Only | | | 0 . 034 | 0 . 022 | | | | | ( 0 . 028 ) | ( 0 . 029 ) | | Spillover Group for Training | | | 0 . 028 < br > ( 0 . 026 ) | 0 . 023 < br > ( 0 . 027 ) | | Sample Size | 2864 | 2571 | 2527 | 2265 | | P ‐ value : Mentoring = TrainingOnly | | | 0 . 440 | 0 . 286 | Notes : Robust standard errors in parentheses , clustered at the market level . * , * * , and * * * denote significance at the 10 , 5 , and 1 percent levels respectively . Outcome is whether photograph of business inventories in Round 4 survey is shows business to be larger than baseline photograph shows . Columns 2 and 4 condition on the firm surviving , columns 1 and 3 code closed firms as not being bigger . 49", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1071, "text": "Round 4 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * FRAGILITY AND POPULATION MOVEMENT IN AFGHANISTAN * * The increase in secondary displacement among returnees is a strong sign that the country ’ s capacity to absorb and reintegrate additional inflows of returnees was already overstretched before the surge of recent months ’ returns . While no data are currently available on the incidence of secondary displacement among post-2013 returns , there is no reason to believe trends will be reversed : * * a higher number of returns from abroad will likely result in an increase of internal displacement . * * In particular , the continued deterioration of the security situation and the economic crisis in Afghanistan are likely to further challenge the reintegration of more recent returns . Moreover , the increased competition for humanitarian assistance at the global level , together with a shrinking space for asylum internationally are likely to further complicate the management of Afghanistan ’ s current displacement crisis . # # * * RECOGNIZING STRUCTURAL AND PRESENT CHALLENGES * * Afghanistan ’ s capacity to manage displacement has to be appraised in relation to the country ’ s structural and present challenges . * * Fragility and conflict * * are Afghanistan ’ s first structural challenge . If peace and stability are pre-requisite for development to take place , Afghanistan is ( still ) missing both . According to the Global Peace Index , in 2016 the country ranks the fourth less peaceful after Syria , South Sudan and Iraq . Moreover , decades of conflict have had a destabilizing effect on the social cohesion of the country , exacerbating ethnic divisions and weakening government institutions and rule of law . Similarly , decades of conflict have depleted Afghanistan ’ s physical and human capital which , despite the progress achieved since 2001 , will constrain its growth prospects for decades to come . A higher number of returns from abroad will likely result in an increase of internal displacement . Second among its structural challenges is * * Afghanistan ’ s demographic profile . * * With a total fertility rate of about 5 . 3 children per woman in 2014 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1390, "end": 1408, "text": "Global Peace Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 | | Techniq | ue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 | | Freehol | d Land Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 | | 2 . 2 . 2 | Leasehold and Planned survey Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "452 * * * | - 0 . 0266 * * | 0 . 0977 * * * | | ( 0 to 100 ) | ( 19 . 15 ) | ( - 2 . 37 ) | ( 11 . 45 ) | | Time trend | 0 . 274 * * * | 0 . 0273 | 0 . 0280 | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( 5 . 61 ) | ( 1 . 17 ) | ( 1 . 37 ) | | n | 1 , 286 | 1 , 232 | 1 , 128 | | R-squared | 0 . 279 | 0 . 080 | 0 . 102 | | RMSE | 7 . 73 | 3 . 90 | 3 . 05 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 8", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 475, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 4 - - * * ( c ) Preparation of operational and technical documents : * * preparing operations manual , financial report , emission reduction monitoring report and other related technical documents , for the selected carbon finance program . - * * ( d ) * * Sites visits : periodic site visits for validation / verification of the carbon finance program under the ERPA . - ( e ) Regional training : providing training for selected regional stakeholders in program implementation and emissions reduction monitoring . - * * ( f ) Biogas * * user survey under National Biogas * * Program : * * design , implement and report on the biogas user survey under National Biogas Program . # _2 . 02 . _ * * _Project Execution Generally . _ * * ( a ) The Recipient declares its commitment to the objectives of the Project . To this end , the Recipient shall cause the Project to be carried out through DBE in accordance with the provisions of : ( i ) Article II of the Standard Conditions ; and ( ii ) the \" Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed * * by * * IBRD Loans and * * IDA * * Credits and Grants \" , dated October * * 15 , 2006 * * and revised in January 2011 ( \" Anti-Corruption Guidelines \" ) . * * _2 . 03 . Institutional and Other Arrangements . _ * * Without limitation upon paragraph 2 . 02 above : ( a ) Without limitation upon paragraph 2 . 02 above , the Recipient , through DBE , shall ensure that DBE is maintained with functions , staffing and resources satisfactory to the World Bank to carry out the Project Activities . * * ( b ) * * To facilitate the carrying out of the Activities , the Recipient shall make the proceeds of the Grant available to the DBE under a subsidiary agreement ( \" Subsidiary Agreement \" ) between the Recipient and DBE , under terms and conditions approved * * by *", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 647, "text": "biogas user survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 1 Internet Coverage * * Hjort and Poulsen ( 2019 ) were among the first to exploit the arrival of submarine internet cables between 2000 and 2010 in Africa by using a difference-in-differences estimation to show the impact of fast internet on employment . They find that the probability that an individual is employed increases between 3 . 1 and 13 . 2 percent when fast internet becomes available . In all nine countries covered by relevant household surveys ( Benin , Ghana , Kenya , Madagascar , Mozambique , Nigeria , Senegal , Tanzania , and South Africa ) , the probability of being employed in a skilled occupation increases , but the probability of holding an unskilled job is statistically unaffected when fast internet becomes available . While the impact on the overall process of structural change is likely modest , fast internet appears to shift employment shares towards higher-productivity occupations . The average incomes rise in the areas that see changes in employment when fast internet arrives . Overall , the results imply that expanded access to lower cost ICT resulting from the availability of fast internet increases employment rates in Africa , and that in at least some countries , this happens in part due to the technology ’ s impact on increasing firm entry , raising firm productivity , and facilitating participation in export markets . More recently , Masaki et al ( 2020 ) identify the relationship between access to broadband internet and household welfare . This research is based on household surveys conducted in Senegal in 2011 and 2018 , which provide data on household consumption and poverty level as a proxy for welfare . Addressing the concern of endogeneity by employing two-stage least squares ( 2SLS ) regression analysis ( using as an instrument the distance to 3G coverage in neighboring areas outside the immediate vicinity of a given area ) , the results show that mobile broadband coverage is associated with greater household consumption and reduced poverty incidence , both in rural and urban areas , though to a greater extent in the latter . The total consumption of households with 3G coverage is about 14 percent greater than the consumption of households without 3G coverage . Similarly , 3G", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 469, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1532, "end": 1570, "text": "household surveys conducted in Senegal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 4 : Mean Survival Time based on Fixed Costs by Sector < br > Construction < br > Retail < br > Other Services < br > Manufacturing of Food and Beverages < br > Manufacturing of Metals and Fabricated Metal Products < br > Other Manufacturing < br > Manufacturing of Textiles , Apparel , and Leather Products < br > Manufacturing of Machinery , Computing , and Electrical . . . < br > Manufacturing of Chemical , Plastic , and Mineral Products < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 16 20 24 < br > Weeks < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 28 32 36 40 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 4 8 12 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Note : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 345 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note_ : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 345 The differences across countries between the average and median survival time persist ( Figure 5 ) . While the median business in Turkey is estimated to run out of cash in 9 weeks , businesses on average have the means to survive for about 20 weeks , or nearly twice as long . Results for other countries are more similar : in both Kazakhstan and Ukraine the median and the average firm will run out of cash in about 10 weeks . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 5 : Mean Survival Time based on Fixed Costs by Country < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > *", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 899, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quarter survey contrasted markedly with high diversity during the third quarter . In the latter phase , large-bodied organisms such as _Mesocyclops_ spp . and _Daphnia lumholtzi_ occurred , which were not encountered at other times . In addition , a seasonal regime of abundance is also evident ; with high densities of organisms during the first and second quarters when species diversity was relatively low compared to the third and fourth quarter . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 3 . 4 Macro-invertebrates * * Macro-invertebrates are a vital component in food webs of aquatic ecosystems . As elements of the detritus food chain , they break down dead organic matter into inorganic forms thereby reducing the rate of accumulation of materials at the bottom . They are a major link between primary producers and consumers . Macroinvertebrates also serve as food for fish . The higher the abundance and diversity of macro-invertebrates , the greater the variety of niches available for fish , and the less the inter - and intra-specific competition for food resources . In Lake Victoria at least , Corbet ( 1961 ) observed that all fish in the lake basin , including rivers , feed on invertebrates at some stage in their life cycles . As a result , the fisheries are dependent on the abundance and diversity of the macro-invertebrates as they comprise a major food source for fish . There were no clear trends in invertebrate diversity and abundance from upstream to downstream , nor apparent seasonal pattern . Consequently , the changes in species R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "quarter survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) larger group of people , or people who are more vulnerable within a specific geographic region . 84 . * * The project will ensure citizen engagement through multiple instruments . * * First , the project will ensure local participation in the selection of road priorities , and a simple questionnaire will be addressed by CDR to all union of municipalities to consult with them on their priorities with regard to the rehabilitation of national roads crossing their respective towns / districts . The list of priority roads identified by municipalities will be checked against the results of the road condition survey and will be considered for selection under the project if justified on sound technical and economic basis . Second , the project will measure citizens ’ satisfaction with the implemented projects through a survey to assess the level of satisfaction of beneficiaries from the implemented projects ; and third , the GRM will allow citizens to directly voice concerns or grievances to the implementing agency and ensure that these concerns are responded to and addressed in a timely manner . 85 . * * The project will particularly encourage broader participation and benefits for women . * * The consultations will engage women in discussions on the types of jobs in construction or related supporting sectors they could most benefit from . Specific arrangements will also be made for women to be able to take on work directly and indirectly linked to the project activities . It is important to note , however , that among some social groups in Lebanon , including large segments of the refugee population , women ’ s engagement in construction ‐ related labor is not encouraged according to social and cultural norms . Changing these norms goes beyond the scope of the project , but these norms could in fact change due to measures put in place to encourage women ’ s labor , if these measures are determined by women themselves . The project will also track the differential impacts of its activities on men and women . Results will be disaggregated by gender whenever feasible and reporting will look at whether gender gaps narrow throughout", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 680, "text": "road condition survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project ( P107314 ) was already noted that some street and security lighting were not working , and the counties did not respond quickly to fix them . 69 . * * Uptake of the institutional strengthening outputs is unknown . * * Despite the project ’ s success in developing integrated development plans , physical addressing systems and the Nairobi County valuation roll , the impact of these reforms will not be felt unless they are taken up by the counties and implemented . At ICR preparation , there was indication that Nairobi County was pursuing the implementation of the physical addressing system and the valuation roll , but given the numerous stops and starts , it was not clear whether these reforms would be fully implemented . There have also been steps taken by Nairobi County and the national government to implement the Nairobi Railway Station Redevelopment Plan as the Nairobi Railway Station is the main hub of the whole country and a site of national importance . There are no immediate indications that the other plans will be implemented and , due to financing and capacity constraints , it is unlikely that they will be in the near term . # # * * V . LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS * * 70 . * * Coordination amongst different agencies , governments and community-level institutions is necessary for metropolitan development and needs specific mechanisms * * . Due to its investments in sewerage and commuter rail , NAMSIP had to coordinate with the Athi Water Services Board and the Kenya Railway Corporation respectively . The project also had to coordinate with the five county governments and , in the case of the markets , with the communitylevel institutions that run the markets . From the project experience , this multi-level , multi-agency requires upfront deliberation to ensure that the responsibilities for collaboration are clear to all parties . NAMSIP ’ s continued attention to these dynamics ensured project success . The PCT focused on the implementation process , establishing clarity on who ( national or county ) was responsible for each aspect of implementation", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 434, "text": "Nairobi County valuation roll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > e campo de la Encuesta Naci < br > onal de Desnutrición Infantil , < br > periodo diciembre 2023 < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 65 , 365 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-10-15 | 2023-10-20 | | 2023-12-01 | 2023-12-31 | 2024-02-04 | 2024-08-02 | | C2-MIES-INEC-83 / Mantenim < br > iento de equipos informático < br > s < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 2 , 240 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-04-20 | | | | 2023-06-15 | 2023-12-12 | | C2-MIES-INEC-80 / Contratac < br > ión de 4 Supervisores de ope < br > rativo de campo ENDI para el < br > operativo de campo de la En < br > cuesta Nacional de Desnutric < br > ión Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "incomes to account for part of the NAS-HHS gap increases national and global inequality considerably , as measured by the Gini coefficient . Moreover , the hypothesis that as economies develop , inequality first increases and then decreases , also known as the Kuznet ’ s curve , is much more strongly supported in our cross-sectional sample of ‘ top income ’ - adjusted distributions . Because of the large gaps between survey and national accounts data , and particularly the large variation in gaps across countries and over time , the prospect of reliably filling gaps in poverty data with estimates of poverty imputed from national accounts growth rate or aggregates , is limited . The errors ( differences ) of estimates based on national accounts data , in comparison to survey data , are very large . As long as household surveys appear to be the preferred method of measuring poverty and inequality , national accounts data offer only partial hope for filling data gaps . Ultimately , more frequent and properly sampled household surveys – designed to capture the full incomes and consumption of all households , potentially with integration of tax records and administrative data as countries get richer – appears to be the best approach for improving our understanding of poverty and inequality . 29", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 758, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 820, "end": 837, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1154, "end": 1165, "text": "tax records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1170, "end": 1189, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 78 . 2 | | Total | 167 , 903 | 8 | 56 . 1 | 80 . 0 | Note . City - and district-level responses are by the heads of city and district prefectures , roads inspectorates , and budgetary institutions “ _Avtomobil ’ nye Dorogi , ” “ Gormost , ” “ Mosvodostok , ” _ and _ “ Mosvodokanal . ” _ Municipality-level responses are by heads of municipal administration ( _ < u > uprava < / u > _ < u > ) . Community-level responses are by heads of municipal budgetary < / u > institutions for communal and housing services _ “ Zhilischnik . ” _ Source : authors ’ calculations based on scraped data from _gorod . mos . ru . _ Among 175 , 386 scraped data points , the rank of the responder was not stated in 7 , 483 cases . Even though Table 3 suggests no significant differences across responding officials ' rank , we perform an additional robustness check by estimating our empirical specification based on sub21", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 612, "text": "scraped data from _gorod . mos . ru", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 633, "end": 645, "text": "scraped data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "documents to the Association by electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in cornection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to tie Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . ] This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Yours truly , < br > / signed / < br > [ Position ] < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 5 * * Instruction to the Recipient : * * Add * * [ his paragraph if the Recipient wishes to authorize the listed persons to accept Secure Identification Credent als and to deliver Applications * * by * * electronic means ; if this is not applicable , please delete the paragra : > h . _Please delete this footnote in final letter that is sent to the Association . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Fiscal Sustainability and Inclusive Green Growth Development Policy Operation ( P180339 ) 87 . * * Finally , the prior action establishing the Financial Inclusion Fund ( PA # 10 ) is expected to have positive welfare impacts through further boosting financial inclusion * * . Kenya has been a pioneer in developing and boosting digital financial inclusion through M-PESA , a mobile phone-based money transfer , payments , and microfinancing service . Launched in 2007 , M-PESA is currently used by 80 percent of the adult population in Kenya < sup > 29 < / sup > and has lifted , according to research , two percent of Kenyan households out of poverty and facilitated earnings-boosting occupational change among women . < sup > 30 < / sup > Despite this success , gaps remain , with people in the poorest counties ( the arid and semi-arid counties in the northeast of the country ) and women more likely to be financially excluded or relying on informal financial mechanisms ( such as savings groups , shopkeepers , moneylenders ) . Early data from the rollout of the Financial Inclusion Fund suggest that the fund is being successful in reaching underserved population groups : 47 percent of beneficiaries of the Fund ( up until March 6 , 2023 ) were women , 53 percent made the loan application from a feature phone ( a proxy for lower incomes , as opposed to smartphones ) , the average loan size amounted to KES645 ( US $ 4 . 90 ) , indicating that loans are going towards low-income populations , and over 900 , 000 of the so far 15 million borrowers live in the nine arid counties , which are by far the poorest in the country . < sup > 31 < / sup > The Fund thus appears to be reaching the intended beneficiaries , though it is too early to estimate the actual welfare effects . # # * * 5 . 2 . ENVIRONMENTAL , FORESTS , AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCE ASPECTS", "spans": [{"start": 1056, "end": 1115, "text": "Early data from the rollout of the Financial Inclusion Fund", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# A . Survey of Investors One of the first survey studies was conducted by Barlow and Wender in 1955 . They interviewed 247 US companies on their strategies to invest abroad . One of the questions asked was about the conditions that were required before companies proceed with foreign investment . Only 10 percent of the companies listed favorable foreign taxes as a condition for FDI , while another 11 percent mentioned \" host government encouragement to companies \" . Together , these inducements were ranked fourth after currency convertibility , guarantee against expropriation , and host country political stability . Those findings were confirmed by the survey of 205 companies conducted by Robinson in 1961 . Perhaps the most important result of Robinson ' s survey was the considerable difference of opinion between the business community and the governments , with regards the major factors influencing decisions to invest . Tax concessions headed the list of government responses , while they were omitted from the list of private investor responses . Next came the result of a field research conducted by Aharoni and published in 1966 on the way foreign investment decisions were made by U . S . manufacturing firms . The conclusions were that host government concessions did not bring about the decisions to invest . Income tax exemption was considered a very weak stimulant . Those investors , who did consider it , did it only marginally . In the word of one of the investors in the survey : _ \" Tax exemption is like a dessert ; it is good to have , but it does not help very much if the meal is not there \" . _ It should be noted that in this case , as in the case of Robinson ' s interviews , host government officials interviewed in the field research believed income tax exemption to be a very powerful stimulus to FDI . In a 1984 survey of 52 multinational companies , the Group of Thirty found that among 19 factors that were identified as influencing FDI flows , inducements offered by the host country rank seventh in importance for investment in developing _5_", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 684, "text": "survey of 205 companies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1851, "end": 1887, "text": "survey of 52 multinational companies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Water , Sanitation and Hygiene * * The survey teams were able to collect much more samples exceeding the targeted sample . The survey teams were unable to collect adequate samples in Koboko and Moyo districts as it was expected . The relatively spatial distribution of households coupled with the farming season whereby majority of the heads of households were involved with farming activities . The Household Questionnaire also collected information on the source of water , type of water containers used for storing drinking water and type of toilet facilities . * * Table 54 : WASH Sampling Information , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 * * | * * Host Community * * | * * Planned sample * * < br > * * sizes * * | * * Actual sample * * < br > * * sizes reached * * | * * % of Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Isingiro * * | 294 | 479 | 162 . 9 % | | * * Kyegwegwa * * | 142 | 319 | 224 . 6 % | | * * Hoima * * | 148 | 284 | 191 . 9 % | | * * Kamwenge * * | 143 | 287 | 200 . 7 % | | * * Kiryandongo * * | 138 | 215 | 155 . 8 % | | * * Arua * * | 154 | 252 | 163 . 6 % | | * * Adjumani * * | 151 | 311 | 206 % | | * * Koboko * * | 137 | 90 | 130 % | | * * Moyo * * | 142 | 79 | 111 % | | * * Lamwo * * | 141 | 211 | 149 . 6 % | | * * Yumbe * * | 149 | 261 | 175 . 2 % | The proportion of households using an improved drinking water source was", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through expansion of IEC programs to additional government ministries and NGOs ; and ( iii ) to further strengthen the capacity of the NCPD to plan and monitor the expanding national population program . The project consisted of the following parts : These objectives were to be achieved by mobilizing and coordinating the resources of Both government and NGOs and through close collaboration with donor assisted on-going population projects , particularly the IDA-financed Third Population Project . Demand Generation activities were undertaken by NGOs in those areas where the 1989 KDHS showed low contraceptive prevalence rates . To address the issue of plateauing , the project also supported Women ' s income generating and IEC activities which were expected to result in substantial fertility decline in the medium and long term . On the issue of supply , the project ensured a steady supply of contraceptives to meet growing demand while planning services through NGOs . To achieve these objectives the project undertook the following core activities : _Increasing the Availability and Accessibility of Contraceptives : _ Activities included ( i ) Acquisition and distribution of contraceptive Supplies including inter alia oral pills , IUDs , Condoms and injectable contraceptives ; ( ii ) Introduction and expansion of Norplant ( a subdermal implant ) as a method of contraception in Kenya ' s population program through training of Health sector workers and provision of supplies ( Norplant implants and trocars ) ; ( iii ) Strengthening of the MOH Logistics Systems for supplying to MOH facilities through upgrading of warehouses ; acquisition of vehicles ; staff training and introduction of a computer based \" Contraceptive tracking \" system ; and ( iv ) the establishment of systems to monitor the side effects of clinical contraception and training to monitor such effects . _Promotion of Family Planning Services : _ Activities included ( i ) Construction and equipping of 12 Voluntary Surgical Contraception Units ( VSCU ' s ) in selected Districts and Sub-districts throughout the country and acquisition of FP commodities , equipment , appliances , instruments and supplies for provision of MCH / FP services in 7 provincial hospitals , 51", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 588, "text": "1989 KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "communautés qui sembleraient s ’ aggraver avec la prolongation de la présence malienne à Bassikounou . A titre d ’ exemple , disputes , bagarres , restrictions de mouvement pour la recherche de bois de chauffe , notamment entre refugiés et la communauté de Libreini ont eu lieu . _ « Concernant la cohabitation avec les réfugiés du camp , c ’ était parfait avant mais maintenant c ’ est tendu . . . _ » ( Extrait discussion de groupe ciblée avec les femmes de Mbera 2 ) : les pratiques sociales et la sociabilité liée ( salutations , mariages ) en constituent des exemples . # # # # # # _2 . 2 . 2 . 1 . Le « désenregistrement » des autochtones mauritaniens qui se faisaient enregistrés comme réfugiés et bénéficiaient de l ’ aide_ Pendant les enquêtes , il a été constaté que l ’ un des facteurs de frustration des populations locales , est la désactivation auprès de la base de données du HCR des autochtones . Cette activité de désactivation < sup > 32 < / sup > a commencé en 2015 - 2016 . Il s ’ est ainsi agi , conformément au droit international et au mandat du HCR de garantir l ’ intégrité de la base de données du HCR , les membres de la populations hôte locale ne faisant pas partie des personnes relevant directement de la compétence du HCR . Ces derniers , par d ’ autre moyens peuvent bénéficier > 32 Cette opération", "spans": [{"start": 872, "end": 894, "text": "base de données du HCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1105, "end": 1127, "text": "base de données du HCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "_5_ # 11 . COLLECTING DATA ON HOUSEHJOL 4 < sup > D ENERGY USE < / sup > # Comtmon Methodologies ' Typically , information relating to residential energy sector consumption has been dealt with through country energy balaices , national budget surveys and micro-studies . Each of these has certain advantages which , however , are outweighed by their drawbacks . Their limitations render them inadequate tools for crafting a usable household energy database . Instead , it wil be suggested that a dedicated , nationwide household energy survey is the most effective means of generating relevant information for planners , policymakers and evaluators . The choice of methodology and the scope of the data-gathering endcavor will be significantly influenced by a variety of factors . These have been summarized in the upcoming Commonwealth Scicnce Council ' s Biomass Handbook and include the following : - geographical area to be covered and ease of communication - number of regions investigated - number of communities / eco-systems investigated per region - relative reliance upon secondary & primary data sources - precision and breadth of coverage - number of persons to be questioned per socio-economic or other category - number of topics explored per person - level of detail & accuracy required for each topic - number & timing of interviews per person . Planners should compare these trade-offs with the proposed uses of data and with their available resources in order to select the optimal methodology . Regardless of the methodology chosen , household energy data collection can not be a one-shot affair . The institution responsible for information gathering and analysis should be involved in the creation , management and updating of a database on household energy . If external assistance will be used for household energy data gathering , then staff training in survey work and data analysis should be part of the package . Once created , the database should be accessible and easy to update , e . g . on a microcomputer with user-friendly software . # National = nerzv Balances An energy balance presents quantities of each major fuel ( by weight or by energy value ) consumed by specific sectors ( industrial , commercial , government , household ) per year . A representative energy balance", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 224, "text": "country energy balaices", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 227, "end": 250, "text": "national budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1553, "end": 1574, "text": "household energy data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tail ( revealing the presence of few very unequal countries in the sample ) . Regarding changes in the ( log ) Gini , the average annual change between two five-year periods would be . 1 percent , indicating that on average inequality changes little over time . However , there is considerable dispersion : the 2 standard deviation interval would range from about – 6 . 8 percent to 6 . 8 percent . The changes in the Gini coefficient also present a skewed distribution but in this case it is toward the lower tail . As for the income data , average annual growth rates between two five-year periods would be about 2 percent , but dispersion is also high ( very similar to that found in the changes in the Gini coefficient ) . The variables that aim to represent the various aspects of economic development tend to be skewed toward the lower tail , something that would reveal the presence of a few very underdeveloped countries in the sample . The inflation rate also presents a skewed distribution but in this case is likely to reflect a few instances of extreme macroeconomic mismanagement . # * * V . Empirical results * * We start this section by presenting results for equations ( 10 ) and ( 11 ) under the restriction that β = ω = 0 . Thus equation ( 11 ) is basically reduced to a test of convergence for inequality considering the potential impact of income levels , whereas in equation ( 10 ) we explore , in addition to the speed of convergence for per capita income levels , the potential impact of inequality on growth . We estimate the equations with four different methods : OLS , fixed effects , 2SLS < sup > 14 < / sup > , and the Arellano and Bond ( 1991 ) GMM estimator . In turn , we present the results of the Arellano and Bond estimator treating the nonlagged-dependent-variable regressor both as an exogenous variable and as a predetermined variable . Inspection of table 3 suggests convergence in inequality levels , with the estimators that take into account the possibility of fixed effects resulting in a faster speed of convergence . For example , while the", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 539, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Harar School children IS Dissemination of information through site interpretation activities N / A Some training may be provided . Craftspeople and artisans IS , CON , COL N / A Consulted for knowledge about traditional artisanal production methods Heavily involved in all aspects of component implementation Traditional building tradespeople IS , CON , COL Involved in site conservation activities as source of knowledge , and as skilled site workmen Consulted for knowledge about traditional building methods May be consulted and involved in renovation of arts centers Urban and regional planners IS , CON . COL Involved in site planning as it relates to urban town planning May be involved in urban inventories N / A ( b ) Other key stakeholders Ethiopian Orthodox Church and its members IS , CON Church is involved in all aspects of implementation as a member of the project Steering Committee . Islamic Council and its members IS , CON Islamic Council is involved in all aspects of implementation as a member of the project Steering Committee - 5 -", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 717, "text": "urban inventories", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data . The advalorem tariff rates for the EU before and after the Uruguay Round ( UR ) are available through the WTO schedules of concessions at the 8-digit HS level and the 8-digit preferential tariff rates are obtained from UNCTAD . < sup > 34 < / sup > The intra and extra-EU bilateral trade data is available at the same level of disaggregation through Eurostat . In order to construct the reciprocity variable for a given country we employ the data in Finger et al . ( 1999 ) who use the available tariff reductions for each WTO member for each product during the UR aggregated by country into averages and then weighted by own imports . They calculate both the tariff reductions from 1986-95 and 1992-95 , which tend to differ mainly for the countries that undertook considerable unilateral liberalization between 1986-92 . This is an important point in identifying the reciprocity effect as we describe above . From these we construct our own product weighted measures of reciprocity that account for the share of each main exporter to the EU in a particular good . We also require data on production and other industry variables that we use as instruments for x . This data is typically available for EU members and we aggregate it in the way that is suggested by the theoretical model . < sup > 35 < / sup > UNIDO ’ s industrial database provides the most comprehensive source covering all EU members and dating back to 1978 . UNIDO ’ s data is collected at the industry level and hence it is more aggregated than the trade and tariff data , which could potentially introduce some measurement error . Although we can not rule out this possibility , we note that it may not be such an important concern for the following reason . If the EU negotiators use the data at the most disaggregated level available for most of its members , as we do , then our measure is actually the relevant one . < sup > 36 < / sup > Furthermore , we argue that our use of instrumental variables reduces any measurement error problem generated by using industry data for this variable . Using industry level data for x", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 299, "text": "intra and extra-EU bilateral trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1317, "end": 1346, "text": "UNIDO ’ s industrial database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1527, "end": 1548, "text": "trade and tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2040, "end": 2053, "text": "industry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2080, "end": 2099, "text": "industry level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 4 . Environmental Monitoring Data * * | | - - - | | * * Please provide the name and * * | | * * contact * * < br > * * details * * < br > * * for * * < br > * * your * * | | * * environmental manager : * * | | * * Parameter * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > | * * Value * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > | * * Unit * * | * * Compliance Status * * | * * Comments * * < sup > * * 4 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Waste Water * * | | | | | | Total < br > waste < br > water < br > generated | | | | | | BOD | | | | | | COD | | | | | | Suspended < br > Solids | | | | | | Phosphorus | | | | | | Nitrates | | | | | | Heavy metals | | | | | > 2 Not all parameters will necessarily apply . Please complete those rows that are most relevant to the industry sector . Additional parameters can be added as necessary . > 3 Please ensure that the units of measurement are clearly stated > 4 In addition to any other relevant comments , please indicate whether the measurements reported apply to all or only some process operations at the facility 214", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agricultural productivity , and higher household incomes . Specifically , NAADS farmers experienced 27 . 4 percent increase in real wealth per capita compared to non-members in NAADS sub-counties and a 70 . 9 percent increase relative to other group members in non-NAADS sub-counties . Moreover , thanks to the policy dialogue taking place under the PRSCs , and in an effort to continue with the momentum of the above reforms introduced in the two programs during the PRSC 5-7 period , NAADS and NARS have recently been combined into one multi-donor financed project - the Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services ( ATAAS ) project – mainly to exploit the natural advantages of the linkages and complementarities between research and agricultural extension services . ATAAS also forms a critical agricultural productivity enhancing component of the sector wide Development Strategy and Investment Plan ( DSIP ) , for which the Government successfully took the lead in mobilizing donor support . DSIP has recently been endorsed by the African Union ’ s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program ( CAADP ) and several DPs as the main framework for developing the agricultural sector in Uganda during the next five years . The rest of the DSIP agenda , excluding the ATAAS , contain issues pertaining to institutional reforms , the agro-processing and marketing , the quality and regulatory functions , and the pest and disease control issues that could not be resolved during PRSC 5-7 because of the coordination challenges experienced during the PMA implementation process . Other important actions were the development of an agricultural marketing and agro-processing strategy ; establishment of standards to facilitate trade in maize and beans ; submission of a Land Use Policy to Cabinet ; strengthening the basis for a stronger foundation for tenure security for women ; the finalization of the Environment and Natural Resources Strategy and Investment Plan ; a Livestock Census ( completed in 2009 ) , the Agricultural Census ( to be completed in 2010 ) , and completion of the Agricultural PER , all of which are", "spans": [{"start": 1994, "end": 2010, "text": "Livestock Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2039, "end": 2058, "text": "Agricultural Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Given the significant difference between the scope and hence the survey methodologies between the SWIFT on which the PPMT is designed and the CLCI ’ s verification field-test survey to which the PPMT is applied , the ranking method is more appropriate ; a small reduction in successful referral rates compared to a much greater number of successful referrals and a slightly larger number of disappointed referrals is arguably preferable . _Table 4 : Share of humanitarian beneficiary households ( extremely vulnerable groups ) that are referred for government support by the PPMT model_ | | | GOI social assist < br > | ance sim < br > | ulatedpro < br > | gram cov < br > | erage < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | PPMT cases | Referral < br > confidence < br > level | Referral < br > poverty line < br > ( log ) | Btm < br > 15 % | Btm < br > 18 % | Btm < br > 25 % | Btm < br > 30 % | Btm < br > 35 % | 8 Ideally , one should use the rate based on the targeting criteria for the government ’ s program that is specific to the group or region that the data represents . Therefore , the ideal rate for this field-experiment data would be the poverty rate among the IDPs and returnees in the Northern governorates for a MoLSA program targeting households below the poverty line . Unfortunately , we do not have such information . 19", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 181, "text": "CLCI ’ s verification field-test survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * atment * * | * * t ‐ test * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Variable | N | Mean / SE | N | Mean / SE | p ‐ value | | PHQ ‐ ADS score | 117 | 7 . 215 | 118 | 6 . 678 | 0 . 639 | | | | [ 0 . 816 ] | | [ 0 . 769 ] | | | PHQ ‐ ADS prevalence | 117 | 29 . 9 % | 118 | 22 . 0 % | 0 . 170 | | | | [ 0 . 043 ] | | [ 0 . 038 ] | | | Transformed WHO ‐ 5 score | 116 | 77 . 931 | 117 | 82 . 393 | 0 . 096 * | | | | [ 1 . 984 ] | | [ 1 . 786 ] | | _Note : _ The value displayed for t ‐ tests are the p ‐ values of difference across the groups . Standard errors in brackets . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at 1 , 5 , and 10 percent levels respectively . Source : Saraf , 2019 ; World Bank Group , 2018 # 5 . 5 Intervention Implementation , Take ‐ up , and Attendance Rates A total of 118 participants received the intervention in 12 groups at 9 locations . Training was organized in the form of ` _affinity groups_ ` based on the gender and location of the participating entrepreneurs based on inputs from the rapid needs assessment . Fourteen trainers participated in the _training of trainers , _ and each group ( with 10 participants on average ) was led by one of these trainers and a co ‐ facilitator . The five interactive sessions were , on average , approximately three hours each . Overall , workshop attendance exceeded the usual rates seen in FCV contexts . < sup > 6 < / sup > However , attendance was lower than the assumed 75 percent , with 63 . 5 percent of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", edge effects , and wildlife in forested landscapes of the Central Appalachians . Pages 13 – 32 In : J . E . Rodiek and E . G . Bolen ( editors ) . Wildlife and Habitats in Managed Landscapes . Island Press . Harron , D . ( Ed ) ( 2003 ) . Potential Effects of TLs and Other Linear Developments on Wildlife in Manitoba . Working draft . Howard P . , Davenport T . and Matthews R 1996 Kalinzu-Maramagambo Forest Reserve Biodiversity report Lewison , R . & Oliver , W . 2006 . Hippopotamus amphibius . In : IUCN 2007 . 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . < www . iucnredlist . org > . Downloaded on 19 August 2008 . “ Draft Social and Environmental Impact Statement ” Proposed Mbarara-Nkenda 132 kV TL , African Group Services Limited ( August 2008 ) . “ Final Environmental Impact Statement ” Proposed Mbarara-Nkenda 132 kV TL , SWECO ( June 2007 ) Cowell R . ( 2003 ) . The Scope of Undergrounding Overhead Electricity Lines . Report by the UK Centre for Economic and Environmental Development for the Friends of the Lake District . UK CEED , Department of City and Regional Planning , Cardiff University . Garrod G . D . and Willis K . G . ( 1997 ) . Electricity Supply Reliability . Estimating the Value of Lost Load . Energy Policy , Vol 25 No . 1 of 1997 . 371 * * | * * Page", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # Manual . Since HIV / AIDS is not a subject about which many communities have strong felt needs , the MAP will finance participatory diagnosis to stimulate demand through NGOs who will work with the communities . This component will build upon the instruments developed in the Health Project ' s ( PPSG ) Social Fund component ( FAP ) , and the participatory approach used by the PACV project , both financed by IDA . Communities will be asked to set up a revolving fund in order to sustain their efforts . There are two main types of NGOs : those that will help local communities carry out their participatory diagnosis , and those that are specialized and will be hired to provide certain services . The latter type is considered under the \" Capacity Building \" component . For both types of NGOs , the ones which will be contracted will be those which are part of the register set up by the CNLS . This is an open register which identifies the capacities and specialty of NGOs and was set up during the NGO assessment undertaken during project preparation . This roster will be updated with new NGOs who want to be part of it , and an assessment of the capacity of that NGO will be carried out at that time . No contract with a local NGO will be more than 9 million FG ( US $ 4 , 500 ) at a time , increases may be considered based on a performance review at the time of the Mid-Term Review . With support from NGOs specialized in participatory process , each local community will identify its activities , prepare and submit an action plan to its governing CRD or urban commune , which will judge the pertinence and content of the activities proposed using a checklist attached in the operational manual . Among other things , the checklist will ensure that proposed activities are not part of the negative list of the project . It will also ensure that the action plans proposed result from a participatory diagnosis process , fit into the CRD ' s ( or the urban commune ' s ) overall", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 907, "text": "register set up by the CNLS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "disabilities ; marginalisation ; additional stress coping with new physical or psychological challenges ; reduced ability to express feelings or seek support for stress resulting from the disaster . It was also recognised that carers of the disabled and injured who having experienced the cyclone themselves would be stressed by the difficult economic and social circumstances , and may feel resentment for the additional burden disabled family members represent , leading to abuse , exploitation or neglect . < sup > 170 < / sup > In addition , while progress has made to extend psychosocial programming to both girls and boys of different ages , and in some instances hard-toreach groups such as minority ethnic or religious groups , this has not been the case for children with disabilities , who in most places lag behind underserved and excluded from service design and delivery by psychosocial activities in emergencies . Far greater levels of consultation and participation of children and adults with disabilities will be needed to ensure their inclusion in psychosocial programming , to address some of the most pressing disability related impacts of emergencies . < sup > 171 < / sup > In other chronic and complex emergencies such as Afghanistan , the impact of disability on society as a whole is devastating ; here , more than 200 , 000 children live with permanent injuries and disabilities suffered during the hostilities or as a result of inadequate medical support . < sup > 172 < / sup > Experts in Afghanistan estimate that 95 % of landmine injuries result in disabilities , and whether children receive life-saving assistance or not , almost entirely depends on the location , transport and proximity to specialised medical facilities . All of which are compromised in a country like Afghanistan ; a 2009 survey of mine victims stated that services were ‘ never ’ or ‘ almost never ’ adapted to children ’ s age . < sup > 173 < / sup > Empirical data on the effects , extent and causes of disability in children during emergencies is usually unavailable . Following Typhoon Haiyan ( Philippines 2014 ) almost no data existed on the number", "spans": [{"start": 1820, "end": 1847, "text": "2009 survey of mine victims", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1956, "end": 1970, "text": "Empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : Electricity supply reliability improves with income and electrification . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10000 < br > 1000 < br > 100 < br > 10 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 < br > GDP per capita , ppp ( USD ) < br > 10000 < br > 1000 < br > 100 < br > 10 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 < br > Access to electricity ( % of population ) < br > ( SAIDI ) < br > Hours of outage per year per customer < br > ( SAIDI ) < br > Hours of outage per year per customer < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : authors based on IEA , Doing Business and World Bank data . _ There is consistent evidence showing that the quality of electricity provision matters for household income . “ The provision of reliable electricity affects economic transformation through at least three pathways : lowering the cost of doing business , thereby increasing business entry ; increasing the performance of existing firms through higher productivity and revenue ; and increasing the welfare and quality of life of households , thereby enhancing the offer of productive labor services . ” ( World Bank , 2019 ) . Chakravorty , Pelli , & Marchand ( 2014 ) find that better quality electricity measured in higher daily supply is associated with higher income among rural households in India . Results from their analysis using a representative panel of more than 10 , 000 households show that during the study period ( 1994-2005 ) , access to electricity led to a 9 % income increase among rural non-agricultural households , while being connected to the grid and having access to better quality electricity with fewer disruptions increased 5", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 679, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Grant No . TF0A5722 - UG : NATIONAL REDD PLUS SUPPORT PROJECT Financial Statements for the Year ended 30 June 2020 * * # # # # * * Receipts * * * * Receipts * * represent the total amount received from International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) World Bank , Austrian Development Cooperation * * ( ADC ) * * and Government * * of * * Uganda and recognized in the financial statements when received / released . * * A * * reconciliation * * of * * receipts from the World Bank is maintained as per Annex I . # # # # Payments Payments including capital expenditures are recorded in the financial statements in the period in which they are made / paid . Inventory Fixed assets are fully expensed in the year in which they are purchased and a Fixed Assets register is maintained to record particulars of fixed assets acquired * * by * * the project as per Annex * * 11 . * * # # # Unspent Balances The balances unspent under the World Bank Funding at the end of the financial year are rolled over to the next financial year . # # # * * 5 . 2 * * Notes to the Accounts * * 52 . 1 * * Transfers from Word Bank ( WB ) _To the designatedAccount : _ | Reference < br > | Date | * * USD * * | * * Ugx * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | FCPFDA-24 | 27-May-2020 | * * 133 , 675 . 24 * * | * * 507 , 091 , 676 * * | | FCPF * * DA-25 * * < br > | 27-May-2020 | _ < br > * * 33 , 698 . 90 * * | * * 127 , 835 , 429 * * | | FCPF * * DA-23 * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 762, "end": 783, "text": "Fixed Assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Make chopped woody resources and residues available to local population in order to reduce - additional pressures on natural resources . - Remove as much roots of _Mimosa pilgra_ when removing specimens from the RoW . - Burn residues of invasive alien species to reduce the risk of propagation to other areas . - Use existing roads and trails as much as possible to minimize road construction and associated habitat fragmentation . - Optimize access road construction to reduce to a minimum the size of the disturbed area . - Constantly stay inside the footprint of access road and works sites to reduce encroachment on natural habitats . - Reduce the number of access roads to the ROW . - Prohibit all storage of equipment , materials and hydrocarbons within the MFNP . - Inspect and clean construction equipment properly after working in areas known to be infested with invasive alien species ( IAS ) . - Determine the best time for revegetation depending on the species to plant and the habitat to restore . - Revegetate areas of bare and disturbed soils as soon as possible with native species . Validate with a botanical expert species chosen for restoration . - Plant endangered species in preferential habitats . - Establish a Compensation and Revegetation Plan for lost natural habitats during construction phase ; - Implement an IAS monitoring program following project construction in sensitive areas such as MFNP , forests reserves , and forest stands following construction and site re-vegetation . # # # # # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * During the construction phase , local vegetation will be cut for the construction of access roads , setting the ROW as well as for the exploitation of the borrow pits . Vegetation clearing will lead to a permanent loss of terrestrial habitats . However , a large proportion of these habitats are anthropized , reducing the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats . Moreover , the proposed line route mainly follows existing linear infrastructures , reducing the additional habitat fragmentation and loss . As the project is located mainly inside anthropic vegetation and wooded savannah and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "losses and / or income rehabilitation . Lack of legal right to the assets lost will not bar the PAP from entitlement to such compensation , rehabilitation and relocation measures ; ( d ) The rehabilitation measures to be provided are : ( i ) compensation at full replacement cost for houses and other structures ; ( ii ) compensation for land acquisition ; ( iii ) dislocation allowance and transition subsides ; ( iv ) full compensation for crops , trees and other similar agricultural products at market value ; and ( v ) other assets , and appropriate rehabilitation measures to compensate for loss of livelihood ; ( e ) Land-for-land is the preferred option . Land-for-land may be substituted by cash provided that : ( i ) land is not available in the proximity of the subproject area ; ( ii ) PAP willingly accept cash compensation for land and all assets on it ; and receive full replacement value without any deductions for depreciation ; and ( iii ) cash compensation is accompanied by appropriate rehabilitation measures which together with project benefits results in restoration of incomes to at least pre-subprojects levels ; ( f ) Resettlement plans will be implemented following consultations with the PAPs , and will have the endorsement of the PAPs ; ( g ) Any acquisition of , or restriction on access to resources owned or managed by PAP as common property will be mitigated by arrangements ensuring access of those PAP to equivalent resources on a continuing basis . 53 . _Valuation Method of Compensation : _ The valuation of losses in physical assets will be carried out by a compensation committee . The value of compensation will be determined based on the market value of the assets , if known , and estimating the replacement cost . Replacement cost is simply calculated as the cost of replacing the lost assets plus any transaction costs associated with brining the asset to pre-displacement value . The valuation of crops will be mainly relied upon the price lists developed by the Agriculture directorate and revisited annually . 43", "spans": [{"start": 1980, "end": 2032, "text": "price lists developed by the Agriculture directorate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , which control for village fixed effects . Finally , the effect of the education module on demand is economically small and statistically insignificant . Columns ( 4 ) - ( 6 ) interact these treatments with three household variables in turn : an indicator for whether the household reports being unfamiliar with BASIX , an index of household wealth , and the log of per capita food consumption . Column ( 4 ) shows that LSA endorsement has sharply different effects depending on whether the household is familiar with BASIX , and thus is likely to have had past interactions with the LSA . For households familiar with BASIX , LSA endorsement increases take-up by 10 . 1 percentage points , statistically significant at the 5 % level . In contrast , endorsement has no net effect on insurance demand amongst households unfamiliar with BASIX ( the net effect is 10 . 1 - 17 . 1 = - 7 . 0 and statistically insignificant ) . The other notable interaction is that in both columns ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) the effect of the high cash reward on > 17 Because treatments are randomly assigned to households , estimates of the treatment effects are consistent with or without these controls . But including them may reduce error variance , leading to more precise parameter estimates . 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ( 2009 ) who reported evidence of the positive impacts of parental migration and Mu and de Brauw ( 2015 ) who found that parental migration has no significant effect on the height of children , but has positive effects on their weight . 5 These empirical results are obtained using the latest data available from a household survey specially designed for the study of internal migration in China ( i . e . , the 2008 / 09 RUMIC data ) , which we discuss in more detail in the next section . 4", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 333, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 424, "end": 434, "text": "RUMIC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "size are Nuer , Anuak , Mezhenger , Kafficho , Shakacho , Amhara , and Oromo . Out of the total population , the majority ( 288 , 000 ) live in rural areas while the urban residents are small in number ( 148 , 000 ) . Competition over access to and use of resources underpinning the recurring inter-group conflicts in the Gambella region . There have always been clashes between the Anuak and the Nuer the two dominant ethnic groups in the region , mainly over resources further complicated for socio-cultural reasons . Incompatible modes of production and clashing livelihoods make the conflict between the Nuer and Anuak a matter of endless fact . The Anuak are agrarian who have developed a settled and more centralized political system , consisting of village states led by nobles known as _kuwari_ ( singular _kuwaaro_ ) . Whereas the Nuer are agro-pastoralist and their political and socio-cultural organizations are based on the traditional clan chiefs . Reflecting this , during the wet season the Nuer and their cattle move to upland settlements away from flooding , while during the dry season , they move to the banks of the rivers , where the moisture provides abundant pasture . On the other hand , despite the economic values of land , the Anuaks ’ political , social , cultural , and emotional identities are strongly attached to their land . Consequently , the Nuers ’ crucial search for grazing land and drinking water with animals trespassing onto the territories belonging to the Anuak makes recurring conflicts between the two ethnic groups . What is striking is the intensity and escalation of the conflict beyond the two ethnic groups . According to the 2016 EDHS data Gambella is among the regions in Ethiopia with the highest percentage of women ( 77 . 5 % ) and men ( 71 % ) with no education / illiterate . Gambella is also among the regions with the least access to basic services . For instance , 27 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1681, "end": 1690, "text": "EDHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regulatory framework . # # # * * E . Gender * * * * 53 . Women-owned businesses are a vibrant part of Kenya ’ s MSME landscape but face more challenges compared to male-owned enterprises . While activities under all three Project components will benefit women , a gender-focus of the Project is designed to address two main gaps . * * The first gap is the greater difficulty that women face in accessing finance compared to men because : ( a ) men are more likely than women to have a bank account ( 48 . 2 percent of men used bank services compared to 33 . 7 percent of women in 2019 ) ; and ( b ) men are more likely to borrow and save through formal channels compared to women ( 22 . 5 percent of men used informal saving groups in 2019 compared to 37 . 4 percent of women ) . In addition , more women than men ( 61 percent versus 49 percent respectively ) are involved in informal sector enterprises that have more difficulty in accessing finance and less women compared to men ( 10 . 3 percent versus 86 . 5 percent respectively ) own property , hence unable to access finance due to overcollateralization of loans by financial institutions . The second gap is the lower level of financial literacy among women-owned enterprises – males have a higher average financial literacy score at 5 . 52 than females at 4 . 985 in Kenya ) . * * 54 . In implementing digital lending solutions under Component 1 , the Project will work with PFIs to use digital data ( including alternative data such as airtime usage and M-Pesa transactions ) to identify viable women-owned enterprises and support credit risk assessment hence minimize the need for collateral . * * FSD Kenya notes that the gender gap between men and women on mobile money usage is smaller ( at 6 . 2 percent in 2019 , a decrease from 8 percent in 2016 ) compared to the gap in bank account usage ( 14 . 5 percent in 2019 compared to 16 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1446, "end": 1458, "text": "digital data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1496, "end": 1509, "text": "airtime usage", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1514, "end": 1533, "text": "M-Pesa transactions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "staff availability to participate ; or preferring to stay independent of either government or UN-led processes . Outreach to women ’ s organisations and other genderoriented groups would help to better mainstream gender within the response . There are positive examples of 3RP-related policy discussions and processes that have consulted with women ’ s organisations . Nevertheless , the consultation process is often one way , and the mainstreaming of gender is limited to the collection and use of sex disaggregated data during assessment and monitoring processes , rather than including genuinely transformative activities to achieve gender equality . Outreach to local actors also raises questions and difficulties from the perspective of some international actors . A degree of skepticism was expressed during the consultations as to the ability of particular local organisations to represent the diverse views of broader networks of local actors , particularly those that had rapidly scaled up in response to the Syria crisis , often beyond their original mandates . The practice of local organisations acting as ‘ gate keepers ’ to broader networks of local organisations was seen as potentially problematic . Others expressed concern about the perceived politicisation of certain local organisations and their ability to respond objectively to the needs of people affected by the crisis ; as well as an observed tendency within local and national NGOs to use coordination fora to obtain project level funding rather than engaging in dialogue on more strategic and policy-oriented issues . * * 30 * *", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 522, "text": "sex disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Amuru | Atiak | Atiak | 3 , 687 | | Amuru | Lamogi | Awer | 3 , 687 | | Amuru | Lamogi | Parabonao | 2 , 417 | | Amuru | Pabbo | Pabbo | 11 , 682 | Source : UBOS , Uganda National Household Survey _200512006_ AppendiX 11 ( B ) , p . 164 It should be noted from Table 3 . 1 above that each camp was occupied by a large number of households , such as 9 , 217 households at Amuru camp . Allowing 7 children and two parents for each household , it would appear that Amuru camp was occupied by about 82 , 953 persons . This is a huge number which indicates a burden of re-Iocating a whole lOP camp . In addition to direct costs , the Consultant was warned of bitter land wrangles particularly in the District of Amuru . For this reason , the practability of re-Iocating a whole lOP camp was likely to trigger off a wide range of political and social problems . The best alternative was to shift only the lOPs within the road reserve and resettle them within the camp , if it was deemed necessary to retain the camp in fight of the existing peace in the region . 23", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 200, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development Project ( P163980 ) | activities / women < br > ( Number ) | | These activities are expected to reduce the beneficiaries ’ and their households ’ current < br > socio-economic vulnerability by diversifying livelihood activities and increasing the < br > productivity of natural resources . < br > Beneficiaries of this activity are defined as members of individual households engaged in < br > project activities . According to the most recent census , there is on average six members in a < br > household in coastal communities . < br > Cumulative Targets . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 . 00 < br > Mar / 2020 | 0 . 00 < br > 08-Dec-2023 < br > 65 . 00 < br > Mar / 2025 | | Share of target beneficiaries < br > with rating ‘ Satisfied ’ or < br > above on project < br > interventions ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This indicator estimates demand-side social accountability through engagement with project < br > beneficiaries and the extent to which project activities and outcomes are meeting < br > beneficiaries ’ demands . This is based on a perception survey administered to a representative < br > sample of beneficiaries including , VMGs and focus on fisheries and aquaculture management < br > and livelihood diversification . Survey results will be disaggregated by sex . Citizen engagement < br > is an indicator . Annual targets . < br > The survey for the beneficiary satisfaction has not been done , due to the initial delay in < br > disbursing grants to the CIGs . However , Phases I and II of the grants have been disbursed to < br > the CIGs , and the survey is scheduled for May 2024 . | | | 0 . 00 | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 1191, "end": 1208, "text": "perception survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1498, "end": 1537, "text": "survey for the beneficiary satisfaction", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ty ( NFA ) | Cash compensation based on type < br > age and productive value of affected < br > trees + 10 % premium < br > NFA will provide land for REA to < br > plant < br > trees < br > as < br > a < br > form < br > of < br > compensation | | * * Crop trees * * < br > Coffee trees , Banana Clumps , Mango < br > trees , Orange trees , Avocado trees , < br > Guava trees , Jack fruit , Passion fruit , < br > Boro fruit , Paw-paw trees , | 1 . PAP < br > owner , < br > bonafid | ( whether < br > tenant or < br > e squatter ) | Cash compensation equivalent to < br > average of at least three years < br > market value for the mature and < br > harvested crops . | # # # * * Compensation Package * * Information from the socio-economic survey and census guided the selection of the most appropriate compensation package . The package chosen was based on the basis thatthe Affected Household is neither physically nor economically displaced . This means in practice that the remaining land is deemed economically viable and no residential building has to be removed . * * < u > In this case , cash compensation for crops and trees destroyed will be offered and not resettlement . < / u > * * < u > Cash compensation will be at the updated District compensation rates for crops , and < / u > trees , with payment of disturbance allowance as per Ugandan regulations . A 15 % Disturbance Allowance of the compensation amount will be added to each PAP . The compensation and disturbance allowance will be in one lump sum payment . Given the nature of the development , this package is the most appropriate on the basis that although a 10 meter corridor is needed to set up the way leave , the land owner can continue to utilize land", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 761, "text": "socio-economic survey and census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "forests . The Act further makes provision for , among other things : the protection and conservation of forest biological resources and the declaration of reserved or protected tree species ; protection of forest reserves against human activities ; inventory of forests ; tree planting and growing ; forestry licences ; trade in forest produce ; administration of forest resources ; the establishment of the National Forestry Authority as a body corporate and regulation-making powers of the Minister . Section 38 provides that a person intending to undertake a project or an activity which may , or is likely to have significant impact on forests shall undertake an EIA . This Act will be triggered by the construction and implementation of the proposed 132 Electricity transmission line since about 4 forest reserves ( _Engeva , Achwera , Opoka and Laura_ ) as well several indigenous trees . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 4 . 5 PROHIBITION OF THE BURNING OF GRASS ACT ( CAP . 33 ) * * This Act stipulates that , notwithstanding the Local Governments Act or any other written law to the contrary , the burning of grass by any person is prohibited in all areas of Uganda , except under authority and under the supervision of specified public officers . Also , clearing of farm land and other burning for specified purposes shall be allowed . The Act also requires able-bodied men to offer , at request of specified public officers , assistance to control or extinguish fire , or to prevent the burning of grass in the area where they are present . The presence of Campsites and possibly some of the workers who smoke cigarettes during construction and electricity sparks during operation may be a source of fire and therefore the project developer should put a mechanism to control this . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 4 . 6 GAME ( PRESERVATION AND CONTROL ) ACT 1959 ( CAP . 198 ) * * This Act , in its consolidated version , contains the following Schedules : Animals not to be hunted or captured throughout Uganda except", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Table A2 – continued from previo * * | * * us page * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Country * * | * * Provider and Survey Type * * < br > * * Size Cutof * * | * * Year * * | * * Observations / Year * * | | Kenya | Kenya < br > National < br > Bureau < br > of < br > Census of all formal frms . | 2010 | Raw < br > data : | | | Statistics ( KNBS ) - Census of | | 2 , 089 | | | Industrial Sector . | | | 35", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 315, "text": "Census of all formal frms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 1 | - 1 | - 1 | | Dominican Republic | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | 0 | - 1 | | El Salvador | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | Source : Own estimations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and the World Bank ) . * For Mex : Projections for 2015 , 2017 , and 2019 . For Guatemala : Projections from 2015 onwards The middle class has slightly increased in the region and remains the largest socioeconomic group in the LAC region since 2010 . This group is measured as the share of the total population between $ 13 and $ 70 a day or $ 14 and $ 81 a day expressed in 2011 PPP or 2017 PPP , respectively . Between 2010 and 2020 , changes in the middle class at the LAC level are relatively small as increases in the three subregions ( i . e . , Andean , Central America , and Southern Cone ) and Mexico are offset by Brazil . In 2017 , the middle class in the region grew by less than 1 pp ( 0 . 9 pp ) , or 4 . 8 million more middle-class people , with the 2017 PPPs . The largest changes in millions of middle-class people in 2017 are observed in the Southern Cone ( 2 . 2 million more people ) and Brazil ( 2 million fewer people ) . The change in the Southern Cone is mainly driven by Argentina . # Regional and country-level profiles This section focuses on assessing regional profiles of the poor at the upper-middle-income line ( $ 6 . 85 in 2017 PPP ) , the vulnerable , and middle-class populations . Even though a significant shift in poverty impacts poverty profiles , these movements are not big enough for inducing changes in policy choices ( see Table 5 ) . For instance , the poor are still more concentrated in urban areas , belong to the cohort between 15 and 64 years old , are slightly more educated , work in services , and are less self-employed . Similarly , vulnerability decreases markedly with the new thresholds", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 167, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Notes : Data pooled for all follow-up surveys , unless otherwise noted . Specifications include strata dummies , a variable representing the initial outcome at baseline , a variable indicating missing data at baseline , and dummies for survey round . Z score index constructed following Kling , Liebman , and Katz ( 2007 ) . Adjustments to control false discovery rate ( FDR ) computed following Benjamin and Hochberg ( 1995 ) . p-values and q-values are reported below standard errors ( q-values in italics ) . Clustered standard errors by firms in parentheses . * , * * and * * * denote significant at the 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % levels , respectively . a Z-score on inspection and harassment from state includes business has not received an inspection from municipality , taxes authority or another inspector during the past 6 months , owner has not experienced requests for bribes in the past 6 months , owner is confident to say no to bribes , business has not received threats to shut down , business has not received threats to confiscation of property or merchandise , owner has not been sexually harassed or has not received any other harassment . b Z-score on financial services includes six variables . Those are owner has a bank account , has a business bank account , owner use an account for business purposes , owner does not save at hombre or ROSCA or SACCO , owner saves at bank . c Sample size of z-score on financial services is 9 , 438 because businesses which have closed during the program are excluded . For several savings outcomes for which it is possible that individuals are saving even without operating a business , we use the sample of firms still in business since we lack data on these outcomes for those whose businesses have closed . 40", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 25 - # # < u > Part D : Cultural Heritage < / u > Strengthening of DAM through : ( a ) renovation and maintenance of its current buildings ; ( b ) refurbishment of museums ; ( c ) establishment of a heritage trail in Fort Portal ; ( d ) construction of a facility to house a cultural center in Kabale ; ( e ) development of a country wide cultural historic sites register and database ; ( f ) development of pilot cultural sites ; and ( g ) training of DAM ’ s staff in visitor management and museum operations . The Project is expected to be completed by June 30 , 2007 .", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 386, "text": "cultural historic sites register and database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with ideology , their degree of self-interest , and other personal characteristics , their demand for redistribution . To the extent that we are unable to completely observe ideology and self-interest , part of the correlation between these variables and demand for redistribution or equality perceptions will be captured by the error term . In other words , e1i and e2i will be correlated . Similarly , we expect that the e1i might be correlated with equality perceptions , generating issues of classical endogeneity . # 3 Data description The Social Inequality surveys of the International Social Survey Programme ( ISSP ) are the main data source for this paper . We use all available waves covering the years 1987 , 1992 , 1999 , and 2009 . The initial sample of 9 countries ( 1987 ) was expanded in each wave to reach 26 countries in 2009 . The samples are representative at the country level , with sample sizes per country and year varying between 1 , 000 and 2 , 000 . These surveys include almost all the information needed to estimate the model described above . They include the two dependent variables : perceptions of inequality and demand for redistribution , as well as information on voting or political preferences to construct the ideology variable and information on income and education used to account for self-interest . Finally , they record a host of individual socio-economic characteristics – employment , gender , age , location of residence – to act as additional controls . A mix of other data sets , described in detail below , are used as sources for the objective levels of inequality , poverty , unemployment , government expenditures , which together represent the economic context variable . In 1992 , 1999 , and 2009 , the ISSP surveys asked individuals to choose among five different pictures the one that best described the _type_ of society of the country in which they live . More in detail , the specific question and possible multiple-choice answers are shown below in figure 1 . The diagrams and the short descriptions below each of them implies a ranking from the most unequal society , depicted by the ‘ Type A ’ diagram to the most equal , ‘ Type", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 570, "text": "Social Inequality surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1759, "end": 1771, "text": "ISSP surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Fareed M . A . Hassan , ECSPE_ 20 Table 5 : Tax * * Rate / Base and Tax Bracket Relative to Average Income * * # ( a ) The * * 1992 Personal Income Tax System * * | Tax rate ( % ) | Tax base ( No . of < br > households ) | As percent of < br > total households | Ratio of tax < br > bracket to < br > average income | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0 | 277 | 13 | | | 20 | 433 | 20 | _0 . 5_ | | 24 | 1416 | 64 | 0 . 7 | | 28 | 73 | 3 | 2 . 1 | | 32 | 2 | 0 | 4 . 3 | | 36 | 1 | 0 | 7 . 1 | | 40 | 0 | 0 | 14 . 3 | | Total | 2202 | 100 | | # ( b ) The * * Proposed Personal Income Tax System * * | Tax rate < br > 11 % flat | Tax rate < br > 20 % < br > flait | Tax rate < br > 3-bracket < br > progressive | Tax base ( No . < br > of households | As percent of < br > total households | Ratio of tax < br > bracket to < br > average < br > income | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 440 | 20 | | | 11 | 20 | 20 | 881 | 40 | 0 . 60 | | 1 1 | 20 | 30 | 661 | 30 | 0 . 99 | | 11 | 20 | 40 | 220 | 10 | 1 . 60 | | Total | | | 2202 | 100 | | _Source : Author ' s estimates using 1992 Individual Budget of households Survey , NSI . _", "spans": [{"start": 1111, "end": 1154, "text": "1992 Individual Budget of households Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and uncertain . Under the circumstances , URC ' s accounting approach was increasingly geared towards crisis management in an attempt to keep day-to-day expenditures covered by day-to-day revenues . The data base is presently incomplete , but it appears that instead of following a conventional accounting approach which would include earnings from freight and passenger traffic and other miscellaneous services , recurrent expenditure , depreciation and interest in its profit and loss statements , URC followed a partial coverage of revenue and expenditures over these years , which has created a misleading picture of its financial performance . Basically , only cash transactions of revenue and recurrent expenditure plus a limited amount of depreciation allowance ( based on a historical cost basis instead of replacement value ) were taken into account In the operating performance presentations . Tariff increases were also geared towards covering cash recurrent requirements only . Meanwhile , the Ugandan Government financed nearly all capital investments for the railtiays during these years , either from foreign loans or grants or out of domestic resources . It transferred the assets to URC without clear instructions as to their financing modalities , which complicated UDC ' s accounting task . URC , unlike other parastatals in Uganda , did not depend on Tre , sury subsidies to cover shortfalls In its financial operations , which were really recurrent operations only , but managed to cover expenditures by revenues due to frequent tariff", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 212, "text": "data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environ . Plan . A 33 , 141 – 160 . Forbes , D . J . ( 2013 ) . Multi-scale analysis of the relationship between economic statistics and DMSP - OLS night light images . _GIScience & Remote Sensing_ , _50_ ( 5 ) , 483 – 499 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1080 / 15481603 . 2013 . 823732 Freire , S ; Pesaresi , M ( 2015 ) : GHS population grid , derived from GPW4 , multitemporal ( 1975 ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < mark > AMERICAS < / mark > * * The Americas region continues to witness large-scale mixed movements originating from within and outside the region by land and sea , and also experiences trafficking in human beings . In addition to the movement of Cubans and Haitians , in Central America – in particular El Salvador , Guatemala and Honduras , as well as Mexico – a multiplicity of causes lead to movements both internally and across borders . Drivers include economic , political and social constraints , the potential for family reunification , the role of smugglers and , increasingly , violence and insecurity caused by transnational organized criminal groups . Asylum claims by Central American nationals increased mainly in the United States of America ( U . S . ) , Mexico , but also in Costa Rica , Nicaragua and other neighbouring countries . Children and adolescents , as well as women and LGBTI < sup > 8 < / sup > individuals , were particularly affected as shown by the spike of arrivals in the United States and Mexico . According to statistics of the U . S . Customs and Border Protection , between October 2013 and September 2014 , a total of 68 , 541 unaccompanied children and an additional 68 , 445 family units were apprehended at the Southern border of the United States alone . - ê < sup > UNHCR ’ s 2014 < / sup > < sup > _Children on the Run : Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America and Mexico and the_ < / sup > _need for International Protection_ report indicates that 58 per cent of the children interviewed during and after October 2011 were forcibly displaced because they suffered or faced harms that indicate a potential or actual need for international protection . Mixed migratory movements in the Caribbean region rose significantly resulting in frequent incidents at sea , rescue-at-sea operations , disembarkation and return procedures , often implemented without the necessary safeguards for persons with specific protection needs , especially those in need of asylum . While many incidents go unreported in the", "spans": [{"start": 1055, "end": 1110, "text": "statistics of the U . S . Customs and Border Protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- [ 6 ] Moraes , Marcia , 2004 . Analysis of the labor market of the Brazilian sugar alcohol sector . Mimeo . University of S ̃ ao Paolo . - [ 7 ] Mitchell , Donald , 2005 . Sugar policies : an opportunity for change . in A . Aksoy and J . Beghin , eds . , Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries . The World Bank . - [ 8 ] Mundlak , Yair and Donald Larson , 2002 . On the transmission of world agricultural prices . World Bank Economic Review 6 ( 3 ) , 399-422 . - [ 9 ] Pavcnik , Nina , Andreas Blom , Pinelopi Goldberg and Norbert Schady , 2004 . Trade liberalization and industry wage structure : evidence from Brazil . World Bank Economic Review 18 ( 3 ) , 319-320 . - [ 10 ] Porto , Guido , 2003 . Using survey data to assess the distributional effects of trade policy . Policy Research Working Paper # 3137 . The World Bank - [ 11 ] Porto , Guido , 2005a . Informal export barriers and poverty . Journal of International Economics 66 ( 2 ) , 447-470 . - [ 12 ] Porto , Guido , 2005b . Agricultural exports , wages and unemployment . Mimeo . The World Bank . - [ 13 ] Nicita , Alessandro , 2004a . Who benefited from trade liberalization in Mexico ? Measuring the effects on household welfare . Policy Research Working paper # 3265 . The World Bank . - [ 14 ] Nicita , Alessandro , 2004b . Efficiency and equity of a marginal tax reform : income , quality and price elasticities . Policy Research Working Paper # 3266 . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "grown from an average of about 4 percent of GDP in 2008 to 7 . 5 percent of GDP in 2011 , while government debt has declined , but has remained above 70 percent of GDP since 2008 . In such a country it would be difficult to accommodate escalating subsidy costs that absorb the difference between international and domestic food prices . Empirical information on subsidies from developing MENA supports this view . As mentioned earlier , food subsidy data is patchy , but for a few countries there - 13 -", "spans": [{"start": 437, "end": 454, "text": "food subsidy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "diaries provide an error-free benchmark has little statistical justification . Diaries arguably minimize various types of reporting errors , including recall errors , telescoping , rule of thumb , and errors of omission ( Lyberg and Kasprzyk , 2004 ) . However , diaries are far from perfect . Most diary surveys are characterized by differences in reporting within the interview period , usually with a declining pattern over time ( Silberstein and Scott , 2004 ) . Possible explanations are not only declining cooperation due to fatigue but also the tendency of participants to deviate from the usual purchasing behavior as an effect of the diary or social pressure ( Peterson Zwane et al . , 2011 ) . The proxy reporting of events experienced by persons other than the respondent yields figures different from those obtained from individual diaries ( Beegle et al . , 2012 ) . The ratio between food totals computed from household surveys using diaries and national accounts have been found to be considerably low ( Gieseman , 1987 , and Bee et al . , 2013 ) . Moreover , diaries are expensive , as completion involves a reasonable standard of literacy and commitment , and regular visits from interviewers to ensure quality standards boost costs . Faced with high costs of implementation , respondent fatigue , the need for enumerator effort , and the risks of enumerator shirking , many developing countries have moved to collecting recall data . < sup > 1 < / sup > In recall interviews , households are typically asked to report on food _consumption_ during the specified period and > 1The World Bank ’ s Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) survey finder includes a list of household consumption and expenditure surveys : of almost 90 surveys from more than 25 countries , more than 75 use recall . See also the guidelines on the use of recall interviews endorsed by the United Nations Statistical Commission ( FAO and The World Bank , 2018 ) . 1", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 941, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1612, "end": 1646, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1689, "end": 1734, "text": "household consumption and expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7564 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the effects of market integration on household consumption using data on seven food and two energy markets across South Sudan . The analysis reveals that markets in South Sudan are highly segmented . Price differences for narrowly defined products , across cities exceed in some cases 100 percent . In addition , price volatility increased substantially following the imposition of the trade restrictions with Sudan . This increase tends to hurt disproportionately the poor , who cannot smooth purchasing decisions over time because of liquidity constraints . Transportation costs explain almost half of the variation in food prices across space , and improving the quality of roads has a large potential to reduce prices in the most expensive towns . On the basis of this price effect , the simulations suggest that bringing all road quality across states to that of primary roads can yield a reduction in poverty from the rate of 51 . 7 percent in 2009 to between 42 . 8 and 46 . 9 percent . These estimates have to be interpreted as conservative , as they do not take into account the second-order effects of road construction from increased trade that will result from better road connectivity . This paper is a product of the Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at gvarela @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 180, "text": "data on seven food and two energy markets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | FEX rate , fuel prices . | | Vietnam | 89 % | 86 % | 91 % | 2 . 1 % | n . a . | _Notes : _ < sup > a < / sup > Data for Morocco is only available for one year ( 2013 ) . < sup > b < / sup > Coefficient of variation ( standard deviation divided by the geometric mean ) . _Source : _ World Bank staff . # * * # 3 : Losses due to the under-recovery of costs are absorbed by the sector in different ways , and some countries manage to maintain utilities ’ financial viability better than others * * 29 . The case studies illustrate that there are different mechanisms to absorb the under-recovery of costs , with different implications for the utilities ’ ability to adequately serve their customers . Table 4 summarizes indicators of how losses are absorbed . Notably , government support falls short of restoring utilities ’ financial viability in almost all cases . 15", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 131, "text": "Data for Morocco", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- CS-CQS / Implementing of Biogas UserSurvey ( BUS ) / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 0 . 00 Canceled 2019-06-23 2019-10-02 2019-07-14 2019-12-30 2019-08-09 2019-12-08 2019-08-16 2019-12-02 2019-08-24 2019-12-31 < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Teams of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | * * Education Service Delivery * * | * * Health Service Delivery * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Ov * * < br > ( pro | * * erall Education Index * * < br > vision + outcomes ) | * * Overall Health Index * * < br > ( provision + outcomes ) | | * * Ed * * | * * ucation Provision Sub-Index * * | * * Health Provision Sub-Index * * | | • < br > • | Education Provision & Quality ( BS ) < br > Education System Quality ( WEF ) | • < br > Basic Health Services ( AFR ) < br > • < br > Public Health Campaigns ( GI ) | | • < br > * * Ed * * | Ratio of Pupils to Teachers in Primary School < br > ( UNESCO ) < br > * * ucation Outcomes Sub-Index * * | • < br > Immunization ( WB / WHO ) < br > • < br > Immunization against Measles ( WB ) < br > • < br > Immunization against DPT ( WB ) < br > • < br > Immunization against Hepatitis B ( WHO ) | | • < br > • < br > • < br > • | Primary School Completion ( WB ) < br > Secondary School Enrolment ( UNESCO ) < br > Tertiary Education Enrolment ( UNESCO ) < br > Literacy ( UNESCO ) | • < br > Antiretroviral Treatment ( ART ) < br > • < br > Provision ( UNAIDS ) < br > • < br > ART Provision ( UNAIDS ) < br > • < br > ART Provision for Pregnant Women ( UNAIDS ) < br > ~ ~ • ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ Access to Sanitation ( WHO / UNICEF ) ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ • ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ Access to Improved Sanitation ( WHO / UNICEF ) ~ ~ < br > * * Health Outcomes Sub-Index * *", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 594, "text": "Ratio of Pupils to Teachers in Primary School", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . C Hurricane Irma in Antigua and Barbuda ( September 2017 ) : Deviations of macro-fiscal outcomes from projections made immediately prior to the disaster ( percent of GDP ) * * | | * * Antigua * * < br > * * Barbuda * * | * * and * * | * * Other * * < br > * * SIDS * * | * * Caribbean * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 2017 / 18 | 2018 / 19 | 2017 / 18 | 2018 / 19 | | GDP growth | 4 . 1 | 3 . 7 | - 0 . 3 | - 0 . 3 | | Govt Revenue | - 2 . 1 | - 2 . 8 | - 1 . 3 | - 0 . 8 | | Govt Expenditure | 0 . 9 | 1 . 3 | - 1 . 6 | - 0 . 9 | | Net Lending | - 2 . 9 | - 4 . 0 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 1 | | Gross Public Debt | 0 . 9 | - 2 . 2 | - 4 . 4 | - 3 . 7 | _The figures in the table show the difference between the outcome for each variable and the projection made just before the disaster . Net lending is equivalent to the overall fiscal balance . _ < u > Source : WEO database < / u > Table 3 . B shows the impact of Hurricane Maria , which struck Dominica in September 2017 and which caused the largest amount of damages — as a share of GDP ( 279 percent ) — by any tropical cyclone in the Caribbean or Oceania in the last three decades . Compared to pre-disaster projections , the impact on GDP was slightly negative in the first 12 months but positive in the second . There was a huge increase in government expenditure in both periods , which when combined , amounted to almost 50 percent of GDP . Government revenues also increased , but only by about half", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 898, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Eastern Europe < br > and Central Asia | 1 , 718 , 000 | 1 , 588 , 000 | 567 , 000 | 27 , 000 | 4 , 000 | 2 , 000 | 15 , 000 | 23 , 000 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | # # * * 2 . 4 . Prioritization of rural investments * * We built a model to prioritize rural road investments based on two simple criteria : ( i ) maximizing the RAI increase per kilometer paved ; and ( ii ) candidate roads for upgrade must be connected to the existing primary and secondary network . The only investment option available in our model is to upgrade existing roads labeled as either ‘ tertiary ’ or ‘ track ’ in OSM to an all-season road where those roads are directly adjacent to the network of current primary and secondary roads . The analysis was done in 19 countries in which the potential for increasing the RAI is high , and for which the data were complete enough . < sup > 3 < / sup > The algorithm for investment prioritization takes a two-step approach , which can be described as follows : * * Step 1 * * : The OSM road data are processed to identify the largest current connected network of primary , secondary , tertiary roads and tracks ( the largest connected sub-graph of the network ) . In many countries , a significant number of road segments are disconnected or misaligned in OSM . A quick fix is to generate a buffer of 200 meters around each road and remove the roads that are not connected to the network outside the buffer . In addition , all roads with a length of less than 500 meters were omitted , as well as the roads serving less than 0 . 01 % of the total rural population . * * Step 2 * * : The network of connected roads is then overlaid with the population layer , and the number of people living", "spans": [{"start": 1053, "end": 1066, "text": "OSM road data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) | * * Policy Program * * | * * Results * * < br > 0 | | - - - | - - - | * * Comment * * : _No additional farmers were registered outside the ACDP project . UGX 10 billion to Ministry of Agriculture , Animal Industry and Fisheries ( MAAIF ) was used to procure service providers , distribute seeds , and repair road chokes to prepare farmers for the e-voucher system in the ten districts selected based on their proximity to the ACDP implementing districts . No further action was taken given the postponement of the ACDP supported e-voucher system due to clarify processes for registration . The_ _ < u > process has been overtaken by the Parish Development Model ( PDM ) to provide agricultural inputs through SACCOs . < / u > _ | * * Prior Action 6 * * To enhance debt transparency , the Recipient has through the | Stock of domestic | 2 . 8 percent | 2 . 4 percent of | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MoFPED published the verified stock of domestic arrears with a time lag of | arrears ( percent | of GDP | GDP | | less than one year ; upcoming SOE guarantees and other contingent liabilities | GDP ) | ( FY19 ) | ( FY20 ) | | from legal proceedings . | | | * * Not achieved * * < br > 2 . 96 percent < br > ( FY20 ) | * * Comment * * : _MoFPED started publishing the stock of verified domestic arrears not older than one year , contingent liabilities from legal proceedings , and government guarantees awaiting Cabinet approval , in the Report on Public Debt , Guarantees , Other Financial Liabilities and Grants for FY19 / 20 and the Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy FY20", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In summary , the two available studies for the 1974 returnees to Portugal are rather consistent in finding a significant negative effect on wages in the years following 1974 for the agriculture and construction sectors whereas the evidence on employment and unemployment is nonconclusive . # IDPs in Colombia Colombia has a long history of internal violence that claimed hundreds of thousands of lives since the late 1950s . Such violence has been mainly linked to the emergence of powerful revolutionary groups including the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) and the National Liberation Army ( ELN ) and to paramilitary groups that initially emerged to contrast these revolutionary groups . In the 1980s , internal violence intensified due to the expansionary ambitions of the revolutionary groups that led to a civil war against the state and the increasing violence perpetrated by military and paramilitary groups . As a consequence of this violence , many civilians who had been caught in the fighting were forced to flee . The conflict affected mostly the North-East of Colombia and almost five million people have been estimated to have fled this area since the early 1980s . These internally displaced persons were mostly from rural areas and settled mostly in urban areas and had a level of education comparable with low-skilled workers in urban areas . Calderon-Mejia and Ibanez ( 2016 ) use household survey data and an IV approach to assess the impact of IDPs on the hourly wages of host communities . They find that a 10 percent increase in the share of IDPs reduces hourly wages by 0 . 88 % with this effect being larger for women as compared to men . The effect is smaller ( 0 . 63 % ) but still negative and significant for manual male workers and management and professional female workers ( 0 . 64 % ) whereas is non-significant for female manual labor and male management / professional labor . The most affected workers are independent / self-employed workers with females ( 2 . 28 % ) suffering more than males ( 1 . 31 % ) , particularly those with high school education or less ( 2 . 0 % ) . Morales ( 2017 ) use survey , census and registry data", "spans": [{"start": 1415, "end": 1436, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2149, "end": 2182, "text": "survey , census and registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ubamutwe < br > ( 9km ) | 6-8 / 1-1 . 5 ( 8-10 , 000 ) | Tarmac | Grass | Good | 223 ( Weds0700-0800 ) | 238 ( Fri 1800-1900 ) | | JinjatoIganga < br > ( IgangaRoad ) | Eastof < br > JinjaRoundabout \" | 10 / 1-1 . 5 ( 15 , 000 ) | Tarmac | Grass / soil | Good | 389 ( Mon0700-0800 ) | 356 ( Fri1700-1900 ) | ' Based on AESNP ( 2001 ) assessment . N / C not counted at this location . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * l . A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 344, "text": "AESNP ( 2001 ) assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ 16 and NASMLA 2019 for Grade 7 1 Ten North and Northeastern counties : Garissa , Isiolo , Lamu , Mandera , Marsabit , Samburu , Tana River , Turkana , Wajir , and West Pokot . Page 7 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 20, "text": "NASMLA 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In Dadaab there is wind , dust , hot days and cold nights , wild animals , rapists and thieves . Several female interviewees mentioned their fear of sexual and gender-based violence due to lack of proper shelter . They also risked such violence when they went outside the camps to collect firewood . Fatima Y . ( 30 ) said that she bought firewood from a neighbour with food rations because she feared rape . Women also had to leave the relative safety of the camps to relieve themselves since latrines in the camps were not gender-sensitive . In a survey 14 percent of respondents said that they had themselves been exposed to gender-based violence , whilst 31 percent said they knew of somebody else who had had such an experience ( Refugee Consortium of Kenya , 2012 ) . Proper shelter , safe access to firewood , water and sanitation are crucial also for the protection against sexual and gender-based violence . While women face particular challenges , safety is a general concern . 56 percent of respondents in the survey felt unsafe in the camps ( Refugee Consortium of Kenya , 2012 ) . Among the reported reasons were the increase in bombs and improvised explosive devices and the presence of Somali armed groups . Ten percent felt there was insufficient police presence in the camps . However , 11 percent felt the Kenyan police actually posed a threat to the security of the camp population . According to interviews undertaken for this case study , the police sometimes target the refugee population in an indiscriminate manner after security incidents or attacks from Somali armed groups . # # _Food , training and livelihoods in Dadaab_ When people were arriving from famine severely malnourished , food distribution and health care was imperative . At the time of the interview , most interviewees in Dadaab said that they were happy that they were receiving food rations , but they would have preferred to work . Yussuf ( 72 ) , who had been a pastoralist his whole life , said , “ I would prefer to have some livestock and", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 555, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1021, "end": 1027, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | 0 . 053 | | | | | | | | ( 0 . 058 ) | | Constant | 0 . 825 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 0 . 912 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 0 . 708 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 0 . 749 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 0 . 825 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 0 . 737 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 142 ) | ( 0 . 123 ) | ( 0 . 098 ) | ( 0 . 105 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 219 ) | | Province FE | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | | Observations | 1227 | 1227 | 1123 | 1102 | 1232 | 1007 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 000 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 003 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 030 | _Notes : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . The table reports OLS estimates . Selective attrition has been tested for the log of dependent variables in 2006 . Consumption and spendings are per adult equivalent . Sampling weights are accounted for . Clustered-robust standard errors are in parentheses . * _p_ < 0 . 10 , * * _p_ < 0 . 05 , * * * _p_ < 0 . 01 36", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 614, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mark > # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 5 Livestock Ownership and Production * * < mark > With regard to livestock ownership and production within the Subproject influence Kebeles , the socioeconomic sample survey finding revealed that 85 . 6 % of the sample households reported to have at least one or more livestock , while the remaining 14 . 4 % did not have any kind of livestock . Across the Subproject impact Woredas , 88 . 5 % of the sample households in Meta and 81 . 6 % in Haromaya Sub city owned livestock . The sample socioeconomic survey further indicate a total of 155 HHs collectively owned 1 , 563 livestock population ( i . e . an average of 10 livestock per household ) . < / mark > < mark > With regard to livestock ownership by type , poultry constituted 34 . 0 % of the livestock population , followed by goat ( 20 . 9 % ) , Donkey ( 13 . 9 % ) , sheep ( 9 . 7 % ) cow ( 9 . 1 % calf ( 6 . 6 % ) , oxen ( 3 . 4 % ) and beehives ( 2 . 4 % ) . < / mark > < mark > The study also indicated crop residue is the main livestock feed for 96 . 3 % of the households , followed by prepared animal fodder and private grazing land . < / mark > Lack of grazing land , shortage of water , and animal diseases are among reported challenges faced by households with livestock production in Subproject influence area . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 6 Off-farm Livelihood Strategies * * In the assessment of non-farming economic activities of the households in subproject influence area , the sample households were requested if one or more member of their households engaged in business activities or not . Accordingly , very limited number 31 or 17 . 1 % of the sample households reported to engage in some kind of business activity . Out of the 31 HH", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 204, "text": "socioeconomic sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 514, "end": 541, "text": "sample socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 138 | 7 . 9 | 873 | 14 . 7 | | 1978 / 79 | 892 | 19 . 8 | 172 | 11 . 3 | 1 , 064 | 17 . 7 | | 1979 / 80 | 948 | 17 . 4 | 148 | 11 . 0 | 1 , 096 | 16 . 1 | | 1980 / 81 | 1 , 429 | 14 . 7 | 179 | 4 . 4 | 1 , 608 | 11 . 7 | | 1981 / 82 | 4 , 054 | 17 . 8 | 1 , 039 | 5 . 3 | 5 , 093 | 12 . 0 | 1 - 1 / Data relate to expenditure by the Ministry of Education . 1976 / 77 revised estimates ; and 1981 / 82 data are budget estimates . - 1979 / 80 data are provisional ; 1980 / 81 data are Source : Government of Uganda , Summary of Estimates of Recurrent and Development Expenditures .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 3 . 3 * * | Source : Based on the estimated education term of equation ( 5 ) Notes : Col . 2 from Psacharopoulos and Patrinos ( 2004 ) , average of social rates of return , full method Col . 3 from World Bank indicators Col . 4 = ( Col . 2 ) * ( Col . 3 ) / 100 Col . 5 re-estimation based on a 1 percentage point increase in education expenditure Col . 6 = ( Col . 5 - Col . 4 ) Col . 7 from Maddison ( 2010 ) Col . 8 = ( Col . 6 / Col . 7 ) * 100", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 227, "text": "World Bank indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Mutundwe Thermal Power Plant_ _Environmental Impact Statement_ # 10 . * * PUBLIC * * CONSULTATION Throughout all the stages of the EIA , the study team sought public opinion / views on environmental and social aspects of the thermal-power plant at Mutundwe . The methods used included Focus Group Discussions ( FGDs ) using structured questions to guide the discussions . # # # # # 10 . 1 * * Consultation with community and stalk holders * * Public consultation with the affected people living within 1 OOm radius of the project site has been carried out . This included FGDs and Key Informant Interviews . Community views and opinion of the key informants on the on going project have been noted . In addition , a total of 16 households within lOOm radius from the project site were consulted through the use of household questionnaires . Areas of discussion and interviews included socio-economic and environmental issues of the project . Brief discussions of some of the issues are highlighted below . # # # # # * * Socio - economic * * There are about 16 households living within 1OOm zone of the project site . These people were mainly landlords and derived their income from rent . Most of the houses in the zone are permanent with very few temporary structures . Shanty structures do not exist around the project site . However , a few households ( about 15 % ) practiced subsistence farming ( sweet potatoes beans , cassava , matooke ) , brick making and petty trade ( hawker , retail traders , motorbike hires ) . # # # # # * * Expectation of the people * * Most people consulted are excited about the project though others have mixed feelings . Those excited believe that power is coming nearer to them and thus will become cheaper . * * The minutes of a Consultative Meetings that was carried out in Mutundwe * * Present at the above meeting were the following members . 1 . Hellen Naigaga", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were almost double the national average . If the conflict continues to spread further south and east , and a culture of war and displacement begins to take root , HIV prevalence rates are likely to rise elsewhere , and Uganda will lose many of the gains that the country has worked hard to achieve . ” _ < sup > _80_ < / sup > Source : World Vision , 2004 . Uganda , unlike most other countries in sub-Saharan Africa , was considered until recently a glowing example of how to curb the HIV / AIDS epidemic . The country has been repeatedly used as a case study for other countries burdened by the spread of the disease . At the same time , an ongoing conflict persists in the northern part of the country between government forces and the LRA . There are an estimated 1 . 3 million people living in the war-affected region of the country , some 90 % of the population . < sup > 76 < / sup > National HIV prevalence is estimated to be 4 . 1 % with a low estimate of 2 . 8 % and a high estimate of 6 . 6 % . < sup > 77 < / sup > Uganda is a good example of how the media outlets publish ‘ facts ’ about HIV / AIDS and IDPs without properly interpreting or verifying the data . World Vision published a report on Northern Uganda in 2004 that erroneously claimed that the HIV infection rates were soaring among the persons in the war-affected areas , including IDPs . < sup > 80 < / sup > These incorrect statements were repeated by the international and local media . No one mentioned that the Ugandan AIDS Programme data demonstrates a large drop in HIV prevalence in Gulu , northern Uganda from 26 % in 1993 to 11 . 9 % in 2002 . HIV prevalence has reduced dramatically in Gulu district despite the ongoing 19 year old 36", "spans": [{"start": 1491, "end": 1518, "text": "Ugandan AIDS Programme data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "establishments and a strong association between these practices and higher productivity and profitability . < sup > 2 < / sup > This paper provides the first experimental evidence on the importance of management practices in large firms . The experiment takes large , multi-plant Indian textile firms and randomly allocates their plants to treatment and control groups . Treatment plants received five months of extensive management consulting from a large international consulting firm . This > 1 Lucas ( 1978 , p . 511 ) notes that his model “ does not say anything about the tasks performed by managers , other than whatever managers do , some do it better than others ” . > 2 See for example , Osterman ( 1994 ) , Huselid and Becker ( 1996 ) , MacDuffie ( 1995 ) , Ichniowski , Shaw and Prennushi ( 1998 ) , Cappelli and Neumark ( 2001 ) and Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2007 ) . A prominent early example is Pack ( 1987 ) , which , like the present study , deals with textile firms in developing countries . In related work , Bertrand and Schoar ( 2003 ) use a manager-firm matched panel and find that manager fixed effects matter for a range of corporate decisions . Lazear and Oyer ( 2009 ) and Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2010 ) provide extensive surveys . 1", "spans": [{"start": 1060, "end": 1086, "text": "manager-firm matched panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 20 . 9 < br > 20 14 . 5 < br > 11 . 4 < br > 9 . 5 < br > 7 . 4 7 . 1 7 . 4 < br > 2 . 2 < br > 0 < br > Ratio = 1 ( reference ) < br > Bandung , Indonesia Karachi , Pakistan Kathmandou , Nepal Manila , Philippines Mumbai , India Phnom Penh , Cambodia Chonburi , Thailand Malé , Maldives Seoul , South Korea Bangkok , Thailand Port Vila , Vanuatu < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : ( UN-Habitat , 2003 ) . Based on consumer surveys by Asian Development Bank . _ > 9 Detailed tables on water prices in Dar es Salaam and in Asian cities may be found in the Appendix section ( Table 6 ; Table 7 ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 454, "text": "consumer surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "021 | 0 . 006 | | ( % of total ) | ( 0 . 090 ) | ( 0 . 040 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 030 ) | ( 0 . 031 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 037 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 052 ) | | < br > Plots that Use Pesticide ( % of total ) | - 0 . 290 * | - 0 . 257 * * * | - 0 . 095 | - 0 . 124 | - 0 . 210 * * | - 0 . 116 | - 0 . 144 | - 0 . 179 * | - 0 . 467 * * * | | | ( 0 . 164 ) | ( 0 . 095 ) | ( 0 . 086 ) | ( 0 . 090 ) | ( 0 . 094 ) | ( 0 . 110 ) | ( 0 . 105 ) | ( 0 . 093 ) | ( 0 . 164 ) | | Constant | 8 . 520 * * * | 2 . 216 * * | 0 . 886 | 0 . 697 | 0 . 067 | 0 . 209 | 0 . 905 | 0 . 760 | 1 . 847 * | | | ( 2 . 037 ) | ( 1 . 085 ) | ( 0 . 734 ) | ( 0 . 824 ) | ( 0 . 718 ) | ( 0 . 760 ) | ( 0 . 704 ) | ( 0 . 615 ) | ( 1 . 077 ) | | Observations | 2749 | 2749 | 2749 | 2749 | 2749 | 2749 | 2749 | 2749 | 2749 | 49", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and they are far from all workers . Despite the expectation that inequality would be greater given the average values reported over the years , the Gini Index did not indicate a high level of inequality . Nonetheless , it is clear that labor conditions still fall short of guaranteeing good quality jobs for all workers . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Study Area for Assessment * * While the project areas are guided by the TOR as the , the consultant set out to understand the project footprint during its development , implementation and operation in order to understand key impacts , cumulative impacts and their possible mitigation measures to reduce their risks to as low as reasonably possible . Beneficiaries of the project and its components were identified and mapped using GIS technology to understand direct and indirect beneficiaries of the project . * * Task 5 : Re-Assessment of Baseline Environmental and Social Conditions * * A review of the previous baseline conditions was assessed and mapped against the current situation on order to understand future projections of both benefits and negative impacts of the project . However , the previous ESIA lacked to a large extent , quantitative data to inform the ESIA study . The consultant , in this case , used various data collection and presentation methods to map current situation as the baseline conditions of the project area . Given the project duration , the consultant reviewed secondary data relevant to the various components of the project . * * Task 6 : Public Consultations / Focus Group Discussions * * To cover a wide range of stakeholders in the study area , focus group discussions and public # # # # # # * * Task 4 : Delineation of Study Area for Assessment * * While the project areas are guided by the TOR as the , the consultant set out to understand the project footprint during its development , implementation and operation in order to understand key impacts , cumulative impacts and their possible mitigation measures to reduce their risks to as low as reasonably possible . Beneficiaries of the project and its components were identified and mapped using GIS technology to understand direct and indirect beneficiaries of the project . # # # # # # * * Task 5 : Re-Assessment of Baseline Environmental and Social Conditions * * A review of the previous baseline conditions was assessed and mapped against the current situation on order to understand future projections of both benefits and negative impacts of the project . However , the previous", "spans": [{"start": 1102, "end": 1116, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "different stakeholders and draw consensus . The objectives of the stakeholder consultations were : - To sensitize the community about the project and potential impacts on people and livelihoods . - Provide a platform for the community to air views and concerns which are relevant to the ARAP , and which must be resolved . - Involve them in key processes of census and the undertaking of the affected asset inventory , - • Provide an opportunity for the community to propose the most appropriate mitigation measures for asset and livelihood losses . - To seek support from the community and other all relevant stakeholders in the preparation and implementation of the ARAP . - To discuss the ARAP report and its recommendations . - * * 3 . 3 Consultation Method and Approach in ARAP Development * * in the table below . The approach required a stakeholder analysis , to determine the stakeholders ( individuals , groups , institutions / organizations ) who will be affected directly or indirectly , positively or negatively by the proposed project , who can contribute to , or hinder its success , and those with an interest in the ARAP , have mandate over various issues related to the ARAP and general matters that link to the project area . Overall , the key guiding participation principles are outlined in the table below . 22", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 416, "text": "affected asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") under the parallel PforR to ensure alignment , better measure key indicators , and revise some targets ; and ( iii ) amend institutional arrangements based on organizational changes in the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection . - On October 30 , 2018 , the project was restructured to extend the closing date to December 31 , 2018 , to allow for sufficient time for the government to complete outstanding procurement activities and conclude the analysis of beneficiary surveys and impact evaluations . # # * * 3 . Relevance of Objectives * * # # * * Rationale * * In 2009 , almost half of Kenya ’ s population lived in poverty , and nearly 20 percent lived in extreme poverty . Reasons for households falling into poverty included shocks such as food price inflation , droughts , floods , and illness and death caused by HIV / AIDS . A rapid assessment conducted in 2004 found that 1 . 8 million children were orphans and , of these , nearly two-thirds had lost their parents due to HIV / AIDS . Nearly onequarter of OVC lived in extreme poverty , and only 85 percent attended school ( compared to 93 percent of other children ) . In 2004 , the government implemented a pre-pilot CT-OVC program , financed by UNICEF and the Swedish International Development Agency , that provided cash transfers to 500 poor households with OVC in three districts . In 2006 , this pilot was expanded to 40 additional districts . In 2008 , with the support of the World Bank , the government expanded the program further and aimed to reach about half of all OVC living in extreme poverty through a nationwide program covering at least 100 , 000 households by 2012 . Page 4 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 481, "text": "beneficiary surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Text * * , * * Custom * * ) * * | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Microdata files not < br > available on-line and not < br > freely obtainable | Progress is on track to < br > achieve the first < br > intermediate target < br > ( Revised microdata < br > dissemination policy < br > produced , adopted and < br > published ) before June < br > 2016 | Progress is on track to < br > achieve the first < br > intermediate target < br > ( Revised microdata < br > dissemination policy < br > produced , adopted and < br > published ) before June < br > 30 , 2016 | All five < br > intermediate < br > targets < br > achieved | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 09-Dec-2015 | 06-Jun-2016 | 30-Jun-2020 | # # Overall Comments # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * *  Implement an integrated program of economic surveys to fill National Accounts source data gaps ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | National Accounts source < br > data incomplete and partly < br > outdated | Progress towards the < br > first intermediate target < br > ( Micro and small < br > enterprises ( MSE ) < br > survey conducted , < br > report produced and < br > available on-line ) is on < br > track . < br > The MSE survey | Progress towards the < br > first intermediate target < br > ( Micro and", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 937, "text": "National Accounts source data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1379, "end": 1389, "text": "MSE survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "continuation as some enrolled youth will be absent the day of the ENLACE application and others may have repeated a grade / grades and thus not be in the ENLACE application . In our estimations , our objective will be the comparison of levels to derive impact . Still it is noteworthy in Table 3 that enrollment levels for indigenous continuation rates are even lower both for females and males than for the overall sample of children in medium to very poor areas . < sup > 11 < / sup > Table 3 : Enrollment Rates in 7th Grade , 9th Grade and 12th Grade | | Primary schools in < br > High Marginali | 6th Graders in 200 < br > Medium to Very < br > zed Areas | 8 < br > Indigenous Pr | imarySchools | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Male | Female | Male | Female | | 7th grade | 59 . 13 % | 63 . 79 % | 45 . 56 % | 44 . 92 % | | 9th grade | 59 . 22 % | 62 . 97 % | 50 . 16 % | 49 . 27 % | | 12thgrade | 29 . 31 % | 32 . 43 % | 24 . 95 % | 24 . 96 % | Source : Author ’ s calculations using ENLACE databases . Table 4 shows the distribution of sixth grade students who enroll in seventh grade and in which types of schools . The majority of indigenous children enroll in tele-secondary schools with about 20 % enrolling in technical secondary schools . Only about 10 % enroll in general secondary schools . The proportions in tele-secondary schools are somewhat lower for the overall sample of youth in marginalized areas at about 59 % for boys and 46 % for girls . Girls have a correspondingly higher probability of enrolling in a general school within our sample of schools located within marginalized areas . Table 4 : Secondary School Attended in 7 < sup > th < / sup > Grade | | 6th < br > Primary Schools in < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1004, "end": 1020, "text": "ENLACE databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * d Reporting * * | < br > Responsibility < br > for Data < br > Collection | Educational < br > Planning / EMIS | | Directorate of < br > Educational < br > Planning / EMIS | | Directorate of < br > Building and < br > International < br > Project ( DBIP ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Collection an * * | < br > Data < br > Collection < br > Instruments | | | EMIS | | MoE reports | | * * Data * * | Frequency < br > and < br > Reports | | | Annual | | Yr1 and < br > mid-term | | | YR6 | | | | | | | | YR5 | | 200 < br > Classrooms | 30 ICT < br > Labs | 30 Sc . Labs | | | * * t Values * * | YR4 | | 200 < br > Classrooms | 30 ICT < br > Labs | 30 Sc . Labs | | | * * Targe * * | YR3 | | 200 < br > Classrooms | 30 ICT < br > Labs | 30 Sc . Labs | Policies < br > reviewed | | | YR2 | | 200 < br > Classrooms | 30 ICT Labs | 30 Sc . Labs | | | | YR1 | | 200 < br > Classrooms | 30 ICT < br > Labs | 30 Sc . Labs | Policies in < br > Place | | | Baseline | | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | | | Project Outcome < br > Indicators | number / percentage < br > of overcrowded < br > schools in all field < br > directorates . | 7 . 4 Number of", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 423, "text": "MoE reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "micro-projects under component one since KCSAP will use the CDD approach for the sub - / micro-projects nature , scale and location is unknown . The monitoring and capacity building forms part of component four budget . 19 . * * Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Plan - * * All project results indicators will be disaggregated by gender to monitor women ’ s participation in the project interventions . The project will also enhance capturing this environmental and social gender data in a disaggregated manner where applicable . 20 . * * Stakeholder Consultation , Participation and Disclosure of ESMF * * . As provided for under WB policy OP / BP 4 . 01 , information and consultation on the KCSAP environmental and social management framework was conducted as follows : Circulation of the draft ESMF for comments to all relevant institutions ( e . g . MoALF , Ministry of Water and Irrigation , National Environment Management Authority ( NEMA ) , Kenya National Agricultural Federation of Farmers ( KENAFF ) , State Department of Cooperatives and Enterprise Development . ) as well as the WB . Disclosure of ESMF was done to key stakeholders through the print media and on the website of the MoALF . 21 . Public Consultations - Comments by stakeholders during public workshops were incorporated in the final ESMF . Also review comments from other partners and the WB team were also incorporated into the final ESMF . Appropriate consultations were carried out with stakeholders during the preparation of this ESMF . Stakeholder consultation included relevant Government agencies , County government officials , non-governmental organizations , non-state actors and civil society groups . Further consultations between project team and stakeholders were held as a way of sharing the draft ESMF and soliciting for inputs . 22 . The final consultation workshop was held at the KALRO headquarters in Nairobi on 20 < sup > th < / sup > September 2016 . The workshop was attended by 56 participants from National and County Governments , several project implementing agencies , development partners ,", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 490, "text": "environmental and social gender data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9912 # * * Abstract * * After the 1919 – 1922 Greco-Turkish conflict , 1 . 2 million Greek Orthodox were forcibly displaced from Turkey to Greece , increasing the host population by 20 percent within a few months . Refugees were pro-vided with farmland , new houses and schools , and were granted the Greek citizenship . This paper analyses the long-term social integration of refugees and the effect of their resettlement on social cohesion . Combining historical and modern population censuses and surveys , this paper finds that , by the 2000s , refugees display a high rate of intermarriage with Greek natives , report levels of trust in others and in institutions similar to natives , and exhibit higher political and civic participation . At the community level , places with a higher share of refugees in 1928 are more likely to have at least one sport association 80 years later . There is no impact on political fragmentation nor on crime . The historical refugees ’ integration starkly contrasts with the social marginalization of recent Albanian immigrants who , unlike the former , neither spoke Greek nor had the same religion as locals upon arrival . These results suggest that early investments in inclusion policies can be effective at fostering refugees ’ assimilation , at least when newcomers and locals have similar cultural profiles . This paper is a product of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at elie . murard @ ua . es . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 525, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Regularly prepare and file minutes of all stakeholder meetings and document actions agreed during meetings and follow up ; - Review and update stakeholders database from time to time ; - Solicit and keep record of feedback from stakeholders ; and - weekly report back to stakeholders using appropriate medium of communication to provide feedback to stakeholders on their concerns and follow up on any agreements . Based on the actual realities of the areas , EEP & EEU will establish the following PIUs for the Project : EEP staffing of the Teams will be as follows ( component 2 & 3 ) : 1 . South-Ethiopia PTP : Senior Environmentalist ( 1 ) , Senior Sociologist ( 1 ) and OHS Expert ( 1 ) , 2 . East Ethiopia PTP : Senior Environmentalist ( 1 ) , Senior Sociologist ( 1 ) & OHS Expert ( 1 ) , 3 . N / West Ethiopia PTP : Senior Environmentalist ( 1 ) , Senior Sociologist ( 1 ) & OHS Expert ( 1 ) , 4 . C / N / East Ethiopia PTP : Senior Environmentalist ( 1 ) , Senior Sociologist ( 1 ) & OHS Expert ( 1 ) , 5 . West Ethiopia PTP : Senior Environmentalist ( 1 ) , Senior Sociologist ( 1 ) & OHS Expert ( 1 ) , and 6 . GR Establishment Project : Senior Environmentalist ( 2 ) , Senior Sociologist ( 2 ) & OHS Expert ( 2 ) 7 . GBV specialist at center of ESHS department ( 1 ) EEU staffing of the Teams will be as follows ( Component 1 ) : 1 . Environmental Specialists ( 2 ) 2 . Social Specialists ( 2 ) * * 25 * *", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 164, "text": "stakeholders database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social Affairs * * : المصدر * * . ( DESA ) , International Migration Stock , 2020 تشير البيانات المتعلقة ببلدان مجلس التعاون الخليجي بشكل أساسي إلى * * : مالحظة * * . المهاجرين ، نظرا ً إلى اتجاهات الهجرة إلى هذه البلدان التحويالت الواردة إلى المنطقة العربية . 4 الشكل 2020-1990 ، ( بماليين الدوالرات ) حسب مجموعات البلدان < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 , 000 < br > 60 , 000 < br > 50 , 000 < br > 40 , 000 < br > 30 , 000 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 10 , 000 < br > - < br > بلدان المغرب بلدان مجلس المنطقة العربية < br > العربي التعاون الخليجي < br > ً أقل البلدان بلدان المشرق < br > العربية نموا العربي < br > 2020201820162014201220102008200620042002200019981996199419921990 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > . ( 2021 ) محد ّ ثة حتى أيار / مايو ، البنك الدوليبيانات التحويالت السنوية * * : المصدر * * . هي تقديرات2020 بيانات عام * * : مالحظة * * عدد المهاجرين والالجئين من الب", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 74, "text": "International Migration Stock", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report Kihuyo Informal Settlement in Nyeri County # # # # * * < u > ANNEX 1 : ASSET INSPECTION SHEET < / u > * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Household No / unique Identifier … … … … … … … … … < br > General details of Affected Asset or Livelihood < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Village / Cluster Location Sub County County < br > Plot Number PAP category 12 Ownership / GPS < br > Rented coordinates / < br > Photo Number < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Demographic Data of PAP < br > Name of the owner ( HH ) ID Telephone Gender Age < br > Spouse Details ID Telephone Gender Age < br > Family Size < br > Household size < br > Education Level < br > Livelihood < br > Vulnerability ( Marginalized and Vulnerable Groups ( VMG ) ) < br > No Vulnerable Parameter Answer < br > Is the HH headed by child under 18yrs < br > Is the HH headed by a disabled Person < br > Is the HH headed a chronic ill person < br > Is the HH headed by elderly over 65yrs < br > Is the HH enrolled to government social program that supports the < br > d d VMG ? < br > Did the HH business / loss of income collapse in the recent month < br > HH lost livestock due to disease or drought < br > Yes ( 1 ) or No ( 2 ) < br > Land Affected ( Yes / no ) … … … … … … … … . . Size ( acre / square < br > meters ) … … … … … … … … … … … . < br > Structure … … … … … ( partial / total impact ) tick appropriately < br > TYPE OF NATURE", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_tional_ * * _Youth Opportunities Towards Advancement_ * * _nnual_ * * _Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2025_ * * occupational Standard for Engagement of information ; Classification * * of * * Consultant done Standardized Occupations * * Recruitment process * * classification ( KeSCO ) to * * on * * going to on board enhances * * job * * support the consultant matching and career consistent guidance ; occupational data Stronger integration use across of occupational data stakeholders in LMI systems Enhanced Kenya Internal and External Labour Market stakeholder review of Information System the current system undertaken . Terms of reference for Engagement of a consultant don-e Recruitment process on * * going * * to * * on * * board the consultant 4 . Environmental and Sustainability * * Reporting * * * * 1 . * * Sustainability strategy and * * profile * * * * NYOTA * * is a project under the State Department of Labour and Skills Development which has put up measures and strategies to ensure its programmes and projects are sustainable . * * Key * * among this measure is development of : * The creation and staffing of the Labour Market Obseratory to undertake the * * delivery * * of high-quality labour market information products as wcl the Maitaining the Kenya xiii MCamScanner", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 462, "text": "occupational data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 498, "end": 515, "text": "occupational data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transportation , and disposal ) is hampered . Low funding has also affected investment in waste management facilities and equipment . # # # _3 . 4 . 9 . 2 E-waste_ According to the Global E-Waste Monitor report of 2020 , a record 53 . 6 million metric tonnes of electronic waste was generated worldwide in 2019 , up 21 percent in just five years . The report predicts global e - waste will reach 74 metric tonnes by 2030 , making e-waste the world ’ s fastest-growing domestic waste stream , fuelled mainly by higher consumption rates of electric and electronic equipment , short life cycles , and few options for repair . In Kenya , an average of 3 , 000 tonnes of e-waste is generated each year with 99 % of the total e-waste ends up in the informal sector where it ’ s disposed in an unhealthy way . # # * * _3 . 4 . 10 Health_ * * There are approximately 5 , 000 health facilities in Kenya . Hospitals in Kenya are classified according to the agency that owns the health facility . Such agencies include the government , which manages public health institutions , faith-based organizations ( FBOs ) , non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) and private investors . The Kenya government runs 48 % of hospitals , 35 % is managed by the private sector , 15 % by FBOs and 2 % are managed by NGOs . Kenya has two national hospitals namely , the Kenyatta National Hospital and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital . The health status of Kenyans has improved in the last five years , but significant health challenges including geographic and economic inequities remain . According to the last census in 2019 , the population was estimated at 47 . 6 million , with 36 percent of the population living below the poverty line and 65 percent in rural areas < sup > 73 < / sup > . The life expectancy of Kenyans has improved from 63 years in 2013 to 67 years in 2020 < sup > 74 <", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 210, "text": "Global E-Waste Monitor report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1584, "end": 1603, "text": "last census in 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provided by IMF-WEO and IMF-WCE , respectively . < sup > 28 < / sup > Likewise , non-resource GDP is computed as the difference between GDP and resource GDP . The baseline world annual real interest rate , , is set to two percent , which is in line with the 10-year inflation-indexed US Treasury bond yields averaged over 2000-2019 from WW ff the St Louis Federal Reserve Bank Economic Data ( Series : WLTIIT ) . The baseline debt-elasticity of the interest spread is set to , which implies that a ten percent of GDI increase in the external debt leads to a one ψψ = 0 . 1 percentage point increase in the country ’ s interest rate . < sup > 29 < / sup > Finally , we set , which is sufficient to prevent any explosive paths for public debt as . φφ = 0 . 05 * * Initial conditions . * * GDP for 2020 is taken from World Bank ’ s World WW φφ > ff * * Initial conditions . * * Development Indicators ( WB-WDI ) , in constant 2010 U . S . Dollars . < sup > 30 < / sup > In the absence of a data set containing comprehensive information on GDP at the industry level for several commodity-exporting countries , we proxy GDP in resource industry by exports of the resource good . More specifically , GDP in industry is set to match the average value of exports as a share of GDP . < sup > 31 < / sup > The export data is ii ii ii taken from the UN-Comtrade Database ( UN-CT ) , which provides information on export value for all 11 commodities and all 56 countries pre-loaded in the LTGMNR , with a time series that usually starts in 2002 . < sup > 32 < / sup > 28 As a complementary data set for government revenues ( total , resource and non-resource ) , we use ICTD / UN-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset ( UN-GRD ) . 29 The range of estimates for in literature varies widely across countries and papers . For example , while Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe ( 2003 ) set to match the volatility of the observed current-account-to-GDP", "spans": [{"start": 347, "end": 390, "text": "St Louis Federal Reserve Bank Economic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 402, "end": 408, "text": "WLTIIT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 897, "text": "Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1339, "end": 1359, "text": "UN-Comtrade Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1665, "end": 1700, "text": "UN-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Next , I examine whether the potential increase in the wife ’ s inheritance results in partition of joint households by checking for higher rates of migration among couples in reform states married post-reform . Table 6 shows the coefficient for being exposed to the reform on the outcome variable _joint . _ < sup > 23 < / sup > The first column shows that Hindu women who were ‘ treated ’ are significantly less likely by about 4 . 3 % to reside in joint families , while the second column shows that there is no such effect for the nonHindu women . A placebo test identical to specification ( 3 ) , which assumes that the amendments occurred a couple of years prior to their actual implementation , shows no such significant effect for the ‘ treated ’ Hindu women . This suggests that the significantly lower propensity of Hindu women to reside in joint families post-reform is not simply a function of some such pre-existing trend in the reform states and can in fact be attributed to the amendments . # ( c ) _Is part of the effect driven by the negative effect on men ’ s inheritance ? _ Finally , I explore whether this shift in household structure is partially driven by the detrimental effect of the reform on men ’ s inheritance . These are the men with sisters who were eligible to benefit from the reform . Unfortunately , the NFHS data doesn ’ t allow me to calculate the number of siblings of each man since I do not observe any siblings who are not residents of the same household . To overcome this shortcoming , I make use of the Rural Economic and Demographic Survey ( REDS ) conducted in 1999 . The REDS data provides information on household structure that is similar to the NFHS but also contains additional information on all the children of household heads who are not residents of the household . In particular , it provides the exact years of marriage of any daughters of the household head , thereby allowing me to identify whether these women , and in turn their brothers , are actually exposed to the reform . The partition channel predicts that men are", "spans": [{"start": 1339, "end": 1348, "text": "NFHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1547, "end": 1584, "text": "Rural Economic and Demographic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1618, "end": 1627, "text": "REDS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1695, "end": 1699, "text": "NFHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enrolled in < br > schools receiving direct < br > support from the project < br > who are re-enrolled in | | | | | | 2 . School age children previously enrolled < br > in grant-supported schools who return to < br > school once the school system is < br > reopened ( % , broken down by gender ) | school after the school < br > system is reopened / total < br > number of people aged 6-18 < br > previously enrolled in < br > schools receiving direct < br > support from the project < br > * 100 , disaggregated by < br > gender and also by level of < br > education , age , disabilities , < br > and region | Every six < br > months | MoE | MoE will collect data < br > from REBs | MoE | Page 30 of 46", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Final_ * * _TG Consultancy PLC_ - Report activities related to SHS installation and maintenance to MoWE as per the ESMS . - Implement activities that can advance beneficiaries awareness and stakeholder with respect to the project for which the ESMS is proposed . - Review environmental and social monitoring status reports prepared by the responsible person and take corrective measures . - Record beneficiaries of the SHS as per the ESMS During the SHS installation activities , the OGS Company / Cooperatives also need to have emergency preparedness and response plan that involves comprehensive emergency preparedness and response , as well as a security plan to ensure the safety of personnel , protect assets , and maintain the integrity of operations . # # # # * * 5 . 1 . 2 . 3 Regional ESMS Focal Person * * - Facilitates the establishment of Zonal ESMS focal person . - Facilitate the implementation of the ESMS . - Collect and compile ESMS implementation reports from Zonal ESMS focal person and submit it to ADELE ’ s project Subcomponent 3 . 1 office . - Facilitate and support capacity building for Zonal ESMS focal person for the implementation of the sub-component . - Facilitate E & S performance audit and get clearance from regional EPA . - Facilitate communication among ADELE project subcomponent 3 . 1 office , Regional EPA , Zonal ESMS focal persons , Woreda ESMS focal persons as well as OGS companies / cooperatives . - Communicate and provide regional EPA with a copy of the endorsed ESMS document and communicate information about OGS to the Zonal ESMS focal person . # # # # * * 5 . 1 . 2 . 4 Zonal ESMS Focal Person * * - Facilitates the implementation of the ESMS . - Collect and compile ESMS implementation reports from Woreda ESMS focal persons and submit it to regional ESMS focal person . - Facilitate and support training for the implementation of the ESMS to Woreda ESMS persons .", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 327, "text": "environmental and social monitoring status reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Inclusive Growth and Fiscal DPO ( P168204 ) * * < u > Dates . < / u > * * < u > The first operation was approved on May 28 , 2019 , became effective on June 26 , 2019 , and closed < / u > on June 30 , 2020 , as envisaged . The second operation was approved on May 19 , 2020 , became effective on May 22 , 2020 , and closed on June 30 , 2021 , as envisaged . # # * * 3 . Relevance of Design * * # # * * a . Relevance of Objectives * * * * Kenya made significant progress in poverty reduction and shared prosperity in the years that preceded this operation . * * Kenya ' s poverty rate measured at the international poverty line of US $ 1 . 90 per day fell from 43 . 7 percent in 2006 to 36 . 8 percent in 2015 . Economic growth in Kenya was pro-poor over the 2005 / 06 and 2015 / 16 period , with consumption growth for households in the bottom income quintile rising by 3-4 percent per year , on average , over that period , exceeding the pace of growth for the top income quintile ( World Bank , _Kenya Poverty and Gender Assessment 2015 / 16_ ) . Moreover , household consumption growth in rural areas exceeded that of households in urban areas , leading to a greater decline in rural poverty compared to urban poverty . This was accompanied by improvements in non-monetary measures of poverty , with Kenya ’ s Human Development Index , which consists of a composite index across education , inequality and life expectancy indicators , rising by 0 . 1 percentage points between 2005 and 2017 ( UN , _Human Development Insights_ ) . * * Notwithstanding these improvements , there were a number of challenges which persisted . * * The reduction in the poverty rate experienced by Kenya was less than its regional peers despite the country '", "spans": [{"start": 1406, "end": 1429, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 The second approach to evaluating the relation between ownership and performance focuses on comparing the performance of state and private firms operating under reasonably identical conditions : at the same time , in the same markets , within the same environment . This \" synchronic \" approach confronts its own difficulties . In order to capture the effect of ownership cleanly , a study must assure the absence of a selection bias . Such a bias might occur , for example , if state ownership was introduced in the first place to shore up firms that could not compete in the market ( so that state firms were handicapped from the beginning ) . Or , if one wants to avoid this problem by comparing the performance of privatized : ( rather than originally private ) firms to that of state companies , selection bias may occur if better firms were chosen for privatization . 8 A reliable study of the effects of ownership on performance must combine the two approaches , comparing state and private firms operating at the same time , but using historical data , _in addition_ to the synchronic comparisons , to eliminate the possibility of selection bias . This is the route we follow in this paper . We focus on comparisons of performance between state and privatized firms , leaving out the issue of the differences between either of these types of 1989 literature , predominantly based on small samples and lacking statistical significance , is listed and classified in Boardman and Vining ( 1989 ) . An earlier review , together with an argument that private ownership is more efficient , may be found in De Alessi ( 1980 ) . Among more recent studies , Caves ( 1990 ) surveys the impact of British privatization policies of the 1980 ; in a case-type study , Galal _et aL_ ( 1994 ) examine the pre - and post-privatization performance of 12 firms in developing countries . Most of the literature on the postcommunuist transition and enterprise restructuring also follows the historical approach and is by now very large . Frydman and Rapaczynski ( 1994 ) provide references to the initial discussions which focused on the merits and demerits of different privatization programs . The first performance-focused", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1060, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collection and analyses * * built upon JPDM findings to identify additional criteria for addressing inclusion and exclusion errors and create a list of households whose eligibility status is to be verified ; - 3 ) * * Verification exercises * * to identify households that are to be removed from or included in the assistance programme Inclusion errors are to be addressed through the identification of verifiable household characteristics . The JPDM analysis thus focused its analysis on the least vulnerable households receiving a full or half assistance package ( see Table 10 ) . * * Table 10 : Partial error count , September 2021 * * | | * * Full ration * * | * * Half ration * * | * * No assistance * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Highlyvulnerable | 684 | 436 | 325 | | Moderatelyvulnerable | 196 | 227 | 175 | | Least vulnerable | 168 | 138 | 91 | | Source : JPDM September 2021 | | | | The list of characteristics proposed is highly recommended to be complemented with and verified by qualitative information from discussions with the communities in order to ensure transparency and its effectiveness in reducing inclusion . Compared to the overall sample , households that were wrongly included in the assistance were found to be more likely to : - Have at least 1 income source - Have higher levels of income - Report higher saving and debt at the same time , indicating a higher level of economic activeness - Report higher total expenditure per capita - Have a bigger household size and slightly bigger number of healthy , working adult members ( female and male ) - Engage more in formal salary , small business , petty trade and livestock production", "spans": [{"start": 877, "end": 896, "text": "JPDM September 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data since many other changes ( eg , general trade and investment liberalization ) also impact agriculture in the period under review . Nevertheless , aggregate data provide a context for discussions about productivity and production for maize and other selected outputs . # * * 4 . 1 * * Overview * * of Agricultural Growth 1961 to 1990s * * Growth Indices : FAO indices for agriculture , crop , and livestock production in Turkey ( see Figure 4 . 1 ) show little change in rate of growth from years before to years after 1980 . For all three indices , average rates of growth for 1961-63 to 1978-81 fall in the range 2 . 2-3 . 2 percent per year , while from 1979-81 to 1991-93 , growth rates ranged from 2 . 3-2 . 5 percent per year . Inputs and Outputs : Aggregate data mask important changes in source of growth . Table 4 . 1 shows that fertilizer use and tractor numbers grew at double digit annual rates in the 1960s and 1970s , declining to 2 . 9 and 4 . 4 percent , respectively , from 1981 . This suggests that new varieties and other new technology ( improved planting equipment , new pesticides , better match of fertilizers to soil deficiencies ) contributed relatively more after 1980 than before . Irrigation has not had a major impact on growth ; latest figures report only 7 percent of cultivated area irrigation . Aggregate data also mask important differences in rate of growth for various outputs . Table 4 . 1 shows production for maize , sunflower , soybeans , chickpeas , potatoes , and tomatoes growing significantly faster after 1980 than FAO ' s crop index . Among animal products , poultry meat and egg production grow much faster than FAO ' s livestock production index both before and after 1980 ( see Figure 4 . 5 ) . Agricultural Terms of Trade and Other Factors : During the 1980s , government commitment to industrial development led to policies that squeezed agriculture , so that \" agriculture was taxed in aggregate rather than subsidized as in the 1970s \" ( WB 1990 , vol 1 , p 3 ) . Despite many liberalizing reforms ,", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 165, "text": "aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1332, "end": 1346, "text": "Aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1564, "end": 1582, "text": "FAO ' s crop index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1663, "end": 1697, "text": "FAO ' s livestock production index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "included or counted as impact within 26-meter corridor or ROW because of their height ( i . e . less than 8 meter ) . That means , perennial crops and fruit trees within the 26-meter corridor that reaches 8 meter and above was already counted as permanent impact , but the temporary impact is only for fruit trees and perennial crops having less than 8-meter height and located within the 4 - meter corridor planned for the construction of access road . Accordingly , based on the census and enumeration survey result , a total of 203 households will be temporarily impacted . Among these , 141 of the households also have properties permanently impacted by the subproject , while 62 are affected by temporary losses . Across the Woredas traversed by the Subproject , 56 . 7 % of the households are found in Limu Kosa Woreda , followed by Mana Woreda with 31 . 5 % . With regard to temporary impacted properties , a total of 20 , 632 perennial crops belonging to 203 households expected to be temporarily impacted during the construction work . As expected , 85 . 4 % of temporary impacted perennial crop is coffee trees , followed by chat accounted for ( 8 . 6 % ) of all temporary impacted perennial crop , and Banana with ( 2 . 7 % ) ( See Tables 7 . 16 and 7 . 17 for details ) . Table 7 . 16 : Number of Temporarily Affected PAHs and Perennial Crops by Woreda | * * Woredas * * | * * Number * * < br > * * of PAHs * * | * * Percent of * * < br > * * PAHs * * | * * Perennial * * < br > * * crops * * < br > * * Impacted ( in No ) * * | * * Perennial crops * * < br > * * Impacted ( in % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 510, "text": "census and enumeration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 1990-2003 < br > Billions of USD < br > 120 < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 < br > Total PPI Infrastructure Privatization Difference < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : PPI and World Bank databases # _Financial sector_ 23 . The share of financial sector proceeds has almost doubled since the 1990s , increasing from 12 percent to 19 percent of total proceeds in recent years . Banking and other financial service firms represented 88 percent of financial sector revenues , with insurance firms accounting for 10 percent and real estate the rest . The increase in financial sector revenues came mainly from banking transactions in Eastern and Central Europe , driven by EU accession", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 318, "text": "PPI and World Bank databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Trends in vaccination coverage * * According to the 2000 and 2005 DHS , vaccination coverage has improved over the past five years . The percentage of children age 12-23 months fully vaccinated at the time of the survey increased by 43 percent from 14 percent in 2000 to 20 percent in 2005 . However , the percentage who had received none of the six basic vaccinations increased from 17 percent in 2000 to 24 percent in 2005 . With the exception of polio 1 , the percentage of children who received all the other vaccinations has increased in the past five years , with the largest increase seen in the percentage of children under five who received DPT 3 by 12 months of age . 72", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 75, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * PROTECTION BRIEF CZECHIA * * APRIL - JUNE 2024 # # Operational Context Based on the number of Ukrainian refugees who applied for an extension of Temporary Protection in 2024 ( 320 , 000 ) , the figures of Temporary Protection holders in Czechia , including new arrivals , were updated to * * 360 , 524 * * people as of * * 30 June 2024 * * , compared to 373 , 745 at the end of 2023 ( source : Ministry of the Interior ) . This report presents an overview of refugees ’ demographic profiles as well as main findings regarding protection risks and priority needs of refugees from Ukraine in Czechia . The brief is based on the analysis of * * 1 , 215 Protection Monitoring interviews * * and findings from focus group discussions conducted by UNHCR with refugees from Ukraine across the country in the second quarter of 2024 . # # Key Figures # # 360 , 524 Temporary Protection holders in Czechia # # 96 % of Protection Monitoring respondents are Temporary Protection holders 72 % of respondents and their household members are women and children # # 29 % consider accommodation as their highest priority need # # 66 % # # # # # need more information about job opportunities", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 688, "text": "Protection Monitoring interviews", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "previously agreed actions , including : ( i ) approval of the 2025 / 2026 AWPB ; ( ii ) improved disbursement to PFIs , rising from Kshs . 1 . 8 billion to Kshs . 3 . 225 billion ; and ( iii ) submission of the internal audit report . Both the NT PIU and KDC have retained qualified and experienced accountants to support the project ’ s implementation . Furthermore , the NT PIU has consistently provided accurate and timely IFRs and withdrawal applications during the reporting period . The audit report for June 30 , 2025 , was submitted punctually and received an unqualified opinion , with no outstanding weaknesses noted in the management letter . Nevertheless , several areas require attention . These include : ( i ) low overall project absorption at 38 % and a current year budget absorption rate of only 9 . 3 % at the fiscal year midpoint ; and ( ii ) delays in disbursement to PFIs by the Kenya Development Corporation ( KDC ) . # _ < u > Procurement < / u > _ * * 19 . Procurement performance for SAFER is rated Moderately Satisfactory , * * with progress in consultant contracts but notable delays and cancellations due to scope changes and activity reassignments . The PIU has experienced slow TOR submissions , late approvals , and contract management issues , keeping overall risk high . * * 20 . During the mid-term review , the team assessed ongoing procurements , checked progress against the procurement plan , and examined operational constraints affecting speed and compliance * * . Key developments included practical extensions for some consultant contracts , the assignment of communication and strategy contracts , and completion of the strategic plan with steps for implementation . The mission also noted that the MSME survey , initially planned via KNBS , shifted from a legal contract to a memorandum of understanding ; it was suggested to classify this as operating expenditure or continued procurable activity . The team stressed the importance of regular procurement plan reviews and prompt uploading of contract and payment documents", "spans": [{"start": 1743, "end": 1754, "text": "MSME survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2013 | 16-Sep-2019 | 23-Mar-2020 | 29-Jan-2021 | | IN00826326 < br > ► Number of Worksh | ops constructed and equipped for | the targeted programs ( Numbe | r , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 5 . 00 | | Date < br > | 31-Dec-2013 | 16-Sep-2019 | 23-Mar-2020 | 29-Jan-2021 | | IN00826327 < br > ► Proportion of bene | ficiaries expressing satisfaction wit | h the Traning Programs and B | ursary Scheme ( Percentage , | Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 28-Feb-2019 | 16-Sep-2019 | 23-Mar-2020 | 29-Jan-2021 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * | * * Data on Financial Performance * * | | - - - | # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project < br > Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | 5 / 12 / 2020 Page 6 of 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Bangkok is reference ) , and for urban residence ; monthly series on : unemployment rate ; consumer price index for south , northeast , north , center , Bangkok ; U . S . dollar value of exports of agricultural products , manufacturing , overall ; index of baht value of export price , export volume , import price , import volume ; terms of trade ; business sentiment index ; expected business sentiment index ; leading economic index ; no . of foreign tourists ; inverse of price of oil ; monthly wage in private sector ; monthly wage in government sector ; price of 5 % broken rice ( in baht ) ; price of tapioca flour ( in baht ) ; price of tin concentrate ( in baht ) . * * Full regression : * * All variables in Survey and Public Data regressions . Number of observations : 176 , 141 households for full sample . # * * Conclusions * * In this paper we ask a straightforward question : Who was hurt in Thailand by the global recession that spread from the world ’ s rich countries to Thailand in late 2008 and persisted for much of 2009 ? Somewhat to our surprise , we find that the recession itself was not associated with a reduction in real spending for most groups in Thai society . Neither women , nor the poor , nor rural residents , nor children , were particularly hurt by the recession . The main exception is that young adults , especially those residing in Bangkok , and with a vocational education , were negatively affected in 2009 . This is consistent with the observation that export-led manufacturing , which is concentrated around Bangkok , contracted sharply for several months . There are a number of possible explanations for the benign , and for some people , even beneficial , effects of the recession of 2008-09 . The first is that the prices of food – including the Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 26", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 376, "text": "business sentiment index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 379, "end": 412, "text": "expected business sentiment index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 415, "end": 437, "text": "leading economic index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IHRL frameworks , they do not always translate in collective actions to reduce protection risks under the leadership of the HCT . As an illustration , while 62 % of Protection Clusters provided regular briefings to the HCT on critical protection risks and priorities , in only 46 % of the cases , the HCT has taken collective advocacy actions to address those protection risks . In many operations , protection briefings provided to the HCT are acknowledged as shared information , with either actions agreed by the HCT delegated to the Protection Cluster or no HCT leadership on possible follow-up actions . Overall , there is a shared concern by Protection Cluster Coordinators about the limited feedback provided on follow-up actions taken by HCTs and the intrinsic difficulty to monitor and measure the impact of advocacy – let alone to demonstrate its effect on reducing protection risks and violations . Ultimately , protection partners evaluated through the cluster performance monitoring exercise ( CCPM 2022 ) exercise that collective advocacy actions , products and key messages conducted or produced by the Protection Cluster on behalf of protection partners and affected communities were ‘ effective ’ ( 35 . 4 % ) or ‘ moderately effective ’ ( 35 . 7 % ) – ‘ effective ’ being understood as coordinated , collective , inclusive , participatory , and representative of common positions and consensus . These efforts could be inclusive of other audiences in addition to the HCT , i . e . , parties to conflict , government authorities , member states , donors etc . The following example from the Child Protection AoR in Syria highlights the importance of a partnership approach to advocacy as key to successful implementation . # # # # # # COLLECTIVE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS GRAVE VIOLATIONS AGAINST CHILDREN IN SYRIA Protection ( CP ) AoR has been working for the last two years on identifying actors that can influence and engage parties to the conflict to prevent and mitigate these grave violations . In close collaboration with humanitarian leadership , including regional directors and the regional Humanitarian Coordinator , the CP AoR , UNICEF , and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > s of the models reflects the elimination of the considerable noise in the sample data , which drove down the R < sup > 2 < / sup > s of the models estimated using the simple random sample . Finally , Appendix Figure A1 shows quantile-quantile plots for both components of the residuals , which is useful to check whether they appear to be normally distributed as assumed . The residuals are highly non-normal in most cases , except for the random area effect for male and female LFP . The non-normal random effects for unemployment , as well as non-normality in the household error terms may contribute to biased estimates of outcomes and uncertainty , which we will assess by comparing the small area estimates with the census . Future research can explore alternative transformations , such as the rank transformation used in Masaki et al . ( 2020 ) , that might help achieve a more normal distribution . # * * B . State-Level Results * * We first consider estimates at the state level , the level at which the survey is considered to be representative . We present the seven statistics listed in section 2 . e , separately for direct and small area estimates , in Table 3 . The results are striking : Even though the direct estimates are considered to be reliable at the state level , we see large improvements in all seven statistics , across all four indicators , when incorporating geospatial data . The estimated mean squared error is smaller , the estimated correlation with the full-census benchmark increases , and the estimated absolute deviation from the benchmark decreases . Median relative bias declines for all outcomes . Coverage rates improve , sometimes dramatically . The estimates of unemployment rates improve on the direct estimates on most dimensions , even though the R < sup > 2 < / sup > of some models is low . Because the outcomes measured in > 21 For example , suppose as in this case that the sample covers 15 percent of the enumeration areas . Even a model that explains 10 percent of the variation in the remaining 85 percent of the population contributes at least the additional 8 . 5 percent", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 733, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1394, "end": 1409, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1979-2022 . The daily data is available from 1990-2021 . The data is processed to measure annual precipitation totals within each sub-national administrative level 2 ( ADM2 ) unit that contains at least one firm in the ES data . Annual shocks are defined as instances when the annual precipitation within an ADM2 unit is at least one standard deviation above or below that unit ’ s long-run average ( 1990-2021 ) . About 3 . 8 percent of the sample faced a negative precipitation shock while 19 . 1 percent of the sample faced a positive precipitation shock . For reference , Benincasa ( 2024 ) finds that 9 . 1 percent of firms across Europe and MENA self-reported monetary losses from extreme weather events ( this measure includes storms , droughts , floods and landslides ) . The same measure for the sample of MENA economies in this study is about 8 percent . # * * 2 . 2 Empirical Approach * * The empirical approach exploits cross-sectional variation in the ES data combined with precipitation shocks at the ADM2 geographical unit , while accounting for sub-national ADM1 or country fixed effects . The main analysis estimates the effect of precipitation shocks at the ADM2 level on sales at the firm level while controlling for temperature and other firm-level controls . The following regression is estimated : Where : _i_ indexes firms , _a_ indexes sub-national ADM1 units , g indexes ADM2 units , s indexes sector ( 2 digit ISIC level ) and _t_ indexes survey-years . Note that ADM2 is a more geographically disaggregated unit than ADM1 . There is a still a possibility that some of the shocks could be colinear with ADM1 fixed effects . Therefore we substitute the ADM1 fixed effects for country fixed effects across the estimations to show the robustness of the findings . For the cross-sectional estimations involving the green module , we deploy country fixed effects given the lack of variation over time . i i is the log of sales ( in USD ) . i ii YY SSho oo 7", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 972, "text": "ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Askew , I . , & Bellows , B . ( 2014 ) . Assessing the populationlevel impact of vouchers on access to health facility delivery for women in Kenya . Social Science & Medicine , 102 , 183 – 189 . Retrieved from - http : / / www . sciencedirect . com / science / article / pii / S0277953613006825 - PS Consulting . 2009 . _Introducing Voucher Systems for Healthcare Provision : Health Provider Baseline Survey . _ < u > Kampala . < / u > - Ross , J . , D . W . Han , S . Keeny , G . P . Cernada , T . C . Hsu , and T . H . Sun . 1970 . “ Korea / Taiwan 1969 : Report on National Family Planning Programs . ” _Studies in Family Planning_ 1 ( 54 ) : 1 – 16 . - Tura , G . , M . Fantahun , and A . Worku . 2013 . “ The Effect of Health Facility Delivery on Neonatal Mortality : Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . _BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth_ 13 ( 1 ) : 18 , doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471-2393-13-18 . - Uganda DHS . 2011 . _Uganda Demographic and Health Survey : Preliminary Report_ . 37", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 407, "text": "Health Provider Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from the nationally representative India Human Development Survey ( IHDS ) for 2005 and 2012 . Poverty rates estimated from this survey using a similar welfare standard ( consumption levels below official poverty lines ) as in the NSS ( National Sample Survey , on which official poverty estimates are based ) show a large decline in poverty between the two years , which is roughly comparable to the trend estimated from NSS . This allows us to take advantage of the rich information on income sources of households available from the IHDS and its panel nature to decompose the sources of poverty change among households between 2005 and 2012 . More specifically , we look at the extent to which shifts in household composition and income sources have contributed to changes in household income ; and with that , to changes in the real value of household consumption . In our analysis , these household level factors can be grouped into broad categories of interest such as the demographic composition of households , extent of engagement in the labor market and labor earnings , and non-labor earnings such as remittances and social benefits . To conduct this analysis , we employ a nonparametric decomposition method based on the counterfactual simulations done previously by Inchauste et al . ( 2012 ) and Azevedo et al . ( 2013 ) , following Barros et al . ( 2006 ) — see also Inchauste et al . ( 2014 ) . Our results should not be interpreted in causal terms , since the method we use adopts a simple “ accounting ” approach toward decomposing incomes , with counterfactual simulations that do not take into account behavioral responses of individuals and households to changes in different components of household income . In spite of these limitations , our results are useful for assessing the relative importance of different forces that > 2 Dang and Lanjouw ( 2015 ) find that the remarkable decline in poverty between 2009 / 2010 and 2012 is not driven by statistical noise or changes in survey design . 2", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 65, "text": "India Human Development Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 422, "end": 425, "text": "NSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 536, "end": 540, "text": "IHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "borrower in terms of the project agreement . Kenyan officials interviewed in connection with this audit , however , maintained that there were virtually no violations * * by * * Kenya , or that any that may have occurred were inconsequential . It was also maintained that there have been no violations * * by AFC * * with regard to reporting requirements , although IDA files indicate that * * AFC * * audited financial statements have always been submitted long after the close of the period concerned and that thorough records of physical quantities were not maintained systematically during the disbursement . One conclusion that can be drawn from this is that Kenyan officials may not be fully informed about the obligations their Government undertook with regard to the project . This may stem from a failure of communication within the Kenyan bureaucracy and a lack of sufficient detail in requests made * * by * * supervision missions and especially higher IDA officials . This misunderstanding appears to have been very damaging to the IDA-Kenya relationship , and would perhaps have had less possibility of developing had the project design been more attractive to Kenyan officials .", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 375, "text": "IDA files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "about the stability of certain estimated relationships over 23 years were deemed too strong . The consumption surveys which could be used to generate nationwide regional price indices , for instance , are so far apart ( 1975 and 1996 ) , as to make sensible comparisons of regionally deflated data over the period we are concerned with in this paper hazardous . See , however , Ferreira et . al . ( 2003 ) for results when these adjustments are carried out for a single point in time . > 8 This is the average nominal exchange rate for the survey reference month , September 2004 . > 9 These axioms are as follows : anonymity ; the Pigou-Dalton transfer principle ; scale invariance ; population replication invariance ; and decomposability ( see Cowell , 1995 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 117, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply # # # Key results and strategies By recruiting 25 , 000 new households as LPG customers , UNHCR Niger was able to achieve better economies of scale in the region and lower the price of LPG dramatically , from approximately $ 10 ( CFA 6 , 000 ) to $ 3 per 6-kg cylinder . The result was that the average family now pays between $ 3 and $ 5 per month for its energy needs , compared to $ 14 for firewood ( which , before the SEED programme , was even higher at $ 24 per month ) . This has helped the sustainability of the market beyond the initial SEED refills , with 70 per cent of the 25 , 000 UNHCR-supported households continuing to purchase LPG with no subsidy or other support . The low price of LPG , which did not increase after the UNHCR refill subsidies ended , has also attracted between 4 , 000 and 5 , 000 new LPG customers in the region who were not SEED beneficiaries . According to a UNHCR Niger survey of participating households , the reported time saving when switching from wood to gas is around 72 hours per month , including time saved on cooking and fuel collection . Since women are the primary cooks and fuel collectors , switching to LPG saves women three days per month . UNHCR also saw a decrease in sexual and gender-based violence ( SGBV ) incidents due to fewer firewood collection trips , confirmed through ongoing protection monitoring and in fewer reported cases . When surveyed , households responded that they most valued the cost savings associated with LPG , followed closely by time savings . The primary factors behind the success of this programme were its commitment to an integrated approach that included refugees , IDPs and host communities ; and the fact that it enjoyed full buy-in and support from local communities , leaders and government officials . Some 100 youth community workers were hired to go from door to door explaining the programme to make sure everyone understood the cost savings and", "spans": [{"start": 991, "end": 1009, "text": "UNHCR Niger survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lanjouw , and Neri ( 2001 ) , 20 percent of all households had a household head employed in agriculture and these households contributed 34 percent to overall poverty in 1996 . Changes in poverty , not only its levels , also differ across regions , rural and urban areas , and activities . Verner ’ s ( 2004 ) PNAD ( Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios ) based figures suggest that the poverty headcount in the Northeast declined from almost 60 percent in 1990 to 42 . 3 percent in 2001 , whereas poverty in Brazil ’ s most populous state São Paulo rose slightly from 8 . 6 to 9 . 4 percent during the same period . For urban areas , Ferreira and Paes de Barros ( 2005 ) show that extreme poverty increased between 1976 and 1996 . According to Paes de Barros ( 2004 ) however , the poverty incidence in rural areas in general and among households engaged in agricultural activities , in particular , declined from levels of about 60 percent to around 50 percent between 1992 and 2001 . One important factor for understanding these developments is the structural change in Brazilian agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s . In their assessment of the impact of sectorspecific as well as economy-wide reforms on Brazilian agriculture , Helfand and Rezende ( 2004 ) conclude that agriculture became one of the most dynamic sectors in the Brazilian economy . Between 1980 and 1998 real GDP grew by about 40 percent and real agricultural output by about 70 percent . In many sub-sectors , yields increased significantly and more harvested area was dedicated to exportables , in particular soybeans and sugarcane . Agriculture benefited from favorable macroeconomic environment and trade reforms that led to less industrial protection and the elimination of taxes and quantitative restrictions on agricultural exports . In addition , specific agricultural reforms – in particular a reform of agricultural credit and price support policies ; an agrarian reform program , including a land reform ; and , finally , the deregulation of domestic markets for agricultural goods – were important drivers of the observed agricultural performance . < sup > 5 < / sup > However , the increase in agricultural productivity was accompanied by", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 314, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 317, "end": 360, "text": "Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "60043 | 8309 | 23829 | 71957 | 0 . 002 | 0 . 229 | 0 . 052 | 0 . 085 | 0 . 027 | 0 . 073 | 0 . 08 | | TLU | 0 . 096 < br > ( 0 . 007 ) | 0 . 107 | 0 . 151 | 0 . 031 | 0 | 0 . 003 | 0 . 857 | 0 | 0 . 223 | 0 . 717 | 0 . 689 | 0 . 046 | | N | [ 920 , 978 ] | [ 20 , 22 ] | [ 16 , 17 ] | [ 6 , 7 ] | [ 10 , 11 ] | | | | | | | | _Notes : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . Clustered-robust standard errors are in parentheses . Outliers are excluded ( as explained in Appendix B . 1 ) . Sampling weights are accounted for . Test ( 1 ) is a joint test that the means of the nondemobilized and demobilized of both groups are equal to the mean of the civilians ( [ A ] = [ B ] = [ C ] = [ D ] = [ E ] ) . Test ( 2 ) compares the mean of the CNDD nondemobilized with the mean of civilians ( [ A ] = [ B ] ) . Test ( 3 ) compares the mean of the FNL nondemobilized with the mean of civilians ( [ A ] = [ D ] ) . Test ( 4 ) compares the means across nondemobilized ( [ B ] = [ D ] ) . Test ( 5 ) compares the means across demobilized ( [ C ] = [ E ] ) . Test ( 6 ) compares the nondemobilized and the demobilized within the CNDD + ( [ B ] = [ C ] ) , while test ( 7 ) compares the nondemobilized and the demobilized within the FNL ( [ D ] = [ E ] ) . The number of households in each group is in square brackets . It may vary as outliers or missing values are not taken into account when", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 390, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial support for emergency cases , to help IDPs cover rent or find alternative housing solutions . - Support all efforts that bring an end to displacement and promote durable solutions for displaced people , e . g . returning to places of origin once the conditions conducive to return are in place , local integration , or relocation . - To avoid premature returns , ensure coordination with the Durable Solutions Working Group in areas where a high risk of evictions continue through the completion of intention surveys and communication of findings-analysis to inform principled approaches to address evictions and eviction threats . 10", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 526, "text": "intention surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and a large proportion of beneficiaries are from the richest quintile . But when including private contributions , secondary education is progressive . The state of public healthcare is quite different . Access to public facilities follows a bell curve , with the middle quintiles more likely to receive benefits than either the richest or the poorest . This result is not explained by differences in health status , as the reported incidence of illness ( within the 15 days prior to the survey ) is essentially uniform across socioeconomic groups . In the upper quintiles this result is to be expected , since the rich contribute more to finance their demand of public healthcare and are also more likely to seek care from private providers . Nevertheless , out-of-pocket contributions could be better targeted , as the analysis shows that more than 40 percent of beneficiaries from the top quintile do not pay anything whatsoever for care received in public facilities . A great scope for distributional improvement is also observed in access to care for members of the lowerincome quintiles , and in particular access across multiple tiers of the healthcare system . Whereas large numbers of members of the top quintile are to access free public health services from all levels of the healthcare system , the analysis suggests that the poor is less likely to seek care at any level . It is not clear whether the poor also fail to move on to provincial or national facilities , as the information available only in the LCMS VI reports only the first provider consulted and not all visits . To the extent that the driving force behind the regressive nature of healthcare benefits among the lower income quintiles be that the poor typically access only first-tier facilities , which offer more basic , lower - cost treatments — while wealthier patients receive more expensive and sophisticated care at provincial and nation hospitals — healthcare expenditures on the poor will remain disproportionately low . The benefits of agricultural-input subsidy programs follow a somewhat progressive pattern but clearly suffer from targeting problems . For each beneficiary in the top quintile there are almost two beneficiaries in the poorest quintile , but the distribution is far from progressive across all income groups .", "spans": [{"start": 1521, "end": 1528, "text": "LCMS VI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * What , if any , are the gender-specific consequences of the current global financial crisis for women and their children in poor countries ? To help answer this question , this paper reviews recent empirical evidence in developing countries on the ways women have been affected by and responded to aggregate shocks differently from men . Because women ’ s time allocation is intimately linked with decisions about children , the paper also reviews data from past crises to understand how fertility and children ’ s health and schooling are affected , disaggregating these effects by the sex of the child . We hypothesize that the first-round impacts of the current global financial crisis will include ( a ) a reduction in women ’ s income and an increase in household poverty risk , as a result of losses in employment in export-oriented industries ; ( b ) a tightening of microfinance lending ; and / or ( c ) a fall-off in remittances ( Figure 1 ) . These first-round impacts should be particularly salient in the current crisis compared to past crises , when export and credit markets were much smaller and women were less integrated into them , and when remittances were a much smaller part of household incomes . The crisis will also have second-round impacts , as vulnerable households respond to the decline in household income with coping strategies that can have genderdifferentiated effects . Women can respond to the drop in household income by increasing their hours of work ( if they are already in the labor force ) , entering the labor force , or adjusting their time and effort in the home . Women can further cope by altering their fertility , and households can curtail ( or increase ) investments in children ’ s health and / or education . 2", "spans": [{"start": 475, "end": 496, "text": "data from past crises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thus , the effect of distance on the freight rate will be mixed with the effect of switching to a different route , which potentially has a different degree of market power . Ignoring the resulting heterogeneity in distance effects is materially important if the research question goes beyond the average effect of distance . The average effect is sufficient to capture the negative impact of distance on trade . However , focusing on the average effect of distance is of less interest if we are interested in the effects of distance on particular industries and countries with specific and observed characteristics . The rest of the section focuses on determining the extent of the distance heterogeneity across countries and products . # * * 4 . 3 . 1 Heterogeneous Distance Elasticity of Transport Costs : US Imports * * Using the US Census imports data , we explore whether the distance elasticity of transportation costs varies across export origins and products . For the country-specific heterogeneity , we leverage the fact that the US is geographically large , with ports allocated to different Custom Districts . < sup > 34 < / sup > We first calculate the sea distances between various countries of origin and each of the US Custom Districts . < sup > 35 < / sup > Next , we use these distances when employing the following model featuring the most direct approach to the estimation of the heterogeneity in distance elasticity : 34Therefore , the same country-exporter to the US has sufficient variation in sea distances to the US in large part due to the difference in sea distances to the coasts . > 35These calculations are described in detail in Terner ( 2021 ) . These distance measurements reflect the average _traveled_ distance of containerships from country _o_ to Custom District _d_ across 2015-2017 . 34", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 856, "text": "US Census imports data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and non-located households ( as available from the bank data ) . Tested jointly , balanced attrition cannot be rejected at conventional levels of significance ( _p_ = 0 _ . _ 24 ) . Similarly , attrition is not systematically related to landholding or relief amount . The average surveyed household is a family of seven with total landholdings of 1 . 82 hectares , an annual gross income of Rs 72 , 429 ( US $ 1 , 610 ) and total pre-program debt of Rs 92 , 676 ( US $ 2 , 059 ) . For all households in the sample , agriculture is the main source of income . Surveyed households are extremely dependent on credit to support investment in agricultural inputs , such as irrigation , fertilizer and pesticides . Households in the sample spent an annual average of Rs 13 , 254 ( US $ 295 ) on agricultural inputs , and 72 % of households relied on external borrowing to finance this investment . Before debt relief , 86 . 7 % of this credit was provided by banks and credit cooperatives . 17", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 60, "text": "bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "frequency of climate shocks . Power and water infrastructure is crucial . As climate change makes precipitation patterns more variable and unpredictable , investments in public water and power infrastructure systems are an important way in which governments can help firms adapt . Furthermore , governance matters as extreme weather events may erode the business environment for firms with burdensome regulations and corruption . Finally , extreme weather events may lead firms in MENA to adapt through adoption of green measures , although this starts from a very low base . In summary , the study contributes to the literature by examining the effects of precipitation shocks on the private sector in the MENA region . Second , it confirms findings from other studies , showing that the performance of private sector firms in MENA is similar to that of firms in other regions in terms of being vulnerable to negative precipitation shocks . Third , the study explores the various channels of the effects , highlighting channels that are similar to and different from firms in other regions . Finally , the study shows the scope of adaption with regards to adopting green measures . The rest of the paper is structured as follows . Section 2 describes the data and the empirical approach . Section 3 provides the results with robustness checks , and section 4 concludes . # * * 2 . Empirical Approach * * # # * * 2 . 1 Data * * # # # * * _2 . 1 . 1 Enterprise Surveys_ * * The main data source is cross-sectional firm-level surveys across the world from the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) for the MENA region . The ES are nationally representative surveys of private formal ( registered ) firms with 5 or more employees and cover manufacturing and services firms largely collected via face-to-face interviews with business owners or top managers . The sample is restricted to surveys in MENA where geo-located information of firms is available . The sample consists of about 9 , 500 firms ( depending on the specification ) across seven MENA economies . These include Egypt , Jordan , 5", "spans": [{"start": 1497, "end": 1548, "text": "cross-sectional firm-level surveys across the world", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1573, "end": 1591, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "phase of the reform strategy are : _A . Rationalizing Jordan ' s Health Delivery System . _ Currently , most facility rehabilitation / construction decisions are based on incomplete investment strategies which do not systematically consider the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the population and / or the existing resources available . Similarly , there are no standards and norms applied in the construction of facilities to ensure efficiency in the allocation of space and relative proximity of services . The current hospital occupancy rate of 63 % suggests considerable room for improved efficiency ( 80 % occupancy is the generally accepted norm ) . Rationalizing the investment strategy for health facilities in Jordan is a priority need and will support improved economic efficiency , clinical effectiveness and quality of health services . As a tool for rationalizing investment decisions for public sector hospitals , the Government is preparing a health facility masterplan which incorporates norms and standards , overall needs , and existing public and private sector capacity . Scheduled to be completed in March 1999 , the masterplan will identify and prioritize all health facility investment needs . The project would finance the top slice of these priority public sector structural and equipment investment needs . ( Preliminary estimates are that the project will support about one third of all public sector needs . ) The project would also support training to upgrade the clinical skills of MOH medical personnel . Provisional estimated allocations of this component ' s civil works / equipment resources based on the institution ' s relative need as defined through the masterplan are : MOH : US $ 18 . 6 million , RMS : US $ 9 . 7 million , and JUH : US $ 2 . 7 million . ' _B . Developing and Implementing Health Information Systems . _ This component will address two sets of needs : ( i ) for improved public health , it will help develop a national health information system which will provide the Government with relevant and timely epidemiological data ; and ( ii ) for improved service quality and efficiency at the health facility level , help develop management information systems for patient records , services , inventory", "spans": [{"start": 2079, "end": 2099, "text": "epidemiological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we use the following probit estimation to estimate attritioncorrected sampling weights : Equation ( 5 ) includes the enumeration area herder-related violent events , a state-time fixed effect and the full list of time-interacted co-variates as described above . From equation ( 5 ) we calculate a predicted probability of survival ( attrit = 0 ) for each individual and time period . We then average these probabilities and invert them to produce inverse probability weights ( IPWs ) . We use these weights throughout our analysis of panel-level data , which provide a correction for potential attrition bias by up-weighting those individuals with a higher probability of attriting but who remain in the sample . The mean value for our IPW is 3 . 2 , with a standard deviation of 1 . 8 , a minimum value of 1 . 3 , and a maximum value 12 . 8 . This adjustment relies on the assumption that attrition is random , conditional on the factors included in equation ( 5 ) . We include individual-level fixed effects in all specifications to adjust for any unobserved time-invariant factors that could affect selection into exposure to herder-related violence . > 34Note then , as well , that the interaction terms give a cleaner cohort for comparison to determine the marginal effect of recent violence ( and as such in the spirit of recent papers , such as Wooldridge ( 2021 ) , to isolate relevant treatment cohorts to address the problem of contaminated effects in two-way fixed effects regressions ( Baker _et al . _ , 2022 ; Goodman-Bacon , 2021 ; De Chaisemartin and D ’ Haultfœuille , 2020b ) ) . > 35As noted by the International Crisis Group in a 2018 report . 15", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 550, "text": "panel-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", previous studies have shown that , due to cultural taboos around the discussion of domestic violence in Afghanistan , the real figure is likely to be much higher < sup > 23 < / sup > . This assessment is further supported by a common responses of women interviewed in this study , which suggests that when women who went to their family members for support they were told to return to their husbands to avoid bringing shame on the family . # # # # * * < mark > Case Study 1 : Aaina ’ s story . Receiving cash for shelter support < / mark > * * Aaina was married at 25 and soon after her husband started to beat her regularly . He was unemployed and had become addicted to drugs . Aaina was often forced to visit neighbours and ask for bread , as there was almost no food available at home . Her father was reluctant to take Aaina back , but she persisted as her situation worsened . Eventually Aaina convinced her family to let her return and she divorced her husband shortly after . With support from a cash for shelter program a new shelter was made for Aaina and her family , saving her household money that they used to pay for rent . The money saved is now used to buy food , which is of great help during the winter . Aaina now decides what is best for her daughter , such as schooling , but her father makes all purchasing decisions in the household . She feels secure in her community and in her home . > 22 Due to cultural sensitivities and the reluctance of men and women to report issues of GBV , only four questions were presented at the end of the quantitative survey in order to quantify the prevalence of GBV in the community and assess what impact , if any , CBIs have on patterns of violence . Due to the sensitivity of the questions being asked , only female interviewers conducted this part of the survey with female respondents . > 23 Ward , J . ( 2002 ) . If", "spans": [{"start": 1563, "end": 1582, "text": "quantitative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | De | m | ograph | ic indic | ators | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / < br > residence | of < br > location | of < br > location | 0-4 | Share < br > 5-11 < br > | of age < br > 12-17 | groupi < br > < 18 | n total < br > 18-59 < br > | 60 + | > | 0-4 | Pe < br > 5-11 | rcentag < br > 12-17", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cross-country or trend analysis . The analysis in this paper showed the sensitivity of labor outcome estimates to type of questions , their framing , recall periods and computation methods . Using multiple Ugandan cross section household survey data sets and exploiting the variations across surveys , and sometimes within surveys , we illustrate how 23", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 254, "text": "Ugandan cross section household survey data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | SANGAREBOUGOU | 15 | 24 | 25 | 49 | 21 | 20 | 41 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 48 | 47 | 95 | | * * DIOILA * * | * * 287 * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "a livelihood business plan financed , * * surpassing * * the outcome target of 300 , 000 . According to the ICR , tailored support included referrals to microfinance institutions and the provision of livelihoods grants to the most vulnerable households ( bottom 10 percent ) to facilitate asset accumulation , livelihoods development , and access to credit ( ICR p . 13 ) . According to a World Bank funded PSNP Livelihoods Pathway Tracer Study ( Final Report , p . 4 ) , among the 65 percent of households that obtained a credit , a high proportion also reported starting and running a successful business . Across regions , about 90 % of households that received a credit reported investing in a new Page 8 of 23", "spans": [{"start": 407, "end": 444, "text": "PSNP Livelihoods Pathway Tracer Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "changes in response to individual characteristics . In the ordered logit regressions we also estimate savings and credit behavior , but here the coefficient estimates indicate the expected change in the ordered log-odds scale . The coefficients therefore indicate the significance and direction of the effects with positive coefficient estimates corresponding to an increased probability of higher valued responses ; exponentiating the coefficients yields the proportional odds-ratios . In the multinomial estimates we observe that the log-odds ratios of saving formally , compared to not saving at all , is significantly decreased for women , whereas saving only informally , compared to not saving at all , is not affected by gender . This is despite the fact that we also observe significant differences in informal savings by gender in the univariate setting . The absence of a significant relationship may be explained by gender differences in income , education and employment status which we documented earlier in Table 1 . Our results suggest , first , that log-odds of saving using an account at a bank or other financial institution , as compared to not saving , are lower for women . This may be driven , in part , by the lower percentage of woman that have a bank account ( a precondition to using an account to save ) , as well as the possibilities that women might have less ownership of assets , less money left over at the end of the month , less access to formal institutions ( or greater difficulty traveling to access a financial institution ) , or less interest in formally saving ( that could also be linked to lower financial capability ) . < sup > 19 < / sup > Second , our results show that the log-odds of saving informally , compared to not saving at all , are not affected by gender , suggesting that the gender gap in formal savings may be related to issues other than women ’ s lower savings rates overall . Importantly , the Findex database does not collect the amount of personal savings . For instance , if > 19 Previous literature studying adults in the United States have documented lower financial literacy among women ( see Lusardi and Mitchell , 2008 ) . 20", "spans": [{"start": 1955, "end": 1970, "text": "Findex database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Bankscope , Bureau van Dijk . EUR data from European Central Bank ( ECB ) Consolidated Banking Data Note : ASIA : Asia . CEE : Central and Eastern Europe MENA : Middle East and North Africa . LATAM : Latin America . EUR : Euro Area . SSA : sub Sahara Africa . OTHER : Other developed economies . * * 3 . Against this background , further reduction in European bank leverage is necessary , particularly because leverage levels are still high * * . Some degree of deleveraging is desirable if it is carried out in an orderly fashion and if it involves exiting activities of doubtful economic value , thereby enhancing the soundness of the banking system . Moreover , despite some", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 142, "text": "Consolidated Banking Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". For the professional and technical positions , 33 percent and 67 percent were held by females and males , respectively . * * 7 . The global coronavirus pandemic ( COVID-19 ) outbreak is expected to have a negative impact on Ethiopia ’ s economy and exacerbate existing socioeconomic challenges . * * Ethiopia was several weeks behind other countries in terms of this pandemic , with the first COVID-19 related death reported on March 31 , 2020 , but by December 30 this had increased to 1 , 918 . The World Bank predicts that economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa will decline from 2 . 4 percent in 2019 to as low as - 5 . 1 percent in 2020 , bringing the first recession in 25 years < sup > 6 < / sup > . While the specific effects of the pandemic-driven global economic downturn and its impact on Ethiopia ’ s economy are difficult to predict , it is likely to exacerbate many of the socioeconomic challenges that existed prior to the pandemic . The population in slums and areas with a high concentration of refugees and internally displaced persons , in particular , face challenges in terms of housing and basic services , relying on community water pumps which can be a major vulnerability for community spreading of COVID-19 . Also , overcrowding in these areas , together with a strong reliance on the informal economy , pose additional challenges to social distancing measures . The state of emergency and economic crisis may have the potential to increase the risks of domestic violence . The external sector will likely face a major economic shock in the context of the pandemic , especially with the decline in exports . # # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * * * 8 . Ethiopia was one of the last three countries in the world ( along with Eritrea and Djibouti ) to retain a national telecom monopoly on all telecommunications services until the * * * * _Communication Services_ * * > 3 Latest available data is from the 2013 Labor Force Survey . > 4 FAO", "spans": [{"start": 1948, "end": 1971, "text": "2013 Labor Force Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy * * Development | | | * * 136 , 621 , 432 * * | 162 , 689 , 420 | | 2 . 2ImpactEvaluation , KnowledgeManagementandCommunication | | | 32 , 145 , 109 | 24 , 962 , 508 | | | | | * * 168 , 766 , 541 * * | * * 187 , 651 , 929 * * | | * * Component3 : RuralLandAdministration , Certificationand Land use * * | | | | | | * * 3 . 1 * * Second LevelLandholdingCertification < br > | | | 108 , 198 , 538 | * * 93791695 * * | | * * 3 . 2 * * ParticipatoryLocalLandUsePlanningandDevelopmentControl | | | | * * , , * * < br > * * 529 , 697 * * | | * * 3 . 3 * * National RuralLandAdministration InformationSystem | | | * * - * * | * * 875 * * | | * * Component4 : ProjectManagement * * | | | * * 108 , 198 , 538 * * | * * 94 , 326 , 266 * * | | * * 4 . 1 * * _Programmanagement & reporting_ | | | * * 96 , 300 , 509 * * | 104 , 484 , 417 | | | | | * * 1 , 509 , 869 , 934 * * | * * 1 , 354 , 813 , 959 * * | | * * Component1-GreenInfrustructureandResilentLveviihood * * | * * _Cummiative_ * * < br > * * _planned_ * * | * * Cummiative * * < br > * * actual * * | * * Cummlative * * < br > * * Variance * * | * * utilizationratio * * | | * * 1 . 1 Lands , andLandRestorationand", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "According to information collected from respective Subproject woreda health offices , a total of * * _717_ * * health personnel having different health related training and education reported to found in all Subproject impact woredas in 2021 . Out of the total health personnel about * * 26 . 6 % * * of them were providing health related service in Arsi-Robe woreda . In contrast , Deksis woreda had the lowest number of health care providers than all the other Subproject impact woredas . The number of health Personnel and their qualification * * by * * Subproject woredas is presented in Table 4 . 12 . | Doctor | 2 | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 8 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 10 * * | 1 . 4 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | HealthOfficer | * * 19 * * | 14 | * * 18 * * | * * 26 * * | 12 | * * 89 * * | 12 . 4 | | Nurse | * * 53 * * | * * 39 * * | * * 57 * * | * * 39 * * | * * 50 * * | * * 238 * * | * * 33 . 2 * * | | LaboratoryTechnician | 24 | * * 5 * * | * * 7 * * | * * 16 * * | * * 8 * * | * * 60 * * | 8 . 4 | | PharmacyTechnician | 24 | 12 | * * 5 * * | * * 15 * * | 12 | * * 68 * * | * * 9 . 5 * * | | Sanitarian | * * - * * | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 0", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 83, "text": "information collected from respective Subproject woreda health offices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "highlight the conditions under which investment in both physical and human capital is likely to pay off . # # The Education Puzzle In the earlier neoclassical models , education was not considered a major input for production and hence was not included in growth models . < sup > 1 < / sup > In the 1960s mounting empirical evidence stimulated the \" human investment revolution in economic thought \" ( Bowman 1966 ) . The seminal works of Schultz ( 1961 ) and Denison ( 1962 , 1967 ) led to a series of growth accounting studies pointing to education ' s contribution to the unexplained residuals in the economic growth of western economies . Other studies looked at the impact of education on earnings or estimated private rates of returns ( Becker 1964 ; Mincer 1974 ) . A 1984 survey of growth accounting studies covering 29 developing countries found estimates of education ' s - Arnold C . Harberger described this period in a recent paper , \" Many , maybe even most , economists expected that increments of output would be explained by increments of inputs , but when we took our best shot we found that traditional inputs typically fell far short of explaining the observed output growth . . . . \" . \" . . as the newly discovered residual loomed large in our professional thinking , our discussion centered on two potential explanations : ' human capital ' and ' technical advance . \" ' ( Harberger , AER , 1998 p . 1-2 ) 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 . Introduction / Project Description * * The Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) aims to increase equitable access to quality pre-primary , primary and middle school education , and improve learning outcomes . The project will be implemented in all 12 regions and two city administrations and comprises the following components : * * 1 . 1 . Improved quality of foundational learning ( US $ 165 million IDA ) * * Building on the support provided under GEQIP-E to O-class , the activities under this component will provide learning materials , support training of teachers and school leaders , assist the establishment of professional learning communities , and provide training in school leadership for principals and instructional leaders . Besides , this project component intends to support Parent , Teacher , and Student Associations ( PTSA ) , expand pre-primary education and raise the quality of learning in lower primary grades ; as well as updating and strengthening systems of learning assessment and educational management information system ( EMIS ) . These activities will contribute to improved learning outcomes in both pre-primary and primary schools , as measured through performance on Measuring Early Learning Quality and Outcomes ( MELQO ) for pre-primary and National Learning Assessment ( NLA ) for primary . This part of the project will also include Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLIs ) rewarding improvement in the timely release of grants , provision of minimum packages for learning environments and professional development , supply of qualified pre-primary teachers , completeness of EMIS and assessment data , and completion of inspections . * * 1 . 2 . Increased access and equity of education ( US $ 200 million IDA ) * * The activities under this component of the project scale up GEQIP-E ’ s support to pre-primary by expanding provision to additional schools ; substantially expand GEQIP-E ’ s support to expansion and rehabilitation of primary schools , with deepened targeting to the neediest communities ; and expand GEQIP", "spans": [{"start": 1668, "end": 1683, "text": "assessment data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | SIRIBALA | 511 | 467 | 452 | 919 | 445 | 255 | 700 | 60 | 44 | 104 | 972 | 751 | 1723 | | SIRIFILA BOUNDY | 401 | 390 | 694 | 1084 | 413 | 230 | 643 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 812 | 930 | 1742 | | SOKOLO | 659 | 503 | 544 | 1047 | 600 | 343", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Officers < br > IDA / D5960 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 6 , 078 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2023-02-15 < br > 2024-03-11 | 2023-04-12 | 2023-07-11 | | UG-MWE-340135-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 500 copies of the G < br > RM \" Complaints Log Books \" u < br > nder IFPA-CD Project < br > IDA / 65920 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 11 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2023-02-24 < br > 2023-03-31 | 2023-04-21 < br > 2023 - | 05-11 < br > 2023-05-21 | | UG-MWE-340157-GO-RFQ / S < br > upply of 5 sets of Tonners for < br > the Heavy Duty Printer and < br > 1 desk printer for the Kitagw < br > enda DLG officer under IFPA - < br > CD Project < br > IDA / 65920 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 8 , 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 410, "text": "Complaints Log Books", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 . 9 | | formal | 34 | 14 . 4 | 16 . 0 | 6 . 7 | 48 . 4 | | * * Mediumperformance * * | | | | | | | informal | 157 | 12 . 0 | 12 . 7 | 1 . 0 | 5 . 9 | | formal | 104 | 12 . 0 | 13 . 1 | 1 . 7 | 15 . 3 | | * * Lowperformance * * | | | | | | | informal | 176 | 9 . 8 | 10 . 6 | 0 . 5 | 1 . 0 | | formal | 25 | 10 . 3 | 11 . 7 | 4 . 4 | 3 . 2 | Note : Unweighted data . The clusters were created through the k-medians command of Stata . Which firms are in the high-performance cluster , how different are they from firms in the medium - and low-performance clusters , and what are the main and missing “ good ” characteristics of informal firms in the high-performance cluster , relative to formal firms ? Table 14 provides information about general features as well as the extent of heterogeneity across clusters for the “ good ” characteristics that are statistically significantly associated with performance outcomes , for both informal and formal firms . An important finding — aligned with the previous findings based on the substantial share of informal firms in both total firms having good characteristics and in the top productivity and sales deciles having good characteristics — is that one-third of all firms ( 16 out of 50 ) in the high-performance cluster are informal firms . In terms of the total number of informal firms , this represents 5 % of informal firms , with the remaining 45 % and 50 % of informal firms being in the medium - and low-performance clusters , respectively . > 307 firms , 194 of which are informal . The lowest productivity group consists of 153 firms with only 16 formal firms . Regarding the presence of informal firms in clusters of relatively high-performance firms , the two approaches yield the same qualitative result , namely that in both cases clusters of “ high", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". refworld . org / docid / 4b7baba52 . html , accessed : September 2018 . A process is underway to reform this Act . Between 2012 and 2013 , four asylum claims were rejected because they failed to satisfy the applicable definitions . Data on 2011 were unavailable . 59", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 246, "text": "Data on 2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ The required information on subproject objectives , descriptions , and potential impacts will be shared with the Stakeholders to make them aware about the subproject impacts , and the likely mitigation measures to be pursued and implemented . The participants will be encouraged to forward ideas , questions and comments to facilitate the implementation . NGO / CSO will be appointed for oversight . Therefore , the disclosable version of the RP will be shared with them on-demand basis . The results of these discussions will also be incorporated in the updated RP Report for future consideration and implementation . # # # # # # * * Prepare Subproject Information Package * * A dedicated Subproject Information Package shall be prepared with tools adapted to the communities by a specialized consultant . Separate meetings shall be held with women ’ s and vulnerable group to pass key and relevant compensation related data . The information packages shall include : - i ) the purpose , nature , and scale of the Subproject ; - ii ) the duration of proposed Subproject activities ; - iii ) any risks to and potential impacts on communities and relevant mitigation measures ; - iv ) compensation matrix and summary of livelihood restoration measures ; - v ) special assistance measures for vulnerable people ; - vi ) the envisaged stakeholder engagement process ; and - vii ) the grievance mechanism . It is also recommended to hold separate meetings with women ’ s group and vulnerable to pass this key piece of information . This is because public notices in written form is not sufficient for members of these community . # # # # # # * * Disclosure on EEP ’ s and WB ’ s Website * * The disclosure of the RP will be released on EEP ' s and the WB ’ s website . The Final RP report would be available in these websites and stays for certain period of time , within which it could", "spans": [{"start": 1053, "end": 1078, "text": "compensation related data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Given that export participation has a positive effect on the provision of technical upgrading within firms , an important complementary question is the extent to which the corresponding trainees benefit from these additional skills in the form of higher labor earnings . To examine this question , we exploit detailed information on training records and earnings trajectories at the worker-firm level . Because entry in export markets may affect wages via several forms of rent sharing ( Egger and Kreickemeier , 2009 ; Egger , Egger and Kreickemeier , 2012 ; Davis and Harrigan , 2009 ; Helpman , Itskhoki and Redding , 2010 ) , we restrict our attention to firms that were always exporters over the period of analysis . Using models with worker-firm fixed effects to account for unobserved heterogeneity of workers and firms , we document a robust positive relationship between completion of technical upgrading courses and hourly wages within exporting firms . This relationship holds within small , medium and large exporting firms . In addition to the work cited above , this paper complements and extends other strands of existing research . In particular , it adds to a growing empirical literature using workerfirm data to examine the link between exporting , skills and wages ( Fr ́ ıas , Kaplan and Verhoogen , 2012 ; Helpman , Itskhoki , Muendler and Redding , 2012 ) . An important question in this literature has been the extent to which higher wages among exporting firms reflect sorting on individual ability or wage premia due to rent sharing . By suggesting that export participation leads to skill upgrading of firms ’ _existing workforce_ via job training , and that this training leads in turn to higher wages , we uncover a related but still distinctly different channel by which exporting influences skill utilization and labor earnings . In doing so , our paper adds to a small literature on how other aspects of globalization influence job training . In particular , Hogrefe and Wrona ( 2015 ) develop a theoretical model examining the impact of offshoring on individual skill upgrading through on-the-job training . The model predicts that offshoring , by scaling up workers ’ wages , creates previously unexploited skill upgrading possibilities and , thus , leads to more", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1227, "text": "workerfirm data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * Noise and vibration levels are likely to be increased at the construction phase during site preparation , pylon erection and construction of access roads . In some locations , work will be done in close proximity to residences , farms or businesses located along the RoW and near the substation . Traffic , as well as the use of construction equipment and machinery , including compressors and pneumatic drills for rock drilling and related blasting at tower foundations , will lead to temporary noise emissions that may disturb neighbouring communities and local fauna . Limited noise level measurements that have been conducted indicate no existing significant noise stressors in the project area . Moreover , noise resulting from the construction work will only be experienced during a limited time frame and can be significantly reduced with the implementation of general mitigation measures . These measures include maintaining machinery and equipment in good running conditions and restricting noisegenerating activities to daytime hours . # # # * * Mitigation measures * * The following mitigation measures should be applied to control noise and vibration during constrution : - Locate access roads and lay down areas away from residences to the extent possible ; - Maintain equipment and machinery in good running conditions ; - Provide all internal combustion equipment with properly functioning silencers or mufflers ; - • Restrict noise generating activities near residential or institutional sensitive receptors to the period between 6 a . m . and 10 p . m . which is defined as “ daytime ” in the Ugandan noise standards < sup > 25 < / sup > ; - Install noise baffles around high noise generating stationairy equipment , such as compressors and rock drills ; - Notify landowners along the routes about the construction schedule and activities , particularly where high noise generating activities , such as drilling / blasting and excavation , are in close proximity to residents , sensivite receptors ( such as hospitals , schools ) . # # # * * Impact assessment * * With the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures , the intensity of the impact is", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 646, "text": "noise level measurements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Of the remaining wetland , 8 . 9 % is still intact while 4 . 1 % is degraded . Considering the cover at drainage basin level , wetland degradation was highest in Lake Kyoga and Edward basins ( 42 % and 34 % respectively ) and lowest in the Kidepo and Aswa basins ( 1 % each ) . Further analysis showed that Mbale district had the most degraded wetlands with 99 % of its wetlands are under threat while Ntoroko had the lowest percentage of degraded wetlands ( 2 % ) . The Kyoga basin degradation is mainly attributed to conversion of intact wetlands to subsistence cultivation of mainly rice , sugarcane and maize . In Victoria Nile and Albert Nile , wetland loss is mainly due conversion into built up areas and landfilling . Recovery chances are higher chance for areas converted to agriculture than for built-up areas , if wetland protection is enforced . In 2017 / 2018 , a total wetland area of 487 Ha was restored . This is compounded by pollution due to indiscriminate waste disposal . This has led to biodiversity and habitats destruction , deterioration of water quality , and have impeded natural drainage patterns leading frequent floods in most urban centres . To maintain wetlands for the future generations , key considerations should be to demarcate and gazette wetland reserves , restoration efforts should be increased and directly work with communities to conserve wetlands within a specific area . # # * * 4 . 2 . 4 Wildlife * * Although there was an overall increase in wildlife species in protected areas , species population on private land is steadily declining as a result of conversion of existing habitat for cultivation and grazing . Between 1995 and 2017 , Elephant populations increased from about 2000 to 5 , 808 , Buffaloes increased from about 18 , 000 to 37 , 054 , and Giraffe increased from 250 to 880 . The Kibale National Park Chimpanzee survey conducted in 2019 indicated a population increase from 921 in 2005 to 1001 in 2019 and the gorilla 38", "spans": [{"start": 1844, "end": 1882, "text": "Kibale National Park Chimpanzee survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 , 187 | 16 . 04 | 1 . 25 | 13 . 17 | 19 . 37 | | Log of size | 26 , 187 | 2 . 74 | 1 . 14 | - 1 . 10 | 9 . 82 | | Direct exports 10 % or more of sales Y / N | 26 , 187 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 31 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | Foreign ownership Y / N | 26 , 187 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | Establishment has checking or savings account Y / N | 26 , 187 | 0 . 87 | 0 . 34 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | Source : Authors ’ calculation from the Enterprise Surveys . # 2 . 2 Econometric specification The following equation is estimated using the panel data set : I I I i 0 1G i 1 2 i ( 1 ) cc , ii − 1 xx ccii yy ii ii = ββ + ββ IIGGIIGGII + ββ ZZ + ββ ZZ + γγ GG + γγ GG + εε where I I I is a measure of investment by firm at time t ; G is the central government debt as a percentage of GDP for country c , lagged by 1 yearii < sup > 2 < / sup > ; Other control variables at the country level ( IIGGIIGGII ) ccii include log of real GDP per capita and log of total population . Other control variables at the firm-level ZZ include log of age of firm , log of firm size , whether the firm exports 10 percent or more of sales ( direct > 2 This is to capture pre-existing government debt . Using further lags of GovDebt does not change the findings . 8", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 445, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 528, "end": 542, "text": "panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 : Household business outcomes : monthly averages < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( a ) Monthly Suspension Filings ( HBTC ) ( b ) Monthly Closure Filings ( HBTC ) < br > Average Commune Monthly Suspension Filings Average Commune Monthly Closure Filings < br > Apr < br > May < br > Aug < br > Aug < br > 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 < br > Month Month < br > Average Suspension Filings per Commune Average Closure Filings per Commune < br > Pre-Covid Mean Pre-Covid Mean < br > ( c ) Weekly Work Hours ( LFS ) ( d ) Monthly Income ( LFS ) < br > Average Weekly Working Hours Average Monthly Income ( Inflation Adjusted ) < br > Sept < br > Sept < br > Apr < br > May < br > 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2020 < br > Month Month < br > Average Weekly Working Hours Average Monthly Income ( Individual ) < br > Pre-Covid Mean Pre-Covid Linear Trend < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 2 < br > 20 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > 10 < br > Number of Closure Filings . 5 < br > Number of Suspension Filings < br > 0 0 < br > 50 < br > 6500 < br > 45 6000 < br > 40 5500 < br > 5000 < br > 35 < br > Average Weekly Working Hours < br > Average Monthly Income ( thousands ) 4500 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : This figure shows monthly-average plots of four commune-level household business outcomes : monthly suspension filings ( panel A ) , monthly closure filings ( panel B ) , weekly work hours ( Panel C ) , and individual monthly income ( Panel D ) . Blue / solid lines indicate monthly average values . Red / dashed lines represent pre-COVID means ( 2018-19 ) . Data on household business suspension and closure filings are obtained from the Household Business Tax Census . Data on individual work hours", "spans": [{"start": 1669, "end": 1698, "text": "Household Business Tax Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an enterprise skills survey which could be replicated in other countries as part of a regional approach to collect and analyze data within a common framework that would allow comparisons across countries . < sup > 6 < / sup > Conducted in 2015 , the Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey elicited detailed information from firms about the educational and occupational composition of their workforce ; workers ’ technical and vocational training qualifications and non-cognitive competencies ( such as teamwork , communication , language and IT skills ) that many employers want ; employer perceptions about skill gaps and constraints to operations , assessments of skills supply from education and training institutions , and their hiring and in-service training practices . The TESS survey instrument incorporates questions on firm characteristics and performance in line with the World Bank Enterprise Surveys , key questions in common with STEP employer surveys , < sup > 7 < / sup > as well as some unique questions on employer strategies to address skills constraints and on their supply chain of skills and training providers . Drawing on these data , the study uses an analytic framework in which heterogeneous firms make optimizing decisions about the skill mix of their workforce given available skills supply and uncertain demand . Changing workforce composition takes time , and skill deficits arise in the short-term when the actual skills mix is inadequate , while the effect on productivity depends upon how employers respond . Using this approach , the study addresses five broad areas of policy concern regarding enterprise skills in Tanzania ’ s formal sector : - _Skill Profile_ : What is the educational and training composition of the workforce , and how do skills profiles vary across firms ? Which factors shape employers ’ skills demand most : firms ’ productivity attributes or broader-based demand from international trade and technological change ? - _Skill Deficits_ : What do employers ’ assessments of workforce education and training say about the adequacy and quality of skills supply , including the soft skills that many employers say they want ? Do these skill deficits pose significant obstacles to the operation of firms ? If so , how are these deficits distributed across firms , and do they vary systematically across firms ? -", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 283, "text": "Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 775, "end": 786, "text": "TESS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 939, "end": 960, "text": "STEP employer surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 6 % ( 38 . 9-50 . 4 ) | 108 / 215 | 50 . 2 % ( 43 . 6-56 . 9 ) | | | * * Satisfaction with drinking water * * < br > * * supply * * | | | | | | | | | Proportion of households that say they < br > are satisfied with drinkingwater supply | 73 / 284 | 25 . 7 % ( 20 . 9-31 . 1 ) | 159 / 287 | 55 . 4 % ( 49 . 6-61 . 1 ) | 54 / 215 | 25 . 1 % ( 19 . 8-31 . 4 ) | | | * * Safe excreta disposal * * | | | | | | | | | * * Proportion of households that use : * * | | | | | | | | | An improved excreta disposal facility < br > ( improved toilet facility , 1 household ) | 19 / 284 | 6 . 7 % ( 4 . 3-10 . 3 ) | 113 / 287 | 39 . 4 % ( 33 . 9-45 . 2 ) | 58 / 215 | 27 . 0 ( 21 . 5-33 . 3 ) | | | A shared familytoilet ( improved toilet | 0 / 284 | 0 % ( 0-0 ) | 12 / 287 | 4 . 2 % ( 2 . 4-7 . 2 ) | 6 / 215 | 2 . 8 % ( 1 . 3-6 . 1 ) | | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 15 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lessons learned < br > through formalproject MOU . | | * * Investment for Industrial * * < br > * * Transformation and * * < br > * * Employment ( INVITE ) * * < br > * * ( P171607 ) * * | To mitigate the effect of COVID-19 on private < br > sector investment and employment and to < br > support new economic opportunities including < br > in refugee and hosting communities . | 1 . Both projects will provide finance to < br > micro and small enterprises in RHDs . < br > 2 . PFSU implementer for both projects in < br > RHDs will ensure strong joint management < br > oversight for women and programmatic | | * * Financing : * * US $ 104 million | | alignment . | | * * WHR : * * US $ 50 million | | 3 . Will ensure complementary business < br > inputs targeting refugee needs . < br > 4 . INVITE lead investor and value chain < br > driven approach will help inform GROW < br > entrepreneur and infrastructure selection . | 41 UNHCR and Office of the Prime Minister . February 2022 . Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal . _https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / uga . _ Page 70 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 988, "end": 1032, "text": "Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Introduction The aim of this study is to examine the differential impact of disasters and climate shocks on populations in conflict-affected regions , specifically investigating the repercussions of flooding in conflict versus non-conflict areas . Using remote sensing technology , we attempt to overcome the challenge of data scarcity in conflict-affected countries , allowing us to account for short-term impacts of recent disaster and climate shock events . Despite the inherent limitations of using nightlight intensity as an economic activity indicator , it provides an empirical foundation for the analysis and enough observations for an ex-post quasi-experimental impact evaluation . We employ a difference-in-difference econometric approach , using satellite imagery of nightlight radiance alongside geospatial data on flood and conflict events . This methodological framework is applied to assess the aftermath of the March-April 2019 Floods in Mozambique following Cyclones Kenneth and Idai , as well as the 2022 floods spanning July to October in Nigeria . Results show significant disparities in the effects of disasters and climate shocks between conflictaffected and non-conflict-affected areas . Specifically , we observe a more pronounced decline in economic activities in conflict-affected regions . attention to the interconnectedness of conflict and disasters and climate shocks , outlining the methodology and empirical strategy derived to estimate such ex-post impact . In the second section , we present the results and supporting data derived from the study , including the case studies on Mozambique and Nigeria . Finally , we discuss limitations as well as broader implications before concluding . # Context : Flood impact and conflict affected population ( Literature ) # # 1 . Quantitative economic analyses have frequently used nightlight radiance as proxy for economic activity ( Chen & Nordhaus , 2011 ; Henderson et al . , 2012 ) . These have also been used to estimate the impacts of weather variability and disasters and climate shocks ( Bertinelli & Strobl , 2013 ; Elliott et al . , 2015 ; Felbermayr et al . , 2022 ; Heger & Neumayer , 2019 ; Miranda Montero et al . , 2017 ) and , more specifically , floods ( Kocornik-Mina et al . , 2020 ) _ . _ Most analyses using nightlight data usually demonstrate a negative impact of disaster and climate shocks on", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 854, "text": "geospatial data on flood and conflict events", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2306, "end": 2321, "text": "nightlight data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms primarily innovate to create new goods . Table < u > 9 . Percentage of innovativeness ( % of all firms ) < / u > | | * * Bangladesh * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * India * * | * * Nepal * * | * * SAR * * < br > * * average * * | < sup > * * ECA * * < / sup > | < sup > * * Africa * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | New to Firm | 44 % | 8 % | 54 % | 12 . 3 % | 30 % | 18 % | 25 % | | Of which new Product | 20 % | 38 % | 56 % | 0 % | 29 % | 74 % | 68 % | | Of which product upgrade | 80 % | 62 % | 44 % | 100 % | 72 % | 26 % | 32 % | | Imitator ( new to firm / local market ) | 37 % | 6 % | 47 % | 12 % | 26 % | 10 % | 20 % | | New to National | 4 % | 2 % | 4 % | 0 . 3 % | 3 % | 6 % | 3 % | | New to International | 3 % | 0 . 5 % | 2 % | 0 . 03 % | 1 % | 2 % | 2 % | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) In all the SAR region except in Pakistan , process innovation is related to the introduction of a new method , followed by innovations in supporting activities ( Table 10 ) . However , a small proportion of processinnovating firms introduce an invention that is new to the market . Again , showing the low degree of innovativeness of SAR firms in terms of vertical innovations . The behavior of the region is similar", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 873, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5465 # * * Abstract * * Low student learning is a common finding in much of the developing world . This paper uses a relatively unique dataset of five semiannual rounds of standardized test data to characterize and explain the short-term changes in student learning . The data are collected as part of the quality assurance system for a public-private partnership program that offers public subsidies conditional on minimum learning levels to low-cost private schools in Pakistan . Apart from a large positive distributional shift in learning between the first two test rounds , the learning distributions over test rounds show little progress . Schools are ejected from the program if they fail to achieve a minimum pass rate in the test in two consecutive attempts , making the test high stakes . Sharp regression discontinuity estimates show that the threat of program exit on schools that barely failed the test for the first time induces large learning gains . The large change in learning between the first two test rounds is likely attributable to this accountability pressure given that a large share of new program entrants failed in the first test round . Schools also qualify for substantial annual teacher bonuses if they achieve a minimum score in a composite measure of student test participation and mean test score . Sharp regression discontinuity estimates do not show that the prospect of future teacher bonus rewards induces learning gains for schools that barely did not qualify for the bonus . This paper — a product of the Education Unit , South Asia Region ; and the Education Unit , Human Development Network — is part of a larger effort of the departments to rigorously evaluate innovative government programs supported by World Bank lending operations . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at fbarrera @ worldbank . org and draju2 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished", "spans": [{"start": 202, "end": 224, "text": "standardized test data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to refuse to liberalize access to work permits for all refugee populations . There is a need for awareness raising for - and sharing of data and evidence with the Government on the potential economic gains of facilitating refugees ’ access to livelihoods more broadly , especially as it relates to support for entrepreneurship through access business development and vocational training . # # # # # # * * Response Strategy * * Over the next three years , these initiatives will be supported through the Operation ’ s prioritization of the collection of household-level socio-economic data , through collaboration with humanitarian and development partners . This will also allow for the implementation of a more structured and evidence-based livelihood strategy , with a move towards introducing fees for services for those refugees who already have means , as well as those who have graduated out of poverty . UNHCR will expand community-based assistance in out-of-camp locations to better serve refugees and host communities and ensure refugees are able to remain living outside of camps if they choose . UNHCR will continue to advocate for the recognition , maintenance and full implementation of South Sudanese refugees ’ freedom of movement , access to work , property and residence in Sudan , which are essential to self-reliance . 24", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 588, "text": "household-level socio-economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "comparative analysis of average annual household income and expenditure obtained from the survey results , households in Subproject impact Kebele earn , on average , ETB 132 , 046 income per annum , while the annual household cash expenditure was ETB 92 , 847 . * * _Access to Water Supply : _ * * With regard to potable water source of households in project influence area , the socioeconomic survey finding indicated that 88 . 9 % of the households reported that they use protected spring for drinking and other purposes . In contrast , the remaining 4 . 2 % of the sampled households use various unprotected water sources such as river , stream and ponds for drinking and other domestic purpose . * * _Educational Status : _ * * The result of the census survey shows 34 . 9 % of PAHs are reported to be illiterate or had no formal education at all , while 2 . 6 % of them able to read and write . On the other hand , 63 . 6 % of the HHHs had at least some kind of formal education . The proportions of literate is increase to 76 . 6 % among project affected household population . Page 4", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 400, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 750, "end": 763, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "small towns and 6 medium towns are < br > under different stages of water supply system construction and < br > remaining are under procurement process for civil works | | Female | | | 1 , 908 , 662 | 590 , 147 | 814 , 891 | 224 , 744 | * * 43 % * * | | | 2 < br > People Provided with access to safe < br > sanitation < br > services < br > under < br > the < br > Program | | - | 4 , 749 , 197 | 4 , 189 , 553 | 4 , 464 , 269 | 274 , 716 | * * 94 % * * | Data is reported from MoH . Is much higher ( morethan 5 . 7 million . < br > However , MoH is tasked to conduct a data verification and up on < br > verification , the additional figures will be incorporated in the next < br > quarter | | 2 . 1 < br > Rural | | - | 3 , 705 , 768 | 4 , 137 , 785 | 4 , 412 , 000 | 274 , 215 | * * 119 % * * | | | 2 . 2 < br > CR WASH Priority Woredas | # | | 720 , 000 | | 0 | 0 | * * 0 % * * | | | 2 . 3 < br > Urban | | - | 323 , 429 | 51 , 768 | 52 , 269 | 501 | * * 16 % * * | 13 , 755 urban HH latrines have been constructed in the Program towns < br > as a result of S & H interventions . Additionally , 14 public and 19 < br > communal latrines have been completed . Beneficiaries of completed < br > public and communal latrines will be included in the next quarter < br > report | | 1 . 3 < br > Female | | - | 2 , 374 , 598 | 2 , 094 , 777 | 2 , 908", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 482, "text": "Data is reported from MoH", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * ANNEXES * * # # * * Annex 1 : PEFA 2018 : Overall summary of PFM performance scores * * | | | * * Federal * * | * * Addis * * < br > * * City * * | * * Oromia * * < br > * * Region * * | * * Amhara * * < br > * * Region * * | * * Tigray * * < br > * * Region * * | * * SNNP * * < br > * * Region * * | * * Somali * * < br > * * Region * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * HLG - 1 * * | * * Transfers from a * * < br > * * higher-level * * < br > * * government * * | * * NA * * | * * NA * * | * * D + * * | * * D + * * | * * A * * | * * D + * * | * * B + * * | | HLG 1 . 1 | Outturn of transfer < br > from higher-level < br > government | * * NA * * | NA | A | A | A | A | A | | HLG 1 . 2 | Earmarked grants < br > outturn | * * NA * * | NA | D | D | A | D | B | | HLG 1 . 3 | Timeliness of transfer < br > from higher-level | * * NA * * | NA | A | A | A | A | A | | * * Pillar I – * * | government < br > * * Budget Reliability * * | |", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 47, "text": "PEFA 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9618 The Evolution of City Form Evidence from Satellite Data _Somik V . Lall Mathilde Lebrand Maria Edisa Soppelsa_ Urban , Disaster Risk Management , Resilience and Land Global Practice April 2021", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 90, "text": "Satellite Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ET-MOST-69291-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of consulting < br > firm for standards need < br > assessment survey | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 100 , 000 . 00 | 97 , 904 . 57 < br > Completed | 2018-07-19 | 2018-08-15 < br > 2018-08-09 < br > 2018-08-21 < br > 2018-09-22 < br > 2019-03-01 | | | 2018-10-22 < br > 2019-04 - | 01 < br > 2018-11-26 < br > 2019 | - 04-01 < br > 2019-05-25 < br > 2019-10-09 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ET-MOST-37071-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service for the < br > development and installation < br > of software for online < br > accreditation application and < br > accreditation solution of < br > ENAO | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 180 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-11-16 | 2018-01-01 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exceeds the number of enclosed test papers , the testing agency is directed to select the longertenure students by examining the school enrollment records for the last three months ( again , ADU reports that this is a rare event , as changes in enrollment usually occur at the start of the academic year and the QATs are administered well into the academic year ) . The testing agency also checks the enrollment and attendance records over the last three months for fictitious students and impersonation cases . QAT procedures have been developed to discourage schools from strategically concentrating on some grades for test preparation and to limit the risk of test leakage and its consequences . In primary schools , the QAT tests two grades ; in middle and secondary schools , it tests three grades . Which specific grades are selected to be tested in a given school are kept strictly confidential by the ADU team — both the testing agency and the program school learn which grades will be tested only when the sealed test packets are opened by the testing agency at the school in the presence of the school administrator ( s ) just before testing time . The testing agency also only brings in the sealed test packets to be used at that school on the day of the test . In addition , for each grade , eight different question papers are prepared by the ADU . These questions papers are randomized for each grade . Table 2 shows the practical results of implementing these procedures : it presents the top-four combinations of tested grades and the associated shares of program schools by QAT round . A number of additional , more standard procedures are applied to prevent cheating . Teachers and school administers are not permitted to enter the testing area during the test . Test invigilation is typically carried out by a team of at least three persons . Children are not allowed to bring any materials or stationery ( other than pens ) into the testing area . The grades selected for the QAT are tested simultaneously in the same testing area and the seating for the students is mixed . All test materials provided to the test takers are collected back . All", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 154, "text": "school enrollment records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant under the high elasticity assumption than under the low elasticity assumption . This result held for both measures of tariff reductions . # II . The General Equilibrium Model of the Domestic Economy In this section we present a simple general equilibrium model to use with the aggregated tariff indices calculated in the previous section , and use this model to calculate the impact of the tariff changes on factor prices , consumption levels , and welfare in Chile . The objective in formulating this general equilibrium model is to make the model sufficiently rich that it is capable of capturing the effects of tariff changes on consumption decisions and resource allocation between production sectors , while keeping the model simple enough that it can be calculated on an EXCEL spreadsheet . The specification of the model presented here is based on the data used for the case of Chile , but the formulation can easily be adjusted to allow greater or lesser detail as dictated by the availability of data . The data for domestic production was obtained from the input / output table for Chile for 1986 , which contained data on the value of output , labor input , domestically produced intermediate inputs , and imported intermediate inputs for domestic production sectors . Data on domestic consumption by sector was also available , with consumption broken down between domestic and imported goods . This data was used to parameterize a specific factors general equilibrium model of the production structure . # A . The Model In this section we present a general equilibrium production model for the domestic economy . We will divide the domestic production sector into two types of goods : traded and non-traded goods . Let IT denote the total number of traded goods sectors , and IN the number of non-traded goods sectors . For non-traded goods , all output is sold in the domestic market and the price of output will be endogenously determined by equating local production to domestic demand . For traded goods , 13", "spans": [{"start": 1079, "end": 1099, "text": "input / output table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "demand shifts affecting production and the structure of whole or multiple sectors , such as trade liberalization ( Pavcnik , 2002 ) or technological change ( Bloom , Draca and Van Reenen , 2015 ) . These factors do not directly affect productivity , but the competitive pressures that accompany them may elicit responses from firms ( such as those described above ) that do . How firms respond can determine their position in the productivity distribution , whether they move up the productivity ladder and grow or fall back and exit . Taken together , these firm responses to the two demand drivers , together with new firm entry , are thought to be the key drivers of productivity dispersion within and between firms and , more broadly , productivity growth . These two sets of demand drivers also affect skills demand and the > 20 The earlier productivity research , which relied on aggregate sectoral data , implicitly assumed that firms were homogeneous and experienced the same productivity growth profile as the aggregate sector . The recently available firm-level data indicates that this assumption is untenable . Research using firm-level panel data points to considerable heterogeneity in productivity among firms even in narrowly defined sectors , and provides insights into how productivity evolves through a dynamic process of new firm entry and growth of more productive firms , and exit of less-productive incumbent firms . > 21 Measuring within-industry productivity dispersion at the 90th and 10th percentile , Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) find productivity differences of 5 to 1 in China and India as compared to 2 to 1 in the U . S . 15", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 909, "text": "aggregate sectoral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1061, "end": 1076, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1138, "end": 1159, "text": "firm-level panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regional trade for Central America and quantify the relationship between trade intensity , trade structure and business cycle synchronization and discuss how trade integration within CAFTA is likely to shape future business cycle patterns in the region . Third , we provide some policy advice on the appropriateness of macro coordination for Central America conditional on its trade structure . As El Salvador unilaterally dollarized in 2000 , it seems highly relevant to inform the debate on this front . Data availability for Central America seriously limits the scope for any econometrical analysis . To provide some inference about the level of business cycle synchronization and the link between trade structure and business cycle synchronization in Central America we make use of annual data on GDP from 1965 to 2002 and monthly data on economic activity from 1995 to 2003 . This paper is organized as follows . Section 2 provides measures of business cycle synchronization for Central America based on different econometrical filters and based on annual and monthly data . Section 3 analyzes the link between Central America ’ s trade structure and business cycle synchronization with the United States . Section 4 concludes . # * * 2 . The degree of Business Cycle Synchronization in Central America * * # * * 2 . 1 . Data and methodology * * The degree of business cycle synchronization is important as it provides information on the necessity of independent fiscal and monetary policy . If the business cycles are similar and shocks are common , then a coordination of macro policies can become desirable , with a common currency as the ultimate form of policy coordination . On the other hand , if shocks are predominately country-specific , then the ability to conduct independent monetary and fiscal policy is usually seen as important in helping an economy adjust to a new equilibrium . As shocks are not observed directly , empirical studies rely on econometric methods for their identification . Helg et al . ( 1995 ) and Bayoumi and Eichengreen ( 1993 ) adopt a structural VAR approach , whereas Artis and Zhang ( 1995 ) develop an identification scheme based on cyclical 3", "spans": [{"start": 786, "end": 804, "text": "annual data on GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 827, "end": 860, "text": "monthly data on economic activity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1054, "end": 1077, "text": "annual and monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Monitoringand Evaluation | * * 2 , 600 , 000 * * | | | * * Sub-Total * * | * * 207 , 496 , 112 * * | | 6 | Administration Cost DuringImplementation ( 3 % ) | 6 , 224 , 883 | | 7 | Contingency ( 15 % ) | 31 , 124 , 417 | | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 244 , 845 , 412 * * | _Source : RP Census Survey ( December 2024 ) _ _Note 1 . The rural electrification component of this Subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP Subproject budget_ The cost for implementing the RP is considered as a financial requirement of the Subproject . Until very recently ( Year 2024 ) , the national legislation ( Proclamation 1161 / 2019 ) payment of compensation and resettlement expenses were the responsibility of the project proponent payable through City or Woreda Administrations . As per the amended Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 , payment of compensation for assets and property , resettlement expenses , and related social and economic assistance to displaced persons is the duty of Regional Administrations where infrastructure or social service development projects take place . Therefore , resettlement and livelihood restoration activities are considered as components of the financial requirements of the Woliso 230 kV Power Subproject budget and will be funded by Regional Administrations . # # # # # * * 0 . 14 Monitoring , Evaluation and Reporting * * The main type of monitoring to be adopted for the purpose of this RP will be Internal Performance Monitoring ( IPM ) . Accordingly , EEP and the main units and institutions charged with the implementation of the RP will undertake continuous and systematic IPM of the RP . An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of RP / LRP implementation . * * _IPM Approach and Methodology_ * * The general approach for IPM include : Official Use Only Page 14", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 300, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Inclusive Growth and Fiscal DPO ( P168204 ) than the scope of the PAs for which it is intended to measure impact and is therefore poorly suited for assessing progress towards the overarching objective . It is unclear why improvements in the accuracy of the electronic debt registry would result in a change in the debt service ratio . While increased participation in government securities auctions can reasonably be expected to increase demand for government securities ( and thereby lower borrowing costs to the government ) , this will affect total debt service only at the margin given the much larger base which determines debt service . An RI that focused on borrowing costs or participation in government securities auctions would have been more meaningful over the time horizon of this programmatic series * * ( relevance of RI10 = U ) * * . * * RI11 * * ( Share of government securities transacted on electronic platform , allowing for the participation of institutional and retail investors ) ( associated with PA15 ) measured the proportion of government securities transacted through the Treasury Mobile Direct System , which is assumed to be a proxy for the deepening of the domestic debt markets . While a rising share of government securities transacted through an electronic platform does not necessarily imply increased participation , the increased participation could potentially result in an increased share of government securities transacted through an electronic platform . As such , the relevance of RI11 is rated Moderately Satisfactory * * ( relevance of RI11 = MS ) * * . * * RI12 * * ( Average credit growth to the private sector ) ( associated with PA17 ) measured credit growth to the private sector following the removal of the interest rate cap on banks under PA17 . The relevance of RI12 is rated Satisfactory as it is considered to be a good measure of progress toward the objective of crowding in private investment * * ( relevance of RI12 = S ) * * . * *", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 374, "text": "electronic debt registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 600 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 4 , 600 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 11 , 900 . 00 | Oct / 2026 | | connections under the < br > project . ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | Water distri | bution contracts | complete . Targe | t exceeded . | | | | Additional Water delivered | 39 . 30 | Apr / 2017 | 44 . 50 | 30-Jan-2026 | 44 . 50 | 30-Jan-2026 | 44 . 50 | Oct / 2026 | | by WSPs to customers due to < br > project interventions ( as < br > reflected in water bills ) < br > ( Cubic Meter ( m3 ) ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | Targets expe | cted to be excee | ded once Kwale | contracts are co | mplete | | | People provided with access | 0 . 00 | Apr / 2017 | 5 , 100 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 5 , 100 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 4 , 800 . 00 | Oct / 2026 | | to improved shared < br > sanitation facilities under the < br > project . ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | Almost all pl | anned ablution b | locks are compl | ete or nearing co | mpletion . | | | Volume of biological oxygen | 0 . 00 | Apr / 2017 | 0 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 0 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 1 , 600 . 00 | Oct / 2026 | | demand pollution loads < br > removed by treatment plants < br > supported under the project . < br > ( Tones / year ) | Comments", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 473, "text": "water bills", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also revealed that 64 . 8 % of the household population aged 7 and older still continuing in their education . Figure 6 . 4 : Proportions of HH Heads and HH Population by Educational Level # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 2 Occupational Status of HH Heads and HH Population * * Based on the census enumeration result , farming provides employment and livelihoods to 88 . 5 % of the Subproject-affected household heads , while the primary occupation of the remaining 11 . 5 % of the household heads are salaried employment . In addition to primary occupation , about 10 Subproject affected HHs reported to have secondary occupation of which livestock production is the secondary occupation for 5 of the HHHs , while the secondary occupation of 3 household heads is farming and the remaining 2 HHs reported business as their secondary occupation . Page 69 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 282, "end": 307, "text": "census enumeration result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "80 . < u > Involuntary Resettlement ( OP / BP / 4 . 12 ) . < / u > Since this project involves multiple municipal projects to be indentified based on demand from the selected municipalities subject to meeting the pre-identified criteria , the exact nature and details of impacts will not be known prior to Board presentation . Therefore , a RPF has been prepared . This RPF has outlined the process for various pre-construction activities such as screening , social impact assessments , baseline census surveys , and preparation and implementation of ( RAPs ) for individual investments . The RPF also describes the compensation for land acquisition and loss of other assets and assistance to be provided for different types of impacts . Most of the investments are likely to focus on infrastructure rehabilitation and improvement , rather than large-scale new works . However , given the population density in most of the informal settlements , the proposed infrastructure investments may entail displacement of small number of people . Overall , the process of screening for each municipal project will determine the likely impacts and , where necessary , mitigation plans will be prepared prior to issuance of bids for the respective investments . 31", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 510, "text": "baseline census surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 a poverty-city size gradient can be observed both directly from survey data and from small area estimation techniques . We conclude that the inverse relationship is thus not driven exclusively by our reliance on a particular estimation method . Section 8 offers tentative conclusions and discusses some of the questions that this descriptive paper raises for further research into urban poverty . # * * 2 . Methodology * * The economic analysis of the distribution of living standards in developing countries relies almost entirely on household surveys . If their samples are selected appropriately , these surveys can collect detailed information from a relatively small number of households ( perhaps 0 . 1 % of the country ’ s total population ) , and yet generate information that is representative of the population as a whole . The law of large numbers ensures that the uncertainty about the population which results from sampling ( the ‘ sampling error ’ ) becomes very small at sample sizes that are still cost effective . This enables researchers the world over to ask detailed questions from small groups of people , at a fraction of the cost that would be required if entire populations needed to be polled . But there is one drawback : the samples that are designed to be representative of large populations are not , in general , representative of specific non-random sub-divisions of that population . Indeed , the typical ( nationally representative ) household survey is not representative of sub-national units , such as states , provinces or districts . There are exceptions , mostly in large countries , such as China , India or Brazil . But even in those countries , the problem is simply shifted down one level : living standards will vary enormously across different localities of ( or cities in ) the states of Uttar Pradesh or Minas Gerais ; but the Indian _National Sample Survey_ and the Brazilian _Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios_ are not representative at those levels . A number of small-area estimation techniques have been developed to seek to address this missing data problem . In this paper , we rely on application of the “ poverty mapping ” approach developed by Elbers , Lanjouw and Lanjouw ( 2002", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 77, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 537, "end": 554, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1469, "end": 1485, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the findings through the development and implementation of a thorough beneficiary communication strategy leveraging a range of stakeholders and instruments to improve beneficiary outreach . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * According to the ICR ( p . 27 ) , the project ’ s M & E data and analysis were used to inform project management and decision making . The ICR ( p . 27 ) stated that during the last two years of the project , external operational monitoring of the NSNP was conducted on a regular basis . Each report focused on pre-identified key areas such as program harmonization , payments , targeting , MIS , and other areas . The information obtained through this monitoring allowed for modifications in program implementation . # # * * M & E Quality Rating * * Substantial # # * * 10 . Other Issues * * # # * * a . Safeguards * * The original project was classified as category C and did not trigger any of the Bank ’ s safeguard policies . The AF triggered the Bank ’ s safeguard policy OP / BP 4 . 10 ( indigenous people ) . According to the ICR ( p . 28 ) , the project conducted an environmental and social assessment which found that CT programs sometimes cause tensions among households who can participate in the program and those who cannot . The assessment also identified the need to strengthen the participation and voice of poor and vulnerable groups in the NSNP . In response , the government prepared a Vulnerable and Marginalized Group Framework . Page 12 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 287, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | | Constant | 4 . 205 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 4 . 250 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 4 . 106 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 4 . 171 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 043 ) | ( 0 . 147 ) | ( 0 . 047 ) | ( 0 . 145 ) | | Controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Mean of dependent variable | 4 . 216 | 4 . 223 | 4 . 099 | 4 . 106 | | R-squared | 0 . 269 | 0 . 297 | 0 . 250 | 0 . 278 | | No . observations | 1540 | 1529 | 1538 | 1527 | * * Notes : * * All plot sizes are natural logarithms of GPS measures , demeaned to center the data . SR indicates self-reported data . % over - / under-estimate is computed as percentage difference between self-reported and GPS measures for values above zero and zero otherwise . That is , for each over ( under ) estimated plot we compute percentage difference between self-reported and objective measures . Labor application includes labor allocations before or during planting ( for land preparation , planting , and ridging ) . Standard errors , clustered at enumeration area level , are given in parentheses . < sup > * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 10 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 01 . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * Leveraging a unique experiment embedded into a national agricultural survey in Malawi , this paper investigates the extent , drivers , and persistence of NCME in farmer-reported plot areas . We also examine how farmers learn and adjust to demonstrably accurate information about plot size , both in terms of correcting", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 610, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1277, "end": 1315, "text": "national agricultural survey in Malawi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) evidence , which will be linked to the approved school specific School Improvement Plans ( SIPs ) and oriented toward results in the following five priority areas : - < u > School inputs : < / u > establish minimum essential school inputs in target schools to encourage student attendance and impact learning ( pupil toilet ratio of 30 : 1 for boys and 25 : 1 for girls as per the national standards ; availability of water , including rain water harvesting facilities ; minor renovations of classrooms and water , sanitation , and hygiene ( WASH ) facilities-no more than 15 percent of the school grant ; essential writing materials for learners ; maintain a 1 : 1 student-textbook ratio for core textbooks in English , mathematics and science ; acquisition of supplementary instructional materials ; availability of a desk and chair / furniture for each learner ; tree planning around the school ; and a functional chalkboard / blackboard ) . - < u > Supporting teachers and effective teaching : < / u > teachers in the target schools will be expected to participate in the TPAD exercise and engage in the monthly cluster meetings under the SBTS initiative for pedagogical support / coaching linked to student performance . Student learning depends on quality teaching , which requires effective teacher preservice and in-service training . The cluster meetings will utilize data from lesson observations and student assessment . Currently , data from the lesson observations is underutilized . The Kenya National Examinations Council ( KNEC ) will conduct quarterly analysis of this data and disseminate it to the clusters . - < u > Student assessment : target schools will conduct regular student assessments based on identified < / u > benchmarks of proficiency in literacy and numeracy in the early grades , and also English , science , and mathematics in grade 7 , and use the findings to facilitate remedial learning for lagging learners . The State of Ceara in Brazil is a role model for reducing learning poverty . Each target school will set", "spans": [{"start": 1457, "end": 1509, "text": "data from lesson observations and student assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1524, "end": 1557, "text": "data from the lesson observations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information . We compare the performance of different groups of firms based on their exposure to the internationalization events . First , the _foreign listed group_ consists of firms listed outside mainland China , whose stocks were available to international investors for the entire sample period . Second , the _domestic listed group_ includes firms listed only in mainland China , whose stocks became available to international investors through the different internationalization events . Third , within the domestic listed group , the _connected group_ is the subgroup of firms whose stocks became accessible to international investors through the Stock Connect program and the incorporation into the MSCI Emerging Markets Index . Fourth , the _unconnected group_ refers to the remaining firms in the domestic listed group . We systematically compare ( i ) domestic listed with foreign listed firms and ( ii ) connected with unconnected domestic listed firms . We emphasize the comparison between connected and unconnected firms because it is less subject to omitted variable bias and other identification concerns . The panel dataset enables us to examine yearly differences between the treatment and control groups over a long period . We find that firms targeted by the post-2012 internationalization events substantially increased their equity issuance and investment activities relative to non-targeted firms . Domestic and foreign listed firms followed similar equity issuance patterns during 2000-13 . But since the implementation of the Stock Connect in 2014 , domestic listed firms , especially the connected ones , increased their equity issuances relative to the other firms . The difference in equity issuances between connected and unconnected firms peaked during 2015-17 and remained significant during the 2018-20 MSCI incorporation process . By 2020 , the cumulative amount of equity raised ( over initial assets ) was 51 percentage points higher for connected firms than for unconnected firms with similar initial characteristics . Connected firms also increased their capital expenditures , acquisitions of other firms , research and development ( R & D ) expenditures , and short-term investments ( including cash ) relative to unconnected firms during 2014-20 . We show that the rise in 2", "spans": [{"start": 1128, "end": 1141, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Good Practices # # # # # * * Registration and Documentation * * # # # # # # * * Individual Refugee Registration Project – Yemen * * Extraordinary within the Yemen project is the full participation of the Government of Yemen , the individual registration of each refugee followed by the issuance of individual identity cards with photos , and the impact it has had on the freedom of movement for refugees . # # # # # # * * Registration of Refugees at Osire Refugee Camp – Namibia * * The registration in Namibia is an example of working with government and NGO partners and provides a mechanism for continuous registration and a reliable data and photo database that supports voluntary repatriation . # # # # # # * * Registration of Births - Pakistan * * Addresses an often overlooked issue and does so with the support of the host country , the involvement of the refugee community and the support of the country of origin , thereby assuring that the documents will be recognized upon return . _F1_", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 119, "text": "Individual Refugee Registration Project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 637, "end": 660, "text": "data and photo database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CPCS Ref : 12359 * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN REPORT | * * Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1 : Malindi , Mombasa and Kitui Counties # # # # # # * * Minutes of the Meeting held at Chief Office , in Sir Ali – Malindi on 18 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * April 2015 * * Attendants were PAPs and SEC members from Sir Ali # # # # # # * * Agenda of the meeting * * - iv . Sensitization of the PAPs of the project and its impacts - v . Introduction of the outline of the RAP process - vi . Question and answers | * * Minute * * | * * Deliberation * * | * * Conclusion * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sensitization of the PAPs < br > of the project and its < br > impacts | • < br > This process had been done earlier during the < br > design process and the social economic survey . < br > • < br > The PAPs are aware of the impacts but since < br > they are the ones who prioritized the projects , < br > they are ready to pay the price as long as they < br > are compensated . < br > • < br > There are people who have encroached on road < br > reserve and this may hinder the development of < br > these roads | • All impacts will be < br > enumerated and put into < br > consideration < br > • The SEC committed to talk < br > to people who have < br > encroached to remove < br > their structures | | Introduction of the outline < br > of the RAP | • < br > All affected persons should be involved in the < br > process of development of the RAP < br", "spans": [{"start": 784, "end": 806, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement * * Table 21 : Proposed Implementation Schedule * * | * * Component * * < br > * * Proposed Timeline * * < br > * * Proposed Activities * * < br > * * 1 . * * < br > * * Public Notice : * * < br > * * Notification to PAPs * * < br > 1 . Base date : The date of publishing < br > the notice . < br > 2 . Timeline for component : Not < br > less than 30 working days < br > 1 . Publish a public notice as per GoK regulations governing the industry , and deliver a copy of the notice to < br > every person with interest on the Project affected asset . The person with interest on the Project affected asset < br > should , in addition to the written notice , be orally notified . < br > 2 . Publish the notice at the Area Chief ’ s Office as well as in at least two mass media publications with < br > national circulation . < br > * * Note : * * This component will be implemented asper the laws of Kenya ( _refer to Part VIII of the Land Act , 2012_ ) | | - - - | | * * 2 . * * < br > * * Public inquiry to : * * < br > * * 1 . Determine who are the * * < br > * * genuine PAPs – i . e . audit , * * < br > * * verify , and update the * * < br > * * PAP register . * * < br > * * 2 . Receive representations / * * < br > * * objections * * < br > * * on * * < br > * * compensation from those * * < br > * * with * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 1298, "end": 1310, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indicators available for the specific neighborhood blocs , specifically , the share of households with “ unsatisfied basic needs ” ( _Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas_ , NBI ) available from the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina ( INDEC ) at the census radius level for most of the study area . Additional details on the methodology used and the broader set of results obtained are available in Stokenberga _et al_ . ( 2023 ) . * * Complementing the CDR-based analysis , the study team implemented two sets of field surveys in late 2021 and early 2022 * * . These included an overall interception survey with 20 , 306 car and motorcycle users to better understand the overall motivations for private vehicle use ( including the considerations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic ) , followed by a phone-based stated preference survey with 600 car and motorcycle users to identify their willingness to switch to alternative modes depending on factors such as hypothetical changes in travel times and costs . This data collection effort was conducted in close collaboration with the Government or the City of Buenos Aires and was informed by its parallel data collection activities ( e . g . , vehicle counts at pre-determined points across the urban area ) . The survey randomly intercepted drivers of motorized vehicles that stopped at 25 predetermined points ( service stations and parking lots ) , and the final sampling ensured that the survey sample meets predetermined ( based on previous travel surveys ) quotas of women and men that travel by car or by motorcycle and that live in CABA versus PBA . The sampling was adjusted to the approximate volume of traffic at the mentioned points and considered peak and off-peak hours based on data provided by the Secretariat of Transportation and Public Works of CABA . * * Based on the collected data , the study team analyzed overall differences in mobility behaviors and stated preferences * * between male and female car and motorcycle users and implemented regression analysis to estimate the importance of various personal and trip attributes ( including gender ) in determining the odds of switching to private modes only since the start of the pandemic . Specifically , the analysis applies a logistic regression", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 627, "text": "overall interception survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 823, "end": 859, "text": "phone-based stated preference survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Securing Uganda ’ s Natural Resource Base in Protected Areas Project ( P174337 ) ICR DOCUMENT a response to some of the impacts of the pandemic , it could perhaps have better anticipated the implementation difficulties and delays generated in part from the pandemic and government efforts to manage its effects . At the time it was nevertheless hard to envisage how long lasting and far reaching the COVID-19 impacts were going to be . Quality at entry is thus assessed as Satisfactory . 29 . * * Quality of Supervision : * * Project implementation and its progress was overseen on a regular basis by nine Bank missions between October / November 2020 and March 2024 . It was recorded in an equal number of detailed Aide Memoires and a single ISR issued in October 2018 , around the same time as the Inspection Panel request but prior to approval of the Additional Financing ( AF ) and associated second restructuring . The World Bank ' s and global measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic also affected Bank supervision and the ability to provide technical support to implementation in person . During most of its implementation period , however , the project was supervised jointly with - - and by the same Bank team for - - the IFPA-CD operation ( also carried out in part by NFA and UWA ) , which is still ongoing . This has ensured strong synergies and coordinated Bank implementation support to the benefit of both projects . Quality of supervision is likewise assessed as Satisfactory . 30 . * * Quality of Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) : * * Project monitoring using the results framework , which was revised at the time of the second restructuring to reflect increased output indicators due to the AF , was adequate . It has also provided the basis both for the grantees ’ and the present completion reports . Given the small size of the grant , however , no formal beneficiary survey or impact evaluation was planned or undertaken . Quality of M & E is thus considered Substantial . 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Fareed M . A . Hassan , ECSPE_ 18 return to high tax rates and more complex schedule * * 8 . * * Under the 1993 Personal Income Tax Law there were ten income tax brackets , an increase of three brackets with higher rates : 44 , 48 , and 52 percent . Such amendment would complicate - rather than simplify - and strain existing scarce administrative tax capabilities < sup > 9 < / sup > . Under such circumstances , the revenue , redistributive , and developmental objectives of tax amendment may prove difficult to attain . Fortunately , the 1997 amendment of the tax law has moved the personal income tax system toward less nominal progressivity in its rate schedule . For instance , the top-bracket rate has been reduced from 52 percent to its 1992 level of 40 percent . Second , the number of tax brackets has been halved in comparison with its number in 1993 . Finally , the threshold at which positive personal income tax payment must be made is increased by 20 percent , reducing the tax burdens on the poor . One of the reasons why the proposecl tax systems surpassed the 1992 system in its revenue raisinlg and re-distributional effects lies in the fact that the underlying income distribution is not adequately taken into consideration in designing the 1992 tax rates and brackets . Table 5a shows the tax bracket income level relative to mean per capita income as obtained from the 1992 household budget suLrvey . This ratio shows several interesting characteristics of the 1992 tax brackets . The zero bracket ( exemption level ) is very narrow , extending from zero to less than half the mean per capita income . Positive income payments start at higher income level . However , it is only at incomes above 7 times mean per capita income that * * the * * marginal tax rate becomes substantial - - at 36 percent rate . The narrowness of higher tax brackets is evident . The top tax rate of 40 percent requires an income of 14 . 3 8 / Bulgaria ' s 1993 personal income tax schedule is given in _Tax Notes International , _ Volume 6 , No . 19 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1393, "end": 1422, "text": "1992 household budget suLrvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "suggests that real total expenditure per capita grew by 19 percent between 1999 / 00 and 2004 / 05 with a resultant fall in poverty headcount of 12 . 4 percent . The World Development Indicators ( 2009 ) cites a poverty headcount of 44 percent and GNI per capita remains very low at $ 280 per capita ( Atlas method ) . The Human Development Index ( HDI ) ranks Ethiopia 171st out of 182 countries ( UNDP 2009 ) . However , despite growth and progress against poverty headcounts , poverty gaps remain severe and millions ( sometimes tens of millions ) are food insecure every year . 1 . 7 Poverty and vulnerability are closely tied to covariant risks – especially drought but also price risks ( even before the food price crisis of 2008 ) , malaria and HIV / AIDS ( World Bank 2005 ) . Households manage or cope with these risks in numerous ways – diversifying economic activities , ( informal ) insurance migration , savings , reducing expenditures and consumptions , withdrawing children from school , borrowing and selling assets . Some of these risk coping strategies – taking children out of school , cutting back on food or eating ‗ famine ‘ food , selling productive assets - are damaging in the long-term .", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 194, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 323, "end": 346, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-MERU COUNTY-342216-G < br > O-DIR / Procurement of Geos < br > patial mapping system comp < br > rising of farmer database , an < br > alytics dashboard and mobile < br > mapping application . Trainin < br > g manuals development and < br > production , capacity building < br > and farmer mapping targetin < br > g2000 farmers | < br > < br > IDA / Q9870 | Project Coordination and Ma < br > nagement | Post | Direct Selection | Direct - National | | 15 , 864 . 48 | 0 . 00 | Under Imple < br > mentation | | 2023-02-22 < br > | 2023-03-31 < br > 2023-02-27 | 2023-03-31 | | 2 | 023-04-0 | 3 | 2023-06-30 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-MERU COUNTY-342214-N < br > C-DIR / Procurement of 8 aut < br > omated credit scoring syste < br > m license , set up , installation < br > , configuration of the Automa < br > ted Credit Scoringsytem | < br > < br > < br > IDA / Q9870 | Project Coordination and Ma < br > nagement | Post | Direct Selection | Direct - National | | 27 , 235 . 77 | 0 . 00 | Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-05-08 | 2023 -", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 127, "text": "farmer database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector above 10 % that < br > are budgeted and < br > released ( target for < br > year 2 : 18 % = < br > 2 , 400 , 000 ) | | | | DLR 1 . 4 ( Year 4 ) : < br > ( i ) At least 95 % of < br > commitments reported in < br > the MYCS ( for externally < br > and domestically funded < br > projects ; excluding arrears ) < br > are reflected in the annual < br > budget and MTEF ceilings ; < br > and < br > ( ii ) At least 40 % of verified < br > capital budget arrears in the < br > integrated transport < br > programmeare fully < br > budgeted for and released . | | ( DLR < br > 1 . 4 < br > total < br > allocated 5 , 000 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) 2 , 500 , 000 < br > At least 95 % of < br > domestic < br > development < br > commitments < br > reported in the < br > MYCS ( for externally < br > and domestically < br > funded projects ; < br > excluding arrears ) are < br > reflected in < br > the annual budget < br > and MTEF ceilings < br > ( ii ) 2 , 500 , 000 | |", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 229, "text": "MYCS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 766, "end": 770, "text": "MYCS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT engagement , and proactive restructuring and closure support — tempered by government bottlenecks that could not be unblocked earlier despite supervision effort . # # * * < u > JUSTIFICATION OF OVERALL RATING OF BANK PERFORMANCE < / u > * * 47 . As Quality at Entry and Quality of Supervision are assessed both as * * _ < u > Moderately Satisfactory < / u > _ * * and , thus , the overall Bank Performance rating is assessed as * * _ < u > Moderately Satisfactory < / u > _ * * < u > . < / u > # # * * D . RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME * * ( For more details , refer to Annex 9 ) 48 . * * The risk to development outcome is assessed as Moderate . * * KIEP leaves behind credible institutional and systems assets that can support future SME and ecosystem operations at low marginal cost . Institutional sustainability is strengthened as key parastatals , ASSEK and iTATU now have clearer mandates , tools and feasible financing paths , and several market-level routines and networks ( e . g . , KIEP 250 + processes , the BDS-provider database , strengthened intermediaries under SKIES , Startup Savanna linkages , and iTATU ’ s hosting arrangement with Kenya Private Sector Alliance ( KEPSA ) ) , and the first industrial mapping and database for Nairobi are likely to persist . However , anchoring KIEP in a time-bound PIU , together with the earlier pause and partial cancellation , highlights continued vulnerability to budget timing , documentation gaps , and staff turnover . Residual risks are mainly fiscal and administrative — underfunding , weak supervision , relaxation of verification disciplines and incomplete fiduciary clean-up — but are manageable if agencies ring-fence minimal operating resources and continue applying the established Standard Operating Procedures ( SOPs ) . # # * * V . LESSON", "spans": [{"start": 1103, "end": 1124, "text": "BDS-provider database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1293, "end": 1336, "text": "industrial mapping and database for Nairobi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 9 : Skilled and unskilled labor content of exports across sectors , South Africa 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Minerals nec < br > Metals nec < br > Machinery and Equipment nec < br > Ferrous Metals < br > Transport Equipment < br > Chemical , Rubber , Plastic Products < br > Trade and Transport Services < br > Other Private Services < br > Agr , Forestry , Fisheries < br > Processed Foods < br > PubAdmin / Defence / Health / Educat < br > Energy Extraction < br > Paper Products , Publishing < br > Metal Products < br > Beverages and Tobacco Products < br > Manufactures nec < br > Wood Products < br > Textiles < br > Mineral Products nec < br > Wearing Apparel < br > Electricity , Gas , Water < br > Leather Products < br > Construction < br > Dwellings < br > 0 2 , 000 4 , 000 6 , 000 < br > US $ mil . < br > Total LVAX Unskill ed Total LVAX Skilled < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . Manufacturing matters for jobs , but its importance comes mainly through its backward linkages to the domestic economy . Replacing the underlying labor value added share in production ( from national accounts contained in GTAP ) with the number of jobs contained in production ( from ILO ) , we can isolate the number of direct and indirect jobs contained in exports . Figure 10 shows the direct and indirect jobs in exports for 2011 . Due to differences in sectoral aggregations across data sources , we can only group the sectors into 11 macro sectors . Manufacturing dominates the ranking , responsible for almost two-thirds of all jobs contained in exports . In 2011 , manufacturing exports contributed 1 . 9 million jobs . The vast majority of these jobs are created in sectors providing inputs to manufacturing ( 1 . 5 million indirectly and 0 . 4 million directly ) : the indirect employment impact of manufacturing", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1208, "text": "GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "engineering ) involves the design and specification of all TL components . The remaining tasks involve the actual procurement of these components , and the logistics of transportation to the site . Detailed engineering will include completion of geotechnical and engineering surveys to provide detailed information needed for placement of towers , design of foundations , and design of towers . The proposed construction of the planned TL will involve , among other , the following activities : acquisition of the RoW for the power line ; survey and mapping of the routes which will involve detailed line route survey ( Line profiling , soil studies , pegging and tower spotting ) . # # # * * 3 . 3 . 1 Transmission Line Pre-Construction Activities * * It is important to note that before the project construction activities begin , there are important preconstruction activities such as materials sourcing . Such pre-construction activities may have significant impacts on the environment . For example ; extraction of stone products ( aggregates , hard core etc . ) , and marram , all have direct impacts associated with them . The following activities form part of the pre-construction phase of the Project : - Walkover survey to identify the corridor ; 104 * * | * * Page", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment < u > ( ESSA ) Addendum < / u > Additional Financing-I Ethiopia Electrification < u > Program ( AF-ELEAP ) < / u > and timely consultations with PAPs for on-grid projects and compensation should be made for vegetation cleared and properties damaged by Program activities . Considering the performance of the parent Program and the identified gaps , this action item is modified to focus on the following priority areas , ( i ) extending the ESHS structure to district level through assigning focal persons from the existing district staff , ( ii ) revising the current ESMSG and RSG , focusing on greater risk projects , ( iii ) E & S performance is used as district prioritizing / readiness criteria , ( iv ) strengthening the capacity of the ESHS structure through implementing a Third Party Monitoring ( TPM ) system , ( v ) on-grid projects should pass through the E & S screening process ( including pre-screening of projects for natural habitats and PCRs risks using maps and data at PPMD level ) , and where necessary recommended E & S instruments should be prepared reviewed and cleared by appropriate authority , ( vi ) close follow-up and monitoring of E & S management should be done during projects implementation , and ( vii ) timely and appropriately consulting and compensating program affected people . Annual environmental , social , health , and safety performance reviews and annual audits by independent consultants have a vital role in environmental and social management . Performance reviews and audits are beneficial ( i ) in evaluating the performance E & S management practices , ( ii ) to identify major environmental , social , and safety areas of concern which needs immediate attention , and ( iii ) to recalibrate the E & S implementation process to cater for gaps . EEU is currently undertaking internal performance reviews at national and regional levels on a monthly , quarterly , and annual basis . Further , ESHS issues are included as one of the performance indicators of EEU ’ s operations", "spans": [{"start": 1017, "end": 1044, "text": "maps and data at PPMD level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "35 - planning to open six additional branch offices in districts which have good agricultural potential and which are currently served by branches located as far away as 200 km . Map 2 shows the location of existing and proposed branches . In addition , AFC has been considering the use of mobile branch units and experimenting with mini-branches to serve distant farm areas , where the potential clientele does not warrant the establishment of permanent facilities . 3 . 17 Estimates of loan officer travel time range from 40 % to 60 % of total time available ( para 2 . 12 ) . This relatively high proportion of unproductive time has important marketing and financial implications , because it limits the number of clients each loan officer can serve and results in high operating costs per loan . Productive time and unit operating costs are directly linked to the location of a branch officer vis-a-vis the system of clients . 3 . 18 AFC ' s new Corporate Planning Department would include in the fiveyear projections ( para 3 . 08 ) provisions for branch investments and divestitures , reflecting agreed policy objectives . However , the technical criteria for opening new offices , and closing , relocating , or expanding existing ones , would first be developed with the assistance of consultants employed under the Project . The terms of reference for this branch location study would include an analysis of current travel patterns and time utilizatiorn of loan officers , a marketing survey of credit demand in areas for potential AFC expansion , and a cost analysis of alternative means of servicing these areas . At negotiations , assurances were obtained that the Bank Group would approve the terms of reference , requisite qualifications , proposed contracts , and the appointments of the consultants . Disbursement for specific investments would be approved by the Bank Group under AFC Annual Plans ( para . 3 . 08 ) , taking into account the recommendations of the branch location study . Project investment cost estimates include provision for construction of new branch offices and other facilities and procurement of equipment ( sub-branches , mobile units", "spans": [{"start": 1483, "end": 1516, "text": "marketing survey of credit demand", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 6 : Ingrained income bias and endogeneity * * In a cross-country analysis , the hypothesized effect of natural capital on bond yields may in fact be driven by the unobserved level of income or development . Neglecting _푑푒푣푒푙표푝푖_ will bias the results and overestimate the effect of interest ( dashed arrow ) . Level of development or income _푑푒푣푒푙표푝푖_ ↗ ↙ ↘ ↖ _푛푎푡푐푎푝푖_ − − − − − − − − → _푦푖푒푙푑푠 푖_ Average natural capital Average bond yields ˆ [ The _훽_ < sup > ˆ < / sup > coefficient in _푦푖푒푙푑푠 푖_ = _훼_ + _훽_ < sup > ˆ < / sup > _푛푎푡푐푎푝푖_ can be interpreted as the percentage point change in the average yield associated with a 1 % increase in average natural capital . The standard errors are reported below the coefficients . The stars indicate the level of significance with * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . ] The statistical results suggest no substantial relationship for A-rated issuers , but provide strong evidence that resource-rich issuers with B-ratings tend to pay higher yields . # * * 3 . 2 The ingrained income bias * * From a long-term growth perspective , this finding makes sense . Natural wealth is an essential input for long-term , sustainable growth . This raises the ( natural ) rate of interest which drives up inflation expectations and ultimately bond yields . Thus , countries with higher resource endowments are reasonably associated with higher growth potential . This is consistent with the fact that the wealth data was constructed with the explicit goal of capturing long-term growth potential in mind . Although this finding is intuitively appealing , its simplicity does not rule out any alternative explanation . Higher yields can also indicate higher default risk , for example due to the resource curse . Natural wealth alone does not necessitate a positive economic growth path . In a system with little protection of private property rights and weak rule of law , resource rents can be misappropriated . This can lead to corruption and in extreme cases constitute a source for armed conflict . Neither", "spans": [{"start": 1469, "end": 1480, "text": "wealth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agreement with the Association , to strengthen its management , including the improvement of its IHA supervision activities and the coordination of district operations . Section * * 3 . 02 . IHA * * shall cause the primary , secondary and feeder roads included in the Borrower ' s highway system to be maintained fully and adequately in accordance with sound engineering and financial practices . Section * * 3 . 03 . * * In order to provide a basis for future road planning , IHA shall continue to collect statistics on traffic and take such steps as may be agreed upon from time to time between * * IHA * * and the Association for improving such traffic data collection . Section 3 . 04 . IHA hereby agrees to review with the Association the results and recommendations of the road maintenance study currently being carried out * * by IHA * * with the assistance of Frediric R . Harris Inc . , and implement such recommendations as shall have been agreed upon between * * IHA * * and the Association in accordance with a time schedule acceptable to the Association .", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 528, "text": "statistics on traffic", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 648, "end": 660, "text": "traffic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "jointly estimate the equations . A detailed treatment of the SUR estimator can be found in Zellner ( 1962 , and 1963 ) . > 11 These findings are based on random-effects ( RE ) estimates using panel data of 1998 / 99 and 2010 / 11 . We also attempted fixed-effects ( FE ) implementation of the SUR estimator . The findings of FE model does not vary much from that of the RE model except for that the magnitude of the FE estimates is higher . We decided to report the findings of RE model to avoid upward biases , if any , in the findings of FE . 16", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 202, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In terms of non food-related coping strategies , the UNWRA survey found that the most common ones were : - Buying food on credit or borrowing money to purchase food ( 70 % of households ) - Spending savings ( 30 % of households ) - Selling household goods : radio , furniture , television , jewellery etc . ( 20 % ) - Accepting high-risk jobs ( 12 % ) - Sending households members to seek work elsewhere , regardless of the usual seasonal migration ( 11 % ) - Withdrawing children from school ( 21 . 4 % of households ) - Having children ( 6-15 years old ) involved with income generation ( 3 % ) and selling productive assets ( 2 % ) . UNWRA ‟ s survey classified coping strategies into different categories : stress coping strategies < sup > 18 < / sup > , crisis coping strategies < sup > 19 < / sup > and emergency strategies < sup > 20 < / sup > . The report found that the majority of PRS resorted to stress coping strategies . Emergency coping strategies , however , were prevalent inside Saida camp ( 34 % ) , in Saida outside the camp ( 38 % ) and inside Tyre camp ( 32 % ) . _Figure [ 21 ] : Categories of coping strategy inside and outside Palestinian camps_ # # * * Coping strategies categories inside and outside Palestinian camps * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 77 % < br > 80 % 74 % 74 % 74 % 70 % < br > 62 % < br > 60 % 51 % 51 % < br > 47 % < br > 40 % < br > HH not adopting coping strategies < br > 20 % < br > Stress coping strategies < br > 0 % Crisis coping strategies < br > emergencies coping strategies < br > Coping Strategies Categories < br > Beirut inside camp Beirut Outside camp Bekaa inside camp Be", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 65, "text": "UNWRA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < mark > Deshpande , A . , & Kabeer , N . ( 2021 ) . Norms that matter : Exploring the distribution of women ' s work between income generation , expenditure-saving , and unpaid domestic responsibilities in India ( No . wp-2021-130 ) . World Institute for Development Economic Research ( UNU-WIDER ) . < / mark > - < mark > Deshpande , A . , & Singh , J . ( 2021 ) . Dropping Out , Being Pushed out or Can ' t Get In ? Decoding Declining Labour Force Participation of Indian Women . IZA Discussion Papers No . 14639 < / mark > - < mark > Donald , A . , Koolwal , G . , Annan , J . , Falb , K . , & Goldstein , M . ( 2020 ) . Measuring women ’ s agency . Feminist Economics , 26 ( 3 ) , 200-226 . < / mark > - < mark > Durand , J . D . ( 1975 ) : The Labor Force in Economic Development : A Comparison of International Census Data , 1946-1966 , vol . 1237 , Princeton University Press . < / mark > - < mark > Fernandez , R . ( 2013 ) . Cultural change as learning : The evolution of female labor force participation over a century . American Economic Review , 103 ( 1 ) : 472 – 500 . < / mark > - < mark > Fernandez , R . and Fogli , A . ( 2009 ) . Culture : An empirical investigation of beliefs , work , and fertility . American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics , 1 ( 1 ) : 146 – 77 . < / mark > - < mark > Field , Erica , and Attila Ambrus . ( 2008 ) . Early marriage , age of menarche , and female schooling attainment in Bangladesh . Journal of Political Economy , 116 ( 5 ) : 881-930 . < / mark > - < mark > Gaddis I . , Klasen S . ( 2014 ) . Economic Development , Structural Change , and Women ' s Labor Force Participation : A Re-Examination of the Feminization U Hypothesis .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "index , the number of different points of interest recorded in Open StreetMap , and the year that pixels changed to being an impervious surface are important predictors of female LFP . Municipal area is positively associated with female LFP , which makes sense in the Mexican context because many of the smaller municipalities are located in the poorer south of the country where female LFP tends to be lower . Median nighttime luminosity in the municipality is positively associated with female LFP , consistent with nighttime lights indicating economic activity . Mean nighttime lights in the municipality , which conditional on median is a measure of right-skewness or inequality in luminosity , is negatively associated with LFP . This is consistent with women in more developed areas being able to afford not to work . Areas with a greater concentration of vegetation , as proxied by mean NDVI , have lower female LFP , perhaps also reflecting greater wealth in suburban areas with more vegetation . The correlates of male LFP are more difficult to interpret . The share of bare land in the municipality is positively and significantly correlated with male LFP , as is the number of untagged highway points , and the latter may be positively correlated with economic activity . < u > Table 2 - Model diagnostics by dependent variable and sample type < / u > | | Female < br > LFP | Male < br > LFP | Female < br > Unemp | Male < br > Unemp | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * State - Simple Random Sample within Selected A * * | * * GEBs * * | | | | | Number of ( non-state ) variables selected | 41 | 22 | 19 | 10 | | < br > Marginal R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 127 | 0 . 061 | 0 . 025 | 0 . 028 | 13", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 77, "text": "Open StreetMap", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 7 : IV estimates of infrastructure provision ( second-stage ) | | | _Dependent var_ | _iable : _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | GVA per < br > capita ( log ) | GVA ( log ) | Population ( log ) | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | Electricity Access | _ − _2 . 341 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | _ − _1 . 366 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 975 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 386 ) | ( 0 . 462 ) | ( 0 . 214 ) | | Highway Access | _ − _0 . 554 < br > ( 0 . 496 ) | _ − _0 . 406 < br > ( 0 . 576 ) | 0 . 148 < br > ( 0 . 276 ) | | Electricity Access X | 3 . 372 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 2 . 898 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | _ − _0 . 475 | | Highway Access | ( 0 . 951 ) | ( 1 . 110 ) | ( 0 . 532 ) | | Wald Test _χ_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 3844 . 2 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 2577 . 3 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 2501 . 3 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | | Observations | 1 , 536 | 1 , 536 | 1 , 536 | _Note : Robust standard errors clustered at the state level in parentheses . ∗ p < 0 . 1 , ∗ ∗ p < 0 . 05 , ∗ ∗ ∗ p < 0 . 01 . _ However , these negative effects associated with the provision of electricity", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Longe , O . M . , N . Rao , F . Omowole , A . S . Oluwalami , and O . T . Oni . 2017 . “ A Case Study on Off ‐ Grid Microgrid for Universal Electricity Access in the Eastern Cape of South Africa . ” _International Journal of Energy Engineering_ 7 ( 2 ) : 55 – 63 . - Mensah , Justice Tei . 2018 . “ Jobs ! Electricity Shortages and Unemployment in Africa . ” WPS8415 . The World Bank . http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 659751524142624281 / Jobs ‐ electricity ‐ shortages ‐ and ‐ unemployment ‐ in ‐ Africa . - Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la , and Ministere de la santé publique . 2014 . “ DEUXIÈME ENQUÊTE DÉMOGRAPHIQUE ET DE SANTÉ ( EDS ‐ RDC II 2013 ‐ 2014 ) . ” - NREL , 2018 “ Annual Technology Baseline and Standard Scenarios | Energy Analysis | NREL . ” n . d . Accessed December 21 , 2018 . https : / / www . nrel . gov / analysis / data ‐ tech ‐ baseline . html . - O ’ Neill , Brian C . , Elmar Kriegler , Kristie L . Ebi , Eric Kemp ‐ Benedict , Keywan Riahi , Dale S . Rothman , Bas J . van Ruijven , Detlef P . van Vuuren , Joern Birkmann , and Kasper Kok . 2017 . “ The Roads Ahead : Narratives for Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Describing World Futures in the 21st Century . ” _Global Environmental Change_ 42 : 169 – 180 . - Pachauri , Shonali , Bas J . van Ruijven , Yu Nagai , Keywan Riahi , Detlef P . van Vuuren , Abeeku Brew ‐ Hammond , and Nebojsa Nakicenovic . 2013 . “ Pathways to Achieve Universal Household Access to Modern Energy by 2030 . ” _Environmental Research Letters_ 8 ( 2 ) : 024015 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1088 / 1748 ‐ 9326 / 8 / 2 / 024015 . - Samad , Hussain A . , and Fan Zhang . 2016 . “ Benefits of Electrification and the Role", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 16 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Note : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 345 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 3 shows the median survival time by country , which ranges between 7 ( Ukraine ) and 16 weeks ( Peru ) . Kazakh and Kenyan firms are as cash constrained as Ukrainian firms ( also at 7 weeks ) and have a survival time that is less than half that of the median Colombian firm ( 15 weeks ) . The median business in Italy , Jordan , and the Russian Federation can last 10 weeks , one week longer than the median business in Portugal and Turkey ( 9 weeks ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 270, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households — primarily the urban poor living in slum areas — continue to rely on fuelwood . The benefits of replacing kerosene with electricity extend beyond a higher-quality lighting source . Switching to electric lighting also means eliminating the indoor air pollution ( IAP ) caused by the smoke emitted by kerosene lamps , which in India accounts for about half a million premature deaths annually ( ESMAP 2002b ; Smith 2000 ) . Virtually all villages in India have access to electricity , yet only about 60 percent of rural households are connected . Low household-connection rates are often attributed to low incomes , high connection costs , poor-quality housing construction , and unreliable electricity services . Thus , for policy purposes , analyzing the determinants of electricity demand among India ’ s rural households is of interest . Electricity demand combines interfuel substitution and capital stock adjustments , along with elements that affect the utilization rate of existing stocks . However , demand for electricity is much determined by whether the village has electricity , along with the price of electricity and associated household connection fees . The prices of competing or complementary fuels , such kerosene or LPG , also play an important role . In addition , the price of durable goods that complement household consumption of electricity may influence demand ( Bohi 1981 ) . Furthermore , the prices of electric equipments ( e . g . , irrigation pumps ) as well as household wealth and durables also matter . Household demand for electricity can be estimated by following equation : where _Eij_ represents either household access to electricity ( a binary variable with value 1 when household has access and 0 otherwise ) or household monthly consumption of electricity ( a continuous variable ) , and control variables include household - and village-level exogenous variables , including a reliability measure of electricity service ( average hours of electricity availability at the village level ) . We implement a maximum likelihood probit model with sample selection for the 11", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 416, "text": "ESMAP 2002b", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the proportion of population living under the international poverty line of US $ 1 . 90 purchasing power parity ( PPP ) per day , has increased substantially from 51 percent in 2009 to 82 percent in 2016 . < sup > 9 < / sup > Internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) are particularly impoverished where 91 percent fall below the poverty line compared with 86 percent in rural and 75 percent in urban areas . Among IDP camps , Bentiu Protection of Civilian ( POC ) site has the highest poverty rate . < sup > 10 < / sup > The sharp increase in poverty correlates with the escalation of violent conflict as well as the macroeconomic crisis and the loss of buying power due to dramatic inflation that reached 170 percent in October 2019 . Poverty rates were ( and remain ) the highest ( an unprecedented over 90 percent ) in the states of the Greater Upper Nile region , Eastern Equatoria , Northern Bahr el Ghazal , and Western Bahr el Ghazal . < sup > 11 < / sup > Unsurprisingly , Western Equatoria , which was less affected by the conflict , is the only state that retained more stable poverty rate . Poverty in South Sudan is not only monetary but multidimensional , and much of the population has remained , returned , or sunk deeper into a state of destitution with extremely low rates of food security and access to basic services . < sup > 12 < / sup > Chronic and widespread poverty contributes to South Sudan ’ s ranking of 186 out of 189 countries in the Human Development Index ( HDI ) 2019 , with a life expectancy of only 58 years compared to the global average of 72 . < sup > 13 < / sup > 5 . * * The cumulative effects of years of violent conflict , natural disasters , and economic crisis have taken a significant toll . * * As of April 2020 , nearly 3 . 9 million people ( over a third of the country ’ s population and with women and children representing 85", "spans": [{"start": 1461, "end": 1484, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the _Plus_ modality ( _p_ - values = 0 . 746 , 0 . 183 , 0 . 442 , 0 . 517 , 0 . 539 , and 0 . 575 ) . In spite of quite noisy estimates due to the sample attrition and the reduced sample size — parents in the control group cannot be part of this analysis by design — the evidence does show a systematic pattern . Over a two-month period , mentors in the _Plus_ modality met one time more with parents at school and 0 . 7 times more at home compared to those in the _Original_ modality ( sample means in the _Original_ group are five and three , respectively ) . The GLS-weighted index shown in the third column documents that the quantity of parent-mentor interactions increased by 0 . 36 standard deviations under the _Plus_ modality , which is significant at the 10 percent level . Columns 4 and 5 of Panel A show marginally significant estimates on two measures of the quality of the interactions between parents and the mentors : ( i ) an indicator variable for whether the mentors have informed parents about their children ’ s learning difficulties , ( ii ) and whether the mentors provide concrete advice to the parent on how to tackle these difficulties . The effect sizes are large for both outcomes , implying a 14 percent increase in the probability of informing parents relative to the respective sample means in the _Original_ group ( 70 percent ) . The estimated coefficient for the GLS-weighted quality index is 0 . 25 standard deviations , which is significant at the 90 – 95 percent level depending on the inference procedure . Panel B in Table 4 shows the effect of the _Plus_ modality on different competencies , or “ parenting style , ” that the mentors report to have promoted during their encounters with parents . This information was collected during a follow-up interview at the end of the field experiment . Of a total of 126 mentors between the _Original_ and _Plus_ modalities , enumerators were able to interview 107 of them . The attrition of survey participation of mentors is unrelated to the treatment assignment ( _p_ - value = 0 . 514", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 011 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 0093 ) | ( 0 . 0088 ) | | Other group mean education level | 0 . 013 | 0 . 013 | 0 . 0028 | 0 . 0018 | − 0 . 0044 | − 0 . 00096 | | | ( 0 . 0095 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 0098 ) | ( 0 . 0080 ) | | Observations | 1362 | 1362 | 1362 | 1362 | 1110 | 1110 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 849 | 0 . 851 | 0 . 848 | 0 . 850 | 0 . 841 | 0 . 845 | | HH controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Agr . controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Group controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Controls for other group | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research . _Note_ : < sup > * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 1 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 01 . Robust standard errors clustered at the village level are reported in parentheses . The coefficients on the household controls ( demographic and farm characteristics ) are reported in table S1 . 1 in the supplementary appendix S1 . Group controls and controls for other groups include the number of individuals in each group ( in log ) and the mean value for the demographic characteristics in each group . supplementary appendix S1 . The specification used is the baseline specification with state dummies", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 778, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , agricultural yield index for youth headed households in the project woredas decreased from 10 . 00 quintals per hectare at baseline in 2011 to 9 . 50 quintals per hectare at completion , which represented a 5 % decrease in the average yield index . The evidence provided in the ICR , which was based on the end-of-project household data , showed that the project achieved mixed results with regards to the yields of different crops . For example , yields at completion of rice , finger millet , teff , haricot beans , chickpea , and horse beans decreased by 8 % , 8 . 2 % , 9 . 2 % , 9 . 7 % , 16 . 6 % and 27 . 2 % , respectively . On the other hand , yields of niger peas , barley , wheat , sorghum and potatoes increased by 4 % , 9 . 6 % , 10 % , 32 % and 82 % , respectively . The ICR ( p . 19 ) attributed the lower than expected results to the fact that the data reflected yields from 2016 period which were generally lower than average due to a Page 7 of 18", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 346, "text": "end-of-project household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "al practices that raise yields and incomes , while promoting the sustainable productivity of the land and hence reduce climate vulnerability , as well as contributing to mitigation efforts , since soil health is associated with its ability to store carbon . To ensure results , this action was to be followed by other measures including , putting in place relevant ordinances to enable local governments to institute necessary legal action to strengthen enforcement , and development of an accreditation system for agro-input dealers to enable traceability . These actions would enhance agricultural productivity , hasten recovery , and sustain long term growth . The results indicator tracking the number of farmers registered for e-vouchers was an intermediate step that would lead to farmers accessing and utilizing the improved inputs and eventually impact productivity of the agriculture sector . Nonetheless , given the time lag between being registered and having an impact on this anticipated outcome , this indicator provided the most logical and measurable step to track within the one-year duration of the operation . - * * PA # 6 * * was to enhance debt transparency by publishing the verified stock of domestic arrears with a time lag of less than one year , upcoming state-owned enterprises ( SOE ) guarantees and other contingent liabilities from legal proceedings . The publication of the Report on Public Debt , Guarantees , Other Financial Liabilities and Grants for FY19 / 20 and the Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy FY20 / 21 to FY23 / 24 was expected to draw attention to the growing fiscal and debt risks , including arrears accumulation , which would then be followed with accelerated payment of arrears . While several other debt variables could have been included as results indicators , the stock of domestic arrears ( as percent of GDP ) proved to be the most relevant . 22 . * * All the prior actions and anticipated results under these pillars were strongly linked to the project development objective . * * The prior actions reflected good practice , also informed by the analytical underpinnings , and government ’ s own response plan , which espoused ownership and capacity to deliver", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 . Examples of expected impact of decarbonization policies on the demand for labor * * | Policy | Expected impact < br > C | ountryor region < br > Method | Reference | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | State-level green policy | 1 % more green jobs | US < br > Historical data | Yi ( 2013 ) | | Regional-level energy | 0 . 24 % increase in | EU < br > Simulation | Markandya et | | shift | employment | | al . ( 2016 ) | | Energy efficiency < br > measures and renewable < br > energy targets | 4 million + green job-years by < br > 2030 | US < br > Simulation | Wei et al . < br > ( 2010 ) | | Investment in < br > renewables and energy < br > efficiency | Around 5 more FTE jobs < br > compared to similar < br > investment in fossil fuels | US < br > Simulation | Garrett - < br > Peltier , ( 2017 ) | State-level green policy refers to market-based tools that provide support for renewable energy and energy efficiency . Energy shift refers to a change from carbon intensive sources toward gas and renewables . The new jobs that come with the transition to low carbon may require new skills , often referred to as _green skills_ . There is , by our knowledge , very little rigorous evaluation in this area using historical data . One US study finds that changes in environmental regulation are positively related to demand for green skills , in particular for technical and engineering tasks ( Vona et al . , 2018 ) . < sup > lxvi < / sup > Cooling technology in the workplace is an important example of _labor-oriented adaptation_ that may improve worker productivity and labor supply , as well as worker well-being . As mentioned previously , firm adaptation may be less likely for low-productivity jobs ( Somanathan et al . , 2021 ) . Government subsidies can be beneficial in situations where a change in behavior is considered desirable but faces", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 290, "text": "Historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1230, "end": 1245, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> IDA / D5960 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 6 , 078 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2023-02-15 < br > 2024-03-11 < br > 2023-04-12 | 2023-07-11 | | UG-MWE-340135-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 500 copies of the G < br > RM \" Complaints Log Books \" u < br > nder IFPA-CD Project < br > IDA / 65920 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 11 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2023-02-24 < br > 2023-03-31 < br > 2023-04-21 < br > 2023-0 | 5-11 < br > 2023-05-21 | | UG-MWE-340157-GO-RFQ / S < br > upply of 5 sets of Tonners for < br > the Heavy Duty Printer and < br > 1 desk printer for the Kitagw < br > enda DLG officer under IFPA - < br > CD Project < br > IDA / 65920 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 8 , 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 394, "text": "Complaints Log Books", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00781762 ~ ~ | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ► Implementation of D | QA recommendations for differe | nt sectors ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 01-Nov-2017 | | Comments | | | | | # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * < u > DLI_IND_ < / u > ~ ~ < u > TABLE < / u > ~ ~ ► DLI 1 DLI 1 Per capita increase in federal block grants transfer to regions , excluding Addis Ababa ( Process , 90 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2020 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 1 , 240 . 00 | 1 , 380 . 00 | 1 , 418 . 00 | 1 , 696 . 00 | | Date | 14-Dec-2015 | 05-Dec-2018 | 31-Dec-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | | | | | ► DLI 2 DLI 2 Increases proportion of qualified female agricultural development agents ( Intermediate Outcome , 40 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2020 | | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "line are slightly higher but show the same gap . > 18 Figures based on National Commission for Nomadic Education estimates retrieved 29 < sup > th < / sup > May 2019 : - < u > http : / / www . ncne . gov . ng / about us / < / u > 19 th - Figures based on Internationally Displaced Monitoring Center estimates retrieved 29 May 2019 : < u > http : / / www . internal displacement . org / events / workshops-on-internal-displacement-data-in-nigeria < / u > and UNHCR website , retrieved 29 < sup > th < / sup > May 2019 : - < u > https : / / www . unhcr . org / nigeria emergency . html < / u > 20 As the consumption aggregate for wave 4 contains slightly different components than that of waves 1 to 3 , due to the change in the components comprising the new national poverty line , monetary poverty estimates are only presented for wave 1 to 3 . Given the break in series , monetary poverty estimates for wave 4 are considered not fully comparable to those of waves 1 to 3 . 13", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 122, "text": "National Commission for Nomadic Education estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 255, "end": 308, "text": "Internationally Displaced Monitoring Center estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ferracane , M . F . , H . Lee ‐ Makiyama and E . van der Marel ( 2018b ) “ Digital Trade Restrictiveness Index ” , European Centre for International Political Economy , Brussels : ECIPE . Ferracane , M . F . , J . Kren and E . van der Marel ( 2018a ) “ Do Data Policy Restrictions Impact the Productivity Performance of Firms and Industries ? ” , ECIPE DTE Working Paper Series No . 1 , Brussels : ECIPE . Goldfarb , A . and C . Tucker ( 2012 ) “ Privacy and Innovation , ” in Innovation Policy and the Economy ( eds . ) Josh Lerner and Scott Stern , / University of Chicago Press , pages 65 – 89 . See also NBER Working Paper Series No . 17124 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Cambridge MA : NBER . Guellec , D . and C . Paunov ( 2018 ) \" Innovation Policies in the Digital Age \" , OECD Science , Technology and Industry Policy Papers , No . 59 , OECD Publishing , Paris . Horrace , W . and R . Oaxaca ( 2006 ) “ Results on the Bias and Inconsistency of Ordinary Least Squares for the Linear Probability Model , \" Economics Letters , Vol . 90 , No . 3 , pages 321 ‐ 327 . Manyika , J . , S . Lund , J . Bughin , J . Woetzel , K . and D . Dhingra ( 2016 ) “ Digital Globalization : The New Era of Global Flows ” , McKinsey Global Institute , Washington DC : McKinsey and Company . ‐ OECD ( 2019 ) “ East Asia Going Digital : Connecting SMEs ” , OECD , Paris , www . oecd . org / going < u > digital / East ‐ asia ‐ connecting ‐ SMEs . pdf . < / u > < mark > van der Marel , E . , H . Lee ‐ Makiyama , M . Bauer and B . Verschelde ( 2016 ) \" A Methodology to Estimate the Costs of Data Regulation \" , < / mark > _ < mark > International Economics < / mark > _ < mark", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Public infrastructure investment has the potential to open new markets , lower private production costs , reduce transaction costs , and increase competition . Recent studies document public infrastructure ' s stimulating impact on private investment . Along side this growing body of evidence substantiating the importance of public investment in infrastructure for development is an accumulation of evidence that infrastructure investment in LDCs is suboptimal . The primary objective of this study is to isolate the factors influencing public infrastructure investment . Pooled cross-national and time-series data covering 27 low and middle income economies over the 1980-1986 period are utilized to assess the relative influence of the internal features of an economy , government objectives , specifically the extent of commitment to poverty alleviation , and external assistance on observed infrastructure expenditures . Of particular relevance to Bank operations is the estimated influence of the level of foreign assistance and alternative forms of foreign assistance ( official development assistance , commercial bank lending and direct foreign investment ) on infrastructure expenditures . The analytical framework guiding the estimations is a four-sector general equilibrium model consisting of urban households , urban producers , rural households and a single government . The model ' s solution determines the optimal level and mix of public expenditures on infrastructure , human resources and consumption public goods , and the optimal mix of taxes on wages , domestic output and property . The model generates a set of reduced form equations for several forms of government expenditures and taxes . The reduced form equation for infrastructure spending provides the departure point for the empirical analysis . The determinants of central government expenditures and consolidated government expenditures are estimated separately . The internal features of the economy considered include basic structural characteristics of the economy , including the existing stock of infrastructure , level of development , population density , urbanization , the ruralurban balance , the labor force participation rate , and institutional development ; factors reflecting macro balance and strategy orientation including the size of the foreign sector , the government ' s budget balance , the external balance , debt obligations , and commitment to poverty redress ; and external factors including terms of trade shifts , and foreign savings flows . Sensitivity", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 636, "text": "Pooled cross-national and time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9440 The World Bank | | Comments | Contract period includes | The value remains zero - no | Contract period includes | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | py | | approved extension of time . < br > Contract price excludes price < br > escalation . | contracts have been < br > completed . | approved extension of time . < br > Contract price excludes price < br > escalation . | | Co < br > Preparatory study for a Highway Engineering < br > < br > Text | Value | not yet started | | Implementation commenced | | re < br > Research Center completed and < br > imlementation of areed oranizational otion | Date | 01-May-2009 | 14-May-2013 | 30-Jun-2016 | | ublic Disclosu < br > p g g p < br > commenced | Comments | Baseline data | Original service is completed . < br > However for a follow up < br > activities , the service was < br > extended for another 12 < br > months . | | | P < br > Road traffic census program and < br > Yes / No | Value | No | No | Yes | | comprehensive road safety program < br > established | Date | 01-May-2009 | 14-May-2013 | 30-Jun-2016 | | | Comments | Baseline data | TOR prepared , but no follow - < br > on . As the service is now < br > extended for another 12 < br > months , this activity will be < br > included in the additional < br > service . | | | Comprehensive Capacity Building Program < br > < br > Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | activities implemented | Date", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "There is a wide variety of existing questions , tests or modules to measure such skills . Many instruments have been designed to assess skills in lab conditions , and some standardized instruments have been developed for inclusion in surveys in developed country settings . Increasingly , economists are also trying to include various measures of abilities and personality traits in household surveys conducted in developing countries . But little validation of such instruments has occurred for such contexts . < sup > 3 < / sup > Many questions can be raised about the applicability of some of the existing scales for poor rural populations , given the high level of abstraction of many questions , low levels of education in the respondent population , difficulties of standardization for enumerator-administered tests conducted in the field , and translation challenges . < sup > 4 < / sup > This study aims to test the reliability and validity of several commonly used scales and tests , and highlights both random and systematic measurement error that needs to be accounted for when measuring skills in developing-country field conditions . We do so by analyzing the test-retest reliability and the Cronbach ’ s alpha to estimate internal consistency of various existing scales . We subsequently use exploratory factor analysis , correction for acquiescence bias , and item response theory ( IRT ) to reduce some of the observed measurement error , and analyze validity and reliability of the improved constructs . < sup > 5 < / sup > We then study the predictive validity of both the original scales and the improved constructs and analyze the extent to which the skills measured predict agricultural productivity and economic decisions related to the adoption of advanced agricultural practices . < sup > 6 < / sup > This tests the potential role played by these skills in agricultural production , and shows that they might be important omitted variables when not included in the analysis of agricultural decision-making . More generally , understanding the role of skills in agricultural decisions can be key to inform policy interventions that directly aim to improve skills , or the success of which could be conditional on the skills of the target population . Almund et al . ( 2011 )", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 400, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) | * * Policy Program * * | | * * Results * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Cabinet approved ( i ) a labor-intensive public works programs in the roads and water and environment < br > sectors to provide income support for a two month period to informal sector workers ; and ( ii ) the < br > expansion of the beneficiaries under the Senior Citizen Grant ( SCG ) and funding for the SCG program ; < br > and ( b ) through Memoranda of Understanding ( MOUs ) signed between relevant core ministries and < br > agencies established a national single registry for beneficiaries of safety net programs . < br > Evidence : < br > 3 ( a ) Extract from Cabinet minute dated May 25 , 2020 , letter dated May 29 , 2020 from the Permanent < br > Secretary , MoFPED authorizing additional expenditure limits for , among others , the SCG ; < br > 3 ( b ) by extract from cabinet minute no . 217 ( CT 2020 ) dated May 25 , 2020 , letter dated May 29 , 2020 < br > from the Permanent Secretary , Ministry of Finance , Planning and Economic Development ( MoFPED ) < br > authorizing additional expenditure limits for , among others , the SCG and ( ii ) MOUs signed between < br > National Identification and Registration Authority ( NIRA ) and MoGLSD dated June 10 , National Industrial < br > Training Authority Uganda ( NITA-U ) and MoGLSD dated June 1 , 2020 , Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) < br > and MoGLSD dated June 2 , 2020 and Office of the Prime Minister ( OPM ) and MoGLSD dated June 4 , 2020 . < br > * * _Pillar 2 : Supporting", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 708, "text": "national single registry for beneficiaries of safety net programs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix Tables and Figures * * Table A1 : Distribution of sample by previous treatment assignment | | Surveymode experiment | | - - - | - - - | | | Phone survey < br > WhatsApp | | Treatment | 150 < br > 149 | | Control | 150 < br > 150 | | P-value | 0 . 928 | _Notes : _ This table presents the distribution of the survey experiment sample drawn from the sample of the main impact evaluation being analysed in Amaral et al . ( 2021 ) . Within each treatment arm , we randomly selected a group of 300 individuals ( for a total of 600 ) and randomly assigned them to one of the survey-mode treatments . “ _P_ - value ” indicate the _p-_ value of the test for differences in treatment status ( Treatment or Control ) in the main impact evaluation by assignment to any survey-mode ( Phone-based survey or WhatsApp ) . Table A2 : Construction of the Comparable Nationally Representative Sample | | Percentage | Observations | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 100 % | 75045 | | Eligibility by age of children | 51 % | 38 , 097 | | Eligibility by age ( own ) | 47 % | 17 , 733 | | Eligibility of main caregiver | 98 % | 17 , 315 | | Eligibility of access to mobile phone | 91 % | 15 , 680 | | Eligibility Sample | 21 % | 15 , 680 | _Notes : _ This table presents the total sample from the 2019 Household Survey ( EHPM ) that meet the eligibility criteria for the impact evaluation . _Eligibility by Age of Children_ indicates if the individual lives together with at least one child 8 years old or younger . _Eligibility by age_ is met if the individual ’ s age is between 18-65 years . _Eligibility of main caregiver_ indicates if the person is either a parent or a grandparent of a child within the household . Finally , _Eligibility by access to mobile phone_ was created using the information on whether the person has a mobile phone . Columns", "spans": [{"start": 1287, "end": 1308, "text": "2019 Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 4 . 2 . Planning Principles and Process * * The Environmental Monitoring Team ( EMT ) is responsible for the preparation of mitigation measures for adverse social and environmental impacts . The EMT is accountable for planning and monitoring while , the Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) is accountable for the implementation of the expropriation / compensation procedures . The EMT will provide the general direction and guidelines in the planning process of expropriation and compensation tasks , facilitate and coordinate mitigation measures for the adverse social impacts within the project , and monitor and document the implementation process of RAP . The Environmental Monitoring Team ( EMT ) is responsible for the preparation of Resettlement Action Plan . It is also responsible for conducting a household census of Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) , establishing compensation committees , assessing and establishing compensation rates , providing compensation payment for PAPs , and carrying out resettlement or relocation of PAPs as per the RAP . Woredas and Urban Administrations ( or Municipalities ) will facilitate land acquisition required for the project as per proclamation No . 455 / 2005 Part Two article 3 . _ “ A Woreda or an urban administration shall , upon payment in advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation , have the power to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to be carried out by public entities , private investors , cooperative societies or other organs , or where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal organ for the same purpose . ” _ Since Aluto Geothermal Power Plant Expansion Project Phase III is a public entity , both Woreda and urban administrations will play a major role in the facilitation of land acquisition required . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . Project Identification * * At project identification phase , Environmental Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) of the projects will be conducted with the aim of determining whether or not", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 914, "text": "household census of Project Affected Persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * A 2012 report by the World Bank on teenage pregnancy stresses the correlation between teenage childbearing and socioeconomic variables including poverty , inequality , public health expenditure and female labor force participation . The report shows that , despite substantial reductions in teenage pregnancy rates in virtually all countries , we continue to see rates differ vastly between high - and low-income countries , with Brazil — as a middle-income country — being placed somewhere in the middle of the distribution ( World Bank 2012 ) . Improved access to education , not explored in detail in the World Bank report , potentially provides an important channel through which teenage pregnancy and the above socioeconomic variables are correlated . Observational evidence shows a strong negative relationship between school availability and teenage childbearing in Brazil . We plot this relationship over time for Brazil in Figure 1 . Between 1997 and 2009 , < sup > 1 < / sup > 9 , 402 secondary schools where introduced in Brazilian municipalities ( a 57 % increase ) , raising the average school density in municipalities from 1 . 06 per 100 teenagers to 1 . 54 per 100 teenagers . Over the same period , the birth rate for teenage girls < sup > 2 < / sup > decreased by 21 % from 8 . 1 births per 100 to 6 . 4 births per 100 . This suggests an additional secondary school per 100 teenage females is associated with a decrease in births of 3 . 33 births per 100 teenage females . Evidence based on cross-sectional data shows a very similar picture . In Figure 2 , we present the state-level relationship between school density and the rate of teenage childbearing . Based on this clear negative relationship we calculate that an additional secondary school per 100 teenage females is associated with a larger decrease in births of 17 . 9 births per 100 teenage females . < sup > 3 < / sup > > 1 Section 3 provides the reasoning for the chosen period of 1997-2009 of this study . > 2 In this paper we define ‘ teenage ’ as ages 15 – 19 to match with the target entry age", "spans": [{"start": 1536, "end": 1556, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country with limited services and economic potential . The World Bank , following consultation with the UNHCR , confirms that the protection framework for refugees continues to be adequate in Ethiopia . As per the latest UNHCR protection framework assessment , notable developments include signing of an MoU in September 2023 between RRS and the Ministry of Labor and Skills ( MoLS ) , enabling the latter to issue work permit for refugees to engage in employment in sectors permitted for foreign nationals . Further , building on earlier commitments , the Ethiopian Government made six additional pledges during the 2023 Global Refugee Forum in the areas of climate action , transforming refugee camps into settlements , inclusion of refugees in the national system , enhancing private sector engagement , expanding access to land , and improving digital connectivity and access to documentation . 7 Ethiopia CIARP Conflict Assessment . 8 Ibid . > 9 World Bank , 2023 . Ethiopia Country Climate Development Report . > 10 Government of Ethiopia , 2020 . Ethiopia 2030 : The Pathway to Prosperity . Ten Years Perspective Development Plan ( 2021 – 2030 ) . > 11 FDRE , 2021 . Updated Nationally Determined Contribution - July 2021 . > 12 Ministry of Transport , 2020 . Ethiopia Non-Motorised Transport Strategy 2020-2029 . > 13 UNHCR , 2023 . Ethiopia . Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons by Region , as of Dec 31 , 2023 . > 14 UNHCR , 2023 . Ethiopia Urban Refugee Statistics , as of Dec , 2023 . > 15 UNHCR , 2023 . Ethiopia . New Population Movement from Sudan , as of Dec 5 , 2023 . > 16 World Bank , 2023 . Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia ( SESRE ) . Page 4 of 15 Mar 14 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 1448, "end": 1481, "text": "Ethiopia Urban Refugee Statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1617, "end": 1662, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "methodology to a set of countries in Europe , namely France , Hungary , Italy , the United Kingdom ( Brenner & Fazekas 2023 ) . The second unique feature of our proposed indicator set is that we track additional indicators of legislative and regulatory activities . Using these indicators as covariates allows us for a better understanding of these measures ' contribution to enhanced legislative stability ( and quality ) . We introduce each of the most relevant potential covariates below . _Category of law_ : Laws and regulations might have different modification patterns and the category of legislation should account for that . As a categorical variable , it takes the value of 0 for regulations and 1 for laws . < sup > 3 < / sup > Incorporating the category allows us to understand which type of legislation is prone to legal uncertainty and thus require closer attention in the future . _Sector of law_ . Given that a standard classification of economic sectors is available across countries , such as NACE in the EU , it is possible to assign laws to economic sectors based on their texts and they matching to sector descriptions . This enables a closer look at those sectors that are particularly exposed to legal and regulatory instabilities and allows for targeted political counter-measures to protect businesses in these sectors . More details on this variable can be found in Section 3 . 3 . , below . _Initiator of law_ . Knowing the initiator of legislation not only allows us to observe which actors are generally more active in drafting laws and regulations but also check for the initiators that are linked to higher levels of regulatory predictability or lack of thereof . # * * 3 . 3 Sectoral Classification * * To analyze legislative predictability by economic sector , we have to assign laws and regulations to economic sectors . As our source legislative dataset does not contain such information , we classify laws into economic sectors in a separate analytic stage after the data collection process . The goal of matching laws and regulations to specific sectors is to identify if some are more exposed to unpredictable legislative environment compared to others . In order to classify laws and regulations into", "spans": [{"start": 1870, "end": 1889, "text": "legislative dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collection relative to ordinary business taxes are then justified as mirroring what a rights holder collects when contracting with an extractor . # D . Governments Tax Only a Small Proportion of Mining Project Rents There is a general proposition that regular corporate taxes are insufficient to tax all resource rents . As a result , mining projects are charged with special additional taxes like royalties to soak up these untaxed rents as they manifest as surpluses during operations . Yet there is still the feeling that even these regimes leave large quantities of rents in the hands of the investors , with calls for additional special taxation instruments . Rents cannot be measured . What one can measure is profits and the taxes on profits . There is often the claim that mining company profits are taxed at lower effective rates than companies in other sectors because they manage to shield profits from taxation through various accounting profit-shifting exercises . < sup > 5 < / sup > This may be the genesis of the idea that rents , in turn , are not sufficiently taxed . The data shows otherwise . In 2021 , 25 mining companies belonging to the International Council on Mining and Metals ( ICMM ) states that “ current CIT and royalties charged in 2021 was 32 . 6 % of adjusted profit before tax ” < sup > 6 < / sup > corresponding to payments of US $ 30 . 2 billion in income taxes and royalties to host countries from their operations , even after this alleged profit shifting . About 24 % of that tax is derived from corporate income tax ( CIT ) . The additional 9 percentage points is because of special royalty charges that are unique taxation instruments applied to mineral and energy extraction in an effort to tax resource rents . According to ICMM , its member companies paid about 38 % in effective profits taxes from 2013 to 2021 . Data published by Damodaran on listed company effective tax rates according to companies ’ financial reports supports this relatively high level of profits taxation . The different versions of effective tax rates calculated by him for the profitable mining companies as a sector varies between 25 . 8 %", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ual < br > Plann | s Issued < br > Opening / < br > ed < br > Actual < br > Planned | Minutes < br > < br > for Aw < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > ard < br > < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > Actual | | C2-MIES-58 / CONTRATACIÓ < br > N DE OPERADORAS DE SERVI < br > CIOS INTEGRADOS DE INCLU < br > SIÓN ECONÓMICA < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - Internation < br > l | a < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 3 , 080 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | 2021-01-25 | 2021-03-11 | | | 2021-04-29 | 2021-05-26 | 2021-07-08 | 2022-07-08 | | | C2-MIES-16 / Campaña de co < br > municación que mitigue los e < br > fectos de la Refocalizacion d < br > e los Nucleos Familiares en lo < br > s Programas Sociales por la a < br > plicación del nuevo Formulari < br > o e indice del Registro Social - < br > posibles tensiones provenien < br > tes del cambio de legibilidad < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br >", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 986, "text": "Registro Social", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": " |  |  |  | | * * 12 * * | MMS & Q1Q3 ( Growth of Survivors ) t = MMS ( ln ( TEV of survivortin t + 1 ) - < br > |  |  |  |  | | | ln ( TEV of survivortin t ) ) | | | | | | * * B * * | * * CONCENTRATION / DIVERSIFICATION * * | | | | | | * * 1 * * | Herfindahl Index |  |  |  |  | | * * 2 * * | Share of top 1 % , 5 % , 25 % Exporters in TEV |  |  |  |  | | * * 3 * * | MMS ( N . HS6 Products per Exporter ) |  |  |  | NA | | * * 4 * * | MMS ( N . Destinations per Exporter ) |  | NA |  |  | | * * 5 * * | MMS ( N . Exporters per HS6 Product ) |  |  |  | NA | | * * 6 * * | MMS ( N . Exporters per Destination ) |  | NA |  |  | | * * C * * | * * FIRM DYNAMICS * * | | | | | | * * 1 * * | Firm Entry Ratet = N . Entrantst / N . Exporterst |  |  |  |  | | * * 2 * * | Firm Exit Ratet = N . Exiterst / N . Exporterst-1 |  |  |  |  | | * * 3 * * | Firm Survival Ratet = N . Survivorst / N . Entrantst |  |  |  |  | | * * 4 * * | Share of Entrantst = TEV of Entrantstin t / TEV in t |  |  |  |  | | * * 5 * * | Firm 2-year Survival Ratet = N . 2-year Survivorst / N . Entrantst |  |  |  | ", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( DLR < br > 1 . 3 < br > total < br > allocated 6 , 400 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) For every pp < br > increase above the < br > year 2 target of 80 % , < br > 800 , 000 ( % of < br > domestic < br > development < br > commitments ( for < br > externally and < br > domestically funded < br > projects ; excluding < br > arrears ) reported in < br > the MYCS are | |", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 355, "text": "MYCS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | develop / update a GBV referral list < br > for service providers . < br > Disseminate the referral < br > pathway / list to stakeholders , DPGs , < br > CLAs including service providers < br > across the project implementation < br > area . | | | Partners ’ < br > working < br > group ( DPG ) | - A number of GBV < br > referrals incidents < br > to the project GRM < br > recorded . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 3 < br > Strengthen Institutional cap | acity for NUSAF Social and Environmenta | l risk mitigation and re | sponse teams | | | | | a ) < br > Recruitment and < br > deployments of < br > competent Specialist and < br > Officer | Recruitments and deployment of < br > Specialist and Officer | Before < br > commencement | OPM project < br > Management | OPM | - Specialist and < br > Officer deployed | 120 , 000 | | b ) < br > Enhance capacity of the < br > existing OPM staff on < br > social and environmental < br > risks and safeguards < br > mitigation including GBV < br > to manage the Project < br > efficiently and effectively < br > during project < br > implementation and < br > minimize social impacts | Enhance the capacity of available < br > OPM NUSAF staff and or Procure < br > services of additional qualified and < br > competent social safeguard < br > specialists to supervise and provide < br > technical support for the < br > implementation of the project and < br > mitigation of impacts in the projects . | In the first Quarter", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 40, "text": "GBV referral list", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care ( P152394 ) # # # # # ► Implementing entities submitting the annual FM and technical report on time ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | 29-Jun-2018 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | # # # * * Overall Comments IR * * Note : this is an interim ISR to include corporate indicators in the system . All data will be updated at the next ISR which is due in March 2019 and will coincide to the MTR . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P152394 | IDA-58360 | Effective | USD | 150 . 00 | 150 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 27 . 42 | 120 . 22 | 19 % | | P152394 | TF-A2561 | Effective | USD | 40 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 11 . 80 | 28 . 20 | 30 % | | P152394 | TF-A2792 | Effective | USD | 1 . 10 | 1 . 10 | 0 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is needed to test whether existing findings from developed countries replicate in developing countries . Fourth , some studies provide evidence on potential unintended consequences of gender progressive legislation in developing economies , especially in the _getting married_ , _having children_ and _managing assets_ categories . This suggests that caution should be exercised regarding “ piece-meal ” reform attempts to tackle gender discrimination , and the focus should be more on holistic approaches to address this deep-rooted issue . The paper is organized as follows . Section 2 reviews the existing literature on the existence and impact of gender discriminatory laws on women ’ s outcomes across the different WBL categories . Section 3 discusses the various theories relating women ’ s legal rights to their outcomes . Section 4 concludes . # * * 2 . Literature Review * * # # * * 2 . 1 Going places * * Restrictions on female mobility are often observed in many developing countries ( Jayachandran 2015 ) . Commonly cited reasons for such restrictions include concern for women ’ s safety and “ female purity ” issues linked to their family honor ( Chen 1995 ) . Existing evidence points to a negative association between laws restricting female mobility and female outcomes . These restrictions mostly relate to choosing where to live and traveling outside home . Using data from 98 developing countries , Demirguc-Kunt et al . ( 2013 ) find that in countries where women face legal restrictions in their ability to choose where to live , they are less likely to own an account , save and borrow relative to men . Using data for approximately 60 , 000 firms across 94 economies , Islam et al . ( 2018 ) find that travel restrictions on women is negative correlated with female business ownership . Htun et al . ( 2018 ) find similar cross-country evidence for female labor force participation as well . HallwardDriemeier and Gajigo ( 2015 ) find that in Ethiopia , reforms that removed restrictions on female work outside home increased the proportion of women working in occupations involving work outside home , paid work and with higher educational requirements . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1384, "end": 1417, "text": "data from 98 developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1634, "end": 1671, "text": "data for approximately 60 , 000 firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Q1-10 Q3-10 Q1-11 Q3-11 < br > Change , USD Billions < br > Change , USD Billions < br > Q1-06 Q3-06 Q1-07 Q3-07 Q1-08 Q3-08 Q1-09 Q3-09 Q1-10 Q3-10 Q1-11 Q3-11 < br > Q1-06 Q3-06 Q1-07 Q3-07 Q1-08 Q3-08 Q1-09 Q3-09 Q1-10 Q3-10 Q1-11 Q3-11 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : BIS , Consolidated Banking Statistics , table 9C . 15 See _The Economist_ , ― Reshaping Banking , ‖ April 19 , 2012 , http : / / www . economist . com / node / 21553015 / print .", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 327, "text": "Consolidated Banking Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "support in the following period . Interestingly , firms that continued to receive government support in the second round performed no better or even worse than those that did not receive any support . Also , firms that received government support only in the second round experienced no performance boost compared to those that received no support . These results hold up through various robustness checks , including controlling for firm performance in Rounds 1 and 2 . Our findings suggest that , for effective policy , government support should be provided to firms quickly without delay , but it should also be phased out quickly . The paper is organized as follows . Section 2 presents the data and summary statistics . Section 3 describes the empirical strategy . Section 4 discusses the main results . Section 5 includes several robustness checks , and Section 6 concludes . # * * 2 . Data and Summary Statistics * * We use data from ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys to capture government support received by firms during the COVID-19 pandemic and to measure firm performance . < sup > 2 < / sup > The World Bank has collected one to three rounds of these surveys in 45 countries starting in May 2020 . < sup > 3 < / sup > To explore how government support was repeated over time , we use data for countries with three survey rounds as of May 9 , 2022 . We conduct our analysis on a sample of 15 emerging markets and developing countries in ECA to focus on a homogeneous environment ( see Table A . 1 in the Appendix ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > The three rounds of surveys were completed between May 2020 and April 2022 for this sample of 15 countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > The sampling frame for the ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys includes all firms that replied to the latest pre-COVID-19 ES , making it possible to link performance during the COVID-19 pandemic back to firm characteristics collected through the ES . The ES cover formal ( registered ) firms with five or more employees and are designed to be nationally representative for the manufacturing and service sectors . For the", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 970, "text": "ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1293, "end": 1336, "text": "data for countries with three survey rounds", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The coverage ratios are for 2000 , and are taken from ( Demirgüç-Kunt and Sobaci , 2001 ) . We use the inverse of the deposit coverage ratios in our index so as to allow this variable to capture potential _positive_ effects of depositor monitoring , and to be consistent with our treatment of the other sources of monitoring and enforcement , such as rule of law . < sup > 7 < / sup > We also attempt to capture the difference in the _anticipated_ coverage by creating a dummy variable for coinsurance which is found to strengthen the intensity of market monitoring in the literature ( e . g . , Demirgüç-Kunt and Huizinga , 2004 ) . Coinsurance mechanisms require depositors to bear part of the costs of a banking failure . Our dummy variable equals one if a country has any such arrangement , and zero otherwise . # < u > E . Other Control Variables < / u > We include the initial level of private credit to GDP ( i . e . , in 1990 ) in our regressions to control for the possibility that countries with better developed banking sectors tend to experience slower credit growth . These conditional convergence effects were first made known in the context of cross-country growth regressions , but they have also proved important in financial development regressions . < sup > 8 < / sup > We also include the growth rate of GDP per capita and the inflation rate as macroeconomic controls . Both are averaged over the full sample period . We expect private credit growth to be faster in countries with low inflation and high growth , though inflation and private credit growth might be positively related in an expanding economy . The data on macroeconomic controls are from the World Development Indicators database maintained by the World Bank . Summary statistics for all variables used in the regressions are in Table 1 . Correlation coefficients are reported in Table 2 . Neither the correlation between credit growth and related lending nor the correlation between our index of depositor monitoring and related lending is significant . Similarly , the correlations between the related lending index and our control variables are also insignificant , except for the", "spans": [{"start": 1634, "end": 1664, "text": "data on macroeconomic controls", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1678, "end": 1715, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # # # # * * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * * # # # # # # * * Introduction * * According to the World Bank collection of development indicators , compiled from officially recognized sources approximately 56 % of the global population living within urban center . As such the informal settlement structure can be found worldwide . In Kenya , with an urban annual population growth reported at 3 . 706 % in 2021 , numerous challenges can be seen within the urban setting ; congestion , inadequate resource , deterioration in sanitation and hygiene , increase in the rate of spread of communicable diseases among others . Most of the informal settlements are characterized by unplanned zones typically occupied by squatters without legal recognition , overcrowding due to high population density , impermanent poorly constructed housing units , and inadequate provision of basic social amenities and services . Continued burgeoning population within these settlements outstrips the capacity of available basic infrastructure posing significant pressures on environment state and integrity , public health , sustainable resource use and social welfare . Facilities of housing , sanitation , water provision , waste management systems , drainage and energy / street lighting have failed to cope with the need of these settlements . To improve the lifestyle of the population within informal settlements , the Government of Kenya received a credit from International Development Association ( IDA ) and French Development Agency ( AfD ) towards the cost of the second Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project ( KISIP 2 ) . The project aims to improve the condition of selected roads , improve accessibility of potable water , and improving security and visibility at night by introducing street lights and flood lights in selected settlements . To improve the lives and livelihoods of at least 2 . 5 million people within informal settlements in select counties through the enhancement of security of tenure and basic infrastructure improvement based on plans developed in consultation with the community in line with Kenya Vision 2030 . Targeted informal settlements in Kisumu County", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 328, "text": "World Bank collection of development indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "detail . This matters since there have been significant increases in green patenting over the 2006-2010 period . The paper also examines different frontier innovation patterns by level of technological sophistication of countries , and by extent of cross-country collaboration . As a proxy for patterns of broader green catch-up innovation , we analyze data on trade in environmental products . And a deeper analysis of trade data allows us to explore the extent to which developing countries export products ̳ similar ‘ to environmental products in terms of required inputs or technologies , as an indicator of their capability to start producing greener products . Finally , the paper also reports findings from an exhaustive survey of green Base-of-Pyramid ( BoP ) innovations to meet the needs of poor consumers . In examining appropriate mixes of policies to foster green innovation , the paper combines insights from the latest relevant policy literature , available data on policy actions and firm-level responses , and selected case studies . These are organized around three complementary policy areas , namely to promote frontier innovation , to promote catch-up innovation , and to develop absorptive capacity . The paper makes the case for a portfolio of green innovation policies that include policy instruments to address the two complementary knowledge and environment-related market failures : both supply-side ̳ technology-push ‘ elements that reduce costs of knowledge creation and adoption as well as demand-side ̳ market-pull ‘ elements that increase net revenues from sales of greener products . While it is not premature to put a green twist on generic innovation policies , for instance that prizes are a preferred policy instrument over patents from a number of dimensions to promote the creation and diffusion of green as opposed to nongreen technologies , there is clearly still considerable progress to be made in ranking green innovation 2", "spans": [{"start": 353, "end": 392, "text": "data on trade in environmental products", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 420, "end": 430, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 728, "end": 759, "text": "survey of green Base-of-Pyramid", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Growing Markets through Business Training for Female Entrepreneurs : A Market-Level Randomized Experiment in Kenya * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > David McKenzie , _Development Research Group , World Bank_ Susana Puerto , _Employment Policy Department , International Labour Organization_ _Keywords : _ Business Training , Spillovers , Microenterprise , Market Development _JEL codes : _ O12 , O17 , J16 , L26 . * We gratefully acknowledge funding provided to this project from the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation ( 3ie ) , Private Enterprise Development in Low-Income Countries ( PEDL ) , the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , the Strategic Research Program ( SRP ) , and the World Bank Jobs Umbrella multi-donor trust fund . Human Subjects Approval was obtained from Innovations for Poverty Action ( IPA , 13February-002 ) and the Maseno University Ethics Review Committee ( MSU / DRPC / MUERC / 000006 / 13 ) . Authority to conduct research in Kenya was provided by the Kenyan Ministry of Science and Technology ( NCST / RCD / 14 / 013 / 553B ) . A preanalysis plan and the associated trial were registered on the AEA Social Science Registry on February 21 , 2014 ( AEARCTR-0000287 ) . We thank Valerie Breda , Faizan Diwan , Bilal Hakeem , Mary Kamore , Virginia Losada , Jane Maigua , Grace Makana , Silvia Paruzzolo , and Miriam Wekesa for their contributions to the study design and implementation , ICRW for their qualitative work , and participants at various seminars for useful comments .", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1175, "text": "AEA Social Science Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * MaryMildred * * < br > * * Wanyonyi , 0GW * * < br > * * Dir . , * * < br > * * StatisticalCo - * * < br > * * ordination & * * < br > * * Methods * * | Ms . MaryWanyonyihasvastexperienceindesigningand < br > conductingsamplesurveys , compilationofofficialstatistics , < br > socio-economicdatabasedevelopmentandenvironment < br > statistics . Shehasawiderangeofexpertiseinpovertyand < br > othersocialstatisticsanalyses . Sheisthe coordinatorforthe < br > NationalStrategyfortheDevelopmentofStatistics * * ( NSDS ) * * < br > andthefocalpersonforthepost * * 2015 * * DevelopmentAgenda < br > onSustainableDevelopmentGoals ( SDGs ) , at * * KNBS . * * < br > SheistheDirectorinchargeofPolicyand Planning , < br > Statistical < br > Standards < br > * * & * * < br > Methods , < br > Research < br > and < br > * * Development , andcoordination * * < sup > * * oftheNationalStatistical * * < / sup > < br > * * System ( NSS ) . She * * isalso < sup > responsiblefortheimplementation < / sup > < br > * * ofKenyaIntegrated * * Household Budget < sup > Surveys andKenya < / sup > < br > * * ContinuousHouseholdSurvey . * * | * * 18 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1121, "text": "ContinuousHouseholdSurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accountability , and performance . Notable examples include the United States and the United Kingdom , who pioneered the release of government data sets in an effort to make government more transparent through platforms such as _data . gov_ and _data . gov . uk_ . Since then , numerous countries have created similar OGD portals to provide a plethora of government information . < sup > 1516 < / sup > At a global level , international institutions and nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) have begun providing technical assistance and capacity building for Open Data initiatives around the world . < sup > 17 < / sup > In particular , the drive toward greater government transparency has been supported by the Open Government Partnership ( OGP ) , which was formed in 2011 to function as “ an international platform for domestic reformers committed to making their governments more open , accountable , and responsive to citizens . ” < sup > 18 < / sup > Likewise , in order to deepen commitments to government transparency , an Open Data Charter was signed in 2013 by the G-8 countries , setting out the principle of “ open by default , ” which has subsequently prompted calls for a “ data revolution ” to take center stage in the post-2015 development agenda , including the dialogue on the Sustainable Development Goals . < sup > 19 < / sup > Other notable initiatives include the Open Data for Development Partnership ( OD4D ) , comprising 65 bi-laterals , multilaterals , foundations , and NGOs ; the Open Data Working Group of the OGP ; the Open Contracting Data Partnership ; and the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data ; as well as tools such as the Open Data Barometer , which provides information on data availability in more than 90 countries . > 11 Ubaldi , B . ( 2013 ) , \" Open Government Data : Towards Empirical Analysis of Open Government Data Initiatives \" , OECD Working Papers on Public Governance , No . 22 , OECD Publishing , Paris . > 12 World Bank , “ OGD for Sustainable Development , ” Transport and ICT Global Practice Policy Note 1 ( 2015 ) . > 13 Ubaldi , B", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 152, "text": "government data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1678, "end": 1697, "text": "Open Data Barometer", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | IN00725069 < br >  Number of women and children who have rec | eived basic nutrition service | s ( Number , Corporate Br | eakdown ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | - - | 52 , 376 , 812 . 00 | 85 , 500 , 000 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Dec-2012 | - - | 01-Jun-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | IN00725070 < br >  Number of deliveries attended by skilled healt | h personnel ( Number , Corpo | rate Breakdown ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | - - | 806 , 078 . 00 | 1 , 240 , 121 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Dec-2012 | - - | 01-Jun-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | # # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * | DLI_IND_ ~ ~ TABLE ~ ~ < br > ► DLI 1 Deliveries a | ttended by skilled birth prov | iders ( Scaled DLI - 1a ) ( Inter | mediate Outcome , 45 , 430 | , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | Value | 10 . 00 | 26 . 00 | 26 . 00 | 40 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 201 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 1", "spans": [{"start": 1143, "end": 1156, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through online or workshop consultations . This indicator is critical to ensure citizen engagement and feedback . | * * Name : * * Share of tax returns < br > filed electronically < br > | Percentage | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | Annual | DGI statistic reports | DGI and ANSIE / PCU | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | Description : Portion of taxpayers who complete and electronically file tax return with the Tax Administration ( DGI ) . This intermediate indicator should reflect improved Page 37 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 251, "text": "DGI statistic reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . 3 Results by worker characteristics * * While the international movement of skilled and highly educated workers is subject to less binding administrative regulations ( many _ad hoc_ visas are currently available for highly skilled workers that want to move internationally ) , primary educated workers and / or those employed in unskilled-intensive occupations suffer more stringent administrative constraints to international mobility . We therefore expect that visa provisions in RTAs stimulate relatively more unskilled workers . To test such an heterogeneous effect of visa provision on migrants with different skills we use the OECD DIOC dataset , < sup > 28 < / sup > and test the effect of visa provisions on skilled _vs_ unskilled immigrants . Based on the occupation of workers , we consider high-skilled those immigrant workers in ISCO occupation 1 ( Managers , senior officials and legislators ) , 2 ( Professionals ) and 3 ( Technicians and associate professionals ) . Conversely , workers in other occupations are classified as low-skilled ( i . e . ISCO occupations 4-9 ) . Results are reported in Table 7 . In line with the intuition , the presence of visa provision in RTAs increases the bilateral stock of low-skilled migrants by 17 . 9 % , and the stock of unskilled immigrants by 9 % . As a robustness check of previous results we use a sector-based definition of workers ’ skills . Namely , we classify as primary educated migrants those employed in low-skill intensive sectors such as : ( i ) agricultural , fishery and related laborers ( ISCO code 92 ) , ( ii ) laborers in mining , construction , manufacturing and transport ( ISCO code 93 ) , and ( iii ) stationary-plant and related operators . Results , reported in Table 8 , show that migration related provisions in RTAs favor in particular migrant workers in primary low-skill intensive sectors ( see columns 1-2 in Table 8 ) . < sup > 29 < / sup > # # – Table 8 about here – All in all , the results in Tables 7 and 8 confirm the intuition that visa provisions in RTAs are beneficial for international migration subject to more binding administrative regulations ( i .", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 660, "text": "OECD DIOC dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "experience ; reforms in the Indian service sectors in the 1990s are another example of such ‘ packaging ’ . < sup > 8 < / sup > This suggests that the evolution of the indicator may well be indicative of more wide-ranging reforms , of which a changed FDI policy stance is an important part . The evolution of Indonesia ’ s service sector ratings in the OECD index since 1997 reflects broad based liberalization in the aftermath of the East Asian crisis , as evidenced by the fall in Indonesia ’ s score across all service sectors between the 1997 and 2003 iterations of the Index . There was little real change from 2003 to 2006 ( Figure 5 ) . Between 2007 and 2010 – taking into account the impact of the 2007 Investment Law and the creation of , and amendments to , the Negative Investment List – there was moderate liberalization across most service sectors , significant liberalization in the hotel & restaurant sector , and a significant increase in restrictiveness in the communications sector . No changes in Indonesia ’ s service sector index rating have been registered since 2010 . > 6 For a detailed description of the index see Kalinova et al , 2010 . > 7 See OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform , paragraph 70 . > 8 The Indian telecommunications sector offers an example . Arnold et al ( 2011 ) report that the National Telecom Policy , announced in 1994 improved the environment for private investment in general . Subsequently , the government opened the long distance sector of the telecom industry to private competition , largely eliminated restrictions on the number of service providers , and relaxed foreign ownership limitations . 7", "spans": [{"start": 353, "end": 363, "text": "OECD index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1030, "end": 1057, "text": "service sector index rating", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex II - Identification of Financial Instability Risks * * Many different approaches have been developed to identify and better understand potential vulnerabilities and systemic risks . Part of the literature focus on early indicator models , while other studies search for the main stylized economic patterns associated with past pre-crisis periods . Both may be useful as tools to identify fragilities and motivate preemptive action before crises . Qualitative and quantitative intelligence can be very useful to better advice and improve policy making , but to determine timing and triggers is more difficult . In general , quantitative indicators are based on aggregate or sectors / institutions data . One set of measures commonly used are the estimates of deviations of variables from their long term trends , e . g . credit to GDP , housing prices and equity prices . Intuitively , as an economy moves away from its trend , the probability of building up imbalances increases , and consequently the chances of a crisis also rise . However , there are doubts about the capacity of these models to produce valid out-of-sample forecasts ( BCBS , 2012 ) – among other reasons because structural changes may be the explanatory factor of the apparently deviation from trend . Another group of indicators uses micro data , e . g . balance sheet data , banks ’ capital and liquidity positions , and distance to default ratios . These Indicators are constructed from medians , means , or correlations . The IMF ’ s early warning exercise ( EWE ) is a systematic effort to combine quantitative analysis of vulnerabilities and transmission channels with feedback from financial professionals , academics and policymakers ( IMF , 2010 ) . The models and indicators are grouped in three main blocks : Sectoral and Market Vulnerabilities ; Country Risk ; and Systemic Implications . The first block assesses external-sector risks ( e . g . cross border capital flows and external imbalances and exchange rate misalignments ) , fiscal risks ( e . g . rollover and financing risks , market perception of sovereign risk , and sensitivity of the public sector to shocks ) , corporate sector risks ( e . g . leverage and liquidity , and profitability )", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 712, "text": "aggregate or sectors / institutions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1339, "end": 1357, "text": "balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* This subcomponent will be comprised of the following activities : ( a ) rehabilitation and upgrading of tourists / visitor facilities , including interpretative services in key destinations ( i . e . Lalibela , Axum , and Addis Ababa and environs ) ; ( b ) signage and trail enhancement proximate to tourism sites ; ( c ) documentation and exhibitions at historic sites ; and ( d ) handicraft development to leverage tourist spending for increased local economic development . * * Sub-component 1 . 3 : Tourism product development . * * The sub-component will finance activities seeking to diversify offerings , with a particular focus on asset inventory in emerging destinations through : ( a ) surveys of vernacular architectural and intangible heritage as well as an inventory of landscape features with potential for tourism development : ( b ) studies on adaptive reuse of vernacular homes and the establishment of a historical district management framework in Axum ; ( c ) technical studies for the development of various products including museums and old houses in Addis Ababa and environs ( e . g . Adadi Mariam , Melka Kunture and Tiya ) ; ( d ) feasibility studies for the development of various tourism products and human resource development plans for the Eastern — including the Somali cluster — and Western routes ; ( e ) diversification of tourism products in and around Harar ; and ( f ) a site development study and tourism development plan in Hadar ( Lucy ’ s site ) and Arte Ele . * * Component 2 : Market Development * * . This component will focus on promotion and marketing activities . It will have the following two sub-components : ( i ) positioning and Prepared by Wubshet Berhanu", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 757, "text": "surveys of vernacular architectural and intangible heritage", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 772, "end": 803, "text": "inventory of landscape features", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 02 < br > 2020-03-31 < br > 20 | 20-03 - | 06 < br > 2021-06-30 | | UG-MOH-156946-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of a firm to < br > Develop a Birth , Death and < br > Adoption Order Registration < br > ( BDAR ) Solution | IDA / 58970 | Component Three : < br > Strengthen Capacity to Scale - < br > up Delivery of Births and < br > Deaths Registration Services | Prior | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > < br > | Under < br > Implementation | 2020-01-31 | 2020-03-03 | 2020-02-10 | | | | 2020-04-15 | | 2021-06-30 | | UG-MOH-162438-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of a Consultancy < br > Services to Develop the < br > Organisational and Functional < br > Structures of the < br > Pharmaceutical Functional in < br > the Health Sector and Costing < br > of the Developed plan | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 31 , 574 . 31 < br > | Signed | 2020-03-10 | 2020-02-27 | 2020-03-20 < br > 2 | 020-01-0 | 3 | | 2020-05-24 < br > 20 | 20-05 - | 04 < br > 2020-11-20 | | UG-MOH-184104-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Conduct Client < br > Satisfaction Survey 2020 for < br > the Health Sector | IDA /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "best of our knowledge , our paper is the first to take stock of IRCs around the world based on a survey involving a large number of economies and covering several aspects of a country ’ s interest rate regime . Our paper also complements recent literature aimed to assess the welfare impact of IRCs at the country level ( e . g . Safavian and Zia , 2018 , and Alper et al . , 2019 , for Kenya ; or Madeira , 2019 , and Schmukler et al . , 2018 , for Chile ) . The remainder of the paper proceeds as follows . The next section describes the data and how they were obtained . It also draws upon our new and comprehensive database to provide a selective overview of key aspects of IRCs collected through the survey . The third section uses the data to provide a preliminary estimation of the degree of bindingness of IRCs by calculating the gap , expressed in real terms , between legal restrictions and actual interest rates . This section also presents pairwise correlations between the degree of IRC bindingness and other dimensions of financial repression . The final section concludes . # * * II . Overview of the Survey Data * * We designed and implemented a survey to collect key features of _de jure_ IRCs on lending and deposit markets around the world . In addition to explicit regulation , governments can and often control interest rates through political pressure , moral suasion , implicit subsidies in various financing support programs , and other interventions . However , given the difficulties to track and measure _de facto_ IRCs in a cross-country setting , we took stock only of legal or _de jure_ IRCs , that is , administered caps or floors to interest rates via explicit regulation . Specifically , we focus on IRCs in lending and deposit markets , acknowledging that _de jure_ restrictions can also apply to interbank and bond markets . The formulation and completion of the survey entailed a number of inter-related steps . Leveraging existing contacts at central banks and financial supervisory authorities , the initial outreach effort targeted the pertinent staff within local regulators and supervisors . However , given the sometimes-elusive nature of", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 141, "text": "survey involving a large number of economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1116, "end": 1127, "text": "Survey Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "augur well for credit quality . Turkish banks may be subject to large credit losses if economic activity slows down , for example , due to business cycle reasons . * * Table * * 27 * * Turkey : Growth of Bank Credit to the Private Sector * * | | * * Relative to the * * | * * Growth of GNP * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Year | Real Credit Growth | Real GNP Growth | Difference | | 1992 | 14 . 3 % | 6 . 4 % | 7 . 9 % | | 1993 | 15 . 3 % | 8 . 1 % | 7 . 2 % | | 1994 | - 32 . 0 % | - 6 . 1 % | - 25 . 9 % | | 1995 | 44 . 0 % | 8 . 0 % | 36 . 0 % | | 1996 | 27 . 7 % | 7 . 1 % | 20 . 6 % | | 1997 | 22 . 5 % | 8 . 0 % | 14 . 5 % | Source : own calculation based on IFS . 21 The level of non-performing loans was reported to have increased sharply during 1998 , as a consequence of adverse economic conditions .", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 680, "text": "IFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "On the surface , it seems that the HR has no effect when coupled with an SSR , as this rule already saves most of the transitory windfalls in the short run . However , the HR prevents the government from increasing consumption over time as the financial returns on the invested assets start to improve the fiscal budget . < sup > 26 < / sup > # * * III . General Baseline Calibration * * In this section , we describe how to calibrate the LTGM-NR to a generic oil exporter for a “ business-as-usual ” baseline simulation . The discussion below intends to be comprehensive and provide a detailed description of the calibration . The general reader that is more interested in how the LTGM-NR works in practice can jump ahead to the Angolan exercise in section IV . The baseline simulation runs from 2021 to 2050 ( though the simulation horizon can be changed ) . “ Flow ” variables are usually calibrated to a 20-year average ( 2000-2019 ) to reduce year-to-year volatility — also , 2019 is before COVID-19 — and slow-moving “ stock ” variables are calibrated to the most recent year available . Many of the parameters are common to the standard LTGM ( indicated with a red cross on Table 2 ) and so are not discussed further here ( see Loayza and Pennings 2018 ) . However , other similar parameters need to be adjusted , as aggregate data sets like the Penn World Tables ( PWT ) do not include a resource sector . The user has the ability to override the default calibration if they have better data . If the data are missing , we suggest using an average within the same income group or region . Table 2 provides an overview of the calibration and data sources . > 26 An equilibrium in the External-Balance submodel is defined as a collection of 12 endogenous trajectories 0 , R 0 D � plus 14 endogenous variables ( that are specific to this submodel ) tt ttii ttii ttjj tt tt tt tt , c tt ttii ttjj 0 tt , e � where with each endogenous variable specified as a function of the exogenous paths � YY , QQ ,", "spans": [{"start": 1353, "end": 1370, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ee of < br > a \" J < br > i AGS bist a es < br > Citation ( a ) below ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > GBIF Occurrence < br > Reports < br > Expert Range Map < br > ( Burgin et al . 2020 ) < br > GBIF Occurrence < br > Mapping Algorithm < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ee f Ye \\ < br > SL ah eT < br > emake wait 7 . ott : — a ote < br > a ithe : . loool < br > O ° e , . ° < br > & : ros a vhs < br > pastas “ Sb re < br > alta ce a | ae . . es | } ae oe < br > he eo ICag ; eo . eSigmaeo \" Resisgficiaioe ! 3 ey Ifo ) 4o ' Sigeee ereSienaun St < br > 4 . f ae . fe ine a < br > Srgoba we orgoba Ve f ordoba < br > iat Oe ma viny > 3 | iD wire BA sone : < br > ae OF Se naif Se < br > @ e ' ~ @ e < br > 4 < br > Mar det Plat erm Peo Mac det Pia } Nf : Mar det Piat < br > % o & % o & < br > seaes oe oe < br > 3oo e e a . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 239, "text": "Expert Range Map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 445 | 0 . 328 | 0 . 470 | 0 . 489 | 0 . 500 | | HH belonged to non-poor group ( T60 ) | HH wealth index generated by Principal < br > Component Analysis . 1 if HH wealth index < br > belonged to upper three quintiles | 0 . 729 | 0 . 445 | 0 . 672 | 0 . 470 | 0 . 511 | 0 . 500 | | * * _Districts : _ * * | | | | | | | | | South | 1 if HH was located at Southern Kerala state | 0 . 328 | 0 . 470 | 0 . 293 | 0 . 456 | 0 . 272 | 0 . 445 | | Central | 1 if HH was located at Central Kerala state | 0 . 181 | 0 . 385 | 0 . 133 | 0 . 340 | 0 . 302 | 0 . 459 | | North | 1 if HH was located at North Kerala state | 0 . 491 | 0 . 501 | 0 . 574 | 0 . 495 | 0 . 426 | 0 . 495 | Source : Author ’ s calculations based on KMS 2013 . 18", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 720, "text": "KMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "‐ disaster expenditure produced annually and submitted to the Budget Department within National Treasury ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > - - | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 27-Nov-2018 < br > - - | 18-Oct-2019 | 30-Sep-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | The draft of the reporting template for streamlining of < br > involved in the DRM has been reviewed and accepte < br > October stakeholders from outside of the NT , includin < br > document or provide further feedback . If the template < br > bodies . The WB will continue to support implementati < br > process to produce an annual expenditure report . | expenditure reports of mi < br > d by the counterparts at t < br > g Accounting Standards < br > is accepted it will be rolle < br > on at agency level as wel | nistries and agencies < br > he NT . On the 16th of < br > Board , will accept the < br > d out for use by relevant < br > l as the consolidation | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * 11 / 3 / 2019 Page 4 of 5", "spans": [{"start": 1040, "end": 1069, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Conversations examined the CRRF capacity to deliver timely humanitarian response with the depth of development programmes as well as doing so without undermining humanitarian principles and accountability . Ensuring that the views of diverse groups ( ex . women youth , children , persons with disabilities , LGBTI ) are reflected in the CRRF was also stressed , as was the need for an effective continuum of protection across borders and throughout the displacement cycle . CRRF implementation examples underscored that people , not structures implement the CRRF . Confusion in the dialogue accentuated the need to translate the CRRF into plain language and make it accessible to the wholeof-society . This should include the application of consistent definitions and appropriately disaggregated data so as to be able to tell stories of change . < sup > 20 < / sup > The need for more awareness raising , conducting outreach , localising the CRRF and following the Principles of Partnership were also discussed . For the sake of clarity , inputs from the NGO community are organised here according to clauses 6-8 from Appendix 1 of the New York declaration . < sup > 21 < / sup > * * Walk the talk - A multi-stakeholder approach in resourcing the comprehensive refugee response * * < sup > * * 22 * * < / sup > This session discussed how cooperation with multilateral donors and private-sector partners can provide resources to Comprehensive Refugee Responses in a prompt , predictable , consistent and flexible manner . It also addressed challenges in the transition from the ‘ business as usual ’ to a new way of working . The Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees opened the discussion , acknowledging that a core challenge to CRRF implementation is the need to be operational very quickly while operating with little money . Impacting the quality and continuity of response , insufficient funding – especially for national NGOs , host communities and local government – was a challenge echoed throughout the Consultations . MENA NGOs reminded participants that refugees themselves share the financial burden of crises , as evidenced by the", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 801, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 7 Page 1 of 7 * * # # * * Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy and Supervision Plan * * # # OVERVIEW * * 1 . * * A prime objective of GEF projects is to serve as learning experiences and to demonstrate different approaches to conservation . This requires that every project include a well-planned monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) program , integral to the project design and instituted from the beginning of the project . Conventional conservation projects often support detailed baseline surveys , without providing resources continue the work or support the institutional and human resource base needed to maintain the effort . ' rhe isolated data from these studies are of limited use . A long-term funding mechanism such as the MBIFCT provides a real opportunity for establishing and implementing a sustainable monitoring program . The other essential factor for ensuring the usefulness of any data collected is incorporation into an accessible database . 2 . This project has four main objectives which must form the core of an M & E strategy : ( 1 ) to promote the long-term conservation and biodiversity value of the BINP and MGNP including , but not limited to , their populations of mountain gorillas and other endangered species ( i . e . , ecological and conservation aspects : see Paras . 9 - 16 below ) , ( 2 ) to promote community development and enhance community welfare in direct support of conservation objectives ( i . e . , socio-economic aspects : see Paras . 17 - 21 below ) , ( 3 ) to demonstrate a novel , highly participatory , institutional mechanism for allocating and disbursing funds for conservation programs ( Para . 24 below ) , and ( 4 ) to test the appropriateness and effectiveness of a trust fund as a financing mechanism for conservation ( Para . 23 below ) . 3 . The greatest challenge is to identify effective and feasible ecological and socio-economic indicators which can provide information on the impact of project interventions , against a background of complex and dynamic systems", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 968, "text": "accessible database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". It also serves to probe the robustness of our main results . We estimate the following specifications : _h_ r h 1 _h_ r _h_ r ( 3 ) mm YY = αα + αα + φφ BBW WWBBWWBB + ωω where _h_ r stands for the cumulative number battles experienced within 20 km or 30 km radius from households ’ residence . All other terms are as defined before . BBW WWBBWWBB Unlike the coarse measure of exposure to conflict in the two DID approaches , which is based on region of residence at the time survey , the granular measures of exposure defined on the basis of distance between location of battle events and households ’ residence is less likely to suffer from misclassification of households into affected and comparison . More specifically , it is highly likely that battles that take place close to a household ’ s residence would affect its food security 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Is Inequality Underestimated in Egypt ? Evidence from House Prices Roy van der Weide , Christoph Lakner and Elena Ianchovichina < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _JEL classification_ : D31 . _Keywords_ : inequality ; top incomes ; house prices ; Egypt . > _ ∗ _ All authors are with the World Bank . Contact information : rvanderweide @ worldbank . org , clakner @ worldbank . org and eianchovichina @ worldbank . org . This is a background paper for the report entitled “ Inequality , Uprisings , and Conflict in the Arab World ” led by the World Bank ’ s Chief Economist Office for the Middle East and North Africa region . The authors wish to thank Guoliang Feng and Youssouf Kiendrebeogo for excellent research assistance . We would like to thank Facundo Alvaredo , Francisco Ferreira , Nadine Ghobrial , Vladimir Hlasny , Aart Kraay , Peter Lanjouw , Branko Milanovic , Thomas Piketty , Martin Ravallion , Paolo Verme and participants of the World Bank workshop on the Arab Inequality Puzzle and the IARIW-CAPMAS Conference “ Experiences and Challenges in Measuring Income , Wealth , Poverty and Inequality in the Middle East and North Africa ” for useful comments . We are grateful to the UK Department for International Development for financial assistance through its Strategic Research Program .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * * EAU OFA-TINA * * # # # # # Kenya National Bureau of Statistics # # # # # * * VIII . Report of the Directors * * The Directors have pleasure in submitting their report together with the financial statements for the year ended June * * 30 , 2016 * * which disclose the state of affairs of the Bureau . # # # # # * * Principal activities * * The Bureau is the principal agency of the Government for collecting , analysing and disseminating statistical data in Kenya and is the custodian of official statistical information . # # # # # * * Results * * The financial performance of the Bureau for the year ended June * * 30 , 2016 * * are set out on page < sup > * * 28 . * * < / sup > # # # # # * * Directors * * The members of the Board of Directors who served during the year and up to the date of this report are set out on page * * 6 . * * # # # # # * * Auditors * * The Auditor General is responsible for the statutory audit of the Bureau in accordance with Section * * 32 * * of the Public Finance Management ( PFM ) Act , 2012 , which empowers the Auditor General to audit or nominate other auditors to carry out the audit on his behalf . * * _25_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 443, "end": 459, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Change principles ( C4C Coordination Group , 2016 ) , and a framework proposed for monitoring and evaluation of the Start Network ’ s progress towards localisation ( Patel , S . , Van Brabant , K . , 2016 ) . 11 As of 9 November , UN OCHA ’ s FTS reports a total of US $ 5 . 5 billion committed / contributed in 2017 in response to the Syria crisis . The funding reported to the online survey conducted as part of this research , therefore , represents approximately 29 % of the total funding reported to FTS . 12 37 % of survey respondents indicated an increase ; 25 % said that the amount passed on had stayed the same ; 17 % indicated a decrease ; and 20 % either did not know or said that the question was not applicable ( amounting to just under 100 % due to rounding down ) . 13 The European Union hosted a conference in Brussels on 4-5 April 2017 – the “ Brussels Conference on Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region ” – co-chaired by the UN and with the governments of Germany , Kuwait , Norway , Qatar and the United Kingdom . 14 Turkey is also a contributor to MADAD fund . https : / / ec . europa . eu / neighbourhood-enlargement / neighbourhood / countries / syria / madad_en 15 Inter-Agency Coordination Lebanon – Mapping of Municipal Support Projects by Social Stability Partners – available at http : / / data . unhcr . org / syrianrefugees / download . php ? id = 14189 16 UNHCR data as of 18 September 2017 . 17 The split of workers within the labour force is approximately 70 % women to 30 % men . 18 At the time of writing , ESSN cash transfers were valued at approximately 120 Turkish Lira per month . 19 IOM , UNFPA , UNHABITAT and UN OCHA also participated and formed part of a technical working group . 20 The Education Cluster in Iraq", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 392, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1396, "end": 1406, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MIS data < br > records . < br > DLR 5 . 3 : Training registry maintained by the IPA and HRMIS data records . < br > DLR 5 . 4 : HRMIS data reports . | | Verification Entity | KACE . | | Procedure | DLR 5 . 0 : Verification of adopted SPAC by-law and subsidiary regulation . < br > DLR 5 . 1 : Verification of recruitment records and competency assessment reports shared biannually by the < br > SPAC and competence-based recruitments recorded by the HRMIS . < br > DLR 5 . 2 : Verification of promotion records and competency assessment reports shared biannually by the < br > SPAC and performance-based promotions recorded by the HRMIS and other digital platforms . < br > DLR 5 . 3 : Verification of digital skill certifying training records shared annually by IPA and digital skill < br > credentials recorded by the HRMIS and other digital platforms . < br > DLR 5 . 4 : Cross-validation of HRMIS and other digital platforms data reports with SPAC Assessment Center < br > interview and evaluation records and IPA trainingassessment reports . | | * * DLI 6 on the establish * * | * * ment of digital health standards across a national Health Information Exchange ( HIE ) * * | | Formula | * * Scalable . * * The DLI disburses upto US $ 29 million across the three followingDLRs : | Page | XLV", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "MIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Anyone will be able to submit a grievance , comments or suggestions to the subproject coordination office if they believe the construction activity is having a detrimental impact on the environment , community or on their quality of life in any way , The grievance resolution process as presented in PRIME-1 * * - SEP * * report involves the following main steps : - _Receipt of grievances : _ anyone from the affected communities or believing to be affected * * by * * the subproject can submit a grievance ( written , verbal , telephone , etc . as chosen * * by * * the complainant ) . Anonymous complaints will also be accepted . - _Registering the complaint_ Any comments or concerns can be brought to the attention of the Subproject verbally or in writing or * * by * * filling in a grievance form , including anonymously . The focal point ( to be assigned at each subproject site ) who received the complaint will use the GRM logbook for registering . - Grievance information will be recorded in a grievance log . This information will include : - Stakeholder name and contact details ; - Details of the nature of the grievance ; - Date received , responded to and closed out ; and - How it was submitted , acknowledged , responded to and closed out . - _Referral and examination of complaints : _ a GRM Committee shall be established at each PRIME-1 subproject implementation site / Kebele ( comprising of members from * * EEP , * * PAPs , elders , a representative from Woreda Women , Youth and Children Affairs office , etc . ) who will examine the complaint , resolve , or refer . - _Notifying the complainant : the_ decision / solution / action * * by * * the grievance committee shall be communicated to the complainant , * * 8-15 * * days from receipt of the grievance ) . - _Closing the complaint_ where the decision / solution of the complaint is accepted * * by", "spans": [{"start": 928, "end": 939, "text": "GRM logbook", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The minimum wage is an increasingly popular policy tool globally . Studies on countries of various income levels and stages of development find that minimum wages boost labor income by raising wages in the formal sector , thereby lessening deprivation ( de Janvry and Sadoulet , 1996 ; Devereux , 2005 ; Bird and Manning , 2008 ; Gindling and Terrell , 2010 ; Lustig and McLeod , 1997 ; Saget , 2001 ) . Such labor wage regulations are intended to improve workers ’ welfare , but a rise in labor costs can reduce the number of employees firms have the capacity to hire and retain , and can squeeze profit margins to such a degree that firms ’ survival may be at risk ( Draca , Machin , and van Reenen , 2011 ) . The minimum-wage literature on firm-level responses has been growing in high-income countries in recent years , but it remains quite sparse for developing countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > In addition , due to data limitations , firm-level outcomes are typically analyzed in isolation from worker-level outcomes . The issue warrants greater attention ; firm-level responses and welfare effects of the minimum wage may be different in developing-country settings , given prevailing labor-market characteristics , such as weak allocative efficiency , low firm productivity , and high informality . This paper addresses this gap by studying the effects of raising the minimum wage on formal firm destruction , and the accompanying impacts on informal and informal employment in the context of a developing economy . We analyze the repercussions of this increase by using an extremely rich , employer-employee-match dataset that covers the universe of registered private firms and formal workers in Turkey . < sup > 2 < / sup > This enables us to look jointly at the impacts of the minimum wage on firms and workers . We supplement this with data from a nationally representative survey on labor-market outcomes of the Turkish population ; these data include representative samples of those who are employed ( in formal and informal work ) , and those who are unemployed or out of the labor force . We estimate the effects of the minimum", "spans": [{"start": 1625, "end": 1656, "text": "employer-employee-match dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1887, "end": 1944, "text": "nationally representative survey on labor-market outcomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 44 J . C . Duque , N . Lozano-Gracia , J . E . Patino , P . Restrepo , W . Velazquez / LCR Flagship Report on Cities and Productivity 1996 population census results . Cities 18 ( 3 ) , 135 – 149 . The World Bank ( 2017 ) World Development Indicators 2017 . Available at : http : / / data . worldbank . org / data-catalog / world-development-indicators - Tsai , Y . H . , 2005 . Quantifying Urban Form : Compactness Versus ‘ Sprawl ’ . Urban Stud . 42 ( 1 ) , 141 – 161 . - UN-Habitat . ( 2012 ) . _State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities 2012 , Towards a new urban transition_ . Naples : UN-Habitat . - United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division ( 2014 ) . World Urbanization Prospects : The 2014 Revision , Highlights ( ST / ESA / SER . A / 352 ) . UNEP-WCMC ( 2016 ) . World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1 . 4 . UNEP-WCMC : Cambridge , UK . Available at : http : / / wcmc . io / WDPA_Manual - Wheeler CH ( 2001 ) Search , sorting , and urban agglomeration . _Journal of Labour Economics_ 19 : 879 – 899 Whyte , W ( 1968 ) . The Last Landscape , Garden City , NY : Doubleday . - Wu , J . , Ma , L . , Li , W . , Peng , J . , & Liu , H . ( 2014 ) . Dynamics of urban density in china : Estimations based on DMSP / OLS nighttime light data . _IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing_ , _7_ ( 10 ) , 4266 – 4275 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1109 / JSTARS . 2014 . 2367131 - Zhang , Q . , & Seto , K . C . ( 2011 ) . Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal DMSP / OLS nighttime light data . _Remote Sensing of Environment_ , _115_ ( 9 ) , 2320 – 2329 . https : / /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stays in the less risky , less demanding Mexican-side jobs that permit easier balancing of family responsibilities ( Zabin and Hughes 1995 ) . The literature does stress the importance of accumulated networking that appears to have caused some Mexican states to generate a disproportionate number of US bound migrants . To the degree possible , we controlled for such effects in the domestic regressions and , as detailed below , make additional adjustments in the simulations . A second concern is whether the US variables are too “ out of sample ” to really treat the US as a “ 33 < sup > rd < / sup > Mexican State . ” In fact , as table 4 shows , the ratio of the per capita income of Mexico ’ s richest state , the D . F . relative to its poorest is about 6 . 4 in nominal or 5 . 6 in real terms while the ratio of the average for the US relative to the D . F . is only about 1 . 9 or 1 . 5 PPP adjusted . That is , in terms of development the US is closer to Mexico City than Mexico City is to Chiapas . Nor are wage differentials radically different . The ratio of the Hispanic real wage in the US to the mean wage of the DF adjusted for PPP is roughly the same as the ratio of the real DF wage to that in Chiapas . There may be some concern about the importance of the border representing fundamentally different “ transport costs . ” In fact , the evidence is strong that this is more a difference in magnitude than kind . Donato , Durand and Massey ( 1992 ) argue that “ our data from Mexico reveal a fairly high probability of apprehension by INS combined with a near-certain probability of ultimately entering the United States . ” ( p 152 ) and that “ _every_ migrant who attempted a border crossing , whether apprehended or not , eventually gained entry ” p 155 italics theirs . This suggests that border control serves more as a tariff than a quota . The costs of movement are substantially different , but perhaps not so much as", "spans": [{"start": 1485, "end": 1501, "text": "data from Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quarters of households in Kariobangi Informal Settlement have their access roads as earth / un-paved . Subsequently , during the rainy season , movement within the Settlement is impaired . > 23 CAS Consultants Ltd . ; and , IPE Global Private Ltd . 2012 . Socio-Economic Survey of Informal Settlements in Nairobi ( KCC and Kayole Soweto ) . Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project , Ministry of Land , Housing and Urban Development – Government of the Republic of Kenya . Nairobi , Kenya 18 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 312, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey of Informal Settlements in Nairobi", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "again in March 2006 ( Appendix C . 3 ) . Two of these sites will be lost to construction , one on each side of the river at the embankment site , referred to as Embankment East and Embankment West . The third site was on the east bank near Bujagali Falls . All of these areas are essentially agricultural , with smallholdings predominating . Trees are common in most of the area with many of them being planted . _Ficus_ and _Markhamia lutea_ are commonly planted species ( Anderson , 1994 ) . At the Bujagali site there are several hectares without trees . These lands are grassy and heavily grazed . The northern part of the Embankment East site also has several hectares without trees as the land is farmed . Such habitats are widespread in this part of Uganda . A simple jack-knife method ( Krebs , 1989 ) allowed an estimate to be made of the total numbers of species recorded at a site , based on an infinite number of counts . For the three sites separately , this estimate was about 63 species , whilst combining the data for all three resulted in an estimate of about 92 ( Table 3 . 10 ) . * * R . J . * * Burnside International Limited * * I-A 10045 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1043, "text": "data for all three", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8578 # * * Abstract * * An extensive literature on poverty traps suggests that high levels of poverty deter growth . However , a seemingly basic implication of the underlying theoretical models , namely that countries suffering from higher levels of poverty should grow less rapidly , has remained untested . A parallel literature has suggested a variety of mechanisms through which inequality may affect growth in opposing directions . Because inequality and poverty are different aspects of the income distribution , inequality can also affect growth through poverty , an indirect channel that has not been explicitly analyzed . This paper contributes to fill both gaps . Using a large cross-country panel data set , it estimates a reduced-form growth equation adding both inequality and poverty to an otherwise standard set of growth determinants . Given inequality , the correlation of growth with poverty is consistently negative . In contrast , given poverty , the correlation of growth with inequality can be positive or negative , depending on the empirical specification and econometric approach used . Yet , the indirect effect of inequality on growth through its correlation with poverty is robustly negative . Closer inspection shows that these results are driven by the sample observations featuring high ( but not extremely high ) poverty rates . These empirical findings are consistent with the predictions from an analytical framework with learning-by-doing and knowledge spillovers , in which consumers cannot save and invest if their initial endowment is below a minimum consumption level . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at serven @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished .", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 746, "text": "large cross-country panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 4 * * * * Gini coefficient of household per capita income , skilled-unskilled and highschool-dropouts wage premiums . 16 LA countries , 1989-2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . 6 . 8 1 1 . 2 1 . 4 1 . 6 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 < br > Wage Premium , Skilled-Unskilled Wage Premium , Highschool-Dropouts < br > . 65 . 65 < br > . 6 . 6 < br > . 55 . 55 < br > . 5 . 5 < br > Gini Coefficient HPCI Gini Coefficient HPCI < br > . 45 . 45 < br > . 4 . 4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 27", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 551, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | | | Access to finance | What percentage of the start-up capital of the business came from each of the | 9 . 5 % | | | | Share of investment financed externally | | 12 . 6 % | | | Whatpercentage ofyour sales are made on credit ? | 17 . 9 % | 30 . 9 % | | Connectivity to global knowledge | Does your firm use the internet ? | 20 . 5 % | 45 . 4 % | | | Has the firm used a consulting service in the last 3 years ? | 8 . 9 % | | | | Whatpercentage ofyour sales are made to the following : { Foreign firms } | 1 . 4 % | | | Sample size | | 610 | 609 | Source : 2009 SLLSE ( Booster Sample ) and 2011 WBES . Some questions differ slightly across survey-years . * * Table 10 : Firm-level Innovation and the Business Environment in Sri Lanka * * | | * * ( 1 ) * * | * * ( 2 ) * * < br > * * In the last three years * * < br > * * itdd * * | * * ( 3 ) * * < br > * * , has this establishment * * < br > * * itdd * * | * * ( 4 ) * * < br > * * : * * < br > * * itdd * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Dependent variable ( 0 / 1 indicator ) : * * < br > * * * * Probit coefficients displayed * * | * * introduced new * * < br > * * products or * * < br > * * services ? * * | * * nrouce any new or * * < br > * * significantly improved * * < br > * * methods of manufacturing * * < br > * * products or offering * * < br > * * services ? * *", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 571, "text": "2009 SLLSE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 595, "end": 604, "text": "2011 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ employment opportunities may be offered to other members of Subproject affected communities at large . # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 Special Assistance for Vulnerable Groups * * Special assistance measures will provide vulnerable groups with a safety net . The special assistance measures do not substitute compensation and other income restoration measures to which vulnerable groups are entitled like all other PAPs . The special assistance measures are additional to these . The types of vulnerable groups identified based on the census data are female-headed households ( FHHs ) , elderly and chronically ill heads of households . FHHs are labour-short , because they have no husband / partner to support with farming tasks . The combined number of these vulnerable groups of PAHs is 134 . The types of special assistance measures for vulnerable groups include cash support : food security assistance , health assistance and additional relocation assistance ( Please see Table 11 . 4 ) . The types and number of vulnerable PAPs and the special assistance measures needed from EEP to overcome the challenges of coping with new realities are summarised in Table 11 . 4 . Table 11 . 5 : Number of Vulnerable PAPs and Recommended Assistance Measures | * * Group * * | * * Number * * < br > * * of HHs * * | * * Duration * * | * * Types of Special * * < br > * * Assistance Needed * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Elderly Male headed households ( MHHs ) < br > ( elderly people aged 65 and above ) | 44 | | ▪ Food support / security < br > assistance | | Elderly & Female Household Heads ( FHHs ) < br > Female Household Heads ( FHHs ) | 32", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 688, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "incorporating a machine learning approach and expanding the analysis to the LAC region . This fills a geographical gap raised by some authors ( see Rizzo , 2021 ) , who also point out the predominance of macro-level , case-based studies that fail to account for citizens ' individual perspectives . Most importantly , our work provides an innovative approach to analyzing the relationship between political trust and citizen participation by investigating nonlinearities and complexities in the way explanatory variables interact and have an impact on the dependent variable — that is , citizen participation in the various forms considered in this study . Looking beyond linearity and simple relationships imposed by traditional econometric models can provide deeper insights into the complexity of such sociopolitical relationships . More concretely , basic Logit models — used as baseline for our analysis — need to be supplemented by decision trees and regularization methods such as Lasso . These methods are especially useful in predicting whether or not an individual in the Latin America and Caribbean region will participate politically based on her trust in government institutions and socioeconomic characteristics . < sup > 4 < / sup > Traditional Logit models are unable to detect complex nonlinear interactions between independent variables . < sup > 5 < / sup > In order to overcome this limitation , we advance the use of decision tree models , which are especially useful for disentangling complex , nonlinear patterns between explanatory variables that influence the outcome variable . Our key finding is that trust variables predict political participation in non-linear ways . Trust is a significant driver of participation for an individual only after certain levels of education , age , and political interest are combined with experiences of discrimination and violence . We rely on data from the Latinobarómetro 2020 and explore the existence of a relationship between trust in government and citizen participation in the LAC region . We also investigate the extent to which additional factors ( for example , socioeconomic , demographic , and attitudinal ) might be influencing citizen participation . A large body of literature has identified socioeconomic status as the primary factor determining citizen participation . In this literature , the higher an individual ’ s socioeconomic level , the greater their", "spans": [{"start": 1920, "end": 1940, "text": "Latinobarómetro 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Despite these concerns , nightlights have several advantages as a data source . They are globally available , providing coverage even in regions where economic data might be scarce or unreliable . Nightlights also have a standard spatial resolution and time intervals , which allows for consistent comparisons over time and across different geographic areas . When processed and interpreted correctly , taking into account the potential limitations and biases , nightlight data can indeed serve as a useful proxy for the intensity of economic activity ( Gibson et al . , 2021 ) . 2 . Relationship between disaster and conflict-affected population traction over the past decade ( Siddiqi , 2018 ) , specifically focusing on co-location and causation debates associated with climate-related hazards , violent and armed conflict , and insecurity ( Gemenne et al . , 2014 ; Gleditsch , 2012 ) . Often , previous studies have focused on the impacts of disasters on conflicts – whether they exacerbate existing conflicts , ignite new ones , or in some cases halt ongoing conflicts ( Nel & Regharts , 2008 ; Schleussner et al . , 2016 ; Slettebak , 2012 ; Ghimire et al . , 2015 ; Nardulli et al . , 2015 ) . Due to such uncertain impacts of disasters and disaster recovery effort on conflicts , other studies explore how disaster risk reduction and recovery measures should be done differently in conflict contexts ( Brzoska , 2018 ; Peters et al . , 2019 ; World Bank , 2016 ) . attention has been given to understanding and quantifying the influences of conflicts on disaster impacts – the additional economic impacts of disasters should they take place in conflict areas and its effect on conflict-affected population – as well as the causal pathways and mechanisms behind such additional impacts . The absence of comprehensive economic data and ground truth data to validate disaster impacts , coupled with the complexity of defining conflict-affected populations are among the scientific challenges prohibiting analyzing the influence of conflicts on disaster impacts . This paper seeks to address this gap and support further quantitative analyses on the additional impact on households ’ welfare and nations ’ economic growth in countries experiencing these compounded crises . # Empirical strategy # Data density", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 477, "text": "nightlight data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1825, "end": 1838, "text": "economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1843, "end": 1860, "text": "ground truth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "41 The project books of accounts provide the basis for preparation of the PFSs by the project implementing agency and are established to reflect the financial transactions in respect of the project . The implementing agency maintains adequate internal controls and supporting documentation for transactions . # * * 3 . PREPARATION OF ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS * * The responsibility for the preparation of financial statements including adequate disclosure is that of implementing agency . The agency is also responsible for the selection and application of accounting policies . The agency would prepare the PFSs in accordance with a modified cash basis whereby non-monetary assets are expensed when acquired and monetary assets and liabilities are carried at fair value . The auditor is responsible for forming and expressing opinions on the financial statements . The auditor would carry out the audit of the project in accordance with the International Standards on Auditing ( ISA ) , as promulgated by the International Federation of Accountants ( IFAC ) . As part of the audit process , the auditor may request from the implementing agency written confirmation concerning representations made in connection with the audit . # * * 4 . SCOPE OF THE AUDIT * * As stated above , the audit of the project will be carried out in accordance with International Standards on Auditing ( ISA ) promulgated by the International Federation of Accountants ( IFAC ) and will include such tests and auditing procedures as the auditor will consider necessary under the circumstances . Special attention should be paid by the auditor as to whether the : - ( a ) World Bank financing ( and all external financing where the World Bank is not the only financier ) has been used in accordance with the conditions of the relevant financing agreement , with due attention to economy and efficiency , and only for the purposes for which the financing was provided – please see < _state here the_ r _elevant financing agreements > ; _ - ( b ) Counterpart funds have been provided and used in accordance with the relevant financing agreements , with due attention to economy and efficiency , and only for the", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 32, "text": "project books of accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 20 * * % , affectant * * 601 800 enfants * * ( Cf . Cluster Education ) . Si une baisse des violations est constatée au niveau général par le système de monitoring de protection , pour les enfants , on note une augmentation des atteintes à l ’ intégrité physique et / ou psychique ; 463 cas ( 60 % de filles ) ont été rapportés au premier trimestre 2025 , correspondant à une augmentation de 108 % par rapport au dernier trimestre 2024 et 160 % par rapport au premier trimestre 2024 . Ces types d ’ atteintes représentaient 49 % des violations documentées contre les enfants au premier trimestre 2025 et 47 % au dernier trimestre 2024 . Une augmentation importante de la proportion de la violence psychologique / émotionnelle est constatée , passant de 18 % des incidents au premier trimestre 2024 , à 34 % au quatrième trimestre 2024 et 41 % au premier trimestre 2025 . Par ailleurs , le rapport du Secrétaire Général des Nations Unies ( SGNU ) sur les enfants et le conflit armé au Mali , publié le 09 janvier 2025 , indique une augmentation de 23 % du nombre d ’ enfants tués entre avril 2023 et mars 2024 par rapport à avril 2022 et mars 2023 . < sup > vi < / sup > Le prochain rapport dont la publication est prévue en juin 2025 pourrait confirmer cette tendance . Les groupes armés sont les principaux responsables des attaques contre les civils et les biens de caractère civil . Les bandits armés et les individus armés non identifiés profitent de la situation d ’ insécurité", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 179, "text": "système de monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "level which is at 72 . 2 % according to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2016 statistical abstract . There were more primary dropouts in both districts as compared to tertiary or university graduates . An indication that the projects should design programs that cater for such and emphasis should be placed on use of illustrations more that written texts . Given the level of education in the project area it is suggested that communication about project activities should mainly be in the local language . The level of education attained by an individual indirectly translated into coping < u > abilities in the event of financial ( livelihood ) loss . < / u > * * Figure 3 : level of education for Figure 4 : level of education for household heads in Kiruhura household heads in Mbarara * * * * _Source : Field Data from social economic survey in October 2017_ * * A total of 25 primary and 4 secondary schools were recorded along the entire stretch of the proposed power line stretch . The level of education gives an 26", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 844, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EUSILC and tax data ( 5 % and over 20 % , respectively < sup > 17 < / sup > ) , we focus only on full-time employees . The outcome of this comparison is presented in Table 5 . * * In July 2020 , a relatively large proportion of all full-time employees in the tax administration dataset earned a minimum wage or less compared to the EU-SILC . * * In tax admin data , in July 2020 , only a tiny About 24 . 7 % fraction ( 2 . 7 % ) of all full-time employees earned less than 95 % of the minimum wage . earn between 95 % and 105 % of the minimum wage . Thus , the share of minimum wage earners is at 27 . 4 % . In the EU-SILC data , the share of minimum wage earners is significantly lower , at 11 . 95 % . In the imputed EU-SILC , the share of minimum wage earners is between EU-SILC and tax data , which equals 23 . 04 % . * * Results presented in Table 8 suggest that the share of minimum wage earners estimated based on tax data may be biased upwards . * * However , even if the actual share of minimum wage earners is lower than in tax data , it is still among the highest in the European Union . The lower share of minimum wage earners in EU-SILC data and imputed EU-SILC data may also be explained by the fact that income is measured annually . Thus , some employees who earned minimum wage for part of the year are not in the minimum wage threshold for the whole year . * * Our estimates on the share of minimum wage earners in the survey data are close to estimates based on other surveys . * * For example , Eurostat , based on EU-SILC 2018 , estimated the share of minimum wage earners in Romania to be 13 % for men and 18 % for women . Based on the Structure of Earnings Survey 2018 , Eurostat estimated the share of minimum wage earners to be 13 % . < sup > 18 < / sup > > 17 The higher share", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 6, "text": "EUSILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 259, "end": 285, "text": "tax administration dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 349, "end": 363, "text": "tax admin data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 719, "end": 726, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 794, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1142, "end": 1154, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1437, "end": 1448, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1535, "end": 1547, "text": "EU-SILC 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1658, "end": 1691, "text": "Structure of Earnings Survey 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Observations | 1010349 | 1010349 | 1010349 | 1010349 | 1010349 | 1010349 | | Firms | 63971 | 63971 | 63971 | 63971 | 63971 | 63971 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on Orbis dataset . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . RCA is a standard measure of comparative advantages of Germany versus Poland and the world . All measures of German influence refer to the period 1994-2004 . Regressions consider only firms established before 2004 . Standard errors in parentheses clustered at 2-digit industry level . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level , and * * * 1 % level . 34", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 277, "text": "Orbis dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the financing agreement for Credit No . 5181 between the Republic of Kenya and the International Development Association * * ( IDA ) , * * the closing date for withdrawal of the project funds as per the financing agreement was * * 31 * * December , * * 2018 * * which but was later extended to * * 30 * * October , 2020 . However , as at the time of the audit , only Kshs . 7 , 336 , 387 , 623 or about * * 70 % * * out of the total available funds under the Project of Kshs . 10 . 5 billion had been withdrawn to finance activities . Further , a review of the payments records showed that cumulatively a total of Kshs . 7 , 230 , 389 , 747 had been paid comprising of Kshs . 3 , 157 , 191 , 596 and Kshs . 4 , 073 , 198 , 152 on purchase of goods and services and construction costs respectively . The fund balance of Kshs . 3 , 269 , 610 , 253 may not be adequate to finance the remainder of the project activities . In addition , it has not been clarified why the Management has not utilized the available project funds to implement the outstanding project activities and settle the pending claims . Further , considering that it has taken about seven * * ( 7 ) * * years to utilize approximately * * 70 % * * of the funds available under the project , it is unlikely that the remaining balance will be utilized within the remainder of the extended project period which is less than two ( 2 ) years . As a result , the project objectives and goals may not be achieved as planned owing to the low project funds absorption . _Report ofthe Auditor-General on Judicial Perfbrmance Improvement Project_ * * _-_ * * _IDA Credit No . 5181 - KE for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , _ * * _2019 - _ * * _The Judi", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 577, "text": "payments records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "three million . In Côte d ’ Ivoire , the estimates increased from 38 , 000 to 709 , 000 as a result of a survey undertaken in the country and UNHCR ’ s expanded involvement as protection cluster lead . The UNHCR Office in Colombia reported the largest number of IDPs < sup > 18 < / sup > , some three million , by the end of 2006 . With more than 660 , 000 of them newly displaced during 2006 , the number of Iraqi internally displaced persons rose to more than 1 . 8 million by the end of the year . In the > 18 The difficulties associated with accuracy in IDP statistics in Colombia have been highlighted in a landmark judgment by the Constitutional Court of that country , which pointed to serious discrepancies between the real magnitude of the situation and the figures of the national registration system . In its Order of Compliance to the Landmark Judgment on Displacement , the Court cites the Director of the _Agencia Presidencial de Acción Social y la Cooperación Internacional_ as having acknowledged in public statements that IDP figures in Colombia are close to 3 million ( Order of Compliance 218 , dated 11 August 2006 , related to the Landmark Judgment T-025 ) . * * _12_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 137, "text": "survey undertaken in the country", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 558, "end": 572, "text": "IDP statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 782, "end": 810, "text": "national registration system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may refer to the number of people who are actually receiving such assistance . # # * * _Operational problems_ * * According to a recent paper presented to UNHCR ’ s Executive Committee , the world ’ s most affluent states , with all of their resources and technological sophistication , “ have great difficulty in answering or are not able to provide an answer to the simple question , ‘ how many refugees are living in the country ’ . ” “ Similarly , ” the paper continues , “ information is generally lacking on essential characteristics of the refugee population , for example , country of origin and sex . ” < sup > 13 < / sup > If it has proved so difficult for the industrialized states to provide a comprehensive statistical picture of the refugees on their territory , then it should come as no surprise to discover that refugee statistics in developing regions of the world are also lacking in detail and reliability . The only real exception to this rule is to be found in South-East Asia , where the majority of Vietnamese boat people were kept in closed camps and carefully counted from the day of their arrival to the day of their resettlement or repatriation . Many of the world ’ s largest refugee and returnee populations are now to be found in poor and unstable states such as Guinea , Liberia , Sierra Leone and Zaire . In such societies , the authorities simply do not have the capacity to collect high-quality refugee statistics . And while UNHCR has sought to fill this gap , the organization is poorly equipped and inadequately resourced for this task , especially in emergency situations . In several recent refugee crises , very limited numbers of UNHCR field staff have been confronted with movements of half a million refugees or more , across large geographical areas and in some of the most remote , weakly administered and environmentally hostile territories on earth . In such circumstances , the obstacles to effective enumeration are legion . Refugees may enter a country of asylum at numerous different points along a border . They may arrive in such", "spans": [{"start": 829, "end": 847, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 . Individual average profitability with fibre boat over individual average profitability with katumeran for 25 households for which sales data is available for both katumeran and fibre boat fishing . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > MU1 < br > 12 < br > 11 < br > 10 < br > 9 < br > 8 < br > 7 8 9 10 11 12 < br > MU0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 2 . Adoption date over realized absolute income change for 25 households for which sales data is available for both katumeran and fibre boat fishing . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > corr_dat e_f b1_num < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > - 10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 < br > ydi f < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 471, "text": "sales data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "initiated by the United Nations led to the preparation of guidelines for refugee and IDP statistics including poverty statistics . The United Nations Statistical Commission ( UNSC ) established in 2016 an international Expert Group on Refugee and Internally Displaced Persons Statistics ( EGRIS ) made of national and international organizations and several expert statisticians . This process has produced two main documents : The International Recommendations on Refugee Statistics ( EGRIS , 2018 ) , and the International Recommendations on IDP Statistics ( EGRIS , 2020 ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > The first document recommends measuring the proportion of population below the international poverty line among the social inclusion indicators ( indicator 1 . 1 . 1 ) , and the second document recommends measuring the proportion of population living below the national poverty line among the livelihoods and economic self-reliance indicators ( indicator 1 . 2 . 1 ) . While not specifically focused on poverty , these documents recognize the importance of measuring poverty among FDPs and provide general indications on the indexes to measure and the data necessary to measure such indexes . In 2022 , monetary poverty was identified as one of the 12 priority SDG indicators that should be measured and disaggregated for both refugees and IDPs ( UNHCR , 2020 ) , with the recommendation being picked up by the IAEG-SDG ( 2019 ) . As already mentioned , the UNHCR has started to introduce standards for the measurement of well-being of FDPs while the new World Bank-UNHCR Joint Data Center established in Copenhagen is expected to develop and fund further methodological advancements as well as playing a pivotal role in the production of poverty data for displaced populations especially through National Statistics Offices . Also other organizations such as WFP and IOM are developing their own standards for surveying FDPs and measuring various well-being indicators . # Conclusion The paper provided a first insight into the state of the literature on the measurement of poverty among FDPs . We argued that the economics profession and poverty specialists across the social sciences largely neglected these populations for a combination of factors including lack of interest and microdata . This changed with the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011 and the peak", "spans": [{"start": 1738, "end": 1750, "text": "poverty data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) # * * The World Bank * * * * Table 4 . 2 : Program Systems and Capacity Improvements * * | * * # * * < br > * * Risk * * | * * Mitigation Action * * | * * Action by Date * * | * * Type of * * < br > * * Action * * | * * Respon * * < br > * * sibility * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * < br > Budget cuts resulting to inadequate funds to fund the < br > program | Government to ensure adequate funds are available to fund the program < br > byaddressinganyfund shortfalls and budget cuts | 1 < br > July < br > 2022 < br > and < br > continuous thereafter | PAP | MoE / NT | | * * 2 * * < br > Delays in release of funds by the National Treasury to < br > MoE | Timely release of funds Exchequer to the Implementing Entities | 1 < br > July < br > 2022 < br > and < br > continuous thereafter | PAP | NT | | Delays in release of funds by MoE to Counties and to < br > schools | Timely release of funds by MoE | | | MoE | | * * 3 * * < br > Limited capacity in terms of staff given the wide audit < br > universe - the whole Ministry operations and at times < br > funding issues for impeding the effectiveness of the < br > internal audit function especiallyfor countyaudits | Ensure provision of adequate resources including for follow up audits < br > especially to the counties that seems not to be done . < br > Use of IT ( see below on NEMIS ) for audit such that one can audit partly <", "spans": [{"start": 1423, "end": 1428, "text": "NEMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - * * Setting up time ‐ limited programs * * . It is important that the incentives are sustainable and reflect market conditions . Applying sunset provisions creates the need to regularly evaluate whether the incentive should be continued or not . Making incentives time ‐ limited also mitigates the risk that they will become entitlements for firms . # * * Country Example 4 . Malaysia : Tax incentives aim to train women and encourage them to return to the workforce * * < sup > 5657 < / sup > * * Program : * * In 2013 , the Malaysian government began offering tax incentives to encourage employers to train women who have re ‐ entered the workforce after a career break ( e . g . for childcare purposes ) . The incentive was available when a company hires a woman for a managerial role who has been out of the workforce for at least two years and provided her with a career development program designed by TalentCorp , a government partner responsible for addressing workforce talent needs in Malaysia . In conjunction , TalentCorp developed a database of female professionals intending to return to work , > 52 “ The Role of Incentives on Job Training . ” > 53 Duanjie , “ Framework for Assessing Tax Incentives : A Cost Benefit Analysis Approach . ” > 54 “ Options for Low Income Countries ’ Effective and Efficient Use of Tax Incentives for Investment . ” > 55 M Andersen , B Kett , and E von Uexkull , “ Corporate Tax Incentives and FDI in Developing Countries , ” World Bank : Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2017 / 18 ( Washington DC , 2017 ) . > 56 “ PM Announces New Measures To Optimise On Malaysian Graduate And Women Talent , ” May 29 , 2012 , https : / / www . talentcorp . com . my / media ‐ centre / press ‐ office / press ‐ releases ‐ and ‐ statement / pm ‐ announces ‐ new ‐ measures ‐ to ‐ optimise ‐ on ‐ malaysian ‐ graduate ‐ and ‐ women ‐ talent . > 57 Jamny Rosli , “ Minister : One ‐ Year Tax Break for Women Rejoining", "spans": [{"start": 1050, "end": 1082, "text": "database of female professionals", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using HBS data presents some challenges , the main one being the absence of data or responses that match exactly with the hypotheses we made in this paper . For instance , the HBS does not collect information related to transaction and search costs . Moreover , the data set that is available to us is a household data set , and does not include any information about local assets and conditions . This will require us to use proxies in some instances without sacrificing the robustness of the analysis and the precision of the results . # * * 5 . 0 The analysis * * The 2007 HBS indicates that distances to the markets have been increasingly affecting rural prices . Figures 3 and 4 below show that in 2000 / 01 maize prices remained constant as household distance to markets increased . But by 2007 , the price of maize had become more responsive to distances decreasing the further the households were from the market . This implies that maize growing households that live further away from markets have become more vulnerable . It may also partly explain why the HBS recorded a decline in rural consumption by the bottom ten percent of the rural population . _Figures 3 and 4 : Farm gate price of maize and distance to market_ # * * Maize flour * * # * * Maize grain * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 500 < br > 400 2007 < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > 2000 / 01 < br > 100 < br > 0 < br > 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 < br > Distance to market ( km ) < br > Price per kg of maize flour < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 250 < br > 2007 < br > 200 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 2000 / 01 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 < br > Distance to market", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 14, "text": "HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 304, "end": 322, "text": "household data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 571, "end": 579, "text": "2007 HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction and Summary Findings * * This paper examines the ways in which lower-income households obtain basic financial services in urban communities in the United States and in Mexico . In addition , the paper discusses the efforts that private sector and government organizations are making to lower the cost or improve the quality of those services . The goal of the paper is to summarize available information on these issues and to assess the rationale and challenges facing the strategies that both countries are employing to improve the financial services available to lower-income households . In the paper , we give particular attention to “ unbanked ” households , by which we strictly mean households that do not have deposit accounts with any regulated deposit-taking institution . But we also use the term more broadly to include lower-income households that use high-cost informal-sector non-bank lenders when they seek consumer loans . In many cases , these are unbanked households , but they may also include households with deposit accounts . As noted above , our emphasis in the paper is on lower-income households living in large urban areas . Two considerations explain this focus . First , in both countries , the best survey data on the use of financial services among lower-income households applies only to urban areas . Second , while there are undoubtedly many similarities among the unbanked in rural and urban areas , there are also differences in the financial institutions with which they interact and differences the reasons that these households are unbanked . To try to cover both the rural and urban unbanked in two countries in one paper , would make this rather long paper much longer and less focused . Before plunging into the details , it is useful to review some distinguishing features of the two countries that explain some major differences in the extent to which lower-income households are unbanked , their use of non-bank financial services , and strategies for improving financial services to the unbanked . Most importantly , there is a substantial difference in typical household incomes across the two countries . On a purchasing power parity basis , national income per capita in Mexico in 2002 was U . S . $ 8 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1253, "end": 1264, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have private credit bureaus . The survey from the World Bank finds that private credit bureaus exist in at least half of the countries surveyed ( 26 / 57 reported the existence of a private credit bureau ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > See Figure 1 in the Appendix for a map of public credit registries and private credit reporting worldwide . Here , we strongly suggest that PCRs and private credit bureaus are complements and not substitutes . In the three countries studied in this paper , Argentina , Brazil and Mexico , private credit bureaus exist and are the primary sources of information for many lending institutions . However , the public registries have played an important role in supplementing the data available from the private sector . For example , in Brazil most private sector credit reporting is focused on negative information . Since loans in good standing are not regularly reported to the private registries , private credit reports do not provide a full picture of the total indebtedness of borrowers . Brazil ’ s public registry provides this important information to the banking community . In Argentina , the PCR has helped to fill in gaps in coverage in the private reporting system since all regulated financial institutions are required to report to the central bank on virtually all loans . Lenders can obtain both positive and negative information on a case-by-case basis from the public registry for borrowers they are evaluating . They also receive information on all borrowers who are in arrears or who are in default on a monthly basis . In Argentina , the negative information from the PCR is also available to the private credit bureaus . In Mexico , the public registry was the only source of centralized credit information available to financial institutions until the mid-1990s when private credit bureaus were established . The development of the private industry led to a decision by the Mexican central bank to end the distribution of the public registry data to banks in 2002 . # * * _2 . Banking supervision_ * * A second main objective for establishing a public credit registry is to strengthen banking supervision . In a prior survey of PCRs from 2000-2001 , approximately half", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 60, "text": "survey from the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1408, "end": 1423, "text": "public registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1978, "end": 1998, "text": "public registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project - Additional Financing 1 ( P181168 ) | * * Monitoring & Evalua * * < br > | * * tion Plan : Inter * * | * * mediate Results I * * | * * ndicators Mapped * * < br > * * Methodology for Data * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * < br > * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | < br > * * Collection * * | < br > * * Collection * * | | Financed sub-projects that are functioning < br > or delivering services to communities six < br > months after completion | Semi - < br > Annual < br > starting in < br > YR2 | Kebeles and < br > Woredas | Aggregation of < br > community-level data . | MoF FPCU | | Financed sub-projects that are < br > functioning or delivering services to < br > communities six months after < br > completion - Education | Semi - < br > Annual < br > starting in < br > YR2 | Woreda < br > Project < br > Coordination < br > Teams | Aggregation of Kebele - < br > level data | MoF FPCU | | Financed sub-projects that are < br > functioning or delivering services to < br > communities six months after < br > completion - WASH | Semi - < br > annual < br > starting in < br > YR2 | Woreda < br > Project < br > Coordination < br > Teams | Aggreg", "spans": [{"start": 776, "end": 796, "text": "community-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The Impacts of COVID-19 on Female Labor Force Participation in the Islamic Republic of * * # * * Iran * * Hai-Anh H . Dang , Djavad Salehi-Isfahani , and Minh N . N . Do < sup > * < / sup > # JEL : E24 , I30 , J21 , O12 Keywords : COVID-19 , employment , women ’ s labor force participation , differences-indifferences , triple differences , labor force survey , Islamic Republic of Iran * Dang ( hdang @ worldbank . org ) is senior economist with the Living Standards Measurement Unit , Development Data Group , World Bank and is also affiliated with IZA , Indiana University , and London School of Economics and Political Science ; Salehi-Isfahani ( salehi @ vt . edu _ < u > ) < / u > _ is professor of economics at Virginia Tech and Research Affiliate at the Middle East Initiative Harvard Kennedy School _ ; _ Do ( minh . nn . do @ gmail . com ) is a visiting lecturer with University of Economics and Business , Vietnam National University , Hanoi _ . _ We would like to thank Federico Bennett , Nelly Elmallakh , Haggay Etkes , and participants at workshops at the World Bank for helpful comments on earlier versions and to Arin Shahbazian for research assistance . We would like to thank the Chief Economist ’ s Office for the Middle East and North Africa ( MNACE ) for support and helpful comments on an earlier draft .", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 366, "text": "labor force survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * _Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities ; _ * * - * * _Application of Standstill period and Publication of contract award information ; _ * * - * * _Maintenance of records of the procurement process ; and_ * * - * * _The Bank has the right to review procurement documentation and activities . _ * * When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ * * of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * “ * * * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ * * of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ _ * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Domestic preference as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ * * of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan ; Works : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . None * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adoKajiadoKajiado < br > ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) LamuLamuLamuLamuLamuLamuLamuLamuLamu < br > 000000000 100100100100100100100100100 200200200200200200200200200 < br > LEGEND ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) MalindiMalindiMalindiMalindiMalindiMalindiMalindiMalindiMalindi KilometersKilometersKilometersKilometersKilometersKilometersKilometersKilometersKilometers < br > UNHCR Office < br > Capital / UNHCR Office < br > ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Town of in terest INDIANINDIANINDIANINDIAN < br > Refugee camp OCEANOCEANOCEANOCEAN < br > International b o undary UNITED REPU B LIC < br > Major road < br > OF TANZANIA < br > Secondary road < br > The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations . < br > KENYA_GEN_A4PC . WOR < br > Lake TurkanaLake TurkanaLake TurkanaLake Turkana < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > SOURCES : UNHCR , GLOBAL INSIGHT DIGITAL MAPPING - © 1998 EUROPA TECHNOLOGIES LTD .", "spans": [{"start": 899, "end": 929, "text": "GLOBAL INSIGHT DIGITAL MAPPING", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Uganda Energy for Rural Transformation III ( P133312 ) |  Completion of the impa | ct evaluation for ERT-2 ( Text , C | ustom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | Not completed | - - | Not Completed | Completed | | Date | 01-Jan-2015 | - - | 24-Jun-2016 | 31-Dec-2020 | |  Completion of a syst | ematic review of the new electrific | ation model ( Text , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | Not completed | - - | Not Completed | Completed | | Date | 01-Jan-2015 | - - | 24-Jun-2016 | 31-Dec-2020 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P133312 | IDA-56530 | Effective | USD | 135 . 00 | 135 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 137 .", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 839, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . Results In this section , we briefly describe the data from the 2024 update of the WGI , emphasizing how to interpret the units of the governance indicator , as well as how to interpret cross-country and over-time differences in estimates of governance given the associated margins of error . For reasons of space , we focus only on a few graphs and indicators here . Users can visit < u > www . govindicators . org < / u > for full access to the aggregate and individual indicators for all countries . In addition , more technically oriented users of the WGI can find the full set of parameter estimates for the UCM , a tool to reproduce the WGI calculations in Excel , and a full reproducibility package at www . govindicators . org . # # 4 . 1 Cross Country Comparisons The WGI aggregate measures are reported in two ways : ( a ) in their natural underlying standard normal units , ranging from approximately - 2 . 5 to 2 . 5 , and ( b ) in percentile rank terms ranging from 0 to 100 . < sup > 15 < / sup > Figure 1 reports the data in these two ways , for two of the six aggregate indicators , Government Effectiveness and Control of Corruption . In each panel of the graph , countries are ordered in ascending order of their estimates of governance , and the figures plot the percentile rank ( on the horizontal axis ) against the natural units ( on the vertical axis ) . The point estimate of governance is shown as a solid dot , and the thin vertical lines show the associated 90 percent confidence interval for governance , i . e . the estimate of governance ( Equation ( 2 ) ) plus or minus 1 . 64 times the standard deviation of governance ( Equation ( 3 ) ) . In the WGI data available online , we also report the 90 percent confidence interval in percentile rank terms , i . e . we report the percentile rank ( among all country estimates of governance ) of the upper and lower bounds of the 90 percent confidence interval for each country", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 92, "text": "data from the 2024 update of the WGI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1685, "end": 1693, "text": "WGI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 18 . Resettlement departures of refugees from first asylum countries , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > This table includes resettlement departures per origin and country of first asylum of 50 refugees and more . * * | Origin | Country of < br > first asylum | Total | _of who : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Afghanistan | India | 99 | 99 | | Afghanistan | Islamic Rep . of Iran | 729 | 729 | | Afghanistan | Kazakhstan | 93 | 93 | | Afghanistan | Pakistan | 106 | 106 | | Afghanistan | Russian Federation | 557 | 557 | | Afghanistan | Syrian Arab Rep . | 79 | - | | Afghanistan | Tajikistan | 166 | 166 | | Burundi | Kenya | 51 | 51 | | Burundi | Malawi | 134 | 134 | | Burundi | Rwanda | 59 | 59 | | Burundi | United Rep . of Tanzania | 1 , 171 | 1 , 171 | | Colombia | Costa Rica | 177 | 177 | | Colombia | Ecuador | 219 | 219 | | Congo | Gabon | 181 | 181 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Burundi | 89 | 89 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Congo | 99 | 99 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Kenya | 82 | 82 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Malawi | 412 | 412 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Mozambique | 54 | 54 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Uganda | 349 | 349 | | Dem . Rep . of the", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 103, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO * * KITCHANGA , NORTH KIVU * * # # # * * HESHIMA PROJECT ( MEANING RESPECT IN SWAHILI ) : PROMOTING HYGIENE AND SELF-RELIANCE THROUGH THE PRODUCTION OF CLOTH SANITARY PADS BY IDP WOMEN AND GIRLS IN KITCHANGA , NORTH KIVU * * * * Partners : * * INTERSOS , UNHCR , Community members # # # Context The Democratic Republic of Congo had the third highest IDP population ( 4 . 5 million ) by mid-2018 , which increased by some 191 , 300 compared from the beginning of the year . Similar to Syria , this increase was also a result of both new displacements ( 347 , 800 ) and returns ( 156 , 500 ) . The humanitarian crisis in the DRC continued to deepen through 2018 and the civilian population continued to face various human rights violations including physical assaults , exploitation , SGBV , and forced recruitment into armed groups , resulting in new waves of displacement . The UNHCR Protection Monitoring System ( PMS ) recorded a total of 21 , 280 protection incidents in North Kivu , against both internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) and returned IDPs in 2018 . and also to reinforce their livelihoods prospects through the sale of the sanitary materials to other women and / or humanitarian organizations . They suggested and planned hygiene sensitization sessions for themselves and for the women in the community who could become potential customers . * * During the start-up phase of the project in August 2018 , the proposed activities were first presented to local authorities , the local community of Kitchanga , displaced persons in the sites of Kahe and Mungote , and IDPs living with host families . * * * * Five focus groups sessions were held to collect the participants ’ views on the idea of building two factories , one for reusable sanitary pads and another for soap production . The participants showed great interest in the creation of the", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 953, "text": "UNHCR Protection Monitoring System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second , we find that employment generates benefits that are significantly greater than that of cash alone , which yields a statistically insignificant 0 . 06 unit increase in our psychosocial index , consistent with recent meta-analyses of the mental health impacts of cash transfers ( Ridley et al . ( 2020 ) ; McGuire , Kaiser , and Bach-Mortensen ( 2020 ) ) . We can reject equality of effects between employment and cash for our mental health index ( _p_ = 0 _ . _ 000 ) , reported physical health ( _q_ = 0 _ . _ 081 ) , cognitive performance ( _q_ = 0 _ . _ 028 ) , and risk tolerance ( _q_ = 0 _ . _ 028 ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > These differences are substantial : employment improves mental health at a magnitude four times greater than cash alone . Third , we find a high willingness to supply labor among study participants even at a wage of zero , suggesting that individuals are able to internalize the psychosocial benefits of employment . Through an incentivized elicitation of reservation wages for an additional week of work , we find that the majority ( 69 % ) of individuals are willing to work an additional week for zero pay . Among these individuals , the vast majority ( 77 % ) are willing to forego an alternative low-effort activity offered by the NGO for which they can earn 200 BDT ( approximately $ 2 . 5 USD , or average savings at baseline ) to instead continue working for no pay . We elicit these measures after eight weeks of working , with the intent of both familiarizing participants with the nature of the work and eliminating novelty effects that might arise in the early days of new employment . We consider two potential confounds to the experiment : expectations of future work and experimenter demand effects . While we cannot rule out that our work made participants hopeful of eligibility for future work , a randomization of a certificate , intended to provide an explicit boost to the resumes of our employees , has no measurable impact on psychosocial well-being . Nor do we see differences in expected or", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 Specifically , we make use of a new variant of a model of the global economy known as GTAP-AGR ( Keeney and Hertel 2005 ) to provide real farm income effects of moving to free trade by developing countries versus by high-income countries , and in agriculture as compared with non-agricultural sectors . We also make use of the latest GTAP database ( Version 6 ) , which has the virtue of including not only reciprocal but also non-reciprocal preferential tariffs , the latter providing exporters in many lowincome countries with duty-free access to protected high-income country markets . This allows us to take into account the fact that such a reform may cause a decline in the international terms of trade for those developing countries that are enjoying preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries ( in addition to those that are net food importers because their comparative advantage is in other sectors such as laborintensive manufacturing ) . The paper begins with an examination of current distortions , the emphasis being mainly on import tariffs since they are later shown to be far more important than agricultural subsidies . This is followed by a description of GTAP-AGR model of the global economy to be used to analyze the consequences of removing those distortions . The key results of the simulations are then presented , distinguishing between the impacts of policies of high-income and developing countries , of agricultural and nonagricultural ( including services ) policies and , within agriculture , of the different policy instruments and the different commodity programs . The paper concludes by highlighting the key messages and suggestion priority areas for further research . * * Key distortions in global markets * *", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 349, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ` sae proc stats | | inds : ` The stats and inds sub-routines are useful for processing Mata formatted simulation output and producing indicators with new thresholds or weights , as well as profiling . The routines and sub-routines are described in the sections below . # * * 6 . 1 Preparing the Target Dataset * * Due to the potential large size of the target data set , the ` sae ` command comes with an ancillary sub-command ( ` sae data import ` ) useful for preparing the target dataset and converting it into a Mata format dataset to minimize the overall burden put on the system . The command ’ s syntax is as follows : ` ` ` saedataimport , datain ( string ) varlist ( string ) area ( string ) uniqid ( string ) dataout ( string ) ` ` ` The options of the command are all required . - The ` datain ( ) ` option indicates the path and file name of the Stata format dataset to be converted into a Mata format dataset . - The ` varlist ( ) ` option specifies all the variables to be imported into the Mata format dataset . The variables specified will be available for the simulation stage of the analysis . Variables must have similar names between datasets . Additionally , users should include here any additional variables they wish to include , as well as expansion factors for the target data . - The ` uniqid ( ) ` option specifies the numeric variable that indicates the unique identifiers in the target dataset . This is necessary to ensure replicability of the analysis , and the name should match the one of the unique identifier from the source dataset . - The ` area ( ) ` option is necessary and specifies at which level the clustering is done , it indicates at which level the _ηc_ is obtained . The only constraint is that the variable must be numeric and should match across datasets , although it is recommended it follows a hierarchical structure similar to the one proposed by Zhao ( 2006 ) . - The hierarchical id should be of the same length for all observations . For example", "spans": [{"start": 861, "end": 881, "text": "Stata format dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * LSMS-ISA Uganda National Panel Survey ( P163029 ) # # # * * FINANCING * * | * * FINANCE_TBL * * | * * Original A * * | * * mount ( US $ ) * * | * * Revised Am * * | * * ount ( US $ ) * * | * * Actual Disb * * | * * ursed ( US $ ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Donor Financing * * | | | | | | | | TF-A5142 | | 1 , 600 , 000 | | 1 , 600 , 000 | | 1 , 500 , 000 | | * * Total * * | | * * 1 , 600 , 000 * * | | * * 1 , 600 , 000 * * | | * * 1 , 500 , 000 * * | | * * Total Project Cost * * | | * * 1 , 600 , 000 * * | | * * 1 , 600 , 000 * * | | * * 1 , 500 , 000 * * | | * * KEY DATES * * | | | | | | | | * * Approval * * | * * Effectiveness * * | * * Orig * * | * * inal Closing * * | * * Act * * | * * ual Closing * * | | | 27-Oct-2017 | 31-May-2018 | 30-J | un-2020 | 30 - | May-2023 | | | * * RESTRUCTURING AND / * * | * * OR ADDITIONAL FINA * * | * * NCING * * | | | | | | * * Date ( s ) * * | * * Amount Disburse", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Conclusion * * This paper documents the degree to which women in developing countries are excluded from the formal financial system and gender difference in the use of formal and informal financial services . We use individual-level data from the Global Financial Inclusion Indicators ( Global Findex ) database to show that there exists a persistent gender gap , and that even after controlling for a host of individual characteristics including income , education , employment status and age , gender remains significantly related to the use of financial services . Moreover , the results show that gender is related to measures of financial inclusion not only directly but also indirectly , through gender differences in income , education , and employment status . We also explore the degree to which economy-wide legal discrimination against women and gender norms can help explain this gender gap . As a result of differential treatment under the law or by custom , women may have less ability than men to own , manage , control , or inherit assets and property , which in turn might affect women ’ s access to and demand for financial services . Using data from the World Bank ’ s Women , Business and the Law database , our analysis shows that in countries where women face legal discrimination in the ability to work , head a household , choose where to live , or inherit property or are required by law to obey their husband , women are less likely than men to own an account and to save and borrow . We also consider gender norms as quantified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ’ s Gender , Institutions and Development Database , such as the level of violence against women and the incidence of early marriage for women . The results confirm that gender norms are also significantly related to women ’ s use of financial services . The relatively low use of financial products by women may increase their vulnerability to income shocks and reduce their ability to invest , save , and plan for the future . Improving 26", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 294, "text": "Global Financial Inclusion Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 297, "end": 310, "text": "Global Findex", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1198, "end": 1235, "text": "Women , Business and the Law database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1631, "end": 1677, "text": "Gender , Institutions and Development Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 Data and Methodology * * By way of background , zones and other cluster-based programs have steadily increased in South Asia . Starting from the first export processing zone ( EPZ ) in Gujarat in 1965 , India has developed over 3 , 350 zones , according to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . Bangladesh , Nepal , and Bhutan have all announced plans to establish and expand Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) , industrial districts and parks . The passage of SEZ Acts and Policies signal more to come ( Galal , 2021 ) . However , despite the growing prevalence of these programs , a lack of data has obstructed their systematic assessment . This paper is able to do so thanks to a unique World Bank survey designed to provide detailed information on firms within and outside zones . The survey covered 1 , 201 firms inside different types of zones and 1 , 166 firms outside zones in Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , and Nepal . For data collection , the sample frame for firms outside zones was based on administrative data from government sources . < sup > 1 < / sup > The sample frame for firms inside zones relied on a database collected from zone operators . The same process was followed in all four countries . Fieldwork was conducted between September 2020 and January 2021 and successfully surveyed 2 , 367 of the 2 , 400 target enterprises . Maps of the number and types of zones are presented in Figure 1 . For the sake of simplification , the term zone is used in the rest of the paper as a generic umbrella to cover all zone types , but when necessary , the specific zone type will be mentioned explicitly . Table 1 presents sample descriptives for firms inside and outside zones . The survey was designed to ensure that firms outside the zones were from the same districts as the zones and representative of their district . Within each district , on average 52 % of firms were located inside zones . Most firms in the survey are located in India , followed by Bangladesh , Nepal , and Bhutan . The largest sectors represented among", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 714, "text": "World Bank survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1010, "end": 1053, "text": "administrative data from government sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1166, "text": "database collected from zone operators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Based on the evidence currently available , to what extent and for what reasons is the use of OGD associated with higher levels of accountability and improved service delivery in developing-country contexts ? _ * * To begin to answer this question , this research will first attempt to determine whether a statistical association actually exists to support the purported relationships between the variables . In doing so , the research will rely on a unique data set that operationalizes OGD , government accountability , and service delivery — including both provision and outcomes — while operationalizing other intervening variables that capture critical conditions for improved accountability and service delivery . Given the paucity of _crosscountry_ comparative studies on this topic , this research will utilize data for over 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa over a time horizon for which data currently exist . # * * _Significance and Contributions_ * * The present research aims to investigate the relationship between OGD , accountability , and service delivery in order to provide one of the first statistical assessments of the available evidence in a cross-country comparative context . Importantly , it is not the intent of the present research to provide a _definitive_ or _causal_ assessment of the relationship among OGD , accountability , and service delivery . Rather , given the limitations of the data available , the empirical contribution of this research is to flesh out potential correlations between variables in order to provide an _initial_ assessment of OGD ’ s efficacy . In doing so , this research attempts to identify key indicators — which operationalize a conceptual framework gleaned from the literature — to test what associations may exist between variables . Moreover , the empirical contribution of this research seeks to tease out and test the effects of a number of intervening variables , as suggested by the literature , in order to have a fuller sense of the political economy dynamics at play . In addition to this empirical contribution , however small , this research also seeks to make a contribution to the theoretical literature by providing a conceptual framework , which captures current discussions and debates on OGD , transparency , accountability , and service delivery . In addition , this research seeks", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 874, "text": "data for over 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of cellular “ airtime ” ( a simple precursor to mobile money ) from members of their social network , especially those with whom they had already established reciprocal relationships . > 13 The reciprocity motive for participation in informal financial networks appears to be a pervasive one in the developing world . For example , using historical loan contract data from low-income rural villages in China in the 1930s , Brandt and Hosios ( 2010 ) show that informal loans were predominantly used for consumption purposes and that a large share of these loans carried no interest rate . They argue that these arrangements should be interpreted as “ long-term reciprocal insurance or patronage relationships between households . ” 6", "spans": [{"start": 338, "end": 367, "text": "historical loan contract data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Trust | Variables | Trust in national institutions | Trust in friends and family | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of Observations | 388 , 602 | 388 , 602 | | Number of Countries | 134 | 134 | _Note_ : Models estimated using unweighted individual-level data from the 2014-17 Gallup World Poll . Standard errors are in parentheses and clustered by country and robust to heteroskedasticity . References categories are single or never married , elementary education , employed full-time , poorest quintile , rural area or farm , and the year 2014 . Each model includes country and years fixed effects . * Significance at the 0 . 10 level . * * Significance at the 0 . 05 level . * * * Significance at the 0 . 01 level . Estimates show that food insecurity is strongly associated with both vertical and horizontal trust among the sample respondents . Trust is lower as the severity of food insecurity is higher . Food insecurity is associated with a decrease in trust in national institutions by 2 . 7 percentage points and a decrease in trust in friends and family by 11 . 7 percentage points . This is a sizable effect considering that the average probabilities of trusting national institutions and friends and family are roughly 53 % and 80 % , respectively . The effect of food insecurity on trust in friends and family is larger than for any other explanatory variable , including government corruption , poor infrastructure , or if the respondent has been robbed . Friends and family have more direct everyday interactions with people than the national government , or other national institutions such as the judiciary , which may explain the differences in magnitudes . These results imply that alleviating food insecurity would have a spillover effect of increasing both types of trust . Our control variables are well-behaved . For example , being an immigrant is a significant factor for trust in friends and family but is statistically insignificant for trust in institutions . Living in a city , compared to that of a rural area , is a significant factor to trust in institutions but is statistically insignificant to trust in friends", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 295, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 4 . The Impact of Conflict-Related Shocks by IPC Classification * * | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | VARIABLES | ln ( FCS ) | ln ( rCSI ) | Indicator < br > for Water < br > Source < br > Being < br > Insufficient | Indicator < br > for Using a < br > Primitive < br > Energy < br > Source | Indicator < br > for No < br > Municipal < br > Garbage < br > Collection | Indicator for < br > Experiencing < br > 3 or More < br > Deprivations | | Post Blockade Indicator | - 0 . 031 | 0 . 176 * * | 0 . 048 | 0 . 009 | 0 . 023 | 0 . 065 * * | | | [ 0 . 021 ] | [ 0 . 072 ] | [ 0 . 028 ] | [ 0 . 014 ] | [ 0 . 024 ] | [ 0 . 027 ] | | Interaction Between IPC Status and the Post < br > Announcement Indicator | | | | | | | | ____________________ < br > Post Announcement Indicator * IPC 4 Indicator | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 009 | 0 . 033 | 0 . 064 * * | 0 . 062 | 0 . 078 * | | | [ 0 . 043 ] | [ 0 . 111 ] | [ 0 . 037 ] | [ 0 . 029 ] | [ 0 . 058 ] | [ 0 . 045 ] | | Observations | 2 , 422 | 2 , 422 | 2 , 422 | 2 , 422 | 2 , 422 | 2 , 422 | Note : This table estimates how households were impacted by the complete air and sea blockade that began during November 2017 . The post blockade indicator", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . aCCess to national publiC seRviCes Refugees residing in urban areas attend public and private schools in the areas in which they reside . Refugees with birth certificates living in urban areas may be registered in the National Education Management Information System ( NEMIS ) and are accorded the same support as nationals . However , many face challenges when seeking admission to public schools if they do not have a birth certificate . As a result , those without birth certificates and the majority of those residing in camps are not included in NEMIS , which excludes the majority of refugees from being included in national budgets and receiving government support . This prevents the school from including refugee learners for capitation payments and other core costs and may result in refugees being asked to pay the equivalent of the capitation payment directly to the school . Primary and secondary schools in Kakuma and Kalobeyei hold temporary registration certificates ( issued by the County ) , but these are not recognized at national level and therefore do not benefit from national processes . Primary and secondary schools in Dadaab are not registered . The Basic Education Act , 2013 and the Sessional Paper on the Policy Framework for Reforming Education and Training for Sustainable Development of Education , 2019 , along with other national education policies , provide for specialized services in general but are not specific to refugees . The National Education Sector Plan references refugees , and Kenya ’ s SHARE initiative includes strategies to support equitable access to education . Currently , such specialized services are provided in camp schools by UNHCR and its partners and are , to the extent possible , aligned to national regulations and standards . Legal provisions allow refugees to attend national schools should they wish to enrol independently . The 2016 “ Guidelines on Admission of Non-citizens to Institutions of Basic Education and Training in Kenya ” policy states that all children residing in Kenya are entitled to enrolment in Kenyan schools regardless of citizenship status . This policy , in conjunction with the Refugees Act , 2021 , establishes an important", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 270, "text": "National Education Management Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 * * startups registered for the Ventures to * * EDF * * ( Electricite ' de France ) Africa Tour 2021 * * - * * scheduled for Nairobi early November 2021 ; 4 start-ups linked to IMFact and negotiation are ongoing for provision of working capital ; Growth Africa has partnered with Oracle to provide startups with free oracle products as well as trainings to enable beneficiaries digitize and use the accruing benefits ; Startup Savanna supported a Kenyan start-up , Kwara , to participate in the Abu Dhabi Global Markets ( Fintech Search Africa ) thereby providing Kenya exposure to other participating countries ; Startup Savanna entered into Partnership with MIE Group on facilitating and attracting Foreign Direct Investments ( FDIs ) in Kenya . Industry Academia Platform : The Management Consulting firm ( Maastricht School of Management ) was on boarded in August 2020 ; First five milestones achieved as per contract : Inception Report , Stakeholders mapping report , IAP benchmarking report and IAP options report , * * QI , Q2 * * * * _ & _ Q3 * * Reports completed ; Strategic Business plan developed ; Marketing and Communication * * ( M & C ) * * Strategy - developed ; Project logo ( iTATU Ideate , Innovate and Implement ) and website developed w \" nvskyzocE . cotk / dem / ita # home * * 13 * * universities and 20 Corporates engaged to participate in the program ; database of 120 students developed drawn from * * 26 * * universities ; * * 10 * * challenges in different stages of development ; Agreements with * * key * * partners for * * 5 * * innovation challenges ( including Demola ) developed ; * * 3 * * open innovation challenges designed and published ( East Africa Grain Council * * - * * Waste Management Systems and Green Management Systems ; Inter-Governmental Authority on Development * * ( IGAD ) - * * design of spray dryer for Gum Arabica ; * * KENGEN -", "spans": [{"start": 1382, "end": 1406, "text": "database of 120 students", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "form of flour ) due to close historical ties and a shared 1 , 600 kilometer border ; estimates of Pakistan ’ s share of the Afghan wheat and flour import market range from 59 % ( Chabot and Dorosh , 2007 ) to 79 % ( Maletta , 2004 ) . Seasonality plays an important role in food security in Afghanistan . Temperatures vary dramatically across seasons , with hot summers and frigid winters ; and the climate in the highlands varies with elevation . In many cases , severe winter conditions affect transportation , and in high mountainous areas roads are often blocked throughout the winter due to heavy snow accumulation . In these communities in particular , households are forced to rely only on food supply stored before the winter . > 14 In a country like Afghanistan though , where the drug economy is large , the official National Income Accounting data are likely to significantly understate GDP . UNODC ( 2008 ) estimates that in 2007 the farm gate value of opium cultivation was US $ 1 billion , but this dropped to US $ 730 million in 2008 . The potential export value in 2007 of opium , morphine and heroin ( at border prices in neighboring countries ) was $ 4 billion ( or , in per capita terms , about $ 160 ) . > 15 UNDP ( 2009 ) > 16 Based on data from the 2004 National Nutrition Survey . > 17 Chabot and Dorosh ( 2007 ) > 18 Afghan wheat production has been estimated to be over five times as variable as Pakistan ’ s wheat production . ( Persaud , 2010 ) 6", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 858, "text": "National Income Accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1271, "end": 1301, "text": "2004 National Nutrition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of picture text - - > Taobao Villages have a higher share of migrants < sup > 7 < / sup > than other villages in China ( Table 1 ) . While a typical rural village population is 5 . 3 percent migrants , < sup > 8 < / sup > the Taobao Villages in our sample are 29 percent migrants , 19 . 6 percent come from other provinces . The causal relationship between the inflow of migrants and formation of Taobao Villages is unclear . It may be that villages with a large inflow of migrants , typically those with a strong industrial base , are more likely to become Taobao Villages . It may also be that a village where the business environment is more conducive for e-commerce ( or commerce in general ) attracts more migrants , who are more likely to be entrepreneurial and move there to start their own businesses or to seize employment opportunities . What is clear is the strong positive association of migrant inflows in Taobao Villages . > 7 Immigrants are defined as individuals who live in this village but have their hukou , which is the population registration system , registered outside the village . > 8 The numbers are derived from the Chinese Population Census in 2010 . Total rural population is taken from module 1 - 1c , and numbers of migrants by origin are taken from module 1-4c . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1143, "end": 1168, "text": "Chinese Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * SOMALIA | Kismaayo District * * # * * Protection Analysis Update * * | December 2023 # # * * BRIEF * * The displacement crisis in Somalia is complex and multifaceted , driven by conflict and climatic shocks . This displacement is often characterized with protection risks < sup > i < / sup > faced by the displaced populations . With particular focus on Kismaayo district , the main drivers of displacement include conflict and drought as per the Protection and Return Monitoring Network ( PRMN ) < sup > ii < / sup > in Somalia as of October , before the occurrence of El Niño flooding . The most prevalent protection risks currently being faced by the populations in Kismaayo district are : - * * Risk 1 : Discrimination and stigmatization , denial of resources , opportunities , services and / or humanitarian access . * * - * * Risk 2 : Forced recruitment and association of children in armed forces and groups . * * - * * Risk 3 : Gender based violence . * * - * * Risk 4 : Child and forced family separation . * * The Protection Analysis Update for Kismaayo is the first of a series of analysis that the Protection Cluster will be publishing during 2024 focusing on priority districts . Kismaayo was selected as the first of these series as the ATMIS drawdown is already in process and humanitarian actors are assessing the impact associated to the drawdown , on the protection response and humanitarian needs of the displaced population . In addition , the Jubaland State government has historically showed both , interest , and commitment on facilitating the work of protection humanitarian actors in ensuring protection of civilians and displaced communities . The new potential scenarios to happen in Kismaayo linked to the ATMIS drawdown , justified this joint protection analysis , conducted by the Protection Cluster and its partners to define the protection response strategy and priorities in the district for the coming period .", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 493, "text": "Protection and Return Monitoring Network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of finding animals in addition to covering a wider survey area . The sampling conformed to similar transects as described for the vegetation . However , observations outside the transects were also included to help build the species list , given that herptofauna are mobile . This method involved a search on the ground through vegetation cover for the presence of species . * * _Interviews with Local People : _ * * Engagement with local area inhabitants ( teams of local casual workers ) encountered at the time of the survey was carried out to obtain information on the presence of physical signs ( skin shades and colour characteristics , prints , bones , faecal samples , etc ) of herptiles . Amphibians and reptiles were identified using standard references ( Schiots , 1972 and Dres et al , 2006 ) . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 . 5 Mammals * * Mammals too are some of the commonest ecological taxa in ecosystems and include groups such as rodents , shrews , bats , primates , carnivores , and herbivores , among other groups . They are essential players in any ecosystem as they are part of the food web and greatly influence health and population of other taxa . Techniques such as searching for trails and movement were used in conducting mammal surveys . Both direct and indirect methods were employed with direct sighting and species counts of encountered mammals , and indirect methods based on identification of mammalian dung , calls , bones , tracks , foot prints and limited camera trapping . * * _Interviews with Local People : _ * * Engagement with local area inhabitants ( teams of local casual workers ) encountered at the time of the survey was also carried out to obtain information on the presence of physical signs ( skin shades and colour characteristics , prints , bones , faecal sample , etc . ) of mammals 168", "spans": [{"start": 1240, "end": 1254, "text": "mammal surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and 54 percent , respectively , also face significant challenges in this regard ( Roberts , Shyam , and Rastogi , 2006 ) . Evidence on the development impact of rural roads in Asia is quite mixed . While the improvements in road access appear to positively contribute to socio-economic outcomes in several developing Asian nations ( Emran and Hou , 2013 ; Khandker et al , 2009 ; Muralidharan and Prakash , 2017 ) , the effects are not always found to be substantial ( Asher and Novosad , 2020 ; Jacoby , 1999 ; Li et al , 2019 ) . The available literature for Latin America is much more limited , but highlights the significant positive contribution of rural road investments to creating job opportunities in remote areas ( e . g . , Blankespoor et al , 2017 ) as well as stimulating the growth of firms through lower-cost access to markets ( e . g . , Martincus et al , 2017 ) . Emran and Hou ( 2013 ) present evidence on the effects of access to domestic and international markets on the per capita consumption of rural households in China . The results , based on a household survey in 1995 , show that better access to both domestic and international markets has positive effects on per capita income , with the domestic market effect being the larger one . A 10-kilometer reduction in the distance to a domestic ( international ) market increases per capita consumption by 42 . 10 ( 29 . 68 ) yuan when the household is initially located 150 kilometers away from both the domestic and international markets , which is equivalent to 8 ( 6 ) percent of the rural poverty line income . The authors also find evidence of complementarity between access to domestic and international markets , with a reduction in the distance to one market yielding a higher benefit for a household when it is located closer to the other market . Khandker et al ( 2009 ) find that the overall effect of road improvement on household per capita annual consumption was about 8 – 10 percent across affected project areas in Bangladesh . In addition , road improvements have led to a poverty reduction of 3", "spans": [{"start": 1070, "end": 1094, "text": "household survey in 1995", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in legal and policy processes . For refugees , the local platform chapters will target specific barriers to voice and agency ( such as language and specific cultural norms ) and the additional barriers women refugees have to business information ( such as lack of access to formal business channels , mentors , and inputs ) . This subcomponent implementation is aligned to the PDM Pillar 5 : Community Mobilization and Mindset Change . 35 . * * The subcomponent will finance : * * ( a ) mobilization costs for the establishment of local platform chapters ( 20 – 25 women per platform ) ; ( b ) establishment of a digital platform for women entrepreneurs and its linkage to other existing 34 The poverty incidence ( headcount ratio ) figures are based on the Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) 2019 / 2020 . Page 17 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 758, "end": 790, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Fareed M . A . Hassan , ECSPE_ 2 Tax Law enacted in March 1993 resulted in a substantial increase in tax rates and the number of tax brackets . In late 1997 Bulgaria adopted major tax reform measures to be effective in 1998 . These measures include : ( i ) reducing marginal tax rates on both personal and corporate incomes to 40 percent ; ( ii ) aligning the top marginal personal tax rate with the corporate tax rate to diminish the incentive to shift income among the categories of personal income , partnership income , and corporate income ; ( iii ) reducing tax burdens on the poor by raising the exemption level by 20 percent ; and ( vi ) flattening personal income tax rate schedules as the number of tax brackets has been halved . However , the new personal income tax structure tax resulting from the 1997 amendment to the 1993 Personal Income Tax Law resembles , to a greater extent , the 1992 tax system ' . Given the 1992 , 1993 , and 1997 reform episodes , the similarity of the 1997 personal income tax schedule to the 1992 structure , and the availability of a detailed household budget survey for 1992 , this paper attempts to examine the revenue adequacy and equity effects of Bulgaria ' s tax reform experience . In particular , the paper seeks to analyze the following two issues , which should be of broader interest in Bulgaria , and in other EMEs . First , it examines the effects of the 1992 personal income tax system on revenue and post-tax income distribution . Second , it explores if an alternative , simpler tax structure with lower tax rates could achieve at least equal revenue and distributional objectives as the 1992 system , and demonstrates tfhat a system with lower rates is superior in terms of revenues and distributional effects . To answer the second , counterfactual question , which is of particular interest for tax policy , I examine the effects of simplifying the existing personal income tax system in three interrelated areas : ( i ) reducing the number of tax brackets , ( ii ) lowering tax rates , and ( iii ) 1 / The 1997 system", "spans": [{"start": 1078, "end": 1110, "text": "detailed household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "would be to calibrate values for θ based on a parametric expression for a Bernoulli utility function , as illustrated in the Appendices of Baland et al . ( 2023 ) and applied for a large set of countries in Decerf et al . ( 2024 ) . This approach could be further refined by calibrating the parametric expression for the Bernoulli utility from the Value of Statistical Life literature ( Kniesner and Viscusi , 2019 ) , as for instance done in Becker et al . ( 2005 ) ; Jones and Klenow ( 2016 ) ; Boarini et al . ( 2016 ) . However , besides the selection of its parameter ’ s value , the PALE index is ready-touse . The same holds for other indices based on a premature mortality threshold . < sup > 40 < / sup > The mortality data required are often available at country level and sometimes at subnational level . Accounting for longevity could very well be the lowest hanging fruit for practitioners > 36Decerf and Fonton ( 2023 ) also find that mortality is sizable compared to multidimensional poverty when contrasting well-being across Nigerian states in 2019 . > 37Baland et al . ( 2023 ) study the theoretical conditions and document the empirical frequency with which poverty comparisons are reversed for all values of θ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] . > 38The value for θ depends on the poverty standard considered . A more austere poverty line implies a larger weight to poverty and thus a larger value for θ . > 39For instance , one could ask to non-poor individuals how many years of their remaining life they would be willing to spend in poverty to extend their longevity by one year . > 40It could still be interesting to investigate how to extend these indices for contexts where some information is available on the joint distribution between mortality and income , e . g . , information on selective mortality , i . e . , the differential mortality risks faced by the poor and the non-poor . Another question is how to extend these indices for gap-sensitive poverty indices . 23", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 732, "text": "mortality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "978 | | Ukraine | * | Somalia | 155 | Sudan | 372 | Ecuador | 877 | | Nigeria | * | Palestinian | 99 | Nigeria | 332 | venezuela < br > ( Boliv . Rep . of ) | 704 | | greece | * | Congo | 65 | Afghanistan | 331 | haiti | 490 | | Serbia < sup > * * ( 2 ) * * < / sup > | * | Yemen | 51 | India | 228 | Syrian Arab Rep . | 417 | # # # # # # Notes ( 1 ) UNHCR estimate . ( 2 ) Serbia ( and Kosovo : S / RES / 1244 ( 1999 ) ) . ( 3 ) The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . > ( 4 ) The figure includes asylum-seekers registered with UNHCR as well as asylum-seekers who have been pre-registered but who are pending official registration with UNHCR . As of early September 2014 , there were some 832 , 000 registered Syrian refugees in Turkey covered by the Government ’ s Temporary Protection Regime . The number of Syrian asylum-seekers included in this table covers only those who for specific reasons have been referred to UNHCR for further evaluation of their international protection needs . ( 5 ) Combination of cases ( DHS ) and persons ( EOIR ) . Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 31 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * < br > * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Environmental and Social < br > Systems | MoF < br > Due Date < br > 30-Sep-2019 | Completed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Contract signed based on Terms of Reference acceptable to the World Bank . | | | * * Comments * * | ToR for this assignment have been agreed , and COPCD will expedite the process of contracting < br > consultant for the review and audit of the ESMS , with EFCCC involved in the selection process . | an independent | | * * Action Description * * | E7 : Establish Social Accountability Unit in | MoF . | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Environmental and Social < br > Systems | MoF | Due Date | 31-Dec-2019 | Completed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Social Accountability Unit established as a | greed for the Ethiopia | Social Accountability Program . | | | * * Comments * * | The Social Accountability Unit has been es < br > dedicated staff are yet to be assigned . | tablished as an appro | ved element of COPCD with te | mporary staff - | | * * Action Description * * | E8 : Inclusion in six-monthly and annual Program reports of data on Program-related compla <", "spans": [{"start": 1358, "end": 1388, "text": "data on Program-related compla", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Maintain and regularly update a database of all project grievances , including date of grievance , name of aggrieved , nature of the grievance , and how and when the grievance was addressed at each level of the grievance mechanism ; - Monitor the development , delivery and impact of the livelihood programmes ; and - Recommend to the PIO leadership appropriate adjustment to improve resettlement and livelihood restoration initiatives . # # # # # # * * _RP External Evaluation_ * * Documentation of a RP implementation experience is very important . Therefore , it is recommended for EEP to prepare a RP completion report by external evaluator . An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of implementation . This will be undertaken by an external entity , preferably an independent consultant . The main purpose external evaluation is to assess the outcomes and effects of the RP in relation to the objectives and aims . # # # # # # * * _RP / LRP Progress Reviews_ * * RP progress reviews are broader than IPM with respect to the participants , time period undertaken , and objectives and purposes . The main purpose of the RP review is to share and disseminate information amongst stakeholders , review and assess the processes and problems of implementation , and based on the findings and the collective assessments , highlight achievements and best practices , and provide solutions for outstanding and major problems and challenges faced . The progress review and reporting is foreseen to take place monthly . Official Use Only Page 15", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 219, "text": "database of all project grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with all 3 < br > Training Colleges . Training of college management and leadership of the linked < br > management of practicum , mentorship and establishment of linkages was con < br > participation of four teachers from each of the three linked schools , college ’ s < br > ( principal , deputy principal , practicum director , and ICT tutor ) , and hosting CS < br > teachers and college administrators have been trained on thesepracticum link | nual on < br > acher training < br > 5 Teacher < br > schools on < br > ducted with < br > management < br > Os . Over 560 < br > ages . | # # * * 7 . 3 Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | PBC Name | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closing Period | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Value | Date | Value | Date | | | Value | 0 . 00 | 5 , 419 . 00 | 15-Mar-2024 | 5 , 422 | 06-Sep-2024 | 5 , 422 . 00 | Page 21 of 25 May 26 , 2025", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "295 / 2002 ) , * * Labour Proclamation * * 377 / 2003 * * andl56 / 2019 , Directive on Overhead Electric Lines and Quality of supply ( no . * * EEA / 1 / 2005 , EIA * * Procedural Guideline , * * 2003 , * * - National Legislation Governing Land Acquisition , Compensation and Resettlement ; - The World Bank ' s Group ( WBG ) * * E & S * * Framework * * ( ESF ) * * and Environmental , Health and Safety * * ( EHS ) * * guidelines including the General Environmental , Health and Safety * * ( EHS ) * * guidelines ' , as well as the Electric Power Transmission and Distribution * * ( 2007 ) 2 ; * * In addition to national environmental legislations , Ethiopia is also a party to some regional and international conventions and protocols about the environment which are of relevance to the Subproject . Therefore , these Regional and International / Multilateral Agreements are reviewed and considered . Therefore , in response to the requirements of * * EPA * * and the WB , * * EEP * * has commissioned this * * ESIA * * as an integral part of the subproject design and construction and the finding of this assessment is presented in this report . Information on existing natural and socio-economic resources is of fundamental importance for evaluation of * * E & S * * impacts . Local Administrations particularly Woreda sector Offices regularly generate and maintain a great deal of information about their constituencies . Such secondary data and administrative reports were obtained from the respective Woreda Offices of Administration , Agriculture , Health , Education , and Environmental Protection . The baseline information obtained from these , O < ! - - Start of picture text - - > https : / / www . ifc . org / en / insits-r , por4i200Ogeneral-environmental-health-and-safety eines < br > , https / / www i corg / co", "spans": [{"start": 1433, "end": 1474, "text": "secondary data and administrative reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the largest firms by the revenue quartile ( above 75th percentile ) are the most likely to file for business closure . # * * 2 . 3 The Labor Force Survey * * The Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) is a nationally representative survey that is conducted on a quarterly basis by the General Statistical Office of Vietnam . The survey collects detailed employment information on a representative sample of workers in the country . In this paper , we utilize monthly data collected from three LFS surveys , covering the period between January 2018 and September 2020 . Our sample is truncated to include only working-age individuals ( 15 years or older ) , who were identified as either being self-employed or working in a household business . < sup > 16 < / sup > For abbreviation , we refer to this group uniformly as household business workers , or “ HB workers ” . We focus on two indicators that capture the intensive margins of COVID-19 impact : worker ’ s reported working hours during the week prior to the survey , and worker ’ s reported income during the month prior to the survey . To correct for idiosyncratic interference and measurement biases , we exclude individuals who reported to have reduced workload due to sickness , natural disaster , or holidays . Our analysis sample includes 419 , 323 individuals interviewed in 2018 , 2019 and the first three quarters in 2020 . > 16 “ Self-employment ” and “ working in a household business ” belongs to occupational categories 2 and 3 in the LFS . 6", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 153, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 492, "text": "monthly data collected from three LFS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _Yi j t_ is the outcome if individual ( household ) _i_ , in locality _j_ , surveyed in year _t_ . _Catchment Area j_ is a dummy variable set equal to 1 if the community is located within 0-5km from a coffee mill and 0 otherwise . _Postt_ is a dummy defined equal to 1 if the coffee mill is operational at the time of the survey and 0 otherwise . _Catchment Area j × Postt_ is essentially a dummy set equal to 1 for those living within 5km from a coffee mill that is operational during the survey year and 0 otherwise . _λt_ represent location and survey year fixed effects respectively . All other variables remain as previously defined . # * * 6 . 1 Income * * The underlying premise of this paper is that the opening of a coffee mill leads to an income shock to residents within the catchment area of the mill , due to the value-addition of coffee washed in these mills relative to those washed using traditional methods . While the direct effect of the income shock will be borne by coffee farmers , the indirect effect on the local economy cannot be overemphasized . < sup > 19 < / sup > To provide evidence on this channel , we leverage the wealth and asset poverty measures from the DHS dataset , due to the absence of income measures from the DHS dataset . < sup > 20 < / sup > Table 7 presents results on the association between coffee mills and household income / welfare using proximate measures of household poverty status and wealth score from the DHS dataset . < sup > 21 < / sup > The results show a positive income effect of coffee mills on treated households . Households living within the catchment area of coffee mills experience a 0 . 05 std increase in their wealth score ( column 1 ) , and a 4 percentage points ( pp ) decrease in the probability of being ( asset ) poor ( column 3 ) . # * * 6 . 2 Child Health * * Conditional on the positive income effect of coffee mills in the catchment area , a proximate outcome is an improvement", "spans": [{"start": 1196, "end": 1207, "text": "DHS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8603 # * * Abstract * * This paper explores the link between exports and the demand for skilled tasks . Using the Chilean _Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual_ ( ENIA ) , an annual census of manufacturing firms , the analysis first shows that Chilean exporters utilize more skills than Chilean non-exporters . More importantly , there is a distinct pattern of task differentiation among exporters both within skilled and unskilled tasks . Exporting firms demand the services of skilled specialized workers ( engineers ) as opposed to skilled administrative workers and managers . In addition , exporters demand less unskilled labor , especially blue-collar operatives . This suggests that exporters substitute skilled engineers for unskilled blue-collar workers to perform export-related tasks . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Middle East and North Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at dlederman @ worldbank . org and guido . g . porto @ gmail . com . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 239, "text": "annual census of manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "civil service . | | Frequency | Once , byProgram closure . | | Data source | Annual report on civil service from the SPAC . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Leadership positions are defined by Article 16 of the 2020 CivilSservice Bylaw . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | SPAC . | | * * Result Area 3 on transp * * | * * arency and accountability through digitalization * * | | * * Improved e-participatio * * | * * n * * | | Description | Jordan ratingunder the e-participation indicator of the UN e-Government Development Index . | | Frequency | Everytwoyears . | | Data source | UN e-Government Development Index | | | Questionnaire based on the 2022 UN e-Government Development Survey methodology . E-participation questions | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection < br > Responsibilityfor Data | < br > cover three dimensions : 1 ) e-information , 2 ) e-consultation , and 3 ) e-decision making . In 2022 , these three dimensions < br > are further categorised into six sub-dimensions as follows : e-notification and e-enabling ( under e-information ) ; e - < br > discourse and e-dialogue ( under e-consultation ) ; and e-collaboration and e-empowerment ( under e-decision-making ) . < br > UN . | Page | XXXVIII", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 121, "text": "Annual report on civil service from the SPAC", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 522, "end": 555, "text": "UN e-Government Development Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 608, "end": 641, "text": "UN e-Government Development Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CITIZENSHIP AND STATELESSNESS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA their own , leaving them vulnerable to recruitment by armed groups , and other risks . < sup > 208 < / sup > An in-depth investigation in 2003 highlighted the particular vulnerability of unaccompanied and separated Somali children to trafficking , and to living with a false identity if given asylum in another state . < sup > 209 < / sup > Those fleeing the requirement of compulsory military service in Eritrea , and thus lacking any documents , are also among those most vulnerable to trafficking . < sup > 210 < / sup > Children who are looked after by other families than their birth parents – very common in a region where many have been displaced and separated from their families by conflict – may also be at risk of statelessness . Formal adoption is rare in such situations and may be considered prohibited in Islamic societies . Yet if a child ’ s connection to the family that is in fact caring for him or her is not legally recognised , he or she could be unable to establish nationality – even if the birth parents are known also to be nationals of that country . Only a minority of orphans or separated children are at risk of statelessness : if members of the child ’ s family can be traced , identity and nationality can usually be established ( even as an adult ) . However , where no such information is available ( for example , because the child became separated from his or her family at a very young age ) , the risks of statelessness are high if mechanisms do not exist to recognise their status in society . The level of risk will become apparent as and when identification systems are strengthened , increasing the importance of official recognition of legal status . # # People of mixed parentage or potential dual nationality Djibouti , Ethiopia and Eritrea have all adopted nationality laws that do not discriminate in transmission of nationality to children , even if they did so in the past . The law of Somalia ( and Somaliland )", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "No | No | No | Yes | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research . _Note_ : This table reports coefficients of proportionality calculated following the methodology in Oster ( 2017 ) . Coefficients of proportionality represent the relative degree of selection on unobservables to selection on observables that would imply a true effect of the education of the group of 0 . The first set of coefficients has been estimated using all the control variables in the set of observables ; the second set of coefficients exludes the education of the head of household and the mean education level of the other group . household and of the other group ) are excluded , as it is unlikely that unobserved factors would be as correlated with the education of members from the same group as these variables , so they do not contain useful information about the relationship of unobservables to the treatment . In both sets of results the maximum possible _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > is assumed to be 1 , which renders the results conservative . What the table shows is that the relationship between unobserved factors and education of the group needs to be quite high — between 0 . 71 and 22 . 71 times the relation between observed factors and education of the group — to fully drive the correlation between education of the group and productivity . Most of the coefficients are higher than 1 , which , as suggested by Oster ( 2017 ) , can be interpreted as an indication that the true effect is nonzero . All the coefficients that are lower than 1 are estimated using the education variables in the set of controls , which , as argued earlier is very conservative as the unobserved characteristics are unlikely to be as correlated with the education of the group as these two variables . Moreover , the coefficients have been computed under the assumption that the variance in the productivity can be fully explained if the unobservables could be controlled for ( _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 166, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the communication sector ; b ) Implementing a functional ( accounting ) separation of Ethio Telecom , the incumbent operator , into infrastructure and services arms , so as to better facilitate competitive market entry though transparent wholesale prices ; c ) Partial privatization of Ethio Telecom ( as a whole ) ; and d ) Instituting market liberalization , which the Government hopes to complete by mid-2021 . Two new full service telecom > 7 International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) , World Telecommunication / ICT Indicators Database . No data are currently available on the breakdown between male and female internet users from ITU . > 9 World Bank . 2020 . _Minimum data consumption : How much is needed to support fundamental online activities_ . WDR-21 background paper . Oct 23 , 2020 Page 6 of 22", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 544, "text": "World Telecommunication / ICT Indicators Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * In recent years , researchers and policy makers have turned their attention to study the causes and consequences of inequality of opportunities among children , like access to basic services and education . Evidence suggests that universal access to opportunities come as part of the development process , for which sustained long-term growth and a good combination of policies are necessary ( Ferreira et al . 2009 ) . However , the relationship between inequality of opportunities and income inequality is not clear . Ferreira et al . ( 2009 ) hypothesize that a negative relation between the Human Opportunity Index and the Gini coefficient might be due to either a disconnection between opportunities and markets in the same period , or due to the relationship between inequality of opportunities in the past and inequality of income in the present . We attempt to shed light on the latter hypothesis by providing empirical evidence on the relationship between access to services at early stages in life and individual incomes in adulthood in Latin America . We use approximately 70 million census records to analyze the evolution of access to services of different subgroups of the population in 12 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) , from the 1960s to the 2000s . Each subgroup is composed of children aged 0 to 15 years categorized by gender , residence in urban or rural areas , and the sub-region of the country . This classification , based on exogenous characteristics at the time of birth , provides enough granularity to identify differences in access to basic services and education across the young population . Each subgroup is followed throughout time to measure how fast the access to each opportunity grows and how the ranking among subgroups changes . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1136, "text": "census records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| SIDA | Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency | | - - - | - - - | | SIP | Survey of Industrial Production | | STATCAP | Statistical Capacity Building Program | | SUT | Supply and Use Tables | | SWOT | Strength , Weaknesses , Opportunities and Threats | | TA | Technical Assistance | | TTL | Task Team Leader | | UNESCO | United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization | | UIS | UNESCO Institute of Statistics | | WBG | World Bank Group | | WHO | World Health Organization | | WDI | World Development Indicators | | Regional Vice President : | Makhtar Diop | | - - - | - - - | | Country Director : | Diariétou Gaye | | Senior Global Practice Director : | Ana Revenga | | Practice Manager : | Pablo Fajnzylber | | Task Team Leader : | Johan A . Mistiaen | iii", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This new extended data set includes information on the lending entity , the borrowing country , the amount of the loan , the year of loan agreement signing , the type of resources involved , the nature of collateralization , when available , projects to be financed by the loan and repayment terms . The information collected on each loan is compiled from a variety of sources , including African government sources , lending entities , Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative ( EITI ) reports , AidData ’ s Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset ( Dreher et al . 2021 ) , investment reports from multilaterals , as well as fieldwork and interviews with experts . Primary source information is then complemented with a review of the financial press . The data has been checked against the World Bank ’ s Debtor Reporting System ( DRS ) . The DRS collects detailed loan-byloan information on new public and publicly guaranteed external debt . The DRS does not include information on any collateral features of loans , however . We therefore also contacted relevant WB country economists or national debt offices to verify the information where possible . While significant effort has been spent on ensuring the accuracy of the data , the reliance on mixed sources and methods may justify a level of caution and verification in the use of facts and figures from this research in further analysis , including referring directly to the underlying data sets and sources for specific details . RBL contracts are rarely publicly available . Nevertheless , whenever publicly available , we analyzed contract text . These were identified through NRGI ’ s oil , gas and mining contracts5 and Gelpern ( 2021 ) . Our research identified 30 RBLs made in the 2004 to 2018 period in Sub-Saharan Africa that match the focal area of our review and where sufficient minimum information was available to incorporate into our data set . These minimum criteria consisted of having details on both the lending and borrowing entity , the size of the loan , the year the loan was agreed and confirmation that the loan had a repayment period beyond a single year . Our data set is by no means comprehensive , and there are certainly more RBLs which", "spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 556, "text": "Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 814, "end": 837, "text": "Debtor Reporting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2154, "end": 2162, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kenya Devolution Support Program ( P180935 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | minimal levels < br > ( Number ) < br > Not Due | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | DLI allocation | | | 22 , 500 , 000 . 00 | | | | | 4 : Participating | Value | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 25 | | counties that have < br > integrated their HR < br > records , authorized < br > staff establishment < br > and payroll , and < br > uploaded cleaned < br > payrolls in the < br > HRMIS ( Number ) < br > Not Due | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | | 06-Mar-2024 | 31-Oct-2024 | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | | 26 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | | | 5 : Participating | Value | n / a | 0 | | 0 | 25 | | counties that are < br > enhancing < br > accountability for < br > results through an < br > integrated < br > performance < br > management < br > framework < br > ( Number ) < br > Not Due | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | | 06-Mar-2024 | 31-Oct-2024 | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | | 12 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | | | | Value | n / a | 0 | 06-Mar-2024 | 0 < br > 31-Oct-2024 | 30 | Page 12 of 13 Jun 01 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 518, "end": 523, "text": "HRMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in August 20 | correct date of May 30 , < br > 21 once the MTR | # < u > < mark > IN01231107 < / mark > < / u > ► 1 . 4 . Change in Productivity of small-scale producers - Aquaculture ( Cage ) Kg / Cubic Meters ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 35 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 40 . 00 | | Date | 30-May-2018 < br > 07-Feb-2022 | 07-Feb-2022 | 07-Jul-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | Please note that Actual ( Previous ) ” date of indicato < br > 2018 ( baseline date ) . PDO Indicators are expected < br > evaluation report is complete . | r had to be changed to the < br > to be updated in August 2 | correct date of May 30 , < br > 021 once the MTR | # < u > < mark > IN01231108 < / mark > < / u > ► 2 . 1 . Increase in sales of primary and processed livestock and fish products by producers and processors - Milk ( Liter / Collection Centers ) ( Liter , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 306 . 00 < br > 1 , 080 . 00 | 1 , 080 . 00 | 1 , 500 . 00 | | Date | 30-May-2018 < br > 07-Feb-2022 | 07-Feb-2022 | 07-Jul-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | Please note that", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ii ) Information on multi - < br > year commitments to be < br > made available from MDAs < br > to MoFPED and MoFPED < br > publishes < br > the < br > MYCS < br > alongside < br > the < br > approved < br > budget by end of June . | | ( DLR < br > 1 . 2 < br > total < br > allocated 3 , 500 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) For every < br > percentage point ( pp ) < br > increase above the < br > baseline of 75 % , < br > US $ 400 , 000 ( % of < br > domestic < br > development < br > commitments ( for < br > externally and < br > domestically funded < br > projects ; excluding < br > arrears ) reported in < br > the MYCS are < br > reflected in the < br > annual budget and < br > MTEF ceilings ) < br > ( target for year 2 : < br > 80 % = 2 , 000 , 000 ) < br > ( ii ) 1 , 500 , 000 | | | | DLR 1 . 3 ( Year 3 ) : < br > ( i ) 85 % of commitments < br > ( for externally and < br > domestically funded < br > projects ; excluding arrears ) < br > reported in the MYCS are < br > reflected in the annual < br > budget and MTEF ceilings ; < br > and < br > ( ii ) Verified capital budget < br > arrears in the integrated < br > transport sector above 10 % | | ( DLR < br > 1 . 3 < br > total < br > allocated 6 , 400 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) For every pp < br > increase above the < br > year 2 target of 80 % , <", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 157, "text": "MYCS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 614, "end": 618, "text": "MYCS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the project design phase , but should also be revisited repeatedly during implementation ; - Proper sequencing of the elements of reform is critically important . In this case , in order to achieve effective decentralization , it was necessary to anchor reforms with a strong institutional framework and significant capacity building before expecting districts to carry out better planning , budgeting , and program management ; and - Legal covenants cannot substitute for genuine government ownership and commitment . * * 14 . Assessment Recommended ? * * Yes No * * Why ? * * as there are important lessons here about the necessity of appropriate and sustained risk identification and mitigation . # # # * * 15 . Comments on Quality of ICR : * * The ICR carefully and precisely outlines the sequence of events involved in a very complex project implementation . It appropriately assesses the achievements of the project by development objective , in addition to the achievements of the components . Data on many indicators is presented in qualitative rather than quantitative terms , but this is most likely due to the failure of the M & E system . The ICR does not provide data on actual financial contributions from the Borrower or from the co-financiers , nor does it provide information on total actual project costs . * * a . Quality of ICR Rating : * * Satisfactory", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1024, "text": "Data on many indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms in the COV-ES database that received at least some government support . While there is no general rule about the minimum number of observations necessary , we restrict our focus to the countries with at least around 150 firms that have received government support by the second round of COV-ES . To apply our first criterion , we used the Map of SME-Support Measures in Response to COVID-19 created and made publicly available by the World Bank , retrieved in early March of 2021 , and covering information as of late October 2020 . < sup > 4 < / sup > Our first criterion ruled out the overwhelming majority of countries covered in the Map . Additional countries were ruled out after supplementing information given in the map through country-specific searches of information about policies that we conducted . The vast majority of governments tried to increase the reach of their fiscal capacity by concentrating resources on the firms that were hit the most , often using revenue as a measure of this hit and using drops in employment and other characteristics . Our second criterion , a minimum of 150 firms receiving support by Round-2 of COV-ES , also eliminated several countries , mostly in Africa , where government policy coverage by October / November was limited . To the best of our knowledge , these two conditions combined ruled out all the countries covered in COV-ES except for El Salvador and Georgia . Governments in El Salvador and Georgia announced a set of support measures to businesses as well as to individuals and families to help cope with the pandemic and with the strict lockdowns that were introduced to limit the spread of the virus . Support measures for private businesses in El Salvador mainly targeted small , micro , and medium-sized companies ( MSMEs ) as well as informal businesses , and included access to new credit ; wage subsidies ; fiscal incentives for investment in new productive projects ; deferrals of utility payments ; and other supports for simplification of procedures for MSMEs . The Georgian government also implemented support policies , with some targeting of the tourism sector ( loosely defined as hotels and restaurants ) and small firms . The support measures in Georgia included fiscal", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 28, "text": "COV-ES database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 345, "end": 372, "text": "Map of SME-Support Measures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "F ( t ) . The mean value of Vi is  i and the standard variance is  i . The WTP model can be written as , where  i is a random term with a mean of zero . Individual i knows his valuation distribution . When given a price tij , the probability for the person to say ― yes ‖ to the offered price , tij , will be , Pij = Prob ( Vi > tij ) = 1-F ( tij ) ( 2 ) Once Pij , the probabilities for individual i to agree to the price tij , is known to a researcher , either by assigning numerical values to the verbal MBDC data or by directly asking individuals of their numerical likelihood information as did with the SPC approach ( Wang and Whittington , 2005 ) , equation ( 2 ) can be estimated for each individual . The estimation model can be constructed as follows : Pij = 1-F ( tij ) + λi ( 3 ) where λi is an error term with a mean of 0 and a standard variance of  < sup > 2 < / sup > .  can be constant for a respondent i , but are different for different respondents . Pij is a dependent variable , which is the likelihood answer given by respondent i at price j . Pij takes values between 0 and 1 , and can be viewed as a continuous variable . tij is an independent variable , which corresponds to the bid price proposed in the questionnaire , and tij is also a continuous variable . Assume a specific functional form for Fi ( • ) , such as of a normal distribution , with a mean  ( _tij_  < u >  < / u > _i_ )  i and a standard variance  i , i . e . , F ( tij ) =  _i_ , then the model ( 3 ) becomes , The major purpose is to estimate and analyze  i , the mean value of Vi for each respondent , which is a function of personal information such as personal characteristics and uncertainties , etc . A two-stage approach", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 519, "text": "MBDC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 12 . If the residual of the asset being taken is not economically viable , compensation and other resettlement assistance are provided as if the entire asset had been taken . 13 . The alternative assets are provided with adequate tenure arrangements . The cost of alternative residential housing , housing sites , business premises , and agricultural sites to be provided can be set off against all or part of the compensation payable for the corresponding asset lost . 14 . Such support could take the form of short-term jobs , subsistence support , salary maintenance or similar arrangements . 15 . See OD 4 . 20 , _Indigenous Peoples . _ 16 . See OP 4 . 04 , _Natural Habitats . _ 17 . As a general principle , this applies if the land taken constitutes less than 20 % of the total productive area . 18 . Paras . 13-15 do not apply to impacts covered under para . 3 ( b ) of this policy . The eligibility criteria for displaced persons under 3 ( b ) are covered under the process framework ( see paras . 7 and 30 ) . 19 . Such claims could be derived from adverse possession , from continued possession of public lands without government action for eviction ( that is , with the implicit leave of the government ) , or from customary and traditional law and usage , and so on . 20 . Resettlement assistance may consist of land , other assets , cash , employment , and so on , as appropriate . 21 . Normally , this cut-off date is the date the census begins . The cut-off date could also be the date the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated , and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delineation to prevent further population influx . 22 . For projects that are highly risky or contentious , or that involve significant and complex resettlement activities , the borrower should normally engage an advisory panel of", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1505, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1602, "end": 1608, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in existing non - < br > refugee / host communities primary schools as < br > per the needs-based school infrastructure < br > investment plan ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 6 , 000 . 00 | 7 , 950 . 00 | | Evidence of utilization of NEMIS data for better < br > management of primary education ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | | Refugee learners are registered in NEMIS as < br > per the MoE guidelines for registration of < br > refugee learners in NEMIS ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | | Level of satisfaction of beneficiaries ( Citizen | | | | | < br > Engagement indicator and part of Grievance | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Redress Mechanism ) ( Percentage ) | | | | | Refugee learners , including in camp-based < br > refugee schools and host communities are | No | Yes | Yes | Page 53 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 234, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lack of value for money ( iv ) < mark > Lack of authenticity for payment made leading to loss of public funds . ( v < / mark > i ) Enrolment numbers at the school did not tally with NEMIS data which was the basis by which capitation funds were disbursed . ( vii ) Weakness in accountability of capitation grants : - cash books not updated , no payment vouchers to support payments ( viii ) some schools unable to account for rice received under school feeding program 35 . * * < mark > Mitigating measures : < / mark > * * < mark > ( i ) Training on auditing via NEMIS platform would address the capacity issue < / mark > ( ii ) Fix / upgrade NEMIS to eliminate human intervention . Meanwhile , cleansing and harmonizing of the NEMIS data vs actual enrollment in the schools is necessary . ( iii ) The Government to allocate adequate funds to finance the Internal Audit work plans including follow up audits to ensure recommendations are fully implemented . ( iv ) Ensure no gaps in audit committee terms of service ( v ) Enhance internal controls in the in the supply and distribution of the food items at all levels in order to realize the full benefit of the program and to ensure that the program has self-checking mechanisms . # # * * 3 . 3 . 3 Program governance and anticorruption arrangements * * # # * * _Assessment of Legal and Institutional Arrangements for Fighting Fraud and Corruption ( F & C ) _ * * * * 36 . * * _The Constitution and legal framework have strong provisions on combating F & C . _ This legal framework gives significant and independent powers to the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions ( ODPP ) , National Police Service Commission ( NPSC ) , and Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission ( EACC ) to exercise their relevant mandates at both national and county government levels . The responsibility for investigating F & C is shared between the Directorate of Criminal Investigations ( DC", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 192, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "les tribunaux kenyans , faisant appel aux institutions continentales africaines des droits de l ’ homme lorsque cela ne portait pas ses fruits : la Commission d ’ experts africains des droits de l ’ homme et du bien-être de l ’ enfant et la Commission africaine des droits de l ’ homme et des peuples ont toutes deux rendu des décisions contre le Kenya . < sup > 226 < / sup > La campagne sur la nationalité pour les communautés nubiennes a quelque peu facilité la situation de la communauté nubienne en termes d ’ accès aux papiers d ’ identité . Il n ’ est pas possible de dire qu ’ en tant que groupe , ils sont apatrides ou privés de la reconnaissance de la nationalité kenyane , car la plupart d ’ entre eux > 221 Stephen Astariko , « 100 , 000 residents in Dadaab refugee database ask for IDs » , _The Star_ ( Nairobi ) , 18 février 2016 ; voir également Joshua Masinde , « As the world ’ s largest refugee camp closes , some Kenyans struggle to prove they belong in Kenya » , _Quartz Africa_ , 27 juin 2016 . 222 Interviews , Nairobi , juin 2016 . 223 Interview , Directeur du NRB , juin 2016 . Voir également , « Kenya : Government to ensure youths appearing as refugees get IDs » , _Hivisasa_ , 17 décembre 2015 . 224 « Joint Communiqué : Ministerial Tripartite Commission for the Voluntary Repatriation of Somali Refugees from Kenya to Somalia » , 25 juin 2016 ; « UN starts sorting false from genuine refugees in Dadaab » , _The Nation_ ( Nairobi ) , 6 juillet 2016 . > 225 La situation des Nu", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "and Management of Environmental and Social Risks * * ESS1 requires the Borrower to carry out an environmental and social assessment of the project to assess the environmental and social risks and impacts of the project throughout the project life cycle . The assessment will be proportionate to the potential risks and impacts of the project , and will assess , in an integrated way , all relevant direct , indirect , and cumulative environmental and social risks and impacts throughout the project life cycle ( see on ESMF and ESMP ) , including the adverse resettlement impacts associating with the project related land acquisition ( see on the RF ) and restriction to access natural resources ( paragraph 23 ) . As further set out in paragraph 24 of the same ESS , the preparation of the RF and RP should be based on the environmental and social assessment providing current information , including an accurate description and delineation of the project and any associated aspects , and environmental and social baseline data of the project target regions at an appropriate level of detail sufficient to inform characterization and identification of resettlement risks and impacts for the project affected communities . # * * 4 . 5 . 2 . Environmental and Social Standard 2 : Labor and Working Conditions * * ESS2 recognizes the importance of employment creation and income generation in the pursuit of poverty reduction and inclusive economic growth . The objectives of ESS2 include : To promote safety 32", "spans": [{"start": 990, "end": 1028, "text": "environmental and social baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this study is the first to provide information on poverty dynamics in Malaysia based on official micro-level survey data . One particular feature of Malaysia ’ s development model concerns the preferential treatment of the Bumiputera ethnic groups , the population segment that was economically disadvantaged both before and after independence . For example , average consumption was and remains lower for Bumiputeras than for Chinese or Indian Malaysians , the other main ethnic groups . < sup > 1 < / sup > Malaysia ’ s New Economic Policy ( NEP ) , introduced in 1971 , had the twin objectives of reducing overall poverty and improving the economic position of the Bumiputeras . The NEP aimed to raise the participation of Bumiputeras in the formal education system , tertiary education and professional occupations , as well as expand their ownership of and control over capital ( Lee , 2017 ) . We will elaborate on this context in the next section . > 1 See Anand ( 1983 ) or Ikemoto ( 1985 ) for a detailed historical treatment , or Jomo and Hui ( 2014 ) for a more recent overview . The demonym _Malaysian_ refers to all citizens of Malaysia , regardless of their ethnicity . The term _Malay_ refers to the Malay ethnic group , the largest in the country . _Bumiputera_ is an ethnic label that groups Malays with other indigenous groups ( such as _Orang Asli_ in Peninsular Malaysia and _Orang Asal_ in the states Sabah and Sarawak ) . The Bumiputeras form the majority of Malaysia ’ s population . 1", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 120, "text": "micro-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "utilities . The urban growth rate over the period between 1980 and 2000 was 3 . 8 percent annually . The population of Monrovia alone grew from 0 . 7 to 1 . 2 million people during the last decade of the conflict . # # * * Achievements * * Relative to benchmark countries Liberia has relatively limited reliance on surface water and a high level of coverage for groundwater . The standardized Demographic and Health Surveys conducted across Africa provide the best basis for making international comparisons ( table 5 ) . According to this source , access to private taps and public stand posts in Liberia is just under 3 and 7 percent of the population , respectively , well below what is found in other resource-rich and low-income countries . This appears to be compensated by high access to wells and boreholes , which serve 76 percent of the population , a much higher level than in the peer groups . Less than 15 percent of the population in Liberia is forced to rely on surface water . * * Table 5 . Benchmarking water and sanitation indicators * * | | Unit | Resource-rich < br > countries | * * Liberia * * | < br > Low-income < br > countries | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Access to piped water < sup > * < / sup > | % pop | 12 . 0 | * * 2 . 9 * * | 10 . 5 | | Access to stand posts < sup > * < / sup > | % pop | 12 . 6 | * * 6 . 8 * * | 16 . 2 | | Access to wells / boreholes < sup > * < / sup > | % pop | 49 . 0 | * * 76 . 2 * * | 38 . 3 | | Access to surface water < sup > * < / sup > | % pop | 23 . 7 | * * 14 . 4 * * | 37 . 4 | | Access to flush toilets < sup > * < /", "spans": [{"start": 393, "end": 423, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to less energy-intensive , more labor-intensive sectors in the economy ( Solaymani et al . , 2015 ) . A recent IMF simulation for manufacturing in Asia and the Pacific utilizes national I / O tables to estimate the potential short-term impact of a $ 25 / ton carbon tax ( Dabla-Norris et al . , 2021 ) . Sectors that rely on carbon-intensive inputs , typically the downstream , extractive and energy-producing industries , are most affected in terms of output and employment . The amount of projected job loss is primarily driven by the industry ’ s energy dependence and share of employment . This varies substantially across countries . In Malaysia the largest expected job losses are concentrated in electrical and electronics manufacturing while in Mongolia the vast majority projected job losses are in wood and paper manufacturing . # * * 3 . 3 . 2 . Labor targeting climate change policies * * Our review of the literature points to six potential policies to target the impact of climate change on labor . We refer to these as : green jobs , green skills , labor-oriented adaptation , flexible labor regulation , labor market integration , and social protection . As shown in Table 1 , each of these relate to one or more of the above discussed potential labor impacts of climate change . In depth or formal evaluation of these policies has so far remained limited . We discuss each in turn . * * Table 1 . Labor targeting climate change policies * * | Impact of climate change on labor | Labor oriented policy response < br > | | - - - | - - - | | | H | | Demand for labor | < br > Green jobs | | Supply of labor , time use | Labor-oriented adaptation , regulation for flexible work | | Productivity | Labor-oriented adaptation , regulation for flexible work | | Self-employed income , vulnerability , poverty | Green jobs , social protection | | Reallocation of labor | Labor market integration , social protection | | Skills and human capital | Green skills , social protection , education and health policies | Policies that promote “ green jobs ” aim to increase net labor", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 198, "text": "national I / O tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . With data on wages and employment , we can recover the relative productivity _δsg_ for each group of workers from the CES production function . In particular , we can solve the following system of equations up to scale for each location and sector : 2 . With data on wages and the number of workers , we can recover the amenity / productivity distribution of the sectoral choices . In particular , we can recover the vector _Bisg_ up to scale by matching the sectoral shares in each location that we observe in the data with the model : 3 . After recovering _δisg_ and _Bisg_ , with data on wages , employment , and capital , we can construct the labor supply and recover the productivity distribution _Ais_ up to scale by matching the labor supply with the labor demand . We can recover the productivity vector by matching the following system of equations : 4 . Finally , with the employment data , wages , sectoral amenities , aggregate price indices , migration costs , and the return to capital , we can recover the amenity distribution of each location and group _Big_ by matching the population share we observe in the data with the ones implied by the model . We solve the following system of equations : After we recover these four vectors , we match the initial equilibrium from the model with the employment shares and wages that we observe in the data , and we can simulate the policy counterfactuals by comparing the equilibrium after the shock with the baseline equilibrium . 12", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 37, "text": "data on wages and employment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 887, "end": 902, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ablished as an appro | ved element of COPCD with te | mporary staff - | | * * Action Description * * | E8 : Inclusion in six-monthly and annual Program reports of data on Program-related compla < br > national GRM . | ints received through the | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * < br > * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Environmental and Social < br > Systems | MoA < br > Recurrent < br > Semi-Annually | Delayed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Program Reports include data on Program-related complaints received through the national | GRM . | | * * Comments * * | The national GRM is functional but is currently not fully recording all complaints submitted a < br > include full data on Program-related complaints in the next Program Report . | nd resolved . MoA will | 1 / 20 / 2023 Page 7 of 12", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 595, "text": "data on Program-related complaints", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 772, "end": 806, "text": "data on Program-related complaints", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > provincesandheadquartersoffices . Finally , < / sup > the road inventory has not < sup > been completed ( para < / sup > < sup > * * 3 . 26 ) . * * < / sup > These weaknesses , which have impaired < sup > roadmaintenance activitiesandfullutilization of the < / sup > resources provided < sup > undertheproject , willbeaddressedundertheHighway < / sup > Sector Loan ( Ln . < sup > 1684-KE ) . < / sup > * * 6 . 03 * * During project implementation , < sup > RD wasenlarged < / sup > < sup > * * by * * theaddition of < / sup > the Special Projects < sup > Branch . Its < / sup > < sup > * * job * * wastoadministertwoprograms underthe < / sup > Third * * ( 1974-1979 ) * * < sup > andFourth < / sup > < sup > * * ( 1979-1983 ) * * National DevelopmentPlans : < / sup > ( a ) the", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 78, "text": "road inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * How Vulnerable Are Arab Countries to Global Food Price Shocks ? * * # * * 1 . Introduction * * There is a belief that households in the Middle East and North Africa < sup > 1 < / sup > ( MENA ) should be largely insulated from fluctuations in global food prices . The region stands out among other developing regions for its extensive use of price subsidies and controls ( Ortiz _et al . _ , 2011 ) . In addition , governments in MENA employ other policies aimed at managing and regulating food consumption , production and trade . < sup > 2 < / sup > These include production subsidies , import protection cuts , and build-up of food reserves . At the same time , high and volatile international food prices continue to be a major concern in the MENA region , and some have even cited them as a contributing factor in the Arab Spring ( Breisinger _et al . _ 2011 ; Zurayk , 2011 ) . Food prices rose substantially during the second half of the 2000s , and even though prices plunged during the global economic and financial crisis , they recovered rapidly in 2010 before coming down somewhat in 2011 ( Figure 1 ) . At present , the aggregate food price index is above the levels observed in the mid-2000s , and prices of certain food items remain high ( World Bank 2012a ) . High international food prices feature prominently in public policy discussions in the Middle East and North Africa for a number of good reasons . Dependence on imported food is substantial and likely to grow in the future . Using data from the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) this paper shows that the region meets through imports about half of its wheat and barley consumption requirements , 40 percent of its rice consumption , and nearly 70 percent of its corn consumption ( Table 1 ) . The region is the largest wheat importer in the world , and wheat prices increased by 70 percent in the second half of the 2000s . With expected high population growth rates and climate change that is likely to raise the frequency of draughts and", "spans": [{"start": 1511, "end": 1564, "text": "data from the United States Department of Agriculture", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Women and girls who leave POC sites to gather fi rewood and food are under particular threat . They are regularly attacked in Juba , Wau , Bentiu and Malakal , among other places , including abduction and rape . These attacks often occur at military checkpoints and in close proximity to POC sites . GBV Reported Cases : Types of Incidents April - Septemebr 2016 Physical assault * * 746 * * Gender-based violence in POC sites is also a serious concern . Security of latrine areas and insecurity related to poor lighting in the Rape POC site needs to be addressed on a priority basis for prevention . Livelihood programs * * 246 * * must be strengthened to mitigate GBV risks as well as to contribute to addressing inequality as a root cause of GBV . Although there are awareness-raising , health , Psychological abuse psycho-social , humanitarian led-protective patrols , and some skills-building initiatives to prevent GBV and support survivors , * * 206 * * access to legal / justice measures for civilians in POC sites is not possible . Denial of resources Survivors who experience GBV inside of PoCs do not have adequate access to justice options . UNMISS has a quasipolicing structure in place , including POC holding centers where it can detain alleged perpetrators of GBV , exercising regular detention review procedures . However , with the lack of rule of law , lack of guarantees of protection of fundamental human rights for * * 143 * * Forced marriage * * 113 * * alleged perpetrators to allow for handover to national authorities , and inadequate judicial capacity and laws to prosecute GBV , there is not a realistic option to bring cases to courts for survivors in PoCs to obtain justice and protection . Without access to freedom of movement and an end to the confl ict , in addition to measures to strengthen the justice system , survivors in POC sites will not have their rights to truth or justice fulfi lled . Currently , only international or hybrid", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ affected population in the Woreda , while lowest in Haromaya SC with only 1 . 1 % of the total household members . # # # # # # * * Marital Status of HH Heads and HH population * * Data on marital status of interviewed subproject affected household heads and household population revealed that 87 . 5 % of HH heads and 65 . 2 % of the HH population claimed that they are married , whereas 1 . 8 % and 27 . 6 % of HH heads and HH population is reported to be never married respectively . On the other hand , the marital status of 9 . 3 % of HH heads is reported to be divorced and widowed . Across Subproject Woredas and Sub cities the proportion of widowed heads of household is highest in Meta Woreda by constituting 13 . 9 % of the marital status of Subproject affected household heads in the Woreda and conversely the proportion of widowed HH heads is lowest in Haromaya SC with 4 . 0 % . Figure 6 . 2 : Proportions of HH Heads ( left ) and Population ( right ) Marital Status by Woreda # # # # # # * * Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation * * The ethnic composition of subproject affected household heads is dominated by one ethnic group - the Oromo ethnic group constituted 92 . 8 % of the Household heads ethic affiliation , followed by Amhara ethnic group accounted for 5 . 8 % of the HH heads and the remaining 1 . 4 % is missing PAPs . Similarly , the religious affiliation of the Subproject affected household heads and Subproject Woredas in general dominated by Muslim religion . Based on the census survey result , about 92 . 0 % of the Subproject affected household heads are affiliated with Muslim religion , while 6 . 6 % are reported to be followers", "spans": [{"start": 1655, "end": 1675, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "representative of each economy ’ s formal private sector , covering establishments with five or more employees , thus our findings are less narrow than many previous analyses , which have tended to focus only on larger manufacturing firms . The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows : section 2 outlines the methodology used to measure management practices and to analyze the relationship between management and performance ; section 3 presents the data and descriptive statistics ; section 4 presents the empirical findings ; and , finally , section 5 discusses the results and provides some brief concluding remarks . # 2 . Methodology # # 2 . 1 Measuring and scoring management practices Work to systematically quantify management practices has been pioneered by Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2007 , 2010 ) . The United States Census Bureau adapted the survey questions of Bloom and Van Reenen and in 2010 conducted a wide ‐ scale survey of management practices via the Management and Organizational Practices Survey ( MOPS ) . Based on the MOPS , and in collaboration with Bloom and Van Reenen , these variables have been modified and implemented as part of the standard Enterprise Survey that the World Bank implements throughout the world . The Enterprise Survey asks about five specific components of management practices , these are as follows : ( 1 ) action taken when a problem arose in production or service provision ; ( 2 ) the number of production or service provision performance indicators monitored ; ( 3 ) the level of ease or difficulty to achieve production or service provision targets ; ( 4 ) personnel ' s knowledge of production or service provision targets ; and ( 5 ) the basis of managers ' performance bonuses . For each component , establishments receive a score between zero and one , where higher scores indicate more structured practices . Take , for example , the component of management practices that examines how establishments respond to problems in production or service provision ( action when a problem in production or service provision arose ) . The least structured practice would be “ No action was taken ” , while the most structured would be “ We fixed it and took action to make sure it", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 1018, "text": "Management and Organizational Practices Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1043, "end": 1047, "text": "MOPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation . Moreover , a comprehensive social survey audit has recently been finalized ( covering more than 360 localities ) and did not raise any issues . 52 . The Bank is currently assisting EEPCo in developing a framework and establishing an operation for the recycling of incandescent lamps and CFLs following international standards . During supervision , the Bank proposed that the potential hazards arising from broken , discarded , and worn-out CFL bulbs ( which contain mercury ) be properly addressed . This work was carried out under a separate grant from the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ( ESMAP ) and completed at the end of 2013 . # # * * _Fiduciary Compliance_ * * 53 . The main fiduciary concerns identified during appraisal were the ability of EEPCo and EREPDC , the two main implementing agencies , to comply with Bank procurement and financial management fiduciary requirements . 54 . * * Procurement Management : * * EEPCo is a major procuring entity in Ethiopia . Maintaining the needed procurement capacity has been difficult , mainly due to high staff turnover . Procurement activities are less mainstreamed in EEPCo than in other institutions , such as the Ethiopian Roads Authority . Decisions on procurement are centralized and most procurement packages under EAREP I and II were approved by the EEPCo Board . There were delays in forming tender committees for specific assignments and difficulties were encountered with reporting procurement decisions to the Bank . Quick and fair resolution of procurement complaints took time leading to delays . While there were no cases of misprocurement , internal administrative and governance issues caused persistent delays of up to six months . EEPCo also expressed dissatisfaction on occasion with the speed of clearances given by the Bank but this was mainly due to the quality of the bidding documents and bid evaluation reports submitted , which led to several back and forth exchanges . 55 . Since EEPCo ’ s operations involved the procurement and administration of very large contracts , EEPCo ’ s institutional arrangements need to reflect", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 63, "text": "comprehensive social survey audit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 3 . 4 million Kenyans were classified as food insecure due to droughts < sup > 4 < / sup > . Further , warming in Kenya and in the rest of continental Africa is projected to be greater than the global mean ( 2 . 8 < sup > o < / sup > C ) during the twenty-first century , < sup > 5 < / sup > meaning that more climate change-exacerbated floods and droughts are expected . 4 . * * For more than three decades , Kenya has been home to a significant population of refugees and asylum seekers . * * There are 636 , 024 refugees and asylum seekers in the country , the majority of whom live in two designated refugee camps > 1 World Bank . 2020 . GDP per Capita Data . https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / NY . GDP . PCAP . CD ? locations = KE . > 2 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . 2023 . Kenya Poverty Report-2021 . https : / / www . knbs . or . ke / download / the-kenya-poverty-report-2021 / > 3 Agricultural transformation , Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises ( MSMEs ) , Housing and Settlement , Healthcare and Digital Superhighway and Creative Industry . > 4 Government of Kenya . 2018 . National Climate Change Action Plan ( Kenya ) : 2018-2022 . > 5 IPCC , 2007 : Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability . Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , M . L . Parry , O . F . Canziani , J . P . Palutikof , P . J . van der Linden and C . E . Hanson , Eds . , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , 976pp . Page 8 of 58", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . Results # # < mark > 4 . 1 Sources of Bias < / mark > Before examining how to correct for bias , it is important to first understand the sources of bias that enter into the phone survey sample and how that bias affects the composition of the sample . Tables 4 . 1a to 4 . 3b present weighted means for a wide array of characteristics < sup > 11 < / sup > from the four LSMS-ISA F2F surveys across several different subsamples ending ultimately with the sample of successfully interviewed households in the HFPS for each country . Comparing the means across these subsamples will indicate ( 1 ) at what stage any bias is entering into the samples and ( 2 ) across what set of characteristics the samples are biased in relation to the F2F surveys . Figure 4 . 1 also presents estimated bias ( measured by deviation from LSMS-ISA mean ) in graphical form for selected characteristics . # # # < mark > 4 . 1 . 1 Coverage bias < / mark > Table 4 . 1a presents results comparing characteristics for the full F2F sample ( columns 1 , 4 , 7 , and 10 ) as well as the portion of the F2F sample that has contacted information ( columns 2 , 5 , 8 , and 11 ) for the samples from all four countries . The portion of the sample with contact information serves as the frame of eligible households to be selected for the phone survey sample . Therefore , any differences between these two samples would indicate the presence of coverage bias brought on by exclusion of households who are ineligible ( i . e . have no phone number to be contacted on ) . Columns 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 present differences between the two samples ( with significant differences indicated with “ * ” and highlighted in red ) . Looking down the variety of characteristics contained in Table 4 . 1a for Nigeria ( column 9 ) , it is evident that there are no substantial differences between the full sample and phone survey frame , suggesting coverage bias is not a major concern for Nigeria .", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 395, "text": "LSMS-ISA F2F surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i # # PORLT ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT . CREDIT 1676-ET # # # PROJECT COMPLETDON REPORT # # # PREFACE This is the Project Completion report ( PCR ) for the Port Engineering and Construction Project in Ethiopia , for which Credit 1676-ET in the amount of US $ 5 . 5 million was approved on April 1 , 1986 . The project was completed in January 1991 . The disbursements were extended a little further into 1991 because of extension of the closing date till March 31 , 1991 . The PCR was jointly prepared by the Infrastructure Operations Division of the Africa r . egional Office ( Preface , Evaluation Summary , Parts I and III ) and the Borrower , ( Part II ) . Preparation of this PCR was started during the Bank ' s final supervision mission of the project in September 1990 , and is based , inter alia , on the supervision reports ; correspondence between the Bank and the Borrower ; and internal Bank memoranda .", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 842, "text": "supervision reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "needs to be more expansive than focusing only on the cognitive , academic type skills measured by international tests . The objective of our paper is threefold . Rather than focusing on cognitive academic skills alone , we focus on a more expanded notion of “ skills . ” < sup > 3 < / sup > Our first objective is to develop a composite indicator of skills for developing countries in Asia like the European Skills Index ( ESI ) developed by the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training ( CEDEFOP ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > The Asian Skills Index ( ASI ) intends to measure the performance of a similar group of Asian countries in terms of how effectively labor market skills from post-secondary education level and beyond are being formed ( “ skills formation ” ) , how effectively such skills are utilized in labor markets ( “ skills activation ” ) and finally , how effectively labor market demand-supply mechanisms match skills to abilities ( “ skills matching ” ) . The motivation to develop such an index is threefold . First , the ASI considers the _entire skills system_ - ranging from how skills are formed , to how skills are activated , to how skills are ultimately deployed for economic growth . This is particularly important in the Asian context given that skills formation alone may not be the primary constraint since a significant pool of educated are unable to find productive employment . We also invoke the concept of deadweight loss for the education and skills development system due to a highly educated population with no jobs . It should be noted that a major difference between previous proxies for human capital such as “ years of schooling ” is that they essentially focus only on skills formation . But skills formation by itself is redundant if it is not activated through participation in the labor market and > 3 The term “ Skills ” is used in this paper to broadly define the acquisition of marketable competencies and attributes as applicable beyond secondary education and encompassing tertiary education ( both technical vocational education and training and higher education at university level ) . > 4 - < u >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "they are detained , an economic burden that may create significant challenges during an emergency . < sup > 211 < / sup > # # # # # # _WHICH CHILDREN ARE MOST VULNERABLE ? _ The literature suggests that detained children are predominantly boys . In the Occupied Palestinian Territories , 90 % of children arrested and charged are male . < sup > 212 < / sup > In Davao City , the Philippines , of the 497 children arrested by police between January and June 2002 , 83 % were boys . < sup > 213 < / sup > Research carried out in the Philippines , covering both conflict-affected and non-emergency settings , shows that the average age of children in detention was 14 . 4 years old . The proportion of children in custody increased with age . < sup > 214 < / sup > In one study area in the Philippines , 60 % of children held in detention were not living with their parents when they were arrested , indicating there may be a correlation between family separation and conflict with the law . < sup > 215 < / sup > # # # # # # URGENCY OF RESPONSE It is important that children held in detention are not exposed to extreme violence , abuse , exploitation and maltreatment that may be life-threatening . Negotiating for access to children being held and case management support are the first steps to ensuring their wellbeing . What actions can child protection actors take to prevent and respond to violence against children in emergencies ? Data from the survey and key informant interviews indicates that the full range of strategies to prevent and respond to violence , exploitation , neglect and abuse is poorly understood and communicated . Based on a review of agency-specific programming guidance and the Minimum Standards for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action , as well as the literature on responses to child protection in emergencies needs , the following list of child protection in emergencies interventions has been identified . < sup > 216 < /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use to determine whether to pay for WSS , program designers can create policies to increase demand for WSS . The use of conjoint methods is not new to infrastructure service industries . < sup > 2 < / sup > Service attribute quantification has been common among the electricity industry for some time , with information on the value of reliability to customers used to design appropriate services and tariffs ( Eto et al . , 2001 ) . In service delivery programs , we can think of conjoint analysis as a tool to determine what combination of attributes consumers will most likely purchase . Hensher et al . ( 2004 ) assess the value that households in Canberra , Australia , place on drinking and wastewater attributes . Respondents to their surveys valued attributes of WSS such as reliability of water services in addition to cost . They find evidence that customers place value on operational procedures within the water industry . Estimation of demand for WSS and evaluation of differences in household preferences across sociodemographic groups typically requires at least three types of data that vary across the sample : ( a ) access and quantity of WSS , ( b ) price , and ( c ) socio-demographics . Given the variety of situations and scenarios that are considered for policy design and evaluation , researchers have used both stated preference ( SP ) and revealed preference ( RP ) methods to assess demand and understand preferences . SP approaches use data from surveys that describe potential scenarios to estimate the _ex-ante_ demand for goods and services such as WSS . The contingent valuation and conjoint analysis methods are examples of SP approaches . RP approaches use behavioral data , often from surveys , to estimate _ex-post_ demand for WSS . The hedonic price , averting and coping models are examples of RP approaches . In the case of WSS services , consumer data ( RP data ) typically does not contain enough variation across households to estimate the value of individual service attributes . Instead , water policy analysts can use stated preference methodologies such as conjoint surveys to understand the importance of service delivery attributes and cost to consumers of WSS and the extent to which consumers are", "spans": [{"start": 1691, "end": 1706, "text": "behavioral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1878, "end": 1891, "text": "consumer data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1894, "end": 1901, "text": "RP data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . HOsT COMMUNITIEs # * * POLICY DIMENSIONS ( AS AT 30 JUNE 2020 ) * * # * * 1 Host Communities * * # # * * 1 . 1 Support for communities in refugee-hosting areas * * The Government of Burundi committed to decentralization reform with the adoption of the 2009 National Decentralization Strategy . Although these processes and policies do not directly refer to refugees and host communities , they apply in refugee-hosting areas to the benefit of both population groups . However , Burundi has not yet entered financial devolution . There are shortcomings in implementing the decentralization and devolved planning processes due to lack of financial resources for sub-national government institutions , which have limited implementation capacities . In April 2011 , the Government of Burundi adopted a National Policy on Social Protection ( NPSP ) , underscoring the importance of reducing widespread poverty and vulnerability through the provision of social safety nets aiming to improve the lives of the most vulnerable . An interministerial coordination body , the National Social Protection Commission , was established in April 2013 . A Secretariat ( Secrétariat Exécutif Permanent de la Commission Nationale de Protection Sociale – SEP / CNPS ) has been supporting the implementation of the NPSP since 2014 and developed a < u > National Social Protection Strategy < / u > that delineates the Government ’ s priorities . The Strategy notes that social protection covers the entire population of Burundi without distinction , with a particular focus on the poorest and most vulnerable . In May 2020 , the Government of Burundi passed a < u > Law on Social Protection Code < / u > ( Law 1 / 12 ) , which defines the legal framework for the provision of contributory and non-contributory social protection , describes available contributory regimes for formal and informal workers and details the eligibility criteria for social assistance . The Law foresees that a social registry will be the main targeting instrument for social protection programmes . While giving priority to the neediest and most", "spans": [{"start": 1969, "end": 1984, "text": "social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 15 . Others of concern to UNHCR , 2006 * * * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > This table does not include stateless persons . See Table 14 for an overview of stateless persons . * * | | | Pop . sta | rt-2006 | Pop . en | d-2006 | Chan | ge ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country < br > of < br > residence | Description / origin | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | | TfYR Macedonia | Persons of concern from Serbia | - | - | 90 | 60 | . . | . . | | TfYR Macedonia < sup > 1 < / sup > | Rejected Serb asylum-seekers of concern to < br > UNHCR | 123 | 123 | 389 | 389 | 216 % | 216 % | | Thailand | Iraq | 93 | - | 100 | - | 8 % | . . | | Thailand | Lao People ' s Dem . Rep . | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0 % | 0 % | | Thailand | Various nationalities | 37 | - | 183 | - | 395 % | . . | | Turkey | Chechens in a refugee-like situation | 1 , 400 | - | 306 | - | - 78 %", "spans": [{"start": 74, "end": 82, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * The unit rate per foot in length adopted for boundary walls are given in * * Table 10 . 4 * * below . * * < u > Table 10 . 4 : Valuation of Boundary Walls < / u > * * | * * Description * * | * * Rate Per Foot in Length * * | | - - - | - - - | | Masonry Wall | Kshs . 5 , 000 | | GCI Walls | Kshs . 800 | | Timber off cuts | Kshs . 800 | # # # # # # * * 10 . 2 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN BUDGET * * The Project design has ensured that the Proposed alignment of the Water Mains follow the Road Reserves . Therefore , no land acquisition is anticipated for the Project Components . However , the RAP census identified private assets including buildings , boundary walls , business sheds and hedges that will be affected . The Total Compensation Budget for Malindi and Watamu Towns is as summarized in * * Tables 10 . 6 * * and * * 10 . 7 * * below . * * < u > Table 10 . < / u > * * * * ~ ~ < u > 56 : < / u > ~ ~ * * * * < u > Total Compensation Budget for Watamu Town < / u > * * | * * Design * * < br > * * Horizon * * | * * Water Mains * * < br > * * Reference * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Budget for * * < br > * * Structure * * < br > * * Compensation * * < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 851, "text": "RAP census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may be self-employed ( Cho et al . , 2016 ) , which means that “ residence ” and “ workplace ” may be one and the same . In all the mobility data , April shows the biggest change from baseline . While visits to many locations increased somewhat rapidly after April , overall visits remained significantly below the baseline month well into the year . This finding appears especially true for both workplaces and retail / recreation . # b . Search data We present trends for six different search terms – food bank , assistance , online education , prayer , bible , and quran – in Figure 9 and Figure 10 . We begin with trends by region in Figure 9 . The topleft panel presents results for how often people searched for the term “ food bank . ” There is a large increase in just one region : North America . This could be due to the availability of food banks in that region relative to the others , rather than differences in actual needs . The top-middle panel presents results for “ assistance . ” Here , we see the most pronounced spike in two regions : South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific . The top-right panel shows trends in searches for “ online education . ” East Asia and the Pacific and Europe and Central Asia show marked increases in searches for the term in April . Sub-Saharan Africa also shows an increase , though the magnitude of the change is much smaller than for the other two regions . 9", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 451, "text": "Search data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is based on data that is nationally representative and caveat the data appropriately . For EGRA , only a sub-set of countries have nationally representation data . Of 72 countryyear observations , 42 are nationally representative . We produce the linking function based on countries that took part in nationally representative tests to guarantee population overlap . We apply the linking function to all countries with nationally representative EGRA results producing internationally comparable results . We also apply this linking function to non-national EGRA assessments . While we have confidence in the former estimates , we caveat the latter estimates . We exclude TIMSS results for Yemen which TIMSS highlighted as having a flooring effect and has an unrealistically low score . Our HLO Yemen score is thus derived from EGRA data . For Sri Lanka , we use a score derived from the National Assessment which was linked to TIMSS ( Dundar et al . , 2017 ) . In the case of China and India we validate or extrapolate nationally representative data , described in Annex 3 and 4 . Second , tests should measure similar proficiencies . We link across precise subjects ( math , reading and science ) to ensure proficiency overlap . For EGRA , since it often has multiple languages of instruction , we only include scores for tests where the language of instruction is the same as the language of the test . This ensures we capture underlying cognitive skills rather than language effects . Third , test differences should capture difficulty differences rather than country-fixed effects . We address this assumption in a few ways . As noted above , we link tests across doubloon countries that participate in tests that are nationally representative . The reliability of this linking exercise increases the larger the set Y ∩ X , the number of countries that take both tests being linked . Each update increases this overlap , making the inclusion of new countries in this update significant . A novel contribution of this update which increases the reliability of this last assumption is the fixing of our conversion rate across a 15-20-year interval for recent years from 20002017 . This enables us to increase the sample size in the set Y ∩ X for each doubloon", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 836, "text": "EGRA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1019, "end": 1049, "text": "nationally representative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "seasonal rainfall , ( 2 ) number of days without rain , ( 3 ) mean seasonal temperature , and ( 4 ) growing degree days ( GDD ) . These four variables are indicative of a number of different ways to measure precipitation and temperature ( volume / degree v . count ) . We spend what may be more space than is typical in an economics paper discussing the descriptive statistics around these measures , but this is essential for understanding the way in which each EO product differs in its measurement of rainfall and temperature . In summarizing the descriptive statistics , we highlight a trends or stylized facts about differences in measurement ( a ) between EO products within a country and ( b ) within an EO product between countries . Figure 4 presents the distribution of total rainfall ( measured in mm ) during the growing season , by country and EO product . < sup > 9 < / sup > Not surprisingly , there are substantial differences in the distribution of rainfall across countries . Ethiopia and Uganda average around 650mm of rainfall a season while Malawi , Nigeria , and Tanzania average around 900mm of rainfall a season . By contrast , Niger averages only around 350mm of rainfall in a season . These level differences in the quantity of precipitation in a country are clearly due to geographic characteristics . When we consider all countries together , some general trends emerge with respect to EO sources . A first trend ( T1 ) is that ERA5 tends to have long tails , indicating this reanalysis data product reports dramatically more rainfall than other EO source . < sup > 10 < / sup > For example , in Ethiopia and Tanzania , ERA5 reports some households receiving 6 , 000-7 , 000mm of rainfall in a season - six to seven meters - while no other EO product reports even half that amount . A second trend ( T2 ) is that CPC tends to measure less rainfall relative to other EO products . For example , in Ethiopia and Malawi , CPC reports only half as much rainfall as the other products . However , there are important exceptions to these trends .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "usually persists even after controlling for other socioeconomic factors ) , health status of household members and access to basic health services , presence of basic infrastructure ( roads , electricity , schools , health centers , etc . ) and exposure to conflicts and violence . < sup > 21 < / sup > Indicators proxying good governance have also been shown to support income growth and poverty reduction ( Doumbia , 2018 ) . Based on the macro - and micro growth literature , we group the potential mediators of the passthrough between GDP and household consumption growth into four categories < sup > 22 < / sup > : - i . * * Human capital : * * This category includes indicators of school enrollment and completion at different levels , literacy rates , child and maternal mortality rates , fertility , and life expectancy . We also include an indicator of intergenerational mobility ( the probability that a child exceeds the education level of her / his parents for the cohort born in the 1980s ) . This last variable only varies by country ( time series for this variable is available only for a limited set of countries < sup > 23 < / sup > ) . - ii . * * Economic and demographic structure * * : Share of different sectors in GDP , employment share of different sectors , rents from natural resources as a share of GDP , inflation ( average in the five years preceding the spell ) , gross fixed capital formation ( with different lags ) , share of > 19 The Statistical Performance Indicators measure the capacity and maturity of national statistical systems by assessing the use of data , the quality of services , the coverage of topics , the sources of information , and the infrastructure and availability of resources ( https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / programs / statistical-performance-indicators ) . We used a simple average for each country for the period 2014-2019 . > 20 See , for instance , Barro ( 1991 ) , Levine and Renelt ( 1992 ) , and Durlauf ( 2009 ) for an overview . > 21 See , for instance , Glewwe", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "calculate the share of total consumption expenditure allocated to each component for each household . We also compute aggregate country-level shares . In the few cases in which consumption shares at the country level were missing , we imputed them from previous rounds of the survey . < sup > 5 < / sup > > 4 We focus on the two-digit COICOP classification to achieve better intercountry comparability and because of the lack of information in most of the ECA household budget surveys on the representativeness of the sample results based on more granular product classification . > 5 < u > Table A1 , in Appendix , indicates the year of the latest available survey and the sample size for each country . < / u > 8", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 484, "text": "ECA household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * ة بالصرف والتحقق من / البيانات * * < br > * * جائ نت ال * * < br > * * إ * * | * * قييم إنجاز المؤشرات المرتبط * * < br > | * * ال بروتوكوللت * * < br > | * * قابلية توسع * * < br > | * * تعريف / وصف اإلنجاز * * | * * المؤشر المرتبط * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * اإل * * < br > * * جراء * * < br > * * ات * * | * * هيئة التحقق * * | * * مصدر / وكالة البيانات * * | * * الم * * < br > * * صروفات * * < br > * * / ( نعم * * < br > * * ك ) لا * * | ا < br > ً أ < br > | * * بالصرف * * | | | | * * ا * * | | لالستخدام < br > بشأن ً توفير التدريب المهني وفقا للقوانين واأل < br > نظمة < br > اللبنانية خالل < br > فترة البرنامج < br > النتيجة المرتبطة بالصرف7 . 3 < br > : من بين ا < br > لمستفيدين ا < br > لل", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "| * * Project Financing Data - Additional Financing ENREP ADDITIONAL FIN * * | * * ANCING ( P155563 * * | * * ) ( in US $ Millions ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ ] < br > Loan < br > [ X ] < br > Grant < br > [ ] < br > IDA Grant | | | | [ X ] < br > Credit < br > [ ] < br > Guarantee < br > [ ] < br > Other | | | | Total Project Cost : < br > 248 . 00 < br > Total Bank Financing : | 200 . 00 | | | FinancingGap : < br > 0 . 00 | | | | * * Financing Source – Additional Financing ( AF ) * * | | * * Amount * * | | BORROWER / RECIPIENT | | 43 . 00 | | International Development Association ( IDA ) | | 200 . 00 | | EnergySmall and Medium Enterprises ( ESME ) Trust Fund | | 5 . 00 | | Total | | 248 . 00 | | * * Policy Waivers * * | | | | Does theproject depart from the CAS in content or in other significant respects ? | No | | | Explanation | | | | Does theproject require any policywaiver ( s ) ? | No | | | Explanation | | | The audit report for one of the implementing agencies ( the Ethiopian Electric Power ) for the year ended on July 7 , 2015 is overdue . In addition , the previous entity audit report was issued with a disclaimer opinion . The World Bank and the Government of Ethiopia agreed on a number of negotiations conditions that would help address the issues underlying the disclaimer opinion and the delays in the submission of entity audit reports . All measures were duly implemented . Upon compliance with negotiation conditions , Management approved an exception to OP / BP", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 7 Items considered to be the most important : Basic household and winter items * * Respondents were provided with a list of household items and list of winter items , and asked which were the most important in terms of need . They also had an opportunity to add their own priorities to the lists . Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile , 133 sub-districts reporting - Hygiene kits , baby diapers , winter clothes , adult diapers and blankets are the top five most important basic household items . These items account for 74 % of the total response . Hygiene kits stressed as important due to consumable nature and social stigma attached to poor hygiene . - Expert assessments revealed that the quality of quilts , mattresses , sleeping mats and jerry cans can be improved . - Winter clothes , sweaters , underwear , boots and waterproof floor coverings are considered to be the top 5 priority items for winterization , covering 65 % of responses . # # # # # * * 1 . 7 . 1 Important basic household items : Percentage of reporting sub-districts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Hygiene Kit Baby Diapers Winter Clothes Adult Diapers < br > 21 . 2 % < br > Blankets Full NFI Kit Plastic sheets Mattresses < br > Quilts Solar lamp Jerry Cans Sanitary napkin < br > Full Kit without Jerry Cans Seasonal clothing kit Boots Kitchen Set < br > 18 . 0 % < br > Shoes for all family members Sleeping bags Bedding sheets Carpets < br > Children clothes Fans Jackets Tent < br > Underwear < br > 14 . 8 % < br > 11 . 6 % < br > 8 . 4 % < br > 4 . 7 % < br > 4 . 1 % < br > 3 . 4 % < br > 2 . 8 % < br > 2 . 4 % < br > 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 409, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 7 . Reconstruction of the Jinja training school , provision of education equipment , and the reconstruction of hostel facilities ( hostel facilities ' reconstruction was dropped ) ; 8 . Reconstruction of district offices at Mbarara and Masaka , civil works repair for operational and residential buildings ( dropped , but later undertaken by UEB using its own funds ) ; 9 . Provision of engineering services and consulting services including supervision of construction ; and 10 . Provision of the following studies : l - ( i ) Prioritization study ( added ) - ( ii ) Tariff study - ( iii ) Billing and collection study - ( iv ) Accounting study ( added ) - ( v ) Rehabilitation of the Kampala network ( added ) - ( vi ) Feasibility study to supply electrical power to Western Uganda ( added ) - ( vii ) Feasibility study of an extension to the Owen Falls hydroelectric station - ( viii ) SCADA study ( added ) Part C : Technical assistance to the Ministry ' s Energy Department 1 . Provision of TA for the operation of the Energy Department 2 . Provision of TA for carrying out : - ( i ) a forest and plantation inventory ( implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry under another project ) ; - ( ii ) national fuelwood marketing survey ; and - ( iii ) household energy survey in the major towns of Uganda . > 3 . Additional studies were financed by ODA , AfDB , CIDA , and by the Second Technical Assistance Credit , Cr . 1434-UG . Cr 1434-UG : An Assessment of management , organization , manpower and training requirements of UEB , and a selective staff development study and training manual . ODA : A Study to Review Stores and Workshop Facilities and Procedures . AfDB : a Distribution System Rehabilitation and Loss Reduction Study , and a National Electrification Planning Study . CIDA : A study to investigate the feasibility of developing hydroelectric capacity at the Bujagali site .", "spans": [{"start": 1094, "end": 1125, "text": "forest and plantation inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1219, "end": 1253, "text": "national fuelwood marketing survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1270, "end": 1293, "text": "household energy survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_21_ 3 . 3U Close contact would be maintained with fish landings and markets . To enable statf to travel around the lake , a thirty-foot launch , a dinghy and two four-wheel drive vehicles would be provided . Accommodation would be provided at landing sites in the form of prefabricated huts , together with the necessary camping gear and protective clothing ( Annex V , table 4 ) . 3 . 31 Fisheries staff requirements . The professional and support staff required for fish assessment and fisheries statistics collection are indicated in Annex IV , table 1 . Assurances were obtained at negotiations that fisheries department staff would be redeployed to fill any vacancies . Staff would be available from either those currently responsible for the collection and analysis of fisheries statistics at headquarters in Entebbe , or from fisheries staff working in the project area . # # # # # Institution building 3 . 32 Agricultural Extension . Under the project , the general agricultural extension services in the districts of Kumi , Apac and Lira would be improved by the provision of in-service training for agricultural extension staff . In addition , T & V would be introduced into Soroti District , on a pilot basis , with the objective of determining its suitability as a means of bringing about significant improvements in production on subsistence farms in Uganda . i . 33 Agricultural Extension in Soroti District . The project would provide , on a systematic basis , the advice needed to increase food production and farm income by strengthening and intensifying the agricultural extension service . To ensure that cultivators ( farmers and their wives ) would be visited regularly , extension staff would be organized according to the T & V system , which provides for a direct line of command from DAO to field staff and for linkages between extension and research staff through worKshops and training sessions . Technical competence of extension staff would be continuously improved by systematic training and the availability of technical advice from senior district level and research staff . 3 . 34 In order to gain first hand information on", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 509, "text": "fisheries statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 776, "end": 796, "text": "fisheries statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Growth , Poverty , and Inequality : * * A * * Regional Panel for Bangladesh * * Quentin T . WodonI Key words : growth , poverty , inequality , Bangladesh , panel data JEL classification : 132 , D63 , 040 Correspondence : qwodon ~ worldbank . org ' World Bank ( LCSPR ) . This research was completed as a background paper for the poverty assessment of Bangladesh at The World bank . The research was made possible through a long term collaborative effort between the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank . I am grateful to Martin Ravallion , Shekhar Shah , Bhaskar Kalimili , and Salman Zaidi for advise and / or comments .", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 79, "text": "Regional Panel for Bangladesh", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 160, "end": 170, "text": "panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approach , however , is not viable for external sovereign debt , due to the many defaults in this market and because defaults come in different varieties and can affect bonds differently , resulting in heterogeneous outcomes ( Meyer 2021 ) . A rigorous calculation of total returns on external sovereign bonds thus requires pricing data as well as details on the fate of each bond in default , in particular on the timing and scope of missed payments and detailed restructuring terms . This type of bond-level default data is much harder to collect and was not readily available prior to this study . The second main building block is our new archive of external default and restructuring events . We compute creditor losses ( haircuts ) bond-by-bond and deal-by-deal and combine the information on restructuring outcomes with our monthly bond price data . Moreover , we trace missed or partial bond payments at a monthly frequency . Because , as we establish here , coupons are the main driver of total returns in this market , it is important to measure interest payments accurately , especially during lengthy default spells . What the data reveal is that sovereigns in default on principal payments often continue to service coupons in full or in part , which pushes up investor returns . Moreover , coupon payments on the same bond can vary markedly over the course of a crisis . The granular repayment track record thus allows us to build monthly total return series on a bond-by-bond basis in a consistent manner , as well as representative country and global portfolios over long time spans . Thirdly , we compile an extensive supplementary database that provides unique insights into the liquidity of this asset class . We gathered monthly , bond-level bid-ask spreads over two centuries , covering 62 % of our pricing sample ( in total 165 , 638 observations , see Figure B3 ) . Our results are hard to reconcile with seminal quantitative models of sovereign default . Until recently , this literature assumed risk-neutral investors and sovereign risk premia that solely reflect the expected losses from default ( e . g . , Aguiar and Gopinath 2006 ; Arellano 2008 ; Mendoza and Yue 2012 ) . When investors are", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 522, "text": "bond-level default data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 643, "end": 695, "text": "archive of external default and restructuring events", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 831, "end": 854, "text": "monthly bond price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "differences in the mean outcome via difference-in-differences is therefore over-correcting for differences which don ’ t have much predictive power , whereas the ANCOVA estimation adjusts the degree of correction for baseline differences in means according to the degree of correlation between past and future outcomes actually observed in the data . The ratio of the difference-in-differences variance to the ANCOVA variance is 2 / ( 1 + ρ ) . So when ρ = 0 , with a single baseline and follow-up , one would need twice the sample size when using difference-in-differences to get the same power as obtained with ANCOVA . When ρ = 0 . 25 , which we will see to be a reasonable estimate for several economic outcomes , the sample size needed is still 60 % higher with difference-in-differences than with ANCOVA to get the same power . There are therefore important gains in power to be had from not using difference-indifferences to estimate treatment effects with standard economic variables . This comparison of the ANCOVA and difference-in-difference estimators in terms of efficiency is appropriate for experimental estimation , where both estimate the same average treatment effect . However , in non-experimental estimation , the estimators also require different assumptions for efficiency . Imbens and Wooldridge ( 2009 , p . 70 ) discuss this issue . # * * 2 . 2 . Multiple rounds pre - or post-treatment * * Now consider the general case of _m_ pre-treatment survey rounds and _r_ post-treatment survey rounds . The difference-in-differences estimator is obtained by estimation of equation ( 1 ) . This can be written as : Where for is the mean of the outcome for treatment or control group _g_ in the post-treatment period , and _n_ is the number of cross-sectional observations assigned to treatment and to control . The pretreatment means are defined analogously . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both empirical and normative expectations – appear to correlate with women ’ s work status when work challenges gender traditional roles . This is also true for social expectations specifically around women working outside the home for pay , but it is not the case with most other dimensions of women in public places . Second , social sanctions , which are relatively low to begin with , are not correlated with women ’ s work status , with the exception of when households breach the male provider norm . For both men and women , higher expected severity of social sanctions on the male breadwinner role is associated with a lower probability of the woman working . Overall , women ' s personal beliefs and social expectations are more significantly correlated with their work status as compared to their spouses ’ . For men , social expectations rarely correlate with their spouses ’ work status , with the exception of empirical expectations about other women working for pay outside the home and working in mixed-gender environments . Their personal beliefs also correlate less with women ’ s work status and do not appear to matter when it comes to beliefs about appropriateness of women working outside the home and about men ’ s provider role . When we analyze the individual level predictors of women ’ s work outcomes ( * * Table 5 * * ) , we find that for norms around household roles , personal beliefs , rather than social expectations tend to be more strongly correlated with women ’ s work status . Going from most liberal to most conservative in the PNB index for household roles is associated with an average 8 percentage points lower probability of women working for pay outside the home . In contrast , when it comes to norms around women in the public space ( column 2 ) associations with personal beliefs and social normative expectations are not statistically significant . These results also hold when variables across both themes are considered in the same regression specification . For male respondents , however , even their own beliefs do not appear to influence employment outcomes of their spouses . < sup > 29 < / sup > Overall , these findings suggest that", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the United Kingdom ( 1974-1996 ) and find estimates between 2 and 2 . 5 . Following Card and Lemieux ( 2001 ) , we estimate the production function parameters using Colombia ’ s household surveys ( SEDLAC ) for 2001-12 . Due to data limitations , college graduates include those from 2 - and 4-year programs . 45", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 195, "text": "Colombia ’ s household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 198, "end": 204, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugees and returnees — obtain most of their food from the local markets , which indicates that food insecurity is mainly a problem of gaining access to food rather than a problem of food scarcity . Accordingly , for eight months of the year WFP will provide vouchers to purchase a local standard food basket ( currently valued at about US $ 0 . 30 per day ) . Beneficiaries with vouchers and registration cards will go to shops or distribution areas set up by local traders , where they can redeem the vouchers and collect commodities of their choosing , corresponding to the voucher value . < sup > 13 < / sup > This approach permits a more diversified diet that includes fresh foods ; at the same time , it supports local producers and supply chains . In the remaining four months of the year ( the lean season ) , WFP will provide direct food transfers consisting of staples , legumes , oil , salt , and sugar . The main rationale for switching to direct food transfers is to smooth out the effects of price increases . < sup > 14 < / sup > 30 . Children aged 6 – 23 months , whose nutritional status on arrival in Chad is often precarious , will receive specialized foods ( 47 grams per day of ready-to-use Plumpy ’ Doz ) for four months to stabilize their nutritional status . About 8 percent of the population is in the 6 - to 23-month target age group for this Blanket Supplementary Feeding . 31 . Lists of individuals who will receive food assistance will be drawn up using information from agencies that handle the formal resettlement of refugees ( for example , IOM ) , site visits by WFP staff , and government counterparts that are establishing four resettlement sites ( which also include informal returnees and refugees ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > Based on the lists of registered beneficiaries , vouchers will be delivered every month at designated distribution sites by NGO partners with the necessary expertise , contracted by WFP . They will check the beneficiaries ’ photo registration cards", "spans": [{"start": 1774, "end": 1807, "text": "lists of registered beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY be the Courts of Law to be adopted as the last resort . A grievance log already issued to the SGRC will document all grievances and their status and will be used to monitor GRM progress . # # # # # * * < u > Monitoring and Evaluation < / u > * * The ARAP Monitoring and Evaluation Framework that has been adopted involve internal monitoring by KISIP ; external monitoring commissioned to specialized firms ; and ARAP Completion Audit as indicated in Chapter 11 * * < u > ARAP Commitments < / u > * * The primary responsibility for the implementation of this ARAP remains with KISIP Project Coordination Team ( PCT ) who will ensure that all PAPs are adequately facilitated according to the entitlements of this ARAP , the budget and within the implementation schedule of this RAP . Specific KISIP commitments are provided in chapter 12 in this report . vii", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 193, "text": "grievance log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thematic report | 28 December 2023 - Build the capacity of responders to negotiate with landlords and local authorities on behalf of tenants . In line with good practice , also ensure the commencement of negotiations with private landlords , with the support of the authorities , three months before the end of the land agreement . This is a proactive and advisable approach to mitigate potential negative impacts and seek mutually acceptable solutions . In the past , responders , with the support of the local authority , successfully negotiated with landlords for extension or identified alternative land in an early stage before the eviction / end of land agreement in line with the NPC Framework for Voluntary Relocations of IDPs Elsewhere in the Country . - For cases threatened with eviction , strengthen referral pathways to access humanitarian assistance that may address / mitigate eviction , particularly cash-based interventions . # # # # # * * Legal aid and support * * - Strengthen and increase funding for legal assistance that provides access to legal representation , counselling , and mediation for individuals and communities facing evictions and eviction threats . - Explore and strengthen collaboration with traditional leaders and customary resolution mechanisms . - Facilitate dialogue between authorities , traditional leaders , and affected communities to foster understanding , cooperation , and conflict resolution . - Develop mediation mechanisms that incorporate both formal and customary dispute resolution processes to address eviction-related disputes and include them in 2024 NPC priority activities . - Build the capacity of responders in negotiations with landlords and local authorities . In line with good practice , also ensure the commencement of negotiations with private landlords , with the support of the authorities , three months before the end of the land agreement . - Enhance collaboration with the relevant public institutions for joint actions . # # # # # * * Data collection and documentation * * - Strengthen existing systems to collect and report data on eviction cases and their impacts to inform evidence-based advocacy and targeted interventions . - Improve data collection on eviction drivers from the landlords ’ perspective and overall country eviction trends that affect IDPs as a", "spans": [{"start": 2100, "end": 2122, "text": "data on eviction cases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Woreda / City level will collect all type of grievances from component III beneficiaries . SMS or online mechanisms will be recorded directly into national level MIS and referred for resolution by the relevant offices . # # # * * _ < u > Component 3 : Urban Destitute < / u > _ * * Given that the project involves different actors , including homeless ( street children , elders and physically disable people ) NGOs , service providers and government institutions , there is a wide range of scope for grievances to occur throughout the project cycle . Homeless and contracted workers could hold grievances and voice complaints during the integration and rehabilitation process . At the national level , the project team under MoWSA will establish a system for the receipt , recording and referral of complaints and grievances . At the local level , similar to the other components ( 1 & 2 ) , the woreda / kebele Grievance Redress Committee ( GRC ) will be the first entry point for grievances related with this component too . Social workers from respective level LSA offices will be members of the GRM committee and serve as a focal person for cases in this component . The focal person preferably a woman , will be responsible for collecting all grievances including GBV / SEA of the UD . The contracted NGO will also assign a focal person who will be working with the social worker in collecting grievances from the beneficiaries . Moreover , suggestion boxes , hot line services ( TBD ) and SMS will be available for 49", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 165, "text": "national level MIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "readily-available monthly data on such series as international trade , production , or agricultural output ? This would make it easier for other countries to build models – based on occasionallyavailable household survey data – that could then be used , along with easy-to-find data series , to track the effects of external shocks on major groups in society , such as the poor , or women , or older individuals . We note , however , that past efforts to derive welfare effects from a small number of readily-available , or easily-collectable , variables have not been successful ( Ravallion 1996 ; Haughton and Khandker 2009 ) . Certainly , the strong seasonal rhythm of agricultural production ( see Figure 9 ) makes it difficult to use monthly agricultural data to help track the patterns of household consumption . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 250 14 < br > 12 < br > 200 < br > 10 < br > 150 8 < br > 6 < br > 100 < br > 4 < br > 50 < br > 2 < br > 0 0 < br > 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 < br > Paddy rice production , m tonnes < br > Agricultural production index ( 2005 = 100 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 9 . Index of Agricultural Production ( left ) and Volume of Rice Output ( right ) , Thailand , 2005-2012 * * Source : Reported by Bank of Thailand , based on data from Office of Agricultural Economics , Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives . The approach we take here is to regress real consumption per capita ( for each household ) , from the socio-economic survey data for 2007 through 2010 , on a variety of household level variables ( the “ survey regression ” variables listed in Table 8 ) and on a number of data series that are published monthly and are readily available ( “ public data regression ” variables in Table 8 ) . If there is a close fit between the public data and per capita", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 225, "text": "household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 739, "end": 764, "text": "monthly agricultural data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1099, "end": 1128, "text": "Agricultural production index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1544, "end": 1570, "text": "socio-economic survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "visit < br > and program report . < br > Additional resources < br > needed from other unmet < br > DLIs / DLRs as the services < br > will be provided in a < br > campaign mode . | SDR 1 , 840 , 000 from < br > IDA 60900 and US $ 5 < br > million from TF0A4705 < br > will be reallocated to < br > the new DLI plus SDR < br > 5 , 160 , 000 from 9 . 2 and < br > SDR 1 , 555 , 999 . 98 DLI < br > 7c ( IDA 60900 ) , US $ 1 < br > million from DLI 7c < br > TF0A4689 : New DLI < br > with new end target < br > year ( December 2021 ) . | | 7c | Development < br > and < br > implementation < br > of Annual Rapid < br > Facility < br > Assessment | * * Partially achieved : * * SARA 2018 was < br > conducted , and disbursement was made < br > accordingly , however , the end target < br > ( 2020 ) was not achieved as the MOH < br > could not conduct the SARA / SPA survey as < br > agreed due to COVID-19 . This survey will < br > not be conducted in 2021 due to COVID - < br > 19 and security issues so the MOH will not < br > be able to verify the achieved result . | The remaining fund will be < br > reallocated to other new < br > DLIs | Partially achieved the < br > remaining SDR < br > 1 , 556 , 600 from IDA < br > 52090 to reallocated to < br > the modified DLI13 . 3d < br > and $ 1 , 000 , 000 from < br > GFF TF0A4689", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 686, "text": "SARA 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 855, "end": 872, "text": "SARA / SPA survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 64 < / sup > It has been hypothesized that the mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of exposure to violence is the hormonal imbalance resulting from the maternal experience of stress . The effect for girls was not visible when exposure to violence was in the first trimester of gestation but only when it occurred in late stages , which is at odds with this expectation of the biological channel being more harmful in early fetal development . I used information about maternal behaviors during pregnancy as an attempt to disentangle other possible channels . The nature of the data warrants care in the interpretation of these results , but the exploratory analysis presented here is worth continuing in future work . I found that exposure to violence led to changes in some maternal pregnancy behaviors . There was a reduction in the chance of attending antenatal care visits , receiving a tetanus vaccination and an increase in the likelihood of drinking alcohol , and these changes were significant for women pregnant with girls , and especially strong in the second trimester of gestation . The hypothesis is that the increase in these behaviors creates a harsher intrauterine environment for girls , leaving them more vulnerable to environmental stressors and thus to scarring during late gestation . In this period , stress hormones should be less harmful for fetuses , leaving more room for other intrauterine environmental factors to affect the pregnancy outcomes . Although we cannot be conclusive with respect to whether these behavioral results are a reflection of a parental preference for boys over girls , the analysis complements the literature on skewed > 64 The generalizability of these results for girls is subject to certain limitations . Importantly , the effect was only evident when considering the likelihood of being born with low birthweight , which is a measure suffering from reporting issues , especially when the data come from the mother ’ s recall . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Percentage ) * * | | | | The proportion of people who have access to a permanent , semipermanent , or mobile Fayda | | Description | registration center at least once a year within less than 10 km from their residence . The indicator < br > will be measured using population estimates per area using satellite data compared to the global < br > positioningsystem coordinates of Fayda registration centers and mobile units . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Fayda registration centersglobalpositioningsystem coordinate and datapopulation from online | Page 30 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 314, "text": "satellite data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 1 ) adhere to the applicable privacy - < br > by-design principles ; ( 2 ) adhere to the applicable data minimization principles ; ( 3 ) integrate accessible , < br > available , secure , and transparent data audit logging , as applicable , to provide people with transparency < br > about how their data is used . < br > Data sharing is considered “ * * _people-centric_ * * ” when DPI ecosystem participants : ( 4 ) integrate consent-based < br > data sharing by default when sharing personal data ; ( 5 ) integrate people-centric , standards-based , digitally < br > verifiable credentials as a data sharing mechanism , as applicable ; and ( 6 ) integrate adequate grievance < br > redress . < br > A DPI ecosystem means all DPI providers and at least five DPI relying parties . A DPI provider means MODEE < br > and any other entity that provides digital identification , data sharing , or other trust services to DPI relying < br > parties . A DPI relying party is any public - or private-sector entity that relies on a digital identification or other < br > trust service for verification , or on an authoritative data source for shared data , asprovided bya DPIprovider . | | Data source / Agency | ( a ) Annual reports on DPI implementation from MODEE , sectoral ministries , and the private sector , ( b ) < br > MODEE ’ s software documentation and testingreports , and ( c ) Third-partyassessment reports . | Page | XLII", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1250, "text": "Annual reports on DPI implementation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Photo Mosaics | 10 | < br > 112 | < br > 122 | < br > 4 | < br > 45 | < br > 49 | < br > 91 | | Soil Survey | 31 | < br > 95 | < br > 126 | < br > 13 | < br > 38 | < br > 51 | < br > 74 | | Agro-Economic Survey | 67 | < br > 150 | < br > 217 | < br > 27 | < br > 60 | < br > 87 | < br > 68 | | Marketing , Credit Study | 15 | < br > 63 | < br > 78 | < br > 6 | < br > 25 | < br > 31 | < br > 80 | | Road Engineering Study | 15 | < br > 55 | < br > 70 | < br > 6 | < br > 22 | < br > 28 | 78 | | Preparation Master Plan | 10 | < br > 64 | < br > 74 | < br > 4 | < br > 25 | < br > 29 | 86 | | Subtotal | 148 | < br > 539 | < br > 687 | < br > 60 | < br > 215 | < br > 275 | 78 | | TOTAL | 2 , 606 | < br > 6 , 150 | 8 , 756 | 1044 | < br > 2 , 460 | 3 , 504 | < br > 70 | | Contingencies and Price < br > Escalation | 614 | < br > 1 , 480 | 2 , 094 | < br > 246 | < br > 592 | < br > 838 | 71 | | TOTAL | 3 , 200 | < br > 7 , 630 | 10 , 850 | 1 , 290 | < br > 3 , 052 | 4 , 342 | 70 | | Aerial Photography ( UK ) | - | 40 | 40 |", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 107, "text": "Soil Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 190, "end": 210, "text": "Agro-Economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interpret scores relative to the national norm . It also explains why mean _z_ - scores tend to be negative in our estimation sample . Although our primary interest is the population of schools and students eligible for the program , nonrandom sorting of students into public and private schools in response to the scholarship may bias results . Such sorting is also an interesting potential outcome to investigate . In 2004 , when program rollout was complete , only two of 43 districts had both a public and private high school ( grades 10 – 12 ) . By 2012 , the last year for which we have data , this figure had grown to nine . We will therefore assess whether the growth in private school enrollment was related to the scholarship program . However , all private schools are located in the urban districts of region 2 , near the capital . < sup > 9 < / sup > Students in most areas are therefore constrained to attend their local public school . We later check robustness of results to various definitions of the estimation sample , such as excluding region 2 or including private schools . We also use data from the 1998 wave of the Integrated Household Survey ( IHS ) to explore heterogeneity in results by baseline characteristics . This survey , which is conducted by the Gambia Bureau of Statistics , is nationally representative and collects information on assets , demographics , and socioeconomic characteristics . In the 1998 survey , slightly over 1 , 900 households were covered including approximately 4 , 500 school-aged children . A third and final data set we use in the analysis is the annual school census conducted by the Ministry of Education , which spans the same years as the exam data . The Ministry reports enrollment by grade and gender for each school , and the number and gender of teachers . Unfortunately , we are unable to link individuals across these three data sets , preventing us from connecting individual enrollment decisions or household characteristics with test results . We therefore use district and school characteristics to analyze treatment effect heterogeneity . At the district level , we construct three measures using the 1998 IHS . We", "spans": [{"start": 1139, "end": 1166, "text": "Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1607, "end": 1627, "text": "annual school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2176, "end": 2184, "text": "1998 IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with IDA . < br > Household energy survey was carried out . | C | | DCA | 4 . 05 | 5 | The Borrower shall take measures to strengthen the Energy Department in MPPT along the lines of the < br > ESMAP report \" Uganda - Institutional Strengthening in the Energy Sector \" ( January 1985 ) | In compliance . < br > Advisors , consultancy services , stafftraining , < br > office equipment , and vehicles . | C | | PA | 2 . 05 | 5 | UEB shall in consultation with the Borrower and IDA implement the findings of the study on its < br > organizational structure financed under the second technical assistance credit ( No . 1434 ) | Study completed in 1990 . | C < br > o | | PA | 2 . 06 | 5 | UEB shall : a ) not later than June 30 , 1986 , carry out a study on its training and manpower development < br > needs to 1995 ; and b ) implement the recommendations of the study in accordance with a timetable < br > acceptable to IDA | a ) Study completed in 1990 . < br > b ) In compliance | a ) CD < br > b ) C | | PA | 2 . 07 | 5 | UEB shall : a ) carry out a study to review its billing and collection system by March 31 , 1986 ; and b ) < br > implement the study recommendations by September 30 , 1986 | a ) Study completed in 1987 < br > b ) Partial compliance | a ) CD < br > b ) CP | | PA | 2 . 08 | _5_ | UEB shall not later than March 31 , 1986 , implement recommendations of the stores and workshop < br > studies financed by the ODA | Study , ompleted in Feb . 1987 . | CD | | PA | 2 . 09 | _5_ | UEB shall : a ) carry out a tariff study according", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 41, "text": "Household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "grouped into homogeneous groups , and simple random samples are selected from each group . Individual observations are then weighed using sampling weights that consider the selection probabilities in strata ( firm size , business sector , and geographic region ) , enabling companies to be representative within countries . The paper uses the most recent standardized data set for the period 2006-2022 , which includes 67 surveys . After processing the database , 13 , 025 manufacturing firms in 39 SSA countries remained . The database provides information on companies ' perception regarding the business environment and on their characteristics as well as their performances . The distribution of surveyed firms is unbalanced among industries . The food industry accounts for 26 . 46 % of the surveyed firms ( Table A . 1 ) , followed by the wearing apparel industry ( 13 . 79 % ) , the furniture industry ( 11 . 14 % ) and the metal industry ( 9 . 00 % ) . These four industries represent more than half of the surveyed manufacturing firms ( 60 . 39 % ) . In addition , some countries have many more companies surveyed than others ( Table B . 1 & Table B . 2 ) . Nigeria , Kenya , South Africa , and Zambia are countries whose firms are the most represented in the database . The survey waves in Nigeria ( 2017 and 2014 ) alone represent 16 . 82 % of interviewed firms . Surveys conducted in Kenya ( 2007 , 2013 and 2018 ) represent 9 . 39 % of the total sample . In South Africa ( 2007 ) and Zambia ( 2007 and 2013 ) , firms interviewed represent 5 . 03 % and 4 . 98 % of the total sample , respectively . # 3 . 2 . Variables Six groups of variables are used in this paper : ISSC ’ s measures , electricity access measure , firm-level , and country-level control variables , as well as covariates ( at country - and firm-level ) . # # * * 1 . * * * * < u > Intra-Sectoral Structural Change Measures < / u > * * - _Intra-sectoral allocation of firms : _ The ISSC", "spans": [{"start": 355, "end": 376, "text": "standardized data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1284, "end": 1307, "text": "survey waves in Nigeria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CITIZENSHIP AND STATELESSNESS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Discrimination between men and women in transmission of nationality to children is often a cause of statelessness , especially where the child is born in the territory of the mother ’ s nationality and not the father ; this discrimination is exacerbated where there are also distinctions based on birth in or outside a formally registered marriage . Discrimination based on ethnicity , religion , national origin , or race similarly creates high risks of statelessness , especially where this discrimination is encoded in law . Statelessness is also caused by failures in administrative systems to ensure that a legal right to a nationality can be claimed in practice . This includes a lack of universal birth registration , weaknesses of civil registration more generally , and the absence of child protection systems to ensure that all children have a documented identity , family connections , and nationality . Even in states with more complete coverage of birth registration , parents without identity documents are often unable to register the births of their children , while single parents commonly face discrimination . These problems in turn affect determination of eligibility for identity documents issued to adults . Where systems of identification and registration are weak or have inadequate independent oversight , many people who are entitled to nationality under the law may be unable to get recognition of that nationality in practice . Although the achievement of universal birth registration is not a complete solution without the necessary parallel reforms to nationality laws , strengthened civil registration is a critical part of the effort to prevent and reduce statelessness . Finally , statelessness in Africa has roots in the colonial history of the continent : the arbitrary delineation of borders which divided many ethnic groups between two or more countries , the forced movement of populations , and the discriminatory systems to document identity . These are exacerbated by the challenges created by more recent conflict and forced displacement , by the determination of the citizen body for more recently established states , and by management of migration more generally . # # International and African standards Minimum standards for the content of nationality laws are established by", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 3 . Gender-disaggregated impacts on children ’ s schooling and health * * Policymakers are concerned that during recessions , households could cut back on investing in children ’ s human capital – a response potentially damaging for children ’ s long-term wellbeing . As discussed in Section 2 , depending on the labor market conditions , availability of credit , and initial income levels , economic downturns can either encourage or discourage households to use human capital investments in children , particularly girls , as a way to maintain consumption . The evidence summarized below estimates the impact of economic crises on children using two different approaches : one compares the trends in schooling / health before and during periods of economic crises ; the other uses household level data and estimates the impact of household head ’ s unemployment on girls ’ and boys ’ schooling and health . # * * 3 . 3a Schooling * * The evidence from macroeconomic crises in Latin America and East Asia suggests that children ’ s school enrollment can either increase or decrease , but gender differences in these effects appear to be minimal . In Mexico and Peru , for example , recessions increase children ’ s schooling . There is also evidence of this link from the United States during the Great Depression ( Goldin 1999 ) ; and from Mexico during the Peso Crisis of the early 1990s ( McKenzie 2003 ) . Focusing on the months around the onset of the Peso Crisis , Skoufias and Parker ( 2006 ) find that while the household head ’ s unemployment did not lead teenage children to enter the labor force , it reduced teenage daughters ’ school attendance ( but there was no effect on teenage sons ’ school 15", "spans": [{"start": 793, "end": 813, "text": "household level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ownership , while in countries such as Belarus , Moldova and Ukraine less than 40 percent of the population favored privatization ; - In East Asia , a survey of eight countries ( excluding Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia ) found that only a third of the population surveyed favored privatization over state ownership ( Asia Barometer 2001-02 ) . While support was quite high in Korea ( 60 percent ) , it was low in China ( 17 percent ) , Thailand ( 33 percent ) , and the Philippines ( 39 percent ) .", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 176, "text": "survey of eight countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that with farmers adopting four to six of the improved technologies for annual crops and bananas , the incremental return per household for the different regions ranged from US $ 23 to US $ 4 1 . These levels of household incremental return are inadequate for the project to generate an IRR of 15 % . At 8 % extension coverage and 40 % adoption , farmers would have had to adopt a number of > * * 6 * * AEP studies to assess project effectiveness and impact were much less comprehensive than had been planned , especially in relation to quantitative assessment . Consequently , data from these sources do not provide a sufficient basis for the evaluation . For this reason , estimates of project benefits have been prepared here using secondary data sources . 10", "spans": [{"start": 735, "end": 757, "text": "secondary data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) # # * * ANNEX 5 : Natural Hazard Risk Analysis and DRM Activities * * 1 . * * South Sudan is highly susceptible to hydro-meteorological and climate-related hazards , but as detailed assessments and maps are largely missing , the understanding of hydro-meteorological hazards and their associated risks remains limited . * * South Sudan is prone to both recurrent drought and flood events . Since independence in 2011 , the country suffered severe droughts ( 2011 , 2015 ) and floods ( 2014 , 2017 , 2019 ) < sup > 112 < / sup > with high numbers of casualties , displacement , and loss of livestock severely affecting people ’ s livelihoods and the country ’ s development efforts . < sup > 113 < / sup > Aggregated data sets based on global models < sup > 114 < / sup > are available for South Sudan ( see figure 5 . 1 ) , but more granular data regarding the frequency and intensity of natural hazards ; exposed assets ( people , buildings , livestock , and so on ) ; as well as the location of flood protection infrastructure are largely missing , making it difficult to assess the level of protection or the need for flood protection and disaster response measures at the local level . < sup > 115 < / sup > * * Figure 5 . 1 . Population in South Sudan Exposed to River Flooding * * _Source : _ Own map design , based on Fathom-Global ( 2019 ) and UNITAR ( 2019 ) . 2 . * * Climate change is expected to increase the likelihood and intensity of hydro-meteorological hazards . * * Climate trend analyses show that since the mid-1970s summer rainfall decreased by 10 − 20 percent across parts of the country < sup > 116 < / sup > and droughts have become more frequent and widespread in South Sudan since the 1960s .", "spans": [{"start": 812, "end": 855, "text": "Aggregated data sets based on global models", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "01 . Each country is given equal weight within each sub-sample / group estimate , regardless of the number of observations for the country . Additional estimates with alternatives weights are available in Appendix 2 . The column labelled “ All surveys ” pools consumption and income surveys . Due to weights and the fact that not all countries having both consumption and income surveys , estimates in “ All surveys ” does in some cases not fall within range of the estimates for the samples separated by survey type .", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 290, "text": "consumption and income surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bed occupancy . Both Figures 3 and 4 show data from 2008 and 2009 across all acute services by different types of hospitals in Croatia . There is a consistent decline in ALOS across all hospital types , but especially for clinics ( 0 . 9 days ) . Bed occupancy declined in the majority of hospitals , except for in clinical hospital centers . While it may be counterintuitive to think that increasing efficiency has led to decreasing bed occupancy rates , this result makes sense as hospitals now have incentives to discharge patients earlier , on average resulting in lower bed occupancy . This simple comparison of before and after cannot account for pre-existing trends , however . For example , ALOS or bed occupancy may have already been declining over time due to changes in clinical practices or technology . The rest of the paper conducts a more robust analysis to examine whether these changes can be attributed to the introduction of PPTP and / or DTS . 4", "spans": [{"start": 42, "end": 65, "text": "data from 2008 and 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cc . i < ! - - Start of picture text - - > B < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > B < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Bp < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Bp Ki = exp ( — fic , , ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > K , = ( + e , y ? < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > K , = ( + e , y ? o < ! - - Start of picture text - - > C5 log ” + c , ) log ” + c , ) + c , ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Beo < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > C5 log ” + c , ) log ” + c , ) + c , ) Beo < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Log ( X , , ) = 4 , Log ( GDP ) + a , Log ( GDP ) = 4 , Log ( GDP ) + a , Log ( GDP ) 4 , Log ( GDP ) + a , Log ( GDP ) + a , Log ( GDP ) a , Log ( GDP ) < br > SS _ i i < br > I < br > + bLog ( GDPpercap , ) + b , Log ( Log ( GDPpercap , ) + b , Log ( + b , Log ( b , Log ( GDPpercap , , ) + c , domestic efficiency variables for i + c , domestic efficiency variables for i c , domestic efficiency variables for i efficiency variables for i variables for i for i i < br > + iO fj < br > tt Sos ro ’ < br > Ht < br > + d , Log ( distance , , ) + d , other separation variables +", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "[ classify according to covenant types used in the Legal Agreements . ] The condition for financing an Annual Project Work Program submitted by the CNLS , is to have obtained IDA ' s non-objection . Dated Covenants ( as written in Schedule 4 of the Grant Agreement ) : a ) The Recipient shall , no later than March 13 , 2003 , adopt training modules for training of trainers program for the First Project Year , in form and substance satisfactory to the Association ; b ) The Recipient shall , by March 13 , 2003 , develop and establish a computerized contract tracking and monitoring system ; c ) The Recipient shall carry out data collection surveys during the first year of the project , prior to the mid-term review and at the completion of the Project . - 23 -", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 651, "text": "data collection surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", while 30 % pointed out to their father , 19 % to someone outside of the family circle , and 11 % to their mother . According to the data collected , about 22 % of victims and survivors do not report the violence they experience . Among those who seek help , the majority ( 24 % ) turn to family and relatives first , followed by the police ( 18 % ) , specialized services ( 17 % ) , such as private psychologists and NGOs , and friends ( 14 % ) . Although nearly half of women participants reported experiencing violence regularly , most only decide to report it after it has persisted for a long time ( 39 % ) , when it has impacted their physical health ( 39 % ) , when the violence is directed at children ( 38 % ) , or when it becomes severe ( 36 % ) . More than half of the women participants ( 54 % ) cited shame as the main reason for not disclosing the violence they experienced , followed by a belief that they would not receive support if they did . Additionally , 41 % of women reported felling that they do not have access to a safe and confidential space to disclose the violence . Some women also mentioned facing institutional barriers , such as difficulty navigating complex systems and dealing with lengthy procedures . Around 35 % of women indicated that their primary reason for not disclosing the violence was a desire to keep the family and relationship intact . The key factors that enabled women to leave a violent relationship were having family support and access to a safe place . Other factors that enabled disclosure include having financial and material resources ( 29 % ) , support from children ( 27 % ) , and support from friends ( 20 % ) . Additionally , some women mentioned assistance from NGOs , law enforcement , and other specialized services , including those for children . I was at my aunt ’ s house . She had left with her entire family to Italy , and I was living in their home . My parents took me there because I had the", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 148, "text": "data collected", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These distributional predictions are not , however , borne out in the CMMHH data , which shows the highest rate of job losses in the middle wage quintile ( 35 . 7 percent ) , and lower rates of loss at the bottom ( 9 . 7 percent ) and the top ( 8 . 3 percent ) . Data on the occupational and pay structures within firms is likely needed to better identify the distributional dynamics of employment outcomes both during a crisis and during normal times of workforce adjustment . In developing countries such data are lacking . # # * * 5 . 7 . 2 Georgia * * | _Table 5-25 Jordan : Percentage_ < br > * * National nominal hourly * * | _of PFPS Jobs L_ < br > * * Wave 1 * * | _ost , by Wage Q_ < br > * * Wave 2 * * | _uintile_ < br > CFUWBES | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * wage quintile * * | CFUWBES1 < br > Modeled | CFUWBES2 < br > Modeled | 2 < br > Survey < br > Measured | * * CMMHH * * | | * * Q1 ( bottom ) * * | 19 . 0 | 30 . 4 | 30 . 1 | 9 . 7 | | * * Q2 * * | 16 . 6 | 26 . 5 | 25 . 5 | 26 . 7 | | * * Q3 * * | 14 . 0 | 22 . 6 | 22 . 6 | 35 . 7 | | * * Q4 * * | 14 . 1 | 21 . 0 | 23 . 5 | 17 . 1 | | * * Q5 ( top ) * * | 13 . 5 | 21 . 4 | 25 . 0 | 8 . 3 | | * * Total * * < br > Sources : CFUWBES1 , LMPS 20 | 15 . 8 < br > 16 , and CMMHH | 25 . 2 < br > Jordan 2021 . | 25", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 80, "text": "CMMHH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1270, "end": 1275, "text": "CMMHH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10242 Interviewer Design Effects in Household Surveys Evidence from Sudan _Alvin Etang Habtamu Fuje Christopher Root_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice November 2022", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 83, "text": "Household Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "number of continuous days after suffering an illness in day 1 . < sup > 7 < / sup > Conditional on missing a day of work due to unexpected illness , 28 percent of men and 44 percent of women are still not working 7 days later . A nontrivial fraction of the shocks continue even longer , especially for women : 31 percent of women are still not working 21 days after an unexpected illness , compared to 10 percent of men . # * * 2 . 2 Summary Statistics * * Table 1 presents summary statistics of the working-age adults in the high frequency sample . < sup > 8 < / sup > The sample is relatively young ( an average age of 34 for men and 36 for women ) and well educated by developing country standards : the average male has 11 . 2 years of education and the average female has 9 . 4 years of education . The typical household extends beyond a nuclear family ; the average male is in a household with 5 . 6 total working-age adults and the average female is in a household with 6 . 1 working age adults . In Heath et al ( 2019 ) we show that the sample closely matches the characteristics of adults in urban Ghana surveyed in the Ghana Living Standards Survey conducted in 2012 and 2013 . Both male and female labor supply is high in this context : 72 percent of men and 66 percent of women report being employed at baseline ( having steady work that they were doing regularly ) , and 65 percent of men and 56 percent of women worked in a given week over the > 7 While these reports are suggestive of the typical length of an illness , these daily data are less suitable for precisely isolating illness shocks , given that we can identify illness only in days in which the individual was planning to work but did not . That is , a series of several consecutive days off would only appear if each day after the original illness shock , the individual was planning to go back to work but still could not . As a result , the rate at", "spans": [{"start": 1129, "end": 1158, "text": "Ghana Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1541, "end": 1551, "text": "daily data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 examine this possibility by testing for equality in baseline characteristics for the sample interviewed in the follow-up survey . In Table 2 we see the means for the follow-up sample look similar in magnitude to those of the full sample answering the baseline , and we only reject equality of coefficients in 5 out of 48 cases at the 10 percent level , which is consistent with random chance . Table 3 looks at balance on the listing variables and the small number of follow-up survey variables which are likely to be time invariant . We find only 3 out of 22 coefficients significant at the 10 percent level , and 1 at the 5 percent level , which is again consistent with random chance . The presence of administrative data ( detailed below ) allows us to test further whether there is differential attrition in the follow-up survey by the key outcome of interest : whether or not a firm has formalized during our intervention window . We estimate the following regression for firms in the baseline survey assigned to the control , communication , or free cost groups : InterviewedatFollowupi , s = α + λ1Formalizedi , s + λ2Formalizedi , s ∗ Communicationi , s + λ3Formalizedi , s ∗ FreeCosti , s + βCommunicationi , s + γFreeCosti , s + ∑ δsds + εi , s ( 4 ) Where _InterviewedatFollowup_ is an indicator of whether the firm was interviewed in the follow-up survey , and _Formalized_ is an indicator of whether they probably formalized during the intervention period according to our administrative data . Then λ1 measures whether firms in the control group which formalize are more or less likely to answer the follow-up survey than firms which did not formalize , and λ2 and λ3 measure whether any differential survey response varies with treatment status . We estimate the analogous equation similarly for the inspector versus control block groups . Table 5 reports the results . For the baseline sample ( who had already been interviewed once before ) , we cannot reject that whether or not the control group answered the follow-up survey is unrelated to whether or not they formalized during their intervention window . Moreover , likewise we cannot reject that there is", "spans": [{"start": 707, "end": 726, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - Linnerud , Kristin , Torben K . Mideksa , and Gunnar S . Eskeland ( 2011 ) . “ The Impact of Climate Change on Nuclear Power Supply ” . _The Energy Journal_ 32 . - LoPalo , Melissa ( 2023 ) . “ Temperature , Worker Productivity , and Adaptation : Evidence from Survey Data Production ” . _American Economic Journal : Applied Economics_ 15 , 192 – 229 . 46", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development Project ( P163980 ) # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * # # * * Indicator Name PBC Baseline * * * * End Target * * # # # # * * Component 1 : Governance and Management of Marine Fisheries * * Policies , regulations and national plans of action ( NPOAs ) for fisheries and mariculture completed and submitted to Cabinet ( Number ) 0 . 00 5 . 00 # # # # * * _Rationale : _ * * * * _Action : This indicator has been Revised_ * * * * _Rationale : The gazettement of policies , fisheries regulations and management plans have been slow and with limited progress . The process is slow due to long consultation process and the capacity and resources to implement these policies , regulations and plans . The new government has agreed to reduce the number of policies , regulations and plans from seven to five , and focus on the ones that be delivered with the remaining project period . The project will drop the following : ( i ) the Blue offset policy ; ( ii ) NPOA for IUU and the iii ) KMFRI operationalize regulations . _ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 . 00 < br > 42 . 00 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | Score on Fishery Information and Monitoring System ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | BMUs achieving a minimum of 4 performance targets ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 42 . 00 | # # # # * * _Rationale : _ * * * * _Action : This indicator has been Revised_ * * * * _Rationale : The changes will be on the description of the cumulative target . Below is the new revision", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Innovative Systems to Promote Integrated , Resilient and Enhanced Responses to Women and Girls ’ Health ( P504281 ) compared to girls in other settings . The 2019 EDHS reveals a mere 8 . 5 percent of adolescent girls ( 15-19 ) utilizing contraceptives , with a disproportionate urban-rural and inter-regional gaps . Pregnancy during adolescence carries risks across the life cycle , including halting the linear growth of mothers , increased risk of pregnancy complications , and heightened risk of poverty . In areas where most girls receive some secondary education , school based SRHR interventions can effectively reach adolescents . However , alternative approaches are crucial for Afar and Somali regions , where a significant portion ( 70 % and 60 % , respectively ) of young women and girls have no formal education and live in a geographic disadvantage due to increased climate change induced shocks . 14 . * * The Health Sector Medium Term Development and Investment Plan ( HSDIP , 2024 - 2026 ) has prioritized addressing the impact of climate change * * on the recent increase in malaria epidemics in Ethiopia which is mainly attributed to climate change . Despite the significant reduction in the burden of malaria in the past two decades , malaria has continued to remerge and pose public health and socioeconomic problems in recent years . In 2022 , the number of malaria cases doubled from the previous year and cases per 1 , 000 population increased from 28 in 2020 to 35 in 2022 . The number of districts with high malaria risk has increased from 68 in 2020 to 89 percent in 2022 . The spatial trends on malaria risk from 2020 – 2022 showed that a high malaria burden is being consistently reported from the western lowlands . The HSDIP also identified the need for investments to address the consequences of indoor air pollution which is mainly derived from the wide use of unimproved stoves and build a Climate Resilience public health infrastructure in Ethiopia . Furthermore , the Ethiopian government formulated its initial Health National Adaptation Plan to Climate Change ( 2018", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 192, "text": "2019 EDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 | | Table 10 | Regional Flyway Population data for various large migratory birds known to be seasonally < br > abundant in southern Uganda ( source : WPE online database ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 | | Table 11 | Potential impacts to critical habitat features and available mitigation options prior to < br > consideration of Net Gain requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 | # # # # * * Acronyms Used and their Descriptions * * | AoA | Area of Analysis | IBAT | Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | AZE | Alliance for Zero Extinction Site | IUCN | International Union for the Conservation | | BFD | Bird Flight Diverter | | of Nature | | BMP | Biodiversity Management Plan | IWT | Illegal Wildlife Trade | | CCI | Climate Change Initiative | KBA | Key Biodiversity Area | | CHA | Critical Habitat Assessment | LC | Least Concerned ( not threatened ) | | CR | Critically Endangered with extinction | LMNP | Lake Mburo National", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 175, "text": "Regional Flyway Population data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 279, "end": 298, "text": "WPE online database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Waste * * < br > * * Collection and * * < br > * * Storage Areas * * | Accumulation of < br > waste ; fire hazards ; < br > unsanitary conditions | Provide sufficient containers ; < br > use self-closing bins for < br > flammable waste ; < br > maintain collection schedule ; < br > store waste away from < br > buildings | No accumulation of < br > waste ; containers < br > appropriately used and < br > located | Inspection ; < br > collection records | Daily / periodic < br > monitoring | Contractors ; Site < br > Supervisors | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Waste Disposal * * < br > * * Activities * * | Improper disposal < br > causing environmental < br > pollution ; illegal < br > dumping | Dispose waste at authorized < br > sites ; maintain disposal < br > schedule ; < br > prohibit discharge into public < br > drains ; comply with regulatory < br > requirements | Disposal records < br > available ; waste < br > transported to approved < br > sites ; no evidence of < br > illegal dumping | Disposal receipts ; < br > waste logs ; < br > inspection | Periodic < br > monitoring | Contractors ; PIU < br > oversight | | * * Drainage and * * < br > * * Pollution * * < br > * * Control * * | Blockage of drainage ; < br > water pollution | Keep drainage channels free < br > from waste ; < br > ensure no waste enters water < br > systems ; monitor runoff areas | Drainage systems clean < br > and functional ; no < br", "spans": [{"start": 442, "end": 460, "text": "collection records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 920, "end": 936, "text": "Disposal records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 BETWEEN CLOSED BORDERS 2018 beneficiaries ’ access to appropriate institutions for further assistance – hospitals , medical specialist , lawyers etc . Assistance to new arrivals in Miksaliste , November 2018 . Photo : CRPC Besides newly arrived individuals , Miksaliste was frequently visited by people accommodated in Krnjaca AC and Obrenovac , as well as refugees , migrants and asylum seekers from other centres in Serbia , inquiring about various form of assistance . Therefore , CRPC was able to provide different monthly services for more than 2 , 000 persons , including asylum and general information , access to registration , referrals to state and specialised services ( accommodation , legal , medical , psychological … ) , transport and escort to different institutions , cultural mediation and interpretation in different languages , such as Farsi , Urdu , Arabic , Kurdish and other languages … This high fluctuation of the population allowed staff to organize more centralised and organised solutions for their needs and eased identification and protection of vulnerable individuals , such as children who travel alone , families with small children , persons with disabilities etc . According to CRPC data , almost every third beneficiary in Belgrade was a child ( of which 5 % were girls ) while women were 10 % of the population . Staff worked with nationals of 38 counties , predominantly with persons from Afghanistan ( 40 % ) , Iran ( 18 % ) , Pakistan ( 17 % ) , Iraq ( 12 % ) , Syria ( 4 % ) and other countries . Protection response was additionally strengthened with Commissariat ’ s taking over of a night shift management in Miksaliste in May 2018 . However , a new regulation was introduced according to which only women and children were allowed to stay overnight in Miksaliste while waiting for registration at the police .", "spans": [{"start": 1216, "end": 1225, "text": "CRPC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) and sector reports and incorporated beneficiary feedback through satisfaction surveys and stakeholder consultations to assess service delivery improvements . * * M & E arrangements were overall adequate * * . A dedicated M & E team within PSFU managed data collection , validation , analysis , and reporting , enabling real-time progress tracking and timely adjustments . The Project Steering Committee , chaired by the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Finance , Planning and Economic Development ( MoFPED ) , provided strategic oversight throughout implementation . The Committee was meeting regularly for quality assurance and alignment with agreed objectives . Environmental and social safeguards were systematically monitored by designated officers , particularly in land and tourism interventions , ensuring compliance throughout implementation . * * The RF had an unnecessarily elevated number of PDO and intermediate indicators . * * The list of indicators could have been shortened to facilitate monitoring . The multiple restructurings did not correct that weakness , and the ICR had difficulties to correctly use the RFs in the efficacy assessment of the project performance . # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * * * Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) played a pivotal role in tracking project progress and adapting to emerging challenges , notably during the COVID-19 pandemic . * * The M & E team quickly adjusted data collection methods to maintain continuous oversight while complying with pandemic-related restrictions . Virtual data collection and remote progress assessments replaced in-person evaluations where necessary , ensuring uninterrupted monitoring despite lockdowns . Furthermore , Gender Equality Monitoring ( GEM ) was integrated to capture gender-disaggregated impacts across key project components — particularly in land administration , business registration , and MSME support — promoting inclusivity and equity in project outcomes . * * Regular progress report was instrumental in identifying areas most affected by the pandemic , such as tourism and small business operations", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 234, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". g . national accounts , price indices , foreign trade , currency and credit , etc . ) . < br > Reliability of State-owned banks ' accounts < br > Is the State economic policy ( e . g . budgetary , fiscal , etc . ) . . . communicated ? < br > Is the State economic policy ( e . g . budgetary , fiscal , etc . ) . . . publicly debated ? < br > Degree of transparency in public procurement < br > Freedom to leave the country ( i . e . passports , exit visas , etc . ) < br > Freedom of entry for foreigners ( excluding citizens of countries under agreements on free movement , e . g . Schengen Area , etc . ) < br > Freedom of movement for nationals around the world < br > Genuine media pluralism < br > Freedom of access , navigation and publishing on Internet < br > Military in politics < br > Democratic accountability < br > Press freedom index < br > Expanded freedom of expression < br > Freedom of association < br > Clean elections | | * * Non-re * * < br > * * AFR * * < br > * * BTI * * < br > * * CCR * * < br > * * EQI * * < br > * * FRH * * < br > * * GII * * < br > * * HRM * * < br > * * IFD * * < br > * * IRP * * < br > * * LBO * * < br > * * MSI * * < br > * * OBI * * < br > * * VAB * * < br > * * WCY * * < br > * * WJP * * | * * presentative Sources * * < br > Trust parliament / national assembly < br > Satisfaction with democracy < br > Freeness and fairness of the last national election < br > Political participation ( SI ) < br > Stability of democratic institutions ( SI ) < br > Political", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 850, "text": "Press freedom index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # # # # # * * SURVEY FINDINGS – NATIONAL AND LOCAL PARTICIPATION * * Notwithstanding the challenges and obstacles , there are positive perceptions of policy-making and coordination models within the Syria crisis response . 52 % of respondents to the online survey agreed that national and local government authorities lead the design of the response to the crisis ( Figure 9 ) . Figure 9 – Question 16 - To what extent do you agree that national and local government authorities lead the design of the response to the Syria crisis ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 . # # # # # # * * International support for national and local leadership * * International actors – particularly donors , UN organisations and international NGOs - can provide a vital service in terms of supporting local and national governments to provide policy direction and coordination of the response , strengthening rather than duplicating policy and coordination functions . In the first instance , this requires an understanding of existing structures and capacities to identify gaps and understand where international support may be most needed . # # # # # * * Case study : Taking stock of existing national coordination systems * * * * In both Turkey and Iraq , Oxfam has undertaken detailed analysis of existing national and local disaster management capacities before designing or launching humanitarian strategies or interventions ( Oxfam , 2017 ; Al Assaf , A . , 2017 ) . The analysis reviews the existing functions and effectiveness of local structures , including government structures and processes , and recommends interventions to strengthen rather than duplicate nationally-driven capacities . The analysis also suggests key indicators to capture and measure progress in building national and local capacity to lead future humanitarian responses . Reports summarising the recommendations are publically available and can be used to inform system-wide approaches by international actors . * * Once it is clear where support is required , international actors can play an important role in working behind the scenes", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 338, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 617, "end": 658, "text": "Online survey conducted with 3RP partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Significant global input and output price shifts since 2008 ; and - c . Use of $ 10 million from the project funds for emergency food support . 4 . The additional financing represents about 50 percent of the initial IDA allocation , which was originally US $ 100 million ( reduced however by $ 10 million in FY09 under the Ethiopia Food Crisis Response Program ) . # # * * 2 . Identification of Costs and Benefits * * 5 . Increased project costs are mainly due to significantly increased irrigation infrastructure investments costs for the Ribb and Megech areas . Initial investment costs for the Megech irrigation component increased from US $ 8 . 3 million to over US $ 26 . 6 million according to the Engineering Design Completion Report . Initial investment costs for the Ribb irrigation component more than doubled from US $ 33 . 3 million to about US $ 70 . 0 million according to 34", "spans": [{"start": 704, "end": 740, "text": "Engineering Design Completion Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 4_ - Income gains from reduction in years of life lost related to dietary risks < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 4 . 50 % < br > 3 . 85 % < br > 4 . 00 % < br > 3 . 50 % < br > 3 . 00 % < br > 2 . 45 % < br > 2 . 50 % < br > 1 . 90 % < br > 2 . 00 % 1 . 62 % < br > 1 . 30 % < br > 1 . 50 % 1 . 10 % < br > 0 . 91 % < br > 1 . 00 % 0 . 74 % 0 . 68 % < br > 0 . 44 % < br > 0 . 50 % < br > 0 . 00 % < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Consumption decile < br > Processed and ultra-processed foods < br > Income gains from YLL < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Estimates based on POF 2017 / 2018 ; Global Burden of Disease 2019 . Estimates assume a price shock of 20 % . # 5 . 4 . Medical expenditure The third component of the model is related to the reduction in medical expenditures due to a smaller incidence of diseases related to the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods . As was described in section 4 . 3 , these changes are estimated using public expenditure data , which imposes several limitations on the interpretation of the results in this section . Brazil has a public and free national health care system ( known by its Portuguese acronym SUS ) and , while many richer households opt for private health care , most of the households at the bottom of the distribution , which as we saw are the most affected by changes in consumption following product taxation , are heavily SUS dependent . Therefore , changes in medical expenditure cannot be understood as a direct household expenditure change , but rather as an estimate that would reflect approximate changes in medical expenses", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 651, "text": "Global Burden of Disease 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 987, "end": 1010, "text": "public expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of them can undermine the quality of care mothers provide to their children , the information gathered from the questionnaire is unusual and quite useful . Henceforth , we will use the term _mental_ health to refer to both cases of depression and / or anxiety . Using the responses to the questionnaire , we estimated three mental health indexes : the simple average of all items and two standardized items using factor analysis and principal components analysis . As we explain below , we use information on maternal mental health from the first round of the YL survey . # * * _D . External shocks_ * * We exploit the availability of data on exposure to external shocks in the first round of the Peruvian YL . Caregivers were asked about events or changes that negatively affected the household welfare and that occurred since the mother of the index child was pregnant until the day of the interview . Survey respondents described the event and the enumerator classified it among the 14 categories . We group these categories into 6 groups of shocks , including natural disaster , crop or livestock loss , decrease in food availability , job or income loss , death or severe illness , and birth / new household member . < sup > 12 < / sup > # * * 2 . 2 Descriptive statistics * * Table 1 reports summary statistics of the variables used in this paper for the sample under analysis . We separate the variables in four panels by mother , child , household and community characteristics . Columns 1-3 present mean , standard deviation , and number of observations for the sample in the 2006 / 7 round . Similarly , columns 4-6 show same statistics for the third YL round ( 2009 / 10 ) . As presented in Panel A , mothers are 31-35 years old on average between the two rounds . Around 16 % of them are of indigenous origin , and although 79 % are literate , 57 % has not completed primary school . Finally , 94 % of mothers attended antenatal care while they were pregnant with the index child . In terms of children ’ s characteristics ( Panel B ) , half", "spans": [{"start": 560, "end": 569, "text": "YL survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 697, "end": 708, "text": "Peruvian YL", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2014 . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . viii Black , R . et al . 2013 . Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low – income and middle-income countries . The Lancet , ( Published online : June 2013 ) ix Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey , 2011 . Central Statistics Agency and IFC International , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( EDHS , 2011 ) . x Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey , 2011 . Central Statistics Agency and IFC International , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( EDHS , 2011 ) . xi Edmeades J , Hayes R , Gaynair G . 2014 . Improving the Lives of Married Adolescent Girls in Amhara Ethiopia . Available online : http : / / www . care . org / sites / default / files / documents / TESFA % 20Final % 20Evaluation . pdf xii Bandiera O , et al . 2012 . Empowering adolescent girls : evidence from a RCT in Uganda . Available online : < mark > econ . lse . ac . uk / staff / rburgess / wp / ELA . pdf < / mark > > xiii < mark > WHO . Guideline : Intermittent iron and folic acid supplementation in menstruating women . Geneva , World Health Organization ; 2011 ( http : / / www . who . int / nutrition / publications / micronutrients / guidelines / guideline_iron_folicacid_suppl_women / en < / mark > / ) . xiv Bhutta , Z . A . et al . 2013 . Evidence-based interventions for improvement in maternal and child nutrition : what can be done and at what cost ? Lancet . 382 : 452-477 . xiv CSA Ethiopia . 2014 . Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2014 . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . xiv Ruel , M . , Alderman , H . and the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group . 2013 . Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes : how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 9 Integrated Spill Response Framework * * ( Fuel , Fertilizer , and Emergency Supplies ) In the event of a spill , activities will be immediately halted , the source controlled , and the affected area contained using absorbent materials or earthen berms to prevent dispersion , particularly into nearby water bodies . Spilled materials will be recovered where feasible , and contaminated soil removed and disposed of in accordance with waste management procedures . Special measures will apply for fuel handling to address fire and explosion risks . Training will be provided to contractors , extension workers , and beneficiaries to ensure effective response under low-capacity conditions . All spill incidents shall be documented and reported through the project ’ s ESMP monitoring system . # # # * * 1 . Purpose of the Spill Response Plan * * To ensure rapid , coordinated , and effective response to spills of fuel , fertilizer , and other hazardous materials during procurement , storage , transport , and use , minimizing risks to human health , soil , water resources , and communities , particularly in fragile and emergency contexts . # # # * * 2 . Scope ( Component-Based Application ) * * This plan applies to : * * Fuel and Energy Emergency Supply ( * * Petrol , diesel , kerosene , LPG ; generator fuel storage and use ; fuel transport and distribution networks ) * * Fertilizer Supply ( * * Solid fertilizer handling and distribution ; farm-level use by smallholder farmers ) and , * * Emergency Livelihood & Service Support ( * * Storage / transport of goods ( including potentially hazardous materials such as fuel for generators ) ; distribution points and emergency logistics ) * * 3 . Key Risk Context * * : Across components , spill risks include : - * * Fuel spills * * → fire , explosion , soil and water contamination - * * Fertilizer spills * * → nutrient runoff , groundwater contamination - * * Transport accidents * * → large-volume releases in sensitive areas - * * Low-capacity environments *", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 805, "text": "ESMP monitoring system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Once the census is completed and compiled together with the valuation figures of affected assets for every PAP , this will be validated in a local workshop bringing together representatives of affected persons , VMGs , women , youth , religious leaders and local administration including chiefs and their assistants . The aim of this validation process is to ensure that the census data are owned locally and thus that the RAP report will be implemented smoothly when the time comes . RAP Report Review and Approval Processes Upon completion of the socio-economic study and the census , site specific resettlement action plans ( RAPs ) will be prepared . - 4 ) Step 4 : Defining Entitlements and Preparing an Entitlement Matrix . The basis of what is to be paid as compensation will be determined by identifying the most appropriate entitlement for each loss . Based on the entitlements , options for resettlement would be selected in accordance with Bank Policy ESS 5 and the merits of the option . The RAP planner will prepare an entitlement matrix with respect to both temporary and permanent displacement . This matrix will set the measure for the payment for all losses or impacts . It will also list the type of loss , criteria for eligibility and define entitlements . - 5 ) Step 5 : Assessing project impacts and minimizing displacement impacts : This will entail adjustments to the sub-project designs to minimize displacement in line with stakeholder opinions to the extent possible . This will especially be the case where sensitive hertage or sacred assets are in the way of the a sub-project . - 6 ) Step 6 : Documentation and verification of land and other impacted assets . The government authorities at both national and local levels ; community elders and leaders ; representatives from ICTA will arrange meetings with PAPs to discuss the compensation , valuation and disclosure process . For each individual or household affected by the sub-project , the RAP preparation team will complete a Compensation Report containing necessary personal information on the PAPs and their household members ; their total land holdings ; inventory of assets affected ; and demographic", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 15, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 375, "end": 386, "text": "census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 Such a restriction would also have the additional benefits of preventing abuse by over-taxing exporting firms as well as reducing the possibility of corruption and evasion . Other possible problems might also be obviated by careful tax design . For example , the danger of tax exporting and , more importantly , ‘ beggar-my-neighbor ’ tax competition suggest that , as with some other subnational taxes on business such as property taxes , it may be advisable to place a floor ( and perhaps also a ceiling ) on such taxes as well as requiring that the same uniform rate should be imposed on all types of business . Similarly , compliance and administrative costs could be kept low by imposing the tax on the basis of information available on existing business income tax returns . The tax base for individual regions and localities might be determined on the basis of payroll data , which in many countries is already collected for purposes of social security and payroll taxation . Although there is considerable experience around the world with variants of this sort of tax ( Bird 2003 ) , as yet the relative unfamiliarity of this idea appears to have discouraged its use in many countries at least until recently . < sup > 86 < / sup > Most countries thus remain stuck with essentially presumptive forms of business levy . However , even these levies may often be improved by better design and implementation in order to improve their elasticity and to reduce both their distorting effects and their vulnerability to abuse ( Bird and Wallace 2004 ) . Many recent studies have highlighted the barriers to the growth of micro and small enterprises that may be created by badly designed and implemented systems of local business taxation ( World Bank 2007 ) . The potential solution offered by the BVT to this problem and to local government revenue problems , particularly in large and expanding urban areas , appears to deserve more detailed examination in many emerging countries . # * * 7 . Conclusion * * The intergovernmental fiscal arrangements in any country must be thought of as a _system . _ The pieces of the system have to fit together properly if decentralization is to work properly", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 883, "text": "payroll data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 _Figure 8 . Unaccountedfor Water_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 600 / o < br > 40 % / o < br > 2 0 / o - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - < br > 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 < br > Source : SEDAPAL Anmual Reports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Furthermore , the changes in management and incentives did not lead to any measurable improvement in total factor productivity ( figure 9 ) . _Figure 9 . Total Factor Productivity_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 20 < br > 1 . 00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > 0860 < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 < br > Source : Authoe s calculations based on SEDAPAL Annual Reports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > _ii . Methodology for Calculating the Welfare Effects . _ What would have been the net benefits to Peru had the concession with a private operator been signed and fully implemented ? Using a partial equilibrium , cost-benefit methodology developed by Jones , Tandon and Vogelsang ( 1990 ) , we compared the actual reform outcome with a counterfactual projected on the basis of the draft concession contract ( CEPRI-SEDEPAL", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 754, "text": "SEDAPAL Annual Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Woredas | | Total | 711 | 3 . 07 | 1 . 96 | 495 | 3 . 34 | 2 . 05 | 0 . 0192 * * | 8 . 92 | | | | MHH | 1 , 948 | 9 . 19 | 6 . 78 | 1 , 400 | 9 . 43 | 6 . 5 | 0 . 31 | 2 . 58 | | AGP2 Woredas | egg production | FHH | 637 | 9 . 12 | 6 . 58 | 499 | 8 . 62 | 6 . 13 | 0 . 193 | - 5 . 45 | | | ( # / week ) | Total | 2 , 588 | 9 . 17 | 6 . 73 | 1 , 899 | 9 . 22 | 6 . 41 | 0 . 811 | 0 . 52 | | Non-AGP2 Woredas | | Total | 711 | 9 . 31 | 7 . 03 | 495 | 9 . 36 | 6 . 27 | 0 . 91 | 0 . 49 | _Source : _ AGP2 EIER ( based on survey data collected in March 2017 and May 2024 ) . * * Table 4 . 4 . Annual Honey Production and Productivity by Gender and AGP2 Status : 2017 – 2024 * * | * * Woreda Status * * | * * Livestock Products * * | * * Type of HH * * | | * * Baseline * * | | | * * Endline * * | | * * P-value * * | * * Change * * < br > * * ( in % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | * * N * * | * * Mean * * | * * SD * * | * * N", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 506, "text": "AGP2 EIER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 518, "end": 529, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and what the most serious risks are . Of these , 52 % of households reported risks for boys and 53 % for girls . There are variations across countries : households in the Czech Republic , for instance , were much more concerned about risks for boys and girls in their neighbourhood than the households in any of the other countries – risks were reported by almost 70 % of households in the Czech Republic for boys and by 64 % of households for girls . As there were changes made to the response options , the 2024 data cited here are not comparable with 2023 data . The most reported risks for boys were psychological < sup > 4 < / sup > ( 24 % ) and physical ( 18 % ) violence in the community , online violence ( 18 % ) , followed by the risk of neglect and abuse with 15 % and 13 % respectively . The most reported risks for girls by households were psychological violence in the community ( 27 % ) , online violence ( 18 % ) and risk of neglect at home ( 13 % ) , which was closely followed by physical violence in the community ( 12 % ) , risk of abuse ( 11 % ) and sexual violence in the community ( 8 % ) . While there were similar risks reported for girls and boys ( e . g . , psychological violence and online violence ) , it is noteworthy that the risk of psychological violence within the home was reported more often for girls ( 4 % ) than boys ( 2 % ) , as well as the risk of sexual violence in the community ( 8 % for girls , 1 % for boys ) , and the risk of trafficking ( 3 % for girls and 1 % for boys ) . There are also notable variations across countries . > 3 . Data as of 17 February 2025 > 4 . The International Classification of Violence against Children ( ICVAC ) ( p . 32-34 ) defines psychological violence as follows : “ Any deliberate , unwanted and non-essential act , verbal and non", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 518, "text": "2024 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1582, "end": 1609, "text": "Data as of 17 February 2025", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "crisis . As a consequence , the unemployment rate was only 5 . 8 percent < sup > 3 < / sup > at the peak of the crisis in 2016 , and it declined to 5 . 6 percent in 2017 . _Figure 3 : Employment dynamics of the working age and above working age population_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 thsd pers . 78 . 0 % 19 . 0 < br > 77 . 5 18 . 5 < br > 77 . 0 18 . 0 < br > 0 < br > 76 . 5 17 . 5 < br > 76 . 0 17 . 0 < br > 75 . 5 16 . 5 < br > - 100 < br > 75 . 0 16 . 0 < br > 74 . 5 15 . 5 < br > 74 . 0 15 . 0 < br > - 200 < br > 73 . 5 14 . 5 < br > 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > 73 . 0 14 . 0 < br > change in employment , working age population < br > 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > change in employment , above working age population < br > change in the working-age population ( employable ) working-age population ( employable ) < br > total change in employment population above working age ( right axis ) < br > ( a ) Change in employment , thsd pers . ( b ) employment rate , % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 3 Unemployment estimates from the labor force survey according to ILO methodology are only available since 2016 in Belarus , and as such we are not able to compare with the pre ‐ crisis levels . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1113, "text": "labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "half of their capacity or less . Their log stocks are generally very low , even just before or dur-ing the rainy season , when their supplies may be interrupted for weeks or even months . The main causes of this shortage are the inadequacy and poor condition . of their log extraction and transport equipment . 1 . 11 Most of the wood sold Tby FD is either cypress or pine , cypress being particularlv sougnt after for sawnwood . The stumpages for this wood in 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 L980 / 81 varied according to grade . and size Xut averaged KSh < sup > 7 < / sup > 2 / m ; with the 1981 ncrease , this average is now KSh 86 / m ) . The selling prices of sawn lumber vary considerably , acco-diing to species , dimensions , locality , etc . from around KSh 700 to 1 , 000 . / m . Though reliable statistics do not exist , it is likely that the consumption of sawn lumber is as follows : 55-60 % by the building trade , 20-25 % by wood-working industries _and_ the balance by agriculture and packaging . According to the Building Cost Index in Kenya , over the", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1060, "text": "Building Cost Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 15 Page 2 of 9 6 - 8 murrarn pavement with regular grading _or_ poor asphalt pavement 8 - 12 murram pavement with irregular maintenance or bad asphalt 12 - 20 pavements receiving little or no maintenance 12 hour classified traffic volume counts were made on all roads using five vehicle groups : cars light goods ( pickup ) medium trucks ( 2-axle ) heavy trucks ( 3-axle or trailers ) buses ( including matatu ) A traffic growth rate of 5 % was used for all evaluations . # # # PAVEMENT DETERIORATION AND MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS Pavement deterioration , both with and without project , was estimated using an expression derived from the HDM III model for sealed roads : IRI ( t ) = e o023t [ IRI ( o ) + 263 ( I + MSN ) - 5 NE4 ( t ) ] where : IRI ( t ) = IRI in year t since last treatment IRI ( o ) = HI for existing pavement or immediately after treatment MSN = the modified structural number of the pavement NE4 ( t ) = cumulative axle loading to year For murram pavements , it was assumed that they receive irregular maintenance ( occasional grading and local patching ) and have an average IRI of 12 . For earth surfaces an IRI of 20 mv / km was adopted . The IRI after different treatments was taken as : | reconstruction with a / c | 2 . 0 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | reconstruction with s / d | 2 . 5 | | | overlay | 2 . 5 | | | resealing | | reduction of 0 . 5 from pre-treatment value | Following the initial operation , periodic maintenance policies were simulated in the \" with project \" case . The following were thought to be appropriate for Kenya in the foreseeable future : high traffic volume ( > 5 , 000 AADT ) overlay in", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 250, "text": "12 hour classified traffic volume counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inland to their own free zones / customs warehouses as exports . < sup > 10 < / sup > We drop from our dataset the observations for sales to free zones since > 6 Note that the data is available to researchers but can be accessed only in _Turkstat_ ’ s premises . The universe of export transactions is defined as all export transactions above 100 USD . > 7 The value of the transaction is provided as a Free on Board ( FOB ) figure . > 8 An exporting firm in the dataset may be an actual producer of the products exported or an intermediary exporting products on behalf of other ( possibly smaller ) producers . As in most other export customs transaction datasets it is impossible to identify which firms are actual producers and which firms are intermediaries in our dataset . Thus our results can only be interpreted as reflecting direct export transactions . Note also that according to the Turkish Exporters Association ' s Top 1000 Exporters Survey , there were in 2011 7 trader companies among the top 50 exporters and another 9 firms were trading companies selling the products manufactured by the corporation to which they belong ( see http : / / www . tim . org . tr / tr / ihracat-arastirma-raporlari-ilk-1000-ihracatci-arastirmasi . html # ) . > 9 The only other study using a very disaggregated HS classification level that we are aware of is that of Fabling and Sanderson ( 2010 ) for New Zealand for which products defined at the HS 10-digit level . > 10 The “ special trade regime ” considers transactions where the goods are sold from the domestic territory _only_ to both third countries and free zones / customs warehouses of the origin country as exports . In contrast , the “ General 6", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 664, "text": "export customs transaction datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 929, "end": 954, "text": "Top 1000 Exporters Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this assumption by looking at the association between coffee mills and two key health outcomes that have a significant bearing on the cognitive development of children : high-for-age ( HAZ ) scores and stunting ( Grantham-McGregor et al . , 1996 ; Mendez and Adair , 1999 ) . Our results in Table 8 provide evidence that coffee mills are associated with an improvement in child health . Children living within the catchment area of coffee mills are 5 pp less likely to be stunted ( column 3 ) and experience 0 . 1 std increase in their HAZ scores ( column 1 ) . # * * 6 . 3 School Attendance * * We conclude our section on mechanisms by evaluating the effects on school attendance . Again , our working hypothesis is that the positive income shocks associated with coffee mills enable parents to increase educational investments in their children thereby allowing ( incentivizing ) the children to attend school and learn . Ideally , testing this assumption will require granular data on student attendance at the school level before and after the opening of coffee mills . However , this data is unavailable in the study context . The available data on attendance is aggregated at the district level , thereby limiting its use , at least for this study . To this end , we rely on proximate measures of attendance from the DHS dataset , which asks if a \" person attended school during the current school year \" , and restrict the sample to children within the primary school-going age ( 7 and 16 ) in Rwanda . Admittedly , this measure is imperfect as it may reflect enrolment rather than ( regular ) attendance , but we use it as a proxy for attendance . We , therefore , combine the DHS data and information on the location and opening of the coffee mills to estimate the effects of the coffee mills on our proxy measure of \" school attendance \" . The results as shown in Table 9 suggest a positive effect of the mills opening on school attendance rates . Starting in column 2 , we find that children living within the catchment area of an operational coffee mill are about 2 pp more", "spans": [{"start": 1323, "end": 1334, "text": "DHS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1685, "end": 1693, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 4 : RIF-OLS , Political Influence Relative to the Economy Median | | _β_ < br > | < sup > _RIF_ < / sup > at Perc < br > | entile , _τ_ = < br > | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 10th | 25th | 75th | 90th | Movement | | Corruption Perceptions Index ( n = 24 , 344 ) | 0 . 043 * * * | 0 . 033 * * * | - 0 . 029 * | - 0 . 072 * * * | _ → ← _ | | | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 025 ) | | | Political Constraints ( n = 23 , 923 ) | - 0 . 011 * | - 0 . 012 * | - 0 . 013 | - 0 . 032 * | _ ← − _ | | | ( 0 . 007 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 018 ) | | | Voice & Accountability ( n = 24 , 709 ) | - 0 . 039 * * * | - 0 . 027 * * * | 0 . 015 | 0 . 048 * * * | _ ← → _ | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | | Political Stability ( n = 24 , 709 ) | - 0 . 031 * * * | - 0 . 023 * * * | 0 . 015 | 0 . 067 * * * | _ ← → _ | | | ( 0 . 007 ) | ( 0 . 007 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | | | Government Efectiveness ( n = 24 , 709 ) | - 0 . 031 * * * | - 0 . 018 * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 , 000 40 , 000 50 , 000 60 , 000 < br > - 10 % < br > - 20 % < br > State GDP per capita in 2000 < br > ownership < br > Growth in share of female < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > D . Growth of female ownership share of services , < br > 2001-2010 < br > 8 % < br > 6 % < br > 4 % < br > 2 % < br > 0 % < br > 0 10 , 000 20 , 000 30 , 000 40 , 000 50 , 000 60 , 000 < br > - 2 % < br > - 4 % < br > State GDP per capita in 2000 < br > ownership < br > Growth in share of female < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 nearest available population Census , which was used to generate the small-area welfare estimates , is also included . < sup > 8 < / sup > Finally , the table also lists the poverty line used in each country , both in national currency ( in survey year prices ) and US dollars ( in 2006 prices and at PPP exchange rates ) < sup > 9 < / sup > . As noted in the introduction , we have opted to use national poverty lines , which better capture the meaning of poverty in each specific country . This has the drawback that poverty measures are not defined with reference to comparable standards of living across countries . The alternative of imposing a constant poverty line across countries , however , would have an even greater disadvantage . Had we selected a low internationally comparable poverty line , such as $ 1-a-day , we would be comparing traces of poverty driven largely by measurement error and transitory shocks in the richer countries ( such as Albania and Brazil ) with real poverty in Kenya and Sri Lanka . Had we instead selected a higher line , like those used in Albania , Brazil or Morocco , we would be comparing “ reasonable ” poverty incidences in the richer countries , with the bulk of the population in the poorer countries . Since this paper is largely about the _relative_ extent of poverty in larger and smaller towns , the absolute level of the poverty line is of limited importance . We do , nevertheless , examine the sensitivity of our results to varying the poverty line in some of the countries , in Section 4 . A more serious caveat is that we have made no attempt at systematically correcting for differences in the cost-of-living across different urban categories . In some settings , these differences may be substantial , and future research should attempt to take them into account . < sup > 10 < / sup > Similarly , with the exception of Kenya , we have used consumption expenditure ( or income ) per capita as the individual welfare indicator throughout . If there are substantive differences in family size or composition across different urban categories , one", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 37, "text": "population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tend to oversample large and , therefore , the results should be primarily interpreted in relation to firms of larger size . An additional advantage of the survey is that it collects substantial balance sheet and other information regarding the investment climate , which enables the linkage of innovation efforts to performance and potential obstacles . < sup > 8 < / sup > The standard Enterprise Survey covers topics such as characteristics , gender participation , access to finance , annual sales , costs of inputs / labor , workforce composition , bribery , licensing , infrastructure , trade , crime , competition , capacity utilization , land and permits , taxation , informality , business-government relations , innovation and technology , and performance measures . A number of the survey questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country ’ s business environment and assess the respondents opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance . The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews . The innovation survey differentiates between product and process innovation , and two nontechnological innovations , marketing and organization . However , there is significant confusion when identifying the different types of innovation outcomes by firms in the survey . For example , new marketing processes such as discounts , new packaging or new client segments are sometimes identified with process or product innovations . The fact that interviewees provide a recorded description of the product and process innovations allows us to verify the identified product and process innovation and clean the wrongly attributed cases , or the cases that do not constitute an innovation at all ( the detailed methodology to clean the data is described in the appendix ) . Overall the cleaning exercise results in a decrease in both product and process innovation rates due to cases of either not an innovation or a misclassification . < sup > 9 < / sup > The appendix also contains a description of how we inferred whether process innovations could also be categorized as automation . including manufacturing and services . In total our estimation sample is based on over 15 , 000 > 8Sector breakdown is usually manufacturing , retail , and other services . For larger economies , specific manufacturing sub-sectors are selected as", "spans": [{"start": 1042, "end": 1059, "text": "innovation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Implementation of the livelihoods restoration programme ( e . g . eligibility and entitlements to restoration measures etc . ) ; - Misidentification of assets or landowners due to registration errors or inaccurate or misleading information during assets surveys ; - Disagreement over the valuation or quality of an asset where compensation is payable ; - Disagreement over the type , quality and quantity of measures applied to achieve livelihoods restoration ; - Impacts of the construction and operation of the Subproject ; and - Disagreement over the cut-off date applied . # # # # # * * 13 . 3 Guiding Principles for Grievance Management * * The proposed approach for grievance resolution combines traditional or community-based resolution with an EEP-based mechanism , and potential use of the legal system if complainants prefer . It provides for multiple entry points to the system , formal recording of concerns , multiple resolution pathways depending on the nature of the grievance , use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms where possible , active consultation , and an appeal system . Although they remain largely informal and traditional , communities in the Subproject area have effective community-based conflict resolution processes . For some of the potential conflicts that may arise in relation to the land acquisition , it is both less expensive and more appropriate to consider the use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms . For example , issues such as PAHs ’ land ownership ( title deeds ) and boundaries between plots owned by different PAPs , can best be resolved through traditional conflict resolution processes within the community . The guiding principles for GM are presented below : - i ) _Impartiality : _ All parties have the right of expressing their viewpoints . Any assumptions or actions shall be taken until all relevant information has been collected and considered . All parties have access to support or representation if they want or need it . - ii ) _Confidentiality", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 417, "text": "assets surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "positive impact in cases of GBV reported ; they diffuse power dynamics and integrate local economic actors that can support sustainable programming . Yet , the lack of systemic monitoring frameworks is a key gap to be addressed – the recommendations of this research will aim to show how a three-fold community-based CBI can unlock the key to more effective CBI programming for the displaced in urban settings . In order to do this , three cash and voucher modalities and two delivery modalities have been reviewed through the findings and analysis presented in Chapter 3 to 5 : - z Unconditional cash - z Conditional cash - z Vouchers for food and non-food items ( NFI ) . - z Direct distribution via cash and paper voucher - z Electronic distribution via mobile money and e-vouchers . These modalities were chosen as they represent the most commonly deployed and discussed interventions in Afghanistan . The fact that the interventions surveyed in Kabul city as part of this study also cover these modalities is indicative of their more widespread adoption throughout the country . This section provides recommendations that address key questions affecting how CBIs target the most vulnerable in Afghan society , as well as how risks can be minimised and benefits maximised . It also challenges current thinking on how key protection issues can be dealt with through cash and voucher assistance . The final part of this section provides a dedicated guide with practical recommendations for practitioners designing cash-based interventions in the unique context of Afghanistan . > 40 CALP ( 2011 ) , New technologies in cash transfer Programming and humanitarian assistance 39", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Chad COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Project ( P173894 ) through out-of-pocket payments . This poses major challenges in terms of the equity , the efficiency and the sustainability of the country ’ s health financing architecture . 15 . * * Health facilities have low readiness levels to deliver quality health services * * . The number of health facilities in Chad is low and more than 3 , 000 facilities are needed to reach WHO target of two facilities per 10 , 000 inhabitants . Further , according to the most recent SARA survey , one in three health facilities had access to electricity and two in three had access to improved water sources . The availability of essential medical equipment ( scales , thermometers , stethoscopes , etc . ) and laboratory capacity were also substandard ( WHO , 2019 ) . In terms of health professionals , in 2017 there were less than 10 , 000 professionals in all Chad . Shortages are particularly acute for doctors and specialized health professionals ( 0 . 38 per 10 , 000 population ) , and there are important disparities in the distribution of health professionals between provinces . 16 . * * The coverage of essential health services is low * * . The above-mentioned constraints , together with the significant geographic barriers enhanced by the poor transport infrastructure , lead to the low coverage of essential health services such as reproductive , maternal , neonatal and child health services and nutrition . In 2017 , one in four children under five received all required vaccines . According to the DHS 2014 / 2015 , only 25 percent of women attended at least four antenatal care visits and less than 30 percent delivered at a health facility . These coverage rates reflect a low demand for health services and great difficulties delivering health services through outreach . 17 . * * Weakness in core capacities to enforce International Health Regulation ( IHR ) can increase the risk of emergencies * * . Chad signed on to the International Health Regulations ( RSI , 2005 ) in 2012 .", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 568, "text": "SARA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1591, "end": 1606, "text": "DHS 2014 / 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PAP as stated in the register and ascertain that every identity card holder is correctly documented in the register . - ( iii ) To develop an appropriate framework for delivering the compensation payments to the PAPs in line with government financial management regulations and as much as possible keeping in mind that most PAPs have no bank accounts . In the event that an individual is absent during payment , the Compensation Committee will immediately communicate a new date of payment to such individual ( s ) . - ( iv ) On completion of the PAP Audit list , payments will be made according to locations and adequate information will be made available to all affected persons prior to payment . Such information will include : Dates and locations where payment will be made , List of eligible people , amount to be made Mode of payment , etc . # # # # # # * * 9 . 1 . 5 RAP Activities Implementation and Process Flow * * The RAP provides for a coordinated approach in implementation . Therefore , during the RAP preparation process , a number of key institutions were identified as critical to both preparation and implementation of the RAP . Consultations with and involvement of the Project-Affected Persons has been sought during the process . * * 9-6 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 561, "text": "PAP Audit list", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | | < br > IDA | < br > International Development Association | | < br > KALRO | < br > Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization | | < br > KDHS | < br > Kenya Demographic Health survey | | KISIP | Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Program | | KIWASCO | Kisumu Water and Sanitation Company | | LPG | Liquid Petroleum Gas | | LVSWWDA | Lake Victoria South Water Works Development Agency | | LVWATSAN < br > M & E | Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Program < br > Monitoring and Evaluation | xiii", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 234, "text": "Kenya Demographic Health survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The most recent year for which data is available is 2011 , which is used to arrive at the labor share of 0 . 51 for Bangladesh . The figure below compares the labor share of income of Bangladesh to the mean / median labor shares of lower ‐ middle income countries obtained from PWT 8 . 1 for the year 2011 . The labor share of the country lies close to the mean / median of the lower ‐ middle income countries though somewhat lower . In the robustness exercises , I show how alternative values of � affect the results of the analysis . - * * Depreciation Rate : * * � � � . � � � * * . * * The annual depreciation rate of capital stock is sourced from the PWT 8 . 1 . The PWT 8 . 1 classifies capital stock into six different categories with each category having a different rate of depreciation . A somewhat lower depreciation rate for Bangladesh is rooted in the fact that the country has larger share of capital stock in assets that depreciate slowly relative to assets that have a much higher rate of depreciation such as computers , software etc . The aggregate depreciation rate for the country is likely to inch upward as the capital mix shifts towards assets that have a higher depreciation rate . The robustness exercises discuss the sensitivity of the findings to the choice of higher depreciation rates . - � � - * * Initial capital ‐ to ‐ output ratio : * * � � . � � . The initial capital ‐ to ‐ output ratio is calculated � � - using the capital stock and GDP data from the PWT 8 . 1 . The most recent year for which data is available from the PWT 8 . 1 is 2011 which is used to calculate the specified value of capital ‐ to ‐ output ratio . The figure below compares the capital ‐ to ‐ output ratio of the country with some of its neighbors . The capital ‐ to ‐ output ratio of the country is lower compared to China driven by the fact that China has made massive investments in capital stock over the last", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 665, "text": "PWT 8 . 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1452, "end": 1478, "text": "capital stock and GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ information be required to ensure effective implementation , updating or monitoring of the LRP measures . The following are some of the key responsibilities of the PIO : - Establish a RIT , provide all the necessary resources and capacity building measures to discharge its responsibilities effectively and oversee the activities of the unit ; - Maintain a register of affected livelihood assets , including compensation payments and investments in LRP initiatives ; - In cooperation with the Woreda Resettlement and Valuation Committee , conduct additional assessments and valuations of assets as required ; - Establish WRC comprising of key Woreda and Kebele public officials , staff of the PIO , representatives of PAPs , NGOs , and key line offices in the Woreda ; - Assign a CLO for ongoing consultation with the Subproject affected people and communities ; - Appoint a Women ’ s Liaison and Development Officer ( WLDO ) within the RIT to organise and facilitate women ’ s participation in the implementation and monitoring of the RP and LRP ; - Presence of female members on the RIT is crucial and she would be involved in all activities in a cross-cutting capacity ( e . g . , processing compensation claims of a female-headed PAH ) . The female members shall ensure better consideration of gender issues for grievance resolution . In addition , GBV issues will be reported to and resolved in active participation of this female member ; - In consultation with PAP and affected communities , establish and operate a system for receiving , recording , and resolving Subproject-related complaints and grievances ; - Establish systems , processes and resources for delivering various livelihood interventions and entitlements ; - Facilitate interactions and communications between various organisations involved in livelihoods restoration implementation ; and - Establish a transparent process for workers to express concerns and file grievances , including anonymous complaints . Page 186", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 549, "text": "register of affected livelihood assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . 3 How do GVCs shape the trade-jobs nexus ? A country ’ s type of GVC engagement matters for employment growth through exports . The World Bank ( 2020 ) proposed a GVC taxonomy that differentiates between four types of GVC participation : ( 1 ) commodities ; ( 2 ) limited manufacturing ; ( 3 ) advanced manufacturing and services ; and ( 4 ) innovative activities . The classification is based on the extent of backward GVC participation of the manufacturing sector , the types of goods and services exported , and measures of innovation ( see Appendix 3 ) . Our analysis finds that the way in which countries engage in GVCs seems to matter for the magnitude of export-employment elasticities in the sample of 48 OECD and non-OECD countries ( Figure 4 ) . The link between exports and employment for countries participating in commodities ( 0 . 06 percent ) and innovative tasks ( 0 . 02 percent ) is less than half the magnitude of countries at the advanced manufacturing and services stage ( 0 . 14 percent ) . A similar and even stronger relationship is found for labor incomes . * * Figure 4 : Export-employment , export-income elasticities and skills supply , by taxonomy group * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Export-employment and export-income elasticities Employment shares by skills , 2018 < br > 0 . 25 100 % < br > 16 20 < br > 30 < br > 0 . 20 80 % 43 < br > 0 . 15 60 % < br > 72 64 < br > 0 . 10 40 % 56 < br > 48 < br > 0 . 05 20 % < br > 0 . 00 0 % 13 17 14 9 < br > Commodities Limited Advanced Innovative Commodities Limited Advanced Innovative < br > manufacturing manufacturing activites manufacturingmanufacturing activities < br > and services and services < br > Employment Total labor income Low-skilled Medium-skilled High-skilled < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE and TiVA data , covering 48 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and", "spans": [{"start": 1846, "end": 1868, "text": "OECD TiE and TiVA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 11 : Direct and indirect job content per $ 1 million of gross exports across macro sectors , South Africa * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Other commercial services < br > Construction < br > Trade , sales and accomodation < br > Agriculture < br > Public services < br > Electricity , gas and water < br > Manufacturing < br > Financial services < br > Transport and communication < br > Mining and Energy < br > Real estate , renting < br > 0 20 40 60 80 < br > Jobs per $ 1 mil . exports < br > Direct JOBX Indirect JOBX < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . One drawback of the classification is that manufacturing is a very broad and heterogeneous category . In order to explore this heterogeneity further , we use sectoral employment data from South African labor force surveys instead of ILO , shown in Figure 12 . Machinery , other metal products and ferrous metal products becomes the largest sector in terms of the number of jobs contained in its exports ( which was all contained within the broad manufacturing sector in Figure 10 ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > It also witnessed the largest increase in jobs contained in exports across all sectors between 2001 and 2011 , from 837 , 000 to 992 , 000 jobs . This growth was entirely explained by jobs in inputproviding sectors ; in 2011 , indirect jobs represented three quarters of the total jobs contained in machinery , metal products and ferrous metal exports . Minerals also experienced an important growth in the number of jobs contained in exports , jumping from 273 , 000 jobs in 2001 to 400 , 000 jobs in 2011 . The indirect content grew as well , though at a much slower rate than that experienced by machinery and metals . But for each of these sectors , the growth in jobs was substantially lower than the growth in gross exports , resulting in a sharp decline in the number of jobs per", "spans": [{"start": 794, "end": 818, "text": "sectoral employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 824, "end": 857, "text": "South African labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 The chart below shows the relation between the sector and the duration of the contract or agreements between Syrian workers and their employers . The majority of Syrian refugees working in constructions * * work for a non-specific duration * * . In agriculture , Syrian refugees most often work * * at a daily rate . * * The situation of Syrian refugees working in food and beverage ( restaurants and catering ) , manufacturing ( other than garment ) , and in retail and wholesale seem to be * * more stable * * and have more monthly contracts or agreements with their employers . _Chart 5 : Duration of Contracts with Employer ( s ) by Sector_ # # # * * Construction Sector , With or Without Work Permits * * The survey reached 366 Syrian refugees working in construction sector / with or without WP . As mentioned ; most of them work under the non-specific duration agreement schemes , or at a daily rate . _Chart 6 : Employment Situation in the Construction Sector_ 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assumed in this paper ) the economic variables of interest are ( log ) - normally distributed . Finally , the Mexican household survey we use to implement our general approach is a rotating panel that follows individual workers for five quarters over time , which means that the panel dimension of our income data is somewhat limited . Thus , our data do not allow us to assess with certainty the persistence of income shocks beyond five quarters . However , a comparison of our estimates of the income risk parameters with existing results that use data sets with a much longer panel dimension suggests that a large fraction of the income shocks we label “ persistent ” in this paper last indeed for many years ( see Section II . 5 for more details ) . In short , the welfare results presented here do not necessarily show that trade liberalization is costly , but they do provide strong evidence that any comprehensive welfare analysis of trade liberalization ought to take into account the cost of increased labor market risk . In summary , in this paper we articulate a general framework that allows us to study empirically the impact of trade reform on individual income risk and to evaluate the corresponding welfare effects . We use this framework to study the Mexican economy , which , as we have argued above , seems well-suited for such an analysis . In our empirical implementation of this methodology using longitudinal data on Mexican workers , we find economically significant effects of trade policy on income risk . We conclude this introduction with a brief comment on some of the earlier empirical literature on the relationship between trade policy and factors related to labor market risk . The impact of trade liberalization on short-run worker displacement has been investigated in the well-known papers of Currie and Harrison ( 1997 ) , Gaston and Trefler ( 1994 ) , Levinsohn ( 1999 ) and Revenga ( 1997 ) , among others . More recently , in an innovative paper , Trefler ( 2004 ) has analyzed the short-run adjustment costs borne by displaced workers simultaneously with the long run benefits ( of higher firm productivity and resource allocation ) that accrued in the context of", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 134, "text": "Mexican household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 302, "end": 313, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1419, "end": 1455, "text": "longitudinal data on Mexican workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and cash transfers ( 9 percent ) . The average amount received by the first decile is also higher than for the rest of the deciles , in absolute terms . Despite the relatively modest cash amounts of both residents ’ pension and cash transfers , they do help lower overall inequality as will be shown later . Still , these amounts are low , particularly in poorer provinces and rural areas , where the benefit is a small fraction of average wages . Compared to the average pension received by those that contributed to the Employee System , the average pension for those in the resident ’ s pension system is 10 times lower on average ( World Bank , _China Economic Update , December 2023_ ) . Considering cash transfers , overall coverage is low ( 14 percent of households ) and significantly lower if we consider only the flagship cash transfer program Dibao . This program covers less than 4 percent of the population , compared with an average of 17 . 6 percent of the population among upper-middle-income countries ( World Bank , ASPIRE database ) . Most households in the program are those whose members are unable to work due to age or disabilities . As such , the program has limited reach for households that may experience unexpected fall in income due to loss of employment or business . * * Fourth , and as expected , richer households contribute more to the fiscal system than poorer ones in relative terms , contributing to the progressiveness of the system . * * Households pay into the fiscal system in the form of PIT , VAT , and consumption taxes on their purchases and through their contributions into the employee or resident 17", "spans": [{"start": 1034, "end": 1049, "text": "ASPIRE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 43 * * of * * 73 * * 5 . Infrastructure construction is carried out by a competent contractor selected on competitive bidding procedure ; the procurement process will be handled by the regional BoCT . 6 . The affected persons receive money for the construction of their houses ; 7 . The town administrations and STD-PIOs will monitor the construction of houses ; 8 . STD-PIOs will launch rehabilitation projects for the displaced persons 9 . House construction is carried out by the would-be dislocated persons . In the case of Lalibela , it is estimated that within two years all the affected persons will construct their houses and move out from the church compound . The phases of relocation will be planned by the town administration and the LSTD-PIO in consultation with the displaced persons . 10 . Grievance redressing tasks will be performed as they arise by the GHC . 11 . Rehabilitation of the cultural heritages is carried out step-wise with the resettlement of former residents . In the case of Lalibela , functions of the rehabilitated Lasta houses will be determined ; the operators in these rehabilitated houses will be defined , allocation ( leasing ) of these houses will be carried out . 12 . Once all the former residents in the church compound are relocated in their new settlement , an evaluation of the overall performance of the resettlement development project will be assessed by MoCT and WB and any improvement necessary for the successful rehabilitation of the dislocated persons will be carried out within year three and year four of the project period . 13 . At year five post-occupancy surveys will be done to determine the success of the resettlement project and to redress problems created as a result of the relocation . It should be noted here that mention of Lalibela and its project implementation office ( LSTD-PIO ) is for the purpose of grounding the procedure ; otherwise it represents towns and project implementation offices in all tourism destination development sites . #", "spans": [{"start": 1640, "end": 1662, "text": "post-occupancy surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "picture text - - > _Source : _ AICD water supply and sanitation database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . _Note : _ Access figures calculated by the AICD using data from the 2005 Demographic and Health Survey . Water utility performance is plagued by inefficiencies and lack of investment . In the late 1990s , legislation established the Zimbabwe National Water Authority ( ZINWA ) to take responsibility for water supply and sanitation nationwide . But water supply and sanitation systems significantly deteriorated under the ZINWA , affecting utility performance and service quality . The lack of investment in the sector for almost a decade has led the ZINWA to have distributional losses as high as 45 percent of production ( see table 7 ) , more than double the level of a well-performing utility and one of the highest among southern African utilities ( figure 10a ) . Water production is estimated to be 30 percent below requirements ( World Bank 2008a ) , while bill collection is very low at around 20 percent as of April 2009 . Since dollarization in 2009 , collections ratios started to pick up , but are still at very low levels . With less than 90 connections per employee , the ZINWA ‘ s labor productivity is one of the lowest in southern Africa ( figure 10b ) . The recent transfer of responsibility for ensuring provision of water and 27", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 72, "text": "AICD water supply and sanitation database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 202, "end": 236, "text": "2005 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 48 . 2 | * * * | | Average self-employed non - agricultural income ( per < br > self-employed non-agricultural worker ) | 511 . 2 | 643 . 7 | 25 . 9 | * * * | | Urban | 913 . 0 | 1122 . 9 | 23 . 0 | * * * | | Rural | 345 . 4 | 446 . 0 | 29 . 1 | * * * | | Average income , other sources ( per adult ) | 45 . 5 | 73 . 4 | 61 . 3 | * * * | | Urban | 80 . 9 | 125 . 8 | 55 . 6 | * * * | | Rural | 31 . 0 | 51 . 8 | 67 . 4 | * * * | | Average remittances ( per capita ) | 24 . 4 | 53 . 8 | 120 . 0 | * * * | | Urban | 13 . 5 | 36 . 8 | 171 . 6 | * * * | | Rural | 28 . 9 | 60 . 8 | 110 . 0 | * * * | | Average benefits ( per capita ) | 2 . 5 | 10 . 0 | 293 . 9 | * * * | | Urban | 1 . 9 | 6 . 8 | 255 . 3 | * * * | | Rural | 2 . 8 | 11 . 3 | 304 . 8 | * * * | * Significant at ten percent ; * * significant at five percent ; * * * significant at one percent . Note : Income sources are in rupees , constant prices of 2005 , spatially deflated . Source : IHDS , 2005 and 2012 . * * Table 6 . Share of each income source in total income , household level * * | * * Income source * * < br > * * ( % of total household income ) * * | * * Ye * * < br > * * 2005 * * | * * ar * * < br > * * 2012 * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 952, "end": 956, "text": "IHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "End of picture text - - > _Note_ : A higher ‘ Distance to Policy Frontier ’ implies being farther away from policy best practices . GCI data are from 2007 to 2017 due to data constraints from WEF ’ s GCI database ( the GCI scores are only methodically consistent and comparable across years during this period ) . 5", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 140, "text": "GCI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 200, "end": 212, "text": "GCI database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Road Sector Support Project ( P131118 ) # * * Data on Financial Performance * * | * * Disbursem * * | * * ents ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | P131118 | IDA-53710 | Effective | USD | 320 . 00 | 320 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 88 . 39 | 201 . 97 | 30 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P131118 | IDA-53710 | Effective | 19-Feb-2014 | 18-M | ar-2014 | 13-Jun-2014 | 07-Ja | n-2024 | 07-Jan-2024 | # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * # * * Restructuring History * * There has been no restructuring to date . # * * Related Project ( s ) * * There are no related projects . 4 / 9 / 2020 Page 5 of 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services Project ( P179040 ) adoption . For example , authentication and e-KYC will be free for public and social impact services . Likewise , the project will continue to document generated savings and other benefits of adopting Fayda that will strengthen the case for the GoE to invest in continuous operating expenses . # # * * IV . PROJECT APPRAISAL SUMMARY * * # # * * A . Technical , Economic and Financial Analysis * * 61 . * * The project is expected to contribute to sustainable economic growth , through long-term cost savings , efficiency , and productivity gains , fueled by greater digital adoption by residents and businesses . * * < sup > * * 40 * * < / sup > Digital ID holds the promise of enabling economic value creation by fostering increased inclusion , increasing formalization , and promoting digitalization of services . The project activities will ease access to identification for millions of Ethiopians and residents , including women , people with disabilities , refugees , and IDPs . The ability to prove one ’ s identity is often a prerequisite for accessing many public and private sector services . By addressing the gap of 36 percent in ID ownership ( the population lacking a current version of paper based Kebele ID , according to the 2018 ID4D-Findex Survey ) , the project will contribute to removing some of the most basic barriers that people face . 62 . * * The public sector is expected to benefit from cost savings , on the back of the productivity gains . * * Use of digital technologies is expected to reduce transaction costs by lowering the time spent on manual processing , allowing civil servants to focus on higher-value tasks . Numerous examples of savings from a reduction in errors , fraud , and corruption < sup > 41 < / sup > are also expected to apply . A _ ‘ build once , reuse always ’ _ approach will reduce the incremental", "spans": [{"start": 1336, "end": 1354, "text": "ID4D-Findex Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "benefits from exporting ? This is a particularly relevant question given evidence which suggests that individual countries often protect their own \" poor \" ( or declining sectors ) by raising tariffs and / or non-tariff barriers on the goods these households / individuals ( or declining sectors ) produce or are employed in the production of . But , when all countries protect the sectors where the poor work and if the poor are employed in similar kind of sectors in different countries , a “ coordination problem ” arises : the goods ( and services ) produced by the poor will face higher barriers to trade than those provided by the non-poor , and the resulting decline in the global demand will lower the price of goods and services that the poor produce . Tariff and non-tariff barriers faced by the poor , if relatively higher , may therefore impair income distribution by keeping poor workers disconnected from global markets . The potential problem is then not too much globalization , but too little \" inclusive \" globalization . This view is in stark contrast to the rhetoric that is usually seen and heard . In light of the above , the objective of the paper is to assess the obstacles that “ poor ” households in a given country face when trying to export goods to the rest of the world . In doing so , we investigate the overall tariff profile on exports from India . Tariff data are matched with consumption / income data by the industrial classification of each household member ’ s sector > 1 For the impact of high domestic transport costs see Nicita ( 2009 ) , Emran and Hou ( 2013 ) , and Atkin and Donaldson ( 2012 ) . For the impact of market frictions see Campa and Goldberg ( 2002 ) , Atkin and Donaldson ( 2012 ) , Ural Marchnad ( 2012 ) and Han et al . ( 2016 ) . > 2 See , for example , Porto ( 2010 ) and McCaig ( 2011 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1382, "end": 1393, "text": "Tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1411, "end": 1436, "text": "consumption / income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "multiple ministries ( see details in DLI matrix and Annex 2 ) . > 54 Both strategies are expected to be completed and validated in 2020 . > 55 _Loi N ° 2018 / 010 du 11 Juillet 2018 Régissant la Formation Professionnelle au Cameroun_ . Page 25 of 159", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and hold their direct reports responsible . * * 9 . * * Ensure that any major * * ESHS * * or * * OHS * * incidents are reported to the client and the supervision engineer immediately . # # # * * Training * * * * 10 . * * The managers are responsible to : - * * i . * * Ensure that the * * OHS * * Management Plan is implemented , with suitable training required for all staff , including sub-contractors and suppliers ; and , - * * ii . * * Ensure that staff have a suitable understanding of the * * CESMP * * and are trained as appropriate to implement the * * CESMP * * requirements . - * * I1 . All * * managers are required to attend an induction manager training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure that they are familiar with their roles and responsibilities in upholding the GBV and * * VAC * * elements of these Codes of Conduct . This training will be separate from the induction training course required of all employees and will provide managers with the necessary understanding and technical support needed to begin to develop the GBV and * * VAC * * Action Plan for addressing GBV and * * VAC * * issues . 12 . Managers are required to attend and assist with the project facilitated monthly training courses for all employees . Managers will be required to introduce the trainings and announce the self-evaluations , including collecting satisfaction surveys to evaluate training experiences and provide advice on improving the effectiveness of training . * * _13 . _ * * Ensure that time is provided during work hours and that staff prior to commencing work on site attend the mandatory project facilitated induction training on : - * * i . OHS * * and * * ESHS ; * * and , - * * ii . * * GBV and * * VAC * * required of all employees . 14 . During civil works , ensure that staff attend ongoing *", "spans": [{"start": 1366, "end": 1386, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Difference-in-Differences Results * * Before presenting our main results from the pooled SCM , as a benchmark we provide results from DiD regressions to estimate the effect of IHC adoption on the five firm-level outcomes discussed in Section 4 . 1 . < sup > 42 < / sup > The DiD estimator compares the differences in an outcome variable > 40 The restriction that the w * weights all be positive and sum to one forces the synthetic control firm to be a convex combination of the firms that are used to construct it . Smaller donor pools may not contain a sufficient variety of firms to allow the joint fitting of time series outcomes and a large number of firm characteristics . > 41 In one of the robustness exercises ( log import value with the average lag of log imports included in the characteristic variables ) , we required a larger set of placebo firms to insure the construction of synthetic control firms for two of the treated firms and their respective placebos . Since 125 potential donors were not sufficient , we expanded the size of the donor pool to 200 . Because our inference relies on rank order of the treated firm , relative to its placebo firms , it is not directly affected by varying the donor pool size so long as we give the treated firm and its placebo access to the same donor pool . > 42 While we use logarithms and moving averages to smooth the dependent variables , which as discussed in Section 4 , is important for the SCM estimation , the qualitative DiD results we present here follow through if we use the log of monthly variables rather than the three-month moving average of that log . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic growth via the savings rate and overall labor productivity . We have adopted this approach for a first-stage regression that relates national income growth since 2010 to the age-dependency ratio . We substitute the regression prediction for income per capita in our EKC model that excludes all other righthand variables except the time trend and seasonal variations by hemisphere . The resulting EKC estimate is included in Figure 8 ( labeled “ IV ” ) . Its peak occurs at a lower CO2 anomaly than its OLS counterpart , and at an income that is substantially higher . We should emphasize that this IV result is far from the last word , and future research should use satellitemeasured CO2 data to address the simultaneity issue in more depth . We should also note that the income-related results in this study are only intended to provide a benchmark for judging urban performance in reducing CO2 emissions . The same would be true if our results had rejected the EKC ( β12 > 0 , β13 = 0 ) , yielding a relationship in which CO2 emissions increase continuously with income per capita . To avoid any misunderstanding , we should emphasize that _our EKC results have no normative or policy implications in themselves_ . They do not imply that additional public resources are not needed for reducing CO2 emissions because “ the problem will take care of itself ” with continued economic growth . In fact , the opposite is true . The most recent IPCC report ( IPCC ( 2021 ) , Figure SPM . 10 ) affirms a near-linear relationship between cumulative CO2 emissions and the increase in global surface temperature . Our EKC results ( Figure 8 ) show that even high-income countries have not approached zero CO2 emissions , and growing industrial giants like India and China are still on the rising portion of the curve . The clear implication is that waiting for the EKC to reduce emissions from all countries would produce an enormous increase in cumulative CO2 and a potentially-catastrophic global temperature increase . This conclusion will simply be compounded if future research finds insignificance for the EKC regression parameter ( β13 = 0 ) . Finally , we should note that our EKC results only provide", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 702, "text": "satellitemeasured CO2 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COVID-19 restrictions . _ # # # # # UNHCR ’ S * * COVID-19 * * RESPONSE - * * 3 , 690 , 538 * * refugees , IDPs and other people of concern accessed protection services . - * * 1 , 023 , 717 * * refugees , IDPs and other people of concern received cash assistance related to the impact of COVID-19 . - * * 6 , 009 , 208 * * refugees and other people of concern received essential health care services . - * * 783 , 796 * * women and girls accessed sexual and reproductive health services . - * * 76 , 258 * * refugees and other people of concern provided with mental health and psychosocial support services . - * * 11 * * country operations reported all geographic areas inhabited by people of concern were reached by COVID-19 information campaigns . * * 88 , 028 * * children ( 6-59 months ) admitted for treatment of moderate acute malnutrition . * * 35 , 359 * * children ( 6-59 months ) admitted for treatment of severe acute malnutrition . * * 323 , 770 * * children and youth supported with distance / home-based learning . * * 560 , 339 * * refugee children and youth out of school due to mandatory school closures . * * 82 * * UNHCR GLOBAL REPORT 2020 UNHCR GLOBAL REPORT 2020 * * 83 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thus the power of difference-in-differences estimation is the same with a single baseline and follow-up and _n = 100_ , as it is with two pre-treatment rounds and two post-treatment rounds and _n = 50_ . Intuitively , with difference-in-differences , every observation counts equally in calculating the pre-treatment and post-treatment means which form the basis of estimation . This result of course depends on the assumption of equal correlation being a reasonable one . So this implication is likely to make sense when choosing between one or two follow-up surveys , or even between one and five follow-up surveys , but should not be taken to the extreme of saying we should expect the same power from _T = 100_ and _n = 2_ as we would from _T = 2_ and _n = 100_ . * * _Implication 9 : _ * * With ANCOVA estimation , when the autocorrelation is high it is better to do a larger cross-section and fewer survey rounds , whereas when the autocorrelation is low , it is better to do relatively more survey rounds and a smaller cross-section . Holding nT fixed , with a single baseline : ( i ) the optimal value of _r_ holding _nT_ fixed is ; ( ii ) two follow-up surveys will offer more power than a single follow-up survey for ρ < 0 . 5 ; ( iii ) three follow-up surveys will offer more power than one or two follow-up surveys for ρ < 1 / 6 . _Proof : _ Set _m = 1_ and _nT = K_ in ( 11 ) , and then take the derivative with respect to _r_ to show ( i ) . Compare the variances with r = 1 , 2 , and 3 , to show ( ii ) and ( iii ) . Therefore when the total sample size is fixed at _K_ , power will typically be greater using a baseline and 2 post-treatment surveys with a cross-sectional sample of K / 3 than a single baseline and follow-up for many types of economic data . But it will be rare in practice for more than two post-treatment surveys to be optimal with a fixed total sample size . However , the standard practice of a single", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 70 , 265 . 96 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-09-13 < br > 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | | C2-MIES-INEC-28 / Contratac < br > ión de 8 Operadores Cartogr < br > áficos de Enlistamiento para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 21 , 931 . 39 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-09-13 < br > 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | | C2-MIES-INEC-29 / Contratac < br > ión de 8 Revisores de control < br > de calidad de Enlistamiento p < br > ara el operativo de campo de < br > la Encuesta Nacional de Desn < br > utrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unchanged across the two rounds . Mostly , they will be characteristics of the household head , such as the year of birth , educational attainment , ethnicity or religion and birth district . In addition , if the survey includes retrospective questions , these could be used , e . g . , if the household owned a car or television at the time of the previous survey . As we have data for each year , we estimate the coefficient vector on these time-invariant explanatory variables . In practice we predict the round 1 income for households in the round 2 survey by ββ applying the coefficient vector resulting from the round 1 regression ( 1 ) to the characteristics of households in round 2 ( ) . This prediction looks as follows for the observations of round 2 : ββ ii2 xx ii ′ 1 . ii1 ii2 ii1 yy � = ββ � xx + εε ̂ We turn first to the assumptions underlying this approach and will then discuss how estimates for the error term are obtained . The method for estimating bounds on poverty transition quantities is predicated on two important assumptions . First , we need to assume that the underlying population from which the data are sampled is the same in both survey rounds . This implies that the method cannot be applied in cases where there are large shocks to the population , for example , if there were massive migration into or out of the country . More precisely , we want to ensure that the income model coefficients that we estimate in round 1 are good predictors for what the round 1 income of the households surveyed in round 2 would have been . Hence , to ensure stability of the reference population , we only include households whose heads are between 25 and 55 years in survey round 1 . < sup > 9 < / sup > Second , we need to make assumptions about the relationship between the error terms and . Specifically , we assume that these are , on average , positively correlated over time . In the presence of ii1 εε household fixed effects and persistence of shocks , this does not seem to be an unreasonable", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 560, "text": "round 2 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "work . The site appears to be operated by three women — project manager , a project administrator , and a podcast presenter ( as of March 2015 ) . This platform is reviving African poetry via digital technology without hiring an army of staff . Moreover , the catalog can always be transcribed into the text with new voice recognition technology . Nonetheless , it could be argued that a level of ‘ digital literacy ’ is needed to effectively benefit from Badilisha as a contributor and also as a user . Generally speaking , however , the issue of digital literacy is a broad one ; it also affects other fields where the problem of the so-called “ digital divide ” is prevalent . It would be useful indeed to have printed copies of African poetry . But given the current evolution of the book publishing industry and African literature in particular , Badilisha seems to be filling a gap much needed not only in Africa but also elsewhere . One can only conclude that this example shows how digital technology can be used to promote creative work . Badilisha ’ s effort provides lessons for organizations and policy makers who seek to promote such creative output in the developing world . * * * # _Artsy in the Digital World_ In the developed world , meanwhile , Artsy an online art resource whose “ mission is to make all the world ’ s art accessible to anyone with an Internet connection ” is worth noting . Founded in 2012 , Artsy “ features the world ’ s leading galleries , museum collections , foundations , artist estates , art fairs , and benefit auctions , all in one place . ” Its “ growing database of 250 , 000 images of art , architecture , and design by 40 , 000 artists spans historical , modern , and contemporary works , and includes the largest online database of contemporary art . Artsy is used by art lovers , museum-goers , patrons , collectors , students , and educators to discover , learn about , and collect art . ” < sup > 29 < / sup > Based in New York , Artsy is trying to position itself as a middleman", "spans": [{"start": 1763, "end": 1798, "text": "online database of contemporary art", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "offer significant benefits in terms of accuracy or question numbers . On the other hand , the shortened questionnaire raises the risk of misreporting , as it concentrates both predictive power and enumerator attention on a few high-impact variables . A restriction to verifiable variables may mitigate this risk , but monitoring of response patterns would remain important to identify emerging subterfuge . Beyond a more detailed assessment of financial and logistical aspects , additional applications with data from other countries would be helpful in assessing whether the early stopping algorithm can be a useful tool in other settings . The distributional impact in terms of unequal outcomes for different groups is another important aspect that would warrant further exploration . Appendix B outlines an illustrative group-level analysis which suggests that outcomes for pensioner households are similar for early stopping when compared with a standard PMT . Further reassurance would be gained by verification of estimation consistency for a full range of relevant vulnerable groups , as well as by a more extensive exploration of targeting fairness 30", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 533, "text": "data from other countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 8 . Annexes * * # # * * _A . 1 . School Productivity or Learning Gains ( Grade Effect ) _ * * OECD ( 2010 ) suggests that “ while it is possible to estimate the typical performance difference among students in two adjacent grades net of the effects of selection and contextual factors , this difference cannot automatically be equated with the progress that students have made over the last school year but should be interpreted as a lower boundary of the progress achieved . This is not only because different students were assessed but also because the content of the PISA assessment was not expressly designed to match what students had learned in the preceding school year but more broadly to assess the cumulative outcome of learning in school up to age 15 . For example , if the curriculum of the grades in which 15-year-olds are enrolled mainly includes material other than that assessed by PISA ( which , in turn , may have been included in earlier school years ) then the observed performance difference will underestimate student progress ” . In 2009 , this grade effect estimate was approximately 39 PISA points for reading ( see OECD ( 2010 ) Annex A1 , Table A1 . 2 ) , in 2012 , the same exercise results in 41 points ( see OECD ( 2014 ) Annex A1 , Table A1 . 2 ) . We have estimated using PISA 2018 data , an average effect for all participating countries of approximately 37 PISA points . For the purpose of our Global exercise we use 40 PISA points as the baseline scenario of our simulations for upper middle-income countries . We assume that learning gains will vary from 20 to 50 PISA points depending on the country ’ s income level . A detailed description of the approach used by OECD to estimate this grade effects follows : _ “ Data on the student ’ s grade are obtained both from the student questionnaire and from the student tracking form . As with all variables that are on both the tracking form and the questionnaire , inconsistencies between the two sources are reviewed and resolved during datacleaning . In order to capture between-country variation", "spans": [{"start": 1310, "end": 1324, "text": "PISA 2018 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 most producers ( 94 % ) applied the recommendations provided by extensionists . Of those applying the recommendations , 19 % reported a 100 % effectiveness , 61 % reported 50 to 75 % effectiveness , and 20 % reported 25 % effectiveness . Two more measurements of value of extension are the evaluation of INTA ' s technical assistance ( ATPb + ATPI ) and the change in producers ' income as a result of that advice . Of the sampled producers , 43 % and 50 % ranked the service as \" very helpfur ' and \" helpfur ' , respectively . Forty one percent of the sampled producers reported an increase in their income , 47 % reported stable income , and 12 % reported a decline in income . These indicators , although not comprehensive in nature , provide some insight on the impact of INTA ' s technical assistance . Although at this stage it is still impossible to distinguish between ATPb and ATP 1 producers in the ESECA ( 1997a ) sample , some interesting hypotheses can be stated . Table 5 shows that of the sampled producers , 25 % were contacted once a week , 50 % were contacted every fifteen days , and the rest ( 25 % ) were contacted between every three weeks and every three months . < sup > 10 < / sup > Under conditions in Nicaragua , producer contacts was dependent on the level of accessibility to the producers , especially after heavy reainstorms that wash away roads . Thirty two percent and 27 % of the producers were not accessible all year round by car and by motorcycle , respectively . Table 5 : Number of visits by extension agents in the ATPb and ATP1 programs < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Frequency of visits ( days ) 7 15 | 21 30 45 60 901 < br > Share of population ( % ) 25 50 3 12 1 3 1 < br > Source : ESECA , 1997a < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > * * 10 * * An interesting question is what characterizes the producers that are more frequently", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 918, "text": "ESECA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) Implementation Status & Results Report standards for timeliness < u > ( Percentage ) < / u > | * * Improve well-being of extrem * * | * * e poor and vulne * * | * * rable * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Base | line | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Average number of months | 2 . 28 | Jun / 2020 | 2 . 28 | 28-Jun-2024 | 2 . 28 | 28-Jun-2024 | 1 . 80 | Jun / 2025 | | that PSNP households report < br > experiencing food shortages < br > in the past 12 months < br > ( Months ) | Comments on < br > achieving tar | < br > gets | Value estim < br > update expe | ated using the Liv < br > cted by May 2025 | elihood impact < br > | evaluation baseli | ne ( September | 2023 ) . Next | | Beneficiary households | 53 . 00 | Jun / 2020 | 53 | 28-Jun-2024 | 53 | 28-Jun-2024 | 45 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | reporting use of harmful < br > coping strategies < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving tar | < br > gets | Value estim < br > update expe | ated using the Liv < br > cted byMay2025 | elihood impact", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 11 . Use of sequences one year later * * | | Sequence < br > ( 1 ) | Coaches < br > group < br > ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | A . Teachers that continue teaching 7 < sup > th < / sup > grade Science < br > at the same school one year after the training . | 27 % | 33 % | | B . 7th grade Science Teachers in the same school < br > that continue using the sequence after the training | 100 % | 89 % | _Source : _ Author ' s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . _Note : _ Responses to one year follow up . Numbers show the percentages of teachers that still taught seventh grade science , and still use the teaching sequence one year after the intervention . 8", "spans": [{"start": 459, "end": 476, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through physical weakening due to inadequate nutrition for example rather than through nonadherence . The paper is organized as follows . In the next section , we present the dataset . In section 3 , we look at the impact of the food crisis on the welfare of households in the sample , differentiating by their HIV status . Changes in adherence to treatment between 2007 and 2008 will be studied in section 4 . We then assess the impact of welfare changes on the frequency of visits to the health facility of HIV / AIDS patients in section 5 and on the evolution of their treatment outcomes in sections 6 . # * * 2 . The data * * We use data collected in 2007 and 2008 in 4 provinces of Mozambique ( Maputo City , Maputo Province , Sofala , Manica ) . The survey was designed to collect data in order to assess the impact of the Treatment Acceleration Project ( TAP ) . The TAP is a World Bank project carried out in three countries of Africa : Mozambique , Burkina Faso and Ghana , which scaled-up access to HAART . The project began in 2004 and had a 4-year duration . The HIV / AIDS patients of the survey were identified at the health facility where they received treatment and were interviewed at home along with the rest of the household . The questionnaire includes information on consumption , time use , labor force participation and earnings of not only the patient , but of all members of the household . It also included questions on adherence to treatment , health of adults and children , anthropometric measurements , and quality of life . We will refer to these households in which there is one HIV / AIDS patient identified as “ HIV households ” in the rest of the paper . A group of comparison households was included in the sample , in which there was no identified HIV / AIDS patients , to control for general trends in socio-economic circumstances . The comparison households were randomly selected in the neighborhood of the HIV households of the sample . 6", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 668, "text": "data collected in 2007 and 2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 62 . DBE will be implementing the credit line ( Component 3 ) of the ENREP project . At present , major financial indicators of DBE are favorable . DBE has been producing a net positive income ( US $ 12M in FY2011 ) in the past few years with adequate CAR ( Capital Adequacy Ratio ) of nearly 17 % , and NPL Ratio ( Non-Performing Loan Ratio ) of 11 . 7 % - which is better in terms of industry average in Ethiopia . However , some of the major risks related to the financial viability of DBE are : ( a ) * * Audit and risk management * * : Delays in audited financial reports along with accounting practices that are not standard within the industry introduce financial and operational risk . Further , updates to the risk management and loaning process are required to minimize credit exposure . ( b ) * * System and capacity constraints * * : The core banking system ( IT ) is not adequate for investment bank operations and the staff at the bank need training to be more effective financial decision makers . The project implementation unit will require technical assistance and capacity building to implement the credit line . 63 . DBE will implement an institutional capacity development plan to mitigate the above identified risks . The specific areas of support have been identified in the financial intermediary assessment of DBE carried out by the Bank ( details in Annex 8 ) . DBE will also be working with a network of MFIs to expand the coverage of credit facility to the household level . In the launch phase a few MFIs will be part of the program . All these MFIs have also undergone OP 8 . 30 assessment . 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "case . < sup > 4 < / sup > 110 . * * Ethics and Anti-Corruption Liaison Directorates of FMOH : * * In the health sector , the primary responsibility for receiving and managing complaints rest with the Ethics and AntiCorruption Liaison Directorates / offices placed in the Federal Ministry of Health ( FMOH ) , in all the 11 Federal level agencies accountable to the Ministry particularly in the PFSA as well as in the health sector public institutions at Region , Zone and Woreda and Facility levels . A unified report will be prepared by the Ethics and Anticorruption in Liaison Directorate / Officer for complaints information on the program by different functional process within the institution that deal with complaint such as the office of Directorate General , the civil servant grievance handling committee and discipline committee within the HRM directorate , the process receiving procurement complaint / offences , the audit process . Although each process handles complaints in its jurisdiction , the information / data on the program has to be channeled to a single centralized process to the Ethics and Anticorruption in Liaison directorate / Officer . 111 . * * At FMOH level : * * The Ethics and Anticorruption in Liaison Directorate / Officer in FMOH will collect overall country level Fraud and Corruption and complaint handling data / information related to health PforR operation . The Ethics and Directorate / Officer in FMOH will submit the report to the Minister of FMOH and FEACC . > 3 The MOU between Federal Ethics and Anticorruption Commission and Regional Ethics and Anticorruption Commission , 14 th Regular Forum , April , 2012 ) , Harari > 4 Council of Minister regulation no . 144 / 2008 , Council of Ministers regulation to provide for the functioning of ethics liaison units 34 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 1303, "end": 1351, "text": "Fraud and Corruption and complaint handling data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 6 . 3 Analysis of Data for Step 3 of the CHA Approach A determination of critical habitat for the Project is presented below based on a desktop analysis of data and limited ground truthing . # # # 6 . 3 . 1 Analysis of CR and EN Species ( Criteria ( a ) ) Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 present annotated lists for 354 CR and EN species consolidated from IBAT and National Red List data . Seventy ( 70 ) of these species potentially occur in the AoA . Data on population size is available for only one species , namely Elephant ( further discussed below ) . Limited primary data is available for the remaining species , which limits the ability to apply the Step 3 guidelines , although many species are listed as CR on the National Red List . All CR and EN species are therefore considered potential critical habitat species for the Step 3 assessment and Appendix 1 further assesses which species could be potentially impacted , which blends with Step 4 . The Elephant Conservation Action Plan for Uganda ( ECAPU , 2016-2026 ) states there were 36 elephants in the Sango Bay forests in 2005 , which is an increase from a population of 30 individuals in 1995 ( African Elephant Database ) . The ECAPU estimated the national elephant population at 5 , 564 individuals in 2016 , suggesting the Sango Bay herd represents 0 . 65 % of the national population . Elephant are listed as CR in Uganda , and therefore qualify as a critical habitat feature for the Step 3 assessment . These elephants are restricted to the Sango Bay forests within Uganda and migrate into the Kagera region of Tanzania . The TL route is not within the range of their movements so elephants are not expected to be impacted by the Project . Table 9 lists 16 CR and EN species that are possibly present and potentially impacted by the project . These species must be considered priority critical habitat features in need of mitigation to address impacts , and are discussed in Step 4 . Table 9 Critically Endangered and Endangered", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 358, "text": "IBAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 363, "end": 385, "text": "National Red List data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1160, "end": 1185, "text": "African Elephant Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "smaller low-caste population and their lower landownership . < sup > 7 < / sup > All but five of these settlements are located in Southern Punjab or Sindh . Among the low-caste children in our sample , 48 % reside in high-caste dominant settlements . By contrast , only 6 % of high-caste children live in low-caste dominant settlements . Qualitative evidence gathered from field interviews documents how caste-based stigma plays out in schools either to exclude low-caste children altogether or to make them unwelcome . The following snippets are typical : “ No , there is no school for girls here . Our zamindar got a teacher > 6Comparable numbers for India put the scheduled castes ( dalits ) at 15-20 % and other backward castes at 20-27 % of the population . > 7Table 2 reports that 17 % of all settlements in the village census are low-caste dominant as compared to only 4 % of villages . This is further indication of the relative segregation of settlements based on caste in rural Pakistan . 7", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 832, "text": "village census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the inquiry while the response will be carried out through a procedure overseen by GRC . Agreed actions will be implemented within timelines identified in the grievance resolution . 9 . _Review of Unsuccessful Approach_ : If the proposed response by the facility , county is unacceptable to the complainant , the grievance committee will discuss and review the issue and consider whether a change to the proposed response could address the concerns of the complainant . The Grievance Manager will let the complainant know about other channels , such as using legal or other administrative channels for resolving disputes . 10 . _Closeout_ : The final step is to close out the grievance . If the response accepted by the complainant , the Grievance Manager will document the satisfactory resolution and report the results to relevant stakeholders . This feedback shall be captured in the database . 11 . The GM will provide an appeals process if the complainant is not satisfied with the proposed resolution of the complaint . Once all possible means to resolve the complaint have been proposed and if the complainant is still not satisfied , then they should be advised of their right to legal recourse . The progress will however be tracked until the case is determined and closed . # # # * * 6 . 1 . 3 Grievance management at community level * * 38 . During the engagements with VMGs it was established that Indigenous people ( IP ) communities have functional , culturally appropriate grievance redress mechanisms where cases are usually resolved . There are also other structures which act as appeal leaves for cases not resolved at lower levels , for instance , cases not resolved at VMGO level is referred to the local village elder . Nyumba Kumi . Cases not resolved at Village level are raised with sub chief , then chief and where cases are not resolved then referrals are made to judiciary or other referral institutions . the project GRM structure allows most grievances to be resolved and closed at the lowest level to ensure affordability and accessibility . Linkage will be made to community grievance resolutions structures . Grievances reported at such levels", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 895, "text": "database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7023 The World Bank | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Direct project beneficiaries | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | | 70000 . 00 | | y | | Date | 31-Dec-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | osure Cop | | Comments | | Awaiting confirmation of < br > findings | Shall use proxy indicator : < br > patient visits in renovated < br > health facilities - in and out < br > patients | | iscl < br > Contraceptive Prevalence Rate | Percentage | Value | 24 . 00 | 33 . 00 | 45 . 00 | | c D | | Date | 29-Dec-2006 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | Publi | | Comments | From DHS . | Based on the panel survey < br > findings of 09 / 10 . The data < br > here will require verification < br > after the DHS underway . | | | Mothers attending at least 4 antenatal care | Percentage | Value | 50 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 65 . 00 | | ( ANC ) visits ( % ) | | Date | 29-Dec-2006 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | Comments | Baseline | 2010 / 2011 AHSPR . There < br > has been a marked drop . It is < br > not clear , but it is believed < br > that giving of delivery kits is < br > encouraging mothers to come < br > for the first visit only . | | | Deliveries taking place in Government and | Percentage | Value | 34 . 00 | 46", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 709, "text": "panel survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * iv . * * E & S Integration Plan ( as described below ) < br > * * v . * * Other thematic areas as specified in this ESCP < br > under other ESSs . | Before disbursement | UDB | | | 9 . 2 | * * UDB : * * Disclose the full updated ESMS , as well as < br > it ’ s summary on UDB ’ s website < br > UDB : Recruit one environmental and one social < br > specialist to UDB ’ s E & S team | Before disbursement | UDB | | 17 | P a g e", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > nition | indicato | rs < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Procedure < br > T < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Positi < br > Recog - < br > nized | ve < br > Other < br > ( hum ) | O < br > Rejected < br > | therw . < br > losed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w . < br > closed < br > rate | Change < br >", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "number of communication | | | | | | Number of communication initiatives < br > supported by the project to address < br > vaccine hesitancy | initiatives that are either < br > conducted or / and < br > substantially supported by < br > MOPH for the public to < br > address the issue of < br > vaccine hesitancy . | 6 months | MOPH and < br > TPM reports | Administrative data | PMU / MOPH | | Percentage of vaccination sites visited by < br > the technical auditor in the lastquarter | This indicator will monitor < br > thepercentage ofproject | 3 months | MOPH and < br > TPM reports | TPM reports | PMU and TPM | Page 46 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 377, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- bidders / proposers shall be required to confirm acceptance at the bidding stage itself , that Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines including Bank ’ s inspection , audit and sanction rights , shall apply in the resulting contracts - appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities in the contracts ; - publication of contract award ; - rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities regardless of the review type ; - an effective complaints mechanism ; - maintenance of procurement records according to National requirements and in the Bank ’ s STEP system - There shall be no mandatory requirements for inclusion of local experts and firms for the consulting assignments ; - Use of reservation and preference schemes based on thresholds prescribed in the PPDA Act and its Regulation , BUBU Policy and any other policy that prohibits eligible bidders from bidding is not acceptable ; - Negotiations with the lowest evaluated bidder to reduce price in the case of goods , works and non-consulting services where competitive methods have been used shall not be allowed ; - The fixed budget method shall not be used for goods , works and non-consulting services ; - Established and approved procurement standards by the government may be used , provided that they are not restrictive When * * < u > other national procurement arrangements < / u > * * other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 4 ( c ) and 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals / request for quotations document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals / quotations present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 535, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . 19 * * * | 2 . 21 * * * | | GDP ) | ( - 0 . 29 ) | ( 9 . 19 ) | ( 8 . 86 ) | | Fuel exporter | 1 . 74 * * * | 1 . 22 * | - 0 . 515 | | dummy * ln ( real per < br > capita GDP ) | ( 3 . 43 ) | ( 1 . 83 ) | ( - 0 . 96 ) | | Time trend | 0 . 0177 | 0 . 223 * * * | 0 . 189 * * * | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( 0 . 65 ) | ( 4 . 93 ) | ( 3 . 93 ) | | n | 1 , 352 | 1 , 366 | 1 , 352 | | R-squared | 0 . 151 | 0 . 345 | 0 . 270 | | RMSE | 4 . 71 | 7 . 81 | 7 . 82 | _Note_ : Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 15", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 597, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were also attacked . Incidents of recruitment and use of children by armed forces and armed groups were the second most reported accounting for 29 per cent of all incidents reported . Sixtyone incidents were documented during the reporting period , slightly higher than the average quarterly incidents documented in 2015 , which was 50 . Of the 61 incidents , 46 were documented in the Greater Upper Nile region . Denial of humanitarian access accounted for 33 per cent of all incidents documented < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Unaccompanied , Missing and Separated < br > Children per State as of 30 September 2016 < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � < br > � � < br > � � � � � � � � � < br > � � < br > � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � < br > � < br > � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Unaccompanied , Missing and Separated Children per State as of 30 September 2016 Source : Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism .", "spans": [{"start": 1188, "end": 1222, "text": "Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Monitoring , evaluatio * * | • GRM < br > complaints < br > focal points in schools < br > and county offices < br > • Survey and direct < br > observation of the < br > Program beneficiaries < br > * * n , and reporting * * | data managers | • Communication officer < br > • M & E officer | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Feedback of < br > effectiveness of | • Semi-structured < br > interviews | Program primary < br > beneficiaries | M & E Officer | | different channels of | • Online surveys | | | | communication | • Satisfaction surveys | | | # # * * 4 . 2 . Strategy for Inclusion of Indigenous Persons ( IPs ) and Vulnerable Groups * * 50 . Based on KPEELP stakeholder analysis , there are several IPs ( Ogiek , Sengwer , Duruma , Ngulia ) and vulnerable groups within the PAI . The vulnerable groups comprise learners with special needs and disabilities , girls , vulnerable boys , the elderly and women , female headed households , PWDS and the poorest of the poor , who may be less able to participate in stakeholder engagement activities . It is essential that they are invited and given equal opportunity to participate in stakeholder engagement activities for the KPEELP Program , in line with the requirements of the ESS10 . The following measures will be applied to ensure their participation : - i . * * Community * * - * * based committees * * ( currently adopted by the MOE under the SEQIP project ) , for interventions such as scholarships . Accordingly , targeted communities identify their most vulnerable members through a participatory process . The selection is done through a community-based Scholarship Selection Board comprising community leaders , faith-based representatives , MoE and parents ’ representatives . The shortlist of potential scholars is publicly disclosed at the", "spans": [{"start": 493, "end": 507, "text": "Online surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 534, "end": 554, "text": "Satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Project Appraisal Document Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Page 5 Health Sector Reform Project _Monitoring and evaluation arrangements . _ The Project Director will be responsible for monitoring progress against agreed performance monitoring indicators specified in Annex 1 . The PIUs will furnish the PMU with semi-annual progress reports , summarizing the current status of project implementation ( versus the implementation plan and reasons for deviation from the plan ) and financial records , constraints faced and corrective actions to be taken , a work plan for the subsequent six-months , and an update on the agreed-upon monitoring indicators ( most of the sector-specific data to be used to monitor project impact will be available through the national health information system ) . These reports will be consolidated by the PMU and forwarded to the Bank semi-annually . An Early Implementation Assessment will be done in partnership between the Bank , the PIUs and the Project Director within 18 months after Board approval . The PMU and the PIUs would prepare a detailed mid-term report to serve as the basis for a Project Mid-Term Review , scheduled for three years after loan effectiveness . The PMU , with input from the PIUs , will also prepare an Implementation Completion Report within six months of the Closing Date of the Bank loan . _Retroactive financing . _ During Loan negotiations , the Government requested retroactive financing for eligible expenditures procured in accordance with World Bank Guidelines . Up to 10 percent of the Loan amount ( US $ 3 . 5 million ) is being proposed . # # * * Chart 1 . Implementation Arrangements * * # # STEERING COMMITTEE Project Oversight : The Steering Committee will provide policy guidance , facilitate coordination and oversee implementation . The Committee will be composed of : ( i ) the Minister of Health ( Chair ) and the Secretary General ; ( ii ) the RMS Director ; ( iii ) the JUH General Director ; and ( iv ) the Minister of Planning ( or their delegate ) . # # # PROJECT * * MANAGE", "spans": [{"start": 750, "end": 784, "text": "national health information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic stability . By gathering detailed information on these factors , the assessment sought to provide a clear picture of the economic conditions prevailing in the affected communities . This understanding is essential for developing strategies that can mitigate the potential adverse impacts of the Subproject and ensure that the livelihoods of the affected households are supported and enhanced . The data collected through the survey will inform the development of targeted interventions and support measures , ensuring that the economic well-being of the affected households is considered and addressed throughout the implementation of the Subproject . Page 75", "spans": [{"start": 407, "end": 440, "text": "data collected through the survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Roldós ( 1997 ) . For the case of Guatemala , this means that changes in the index of quality of capital , _zq_ , are computed as a weighted average of investment of the four broad asset groups . These are ( 1 ) public and private construction , ( 2 ) imported capital goods and investment in machinery and equipment , ( 3 ) domestically produced capital goods , and ( 4 ) cultivated assets and major improvements to land . The formula used is : where _Ki_ is the respective capital stock and the weights _vi_ are the relative capital rental rates . The index reflects changes in the composition of capital . If _all_ components of the capital stock are growing at the same rate , quality remains unchanged . If _components_ of the capital stock with higher capital rents are growing more rapidly , quality increases . Since data on the rental rates _vi_ is not readily available for Guatemala , estimates of these are , following Roldós ( 1997 ) , based on the arbitrage relation : where _Pi_ is a price index , _δ Z_ , _i_ the depreciation rate , and _rt_ is the economy-wide real interest rate . The price indices for the respective asset groups are taken from the Morán and Valle ( 2002 ) database . In order to take into account the volatility of the real exchange rate , which affects directly the relative price of the four types of capital , and to correct for measurement bias , the final series are smoothed by a 3-year moving average . # * * _Quality of Labor_ * * To quantify labor quality , an index _hq_ is computed as a weighted average of labor within different levels of education . This formulation is consistent with the growth accounting literature that makes adjustments for education . It allows a more accurate indication of the contribution of labor to production . The index _hq_ is defined as follows : where _Lj_ is the labor force with education level _j_ ( primary , secondary and tertiary ) and _wj_ are the weights for the respective schooling level . The weights measure how the productivity effect of schooling varies with the level of education and are", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 849, "text": "data on the rental rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1168, "end": 1201, "text": "Morán and Valle ( 2002 ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Surveys were carried out in Naminya , Namizi , Bujagali campsite and islands , Malindi and Kikubamutwe to identify both wild and domestic plant species . A single transect line method was used along the riverbank . This method was suitable because the herb and shrub-dominated strip of vegetation along the river edge is narrow , ranging from 1 to 4 m wide . The remainder of the project area , within I km of the river is cultivated , except for a swampy depression to the north-west of the site . Refer to Appendix C . 3 for detailed listings of species recorded . Figure 3 . 5 shows the location of the study sites . The sample sites were selected based on the changes that will take place during and after embankment construction . Particular attention was focused on species of conservation concern , e . g . rare species . The water level is expected to rise in all of the sample sites ; therefore plants on the present water ' s edge will be submerged . This will lead to the loss of non-aquatic and some semi-aquatic plants . In Kikubamutwe , locations have been identified as sites for a machinery operation area , borrow pits , waste disposal and stockpiling , while the southern end of Dumbbell Island will be inundated after reservoir filling ( refer to Section 4 . 4 and Chapter 5 ) . In the 1998 survey , a total of 121 species were identified from the five sample sites . None of the species recorded is globally endangered or threatened ( Baillie et al 2004 ) . In 1967 Bitarakwate _et al . _ surveyed trees in the area , including the islands in the River Nile , and recorded species of the following genera : _Holoptelea ; Celtis ; _ R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 1305, "end": 1316, "text": "1998 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 5 . SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF PAPs * * # # # * * 5 . 1 . Socio – Cultural and Economic Landscape of PAPs * * The ultimate aim of the Alalobad - Tendaho Geothermal Power Development Project is to generate 70 MW electric power to be supplied to sumera substation and connection to the national grid ; and consequently , it will affect the various social and cultural landscapes of the country . Social Assessments will be conducted in projects that have been screened to have major social impacts in terms of compensation and relocation of project affected persons . The majority of the Country ’ s population is principally engaged in agricultural activities ( farming and livestock keeping ) . The economic livelihood of the project area population is mostly based on pastoralism , mainly camel and goat herding . During the preparation of the projects , socio-economic surveys will be conducted in order to establish : detailed information about categories of PAPs ; the extent of impacts ; provide the basis for determining eligibility and for estimating resettlement costs ; and establishing baseline information for monitoring and evaluation . # # # * * 5 . 2 . Ethnic Composition And Religion * * The major ethnic group of the Woreda is Afar , mixed with few other ethnic groups like Amhara , Tigre , Oromo and others . Around the proposed project Kebele Afar ethnic group comprises of 100 % . The major religion in Alalobad - Tendaho Geothermal Power Development Project area is Islam and the remaining are traditional beliefs , Christianity and others . # # # * * 5 . 3 . Land Use * * The total land area of Doubti Woreda is 539 , 044 . 13 ha and the total number of the kebeles under this local administration is 16 , including 4 urban centers , Gurmudale and Hayideru kebele being one of them . The land holding in the Woreda is communal and personal", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 943, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * _Absentee PAPs_ * * To ensure transparency and mitigate potential complaints related to property registration , the study team , in collaboration with the valuation committee , conducted the inventory of properties affected by the subproject in the presence of owners . Before commencing the inventory process , the study team and valuation committee requested that the Kebele administration notify property owners to participate in the registration process . During the census enumeration and registration of properties process , out of the total PAPs , 329 PAPs accounting for 91 . 1 % were present . However , 32 PAPs ( 8 . 9 % ) were absent due to various reasons . Despite extensive efforts by the study team , valuation committee , and local officials , these individuals could not be reached during the survey period . However , the censuses identified all potential PAPs not physically present during the enumeration . The local leaders , community members and administrative authorities have validated ownership information . By integrating these measures , the RAP has ensured that the rights and entitlements of absentee PAPs are protected , even in their absence According to information provided by Kebele administration officials and neighbors of the absentee PAPs , several reasons contributed to their absence . Some affected individuals perceived the impact on their properties as minimal and , therefore , did not consider their presence necessary . Others informed Kebele administrations that they trusted the administrative representatives to oversee the process and believed their attendance was not essential . Nevertheless , to ensure accuracy and completeness , the registration of affected assets proceeded with the participation of the ad-hoc committee members and neighbors of the absentee PAPs . Basic household information along with the registration of affected properties was collected with due diligence to ensure that all affected assets were properly registered . All PAPs from Arsi Robe , Diksis and Sude", "spans": [{"start": 1007, "end": 1015, "text": "censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < < A > > * * Acknowledgments We thank Venture Strategies for Health and Development ( VSHD ) , Marie Stopes International Uganda ( MSI ) , Mbarara University of Science and Technology , Population Council , and the University of California at Berkeley for conducting the baseline and endline household surveys and secondary studies reported in this working paper . The GPOBA and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation are gratefully acknowledged for their financial support of research activities and the data analysis of baseline and endline surveys . The authors are grateful to the peer reviewers : David Evans , Damien de Walque , Edit V . Velenyi , Ashis Das , Huihui Wang , Gandham N . V Ramana , and David Griffith for their valuable comments . Olusoji Adeyi and Magnus Lindelow ( Health Global Practice ) provided overall guidance . 2", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 316, "text": "baseline and endline household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "years : < br > Mean : 88 . 47 < br > Median : 95 . 00 < br > Skewness : - 1 . 14 < br > 15 Default years : < br > Mean : 35 . 09 < br > Median : 25 . 00 < br > Skewness : 0 . 97 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 50 100 150 < br > Bond prices ( end of year ) < br > Non-default years Default years < br > Percent Percent < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ This upper part of this figure shows the distribution of yearly real returns . Panel A uses aggregate yearly returns based on the global sovereign bond portfolio . Panel B uses bond-level data and distinguishes between years in default and non-default years . Panel C shows the distribution of bond prices as reported in the primary sources ( mixing USD and British Pound prices ) for default and non-default years and also using bond-level data . In default years ( Panel B ) , the distribution differs markedly , with a lower average real return and much fatter tails . However , the coefficient for skewness remains close to zero , suggesting that years of investor losses and years of recoveries balance each other out in normal times and in crisis times ( see also Section 4 on bond performance following a default ) . Furthermore , Panel C shows that there is much more skew 25", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 582, "text": "bond-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Defining the lag structure of impacts * * Exporting involves lags between the product departure from the exporting country and arrival to the destination country . Since we rely on import data by major destination countries to study the impacts of COVID-19 incidence in the exporting country , it is crucial to carefully define the lag structure for the impacts . For example , identification critically relies on understanding if India ’ s exports recorded by the US ( as imports ) in October 2020 were expedited from India in June , July , August , or September 2020 . Previous studies argue that shipment times average 2-3 months ( Brincogne et al . , 2012 ) . But these times depend on the transportation mode which varies with the type of product . Continuing with the example , we may mistakenly attribute India ’ s September 2020 COVID-19 incidence to products already expedited in July 2020 . This is supported by evidence from Flaaen et al . ( 2021 ) who use daily data from bill of lading information for US imports and Indian exports to show that India ’ s national lockdown announced on March 24 , 2020 , led to a decline in India ’ s exports to the US recorded in US import data only 5-10 weeks later due to shipping lags . Consequently , we apply a product-specific origin-destination country lag structure for the COVID-19 incidence variable ’ s impact on trade combining US Census data on HS4 imports by transportation mode in 2015 with searates . com data on shipping days between capital cities as of early 2020 as follows : - ( i ) For HS4 products whose share of imports by air transport is above 75 percent , a one-month lag is used ; - ( ii ) For the remaining HS4 products , the lag length depends on the number of shipping days between the country pair : one-month for fewer than 7 shipping days , two-month for 7 to - 29 10", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 198, "text": "import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 974, "end": 1016, "text": "daily data from bill of lading information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1183, "end": 1197, "text": "US import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1393, "end": 1422, "text": "US Census data on HS4 imports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1459, "end": 1495, "text": "searates . com data on shipping days", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of manufacturing firms . As described in section 2 , the training data include detailed information on several training categories provided by SENAI . Based on the theoretical mechanisms discussed in the introduction , technical upgrading is the training category that is more likely to be related to exporting . These are courses aimed at workers seeking to update , expand or complement the professional skills they have acquired in a specific occupation or field or work . The other categories consist of longer term investments seeking to reconvert unqualified workers or retooling for new occupations workers whose skills became obsolete . Hence , we estimate ( 1 ) separately for the share of workers who completed technical upgrading and other courses . Column 1 uses the pooled data controlling only for year effects . Column 2 adds log firm size and other firm controls , as well as state and sector dummies . Column 3 adds firm fixed effects , but excludes firm controls and state dummies . Column 4 reports results from our preferred difference-in-differences specification , which includes firm , sector and state effects , as well as firm controls . For all these specifications , the results indicate that export participation is positively associated with the share of workers receiving technical upgrading within firms . By contrast , the effects of export participation on the share of workers trained in categories other than technical upgrading are insignificant when including firm effects . Table 5 presents estimates from specifications similar to those in Table 4 , but considering a sample including only switchers . Once again , we find that export participation is positively associated with the share of workers who received technical upgrading . In all specifications , the coefficient of the export status is positive and statistically significant . The effects of exporting on the share of workers trained in other categories are once again insignificant . As discussed above , a concern that remains after restricting the estimation sample to switchers is that there may be unobserved firm-specific shocks ( e . g . changes in management practices ) that induce some firms to both enter export markets and improve the skills of the workforce through worker training . This would lead to a positive bias in OLS", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 70, "text": "training data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 779, "end": 790, "text": "pooled data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Upward mobile Downward mobile Quintile1 in both Quintile 5 in both < br > xxxx < br > _ < br > ee < br > “ aN “ ‘ n < br > ae _ | EO < br > So < br > oooo < br > $ MV P Ge © @ $ 2 Ge © @ $ P Ge © © $ 2 Ge © @ < br > ss oesYo & oe FOo oSSV SKSVo SSKos C2 KSNy SKKVANS SFos C3 KSMV SNKVk Sos SC2 < br > Population shares are based on synthetic panel estimates for household heads aged between 25 and 60 in the first round of each interval . < br > Noteand that thatfully 40 % ofrandom the population dynamics wouldexperiences implyupward that 4 % mobility , of the populand a tionnotheris 40 % in a givendownward transitim o bility . n category , < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 | * * Narrative Summary * * | * * Targets / Key Verifiable Indicators * * | * * Means of Verification * * | * * Important Assumptions * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * III . Project Outputs * * | | | | | * < br > Improved capacity of NARO for < br > research planning , implementation < br > and technology transfer . | * < br > Improved technologies made available < br > and adopted by farmers , high level of < br > participation of stakeholders , especially < br > farmers in research planning and problem < br > identification . | * < br > Baseline data , annual < br > workplan and budgets ; cost < br > tables ; NARO organizational < br > review report ; annual program < br > evaluation report | * < br > Full support from NARO ' s top < br > management in implementation . < br > * < br > NARO has critical mass of staff < br > to implement research and < br > technology transfer programs . < br > * < br > Sufficient funds are provided in | | * < br > Established and operated six < br > ARDCs . | * < br > Two ARDCs established by end of Y2 ; < br > total eight ARDCs established by end of < br > project . | * < br > Project progress reports ; < br > facilities completion reports . | a timely manner . < br > * < br > Stakeholders , especially farmers , < br > actively participate in planning | | * < br > Increased number of technologies < br > developed and tested on-farm by < br > NARO and adopted . | * < br > Number and quality of technologies < br > developed and tested by NAR", "spans": [{"start": 560, "end": 573, "text": "Baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "set of professionals ( i . e . specific job profiles ) , or to all individuals of RTAs ’ member countries . Also , in some cases visa provisions grant the free mobility of individuals across signatory countries , or just simplify the administrative burden to obtain a visa or citizenship at destination ( reduction in the bilateral migration cost ) . We benefit from the newly released World Bank database on the specific type of visa provision included in RTAs , and test the migration effect of specific types of visa provisions in RTAs . This paper contributes to the strand of literature on the determinants of bilateral migration . Previous literature focused in particular on the role of origin - and destination-specific factors affecting bilateral migration , i . e . respectively _push_ and _pull_ factors . The average wage and the employment rate at destination have been shown to be key _pull_ factors ( Hatton , 2005 ; Mayda , 2010 ; Grogger and Hanson , 2011 ; Ortega and Peri , 2013 ) . Income dispersion and poverty are the 1", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 405, "text": "World Bank database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9932 # * * Abstract * * Pandemic shocks disrupt human capital accumulation through schooling and work experience . This study quantifies the long-term economic impact of these disruptions in the case of COVID-19 , focusing on countries at different levels of development and using returns to education and experience by college status that are globally estimated using 1 , 084 household surveys across 145 countries . The results show that both lost schooling and experience contribute to significant losses in global learning and output . Developed countries incur greater losses than developing countries , because they have more schooling to start with and higher returns to experience . The returns to education and experience are also separately estimated for men and women , to explore the differential effects by gender of the COVID-19 pandemic . Surprisingly , while the study uncovers gender differences in returns to education and schooling , gender differences in the impact of COVID-19 are small and short-lived , with a loss in female relative income of only 2 . 5 percent or less , mainly due to the greater severity of the employment shock on impact . These findings might challenge some of the ongoing narratives in policy circles . The methodology employed in this study is easily implementable for future pandemics . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Middle East and North Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at aislam @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 424, "text": "1 , 084 household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ | * * Project Area * * | * * Number of PAPs * * | * * Numbers of PAPs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Interviewed * * | * * Affected * * | | Kizirafumbi-Kabaale | 402 | 1189 | # # # * * Qualitative Methods * * Qualitative methodologies including Key Informant interviews , Focus Group Discussions , Community Meetings , Observation and Photography were used to get information regarding the project areas . The World Bank OP 4 . 12 on Involuntary Resettlement require the people likely to be affected by a development project to be consulted so that their views and fears are incorporated in planning . # # # * * Property Valuation Methodology * * Property valuation , the results of which ( e . g . types and value of affected assets ) will be utilized in this RAP , was done by an independent chartered surveying and valuation firm following the methodology described below . # # # * * Cadastral Surveys * * The way leaves corridor was surveyed and mapped to establish to rightful demarcation of the affected crops and trees plus recording the owners of affected properties and strip maps produced . Survey ribbons were placed along the line way leave to enable easy identification later . Based on this , the number of crops and trees affected were calculated and a Valuer determined the commensurate compensation values for each affected property . # # # * * Legal Framework * * There are a number of national and local legal frameworks that regulate land relations in Uganda . These frameworks define land rights , ownership , procedures and requirements of transfer and acquisition of land between individuals and groups . They also provide procedures for the acquisition of land by the state or a public body for public projects . Among the most important", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 999, "text": "Cadastral Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > ( 0 . 24 ) | | | | | * * Standard * * < br > * * Controls * * | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | * * Sample * * | Democracy | Democracy | Democracy | Democracy | Democracy | | * * Number of Observations * * | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | | * * ( Pseudo Log ) - Likelihood * * | - 10 . 11 | - 10 . 29 | - 10 . 21 | - 66 . 15 | - 66 . 14 | Note : robust standard errors in parentheses . Standard Controls : Age of democracy , education attainment , latitude , ( log ) per capita income , and economic openness ( long-term ) . Varieties of Capitalism Control is a dummy variable which takes the value of one for ‘ Coordinated Capitalist Economies ’ * Significant at the 10 % level , * * significant at the 5 % level , * * * significant at the 1 % level . See Appendix A for details ) . _Source : The Author_ Aside from the EDD / NEDD ratio itself , the standard set of controls includes mechanisms that might capture the existence of alternative oversight mechanisms . The standard controls include the age of a democracy , controlling for the fact that democratic learning and institutionalization may affect the efficacy of elections . Furthermore , the controls include the Gastil Index whose civil liberties component controls for the existence of a free media and the ability of civil society to operate independently of government . This controls for some other critical contextual variables that may affect the efficacy of elections ( Freedom House , 2011 ) . Apart from these broad contextual variables that may affect both EDD and NEDD , it is also necessary to control for NEDD-specific , non-electoral oversight mechanisms , as these may provide effective substitutes for electoral control . To do so , the paper uses the Index of Executive Oversight , an interval indicator ( ranging from 0-9 ) constructed by Hamilton and Stapenhurst ( 2009 ) using data on the following factors to determine to", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Because we vary the proposed consumption charge across the sample of households , the estimated coefficient on this variable allows us to estimate average WTP ( Hanemann , 1984 ; Cameron , 1988 ; Cameron and James , 1987 ) . The coefficients on the remaining variables essentially allow us to estimate how this WTP and the response varies by household characteristics . By including household characteristics , we can estimate the distribution of WTP by sub ‐ groups such as regions , socio ‐ economic status , and water use type . We also investigate differences between these sub ‐ groups by using interaction terms . The results in Section 4 . 1 illustrate each of these uses of WTP data , including this first attempt to account for population heterogeneity . Recall our motivation for an alternative operational use of the response to WTP surveys , relying on very simple logic . The use of a split sample survey design in which the type of provider in the WTP scenario is varied across the sample of households , the response data traces out a sample demand function for the improved piped water service . That is , for each proposed scenario we can derive the portion of the sample ( or number of households ) who will sign up ( or are willing to pay ) for the improved service ( see Van Houtven et al . 2000 ; Cahn et al . 2004 for applications in the health field ) . We also know that the respondents come from different backgrounds and face different constraints . Moreover , some of these constraints can be relaxed through policy interventions such as subsidies ( for use or connection ) and information and education . When this data is used in a regression model , we can determine how this estimated sample demand curve “ will shift ” if those household characteristic and constraints change . This is the gist of the logic used to understand WTP data and employ it to simulate coverage rates of piped water connections for different groups and under different policy scenarios . Section 4 . 2 illustrates these uses of the WTP data . 10", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 690, "text": "WTP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Are power tariffs equitable and affordable ? * * # # * * c . Can African households afford power services ? * * Based on information reported in household surveys , on average power bills absorb almost 6 percent of total household budgets . For most countries the share falls below 3 percent ; however in a few cases ( such as Malawi and Mozambique ) it can be as high as 10 or even 20 percent ( figure 18 ) . This share is relatively stable across quintiles . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 18 . Existing household spending on electricity < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > National Poorest Q2 Q3 Q4 Richest < br > quintile Quintile < br > Below 3 % 3-5 % 5-10 % Over 10 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Adapted from Banerjee and others ( 2008 ) . In order to gauge whether power is affordable , two types of evidence can be considered . One possible measure of affordability is non-payment of services . Based on household surveys , we can compare across quintiles the percentage of households that report _paying_ for power against the percentage of households that report _using_ service . Those using without paying include both clandestine users who steal power from the network and formal customers who fail to pay their bills . Overall , about 40 percent of people connected to electricity do not pay for it ( figure 19 ) . Nonpayment rates range from about 20 percent in the richest quintile to about 60 percent in the poorest quintile . A significant nonpayment rate , even among the richest quintiles , suggests that a culture of nonpayment exists in addition to affordability issues . 28", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 168, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia Urban Institutional and Infrastructure Development Program ( P163452 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | | Date | 08-Jun-2018 | 15-Jun-2018 | 24-May-2019 | 30-Jun-2022 | | Comments | | | | | # # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * # # < u > DLI_IND_ < / u > ~ ~ < u > TABLE < / u > ~ ~ ► DLI 1 Eligible ULGs have achieved Program minimum conditions ( Output , 107 , 152 , 965 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End of Year 5 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | - - | | Date | - - | 03-Dec-2018 | 03-Dec-2018 | - - | | * * Comments * * | | | | | ► DLI 2 Eligible ULGs have strengthened institutional performance ( Intermediate Outcome , 186 , 329 , 232 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End of Year 5 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | - - | | Date | - - | 03-Dec-2018 | 03-Dec-2018 | - - | | * * Comments * * | | | | | ►", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Tax administration records provide data on whether the property owner visited the tax office in response to the notice , whether the owner paid the tax , and how much tax was paid . Visiting the tax office was the first step of the compliance process . For most property owners , this was their first interaction with the tax system , so they first had to obtain a personal tax identification number ( TIN ) . To track responses , each notice included a unique number , and property owners were asked to bring the notice along when they came to the tax office . Data on tax payments come from the integrated tax administration systems that record all tax payments electronically and are available for this sample from 2017 to 2020 . Although tax revenue leakage may occur in several ways , this paper focuses on the extensive margin of compliance , where it is possible to determine with certainty the compliance status of a property owner — that is , whether or not the property owner made a tax payment . In addition , the paper also reports whether the property owner responded to the tax notice at all and the total amount paid . The unit of observation for outcomes is at the owner level because payments are recorded by the property owner ’ s TIN ; however , randomization was done at the property level . To address this discrepancy , we use the property-level randomization to infer owner-level treatment assignments using the cumulative exposure that each property owner had to different elements of the treatments , as follows : ( i ) property owners who have only one property are assigned to the treatment group for that property ; ( ii ) property owners who have multiple properties that were all assigned to the same treatment group ( or to a single treatment group and the control group ) are assigned to that treatment group ; ( iii ) property owners who have multiple properties and who have any property assigned to the identification and penalty treatment group are assigned to the identification and penalty treatment group because they are considered to have been exposed to both the identification and penalty messages ; and ( iv ) property", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 26, "text": "Tax administration records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 562, "end": 582, "text": "Data on tax payments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "creditors . Table 2 : Creditor rights * * and * * contract * * enforcement in Brazil relative to other countries * * | | Creditor rights | Contract enforceability | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Brazil | 2 | 2 . 02 | | Sample mean | 2 . 32 | 2 . 50 | | Latin America | 1 . 38 | 1 . 92 | | Of which : Argentina | 1 | 2 . 07 | | Chile | 2 | 2 . 42 | | Mexico | 0 | 1 . 83 | | Upper middle income < br > countries | 2 | 2 . 14 | | OECD countries | 1 . 82 | 2 . 99 | Credito * * r * * ights : index of secured creditor rights , with values between 0 ( worst ) and 4 ( best ) . Source : La Porta et al . ( 1997 ) . Contract enforceability : indicator of the degree to which contracts are honored , with values between 1 ( worst ) and 4 ( best ) - . Source : Business International Corporation . Regardless of the presence of creditors rights , these rights need to be enforced , and in this dimension , Brazil ' s judicial system scores considerably below countries in the upper middle income group and OECD countries , as evidenced by a cross-country indicator of contract 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_FM Supervision Report Second Phase of One WASH-CWA_ and a single / pooled ETB account ( CWA ) . USD and ETB accounts are also found at the MoWE ( in both of its Water Supply and Water Development Fund Units ) while all other implementing entities have only local currency bank accounts . Fund is transferred through banks . The banking arrangement is satisfactory . 19 . _Counterpart Funding : _ It has been indicated on the PAD that the One WaSH-CWA is financed partly by counterpart funding of approximately USD 50 million over the life of the project . According to the latest IFR , for the fourth quarter ended on July 7 , 2024 , implementing entities have contributed 16 % ( ETB 517 . 14 million ) of the plan for the budget year ( ETB 3 , 164 . 83 million ) . As regards the project life contribution , counterpart fund totaling to ETB 1 . 43 billion ( USD 27 . 90 million ) has been made by the implementing regions . This was about 56 % of the PAD amount ( USD 50 million ) , and this has improved from previous mission contribution of ETB 1 . 34 billion ( USD 26 . 31 million ) . Contribution should thus be made as required , and the contributions should be recognized through uniform recognition criteria to capture counterpart contribution information from all regions as well as to avoid double counting of expenditures at national level . 20 . _Disbursement to DA : _ Transfers to the DA are made by the DPs based on utilization of the advance as well as six-month expenditure and cash requirement forecasts . Status of disbursements from the DPs is summarized on the table below based on IFR for quarter ended on July 7 , 2024 , and information of client connection for WB . As of September16 , 2024 , the World Bank has disbursed to the program 55 . 53 % of the signed amount ( SDR 216 . 50 million ) of IDA 64450 . According to the", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 584, "text": "IFR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1604, "end": 1607, "text": "IFR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "622 | 3 , 836 , 397 | | * * plo * * < br > * * ( 5 ) * * | Average | 9 , 201 , 794 | 13 , 746 | 2 , 097 , 909 | | * * Em * * | Total Employer | 46 , 008 , 972 | 68 , 733 | 10 , 489 , 545 | | | % of Market | 5 % | 3 % | 5 % | | * * t * * | Min | 1 , 523 , 589 | 2 , 840 | 320 , 274 | | * * den * * < br > | Max | 34 , 102 , 743 | 106 , 596 | 8 , 348 , 993 | | * * pen * * < br > * * ( 3 ) * * | Average | 22 , 295 , 590 | 63 , 303 | 5 , 593 , 792 | | * * nde * * | Total Independent | 66 , 886 , 770 | 189 , 908 | 16 , 781 , 376 | | * * I * * | % of Market | 8 % | 8 % | 8 % | Source : HFSA raw data . 13 . The MPFs sponsored by financial institutions typically outsource asset management and administration to other specialized companies within the same financial group . The other MPFs usually outsource these services as well , sometimes to the same companies , although there are MPFs sponsored by employers that manage their assets internally . When asset management is outsourced , the asset management company typically charges much lower fees to MPFs outside the financial group . There is a marked segmentation in terms of fees that has not translated into increased switching by members from high fee funds to low fee funds . As noted below , this is due in part to the lack of readily comparable information on returns and fees until recently . 14 . Finally , arrangements for revenue collection have remained deficient . Individual MPFs deal with many employers , including thousands of small and medium enterprises . As a result , the industry has been considering the", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 598, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : * * Overview of Indonesian targeting survey variables | * * Type * * | * * Theme * * | * * Variables included * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Core | Demographics | Household size & HH size < sup > 2 < / sup > , number of < br > people by age groups by gender , < br > ur - < br > ban / rural , family structure , family smart < br > card | | Optional | Housing | Materials used in the foor , wall , roof , < br > source of drinking water and cooking wa - < br > ter , type of lighting & cooking fuel , toi - < br > let facilities , septic tank , foor space per < br > capita , ownership status . | | | Assets | Household < br > ownership < br > of : < br > motorcycle , < br > car , computer , fridge , boat , motorboat , < br > phone , water heated , air conditioning | | | Education | Household members ’ total levels of educa - < br > tional attainment and enrolment | | | Employment | Employment status , employment sectors | # * * Baseline PMT * * The Indonesian PMT implemented in the country ’ s social registry provides the baseline method for the early stopping algorithm ’ s performance . Its construction uses the data described above , and follows the canonical PMT approach in Algorithm 1 except for two significant changes . The first is in line with McBride and Nichols [ 2018 ] , who pointed out that PMT is an outof-sample prediction task and that a cross-validation approach to variable selection leads to better performance than in-sample measures such as information criteria . Accordingly , we substitute selection via an information criterion with 5-fold cross-validation and a mean squared error ( MSE ) selection criterion . The stopping criterion is triggered when the cross-validated error no longer declines . MSE is the preferred metric as it aligns with the objective function of predictive model OLS < sup", "spans": [{"start": 1019, "end": 1034, "text": "social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis that was undertaken as part of the ICR evaluated the achievement of the PDO and thereof the contribution of the project to reducing maternal deaths in the project areas . The theory of change is depicted in Table 4 . 1 . The key assumption was that increasing coverage and quality of health care for antenatal and facility-based delivery through the URHVP would lead to a reduction in maternal deaths . Therefore , the primary outcome that was assessed was the reduction in maternal deaths for the 15 – 49 years age group as this is the most fertile or active childbearing age group in Uganda . Effectiveness was measured in DALYs , which is a composite measure that combines years lived with disability and years lost to premature death . It was assumed that every maternal death averted accounted for 85 DALYs based on the WHO ’ s data for low-income countries . < sup > 49 < / sup > The benefits ( DALYs averted ) were then equated to the GDP per capita income of US $ 732 in Uganda in 2019 . < sup > 50 < / sup > With regard to the costs , all the funding that was disbursed directly or indirectly through the URHVP amounting to US $ 17 . 3 million was accounted for . Direct financing for the URHVP was obtained from the World Bank through a grant from SIDA − GPOBA while indirect or parallel financing was obtained from another World Bank project ( UHSSP , P115563 ) and the UNFPA . These funds and disbursements by year are summarized in Table 4 . 2 . A discount rate of 3 percent was used to rebate both the costs and benefits associated with > 47 < mark > Mangham-Jefferies , L . , C . Pitt , S . Cousens , et al . 2014 . “ Cost-effectiveness of Strategies to Improve the Utilization and Provision of Maternal and Newborn Health Care in Low-income and Lower-middle-income Countries : A Systematic Review", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 871, "text": "WHO ’ s data for low-income countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "231 . 63 * * | * * 248 . 42 * * | * * 266 . 51 * * | * * 285 . 98 * * | | OperatingCost Ratio / Collected Tax | 0 . 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | Increased Operationa Efficiency | | | | | 0 . 18 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 13 | 0 . 12 | | Operatingexpenses ( w / oproject ) | | | | | 37 . 61 | 40 . 31 | 43 . 20 | 46 . 33 | 49 . 68 | 53 . 30 | 57 . 20 | | Operatingexpenses ( w / project ) | | | | | 33 . 85 | 34 . 26 | 34 . 56 | 34 . 74 | 34 . 78 | 34 . 65 | 34 . 32 | | * * Savings * * | | | | | * * 3 . 76 * * | * * 6 . 05 * * | * * 8 . 64 * * | * * 11 . 58 * * | * * 14 . 91 * * | * * 18 . 66 * * | * * 22 . 88 * * | 9 . * * Reduced compliance costs for taxpayers . * * For the taxpayers , the major economic benefits include a reduction in the time to comply with taxes and the time spent on dealing with tax inspections . The latter will be achieved mainly through a strengthened compliance risk management mechanism and the fact that tax inspectors would now need to spend less time on gathering and processing information , as well as doing surveillance during field audits . The 2015 Doing Business Report provides a baseline for the average time needed to comply with taxes . The indicator is reported for a hypothetical medium-size company , which needs , on average , about 82 hours per year ( or approximately 10 days ) to comply with major types of taxes and contributions in", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1124, "text": "2015 Doing Business Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 22 | Post | Plan | July10 / 07 | July . 30 / 07 | Aug . 5 / 07 | Aug . 15 / 07 | Aug . 25 / 07 | Sep . 20 / 07 | Sep26 / 07 | Oct . 26 / 07 | Oct . 30 / 07 | | < br > WAN ; | | | Lump-sum | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | 54 < br > Develop working directives , | JSRP / C54 / 08 | CBS | | 22 . 22 | Post | Plan | Aug10 / 07 | NA | Aug25 / 07 | NA | Sep16 / 07 | NA | Oct . 5 / 07 | Sep . 10 / 07 | Oct . 25 / 07 | | procedures , | - | Q | Lump-sum | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | 55 < br > management systems , reporting < br > t lit hdli | JSRP / C55 / 08 | QCBS | | 50 . 00 | Post | Plan | 05Aug 07 | Aug25 / 07 | Aug31 / 07 | Sep15 / 07 | Oct15 / 07 | Nov . 5 / 07 | Nov . 15 / 07 | Jan5 / 08 | Jan . 15 / 08 | | sysems , compan anng < br > procedures ; | - | | Lump-sum | | | Act | | | | | | | | | | | 56 < br > The Second Corruption Survey | JSRP / C56 / 08 | CBS | | 433 . 89 | Prior | Plan | 18Aug 07 | 05Sep07 | 13Sept . 07 | 28Sept . 07 | NA | NA | Nov . 15 / 07 | Jan5 / 08 | Jan . 15 / 08 | | Conducted | - | Q | Lump-sum | |", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 850, "text": "The Second Corruption Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the survey . Source : Own calculations based on ENIGH96 survey Tables 6 and 7 show real mean hourly salaries and mean hourly labor earnings , respectively , for total hours in main occupation , and total hours of main occupation plus secondary occupation . The hourly salary difference between teachers and other groups is quite high due to wide variance of the non-teaching group , and because teachers work relatively few hours . * * Table 6 . Mean Hourly Salary * * * * < u > ( Constant 1994 pesos ) < / u > * * | * * Type of Occupation * * | * * Mean * * < br > * * Sa * * < br > * * ( Main O * * | * * Hourly * * < br > * * lary * * < br > * * ccup Hrs ) * * | * * Mean A * * < br > * * Hourly * * < br > * * ( Main Oc * * | * * djusted * * < sup > * * 1 / * * < / sup > < br > * * Salary * * < br > * * cup Hrs ) * * | * * Mean * * < br > * * Sal * * < br > * * ( Tota * * | * * Hourly * * < br > * * ary * * < br > * * l Hrs ) * * | * * Mean A * * < br > * * Hourly * * < br > * * ( Total * * | * * djusted * * < sup > * * 1 / * * < / sup > < br > * * Salary * * < br > * * Hrs ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Urban * * | * * Rural * * | * * Urban * * |", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 65, "text": "ENIGH96 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with high vs . low quality of financial institutions is a mere proxy for the differential effect of corruption across countries with varying levels of the quality of the broader business environment . The additional interaction term controls include interaction terms between corruption ( incidence and depth of petty corruption , separately ) and the following : Rule of Law ( Worldwide Governance Indicators ) , Gross Primary Education Enrollment rate ( WDI ) , Gross Secondary Education Enrollment rate ( WDI ) , Freedom from Business Regulation ( Economic Freedom of the World ) , Legal Systems and Property Rights ( Economic Freedom of the World ) , and hours of power outages faced by the firm in a typical month ( ES ) . These interaction term controls are in addition the ones between corruption and GDP per capita ( logs , PPP adjusted and in constant 2011 international dollars ) and between corruption and _Annual Sales_ ( firm-size ) . Data source for GDP per capita is WDI , World Bank . Regression results in table 5 and 6 confirm our prediction . That is , while higher corruption increases the likelihood of a firm being financially constrained , the increase is significantly smaller in countries that have better financial institutions . # 5 . 2 _Falsification test_ Next , we provide results from the falsification test . That is , we check if like corruption , the impact of more burdensome regulation and higher power outages on exacerbating firm ’ s financial constraints is smaller ( less positive or more negative ) in countries with better quality of financial institutions as measured by Getting Credit sub-index and the presence of credit bureaus . A failure to find such an effect will raise our confidence against endogeneity concerns with our main results . For regulation and in separate regressions , we use two measures – a dummy variable equal to 1 if the firm was inspected by tax officials and 0 otherwise ; and percentage of firm ’ s senior management ’ s time spent 24", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 409, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 464, "end": 505, "text": "Gross Secondary Education Enrollment rate", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ont pas l ’ intention de retourner dans leurs localités d ’ origine ont principalement donné comme raisons principales : les conditions sécuritaires ( 57 % ) et leurs maisons endommagées ou détruites ( 21 % ) . Il y a également d ’ autres facteurs qui sont évoqués , à savoir : les problèmes d ’ accès ( 2 % ) et de présence ou de crainte d ’ engins ou de munitions explosifs dans les lieux d ’ origine ( 2 % ) . * * ABRIS ET LIEUX D ’ HABITATION * * Graphique 11 : Proportion des ménages PDI par types d ’ abris < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 44 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 22 % < br > 21 % < br > 13 % < br > abris en paille / tôle abris en bache abris en dure sans abris < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Les résultats de l ’ opération DTM en décembre ont montré que 45 pour cent des ménages vivant dans les lieux de déplacement évalués habitent dans des abris en paille bâche ou en tôle . Contre 13 pour cent des sites où les ménages déplacés vivaient presque à l ’ air libre au moment de l ’ évaluation . Comme dans l ’ évaluation précédente en octobre , les ménages sans abris étaient localisés majoritairement dans les cercles de * * Bourem , Gao , Koro , Douentza ,", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 805, "text": "opération DTM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 7 . Economic Analysis * * 1 . The net effect of the Program at the individual ’ s level is calculated as the additional benefit that a representative child obtains as a result of the Program . This effect is estimated from a present discounted value ( PDV ) calculation . This approach estimates the stream of benefits and costs of schooling over a lifetime in the labor market with and without the Program . 2 . Data for this analysis are obtained mainly from the 2010 _Income and Expenditure Survey_ , a household survey of the labor force , and from the 2015 Population and Housing Census conducted by the Department of Statistics . This representative information accounts for the entire population of Jordan of all ages . It is worth noting that the estimates below are considered under estimates as they do not account for the social benefits of more and better education . _Estimation of expected economic benefits_ 3 . The private benefits ( returns to schooling ) are measured following the standard literature on cost ‐ benefit analysis for investments in education and by calculating the earnings over the course of the working life . Age ‐ earnings profiles are built based on the education levels of the Jordan , namely : ( i ) incomplete primary ( 0 ‐ 2 grades completed ) ; ( ii ) incomplete lower secondary ( 3 ‐ 9 grades completed ) ; ( iii ) incomplete upper secondary school ( 10 grades completed ) ; ( iv ) completed upper secondary but not post ‐ secondary ( 11 ‐ 12 grades completed ) ; and ( v ) post ‐ secondary ( 13 grades completed and above ) . 4 . These age ‐ earnings profiles are constructed separately for two population groups which differ significantly in their education and labor market experiences , namely ( i ) men ; and ; ( ii ) women . These are enriched by incorporating : ( 1 ) the probability of employment in three types of employment ( wage employment , self ‐ employment , and unpaid employment ) ; ( 2 ) the probability of employment in the public sector", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 515, "text": "2010 _Income and Expenditure Survey_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 520, "end": 555, "text": "household survey of the labor force", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 571, "end": 605, "text": "2015 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | | | | | | | | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | TOGUERE-COUMBE | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Taxing small and medium-sized businesses - otherwise known as small and medium-sized enterprises , or SMEs - can be challenging for a variety of reasons ( e . g . , see Hoy et al . 2024 ) , with uncertain or , at best , unambiguously small fiscal gains , depending on the context . Moreover , the direct and indirect costs for governments from trying to enforce tax compliance among SMEs can be substantial . As a result , revenue authorities are increasingly investing in quasi-voluntary strategies to improve compliance among SMEs , such as greater engagement between tax officials and firms to help facilitate the tax payment process ( Dom et al . 2022 ) . However , relatively little is known about how SMEs respond to closer engagement and community presence by revenue authorities , particularly when this engagement transcends the usual audit-oriented interactions . This paper examines how SMEs react to increased local presence by tax officials by drawing on a novel field experiment in Tanzania . The World Bank and the Tanzania Revenue Authority ( TRA ) implemented a broadly representative in-person survey of SMEs across mainland Tanzania in December 2022 . Among the 119 urban and peri-urban wards that were included in the study , half were randomly assigned to have tax officials present during the data collection exercise . This clustered randomized controlled trial introduced exogenous variation in the visibility and physical presence of tax officials among SMEs . While the tax officials did not directly survey the businesses ( the survey was conducted by a local survey research firm and trained enumerators were tasked with conducting the interviews ) , simply having a tax official present was expected to have repercussions on respondents ’ self-reported behavior ( captured through the survey ) as well as declaration behavior ( captured through administrative data ) . As a consequence , it is valuable to examine both the impact of TRA presence on survey outcomes and ward-level indicators of compliance . Tanzania is a useful context to explore strategies for improving SME taxation . Tanzania ’ s SMEs are overwhelmingly informal . Those that are registered with the TRA are primarily subject to a simplified , presumptive tax regime . However", "spans": [{"start": 1127, "end": 1151, "text": "in-person survey of SMEs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1899, "end": 1918, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the Office of the Auditor-General financial statements , which have been prepared on the Cash Basis Method of Financial Reporting , using appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards * * ( IPSAS ) . * * The Auditor-General is of the opinion that the Office financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Office transactions during the financial year ended * * 30 * * June , 2024 and of the financial position as at that date . The Auditor-General further confirms the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Office of the Auditor-General , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . xliii Enhancing Accountability", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 581, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strongly capitalized following the GFC as in the U . S . as discussed in Section 6 varies significantly across the rest of the world ( e . g . , Anginer , Bertay , Cull , Demirguc-Kunt , and Mare , 2021 ) . We encourage future research on both the impact of the various stimulus programs and the post-GFC prudential reforms on banking systems performance during and after COVID-19 using international banking data . Third , the problems noted above for the U . S . with the potential to create near-term economic and banking problems – such as economic dislocations , inflation , and financial market issues created by the crisis and policy responses – are likely to be even more threatening of nearterm problems in other countries . For example , some countries relaxed their banking regulations on nonperforming loan provisioning and classification much more than in the U . S . ( e . g . , Feyen , Gispert , Kliatskova , and Mare , 2021 ) . Moreover , borrower assistance and prudential measures may have exacerbated the bank stress significantly in countries that operate with little fiscal space due to strongly expansionary fiscal and monetary policies ( e . g . , Demirgüç-Kunt , Pedraza , and Ruiz-Ortega , 2021 ; Reinhart , 2021 ) . When these forbearance policies come to an end and fiscal and monetary support are reduced , the extent of financial sector problems will become clearer . If the crisis has indeed seriously damaged financial institutions ’ balance sheets , repairing such damage will take time , possibly leading to deleveraging and credit crunches that can hamper recovery in these countries for many years . We suggest that both policy makers and researchers pay close attention to these issues around the world . We strongly encourage more international banking research for the same reason brought up in the introduction for why crises are so informative to research . The best way to learn what works is to study what happens when things do not work . It is likely that future research will uncover a significant number of things not working across the world during COVID-19 . 27", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 413, "text": "international banking data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 . Dès le lancement du programme , un bureau d ’ études techniques sera recruté pour aider le MEP et le MES à s ’ acquitter de son rôle de maître d ’ ouvrage à travers la supervision générale du programme de construction ( assistance à la supervision des travaux par la maîtrise d ’ ouvrage directe , assistance au suivi pour les maîtres d ’ ouvrage délégués ) , le renforcement des capacités de tous les acteurs du secteur et la préparation de nouvelles approches de mise en œuvre ( plan et procédure de fonctionnement ) . 16 . La DEP < sup > 9 < / sup > , en coordination avec la DIES < sup > 10 < / sup > et la DEBI < sup > 11 < / sup > , sera responsable de la planification et la programmation globales des activités relevant de cette sous-composante à travers : ( i ) la préparation et la mise à jour du programme de construction ; ( ii ) l ’ établissement d ’ une base de données comportant des informations actualisées sur les besoins , les effectifs , les coûts unitaires , et l ’ espace requis ; et ( iii ) l ’ établissement des conditions et critères de sélection des sites . > 9 Direction des études et de la programmation . > 10 Direction des infrastructures et équipements scolaires . > 11 Direction de l ’ éducation de Base I . 50", "spans": [{"start": 873, "end": 888, "text": "base de données", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# # # # * * _Kenya Industry & Entrepreneurship Project Reports and Financial Statements_ * * * * _For the financial year ended June 30 , 2022_ * * administer initial * * SME * * application , shortlisting , due diligence , diagnosis , technical assistance provision , monitoring and evaluation developed ) ; Grievance Redress Mechanism designed ; Grant disbursement workflow developed ; * * 303 * * Strategic partners engagements conducted ( with over * * 5 , 000 * * SMEs briefed on KIEP * * 250 + ) ; 101 * * Business Development Service Providers * * ( BDS ) * * screened and profiles included in web based database ; Cohort two preparations ignited ; and over * * 7 * * manuals / documents developed and approved ( Fund Operations Manual ; Selection Committee Charter ; Grant Administration Manual ; Grant Approval Committee Charter ; * * SME * * Application Guide ; * * BDS * * Application Guide ; and Grievance Redress Guide ) . International Acceleration Process : The Management Consulting firm ( GrowthAfrica ) was on boarded in August 2020 . First five milestones achieved as per contract : Inception Report , Stakeholders mapping report , * * Ql , Q2 & Q3 * * Reports completed ; Startup Savanna launched successfully and * * 303 * * Entrepreneurs registered ; * * 16 * * local and foreign Enterprise Support Organizations ( ESOs ) registered ; Communication materials developed and finalized https : / / st avanna . com / Ignite Process with Wadhani Foundation : Cohort * * 1 - 66 * * enterprises for cohort * * I * * and * * 53 * * for cohort 2 are undergoing digital skills development under the LearnWISE platform , Cohort * * 3 - * * registration ongoing ; * * 8 * * startups registered for the Ventures to * * EDF * * ( Electricite ' de France ) Africa Tour 2021 * * - * * scheduled for Nairobi early November 2021 ; 4 start-ups linked to IMFact and negotiation are ongoing for", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 618, "text": "web based database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tensification : Cereal Crops ( Improved Seed & Fertilizer ) | 762 , 500 | | 2 . 2 | Agricultural Livestock ( Cattle Fatteningand Hybrid DairyCows ) | 3 , 100 , 000 | | | * * Sub-Total ( 2 ) * * | * * 3 , 862 , 500 * * | | * * 3 * * | * * Community Development Schemes * * | | | 3 . 1 | Rural Electrification | EEU < sup > 1 < / sup > | | * * 4 * * | * * Special Assistance for Vulnerable Groups * * | * * 520 , 000 * * | | * * 5 * * | * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * | | | 5 . 1 | Trainingand CapacityBuilding ( workshop ) | 300 , 000 | | 5 . 2 | Stakeholder Engagement duringconstruction | 250 , 000 | | 5 . 3 | Monitoring / Inspection byESAO Team | 1 , 000 , 000 | | 5 . 4 | RP Independent Consultant | 750 , 000 | | 5 . 5 | Grievances Implementation Budget | 300 , 000 | | | * * Sub-Total ( 5 ) * * | * * 2 , 600 , 000 * * | | | * * Grand Total ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ) * * | * * 207 , 496 , 112 * * | | * * 6 * * | Administration Cost DuringImplementation ( 3 % ) | 6 , 224 , 883 | | * * 7 * * | Contingency ( 15 % ) | 31 , 124 , 417 | | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 244 , 845 , 412 * * | _Source : RP Census Survey ( December 2024 ) _ _Note 1 . The rural electrification component of this subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP Subproject", "spans": [{"start": 1101, "end": 1117, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "employed in the service sector . Most of the workers left the country over the last few years , during which period real wages also grew on average by more than 20 percent . < sup > 6 < / sup > Anecdotal and theoretical evidence suggests that emigration-induced shock to labor supply could be a driving force behind this rapid wage increase . The paper offers a number of contributions to the literature . First , it provides empirical evidence on the impact of emigration on source country wages outside the North American experience . Second , it makes use of a unique database on emigrants , documented by a nationally representative survey conducted in the source country . Third , for the reasons noted above , on the size of emigration , Moldova offers an ideal case to study the impact of emigration on source country wages . In addition , Moldova also represents what is arguably a more typical source country , with its migrant workers spread out across multiple host countries rather than residing in a single host country , as in the case in North America . The emigrant flow is thus diversified across a number of host countries , and though the majority of workers are in Russia , Moldova ’ s remittance inflows are not as exposed to country-specific downturns . Fourth , this study is unique in that it combines the previously studied net labor supply shock due to emigration with information on sector specific labor demand shocks . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section II provides a simple and stylized theoretical introduction while Section III introduces empirical framework and some descriptive evidence . We then discuss empirical findings and robustness issues in section IV , which is followed by a concluding remark in section V . # * * II . A simple analytical framework * * The textbook model of a competitive labor market yields clear and unambiguous implications of a migration induced reduction in labor supply . Ceteris paribus , a reduction in the supply of labor outflows because of migration should increase the wage > 6 Close to 80 percent of all emigrants left Moldova between 2000 and 2006 . At the end of the 1990s ,", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 643, "text": "nationally representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The purpose of this paper is to survey prevailing electricity price levels and tariff structures as a reference for practitioners to benchmark tariff design across countries . The paper also provides simple indicators of the performance of tariff designs against standard design criteria such as cost recovery and affordability and investigates the extent to which tariff structures apply price differentiation across customer groups and consumption categories . The paper also considers to what extent prevailing electricity tariff designs are compatible with emerging technological trends in the sector , such as distributed generation , demand-side participation , and electrification of transport . The paper adds to a sporadic existing literature surveying electricity tariff designs across countries and evaluating their performance against standard criteria such as cost-recovery and affordability . These range from regional studies involving Sub-Saharan African countries ( Briceño ‐ Garmendia and Shkaratan , 2011 ; The African Development Bank Group , 2019 ) to global surveys spanning both developed and developing countries ( World Bank , 1990 ; Foster and Yepes , 2006 ) . Existing studies find systematic patterns in electricity tariff design across countries . Ore et al . , 2017 show that countries in Central America commonly differentiate volumetric tariffs across customer groups . Komives et al . , 2005 show that rising block tariffs are widely used for residential customers often as a form of social tariff , but that they are not very effective at reaching poor households since electricity consumption is not a very strong proxy for household income . A recurrent finding in the literature is the difficulty that low-income countries face in achieving cost recovery ; even for operating costs ( Huenteler et al . , 2020 ) . For instance , Briceño ‐ Garmendia and Shkaratan , 2011 find that while about 80 percent of African power utilities achieved operating cost recovery , only 30 percent achieved full capital cost recovery . Later work by Trimble et al . , 2016 finds that even the share of African power utilities reaching operating cost recovery had fallen to about 50 percent , while barely 5 percent attained full capital cost recovery . Furthermore , there are evident tensions between the achievement of cost-recovery and affordability in the", "spans": [{"start": 1100, "end": 1114, "text": "global surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "selecting from nearby structures when the selected points do not fall on the roof of a dwelling , but these probabilities would be distorted if the household density were unevenly distributed or for households close to the boundary . Other public health studies , such as the World Health Organization Expanded Program on Immunization studies , use the “ spin the pen ” method to choose a starting household and then interview a tight cluster of households , though this method has been shown to be nonprobability ( Bennett et al 1994 , Grais et al 2007 ) . Outside the field of public health , Himelein et al ( 2014 ) used circles generated around random points to survey pastoralist populations in eastern Ethiopia , with the stratification developed from satellite imagery . A variation of this method was considered for the High Frequency Survey Pilot , but the methodology is likely unsuited to a dense metropolitan area , because it involves surveying all households within the selected circles . The uncertainty over the final cluster size was also an issue in Mogadishu as clusters with too few households increased costs , while clusters with too many households increased the time in the field and raised security concerns . This paper brings together alternatives developed from this literature and applies them to a conflict environment . We take a rigorous approach using simulations and careful estimation of weights to compare the methods across a variety of potential field conditions . The results offer general guidelines for practitioners developing implementation plans for conflict settings . # * * 2 . Data * * To explore the challenges of the random walk and the four proposed alternatives , we simulated the use of each method in three example PSUs from Mogadishu , Somalia . We purposefully chose three census enumeration areas as the PSUs for this exercise to illustrate the variation in physical layout present in 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SNNPRS * * | 93 | * * 98 % * * | 2 | 5 % | 95 | 100 % | | * * Gambella * * | 13 | * * 100 % * * | 0 | 8 % | 13 | 100 % | | * * Harari * * | 17 | * * 100 % * * | 0 | 0 % | 17 | 100 % | | * * Addis Ababa * * | 14 | * * 100 % * * | 0 | 0 % | 14 | 100 % | | * * Dire Dawa * * | 17 | * * 94 % * * | 1 | 0 % | 18 | 100 % | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 545 * * | * * 98 % * * | * * 12 * * | * * 2 % * * | * * 557 * * | * * 100 % * * | 16 . The 3 tables above provide some of the key findings of the survey . The first table suggests that knowledge about prevention of HIV and rejection of common misconceptions is widespread and that there is little difference between men and women and between the regions . The second table suggests that among the sexually active population the use of condoms is widespread and with little regional variation except for Afar . The last table provides data on the practices of more than 500 commercial sex workers and indicates that condom use is widespread and consistent . # # # * * D . Conclusions * * 17 . The methodology used for the rapid KAP survey commissioned by HAPCO was in keeping with standard practices and the sampling appeared to be reasonably done . The results about knowledge appear somewhat higher than the preliminary data from the 2011 DHS ( see para . 38 in the main text ) but do not seem wildly out of keeping with the broader national findings . There is room for legitimate skepticism about the results about condom use among sex workers which was also reported to be very", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1082, "text": "rapid KAP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1280, "end": 1288, "text": "2011 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Jayne _et al . _ 2014a ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > The extent to which such policies improved productivity , local economic activity , and equity remains unclear , largely because there are no systematic data on large farms . We piggy-backed on the 2020 census in Zambia ’ s Eastern Province to obtain a list of all large farms that can serve as a sample frame , basic evidence on their activities and rights , and a map of cultivated fields . Overlaying this map with survey and sketch plans from the registry that were specifically digitized for this purpose , < sup > 2 < / sup > allows distinguishing farms ’ _de facto_ occupation from their _de jure_ rights . An in-depth survey of a representative sample of 3 , 000 large farms was then conducted to obtain more detailed data for analysis . The census provides an estimate ( at most 26 % ) of the province ’ s agricultural area owned by large farms . < sup > 3 < / sup > Discrepancies between official records and ground reality are large , consistent with the notion of weak > 1 Zambia ’ s National Statistical Agency ( Zamstats ) defines large and medium farms as those larger than 5 ha and we refer to them as ‘ large farms ’ throughout the paper . > 2 Digitization of cadastral data was supported by the Zambia Integrated Landscape Management Project ( ZIFLP ) . > 3 If applied nationally , even 26 % of area owned by large farms would mean that 10 million ha was converted from customary tenure since 1995 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 258, "text": "2020 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) # # # * * Verification Protocol Table * * # # # * * PDO-level Indicators * * | * * Result Area 1 on impro * * | * * ved service delivery through digitalization * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Expanding trusted and i * * | * * nclusive access topeople-centric digitalized services * * | | Description | Individuals accessingdigitalizedpublic - andprivate-sector services usingtrusted , people-centric DPI [ Number ] . | | Frequency | Annually . | | Data source | Annual reports on the usage of digital services from MODEE , sectoral ministries , and theprivate sector . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indicator values will be collected from MODEE ’ s administrative data on the usage of transactional digital services that < br > incorporate trusted , people-centric DPI , and cross-checked bythe IVA through spot surveys . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MODEE . | | * * Improved access topati * * | * * ent-centric digital service * * | | | Number of beneficiaries who actively use patient-centric digital services offfered through an eletronic medical record | | Description | < br > ( EMR ) platfrom . Active users refer to those with active acccounts who had logged into accounts at least twice since < br > registration ( disaggregated for Syrian refugee users ) . . | | Frequency | Annually . | | Data source | Electronic Health Solution ( EHS ) . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Data extracted from myHakeem to measure the number of active users . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection |", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 777, "text": "MODEE ’ s administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1543, "end": 1551, "text": "myHakeem", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9414 # * * Abstract * * This study highlights how COVID-19 has affected small and medium enterprises , drawing on newly released World Bank Enterprise Surveys in 13 countries . The study shows that firms of all sizes are severely affected in multiple dimensions ; however , firm size matters for the intensity of the different channels of transmission and firms ’ responses . Small and medium enterprise sales shrink by more and their cash drains faster than large firms in the same sector and country . Among them , faster growing firms experience the demand shock somewhat less severely , but they are more exposed to international trade disruption , supply , and finance shocks . Yet , a range of firm responses to the downturn seem to be out of reach . Fewer small and medium-size enterprises , for example , start remote work , leaving their workers exposed to health risks . To make it through the pandemic , the majority of smaller firms do not turn to banks for loans ; they need grants . Although development finance is not enough to fill the financing gap , development - finance institutions are relevant — in investment mobiliza tion , demonstration , and know-how — as economies move toward recovery and rebuilding . Delivering these requires rapid efforts to build partnerships and gather information in places where development finance has been limited in the past . This paper is a product of the Economics and Private Sector Development Vice Presidency , International Finance Corporation . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at iadian @ ifc . org , ddoumbia @ ifc . org , ngregory @ ifc . org , aragoussis @ ifc . org , areddy1 @ ifc . org , and jtimmis @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 188, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", e . g . , Bekaert and Harvey ( 2000 ) , Henry ( 2000b ) , Kaminsky and Schmukler ( 2008 ) . > 2 Related research examining the impact of domestic financial development on allocation of physical capital includes , e . g . , Wurgler ( 2000 ) , Beck and Levine ( 2002 ) , Love ( 2003 ) , and Fisman and Love ( 2004 , 2007 ) . > 3 Bekaert et al . ( 2007 ) use country-time panel data covering 50 countries between 1980 and 2002 and show that financial openness is an important factor in aligning growth opportunities with actual growth . Larrain and Stumpner ( 2017 ) rely on firm-level data from 10 post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe and provide evidence that capital account liberalization helps financially constrained firms to demand more capital and produce at more efficient levels . Gopinath et al . ( 2017 ) explore capital misallocation using firm-level data from Spain and extend part of their analysis to five other countries in Western Europe . Both papers rely on databases provided by ORBIS-AMADEUS that cover most of the manufacturing firms in the respective countries . Varela ( 2018 ) looks at impact of lifting the restrictions on international borrowing by using firm-level census data covering all manufacturing firms in Hungary . 3", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 381, "text": "country-time panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 574, "end": 622, "text": "firm-level data from 10 post-communist countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 870, "end": 896, "text": "firm-level data from Spain", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1200, "end": 1222, "text": "firm-level census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Points de suivi des mouvements de populations / Flow Monitoring Points ( FMP ) : Cet exercice n ’ a pas vocation à être exhaustif et vise avant tout à produire des tendances en termes de déplacement ainsi qu ’ à agir comme système d ’ alerte précoce en cas de déplacements massifs et soudains de populations , • Formation : Comme pour l ’ enregistrement , les équipes déployées aux FMP sont composées d ’ agents de la DNDS et de l ’ OIM . Ces équipes ont été formées sur la méthodologie retenue pour cet exercice , sur l ’ utilisation du questionnaire employé ainsi que sur des questions essentielles relatives à la protection . • Collecte des données : Les équipes FMP sont placées dans certains lieux d ’ entrée et de transit clés tels que les gares routières et fluviales . Le recensement des personnes déplacées se rendant du centre vers le sud , du nord vers le sud ou entre les régions nord ou du centre se fait généralement à l ’ intérieur des moyens de transport empruntés par ces personnes ( bus ou pinasses ) . La collecte de données aux points FMP permet également d ’ identifier les personnes déplacées les plus vulnérables durant leurs voyages ou une fois arrivées à destination . Si besoin , ces personnes bénéficient d ’ un référencement aux partenaires présents sur le terrain . - B . RAPATRIES : # # # # # # * * Documents des réfugies : * * Les réfugiés régulièrement enregistrés dans les pays d ’ asile reviennen", "spans": [{"start": 1036, "end": 1058, "text": "données aux points FMP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 standard . Such additional assistance is distinct from resettlement assistance to be provided under other clauses of para . 6 . 12 . If the residual of the asset being taken is not economically viable , compensation and other resettlement assistance are provided as if the entire asset had been taken . 13 . The alternative assets are provided with adequate tenure arrangements . The cost of alternative residential housing , housing sites , business premises , and agricultural sites to be provided can be set off against all or part of the compensation payable for the corresponding asset lost . 14 . Such support could take the form of short-term jobs , subsistence support , salary maintenance or similar arrangements . 15 . See OD 4 . 20 , _Indigenous Peoples . _ 16 . See OP 4 . 04 , _Natural Habitats . _ 17 . As a general principle , this applies if the land taken constitutes less than 20 % of the total productive area . 18 . Paras . 13-15 do not apply to impacts covered under para . 3 ( b ) of this policy . The eligibility criteria for displaced persons under 3 ( b ) are covered under the process framework ( see paras . 7 and 30 ) . 19 . Such claims could be derived from adverse possession , from continued possession of public lands without government action for eviction ( that is , with the implicit leave of the government ) , or from customary and traditional law and usage , and so on . 20 . Resettlement assistance may consist of land , other assets , cash , employment , and so on , as appropriate . 21 . Normally , this cut-off date is the date the census begins . The cut-off date could also be the date the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated , and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delineation to prevent further population influx . 22 . For projects that are highly risky", "spans": [{"start": 1627, "end": 1633, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1730, "end": 1736, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "International Public Sector Accounting Standards . _The Principal Secretary_ for the Ministry of water and Irrigation , State Department of Water Services and the _Project Coordinator for_ * * _Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project_ * * are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year / period ended June * * 30 , 2017 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The _Principal Secretary_ for the Ministry of water and Irrigation , State Department of Water Services and the _Project Coordinator for_ * * _Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project_ * * further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . vi", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 763, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( d ) * * MTD-spoorperformance . < / sup > # # Administration * * 6 . 02 * * Although RD ' s organization < sup > isappropriate foritsfunction , some < / sup > weaknesses still < sup > exist , particularly inthe MaintenanceBranch . Responsibil - < / sup > ity for road maintenance < sup > isdividedamongthesixprovinces , buttheworkload < / sup > distribution < sup > amongprovincesisvery uneven , rangingfrom < / sup > < sup > * * 3 , 000 * * to < / sup > < sup > * * 13 , 000 * * km < / sup > of roads per province . < sup > Theallocationoftworoadengineerstoeach province < / sup > ( para . * * 3 . 02 ) * * was < sup > notadequate , particularlyinthethreelargestprovinces < / sup > ( Table * * 5 ) * * which < sup > areresponsibleformaintainingfrom < / sup > < sup > * * 11 , 000 * * to < / sup > < sup > * * 13 , 000 * * km of < / sup > roads . The cost accounting < sup > systeminitiallysetup < / sup > < sup > * * by * * the consultantswas < / sup > discontinued ( para < sup > * * 3 . 26 ) , * * leadingtoinadequate reportingsystemsbetween < / sup > localities , districts , regions , < sup > provincesandheadquartersoffices . Finally , < / sup > the road inventory has not < sup > been completed ( para < / sup > < sup > * * 3 . 26 ) . * * <", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1171, "text": "road inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification * * . Not expected for any works or goods packages in the procurement plan . # * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components : Applicable * * * * Reference to ( if any ) Project Operational / Procurement Manual : * * the IWMDP team will prepare a Procurement manuals , which will also be part of the Project Implementation Manual . * * Any Other Special Procurement Arrangements * * :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | < br > acquisition of any additional land , < br > the contractor shall submit the < br > respective plan for compensation < br > and this plan has to be approved < br > by the relevant authorities as well < br > as by the PEA . | Co < br > compensati < br > on on site | | | | | * * Earth * * < br > * * moving , * * < br > * * excavations * * < br > * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 11 . 26 | | 11 | Somali | 84 | 63 | 21 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 99 | 25 | 74 | 97 | 97 | 194 | 5 . 97 | | 12 | Sidama | 46 | 4 | 42 | 9 | | 9 | 36 | | 36 | 4 | 87 | 91 | 2 . 80 | | 13 | Oromia | 651 | 51 | 600 | 21 | 21 | | 336 | 36 | 300 | 108 | 900 | 1008 | 31 . 01 | | | Total | * * 1978 * * | * * 635 * * | * * 1343 * * | * * 126 * * | * * 110 * * | * * 16 * * | * * 1147 * * | * * 411 * * | * * 736 * * | * * 1 , 156 * * | * * 2 , 095 * * | * * 3 , 251 * * | * * 99 . 35 * * | | | | | | | | | | | | % | 35 . 56 | 64 . 44 | | | * * Annex 5 : Staff data * * a ) ESPES Contract staff | Region | Number | | - - - | - - - | | Oromia | 81 | | Amhara | 64 | | SNNPR | 110 | | Somali | 39 | | Afar | 20 | | Benshangul G | 23 | | Gambella | 12 | | DireDawa | 14 | | Mof | 103 | 34", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 548, "text": "Staff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 1 : Effects on Adoption | | ( 1 ) < br > Any Action | ( 2 ) < br > Spray | ( 3 ) < br > Pour Ash | ( 4 ) < br > Crush < br > Eggs / Worm | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Trained Farmer | 0 . 15 | 0 . 13 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 03 | | | ( 0_ . _08 ) < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | ( 0_ . _09 ) | ( 0_ . _03 ) | ( 0_ . _03 ) | | Spillover Farmer | 0 . 14 | 0 . 12 | - 0 . 00 | 0 . 01 | | | ( 0_ . _06 ) < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | ( 0_ . _06 ) < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | ( 0_ . _02 ) | ( 0_ . _01 ) | | Control Mean | 0 . 42 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 01 | | Observations | 739 | 739 | 739 | 739 | * * Notes : * * The table reports estimates based on specification ( 10 ) . _Trained Farmer_ is a dummy variable equal to 1 if a farmer has received training on the Fall Armyworm as part of the experiment . _Spillover Farmer_ is a dummy variable equal to 1 if a farmer lives in a village where training was provided to another farmer . The dependent variable in Column ( 1 ) is a dummy equal to 1 if the farmer reported having adopted any of the following recommended practices : spraying their field , pouring ash ( or sand or soil ) on infected plants , crushing the eggs or caterpillars . In the remaining columns the dependent variable is a dummy for each recommended practice . All specifications include fixed effects for the willingness to pay of the Decision Maker for the potential trainee in the village . Robust standard errors are clustered at the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effective management of E & S effects . These include : ( i ) Sporadic compliance with E & S provisions ( application of ESMS as provided by EMCA , 1999 , OSH Act , 2007 for school infrastructure activities ) due to limited awareness , resourcing , and > 55 UNHCR & World Bank , ( 2021 ) , Understanding the Socio-economic Conditions of Refugees in Kenya : Volume C : Results from the 2020-21 Urban Socioeconomic Survey . Page 39 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 419, "text": "2020-21 Urban Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION * * CERTIFICATE * * I * * hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the original in the archives of the International Development Association . FOR SECRETARY", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 Parameter estimates from all the first-stage models are then taken , in the second stage , to the population census . Since predicted household-level per capita consumption in the census is a function not only of the parameter estimates from the first stage consumption models estimated in the survey , but also of the precision of these estimates and of those parameters describing the disturbance terms in the consumption models , we do not produce just one predicted consumption level per household in the census . Rather , _r_ predicted expenditures are simulated for each household ( typically around 100 simulations ) . The full set of simulated household-level per capita expenditures are then used to calculate estimates of the welfare estimates of each target population . Demombynes , Elbers , Lanjouw and Lanjouw ( 2007 ) describe a variety of simulation approaches that are available and document that these all yield closely similar welfare estimates . Validation studies of the poverty mapping methodology remain rare ; in settings where one can rigorously check the method , it is likely that it was not needed in the first place . However , a few such studies have been conducted and have yielded encouraging findings ( see for example Demombynes , et al , 2007 , and Elbers et al , 2008 ) . We examine in Section 7 whether there are grounds for suspecting that our broad findings concerning the relationship between urban poverty and city size are due to our employment of small-area estimates of poverty as opposed to direct measures . # * * 3 . Data * * Poverty-mapping exercises based on the methodology just described have now been conducted in a number of countries . We have selected eight of these countries , on the basis of the availability of the micro-data files and of regional coverage , for analysis in this paper . Table 1 lists the total urban population ( at the Census year ) in the eight countries , both in absolute numbers and as a share of the total . The sample includes a wide variety of countries , from the relatively small ( e . g . Albania ) to the relatively large ( e . g . Brazil ) , and from the", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 117, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1776, "end": 1792, "text": "micro-data files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to endline . We , therefore , first examine whether or not there is structure , both , to selection into the treatment group and attrition , which could undermine our econometric approach , where we rely on difference-in-difference estimators . Imbalance between treatment and control groups could undermine the key assumption of parallel trends . For example , given that men and women face different barriers in the labor market , we should not expect employment to evolve in the same way for men and women after the treatment . We would expect to observe a difference-in-differences for a treatment group where women are more common than in the reference group , even without the program . To test for imbalances , we run a simple regression of treatment and attrition indicators at baseline on the socio-economic and demographic controls , GRIT indicators , self-reported optimism , employment status and risk . Table 4 ( Column 1 for the treatment analysis , Column 2 for the attrition analysis ) shows some signs of structure . In particular , host status and risk preferences are significantly different between treatment and control , with > 9 For example , “ hummus ” is used to refer to chickpeas in general but can also be used for the dish involving mashed chickpeas , tahini , lemon and garlic in Lebanon . In other dialects , some qualifiers are required to specify this dish ( e . g . hummus ne ’ em , or smooth hummus ) . This is akin to identifying a British or American individual using similar variations in foodstuffs such as courgette / zucchini ; coriander / cilantro ; etc . 10 Specifically , we regress variables with missing observations on the list of all variables with a complete record . We then use the predicted values from this regression to populate the missing variables . Where appropriate , predicted values are rounded to the nearest integer and within answer codes of that variable . In a second round , this process is repeated on the full set of actual and predicted values from the first stage . 11", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 884, "text": "self-reported optimism", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "widely dispersed in the market . Having arrived at the location , identifying maize selling households necessitates distinguishing and locating households that are ready to sell from those that have already sold their maize , and those that have chosen to postpone selling . Hence , we consider buyer search costs to be concentrated in this latter segment . The costs of this search process will be directly associated with the proximity of the household from the local market . Therefore , by using distance to markets as a proxy for search costs , we are making the assumption that all of the costs associated with the second segment are related to search . The benefit of this approach is that it allows us to use Household Budget Survey data in measuring the effects of search costs on producer prices . Given the general standardization of such surveys , this approach may facilitate comparative analyses of estimated search costs in cross sectional and longitudinal analyses . # * * 4 . 0 The data * * Our empirical analysis is based on the Tanzania Household Budget Survey ( HBS ) of 2007 . The most recent round of the National Bureau of Statistic ‟ s HBSs was undertaken in 2007 . It collected information on a wide range of household and individual characteristics . They include consumption ( income ) poverty and trends in productive and social sector indicators . The particular content that is of interest to us relates to maize growing households and variables such as maize prices , distance to markets and household characteristics . One of the main findings of the 2007 HBS is that rate of poverty reduction in Tanzania has been modest . Figures 1 and 2 show the development in the food and basic needs poverty incidence from the 1991 / 92 HBS , 2000 / 01 HBS and 2007 HBS . 10", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 745, "text": "Household Budget Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1047, "end": 1079, "text": "Tanzania Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1160, "end": 1164, "text": "HBSs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1583, "end": 1591, "text": "2007 HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SAP Customer Relationship Management supported call center providing customers 24 / 7 support and automated maintenance tickets generated via the call center . Despite these advances , as per the latest available report from April 2021 , only 19 . 3 percent of complaint cases had been resolved . 21 . * * In addition to EEU ’ s poor management of outages , the utility is currently unable to measure and track the duration and frequency of outages * * . Ideally , EEU would be able to measure the average frequency and duration of outages across the grid - System Average Interruption Frequency Index ( SAIFI ) and System Average Interruption Duration Index ( SAIDI ) . However , due to the lack of critically useful customer indexing data , the measure for network reliability uses an alternative method of measurement . In lieu of estimating SAIFI and SAIDI , the alternative KPIs use the number of transformer failures per year , the frequency of interruptions per 100 km of distribution line per year , and the duration of interruptions per 100 km of distribution line per year . The newly introduced DLI 8 seeks to fund customer indexing and AMI metering installation , which will enable EEU to measure SAIFI and SAIDI and focus on improving the reliability of the network by identifying the main factors contributing to poor reliability . 22 . * * DLI 8 has been designed to improve EEU ’ s ability to track , manage and reduce the frequency and duration of service interruption * * . Efforts under DLI 8 seek to address issues on enabling EEU to measure and improve these reliability KPI by drafting and adopting operational procedures . This work will be underpinned with customer indexing and network mapping activities , which will enable EEU to measure , track and improve on reliability KPIs . # # # _Affordability_ 23 . * * End-customer affordability of the connection fee is expected to become a challenge as EEU further expands its densification efforts to more remote areas . * * EEU has indicated that , although 8", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 740, "text": "customer indexing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "practitioners who may wish for more functionality and options may have to program it themselves . In an effort to simplify the process , we have created a family of Stata commands which implement small area estimation methods , and provide users with a valid , modular , and flexible alternative to PovMap . All of the results produced with ` sae ` have been bench-marked with the well established PovMap software , and are an exact match . < sup > 6 < / sup > In the following section we discuss the linking model and focus on the first stage of the estimation . How the variance of the location effect present in the linking model is accounted for is discussed afterwards . This is initiated by presenting the ELL methodology for decomposing the first stage residuals ’ s variance parameters . Afterwards , this is followed by Henderson ’ s Method III decomposition of the residual ’ s variance parameters and the adaptation of Huang and Hidiroglou ’ s ( 2003 ) GLS and implemented by Van der Weide ( 2014 ) in an update to the PovMap software . Then we present Empirical Bayes prediction of the location effects . We finally present the command ’ s syntax along with examples of its use . # * * 2 First Stage : Model * * When survey data is not sufficiently precise for reliable estimates at low geographical levels , small area estimation can be implemented . This commonly relies on borrowing strength from outside sources to generate indirect estimates ( Rao and Molina , 2015 ) . For example , when attempting to obtain welfare estimates at low geographical levels , it is possible to borrow strength from census data . Censuses in most cases do not collect sufficient information on incomes and / or expenditures . On the other hand household surveys tend to collect detailed information on incomes and / or expenditures which allows the generation of welfare statistics such as poverty and inequality measures . Although welfare statistics can be obtained using household surveys , these are rarely sufficiently large to allow for statistics corrsponding to small areas ( Tarozzi and Deaton , 2009 ) . Small area estimation methods attempt to exploit the large sample", "spans": [{"start": 1613, "end": 1624, "text": "census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1741, "end": 1758, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "even in the absence of information on the relevant preference . Second , in spite of its large intrinsic value , longevity is ignored by all global multidimensional poverty measures . Mortality data are often available but these data are not used . One difficulty is that the joint distribution between mortality and other achievements is almost always missing . However , this does not mean that indicators that ignore mortality yield better cross-regions comparisons , quite the contrary . There exists several conceptually sound indices that integrate mortality into poverty measures while assuming that all individuals within a given region face the same mortality risks . These indices are “ hybrid ” in the sense that they account for the joint distribution between some but not all variables considered . < sup > 2 < / sup > > 2For instance , assume that the joint distribution between two variables x1 and x2 ( say income and education ) is known , but the joint distribution between variable x3 ( mortality ) and the other two variables is unknown . Consider an index that aggregates x1 , x2 and x3 while taking into account the joint distribution between x1 and x2 . This index is “ hybrid ” in the sense that it accounts for the joint distribution between some but not all variables considered . 3", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 198, "text": "Mortality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY * * _UNHCR Kenya & EHAGL RB Economic Advisory Unit January 2023_ < u > Socioeconomic Survey of the Stateless Shona Community < / u > < u > Kenya Analytical Program on Forced Displacement < / u > 20s , have no education , and are not proficient in Kenya ’ s official languages . - ➢ Attendance rates , especially at the secondary level , are low in both sites ( 5 % in Kalobeyei and 14 % in Kakuma ) . # # # # * * Specific vulnerabilities of refugee women * * - ➢ Women refugees are more likely to live in overcrowded rooms , are less likely to receive remittances , and have lower access to loans and mobile banking . Woman-headed households have worse perceptions of safety than those headed by men . - ➢ Camp-based women who head households with at least one child under five are less likely to be employed . Youth who are NEET are more likely to be women . # # # # * * Shona stateless community * * - ➢ Compared to Kenyan nationals , members of the Shona community are poorer , are part of larger households and live in crowded conditions . They have lower access to secondary education and are more likely to be self-employed . The COVID19 pandemic had a significant impact on them . - ➢ They have a 24 % higher chance of being poor than the urban Kenyan population . Over half of the Shona community ( 53 % ) live below the national urban poverty line , compared to 29 % of the broader urban population and 36 % of all Kenyans ( urban and rural ) . The < u > Kenya Analytical Program on Forced Displacement ( KAP-FD ) < / u > expands on the Socioeconomic Survey series with two waves of panel data collection from 2022 – 2024 . Qualitative data and engagement with local scholars and practitioners help promote policy-relevant research analyses . KAP -", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 146, "text": "Socioeconomic Survey of the Stateless Shona Community", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we do not know their ultimate destination which makes these export transactions difficult to compare to the rest of the transactions . < sup > 11 < / sup > Sales to free zones / customs warehouses represent about 2-5 percent of aggregate exports in Turkey . Also regarding the destination variable , we account for the changes in name that some statistical territories have undergone over time due to spatial divisions . < sup > 12 < / sup > After applying the cleaning procedures the dataset includes a total of 8 . 8 million firm-HS 12-digit product-destination-year observations and 7 . 3 million firm-HS 6-digit productdestination-year observations for the 2002-2011 period . To assess the quality of our dataset we compare the corresponding aggregate export flows versus the aggregate export flows available in the WITS / COMTRADE . The ratios indicate that the exporter-level customs data represents 100 % of the export flows reported in WITS / COMTRADE , which is not surprising since both are sourced from the same institution _Turkstat_ . Table 1 provides summary statistics on the cleaned exporter-level dataset . The number of exporters in Turkey increases substantially from 30 , 219 in 2002 to 45 , 818 in 2007 before the global trade collapse that accompanied the global financial crisis , and 51 , 371 in 2011 . Turkey has a very large number of exporters for its income level , its size in terms of GDP , and its degree of openness ( Cebeci , Fernandes , Freund , and Pierola , 2012 ) . Over the sample period , Turkish exporters send as a whole more than 4 , 500 HS 6-digit products to more than 200 destinations . < sup > 13 < / sup > The range of HS 6-digit products exported and the range of destinations served increases over the sample period . The range of products and destinations is substantially larger than that of exporters in Costa Rica shown in Lederman , Rodriguez-Clare , and Xu ( 2011 ) , which is not surprising given Turkey ’ s economic size , level of development , and strategic geographical location . At the firm-level , the average exporter in Turkey exports 1 . 1 Million USD in 2002 , 2 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 820, "end": 835, "text": "WITS / COMTRADE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 867, "end": 894, "text": "exporter-level customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1091, "end": 1121, "text": "cleaned exporter-level dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "establishing policies / procedures that guide the operations of OCoB and record decisions and actions on matters concerning OCoB . - iii . Management – ensuring that all staff properly perform their tasks according to their job descriptions and further ensuring that the OCoB mandate is properly executed . - iv . Legal – ensuring that at all times , OCoB complies with the laws of Kenya in the discharge of its mandate . - v . Financial – ensuring that all finances are properly managed ; that financial records are audited annually and that the principles of public finance management articulated under Article 201 of the Constitution are adhered to . - vi . Evaluation – monitoring all activities of OCoB and ensuring that the feedback contributes to the continuous improvement in governance and service delivery . In the execution of their functions , the Executive Committee and the Management Committee have the power to appoint sub-committees to assist in discharging the mandate of the Office . In discharging their duties , Members of the Committees are guided by the organisation ’ s policies and procedures , the Strategic Plan and other legislations . * * The composition of the Management Committee is shown in Table 2 . 1 . * * ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 , 2024 * * 17 * *", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 512, "text": "financial records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 * * Figure 4 : * * Density of bilateral migration stocks among country-pairs with and without visa provisions : developed _vs_ developing destination countries . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Migration to developed countries Migration to developing countries < br > 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 < br > Log of migration stock < br > Migration stock density with visa provision < br > Migration stock density without visa provision < br > . 15 < br > . 1 < br > Density < br > . 05 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : United Nations Population Division and World Bank Deep Trade Agreement database . * * Table 1 : * * The probability of having visa provision in DTAs . | Dep var : | Vi | sa | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | Right wing vote ( sh ) < sup > _a_ < / sup > < br > GDP diference ( ln ) | - 0 . 051 * * * < br > ( 0 . 004 ) | 0 . 004 * * * < br > ( 0 . 001 ) | | - 0 . 064 * * * < br > ( 0 . 005 ) < br > 0 . 004 * * * < br > ( 0 . 001 ) | | Schenghen | | | 0 . 045 * * * < br > ( 0 . 006 ) | 0 . 012 * * < br > ( 0 . 006 ) | | Estimator | OLS | OLS | OLS | OLS | | Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Country-pair Fixed Efects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Sample period | 1990-2020 | 1990-2020 | 1990-2020 | 1990-2020 | | Observations | 346 , 150 | 210 , 944 | 346 , 150", "spans": [{"start": 589, "end": 618, "text": "Deep Trade Agreement database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report # # * * CHAPTER 12 : * * # # * * CONCLUSION AND COMMITMENTS * * # # * * 12 . 1 Conclusion * * The subject of this ARAP Report to mitigate impacts from the planning and surveying of Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement , As a result , a total number 74 plots were surveyed and issuance of Title Deeds of which 55 individual plots belongs to 41 male beneficiaries and 14 female beneficiaries , 5 jointly owned plots belong to 5 Male and 5 Female beneficiaries , 8 Multiple Owned Plots belong to 3 Male and 1 female Beneficiaries while 6 plots are owned by institutions as detailed in table 2 . 3 on breakdown of beneficiaries . This ARAP is prepared in line with applicable legal and policy provisions of Kenyan Government and the provisions of the World Bank ' s Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement ( OP 4 . 12 ) . The report provided an asset register of PAPs and the proposed compensation packages . The objective of this ARAP was to identify and quantify all losses impacted on assets and sources of livelihood of PAPs as a result of the implementation of the approved LP & LUDP . This ARAP identified a total of 24 PAPs in the settlement who were affected by planning and survey activities as detailed in chapter 6 of this report . The RAP also provides adequate mitigation measures in conformity with the World Bank OP 4 . 12 , the Government of Kenya Policies and laws and KISIP RPF . Therefore , this objective will be achieved by ensuring that all affected persons have been provided with adequate compensation for their losses during implementation of this ARAP . Also , the vulnerable PAP will receive additional assistance , women land rights are safeguarded , implementation committees are constituted and made aware of their roles , an implementation budget and schedule is provided and a monitoring and evaluation framework is in place .", "spans": [{"start": 973, "end": 995, "text": "asset register of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NCHRD and MOE — which started under ERfKE II and contributed to producing key pieces of analytical work that have played a significant role in policy development — will continue under the proposed Program . < sup > 21 < / sup > One example of an evaluation study can be to look at how gender issues are addressed across different policy proposals and program interventions . The annual plan for the M & E activities will be endorsed by the GPSC and shared with all concerned donors and education sector partners . 52 . * * The MOE has strengthened its data systems and will continue to do so to meet the M & E requirements of the Program * * . Under ERfKE II < sup > 22 < / sup > , the MOE completed the redesign of its OpenEMIS , which was successfully deployed in all public schools in Jordan . OpenEMIS is a comprehensive and integrated information and data collection system , which covers all education levels . The system captures disaggregated school level data on students , teachers , grades , subjects , and teaching periods for all MOE operated schools and institutions in the country . A dashboard linked to the OpenEMIS is currently being developed and will be accessible to individual units at the MOE to enable them to monitor their respective indicators . The Queen Rania Center ( QRC ) manages the EMIS and its dashboard . In addition to software and hardware management , QRC is also responsible for data verification and will coordinate with the DCU and individual units to provide all necessary disaggregated data needed to monitor Program indicators and DLIs . 53 . * * While training on the use of the OpenEMIS was conducted during the 2016 – 2017 academic year , there is a critical need to build MOE staff capacity in this regard . * * In order to exploit the full potential of the OpenEMIS for policy development and planning , staff capacity in the fundamentals of data analytics is necessary and will be supported by this Program . # *", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 968, "text": "disaggregated school level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1515, "end": 1533, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Expenditures ( PCE ) Chain-type Price Index , as there are no o cial statelevel price data . < sup > 14 < / sup > As state-level growth can be extremely volatile , especially for small states , I drop outliers from all speci cations where the annualized growth rate of per capita labor income growth or GDP is more than 20 % in absolute value . Standard errors are cluster-robust ( clustered at the state level ) , which allows for heteroskedasticity and arbitrary serial correlation . See Appendix 1 for descriptive statistics and additional information on data sources and construction . 2 . 3 . 1 . Cumulative Multipliers . As an extension in Section 3 . 6 , I estimate dynamic cumulative multipliers several quarters after the transfer is paid . The cumulative multipliers _Ch_ are de ned as the cumulative change in an income variable relative to the cumulative spending on the transfers over a horizon of h quarters beyond the impact quarter ( _h_ + 1 quarters in total ) . I use two speci cations , both of which collapse to Equation 2 for _h_ = 0 . For permanent transfers , I use a direct projections speci cation ( Jordà 2005 ) , which has been used by Miyamoto , Nguyen , and Sergeyev ( 2018 ) and others to estimate cumulative multipliers . < sup > 15 < / sup > The estimated equation is : where < sup > � < / sup > < sup > _h_ < / sup > _j_ = 0 < sup > ( < / sup > < sup > _Yi , t_ + < / sup > < sup > _j − Yi , t − _1 ) < / sup > < sup > _ / Yi , t − _1is the sum of < / sup > < sup > _h_ + 1growth rates over horizons < / sup > up to _h_ periods ( left side ) and < sup > � < / sup > < sup > _h_ < / sup > _j_ = 0 < sup > ( < / sup > < sup > _tri , t_ + < / sup > < sup > _j − tri , t", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 90, "text": "statelevel price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". # # # Graduates and Employment 4 . 19 To date , the Faculty of Agriculture has produced 234 graduates thereby increasing the * * 1977 * * total stock of agricultural graduates to at least * * 650 . * * This substantial increase has not impeded the employment of graduates . On the other hand , there is an acute shortage of this type of trained manpower . About * * 50 % * * of the output are employed in the public sector , some * * 15 % by * * autonomous corporations , * * 15-20 % * * in the private sector , while around 20 % follow higher level studies . The graduates perform a wide variety of functions in extension , research , administration and supervision of agricultural programs , estate and ranch management , agricultural credit , cooperatives , land settlement schemes , agro-industries and education . The establishment of a tracer system would help in obtaining a more precise picture of the employment of former graduates ; it would also feed back useful information regarding course content and point to changes which may be required . 4 . 20 For graduation , students are required to take examinations in ten to eleven subjects . Those who fail in more than * * 3 * * but less than * * 5 * * are compelled to repeat the year , while those who fail * * 5 * * or more are dismissed from the Faculty . Students with * * 3 * * or less subjects failed have the option to take a supplementary examination .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 machines and increase their demand for skilled labor ( Acemoglu , 2003 ; Behrman , Birdsall , and Szekely , 2000 ; Harrison and Hanson , 1999 ) . Furthermore , many developing countries are rich in natural resources . Trade would stimulate this sector rather than labor-intensive ones . From a dynamic perspective , economic growth is key to sustained poverty alleviation and trade liberalization is argued to lead to the needed increases in productivity to sustain growth . Freer trade provides greater incentives for investment , the benefits of scale and competition , limitation on rent-seeking activities favored by trade restrictions and openness to new ideas and innovations ( Berg and Krueger , 2003 ; Grossman and Helpman , 1991 ; Lucas , 1988 ) . Empirically , cross-county growth regressions have produced mixed evidence . Using either trade shares or indices of trade liberalization , Sachs and Warner ( 1995 ) , Edwards ( 1997 ) , Frankel and Romer ( 1999 ) Dollar and Kraay ( 2001 ) and Lee et al . ( 2004 ) find a positive association between liberalization and growth . However , noting that trade liberalization often occurs at the same time than other policy reforms , Rodriguez and Rodrik ( 2001 ) have criticized the literature which associates trade openness measured by trade shares with more rapid growth . Considering trade policy measures instead , Harrison ( 1996 ) , Edwards ( 1997 ) , and Irwin and Terviö ( 2002 ) find a significant negative effect of trade on economic growth , while Vamvakidis ( 2002 ) still shows that trade enhances growth . Examining the effect of trade on poverty more directly , Krueger ( 1983 ) shows in her case studies that developing countries ’ manufactured exports were , indeed , labor-intensive , but that the employment effects of freer trade policies were generally rather limited . A number of cross-country studies on poverty , while not dealing with trade explicitly , incorporate trade openness as a control variable and showed similar results : at best the benefits of greater trade openness seem to have bypassed the poor . Looking at developing countries only , Beck et al . ( 2007 ) and Kpodar and Singh ( 2011 ) find", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "living in substandard conditions ( Consultation session with NPC responders 29 / 08 / 2023 ) . Access to humanitarian services and resources to provide services and infrastructure in a new location might be limited , and IDPs risk losing their livelihoods , leading to poverty . They may also be forcibly evicted again for occupying public land or private property without permission ( ICRC 12 / 06 / 2020 ) . # # # * * Gaps in the forced eviction response * * # # # # # * * Lack of process implementations for the safe relocation of IDPs in the case of mass evictions from sites * * - The 2022 truce inspired the authorities to desire restarting public services in locations where IDPs have settled . The NPC ’ s relocation framework has been supporting IDPs ’ safe relocation and providing them alternative land ( NPC 20 / 06 / 2023 ) . In spite of the guidance available , however , eviction cases of IDPs hosted on private and government land still occur without an eviction notice in some cases , and the affected people are not consulted nor safely relocated . NPC data collection on 2023 eviction threats from Ma ’ rib shows that for 27 of 33 evictions from both private and public sites , such as museums and college buildings , no alternative land was provided for more than 7 , 500 households ( NPC unpublished ) . # # # Figure 7 . Households in Ma ’ rib IDP sites under eviction threat with no alternative land available Source : NPC ( unpublished ) - In some cases where alternative land for evicted IDPs was found , the necessary investment for building infrastructure or making services available and accessible to the relocated IDPs has not been addressed ( Consultation session with NPC responders 04 / 10 / 2023 ) . # # # # # * * Landlords ’ and tenants ’ insufficient awareness of their rights * * - With landlords and tenants not being aware of the possible legal redress and the required procedural mechanisms for evictions , more awareness needs to be built around the proper", "spans": [{"start": 1067, "end": 1111, "text": "NPC data collection on 2023 eviction threats", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 1986 est . , UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | . gladesh | Mar 81 | 87120 F | Bank projection from census | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment and contra - < br > ceptive prevalence rate | Bank est . | | rbados | may 80 | 244 F | Bank projection from < br > official < br > 1984 est . | < br > 1980-85 , U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) ; < br > 1985-90 , Bank | 1980-85 , U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) ; < br > 1985-90 , Bank | | | | | | projection | projection | | Belgiui | Mar 81 | 9849J | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | | Belize | may80 | 143 F | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on USBOC 1985 | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | | Benin | Mar79 | 3331 F | Bank projection from census | Bank assessment of 1961 < br > survey and World Fertility | Bank assessment of Uorld < br > Fertility < br > Survey child | | | | | | Survey | survival rates | | Bermuda | May 80 | 68 F | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 88 ( official < br > est . ) | - - | | | Bhutan | Dec 69 | 1035 F | Bank projection from < br > official < br > 1986 est . | Based on U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | Bank est . | | BoLivia | Sep 76 | 4613 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( preLim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | Botswana | Aug 81 | 941 F |", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 642, "text": "Eurostat 1987", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 860, "end": 886, "text": "survey and World Fertility", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "his / her rights and obligations , rules and procedures of making a grievance , format of grievance , terms of grievance submission , etc . ) . # # 6 . 3 . 5 Closure of Grievances A grievance will be considered “ resolved ” or “ closed ” when a resolution satisfactory to both parties has been reached , and after corrective measures has been successfully implemented . When a proposed solution is agreed between the Project and the complainant , the time needed to implement it will depend on the nature of the solution . However , the actions to implement this solution will be undertaken within one month of the grievance being logged and will be tracked until completion . Once the solution is being implemented or is implemented to the satisfaction of the complainant , a complaint close out form will be signed by both parties ( Representative of the implementing agency , Local councilor 1 and the complainant ) , stating that the complainant considers that his / her grievance is closed . The grievance then , will be archived in the Project Grievance database . In certain situations , however , the Project may “ close ” a grievance even if the complainant is not satisfied with the outcome . # # 6 . 3 . 6 Grievance Records and Documentation MEMD , UEDCL and UECCC will nominate a GRM Focal Point to manage a grievance database to keep a record of all grievances received . The database will contain the name of the individual or organization lodging a grievance ; the date and nature of the grievance ; any follow-up actions taken ; the solutions and corrective actions implemented by the Contractor or other relevant party ; the final result ; and how and when this decision was communicated to the complainant . The supervising consultant and contractor in their monthly monitoring reports will provide information on grievance management . Grievance monitoring and reporting will occur in quarterly , annual reports . * * _Figure 3 : The Process Flow Chart of Grievance Redress Mechanism_ * * 46", "spans": [{"start": 1042, "end": 1068, "text": "Project Grievance database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1320, "end": 1338, "text": "grievance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "infecting man found in the general area of the project . Surveys carried out using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling ( LQAS ) techniques ( Brooker _et al . , _ 2005 ) indicate infection rates of around 50 percent of population within the project-affected area , and in communities downstream of the project site . Surveys of _Schistosoma_ infection rates in the project-affected villages , carried out as part of the fisheries and aquatic ecology survey ( NAFIRRI , 2006 , see Appendix C . I ) also showed infection rates of around 50 percent of the population . Under the National Bilharzia and Worm Control programme , infections are treated with praziquantel , which is also effective against intestinal worms . Schools and communities are treated in sub-counties where prevalence is > 50 percent . Where prevalence is between 20 and 50 percent , treatment concentrates on school-aged children only . In areas where prevalence is below 20 percent drugs are provided to the local health facilities for the treatment of any presentable cases . Schools and communities in the Jinja District area of the project have been subjected to praziquantel treatment . The fact that prevalence remains at around 50 percent of the population indicates that there are high rates of re-infection following this treatment . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 450, "text": "fisheries and aquatic ecology survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". When asked why they were leaving school to go home they said , they were tired ; they needed to generate income , hunt small birds for meat and go to the disco . They also tended to fight among themselves frequently . Initially , the parents also distrusted the parish , fearing that their children would not return home . > 23 Mbarara University of Science and Technology ( 2020 ) , The marginalization of the Batwa people of Southwestern Uganda , as an indigenous community , Bundibugyo Mgahinga Conservation Trust ( 2016 ) Batwa Population Census Report . 24 Batwa community consultative meeting on Tuesday 4th October 22 , in Ntanda Bundibugyo District . 16", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 558, "text": "Batwa Population Census Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poverty and village funds to families experiencing severe financial difficulties and hardship . While we acknowledge that some income from this source might not properly be considered local _wage_ income , we show later that village aid and subsidies are negligible compared to household total local wage income . We take comfort that village aid and subsidies could not be obscuring our findings . Our regression results show that the income gap between cadre and non-cadre households shown in the paper could not be simply driven by the fact that cadre households earn compensation and subsidies for being a cadre while non-cadre households do not ( Table 12 ) . Specifically , when looking at wage income from businesses and economic activities managed by villages , which do not contain compensation and subsidies for being a cadre , cadre households appear to earn about 25 Yuan more per capita than non-cadre households ( Panel A ) . In contrast , and interestingly , cadre households do not earn more wage income from the private sector than non-cadre households . These results suggest that village businesses and economic activities contribute about one-third of the local wage income returns earned by cadre households . The remaining two-thirds of the local wage income returns come from compensation and subsidies for being a cadre , which are included in village subsidies , aid and funds . Thus two thirds of the wage increase is driven by direct compensation for cadre status , and not additional income related to work off-farm . Fixed effects estimates , which control for time-invariant unobservable heterogeneity , show qualitatively similar results ( Panel B ) . For the period of 1993 onwards , a change of the household survey questionnaire makes it impossible to separate cadre wage income from local wage income . Nevertheless , we are still only able to disaggregate local wage income into two income 26", "spans": [{"start": 1732, "end": 1748, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "past and current union membership ) ; we also look at perceived discrimination . This analysis sheds some light on the worker mobility between formal and informal sector , thus complementing country-specific studies ( Packard , 2000 ; Bosch et al . , 2007 ; Bosch and Maloney , 2010 ; Nikolovova et al . , 2010 ; see also Le ( 1990 , Section 4 . 1 ) for a survey of earlier studies ) . Section 3 . 3 compares household income of informal and formal employees . # * * 3 . 1 Key personal characteristics and job profile * * * * _Gender . _ * * Figure 4 shows that in nine European countries ( Latvia , Bulgaria , Poland , Estonia , Ukraine and Hungary in the East ; Finland and Norway in the North ; and UK in the West ) proportion of males is much higher among the shadow sector employees than in the formal economy . The opposite situation is found in Sweden , Italy , Spain , and Switzerland . In the rest of the countries , shadow and formal employees do not differ substantially in terms of 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that there are certain technological factors that are industry-specific . < sup > 13 < / sup > The other explanatory variables are the same as those presented in Table 3 , although the first six columns exclude industry dummies , but control for a sector ‟ s financial dependence , competitiveness and contestability , proxied by the Herfindahl index , the “ natural ” rate of entry and of employment turnover . The results provide ample evidence that changing credit conditions were an important driver of firm exit during the crisis ; firms operating in industries more dependent on external finance and with lower asset tangibility were ceteris paribus significantly more likely to exit during the crisis , both in absolute terms and relative to other periods as is evidenced between the significant interactions between the crisis dummy and these financial characteristics . These results hold using both productivity proxies . However , controlling for these financial characteristics does not eliminate the attenuation effect . In addition , the protective impact of productivity in industries more dependent on external finance rose significantly ( columns 2 and 4 ) . By contrast , the crisis interactions between productivity and asset hardness as well as liquidity needs are not statistically significant ( columns 2 and 4 ) . Thus , it appears that firms in sectors that are more sensitive to changing credit conditions were hit harder but this does not account for the observed attenuation of the conditional correlation between productivity and survival . In summary , firms more exposed to fluctuations in credit market conditions were hit harder by the crisis , yet these effects cannot fully account for the attenuation of the link between productivity and exit during the crisis . If anything , to the extent that the crisis had a differential impact on firms with different financial characteristics , it induced a cleansing effect amongst firms more exposed to the changing credit conditions . > 13 The impact of liquidity needs proxied by the inventories to sales ratio ( following Raddatz ( 2006 ) ) do not rely on this assumption as this measures was constructed using the SI data . Again , while not shown , the results with this measure give the same results . 25", "spans": [{"start": 2195, "end": 2202, "text": "SI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "topography and morphology of area ; the inland rivers , water-bodies and wetlands ; the sensitive geo-hydrology , aquifers and the multitude of water sources throughout the area . The area ’ s terrestrial ecosystems include hills and a patchwork of forests , plantation tree canopy , and lowland forests / floodplain forests alongside these wetlands . However , available information is limited on terrestrial flora and fauna . < sup > 18 < / sup > The development of the project needs to adhere to environment and social standards , particularly the WB ’ s ESF ESS . UETCL will adopt the necessary requirements stipulated in the relevant laws and regulations , which apply to the protection of biodiversity and management of risks / impacts that may arise from project implementation . The adoption of the WB ESF , will serve to strengthen Ugandan National legislations and policies to ensure the Project is implemented in accordance with good international industry practice ( GIIP ) . WB ESF ESS 6 - Biodiversity Conservation , Sustainable Management and Living Resources , and its requirements are guided by the Convention on Biological Diversity . It recognizes that protecting and conserving biodiversity , maintaining ecosystem services , and sustainably managing living natural resources are fundamental to sustainable development . This Standard addresses how projects can be sustainably managed and impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services can be mitigated throughout the project ’ s lifecycle . This standard applies to projects in all habitats , whether or not those habitats have been previously disturbed and whether or not they are legally protected . The objectives of ESS 6 are : > 16 < u > Eastern Africa : On the western and northern sides of Lake Victoria in Uganda , Tanzania , Rwanda , Burundi , and Kenya | Ecoregions | WWF ( worldwildlife . org ) < / u > > < u > Vegetationmap4africa < / u > > 18 < u > Kampala_Urb_Env_Profile . pdf ( kcca . go . ug ) < / u > 147", "spans": [{"start": 1893, "end": 1913, "text": "Vegetationmap4africa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "no assumptions about data distribution , and are unaffected by outliers . As such , we will use decision trees to investigate the presence of nonlinearities in the characteristics influencing citizen participation . Additionally , we will compute the variable importance metric , which assesses each variable ’ s relevance within the broader citizen participation model . Given the lack of compelling evidence outside the United States — and the fact that we have no reason to believe that these relationships must necessarily follow simple , linear trends — allowing for nonlinearities relaxes restrictive assumptions made by standard econometric techniques about the relationship between political trust and citizen engagement . # 3 . Data The data used in this study comes from the Latinobarómetro Survey for 2020 ( Latinobarómetro Corporation 2021 ) , the latest year available . The > 7 Ridge uses the same reasoning as Lasso , but adds a penalty in the form of the sum of the squared beta coefficients ; as a result , it never sends the coefficients to zero but instead shrinks them ( Le Cessie and Van Houwelingen , 1992 ) . Elastic net , in turn , incorporates both types of penalty , allowing it to benefit from both the Lasso and ridge approaches . In the context of our study , however , given the low correlation between regressors ( see table B1 in Annex B ) and given that the number of observations exceeds the number of regressors , the Lasso approach is more fitting to our sample than the other techniques . 8", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 807, "text": "Latinobarómetro Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "forward . Finally , high malnutrition rates in the developing parts of the region suggest that a large number of households are highly vulnerable to food price shocks . * * Figure 1 . World Food Prices and Inflation , 2006 : 12-2011 : 10 * * ( Index 1999 : 12 = 100 ) ( % , year-on-year change ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 300 80 < br > 280 < br > 60 < br > 260 < br > 40 < br > 240 < br > 220 20 < br > 200 < br > 0 < br > 180 < br > - 20 < br > 160 < br > 140 - 40 < br > IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV < br > 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank , Development Prospects Group ( DECPG ) . The economics literature provides little empirical insight into how much international food price shocks impact on domestic prices in individual MENA countries . The exception is a working paper by Albers and Peeters ( 2011 ) presenting food price transmission effects for a few countries in the Mediterranean region . Also , Crowley ( 2010 ) finds that commodity prices exhibit a strong and mostly significant impact on domestic inflation for a cross-section panel of countries in MENA and Central Asia . Limited access to data has been a key reason for the absence of empirical work on MENA countries . This paper , therefore , fills a void by presenting new estimates of food pass-through coefficients from international to domestic prices for all MENA countries , using a data base collected from various sources throughout the region . As international food prices increased significantly in recent years , < sup > 3 < / sup > nearly all countries experienced an increase in their domestic food prices . Still , the question concerning", "spans": [{"start": 1545, "end": 1585, "text": "data base collected from various sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the home good production sector , the efficiency parameter  < sup >  < / sup > is normalized at unity and the curvature of the home production function initially at  < sup >  < / sup > = 0  7 , to capture rapidly decreasing marginal returns in terms of women ’ s time and infrastructure services . In the experiments reported in the next section , a smaller value of  < sup >  < / sup > = 0  12 , corresponding to the value used by Kimura and Yasui ( 2010 , Table 4 ) for a production function with labor only , will also be used to capture smaller decreases in marginal returns initially . To estimate women ’ s time allocation , we use the 2009 PNAD data and the calculations in Ribeiro and Marinho ( 2012 ) . They estimate that the time spent by women in household chores is 20 . 2 hours per week , and that the time spent in market work is 41 . 4 hours per week . To calculate total time available in a week , we subtract from raw time ( 7 · 24 = 168 hours ) time spent sleeping ( 8 hours a day , or a total of 56 hours ) , time spent on personal care ( 2 hours a day , or 14 hours ) . Weekly time available is thus 98 hours . The time spent by women in home production can consequently be estimated as  < sup >    < / sup > = 20  2  98 = 0  206 , whereas the time spent in market work can be estimated as  < sup >    < / sup > = 41  4  98 = 0  421 . Time spent by women to accumulate human capital in adulthood is estimated by using an estimate on the number of years devoted to human capital accumulation , divided by the length of the period in adulthood , 25 ; thus ,  < sup >    < / sup > = 4  6  25 = 0  185 . As discussed earlier", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 667, "text": "2009 PNAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 : Food Insecurity Measures Over Time < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ethiopia Malawi < br > 100 100 < br > 80 80 < br > 60 60 < br > 40 40 < br > 20 20 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > Nigeria < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > Mild Food Insecurity < br > Moderate Food Insecurity < br > Severe Food Insecurity < br > Jun / Jul19 May20 Jun20 Aug20 Sep20 Oct20 2019 Jun20 Jul20 Aug20 Nov20 Dec20 Jan21 Mar21 Apr21 May21 < br > Aug / Sep18 Jan / Feb19 Jun20 Aug20 Nov20 < br > Percent Reporting Food Insecurity < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note_ : The figure shows the percentage of households experiencing mild , moderate , and severe food insecurity in each round of available data . In Nigeria , the pre-outbreak surveys ask respondents food security questions in both a post-planting ( labeled “ pp ” ) and a post-harvest ( labeled “ ph ” ) survey . 25", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 771, "text": "pre-outbreak surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "good teachers . Table 5 presents several definitions of salaries and personal income sources , since much of the argument over teacher compensation refers to what is meant by the term “ underpaid . ” An issue that may hamper the comparison of net earnings across occupations and locations is non-regular and additional benefits , and the way certain allowances are made available to teachers . The labor earnings and salary figures tell us something about fairness of compensation , while total income refers to the teachers ’ standard of living . It is clear from the table below that labor earnings is the largest share of all the teachers ' total income . This suggests that the teachers ' standard of living basically depends on what they obtain as labor income . On the other hand , total incomes for _the mixed-skilled_ group _ , the agricultural_ group _ , _ and _the low-skilled_ group are more uniformly distributed among other income sources . 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The results show that rents tend to be lower in areas exposed to flood risk in three of the four cities . The relationship between job density and rents is less clear , which is most likely a result of the nature of city shape and the role of informal job markets . However , job density seems to play a role in the household decision to settle in high risk areas . Overall , the study indicates that the drivers of rents in cities in SSA are still poorly understood and that lack of data is the main barrier to a better understanding . This analysis shows that household surveys that include rent or housing costs , housing characteristics , access to public services , tenure arrangements , and household experiences with flooding or other natural hazards are an important source of information in developing countries to value the willingness to pay to avoid hazard risk , and thus , the benefits associated to risk reduction investments . In housing markets with no or limited access to information about flooding risks , surveys with information on the experience of households with flooding and their expectation of future floods capture better the internalization of flooding risks by households than modeled flood maps . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 provides a general overview of the flood and vulnerability contexts in the cities studied . Section 3 introduces the data and the empirical estimation strategy . Section 4 presents the empirical results . Section 5 concludes the paper . # * * 2 Urbanization and vulnerability to floods in four Sub-Saharan African cities * * Urbanization is associated with development , higher incomes , better access to employment , better public services , and better access to information . However , if the urbanization growth rate exceeds the rate of development , or is accompanied by poor quality institutions , urbanization can increase population inequality . This results in poorer people being more exposed to poor infrastructure , low quality housing , and natural hazards . In particular , some urban conditions such as high population and asset densities , unplanned settlements , low quality drainage systems , unimproved solid waste management , poor housing conditions , and certain", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 579, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- food items . Refugee inputs are not sought in national or local decision-making , but refugees have had active elected representation structures ( refugee committees ) in the camps since 2010 ( see 1 . 2 Social cohesion ) . The Burundi National Statistical Bureau ( Institut de Statistiques et d ’ Etudes Economiques du Burundi , ISTEEBU ) began data collection for its most recent national living conditions survey ( Enquête Intégrée sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages au Burundi , EICVMB ) in 2020 and the exercise is expected to be concluded in 2021 . Refugees are not currently included in this survey or in any of the country ’ s other national surveys , including the first Voluntary National Review in 2020 monitoring progress against the SDGs # # * * 2 . 4 Access to civil registration and documentation * * Refugees aged 14 or over receive official personal identification in the form of a refugee ID card . This card bears the name of ONPRA and the signature of the CCER President . These cards are electronic , and enable refugees to apply for documents such as driving licences . Refugee ID cards also allow refugees to open a bank account , obtain a telephone Subscriber Identity Module ( SIM ) card and access other services ( see 3 . 4 Financial and Administrative Services ) . While there are no policy limitations hindering refugees from obtaining and renewing their documentation , technical difficulties regularly cause delays in the issue of refugee ID cards , thereby exposing individual refugees to possible arrest and detention . Asylum-seekers receive a temporary residence permit that bears digital photos of the applicant and their relatives and is signed by the police authorities ( Commissariat Général des Migrations ) . This temporary residence permit serves as an ID card for asylum-seekers and is accepted as identification by banks and telecommunication institutions . However , it needs to be accompanied by a supporting letter from ONPRA in order for the bearer to have access to bank and telecommunication services . In line", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 417, "text": "national living conditions survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 685, "end": 710, "text": "Voluntary National Review", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the last week . These variables are available in all four rounds of the GHS and provide information on the extensive margin of changes in labor supply . Starting in the 2015-2016 round , the GHS began recording the number of hours individuals worked in each of these activities as well as total hours worked . Descriptive statistics on these seven outcomes are found in Table 1 in six panels ( for the pooled sample , men , and women , separately , each for both the post-planting and post-harvest period ) . One important thing made clear by the table is that , while the mean values of hours worked appear in a reasonable range ( the mean total hours worked is 18 hours in the post-planting season and 12 in the post-harvest period ) , there is substantial variation in all measures of the hours worked ( the standard deviation for total hours , e . g . , is 22 and 20 hours in both periods , respectively ) . As shown in Appendix Figures A2 – A4 , these moments of the data are the result of bunching at zero values , with a large rightward skew , though for work outside the home , there is visual evidence of bunching at 40 hours , which makes intuitive sense under many ideas of a “ full ” work week . Due to the rightward skew and the incidence of zero-value responses , we also consider results using the inverse hyperbolic sine ( IHS ) . However , the use of IHStransformed measures as outcome variables can be problematic at the point of interpretation , especially > 26We are indebted to the World Bank ’ s LSMS team for producing these measures using the unmasked GPS coordinates . Note that this process involved , first , calculating exposure variables using publicly available GPS data ; this process was replicated by the LSMS team using the unmasked data . To assure household anonymity , we never gained access to linked data between individual households and specific violent events . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1692, "end": 1700, "text": "GPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1832, "end": 1843, "text": "linked data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is proposed , the RIC will comprise the following membership : - a ) County Coordinator , - b ) Environment Officer , - c ) Social / Community Officer , - d ) Component Heads for Infrastructure , and Land tenure , - e ) Assistant Deputy County Commissioners , and - f ) Ward Administrator The members of parliament and members of the County Assembly ( MCAs ) may be co-opted as exofficio members . The key roles of the RICs will be ; - a ) Provide overall leadership in the implementation of RAPs - b ) Study the final RAP reports and draw a program of implementation - c ) Organize the public disclosure of the final RAP - d ) Confirm entitlements and the final PAP register - e ) Oversee compensation and other assistance to PAPs - f ) Hear and consider representations from PAP Committees 34", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 678, "text": "PAP register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0297 ) | | | | gr_change x | | | | | | SSA | | 1 . 487 * * | | | | | | ( 0 . 605 ) | | | | initial headcount gini | | | 2 . 133 | | | | | | ( 3 . 107 ) | | | Baseline : < 2000 | | | | | | 2001-2009 | | | | - 0 . 0335 | | | | | | ( 0 . 0286 ) | | 2010 and above | | | | - 0 . 0359 | | | | | | ( 0 . 0271 ) | | gr_change x | | | | | | 2001-2009 | | | | - 1 . 273 | | 2010 and above | | | | ( 0 . 949 ) < br > - 0 . 880 | | | | | | ( 0 . 882 ) | | Baseline : Consumption | | | | | | Income | 0 . 00572 | 0 . 00762 | 0 . 0048 | - 0 . 00448 | | | ( 0 . 0345 ) | ( 0 . 0374 ) | ( 0 . 0346 ) | ( 0 . 0354 ) | | Constant | 0 . 00317 | 0 . 0395 | 0 . 0281 | 0 . 0405 | | | ( 0 . 0461 ) | ( 0 . 0480 ) | ( 0 . 0591 ) | ( 0 . 0546 ) | | country fixed effect | No | No | No | No | | Observations | 574 | 574 | 574 | 574 | | R-squared | 0 . 178 | 0 . 186 | 0 . 178 | 0 . 203 | Notes : Table shows results of a regression of the annualized log change in poverty headcount on the annualized log change in GDP per capita . Sample consists of all consecutive spells between 1981 and 2021 , dropping spells with baseline and endline poverty rates lower than 2 percent . Robust standard errors in brackets . * * * : Statistically significant at 1 % ; * * : Statistically significant at 5 % ;", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "units within the camps . < sup > 18 < / sup > However , these improved fuel-efficient technologies , while more affordable , do not meet World Health Organization ( WHO ) standards of truly ‘ clean ’ cooking that protects health . Some interventions aimed at protecting Kakuma ’ s surrounding environment have also explored more sustainable sourcing of traditional fuels through the promotion of woodlots and sustainable charcoal production . < sup > 19 < / sup > Other recent notable projects include those being undertaken by Sanivation turning treated human waste into fuel briquettes for use in cooking ; < sup > 20 < / sup > and support to fuel and stove supply chains under SNV ’ s Market Based Energy Access project in Kakuma . < sup > 21 < / sup > In addition , many cooking interventions are focused primarily on creating livelihood opportunities through the manufacturing , distribution and retail of stoves and fuels . It is challenging to address these various priorities through a single stove / fuel solution . # # # 2 . 3 Willingness to pay and user preferences No matter what the objectives , the success of any stove / fuel intervention hinges on its ability to meet users ’ specific cooking needs and preferences . The MEI survey of residents in Kakuma I included identification of user preferences and willingness to pay for various stove and fuel > 13 Corbyn and Vianello ( 2018 ) , _Prices , Products and Priorities . _ > 14 Solar cooking creates zero emissions , but it has several limitations that have hindered uptake . These mainly relate to behaviour change and limitations over when cooking can be done . Solar Cookers International ’ s first and largest refugee project reportedly served more than 15 , 000 families in the Kakuma complex . However , during the MEI survey , no respondents listed a solar cooker as their primary or secondary stove . See ENERGYCoP ( 2017 ) , ‘ Solar Cooker Distribution ’ webpage , http : / / energycop . safefueland", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1260, "text": "MEI survey of residents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1789, "end": 1799, "text": "MEI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". This TA supports ERA to update the current software platform , enhance the software by integrating other systems or built-ins ( such as record keeping , consultant management system , construction project management , etc . ) , and maintenance of the ERAMS . The ERAMS has reached 97 percent overall progress , with 774 registered users actively managing 2 , 170 contracts across works , design services , and supervision services , and evaluating the performance of 85 contractors and 96 supervision consultancy firms . The project has also financed the supply and installation of data center , video conferencing , telephony , and unified communication infrastructure for ERA and MoTL , as well as GIS software to enhance monitoring and delivery of road sector activities . 4 . * * Component 3 – Road Safety and Institutional Development Support to the Transport Sector * * : The two subcomponents under this component are implemented by the PIU under MoTL and are progressing satisfactorily : - ( i ) * * _Sub-component 3 ( a ) : Supporting the implementation of the Recipient ’ s road safety systems_ * * . Road safety assessments have been undertaken on over 3 , 000 km of selected priority trunk roads , exceeding the original target of 2 , 000 km , and results have been transmitted to ERA for priority implementation . As of February 2026 , 324 road safety professionals and officers have been trained against a closing target of 400 , with 36 percent female representation . The Road Accident Data Management System ( RADMS ) is substantially completed and in its national rollout phase , having already captured over 12 , 500 crash records , and is recognized as a critical tool for evidence-based road safety decision-making . The contract for piloting enhanced enforcement of road safety regulations has experienced a time overrun exceeding 200 percent and currently stands at 70 percent progress ; the client has confirmed that this contract will be completed by June 2026 following a contract amendment . The funding also supported the procurement of enforcement equipment and ambulances for post-impact response . - ( ii ) *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "periment , guidelines included washing hands , wearing a mask , maintaining a distance from others when outside , and praying at home instead of at a mosque . In the second half , the government removed the recommendation to avoid congregational prayers , emphasizing social distancing in general instead . The overview reflected whatever guidelines were in place at the time of the survey . The script is shown in section A . 1 in the Appendix . Respondents were likely aware of at least some of these guidelines through other channels prior to the survey experiment . We collected data on all Twitter posts made by two major media groups , ARY and GEO , in the 5 weeks prior to and throughout the duration of our experiment . < sup > 8 < / sup > This data shows that 31 % of tweeted articles focused on the coronavirus pandemic . Of these articles , 23 % mentioned at least one of the guidelines . The overview therefore reinforced already available information . Respondents assigned to a treatment group received an _additional_ message designed to increase support for these guidelines and improve assessments of the state ’ s capacity to manage the pandemic . Each treatment is described in detail below . < sup > 9 < / sup > # * * 2 . 2 . 1 Past state success * * Reminding respondents of the state ’ s success in managing a crisis in the past may change their views about the state ’ s ability to manage a crisis today . Respondents may not otherwise remember past successes or even if they do remember , may not link them to similar events in the present ( Acemoglu et al . , 2019 ) . In this treatment , we remind respondents of the Punjab government ’ s response to a dengue outbreak in 2011 . Post hoc , this response was considered by several experts to have been instrumental in containing the outbreak ( Bhatti et al . , 2015 ) . A World Bank case study , for example , argued government measures such as closing public places for fumigation and testing slowed the spread of dengue and prevented a similar epidemic from happening the following year", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 608, "text": "data on all Twitter posts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Forest Monitoring System | These actions are part of the < br > Austrian Support ; Activities < br > related to the procurement of < br > consultants have been in < br > initiated | agreed outcomes which were the basis < br > for the agreements for the grants . < br > Initiation of procurement arrangements < br > require several stages that have not been < br > undertaken | | Subcomponent 4b : Information < br > System for Multiple Benefits , < br > Other Impacts , Governance , and < br > Safeguards | One sub-component ( benefit < br > sharing ) of these actions is < br > supported is supported by < br > FCPF and Austrian Support . < br > Activities related to the < br > procurement of consultants < br > have been in initiated | | 21", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 26, "text": "Forest Monitoring System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > | | | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 000 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 000 ) | ( 0 . 000 ) | | Observations | 5 , 493 , 000 | 6 , 884 , 064 | 16 , 641 , 852 | 16 , 641 , 852 | 944 , 534 | | R-squared | 0 . 062 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 069 | 0 . 034 | 0 . 008 | _Source_ : REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 . _Notes_ : Standard errors clustered at the department level in parentheses . * _p < _ 0 . 10 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 . There are several reasons why differences in outcomes may survive controlling for years of education . Firstly , there may be other personal characteristics or attributes that may affect outcomes which we do not observe and may differ between Natives and nonNatives . For example , there may be differences in wealth and social capital . Secondly , there may be differences on the quality of education available to the two groups , which may make “ years of education ” an imperfect measure of human capital . Unfortunately , we lack a method to assess the of the education available to Natives and non - quality Natives . And thirdly , labor market discrimination may result in different returns to education for the two groups , but further research is needed to confirm this potential channel in this setting . < sup > 8 < / sup > # * * 3 . 4 The transmission of education * * We study the transmission of education across generations and whether this differs between Natives and non-Natives . To do so , we focus on the more than 700 , 000 households > 8 On discrimination by race in Latin America , see Chong and ̃ Nopo ( 2008 ) , ̃ Nopo et al . ( 2010 ) , Arceo-Gomez and Campos-Vazquez ( 2014 ) , and Gerard et al . ( 2021 ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 287, "text": "INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Acute Malnutrition ) . About 8 percent of the population is in the target age group ( 6 – 23 months ) for Blanket Supplementary Feeding and will receive 47 grams of ready-to-use supplementary food ( Plumpy ’ Doz ) . Table A2 . 2 summarizes information on the duration of the feeding program and numbers of beneficiaries . * * Table A2 . 2 : Period of assistance and numbers of beneficiaries * * | | * * January-December 2015 * * | | - - - | - - - | | Days inperiod | 243 | | Targetedpopulation ( no . ) | 31 , 200 | | Children aged 6 – 23 months ( no . ) | 2 , 520 | 14 . WFP will work with government counterparts and establish agreements with the national bank , financial institutions , and traders for voucher activities . Voucher distribution will be implemented by NGO partners with the required technical expertise . To date WFP has been implementing voucher distribution in the area with NGO partners , and it has encountered no issues of leakage or abuse . WFP assists about 75 , 000 displaced individuals under its current emergency operation , which it intends to extend through the end of 2014 . After that , those beneficiaries will be moved to a longer-term program — covering 2015 and 2016 — supporting relief and resilience across the country . The World Bank financing will cover one year of WFP operations for refugee and returnees , initially under an Emergency Operation approved by the WFP Executive Board and subsequently under a Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation . World Bank financing is substantive in that it represents about 50 percent of the WFP beneficiaries under the program for one year . 15 . WFP actively monitors its operations at the household and market levels . It operates a food price monitoring system to ensure that the distribution of vouchers does not cause food price inflation . It uses the Food Consumption Score , a measure of both consumption and diet diversity , and the Coping Strategies Index , a composite index measuring elements of household coping", "spans": [{"start": 1721, "end": 1749, "text": "food price monitoring system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION REPORT ( RAP ) FOR IMPROVEMENT OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITHIN ( MAWASCO ) JURISDICTION * * # # # * * APPENDIX 6 * * # # # * * CENSUS REGISTER & VALUATION ROLL * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 297, "end": 329, "text": "CENSUS REGISTER & VALUATION ROLL", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discussed in Section 2 . 4 , this means to either ignore the monetary dimension or ignore the health dimension . The global MPI made the former choice while the World Bank ’ s MPM made the latter choice . < sup > 19 < / sup > Currently , a key challenge reasoning may provide a rationale for attributing a quite high weight to education in the global MPI , even though the intrinsic value of education to well-being is disputed ( Ravallion , 2011 ) , at least if education is strongly correlated with consumption . > 15Subjective well-being data suggests that good health and longevity are key determinant of wellbeing ( Adler et al . , 2017 ; Diener et al . , 2018 ) . The causal relationships behind the statistical association between subjective well-being , health and mortality are still an active area of research ( Steptoe et al . , 2015 ) . > 16A string of applied papers suggest that adding longevity significantly affects cross-country well-being comparisons ( Becker et al . , 2005 ; Jones and Klenow , 2016 ; Boarini et al . , 2016 ) . > 17See Chapter 3 of the Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report ( Bank , 2022 ) where the multidimensional impact of Covid-19 is analyzed through lenses different from the World Bank ’ s MPM . > 18For instance , prices are imperfectly captured through unit values , rents implicitly perceived by homeowners are imperfectly captured through hedonic regressions , recall periods used in household consumption surveys affects welfare aggregates , etc . > 19At this stage , it is an open question which of these two choices should yield the larger “ signal-tonoise ratio ” given the data available . On the one hand , the global MPI include a few variables capturing “ standard of living ” , which may serve as a noisy proxy for consumption . On the other hand , the variables capturing “ health ” in the global MPI provide a limited coverage of that dimension , as discussed in Section 2 . 4 . It would be interesting to compare the correlation at household level between subjective well-being 14", "spans": [{"start": 1431, "end": 1460, "text": "household consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "world ‘ s biggest exporter of manufactured goods , increasing its share of the world market from about 8 to almost 12 percent . Japan ‘ s success was followed in the 1970s by a second generation of economies ( Hong Kong SAR , China ; South Korea ; Singapore ; and Taiwan , China ) , in the 1980s by a third generation ( Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines and Thailand ( ASEAN4 ) ) , and in the 1990s by a fourth generation ( China and Vietnam ) , ( Gill and Kharas 2007 , p . 81 ) . What is less well studied , however , is how this flying geese pattern evolved at the subsector level , and how the ― jumping ‖ of an industry from one country to another evolved , and how Korea has ceded its dominance in labor – intensive sub-sectors to the third generation of geese — ASEAN4 , and China and Vietnam . Using COMTRADE data we show graphically that : - There is an inverse U shape in some subsectors where the lead goose loses comparative advantage to its followers ( as in Akamatsu 1961 and 1962 ) . Since Akamatsu ‘ s transformation cycle can last for over 100 years , the inverse U shape emerges only when simple measures such as share of exports in the sector are used to illustrate the pattern . Each specific sector may have several generations of countries playing the role of lead goose _sequentially_ in different periods as the country ‘ s endowment structure changes . This is reminiscent of Akamatsu ‘ s theory on the international dimensions of the flying geese model ( Figure 2 . 1 ) . - In textiles , an upstream but labor-intensive industry , five generations emerged sequentially . Japan ceded to Korea in the 1980s , then China emerged in the 1990s but now its textile exports are losing steam as labor costs are rising and employment shares are declining . ASEAN4 , in particular , Indonesia and Vietnam , and countries which can expand market share rapidly would have a better chance to benefit by following China ( fig 2 . 6a ) . - In the apparel and clothing sector , long ago in", "spans": [{"start": 813, "end": 826, "text": "COMTRADE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSTP subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2023 < / mark > # # # 1 . 3 Scope of the ESIA This ESIA was conducted in Semera-Logia town of Afar region on the FSTP component . The assessment referred to the rules and standards stipulated by the government of Ethiopia ’ s ESIA ( EIA ) guidelines , directives , legislation , and World Bank ’ s safeguards policies and legislations as deemed necessary . In accordance with the ESIA ToR , the consulting team reviewed a series of relevant policies , legislation , and relevant documents including a feasibility study on the proposed project activities and its technologies , collected , verified and instituted environmental and social safeguards and compliances , grievance redress approaches and protocols in line with the ESIA . A conventional and contemporary collection , coding , and analysis of all generated data were employed during the analysis and evaluation of the ESIA . The scope of this report is limited to outlining the overall activities in terms of how , what , when , and who of the ESIA study should be conducted of the assessment in the selected sub-project sites . During the ESIA assessment , analysis , and presentation the following major aspects of the intended project were carefully examined : - Outline the national policies , legislation , and administrative framework within which the environmental management of the proposed works will be carried out ; - Describe and evaluate the present baseline data and the relevant environmental characteristics of the area proposed for the development of the work ; - Identify , analyze and assess potential environmental and social impacts that will result from the proposed works , based on the proposed design ; - Stakeholder analysis , responsibility description , and assignment . - Propose cost-effective mitigation measures for minimizing or eliminating adverse social and environmental impacts of the proposed works , including recommendations on design changes if deemed necessary ; - Propose modalities and arrangements for collection of stakeholders ’ views ensuring participation of key", "spans": [{"start": 884, "end": 898, "text": "generated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1500, "end": 1513, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "independence ’ and ‘ child imagination ’ are non-significant . Whereas the finding on trust is not new , the finding on tolerance of homosexuality is rather surprising . The proportion of homosexuals in the population has been used in some studies as a proxy for bridging attitudes in the composite ‘ creativity index ’ , which , in its turn , has been > 7For example , Woolcock ( 2001 ) considers ‘ linking social capital ’ , besides bonding and bridging social capital . > 8The choice of world regions rather than single countries is dictated by the number of observations available given the type of equation . Table 2 in annex provides the full list of countries and number of observations for each world region . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 This finding is not news for many infrastructure practitioners . < sup > 23 < / sup > For water and energy there are minimum consumption levels defined by international organizations and most countries ( for example , 20 liters of water per person per day and 10 kilowatt-hours per household per day ) . < sup > 24 < / sup > Cross-subsidies are intended to help finance these needs through redistribution . Every “ field person ” has great success stories on the effectiveness of these cross-subsidies . But there are also any documented experiences where well-intended targeting mechanisms were regressive . < sup > 25 < / sup > — there is indeed evidence that under many common circumstance , even when connection subsidies are typically more important for the poor than consumption subsidies , lifelines are the main instrument and is often set too high . Developments in evaluation techniques also allow for more systematic assessments of the distributional implications of reforms . A reform can help poor people but be regressive , but it can also be regressive without helping the poor . These issues can now be reliably handled quantitatively . New techniques allow identification and monitoring of the most vulnerable groups with respect to reforms , as well as good evaluations of the relative and nominal impacts of reforms . But this literature provides much more than ex post assessments of policy reforms . It makes the case for systematic monitoring of the effects of new reforms and projects to ensure that they internalize lessons of the past . This can be done at the project level ( see Baker 2003 and Duflo 2003 for surveys ) or at the macroeconomic level . This can be important when micro household data are weak or interactions with other sectors need to be assessed . A macroeconomic assessment of infrastructure ’ s importance for poor people is needed because in most cases water , energy , telecom , and transport reforms have an impact on other markets ( such as the labor market and investment savings market ) that matter to the poor . These feedback effects are potentially significant for poverty alleviation , and an economywide analysis is needed . This usually calls for a multiagent ,", "spans": [{"start": 1708, "end": 1728, "text": "micro household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transient , and most agencies are faced with fiscal constraints and shorter service terms . In a protracted crisis , IDPs may quickly fall back into extreme poverty with the cessation of aid , leaving a void which in many cases can only be filled by the government . More so , when the acute shocks subside , most returning IDPs come home to destroyed property , infrastructure , and lack of jobs , requiring substantial support from the government to set up their lives . To this day , how to provide a lasting solution to the plight of IDPs in general and during their return is still a big challenge to governments , policy makers , and humanitarian agencies . At the forefront of proposed reforms for welfare improvement of IDPs is aligning the short-term humanitarian assistance system with the long-term government social protection system ( Gentilini et al . , 2018 ; UNHCR , 2019 ) . Although there > 2 IDMC 2020 displacement data . See link 3", "spans": [{"start": 911, "end": 938, "text": "IDMC 2020 displacement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "corridor is neither contiguous with , nor in close proximity with any of the regionally or nationally protected areas . There are many birds in the Subproject area . According to Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society * * ( EWNHS , 1996 ) , * * none of the nationally designated Important Bird Areas ( IBAs ) are contiguous neither with , nor in close proximity with any of these IBAs . _Demographic Characteristic , . _ The household baseline survey results indicate that < sup > there are < / sup > a total of 1 , 454 persons ( household heads included ) residing in * * 270 * * survey households in the five Subproject Woredas . On the other hand , males constitute slight majority * * ( 51 % ) * * of total household population . Average family size is 5 . 4 . _Ethnic , Religious , and Language Composition ; _ In terms of ethnic the survey finding reveals that the overwhelming majority * * ( 98 . 1 % ) * * of HH heads and * * ( 98 . 5 % ) * * of the HH population belongs to Oromo ethnic * * group , * * while the remaining * * ( 1 . 9 % ) * * of the HH heads and * * ( 1 . 5 % ) of * * the HH population belongs to Amhara ethnic group . With regard to religious affiliations , majority ( 83 . 4 % ) of the survey population are followers of Muslim religion , while the remaining * * ( 16 . 0 % ) * * and * * ( 0 . 6 % ) * * are followers of Orthodox and Protestant Christianity respectively There are no ethnic minority people in and around the Subproject area whose traditional lifestyle could become compromised through the development of the Subproject . _Agriculture and Livestock : _ Based on the results of the baseline survey , the majority of household heads ( 90 . 4 % ) and household population * * ( 63 . 1 % ) * *", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 458, "text": "household baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1634, "end": 1649, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "audit reflects an estimated cost of * * USD . 650 , 407 * * or Kshs . 83 , 902 , 503 , resulting to unexplained difference of * * USD . 359 , 498 * * or Kshs . 50 , 157 , 059 representing 124 % change in the estimate . Management did not provide justification for the significant change in the estimate and the basis of the estimate of * * USD . 650 , 407 * * or Kshs . 83 , 902 , 503 . Management explanation that market survey was done was not supported with market survey report / results . Further , no documentary evidence was provided to confirm that market prices were not exceeded prior to notification of tender award ; - * * ii . * * The Project Procurement Strategy for Development ( PPSD ) recommended RFQ Limited as the procurement method . However , the Project Management used request for bids ( RFB ) . No explanation and documentary evidence / justification was provided to support the change in the planned procurement method ; - * * iii . * * There was no evidence that the budget for the five * * ( 5 ) * * vehicles was approved * * by * * the National Steering Committee in contravention of the financing agreement ; - iv . No evidence was provided to confirm that the advance payment guarantee , and the performance security provided were furnished to the Bank as required * * by * * paragraph * * 7 . 2 * * of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF borrowers , * * 2023 , * * which provides that one conformed copy of the contract , and of the advance payment security and the performance security if they were requested , shall be furnished to the Bank promptly after its signing and prior to the making of the first > _Report of the Auditor-General on Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Project_ * * _IDA_ * * _Grant No . D991-KE and Credit No . _ * * _7067-KE_ * * _and", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 428, "text": "market survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 461, "end": 474, "text": "market survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "drawing on World Bank ' s Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory data , it offers a descriptive analysis of the UB and ALMP reforms implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic . # # * * 3 . 1 . Description of the data * * UB and ALMP data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 900 experts in 191 economies in 2019 and 2020 . < sup > 5 < / sup > To ensure the comparability of data across economies and over time , the questionnaires are based on a standard assumption that the UB recipient is a 19-year-old former full-time cashier in a supermarket or a grocery store in the largest business city , who has been made redundant after one year of work due to economic reasons . S / he is single with no dependents , not a member of a labor union , unless membership is mandatory , and is not granted more benefits than those mandated by law , regulations , or ( if applicable ) collective bargaining agreements . > 5 See Table A1 in the appendix for detailed information on the questions . The cutoff date for data collection cycles in both 2019 and 2020 was May 1 . Most of the 900 respondents were the same in both years . In cases where the original respondents were not available , we found new respondents . These experts included labor lawyers , government officials , and other professionals routinely administering or advising on legal and regulatory requirements related to unemployment protection schemes and PES . Several rounds of due diligence were carried out on the data collected through questionnaires , including follow-up questions to the experts through phone calls , videoconferencing , and face-to-face interviews , as well as verification against the laws and regulations of each country . Data were also reviewed by several experts in the World Bank Group . 9", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 74, "text": "Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Reproductive Health Voucher Project ( P144102 ) send copies of the reports to the District Health Offices . This enabled capturing of progress outputs through the national health information system and tracking of results . < sup > 38 < / sup > 61 . * * The project focused primarily on ‘ monitoring ’ of results . * * Since the previous projects included evaluation and generated evidence that guided the design of the project , < sup > 39 < / sup > it was felt that rather than allocating resources to undertake a similar exercise ( that is , evaluation ) , the investments should focus on service delivery and the emphasis should be placed on monitoring of results and enhancing accountability . This consideration is understandable especially taking into account the cost implications as well as the scale of the project ; a provision for evaluation that allowed comparison of outcomes between the project beneficiaries and a control group may have provided further evidence on the efficacy of the voucher scheme . # # * * M & E Implementation * * 62 . * * The role of M & E implementation and quality assurance rested with the VMA , * * which provided quarterly progress on results by drawing on the data reported from service providers that were maintained in the project database . The results were verified ( along with the processes and systems ) by the IVEA . The verification involved the following : ( a ) verify that agreed outputs have been achieved , ( b ) verify that participating service providers performed in accordance with agreed standards , ( c ) validate performance of the claims processing system , ( d ) make recommendations on disbursement of the OBA subsidy , and ( e ) assess behavior change communication and training activities carried out by the VMA . The findings were compiled in reports and shared with the key stakeholders of the project to inform project implementation . # # * * M & E Utilization * * 63 . * * The design of the operation enhanced a culture of data use to monitor results", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 227, "text": "national health information system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1235, "end": 1271, "text": "data reported from service providers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1300, "end": 1316, "text": "project database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 | * * Land & * * < br > * * Assets * * | * * Types of Impact * * | * * Person ( s ) Affected * * | * * Compensation / Entitlement / Benefits * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | estimates where such records do not < br > exist ) | | | Assets used for < br > business severely < br > affected < br > If partially affected , < br > the remaining assets < br > become insufficient < br > for business purposes | Title < br > holder / business < br > owner | Land for land replacement or < br > compensation in cash according to PAP ’ s < br > choice ; casj compensation to take into < br > account market values for the land . Land < br > for land replacement will be provided in < br > terms of a new parcel of land of < br > equivalent size and market potential with < br > a secured tenure status at an available < br > location which is acceptable to the PAP . < br > Transfer of the land to the PAP shall be < br > free of taxes , registration , and other costs . < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting + < br > allowance ) < br > Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 2 months net income based < br > on tax records for previous year ( or tax < br > records from comparable business , or < br > estimates ) | | | | Business person is < br > lease holder | Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 2 months net income based < br > on tax records for previous year ( or tax < br > records from comparable business , or < br > estimates ) , or the relocation", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1205, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inclura l ’ ensemble du pays qu ’ à partir de 1971 ; en Tanzanie , l ’ enregistrement de la naissance des Africains a commencé en 1950 et , comme au Kenya , a été progressivement rendu obligatoire dans tout le pays après l ’ indépendance . L ’ ordonnance de 1904 en Ouganda ( qui prévoyait aussi l ’ enregistrement obligatoire uniquement pour les « Européens et les > 59 _Loi organique n ° 30 / 2008 du 25 / 07 / 2008 portant code de la nationalité rwandaise_ , Article 25 . Voir également le _Décret présidentiel No . 21 / 01 du 27 mai 2009 portant création de la procédure de demande et d ’ acquisition de la nationalité rwandaise_ et note de bas de page 234 . > 60 _Convention relative aux droits de l ’ enfant_ , Article 7 ; _Charte africaine des droits et du bien-être de l ’ enfant_ , Article 6 . > 61 _Affaire des enfants nubiens du Kenya_ , paragraphe 42 . 62 Constitution de l ’ Ouganda de 1995 , Article 18 . > 63 _South Sudan Child Act 2008_ , Section 11 ( Lois du Soudan du Sud , adoptées par la Constitution provisoire du Soudan du Sud , avant la sécession ) . > 64 _Kenyan Citizenship and Immigration Act 2011_ , Section 22 ( 1 ) ( g ) ; _Kenya Births and Deaths Registration Act No . 2 of 1928_ , et ses amendements ( Cap . 149 Laws of Kenya 2012 ) , Section 9 . UNHCR / Septembre 2018 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# # # * * 3 . 6 OHS Monitoring Plan for CERP Activities * * | * * Activity Area * * | * * Monitoring Indicator * * | * * Means of Verification * * | * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Frequency * * | * * Responsibility * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Fuel * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * Energy * * < br > * * Supply * * | Fuel storage areas are secure , < br > ventilated , and protected < br > against spills and fire | Site inspection ; observation of < br > storage conditions ; verification of fire < br > extinguishers and spill containment < br > systems ; supervisor records | During fuel storage and < br > distribution operations ; < br > periodic supervision | Contractors / Suppliers < br > ( implementation ) ; Site < br > Supervisors ( daily < br > monitoring ) ; PIU ( oversight ) | | * * Fuel and Energy * * < br > * * Supply * * | Workers handling fuel follow < br > safe handling procedures and < br > understand emergency < br > response measures | Training records ; toolbox talk < br > records ; worker interviews ; < br > observation of practices | Prior to deployment < br > and periodically during < br > implementation | Contractors / Suppliers ; Site < br > Supervisors ; PIU verification | | * * Fertilizer Supply * * | Fertilizers are stored in dry , < br > covered , and ventilated < br > conditions < br > Workers use appropriate PPE < br > and follow hygiene practices | Visual inspection of storage facilities ; < br > warehouse records ; photographic < br > documentation where applicable < br > Observation of workers", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 601, "text": "supervisor records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1470, "end": 1487, "text": "warehouse records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION * * CERTIFICATE * * I * * hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the original in the archives of the International Development Association . FOR SECRETARY", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 193, "text": "archives of the International Development Association", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , the desire of Kenyans for a prosperous society has not yet been achieved . The economy remains in the bottom group in the World Bank ’ s income classification , and poverty is high at around 40 % . Kenya is among the world ’ s poorest countries , ranking 152 out of 177 countries on the 2006 Human Development Index . Kenya has a set goal to become an upper middle-income country by 2030 . In 2012 , Kenya was a low income country with per capita income of US $ 840 . If is to achieve its Vision 2030 goal of transforming into an upper middle-income country , a rapid and sustained increase in per capita income ( to 10 % ) is needed . Tourism and agriculture , followed closely by industry and services , are the main drivers of growth . The performance of these sectors is significantly conditioned by the progress in the water sector . Kenya ’ s economy is vulnerable to erratic climatic patterns and a fragile natural resource base , including limited water availability . It is estimated that climate variability costs the country an average of 2 . 4 percent of GDP per year and water resources degradation , another 0 . 5 percent , seriously affecting the country ’ s competitiveness . Climate change threatens to result in additional stresses related to rising temperatures ( increasing system evaporation and irrigation requirements ) and uncertain changes in rainfall . Other environmental threats are numerous , as evidenced by unsustainable water abstractions , poor land use practices , deforestation , encroachment in recharge areas , and pollution – which have already seriously degraded many critical watersheds . While national absolute poverty has declined , the Kenyan profile reveals strong regional disparities in the distribution of poverty . Inequalities in the distribution of incomes in urban areas continue to rise . Differences in share of income and social services are observed across regions , genders and even specific segments of the population . Inequality is observed not only in incomes , but also in terms of social exclusion and the inability to access social services and socio-political rights by different population groups . The coastal region ( i .", "spans": [{"start": 297, "end": 325, "text": "2006 Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requirements is forecasted in a monthly basis ( region and woredas ) and quarterly at federal visited entities . To minimize risk , limited cash is maintained ( usually up to Birr 300 , 000 ) in safe box at visited implementing entities . Cash count is conducted daily or at least once a month and reconcile with ledger balance . Although at all visited entities , bank reconciliation is performed monthly and was up-to-date ; various audit reports indicate that there continues to be delay in preparation of timely bank reconciliations . - < u > Payroll control : At visited entities in federal and regional bureaus , there is Human < / u > Resource ( HR ) directorate that maintains personnel data base . Some of the visited entities use in-house developed payroll application to process the monthly payroll and the remaining use excel spread sheets . Almost all of the visited entities were paying the monthly salary through bank except for a woreda which didn ’ t have access to commercial banks . The personnel data base is maintained manually at HR directorate and Public services offices hence there is no integration . This has been reflected in PEFA 2014 report . Reconciliation is not made between the two sections ( HR & accounts ) although accountants reconcile the current month payroll with the previous one and sometimes the same is checked by internal and external auditors . Since major portion of the annual budget ( about 87 % ) is allocated to salary at woreda level , it is important to roll out the payroll application . In addition , it is required to establish a system which enables the HR directorate and public services offices to ensure the payroll changes are correctly handled by account sections . - < u > Asset management system : Although the control procedures over property management is < / u > well documented , implementation is a challenge at most visited entities . There is no 22", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 704, "text": "personnel data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1025, "text": "personnel data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "world . However , little critical analysis of the role and outcomes of these trainings currently exists . This study focuses on the livelihoods assistance offered to urban refugees since 2009 , when the _UNHCR policy on refugee protection and solutions in urban areas_ granted refugees the right to reside in urban areas and advocated for their protection in these spaces . As a result of this policy , many organisations began livelihoods operations in urban settings , offering business training as well as specific skills training such as tailoring or arts and crafts . Notably , organisations offering trainings include not just INGOs or national organisations serving refugees but organisations created and led by refugees ( hereafter _refugee-run organisations_ ) . Through a review of UNHCR policies and documents relating to livelihoods and urban refugees since 2009 , and through three months of fieldwork on urban refugee livelihoods in Kampala , Uganda , I investigated the role of livelihoods trainings – a main method of introducing refugees into the market – offered to refugees . Here , I present the current stage of refugee livelihood programming and policies , and the state and results of livelihoods trainings on the ground in Kampala . I overview the content and main details of these trainings , as well as highlight their contradictions : the results they offer as opposed to what they are promised to provide . I then examine the challenges surrounding these trainings , which stem both from the local context as well as the institutional structure of livelihoods assistance . I conclude with recommendations for practitioners and policymakers . 1 UNHCR ( 2015a ) UNHCR Planning Figures for Uganda . Geneva : UNHCR . Available at : < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / pages / 49e483c06 . html . < / u > > 2 UNHCR ( 2014 ) _UNHCR Policy on alternatives to camps . _ Geneva : UNHCR . P . 7 . > 3 UNHCR ( 2005 ) Handbook for Implementing and Planning : Development Assistance for Refugees ( DAR ) Programmes . Geneva : UNHCR", "spans": [{"start": 1688, "end": 1721, "text": "UNHCR Planning Figures for Uganda", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". C . . - Poscia , A . , U . Moscato , D . La Milia , et al . 2016 . Workplace health promotion for older workers : a systematic literature review . BMC Health Serv Res . 16 ( 5 ) : 329 . - Prinz , D . , M . Chernew , D . Cutler , and A . Frakt . 2018 . Health and Economic Activity Over the Lifecycle : Literature Review . NBER Working Paper Series , no . 24865 . NBER : Boston , . - PWC . 2018 . Golden Aging Index . Retrieved at < u > https : / / www . pwc . com / hu / hu / csr / assets / golden-age-index2018 . pdf < / u > - Riphahn , R . T and R . Schrader . 2021 . Reforms of an Early Retirement Pathway in Germany and Their Labor Market Effects . IZA Discussion Paper Series , no . 14908 . - Rocha , R . 2017 . Aging , Productivity and Wages : Is an Aging Workforce a Burden to Firms ? Revista Espacios , 38 ( 39 ) . Ronconi , L . 2019 . Enforcement of labor regulations in developing countries . IZA World of Labor 2019 : 457 Rutkowski , M . 2018 . Reimagining Social Protection . Finance and Development : December 2018 . - Schmieder , J . 2021 . Fertility as a driver of maternal employment , Labour Economics , Volume 72 , 2021 . - Singer , C . and O . Toomet . 2013 . On government-subsidized training programs for older workers , IABDiscussion Paper , No . 21 / 2013 , Institut für Arbeitsmarkt - und Berufsforschung ( IAB ) . Nürnberg . - Saraf , P . 2019 . A Study of Fragility , Entrepreneurship and Mental Health : Investing in Better Cognitive and Behavioral Skills for Small Medium Enterprise Entrepreneurs to Thrive in Conflict-Affected Areas of Pakistan . World Bank : Washington , D . C . - Söderbacka , T . , l . Nyholm , and L . Fagerström . Workplace interventions that support older employees ’ health and work ability - a scoping review . BMC Health Serv Res 20 (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 | | 1 . 7 | Land use / cover map 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 | | 1 . 8 | Plantation development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 | | * * 2 . * * < br > * * D * * | * * ESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING FOREST RESOURCEs * * | * * 6 * * | | 2 . 1 E | cological resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 177, "text": "Land use / cover map 2010", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "located . The topography of the VMF site within KIP is predominantly flat to gently rolling , with elevations ranging from 2119m to 2202m a . s . l . This falls within the Weyna-dega ( midhighlands , 98 % ) and Dega ( highlands , 2 % ) agro-ecological zones . 76 % of the land has a slope below 3 degrees , and 23 . 4 % has a slope between 3 and 6 degrees . Higher ground exists to the south and southeast , including Yerer Mountain and the Yudoro and Fetch Koye hills . The generally flat terrain of KIP facilitated its development as an industrial park . # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 . Geological structure * * # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 . 1 . Regional Geology * * Addis Ababa is situated on the western margin of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley , a tectonically active zone characterized by fracturing due to tension forces . The geology of the area comprises primarily volcanic rocks , often covered by recent Quaternary superficial deposits . The rift valley is dominated by acidic Quaternary rocks , while the plateau areas consist of older Tertiary basic formations . Addis Ababa lies on the boundary of these blocks , resulting in a mix of acidic and basic rocks . This geological diversity influences base flow of rivers and runoff coefficients . Figure 11 : Regional Geological Map of Addis Ababa ( Colombani et al . , 2018 ) * * 4 . 2 . 2 . 2 . Site Geology * * 47", "spans": [{"start": 1247, "end": 1285, "text": "Regional Geological Map of Addis Ababa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parties , further draining the necessary support to build a functional and peaceful society . In recent months , the armed attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine has resulted in an international crisis which is currently at the centre of international community aid and political efforts ; the spill-over effects of the crisis ( e . g . reduction of wheat exports from the Black Sea basin ) together with the reduction of political and negotiation space for other crisis , may have negative effects in terms of funding and resources to South Sudan . With approximately 80 % of the total population living in rural areas and most resources ( human and financial ) concentrated around the capital Juba , the challenges to building viable local government services are insurmountable . < sup > 14 < / sup > The lack of ( and misappropriation of existing ) economic and financial resources exacerbates these structural barriers and renders local government unable to ensure access to services and provide security and safety . According to the Corruption Perception Index , South Sudan ranks last among 180 countries monitored and its public sector is perceived as highly corrupt < sup > 15 < / sup > . Government expenditure on health services amounts to only 6 . 04 % of the GDP . < sup > 16 < / sup > An estimated 43 % of counties have one primary healthcare centre per 15 , 000 people while 30 % of counties have one primary healthcare centre per 50 , 000 people . Similarly , 1 , 095 schools remain damaged due to flooding or conflict , resulting in insufficient and inadequate facilities . The value of the damage caused directly by the floods is estimated at US $ 671 million , according to an analysis based on a World Bank Global Rapid Post Disaster Damage Estimation ( GRADE ) . The most severely impacted states in terms of damages are Jonglei ( US $ > 14 HNO , 2022 > 15 Additional information here ( Accessed in May 2022 ) > 16 World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database ( apps . who . int / nha / database )", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1072, "text": "Corruption Perception Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1942, "end": 2002, "text": "World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # # # # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # # # # # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | Date | 28-Jun-2019 | - - | 04-Oct-2021 | 30-Jun-2022 | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P169908 | TF-B0069 | Effective | USD | 0 . 91 | 0 . 91 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 58 | 0 . 33 | | 64 % | | P169908 | TF-B0125 | Effective | USD | 0 . 33 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 00 | | 99 % | | P169908 | TF-B0404 | Effective | USD | 1 . 22 | 1 . 22 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 22 | 0 . 00 | | 100 % | | P169908 | TF-B1153 | Effective | USD | 0 . 21 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 14 | | 36 % | | P169908 | TF-B1422 | Effective | USD | 0 . 81 | 0 . 81 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 81 | 0 . 00 | | 100 % | | * * Key Dates * * | *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These numbers fit relatively well the average probabilities shown above and show that the model supports a scenario in which government-led renegotiations following a previous renegotiation are only a small subset of all renegotiations at the initiative of the government . # # # Stationarity of the βs . Another important point to consider is the question of the stationarity of the βs in a multiperiod model . When there are successive renegotiations , it could be questioned whether such a stationarity assumption is realistic . Given the complexity of the model , however , we leave this issue for further analysis ( see for example Laffont and Martimort , 2002 ) and content ourselves with observing that this problem is made less relevant by the fact that overall successive renegotiations are a rather small subset of the total . Moreover , note that empirically this provides justification for the way projects are handled in our data base . They leave the sample when they are renegotiated , and enter as a new , different project if the concession carries on with significant modifications , thus avoiding the problems of confusing projects which distinct underlying technological characteristics . # 3 Empirical Evidence # # 3 . 1 The Data We use an original data set , developed by the World Bank , which describes the characteristics of nearly 1 , 000 concessions awarded in Latin American and Caribbean countries from 1982 to 2000 < sup > 19 < / sup > . As in GLS , and to keep results strictly comparable , we again focus on water and transport concessions in five countries ( Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia and Mexico ) , between 1989 and 2000 . We have information on the general details of the projects ( sector , activity , year of award , award criteria , size and duration of the concession ) , on the institutional and regulatory context , the type of regulatory framework put in place ( price cap or rate of return ) , as well as the evolution of the main economic variables ( growth , exchange rate , inflation ) and the timing of national and local elections . Table 1 presents the full list and definitions of variables used in", "spans": [{"start": 1261, "end": 1278, "text": "original data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social Development and Education Project staff in Istanbul : with irregular migrants and asylum-seekers in Istanbul frequently detained by the DFBA . # # # # # # * * The project consists of four activities : * * - A beginner ’ s level training on refugee and human rights issues to 100 regular officers who have first contact with refugees ; - A specialized training in asylum practices to 15 higher level police officers ; - Field monitoring visits to observe the effect of the trainings on trainees ’ operations ; - An interim evaluation meeting , with conclusions of participants , ICMC and MoI shared with the authorities to complement other related efforts . # # # # # # * * A . Beginner ’ s Level Training * * Four beginner ’ s level workshops train 100 officers from DFBA staff of Ankara , Istanbul , border towns , airports and cities where asylum-seekers and refugees reside , regarding : - Status determination of refugees and asylum-seekers and case studies ; - Refugee Law and Human Rights Law ; - International standards in refugee issues , introducing practices of other countries ; - Examination of country of origin information available from the EU countries ; - Demonstration of computerised accelerated registration process ; and - Psychological aspect : Interview techniques ; dealing with traumatised refugees # # # # # # * * B . Specialist Training * * Specialist training is provided to 15 higher level officers who have previously received basic training from MoI and UNHCR . These higher level officers potentially form the core of an _C9_", "spans": [{"start": 1114, "end": 1143, "text": "country of origin information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the Program ' s financial position as at that date . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Program , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Program ' s financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program confirms that the Program has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Program funds received during xiv", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 222, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indicated as above ) . There are no significant differences for any characteristics between the sample and the frame , suggesting that the balanced sampling approach performed well , and the Nigeria HFPS sample retains the representativeness present in the frame . * * Table 4 . 2 : Sample representativeness in Nigeria HFPS * * | | * * Nigeria ( G * * | * * HS-Panel ) * * < br > * * With * * | * * HFPS * * | * * Samle * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * All * * | < br > * * Contact * * < br > * * info * * | | * * p * * < br > _Di † _ | | | _Mean_ | _Mean_ | _Mean_ | _fference_ < br > _ ( 3 ) - ( 2 ) _ | | * * Characteristic * * | _ ( 1 ) _ | _ ( 2 ) _ | _ ( 3 ) _ | _ ( 4 ) _ | | * * Sample size ( number of households ) * * | _4 , 976_ | _4 , 934_ | _3 , 000_ | | | Rural | 0 . 686 | 0 . 683 | 0 . 687 | - 0 . 001 | | Average household size | 5 . 528 | 5 . 515 | 5 . 530 | - 0 . 002 | | Dependencyratio | 1 . 016 | 1 . 014 | 1 . 028 | - 0 . 012 | | Female head ( % ) | 0 . 186 | 0 . 187 | 0 . 186 | 0 . 001 | | Age of head | 48 . 797 | 48 . 775 | 48 . 646 | 0 . 151 | | * * _Religion of head_ * * | | | | | | Orthodox | | | | | | Muslim | 0 . 425 | 0 . 422 | 0 . 425 | 0 . 000 | | Christian | 0 . 557 | 0", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 367, "text": "HS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", where ethnic networks help overcoming information problems linked to the very nature of the goods exchanged ( Rauch and Casella , 2002 , Rauch and Trindade , 2002 ) . How the relationship of substitutability or complementarity between trade and migration is impacted by the skill composition of migration , however , remains unclear . In the same vein , whether FDI and migration are substitutes ( as one would expect ) or complements remains an unanswered question , although many case-studies suggest that migrants ’ networks favor what sociologists have labelled ” brain circulation ” or ” brain exchange ” ( e . g . , Saxeenian , 2001 , Arora and Gambardella , 2004 ) . In terms of our notations , and as in the case of repatriated savings , such migrant networks favoring knowledge di ¤ usion and foreign direct investment can be modeled as a negative shock on the risk premium , 1 ⁄ 4 ; with similar e ¤ ects on the capital / labor ratio and , thus , on domestic wages and incentives to invest in education . # 4 Policy implications It follows from the theoretical and empirical survey above that the consequences of the brain drain for source countries are ambiguous . Optimal policy responses are thus unclear . In this section , we discuss two important policy issues regarding the source countries , migration and education policies . Our discussion is based on the out28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 20 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 10 : Average number of days food groups consumed by households during the week preceding the < br > survey < br > Sep-2021 7 6 4 5 < br > Dec-2020 7 5 6 5 1 1 < br > Cereals & tubers Pulses Vegetables Oil Fruits Sugar < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The average diet consumed by refugee households has remained relatively stable since December 2020 . It predominately consists of cereals , tubers , pulses , vegetables and oil . While starchy food items and pulses continue to be consumed daily or at least 6 days per week , the consumption of vegetables has reduced from six to four days per week since December 2020 . Fruits and sugar are no longer consumed . Based on the results of WFP ´ s post distribution monitoring surveys conducted in December 2020 and September 2021 , * * protein-rich foods were – comparatively speaking - most frequently consumed by a large majority of households . * * The share of households consuming proteins on a daily basis increased significantly from 48 percent in December 2020 to 67 percent in September 2021 ( Figure 13 ) . Households headed by women were more likely to consume protein - rich foods ( 74 percent ) than their male counterparts ( 61 percent ) . * * The second most frequently consumed foods included those rich in Vitamin A * * ( Figure 12 ) . However , only onethird of households consumed them on a daily basis , while the remaining two-third of households ( 68 percent ) only consumed them sometimes or never . This trend remained the same between December 2020 and September 2021 . Male - headed households were more likely to consume Vitamin A rich foods on a daily basis ( 36 percent ) than female headed households ( 26 percent ) . Least frequently consumed foods are hem iron-rich foods such as meat ( Figure 11 ) – a worrying continuing", "spans": [{"start": 801, "end": 837, "text": "post distribution monitoring surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "usually , the head of household provides the information on child labor . The advantages of using proxy-based reports rather than child-based reports in the context of child labor are not clear . On the one hand , child-reported information may be more accurate than proxy responses , given that a child knows best how she allocates her time . On the other hand , the head of household may be familiar with the children ’ s activities since many child laborers in developing countries work on the family farm or enterprise , however , due to social normal and cultural values , a proxy respondent may tend to underreport these activities ( Dammert and Galdo 2013 ) . In order to understand the effects of survey design , experimental studies have randomized the survey instrument to different households in Tanzania and Ethiopia ( Dillon et al . 2012 ; Dammert , et al . 2016 ) . Both studies show that survey design matters for child labor outcomes , in particular in contexts where a large share of children are working on the family farm or home enterprises and respondents may provide the socially desirable response of not sending their children to work . These results have important implications for the reliability of current household survey instruments and published estimates of child labor for monitoring and guiding efforts towards child labor elimination . More attention needs to go to the survey instrument when we measure child labor . An area that deserves attention concerns the worst forms of child labor , which are rarely considered in rigorous empirical research . # * * _2 . 2 Theoretical Framework_ * * In this section , we present a heuristic explanation to illustrate the different mechanisms through which policies may have an impact on child labor . This discussion draws on the theoretical framework presented in Cigno and Rosati ( 2005 ) and Edmonds ( 2008 ) . Economic theory largely focuses on child labor as labor supply . Consider a unitary household in which parents maximize utility over current consumption , children ’ s education , and leisure . The parent ' s labor supply is inelastic and yields an exogenous income , fertility is exogenous and fixed at one child , and school", "spans": [{"start": 1234, "end": 1250, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with firm _ × _ product _ × _ year fixed effects ( columns 5 to 8 ) . The number of observations is much lower than previously due to the incomplete availability of NTMs AVEs . < sup > 30 < / sup > In spite of the reduced sample size and the attenuation bias due to the fact that AVEs are themselves econometric estimates , the results confirm the hypothesis of non-discrimination-cum-reduced competition . NTM reinforce the market power of non-exiting firms , domestic and foreign exporters alike , and thus their incentive to engage in PTM . As a result , PTM is significantly stronger quantitatively in markets with high levels of NTMs . Specifically , the coefficients on the exchange rate and its interaction with the NTM variable in column ( 1 ) suggest that moving from zero to a 10 percent ad valorem equivalent raises the price elasticity to exchange rate by a third from 0 . 5 percent to 0 . 7 percent . In columns ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) , splitting the sample according to the level of NTMs yields similar results : The exchange rate coefficients is sixty percent larger in countries and sectors belonging to the top quartile of NTMs ( column 3 ) than in those in the first quartile ( column 2 ) . Although the coefficients lose in precision and magnitude , the positive impact of NTMs on pricing-to-market > 28Whereas applied tariffs are specific to origin-destination dyads , most non-tariff measures , in particular SPS and TBT regulations , are imposed on an “ MFN ” basis , i . e . specific to a destination and not a dyad . For instance , a maximum residual level of pesticides in horticulture products applies to _all_ imports , not just to imports from a particular country , and , unlike a tariff , will not be relaxed in the presence of a preferential trade agreement . > 29An additional reason for doing this is that tariff data contain many missing values ; using average values allows maximizing the number of observations . We however provide robustness exercises using time-varying tariffs . > 30We confirmed that our main results of incomplete pass-through still hold despite the lower number of", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 174, "text": "NTMs AVEs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1832, "end": 1843, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2011 / 2012 ( MOEVT , 2013 ) . While most programs offered by NACTE institutions are at the diploma and certificate level , about 22 percent of enrollments are in degree programs , up from 9 percent in 2006 / 2007 . This rapid growth in tertiary-level enrollments over this period was made possible in large part by the expansion , registration and accreditation of private universities , colleges , and technical education institutions . < sup > 16 < / sup > * * < u > Figure 2 : Education Distribution of the Population < / u > * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > South Africa ( 2007 ) Malaysia ( 2010 ) < br > Above secondary ( 14 % ) Above secondary ( 20 % ) < br > Secondary ( 24 % ) Secondary ( 33 % ) < br > Primary ( 50 % ) Primary ( 41 % ) < br > Less than primary ( 12 % ) Less than primary ( 5 % ) < br > Vietnam ( 2010 ) Tanzania ( 2012 Census ) < br > Above secondary ( 8 % ) Above secondary ( 5 % ) < br > Secondary ( 16 % ) Secondary ( 6 % ) < br > Primary ( 69 % ) Primary ( 62 % ) < br > Less than primary ( 7 % ) Less than primary ( 27 % ) < br > Note : Author ’ s calculations using South Africa and Vietnam harmonized microdata from the International < br > Income Distribution Database-I2D2 version 6 ( World Bank 2013 ) . Estimates for Tanzania are from the < br > 2012 Tanzania National Census . Malaysia levels of attainment are estimated using microdata from the < br > 2010 Malaysia Labour Force Survey . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The actual availability of skills for enterprises in Tanzania is undoubtedly much lower than is suggested by the average years of educational attainment because of the low quality of education , 16 The number of private universities increased from 20 to 34 while public universities / colleges intuitions increased from 11 to 13", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1215, "text": "Income Distribution Database-I2D2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1291, "end": 1320, "text": "2012 Tanzania National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1399, "end": 1432, "text": "2010 Malaysia Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the poverty line or other absolute lines such as 2 times the poverty line . Households are considered vulnerable if they are non-poor but have more than 10 percent likelihood of falling into poverty . We also define middle class households as those with a relatively low likelihood of falling into poverty ( less than 10 % ) . Using these definitions , we find the size of the vulnerable and middle class population to be 45 percent and 22 percent respectively . An analysis of trends suggests that the growth in the size of the vulnerable as well as the middle class population has been increasing steadily over the years in Nepal . Perceptions data as well as results from qualitative surveys generally suggest that Nepali households have experienced robust upward economic mobility along the economic ladder in recent years , but this mobility stands on fragile grounds . Based on data from Gallup and definitions of welfare that take into account realized mobility together with expected mobility , a significantly larger fraction of Nepalis is found to be either suffering or struggling as opposed to thriving . This implies that while Nepal has had a tremendous success in lifting people out of poverty , a majority of Nepalis is either directly at risk of falling back into poverty ( more than 10 % probability ) or even if not directly vulnerable in this sense , they constitute what some have called the “ struggling middle class ” . From the point of view of policy , the conclusions in this paper point to three key areas of priority . First , the unevenness in the mobility experience across people of different caste / ethnic groups and urban / rural location together with the high incidence of chronic poverty reinforces the call for policies that help equalize opportunities across space and across social groups . The point that not all Nepalis have benefitted in the same manner comes out quite strong . Second , the high degree of vulnerability and transitions around the poverty line with roughly one Nepali falling back into poverty for every two that escape suggests the need to strengthen social protection systems , particularly those that insure households against a variety of income shocks . A particular area of", "spans": [{"start": 634, "end": 650, "text": "Perceptions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 675, "end": 694, "text": "qualitative surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 884, "end": 900, "text": "data from Gallup", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < sup > 33 < / sup > For the United States , the Chicago-based CRSP Database provides monthly instrument-level data on US Treasuries back to 1925 . For England , Ellison and Scott ( 2020 ) gathered granular data on prices and issuance patterns of UK government debt 1694-2017 . When combining the bond price dataset with our archive on missed payments and debt restructurings , as described in Section 2 , we match at the bond level . However , we do not have prices for all of the 1 , 134 bonds for which we computed haircuts , because some of the restructured bonds were not regularly traded > 32 Of these , 70 defaulted on their external debt at some point between 1814 and 2016 , namely , Algeria , Angola , Argentina , Austria / Austria-Hungary , Belize , Bolivia , Brazil , Bulgaria , Cameroon , Chile , China , Colombia , Costa Rica , Côte d ' Ivoire , Croatia , Cuba , Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , t Egypt , El Salvador , Estonia , Ethiopia , Finland , Gabon , Germany , Ghana , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Hungary , Indonesia , Iraq , Italy , Jamaica , Japan , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Latvia , Lithuania , Mexico , Morocco , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Senegal , South Africa , Spain , Sri Lanka , Tanzania , Thailand , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkey / Ottoman Empire , Ukraine , Uruguay , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yugoslavia / Serbia , Zambia , and Zimbabwe . The remaining 21 countries never defaulted on privately-held external debt since 1815 , namely Armenia , Australia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , France , Georgia , Ireland , Lebanon , Malaysia , Mongolia , Namibia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , the Slovak Republic , South Korea , Sweden , and Switzerland . > 33 See also Maggiori , Neiman , and Schreger ( 2020 ) , who use granular data on hundreds of thousands of financial instruments ,", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 78, "text": "CRSP Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 327, "end": 377, "text": "archive on missed payments and debt restructurings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Not Applicable . _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Not Applicable . _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable . _ Goods : is not applicable Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Not Applicable # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project will use the CDD procurement under this project . CDD manual will be produced by the project .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 3 % | 2 . 3 % | | * * Kiryandongo * * | 57 . 1 % | 21 . 0 % | 6 . 7 % | 86 . 6 % | 99 . 2 % | 2 . 5 % | 0 . 8 % | 5 . 0 % | 2 . 5 % | 0 . 8 % | | * * Kyegwegwa * * | 81 . 0 % | 21 . 8 % | 6 . 6 % | 80 . 6 % | 97 . 2 % | 6 . 2 % | 2 . 8 % | 3 . 8 % | 2 . 4 % | 1 . 4 % | | * * Moyo * * | 90 . 1 % | 9 . 9 % | 0 . 0 % | 57 . 7 % | 97 . 2 % | 2 . 8 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | | * * Lamwo * * | 82 . 4 % | 11 . 0 % | 7 . 6 % | 50 . 5 % | 91 . 9 % | 2 . 9 % | 5 . 7 % | 12 . 4 % | 10 . 0 % | 1 . 9 % | | * * Yumbe * * | 88 . 7 % | 4 . 0 % | 1 . 3 % | 88 . 0 % | 100 . 0 % | 2 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | 2 . 7 % | 4 . 7 % | 1 . 3 % | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 67 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COVID-19 . Before COVID-19 , children living in urban areas and under the age of 15 are more to attend school than children in rural areas that have the same likely living age . From the age of 15 onward , no difference in school attendance is observed between urban and rural children . After schools reopened , i . e . , during COVID-19 , no difference is observed between urban and rural children , although before the age of 15 , urban residents are more still likely to attend school than rural residents . Overall , Figure 2 suggests that COVID-19 decreased school attendance among all age groups , but even more so , among those whose education is no longer compulsory ( agegroup 15-18 ) . Figure 2 also suggests that COVID-19 did not discriminate between the genders or between rural and urban children . # * * 2 . 2 . 6 Learning Activities and Contact with Teachers during the School-Closure Period * * In the analysis of the heterogeneous effects , we are interested in whether the impact of temporary schools ’ closure on attendance differs by the opportunity of being engaged in any learning activities or in contact with their teachers during the school closure period in Nigeria . We hypothesize that people who were engaged in any learning activities during the lockdown are more likely to return to school than those who were not . Indeed , losing contact with the education system over the whole period of schools ’ disruption is expected to lower students ’ motivation to schooling by making other options ( like employment and marriage ) more attracting alternatives . # * * _ ( i ) Learning Activities_ * * To capture learning activities during the school closure period , we exploit the first five rounds of the COVID-19 NLPS in Nigeria , using the question asking if children have been in education or activities the seven engaged any learning during days preceding each round survey . < sup > 16 < / sup > Therefore , we construct a dummy variable equal to 1 if a child resides in a household where children have been engaged in these types of activities in 16The question was asked in each of the first", "spans": [{"start": 1733, "end": 1746, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Stakeholder monitoring with respect to environmental and social performance will be proportionate to the potential environmental and social risks and impacts of the project supported activities and their effect on the various stakeholder interests . Reporting back to the stakeholders include : - ✓ The information on public engagement activities undertaken by the Project during teach quarter of the year may be conveyed to the stakeholders in various ways . Conducting stakeholder engagement in a consultative manner , in accordance with the SEP , and build upon the channels of communication and engagement as established with stakeholders ; - ✓ The collection of feedback from stakeholders on environment and social performance of the project , and on the implementation of the mitigation measures outlined in the ESCP on defined timeframe ; - ✓ The periodic reviews of compliance with requirements of the legal agreements , including the ESCP ; - ✓ Where appropriate , and as set out in this SEP , engaging stakeholders and third parties such as independent experts , local communities or nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) , to complement or verify projects stakeholder monitoring information . - ✓ The activities of other agencies or third parties responsible for managing specific risks and impacts and implementing mitigation measures . NPCO would collaborate with such agencies and third parties to establish and monitor such mitigation measures . # # # * * 7 . 3 . Central Point of Contact * * The following individuals are the central point of contact throughout the duration of ETOL project regarding the stakeholders ’ engagement plan . | SN | Full name | Position | Contact address | Remark | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Adane Nigussie | Senior Environmental | + 251911962690 | | | | | Safeguard Expert | adanig46 @ gmail . com | | | 2 | Haymanot Minwuiye | Senior Social Safeguard < br > Expert | 0900676566 / 0931388616 < br > hiloveminwuye @ gmail . com | | ; 20 Official", "spans": [{"start": 1168, "end": 1202, "text": "stakeholder monitoring information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "needed to raise only 20 percent from private investors as market validation , with the rest provided by the government as loans with a capped return . The Inovar model has since been exported to other Latin American countries . In 2014 , the program managed a $ 197 million VC portfolio ( EMPEA 2016 ; Leamon and Lerner 2012 ) . _Source : _ Authors ’ compilation , based on various sources . SIFs may also be thematic investors . Particularly in clean-energy finance , several SIFs have been established with the objective of attracting private investment in wind , solar , and thermal energy infrastructure ; and energy efficiency . Some climate-focused SIFs are funded by multilateral financial institutions , including Asia Climate Partners ( established by the ADB ) and the GEEREF ( a hybrid fund with both private and public shareholding established by the EIB and several European governments ) ( box 3 ) . Green SIFs are emerging at the national level , too . For example , Norway recently announced its intention to establish a domestically focused renewable energy investment fund , Fornybar AS , and the Government of China is considering the establishment of a national green investment fund . # * * Box 3 . Examples of Green Strategic Investment Funds * * The * * Asia Climate Partners * * ( ACP ) is a $ 400 million joint initiative of the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , the financial services group ORIX , and the asset manager Robeco . ACP makes private equity investments in the environmental industries , resource efficiency , and renewable energy sectors in Asia . Besides private equity , ACP > 5 OECDiLibrary ( 2013 ) ; Ernst & Young puts it at 0 . 65 percent ( EY 2015 ) . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "individual characteristics of household members , more effective targeting strategies might become possible by relying on the imputed dataset . < sup > 4 < / sup > * * We follow the approach developed by Ruben ( 1986 ) and identify matching variables , based on which we concatenate both datasets to ultimately employ multiple imputation methods * * . There are many different approaches to statistical matching . Lewaa et al . ( 2021 ) provide an overview and divide the different methodologies into parametric , nonparametric , and mixed approaches . We follow early work by Ruben ( 1986 ) and first identify potential matching variables . These are variables that are part of both surveys and help to identify households that resemble each other . Nevertheless , not all overlapping variables should form part of the matching variables , but only those relevant to the target variable and similar in distributions across surveys ( Serafino and Tonkin , 2017 ) . We harmonize these variables with each other and apply a lasso regression to identify those variables that are most relevant to explain energy spending shares . Next , we concatenate both datasets based on these variables . While the household budget survey contains information on energy spending shares and energy poverty , these variables have missing values in the EU-SILC . After concatenating both datasets , we apply multiple imputation methods . * * To address one of the shortcomings in the literature raised by Lewaa et al . ( 2021 ) , namely the lack of quality assessments , we explore several different imputation models . * * We employ linear regression imputation models , predictive mean matching ( PMM ) , and truncated regression imputation models . For each model , we explore three different imputation specifications by varying the inclusion of survey weights and the survey sampling design as additional matching variables . To evaluate the different models , we apply several validity tests . We compare the joint distribution of the imputed and observed energy spending share ( overall and by subgroups ) , analyze if results differ across imputations , and compare the consistency of mean imputed energy expenditure by variables used in the statistical matching and those not used . > 4 We", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 141, "text": "imputed dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1199, "end": 1222, "text": "household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1334, "end": 1341, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data to implement such a system is available form secondary sources , e . g . is available in the HH visit form of UNHCR / IRD ( with minor adjustment ) , as well as partner data collection either through home visit forms or registration forms . Annex 5 contains a proposed score card to be used to determine family vulnerability . This score card needs further development through consultation with Cash Working Group members prior to testing . The focus of development should be on ensuring that there is agreement on the categories of vulnerability and the indicators that make up the scoring scale . Preliminary discussions within the Cash Working group have been positive and there is an interest to develop this approach and to test it . An annotated version of the score card that describes some of the feedback that was received on the proposed score card from partners is available on the Dropbox . This can be used for future discussions with the Cash Assistance partners . < sup > 9 < / sup > > 8 Organizations weight vulnerabilities based on the objectives or specific persons of concern that they wish to target . > 9 Please refer to the Implementation Plan for the next steps in developing and testing the vulnerability analysis tools 6", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 189, "text": "partner data collection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 4 . 2 Number of Meals Consumed * * * * Summary of assessment findings : * * Information on number of meals consumed was found in several different sources . However , these were not measured in the same way across assessments . Some looked at number of warm / cooked meals per day , while others simply looked at number of meals per day . This means that comparisons across target groups and geographies are not possible . The VASyR found that only 20 % of the adult Syrian refugees assessed reported having consumed three or more warm / cooked meals prior to the survey . An assessment conducted by HI , showed that Tripoli had the highest proportion of Syrian refugees who only ate one to two meals per day compared to Akkar and Bekaa . Concerning PRS , UNWRA ‟ s October 2013 survey found that almost half of the surveyed households ( 45 % ) reported having consumed only one cooked meal the previous day . There was no specific data available during the MSNA process on number of meals consumed for vulnerable locals , Lebanese returnees and unregistered Syrian refugees . _Table [ 4 ] : Assessment coverage by geographic area and target population_ | | * * Vulnerable Local * * < br > | * * Lebanese * * < br > | * * PRS * * < br > * * Syrian refuge * * | * * es * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Citi * * | * * Rt * * | | | | | * * ommunes * * < br > * * ( Lebanese and PRL ) * * | * * eurnees * * | * * Registered * * | * * Unregistered * * | | * * National * * | | | | | | * * North / T + 5 * * | | | | | | * * Ak", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 789, "text": "October 2013 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The nature of the measurement is revealed by estimating equation ( 2 ) seven times , with village-averaged log total consumption from modules 1 to 7 as the measured dependent variable , * _y_ and the village average of log consumption from the benchmark individual diary taken as the approximation to the true _y_ . We find that θ ˆ > , 0 λ ˆ < 1 in all seven regressions , with λ < sup > ˆ < / sup > ranging between 0 . 42 and 0 . 66 and always statistically significantly less than one . The three survey designs with lower variance than in the benchmark design have the strongest degree of mean ˆ reverting error , with . 042 > λ > . 054 . For these designs , the shrinkage due to the λ < sup > 2 < / sup > term in the denominator of equation ( 5 ) outweighs the effect of adding the variance of the random noise ˆ term . Furthermore , finding λ < 1in all regressions implies that there is a negative correlation between the errors and the true values ( as proxied by the village average of log consumption from the ‘ gold standard ’ design ) . # * * IV . Evidence from Food Engel Curve Regressions * * Consider a simplified version of the food Engel curve of Deaton and Paxson ( 1998 ) , where the demographic composition and control variables are ignored to reduce clutter : The food share for household _i_ , _w f_ , _i_ depends on household total consumption , < sup > _x_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > and < / sup > household size , < sup > _n_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > along with a random disturbance , < / sup > < sup > _u_ < / sup > _i_ . The data on log per capita consumption , ln ( _x n_ ) _i_ are affected by measurement error in < sup > _x_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > and since these errors occur < / sup > through both food and non-food , the food share is also affected unless there are equi-proportional errors in both", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the gap . - Identify baseline data on the physical and biological environment , as well as the social , gender issues , cultural heritages including if any tangible and intangible cultural heritage Sites * * ( AS ) , * * demographic , and economic characteristics of the population in and around the transmission line corridor and substation area ' - Identified potential environmental and socio-economic imp ssocia transmission lines and substation areas during pre-cons p _6n , _ constructi operation , and decommi5sionPfg phases and to make sur * * / ) * * seqjFpa # * * do * * n outweigh the expecteriposfivey e & S benefits . * * Mild-Day 4 . f , rnflo N * *", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 34, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "above to being below the expected share of labor in exports , and in 2011 it was also below most comparator countries . In minerals on the other hand , South Africa ’ s labor intensity of exports has markedly increased and by 2011 it had the highest share of labor in exports not only among the comparator countries but vis-a-vis most other countries in the world . This change was due entirely to an increase in the intensity of labor directly supporting minerals exports , rather than labor supporting exports via their backward linkages . There was a significant increase in the direct LVAX share , more than doubling from $ 13 to $ 30 per $ 100 of gross exports , while the indirect LVAX share declined by almost half , from $ 22 to $ 12 per $ 100 of gross exports . This finding is consistent with micro evidence based on annual reports from listed mining firms , which suggests that between 2001 and 2011 , wages as a percent of total costs in South Africa ’ s mining sector almost doubled , from 20 % to 35 % ( Gwatidzo and Benhura , 2013 ) . The mining sector also experienced increases in the number of jobs by over 25 % between 2001 and 2011 according to official statistics . South Africa ’ s top minerals exports in 2011 were unwrought gold ( HS 710812 , accounting for 10 % of total goods exports ) and unwrought platinum ( HS 711011 , accounting for 7 % of total goods exports ) . South African gold and platinum production is highly unionized , which helped drive these wage increases . * * Figure 15 : Total labor content per $ 100 of gross exports across sectors and GDP per capita 2001 vs . 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Machinery and Equipment nec , 2001 Machinery and Equipment nec , 2011 < br > ZAF PER < br > COL BRARUS < br > RUSBRA CHNZAF < br > CHN CHL COL CHL < br > TUR IND < br > IND < br > TUR < br > THA < br > THA < br > PER < br > 4", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 866, "text": "annual reports from listed mining firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * PROJECT * * PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT KENYA HIGHWAY * * MAINTENANCE PROJECT * * ( CREDIT 224-KE ) PREFACE The following is a performance audit report on a highway maintenance project in Kenya for which Credit 224-KE * * ( US $ 12 . 6 * * million ) was made in September * * 1970 . * * The Credit was fully disbursed on May 14 , * * 1980 . * * The Kenya Ministry of Transport and Communications provided the basic data for the attached Project Completion Report ( PCR ) , which was prepared * * by * * the Eastern Africa Region ' s Highway Projects Division . An Operations Evaluation Department mission visited Kenya in November , * * 1980 * * to discuss the project with Government officials as well as consultants . OED ' s mission travelled about 2 , 000 km on Kenyan highways , visited some maintenance districts and interviewed a number of field engineers . The assistance of the Government and the Ministry of Transport and Communications in particular is gratefully acknowledged , as are the frank discussions , understanding and help of senior and other officials interviewed . * * OED * * has reviewed the Appraisal and President ' s Reports , the Minutes of the Executive Directors ' Meeting at which the project was considered , Bank records and files , historic information , as well as earlier * * OED * * audits and the PCR , and has found that the PCR covers the direct , immediate experiences of implementing the project . , However , * * OED * * has found that the conclusions of the PCR need amplification . The Audit accordingly expands on these as well as other points of interest . The draft Audit was sent to the Borrower for comments , their views are referenced in the text and attached in full in Annex 2 to the Project Performance Audit Memorandum .", "spans": [{"start": 1243, "end": 1265, "text": "Bank records and files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 government , ( iv ) commercial , and ( v ) industrial . < sup > 5 < / sup > Initially , the rate of increase for social and residential tariffs was somewhat higher than for other uses , which reduced cross subsidies slightly , but this has been reversed somewhat since 1993 ( Figure 1 ) . For example , in 1989 industrial rates were 170 percent higher than residential ; this fell to 130 percent in 1993 , then rose to 160 percent in 1996 . 6 Although rates are highest for industrial users , these fall mostly on smaller industries , since large industries can afford to drill their own boreholes . _Figure 1 . Average Water Tariff_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 90 < br > > 7 0 . 7 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > 0 . 60 - - - - - - - E < br > 0 . 4 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . < br > 0 . 3 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > F - - | < br > - 0 . 15 E < br > 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 < br > E | flSocial ( 1996 US ) E Domestic ( 1996 US ) r Goverrnment < br > Commercial Industrial - Weighted Avg < br > Source : Author ' s Calculations based on data from SEDAPAL Annual Reports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Only 39 percent of connections were metered by 1996 , and only 15 percent of connections had meters that were read ( see statistical appendix table 3", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1234, "text": "SEDAPAL Annual Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the skilled workforce , and a breakdown of institutions . Despite the GOU ’ s success in rebuilding the economy after 1985 , in 2000 , more than 35 percent of Uganda ’ s population still lived in abject poverty ( World Bank 1999 – 2000 ) . Social and human development indicators reflected a negative picture . Corruption was rampant , monitoring mechanisms were weak , the legal framework in major sectors was outdated , and basic public services critical to development — such as education , health care , rural roads , and water and sanitation — were inadequate and poor in quality . The need to institute reforms and initiate sound macroeconomic policies to address governance problems and poor public service delivery was felt . The GOU responded to these challenges by preparing a medium-term development strategy — the Poverty Eradication Action Plan ( PEAP ) for 1995 – 1997 . The plan served as a national planning framework to guide detailed medium-term sector plans , district plans , and the budget reform process . In 1999 , the World Bank and the > * This case study was prepared by a team comprising Prof . Deepti Bhatnagar and Ankita Dewan at the Indian Institute of Management ( Ahmedabad ) and Magüi Moreno Torres and Parameeta Kanungo at the World Bank ( Washington DC ) . > 1 The World Bank introduced PRSC to support countries that are eligible for International Development Association ( IDA ) loans to implement their poverty reduction strategies . The eligibility of the country depends on the Bank ’ s assessment of the country ’ s capacity and commitment to implementing this strategy . 1", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 282, "text": "Social and human development indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "committees , etc . ) and private sector associations may be brought directly to the NSC for discussion and resolution . At the local level , the woreda / kebele Grievance Redress Committee ( GRC ) will be the human entry point for all grievances and complaints . Youth representatives and staff from OSSC will be members of the GRM committee at the woreda / Kebele level . An OSSC staff member , preferably a woman , will be the focal person for all grievances including GBV / SEA coming from component II . A committee at local level meets twice in a week to discuss and review complaints , including complaints received at the one stop shop centre ( OSSC ) through the complaints box . In case the matter is technical , the committee resolves it at local level . If it is an administration or policy-related complaint , it is referred to city office . This process is overseen and guided by the city offices . The city office will be in charge of training , information and supervision to make sure the focal person and the GRM committee are capacitated to receive , review and process complaints . In addition , when complaints are referred to the city level , city offices will provide a solution if possible . If this is not possible , the city office will forward the complaint to the PCO . The GRM at the national , City and woreda / Kebele level , the system that will be used for the receipt , recording and referral of complaints and grievances need to be integrated with the MIS . Complaints received directly through the toll-free line ( TBD ) will be provided for the beneficiary to forward their issues . Moreover , the social worker , a member of GRM at Woreda / City level will collect all type of grievances from component III beneficiaries . SMS or online mechanisms will be recorded directly into national level MIS and referred for resolution by the relevant offices . # # # * * _ < u > Component 3 : Urban", "spans": [{"start": 1816, "end": 1834, "text": "national level MIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "students from preprimary to secondary schools ; ( viii ) provision of special support to emerging regions and pastoralist communities in the country ; ( ix ) implementation of an improved model of continuous classroom assessment through training of key teachers , supervisors and principals ; ( x ) introducing and implementing a new model for measuring early learning quality and outcomes ; ( xi ) training teachers in digital skills , and including digital skills in the Country ’ s teacher licensing system ; ( xii ) strengthening existing systems of quality assurance , including , inspection , teacher licensing , early grade reading assessment , early grade mathematics assessments , national learning assessments at grades 4 , 8 , 10 & 12 ; and ( xiii ) strengthening the capacity of the sector at all levels . # # * * 4 . DATA ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE * * # # * * 4 . 1 Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TF-A8352 | Closed | 149 . 63 | 149 . 63 | 0 . 00 | 149 . 63 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 < br > % | | TF-B5501 | Closed | 4 . 90 | 4 . 90 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 90 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 < br > % | | IDA-D8080 | Closed | 55 . 00 | 50 . 98 | 0 . 00 | 38 . 29 | 12 . 73 | 75 . 05 % | | TF-B5504 | Closed | 22 . 60 | 19 . 60 | 3 . 00 | 12 . 80 | 6 . 80 | 65 . 31 % | | TF-B5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": Sources of Livelihoods * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 13 Type and Quality of Housing Infrastructure * * Most of the residents in the settlements reported of living in one room house ( Socio-economic study 2023 ) . Kibuye recorded the highest with 78 . 8 % of residents reporting of living in one room house . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Habitable Rooms < br > 90 . 00 % < br > 80 . 00 % < br > 70 . 00 % < br > 60 . 00 % < br > 50 . 00 % < br > 40 . 00 % < br > 30 . 00 % < br > 20 . 00 % < br > 10 . 00 % < br > 0 . 00 % < br > Manyatta A Manyatta B Muhoroni Kibuye Nyawita Bandani < br > One room Two rooms Three rooms Four rooms < br > Five rooms Six rooms Seven rooms Eleven rooms < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Table 5 . 9 : Type and Quality of Housing Units * * # # # # # # * * Source : KISIP Social Economic Report 2023 . * * The housing structures in the project area are a mix of permanent houses and semi-permanent temporary houses . In most of the sites , corrugated iron sheets is what makes the walls of the houses . The same material is used for roofing . However , the housing structures are varied and some are constructed of mud walls and roofed with iron sheets . The information is displayed as per the graphs below . 112", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 208, "text": "Socio-economic study 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 814, "end": 847, "text": "KISIP Social Economic Report 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of compliance with policy reform objectives . < sup > 59 < / sup > Meanwhile , adjustment lending rapidly increased from 7 percent of the volume of lending in 1980-82 to 26 percent in 1987-90 . < sup > 60 < / sup > In later decades , this modality of lending would surpass 50 percent of the volume of lending , depending upon recipient country demands . In the 1990s and 2000s , country ownership and country specificity came to the forefront , as well as a renewed focus on governance and enhancing country level understanding of development . Sweeping policy formulas were largely swept aside . On the intellectual front , both within the Bank and beyond , institutional economics and historical analysis became more prominent with the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Douglas North and Robert Fogel in 1993 . In the 2000s , there were efforts to improve country level analysis of both firm and household data to better understand the dynamics of productivity growth , including the ― investment climate ‖ < sup > 61 < / sup > , as well as the determinants of poverty . The concept of ― equity ‖ or equality of opportunity extended traditional analysis of income inequality , via the 2006 World Development Report . Another trend in research is the use of quasi-experimental techniques to understand micro interventions for development . The Poverty Lab at MIT has been a leading proponent ; however , researchers at the Bank and many universities have also contributed actively to this research area . In addition , country teams are currently using impact evaluation techniques to improve the quality of ― results ‖ measurement for World Bank supported projects . Currently , the Bank ‘ s Chief Economist is proposing a ― new structural ‖ approach to rethinking development . < sup > 62 < / sup > A number of country teams in the World Bank are beginning to apply new structural approach to analyze policies for improving economic growth prospects . Country specificity and country ownership entered into the operational units of the Bank at the country level . For example , ― Country Assistance Strategies ‖ became ― Country Partnership Strategies . ‖ ― Best practice ‖ for policy based", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 909, "text": "firm and household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Pierola ( 2016 ) . The underlying data for Costa Rica cover the universe of exporting firms over 1998 – 2012 and provides information on export value and quantity at the firm-product-destination-year level . The data cover 14 , 253 firms exporting to 211 destinations . We limit our analysis to destinations with population greater than 5 million , which reduces the sample to 12 , 918 firms and 115 destinations . Costa Rican data provide a good environment for our analysis due to the extensive time coverage and diversified export profiles in terms of products and destinations . < sup > 9 < / sup > The data also exhibit high rates of firm turnover , providing sufficient dynamics to > 8The legal enforceability of each provision is assessed based on the presence of dispute settlement or legal language . For more information on the database and coding , see Hofmann et al . ( 2017 ) . The database is publicly available at https : / / datacatalog . worldbank . org / dataset / content-deep-trade-agreements . > 9Costa Rican firms export an average of 7 . 9 HS4-products , with a median of 2 . In terms of destinations , the average is 3 and median is 1 . See Appendix Table A . 2 for their top exported products ranging across various industries . 4", "spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 435, "text": "Costa Rican data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 15 Reasons for not requesting a loan from the informal sector * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Other 1 . 5 % 1 . 5 % < br > High cost of credit 2 . 0 % 5 . 4 % < br > Lack of collatera / guarantees 2 . 6 % 2 . 7 % < br > No w ork / job 4 . 3 % 12 . 3 % < br > Not enough income 7 . 2 % 16 . 0 % < br > Prefers ow n resources 15 . 2 % 16 . 4 % < br > Don ' t like to get into debt 22 . 2 % 22 . 4 % < br > Didn ' t need 26 . 6 % 41 . 5 % < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % < br > Banked Unbanked < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ # * * 3 . 5 THE COSTS OF BEING UNBANKED * * 29 . The survey does not itemize costs of informal and formal financial services . Further analysis is encouraged in this regard . Conceptually , the costs paid for financial exclusion by the unbanked include : - The cost of informal savings in terms of insecurity , values lost to inflation and to interest charges from lay away plans , or of outright losses in lottery programs . - - The costs of cashing checks at CCO ’ s - - The costs of remittances - The costs of lost IVA returns ( i . e . 2 % of all purchases which are returned through bank accounts ) - The costs of paying bills – time lost traveling to utility companies to make payments in person - The costs of informal loans , averaging 10 % per month or 150 % annually , versus 15 - 27 % annual interest rates for bank loans and 36 % for credit cards . # * * 3 . 6 REASONS FOR BEING UNBANKED * * 30 . In answer to the", "spans": [{"start": 569, "end": 599, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 8 % : ; < br > Covid-19 Medium - and < br > World Bank pandemic long-term simulation < br > 6 % WDI data < br > 2000s ave < br > 4 % < br > 2 % rn 1 . 5 % Baseli 2 % < br > average ip ? < br > 0 % 0 ) V 2000-201 Os tacseat ac aegeo g RII I < br > 2 % < br > 1 < br > 4 % ; < br > - 6 % < br > © IMF forecast ( WEO ) < br > - 8 % < br > 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 140, "text": "WDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * SUMMARY * * As part of the returns planning matrix , the protection cluster was asked by the Return Task Force ( RTF ) on 17 December 2014 , to conduct a Return Intention Survey ( RIS ) among the 5 tribes of the de-notified areas of Shalobar , Aka Khel , Kamar Khel , Malik Din Khel and Stori Khel in the Bara Tehsil ( Kajhoori Plain ) of Khyber Agency . Responding to this request , and in line with the Return Standard Operating Procedures ( SOPs ) endorsed by the Humanitarian Country Team ( HCT ) in February 2012 , but also in accordance with the “ Return Policy Framework for IDP from FATA ” signed by FDMA in 2010 ( Annex A ) , the Protection Cluster and its members agreed to conduct a series of consultations with the displaced population to capture their intentions and position vis-à-vis the announced return process . It should be understood that the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement are clear on a government ’ s responsibility to respond to the needs of IDPs during displacement and in displacement until attaining durable solutions , including sustainable returns . However , a government may request assistance from the humanitarian community to assist and facilitate returns . From 22 – 26 December 2014 , enumerators from protection cluster members IOM-HComms , IVAP , BEST , EHSAR , PADO , PVDP and BPDO , interviewed 2217 IDPs in Peshawar , Nowshera , Kohat and Jalozai camp . This report presents the following main findings : # # # DISPLACEMENT 74 % of displaced persons left their places of origin more than 18 months ago while 18 % left during the last 6 months . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Time of Displacement < br > Not < br > responded , 12-18 < br > 0 % Months , 6 % < br > 1-6 months , < br >", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 185, "text": "Return Intention Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "situation , the TLSS 2007 was interrupted and resumed in January 2007 . All households interviewed previously were reinterviewed . It is , however , still possible that some biases may remain . In particular , it is possible that some of the results we obtain are not due to exposure to the 1999 violence but to exposure to the civil upheaval in 2006 . In order to control for this potential exposure to the violence in 2006 , we explore a variable in the 2007 dataset that captures whether an individual has been absent from home in the past 12 months for security reasons . < sup > 27 < / sup > Our calculations show that individuals who have been absent from home for security reasons in 2006 are all residing in Dili . Therefore , we believe that this dummy reliably captures quite well the level of exposure to the 2006 violence . > 27 Those that declare being absent from home for security reason represents the 2 . 7 % of our sample . 30", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 468, "text": "2007 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Accounts * * * | 1 , 700 , 000 | ~ 703 , 379 | ~ 703 , 379 | | Number of beneficiaries | 23 , 333 - 500 , 000 | 3 , 579 – 20 , 000 | 118 , 781 | | Average size of funding < br > per firm | $ 70 - $ 1500 | - $ 1 , 000 * * * * | $ 1 , 000 - $ 5 , 588 | | * * Total Amount of lines of * * < br > * * credit * * | * * $ 30 million * * | * * $ 25 milli * * | * * on * * | * Note : Based on the MSME survey 2016 data * * Note : This table includes demand for credit from MFIs , Saccos , Banks , Rotating Savings and Credit Associations , other formal / Informal cooperatives , and mobile platforms ( MSME Survey 2016 ) . * * * Note : Based on MNO 2020 data for unlicensed MSME loan accounts and CBK 2018 data for licensed MSME loan accounts * * * * Note : Assumption based on loan limit on unsecured loans by banks of US $ 1 , 000 # # # * * Estimated coverage and allocation of CGS ( Component 2 ) * * 2 . The estimated scale of project support through the CGS is outlined in Table 4 . 2 . The CGS could accommodate more resources from other donors and development partners such as the IFC by increasing the guarantee threshold . Currently the maximum loan limit under guarantee is capped at KES 5 million , which is below the median size of small and medium firms ’ outstanding balance of credit from commercial banks < sup > 68 < / sup > . With more resources for the CGS , the guarantee loan limit could be increased to better support larger MSMEs . > 68 Bank financing of SMEs in Kenya , 2015 identifies thresholds of median size of firms ’ loan sizes as KES 1 million for micro firms", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 415, "text": "MSME survey 2016 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 599, "end": 615, "text": "MSME Survey 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 642, "end": 655, "text": "MNO 2020 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 694, "end": 707, "text": "CBK 2018 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "track for achievement and < br > verification in September 2016 . | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | | 06-Jun-2016 | # # Comments The 4 DLRs under DLI 1 are : ( 1 . 1 ) Micro and small enterprises ( MSE ) survey conducted , report produced and available on-line ; ( 1 . 2 ) Establishment census conducted , report produced and available on-line ; ( 1 . 3 ) Integrated Survey of Services ( ISS ) conducted , report produced and available on-line ; and ( 1 . 4 ) 2018 Survey of Industrial Production ( SIP ) conducted , report produced and available on-line # # #  DLI 2 : Implement an integrated program of household surveys to fill key poverty , labor and socio-economic data gaps ( Text ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Labor force , poverty and other < br > key socio-economic data < br > outdated | The first two DLRs ( 2 . 0 < br > and 2 . 1 ) have been < br > achieved as planned and < br > will be assessed as per < br > the verification protocol in < br > January 2016 | DLR 2 . 0 was achieved , verified < br > and disbursement against . DLR < br > 2 . 1 was achieved and the < br > verification process has < br > commenced . | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | 06-Jun-2016 | # # Comments The 5 DLRs under DLI 2 are : ( 2 . 0 ) Design the 2015 / 16 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey ( KIHBS ) instruments , conduct pilot , and start fieldwork by September 2015 ; ( 2 . 1 ) KIHBS 2015 / 16 fieldwork partly conducted", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 207, "text": "Micro and small enterprises ( MSE ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 270, "end": 290, "text": "Establishment census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 353, "end": 382, "text": "Integrated Survey of Services", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 457, "end": 493, "text": "2018 Survey of Industrial Production", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1321, "end": 1361, "text": "Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Therefore , the scope of the assignment involved the following tasks : - a . < mark > Development of ARAP for the settlement in line with national legislations , KISIP Resettlement Policy Framework and World Bank ’ s OP 4 . 12 < / mark > - b . < mark > Preparation of a socio-economic survey of the affected PAPs with focus on income streams and women . < / mark > - c . < mark > Development of innovative and implementable resettlement options for the PAPs based on existing situation and context of the settlement . < / mark > - d . < mark > Conduction of extensive and in-depth stakeholder consultations with all project stakeholders . < / mark > 2", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 316, "text": "socio-economic survey of the affected PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "selecting activities under components 1 and 2 and that component 3 activities will directly consider how to maximize the potential of infrastructure investments . To strengthen synergies between components under DRDIP II , the SSI interventions will be moved to component 3 on livelihoods . # # < u > Gender < / u > 85 . * * Despite impressive economic progress over the last 15 years , important gender gaps remain in Ethiopia * * . A 2019 World Bank diagnostic highlighted that illiteracy remains 56 percent for women against 35 percent for men . < sup > 58 < / sup > Women are 17 percent less likely to be in the labor force and are paid less for the work they do . 86 . * * Women from refugee and host communities face additional challenges to secure sustainable livelihoods . * * A 2017 survey of over 5000 refugees and host community members showed that women-headed households are poorer , more aid dependent , have less access to basic services such as electricity and suffer from higher feelings of insecurity . < sup > 59 < / sup > The study on DRDIP I ’ s non-farm livelihoods concluded that activities generated positive impacts on women ’ s empowerment , noting that , ‘ economically active women are considered as models for other women in the community . Supporting women ’ s employment contributes to changing attitudes towards women at the household and community levels . ’ Phase II will build on these successes while increasing women ’ s leadership in project planning and participation in the livelihood activities . 87 . * * Women still lack representation in local decision-making bodies compared to men . * * Phase I of DRDIP showed that , despite efforts to encourage women ’ s participation in local decision-making bodies , they tended to be less active and represented than men . Phase II incorporates specific targets to ensure women ’ s participation and leadership in local bodies to shape decisions on how development resources are allocated . > 58 World Bank ( 2019 ) Ethiopia Gender Diagnostic Report : Priorities for Promoting", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 462, "text": "2019 World Bank diagnostic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 847, "text": "2017 survey of over 5000 refugees and host community members", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "vary by year , province , and indicators , rendering comparisons difficult . The Early Childhood Development Index ( ECDI ) , < sup > 1 < / sup > the best available measure of child development at scale across provinces , shows substantially lower-than-average scores for children in Pakistan relative to the 75 . 1 percent average seen across 60 low - and middle-income countries ( Lu et al . , 2020 ) : 59 . 4 percent in Punjab ( 2017 – 18 ) , 47 . 5 percent in Sindh ( 2018 – 19 ) , and 54 . 6 percent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( 2019 ) ( Tomlinson et al . forthcoming ) . There are no recent ECDI scores from Balochistan , the poorest province in Pakistan , and except for health surveys that provide proxies for ECD , there are no national ECD data sets for children from birth to age 3 . Smaller-scale or province-specific studies shed light on patterns and rates of parental distress or depression , psychosocial stimulation , participation in ECE , and similar variables of interest , such as integration of parenting and nutrition interventions in community health settings in Sindh ( Yousafzai et al . , 2018 ) and Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi ( ITA ) - Early Learning Partnership ( ELP ) studies of ECD during COVID disruptions in Punjab ( ITA , 2021 ) . This study aims to broaden the knowledge base by providing nationally representative data . # Young children in Pakistan are exposed to a host of risk factors that impede development Child development occurs through a series of biological and psychological processes that are influenced by risk and protective factors that have the potential to alter brain structure and have implications throughout the life course . Common risk factors include social determinants of health , such as poverty , poor water and sanitation , and lack of maternal education , the health of the caregiver and child , including physical and mental health of the caregiver and malnutrition and infections for the child , and caregiver psychosocial health , including parental distress . Exposure to multiple risk factors reduces children ’ s chances of staying on track developmentally , and the rates of multiple exposure are high in Pakistan", "spans": [{"start": 673, "end": 687, "text": "health surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 750, "end": 787, "text": "sets for children from birth to age 3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report Multi-sector Investment Planning for Climate Resilience ( P158987 ) # * * The World Bank * * |  Portfolio tracking system imp | roved and maintained ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | N < br > - - | N | Y | | Date | 01-Sep-2016 < br > - - | 25-May-2017 | 30-Apr-2018 | # # Overall Comments The recipient MoFEC has received the first round of grant disbursement , and the recipient executed Project activities are yet to be implemented . Therefore , the progress of intermediate indicators will be reported in the next ISR . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P158987 | TF-A3148 | Effective | USD | 1 . 50 | 1 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 50 | 1 . 00 | 33 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P158", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Greece completes the Greece deploys addi - 12km fence along < br > removal of all land - tional 1 , 881 police offi - land border with < br > mines from the land cers to land border with Turkey completed . < br > border with Turkey . Turkey . < br > 54 , 974 < br > 47 , 088 < br > 43 , 518 < br > 30 , 149 30 , 438 < br > 27 , 685 < br > + < br > 16 , 789 14 , 461 < br > 11 , 447 < br > 8 , 787 < br > 16 , 781 5 , 190 1 , 030 3 , 646 1 , 122 1 , 903 < br > 173 , 450 < br > 3 , 713 3 , 282 < br > - < br > 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 < br > Arrivals via the land border Arrivals via the sea border < br > EU-Turkey Statement < br > implemented allowing < br > for migrants and asy - < br > lum-seekers if declared < br > inadmissible to be re - < br > March 2016 turned to Turkey . < br > ZOOM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 2", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 594, "text": "Arrivals via the land border", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table A2 . Survey data * * | * * Country * * | * * Market surveys and descriptions * * | * * Data sources * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | BRA | Expectations for output , inflation , interest rates , and FX rates , < br > based on_Focus Market Readout_forecasts of about 160 banks , < br > asset managers , and other institutions | Central Banco Brazil | | CHL | Expectations for inflation and interest rates based on monthly < br > surveys of academics , consultants , and executives or advisors of < br > financial institutions and corporations . | Central Bank of Chile | | HUN | Professional forecasts on future inflation , output , FX rates | Consensus Economics | | IND | Professional forecasts on future inflation , output | Consensus Economics | | IDN | Professional forecasts on future inflation , output , FX rates | Consensus Economics | | MEX | Expectations for output , inflation , interest rates , and FX rates < br > based on monthly surveys of private-sector economists | Bank of Mexico | | PER | Median expectations for output , inflation , interest rates , and FX < br > rates , based monthly survey of macroeconomic expectations | Central Reserve Bank of < br > Peru | | PHL | Consumer expectations surveys on future inflation and output < br > growth | Central < br > Bank < br > of < br > Philippines | | POL | Consumer expectations for future Inflation and output growth | National Central Bank of < br > Poland , < br > Central Statistical Office | | ROM | Professional forecasts on future inflation and output | Consensus Economics | | UKR | Professional forecasts on future inflation , output , FX rates | Consensus Economics | | RUS | Monthly inflation expectations for the next year | Central < br > Bank < br > of < br > the < br > Russian Federation | | TUR | Monthly survey of expectations for future output , inflation , < br > interest rates , and FX rates ,", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 736, "text": "Professional forecasts on future inflation , output", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 948, "end": 992, "text": "monthly surveys of private-sector economists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1110, "end": 1154, "text": "monthly survey of macroeconomic expectations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1339, "end": 1399, "text": "Consumer expectations for future Inflation and output growth", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1487, "end": 1540, "text": "Professional forecasts on future inflation and output", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1668, "end": 1716, "text": "Monthly inflation expectations for the next year", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 U . N . 1984 assessment . Other sources of mortality data include Eurostat ( 1987 ) , the U . S . Bureau of the Census ( 1985 ) , Celade ( 1987 ) , and various surveys . These sources often report mortality levels for periods other than 1985-90 , or give indices other than life expectancies , or both . Some estimation and projection is then necessary to obtain the right index . In some cases , a mortality estimate is made first for an earlier period , and an estimate for 1985-90 obtained by applying the projection methodology being described here . Some Bank sources are also cited in the Appendix : Bank sector reports ; Bank assessments , involving unpublished analysis of census or survey data ; and Bank estimates , or informed judgments for which no further source can be cited ( see Appendix ) . The future trend in mortality in all countries was represented by steady increments to life expectancy , with smaller increases at higher life expectancy levels , and with different schedules of increments where few or where many females are in school . The schedules of increments for female life expectancy were developed in earlier analysis involving regressions of change in female life expectancy between 1965-69 and 1975-79 on initial life expectancies in 196569 , separately for countries with different levels of female enrolment . Life expectancies were obtained from Bank files and female primary school enrolment in 1965-69 from Unesco ( 1977 ) . Female enrolment was used as a control because preliminary analysis confirmed a strong relationship ( R < sup > 2 < / sup > _ 0 . 50 over 30 developing countries ) of female enrolment with current life - expectancy and a slightly stronger relationship ( R < sup > 2 < / sup > 0 . 53 ) with life expectancy lagged ten years . Countries were divided into two female enrolment groups : those with female primary school enrolment of 70 percent or more and those with female primary school enrolment of less than 70 percent . Figures 1 and 2 plot changes in female life expectancy against initial levels for the two groups of countries . Also plotted are lines estimated through quadratic", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 59, "text": "mortality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 683, "end": 704, "text": "census or survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1387, "end": 1397, "text": "Bank files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Training Workshops for Staff and Country Representatives , sustained through continuing guidance and technical assistance ; < sup > 14 < / sup > - Cost platforms or templates , together with training on those platforms as needed , to assist users in the appropriate application of VFM methods ; - Greater dissemination and promotion of studies that use CEA and CBA methods so that evaluators and authorities become accustomed to their methods , findings , and implications ; - Codification ( or even more pointed guidance ) of a common set of methods that is sufficiently flexible to allow for reasonable alternatives that can be specified with a discussion of a basis for deviations from the “ standard ” and the probable consequences . A standard set of defaults could also be used where the user is not sure of the best assumptions ; - Bolstered vigilance on the quality of efficiency calculations in Project Appraisal Documents and Implementation Completion Reports ; - Expectations of sensitivity analysis on deviations from standard methods and assumptions ; and - Consensus on standard outcome measures and specifications for their construction . These may come from measures derived from the Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) , and the Living Standards Measurement Survey ( LSMS ) , for example . Relatedly , the field needs policy-relevant standard numerators for CEA in different sectors , as has been done with the disability adjusted life year ( DALY ) in health , for example , or months of additional schooling in the Education sector . If some evaluators opine that demand for VFM from policymakers may not appear to be terribly strong , it is useful to recall that initially , impact evaluations were not in high demand by policymakers either . Instead , the demand for impact evaluation largely came from development funding agencies and actors interested in basic research . The former have become increasingly interested in VFM in more recent times , in part as a result of domestic resource constraints leading to increased scrutiny of the value achieved from the aid budget . As for the academic world , the demand for VFM as exemplified through its coverage in academic journals is still decidedly less strong than for impact evaluations . There is", "spans": [{"start": 1202, "end": 1232, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1251, "end": 1286, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > nition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Pr < br > T | ocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Posit < br > Recog - < br > nized | ive < br > Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w . < br > closed < br > rate", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STAYING SAFE : INTER-AGENCY INSIGHTS ON PROTECTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # # * * Recommendations * * # # # * * Protection * * - Given the volatile situation in Ukraine , it is recommended to maintain legal status for refugees until conditions allow for safe , dignified , and sustainable returns . This can be achieved either through extending temporary protection or providing access to alternative residency options until return is feasible . - Action should be taken to overcome administrative , legal , and practical barriers that limit refugees ’ access to identity documents and civil registration , with a focus on addressing the gender , age , and disability factors that impact these challenges . # # # * * Accountability to Affected People * * - Ensure that programmatic decisions account for the disproportionate impact of reductions in assistance on vulnerable groups , given that at this stage of the response , they constitute a more significant proportion of the population receiving aid . - Disaggregate assessment data reflecting needs and assistance gaps that may serve as the basis for programming , in recognition of the fact that priorities for assistance vary meaningfully across population groups . # # # * * Child Protection * * - Child protection systems must consider the most serious risks identified for girls and boys and ensure that all refugee children have access to adequate prevention and response services . - Concerted efforts are needed to make sure that referral pathways are functional , child-friendly and sensitive to the specific needs of refugee children , including unaccompanied and separated children . # # # * * Gender-Based Violence * * - Increase GBV awareness-raising and outreach efforts , through accessible and relatable online and offline public information campaigns , focusing on both prevention and response , and grounded in a survivor-centred approach that respects the diversity of women ’ s experiences . - Address financial barriers to healthcare access for women through targeted interventions , such as providing transportation vouchers or subsidies . - Prioritize gender-sensitive and trauma-informed care by", "spans": [{"start": 1043, "end": 1058, "text": "assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resolution of 15-arc seconds – approximately 500m x 500m tiles near the equator . For this paper , the raw data are aggregated to the district level , on a quarterly basis . Nighttime light is measured in Nanowatts / cm < sup > 2 < / sup > / steradian . _Formal economic activity_ Formal sector activity is proxied through the number of active formal firms . Admittedly formal firms have different sizes , and the ones for which data are available are likely to be among the largest ones . YY < sup > FF < / sup > However , previous research suggests that larger formal firms are more likely to be impacted by conflict ( Blumenstock et al . 2018 ) . It follows that the observed change in the number of active formal firms overestimates the actual change in the overall economic activity . The net effect of these size and impact biases is unclear . In the absence of more information , it is assumed here that the relative change in formal economic activity is proportional to the relative change in the number of formal firms for which data are available . yy < sup > FF < / sup > The number of active formal firms is computed from a list of organizations that signed up for plans with multiple phones belonging to the same account . Public and non-profit organizations are excluded from this list , whereas multiple accounts from the same organization are consolidated into one . This results in a sample of 2 , 300 private firms covering 125 , 000 subscribers . Whether a firm is active is inferred from call detail records from all the phones registered under the corresponding corporate subscriber account . Call records contain the identity of the parties involved in the communication , as well as the timing of the communication and the location of the antenna where the call was initiated . The raw data were provided by a major mobile phone operator in Afghanistan and processed by Blumenstock et al . ( 2018 ) . For this paper , the data were made available at the district level , on a monthly basis , for the period from April 2013 to April 2016 . Formal firms", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 111, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1508, "end": 1527, "text": "call detail records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "New Financial * * | 3a . SMEguarantee facilitystudycompleted | _yes_ | | | * * Products * * | 3b . Scale-upof agricoltural risk insurance | _yes_ | | | | 3c . Housingfinance facilityfeasibilitystudy | _yes_ | | 4 | * * Enhancing Professional Skills in * * | 4a . Introducingcertificationprograms for bankers and insurers | _yes_ | | | * * the Financial Sector * * | 4b . EIBI conductingregular trainings usingrevised and updated curricula | _yes_ | # # # * * M & E implementation * * Weak and irregular implementation of M & E is a major shortcoming of the project . Several issues articulated in the project ‟ s Implementation Status Reports ( ISR ) and supervision reports confirm this impression : a critical failure noted in this regard was the absence of a dedicated M & E officer within the PIU . < sup > 10 < / sup > Moreover , the report of the first implementation mission , recommended the revision of the economic research indicators ( reported as indicators 1c , 1d , and 1e in the table above ) to ensure the accurate measurement of improvements against measurable baseline indicators . While this is a shortcoming attributable to design rather than to implementation , the staff of the NBE research department were supposed to review and develop measurable indicators to address this identified concern . The recommendation was not implemented and consequently these indicators were never collected , preventing accurate analysis . Baseline values ( as showed in the next section ) were inaccurate and misleading . Following initial compliance with M & E collection requirements , the data became increasingly poor and inconsistent , with no new data collected since September 2009 ( i . e . two years before the final project closing date ) . For some indicators ( e . g . indicators 1a and 1b ) , the scale of measurement changed without notice or explanation from quantitative (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 12 December 2001 Page 35 of 9 * * THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL * * Operational Policies * * # # # # * * Annex2 : * * # # # # * * Outline of a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) * * # # # # # � * * Introduction – Project Background * * - Brief introduction about the project - List of project components - Description of project components causing land acquisition and resettlement . Overall estimates of land acquisition and resettlement . - * * Minimizing resettlement * * - Describe efforts made for minimizing resettlement - Describe the result of these efforts # # # # # � * * Census and Socio-economic Surveys * * - Identify all categories of impacts ( loss of property and assets ; loss of livelihood ; impacts on groups and communities ) - Give formats and tables for census surveys - Provide outlines for socio-economic survey - Summarize process for consultations on the results of the census surveys - Describe need and mechanism to conduct updates , if necessary # # # # # � * * Resettlement Policy and Legal Framework * * - Identify areas of conflict between local laws and World Bank policies , and projectspecific mechanisms to address conflicts - Provide a definition of project affected persons - Describe entitlement categories for each category of impact - Describe method of evaluation used for affected structures , land , trees and other assets - Provide entitlement matrix # # # # # � * * Resettlement Sites * * - Does the project need community relocation ? Have these been approved by the PAPs ? - Give layouts and designs of residential sites _These policies were prepared for use by World Bank staff and are not necessarily a complete treatment of the subject . _", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 628, "text": "Census and Socio-economic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 789, "end": 803, "text": "census surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 827, "end": 848, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 909, "end": 923, "text": "census surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Agro-Economic Survey . Basic technical , economic , and < sup > social < / sup > data of the people and farming systems in the project area would be surveyed . Data obtained would enable rational recommendations to be made for the future development of agriculture in the project area . Studies of this type have not been made previously in the project < sup > area . < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 20, "text": "Agro-Economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * FRAGILITY AND POPULATION MOVEMENT IN AFGHANISTAN * * Third , * * _particular attention should be devoted to minimizing any possible negative impact of displacement on human capital investments for future generations . _ * * Evidence suggests that the lack human capital is the main determinants of the risk of poverty and that households are likely to respond to negative shocks by pulling children out of school . While a comprehensive safety net system could help mitigating such negative consequences , bureaucratic barriers such as residency status and transferability of school records could negatively impact displaced or , more generally , mobile populations . Moreover , given the prevalence of mobility and displacement in Afghanistan , greater focus should be devoted to investing in functional literacy and skill-development programs that display greater portability and provide displaced individuals with greater access to economic opportunities , wherever they end up being . Lastly , evidence suggests that migrants will likely continue to converge towards Afghanistan ’ s urban centers as they seek better security , jobs , and services . _Urbanization trends require immediate intervention by local authorities to increase shelter capacity and access to services . National and provincial authorities should further recognize that , in the medium and long term , _ * * _local integration in urban and semi-urban areas is inevitable and it requires adequate planning_ * * _to maximize the returns from urban agglomeration , for example by investing in connectivity and accessibility , while ensuring access to basic services and a minimum standard of living . _ # # * * ENDNOTES * * 1 . UN Population Movement Bulletin , Issue 5 , 7 Sept , 2016 . 2 . Based on UNHCR assisted returns data , 78 percent of returns occurred between 2002 and 2006 . Districts with “ high ” intensity of returns in 2007 had an average share of returnees over the population of 70 percent . 3 . Returnee households are considered to have “ reintegrated ” successfully if they were able to return to the place where they used to live before displacement , and if they were able", "spans": [{"start": 1779, "end": 1806, "text": "UNHCR assisted returns data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "program initiation . Virtually all barangays had received the program by Round 3 , with one exception ( N = 32 ) which we also excluded from the analysis . Based on information on the start of the program provided by the project implementation office that controls procurement and the release of funds , the duration of exposure apparently was dependent on administrative lags in central procurement rules and centralized actions rather than on preferences in the program areas . Data from this office indicate that due to lags in disbursements , in 70 percent of program barangays , the program did not get started until after the first round of data was collected , and in another 29 percent , not until after the second round . In the second round , lack of funds or delays in releasing funds were a problem reported by 28 of the 33 municipality-level ECD project teams with available data , and was the most common implementation problem they named ( OPS 2005 ) . * * Table 7 . Percentage Distribution of Children across Exposure Categories by Age , Philippines ECD Study * * | Age in years < br > ( Round 3 ) | < 4 months | 4-12 months | 13-16 months | 17 + months | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 | 4 . 42 ( 24 ) | 33 . 2 ( 180 ) | 32 . 6 ( 177 ) | 29 . 8 ( 162 ) | 100 ( 543 ) | | 3 | 6 . 13 ( 53 ) | 33 . 7 ( 291 ) | 28 . 4 ( 245 ) | 31 . 8 ( 275 ) | 100 ( 864 ) | | 4 | 6 . 51 ( 50 ) | 34 . 4 ( 264 ) | 28 . 4 ( 218 ) | 30 . 7 ( 236 ) | 100 ( 768 ) | | 5 | 5 . 67 ( 49 ) | 39 . 2 ( 339 ) | 24 . 1 ( 209 ) | 31 . 1 ( 269 ) |", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 501, "text": "Data from this office", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "those found with labor market surveys , we confirm both that they are very high for poorer countries and that they decrease sharply with development , consistent with the literature . However , we also find that across a wide range of measures and functional forms , physical productivity elasticities are very low or negative in developing countries . These findings are consistent because while agglomeration appears to put downward pressure on firm mark-ups , marginal costs rise steeply with density . Hence , the higher wage and TFPR elasticities are largely driven by higher urban costs which , once adjusted for , leave no gains in efficiency of physical productivity with density . The adverse combination of very low efficiency and high marginal cost elasticities appears to diminish on both fronts with development - Chile , the richest country in our sample , shows both positive efficiency and negative cost elasticities . The finding of limited or negative physical productivity growth with urbanization , which we term “ sterile agglomeration , ” is likely due to the fact that developing world cities are often not being driven by structural transformation and positive agglomeration effects , but more likely by natural resource and aid rents , in-migration driven by a variety of push factors ( e . g . poor basic services in rural areas ) , access to political power , and location near markets given poor transport infrastructure . # * * References * * Ackerberg , Daniel A , Kevin Caves , and Garth Frazer . 2015 . “ Identification Properties of Recent Production Function Estimators . ” Econometrica 83 ( 6 ) : 2411 – 2451 . Ades , Alberto F . and Glaeser , Edward L . 1995 . Trade and Circuses : Explaining Urban Giants . The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 110 ( 1 ) : 195-227 Amiti , M . , O . Itskhoki , and J . Konings 2019 . International shocks , variable markups , and domestic prices . The Review of Economic Studies . Atkin , D . , B . Faber , and M . Gonzalez-Navarro . 2018 . “ Retail Globalization and Household Welfare : Evidence from Mexico . ” Journal of Political Economy 126 ( 1 ) : 1 –", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 37, "text": "labor market surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 1987-97 * * | * * 196 * * | * * 1997 * * | * * Growth rates of exorts and imorts ( % ) * * | | _g g , _ < br > Agriculture | | | < br > t-17 . 8 | < br > < br > . | * * p p * * | | < br > Industry < br > | | | - 23 . 8 | | so | | Manufacturing | | | | | | | Services | | | - 35 . 0 | | o < br > / | | Private consumption | | | | | 93 < br > 97 | | < br > General government consumption | . . | . . | | . . | < br > | | Gross domestic investment | . 4 . | 9 | | - 5 . 9 | * * _ ' 4_ * * | | Imports of goods and services | * * . . * * | * * . . * * | - 12 . 9 | 1 . 3 | - < br > Exports < br > imports | | Gross national product | | | | | | Note : 1997 data are preliminary estimates . ' The diamonds show tour kev indicators in the countrv ( in bold ) compared with its income-aroup average . _If_ data are missinq . the diamond will be incomplete .", "spans": [{"start": 651, "end": 660, "text": "1997 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _ < mark > PAD DATA SHEET < / mark > _ * * # # * * _ < mark > Lebanese Republic < / mark > _ * * _ < mark > Creating Economic Opportunities in Support of the Lebanon National Jobs Program ( P163576 ) < / mark > _ # # * * < mark > PROGRAM FOR RESULTS PROGRAM APPRAISAL DOCUMENT < / mark > * * _ < mark > Middle East and North Africa < / mark > _ | Date : | June 6 , 2018 | Sectors : | < br > Finance , Competitiveness and < br > Innovation < br > Social Protection and Jobs | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country < br > Director : < br > | Saroj Kumar Jha | Themes : | < br > Jobs , Trade , Active Labor Market < br > Programs , < br > Investment Promotion , < br > Regulations , < br > Public-Private Partnerships , < br > Telecoms , < br > Special Economic Zones | | Practice < br > Manager : | Nabila Assaf , Hana Brixi , < br > David Robalino | | | | Global Practice < br > Vice President : | Jan Walliser , Annette Dixon | | | | Program ID : | P163576 | | | | Team < br > Leader ( s ) : | Peter Mousley , Haneen Sayed , < br > Thomas Farole | | | | Program Implementation < br > Period : 5 years < br > Expected Financing < br > Effectiveness Date : | Start Date : < br > January 1 , 20 < br > January 1 , 201 | 19 < br > 9 | End Date : < br > December 31 , 2023 | | Expected Financing Closi < br > Date : | ng < br > December 31 ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 4 | - 28 . 9 | 50 . 2 | 85 . 9 | - 35 . 7 | | Mongolia 2000 | 41 . 0 | 58 . 0 | - 17 . 0 | 47 . 1 | 72 . 6 | - 25 . 5 | | Mozambique 1996 < sup > # < / sup > | 34 . 2 | 49 . 2 | - 15 . 0 | 29 . 3 | 48 . 4 | - 19 . 1 | | Romania1995 < sup > # < / sup > | 57 . 7 | 79 . 2 | - 21 . 5 | 35 . 7 | 83 . 7 | - 48 . 0 | _Note_ : < sup > + < / sup > Maximum age is 14 in Burundi . < sup > # < / sup > Survey includes vision , hearing , speech , and physical disabilities . 12 The countries included in the Wagstaff ( 2000 ) study are Brazil , Cote d ’ Ivoire , Ghana , Nepal , Nicaragua , Pakistan , Philippines , South Africa , Vietnam . 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economies can take advantage of external economies of scale , increasing their productivity and providing better jobs to their populations . For instance , recent statistics , such as the road infrastructure index and the export market penetration index , suggest that the region is behind similar regions in other parts of the world . Then , it is critical to have a complete assessment of the aggregate and distributional impacts of these market integration policies . To do that , we match the model to the data by recovering economic fundamentals such as total factor productivity measures and amenities . Then , we simulated in the model three different interventions : 1 . Implementation of trade facilitation reforms 2 . Accession to the EU 3 . New infrastructure The results suggest that coordination among economies is imperative for some of these policies to be successful . For example , if there is coordination , the trade facilitation reform can generate 8 % additional gains relative to a counterfactual in which each economy does it independently . Similarly , if these economies are part of the EU , the gains are amplified by an additional 6 % . Both results indicate the importance of synergies from combining different interventions . Moreover , accession of the Western Balkans to the EU can positively impact some neighboring countries due to trade linkages . Countries such as Romania , Hungary , or Bulgaria can experience gains of around 0 . 2 % because they will benefit more from trade with the Western Balkans . Thus , Governments from these countries need to coordinate with the Western Balkans to take advantage of these potential opportunities . Finally , regarding the impact of infrastructure , we find that roads have a substantial effect on trade linkages and on welfare . However , roads seem to have a more significant impact when these economies are already part of the EU , suggesting that there are synergies in implementing the two interventions together and that governments can spur economic growth by combining the two policies . In conclusion , as the world navigates an increasingly uncertain trade landscape , it is more important than ever to preserve and nurture international integration as a key driver of economic growth , job creation", "spans": [{"start": 188, "end": 213, "text": "road infrastructure index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 222, "end": 253, "text": "export market penetration index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "selected six to nine research participants ( maximum one per enlisted household , always the head of the household ) according to the following criteria : _i ) _ engaging in commercial farming ; _ii ) _ having cultivated or planning to cultivate maize ; _iii ) _ reporting land holdings from two to six acres ; _iv ) _ having a mobile money account . The participants in the Burchardi et al . ( 2022 ) experiment were enrolled at the end of 2016 and had participated in up to four survey interviews and one willingness-to-pay elicitation by the time the field work for the experiment in this paper started ; all research activities connected to Burchardi et al . ( 2022 ) were completed by 2017 . The data I use come from four surveys : an in-person baseline survey , an in-person willingness-to-pay elicitation survey , a phone follow-up survey , an in-person follow-up survey . All surveys have been written by the research team and approved by the Ugandan ethics authorities . The enumerators who administered the survey have at least a high school diploma , speak the Eastern local languages ( Ateso , Japadhola , Luganda , Lugisho , Swahili ) and were recruited through a local research firm . The timeline of data collection is summarized in Figure A . 1 , while Appendix F provides details about each variable used > 10www . gaez . fao . org > 11Villages are commonly referred to as LC1 ( Local Council 1 ) in Uganda , and they are the smallest administrative unit , governed by a chairperson ( LC1 chairperson ) and nine executive committee members . 10", "spans": [{"start": 771, "end": 818, "text": "in-person willingness-to-pay elicitation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the World Bank likewise notes the following : “ Open data are those that are freely and easily accessible , machine-readable , and explicitly unrestricted in use . Open data aren ’ t necessarily big , and big data aren ’ t necessarily open . ” < sup > 29 < / sup > Drawing on these conceptions , the Open Data Charter , which was first signed in July 2013 , further delineates the difference between Open Data , and what constitutes _Open Government Data_ , which is the central concept of the present research . In particular , the Charter “ recognizes that the term “ government data ” includes , but is not limited to , data held by national , regional , local , and city governments , international governmental bodies , and other types of institutions in the wider public sector . ” < sup > 30 < / sup > Given the plurality of perspectives on these closely interrelated topics , the present research will rely on — for the sake of simplicity and clarity — a two-part definition of OGD as put forth by the OECD . < sup > 31 < / sup > Such a conception marries two constituent elements : ( i ) “ government data , ” which includes “ any data and information produced or commissioned by public bodies ; ” and “ open data , ” which , similar to other definitions , “ can be freely used , re-used and distributed by anyone , only subject to ( at the most ) the requirement that users attribute the data and that they make their work available to be shared as well . ” < sup > 32 < / sup > The current research question also relates to a growing literature on transparency and conceptions of “ openness ” in government . Similar to what constitutes OGD , transparency has no single definition nor is there a single indicator to measure it . Instead , transparency takes on a variety of different meanings and measures across organizations and within the literature . Khemani ( 2016 ) provides one of the simplest and most straightforward definitions of transparency as “ citizen access to publicly available information about > 25 Open Data", "spans": [{"start": 1099, "end": 1114, "text": "government data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more prominent in smaller farmers . Figure 4 . 1 illustrates graphically the results from Table 4 . 2 and shows how beyond a certain point increasing the use of fertilizer has an adverse effect on yields . * * Figure 4 . 1 Urea and rice yields in 2007 – 2SLS model estimation * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rice yields ( kg / ha ) < br > 2SLS Model Estimation < br > Actual urea use ( kg / ha ) < br > 0 200 400 600 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Bank staff calculations . The analysis in this section supports the notion that urea usage has a positive impact on yields , with the exception of the larger farms , but it still leaves some questions unanswered . It does not answer whether the costs at which this improvement in yields is achieved outweigh the benefits . Neither does it discuss whether alternative public spending ( on irrigation , improved R & D or extension services ) may actually have a larger impact on productivity than the subsidization of fertilizer . To assess the benefits of fertilizer subsidies in terms of rice production , one can look at the elasticities estimated in the model in Tables 4 . 2 and 4 . 3 and calculate the decline in urea usage and in yields that an increase in the price of the fertilizer would cause . A removal of the fertilizer subsidy and therefore an increase in prices from the average urea price paid by rice farmers according to the 2007 survey ( Rp 1 , 524 / kg ) to the estimated market price of Rp 2 , 170 . 5 / kg would translate into lower consumption of urea and a decrease of 6 . 3 percent in yields per hectare . ( That is , assuming the effect of all other inputs is constant . ) If one translates this decline to the total rice production for 2008 , then , production would have been 3 . 8 million tons lower ( from the estimated production of 60 . 3 million tons by", "spans": [{"start": 1434, "end": 1445, "text": "2007 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interventions are community targeted , and at a scale that allows for local operation and maintenance . KISIP has contracted CAS Consultants Ltd . to undertake consultancy services for socioeconomic surveys , infrastructure upgrading plans , and detailed engineering designs in selected informal settlements in Nairobi , Machakos , and Naivasha municipalities . In Machakos Municipality , the beneficiary informal settlements are Kariobangi , and Swahili ; while in Nairobi they are Kayole Soweto and KCC ( Embakasi ) ; and , in Naivasha they are Kihoto , Karagita , Kamere , and Tarabete / Kasarani informal settlements . As part of the consultancy , a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement that is acceptable to KISIP , the WB , and NEMA is required . This report is in fulfilment of this output . The overall objective of the RAP Report is to present an entitlement resettlement assistance package that is aimed at adequately re-installing persons from the Informal Settlement that would be affected on implementation of KISIP in the Settlement - an action which is reasoned necessary toward effective implementation of KISIP . This is undertaken with the overall intent of minimising and reversing negative effects of the losses and disruptions brought upon these people . Toward development of this RAP report , a census survey of Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) was undertaken . Reference was in addition made on The Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) for KISIP , as well as other reports on the settlement the consultant has completed and handed over to KISIP as per ToR , namely : Inception Report ; Conceptual Design Report ; Detailed Design Report ; Draft ESIA Report ; and , Draft Socio-Economic Report . Also considered were the requirements of : a ) The laws of Kenya with regard to land tenure , development , usage , and compulsory acquisition ; and , b ) World Bank Operational Policy ( OP ) 4 . 12 on compensation . vii March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1397, "text": "census survey of Project Affected Persons", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SIDS in table 4 was 61 percent of GDP in 2022 , compared to the average of 65 percent of GDP for all EMDEs . < sup > 19 < / sup > Nevertheless , public debt ratios vary greatly among SIDS and current high levels of public debt are identified in the DSAs as major contributors to risks of debt distress in more than a third of SIDS . However , vulnerability to macroeconomic , financial or natural disaster-induced shocks contributes to the risk of debt distress in an even larger number of SIDS , including those with low or moderate public debt ratios . # * * _4 . 2 The Composition of Public Debt by Creditor_ * * Domestic debt comprises 38 percent of total public debt on average for the 34 SIDS in table 5 , and external debt 62 percent , although domestic debt is generally larger as a share of total debt for those SIDS with the highest levels of public debt . Domestic debt is mostly held by local financial institutions , especially banks and public provident funds , although for most SIDS , there are no comprehensive data showing a breakdown of domestic debt by type of creditor . * * Table 6 Composition of Public Debt by Creditor ; averages for 21 SIDS ( % of total ) * * | * * _Category_ * * < br > * * _ ( number of_ * * < br > * * _countries ) _ * * | * * _PPG debt to_ * * < br > * * _GDP ( % ) _ * * | * * _Share of tota_ * * | * * _l PPG debt by ty_ * * | * * _pe and creditor_ * * | * * _ ( % ) _ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Multilateral < br > debt | Official < br > bilateral debt | Private < br > and < br > other < br > external debt | Domestic < br > debt | | * * _Full sample_ * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 253, "text": "DSAs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Pre-1991 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | | 1991-2000 | 0 | 21 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 50 | | 2001-2010 | 15 | 18 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 62 | | 2011-2020 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 16 | 32 | | 2021-2024 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | | * * Total * * | * * 19 * * | * * 48 * * | * * 30 * * | * * 10 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 37 * * | * * 152 * * | Source : ( Akcura 2024 ) _Unbundling : _ One of the key sector reforms has been separating network from generation and retail functions . Transmission unbundling in particular has been pursued as countries transitioned out of VIU into SBM and WRC structures , although the degree of unbundling varies between countries ( Figure 12 ) . Based on Global Power Market Structures Database , as of July 2024 , 93 economies have instituted some type of unbundling of their power transmission . Most have unbundled transmission in phases starting with separating the financial accounts of the VIU for each segment , then to organizationally separate functions , and progressing to create separate legal entity responsible for transmission which formalizes the separation created through accounting and functional unbundling . In some countries , primarily in Western Europe , ownership unbundled transmission such that the company owning and operating a network is not allowed to be active in any competitive segment of the electricity supply chain nor have an interest with respect to those activities . This ensures that there is no conflict between those who control the network and market participants ( IPPs , traders , retailers", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 817, "text": "Global Power Market Structures Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which requires additional information unavailable at this stage , such as the quality of rice seeds , irrigation and soil . > 8 Labor costs : The number of workers multiplied by their reported salary . For those non-wage workers , the average salary for men and women is assumed for the estimation . An alternate specification used labor inputs measured in man days per hectare and showed similar results . > 9 The rice price influences the quantity of urea used by providing farmers with the means and incentives to buy fertilizer . Although the dried grain price at which farmer ’ s sell their output rice ( the information provided in the survey ) may differ from the price farmers faced when buying inputs ( not provided by the survey ) , both prices will be strongly correlated . Therefore , this model uses this post-harvest information from the survey as a proxy for the rice price . * * 12 * *", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 858, "text": "post-harvest information from the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MINISTRY OF FINANCE PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT IDA CREDIT No . 5766 - ET SCHEDULE OF MOVEMENTS IN BIRR ACCOUNT * * | Foryear ended < br > * * 7 * * July20 < br > Accountnumber < br > 0100101 < br > Depositorybank < br > National < br > Address < br > AddisAb | 21 < br > 040680 < br > Bankof Ethiopia < br > aba , Ethiopia | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Currency < br > Ethiopian | Birr | | | | * * 2021 * * < br > * * EthiopianBirr * * | * * 2020 * * < br > * * EthiopianBirr * * | | Beginningbalance * * - 7 * * July 2020 < br > Transferfrom * * USD * * desinated At | * * 56 , 379 , 754 * * < br > | * * _16 , 449_ * * < br > | | g ccoun | 564879 , 75 | * * 156 , 097 , 900 * * | | Less : TransferstoProjectimprementingagencieF < br > ( RegionsandotherGovernmentoffices ) < br > | * * 75 , 867 , 643 * * | * * 172 , 942 , 860 * * | | Tigray | | | | < br > Afar | * * - * * | * * 1 , 345 , 187 * * < br > | | Amhara | * * - * * | * * 2 , 935 , 394 * * | | < br > Oromia | * * - * * | * * 8 , 652 , 095 * * | | Somali | * * - * * | * * 5 , 816 , 761 * * < br > | | Benshangul Gumuz | * *", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 123, "text": "ET SCHEDULE OF MOVEMENTS IN BIRR ACCOUNT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to do transactions with either a branch or an agent . In that sense , they have a choice between at least two alternatives . Still , agents are likely to be physically closer to many potential clients , have longer opening hours and transactions may take less time and be less formal than at a branch . Lacking client survey data , however , we again rely on indirect tests of these hypotheses . Controlling for population and population density ( both of which should be positively associated with the frequency and volumes of agent transactions ) , potential clients in less commercially developed municipalities might benefit less from the convenience of , or have less need for , agents . That is , clients in commercially active municipalities might have greater appreciation for the timesaving convenience of an agent , and thus agent transactions might be more frequent in those areas . < sup > 20 < / sup > While agent transactions are likely to be heavier in commercially developed municipalities , how the general level of local financial development affects agent transactions is harder to predict . On the one hand , the level of financial development may simply be an indication that the local demand for financial services is high , and thus we would expect more transactions from both agents and other providers in financially developed municipalities . But the demand for financial services is likely to be strongly linked to the level of local commercial activity . Since we already control for the level of local commercial development in our regressions , financial development could be negatively related to agents ’ transactions to the extent that the financial services provided by agents are substitutes for those from other providers . > 20 We are assuming that population density serves as a proxy for the number of potential clients that are near an agent . In that sense , density provides information on the convenience associated with reduced travel time to agents rather than branches . In a separate ongoing field experiment , we study how the density of the local FINCA agent network ( i . e . , the number of agents in close proximity ) affects the financial behavior of clients and the profitability of", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 329, "text": "client survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "different from that between imported and domestic varieties , ( ii ) Chinese share in total imports of that good is strictly positive , and ( iii ) the exchange rate pass-through is non-zero . < sup > 7 < / sup > Given our assumption regarding the symmetric elasticity of substitution between imported varieties , , the effect of a change in China ’ s exchange rate changes vis-à-vis country , , on country ’ s imports of a good from country , , does not depend on any exporter attribute . This makes Equation ( 8 ) less amenable to empirical analysis . For example , if in order to test the prediction in Equation ( 8 ) , we were to regress the import demand at the exporterimporter-product level on the Chinese exchange rate vis-à-vis the importing country , we would not be able to include destination country fixed effects . We could , of course , strive to include all the relevant destination country attributes explicitly , but the effect of the exchange rate would not be estimated precisely because we would inevitably fail to control for certain unobserved sources of variation at the destination country ( or destination-year ) level . One way to have such more general controls is to introduce more variation — for example , across exporters — in the right hand side of Equation ( 8 ) . This would allow importer demand at the exporter-importer-product level to be regressed on a term that had all three sources of variation , which in turn would allow the inclusion of general fixed effects in the regression . To find such variation across exporters , we consider country ’ s imports , , from country of a particular bundle of goods , defined at a higher level of aggregation . In our empirical analysis , we use trade data at the Harmonized System ( HS ) 6-digit . Therefore is defined at the HS 6-digit level . Country ’ s imports of ( at say the HS 4-digit level ) can be expressed as : > 7 Note that in Broda and Weinstein ( 2006 ) , , i . e . the elasticities of substitution between imported varieties equals the elasticity of substitution between home and", "spans": [{"start": 1727, "end": 1737, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > In rural and peri-urban areas , unauthorized occupation of housing , land , and property is widespread , particularly since 1991 . While certain cases of secondary occupation , such as the use of commercial government farms , require reversal , it is vital to protect secondary occupants from homelessness , forced eviction , or other human rights violations . In practice , secondary occupants with legitimate humanitarian needs may voluntarily vacate premises if their housing issues are resolved through the provision of alternative dwellings , land parcels , or compensation . < / mark > # # * * < mark > Housing and Property Restitution < / mark > * * < mark > Somalia continues to face longstanding pre-conflict ownership and tenancy disputes , some of which existed before the civil war . In many cases , no clear title to land or dwellings exists , while in others , multiple claimants have laid competing claims to the same property . HLP actors have found that humanitarian intervention is necessary to resolve such disputes , which , if left unaddressed , can become sources of renewed conflict and instability . < / mark > # # * * < mark > Plural Legal System and Weak Legal and Policy Framework < / mark > * * < mark > Addressing HLP issues in Somalia is further complicated by a plural legal system , including customary ( xeer ) , Islamic Shari ’ a , and statutory legal frameworks , which often conflict with one another . Additionally , the national legislation on HLP rights is internally inconsistent and misaligned with international legal standards . Humanitarian and development partners can play a critical role in harmonizing Somalia ’ s legal framework with international norms to ensure more effective protection of HLP rights . < / mark > # # * * < mark > Destruction of Ownership and Tenancy Records < / mark > * * < mark > The confiscation or destruction of HLP records — including property titles , local cadastres , and registries — has severely impacted land rights in Somalia . Without such records , proving ownership", "spans": [{"start": 1896, "end": 1907, "text": "HLP records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1960, "end": 1970, "text": "registries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "biases due to sample truncation . We check a plausible explanation for the evidence that IPW corrected estimates are not substantially di \u001b erent . If coresidency rates across districts are not signi cantly correlated with Inpres treatment intensity , then we expect IPW corrected estimates of the causal e \u001b ects to be similar to the unweighted estimates in Table 2 and Table 3 . For this exercise , we estimate the e \u001b ects of Inpres schools on coresidency rates across districts using the same DiD design adopted in our main empirical analysis . The estimates are reported in Table B . 8 below . The coe cient of Inpres treatment intensity is not signi cant at the 10 percent level for both sons and daughters . This suggests that sample truncation from coresidency in the census data do not bias the estimated causal e \u001b ects in any signi cant manner . This is consistent with the evidence of Akresh et al . ( 2018 ) who nd that correction of coresidency bias does not have any substantial e \u001b ect on their estimates of intergenerational e \u001b ects of Inpres schools ( e \u001b ects on the children of mothers exposed to Inpres while school aged ) . # References - Akresh , R . , Halim , D . , and Kleemans , M . ( 2018 ) . Long-term and Intergenerational E \u001b ects of Education : Evidence from School Construction in Indonesia . NBER Working Papers 25265 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Inc . - Azam , M . and Bhatt , V . ( 2015 ) . Like Father , Like Son ? Intergenerational Educational Mobility in India . Demography , 52 ( 6 ) : 1929 \u0015 1959 . - Emran , M . S . , Greene , W . , and Shilpi , F . ( 2018 ) . When Measure Matters : Coresidency , Truncation Bias , and Intergenerational Mobility in Developing Countries . Journal of Human Resources , 53 ( 3 ) : 589 \u0015 607 . - Emran , M . S . and Shilpi , F . ( 2011 ) . Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Rural Economy : Evidence from Nepal and Vietnam . Journal of Human", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "substantially higher in cantons with larger reliance on direct democracy , including fiscal referendums . < sup > 150 < / sup > Somewhat more broadly , research has argued that tax collection and compliance often increase following the election of new governments , because of renewed popular trust following successful elections . < sup > 151 < / sup > The importance of accountability in shaping trust and tax compliance among business taxpayers has been comparatively under-researched , though some key messages have begun to emerge . In general , relative to individuals , businesses appear more concerned about the creation of specific , and comparatively narrow , forums for participation in shaping government action , as these forums may most directly address their core interests and concerns . In Ethiopia , concerns about the arbitrary application of presumptive taxes on small businesses led state governments to invite business associations to joint assessment committees . < sup > 152 < / sup > In Ghana , initial efforts to tax the informal sector were pursued through the introduction of “ associational taxation ” by which tax collection > 147 Sjoberg , F . , Mellon , J . , Peixoto , Hemker , J . , & Tsai , L . , ( 2019 ) . Voice and Punishment : A Global Survey Experiment on Tax Morale . . _World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 88558855 . _ Washington : World Bank . > 148 Timmons , J . , & Garfias , F . ( 2015 ) . Revealed corruption , taxation and fiscal accountability : Evidence from Brazil . _World Development_ , 70 : 13-27 . > 149 Touchton , M . , Wampler , B . , & Peixoto , T . ( 2019 ) . Of governance and revenue : Participatory institutions and tax compliance in Brazil . _World Bank Group , Policy Research Working Paper 8797 . _ Washington : World Bank . > 150 Torgler , B . ( 2005 ) . Tax morale and direct democracy . _European Journal of Political Economy_ , 21 : 525-531 . > 151 Prichard , W . ( 2015 ) . _Taxation , responsiveness and accountability in developing countries : The dynamics of tax bargaining_ . Cambridge : Cambridge University", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "254 wards , depriving us of any electoral outcome data besides the party of the victor , meaning that regressions using vote shares and turnout are conducted on the 2 , 202 wards for which both poverty and electoral data are available . < sup > 11 < / sup > 67 of these wards submitted no applications to TASAF II , and so the analysis of the percent of applications funded is conducted in 2 , 135 wards . Table 1 provides summary statistics on the ward-level sample in the left panel , and on the household survey data in the right . # * * 4 . Estimation Strategy * * Our estimation strategy is influenced by Galasso and Ravallion ( 2005 ) who provide an empirical structure for testing the additional contribution of local information gained through decentralization . In particular , they define the information set held by the central planners and then use a household dataset to construct a much richer definition of „ eligibility ‟ for the program than was available to central bureaucrats . They then attribute the additional poverty targeting achieved above and beyond that coming from the planners ‟ information set as the benefits arising from decentralized targeting . Our approach is inspired by this structure in the sense that the only component of TASAF II that was centrally dictated was the allocation of funds to the districts , and therefore all within-district targeting arises from the actions of decentralized agents . We therefore decompose the variation in targeting efficiency into a cross-district ( centralized ) and a within-district ( decentralized ) component . Using this structure , we can separately isolate the role of the clearly defined funding formula that drives allocation to the districts , and the complex decentralized process through which the districts allocate funding to the lower administrative levels . For each specification we present the univariate correlation between the headcount index and the outcome of interest . We then present a multivariate linear regression using an additional battery of controls , and we econometrically decompose the overall targeting efficiency into a between-district and a within-district component . Specifically , for ward _i_ in district _j , _ we estimate : > 11 Uncontested wards are slightly less likely to submit", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 519, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 863, "end": 880, "text": "household dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households with earnings under > 9 This list of programmes is not exhaustive but covers the largest components . > 10 In 2019 , 25 , 000 households were added , 30 , 000 more were added in 2020 , and further 30 , 000 more were planned for 2021 , first enrolling the ‘ poorest ’ ( according to the Takaful targeting methodology ) who were not already benefiting from NAF monthly cash transfer programs . The selection of Takaful beneficiaries is made based on a combination of formal / informal earnings and asset ownership filters , and then on a ranking of households on a poverty score . The benefit level per household is also determined based on a formula score , being around JOD 100 on average .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "projected before the disaster . The deviations in these variables were all much more pronounced than in the control group , with the exception of the changes in public debt , and both revenues and expenditures moved in the opposite direction to the control group . * * Table 3 . A Hurricane Erika on Dominica ( August 2015 ) : Deviations of macro-fiscal outcomes from projections made immediately prior to the disaster ( percent of GDP ) * * | | * * Dominica * * | | * * Other * * < br > < br > * * SIDS * * | * * Caribbean * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 2015 / 16 | 2016 / 17 | 2015 / 16 | 2016 / 17 | | GDP growth | - 1 . 4 | - 6 . 2 | - 0 . 8 | - 1 . 0 | | Govt Revenue | 26 . 4 | 23 . 8 | - 2 . 1 | - 2 . 3 | | Govt Expenditure | 11 . 1 | 19 . 3 | - 2 . 7 | - 2 . 2 | | Net Lending | 15 . 3 | 4 . 4 | 0 . 7 | - 0 . 1 | | Gross Public Debt | - 5 . 1 | 0 . 6 | - 5 . 6 | - 5 . 0 | _The figures in the table show the difference between the outcome for each variable and the projection made just before the disaster . Net lending is equivalent to the overall fiscal balance . _ # < u > Source : WEO database < / u > * * Table 3 . B Hurricane Maria on Dominica ( September 2017 ) : Deviations of macrofiscal outcomes from projections made immediately prior to the disaster ( percent of GDP ) * * | | * * Dominica * * | | * * Other * * < br > * * SIDS * * | * * Caribbean * * | | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1128, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Technical Pro < br > Planned < br > A | of < br > posal < br > ctual | Report and Draft < br > Negotiated Contract < br > Planned < br > Actual | Signed Contra < br > Planned < br > Act | ct < br > Contract Completion < br > ual < br > Planned < br > Actual | | PSNP / CS-QCBS / 01 / 17 / < br > Mapped Public Work Database < br > establishment | IDA / 55400 | Productive safety nets and < br > links to livelihoods services | Prior | | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - International | 900 , 000 . 00 | 725 , 111 . 27 < br > Completed | 2017-04-25 | | | 2017-05-16 < br > 2017 | - 05-04 < br > 2017-06-29 < br > 2017-12-05 | | 2017-07-25 | 2017-08-26 < br > 201 | 8-06-27 | 2017-09-30 < br > 2018-09-03 | 2017-11-04 < br > 2018 - | 09-04 < br > 2018-11-04 < br > 2020-09-17 | | ET-MANR-20227-CS-LCS / < br > Commodity Audit 2009 EFY | IDA / 55400 | Productive safety nets and < br > links to livelihoods services | Post | | Least Cost < br > Selection | Open - National | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2017-07-17 | 201 | 7-08-03 | 2017-08-07 | 2017-09-20 | | 2017-10-18 | 2017-11-17 | | 2017 -", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 328, "text": "Mapped Public Work Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : Descriptive Statistics of Key Variables * * | | Mean | S . D . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Hourly Wage | 1 . 4 | 1 . 6 | | Log ( wage ) | 0 . 0838 | 0 . 7307 | | Schooling ( years ) | 12 . 8 | 2 . 3 | | Experience ( years ) | 20 . 6 | 12 . 5 | | Experience-squared | 581 . 5 | 560 . 4 | | _Level of education ( percent ) _ | | | | No schooling | 0 . 3 | 0 . 1 | | Primary | 10 . 2 | 3 . 0 | | Secondary | 69 . 4 | 46 . 1 | | Tertiary | 20 . 1 | 40 . 1 | Source : AMSSW 2015 On average , the population of Azerbaijan has completed 13 years of schooling . That is , 69 percent of this sample has completed high school , 20 percent higher education , and only 10 percent of the population did not complete high school . This country has made a significant achievement in terms of high school graduation , but this accomplishment is not translated into higher graduation in university . On average , the labor force in Azerbaijan has 21 years of experience , suggesting a middle-aged workforce population . In this sample , the male employment rate is higher ( see Tables A1 and A2 in the Annex ) . However , female workers have half a year more schooling , and almost two years of more experience than men do . 9", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 489, "text": "AMSSW 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Attention is paid to < br > sub-group needs | Seldom is attention < br > paid to sub-groups < br > needs | No attention to < br > subgroups | | | * * Security / Law and order : * * Does the population | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 5 * * | Secondary Data or | | always feel safe in the district ? | Always < br > ( 0 incidentsper week ) | Very Often < br > ( > 1incidents / week ) | Often < br > ( > 2incidents / week ) | Seldom < br > ( > 3incidents / week ) | Never < br > ( > 4incidents / week ) | Focus Group | | * * Total * * | | | | | | | 11", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 277, "text": "Secondary Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 2 The Size Distribution of Firms * * Besides affecting the sectoral allocation of production and the aggregate gaps in productivity , frictions that misallocate resources will manifest also in the shape of the firm size distribution . Thus , it is informative to confront the measurement of misallocation that we perform below with some information about the shape of the firm size distribution in the countries that we cover in this study . Table 1 presents some descriptive statistics . The table illustrates that , Kenyan firms , on average , are much larger ( in terms of the number of workers ) than firms in the other countries . While the average number of workers is approximately 145 in Kenya and 67 in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire , it is only 30 in Ethiopia and 29 in Ghana . The distribution of firm size in all countries is skewed to the left with the median firm in Kenya employing 34 workers while the corresponding figures in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire , Ethiopia and Ghana are only 9 , 8 and 12 workers , respectively . Figure 2 clearly shows that the size distribution of firms in Kenya looks different from the distribution in the other countries . < sup > 3 < / sup > Table 1 : Size Distribution of Firms | | * * Cote d ’ Ivoire * * | * * Ethi * * | * * opia * * | * * Gh * * | * * ana * * | * * Kenya * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Census ( 2012 ) | Census | ( 2011 ) | Censu | s ( 2003 ) | Census ( 2010 ) | | * * Size * * | * * N * * | * * N * * | * * N ( wt ) * * | * * N * * | * * N ( wt ) * * | * * N * * | | _ < _ 5 | 469 | 1 , 618", "spans": [{"start": 1378, "end": 1393, "text": "Census ( 2012 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1437, "end": 1452, "text": "Census ( 2010 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "events ( i . e . , political events ) , and the continuous control takes place to smooth out changes in the sol that inevitably result from adverse changes in economic fundamentals . As in Mundaca and Oksendal ( 1998 ) , the range of variation of the exchange rate is determined endogenously from the optimal stochastic intervention control problem . We test our model of stochastic control empirically using intra-daily data . Even when the period within which the BCRP would intervene has been made public ( between 11 : 00 and 13 : 30 everyday ) , forward-looking market participants still remain uncertain as to if or when interventions will take place . This uncertainty occurs because on a daily basis , the market does not know how much appreciation / depreciation on one side and volatility on the other side the BCRP is ready to tolerate . The market needs to assess the probability of intervention by the BCRP . Therefore , it should be not only interesting but also useful to analyze the effect of such uncertainty regarding the probability of intervening , and to compare it with the effect that past and public information on interventions may have on both the level and the volatility of the exchange rate itself . To carry out these tasks , our empirical model considers the unannounced future interventions as dichotomous , endogenous variables that both depend and affect the exchange rate . Modeling future interventions as endogenous is realistic because market participants make decisions on the exchange rate , taking into account their beliefs about possible central bank interventions in the foreign exchange markets . Finally , this study shows that the disturbances of the exchange rate mean equation are characterized not only by an autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic ( ARCH ) process but also by another source of heteroscedasticity , namely their correlation with the intervention variables . Accordingly , we allow expectations of central bank ’ s interventions enter as explanatory variables in the conditional mean and variance of the exchange rate . 5", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 425, "text": "intra-daily data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is to identify those features – denoted as _X_ – that offer most predictive power . Some approaches , such as stepwise regression , perform the selection simultaneously with model building , but the two tasks can also be split . 5 . _Modelling . _ The modelling step involves the development of a supervised learning model _f_ ( _X_ ) that predicts consumption per household member . Below we expand on the PMT approach to variable selection and modelling , and then propose an adjusted algorithm . 6 . _Targeting survey & prediction . _ Operationalizing a PMT requires the set of variables X to be queried from a list of potential beneficiaries . In addition to the features , this survey may include household characteristics that determine categorical programme eligibility , such as the number of school-age children , verification of household characteristics or identity via inspection of administrative documents . The model _f_ ( _X_ ) is applied to produce consumption estimates for the set of potential beneficiaries . Combining categorical and socio-economic eligibility , the list of beneficiaries is determined either by a ranking of household values ( in case of a beneficiary quota ) or via an absolute threshold that assigns eligibility if a given household ’ s income falls below it . To consider the link between these steps and the design considerations outlined before , note that both cost and verifiability are influenced by the questionnaire design of the targeting survey . The number and detail of questions and the associated verification routines are an important cost lever , especially in urban areas where travel times between households are short for enumerators . In terms of the PMT process shown in fig . 1 , verifiability is considered in the pre-selection step . The variable selection aspect of the modelling step also influences costs by shrinking the volume of questions . The implicit policy objective of the PMT algorithm is to achieve the best possible accuracy for a set of pre-selected questions . As such , the emphasis of the standard PMT approach is accuracy , rather than on cost reduction . The focus of this paper is on modelling , but note that targeting survey design and eligibility determination are also impacted by modelling choices :", "spans": [{"start": 1479, "end": 1495, "text": "targeting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Migali , S . & Scipioni , M . , 2019 . Who ' s About to Leave ? A Global Survey of Aspirations and Intentions to Migrate . _International Migration . _ Mussa , E . C . , 2020 . Youth Aspirations , Perceptions of Farming , and Migration Decisions in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa : Further Empirical Evidence From Ethiopia . _ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy No . 296 . _ < mark > National Bureau of Statistics . Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey ( COVID19 NLPS ) 2020-2021 , Phase 1 . Dataset downloaded from < / mark > < u > https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3712 < / u > < mark > on January 2 , 2024 < / mark > Nguyen , T . , 2008 . Information , Role Models and Perceived Returns to Education : Experimental Evidence from Madagascar . . _Working paper , MIT , Cambridge , MA . _ OECD , 2021 . _PISA 2025 Foreign Language Assessment Framework , _ s . l . : OECD Publishing . Pinquart , M . , Juang , L . P . & Silbereisen , R . K . , 2004 . The role of self-efficacy , academic abilities , and parental education in the change in career decisions of adolescents facing German unification . . _Journal of Career Development , _ 31 ( 2 ) , pp . 125-142 . Rao , V . & Walton , M . , 2004 . _Culture and Public Action . _ Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . 29", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 120, "text": "Global Survey of Aspirations and Intentions to Migrate", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 418, "end": 469, "text": "Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Zambia ’ s private sector must deliver quality jobs at scale to keep up with the expanding working age population , contribute to economic transformation , and reduce poverty . Based on population growth projections , Zambia needs to create over 10 million new jobs by 2050 to keep its labor force participation and employment rates from declining . The country ’ s working age population is projected to more than double between 2022 and 2050 ( Merotto 2017 ) . This growth will provide a demographic dividend if Zambia can drive productivity growth and economic transformation . However , if Zambia ’ s private sector fails to generate enough good jobs to absorb this expansion , economic growth will fail to permeate to the rest of the economy as new working-age Zambians will be unable to access productive opportunities . This will limit its impact on poverty reduction and increase the risk of upheaval . As well as creating new jobs , Zambia ’ s private sector needs to make existing jobs more productive . Low productivity is limiting Zambia ’ s potential to diversify its sources of growth and to create quality jobs and firms . While shifts in labor to higher-productivity sectors and within-sector productivity improvements can contribute to labor productivity growth and higher wages , Zambia ’ s private sector has had limited success in both areas . Lower-productivity sectors such as agriculture ( 58 . 7 percent of employment ) and wholesale and retail trade ( 14 . 1 percent ) still account for most employment . Existing high-productivity sectors tend to generate few jobs . These include financial services ( 0 . 5 percent of jobs ) and mining , which accounts for only 1 . 1 percent of jobs despite its role as Zambia ’ s primary export driver . Meanwhile , lower-productivity informal employment accounts for three-quarters of jobs , and within-sector productivity has generally been flat ( Zambia MLSS 2022 , World Bank 2024 ) . It is thus critical to identify the drivers of and barriers to productivity , formal employment , and formal wage growth in Zambia . Leveraging firm and worker administrative tax data from Zambia , this paper decomposes labor productivity and wage growth among formal firms", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 234, "text": "population growth projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2114, "end": 2165, "text": "firm and worker administrative tax data from Zambia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Bank Disbursement Table * * | # < br > DLI | Bank < br > financing < br > allocated < br > to the < br > DLI | Of whic < br > Financi < br > availabl < br > Prior < br > results | h < br > ng < br > e for < br > Adva < br > nces | Deadline for < br > DLI < br > Achievemen < br > t | Minimum DLI < br > value to be < br > achieved to < br > trigger < br > disbursements of < br > Bank Financing | Maximum DLI < br > value ( s ) < br > expected to be < br > achieved for < br > Bank < br > disbursements < br > purposes | Determination of Financing Amount to be disbursed against achieved and < br > verified DLI value ( s ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 < br > DLI 1 : Program < br > LGs have met < br > all Program < br > minimum < br > conditions < br > ( PMCs ) ( as < br > assessed by the < br > APA ) | 60 < br > million < br > US $ | First < br > APA | 0 | At point of < br > time for the < br > APA . | 1 MLG | 22 MLGS | Disbursement from the Bank is calculated on the basis of compliance of < br > MLGs with minimum access conditions . < br > Disbursement from the Bank to GoU will be determined as : < br > Compliance of MLGs with minimum access conditions : < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 51 | 2 . 38 | 6 . 08 | - 1 . 57 | - 5 . 72 | 1 . 07 | 6 . 79 | | Georgia | 1 . 49 | 0 . 27 | 2 . 16 | - 0 . 68 | - 0 . 27 | 1 . 25 | 1 . 53 | | Ghana | - 0 . 50 | 0 . 52 | 1 . 19 | - 1 . 69 | - 0 . 84 | - 1 . 02 | - 0 . 19 | | Guatemala | 2 . 82 | 0 . 33 | 3 . 78 | - 0 . 96 | - 0 . 19 | 2 . 57 | 2 . 76 | | Guinea | 2 . 56 | 0 . 85 | 4 . 93 | - 2 . 38 | - 1 . 63 | 1 . 82 | 3 . 45 | | Guinea-Bissau | 1 . 47 | 2 . 06 | 5 . 89 | - 4 . 42 | - 4 . 62 | - 1 . 69 | 2 . 93 | | Indonesia | 2 . 88 | 0 . 38 | 3 . 13 | - 0 . 25 | 0 . 63 | 3 . 05 | 2 . 42 | | Iraq | 1 . 33 | 0 . 25 | 1 . 79 | - 0 . 46 | 0 . 57 | 1 . 48 | 0 . 91 | | Jordan | 6 . 55 | 1 . 06 | 6 . 87 | - 0 . 32 | 2 . 64 | 7 . 58 | 4 . 94 | | Kenya | 2 . 83 | 1 . 25 | 7 . 64 | - 4 . 82 | - 2 . 24 | 1 . 61 | 3 . 85 | | Kyrgyz Republic | 1 . 10 | 0 . 30 | 1 . 82 | - 0 . 72 | - 0 . 21 | 1 . 01 | 1 . 22 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the elimination of country ’ s", "spans": [{"start": 906, "end": 914, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the developing world , the potential of highly low-cost socio-emotional interventions stands as highly policy relevant . We aim to fill this gap . We focus on Peru , a middle-income country that in recent years benefited from sustained economic growth along with substantial poverty reduction ( monetary poverty reduced from 54 % to 21 % to between 2000 and 2015 according to official statistics ) , but where schooling achievement remains very low and highly unequal – by 2018 , only 14 % and 16 % of students in the second grade of secondary level ( equivalent to the eighth-grade ) achieve a satisfactory performance in _Mathematics_ and _Reading Comprehension_ tests , respectively . < sup > 11 < / sup > Within this context , we evaluate the impact of a growth-mindset intervention in Peru . The intervention , called ‘ _ ¡ Expande tu Mente ! _ ’ , adapted existing tools ( Yeager et al , 2016 and 2019 ; Paunesku et al . , 2015 ) to a context in which online interventions are not feasible . The intervention , implemented with support from the Ministry of Education , consists of a 90-minute school session led by tutor teachers . To measure the impact of the sessions , 800 public schools were sampled in three regions in Peru . Two equally powered samples were created : a _metropolitan_ sample and a _regional_ sample . Within each sample , half of the institutions were randomly selected to participate in ‘ _ ¡ Expande tu Mente ! _ ’ . Packages were sent by courier and implementation monitored by phone . Tutor teachers from grades seven and eight ( the first two years of the secondary level ) were asked to deliver the sessions to all their students . Approximately 60 % of all eligible schools delivered the sessions . We used information from the students ’ census evaluation from 2015 and 2016 to test the academic impact of ‘ _ ¡ Expande tu Mente ! _ ’ sessions approximately 2 and 14 months after the intervention took place ( respectively ) . Results after 2 months show that being assigned to the sessions improved _Mathematics_ test scores by 5 % of a standard deviation ( the point estimate for", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 398, "text": "official statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1767, "end": 1795, "text": "students ’ census evaluation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 | Country , < br > L < br > economy , or < br > territory | ast ukbl < br > P < br > Date | ished < br > censu < br > opulation < br > ( 1000 ) * | s < br > Source for population < br > ( mid-1985 ) | Source for fertility < br > ( 1985-90 , unless indicated ) | Source for mortality < br > ( 1985-90 , unless Indicated ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Thailand | Apr 80 | 44825 F | Official < br > est . , National < br > Economic < br > and Social | Official < br > est . , National < br > Economic < br > and Social | Official < br > est . , National < br > Economic < br > and Social | | | | | Development < br > Board | Development < br > Board | Development < br > Board | | Togo | Nov 81 | 2705 F | Bank projection < br > from census | Bank assessment < br > of 1961 < br > and 1971 censuses | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | | Tokelau | Oct 82 | 2F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | - | - - | | Tonga | Nov 76 | < br > 90 J | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Bank est . | Bank est . | | Trinidad < br > and < br > Tobago | May 80 | < br > 1080 F | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | Based on 1987 OHS | 1980-85 , < br > U . N . 1984 < br > assessment ; < br > 1985-90 , < br > Bank projection | | Tunisia | Mar 84 | 6966 F | Bank projection from", "spans": [{"start": 1179, "end": 1187, "text": "1987 OHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > is decided to be expropriated to the < br > urban or rural land administration < br > office on the time schedule of the < br > office ( Article ( 8 ) ( 2 ) ) . < br > ▪ Where the land expropriated is under < br > illegal occupation , the occupant shall < br > evacuate < br > without < br > claim < br > for < br > compensation within 30 ( thirty ) days < br > of notice ( Article ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ) . < br > According to Council of Ministers < br > Regulations No . 472 / 2019 , a written < br > notice shall be sent to all concerned < br > landholders and proof of receipt by such < br > landholders shall beprovided . | As regards to eligibility of PAPs who < br > have no recognizable legal right or claim < br > to the land for compensation , national < br > laws are in a clear contradiction with the < br > requirements of the WB ’ s ESS 5 . For < br > example , national legislations do not < br > only < br > deny < br > the < br > rights < br > of < br > informal < br > landholders , but they also require them < br > to evacuate such land without claiming < br > compensation when expropriated for < br > public purposes . | It is recommended that the < br > WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements < br > are applied to the proposed < br > project . | | Cut-off date | ESS 5 requires that In conjunction with the < br > census , a cutoff date for eligibility shall be | Both the Constitution and Proclamation < br > No . 1161 / 2019 imply ( e . g . declaration of | The national legislation require the < br > expropriation order / notification to be | The < br > Ethiopian", "spans": [{"start": 1320, "end": 1326, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") be the return to education , and let _re_ ( _ · _ ) be the return to experience . While in school , where _rs_ ( _sit_ ) is the return to schooling level _sit_ . When not in school , where _re_ ( _sit , pit_ ) is the return to experience , which may depend on schooling _sit_ and on potential experience _pit ≡ ait − _ max _ { aw , sit } _ . Finally , GDP per person _pcGDPt_ equals total earnings divided by the population : We model human capital as earnings potential . Returns are based on earnings data . < sup > 14 < / sup > > 14 It could be that _rs_ and _re_ reflect different amounts of human capital . Alternatively , it could be that agents earn the same quantity of raw human capital in different countries but it is rewarded differently . Either interpretation of equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) is consistent with our quantitative exercises .", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 509, "text": "earnings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "jobs in some fields may fit certain gender stereotype beliefs held by employers . For example , many of the jobs advertised on the online portal for the finance field were for assistants , and a higher share of marketing jobs required knowledge of Microsoft Office and less advanced computer skills , as well as languages . This finding is in line with evidence found elsewhere . According to the World Economic Forum ( 2016 ) , the IT industry has a significant gender gap in female hirees , whereas women are more highly represented in sectors related to services . > 17 Unfortunately , no data are available to further verify this hypothesis . Implementing panel surveys in the future to carefully track the choices of graduates over time would be a good first step . 43", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 673, "text": "panel surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "local level along with normal food deliveries , did not work . Similarly , the school attendance program , meant to use food or cash transfers to help maintain school attendance of girl pupils during the drought , was implemented in only a few districts . The project generated direct employment for over 900 , 000 individuals ( who , according to an end-user survey , earned an average of 340 Birr ( US $ 40 . 00 ) from working on a sub-project ) . This was no doubt an important source of economic support , in part because it likely allowed the families to maintain ( or reduce destocking of ) their livestock . However , although the project created employment , it did not have a dedicated intervention for livelihood development . Therefore , many of the sub-projects with respect to soil and water conservation ( described below ) are likely to produce more general environmental benefits and strengthen future drought resilience rather than directly enhance livelihood prospects . ( ii ) To put in place infrastructure and support mechanisms to mitigate the medium term effects of current and future drought emergencies on vulnerable groups : rated * * Substantial * * . On the community assets side , there was a large range and number of physical achievements . Achievements in water development include 327 ponds , 127 micro-irrigation systems , 3 pump irrigation systems , 332 springs ( development and maintenance ) , 119 hand dug wells , and 22 roof water harvesting structures . Achievements in soil and water harvesting included construction of bunds and terraces , check dams , cut - off drains and waterways as well as range management and 13 . 4 million of tree seedlings planted . In addition , this component financed construction and maintenance of 2 , 940 km of roads , and rehabilitated 368 schools and 88 health posts . Consistent with the community-driven nature of these sub-projects , it had not been feasible to define ex - ante specific end-of-project target values ; hence , that yardstick is unavailable to measure project success . As explained above", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 366, "text": "end-user survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 | | Table 6 : Spatial price deflator based on WFP Standard Food Basket ( SFB ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 | | Table 7 : National poverty estimates based on nominal and spatially adjusted welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 | | Table 8 : Ratio of survey household consumption to Private Consumption and GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 | | Table 9 : Average annual growth rate 2003-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 | | Table 10 : Comparison between baseline poverty estimates and projections in 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not comparing countries in East Asia to countries in Africa . Large trade volumes have surely contributed to the development of sophisticated port facilities in Singapore and other East Asian countries . If trade facilitation influences trade in large discrete steps , as investing in ports tends to be lumpy , our estimation is robust . < sup > 17 < / sup > The cost of this strategy is that it reduces the variation in the time delays in exporting . This is because countries within a preferential trade agreement group are similar in terms of tariff and procedural barriers to trade . Endogeneity may still be a problem since relatively high export volumes within regions may lead to better or worse trade facilitation . To control for the potential effect of export volumes on export time , we also report the results using instrumental variables . The instruments we use are the required number of signatures for exports the required number of signatures for imports . The intuition is that the number of signatures is a measure of excessive bureaucracy that slows down trade facilitation , but is not a result of shipping volumes , such as congestion or having containerized ports is likely to be . < sup > 18 < / sup > For example with congestion effects , more trade may extend the waiting time for a required signature , but it would not affect the number of signatures required . # * * IV . Results * * We start by estimating a gravity equation with importer fixed effects , Equation ( 1 ) above , using aggregate bilateral data . The results are shown in Table 3 . Column 1 reports the > 17 There may , however , still be an endogeneity concern if even marginally higher trade volumes encourage relatively better trade facilitation or if higher trade volumes lead to congestion effects , extending the time to process goods . > 18 A potential problem is that political interests may lobby more extensively for more transparent export procedures if exports are large . In addition , the number of signatures may be related to the overall business climate , which may affect exports . 15", "spans": [{"start": 1514, "end": 1538, "text": "aggregate bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1989-2018 US Census imports data and showing that the low elasticity further decreases over time . To this goal , we first estimate the sea-distance elasticity of ad-valorem and unit-cost maritime transport costs _τodkt_ at the HS6 level _k_ : where subscripts _o_ , _d_ , _k_ , _t_ denote country of origin , destination port , product and year , respectively ; _Y_ , ( _LANG_ ) , ( _FTA_ ) are time-varying gravity equation variables from the “ Dynamic Gravity Dataset \" denoting GDP , common language , and free trade agreement , respectively ; ( _SeaDist_ ) is the CERDI country level bilateral sea distance ; < sup > 17 < / sup > _WgtIModktodkt_ < sup > istheratioofimportcharges ( CIF ) toimportweight < / sup > measured in kilograms ; and _θt_ and _νk_ are the year and HS6 product fixed effects , respectively . To explore how it varies over time , we then added the distance-year interaction terms , ln ( _SeaDistod_ ) _ × θt_ . The Chow-Test confirmed that it is time-variant since the interaction terms significantly improve the model . The full set of estimates is reported in Appendix Table 6 . Figure 9 illustrates the results with the year-specific elasticities . The left panel demonstrates that the average decline in the distance elasticity of ad-valorem transportation cost is approximately _ − _ 0 . 003 per year or _ − _ 0 . 09 over the entire thirty-year interval . The downward trend was even more pronounced for the distance elasticity of the per-unit transportation cost . As demonstrated by the right panel , this elasticity fell , on average , by _ − _ 0 . 007 per year or _ − _ 0 . 21 over the same three decades . To the best of our knowledge , the decreasing trends in these elasticities and the negative distance elasticity of the transportation costs have not been documented before . This trend is paralleled by the increasing share of low-income and remote countries in global trade . Since low-income and remote countries specialize in lighter goods ( Lashkaripour , 2020 ) , their growing share may cause the distance elasticity to decline . A more comprehensive explanation of the decreasing trend requires further", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 32, "text": "US Census imports data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 470, "text": "Dynamic Gravity Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sharing , embracing public-private partnerships in expanding networks , incentivizing companies to expand coverage in rural and remote areas , and developing digital literacy . - * * PA16 ( ii ) * * amended the Registration of Persons Act , establishing a National Integrated Identity Management System to create , manage and operate a national population register and assign a unique national ( digital ) identification number to every person enrolled in the register to enhance the targeting of subsidies to small-scale farmers , social protection benefits to the most vulnerable , e - medical services , and e-commerce . Prior to the implementation of this PA , there was no unique national ( digital ) identification number for individuals enrolled in the register , which allowed a person to quality for the same social benefits and transfers multiple times * * . * * - The relevance of PA16 is rated * * Satisfactory ( relevance of PA16 = S ) . * * * * PA17 * * repealed section 33B of the _Banking Act_ pertaining to an interest rate cap on bank lending in an effort to support private sector credit growth . Prior to the implementation of PA17 , the interest rate cap rationed lending to the most creditworthy borrowers , thereby limiting credit for private investment . A survey conducted by the CBK a year after the introduction of interest rate caps on lending in 2016 found that the stock of credit to SMEs fell by 10 percent , but that credit to households and large borrowers continued to increase at a pace that was comparable to the rate which prevailed prior to introduction of this measure ( IMF , _Do Interest Rate Controls Work ? Evidence from Kenya_ ) . Since the lifting of the interest rate caps on lending would be expected to result in increased credit growth to SMEs based on the results of this survey , the relevance of PA17 is rated * * Satisfactory ( relevance of PA17 = S ) . * * * * PA18 * * supported the adoption of", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 364, "text": "national population register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1281, "end": 1308, "text": "survey conducted by the CBK", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "farmers or construction workers have similar ( educational , occupational and income ) prospects — one where a parent ’ s income , occupation , education , or status does not fully or substantially predetermine the son ’ s ( or daughter ’ s ) . The origin-independence axiom , originally formulated by Shorrocks ( 1978 ) requires that the measure of mobility rise when the correlation coefficient between of the vector of outcomes for the father and the vector of outcomes for the son ( or daughter ) goes down . Or to be precise , if � � denotes the vector of incomes of all fathers in society and � � the vector of incomes of all sons , the mobility measure could be written as 1 � � � � where � � � signifies the correlation between father and son ’ s income vectors . Thus a society in which father ’ s position in society perfectly predicts the position his children might be able to attain is the mark of an immobile society . It is easy to see that this idea is intimately linked to the concept of equality of opportunity . Measuring the extent of mobility along these lines however is quite challenging . This is partly because data required for this kind of analysis are hardly available in most countries , not least Nepal . Even in the most advanced economies with fairly sophisticated data , for example the United States , we are only recently beginning to see some work emerging in this area . Chetty et al ( 2010 ) have analyzed tax and administrative records of about 40 million individuals and their parents in an ambitious multi-year undertaking to come up with measures of intergenerational mobility for the United States . Similar information is not available in most developing countries . A close second best is to study and analyze intergenerational mobility along the lines of educational attainments and occupational status of grown adults and their fathers . This is the approach that has been taken in several prominent regional studies of intergenerational mobility conducted by the World Bank ( e . g . , Ferreira , 2013 ; World Bank , 2015 ) and it is the approach we will follow here", "spans": [{"start": 1444, "end": 1474, "text": "tax and administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 . 7 % | 5 . 1 % < br > ( 2006 ) | | Medianage atfirst sexual intercourse women 20-49 years | 16 . 7 | 17 . 8 | N / A | | Percentage ofbirths attended to by qualifiedhealthworkers | 56 % | 40 . 8 % | 42 % | | ContraceptivePrevalenceRate | 31 . 5 % | 39 % | 43 % | | Fullyimmunized children | 65 % | 51 . 5 % | 80 % | | Tuberculosis treatment successrates | 78 % | 80 % | 83 % | | Under-fivemortality | 112 | 115 | 120 * * * | | Infantmortalityrate | 74 | 77 | 79 * * * | | Maternal mortalityratio | 590 | 414 | 378 | * DHS data * * Data are estimations * * * UNICEF 2005 # # 1 . * * Project Component One : Decentralization * * ( US $ 7 . 5 million ) Decentralization was seen as the most important and innovative project component which would drive the reform agenda and on to which other components were anchored . A substantial amount of funds ( US $ 10 million ) for the other two components was to be channeled through the district grants . The main activities that were to be supported under this component are in section 1 . 5 . The grants were designed to give districts more autonomy to plan , budget and execute district health workplans . As explained in section 1 . 7 , the failure of the district grants undermined the fulfillment of this component ’ s objective . Most of the activities under the two sub components : pilot districts and district grants were not implemented . * * Outputs : * * The main outputs under this component are ( i ) percentage of Credit Proceeds disbursed to finance district work plans , ( ii ) number of districts implementing integrated district workplans , ( iii ) number of district workplans with substantive inputs from", "spans": [{"start": 520, "end": 528, "text": "DHS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) # # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * * * 8 . Despite a vibrant financial sector and the substantial contribution of MSMEs to the Kenyan economy , * * < sup > * * 22 * * < / sup > * * lending to MSMEs has been declining for the past few years . * * < sup > * * 23 * * < / sup > The introduction of the interest rate cap on loans and interest floor on deposits in 2016 led to significant credit misallocation , with commercial banks shifting from lending to the private sector , especially to MSMEs , to investing in government securities . This decline is further confirmed on the demand side by the World Bank Enterprise Survey 2018 , with the proportion of small firms identifying access to finance as a major constraint jumped from 15 . 1 percent in 2013 to 32 . 3 percent in 2018 . The cap was officially lifted in November 2019 , but the impact of its elimination on MSME lending and lending rates is yet to be seen . Lack of collateral remains one of the key constraints to accessing finance by creditworthy MSMEs . The 2018 Enterprise Survey identified that banks in Kenya require collateral worth 240 percent of the loan amount for 88 percent of small borrowers , with women-owned businesses being more adversely affected < sup > 24 < / sup > ( see the Gender section for more details ) . With COVID-19 , the situation has worsened while demand from viable MSMEs exists . * * 9 . Similar to countries with comparable levels of development , Kenya ’ s financial sector is dominated by banks . * * The banking sector accounts for 65 percent of the total financial sector assets and about 50 percent of GDP < sup > 25 < / sup > . The Kenyan banking sector remains stable , well-capitalized and has posted", "spans": [{"start": 721, "end": 754, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1147, "end": 1169, "text": "2018 Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Reference * * Ahluwalia , Isher * * J . * * 1996 . India ' s Opening Up to Trade and Investment , in Policy Reform in India , Development Center Seminars , Development Center , OECD , Paris France . Bajpai , Nirupam and Jeffrey Sachs . 1996 . India ' s Economic Reforns : The Steps Ahead . Development Discussion papers no . 532 . Harvard Institute for International Development , Havard University . Lockheed , Marlaine , and Adriaan Verspoor . 1991 . Improving Primary Education in Developing Countries . New York , Oxford University Press . Verspoor , Adriaan . 1989 . Pathways to Change : Improving the Quality of Education in Developing Countries . World Bank Discussion paper no . 53 . Washington , DC . . 1997c . Primary Education in India . Development in Practice Series . The World Bank , Washington DC . . 1997d . India : Achievements and Challenges in Reducing Poverty . A World Bank Country Study . The World Bank . Washington , DC . . 1996 . India : Five Years of Stabilization and Reforn and the Challenges Ahead . A World Bank Country Study . The World Bank , Washington DC . . 1995a , Economic Developments in India : Achievements and Challenges . A World Bank Country Study . The World Bank . Washington DC . 1995b . India : Recent Economic Developments and Prospects , The World Bank , 1995 . . 1988 . Center State Relations in Financing Indian Education , The World Bank , 1988 . . 1989 . Trends in Public and Private Finances for Education in India , The World Bank , 1989 . . 1987 . Education and Basic Needs in India , The World Bank , 1987 . # Korea : Major Reform Events In retrospect , Korea ' s development has passed four main stages . Unlike several of the larger economies in East Asia , which evolved from protectionism , inward-looking trade regimes towarcd relatively open economies , Korea did not have a sufficiently large population to contemplate a strategy other than export-led development , which consists importing raw materials and intermediate goods for processing and export with value-added . It development experience shows that", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8976 # * * Abstract * * Dar es Salaam is frequently affected by severe flooding causing destruction and impeding daily life of its 4 . 5 million inhabitants . The focus of this paper is on the role of poverty in the impact of floods on households , focusing on both direct ( damage to or loss of assets or property ) and indirect ( losses involving health , infrastructure , labor , and education ) impacts using household survey data . Poorer households are more likely to be affected by floods ; directly affected households are more likely female-headed and have more insecure tenure arrangements ; and indirectly affected households tend to have access to poorer quality infrastructure . Focusing on the floods of April 2018 , affected households suffered losses of 23 percent of annual income on average . Surprisingly , poorer households are not over-represented among the households that lost the most - even in relation to their income , possibly because 77 percent of total losses were due to asset losses , with richer households having more valuable assets . Although indirect losses were relatively small , they had significant well-being effects for the affected households . It is estimated that households ’ losses due to the April 2018 flood reached more than US $ 100 million , representing between 2 – 4 percent of the gross domestic product of Dar es Salaam . Furthermore , poorer households were less likely to recover from flood exposure . The report finds that access to finance play an important role in recovery for households . This paper is a product of the Global Facility of Disaster Reduction and Recovery . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at aerman @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the", "spans": [{"start": 443, "end": 464, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The specific objective of the project is to improve climate resilience , land productivity and carbon storage , and increase access to diversified livelihood activities in selected rural watersheds # # * * 1 . 3 Audit objectives * * The objective * * of * * the audit of the Project Financial Statements ( PFSs ) is to ; - Express a professional opinion ( s ) on the financial position * * of * * the project at the end of each fiscal year , and on funds received and expenditures incurred for the relevant accounting period . The project books of accounts provide the basis for preparation of the PFSs * * by * * the project implementing agency and are established to reflect the financial transactions in respect * * of * * the project . The implementing agency maintains adequate internal controls and supporting documentation for transactions . - The objective * * of * * the audit is to express an opinion on the consolidated Project financial statements for the period ended * * 07 * * July 2024 . The audit includes but not limited to the following tasks : - Perform reviews of the accounting records and ascertain whether the laid down financial procedures are complied with ; - Review and evaluate the Project ' s accounting policies and administrative controls and report any significant weaknesses , together with recommendations for improvement and ensure that the respective accounts manual is updated in accordance with the respective guidelines ; - Determine whether the management and financial systems , including internal controls , within the components are adequate for efficient and prudent management of funds ; - Review the use of funds vis a vis approved budgets in relation to the agreement between the International Development Association and the Government of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( FDRE ) . - Recommend possible improvements and / or actions in any area on financial management and especially areas where weaknesses were noted ; and", "spans": [{"start": 531, "end": 556, "text": "project books of accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * KE Electricity Modernization Project ( P120014 ) | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 07-May-2021 | 01-Dec-2021 | 30-Nov-2022 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Comments * * : * * < br > ~ ~ IN01070376 ~ ~ | KPLC Customer Data | base Total number of new cu | stomers connected by KPLC . | | | ► KPLC Commercial l | osses ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 6 . 70 | 10 . 50 | 9 . 07 | 6 . 10 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 07-May-2021 | 01-Dec-2021 | 30-Nov-2022 | | ~ ~ IN01070377 ~ ~ < br > ► Average outage dura | tion for customers served ( Numbe < br > | r , Custom ) < br > | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 12 . 00 | 9 . 05 | 8 . 94 | 5 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 07-May-2021 | 01-Dec-2021 | 30-Nov-2022 | | Comments * * : * * | KPLC / ERC utility data < br > 9 . 05 data available is t | base ( IMS ) KPLC Average ou < br > he average for July to March | tage duration in hours for cust < br > 2021 | omers served by KPLC . | | ~ ~ IN01070378 ~ ~ < br > ► KPLC ' s Current Rati | o (", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 308, "text": "KPLC Customer Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 945, "end": 968, "text": "KPLC / ERC utility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "below 100 across the board . But bank profitability is now under considerable strain . Compared to 1 . 7 percent a year earlier , profitability as measured by return on assets has sunk to 1 . 2 percent due to such factors as the increased cost of impairment provisioning and borrower relief measures . The largest drop was registered by Montenegro ( 50 percent ) followed by BiH ( 44 percent ) . * * Figure 7 . 1 . * * Banks are still adequately capitalized . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Capital adequacy ratio < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > SRB MNE BIH ALB MKD KOS < br > J Dec-19 J Mar-20 J Jun-20 Q Average ( 2006 – 08 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ IMF Financial Soundness Indicators ( FSIs ) , National central banks . * * Figure 7 . 2 . * * The downward trend in NPLs has paused since December . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > NPLs as percent of total loans < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > ALB BIH MNE MKD SRB KOS < br > J Jun-19 J Dec-19 J Mar-20 J Jun-20 < br > Q Peak since 2008 � Pre-crisis level ( end 2007 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ IMF FSIs , National central banks . > 7 . COvID-19 Is TEsTING FINANCIAL sECTOR REsILIENCE | 27", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 753, "text": "IMF Financial Soundness Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1187, "end": 1195, "text": "IMF FSIs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * RAP / ESIA phase * * | * * Stakeholder activity * * | * * Monitoring Indicators * * | * * Verification source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Implementation | Engagements < br > over < br > disclosure < br > of < br > approved RAP / ESIA | • No < br > and < br > level < br > of < br > planned < br > meetings accomplished < br > • No of planned presentations < br > done < br > • No and type of disclosure < br > materials < br > developed < br > and < br > distributed / used < br > ( including < br > radio ads ) < br > • No of daily activity reports < br > submitted < br > • No and category of vulnerable < br > groups engaged < br > • No of stakeholder concerns < br > recorded and responded to | • Meeting < br > and < br > attendance registers < br > • Meeting minutes < br > • Daily debrief reports < br > • Daily and monthly < br > activity reports and < br > • Sample materials and < br > tools used < br > • Grievance registers | # # # * * 6 . 5 REPORTING ON STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT * * Reporting during stakeholder engagements for planning phase in respect to this assignment is anticipated at two levels : - 1 ) Internal reporting within the stakeholder team . - 2 ) External reporting between JBN ( consultant ) and UNRA ( client ) or any other external stakeholder . External reporting is quite clear and elaborated in the ToRs and contract as shared between the client and JBN management . This is also re-echoed in the communications plan for this SEP . The Consultant specialist officers and CLOs in charge of planned engagements will prepare daily debriefs and reports about stakeholder", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 569, "text": "daily activity reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 747, "end": 767, "text": "attendance registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 936, "end": 955, "text": "Grievance registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Lake Nabugabo , & Nabajuzzi < br > wetland systems , which are found within the < br > geographical area of confluence , but not directly < br > within the project area – all these three are < br > Ramsar sites . < br > Whereas the Project does not directly affect them , < br > all mitigation measures are aimed at restoration of < br > wetlands during the post construction phase of the < br > project to return ecological gains within the < br > network of interconnected ecosystems , hence < br > influencing sustainability of ecosystem services in < br > the project area and the extended zones of < br > influence . | | Substantial | An attribute with a high quality < br > and rarity on a regional scale < br > ( Lake Victoria Lake Shore Area ) < br > with little or no potential for < br > substitution , or with a medium < br > quality or rarity on a regional < br > scale with limited potential for < br > substitution , < br > e . g . , < br > Key < br > Biodiversity Areas * | Within the project area , the wetlands and the < br > transition zones into mixed systems represent < br > areas of important refuge especially for birds . < br > Following the IUCN species lists , none of birds < br > listed as critically endangered was encountered < br > much as some buzzards and long-range birds of < br > prey could fly across a wide range , and in the < br > process < br > enter < br > the < br > project < br > area . < br > During < br > construction , bird diverters will be considered as a < br > mitigation . | | Moderate | Diverse habitats or a species < br > which is scarce in the affected < br > Districts with limited potential < br > for substitution .", "spans": [{"start": 1168, "end": 1186, "text": "IUCN species lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Centrality ) . _ We then use granular data to explore the co-occurrences of poverty indicators at the household level and build network maps for each country . Using data from the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) , we apply these metrics in 67 developing countries to map the interconnected structure of multidimensional poverty and explore changes in its structure over time . Our findings reveal a remarkable similarity in the structure of the Poverty Spaces across countries and their stability over time . Specific indicators like cooking technology at home ( cooking fuel , which is associated to living conditions at home ) consistently emerge as nodes located at the core of this network , while indicators like child mortality tend to be located in the periphery . To bring a more dynamic perspective and capture pathways for spillover effects , we also explore the association between how central a poverty indicator is and the change in the incidence of people deprived in that indicator over time . We find that more central indicators in the Poverty Space also tend to experience a more significant reduction in their censored headcount ratio over time . Finally , to apply our findings in a policy context , we integrate the Poverty Space network into the Policy Priority Inference ( PPI ) framework ( Guerrero and Castañeda Ramos , 2020 ) . This integration enables us to explore how the structure of poverty could be associated with the potential effectiveness of targeted interventions . PPI serves as a forward-looking , agent-based model that leverages networks of structural relationships to prioritize policy initiatives , originally aimed at achieving sustainable development goals ( Guerrero and Castañeda , 2024 ) . By using the information offered by the Poverty Space on the structural relationships among poverty indicators , PPI can be implemented to prioritize different policy interventions , recognizing the potential cascading effects across various indicators of poverty . Understanding the interconnected structure of multidimensional poverty is critical for maximizing the impact of policies to reduce it . By shedding light on the web of connections within the structure of multidimensional poverty , this paper shows how economic complexity methods can help us to better pinpoint the “ key nodes ” within that network . These key", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 218, "text": "Global Multidimensional Poverty Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the incident , Russia temporarily banned the import of 17 Turkish agricultural products including fruits and vegetables , poultry and salt ; prohibited the sale of charter holidays for Russians to Turkey ; and halted construction projects with Turkish firms in Russia , unless a special exemption was granted . Among the population of firms in the EIS registry , only 3 percent were exporters in 2015 ; moreover , those firms that were exporting were mostly engaged in manufacturing , a sector which was not targeted by the sanctions ( Akgunduz et al . , 2019 ) . In addition , Russia is not among the highest ranking destinations for exports from Turkey ( it ranks 14 < sup > th < / sup > among all destinations ) , and less than 1 percent of firms in the registry were exporting to Russia as of 2015 . An adverse effect of the sanctions on the survival probability of those firms , if any , would thus have a minimal influence on our estimates . Furthermore , exporting firms are typically larger and pay higher wages , making them less exposed to variations in the minimum wage . Thus , the confounding effect of the Russian sanctions , if any , would lead us to underestimate the effect of the minimum wage on firm destruction . < sup > 22 < / sup > A final consideration in the interpretation of our difference-in-difference estimates is the stable unit treatment value assumption ( SUTVA ) , which states that the control group should be unaffected by the treatment intervention ; that is , the control group should not react to the introduction of the new minimum wage . In our context , this assumption would be violated if there are spillovers from cells that are highly exposed to the minimum wage to those that are weakly exposed in a way that triggers firm closure . To provide comfort on the validity of the assumption , we examine whether the exit behavior of firms in low-exposure cells significantly changed after the minimum-wage increase . As shown in Figure 8 , the firm exit rate in low-exposure cells ( belowmedian exposure ) hardly increased after the minimum-wage hike , compared to quarters in the previous years", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 360, "text": "EIS registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tion strategies against the socioeconomic crisis induced by COVID-19 may increase child marriage and child labor ( UNICEF , 2021a ) . The facts mentioned above make the context of Nigeria all the more relevant to our study . It is a Sub-Saharan African country with a Poverty Headcount Index of 40 . 10 % . < sup > 3 < / sup > Furthermore , _Demographic and Health Survey_ ( DHS ) evidence shows a 43 % prevalence of child marriage in Nigeria among married women aged 20 ́ 24 . Additionally , data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) indicate a high prevalence of child labor among children aged 5 ́ 17 in Nigeria . For example , in 2007 , the prevalence of child ́ labor among children aged 5 14 years was 28 . 9 % , while in 2011 , this share was 57 . 1 % for children aged 5-11 . In 2016-2017 , around one in two children aged 5 ́ 17 was involved in child labor ( 50 . 8 % ) of which 54 . 3 % were boys , and 47 . 2 % were girls . < sup > 4 < / sup > Both these figures are well above the Sub-Saharan Africa region ’ s average of 37 % for child marriage and 29 % for child labor . They underscore the importance of education in Nigeria . To identify the effect of nationwide COVID-19 lockdown measures on children ’ s probability of school attendance after schools ’ reopening , we use a panel of school-age individuals observed just before schools ’ closure and just after schools ’ reopening and rely on the quasi-randomness of the occurrence of the pandemic . We draw from Mahmud and Riley ( 2021 ) by estimating a fixed-effect linear probability model . However , despite the plausible exogeneity of the COVID-19 shock , the potential simultaneous occurrence of other covariate shocks ( e . g . , climate shocks ) can confound the identification of its effect on children ’ s school attendance . Indeed , in the context of Nigeria , whose territory is partially located in the drought-prone western Sahel region , the concomitant occurrence of climate shocks such as drought", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 540, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1307, "end": 1338, "text": "panel of school-age individuals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Gertler , P . , M . Gonzalez-Navarro , T . Gracner , and A . D . Rothenberg ( 2022 ) : “ Road Maintenance and Local Economic Development : Evidence from Indonesia ’ s Highways , ” Working Paper 30454 , National Bureau of Economic Research . - Glaeser , E . L . and G . A . Ponzetto ( 2018 ) : “ The Political Economy of Transportation Investment , ” _Economics of Transportation_ , 13 , 4 – 26 . - Herrendorf , B . , R . Rogerson , and Ákos Valentinyi ( 2014 ) : “ Chapter 6 - Growth and Structural Transformation , ” in _Handbook of Economic Growth_ , ed . by P . Aghion and S . N . Durlauf , Elsevier , vol . 2 of _Handbook of Economic Growth_ , 855 – 941 . - IPUMS-I ( 2019 ) : “ Integrated Public Use Microdata Series , International : Version 7 . 2 [ dataset ] , ” Minnesota Population Center , Minneapolis , MN , https : / / doi . org / 10 . 18128 / D020 . V7 . 2 , ( last accessed 11 December 2019 ) . - Jedwab , R . and A . Storeygard ( 2021 ) : “ The Average and Heterogeneous Effects of Transportation Investments : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa 1960 - 2010 , ” _Journal of the European Economic Association_ , 20 , 1 – 38 . - Kanbur , R . and A . J . Venables , eds . ( 2005 ) : _Spatial Inequality and Development_ , WIDER Studies in Development Economics , Oxford : Oxford University Press . - Kelly , M . , J . Mokyr , and C . Ó Gráda ( 2023 ) : “ The Mechanics of the Industrial Revolution , ” _Journal of Political Economy_ , 131 , 59 – 94 . - Kochenderfer , M . J . and T . A . Wheeler ( 2019 ) : _Algorithms for Optimization_ , MIT Press . - Lipscomb , M . , A . M . Mobarak , and T . Barham ( 2013 ) : “ Development Effects of Electrification : Evidence from the Topographic Placement of Hydropower Plants in Brazil", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 723, "text": "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the country at the commune-month level , between January 2018 and August 2020 . < sup > 9 < / sup > Each household business is responsible to file and pay one annual lump-sum tax within a fiscal year . We use the ( change in ) tax filing numbers as a proxy for the ( changes in ) number of tax-registered household businesses each month . For brevity , we refer to this data set as the “ household business tax census ” ( “ HBTC ” ) . Beyond the regular annual filings reported in January each year , the tax portal also keeps separate retrievable records of several types of irregular filings . We focus on two such indicators directly related to firm exit : the number of tax fillings for ( i ) permanent business closure , and ( ii ) temporary suspension . While the former provides a measure of firm survival > 6See Article 1 , Decree 92 / 2015 / ND-CP . > 7The license tax is a fixed proportion based on revenue brackets . VAT and PIT rates are set by the central government and vary by revenue and industry . See Le et al . ( 2020 ) for further details on household business tax information . > 8The link to the online portal is ` http : / / www . gdt . gov . vn / wps / portal / home / hct ` ( accessed January 2022 ) . The records can be retrieved by querying an administrative location up to the commune level ( a third-tier administrative unit ) . > 9While several provincial tax offices have published household businesses tax records until the end of 2021 , there are currently missing records for many provinces after August 2020 . To our knowledge , each provincial tax office is responsible for updating the database with monthly tax filings in their province . This results in a heterogeneous lagged reporting times across provinces . 4", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 420, "text": "household business tax census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1416, "end": 1448, "text": "household businesses tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of startup capita , less access to credit and the market , lack of experience in owning business , lack of full freedom to involve in the business and others factors . In order to overcome these challenges , the respective woreda sector offices particularly women and children affair offices are trying to solve the identified barriers in collaboration with governmental and non-governmental organization to improve the life of vulnerable women in Subproject woredas . This socio-economic baseline survey was conducted as part of the Asella-Arsi Robe * * 132kV * * Kv transmission Line and Substation Subproject . The baseline survey was conducted in December * * 2023 . * * The survey was conducted on a sample of * * 270 * * sample households that would be affected * * by * * the construction of the proposed Subproject and residing along the TL corridor as well as near the future substation ' s sites . The survey covered a total nine Kebele Administrations in the five Subproject Woredas found in Arsi Zone . Overall sample size and distribution of sample households * * by * * Woredas and Kebeles are presented in the Table 4 . 19 , | Arsi-Robe | Ataba - Robe | * * 30 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 30 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Jida-Robe | * * 26 * * | 4 | * * 30 * * | | Diksis | Bulala | * * 27 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 30 * * | | | Diksis - Moreticha | * * 26 * * | 4 | * * 30 * * | | Hetosa | Hate-Andode | * * 28 * * | 2 | * * 30 * * | | | Sero-Anketo | * * 27 *", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 504, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0662 * * * | 0 . 0661 * * | | ( 0 to 100 ) | ( 1 . 44 ) | ( 2 . 64 ) | ( 2 . 27 ) | | Time trend | - 0 . 257 | - 0 . 377 | - 0 . 392 * | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( - 1 . 00 ) | ( - 1 . 63 ) | ( - 1 . 93 ) | | n | 297 | 305 | 297 | | R-squared | 0 . 564 | 0 . 811 | 0 . 749 | | RMSE | 4 . 65 | 4 . 36 | 4 . 08 | _Note_ : Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries with fuel > 25 percent of total exports . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 20", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 463, "text": "Annual data from 1996 – 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "emphasized : - * * In pluralistic technology systems , attention to the supply of services is as important as assurance of mechanisms to support demand and accountability . * * Significant investment is needed to train , certify , and monitor providers of services . The elements of a technology system both nationally and regionally , particularly educational institutions and research organizations , should be explicitly engaged for this purpose . - * * � Advisory services appear to have had a greater impact than subsidized provision of inputs under the program . * * The NAADS experience suggests that focusing on provision of advice and technology demonstrations achieved the most impressive gains . The returns when inputs became relatively more important in the program appear to be more mixed . However , according to the ICR such finding is provisional and warrants further investigation especially that the widespread distribution of subsidized fertilizer is viewed by many African governments as necessary for achieving rapid gains in productivity and incomes . # # # * * 14 . Assessment Recommended ? * * Yes No * * Why ? * * To better assess the outcomes and sustainability of providing advisory services through a demand driven approach , and to revisit the outcome rating in the light of evidence of project performance from 2007 onwards . # # # * * 15 . Comments on Quality of ICR : * * On balance the ICR is rated satisfactory , but there were some weaknesses . It provides generally thorough coverage of the project achievements and a candid report on most shortcomings . It provides also a comprehensive account of the beneficiary survey results . However , the ratings proposed are more positive than the text justifies . The quality of the ICR inevitably suffered from the weak M & E and hence offers little qualitative or quantitative evidence on achievement of outcomes for the period after 2007 . * * a . Quality of ICR Rating : * * Satisfactory", "spans": [{"start": 1640, "end": 1666, "text": "beneficiary survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "costs increased by 13 percent due to greater spending on input materials to compensate for the growing shortages of electricity from 1999 onward , although this was partially offset by a 5 percent reduction in unit cost due to savings in the other inputs and small total factor productivity improvements . In fact , we find an overall decrease in other non-electricity energy sources , suggesting that these primary energy sources are complementary inputs in producing the intermediate products that have been outsourced in response to electricity shortages . The overall effect of electricity shortages , which we proxy for with a measure of scarcity , was to increase production costs . From 1999 to 2004 , firms ’ costs rose by 8 percent , primarily due to input factor substitutions . Grainger and Zhang ( 2019 ) go further by investigating the ultimate impact of unreliable power supply on manufacturing productivity , using firm survey data for Pakistan covering the period 2010 – 2011 . They show that an additional average daily hour of unexpected power shortages decreases annual revenues by almost 10 percent , decreasing annual value-added at the firm level by approximately 20 percent , and increasing the labor share of output . Their findings underscore the importance of a reliable electricity supply to sustain firm productivity . Mensah ( 2018 ) additionally explores the implications of unreliable power supply for employment . He finds that firms respond to the productivity losses arising from power outages by cutting jobs . To estimate the causal impact of electricity shortages on employment , Mensah ( 2018 ) employs household data from the Afrobarometer and Enterprise Surveys from more than 20 African countries . The results show that outages reduce the total factor productivity of African firms by more than 2 . 3 percent and reduce the probability that an individual is employed by between 35 and 41 percentage points . Significantly , the negative impact on employment is concentrated in high-skilled high-wage employment in non-agriculture sectors . Finally , power outages also have negative impacts on development outcomes for households , which partially offset the benefits of electrification . Using household survey data from rural households for 2005 and 2010 in Bangladesh , Samad and Zhang ( 2017 ) find that a one", "spans": [{"start": 930, "end": 959, "text": "firm survey data for Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1665, "end": 1678, "text": "Afrobarometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1683, "end": 1701, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2237, "end": 2280, "text": "household survey data from rural households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "community is almost exclusively conducted by the men of the household , indicating that financial matters of refugee women > 60 The project benefits from the Bank ’ s EHSG and the FAO Guidance Note : Child Labour in Agriculture in Protracted Crises , Fragile and Humanitarian Contexts . > 61 Turkish Statistical Institute Household Labor Force Survey , 2018 . Page 37 of 85", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care ( P152394 ) | Value | 76 . 00 | 84 . 00 | 84 . 00 | 85 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 29-Jun-2018 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | | IN00651182 < br > ► Registration of birth | s ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 67 . 80 | 60 . 90 | 60 . 90 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 29-Jun-2018 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | The implementing part < br > registration from last ye < br > November mission . | ner is reviewing the data to iden < br > ar . The task team , PMT and i | tify a clear explanation for t < br > mplementing partner will rev | he decline in birth < br > iew this during the | | IN00651184 < br > ► RMNCAH related o | perations research completed t < br > | o inform policy / strategy ( Nu < br > | mber , Custom ) < br > | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | 29-Jun-2018 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | | IN00651185 < br > ► A benefit package d | eveloped , costed ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 02 | 0 . 26 | | 0 . 49 | 0 . 57 | | * * Brazil * * | 0 . 08 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 39 | 0 . 51 | | 0 . 11 | | * * USA * * | 0 . 30 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 46 | 0 . 66 | 0 . 56 | | * * Germany * * | 0 . 06 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 13 | 0 . 79 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 70 | Source : Own calculation based on trade data from UN COMTRADE for the year 2001 . A 5 digit level of disaggregation is used for this exercise . # * * 3 . 3 . Business Cycle Synchronization and Trade * * Empirical evidence on trade integration and business cycle synchronization is somewhat mixed . While Frankel and Rose ( 1998 ) , Choe ( 2001 ) , Calderon , Chong and Stein ( 2002 ) and Calderon ( 2003 ) find that a higher trade intensity tends to increase business cycle synchronization , Shin and Wang ( 2003 ) find that increasing trade itself does not necessarily lead to more synchronized business cycles , evidence for East Asia suggests that only the expansion of intra-industry trade had such an effect . However , Garnier ( 2003 ) find only weak or no relations between intraindustry trade and business cycle synchronization for 16 industrialized countries and conclude that intra-industry trade at most only partially explains business cycle transmission ; the low respectively . The adjusted Grubel Llyod index makes an adjustment for trade imbalances . 11", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 388, "text": "trade data from UN COMTRADE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "38 Table 3 : Topics of most-cited 50 publications by decade | | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Health and its value | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | | Efficiency and equity | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | Determinants of health and ill-health | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | | Public health | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 | | Health and the economy | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | | Health statistics and econometrics | | 1 | 5 | 9 | | Demand for health and health care | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | | Medical insurance | 9 | 3 | 4 | 3 | | Supply of health services | 12 | 9 | 3 | 2 | | Human resources | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | | Markets in health care | | 3 | | | | Economic evaluation | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | | Total | 45 | 41 | 43 | 46 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . The 50 most-cited publications were then assigned either one of the 12 topics listed in the appendix or a ― topic not assigned ‖ code . The latter included publications that were too general ( some were actually textbooks ) some had no economic content despite being in EconLit , and some had no health content despite the JEL code .", "spans": [{"start": 725, "end": 769, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 795, "end": 823, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 continued Attainment profiles for ages 15 to 19 , by economic group : Eastern and Southern Africa < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Comoros 1996 Kenya 1993 Malawi 1992 < br > - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - . - - . - - - . . . . . - - . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > 0 ~ 8 0 . 8 - 0 . 8 - < br > s 0 ~ 6 ; 0 eg 06 - 0g . 6 < br > 024 02 4 02 < br > 0 20 - 2 0 2 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 < br > Grade Grade Grade < br > t . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I < br > Namlbia 1992 Rwanda 1992 Tanzania 1991-92 < br > ll I ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - . r . . . . = ' < br > 0 . 8 - 08 - 0 . 8 - < br > O S606 \\ 0 6 < br > IC 4 0 404 < br > 02 - 0 . 2 0 . 2 < br > O 0 0 - < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 < br > Grade Grade Grade < br > a . 04 - - - - 0 . 04", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tailed survey information to provide direct evidence on the possible channels through which the API _Plus_ program enhance children ’ s outcomes . # * * 3 . 3 * * * * _Plus_ vs . * * * * _Original_ : Channels * * We start by evaluating the role of the remedial education sessions . The estimates displayed in Table B-10 suggest that there is no differential effect across the four children ’ s outcomes ( _p_ - values = 0 . 766 , 0 . 675 , 0 . 639 , and 0 . 937 ) in the relative impact of the two training modalities between children who are more or less likely to be eligible for the remedial sessions ( see also Figure B-2 ) . Although the design of the second experiment does not allow us to directly isolate the direct effect of the remedial education sessions within each API modality , this evidence suggests that such mediating factor is unlikely to explain the differential impact between the _Plus_ and the _Original_ documented in Table 2 . < sup > 11 < / sup > We next consider the role of the pedagogical practices of the community instructors . Table B-11 reports estimates of the effect of the two API modalities using data at the instructorschool level ( the sample average number of instructors per school is 1 . 2 in the school year prior to the start of the second experiment ) on four summary measures of pedagogical practices based on GLS-weighted indices across an array of instructor-student interactions ( for details , see Appendix A . 2 ) . The results show erratic patterns of positive and negative signs with no statistically significant effects of either API modality . The overall index of pedagogical practices reveals a non-negligible negative effect of 0 . 18 standard deviations for the _Plus_ modality , indicating , if anything , a crowding-out effect of the presence of the mentors on instructors ’ job effort . The effects are quantitatively and statistically similar between API modalities across the different pedagogical practices , as shown in the third row of Table B-11 . Finally , we study the role of the mentor / parent interactions during the home visits as a potential mechanism", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : Supporting Open Data Initiative ( P156400 ) Competitiveness Programmatic Development Policy Operation . For the outcome indicator ii ) , the infrastructure , namely , the open data portal was launched . An executive body that constituted the MCIT , the owner of the open data portal and the Central Statistics Agency ( CSA ) , the main clearing house for all information in the country were established through a formal MOU to guide their respective responsibilities n increasingly opening access to government data . Following the training of CSA experts , the project spearheaded uploading government datasets in an open format . Some 29 datasets from CSA and other sectors are now uploaded in an open data format . Furthermore , three citizen centric mobile applications were also developed with the help of external consultants and posted on apps . gov . et , Google Play , and Apple Store for education ( student textbooks ) , health ( access to information on family planning options ) , and transport ( location identifier ) using treasury funding . Therefore , the last outcome indicator was fully met . The project had also created initial level of awareness by training professionals coming from 23 ministries and agencies . Advanced training was also given to 3 MCIT staff on how to link applications with the portal . These are all positive signs . However , the investment in the open data portal and the signed MOU between CSA and MCIT fell short in institutionalizing systematic and regular maintenance and posting of CSA data during the project life . The portal has been offline as the Ministry is being restructured . Similarly , the operationalization of the open data guideline and its impact in streamlining disclosure of government data across sectors was limited during the project life in light of its delivery . Component two was expected to build the capacity of the civil society in order to create active demand for open data and also build the private sector and MCIT ’ s in-house capacity to develop citizen centric applications . Failure to implement this component had adversely affected the achievement of the development objective", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 645, "text": "government datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1567, "end": 1575, "text": "CSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | * * Reckless driving * * | < br > Increase in the < br > number of Road < br > Traffic < br > Accidents | lo < br >  Audit the road to check < br > that < br > the < br > safety < br > infrastructure < br > are < br > effective ( speed bumps , < br > road markings , road signs < br > etc ) < br >  Increase < br > road < br > safety < br > awareness through road < br > safety campaigns in the < br > mass media , awareness < br > posters , < br > training < br > in < br > schools , churches etc < br >  Design and implement < br > hefty fines system for < br > reckless drivers | sure < br >  Number of road < br > traffic accidents < br >  Number and spread < br > of < br > road < br > safety < br > campaigns done < br >  Number of road < br > safety < br > violators / reckless < br > drivers < br > identified < br > and fined | C < br >  RTA reports < br >  Success < br > factor < br > reports for road < br > safety campaigns | < br > CPCT < br > Traffic Police < br > KURA / KER < br > RA < br > County < br > offices | Monthly | County < br > Internal costs | | * * Insecurity , * * < br > * * inadequate * * < br > * * monitoring * * < br > * * measures * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * poor community * * < br > * * policing ; * * | < br > Vandalism and < br > infrastructure < br > damage | Disc < br >  Enhance", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 873, "text": "RTA reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "equal to 1 if firm _i_ exported ( or started exporting ) product _p_ to country _j_ in year _t_ . STC ( cnt ) is the incidence of Specific Trade Concerns ( STC ) on product _p_ , normalized between 0 and 1 , that has been raised in the WTO . Coefficients on spatial exporting controls are not reported for brevity . * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 # * * 5 . 2 Alternative measure of regulation intensity : FDA prior notice * * Table 8 presents the results using an alternative proxy for the regulation intensity of products : prior notice requirements for FDA . This alternative measure captures different types of regulations compared to the STC data set , as it is concentrated mainly in food , drugs , and medical devices , imported or offered for import into the United States that require prior notice to the FDA . Using this measure , the results show that the third-country effect is weaker for FDA-regulated products in case of shallow RTAs , > 28This frequency ranges from 1 to 30 in SPS STC and 1 to 46 in the TBT STC . The most frequently raised product in the SPS STC is 0201 meat of bovine animals ( fresh or chilled ) , and in the TBT STC is 2204 wine of fresh grapes . SPS and TBT combined , the most frequently raised product is 0201 meat and bovine animals ( fresh or chilled ) , raised in 68 STCs . 17", "spans": [{"start": 671, "end": 683, "text": "STC data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For instance , one such group could be composed of the share of _girls_ aged 0 to 15 years old with _access to water supply_ who lived in _rural_ areas in _Antioquia_ , Colombia , based on the census of 1985 . Then , we calculate the household income of the same subgroup 30 years later — women from 30 to 45 years old — based on the household survey of 2015 . We perform the same procedure for all the possible combinations of subgroups in 12 countries in LAC . The results reflect a strong correlation between past access to services and education and current household income levels . Figure 6 shows the relationship between primary completion in the 1980s and household income in 2015 ( circa ) . For some countries like Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Mexico , and Peru , the relationship is remarkable . Subgroups with lower primary completion rates in the 1980s have consistently lower household income in 2015 than those with higher primary completion rates . In addition , this relationship is stronger in the tails of the distribution of primary completion rates . Bolivia , for instance , shows clear differences in this opportunity between rural and urban areas . Primary completion in urban areas are on average twice as large as the former rural ones and , consequently , their median household income is also higher . In other cases , like Brazil or Mexico , the distinction is clear in the tails but not at the center of the distribution . In both countries , the distribution of the share of primary completion starts close to zero and goes up to 60 percent . For those subgroups at the very bottom and at the very top of the distribution their corresponding household incomes several decades later are associated with the starting point of primary completion . However , the variability of household income levels of the subgroups at the center of the primary completion distribution is wider and not clear relationship is found . For other countries , like Dominican Republic , Chile , and Uruguay , the relationship between primary completion and household income 30 years later is not clear . For these countries , the initial 23", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 207, "text": "census of 1985", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 334, "end": 358, "text": "household survey of 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | * * Regions-Cercles - * * | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adult * * | * * e ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgé * * | * * e ( > 59 ans ) * * < br > * * Total * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Menage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | Issa Bery | 56 | 101 | 77 | 178 | 77 | 70 | 147 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 184 | 151 | 335 | | M ' bouna | 352 | 559 | 428 | 987 | 428 | 391 | 819 | 37 | 19 | 56 | 1024 | 838 | 1862 | | Tele | 108 | 120 | 92 | 212 | 92 | 84 | 176 | 9 | 4 | 13 | 221 | 180 | 401 | | Tin A", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "impact assessment . The chapter presents all the Kenyan context policies and institutional framework , International policies on social and environmental protection as well as the world Bank ’ s safeguards policies . The chapter provides a detailed description of the baseline information of Lakeview settlement including the ; administrative , biological , physical environment and the results of a household socio-economic survey that sort to find out the residents ; - Income bracket - Literacy Levels - Social amenities in the area and Health services in the area . Among other indicators in discussed in the chapter . The information provides the conclusion that the settlement is characterized with low quality houses close to each other . Sanitation , water scarcity , poor accessibility as a result of poor roads and insecurity due to lack of street lighting are some of the main challenges faced by the settlement . # # # * * E4-9 : Policy , Legal and Institutional Framework * * This chapter looks at the laws , policies , rules and regulations , guidelines as well as the institutional setup for environmental and social impact assessment . The chapter presents all the Kenyan context policies and institutional framework , International policies on social and environmental protection as well as the world Bank ’ s safeguards policies . Among others , the key policies and laws reviewed under this study includes ; the constitution of Kenya 2010 , Kenya ’ s vision 2030 , Kenya environmental sanitation and hygiene policy ( 2016-2030 ) , Environmental Management and coordination Act ( 1999 reviewed in 2015 ) , The occupational safety and Health act 2007 . Under the World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards , the policies reviewed include ; OP / BP 4 . 01 ( Environmental Assessment ) and OP / BP 4 . 12 ( Involuntary Resettlement ) . Key institutions include ; the county government of Nakuru , NEMA , MLPWHUD , NAWASSCO , WRA and KURA . * * Page ix * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 5 % of net annual income < br > based on tax records for previous year ( or < br > tax records from comparable business , or < br > estimates where such records do not < br > exist ) . | | | | Business owner is < br > lease holder | Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 10 % of net annual income < br > based on tax records for previous year ( or < br > tax records from comparable business , or < br > estimates where such records do not < br > exist ) | | | Assets used for < br > business severely < br > affected < br > If partially affected , < br > the remaining assets < br > become insufficient < br > for business purposes | Title < br > holder / business < br > owner | Land for land replacement or < br > compensation in cash according to PAP ’ s < br > choice ; cash compensation to take into < br > account market values for the land . Land < br > for land replacement will be provided in < br > terms of a new parcel of land of < br > equivalent size and market potential with < br > a secured tenure status at an available < br > location which is acceptable to the PAP . < br > Transfer of the land to the PAP shall be < br > free of taxes , registration , and other costs . | 56", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 105, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 136, "end": 172, "text": "tax records from comparable business", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 421, "end": 457, "text": "tax records from comparable business", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", also for main < br > food and fiber commodities . | http : / / pure . iiasa . ac . at / id / eprint / 13290 | Fischer , G . , F . O . Nachtergaele , S < br > Prieler , E . Teixeira , G . Toth , H . van < br > Velthuizen , L . Verelst , and D . Wiberg . < br > 2012 . _Global Agro-Ecological Zones_ < br > _ ( GAEZ v 3 . 0 ) — Model Documentation_ . < br > Laxenburg , Austria : IIASA < br > ( International Institute for Applied < br > Systems Analysis ) and Rome , Italy : < br > FAO . | | Livelihood zones | Map of farming systems in Africa in 2015 . The < br > farming systems analysis integrates an extensive < br > range of spatial data , administrative statistics , < br > assessment reports , and expert knowledge in < br > order to update the African component of the < br > 2001 FAO / World Bank farming systems analysis . < br > Data sources include GAEZ FAO / IIASA , FAOSTAT , < br > and HarvestChoice . | Personal copy of data from Christopher < br > M . Auricht ( https : / / auricht . com / ) | Dixon , John , Dennis P . Garrity , Jean - < br > Marc Boffa , Timothy O . Williams , < br > Tilahun Amede , Christopher Auricht , < br > Rosemary Lott , and George Mburathi , < br > eds . 2019 . _Farming Systems and Food_ < br > _Security in Africa : Priorities for Science_ < br > _and Policy Under Global Change . _ < br > Routledge . ( See figure 2 . 2b . ) | _Source : _ World Bank compilation . # Appendix B . Hazard Data * * Table B . 1 . Information on hazard data * * | | * * ERA5 * * | * * CHIRPS * * | * * SPEI * * | * * WRSI * * | * * SWI10 * * | *", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1410, "text": "World Bank compilation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") by the PCU . The PCU will therefore be the unit responsible for furnishing the required quarterly implementation progress status report as validated by the Steering Committee convened by the MME for forwarding to the Ministry of Finance and the Bank . Finally , DGE will be responsible to undertake in a participatory way reasonably early during project implementation , the process to elaborate an M & E manual that will guide the overall M & E activities . 64 . With regard to data collection , all three participating agencies have been involved in earlier IDA financed energy projects . Based on the structure established above , project-specific data will therefore be collected by SONABEL , FDE and DGE for the activities associated with each component . For the rural electrification component , the COOPELs will participate in data collection at their point of operation under FDE ’ s supervision . 65 . It is expected that the project will build the capacities of staff within DGE , FDE and 17", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 657, "text": "project-specific data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 014 + | - 0 . 015 | 0 . 006 | 0 . 008 | - 0 . 022 + + | - 0 . 018 | - 0 . 010 | 0 . 007 | - 0 . 008 | - 0 . 014 | | | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | | Change in urban population | 0 . 038 | 0 . 033 | - 0 . 079 | - 0 . 051 | - 0 . 184 | - 0 . 196 | - 0 . 077 | - 0 . 101 | 0 . 060 | 0 . 107 | | | ( 0 . 182 ) | ( 0 . 223 ) | ( 0 . 075 ) | ( 0 . 089 ) | ( 0 . 114 ) | ( 0 . 152 ) | ( 0 . 116 ) | ( 0 . 149 ) | ( 0 . 146 ) | ( 0 . 167 ) | | State fixed effects | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Observations | 250 | 250 | 201 | 201 | 247 | 247 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | | Adjusted R-squared | 0 . 608 | 0 . 629 | 0 . 304 | 0 . 367 | 0 . 651 | 0 . 683 | 0 . 597 | 0 . 626 | 0 . 500 | 0 . 520 | Notes : Estimations consider changes in district spatial mismatch for 1994-2005 . The spatial mismatch index compares the observed industry distribution of district employment across urban and rural locations to a counterfactual where plants in the district are allocated to urban and rural locations according to national propensities by industry to be in urban settings ( holding constant for the district the total urban and rural activity )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Score card to the ISC for discussions , input and endorsement . Systematization of Score card across cash actors in upcoming programs . Consultation with MMWG on score card for non-Libyans . * * Feasibility * * Feasible * * Progress * * Initiated but slow . Needs more engagement from stakeholders # # # * * Rational * * Pre-requisit to CBI scale up * * Buy-in Feasibility Progress * * General agreement for Feasible Early stage : no single or the development and combined / inter-operable implementation of data beneficiary data platform . management platform ( s ) , Most organizations still either common or agency use Excel . UNHCR rolling out ASSIST & PROGRESS . specific / inter-operable * * Next Steps * * Take stock of existing beneficiary data management supporting cash programs . Better understanding of ASSIST through trainings to UNHCR partners ; Review of best suited alternative platforms and inter-operability processes in other humanitarian operations . Decision on best suitable beneficiary data management platform for cash actors . During the 3rd week of February , UNHCR organized a training on ASSIST with partners . * * When Stakeholders Lead * * End of February CMWG , UNHCR UNHCR # # * * WHAT * * MEB & transfer value # # # * * Rational * * Pre-Condition for MPCG programming * * Buy-in Feasibility Progress * * Sectors to be more proactive Feasible MEB nearly completed in supporting the CMWG , when needed * * Lead Stakeholders When * * CMWG , REACH CMWG , Sector March 2018 leads and ISC * * Next Steps * * Frequencies and / or triggers for the update of the Transfer Value and its geographical standardization need to be established . Presentation of updated MEB to the ISC for input and endorsement - Awaiting endorsment by ISC 3", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 538, "text": "data beneficiary data platform", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approximately one-third satisfy the Poverty 1 criterion , 70 percent satisfy the Poverty 2 criterion , and 25 percent satisfy both criteria . We run separate regression models for three summary outcomes of the intervention on both students and parents : the overall index of student achievement , the indicator for enrollment in seventh grade , and the overall index of parental engagement . Estimation > 13For details on the Poverty 1 index , refer to ` https : / / www . gob . mx / cms / uploads / attachment / file / 685308 / Nota_t_cnica_IML_2020 . pdf ` , accessed on August 2022 . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 reveals that exposure of a barangay to a typhoon in the 6 months before the month of interview , is associated with a statistically significant decline in PCE by 6 . 7 percent . This estimate is very comparable to the impact estimates of ββ typhoons on PCE in the literature . For example , for the Philippines , Anttila-Hughes and Hsiang ( 2013 ) using provincial panel data , estimate a reduction between 5 . 9 % and 7 . 1 % in consumption , whereas Ishizawa and Miranda ( 2016 ) , estimate a decline ranging between 2 % and 4 % for Central American countries . Baez et al . ( 2015 ) using panel data also show a fall in the consumption of Guatemalan households by 12 . 6 % . Along similar lines , PCE on food decline by 5 . 1 % ( see col . 2 ) and PCE on non-food decline by 7 . 8 % . Also , PCE on protein seem to be negatively affected ( decline by 10 . 1 pp ) whereas PCE on fruits and vegetables , cereals , education and medical services appear to be unaffected . < sup > 21 < / sup > > 21 We have also confirmed that changing the reference period of the shock measure based on the binary variable W119_bhy , does not result in any significant lagged effects of typhoons on total household PCE or any of its components ( as is the case with the _f_ index used in Table 3 ) . 18", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 377, "text": "provincial panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 594, "end": 604, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > st by the time of CFUWB < br > lost from R1 to R2 . < br > all sample size . < br > assuming the same wor | 25 . 2 < br > ES2 is predicted by aggreg < br > kers aged / assuming the ag | 25 . 5 < br > ating modeled jobs lost i < br > e structure of employm | 23 . 3 < br > n CFUWBES 1 and < br > ent is replicated | Jordan female PFPS workers tend to be highly selected among the female working population ; pre-COVID , 36", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 288, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 new senior positions would be created and others upgraded at MOCD headquarters to reflect an increased level of qualifications required and higher job responsibilities , and salary structures and career opportunities would be improved to attract better qualified staff . These organizational changes at MOCD headquarters ( para . 61 ) would strengthen its services throughout Kenya . 54 . The proposed Project investments for cooperative development include provisions for staffing and support services at a number of settlement schemes in IADP II areas . In addition , planning funds for another five districts would be used for a physical and soil survey , and for staff development , physical planning , and presettlement development studies . Implementation of this part of the Project would be the responsibility of the Ministry of Lands and Settlement . # # Credit Development 55 . About 95 % of seasonal credit volume to support Project activities would be channeled through CBK and the cooperative system . To ensure full coverage of the Project area , CBK would open twelve field offices each with a field credit officer , support staff and adequate vehicles and equipment . Timing of opening of these field offices would be established in annual work plans ( para . 62 ) . Two additional credit officers at CBK headquarters would", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 659, "text": "physical and soil survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ been assembled , evaluated and presented . The availability and quality of baseline information for the study area is generally good . However , there is shortage of some updated socio-economic data like population data for the subproject affected woredas due to the recent restructuring of the administrative structure of the Shashemene city . # # # # # # * * _ ( i ) Physical Environment_ * * _Topography : _ The topography of the Subproject Area is predominantly flat and rolling terrain . Flat or almost flat and gently sloping topography comprise 38 % and 49 % of the total length of the transmission route respectively . The elevation along the TL route ranges from 1689 masl to 1925 masl with a topographic difference of 236m . _Climate_ : The mean annual rainfall in the Subproject Area is 992 mm . The rainy season extends from March to October , and April to September contributes 72 % of the mean annual precipitation . The driest months are December & January . The temperature recorded at Hawassa shows that the mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 25 < sup > o < / sup > C in July to 30 < sup > o < / sup > C in March , with mean maximum temperature of 27 . 65 < sup > o < / sup > C . The mean monthly minimum temperature varies from 11 < sup > o < / sup > C to 15 . 4 < sup > o < / sup > C , with mean minimum of 14 < sup > o < / sup > C . _Drainage and Water Resources : _ The proposed subproject is entirely located within the Hawassa sub-basin of the Rift Valley Lakes Basin . The power line runs through catchments", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 418, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-MAKUENI COUNTY-21035 < br > 4-GO-RFQ / Printing of 300 n < br > o . Maternity registers , 350 no < br > . ANC registers , 350 no . Family Planning registers , 350 no . IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 41 , 600 . 00 36 , 600 . 60 Completed 2021-02-12 2021-04-01 2021-03-03 2021-04-23 2021-06-11 2021-06-14 < br > Immunization registers , 350 < br > no . CWC registers , 200 no . P < br > NC registers , 100 no . PAC reg < br > isters , 5000 no . Maternity file < br > KE-MAKUENI COUNTY-21035 < br > 0-GO-RFQ / Procure 10no . toners and 100no . reams of pri IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 1 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2021-02-11 2021-03-02 2021-06-10 < br > nting papers for County Healt < br > h Management Team < br > KE-MAKUENI COUNTY-193027-GO-RFQ / Print 1000 no . immunization monitor charts IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 2 , 000 . 00 1 , 752 . 53 Completed 2021-04-03 2021-03-31 2021-04-22 2021-04-23 2021-06-21 2021-05-25 < br > KE-MAKUENI COUNTY-21753 < br > 7-GO-RFQ / PROCURE 1no . Mi < br > croscope ,", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 126, "text": "Maternity registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 170, "end": 195, "text": "Family Planning registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 473, "end": 486, "text": "CWC registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Appendix 9 . Change in Reduced Coping Strategy Index Following the 2017 IPC Announcement * * | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | VARIABLES | ln ( rCSI ) | ln ( rCSI ) | ln ( rCSI ) | ln ( rCSI ) | ln ( rCSI ) | | Post Announcement Indicator | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 009 | - | 0 . 014 | 0 . 014 | | | [ 0 . 019 ] | [ 0 . 021 ] | | [ 0 . 030 ] | [ 0 . 030 ] | | Quarter Indicators | | | | | | | ____________________ < br > Q2 2017 Indicator | - | | 0 . 057 * * * | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 020 ] | | | | Q3 2017 Indicator | - | | - 0 . 003 | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 015 ] | | | | Q4 2017 Indicator | - | | - 0 . 012 | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 021 ] | | | | Q1 2018 Indicator | - | | - 0 . 012 | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 033 ] | | | | Q2 2018 Indicator | - | | - 0 . 071 * * | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 030 ] | | | | Q3 2018 Indicator | - | | - 0 . 078 * | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 038 ] | | | | Interactions Between IPC Status and the Post < br > Announcement Indicator | | | | | | | ____________________ < br > Post Announcement Indicator * IPC 4 Indicator | - | | - | - 0 . 056 | - | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement * * f ) Disruptions to Vehicle Movement and Pedestrian Access through the Settlement When Work Is Underway , and Proposed Mitigation Measures . * * Observed from the field survey , resettlement to new areas outside the beneficiary Settlement is unlikely . Subsequently , the potential impact of disruption of movement ( i . e . access ) of vehicles and pedestrians to and from premises and adjoining areas of land , both within and outside the beneficiary Settlement , is examined under this RAP Report within the boundaries of the beneficiary Settlement . The disruption is expected during construction period , and it is anticipated to be upsetting as well as potentially dangerous . It is potentially dangerous particularly in the event of an emergency , and emergency vehicles ( e . g . ambulances , fire trucks and police cars ) are unable to access the site of emergency . It is potentially upsetting , a particular concern raised with respect to impact to : - i . ) Businesses , where business owners ’ worries were observed as : a ) loss of or reduced revenue ; and , b ) loss of clientele ; and , - ii . ) Physically disabled persons , in particular those using wheel chairs and clutches , whose worries were movement through the construction site . Respecting , the mitigation measures this RAP report proposes is for the contractor to draw an engineering works schedule that provides for all works proposed for the Settlement to be staggered by short distances along a road , as well as be accomplished by specific geographical groups . That is , all upgrading plans proposed for the Settlement should be grouped , first by road , next by smaller distances along the road . Thereafter , engineering works along the length of the road should be sequenced by the smaller geographical grouping , and coordinated in such a way that : a ) provided is movement of vehicles through the Settlement when work is underway , and maintained is pedestrian access through the construction zone ; and , b )", "spans": [{"start": 306, "end": 318, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2018-07-19 < br > 2018-08-15 < br > 2018-08-09 < br > 2018 | - 08-21 < br > 2018-09-22 < br > 2019-03-01 | 2018-10-22 < br > 2019 - | 04-01 < br > 2018-11-26 < br > 2019 | - 04-01 < br > 2019-05-25 < br > 2019-10-09 | | ET-MOST-37071-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service for the < br > development and installation < br > of software for online < br > accreditation application and < br > accreditation solution of < br > ENAO | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 180 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-11-16 < br > 2018-01-01 < br > 2017-12-07 < br > 2018 | - 01-03 < br > 2018-01-20 < br > 2018-02-10 | 2018-02-19 | 2018-03-26 | 2018-09-22 | | ET-MOST-27862-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of local < br > consultants for standards < br > need assessment survey | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | 30 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-09-30", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 955, "text": "need assessment survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_tice_ ) contained only the personalized information ( the owner ’ s name and a photograph of the property ) and the compliance instructions . Finally , the notice for the third treatment group ( the _penalty notice_ ) had no personalized information but included the information on penalties . Appendix Figure A1 provides images of the notices . Due to the 2014 Ebola outbreak , field activities were suspended following the property enumeration . In March 2017 , using the information from the property enumeration list , the LRA prepared the different notices for property owners according to their randomized group . Delivery agents were provided with “ address books ” containing the photograph and location of each property to hand-deliver the notices . If the property owner was not present , the notice was handed to the resident to deliver to the property owner . Given the three-year lag between the enumeration process and the delivery of the notices , there was some attrition in the sample . The team successfully delivered notices to 90 percent of the property owners in the sample , and this rate was not significantly different across the treatment and control groups . < sup > 15 < / sup > # * * 4 . 2 Data and Empirical Specification * * The data for this study come from two main sources : the baseline enumeration data and administrative records on tax payments . The baseline enumeration data include the property block and number ( using a numbering system put in place by a pilot project of the postal office ) , the community name , the name and phone number of the resident with whom the enumeration survey was completed and his or her relationship to the property owner , the name and phone number of the property owner ( s ) ( if they were not the survey respondents ) , and property characteristics , such as the number of rooms and bathrooms , the presence of a porch and / or garage , building materials , and whether the property is residential or commercial . The enumerators also measured and recorded the exterior dimensions of the property using sketches and took photographs of the exterior . The LRA determined property values using a", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 521, "text": "property enumeration list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1343, "end": 1381, "text": "administrative records on tax payments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1388, "end": 1413, "text": "baseline enumeration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "intended to improve or at minimum < br > maintain current standards for learning . | | Description | DLR 7 . 3 : This result measures the Increase in the number of refugee primary schools ( including pre-primary classes ) that are fully integrated into the national < br > education system according to the integration criteria below . A school is counted in the year it first meets all criteria and is then retained in cumulative totals . < br > _Definition of “ Integrated ” ( all criteria must be met at the school level ) : 1 . Registration in EMIS and inclusion in the National Assessment system ; 2 ) Incorporation_ < br > _into government planning and budgeting / / inclusion in School grant and other related budgets through the Woreda Education Office ; 3 ) MoE-compliant staffing_ < br > _ ( reasonably available staffing in the host region depending on the context in the region ) , 4 ) Implementing the national curriculum and inclusion in TLM systems ; _ < br > _5 ) _establishment and functioning of school-level governance structures ( such as a PTSA ) ; _6 ) _regular supervision , inspection and reporting through government < br > systems . < br > iii | | Data source / Agency | EMIS , IFMIS / IBEX , REB / WEO budget inclusion lists , budget circulars / notifications , school grant transfer statements . MoE / REB / WEO HR and payroll records < br > ( appointments , payroll extracts ) . MoE / REB TLM distribution logs . supervision / inspection reports < br > ii | | Verification Entity | Verification Agent ( VA ) contracted bythe MoE | | Procedure | ii < br > DLRs 7 . 1 , The result is achieved when the Transition operational plan ( A Transition Operational Plan in the context of refugee schools ’ integration is a structured , < br > time ‑ bound plan that", "spans": [{"start": 1324, "end": 1362, "text": "MoE / REB / WEO HR and payroll records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1408, "end": 1439, "text": "MoE / REB TLM distribution logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 4 : Entry rate in primnar Grade 1 by gender . geographic location and region | | AccesstopnmaryGradeI ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | | Total | 51 . 9 | | Boys | 55 . 4 | | Girls | 48 . 0 | | Urban | 73 . 3 | | Rural | 42 . 4 | | North | 34 . 7 | | East | 42 . 8 | | South | 58 . 1 | | West | 85 . 0 | A pattern relatively similar to that obtained on the GER was observed , namely : i ) that gender disparities are moderate ( 55 . 4 percent for boys , 48 percent for girls ) ; but that ii ) * * the gap between urban and rural areas is quite substantial * * ( 73 percent in urban , but only 42 percent in rural ) ; and iii ) that regional disparities are very wide ( 35 percent in the North , 43 percent in the East , 58 percent in the East , but 85 percent in the Western Region ) . From the data presented in Table 4 , it may also be stressed that , within the global population of adolescents , only a very small proportion of those in the age group 15 to 20 , have had any access to schooling . It is indeed estimated that among the 2 , 929 individuals in that age group in the survey as many as 2002 * * ( 68 . 4 percent ) did not have access to school at all . * * This group of individuals is , as such , entering adult life with no schooling . Defining strategies to prevent major social problems within this age group is an area that deserves special attention . # # # # School retention To analyze this pattern , cross tabulation of the grade attained over the two school years ( 1998-99 and 1999-00 ) was conducted , determining the pattern of retention for Grades 1-6 . Table 5 shows these results . Out of 100 children , it is", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia - Expressway Development Support Project ( P148850 ) # # # * * I . PROJECT STATUS AND RATIONALE FOR RESTRUCTURING * * # # * * A . Project Status * * 1 . The project is progressing satisfactorily towards its development objective to enhance efficiency and safety in the movement of goods and people along the Zeway-Arsi Negele section of the Modjo-Hawassa development corridor , whilst strengthening the Recipient ' s institutional capacity to develop and manage high-capacity highways and expressways . Total IDA commitments under the Original Project Financing ( Credit No . 5625-ET ) and the Additional Financing ( Credit No . 7900-ET ) stand at US $ 301 . 96 million , of which US $ 264 . 43 million ( 87 . 57 % ) has been disbursed . The physical implementation of the 57 . 4km ( Lot 3 ) Batu / Zeway-Arsi Negele segment of the Modjo-Hawassa Expressway ( total length 202 km ) , which constitutes the World Bank-financed section , has reached 99 % completion and is on track for full completion before the project ' s closing date of June 30 , 2026 . Technical assistance activities are also advancing as planned : ( i ) the ERA Management System ( ERAMS ) has reached 97 % completion and is actively used by 774 registered users to manage over 508 construction and 123 maintenance projects ; ( ii ) the Road Accident Data Management System ( RADMS ) is substantially complete , with a phased national rollout underway and over 12 , 500 crash records captured to date ; ( iii ) the Electronic Toll Collection ( ETC ) system for the Addis Ababa – Adama Expressway is in its final testing and interoperability phase ; ( iv ) road safety capacity building has exceeded targets , with 324 professionals trained against a target of 300 and road safety assessments completed on 3 , 000km of trunk roads against a target of 2", "spans": [{"start": 1340, "end": 1376, "text": "Road Accident Data Management System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our baseline sample period focuses on the effects of the earlier years of the AIA from 2007 to 2013 for total investment and cloud . The year 2013 is chosen as this is the first time for which questions on cloud use were included in the E-commerce survey . We assume zero adoption for all firms in 2007 , consistent with the assumption of DeStefano et al . ( 2023 ) , as this is before cloud computing arrived in the UK . In the robustness section we test for the use of the other time periods for which information on cloud use by firms is available , namely 2015 , 2017 and 2019 . Information on the use of big data analytics are collected for the years 2015 and 2019 and for AI in the year 2019 . Again we assume zero adoption in 2007 for both . Worker-level estimation of the demand for data workers and total investment at the firm level takes advantage of annual data for the years 2007 to 2013 and 2007 to 2019 ( inclusive ) . Table 2 below provides summary statistics of the main variables and time periods we use in the main body of the paper . For the period up to 2013 our data show that 28 % of firms in our sample use cloud , but that this varies across types of cloud service . For example , only 6 % of firms use cloud for finance software , whereas 16 % use cloud for storage of files . For big data analytics , 21 % of firms use big data by 2015 ( 26 % in 2019 ) , while only 1 . 7 % of firms use AI by 2019 . Additional summary statistics for all firm variables for all time periods are available in Table A1 , and worker summary statistics are in Table A2 . # * * 4 Empirical strategy * * To identify the effect of the AIA capital allowances on capital investment , cloud technologies , big data and AI we use a difference-in-differences ( DID ) specification with some minor distinctions discussed below depending on whether we model IT investment ( available annually ) or the technology variables ( available in specific years ) .", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 254, "text": "E-commerce survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 862, "end": 873, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# VII . Household descriptive statistics < u > Table 7 < / u > summarizes basic household demographic and consumption statistics , by decile . Lower-income households are larger , though no clear correlation emerges between income level and age or sex of the household head . Households in the lower-income deciles are also less likely to smoke ( proxied by the report of positive consumption of cigarettes ) . In turn , the wealthiest decile reports the highest smoking prevalence , for all cigarettes and for filtered cigarettes only . On the other hand , lower-income households observe the highest likelihoods of consuming unfiltered cigarettes only ( Table 8 ) . The expenditure amount on cigarettes ( for all cigarettes and filtered cigarettes ) increases with income . The value of cigarette purchases among the top 10 percent is more than seven times the value of cigarette consumption by the poorest 10 percent of households . Averaging for all households , all cigarettes take up the largest consumption share in decile two ( 3 . 2 percent of aggregate consumption in the decile ) , though filtered cigarettes are most relevant for middle-income households . However , conditional on smoking , the poorest households spend the largest shares of their budgets on cigarettes ( filtered , unfiltered and all cigarettes ) . These shares decrease consistently with income . The share of all cigarettes for smokinghouseholds in the bottom-10 percent ( 14 . 5 percent of household consumption ) is more than double the share for smoking-households in the top-10 percent ( 7 . 1 percent of their consumption ) . It is possible to conclude that although wealthier households spend more GEL on cigarettes , those purchases represent much lower tolls on their incomes , than for lower-income households . Poorer households consistently spend more of their scare resources on tobacco . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 5 < br > 2 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > 0 0 < br > All EAP ECA LAC MENA SAR SSA < br > regions min median max < br > host-country ' s financial sector ) home-country ' s financial sector ) < br > Total Assets in host countries ( % Total assets Total Assets in host countries ( % Total assets < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < br > No . of home-country banks No . of host countries < br > No . host countries per home country < br > ZAF RUS COL CHN TUR NGA KEN LBN MLI IND MAR MYS BRA LBY ECU < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > South-Africa , Russia , and Colombia are home to the most EMDE banks which are active in other EMDEs ; Lebanon ’ s banks are active in many host countries 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for lighting . About 2 million households are located beyond the reach of foreseeable national grid or independent grid de : velopments . Based on their current expenditures on energy services and products the potential market is about 20 % of these households , i . e . , 400 , 000 households . It is estimated that if a rural household spends about $ 4 per month on kerosene and batteries , then it is a potential solar PV customer , particularly for smaller systems . In comparison , an ESMAP report , _Uganda : Rural Electrification Strategy Study , 1999 , _ based on a demand survey of 2 , 000 non-electrified rural households in 12 ( out of a total of 45 ) purposefully selected districts - which probably resulted in overestimates of expenditures - found that : ( i ) rural households paid , on average , over US $ 6 per month on dry-cell batteries for torches , radios and radio cassettes , and ( ii ) approximately 10 percent of the surveyed households own lead-acid batteries , and spend about US $ 10 per month on energy services . * * NGO and official / donor market segments * * These segments together comprise the institutional market . W ' hile the needs in this market are high , the ability to pay and the ability to develop technical solutions is limited . Subsidy funds to improve affordability are required for these institutions to become a key component for solar PV market development . * * Key barriers . * * High prices are a main barrier to development of the PV market in Uganda . The high prices are related to an interlocking set of factors : - low sales volumes and weak distribution networks , reflecting the small size and low capitalization of the companies currently selling PV in Uganda . None of the companies as yet has a well-developed distribution network reaching into rural areas ; - 74 -", "spans": [{"start": 574, "end": 587, "text": "demand survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In order to investigate whether the CPS program improved preschools in domains likely to enhance child performance , we investigate the relationship between preschool quality and performance in the last panel of Table 4 ( “ Correlation qualityperformance ” ) . Here we analyze the correlation between each preschool quality index and midline cognitive skills , conditional on the baseline variables used for the reduced form estimations . < sup > 42 < / sup > We find that the process quality indices ( “ Pedagogy ” and “ Interactions ” ) are indeed significantly correlated with the midline cognitive development score while “ Equipment ” , the structural quality index that is the most affected by the construction program ( + 1 . 3 SD ) , shows no significant correlation with midline performance . It is noteworthy that the indexes for “ teacher characteristics and “ Classroom setting ” are also significantly correlated with the cognitive development index . < sup > 43 < / sup > Overall , therefore , this analysis suggests that while the CPS program did improve some dimensions of quality , it may not have improved the domains that are the most associated with child cognitive development . # * * 5 . 2 Preschool enrollment results * * We now turn to child enrollment into preschool , a key stated objective for of the program . < sup > 44 < / sup > Table 6 summarizes the impact on enrollment into each type of preschool , and into primary school , by treatment status . The measure of enrollment in this table is the child ’ s status on the day of the midline and endline survey visits . At midline , the interventions increased enrollment into any type of ( pre ) - school by 10 . 6 pp , compared to a control group enrollment rate of 43 . 5 % . < sup > 45 < / sup > The overall increase in preschool enrollment ( observed on the day of the visit ) is entirely driven by an increase in CPS enrollment of 41 . 0 pp at midline and 31 . 9 pp at endline ( Column 2 of Table 6 — the decline at endline is caused by the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 * * Table 5 : Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Plan * * | * * Issues * * | * * Activity * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Indicators * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Screening | Carry out an inventory of < br > VMGs in the proposed sub < br > project operation areas | KISIP PCT / VMGs | | | Vulnerable < br > and < br > Marginalized < br > Groups < br > Orientation < br > and < br > Mobilization | Reconnaissance survey < br > Community meetings | KISIP / Vulnerable < br > and < br > Marginalized < br > Peoples < br > Organizations / < br > Elders | Population and dynamics of VMGs in < br > screened areas well understood by key < br > players < br > VMGs in all areas identified give broad < br > support for theproject | | Consultations < br > with < br > Vulnerable < br > and < br > Marginalized Groups | Participatory < br > Rural < br > Appraisals | KISIP | Information from consultations verified by < br > VMGs and VMGOs as correct and a true < br > representation of their needs andpriorities | | Mapping < br > of < br > community < br > resources critical to VMGs < br > which could benefit from < br > the project | Baseline Surveys | KISIP and VMGOs | Community transect reports < br > Information from consultations verified by < br > VMGs and VMGOs as correct and a true < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1285, "text": "Baseline Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1306, "end": 1332, "text": "Community transect reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . Methodology # # 4 . 1 Data Public procurement data underlying the analysis must be high quality , wide scope and high resolution , including information on individual items purchased and their unit prices . We obtained the data sets directly from the official data holders such as national public procurement authorities . Data sets contained structured information on tendering processes such as procedure type used , tendering outcomes such as number of received bids , and information of actors such as buyer and bidder names . More on indicators in section 4 . 2 . Given our goal of looking at health care markets across countries , the biggest challenge of database building was to harmonize data sets coming from different legal and IT systems , for example by matching product classifications from different countries . When compiling the data set for the analysis , we started from the full public procurement data sets in each country and territory : we compiled a data set of 7 countries and 2 territories ( 2 states of Brazil ) . As a first step of database creation , we selected all tenders which relate to the health care sector in the source data sets ( Table 2 ) . Second , we narrowed down the list of selected health care-related tenders to those which belong to an overlapping product category across all 9 data sets . This harmonization process resulted in a considerable reduction of our database size from about 128 , 000 tenders to 36 , 611 tenders , basically due to incommensurate national product classifications at the very detailed level we needed for the unit price analysis . The data was available to the research team largely for the period between 2012 and 2018 , with considerable differences across countries . While each data set was defined on the level of item or purchase , in one country data structure differed . Here , the unit of observation was purchase orders within framework agreements which had to be aggregated to unique items within tenders to make them comparable to the other data sets . 11", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 56, "text": "Public procurement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 933, "text": "full public procurement data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 3 , 450 . 451 ) | | ( 5 , 742 . 526 ) | | | If the table includes missing values ( . n , . o , . v etc . ) , see the Missing values section in the help file for the Stata command ` iebaltab ` for definitions of these values . Significance : * * * = 0 . 01 , * * = 0 . 05 , * = 0 . 1 . Full user input as written by user : [ ` iebaltab pay_trend_3 pay_trend_5 , grpvar ( treatment ) savetex ( \" C : / Users / wb589463 / OneDrive - WBG / World Bank / poverty / Taxes / replication package / admin / tables / balance . tex \" ) replace ] ` The analysis was conducted at two levels : while randomization was implemented only at the ward level , the administrative data was not randomized . The primary objective was to assess whether the intervention had an impact on compliance among firms in the surveyed wards . Ideally , compliance behavior would have been observed directly through the survey . However , due to the inability to link administrative tax records to survey respondents , the next best option was to aggregate administrative data within the surveyed wards . 13", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 665, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is ongoing . - Multi-Level Car Park in Nairobi CBD - RFQ evaluation is ongoing As part of supporting improvement to Fiscal Commitment and Contingent liabilities , an * * FCCL * * Management Framework was considered and recommended for approval * * by * * the PPP Technical Sub-Committee . It shall be tabled to the PPP Committee for approval and subsequently circulated * * by CS / NT * * via a circular . Other milestones achieved under * * FCCL * * include ; ( i ) a policy concept paper for the issuance of Letters of Support and other forms of Government guarantees was drafted . The paper was endorsed * * by * * the * * CS * * Treasury and approval given to generate and create government policy on letters of support . Development of this policy is ongoing ( ii ) Development of a matrix for the collection of data and calculation of the Government ' s net position . This has since been consolidated to a whole of PDMO rather than * * FCCL * * unit mandate , ( iii ) setting up process * * & * * structure for the collection and maintenance of leading economic indicators for use in * * FCCL * * work . Consisting of : * * GDP * * growth rate , Inflation Rate , Interest Rates and Exchange rate . This has now morphed into a wider consideration for creating a relational data base for the PDMO ( iv ) analysis and finalization of the first PDMO-derived estimates of PPP-projects ' related contingent liabilities from PPAs and financial models ( for IPPs ) and feasibility studies of first mover roads PPP projects , Hostels project , Nairobi Car Park project . These were prepared pending submission of the same from contracting authorities as an interim measure in light of delays . The * * PIU * * continues to facilitate implementation of the IFPPP project . * * 14 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1052, "end": 1079, "text": "leading economic indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to all < br > residents of Ethiopia , and for any resident that wishes to have it , the legal responsibility of ensuring < br > access to the ID falls on the ID institution implementing Fayda . < br > ● Large number of legal documents accepted ( 30 + ) and specific protocols are in place ( that is , < br > introduction mechanism ) to enable the individuals to prove their identity at registration centers , even < br > allowing undocumented people to register through an introducer system . < br > ● Tailored enrollment strategies are planned for harder-to-reach regions and populations , including < br > mobile Fayda registration centers . < br > ● Refugees and asylum seekers can access Fayda the same as nationals , including the same introducer < br > processes for undocumented persons . Considering that Fayda only issues identification and not < br > refugee status determination ( which is done separately by RRS ) , this will mean less bureaucratic < br > processes . < br > ● The registration campaign will utilize locals to ensure adequate coverage of the language and to build < br > trust with the local population . < br > ● Special protocols will be applicable for registration of people with disabilities ( for example , biometric < br > exemptions and accessibility of centers ) . < br > ● Participatory and human-centered design approaches will be used to inform the implementation and < br > use of Fayda to access services . < br > ● Processes have been enhanced by lessons from numerous pilots , such as ensuring information < br > availability ( including in accessible formats , multiple languages , and disseminated by trusted sources ) , < br > having physically accessible facilities , and having multiple registration and ID issuance channels . < br > ● The ID laws ensure sufficient check and balance with strong complaints and grievance redress < br > mechanisms . | | * * Personal data * * < br > * * breaches and misuse * * < br > ID systems", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the private sector . With the masterplan , policy makers will have an accurate assessment of the existing capacity ( public and private ) , the degree of overlap , and potential areas for collaboration ( e . g . , making use of services in the private sector rather than introducing them in the public sector ) . In addition , the Government will be better prepared to introduce a \" certificate of need program \" ( whereby investment decisions and procurement of major equipment would be based on a demonstrated need ) , develop a contracting program , and define the framework for an accreditation program . Strengthening the national health information system will improve the public sector ' s capacity to measure and monitor the services provided in the private sector . _9 . _ * * _Major related projects financed by the_ * * _Bank and_ * * _other development agencies_ * * ( completed , ongoing and planned ) | Objective | Project | Latest 590 Ratings | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > Bank-financed | | | | * Expand coverage , improve the quality and efficiency of PHC ; < br > expand availability and quality of MCH services ; improve < br > health services through manpower development ; strengthen < br > health education | Jordan Primary Health Care Project < br > ( Ln . 2531-JO ) | Closed 5 / 93 ; PCR < br > prepared ( dated < br > 1 / 20 / 94 ) ; OED < br > rating : \" S \" | | * Improve service delivery ; strengthen management ; < br > irnprove < br > research and planning capacity of the MOH | Jordan Health Management Project < br > ( Ln . 3574-JO ) | DO : \" S \" < br > IP : * * \" 4s * * | | * Address the problems of the poor or unemployed through < br > specific interventions ( e . g . , extend income supplementation <", "spans": [{"start": 632, "end": 666, "text": "national health information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 6 . Effective residential tariff for 100 kWh ( cents / kWh ) < br > 35 . 0 < br > 30 . 0 < br > 25 . 0 < br > 20 . 0 < br > 15 . 0 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 5 . 0 < br > - < br > Chad Mali Cape Verde Senegal Uganda Burkina Faso Congo , Rep . Kenya Rwanda Niger Benin Côte d ' Ivoire Namibia Cameroon Ghana Botswana Lesotho Mozambique Tanzania Zimbabwe Ethiopia Malawi Congo South Africa Nigeria Madagascar Zambia < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database On average , residential electricity in Africa is among the most expensive in the world . For the average consumer , residential tariffs are over 12 cents / kWh in about 60 percent of the sample countries and over 20 cents / kWh in close to 25 percent of the sample ( Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , Uganda , Madagascar , Mali , and Chad ) ( figure 6 ) . To compare it against other world regions , Africa ’ s residential electricity price averages between 50 and 150 percent higher than the 8 cents / kWh in Latin-America , Eastern Europe , and East Asia , and up to 400 percent higher than average residential tariffs in South Asia . What is the pattern of average effective residential tariffs across levels of consumption ? Tariffs that increase with consumption effectively impose a penalty on higher consumption and vice versa . About half of the sample countries have increasing average effective residential tariffs ( for example , Cape Verde , Chad , Côte d ’ Ivoire , Ethiopia , Ghana , Kenya , Madagascar , Mozambique , Nigeria , Tanzania , and Uganda [ figure 7a and b ] ) . One-third of countries have decreasing average effective residential tariffs , not only because they have explicitly adopted DBT ( for example , Senegal ) but also because the size of their first blocks is large meaning that the weight of the fixed charge is spread across a", "spans": [{"start": 504, "end": 566, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or source of income . On average , the Daraz sample firms have been selling goods on Daraz for 2 . 6 years . For most firms in the sample – 69 . 2 percent - sales through Daraz make up 50 percent or less of their total sales ( figure 4 ) . Figure 4 : Percent of total sales on Daraz < ! - - Start of picture text - - > < 0 . 25 0 . 25 to 0 . 50 0 . 5 0 . 5 to 0 . 75 > 0 . 75 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > percent < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Owners of firms in the sample tend to be young , male , and tertiary educated . Some 55 . 3 percent are younger than 30 years old , while only 3 . 1 percent are 50 or older ( figure A . 2 ) . Women comprise 10 . 7 percent of the sample . Many – 50 . 1 percent - have completed a vocational program , while 25 . 2 percent have completed a Bachelor ’ s degree or higher ( figure A . 3 ) . # * * 3 The Impact of Joining an E-Commerce Platform * * # # * * 3 . 1 The Impact of Joining Chaldal * * The survey data suggest that firms are joining e-commerce platforms such as Chaldal primarily to access a larger market . More than 90 percent of Chaldal sellers report that they joined the platform to reach more customers ( figure 5 ) . Diversifying sales outlets and achieving more steady / reliable sales are also major reasons for joining the platform . Although some sellers also joined Chaldal because it offers better terms than those found on other sales outlets , almost none joined the platform in expectation of higher prices . 10", "spans": [{"start": 977, "end": 988, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "75 . 00 | | Date | 04-Jan-2019 | 30-Sep-2021 | 30-Sep-2021 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | The indicator measu < br > use of the water res < br > management of wat | res accessibility and use of th < br > ource data ( meteorology , hydr < br > er supply systems delivered un | e water resources monitorin < br > ology and groundwater ) to i < br > der the Project . | g system . It measures the < br > nform design and | * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * Rural and Pastoral Water Supply , Sanitation , and Hygiene < u > < mark > IN01152139 < / mark > < / u > 6 / 21 / 2022 Page 5 of 11", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 222, "text": "ource data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * SUB-NATIONAL PROTECTION CLUSTER : * * - Establish linkages with the Education Cluster , recognizing the protection value of children being in school and the potential to work through education to keep children safe and identify those at risk . * * < mark > RISK 2 < / mark > * * Forced recruitment and association of children in armed forces and groups # # # # # * * FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF SOMALIA ( FGS ) & JUBALAND STATE GOVERNMENT : * * - Implement zero tolerance for forced recruitment of children by the government through the Implementation of the National Action Plan to prevent the recruitment and use of children in armed forces and groups . Strengthen adherence and implementation of the CRC ratified by Somalia in 2015 . - The government ( FGS and Jubaland state ) to enhance rule of law , security , and protection of civilians from Al-Shabaab threats and violence especially in hard-to-reach areas as family members fear for their lives , hence offering children for recruitment . - Lack of documentation has far-reaching consequences such as difficulty in differentiation between children and adults . Therefore , the government to ensure the national registration of citizens including birth certificates for children . - Jubaland ministry of women , family affairs and human rights to establish and lead a state level task force to enhance collaboration between civil and military actors and promotion of children ’ s rights including preventing the recruitment of children into the armed forces and groups . # # # # # * * HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES , DONOR AND DEVELOPMENT ACTORS : * * - Strengthen durable solutions programming to overcome the cycle of vulnerabilities and enhanced resource mobilization for child protection responses . - Strengthen awareness creation on children ’ s rights including prevention of child recruitment and respect for International Humanitarian Law ( IHL ) and International Human Rights Law ( IHRL ) . - Capacity building of the parties to the conflict and government on International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1203, "text": "national registration of citizens", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Multi-Agency Emergency Response Team and the Tanzania Red Cross estimate that 2 , 151 households in the city were displaced , 42 houses and 21 latrines completely collapsed and 342 houses severely damaged . The current report provides results suggesting the number of affected households is much larger than official numbers and that the impacts of the flood were significant – households lost on average 23 % of annual income . Recent flooding events affecting Tanzania in May 2019 are yet another reminder of the urgency to address the flood risk problem in the country . During May 5-7 , Dar es Salaam received 144mm of rain , which is close to the rainfall average of the entire month of May , leading to flooding and closure of several roads . In mid-May , flooding killed 5 and left 2 , 500 people homeless in the district of Kyela in the country ’ s south after a week of torrential rain . The Disaster-Poverty household survey analyzed the relationship between flood risk and poverty in Dar es Salaam . Two rounds of data collection were carried out between November 2017 and September 2018 . The first round established an initial assessment and baseline of household exposure and behaviors in relation to flood events . The second round assessed the impact of the flood that happened in April 2018 . # 2 Methodology and Data # # 2 . 1 On project implementation The study was conducted as part of the Tanzanian Urban Resilience Program ( TURP ) , which is financed by the Government of the United Kingdom ’ s Department for International Development ( DFID ) . The Disaster-Poverty study has incorporated the work conducted for other TURP components . For example , the team used maps based on the Ramani Huria community mapping project to identify areas exposed to floods , and collaborates widely with other teams under TURP to align objectives and maximize synergies . For example , different teams involved with community work on flood mitigation under TURP were invited to add questions to the questionnaire , and results are shared with partners continuously . > 4 < u > https : / / reliefweb . int / sites / reliefweb . int / files / resources / MDRTZ021do .", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 934, "text": "Disaster-Poverty household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1707, "end": 1745, "text": "Ramani Huria community mapping project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Table 2 Accidents Reported at Various Road Locations * * | * * Locationof * * < br > * * accident * * | * * AverageNo . ofaccidents ( 1996 , * * < br > * * 1997 , 1999 ) * * | * * Casualty * * | * * Ftal * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kaisugu | 4 | 3 | 1 | | Kapsoit | 9 | 5 | 1 | | BrookeBond | 5 | 4 | 1 | | Rorei | 1 | _ | 1 | | Kaitui | 16 | 12 | 4 | | Kapkorech | 2 < br > __ < br > . | _ < br > _ | 2 | | Torit | 1 | 1 < br > _ | | | Kedowa | 11 | 8 | 3 | | Samutet | 7 | 4 | 3 | | Chepsir | 8 | 5 | 3 | | Kapkatum | 1 | _ . | < br > 1 | | MauTea | 1 | 1 < br > _ | - - - - T < br > - | | Kapkatongor | 5 | 4 | 1 | | Kipsitet | 4 | 1 | 3 | | Kericho | 6 | 5 | 1 | | Kisumu / Kisii < br > Junction | 2 | 2 | | | MuhoroniJunction | 2 | 2 | 28 | * * Table 3 . Accidents reported along Road Al * * | * * AHERO AREAROAD * * < br > * * Al * * | | | * * NUMEE * * | * * ROFA * * | * * CCIDENT * * | * * S * * | | | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 68, "text": "Accidents Reported at Various Road Locations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "retaliation is higher for firms serving heavy AD users . Given this higher risk , firms might be more responsive to the threat of retaliation in these countries . To investigate whether the destination country ’ s AD activity affects the export prices of the products of firms that are exposed to retaliation , we interact our variable of interest with another dummy variable , “ Heavy , ” which takes a value of one if the destination country ’ s total number of AD filings is higher than the world average over the previous five years . The regression estimates obtained using this variable are reported in the last column of table 6 . Similar to the earlier estimates , both the retaliation-threat variable and the interaction term are statistically significant . This result suggests that the increase in the unit price of products from exporting firms that are susceptible to retaliation is higher in export destinations that are heavy AD users . In terms of economic significance , there is a 13 percent increase in the price of products that firms export to heavy AD users when these countries are defendants in Brazil ’ s AD investigations within the same industry . # * * _ < < A > > _ CONCLUSION * * AD has become the most frequently implemented nontariff trade barrier . After the inception of the WTO in 1995 and the dramatic tariff cuts that countries experienced , the importance of AD duties increased for firms that seek alternative instruments of protection . Because AD duties are very large compared with most favored nation tariffs , they have a dramatic impact on both dumped imported varieties and domestic production . In this study , we analyze one dimension of this impact and contribute to the literature by investigating the pricing effect of AD duties in two ways . First , using rich , four-dimensional trade data , we show that AD duties imposed on Brazilian exporters significantly increase the unit value of firms ’ exported products . Second , we document a significant price increase for the exported products stemming 14", "spans": [{"start": 1815, "end": 1842, "text": "four-dimensional trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are estimated to have moved to other regions of Haiti and at the peak in numbers , approximately 1 . 5 million were displaced to camps within the country . < sup > 151 < / sup > Throughout the course of its history , Haiti has suffered long periods of political instability , often accompanied by violence , which has affected the nation ’ s ability to build robust State institutions and policies , infrastructure and services , as well as the rule of law . < sup > 152 < / sup > Poverty , inequality and lack of economic opportunities have been rife throughout Haiti ’ s history , with notable divides between urban and rural communities . < sup > 153 < / sup > Before the 2010 earthquake , about 75 per cent of the population of Haiti lived in poverty . < sup > 154 < / sup > High levels of crime and violence , including by armed gangs , have also compromised public security with some noting that gang involvement “ in criminal and political violence [ is ] deeply rooted in Haitian politics , and fueled by widespread poverty , inadequate police presence , government weakness , and social and economic inequalities . ” < sup > 155 < / sup > The United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) is among the actors to have highlighted that a general culture of tolerating , rather than punishing , gender-based violence has been aggravated by protracted political instability , and that the general aftermath of disasters can compound these issues . < sup > 156 < / sup > Indeed , many of these dimensions are intertwined and Haiti has constantly ranked poorly on the Fragile States Index . In 2009 , it was ranked 12 out of 178 countries , and this ranking decreased to 11 , 5 and 7 during 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 , respectively . < sup > 157 < / sup > 151 See e . g . United Nations , “ Report of the United Nations in Haiti 2010 : Situation , Challenges and Outlook ” , n . d .", "spans": [{"start": 1571, "end": 1591, "text": "Fragile States Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 3 . World Bank Population Data on Population and Refugees : https : / / data . worldbank . org / . [ Data accessed on April 17 , 2021 ] . > 4 . World Bank Population Data : https : / / data . worldbank . org / . [ Population data accessed on April 17 , 2021 ] . > 5 . OECD ( 2021 ) , Foreign-born population ( indicator ) . doi : https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1787 / 5a368e1b-en ( Website accessed on May 8 , 2021 ) . The top three countries include : Luxembourg ( 47 . 3 % ) , Australia ( 29 . 9 % ) and Switzerland ( 29 . 7 % ) . > 6 . Sources : The Federal Statistical Office , Swiss Labour Force Survey ( SLFS ) . [ Information retrieved from the Federal Statistics Office Website ( https : / / bit . ly / 2RM8xv5 ) on April 17 , 2021 ] . 3", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 32, "text": "World Bank Population Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 607, "text": "Swiss Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 4 . 2 . Planning Principles and Process * * The Environmental Monitoring Team ( EMT ) is responsible for the preparation of mitigation measures for adverse social and environmental impacts . The EMT is accountable for planning and monitoring while , the Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) is accountable for the implementation of the expropriation / compensation procedures . The EMT will provide the general direction and guidelines in the planning process of expropriation and compensation tasks , facilitate and coordinate mitigation measures for the adverse social impacts within the projects , and monitor and document the implementation process of RAP . The Environmental Monitoring Team ( EMT ) is responsible for the preparation of Resettlement Action Plan . It is also responsible for conducting a household census of Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) , establishing compensation committees , assessing and establishing compensation rates , providing compensation payment for PAPs , and carrying out resettlement or relocation of PAPs as per the RAP . Woredas and Urban Administrations ( or Municipalities ) will facilitate land acquisition required for the project as per proclamation No . 455 / 2005 Part Two article 3 . _ “ A Woreda or an urban administration shall , upon payment in advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation , have the power to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to be carried out by public entities , private investors , cooperative societies or other organs , or where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal organ for the same purpose . ” _ Since the Alalobad - Tendaho Geothermal Power Development Project is a public entity , both Woreda and urban administrations will play a major role in the facilitation of land acquisition required . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . Project Identification * * At project identification phase , Environmental Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) of the projects will be conducted with the aim of determining whether", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 915, "text": "household census of Project Affected Persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COL 20012011 COL 20012011 < br > IND 20012011 IND 20012011 < br > PER 20012011 PER 20012011 < br > RUS 20012011 RUS 20012011 < br > THA 20012011 THA 20012011 < br > TUR 20012011 TUR 20012011 < br > ZAF 20012011 ZAF 20012011 < br > 0 1 , 000 2 , 000 3 , 000 0 1 , 000 2 , 000 3 , 000 4 , 000 < br > US $ mil . US $ mil . < br > Total LVAX Unskilled Total LVAX Skilled Total LVAX Unskilled Total LVAX Skilled < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * This paper has used the newly developed World Bank ’ s Labor Content of Exports database to provide some novel evidence on the wages and jobs in South Africa ’ s exports . As have other large commodity-dependent 32", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 613, "text": "Labor Content of Exports database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records , and the farm performance survey . Section four presents the results from regressions exploring the impacts of title on self-assessed land rights , land values , investment , and productivity . Section five concludes by discussing implications for policy and future research . # * * 2 . Background and conceptual framework * * A large literature shows LSLBI can provide benefits for local populations if their land rights are respected while also highlighting that policies and the institutional arrangements to implement them affect volume and impact of such investment and that geo-referenced inventories are needed to assess quantity and impact of such investment . Low levels of agricultural productivity and large amounts of potentially suitable land have long led Zambia to adopt policies , including a dualistic land tenure regime , to encourage large farm growth . While this is estimated to have led to an agriculture sector dominated by ( domestic ) large farms , neither the extent and nature of large farms nor the effect of such policies on their productivity is known . # * * 2 . 1 Lessons from large land-based investment * * While early contributions highlighted the scope for “ pioneer investors ” to support discovery of agroecological suitability and establishment of technology and market linkages ( Collier & Venables 2012 ) , the extent to which large land acquisition by capital intensive large farms can support Africa ’ s structural transformation has long been subject to debate ( Deininger & Byerlee 2011 ; Collier & Dercon 2014 ; Cotula 2014 ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > A key motivation for providing title to large farms is the hope that doing so will provide them with the means to access credit to complement their better access to product markets and management thereby catalyzing structural transformation . However , with few exceptions ( Muyanga & Jayne 2019 ) , evidence on large farms ’ productivity or its determinants is lacking , making research on this issue a priority . Several studies explore long-term effects of foreign cash crop plantations using discontinuity designs . They often find negative and persistent effects on human capital as in South America ( Dell 2010 ) or Puerto Rico ( Bobonis & Morrow 2014 ) due", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 41, "text": "farm performance survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 589, "end": 615, "text": "geo-referenced inventories", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Follow-up surveys * * Our next three rounds of follow-up surveys preserved and expanded the baseline sample to add 496 farmer group members across the remaining 32 villages in our experimental sample , and an additional 246 farmer group members across the original 78 villages . Regressions that leverage baseline information such as social network relationships will not include these additional 32 villages and 742 group members ; in Appendix Tables A19 and A20 we show that including or dropping these villages does not meaningfully affect our main results beyond the precision of our estimates . In our first follow-up survey , just at the end of the demo year , we surveyed a much smaller sample of households and oversampled households in treatment arms with more demonstrators . We use the demo year household survey in two tables and one figure . In Table 5 , we include demo year data for additional power when estimating the impacts of the new seeds on yields ; these results are robust to excluding demo year data . In Appendix Table A1 , we use this survey to construct measures of demonstration year profits for demonstrators . In Figure 4a , we show the dynamics of adoption of improved seeds across our four years of data . In our second follow-up survey , one year post-demonstration , we additionally asked households about their knowledge of each of the new varieties of pulses , including characteristics of the new varieties . We construct an indicator that the household reported one of the new varieties for a given crop is a high-yielding variety ; building on our conceptual framework , we interpret this as a binary proxy for households ’ cropspecific beliefs about the returns to the new seeds , and we incorporate this measure of beliefs into analysis of mechanisms in Appendix C . * * Attrition * * Our main analysis focuses on impacts of demonstration one and two years post-demonstration . We attempted to revisit our full baseline sample in each of these waves ; we reached between 81 % and 89 % of households across treatment arms during these two survey waves , and find no evidence of differential attrition across treatment arms ( Appendix Tables A7 and A8 ) . *", "spans": [{"start": 801, "end": 827, "text": "demo year household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1014, "end": 1028, "text": "demo year data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rao ’ s Empirical Bayes prediction estimates ( Corral , Molina and Nguyen , 2020 ; Corral et al . , 2021 ) . The current poverty mapping method imputes consumption expenditure for census households based on a model estimated from the household survey by applying the estimated coefficients of the model to the same variables from the census data . Poverty and inequality statistics for each small area are then calculated with the imputed consumption estimates of census households . The method does not only estimate poverty indices but also their corresponding standard errors . This methodology involves three major steps . The first step is to select a set of variables that are common to a census and a household expenditure survey . The subset of variables that are found both in the census and the survey is used to estimate a regression model of per capita consumption using the survey data . In the second step , the set of parameter estimates obtained from the regression model is applied to the same set of variables identified in the census data to obtain predicted per capita consumption for each census household . Finally , based on the estimated level of per capita consumption , estimates of poverty , inequality and other welfare measures , as well as their standard errors , are calculated for any geographical unit with enough households to obtain reliable estimates . The point estimates and standard errors of the welfare indicators are calculated by MonteCarlo simulations . In each simulation , a set of values for the model parameters are drawn from their estimated distributions , and an estimate of consumption expenditure and poverty rates are obtained . # * * 3 . 1 Poverty mapping in Tunisia * * This section describes the implementation of the method and key findings of smallarea poverty estimation in Tunisia . It provides poverty rates and per capita consumption expenditure at the national level , and disaggregated at regional , governorate , and delegation levels – which constitute official poverty measures – and also disaggregated at the PSU level – which are measures used for implementing the new and original design of the EBCNV 2021 . 10", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 250, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 334, "end": 345, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 887, "end": 898, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2166, "end": 2176, "text": "EBCNV 2021", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) the poor urban households . Further , the requirements for public works have been waived to avoid crowding and physical interaction and additional activities , such as Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene ( WASH ) and nutrition messaging , have been enhanced with COVID-19-related risk prevention guidance . The country program focuses on improving community resilience and restoring human capital in the Restructuring stage , and support and strengthen institution building in the Recovery stage . The proposed Project also aligns with the Approach Paper by increasing access to services , especially WASH , coupled with hygiene education and awareness raising , for the vulnerable groups , strengthening community-level institutions and working with county governments to increase their capacity to better manage local service delivery . The World Bank ’ s current effort on high frequency phone surveys will be used to monitor the impact of the current COVID-19 crisis on households and businesses , which will help inform and adjust programmatic and operational designs and focus . Strategic and operational responses during the Resilient Recovery phase will be outlined in the upcoming CEN for FY21-22 . The new CEN is expected to focus on strengthening institution building , development-humanitarian nexus , building institutions and community resilience . 21 . * * The project supports the priority themes under the World Bank ’ s Africa Strategy 2019-2023 and the new Fragile , Conflict , and Violence ( FCV ) Strategy 2020 , which contribute to the World Bank ’ s twin goals . * * FCV is a critical development challenge that threatens efforts to end extreme poverty , affecting low-income countries such as South Sudan . Conflicts drive 80 percent of all humanitarian needs globally , while they reduce gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth by 2 – 8 percentage points per year on average . Unless FCV is addressed , it is difficult to put South Sudan back on a positive trajectory . By focusing on prevention , US $ 1 spent on prevention saves US $", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 1008, "text": "high frequency phone surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electricity bill . For residential customers , the average electricity consumption is derived from the IEA energy balances by taking the total residential electricity consumption and dividing by the number of connected households . Since there are limited data on the distribution of electricity consumption within a given country , median electricity consumption may lie below the lifeline tariff level in more cases than implied by the analysis . As a result , the results might overestimate the average electricity tariff faced by households in certain developing countries . For non-residential customers , a “ representative ” consumption level is adopted based on expert consultations and the characteristics of each sector . Commercial , agricultural and public sector consumption is assumed to be 1 , 000 kilowatt-hours per month , while industrial consumption is set at 5 , 000 kilowatt-hours per month . Similarly , assumptions were made about the representative load level for each customer group , as well as the pattern of peak versus off-peak consumption in cases where time-of-use tariffs exist . Following internal consultations , the commercial load factor was set to 11 kilovolts , while the industrial load factor was set to 33 kilovolts . In cases where customer groups were not explicitly defined by the tariff schedule , these load factors were used for categorization . In order to apply time-of-use to a single average nominal tariff for each customer group , a weighted average volumetric time-of-use charge was computed for each customer class based on the following time zones : peak times were defined as 6pm through 10pm for commercial customers , and as 6pm through 9pm for industrial users . Day time was defined as 8am through 6pm , and nighttime as 10pm through 8am for all users . Where a choice between linear tariffs and time-of-use tariffs was presented in the tariff schedule , the option resulting in the cheapest average nominal tariff based on the user ’ s assumed monthly consumption level was selected . 4", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 122, "text": "IEA energy balances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ compliance with them during construction supervision . Monitoring of the contractor ' s works will be carried out by the supervising consultant , who will ensure that good civil / environmental engineering practices are followed . Therefore , it is concluded that , provided the benefit enhancement and mitigation measures as recommended in this ESIA report are adopted and a RP is prepared and implemented , there are no environmental and social grounds for not proceeding with implementation of the subproject in the form presently envisaged . # # # # * * 14 . 2 Main Commitments * * The main commitments to be implemented by EEP include the following : - 1 ) _Resettlement Action Plan : _ Results of the property surveys along the TL route and substation revealed that privately owned farmland , residential houses , religious institutions and eucalyptus and other trees belonging to 125 households will be affected by the subproject ( 49 by farmland and 76 by housing structures ) . Therefore , a RAP shall be prepared and implemented to mitigate the land acquisition impact of the Subproject as per the requirements of GoE ’ s land expropriation laws and WB ’ s ESS5 - Land Acquisition , Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement . Therefore , EEP who is the implementing Agency must prepare a RP / LRP once the subproject is committed for construction . - 2 ) _Subproject designs , specifications , and contract documents : _ EEP shall that ensure subproject designs and specifications incorporate appropriate measures to minimise negative impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts including those recommended in this ESIA report . EEP shall also ensure that the appropriate environmental protection clauses have been included in the contract documents to allow control of actions by the contractor , which are potentially damaging to the environment , the community and construction workers . In addition , the Subproject Proponent shall", "spans": [{"start": 906, "end": 922, "text": "property surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Robustness check : Expanding the set of countries Lopez-Calva and Ortiz-Juarez ( 2014 ) and Ferreira et al . ( 2013 ) only use a particular set of high and uppermiddle-income countries in LAC to define the regional middle-class bounds . The limitation of the selection of countries depends on the availability of longitudinal data . Given that this is not a restriction in the proposed approach , expanding the number of countries , including high , upper-middle , and lowmiddle income , enhances the estimation results by increasing regional representativeness . Following Jolliffe et al . ( 2022 ) to check the robustness of results , both lower and upper middle-class bounds were calculated cumulatively by ranking countries from lowest to highest GDP per capita . Figure 2 shows that both vulnerability and middle-class lines estimates are robust to using fewer countries . Each point in the figure corresponds to the line estimated using the synthetic panels available for that country and all those to the left . * * Figure 2 * * : Cumulative middle-class bounds for LAC countries in 2017 PPP ordered by country GDP < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 15 85 < br > 80 < br > 14 < br > 75 < br > 13 < br > 70 < br > 12 High income ( H ) 65 < br > 11 60 < br > Upper middle income < br > ( UM ) 55 < br > 10 < br > Lower middle 50 < br > 9 < br > 45 < br > 8 40 < br > hnd bol slv ecu per pry col bra dom mex cri ury arg chl pan < br > Country < br > Vulnerability line Middle-class line ( right axis ) < br > Vulnerability line Middle-class line < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own estimations based on SEDLAC ( 2022 ) Note : World Bank Analytical Classifications using data for 2017 . Results were obtained using 38 synthetic panels built with available surveys within + / - 2 years circa 2017 and 100 bootstrap repetitions . # Robustness check : Increasing the time span When estimating the", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 332, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1628, "end": 1634, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1695, "end": 1708, "text": "data for 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A Metadata Schema for Data from Experiments in the Social Sciences < sup > ∗ < / sup > Jack Cavanagh < sup > † < / sup > Jasmin Claire Fliegner < sup > ‡ < / sup > Sarah Kopper < sup > † < / sup > Anja Sautmann < sup > § < / sup > Keywords : Randomized control trials , metadata , data publication , secondary research , trial registration JEL codes : C10 , C81 , C90 > ∗ We would like to thank David Rhys Bernard , Merc ` e Crosas , Maya Duru , Benjamin Morse , Julian Gautier , Steven Glazerman , Jakob Hennig , Maria Ruth Jones , Jessaca Spybrook , Wendy Thomas , Gabriel Tourek , James Turitto , Keesler Welch , Lars Vilhuber for providing detailed feedback on the metadata schema , and Caitlin Brown and Rachel Griffith for providing helpful comments on the paper . We would also like to thank Davi Bhering , Simon Cooper , Michael Gibson , Sabhya Gupta , Katharina Kaeppel , Daniela Muhaj , Isabela Salgado , Sheral Shah , and Selva Swetha for helping us test the schema with data from 29 RCTs . We also thank Mehmood Asghar , Barbara Bierer , Olivier Dupriez , Julie Goldman , Rebecca LI , Katherine McNeill , Amy Nurnberger , Limor Peer , Matthew Welch , and Julie Wood , for support and feedback at various stages of the project . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . > Supplementary materials , including proposed controlled vocabularies , can be found in the associated GitHub repository https : / / github . com / sakopper / rct ~ ~ m ~ ~ etadata ~ ~ s ~ ~ chema . > † J-PAL / MIT , email : jcavanagh @ povertyactionlab . org and skopper @ povertyactionlab . org > ‡ The University of Manchester , email : jasmin . fliegner @ manchester . ac . uk > § Development Economics Research Group ,", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 999, "text": "data from 29 RCTs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "management , Non-Food Item ( NFI ) / Shelter , Gender based Violence ( GBV ) and Food Security . 74 % worked for NGOs , 10 % worked for the UN and the remaining 16 % worked for local NGOs Intergovernmental organisations or coordination bodies . 77 % of respondents work for organisations acting to prevent and respond to dangers and injuries in emergencies . * * Review of WHO Global Health Estimates : * * Publically available data from the WHO on estimate cause-specific mortality rates by age , gender and country in 2012 has been reviewed , analysed and utilised in parts of this review to highlight relevant indicative findings on dangers and injuries . Although global estimate data is a vital > 4 Myanmar Rakhine State ( 2012 ) , Philippines Central Mindanao ( 2014 ) , Philippines Typhoon Bhopal ( 2013 ) , Kurdistan Region of Iraq ( 2014 ) , OPT Gaza ( 2014 ) . > 5 Ethiopia Gambella ( 2014 ) , Tunisia ( 2011 ) , South Central Somalia ( 2011 ) , Thailand Flooding ( 2012 ) , Yemen Hajjah Governorate ( 2012 ) , Philippines Typhoon Haiyan ( 2014 ) . > 6 Syria ( 2013 ) , North Mali ( 2012 ) , Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( 2013 ) , Lebanon ( 2013 ) , Za ’ atari Camp Jordan ( 2012 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 428, "end": 445, "text": "data from the WHO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 668, "end": 688, "text": "global estimate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "News - 13 May 2024 < / u > > lxvi < u > OCHA Ukraine : Humanitarian Access Severity Overview as of 31 May 2024 ; Humanitarian Access Snapshot March-April 2024 . < / u > lxvii For example , the latest summary observations by CARE from the Inter-Agency Convoy to Toretska Hromada in Donetska Oblast , where hostilities significantly intensified in June 2024 , indicates that among 11 , 805 current residents of the hromada , there are approximately 8 , 500 older people , 937 persons with disabilities , 370 persons with low mobility and 16 children . Similar demographic profiles of population remaining were documented in other Inter-Agency Mission Reports conducted in 2024 . # # # # * * < mark > Methodology < / mark > * * < mark > Throughout April and May 2024 , the Protection Cluster , together with the GBV , CP and MA AoRs , and the Housing , Land and Property Working Group , organised a series of consultations with partners across Ukraine to complete the protection risk prioritization exercise . The data collection was based on the Global Protection Cluster ’ s Protection Analytical Framework and counted with the participation of a wide range of partners . The Protection Cluster Team , including sub-national coordinators , held a workshop at the beginning of May 2024 to review the findings at oblast level , as well as organized a meeting with the Protection Cluster ’ s Strategic Advisory Group to agree on prioritized risks at national level . This analysis has been based on both quantitative and qualitative data from existing secondary data sources , including protection assessments and data from key country-wide protection monitoring and information management tools . < / mark > # # # # * * Limitations * * < mark > Areas under the occupation by the Russian Federation are almost entirely inaccessible by the humanitarian community . Relevant information and data have been shared where possible , as no large-scale assessments are available . < / mark > # # # # * * For", "spans": [{"start": 1583, "end": 1605, "text": "protection assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1610, "end": 1691, "text": "data from key country-wide protection monitoring and information management tools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 305 ) | | Constant | 0 . 934 < sup > ∗ < / sup > | 1 . 276 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 0 . 457 | 0 . 645 | 0 . 935 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 0 . 507 | | | ( 0 . 560 ) | ( 0 . 485 ) | ( 0 . 380 ) | ( 0 . 400 ) | ( 0 . 061 ) | ( 0 . 832 ) | | Province FE | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | | Observations | 1227 | 1227 | 1123 | 1102 | 1232 | 1007 | _Notes : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . The table reports Probit estimates . Selective attrition has been tested for the log of dependent variables in 2006 . Consumption and spendings are per adult equivalent . Sampling weights are accounted for . Clustered-robust standard errors are in parentheses . * _p_ < 0 . 10 , * * _p_ < 0 . 05 , * * * _p_ < 0 . 01 35", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 414, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "barriers ; and ( d ) insufficient financial or human resources . Whether or not statistically valid samples are drawn , they should be designed so that they reflect the survey ' s objectives , especially household characteris ¶ ics which are thought to be relevant to energy consumption . Samoling Procedures Depend on Goals and Resources . There are several types of sampling procedures which can be used in surveys including random , stratified random , matched pair , selection according to a quota , and even a total census . Generally , a random , representative sample is necessary to determine total household energy consumption for a country or a region . To draw such a sample , reliable and comprehensive data must exist on the size , location and key characteristics of the population one wants to study must exist . When this is not aval able , creative alternatives may be found . For example , in the 1987 Burkina Faso urban household energy survey , census listings were unreliable so the following methodology was used : ( a ) cities were divided into small geographic areas ; ( b ) a random sample of these areas was chosen for the survey , ( c ) a household census was conducted in the chosen areas ; and ( d ) a random sample was drawn from the list ' . d households . Tiae focus of the survey can also help determine whether or not a random sample of the population is necessary . For example , if an evaluation of energy consumption with and without an improved stove is to be done but the stove has not significantly penetrated the market , then a representative sample selected randomly from the population may not have enough cases of the stove to permit adequate analysis . In a recent study of rural electrification in India , a matched pair design was chosen . Households with electricity were concentrated in the high income groups and those without electricity were mainly in low income groups . With a random sample , results would have been biased because there would be no control groups ( poor households with electricity and rich households without it ) . Therefore , the sample selection matched households from", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 962, "text": "Burkina Faso urban household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1166, "end": 1182, "text": "household census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| GVC1 | GVC4 | | ATE | 0 . 243 * * * < br > ( 0 . 019 ) | 0 . 491 * * * < br > ( 0 . 118 ) | | ATT | 0 . 206 * * * < br > ( 0 . 022 ) | 0 . 406 * * * < br > ( 0 . 039 ) | | Observations | 41 , 356 | 41 , 356 | | | ( b ) MEN | A region | | | GVC1 | GVC4 | | ATE | 0 . 188 * * * < br > ( 0 . 047 ) | 0 . 341 < br > ( 0 . 295 ) | | ATT | 0 . 252 * * * | 0 . 317 * * * | | | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 146 ) | | Observations | 6 , 864 | 6 , 864 | Standard errors in parentheses * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 Note : All the regressions include country , year and sector dummies . 42", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 1 . Data Description * * We study four complementary types of investment : bank loans and deposits , portfolio investment in debt and equity , FDI , and international reserves . These investment types make up the bulk of the IIP for most countries in the world and are known as functional categories in the balance of payments ( IMF 2009 ) . They represent ( together with financial derivatives , not covered here ) countries ’ external assets in the External Wealth of Nations database ( Lane and Milesi-Ferretti 2001 , 2007 ) . Instead of using aggregate international investment at the country level , we work with the underlying bilateral data . That is , for each country in the sample , we analyze the value of investments held by that country vis-à-vis each individual counterparty country . Our data sets comprise bilateral year-end stocks of cross-border loans and deposits , portfolio investment , and FDI . The appendix provides detailed explanations of how we construct the data for each investment type . Because no bilateral data are available for international reserves , we construct a bilateral data set at the country-to-region level , that is , the international reserves each country holds in assets from different regions . We combine data on the level of international reserves from the IMF ’ s IFS with data on the currency denomination of reserves from the IMF ’ s COFER . Reserve assets denominated in a given currency typically consist of government debt owed by the sovereign issuing that currency . We thus assign as destination of reserve investments the region of the country in whose currency reserves are denominated . For example , we assume that euro denominated reserves are issued by the North . For loans and deposits and FDI , we take advantage of “ mirror data ” to maximize sample coverage . For many country pairs , we have assets reported by the source country as well as liabilities reported by the destination country . Thus , whenever a source country A does not report its asset holdings in a country B , we use the liabilities reported by country B as the investment for the country pair A → B . Using this", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 496, "text": "External Wealth of Nations database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 632, "end": 657, "text": "underlying bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1039, "end": 1053, "text": "bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1112, "end": 1130, "text": "bilateral data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1336, "end": 1381, "text": "data on the currency denomination of reserves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1798, "end": 1809, "text": "mirror data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GRM . | op | y | | | | * * Labour * * < br > * * Management * * | Disclos < br >  Child Exploitation and < br > Abuse < br >  Ensure each employee < br > signs a code of conduct < br > that < br > covers < br > child < br > protection ensuring no < br > children are employed on < br > site in accordance with < br > national labour laws . < br >  Ensure that any child < br > sexual relations offenses < br > among < br > contractors ' < br > workers are promptly < br > reported to the police . < br >  Employ workers who are < br > 18 years and above , and < br > with a valid national ID at < br > the time of hire . < br >  Implement and monitor < br > the employment register < br > regularly . < br >  Comply with the national < br > labor laws and labour < br > management practices . | ure < br >  Records < br > of < br > Child < br > protection < br > cases < br > reported in the project . < br >  Develop < br > a < br > child < br > protection Code of < br > Conduct . < br >  Number of Inductions < br > sessions < br > on < br > Child < br > protection Code of < br > Conducts . < br >  Number of refresher < br > awareness training on < br > Child protection Code < br > of Conducts . < br >  Number of staff who < br > have signed Code of < br > Conduct . | < br >  Minutes of < br > meetings < br > conducted . < br >  List < br > of < br > attendance < br > and pictures < br > of < br > the < br >", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 686, "text": "employment register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 0 | 1 | | 0 | | 35 | 10 | | | | Total ( No . ) < br > Total ( % ) | 76 | | 25 | 200 | | 75 | | 303 | 100 | | # # # # # 3 . 4 Land Ownership along Gulu Nimule Road Along the road corridor , the land tenure regime was mostly customary occupancy according to the available information and from the observations and discussions with the various communities . On the customary land tenure there are different ownership interests between the registered owners and customary occupants . All those with vested interests therefore have been registered and will be shown on the cadastral strip map . Land ownership was mainly communal but owned by individuals within a complex clan system . The land was sometimes bought or inherited from family members . This way , most people own large parcels of land in the rural settings and small parcels in the urban settings , often as small as 10 x 20 meters . Very few individuals in rural areas own land as Freehold or as Leasehold for 5 years or 49 years . However , there are many institutions sitting on large land parcels for which the ownership status was not clear . It was not possible to obtain evidence of ownership without Certificates such as Leasehold , Freehold , etc . In some cases church leaders and school Head Teachers claimed to have been offered the land by clan leaders , and never got any certificates from them . _Table 3 . 10 : Categories_ of _Land Ownership along Project Area_ | Description | Remarks < br > \" ' 1 | < br > I · ' Length < br > ( Km ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Amuru District | Land was customary from Lacor village onwan ; ls < br > owned byindividuals , families and communities | 97 | | Layibi By pass | • < sup > Customary land with few casesofregistered < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 591, "text": "cadastral strip map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2024 | 25 | Jul / 2023 | | Grade 2 who can read at < br > functional fluency level or < br > above in Mother Tongue < br > ( Text ) < br > * * Improvement in Grade 8 learn * * | Comments on < br > achieving targ < br > * * ing outcomes in * * | < br > ets < br > * * English and Ma * * | Results for ph < br > Source : EGRA < br > * * th in Phase 1 sch * * | ase 1 schools < br > 2023 < br > * * ools ( by gender * * | * * ) * * | | | | | | Basel | ine | Actual ( P | revious ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closing | Period | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Average % of students in G8 < br > who perform at basic < br > proficiency level or above in | ENG : 52 % M : < br > 55 % F : < br > 48 % ( NLA | May / 2019 | Eng : 61 % M = < br > 65 % F = < br > 58 % ( 2021 / 22 | 18-Apr-2024 | Eng : 61 % M = < br > 65 % F = < br > 58 % ( 2021 / 22 | 01-Aug-2024 | ENG : 55 % M : < br > 58 % F : < br > 51 % ( NLA | Jun / 2022 | | English in P1 schools ( Text ) | 2018 / 19 ) | | NLA ) | | NLA ) | | 2021 / 22 ) | | Page 15 of 31 May 25 , 2025", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Direct < br > Procurement | Prior | 16-May-13 | | | * * G012 * * | selected < br > informal < br > settlements < br > from Survey of < br > Kenya | Actual | 7 , 000 | Direct < br > Procurement | Prior | 16-May-13 | | | | Procurement of < br > Operational | Planned | 900 , 000 | ICB | Prior | 22-Apr-13 | | | * * G013 * * | Vehicles-15 < br > D / Cab Pickups < br > for < br > Municipalities | Actual | | ICB | Prior | 8-May-13 | | | | Procurement of < br > Computer | Planned | 80 , 000 | Shopping | Post | 2-Feb-14 | | | * * G014 * * | Software and < br > Licenses | Actual | | | | | | | | Procure | Planned | 200 , 000 | NCB | Post | 1-May-13 | | | * * G015 * * | Satellite Images | Actual | | NCB | Post | 22-May-13 | | | | Procure Printed < br > Stationery for | Planned | 20 , 000 | Direct < br > Contracting | Prior | 23-Feb-14 | | | * * G016 * * | Land < br > Registration < br > from < br > Government < br > Press | Actual | | | | | | Page * * 5 * * of * * 10 * *", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 147, "text": "Survey of < br > Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 23 - * * 82 . The geothermal reconnaissance work ( estimated cost : US $ 1 . 7 million ) would be bid on the basis of limited international tendering . Small items of equipment would be purchased directly by the Administrative Services Department of the Ministry of Mines and Energy in accordance with regulations issued by the Department of Finance ; larger items , including vehicles , would be acquired through the Procurement and Supplies Control Department of the Ministry of Finance . These procedures have been reviewed and are acceptable to IDA . Disbursements of IDA funds would be made against 100 percent of foreign expenditures or the equivalent for goods and services produced in Ethiopia . Accounting , Auditing and Reporting 83 . Separate accounts would be kept by the Ministry of Mines and Energy for the execution of the project . A project accountant would check all expenditures . The project accounts would be audited by external auditors acceptable to the Ministry and IDA . ( The cost of the audit is included in the project . ) The Ministry would submit audit reports no later than six months after the closing of each fiscal year to IDA starting with 1983 . The Ministry would also submit quarterly and annual reports on the implementation of the project in a format satisfactory to IDA . After completion of the project , the Ministry would prepare a review report on the execution of the project . # Project Benefits and Risks 84 . The potential benefits of the promotion component of the project derive primarily from substantial investments by oil companies in petroleum exploration which may be attracted , and which could lead to the discovery of exploitable petroleum or gas resources . The benefits of the geothermal reconnaissance work relate to the considerably enhanced flexibility in the planning of electric power generation in the Ethiopian power grid which would be possible from small , incremental geothermally-powered steam generators . 85 . The principal risks from the promotion project are that , despite revised and additional geophysical data and a well-conceived promotional effort , foreign oil companies may not express further interest in exploration in the country . This is particularly true", "spans": [{"start": 2075, "end": 2091, "text": "geophysical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than 370 , 000 properties being entered into a city database , more than 7 , 000 roads being named , more than 12 , 500 house number plates being installed , and more than 3 , 000 street signages being installed . The new house numbers , road names and signs were a highly visible output of the project across Kampala , with nearly all the city residents surveyed in 2021 ( 92 . 5percent ) showing awareness of them . However , these were not reflected in the output indicators . In addition , while the number of sub-projects completed on time by KCCA is a reasonable proxy for some aspects of institutional capacity , as a PDO-level indicator it does not fully capture the range of capacity building activities completed under the project . # # # * * M & E Implementation * * 55 . * * Indicators were tracked in a consistent manner . * * The indicators were tracked based on regular data collection as reflected in the 18 implementation status reports ( ISRs ) submitted during the project ’ s duration , as well as in midterm and end term reports produced on behalf of KCCA . 56 . * * The lack of an M & E specialist employed by KCCA posed a challenge to the M & E implementation . * * The absence of an M & E specialist resulted in difficulty in the monitoring of indicators and sometimes lack of consistency in the M & E data . For example , one of the PDO indicators ( direct project beneficiaries ) showed some fluctuations over time and information was not provided in a few ISRs . 57 . * * Despite changes to the project ’ s scope , indicator targets could not be updated due to persistent uncertainty around subproject selection . * * The project faced prolonged uncertainty regarding the selection of Page 24 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 60, "text": "city database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1320, "end": 1330, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * While the population of Argentina descended mainly from the combination of Native , African and European ancestors ( see Wang et al . , 2008 ; Corach et al . , 2010 ; Avena et al . , 2012 ; Parolin et al . , 2019 ) , it is a common stereotype to see this population as mainly of European origin . < sup > 1 < / sup > This incorrect view of the Argentine population had a correlate on the scarcity of national statistics on the numbers and characteristics of the native population for most of the national history . < sup > 2 < / sup > We use the data from the 2010 National Census ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2010 ) , the first census to ask about native identity or ancestry at the individual level , to study the socioeconomic outcomes of the Native people of Argentina . We compare Native and non-Native Argentines in terms of outcomes related to housing , education , labor market and health . Consistently with evidence of Native disadvantage in other Latin American countries ( see Gandelman et al . , 2011 ; Freire et al . , 2015 ) , we find that Natives , on average , fare significantly worse on all of these dimensions in Argentina . The magnitudes of the differences are moderate , corresponding on average to 12 percent of the standard deviation of the outcomes . These differences persist even after controlling for location , showing that differences are not only related to geographical differences . We also find differences in the transmission of education from parent to children . For each level of education of the parents , the children of Natives have , on average , fewer years of education than the children of non-Natives . This is consistent with what is found for other Latin American countries ( see Cruces et al . , 2012 ; Berniell et al . , 2021 ) . Given the importance of education for economic outcomes and human development ( see , for example , Angrist and Krueger , 1991 ; Lleras-Muney , 2005 ) , the differences in the transmission of education between", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 605, "text": "2010 National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "means in the Anchored Test X and Reference Test Y as follows : where 푙푖푛푘푖푛푔푌푝푙 ( 푋 ) is the equation for converting observed scores on Anchored Test X to the scale of Reference Test Y . A limitation of this methodology is that it is sensitive to the scale of each test being similar . We address this potential limitation by using tests with a mean of 500 and standard deviation of 100 . < sup > 2 < / sup > This ensures that ratios capture differences in test difficulty rather than differences in scaling . Below we specify each step in the process . The conversion rate is calculated as follows . Mean scores for tests X and Y , 휇 ( 푋 ) and 휇 ( 푌 ) , are first calculated for a given round r , subject s and level l . We consider tests to be in the same round if they are five years apart and optimize to have the rounds as tight as possible . Most often this translates to within one to two years . In some cases , this extends to three to five years apart . In a few > 2 In rare cases where tests do not have initial scores on this scale , we rescale the test using the microdata . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1076, "end": 1085, "text": "microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> where people who are being compensated are < br > not real PAPs . | The RAP team will conduct a census of PAPs < br > guided by the project design as fed onto our < br > GPS machines . We will be able to identify < br > those actually affected , enumerate them and < br > take an inventory of their assets . These will be < br > valued and compensation recommended . | | The project has both positive and negative side < br > for example wild animals like hippopotamus < br > and crocodile will come because of the project < br > how will this be helped ? | The dam design and management will ensure < br > that such risks are eliminated or limited < br > significantly . | | I f the consultant gives low value to our land < br > and structure can we reject it ? | What the consultant will have recommended < br > will be arrived at using the rates and standards < br > prevailing at this time , NLC will also do their < br > valuation and if one is still not satisfied with < br > what is offered , they will be encouraged to < br > channel their grievances through the GRM < br > system that will be set up . One can also use < br > other legal means if still not satisfied . | | What about people whose land were swept < br > away by the floods how will they be < br > identified ? | The project design has been approved and the < br > RAP team through our surveyor / GIS expert < br > will be using the shapefiles to identify the < br > project area and the PAPs . All who will be < br > within the PA will be documented and have < br > their assets inventoried . |", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 112, "text": "census of PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1409, "end": 1419, "text": "shapefiles", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Photo 5 : Partial Views of Women Consultation Participants at Subproject Kebele # # # # # * * 8 . 8 Participants View of the Inventory and its Procedure * * As mentioned above , most of the participants of the consultation meetings were people affected by the Subproject . Therefore , capturing their view regarding the inventory work conducted is very important to manage and properly address possible complaints , reduce ineligible entitlements and compensation claims by PAPs as well as improve the compensation payment procedure in the future . Therefore , some PAPs were asked to share their views , concerns , observations , and experiences they came across during the asset registration process . _Compensation Committee and its Composition : _ The participants confirmed the presence of Compensation Payment Committee members assigned by their respective Woreda Administration and Kebele officials and members of the study team at each inventory site and conducted the asset registration activities together . _The Presence of Property Holders : _ PAPs were asked whether or not they were physically present on the site during inventory and registration of affected property . Accordingly , the requested PAPs confirmed their presence during asset registration . They also confirmed that they witnessed the whole procedure and process of inventory taking and actual registration of affected property . _Inventory Techniques and its Appropriateness : _ As mentioned above , legitimate owner of the property affected household members were not only present , but they were also engaged during property registration . Thus , no serious issues or complaints related to property registration were raised during the consultation meetings . However , there were no absentee PAPs during the census survey who were not involved during inventory and registration of affected property . Page 105 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1932, "end": 1945, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| . . < br > | . . < br > | . . < br > | . . < br > | 44 % < br > | 44 % < br > | 3 , 816 < br > | 0 % < br > | 92 % < br > | | * * Total * * | * * 13 , 899 , 619 * * | * * 11 % * * | * * 19 % * * | * * 14 % * * | * * 45 % * * | * * 50 % * * | * * 5 % * * | * * 49 % * * | * * 49 % * * | * * 44 % * * | * * 48 % * * | * * 49 % * * | * * 53 % * * | * * 49 % * * | * * 49 % * * | * * 32 , 861 , 218 * * | * * 24 % * * | * * 42 % * * | * According to the Government of Algeria , there are an estimated 165 , 000 Sahrawi refugees in the Tindouf camps . > * * UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . According to a 2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan and subsequent voluntary repatriation during the year , there are an additional 1 . 3 million Afghans living outside camps , some of whom may be refugees . Those Afghans living outside camps receive no UNHCR assistance except access to UNHCR-facilitated voluntary repatriation . These figures are currently under review as result of the registration of Afghans which took place in Pakistan from October 2006 to February 2007 .", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 707, "text": "2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1045, "end": 1068, "text": "registration of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Generator * * | Accidents | Use suitable vehicles for | Equipment | Inspection ; | During transport | Contractors / | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * and * * < br > * * Equipment * * < br > * * Transport * * < br > * * ( Service * * < br > * * Restoration ) * * | during < br > delivery ; < br > damage to < br > equipment ; < br > unsafe < br > unloading | equipment transport ; < br > ensure secure loading ; supervise < br > unloading ; < br > use trained workers for handling < br > heavy equipment | transported safely ; < br > no damage or < br > accidents ; safe < br > handling observed | supervisor < br > reports ; < br > delivery logs | and installation | Service < br > Providers ; < br > Site < br > Supervisors | | * * Vehicle * * < br > * * Parking and * * < br > * * Temporary * * < br > * * Storage * * < br > * * Areas * * | Obstruction of < br > roads ; safety < br > hazards ; < br > unauthorized < br > access | Designate safe parking areas ; < br > avoid blocking roads and public < br > access ; < br > ensure controlled access to < br > parked vehicles | Vehicles parked in < br > designated areas ; < br > no obstruction < br > observed | Site < br > inspection ; < br > supervision < br > records | During operations | Contractors ; < br > Site < br > Supervisors | | * * Traffic * * < br > * * Incident * *", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 683, "text": "delivery logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "warehousing sector confront not only the usual licensing and other policy-induced start-up difficulties facing any new business in Russia , especially entry barriers posed by neighboring local administrations , but also must deal with organized crime , which is quite active in this sector . _Corruption . _ Surveys indicate that corruption as a barrier to entry in Russia is pervasive ; virtually all firms pay bribes to tax inspectors , customs officers and a host of local bureaucrats . < sup > 9 < / sup > Indeed crosscountry evidence suggests that Russian SMEs operate in a business environment that may be worse than most transition economies . On average it takes four times as long to establish a small enterprise in Moscow than it does in Warsaw , that Russian SMEs are subjected to twice as many yearly inspections than their Polish counterparts , and that the number of regulatory agencies involved in SME development in Russia is half again as many as there are in Poland . A recent OECD survey reveals that SME managers in Russia are subject to manipulation by local authorities of 40 to 50 tax rates and deductions . But official taxes are not the only levies new Russian businesses have to pay . Many small enterprises have to pay the mafia to survive . The local press is replete with stories of entrepreneurs paying for a \" roof ' _ ( krysha ) _ for protection . One story reported that mafia levies commonly start from 5 % of profits but are often higher , and are usually collected as a flat monthly fee . There is also the threat of violent crime against entrepreneurs : in the WB-RAS survey , 16 % of the General Directors indicated they are \" very worried \" about becoming a victim of violent crime . _Capital Barriers to Entry . _ In almost any country it is difficult to persuade banks or other financial institutions to back a start-up business ; in transition economies , where capital market imperfections are pronounced and institutions that internffediate savings into investment capital are typically nascent , the problem is particularly acute . Like many other countries in the region , in Russia bank loans for new businesses-if they are available at all-are", "spans": [{"start": 995, "end": 1006, "text": "OECD survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 4 . Refugee population and changes by origin , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * # # # # # * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatr < mark > iation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | | Population | start-2006 | | Incr | eases durin | g2006 | | | | De | creases d | uring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | | | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ | Prima | Indiv", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1040, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stated preferences , etc . ) , subjective well-being data or external sources in the literature . For instance , the dimension-specific statistics feeding synthetic indices are sometimes aggregated using a parametric utility function . Its parameters can be calibrated using empirical values taken from specialized literatures . For the trade-off between income and longevity , one can draw on empirical estimates for the elasticity of inter-temporal substitution and the value of a statistical life ( see section 3 . 3 ) . > 12 In the case of multidimensional poverty measures , the equal-weights procedure is more nuanced than what its name may suggest . The reason is that , in practice , each dimension is captured by several dimension-specific variables . The equal-weights practice attributes equal weights between dimensions and also attributes equal weights among the variables capturing the same dimension . Hence , the weight 1 1 received by each variable is given by ndim < sup > ∗ < / sup > nvar < sup > wherendimdenotesthenumberofdimensionsand < / sup > nvar denotes the number of variables capturing the dimension . For instance , the global MPI has three dimensions : education , health and living standards . Health is captured by two variables ( nutrition and child mortality ) that each receives a weight of 6 < sup > 1 = < / sup > 3 < sup > 1 ∗ < / sup > 2 < sup > 1 . Livingstandardsiscapturedbysixvariables < / sup > that each receives a weight of 181 < sup > . < / sup > 11", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 57, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Net farm income would be enhanced in all developing country regions other than South Asia ( where job growth would be greater in non-farm activities ) . To realize that potential gain , it is in agriculture that by far the largest cuts in bound tariffs and subsidies are required . The political sensitivity of farm support programs , coupled with the complexities of the measures introduced in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture and of the modalities set out in the Doha Framework Agreement of July 2004 , make that a daunting task . However , with global gains of the order of $ 290 billion per year at stake from removing trade barriers , even if no reforms were forthcoming in services , and even if the counterfactual is the status quo rather than protectionist backsliding , the political will needs to be found to bring about such reform . The WTO ’ s Doha Development Agenda is an obvious vehicle for moving down this path ( Anderson and Martin 2005a , b ) . Multilateral cuts in tariff bindings are especially helpful because they can lock in previous unilateral trade liberalizations that otherwise would remain unbound and hence vulnerable to reversals to higher protection ; and they can be used as an opportunity to multilateralize previously agreed preferential trade agreements and thereby reduce the risk of trade diversion from those bilateral or regional arrangements . It remains to be seen whether the political will can be mustered to bring that Doha round to a successful conclusion . The results concerning the extent of bias in trade policies against or in favor of agriculture are very much dependent on the levels of distortion in the GTAP database of course . Those for high-income countries are reasonably reliable , thanks in large part to the protection estimates provided by the OECD ( 2005 and earlier ) . Currently available estimates of ( particularly agricultural ) trade distortions and subsidies in developing countries are less reliable . Nor are many estimates provided in the GTAP database of export taxes or tax equivalents of 18", "spans": [{"start": 1671, "end": 1684, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "purposes , a measure of financial dollarization < sup > 6 < / sup > from Levy-Yeyati ( 2006 ) is also used , namely the ratio of deposit dollarization . Our proxy for fiscal discipline is the _central government balance as percentage of GDP_ and the data is obtained from WDI and the IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook ( WEO ) . Savings is measured as the ratio of gross domestic savings to GDP in local currency units taken from WDI whereas _private consumption_ is the ratio of household final consumption expenditures to GDP in local currency units from WDI . Finally , _export growth_ is annual percentage growth rate of exports of goods and services , _gross domestic investment_ is calculated as the ratio of gross capital formation to GDP in local currency units , and _inflation_ is the percentage change in consumer price index . All the variables mentioned above are constructed using data from WDI . # * * 3 . Econometric Methodology * * This section describes the econometric techniques we use to examine whether policymakers are able to sustain real exchange rate misalignments – and , more specifically , undervaluations , through policy actions . As a result , we empirically model the likelihood of sustaining a RER undervaluation as well as the magnitude of this undervaluation using limited dependent variable and censored variable techniques . In particular , we examine the impact of active economic policies on the likelihood ( or incidence ) of real exchange rate undervaluations using the _Probit_ analysis while the _Tobit analysis_ is used to assess the effects of economic policy on the size or magnitude of RER undervaluations . # # * * 3 . 1 . The * * * * _Probit_ Model * * The _Probit_ model is a model of binary choice where the dependent variable takes the value of one whenever there is a sharp real undervaluation of the currency and zero otherwise . Suppose that _X_ is a binary variable that can only take two possible outcomes , zero ( _0_ ) and one ( _1_ ) . We also have a vector _z_ of variables that is assumed to have an effect on the outcome _X_ . Hence , we assume that our probabilistic model", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 314, "text": "World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 891, "end": 904, "text": "data from WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# ~ ~ IV . Implementation of the policy : Where we are now ? ~ ~ # # # General Engagement with government authorities on urban refugees On the basis of compliance with the 12 protection objectives , the survey responses indicate that UNHCR offi ces are implementing the policy at the rate of approximately 85 % . Judging from the length of the answers in the survey responses , it is clear that the 24 offi ces have given substantial thought to how to identifying the main challenges to implementation and strategizing how to overcome these hurdles . The survey responses and related correspondence also indicated that the implementation of the policy is widely embraced as a corporate priority for UNHCR . Two-thirds of UNHCR offi ces surveyed ( 16 ) report that they have shared _The Urban Refugee Policy_ with the host government and one-third ( 8 ) have not . Almost all UNHCR offi ces ( 23 ) report that they encourage host governments to play a primary role and provide capacity building and / or technical assistance to support government their responsibilities in that regard . The majority of offi ces report that they have developed working relationships related to urban refugees with national host governments as well as with municipal authorities , police , judiciary , private sector , legal networks and other civil society institutions . The following is an analysis of the implementation of the policy on an objective by objective basis . It includes a description of the challenges and ongoing good practices specifi c to each objective . Detailed survey fi ndings on compliance , including country-specifi c information , and graphs are also provided under each objective . # # # Documentation and Status Determination # # # # * * Objective 1 : * * Providing Reception Facilities UNHCR operations report that they are largely implementing the policy in terms of providing reception facilities for urban refugees and asylum seekers despite challenges . UNHCR offi ces are creative in using technology to reach out to the refugee community and in optimizing the limited reception spaces they have available . Most have fairly effective systems in", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 219, "text": "survey responses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lope | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | 2023-11-11 < br > 2023-12-01 | | | 2023-12-03 < br > 2023-12 - | 14 < br > 2023-12-10 < br > 2024-01-19 | | ET-MOWE-396527-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of Digital vernie < br > r caliper for ministry of water < br > and energy by MOWE | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 8 , 928 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2023-12-18 | | | 2024-02-12 | 2024-07-11 | | ET-MOWE-396533-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of # 2 monochr < br > ome A3 printer for ministry o < br > f Water and energy by MOWE | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 10 , 714 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | | 2023-12-19 | | | 2024-02-13 | 2024-07-12 | | ET-MOWE-396571-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of fire extinguis < br > hing equipment including ala < br > rm with all accessories for hy < br > dro-logical data library by", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > e campo de la Encuesta Naci < br > onal de Desnutrición Infantil , < br > periodo diciembre 2023 < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 65 , 365 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-10-15 | 2023-10-20 | | 2023-12-01 | 2023-12-31 | 2024-02-04 | 2024-08-02 | | C2-MIES-INEC-83 / Mantenim < br > iento de equipos informático < br > s < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 2 , 240 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-04-20 | | | | 2023-06-15 | 2023-12-12 | | C2-MIES-INEC-80 / Contratac < br > ión de 4 Supervisores de ope < br > rativo de campo ENDI para el < br > operativo de campo de la En < br > cuesta Nacional de Desnutric < br > ión Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br >", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 34, "text": "Encuesta Naci", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "environment , strengthening regulatory agencies , increasing their independence , etc . ) . The policy challenge is to achieve a balance between effective regulation and increasing the contestability of markets . Much has been done by transition countries to reform and adapt policies and regulatory regimes for service industries . Figure 3 plots three indicators of the extent of policy reform in banking , non-bank financial services and infrastructure . These indices , constructed by the EBRD , range from 0 to 4 . 3 , and span the period 1990-2004 . < sup > 4 < / sup > The value of the indices is set at zero for 1989 , so that the 2004 value provides a measure of the progress that has been made by countries in converging to “ best practice ” standards — measured by a maximum value of 4 . 3 . Data are available annually for the 1990-2004 period . * * Figure 3 : Services Reform Index , 2004 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 4 . 0 < br > 3 . 5 < br > CEE < br > 3 . 0 < br > SEE < br > 2 . 5 < br > FSU1 < br > 2 . 0 < br > FSU2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > FSU3 < br > 1 . 0 < br > FSU4 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Banking Non-Banking Infrastructure < br > Services < br > Index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ EBRD ( 2004 ) . See Figure 1 for definition of country groups . Central and East European ( CEE ) and Baltic states ( FSU1 ) have made the most progress in all three services policy areas . For the other transition countries there is significant variation across indices . SEE has advanced the most on reforms in banking and infrastructure , followed by the Caucasus ( FSU3 ) , while European CIS countries ( FSU2 ) have done the most in the non-bank financial area , followed by SEE . The Central Asian republics have", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ( * * α ) | | - 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | - 0 . 02 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | SNE Index_ Public Space # < br > migrant HH * * ( * * β ) | | - 0 . 13 * * ( 0 . 06 ) | - 0 . 09 < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | | SNE Index_ Public Space * * ( * * α ) | | 0 . 02 < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | Migrant HH | 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | 0 . 05 < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | | Obs . | 2 , 000 | 2 , 000 | 2 , 000 | | Adjusted R2 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 03 | | Controls | YES | YES | YES | | Regional FE | YES | YES | YES | _Notes : _ Controls include a binary variable for belonging to a household with a current migrant male spouse , respondents ’ age , years of education , having children younger than 5 years , log of household ’ s total income , at least one among mother-in-law or father-in-law living in the household , living in an urban area , belonging to the Madheshi ethnic group , and provinces . Table A . 16 . Analysis of vignettes | Comparison scenarios | | p-values associated with | t-test | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Full sample | Females onlysample | Males onlysample | | 1 . Change SNE only : low-low vs high - < br > low ( conservative SEE & SNE vs . liberal < br > SEE & conservative SNE ) | 0 . 62 | 0 . 48 | 1 . 00 | | 2 . Change both SEE and SNE : < br > low-low", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Executive Summary * * This Resettlement Action Plan has been prepared for the proposed 33Kv electricity distribution grid-extension and associated low voltage networks in Ibanda ( Igorora ) - Kazo-Rushere and environs-covering a distance of about 142 Kms and requires a 10 meters wide corridor . The project is under the auspices of the Government ’ s Rural Electrification ( RE ) Strategy which is also an integral part of the NDP . The objectives of the RAP were twofold ; first was to determine the extent of resettlement impacts associated with the establishment of the distribution lines and put in place measures to mitigate those impacts . The impacts are in relation to land acquisition and the accompanying loss or interruption of livelihoods of the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) . Second was to carry out consultations with relevant stakeholders including potentially affected persons to obtain their views and suggestions regarding the social impacts of the proposed project and measures to cover the losses . This report presents the findings of the socioeconomic studies which are used together with findings of the physical survey and valuation to propose a course of action . Efforts have been made to minimize resettlement arising from the project as well as disruption of livelihoods during construction including keeping the width of the corridor to a minimum of 10 meters which will consequently keep the geographical extent to a minimum , limiting restriction of land use to improvements taller than six meters ( vertical clearance ) which will enable continued habitation of structures along the corridor . Furthermore , the proposed line is largely by the road side thereby leaving out most structures . In areas where structures are too close to the road and diversions , the restriction in use will be in relation to improvements taller than six meters . Compensation of improvements took care of only improvements that may be destroyed during line construction including trees and annual crops along the corridor . Survey largely involved offsetting the proposed reserve for the distribution line of 10 meters from the centre of the corridor ( 5 meters on either side ) to define the extent", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( or is a consequence of ) financial globalization . To do that , we focus on the three EM assets classes previously discussed : credit , currencies and equity . > 13 As we do , they analyze equity , debt and FX markets in EM . They use daily data and analyze whether news emanating from the US had more or less impact comparing these two phases of the US subprime crisis . > 14 By alphas and betas we refer to the coefficients of a simple regression of return of the EM asset on the return of a comparable market portfolio ( both in excess of the risk free rate ) , which in turn are associated , respectively , with ( diversifiable ) idiosyncratic and ( non diversifiable ) systemic returns . < u > 10 < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 247, "text": "daily data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | olyPlanning , nd Research | * * * * Educaionand Employment * * From the mid-1950s to the 1960s , the govemment of Peru undertook a major expansion of public education , increasing the number of schools , requiring primary schools that offered an incomplete cycle to add grades , and increasing school inputs ( principally teachers and textbooks ) . The authors examine the effects of Peru ' s educational policies , and the effects of family background and community characteristics on the schooling levels of a sample of adults . Data on males and females were analyzed separately by birth cohort , using a sample of 5 , 644 females and 5 , 241 males aged 20 to 59 . # The authors found that : inedicator that the link between socioeconomic ba , - kground and access to schools had weakencd . * The relative effect of parents ' education differed for sons ' and daughters ' schooling . Fathers ' education had tv - ce as great an effect on sons ' schooling as mothers ' education ; for daughters , both parents ' education had equivalent , strong positive effects . * Primary schools expanded rapidly even in rural areas , so rural residence did not adversely affect the primary schooling of males . Urban or rural residence did matter greatly for females , however , suggesting less desire by rural parents to invest in the schooling of their daughters . * The govemment ' s policy to expand the schools played a major role in raising education levels and narrowing the gap between rural and urban residents , and males and females . * The impact of parents ' years of schooling and occupations on the educational levels of their children lessened over time as the supply of schools expanded throughout the country - an - Urban residence at the age of 13 remained an important deterninant of educational attainment because of the great disparity between urban and rural areas in availability of secondary schools . * The availability of material school inputs , such as textbooks and desks at the primary level , had a large positive effect on final school levels . This paper is a vroduct of the Education and Employment Division", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 562, "text": "Data on males and females", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "divided into 20 _dzongkhags_ ( administrative districts ) . The 20 _dzongkhags_ are further divided into 205 _gewogs_ ( groups of villages ) . Bhutan is maybe most famous for introducing and popularizing the concept of Gross National Happiness ( GNH ) , now enshrined as a principle of state policy in Article 9 of the country ’ s constitution . Exact characterizations of GNH differ but one widely cited publication defines it as a “ multi-dimensional development approach that seeks to achieve a harmonious balance between material well-being and the spiritual , emotional and cultural needs of our society ” ( GNHC , 2012 , p . 3 ) . Over the last decades , Bhutan has seen rapid and sustained economic growth . In 2014 , its GDP per capita reached US dollar 2 , 379 according to the World Development Indicators . Over the last - 4 -", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 815, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10083 Do Refugees with Better Mental Health Better Integrate ? Evidence from the _Building a New Life in Australia_ Longitudinal Survey _Hai-Anh H . Dang Trong-Anh Trinh Paolo Verme_ Development Data Group & Fragility , Conflict and Violence Global Theme June 2022", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 165, "text": "_Building a New Life in Australia_ Longitudinal Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "one , when combined , are suggestive that where entry costs for females are high , women entrepreneurs have a strong tendency to shift away from FDI industries to non-FDI industries . When women ’ s access to finance , as measured by adult women with financial institutions accounts , is better , _Female Entrep_ is higher , as indicated by the total effect of this variable evaluated at the means of the FDI interaction variables . Increasing this variable by one standard deviation ( i . e . , 25 . 1 ) is associated with higher _Female Entrep_ by 5 percentage points , almost half of the mean level , indicating a huge effect . Interestingly , the FDI variables do not interact with women ’ s access to finance in influencing _Female_ > 8 The original data sources are Doing Business for “ time required to start a business for female entrepreneurs , ” and Global Findex of World Bank , both available from World Development Indicators . > 9 This is based on evaluating the effect of the “ barriers indicator ” at the mean of the interaction terms . 15", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 938, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms represent a smaller share of aggregate activity : high-risk firms represent only 7 . 1 % of countrywide sales compared to the low-risk firms that represent 41 . 2 % of aggregate sales ( Column 2 ) . As a result , the contribution of high-risk firms as a group to overall indebtedness is smaller , 0 . 11 percentage points , than the contribution of low-risk firms , 0 . 53 percentage points ( Column 3 ) . The small weight of riskier firms in the aggregate therefore mitigates the micro adverse selection documented in the previous sections . Summing across all risk groups shows that the indebtedness of firms that use the credit program increases by 1 . 35 percentage points . This change in debt corresponds to 2 . 9 % of the GDP reported by macro statistics . Those formal firms experience an increase of 3 . 6 % of GDP in guaranteed credit ( Table 11 ) and a decline in non-guaranteed credit . Next , we extend the analysis to include the non-program users . < sup > 24 < / sup > The leverage of program users increases by 9 . 71 percentage points during 2020 , while the leverage of nonusers actually falls by 1 . 06 percentage points ( Panel B ) . However , given that program users have a low weight in the aggregate economy ( 13 . 9 % compared to 86 . 1 % of non-users ) , total indebtedness across all firms increases by only 0 . 44 percentage points . Last , partitioning all active firms ( users and non-users ) by risk confirms that the higher the risk , the larger the within-change in debt ( Panel C ) . But the higher the risk , the smaller their weight in the economy , thereby attenuating the increase in aggregate risk . < sup > 25 < / sup > This analysis shows why the micro results presented in previous sections can have a relatively small impact at the macro level . # * * 7 . 2 Risk Sharing between Banks and the Government * * Banks and the government share , absorb , and mitigate the risks that the credit program entails by dealing with", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 767, "text": "macro statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "confirms the hypothesis that bank branches are underrepresented in low income neighborhoods in Bogotá , while the hypothesis is not valid for financial credit cooperatives . When taking financial credit cooperatives into account , Medina ’ s analysis finds that lower income areas in Bogotá are significantly better served in terms of branch presence . 25 . * * However , within an urban area , bank branch presence is driven by other factors in addition to current income levels * * . Medina ’ s analysis finds that the number of bank branches in Bogotá is positively correlated with the level of permanent household income and welfare . In addition , positive correlations are found between the number of bank branches and the security of the neighborhood , the health of its infrastructure and the presence of religious and cultural institutions . On the other hand , the presence of bank branches is found to be negatively correlated with population density , an area ’ s unemployment rate and the percentage of an area occupied by industrial activity . The particular importance of security in access to finance is highlighted by analysis which shows that the cost of handling cash is a key factor in bank branch profitability < sup > 39 < / sup > . 26 . Focus groups also revealed that remote bank locations are a key factor in financial exclusion for people in income strata 1 , while people in income strata 2 and 3 did not mention location as a key reason for lack of financial access < sup > 40 < / sup > . For Bogotá , the demand survey confirms that 62 % of the unbanked are over 10 blocks away from the next bank branch ( see Chapter 3 ) . Greater distance to bank branches increases transaction costs for low income clients and the unbanked . 27 . * * Alternative access mechanisms are limited . * * ATMs provide a costeffective alternative of physical access to formal financial services , such as payment services , check deposits or savings deposits . While the number of ATMs in Colombia has remained broadly stable over the past few years , the number of ATM transactions increased , pointing to increasing acceptance of ATMs among", "spans": [{"start": 1534, "end": 1547, "text": "demand survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regions within the same sector , because the inputoutput data are not available at the detailed region level in Brazil . > 47In addition to the reason related to the interpretation of this parameter , we do not match the other three elasticities in the table because they also depend on the labor supply elasticity _ν_ . 29", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 61, "text": "inputoutput data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Díaz-Serrano , Luis . 2010 . “ Do Legal Immigrants and Natives Compete in the Labour Market ? Evidence from Catalonia . ” _IZA_ Discussion Paper No . 4693 . del Rio-Chanona , R . Maria , Penny Mealy , Anton Pichler , Francois Lafond and Doyne Farmer . 2020 . “ Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic : An industry and occupation perspective , ” _Oxford Review of Economic Policy_ , Volume 36 , Issue Supplement_1 , 2020 , Pages S94 – S137 , https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / oxrep / graa033 . Dingel , Jonathan I , and Brent Neiman . 2020 . “ How many jobs can be done at home ? ” _Journal of Public Economics , _ Volume 189 , September 2020 , 104235 . Duleep , Harriet O . , and Daniel J . Dowhan . 2002 . “ Insights from Longitudinal Data on the Earnings Growth of U . S . Foreign-Born Men . ” _Demography_ 39 ( August ) : 485 – 506 . Duleep , Harriet O . , and Mark C . Regets . 1999 . “ Immigrants and human-capital investment , ” _American Economic Review_ , 89 ( 2 ) : 186 – 191 . Dustmann , Christian , Albert Glitz , A . and Thorsten Vogel . 2010 . “ Employment , wages , and the economic cycle : Differences between immigrants and natives . ” _European Economic Review_ , 54 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 . Dustmann , Christian and Tommaso Frattini . 2013 . “ Immigration : The European experience . ” In D . Card and S . Raphael ( Eds . ) , Immigration , Poverty , and Socioeconomic Inequality : Russell Sage Foundation . Dustmann , Christian , Albrecht Glitz , Uta Schönberg and Herbert Brücker . 2016 . “ Referral-based Job Search Networks , _Review of Economic Studies_ , 83 ( 2 ) : 514 – 546 . Edin , Per-Anders , Peter Fredriksson and Olof Åslund . 2003 . “ Ethnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of Immigrants — Evidence from a Natural Experiment , ” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 118 ( 1 ) : 329 – 357 . European Commission .", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 753, "text": "Longitudinal Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * RAP / ESIA phase * * | * * Stakeholder activity * * | * * Monitoring Indicators * * | * * Verification sou * * | * * rce * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | • No of daily activity reports < br > submitted < br > • SEP developed and submitted < br > on time < br > Scoping report developed and < br > submitted on time . | • Submission < br > letters | cover | | Planning < br > and < br > Assessment < br > phase | Engagements < br > of < br > RAP / ESIA approaches < br > and < br > methodology < br > including GM | • No < br > and < br > level < br > of < br > planned < br > meetings accomplished < br > • No of planned presentations < br > done < br > • No and type of disclosure < br > materials < br > developed < br > and < br > distributed / used < br > ( including < br > radio ads ) < br > • No of daily activity reports < br > submitted < br > • No of stakeholder concerns < br > recorded and responded to < br > • No and category of vulnerable < br > groups engaged | • Meeting < br > attendance re < br > • Meeting minu < br > • Daily debrief < br > • Activity repor < br > • Sample mater < br > tools used < br > • Submission < br > letters | and < br > gisters < br > tes < br > reports < br > ts and < br > ials and < br > cover | | | PAP Census | • No of PAP households reached < br > • No of vulnerable PAP household < br > identified and reached < br", "spans": [{"start": 1276, "end": 1286, "text": "PAP Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WWEP , to coordinate survey questions across the LFS and LSMS , will also test questions on decision making in agriculture ( Gaddis and Palacios-Lopez , 2018 , Walsh , 2018 ) . # # A closer look at decision making over earnings Questions on decision-making over wage earnings , as well as income from self-employed farm / off-farm operations are receiving increasing attention in surveys , as well as recent rounds of the LSMS-ISA . A main issue with decision-making questions , however , is the choice of respondent , which as seen earlier with Ethiopia ’ s RCBP can lead to gender inequalities in program targeting . A growing number of within and crosscountry studies are also showing that men and women within the same household can respond very differently to the same sets of questions on the main decision maker ( see Donald et al , 2017 for a crosscountry study from Sub-Saharan Africa ; Anderson et al , 2017 from rural Tanzania ) . One approach to address this issue ( albeit more costly ) is to ask both the most knowledgeable adult man and adult woman in the household . The Demographic and Health Surveys ask both husbands and wives , for example , in decision making questions over their spouse ’ s earnings and large household purchases . Within farming , the WEAI survey module also asks both men and women about decision making roles in production and income ( Malapit and Quisumbing , 2015 ) . The Uganda GSARS pilot also had two respondents for the module on decision making – ( a ) the plot holder , and ( b ) the holder ’ s spouse / partner if they lived in the household and were also engaged in agricultural work on the holding ( GSARS , 2017 ) . Similarly with enterprise income , cross-checking ownership and management of the enterprise across male / female respondents would be important , to understand whether gender norms affect reporting of these outcomes — including whether women entrepreneurs themselves underreport their decisionmaking roles in the business , as was found in an entrepreneurship training program in rural Pakistan ( Giné and Mansuri , 2014 ) . Using the 2016-17 Malawi survey , for example , Figure 7 compares", "spans": [{"start": 1087, "end": 1117, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1275, "end": 1293, "text": "WEAI survey module", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2106, "end": 2127, "text": "2016-17 Malawi survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in 2013 ( Figure 4 ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 3 Incidence of returns and severity of < br > conflict at the district level , 2007 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Low Medium Medium Medium High < br > Low High < br > CONFLICT SEVERITY < br > SHARE RETURNEES / POPULATION < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculation based on UNHCR and SIOCC-UNDSS data * * Figure 4 Share of secondary displacement , by year of return * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 < br > YEAR OF RETURN < br > PERCENT < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 2", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 439, "text": "SIOCC-UNDSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 791, "text": "ALCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_afrofisheriS . _ < br > _victoriae0 . _ < br > _niloticusM . _ < br > _macrocephalusL . _ < br > _niloticus_ | Increase | Nochange | | Vegetatedriver marginsand < br > calmshallowwateroccupied < br > bymacrophytebeds | _Juvenilefish0 . _ < br > _niloticusL . _ < br > _niloticusR . _ < br > _argentea_ | Decrease | Nochange | The habitat impacts , and impacts on feeding and spawning have been assessed in relation to the nine keystone species that were identified in the Upper Victoria Nile during studies carried out by NA / FIRRI ( 2000a to 2000d ; 2001 ; 2006 ) . The results are discussed for each taxon below , and summarised in Table 7 . 5 . # # # # * * _Lates niloticus_ ( Nile perch ) : * * This species has been shown to be well-adapted to both lake and river habitats , as demonstrated by the speed with which it has become the dominant species in Lake Victoria and the Victoria Nile since its introduction in the 1950s . Its rapid establishment has been to the detriment of populations of small prey species . While baseline monitoring in early 2006 tentatively indicates a downturn in the importance of this species between 2000 and 2006 , the differences in catch sizes were too small to conclude that there has been any significant change . Construction of the hydropower facility will not affect either its feeding or reproductive ecology , and it will remain the dominant species both above and below the impoundment . _Conclusion . no significant impact upstream or downstream_ # # # # * * _Oreochromis niloticus_ ( Nile tilapia ) : * * This species is also well-adapted to both lake and river habitats , and is able to", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1048, "text": "baseline monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has traditionally followed a “ developmental state ” model with a strong public role in many aspects of the economy . * * The country has the third highest public investment rate in the world , but the sixth lowest private investment rate . This is reflected in the fact that state-owned enterprises dominate several key service sectors , while the private sector remains nascent . Fast growth has been mainly driven by agriculture development , which has been the cornerstone of Ethiopia ’ s development agenda since the 1990s and is still prioritized . 8 . * * The GoE has embarked on a structural transformation of the economy and society . * * Since the late 2000s , Ethiopia has been pursuing a process of structural transformation , with the objective of becoming a middle-income country by 2025 . The First Growth and Transformation Plan ( GPT I , 2010-15 ) increasingly promoted light manufacturing in key sectors where the country has a perceived comparative advantage . The recently launched Second Growth and Transformation Plan ( GTP II , 2015-20 ) puts an even stronger emphasis on structural transformation , industrialization , urbanization , and export promotion . Massive public infrastructure investment has been at the center of the country ’ s economic strategy . Ethiopia was able to achieve a substantial expansion of energy , road , railway , and telecom infrastructure , financed by domestic and external public borrowing . In addition , public investments in basic service provision , such as education and health , have contributed to poverty reduction as did the introduction of rural safety nets . GTP II continues to place a strong commitment on ensuring that women and youth benefit from and participate in overall economic , political and decisionmaking processes in Ethiopia . # # * * B . Sector and Institutional Context * * > 2 Extreme poverty in measured as consuming less than US $ 1 . 90 ( 2011 PPP ) a day . > 3 Ethiopia Multi-Sector Country Gender Profile , African Development Bank , 2004 . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the degree to which the global response should include a development element . We find that the average stood at around 10 . 3 years at the end of 2015 , with a median duration of 4 years , and significant sensitivity to a few situations . Such numbers re-emphasize the importance of effective humanitarian interventions on the right scale . They suggest that development actors have a role to play but that they need to focus their interventions on a set of discrete protracted situations . To produce these numbers , we rely on the Population Statistics Database compiled and maintained by UNHCR . The database records the number of “ persons of interest ” to UNHCR in each year since 1951 and for each situation , where a situation consists of a pair host-origin countries . The calculation of duration of exile is obtained under a _no-turnover_ assumption , whereby a decrease in the number of refugees for any given situation is fully attributed to exits from refugee status , while increases are assumed to be fully accounted for by new cases . Although such approach tends to over-estimate the true duration of exile , the lack of individual-level data on registration precludes refining the estimate further . Attempts to estimate similar statistics have been limited . In a 2004 note to its Executive Committee , UNHCR established the average at 17 years at the end of 2003 ( Executive Committee of the High Commissioner ’ s Programme 2004 ) . This number has been widely quoted by media , activists , humanitarian agencies , and development institutions ( Milner 2014 ; United Nations 2016 ; UNHCR 2015 ) . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 1 gives some definitions and background information on the refugee population . In section 2 , we provide some summary statistics from our main source of data , the UNHCR Population Statistics Database . Section 3 describes the method followed to construct duration statistics and presents a few stylized facts . The results of our analysis are presented in section 4 . Section 5 concludes . # * * 1 Background : Definitions and Data * * Under the terms of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees –", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 564, "text": "Population Statistics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1838, "end": 1874, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "others | - | 28 , 000 | 151 , 400 | 26 , 000 | 26 , 350 | 231 , 750 | 0 . 9 | | Total | 1 , 615 , 595 | 3 , 754 , 135 | 10 , 390 , 480 | 4 , 227 , 342 | 5 , 081 , 075 | 25 , 068 , 627 | 100 . 0 | | Average annual < br > expenditure | 53 , 853 . 2 | 125 , 137 . 8 | 115 , 449 . 8 | 140 , 911 . 4 | 56 , 456 . 4 | < br > 92 , 846 . 8 | | Source : Socioeconomic household survey July 2024 # # # # # * * 6 . 4 Housing Ownership and Household Service and Facilities * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 1 Ownership of Residential House and Housing Condition * * Concerning ownership of residential housing , like all rural farm families in many parts of the country , the 98 . 5 % of the sampled households are currently living in privately owned residential houses . On the other hand , the remaining 1 . 1 % and 0 . 4 % of the sampled households live in rented houses and rent-free houses respectively . All the households covered in the study from Jima town , Limu Seqa and Limu Kosa Woredas are residing in privately owned residential houses . Page 78", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 375, "text": "Socioeconomic household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sectoral indicators and outputs ; < br > partners self-evaluate existing < br > programmes ; refugees encouraged < br > to comment on all sectors | | * * Phase 3 * * | Detailed sub-Project | Selected implementing partners | | Mid Dec . - early Jan . | discussions | discussed their proposals and < br > budgets with UNHCR . | Participants were Refugee Executive members ( between four and six ) , two members ( a male and a female ) from each Sub-Committee , two host community members ( the Liaison Officer and any other appointed by the chief ) ; and three participants from each agency . Several documents were prepared in advance including pie charts with proposed input and output per sector for 2005 per implementing partner . Implementing Partners complete a Standards and Indicators versus actual progress table to inform discussions on gap analysis , indicators and outputs . # # # # # # * * Conclusions * * - Conducting sessions at end of the year gives updated baseline data per camp . The current situation data is then the basis for gap analysis for each sector . - Knowing the gaps per sector vis-à-vis the standards , refugees later appreciate prioritisation of sectors from both UNHCR and implementing partners and contribute in the prioritisation process by making a more informed ‘ wish-list . ’ - Knowing what is planned for each sector , refugees can better monitor progress , appreciate results or raise alarm when necessary . # # # # # # * * For further consideration : * * - Need for more meaningful participation by asylum state government and local community _E12_", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1023, "text": "current situation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 : Summary statistics . * * | Variable | Obs . | Mean | Std . Dev . | Min . | Max . | Corr . with LogExports | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Colonyij | 93744 | 0 . 010 | 0 . 099 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 0897 | | Colonizerij | 93744 | 0 . 117 | 0 . 322 | 0 | 1 | - 0 . 0295 | | Contiguousij | 93744 | 0 . 013 | 0 . 112 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 1459 | | Distanceij < br > | 93744 | 8541 . 281 | 4687 . 455 | 10 . 479 | 19951 . 160 | - 0 . 1644 | | Exportsij < br > k | 103512 | 8366 . 421 | 190979 . 700 | 0 | 2 . 02E + 07 | n / a | | GDPi | 82639 | 2 . 99e + 11 | 1 . 17e + 12 | 1 . 37e + 08 | 1 . 37e + 13 | 0 . 086 | | Languageij | 93744 | 0 . 170 | 0 . 375 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 012 | | LPIi | 67657 | 2 . 744 | 0 . 631 | 1 . 212 | 4 . 190 | 0 . 0703 | | Parts < sup > k < / sup > | 103539 | 0 . 500 | 0 . 500 | 0 | 1 | - 0 . 3455 | _Note : _ Exportsijk _contains 75 , 217 observations equal to zero . _ 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "destruction process and , by exploiting the different dimensions of our data , we make the first attempt at understanding the sources of the observed variations across countries and industries . Our country dataset includes 24 economies over a period covering most of the past decade ; ten industrial countries , five Central and Eastern European countries in transition , and nine emerging economies in Latin America and East Asia . These countries differ significantly along different dimensions including the underlying economic conditions and the policy and institutional settings . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . In Section 2 , we briefly review the recent theory on the reasons behind firms ’ heterogeneity and the importance of experimentation and learning by doing . In this section , we also discuss how policy and institutional settings may influence firm heterogeneity . We argue that different policy settings may influence firm behavior in multiple ways and that several firm-level indicators are needed to assess how the different policy choices ultimately affect economic efficiency . In Section 3 , we provide a brief description of the data for 24 industrial , transition and emerging economies . We then turn to the empirical evidence . In Section 4 we first present the distribution of firms by size ; we then document the magnitude and key features of firm dynamics ( entry and exit of firms ) and , finally , we study post entry performance of different cohorts of new firms . In Section 5 we analyze the effectiveness of creative destruction for productivity growth . We distinguish between the productivity contribution coming from the process of creative destruction ( entry and exit of firms ) to that stemming from within-firm efficiency improvements and reallocation of resources across incumbents . In the final section , we draw some preliminary conclusions and propose a research agenda to start exploring the links between policy and firm dynamics . # * * 2 . Firm heterogeneity , market structure and institutions * * # # * * _Stylized Facts_ * * Over the past two decades , evidence has mounted suggesting sizable heterogeneity of firms across different interrelated dimensions , size , growth , market shares , life cycle etc . In particular , some regularities have", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 214, "text": "country dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pricing policy - - also likely placed downward pressure on the real price of other staple food crops . 10 Unfortunately , the aggregate data file we obtained for the 1985-88 LSMS data does not include the socioeconomic group variable so we cannot reproduce Grootaert ' s results using the INS deflators . In 1988 , the poverty incidence , using his deflators , was . 210 for export crop farmers and . 197 for food crop farmers , based on the 75 , 000 CFAF poverty line . 11", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 183, "text": "LSMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we have information on hours worked . To maximize comparability across surveys , labor input measures were standardized by converting them into full-time worker equivalent units . Similarly , measures of material inputs , capital and labor were converted into USD equivalents . As another example , the definition of what constitutes a rural area and what constitutes a rural town varies across countries . Appendix A discusses how we defined our key variables of interest and tried to maximize comparability across countries in more detail . While the sampling frames for the survey vary from country to country , they typically yield a good representation of the rural non-farm sector . The surveys in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh are representative of all rural areas in the country , while the Ethiopian data are representative of the rural non-farm sector in the Amhara region . < sup > 8 < / sup > The Indonesian data cover six different _kabupatens_ ( “ districts ” ) in six different provinces . In all countries but Ethiopia , < sup > 9 < / sup > relatively large firms were oversampled to ensure they were included in the surveys . In Indonesia and Sri Lanka we do not have information on the households of the managers of such relatively large firms . For more information on the samplings frames , the reader is referred to World Bank , 2005 . # * * ( b ) The Rural Investment Climate * * The rural investment climate is characterized by remoteness , weak infrastructure , low penetration of commercial credit providers and localized markets ( see also World Bank , 2005 ) and varies substantially both across as well as within countries . Most non-farm enterprises are very small and generate low profits , although the non-farm enterprise sector is highly heterogeneous both in composition and performance . The characteristics of the rural business environment are also reflected in the constraints firm managers report to be most severe . Appendix C demonstrates that both male and female managers consider a lack of markets ( demand ) , transport , access to credit and electricity as their most important constraints . Gender differences in self-reported constraints are 9", "spans": [{"start": 794, "end": 808, "text": "Ethiopian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 904, "end": 919, "text": "Indonesian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > Brahman / Chhetri 22 43 33 < br > Terai Middle Caste 35 50 15 < br > Dalits 51 42 7 < br > Newar 8 35 51 < br > Hill Janajati 34 45 20 < br > Terai Janajati 35 52 12 < br > Muslim 32 58 10 < br > Other minorities 18 74 7 < br > Poor Vulnerable Middle class Upper class < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank staff estimates based on data from three rounds of NLSS data for 1995 / 96 , 2003 / 04 and 2010 / 11 # * * 4 . Perceptions of Mobility * * In the preceding sections , we introduced , defined , described and characterized various notions of economic and social mobility in Nepal . A question that we attempt to answer next is the extent to which our findings square with perceptions about mobility . Do Nepalis feel and experience this mobility ? Do they feel that they have necessarily done better than their parents ? Do they expect their children to do better than their parents ? Even within their lifetimes , do they expect to do better than their current economic and social position ? We can answer some of these questions using data collected specifically for the purpose in Nepal and data from other global data sources such as the Gallup World Survey . # # * * _4 . 1 . Conceptual Background_ * * How inequality is perceived can often be very different and disconnected from the actual level of inequality in society . Perceptions naturally have a strong correspondence with every individual ’ s actual experience with inequality , and are likely to be influenced and shaped not just by the extent of the magnitude of inequality but also by beliefs about the underlying processes that generate the observed inequality . For example , inequality generated by growth processes that are dynamic , broad based and rooted firmly in meritocratic principles of rewarding", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 488, "text": "NLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1163, "end": 1215, "text": "data collected specifically for the purpose in Nepal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1268, "end": 1287, "text": "Gallup World Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "289647448 / pdf / The-Economic-and-Social-Impact-of-COVID-19-PrivateSector . pdf > 2 The COVID-19 crisis caused delays in publication of Q2 labor force survey data for Kosovo and BiH . Using administrative employment and unemployment data helped approximate labor developments in BiH and tax data on those employed were used to assess impact of the crisis on Kosovo . 10 | < sup > 3 . LABOR MARkET CONDITIONs wORsENED , BUT sO FAR jOB sUPPORT sChEMEs hAvE CONTAINED ThE FALLOUT < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 163, "text": "Q2 labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 191, "end": 238, "text": "administrative employment and unemployment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 288, "end": 296, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Demand model sensitivity analyses_ We conducted two additional sensitivity analyses of the projections of physician demand resulting from the optimal demand model chosen to alternative input parameters . First , we assess the stability of the predictions to alternative estimated future values of GDP per capita . We use alternative estimated real GDP per capita ( US $ 2010 ) from the Economic Research Service ( ERS ) International Macroeconomic Data Set published by the United States ‐ Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) , available at < u > http : / / www . ers . usda . gov / data products / international ‐ macroeconomic ‐ data ‐ set . aspx ( Accessed on September 27 , 2015 ) . There < / u > was a relatively small ( 9 percent ) difference in the total estimated shortages in 2030 based on the two methods ( 15 . 6 million with the main method we used , and 17 . 0 million using USDA numbers ) Second , we examine the possible upper and lower bounds of the predictions older than 65 resulting from high and low future population estimates . Because population is the largest driver of demand in our model , using the high and low variant estimates , we can obtain predicted total health worker deficits that may result from population growth among people older than 65 that is higher and lower than expected , compared to the median estimate that is presented in the main results . These alternative low and high estimates are shown in Figure A3 below , indicating a rather tight band for the resulting predicted values . # * * Figure A3 . Projected total health worker deficit using low and high projections for the size of the population older than 65 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Deficit by population scenarios < br > 2013 2030 < br > year < br > Low scenario Median scenario < br > High scenario < br > 22000000 < br > Healthworkers < br > 11000000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : where the predicted demand was less than the predicted supply , the estimated", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 459, "text": "International Macroeconomic Data Set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of a single treasury account with the Central Bank ; and ( iii ) modernize the spending procedures and accounting through adopting a new chart of account and developing the GFMIS for implementation by the MoF , government departments and other spending units . So far , the GFMIS is still a work in progress and most of the ministries ( including MoE and GBD ) still do not have an accounting and reporting system in place that can be used for reporting on the project accounts . In addition , Jordan ’ s Corruption Perceived Index ( CPI ) as per Transparency International has improved from 4 . 7 in 2007 to 5 . 1 in 2008 , ranking Jordan 5 / 20 regionally and 41 / 180 internationally . 9 . The Project will be implemented through opening budget lines under MoE ( for counterpart funds ) and MoPIC ( for the Bank loan ) and funds will be allocated accordingly . MoE has already opened a budget line under its 2009 budget . 10 . * * _Project FM Risk_ * * . MoE and GBD ’ s FM arrangements were assessed based on the World Bank ’ s FM Guidelines , to determine if the FM arrangements for the Project are acceptable to the World Bank . Detailed FM questionnaires were completed for MoE and GBD and are included in the Project ’ s files . The risks identified and the mitigating measures addressing theses risks are detailed in the table below : > 4 The Institutional Financial Management Assessment ( IFMCA ) for the Education and Social Sectors – June 2006 . 60", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 531, "text": "Corruption Perceived Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2018 ) ( ii ) data on unemployment rate and government expenditures are taken either from Eurostat ( 1999 and 2009 ) , from the Milanovic ' s Household Expenditure and Income Dataset for Transition Economies ( HEIDE ) data ( 1992 ) , or from the World Development Indicators . Finally , ( iii ) , poverty is defined as the percentage of people living below $ 10 a day in 2005 PPP . The variable is calculated on income data using PovCalNet and the World Development Indicators data set . As part of the contextual variables we also include a measure of the intergenerational elasticity of education from Narayan and Van der Weide ( 2018 ) . This measure is intended to proxy for the level of _fairness_ in the society . The higher the elasticity , the larger is the correlation between parent and children ’ s education , implying a lower degree of educational mobility and , thus , a less fair process of income generation . The elasticity is estimated for each 10-year birth cohort from the 1930s to the 1980s in each country . We use three versions of this elasticity . The first one is a country-year variable , which is the population-weighted average of the elasticity of the cohorts which are 20 to 39 years old in each given country and year . The second and third versions are country-cohort specific : the first version varies across countries and birth cohorts but not across years and the second is estimated separately for each gender . These variables are only available for the subset of individuals born in 1930 or after . 11", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 67, "text": "data on unemployment rate and government expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 90, "end": 98, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 142, "end": 207, "text": "Household Expenditure and Income Dataset for Transition Economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 246, "end": 274, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 430, "end": 439, "text": "PovCalNet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ and development of social capital depends , among other things on the education level of the beneficiary . A large proportion ( 59 % ) of PAPs attained primary school education with less than a third of these ( 13 % ) enrolled for secondary education . A sizable household population ( 25 % ) has never had any educational level . During the community meetings it was reported that most of the women did not enroll because factors like early marriages , low priority given to girls ' education and lack of means to pay for school fees especially at secondary level . Thus the majority end up getting married before they complete primary level . The low levels of literacy in the area implies that any information and awareness programs to be designed for the people in the project area should not rely only on written texts but use illustrations and other suitable information media . Furthermore , low education levels means few PAPs have skills that are required in the construction of the power line . This implies that most PAPs may only be employed as casual laborers . * * Figure 10 : Education Levels of Household Members * * # # # * * 3 . 1 . 7 . HIV / AIDS Prevalence * * According to Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011 , the Hoima district is reported to have one of the highest HIV / AIDS prevalence of 6 . 4 % . However , the prevalence ratio is higher amongst the women than the men . HIV / AIDS is presently one of the leading causes of death among the adults and children under five in this region . It is estimated that between 25 – 40 percent of HIV / AIDS positive mothers in Uganda transmit the virus to their children . HIV / AIDS has also led to the exacerbation of certain diseases like pneumonia , meningitis and tuberculosis , which had hitherto been controlled . Identification will be required of all residents interested in working on the project", "spans": [{"start": 1280, "end": 1321, "text": "Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it was estimated that 120 pregnant and recently delivered women would be needed in each cluster to detect a change of 2 percent in the proportion of facility-based births between the baseline and a one-year follow-up among the treatment groups for a two-sided T-test at 5 percent significance and 90 percent power ( 120 deliveries * 22 clusters = 2640 female respondents ) . Based on the target of 120 deliveries in each cluster and using the UBOS census figures to estimate village populations , the necessary number of villages was selected from a list of villages in each cluster , limiting the selection to villages with 20 or more estimated deliveries a year . The additional 467 women included in the sample size were intended to account for nonresponses . However , a deviation from the original plan occurred immediately after the baseline survey was carried out because of insufficient communication between the researchers and the program operations team . The program operations team had recruited voucher distributors in villages 12", "spans": [{"start": 443, "end": 462, "text": "UBOS census figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 43 * * < u > Inference : Refractory lining is an improvement from prevalent existing method of < / u > construction and weak materials ( normal rather than fire cement and clay / earth bricks ) . A refractory lining avoids fugitive emissions and ensures long service life . b ) * * _Chimney ( or stack ) : _ * * A fixed stack height of 6 meters is prescribed . < u > Inference : Considering that some incinerators may be located in vicinity of buildings , with < / u > potential for plume downwash , a fixed height at all locations may not always be effective in safely dispersing incineration emissions in the air . A safe method to design stacks for small incineration units based on WBG Guidelines and good international industry practice ( GIIP ) is illustrated in section 4 . 4 . 1 . 1 . # # # * * 2 . 2 . 2 UPOPs Inventory Report ( “ NEMA Study ” ) * * The UPOPs inventory study for Uganda conducted in 2007 aimed to develop the nation ’ s stock of dioxin and furans emissions to air , water and land . Incineration and open-air burning of waste were among the key sources of dioxins identified . This study is of particular interest because healthcare waste incineration was found to contribute 0 . 4 % ( or 4 . 1 grams TEQ / year ) of the nation ’ s total annual POP emissions ( 1019 grams TEQ / year ) , with uncontrolled combustion processes contributing slightly over 70 % of total releases . The study identified the main POPs emission release vector to be residues contributing 58 % followed by air ( 38 % ) and least , land . In comparison , scenarios below from Germany and USA illustrate efficacy of emissions treatment in reducing dioxin levels in the environment . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 849, "text": "UPOPs Inventory Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms typically pay low wages , and , as a result they are more exposed to increases in the minimum wage . A second attractive feature of the EIS is the broad coverage of sectors of activity : it includes registered private firms in all sectors of activity , apart from the financial sector . We can thus examine the effects of the minimum wage on the formal economy as a whole , and we can examine heterogenous effects across sectors . > 12 The EIS was constructed by merging various administrative datasets across government entities in an effort led by the Ministry of Industry and Technology . The original sources of the administrative datasets included the Ministry of Industry and Technology , the Ministry of Trade , the Revenue Administration , the Social Security Institution , the Small and Medium Business Development and Support Administration , the Turkish Statistical Institute , the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office , and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey . > 13 Turkey has 923 districts . > 14 Those in the remaining 20 percent are largely agricultural workers who are rarely registered with social security institutions . 9", "spans": [{"start": 485, "end": 508, "text": "administrative datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the length of time required to resolve them - - hence when we refer to \" defaults \" we will be referring to the first year of a given default episode . The Tomz-Wright ( 2010 ) data on expropriation primarily refer to expropriations of US-owned direct investments abroad . We work with a dummy variable equal to one indicating countryyears in which such an expropriation event occurred . Their dataset is based on primary research into reports by the US Department of Commerce and Bureau of Economic Analysis which provide regular reporting to Congress on expropriations affecting US investors . This is the largest systematic dataset on expropriation events currently available . A drawback of this data is that it does not cover episodes of default affecting only non-US foreign direct investors . As a partial remedy for this problem , we augment their dataset using data on expropriation and breach of contract claims paid by insurers who are members of the Berne Union , an association of public sector and private sector political risk insurers . This source provides data on the total amount of the two types of claims paid , by country in which the insured event occurred , and by year in which the claim itself was paid . A shortcoming of this data is that it is not possible to identify when precisely the expropriation event occurred , since we only have information on when claims are paid . Absent better information , we assume that expropriations occurred in the year before the Berne Union reports claims were paid , and include any expropriations identified in this way in our dataset if they were not already included in the Tomz-Wright dataset . Since most of our explanatory variables , which we describe below , are only available starting in 1970 or later , we restrict attention to the period 1970-2004 . During this period , the dataset includes 118 episodes of sovereign default , and 282 episodes of expropriations . Of these , 65 episodes are identified using the Berne Union data on claims paid . # * * 4 . A First Look at the Data * * * * Figure 1 * * provides a first look at the distribution of default and expropriation events across", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 921, "text": "data on expropriation and breach of contract claims", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1643, "end": 1662, "text": "Tomz-Wright dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1991, "end": 2007, "text": "Berne Union data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Additional Financing for Energy Access Project , Resettlement / Rehabilitation Framework - DRAFT March 2010 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – # # 5 . SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF PAPS # # # * * 5 . 1 . Socio – Cultural and Economic Landscape of PAPs * * The Additional Finance for Energy Project planned and designed to cover most of the regions of Ethiopia ; and consequently , it will affect the various social and cultural landscapes of the country . Social Assessments will be conducted in projects that have been screened to have major social impacts in terms of compensation and relocation of project affected persons . The majority of the Country ’ s population is principally engaged in agricultural activities ( farming and livestock keeping ) . Most of the populations living in the presumed project areas are engaged , in small-scale farming and livestock keeping , in small-scale trade and business , in informal businesses , such as selling of food and local drinks , marketing of agricultural produces , etc . Since most parts of the country are rural , and about 85 % of the population is dependent on a land-based economy ( predominantly crop farming ) , the erection of poles for the power transmission line or acquisition of the right-of-way may include damage to crops and trees , and demolition of a few houses and fences . During the preparation of the projects , socio-economic surveys will be conducted in order to establish : detailed information about categories of PAPs , the extent of impacts , provides the basis for determining eligibility and for estimating", "spans": [{"start": 1541, "end": 1563, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than identifying additional indicators that would require creation of separate monitoring mechanisms . Instead , the Managing for Results component was to strengthen existing mechanisms to ensure that data were credible , timely , and available . # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * With the stated focus of PBS 3 on results , the project channeled significant resources to M & E . The project component \" Managing for Results \" included a US $ 27 million budget , and results reporting occurred every six months as part of joint review and implementation support missions , with results data disaggregated by region and gender . In addition to this routine monitoring , several assessments were Page 12 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 593, "text": "results data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Ethiopia : Second Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project ( P156433 ) Implementation Support Mission April 1 – 14 , 2025 * * * * < u > Aide Memoire < / u > * * # # * * INTRODUCTION * * 1 . The World Bank , the Ministry of Water and Energy ( MoWE ) , and the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority ( AAWSA ) conducted an implementation support mission < sup > 1 < / sup > for the Second Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project ( SUWSSP ) from April 1 to 14 , 2025 . The objectives of the mission were to : ( i ) review the status of actions agreed during the previous mission ( October 21 – November 1 , 2024 ) , including actions agreed in the turnaround action plan and subsequent followup meetings - in particular , actions to accelerate implementation , disbursement , and to improve safeguards compliance , ( ii ) discuss challenges on contract management , delay in project implementation , and potential remedial actions , and ( iii ) discuss plans and preparation for operations and maintenance ( O & M ) of project-financed infrastructure for post-project sustainability . 2 . The Bank team expresses its gratitude to the Ministry of Finance ( MoF ) , MoWE , and AAWSA for their collaboration and courtesies extended . This Aide Memoire summarizes the findings and agreed actions from the mission . The Aide Memoire was discussed at the wrap-up meeting on April 14 , 2025 , chaired by H . E . Ambassador Dr . Asfaw Dingamo , State Minister , MoWE and attended by Eng . Zerihun Abate ( AAWSA General Manager ) and Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) personnel of MoWE and AAWSA . The Aide Memoire has been endorsed by the World Bank ’ s management . # # * * PROJECT DATA * * * * < u > Table 1 - Project Data <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collected by Rama and Artecona ( 2000 ) . It includes 44 indicators on policies and outcomes related to labor markets in 121 countries since the 1950s . A more recent attempt of providing cross-country information on labor market policies is given by Djankov et al . ( 2003 ) . These data set is quite comprehensive in terms of country and thematic coverage ; however , it lacks time-series variation as its observations correspond to the early 2000s only . * * _3 . Outcome Indicators . _ * * We consider general and specific outcome indicators of labor market reform . General indicators assess outcomes from the perspective of the overall functioning of labor markets , while specific indicators measure closely the immediate impact of particular policy changes . Among general indicators , we should look for measures of improved adjustment flexibility of labor markets to aggregate and industry-specific shocks and for indications of reduced labor market segmentation . Two broad outcome indicators are the rates of unemployment and underemployment . These data are readily available from national or labor statistics ; they are difficult to compare across countries but , with enough care , are useful for overtime comparisons . More precise measures of flexibility , although more difficult to obtain , are given by sectoral - , gender - , and age-specific data on labor force participation , worker turnover rates , average time between jobs , and labor force dropout rates ( for an application to several Latin American countries , see Micco and Pagés 2002 ) . Regarding labor market segmentation , a “ quantity ” approach would measure the share of the labor force in the informal sector , defined as the segment of the economy that does not comply with labor-market regulations ( see Loayza 1996 ) . A “ price ” approach would compare wages and total compensation between similarly qualified workers across different firms ( in terms of size and age , for example ) in comparable industries and sectors . Specific indicators measure the immediate outcomes of policy changes . In fact , we can group these outcome indicators using the same taxonomy as the one used for policy indicators . On hiring and firing of workers , the best indicators are turnover", "spans": [{"start": 1094, "end": 1122, "text": "national or labor statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 Empirical Methodology and Identification Strategy # # 3 . 1 Identification The first challenge we face in estimating the causal impact of migration on household welfare is the possibility of unobserved characteristics of household heads that affect their decision to migrate also playing a role in determining their consumption level . For example , individuals with higher unobserved ability might migrate in order to have more chances of getting access to vibrant labor markets with more high-paying jobs , and earn higher income which translates into higher consumption . The same unobserved ability that makes them more likely to migrate might also have an effect on their consumption level regardless of whether they migrate or not . If the mechanisms at play were the one just described , a simple comparison of migrant and non-migrant households would overstate the gains in consumption deriving from migration . One could also argue that natural disasters , or negative shocks in general , can induce individuals to migrate and at the same time generate a drop in their consumption level , thus leading to a spurious negative correlation between migration and consumption . Therefore , ex-ante , the direction of any selectivity bias is unclear . Following a well-established branch of migration literature , starting from Card ( 2001 ) to recent studies by Ottaviano and Peri ( 2005 ) , and Rapoport and McKenzie ( 2011 ) , we use historical district-level immigration rates as an exclusion restriction for the self-selection equation into migration . We derive the historical internal immigration rate using data from the 1984 Population Census and calculate the share of immigrants for each district of Ghana in 1984 as proportion of the population aged 15 and above that reported to be born in a village ( or town ) different from the one in which they resided at the time of the Census . Since the variation of the instrument is limited to the district level , we cluster standard errors at that same level to allow for correlation in the error term of household heads within a district . Ghana is administratively divided into 10 regions , 6 metropolitan assemblies and 55 municipal assemblies which are subdivided into 216 districts , each one with its own district assembly .", "spans": [{"start": 1636, "end": 1658, "text": "1984 Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET-Irrigation & Drainage SIL ( FY07 ) ( P092353 ) * * Quality of Supervision Rating * * Unsatisfactory # # * * Overall Bank Performance Rating * * Unsatisfactory # # * * 9 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization * * # # * * a . M & E Design * * M & E responsibility was shared between the National and Regional Project Coordination Office to carry out annual work plans and annual progress and performance reviews , routine monitoring activities , and the maintenance of a systematic project database to facilitate periodic reporting . There were issues with the selection of outcome indicators and intermediate outcome targets , which had to be revised later on during implementation . # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * The M & E system could not consolidate , highlight and transmit on time information on the project progress and implementation challenges to relevant decision makers . Therefore , issues were mostly identified during the Bank supervision missions , rather than through adequate M & E processes and procedures . The project could carry out only two of the three planned surveys required , but with delays . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * M & E information was rarely used for addressing any of the bottlenecks , delays , and other challenges arising during project implementation . Despite changes in the outcome and intermediate indicators reflecting greater attention to gender , the data did not lead to any actions that would facilitate women ’ s participation in project benefits . # # * * M & E Quality Rating * * Negligible # # * * 10 . Other Issues * * Page 13 of 18", "spans": [{"start": 574, "end": 601, "text": "systematic project database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Ministry of Water , Sanitation , and Irrigation ( MoWSI ) , Water Sector Trust Fund ( WSTF ) , Water Services Regulatory Board ( WASREB ) , Council of Governors ( CoG ) , National Treasury ( NT ) , Department of Refugee Services ( DRS ) , State Department of Devolution , Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Ministry of Health ( MoH ) , and the 19 participating County Governments , and their Water Service Providers ( WSPs ) . Field visits were conducted in Migori and Vihiga counties . 3 . * * This aide memoire provides a summary of a series of discussions held and an overview of the understandings reached during the mission . * * The key issues were discussed during the wrap-up meeting held on March 18 , 2025 , chaired by Mr . Peter Njoroge , Director of Planning , Resource Mobilization Department , NT and the technical wrap-up meeting held on March 19 , 2025 , chaired by Mr . Julius Korir , Principal Secretary , SDWS-MoWSI . The final version of the aide memoire was endorsed by the Bank management . < mark > The l < / mark > ist of mission participants is provided in Annex 1 . # # * * BACKGROUND AND PROGRAM DATA * * 4 . Table 1 below summarizes the key Program data . * * Table 1 : Key Program Data * * | * * Project Data * * | * * Date / Rating * * | | - - - | - - - | | Program Amount | * * US $ 458 million Total Financing * * < br > * * ( * * US $ 200m IDA Credit ; US $ 50m IDA / WHR grant ; < br > US $ 200mGoK ; US $ 8mCommercial Financing ) | | Approval Date | December 20 , 2023 | | Signingof FinancingAgreement | Feb . 28 , 2024 | | Effective", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 82 ) | ( 13 . 16 ) | | Political stability * | - 0 . 367 * * * | 1 . 42 * * * | - 0 . 117 * * * | | fuel exporters < br > dummy | ( - 7 . 98 ) | ( 4 . 59 ) | ( - 6 . 48 ) | | Time trend | 0 . 289 * * * | 0 . 0189 | 0 . 0334 * | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( 6 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 82 ) | ( 1 . 65 ) | | n | 1 , 286 | 1 , 232 | 1 , 128 | | R-squared | 0 . 305 | 0 . 098 | 0 . 121 | | RMSE | 7 . 59 | 3 . 87 | 3 . 02 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 16", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 546, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . Budgetary Control and Performance * * The statement of comparative budget and actual amounts reflects total budgeted receipts of Kshs . 760 , 000 , 000 against actual receipts of Kshs . 290 , 853 , 551 thereby resulting in an under-collection of Kshs . 469 , 146 , 449 or * * 62 % * * of the budgeted receipts . Further , the statement reflects total budgeted expenditure of Kshs . 760 , 000 , 000 against actual payments of Kshs . 140 , 941 , 956 resulting in an under-expenditure of Kshs . 619 , 058 , 044 or * * 81 % * * of the budgeted expenditure . The under-collection of receipts and under-expenditure is an indication that the Project may not have achieved the planned objectives . REPORT * * ON LAWFULNESS AND EFFECTIVENESS IN USE * * OF * * PUBLIC RESOURCES * * # # * * Conclusion * * As required * * by * * Article * * 229 ( 6 ) * * of the Constitution , based on the audit procedures performed , except for the matter described in the Basis for Conclusion on Lawfulness and Effectiveness in Use of Public Resources section of my report , * * I * * confirm that , nothing else has come to my attention to cause me to believe that public resources have not been applied lawfully and in an effective way . # # Basis for * * Conclusion * * # # * * Lack of an Asset Register * * Annex * * 3 * * to the financial statements * * - * * summary of fixed assets , reflects a balance of Kshs . 603 , 292 , 589 as the closing cost of the road asset . However , contrary to Section 143 ( 1 ) of the Public Finance Management Regulations , * * 2015 * * the Project ' s Management did not maintain a register of assets . In the circumstances , the accuracy and completeness of the fixed asset balance", "spans": [{"start": 1609, "end": 1627, "text": "register of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In general , the estimated attainment data compares favorably with the census and survey information . The less accurate fit for 1981 is here believed to be due to large measurement errors or the possible manipulation of the census , which took place during the peak of the armed conflict in Guatemala . Consequently , this discrepancy was not smoothed over . Equally , data for 1998 differs slightly from the estimate . This is due to the fact that the survey largely oversamples the urban population of the economy in that year . Given the simplicity of the assumptions of the underlying model , however , the overall results have been found quite satisfactory . * * Table 3 . Guatemala : Education Level of Labor Force , 1950-2002 * * ( in percent ) < sup > a / < / sup > | Year | Source | No school | Some Primary | Some < br > Secondary | Some Tertiary | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1950 | SEGEPLAN ( 1978 ) | 72 . 3 | 24 . 9 | 2 . 3 | 0 . 5 | | 1964 | SEGEPLAN ( 1978 ) | 60 . 7 | 33 . 4 | 4 . 7 | 1 . 2 | | 1973 | SEGEPLAN ( 1978 ) | 51 . 7 | 40 . 8 | 6 . 1 | 1 . 4 | | 1981 | CENSO ( 1981 ) | ( 37 . 7 ) | ( 48 . 7 ) | ( 10 . 9 ) | ( 2 . 7 ) | | 1989 | ENS ( 1989 ) | 38 . 9 | 47 . 7 | 11 . 4 | 2 . 1 | | 1994 | CENSO ( 1994 ) | 35 . 4 | 47 . 8 | 14 . 1 | 2 . 7 | | 1998 | ENIGFAM ( 1998 ) | ( 30 . 8 ) | ( 50 . 3 ) | 15 . 9 | 3 . 1 | | 2000 | ENCOVI ( 2000 ) | 28 . 9 | 48 .", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 231, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Tax evasion by firms in middle-income countries is often thought to be one of the key reasons why revenue levels as a share of GDP remain well below those in high-income countries ( Slemrod , 2019 ; World Bank , 2023 ) . However , it can be challenging to measure how pervasive tax evasion is by firms by drawing on tax administrative and survey data ( Slemrod and Weber , 2012 ; Timofte ( Coca ) et al . , 2019 ) . Estimates based on administrative data typically rely on tax declarations being checked for accuracy with the limited third-party information that is available in these settings , and it can be unclear whether lower-than-expected tax declarations are due to changes in economic activity , misreporting , or genuine evasion ( Pomeranz , 2015 ; Carrillo et al . , 2017 ) . On the other hand , relying on surveys of taxpayers also has its challenges as respondents may be hesitant to directly admit to evading tax , which leaves many studies using questions about ” tax morale ” as a proxy for compliance ( e . g . , see discussion in Luttmer and Singhal , 2014 ; Ali et al . , 2014 ; and Hoy , 2022 ) . The absence of reliable information about tax evasion levels can undermine revenue authorities ’ ability to improve firms ’ compliance and identify the types of firms they should focus their enforcement efforts on ( Slemrod , 2008 ; Mascagni et al . , 2023 ) . To overcome these challenges , we embedded an experiment that indirectly captures levels of tax evasion as part of a nationally representative survey of 2 , 955 firms in Indonesia . Specifically , we use a list experiment ( also known as the “ item count technique ” ) whereby respondents only state the number of statements on a list that apply to them but do not reveal directly which of the statements are true ( see detailed explanation of this approach in Ahlquist , 2018 , Blair and Imai , 2012 , Imai , 2011 and Rosenfeld et al . , 2016 ) . We draw on best practices in measuring sensitive topics , such", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 375, "text": "tax administrative and survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 460, "end": 479, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 843, "end": 863, "text": "surveys of taxpayers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1520, "end": 1569, "text": "nationally representative survey of 2 , 955 firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Petroleum Technical Assistance Project ( KEPTAP ) ( P145234 ) # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > O | riginal | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P145234 | IDA-55260 | Effective | USD | 50 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 19 . 71 | 25 . 59 | 44 % | | P145234 | TF-A3418 | Effective | USD | 4 . 51 | 4 . 51 | 0 . 00 | 2 . 70 | 1 . 81 | 60 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P145234 | IDA-55260 | Effective | 24-Jul-2014 | 14-Au | g-2014 | 02-Oct-2014 | 28-F | eb-2021 | 28-Feb-2021 | | P145234 | TF-A3418 | Effective | 24-Jul-2014 | 16-No | v-2016 | 16-Nov-2016 | 30-Ju | n-2021 | 30-Jun-2021 | # # # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * 2 /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "women members of subproject affected households ( PAH ) on beneficiary of compensation decisions and arrangements of effecting payments ; and - Give priority in the employment of casual workers for household members of PAPs that have lost their land for the subproject construction works . Therefore , EEP shall prepare a Resettlement Plan ( RP ) as per the requirements of GoE ’ s land expropriation laws and WB ’ s ESS5 on Land Acquisition , Restrictions on Land Use and Voluntary Resettlement prior to start of the subproject construction works . RP shall cover details of the above indicated mitigation measures and lay down the procedures for its implementation . As is the case in most patrilineal societies , consultations revealed that men in the project area were the main decision makers on issues regarding land . Therefore , during compensation , women shall take part in providing consent to the compensation packages and other necessary resettlement related activities of the subproject . # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 . 3 Impacts on Privately Owned Housing Units and Other Structures * * According to the property survey carried out along the TL corridor , 76 privately owned residential houses , and two mosques will be affected by construction of the proposed TL subproject . Most of the housing structures are small and of simple construction , comprising wooden frameworks with mud plaster . Of the housing units , 28 are residential houses and two are mosques made of wooden wall and corrugated iron sheet ( CIS ) roof , and the rest 48 are tukuls made of wooden wall and thatched roof ; Photo 8 below depicts sample housing units . Table 5 . 4 summarizes the expropriation requirements at different locations along the TL Corridor . There are no privately owned houses and other structures at the new Shashemene-II SS that would be impacted due to construction of the substation . Page 152", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1131, "text": "property survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GBIF data increase . In this paper , we draw on the previous work to explore some implications for 30x30 in a sample of 10 countries in Latin America , Africa and the Asia-Pacific region . We focus on individual countries to highlight the role of conservation stewardship in local settings . Our country analyses begin with current protected areas , which exhibit great cross-country variation in territorial coverage and representation of species taxa . We consider both terrestrial and marine cases , focusing on species that are endemic to each country . Drawing on our GBIF spatial database for nearly 600 , 000 species , we overlay species occurrence maps on the most recent protected-area maps from the World Database of Protected Areas . This enables identification of endemic species whose coverage by existing protected areas is either non-existent or extremely sparse . Our approach departs from many previous exercises by giving equal weight to all vertebrates , invertebrates , plants , and other species whose occurrence regions are mapped in our database . We use a spatially-efficient algorithm to identify a hierarchy of priorities for localities where new > 1 Pimm , S . L . , Jenkins , C . N . , Abell , R . , Brooks , T . M . , Gittleman , J . L . , Joppa , L . N . , . . . & Sexton , J . O . 2014 . The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction , distribution , and protection . Science , 344 ( 6187 ) , 1246752 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 9, "text": "GBIF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 573, "end": 594, "text": "GBIF spatial database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 709, "end": 742, "text": "World Database of Protected Areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "World . Estimation was conducted on the monthly trade data using a fixed effects estimator that accounts for cross-country-product heterogeneities . Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses . Asterisk indicate the level of * * * * * * significance , _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 , _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , _p < _ 0 _ . _ 1 . Figure A6 reveals that imports were more affected by strict lockdown measures than exports . Exports to countries that had stringent COVID-19 policies fell by an average of around 12 % between the first and third months of the lockdown where the coefficients are statistically significant . This result is contrary to Kenya where lockdowns reduced exports 28", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 58, "text": "monthly trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impact need to | applying item by item < br > be monitored . | | * * Action Description * * | Gender based < br > disaggregated | violence strategy for the hea < br > HMIS data is conducted . | lth sector is prepared and implemented and analy | tical in gender | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Technical | | Client | Recurrent < br > Yearly | Delayed | | * * Completion * * < br > * * Measurement * * | Developed he | alth Gender Based Violence s | trategy and Disclosed gender analysis from HMIS | . | | * * Comments * * | GBV Strategy | is being developed . | | | | * * Action Description * * | Conduct Train < br > national disea | ing and regular implementati < br > se notification codes , registra | on support of health workers at the facility level on < br > tion of births and other VE registration requiremen | cause of death as per < br > ts . | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Technical | | Client | Recurrent < br > Yearly | In Progress | | * * Completion * * < br > * * Measurement * * | Provided traini | ng for health workers on CRV | S . | | | * * Comments * * | Training on C | RVS is being provided to the | Health frontline workers . | | | * * Action Description *", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 176, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Maritime shipping is indispensable for international trade : ships transport 70 % of the world ’ s trade value and 80 % of the world ’ s trade weight ( UNCTAD , 2015 , 2017 ) . Maritime shipping dates back to at least 5 , 000 years ago , and its history is well documented , including multiple waves in its development facilitated by technological advancements , wars , trade with colonies , etc . ( Stopford , 2009 ) . One of the more recent waves occurred in the 1950s when containerized shipping revolutionized maritime shipping . This technological breakthrough had a pronounced impact on trade volumes , patterns , and infrastructure ( Hummels , 2007 ; Levinson , 2008 ; Blonigen and Wilson , 2018 ) . The rate of change has further intensified in the last two decades with rapid fleet upgrades and expansions , improvements in infrastructure ( port upgrading , expansions of Panama and Suez Canals ) , and changes in regulation and market structure . In the last two decades ( i . e . , 2000-2020 ) , the availability of qualitatively new and much more disaggregated data sets prompted a surge in empirical research of maritime shipping . This paper summarizes this research and complements it with novel data analysis and stylized facts . Understanding of the complexity underlying factors of the maritime shipping is even more important in light of the recent disruptions and high freight rates in maritime shipping caused by the COVID-19 pandemic . While we do not directly explore the most recent events , our review might be instrumental for this research as well . < sup > 1 < / sup > Our focus is on container and dry-bulk maritime shipping . < sup > 2 < / sup > Containerized maritime shipping is the dominant mode of international transportation : it accounts for two-thirds of total world trade . On the other hand , dry bulk shipping is used for commodities , and it accounts for about half of the total seaborne trade by weight . We start by documenting several vital trends in maritime shipping . First , motivated by recent papers on the back-haul effects in maritime shipping ( Wong", "spans": [{"start": 1084, "end": 1107, "text": "disaggregated data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education as a priority in its * * 2023-2027 Education Sector Development Plan VI * * and at the 2019 Global Refugee Forum . However , the existing humanitarian financing model is volatile and has declined by approximately 40 percent in real terms between 2022 and 2025 , creating significant risks to service continuity and undermining the government ' s ability to deliver on its inclusion agenda . 7 . The World Bank , following consultations with UNHCR , confirms that Ethiopia ’ s refugee protection framework remains adequate . Recent positive developments include formalization of refugee status determination procedures , issuance of over 100 , 000 national IDs to refugees , and increased issuance of residence permits , work permits , and business licenses . Key challenges include ongoing political and security instability , suspension of asylum registration for new arrivals , incidents of forcible return , and constraints on refugees ’ freedom of movement and self-reliance opportunities . > 2 Data from UNHCR , accessed February 16 , 2026 : https : / / data . unhcr . org / en / country / eth . > 3 While host community schools are supported under the parent ETOL , schools in host community woredas will be more explicitly supported moving forward by adding them to the verification protocol . All schools in host community woredas will be included , as there isn ’ t a clear definition of ‘ host community school ’ . Page 2", "spans": [{"start": 1009, "end": 1024, "text": "Data from UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the number of men . In terms of trip generation _rates_ – or number of trips made per person < sup > 2 < / sup > per day – men in AMBA are estimated to make an average of 2 . 63 trips per day each , compared to 2 . 42 trips among women . The gender imbalance in trip generation rates is consistently observed across all age groups and is the largest in the eldest category , where men make about 18 percent more trips per day per person compared to women . * * _Figure 1_ * * _ : Total trips and trip generation rates on a weekday in October 2021 , by gender and age_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Total trips per day B . Trip generation rate < br > Men Women Men Women 3 . 2 < br > 5 , 000 , 000 2 . 9 < br > 2 . 7 < br > 2 . 5 2 . 6 < br > 4 , 000 , 000 2 . 4 2 . 3 2 . 4 < br > 2 . 2 2 . 2 < br > 3 , 000 , 000 < br > 2 , 000 , 000 < br > 1 , 000 , 000 < br > 0 < br > < 18 18-28 29-44 45-63 > 64 < 18 18-28 29-44 45-63 > 64 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * Secondly , the CDR analysis also suggests that women have shorter individual trips compared to men . * * About 66 percent of the trips made by women in AMBA according to the October 2021 data are shorter than 5 kilometers , compared to 61 percent of men ’ s trips . The higher distances traveled by men compared to women persist across the income spectrum although the difference declines somewhat at the higher income deciles . The average trip distance differences between men and women are also relatively consistent across travel modes as reported in the ENMODO 2018 household travel survey although are more distinct in the case of travel by car or by public transport", "spans": [{"start": 1159, "end": 1176, "text": "October 2021 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1544, "end": 1579, "text": "ENMODO 2018 household travel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report county # # # The Photo below presents * * < u > sample of business < / u > * * affected in the settlement . | * * . 3 . 6Vulnerable PAPs in the Settlement * * < br > he vulnerable PAP enumerated in the settlement was 1 elderly woman as indicated 6 < br > bove . < br > * * . 3 . 7Summary of Losses * * < br > he losses experienced are summarized in * * table 6 . 5 * * below , it is important to note that < br > ight suffer multiple impacts such as loss of structure and loss of business from a s < br > mpacted structure . < br > * * DISCLOSURE COPY * * | | - - - | | * * able 6-4 : Summary of losses * * < br > * * Category of PAPs * * < br > * * Structure Loss * * < br > * * Livelihood * * < br > * * loss * * < br > * * Vulnerability * * < br > Structure Owner PAPs < br > 24 < br > 3 < br > 1 < br > | # # * * 6 . 3 . 6 Vulnerable PAPs in the Settlement * * The vulnerable PAP enumerated in the settlement was 1 elderly woman as indicated 6 . 3 . 1 above . # # * * 6 . 3 . 7 Summary of Losses * * The losses experienced are summarized in * * table 6 . 5 * * below , it is important to note that PAPs might suffer multiple impacts such as loss of structure and loss of business from a single impacted structure . * * Table 6-4 : Summary of losses * * * * Note : Map of affected structures is presented as Annex 7 of this report", "spans": [{"start": 1392, "end": 1418, "text": "Map of affected structures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "risk of < br > changes in government support < br > for project goal of consolidation . < br > Significant shortcomings in < br > M & E . | | | | | Inadequate measurement in the < br > results framework of < br > achievement of Objective 2 . < br > M & E design inadequately | | Quality of M & E | High | Modest | captures achievement of < br > Objective 2 and complete , < br > updated data was lacking for < br > many results framework < br > indicators . | | Quality of ICR | - - - | Substantial | | | * * 12 . Lessons * * | | | | Page 21 of 23", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 391, "text": "updated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * # # # Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) | | | for selected government < br > entities | for selected government < br > entities | for selected government < br > entities | online for selected < br > government entities | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 4 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 12 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 3 . 4 % | | ➢ 8 . 4 : Online complianc | e with legal requirements on p | roactive information disclosure | across government entities . ( | Number ) | | | 0 | 0 | 6 compliant ministries and < br > agencies with proactive < br > information disclosure < br > requirements | 6 compliant ministries and < br > agencies with proactive < br > information disclosure < br > requirements | 6 compliant ministries and < br > agencies with proactive < br > information disclosure < br > requirements | 6 compliant ministry and < br > agency with proactive < br > information disclosure < br > requirements | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 12 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 3 . 5 % | | * * 9 : Expanding access to us * * | * * er-friendly and interactive stati * * | * * stical data", "spans": [{"start": 1404, "end": 1415, "text": "stical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other government functions such as infrastructure planning . However , while governments may desire firms to become formal , firms may find these reasons much less compelling . Registering for taxes will impose additional costs on businesses , lowering profits , and firms may believe they receive few public goods in return . Small firms may not be likely to need some of the purported benefits of formal status ( such as bidding for government contracts or exporting ) and may face other constraints that prevent them from accessing other benefits such as business banking . And individual firms are unlikely to internalize the societal benefits of their compliance with the rule of law and of their data informing government policy . > 1 Source : 2004-05 Integrated Household Survey , which shows 93 percent of firms are not registered with the Department of the Registrar ’ s General ( DRG ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 750, "end": 785, "text": "2004-05 Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The only exception to this is data on optimism , which were collected at both outreach and endline . This allowed us to test whether or not the intake decision had effects , even before the training began . Endline data were collected between July 2018 and November 2019 and repeated the combined outreach and baseline surveys and experiments . _Variables : _ We collected a range of survey and experimental indicators in order to assess our key research questions and associated hypotheses : < sup > 6 < / sup > * * Economic and life optimism * * : We collected two survey questions about optimism at outreach , baseline and endline . These questions ask individuals to rank their expectation that their life and economic situation will be better in one year than it is now . Answers are > 4 In addition , data were collected from Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon ( PRL ) . Due to our research design and the complexity of introducing a third grouping who would play outgroup in the behavioral experiments regardless of partner identity , we exclude PRL from the main analyses presented here . > 5 Data were also collected six months after the end of the training but this was heavily disrupted due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic . In Lebanon , this resulted in a change to the method of data collection ( from in-person to telephone ) and in Jordan , an end to data collection entirely . In Jordan , this had a more pronounced effect on the control group , due to the scheduling of data collection and implementation of restrictions in Jordan . Given these complexities , we do not present results from these analyses . > 6 In addition , we attempted to collect information on the extent of social and economic interactions between hosts and refugees . At baseline , almost 95 % of respondents in both the treatment and control group reported such interactions . For this reason , we do not include this information in these analyses . 9", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 48, "text": "data on optimism", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "promoting more sustainable land use through a new Forest Policy . To finance Kenya ’ s climate action , this DPF supports an improved legal framework for carbon markets and the country ’ s sovereign green bond framework . * * E . Poverty and Social Impacts , and Environmental , Forests , and Other Natural Resource Aspects * * Poverty and Social Impacts This DPF is anchored in a knowledge foundation provided by the 2023 Kenya Poverty and Equity Assessment . It is expected to generate positive social impacts by generating higher economic growth through reforms strengthening the business environment and skills , translating into higher real wages . Strengthening the social protection system , reducing corruption , improving the TVET system , and strengthening the productive inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers are expected to reduce poverty and raise equity . Environmental , Forests , and Other Natural Resource Aspects < u > This DPF specifically strengthens systems for climate action , generating strong positive impacts on climate , the < / u > environment , and forests . Specific actions supporting more sustainable land use change in Kenya will promote climate change mitigation , through carbon sequestration , adaptation by rehabilitating and conserving degraded forests , addressing flood risk management , and enhancing governance of community structures in participatory resource management . Leveraging climate finance will support Kenya in implementing its ambitions , like the Forest Policy . < mark > @ # & OPS ~ Doctype ~ OPS ^ dynamics @ contactpoint # doctemplate < / mark > Page 4 of 6 Mar 26 , 2024", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "US $ 40 million IDA , US $ 4 million WHR ) . * * This subcomponent will support NIDP in developing , maintaining , and enhancing open-source software for Fayda and NIDP ’ s back-office operations , including upgrading and scaling up Fayda systems developed as part of the pilots to date and developing a mobile ID application that will include a consented data-sharing function and a digital wallet to store , present , and share data and verifiable credentials < sup > 29 < / sup > as well as integration and interoperability with other sectoral systems , notably RRS and UNHCR systems for refugees specifically . Funds will be used for supporting : ( i ) the design , development , and maintenance of appropriate software for Fayda and back-end operations , including upgrading and scaling up existing Fayda systems ; ( ii ) developing a mobile ID application incorporating a consented data-sharing function and a digital wallet ; ( iii ) supporting system integration and interoperability with other sectoral systems ; iv ) procuring software , licenses , and subscriptions for automated biometric identification systems ; ( v ) software development kits for registration and authentication processes ; ( vi ) ID card personalization and lifecycle management ; ( vii ) the short message service ; ( viii ) public key infrastructure for encrypting and digitally-signing data ; and ( ix ) back-office systems such as enterprise resource planning tools , business intelligence and data analysis tools for monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) , and x ) various collaboration tools . 39 . * * Subcomponent 2 . 2 – Supporting development of data infrastructure ( US $ 15 million IDA , US $ 3 million WHR ) . * * Funds will be used for the development of data infrastructure such as ID data storage and computing capabilities for Fayda through server equipment expected to be co-located in the existing data centers , as well as business continuity through disaster recovery and backup systems , procurement of data center software , minor renovations to existing data", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ( 0 . 147 ) | ( 0 . 150 ) | ( 0 . 151 ) | ( 0 . 151 ) | ( 0 . 151 ) | | log maintenance | – 0 . 06 | – 0 . 09 | – 0 . 09 | – 0 . 09 | – 0 . 09 | | | ( 0 . 112 ) | ( 0 . 114 ) | ( 0 . 113 ) | ( 0 . 112 ) | ( 0 . 112 ) | | _N_ | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | | Firms | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | | frm and year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | log employment | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | industry-specifc trends | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | frm-specifc trends | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | | imported inputs | No | No | No | No | Yes | NOTES : IV-FE regressions of ( log ) employment on export intensity ( exports / sales ) . The instruments are the weighted average the real exchange rate of a firm export partners and the weighted average of the real gdp of a firm export destinations . Column ( 1 ) : firm fixed-effects and year fixed-effects ; column ( 2 ) : adds log total employment ( firm size ) ; column ( 3 ) : adds controls for industry-specific trends ( i . e . , interactions between year dummies and industry dummies ) ; column ( 4 ) : adds initial conditions to control for firm-specific trends ; column ( 5 ) : adds the share of imported inputs . Data are from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( National Annual Industrial Survey ) , Chile 2001-2005 . 18", "spans": [{"start": 1210, "end": 1244, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1247, "end": 1280, "text": "National Annual Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "succeeded and became the first industrialized nation from the East because of the right choice of targeting countries . # * * Section 2 . 3 The post WWII era : The US showed the way to Japan and other geese * * The economies of Western Europe and Japan have enjoyed unprecedented growth and technological upgrading in the decades since World War II , or , the so-called Golden Age of Capitalism ( 1950-1974 ) . During this period , nearly all developing countries pursued ― _dirigiste_ capitalism ‖ but except for Japan , Korea and other East Asian Tigers , they did not succeed . _Why ? _ The NSE contends that the crux of Japan and East Asia ‘ s success was that their development followed closely their comparative advantage or was CAF and their governments played the facilitation role ( Lin 2010 , Lin and Monga 2010 , Lin and Monga 2011 ) . Just before WWII , textiles and other light industrial goods accounted for 60 – 75 percent of all Japanese exports . Japan ‘ s textile industry was at its peak before the Second World War ( Ito 1992 , p . 24 ) . In the 1960s , when its per capita GDP was about 40 percent of that of the US and it had established a strong industrial base , Japan targeted U . S . ‘ s industries ( Table 2 . 1 ) . Japan ‘ s historical labor statistics record that a rising share of labor in Japan ‘ s manufacturing sector coincided with a declining share of labor in the US ‘ s manufacturing sectors . In the 1960s-1970s , Japan supported its heavy manufacturing sectors including machinery and automobiles . In the 1980s-1990s , just as the US was upgrading its industrial base , Japan acquired shares in the home appliances , electronics and computer markets ( Figure 2 . 3-2 . 5 ) . * * Figure 2 . 3 Structural transformation in Japan : employment in manufacturing increased during 1920-1973 , followed by a slow decline as the services sector expanded * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br", "spans": [{"start": 1253, "end": 1280, "text": "historical labor statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "106 | | Observations | 14119 | 7019 | 7127 | 14119 | 7019 | 7127 | | | | | * * Panel B : 10 - * * | * * point wind * * | * * ow * * | | | Above threshold | - 0 . 151 | - 0 . 324 | - 0 . 025 | - 0 . 072 * | - 0 . 070 | - 0 . 062 | | | ( 0 . 160 ) | ( 0 . 336 ) | ( 0 . 059 ) | ( 0 . 039 ) | ( 0 . 060 ) | ( 0 . 049 ) | | Control Mean | 0 . 634 | 0 . 934 | 0 . 329 | 0 . 060 | 0 . 084 | 0 . 036 | | Control SD | 3 . 507 | 4 . 158 | 2 . 654 | 0 . 238 | 0 . 277 | 0 . 186 | | MDE | 0 . 448 | 0 . 940 | 0 . 164 | 0 . 109 | 0 . 168 | 0 . 136 | | Observations | 11030 | 5856 | 5195 | 11030 | 5856 | 5195 | 1 Covariates include : point score , threshold x point score , ejido indicator , ln ( polygon ha ) percent forest in 2000 , cohort indicators , ecosystem indicators , and state dummy variables . Standard errors are clustered at the ejido level for ejidos , and at the level of the municipality for private properties . Sample is limited to polygons greater than 5 ha and with more than 50 % forest in 2000 . * * * p _ < _ . 01 ; * * p _ < _ . 05 ; * p _ < _ . 10 Table 6 : Heterogeneity by level of deforestation risk ( % Forest Cover Loss ) | | ( 1 ) < br > * * Full * * | ( 2 ) < br > * * 2011-2012 * * | ( 3 ) < br > * * 2013-2014 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", with estimates of up to 60 % ( Honig & Mulenga 2015 ) . This would imply a transfer of more than 30 million ha of state land to large farms since 1995 - a more than six-fold increase with potentially far-reaching consequences if woodlands were affected ( Wilson & Scholes 2020 ) . The fact that according to FAO statistics ( FAOStat ) Zambia ’ s agricultural output at most doubled over the same period suggests that either land thus transferred is not used productively or the amount of land transferred is lower . Zambia ’ s long-standing policy stance in favor of large farms is also evident from it having adopted one of Africa ’ s most dualistic land policies . It is one of few countries that maintains a clear dichotomy between customary and statutory land rights based on an implicit assumption of a linear progression from customary to statutory tenure ( Alden Wily 2018 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > The only way to have land rights formally documented is to convert customary to ‘ state land ’ . Effecting such a conversion is complex ( Adams 2003 ) and costly ( Larson 2014 ) . The fact that it involves high levels of administrative discretion ( German _et al . _ 2013b ) and weak procedural > 11 The 2006 Zambia Development Agency ( ZDA ) Act as amended establishes ZDA to consolidate different agencies that had historically been involved in administering such schemes ( see Roth ( 1995 ) , p . 173-99 for a concise summary of the historical evolution ) . 12 Before 2000 , retired or retrenched civil servants accounted for a significant share of land acquisition while after 2000 , speculative land acquisition by those who accumulated resources in non-agricultural ventures seem to predominate ( Sitko & Jayne 2014 ) . “ Land titling may be implicated in process of elite capture of land at the possible expense of future small-scale farm growth and farm consolidation ” ( Sitko and Jayne 2014 , p . 199 ) . > 13 The estimate by Jayne _et al . _ ( 2014a ) is based on binned DHS data . Sitko _et al . _ ( 2015 ) noted that “", "spans": [{"start": 1989, "end": 1997, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "business practices predict higher survival rates and faster sales growth ( McKenzie and Woodruff , 2017 ) . Several channels have been suggested to explain how management and organizational practices lead to higher productivity . Workforce management through supervision and the setting of appropriate incentives can encourage higher levels of effort from workers . For example , basing pay on output instead of paying a fixed rate by the hour increased productivity by 44 percent in a windshield installation firm in the US ( Lazaer 2002 ) . In cases where output is not directly measurable or contractable , good workforce management can still increase effort : Baker , Gibbons & Murphy ( 2002 ) and Gibbons & Henderson ( 2013 ) argue that good managers are able to establish relationship of trusts and that through these “ relational contracts ” with their workers , employees exert higher levels of effort knowing that this will be reciprocated in some form in the future . Nevertheless , setting incentives can be tricky . Badly-aligned incentives can create a barrier to firms adopting more productive technologies , as Atkin et al . ( 2017 ) showed with soccer-ball producers in Pakistan , or can undermine worker moral , as Breza , Kaur & Shamdasani ( 2018 ) showed with performance pay in a manufacturing plant in India . Other channels contributing to higher levels of productivity include careful monitoring , measurement and recording of performance output , allowing for rapid adjustments if necessary ( e . g . , continuous improvement ) . Better recruitment and training practices can lead to both better hires as well as increased interaction and better problem-solving by employees ( Gant , Ichniowski , and Shaw , 2002 ; Ichniowski , and Shaw , 2009 ) . # _Skills_ Human capital is a key driver of productivity in both low - and high-income countries . Growth accounting decompositions and comparisons of regional income data suggest that about half of the differences in income levels between countries can be explained by education ( Acemoglu & Dell 2010 , Mankiw , Romer & Weil 1992 ) . The skills that workers bring to the firm influence productivity and performance . Gennioli et al . ( 2013 ) use Enterprise Survey data of 20", "spans": [{"start": 1923, "end": 1943, "text": "regional income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2221, "end": 2243, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two reasons : a ) the electrification of the remaining 2 / 3 ( 33 . 3k connections ) new connections deployed by the project in N ’ Djamena ; and b ) the connection of rural settlements along the Cameroon – Chad interconnector ; and > 56 _Étude du projet d ' interconnexion des réseaux électriques du Cameroun et du Tchad , Electrification Rurale ; Hatch-Artelia ; May 2017 . _ > 57 This is the last year for which the AfdB reports historic demand for the rural settlements in Chad . > 58 Average population growth rate in Chad for the next 25 years as per the UN World Population Prospects 2019 . Page 97", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 595, "text": "UN World Population Prospects 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY # # # * * CHAPTER 12 : CONCLUSION AND COMMITMENTS * * # # # # * * 12 . 1 Conclusion * * The subject of this RAP Report is for mitigating impacts from the planning and surveying of the settlement that will result to tenure regularization and issuance of Title Deeds to 383 beneficiaries . This ARAP is prepared in line with applicable legal and policy provisions of Kenyan Government and the provisions of the World Bank ' s Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement ( OP 4 . 12 ) . The report provided an asset register of PAPs and the proposed compensation packages to the PAPs . The objective of this ARAP was to identify and quantify all losses impacted on assets and sources of livelihood of PAPs as a result of the implementation of the approved LPDP . This RAP identified a total of 53PAPs , One PAI ( Church ) and 2 unknown PAPs ( Not available during Census , But structure details taken ) in the settlement likely to be affected due Tenure regularization impacts as detailed in chapter 6 of this report . The RAP also provides adequate mitigation measures in conformity with the World Bank OP 4 . 12 , the Government of Kenya Policies and laws and KISIP RPF . Therefore , this objective was achieved by ensuring that all affected persons have been provided with adequate compensation for their losses . Also , vulnerable PAPs receive additional assistance , women land rights are safeguarded , implementation committees are constituted and made aware of their roles , an implementation budget and schedule is provided and a monitoring and evaluation framework is in place . This paves way for issuance of title deeds to beneficiaries ultimately achieving Component 2 Objectives . * * 12 . 1 Commitments * * Therefore , in order to ensure smooth implementation of the Proposed Project activities , the following provisions should be undertaken by KI", "spans": [{"start": 630, "end": 652, "text": "asset register of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 | 32 | 9 < br > 1 | 1 < br > 8 | 1 | - - | 56 | 163 | | 10 | 28 | 9 < br > 1 | 1 < br > 8 | 1 | - - | 52 | 163 | | 11 | 31 | 9 < br > 1 | 1 < br > 10 | 2 | - - | 58 | 163 | | 12 | 37 | 9 < br > 1 | 1 < br > 8 | 3 | __ | 63 | 163 | | 13-25 | 32 | 9 < br > 1 | 1 < br > 9 | 1 | - - | 57 | 163 | | | | Economic Rate of Return < br > With Shadow-Pricing of * * For * * < br > Basic ( Import Substituti < br > Benefits Minus 10 % | t < br > * * eign Exchange * * L / < br > on ) < br > 39 < br > 34 | | | | | | | | Benefits Minus 20 % < br > Costs P ' lus < br > 10 % | 29 < br > 35 | | | | | | | | Costs Plus 10 % , Benefit < br > Export < br > Without Shadow-Pricing of < br > Basic | s Minus 10 % < br > 30 < br > 29 < br > Foreign Exchange < br > 35 | | | | | - _j_ Based on cost data presented in ANNEX * * 11 . * * T Includes the costs of research , the Kenya Sugar Authority , net value of production foregone and farm familv labor ( i . e . KShs . 4 million per year at full development ) . M * * D * * X - 3 Based on sugar import parity price of KShs . 4 , 796 / t for 1978-84 and KShs . 5 , 363 / t", "spans": [{"start": 776, "end": 785, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fixed capital | 0 . 374 * * | 0 . 268 * * | | Labor | 0 . 686 * * | 0 . 698 * * | | Privatized | 0 . 382 * * | 0 . 295 * * | | New private | 0 . 382 * * | 0 . 289 * * | | Foreign-owned | 0 . 433 * * | 0 . 226 * * | | Exporter | 0 . 216 * * | 0 . 089 | | Capital city | 0 . 092 | 0 . 178 * * | | Country-survey dummy variables included | Yes | Yes | | Number of observations | 11 , 364 firms from 51 country < br > surveys | 3 , 314 firms from 35 country < br > surveys | * * significant at the 1 % level ; heteroskedastic - and cluster-robust standard errors This analysis can be extended to other measures of firm performance . Appendix 2 to the Investment Climate Assessment < sup > 14 < / sup > reports the results using whether or not the firm reinvested any profits , invested in new plant in the preceding three years , and the log growth rate in its level of employment . The results reinforce those for TFP : in the international sample , private ownership and export orientation are good for firm performance . * * _Serbian evidence_ * * _ . _ What are the characteristics of productive , growing firms in Serbia , and how do these compare to those in the other PICS-BEEPS countries ? We answer the first question by estimating the same regressions using only the sample of Serbian firms 7", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 468, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The increasing values for the Shannon index and the Simpson index confirm the added value of using the 4-digit occupational information index compared to the 1-digit or 2-digit indices . For example , the extension of the occupational categories from 2 digits ( 49 categories ) to 4 digits ( 572 categories ) represents a 55 percent increase in the information gain as measured by the Shannon index . The information gain more than doubles when deepening the ISCO categories from a 1-digit to a 4-digit level as per the Shannon Index ( Table 1 ) . _Table 1 : Entropy information gain measures_ | | * * 1 digit ISCO * * < br > * * code * * | * * 2 digit ISCO * * < br > * * code * * | * * 4 digit ISCO * * < br > * * code * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Number of categories * * | 9 | 49 | 572 | | * * Shannon index * * | 2 . 01 | 3 . 16 | 4 . 90 | | * * Simpson index ( 1 / n sum of squared probabilities ) * * | 6 . 54 | 14 . 92 | 55 . 32 | To get a better picture , we further explore potential concerns about the transferability of the O * NET-based AI Occupational Exposure Index by comparing occupations in the agriculture sector in the United States with occupations in the agriculture sector in low-income countries . The AIOE different between the two groups with a value of 27 for LICs and 41 for the United States . This suggests that although workers are employed in the same sector , they are actually employed in distinctly different occupations within agriculture in LIC compared to the United States . This is 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Lebanon Health Resilience Project ( P163476 ) | * * Indicator Name * * < br > * * Core * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Data Source / Methodology * * | * * Responsibility for * * < br > * * Data Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Name : * * Health personnel < br > receiving training < br > | Number | 0 . 00 | 1000 . 00 | Bi-annual | PMU | PMU | | Description : Number of health personne | l receiving trai | ning through t | he project | | | | | * * Name : * * Maintain Client < br > Satisfaction ( PHCCs & < br > Hospitals ) < br > | Percentage | 75 . 00 | 75 . 00 | Annual | Client satisfaction survey | PMU | | Description : Share of users satisfied by t | he received he | alth care servic | es | | | | | * * Name : * * Grievances registered < br > related to delivery of project < br > benefits addressed < br > | Percentage | 40 . 00 | 75 . 00 | Bi-annual | Grievance database | PMU | | Description : Percentage of grievances re | gistered relate | d to the delive | ry of project ben | efits that were addressed | | | | * * Name : * * Hospital Assessment < br > carried out < br > | Text | NA | Assessment < br > completed | Once | MoPH | MoPH /", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 752, "text": "Client satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1013, "end": 1031, "text": "Grievance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Without access to freedom of movement and an end to the confl ict , in addition to measures to strengthen the justice system , survivors in POC sites will not have their rights to truth or justice fulfi lled . Currently , only international or hybrid judicial mechanisms would be able to fi ll this gap over the long term . The diminishing humanitarian space in South Sudan has severe negative consequences for survivors of genderbased violence . Indiscriminate armed attacks by parties to confl ict that damaged health facilities and the prevalence of armed actors in hospitals prevent access to lifesaving interventions for survivors , such as post-rape treatment and other GBV-related services . Confl ict-induced displacement and fl ight to neighboring countries has robbed South Sudan of essential local healthcare personnel trained to respond to GBV . Sexual violence * * 62 * * Number of GBV Reported Cases ( cumulative ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Mar2015 - Sep2016 3 , 715 < br > 2 , 800 < br > 1 , 647 < br > 245 < br > Mar Dec Jun Sep < br > 2015 2015 2016 2016 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Annex * * 1 * * # * * Jordan Health * * Sector * * Reform Project Project Design Summary * * | r < br > * * tive Summay * * | * * Key Performane Indiators * * | Monitoring * * aind * * Supervnisionl | * * Critjcal Assumptions * * ( * * and Riss ( * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _CAS Obiectives_ * * | | | | | Strengthen the enabling environment for < br > sustainable growth and address human < br > resource constraints | Reduced growth in health spending and < br > improved use of human resources by reducing < br > number of productive days lost due to < br > morbidity | Annual review of economic and health < br > indicators | ( A ) : Economic and health data is accurate ; ( R ) : < br > Data , in particular from the private sector , will < br > underestimate spending | | * * _Project Development Objectives_ * * | | | | | Increase efficiency , quality , and long-run < br > financial sustainability of health services in < br > Jordan | 1 . Increased occupancy rates in facilities < br > targeted under project , increased number of < br > managers of health facilities with training in < br > management < br > 2 . Adoption of treatment protocols for case < br > management and rational prescribing | 1 . Annual review of health information < br > system data ; annual review of / agreement to < br > investment plan which , through use of < br > masterplan , will ensure services meet needs < br > of patient population ; annual review of < br > training program < br > 2 . Periodic assessment of availability of < br > treatment protocols in facilities | ( A ) : Behavior change will lead to efficiency", "spans": [{"start": 658, "end": 682, "text": "Economic and health data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1276, "end": 1287, "text": "system data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ EEP shall therefore be responsible for preparing an RP Addendum using the same principle and method of compensation consistent to the original RP . A census will be conducted , and a full inventory of losses shall be established to prepare such RP Addendum . The Addendum will not discuss all the key elements of a RP , as such elements have already been discussed or addressed in the original RP prepared for the Subproject . The key objectives will be to provide mitigation measures in terms of compensation for structure and other assets at full replacement cost and other necessary assistance to ensure that PAPs are appropriately compensated and assisted for their losses . # # # # # * * 0 . 6 Public and Stakeholder Consultation * * Public consultation and disclosure meetings were conducted with Zonal , Woreda , Town and Kebele level public officials , Subproject affected persons ( PAPs ) and cross-sections of Subproject affected communities ( women , men , vulnerable groups ) . Consultations were held with the key objectives of disclosing information about the Subproject activities and its impact to and soliciting views , concerns , needs , preferences and opinions about the Subproject ’ s beneficial and adverse impacts from PAPs and other key stakeholders in the Subproject Woredas . At the centre of the public consultation and disclosure effort is mitigation of adverse impacts and enhancement benefits of the Subproject to PAPs and wider Subproject affected communities . A total of 6 different public and stakeholder consultation meetings were conducted and of which 4 of the meetings were conducted with local authority at Zone , Woreda , town and Kebele administration levels and 2 consultation meetings were held with Subproject Affected households and women PAPs & community members . Concerning participants ’ number , about 86 people were consulted , of which 18 of them were local officials at Zonal Woreda , town and Kebele administration levels . About 56", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 297, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMTRADE database to obtain iceberg transport cost by taking the ratio of the importing country ’ s c . i . f unit values to exporting country ’ s f . o . b unit values for each 4-digit SITC product for many countries between 1984 and 2008 . While this methodology allows for the measurement of transport costs to vary across countries , product , and time , Feenstra and Romalis ( 2014 ) reported that there is a large amount of measurement error in the unit values , and there are many instances when the c . i . f unit value is less than the f . o . b . unit value . * * Stylized Fact 13 . * * _Matched partner c . i . f . / f . o . b . ratios from IMF and UN data are often inaccurate measures of the ad-valorem freight rates . _ the for international trade recommend that countries re - Recently , official reporting guidelines port bilateral trade distinguished by five different modes of transport . Thus , the COMTRADE Plus database reports f . o . b . and c . i . f values by mode of transportation . In December 2020 , UNCTAD , in collaboration with the World Bank , launched the Global Transport Cost database that has information on transport costs for 105 importing countries and 200 exporting countries . This dataset has the most extensive coverage of any public transport data so far , but it is available only for 2016 . The system that has been put in place will allow for more updates and expansion in the future . # * * 3 . 3 Direct Measures of Transportation Costs * * Several data sets contain direct measures of transport costs . We start our discussion of these data with the product-level customs data sets . The United States , New Zealand , and 11 Latin American countries report data on freight expenditures ( including insurance ) at 10-digit HS product level that are collected using importers ’ customs declarations . These data provide a direct measurement of transport costs by mode of transportation together with trade values , quantities , and port of entry ( for the US data", "spans": [{"start": 652, "end": 667, "text": "IMF and UN data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 918, "end": 940, "text": "COMTRADE Plus database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1090, "end": 1120, "text": "Global Transport Cost database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1600, "end": 1631, "text": "product-level customs data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2004, "end": 2011, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to education . As the economy opened to international market , demand for skilled workers increased which provided incentives for getting education . As a result , a virtuous circle was created where education and growth reinforced each other and both contributed to welfare . * * Table 2 . GINI Index of Education * * | _Countiy_ | _1970_ | _1975_ | _1980_ | _1985_ | _1990_ | _1995 * _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Brazil | 0 . 413 | 0 . 367 | 0 . 373 | 0 . 369 | 0 . 314 | 0 . 260 | | Chile | 0 . 279 | 0 . 275 | 0 . 267 | 0 . 263 | 0 . 266 | 0 . 270 | | China | 0 . 450 | 0 . 452 | 0 . 447 | 0 . 442 | 0 . 411 | 0 . 379 | | Colombia | 0 . 415 | 0 . 386 | 0 . 397 | 0 . 399 | 0 . 409 | 0 . 420 | | India | 0 . 370 | 0 . 394 | 0 . 363 | 0 . 393 | 0 . 422 | 0 . 452 | | Korea | 0 . 439 | 0 . 382 | 0 . 351 | 0 . 296 | 0 . 242 | 0 . 189 | | Mexico | 0 . 420 | 0 . 415 | 0 . 428 | 0 . 410 | 0 . 365 | 0 . 320 | | Malaysia | 0 . 445 | 0 . 439 | 0 . 426 | 0 . 413 | 0 . 398 | 0 . 383 | | Peru | 0 . 428 | 0 . 424 | 0 . 392 | 0 . 391 | 0 . 379 | 0 . 367 | | Philippines | 0 . 368 | 0 . 320 | 0 . 314 | 0 . 313 | 0 . 309 | 0 . 305 | | Thailand | 0 . 378 | 0 . 369 | 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-11-15 2020-11-20 2020-11-25 2020-12-16 2021-02-14 < br > rvices Division < br > KE-MOH-226655-CS-INDV / H < br > ire an individual consultant tosupport implementation of the 5th COVID-19 Knowledge A IDA / 65980 Community discussion and information outreach Post Individual Consultant Selection Limited 10 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2021-03-29 2021-04-03 2021-04-08 2021-04-22 2021-10-19 < br > ttitude Practice ( KAP ) Survey . < br > KE-MOH-254955-CS-INDV / P < br > rocurement of consultancy services of an individual consultant to design i . e . Conceptualize and produce graphic products of in Gender Based Viol IDA / 65980 Gender Based Violence Response Post Individual Consultant Selection Limited 32 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Signed 2021-10-29 2023-02-13 2021-11-03 2022-01-25 2021-11-24 2022-06-08 2021-12-29 2022-07-19 2022-06-27 < br > ence response with copy righ < br > t to Ministry of Health . < br > MOH / CHERP / INDV / 01 / 2021-2 < br > 022 / Procurement of consultancy services for 20No . Psych IDA / 65980 Response , capacity buildingand training Post Individual Consultant Selection Open 89 , 250 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2021-10-29 2021-11-11 2021-12-17 2022-01-07 2022-02-11 2022-08-10 < br > ologists and 20No . Medical social workers < br > KE-MOH-254947-CS-INDV / P < br", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 479, "text": "ttitude Practice ( KAP ) Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | | Learning poverty * | Percent | 91 | 69 | | Children supported with better education * | Number ( millions ) | 0 | 72 | | Children of basic education age out of school * | Number ( millions ) | 14 . 0 | 7 . 0 | | Lower-secondaryschool enrolment ofgirls | Number ( millions ) | 5 . 0 | 7 . 8 | | Joint research studies on learning poverty shared | Number | 0 | 15 | _Note : _ * World Bank Group Corporate Scorecard Indicator . * * TABLE 2 : UPDATED MPA PROGRAM FRAMEWORK * * | * * Phase * * | * * Operation ID * * | * * Project / Program Development Objective * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * IBRD * * < br > * * Amount * * < br > * * ( US $ mill . ) * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * IDA * * < br > * * Amount * * < br > * * ( US $ * * < br > * * mill . ) * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * Other * * < br > * * Amount * * < br > * * ( US $ * * < br > * * mill . ) * * | * * Estimated / * * < br > * * Actual * * < br > * * Approval Date * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * Environmental * * < br > * * & Social Risk * * < br > * * Rating * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Comoros : < br > P", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 444, "text": "World Bank Group Corporate Scorecard Indicator", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The analysis presented here is based on a database put together as part of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic ( AICD ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > The database includes the basic institutional characteristics of African power systems as well as standard power sector indicators ( performance , capacity , and so on ) . In addition the database documents the power-tariff regimes of 27 Sub-Saharan African countries in detail . < sup > 3 < / sup > Together , these nations account for over 85 percent of the population and gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the region . They were carefully selected to represent the economic , geographic , cultural , and political diversity that characterizes Sub-Saharan Africa . They also represent the four Sub-Saharan power pools ; include countries with small , medium , and large-scale generation ; and constitute a representative mix of predominantly thermal and / or hydro power systems . As such , the sample can be considered a statistically representative basis for inferring tariff-setting trends in Sub-Saharan Africa . The tariff data set includes one published tariff regime for each country in the sample . Results presented here are based on the latest published tariff regime available for each country during the AICD data collection period ( 2003 – 08 ) . For most countries that year was 2006 ( see annex 1 ) . Using the AICD database , we seek to characterize African power tariffs by ( i ) describing prevalent tariff structures , both residential and nonresidential ; ( ii ) analyzing their ability to recover costs ; ( iii ) assessing their economic efficiency against long-run marginal costs ; and ( iv ) exploring their equitability and affordability vis-à-vis country-specific purchasing power . # * * What power tariff structures are prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa ? * * Most electricity tariffs — and Africa is no exception — are based on block tariff-pricing schemes ; that is , the price of power is linked to the level of consumption . Power tariffs are commonly structured around blocks . A block is a pre-determined range of power consumption ; with the unit price of each kWh being fixed within the block . The relation between blocks and prices", "spans": [{"start": 1074, "end": 1089, "text": "tariff data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1379, "end": 1392, "text": "AICD database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This approach to constructing a counterfactual never requires that households have access to additional cash in order to buy in bulk ( although they might need the cash a little sooner , once in the lifetime of the household — see the extensive analysis in the first subection of Section 5 ) . Because we use observed total two-week quantities in constructing the counterfactual — not large , hypothetical purchases off of the observed support — buying in bulk as defined here can only increase , not decrease , the household ’ s cash reserves over the total two-week period . Because we are estimating price schedules , not demand curves , the approach is not threatened by censoring concerns related to the two-week observation window . The most likely form of data censoring is that very large purchases , e . g . , of wholesale bags of grain , are too infrequent to appear as focal quantities , even though they may be widely available at markets . The absence of these large-quantity purchasing opportunities means that our calculations are likely to be lower bounds on actual losses . # * * 3 Data and descriptive patterns * * The data for this paper are from the Survey of Household Welfare and Labor in Tanzania ( SHWALITA ) . The survey was part of an experiment to test the impact of questionnaire design on consumption measures ( see Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) for details ) . In one arm of the study , 9 households per village were randomly assigned to complete a consumption diary . Three of these households completed a single , household-level diary , with no monitoring by project staff . Three completed a single household diary but received multiple follow-up visits from field staff . For the last three households each adult member kept their own diary , with children placed on the diary of the most knowledgeable adult . Households in the third group received multiple follow-up visits , similar to those in the second group . The differences between module arms are small but not zero , and they have no impact on the findings in this paper . We control for diary type whenever relevant . The SHWALITA survey was conducted in", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1219, "text": "Survey of Household Welfare and Labor in Tanzania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2113, "end": 2128, "text": "SHWALITA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 604 | | Teacher Training ( Primary ) | 3 , 944 | 7 , 934 | | Makerere University | 2 , 217 | 3 , 913 | The pressures of increased enrollments , combined with years of extreme neglect to the physical inputs needed for the educational process , have resulted in conditions of deprivation and decay in all parts of the system . Particularly detrimental have been the effects of : ( a ) a general lack of maintenance ; ( b ) the departure of expatriate teachers ; ( c ) a deterioration of teacher morale ; and ( d ) the loss or damage of school facilities , equipment and supply . Project Generation ( Key Project Data , page iv ) 2 . 10 The first discussions concerning the Second Education Project between the Government and the Association occurred in July 1968 . 2 / This - 1 / Even though a great number of expatriate teachers was working in Uganda at this level of education ( 72 % of secondary teachers were expatriate ) , the shortages were becoming increasingly critical . - 2 / The first Credit ( 101-UG ) , signed in april 1967 , provided US $ 10 million to help finance the expansion and diversification of secondary education through the construction of twenty-four new secondary schools and additional facilities at fifteen existing schools .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2000s . In the case of Peru , a rapidly rising share of Peru ‘ s exports goes to China ( Figures 11 ( b ) ) ; the share has more than doubled since the 1990s . * * Figures 11 ( a ) and ( b ) : Chile and Peru in the ― Emerging Pacific Rim ‖ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( b ) Destination of Peru ' s Merchandise < br > ( a ) Destination of Chile ' s Merchandise < br > Exports ( % shares ) < br > Exports ( % share ) 18 % < br > 25 % < br > 16 % < br > To China < br > To China < br > 20 % 14 % < br > To Japan < br > To Japan 12 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 8 % < br > 10 % < br > 6 % < br > 5 % 4 % < br > 2 % < br > 0 % < br > 0 % < br > 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ‘ s calculations based on WITS database Another dimension of the increasing degree of trade integration is increasing specialization across tasks . < sup > 12 < / sup > Understanding trade patterns based on the origin of final products can be misleading , given that the final product generally incorporates value-added that has been imported from a variety of destinations . Measuring the value added or domestic content of exports is fraught with difficulties ; however , a variety of new techniques have been developed and new efforts have been made to improve data collection that could deepen our understanding of patterns of trade specialization based on tasks . < sup > 13 < / sup > Much of this literature has focused on China and a few particular high income or emerging market", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 898, "text": "WITS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * II . Funding for Protection programming in Yemen * * Traditionally , there is already low funding for protection interventions in Yemen . As of July 2024 , the Financial Tracking Services indicates that Protection and AoRs are funded by a meager 37 percent of required funds . This underscores a broader failure to recognize protection as a life-saving activity that requires appropriate funding for stand-alone protection programming as well as for integrated approaches . # # * * III . Banking Crisis , Recent Security Incidents , and Escalating Protection Risks * * Yemen ’ s humanitarian situation is heavily impacted by ongoing security incidents , which hinder operational effectiveness , coupled with a banking crisis that has led to severe disruptions and in some cases , funding withdrawal . The ongoing banking crisis is placing additional strain on households and heightening social tensions , which in turn exacerbates protection risks . This is particularly evident in increased tension among the affected population and community networks , increase in incidents of abuse and exploitation , limited access to essential services by vulnerable groups , as reported by protection partners . # # * * IV . Exacerbated Protection Risks * * Protection partners have reported a significant rise in unmet basic protection needs , as a direct consequence of halted and / or reduced protection services . The delay or suspension of these services has heightened risks for vulnerable groups , leaving them more exposed to exploitation , abuse and neglect . # # * * V . The Impact on Protection Activities * * The banking crisis , combined with the associated deterioration in the security situation , have impacted the implementation of protection programming through : 1 . Reduction , delay and Suspension of critical protection services 2 . Authorities ’ increased interference in Protection Programs 3 . Freedom of movement restrictions , increased risks to staff safety including risk of detention and increase of tensions with the communities . 4", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 195, "text": "Financial Tracking Services", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Local currency unit ( LCU ) relative to the EUR . The TTC values are the long-run equilibrium values of the four macroeconomic variables of interest . We compute these equilibrium values as simple arithmetic averages us - _ − _ ing quarterly data over the period from 1996 : Q1 2012 : Q4 . In addition , we use two yearahead consensus forecasts to increase the effective sample size when calculating these avValues used in the baseline PIT scenario are the market consensus forecasts . < sup > 39 < / sup > The erages . data for both the TTC and PIT scenarios were obtained from the Economic Intelligence Unit . The country specific scenario labeled as “ Stress VAR ” in Table 3 is the four step-ahead dynamic forecast of the macroeconomic variables from a VAR ( 1 ) model . The stress values correspond to the adverse 1 % tail values of the respective forecast distributions . The _ − _ VAR ( 1 ) model was estimated on country specific data covering the period from 1996 : Q1 2010 : Q4 , and standard lag length selection criteria were used to determine the appropri - > 39One could also use the four step-ahead point forecasts from the VAR model . 50", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 246, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 921, "end": 942, "text": "country specific data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "secondary activity . < sup > 15 < / sup > Table 3 shows the magnitude of the bias induced by this methodology , and it is large . One indication of the size of the bias is found by comparing primary and secondary activity . Many of those who reported a “ non-economic ” activity as their primary employment status also reported an economic activity as their secondary employment status . These respondents should be counted as active . # * * Table 3 : Effect of including inactivity response questions in primary employment status question on measurement of economic participation * * | | * * 1992 * * < br > Unadjusted < br > ( from primary < br > activityonly ) | * * / 93 * * ( all questio < br > < br > Including < br > secondary < br > activity | ns ) < br > * * Difference * * | * * 2005 / * * < br > Unadjusted < br > ( from primary < br > activityonly ) | * * 06 * * ( 12-month re < br > Including < br > activity | call ) < br > * * Difference * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | LFPR | 78 . 3 | 86 . 6 | * * 8 . 3 * * | 78 . 6 | 89 . 4 | * * 10 . 8 * * | | Labor Force | 6 , 470 , 667 | 7 , 172 , 816 | * * 702 , 149 * * | 9 , 935 , 893 | 11 , 304 , 948 | * * 1 , 369 , 055 * * | _Source_ * * _ : _ * * _Author calculation based on the IHS 1992 / 93 , UNHS 2005 / 06 Note : 12 month recall questions used . _ > 15 To the extent that this happened , it also indicates that even the interviewers were not aware of how to measure economic activity either . If the literate", "spans": [{"start": 1276, "end": 1279, "text": "IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1292, "end": 1306, "text": "UNHS 2005 / 06", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9689 # * * Abstract * * Containing rapidly growing health care costs in the Latin American and the Caribbean region , especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic , requires an in-depth analysis of prices from a novel perspective . This paper documents hitherto understudied variations in prices paid for pharmaceuticals , equipment , and medical supplies within countries and markets . It also identifies effective procurement strategies for lowering prices within existing regulatory frameworks . The analysis uses public procurement data gathered by governments ’ electronic procurement systems in nine countries and territories across the region . The data are uniquely detailed and complete , encompassing the minute detail of purchasing decisions and processes made across all regulated public entities in the study countries and territories . Traditional regression analysis and machine learning ( random forests ) methods are used to explain prices as a function of procurement decisions and outputs , such as the number of bidders . Based on in-depth discussions with policy makers , the paper also devises realistic policy interventions , which in turn can be used to estimate savings scenarios . First , the findings show that the prices paid vary greatly across and within countries . The latter is surprising given that the regulatory and institutional framework is largely fixed within each country . Second , a high proportion of within-country and - market variation can be explained by standard features of procurement policy implementation , such as the length of advertising tenders . Third , the explanatory models point to the potential for lowering prices across the region by about 14 percent by implementing low-level , yet impactful changes to how purchasing is done . This paper is a product of Latin America and the Caribbean Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at aoliveira @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about", "spans": [{"start": 540, "end": 563, "text": "public procurement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ment arm in the intervention and then we cross randomized and assigned the participants into two groups in the midline survey - see Table A1 . < sup > 15 < / sup > Each of these groups was asked to complete the survey through an alternative mode , as follows : - * * Group 1 — CATI — 300 individuals : * * This group received a call from a live person asking them to complete a phone-based survey ( CATI ) . At the outset , they were informed about the monetary incentive ( US $ 2 . 50 in Tigo Money ) to complete the survey . On average , participants received 3 , 7 ( 3 , 4 ) calls per day over three days – including the picked up survey call . Enumerators were trained to conduct surveys on sensitive topics . Following recommendations by Glazerman et al . ( 2020 ) , we developed a contact-attempt tracking log for each participant . - * * Group 2 — Self-completion — 299 individuals : * * This group received WhatsApp messages < sup > 16 < / sup > inviting them to complete an online survey . The message included a link to the self-completion survey with a note on the incentive to complete the survey ( US $ 2 . 50 in Tigo Money ) and the deadline for completion ( three days ) . Tigo provided free access to the survey . On average , participants received 2 . 9 ( 2 . 6 ) calls per day over three days from trained enumerators who reminded them to complete the self-completion survey . Thus we made the same effort to reach participants in each group . These contact attempts were tracked in the same individual log as Group 1 . To credibly identify the relative convenience of the two modes , we not only randomly assigned individuals to one of the two groups but also ensured that aside from the survey mode itself , both groups were treated equally . The instrument was the same , all individuals received the same monetary incentive to complete the survey , both groups had three days to complete it , there were no costs of completing the survey by", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 815, "text": "contact-attempt tracking log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "versus labor content of exports . We also look to see whether exports have become more or less important for wages and jobs in South Africa , relative to total domestic production as well as total employment . # * * a . Labor Value Added * * The LACEX data show that the total labor value added contained in South Africa ’ s exports has been growing robustly and steadily since 2001 ( Figure 1 ) . Growth in all the wages paid to produce exports including those to produce domestic inputs of exports — considering the indirect linkages — was 7 . 9 % annually , reaching $ 34 . 7 billion in 2011 ( up from $ 16 . 3 billion in 2001 ) . The labor value added supported by the indirect linkages with export activities is relatively more important and grew slightly faster than the labor value added directly supported by exports themselves . Growth in the wages paid to produce exports _directly_ over the last decade was 7 . 7 % annually in nominal terms , reaching $ 15 . 4 billion in 2011 ( up from $ 7 . 4 billion in 2001 ) . Growth in the wages paid to produce exports _indirectly_ was 8 . 1 % annually , reaching $ 19 . 3 in 2011 ( up from $ 8 . 9 billion in 2001 ) . * * Figure 1 : Direct and total labor content of exports , South Africa 2001-2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2000 2005 2010 < br > Year < br > Direct LVAX Total LVAX < br > 40000 < br > 30000 < br > US $ Mil < br > 20000 < br > 10000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . However , labor value added per unit of exports in South Africa has declined since 2001 ( Figure 2 and Table A1 ) , witnessed in both the direct and indirect LVAX shares in spite of the nominal value of both direct and indirect LVAX increasing . In 2001 , each $ 100 of gross exports generated $", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 256, "text": "LACEX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1501, "end": 1506, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( finance , insurance ) with manufacturing . Over 95 % of the services in our employment data are local services ( housing , local utilities , retail etc . ) , and these constitute our non ‐ tradable service sector . The total value of trade – exports in particular – is relatively small compared to GDP , and notably so for some of the smaller countries in the region ( Table 3 ) . There are also large imbalances in terms of the trade levels , with the three Chinese regions and Kazakhstan having trade surpluses , and other countries having deficits ( explained through the presence of large remittances and other transfers ) . Kyrgyzstan ’ s imports amount to more than 70 % of its GDP . Table 3 : Exports and Imports relative to GDP ( percent ) | | Primary < br > exports | Manufacturing < br > exports | Primary < br > imports | Manufacturing < br > imports | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | China ‐ 3 | 0 | 34 | 5 | 14 | | Kazakhstan | 14 | 11 | 2 | 19 | | Kyrgyzstan | 5 | 12 | 3 | 77 | | Pakistan | 1 | 8 | 3 | 14 | | Tajikistan | 5 | 7 | 4 | 48 | | Turkmenistan | 17 | 2 | 0 | 13 | | Uzbekistan | 2 | 9 | 1 | 13 | * * _Transport : _ * * Our measure of bilateral trade costs between cells ( including access points ) is based on travel times from De Soyres et al . ( 2018 ) , who calculate the travel time between various pairs of cities in Central Asia . They use the current transport infrastructure network to compute shipping times before the BRI , and enrich this with planned projects related to the BRI to compute a post ‐ BRI matrix of shipping times . They also compute a matrix of shipping times enhanced by additional reductions in border crossing times , resulting in three matrices covering 1 , 818 cities in 71 countries .", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 93, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of titles to land , to give effect to the principles and objects of devolved government in land registration . Section 7 requires the establishment of a land registry containing cadastral maps and names of the land owners while Section 8 details the requirements of such where community land is concerned . These are key in the verification of actual land owners where private and community land is concerned . Where private land ownership is concerned , Section 25 recognizes the certificate of title as _prima facie_ conclusive evidence of proprietorship , unless it has been acquired on grounds of fraud and misrepresentation , or acquired illegally , un-procedurally or through a corrupt scheme . # # * * 3 . 3 Development Planning and Control * * The recently enacted Physical and Land Use Planning Act , 2019 makes provisions for the planning , use , regulation and development of land and for connected purposes . It mandates Counties to prepare and implement local physical and land use development plans in respect of a city , municipality , town or unclassified urban . In this regard , development control in relation to building plans and processing of easements and way-leaves is charged to the County in the interest of the general welfare of the public . # # * * 3 . 4 Compulsory Acquisition of Land * * Part VIII of the Land Act , 2012 ( revised 2019 ) provides for the process and conditions involved in compulsory acquisition of interests in land . Under section 107 , the National Land Commission has 18", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 166, "text": "land registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and time period of intervention , to features of the randomized research design ( such as stratification or clustering ) to contents of the data ( such as how take-up / treatment compliance was measured ) . These options do not currently exist in commonly used data repositories in the social sciences ( e . g . Harvard Dataverse , openICPSR , or the World Bank Microdata Catalog ) . We formulated a set of principles to guide decision making in selecting the final set of fields . These aim to balance the effort to contribute metadata , the usefulness of the metadata for different research purposes , and the complexity of the information collected . For example , we wanted to make the entry of new metadata straightforward for the majority of RCT datasets , while providing enough flexibility to describe unusual research designs or unique data properties . < sup > 3 < / sup > In addition to our proposal , we also formulated a set of recommendations for implementing a catalog or database based on this metadata schema . With this schema , we hope to provide a public good to the research community that facilitates the creation of inter-operable catalogs , with the goal of speeding up scientific discovery , reducing duplication of effort , and creating a systematic overview of existing RCT research . Research facilitated by RCT data catalogs on external validity , impact heterogeneity , and generalizability of policy impacts beyond the immediate study populations has the potential to help policymakers , funders , or impact investors make decisions about policy programs . Reuse of RCT data can in turn bolster investments in primary data collection and spur methods improvements that will make future experiments faster and more robust . Better access to RCT data can also offer new research opportunities for scholars who do not have the resources to undertake costly primary data collection themselves . Finally , original data is a citable contribution to science independent of an associated paper or report . Enhancing the visibility of the data and the data citation helps ensure that those responsible for creating the data receive credit ( some of whom may not be co-authors of the academic study ) . The next section gives a brief", "spans": [{"start": 1771, "end": 1779, "text": "RCT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Design Reports for Mwache Dam - b ) Mwache Dam Resettlement Action Plan prepared in 2014 - c ) Mwache Dam Vulnerable and Marginalized Group Plan 2014 - d ) Relevant Kenyan legal documents including ; - Constitution of Kenya , - Land Act , - Land Registration Act ( 2012 ) - Valuers Act ( 1985 ) - National Land Commission Act , - Land Registration Act - Community Land Act , - Water Act - e ) World Bank OP . 4 . 12 and OP 4 . 10 - f ) KWSCRP Resettlement Policy Framework - g ) KWSCRP Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework 2013 . The second stage comprised field surveys – inventory of affected assets , socio-economic profiling of PAHs and recording preferences of each Project Affected Households ( PAHs ) with regard to resettlement and rehabilitation . The RAP socio-economic survey was conducted between April 2017 and updated in April 2019 alongside the repeat RAP census carried out within the entire Mwavumbo Group Ranch . Many consultations forums were held with PAP communities , relevant individual stakeholders and institutions instrumental in RAP preparation and implementation . 9", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 794, "text": "RAP socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 885, "text": "RAP census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is crucial . Collecting data on time spent in childcare in standard surveys can be complex , as it is often a secondary activity conducted with other domestic or paid work , and as a result underreported . The new Women ’ s Empowerment in Agriculture Index ( WEAI ) survey module includes more detail in the interviewer-guided introduction about time spent with children to lower the risk of being masked by other activities ( Seymour , 2018 ) ; other approaches such as activity tracking devices or phone-based apps ( Kilic , 2018 ; Daum , 2018 ) could help in recording which activities are conducted together / simultaneously , with less recall error . Figure 6 . Uganda National Panel Survey , 2013-14 : hours spent across paid and unpaid non-market activities in the last week < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural Urban < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Summary and ways forward By narrowing the definition of employment as well as highlighting the need to collect data on individuals ’ total work burdens , the 19 < sup > th < / sup > ICLS motivates the need for additional data on labor underutilization , as well as ways that data on unpaid work could be better incorporated in socioeconomic surveys . This has important implications for rural women . Box 4 summarizes areas for future work . # # Box 4 . Summary and ways forward : Labor underutilization and time use - Labor underutilization : Including questions on desire to work , along with reasons for wanting / not wanting to work , is important , to accompany questions on working hours , availability , and search . - Unpaid work burdens : in developing a refined set of unpaid work categories for socioeconomic surveys , key areas to cover for rural women include market activity in agriculture ( significant even among own-use producers ) , as well as care work . Exploring newer , more cost-effective and direct approaches ( including using mobile and other technology ) to collect these data could possibly shed greater insight on their working day and secondary activities as well . - Proxy reporting also has a significant", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 695, "text": "Uganda National Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1679, "end": 1700, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugees resulting in their resistance to be relocated in the absence of the male head of the family . While at the time of issuance of this brief road conditions still do not allow the continuation of the relocation , it is expected that the operation will resume at the end of the rainy season in October or November . _New arrivals collect water at the UNHCR-supported Korsi area , near Birao ( Vakaga prefecture ) . UNHCR / Josselin Bremau_ * * Preserving the civilian and humanitarian character of asylum and of refugee sites * * . The unstable security situation in the Prefectures Sudanese refugees have arrived , as well as the porosity of the border between CAR and Sudan in these remote areas , have triggered significant risks of infiltration and presence of armed elements , linked to the fighting ongoing in Sudan . The presence of armed elements has been detected since the end of May in Am-Dafock . In addition , according to findings of protection monitoring , the RSF and affiliated armed elements patrol and control the Sudan side of Am - UNHCR 7", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 974, "text": "findings of protection monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "× WW ′ where , O , is the share of out-of-school by welfare quintile _q_ , for age group * * _a_ * * , in country * * _c_ * * ( see figure 3 for the out of school variation across welfare quintile , per country income group ) OO W ’ , is the share of children in welfare quintile * * _q_ * * , in country * * _c , _ * * after the income shock is applied , but considering the same cut-offs of each quintile as in the vector _W_ ( table A . 2 . 1 shows the transition probabilities per quintile from W to W ’ ) If a country does not have a household survey available , we imputed the overall change in out-of - school rates of their income group . At baseline , the within - and between-countries inequalities of access to school for the 4 to 11 age group are extremely high . While in high-income countries the range of out-of-school children from the poorest to the richest is close to 0 . 2pp , in low-income countries this range remains close to 15pp . However , this inequality rapidly falls to 12pp and 3pp , as we move to lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries , respectively . For the 12 to 17 age group , the within country inequality by income group is almost the same ( 15pp ) across all country groups . However , gender differences persist , with girls being less likely than boys to attend schools in low-income countries , and the reverse in high-income countries . Moreover , important between countries inequalities are evident . The poorest households in highincome countries have on average , a lower share of out-of-school female children ( Q5 = 12 % ) , than 42", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 555, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 . The budget is based on the feasibility study ( Ribb ) and detailed design ( Megech ) cost estimates for construction works ; unit price assessment was based on an analysis of recent contracts of similar nature . However , there is a risk that actual prices differ from these estimates . To mitigate this risk the budget incorporates provisions for price and physical contingencies in the civil works line items . # # _Changes to the Result Framework_ 27 . The result framework ( intermediate outcomes ) has been revised to ( i ) eliminate indicators of low relevance or difficult to measure ; ( ii ) revise the wording of some indicators for enhanced clarity ; and ( iii ) incorporate several new indicators . Three new intermediate outcome indicators are proposed to evaluate Component 2 . Relevant indicators are harmonized with those of the Agricultural Growth Program ( AGP ) , so that the impact of this project and the AGP can be compared and aggregated . A new indicator on IWUA will be added to Component 3 to better assess the sustainability of the irrigation management . Indicators will be disaggregated by gender where appropriate . The revised result framework is attached in Annex 1 . The Project Implementation Manual will be updated accordingly . The following condition of effectiveness is therefore introduced : _the Recipient shall submit a revised Project Implementation Manual incorporating all changes made to the project description and result framework_ . 28 . The baseline and target values of the result framework indicators have been reviewed in light of the socioeconomic survey and projections provided in the feasibility studies . However , a detailed baseline survey < sup > 7 < / sup > including a control group is being undertaken by the Government and these values will be used to update the result framework if necessary . # # _Changes to procurement arrangements_ The original Project allowed only the use of pre-qualification of contractors for the construction of Megech and Ribb schemes . In order to increase the competition and get lower prices , it was agreed to also allow the use of", "spans": [{"start": 1591, "end": 1611, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1678, "end": 1702, "text": "detailed baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2001 ) . We use Epanechnikov kernel and Gaussian kernel estimators ( Fan 1992 ; Heckman _et al . _ 1998 ) . # * * < < A > > * * _IV . POLITICAL REFORM INDICATORS AND CONTROL VARIABLES_ To study how a regime transition toward democracy affects agricultural and food policies , we need data on democratization episodes . Unfortunately , although various democracy data sets exist , none of these data sets provides a specific coding of regime transitions . Therefore , we follow the same strategy as recent studies that have investigated similar questions at the aggregate level by relying on the Polity2 index from the Polity IV data ( Marshall and Jaggers 2007 ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > The composite Polity2 index assigns a value ranging from − 10 to + 10 to each country and year , with higher values associated with better democracies on the basis of several institutional characteristics , such as the openness of elections or constraints on the executive branch . Following Persson ( 2005 ) and Giavazzi and Tabellini ( 2005 ) , we code a country as “ democratic ” in each year that the Polity2 index is strictly positive , setting a binary indicator called _democracy_ to one ( zero otherwise ) . A reform into ( or out of ) democracy occurs in a country-year when this democracy indicator switches from zero to one ( from one to zero ) . A potential shortcoming of this definition of _political reform_ is that being near any particular divide may differ from being far from the divide . < sup > 13 < / sup > Indeed , the threshold of zero for Polity2 corresponds to a generous definition of democracy . However , as emphasized by Persson and Tabellini ( 2008 ) and others , this definition has the important advantage that many large changes in the Polity2 score are clustered around zero , an important property given our identification strategy based on the within-country variation in the data . Consequently , using a higher threshold for the definition of democracy has the 14", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 371, "text": "democracy data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 618, "end": 632, "text": "Polity IV data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "52 | 9 . 96 | Annual | MoA < br > Reports | MoA | | | 6 . Citizens who report that they < br > have knowledge about the < br > Woreda budget < sup > 10 < / sup > | | % | 9 | 9 . 1 | 11 | 13 | Annual | Survey , < br > WCBS | MoCS , TAG | | | 7 . Citizens who report that < br > Woreda < br > officials < br > have < br > actively sought the views < br > of people in their Kebele < br > on quality of basic services | | % | 52 | 48 | 55 | 58 | Annual | Survey , < br > WCBS | MoCS , TAG | | | 8 . a . Direct project < br > beneficiaries < sup > 11 < / sup > | | Number | 71 , 180 , 257 | na | 71 , 180 , 257 | 71 , 180 , 257 | | Census < br > and < br > Estimates | CSA | Baseline refers to < br > beneficiaries of PBS1 . | | b . of which female | | % | 50 | na | 50 | 50 | | Census | CSA | 50 % of the total population is < br > female ( census 2007 ) | - 9 Agricultural extension services include services on natural resources / environmental conservation , crop and animal production . Extension services will provided to pastoralist , semi-pastoralists and agrarian farm households . - 10 These indicators will be reported under Woreda City Benchmarking Survey ( WCBS ) . The Transparency and Accountability Group will follow up implementation of the WCBS . - 11 Figures represent total population census results , which is conducted every 10 years . PBS benefits people of all of the regions except Addis Ababa . 19", "spans": [{"start": 838, "end": 849, "text": "census 2007", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1163, "text": "Woreda City Benchmarking Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1284, "end": 1315, "text": "total population census results", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Most overseas migrants eventually return to Kerala . International migration , which has been primarily to the countries of the Arabian Gulf , is governed by work contracts that stipulate the duration of employment — typically two years , although contracts are renewable at the employer ’ s discretion . In contrast , as citizens of India , Keralite migrants to other Indian states could much more easily decide to settle permanently outside Kerala . According to the KMS data , the overall number of domestic migrants who had returned to Kerala as of 2003 was , indeed , lower — approximately 42 percent of the number of overseas returnees . Overseas remittances from international migrants played an important role in Kerala ’ s economy over the 1998-2003 interval : In 1998 , these transfers were estimated to be around 25 . 5 percent of the state ’ s net domestic product ( NDP ) ; in 2003 , they had fallen to 22 percent ( Zachariah and Rajan , 2012 ) , but this is still a notable portion of total NDP . According to estimates from the 2003 KMS data , households with one or more overseas members were receiving an average of US $ 1 , 058 per year in remittances . We know less about the magnitude of domestic remittances sent to Keralite households from migrant family members within India during this period , as the KMS data sets prior to 2014 did not record this category of financial transfer . In the 64 < sup > th < / sup > wave ( conducted between July 2007 and June 2008 ) of India ’ s National Sample Survey ( NSS ) , a large nationally representative household survey , information on remittances was collected for the very first time . In 2007-2008 , the average amount of annual overseas remittances received by households in Kerala with at least one member working abroad was US $ 1 , 467 . In comparison , the mean amount of domestic remittances received by Keralite households with at least one member working elsewhere in India was US $ 641 for the same period . In absolute terms , it appears that domestic remittances per migrant household in Kerala are about half the size", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 477, "text": "KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1043, "end": 1056, "text": "2003 KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1502, "end": 1524, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) , common planning procedures and safeguards , and a clear set of triggers for when PW would be suspended during shocks . Standardizing public works activities also included the application of the GoE ’ s communitybased public works management guidelines . # # * * Rating * * Substantial # * * < mark > OVERALL EFFICACY < / mark > * * # # * * < mark > Rationale < / mark > * * In all , the project only partially met all its PDI targets for targeting , predictable and timely safety net transfers , use of robust payment systems and consolidation of HFA under PSNP systems . Of the four PDO level indicators associated with Objective 1 ( including the measure of timeliness of emergency food aid moved by the IEG from Objective 2 to Objective 1 ) , one was surpassed ( number of PSNP core beneficiaries receiving their cash payments through e payments ) , one was reported surpassed but on the basis of outdated data from three years before project close ( percentage of transitory clients receiving humanitarian food assistance resources within 60 days of identification of need ) and two were not achieved ( percentage of core safety net transfers paid on time and percentage of households on the beneficiary list who are poor ) . The one PDO level indicator associated with Objective 2 , was substantially achieved ( 85 percent as compared to a 90 percent target ) . The ICRR notes however that significant steps were taken toward consolidation of PSNP and HFA systems , although not all these were measured in the results framework . # # * * Overall Efficacy Rating * * Substantial # # * * 5 . Efficiency * * * * Implementation efficiency was affected by several unforeseen challenges * * . Government spending and investment suffered from declining revenues and pressures on social services increased . Border closures ,", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1149, "text": "outdated data from three years before project close", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; McGuirk and Burke 2020 ) , as well as the literature on how higher or lower productivity and opportunity costs of conflict attenuate or fuel fighting , respectively ( Miguel et al . 2004 ; Dell et al . 2014 ; K ̈ onig et al . 2017 ; McGuirk and Burke 2020 ; Eberle et al . 2020 ) . Another relevant body of literature studies the impact on conflict of policy interventions that provide cash transfers or other forms of foreign aid ( see also the surveys of Findley 2018 ; Rohner 2022 ) . While earlier studies have focused on the country-year level ( see , e . g . , De Ree and Nillesen 2009 , who found that foreign aid abbreviates conflicts ) , many recent studies have leveraged within-country variation . In particular , Nunn and Qian ( 2014 ) conclude , using a shift-share instrumentation strategy , that in-kind US food aid tends to increase the risk of conflict . Consistent with this , Crost et al . ( 2014 ) have found , 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > ( 0 . 043 ) < br > 1002 | 0 . 062 < br > ( 0 . 064 ) < br > 991 | 1 . 27 < br > [ 0 . 260 ] | | E . I like the class of Science | 0 . 153 * * * < br > ( 0 . 055 ) < br > 1007 | 0 . 151 * * < br > ( 0 . 070 ) < br > 999 | 0 . 00 < br > [ 0 . 970 ] | _Source : _ Author ' s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . _Note : _ * * significant at 5 percent ; * * * significant at 1 percent . Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered at school level . The _p_ - values are in brackets in the third column . Controls : ( a ) students ’ characteristics ( gender , age , nationality , parent ’ s education , if the student missed , at most , one class per month , if the student has internet in his home , and if he / she has a car ) , ( b ) teacher characteristics ( gender , age , years of experience , if she / he has postgraduate certificates ) , and ( c ) school characteristics ( school size , seventh grade size , seventh repetition rate , FEPBA score in Language , school district , or location ) . The dependent variable in A-E represents a four-point scale , where 1 means strongly disagree , 2 disagree , 3 agree , and 4 strongly agree . The captivate index is a combined scale standardized in terms of the Control Group , whose construction is described in Appendix 4 . All the regressions exclude the classrooms where the Human Body unit was not taught . 6", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 316, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Support to Land and Mining Management Strengthening Project ( P169267 ) < mark > BUMIGEB . Technical oversight will also be provided by the relevant Directorate of the MEEVC ( Directorates in charge of environmental protection , inspections , radio protection , legal ) ; Ministry of Agriculture ( Directorate General of Land , Training and the Organization of Rural Areas [ < / mark > _ < mark > Direction Générale du Foncier , de la Formation et de l ' Organisation du Monde Rural < / mark > _ < mark > ] ) , responsible for supporting capacity building of local actors involved in land registration activities ; the Ministry of Infrastructure ( Geographic Institute of Burkina [ < / mark > _ < mark > Institut Géographique du Burkina < / mark > _ < mark > , IGB ] ) , responsible for the establishment and management of the geodetic network ; the Ministry of Development of Digital Economy and Post ( MoDDEP , the National Agency for the Promotion of Information and Communication Technologies [ < / mark > _ < mark > Agence nationale pour la promotion des technologies de l ' information et de la communication < / mark > _ < mark > , ANPTIC ] ) , responsible for the development of the telecommunication network ; and the municipalities , responsible for land registration in rural and urban areas and the management of land services . < / mark > 72 . < mark > A Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) will be signed between MINEFID and the Mayor of selected municipalities , as well as with the General Secretaries of the Ministries of the departments involved ( DGFOMR , IGB , ANPTIC , MEEVCC , and other as relevant ) and will establish the roles and responsibilities of each entity for the implementation of relevant field activities . A MoU will also be signed between the MEMC and the Chamber of Commerce , specifying the roles and responsibilities regarding the implementation of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample countries are practicing full capital cost recovery ( figure 11a ) ; Among the countries that should be able to cover total costs under existing tariff regimes ( contingent on their ability to collect bills ) are Burkina Faso , Côte d ’ Ivoire , Kenya , Namibia , and Senegal . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 11 . Cost-recovery capabilities of effective tariff regimes < br > a . Weighted effective tariffs and total costs b . Weighted effective tariffs and OPEX < br > 30 30 < br > 25 25 < br > 20 20 < br > 15 15 < br > 10 10 < br > 5 5 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 < br > Historical costs , US cents / kWh Historical opex costs , US cents / kWh < br > ( cents / kWh ) ( cents / kWh ) < br > Weighted Effective Tariffs Weighted Effective Tariffs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database _Note : _ OPEX = operational expenditure . Lack of full cost recovery can be partly explained by the large weight of residential customers in utilities ’ revenue structure , whose charges – for political and social reasons – often fail to reflect costs . Excluding South Africa , roughly 50 percent of the total power billing in Africa is associated with households , for just over 40 percent of the total power supplied ( figure 13 ) . This is a very high share by global standards . In South Africa , by contrast , the total share of residential billing stands much lower at 17 percent versus only 8 percent of total power supplied . Only in 30 percent of the sample countries do residential tariffs allow for 100 percent cost recovery ( figure 12a ) . While residential tariffs do better at covering operating costs ( figure 12b ) , this is not enough to guarantee financial sustainability in the medium to long term . It is important to underscore that setting tariffs at", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 909, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA I-i 0 % MOMBASA-NAIROBI OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE < sup > PROJECT < / sup > Kenya Pipeline Company < sup > Limited < / sup > Schedule of Operating Expenses ( KE ' 000 ) | Year Ended < br > December 31 | Salaries | Admini - < br > stration | Mainte - < br > nance | Rentals | Product < br > Losses | Inhi - < br > biin | Power | Wayleave < br > Charges | Total < br > Eene < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1978 | 213 < br > | 101 < br > | 55 < br > | 48 < br > 48 | 67 < br > 71 | 4 < br > 5 | 159 < br > 175 | 205 < br > 221 | 852 < br > 1839 | | 1979 | 213 < br > | 101 < br > | _55_ < br > | < br > | < br > 78 | | | < br > 239 | 92 | | L980 < br > | 213 < br > | 101 < br > 101 | 55 < br > 55 | 48 < br > 48 | < br > 82 | 5 | 213 | < br > 25 ° | | | 1981 < br > < br > | - < br > 214 < br > | < br > | < br > | < br > | < br > | < br > 6 | < br > 237 | 279 | _1025_ | | 1982 < br > | 214 < br > | 101 < br > | 55 < br > | 48 < br > 4 | 85 < br > 90 | <", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 157, "text": "Schedule of Operating Expenses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * # # Kenya Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene Program ( P179012 ) | None < br > < br > < br > | < br > < br > < br > YES , one for each < br > County | | - - - | - - - | # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | Period | Period Definition | Timeline | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Period 0 | Project Approval | 2023 | | Period 1 | Program year 1 | 2024 | | Period 2 | Program year 2 | 2025 | | Period 3 | Program year 3 | 2026 | | Period 4 | Program year 4 | 2027 | | Period 5 | Program year 5 | 2028 | | Period 6 | Program year 6 | 2029 | | Period 7 | Program year 6 | 2030 | | Baseline | Period 0 | Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 3 | Period 4 | Period 5 | Period 6 | Period 7 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 : Number of co * * | * * unties that have * * | * * an approved County W * * | * * ater and Sanitation * * | * * Strategy and Invest * * | * * ment Plan ( CWSS & I * * | * * P ) ( Number ) * * | | | | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 19 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The purpose of this paper is to examine how labor markets contribute to mitigating shocks due to conflict . First , we establish how households redistribute on-farm and offfarm work in responding to conflict shocks , and how this prompts a redistribution in a household ’ s use of time for the household head and the spouse . Second , we study if offfarm work is directed at formal labor markets or at subsistence activities that produce lower wages . Third , we explore whether responses are heterogeneous by gender . By examining the differentiated impact vis-à-vis gender , we establish whether the welfare losses generated by responses to shock — such as a reduction in leisure time or time dedicated to children — are borne differently by men and women . Lastly , we identify whether an increasing labor supply is an effective strategy for countervailing , or at least reducing , the impact of shocks . We use data for Colombia , a country that has experienced a long-standing conflict for over 60 years . The data collected is the baseline of a longitudinal survey of 4 , 800 rural households , the first household survey applied in Colombia to households living in conflict regions , as until recently , most research has concentrated on forcefully displaced populations . Forced displacement , an extreme coping strategy utilized in times of warfare , is widespread in Colombia . Today , more than 3 . 3 million persons have fled their hometowns in order to save their lives . Research shows that forcefully displaced persons face large asset losses , as well as a severe disruption in risk-sharing mechanisms ( Ibáñez and Moya 2010 ) . Sharp drops in income push displaced women to increase their labor participation ; consequently , their contributions to households ’ earnings rise significantly , yet their bargaining power remains the same and domestic violence escalates ( Calderón and Ibáñez 2010 ) . Evidence regarding coping strategies adopted by households that decide to stay in conflict zones is scarce in Colombia . This paper contributes to better understanding how households cope with conflict shocks , and how labor markets become important mechanisms for preventing further losses stemming from violent conflict . The paper also contributes to the economic literature", "spans": [{"start": 915, "end": 932, "text": "data for Colombia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1051, "end": 1098, "text": "longitudinal survey of 4 , 800 rural households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "u > World Bank , 2012b , Data Indicators . Available at : http : / / data . worldbank . org / World Bank . 2011 , \" Zambia : Country Economic Memorandum . \" Policies for Growth and Diversification . 2004 . Report No . 28069-ZM . World Bank , 2010 . _Zambia , Impact Assessment of the Fertilizer Support Program : Analysis of_ - _effectiveness and efficiency_ , Washington DC . Available at : http : / / www < u > wds . worldbank . org < / u > World Bank , 2008 , Social Protection Atlas , Human Development Network , Washington DC . World Health Organization 2011 The Abuja Declaration : Ten years on . WHO , Geneva . Available at : < u > www . who . int / healthsystems / publications / abuja_declaration / en / index . html < / u > 39", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 486, "text": "Social Protection Atlas", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _3 . 3 . 2 Rare or Endangered Species_ * * International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List for 2018 has identified a total of 8 species in Kenya which are threatened < sup > 44 < / sup > . None of the species identified are endemic and no species have been identified as extinct . A total of 32 species were assessed and one insect , five plants and two reptile species were identified as being threatened . The IUCN regard the threatened status of animals and plants as one of the most useful signs for assessing the condition of an ecosystem and its biodiversity . Five plants of the _Magnoliopsida_ class ( _Euphorbia tanaensis , Bauhinia mombassae , Gigasiphon macrosiphon , Ziziphus robertsoniana , Diospyros shimbaensis ) _ are endangered . The Kenya Jewel insect is critically endangered < sup > 45 < / sup > . # # * * 3 . 4 Socio-economic Conditions * * # # * * _3 . 4 . 1 Population_ * * Kenya is a young and urbanizing country with a mean age of 20 . 1 years and a growing population that reached 53 million in 2021 < sup > 46 < / sup > having increased rapidly over the previous 30 years < sup > 47 < / sup > . Population growth has averaged 2 . 7 percent annually since 2000 , with the urban population growing at 4 . 4 percent , reaching over 27 percent in 2020 . However , a vast majority of Kenyans ( 73 percent ) continue to reside in rural areas . Kenya ’ s young population , coupled with the bulging urbanization , presents an opportunity to capitalize on a demographic dividend , paired with the challenge of creating enough jobs to support the boom in the working-age population . # # * * _3 . 4 . 2 Politics , Ethnicity , and languages_ * * Kenya is the world", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 115, "text": "Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 9 * * director of programs , who will provide technical and management support to the consultants < sup > listed < / sup > in Component * * 3 , * * lead advocacy / dissemination at national level , and manage project reporting to the World Bank . b . Monitoring * * and evaluation ( M & E ) : The implementing * * agency will manage M & E . activities , including : ( i ) Participatory monitoring strategy to engage beneficiaries in routine monitoring of program inputs and use and continuous quality improvement of project implementatton . < sup > ( ii ) < / sup > Midterm review to assess lessons learned with district and provincial stakeholders < sup > and tomake < / sup > necessary revisions to implementation plans ; and ( iii ) Evaluation framework using baseline and end line surveys and evaluation of the project impact , with qualitative methods to understand < sup > the < / sup > mechanisms of the effects . The implementing agency ( Concern ) will engage with < sup > a < / sup > national consultant to design the baseline and end line evaluations for learning and for capacity < sup > building < / sup > purposes . Concern will also involve a dedicated M & E staff during the review process . c . Knowledge dissemination : Dissemination workshops will be held to share findings < sup > andidentify < / sup > next steps : * * A * * midterm workshop will be held at the regional level , final workshops will be held at both regional and national levels , and an overall implementation report will be prepared to widely disseminate lessons learned . To ensure coordination * * of * * project activities and buy < sup > infromall < / sup > stakeholders , the existing regional level steering committee ( see section on < sup > stakeholders ) < / sup > comprising all relevant ministries ( MOH , MOE , MOA , Ministry of Labour", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 796, "text": "baseline and end line surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the coresidency rates across Bangladesh and India data , and the bias estimates reflect the differences in the severity of selection . Since we estimated the biases in IGRC and IGC for a number of different samples , one might wonder how the magnitude of the bias relate to coresidency rate across different samples . Figure 4 shows the relation between the coresidency rate and the estimated bias for both IGRC and IGC estimates . There is a clear negative relation between coresidency rate and the magnitude of bias in the case of IGRC , implying that comparing IGRC estimates from different data sets may not be appropriate . In contrast , there is no discernible relation between the bias in IGC estimates and the coresidency rate . An OLS regression of the bias in IGRC estimates on coresidency rates yield a coefficient of _ − _ 0 _ . _ 22 which is significant at the 1 percent level ( _t_ statistic equals _ − _ 2 _ . _ 50 ) . The coefficient on a regression of the bias in IGC estimates on the coresidency rates is , in contrast , numerically very small ( 0 . 008 ) and statistically insignificant ( _t_ = 0 _ . _ 30 and P-value = 0 . 77 ) . We provide an explanation of the low sensitivity of IGC estimates to coresidency rates below ( please see section 6 . 2 ) . # * * 6 . Toward an Understanding of the Results : Why Is the Bias in IGC Estimates So Low ? * * The evidence presented above is strikingly consistent and clear : when a researcher works with a data set from a survey that uses coresidency for defining the household , the IGRC estimates are likely to be seriously biased downward ; but the estimates of IGC in coresident samples are , in general , much closer to the estimates from the full sample . It is important to appreciate that the coresident sample bias common in the household surveys in developing countries is best modeled as a truncation , not censoring . The most common problem in the context of household surveys in developing countries is that there is no information ( on both dependent", "spans": [{"start": 1803, "end": 1820, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Western Uganda_ , December 31 , 2012 . > 7 The 2011 Uganda DHS indicated that financial barrier was a critical factor that hinders poor women in rural areas to access maternal care services . According to the survey , 49 percent of women reported that getting money to seek health care services was a problem ( 53 percent among women in the rural areas ; 60 – 70 percent among women in the bottom 40 percent of the households ) . Page 6 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 62, "text": "2011 Uganda DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "la carte nationale d ' identité [ BDI104778 . FE ] , Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada , 11 mars 2014 , disponible à : https : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 53391ad54 . html . UNHCR / Septembre 2018 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ability < / mark > * * < mark > : < / mark > * * < mark > Applicable < / mark > * * The KUSP2 investments menu will not support land acquisition and involuntary resettlement , resulting in relocation and loss of livelihoods . Program infrastructure investments will be limited to public land . In the event of temporary displacements and relocations , Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans ( ARAPs ) will be prepared . The ARAPs will include the potential risks and impacts which the affected persons may be subjected to ; descriptions of the socio-economic survey , consultations with the affected and host populations , compensation options , resettlement-assistance and livelihood-improvement options ; procedures for grievances redress management ; institutional responsibilities for implementation and monitoring of the ARAP ; and a schedule , budget and sources of funds . On any given sub-project , no more than 200 Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) will be temporary physically displaced and relocated . Guidelines on preparation and management of ARAPs will be outlined in the ESHSM manual . # # # # * * STRENGTHS * * # # # # * * WEAKNESSES * * - The policy , legal and regulatory framework for land acquisition , resettlement and ▪ Legal frameworks do not explicitly stipulate provisions for livelihoods restoration compensation in Kenya are spread through several provisions . The CoK , 2010 as compensation is focused on land / assets replacement and relocation . Legal provides guidance on ownership , acquisition , conversion , payment of frameworks do not provide for compensation of assets built or extended on public compensation and devolving public land management to counties . The Land Laws land . They are subjected to evictions and demolitions . of 2012 outline provisions on the land management framework in Kenya . The Land ▪ Inadequate planning to manage temporary relocation and resettling back after Registration Act ( 2012 ) guides on registration and ownership while the Land Act infrastructure is complete . ( 2012 ) , provides for sustainable administration", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 564, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - < u > Table 3 : R2 decomposition of LASSO Selected Features ( % of the overall r squared ) < / u > | | ( 1 ) < br > Growth rate ( actual ) | ( 2 ) < br > Growth rate < br > ( deviation from < br > predicted ) | ( 3 ) < br > Stringency Index | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Price factors * * | 20 . 08 | 23 . 83 | 22 . 71 | | * * Google mobility factors * * | 52 . 49 | 63 . 37 | 55 . 65 | | * * Satellite-derived data * * | 2 . 84 | | 3 . 86 | | * * Search terms factors * * | 18 . 85 | 10 . 1 | 13 . 77 | | * * Macro variables * * | 5 . 74 | 2 . 7 | 4 . 01 | NOTES : The table shows the contribution of each group of real-time indicators to the overall goodness of fit of each regression using Shorrocks – Shapley decomposition of r-squared . 35", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 431, "text": "Satellite-derived data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 | Wish could have more respect for myself ( Rosenberg ) | 1843 | 0 . 42 | 0 . 60 | 1435 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 57 | - 0 . 07 | - 0 . 13 | 0 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Certainly feel useless at times ( Rosenberg ) | 1843 | 1 . 33 | 1 . 10 | 1435 | 1 . 40 | 1 . 07 | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 16 | 0 . 10 | | At times think I am no good at all ( Rosenberg ) | 1843 | 1 . 32 | 1 . 09 | 1435 | 1 . 43 | 1 . 07 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 12 | 0 . 12 | | Psychological well-being index | 1843 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1435 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 99 | 0 . 06 | - 0 . 06 | 0 . 17 | | Felt cheerful last 2 weeks ( WHO ) | 1843 | 2 . 59 | 1 . 72 | 1435 | 2 . 64 | 1 . 64 | 0 . 05 | - 0 . 12 | 0 . 22 | | Felt calm & relaxed last 2 weeks ( WHO ) | 1843 | 2 . 62 | 1 . 68 | 1435 | 2 . 68 | 1 . 59 | 0 . 06 | - 0 . 11 | 0 . 22 | | Felt active & vigorous last 2 weeks ( WHO ) | 1843 | 2 . 57 | 1 . 64 | 1435 | 2 . 61 | 1 . 54 | 0 . 04 | - 0 . 13 | 0 . 21 | | Woke up fresh & rested last 2 weeks ( WHO ) | 1843 | 2 . 58 | 1 . 62 | 1435 | 2 . 56 | 1 . 53 | 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "if the stock market liberalization occurs before or during the lifetime of the spell . In Subsection 5 . 3 and Online Appendix D , we also use alternative measures of stock market liberalization . First , we construct a dummy variable based on the dates related to the first signs of liberalization that can sometimes precede the official liberalization dates . The source of these alternative dates for stock market liberalization events is Bekaert , Harvey , and Lundblad ( 2005 ) . Second , we introduce two versions of a continuous variable capturing the stock market liberalization intensity at the industry-country level . Both versions are based on the proportion of domestic equities the foreign investors can acquire . We compute them from the data on the market capitalization of firms included in the IFC Investable index and IFC Global index available in the Emerging Stock Market Factbooks of International Finance Corporation . As for other financial variables , our proxies for the level of domestic banking and stock market development in the liberalizing countries are the ratio of private credit to GDP and the ratio of stock market capitalization to GDP , respectively . Both variables are from the database by Beck , Demirg ̈ u ̧ c – Kunt , and Levine ( 2000 ) . The industry measure of dependence on external finance at the ISIC 3-digit level is from Braun ( 2003 ) . This measure goes back to the seminal paper by Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) and captures the share of capital expenditures that cannot be financed by internally generated funds . It is computed as ratio of the capital expenditures minus cash flow from operations to the capital expenditures for the median publicly listed company in a given US industry , using the financial data on US firms from Compustat . < sup > 11 < / sup > # * * 3 . 2 Distance to comparative advantage * * Distance to comparative advantage captures how far is a given product from the comparative advantage of a given country . Building upon the notion of “ product chain of comparative advantage ” within the Heckscher-Ohlin theoretical framework ( see Online Appendix A2 as well as Jones 1956-57 ; Bhagwati 1972 ; Deardorff 1979", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 795, "text": "data on the market capitalization of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 812, "end": 832, "text": "IFC Investable index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 837, "end": 853, "text": "IFC Global index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1753, "end": 1779, "text": "financial data on US firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "H . C . Johnson , F . L . Oswald , D . A . Pinzón Hernandez , A . Tiwari , S . De Martino , and K . Trzesniewski . 2021 . “ Are growth mindset , mastery orientation , and grit promising for promoting achievement in the Global South ? Psychometric evaluations among Indonesian adolescents . ” _Manuscript . Revise and resubmit_ . USA : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , University of Zurich , University of California , Davis , and the World Bank . March 17 version available at : https : / / psyarxiv . com / dx4et - OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) . 2015 . _Skills for Social Progress : The Power of Social and Emotional Skills_ . OECD Skills Studies . Paris , FR : OECD Publishing . - Outes-León , I . , A . Sánchez , and R . Vakis . 2020 . “ The Power of Believing You Can Get Smarter : The Impact of a Growth mindset intervention on Academic Achievement in Peru . ” _World Bank Policy Research Working Paper_ 9141 . Washington , DC : World Bank . - Ray , D . 2006 . “ Aspirations , poverty and economic change . ” in A . Banerjee , R . Benabou , and D . Mookherjee ( eds . ) . Understanding Poverty . pp . 409 – 22 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - Riley , E . 2022 . “ Role models in movies : the impact of Queen of Katwe on students ' educational attainment . ” _Forthcoming at the Review of Economics and Statistics_ . June 2021 version available at : https : / / bit . ly / 3gP9nQQ - Ross , P . H . 2019 . “ Occupation Aspirations , Education Investment , and Cognitive Outcomes : Evidence from Indian Adolescents . ” _World Development_ 123 : 104613 . - Ross , P . H . , P . Glewwe , D . Prudencio , B . Wydick . 2021 . “ Developing Educational and Vocational Aspirations through International Child Sponsorship : Evidence from Kenya , Indonesia , and Mexico . ” _World Development_ 140 : 105336 . - Roy , S . ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the stores and workshop < br > studies financed by the ODA | Study , ompleted in Feb . 1987 . | CD | | PA | 2 . 09 | _5_ | UEB shall : a ) carry out a tariff study according to TORs acceptable to IDA ; and b ) implement the study < br > recommendations by January 1 , 1987 | a ) Study completed in 1990 < br > b ) In compliance in 1993 | CD | | PA | 3 . 04 | 5 | UEB shall : a ) appoint a Project Coordinator by June 30 , 1985 ; and b ) appoint four Regional < br > Engineers / Managers by December 31 , 1985 | Delayed compliance . | CD | | PA | 4 . 01 | I | UEB shall : a ) have its accounts and financial statements and the Special Account audited by < br > independent auditors ; b ) furnish to IDA not later than six months after each fiscal year certified copies < br > of its financial statements , and the auditors report ; c ) fumish to IDA other information conceming < br > accounts as required | Delayed compliance . FY 93 audits received < br > in January 1995 . | CD | | PA | 4 . 02 ( a ) | 9 | UEB shall provide IDA with a semi-annual report of outstanding accounts receivable . | In compliance | C | | PA | 4 . 02 ( b ) | 9 | The semi-annual report mentioned in ( a ) shall include the dates and amounts of arrears by major < br > customer categories as of June 30 and December 31 of every year . | In compliance . | C | | PA | 4 . 02 ( c ) | 9 | UEB shall maintain relationship acceptable to the Association between outstanding accounts receivable < br > and its annual operating revenues ( this relationship was be specified in a supplemental < br > letter ) . | | NC |", "spans": [{"start": 1040, "end": 1093, "text": "semi-annual report of outstanding accounts receivable", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TFP or the total factor productivity is constructed following the methodology of Ackerberg , Caves and Fazer ( 2015 ) building on Levinsohn and Petrin ( 2003 ) using intermediate inputs as proxy . < sup > 5 < / sup > Since Prowess does not have reliable employment information , the total wage bill is used to measure labor inputs . Gross fixed assets are constructed by the perpetual inventory method Value added , defined as gross output minus the value of material inputs , energy and service inputs , is used as dependent variable in the production function . All relevant values are deflated using sector specific Indian wholesale price indices provided by the Office of the Economic Adviser of the Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industry . The service sector deflator is constructed from the National Accounts Statistics series on the service sector contribution towards the gross domestic output . To measure service inputs , all expenditures incurred for royalties , technical know-how , license fees , research and development , rent & lease rent , selling & distribution , finance and insurance , outsourced manufacturing and outsourced professional jobs , travel and communication expenses , and repair and maintenance are considered . The variable service intensity measures the intensity of services used in the production and is measured by the share of expenditures spend on service inputs relative to total expenditures . < sup > 6 < / sup > We further disaggregate services and look separately at complex services and IT related services . Complex services are considered as having a greater level of production complexity because of its higher fixed training costs ( Costinot , 2009 ) . Complex services are broadly defined as high value-added and high-skill intense services , which usually require strong domestic institutions and the rule of law , because contracting for them is often more complicated than contracting for traditional services . Such services include finance , insurance , securities and pension management , technical , trade and other business services . < sup > 7 < / sup > We also examine the role of service imports in an extension to the baseline . We control for firm size and the ( log ) expenditures on services in the vector Xist ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | Number of municipalities with an approved | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 15 . 00 | | capital investment plan prepared in a < br > tiit | | Date | 28-Sep-2009 | 01-Aug-2011 | 30-Aug-2015 | | parcpaory manner . | | Comments | | | | | Number of municipalities that prepare and | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 7 . 00 | | implement realistic revenue enhancement < br > l bd ttil l | | Date | 28-Sep-2009 | 01-Aug-2011 | 30-Aug-2015 | | pans ase on revenue poena anayses . | | Comments | | | | | Number of local governments whose annual | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 7 . 00 | | internal audit is executed and submitted to < br > KENAO within the time secified in the local | | Date | 28-Sep-2009 | 01-Aug-2011 | 30-Aug-2015 | | p < br > government act and its amendments . | | Comments | | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 22-Nov-2011 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date < br > Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P066488 | IDA-47140 | Effective | 04-May-2010 | 20-May-2010 | 28-Jun-2010 | 30-Aug-2015 | | * * Disbursements ( i * * | * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both men and women globally ? The stereotypical roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver are hypothesized to have been born between the mid-19th and mid-20th century in many countries as industrialization gave rise to the separation of home and work . In this model of the family men are responsible for economic provision through employment while women are responsible for home and family . However , Alesina , Giuliano and Nunn ( 2013 ) examine the historical origins of gender norms based on a theory proposed by Boserup ( 1970 ) , and show that gender attitudes are more unequal among descendants of societies that practiced plow agriculture . Since plow agriculture was much more capital-intensive and required greater upper-body strength , this led to a greater gender-based division of labor . The authors find historical > 3Beliefs about what others do are referred to as _descriptive_ norms and beliefs about what others approve of are referred to as _injunctive_ norms in social norms theory ( Cialdini , Kallgren and Reno , 1991 ; Heinicke , Konig-Kersting and Schmidt , 2022 ) . Here we are measuring the injunctive norm . > 4The survey was administered on Facebook in July 2020 to a sample of Facebook general population users . 5 See World Values Survey ( WVS ) for global data on gender beliefs and values and Bursztyn et al . ( 2023 _a_ ) for analysis of data on the rights of women to work outside the home and support for women in leadership positions from 60 countries in a 2020 Gallup World Poll survey . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1258, "end": 1277, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1508, "end": 1532, "text": "Gallup World Poll survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project The contractor shall adopt and implement the Labor Influx Management Plan ( LIMP ) , which is prepared by the EEP-Project office , as required . In addition , the mitigation plan stated under this ESIA should take an approach to control the spread of STIs . Health education programs , control of illegal / illicit drugs and prostitution and other socially condemned activities near the project site need to be considered . Moreover , mechanisms need to be put in place to prevent and minimize Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) and Violence Against Children ( VAC ) . Such mechanism should include working with the contractors to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace and GBV and VAC in the project affected communities ( for example through code of conducts ) , strengthening grievance redress and other monitoring mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and VAC and assure them to access adequate response . # 9 . 3 . 6 * * Impact on vulnerable groups Proposed Mitigation Measures * * # * * Impact * * Although no issue related to vulnerable groups were raised during consultation with the community members and other relevant stakeholders , the household survey and assessment documented two households headed by elderly PAPs with visual impairment and physical challenges and about 57 women headed households . These two groups of PAPs require special assistance to facilitate their relocation activities during the resettlement process . The two elderly household heads with visual impairment and physical challenges requested special assistance in demolition their targeted assets and transportation of their valuables household belongings to new relocation sites . # * * Mitigation Measures * * It is recommended that special assistance be provided for the 57 women headed households to enable them cover costs of labor for demolition of properties and removal of household belongings to the new relocation sites after collection of compensation and securing land for construction of replacement houses . Special entitlement in the form of financial assistance is proposed", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1347, "text": "household survey and assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial institutions and another 30 % stated it had been “ somewhat important ” . Only one PCR , notably that of Mexico , was deemed “ of little importance ” for supervision ; Argentina and Brazil both indicated that the registry was “ very important ” for banking supervision . < sup > 17 < / sup > Argentina , Brazil and Mexico all view bank supervisors as the primary users of PCR data . Regulators overwhelmingly report that they look at the financial institutions ’ use of credit reports in lending as part of the supervision process ( 53 / 57 ) and most use PCR data to support both their on-site ( 53 / 57 ) and off-site ( 49 / 57 ) supervision responsibilities . More than 80 % ( 47 / 57 ) use PCR-data to analyze trends in banking and credit . However , only about 30 % ( 17 / 57 ) report that they use statistical models to analyze PCR data ; Argentina and Mexico are among this group of 30 but Brazil is not . The most frequent use of public registry data is to calculate the total indebtedness of borrowers with the financial system . A simple summation by borrower across institutions is the most important application for the rich datasets found in public registries for 30 of the 57 PCRs in the survey . < sup > 18 < / sup > Supervisors also indicated the importance of the ratings in PCRs as a supervisory tool . Ratings are often used to support more forward-looking provisioning policies . Rather than relying solely on information on a loan ’ s past-due status , regulators may require banks to assign a more forward-looking “ rating ” . The rating is typically assigned by the lender to either the borrower ( the most common ) or to each line of credit according to a common scale determined by the regulator . Ratings may depend on arrears and cash-flow projections and estimated probabilities of repayment to obtain a more forward-looking measure . < sup > 19 < / sup > Consistency rules between the ratings of different lenders to the same borrower are often established e . g . ; two lenders cannot input ratings that differ", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 574, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 948, "end": 968, "text": "public registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * 191 , 891 * * | * * 691 , 164 * * | * * 740 , 166 * * | | | | # # # # # * * < u > Notes : < / u > * * A dash ( \" - \" ) indicates that the value is zero or not available . 1 Protection indicators ( calculated by UNHCR ) : Refugee status recognition rate : Recognized divided by total of Recognized , Other positive and Rejected * 100 % . Total recognition rate : Recognized plus Other positive divided by total of Recognized , Other positive and Rejected * 100 % . Otherwise closed rate : Otherwise closed divided by Total no . of decisions * 100 % . Change in pending cases : Cases pending as at 31 December minus Cases pending as at 1 January divided by Cases pending as at 1 January * 100 % . 2 UK figures at first instance are rounded to the closest five . Appeal data estimated by UNHCR . * T = Type : G = Government ; U = UNHCR ; J = Government and UNHCR jointly . * * L = Level : NA = New Applications ; FI = First instance decisions ; AR = Administrative Review decisions ; RA = Repeat / reopened applications ; IN = US Immigration and Naturalization Service ; EO = US Executive Office of Immigration Review ; JR = Including Judicial Review ; CA = Swiss cantonal regulations ; FIH = Swiss first instance humanitarian decisions ; FA = Including first instance and appeal / review decisions . * * * Data refers to number of cases ( C ) or persons ( P ) : App . = Applications ; Dec . = Decisions taken during the year .", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 781, "text": "Appeal data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2018 | 09-May-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | DLR 7 . 2 “ ESAA repo < br > and published by Oct < br > Reports are slightly d < br > DLR 7 . 3 “ NLA report < br > on track . | rts and Annual Inspection Reports , u < br > ober 31 , 2019 ” ( US $ 2 million ) . ESA < br > elayed . < br > of raw student test scores available | sing the new unique IDs , ap < br > A reports will be published in < br > by September 30 , 2019 ” ( US | proved but the Minister < br > time . Annual Inspection < br > $ 2 million ) . This DLR is | ► DLI 8 Improved pre-service teacher training for English & Maths ( Intermediate Outcome , 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 40 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | July 2021 to July < br > 2022 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Not available | EGRA report of raw < br > student test scores < br > available by June 30 , < br > 2018 ( $ 2 million ) | This DLR is at risk of < br > missing the deadline of < br > June 30 , 2019 . Ministry of < br > Education and Mekelle < br > university are under < br > negotiations . | DLR 8 . 4 | | Date | - - | 29-Jun-2018 | 09-May-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | DLR 8 . 1 “ Teacher training c < br > Education ” ( US $ 2 million ) . < br > management of the MoE . | urriculum for the Concurrent < br > This DLR is off", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 316, "text": "raw student test scores", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the 4 , 434 source-host pairs in our sample , all pairs have air distance , 2 , 715 pairs have sea routes , and 2 , 366 pairs are connected in Google Maps Distance Matrix . We find that unit transportation costs vary significantly across regions . One measure for unit transportation cost is average driving distance per hour within each region , which depends on the quality of road as well as congestion . Using the driving distance and driving time data from Google , we calculated the average driving distance per hour for each WBG region using source-host pairs located within the same region . To see how BRI countries compare with these regions , we report the average driving distance for BRI and non-BRI in Table 3 and Figure 11 . We find that North America has the highest driving speed , around 103 km per hour , followed by the Middle East & North Africa ( 89 km per hour ) and Europe & Central Asia ( 88 km per hour ) . South Asia has the lowest driving speed among all the regions with an average of 41 km per hour . BRI countries fall behind North America , MENA and ECA regions with an average of 85 km per hour . < sup > 12 < / sup > Table 3 : Driving speed across regions | Region | DrivingSpeed ( kmper hour ) | | - - - | - - - | | East Asia & Pacific | 57 . 62335 | | Europe & Central Asia | 88 . 189293 | | Latin America & Caribbean | 70 . 214012 | | Middle East & North Africa | 89 . 411758 | | North America | 103 . 63007 | | South Asia | 41 . 549953 | | Sub-Saharan Africa | 69 . 450729 | | Non BRI | 77 . 015732 | | BRI | 85 . 389648 | > 12 For some country pairs in the East Asia & Pacific region , the drive route involves a ferry . For example , driving from Brunei to Singapore requires a ferry from Sampit to Surabaya . 17", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 174, "text": "Google Maps Distance Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 422, "end": 460, "text": "driving distance and driving time data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Promoting young women ’ s livelihoods and nutrition project ( P157716 ) # * * References * * i World Economic Forum . 2015 . Ethiopia Country Profile Report – Economies . Available at : http : / / reports . weforum . org / global-gender-gap-report-2015 / economies / # economy = ETH ii UNDP . 2014 . Human Development Reports . Available at : _http : / / hdr . undp . org / en / content / table-5-gender-relateddevelopment-index-gdi_ iii World Economic Forum . 2015 . Ethiopia Country Profile Report – Economies . Available at : http : / / reports . weforum . org / global-gender-gap-report-2015 / economies / # economy = ETH iv UNFPA . 2012 . A decade of change in contraceptive use in Ethiopia . Available at : http : / / www . itacaddis . org / docs / 2013_09_24_09_13_56_UNFPA % 20DHS % 20Indepth % 20Analysis % 20on % 20Family % 20Planning % 202012 . pdf v United Nations Population Division . ( 2014 ) . World Population Prospects . Available at : http : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / SP . DYN . TFRT . IN ? vi WHO , UNICEF , UNFPA , World Bank Group , and United Nations Population Division . ( 2015 ) . Trends in Maternal Mortality : 1990-2015 . Geneva , WHO . Available at : http : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / SH . STA . MMRT vii CSA Ethiopia . 2014 . Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2014 . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . viii Black , R . et al . 2013 . Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low – income and middle-income countries . The Lancet , ( Published online : June 2013 ) ix", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In at least 17 formal WTO disputes during the period , the complaining country alleged that the respondent violated some element of the GATT / WTO provisions on customs valuation . There is a small but growing empirical literature examining how these administrative channels affect trade ; indeed , governments have recently put a priority on them through the WTO ’ s newly negotiated Trade Facilitation Agreement . The World Bank ’ s _Doing Business_ reports are the best known source of comprehensive data about time delays and related problems associated with moving goods across a border . Djankov , Freund and Pham ( 2010 ) , for example , use these data to estimate a gravity model of trade and find that each additional day of delay before shipment reduces trade by more than 1 percent . Furthermore , Volpe Martincus , Carballo and Graziano ( 2015 ) utilize detailed export transaction data from Uruguay to estimate the impact of customs delays on firm exports . Finally , research using data on customs valuation to examine bureaucratic corruption and tariff evasion includes Javorcik and Narcisco ( 2008 ) for Eastern Europe and Mishra , Subramanian , and Topalova ( 2008 ) for India . # * * 4 The Historical Evolution of Border Barriers Under the GATT * * Focussing thus far on trade barriers imposed at the border , we have characterized the contemporary landscape of trade policy as both having significant heterogeneity in applied tariffs , but also as being littered with numerous other border barriers . Collectively and cumulatively , the status quo is of trade policy marked by variation across countries , products , and trading partners . But how did the international trading system arrive at this point ? With only a few exceptions , our discussion of history thus far has been limited to the evolution of trade policy since the 1995 inception of the WTO . Here we briefly appeal to a longer view of the history of the multilateral trading system by focusing on major trade policy developments taking place over the period spanning 1947-1994 , covering the full GATT era . We begin with the level of tariffs for the major economies at the outset of the GATT negotiations in 1947 that established the", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 911, "text": "export transaction data from Uruguay", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1021, "text": "data on customs valuation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank , the port platform performance including cargo dwell time has been long monitored ( tracking of delays within the logistics chain in Douala have been thoroughly monitored by several sources since the end of the 1990 ’ s , first as part of adjustment and debt reduction initiatives and then at the initiative of Cameroonian stakeholders ) . The methodology used has been to combine readily available data from the business and port community in Douala , with statistical analysis from ASYCUDA data provided by Cameroon Customs and analyzed at WCO headquarters . To our knowledge , this had never been carried out as comprehensively in developing countries . Cameroon is a specific case since ASYCUDA has been implemented for all customs procedures , from the manifest lodging to the exit note , which enables a very complete follow-up of import processes . These analyses have been complemented by interviews with consignees , port operators , clearing and forwarding ( C & F ) agents and shippers . It is 2", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 502, "text": "ASYCUDA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 32 * * of * * 73 * * 2 . A Valuation Committee ( VC ) is formed by the Mayor of the towns or the Wereda administrator as the case may be . The VC will consist of a group of three to five persons from the following institutions : - One member who should be a technician , from the Municipal Services Office ( MSO ) , - One representative of the would-be displaced persons , - One community representative , - One representative from the historic and cultural site special interest group ( like the EOTC in the case of Lalibela ) - One representative of the Office of Culture and Tourism 3 . Asset inventory is done by the Valuation Committee , in the presence of the owner ; 4 . The technician prepares bill of quantities and specifications ( BQS ) of the inventoried assets , 5 . The Asset Inventory is disclosed to the community and remains open for one week . If there is complaint from the owner , it will be directed to the committee ; any information regarding the inventory is collected by the VC . 6 . Unit rates are applied to the BQS and the total amount of the construction cost in current value is determined by the technician . 7 . The Valuation Committee reviews the tasks done by the town technician and approves the type and amount of compensation 8 . The valuation document is sent with a recommendation to the Mayor or the Wereda administrator for approval 9 . The town administration identifies locations for resettlement area , coordinates the valuation of farmers ’ holdings using the same procedure as above . This includes : - Inventory of all built up structures - Size of farm land and extent of permanent improvements made on it - Size of grazing land - Number and type of perennial plants lost ( wherever possible perennial plants should be retained unaffected ) Prepared by Wubshet Berhanu", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 644, "text": "Asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 823, "end": 838, "text": "Asset Inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1588, "end": 1624, "text": "Inventory of all built up structures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care ( P152394 ) | ► Grievances regist | ered related to delivery of project b | enefits that are addressed ( Per | centage , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date < br > IN00850100 | 31-Dec-2015 | 30-Sep-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | ► Implementing entiti | es submitting the annual FM and t | echnical report on time ( Perce | ntage , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 95 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | 30-Sep-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P152394 | IDA-58360 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that require only modest investments in infrastructure to become productive . This resource , coupled with the country ’ s agro-ecological diversity , creates huge potential for crop diversification . 16 . The livestock subsector contributes significantly to the Chadian economy , although its contribution to export revenues is suboptimal owing to the enormous uncontrolled migration of herds to markets in Nigeria each year . The dominant herding practices in Chad , affecting 80 percent of livestock , are transhumance and extensive herding . Cattle herding is the primary agricultural activity in the Sahel and a secondary activity in the Sudanian zone , although the relatively greater availability of food , agricultural by-products , and agro-industrial operations in the Sudanian zone attract many herders from the north . In some instances , the herders ’ coexistence with the agro-pastoralists poses land management problems and can be a source of conflict . 17 . Food security is volatile in Chad because agricultural production systems rely largely on rainfall rather than irrigation . Numbers of food-insecure individuals more than triple when droughts deplete harvests and food prices soar . In southern Chad , where most of the refugees and returnees are being settled , agriculture is dominated by small-scale farmers producing a moderate , locally marketed surplus . Cross-border trade with Cameroon and CAR is also important . While local trade with CAR has been significantly curbed by the conflict , markets in the areas where vouchers are being implemented continue to be well stocked and no unusual price movements have been observed in the past few months since voucher transfers became operational . A January 2014 market assessment indicated that food production surpluses were 4", "spans": [{"start": 1726, "end": 1756, "text": "January 2014 market assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > F igure 1 < br > A djusted W eekly H ours W orked < br > 50 . 0 < br > 45 . 0 < br > 40 . 0 < br > 35 . 0 < br > 30 . 0 < br > 25 . 0 < br > 20 . 0 < br > 15 . 0 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Source : O w n estim ates based on EN EU survey 1988 1994 1999 < br > Primary Teacher Pub . Sch . Primary Teacher Priv . Sch . L-Sec Teacher Pub . Sch . L-Sec Teacher Priv . Sch . U-Sec Teacher Pub . Sch . U-Sec Teacher Priv . Sch . Univ . Teacher Pub . Sch . Univ . Teacher Priv . Sch . The Mix-Skilled GroupThe Agricultural GroupThe Low-Skilled Group < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Based on ENIGH , the main and secondary occupations listed on Table 4 show hours-worked , adjusted hours-worked and the total number of hours-worked by region . Figure 2 shows that hours-worked vary across school levels , sectors and regions . Public primary school teachers work an average of 32 hours per week , while those in private schools work on an average of 34 hours . Public and private primary school teachers work significantly less than their counterparts . This pattern changes in lower and upper secondary school level , since public school teachers work more hours on average . On the other hand , _university teachers in public schools_ and _the mixed-skilled group_ work an average of 47 hours per week , while people employed in _the agricultural group_ or _the low skilled group_ work on an average of 43 hours per week . There is not a significant difference in the weekly hours-worked between public school teachers in urban areas and those teachers in the rural areas . In sum , total hours-worked for _the Professionals with a B . A in Education not teaching , the mixed-skilled group_ , _the agricultural group_ and _the low-skilled group_ is", "spans": [{"start": 280, "end": 292, "text": "EN EU survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 648, "end": 653, "text": "ENIGH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we do , then our measure is actually the relevant one . < sup > 36 < / sup > Furthermore , we argue that our use of instrumental variables reduces any measurement error problem generated by using industry data for this variable . Using industry level data for x does imply that the interpretation of β is now as the average EU-wide extra weight taken over the different industries rather than products . We are comfortable with this interpretation , since producers tend to organize at the industry level to lobby for protection . This is particularly true in the EU , where there is more variation in protection across industries than within them . Therefore , to the extent that the extra weight re fl ects a political economy motive , the > 34 We exclude products with a zero MFN tariff before the Uruguay Round for two reasons . First , when the MFN tariff is zero there is often more noise in the data about whether a preference exists or not , since it is in effect irrelevant . Second , all the tariffs in the sample that were initially zero remained unchanged and are likely to share an unobserved common characteristic . Thus , including those observations would bias the estimates if the proportion of zero tariffs is different for PTA goods relative to the rest of the goods . > 35 In terms of production this entails simply adding it up over the EU members . The interpretation of the political economy weight estimated in this case is ( ωi − 1 ) = < sup > � < / sup > c < sup > ( ω < / sup > i < sup > c − 1 ) ξc < / sup > i < sup > whereωc < / sup > i < sup > istheindividualmemberweightforagiven < / sup > producer and ξ < sup > c < / sup > i < sup > istheproductionshareintheEUasshowninsectionA . 1oftheappendix . < / sup > > 36 In calculating the variable ( XI / MI ) / εI the remaining variables that we employ are at the same level of aggregation as the production data . Moreover , the import demand elasticity we calculate is for the", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 209, "text": "industry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 236, "end": 255, "text": "industry level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1873, "end": 1888, "text": "production data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "budget-survey-kihbs - > reports-2 / . - 111 Pape and Mistiaen . 2018 . Household Expenditure and Poverty Measures in 60 Minutes : A New Approach with Results from Mogadishu . > 46  Understanding the Socioeconomic Conditions of Refugees in Kenya", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- At woreda level ( i ) Woreda Administration office ( ii ) Woreda Environment and land administration ( iii ) Woreda Justice office ( iv ) Woreda Women , Children and Youth Affairs office ( v ) Woreda office of Agriculture . - At kebele level ( i ) Representative of Kebele Arbiter ( ii ) Kebele Development Agents ( iii ) Kebele Council Members ( iv ) Representative of Youth ( v ) Representative of Kebele Women ( vi ) Representative of PAPs # # # * * 9 . 1 Principles and Procedures of the Grievance Redress Mechanism * * - Direct , contracted , primary supply and community workers will be informed of the GRM at the time of recruitment and the measures put in place to protect them against any reprisal for its use . - The GRM will be easily accessible via the disclosure office hours and transparently disclosed to all employees to raise workplace concerns . - The GRM shall be transparent in using clear procedures . - There will be no discrimination against those who express grievances , and all grievances will be treated confidentially . - The PCUs and other responsible project management will treat grievances seriously and take timely and appropriate action in response . - The aggrieved parties shall be informed within 10 days of their grievance application , either with a respective solution or with a request of extension in cases where more information is needed . - The aggrieved party shall have the option to refer to a grievance log with key information that will be established by the Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resource / and Regional Bureau of Pastoral Agriculture . - Grievance logbook will be maintained in the project office . - The GRM , however , does not replace or override the requirement that the PCU provide for workplace processes for project workers to report work situations that they believe are not safe or healthy , such as reporting requirements regarding workplace injuries and accidents . - The GRM will not prevent workers to use judicial procedure or administrative remedies that might be available under the", "spans": [{"start": 1444, "end": 1457, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1613, "end": 1630, "text": "Grievance logbook", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". As mentioned earlier , this is also associated with the issues of consumers not being willing to pay for a service . The direct implication for policy making is that scaling-up improvement in water service systems might require subsidies , which might be difficult in countries where the Non Revenue Water – the volume of water the facilities do not get paid for , usually made of leaks , illegal connections and marginal use ( e . g . firefighting ) – represents a large share of the facilities ’ revenues . Using existing WTP estimates , and data on water outages in 123 countries from the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Survey < sup > 10 < / sup > , water interruptions are estimated to cost between 0 . 11-0 . 19 % of GDP , ppp each year , what corresponds to USD 88 and 153 billion globally . The method of estimation comprises some limitations that increase uncertainty . First , the WTP used to assess the global cost are issued in two > 10 Data available here : http : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / 16", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 584, "text": "data on water outages in 123 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 609, "end": 626, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where occupational or technology choices are discrete , and where choosing a higher return occupation or technology implies large sunk or fixed costs ( Barrett 2004 ) . Moving out of agriculture , where poverty rates are often much higher than in other sectors , is one example of such choices . Our intersectoral migration estimations rely on past data , however by embedding the mover-stayer model within a more complete income generation microsimulation approach we can model occupational dynamics and test ( or simulate ) some relevant hypotheses ( scenarios ) . Our focus is on global trade liberalization . Recent studies show that a major effect of global liberalization is to raise prices of agricultural commodities 3", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 353, "text": "past data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IPIENT | 0 . 00 | | US : Agency for International Devel | opment ( USAID ) < br > 0 . 00 | | CANADA : Canadian International | Development Agency ( CIDA ) 0 . 00 | | UK : British Department for Interna | tional Development ( DFID ) < br > 0 . 00 | | EC : European Commission | 0 . 00 | | IRELAND , Govt . of | 0 . 00 | | NETHERLANDS : Netherlands De | velopment Association < br > 0 . 00 | | SWEDEN : Swedish Intl . Dev . Coo | peration Agency ( SIDA ) < br > 0 . 00 | | World Food Program | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | # * * B . Project Objectives [ from section 2 of PCN ] * * The aim of the overall PSNP APL series is to contribute to improving the productivity and efficiency of transfers to chronically food-insecure households , reducing household vulnerability , improving resilience to shocks , and promoting sustainable community development .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of completion of the census and assets inventory of persons affected by the project . Persons occupying the project area after the cutoff date are not eligible for compensation and / or resettlement assistance . # # # # # Displacement Displacement is the impact that necessities resettlement of affected persons . Displacement could be physical i . e . where the affected persons-are required to relocate , or economic , where the impact of the loss of incomes forces the affected persons to move or to initiate alternative strategies of income restoration . # # # # # Linear Resettlement Linear resettlement is usually involved in projects producing linear patterns of land acquisition ( highways , railways , canals , power transmission lines etc . ) . It is differentiated from site specific resettlement because of the problems that arise when resettlement actions have to be coordinated across multiple jurisdictions and different cultural and linguistic areas . # # # # # Urban Resettlement Resettlement in Urban and pre - urban settings is usually referred to as urban resettlement . It is differentiated from rural resettlement since the types of problems involved and the strategies proposed to address them are substantially different from those of rural settlement Xli", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 48, "text": "census and assets inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 / 30 / 12 | NA | NA | 4 / 2 / 12 | 5 / 4 / 12 | | | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | Staff Tracking Survey for Development Agents | COPCU - < br > D / C-5 / 11 | QCBS | LS | 150 P | ost < br > Plan ( 2nd < br > revision ) | 9 / 30 / 11 | NA | 10 / 7 / 11 | 11 / 7 / 11 | NA | NA | 11 / 10 / 11 | 12 / 8 / 11 | | | | | | | Plan ( 3rd | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < br > revision ) | 2 / 15 / 12 | NA | 2 / 22 / 12 | 3 / 30 / 12 | NA | NA | 4 / 2 / 12 | 5 / 4 / 12 | | | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | National Staff Tracking Survey for Teachers | COPCU - | | | | Plan ( 2nd | | | | | | | | | | | D / C-6 / 11 | QCBS | LS | 150 P | OST < br > < br > revision ) | 9 / 15 / 11 | NA | 9 / 22 / 11 | 10 / 21 / 11 | NA | NA | 10 / 25 / 11 | 11 / 22 / 11 | | | | | | | Plan ( 3rd < br > revision ) | 2 / 15 / 12 | NA | 2 / 22 / 12 | 3 / 30 / 12 | NA | NA | 4 / 2 / 12 | 5 / 4 / 12 | | | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | * * Recruitement of Individual Consulta * * | * * nts * * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dimensions . Thus , this approach assumes two poverty standards uˆM < sup > anduˆ < / sup > OD < sup > , respec - < / sup > tively for the monetary dimension and the other ( non-monetary ) dimensions . These two standards uˆM < sup > anduˆ < / sup > OD < sup > areconsidered “ equivalent ” , asintheWorldBank ’ sMPM . 43The < / sup > comprehensive survey allows computing the “ true ” fraction of multidimensionally poor individuals , denoted by H < sup > ˆ < / sup > . We propose a method to construct an estimate H < sup > ˆˆ < / sup > of H < sup > ˆ < / sup > when the joint distribution between monetary and non-monetary dimensions is missing . That is , there is no comprehensive survey but rather two separate surveys , say one LSMS household consumption survey and one DHS or MICS household survey . The former survey allows computing the fraction of monetary poor individuals , which we denote by H < sup > ˆ < / sup > M . The latter survey allows computing the fraction of other-dimensions poor individuals , which we denote by ˆ HOD . Some individuals are simultaneously monetary poor and other-dimensions poor . The only information missing to compute the “ true ” fraction H < sup > ˆ < / sup > can be called the coefficient of overlap ( c ) between the two types of poverty . This coefficient captures “ by how much ” monetary poor individuals are more likely than those who are not monetary poor to be other-dimensions poor . Formally , c is the computed as the fraction of monetary poor individuals who are other-dimensions poor divided by the fraction of individuals who are not monetary poor but are other-dimensions poor In this setting , coefficient c summarizes all the relevant information on the missing joint distribution . If we knew the value for c , we could compute the “ true ” value for H < sup > ˆ < / sup > through The proposed method consists in assuming a value cˆ for the unknown coefficient c . This allows estimating the “ true ” value", "spans": [{"start": 671, "end": 691, "text": "comprehensive survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 734, "end": 767, "text": "LSMS household consumption survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 783, "end": 804, "text": "MICS household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 10 . Teacher perceptions * * | _Dependent variable_ | Sequence < br > vs . < br > Control < br > ( 1 ) | Coaches < br > vs . < br > Control < br > ( 2 ) | Wald test < br > ( 3 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | A . I feel it the way I teach Science changes a lot | 0 . 864 * * * < br > ( 0 . 312 ) | 0 . 953 * * * < br > ( 0 . 247 ) | 0 . 14 < br > [ 0 . 708 ] | | B . I like and / or enjoy more teaching Science than in < br > previous years | 0 . 717 * * < br > ( 0 . 345 ) | 0 . 974 * * * < br > ( 0 . 307 ) | 0 . 93 < br > [ 0 . 334 ] | | C . I feel that by implementing the ideas of this < br > training , my students learned more in comparison < br > with other groups and / or subjects | 0 . 632 < br > ( 0 . 333 ) | 0 . 769 * * < br > ( 0 . 324 ) | 0 . 30 < br > [ 0 . 586 ] | | D . I feel my students develop more skills than in < br > previous years | 0 . 672 * * < br > ( 0 . 293 ) | 0 . 876 * * * < br > ( 0 . 306 ) | 0 . 86 < br > [ 0 . 354 ] | | E . I taught more hours of Science classes | 0 . 260 < br > ( 0 . 247 ) | 1 . 107 * * * < br > ( 0 . 275 ) | 18 . 33 < br > [ 0 . 000 ] | _Source : _ Author ' s analysis based on experimental data", "spans": [{"start": 1156, "end": 1173, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - * * Effective Partnership , Coordination , and Communication with Key Stakeholders : * * Establishing effective partnership , rapport , and communication channels is crucial for coordination and synchronization of efforts in implementing activities of this LRP in a manner that could foster synergies . While EEP will take the lead responsibility in terms of funding and stakeholder coordination , the actual implementation of the livelihood restoration strategies will be led by the regional and local administrations . Besides , local administrations are also responsible for the coordination of implementation of the LRP through forging partnerships with various government agencies , NGOs , community-based organizations , and PAHs and their communities . The Subproject should position itself as a partner in a multistakeholder process rather than the core actors in promoting local development . It is crucial to gradually reduce Subproject control and build local ownership ( PAHs and local government ) and complementarity around shared interests . - * * Measurable : * * To be effective in restoring PAHs ’ livelihoods and improving their income-earning capacities , LR measures need to be measurable . LR measures need to be measured using participatory methods of monitoring and evaluation to build trust and local ownership of outcomes . LR measures need to be tracked – using key performance indicators - to monitor changes in community perceptions to gain real-time feedback on performance . The quantity and quality of changes in livelihoods can and should be measured using outcome and impact indicators against baseline conditions . # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 3 Identification of Livelihood Impacts * * The 59 . 3 KM long Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV TLP traverses through 20 Kebele Administrations in four Woredas and two town administrations in Jima Zone . Based on findings of the census survey , the proposed Subproject will directly affect various assets and properties (", "spans": [{"start": 2053, "end": 2066, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "designed / implemented software interventions is echoed in other studies ( Banerjee et al . 2007 ; Carrillo , Onofa , and Ponce 2011 ) . In a meta-review of all rigorously evaluated education interventions , McEwan ( 2015 ) finds the largest effects for interventions involving instructional technology . In a similar review , Conn ( 2014 ) considers “ pedagogical interventions ” to be the most effective subset of education interventions , and many of these pedagogical interventions are in fact computer-assisted learning programs . In this paper , we examine the potential effectiveness of digital technologies for student learning by focusing on non-interactive eReaders . The experiment is explicitly designed to disentangle the content effect from the reciprocity effect . Given that the eReaders are non-interactive , we are only able to examine a very limited technology enabled pedagogical intervention with no room for active feedback or targeting of content . We test the impact of providing eReaders with or without curriculum content . In a third arm , we also examine whether provision of other remedial content can usefully enhance learning outcomes . The paper measures the impact of digital technology on both learning and participation in the next level of secondary schooling . We conducted a nested randomized control trial ( RCT ) in which eReaders with different types of content were provided to Grade 8 students in Lagos , Nigeria . A study sample of 497 students were randomly assigned to one of the following groups - a control group that received nothing and three treatment groups that each received eReaders with either : a ) only non-curriculum reading material ; b ) non-curriculum reading material _and_ curriculum textbooks ; and c ) non-curriculum material , curriculum textbooks _and_ supplementary curriculum-relevant material . We examine short-term student outcomes after a six-month exposure to eReaders and longer-term outcomes obtained from a student tracking survey 2 . 5 year after the experiment . For the purposes of benchmarking the impact of eReaders on school participation against a nontechnology intervention , we implement a low-cost ‘ information ’ intervention ( Jensen 2010 ) . A random sub-sample of treatment students was assigned – orthogonal to eReader randomization – to receive an information intervention . Students assigned to the information treatment group", "spans": [{"start": 1985, "end": 2008, "text": "student tracking survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "human intervention . Meanwhile , cleansing and harmonizing of the NEMIS data vs actual enrollment in the schools is necessary . ( c ) MoE to address issues for late release of capitation as well as delays in release of funds for county-based activities . # # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Accounting and financial reporting . * * 26 . The reforms implemented under PFMR 2013-2018 were successful in establishing a solid foundation for PFM . These are : Government SCOA developed and in use , IFMIS was rolled out to MCDAs , Public Sector Accounting Standards Board formulating accounting standards and templates was established , and financial reporting improved with timely and consolidated financial statements prepared . The PFMR 2018-2022 has built on the successes of PFMR 2013-18 . This has resulted to improvements in the accounting and reporting . Page 8 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 76, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Demand charges are widespread for non-residential customers , but are almost twice as frequent for industrial customers as for commercial customers ( figure 4b ) . This suggests that most countries find it important to reflect load considerations in designing tariffs for nonresidential customers ( table 3 ) . Peak demand is a critical cost driver in the power sector , because it defines the amount of installed capacity needed to provide a given volume of electricity . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 4 . Prevalence of specific tariff schemes : Commercial and industrial users < br > a . Tariff type b . Fixed charges < br > 20 20 < br > 15 15 < br > 10 10 < br > 5 5 < br > 0 0 < br > FR TOU IBT DBT None Only fixed Only Demand < br > demand and fixed < br > commercial industrial commercial industrial < br > Source : Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database < br > Figure 5 . Characterization of nonresidential block pricing < br > a . Numbers of pricing blocks b . Nonlinear tariff price differential between first and last < br > block ( % ) < br > 20 6 < br > 5 < br > 15 < br > 4 < br > 10 3 < br > 2 < br > 5 < br > 1 < br > 0 0 < br > One Two Three 4 or more negative no change 0-100 % greater < br > than 100 % < br > Commercial Industrial Commercial Industrial < br > number of countries number of countries < br > number of countries number of countries < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database Volume charges for nonresidential customers are typically linear for at least 15 of the countries in the sample . In the cases where block tariff structures are used , they are more frequently decreasing blocks ( DBT ) rather than increasing blocks ( IBT ) and these are relatively simple with not more than three blocks ( figure 5b ) . The reason", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 897, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "627 ] | | LM-stats for < br > under - < br > identification | 23 . 71 | 66 . 87 | 23 . 71 | 66 . 87 | 23 . 71 | 66 . 87 | 23 . 71 | 66 . 87 | 23 . 71 | 66 . 87 | | F-stats for < br > weak < br > identification | 6 . 258 | 17 . 49 | 6 . 258 | 17 . 49 | 6 . 258 | 17 . 49 | 6 . 258 | 17 . 49 | 6 . 258 | 17 . 49 | | Hansen J-stats | 90 . 70 | 52 . 03 | 50 . 88 | 52 . 03 | 26 . 80 | 43 . 69 | 112 . 9 | 117 . 9 | 14 . 55 | 30 . 80 | | Obs . | 8946 | 8870 | 8946 | 8870 | 8946 | 8870 | 8946 | 8870 | 8946 | 8870 | Notes : ( 1 ) All specifications with GMM standard errors . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 ; ( 2 ) Data source : KMS 2013 ; ( 3 ) Full estimation results with corateis are provided in Appendix B . 25", "spans": [{"start": 642, "end": 650, "text": "KMS 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > of ECAE | < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Prior | UN Agencies < br > ( Direct ) | Direct | 75 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2017-09-02 | 2018-03-01 | | ET-MOST-60833-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of a consulting < br > firm to carry out a baseline < br > and client engagement survey . | < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 2 : Enhancing < br > Private Sector Engagement < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 75 , 000 . 00 | 169 , 275 . 00 < br > Completed | 2018-05-04 < br > 2018-05-21 < br > 2018-05-25 < br > 2018-05-22 < br > 2018-07-08 < br > 2018-07-31 < br > 2018-08-07 < br > 2018 - | 12-10 < br > 2018-09-11 < br > 2018 | - 12-10 < br > 2019-03-10 < br > 2020-03-26 | | ET-MOST-43011-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service for the < br > Establishment of < br > internationally recognized or < br > accredited food safety < br > management system < br > certification for food agro < br > processing sector . | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 170 , 000 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 - 6 . Crop yields are low to very low ( about 1 . 2 tons per hectare for main cereals , 0 . 6 tons for pulses and 0 . 5 tons for oilseeds ) because of inadequate fertilizer application rates ( only seven kilograms of nutrient per hectare , as compared to the world average of 97 kilograms , and 48 kilograms for neighboring Kenya ) , poor quality of seed , inadequate dissemination of technology , infrastructural deficiencies , and until recently , lack of incentives for farmers due to government control over the input and output markets and prices . There is good potential to raise the yields of food grains and other crops by 50 to 100 percent . The blanket , country-wide fertilizer use recommendation of two bags of DAP and one bag of urea per hectare for all crops , in all agroecological situations , lacks scientific underpinnings . These are now being revised and made consistent with the results of country-wide fertilizer trials data . The country has no soil fertility maps , and there is no soil testing service . Also , there are emerging problems of maintaining the long-term fertility of soils , preventing soil erosion and degradation , and combating acidity in about 30 percent of the cropped area . Indigenous resources like lime , animal dung and bones ( Ethiopia supports the highest livestock population of Africa ) which could help mitigate the soil fertility problems , have remained unused . 7 . TGE recognizes that the need to increase food production , both in the immediate future and in the medium term , is of paramount importance , not only for food security and poverty alleviation , but also to expand agricultural exports and stimulate overall growth in the economy . The country ' s food deficit , currently about 0 . 8 million tons , is estimated to rise to 1 . 8 million tons in the next five years , even assuming a base growth , to be realized without incremental fertilizer , of about 3 percent per year . Food imports to meet such a large deficit would impose an unsustainable burden on the country ' s", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 951, "text": "country-wide fertilizer trials data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ # # # * * 7 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND ENTITLEMENT MATRIX * * This section of the report identifies the categories of the PAPs eligible for compensation for losses that will be incurred during the project construction and implementation . # # # * * 7 . 1 CONDITIONS OF ELIGIBILITY FOR COMPENSATION * * # # # * * _7 . 1 . 1 Cutoff Date_ * * The practical Cut-off Date for implementation of the RAP which is the date the census or the socioeconomic survey was initiated , that is 19 < sup > th < / sup > of December 2016 . No structure established , fence , trees and businesses established in the Project-Affected Area after 19 < sup > th < / sup > of December 2016 shall be eligible for compensation . # # # * * _7 . 1 . 2 Eligibility_ * * Assets , including structures , fences , trees and businesses , which were surveyed in the ProjectAffected Area by the Cut-Off Date are eligible for compensation . People residing in the Project-Affected Area by the Cut-Off Date are eligible for compensation even if they have no legal tenure ( encroachers ) . # # # * * _7 . 1 . 3 Entitlements Matrix_ * * The table below highlights the different entitlements of the PAPs * * _Figure 7-1 : Eligibility Criteria_ * * | * * Affected Asset * * | * * Eligibility Conditions * * | * * Entitlements * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Structures on the way leave < br > within the road reserve | If them and a witness can < br > prove ownership of the < br > structure . | Replacement < br > Cost < br > of < br > Structure |", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 473, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 481, "end": 501, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quantified benefit . # # # PERIOD MAINTENANCE , REHABILITATION AND CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT # # ROAD DATABASE Data on the existing road conditions was collected as part of the design process and included : road length and width existing surface type pavement strength expressed as modified structural number pavement serviceability expressed as International Roughness Index ; this was based on subjective judgement rather than metered measurements using the following guidelines : 2 . 0 new asphalt pavement 2 . 5 new surface dressed pavement 4 - 5 new murram pavement or asphalt pavement in fair condition", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 105, "text": "ROAD DATABASE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In order to address this shortcoming , we propose an alternative scenario where pollution intensities change across countries and time . The scenario is constructed taking as the base the technique effects estimated by Grether , Mathys , and de Melo ( 2007 ) for 62 developed and developing countries during 1990 – 2000 . To our knowledge , this is the only study that estimates and identifies the technique effect for a large sample of countries < sup > 10 < / sup > . It does so by combining different databases providing pollution estimates at the country level . For most countries the data are available only until 2000 , which prevents us from developing a full decomposition exercise . We circumvent the data problem by regressing the estimate of Grether , Mathys , and de Melo against the possible determinants of technical changes ( please see regression results in ~ ~ the Appendix ~ ~ < u > Annex 1 ) . While initially we consider several determinants ( such as < / u > initial per capita GDP , trade-to-GDP , manufacturing output to GDP , growth in per capita income , and different measures of human capital ) , model selection analysis helps us to focus on two dependent variables — initial GDP per capita and ratio of trade to GDP — which allows us to project the rate of adjustment in pollution intensity for each of the CA-4 countries in the 1999 – 2008 period . The rates are then applied to IPSS pollution intensities in order to construct new emissions data series . We assume that technical changes are homogeneous across sectors . The remaining data used in the analysis include the following indicators : value added , exports , imports , number of workers , wages of skilled workers , and wages of unskilled workers . All indicators are disaggregated at the two-digit industry level . Table A1 in the < u > Annex < / u > ~ ~ appendix ~ ~ presents the summary statistics and source of each indicator . While value added and trade data are used directly in the analysis , labor indicators are used to calculate industry-specific factor shares . Following Grossman and Krueger ( 1992 ) we assume that", "spans": [{"start": 1931, "end": 1957, "text": "value added and trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1994, "end": 2010, "text": "labor indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These results suggest that given the size of the multiplier associated with spending increases over the last two decades , a large fiscal adjustment through spending cuts could be more harmful to the economy than tax-based fiscal adjustment . # * * 4 Conclusion * * In this paper , I use quarterly data from 1970 to 2010 to study the impact of government spending and net tax revenue shocks on key Canadian macroeconomic variables , employing sign restrictions as an identification strategy . I explicitly control for spillovers from the U . S . economy and for world oil price fluctuations . In addition , I examine the impact of fiscal shocks over two sub-periods : before and after the fourth quarter of 1990 . This paper has several key findings . The estimated value of both spending and tax multipliers is sensitive to the inclusion of relative oil prices and U . S . GDP in the VAR model . Output , consumption and investment decline as a response to an increase in net taxes . Output and private consumption increase when government purchases increase , whereas private investment falls . Net exports decline in response to both spending and net tax increases ( with a short delay for the decline in response to the net tax increase ) as a result of real exchange rate appreciation . Tax-cut multipliers vary between $ 0 . 20 and $ 0 . 50 , while spending multipliers range between $ 0 . 20 and $ 1 . 10 . Spending multipliers tend to be particularly larger than tax-cut multipliers over the last two decades . The composition of government spending is relevant for the size of the multipliers . For example , some theoretical and empirical findings suggest that government investment tends to have larger GDP multipliers . Since these issues are not addressed in this paper , they are left for future research . 18", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 302, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Mahler , Daniel Gerszon r Nishant Yonzan r Christoph Lakner . 2022 . “ The Impact of COVID19 on Global Inequality and Poverty . ” Policy Research Working Paper 10198 ; Washington , DC : World Bank Group . - Martinez , Luis R . 2022 . \" How Much Should We Trust the Dictator ’ s GDP Growth Estimates ? \" _Journal of Political Economy_ 130 ( 10 ) : 2731-2769 . - Nicoletti , Cheti , Franco Peracchi , and Francesca Foliano . 2011 . \" Estimating Income Poverty in the Presence of Missing Data and Measurement Error . \" _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics_ 29 ( 1 ) : 61-72 . - Pinkovskiy , Maxim , and Xavier Sala-i-Martin . 2016 . “ Lights , Camera . . . Income ! Illuminating the National Accounts-Household Surveys Debate * . ” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 131 ( 2 ) : 579 – 631 . - Pokhriyal , Neeti , and Damien Christophe Jacques . 2017 . \" Combining Disparate Data Sources for Improved Poverty Prediction and Mapping . \" _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ 114 ( 46 ) : E9783-E9792 . - Prydz , Espen Beer , Dean Jolliffe , and Umar Serajuddin . 2022 . “ Disparities in Assessments of Living Standards Using National Accounts and Household Surveys . ” _Review of Income and Wealth_ 68 : S385-S420 _ . _ - - Roberts , David R . , Volker Bahn , Simone Ciuti , Mark S . Boyce , Jane Elith , Gurutzeta Guillera ‐ - Arroita , and Severin Hauenstein . 2017 . \" Cross Validation Strategies for Data with Temporal , Spatial , Hierarchical , or Phylogenetic Structure . \" _Ecography_ 40 ( 8 ) : 913-929 . - Roy , Sutirtha , and Roy Van Der Weide . 2025 . “ Estimating poverty for India after 2011 using private-sector survey data . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 172 , 103386 . - Sherwood , B . , & Maidman , A . ( 2017 ) . rqPen : Penalized quantile regression . R package version , 2 . - Soergel , Bjoern , Elmar Kriegler , Benjamin Leon Bodirsky , Nico Bauer , Marian Leimbach , and Alexander Popp . 2021 .", "spans": [{"start": 1628, "end": 1654, "text": "private-sector survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In order to test the validity of the CDR analysis , its findings were compared to World Bank poverty estimates , which are based on Guatemala ’ s National Living Conditions Survey ( ENCOVI ) for 2006 and 2011 and the 2002 Population and Housing Census . The ENCOVI is a traditional household survey , and its sample size does not provide reliable estimates at the municipal level . However , small-area estimation techniques < sup > 7 < / sup > which combine the ENCOVI data with the census data allow for poverty to be estimated at the municipal level . For the purposes of the study these estimated rates were treated as “ ground truth data . ” In machine-learning analysis , ground truth data are obtained by direct observation , rather than by modeling or inference . In this context , however , the term refers to the poverty rates determined by standard statistical estimation methods , which provide the only existing measure of ground truth . Nonetheless , it should be borne in mind that all poverty-rate estimation methodologies are predicated on assumptions , and in this area no ground truth data can offer a perfect representation of reality . Supervised machine-learning models , as described here , require a “ training dataset , ” which comprises benchmark data that represent the ground truth . Since CDRs relate directly to people , they can be considered unit-record data . Then it is the detail of the ground-truth data that largely determines the resolution of the model . In the case of Guatemala , ground-truth data are aggregated This is often the only available option when the ground truth data are based on estimations using household survey data , in which no mobile phone numbers are collected during the survey . In this case , individual-level features are extracted from the CDRs , then combined to form statistical aggregates at the chosen geographic level ( e . g . mean , median , maximum or quantiles by region ) . These aggregates are used to build an area-level predictive model calculated for each area ( e . g . poverty headcount ) . A relatively small sample size ( for example , Guatemala ’ s 338 _municipios_ ) means that internal", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 179, "text": "National Living Conditions Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 217, "end": 251, "text": "2002 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 463, "end": 469, "text": "ENCOVI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 484, "end": 495, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1652, "end": 1673, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1807, "end": 1811, "text": "CDRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Following Giles and Murtazashvili ( 2013 ) , who investigate poverty outcomes in linear and nonlinear settings , our dynamic panel data model with lagged variables takes the following form : where _yit_ is food insecurity for household _i_ at time _t_ . _yit − _ 1 is the lagged value of food insecurity and _divit − _ 1 is the lagged value of the diversity index . We lag these values to account for the time it takes for livelihood diversification to actually affect welfare . Diversification does not have an instant impact . Rather , households may use diversification , _ex ante_ , to cope with shocks and thus improve food security in the future . Including lagged food insecurity _yit − _ 1 in our specifications ensures that the variation we observe in our dependent variable is due to livelihood diversification rather than household level characteristics or differences . In this specification , _β_ 2 is our variable of interest , measuring how lagged income diversification impacts a household ’ s food insecurity , dependent on that household ’ s food insecurity status in the prior round of data . < sup > 8 < / sup > In estimation , we account for regional and time differences in COVID-19 policies and mitigation strategies . We include time ( i . e . , round ) indicators ( _δt_ ) to capture variation in COVID-19 cases and COVID-19-related policies occurring nation-wide . This also captures other large-scale temporal events such as elections in Malawi and civil unrest in Ethiopia . Regional indicators ( _rj_ ) are interacted with a time trend _tt_ to control for regional differences in COVID-19 mitigation strategies over the evolution of the pandemic as well as other regional shocks such as drought or conflict . Lastly , _ui_ is a household fixed effect to control for time-invariant , unobservable household heterogeneity , and _εit_ is an idiosyncratic error term . Robust standard errors are clustered by household to correct for within-household correlation over time . The dynamic panel data specification captures causal impacts if the livelihood diversification index is not correlated with the error term . We address issues of endogeneity which might arise from ( 1 ) simultaneity or reverse causality between the independent and dependent", "spans": [{"start": 2012, "end": 2022, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "no OECD input-output tables , we assign to each of those countries the input-output table from the country that is most similar in terms of three dimensions : level of development captured by GDP per capita , size captured by population and economic structure captured by share of manufacturing value added , all from World Development Indicators . We assign to countries with no input-output table the table of the country with the lowest aggregate difference across the three dimensions , which we aggregate using inverse-variance weighting . 11", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 346, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "per month is applied . | | • < br > * * Mobile distributors * * : unit prices ranged from < br > $ 0 . 17 / m < sup > 3 < / sup > to $ 11 . 00 / m < sup > 3 < / sup > for vendor-carters , within the < br > category of mobile distributors ( MDs ) . The findings < br > support observations in the literature that water from a < br > mobile distributor may cost as much as 10 times that < br > from apiped supply < sup > 12 < / sup > . | • < br > Individual * * home-based systems * * such as solar < br > panels range from US $ 200 to US $ 500 for sufficient < br > electricity for a few light points up to a mixture of a < br > small television , radio and several lights or other < br > appliances . | This following section analyses unit prices , price differentials and connection charges < sup > 13 < / sup > . # * * 4 . 6 . 1 . Unit Price Analysis * * The unit price of water per cubic meter was analyzed based on data from 47 countries and 93 locations according to the typology presented earlier in this report . The analysis showed wide variation in the prices offered by the type of small scale private service provider ( SPSP ) at global level . Unit prices charged by PNOs ( $ 0 . 17 / m < sup > 3 < / sup > to $ 0 . 86 / m < sup > 3 < / sup > ) were notably similar to those of formal utilities ( $ 0 . 02 / m < sup > 3 < / sup > to $ 0 . 79 / m < sup > 3 < / sup > ) — for which data was presented as a benchmark . Despite the fact that many of the formal utilities in the 47 countries for which literature was reviewed , provide highly subsidized services , which may not account for full costs , prices charged by", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 958, "text": "data from 47 countries and 93 locations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Total | Literate | Total | Literate | Total | Literate | | Bukulula | 1 , 714 | 23 . 5 | 7 , 045 | 90 . 96 | 22 , 702 | 80 . 5 | | Kalungu | 728 | 10 . 0 | 4 , 297 | 88 . 31 | 20 , 012 | 80 . 94 | | Kyamuliibwa | 2 , 596 | 35 . 6 | 5 , 201 | 88 . 58 | 12 , 114 | 78 . 09 | | Lukaya TC | 1 , 055 | 14 . 5 | 3 , 519 | 94 . 24 | 13 , 375 | 86 . 79 | | Lwabenge | 1 , 208 | 16 . 6 | 4 , 189 | 79 . 35 | 14 , 821 | 73 . 39 | | * * Total * * | * * 7 , 301 * * | * * 20 . 0 * * | * * 24 , 779 * * | * * 88 . 71 * * | * * 79 , 684 * * | * * 80 . 01 * * | * * _Gomba : _ * * Discussions reveal that the schools existing in the villages are mostly primary schools under the Ministry of Education ’ s UPE program , with only a few secondary schools . Generally , the majority of the labour that can be supplied by the community will be in the form of unskilled labour because there are few people with knowledge , skills and training . In Gomba District , educational statistics reveal that , for persons aged 6 to 12 years , only 12 % never attended school while 187", "spans": [{"start": 979, "end": 1001, "text": "educational statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "namely ; Uganda Cares , TASO Uganda , Kiyumba HC1V , Kyanamukaaka HC1V , AIDS Child and Lambu HCII . According to the DDP , condoms are the main preventive measure used by community members . Therefore , during project implementation intervention measures should be harmonized with existing ones . * * _Bukomasimbi : _ * * According to the Health Sector Strategic Plan ( HSSP III ) , HIV / AIDS is one of the communicable diseases that accounst for over half of the total burden of diseases which are a leading cause of ill health and mortality in Uganda . The overall objective for the communicable diseases cluster is to reduce the prevalence and incidence of communicable diseases by at least 50 percent as per the MDGs and NDP target . * * Table 49 * * identifies the number of facilities offering HIV treatment , and HIV and TB prevalence in the district * * Table 49 : * * * * _HIV Care and Tuberculosis Treatment and Control Services_ * * | * * Category * * | * * Estimated number / Percentage * * | | - - - | - - - | | Accredited sites or health facilities to offer HIV care services . | 8 | | Estimated HIV prevalence . ( DHIS 2 ) | 5 . 4 % | | District HIV prevalence rate | 6 . 3 % | | Estimated HIV prevalence in ANC mothers | 5 . 0 % . | | HIV prevalence : regional | 10 . 6 % | | exposed babies turning HIV positive | 8 . 6 % | | TB case detection rate ( CDR ) | 24 . 8 % | | _Source : District Health Office 2017_ | | * * _Kalungu : _ * * HIV prevalence among the general population of Kalungu is estimated to be 11 . 7 % . However , it is much higher in some communities , such as among the fisher folks of Kamuwunga , Kalan", "spans": [{"start": 1154, "end": 1182, "text": "District HIV prevalence rate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1197, "end": 1236, "text": "Estimated HIV prevalence in ANC mothers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be located after multiple attempts spanning at least two days , if they refused to participate , or if they were already part of the RMG or WL sample . < sup > 9 < / sup > This sampling strategy enables comparison of household characteristics between the RMG-eligible and RS groups to establish whether the households granted entry to the lucky draw were truly among the villages ’ poorer households . Second , we administered the village heads a targeting survey to probe the key factors influencing their selection of welfare beneficiaries and to understand their underlying perceptions regarding what constitutes poverty . > 8 Although the RMG program was implemented in 86 villages , one village was dropped from the analysis because recruitment of beneficiaries there deviated from the model described above . > 9 There was a total of 274 replacements : 151 households were replaced because they were already in the RMG / WL sample . The remaining replacements were due to : absence of women of eligible age in the household ( 36 ) ; households were absent due to harvesting season ( 20 ) ; households were no longer in the village ( 33 ) ; refusal ( 14 ) and other reasons , such as mental illness or temporary absence ( 20 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 463, "text": "village heads a targeting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The distributed micro-data analysis was conducted for two separate analytical themes . The first set of analyses gathered data relating to firm demographics , such as entry and exit , jobs flows , size distribution and firm survival . The second theme gathered indicators of movements of firms and resources related to productivity , such as productivity contributions of entry / exit and other measures of resource reallocation . The synthetic indicators used in the analysis for these two themes are discussed in details in Box 1 . The analysis of firm demographics is based on business registers , census , social security databases , or employment-based register containing information on both establishments and firms ( see Table 1 ) . Data for the analysis of productivity growth come more frequently from business surveys . Using these data , time-series indicators on firm demographics were generated for > 5 . In addition to the authors of this paper , the researchers involved in the distributed micro-data analysis network for the various projects are : John Baldwin ( Canada ) ; Tor Erickson ( Denmark ) ; Seppo Laaksonen , Mika Maliranta , and Satu Nurmi ( Finland ) ; Bruno Crépon and Richard Duhautois ( France ) ; Thorsten Schank ( Germany ) ; Fabiano Schivardi ( Italy ) ; Karin Bouwmeester , Ellen Hoogenboom and Robert Sparrow ( the Netherlands ) ; Pedro Portugal Dias ( Portugal ) ; Ylva Heden ( Sweden ) ; Jonathan Haskel , Matthew Barnes , and Ralf Martin ( United Kingdom ) ; Ron Jarmin and Javier Miranda ( United States ) ; Gabriel Sánchez ( Argentina ) , Marc Muendler and Adriana Schor ( Brazil ) , Andrea Repetto ( Chile ) , Maurice Kugler ( Colombia and Venezuela ) , David Kaplan ( Mexico ) , John Earle ( Hungary and Romania ) , Mihails Hazans ( Latvia ) , Raul Eamets and Jaan Maaso ( Estonia ) , Mark Roberts ( Korea , Indonesia and Taiwan ( China ) ) , Milan Vodopivec ( Slovenia ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 600, "text": "business registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 612, "end": 637, "text": "social security databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 643, "end": 668, "text": "employment-based register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 814, "end": 830, "text": "business surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parental education ( 34 percent ) , and the lowest in the case of average parental schooling ( 24 percent ) , with an average bias of 29 _ . _ 7 percent . < sup > 20 < / sup > A 30 percent bias on an average vindicates the unease among the researchers and editors of journals that the available household surveys in developing countries may not be particularly helpful in understanding the magnitude of intergenerational persistence in economic status . We now turn to the IGC estimates for Bangladesh reported in columns 4 ( full sample ) and 5 ( coresident sample ) of Table 1 . The estimated IGCs for three different indicators of parental education are reported in the top panel and the implied biases are reported at the bottom . The evidence is strikingly different ; the estimate of IGC from the coresident sample is much closer to that from the full sample , and this is true for all three different indicators of parental education ( top panel ) . The average bias in the IGC estimates is 8 _ . _ 7 percent which is less than one-third of the average bias in the IGRC estimates ( 29 _ . _ 7 percent ) . The _highest_ magnitude of bias is 11 percent in the case of IGC which is less than half of the _lowest_ bias found in the IGRC estimates ( 24 percent ) . # * * Evidence from India * * Table 2 reports estimates of IGRC and IGC from India data for three different indicators of parental education ( father ’ s schooling , mother ’ s schooling , and average schooling of mother and father ) . The difference between the IGRC estimates from the coresident and full samples in the case of India are smaller in magnitude compared to the estimates from Bangladesh ( compare top panel of Table 1 to that of Table 2 ) . The average bias is about 17 _ . _ 6 percent . While the extent of bias is not as dramatic as in the Bangladesh data , the evidence still indicates that the coresident sample selection causes substantial downward bias in the IGRC estimates . The relatively lower selection bias in the", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 312, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "registration dates . < sup > 11 < / sup > Both these checks revealed the matching process to be accurate at matching firms which had formalized – it was only a handful of cases where individuals had registered at different addresses that we had not detected . # * * 5 . Results * * We begin by discussing implementation of the different interventions , and use our survey data to examine whether this resulted in changes in knowledge or in inspection frequencies . We then examine whether these interventions changed the rate of business closure , and then ultimately , the impact on different aspects of formalization . To estimate treatment effects , we estimate versions of equations ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) for different outcomes . Since baseline data are not available for the inspector > 11 The survey firm was only able to re-contact 1166 firms in doing this check ( after accidentally inserting a skip pattern which skipped asking the ALF and CNPJ numbers for most firms in the full follow-up survey ) , and so given this large attrition rate we do not use these data for measuring the formalization outcome , but instead rely on administrative records , only using these data as a cross-check to ensure our administrative matching procedure is reliable . 17", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 376, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1130, "end": 1152, "text": "administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 05 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Compassion | 3 . 75 | 3 . 67 | - 0 . 07 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Self-Sacrifce | 4 . 05 | 4 . 14 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | PSM Index | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 43 | 2126 | | _Panel D : Cognitive and risk profle measures_ | | | | | | | Altruism - percentage shared | 0 . 29 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 00 | 2125 | | Choose dominated risk option | 0 . 10 | 0 . 13 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 04 | 2126 | | Risk-aversion ( 1-5 ) | 3 . 72 | 3 . 91 | 0 . 19 | 0 . 01 | 1869 | | Cognitive ability - Number of digits remembered | 5 . 52 | 5 . 25 | - 0 . 28 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | _Note : _ This table compares average characteristics of politicians and bureaucrats . Column ( 1 ) reports the average characteristic for all politicians , while column ( 2 ) does the same for bureaucrats . Details about the construction of variables are presented in the Annex . Column ( 3 ) presents the difference between politicians ’ and bureaucrats ’ means . Column ( 4 ) presents the p-value of a test with null hypothesis of equal means . Column ( 5 ) reports the number of observations with non-missing values in each test . 44", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", WTP surveys can contribute a valuable participatory element to the development planning process , and they provide an important type of ‘ field experiment ’ in which the analyst can mix control and realism in a practical way . > 10 We investigate the options for targeting through geography and proxy means in a companion paper ( Pattanayak et al . , 2005 ) . We conclude that while still imperfect , a mix of geographic and proxy means would be the most effective _form_ of targeting for poverty reduction . These could be combined with several _types_ of targeting , including placement of new pipelines ( fundamentally geographic ) and subsidized water connections and consumption ( potentially based on proxy means ) . 25", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 13, "text": "WTP surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant at the 1 percent level . > 6 The practical implementation of the three-step procedure is greatly facilitated by a number of STATA ado-files programmed by different researchers : Below , _oaxaca_ by Jann ( 2008 ) is used for the Oaxaca type decompositions and code based on the one in _selmlog_ by Bourguignon , Fournier and Gurgand ( 2007 ) for the numerical computation of correction terms . Besides , the quantile regressions of Section 4 . 3 rely on _rifreg_ by Firpo , Fortin and Lemieux ( 2007 , 2009 ) . 7 As mentioned above , the BLFS contains data on 23 , 587 individuals . 14 , 137 of these fulfill the restrictions underlying the baseline decomposition ( as detailed in Table 1 , this implies in particular that they are between 15 and 65 years old and are neither unpaid family workers nor graduates of institutions of religious education ) . Of these , 7 , 178 individuals work either in the public or the private sector . Finally , for 6 , 562 individuals valid information on all control variables is available in the BLFS . Accordingly , they form the basis of the analysis of this section . Table 2 shows that the unweighted sample of 6 , 562 individuals can be broken down into 3 , 180 observations for public sector workers and 3 , 382 observations for private sector workers . Using appropriate sample weights , this translates into 58 , 068 public sector workers and 118 , 853 private sector workers . - 14 -", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 553, "text": "BLFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| El Salvador | National Development < br > Plan 2010-2014 < br > | X | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Mexico | Vision 2030 < br > | X | X | | Panama | National Concertation | X | | | Peru | National < br > Competitiveness Plan < br > 2003-2010 < br > National < br > Competitiveness < br > Agenda < br > < br > | X < br > X | | | Uruguay | Industrial < br > Development < br > Strategy ( 2008 ) < br > | X | X | | | Sectoral < br > Industrial < br > Plans ( 2011 ) < br > | X | X | * Discontinued by the current government Source : The authors based on Official Data Table 2 also shows that some of the strategies combine with promotion of new activities , which would fall into the Hausmann , Rodrik and Sabel industrial policies “ in the large ” . However , many of these more ambitious initiatives are “ in the large ‘ _light_ ’ ” , i . e . , they are not grand bets distant from existing comparative advantages or learning capabilities . As an illustration , Table 3 lists the initiatives in Colombia for productive transformation that aim to build capacities leading to new world class sectors / activities in that country . In Chile , the 2007 innovation strategy ’ s push for new activities was focused on cluster development of eight carefully selected sectors , but most are based on activities close to country ’ s abundant natural resources < sup > 14 < / sup > . > 14 The current government , which entered power in 2010 , suspended the strategy launched by the opposition . The National Innovation Council for Competitiveness announced a review of the strategy of innovation in April 2011 : http : / / www . cnic . cl / 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Egypt , Arab Repuote of Wa < br > nya eae < br > { hy ré yi < br > ” y 2 | | < br > 5 ) “ ~ ~ ¢ FA § pedMj < br > soy < br > Un Dt cA < br > naa imWa + > pare < br > ale titiaca < br > 1 < br > . pin re oea \\ yay < br > bre | ge ° ° Aton L a pee ? yo F Be : mm © FivecT-InseratonalTranemision NetwoGateway < br > Fain \\ ) Gp ( Cv - GSM Coverage < br > Central antia < br > Atncan Republic - oo Ethiopia Ree of Map < br > oo < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Egypt Arab Republic of < br > bya f j < br > Wi f < br > a ; < br > calee coed ( fi : j ) apsEDas < br > = < br > TM < br > oo momma : ) [ . , Rives < br > , < br > ALTUNAY AE \" ag r ) ALFASHIR t ‘ e xv < br > a eo @ 4 ° = \\ ) CurrentUae < t % Irrigation @ t % - s % ( % Uae < t % Irrigation @ t % - s % ( % < br > eo e < br > Central Amican Repub sage = 8as evopia PYE2OMap < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > < t % Irrigation @ t % - s % ( % Irrigation @ t % - s % ( % @ t % - s % ( % ( % @ > sArea ) < br > CurrentUae < t % Irrigation @ t % - s % ( % Uae < t % Irrigation @ t % - s % ( % < br > < ! - - End of picture text", "spans": [{"start": 903, "end": 911, "text": "PYE2OMap", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and provided with a ration card , which entitled them to the assistance and protection available in the camps . Access to rations and other services provided in Dadaab was conditional upon UNHCR registration . Until then , asylum-seekers could obtain temporary food and assistance . Recognized refugees also received a Proof of Registration document , which included photos and bio data . > 53 As discussed in Subsection 2 . 5 of this report , UNHCR ’ s broader mandate criteria draw from broader refugee criteria in the regional refugee instruments , but are to some extent textually distinct . Also as discussed in the introduction to this case study , until July 2014 , UNHCR was responsible for conducting RSD . In this sense , although UNHCR ’ s database records the OAU Convention ’ s broader refugee criteria as the basis for recognition ( and indeed , Kenya was a party to that Convention , and a domestic refugee law which incorporated the broader refugee criteria had been in force since 2006 ) , perhaps UNHCR ’ s database should have recorded the basis for recognition as UNHCR ’ s mandate rather than the OAU Convention ’ s broader refugee criteria . For more on this , see e . g . Wood , supra note 49 . See also data caveats expressed in footnote 134 below . > 54 Exactly when this geographic demarcation was introduced is unclear . Some informants surmised that it may have been in place even in 2005 / 2006 . > 55 UNHCR has three levels of registration through which progressively detailed information is obtained as the registration level increases . 135", "spans": [{"start": 741, "end": 759, "text": "UNHCR ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1015, "end": 1033, "text": "UNHCR ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the landlord can evict the tenant with no compensation whatsoever and without giving notice . In all cases , evictions must be mandated by court , as explained below . Without prejudice to this rule , rent costs may greatly vary with every contract renewal . Moreover , nothing in the Lebanese law currently ensures that the percentage of rent-related costs is commensurate with income levels . Furthermore , and based on some of the information showed by the FGDs , it is important to note the very fragile nature of lease contracts when either : a ) the apparent owner of the property is not effectively the real owner ; or b ) the signatory landlord of a coowned real property did not get the approval of the majority of the other co-owners to lease the said property . In the latter scenario where the real property is owned by more than one person , each co-owner is considered to be the owner of a certain number of shares of the co-owned property , but does not own a specific and well-defined area of the property ; thus , any act of administration regarding the property ( e . g . leasing ) must be approved by three quarters of all co-owners , according to co-ownership rules in Lebanese law . < sup > 67 < / sup > In all such cases , signed contracts can very well be considered as null and void . The illegality of built real property may also affect the validity of the lease contract unless this illegality is subject to settlement . The survey results and FGDs showed that the majority of lease contracts were in a verbal format ( with no written document available ) . Verbal lease agreements are a valid form of lease contracts . However , such contracts do not fall under the provision of Article 543 of the COC , and thus do not benefit from the aforementioned three-year security of tenure . Rather , they fall under Article 542 of the same code . Before the start of execution of any verbal lease contract ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these comparisons , we turn to a direct comparison between non-EU15 migrants and refugees . Figure 8 shows the differences in employment rates between the two groups for different specifications . The baseline does not take differences in education levels or origin countries into account . We then introduce origin countries fixed effects and education dummies , first separately , then together . < sup > 31 < / sup > It turns out that accounting for education differences or for countries of origin yields very similar results ; the combination of both does not alter this conclusion . According > 29 . This does not seem to be due to changes in education levels between cohorts . When education levels are included in regressions using the restricted sample , these effecs do not disappear . See Figure A . 1 in the appendix . 30 . As we observe education levels in the Structural Surveys between the years 2010 and 2017 ( and not at the moment of arrival ) , this seems to imply that only a very small number of refugees who arrived in Switzerland between the ages of 18 and 25 years were able to obtain a tertiary education degree in Switzerland . > 31 . As above , the specifications without education levels rely on the main sample , whereas those with education dummies use the restricted sample . The detailed results of these estimations are given in Table A . 4 in the appendix . 17", "spans": [{"start": 874, "end": 892, "text": "Structural Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to deliver safe scho IDA / D7010 Expansion of Lower Secondary Education Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-05-11 2023-05-31 2023-06-01 2023-08-25 2023-07-15 2023-08-12 2023-09-11 2023-10-16 2023-11-20 2024-11-19 < br > ols under Lot 4 in 93 schools < br > located in 11 Districts in Wes < br > t Nile sub region < br > UG-MOES-359658-CS-CQS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Children ( VAC ) survey and variousactivities to deliver safe scho IDA / D7010 Expansion of Lower Secondary Education Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-05-11 2023-05-31 2023-05-25 2023-06-24 2023-07-29 2024-01-25 < br > ols in 7 schools in 5 Districts i < br > n Karamoja sub region < br > UG-MOES-360180-CS-CQS / Procurement of a firm to prepare a background paper onthe Private Education and Tr IDA / D7010 Improving Teachers Supportand Strategy DevelopmentNationally Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-05-12 2023-08-17 2023-05-26 2023-06-25 2023-07-30 2024-01-26 < br > aining Policy < br > UG-MOES-359582-CS-QCBS / < br > Procurement of service provi < br > ders to implement Accelerate < br > d Education Programme ( AEP ) in 5 Centres : Lot 1 : Yumbe - Yoyo Secondary School , Obo IDA / D7010 Hosting Community and Refugee Education Support Prior Quality And", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 across banks , indicating the existence of other important bank and country-level effects . For example , some individual banks have better strategies and lending technologies , and there are country-level effects and programs that are not easily measurable ( e . g . interest subsidies , exemptions on reserve requirements ) . Even acknowledging these caveats , however , we believe that the results are insightful and help in initiating more research in this important area . # * * 6 . Summary of Findings and Policy Implications * * This paper reports the results of a survey of SME lending with unusually high coverage of banks in the MENA region . The paper shows that the average SME loan portfolio in MENA is relatively small amounting to less than 8 percent of total loans . The survey also shows the wide differences in the scale of SME lending between GCC and non-GCC countries ( much smaller in the former group ) , as well as the scope for further SME lending in both sets of countries , revealed by the large difference between the long-run targets and the actual lending levels . State banks play an important role in SME lending in many MENA countries , to a large extent a compensatory role for the low private bank involvement in SME finance in these countries . Moreover , state banks seem to take more risk than private banks , as indicated by broader selection criteria , more exposure to term lending , and softer collateral requirements . However , they do not seem to have developed sufficient risk management capacity to manage these risks – a smaller share of state banks has introduced dedicated SME units , adopted internal scoring models , and conducted regular stress tests to monitor the risks related to SME lending . Several MENA countries have introduced credit guarantee schemes , and there is some evidence that these schemes may have contributed to more SME lending . The countries with the largest shares of SME loans in the total loan portfolio are the ones with the largest schemes , and the statistical analysis of the dataset also suggests that credit guarantee schemes may have induced more SME lending , controlling for other factors . However , these", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 596, "text": "survey of SME lending", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * _Impact on Burial Site_ * * The census enumeration and property registration process revealed that one tower ( Tower117 ) will be installed within the boundary of a newly assigned burial site in Ifa Lode Kebele of Lote Hetosa Woreda . The burial site is owned by the Muslim community within the Kebele . This site is not operational at the time of the survey . The potential minor land take was discussed , agreed with members of the community . # # # # # # * * _Cut-Off Date_ * * This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . The asset inventory was completed on January 14 , 2025 , and therefore this last date of the census survey is the cut-off date for all project components ( i . e . for TL tower pad , RoW and the new substation ) . During the census survey , all PAPs have been informed about the cut-off-date by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members . They have also been informed that no payment of compensation will be made with respect to any construction or any improvement on land where such activity is done after the cut-off date . # # # # # # * * _Compensation for Temporary Losses_ * * Temporary land acquisition impact of ROW on agricultural land will be considered for compensation payment as per the provisions stated in the Ethiopian law ( Proclamation No . 1161 / 2019 and Amendment Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 , and in compliance with the principles of WB ’ s ESS 5 . Provision of a temporary area to be used by the contractor include temporary", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 812, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 908, "end": 921, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1040, "end": 1053, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> rk for the establishment and < br > operation of UGs in Ethiopia < br > hat supports good governan < br > e , strengthens and accelerat < br > es the decentralization proce < br > ss including enhanced decen < br > tralized service delivery | / < br > < br > < br > t < br > c < br > < br > < br > < br > IDA / D2770 | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 114 , 286 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-03-22 < br > 2 | 021-03-1 | 7 < br > 2021-04-12 | 2021-05-26 | | | | | 2021-06-25 | 2021-07-30 | 2022-02-25 | | ET-MUDH-279951-CS-QCBS < br > National Urban Developmen < br > & Construction Sector Baseli < br > ne ( BDDMS ) Data Collection < br > which will support implemen < br > ation and monitoring of the < br > en Years Perspective Plan fo < br > r the sector | / < br > t < br > t < br > T < br > < br > IDA / D2770 | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - National | 727 , 273 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implemen < br > ation | t < br > 2022-02-25 < br > 2 | 022-04-1 | 3 < br > 2022-03-18 < br > 2022 - | 05-02 < br > 2022-05-01 | | | 2022-05-29 | 2022-06-28 | 2022-08-02 |", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 677, "text": "BDDMS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Aide Memoire , Women Entrepreneurship Development Project , October 29 – Nov 8 , 2013 45 One Stop Shops on CD , to facilitate the registration process . However , upon visiting the One Stop Shops , the WEDP Mission found that they were not yet prepared to register clients and issue membership cards . The main constraint is that MSE Development Offices have not yet finalized contracts with local graphic shops which will print the ID cards . It is also not clear which staff in the OSS have been trained on issuing the ID card . 39 . It will be difficult for the WEDP program to move forward smoothly without the finalization of the registration and membership cards , since these cards are required in order for WEDP participants to access any project services at the TVETs or MFIs . FeMSEDA has committed to prioritizing the finalization of the registration system by focusing on the following tasks : ( i ) ensuring that each OSS has signed a contract with a local graphic shop to print the ID card ; ( ii ) ensuring the paper-based registration form and the excel database collect all necessary information on the entrepreneur ; ( iii ) ensuring that each OSS has dedicated staff members for WEDP who are trained on issuing the ID card and registering clients . 40 . * * Impact Evaluation : * * The impact evaluation is examining ways to measure the impact of various innovations in the provision of credit and training to women entrepreneurs . Following an impact evaluation workshop at The World Bank in February 2013 , participating MFIs have proposed several innovative services for women entrepreneurs that they would like to pilot . These include cash flow based lending models and psychometric screening as ways to provide credit to women entrepreneurs without the traditional collateral requirement . The impact evaluation team is working closely with the technical assistance providers and with the MFIs to introduce and measure the impact of these innovations when the MFIs begin disbursing loans . Based on the progress of Component 2 , the impact evaluation may also examine the impact of innovative forms", "spans": [{"start": 1064, "end": 1078, "text": "excel database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Valletta 2013 ; Rothstein 2011 ; Tatsiramos 2009 ; Van Ours and Vodopivec 2006 ) . Using macro level panel data , Pignatti and Van Belle ( 2018 ) showed that in developed countries , when coupled with sufficiently high spending on ALMP , higher public spending on PLMP can cut unemployment and boost employment rates . However , in developing countries , increased public spending on PLMP did not significantly affect unemployment or employment rates . Country-level research on developing economies suggests that while generous UB tend to increase unemployment and reduce their formal employment more prominently compared to developed economies , this is not necessarily due to moral hazard . For instance , in Turkey , a two-month extension of UB during 2002-2012 decreased the likelihood of job finding by 15 percent , surpassing effects observed in the United States , Germany , and Austria ( Filiz 2017 ) . However , individuals entitled to longer UB periods showed reduced tendency to exploit the system , indicating lower moral hazard . Similarly , an increase in UB duration in 2002-2010 led to a lower probability of returning to a formal job . Yet , its efficiency cost was lower than observed in the United States ( Gerard and Gonzaga 2021 ) . In Mauritius , Liepmann and Pignatti ( 2021 ) found positive and significant welfare effects of UB during 2012-2108 in a highly informal context , with smaller efficiency costs than in developed economies . In addition , the shift to informal employment was more influenced by layoffs than by UB generosity . Therefore , contrary to studies 5", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 111, "text": "macro level panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Works : [ Domestic preference is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is not Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "timely start of activities is crucial to ensure the preventive activities can be planned and implemented . 4 . 6 million people are identified to need shelter and NFI assistance , with slightly more than 88 % of households reported living in a makeshift shelter according to REACH assessment or partially damaged , or fully destroyed shelter , due to previous conflicts and disasters . Considering the high cost of shelter repairs , and the already negative net income of households , reconstruction comes at a high cost that may not be affordable for most . Failure to address these issues would keep hundreds of vulnerable households in inadequate , unsecured , and often overcrowded shelters , with severe implications for their health , protection , socio - economic situation and personal security - especially for children , the elderly , disabled people , women , and girls . Somalia is gradually recovering from its prolonged conflict , which has led to widespread displacement . Internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) face significant challenges , particularly in securing Housing , Land , and Property ( HLP ) rights . With weak governance structures , Somalia ’ s legal systems remain fragmented , complicating access to justice for vulnerable populations . Many IDPs live in urban centers , where land tenure insecurity is rampant , leading to frequent forced evictions , which further displace already vulnerable communities . Eviction data gathered by the HLP AoR since 2015 , indicates that over 1 . 7 million IDPs experienced forced evictions and by the end of September 2024 alone , over 98 , 000 people have been forcefully evicted , often in violation of both national and international guidelines . Up to 60 % of all evictions reported are in occurring in IDPs located in cities , in particular Mogadishu , Baidoa , Kismayo , Bosaso , Garowe among others < sup > 2 < / sup > The justice system in Somalia is complex , combining formal institutions , clan-based customary practices ( xeer ) , and Shari ’ a courts . This legal plurality has made it difficult for IDPs and marginalized groups to", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 291, "text": "REACH assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1439, "end": 1452, "text": "Eviction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the share of Afghan households who receive aid , transfer , and free goods are respectively 3 . 2 % , 6 . 6 % , and 14 . 4 % , which is significantly lower than these shares for Iranians . # # * * 4 . 2 . 4 . Measuring economic shock * * In order to measure shocks , we need a variable that both reflects the exogenous nature of macro shocks in Iran ’ s economy and has at least a monthly frequency to be merged with HEIS data . In this regard , our best candidate is the exchange rate ( US dollar to IR rial ) which is available daily and , as shown in Figure 3 , quickly reveals the effect of sanctions on Iran ’ s economy . In addition , since we aim to study the effect of shock on social cohesion , it is also important that exchange rate shock captures not only the direct economic impact of exogenous shocks but also people ’ s perceptions and expectations about the status of the economy . Besides , many Afghan refugees send remittances back home and regularly consider returning home or remigrating to other places . Such considerations are mostly affected by the exchange rate that is instantly visible to them . In contrast , other shock measures like GDP growth capture the economic shocks to all sectors of the economy , many of which are irrelevant to work for refugees . Since the recall period for most of our dependent variables is the past year , our primary variable to − measure monthly shock is the year-on-year difference in log of USD to IRR rate , i . e . ( log Xrate � , � log Xrate � , � � � ) . However , because the exchange rate in Iran jumps in bad economic times and remains almost constant in good times , which is evident in Figure 3 , the variation in this measure of shock mainly reflects bad economic shocks . For this reason , when we examine the asymmetric effect of good and bad shocks in section 5 . 4 , we apply a Hodrick-Prescott filter to extract the cyclical component of the log of the", "spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 428, "text": "HEIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2010 ) . Of the 7 trials in the TMSDG meta-analysis of hemoglobin ( which produce 9 treatment estimates , since two are factorial ) , only one appears to have any significant hookworm prevalence ( Dossa and Ategbo , 2001 ) ; the other six either do not report hookworm prevalence or report very low values , between 1 % — 11 % . > 19 The other two are hemoglobin and cognition . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be requested and issued to adult citizens . This intermediate indicator is linked to the percent of population with unique ID outcome indicator . A total of 200 , 000 e-ID cards are expected to by issued at the end of the project . As the new e-ID system would take two years to be built , issuance of e-ID cards would only occur starting < u > year 3 . < / u > | * * Name : * * Percentage increase < br > | Percentage | 0 . 00 | 15 . 00 | Annual | CSC pilot will provide | ANSIE / PCU and CSC | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | of transactions intiated per | | | | | statistic data on | pilot | | Citizen Service Center ( CSC ) | | | | | transactions initiated | | | per year | | | | | and / or completed . | | Page 36 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 609, "text": "statistic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rest of the world providers and providers not specified . The health expenditure on private providers has increased from 20 % in 1999 / 2000 to 29 % in 2004 / 2005 , while the share of government providers has declined from 68 % to 54 % during the same period . This shows that the role of the private sector in the provision of services is gradually increasing , while the government ’ s role in the provision of services is declining . The gradual increase in the share of for profit private providers is expected to inject efficiency in the sector . While the increased role of the private sector should continue to be encouraged , the government needs to build its capacity in terms of regulating and improving access to health services for the rural population and the poor . # # < u > Expenditure by Function < / u > 18 . There has been a considerable shift of resources from curative care to preventive care over the last five years . Comparison of the findings of NHA 2 and NHA 3 in terms of the functional breakdown of health expenditure shows that the expenditure on preventive and public health services increased from 17 % to 24 % of the total expenditure , while the expenditure on curative care including pharmaceuticals decreased from 57 % to 45 % of total expenditure . This resource shift is further evidenced when one considers the resources flowing through FMOH and RHBs / WorHOs ; it shows that the share of expenditure on prevention and public health has increased from 16 % in 1999 / 00 to 44 % in 2004 / 05 , while the share of expenditure on curative services has only increased from 11 % to 20 % . The share of administration remains at 7 % which is considered reasonable , according to the generally accepted rule of thumb of 10 % . 19 . Although it is difficult to judge the optimal curative-preventive combination , the move towards prevention from curative services is in line with the government ’ s health sector policy and health care financing strategy . Increasing allocation to preventative / promotive", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 977, "text": "NHA 2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 982, "end": 987, "text": "NHA 3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "locations where heavy pedestrian crossings were observed along the project road . Foot over bridges are provided for the safety of the pedestrians crossing the project road . Elevated corridor for Nakuru town is one of the major structures proposed in the recommended option . A six-lane viaduct shall be built over the existing road to cater for the through traffic and existing road under the viaduct to cater for the local traffic . # # # # * * Bus Stops , Footpaths , Cycle Tracks * * The locations of existing bus bays as provided in the inventory are proposed to be retained after the development of the existing highway . Bus bays shall be provided at all the prominent locations of urban settlements / major road crossings etc . or where engagement shall in consultation with the relevant county governments verify the need to support existing markets . Foot path and cycle tracks has been provided in the urban sections of Nakuru Town which are tentative , and provisions may have to be made in the future stage of the project as per the minimum design provision drawn up in output specifications . 5", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 552, "text": "inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "majority of primary teachers have difficulties with high-school material . The tests used in this research were developed by the Center for Educational Assessment of the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture ( _Pusat Penilaian Pendidikan_ or _Puspendik_ ) . The tests consist of a 20 item math component , a 20 item science component , and a 20 item Indonesian language component . Another 40 items were used to assess pedagogical knowledge and social and personality traits . Teachers had 2 hours to complete the entire test . This meant that teachers had 1 minute and 12 seconds on average for each question . All questions were 5-option multiple choice questions . Approximately 1 , 700 primary school teachers in 240 public primary schools were tested . The test intended to roughly reflect what the Center for Educational Assessment expects teachers to know . Scores of around 60 percent correct or higher , then , are considered “ a pass ” . But what does passing really mean ? The Center for Educational Assessment may have been too ambitious for example , by setting targets too high . It is even more difficult to compare such raw scores internationally as standards for _appropriate levels of knowledge_ may differ between countries . Comprehensive studies specifically designed to evaluate teachers ’ subject-matter knowledge across countries , such as PISA or TIMSS for students , do not exist . Hanushek , Piopiunik , and Wiederhold ( 2014 ) cleverly measure cross-country variations in teacher knowledge from OECD ’ s Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies ( PIAAC ) . PIAAC does not focus on teachers explicitly , but as the PIAAC samples are large enough , sufficiently many teachers are part of it . The first round of PIAAC however does not survey any of the developing economies . As cross-country comparisons of teachers ’ subject knowledge are lacking in the developing world , we rely on introspection of the reader of this paper to make an assessment of whether Indonesian teachers are up to standard . For the analysis we select two items from the 20-item math component of the subject-matter test of the Midline study ( fielded in April-May 2011 ) . Midline data of teachers is arguably the most reliable source", "spans": [{"start": 2208, "end": 2220, "text": "Midline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fazzari , Steven M . , James Morley & Irina Panovska . * * ( * * 2015 ) . “ State-Dependent Effects of Fiscal Policy . ” _Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics_ 19 ( 3 ) : 285 – 315 . - < mark > Fernández ‐ Villaverde , J . , Gordon , G . , Guerrón ‐ Quintana , P . & Rubio ‐ Ramírez , J . F . ( 2015 ) . Non ‐ linear adventures at the zero lower bound ’ , < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control < / mark > _ < mark > , vol . < / mark > * * < mark > 57 < / mark > * * < mark > , pp . 182 – 204 . < / mark > - Figueres , J . ( 2015 ) . < mark > News on state ‐ dependent multipliers : The role of confidence , Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche \" Marco Fanno \" . Working Paper 202 < / mark > - Fishback , Price , Horrace , William , & Kantor , Shawn . Did New Deal Grant Programs Stimulate Local Economies ? A Study of Federal Grants and Retail Sales During The Great Depression . _The Journal of Economic History_ 65 , no . 1 ( March 2005 ) : 36 – 71 . - Fishback , P . & Kachanovskaya , V . ( 2011 ) In Search of the Multiplier for Federal Spending in the States During the New Deal , _NBER Working Paper_ , 16561 . - Fishback , P . & Kachanovskaya , V . ( 2015 ) The Multiplier for Federal Spending in the States During the Great Depression , _The Journal of Economic History_ , Volume 75 , Issue 1 , March 2015 , 125 – 162 . - Fowlie , Meredith , Greenstone Michael & Catherine Wolfram . Do Energy Efficiency Investments Deliver ? Evidence from the Weatherization Assistance Program . _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 2018 , 133 ( 3 ) : 1597-1644 . - < mark > Ganelli , G . < / mark > & < mark > Tervala , J . ( 2016 ) . The Welfare Multiplier", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 3 : Validation with SICONFI data - commitment < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 2000 < br > 1500 4000 < br > 1000 < br > 2000 < br > 500 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PB PE < br > 600 < br > 2000 < br > 400 < br > 1000 < br > 200 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PR RS < br > 1500 < br > 1000 < br > 1000 < br > 500 < br > 500 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > SP % difference from SICONFI data < br > 8000 < br > 6000 < br > 4000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > % difference from SICONFI data < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage deviation in the total amount of budget commitments , at the municipality-year level , between our dataset and SICONFI , the public finance dataset of the Brazilian Treasury . Values are positive whenever the total amount in our dataset , aggregated from individual commitments , is larger than that of SICONFI . See Table 1 for more details on our", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 39, "text": "SICONFI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1269, "end": 1276, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "real and financial conditions . Specifically , regressions of flows on two global factors – one estimated from 6 non-central advanced countries , and another one estimated from 15 emerging market economies ( those with weight in the MSCI index above 1 % ) – yield an average ( across countries and flow types ) adjusted _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > of 0 . 05 ( figure A7 of Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) . If the factors are augmented with selected global variables , the adjusted _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > still averages only 0 . 12 . < sup > 25 < / sup > In Appendix C we show that a large part of the discrepancy with our re - > 25In turn , Cerutti et al . ( 2017a ) likewise find that an emerging-market inflow group factor , specific to the inflow type , accounts on average for just 12 percent of the variance of portfolio equity and bonds as well as bank inflows to 33 emerging markets , using quarterly data over 2001-2015 . 18", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 904, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) administer them on-site or through outreaches . The health facilities are mandated to identify eligible beneficiaries , vaccinate , and prepare reports for submission through DHIS2 to facilitate national oversight of the exercise and course correction , where warranted . * * 30 . Post vaccination surveillance : * * One of the objectives of the NVDP is to monitor and evaluate preparedness , implementation , and occurrence of Adverse Events Following Immunization ( AEFIs ) . People experiencing serious AEFIs on-site are counselled and treated using an AEFI kit provided by the immunization team . Cases of AEFIs are documented and transmitted to the MoH as part of the routine reports on the immunization activity . The reports reach the MoH through two channels , either through the DHIS-2 e-tracker or a phone call to the National Drug Authority ( NDA ) , which enters the clients ’ details and symptoms into a database . Each serious AEFI case is investigated by a National Investigation team that has regional presence . A national causality assessment committee is in place to assess the potential causes of the AEFIs . * * 31 . Digital tools and technologies included in the NVDP : * * The country is leveraging the DHIS-2 to facilitate close to real-time collection , transmission , and analysis of the COVID-19 vaccination reports . The tool captures three key components of data , i . e . , the vaccine stock chain , the vaccination data , and the AEFIs both as aggregate for all data components and individual elements . It has a dashboard / DHIS-1 tracker , which facilitates reporting by frontline workers using mobile phones , tablets , and computers . Prior to entry into the DHIS-2 , the data is manually documented on Client Cards , Client Registers , vaccines , and Injection Materials Control book , AE", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 923, "text": "DHIS-2 e-tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1345, "end": 1351, "text": "DHIS-2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1675, "end": 1689, "text": "DHIS-1 tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1813, "end": 1819, "text": "DHIS-2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( enrolling in a bachelor ’ s program , enrolling in a SC program , or not enrolling in higher education ) , which might bias OLS estimates of labor market impacts . Second , while a standard Instrumental Variables ( IV ) approach could address self-selection issues in homogeneous treatment effect settings , under general conditions it would not identify the average effect of SC programs ( Heckman and Urzúa , 2010 ) . More precisely , in our essential heterogeneity setting , a standard IV strategy would only identify the effect of SC programs on compliers relative to the next-best option that the student would have otherwise chosen – enrolling in a bachelor ’ s program or not enrolling at all in higher education – without identifying the separate margins of choice . In other words , a standard IV strategy would identify the effect of SC programs relative to a mixture of the other two options . Only under additional assumptions could one decompose this effect into its sub-components and provide the underlying pairwise comparisons ( as in Kline and Walters , 2016 ; Hull , 2018 ) . Rather than impose additional assumptions , we exploit rich student longitudinal data and local exogenous variation in higher education supply to estimate the share of students who respond along each margin of choice – expansion and diversion – while also estimating SC programs ’ labor market effects relative to the next-best option . Evidence on these margins is novel for developing countries . While other studies have explored higher education returns in developing countries , they have either compared returns across countries ( Ferreyra et al . , 2017 , 2021 ) or , within a country , have estimated returns for new _versus_ existing programs ( Camacho et al . , 2017 ) , by program and field ( Ferreyra et al . , 2020 ) , or for selective institutions ( Barrera-Osorio and Bayona-Rodríguez , 2019 ) . Unlike previous studies , we quantify the margins of choice and argue that these are critical to who benefits from SC programs , and why . Consider , for instance , a policymaker who builds a new higher education institution ( HEI ) specialized in SC programs . This might lead some", "spans": [{"start": 1156, "end": 1181, "text": "student longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 % < br > 20 . 9 % < br > 15 . 5 % < br > 10 . 4 % < br > 5 . 9 % < br > 0 1 2 3 4 > 4 < br > No . of times they have relocated < br > Figure 18 Relocation rate of surveyed households in Lebanon < br > Source : UN-Habitat and UNHCR household survey ( July 2017 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | * * District of residence in * * < br > * * Lebanon * * | * * Percentage of relocated HHs during the * * < br > * * six months prior to the survey * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Akkar * * | 15 . 8 % | | * * Minieh-Dennieh * * | 14 . 9 % | | * * Tripoli * * | 17 . 4 % | | * * Zahle * * | 17 . 3 % | | * * Beirut * * | 27 . 8 % | | * * Saida * * | 20 % | | * * Tyre * * | 27 . 3 % | * * Table 6 * * Percentage of surveyed households that relocated within Lebanon during the six months prior to the survey per district of residence in Lebanon Source : UN-Habitat and UNHCR household survey ( July 2017 ) < mark > 22 < / mark >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 | 74 . 1 | < br > 94 . 9 | | Total | 856 . 8 | 958 . 4 | 950 . 0 | 1 , 009 . 6 | - Provisional Source : Economic Survey , 1977 , Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Finance and Planning . For those who had employment in 1976 , average earnings in both the public and private sectors increased faster between June 1975 and June 1976 than the rise in the cost of living for the first time in four years . 1 . 05 One of the major issues facing Kenya is the general problem of lack of productive employment and in particular the rising unemployment of school leavers . Out of a total working age population ( 15-59 ) , estimated at 6 . 6 million in 1976 , only 14 % or 914 , 700 were engaged in the modern sector of the economy . A further 290 , 000 were receiving secondary or higher education and the remainder were either in urban areas seeking employment , working in the rural areas on small agricultural holdings or engaged in informal sector activities . The exact number of unemployed and underemployed workers is not known . A Labor Force Survey by the Government is underway to obtain a better picture of the situation .", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 121, "text": "Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1043, "end": 1061, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participation of slum residents in the development and implementation of plans for upgrading , and the establishment of processes and mechanisms that allow citizens to monitor and give feedback on government performance . KISIP contributes to the CPS ‘ s equity objective by supporting the formal recognition of the rights of residents of informal settlements to occupy the land and homes in which they live , thus helping to reduce the vulnerability of residents to displacement without warning or compensation , a not uncommon occurrence in Kenya today . KISIP further promotes equity by upgrading infrastructure and services in the most underserved neighborhoods of cities , thereby helping to directly raise the quality of living conditions of Kenya ‘ s poorest and most vulnerable citizens . Bank ‘ s 2009 Poverty and Inequality Assessment showed that access to infrastructure assists people to move out of poverty , because it allows households to access opportunities to incomegenerating activities . < sup > 8 < / sup > Investment in infrastructure also contributes to the growth agenda by improving the competitiveness of Kenya ‘ s cities as places to live and invest . Finally , KISIP directly supports the environmental agenda through its investments in water and sanitation services , solid waste management , stormwater drainage , and public parks . 17 . * * KISIP will support the same municipalities as KMP * * . Given the limited financing available from development partners and the government ‘ s desire to demonstrate significant results on the ground , it was agreed that both the KMP and KISIP should focus on a selected set of municipalities . Using transparent selection criteria , 15 municipalities ( 14 municipalities out of a total of 45 in the country , plus Nairobi City Council ) were selected for participation in KMP . < sup > 9 < / sup > KISIP will work in the same 15 municipalities because efforts under the two programs complement each other . KMP supports improvements in municipal finances , capacity and systems and , simultaneously , invests in city-wide planning , services and trunk infrastructure . KISIP focuses on poor and underserved informal neighborhoods in these", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 844, "text": "2009 Poverty and Inequality Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "T | Monthly for < br > training and < br > competence < br > records . < br > Daily < br > for < br > adherence < br > to < br > traffic < br > managemen < br > t protocol in < br > place . | Internal Cost < br > Training < br > and < br > awareness cost < br > considered | provided place ;  Traffic Safety awareness alternative sites ;  Review of plans vis through training workers and  Road signage to a vis what the host community members , control traffic in contractor was displaying traffic safety place ; doing ; campaign posters  Alternative routes  Grievance records  Training traffic marshals who provided ; on traffic aid in guiding traffic  Contractor adhering management to site specific settlement physical development plans / ESMP traffic  Ensure only qualified and  Record of licensed  Qualification Contractor experienced plant operators and approved record of drivers SEC handle machinery / drivers and and heavy safety equipment ; equipment operator ; equipment CPCT  Maintain vehicles  Access control operators by and equipment in proper barriers ,  Display of warning working condition ; management system , and danger signs  Control access around signs ( danger signs , on traffic safety construction sites ; hazard signs etc )  Install all relevant traffic signs  Security provided to and traffic safety awareness around construction sites and excavations posters  Enforce and monitor a speed sites ; limit of 20km / hr within the  Training records construction area , at the campsite etc ;  Training and awareness to workers and community 188", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 581, "text": "Grievance records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1474, "end": 1490, "text": "Training records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA * * # # * * PROTECTION OF BASIC SERVICES PHASE II ADDITIONAL FINANCING * * # # * * ADDITIONAL FINANCING DATA SHEET * * # # * * < u > < mark > Basic Information – Additional Financing ( AF ) < / mark > < / u > * * Country Director : Kenishi Ohashi Sectors : General education 53 % ; General Sector Manager / Director : Lynne D . Sherburneagriculture , fishing and forestry 21 % ; Health Benz / Ritva S . Reinikka 15 % ; General water , sanitation and flood Team Leader : Robert S . Chase protection 6 % ; General transportation 5 % Project ID : P121727 Themes : Decentralization ( P ) ; Public expenditure , Expected Effectiveness Date : March 7 , 2011 financial management and procurement ( P ) ; Other Lending Instrument : Sector Investment and social protection and risk management ( S ) ; Maintenance Loan Participation and civic engagement ( S ) Additional Financing Type : Cost Overrun Environmental category : B – partial assessment Expected < u > Closing Date : January 7 , 2013 < / u > # # * * < u > < mark > Basic Information – Original Project < / mark > < / u > * * Project ID : P103022 Environmental category : B Project Name : Protection of Basic Services Expected Closing Date : January 7 , 2013 Phase 2 Lending Instrument : Sector Investment and Maintenance Loan # # * * < u > < mark > AF Project Financing Data < / mark > < / u > * * [ ] Loan [ X ] Credit [ X ] Grant [ ] Guarantee [ ] Other : Proposed terms : IDA Standard with 40 year maturity , including 10 year grace period Retroactive Financing < u > of 20 % ( US $ 84 million ) < / u > # # * * < u > < mark > AF Financing Plan ( US", "spans": [{"start": 1349, "end": 1374, "text": "AF Project Financing Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "POtIIcy RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 2268 # Summary findings Using internationally comparable household data sets ( Demographic and Health Surveys ) , Filmer investigates how gender and wealth interact to generate withincountry inequalities in educational enrollment and attainmient . He carries out multivariate analysis to assess the partial relationship between educational outcomes and gender , wealth , household characteristics ( including level of education of adults in the household ) , and community characteristics ( including the presence of schools in the community ) . He finds that : Women are at a great educational disadvantage in countries in South Asia and North , Western , and Central Africa . Gender gaps are large in a subset of countries , but wealth gaps are large in almost all of the countries studied . Moreover , in some countries where there is a heavy female disadvantage in enrollment ( Egypt , India , Morocco , Niger , and Pakistan ) , wealth interacts with gender to exacerbate the gap in educational outcornes . In India . for example , where there is a 2 . 5 percentage ponit difference between male and female enrollment fcr children from the richest households , the difference is 34 percentage points for children from the poorest households . The education level of adults in the household has a significant impact on the enrollment of children in all the countries studied , even after controlling for wealth . TIhe effect of the education level of adult females is larger than that of the education level of adult males in some , but not all , of the countries studied . * The presence of a primary and a secondary school in the community has a significant relationship with enrollment in some countries only ( notablv in Western and Central Africa ) . The relationship appears not to systematically differ by children ' s gender . - This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources , Developrm-ent Research Group was prepared as background to , and with support from , a World Bank Policy Research Report on gender and development . Part of the study was funded by the Bank ' s Research Support Budget under the research project \" Educational Enrollment and Dropout \" ( RPO 682-1 1 )", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 107, "text": "internationally comparable household data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 110, "end": 140, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 13 - - Implementation of measures to align the PSNP Program budget cycle with Ethiopian fiscal management and planning calendars . - A progress report on the financial management staffing and training situation for the PSNP Program . September 2007 Semi-Annual Review - The semi-annual public works review completed and recommendations identified . - Analysis by CGAP of micro-finance dimensions of the Food Security Program and findings discussed at a stakeholder forum organized by the FFSCB . - Woreda / Regional guidance issued , based on agreed definition and indicators of graduation . - An assessment completed of existence , quality and use of PSNP Program Kebele watershed management plans , in the form of maps . - A beneficiary assessment completed , regarding satisfaction with PSNP Program and other food security program services . - Study on potential for market linkages between PSNP and grain markets in cash grant-receiving Woredas completed . - A progress report on the financial management staffing and training situation for the PSNP Program . April 2008 Semi-Annual Review - Information on Government FSP budget and PSNP budget , as well as disbursement data and beneficiary numbers by region and Woredas , publicly disseminated . - MOARD ( Department of Natural Resources ) pilot on GPS / GIS-based watershed maps in PSNP Program areas completed . - The semi-annual public works review completed and recommendations identified . - Follow-up to baseline household survey completed and analysis of data . - • A technical audit of the Kebele watershed management plans to assess quality and , where necessary , to provide feedback on corrective actions . - • Verification that all Program Woredas have developed drought contingency plans in Kebeles implementing the PSNP Program as well as those that are not . - A progress report on the financial management staffing and training situation for the PSNP . September 2008 Semi-Annual Review ( Mid-Term Review )", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1182, "text": "disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1469, "end": 1494, "text": "baseline household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improve the well-being of the Irish in any meaningful way , nor did it increase economic activity , but was simply a tax-avoidance measure that resulted in distorting economic growth as measured by GDP . Damgaard et al . ( 2019 ) estimate that up to 40 percent of global foreign direct investment is phantom investment with no tangible links to the local economy . > 19 Household surveys sometimes conduct survey-to-survey imputations when the methodology changes . This can yield a more comparable series over time , despite changes in methodology . 13", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 387, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and digital government rapidly grows , there is also a need for digital ID systems to equip people with the ability to securely prove their identity online , without requiring physical presence and allow transactions to be done completely online . Traditional credentials , such as the paper Kebele ID currently in use in Ethiopia and birth certificates , cannot support such remote transactions . 12 . * * Ethiopia is one of the few countries in the world that does not have a national-scale foundational ID system with digital capabilities . * * Despite enacting the Registration of Vital Events and National Identity Card Proclamation in 2012 , the national identity card that it provided for has never been implemented . A paper-based ID issued by _kebeles_ ( and known as the Kebele ID ) is the most common proof of identity in Ethiopia , even though its primary purpose is proof of address and residence . A Kebele ID is often required to access public and private services , obtain other IDs such as driver ’ s licenses and passports , and formal procedures like proving land ownership . < sup > 14 < / sup > The features of the Kebele ID vary by _kebele_ , but they generally display handwritten demographic information and address and include a stapled photo . 13 . * * According to the 2017 ID4D-Findex Survey , 36 percent of the population aged 18 and older lack a Kebele ID , with a significant gender gap of 46 percent of women lacking one compared to 25 percent of men , creating barriers for a large portion of people to access services and economic opportunities . * * Kebele ID coverage reaches 70 percent for adults older than 25 and 80 percent for the highest income quintile . Obtaining a Kebele ID often requires residing in a location for a minimum period ( for example , six months ) , which leads to exclusion of internal migrants and refugees . Being tied to residence also means that a Kebele ID cannot serve as a continuous identification throughout the life of an", "spans": [{"start": 1301, "end": 1319, "text": "ID4D-Findex Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 | 1 . 9 | - 4 . 6 | | Uruguay | 2 . 3 | - 0 . 9 | 2 . 9 | 1 . 1 | 7 . 4 | - 0 . 6 | 9 . 6 | - 1 . 4 | | Venezuela | 1 . 1 | - 4 . 8 | 3 . 9 | 4 . 2 | 6 . 2 | - 5 . 4 | 7 . 3 | - 10 . 3 | | Mean | 1 . 8 | - 2 . 8 | 3 . 4 | 3 . 4 | 6 . 9 | - 2 . 3 | 8 . 6 | - 5 . 1 | Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 30", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 309, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- DiTella , R . , R . J . MacCulloch , and A . J . Oswald ( 2001 ) : “ Preferences over inflation and unemployment : Evidence from surveys on happiness , ” _American Economic Review_ , 91 ( 1 ) , 335 – 341 . - Easterlin , R . A . ( 1974 ) : “ Does economic growth improve the human lot ? , ” in _Nations and households in economic growth : Essays in honour of Moses Abramovitz_ , ed . by P . A . David , and M . W . Reder . New York Academic Press . - ( 1995 ) : “ Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all ? , ” _Journal_ - _of Economic Behavior and Organiztions_ , 27 , 35 – 47 . - ( 2001 ) : “ Income and happiness : Towards a unified theory , ” _The economic journal_ , - 111 ( 473 ) , 465 – 484 . - Fordyce , M . A . ( 1988 ) : “ A review of research on happiness measures : A sixty second index of happiness and mental health , ” _Social Indicators Research_ , 20 , 355 – 381 . - Graham , C . , and A . Felton ( 2005 ) : “ Does Inequality Matter to Individual Welfare ? An Initial Exploration Based on Happiness Surveys from Latin America , ” _Center on Social and Economic Dynamics Working Papers No . 38 , The Brookings Institution_ . - ( 2006 ) : “ Inequality and Happiness : Insights from Latin America , ” _Journal of_ - _Economic Inequality_ , 4 , 107 – 122 . - Greene , W . H . ( 1997 ) : _Econometric Analysis_ . Prentice Hall . - Gruen , C . , and S . Klasen ( 2008 ) : “ Growth , inequality , and welfare : comparisons across space and time , ” _Oxf . Econ . Pap . _ , 60 ( 2 ) , 212 – 236 . - Hagerty , M . R . ( 2000 ) : “ Social comparisons of income in one ’ s community : evidence from national surveys of income and happiness ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "[ 0 . 17 ] | | Constant | 0 . 29 * * * | 4 . 24 * * * | 4 . 07 * * * | 0 . 27 * * * | 3 . 23 * * * | 3 . 49 * * * | | | [ 0 . 07 ] | [ 0 . 99 ] | [ 0 . 51 ] | [ 0 . 05 ] | [ 0 . 85 ] | [ 0 . 35 ] | | Observations | 15506 | 6820 | 7162 | 21211 | 9180 | 9670 | | Adjusted R-squared | 0 . 23 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 17 | | Mean Female | 0 . 48 | 9 . 52 | 4 . 26 | 0 . 47 | 9 . 42 | 4 . 27 | | Mean Male | 0 . 42 | 6 . 17 | 2 . 93 | 0 . 42 | 6 . 20 | 2 . 94 | | PersBelief + Fem ( P-value ) | 0 . 80 | 0 . 26 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | ComNorms + Fem ( P-value ) | 0 . 17 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 66 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Mean VIF | 3 . 65 | 4 . 79 | 4 . 62 | 2 . 60 | 3 . 80 | 3 . 65 | | Sample | ALL | ALL | ALL | ALL | ALL | ALL | | CountryFE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the top 20 % richest households would gain proportionately more than the bottom 20 % . Yet , the poor would benefit more than the rich in 25 countries . We also demonstrate the importance of having very disaggregated data by showing that using more aggregated data yields biased estimates of the gains from trade . The mean absolute difference in average gains estimated using disaggregated data versus aggregated data is 0 . 75 percentage points , or 30 % of the average gains from trade across countries . Granularity and heterogeneity are among the key features of the HIT data set , which can be downloaded from * * http : / / www . worldbank . org / en / research / brief / hit * * . The website also contains an online tariff reform simulation tool . The online data appendix describes in more detail how the data were harmonized , and how the tariff data can be updated . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 presents the data and harmonization procedures , as well as some descriptive statistics both on the structure of protection as well as households ’ income and consumption portfolios . Section 3 presents a simple framework for assessing the first-order impacts of trade reform on household welfare . Section 4 presents the results from agricultural tariff cuts . A final section concludes . # * * 2 Harmonizing Household Survey and Trade Data * * # # * * 2 . 1 Harmonizing household surveys * * Household surveys are the predominant instrument for analyzing poverty and income inequality and are thus a natural starting point for evaluating the distributional impacts of trade policy . In this paper we introduce a harmonized household-level information data set , which is designed to assess trade policy , that covers 54 low - and middle-income countries ( see Table 1 for a list of all surveys included in the HIT data set ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > These data fill an important gap in the toolbox of policy makers and researchers , because these types of household-survey-based data are not usually readily amenable to analyzing the impacts of trade-reforms and can be hard to access .", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 400, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 408, "end": 423, "text": "aggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 577, "end": 589, "text": "HIT data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1441, "end": 1458, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1661, "end": 1708, "text": "harmonized household-level information data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2002, "end": 2029, "text": "household-survey-based data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "based on remote sensing ( Deininger & Xia 2018 ) , an area where significant advances have recently been made through use of survey-based training data ( Burke _et al . _ 2020a ) offers considerable promise . Second , the impact of land title on small farms has been explored by numerous studies ( Lawry _et al . _ 2016 ) . ‘ Stylized facts ’ from this literature are that titling helps to increase investment ( Fenske 2011 ) , transferability ( Deininger & Jin 2006 ) , and - if women ’ s rights are documented - female empowerment ( Deininger _et al . _ 2008 ; Ali _et al . _ 2014 ) . However , credit effects are rare because ( i ) banks will accept land as collateral only if registries are kept up-to-date ; < sup > 5 < / sup > and ( ii ) even if titled properties could realistically be foreclosed , < sup > 6 < / sup > fixed costs of loan origination may limit positive effects to large farms ( Carter & Olinto 2003 ) . The finding that , for Zambian large farms , title affects neither investment nor credit access is thus at variance with the literature . It has been attributed to limited demand , i . e . , land in Zambia being viewed as a store of wealth rather than a productive asset ( Sitko _et al . _ 2014 ) or methodological differences . < sup > 7 < / sup > We argue that supply side issues related to legal value of land documents , the quality of the information they contain , and the states ’ capacity for ( and cost of ) enforcement are equally important and that better measurement of these aspects and rigorous evaluation of the extent to which they affect title demand and tangible outcomes will be key to understand the land sector ’ s institutional performance and identification of ways to improve it . Finally , a large literature on structural transformation has shown that land ( rental ) market transaction cost may impede farm growth ( Adamopoulos & Restuccia 2014 ) and occupational diversification ( Chen 2017 ) . In principle , eliminating such costs could have", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 151, "text": "survey-based training data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 - # # # IV . IMPACT 4 . 01 ATAP ' s impact was favorable in strengthening the institutional development of KREMU and of MOA / MLD ' s budgeting and financial management processes . This is apparent from the many favorable reviews recorded and the number of studies completed , although it is difficult to evaluate such impact more objectively , in the absence of figures on increased cost recovery , higher quality investment projects , etc . ATAP ' s impact on NCPB reforms was more modest than expected ; its impact on legalizing subdivision of group farms was extremely limited . The PCR tends to offset these disappointments by claiming that ATAP was able to respond flexibly and that the existence of such an operation allowed IDA to continue its dialogue with Government on sensitive issues . The audit concludes that ATAP ' s performance overall was satisfactory . 4 . 02 ASAO ' s impact was also satisfactory . The average agricultural growth rate over 1986-89 exceeded 4 % p . a . and agriculture as a proportion of GDP declined slightly . The sector ' s annual growth rates , using mainly BESD sources were : | 1986 | 4 . 7 % | | - - - | - - - | | 1987 | 4 . 0 % | | 1988 | 4 . 6 % | | 1989 | 4 . 0 % ( government estimate ) | Taken together , these developments reflect favorable agricultural performance and a normal , secular decline for the sector ; they are also in line with the PR ' s growth predictions . While it is difficult to attribute such performance to ASAO entirely , the audit believes that it made a significant contribution . In particular , the audit accepts the idea that ASAP had begun earlier and that ' up front ' actions taken in reforming fertilizer supply , for example , are relevant for ASAO evaluation purposes . ( This judgment is reviewed further in Section V . ) The existence of a wide ranging reform program and a specific schedule of covenants for the Borrower to meet helped keep", "spans": [{"start": 1102, "end": 1114, "text": "BESD sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for their protection and care are essential , in particular for girls who have given birth or who have become pregnant . While girls and boys have different needs , they should be protected and assisted in an equitable manner by these programmes . Reintegration that addresses the specific needs of _all_ children affected by armed conflict in the community will avoid singling out ( and visibly “ favouring ” ) children associated with armed groups and forces . This may also address the needs of ‘ invisible child soldiers ’ . Reintegration should be seen as a process and not a one-off activity and should be community-based with an emphasis on family livelihood activities and efforts to extend education , vocational skills training and health care to all children , including girls . # # # # # Challenges Numerous realities impinge on the security of refugee camps . At times , * * camps are located too close to the border * * allowing for the easy * * infiltration of armed elements * * engaged in the country of origin conflict and allowing for the ready recruitment of refugees for various militia factions . Proximity to the border also makes * * cross-border attacks * * on refugee camps more likely . They can be hard to identify and there may not be separate facilities in which to house them . Refugees may also smuggle weapons into camps and provide aid and assistance to armed groups in the region . * * Women and girls * * are increasingly the * * target * * of attacks by armed elements and any security strategy must incorporate their specific needs in prevention and response programmes , as well as measures with governments on follow up to human rights violations . Girls and boys are also easy prey to * * forced military recruitment * * and * * regular monitoring of schools and other registration data * * is necessary to ensure that any recruitment is detected early on and preventive measures taken . The identification and * * distinction between combatants and former combatants * * who have not undergone a formal disarmament and de-mobil", "spans": [{"start": 1810, "end": 1827, "text": "registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "migrant students ( 60 . 3 percent of the total migrant student population ) are under irregular status or pending regularization . < sup > 20 < / sup > The issue of disabilities is also a priority item for Government policies on inclusion . MEP statistics indicate 19 , 643 students with disabilities , with alternative solutions providing services to 81 percent of the disabled students and 2 , 672 students with a need gap that MEP intends to address . The Government policy includes the provision of tailored teaching methodologies and materials designed to facilitate the full participation , retention , and educational advancement of students with disabilities , as well as facilitation for their transition to the labor market . 13 . * * Indigenous students face additional educational challenges related to the low availability of educational materials in indigenous languages . * * There are an estimated 16 , 000 indigenous students from eight communities ( NgäbeBugle , Cabécar , Bribri , Malecu , Chorotega , Huetar , Térraba , and Boruca ) located in 24 indigenous territories recognized by the State . Education matters are managed by local indigenous education councils ( _Consejos Locales de Educación Indígena_ ) under the aegis of MEP ’ s national system of indigenous education . Despite the existence of a decree from 2013 that aims to preserve indigenous languages and promote early grade learning in mother tongues , additional efforts are needed to train teachers and develop learning materials in indigenous languages . < sup > 21 < / sup > Education and administrative boards continue to face a lack of training and supervision , hindering their ability to effectively fulfill their responsibilities . > 19 UNHCR , Strategy 2024 , Situation Analysis . > 20 Data from MEP ’ s Saber , as of September 26 , 2023 . > 21 Sistema Costarricence de Información Jurídica , Decreto Ejecutivo 37801 , < mark > Reforma del Subsistema de Educación Indígena , < / mark > < u", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 255, "text": "MEP statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1782, "end": 1805, "text": "Data from MEP ’ s Saber", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to < br > build a new replacement house . How will this risk be < br > accommodated ? | Concern | The compensation amount will be computed based on the current cost of construction materials and < br > labor . The study team will ensure that the recommended compensation enables PAHs to build a new < br > house of at least equivalent standard , if not better . | | How will the subproject address public complaints < br > related to compensation ? | Question | The subproject will establish a grievance redress mechanism and inform PAHs about the procedure . < br > Additionally , a grievance redress committee will be established and the members will consist < br > representatives from PAHs . The GRM will addresspublic complaints effectively . | | Will there be compensation for the restrictions < br > imposed within the RoW ? | Question | According to the applicable laws , construction of residential houses and planting of trees that reach < br > 8m or more in height is prohibited within the 26m RoW corridor . Compensation will be provided only < br > forproperties currentlylocated within the RoW , not for the restrictions imposed on future land use . | | Are you certain that the subproject will be < br > implemented ? Based on our experience , projects < br > often do not materialize even after a study is < br > conducted . | Concern < br > & < br > question | The study team firmly believes that the subproject will be implemented , as the World Bank has agreed < br > to finance it under the PRIME-1 program . | | | | The study team will conduct the census enumeration of affected properties in the presence of members < br > of the valuation committee , which includes representatives from the affected Woreda and Kebele . | | How will you ensure that all affected properties are < br > properly registered ? | Question | < br > Additionally , property owners will be present to", "spans": [{"start": 1569, "end": 1610, "text": "census enumeration of affected properties", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "had also served as one of the implementing agencies for the Uganda Energy for Rural Transformation ( ERT ) phases I and II . The PSFU consists of over 160 business associations , corporate organizations , and government agencies . The PSFU established the Business Uganda Development Scheme ( BUDS ) as a specialized department / unit that implements matching grant programs for a variety of donors and the Government . 29 . The activities undertaken under the project are categorized under three components : ( a ) Distribution Challenge Fund ( DCF ) , ( b ) Quality Assurance and Technical Support , and ( c ) Public Sector Outreach and Demonstration . First , the project , under Component 1 set up a grant facility — the DCF — to address gaps in the supply chain for quality-assured , efficient biomass stoves and enhance below-the-line consumer engagement . The fund comprises several lines of support designed as market incentives to attract new players in the sector and establish partnerships . The DCF provided ( a ) one-off up-front matching grants and ongoing results-based financing for scaling up distribution networks for select products and ( b ) cost sharing high-impact marketing campaigns and consumer engagement to raise awareness and enable flexible payment methods . The design was based on a multiphase , comprehensive preparation period preceding the project . Activities included six-month consumer trials in households to test product compatibility and consumer WTP and both a laboratory and a field-based product performance and durability assessment to avoid promotion of poor-quality products . These preparatory activities ensured that only products that met the minimum quality criteria ( Tier 3 and above according to the ISO TC 285 standards ) and consumer expectations were eligible to compete . 30 . During project implementation , to maximize project results , it was important to understand why some customers purchased stoves and why others did not and what drove customers to take such decisions . To this end , between August and October 2018 , a behavioral diagnostic study was commissioned to provide insights into consumer decision-making , and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 7 . The share of minimum wage earners across birth cohorts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 . 00 % < br > 40 . 00 % < br > 30 . 00 % < br > 20 . 00 % < br > 10 . 00 % < br > 0 . 00 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : _Own estimates based on administrative tax data_ * * The distribution of minimum-wage individuals showcases significant disparity throughout the country . In the region exhibiting the highest prevalence of minimum-wage earners ( Suceava county — 38 % ) , this percentage is nearly twice as high as in the region with the lowest frequency of minimumwage earners ( Sibiu — 21 % ) . Figure 8 shows the proportion of minimum-wage * * earners at the county level ( NUTS 3 regions ) . * * Figure 8 . Share of minimum wage earners by NUTS 3 regions * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 45 . 00 % < br > 40 . 00 % < br > 35 . 00 % < br > 30 . 00 % < br > 25 . 00 % < br > 20 . 00 % < br > 15 . 00 % < br > 10 . 00 % < br > 5 . 00 % < br > 0 . 00 % < br > Suceava Harghita Vaslui Maramures Giurgiu Bistrita-Nasaud Neamt Botosani Brailia Constanca Olt Calarasi Vrancea Salaj Tulcea Bihor Buzau Teleorman Galati Valcea Ialomita Dolj Mehdinti Satu Mare Mures Caras-Severin Gorj Dambovita Bacau Hunedoara Arges Iasi Prahova Ilfov Covasna Alba Arad Cluj Bucharest Timis Brasov Sibiu < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Own estimates based on administrative tax data ( January 2020 ) . _ # * * IV . Ex-ante Evaluation of Policy Reform * * * * In this section , we evaluate the potential ex-ante distributional impacts of the alternative minimum wage policy on the labor market outcomes , relying on micro-simulation methodologies and administrative tax data . * * More", "spans": [{"start": 1400, "end": 1423, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "services ; increasing transparency in the PFSA ; and improvement in the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate . The Task Team continues to follow up on specific actions agreed under the program action plan . Further action under the DLI aimed to increase transparency at the PFSA is expected including regular updates of the information on the PFSA website after the launching of the website and publishing of data on contract award decisions including disclosure of some specific procurement notices . There has been progress in surveys undertaken to inform the achievement of the DLIs . 12 / 23 / 2015 Page 1 of 8 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 402, "end": 434, "text": "data on contract award decisions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # # * * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * * With support from the World Bank , the Uganda Wildlife Authority contracted Infrastructure Development and Management Limited ( IDML ) to undertake preparation of a project brief for junior accommodation and an entry gate for Murchison Falls National Park to be constructed with financing under the _Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate Smart Development_ Project . The project activities shall involve the establishment of five ( 5 ) that is four ( 4 ) junior accommodations and one ( 1 ) entry gate . The junior staff accommodation will each at be at Waisoke Falls , Bugungu , Tangara and Nyamahasa and the entry gate at Wangwar . The junior accommodation will have Porch , Studio Room , Common Toilets / Bathrooms Facility , Common Kitchen Facility , Rainwater Harvest Facility and Solar system ( where applicable ) . The entry gate will have a gate facilities block , canopy and a gatehouse . It should be noted that one project brief has been prepared to cover the five sites , given that the environmental and social baseline conditions are similar across the park and the activities will be the same : i . e . construction of junior accommodation and the entry gate . To undertake the assessment , different approaches were used that included site reconnaissance , onsite assessment , literature review , review of the legal and regulatory framework relevant to the site , professional judgement , observations among others as described in section 5 . These were used in acquisition of secondary baseline data , primary data as well as map development to ensure a comprehensive report is prepared . A detailed assessment of the baseline environmental data was carried out to understand the existing parameters in the physical , biological and socio-economic environment within the vicinity of the project site . Aspects observed included climate data , geological data and soils , hydrology , air and noise quality , among others , as detailed in section 3 of the report . This information", "spans": [{"start": 1593, "end": 1616, "text": "secondary baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1735, "end": 1762, "text": "baseline environmental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1945, "end": 1957, "text": "climate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1960, "end": 1975, "text": "geological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "table shows the significant equalization effects of the three transfer schemes . According to an estimate for 1996 , the Western states ' per capita own revenue will be DM 3705 , while that of the Eastern States will be DM 2030 . After equalization , the Western States ' per capita revenue will be DM 5510 , and that of the Eastern States will be DM 5190 . T able 2 . 3 . Per Capita Revenue Relative to the National Average before and after Transfers : Estimates for 1996 | Ow | n Revenue | After | Interstate | Supplementary | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | VAT sharing | Equalization | Grants | | Western States | 11 % | 5 % | 2 % | 1 % | | Eastern States | - 39 % | - 18 % | - 7 % | _-5 % _ | Source : Data provided by Prof . Wolfgang Fottingger . # 2 . 5 . The United Kingdom Unlike federally structured states such as American , Canada , and Gennany , the United Kingdom is a unitary state in which local governments derive their powers and functions from the central government . The central government can , at any time , by the ordinary process of legislation , change the powers of local authorities or abolish them altogether . 14", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 766, "text": "Data provided by Prof . Wolfgang Fottingger", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "There is as yet no evidence for developing countries , so the views expressed on this are mainly conjecture . Although it is often taken for granted , the evidence on green jobs in rich economies in response to reducing incentives for the use of environmental capital is not clear-cut at best , and positive effects – if any – are dependent on local circumstances ( Huberty et al . 2011 ) . Some of the highest quality evidence on reducing incentives for the use of environmental capital gives one pause . Using very detailed plant-level growth data , Greenstone ( 2002 ) shows that 590 , 000 jobs were displaced between 1972 and 1987 in the United States due to a particular key environmental regulation : the US Clear Air Act . Recent work on more cost-effective incentive-based policy instruments finds milder negative effects ( Harrington et al . 2012 ) . In any event , the way in which this would play out in the developing world is difficult to judge , but maintaining labor-intensive growth that internalizes environmental capital costs is not automatic . The above discussion indicates that the implications of the latter for the former depend on numerous adjustments of factor proportions and technology within sectors as well as adjustments of output shares across sectors . If the labor intensity of growth cannot be maintained , this situation leads to further consequences in terms of structural transformation . Growth that is less labor intensive will slow the labor absorption from agriculture . Moreover , inputs into agricultural growth , such as fertilizer , water , or transport , will become more expensive . Although lower intensification of agriculture may preserve the environmental capital required for agriculture in the long run , it will slow the agricultural and labor productivity growth that feeds structural transformation in the nearer term . If policies reduce incentives for mobility ( due to fuel costs or transport regulation ) , the spatial development effects could also be considerable because longer-distance trade may become less profitable and because populations in more remote areas are at risk of losing their connectivity with urban centers . # _Low Carbon and Other Environmentally Friendly Public Investments_ The second set of green growth policies we consider here is the", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 549, "text": "plant-level growth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| |  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  | Prior savings activities ( incl . chamas ) < br > Loan repayment records < br > Access to credit for proposed project < br > Innovativeness of project < br > Extent of remoteness of location < br > Extent of coverage of vulnerable and marginalized groups < br > Registration certificate ( in the case ofgroups ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Examples of projects that < br > can be supported |  < br >  < br >  | Sea weed farming in designated areas < br > Eco-tourism < br > Value addition in agriculture | | Examples of projects that < br > cannot be supported |  < br >  | Dynamite fishing < br > Projects located in conflict areas | | Minimum size ofproject |  | KSH 50 , 000 | | Maximum size of project |  < br >  | KSH 100 , 000 in the case of youth < br > KSH 1 , 000 , 000 for adults | | KCDP matching grant and < br > recipient matching < br > contribution |  < br >  | Youth ( as defined being in the 18-35 years age bracket ) : for project < br > amounts in the range of KSH 50 , 000-100 , 000 : 10 % contributed by < br > proponent , 90 % by KCDP ; half of the equity contributed by the < br > proponent , i . e . 5 % of total costs , must be contributed in cash , the < br > rest may be in kind < br > All other projects of adults above KSH 100 , 000 : < br > ` o ` for projects up to KSH 200 , 000 : 20 % by proponent , 80 % < br", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 134, "text": "Loan repayment records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 also requires an appropriately designed , long-term biodiversity monitoring and evaluation program aimed at assessing the status of the critical habitat , and effectiveness of mitigation to conserve those species . The emphasis of this CHA is therefore on Step 4 . # # 6 . 2 Analysis of Data for Steps 1 & 2 of the CHA Approach Lists of species potentially present within the Project area have been sourced from IBAT and the National Red List of Threatened Species of Uganda 2018 . Consolidation of these data sources yielded 2 , 898 floral and faunal species . For each species , the highest threatened status was determined from the IUCN Red List and the National Red List , which is presented in Table 7 with a breakdown of their taxonomic groups . 27", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 466, "text": "National Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 637, "end": 650, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 659, "end": 676, "text": "National Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "into the built panel data regression model to project the built-up areas for each SSP scenario based on the predictions of future population , urbanization rate , and GDP from the SSP database . The projection outputs are then combined with other geographical information and inputted into the Future Land-Use Simulation ( FLUS ) model to 5", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 192, "text": "SSP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 754 Unity 267 , 384 < br > Northern Bahr 534 , 229 < br > el Ghazal 370 , 081 < br > 15 , 251 < br > Warrap < br > Western Bahr el Ghazal 33 , 462 < br > 118 , 543 Jonglei < br > 1 , 639 Lakes < br > 428 , 645 < br > 123 , 500 < br > CENTRAL < br > REPUBLIC < br > Western Equatoria Eastern Equatoria < br > 126 , 835 EquatoriaCentral 105 , 550 < br > 176 , 978 < br > KENYA < br > 76 , 693 DEMOCRATIC < br > South Sudan Refugees REPUBLIC OF UGANDA 95 , 748 < br > THE CONGO < br > Displacement to Abyei Area < br > 882 , 729 < br > Displacement by state < br > 5 , 000 - 50 , 000 100 , 000 - 200 , 000 200 , 001 - 400 , 000 400 , 001 - 600 , 000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > < sup > 30 < / sup > IDP information from UNHCR and partners , Rumbek . > 31 See New York Times news article describing this incident ; https : / / www . nytimes . com / aponline / 2017 / 04 / 10 / world / africa / ap-af-south-sudan-ethnic-killings . html ? _r = 0", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 752, "text": "IDP information from UNHCR and partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "threatened – if interviewed by a government official . These risks can be mitigated if enumerators are hired among FDPs from the same background . However , this can create legal challenges if FDPs do not have work permits . In some cases , it might also be necessary to have UNHCR or IOM officials accompanying enumerators or even conducting the interviews themselves . The implementation of FDP-specific socio-economic surveys can be done in parallel with UNHCR ’ s verification exercises . The verification exercise is a census that visits all registered refugees to update their data . In Kenya , an additional socio-economic questionnaire was administered to a random subset of refugees participating in the verification exercise ( Pape et al . , 2019b ) . The parallel implementation reduced costs substantially but the implementation requires close coordination between the verification exercise and the socio-economic survey . Ideally , no redundant data would be collected but in reality most questions from the verification exercise are asked slightly differently than in the socio-economic survey , which usually aims to be consistent with the latest national survey , necessitating different instruments for the same concept to ensure comparability . # Poverty measures Poverty measures the level of deprivation in a population . The most widely used concept defines as poverty headcount the number of individuals living below a threshold , usually called the poverty line ( Foster , Greer and Thorbecke , 1984 ) . Since the poverty headcount only reflects the proportion of poor people , it is usually complemented by a measure of the depth of deprivation , the poverty gap , which estimates the average gap between poor individuals and the poverty line . All poverty measures constructed in such a way are based on an underlying welfare metric . In most cases , the metric is defined at the household level and needs to be transformed into an individual measure . The transformation either divides household welfare by household size , providing a per capita measure or , in a more sophisticated way , takes into account differences in household composition ( usually age and gender ) , leading to a per-adult equivalent measure . To measure household welfare , different metrics have been proposed and can generally be classified either", "spans": [{"start": 1086, "end": 1107, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rates , Thailand , 2007 : Q1 – 2010 : Q4 * * Source : Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . Shaded area marks period of recession . The results of a more formal test are shown in Table 6 : we regress the age-specific enrollment rates on binary variables representing each quarter , and test whether there is a difference from one year to the next . We are able to separate private from public schools . The only measurable Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 21", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 85, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > testing , sample design , < br > methodological soundness < br > and estimation procedures for < br > Trade in service < br > ET-CSA-196550-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment ofconsultancy service providingfirm for Statistical Standard IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 81 , 383 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2020-10-29 2020-11-19 2020-11-19 2021-01-02 2021-01-30 2021-03-01 2021-04-05 2021-05-10 2022-05-10 < br > Documents < br > ET-CSA-196557-CS-QCBS / < br > Employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Trade in Service Survey - Consultancy Services on IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection 308 , 674 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-10-07 2020-10-22 2020-11-15 2020-12-13 2021-01-12 2021-02-16 2021-03-02 2021-08-29 < br > Technical issues of < br > questionnaire development , < br > testing , < br > ET-CSA-196561-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment of < br > consultancy service providing < br > firm for Preparation of < br > statistical calendar - Consultancy service on whatshould be the content of the IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 74 , 956 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-10-24 2020 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APATRIDIE ET NATIONALITE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE DE L ’ AFRQUE DE L ’ EST d ’ adoption officielles jusqu ’ au bout , mais d ’ être hébergés au sein de la famille élargie . Dans la plupart des cas , cela n ’ entraînera pas , à l ’ heure actuelle , de problèmes pour leurs papiers au moment où ils atteindront l ’ âge adulte ; toutefois , il est important qu ’ avec l ’ officialisation croissante des critères d ’ identification ( y compris les tentatives pour mettre en place des registres complets de l ’ état-civil ) , leur situation soit prise en compte et des procédures créées pour s ’ assurer que ces enfants ne sont pas menacés d ’ apatridie et de défaut d ’ identification . # # # * * Nationalité basée sur le mariage * * Le motif le plus courant d ’ acquisition de la nationalité pour les adultes est le mariage . Dans la plupart des pays , le mariage avec un ressortissant permet au conjoint d ’ acquérir la nationalité soit automatiquement , soit selon des termes plus favorables d ’ enregistrement ( dans les pays du _common law_ ) ou par option / déclaration ( dans les pays de droit civil ) . En Afrique de l ’ Est , le Burundi et la Tanzanie n ’ autorisent toujours pas les femmes à transmettre leur nationalité à leurs époux étrangers , tandis que le Kenya applique des conditions inhabituelles à l ’ acquisition de la nationalité par mariage , au-delà du", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 510, "text": "registres complets de l ’ état-civil", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "_Ministry of Water and Energy_ _Page_ # # # * * 3 . Policy , Legal and Administrative Framework * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 1 INTRODUCTION * * This chapter outlines the policy , legal and administrative framework governing environmental issues in Ethiopia , highlights other relevant policies , laws and institutions , and reviews applicable international policies and legislation including those of the project ' s international sponsor , the World Bank . Note : the gaps and challenges faced by Ethiopia ' s EIA system as a whole have been reviewed recently in Mellesse Damtie & Mesfin Bayou ( 2008 ) . # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY , LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 1 Institutional Framework * * As stated in the RIDP FS ( Tahal-CECE 2010 ) , in 1995 , the EPA was created by means of the Environmental Protection Authority Establishment Proclamation ( Proclamation No . 9 / 1995 ) . At the same time , an Environmental Protection Council ( EPC ) was established , with representatives from most of the federal ministries to supervise the EPA ' s activities . The Director-General of the EPA was to serve as the Secretary to the Council and the EPA took on the duties previously assigned to the Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection ( MoNREP ) . The mandate and duties of the EPA were subsequently clarified in the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation ( Proclamation No . 295 / 2002 ) . The EPA is an independent authority , acting outSide the main ministerial structures and reporting directly to the prime minister . The federal EPA is the key national level environmental agency , with a mandate to address environmental issues . The environmental legislation gives the EPA powers to fulfil its role , support all federal agencies in establishing environmental units , and develop skills in strategic environmental analysis of policies and public instruments . The EPA is involved in the development", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # CHAPTER 8 : MONITORING AND REPORTING SDD will establish a Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) system for the TA activities , that is participatory , and which will utilize a list of agreed performance indicators that are accessible and useful to the concerned stakeholders . Furthermore , the project will involve affected parties by gathering their observations to triangulate findings and involve them in participatory discussions on all TA activities , including the monitoring and evaluation processes . The NPCU will monitor the implementation of this SEP in accordance with the requirements of the Legal Agreement and the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ( ESCP ) including changes resulting from the implementation of any TA activity . The extent and mode of stakeholder monitoring with respect to environmental and social performance of the TA activities will be proportionate to the potential environmental and social performance risks and impacts of the TA activities and their effect on the various stakeholder interests . SDD will compile a report summarizing SEP results on an ongoing basis throughout the TA implementation period . The SEP will be periodically reviewed and updated as necessary in the course of TA implementation to ensure that the information presented therein is consistent and is the most recent , and that the identified methods of engagement remain appropriate and effective in relation to the project context and specific phases of development . Any major changes to the project related activities and to its schedule will be duly reflected in the updated SEP . Quarterly summaries and internal reports on grievances , enquiries , and related incidents , together with the status of implementation of associated corrective / preventative actions will be collated by responsible staff and referred to the NPCT . The quarterly reports will be guided by monthly data obtained and reported at county level . The quarterly summaries will provide a mechanism for assessing both the number and the nature of complaints and requests for information , along with the project ’ s ability to address these in a timely and effective manner . Information on public engagement activities undertaken by the Program may be conveyed to the stakeholders in two possible ways : - a", "spans": [{"start": 1904, "end": 1916, "text": "monthly data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Horizontal lines denote the average effect ( and the confidence interval around it ) . Average expenditure effects are fairly substantial , ranging from 5 percent of baseline income in large urban areas , to 12 . 5 % in rural areas . For Brazil as a whole , the average reduction in welfare due to the expenditure effect of the 2007-2008 food price increases was of the order of 7 . 5 % of initial income . As expected , the expenditure effects are markedly regressive behind these averages : they range from an average of around 7 % ( 12 % ) in the poorest decile to 2 % > 8 This is strictly true for the 11 large urban areas where prices are collected directly . As noted in Section 3 , households living outside the 11 large urban areas are assigned the vector of price changes from the nearest large urban area , as detailed in Table 2 . > 9 The share is likely to be much lower among Brazil ‟ s truly rich households but , as is often the case , these are seldom well-captured in household surveys . See Korinek et al . ( 2006 ) . > 10 The country as a whole consists of rural areas , large urban areas , as well as all other urban areas , which are not shown separately .", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 1002, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "literacy . In addition , school inspectors visited schools to assess the quality of teaching and lesson preparation . Steps were taken to assure independence in data collection and minimize risk of collusion between and teachers . We find that at midline , after one year of program implementation , there is a sizable and statistically significant impact on test scores ( about 0 . 24 standard deviations , sd ) for the in-kind treatment arm , and a much smaller and statistically insignificant impact for the recognition treatment arm ( about 0 . 13 sd ) . At endline , after two years of program implementation , the impact of the in-kind rewards had fallen by about 30 percent in magnitude ( to 0 . 16 sd ) and is no longer statistically significantly different from zero . The impact of recognition rewards remains smaller ( 0 . 09 sd ) and statistically insignificant . We also find that at midline the impacts are larger for girls than boys . We find no evidence of strategic behavior on the number of students who were assessed in each year , in average enrollment rates , or in changes in enrollment . We provide suggestive evidence that the reduction in impacts at endline is linked to the growing Ebola epidemic that Guinea experienced at this time . Effects differ by teacher gender . The impact of in-kind rewards are very similar across genders , 0 . 20 sd and 0 . 18 for female and male teachers respectively . In contrast , the effects of the recognition rewards is 0 . 23 sd for female teachers , while it is 0 . 01 sd ( and insignificantly different from zero ) for male teachers . The findings further suggest that the positive effects of either scheme for female teachers benefit both female and male students . However , the positive effects of the in-kind treatment for male teachers benefit only female students . This is consistent with targeted action since female students have lower test scores at baseline . Finally , data from the school inspections suggest an improvement in teaching preparation and practice . Teachers in the in-kind treatment arm made better use of resources in the classroom , were better prepared for the", "spans": [{"start": 1946, "end": 1978, "text": "data from the school inspections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 survey we employ a three-way city size breakdown , distinguishing between cities larger than 500 , 000 persons , large towns with a population between 100 , 000 and 500 , 000 , and towns with fewer than 100 , 000 inhabitants . For reasons of data availability our index captures only food and housing price differentials . The reference basket employed in our Laspeyres index is based on the consumption patterns of the second quintile of the national urban per capita consumption distribution . Table 6 presents our Laspeyres spatial price index based on the cost of food and housing in urban Brazil . Relative to the reference region of metropolitan São Paulo , the cost of living in other regions and city size categories of Brazil is generally lower , often a good deal lower . In the regions of the North , South and Center West there is evidence of lower cost of living as conurbations become smaller . This pattern is less clear-cut in the North East , where the cost of living appears particularly high in large towns , and the South East , where those living in small towns appear to face the highest cost of living in the region ( outside metropolitan São Paulo ) . We next take the price indices reported in Table 6 and apply them to the smallarea based estimates of per capita consumption for each household in the population census . We then re-calculate poverty rates across region and city-size categories . Does adjustment for cost of living in the Brazil data overturn our conclusion that urban poverty in smaller towns is significantly higher than in the large and metropolitan areas ? Table 7 indicates that correcting for price variation does attenuate the “ gradient ” between poverty and city size somewhat , but is far from sufficient to negate or overturn our broad finding . In Brazil , it remains the case that the incidence of poverty in the smallest towns is roughly three times higher than in Metropolitan centers . Our second rubustness check investigates whether the finding of a negative gradient between poverty and city-size is somehow an artifact of the focus , in this paper , on income poverty as opposed to a broader conceptualization of deprivation", "spans": [{"start": 1330, "end": 1347, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1468, "end": 1479, "text": "Brazil data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "By age 18-22 , 18 percent of women have left school , compared to 14 percent of men the same age . < sup > 56 < / sup > Partly as a result , women accounted for 72 percent of the 4 million Kenyans of working age who were not in employment , education , or training ( NEET ) in 2019 . Where they are employed , women tend to occupy lower-quality jobs with reduced remuneration . The proportion of working women in vulnerable employment was 69 percent in 2021 , compared to 52 percent for men . < sup > 57 < / sup > In 2019 , women accounted for only 42 . 8 percent of wage or salaried workers and constituted most workers in the agricultural sector ( 59 percent ) . < sup > 58 < / sup > Women ’ s clustering in low-wage , vulnerable sectors and jobs drives a wage gap of 30 percent . < sup > 59 < / sup > * * _Figure 3-1 Contribution to real GDP y / y growth , percentage points_ * * * * _Figure 3-2 Sectoral Share of Employment_ * * _Note : Error bars represent the 95 % confidence intervals_ _Source : Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and World Bank Staff calculations in Kenya Monthly Economic Monitoring Update ( Dec 2022 ) _ _Source : WB calculations based on KIHBS 2005 / 6 and 2015 / 16 and KCHS 2019 , Jobs Diagnostic Lite_ # # * * _3 . 4 . 4 Poverty profile_ * * Economic growth in Kenya has helped reduce poverty and inequality , but significant disparities continue to exist . The share of the population living below the national poverty line decreased from 46 . 8 percent in 2005 to 36 . 1 percent in 2015 , and further to 33 . 6 percent in 2019 . A further 11 . 8 percent of the population was not poor but had a consumption level within 20 percent of the poverty line in 2019 , making them", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1172, "text": "KIHBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1200, "end": 1209, "text": "KCHS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a small business enterprise . # # * * Of tents and huts * * On 24 May 2006 , the monthly food rations are being distributed in the Treguine refugee camp . Already early in the morning , thousands of colourfully-clothed women are waiting at the central distribution point for the large WFP ( World Food Programme ) trucks to bring the heavy packages from the huge , and well protected supply depots that are located just outside of the camps perimeter . Every month , upon showing their camp registration card , the women are provided with a food ration , consisting of flower , vegetable oil , some cereal , sugar and salt . And as every month , the disorder and confusion is great , the waiting is strenuous , and other tasks such as washing clothes or collecting firewood has to be postponed . At this day however , something else , something new is in the air : rain ! In a certain way , it is still too early for the beginning of the wet season . During midday the first clouds are visible , that cover the dusty blue sky , and a steady wind picks up , blowing the hot desert sand into the faces of the waiting women . After waiting for long hours , after all food rations have been distributed and the usual problems of lost registration cards and double rations have been cleared up , calm returns to the camp . Completing their tasks , the humanitarian workers leave at 5 pm in the afternoon , in order to reach their own compounds before the start of their curfew time one hour later . In the distance , a faint tremor can be heard , coming closer within the next hours . At midnight , a gigantic heavy rainstorm showers down onto the camp . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| UWA | Uganda Wildlife Authority | | - - - | - - - | | V / m | Volts per Meter | | VAC | Violence Against Children | | VEC | Valued Environmental Component | | VES | Visual Encounter Survey | | VHT | Village Health Team | | VOC | Volatile Organic Compound ( s ) | | WB | World Bank | | WHO | World Health Organization | viii * * | * * Page", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "safeguards < br > and RIC or contracted < br > external monitoring < br > agency | Quarterly Report | | Completion Audit | Measurement of output < br > indicators such as productivity < br > gains , livelihood restoration , < br > and developmental impact < br > against baseline | External assessment of < br > ARAP implementation , < br > independent surveys and < br > consultation with affected < br > persons | Contracted external < br > auditing and evaluation < br > agency | On completion of the ARAP < br > time table | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 43 < br > COPY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 360, "text": "independent surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expects from both women and men in terms of roles and responsibilities . The FGDs conducted have revealed that men or boys go most of the times to collect the distributed basic needs as there are not well-organized segregation among males and females at the distribution points . Women and girls start to get more involved in social and economic life . Many started working outside the home in farms and other types of businesses . Support the male members in buying food stuff from shops . However , there are many restrictions to work of women given certain conditions when the work place is far away from home . Shifting in roles and responsibilities of women and girls at household level has been associated with some protection risks that should be supported by the relevant protection actors . > 7 VAF Sector Tree Review 2016 > 8 VAF score for vulnerabilities as follow : 1 = Low vulnerability , 2 = Moderate vulnerability , 3 = high vulnerability , 4 = Severe vulnerability 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-SEC N-Uganda SAF ( NUSAF2 ) ( FY09 ) ( P111633 ) program . A total of 794 public works schemes were completed , compared to a target of 891 schemes . This generated 1 . 4 million persondays of work against an original target of 5 . 5 million , and a total income of USh 5 . 4 billion for 55 , 500 beneficiaries . Household income support programs totaled 7 , 192 sub-projects against a target of 7 , 236 sub-projects . The support programs were valued at USh 78 . 4 billion . * * Outcomes * * : The project used two key indicators to measure outcomes : the first indicator measured participation in public works , and the second measured increase in income of targeted households . The data for participation in public works is indicated above as part of outputs ( 55 , 500 beneficiaries earning USh 97 . 000 each ; no baselines or targets had been set ) . With regard to the second indicator , the project had anticipated a 30 percent increase in income between 2009 and 2016 ; in fact , beneficiaries ’ incomes increased by 84 percent in real terms ( taking inflation into account ) . The target had been set 30 percent above a baseline of USh 93 , 401 per household , i . e . at USh 121 , 421 . Instead , it increased by 236 percent from the baseline , reaching USh 286 , 183 ( not taking inflation into account ) . While the ICR does not explicitly state this , the income effect plausibly is a combination of wages from public works and household asset building from savings / investment activities , mainly linked to participation in public works . Although the increase in income per beneficiary household exceeded targets , the absolute number of income-generating schemes and person-days of work made available fell short . This low uptake of public works schemes", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 - - ( d ) an Rural Afforestation Adviser for about four years , to assist in nursery management , the establishment of a forestry extension service , and , in coordination between FD and other agencies including external agencies assisting extension forestry ( Table 2 ) ; and - ( e ) short-term consultants ( about 41 man-months ) to help with specific forestry problems , such as auctioning or tendering cutting rights , integrated harvesting , applied research in forestry extension ( Table 2 ) , silvicultural practices , and pathological problems ; 3 . 13 Other FD activities that would be supported by the Project are : ( a ) per-iodic aerial surveys of part of the forest area to monitor changes and faciLlitate land-use planning ; ( b ) study tours for FD staff to other African countries to learn their silvicultural and nursery practices and overseas to observe wood auction and tender systems ; and ( c ) mission travel allowances for FD staff to keep senior management in close contact with field operations and to facilitate staff communication and delegation of authority within the organization . The Italian government has also offered to finance the services of two experts on a grant basis for the implementation of the Project . This possibility has not been included as part of the Project cost . During negotiations it was proposed that these experts be experienced mechanics whose main responsibility it would be to keep FD ' s vehicles and equipment in running order . One would be based west of the Rift Valley and the other one east of the Rift Valley . i 3 . 14 Total direct base costs for FD support activities are estimated at KSh 277 . 1 million ( US $ 27 . 7 million ) . Of this amount , vehicle operating costs would account for 37 % ; buildings , forest stations and improving their water supply for 21 % ( of which all but 2 % would be for housing construction ) ; vehiLcle purchase for 20 % ; contracted road improvement for 15 % ; technical assistance", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 659, "text": "per-iodic aerial surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 27 . Total formal employment by sector , 2014 - Figure 28 . Total formal employment by province of < br > 2022 ( FTE ) employer registration , 2014-2022 ( FTE ) < br > 600 600 < br > 500 500 < br > 400 400 < br > 300 < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > 200 < br > 100 < br > 100 < br > - < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 - < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 < br > Agriculture , forestry , and fishing Mining and quarrying < br > Rest of industry Non-industrial services Lusaka Copperbelt Other < br > Note : FTE defined as 12 monthly returns to account for Note : FTE defined as 12 monthly returns to account for < br > seasonal employment . seasonal employment . Data on province of employment ( as < br > Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on PAYE opposed to registration location of employer ) is not sufficiently < br > database complete for analysis . In some cases ( most commonly in < br > agriculture ) , the employer ’ s province of registration may differ < br > from actual province of operations . Slight differences in totals < br > with other charts are attributable to completeness of provincial < br > data . < br > Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on PAYE < br > database < br > Figure 29 . Total formal employment by size of firm , Figure 30 . Year-on-year change in formal < br > 2014-2022 ( FTE ) employment by driver , 2014-2022 ( FTE ) < br > 700 120 < br > 600 100 < br > 80 < br > 500 < br > 60 < br > 400 < br > 40 < br > 300 20 < br > 200 0 < br > - 20 < br > 100 < br > - 40 < br > - - 60 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 767, "text": "Data on province of employment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2021b ) . Supplementary analyses are described in Appendix G . # # * * 4 . 1 Data * * Baseline quantitative data on the 2 , 000 female participants were collected between April 2016 and January 2017 , which is 12 to 18 months before the distribution of cash grants . The endline survey was conducted between December 2020 and March 2021 , which is 9", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 114, "text": "Baseline quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 273, "end": 287, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that refugees should pay between 3 , 000 and 5 , 000 LBP for consultation at a primary health care centre ( PHC ) compared to 75 % in 2015 and 54 % in 2014 . A lower proportion ( 49 % ) knew that medication for acute illnesses is free at PHCs . - 74 % knew that UNHCR financially supports hospital care for life saving treatment compared to 77 % in 2015 . 86 % knew that UNHCR contributes to the cost of deliveries . - 71 % of households knew that refugee children have free access to vaccination at MoPH facilities compared to 75 % in 2015 . - Self-reported vaccination coverage among children under 5 was 69 % for polio and 62 % for measles . However , a significant number of households reported not knowing if the child had been vaccinated ( 12 % for polio and 11 % for measles ) . Note that these findings do not represent a true vaccination coverage . Actual coverage data will be presented in the report of the 2016 national survey . - 65 % of children were reportedly vaccinated against measles at a PHC , with 21 % receiving a measles vaccine through a mobile vaccination team . - The main reasons reported for not vaccinating children was long waiting time , not knowing where to go , and being unable to afford it . # # # # * * Health care access and utilization during the month preceding the interview * * - 65 % of households surveyed spent money on health care in the previous month , with an average expenditure of 221 , 826 LBP ( 148 USD ) and a median expenditure of 150 , 000 LBP ( 100 USD ) compared to an average of 136 USD in 2015 and 90 USD in 2014 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 918, "end": 938, "text": "2016 national survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample , we are considering only developing countries , and they enter the panel if they are independent at time t � 1 . The data set employed in our analysis is an updated version of that used by Acemoglu et al . ( 2005 ) for the democracy indicators ( except for economic freedom ) and all the control variables . The migration data come from Defoort ( 2008 ) . # Democracy Data on democracy are taken from the Freedom House data set , from the POLITY IV data set , and from the Economic Freedom of the World project ( Simon Fraser > 13For the level equation the following moment conditions are to be satis . . . ed : > 14This test is not reported in the tables , but it is available upon request . > 15See Roodman ( 2009 ) > 16The xtabond2 command , implemented in Stata , gives a warning when instruments exceed the number of groups . 10", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 435, "text": "Freedom House data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 465, "text": "POLITY IV data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 481, "end": 518, "text": "Economic Freedom of the World project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Exhibits Figure 1 : Import market concentration in natural resource-dependent countries and a potential mechanism < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( a ) Import market concentration ( b ) Trade protection < br > GNB GAB < br > LAO < br > TLS < br > BDI STP BGD NPLBENMAR CMR GNB < br > MUS TGO SENMDG GABCIV RWACPVMWI TGO ETHCPV < br > BWAMKD CRI CMR ZMB PAKLKA KENSEN RWASTP < br > SLVDOMJORALBBENMAR TZA GTMKENGEOUGA ETH KHM TZA EGY MDGUGABDI COLCIV ECU < br > KHM NPLLKAHRVSRB EGY URYCOMCOLPER CHL ECUPRY DOMJORIND ZAF URYCOMPER CHL ZMBMWIPRY < br > ZAF MEX MUS GTMGEO < br > ROU IDN MKDSLV BGRSRB TLS < br > PAK BGR VNM ROU ALBHRV CRI IDN < br > BGD VNM BWA LAO < br > MEX IND < br > 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 < br > Commodity export share of total merchandise exports Commodity export share of total merchandise exports < br > . 15 < br > 3000 < br > 2000 . 1 < br > . 05 < br > 1000 < br > Average HHI of country ' s import markets < br > Tariff rate , applied , weighted mean , all products < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Panel A displays the average HHI of a country ’ s import markets and the country ’ s average commodity export share , where averages are taken over years . Within years , the HHI is the import value-weighted average of the log of the HHI across HS 6-digit products for a given country . The slope of the best fit line in Panel A is 0 . 86 ( standard error = 0 . 19 ) . Panel B displays the import value-weighted average tariff rate of a country and the country ’ s average commodity export share , where averages are taken over years . The slope of the best fit line in Panel B is 0 . 031 ( 0 . 022 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "one and nine years . Information on the rest of the population relevant for the analysis – those eligible but not participating and those with _Sisben_ scores above the threshold of eligibility — is obtained from a census of the poor that was collected between 1994 and 2003 used to compute the _Sisben_ proxy-means test . Both datasets are merged together to create the sample of analysis for the RDD . < sup > 24 < / sup > In practice , the _Sisben_ poverty score predicts substantial but not perfect changes in the probability of receiving the treatment . In fact , the data show a significant discontinuity in the probability of assignment to treatment at the threshold of around 66 to 72 percentage points as presented in Figure 1 and Table 3 . < sup > 25 < / sup > Therefore , we perform a _fuzzy_ instead of a _sharp_ RDD . The average causal effect of this design is given by the ratio of the jump in the outcome variable at the threshold to the jump in the probability of participation in FA also at the threshold . This is equivalent to an instrumental variable setting in which the average effect of the treatment is obtained from compliers - - individuals whose participation is affected by the cutoff . To check the sensitivity of the results to different specifications , estimates of program impacts based on the RDD are computed using different parametric functional forms and nonparametric procedures . Besides , to restrict the sample close to the cutoff , optimal bandwidths for the nonparametric analysis were also estimated using Imbens and Kalyanaraman ( 2010 ) methods . Our first stage regression formally tests if the probability of treatment for individual _i_ , in municipality _m_ , and in year _t_ changes discontinuously at the cutoff point . We estimate different polynomial specifications of the model allowing the regression function to differ on both sides of the threshold as follows : > 24 Given that the information system of the program does not reports SISBEN scores for participant families , uniform scores for the whole sample are calculated by using the proxy means testing algorithm and the information from the Census of the Poor 1994-2003 . 25 This may happen", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 233, "text": "census of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2156, "end": 2184, "text": "Census of the Poor 1994-2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 . 10 : Program Systems and Capacity Improvements * * | | * * Risk * * | * * Mitigation Action * * | * * Action * * < br > * * by * * < br > * * Date * * | * * Type * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Action * * | * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * | Budget cuts resulting to inadequate funds to < br > fund the program | Government to ensure adequate funds are available to fund < br > the program by addressing any fund shortfalls and budget < br > cuts | 1 July 2022 < br > and < br > continuous < br > thereafter | PAP | MoE / NT | | * * 2 * * | Delays in release of funds by the National < br > Treasury to MOE | Timely release of funds Exchequer to the Implementing < br > Entities | 1 July 2022 < br > and < br > | PAP | NT | | | Delays in release of funds by MoE to Counties < br > and to schools | Timely release of funds by MoE | continuous < br > thereafter | | MoE | | * * 3 * * | Limited capacity in terms of staff given the < br > wide audit universe - the whole Ministry < br > operations and at times funding issues for < br > impeding the effectiveness of the internal < br > audit function especially for county audits | Ensure provision of adequate resources including for follow < br > up audits especially to the counties that seems not to be < br > done . < br > Use of IT ( see below on NEMIS ) for audit", "spans": [{"start": 1386, "end": 1391, "text": "NEMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "93 ) | ( 0 . 23 ) | ( 1 . 35 ) | | Political stability * | 0 . 176 * | - 0 . 0551 | - 0 . 232 | | NCE dummy | ( 1 . 77 ) | ( - 0 . 42 ) | ( - 1 . 59 ) | | Time trend | 0 . 0184 | 0 . 316 * * * | 0 . 279 * * * | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( 0 . 74 ) | ( 7 . 09 ) | ( 5 . 94 ) | | n | 1 , 378 | 1 , 392 | 1 , 378 | | R-squared | 0 . 136 | 0 . 300 | 0 . 232 | | RMSE | 4 . 74 | 8 . 03 | 7 . 97 | _Note_ : Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . The dummy for being a new commodity exporter is equal to one in the first five years of fuel exceeding 25 percent 12", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 526, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 in the < u > longer version of this < / u > paper . To complement our findings and assess the crisis impact on workers who are outside our model ( i . e . , not formally employed in the private sector ) , we utilize real-time surveys on labor markets . For Jordan , the Economic Research Forum ( ERF ) conducted the COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey ( CMMHH ) , a nationally representative panel survey conducted among mobile phone users aged 18-64 . The baseline wave of this dataset was collected in February 2021 . This is a reliable and detailed survey that is more similar in scope and design to the LFS than other surveys conducted during the pandemic , such as the World Bank ’ s high-frequency phone survey . For Georgia , the World Bank conducted a COVID-19 ( Georgia ) High-Frequency Phone Survey ( GHFPS ) that cover a national random sample of mobile phone users aged 18-64 . Both surveys aim to collect data on the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 on households and individuals , including information on job and income loss . 3 . 2 Pre-COVID Country Context Both Jordan and Georgia had experienced relatively stable growth over the years prior to 2020 . Jordan ’ s real GDP growth averaged 2 . 4 percent between 2012 and 2020 and GDP per capita reached USD 4 , 405 . 5 in 2019 . > 5 Given our purpose to predict job losses in 2020 , we used LFS 2019 . With a full year of repeated cross-sectional data , it contains sufficient observations , and the impacts of COVID-19 are already reflected in the 2020 LFS . Given one purpose of our paper is to develop a method for predicting jobs lost in absence of post-COVID household level data , using the 2020 dataset from Georgia would undermine this objective . > 6 < u > https : / / www . weforum . org / agenda / 2020 / 04 / occupations-highest-covid19-risk / . The three factors are equally weighted . < / u > 8", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 356, "text": "COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 813, "text": "High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1363, "end": 1371, "text": "LFS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1521, "end": 1529, "text": "2020 LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1656, "text": "post-COVID household level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1669, "end": 1694, "text": "2020 dataset from Georgia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2009 * * | * * Table 7 . Asylum ap * * | * * plication * * | * * s lodge * * | * * d in Sou * * | * * thern E * * | * * urope * * * | * * by origin * * | * * , first q * * | * * uarter 2 * * | * * 007 to s * * | * * econd q * * | * * uarter * * | * * 2009 * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * See Table 1 for countrie < br > Monthly asylum data for I | s included . < br > taly is only | Top-40 ra < br > available s < br > * * Excludin * * < br > 200 | nking of co < br > ince Janu < br > * * g Italy * * < br > 7 | untries ba < br > ary 2008 . | sed on app | lications lo < br > 200 | dged duri < br > 8 | ng second | quarter of < br > 200 | 2009 . < br > 9 | First se | mester c | hange | ' 09 - ' 08 < br > Q3Q4 / | * * Incl . Italy * * | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | ' 08 - ' 07", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 4 * * # # # # # * * GUINEA : MULTI-SECTORAL AIDS PROJECT ( MAP ) * * The \" Economic Analysis of liV / AIDS \" contained in the Multi-Country HiV / AIDS Program for the Second Multi-Country HIV / AIDS Program ( MAP2 ) ( APL ) for the Africa Region ( Report No . P7497-AFR ) , provides the economic justification for the Guinea Multi-Sectoral AIDS Project . As it indicates , HIV / AIDS undermines the three major determinants of economic growth , namely physical , human , and social capital . Due to its long incubation period ( 7-10 years ) , the impact of the HIV / AIDS epidemic is likely to be drawn over time with the rate of growth of physical and human capital and the efficiency of social capital declining slowly in parallel with the maturing of the HIV / AIDS epidemic . Over time , the behavior of GDP would reflect a similar gradual downward reduction of the rate of growth ( or increased rate of contraction ) , rather than a sudden fall in GDP per capita . Available data indicate that Guinea represents the classic case of a country in which the rapid spread of the virus is likely . Poverty , refugees , high levels of sexually transmitted infections and opportunistic infections , inequality , gender inequality , are all part of the mosaic . Once HIV levels reach around 5 % , the infection spreads exponentially with the prevalence rate sometimes increasing by 50 % every year . Should the epidemic not be checked it will prevent an increasing share of the population from participating in the economy , resulting in reduction in economic growth and an increase in poverty , thereby accelerating the vicious cycle . - 40 -", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 994, "text": "Available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * What types of firms perform better than others ? * * In this section we account for the variation in productivity ( TFP ) across firms that can be attributed to various characteristics of firms . The key characteristics of interest are ownership and export orientation ; it is particularly important in the Serbian context to establish that , based on international experience , private ownership enhances productivity . The previous section also established that the productivity of firms is highly correlated with the country in which they operate . The analysis here augments the estimation equation used in column 2 in Table 1 with measures of ownership , export orientation , and also location ( whether or not the firm is operating in a capital city ) . In the regression results , the estimated impacts on TFP of these firm characteristics are impacts that raise or lower the TFP of a firm compared to other firms in the same country . * * _International evidence . _ * * The estimation used a sample of firms from 51 PICS-BEEPS surveys of firms in 44 countries . The estimations were done separately for manufacturing and services firms ( Table 2 ) . The omitted or benchmark category is state-owned , domestic , non-exporters and not in a capital city . < sup > 12 < / sup > The results show that privately-owned firms , whether privatized or new private , have levels of TFP that are 30-38 percent higher than state-owned firms in the same country . Foreign ownership adds another 23-43 percent to TFP levels . Export orientation adds 22 percent to TFP ( for manufacturing firms only ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > * * Table 2 : TFP regressions using firm-level data * * | | * * Manufacturing * * | * * Services * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Fixed capital | 0 . 374 * * | 0 . 268 * * | | Labor | 0 . 686 * * | 0 . 698 * * | | Privatized | 0 . 382 * * | 0 . 295 * * | | New private | 0", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1049, "text": "PICS-BEEPS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1661, "end": 1676, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "55 - # # # # # # U6U ARICULTURAL DEKELOPIIENT PROJECT INPUT SUPPLY ULTERINARY IN \" UTS Detailed Cost Table ( U . Sh . ' 000 ) ANNEX V Table 3 3 | | | | uantti < br > * * tBs * * | * * e * * | | | | | Cost | s | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Unit | B5 / 6 | B6 / 87 | B7 / B3 | 99 / 99 | Total | UnitCost | 85 / 86 | 9687 | * * B7 / 8 * * | * * 88 / 89 * * | Total | | | = = ~ | ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - s | | | | - = : : | __ = - = = | : = = = < br > : | = = < br > : - = = < br > us = | c_e_ = : = _ < br > = : = = lu = | = = - : = < br > = | # # # # # # I . INVESTNIET COSTS | A . VETERINAY < br > WlAS < br > BISSEC | dose | 1 , 750 . 000 | 17504000 | 1 , 750 , 000 | 1 . 750 , 000 | 7 . 000 , 000 | 0 . 02 | 37 , 714 . 7 | 379714 . 7 | 37 , 714 . 7 | 379714 . 7 | 150 , 59 . 8 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * < u > < mark > Colombia < / mark > < / u > * * # # # # * * _NRC Colombia_ * * 1 . What are you planning to do ? # # # # * * A . Immediate plans * * - 1 ) Mapping of protection services providers including civil society , NGOs and intergovernmental agencies and other groups active in Jakarta , Makassar , Medan and other key urban areas in establishing a network toward more effective delivery of protection services to urban refugees . - 2 ) Undertaking a mapping project for unaccompanied minors ( UAMs ) to identify their specific needs , particularly those of homeless younger minors , which will then inform planning for specific projects and interventions with the authorities and partners . - 3 ) Identifying of National Celebrity toward eventual Goodwill Ambassador to raise profile of refugees and to help in our advocacy work . # # # # * * B . Medium term plans * * - 1 ) Establishing Youth Centre ( s ) where various activities , both educational ( including skill-based training , such as language or computer ) and recreational ( such as sports and cultural ) , are provided to both refugees and host community youths . - 2 ) Establishing , in coordination with government counterparts , a system by which urban refugees are included in national health insurance schemes , appealing to the government to include refugees in national health security policy . - 3 ) Advocating for limited local integration for refugees married to Indonesians . # # # # * * C . Longer term plans * * - 1 ) Promoting and fostering self-reliance and sustainable Livelihoods among persons of concern ( PoCs ) . - a . Advocacy with government to seek necessary permission for urban refugees to engage in enterprise schemes . - b . Seek out joint entrepreneurship models to maximize sympathy and support among host communities ( small scale partnerships between urban refugees + local economically active citizens ) - establishing joint cottage industry in making Afghan bread ( which are otherwise", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We analyze the relationship between PP regimes and trade policy activism during the first seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic using cross-country information on attributes of precrisis national public procurement regimes ( World Bank , 2020 ) , the coverage of PP in trade agreements ( Shingal and Ereshchenko , 2020 ) and data on changes in trade policy for medical products implemented by governments during January-July 2020 ( Evenett et al . , 2020 ) . A key feature of the trade policy data is that information is available on a weekly basis , permitting analysis of when trade liberalizing and restrictive policy instruments were imposed and removed . Our results suggest that after controlling for country size , government effectiveness , economic factors and the incidence of COVID-19 cases , restrictions on exports of medical products and import liberalization are positively correlated with pre-crisis attributes of PP regimes . The total number of steps , in particular , and time taken to complete procurement processes are strongly associated with reducing import barriers and imposition of export controls . Membership of trade agreements with public procurement disciplines – both PTAs and the WTO GPA – is associated with greater openness , reflected in actions to facilitate trade in medical products . The rest of the paper is structured as follows . Section 2 briefly discusses related literature . Section 3 provides an overview of the use of trade policy between January and July 2020 . Section 4 presents the empirical methodology . Section 5 discusses the data sources for the explanatory and control variables and provides some descriptive statistics for these variables . Section 6 discusses the estimation results . Section 7 concludes . # * * 2 . Related literature and hypotheses * * We are not aware of studies that analyze the relationship between public procurement and trade policy responses during public health emergencies . The extant studies on public procurement and COVID-19 include a focus on strategies procuring authorities can ( should ) use to rapidly ramp up purchases of essential products needed by public health authorities and care providers . Procurement of health care-related products usually involves a prolonged multi-stage process that takes time . In times of crisis procuring agencies may need to dispense with normal practices to", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 497, "text": "trade policy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Afghan refugees in Iran under UNHCR < br > 3500000 < br > 3000000 < br > 2500000 < br > 2000000 < br > 1500000 < br > 1000000 < br > 500000 < br > 0 < br > 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 < br > Figure 1 - Number of Afghan refugees in Iran under United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees < br > ( UNHCR ) . Source : UNHCR database available at https : / / www . unhcr . org / refugee-statistics-statisticsstatistics ( accessed < br > 21 / 06 / 2020 ) . < br > GDP growth ( % ) in Iran GDP growth < br > non-oil GDP growth < br > 16 . 0 14 . 2 < br > 11 . 0 8 . 7 < br > 7 . 9 7 . 0 6 . 2 7 . 3 7 . 8 6 . 6 < br > 5 . 5 < br > 4 . 8 < br > 6 . 0 3 . 2 3 . 5 < br > 2 . 5 2 . 3 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 1 . 0 < br > - 0 . 1 < br > - 4 . 0 < br > - 4 . 9 < br > - 6 . 1 < br > - 9 . 0 < br > - 8 . 5 < br > US started war against Taliban . < br > The Taliban resurgence started . Period of this study < br > The Soviet Army intervened in Afghanistan < br > Internal confilict following Soviet exit < br > Taliban is founded Taliban established Islamic state . < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Figure 1 - Number of Afghan refugees in Iran under United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . Source : UNHCR database available at_ _", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 443, "text": "UNHCR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to ten kilometers . Besides the population surveys , cross-sectional health facility assessment ( HFA ) data were collected in 2010 through a number of techniques , including observations of client-provider interactions ( CPIs ) during consultations , client exit interviews , interviews with SPs , record reviews , facility inventories , and service statistics . The HFA was conducted in 20 contracted ( ten offering STI and ten offering safe motherhood services ) and ten comparison facilities . The facilities were specifically selected based on the type of services offered and their size in terms of client volumes . This report uses data from CPIs and interviews with SPs . Additional crosssectional data were obtained from ( 1 ) voucher sales and claims up to mid-2011 , provided by the VMA , ( 2 ) semistructured interviews conducted in August 2010 with SPs from contracted and noncontracted facilities to examine workload and the level of job satisfaction among the SPs , and ( 3 ) cost data for the voucher program , obtained from the VMA in July 2011 . 13", "spans": [{"start": 639, "end": 677, "text": "data from CPIs and interviews with SPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 736, "end": 775, "text": "voucher sales and claims up to mid-2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 991, "end": 1024, "text": "cost data for the voucher program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "margins . Moreover , these firms are often highly mobile , and more likely to compare taxes across alternative locations ( Wells 1986 ) . Hence , taxes can be an important part of their cost structure , and the firms can easily move to take advantage of more favorable tax regimes . The impact and the nature of incentive schemes may also differ if they apply to new or existing companies . For example , Rolfe et al . ( 1993 ) shows , using a survey of managers of US firms , that start-up companies will prefer incentives that reduce their initial expenses ( equipment and material exemption ) , while expanding firms will prefer tax incentives that target profit . He also reports that manufacturing industries will prefer incentives related to depreciable assets because they utilize more fixed assets than service industries . In an interesting study , Coyne ( 1994 ) suggests that small investors are generally more responsive to tax incentives than large ones . Taxes may play a more important role in the cost structure of small companies because they do not have the financial and human capacity to developed sophisticated tax avoidance strategies . Large multinational companies are also more likely to receive special tax treatments , whatever the tax laws applied by the host country . Oman ( 2000 ) reports some evidence that large firms , especially in the automobile sector , are more likely to negotiate secret advance agreements on how much they will pay in both industrial and emerging countries . There exist a few studies that estimate separate equations for FDI financed by retained earnings and external funds ( equity plus debt ) ( Hartman ( 1984 ) and Boskin and Gale ( 1987 ) ) . They typically found that FDI financed by retained earnings is more strongly influenced by host country tax rates . However , they do not offer any clear explanation for this result , but it is possible that equity and debt financing are also influenced by the tax policy in the home country , thereby reducing the impact of the host country ' s tax regimes ( see next section for more explanations ) . Finally , there is growing evidence that low taxes might be", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 474, "text": "survey of managers of US firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 11 . The Effect of Titling Firms ’ Ownership on preferential treatments * * The sample consists of all firms in the CSMAR database that has Allocated land before the land titling program starting from 2012 . This table presents parameter estimates from OLS regression of title firms ’ ownership on the preferential treatment received by the firm . In Column ( 1 ) , the dependent variable is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm has disputes either with the government or with other firms and 0 if otherwise . In Column ( 2 ) , the dependent variable is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm has disputes with the government and 0 if otherwise . In Column ( 3 ) , the dependent variable is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm has disputes with other firms and 0 otherwise . All variables are winsorized at the upper and lower one percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification . The _t-statistics_ are computed using standard errors that are White-corrected . * , * * , * * * indicate significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | All Disputes | Disputes with government | Disputes with private firms | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | SOE dummy | - 0 . 367 * * | - 0 . 432 * * | - 0 . 388 * * | | | ( - 2 . 087 ) | ( - 2 . 542 ) | ( - 2 . 205 ) | | Log ( Total Asset ) | 0 . 002 * * * | - 0 . 000 | - 0 . 001 | | | ( 3 . 293 ) | ( - 1 . 000 ) |", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 992, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # * * 7 . 12 Impact on Communal Land and State Forest * * Based on the ground inventory survey along the corridor about 14 tower pads will fall on communal land and a total of 0 . 061ha of communal land will be expropriated by the Subproject . Although small , this land is used by the local community members for livestock grazing . In addition , government owned state forest will also be impacted by 8 tower pads and RoW . This forest is located in Jima town administration , Limu Genet and Limu Kosa Woreda Administrations . # # # # # * * 7 . 13 Impact on Vulnerable Groups * * < mark > Security or vulnerability of households ’ livelihoods vary between households depending on their relative endowment with and / or access to a range of assets ( natural , physical , human , social and financial ) . The more a household owns or have access to different assets , the less vulnerable it is likely to be . Ownership of or access to assets is dictated by an interplay of historical , social , economic , cultural , political and environmental processes that work favourably for some groups of households and unfavourably for others . In effect , social groups with less asset-endowments become more vulnerable to shocks ( adverse impacts of the proposed Subproject on farmland ) than those with relatively generous asset - < / mark > endowments . < mark > Households headed by the elderly , females , the chronically ill , physical disabilities and mental illness are generally more vulnerable than others . Vulnerable households find it difficult to withstand shocks ( e . g . land take by the Subproject ) , bounce back quickly and reestablish their livelihoods unless their livelihoods are cushioned with some sort of targeted special assistance . Certain members of the project-affected communities are", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 256, "text": "ground inventory survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN REPORT | * * Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1 : Malindi , Mombasa and Kitui Counties # # # # * * Annex 2 : RAP Team * * | Social scientist | Led the RAP team in identification of the PAPs and data < br > collection during the social economic survey , census and < br > inventory process | | - - - | - - - | | Valuer | Determined the costs of different impacts | | Environmentalists | Defined < br > the < br > environmental < br > impacts < br > of < br > different < br > infrastructure developments | | Settlement < br > Executive | Mobilised the PAPs and acted as good ambassadors of the | | Committee | proposed developments | | 79", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 303, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25128 < br > 0 . 83 | | Treatment < br > 0 . 47 < br > 0 . 46 < br > 0 . 07 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 58 < br > 0 . 38 < br > 0 . 14 < br > 0 . 44 < br > 0 . 15 < br > 20 . 4 < br > 11853 < br > 659 < br > 68 < br > 0 . 43 < br > 0 . 49 < br > 3 . 26 < br > 1 . 70 < br > 7 . 32 < br > 0 . 23 < br > 0 . 34 < br > 341 < br > 5922 < br > - 0 . 04 < br > 100 < br > ans | | Control < br > 0 . 46 < br > 0 . 43 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 09 < br > 0 . 58 < br > 0 . 36 < br > 0 . 17 < br > 0 . 52 < br > 0 . 07 < br > 20 . 1 < br > 11416 < br > 399 < br > 77 < br > 0 . 46 < br > 0 . 51 < br > 4 . 18 < br > 2 . 18 < br > 9 . 05 < br > 0 . 17 < br > 0 . 44 < br > 336 < br > 7617 < br > 0 . 04 < br > 100 < br > Me | | _Variables used in Stratification_ < br > Small Firm < br > Medium Firm < br > Large Firm < br > Outlier in export data < br > Exported in last three years < br > Export Practices Index < br > _Other Variables_ < br > Firm located in Antioquia region < br > Firm located in Cundinamarca region < br > Firm located in Valle de Cauca region < br > Firm age ( years ) < br > Firm sales in 2016 ( millions of pesos ) < br > Firm profits", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", as a more recent 2019 Glassdoor survey indicates that these figures jumped to 61 percent and 58 percent , respectively , for men and women . A lack of information on how much male counterparts are being paid likely makes it even more difficult to negotiate . Increasing transparency can help women understand and ask for appropriate pay . More broadly , an article in Forbes magazine pointed to studies which showed that keeping salaries secret decreases motivation and performance , while sharing salary information increases performance . * * Lessons learned : * * Although sharing information about salaries can seem contrary to social norms in many countries and cultures , evidence suggests that keeping salaries secret is often detrimental to women . Removing barriers to sharing of salary information , as well as requiring transparency in pay bands , is a relatively low ‐ cost intervention that can level the playing field for women in the workplace . > 103 David Burkus , “ Why Do We Keep Salaries Secret ? , ” Forbes , February 2 , 2016 , https : / / www . forbes . com / sites / davidburkus / 2016 / 02 / 02 / why ‐ do ‐ we ‐ keep ‐ salaries ‐ secret / . > 104 “ 3 in 5 Employees Did Not Negotiate Salary , ” _Glassdoor_ ( blog ) , May 2 , 2016 , https : / / www . glassdoor . com / blog / 3 ‐ 5 ‐ u ‐ s ‐ employees ‐ negotiate ‐ salary / . > 105 Juliet Eilperin , “ Obama Takes Executive Action to Lift the Veil of ‘ pay Secrecy ’ ‐ The Washington Post , ” The Washington Post , April 8 , 2014 , https : / / www . washingtonpost . com / news / post ‐ politics / wp / 2014 / 04 / 08 / obama ‐ takes ‐ executive ‐ action ‐ to ‐ lift ‐ the ‐ veil ‐ of ‐ pay ‐ secrecy / ? utm_term = . 2fcae87bbd03 . > 106 Jackson Amy , “ New Study : Job Seekers Expect Salary Negotiation & Transparency , ” _Glassdoor for Employers_ ( blog ) , April 10 , 2019 , https :", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 40, "text": "2019 Glassdoor survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , recognizing that there are PAHs that have no recognizable legal right or claim over the land they are occupying in the project area such as the 38 PAHs who are informal occupants that will lose their main residential structures constructed on land that they have no legal claim on , compensation for the RAP will therefore be based on OP . 4 . 12 which applies beyond Kenyan laws as it relates to such claimants . In this project , displaced persons are classified in one of the following three groups : 1 . Those who have formal legal rights to land ( including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of Kenya ) 2 . Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets provided that such claims are recognized under the Kenyan laws or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan 3 . Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying . According to the census , all the PAHs in the areas covered by the RAP 1b have formal legal rights to land including customary rights < sup > 3 < / sup > recognized under the laws of Kenya and hence falling under category 1 as described above . # # # # # # * * Land Compensation and Relocation Strategies * * The six ( 6 ) villages share a single title deed with many other members of the Mwavumbo Group Ranch . However , during RAP preparation period , affected assets in affected section of the Ranch were identified and inventoried , valued and have been include in the Asset Register and compensation will be paid directly to the affected ranch members who are PAHs as the ranch is in the process of being dissolved which will pave way for issuance of individual title deeds ( subdivision is ongoing ) hence enabling compensation for each PAH . Refer to Sec 6 . 5 . 1 on the ongoing process of dissolving the Mwavumbo Group Ranch & Registration of Land to Individual Members # # #", "spans": [{"start": 1011, "end": 1017, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1567, "end": 1581, "text": "Asset Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ < br > Consultancy services for Res < br > ettlement Action Plan No . 2 a < br > nd No . 3 and Vulnerable and < br > Marginalised Group Plan ( VM < br > GP ) implementation related t < br > o Mwache Upper Check Dam < br > and all roads developed unde < br > r the Mwache Dam Project . < br > IDA / 55430 | C1 - Mwache Dam and Relate < br > d Infrastructure | < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 2 , 129 , 618 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implem < br > ation | ent < br > 2022-08-09 < br > 2 | 022-08-23 | 2022-08-30 < br > 2022-09-2 | 1 < br > 2022-10-04 < br > 2023-06-1 | 4 | 2022-11-01 < br > 2023-08-01 | 2022-12-01 < br > 2024-0 | 5-09 < br > 2022-12-29 | 2024-0 | 8-26 < br > 2023-02-02 | | 2025-02-01 | | KE-MOWI-307707-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy services for Mw < br > ache Dam and Upper Check < br > Dam documentary project < br > IDA / 55430 | C1 - Mwache Dam and Relate < br > d Infrastructure | < br > Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 277 , 791 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implem < br > ation | ent < br > 2022-12-08 < br > 2 | 022 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the same approach for the other two more conservative scenarios , we can calculate the unofficial economy index and shares , respectively , and present all three scenarios together in Tables 6 and 7 . The data of Table 7 is depicted graphically in Figure 2 . Table 6 : Ukraing Unofficial Economy Index : three scenarios . | | | Uno | fficial Ec | onomy_I_ | _ndex_ | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1989 | 1299 | 1991 | 1292 | 1993 | 1994 | | Unitary Elasticity Scenario | 12 . 0 | 16 . 3 | 25 . 5 | 32 . 2 | 34 . 0 | 36 . 6 | | Conservative Elasticity Scenario | 12 . 0 | 16 . 5 | 25 . 2 | 30 . 9 | 31 . 5 | 32 . 7 | | Overall Conservative Scenario | 12 . 0 | 14 . 8 | 22 . 5 | 28 . 0 | 28 . 8 | 30 . 9 |", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 220, "text": "data of Table 7", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Previous work on allocative efficiency has largely avoided periods of crisis , and work on crises has rarely examined firm responses . By using firm-level data to examine the impact of a major crisis on resource allocation this paper combines and contributes to several strands of literature that have evolved fairly separately up until this point . The available evidence on the impact of crises on resource allocation typically relies on aggregate data . The few previous attempts to empirically validate the predictions of the cleansing paradigm using firm-level data – discussed in detail in section 2 – have either failed to examine changes in the reallocative process itself or suffer methodological shortcomings . Second , existing plant-level studies of reallocation dynamics have demonstrated that business cycles are important determinants of both the pattern and pace of reallocation ( see the surveys by Bartelsman & Doms , 2000 , Caves , 1998 , and Syverson , 2010 ) but typically deliberately exclude crisis-periods . It is therefore not clear to what extent the conclusions based on them generalize to crisis times . Third , cross-country studies based on aggregate data suggest that plant-dynamics are a key determinant of the depth and duration of crises ( Bergoeing et al . 2005 , Collier and Goderis 2009 ) , but do not examine how these dynamics matter . Fourth , micro-studies of the impact of crises on labor market outcomes mostly rely on household and labor market data ( see e . g . McKenzie 2003 , 2004 ; Fallon & Lucas , 2002 ; Manning , 2000 , Beegle et al . 1999 ) , which are ill-suited for analyzing the impact of crises on reallocation dynamics and labor demand . Firm-level data are better suited for this purpose and enable us to document heterogeneity in firm vulnerability and adjustment patterns . Examining the impact of the East Asian crisis on the Indonesian manufacturing sector provides an interesting case study of how financial crises reverberate through the real economy . Lessons could be relevant for recovery from the current global crisis , which is also characterized by a sharp contraction of demand , reduced access to credit , and uncertainty ( although with less dramatic depreciations ) . In addition , our analysis may be", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 159, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 440, "end": 454, "text": "aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1462, "end": 1493, "text": "household and labor market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1696, "end": 1711, "text": "Firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "women , face particular challenges that are exacerbated by flood risk . Children often miss school during flood events and women are commonly responsible for staying home with children when schools are closed and to clean up the house after floods , forcing them to miss work or not work at all . Thanks to access to rich socioeconomic , gender-disaggregated data , the report also sheds light on the characteristics of affected households and helps us understand the policy relevant link between poverty and flood exposure . With lack of governmental support , households must absorb the costs of flood damage and try to protect themselves from future exposure . Households in informal settlements take various measures to prevent flood damage ( Sakijege , Lupala and Sheuya , 2012 ) . The most common of these are the use of sandbags and tree logs ; raised pit latrines and doorsteps ; the provision of water outlet pipes above plinth level ; the construction of embankments and protection walls ; the elevation of house foundations ; seasonal displacement ; and the boiling and chemical treatment of water . In April 2018 , Dar es Salaam and other parts of Tanzania experienced heavy rains that caused floods in large parts of the city . Information on the impacts of the flood on households and businesses is scarce , an emergency plan of action issued by the Red Cross < sup > 4 < / sup > indicates that the event affected close to 15 , 900 people across Tanzania – 12 , 000 of them in Dar es Salaam . This flood followed several episodes of heavy rainfall that occurred in Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar between April 12 and April 18 . Among the 15 regions affected by floods , Arusha , Dar es Salaam , and Zanzibar were impacted worst . Fifteen people died and 11 were severely injured in Dar es Salaam and one person died in Arusha . The Dar es Salaam Multi-Agency Emergency Response Team and the Tanzania Red Cross estimate that 2 , 151 households in the city were displaced , 42 houses and 21 latrines completely collapsed and 342 houses severely damaged . The current report provides results suggesting the number of affected households is much larger than official", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 363, "text": "socioeconomic , gender-disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", e . g . , mosaic resistant cassava cultivars , high yielding clonal coffee , high yielding disease resistant Irish potato and sweet potato varieties , through tissue culture and other techniques , ( c ) improved varieties of beans , sorghum , cassava , groundnuts , sunflower , cotton , ( d ) village level on-farm storage structures for maize and other food grains , ( e ) small farm implements designed for the smaller cattle of Uganda , e . g . , the improved Ugandan plow ; hand shellers , hand threshers , and mechanical weeders , and ( f ) improved agroforestry technologies and practices for harvesting , processing and utilizing products of conifer plantations . The National Agricultural Research Organization ( NARO ) would continue on-going high priority , adaptive research which address specific production constraints and have a high potential of producing significant benefits and impact , in a relatively short time . Diagnostic surveys of production constraints carried out with extension staff and farmers would determine the adaptive research program to be carried out in the districts . A campaign to widely disseminate and introduce improved technologies and cultural practices will be carried out under the outreach , extension and technology dissemination program involving the district extension service , farmers , NGOs , MAAIF and NARO . Some examples of technologies which are close to maturity and could be moved to on-farm trials for verification include : ( a ) superior varieties / cultivars of high yielding maize , sorghum , cassava , Irish potato , groundnuts , sweet potato , millet , _Sigatoka_ resistant banana , ( b ) improved aquaculture practices , ( c ) pheromones baits for the biological control of banana weevils , ( d ) integrated pest management in cotton , and ( e ) biological control of water hyacinth . Other research areas to be supported by the project will be identified during a series of district and national level consultations between NARO and all the stakeholders of agricultural research . The specific objectives of the project would be to : ( a", "spans": [{"start": 936, "end": 980, "text": "Diagnostic surveys of production constraints", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", may also result in underreporting of income . * * Our data and method used in this note are also not good at capturing the underreporting of income * * . * * at the top of the distribution because top earners tend to be underrepresented in the survey data * * While surveys can provide helpful information about income trends and distributions , they may not accurately capture the incomes of the wealthiest individuals , leading to potential gaps and biases in the data . Wealthy individuals may be missing from the sample ( due to coverage errors , sparseness , or unit non-response ) or - - even if they are included - - the income information is missing ( due to item nonresponse ) , underreported or censored ( Lustig , 2019 ; Ravallion , 2022 ; Yonzan et al . , 2022 ) To somehow control for this problem , we restrict the distribution of survey income and imputed income at the 99 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of the income in the EU-SILC ( see Bendek & Lelkes , 2011 ) . In this case , the mean income in the EU-SILC is 11 , 231 EUR , and the mean imputed tax income is 10 , 193 EUR . The average 23", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 257, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indicator is populationneutral , and unaffected by the overall level of a country ’ s population . The dispersion-adjusted measure of population density is defined as being proportional to the country ’ s population divided by the square of the dispersion indicator ( with the square operation applied to transform the distance-based dispersion measure to an area-equivalent ) . It ’ s inverse captures population sparsity . This indicator is again highly sensitive to population settlement patterns ( in contrast to calculations of the country ’ s average population density ) . In this paper , we calculate the local-area remoteness measures , and country-level dispersion and sparsity indicators for eight case-study PICs , relying on census data collected by country National Statistics Offices and made available through the Pacific Community ( SPC ) PopGIS platform . Our estimates of community remoteness are correlated with local area socio-economic characteristics ( the link between remoteness and socio-economic characteristics is explored more comprehensively in a companion piece < sup > 2 < / sup > to this work ) . At the country level , our indicators emphasize the enormity of the geographical scale of dispersion in Kiribati and the Federated States of Micronesia ( FSM ) ; residents live an average of around 650-700km from the rest of the population . The populations of Solomon Islands , Vanuatu and Republic of Marshall Islands ( RMI ) and are less widely dispersed , with people living an average of around 250km from the rest of the population . The populations of Fiji , Tonga and Tuvalu are more concentrated still , with people living on average around 100-150km from the rest of the population . This dispersion indicator is a population - > 2 World Bank , 2019 . ‘ Socio-economic analysis : A spatial analysis of population and housing census data ’ , a background paper prepared for _A Review of Spatial Development Issues in the Pacific Islands Countries_ ( P166346 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 749, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1842, "end": 1876, "text": "population and housing census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "policy reform is expected . # * * 4 . The Mexico case study * * Mexico is well known for its history of monopolies , including TELMEX on fixed lines ( privatized in 1990 ) and PEMEX in fuel ( a state-owned enterprise opened to competition only after 2013 ) , as well as an oligopoly in corn products , an important staple for households in the country . < sup > 19 < / sup > These monopolies and oligopolies emerged because of government intervention and weak regulations and did not deliver the intended results they were originally established to meet ( Del Villar 2009 ) . Plagued by low productivity and limited innovation , resulting in high prices for consumers , these monopolies have become an integral part of Mexico ’ s paradoxical growth performance , especially because recent estimates have concluded that there exists an average 98 . 2 percent markup in goods across households ( Aradillas 2018 ) . This paper shows some stylized facts on the degree of concentration in the two industries selected ( mobile telecommunication and corn products ) to illustrate the simulation approach , as well as some descriptive statistics , including household expenditures on categories linked to these two industries . The key data source necessary to use WELCOM is a representative household expenditure survey . In the case of the two sectors studied , the per capita household share of expenditures on mobile > 18 See Abdelkrimm et al . ( 2018 ) . > 19 For TELMEX , see See Acemoglu and Robinson ( 2013 ) . The category of corn products includes grain corn , maize flour , mass of corn , corn tortilla , toast , and other maize products . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1312, "text": "representative household expenditure survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Development Project received it . ( e ) * * Expenditures * * Expenditures incurred * * by * * the MWE for implementation of the * * Integrated * * Water management and Development project are / were recognized in the receipts and payments statement in the period they are / were spent , * * ( f ) Inventory * * The fixed assets are / were * * fully * * expensed in the year * * of * * purchase and a Fixed Assets Register is maintained . * * ( g ) * * Un spent Balances * * 18 * *", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 425, "text": "Fixed Assets Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Uganda Skills Development in Refugee and Host Communities ( P176263 ) | Trust Funds | 7 . 85 | | - - - | - - - | | Forced Displacement Trust Fund | 7 . 85 | | Environmental and Social Risk Classification | | | Moderate | | | Decision | | | The review did authorize the team to appraise and negotiate | | Other Decision ( as needed ) # # # * * B . Introduction and Context * * Country Context 1 . * * Uganda has the youngest population in East Africa and one of the highest fertility rates , which puts significant pressure on the delivery of social services , particularly education . * * Uganda ’ s labor market is characterized by scarce employment opportunities that are concentrated in the informal sector . Only half of the working-age Ugandans are active in the labor force , and 48 percent are employed . Labor force participation rates are lower amongst women , at 40 percent , compared with 56 percent of men . Rural areas have lower labor force participation rates at 48 percent , compared to 67 percent in urban areas . Nationally , 85 percent of employed are engaged in the informal economy , predominantly in household-based agriculture and informal services . A higher proportion of women than men work in the informal economy , at 91 and 88 percent , respectively . < sup > 1 < / sup > 2 . * * Uganda needs to create 700 , 000 jobs annually to keep up with the growing working-age population * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > * * . * * However a significant proportion of Uganda ’ s youth population is likely to enter the labor market without foundational skills . Uganda ’ s 2020 Human Capital Index ( HCI ) is 0 . 38 , a figure that is below the Sub-Saharan African average of 0 . 40 . 0 . 38 HCI implies that a child born in Uganda today is", "spans": [{"start": 1617, "end": 1641, "text": "2020 Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - 71 Based on a rating of one to five , the performance of utilitles In the 1908s appears , on average , about the same as during the late 19608 and 19709 . The average utility falls In the \" fair \" range . In the mid-1970s , the percentage of utilltles with poor performance Increased quite sharply ( 33 % ) , due In part to the Bank lending for the first time to new Borrowers with limited resources and experience . W . Africa had the lowest overall rating of Institutional performance and E . Asia the highest . These findings should be viewed with great caution because of the different circumstances of utilities In the 1980s , especially In terms of the Increased magnitude of operatlons and changing external environment , and because of the subjective nature of the evaluation of pe ' ormance . The project audit reports Include a rating of the extent to which utilities achieved the Institutional targets set at appraisal . About 74 % of projects were assesed as fair to good at having achieved institutlonal targets and another 6 % met such targets to a llmited extent . Twenty percent of projects were judged Ps having not met them at all . Unfortunately , Institutional targets are often not clearly stated In many appraisal reports and more often than not the completion reports and appraisal reports were prepared by different project staff . It Is likely , therefore , that institutional performance has been assessed as poor only In those cases where there were obvious Institutional problems rather than when there were continuing but less glarlng Inefficiencies . # 2 . 9 Conformitv With Loan Covenants Conformity with loan covenants was assessed for projects Included In the two sample surveys of projects Implemented from 1968-83 . Rating of the utnitles ' conformity wlth loan covenants was based on a scale of one to five where one equalled 100 % conformity and five no conformity at all . On average , there were seven malor covenants per project . Those covenants that are repeatedly found In loan agreements mostly concern", "spans": [{"start": 1708, "end": 1727, "text": "surveys of projects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ció < br > n Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 122 , 871 . 47 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-09-13 < br > 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | | < br > C2-MIES-INEC-32 / Contratac < br > ión de 12 Supervisores de op < br > erativo de campo ENDI para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 56 , 783 . 10 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-09-13 < br > 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | | C2-MIES-INEC-33 / Contratac < br > ión de 24 Encuestadores END < br > I para el operativo de campo < br > de la Encuesta Nacional de D < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br >", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 543, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnut", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9376 # * * Abstract * * Smallholder farmers ’ investment decisions and the efficiency of resource allocation depend on the security of land tenure . This paper develops a simple model that captures essential institutional features of rural land markets in Ghana , including the dependence of future rights over land on current cultivation and land rental decisions . The model predictions guide the evaluation of a pilot land titling intervention that took place in an urbanizing area located in the Central Region of Ghana . The evaluation is based on a regression discontinuity design combined with three rounds of household survey data collected over a period of six years . The analysis finds strong markers for the program ’ s success in registering land in the targeted program area . However , land registration does not translate into agricultural investments or increased credit taking . Instead , treated households decrease their amount of agricultural labor , accompanied by only a small reduction of agricultural production and no changes in productivity . In line with this result , households decrease their landholdings amid a surge in land valuations . The analysis uncovers important within-household differences in how women and men respond differentially to the program . There appears to be a general shift to nonfarm economic activities , and women ’ s business profits increased considerably . This paper is a product of the Gender Innovation Lab , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at nbuehren @ worldbank . org and mgoldstein @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions", "spans": [{"start": 647, "end": 668, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aux critères de la Convention sur la réduction des cas d ’ apatridie de 1961 , ce n ’ est pas le cas de l ’ extension de ladite disposition aux conjoints et aux enfants de ces personnes ( Article 21 ) . Les règles sur l ’ enregistrement et l ’ identification antérieures au génocide de 1994 , avec leur enregistrement de l ’ identité ethnique , ont joué un rôle bien connu dans la facilitation de l ’ identification des personnes à tuer . < sup > 255 < / sup > Les pratiques courantes en matière d ’ identification évitent ce type de catégorisation . Conformément à la tradition de droit civil , les contentieux autour de la nationalité et de l ’ enregistrement auprès de l ’ étatcivil au Rwanda sont résolus par les tribunaux , les procédures étant fixées par la loi elle-même . En 2007 , le Rwanda a mené à bien un processus d ’ enregistrement de masse pour un nouveau registre de population et une carte d ’ identité pour tous les résidents de plus de 16 ans . Il semblerait que 9 , 2 millions de personnes aient été enregistrées , avec les informations biométriques , en un week-end , et traitée en moins de 45 jours . < sup > 256 < / sup > Durant cette période d ’ enregistrement de masse , il a été relativement facile d ’ avoir accès à l ’ enregistrement en tant que citoyen ; les personnes ayant dépassé l ’ âge de l ’ enregistrement obligatoire ont désormais da", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 893, "text": "registre de population", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "infinite resource envelop and constrained physical and human resources . Because of the complexity of government and the need to address the strategic national objectives as identified in the NDP II , the catalytic role of PMDU and the unique methodical approach to service delivery cannot be ignored . Enhancement of Productivity , Accountability and Knowledge Systems by this Project will no doubt improve the quality of health care and , accelerate movement towards universal health coverage ( UHC ) . Health is both human capital itself and an input to producing other forms of human capital . Being unhealthy reduces productivity and the incentives to invest in human capital . Taken together , these mechanisms imply that poor health leads to lower income and vice versa . The health component of Demographic Dividend therefore aims at having a healthy and productive labour force that can effectively help in accelerating Uganda ’ s social and economic transformation . The impact of health on development is not only through the income path . Sector inefficiencies , poor regulation and lack of equipment , infrastructure and medicine impede both productivity and disease control . A country with a huge disease burden spends a significant amount of resources that would otherwise be freed for development , on disease control and treatment . 4 . Under the education sector , Uganda ’ s progress in human development , as measured by the Human Development Index ( HDI ) has lagged within both the East African Community and Sub-Saharan Africa in many of the human development dimensions . Although public spending on education increased significantly between 2002 / 03 and 2012 / 13 ( to 11 . 8 percent of the national budget in 2012 / 2013 ) , public investment in education as a share of GDP declined from 4 . 0 percent in 2002 / 03 to 2 . 4 percent in 2013 / 14 . While Uganda ’ s HDI has increased by 66 percent since 1990 , its growth has registered marginal gains during the NDP era , averaging an annual increase of 2 . 9 percent compared to 12 percent during the era of the Poverty Eradication Action Plan . This means that Uganda has been making slow", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of self-report treatment and gender of the child . These results reinforce the idea that child labor statistics , which are arguably less salient for girls , are more prone to variation by respondent type than other activities performed in the household . The measurement error literature reports that recall bias can also be exacerbated in respondents with lower cognitive and communicative skills ( Borgers et al . 2000 ) . To test whether cognitive burdens of reporting explains the self / proxy discrepancies in child labor statistics , we rely on the differential impacts of the age of the child . Columns 1-2 in the Appendix Table A . 1 . 3 show the estimated coefficient for the interaction between treatment status and child ’ s age at the extensive and intensive margins , following similar specifications as in equation ( 1 ) . We find negligible and not statistically significantly differential child / proxy discrepancies by child ’ s age . Thus , these results suggest that cognitive burdensome bias does not explain discrepancies in the measurement of child labor statistics in our setting . < sup > 17 < / sup > Furthermore , it is expected that the extent of complementarity of farming tasks between children and proxy respondents , or more broadly , the likelihood of monitoring child activities by the proxy respondent , would reduce information discrepancies in child labor statistics . We then investigate heterogeneous survey treatment effects for two variables of interest , the gender of the proxy respondent and land size . While we acknowledge none of these variables provide direct information on monitoring of child activities , nonetheless , they provide useful information . Based on a specification presented in equation ( 1 ) after considering interaction terms for the survey treatment indicator , the gender of the child , and gender of the proxy respondent ( or land size ) , unreported results shows that the differential survey impact for girls relative to boys increases in 6 . 4 percentage points when the proxy respondent is male . However , we cannot measure this sizable heterogeneous impact with statistical precision which is expected given the small number of 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) Environmental Code of Practice prepared for the program . As a result , the KNBS had satisfactory environmental performance and is likely to maintain its current policies . # # * * 8 . Assessment of Bank Performance * * # # * * a . Quality-at-Entry * * * * _Bank performance in strengthening quality at entry is Satisfactory . _ * * At the time of project appraisal , poverty and unemployment were high in Kenya , but the data was outdated , and the most recent data on extreme poverty ( 43 percent ) was from 2005-06 . Poor data constrained informed policymaking and poverty monitoring and reduction . The Program team focused on public sector interventions to improve data management systems within the KNBS , which had the mandate to produce quality national statistics . The program opportunistically supported the national government ’ s policy priorities by supporting a subset of the government ’ s program articulated in the KNBS SP ( 2013-2017 ) . The government recognized the need for adequate statistics and demonstrated its commitment by pledging over 60 % of the total program costs in the multi-year budget plan . The Bank team designed the program drawing on sound background analysis . Potential risks and mitigation measures were identified up front and weighed in consultation with key MDAs , IMF , and SIDA , while challenges from previous statistical capacity-building projects informed the program ’ s design . A valuable lesson , also validated by the ICCR of the last project , was the need for a results-oriented approach . As the KNBS SP already had a well-defined results framework , choosing a PforR instrument was appropriate . The program purposefully supported select areas of the KNBS SP with the high potential impact . It focused on improving the quality of crucial official statistical products and processes , strengthening dissemination , and improving online access to data and statistical products", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 627, "text": "data on extreme poverty", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "value of preschool education and guide them through the enrollment of their children at CPS . An additional component was to provide information about returns to education . Such information has been shown to effectively increase attendance and change the social composition of students in other lower-income contexts ( Nguyen , 2008 ; Jensen , 2010 ) . The local village head and the field staff responsible for the study ’ s data collection performed the D2D activities . At baseline , caregivers were informed about the new preschools and key details , such as that a preschool has been constructed and that there was no school fee . In addition , caregivers received a printed leaflet that had more information about the newly established CPS ( see Figure A2 ) . It noted that the teacher had been trained and it suggested how preschool in general could help children improve primary school readiness and , potentially , their overall educational attainment . The leaflet also provided information about average incomes in Cambodia by educational background , visualized in a graph using data from the Cambodian Socioeconomic Survey 2009 . Caregivers received another informational leaflet about one year later , at midline . < sup > 10 < / sup > Importantly , since survey field staff were responsible for the leaflet distribution ( after the baseline and midline survey ) , we can ascertain that all eligible respondents received at least the information contained in the leaflet . The home-based program ( HBP ) formerly operated in Cambodia as an independent early childhood education service to support parents of children aged zero to five years . However , it was redesigned as supplementary to CPS , aiming to enhance the effect of CPS enrollment . The program was implemented by local “ core mothers ” who received initial and ongoing training from MoEYS . The 35 day long training covered a wide range of subjects such as child rights , pre - and postnatal care of mothers , hygiene , nutrition , disease prevention , developmentally appropriate activities for children , school readiness , disabilities , health services , and child protection . Similarly to CPS teachers , core mothers participated in a written examination before and after the training . They were", "spans": [{"start": 1106, "end": 1141, "text": "Cambodian Socioeconomic Survey 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Diaz-Bazan , Tania ( 2014 ) . Measuring inequality from top to bottom . Working Paper . - Douidich , Mohamed , Ezzrari , Abdeljaouad , van der Weide , Roy and Verme , Paolo ( 2015 ) . Estimating quarterly poverty rates using labor force surveys : a primer . _World Bank Economic Review_ ; Advance Access pulished 2015 . - Himmelberg , Charles , Mayer , Christopher and Sinai , Todd ( 2005 ) . Assessing high house prices : Bubbles , fundamentals and misperceptions . _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , * * 19 , * * number 4 , 67 – 92 . - Hlasny , Vladimir and Verme , Paolo ( 2013 ) . Top incomes and the measurement of inequality in egypt . Policy Research Working Paper Series 6557 . The World Bank . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ground . There were no PDO indicators to measure the “ strengthening service delivery ” through institutional strengthening and planning in the metropolitan region . In sum , the PDO indicators only covered number of beneficiaries . These were World Bank core indicators , and although they are relevant , they are not sufficient to measure the results ( at the outcome level ) of the project . Most of the indicators had quantitative targets and were revised during the two restructurings . # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * The ICR reports ( para 52 ) that setting-up of an M & E team was slow . The Project Coordination Team ( PCT ) established a dedicated team in 2008 . Once established , the M & E team provided consistent and verifiable project data which were of high quality and were used by the World Bank in its Implementation and Status Reports ( ISRs ) . During implementation , the methodology for calculating beneficiaries ( with access to all season roads ) was modified and targets were revised upwards . In addition , the methodology to calculate the target “ people in the Nairobi Metropolitan region living within a one-kilometer radius of a location for a commuter rail station , benefitting from improved access to that location ” was revised downward when foreign exchange fluctuations caused losses in total project financing ( up to US $ 30 million in the life of the project ) and the scope of the commuter rail stations was reduced to fit the reduced budget . Page 15 of 19", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 759, "text": "project data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 1 * * | Firewood | * * 1 * * | * * 1 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 | Charcoal | 2 | _4_ | | * * 3 * * | AnimalDung | * * 5 * * | * * 3 * * | | 4 | CropResidue | * * 3 * * | 2 | | * * 5 * * | Kerosene | 4 | * * 5 * * | _Source : Compiled from Socio-economic profile of Respective Subproject Woredas_ The finding of sample socio-economic survey also confirmed the importance of firewood , crop residue and animal dung in household energy source for cooking purpose in all Subproject impact woredas . For example , all the surveyed households in all Subproject woredas reported that they use firewood primarily for cooking . Animal dung and crop residue is also important source of cooking fuel for * * ( 83 % ) * * and ( 34 . 3 % ) of the surveyed households respectively Road is among essential infrastructure that benefits communities in a number of ways . Road infrastructure has the potentials of transforming subsistence farming into a commercial and dynamic farming system which unlock the potentials embedded in rural area . Largely , provision of access road plays key role especially in rural farming areas * * by * * alleviating poverty and enhancing the local economy . Despite no quantitative data obtained on road coverage of the Subproject impact woredas , however information from different sources revealed that , the overall road coverage of Subproject woredas is very low . Based on information obtained from respective Subproject impact woredas administration offices , the combined total length of access roads in the fiveSubproject impact woredas is estimated to * * 1 , 633 * * km of which * * 1 , 129 . 8 * * km or * * ( 69 . 2 % ) *", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 318, "text": "Socio-economic profile of Respective Subproject Woredas_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 341, "end": 362, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 The Brazilian data configuration is such , therefore , that the expenditure effect is computed for all households from one sample ( POF ) , while the ( market and transfer ) income effects are computed for all households from another sample ( PNAD ) . Although both are large and nationally representative surveys , they do not sample the same households . To combine the three effects in ( 6 ) , we therefore look at their average values at each centile π of the pre-shock income distribution . Denote by the set of households in centile π of that distribution . Let each centile have _n ( Π ) _ households . We can then define : as the ( proportional ) expenditure , market income , and transfer income effects of the food price increases , for centile π of the Brazilian income distribution . Whereas equation ( 7 ) uses POF and INPC data , ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) are computed using PNAD data . Given ( 6 ) , and the above definitions , we can also define the net price effect for each centile as : Equation ( 10 ) , which is the centile-average equivalent of ( 6 ) , describes our estimates of the proportional money-metric welfare effect of the price changes along Brazil ‟ s income distribution . It is closely analogous to the growth incidence curve of Ravallion and Chen ( 2003 ) , which describes the proportional income growth for each percentile of the original income distribution . We accordingly denote the “ price change incidence curve ” ( PIC ) . Equations ( 7 ) , ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) define its three components : the expenditure effect incidence curve ; the market income effect incidence curve , and the transfer income effect incidence curve . In the following section we present our empirical results in two ways . First we graphically present the price change incidence curves , building on equations ( 7 ) , ( 8 ) , ( 9 ) and ( 10 ) . The visual clarity and degree of distributional disaggregation of these figures are , in our view , important improvements in the analysis of the distributional consequences of", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 250, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 827, "end": 830, "text": "POF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 835, "end": 844, "text": "INPC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 882, "end": 891, "text": "PNAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". “ A World that Counts : Mobilizing the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development , ” Independent Expert Advisory Group on Data Revolution for Sustainable Development ( November 2014 ) . United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs . “ United Nations E-Government Survey E - Government for the Future We Want , ” New York ( 2014 ) . Vickery , Graham . “ Review of Recent Studies on PSI Reuse and Related Market Developments , ” Information Economics , Paris . World Bank . “ Country Policy and Institutional Assessment , Africa : Assessing Africa ’ s Policies and Institutions , ” Office of the Chief Economist , Report 88991 ( 2014 ) . — — — . “ Open Data for Sustainable Development , ” Transport and ICT Global Practice ( 2015 ) . — — — . _World Development Report 2004 : Making Services Work for Poor People_ ( WDR 2004 ) , Washington , DC ( 2003 ) . 46", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) * * Upfront planning may facilitate parcel demarcation and title Issuance . * * One of the key challenges in the Systematic Land Adjudication and Certification program was the gap between demarcated parcels and issued titles , driven by delayed feasibility studies , underestimated follow-up logistics , and limited district-level capacity . A stronger project design needs to anticipate these bottlenecks by frontloading feasibility assessments , clarifying regulatory procedures for mass titling , and securing dedicated operational funding for issuance . These design-level improvements are critical for future land formalization efforts to ensure that physical demarcation translates into secure tenure . * * Legal and Institutional readiness can help to successful achievement of digital reforms . * * The Project experience demonstrates that digital transformation in land administration must be properly sequenced and legally enabled . The Uganda National Land Information System was initially designed and piloted under the parent project , offering real-time search functionality and public access features . Under the Additional Financing ( AF ) , these capabilities were scaled up through expanded digitization , decentralized service delivery , and increased user uptake . However , full end-to-end digitalization remained incomplete due to the absence of a statutory framework for electronic signatures , which continued to require physical title printing . This experience underscores that foundational digitization must be followed by enabling legislation , institutional capacity building , and performance incentives to realize the full benefits of digital reform . * * Strengthening the M & E system and indicator design can improve results tracking . * * The project experience highlights the need to establish a robust M & E framework from the outset , with indicators that are realistic , time-bound , and clearly linked to project outcomes . Weaknesses in indicator definitions — particularly regarding the timing of land registration and disaggregation of tourism beneficiaries — limited the ability to track performance and demonstrate results . A stronger M & E", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1135, "text": "Uganda National Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is , not registering workers with social security institutions – remains common at the worker level , even though it has declined in recent years ( Figure 1 ) . As of 2015 , about 22 percent of wage workers in non-agricultural employment ( the population of interest in this paper ) were not registered with social security institutions . This proportion rises to 30 percent when all workers in non-agricultural worker , included the selfemployed , are considered , and to 40 percent when the agricultural sector is included . # 2 . 2 . The 2016 minimum-wage increase In December 2015 , Turkey drastically increased the national minimum wage compared to previous years . The nominal minimum wage was raised by 33 percent , from an average of 975 TL ( about > 9 According to social security records , virtually 100 percent of workers who are registered with social security institutions are paid at least the minimum wage . 7", "spans": [{"start": 774, "end": 797, "text": "social security records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", MoWIE | Recurrent | Continuous | Not Yet Due | | * * Completion * * < br > * * Measurement * * | | | | | | | * * Comments * * | | | | | | | * * Action Description * * | ICB contracts | should also be published in th | e international medi | a like UNDB online | | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | | | EEU | Recurrent | Continuous | In Progress | | * * Completion * * < br > * * Measurement * * < br > * * Comments * * | | | | | | | * * Action Description * * | Procedures to ensure < br > are included in POM | transparency , fairnes | s and value for mon | ey of awarding direct contra | cts to SOEs and MSEs | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | | | EEU , MoWIE | Due Date | 07-Jul-2018 | Completed | | * * Completion * * | | | | | | | * * Measurement * * | | | | | | | * * Comments * * | | | | | | 6 / 18 / 2019 Page 4 of 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _m_ and _o_ denote time-sensitive and time-insensitive industries respectively . We estimate gravity regression ( 3 ) using disaggregate data of products of time-sensitive and time-insensitive industries , and do so separately for manufacturing and agricultural trade . The test is essentially whether Ecuadorian / Peruvian relative exports of time-sensitive goods are different from Ecuadorian / Peruvian relative exports of time-insensitive goods . The advantage of the double relative is that we are capturing both relative exports of time sensitive to time insensitive goods and making sure that the control group is to the same importer . A negative coefficient on relative time implies that an increase in the relative time to move goods from factory to ship reduces exports of time-sensitive goods by more than time-insensitive goods . Table 10 presents the results for time-sensitive manufacturing and agricultural goods . The first three columns report the results for manufactures . The coefficient on exporter time is always negative and significant . Countries having longer required time for exports to take place are associated with a lower ratio of exports in time-sensitive goods to exports in time-insensitive goods to the same destination . In particular , a 10 percent increase in the ratio of time is associated with a 2 . 4 percent reduction in country j ’ s ratio of exports of time-sensitive goods to the exports of time-insensitive goods in relation to country _h_ ’ s ratio . Results for agricultural products in the difference-in-difference gravity specification are reported in columns 4-6 . Because agriculture production depends on climate and land area , we also include the ratio of distance from the equator and the ratio of log land area . As expected , the coefficient on time is always negative and exhibit robustness across specifications . In particular , a 10 percent increase in the relative time of moving goods 20", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 147, "text": "disaggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in SSA have been created in the informal sector . A study by Kruse , Mensah , Sen , and de Vries ( 2023 ) based on the same ETD dataset suggests that these SSA countries experienced a ‘ renaissance ’ of their manufacturing employment share between 2000 and 2018 , driven by unregistered firms that likely serve domestic or regional demand . On the other hand , Diao , Ellis , McMillan , and Rodrik ( 2021 ) find that large manufacturing firms in SSA are productive and participate in GVCs , but do not expand employment . The large role of informal activity in creating jobs may be rooted in differences in the enabling environment , a bias against low-wage workers in GVCs , or a combination thereof . A recent study suggests that while GVC participation and manufacturing output shares are positively associated in a large sample of 91 countries , this is driven by HMICs and is insignificant for many low-income countries many of which being commodity exporters . The study 10", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 135, "text": "ETD dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attacks against them . A total of 810 incidents of : armed attack , airstrikes and drone attacks , shelling , artillery , missile attack , sexual violence , violent demonstration , explosive landmine and mass violence , have been recorded in the Tigray , Amhara and Afar since Jan . 2020 with a total of 3994 fatalities . _Figure 1_ below show incidents recorded in Tigray region . The incidents , substantially led to forced displacement in Western Tigray with effects of lack of basic necessities , including medical services and support with mental health services . _Figure 1_ : _Incidents affecting civilian population and attacks on civilian infrastructure in Tigray region : Source : _ ACCLED ( 2022 ) > 2 United Nations Security Council ( 2022 ) , Report of the Secretary General on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence p . 22 , available at : < u > https : / / reliefweb . int / sites / reliefweb . int / files / resources / N2229371 . pdf . < / u > 6", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 379, "text": "incidents recorded in Tigray region", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 Povert * * * * < mark > y < / mark > and Distributional Effects under the BaU and Canal Scenarios * * | WelfareIndicator | Observed < br > ( 2003 ) | BaU < br > 2014 | BaU < br > 2020 | Canal – < br > BaU < br > ( 2014 ) | Canal – < br > BaU < br > ( 2020 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Average Real | | | | | | | Income | 2 , 490 | 3 , 219 | 3 , 725 | 6 | 243 | | Poverty Headcount | Ratio ( % ) | | | | | | Extreme | 16 . 6 | 12 . 9 | 13 . 3 | - 0 . 07 | 0 . 0 | | Moderate | 36 . 8 | 28 . 3 | 27 . 5 | - 0 . 08 | - 0 . 3 | | Poverty Gap ( % ) | | | | | | | Extreme | 6 . 4 | 5 . 2 | 5 . 4 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 10 | | Moderate | 15 . 2 | 11 . 9 | 12 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 06 | | Gini Coefficient | 56 . 8 | 57 . 7 | 59 . 8 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 7 | * Notes : Authors ‘ own estimation using data from LSMS 2003 and the results from the CGE-micosimulation model for Panama . The extreme and moderate poverty lines are equal to 533 Balboas and 953 Balboas , respectively , which correspond to the official poverty lines used by the government of Panama . Labor reallocation , between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors and , within the latter , between formal and informal activities also plays a relevant role in reshaping income distribution . In the BaU scenario , the process of urbanization mentioned in section 2 continues during the period 2003-2020 with the share of workers in nonagricultural activities increasing from", "spans": [{"start": 820, "end": 829, "text": "LSMS 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "' pilot ( Text , | Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 31-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2020 | | | The Hydromet indica | tor will not be monitored going | forward , as it was agreed d | uring the June 2018 JRIS | | Comments * * : * * | mission that the Hyd | romet pilot activities would no l | onger be financed by the E | RPSNP . | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163438 | IDA-D2330 | Effective | USD | 600 . 00 | 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 593 . 52 | 0 . 03 | | 100 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing D | ate | | P163438 | IDA-D2330 | Effective | 14-Sep-2017 | 29-Se | p-2017 | 23 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7560 # * * Abstract * * Economic theory predicts that a rise in police presence will reduce criminal activity . However several studies in the literature have found mixed results . This study adds to the literature by exploring the relationship between the size of the police force and crime experienced by firms . Using survey data for about 12 , 000 firms in a cross-section of 27 developing countries , the study finds that increasing the size of the police force is negatively associated with crime experienced by firms . The results are confirmed using a panel of firms for a subset of countries for which data are available . The study also finds that this negative relationship is stronger under certain macro-economic circumstances . This paper is a product of the Global Indicators Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at aislam @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 362, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2022 | # # Overall Comments In the next ISR , results are expected to be achieved in most of the intermediate indicators above , since there are some activities initiated already and M & E specialist supporting the project management unit is selected to be contracted with in the next two weeks ’ time . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P156475 | TF-A4442 | Effective | USD | 8 . 55 | 8 . 55 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 11 | 7 . 44 | 13 % | | P156475 | TF-A4467 | Effective | USD | 9 . 45 | 9 . 45 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 22 | 8 . 23 | 13 % | 6 / 6 / 2018 Page 8 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 339, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the results of the Sudan national PMT with the inclusion of employment information in the form of the proportion of household members that have ever worked for income to total household members . Although this information is strongly and statistically significantly associated with per capita household consumption . Including this information does not impact the targeting performance of the PMT in a meaningful way . Employment information is generally difficult and time consuming to collect in household surveys , consisting of a series of questions to capture the employment status of each household member of working age and the type of employment , for example , salaried or non-paid , family workers . 20", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 515, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and management mechanisms . Building on the strong interoperability layer , the national EMR system will be expanded to all MOH facilities at the primary , secondary , and tertiary levels . Currently , the Electronic Medical Records do not track refugee status , making it difficult to determine whether a registered non-Jordanian – including Syrian refugee patient is eligible for subsidized healthcare services . This contributes to the low uptake of health-services by refugees . Collected data from the national EMR will then be used to strengthen institutional capacity in data use through institutionalized data quality audits . * * 7 . Result Area 2 on government effectiveness supports a cross-cutting objective of enhancing the professionalization of the civil service , including its digital literacy , as well as two sector specific strategic objectives , namely : improving student assessments through digitalization and enhancing the quality of health data . * * * * - Enhancing the professionalization of the civil service in Jordan is one of the main strategic thrusts of the Public Sector Modernization Roadmap . * * It seeks to uplift the overall quality and efficiency of the civil service , thereby addressing the weak partnership with the private sector and civil society . As part of this initiative , the Government has set an ambitious goal to competitively recruit 100 percent of new civil service entrants by 2027 through competency-based promotions . This represents a significant shift , especially when considering that only 12 percent of recruitments currently are based on competency-based assessments . To further strengthen the reform , the Government has outlined pivotal milestones , such as the introduction of transparent career paths and the formation of a job competencies system by May 2024 . A competency assessment center , expected to be operational by September 2024 , will be instrumental in enhancing both recruitment and promotions . This approach resonates with the identified need for effective public institutions and responsible , competent civil employees who can translate national visions into actionable policies and plans . Moreover , in keeping with global technological trends and the recognition of Jordan ' s rank in the electronic government development index , capacity-development", "spans": [{"start": 2280, "end": 2319, "text": "electronic government development index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * A4 . Supply model * * The supply of physicians and nurses / midwives can be projected to 2030 based on historical data on the increase in physician and nurse / midwives densities ( i . e . per 1 , 000 population ) in each country . Yearly health workforce density data since 1990 are available from the WHO Global Health Observatory database . We extract all available data points for physicians and nurses / midwives . Various econometric approaches can be used to project supply numbers , each with advantages and disadvantages as described in Table A . 4 . Of the three types of econometric approaches , th growth rate method is the simplest , most straightforward , and requires the least amount of data , but may be less accurate given stronger functional form assumptions . Other methods rely less on the functional form assumption , but require more data points . A moving average or distributed lag model ( 2 ) which gives more weight to more recent data requires that data be available for a continuous number of years , and an ARIMA ( autoregressive integrated moving average ) model ( 3 ) requires that a long time series be available ( i . e . ideally back to 1980 ) with very few missing data points . Given the availability of the health worker data , we chose to proceed with the growth rate model , which has previously been employed in health worker projections ( Scheffler et al . 2008 ) . * * Table A . 4 Econometric modeling approaches for projecting supply * * | * * Model * * | * * Advantages * * | * * Disadvantages * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . Growth * * < br > * * rate * * |  Simple and straightforward < br >  Only need 2 data points < br > minimumper country | Potentially less accurate if < br > inappropriate functional form | | * * 2 . Moving * * < br > * * average / * * < br > * * distributed * * < br >", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 274, "text": "Yearly health workforce density data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 309, "end": 347, "text": "WHO Global Health Observatory database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1251, "end": 1269, "text": "health worker data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EAs to the original sample as part of an additional round of data collection . These were selected using a similar methodology with the objective to include more households from risk prone areas . To capture enough households that had experienced floods , flood risk stratums were designed using the Ramani Huria community flood map . The community maps were created between 2015-2017 and used information from community members to identify flood prone areas . This generated a “ flood prone tag , ” which was used to categorize EAs into “ no risk ” , “ low to medium risk ” and “ high risk ” depending on how much of the area was covered by the tag . The city was divided into these three categories and this categorization was used to oversample in areas with flood risk . As a result , about 42 . 5 % of households in the final sample are located in areas inside or adjacent to the flood prone tag ( see Table 9 in Appendix 1 for sample selection by strata ) . The final sample includes a satisfactory number of households in flood prone areas , as well as low-risk areas to be able to draw statistically sound conclusions about the population . However , it is important to keep in mind that the uncertainty of being affected by a flood is higher in lowrisk areas , which represents a much larger section of the city . In November and December 2017 , data were collected from 1 , 058 selected households in Dar es Salaam , and in September 2018 , 282 households were added to the original sample . Additional households were added to increase the number of data points located in high risk areas in order to improve precision in those areas and cover more affected households in the sample . All the selected households were randomly drawn within each EA using satellite imagery . Surveyors used GPS tags to locate the households and interviewed them using CAPI software on tablets . Participation in the survey was voluntary and not compensated . # # 2 . 2 . 1 Poverty assessment using Survey of Wellbeing via Instant and Frequent Tracking and Coping Strategy Index The project assesses the relationship between poverty", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 332, "text": "Ramani Huria community flood map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| $ 11 , 277 | $ 20 , 745 | $ 680 | $ 2 , 594 | $ 3 , 447 | $ 5 , 608 | $ 10 , 161 | | Western Province | $ 6 , 448 | $ 10 , 068 | $ 16 , 279 | $ 33 , 188 | $ 77 , 519 | $ 2 , 974 | $ 4 , 663 | $ 7 , 556 | $ 15 , 513 | $ 25 , 799 | Source : Sri Lanka Census of Industry , 2004 . Notes : See Table 1 . 35", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 269, "text": "Sri Lanka Census of Industry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Lodging to payment * * | * * Payment to gate * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Min * * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | * * 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * quartile * * | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1 | | * * Median * * | 14 | 7 | 3 | 4 | | * * Mean * * < br > | * * 24 , 0 * * | * * 13 , 0 * * | * * 4 , 7 * * | * * 11 , 4 * * | | * * 3 * * < sup > * * rd * * < / sup > * * quartile * * | 26 | 15 | 5 | 8 | | * * Max * * | 566 | 446 | 340 | 387 | | * * Inter quartile range * * | 18 | 12 | 4 | 7 | * * Table 2 – Quartile distrib ution of cargo dwell time sequential components ( container imports in Douala , 2009 ) * * Source : CAMEROONIAN CUSTOMS , 2009 – Values in days > 11 Data set of all containerized imports through the port of Douala in 2009 destined to local consumption ( regime IM4 ) . 12 In addition to the different long dwell times categories observed in graph 1 there are a few hundred containers that do not appear in statistics which were already in the terminal as of January 1st , 2009 but have not been cleared before December 31st , 2009 ( Source : Interview with DIT , October 2010 . ) 9", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 720, "text": "Data set of all containerized imports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Risk Profile for Nakuru . Kenya County Climate Risk Profile Series . The Kenya Ministry of Agriculture , Livestock and Fisheries ( MoALF ) , Nairobi , Kenya . - 16 ) National Environment Policy ( NEP ) , 2013 by Ministry of Environment , Water and Natural Resources - 17 ) National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development - 18 ) Nakuru County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022 by County Government of Nakuru , 2018 . - 19 ) Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution ( Control ) Regulations , 2009 Page 10-1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In this sense , it is necessary to bear in mind that all indicators of prevalence and profile of non-standard employment will be limited to a subset of this kind of workers . We study a sample of 7 developing countries from the ECA region , particularly from Eastern Europe and Central Asia . Specifically , the analysis was conducted for the Russian Federation , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , Turkey , Armenia , Albania , and Moldova . In the 7 cases mentioned , it was possible to identify part-time employees ; while only in 4 cases temporary workers were also identified ( it was not possible to identify temporary employment in the databases of Russia , Armenia , and Albania ) . # # 4 . 2 . 1 Variation of the NSE as a percentage of total employment The trends of non-standard employment in Eastern Europe and Central Asia do not show a homogeneous pattern in the last 10 / 15 years ( Figure 16 ) . Indeed , there is an increase of the NSE share in the total wage-employees in the Kyrgyzstan Republic , Turkey and Moldova , while Russia Georgia , Armenia , and Albania , present the inverse trend . Analyzing the prevalence of NSE by types of occupations , we find a quite similar pattern across countries which is also similar to the findings for Latin American and the Caribbean countries . In most of the countries , the “ Elementary occupations ” is the category where the prevalence of NSE is > 7 Regarding the depth of changes , we identify some differences between NSE and SE but without a common pattern across countries . Page 24 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 630, "end": 673, "text": "databases of Russia , Armenia , and Albania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of firms in any economy – to sell essential supplies to the authorities ( SMEs that do not already participate in PP may be able to retool relatively quickly if it is clear there is demand for their output ) . But this may also go the other way if the fixed costs associated with registration , certification and approval of new firms to bid to provide medical supplies are significant and take time to complete . Openness of procurement regimes is proxied by a binary variable indicating GPA membership ( _GPAj_ ) and by the number of deep procurement agreements ( DPAs ) signed by each country with trading partners ( _Num_DPAj_ ) . Membership of the GPA and the number of DPAs signed by a country implies more open PP regimes , which may be associated with a lower likelihood of imposing trade-restrictive measures . Conversely , transparency , due process and nondiscrimination commitments made in these agreements may impede rapid responses in procurement and induce governments to resort to export controls in the initial phase of the crisis . > 12 We organize the data as a cross-section instead of a panel because the dependent variable is available by country on a weekly basis but all explanatory variables , except those on the incidence of COVID-19 , are only available for each country annually in the year 2018 or before . The annual variation in our variables of interest will thus not explain the weekly or monthly variation in the count of trade policy measures imposed during the pandemic . This said , we account for the time dimension of the trade policy measures by computing the duration of the measures ( where a removal date is reported in the GTA data set ) and replacing the dependent count variables in equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) with their respective duration . Results are reported in Table 4 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1668, "end": 1680, "text": "GTA data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * _ - 30 - _ * * # # # # V . INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE * * _5 . 1_ * * Certain aspects of * * AFC * * and Ministry performance have been noted above . Issues concerning the impact of institutional performance on the Kenya-IDA relationship are considered here . The starting point consists of the assurances provided * * by * * Kenya at negotiations which were subsequently disregarded or acted upon with a lack cof haste : - * * ( 1 ) * * The appointment of a Project Officer on the basis specified . - ( 2 ) The adjustment of interest rates on all Treasury lending to * * AFC . * * - * * ( 3 ) * * The levying of interest on loans to ultimate borrowers at a rate sufficient to cover * * AFC * * operating expenses , provide an adequate reserve for bad debts and cover interest due Government for the funds involved . - ( 4 ) Periodic review of the interest rate in view of * * ( 3 ) * * above . - * * _ ( 5 ) _ * * Recruitment of * * AFC * * staff , as discussed < sup > previously . < / sup > - * * _ ( 6 ) _ * * Provision of timely financial data . - * * ( 7 ) * * Maintenance of records of farm input and investment goods quantities < sup > financed . < / sup > 1 . 2 Kenyan performance under the loan agreement and side letters resulted in discussions within IDA staff about suspending disbursements , a proposal which was ultimately rejected . This type of reaction * * by * * IDA staff suggests a very serious lack of accomplishment * * by * * the borrower in terms of the project agreement . Kenyan officials interviewed in connection with this audit , however , maintained that there were virtually no violations * * by * * Kenya , or that any that may have occurred were inconsequential . It was also maintained that there have", "spans": [{"start": 1043, "end": 1057, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Release 2 ) put together by Borchert et al . ( 2020 ) for our baseline results for three reasons : first , to estimate Equation 4 theory-consistent and to be able to include trends for globalization , we need data on international and domestic trade flows ( Yotov 2021 ) . In contrast to other standard sources for trade data such as UN Comtrade or CEPII ’ s Baci ( Gaulier and Zignago 2010 ) , the ITPDE covers both , inter - and intranational trade . Second , deep trade agreements typically cover trade in both goods and services ( Mattoo , Rocha , et al . 2020 ) while tariffs are only applicable for trade in goods . It could be possible that trade agreements do not reduce NTBs for goods trade but do so for services . To get a full picture of the trade-creating effect of NTBs , we would therefore like to include also services . Lastly , the ITPDE covers the whole world while the comparable WIOD data only report trade for 44 countries ( Timmer et al . 2015 ) . The ITPDE > 5 WITS is available at https : / / wits . worldbank . org / . 11", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 255, "text": "data on international and domestic trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 909, "text": "WIOD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "frame is shorter than most other studies of livelihood diversification , some of which span decades ( Michler and Josephson , 2017 ; Khan and Morrissey , 2023 ) . # * * 2 . 4 Food Insecurity * * We examine food insecurity as our primary outcome variable to measure household well-being . We use the Food Insecurity Experience Scale ( FIES ) , which is an experience-based metric which can be used to compare prevalence rates of food insecurity across national and sub-national populations . Following the FIES standard survey model ( Smith et al . , 2017 ) , respondents to the pre - and postoutbreak surveys answer eight questions aimed to capture whether the respondent or other adult households members : 1 . were worried they would not have enough to eat , 2 . were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food , 3 . ate only a few kinds of food , 4 . had to skip a meal , 5 . ate less than they thought they should , 6 . ran out of food , 7 . were hungry but did not eat , or 8 . went without eating for a whole day . Following standard practice ( Bloem and Farris , 2022 ) , we count the number of affirmative answers to these eight questions to categorize households into mild , moderate , and severe food insecurity . Households which answered affirmatively to between one and three FIES questions are classified as experiencing mild food insecurity . Households which answered yes to between four and seven questions are classified as experiencing moderate food insecure . Households are classified as severely food insecure if they responded affirmatively to all eight questions . FIES scores using these integer values may be limited by several factors . First , some postoutbreak rounds do not include food insecurity modules , so there are gaps in the data , just as there are with income sources . Second , there are inconsistencies in the reference period for food insecurity questions in the pre-outbreak data . < sup > 6 < / sup > In Ethiopia and Malawi , the reference period in the pre-outbreak data is the last seven days while in the post-outbreak period it is 30 days", "spans": [{"start": 1905, "end": 1922, "text": "pre-outbreak data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nono , Vincent Fred . 2022 . Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in Uganda . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < / mark > _ < mark > https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 099453504182233549 / pdf / IDU09d67fbbb087910490c0a09 101e9e0b9e3eb0 . pdf < / mark > _ < mark > PRCI Research Paper # 18 . Linking crop productivity , market participation and technology use among smallholder farmers : Evidence from Uganda . < / mark > _ < mark > https : / / www . canr . msu . edu / prci / publications / PRCI % 20Research % 20Paper_EPRC % 20STAAARS + % 20Team_Jul y . 21 . 2023 % 202 . pdf < / mark > _ < mark > Official Documents - Grant Agreement for TF0A5142 ( English ) . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < / mark > _ < mark > http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 779461521839392321 / Official-Documents-GrantAgreement-for-TF0A5142 < / mark > _ < mark > Disclosable Restructuring and ( or ) Additional Financing Paper - LSMS-ISA Uganda National Panel Survey - P163029 ( English ) . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < / mark > _ < mark > http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 413211593159528811 / Disclosable-Restructuring-and-orAdditional-Financing-Paper-LSMS-ISA-Uganda-National-Panel-Survey-P163029 < / mark > _ < mark > Project Information Document ( Concept Stage ) - LSM", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of individual loans , extracted from the PCRs , and that represent the universe from which our samples of 20 , 000 loans are drawn ; panel b shows the frequency distribution of the dollar value of the 20 , 000 randomly selected portfolios ; and finally , panel c shows the distribution of credit losses of the 20 , 000 randomly selected portfolios as a fraction of the face value of the respective portfolios . A visual inspection of the charts shows clear differences among the three samples . The concentration of loan-dimension toward the smallest size category is more evident in Argentina ( 50 percent of all the loans extracted from the credit register are smaller than US $ 100 , 000 ) and in Mexico ( 80 percent of all the loans extracted from the credit register are smaller than US $ 100 , 000 ) . Due to the different sample construction method adopted in Brazil , loans smaller than US $ 100 , 000 appear to be less numerous ( 37 % ) , as they only represent the portion of small loans that are part of global exposures larger than US $ 300 , 000 . The different definition of the universe is reflected in the distribution of the sampled portfolios and of their exposure to credit losses . The charts for Mexico and Argentina show considerably more skewed distributions for both portfolios ’ value and credit losses than the comparable distribution computed for Brazil . As a supplement to the visual information provided by the charts , we have summarized in Table 1 a set of descriptive statistics of the distribution of the 20 , 000 randomly sampled portfolios . # * * 3 . Empirical Results * * The main results of the samples just described are reported in Table 2 , where we have indicated for each country the value of expected losses ( EL ) and the value of unexpected losses ( UL ) associated to each percentile level of the ( right tail of the ) 8", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 45, "text": "PCRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > the National Integrity Survey III [ 2008 ] ; the slow and limited Government response to grand corruption cases , and frequent reports of corruption in the service sectors which continues to threaten public service delivery in health and education ( discussed further below ) . The demand side measures against corruption in PRSC 6-7 ( including efforts to involve the public in the fight against corruption ) are medium - to longer-term in nature , making it too soon to fully assess the effectiveness of those efforts . # # # * * PEAP Strategic Objective 4 . 4 . 3 - - Improved Public Sector Performance * * Improved public sector performance – and therefore strengthened efficiency in public service delivery – was impeded in Uganda by weaknesses in public administration and public sector management . < sup > 21 < / sup > Service delivery in health , education , and infrastructure was being increasingly squeezed by rising public administration expenditures , particularly employee-related expenditures . < sup > 22 < / sup > The creation of new districts ( discussed below ) also added new challenges , and a number of “ one-off ” events contributed to the growth of public administration expenditures , > 18 As noted in the Bank ’ s 2010 Country Assistance Strategy “ petty and high level corruption re prevalent and affect every institution in the country . ” Uganda ranked 130 < sup > th < / sup > out of 180 countries in Transparency International ’ s 2009 Corruption Perception Index , below many other African countries . > 19 There were several high profile corruption cases under PRSC 5-7 , none of which has been resolved to date . > 20 The results of the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index started at 2 . 5 , increased to 2 . 8 and fell back to 2 . 5 ( with a higher number indicating lower perceived corruption ) . > 21 The challenges facing Uganda in terms of better public sector performance and better efficiency in public service are indicated by the relative weakness in Uganda ’ s CPIA", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 38, "text": "National Integrity Survey III", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1468, "end": 1500, "text": "2009 Corruption Perception Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1677, "end": 1732, "text": "Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gifts . < sup > 22 < / sup > That is , the expenditure measure we use reflects wellbeing after taking into account any self-production or any coping mechanisms used by households to smooth consumption ( such as selling assets , help from friends and relatives , or benefits from government programs ) . The extent to which these impacts have long-run implications on the poverty status of the future welfare and poverty status of the household is beyond the scope of this paper . Besides the weather shock variables we include variables that capture household composition ( number of children in the household , number of adult males in the household , number of adult females in the household ) , characteristics of the household head ( years of schooling of the household head , gender of the household head , and the age of the household head ) , an asset index , < sup > 23 < / sup > and the characteristics of the housing unit ( presence of a kitchen , access to tapped water indoors , presence of a toilet , access to piped sewage or septic tank , electricity , and flooring material ) . These variables are all thought to explain expenditures . To control for the agro-climatic conditions and other time invariant characteristics we introduce locality fixed effects . To account for any systematic change between the two survey periods , we control for the survey wave . Furthermore to account for the potentially different amount of resources available depending on the season in which the household responded to the survey , we introduce a season indicator variable . Appendix 2 gives the descriptive statistics of the variables used in the analyses . # _5 . 1 Impacts of climatic variability on expenditures_ We run six different specifications with different measures of welfare and different measures of weather shocks based on equation ( 1 ) . Given differences in the average climatic conditions in the North , and the Centre and South regions of the country besides including all rural households , we limit the sample to only those households in the North and to only those households in the Centre and South . The first set of specifications uses the ( ln )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interactions with border ruggedness to see if they affected famines either independently or through border ruggedness . Because our key prefecture-level indicators are not time-varying , we cannot include in these regressions the prefecture fixed effects . We thus include year and warlord fixed effects to control for the time trend and warlord-specific factors . < sup > 13 < / sup > The warlordfixed effect reflects a fixed region with a unique warlord-ruling history : In the case of rule by one warlord , it captures his ability and policy benevolence ; in the case of rule by multiple warlords , their ability and policy benevolence . We cluster standard errors by warlord to allow for correlations among the error terms from prefectures controlled by the same warlord . In columns 1 and 2 of Table 7 , both variables and their interactions with border ruggedness are insignificant , indicating that differential population composition is unlikely to be a channel for the link between famine and border ruggedness . # * * 5 . 3 . Fiscal Capacity Is Not a Mechanism * * Apart from affecting the ruler ’ s incentives , border ruggedness could increase the warlord ’ s resources and thus the incidence of famines . For instance , a warlord surrounded by rugged terrain might need to spend less resources in military affairs , and would therefore have more resources at his disposal , and he would be less constrained in his ability to provide for his people . We should point out that , in the long run , differences in fiscal resources could be part of the stationary bandit effects , so our concern here is that the difference in fiscal resources merely reflects pre-existing endowment before the warlord fragmentation period . If so , our previous findings on the negative relation between border ruggedness and famine incidence may reflect not his calculation on his ruling horizon but his endowment . To address this possibility , we consider two proxies for local resource constraints . The first is the amount of local taxes . We have data on prefectural business taxes _ ( Likin_ ) and land taxes , the two major sources of local fiscal income , in the year 1925 . The second proxy for", "spans": [{"start": 2053, "end": 2079, "text": "prefectural business taxes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UB period is 37 . 3 weeks . - Among the six eligibility conditions for UB covered by the data , all of which are also ALMP , periodic reporting on active job search , participation in a training program , and registration with PES are most commonly used . Regarding the six services offered by PES , training programs , access to the vacancy database and job placement are most frequently used , followed by counseling and internship / apprenticeship programs . Support for geographic mobility is the least frequently used . - The eligibility conditions most likely to be used together are periodic reporting on active job search and participating in training offered by PES , followed by periodic reporting and registration with PES . As for the services offered by PES , job placement and access to the vacancy database are most likely to be offered together , followed by job placement and counseling services . - According to the World Bank ' s Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory that gathered data from March 2020 to January 2022 , 223 economies implemented 3856 policies to safeguard workers , vulnerable groups , and economic activities from the Covid-19 crisis . Among these reforms , 159 were related to UB , 865 were related to ALMP and the rest was on social assistance and other labor market policies . - High-income economies led 62 percent of UB reforms , with upper middle-income and lower middle-income countries contributing 26 and 11 percent , respectively . > 22 Models using micro data or data from certain local geographic areas are not able to capture the secondary effects of UB and ALMP on other sectors and geographic locations , and yield results that are limited to that sector or location . 25", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 992, "text": "Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "results with all variables and quarter dummies , but without country fixed effects . Column two includes country dummies to ascertain whether these features can predict changes within countries during the crisis . The first mobility factor seems to be the only consistent predictor of GDP growth according to the first two columns of Table 4 . The inclusion of country dummies seems to improve the precision of some coefficients and increases r-squared and adjusted r-squared quite substantially . Column three presents the group lasso-selected features and their coefficients . The group lasso selects both sets of fixed effects and all other candidate features except for the religion index and the first labor index . The overall predictive power as measured by r-squared decreases only slightly , and the adjusted r-squared goes up slightly . At this stage , it might be useful to compare the relative strength of the real-time indicators ’ predictive power across the two samples of countries used in our analysis . The first is a sample of 61 countries with different income status . The sample in question includes 34 high-income , 18 upper-middle-income , eight lower-middle-income and one low-income countries . The second sample consists of 39 countries with relatively more high-income states ( 29 high-income countries ) . > 9 We have obtained the information on the internet users per capita ( most recent year available ) from the World Telecommunication / ICT Indicators Database . See https : / / www . itu . int / en / ITUD / Statistics / Pages / publications / wtid . aspx . f 12", "spans": [{"start": 1445, "end": 1494, "text": "World Telecommunication / ICT Indicators Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the liberalization of the land-lease market remains an obstacle to the rapid enactment of this law . The initiative behind this unified land administration law is most welcome , since the complexity of the existing legislative framework , inherited as it is from diverse pieces of legislation designed to bring together quite different revenue systems , accounts for much of the wide scope for evasion of the law in practice . # 2 . 4 Women ' s * * access to land * * The survey of the legislative framework in Orissa confirms that ' land reform policies have been based on the principle of redistributive justice and on arguments regarding efficiency ( land to the tiller , fixation of ceilings , prevention of fragmentation , etc . ) ; but on neither count are gender inequalities taken into account ' ( Agarwal , 1994 : 216 ) . No law has dealt specifically with increasing women ' s access to land . Rights to land for Hindu women are according to the Hindu Succession Act 1956 which provides for daughters , widow and mother of a Hindu man dying intestate to inherit property equally with his sons . In practice , however , significant and persistent gaps exist between women ' s legal rights and their actual ownership of land , and between the limited ownership rights women do enjoy and their effective control over land ( Agarwal 1994 ) . For example , the Orissa Land Reforms Act 1960 does not mention the order of devolution at all . So whether the devolution of tenancy land will be according to personal law , or would follow a different order of devolution , is open to interpretation . Gender inequalities in OLRA have also arisen from enactments relating to the fixation of ceilings < sup > 6 < / sup > on two counts , namely : - * * _the_ * * _definition of ' family ' : _ Article 37 of the Act defines a family as the individual and his / her spouse and their children , whether major or minor . Later the law was amended to include married daughters whereas a childless widow is not considered to be a member of her deceased husband ' s family", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of approximately US $ 7 , distributed in monthly installments . These decisions were in line with the recommendations of Dabalen et al . ( 2016 ) and were taken to ensure that the phones remained active and that the respondents stayed motivated . Finally , each D1 and D2 household was provided with sacks and a hanging weighing scale to record the fresh cassava harvest in their diaries in kilograms . During the first interview , the diary respondents were trained in the use of the diaryP20F < sup > 21 < / sup > and the weighing scale . Each scale was valued at approximately US $ 10 and was left with the household at the end of the fieldwork period . The sacks provided to the diary households were valued at approximately US $ 4 . Overall , the total value of the incentive package was approximately US $ 20 for the D1 households , and US $ 53 for the D2 households , as shown in Table 1 . # * * 3 . 1 . 2 . Recall Arms * * The third group of households ( R1 ) were visited twice over the course of the 12-month fieldwork , with 6 months in between visits . At each visit , the R1 households were asked to report cassava > 20 According to the authors ’ calculations based on the Fourth Integrated Household Survey ( IHS4 ) 2016 / 17 , only 11 percent of households in Malawi have access to electricity . > 21 Enumerators distributed paper production diaries leading up to the start of each calendar month . Following the collection of the paper diaries from the prior month , the supervisors for each district entered the data into the Survey Solutions CAPI platform . A second data entry and verification of the paper diaries took place in September 2016 . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1186, "end": 1220, "text": "Fourth Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 61 Completed 2021-12-05 2022-01-18 2022-01-30 2022-02-14 2022-03-01 < br > by NPCU staff . which IDA US $ 20 . 0 million e < br > quivalent ) < br > KE-MOALF-295558-GO-RFQ / Supply and delivery of 5 - Laptops , wide angle monitor , Portable monitor for laptop , PC toolkit-2pcs , PCtoolbox-2pcs , Laserjet Colour Printer and digi IDA / 59450 Component 4 : Project Coordination and Management ( US $ 29 . 3 million equivalent , ofwhich IDA US $ 20 . 0 million equivalent ) Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 25 , 455 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-06-06 2022-08-06 2022-09-20 < br > tal Cameras-4pcs < br > KE-MOALF-342632-GO-RFQ / < br > Protective gears for use by Market Enumerators for KenyaAgricultural Market Information System . 1 . 250 Pairs Gumboots heavyduty2 . 250 Pcs Rain coats IDA / 59450 Component 3 : Supporting Agro-weather , Market , Climate , and Advisory Services ( US $ 32 . 9 million equivalent , of which IDA US $ 30 . 0 million equivalent ) Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 28 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2023-03-01 2023-04-26 2023-05-03 < br > 3 . 250 Pcs Dust coats < br > 4 . 250 Pcs Overalls < br > KE-MOALF-342634-GO-RFQ / Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > Procurement of 1 , 000 Weighing scales , 1 , 000 tape measures and 100 Grain Moisture M IDA / 59450 ro-weather , Market , Climate ,", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 772, "text": "KenyaAgricultural Market Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 35 | _-_ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 35 | | Dinamarca | 12 | - | 12 | _-_ | 7 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 20 | | Dominica | 38 | - | 38 | _-_ | 17 | - | - | - | - | - | 55 | | Ecuador < br > | 805 < br > | - | 805 < br > | _21_ < br > | 6 . 970 < br > | - | - | - | - | - < br > | 7 . 775 < br > | | Egipto < br > El Salvador | 15 . 873 < br > 10 . 965 | - < br > - | 15 . 873 < br > 10 . 965 | _250_ < br > _484_ | 10 . 827 < br > 18 . 037 | - < br > 4 | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | 42 < br > - | 26 . 742 < br > 29 . 006 | * * . . . ⁄ . . . * * ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014 * * 49 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Kenya Shilling Appraisal : US $ 1 = KSH 22 . 0 Project Closing : US $ 1 = KSH 59 . 7 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric System FI [ SCAL YEAR OF BORROWER July 1 - June 30 # # # ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS | * * AIDS * * | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome | | - - - | - - - | | CMASK | Crescent Medical Aid Society of Kenya | | CPR | Contraceptive Prevalence Rate | | DfID | Department for Intemnational < br > Development ( U . K . ) | | FP | Family Planning | | FPAK | Family Planning Association of Kenya | | FPLMS | Family Planning Logistics Management System | | * * GOK * * | Govemment of Kenya | | * * GTZ * * | Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit | | * * HIV * * | Human Immuno-deficiency < br > Virus | | ICR | Implementation Completion Report | | IDA | International Development Association | | * * IEC * * | Information , Education and Communication | | KCS | Kenya Catholic Secretariat | | KDHS | Kenya Demographic and Health Survey | | MCH | Maternal and Child Health | | MOH | Ministry of Health | | MOPW | Ministry of Public Works | | MPND | Ministry of Planning and National Development | | MSCU | Medical Stores Coordinating Unit | | NCPD | National Council on Population and Development | | NGO | Non-Govermment < br > Organization | | PA | Payment Application | | SAR | Staff Appraisal Report | | SDA | Seventh Day Adventists | | SDR | Special Drawing Rights | | * * TFR * * | Total Fertility Rate | | UNFPA | United Nations Family Planning Agency | | USAID | United States Agency for International Development |", "spans": [{"start": 956, "end": 991, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * Note * * * _ < u > Note the other lines proposed under the 2020 Design Horizon ( MX38 , MZ37 , MY34 , MY31 , MZ33 , MZ19 , MY37 , MY38 , MY 47 , MY23 , MZ31 ) were free from encroachment at the time of RAP study ( as of the applicable cut-off date ) . < / u > _ Majority of the affected structures are made of mud or iron sheet walls , makuti roof on mud floor others were wooden walls , GCI roof and cement floor as detailed in the Asset Register provided as a separate file to this Report . # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 RESETTLEMENT IMPACTS IN WATAMU TOWN * * * * Table 6 . 2 * * below provides a summary of Resettlement Impacts for Water distribution lines targeted for construction in Watamu Town . The total number of Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) was * * 46 PAPs * * out of which * * < u > 18 PAPs were women . < / u > * * * * < u > Table 6 . 2 : Project Affected Persons in Watamu Town < / u > * * | * * Design * * < br > * * Horizon * * | * * Water Mains * * < br > * * ( Layout Map ) * * | * * Sub Location * * | * * Total Number * * < br > * * of PAPs * * | * * Total Number * * < br > * * of Female * * < br > * * PAPs * * | * * Total Number * * < br > * * of Male PAPs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | MZ28 | Watamu | 46 | 18 | 28 | | |", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 455, "text": "Asset Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to provide all the necessary underlying data , including detailed borrowing plans , to ensure the robustness of the analysis . As part of our continued cooperation , we agree to afford the Association the opportunity to exchange views with us should we be considering incurring any non-concessional borrowing that was not envisaged at the time of the annual * * DSA * * exercise .", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 44, "text": "underlying data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 < br > 2 < br > _ — _ < br > LIC LMIC UMIC HIC < br > MO Percent of countries with UB scheme ( % ) < br > — — — Minimum contribution period for UB ( months ) < br > — — — Average maximum UB duration ( weeks ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2wo 50 53 < br > Ssss 38 37 < br > 33 32 < br > 8 29 < br > SsRg 18 18 s 17 < br > oa 5 < br > ° LIC LMIC UMIC . HIC < br > MEE UB duration after 1 year of contribution ( weeks ) < br > MEE UB duration after 5 years of contribution ( weeks ) < br > MEE UB duration after 10 years of contribution ( weeks ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > S < br > 3 < br > 3 < br > i = } 7 < br > ° < br > EAP ECA LAC MENA OECD-HIC SAR SSA < br > M0 Percent of countries with UB scheme ( % ) < br > — — — — Minimum contribution period for UB ( months ) < br > — — — — Average maximum UB duration ( weeks ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 57 60 < br > 46 < br > 2 40 41 39 < br > 30 29 33 34 33 33 31 31 < br > 26 26 < br > 8 18 20 7 18 < br > 7 < br > Oo EAP ECA LAC MENA OECD-HIC SAR SSA < br > ME UB duration after 1 year of contribution ( weeks ) < br > MEE-UB duration after 5 years of contribution ( weeks ) < br > MEE _UB", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "training was provided to community committees , care takers and service providers in eleven demonstration Woredas in the four largest regions . This resulted in the establishment of 109 community management based schemes . Manuals were prepared to facilitate scale-up by the regions and woredas and are now used for non-project towns and woredas . Capacity building was carried out in 11 Woredas in 4 regions to introduce tripartite arrangement between woreda , community and local artisans , mechanics and suppliers . Training materials were prepared for communities to learn to manage their water supply facilities and for artisans to maintain and rehabilitate them through on-the-job training for water supply facilities in selected communities . Rehabilitation works were completed in 46 communities , including 22 in Oromia region with regional budget funding . Capacity building was carried out in 11 Woredas in 4 regions to introduce financial management systems at the community level and provide documentation in the form of user manuals . Cost recovery was introduced in most of the 109 communities that established community management based schemes , although the amount collected is low . A database for M & E was designed and Woreda staff in eleven Woredas were trained in its use but the database needs to be simplified before it can be fully implemented . Further work is needed to improve provision of spare parts and maintenance support and an issues paper has been prepared on Supply chains to identify actions that can be taken to improve the situation . Sanitation / hygiene promotion was carried out at community level and documented in manuals . The impact of this - 7 -", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1222, "text": "database for M & E", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Protestant and 2 . 13 % are practiced Ethiopia Orthodox Christianity . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 3 . Gambella National Regional State * * Gambella regional state is located in the southwestern part of the country bordering with Oromia Regional state in the East , and South Nation Nationality People Region in the South East and Jonglei and Upper Nile State of South Sudan in Western frontiers borders . The region has a land area of 34 , 063 km < sup > 2 < / sup > . According to the 2017 population projection of CSA of Ethiopia , the total population of the region is known to be 435 , 999 from this male constitute 227 , 000 and female 208 , 999 . From this population , 148 , 000 ( 33 . 95 % ) are living in urban areas while the remaining 288 , 000 ( 66 . 05 % ) found in rural areas . The region is situated between Baro and Akobo Rivers , with its western part including the Baro River or Openo in the local language of the Agnuak people . Gambela National Park , which covers approximately 5 , 061 square kilometers or 17 % of the Region ' s territory , is found in Gambella region . Gambella national regional state is also home for people came from different parts of Ethiopia at various times . Their ethnic composition include , Oromo , Amhara , Tigray , Kafficho , Shakacho , and Hadiya ; who are referred by the generic term * * _ “ Degegna ” _ * * ( Highlanders in a local maxim ) , in reference to their place of origin that is the highland regions of the country . Since the 1980s , Gambella has witnessed a huge influx of diverse ethnic groups from the central / highland parts of the country . People from this category live in settlement areas in Abobo , Gambella and Itang woredas practicing sedentary agriculture . However , many highlanders reside in town as businessmen", "spans": [{"start": 477, "end": 522, "text": "2017 population projection of CSA of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will be used to calculate the product ’ s subsidized price . The concessionaire should calculate the cost of the solution based on providing the household with 9 . 05 MJ / day . Subsidy payments will be made on the difference between the full price of the product and the product ’ s subsidized price per household or per unit sold . The total value of the concession is £ 300 , 000 . Applicants should use this as a guide in their budgets and show what sales volumes could be achieved within this amount . The concession should be designed so that the subsidy can be phased out over time ( around three years ) to allow for a sustainable market to be established once the concession is used up . The KES 19 ( $ 0 . 19 ) < sup > 26 < / sup > price cap for the concession represents the weighted average household cost of cooking energy , as calculated from data from the MEI household survey and the levelized cost of energy ( LCOE ) within the context of the refugee camp . Further details on how this cap was calculated can be found in Annex 5 . This price cap was calculated to provide a benchmark against which to compare the subsidy required by different stove and fuel combinations . Of course , within the camp complex itself different market segments exist , > 26 At an exchange rate of KES 1 = $ 0 . 00982488 on 21 December 2018 , data from www . xe . com . 15 movingenergy . earth", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 891, "text": "MEI household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "populous subnational regions within a given country . We obtained subnational estimates of the 2018 population counts from WorldPop . < sup > 5 < / sup > # 2 . 2 Methodology First , we look at broad trends in the real-time indicators . Using our current knowledge of the evolution of the crisis throughout 2020 , we identify key patterns in trends using purely descriptive graphical representations of those indicators that we believe to be the most reflective of the COVID-19 crisis in most parts of the world . We start with using both satellite-derived variables – nighttime lights and NO2 – to track economic activity . We continue with the Google mobility indices and the Google Search data set . Finally , we use food prices restricted to the following six food items commonly consumed in many countries : bread , chicken , eggs , milk , onions , and rice . Second , we estimate simple cross-section regressions with three separate dependent variables : GDP growth , deviation of actual GDP growth from the pre-pandemic expected growth , and the stringency index presented in Hale et al . ( 2021 ) , which we refer to as the “ Oxford Stringency Index . ” We obtained country-level GDP – as well as values for predicted GDP from prior to the crisis – for a large group of countries for the entire year of 2020 from the IMF . We then constructed deviations of actual GDP from predicted GDP to analyze how well the real-time indicators predict these deviations . There are 62 countries for which we have information on the 2020 growth rates plus the complete list of real-time indicators described above . Table A1 lists the countries included in this analysis . We first present regressions including all candidate predictors . Then , to create a more parsimonious model , we also employ lasso to select features . We use the cross-validation ( CV ) method to select the value of that minimizes the mean squared error ( MSE ) in the validation sample and present the resulting estimates . We include information on 2019 GDP per capita , total population , and primary school enrollment rate as candidate covariates taken from the World λλ Development Indicators database .", "spans": [{"start": 645, "end": 668, "text": "Google mobility indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 677, "end": 699, "text": "Google Search data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1418, "end": 1438, "text": "real-time indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2134, "end": 2174, "text": "World λλ Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the importance of focusing on prevention and targeting the most-atrisk population and hot spot areas , but continued follow up was ( and still is ) required for a fully effective response . A later survey < sup > 15 < / sup > identifying Institutes of higher learning as emerging ― hot spots ‖ for HIV transmission and identified university students as a previously unrecognized group at risk of acquiring HIV infection . 81 . _Successful HIV / AIDS prevention programs need to respond to a full analysis of the epidemiological situation , including an honest assessment of those populations most likely to contribute to new infections : _ In the case of Ethiopia there was good reason to be concerned at the increased infection risks faced by MSM , and the possibility that new infections in this group were an important driver of the epidemic , but there was widespread reluctance to address this . A formal Political Economy Analysis could have informed a strategy to overcome this reluctance . > 15 ― Risky Sexual Behavior and Predisposing Factors Among Ethiopian University Students ” 18", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 204, "text": "later survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * DODDS , T . * * * * _et al . _ * * ( 1986 ) ‘ Refugee Education : the case for international action ’ , Cambridge , International Extension College / World University Service . - * * DODDS , T . * * and * * INQUAI , S . * * ( 1983 ) ‘ Education in Exile : the educational needs of refugees ’ , Cambridge , International Extension College . - * * DRYDEN-PETERSON , S . * * ( 2003 ) ‘ Education of Refugees in Uganda : Relationships between Setting and Access ’ , Working Paper No . 9 , Refugee Law Project . - * * _____ * * ( 2006 ) ‘ ‘ I FIND MYSELF AS SOMEONE WHO IS IN THE FOREST ’ : URBAN REFUGEES AS AGENTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN KAMPALA , UGANDA ’ , _JOURNAL OF REFUGEE STUDIES_ 19 ( 3 ) : 381-395 . - * * DRYDEN-PETERSON , S * * AND * * HOVIL , L . * * ( 2003 ) ‘ A REMAINING HOPE FOR DURABLE SOLUTIONS : LOCAL INTEGRATION OF REFUGEES AND THEIR HOSTS IN THE CASE OF UGANDA ’ , _REFUGE_ 22 ( 1 ) : 26-38 . - * * INDONESIA * * ( 2003 ) _Education Law of Indonesia 2003 , _ No . 20 , Art . 26 . - * * ESCHENBACHER , H . * * ( 2009 ) ‘ INEE Guidance on Education in Conflict-Affected Countries : - Responsive education from project to system ’ , _Journal of Education for International Development_ 4 ( 1 ) . - * * FINNISH REFUGEE COUNCIL ( FRC ) * * ( 2008 ) ‘ Baseline Survey : Functional Adult Literacy & Education for Adults & Nationals in Kyangwali in Western Uganda ’ , FRC , July", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "some differences across regions , this was mostly driven by a very low nonresponse rate of 3 . 8 % in one of the smaller administrative regions ( Barisal ) . One strong relationship we find in the data is how the types of firms that failed to answer direction questions on corruption , and firm answers on the RRT questions on paying bribes . We find that a large number of firms that failed to answer the direct corruption question , when answering the RRT , indicated no incidence of bribery . Our data shows that firms that indicated bribes were used to obtain permits in the randomized response question had a 6 % lower nonresponse rate ( 13 % ) than firms that indicated bribery wasn ’ t used to obtain permits ( 19 % ) in the direct corruption questions . < sup > 8 < / sup > Or , put another way , the mangers that answered the direct question on corruption had a much higher rate of answer “ yes ” on the using bribes to obtain permits ( 61 . 7 % ) relative to firms that firms that failed to responded to the corruption question ( 50 . 1 % ) . This result could fly in the face of the idea that the firms failing to respond to corruption questions are more likely to engage in corruption . This descriptive data suggests that firms that fail to answer direct questions on corruption are _less_ likely to have engaged in bribes . What explains this pattern ? One possibility is that the firms that fail to answer direct questions on corruption are also likely to underreport corruption in the RRT . In short , firms providing nonresponses to some sets of politically sensitive questions could be the same firms providing false responses to other questions . How do we evaluate potential false responses ? One strategy commonly employed in surveys is to instruct enumerators to evaluate the perceived truthfulness of the respondent . In our survey of firms , enumerators were instructed to classify respondents as “ very truthful ” , “ somewhat truthful ” or “ somewhat untruthful ” or “ very untruthful ” at > 8 The exact differences is . 0588 with a", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1220, "text": "descriptive data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1848, "end": 1863, "text": "survey of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "registered at the end of June 2020 ( 94 % ) were in shelters for unaccompanied children run by state authorities and non-profit entities , while the rest were in family care arrangements ( 6 % ) . - As of June 2020 , some 5 , 016 unaccompanied migrant and asylum - seeking children ( 95 % boys and 5 % girls ) were present in the country . # # # # Spain - There are specialised government-run reception centers across the 17 Autonomous communities and the 2 autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla available to accommodate children . - ▪ As of the end of February 2020 , there were 11 , 978 UASC in reception ( 1 , 099 female and 10 , 879 male ) , according to the ADEXTTRA registry of unaccompanied migrant children . # # # # Malta - Upon arrival , unaccompanied children awaiting age assessment are placed in detention facilities . After the age assessment has been conducted , those found to be underage may be placed in open reception centers with dedicated sections for unaccompanied children over the age of 16 . Unaccompanied children below the age of 16 are usually accommodated in Dar Il-Liedna open centre , designated for children . - At the end of June 2020 , an estimated 350 unaccompanied children were accommodated in open centers , while a further 338 remained in detention facilities . Another 90 unaccompanied children were hosted at the Initial Reception Center . # # # # Bulgaria - 101 children , including 48 unaccompanied children , were accommodated in reception facilities in Sofia and Southern Bulgaria . # # # # Bosnia and Herzegovina - Migrant and asylum-seeking / refugee children are hosted in Temporary Reception Centres and other formal accommodation throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina . - Unaccompanied children were accommodated in Usivak , Bira , Miral , Borici , Sedra , and Blazuj Temporary Reception Centers . - ▪ As of June 2020 , a total of 817 migrant and asylum-seeking / refugee children were present in the country . Of these 468 children ( 268 boys", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 715, "text": "ADEXTTRA registry of unaccompanied migrant children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # * * 12 Resettlement Sites for Affected Farmlands * * Based on the findings of the census survey conducted with PAHs , “ cash for land ” is the most preferred option for compensation payment to be made to all households whose farmland and trees will be affected by the Subproject components . One of the main reason for preference of cash for land as primary compensation modality by PAHs is the impact magnitude is minor . The officials from Woreda and town administrations clearly confirmed that although “ land for land ” compensation may be preferred by some PAHs , it is impossible to find suitable unoccupied farmland in the Subproject affected Kebeles . Therefore , the local Authorities will not be able to implement land for land replacement . Therefore , social and environmental issues related to farmland relocation sites and impacts on host communities is not applicable . Page 169", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 274, "text": "census survey conducted with PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix B : Application to the World Bank ’ s global poverty and inequality measures The method we developed lends itself to being used in the World Bank ’ s global poverty measures for the countries that do not have any survey data . For the purpose of calculating regional and global poverty headcounts , countries without a household survey at any point in time , or countries without national accounts data needed for year-to-year extrapolations , are currently assigned the population-weighted regional average poverty rate . This affects 55 economies ( Table B . 1 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > A few countries , such as Afghanistan , Saudi Arabia , the República Bolivariana de Venezuela , and the Democratic People ’ s Republic of Korea , make up the largest part of the population without data , adding up to more than 200 million people across all the missing economies ( Table B . 2 ) . * * Table B . 1 : Economies without household survey data at any point in time in PIP * * | | Cuba | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Afghanistan | Curaçao | Kosovo | San Marino | | American Samoa | Dominica | Kuwait | Saudi Arabia | | Andorra | Equatorial Guinea | Libya | Singapore | | Antigua and Barbuda | Eritrea | Liechtenstein | Sint Maarten ( Dutch part ) | | Aruba | Faeroe Islands | Macao SAR , China | Somalia | | Bahamas , The | French Polynesia | Monaco | South Sudan | | Bahrain | Gibraltar | Nauru | St . Kitts and Nevis | | Barbados | Greenland | New Caledonia | St . Martin ( French part ) | | Bermuda | Grenada | New Zealand | St . Vincent and the Grenadines | | British Virgin Islands | Guam | Northern Mariana Islands | Timor-Leste | | Brunei Darussalam | Hong Kong SAR , China | Oman | Turks and Caicos Islands | | Cambodia | Isle of Man | Palau | Venezuela , RB | | Cayman Islands | Korea , Dem . People ’ s | Puerto Rico |", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 413, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 931, "end": 952, "text": "household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The C > e at current prices in LB dollars is derived by - iltiplying tne per capita figure by population . Tne gross investrEnt rate is assuc ) si to be the same as in the Ugadain shilizS estimates . Givea the balane of pyments data frcm page 2 , gross national savir . gs is derived as a residual . _bI_ Up-to-date figures an emplynenr ard productivity are uravailable . 4 RKapala l e cost of living irdex . Irdices prior to 1979 may be understatel as sow cotrolled rices were u1a In the calculatiao of ti-e indices . Indices for 1980 _and_ 1981 are ixsamplete as cost-of-livirg data wre mt collecti from Ortober 1980 to Jly 1981 . In particular , the increase In the irdex for 198 ) is grossly utnerstateI , especially for the food p d / Estimates . . t _appliable_ . . wt vavible", "spans": [{"start": 565, "end": 584, "text": "cost-of-livirg data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * HIVMDS * * 6 . It i s estimated that in 2008 , 283 , 000 adults ( over 15 years o f age ) were living with HIV / AIDS in Botswana . This indicates a national adult ( 15-49 years ) prevalence o f approximately 23 . 8 percent ’ . As noted earlier , key factors fueling the HIV / AIDS epidemic include the incidence o f multiple concurrent sexual partnerships , the incidence o f unprotected sex , the vulnerability o f women , persistent inequality and poverty , and high levels o f population mobility , including cross-border challenges . 7 . The number o f new infections rose rapidly during the early 199Os , peaking in the mid1990s . The number o f AIDS deaths started to grow rapidly about 10 years later than the rise in new infections , peaking in 2003 , just before the expansion o f the national AIDS treatment program . Around 2003 , the number o f new infection was approximately equal to the number o f AIDS deaths , with respect to the adult population o f Botswana . The successful expansion o f the treatment program has reduced the number o f AIDS deaths by half . The most significant challenge for the national program , currently , i s to strengthen efforts to reduce the number o f new infections still occurring each year . During 2008 , it i s projected that there will be 14 , 100 new adult infections , 690 new child infections , and 7 , 700 AIDS deaths in Botswana . Despite continued challenges in expanding prevention efforts , some pockets o f improvement have become evident . # # # # # # * * _Prevalence_ * * National HIV prevalence in Botswana has shown a steady decline fallen , most prominently amongst the most vulnerable age groups ; 15-19 year olds ( 22 . 8 percent in 2003 to 17 . 5 percent in 2006 ) as well as the 20-24 year olds ( 38 . 6 percent to 29 . 4 percent in", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 developing countries reduces the adverse effect on net farm income of own-country agricultural reform ( and conversely for non-agricultural liberalization ) . This illustrates yet again the interdependencies of policies of different countries in our globalized world , and underscores the importance of addressing these distortions in a multilateral forum as provided for by the WTO . The tariffs reported in Table 1 show import protection in South Asia and SubSaharan Africa to be half as large again in agriculture and food processing as in other manufacturing . Yet careful studies that compare domestic and border prices for some of those countries have found very little actual protection delivered to farmers from import barriers ( e . g . , Mullen , Orden and Gulati 2005 ; Martin and Wang 2004 ) , suggesting there may be ‘ water ’ in the agricultural tariffs that are included in the GTAP database . What would be the impact of trade reform on net farm incomes if the delivered protection rates to agriculture were in fact zero ? To see how much difference that could make to the results , we re-calibrated the model assuming agricultural tariff protection in 2001 was actually zero in Bangladesh , India , and Sub-Saharan Africa other than South Africa , and then re-ran the full global liberalization simulation . The difference this makes to the net farm income results for those countries , shown in the lower part of Table 6 , suggests that the earlier small gain to Sub-Saharan African farmers from global liberalization would nearly quadruple , and the small losses to farmers in Bangladesh and India would switch to a gain of around 4 percent . These simulations underscore the point that the results depend heavily on owncountry agricultural protection rates , which in the current GTAP database are assumed to be fully reflected in the applied import tariff rates and a few producer subsidies in the", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 909, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with official demobilization registers should capture respondents who feared reporting that there is an ex-combatant in their family . Second , cross-checking self-reported demobilization status with official demobilization registers should exclude households who wrongly 17We undertook this matching exercise using generalized Levenshtein edit distance , which is the total number of insertions , deletions and substitutions required to transform one string into another . We matched the names , age , sex and the code of the colline of return of the ex-combatants listed in the official demobilization registers with the household information available in our panel dataset . We use a maximum number of transformation of 2 for string variables ( first name , last name , both ) , a range of [ - 10 , + 10 ] from the age reported , and the match had to be perfect for the colline ’ s code and gender . We did this exercise twice , once matching each entry in the registers to the panel data ; and once the other way around . As names are very similar in Burundi , and many people can have the same last name ( all twins have the same last names ; siblings ’ last names are different and are chosen according to various contextual factors ) , we made sure to only consider as matches cases where names contain typos . We found eight matches , which supports the fact that we were very restrictive . > 18One should note that the number of registered ex-combatants in our sample is representative of the true excombatants ’ density and that an over-sampling of ex-combatants was not compatible with having a panel . 14", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 38, "text": "demobilization registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 200, "end": 233, "text": "official demobilization registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 662, "end": 675, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 981, "end": 991, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "solar panels allow mobile shallow-tube irrigation systems to meet rural farmer irrigation needs in Bangladesh and other countries that face limited electricity supply and make heavy use of groundwater . Source : Popp ( 2011 ) on cooking stoves ( using a combination of keyword and patent classification searches on the Delphion on-line patent database , and using a keyword search of abstracts and titles in the Web of Knowledge database ) ; web searches and interviews for others . Besides BoP innovation , the adaptation of existing technologies to local conditions is a growing area of green innovation in developing countries . Box 2 provides some recent examples of technology adaptations by innovative developing country companies that solve limitations of resources , labor and infrastructure . They create important co-benefits including more sustainable company cultures . 11", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 351, "text": "Delphion on-line patent database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 412, "end": 437, "text": "Web of Knowledge database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PBS program , which brings together the Government and multiple donors to support basic service sectors through sub-national levels of government . 5 . The PBS program aims to “ contribute to expanding access and improving quality of basic services in education , health , agriculture , water supply and sanitation , and rural roads delivered by sub-national governments , while continuing to deepen transparency and local accountability in service delivery ” ( PBS 2 Program Development Objective ) . During its course to date , the Government has taken impressive action to reach these goals for improved nation-wide , decentralized service delivery . - It has hired more than 100 , 000 primary school teachers , which has enabled net primary school enrollment rates to increase from 68 . 5 percent in 2005 to 87 . 9 percent in 2010 . - It has placed 35 , 000 primary health extension workers nationwide , providing them with essential immunization materials . Two trained workers are in every new health post in every community in the country . As a result , the child immunization rate increased from 70 percent in 2005 to 82 percent in 2010 . - It has taken concerted efforts to improve transparency of local government budgets and to provide opportunities for citizens to give feedback . Ninety percent of local governments posted budgets in public places , and more than 3 , 000 local government officials have been trained in tools to explain budgets and solicit citizen feedback . - It has strengthened accountability and fiduciary systems , as quarterly audits took place for 95 percent of local governments nationwide ( 730 out of 770 ) . 6 . Despite this significant progress in MDG achievement and improved access to service delivery , continued effort is needed to sustain these gains and further improve basic services . Variations in both access and quality remain across regions and woredas , with some areas experiencing significantly lower coverage than what is shown in national statistics . The rapid expansion in service delivery over the past years also means that additional resources are needed to ensure that quality is maintained and further enhanced . Extension of PBS , which has proven an efficient instrument since", "spans": [{"start": 1990, "end": 2009, "text": "national statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in line with those observed in primary education . Beyond these aggregate statistics , it is also of interest to describe the schooling status of children by age , separating out : i ) those who never attended school ; ii ) those who attended school but are not currently enrolled ; and iii ) those who are currently in school . Table 3 , below provides the global information at the country level . From this table , it is possible to grasp a sense of the proportion of children that reach Grade 1 . The figure for those considered to be too young was not used , as there is obviously some variability in the age at which children reach school for the first time . Taking into consideration this variation , the proportion of a single age group that goes to Grade 1 increases with age from 23 percent for those who are 5 , to 54 percent for children who are 9 years old . Beyond this age , the statistics remains more or less stable between 9 and 13 years of age . Given the inevitable randomness in sampling , it seems safer to calculate the entry rate for the group of children in this age bracket . The entry rate is , therefore , estimated to be around 51 . 9 percent . - 107 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services for the Detailed Design of the Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nimule Road Contract No . RDPIHW / S018 VKE Intemational ( Ply ) Ltd Reset1lement Action Plan July 2009 - Terrain of the building site and the possible amount of leveling involved - Age of structure and condition of buildings Buildings and other improvements ( of a non permanent nature ) as stated in the District Land Board compensation rates have been assessed in accordance with the relevant figures in the compensation rates . # # # # # 4 . 1 . 1 . 3 Crops and Trees Crops and trees have been assessed using District Compensation Rates provided by Gulu District Land Board since does not yet have valuation rates and was still using rates from Gulu district . # # # # # 4 . 1 . 1 . 4 Public Utilities Assessment for relocation of public utilities such as power lines , water lines , telephone lines , are to be provided by the respective authorities based on the information to be supplied to the Consultant by the relevant Authorities . # # # # # 4 . 1 . 1 . 5 Eligibility for Compensation The following categories are eligible for compensation . - Affected persons whose houses / structures are in the proposed road reserve . - Customary landowners whose plots are in the road reserve but excluding the existing carriage way of six ( 6 ) meters - Persons with perennial crops - Registered landowners are eligible for compensation subject to the GOU easement on their registered land in the reserve . Persons who encroach on the road reserve after the resettlement survey ( census and valuation ) are not eligible for compensation # # # # # 4 . 1 . 1 . 6 Disturbance Allowance A statutory disturbance allowance ( under 877 ( 2 ) of the Land Act ) is payable on the amount for compensation ( except for the services ) as follows : ( a ) If notice given to vacate is less than 6 months - 30 % ( b ) If given more than 6 months notice to vacate", "spans": [{"start": 1548, "end": 1567, "text": "resettlement survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . Refugee population and changes by country / territory of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntar < mark > y repatriation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often unknown . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | Region and | Population s | tart-2006 | | Incre | ases during | 2006 | | | | De | creases du | ring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | country / | | | Spont . a | rrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Total | _of which : _ <", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 104, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1043, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "average firm will run out of cash in about 10 weeks . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 5 : Mean Survival Time based on Fixed Costs by Country < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 : Mean Survival Time based on Fixed Costs by Country * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ukraine < br > Kazakhs . . . < br > Greece < br > 12 16 20 24 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 28 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 32 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 36 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Note : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 345 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note_ : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 345 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 11", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 963, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "offi ces surveyed ( 9 ) , UNHCR is the primary provider of documentation and in about half of those countries , UNHCR documents are generally recognized by the authorities . However , there are some problems with UNHCR documents in the following countries . - * * India : * * The government does not formally recognize UNHCR documents , but authorities do respect them . Further , based on a recent Government decision , all refugees registered with UNHCR can apply for long term visas and work permits , though modalities for the issuance of these permits is being worked out . - * * Thailand : * * Authorities do not recognize UNHCR documentation . - * * Malaysia : * * UNHCR documentation has only limited recognition . - * * Lebanon : * * UNHCR issued documents do not provide protection , but government issued residence permits , which are more widely recognized do , yet they are costly and are based on shifting criteria . The Implementation of UNHCR ’ s Policy on Refugee Protection and Solutions in Urban Areas 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "duite en 2004 ) , ce qui implique que les personnes nées et élevées au Rwanda peuvent , en vertu de la loi , faire une demande de nationalité à la majorité si elles souhaitent devenir rwandaises , selon une procédure non discrétionnaire . En raison de leur patrimoine juridique , aucun des pays de la CAE n ’ a la disposition juridique commune existant dans les pays d ' Afrique de l ' Ouest , héritée de la loi française , selon laquelle une personne née sur un territoire sur lequel est né l ’ un de ses parents obtient automatiquement la nationalité à la naissance . L ' adoption de cette règle , ainsi que des réglementations et procédures pour créer les règles en matière de preuve , réduirait immédiatement le nombre de personnes à risque d ' apatridie . Une autre loi de tradition française utile en Afrique de l ' Ouest est celle selon laquelle une personne qui a toujours été traitée comme ressortissante et qui a exercé ses droits en tant que ressortissante ( est en _possession d ’ état de national_ , ce qui veut généralement dire qu ' elle a le « statut apparent » d ' un ressortissant ) , peut obtenir une décision judiciaire pour confirmer ce statut , conformément à certaines règles de preuve . Beaucoup d ' individus qui n ' ont pas de preuve de leur nationalité , généralement en raison des faibles taux d ' enregistrements des naissances et du", "spans": [{"start": 1326, "end": 1356, "text": "enregistrements des naissances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "< br > input . | • Awaiting PDSC | | 7 . | ProjectDesigns | • Firmed < br > Detailed < br > Designs < br > for < br > Implementation | < br > • Listing ofprioritycriteriadeveloped < br > • DraftEASPScopeIdentified < br > • PreliminaryDesignsdeveloped < br > • Field < br > familiarization < br > trips < br > in < br > progress < br > • Surveysfor PUEandIndustrial < br > Parksinprogress | • Final < br > designs < br > will < br > wait < br > for < br > PDSCinput | | 8 . | Constructionof < br > schemes | • Constructed < br > Schemes | • Noactivitydone ( 0 % ) | • Waiting < br > for < br > PDSC , < br > BMS , < br > RAP < br > & < br > LIC < br > acquisition | 19", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 364, "text": "Surveysfor PUEandIndustrial", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Changes in employment structure are important in at least two ways . First , they tend to have far reaching labor market ramifications . Reallocation of labor across industries and sectors entails also reallocation across occupations and regions and as such is likely to give rise to structural mismatches . Jobs that are created in expanding industries usually require different skills and are located in different regions than jobs that are destroyed in declining industries . Particularly , the shift from industry to market services has been associated with a shift from bluecollar jobs to white-collar jobs requiring different skills . This imposes transition costs ( in terms of time and effort ) on workers who move from old to new jobs . Moreover , massive job and worker reallocation contributes to frictional and structural unemployment ( when the skill and vocational structure of job openings differs from that of the unemployment ) . Accordingly it partially accounts for he high unemployment rates associated with the economic transition . Second , the employment structure is an indicator of the level of economic development as well as the progress of the transition . In the particular case of transition economies , the share of market services , which was abnormally small before the transition , is a measure of successful labor reallocation . Figure 6 provides a ranking of ECA countries on this scale , indicating the progress of the transition toward a mature market economy . # * * Figure 6 Market services account for a much larger share of employment in European transition economies than in the CIS . * * * * Market Services as a Percentage of Total Employment , 2002 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 . 0 < br > 35 . 0 < br > 30 . 0 < br > 25 . 0 < br > 20 . 0 < br > 15 . 0 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > EstoniaHungaryCroatiaCzech R . LatviaSloveniaSlovakia _CEEPolandBulgariaLithuaniaKazahstanRussiaUkraineAzerbaijan _BRUGeorgia_CIS-7 + KRomaniaMoldovaBelarusKyrgyzstanUzbekistanTajikistan < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : ILO LABORSTA database ( LFS", "spans": [{"start": 2111, "end": 2132, "text": "ILO LABORSTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of | | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 15 . 12 | 20 . 00 | | technological innovations generated for < br > diiti lti | | | Date | | 30-Jun-2014 | | | ssemnaon ( cumuave ) | | | Comments | At project start , there were < br > 600 technologies . Target is to < br > increase these by 20 % over < br > the project period | 692 | | | Number of collaborative Research Projects < br > | | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 248 . 00 | 58 . 00 | | implemented ( annual ) | | | Date | | 30-Jun-2014 | | | | | | Comments | | Annual target = 58 | Annual target = 58 | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 30-Jun-2014 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P109224 | IDA-47690 | Effective | 22-Jun-2010 | 19-Jul-2011 | 20-Dec-2011 | 30-Jun-2015 | 30-Jun-2016 | | P108886 | TF-97184 | Effective | 19-Jul-2011 | 19-Jul-2011 | 06-Jun-2013 | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Jun-2016 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Un", "spans": [{"start": 556, "end": 585, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : Median Values of the Sources of Vulnerability * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Private Sector Credit Growth ( % ) REER Overvaluation < br > 60 . 04 < br > 50 . 02 < br > 40 0 < br > 30 - . 02 < br > 20 - . 04 < br > 10 - . 06 < br > 0 - . 08 < br > 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 < br > Fiscal Deficit ( % of GDP ) External Debt ( % of GDP ) < br > 10 < br > 100 < br > 5 80 < br > 0 60 < br > - 5 40 < br > - 10 20 < br > 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 < br > Loan to Deposit Ratio ( % ) Short-Term Debt ( % of Foreign Reserves ) < br > 220 400 < br > 200 < br > 180 300 < br > 160 < br > 200 < br > 140 < br > 120 100 < br > 100 < br > 80 0 < br > 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 < br > Cluster L Cluster V Cluster G Cluster H < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook database and authors ’ calculations . Notes : The lower growth and lower vulnerability is identified by L , the lower growth and higher vulnerability is identified by V , the higher growth and lower vulnerability is identified by G , and the higher growth and higher vulnerability is identified by H . The absence of higher growth and higher vulnerability countries in 2000 and 2008 reflects the lack of data in such cluster for those years . Is there a correlation between the growth and vulnerability dimensions ? As Figure 2 shows , high credit growth rates and loan-to-deposit ratios are typically associated with higher growth rates . In contrast , higher fiscal deficits , debt-to-GDP ratios , real exchange rate overvaluation , and short-term debt (", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 897, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 6 : Latin American Economic Performance Over the Last Century * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ratio of LAC to USA Per Capita GDP < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 35 < br > 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 25 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 15 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 05 < br > 0 < br > 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ‘ s calculations based on data from Maddison . The net result is that , during the 20 < sup > th < / sup > century , very few countries managed to progress from low income status to middle income status and then to high income status . Part of this history was explained in the previous sections , and hopefully , the recent rise of a number of large MICs marks the beginning of a better century for developing country convergence . That said , the table below summarizes how only a handful of developing countries have succeeded in reaching high levels of prosperity , and many of them are in Western Europe . The few developing economy success stories – with the exception of a few small oil rich countries < sup > 7 < / sup > - - are generally located in East Asia and achieved rapid industrialization by following comparative advantage export dynamism , helped by the facilitating role of the state . < sup > 8 < / sup > > 7 This is the case for Equatorial Guinea , Trinidad and Tobago and Oman . > 8 See Lin , 2012c . 9", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 483, "text": "data from Maddison", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Recommendations and key messages * * # # # # # * * For national authorities * * - Participate in urban protection dialogues with initiatives and local authorities , either through frameworks such as the Rabat and / or Khartoum Process , or through other types of coordination and relationship-building with local authorities . - Allow local authorities to seek funding opportunities aimed at service delivery and assistance to all residents of their localities , and recognise the pledges of cities to extend the mandate of municipal services to people on the move in search / need of ( social ) protection where it is not yet the case . - In countries lacking domestic refugee and asylum legislation , national governments should work towards establishing such frameworks . # # # # # * * Recommendations and key messages * * # # # # # * * For city-to-city initiatives * * - Initiatives should coordinate and work towards a simplified architecture for coordination , keeping a live inventory of their activities accessible to all . Such an inventory should also be accessible to beneficiaries , with refugee and migrant associations noting the need for increased information sharing on who does what and where . - Determine activities and their orientation towards protection issues according to mutually defined and tailored objectives by cities and other stakeholders . In other words , urban initiatives should consider their overarching goal in order to identify the most appropriate protection activities . - Organise and / or stimulate new and existing “ whole-of-society ” dialogues with the active participation of refugees and migrants , different levels of authority ( local and national ) , civil society , the private sector and other stakeholders to ensure the protection needs of all residents are considered , and they link to development plans and strategic higher-level agendas fostering inclusive societies . - Work with cities and local authorities towards an inclusive city approach in delivering urban protection , as this can avoid putting cities at risk when they do not have the legal mandate to work on the protection of people on the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "alternative project designs in an < br > attempt to avoid or minimize adverse E & S < br > impacts . The current project with its < br > multiple bends alternative routing is a good < br > example of efforts made to minimize < br > impacts < br > through < br > exploring < br > alternative < br > project designs . | National legislations do not specifically < br > provide for the need to limit involuntary < br > land acquisition or land use access < br > restriction for project purposes nor do < br > they specify the time period for land-take . < br > Moreover , national legislations do not < br > specify the need to explore alternative < br > project designs to avoid or minimize land < br > acquisition or restrictions on land use . | Given it potential to avoid or < br > at < br > least < br > minimize < br > land < br > acquisition < br > and < br > access < br > restriction through exploring < br > alternative < br > subproject < br > designs , the WB ’ s ESS 5 < br > shall be applied . | | Planning < br > and < br > Implementation | ▪ a census should be conducted to : < br > - identify the persons who will be < br > affected by the project , < br > - establish an inventory of land and < br > assets to be affected , < br > - determine who will be eligible for < br > compensation and assistance , < br > - discourage ineligible persons , such < br > as < br > opportunistic < br > settlers , < br > from < br > claiming benefits , and < br > - Establish a cut-off date for eligibility . < br > ▪ A plan ( RP ) proportionate to the risks < br > and impacts associated with the project < br > should be prepared", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1063, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "element becomes particularly relevant when investments in the sector are made primarily to boost chances for reelection , without recognition of documented facts on service delivery improvement for the society at large . Moreover , the populist politician ’ s strong focus on reelection may even reduce his or her propensity to request the background information needed to make informed infrastructure decisions and priorities — or have the results of investment analyses biased . < sup > 17 < / sup > Politicians who are overly focused on reelection have been suspected of accepting weak solutions for projects that will not affect their constituency . < sup > 18 < / sup > For instance , Cadot , Roller , and Andreas ( 2006 ) , using French regional data , show that infrastructure investment are often a byproduct of a politically driven game in which decisions are likely to depart from efficiency considerations . < sup > 19 < / sup > An overly strong focus on reelection and the associated need for campaign funding may influence the ranking of investment priorities . Extending network coverage may be effective as a political propaganda , but the effect for poor voters may be limited if the policy is not supported with enough budget allocations to reach all segments of users . The regulated price for network connections can be too significant for poor consumers . There are many cases in which networks have been expanded and celebrated as a political decision while in the end consumers cannot afford to pay for access to the extended services . < sup > 20 < / sup > * * _Market reform : _ * * The speed and timing of decisions on market design may change as the populist ’ s focus on reelection surpasses welfare-orientations . Politically unpopular layoffs are a likely short-term effect of divesting state-owned or state-controlled monopolies to competition . Political risk and reelection concerns can explain the timing to implement reform and possible delays . < sup > 21 < / sup > Governments with weak political support are more likely to postpone needed reforms . Not only will they have difficulties building consensus ; they would also be careful not to put reelection at greater risk . < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 756, "text": "French regional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "S risk < br > management based on site-specific E & S instruments , specific aspects of environmental and < br > social assessment , stakeholder mapping and engagement , sexual exploitation and < br > abuse / sexual harassment ( SEA / SH ) prevention and response , emergency preparedness and < br > response , community health and safety , and monitoring and evaluation of Project activities . < br > • < br > Training for Project workers on occupational health and safety including emergency < br > prevention , preparedness and response arrangements to emergency situations . < br > * * MONITORING AND REPORTING * * | Within 6 months after Additional < br > Financing and GCF Financing < br > Agreement Effective Date . | EEP | | C < br > * * REGULAR REPORTING * * < br > 1 . Prepare and submit to the Association regular monitoring reports on the environmental , < br > social , health and safety ( E & S ) performance of the AF Project . The reports shall include : < br > • < br > Status of preparation and implementation of E & S documents required under the ESCP . < br > • < br > Summary of stakeholder engagement activities carried out as per the Additional Financing and < br > the GCF Financing Stakeholder Engagement Plan . | 1 . Submit quarterly reports to the < br > Association throughout Project < br > implementation , commencing after < br > the Project Effective Date . Submit < br > each report to the Association no < br > later than 15 days after the end of < br > each reporting period . | EEP | | • < br > Complaints submitted to the grievance mechanisms , the grievance log , and progress made in < br > resolving them . | | | 3 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1586, "end": 1599, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 5 . 2 * * # * * Change in employment of skilled workers , and between and within sector decomposition Annual percentage change , 1990s and 2000s * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1990s < br > 1 . 6 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 1 . 2 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 0 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > Between-Sector Effect Within-Sector Effect < br > 2000s < br > 1 . 6 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 1 . 2 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 0 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > Between-Sector Effect Within-Sector Effect < br > Annual % Change < br > Argentina Brazil Chile Costa Rica El Salvador Mexico Nicaragua Panama Venezuela < br > Annual % Change < br > Argentina Brazil Chile Costa Rica El Salvador Mexico Nicaragua Panama Venezuela < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 29", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 913, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _NVational Annual Report yout1h_ * * < sup > * * _and_ * * < / sup > * * _Opport4ulities_ * * < sup > _Financial Staeentsfor_ < / sup > * * _Toitards Advanlcemenlt022_ * * < sup > * * _thefinancial year ended June 30 , 2_ * * < / sup > Labour Market < sup > InformationSystemthroughregularupdatesofsoftware < / sup > # # # # information Strengthening the analytical < sup > capacityof thelabour marketObservatoryto < / sup > < sup > * * analyse * * < / sup > interpret data , carrying < sup > out policyanalysisanddisseminationof informationin < / sup > < sup > * * cl * * < / sup > and easy to understand manner through requisite < sup > training . < / sup > - Development of Application Programming < sup > Interfaces toallowforseamlessdata < / sup > sharing with * * MDA ' S * * that collect key labour market data * * 2 . Environmental performance * * The State Department for Labour and Skills development has effectively contributed to the management and conservation of the environment for the current and future generations ; the following measures have been put in place ; implementing the presidential directive on achieving 10 % forest cover through planting trees during national in tree planting _exercises . _ * * 3 . Employee welfare * * The State Department has put in place measures to improve welfare of employees through analysis of Collective Bargaining Agreements ( CBAs ) and forwarding them to the Employment and Labour Relations Court ( ELRC ) for registration . It also prepared Economic Position Papers to advice the Cabinet Secretary in Wages determination and the Wages Councils . The State Department also implements the", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 821, "text": "labour market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Appointment dates of Suharto appointed mayors : * * data on the appointment dates of the Suharto appointed mayors are taken from Martinez-Bravo et al . ( 2013 ) . We supplement the data they have made publicly available with data we collected ourselves from the Government of Indonesia ’ s Official Directories at Cornell University . * * Entry regulation : * * We also construct new data on entry regulation from presidential decrees issued in 1993 , 1995 , and 2000 . We create a ( stringent ) entry regulation indicator variable that equals 1 if an industry is completely closed to investments or closed unless the firm in question meets certain conditions and zero otherwise . Industries that are reserved for small businesses are not considered as regulated . < sup > 25 < / sup > Appendix A provides a detailed description of all the variables and how the firm-level data were cleaned . We do not consider industries that are not present over the entire sample period , that produce less than 10 million USD in 2005 prices worth of output annually over the sample period , or that do not have enough firms to compute price – cost margins and profit elasticities over a reasonable range . Eliminating these industries leaves 200 five-digit industries . # * * A . 2 Definition of Firm-Level Variables * * * * Export * * is the share of exports in sales ( not available after 2000 ) . * * Exporter * * is a dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the firm exports and 0 otherwise . * * Firm age * * measures the age of the firm in years ( current year – year of establishment + 1 ) . * * Foreign ownership * * is the share of ownership of a firm held by foreigners . * * Labor * * is the total number of paid workers . * * Legacy : * * is a measure of how long the last Suharto appointed mayor remained in office after Suharto ’ s fall . It is defined as ( _Appointment year of the last Suharto appointed mayor_ + 5 ) - 1998 ( since Suharto left office in 1998 and", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 881, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The World Meteorological Organization forecasts that the current greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions trend will increase global temperature 3-5 degrees C by 2100 ( Reuters 2018 ) . This would far overshoot the 2-degree limit pledged by the 2015 Paris Climate Accords ( COP 21 ) and might have a catastrophic impact ( Steffen et al . 2018 ; World Bank 2012 ) . In response , several industrial nations pledged very steep emissions reductions at the recent Leaders ’ Summit on Climate ( April 22-23 , 2021 ) . Unfortunately , these pledges confront a striking information shortfall at the outset : near-total absence of directly-measured local and regional GHG data for problem diagnosis , program design and performance assessment . Recently , the advent of satellite-based GHG measurement has greatly expanded the potential for empirical assessment . High-resolution observations of atmospheric GHG concentrations are now available from several platforms , including NASA ’ s OCO-2 and OCO-3 instruments , the European Space Agency ’ s METOP-A and TROPOMI ( Sentinel-5P ) platforms , China ’ s TANSAT and the Japan Space Exploration Agency ’ s GOSAT and GOSAT-2 . Detailed technical assessments of measures from these platforms have verified that they provide useful and comprehensive information for global carbon emissions analysis ( Weir et al . 2021 ; Nassar et al . 2021 ; Pan et al . 2021 ; Wu et al . 2020 ; Hakkarainen et al . ; Labzovskii et al . 2019 ) . This paper extends recent research on satellite-based measurement to an easily-updated template for tracking changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations at local and regional scales . Using observations from NASA ’ s OCO-2 platform , we develop the template from the data filtering techniques and econometric analysis employed by Dasgupta , Lall and Wheeler ( 2022 ) . Our prior work estimates an econometric model that relates satellite-based CO2 measures to georeferenced emissions sources . In this paper , we develop and compare two versions of the CO2 tracking template . The first tracks changes in residuals after fitting the econometric model to satellite-based observations , while the second version simply tracks changes in the observations themselves . Using data from thousands of urban areas ,", "spans": [{"start": 679, "end": 687, "text": "GHG data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2258, "end": 2292, "text": "data from thousands of urban areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugee population is associated with a 3 . 7 % increase in the luminosity index within 10 km of the camp , the equivalent effect on consumption is approximately ( 0 . 015 × 0 . 037 ) * 100 = 5 . 5 % . Therefore , the paper provides rather strong evidence that vicinity to the camp increases economic activity and household consumption for local residents . These findings are also consistent with those outlined above for the Kagera region of Tanzania . # Congolese refugees in Uganda and Rwanda The Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC , ex-Zaire ) has been the center of the first ( 1996-1997 ) and second ( 1998-2003 ) Congo wars that saw several countries and several armed groups involved and the largest death toll for a single war since World War II . Up to 5 . 4 m people may have perished as a consequence of these wars , although the actual number of casualties remains a disputed issue . In addition to generating death and mass displacement within Congo , hundreds of thousands of Congolese fled to neighboring countries including Uganda and Rwanda . Two studies looked at the impact of these refugees on host communities in these two countries . Kreibaum ( 2015 ) looked at Uganda and finds that , overall , the refugee presence increases monthly consumption of the host population . Increasing the number of refugees per 1 , 000 inhabitants by 10 increases consumption on average by 3 percent , which is about equivalent to one day ’ s income for the local population . Interestingly , this does not match the perception of the local population which feels that the presence of refugees decreases well-being . Taylor et al . ( 2016 ) look at Congolese refugees in Rwanda and find a positive effect of aid on the local economy . This is the only paper in our knowledge that uses a general equilibrium model supported by microeconomic survey data to assess the impact of cash and food aid assistance to refugees in camps on the local economy identified as host communities living in a 10 km radius from the camps . They find that each adult refugee receiving cash assistance increases the annual real income of", "spans": [{"start": 1832, "end": 1857, "text": "microeconomic survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of urban population to total population , and ranges from the value of 0 to 1 . The urban expansion projection data ( Chen et al . 2020 ) are calculated using panel data regression based on historical population , urbanization rate , and gross domestic product ( GDP ) data . # * * 4 . Conclusions * * This paper finds that , if poorly managed , urban expansion will be tied to a projected decline in key crops and animal-source foods that are important for diets and nutrition . There are important regional differences as well as differences across SSP scenarios and through time . Under SSP1 , by 2100 , the largest projected decline among crops is for fruits , vegetables , and tubers / roots , and the smallest declines are for oils , sugar , and pulses ( relative to current levels of production ) . Although food production initially declines faster under SSP1 than under SSP3 to 2040 , it then slows so that the projected decrease in food production by 2100 somewhat aligns for both the SSP1 and SSP3 scenarios . Under SSP1 , by 2100 , there is also a projected decline in the number of livestock , important to the production of animal-source foods rich in protein . The largest declines are for poultry ( chickens and ducks ) and pigs , and the smaller declines are for ruminants ( cattle , sheep , and goats ) . This aligns with the notion that the production of poultry and pigs is more peri-urban than that of ruminant production . By 2100 , the largest urban overlap with food 24", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 115, "text": "urban expansion projection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 3 | 0 . 1 | | Sespanya | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 | 14 | 0 . 3 | | Shola | 140 | 133 | 257 | 0 | 530 | 9 . 9 | | Kinchiub | 10 | 10 | 21 | 0 | 41 | 0 . 8 | | Gulo Zaf | 3 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 . 2 | | Yenim Zaf | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 0 | | * * All * * | * * 1 , 949 * * | * * 2 , 489 * * | * * 904 * * | * * 26 * * | * * 5 , 368 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 36 . 3 * * | * * 46 . 4 * * | * * 16 . 8 * * | * * 0 . 5 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census enumeration January-March 2025_ Photo 3 : Khat Plantation Within the Right of Way Photo 4 : Eucalyptus and Indigenous Trees Within the Right of Way Page 101", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 485, "text": "Census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Alkire , S . ( 2018 ) . ‘ The research agenda on multidimensional poverty measurement : important and as-yet unanswered questions ’ , _OPHI Working Paper 119_ , University of Oxford . - Alkire , S . and Apablaza , M . ( 2016 ) . “ Multidimensional poverty in Europe 2006 – 2012 : Illustrating a methodology . ” _OPHI Working Paper_ 74 , University of Oxford . - Alkire , S . and Santos , M . E . ( 2014 ) . ‘ Measuring acute poverty in the developing world : Robustness and scope of the multidimensional poverty index , ’ _World Development_ , 59 , 251-274 . - Alkire , S . , Apablaza , M . , and Jung , E . ( 2014 ) . ‘ Multidimensional Poverty Measurement for EU-SILC Countries . ’ _OPHI Research in Progress_ 36c , University of Oxford . Alkire , S . and Foster , J . ( 2011 ) . ‘ Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement ’ , _Journal of Public Economics_ , vol . 95 ( 7 – 8 ) , pp . 476 – 487 . - Alkire , S . , Foster , J . E . , Seth , S . , Santos , M . E . , Roche , J . M . , and Ballon , P . ( 2015 ) . _Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis_ . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - Alkire , S . , Meinzen-Dick , R . S . , Peterman , A . , Quisumbing , A . , Seymour , G . , and Vaz , A . ( 2012 ) . The Women ’ s Empowerment in Agriculture Index . _IPRI Discussion Paper_ 01240 . International Food Policy Research Institute . Alkire , S . , Ul Haq , R . and Alim , A . ( 2019 ) . ‘ The state of multidimensional child poverty in South Asia : a contextual and gendered view ’ , OPHI Working Paper 127 , University of Oxford . Batana , Y . ( 2008 ) . ‘ Multidimensional Measurement of Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa ’ . ( 2013 ) _Social Indicators Research , _ 112 ( 2 ) , 337-362 . Bessell , S", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Irrigation for Climate Resilience Project ( ICRP ) ( P163836 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # * * 4 . 1 Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * * * FINANCIAL DATA * * - As of March 2025 , the project had incurred a loss of US $ 5 . 6 million due to exchange rate fluctuations . A total of US $ 52 million ( 31 % ) has been committed . Disbursements stand at US $ 37 . 9 million ( 23 % ) . The Government of Uganda ( GoU ) has contributed US $ 6 million for compensation . # # < u > Component 1 < / u > * * KABUYANDA IRRIGATION SCHEME * * ( ≈ 40 % of the loan ) - Work on the dam has stalled following the cancellation of the contract . The dam works are at 20 % completion with only 1 year before project closure . The project will need a two year extension in order to complete the Kabuyanda scheme . * * MATANDA IRRIGATION SCHEME * * ( ≈ 40 % of the loan ) - The Client has completed compensation of 60 % of the PAPs at the dam site , but needs an additional USD 4 . 5 million to complete the compensation in Matanda for both the dam site and along the network . The availability of the funds for compensation will determine when the dam contract can be signed and procurement for the network can be launched . # # < u > Component 2 < / u > * * KABUYANDA SCHEME * * - In August 2023 , contracts were signed for two TAs focused on enhancing agricultural extension capacity and developing value chains in Kabuyanda and Matanda . Consultants are now actively working . * * AGORO and OLWENY IRRIGATION SCHEMES * * - MAAIF , has started training lead farmers for farmer field schools in the two schemes .", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 201, "text": "FINANCIAL DATA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 . 6 . 3 Approaches to ESIA Preparation * * This ESIA report has been prepared based on : - Identification and review of the applicable national and international environmental and social regulatory and institutional framework ; - Preparation of the inception report on which the objective was to re-assess the project methodology and work plan and to highlight adjustments in relation to the ‘ Description of the Solution ’ appended in the Terms of Reference ( ToR ) ; - Detailed line route surveys undertaken by the feasibility study consultant ; - Line surveys and field studies conducted by the consultant with questionnaires and forms used for consultations and the inventory of environmental features are presented herein ; - • Preliminary design work undertaken by the feasibility study consultant prior to this ESIA study ; - Data collected from a variety of secondary sources including Government documents , census statistics data , and government agencies ; and - Public consultations organized with the project affected communities , stakeholders , and government officers to solicit input as to existing environmental conditions in and around the proposed TL alignment and associated substations and potential project impacts . # # # * * 1 . 7 Study Methodology * * The team first identified the overall study area for the project and , specifically , the area of influence ( AoI ) that the Project will have on the physical , biological and social / cultural environment ( see Subsection 1 . 7 . 1 Screening Exercise ) . Baseline environmental and social data was then examined for the proposed TL and substations as identified during line route selection studies . This data has been compiled from a range of primary , secondary and tertiary sources . Primary data was collected by the consultants ’ survey , environment and social teams , including via stakeholder consultations . The methods used varied depending on the nature of the data to be collected . However , standardized data collection methodologies were used throughout the study to ensure consistency . General baseline ( gradset ) method ( Wessels et al ; 1998 ) was used for Floral survey , Timed", "spans": [{"start": 927, "end": 949, "text": "census statistics data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1544, "end": 1582, "text": "Baseline environmental and social data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugee crisis , if any , is limited to a subset of low-skilled workers , a result that Peri and Yanesov ( 2017 ) and Clemens and Hunt ( 2017 ) also disputed . Interstingly , all these papers ignore the question of household well-being . Whether the decrease in wages for a subset of low-skilled workers ultimately results in a decrease or increase in average household wellbeing depends on production and productivity . Therefore , these results do not provide any evidence on whether living standards of the local residents of Miami have improved or not in the aftermath of the Mariel boatlift . This has been an important gap in this specific debate . The only paper that looks at outcomes beyond the labor market is Saiz ( 2003 ) , who finds that rental prices increased in the short and medium run ( 1979-1983 ) by between 7 and 11 percent more in Miami than in comparison municipalities . These findings were limited to lower-quality housing and show that demand for this type of housing remained strong over the period . The literature also offers some explanations for the lack of impact of the Mariel boatlift on the labor outcomes of the host community . The structure of the industry in Miami ( notably a relatively high share of textile and apparel industry ) offered jobs for lowskilled non-English speaking labor ( Card 1990 ) . Using a confidential micro data version of the Annual Surveys of Manufacturers , Lewis ( 2004 ) finds little evidence that these industries expanded their production of labor intensive goods relative to other productions ( like a Heckscher-Ohlin open economy model would have predicted ) . However , he also shows that these industries opted for labor intensive technologies in the aftermath of the crisis and adopted computers more slowly than industries in comparison cities expanding employment at the extensive rather than intensive margin . The new arrival of Cubans also helped to compensate for a net decline in internal migration to Miami ( Card 1990 ) whereas the overall increase in population increased local consumer demand , which in turn increased labor demand . Bodvarsson , Van den Berg , and Lewer ( 2008 ) find that the positive impact of Cuban immigration on", "spans": [{"start": 1390, "end": 1421, "text": "Annual Surveys of Manufacturers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": LMPS 2016 . | 80 . 2 | 19 . 8 | 70 . 2 | 29 . 8 | 94 . 5 | 5 . 5 | attainment this may not be the case . Moreover , the female advantage does not carry over to non-PFPS workers . The CMMHH data reveals largely the reverse pattern for them : a higher percentage of female irregular workers became unemployed or left the labor force during under COVID-19 conditions than male ones ( See _Table 5-17 Jordan : Percent of Non-Permanent Private Sector Workers Employed Pre-COVID No Longer Employed as of February 2021 , by Gender_ | | Unemployed , | 2021 < br > Out of labor force , 2021 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | By Gender | | | | Female | 34 . 8 | 9 . 2 | | Male | 15 . 3 | 2 . 5 | Source : CMMHH , 2021 . Table 5-16 ) . < sup > 49 < / sup > By the first quarter of 2021 , 35 percent of them were unemployed relative to 15 . 3 percent of males ; and over 9 percent had left the workforce , whereas only 2 . 5 percent of men did so . * * Age * * : As shown in Table 5-14 above , our method generates little age-related dispersion in job loss rates and therefore does not do well in predicting the large difference in job losses for older versus prime-age PFPS workers as captured in the CMMHH ( 38 percent versus 20 percent ) . These effects are most likely due to age-conditioned employer dismissals or labor _Table 5-16 Jordan : Percent of Non-Permanent Private Sector Workers Employed Pre-COVID No Longer Employed as of February 2021 , by Age Group_ | Age Group | Unemployed , 2021 | Out of labor force , 2021 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | below 25 | 25 . 3 | 5 . 1 | | 25-45 | 15 . 4 | 2 . 5 | | above45 | 15 . 8 | 4 . 4 | | Source : CMMH | H , 2021", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 6, "text": "LMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 185, "end": 195, "text": "CMMHH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 693, "end": 698, "text": "CMMHH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . 2 Results This section discusses the overall results of the four outcomes reviewed by the study using the database of 762 results . Table 7 provides the full results for the four outcomes classified into positive , non-significant and negative values where positive and negative values are intended as significant . Figure 3 provides an overview of the share of these results by outcome . Table 8 provides the results of the multivariate logit regressions where the dependent variables are dummies for negative and positive significant values and the independent variables are population characteristics . Table 9 provides the same results for the bivariate regressions with the addition of a number of dummies including : the time lag between shock and evaluation , the average share of refugees over the host population for the period considered , dummies for HICs , MICs and LICs and each of the crisis studied . < sup > 17 < / sup > All regressions results in Tables 8 and 9 include weighted and unweighted results where weights are the journals ’ impact factors . Results in Tables 8 and 9 are presented for employment and wages only . That is because these are the only two outcomes with sufficient number of observations to run the regressions as the literature rarely provides results by population groups for wellbeing and prices . Below we comment on all results by outcome . For readers interested in selected forced displacement crises , Annex 2 provides a full discussion of results by crisis . The overview of results organized by crisis and income level of the host countries is useful in as far as this is the most defining feature that could explain differences across results . In particular , the level of economic development of host countries , the absolute and relative scale of the crises and the timing of the inflow are very important factors in determining outcomes . # # 4 . 2 . 1 Well ‐ being and Prices _Well-being_ . Among all the papers reviewed , 13 papers explicitly measure the impact of displacement on the economic well-being of host communities for a total of 64 distinct results . Of these , 34 are on income , consumption or output , 20 are on", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 135, "text": "database of 762 results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * 57-3701 * * | * * 101 , 000 . oo * * < br > * * 4 , 543 . 16 * * < br > * * 500 , 456 . 84 * * < br > * * 545 , 229 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 1573 * * < br > * * 0 . 5613 * * < br > * * 0 . 0704 * * < br > * * 0 . 1752 * * | | * * 15 , 887-30 * * < br > * * 2 , 550 . 08 * * < br > * * 35 , 232 . 16 * * < br > * * 95 , 524 . 12 * * < br > * * 149 , 193 . 66 * * | # # # # * * 9 . CASH * * FORECAST In line with the proposed budget for * * 2017 * * EFY , there are activities planned for the next two quarters and given the amount of money we have at bank * * ( USD 545 , 229 ) * * and equivalent of cash on hand * * ( USD 482 , 079 . 25 ) anc considering the * * exchange rate as ETB * * 57 . 00 , we forecasted excess amount of USD 91 , 672-79 . * * # # # # # 10 . * * EXCHANGE * * RATE The exchange rates used in the current quarter IFR report are as follows : * Exchange rate used for opening balances = * * 56 . 7040 * * ( April * * 8 , 2024 ) * * * * 15 * *", "spans": [{"start": 844, "end": 854, "text": "IFR report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the spread of AD activity worldwide has been widely examined , but nothing is known about domestic exporters ’ responses to the threat of AD retaliation . To our knowledge , this is the first paper to address this issue by documenting exporters ’ price adjustments due to this threat . Empirical works using firm-level data are scarce in the AD literature . One strand of the literature focuses on the productivity effects of AD duties on domestic firms ( Konings and Vandenbussche 2008 ; Pierce 2011 ) . In contrast , Belderbos ( 1997 ) investigates the relationship between AD enforcement and foreign direct investment . Konings and Vandenbuscche ’ s ( 2009 ) study is the only one to focus on the effect of AD duties on export sales using firm-level data . To our knowledge , this study is the first attempt to use disaggregated firm-level data to analyze the pricing effect of AD duties . In terms of the effects of a country ' s own AD activity on its domestic exports , our analysis of the pricing effects of retaliation threats most closely complements the study by Konings and Vandenbussche ( 2009 ) , which examines the impact of France ’ s AD duties on the export sales of protected firms . Using French exporters ’ firm-level customs data , they show that foreign export sales decreased dramatically among the protected firms . They also note that this decrease might be a consequence of the limitations of price setting in the international market , stemming from AD protection in the home market . Like Konings and Vandenbussche ' s ( 2009 ) study , our AD threat analysis focuses on the effect of a country ' s AD activity on its export markets rather than its domestic market . However , the two works differ in two key respects . First , Konings and Vandenbussche ( 2009 ) use a difference-in-differences approach to determine the effect of AD on the exports of protected firms compared with a control group of unprotected firms . In contrast , we focus on the threat of retaliation resulting from ongoing AD investigations , regardless of their tentative outcomes , 4", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 323, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1226, "end": 1249, "text": "firm-level customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * TABLE 1 : COMPARISON OF ESTIMATES FOR QUARTERLY ENEU DATA * * # * * PANEL A : LOG SPECIFICATION * * Dependent Variable : Log Real Household Income | | ( 1 ) < br > OLS | ( 2 ) < br > OLS | ( 3 ) < br > IV | ( 4 ) < br > A-IV | ( 5 ) < br > Pseudo < br > Panel | ( 6 ) < br > Pseudo < br > Panel | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Quarterly Lag of Household Income | 0 . 668 | 0 . 598 | 0 . 990 | - 0 . 062 | 0 . 988 | 0 . 832 | | T-statistic | 955 . 85 | 791 . 23 | 213 . 59 | - 2 . 36 | 159 . 14 | 45 . 25 | | [ 95 % confidence interval ] | [ . 666 , . 669 ] | [ . 597 , . 600 ] | [ . 981 , . 999 ] | [ - . 114 , - . 011 ] | [ . 976 , 1 . 000 ] | [ . 796 , . 868 ] | | P-value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Cohort Effects | No | Yes | No | - - - | No | Yes | | Household-quarter observations : | 1113172 | 1112464 | 165275 | 757561 | - - - | - - - | | Cohort-quarter observations : | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | 842 | 842 | | Adjusted R squared : | 0 . 4508 | 0 . 4731 | | | 0 . 9679 | 0 . 9703 | # * * PANEL B : LEVELS SPECIFICATION * * Dependent Variable : Real Household Income | | ( 1 ) < br > OLS | ( 2 ) < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fiscal data ) ; ( v ) other capacity building activities to support PFM strengthening at Federal and regional levels . Part C3 . Financial Transparency and Social Accountability . This activity aims to strengthen and deepen Financial Transparency and Accountability ( FTA ) and social accountability initiatives which the government initiated under PBS . The objectives of this activity , and the initiatives supported under it , are to work further towards significantly enhancing transparency around public budget procedures ( planning , budget preparation , expenditures , and audits ) , and to further foster broad engagement and strengthened “ voice ” of citizens and citizen representative groups on public planning and budget processes and public service delivery . Consistent with these objectives , funding for Part 3 of Sub-program C will support the following : ( i ) the continued roll-out of FTA tools at the regional , woreda and kebele levels . ( ii ) Budget literacy and media dissemination ( social marketing ) ; ( iii ) strengthening local accountability structures and Woreda Community Planning and Budgeting ( WCP & B ) ; ( iv ) capacity Building on FTA and Social Accountability ; and ( v ) benchmarking FTA Progress . Sub-Program D-Monitoring and Evaluation ( M and E ) ( IDA USD5 . 0 million equivalent equivalent ; DFID USD0 . 9 million equivalent ; EC USD0 . 6 million equivalent ) . This sub-program will strengthen M & E systems in various PBS sectors . Periodic Data Quality Assessments ( DQAs ) supported via Lot QAS methods will be conducted . A series of activities to strengthen the existing monitoring tools of the PBS program itself will also be conducted ,", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 11, "text": "fiscal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) * * _Financial management : _ * * Internal control arrangements were implemented and worked as intended . The financial audit for the program was carried out in full compliance with international standards . The auditors expressed an unqualified audit opinion indicating that the financial statements gave a true and fair view of the transactions and financial position for the program . However , the submission of the audited financial report was delayed . At the time of ICR preparation , the task team had not received the audited financial reports for FY 2018 / 19 and FY 20219 / 20 despite assurances from the Office of the Auditor-General and KNBS that they would submit the reports on time . * * _Procurement : _ * * The strengthened KNBS procurement unit had the capacity to implement the program . Through the PPRA and its regulations , procuring entities established the requisite administrative procedures which KNBS complied with . However , as evidence of adherence to a PPRA audit scheduled as part of the Program Action Plan was only provided at the end of the project , the program did not benefit significantly from improved procurement practices during the implementation period . Except for this , KNBS completed all procurement as per the approved plan . In addition , the program fully utilized the country procurement system and adhered to the government ’ s procurement regulations as set out in the Program ’ s Operational Manual . # # * * c . Unintended impacts ( Positive or Negative ) * * - None identified # # * * d . Other * * * * The surveys implemented in the program facilitated data collection disaggregated by gender and other socioeconomic characteristics . * * The 2015 / 16 KIHBS conducted with the support of the program produced data used for in-depth analysis of gender gaps in the 2018 Kenya Poverty and Gender Assessment ( KPGA ) . # # # * * Institutional", "spans": [{"start": 1854, "end": 1859, "text": "KIHBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # * * 11 Livelihood Restoration Measures and Plan * * # # # # # * * 11 . 1 Background , Objective and Rationale * * # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 1 Background * * Surveys conducted for the New Woliso Substation & associated 230 kV transmission line Subproject . The socio-economic baseline survey and census enumeration and property registration - indicated that implementation of the Project would affect livelihood assets ( physical , natural , social , human and financial ) of about 26 households . Like many other infrastructure development projects , the adverse impacts of the Subproject is mainly land acquisition and affect limited livelihoods and assets of PAPs ( eucalyptus trees ) . This means that the proposed Subproject entails economic displacement of 26 Subproject affected households ( PAPs ) . According to results of the census enumeration and property registration , 26 households will lose about 9 . 06ha of farmland . The proposed Woliso Substation is estimated to affect 9 . 0 ha of farmland , while associated singe transmission tower pad and access road to the SS site would affect 0 . 0064ha and 0 . 1ha of farmland , respectively . Therefore , the proposed subproject will permanently affect a total of 9 . 06ha of farmland . PAPs affected by the proposed subproject are largely agriculturalists ( mixed farming ) and this LRP is prepared for PAPs affected by the proposed Woliso substation and associated TL Subproject . # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 1 . 1 Overview of Livelihood Systems * * The following are some of the salient features of livelihoods systems that characterize the proposed Subproject areas : - The Subproject is located in primarily agricultural ( mixed farming ) livelihood system , - Average landholding size in agricultural livelihood of the Subproject affected households is about", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 434, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 439, "end": 483, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 1023, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "set of fiscal stimulus multipliers included 0 . 3 on < br > revenue , 0 . 5 on capital spending and 0 . 3 on other spending | | World | < br > Agnello_et al . _ ( 2017 ) | Panel of 157 countries < br > ( Gini , real GDP growth < br > rate , fiscal stimulus < br > packages ) | 1960-2010 | | An increase in inequality increases the probability of < br > government crises . However , this impact is decreased when < br > expansionary fiscal stimulus episodes are in place . | | World | Aizenman & Jinjarak < br > ( 2011 ) | < br > Size of fiscal stimulus , < br > exchange rate < br > depreciation , trade < br > openness , fiscalcapacity | 2007-2009 < br > ( main focus ) | | A lower debt / average tax base is associated with higher fiscal < br > stimulus and lower trade openness is associated with a higher < br > fiscal stimulus and lower depreciation rate during the crisis | 39", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 Latin American ) and 8 formerly Communist countries where household surveys provide information on household head ’ s parents , but do not include the nonresident children . < sup > 14 < / sup > When non-resident children are excluded from the survey , it results in truncation of the > 13The data on the income of parental generation is especially difficult to find . Preponderance of home based economic activities including own-farming in parental generation makes it challenging to estimate income in many developing countries . > 14Hertz et al ( 2007 ) are careful about sample selection bias , and they do not focus on the household head ’ s children as has been the case in many recent studies that rely on data without non-resident children . To the best of our knowledge , the only survey in Hertz et al . list of countries that cover all of the non-resident children in the survey is that for Bangladesh . 6", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 77, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 716, "end": 750, "text": "data without non-resident children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 92 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 diversity and abundance may largely have been due to life cycle processes as opposed to external conditions . This dominance of benthic macro-invertebrates in the Upper Victoria Nile is similar to that of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga . The introduction of the Nile perch resulted in the decimation of molluscivorous fish , which allowed molluscs to flourish . The orders : Diptera ( flies ) , Trichoptera ( caddis flies ) , Gastropoda ( snails ) and Bivalvia ( bivalve molluscs ) had the highest number of genera represented throughout the four sampling periods . However , their abundance and diversity were not seasonally or spatially related . The molluscs were the most diverse group of macro-invertebrates and consisted of 10 and 8 genera during quarters 3 and 4 , respectively . Several species were abundant throughout all four surveys . _Bellamya sp . _ ( Gastropoda ) recorded the greatest species density ( 3 , 233 individuals / m < sup > 2 < / sup > ) and consistently recorded the highest density for all the four surveys . Other abundant species included the mayfly _Ephemeralla_ and the bivalves _Corbicula_ sp . and _Caelatura_ sp . Among the Diptera the key taxa were the midge _Chironomus_ and _Povilla . _ The April 2000 and April 2006 surveys showed similar lack of longitudinal patterns of micro-invertebrate species richness . # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 4 Fisheries * * Data from the ecological aspects of the fisheries surveys are reported and discussed herewith . Data on the ' socioeconomic ' aspects of the fishery are reported separately in Section 3 . 7 . 4 . 4 . # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 4 . 1 Historical and Present", "spans": [{"start": 1557, "end": 1574, "text": "fisheries surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "there was no control group of CIGS / SHGs to conduct a full impact evaluation , a Panel Analysis approach was taken . 55 . * * M & E Implementation . * * For M & E implementation , the project relied on a community-based M & E system . The weekly , monthly and quarterly reporting templates were prepared by TST with the support of the Bank team at the start of the implementation . The DIST and CBAs were provided M & E training including preparation of weekly , monthly and quarterly progress reports . The NUSAF 3 MIS , which was to be used for NUBSP took time to get up and running . Therefore , in addition to MIS , the NUSAF M & E team developed a Kobo Collect tool for weekly , monthly and quarterly reporting , which helped the CBAs to collect and report data , which was verified by NDOs . Overall , there were limitations and issues in collection and reporting of project data . The project did capture the basic input level data well , but some process and output level data were not collected systematically at the CIG / SHG level , however some of these issues were addressed as the project implementation progressed . MIS was established and functional and helped in basic reporting , but it wasn ’ t very effective in analyzing and informing strategic decisions . In addition , Makerere University was engaged to conduct the evaluation of the project , which involved baseline and end line surveys in target districts . The evaluation report was finalized in April 2019 , which showed the project has made considerable impact in the target communities . An executive Page 19 of 50", "spans": [{"start": 874, "end": 886, "text": "project data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1383, "end": 1412, "text": "baseline and end line surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "research is needed to use disability focused datasets , such as the Model Disability Survey developed by the World Bank and the World Health Organization . This work is needed notably to highlight the structural factors ( e . g . social norms , attitudes , physical environment ) that persons with disabilities may face in the workplace or in school settings for instance . In addition , information is lacking considerably , and more data are needed on health conditions that may lead to functional difficulties and / or socioeconomic deprivations . Data collection efforts that collect information on health conditions such as the Study of global AGEing and adult health ( SAGE ) are steps in this direction . Despite the limitations of the data sets under use , this study has several implications for further research and data collection and monitoring . A measure of functional difficulties such as the WGSS should be included as a standard correlate in studies of inequalities . As it would be inconceivable _not_ to include age or gender as correlates , applied researchers should at least include a measure of disability based on the WGSS or similar questions as a potential correlate of socioeconomic outcomes . Social protection programs were found to disproportionately reach persons with functional difficulties in some countries and yet they do not do away with inequalities . Policies and programs that some LMICs have adopted after ratifying the CRPD need to be assessed with 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 < br > % of migrants in each occupation in 2005 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > % of recently arrived migrants in each occupation ( 2018 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own elaboration based on the EU-LFS 2005 and EU-LFS 2018 . Note : Share of migrant workers in each occupation for each NUTS2 division of residence . For 2018 , migrants are restricted to those recently arrived in the country ( less than ten years ) so there is no overlap with the migrants in the country in 2005 . 38", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 304, "text": "EU-LFS 2005", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to achieve identification of all four parameters . Notice that ( 4 ’ ) requires , on the left hand side , estimates of the cross-sectional variance of residual income for each age group z , while ( 6 ’ ) requires that we use the panel dimension of our data set to estimate the covariances in individuals ’ residual incomes viz over time . Thus , our estimation strategy exploits both the panel dimension and the repeated cross sections available in the data set . As in Caroll and Samwick ( 1997 ) , we use residual income data at the individual level to obtain unbiased estimators of the terms on the left hand side of ( 4 ’ ) and ( 6 ’ ) . Specifically , viz < sup > 2andvizvi , z + 1 < / sup > serve as as individual level ” observations ” of the variance and covariance terms on the left hand sides of ( 4 ’ ) and ( 6 ’ ) respectively . We estimate our system of two equations ( ( 4 ’ ) and ( 6 ’ ) ) using a simultaneous , non-linear , seemingly unrelated regressions model ( NLSUR ) ( as described in Gallant , 1975 and Amemiya , 1983 ) . This permits the estimation of the two non-linear equations , with the cross-equation restrictions implied by the common parameters , simultaneously and achieves additional estimation efficiency by combining information from both equations ( Davidson & MacKinnon , 2004 ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > # IV . Data Using the estimation methodology described in the preceding section , we estimate income mobility parameters using individual income data from Mexico . Specifically , the individual income data are taken from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano ( ENEU , Mexican National Urban Employment Survey ) which was conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica , Geografia e Informatica ( INEGI , National Institute of Statistics , Geography and Information ) , the primary statistical agency in Mexico , and the Secretaria del Trabajo y Prevision Social ( STPS , Secretariat of Labor and Social Security ) , Mexico ’ s Labor Ministry . Until recently , the ENEU was the primary survey instrument for", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 527, "text": "residual income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1467, "end": 1501, "text": "individual income data from Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1565, "end": 1599, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - > Demand Shock : % Firms decreased monthly sales vs 1 yr ago < br > Demand Shock : Average % drop in monthly sales vs 1 yr ago < br > Demand Shock : % Firms increased monthly sales vs 1 yr ago < br > ( Export ) Demand Shock : % Firms decreased direct / indirect < br > exports vs 1 yr ago < br > Supply Shock : % Firms decrease in supply of inputs < br > Finance Shock : % Firms decreased liquidity or cash flow < br > availability < br > - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # _Source : _ World Bank Enterprise Follow-Up Surveys . _Note_ : Chart reflects the average difference between SMEs and Large Firms within a country-sector with their standard errors . Country-sector fixed effects are included . Stratification weights adjusted for the follow-up enterprise surveys according to median eligibility were used to produce the estimates . The weights account for non-response , assuming that businesses that could not be re-contacted ( unobtainable ) have exited the market 9", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 577, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Follow-Up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expected to directly increase both expected profitability _π_ as well as the ease of imitation _α_ , and evaluate the effect on the frequency of discovery . This analysis is useful beyond the evaluation of the market failures hypothesis in that policy makers wishing to stimulate discovery activity must have some idea of what policy levers are effective . The relationship between discovery and development discussed in section 4 can be used to determine if a country is over - or under-performing in discovery activity relative to expectations , but it does not offer any policy guidance . For that , we must consider empirical support for the potential drivers of discovery . Before discussing the variables we use to test for the presence of market failures , we again add to the basic model , this time by including export data , specifically the natural logarithm of 1993 exports and the average annual growth rate of exports between 1993 and 2001 . We include these trade measures because , as discussed in section 3 , penetrating a foreign market is itself an entrepreneurial event . Therefore , they are potential explanatory variables showing how closely related discovery and overall export growth are , and by extension how similar a discovery-promotion strategy and an export-promotion strategy might be . However , if one does not agree with the viewpoint that the penetration of a foreign market is itself a discovery , then including these export variables remains useful in that it corrects for the fact that we are not using domestic production data . We consider four groups of explanatory variables to add to the basic model : education , absorptive capacity , ease of entry , and financial system development . Data definitions and 30", "spans": [{"start": 821, "end": 832, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 852, "end": 885, "text": "natural logarithm of 1993 exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1543, "end": 1567, "text": "domestic production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mines blocking fertile agricultural land mainly in southern Greater Equatoria . Internally displaced people ( IDPs ) may additionally face a particular risk of recruitment . This is due to reduced social protection and coping mechanisms , and a lack of economic , educational , or other opportunities caused by displacement . Recent incidents demonstrate that forced recruitment continues to be a common practice of armed militias and groups . Over the past months in Tambura , incidents of recruitment and forced recruitment were reported in several areas , linked to the escalation in attacks against civilians . In January 2022 , two incidents of forced recruitment were reported in Yei . In Bentiu , protection partners reported forced recruitment of youth in Bentiu IDP sites and Rubkona town . Until the Security Arrangements are established , ongoing forced recruitment and all related abuse and violence will likely continue . The surge in recruitment continues despite the signing of a Comprehensive Action Plan by the Government to put an end to the six grave child rights violations . Children separated from their families are particularly at risk and may be targeted for recruitment . The families of those forced recruitment may face protection risks associated with the recruitment , including reduced income , mental and psychological distress , and reduced social links . to conflicted and localized violence ) . Nevertheless , UNHCR and the GoSS recorded a major spike in Spontaneous Refugees Returns in the last quarter of 2021 with a sharp decline in January 2022 , bringing the total recorded returns in South Sudan to 507 , 000 . _Figure 1 - People ' s proximity to conflict events , HNO 2022_ According to the IOM Mobility Tracking , in November 2021 , the total displaced population of South Sudan was estimated at 2 , 017 , 236 individuals , while returnees were estimated at 1 , 782 , 803 individuals < sup > 30 < / sup > , 28 , 440 in December alone ( HNO 2022 ) . The refugee population continues to return to South Sudan , even though the overall situation in South Sudan is not conducive for safe and dignified return", "spans": [{"start": 1733, "end": 1754, "text": "IOM Mobility Tracking", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimated 3 . 921ha of farmland owned by 12 smallholder farm households . < mark > The summary of affected farmland size and number of PAHs whose farmland is affected by < / mark > the substation is presented in table 7 . 3 . < mark > Table 7 . 3 : Number of PHAs , size of farmland affected by the Limu Genet substation < / mark > | * * Description * * | | | - - - | - - - | | No . of PAHs | 12 | | Affected Farmland ( in ha ) | 3 . 921 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Photo 1 : Partial View of Farmland within Limu Genet Substation Site and along the TL Page 83", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 492, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimates for gaps in growth rates using different weighting schemes are available in Appendix 2 , Table A2 . 2 . The general pattern of a larger gap in growth in middle-income countries is reasonably consistent with the findings regarding the gap in levels . The gap in levels is increasing across the middle-income countries , suggesting that surveys also grow slower than national accounts means over this segment . For high-income countries , the point estimate suggests that growth rates of consumption in surveys is higher than that in national accounts , which contributes to explaining the narrowing gap seen for high-income countries ( Figure 3 ) . The narrowing of the gaps as countries get richer could be due to the increased integration of survey data with national accounts in richer countries , noted earlier . Notably , in US and Canada , this integration between survey and national accounts measures is not practiced to the same extent , and a larger and widening gap is seen in these countries . In addition to the direction of bias ( or gaps ) , we are often interested in the precision ( efficiency ) of growth rates of national accounts as a predictor of survey growth rates , given that national accounts data are frequently used to interpolate and extrapolate household survey consumption or income to obtain estimates of poverty in years surveys are not conducted , as done by the World Bank . The mean absolute error and the root mean square errors presented in Table 2 gives an assessment of the precision , which is relevant for using national accounts in predicting survey growth . Again , there is a clear economic gradient with the precision increasing with income , but it should be noted that high-income countries typically experience lower growth rates and the gradient of relative errors may be smaller . The mean absolute error is large , more than 2 percentage points for all sub-groups except for North America and high-income countries , highlighting the large average differences in growth rates observed between HHS and NAS data sources . Ravallion ( 2003 ) uses an alternative way to assess the degree of correspondence of growth rates , using a simple no-constant OLS regression of survey means on national", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 764, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1210, "end": 1232, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a certain degree . Based on this benchmark , the estimated reductions in protection resulting from the UR would have been smaller and the impacts on world prices correspondingly lower . # D . TRADE DATA The welfare effects will partially depend upon the trading position in the commodities affected by liberalization . In general , net-food importers would be expected to benefit from reforms which lower the prices of their food imports , and suffer from price increases . ' < sup > 2 < / sup > In aggregate , total food imports accounted for about 8 % of LDC total merchandise imports over the 1990-93 period . Cereals accounted for approximately 3 % . However , in some countries ( e . g . Bangladesh , Egypt , Mozambique ) , total food comprised of 20-25 % of total merchandise imports during the same period . The data on net trade positions ( imports-exports ) in value terms are derived from FAO ' s commodity balance database ( CBD ) . 13 The net trade values used in the RUNS model are also based on this database ; hence , consistent commodity coverage are ensured . For each primary and processed commodities , the commodity balance database contains a comprehensive picture of the pattern of a country ' s commodity supply and utilization . The total quantity produced in a country added to the total quantity imported and adjusted to any change in stocks gives the supply available . On utilization , a distinction is made between the quantities exported , fed to livestock , used for seed , used for manufacturing and other uses , or lost during storage and transportation , and food supplies available for human consumption . The FAO data on imports covers all movements into the country of the commodity in question . In includes commercial trade , food aid granted on specific terms , and estimates of unrecorded trade . ' < sup > 4 < / sup > Exports covers all movements out of the country of the commodity in question . FAO also reports whenever possible trade in processed commodities expressed in the originating primary commodity equivalent . For example , wheat are imported as bulk grain and / or as processed (", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 846, "text": "data on net trade positions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 907, "end": 933, "text": "commodity balance database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1645, "end": 1664, "text": "FAO data on imports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project | * * Phase * * | * * Negative Impacts * * | * * Mitigation Measures * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | labor or people in such areas . Workers ’ < br > accommodations < br > may < br > need < br > to < br > be < br > constructed on-site . This may result in < br > impacts on community infrastructure , < br > health , and safety . Food prices on local < br > markets might increase , security and < br > smuggling issues might arise and women < br > from local communities might be at risk < br > of Sexually Transmitted Diseases ( STDs ) < br > and unwanted pregnancies . | ( GBV ) and Violence Against Children < br > ( VAC ) . < br > Such < br > mechanism < br > should < br > include < br > working with the contractors to prevent < br > sexual harassment in the workplace and < br > GBV and VAC in the project affected < br > communities ( for example through < br > code < br > of < br > conducts ) , < br > strengthening < br > grievance redress and other monitoring < br > mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical < br > reporting systems to alert cases of GBV < br > and VAC and assure them to access < br > adequate response . | | * * Construction * * | * * Impact on Vulnerable Groups ( Lot - 1 ) * * | | | | The household survey and assessment < br > documented two households headed by < br > elderly PAPs with visual impairment and < br > physical challenges and about 57 women < br > headed households . < br > The two elderly household heads with", "spans": [{"start": 1353, "end": 1384, "text": "household survey and assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The second stage of the analysis studies the association between the evolution of access to basic education and public services during childhood and the level of income achieved in adulthood in several countries in the LAC region . For each subgroup described above , we compare access to each opportunity using information from censuses from the 1980s — and in some cases from the 1970s — with per capita household income of the same cohort in the most recent household survey . To the best knowledge of the authors , this is the first time that such a comprehensive data set has been organized . There are two advantages of breaking down the population by gender , geographical areas , and urban / rural zones instead of using past subnational economic performance from national accounts . First , the population breakdown suggested in this paper provides a finer level of disaggregation than common subnational administrative records . At best , subnational GDP or aggregate consumption in the 1980s might be found at the level of aggregate geographical location but not by urban / rural zones , let alone by demographic categories like gender . Second , this breakdown considers some of the circumstances explored in the Human Opportunity Index ( HOI ) , according to which differences in characteristics out of the control of the individual — known as circumstances — like race , gender , household composition , geographic environment , location , parental education , and wealth , among others , are associated with the unequal distribution of economic opportunities such as access to basic services and education . This analysis explores three such circumstances . This paper makes three main contributions . This is the first paper that compiles historical data on human opportunities to analyze the relationship between access to education and basic public services early in life and incomes at adulthood . Second , this work takes a wide-ranging approach 3", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 352, "text": "censuses from the 1980s", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1755, "end": 1793, "text": "historical data on human opportunities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "open register which identifies the capacities and specialty of NGOs and was set up during the NGO assessment undertaken during project preparation . This roster will be updated with new NGOs who want to be part of it , and an assessment of the capacity of that NGO will be carried out at that time . No contract with a local NGO will be more than 9 million FGN ( US $ 4 , 500 ) at a time . This amount may be revised at the time of the Mid-Term Review based on a performance review . 4 . With support from NGOs specialized in the participatory process , each local community will identify its activities and prepare and submit an action plan to its governing CRD or urban commune , - 28 -", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 13, "text": "open register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 Unemployment rates are particularly high among young workers * * | | Youth unemployment < br > as % of labor force 15 - < br > 24 | Youth unemployment < br > rate / overall < br > unemployment rate | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * CEE * * | | | | Bulgaria | 35 . 5 | 2 . 0 | | Czech R . | 16 . 9 | 2 . 3 | | Estonia | 17 . 7 | 1 . 9 | | Hungary | 11 . 9 | 2 . 1 | | Latvia | 24 . 6 | 1 . 9 | | Lithuania | 21 . 4 | 1 . 6 | | Poland | 41 . 7 | 2 . 1 | | Romania | 18 . 5 | 2 . 6 | | Slovakia | 37 . 3 | 2 . 0 | | Slovenia | 15 . 3 | 2 . 6 | | Turkey | 17 . 8 | 1 . 6 | | * * SEE * * | | | | Croatia | 34 . 5 | 2 . 4 | | Serbia and Montenegro | | | | a ) | 58 . 0 | 3 . 1 | | * * Memorandum * * | | | | EU15 | 14 . 7 | 1 . 9 | | OECD Europe | 17 . 6 | 2 . 0 | | Total OECD | 13 . 1 | 1 . 9 | Note : Labor Force Survey data a ) The unemployed include persons who in the reference period did a temporary job Source : CEE and EU : Eurostat Turkey and OECD : Employment Outlook , OECD Croatia : Central Bureau of Statistics , Labour Force Survey 2002 ( second half ) , Bank staff calculations . Serbia and Montenegro : Republic of Serbia , Republican Statistical Office , Labor Force Survey 2002 ( October ) , Bank staff calculations For example , in Poland youth unemployment rate is above 40 percent . In Bulgaria and Slovakia it is between 35 and 37 percent . On average , the youth", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 833, "text": "Labor Force Survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1033, "end": 1057, "text": "Labour Force Survey 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1179, "end": 1202, "text": "Labor Force Survey 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Henderson , Vernon and Hyoung Gun Wang , “ Urbanization and City Growth : The Role of Institutions , ” _Regional Science and Urban Economics_ , 37 ( 3 ) , ( 2007 ) : 283-313 . - Henderson , Vernon and Hyoung Gun Wang , “ Aspects of Rural-Urban Transformation of Countries , ” _Journal of Economic Geography_ , 5 ( 1 ) , ( 2005 ) : 23-42 . - Himanshu , “ Recent Trends in Poverty and Inequality : Some Preliminary Results , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 42 ( 6 ) , ( 2007 ) : 497-508 . - Kathuria , Vinish , Seethamma Natarajan , Rajesh Raj and Kunal Sen , “ Organized versus Unorganized Manufacturing Performance in India in the Post-Reform Period , ” MPRA Working Paper 20317 ( 2010 ) . - Knoben , Joris , “ The Geographic Distance of Relocation Search : An Extended Resource-Based Perspective ” , _Economic Geography_ , 87 ( 4 ) , ( 2011 ) : 371-392 . - Knoben , Joris , Leon Oerlemans , and Roel Rutten , “ The Effects of Spatial Mobility on the Performance of Firms ” , _Economic Geography_ , 87 ( 2 ) , ( 2008 ) : 157-183 . - Kundu , Amitabh , “ Method in Madness : Urban Data from 2011 Census , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 46 ( 40 ) , ( 2011a ) : 13-16 . - Kundu , Amitabh , “ Politics and Economics of Urban Growth , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 42 ( 20 ) , ( 2011b ) : 10-12 . - Kundu , Amitabh , “ Exclusionary Urbanization in Asia : A Macro Overview , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 44 ( 48 ) , ( 2009 ) : 48-59 . - Kundu , Amitabh , “ Trends and Pattern of Urbanization and Their Economic Implications , ” India Infrastructure Report ( 2006 ) . - Kundu , Amitabh , Basanta Pradhan and A . Surmanium , “ Dichotomy of Continuum : Analysis of Impact of Urban Centres on Their Periphery , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 37 ( 50 ) , ( 2002 ) : 5039-5046 . - Lall , Somik , “ Infrastructure and Regional", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption is independent across items and goods are acquired once a week ( _Ni_ < sup > _ ∗ _ = 1 ) , thevarianceof < / sup > < sup > _Yd_mustbeatleasttwiceaslargeasthevarianceof < / sup > < sup > _Y ∗ _ . < / sup > Equation ( 2 ) may still be valid if survey participation affects the purchasing behavior of respondents , or with misreporting . For example , recorded cash outlays tend to be higher at the beginning of the diary period ( in the first day in particular ; see Lyberg and Kasprzyk , 2004 , and Silberstein and Scott , 2004 ) . If this pattern arises because of antedated expenditures that would normally take place later in the same week , equation ( 2 ) is still valid . Moreover , acquisition _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > is still an unbiased estimate of _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > under more general forms of manipulation or misreporting ( e . g . , overspending on goods linked to social status or underreporting due to an embarrassment motive ) that result in any zero-mean , possibly non-classical , disturbance term at the right hand side of _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > in ( 3 ) . # * * 3 Data , Descriptives and Graphical Analysis * * # # * * 3 . 1 The Iraq Household and Socio-Economic Expenditure Survey * * Iraq is an upper middle income , resource-rich , fragile , and conflict-affected country facing development challenges in line with those of far poorer countries . The median education level in 2012 was primary schooling . While infant mortality rates remain below the norm for similar countries , a third of Iraqi children aged 0-5 are stunted , 58 percent of adult males of working age are employed , and only one in 8", "spans": [{"start": 1174, "end": 1226, "text": "Iraq Household and Socio-Economic Expenditure Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > areas with high < br > population such as | Location GPS < br > coordinates of < br > camp sites , < br > borrow pits , and < br > quarries < br > recorded < br > Restoration < br > plans for camp < br > sites , borrow < br > pits and quarries < br > developed | Construction < br > sites , borrow < br > and spoil pits , < br > quarries | Prior to < br > construction | 20000 | Contractor | EHS Specialists < br > UETCL < br > Consultant | 314", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 61, "text": "Location GPS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LULC Map ( Figure 4 . 4 ) the unit mapped as ‘ Trees ’ represents totally man-made plantations predominantly Eucalyptus trees . Livestock grazing is also very important along the first 3 . 5km section of the TL . As observed during the present site assessment , most of the TL corridor and the entire substation site are intensively cultivated . The rest of the landscape is covered by intensive livestock grazing areas , tree plantations ( dominantly eucalyptus trees ) , settlement areas , Page 81", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "LULC Map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P151432 | IDA-57160 | Effective | USD | 600 . 00 | 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 597 . 66 | 5 . 92 | 99 % | 2 / 21 / 2020 Page 2 of 30", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 164, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on manufacturing firms in a broad set of countries ( mainly in Eastern Europe ) found that the negative correlation between management practices and energy ( expenditure ) intensity was much higher in magnitude when energy prices are low ( subsidized ) compared to when they are high ( Schweiger and Stepanov , 2019 ) . The basic argument is that management ’ s effect on energy intensity depends on factor costs ; better managed firms conserve in the face of high prices but intensify use to take advantage of lower prices . Firms in developing countries , where the energy-management nexus has been rarely explored , may show a different relationship when compared to their counterparts in the developed world . _First_ , industry composition often varies with the level of development . Developing countries may possess inexpensive labor or natural resources , which may encourage relatively energy-intensive industrial production and discourage energy-saving investments . _Second_ , firms in developing countries face more heavily subsidized costs of fossil energy . Nine out of the top ten countries that accounted for 61 % ( US $ 272 billion ) of the total fossil fuel subsidies globally in 2017 were developing or emerging markets ( Taylor , 2020 ) . _Third_ , firms in developing countries may prioritize growth over environmental protection , although they may also be more sensitive to input costs . Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Shandong Province , China , suggests that firms rarely considered energy efficiency interventions with a payback period longer than one year ( Karplus and Zhang , 2020 ) . In Ryan ( 2018 ) , an experiment that raised energy productivity of Indian manufacturing plants led to longer operating hours and greater demand for skilled labor and electricity , which given the country ’ s high reliance on coal generation likely increased environmental impact . The purpose of this study is to develop a deeper understanding of the link between management practices ( both generic and energy-centric ) and energy intensity in a large and diverse sample of firms operating globally . We use the data collected in a recent wave of World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) , which provides a representative cross-section of firms in 31 countries . We observe complete", "spans": [{"start": 2179, "end": 2208, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Core Indicators for Determinants and Performance of Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries_ * * - v . Begin detailed search of national sources e . g . ministries of energy , industry , and regulatory agencies , - vi . Agree on required data after looking at all published sources , - vii . Draft questionnaire for survey of energy ministries and regulators , - ix . Collate final results , - x . Post data base on the Internet when finalised , - xi . Solicit voluntary contributions and updates from authorities , organisations , and companies , and - xii . Review , maintain , and update periodically . 29", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 373, "text": "survey of energy ministries and regulators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we also hypothesize that the joint training with partners is fostering gender dialogue and empowering women participants ( H1 . 3 ) which , if this latter hypothesis is true , should in turn stimulate their IGAs ( H1 . 4 ) . The second series of hypotheses recognizes that relaxing financial and human capital constraints may be insufficient because women face gender-specific constraints , including high risk of expropriation by other household members ( De Mel et al . 2009 ; Jakiela and Ozier 2016 ; Bernhardt et al . 2019 ; Riley 2020 ) . In line with the findings of Bernhardt et al . ( 2019 ) , we acknowledge that focusing on women ’ s employment and income is insufficient because it ignores possible indirect effects on the household as a whole . For example , the cash grants to women could actually be invested in the IGAs of other household members . The interventions could therefore have positive effects beyond recipient women and directly impact household IGAs and household well-being ( H2 . 1 ) . If the joint training with partners increases women ’ s agency , the effect of the cash grant and training program on the IGAs of other household members is expected to be lower in households that participated in the joint training ( H2 . 2 ) . The program could also encourage migration if cash grants relax liquidity , credit , and risk constraints to migration ( Gazeaud et al . 2021a ) ( H2 . 3 ) . Jendouba — the governorate where this experiment is taking place — is one of the primary migrant-sending regions in Tunisia , with an out-migration rate of 13 . 2 % in 2014 ( Zuccotti et al . 2018 ) . # * * 4 Empirical strategy * * The empirical strategy is based on a pre-analysis plan , which can be accessed < u > here < / u > ( Gazeaud et al . 2021b ) . Supplementary analyses are described in Appendix G . # # * * 4 . 1 Data * * Baseline quantitative data on the 2 , 000 female participants were collected between April 2016 and January 2017 , which is 12 to 18 months before the distribution", "spans": [{"start": 1853, "end": 1879, "text": "Baseline quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sardines . At main trap sites , traps were placed around three bucket pitfall lines , approximately 5m apart . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 3 . 2 Bucket pitfall traps * * Small mammals , amphibians and reptiles were sampled using bucket pitfall traps . 50 m linear transects were created at each zoological trap site location whereby 10 litre plastic buckets were positioned 5m apart from each other . Buckets were sunk into the ground with their rims flush to ground level . The buckets had small holes in their base to allow water to drain from them . A vertical polythene sheet ( approximately 0 . 5m high ) was run along the bucket line crossing the centre of each bucket to form a ‘ drift fence ’ . A 10-15 cm lip of plastic sheeting was left flat on the ground onto which soil and leaf litter was placed to prevent any gap in the drift fence at ground level . Animals moving into the area from either side were channelled along the plastic sheet towards the bucket traps . Each bucket pitfall line was placed at 150m apart so as to encompass a range of micro-habitats . Brief habitat notes were taken for each bucket position . Traps were checked daily early in the morning and evenings for trap site period and data about the capture and recaptured animal was recorded on standardised data sheets . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 4 Amphibians and reptiles survey * * Different groups of amphibians and four main groups of living reptiles ; snakes , lizards , chameleons , and chelonians ( tortoise and terrapins ) were surveyed using the following techniques : # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 4 . 1 Timed man-hour searches * * Timed searches ( opportunistic surveys ) for herpetofauna were conducted at the site during both day and the night with the search time ranging from 1 to 6 man hours . Visual searching included the examination of hiding sites such as under logs", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10318 Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . - World Bank ( 2016 ) . The Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016 : Farms , Cities , and Good Fortune – Assessing Poverty Reduction in Uganda from 2006 to 2014 . Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . - World Bank ( 2018 ) . Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018 : Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle . Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . World Bank ( 2019 ) . Aspiring Indonesia : Expanding the Middle Class . Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . World Bank ( 2021a ) . The Gradual Rise and Rapid Decline of the Middle Class in Latin America and the Caribbean . Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . 39", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * BASIC NEEDS * * SECTOR # # # REGIONAL SECTOR ACHIEVEMENTS 82 , 988 households received core relief items in-kind 243 , 376 households received seasonal support through cash or in-kind assistance * * 34 % 241 , 590 27 % 251 , 721 64 % 380 , 819 * * Progress Target # # # SECTOR EFFICIENCIES AND EFFECTIVENESS The Basic Needs Sector ’ s overall strategy is to provide packages of basic domestic items for new arrivals , replacement items for refugees who have been living in camps for long periods of time , additional assistance to help refugees through the winter months , and a strategic shift toward the use of unconditional cash assistance in lieu of in-kind distributions , wherever feasible . This move towards cash assistance to help beneficiaries meet their basic needs is one of the areas providing the most striking examples of increased efficiency and cost-effectiveness across the 3RP response . Technology in Jordan allows for effective distribution , monitoring and financial accountability , with very low overhead costs . For instance , some 3RP partners are using a single system for both an unconditional cash assistance programme and a cash programme for assistance to vulnerable families with children . This has a total overhead of just 4 . 5 per cent , including administrative and transaction costs . For winterization programming , a specific module in the Refugee Assistance Information System ( RAIS - the database used to track assistance delivered to individual beneficiaries ) was developed that allows partners to record both cash and in-kind assistance provided to refugee families , thereby reducing the chance of duplication and improving inter-agency coordination across assistance sectors . NGO voucher systems have provided efficiency gains over in-kind assistance in both urban and camp settings . In Zaatari and Azraq camps , flexible cash vouchers have replaced most in-kind winter items and , in Zaatari , regular gas distribution and provision of some hygiene items . Transferring purchasing decisions to camp residents has reduced the resale of assistance to", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1425, "text": "Refugee Assistance Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "amount . # * * 7 . Conclusions and Main Messages * * Most SIDS are vulnerable to climate induced disasters , especially tropical cyclones , and are highly exposed to major losses and damages from such disasters because of the small size of their territory and of their geographic location . The EM-DAT database records 185 episodes of tropical cyclone disasters among Caribbean SIDS and 74 among SIDS in Oceania from 1995 to 2022 . These disasters caused USD 45 billion in damages in the Caribbean and USD 2 billion in Oceania ( in 2022 prices ) . These figures are almost certainly underestimates because there are no recorded damages in the database for some large disasters . In 22 of the tropical cyclone disasters , recorded damages exceeded 10 percent of GDP : for three of these disasters , the damages exceeded 100 percent of GDP and for a further five , damages were between 50 percent > 30 The practical difficulties of implementing effective debt alleviation measures are illustrated by the experience of Jamaica ( Schmid , 2016 ) . With public debt to GDP of 140 percent in 2010 , Jamaica undertook two programs of debt restructuring , in 2010 and 2013 , but neither reduced the debt burden significantly . There were two reasons for this . First , the debt restructurings were restricted to domestic government securities , which comprised around 55 percent of the public debt stock in January 2010 , but omitted external bonds held by international investors which comprised almost 30 percent of the debt stock . The latter were omitted because the bonds lacked collective action clauses which could have allowed a haircut to be imposed on all bondholders without costly and time consuming legal disputes with individual bond holders . Second , the amount of debt relief which the restructuring of domestic government securities provided was relatively small – it was limited to a reduction in the interest rate and an extension of maturities – but did not involve a write down in the nominal value of the debt ( although there was a significant reduction in the PV of the debt ) because that would have risked financial fragility among domestic financial institutions – banks , broker dealers and insurance companies –", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 310, "text": "EM-DAT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Annex 2 Page 9 of 11_ budgeting and costing techniques for health services to work with public sector finance staff in developing the appropriate budget tools and techniques . 3 . 3 . Training . Delivery of the program of financial skills training for key staff promoting a high level of financial skills within the management team of the hospital . This sub-component of the project will finance the delivery of training using the packages developed under sub-component 2 . 2 to identified groups of managers . 3 . 4 . Costing . Developing consistent cost data capable of supporting comparison between hospitals to allow further gains in efficiency . This sub-component will be developed by finance staff using the information provided by the new finance systems to publish appropriate cost data and implement a program of efficiency studies . The only resource requirement for this subcomponent is the time of finance and management staff within RMS and JUH . # # * * Project Component 4 - Total Cost : US $ 7 . 4 million Reforming the Pharmaceutical Sector * * # # Introduction Pharmaceuticals account for over one-fourth of all health spending ( two % of GDP ) . Such high expenditures reflect inefficiency , waste , and improper use of drugs . To improve the quality and efficiency of the pharmaceutical sector , a series of reforms would be undertaken : ( i ) promoting generic substitution ; ( ii ) implementing treatment protocols and training in the rational use of drugs ; ( iii ) adopting essential drug lists ; ( iv ) improving overall sector management and pricing policies ; and ( iv ) reforming the processes for drug procurement , storage , distribution , and quality control . # # Current Situation Jordan ' s different health delivery systems are well supplied with pharmaceutical products of good quality . 69 % of all drugs are imported and the remaining 31 % are produced by 12 domestic drug manufacturers . The cost of these supplies is considerable . In 1996 the total consumption in public prices was , according to the Drug Directorate ' s annual statistics , JD 128 million or about", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 562, "text": "cost data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 788, "end": 797, "text": "cost data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of governance is constant or not . We take this issue up in Section 5 . 3 where we show that there is little evidence of trends over time in global averages of governance as measured by the WGI data sources , implying that the relative changes observed in the baseline WGI estimates also correspond to absolute changes . # 5 . Methodological Issues In this section we explore in greater depth three potential issues with the WGI source data and aggregate indicators . We first consider the possibility that measurement error may be correlated across data sources , contrary to our baseline assumption in the WGI that each data source brings independent information on the dimension of governance to which it is assigned . This issue is relevant because it has implications for both the margins of error in the WGI as well as the relative weights assigned to different data sources . We then consider the robustness of the WGI to alternative weighting schemes , focusing 19", "spans": [{"start": 190, "end": 206, "text": "WGI data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Assessment < br > document < br >  Site < br > Specific < br > Environment , Social , < br > health < br > and < br > Safety < br > Management Plan < br >  PPE provision and < br > monitoring plan < br >  Training < br > and < br > Competence matrix < br > outlining all training < br > that will be done and < br > all that have been < br > done on a monthly < br > basis < br > ( including < br > toolbox talks ) < br >  Availability and easy < br > access to first aid < br > kits / tools ; < br >  Records of OSHA < br > kept ; | Co < br >  Monthly OHS < br > inspection < br > ( housekeeping , < br > PPE , < br > training < br > etc ) < br >  Quarterly OHS < br > Audits < br >  Availability of < br > the OHS risks < br > assessment < br > document < br >  Available < br > EHSS < br > Management < br > Plan | py < br > Contractor < br > CPCT | Daily < br > for < br > activities < br > pertaining to < br > works ; < br > Monthly < br > scope specific < br > monitoring < br > OHS < br > inspections < br > Quarterly < br > OHS Audits | 1 , 200 , 000 | xxxvii", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 522, "text": "Records of OSHA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 5 focuses on alternative non-financial channels that could be correlated with the impact of stock market liberalization on the long-term export survival . Both stock market liberalization and its interaction with the distance to comparative advantage maintain their significant coefficients with the expected signs throughout Table 5 . Columns ( 1 ) - ( 6 ) of Table 5 look at the impact of economic development and trade > 19 In this paper , we use SITC data that are slightly more aggregated than the data used by Jaud , Kukenova , and Strieborny ( 2018 ) but allow us to look at a longer time span . Additionally , we look at exports to the whole world market rather than focusing on the US destination market alone . 20", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 465, "text": "SITC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "our estimates with those of BJS2013 who use commodity price data from the International Finance Statistics ( IFS ) to estimate the persistence of petroleum , copper , gold and sugar . For the sake of comparison , we report the estimates in Cashin _et al_ ( 2000 ) ( their Table 3 ) in the last column . They estimate the persistence of the commodity price shocks using monthly IMF data between 1957-1998 and a median-unbiased estimator , including — a time trend . One can see that for most commodities and especially the most persistent commodities — our estimates of persistence are generally lower than those in Cashin _et al_ ( 2000 ) . < sup > 37 < / sup > This means that , if anything , our estimates of the optimal fiscal rule are not pro-cyclical enough . Table 7 . Calibration of Commodity Price Persistence ( in years ) | | * * Persistence * * | * * Half Life * * | OSR < br > _θp_ | * * Source * * | * * Sample * * | * * Half * * < br > < 1 | * * Life * * < br > 1-4 | * * from * * < br > 5-8 | * * Cash * * < br > 9-18 | * * in et al * * < br > _ ∞ _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Petroleum | 0 . 94 | 11 . 2 | 0 . 73 | IFS / BJS ( 2013 ) | 1970 – 2008 | | | | | X | | Beef | 0 . 90 | 6 . 6 | 0 . 56 | WB PinkSheet | 1960-2016 | | | X | | | | Natural Gas | 0 . 89 | 6 | 0 . 53 | IFS / BJS ( 2013 ) | 1985 – 2008 | | | | | X | | Copper | 0 . 89 |", "spans": [{"start": 74, "end": 106, "text": "International Finance Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 369, "end": 385, "text": "monthly IMF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | * * 10 . 5 * * | 8 . 5 | 13 . 5 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 9 | | Average liquid bulk handling charge < br > ( US $ / tonne ) | * * 4 * * | 5 | 5 | 3 | | | 5 | 5 | * Data for the Freeport of Monrovia relate to 2008 , but no data were available for the Port of Buchanan . Source : Mundy and Penfold , AICD Background Paper No . 8 , 2009 . Derived from AICD ports database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data TEU = 20-foot equivalent units . # * * Challenges * * Port security is an issue for Liberia . The National Port Authority ’ s Work Plan for 2008 included obtaining ISPS certification for the port of Monrovia as one of its objectives , but as of mid-2009 this certification had not been obtained . No ports in Liberia possess ISPS certification . In 2005 , the port of Monrovia was removed from the US Coast Guard restricted list after the United Nations Mission in Liberia assumed overall responsibility for it . Security remains crude at the ports , although efforts are underway to achieve ISPS compliance at the port of Monrovia . 12", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 195, "text": "Data for the Freeport of Monrovia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 347, "end": 366, "text": "AICD ports database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aged 5-12 engaged for at least one hour per week ; ( 3 ) children aged 13-14 engaged for more than 24 hours per week or working nights ( 6 pm to 6 am ) ; and ( 4 ) children aged 15-17 engaged in work for more than 44 hours a week . A stark statistic is that nearly a third of all children aged 15-17 are classed as child laborers while only a very small share ( 1 . 3 percent ) are not < sup > 4 < / sup > ( Department of Labour 2016 ) . Nevertheless , 35 percent of children are involved in household chores such as cleaning , cooking and childcare and 11 percent in unpaid household subsistence activities such as farming , collecting firewood and fetching water . At the time of LFS 2015 , about 78 percent of children were attending school and not working . Older children , however , were less likely to be enrolled in school and more likely to be working as nearly half of children aged 15 to 17 had quit school ( Department of Labour 2016 ) . Myanmar has improved its school enrollment in the last decade : the net primary enrollment rate increased from 88 percent in 2010 to 94 percent in 2017 . But there is still a large dropout of students during the transition from primary to middle school with just 71 percent of school-age children enrolled in middle or high school in 2017 ( CSO , UNDP and World Bank 2020 ) . Enrollment rates drop at middle and high school , which is consistent with the ages at which children join the labor market . For the purpose of this paper , we focus on children aged 5 to 17 doing any type of work that involves wage work , household chores , unpaid family work or household subsistence activities . Given the importance of child work in Myanmar and the concomitant persistent problems of non-enrollment and dropout after primary school , the objective of this study is to identify what factors explain child work and how child work affects schooling outcomes . Besides looking at children ’ s participation in market and household activities , the study seeks to understand how", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 690, "text": "LFS 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _A Closer Look at the Impact on the Devaluation on Farm Households_ * * This section of the paper discusses the trends in rural poverty evidenced by the household data . On the one hand , the data raise questions about the reliability of the survey results . On the other hand , they also suggest that many rural farm households may not have benefited - - at least in the short term from the devaluation - - to the extent commonly supposed ( Goreux , 1995 ) because of export taxes imposed at the time of the devaluation . The large increase in poverty in West Forest seems to be driven by the large decrease in home consumption . Consumption of home-produced food fell by 13 percent in East Forest and by 20 percent in the Savannah , compared to the 40 percent fall in West Forest ( table 32 ) . Breaking it down further , the fall was about 21 percent for food crop farmers in the West Forest , compared to 33 percent in the East Forest and 17 percent in the Savannah . For export crop farmers , the fall in consumption of home production was 43 percent in the West Forest , compared to only 6 percent in East Forest , and 13 percent in the Savannah ( table 33 ) . Thus , the huge decline in consumption of home production , particularly among West Forest export crop farmers , raises questions . The estimation of Engel curves shows that food shares drop significantly in the West Forest between 1993 and 1995 , and not in the other rural areas ( table 34 ) . 8 However , for West Forest , the dummy for 1995 becomes insignificant if a dummy is added for 1995 export crop farmers . The export crop-1995 dummy is significant and negative , indicating that in 1995 , West Forest export crop farmers had significantly lower food shares than other West Forest residents . < sup > 29 < / sup > Table * * 32 Mean Household Expenditure Per Capita * * _ ( in 1985 CFAF per year ) _ | | | _199_ | _3_ | | | _1995_ | | | | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 173, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 6 . 0 : Standard Errors for Original and HLO Scores by testing regime < ! - - Start of picture text - - > EGRA < br > LLECE < br > PASEC < br > PIRLS < br > PISA < br > SACMEQ < br > TIMSS < br > 0 5 10 < br > Original Score HLO Score < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Scale . Our methodology enables us to link countries participating in regional standardized achievement tests ( RSATs ) on an international scale . On this scale , 625 represents advanced attainment and 300 represents minimum attainment . This interpretation is derived by taking an ISAT benchmark for high performance on the upper end of the distribution and an RSAT benchmark ( expressed in HLO units ) on the lower end of the distribution . This approach enables us to capture performance across the entire distribution and accounts for floor and ceiling effects that would be introduced by just taking the ISAT or RSAT benchmarks alone on both ends of the spectrum . # 4 . Illustrative Analysis We include a few key figures from our database as motivation for the utility of the database . We analyze disaggregated data by subject and schooling levels to explore the full texture of the data . Figure 7 . 0 shows select countries on a global scale in reading in 2016 . We see a few notable trends . Russia has taken the lead – a new development . Chile nearly outperforms France and has started to outperform Eastern European countries such as Georgia . Saudi Arabia places near the bottom outperforming only African , Pacific or war-affected countries . Rwanda outperforms the regional behemoth , South Africa . The performance gap between Egypt and Russia is nearly double . Figure 8 . 0 shows the relationship between average harmonized learning outcomes in science from 2000-2017 and 2015 GDP per capita . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1088, "end": 1106, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * consultants * * | > = 0 . 5 | Les justifications pour < br > l ’ entente directe devront < br > | | * * Entente * * < br > * * directe / Consultants * * < br > * * individuel * * | > = 0 . 2 | être jointes et approuvées < br > avec le PPM | | * * Méthode Compétitive * * < br > * * ( Comparaison de CVs ) / * * < br > * * Consultants individuels * * | > = 0 . 2 | | * * 2 . Liste restreinte composée entièrement de firmes nationales : * * La liste restreinte de consultants pour les prestations d ’ études d ’ ingénierie , de contrôle et de surveillance estimées à moins de 300 , 000 US $ par contrat , et pour tout autre type de prestations , estimées à moins de 100 000 US $ par contrat , peut comporter entièrement de consultants nationaux en conformité avec les dispositions des Règlements de Passation des marchés . , et l ’ Emprunteur ne procède pas à une publication dans UNDB * * 3 . Autre arrangement spécial de Sélection de consultants : Le seuil pour l ’ utilisation * * de la méthode de sélection de consultant fondée sur les qualifications des consultants est déterminé au cas par cas en tenant compte de la nature et de la complexité de la mission ; cependant , ce seuil ne devrait pas dépasser la contre-valeur de USD 300 , 000 sauf dans des cas exceptionnels telles des situations d ’ urgence en conformité au R", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| Wider dissemination of bidding opportunities < br > to reach international and regional markets to < br > elicitparticipation from the capableproviders | Throughout < br > project < br > implementation | NITA-U | | NITA-U staff and partner agencies | Trainings for staff on the World Bank | | NITA-U | | not familiar with Procurement | Procurement Regulations | | | | Regulations ( July 2016 , revised | Prepare and disseminate the Procurement | Before < br > project | | | January 2020 ) | Manual to allproject implementation staff | effectiveness | | | Underestimation of the cost of | Conduct a market surveybeforeprocurement | Throughout | NITA-U | Page 56 of 76", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the PICS-BEEPS data . The second question is addressed by testing whether the estimated effects for Serbian firms are different from those for firms in other countries . The 2003 Serbia PICS survey covered 408 firms ; the 2002 Serbia BEEPS survey covered an additional 230 firms . About half of these firms were in services , about 10 percent were in construction , and the rest were manufacturing firms of varying sorts . Two thirds of the sample were small and medium-sized firms ( employing 100 or more persons ) . Over half ( 57 percent ) of the sample was composed of new private firms , 29 percent were sociallyor state-owned , and the remainder had been privatized . Almost one-quarter of the sample were exporting , and about one in ten had significant foreign ownership . Because of the relatively small Serbian sample , the estimations of pool manufacturing , construction and services firms and employ sector dummy variables ; the results are similar if the regressions are done separately by sector . Table 3 shows the results of the TFP estimations . * * Table 3 : TFP regressions using firm-level data – Serbia vs . other PICS-BEEPS countries * * | | * * 49 country * * < br > * * surveys * * < br > * * Serbia * * | * * Serbia different * * < br > * * from 49 others ? * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Fixed capital | 0 . 374 * * < br > 0 . 394 * * | No | | Labor | 0 . 693 * * < br > 0 . 590 * * | No | | Privatized | 0 . 359 * * < br > 0 . 599 * * | No | | New private | 0 . 359 * * < br > 0 . 846 * * | Yes * | | Foreign-owned | 0 . 205 * * < br > 0 . 282 | No | | Exporter | 0 . 216 * * < br > 0 . 089 | No | | Capital city | 0 . 089 * *", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 22, "text": "PICS-BEEPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 177, "end": 200, "text": "2003 Serbia PICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 230, "end": 249, "text": "Serbia BEEPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1103, "end": 1118, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of enterprises reported that informal payments or gifts were requested or expected when applying for a license . The Zambia survey also asked whether licenses were needed for each consignment or whether licenses covered all consignments over a set period . About 70 percent of enterprises reported that they needed licenses for each consignment . Export procedures can also be burdensome . For example , exporters in Mozambique need to obtain a certificate of origin , a certificate of quality , a sanitary and phytosanitary certificate and an export license , which is needed for each transaction , before exporting ( Nathan Associates , 2002 ) . The certificate for quality and the sanitary and phytosanitary both require inspections . Only the survey for Zambia asked specific questions about export licenses and permits . About 52 percent of exporters in Zambia reported that they needed export licenses , with about 90 percent of these reporting that they needed a license for each consignment ( as opposed to getting a license that covered all consignments over a set period of time ) . The average wait for an export license was 5 days . In addition to this , about 45 percent of enterprises reported that their exports were subject to special regulations . Many countries offer exporters special incentives , such as duty drawback schemes . Although duty drawback schemes ( schemes that refund custom duties for goods that are exported ) can encourage exports , their application has often been difficult in developing countries . In particular , the schemes are often complex and poorly administered , resulting in high transaction costs for firms involved in these programs . < sup > 11 < / sup > Weak administration and fiscal problems often result in long delays before they receive refunds . For the two countries where questions were asked about delays in receiving refunds , Ethiopia and Zambia , the average waits between filing and receiving refunds were 74 and 93 days respectively . < sup > 12 < / sup > Similar problems are common for other refunds . For example , in almost all countries with value-added taxes , including all the countries covered in this study except Ethiopia where value-added taxes had not been imposed at the time", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 138, "text": "Zambia survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 755, "end": 772, "text": "survey for Zambia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1988 ) . In a one period game this would imply that landlords would rank tenants by wealth , choosing to enter into contract only with the wealthiest tenants . Empirical evidence reported by Quibria and Rashid ( 1986 ) confirms such behavior . By implication , the efficiency of any particular tenancy contract is increasing in tenant wealth and the overall efficiency of the tenancy market would depend on the initial wealth distribution of potential tenants , generating a direct mapping between the distribution of wealth and economic efficiency ( Bardhan et al . 1997 ) . In a repeated game , landlords would allow all but the least wealthy tenants to earn positive profits in equilibrium , thus using the threat of contract termination ( or eviction ) as a device to elicit effort supply . An extension of this argument is provided by Mookherjee ( 1997 ) , who shows that in the context of bargaining on the terms of an interlinked tenancy contract between landlord and tenant the efficiency of > still reported to be common in Bangladesh ( Cain 1981 ) , Java ( Morooka and Hayami 1986 ) , and Thailand ( Fujimoto 1988 ) . In the Philippines , tenancy transactions emerged as a credit substitute in response to limitations on the transferability of land ( Nagarajan and associates , 1991 ) . 1 A third rationale for adoption of the share contract , namely that imperfect information on tenants ' unobservable characteristics such as ability , causes landlords to use sharecropping contracts as a screening device where the tenants ' acceptance of certain types of contracts provides a signal for their productive ability ( Newbery and Stiglitz 1979 ) does , at least for Indian data , not conform well with the data ( Olson-Lanjouw 1995 ) . 23", "spans": [{"start": 1676, "end": 1687, "text": "Indian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "uz , Me ’ anitshasha Woreda-SWEPR and Jeldesa cluster-Diredawa region described that drought was not only the cause for the death of livestock but also human beings . In this respect , poor families , female-headed households and children are mostly affected . In order to overcome the problem of grazing land and water resources for their livestock , PAP communities are forced to cross their boundaries to get available feed and water . It in this situation conflict may occur with the neighboring ethnic groups as traditionally it is known that in the PAP communities , land belongs to a certain ethnic group and that group claims its physical boundaries . In this respect , whenever newcomers cross their ideal border , they can enter into conflict . For instance , community consultations and FGDs with Me ’ anitshasha Woreda indicated that during the dry season , when grass is scarce , mobility is common among the neighbors in the area to a far distance in search of pasture , which leads them in conflict with the neighboring pastoralists . They also experienced conflict with the Somali pastoralists due to shortage of water and animal feed . # * * 3 . 3 . 4 . Livelihood Activities * * The main livelihood activities of lowland communities ( Benishangul Gumuz , SWEPR , and Ethiopian Somali regions and Diredawa region ) in the study areas depend on livestock production and a limited level of crop production . Livestock production is the principal means of livelihood for pastoralists , and there is a practice of traditional and extensive livestock rearing system ( cattle , camels , goats and sheep ) . The agro-pastoralists also make their livelihood out of mixed agriculture , mainly those 17", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 802, "text": "community consultations and FGDs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Participants also reported that many clients who sought sex work attempted to negotiate on the price , arguing that they could not afford the prices that they were previously paying prior to COVID-19 . Some participants shared that they were initially reluctant to negotiate however ultimately opted to accept a lower price rather than forgo the work . _ “ Clients bargained on the price that we gave them because they complained on being broke . So instead of paying 10 , 000 [ TZS ] for instance , they ’ d pay 5 , 000 [ TZS ] . Therefore , the price decreased compared to how it was before the pandemic . ” _ _ “ I had to change how I charged my clients . This was because most of them complained on being broke because of the pandemic , so I always had to bargain on my charges . I had to agree with them because if I did not , they left for other women and my biggest fear by then was to go back home from work without having earned anything . Before the pandemic , I used to charge them 30 , 000 TZS but during the pandemic it dropped up to between 10 , 000 to 5000 TZS . ” _ While negotiating was still common for some , most participants explained how prices had begun to return to pre-pandemic levels . Survey data indicate that there was a decrease in the average price per client from 6 . 6 USD in 2018 to 6 . 2 USD in 2021 , though the difference was nonsignificant . Participants also reported a significantly lower average number of clients per week in 2021 ( 6 . 2 ) than in 2018 ( 8 . 6 ) . The lowest levels were experienced in 2020 , with participants reporting an average of 4 . 8 per week . However , most interviewees explained that they started to observe higher demand for work when restrictions on gatherings and workplace closures were lifted . _ “ In the first wave of the pandemic , there were less clients but then as time went on , the demand started getting back to normal , but they have not yet reached the normal", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1223, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "id et al . , 2016 ) . But early childhood provision remains limited ( except at schools in Lebanon ) : in Gaza and the West Bank , only 38 % of eligible children ( or 85 , 200 children ) were enrolled in pre-school education in 2011 ( ANERA , 2014 ; Palestine Ministry of Education and UNICEF , 2012 ) . Moreover , most UNRWA schools operate only up to grade 9 . While students are entitled to join the secondary school systems in their host countries , many have trouble making the transition ( Thirkell , 2016 ) . Educational opportunities remain limited for refugees living outside camps Existing refugee education data comes largely from camps and camp-like settings . Yet the traditional image of life in tented , sprawling camps tells less than half of the refugee story . More than half of the world ’ s refugees reside in urban areas ( UNHCR , 2015b ) . While the right to choose where they will live increases opportunities for livelihoods , individual growth , social cohesion and solutions for refugees during displacement , monitoring and evaluation of these refugees ’ education becomes problematic when they are included in national schools as they frequently are not identified as refugees in national education accounts . Consequently , much less is known about the education status of those refugees , though there are typically high concentrations of refugees in informal settlements characterised by high levels of deprivation . In Jordan , for instance , 83 % of around 630 , 000 million Syrian refugees live outside of camps ( Jordan Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation , 2015 ) . Since 2012 , 5", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 622, "text": "refugee education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This matter has yet to be resolved . As Al Harberger allegedly mentioned : _ \" I know of no one who has canceled his vacation because the government has increased its bond issue , but I know people who have canceled their vacation because the government increased taxes \" . _ Yet the empirical evidence seems to tilt in favor of the Ricardo / Barro approach . A survey of empirical studies on the deficit-interest rate _ ' found that only four of twentyone studies provided evidence supporting a positive , statistically significant impact of deficits on interest rates . . . . another ten studies found no evidence_ . . . . _the remaining seven studies produced mixed results that also sometimes indicated no link \" _ ( Bradly 1986 ) . Bradley ( 1986 ) links interest rate changes to government expenditures : _ \" In this article we demonstrate that a crucial difference exists between the economic impacts of increased government spending and the economic impacts of increasing the bond stock Using a simple dynamic model , we find that increases in the stock of government bonds , by themselves , do not force interest rates . When the debt increase is caused by a rise in spending , however , we find that , after a lag , both interest rates . . . . . . rise . \" _ Barro ( 1990 ) draws a distinction between temporary and permanent variations in government purchases , arguing that the interest rate and outputs are mostly affected by temporary changes in government expenditures . The issue concerning the impact of government deficit and fiscal policy on interest rates is far from being resolved . Most of the empirical evidence is inconclusive and pertains mostly to the US . Nevertheless , it seems safe to conclude that , at least for Latin America , an increment in the primary surplus would tend to reduce interest rates due to its contribution to reducing country risk . Also , a reduction of government expenditures , for example , through privatization of SOEs or reduction in bloated bureaucracies , would help to ( a ) increase the rate of income growth ( allocation effect ) and ( b ) reduce the interest rate", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 # F . BLIOGRAPHT Barnes , B . ' Papanicolaou Cervical Smears for Screening in Asymptomatic Women . \" Primaly Care , 8 ( 1 ) : 131 140 , March , 1981 . Barnum , H . ' Cost Savings from Altenr . tive Treatments for Tuberculosis . \" World Bank Technical Notes Series , Rej % rt No . 86-1 , February , 1986 . Bernard , R . P . , De Watteville , H . , Kessel , E . , Ravenholt , R . T . , and Kendall , E . N . \" International Maternity Care Monitoring : Results of a Pretest . \" International Journal of Gynaecolonv and Obstetrics , 17 ( 1 ) : 24-39 , 1978-79 . Berry , L . G . ' Age and Parity Influences on Maternal Mortality : United States 1919-1969 . \" Demozra2bv , 14 ( 3 ) : 297-310 , 1977 . Bhatia , J . C . Maternal Mortality in Anantapur District . India : Preliminary Findings . Background paper prepared for the Meeting on Prevention of Maternal Mortality , Geneva , WHO , November 11-15 , 1985 . Carrasco , E . ' Contraceptive Practice . \" In World Fertility Survey Comnarative Studies : Cross National Summaries , No . 9 , International Statistical Institute , Voorburg , The Netherlands , 1981 . Chen , L . C . , Gesche , M . C . , Ahmed , S . , Choudhury , A . I . , and Mosley , W . H . ' Maternal Mortality in Rural Bangladesh . \" Studies in Family Planning , 5 ( 11 ) : 334-341 , 1974 . Gorosh , N . E . and Wolfers , D . \" Standard Couple-years of Protection . \" In 3hA Methodology of Measuring the Inmact of Family Planning Programmes on Fertility , New York : United Nations , 1979 . Gray , R . H . Effects of Reproduction and Fertility Control on Women ' s Health . Prepared for the Workshop on Health Consequences of Contraceptive Use and Controlled Fertility , National Research Council , Committee on Population , unpublished draft , August , 1986 . Grimes , D . , Peterson , H . B", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * DA-A * * | DesignatedAccount | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 1 , 380 , 103 . 68 * * | * * - 1 , 380 , 103 . 68 * * | | | Totals | * * 29 , 032 , 899 . 00 * * | * * 23 , 575 , 377 . 99 * * | * * 5 , 457 , 521 . 01 * * | Note : The amount presented as allocated is higher than the amount allocated in the grant amendment number 4 as the client connection overview was made on * * 26 * * May * * 2016 . * * The increased amount is due to amendment number * * 5 * * of the grant agreement which increased the grant amount * * by USD * * 4 , 020 , 283 ( from * * USD 25 , 012 , 616 * * to * * USD 29 , 032 , 899 ) * * on 12 April * * 2016 . * * * * 14 * *", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 360, "text": "client connection overview", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 2019 , _74_ ( 5 ) , 555 . - * * Rød , Espen Geelmuyden and Nils B Weidmann * * , “ Empowering Activists or Autocrats ? The Internet in Authoritarian Regimes , ” _Journal of Peace Research_ , 2015 , _52_ ( 3 ) , 338 – 351 . - * * Schneider , Udo , Andreas Becker , Peter Finger , Anja Meyer-Christoffer , Bruno * * ° - * * Rudolf , and Markus Ziese * * , “ GPCC Full Data Reanalysis Version 7 . 0 at 0 . 5 : Monthly Land-Surface Precipitation from Rain-Gauges built on GTS-based and Historic Data : Gridded Monthly Totals , ” ` https : / / bit . ly / 3BTrP3O ` 2015 . Accessed : 2021-04-28 . - * * Soufan Center * * , “ Foreign Fighters : An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq , ” _New York_ , 2015 . 22", "spans": [{"start": 470, "end": 497, "text": "GTS-based and Historic Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Induced abortions were quite common with about 297 , 000 induced abortions estimated annually . Total fertility rate of 6 . 2 births per woman in the reproductive age group was among the highest in the world . Moreover , coverage of elimination of mother-to-child transmission ( EMTCT ) of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection was estimated to be only 52 percent . < sup > 4 < / sup > 2 . * * Improving maternal health outcomes has been a key priority for Uganda * * and a key focus in the country ’ s strategies as outlined in the Road Map for Accelerating the Reduction of Maternal and Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity ( 2006 – 2015 ) and the Reproductive Health Commodity Security Strategic Plan ( 2010 / 11 – 2014 / 15 ) . These strategies included ( a ) expanding maternal and newborn care services , ( b ) improving management and staff motivation , and ( c ) strengthening supply chain management for reproductive health commodities . The country had been expanding the use of existing contraceptive methods , introducing implants , strengthening services for post-abortion care and resuscitation of newborn babies , and expanding maternal and perinatal death audits . In 2012 , Uganda adopted the policy to enroll all HIV-positive pregnant women in the EMTCT program and give them lifelong treatment . In addition , a separate supply chain management system for reproductive health commodities had been set up to serve private providers , and the Government was in the process of streamlining the management and operations of ambulance services countrywide . > 1 Hemorrhage , abortion , sepsis , obstructed labor , pregnancy-induced hypertension , and malaria are the major causes of maternal deaths and stillbirths . > 2 According to the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) , over 90 percent of mothers attended at least one antenatal care ( ANC ) visit ; 47 percent attended at least 4 ANC visits ; 59 percent delivered under skilled care ; and contraceptive prevalence rate was estimated at 30 percent . > 3 According to the 2011 DHS , contraceptive use increased from", "spans": [{"start": 1757, "end": 1791, "text": "2011 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2053, "end": 2061, "text": "2011 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , a follow-up paper McKenzie and Sansone ( 2019 ) highlights the difficulties of picking the outright competition winners . They compare the relative performance of three approaches to predicting outcomes from the YouWin ! competition : business plan scores from judges with business experience ; simple ad hoc models used by researchers who study entrepreneurship ; and machine learning approaches . The results are sobering : i ) business plan scores from judges are uncorrelated with performance ; ii ) gender , age , ability and business sector do have some predictive power ( education might have an effect also , but applicants were required to apply using the internet which likely screened out individuals with little education ) ; iii ) machine learning methods did not enhance predictive power and ; iv ) the overall predictive power of all approaches is very low , highlighting the fundamental difficulty of picking competition winners . This of course does not mean that the program had no impact ; it just means that it could have had a similar or even stronger impact had it been possible to identify promising projects with greater accuracy . Business plan competitions appear to have been successful in several other African countries , although not on the same scale : for a description of results for Ethiopia , Tanzania , and Zambia , see Fafchamps and Quinn ( 2017 ) . In fact , business plan competitions in other African countries are in the works . While such competitions seem useful , there is no substitute for business-to-business linkages for raising productivity and employment in small firms . The “ putting out system ” or sub-contracting has been important since the first industrial revolution and is still common in many parts of the world including China and India ; this small enterprise sector is often referred to as the “ cottage industry . ” A detailed description of the way this worked in Taiwan several decades ago highlights the sophisticated nature of these enterprises in one village in rural Taiwan ( Niehoff 1987 ) . In that setting , all but one of the enterprises were self-financed with no formal guidance apart from production and export brokers ; these brokers were identified as an important source of ideas", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * CRITICAL HABITAT FEATURES * * < br > * * English Name ( Species Name ) * * | * * THREATE * * < br > * * IUCN * * | * * NED STATUS * * < br > * * National * * | * * POTENTIAL IMPACTS * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Gray Crowned Crane ( _Balearica regulorum_ ) < br > - confirmed present | EN | EN | | | Malagasy Pond Heron ( _Ardeola idae_ ) < br > White-backed Night-heron ( _Gorsachius_ < br > _leuconotus_ ) | EN < br > LC | EN < br > EN | Vulnerable to wetland < br > disturbance and collision < br > with TL wires | | * * Plants * * | | | | | Waterwheel Weed ( _Aldrovanda vesiculosa_ ) < br > Note ( a ) Above findings are provisional as the CHA < br > studies are required to confirm the habitat suita < br > habitat status . | EN < br > is based on a < br > bility and / or | EN < br > desktop asse < br > species presen | Wetland disturbance < br > ssment . Field verification < br > ce to confirm their critical | # # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 Biodiversity Baseline Conditions * * # # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 . 1 Area of Analysis ( AoA ) * * Two areas of analysis were considered for the biodiversity assessment , as follows : - A 2 km buffer around the TL route was applied for assessment of habitat loss ( * * Figure 22 * * ) . This extent was selected because land cover data is not sufficiently", "spans": [{"start": 1270, "end": 1285, "text": "land cover data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "During the second half of the 1990s , Panama , El Salvador , Guatemala , Nicaragua , Honduras , and Brazil also adopted reforms . The main missing players in the process of transforming the electricity sectors have been Costa Rica , Ecuador , Mexico , Paraguay , Uruguay , and Venezuela , although Costa Rica , Ecuador , Mexico , and Venezuela recently initiated actions toward restructuring . Many authors have studied the impact of the reforms in the region , documenting an increase in labor productivity in all the countries where restructuring and privatization has taken place ( see Rudnick , 1998 ; Fischer and Serra , 2000 ; and Rudnick and Zolezzi , 2001 ) . The results obtained from these studies , however , rely on partial productivity ratios and focus on labor productivity . In this study we provide additional empirical evidence by using a more comprehensive labor requirement function approach to examine whether ownership type and type of regulatory regime have any systematic impact on labor productivity , labor productivity change , or both . An important finding of our study is that there were substantial increases in labor productivity in the post-reform period ( 1994-2001 ) . The current debate in the region is whether final consumers have benefited from this increase in labor productivity . As a first approach to address this issue , in this study we explore whether the increases in labor productivity have had an effect on lower prices for final consumers . To generate the evidence , we exploit a unique database described in an Appendix . . # * * Model specification of electricity distribution * * The electricity distribution model used in this paper includes a variable input ( the number of employees ) , an exogenous capital input ( the kilometres of distribution network ) , and three exogenous outputs ( the number of final customers , the total energy 3", "spans": [{"start": 1531, "end": 1571, "text": "unique database described in an Appendix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Out of the surveyed household heads , 188 individuals ( 57 . 1 % ) reported having an additional occupation alongside their primary one . Among these secondary occupations , livestock production was the most common , with 66 . 5 % of household heads engaged in it . This was followed by farming , which accounted for 12 . 2 % , and trade business is reported by 9 . 6 % of the respondents . Salary employment and daily labor were each reported as secondary occupations by 3 . 2 % of household heads , totaling 6 . 4 % combined . Additionally , a smaller percentage of household heads identified as housewives ( 2 . 7 % ) , masons ( 1 . 1 % ) , and handicraft workers ( 0 . 5 % ) as their secondary occupations . # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 3 Health Status and HH Heads and HH Population * * The survey results indicate that 88 % of household heads reported being in good health at the time of the survey . However , 8 . 5 % are elderly individuals aged 65 and above , making them more susceptible to age-related health concerns . Additionally , 2 . 4 % of household heads reported having chronic illnesses , while 0 . 3 % were identified as physically disabled . These findings highlight the overall good health status of most household heads while also showing household heads facing health challenges due to aging and chronic conditions ( See Figure 6 . 8 ) . Figure 6 . 8 : Proportion of health status of household heads # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 Socio-economic Characteristics * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 1 Farmland Size and Ownership * * The surveyed households owned various categories of land ( farmland , grazing land , and residential land ) . According to the survey results , 98 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 956, "text": "survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "incomes out to 2030 for each country . < sup > 20 < / sup > Finally , to complete our baseline specification , we assume there is zero growth in _σ_ so that _σi , _ 2030 = _σi , T_ ( i . e . , inequality is equal to the latest reported value for each country ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > Next , we consider four counterfactual scenarios relative to our baseline scenario : ( 1 ) inequality declines by 1 % per-annum over 2020-2030 while mean incomes follow baseline trajectory ; ( 2 ) inequality increases by 1 % per-annum over 2020-2030 while mean incomes follow baseline trajectory ; ( 3 ) mean incomes increase by 1 % per-annum over 2020-2030 relative to their baseline trajectory while inequality remains constant at baseline value ; and ( 4 ) mean incomes decrease by 1 % per-annum over 2020-2030 relative to their baseline trajectory while inequality remains constant at baseline value . World headcount poverty rates by year are presented in Figure VIII under our baseline scenario and our counterfactual scenarios . Moreover , regional poverty rates for 2030 under our baseline and alternative scenarios are presented in Table III . TABLE III : Poverty Projections for 2030 Under Various Scenarios | | B | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) < br > ( 4 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Region | Baseline | 1 % decr . _σ_ | 1 % incr . _σ_ | 1 % incr . ̄ _y_ < br > 1 % decr . ̄ _y_ | | EAP | 0 . 73 | 0 . 37 | 1 . 30 | 0 . 53 < br > 0 . 99 | | ECA | 0 . 15 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 09 < br > 0 . 23 | | LAC | 2 . 74 | 1 . 30 | 5 . 13 | 2 . 11 < br > 3 . 52 | | MNA | 4 . 40 | 3 . 60 | 5 . 63 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of State for Public Sector Modernization . * * 8 . Jordan consistently ranks above average among middle-income countries on government effectiveness , rule of law , regulatory quality , and control of corruption , but below average on voice and accountability . * * < mark > International benchmarks and opinion surveys suggest that improvement is needed in transparency and access to information , social accountability , and grievance redress mechanisms to support citizens ’ trust in government . This is an objective of the government reform agenda which aims at promoting e-participation , enforcing public access to information , institutionalizing stakeholder consultation to inform policy making and implementation , and at improving government responsiveness to citizen feedback . < / mark > According to the United Nations ( UN ) e-government index and the World Bank ( WB ) GovTech Maturity index , < sup > 6 < / sup > despite significant progress in digital government , there is an opportunity for improvement to voice and accountability , as well as to access to and quality of services . Internet and mobile connectivity and the use of internet social media is widespread , with close to 10 million internet users in 2023 ( an 88 percent penetration rate ) . There are over 8 . 5 million active cellular mobile connections , and over 6 . 5 million social media users ( that is , 58 percent of the population ) , with 45 percent of users being women . < sup > 7 < / sup > * * 9 . Jordan has been actively working on the digitalization of public services ; however , user adoption remains limited . * * The Sanad application implemented by MODEE includes digital ID , electronic signature , and a personal document store , in addition to functioning as a unified online portal for accessing digitalized public services . Approximately 800 , 000 users ( that is , about 7 percent of the population ) have activated their Sanad accounts as of January 2024 , which is far below the GOJ ’ s goal of 3 . 5 million active", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 897, "text": "e-government index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 924, "end": 946, "text": "GovTech Maturity index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * S / N * * | * * Stakeholder * * | * * Designation * * | * * Issues / Comments * * | * * Response ( s ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | iv . Delays in payment of PAPs . Rates used < br > should be shared with district . | | | 7 . | Daniel Kyaterekera | DEO | i . < br > Is the workstation going to be Luwero , < br > so that they can easily recommend < br > workers ? < br > ii . How are you going to handle land issues < br > in Luwero e . g . those in court . | i . < br > Work stations not yet established but during construction / < br > implementation . < br > ii . Time will be given for court cases but project may divert < br > route due to failure to resolve . | | 8 . < br > * * L * * | Mpanga Robert < br > * * OCATION : MASAKA CITY * * | RDC / DISO < br > | i . < br > RAP reports should be given to district ; < br > paid and pending cases for easy follow < br > up of complaints . | i . < br > RAP reports will be shared . < br > * * DATE : 09 / 01 / 2024 * * | | 1 . | Namayanja Florence | City mayor | i . < br > Areas in the city without electricity < br > supply . e . g villages in Matanga ward , < br > Kimwanya etc . UETCL should consider < br > addressing the current need of power < br > distribution . Main concern is having < br > power in the communities they serve < br >", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 821, "text": "RAP reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 937, "end": 948, "text": "RAP reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the potential measurement error in the production data for petroleum re fi neries ( sic 353 ) and miscellaneous petroleum and coal products ( sic 354 ) . Given that these are sensitive sectors , the production data for them can be inaccurate and is in some cases missing . To calculate the EU weighted average production variable used in the main speci fi cations , we imputed the missing data for a few countries in 1992 by using information from previous years . < sup > 51 < / sup > However , since these sectors produce outlier values for the political economy variable , ∆ x , we re-ran the basic speci fi cations by dropping the two industries . They account for less than 0 . 8 % of all products in the sample and so dropping them does not affect the results . As we argue in section 4 . 1 , there are good reasons to expect the main regressors to be subject > 49 We treat the initial tariff as an endogenous regressor . > 50 Again , a simple explanation for why the basic estimates are not too sensitive is that , to the extent that the change in tariffs for that industry was not already accounted for by the political economy or reciprocity variables , it indicated the existence of an omitted variable but since we instrument for the preference variable , this omitted variable should not bias the estimates . > 51 For these industries we do not have data in 1992 ( or surrounding years ) for France ( 354 ) , Germany and Italy ( 353 , 354 ) . We impute it based on the 1978 values by assuming a similar share in total output . For example if the value of output is available for all sectors 1 , 2 , and 3 in 1978 but missing for sector 2 in 1992 in country c . We impute the value for output , v2 < sup > 92 < / sup > c < sup > with [ v < / sup > 2 < sup > 78 < / sup > c < sup > / ( v < / sup > 1 < sup > 78 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 54, "text": "production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 48 . Private financing is especially worrisome in Kenya in light of preliminary results from the National Health Accounts indicating the large and unregulated and possibly uncalled-for over-the-counter purchases of drugs ( especially antibiotics ) , which may have long-term deleterious effects in promoting drug resistance . A second example is the largely unregulated growth of primary care facilities ( nursing homes , first level hospitals ) that are reportedly abusing the National Hospital Insurance Fund through fraudulent or excessive claiming . There is a need for a strategy statement on the role of government in ensuring that these private expenditures are not misspent , e . g . , through better regulation , patient information , continuing education of medical professionals . It is recommended that the Strategy contain a section on the regulation of health services . 49 . _Role of Donors : _ The discussion of the magnitude and role of donor financing is rather weak . Donor financing is severely underestimated , < sup > 13 < / sup > and there is very little discussion of where they are currently being used . What needs to be laid out in this section are the common principles enunciated in the signed SoI , especially those pertaining to the long-term thrust of moving towards a budget support program and its requirements ( especially on budget reform , financial reporting , and performance monitoring ) . This needs to be connected with the discussions on MTEF , since MTEF is the heart of the SWAp . 50 . _Poverty Targeting : _ The section on poverty targeting is well conceived but the principles on waiver and exemption need to be more explicitly stated . In addition , the following should be resolved : ( a ) Means-tested exemption , i . e . , the poor and the undernourished - the operationalization of the nutritional status criterion remains an issue to be threshed out . ( b ) Geographic exemption , i . e . , slums and poor areas - the proposed exemption based on non-NHIF coverage is questionable since there", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 124, "text": "National Health Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) supported by the Social Safety Net Project ( P130138 ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > The experiences , capabilities , information collected , and possibly some of the technology resources will be leveraged to derisk the project and optimize the use of available resources . The same coordination effort between ANSIE and sector ministries is being followed in the development of e-services . 53 . The theory of change , as presented through the Results Chain in annex 1 , is that supporting institutional and capacity building on access to information , asset disclosure , transparency , and accountability — as well as putting in place a solid foundation of e-government ( unique ID , cybersecurity , PKI , and so on ) and modernizing revenue administration services — will increase access to services and reduce transaction costs . In addition , it will reduce opportunities for fraud by disintermediating the interactions between citizens , businesses , and civil servants . This will give more credibility to the commitment by the authorities to improve services , governance , accountability , and fight corruption . Furthermore , the provision of more information to the citizenry , public feedback about the quality of services delivered , and citizen interaction with the digital platform including public data disclosure ( open data ) will increase engagement and cooperation in the public service delivery system . This would ultimately contribute to greater legitimacy and stability . 54 . * * Tax and customs administration modernization . * * The project design reflects lessons learned from the Independent Evaluation Group ’ s Evaluation of World Bank Support and public sector reform , as well as tax and customs administration reforms in client countries . First , its objectives , scope , and activities are firmly anchored in the Government ’ s reform plan , built on recommendations of the 2016 Tax National Conference . Second , the envisaged ICT systems upgrade is linked to e-government and digital development . Finally , tax administration reform frequently requires changes in the legal framework . To this end", "spans": [{"start": 1379, "end": 1390, "text": "public data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1404, "end": 1413, "text": "open data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 Through voluntary retirement SUNASS < sup > reduced the number of workers from < / sup > 3 , 769 in 1988 to 1 , 359 in 1996 , at the same < sup > time the number of connections was < / sup > expanding , so workers per 1 , 000 connections < sup > fell from over 6 to 2 . This reduction in the < / sup > labor force was accomplished partly by removing < sup > redundant workers and partly by < / sup > outsourcing activities that were previously < sup > done in-house , especially bill collection and < / sup > maintenance , installation and repair of connections . < sup > As a result , labor costs fell sharply . < / sup > Even though outsourcing raised administrative < sup > and maintenance expenses and electricity < / sup > costs increased , overall operating expenses < sup > per cubic meter of water sold stayed fairly < / sup > constant ( Figure 2 ) . _Figure 2 . Operating Cost per Cubic Meter of Water_ < sup > _Sold_ < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 40 < br > - < br > ; 0 . 30 . < br > a 0 20 . 10 l ; ' ; s 0 II - e p < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 < sup > 1995 1996 < / sup > Source : Author ' s Calculations based on data from < sup > SEDAPAL Annual Reports < / sup > SEDAPAL also introduced a number of reforms designed < sup > to change management < / sup > and personnel incentives in 1996 . This included < sup > a performance-based pay system with < / sup > specific targets for each employee and quarterly bonuses < sup > of up to10 percent of pay . \" ' < / sup > Partly as a result , the average annual salary of SEDAPAL ' s < sup > personnel began to increase < / sup > in real terms , as can", "spans": [{"start": 1219, "end": 1241, "text": "SEDAPAL Annual Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _Sample_ < br > _Full Sample_ < br > * * Table 10 * * < br > * * FG and financial recoupling : EPF * * < br > This table presents estimations of the relationship between < br > globalization . All results are from panel estimations with co < br > absolute values of net inflows to a country by global an < br > normalized by market capitalization . Dependent variables < br > ( MSCI country indexes , sovereign spreads , and exchange ra < br > 2005-09 / 2010 due to data availability . Normal and turmoil di < br > ( or zero ) and negative returns from the global asset respe < br > parentheses . * , * * , and * * * denotes significance at the 10 , 5 < br > MSCI , GEM World Bank , Bloomberg , US Treasury , EPF < br > Bank , IMF IFS Statistics . | _Turmoil_ < br > * * R Flow Data * * < br > financial recoupl < br > untry fixed effec < br > d global emergi < br > are dlog returns < br > te , LCU / USD ) . S < br > vides the sample < br > ctively . Robust s < br > and 1 % level resp < br > R , Barclays Capi | _Normal_ < br > ing and financial < br > ts . FG Flows are < br > ng mutual funds < br > from EM assets < br > ample goes from < br > between positive < br > tandard errors in < br > ectively . Source : < br > tal , GEM World | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Equity * * | | | | S & P Returns < br > 0 . 586 * * * | 0 . 579 * * * | 0 . 841 * * * | | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 119 ) | ( 0 . 137 ) | | S & P Returns * FG Flow < br > 4 . 204", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 747, "text": "IMF IFS Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "useful to the government , DPs , and other stakeholders . # # # # * * 3 . 4 Summary * * # # # # # # * * Approach & Methodology * * The present evaluation has applied six criteria ( relevance , effectiveness , efficiency , impact , sustainability , and coherence ) and a set of evaluation questions . Given the nature of evaluation , lesser emphasis is given on impact assessment . The evaluation has relied on desk research , key informant interviews at federal level , and field mission in four regions ( Oromiya , SNNPR , Benishangul-Gumuz , and Somali ) , and eight woredas . The data were collected at federal / regional / woreda level using semi-structured and structured questionnaires . The structured questionnaires were designed judicially blending quantitative and qualitative questions . The FGDs were conducted using a checklist in eight kebels and188 community members participated . The first field mission took place from 29 June to 16 July 2015 . Recognizing some data gap , field mission was repeated in Oromiya and Benishangul Gumuz during 25 September to 1 October 2015 . The present study suffers from a few limitations , such as time constraint , non-availability of all the documents , and limited fieldwork with a small sample size . _Process Evaluation of PBS-3 , Final Report : Approach and Methodology_ 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 * * Figure 3 : Top ten revenue generating countries * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1990-1999 2000-2003 < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % < br > Brazil China < br > Argentina Brazil < br > Mexico Poland < br > China Czech Republic < br > Hungary Slovak Republic < br > Poland Saudi Arabia < br > Malaysia Morocco < br > India India < br > Russia Thailand < br > Peru Russia < br > Rest of the World Rest of the World < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Bank Privatization Database 12 . Data on foreign vs . domestic privatization revenues is available only for the earlier period , 1990-1999 . Foreign revenues comprised 50 percent of total privatization proceeds in developing countries ; three-quarters of foreign revenues were raised through direct investment and the balance through portfolio flows ( World Bank 2001 ) . The Latin American region represented 56 percent of all foreign investment as a result of sales in telecommunications , banking , and oil and gas , followed by Europe and Central Asia ( 23 percent ) and East Asia ( 15 percent ) . China was the main recipient of foreign investment in East Asia and Pacific followed by Thailand , Indonesia , and Malaysia . Despite the decline in total privatization proceeds after their peak 1997 level , foreign investment in privatization remained steady and increased in 1999 due to large transactions in East Asia and Latin America . Data on the FDI share in privatization is not available for the 2000 to 2003 time period . A comparison of general FDI trends and privatization trends ( Figure 4 ) shows , however , that while total FDI declined from 2001 onwards , privatization proceeds began to pick up , albeit modestly - - largely as a result of share sales of a few large companies via domestic stock markets .", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 523, "text": "World Bank Privatization Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 529, "end": 581, "text": "Data on foreign vs . domestic privatization revenues", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The pattern in the Figure 3 differs from the findings by Deaton ( 2005 ) , Ravallion ( 2003 ) and Karshenas ( 2003 ) . Deaton and Karshenas both find a negative relationship between the gap and country income levels , with the gap being largest among the richest countries . In contrast , our sample shows that the gap is smaller among high-income countries than among middle income countries . An important part of the explanation for this is that compared to previous studies , our database contains more surveys overall from richer countries , and also more consumption surveys for richer countries and more income surveys for poorer countries . Moreover , we observe a very similar pattern for income surveys and consumption surveys , which Deaton and Ravallion did not . We believe this difference originates from income surveys being more heavily concentrated in richer countries in the Deaton and Ravallion samples , where they observed a larger gap , while consumption surveys were concentrated in poorer countries , where their gap was smaller . This pattern was particularly strong in the case of Deaton who focused the analysis of rich countries on the UK and the US , two high-income countries where the gap is particularly large . We also find relatively larger gaps in the UK and US , but these appear somewhat unique cases among rich countries . A further possible reason we observe a smaller and narrowing gap among richer countries than previous studies may be linked to evolving practices and consolidation of data sources in these countries . Recently , it has been more common in rich countries to integrate administrative data , such as tax records , into survey data estimates . For example , the EU-SILC surveys , a major source for our income survey data for rich countries , explicitly allow countries to supplement income variables with administrative records , such as tax and payroll data ( Jäntti et al . , 2013 ) . This practice helps align estimates , reduces underreporting in surveys , and contributes to a reduction in the gap between national accounts measures and survey measures . A caveat to this interpretation is that consumption surveys , which do not typically rely on any such administrative data", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 580, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 819, "end": 833, "text": "income surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1719, "end": 1734, "text": "EU-SILC surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1760, "end": 1778, "text": "income survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1896, "end": 1916, "text": "tax and payroll data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Blackwell Publishers , Ltd Oxford , pp 409 – 430 . Hall , Bronwyn and Josh Lerner . 2010 . “ The Financing of R & D and Innovation ” in Handbook of the Economics of Innovation . Vol . 1 , edited by Bronwyn Hall and Nathan Rosenberg . Elsevier . Haltiwanger , John C . , Ron S . Jarmin , and Javier Miranda . ( 2010 ) . Who Creates Jobs ? Small vs . Large vs . Young . NBER Working Paper 16300 , NBER . Hannan MT , Diane Burton M , Baron JN ( 1996 ) Inertia and Change in the Early Years : Employment Relations in Young , High Technology Firms . Ind Corp Chang 5 ( 2 ) : 503 – 536 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / icc / 5 . 2 . 503 < / u > Harris , M . N . , Rogers , M . , Siouclis , A . ( 2003 ) . Modelling firm innovation using panel data probit estimators . Applied Economic Letters 10 ( 11 ) : 683-686 . Hausman , Naomi . 2018 . “ University Innovation and Local Economic Growth . ” https : / / drive . google . com / file / d / 1dfYTyG2zzVvfbRBJQ7arOLt7d_7M29Fv / view . 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TLP LRP needs to be informed by local knowledge – a principle that puts the needs , priorities , constraints , interests , preferences , opportunities , and aspirations of PAHs before anything else . Thus , in addition to conducting a census survey , assessing the wider social and economic environment , and conducting a series of consultative meetings with representatives of PAHs and local authorities to determine the appropriateness of the proposed LR interventions , the design and preparation of this LRP is fully informed by actual preferences and choices made by PAHs themselves at the time of planning . In other words , identification and planning of livelihood restoration strategies proposed in this document are informed by ( a ) the socio-economic characteristics – physical well-being , livelihood needs , constraints , and potentials - of PAHs , ( b ) economic potential and livelihood opportunities prevailing in the Subproject area of influence , and ( c ) livelihood preferences and choices of PAHs . # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 2 Assumptions and Guiding Principles * * As clearly stipulated in various land acquisition-related legislations , the Government of Ethiopia ( GoE ) , has demonstrated its commitment not only to payment of compensation for property losses due to public infrastructure development projects but also to resettle , support , and provide technical and financial assistance for the implementation of various livelihood restoration and income improvement initiatives by project affected persons . In line with the GoE ’ s commitment as well as the requirements of the World Bank ’ s Environmental and Social safeguards ( ESS 5 ) , the central focus of the current livelihood restoration plan is to enable PAHs not only to restore their incomes to pre-project level but to improve their standard of living further through a set of integrated livelihood strategies and assistance measures that will be supported by the GoE and implemented mainly by implementing partner agencies at the regional and local ( Woreda ) level . Page 153", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 248, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 3 NFI accessibility * * Respondents were asked what proportion of the population in their community had * * restricted accessibility to markets * * due to price , distance or safety . Options were : * None * Around 25 % * Around 50 % * Around 75 % * 100 % Data sources : Syria , Gaziantep hubs and XB NFI sector members , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile , 264 SDs reporting - An estimated 10 . 7 million people are affected by restricted access to markets for basic NFIs - More than half of the population affected by NFI accessibility is located in Damascus , Rural Damascus and Aleppo Governorates ( estimated 5 . 6m people ) - 13 sub-districts report limited market accessibility for their entire population , including Damascus and five others in Rural Damascus - 47 % of sub-districts reported limited accessibility to NFIs for approximately 50 % or more of the population * * 1 . 3 . 1 NFI accessibility by sub-district ( % of sub-districts ) * * # # # # * * 1 . 3 . 2 NFI accessibility by Governorate ( No . of sub-districts ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 < br > 1 < br > 5 % 3 % 5 % 35 < br > 5 < br > 9 < br > 18 % < br > 30 < br > 25 2 - 8 4 - < br > 2 4 - < br > 47 % 20 1 < br > 23 % 19 1 4 3 8 12 < br > 15 2 - 1 2 < br > 10 6 - 3 - 7 4 2 20 - 20 < br > 2 13 11 7 < br > 13 < br > DNA No restriction 5 9 8 10 8 7 8 1 - < br > Limit access 25 % Limit access to 50 % - - - - 1 1", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 406, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > disadvantagedgroups < br > Male | 11 | 12 | | | 14 | 9 | | Settled population < br > Male | 6 | 3 | | | 4 | 5 | | TOTAL < br > F | 18 | 18 | 13 | 31 | | | | M | 17 | 15 | | | 17 | 26 | * * Table 3 : Breakdown of FDGs with Girls and Boys by age * * | | Woreda < br > Gamblea | Woreda < br > Abobo | TOTAL | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | G | B | | Girls under 15 | 12 | 9 | 21 | | | Girls over 15 | 3 | 3 | 6 | | | Boys under 15 | 5 | 6 | | 11 | | Boys over 15 | 2 | 1 | | 3 | | TOTAL < br > Girls | 15 | 12 | 27 | | | boys | 7 | 7 | | 14 | * * Table 4 : Breakdown of FDGs with Girls and Boys by background * * | | Woreda | Woreda | TOTAL | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | G | B | | Girls in school | 8 | 7 | 15 | | | Girls out of school | 6 | 6 | 12 | | | Boys in school | 7 | 0 | | 7 | | Boys out of school | 0 | 7 | | 7 | | TOTAL < br > Girls | | | 27 | | 56 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > * * 31 * * | * * Copy / Print Annual Education Statistics * * < br > * * Abstract * * | * * 1 * * | * * 10 , 000 * * | * * $ 6 , 316 * * | * * MOE * * | * * S * * | * * Post * * | * * 2002 Q1 * * | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plan | 30 . 6 . 09 < br > 7 . 7 . 09 < br > 14 . 7 . 09 < br > 4 . 8 . 09 | 18 . 8 . 09 < br > 25 . 8 . 09 | 1 . 9 . 09 < br > 8 . 9 . 09 | n / a < br > 6 . 10 . 09 < br > 13 . 10 . 09 | | * * MOE / GEQIP / S / * * < br > * * G-24 / 09 * * < br > * * 32 * * | * * Copy / Print Annual Education Statistics * * < br > * * Abstract * * | * * 1 * * | * * 10 , 000 * * | * * $ 6 , 316 * * | * * MOE * * | * * S * * | * * Post * * | * * 2002 Q2 * * | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plan | 1 . 7 . 09 < br > 5 . 7 . 09 < br > 8 . 7 . 09 < br > 15 . 7 . 09 | 22 . 7 . 09 < br > 25 . 7 . 09 | 28 . 7 . 09 < br > 31 . 7 . 09 | n / a < br > 30 . 8 . 09 < br > 14 . 9 . 09 | | * * 33 * * < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 64, "text": "Annual Education Statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MALI ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE underpricing of power is close to 1 . 6 percent of GDP , which is considerably higher than in comparator countries ( figure 27 ) . In the water sector , tariffs are $ 0 . 34 per cubic meter compared to the estimated cost recovery tariff of $ 1 . 07 per cubic meter . The financial burden associated with underpricing of water is 0 . 6 percent of GDP , which is lower than that for power in Mali but higher than in comparator countries . * * Figure 27 . Underpricing of power and water in Mali is costly relative to comparator countries * * Financial burden of underpricing in 2007 , as percentage of GDP < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 . 0 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > power water < br > Mali nonfragile low-income countries < br > % of GDP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Derived from Briceño-Garmendia , Smits , and Foster 2009 . Note : Estimations based on operational performance data up to 2007 . About 90 percent of people with electricity or piped water connections belong to the top income quintile ; connections are virtually nonexistent for poorer households ( figure 28 ) . This highly inequitable distribution of connections virtually guarantees that any price subsidy to these services will be extremely regressive . 45", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 996, "text": "operational performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 % Starting point < br > Ending point < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Mexico El < br > Republic Salvador < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys From the education perspective , an improvement in the profile of workers employed as NSE can be observed in the countries analyzed , even though there are some exceptions . In fact , in most of the countries of our sample , the prevalence of workers with secondary and tertiary education increases in detriment of workers with a lower educational level . However , there are some differences by type of non-standard employment . In the case of part-time employment ( Figure 10 ) , several countries show an obvious rise in the prevalence of workers with secondary and tertiary education ( Argentina , Brazil , Peru , and Mexico ) . There is a second group of countries that presents a decrease in the prevalence of workers at the secondary level , but , this decrease is more than compensated by the greater incidence of tertiary workers , so that , taken together , workers with secondary or higher education increased their share within part-time employees ( Uruguay and Chile ) . Therefore , we can also conclude from this group that part-time employment presents a better educational profile today than two decades ago . In the Dominican Republic and El Salvador , we find a rise in the prevalence of workers with secondary education but a decrease in the share of workers at the tertiary level . Finally , the exception is Bolivia where both workers with secondary and tertiary education evidence a lower participation in parttime employment with respect to the 1990s . Page 14 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 348, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MONGOLIA ' S INFORMAL SECTOR - * * * * Appendix B : * * Methodologies and Descrptive Statistics * * 46 * * # * * Generalized Informal Sector Survey Instrument * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Name of Researcher : < br > a . District surveyed ] b . Gender M F [ 2 ] c . Activity [ 3 ] < br > d . Day surveyed ( ) © ( D ( a ) i ) © ( 7 ) [ 41 e . Age [ 5 ] < br > f . Hour surveyed [ 6 ] g . Married ? y N [ 7 ] < br > h . Education : OD ( Z ( a ) [ 8 ] < br > primary secondary vocational higher < br > 18 . Do you have another job or source of income in addition to this activity ? Y N 19 ] < br > If yes is the other job in [ 10 ) < br > O ) state < br > ( a ) state enterprise , private company , cooperative , partnership , or public organization < br > ( 3 ) another form of self - or family-employment < br > If yes , is the job mentioned above from ( ) active work , ( pension , ( leave ? ( I ) ) ( M [ 11 ] < br > If yes , what is your average monthly income from your other job ? [ 121 < br > If yes , how many hours per week do you work at your other job ? [ 13 ] < br > 19 . Is your activity registered with the duureg ? Y N [ 14 ] < br > 20 . When the duureg administration asks if you are employed , how do you answer ? Y N [ 15 ] < br > If you respond that you are not employed , what do you give as the reason ? ( D M GD 0 ® [ t6 ] < br > ( I illness , or watching a | because of | not finding | fired , or", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | log GDP per capita , PPP USD < br > l ld 1 | 6 . 643 * * * | 3 . 333 * * | 7 . 751 * * * | 4 . 040 * * * | - 0 . 69 | - 0 . 653 | | ( annua average , agge year ) | ( 1 . 636 ) | ( 1 . 538 ) | ( 3 . 005 ) | ( 1 . 366 ) | ( 1 . 282 ) | ( 1 . 630 ) | | Real GDP Growth , y-o-y , | 0 . 034 | 0 . 129 * | 0 . 049 | 0 . 149 * * * | - 0 . 124 | - 0 . 107 | | quarterly data lagged 1 quarter | ( 0 . 063 ) | ( 0 . 069 ) | ( 0 . 074 ) | ( 0 . 057 ) | ( 0 . 113 ) | ( 0 . 112 ) | | Union Density , | - 0 . 194 * * * | - 0 . 252 * * * | - 0 . 252 * * | - 0 . 411 * * * | - 0 . 073 | - 0 . 077 | | % of employees | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 072 ) | ( 0 . 114 ) | ( 0 . 081 ) | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 059 ) | | Population with immigrant | 0 . 178 * * * | 0 . 205 * * * | - 0 . 090 | 0 . 017 | - 0 . 100 * | - 0 . 122 * | | background , % | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 066 ) | ( 0 . 107 ) | ( 0 . 090 ) | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 065 ) | | Root MSE | 1 . 8761 | 2 . 0460 | 3 . 8393 | 2 . 9874 | 3 . 6423 | 3 . 6560 | | R-squared | 0 . 8135 | 0 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s ) | | NDP III | Third National Development Plan | | NEA | National Environment Act | | NEMA | National Environment Management Authority | | NFA | National Forestry Authority | | NFP | Not for Profit | | NGO | Non-Government Organization | | NHPC | National Housing and Population Census | | NOX | Nitrates | | NPA | National Planning Authority | | NWSC | National Water and Sewerage Corporation | | NSC | Nairobi Securities Commission | | OESMP | Operation Environmental and Social Management Plan | | OHSP | Occupational Health and Safety Plan ( or Policy ) | | OHS | Occupational Health and Safety | | PAP | < br > Project-Affected Persons ( or People ) | | PCLO | Project Community Liaison Officers | | PCR | Physical Cultural Resources | | PFP | Private for Profit | * * xvii | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 288, "text": "National Housing and Population Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "37 . The mission discussed the inadequacy of the internal audit review . The mission therefore agreed that : ( i ) BoFED , in collaboration with BoA , will allocate budget and provide capacity building to internal auditors at least once a year by November 30 , 2024 ; ( ii ) MoF will write to BoFED highlighting the importance of allocating budget and providing capacity building for the internal audit function by August 31 , 2024 ; and ( iii ) BoFED will provide quarterly updates on the status of internal audit coverage to MoF through IFRs starting from September 2024 . 38 . The mission discussed the shortcomings on woredas not efficiently and consistently using the Commodity Management Procedure Manual ( CMPM ) formats . The mission agreed that : ( i ) CMCO will distribute the soft copy of the revised CMPM format to regions and address challenges noted ; ( ii ) FSCO ’ s MIS team should review whether the MIS can accommodate the CMPM reporting requirements . Further actions on the commodity management system improvements will be considered after the in-depth review on the system is finalized . Based on implementation status in the last six months , the FM performance rating is * * Moderately Satisfactory * * . # * * Procurement * * 39 . A total of 31 federal and regional procurement activities , estimated at USD 197 . 8 million , have been planned and approved at federal and regional levels . To date , the total signed and contract completed amount is USD 198 . 05 million . Seven contracts totaling USD 57 . 2 million have been completed . Contracts have been signed for 8 activities totaling USD 140 million , and 7 contracts estimated at USD 4 . 1 million are currently under procurement . Procurement has not started for 9 e-payment service contracts , estimated at USD 3 . 5 million . 40 . The actual performance reported by FSCO shows good progress since the last JRIS , however , the performance extracted from the Systematic Tracking of Exchanges", "spans": [{"start": 1944, "end": 1976, "text": "Systematic Tracking of Exchanges", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Petroleum Technical Assistance Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial period ended June 30 , 2017 ( KSH ) _ * * # # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES * * ( Continued ) # # # # # # * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # # * Acquisition of fixed assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction * * is * * recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # # * * c ) * * In-kind donations In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # # # # * * d ) * * Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 980, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Basel II IRB framework suggests a minimum number of 9 loan classifications or buckets , leaving banks free to define the default probabilities assigned to each bucket . The IRB curve then defines the level of capital required given the default probability and other parameters . The IRB approach in fact simply validates some of what large , sophisticated G10 banks were already doing for their internal risk management purposes . The large banks have developed their own rating methodologies and have tested how their own ratings map into default probabilities and value at risk , both on an individual claim and on a portfolio basis . In fact many such banks are concerned that the approach does not give them sufficient freedom to use their own portfolio models of credit risk and must use the IRB formula to approximate the risk of a loan portfolio . < sup > 17 < / sup > Supervisors across G10 have been catching up in their understanding of the internal risk management models and have maintained this formula approach to ease with monitoring and because as yet they are concerned precisely with the parameter estimation risk and model risk discussed above . With respect to developing countries the starting point may be very different . First , banks are in general less advanced in terms of developing internal rating methodologies , mapping those ratings into default probabilities and developing portfolio models . Indeed in some countries the motivation on the part of supervisors to move toward Basel II ’ s IRB may be to get their banks to improve their own internal risk management , rather than catching up with what their banks are already doing . Second , supervisors have significantly less resources and in many countries supervisory skills and legal powers are sadly lacking . Indeed the statistics on compliance with the Basel Core Principals for > 17 See the comments by several large banks on the proposals on www . bis . org 15", "spans": [{"start": 1813, "end": 1868, "text": "statistics on compliance with the Basel Core Principals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable * * * * VII . * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable . * * - * * VIII . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . - ( a ) Goods : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * . - ( b ) Works : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * * * IX . Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable # # # # # * * X . Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Round-tripping became an important practice for Russia ’ s economy as well . According to Kheyfets ( 2010 , 15 ) , between 70 % and 90 % of Russian companies formally belong to companies registered in offshore zones . A high correlation of inward and outward investment flows between Russia and such financial hubs as Cyprus and the British Virgin Islands became a distinctive feature of FDI in Russia ( UNCTAD 2013 , 65 ) . A surprising emergence of the island of Cyprus as the major source of FDI into Russia as well as the central destination for Russia ’ s outward FDIs is driven by the phenomenon of round-tripping . Cyprus ranked first among the biggest sources of FDI coming to Russia before 2013 , and by 2016 , the trends returned to pre-crisis levels ( i . e . , prior to the 2014 sanction regime ) . As of August 2019 , Cyprus is also the most popular jurisdiction to register businesses of Russian origin . According to Russian economic consulting firm _Credinform_ , over 53 % of Russian companies with offshores are controlled through Cyprus . < sup > 9 < / sup > Other offshores such as the Seychelles and British Virgin Islands account for 14 % and 11 % , respectively . < sup > 10 < / sup > Cyprus is an important offshore not only for Russia . Rabab ’ ah et al . ( 2016 ) conducted a social network analysis relying on the data from the Panama papers and focusing on the Middle East region network . This analysis revealed the United Arab Emirates and Cyprus as the central nodes with the highest degree of connections to other nodes in the network , implying a significant role played by these jurisdictions in financial flows going through the Middle East region . Other resource-endowed post-Soviet countries such as Kazakhstan show similar patterns of roundtripping investment flows . A study of inward FDI by Dyker ( 2015 , 121 ) reveals that since 2005 onethird of Kazakhstan ’ s inward FDI originates in the Netherlands . The author suggests that many Kazakh oil and gas companies , both private and state-owned , round-trip their investments through the Netherlands . A study of round-tripping by", "spans": [{"start": 1355, "end": 1368, "text": "Panama papers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mothers attended at least one antenatal care ( ANC ) visit ; 47 percent attended at least 4 ANC visits ; 59 percent delivered under skilled care ; and contraceptive prevalence rate was estimated at 30 percent . > 3 According to the 2011 DHS , contraceptive use increased from 18 percent in 2001 to nearly 30 percent in 2011 . > 4 HIV prevalence was estimated at about 7 . 3 percent among pregnant women and vertical transmission of HIV to children by mothers contributed over 15 percent of HIV new infections annually . Page 5 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 240, "text": "2011 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ * * As suggested in the preceding section , asylum countries in the developing world have traditionally come off worst in discussions of the politics of refugee numbers . It is therefore of some importance to identify some of the ways in which the donor states bring their own interests to bear on the production and use of refugee statistics . First , when it comes to their own refugee and asylum statistics , governments and politicians in the industrialized states have a tendency to be very selective in their presentation of statistical - 24 S . Waldron and N . Hasci , Somali Refugees in the Horn of Africa : State of the Art Literature Review , Nordiska Afrikainstitutet , Uppsala , 1995 , p . 26 . - 25 P . Romanovsky and R . Stephenson , op cit , pp . 3-4 .", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 344, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 411, "text": "refugee and asylum statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of refugees live in host communities , representing 10 percent of Jordan ’ s population , while the rest live in dedicated refugee camps . Per the recent 2016 government census , the total number of Syrians in Jordan reached an estimated 1 . 265 million , representing 13 . 2 percent of population . < sup > 4 < / sup > Jordan has been committed to integrating Syrian refugee children in the public formal sector , and as of June 2017 , approximately 10 percent of children in public schools were Syrian refugees . Therefore , it is important that education services to refugee children in Jordan respond to the nature of the challenges they face in the education system . 3 . * * Jordan ’ s economic development hinges on the existence of an education system that provides students with the cognitive and socioemotional skills needed to succeed in the labor market . * * Realizing the full potential of educational investments for economic prosperity requires improving access and quality of education for both girls and boys . < sup > 5 < / sup > Additionally , the cost of not educating refugee children is high in terms of loss of human capital for regional economic development , as well as for the long ‐ term processes of peace , stability , and reconstruction . It is thus necessary for the education system to be agile and address the existing education quality challenges by strengthening the system ' s ability to manage a growing number of students , including refugee and vulnerable children . > 1 Human Development Data ( 1990 – 2015 ) ; Human Development Report . 2016 . > 2 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . August 6 , 2017 . > 3 Brussels Conference Paper . 2017 . > 4 Department of Statistics ( DOS ) ; National census . November 2016 . > 5 OECD . 2016 . PISA . 2015 Results ( Volume I ) : Excellence and Equity in Education , OECD Publishing , Paris . http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1787 / 9789264266490 ‐ en . 1", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 176, "text": "2016 government census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1511, "end": 1533, "text": "Human Development Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1744, "end": 1759, "text": "National census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | ( 1 ) < br > Moderate or severe food < br > insecurity | ( 2 ) < br > Food insecure | ( 3 ) < br > Raw score | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Wartime dummy | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 025 | - 0 . 073 | | | ( 0 . 017 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 106 ) | | Tigray × Wartime dummy | 0 . 384 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 261 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 1 . 607 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 033 ) | ( 0 . 236 ) | | Household fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | | R-squared | 0 . 008 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 007 | | Mean dep . var ( pre-war ) | 0 . 361 | 0 . 557 | 2 . 054 | | No . observations | 14523 | 14523 | 14523 | Notes : The outcome variable in the first column stands for a binary indicator assuming a value of 1 for those households classified as moderate or severe food insecure based on the severity of food insecurity generated from the eight FIES questions . The dependent variable in the second column stands for binary indicator assuming a value 1 for 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> submit < br > applications < br > for < br > development permission for any < br > subsequent constructions , once < br > theplan was approved . < br > It was elaborated that the persons < br > affected would be identified < br > during a census to be carried out < br > during actual survey ( laying of < br > beacons ) . The community was < br > reassured that meetings would be < br > * * CLOSURE COP * * | * * Consultant , * * < br > * * County * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * KISIP * * < br > * * National * * < br > | | | because of the likely impact to < br > residents . < br > A member from 32a expressed < br > his worry at being impacted by < br > the proposed waste collection < br > site on his property | organized < br > with < br > the < br > PAPs < br > identified < br > where < br > detailed < br > discussions on facilitation would < br > be < br > explained . < br > However , < br > the < br > community was informed that < br > KISIP regulations do not allow < br > for compensation for land , as the < br > land within Kibokoni M26 legally < br > belonged to the Government . | | | | The representative from KISIP < br > at the national level , Cornel < br > Akatch sought clarification as to < br > the total number of individual < br > and joint titles that would result < br > from the proposed plan . | The Consultant Planner , Joseph < br > Maina informed members that < br > there would be 64 title deeds for < br > the entire settlement . This would < br > include 56 individual titles ; 2", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 247, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 27 : * * * * _Listed Bird Species Found Within the Project Area_ * * Shoebill observed in Mabamba Bay IBA ( 31-Aug-2025 ) * * Figure 35 * * presents bar charts showing the seasonal presence of four waterbird species of critical importance using eBird data for Western Uganda . Due to their critical nature , these species qualify as critical habitat species . Shoebill and Gray Crowned Crane are the highest priority waterbirds for reducing impacts and show a year-round presence , but with reduced abundance from mid-May to September . Malagasy Pond Herons are erratic visitors and not present during their breeding season , while White-backed Night Herons have a reduced abundance ( note that * * Figure 32 * * does not show the relative abundance between species ) . * * Figure 28 : * * * * _Bar Charts Generated for Waterbirds Qualifying as Critical Habitat Species Using eBird Data for Western Uganda ( vertical bars = presence ; orange shading – breeding season ) _ * * Given the significance of birds for conservation planning and environmental and social assessments , there is a need for a better ecological understanding of the role of avian community structure in conservation decision making . Bird diversity is widely used in conservation and population trends monitoring . Birds are one of the 15 quality-of-life indicators . In addition , small land birds can , in particular , potentially be used as indicators for the presence of other unrelated taxa or as indicators of environmental change that can guide broader monitoring schemes . Furthermore , birds are frequently 167", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 266, "text": "eBird data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": " Site < br > Specific < br > Environment , Social , < br > health < br > and < br > Safety < br > Management Plan < br >  PPE provision and < br > monitoring plan < br >  Training < br > and < br > Competence < br > matrix < br > outlining all training < br > that will be done and < br > all that have been < br > done on a monthly < br > basis < br > ( including < br > toolbox talks ) < br >  Availability and easy < br > access to first aid < br > kits / tools ; < br >  Records of OSHA < br > kept ; | opy < br >  Monthly OHS < br > inspection < br > ( housekeeping < br > , PPE , training < br > etc ) < br >  Quarterly < br > OHS Audits < br >  Availability of < br > the OHS risks < br > assessment < br > document < br >  Available < br > EHSS < br > Management < br > Plan | < br > Contractor < br > CPCT | Daily < br > for < br > activities < br > pertaining to < br > works ; < br > Monthly < br > scope specific < br > monitoring < br > OHS < br > inspections < br > Quarterly < br > OHS Audits | 1 , 200 , 000 | 163", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 495, "text": "Records of OSHA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Ethiopia * * The datasets we use for Ethiopia are the _census_ of Large and Medium Scale Manufacturing Industries Survey ( LMSMI ) and Small Scale Manufacturing Industries Survey ( SSMI ) , both conducted by the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) . The LMSMI covers all formal manufacturing firms in the country that use _power-driven_ machines in production process and employ _at least ten_ persons . The CSA conducted this census on annual basis since 1976 . < sup > 8 < / sup > In 2011 , the raw dataset contains 1 , 936 establishments . The SSMI survey covers establishments which use _power-driven_ machinery and engage _less than ten workers_ . The CSA conducted five waves of SSMI surveys : 1994 – 1995 , 2001 – 2002 , 2005 – 2006 , 2007 – 2008 , and 2010 – 2011 - each wave collected on a _sample_ basis . The CSA sampling frame consists of all registered establishments employing less than 10 workers and using power driven machines . The SSMI survey was conducted using stratified sampling procedure to ensure representativeness of all establishments in the country . The CSA also provide a sampling weight for each firm . By merging the two datasets , we obtain complete distribution of establishments sizes for the formal manufacturing sector in the country . After merging , the share of small firms ( included in the SSMI survey ) , in terms of number of establishments , accounts for 96 % of all manufacturing firms . < sup > 9 < / sup > * * Ghana * * The data for Ghana are based on the 2003 National Industrial Census ( NIC ) dataset , conducted by the Ghana Statistical Service ( GSS ) . Three industrial censuses have been conducted : 1962 , 1987 and 2003 . The study is based on the 2003 census data , which includes establishments employing less than 10 workers . The census is similar in sampling design with the Ethiopian data ; it covers the universe of establishments employing more than 10 workers and takes a representative sample of firms employing less than 10 workers . The census was undertaken in two phases . In the first phase , the registry covers", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 182, "text": "Small Scale Manufacturing Industries Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 833, "end": 851, "text": "CSA sampling frame", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 963, "end": 974, "text": "SSMI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1518, "end": 1549, "text": "2003 National Industrial Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1718, "end": 1734, "text": "2003 census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the 1993 – 94 HDPI ( Shariff 1999 ) . Both surveys follow a similar sampling design . In states where the 1993 – 94 survey had been conducted and contact details for future survey were available , 13 , 593 households were randomly selected for re-interview in 2005 . To select the new households , the HDPI was consulted where districts in each state had been divided into high - , medium - , and low8", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 18, "text": "1993 – 94 HDPI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 Social and Economic Services and Infrastructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 | | | 4 . 4 . 6 Sample Household Socio-economic Survey Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 | | | 4 . 4 . 7 Sites of Cultural , Historical and Natural Heritage Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 | | | 4 . 4 . 8 Civil Societies / Local NGOs Working in the Subproject Area . . . . . . . . 117 | | | 4 . 4 . 9 Awareness , Attitude and Perception of Respondents about TL . . . 118 | | * * 5 . * * < br > * * Envir * * | * * onmental and Social Risks and Impacts and Mitigation Measures . . . 121 * * | | 5 . 1 | Risk and Impacts Assessment Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 | | 5 . 2 | Identification and Assessment of Beneficial Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 | | 5 . 3 | Identification and Assessment of Risks and Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 | | | 5 . 3 . 1 Impacts on Labor and Working Conditions ( ESS2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 | | | 5", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 155, "text": "Household Socio-economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Oromia , SNNPR , Somale , Harari , Dire Dawa , Afar , Amhara , and SNNP . At the community level , DAs have organized community gatherings to disclose relevant project information including information on targeting , environment and social impacts and the GRM as part of the PIM awareness session . # # # # # # * * Enhanced Social Assessment and Consultation ( ESAC ) * * The Parent Project conducted consultations to capture the views of disadvantaged and vulnerable members of the community so that this information informs the program ’ s design and implementation . The consultations were finalized prior to project effectiveness and FSCD has adopted the recommendations to inform its planning activities . Reports have been posted on the website of MoA for public disclosure . # # # # # # * * Communication materials * * Written information will be disclosed to the public through a variety of communications materials , including brochures , flyers , posters , etc . These communications materials are printed and disbursed to regions . The distribution to Woreda and Kebele level is being finalized . FSCD will also create a webpage on the Ministry of Agriculture ’ s website , to be updated regularly with key project updates and reports on the project ’ s performance . The website will also provide information about the grievance mechanism for the project ’ s GRM . # # # # # # * * Information table at the woreda level * * Information tables at the Woreda Food Security Desk will provide information to local residents , PAPs and stakeholders on SEASN ’ s project interventions and contact details of the stakeholder engagement focal point . Brochures and fliers on various project related social and environmental issues will be made available at these information tables . # # # # # # * * Program Review and Monitoring Surveys * * FSCD will organize a number of surveys to assess the quality of program implementation . These will include : Impact Assessments , PW and Livelihoods Review , GRM Reviews , PW impact assessment ,", "spans": [{"start": 1806, "end": 1843, "text": "Program Review and Monitoring Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * IRR * * < br > * * ( % ) * * | | Appraisal period < br > reduced to 2years | ( 876 . 3 ) | 2 . 1 | ( 61 . 1 ) | 5 . 3 | ( 15 , 617 . 3 ) | − 34 . 8 | 177 . 1 | 6 . 9 | 17 , 160 . 3 | 22 . 0 | | Appraisal period < br > reduced to 3years | 4 , 296 | 19 . 9 | 2 , 781 | 28 . 6 | ( 9 , 239 ) | − 11 . 9 | 6 , 874 | 30 . 2 | 59 , 200 | 45 . 1 | | Appraisal period < br > reduced to 5years | 13 , 780 | 34 . 3 | 7 , 990 | 45 . 8 | 2 , 454 | 9 . 0 | 19 , 152 | 47 . 2 | 136 , 276 | 60 . 9 | _Source : _ Based on World Bank staff estimates . Page 81 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 535, "text": "World Bank staff estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 < br > Year < br > Number of refugees − all categories < br > 1995 lower − bound flow 1995 lower − bound stock < br > 2015 lower − bound flow 2015 lower − bound stock < br > 500 < br > 400 < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > Number of refugees ( ’ 000 ) 100 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 3 : Lower-bound envelope - the case of Somali refugees in Kenya ( 1990-2015 ) # * * 4 Results * * * * How long have refugees been in exile ? * * Figure 4 shows the distribution of the “ global refugee flow ” ( aggregating all situations ) by duration as of 2015 . It provides a nuanced picture of the current refugee crisis . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 20 40 60 < br > Duration of refugee status − reference year 2015 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > Number of refugees ( million ) < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 4 : Distribution of refugees by exile duration ( as of 2015 ) There is a large cohort of about 8 . 9 million “ recent refugees ” , who arrived over the last four years . This includes about 4 . 8 million Syrians , as well as people fleeing from South Sudan ( . 7 million ) , Afghanistan ( . 3 million ) , Ukraine ( . 3 million ) , the Central African Republic ( . 3 million ) , and Pakistan ( . 2 million ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 560, "end": 579, "text": "global refugee flow", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Number of PAPs trained in skill development courses ; - Number of women participating in the skill and livelihood restoration training program ; - Verify the provision of resettlement and compensation entitlements is in accordance with the approved valuation report ; and - Feedback from PAPs on satisfaction , emotions and reactions to implementation of RP and LRP . If there are no improvements following compensation and livelihood restoration programs , new measures will be introduced to improve the negative changes . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 3 Monitoring Indicators , Data Sources and Information * * IPM applies to all components and activities and will last throughout the period of the RP implementation . Key parameters to monitor include : - Land acquisition against targets and vis-à-vis construction activities ; - Disbursement of compensation for different types of assets ; - Disbursement of relocation / transfer assistance and special assistance for vulnerable groups ; - Sufficiency and effectiveness of the assistance provided to vulnerable groups ; - The number and types of livelihoods restoration projects and activities initiated and the effectiveness of these subprojects ; - The number and types of community and social development projects initiated and the effectiveness of these subprojects ; - The number and types of grievances lodged by PAPs and related responses and decisions on these ; - The problems and challenges faced in the process of implementation of the above mentioned and other resettlement activities ; and - Effectiveness and timing of public participation and consultation activities . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 4 Responsible Bodies and Reporting Procedures * * The responsible entities and reporting procedures are outlined below : - The main sources of data and information for IPM will be internal or in-house documents and records generated from the RP implementation ( e . g . records on compensation ) and the day to day observations by the RIT", "spans": [{"start": 2072, "end": 2095, "text": "records on compensation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * V . Cluster-level Productivity Analysis * * # * * Data sources * * The Sri Lanka manufacturing sector data were provided by the National Statistics Office ( NSO ) in summary format by industry , firm size and provincial location . < sup > 6 < / sup > We use data based on the 2004 Census of Industry , a comprehensive nationwide establishment census which collected data for fiscal year 2003 . The data are aggregated by two-digit ISIC code , establishment size ( 5-9 , 1019 , 20-39 , 40-99 , 100 + workers ) and nine provinces . < sup > 7 < / sup > Data include counts of total employment , number of employees by gender as well as total output , total raw materials consumed ( value added is defined as output minus raw materials ) , and a compensation bill . All currency accounts have been converted to 2005 USD at purchasing-power-parity . We match these data to indicators constructed from the 2004 World Bank Enterprise Survey ( WBES ) dataset , which also covers data from fiscal year 2003 . This survey collected detailed data on manufacturing establishment operations and constraints to business and investment for the first time in Sri Lanka . The dataset is comprised of 452 establishments stratified by province and industry . < sup > 8 < / sup > We construct indicators of the business environment based on averages of objective indicators in given industrial ‘ clusters ’ ( defined as firms in a given province , grouping of industries at the 2 - digit level , and establishment size class ) . To ensure an adequate number of establishments in each cluster , we drop one dimension of the cell when there are fewer than five establishments in any given cluster until an adequate underlying number of establishments is reached ( that is , we first substitute with location-size clusters , then industry-size to ensure that we have at least our cutoff of five or more establishments per cluster ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > > 6 Due to confidentiality restrictions , establishment-level data were not able to be procured through the NSO . 7 The Census of Industry surveyed all plants", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 112, "text": "Sri Lanka manufacturing sector data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 282, "end": 305, "text": "2004 Census of Industry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 906, "end": 939, "text": "2004 World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2057, "end": 2075, "text": "Census of Industry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well described that it was easy to formulate indicators for compliance for each protection objective . For an overview , the twelve objectives can be grouped into three categories : � * * Documentation and Status Determination * * ; � * * Community Relations * * ; and � * * Safe and Sustainable Existences for Urban Refugees * * . Documentation and Status Determination includes the fi rst four objectives of the policy : _providing adequate reception facilities for refugees and asylum seekers ; undertaking registration and data collection ; ensuring that refugees are documented ; and determining refugee status . _ The principal fi nding with respect to these objectives is that urban refugees are often unable to formalize their status due to the distance to administrative offi ces , related travel costs , fees for documentation , a lack of awareness of procedures and / or fear of arrest . From the UNHCR side , the diffi culties are the struggle with limited offi ce space and staffi ng constraints in terms of both suffi cient numbers of staff and the language abilities of staff . To overcome this , offi ces are increasingly using web and cell phone technologies to deliver information to urban refugees without the need for face-to-face meetings . Most UNHCR offi ces express concern about the poor quality of government registration data and asylum decisions in the countries where the government is providing this function , which is the majority of the cases in this survey . When UNHCR provides these functions , signifi cant backlogs and limited recognition of UNHCR issued documentation are the overriding concerns . However , in highlighting practices that work , UNHCR ’ s urban refugee operations cite the importance of consistent engagement with government authorities including the provision of pro-active support for capacity development of the legal and technical aspects of registration and asylum procedures . It has become clear that the existence of domestic legislation that allows refugees to regularize their status is critical as long as it is fi nancially accessible to refugees , widely implemented and translated into documentation", "spans": [{"start": 1324, "end": 1352, "text": "government registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observed difference in earnings is not explained by ethnicity , age , educational attainment , sector of employment , or employment in a rural ( versus urban ) area . Against this backdrop of different labor market characteristics between men and women , does discrimination play a role in the relatively low employment among women ? According to the latest report of the Department of Statistics of Malaysia , during the fourth quarter of 2022 there were 204 , 420 job vacancies posted by 42 , 592 companies . This number was slightly higher than the third quarter of 2022 when 190 , 170 job vacancies were posted by 39 , 472 companies . Of the vacancies posted in the fourth quarter of 2022 , 43 % were ads for professionals , and close to 50 % of the job ads were located in the states of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor ( DOSM , 2022 ) . Job vacancies are commonly advertised online in Malaysia . We will exploit this feature by utilizing an online job platform for our study . Our study focuses on entry level positions , that are particularly important to understand . For instance , using US data Wachter ( 2020 ) finds that early career opportunities are an important determinant of future career employment trajectories and earnings . This suggestive evidence likely holds in different contexts . In Malaysia , 35 % of fresh graduates in Malaysia work in semi-skilled or low skilled occupations ( DOSM , 2021 ) . This fact suggests a mismatch between the demanded and the supplied skills in the labor market for young professionals . # * * 3 Experimental Design * * In this section we describe the research protocol for implementation and data collection , which includes the following steps : profile creation ( section 3 . 1 ) , job search and classification ( section 3 . 2 ) , randomized assignment and job applications ( section 3 . 3 ) , and monitoring applications ( section 3 . 5 ) . # # * * 3 . 1 Profile Creation * * We create similar candidate profiles , each including a resume , that differ only by name ( signaling both ethnicity and gender ) , and multiple signals of", "spans": [{"start": 1090, "end": 1097, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is to identify minimum wage workers in the tax administration data . * * We identify minimum wage earners based on the value of the gross wage . As discussed above , in January 2020 , three different minimum wage levels existed in Romania . We can directly identify construction sector employees entitled to the highest minimum wage ( 3 , 000 RON in 2020 ) because they are also entitled to special fiscal facilities and thus identified in our data by a special variable . The biggest shortcoming of our dataset is the need for more information on the education level to identify those with higher education . Therefore , we cannot distinguish between taxpayers entitled to a general minimum wage ( 2 , 230 RON in 2020 ) and employees with higher education entitled to a higher minimum wage ( 2 , 350 RON in 2020 ) . We categorize individuals as minimum wage earners in the sample according to the following criteria : - If they are employed in the construction sector and their earnings fall within the range of 95 % to 105 % of the established minimum wage for construction sector employees ( 3 , 000 RON ) . - If they are not employed within the construction sector , their earnings fall within 95 % of the general minimum wage ( 2 , 230 RON ) to 105 % of the minimum wage applicable to higher-education employees ( 2 , 350 RON ) . Using the 105 % threshold aligns with standard practices in minimum wage literature and 23", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 66, "text": "tax administration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "possibility , real or imagined , of debt re-negotiation or default could limit the extent to which voters in Peru consider these future costs . This paper only considers FONCODES transfers . Table 2 provides descriptive statistics of socio-economic characteristics , voting patterns and per capita expenditures made by FONCODES . It shows that provinces in Peru vary a great deal on all of these counts . The variation in per capita FONCODES expenditures is particularly noteworthy : some provinces received no transfers whatsoever , while others received more than six times the mean per capita transfer . Table 2 : Socio-economic characteristics , voting patterns , and FONCODES expenditures on | | co | mmunity - | based pro | jects | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Mean | St Dev . | Median | 25th % | 75th % | * * Min * * | Max | | Population | 97 , 165 | 118 , 630 | < br > 58 , 168 | 28 , 814 | 116 , 486 | 185 | 692 , 265 | | FONCODES index * | 15 . 31 | 6 . 03 | 16 . 14 | 11 . 49 | 19 . 57 | 1 . 00 | 28 . 24 | | Proportion rural | 44 . 92 | 30 . 49 | 49 . 88 | 14 . 40 | 72 . 29 | 0 | 91 . 00 | | Pro-Fujimori vote : 1990 * * | 65 . 37 | 13 . 70 | 65 . 07 | 56 . 32 | 75 . 01 | 17 . 76 | 93 . 35 | | Pro-Fujimori vote : 1993 * * | 50 . 60 | 12 . 05 | 51 . 52 | 45 . 78 | 58 . 77 | 12 . 17 | 80 . 05 | | Per capita expenditures * * * | 31 . 18 | 28 . 97 | 24 . 25 | 13 . 59 | 41 . 71 | 0 | 191 . 83 |", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 992, "text": "FONCODES index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scale , with total scores ranging from 6 to 30 , and a higher score indicating worse mental health . The index is then standardized to have a mean of zero and standard deviation of one . Respondents in the BNLA survey were also asked about whether they had experienced or witnessed any traumatic events before arriving in Australia . These include extreme living conditions ( e . g . , lack of food , water , shelter or medicine ) , war / conflict , violence , kidnapping or imprisonment , political / religious persecution , natural disaster , and / or other events . We then create an indicator of any trauma experience , interacted with the time indicator , as the instrumental variable in our analysis . We also examine the intensity of trauma experience ( measured by total events experienced by refugees ) as a robustness check . For the heterogeneity analysis , we obtain information on a wide range of refugee characteristics before and after resettlement such as time spent in refugee camps , social networks , and local / government benefits received . Table B1 provides summary statistics of all the variables used in our analysis . # * * References * * - Andersen , M . ( 2015 ) . Heterogeneity and the effect of mental health parity mandates on the labor market . _Journal of Health Economics_ , _43_ , 74-84 . - Correa ‐ Velez , I . , Barnett , A . G . , & Gifford , S . ( 2015 ) . Working for a better life : Longitudinal evidence on the predictors of employment among recently arrived refugee migrant men living in Australia . _International Migration_ , _53_ ( 2 ) , 321-337 . - Edwards , B . , Smart , D . , De Maio , J . , Silbert , M . , & Jenkinson , R . ( 2018 ) . Cohort Profile : Building a New Life in Australia ( BNLA ) : the longitudinal study of humanitarian migrants . _International Journal of Epidemiology_ , _47_ ( 1 ) , 20-20h . - Flatau , P . , Smith , J . , Carson , G . , Miller , J . , Burvill ,", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 217, "text": "BNLA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) in neighboring countries . To achieve this objective and ensure a comprehensive and robust e-ID system , the following activities will be carried out : - ( a ) * * Creation of the UIN . * * This will support the creation of the e-ID . It will be based on the UIN linked to biometric and biographic data , which will be collected in accordance with basic standards . - ( b ) * * Creating a population ( foundational ) registry . * * This component will finance the establishment of a population registry based on the UIN . It will be digital biometric database containing records for all persons in the country . This registry will allow for the authentication of unique identity and will be interoperable with other relevant registries and databases ( for example , in developing the interface with the social registry ) . The registry will initially be populated through a mass enrollment campaign and by leveraging the work and data gathered by the CNSS and the social registry * * . * * - ( c ) * * Acquisition , design , and implementation of e-ID system . * * This will finance the UIN generation system , various software and hardware to support e-ID system implementation , as well as its integration and data exchanges , including implementation of interfaces to systems and Government services ( for example , the social registry , the civil and people registries , as well as for driver licenses , criminal records , passports , and so on ) . - ( d ) * * Issuance of 200 , 000 e-ID cards . * * This will finance the design of a system for production of e - ID cards , as well as studies to determine a sustainable financing model for the ongoing production of ID documents . At the time of enrollment in the population registry , individuals will be issued a low-cost preliminary credential . This will serve as a proof of enrollment and will", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 381, "text": "biometric and biographic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 49000 500000 510000 520000 53000 40000 5500 , 5 000 < br > Namasagali < br > 300000 + + + + + + + 300000 < br > 290000 + + + + + + + + - 290000 < br > Kilometers < br > 10 0 10 < br > 280000 + + + t t + + + - 280000 < br > N < br > 270000 + + Kirtndi w E + + + - 270000 < br > S < br > 260000r + + Buyala + + + + + - 260000 < br > Dumbbell site < br > Kalange t < br > 2S0000 - + + + e ija + + - 250000 < br > Lake Victoria < br > 490000 500000 510000 526000 530000 540000 550s00 560000 < br > , A < br > Source : NAFIRRI ( 2006 ) < br > Project Name : < br > BUJAGALIHYDROPOWER Date : December , 2006 10045 H-9 H-9 Figure 3 . 6 < br > PROJECT SEA < br > Prepared for : AQUATIC FLORA AND AND FAUNA SURVEYSURVEY < br > BUJAGALI ENERGY LIMITED SITES USED USED IN FIRRI FIRRI SURVEYS < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Date : December , 2006 10045 H-9 H-9 Figure 3 . 6 < br > AQUATIC FLORA AND AND FAUNA SURVEYSURVEY < br > SITES USED USED IN FIRRI FIRRI SURVEYS < br > Updated by : - BuRNSIDE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 816, "text": "FIRRI FIRRI SURVEYS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * LANDMINES AND UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE ( UXO ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > © UNMAS < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Types of Hazards as of March 2017 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > � � � � � � � � � � � � � 710 UXO Spot , 28 % < br > hazards < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > MRE * Audiences : January - March 2017 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Boys , 34 % Girls , 30 % < br > 65 , 011 < br > participants < br > Women , 20 % Men , 17 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The explosive legacy of confl ict in South Sudan has contaminated vast swathes of land with mines and unexploded ordnance ( UXO ) . In addition to threatening the safety of people in their vicinity , explosive hazards inhibit freedom of movement and preclude the delivery of humanitarian aid . Over 90 million square kilometers of land is known to be contaminated by landmines and UXO in South Sudan , however the full extent is still unfolding . This quarter , 394 previously unknown hazards were recorded in the Mine Action database . period for Mine Action teams owing to dry climatic conditions . However the scale of operations continues to be limited by access incursions , evidenced by the fact that in Q1 of 2015 and 2016 an average of 941 hazardous areas were cleared ( with more than 50 teams deployed ) , compared to 402 hazardous areas in 2017 . After a girl aged 13 lost her right leg in a mine accident in Mangar Ayou Village in Aweil , Northern Bahr el Ghazal in February 2017 , an investigation revealed that the area was heavily contaminated by landmines laid", "spans": [{"start": 1103, "end": 1123, "text": "Mine Action database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rate translates to 15 . 2 % using the 2015 data . Given this , we first update the 2015 data to create a new distribution of consumption , and observe a pre-covid 19 ( 2019 ) poverty rate . We then use growth projections to identify the distribution of post-pandemic consumption and assess impacts on poverty and inequality . > 6 We do not observe the evolution of prices over the whole year . Thus , we use the inflation rate observed up to the date of the simulation ( September ) and we assume that for the rest of 2020 we observe the same trend . > 7 These are recent World Bank projections estimated by the Macro , Trade and Investment team at the World Bank Group using the MFMod model and information from government and other sources to inform the forecast . > 8Consider a sector that will lose 20 % of jobs ( according to the estimated elasticity ) . Thus , we assume that 20 % of those with the lowest predicted probability will lose their jobs . The imputed level of consumption for those who lost their job will be equal to the average observed consumption of an unemployed person . The calculation is made for workers in the household but adopting the simplifying assumption that they contribute equally to household consumption . 11", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 47, "text": "2015 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 companies include rent to their managers , which may increase this component in the budget , relative to ATP 1 . The financial performance of the five ATP2 companies is presented in Table 10 . The calculated average gross margin is nearly 25 % , which indicates a sustainable level of profit . However , one company has a very low level of performance ( 8 % ) that is mainly explained by a low level of producer fee collection . Based on the data in Table 10 and Table 12 , the per producer cost of extension provision by ATP2 varies between $ 53 and $ 77 per year . This range is not too far apart from the estimated cost ( between $ 30 and $ 66 ) of extension provision by ATP1 , that was calculated earlier . Another aspect of the financial status of the private companies that provide extension services to producers under the ATP2 program can be found in Tables 1 1 and 12 below . Comparison of the private firms data in Table 11 suggest major differences in resource allocation for visits of farmers . While firm 1 allocates 24 working days per month for each extensionist , of which 83 % ( _20 days ) are spent on producers ' visits , firn 5 allocates 22 working days per month for each extensionist , of which 77 % ( _ 17 days ) are spent on visits . Other interesting results are the big variation between the firms in both technician training and office work . If data on producer performance is available at the extension provider level , It could be used to estimate more accurate efficiency differences among the firms . Table 10 : Financial performance of five private companies in the period 8 / 95-6 / 96 | Item | Company I | Company 2 | Company 3 | Company4 | Company 5 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Incomefrom INTA | 646583 . 97 | 613707 . 98 | 713207 . 76 | 626676 . 56 | 621872 . 28 | | Income from Producers | 127957 . 48 |", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 925, "text": "private firms data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1377, "end": 1405, "text": "data on producer performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Inclusive Urbanisation in China ” , OECD Working Paper , Paris . - Jorgenson D . W . ( 1991 ) , “ Productivity and Economic Growth ” , in ( eds ) Berndt E . and J . E . Triplett , _Fifty Years of Economic Measurement : The Jubilee of the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth . _ University of Chicago Press - Kendrick J . ( 1956 ) , “ Productivity Trends : Capital and Labor ” , in ( ed ) J . Kendrik , _Productivity Trends : Capital and Labor_ , National Bureau of Economic Research . Liu , Ta-Chung ( 1968 ) , “ Quantitative Trends in the Economy ” in Eckstien et al ( 1968 ) . - Liu , Ta-Chung and Kung-Chia Yeh , ( 1963 ) , _The Economy of the Chinese Mainland : National Income and Economic Development_ , The Rand Corporation for the United States Air Force . - National Bureau of Statistics ( 2016 ) , “ Notice of the National Bureau of Statistics on the revision of the R & D expenditure accounting method to revise the accounting data of the gross domestic product ” , July 5 < sup > th < / sup > , Beijing . - Perkins , Dwight H . ( 1988 ) , “ Reforming China ’ s Economic System ” , _Journal of Economic Lite_ rature , June , pp . 601-645 . - Perkins , Dwight H . and Thomas G . Rawski ( 2008 ) , “ Forecasting China ’ s Economic Growth to 2025 ” , in ed . Brandt L . and T . G . Rawski _ ( 2016 ) , China ’ s Great Economic Transformation_ , , Cambridge University Press . - Wu H . X . , Xiniming Yue and George G . Zhang ( 2015 ) , “ Constructing Annual Employment and Compensation Matrices and Measuring Labor Input in China ” , RIETI Discussion Paper Series 15-E-005 - Wu , Harry X . ( 2015 ) , “ Constructing China ' s Net Capital and Measuring Capital Services in China , 19802010 ” , _REITI Discussion paper Series 15-E-006_ , The Research Institute of Economy , Trade and Industry , Government of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and recreation activities during the construction period . Impacts on local economies can also be offset by hiring local workers on a priority basis , especially for unskilled jobs . # # # * * ES 7 . 3 . 4 Infrastructure * * The presence of construction vehicles and equipment on local roads may lead to increased traffic and affect traffic flow , as well as constitute a risk of damage . Also , several existing secondary roads will be used as access roads to access the way-leave , and new access roads will be constructed . However , they will have to be rehabilitated after the construction phase , as some of the heavy machinery could have damaged them . Alternatively , at least some of the new access roads will be decommissioned . Proper signalling will also be key in indicating the presence of project-related vehicular movements , including movement of heavy machinery . An increase in road traffic , as well as a temporary blockage of points could , lead to difficulties regarding access of some communities to water points . Construction work should not create any impacts on the operation of nearby existing telecommunication antennas , except for perhaps temporarily limiting their access . Measures to mitigation impacts to infrastructure will include : conducting an inventory of infrastructure that will be disturbed during construction ; planning construction activities in collaboration with local authorities to minimize damage to existing infrastructure ; rehabilitating damaged public infrastructure after construction ; and restricting travel to and from the construction sites during periods of low traffic volume . # # # * * ES 7 . 3 . 5 Cultural and Archaeological Heritage * * Many burial sites and two archaeological sites were found to be located within the project way-leave . However , no direct impacts on cultural heritage are anticipated as a result of the proposed project . Notwithstanding , the movement of construction equipment and personal around and adjacent to works sites could result in damage to existing cultural heritage sites , either directly or through the generation of dust or vibration , if not managed . It is also possible that there are additional sites that have not yet been identified adjacent to proposed", "spans": [{"start": 1284, "end": 1311, "text": "inventory of infrastructure", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> a ) * * For legal owner : * * i ) Two months advance notice ; ii ) cash compensation for lost < br > land at replacement cost ; and , iii ) additional 15 % ex-gratia for compulsory < br > acquisition . < br > b ) * * Where tenants / lease holders are affected : i ) * * Two month advance notice ; and , < br > ii ) Transitional allowance equivalent to three ( 3 ) months rental allowance . | | * * 2 ) The loss of structures for : * * | | | | | | * * Housing ? * * | | No | The field survey conducted from the 19 < sup > th < / sup > to < br > 31 < sup > st < / sup > October 2013 established three ( 3 ) < br > structures for housing would be partly < br > affected , and the residual would be viable . | With respect , the Project could : < br > a ) * * For legal user with valid ownership , owner without title , and squatter : * * i ) < br > Two months advance notice ; ii ) cash compensation at replacement cost for < br > affected portion calculated on MOW rate without depreciation ; iii ) repair costs < br > equivalent to 25 % of the compensation ; and , iv ) right to salvage material < br > b ) * * Additionally , for legal user with valid ownership : * * Ex-gratia at 15 % of < br > compensation amount towards compulsory acquisition < br > c ) * * As a precaution : * * Should structures for housing be established during < br > engineering works phase of the Project , the mitigation measure highly < br > recommended for the Project to consider , to the extent possible , is avoiding < br > relocation of the PAPs ( living in the structures ) to new sites outside the < br > Settlement . This strategy is bound", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 492, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project ( P168185 ) Interconnection in 2020 < sup > 30 < / sup > and for the Cameroon-Chad Interconnection in 2017 < sup > 31 < / sup > , prior to approval of the AfDB project . 80 . Both analyses have validated , and where needed , updated the electricity demand supply forecasts provided by PDSE , concluding that demand for electricity will increase significantly in Cameroon and Chad over the medium - to longterm . Cameroon ’ s energy needs will more than double over the next fifteen years ; the GoC plans to meet them mostly through hydropower ( accounting for more than 90 percent ) , complemented with gas fueled power generation , while phasing out other sources of thermal generation ( HFO / light-fuel oil ( LFO ) / diesel ) . Cameroon ’ s southern power system is expected to add 1 . 3 GW of hydropower capacity in the near future . As a result , the power system spanning from RIS to RIE ( RIS + RIE ) has an energy supply potential well in excess of demand . Conversely , in the RIN , hydropower supply is consistently below or just enough to cover demand , requiring the use of expensive emergency diesel generators . The RIS-RIN Interconnection will allow to transfer to the RIN the excess supply of the RIS + RIE , including significant hydropower from 2028 onwards . All feasibility analyses estimate electricity import demand from Chad not to exceed 200 MW ( equal to 1 , 752 GWh / year ) , which will nearly triple the currently available generation capacity in the country . Accordingly , the expected maximum transfer capacity of the Cameroon – Chad Interconnector is 200 MW . As a conservative estimate , the feasibility study conducted for the RIS-RIN Interconnection has shown that after accommodating all domestic needs , Cameroon will have enough supply to export 50 MW to Chad starting from 2028-2029 , subject to the availability of a high voltage transmission line to", "spans": [{"start": 306, "end": 341, "text": "electricity demand supply forecasts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 < br > 6 60 < br > 10 69 < br > 3 5 80 < br > 0 0 100 < br > 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 < br > Greece Ireland Portugal Spain Greece Ireland Portugal Spain < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Values for Spain are on the right axis . Source : Berne Union via Joint BIS ‐ OECD ‐ IMF ‐ WB External Debt Hub . Corruption perception index . Source : Transparency International . After the 2008 ‐ 09 crisis , Fed and ECB policies diverged . ECB policy was relatively tight in comparison ( Fig 11a , 11b ) when GIPS entered the sovereign crisis . In 2010 , in response to the sovereign debt crisis , the ECB launched its Securities Market Programme ( SMP ) < sup > 50 < / sup > and the European Financial Stability Facility ( ESFS ) was announced by the European Council . SMP purchases began in 2010 , and were mostly effected during May 2010 and end 2011 ‐ the period when GIP were under stress . In 2010 , the ECB bought Greek , Irish and Portuguese bonds and by 2011 , it was buying Spanish bonds . However , SMP purchases were sterilized to avoid the risk of inflation and the ECB monetary base did not increase for a year ‐ between July 2010 and July 2011 ‐ even though the sovereign debt crisis had begun . Between January and August 2011 , SMP purchases were put on hold < sup > 51 < / sup > and the Fed ’ s balance sheet expanded much faster than the ECB ’ s until end ‐ 2011 . Though its reference rate was already higher than that of the US Fed , the BOJ or the BOE ( Figure 12a ) , the ECB , to counter rising inflation in core countries , raised its reference > 47 In contrast , the Fed has an explicit dual mandate : price stability and full employment . The Fed has also had a wide range of supervisory and regulatory powers over financial institutions and activities", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 403, "text": "Corruption perception index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care ( P152394 ) # < u > < mark > IN01013026 < / mark > < / u > # ► Births registered within 6 months of occurrence ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 65 . 90 | 71 . 90 | 82 . 90 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 30-Sep-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | 30-Sep-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Actual achievement | measures 2020 data ( report no | t yet published ) . | | | IN01013029 < br > ► RMNCAH related ope | rations research completed to i < br > Baseline | nform policy / strategy ( Number , < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Custom ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 2 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | 15-Dec-2020 | 31-Mar-2021 | 30-Sep-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | Kangaroo Mother C < br > Mother Care to eval < br > spread across six co < br > Iron and folic acid su < br > supplements among < br > since the last missio < br > completion of the st < br > procure the consulta | are : The Division of Child Healt < br > uate the implementation progre < br > unties and analysis is ongoing < br > pplementation : The operation < br > women of reproductive age pl < br > n", "spans": [{"start": 532, "end": 541, "text": "2020 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "World ' s Cities . Local Action for Global Goals . Earthscan , London , Table 2 . 8 . Based on consumer surveys by Asian Development Bank , reported in McIntosh , A . C . and Yfiiguez , C . E . ( 1997 ) Second Water Utilities Data Book . Asian Development Bank , Manila . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Source Price / payment Shillings / USS / m * < br > litre < br > Own connection Monthly lump sum , flat rate , based on : 0 . 27 0 . 34 < br > Neighbour ’ s tap / water 20 shillings per 20-litre container 1 . 00 1 . 25 < br > kiosk < br > Pushcart water vendor 70-200 shillings per 20-litre container 3 . 50 — - 10 . 00 4 . 38-12 . 50 < br > Tanker truck ( 10 , 000 litres ) 60 — 80 , 000 shillings per truckload 6 . 00-8 . 00 7 . 50 — 10 . 00 < br > Sources : Kjellén , M . ( 2000a ) Complementary water systems in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania : The case of water < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > vending , Water Resources Development 16 ( 1 ) : 143-154 ; and Kjellen , M . ( 2000b ) Uuzaji wa Maji katika Jiji la Dar es Salaam . Environment and Development Studies Unit ( EDSU ) , Stockholm . Data source : Water Vendor Survey 1998 / 1999 ,", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 137, "text": "consumer surveys by Asian Development Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1121, "end": 1140, "text": "Water Vendor Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kenya Urban Support Program ( P177048 ) | inequitable and unclear conditions of < br > contract ; use of non-standard conditions < br > of contract ; Limited contract < br > management and administration capacity < br > amongst program staff ; Weak < br > Procurement Capacity in counties and < br > urban entities and complaints handling to < br > CAJ | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Internal audit * * – noncompliance in < br > submission of annual fiduciaryreports . | Submission of annual fiduciary report | Annually | PAP | | * * Financial reporting * * – Delayed reporting < br > by counties and urban entities | Appointment of municipal managers as < br > accounting officers ( is MC to access DLI2-5 ) < br > resulting in the urban entities having own < br > budget codes and processing own < br > transactions including payments that will < br > reduce the delays reported at the county < br > and municipalitylevel | December 31 , < br > 2023 | DLI2-5 | | * * Procurement – * * ( i ) non-publication of < br > approved procurement plans as < br > prescribed in the existing procurement < br > laws , PPADA 2015 and PPADR 2020 ; ( ii ) < br > Lack of effective procurement-related < br > complaints-handling mechanism ; ( iii ) < br > Inadequate disclosure of procurement < br > outcomes to the public ; ( iv ) Lack of < br > procurement and contract management < br > monitoring and tracking arrangements | ( i ) Publication of approved procurement < br > plans as prescribed in the existing < br > procurement laws ; ( ii ) Development and < br > implementation of an internal < br > procure", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we use . The advantage of using vital statistics data to learn about fertility in the population comes from the universal coverage of the data for the entirety of Brazilian municipalities over the period of interest . Information about the residence of the mother during pregnancy is particularly important , as information on the place of birth may be misleading if there is a discrepancy between place of residence of the mother and the place of occurrence of birth , which is more likely for relatively small municipalities that do not have clinics with birth facilities . # _Population estimates_ The Brazilian Census Bureau ( IBGE ) provides official population estimates for each municipality based on the 1990 and 2000 census and the 1996 and 2006 population counts . These data provide population estimates by sex and age group that we use in all the regressions to account for cohort sizes . # _Municipality controls_ We use a rich set of municipality-level time-varying controls on the characteristics of the municipalities from a variety of sources . These include municipality GDP , and the fraction of municipality level expenditure on education , health , welfare , transportation and housing , provided by IBGE . In addition , we use information on the number of _Bolsa Famíli_ a < sup > 15 < / sup > recipients and the total amount of _Bolsa Família_ payments in the municipality . These data are available annually for the 1997 – 2009 period . < sup > 16 < / sup > We provide details on the source of these data in the appendix ( Table S1 . 2 ) . # * * 4 . Empirical Strategy * * > 15 Bolsa Família is a cash transfer program of the Brazilian government for poor Brazilian families conditional on meeting requirements regarding school attendance and completion of vaccination schedules . > 16 The Bolsa Família programme was introduced in 2004 . Data for municipal GDP is available from 1999 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 53, "text": "vital statistics data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 712, "end": 732, "text": "1990 and 2000 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1076, "end": 1092, "text": "municipality GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1863, "end": 1885, "text": "Data for municipal GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Roads # # # * * Achievements * * Zimbabwe has a relatively dense national road network . Total road density is 100 km / 1 , 000 square kilometers ( km < sup > 2 < / sup > ) — double the figure for neighboring Zambia and almost triple that of Mozambique — and the network spanned almost 44 , 000 km in 2008 . < sup > 8 < / sup > The classified network — roads under state jurisdiction — totaled 18 , 253 km in 2010 , according to the recent Zimbabwe Road Condition Survey , while there are an additional 5 , 000 km of urban roads , and around 39 , 000 km of unclassified roads . The rural-accessibility index in Zimbabwe , at 46 percent , is more than double the regional averages ( table 9 ) . Zimbabwe has strong road connections with the SADC . Zimbabwe is linked to its neighbor South Africa — the largest regional economy and home to the busiest port in Africa — and other countries such as Mozambique , Botswana , Zambia , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Malawi , and Tanzania through the North – South Corridor , the most extensive corridor system in the region . In addition , the North – South > 8 Alternative sources , including several World Bank project documents , mention a total of more than 88 , 000 km , doubling AICD ‘ s estimates . 29", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 470, "text": "Zimbabwe Road Condition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) financially feasible measures to avoid or minimize water usage so that the project ’ s water use does not have significant adverse impacts on communities , other users , and the environment , using the Bank ’ s Guidance / Good Practice Note . This will included in subproject E & S instruments which will be prepared in compliance with the ESF Good Practice Note on Water Use ( 2021 ) . These measures will , among others , include the use of additional technically feasible water conservation measures within the project operations , the use of alternative water supplies , water consumption offsets to maintain total demand for water resources within the available supply and evaluation of alternative project locations . If there will be high water demand that can have potentially significant adverse impacts on communities , other users or the environment ( which will be identified during E & S screening of each subprojects ) , the MoA will develop ( as part of the subproject E & S instrument ) , maintain , monitor , and periodically report on a detailed water balance ; identify and implement opportunities for improvement in water use efficiency ; and assess specific water use ( measured by volume of water used per unit production ) . Operations must be benchmarked to available industry standards of water use efficiency . The preparation and implementation of the subproject E & S instruments shall be included as part of each subproject , which is a common practice in CDD projects . Water and raw materials use will be relevant to the construction and operation of activities to be financed under all components . The ESMF , therefore , covers resource efficiency ( including water balance ) , pollution prevention and other environmental risk management responsibilities , which be implemented by the project implementing entity , contractors and sub-contractors . Capacity building activities have been included in the updated ESMF and ESCP and will include trainings on the safe use and handling of all agrochemicals , including pesticides", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") - survey ( 2015 ) Peru : census ( 1993 ) - survey ( 2015 ) Uruguay : census ( 1985 ) - survey ( 2015 ) < br > 25 < br > 15 25 < br > 20 < br > 10 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 5 15 < br > 5 0 10 < br > . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 < br > Share of population < br > Rural Urban 95 % CI < br > Medican income 2011 PPP US $ a day < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Source : * * Own elaboration based on IPUMS data and national household survey . 22", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 434, "text": "IPUMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 439, "end": 464, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 6 Policy Implications Our findings on the salience of geographic boundaries and the caste-composition of settlements have important implications for school allocation decisions in rural Pakistan . We illustrate this point by comparing the following hypothetical policies targeted to the population of 9-12 year-old children ( the most recent 3-year cohort ) in all PRHS-II villages : Policy 1 : Provide a girl ’ s school to every settlement currently lacking one . Policy 2 : Provide a school to a low-caste dominant settlement in every village currently lacking one . Based on our estimates ( using only statistically significant coefficients ) , Policy 1 will induce only more high-caste girls to enroll in school , whereas Policy 2 will draw in only additional low-caste boys and girls . To level the playing field somewhat on the cost-side , we restrict the first policy to settlements with at least a 10 % high-caste population and the second policy to villages with at least a 10 % lowcaste population , thus avoiding the construction of a large number of \" superfluous \" schools . < sup > 14 < / sup > The question is : Which policy increases enrollment rates most costeffectively ? Table 5 summarizes the horserace . Our analysis uses estimates from column ( 4 ) of Table 4 combined with village census data to obtain population weights for each settlement as well as the proportion of low-caste households within each settlement . < sup > 15  16 < / sup > As mentioned , the enrollment impacts of Policy 1 are zero for boys as well as for low-caste girls . High-caste girls increase their enrollment , but not by much ( 5 . 3 percentage points ) . The reason is that , since higher population settlements typically already have a school , Policy 1 disproportionately serves smaller settlements and thus does not greatly increase school access on a population-weighted basis . Policy 2 , by contrast , does not suffer the same defect ; more populous settlements tend to be in villages without a low-caste dominant school . Thus , Policy 2 > 14From the village census , we know that only 0 . 1 % of the high-caste population resides in settlements that are more than", "spans": [{"start": 1298, "end": 1317, "text": "village census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2063, "end": 2077, "text": "village census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryrepatriation * | Resettlement | | | | | | | | territory | | _of which : _ | | | Resettle - | | | _of which : _ | _of which : _ | | | | | _of which : _ | | | of | | _UNHCR-_ | Prima | Indiv . | ment | | | _UNHCR-_ | _UNHCR-_ | Cessa - | Natura - | | | _UNHCR-_ | | Origin | asylum | Total | _assisted_ | facie | recogn . | arrivals | Other | Total | Total < br > _assisted_ | Total < br > _assisted_ | tion | lization < br > Other | Total | Total | _assisted_ | # # # # # # * * < u > Notes : < / u > * * 1 UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . According to a 2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan and subsequent voluntary repatriation during the year , there are an additional 1 . 5 million Afghans living outside camps , some of whom may be refugees . Those Afghans living outside camps receive no UNHCR assistance except access to UNHCR-facilitated voluntary repatriation . These figures are currently under review as result of the registration of Afghans which took place in Pakistan from October 2006 to February 2007 . 2 Refers to Palestinians under the UNHCR mandate only . 3 According to the Government of Algeria , there are an estimated 165 , 000 Sahrawi refugees in the Tindouf camps .", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 739, "text": "2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1077, "end": 1100, "text": "registration of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "36 | * * Secondary * * < br > * * Outcome * * | * * Handwashing with soap / ash * * | Share of adult household members who < br > were observed washing their hands with < br > soap / ash at any juncture , measured via < br > structured observations . < br > The considered junctures are the < br > following : < br > Before obtaining water from a wide - < br > mouthed storage container ; < br > Before cutting or preparing food ; < br > Before serving food ; < br > Before eating ; < br > Before feeding child under 5 ; < br > Before breastfeeding child ; < br > After defecation ; < br > After toileting ; < br > After cleaningchildpost - toileting | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Secondary * * < br > * * Outcome * * | * * School attendance * * | Number of days child aged 6 to 18 years < br > old attended school in past week , based < br > on responses to “ How many days has this < br > child attended school in the past week ? ” < br > Children who were not enrolled in school < br > were coded as zero . | | * * Secondary * * < br > * * Outcome * * | * * Water point has water * * | 1 if water point provides water < br > 0 Otherwise < br > ( Locked water points during survey are < br > not considered ) | | * * Secondary * * < br > * * Outcome * * | * * WP Coliforms MPN / 100mL * * | Water quality at point of collection ( village < br > water source ) is Most Probable Number < br > ( MPN ) in 100 mL as defined for < br > Aquagenx CBT EC + TC MPN water < br > quality testing kits and follow WHO < br > standards . For nondetects , we substitute < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ AIDScampaign < br > An effective and < br > well-coordinated multi-sector < br > program , fullyinvolvingthe < br > publicandprivatesectors , < br > NGOs , civilsociety , and < br > donors . | | * * ProjectDevelopment * * < br > * * Objective : * * < br > Limitingandreversingthe < br > trendoftheepidemicby < br > preventingnewinfections | * * Outcome / Impact * * < br > * * Indicators : * * < br > - At least55 % ofhighrisk < br > population ( youth , army , sex < br > workers , truckdrivers , miners ) < br > usedacondomintheirlast < br > sexualencounter . | * * Projectreports : * * < br > KAPstudies | * * ( fromObjectivetoGoal ) * * < br > Continuedpolitical supportby < br > ministersandreligiousgroups | | | - atleast50 % ofpeoplewho < br > are awareofAIDShaveuseda < br > condomwithapartnerother < br > thantheirregularpartnerin < br > thelast12months < br > - Keepthe HIV prevalence < br > armong15to24yearold < br > urbanpregnantwomenbelow < br > 5 % by2006 . | Baselineisthe1999DHS < br > whichshowed27 % formen < br > and18 % forwomen . < br > Data fromsentinelsites , and < br > sero-prevalencesurveysin < br > 2002andin2006 | | | * * Outputfromeach * * < br > * * Component : * * < br > * * SupporttoCommrunity * * < br > * * basedinitiatives * * < br > Asocialsupportsystemis", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1083, "text": "Data fromsentinelsites", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1097, "end": 1121, "text": "sero-prevalencesurveysin", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * | | rains , which may occur < br > during < br > or < br > after < br > construction . < br > Ensure the use of eco - < br > friendly < br > building < br > materials and energy - < br > efficient designs , can < br > significantly < br > reduce < br > habitat < br > loss < br > and < br > greenhouse < br > gas < br > emissions . | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Gender Based < br > Violence |  Sensitization of construction < br > works shall be undertaken < br > and < br > included < br > in < br > the < br > construction < br > contract < br > conducted throughout the < br > projects . < br >  Any form of GBV will be < br > referred to the police for < br > handling . < br > and < br > where < br > necessary < br > psycho-social < br > support shall be provided by < br > the GBV serviceprovider ; |  Record of sensitizations < br > on GBV aspects . < br >  Police cases on GBV < br > related to project workers < br >  Cases handled by GBV < br > service provider . | Sensitization | Monthly and < br > Quarterly | Contractors , < br > CSC | 5 , 000 , 000 | 106 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA MFNP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 906, "end": 930, "text": "Record of sensitizations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "years 1983 , 1993 and 2004 / 5 , National Sample Survey data show a clear gradient in poverty by city size . This gradient holds both at the national > 21 Tarozzi and Deaton ( 2007 ) have recently expressed a concern that the small area estimation procedure employed by ELL ( 2002 , 2003 ) may overstate the precision of local level poverty estimates . They base their argument on Monte Carlo simulation results . Elbers , Lanjouw and Leite ( 2008 ) examine this issue with data for the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil , and find little evidence in that specific setting for concern . It remains , though , that the ELL procedure _estimates_ poverty , rather than directly _measuring_ it , and as such there is interest in assessing whether the findings reported in this paper would also hold had poverty been directly measured . > 22 Every five years the NSS fields a “ thick round ” with a sample size of around 120 , 000 households , The “ thin rounds ” fielded in the other years have sample sizes of around 30-40 , 000 households .", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 60, "text": "National Sample Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . Objective / Description of SEP * * The overall objective of this SEP is to define a program for stakeholder engagement , including public information disclosure and consultation throughout the entire project cycle . The SEP outlines the ways in which the project team will communicate with stakeholders and includes a mechanism by which people can raise concerns , provide feedback , or make complaints about project activities or any activities related to the project . This SEP has been updated to explicitly incorporate stakeholders introduced through the AF — namely refugee learners , their families , refugee community leaders , and host communities — and to ensure their meaningful , culturally appropriate , and accessible engagement throughout the project cycle # # * * 3 . Stakeholder identification and analysis * * # # # * * 3 . 1 . Methodology * * Data to prepare this document are collected from five region and one city administration through stakeholders ’ consultations , key informant interviews , and desk review . Field data from sample regions and a city administration were collected by MOE ’ s professionals . The sources of the field data were school communities , local communities , and selected regional bureaus and woreda offices . The experiences of the stakeholders in environmental and social risks on previous WB financed projects which are similar to ETOL project have been thoroughly explored . Stakeholders also forecasts the anticipated E & S risks of ETOL and suggest the mitigation strategies . The photos during the discussions and the attendance sheets are annexed to this plan . Stakeholder engagement shall be informed by a set of principles defining core values underpinning interactions with stakeholders . Common principles based on International Best Practice include the following : : - _Openness and life-cycle approach : _ Public consultations for the project ( s ) will be arranged during the whole life cycle , carried out in an open manner , free of external manipulation , interference , coercion , or intimidation . - _Informed participation and feedback : _ Information will be provided to and widely distributed among all stakeholders in an appropriate format ; opportunities are provided for communicating", "spans": [{"start": 1046, "end": 1102, "text": "Field data from sample regions and a city administration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1164, "end": 1174, "text": "field data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "informal settlement data < br > based at the national level and CoG | | Add an indicator on ‘ Informal settlements / slums mapped under < br > the Project ’ with a target of 500 | Mapping is a significant outcome of the project . The Exercise is already underway and < br > does not require additional fundingother than what isprovided for under IDA . | Page 15", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "informal settlement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix B : Data * * The data used in this analysis are taken from the BNLA , which is designed to trace the settlement journey of humanitarian migrants from their early months in Australia to their eligibility for citizenship . This is the largest survey of humanitarian migrants in Australia , and one of the largest studies of its type in the world ( Edwards et al . , 2018 ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > The first wave of data collection was undertaken between October 2013 and March 2014 , and additional waves have been conducted annually using face-to-face interviews ( in waves 1 , 3 and 5 ) and telephone interviews ( in waves 2 and 4 ) . To be eligible for the study , participants had to have arrived in Australia in the three to six months preceding the start of wave 1 fieldwork and already be holding a permanent protection visa ( the ‘ offshore ’ group ) , or to have been granted a permanent protection visa in the previous three to six months after their arrival in Australia by boat or on another visa type ( the ‘ onshore ’ group ) . A total of 1 , 509 Principal Applicants , 755 adult Secondary Applicants and 135 adolescent Secondary Applicants ( aged 15 to 17 years ) were recruited to wave 1 , yielding 2 , 399 participants in total . Figure B1 shows that refugees in the BNLA survey came from 16 countries with the highest share from Iraq ( 40 % ) , followed by Afghanistan ( 26 % ) , and the Islamic Republic of Iran ( 12 % ) _ . _ The attrition rate in BNLA is relatively lower than that in other surveys in Australia ( Flatau et al . , 2015 ) . Among wave 1 , 2 , 009 respondents ( 84 % ) were re-interviewed in wave 2 , 1 , 894 ( 79 % ) in wave 3 ; 1 , 929 ( 80 % ) in wave 4 , and 1 , 881 ( 78 % ) in wave 5 . A unique feature of this study is that it covers a wide range of topics including", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 82, "text": "BNLA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 256, "end": 300, "text": "survey of humanitarian migrants in Australia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1296, "end": 1307, "text": "BNLA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s-decembre-2024 xix 12_DRC_Key_Figures_humanitarian_décembre_2024_fr . pdf_ _xx https : / / dtm . iom . int / reports / drc-rapid-displacement-analysis-north-kivu-and-south-kivu-3-11-march-2025_ _xxi https : / / dtm . iom . int / reports / drc-rapid-displacement-analysis-north-kivu-and-south-kivu-3-11-march-2025_ _xxii CORE Eastern DRC Situation Dashboard_A4L_20250311 . pdf_ _xxiii Note d ’ analyse de protection du Sud Kivu , janvier-février 2025 , Cluster protection Sud Kivu , 8 mars 2025_ _xxiv https : / / reliefweb . int / report / democratic-republic-congo / unhcr-southern-africa-regional-external-update-9-eastern-drc-situation-28-march-2025 xxv https : / / www . radiookapi . net / 2025 / 02 / 03 / actualite / securite / plus-de-160-morts-bilan-de-levasion-massive-la-prison-centrale-de xxvi Données du Cluster Santé , mars 2025 xxvii Données issues du 6W du cluster protection au 31 janvier 2025_ # # # # * * < mark > Méthodologie < / mark > * * En ce début d ’ année 2025 et face à la nouvelle vague de violences observées dans les provinces du Nord et du Sud Kivu , le Cluster Protection a révisé conjointement avec les domaines de responsabilité l ’ analyse des risques jugés prior", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 830, "text": "Données du Cluster Santé", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 849, "end": 891, "text": "Données issues du 6W du cluster protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "- * * ToRs and scope of work for the review of both the MoE and national technical support services should include attention to identifying the technical skills and capacities needed to address the socio-cultural dimensions of ICT provision . * * With respect to inclusive quality education Specialists technical support may be needed to be brought in to CEICT to facilitate the process and draw up the ToRs . - Over the lifetime of GEQIP phase 2 , * * develop an evidence-base on differential usage , needs and constraints for take-up of ICT for quality-based education * * with a particular emphasis on gender , income and regional disparities and vertical disparities within vulnerable and disadvantaged population groups . The CEICT should be responsible for the data collection , collation and analysis . The evidence can be developed from the proposed pilots , the review of school net , and the results from implemented proposals of the challenge fund . A review of the available evidence as part of the proposed mid-term assessment of the ICT component should also reveal what other measures ( e . g . specially commissioned studies to address information gaps will be needed before scaling-up in the second half of Phase 2 . * * Component 6 : * * Programme coordination and evaluation - Within the * * present systems of planning , monitoring and evaluation * * and in particular * * training and capacity building activities * * , include where appropriate the impacts of affirmative actions on learning outcomes , inclusion etc . This will contribute to the positive culture of quality management that GEQIP phase 2 hopes to foster and strengthen the evidence base for the effectiveness of affirmative action in supporting quality improvements . In doing so GEQIP 2will contribute to promoting an enabling environment in which women and school staff from disadvantaged groups feel encouraged and supported in taking up training and mentoring opportunities . - To ensure that all communication strategies and information dissemination processes are tailored to the wide-ranging context-specific communication needs * * means capacity building for", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 evidence that short-term budget loans to local enterprises were partially reflected in 1993-94 as ' bther expenditures \" instead of being reported as ' loans \" Second , and even more importantly , some remaining forms of government assistance are deliberately excluded from the regional budget documents . The main types of these off-budget transfers are spending from extrabudgetary funds and various tax benefits , granted by local authorities ' < sup > 2 < / sup > . In addition , as mentioned earlier , the Russian budget data are reported on a cash basis , and therefore do not reflect the volume of accumulated government payables to local producers with regard to budgeted subsidies . The existing budget statistics provide neither data on accrual budget expenditure nor separate information on the accumulated stock of budget arrears . ( iii ) An additional caveat regarding the data has to do with peculiarities of the Russian reporting on the federal budget transfers to regions . The existing reporting system reflects only conventional budget transfers and does not capture various regional benefits allocated through the preferential tax agreements between some of the regions and the Federal Government . As the case of Tatarstan shows , a few regions , which enjoyed a special fiscal regime within the federation , received most of their federal support through such off-budget channels . All budgetary data used in this paper were taken from Russian Ministry of Finance sources . For all years data were deflated by regional CPIs to remove the influence of the variation in price levels in the different regions of Russia . Note , however , that some variation was already present in the regional price levels by 1991 . The absence of a suitable deflator for this year makes it impossible to correct for this variation . But the fact that price controls were , by and large , still in effect in 1991 heavily restricted price variation and renders this a good base year . < sup > 13 < / sup > In 1995 , after the introduction of new budget classifications , the term ' hational economy \" was no longer in Russian Ministry of Finance usage . The term is used in this analysis in relation to 1995 for", "spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 533, "text": "Russian budget data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 708, "end": 725, "text": "budget statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1411, "end": 1425, "text": "budgetary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - | - | 50 | 45 , 500 | 85 < br > 77 , 350 | 115 | 104 , 650 | _7o_ | 5 . 0 | | | GRAND TOTAL | 3 . ) 8 . | 2009 , 030 | 3 , 993 | 2 , o99 , 00 | 4 . 1816 | 2 , 2o7 , eOO | 4 , 458 | j , 362 , 500 | 4 , 629 < br > 2 , 598 , 350 | 5 , 101 | 2 , 822 , 650 | | | 1 / Includes element of Uganda traffic w , hich loaded ( or off-loaded ) at lalabs or other stations in the weat Af tenla . Source : ER and mission estimates . -", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 419, "text": "ER and mission estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Establishment-Level Productivity Measurement * * Total factor productivity is measured as the log of sales minus the logs of labor , capital , and materials , each multiplied by their output elasticities in the production function . We estimate production functions in each case using the control function approach with refinements by Ackerberg et al . ( 2015 ) in the longitudinal establishment panel compiled from the Economic Census by Busso , Fentanes T ́ ellez and Levy Algazi ( 2019 ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > Specifically , for each treatment and control industry we estimate a distinct Cobb-Douglas production function for sales as a function of labor , capital , and intermediate inputs . The factor shares are not restricted to sum to one , and indeed are consistent with decreasing , constant , and increasing returns to scale across different specifications . To account for potential omitted variable bias when estimating the production function , materials are included in a control function to stand for the component of productivity that is unobserved to the econometrician , but was forecast by the firm when it made its decision to fix capital assets in the previous period , as in Levinsohn and Petrin ( 2003 ) . In the control function we also include the log of the firm ’ s specific wage rate , which is set equal to zero if the firm has no remuneration ; a dummy for whether the firm has no remuneration ; and a dummy indicating whether the antitrust decision has occurred . These choices follow the advice of De Loecker and Syverson ( 2021 ) to control for factors that could affect firms ’ input decisions or the competitive environment . The estimation also includes a selection function to account for potential attrition bias as in Olley and Pakes ( 1996 ) , though in practice this made little difference to the results , nor did including investment instead of materials in the control function . Distinct production functions are estimated for each treatment industry and all control industries in each case . When estimating the production function for control industries , fixed effects for each six-digit control industry are included in the control function . Total factor revenue productivity", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 439, "text": "Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * No * * | * * Issue * * | * * Action * * | * * Responsible * * | * * Timeline * * | * * Status * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | i | provision of these documents including < br > for 2 < sup > nd < / sup > AF beneficiaries ) < br > * * Subcomponent 1 . 4 : Support for IDPs * * | | | | | * * 11 * * | Fast-tracking 1 < sup > st < / sup > AF IDP implementation < br > i | Strong follow-up for Gode and Mekelle < br > Cityto implement based on theplan . | MUI / PCU / WB | June 30 , 2024 | Ongoing | | * * 12 * * | Implementation plan for 2 < sup > nd < / sup > AF including < br > infrastructure assessment < br > * * Subcomponent i * * < br > | Revise the implementation plan for the 2 < sup > nd < / sup > < br > AF based on the steering committee < br > decision . < br > Finalize the selection of cities that will < br > receive support to carry out small < br > infrastructure . < br > * * 2 . 1 : Provide first work experience for less e * * < br > i | MUI / PCU < br > * * i ducated urban y * * | June 30 , 2024 < br > * * i outh * * | Done | | * * 13 * * | Unable to use the UNHCR data to plan < br > the refugees Bikat implementation plan < br > in Addis Ababa : | • < br > Conduct < br > listing / registering", "spans": [{"start": 1113, "end": 1123, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the proposed minimum wage in the < br > EUSILC is tiny , significantly limiting the sample size for this analysis . The EU-SILC measures income annually . | | Respondents report their income in a previous calendar year . EU-SILC 2021 provides information on annual income < br > in 2020 . The sample includes 5 , 519 full-time employees who worked for 12 months last year . If we simulate the < br > inflation-linked – adjustment based on the EU-SILC data , the increase in minimum wage affects only 1 . 31 % of full - | | time employees < sup > 33 < / sup > . The number of affected employees is 72 . , which makes any investigation of the profile of the impact | | impossible . Given the potential for more significant standard errors in the estimates , this study does not report these < br > estimates . | > 33 The share of affected employees is lower firstly because of lower inflation in 2021 than in 2022 ( 5 . 1 % vs . 13 . 8 % ) . Moreover , the share of minimum wage earners in the EU-SILC is lower than in the administrative tax data ( Robayo-Abril , Balaban and Wronski . , 2024 ) . 44", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 233, "text": "EU-SILC 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1021, "end": 1044, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 6 : Change in Relative Employment by age group . Restricted to workers with * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > college . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Age 23-44 B . Age 45-65 < br > 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 < br > Year Year < br > Professionals Education Directors Supervisors Professionals Education Directors Supervisors < br > Admve Support Retail Rest Admve Support Retail Rest < br > Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys from 2000 to 2012 . Relative employment refers < br > to the share in employment of that occupation out of total employment . Restricted to workers with college < br > education . Lines are smoothed by a moving average with a 0 . 4 weight to the current observation and 0 . 3 to the < br > previous and post observation . < br > Figure 7 : Monthly Earnings by age group . Restricted to workers with college . < br > A . Age 23-44 B . Age 45-65 < br > 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 < br > Year Year < br > Professionals Education Directors Supervisors Professionals Education Directors Supervisors < br > Admve Support Retail Rest Admve Support Retail Rest < br > 30 30 < br > 25 25 < br > 20 20 < br > 15 15 < br > % Relative Employment % Relative Employment10 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 5 < br > 25000 30000 < br > 20000 25000 < br > 15000 20000 < br > Monthly Labor Earnings10000 Monthly Labor Earnings15000 < br > 5000 10000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys from 2000 to 2012 . Relative employment refers to the share in employment of that occupation out of total employment . Restricted to workers with college education . Lines are smoothed by a moving", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 557, "text": "quarterly Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Lebanon Health Resilience Project ( P163476 ) 48 . * * The MoPH , through the PMU ’ s two coordinators ( PHCC and hospital ) , will be responsible for monitoring the daily progress of the project , * * focusing on improved accessibility of beneficiaries to the package of services , proper procurement , and capacity building of hospitals . The PMU will be responsible for preparing and submitting semiannual progress reports that , among other things , provide detailed reporting on services , procurement , and expenditures . It will also conduct mid-term and postcompletion evaluations to gauge progress toward the PDO and assess the impact of the project on targeted beneficiaries . 49 . * * The HIS system developed by the MoPH will be further refined and expanded under the project to all newly enrolled PHCCs to support the implementation and monitoring of the program * * . Data will be collected and used to : ( i ) supervise the performance of PHCCs ; ( ii ) monitor the progress of beneficiary accessibility ; ( iii ) monitor hospital improvements ; and ( iv ) improve the provision of services on the basis of intermediate output and outcome data . The data will be verified directly by MoPH supervisory systems and external evaluation , and indirectly through triangulation with other data sources such as hospital claims . 50 . * * Beneficiary feedback and grievance redress mechanisms will also play an important role in monitoring the project . * * The EPHRP made significant progress toward establishing grievance redress mechanisms at the central and facility levels . This project will continue to strengthen the system by supporting the MoPH hotline and finalizing the automated Grievance Module to create one platform that integrates registration databases from the different sources to track and manage grievances . This will provide the MoPH with timely access to grievance data to address grievances . 51 . * * The WB will conduct regular implementation support missions * * during which implementation progress , outputs , and work plan updates will be assessed , and adjustments", "spans": [{"start": 1145, "end": 1181, "text": "intermediate output and outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1342, "end": 1357, "text": "hospital claims", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1778, "end": 1800, "text": "registration databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1910, "end": 1924, "text": "grievance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MoFED ( 2010 ) Growth and Transformation Plan 2010 / 11 – 2014 / 15 . Ministry of Finance and Economic Development GoE Addis Ababa Pfaffe , J . F . , Asefa , E . , Kedir , N . and Teferra , T . ( 2012 ) Comprehensive Evaluation of the General Education Quality Improvement Project : Final Baseline Report . Prepared for the MoE by Hifab International April 2012 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Population Council / UNFPA . ( 2010 ) _Ethiopia Young Adult Survey : A Study in Seven Regions_ . Population Council / UNFPA , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Population Media Centre ( 2005 ) _The Effect of Radio Serial Drama on Reproductive Health Behaviour : Key Findings from the Evaluation_ . PMC / HAPCO Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Room , G . ( 1995 ) Beyond the Threshold : The Measurement and Analysis of Social Exclusion . _Bristol : Policy Press . _ Tambulasi , R . ( 2009 ) ‘ Pushed to the abyss of exclusion : ICT and social exclusion in developing countries ’ . _Journal of Information , Communication and Ethics in Society_ . 7 ( 2 / 3 ) : 119-127 . Teferra , S . and Gebremedhin , L . ( 2010 ) _Gender and Social Exclusion in Ethiopia_ . DFID , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Tesemma , S . T . ( 2011 ) Educating Children with Special Needs in Africa : Towards a Policy of Inclusion . Report prepared for The Africa Child Policy Forum Addis Ababa Ethiopia USAID ( 2012 ) Exploring policy-practice gaps of female leadership in the Ethiopian education system . Unpublished report prepared by Brana International Consulting on behalf of USAID ’ s improving the quality of primary education project . May 2012 Addis Ababa UNESCO ( 2012 ) Ethiopia Education for All Profile , UNESCO , Dakar Senegal UNFPA ( 2010 ) Gender Equality and Women ’ s Empowerment . In-depth analysis of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2005 . Report prepared by the Ethiopian Society", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "work permits through sponsors and in that way legalize their stay . In Jordan , which also does not support local integration , the offi ce provides information to women eligible for nationality through marriage and payment of nationality fees where applicable . In Thailand , Kenya and Turkey , government policy precludes local integration in most or all cases . A Global Survey – 2012 47", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 380, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "very limited previous experiences in managing Bank financed operations , delay in budget preparation and approval ; low budget utilization ; weak internal control over payments , payables / advances monitoring , assets management ; and weak internal oversight support to standalone projects , low staffing capacity and slow recruitments process , and weak management follow up and implementation of previous audit recommendations . 36 . To mitigate the risks and ring-fence the project FM it is proposed that : MoWE will develop a Financial Management Manual ( FMM ) as part of POM of the project with detailed control procedures specific to the project considering assessment results to strengthen the planning and internal control processes which will be an effectiveness condition ; assignment of finance officers at entities ; availing budget for internal audit review and capacity building through trainings and agreeing clear IFR templates . Assets procured from project resources will be recorded with identifiable code in the government fixed asset registers or separate records and will be subject to annual count and external audit as this is included in the external audit TOR . The project will also mitigate long outstanding advances as subsequent releases will be based on performance and unused resources . The established control procedures over payment processes , payable / advances monitoring , and project asset management will also be monitored through regular supervisions to address internal control gaps and rectify internal and external audit findings in a timely manner ; closely following up with audit action plans to ensure all entities address external audit findings in a timely manner . Moreover , owning to the seriousness of internal control gaps at EDRMC and coordinating responsibility of the MoWE , adequate level of FM staff commensurate with the risk / responsibility will be deployed , at both entities , along with the need to have strengthened internal audit oversight support for the project . # # # * * _FM-Related Costs_ * * 37 . The project work plans , and budget will include the costs relevant to proper running of the FM function including FM staffing costs , audit costs ; FM-related training ; and operating costs", "spans": [{"start": 1034, "end": 1066, "text": "government fixed asset registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 6 * * ) . Public consumption represents the largest portion , constituting 13 . 5 percent of GDP ( with the wage bill accounting for nearly 11 percent of GDP ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > Social security spending reached 10 percent of GDP , primarily driven by the various pension sub-systems . Meanwhile , public investment comprised 3 . 8 percent of GDP in 2022 . The remaining 9 . 5 percent of GDP in spending is largely attributed to various types of transfers to households , private and public enterprises , including energy and transport subsidies . Remarkably , the unemployment insurance program is insignificant in budgetary matters and is equivalent to only 0 . 02 percent of GDP in 2022 , pushing other - typically more rigid - items to replace the role of unemployment insurance . > 11 For instance , Lamo , Perez and Schuknecht ( 2007 ) show evidence that public consumption items , namely the wage bill , co-moves with the business cycle in a procyclical way with a 1 – 2-year lag , for most of the euro area countries . Moreover , the authors prove that wage bill procyclicality appears to derive mainly from wage-setting behavior as opposed to employment decisions . In a similar vein , Holm-Hadulla et al ( 2010 ) build on previous works by showing evidence of strong co-movements between public and private wages , suggesting that governments should be cautious so that wage-setting and employment measures do not put macroeconomic balances at risk . Moreover , opting for a different methodology , Eckardt and Mills ( 2014 ) show that public sector wage bill spending across Europe and Central Asia tends to behave pro-cyclically , especially in transition economies . At last , according to Ilzetzki and Vegh ( 2008 ) , public consumption is mildly procyclical in high income countries , though far less procyclical than in developing countries . > 12 The data for overall public consumption is an estimate since official figures exclude municipal spending . However , they do include the transfers made by the provinces to the municipalities . It is assumed that 70 % of these transfers to municipalities are spent on consumption spending ( given that consumption", "spans": [{"start": 1879, "end": 1914, "text": "data for overall public consumption", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _6 % _ | _8 % _ | _9 % _ | _18 % _ | _3 % _ | | _2_ | _Top 1 % _ < br > _consumption_ | _Not Monetary_ < br > _Poor_ | _49 % _ | _46 % _ | _21 % _ | _21 % _ | _16 % _ | _25 % _ | _5 % _ | | _Wave_ | _Top 5 % _ < br > _consumption_ | _Not Monetary_ < br > _Poor_ | _58 % _ | _28 % _ | _11 % _ | _12 % _ | _8 % _ | _17 % _ | _13 % _ | | | _Top 10 % _ < br > _consumption_ | _Not Monetary_ < br > _Poor_ | _58 % _ | _29 % _ | _11 % _ | _12 % _ | _8 % _ | _18 % _ | _13 % _ | | _1_ | _Top 1 % _ < br > _consumption_ | _Not Monetary_ < br > _Poor_ | _49 % _ | _22 % _ | _6 % _ | _3 % _ | _7 % _ | _15 % _ | _28 % _ | | _Wave_ | _Top 5 % _ < br > _consumption_ | _Not Monetary_ < br > _Poor_ | _44 % _ | _30 % _ | _7 % _ | _9 % _ | _6 % _ | _19 % _ | _25 % _ | | | _Top 10 % _ < br > _consumption_ | _Not Monetary_ < br > _Poor_ | _40 % _ | _39 % _ | _11 % _ | _12 % _ | _11 % _ | _23 % _ | _21 % _ | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-3 . Note : For each age group the respective maximum number of deprivations is considered . If a child is not deprived along any dimension , it is considered not deprived , if it is deprived along one or more dimensions it is considered deprived , irrespective of missing information on some other dimensions . However , if a child has missing information for one or more deprivations applicable in its age category", "spans": [{"start": 935, "end": 947, "text": "GHS Wave 1-3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 Current research and evidence on unaccompanied children travelling from Afghanistan * * For centuries , Afghans have migrated , both internally and across international borders , in response to crop failures , drought and violence , and in pursuit of opportunities abroad . < sup > 1 < / sup > Crossborder movements have long taken place between Afghanistan and neighbouring countries , specifically Pakistan and Iran . With the invasion of the Soviets , and the protracted conflict that followed their withdrawal , many Afghans were forced to flee from their homes , greatly enlarging the movements of people from Afghanistan . Since the 1980s , Afghans have remained amongst the largest populations of refugees in the world . It is now well recognised that the driving factors of migration in Afghanistan are highly complex . Insecurity continues to plague the country , with conflict-related civilian deaths escalating in 2013 to record-high numbers . < sup > 2 < / sup > Meanwhile , after decades of conflict , the country remains the poorest in the region , ranking 175 < sup > th < / sup > out of 186 countries on the Human Development Index in 2013 . < sup > 3 < / sup > Poverty is closely linked to a lack of adequate human rights protection , including a climate of widespread impunity and discriminatory practices . < sup > 4 < / sup > There is also a significant demographic and environmental aspect to Afghan migration , with “ rapid population growth , the very young Afghan population , and high levels of urbanization - as well as a fragile physical environment , with significant earthquake potential and other environmental risks ” < sup > 5 < / sup > being amongst the elements that affect migration from Afghanistan . It is against this background that the movement of unaccompanied children from Afghanistan must be understood . > 1 Kronenfeld , 2008 . “ Afghan Refugees in Pakistan : Not all refugees , not always in Pakistan , not necessarily Afghan ? ” _Journal of Refugee Studies_ 2 , no . 1 ( 2008 )", "spans": [{"start": 1126, "end": 1149, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > TOORO SEMLIKI WILDLIFE RESERVE < / u > * * | | rains , which may occur < br > during < br > or < br > after < br > construction . < br > Ensure the use of eco - < br > friendly < br > building < br > materials and energy - < br > efficient designs , can < br > significantly < br > reduce < br > habitat < br > loss < br > and < br > greenhouse < br > gas < br > emissions . | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Gender Based < br > Violence |  Sensitization of construction < br > works shall be undertaken < br > and < br > included < br > in < br > the < br > construction < br > contract < br > conducted throughout the < br > projects . < br >  Any form of GBV will be < br > referred to the police for < br > handling . < br > and < br > where < br > necessary < br > psycho-social < br > support shall be provided by < br > the GBV serviceprovider ; |  Record of sensitizations < br > on GBV aspects . < br >  Police cases on GBV < br > related to project workers < br >  Cases handled by GBV < br > service provider . | Sensitization | Monthly and < br > Quarterly | Contractors , < br > CSC | 5 , 000 , 000 | 105 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA TSWR Staff Accommodation_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 931, "text": "Record of sensitizations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "grew twice as fast as credit to corporations < sup > 75 < / sup > and Greece was the country with the fastest increase in construction . In 2007 , Greece and Portugal had around 45 % of the stock of total credit with households , with Ireland and Spain close behind . * * Lesson 10a : Structural reforms before and after crises have different effects . * * * * Lesson 10b : Wage cuts in a downturn and during fiscal consolidation may not promote growth recovery ( particularly when employment also falls ) . * * _ < u > While the short run effects of negative shocks may be equally strong in countries with more and less flexible economic systems and strong institutions ( see Section 1 ) , the recovery is faster in the former . This is because resources reallocate faster and creditor perceptions are more favorable , and it often takes time for reforms to have a net positive impact on output . Structural reforms to make markets more flexible during or in the immediate aftermath of a downturn can have unexpected ( even negative ) effects . < / u > _ _ < u > Falling real wages during fiscal consolidation and household deleveraging , aggravate declines in domestic demand and worsen the downturn . < / u > _ * * Figure 14 . a : Global competitiveness ranking * * * * Figure 14 . b : Resolving insolvency ranking * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 < br > 20 < br > 40 < br > 60 < br > 80 < br > 100 < br > Greece Ireland Portugal Spain < br > Source : World Economic Forum , < br > Global Competitiveness Reports . < br > 100 < br > 95 < br > 90 < br > 85 < br > 80 < br > 75 < br > 70 < br > 65 < br > 60 < br > 55 < br > 50 < br > Greece Ireland Portugal Spain < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > 2000 2002 2003 2004", "spans": [{"start": 1494, "end": 1524, "text": "Global Competitiveness Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Fig . 4 : Aggregate Variables * * Figure 4 also shows that , with the aid of a demand shock , the model generates a large drop in consumption as in the data , which is calibrated to the relative decline of consumption and investment in the US data . The dynamics thereafter , however , are driven by the model mechanism . In particular , the quick recovery in consumption and the sluggish recovery in investment is the result of the interaction between the Non-Ricardian structure of the model and the repayment scheme of government debt . In the model , the consumption of workers is more sensitive to temporary changes in income and the profile of taxes . Fiscal policy , which fully replaces the wage income to the unemployed financed with government debt , allows constrained workers to sustain a high consumption , thus government debt crowds-out private investment from aggregate savings . Given the protracted repayment path of government debt , investment remains depressed for longer than aggregate output . As further discussed in Appendix C , increasing lump-sum taxes to balance the government budget reverses this pattern . < sup > 16 < / sup > Figure 5 shows the behavior of factor prices . Wages and the interest rate barely move in > 16More specifically , as is typically the case in models with heterogeneous agents and incomplete markets , the interest rate is lower than the time preferences . Workers are in the lowest income state , so their wealth converge to zero in finite time . As a results , workers with low wealth consume a large fraction of a transfer that is financed with taxes that are levied far enough into the future . 19", "spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 251, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of other nationalities . < sup > 119 < / sup > The long-held promise of recognition of refugee status , albeit within the parameters of encampment , seems tenuous for Somalis in the contemporary landscape . While territorial access is still practiced , and along with it tacit acceptance of residence in camps , close to 10 , 000 Somalis have not been able to access RSD procedures that would assess their claims . As a consequence of being unregistered , these Somalis have limited access to the humanitarian assistance available to recognized refugees . Yet for those that arrived in 2016 and 2017 , fleeing a mix of root causes that included insecurity and drought , many might have the potential to be recognized as refugees under the definitions in the Refugee Convention and / or the OAU Convention . > 115 These aspects are discussed in greater detail in the Annex on Kenya . > 116 Security-related dimensions , including terrorist attacks in Kenya , are highlighted in the Annex on Kenya . > 117 Except for limited , exceptional and _ad hoc_ registration ; UNHCR Kenya , “ Timeline of Registration Activities in Dadaab : 2013-July 2018 ” , on file with author . > 118 These numbers are based on figures as at 23 July 2018 , shared with the author , and are based on profiling and other ongoing documentation activities , including birth registration . Approximately 56 per cent of households are female headed and 88 per cent of the total are women and children . > 119 Ibid . 47", "spans": [{"start": 1203, "end": 1229, "text": "figures as at 23 July 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > * * Methodology * * | * * Responsibility * * < br > * * for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * Comments * * | | | | | | | | | | | | Management | | | | Area with new irrigation and < br > drainage services | | Ha | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 , 000 | 7 , 000 | 17 , 300 | Annually | < br > contractor < br > records | Management < br > contractor | Net irrigable area as < br > recorded in users register | | Acreage covered by feasibility < br > studies in Anger , Megech , Upper | | Ha | 0 | 17 , 335 | 20 , 000 | 80 , 000 | 80 , 000 | 80 , 000 | Quarterly | Consultant ’ s < br > t | NPCO | | | Beles , and Negesso < br > * * Intermediate Result 2 : Comp * * | * * on * * | * * ent 2 : Ag * * | * * ricultura * * | * * l and Ma * * | * * rket De * * | * * velopm * * | * * ent * * | | | repors | | | | Percentage increase in agricultural < br > yield of participating households < br > ( index for basket crops and < br > livestockproducts ) < sup > 19 < / sup > | | % | See < br > footnote < br > 20 | 0 | - | - | 6 | 15 | Annually | Household < br > survey and < br > field < br > measurements | BoA | | | Percentage increase in cropping < br > intensity | | % | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 50 | Baseline , < br > mid-term", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 400, "text": "users register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the U . S . In both countries , _financial access_ to banks was perceived as a much larger barrier than physical access . Unlike in the U . S . where a large percentage of the unbanked say that they do not need a bank account because they don ’ t have any savings , only 7 % of the unbanked in the Mexico City survey stated that they did not need an account . This difference could be due to the wording of the survey or could reflect the absence in Mexico City of institutions , such as check-cashing outlets , that provide convenient payment services for unbanked individuals . Another difference between the responses in Mexico and the U . S . is that almost 9 % of Mexicans in the capital city said that they did not trust the banks , a response that was well under 1 % in the U . S . Undoubtedly , this reflects the turbulent history of Mexican banks over the past 20 years . > 16 Ruiz , as cited in Solo et . al , 2003 43", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 316, "text": "Mexico City survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 2 : Matched mammal species densities , Marsh et al . ( 2022 ) vs . GBIF occurrence reports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ~ a a i re al < br > Rank a ¥ P < br > Ly Group6161 % , | hy . < br > i 2 wi < br > ii 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rank < br > Ly Group6161 < br > i 2 < br > ii 3 < br > i < br > my 66 < br > i7 < br > = < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 66 < br > i7 < br > = < br > a Se sO nckdj < br > ak : en > ’ athe : ¥ s ¢ < br > i < br > a < br > < < br > = < br > = y < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 133, "text": "GBIF occurrence reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "points respectively , with similar effects for both heavy and light overdrafters . SSP also significantly increased the share of individuals who strongly agreed that the product helps – manage transfer requests from people within the household ( column 1 ) this is broadly consistent with results in Appendix Table A9 . However , we cannot reject the null that the effects in Appendix Table A10 are the same for heavy and light overdrafters . Why are effects on downstream outcomes so different by overdrafter status when perceived benefits of the product are so similar ? One possibility is that differential treatment effects are not driven by underlying behavioral mechanisms so much as they are driven by differences in financial fundamentals . Consider , for example , the “ lumpy savings goal ” hypothesis : in order for SSP to have an impact on the likelihood of meeting a savings goal , a saver ’ s baseline probability of meeting a goal would have to be neither too low nor too high . It may be that light overdrafters , by virtue of being in a better savings position to begin with , were more likely to be marginal savers . Ultimately , data constraints prevent us from testing the hypotheses discussed in this – section more directly we therefore leave further investigation of these questions to future research . # * * 4 Conclusion * * We use six rounds of detailed survey data as well as administrative bank data to study the impact of a commitment savings product for salaried workers in Ghana . Overall , the product increased savings at the partner bank , both during and after the commitment period , with limited crowd out of cash savings held in other places . These savings gains are offset by an – increase in debt as a result , the point estimate on net savings is small and insignificant . This suggests that people with access to liquidity may fail to benefit from commitment savings products because they can undo their commitment with other financial instruments . However , we find divergent results when we examine heterogeneity in treatment effects – by baseline propensity to take overdrafts with our partner bank . Heavy overdrafters who – had less liquid savings and", "spans": [{"start": 1371, "end": 1391, "text": "detailed survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1403, "end": 1427, "text": "administrative bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APATRIDIE ET NATIONALITE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE DE L ’ AFRQUE DE L ’ EST Dans les pays de droit civil , tels que le Rwanda et le Burundi , la naturalisation fait généralement l ’ objet d ’ un décret présidentiel ou ministériel , qui est publié au Journal Officiel ( Gazette ) . Un examen des Gazettes rwandaises de 2015 à 2017 a montré un décret de naturalisation , pour 71 personnes en juillet 2016 ( ainsi que 13 personnes qui avaient renoncé à leur nationalité ) . < sup > 129 < / sup > Les décrets présidentiels au Burundi disponibles sur le site Internet de la Présidence indiquent un total de 55 adultes naturalisés de 2011 à 2017 , dont la plupart sont des hommes mariés à des Burundaises , et 48 enfants . < sup > 130 < / sup > Les naturalisations ne sont pas publiées dans les pays du _common law_ . Lors d ’ interviews réalisées dans le cadre de la présente recherche , le Département tanzanien de l ’ immigration a indiqué que 195 personnes avaient été naturalisées en tout en 2014 , et 463 en 2015 ( ce chiffre comprend les femmes mariées , les résidents de longue durée et les demandes séparées pour les enfants mineurs dont les parents sont également naturalisés , ainsi que le processus de naturalisation extraordinaire pour les réfugiés ) . < sup > 131 < / sup > En Tanzanie , les réfugiés ont rarement été naturalisés en vertu de dispositions normales ( les exceptions concernent", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 307, "text": "Gazettes rwandaises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * The discrepancy between reported income and true income , a common issue in tax data , indicates the extent to which people underreport their income on their tax returns or tax evasion ; in Romania , this is higher among low-income individuals . * * The reported income , also known as imputed tax income , is the income that individuals or companies report on their tax returns . In contrast , the survey income , also known as true income , is the actual income earned by individuals or companies * * . * * The results show that underreporting is exceptionally high for individuals in the bottom half of the income distribution , where income is likely easier to hide . At the median , the gap between reported and true income is 10 % , which means that people report only 90 % of their \" true \" income . At the 25th percentile , the gap is 17 % , indicating that people in the lower quartile report only 83 % of their true income . However , at the 10th percentile , the gap is still 4 % , which means that even those with the lowest income still report less than their true income . Here , we should notice that at the bottom of the income distribution , the possibility of paying employees via envelope payments is limited because enough income must remain to pay the minimum wage . Otherwise , formal employment relations would be lost . There could be several reasons for underreporting , including tax evasion , an informal economy , and criminal activities . Individuals may underreport incomes to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability . Alternatively , there may be a high incidence of informal economy activities , including \" envelope payments , \" where individuals are paid in cash , and the payment is not recorded . Criminal activities , such as drug trafficking or money laundering , may also result in underreporting of income . * * Our data and method used in this note are also not good at capturing the underreporting of income * * . * * at the top of the distribution because top earners tend to be underrepresented in the survey", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 88, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Haiti < br > Turkey | - < br > * | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > 18 | - < br > - | - < br > * | - < br > 33 | * < br > * | - < br > 53 | * < br > 136 | - < br > * | - < br > - | - < br > 50 | 538 < br > 26 | | | Bangladesh | * | - | 16 | * | - | 17 | - | 5 | 22 | 10 | - | * | 130 | 45 | | | Clbi | | 7 | | | | | | 23 | * | 6 | | | 10 | 249 | | | ooma < br > | - | | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | | | - | - | | | | | Syrian Arab Rep . | - | - | - | * | - | * | - | 62 | 115 | 128 | - | 8 | 45 | 17 | | | Georgia < br > | 12 < br > | * < br > | - < br > | 14 | - | 21 | * | 12 < br > | 48 < br > | 67 < br > | - | - < br > | 10 < br > | 20 < br > | | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo < br > Mali | * < br > * | * < br > - | 6 < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | 30 < br > * | 17 < br > * | 49 < br > 5 | - < br > - | 33 < br > - | 100 < br > - | 18 < br > 39 | | * * Asylum claims in Denmark", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": ". We note that a number of alternative targeting approaches exist , such as targeting based on self-selection ( Coady and Parker 2009 ) , nutritional risk ( Reber et al . 2019 ) , social worker evaluation ( Rossell et al . 2018 ) , multidimensional poverty ( Alkire and Seth 2013 ) , and Poverty Scorecards ( Skoufias et al . 2020 ) , as well as community-based targeting ( Alatas et al . 2012 ; Sabates ‐ Wheeler et al . 2015 ) and geographical targeting ( Van Domelen 2007 ) , to name a few . However , PMTs have been widely used as a targeting system in several countries , due to their efficacy at accurately targeting the poor , as well as their relatively low cost and ease of implementation compared to alternative targeting methods . < sup > 7 < / sup > Furthermore , a PMT can be combined with other targeting methods based on program goals , for example nutritional risks , environmental or hazard risks , or educational risk , to identify individuals who > 6 As of 2020 , Sudan ’ s population is estimated to be 43 . 8 million according to statistics from the World Development Indicators ( WDI ) . Link here . > 7 We direct the reader to Grosh ( 1994 ) , Coady , Grosh , and Hoddinott ( 2004 ) , Grosh et al . ( 2008 ) , Kidd and Wylde ( 2011 ) , and del Ninno and Mills ( 2015 ) for additional reviews of various program targeting approaches and the pros and cons of the PMT . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1071, "end": 1099, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conditional on workers ’ education level . Earle , Telegdy and Antal ( 2013 ) use linked employer-employee data in Hungary and find the wage premium of foreign acquisition to be around 4 . 5 percent . The wage premium is observed for all education , experience , gender , and occupation groups as well as across wage quantiles . Divestment to domestic owners , on the other hand , is shown to reverse the effects . On employment , Lipsey et al ( 2013 ) find that the shift from domestic to foreign ownership tends to raise employment growth in Indonesia . As for productivity , Arnold and Javorcik ( 2009 ) use Indonesian plant level data and find that plant productivity increases about 13 . 5 percent by the third year under foreign ownership . These productivity improvements occur simultaneously with increases in investment in machinery and equipment , employment , wages and output . Similarly , taking into account endogenous acquisition decisions in China , Wang and Wang ( 2015 ) find positive impacts of foreign acquisition on firm productivity , export , output , employment and wages . - * * Spillover to other domestic firms . * * In addition to the direct benefits from foreign acquisition on targeted firms , many studies examine the spillover effect of FDI on other domestic firms in the host country . The literature distinguishes three types of spillover : intraindustry or horizontal spillover , inter-industry spillover through backward linkage , and interindustry spillover through forward linkage . The literature provides little evidence in support of intra-industry productivity spillovers from FDI . Javorcik ( 2004 ) and many subsequent studies show that FDI exerts little or negative effects on the productivity of domestic firms in the same industry . Lu et al . ( 2017 ) , for example , explore the relaxation of FDI regulations upon China ' s WTO accession to evaluate the spillover effect of horizontal FDI and find FDI to exert either a negative or an insignificant effect on the productivity of Chinese domestic firms . One of the potential explanations for the limited horizontal spillover is that domestic producers also face crowding out effects in product and factor markets when foreign competitors enter the market . Such crowding", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 122, "text": "linked employer-employee data in Hungary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 611, "end": 638, "text": "Indonesian plant level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PDO2 subset . Taken together , these results indicate that KIEP enabled firms to achieve productivity improvements that are only emerging and already exceeding the revised Results Framework target . 26 . * * The evidence base for productivity is robust in verification and traceability , though standardization gaps warrant attention . * * Productivity was clearly defined at appraisal as revenue per full-time employee ( FTE ) , with the PIU responsible for data collection and consolidation through the PMIS and the Component 2 vendor gathering firm-level evidence in line with the PAD . Each verified entry followed a protocol : first-line checks by Business Advisors / Relationship Managers ; desk reviews by the M & E / Grants teams ; and risk-based field or virtual verifications . Only entries supported by complete documentation ( firm revenue records and payroll or employment contracts ) were accepted , and firms unwilling or unable to provide evidence were excluded . All verification files — including pending cases — were also handed over to the PIU , ensuring a full audit trail for ex post validation . < sup > 20 < / sup > Furthermore , while there are some standardization gaps — i . e . , the lack of a portfolio-wide baseline / endline window , the absence of a deflator policy , and limited guidance on converting casual or part-time labor into > 19 Cirera , Xavier , Diego Comin , and Marcio Cruz . _Bridging the Technological Divide : Technology Adoption by Firms in Developing Countries . _ Overview booklet , World Bank , 2022 ; Bloom , Nick ; Benn Eifert ; Aprajit Mahajan ; David McKenzie ; John Roberts . “ Does Management Matter ? Evidence from India . ” _Innovations for Poverty Action_ , 3 Feb . 2013 . > < u > 20 < / u > ~ ~ Stakeholder Consultat ~ ~ i ~ ~ ons . October 2025 . ~ ~ Page 8 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 859, "text": "firm revenue records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 | | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-270006 - < br > GO-RFQ / purchase of 10 , 000 < br > baby booklets , and 5000 < br > maternity files | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limit | ed | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 15 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2022-03-30 | | | | 2022-04-27 | 2022-06-26 | | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-269928 - < br > GO-RFQ / Purchase of 10 < br > portable maternity lamps | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limit | ed | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 2 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2022-03-30 | | | | 2022-04-27 | 2022-06-11 | | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-269976 - < br > GO-RFQ / purchase of 50 < br > mattresses with makintosh | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limit | ed | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 3 , 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2022-03-30 | | | | 2022-04-27 | 2022-06-26 | | | KE-NANDI", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 125, "text": "maternity files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 125 , 222 | | 2 . * * Yatta * * | 54 . 0 | 13 . 2 | 4 . 3 | 1 , 057 . 30 | 145 , 039 | | 3 . * * Matungulu * * | 49 . 8 | 11 . 9 | 3 . 9 | 577 . 50 | 123 , 588 | | 4 . * * Kangundo * * | 48 . 4 | 10 . 4 | 3 . 1 | 117 . 30 | 93 , 770 | | 5 . * * Mwala * * | 43 . 3 | 9 . 2 | 2 . 7 | 1 , 018 . 00 | 161 , 682 | | 6 . * * Machakos Town * * | 34 . 5 | 7 . 1 | 2 . 1 | 66 . 70 | 194 , 848 | | 7 . * * Kathiani * * | 30 . 7 | 5 . 6 | 1 . 4 | 207 . 00 | 103 , 868 | | 8 . * * Mavoko * * | 22 . 8 | 5 . 1 | 1 . 6 | 843 . 20 | 136 , 112 | | * * MACHAKOS COUNTY * * | * * 42 . 6 * * | * * 9 . 7 * * | * * 5 . 3 * * | | * * 1 , 084 , 129 * * | The Report estimates the poverty incidence in this County is least in Mavoko Constituency , followed by Kathiani and Machakos Town constituencies respectively . It also estimates that , amongst the 47 Counties of Kenya , Machakos County is neither amongst the top ten , nor bottom ten counties when ranked by poverty indicators . Poverty in this report is measured using estimated consumption expenditures . The poverty line threshold measurement it uses , i . e . the poverty line below which people are deemed poor , is based on the monetary poverty line used by the Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005 / 06 . This poverty line is", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1238, "text": "Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9997 # * * Abstract * * This study examines how firms have made strategic choices and performed during the COVID-19 pandemic . Drawing on the organizational resources and strategic change literature , it uses World Bank Enterprise Surveys and the COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys to examine how different endowments in organizational resources affected firm performance as measured by their survival status and sales growth , and how these resources interact with and affect strategic responses in the supply of inputs , response to changing demand , liquidity management , and innovation . The results indicate that larger firms , firms with foreign or state ownership , and subsidiary companies performed better during the pandemic by more effectively stabilizing supply , managing liquidity , and fostering new product development . Chief executive officers with longer tenure improved survival rates . Firms in richer countries have coped with the pandemic better and stringent government COVID-19 control policies have tended to hurt firms ’ performance . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at lxu1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 268, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 277, "end": 314, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 Figure 4b : Productivity Growth and Vertical Specialization in China , Czech Republic , Indonesia and the United States by Industrial Sector , 1986-2014 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CHN CZE < br > 31 < br > 29 34 34 35 < br > 33 3429 < br > 26 30 < br > 3626 33 28 25 31 362626 3333 28 2525 2930 3429 31 35 3232 < br > 31 < br > 25 < br > 36 28 36 28 < br > 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 < br > IDN USA < br > 3626 33 2828 2525 29 343429 35 313135 32 36362626 3333 2828 2525 293034342930 313135 32 < br > 3626 33 30 32 35 < br > 32 < br > 30 < br > 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 < br > 1986-2000 2001-2014 < br > Vertical specialization ( world imports of parts and components < br > as a share of world total exports , average 1986-2014 , percent ) < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > 150 200 < br > 100 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 50 - 100 < br > 300 200 < br > 200 < br > 100 < br > 100 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 100 < br > Productivity Growth ( average by period , percent ) - 100 < br > - 200 - 200 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # _Source : _ UNIDO ( INDSTAT2 ) , UN Comtrade , and authors ’ calculations . _Notes : _ ISIC3 industry codes are used ; sample includes 85 countries ; productivity is normalized using average industry productivity ; weights are represented by value added . ISIC3 codes : 25 Manufacture of rubber and plastics products ; 26 Manufacture of other non ‐ metallic mineral products ; 28 Manufacture of fabricated metal products , except machinery and equipment ; 29 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n . e . c . ; 30", "spans": [{"start": 1075, "end": 1083, "text": "INDSTAT2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 30 - # # # # * * Table 11 : Compliance with Operational Manual Statements * * | * * Statement number and title * * | * * I * * < br > * * Describe and comment on lack of compliance * * | | - - - | - - - | Basically , there was compliance with the applicable Bank Operational Manual Statements * * Table 12 : Bank Resources : Staff Inputs * * | * * Stage of * * < br > * * project cycle * * | * * Plan * * | * * ned * * | * * Rev * * | * * ised * * | * * Act * * | * * ual * * < sup > * * 10 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Weeks | US $ | Weeks | US $ | Weeks | US $ | | Preparation to < br > apptaisal | NA | NA | NA | NA | 79 . 0 | 187 , 100 | | Appraisal and lending < br > development | NA | NA | NA | NA | 66 . 1 | 171 , 906 | | Negotiations through < br > Board approval | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11 . 1 | < br > 30 , 200 | | Supervision | NA | NA | NA | NA | 160 . 0 | 479 , 900 | | Completion | | | | | 11 . 2 | < br > 38 , 700 | | TOTAL | | | | | 327 . 4 | 907 , 800 | > 10 Includes travel costs ( Direct Cost only ) > NA = Not Available - not recorded in the FACT System", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1123, "text": "FACT System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "species will need to be removed from tower foundation sites and the right-of-way ( 26m corridor ) of the subproject TL . The latter is for the purpose of preventing tall trees from contacting the electric cables and avoiding the risk of power outages . However , loss of those individual trees will not threaten the tree species as it is abundant and widely distributed in most parts of Ethiopia including the subproject area . Similarly , one tree species , namely _Leucaena leucocephala_ is considered as _Lower Risk / Conservation Dependent_ species . None of the evaluated herbaceous flora is considered threatened . Seventy six ( 76 ) plant species ( 56 % ) are categorized as _Least Concern_ species . These include 25 herbaceous plants and 51 shrubs & trees . Of the flora recorded from the study area , 53 ( 39 % ) plant species have not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List , and data is deficient for 2 species . The rest 3 plants ( 2 . 2 % ) couldn ’ t be identified to species level in the present study because they lacked important parts like flowers that would help to identify the plants to sepcies level ; therefore , their conservation status hasn ’ t been assessed . However , all the plant species are expected to be among the described plant species . _Biodiversity Value of the Habitats of the Subproject Area : _ Most of the habitats along the subproject TL and substation have been highly disturbed and degraded . However , the nearby Cheleleka wetland and Tikur Weha River & its shoreline environment remains as natural habitats but are surrounded by highly transformed terrestrial areas or heavily grazed grassland plains , which are waterlogged during the rainy seasons . Though the habitats are extensively degraded , they host a considerable diversity of flora and birds . In addition , Tikur Weha River & its shoreline vegetation are important habitat for Hippopotamus providing both protection and foraging resources . _Ecosystem Services : _ The natural", "spans": [{"start": 872, "end": 885, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > © Rocco N / UNHCR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > GBV Reported Cases : Case Context January - March 2017 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Intimate partner < br > violence , 39 % < br > 560 < br > total incidents < br > reported < br > Possible Sexual < br > Slavery , 1 % < br > Possible sexual < br > exploitation , 1 % Harmful < br > traditional , 8 % < br > Child sexual < br > Early marriage , 4 % < br > abuse , 7 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > GBV Reported Cases : Age of the Survivor January - March 2017 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > < 18 years , 456 < br > 560 < br > total GBV < br > survivors < br > > 11 years , 91 < br > 12-17 years , 13 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The continuous country wide fi ghting has exposed the community to multiple displacements with no access to basic services such was medicine , shelter , water and food . This has increased the risk for gender-based violence especially when women and children move long distances in search of food , water and shelter materials . From January to March 2017 , according to the GBV IMS , the reported cases of GBV was 560 cases a slight drop from last quarter ’ s reported cases at 575 cases . 97 % of cases happened to female survivors and 19 % of survivors were children . Physical assault continues to be the highest percentage of cases reported at 50 % of total cases . Although gender inequality is deeply rooted in the culture and social norms in South Sudan , the confl ic", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1174, "text": "GBV IMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Background and Introduction * * Integrated water resource management ( IWRM ) and organizing it primarily at the river basin level are two of the most common and widely repeated recommendations in the water resources literature of the last decade if not longer ( Allee 1988 ; Galloway 1997 ; McDonald and Kay 1988 ; World Bank 1993 ) . Basin management is often associated with the concept of decentralization , of managing water resources at the “ lowest appropriate level . ” ( See , e . g . , International Conference on Water and the Environment 1992 ; Mody 2001 . ) Several conceptual arguments have been presented in favor of decentralization in water resource management , and basin-level management in particular : that the whole array of resources and use patterns in the basin will be taken into account , public participation will be greater and broader , management decisions will be based on better knowledge of local conditions , and so on . Empirical studies of river basin management systems provide opportunities to examine the claims made for basin-level integrated resources management , and to explore factors that appear to influence its implementation and outcomes . In this research project , with the support of the World Bank , the project team has searched for those factors and their relationships to river basin management in two ways : with a survey of river basin organizations throughout the world , and with case studies of eight river basins analyzed in greater detail . Some of those eight cases have emerged recently , as in the Warta River basin of Poland and the Fraser River basin of Canada . Others have long histories of basin-scale institutions , such as the Guadalquivir River basin in Spain and the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia . This paper focuses on analysis of the evolution and current status of river basin management institutions in the Murray-Darling Basin . Only brief descriptions of the basin ’ s physical characteristics , social and economic profile , and historical development are included in this paper . # * * 2 . Analytical Framework * * To analyze the data gathered for this project from the case studies and from the survey of river basin organizations", "spans": [{"start": 1382, "end": 1417, "text": "survey of river basin organizations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 7 : Changes in renewable natural capital components * * # * * ( a ) Growth in planted forest area * * Planted forests refers to “ Forest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and / or deliberate seeding ” ( FAO , 2020 ) . These values therefore do not include naturally regenerating forests . Percentages on the y-axis refer to average annual growth rates between 2009 and 2020 , obtained from FAOSTAT . The size of the bubbles reflects the GDP value-added of agriculture , forestry and fishing . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 % GDP Value Added ( Agriculture , Forestry , Fishing ) ROU < br > 1 % 5 % 10 % 15 % < br > 5 % < br > BRA < br > MEX < br > 4 % < br > 3 % < br > CAN MYS < br > 2 % B-rated COL < br > AUS FRA CHN A-rated ( 1 . 3 % ) THA PER IDN TUR < br > 1 % SWE USA FIN ( 0 . 6 % ) PHL < br > GBR IRL IND < br > 0 % NLDDNK DEU AUT KOR JPN SVK POL ESP ITA ZAF RUSBGR HUN PRT < br > 1 % NOR CHE < br > 0 . 0 0 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 5 3 . 0 3 . 5 4 . 0 < br > Credit quality step ( 0 = AAA , 2 = BBB + , 4 = BB ) < br > Percentage change < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * ( b ) Growth in area under organic agriculture * * Organic agriculture refers to “ area certified organic and / or in conversion to organic ” ( Willer et al . , 2020 ) . Percentages on the y-axis refer to average annual growth rates between 2009 and 2020 , obtained from FAOSTAT . The size of the bubbles reflects the GDP value-added of agriculture , forestry and fishing . < ! - - Start of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 437, "text": "FAOSTAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 5 shows that the 1 , 600 households in the 1988 CIISS consisted of 9 , 860 people , of which 5 , 310 ( i . e . 54 % ) were children or adolescents . This high percentage is the result , of course , of the high population growth rate ( 3 % ) in the country . Of these children , 3 , 897 ( 73 % ) were children of the head of household , while the others were children of other members of the household or of nonmembers . This reflects the fact that extended households as well as the practice of child fostering are common in Cote d ' Ivoire . For our purposes , we have used an age cut-off of 7 years , at which point all children should legally be in school . This gives an effective sample for analysis of 2 , 828 children . < sup > 2 < / sup > Table 5 . The 1988 CILSS S___ | | Urban | Rural | All | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Households | 624 | 976 | 1 , 600 | | Individuals | 3 , 820 | 6 , 040 | 9 , 860 | | Children 0-17 years | 2 , 093 | 3 , 217 | 5 , 310 | | < br > Children of heads of household 0-17 years | 1 , 538 | 2 , 359 | 3 , 897 | | < br > Children 7-17 years | 1 , 177 | 1 , 650 | 2 , 828 | | < br > Children of heads of household 7-17 years | 795 | 1 , 232 | 2 , 028 | > 2 The analysis of the CILSS data requires the use of sampling weights to reflect varying sampling probabilities . All results in this paper use these weights . The construction and use of these weights is explained in Demery and Grootaert ( 1993 ) . 16", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 59, "text": "1988 CIISS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1227, "end": 1237, "text": "CILSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Refugee population and changes by major origin and country of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * The refugee population is included in this table if the number at the end of 2006 was 5 , 000 or more . For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatriation figu < mark > res include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . Figures below 5 have been replaced with an asterisk . | | | Population | start-2006 | | Increa | ses during | 2006 | | | | D | ecreases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 109, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1154, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 6 : * * Average years of schooling in MENA among women and men 15-24 years old . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 < br > 8 < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 < br > Women Men < br > Average years of schooling < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations using the Barro and Lee ( 2013 ) dataset . We use population weights to obtain the regional average . * * Figure 7 : * * Gender Employment Gaps by Skill Level # Employment-to-Population Ratio ( ER ) by Skill and Gender < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 96 0 . 97 0 . 96 < br > 0 . 91 < br > 0 . 80 < br > 0 . 75 < br > 0 . 73 < br > 0 . 66 0 . 64 0 . 68 0 . 66 < br > 0 . 62 0 . 60 0 . 62 < br > 0 . 56 0 . 58 0 . 58 < br > 0 . 53 0 . 53 < br > 0 . 48 < br > 0 . 45 < br > 0 . 43 < br > 0 . 39 < br > 0 . 32 0 . 29 0 . 33 < br > 0 . 19 < br > 0 . 14 < br > 0 . 10 0 . 11 < br > 0 . 06 0 . 04 < br > S U S U S U S U S U S U S U S U < br > ARE DZA EGY IRN PSE QAT TUN YEM < br > Female Male < br > Note : U = Unskilled ( not college educated ) and S = Skilled ( college educated ) . < br > Plots the employment-to-population ratio for four groups , skilled-women , skilled-men , unskilled-women , < br > unskilled men ( all of working age ) . For example ER ( s ,", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 366, "text": "Barro and Lee ( 2013 ) dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "areas , the magnitudes of the coverage gaps show a confounded differentiation in access to opportunities . Countries like Peru , Colombia , Bolivia , Chile , and Panama are clear examples of such gaps . Individuals ’ income , however , does not present the same gaps as access to water supply . Some of the subgroups that started with low access to water supply in rural areas in the 1980s ended up having similar household incomes in 2015 as subgroups with higher levels of access to water in urban areas . Nevertheless , the relationship in the tails of the distribution prevails , as in the case of primary completion . On average , subgroups in the bottom of the distribution of access to water belong to the poorer households in 2015 . Though the household survey of Argentina does not provide information for rural zones , there is a clear gap in the access to water . The subnational regions with lower access to water supply are in fact the most marginalized subregions in the country and , consequently , the poorest . # * * 4 . Research agenda * * After analyzing the relationship between access to basic education and public services early in life and income level in adulthood during the last 50 years in Latin America , we were able to identify some common elements . First , at the regional level , we observe an important improvement in human opportunities during the 50 years of analysis . There are specific demographic and geographic characteristics that explain the process of increasing access to basic services , as well as elements associated with the technology underlying the provision of the different services under analysis . 25", "spans": [{"start": 752, "end": 781, "text": "household survey of Argentina", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "e . g . bitumen binders for asphalt concrete ) . Although climate change is not in the manual , it can be included using the method in Section 3 . 2 . 4 and applying the new temperatures in the calculations . # # # * * 3 . 3 Structural resilience * * Structural design is critical to the resilience of buildings and other structures , to withstand environmental shocks and stresses during the project ’ s lifetime . In terms of physical resilience , in addition to changes in temperature resulting from climate change , structural design should also take into account actions of wind , and seismic design . The frequency and magnitude of high wind events , or earthquakes , in Kenya are not anticipated to be impacted by climate change and thus ‘ normal ’ application of the relevant design codes will provide structural resilience . # # * * Summary * * - Follow the draft National Building Code 2022 - Any gaps ? – the National Building Code should be updated to reflect the Eurocodes The following codes should be applied for structural resilience : - The draft National Building Code 2022 - Where there are gaps in the National Building Code , the Code itself should be updated to reflect Eurocodes to make it easier for municipal officials and local builders to understand standards and the requirements . The following Eurocodes in particular may be relevant : - Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures - Part 1-4 : General actions - Wind actions , the existing wind map for Kenya is valid , climate change is anticipated to have limited impact on maximum gust speed . Wind data , as necessary , can be provided by KMS . 21 / 61", "spans": [{"start": 1462, "end": 1480, "text": "wind map for Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1569, "end": 1578, "text": "Wind data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "errors in parentheses * p < 0 . 05 , * * p < 0 . 01 , * * * p < 0 . 001 The evolution of built-up area also has implications for population density . We estimate Income and population elasticities of naïve density measured as population over built-up area . Using the GHSL panel data , different specifications are estimated including nonlinear effects for the largest cities based on the following regression : 1 2 2 3 4 2 ( 3 ) ln FFaaPPsseettDD As shown previously , as cities become richer , they expand responding to a higher demand for space and cc , tt = αα + ββ ln IIPPeecc , tt + ββ ln IIPPeecc , tt + ββ ln FFooppcc , tt + ββ ln FFooppcc , tt + λλtt + γγcc + εεcc , tt As shown previously , as cities become richer , they expand responding to a higher demand for space and supply for built-up , and therefore become less densely populated . The income elasticity of density is - 0 . 10 using the between and within estimator ; introducing instruments for incomes increases it to - 0 . 15 . Table 7 provides estimates of the income elasticity of density using various specifications . Figure 9plots out densities over incomes levels using the nonlinear specification for cities larger than 500 , 000 people ( column 5 , Table 7 ) . The chart reveals that density declines rapidly between low and middle incomes , and it stabilizes as cities reach $ 20 , 000 per capita . As population keeps growing , some of these large cities will provide space through higher buildings , increasing the livability of its inhabitants while allowing for larger agglomeration gains . * * Table 7 : Determinants of naïve population density ( population over built-up ) * * | * * Dependent variable : * * < br > * * Population density * * < br > * * over * * < br > * * built-up * * | * * Between + * * < br > * * Within * * < br > * * Estimator * * | * * Between + * * < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 283, "text": "GHSL panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we constructed and tested three alternative measures of tied aid share in estimating both models : 1 . the sum of tied and partially tied aid divided by the sum of tied , partially tied and untied aid ; 2 . the amount of tied aid divided by the sum of tied , partially tied and untied aid ; 3 . the sum of tied , partially tied , and aid for which tying status was unreported , divided by the total commitment amount < sup > 9 < / sup > . Several independent variables were also taken from the AidData portal , including the number of donors present in a recipient country , and each donor ’ s share of the aid given to each recipient . Total aid as a share of recipient GNI , population and GDP per capita were obtained from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators . The LDC dummy is constructed based on the definition in the 2001 DAC recommendation ( DAC , 2001 ) . # _4 . 2 . Empirical Findings_ Results for model 4 . 1 are presented in table 3 , for each of the three alternative definitions of tied aid . Consistent with the model ’ s predictions , coefficients for a donor ’ s share in the total amount of aid are significantly negative . Using either definition 1 or 2 , each percentage point increase in a donor ’ s share in total aid is associated with a reduction of 0 . 4 percentage points in the share of tied aid . To illustrate , an increase in aid share from the mean value of 3 % to 8 % other things equal would be associated with a decline in tied aid from the mean of about 20 % to 18 % . For definition 3 , the coefficient on aid share is somewhat larger ( in absolute value ) . The LDC coefficient is also significantly negative , consistent with the DAC recommendation on aid untying . Other things equal , the share of tied aid is 7 percentage points lower in LDCs , or 10 percentage points based on results in equation 3 . Tied aid tends to be higher in larger countries : the coefficient", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 508, "text": "AidData portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 773, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "potential victims and also increases the proportion of poor who may engage in criminal activity . For cases where the GINI index or GNI per capita information is missing for the year corresponding to the enterprise surveys data , we use the estimate of the most recent year available . The exact year of 10", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 128, "text": "GINI index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 204, "end": 227, "text": "enterprise surveys data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the project . The opinions and suggestions of the stakeholders would assist in taking appropriate decisions for effective environmental management of the components . It would help facilitate and streamline decision making whilst fostering an atmosphere of understanding among individuals , groups and organizations , who could affect or be affected by the subprojects . A record of stakeholders consulted , a summary of the feedback received and a brief explanation of how the feedback was addressed is provided in annex E . # # * * 11 . 2 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE * * For projects such as the KESIP , the World Bank procedures require that an ESMF ( and RPF ) are prepared and publicly disclosed prior to project appraisal . This allows the public and other stakeholders to comment on the possible environmental and social impacts of the project , and for the Appraisal Team to strengthen the frameworks , particularly measures and plans to prevent or mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts . Towards this end , this document will be publicly released through the World Bank ’ s InfoShop , and in public locations in Ethiopia prior to project appraisal . The documents should be made available in English in compliance with the World Bank ’ s Public Consultation and Disclosure Policy . ESIAs ( and RAPs ) for each KESIP-funded Subproject will also be disclosed as part of the public consultation and disclosure process . * * Page 68 * *", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 408, "text": "record of stakeholders consulted", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 1 , 533 | < br > 2 , 205 | < br > < br > 2 , 666 | < br > 2 , 710 | < br > 2 , 730 | 2 , 740 | | Distribution Losses | | 1 , 372 | 1 , 496 | 1 , 392 | 1 , 256 | < br > 1 , 131 | 1 , 082 | 1 , 049 | 1 , 075 | | Transmission Losses | 354 | < br > 277 | < br > 299 | < br > 338 | < br > 344 | < br > < br > < br > 346 | < br > 345 | < br > 357 | < br > 361 | | Total Losses | | 1 , 649 | 1 , 795 | 1 , 730 | 1 , 600 | < br > 1 , 477 | 1 , 427 | 1 , 406 | 1 , 436 | | * * BIH Gross Consum . * * | 11 , 535 | 5 , 805 | 6 , 974 | 9 , 685 | 10 , 988 | < br > 12 , 018 | 12 , 615 | 13 , 074 | 13 , 360 | | Losses / Consumption ( % ) | | 28 | 26 | 18 | 15 | < br > 12 | < br > 11 | 11 | 11 | Sources : EPBiH , EPM and EPRS", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 715, "text": "EPRS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "urbanization process . This is consistent with the idea that inequality in the region of origin has an inverse U-shaped relationship with migration . From an econometric point of view , the study of changes in inequality due to migration and remittances can be tricky . An important issue is whether the labor-market participation of the rural families receiving remittances is considered to be endogenous or not ( i . e . whether money transfers are a potential substitute for home earnings or not ) . If this is the case , what should be investigated is how the observed income distribution at the place of origin compares to a counterfactual scenario without migration and remittances . Barham and Boucher ( 1998 ) study this issue using cross-section data from a survey of households in a Nicaraguan town with a long history of migration . To build the counterfactual scenario , the authors impute the earnings migrants would have had if they had remained in town , and what other family members ’ decisions would be as regards labor participation . They then use the results to impute participation decisions and earnings for migrants and non-migrants in migrant households . While simply comparing income inequality measured by a Gini index with and without remittances would indicate that remittances from internal migration reduce inequality , the comparison to the counterfactual scenario shows that , in fact , internal migration increases inequality - - a result qualitatively similar to that of international migration . # * * Consequences for production at the place of origin * * Another issue is how migration can affect production at the place of origin . In the case of rural surplus labor as postulated in the Lewis model , migration should have no effect on production other than through remittances spent on productive investments or because of increased demand on rural goods . If labor is not in surplus , labor transfers have to be accounted for since the two effects play in opposite directions . Lucas ( 1987 ) uses time series data over a long period to study inter-regional migration in Southern Africa ( international migration to South Africa ’ s mines from neighboring countries ) . The econometric model incorporates both the determinants of international 40", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 787, "text": "survey of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2041, "end": 2057, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "explored the determinants of CO2 emissions growth . Most of the attention has focused on drivers of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production ( e . g . Raupach et al . , 2007 ; Jotzo et al . , 2012 ) . Land-use change also produces large CO2 emissions , which have been estimated more precisely by recent research ( Gasser et al . 2020 ; Winkler et al . 2021 ) . However , emissions drivers in this sector have received less attention than work on industrial determinants ( Sanchez and Stern 2016 ) . For both industrial and non-industrial sectors , previous studies have relied almost exclusively on estimates from CO2 emissions inventories that apply engineering parameters to measures of activity in industry , transport , land-clearing , residential heating and other sectors . Standard engineering estimates are particularly suspect for developing countries , because many of the parameters have been calibrated using databases and models developed for high-income economies . This study takes a completely different approach , employing only direct CO2 observations from satellites . The dependent variable in our model is the atmospheric CO2 concentration above an urban area . For climate change analysis , the dominant concentration component is the global cumulative stock of long-duration CO2 molecules that have been emitted by human activity since the Industrial Revolution . Another global component is seasonal , reflecting differential CO2 absorption and respiration by vegetation over the annual cycle . The seasonal CO2 component is more pronounced in the Northern Hemispheric because it has more plant life than the Southern 4", "spans": [{"start": 638, "end": 663, "text": "CO2 emissions inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at any time ” . # # # # # Vulnerability to exploitation and abuse Statelessness can also exacerbate existing vulnerabilities , and in extreme cases , lead to exploitation and abuse . In Côte d ’ Ivoire , many abandoned children are stateless and their lack of documents proving their identity and nationality makes their already precarious situation even more so . David ( 10 ) is not able to go to school because his caregiver believes it would not be possible without documents . His situation has taken a serious toll on him ; he is incontinent , and as a result is made to sleep alone . While his friends and foster siblings study , David takes the family ’ s sheep out to pasture and does chores around the house . Mistreatment can take different forms as stateless children grow older . Clémentine ( 22 ) and Odile ( 21 ) are stateless sisters living in Abidjan , Côte d ’ Ivoire . When they were very young they were made to work in a restaurant and later forced into prostitution by the aunt in whose care they had been placed as small children . Lacking the protection of nationality documents they found themselves trapped . Only after the situation became intolerable did they find the courage to flee . However , they lost all their belongings , including the birth record of Clémentine ’ s four-year old son , leaving him at a high risk of statelessness . * * Kavita , * * 22 , Malaysia . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > S T A T E L E S S N E S S R E P O R T < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * _18_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1272, "end": 1284, "text": "birth record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "allocates [ xx % or resources ] of < br > the EFY 2014 annual budget ( either at the < br > beginning of EFY 2014 or during the < br > supplementary budget hearing or calendar < br > during the year-EFY 2014 ) to support the < br > implementation of their PFM reform < br > strategies and promises to allocate similar < br > rates for future years . BoF reports to MoF of < br > the allocation of budget attaching the < br > approval of the budget and their PFM reform < br > strategy by April 2022 . The MoF prepares < br > consolidated report by May 2022 . MoF calls < br > OFAG to verify and submits the consolidated < br > reports prepared and each regional report < br > received from regions . OFAG reviews these < br > reports , reviews budget < br > proclamation / approval document and verifies < br > that the region has indeed allocated resources < br > for PFM reforms . OFAG submits their < br > verification report to MoF by mid-June 2022 . < br > MoF submits to the Bank by end June 2022 < br > ( a ) the consolidated report sent to OFAG and < br > ( b ) OFAG ’ s verification report | | • | * * DLR on Property management * * - 50 % of < br > Woredas of regions ( a ) conducted fixed < br > asset count by January 2022 ( b ) reconciled < br > with records ( fixed asset registers ) and ( c ) < br > reported all the same to BoF by end < br > February2022 . | May 2022 | Baseline - 34 % June 2017 Woreda PFM < br > Benchmarking report < br > Scalability - Yes - for % of regions that < br > achieved the 50 % cap / rate | 23", "spans": [{"start": 1274, "end": 1295, "text": "fixed asset registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 if , following Baumol ( 1967 ) , it is assumed that technological change is faster in the relatively less service-intensive private sector . 6 Under such assumptions about relative price changes for public and private goods , government expenditure ratios based on current prices bias upwards the trend in the \" quantity \" of governLen * output since relative price effects are not accounted for . An opposing position argues that nominal and not \" real \" shares of government expenditures actually are what is important as long as relative 7 prices of public and private goods reflect consumer valuations . If this is the case , the share of output in value terms is the appropriate index of government ' s claim on income . Whether nominal or real shares of government expenditure * * s * * hould be employed in analyzing t , ie \" size \" of government clearly depends on the question being raised . Dctermination of the income elasticity of the demand for public goods would seem to require a real measure of government output . However , assessment of the resource requirements of government would favor a nominal index . Ultimately , getting a handle on the reasons behind the increasing ( or decreasing ) cost of government would benefit from a comparison of both measures . In any event , estimates of the growth in government expenditures reveal considerable differences depending on the choice of a constant versus current dollars measure . # 4 . The constraints of the data . For OECD nations an array of government expenditure data are available and have been reported on . The opposite is the case for most developing nations .", "spans": [{"start": 1516, "end": 1543, "text": "government expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * UGANDA North Eastern Road-corridor Asset Management Project ( NERAMP ) ( P125590 ) < u > < mark > IN01101459 < / mark > < / u > | ► Road safety Audits c | arried out ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 14-Dec-2018 | 14-Dec-2018 | 30-Dec-2024 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P125590 | IDA-54340 | Effective | USD | 243 . 80 | 243 . 80 | 0 . 00 | 38 . 18 | 182 . 78 | 17 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P125590 | IDA-54340 | Effective | 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 5 . Marginal effects of the ordered probit and probit models : the probability of psychological distress ( anxiety and depression ) over the last 2 weeks of survey < u > ( based on PHQ scale ) < / u > | | < br > | Ordered Probit Est < br > | imation ( full scale < br > | ) < br > | Probit < br > | Estimation < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | | No < br > psychological < br > distress | Mild < br > psychological < br > distress | Moderate < br > psychological < br > distress | Severe < br > psychological < br > distress | Has anxiety < br > ( Subscale ) | Has depression < br > ( Subscale ) | | _Ref : Cismen_ | | | | | | | | Ciswomen | - 0 . 095 * * * | - 0 . 013 | 0 . 031 * * * | 0 . 077 * * | 0 . 204 * * * | 0 . 041 | | | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 033 ) | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 051 ) | | Transgender | - 0 . 044 | - 0 . 003 | 0 . 015 | 0 . 032 | 0 . 082 | 0 . 036 | | | ( 0 . 041 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 033 ) | ( 0 . 057 ) | ( 0 . 057 ) | | Non-binary | - 0 . 064 * * * | - 0 . 006 | 0 . 022 * * * | 0 . 048 * * * | 0 . 094 *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "particularly in nations with inflexible budgetary structures ( Ardanaz and Izquierdo , 2017 ) . Public consumption , on the other hand , tends to be procyclical in the developing world , while findings in advanced countries are less conclusive . < sup > 11 < / sup > In addition to these non-automatic spending categories , automatic stabilizers like unemployment insurance and targeted social programs have proven to be effective countercyclical tools . Their effectiveness in smoothing household income and consumption hinges on institutional design and budgetary size , with a more prominent role in advanced economies compared to developing nations , as previously mentioned . Recent studies have also delved into the role of social security spending , yielding mixed results . Darby and Melitz ( 2008 ) discovered that retirement and pension transfers to households have a stabilizing effect in a sample of OECD countries . Wibbels ( 2006 ) revealed that social security spending , using a broader definition encompassing pension , has no direct link to the business cycle and is therefore acyclical , both in OECD and Latin American countries . Vegh et al ( 2021 ) found that social security spending demonstrates mild countercyclicality or acyclicity in advanced economies while being strongly procyclical in developing countries . In summary , the cyclical attributes of social security spending appear to vary depending on the country and the specific program under consideration . # * * _3 . 1 . 2 Breaking down spending cyclicality in Argentina_ * * In Argentina , government consumption , social security spending , and public investment constitute the primary components of the overall budget . Based on official data from 2022 , which aggregates the central government and the 24 sub-national administrations ' public accounts , public primary spending amounted to an estimated 37 percent of GDP , with these three categories — government consumption , public investment , and social security — accounting for almost three-quarters of this expenditure ( * * Figure 6 * * ) . Public consumption represents the largest portion , constituting 13 . 5 percent of GDP ( with the wage bill accounting for nearly 11 percent of GDP ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > Social security spending reached 10 percent of GDP", "spans": [{"start": 1717, "end": 1740, "text": "official data from 2022", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with those reported in income surveys , assuming that tax evaders have no incentives to conceal their true income when responding to an income survey . It is also possible to investigate tax evasion based on data on food spending and estimates of the link between income and food spending ( Engels curve ) . For example , Kukk & Staeher ( 2014 ) show that in Estonia , the reported total income of households with business income above 20 % of total income must be multiplied by 2 . 6 to attain the same propensity to food consumption as households of wage earners . In this sense , households with business income underreport 62 % of their ‘ true ’ total income . The comparison of consumption patterns of the public sector employees ( where envelope wages are not an issue due to legal constraints ) and the private sector is another method . Kiełczewska et al . ( 2021 ) apply this method to Poland . They find that 12 % of the employees receive envelope wages and that the most important problem is near the minimum wage threshold . Lopez-Luzuriaga et al . ( 2023 ) apply this method in Ecuador using income tax and online billing data . They find that the underreporting of income among private sector workers is 7 % - 9 % , corresponding to 3 % of the GDP . Envelope wages are most common in small companies . Alternatively , discrepancies in economic statistics can also reveal information about tax evasion . This approach involves comparing actual tax revenue with the National Accounts , which can help identify discrepancies indicative of tax evasion . Recently , a novel strand of the literature on tax evasion developed based on leaked lists of tax evaders ( e . g . , Alstadsæter et al . , 2019 ) . * * Studies based on Eurobarometer data show that in 2007 , the share of employees receiving envelope wages in Romania stood at 22 % , the highest among transition economies . * * However , the study based on Eurobarometer data for 2019 shows that approximately 5 % of the employees receive envelope wages in Romania , and this share is medium compared to other CEE economies", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 37, "text": "income surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 208, "end": 229, "text": "data on food spending", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1105, "end": 1139, "text": "income tax and online billing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1349, "end": 1368, "text": "economic statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1734, "end": 1752, "text": "Eurobarometer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and 54 percent of Vanuatu RSE households had only one seasonal worker spell during the two years of our study . We then begin with panel data regressions of the impact of the RSE in each country , using the full sample of households from each country . Letting _Yi , t_ be an outcome of interest for household _i_ in survey round _t_ , we begin with the following difference-in-differences specification : Where _EverRSEi_ indicates whether household _i_ ever participates in the RSE over the four waves of our sample , and δt are survey round dummies . The coefficient of interest is then γ , which gives the average treatment effect of participating in the RSE . We do not include additional timevarying controls in this regression , since we have few time-varying variables that are not potentially themselves affected by the RSE . Standard errors are clustered at the household level to account for autocorrelation in the error term εi , t across survey waves . The same equation is also estimated using _RSEDurationi , t_ in place of _RSEi , t , _ , in which case γ gives the average household-level impact of one month ’ s duration in the RSE . Difference-in-differences controls for any baseline level differences in the outcome _Yi , t_ at the group-level . An alternative approach is to control for baseline differences at the household-level through the addition of household-level fixed effects . We estimate this via the following specification : Where μi is the fixed effect for household _i_ . Again we estimate this using both our measures of household-level RSE participation , and cluster the standard errors at the household level . The underlying assumption in both the difference-in-differences and the fixed effects specifications is that after controlling for level differences among households , they would have exhibited the same trends in the outcome variables in the absence of the RSE . However , this assumption is less credible when the households we are comparing have very different characteristics . We therefore follow the recommendations of Crump et al . ( 2009 ) , who recommend estimating a propensity score , and then dropping observations with estimated propensity scores outside the range [ 0 . 1 , 0 . 9 ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "few remaining ways a government committed to an agenda of low inflation , fiscal responsibility , and a stable exchange rate can attempt to influence the vote in the months leading up to an election . Moncada presents a simple time line of quarterly FONCODES expenditures and elections between 1991 and 1995 . Interpretation of Moncada ' s graph is not easy , however , because elections do not always fall conveniently at the end of a quarter . Nor does Moncada formally test the relationship between elections and expenditures - - perhaps because of the small number of quarters ( 16 quarters ) and the large number of national elections ( 3 elections ) during the period . Figure 1 graphs monthly data for the amounts approved for community-based and special projects between November 1991 and May 1995 . The chart shows that expenditures are highly irregular , especially ( but not only ) for the special projects . There are at least four distinct spikes in total expenditures . Three of these spikes coincide with the three national elections held during the period-the November 22 , 1992 election to the constituent assembly ( month = 13 ) , the October 31 , 1993 referendum ( month = 24 ) , and the April 9 , 1995 presidential election ( month = 42 ) . Figure 1 thus provides some _prima facie_ evidence that FONCODES expenditures were affected by elections . Figure 1 : FONCODES expenditures , by month < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Apit 91995 < br > 40 < br > Noenbr192Ocrtober 1993 < br > 2 0 AX - ~ community < br > November ~ ~ ~ ~ Mnt 1992emer191 < br > 30 < br > I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Mnh ( - Nvme 91 < br > 35 - < br > a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 704, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "multiple sources , including improved irrigation water supply , the adoption of better farm practices , enhanced market opportunities , and enhanced agricultural profitability through crop diversification . These factors resulted in increased productivity and production and increased value added . 10 . Unquantifiable Benefits . These included broader economic development in the agricultural sector due to improved extension systems and capacity building , multiplier effects from increased economic activity in rural areas , avoided water losses due to efficient I & D infrastructure , and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable farming practices . 11 . The analysis acknowledges the significant unquantifiable benefits coming from improvements in dietary diversity and nutrition . While these benefits represent critical developmental impacts , they were not quantified in the economic analysis due to the lack of data required to reliably estimate their economic value . While global literature , such as the World Bank ’ s “ An Investment Framework for Nutrition < sup > 4 < / sup > ” , suggests that every US $ 1 invested in nutrition can yield up to US $ 10 in economic returns , these global estimates represent broad averages and would require careful adjustments to reflect Ethiopia-specific contexts , including demographic , healthcare , and agroecological factors . Without detailed local data , applying such benchmarks risked overestimating or misrepresenting the actual benefits attributable to AGP2 . Despite these limitations , the project ’ s contributions to dietary diversity and other unquantifiable benefits remain central to its overall development impact and reinforce the justification for a strong efficiency rating . _III . General Assumptions Used in the Analysis_ 12 . The ICR EFA used the same set of crop models as those at the design stage , with adjustments to reflect the actual findings and economic changes during the project implementation period . The methodology and main assumptions included : - Financial analysis aimed to quantify incremental benefits attributable to the project by comparing projections of crop performances with and without the project . > 4 < u > https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / fr / 744761490", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1427, "text": "local data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household . < sup > 15 < / sup > There is also evidence of significant changes in the labor market : the share of nonagricultural wage / salaried workers ( out of all working adults ) increased substantially for both men and women . This occurred with some decline in the share of agricultural wage workers and a much sharper decline in the share of farmers ( agricultural self-employed ) . Similarly , the rising share of nonagricultural wage workers along with declining share for agricultural employment is consistent with the pattern of structural transformation that other studies have found for India . < sup > 16 < / sup > A few differences between rural and urban areas are worth highlighting . Dependency rates are much higher in rural areas , but the share of adults who are working is much higher in rural areas . Unsurprisingly , the share of workers in non-agricultural activities is higher in urban areas in comparison to rural ones . However , rural areas have experienced significant changes in occupational structure that are in the same direction ( and larger in magnitude ) than what is seen for the country as a whole — in contrast to much smaller changes in urban areas . The transformation that is changing the nature of employment in India away from agriculture thus seems to have occurred much more visibly in rural than in urban areas , which is not surprising given the high dependence of households on agriculture in rural India to start with . Differences between men and women are worth highlighting as well . While the share of workers among total number of males is much higher than that among women , women are more likely to be working in agriculture than men . The share of non-agricultural wage workers is rising at a lower rate among female workers than male workers , while that of agricultural self-employed is declining at a faster rate among female workers than among male workers . > 15 Trends in the IHDS panel are similar to the NSS with one prominent exception . In the IHDS panel , female workforce participation rates increase from 66 % to 69 % between 2005 and 2012 . This is in marked contrast to the", "spans": [{"start": 1942, "end": 1952, "text": "IHDS panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1972, "end": 1975, "text": "NSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 , 729 will be affected by the construction of the Limu-Genet Substation . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Eucalyptus and Other Trees_ * * Based on the census result , the Subproject will affect a total of 72 , 834 eucalyptus trees having four distinct size and belongs to 223 households . Among the affected eucalyptus trees 48 , 517 ( 66 . 6 % ) will be impacted by tower pad and RoW , while the remaining 24 , 317 ( 33 . 4 % ) will be impacted by construction of the new Limu Genet substation . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Indigenous and Other Trees_ * * A total of 7 , 386 indigenous trees of different species having different sizes will be affected by tower pads , RoW and substation . These belong to 476 PAHs . Of the total indigenous trees affected , 6 , 922 ( 93 . 7 % ) will be affected by the tower pads and RoW , while the remaining 464 ( 6 . 3 % ) will be affected by the construction of the Limu-Genet substation . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Grazing Land and Crop-by-Product_ * * Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property further revealed that the construction of the proposed Subprojects will affect 0 . 0144ha of grazing land owned by four households . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Privately Owned Business Infrastructure_ * * Two towers will affect 0 . 0072ha of farmland occupied by an investor in Limu Seqa Woreda . Besides that , one housing structures serving as a local shop is located within the RoW . # # # # # # * * _Impacts Properties Belonging to Public Institutions_ * * Based on the inventory taken during the fieldwork for this study , the proposed power Subproject will also affect farmland , eucalyptus and indigenous trees belonging to different Mosques", "spans": [{"start": 149, "end": 162, "text": "census result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1059, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MALI ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE it via protected wells and boreholes to access water . For sanitation , the statistics close to half of the population relies on improved latrines . * * Figure 9 . Half of Mali ’ s population has access to improved water and sanitation * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Water < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1987 1996 2001 2006 < br > improved unimproved < br > b . Sanitation < br > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1987 1986 2001 2006 < br > improved unimproved < br > % of population < br > % of population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : WHO – Joint Monitoring Program 2010 , from Demographic and Health Surveys for 1987 , 1996 , 2001 and 2006 Mali ’ s achievements in water and sanitation are even more remarkable given the country ’ s demography and geography . Mali ’ s population has been growing at an annual rate of 2 . 5 percent , and people continue to move to the most urbanized areas of the country , creating enormous pressure on existing infrastructure . In the late 1990s , Mali ’ s expansion strategy focused on water provision through standposts . During the 2000s , however , the emphasis has been on increasing the use of wells , boreholes , and , to some extent , piped water for improved water provision ( table 8a ) . An average of 0 . 8 percent of the population gained access to piped water annually", "spans": [{"start": 897, "end": 927, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Appendix 1 : Definition of Terms used in this RPF * * Unless the context dictates otherwise , the following terms shall have the following meanings : * * “ Census ” * * means a field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Project Affected Families / households / Persons ( PAF / PAH / PAP ) or Displaced families ( DFs ) . The meaning of the word shall also embrace the criteria for eligibility for compensation , resettlement and other measures emanating from consultations with affected communities . * * Project Affected Person ( s ) ( PAPs ) are * * persons affected by land use or acquisition needs of the Program . These person ( s ) are affected because they may lose , be denied , or be restricted access to economic assets ; lose shelter , income sources , or means of livelihood . These persons are affected whether or not they must move to another location . * * “ Compensation ” * * means the payment in kind , cash or other assets given in exchange for the acquisition of land including fixed assets thereon in the case of private land tenure . * * “ Cut-off date ” * * is the date of commencement of the census of PAPs or DPs within the project area boundaries . This is the date on and beyond which any person whose land is occupied for project use , will not be eligible for compensation . * * “ Displaced Persons ” * * mean persons who , for reasons due to involuntary acquisition or voluntary contribution of their land and other assets under the project , will suffer direct economic and or social adverse impacts , regardless of whether or not the said Displaced Persons are physically relocated . These people will have their : standard of living adversely affected , whether or not the Displaced Person must move to another location ; lose right , title , interest in any house , land ( including premises , agricultural and grazing land ) or any other fixed or movable assets acquired or possessed ,", "spans": [{"start": 1146, "end": 1167, "text": "census of PAPs or DPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 details ) . The fixed year effects account , for influences ( such as world fuel prices ) not fully captured by GDP and affecting all countries equally in a given year . The fixed country effects are time-invariant parameters representing the unique characteristics of countries ( such as climatic factors ) that affect emissions independently of GDP . F-tests report that a1 are jointly significantly different from zero , as are the d , . The parameter estimates imply a diminishing MPE relationship between per capita emissions and per capita GDP . The turning point and subsequent downturn in per capita emissions occurs at currently out-of-sample levels of per capita income ( around $ 36 , 000 ) , but these levels are reached by developed countries during the planning horizon . As will be seen later , the diminishing MPE has profound distributional implications for the future . Future emissions trajectories by country are predicted by incorporating GDP forecasts and population projections into ( 1 ) . For per capita GDP projections , also following Holtz-Eakin and Selden ( 1995 ) , a univariate time-series was fitted on the historic data . The GDP model implies convergence in growth rates in the very long run . ' Population projections are provided by the World Bank ( 1994 ) . # 2 . 2 . _Global emissions_ Figure I shows the predicted path of global carbon emissions , population ( left scale ) , and gross world product ( right scale ) to 2100 obtained by summing the country-level projections . 8 Global emissions grow to more than double their 1992 levels by 2050 , and to slightly less than four-fold by 2100 , in line with the Intergovermnental Panel on Climate Change IS92a reference scenario projections ( IPCC 1992 ) . In 1993 , emissions and population are roughly equal , with a worldwide emissions average of one metric ton per person per year . By 2100 , global per capita emissions more than double . These global business-as-usual emissions exceed the cumulative limits for stabilization of CO2 concentrations at > 7Convergence , the notion that economic growth rates and / or real GDP levels per capita will tend to equalize across countries , was bome of the Solow growth model", "spans": [{"start": 1232, "end": 1254, "text": "Population projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Plan ( ARAP ) will be developed ; - c . If 1 to 24 persons are affected , a census of affected people and affected assets is required ; delivery of compensation and other entitlements as per this RPF , including resettlement if needed , but no other specific documentation , or disclosure is required . In all the above cases ( a , b and c ) the next step will be complete Step 2 : to conduct a socioeconomic survey and land asset inventory to determine the extent of resettlement required . This will be followed by the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) , abbreviated RAP for the ULGDP investment project , or no further documentation is required . # # # # * * STEPS 2 AND 3 : CENSUS SURVEY AND LAND ASSET INVENTORY * * An important step in the process of preparing a RAP and an ARAP is to establish appropriate data to identify the persons who will be displaced by the ULGDP investment project , people eligible for compensation and assistance , and to discourage inflow of people who are ineligible for these benefits . In essence , a census will achieve the following : - ⇒ provide initial information on the scale of resettlement to be undertaken ; - ⇒ identify gaps in information and gives an indication of further socioeconomic research needed to quantify losses to be compensated and , if required , to design appropriate development interventions ; and - ⇒ Establish indicators that can be measured at a later date during monitoring and evaluation . > 7 This is the same form as in the ESMF to enable a simple screening process for initial identification of social and economic impacts . Urban Local Government Development Project Page 21", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 146, "text": "census of affected people and affected assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 420, "end": 465, "text": "socioeconomic survey and land asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 737, "end": 757, "text": "LAND ASSET INVENTORY", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_e-Dhara_ records is considered highly unlikely for several reasons : electronic land records are centrally administered by an authority separate from the institutions keeping land records at the village level . There are several additional checks against manipulation and any changes in landholding status have to be cleared and verified by independent authorities . # # * * B . 1 Evidence from the Audit of Electronic Land Records * * To compare the landholding numbers reported by banks and survey respondents , we obtained official copies of the land records of 2 , 064 of 2 , 897 survey respondents or 71 % of the sample . Table B . 1 reports the land audit results . There are several legitimate reasons for electronic landholding records to differ from the landholding numbers reported by the banks . First , many banks accepted partial mortgages : to qualify for some loans , farmers were allowed to mortgage only a portion of their land . In these cases , the bank-reported landholding is less than the total land held by the farmers , and the smaller landholding amount will have been used to determine program qualification . This does not constitute manipulation , and does not affect the validity of the identification strategy . Second , in a smaller number of cases loans considered the landholdings of multiple individuals . Most frequently , land held by multiple members of the same extended household is pooled in order to qualify for a larger loan . In many cases , the loan was recorded as having a single beneficiary , and the total landholding was listed – even though the beneficiary did not himself or herself own all of the listed 50", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 93, "text": "electronic land records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 714, "end": 744, "text": "electronic landholding records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Cash Transfer for OVC ( FY09 ) ( P111545 ) # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * When the project received AF , the results framework was adapted to reflect the government ’ s plans for the NSNP . According to the ICR ( p . 26 ) , M & E implementation was monitored continuously , and the government and the Bank provided technical assistance to address any challenges . Due to lengthy procurement processes , the impact evaluation and the PIBS surveys were delayed , resulting in the baseline for the impact evaluation not being completed until 2015 and the impact evaluation itself , as well as the final round of the PIBS survey , only being completed just before project closure . However , according to the ICR ( p . 26 ) , the PIBS survey provided independent and rigorous data for monitoring the performance of the NSNP and the satisfaction of beneficiaries of the CT program . According to the Bank team ( October 10 , 2019 ) , M & E implementation was monitored systematically through continuous implementation support , as well as collaboration and dialogue with the government . The government brought on board additional M & E staff when necessary , and the Bank provided additional support to resolve some of the challenges faced related to M & E design and capacity . This support included ensuring adequate attention to M & E activities on all aspects of project implementation , continuous engagement with external M & E firms to ensure relevance of activities to program implementers , and compliance with respective terms of reference . As an example , project communication was found to be lacking in both rounds of the PIBS . The SAU responded to the findings through the development and implementation of a thorough beneficiary communication strategy leveraging a range of stakeholders and instruments to improve beneficiary outreach . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * According to the ICR ( p . 27 ) , the", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 547, "text": "PIBS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 715, "end": 726, "text": "PIBS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 828, "end": 839, "text": "PIBS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * | KII | KeyInformant Interviews | | - - - | - - - | | LC | Local Council | | LFMP | Labour Force Management Plan | | LTD | Limited | | MGLSD < br > | Ministryof Gender Labour and Social Development < br > | | mi | Mile < br > | | mm | Millimeter | | MoWE | Ministryof Water and Environment | | NDP | National Development Plan | | NEA | National Environment Act | | NEMA | National Environment Management Authority | | NFA | National ForestryAuthority | | NGO | Non-Government Organization | | NGP | National Gender Policy | | NIP | National Implementation Plan | | No . | Number | | OSH | Occupational Health and Safety | | PC | Project Contractor | | PM | Project Manager | | Pm | Past Midnight | | POPs | Persistent Organic Pollutants | | PPEs | Personal Protective Equipment | | QENP | Queen Elizabeth National Park | | SEO | Social and Environmental Officer | | SGBV | Sexual and Gender-Based Violence | | SMP | Social Management Plan | | SP | Safeguard Policies | | SRH | Sexual and Reproductive Health | | STDs | SexuallyTransmitted Diseases | | ToR | Terms of Reference | | TSPs | Technical Service Providers | | UGP | Uganda Gender Policy | | VAC | Violence Against Children | | VAWG | Violence Against Women and Girls | | VES | Visual Encounter Surveys | | VOL | Volume | | VAC | Violence Against Children | | WB | World Bank | | WCS | World Conservation Status | | ZOI | Zone of Influence | xi | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1289, "end": 1313, "text": "Visual Encounter Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-KALRO-397375-NC-RFQ / Supply and Configuration ofTwo-Way SMS Platform IDA / 70640 Climate Smart Value Chain Ecosystem Investments Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 90 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2023-12-29 2024-01-05 2024-02-09 2024-02-01 2024-04-05 2024-09-25 < br > KE-KALRO-399928-NC-DIR / Provision of Conference Package Facility at Villa Rosa Kem IDA / 70640 Climate Smart Value Chain Ecosystem Investments Post Direct Selection Direct - National 15 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2024-01-09 2024-01-14 2024-02-04 2024-03-01 < br > pinski < br > KE-KALRO-424439-NC-RFQ / < br > Provision of Lab Analysis Services for Organic Carbon , Av IDA / 70640 Climate Smart Value Chain Ecosystem Investments Post Request for Quotations Limited - National Single Stage - One Envelope 19 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2024-05-07 2024-05-06 2024-06-11 2024-05-24 2024-07-23 2024-06-06 < br > ailable N , pH , Mehlich-3 P an < br > d K < br > KE-KALRO-530343-NC-RFQ / Provision of dry chemistry soil data analysis for 10000 sam IDA / 70640 Climate Smart Value Chain Ecosystem Investments Post Request for Quotations Limited - National Single Stage - One Envelope 80 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2026-01-07 2026-02-25 2026-04-22 < br > ples < br > KE-KALRO-530344-NC-RFQ / < br > Provision of", "spans": [{"start": 1034, "end": 1057, "text": "dry chemistry soil data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SNP re-registration in < br > four original counties has < br > commenced | - - | 40 percent of HSNP < br > re-registration < br > finalized . | updated and linked < br > with enhanced SR < br > according to design < br > and operating | | | | | | procedures | | Date | 31-Dec-2018 | - - | 22-Mar-2019 | 31-Dec-2024 | This indicator tracks progress in the re-registration of households in the four original HSNP counties and registration of new households in four expansion counties . This includes : ( i ) data is collected , verified and entered into the HSNP MIS according to arrangements defined in the HSNP registration implementation plan and operational manual ; ( ii ) the HTM has been applied to the collected household data ; ( iii ) HSNP Comments * * : * * beneficiary lists and accompanying payrolls have been updated for existing and new beneficiaries ; and ( iv ) the HSNP registry is fully integrated with the enhanced SR . Progress will be reported by proportion of the estimated caseload covered , where the caseload refers to the total of all households expected to be < u > covered by the exercise . < / u > # # # # # ► IRI 10 : HSNP scalability strategy updated ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | NDMA has adopted | | | Value | HSNP scalability strategy < br > in place | - - | < br > the scalability strategy , < br > but National Treasury < br > still needs to approve | Updated HSNP < br > scalability strategy in < br > place | | | | | < br > it . | | | Date | 31", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 565, "text": "HSNP MIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 719, "end": 733, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 882, "end": 895, "text": "HSNP registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of farmland size is between 41 % and 80 % are 6 and these are considered “ _Significantly Affected_ ” . Those PAHs that are categorized as “ _Moderately Affected_ ” constituted 7 and their affected farmland is between 20 % and 40 % ) . The impact on the remaining 11 PAHPs is largely limited ( i . e . less than 20 % ) . # # # # # * * 11 . 2 Livelihood Restoration Strategies * * Based on core principles and underlying assumptions described above , two sets of livelihood restoration and improvement strategies are outlined in the proceeding section . The main strategy is Agriculture Based Strategies . An income restoration and livelihood improvement plan can include both types depending , among other things , on the nature and severity of impact of the subproject and the objective conditions ( needs , constraints , preferences , resources and capabilities / skills ) of an individual PAP or groups of PAPs in consideration . Based on the analysis and findings of sample surveys , census enumeration and public consultation meetings as well as the objective conditions of different categories of PAPs ( experiences , opportunities and capabilities in terms of resources and skills for income generating activities , needs and constraints in the case of vulnerable groups ) , PAPs are categorized in to four broad categories for the purpose of targeting different types of livelihood restoration and income improvement strategies . - ( a ) Severely affected PAPs ( 2 ) - ( b ) Significantly affected PAPs ( 6 ) - ( c ) Moderately affected PAPs ( 7 ) and - ( d ) Limited Impact ( 11 ) There shall be no misunderstanding that the main purpose of the above categorization of PAHs is to rationalize provision of resources to various categories of PAHs ; and in a manner that is not only equitable but also effective in restoring PAHs livelihoods . In particular , agriculture based or crop production improvement livelihood restoration strategies apply to 15 PAPs . The categorization of PAHs is also meant", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 985, "text": "sample surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 988, "end": 1006, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "include displaced families and households in departmental capitals and municipalities which either became able to offer the required services or with services accessible in nearby towns . Most recently , during 2007 , the program expanded to municipalities with more than 100 , 000 inhabitants to include other deprived urban areas . The program now covers nearly 2 . 8 million participating households in 1 , 093 municipalities , representing almost 65 percent of the target population ( Acción Social , 2010b ; Attanasio et al . , 2009 ) . An early evaluation of FA demonstrated positive effects on short-term outcomes such as household consumption and children ‘ s school participation and nutrition status . Indeed , within the first two years of program implementation , household consumption increased by 13-15 percent , school enrollment rates increased by around 5 to7 and 2 percentage points for children in secondary and primary schools , respectively , child labor participation fell by around 10 to 12 percentage points , and health and nutrition outcomes such as morbidity , immunization and anthropometrics also improved ( Attanasio et al . , 2005 , 2006 and 2009 ; Attanasio and Mesnard , 2005 ) . # * * 3 . Data * * This paper uses four sources of data ( a household survey , a census of the poor , and a database with administrative records of the program ) to construct two samples of participant and nonparticipant children of the program FA for the two research strategies . The first approach employs matching methods and household survey data collected for the short-term impact evaluation of FA . This survey is part of an effort to collect longitudinal data from a stratified random sample of eligible families in both treatment municipalities and matched control municipalities . The survey is a standard multi-topic household survey that includes questions on demographics , household structure , education , health , consumption , employment , anthropometry , housing characteristics , shocks , and community education and health facilities . The baseline survey was carried out between June and October 2002 . < sup > 10 < / sup > > 10 Two follow-up surveys revisited the same households in 2003 and 2005 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 1294, "end": 1312, "text": "census of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1321, "end": 1372, "text": "database with administrative records of the program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1543, "end": 1564, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1842, "end": 1858, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Lamwo ( 78 . 7 % ) of the households relied on less preferred and less expensive food . The proportions of households that borrowed food or relied on help from friends or relatives was high in Lamwo ( 42 . 2 % ) and Isingiro ( 41 . 1 % ) , and Kyegegwa recorded 33 . 5 % . Households also reduced the number of meals eaten per day in order to cope with food shortages at household level whereby Isingiro ( 58 . 9 % ) had the highest followed by Lamwo ( 46 . 9 % ) . Reduced portion size of meals was highest in Isingiro ( 62 . 8 % ) again and was followed by Lamwo ( 47 . 4 % ) . Reduction in the quantities consumed by adults / mothers for young children was highest in Isingiro ( 49 . 1 % ) , followed by Kyegegwa ( 28 . 2 % ) and Kiryandongo ( 27 . 9 % ) . Overall Isingiro and Lamwo districts applied the most of all negative coping mechanism 7 days prior the assessment . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 61 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Mainstream BFDs as a standard feature of UETCL future TL designs : - Adaptation of technology and development capacity for remote-based BFD installation : - Net Gain quantification for BFD installation on high risk lengths of operational TLs : - Develop monitoring protocols and capacity to measure net gain effectiveness * * Note : * * Bird Flight Diverters ( BFDs ) are proposed as a mitigation measure , as they have been widely shown to reduce bird collisions with transmission line wires . However , they have not been widely applied in Uganda , and their effectiveness under local conditions remains untested . The absence of systematic monitoring of bird – TL collisions in Uganda further limits the ability to evaluate their performance . In addition , the proposed drone-based installation method has not yet been trialed locally , making careful testing and phased deployment essential . # # # # * * FURTHER STUDIES - to be addressed after Project Approval * * This CHA is conducted as a desktop study and a validation of the results is necessary based on primary data collected in the field . The following studies are needed after project approval to validate this CHA : - Habitat Assessment – to confirm natural habitat and guide a review species likelihood of occurrence , together with detailed bird observations across different seasons . - Critical Habitat Confirmation – confirm presence and approximate abundance of focal species . - Investigate Options and Capacity to Fit Bird Diverters to Operational TLs . # # # # * * CONCLUSION * * The CHA concludes that while the project intersects some areas of high biodiversity value , direct impacts to legally protected and internationally recognized areas are minimal . Various critically endangered and endangered species are present , but the project can achieve the ESS6 Net Gain requirements through mitigation . A review of cumulative effects and climate change risks underscore the importance of mitigation that goes beyond addressing residual impacts from this Project alone . Proposed measures are technically feasible and align with the requirements of ESS6 . These gains will need to be measured against", "spans": [{"start": 1068, "end": 1103, "text": "primary data collected in the field", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from sectors comprised of more intangible assets < sup > 6 < / sup > are higher when countries have stronger property rights ( Claessens and Laeven , 2003 ; Hur , Raj , and Riyanto , 2006 ) . These studies have utilized data with limited coverage of countries from the MENA region : Hur , Raj , and Riyanto ’ s ( 2006 ) study of finance and trade across 42 countries includes only one MENA country ( Syria ) . Svaleryd and Vlachos ( 2005 ) examine only OECD countries and do not include any MENA countries . While Beck ’ s ( 2003 ) study of financial dependence and international trade does include five MENA countries ( out of 56 countries total ) , it does not examine the aspect of asset tangibility . This paper combines aspects of the analysis focused on external financing as a determinant of export performance ( Beck , 2003 ; Rajan and Zingales , 2001 ) and aspects of the literature focused on sector asset tangibility and governance ( Braun , 2003 ) , to assess the role of financial sector development and governance on export performance and specialization . Inclusion of more MENA countries in the analysis allows for MENA-specific characteristics to be discussed . Improving the understanding of what stimulates and inhibits exports in MENA is vital , as a number of empirical studies have shown that this region exports below its potential . < sup > 7 < / sup > Twenty-two percent of MENA firms report that customs and trade regulation are a major constraint to business operations ( Figure 1 , Enterprise Surveys < sup > 8 < / sup > ) . Yet , the potential for trade is great . The region is strategically located , nested between European , African , and Asian markets . MENA is also endowed with human capital , experiencing a growing base of educated youth looking for work . In terms of the business climate , the Global Competitiveness Index ranks the MENA region better than upper-middle-income countries in the areas of infrastructure , health , primary education , and higher education . The literature finds that the presence of trade agreements between MENA countries and the rest of the world", "spans": [{"start": 1510, "end": 1528, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1834, "end": 1862, "text": "Global Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _Yt , i_ is a particular flow type of country _i_ at time _t_ , _Dt , t ′ _ is the set _Y t_ and _t_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > and _N ′ _ is the of countries with data for flow for time periods _t , t_ number of such countries . As done in the main text , the flow data are standardized by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation of the respective time series ( before computing the covariance matrix ( C . 1 ) ) . Comparing the first two rows of Table C . 1 we see that using the simple principal component estimator yields a very small increase of the average adjusted _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ( _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ) , from 0 . 054 ( corresponding to the 0 . 05 average shown in their appendix figure A7 ) , to 0 . 075 when analyzing disaggregated flow data at quarterly frequency . Considering instead total inflows and outflows ( obtained by summing all flow types , in the fourth line of the table ) leads to another increase in _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > . In , turn , the same happens when we consider the disaggregated data at yearly , rather than quarterly , frequency ( lines 6-7 of Table C . 1 ) . With any of these two changes we obtain _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > around 0 . 125 . We note that when considering flows at the yearly level , the factor estimation method seems to make less of a difference . Normalizin < u > g < / u > by trend instead of nominal GDP also leads to a modest increase in _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > . If flow aggregation and yearly frequency are combined , the _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > rises above 0 . 2 , almost four times the initial 0 . 054 value . Unlike ours , the framework of Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) includes only two factors and no factors .", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 787, "text": "disaggregated flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * - safeguards - ( v ) Ensure integration of RAP provision in management of the Project . - ( vi ) Ensure adequate community participation during Project implementation . The proposed pipelines alignments lie within existing road reserves and wayleaves shared by local utilities owned by the relevant Road Authorities . Therefore , land acquisition will not be triggered in this RAP to necessitate land acquisition process as provided in the Land Act 2012 section 107 . # # # # # # * * 9 . 1 . 4 MAWASCO RAP Implementation Committee * * The MAWASCO RAP committee will be in charge of overall monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement process . The committee will comprise of Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialists , Land Surveyor , Accountant , Legal and Monitoring / Evaluation Expert and Project Engineer , all drawn from the Project Coordinating Unit ( PCU ) that was established under the Consultancy Contract . The committee will work with a representative of CWWDA , The County Government and the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) , the committees ’ roles are as follows : - ( i ) To ensure the list of all PAPs has been verified and documented in the PAPs register . The register shall have , among other parameters the following : - The name of the person , - Type of loss ( structure / Livelihood ) - Identification number of the PAP , - Compensation Amount - Bank Details or Mpesa details of the PAP . - ( ii ) To verify the correctness of each PAP as stated in the register and ascertain that every identity card holder is correctly documented in the register . - ( iii ) To develop an appropriate framework for delivering the compensation payments to the PAPs in line with government financial management regulations and as much as possible", "spans": [{"start": 1419, "end": 1432, "text": "PAPs register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Joint Review and Implementation Support ( JRIS ) missions . To allow informed discussions of the Government and Development Partners ’ contributions to the PBS program through its fiscal system , these missions include Joint Budget and Aid Review ( JBAR ) sessions , where all stakeholders review fiscal data from all sectors and levels of Government . Further , in addition to frequent field visits to monitor aspects of PBS capacity building results , the JRIS missions involve multiple stakeholder field visits to observe program activities on the ground . Disbursements for block grants are made following DP assessments from these JRIS missions . 21 . To provide a metric for measuring progress towards shared objectives and agreements , the Program employs a matrix based on shared principles that guide program implementation , the SAFE principles - \" Sustainability in Additionality \" , \" Accountability and Fairness \" , \" Fiduciary Standards \" and \" Effectiveness \" . Below is a summary presentation of each SAFE principle . - Sustainability in Additionality ( “ S ” ) . PBS 2 envisages a medium-term commitment to increasing overall financing for the federal block grants and basic services within a sustainable macroeconomic framework . Thus , the principle involves monitoring a series of criteria to ensure the Government ’ s continued commitment to provide for nondeclining allocations for decentralized basic services through the budget and through actual expenditures , taking into account the macroeconomic environment . - Accountability and Fairness ( “ A ” ) . This principle has three components : ( i ) the extent of dissemination of budgets and service information using layperson ’ s tools ; ( ii ) adherence 5", "spans": [{"start": 297, "end": 308, "text": "fiscal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Costa Rica Results in Education ( CORE ) ( P181174 ) # * * The World Bank * * | Collection | | | - - - | - - - | | * * IRI 3 . 1 . 5 Percentage of st * * | * * udents in technical Secondary schools thatpass level B2 in English according to the digital app for language learning * * | | Description | This indicator measures student performance on English with the digital app registering both written and spoken < br > language . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Department for Technical SecondaryEducation | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Data derived from digital app | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MEP Department for Technical Secondary Education | | * * IRI 3 . 1 . 6 An intersectoral * * | * * plan for the transition of vulnerable and disabled students into the labor market is implemented . * * | | Description | This indicator measures the development of a strategic document to guide the transition of vulnerable and disabled < br > students into the labor market , with a special focus on technical secondaryeducation . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Department for Technical SecondaryEducation * * – * * MEP Department for Special Education | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Administrative records from MEP Department for Technical Secondary Education and Special Education | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MEP Department for Technical Secondary Education | | * * IRI 3 . 1 . 7 Digital tools inclu * * | * * ding career information systems to support employability deployed * * | | Description | This indicator measures the development and use of a digital tool to provide secondary technical students with < br > information on the labor market . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Digital Platform | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Reports from the digital platform on the", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 593, "text": "Data derived from digital app", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1843, "end": 1876, "text": "Reports from the digital platform", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in neighboring countries . * * Conflict has resulted into a near collapse of the economy . * * Currently , the country exhibits all the signs of macroeconomic collapse . There have been sharp declines in output , and a spike in the parallel exchange market premium . The economy is expected to further contract by about 11 percent with both the oil and non ‐ oil sectors expected to decrease . The fiscal deficit remains wide , although real magnitudes are difficult to estimate given the hyperinflation and lack of real time data . Based on the 2016 / 17 budget , the fiscal deficit is estimated at about 14 percent of GDP . Export revenues decreased due to declining oil prices and lower oil production . There is an accelerated depreciation of the pound , with the SSP depreciating on the parallel market from SSP 18 . 5 per US dollar in December 2015 to reach SSP 110 per US dollar in March , 2017 . This follows the move to a managed floating exchange rate from a fixed exchange rate . * * Drought that was experienced in parts of the country over the last cropping season , acting in concert with several other factors * * < sup > * * 28 * * < / sup > * * , has led to extreme scarcity of food and famine in some parts of the country . * * Preliminary findings from the FAO / WFP CFSAM show that partly due to the drought , overall food production for 2016 ( the last harvests of which came in January , 2017 ) is estimated at about 10 percent below the already low and insufficient long ‐ term average of 826 , 000 tons . The climate outlook for the March to May 2017 season for the southern part of the country ( a major food production area ) indicates > 28 These include : ( i ) the current drought in the Horn of Africa , which has reduced overall output in primary exporters Uganda and Sudan and limited the food imports that South Sudan can viably access ; ( ii ) high food prices mainly driven by depreciation of the local", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 530, "text": "real time data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sharing in each country . A full list of variables , definitions and sources are provided in Appendix I . # * * 2 . 5 . Control Variables * * In examining the relationship between competition and systemic stability we control for a number of bank and country level variables . Bank level controls come from Bankscope . For each bank , each year , we calculate bank size ( natural logarithm of total assets ) , leverage ( liabilities divided by total assets ) , market-to-book ratio ( market value of assets divided by book value of assets ) , provisions ( loan loss provisions divided by total assets ) , reliance on deposits for funding ( deposits divided by total assets ) and profitability ( net income divided by total assets ) . We winsorize all financial variables at the 1 < sup > st < / sup > and 99 < sup > th < / sup > percentile level of their distributions to reduce the influence of outliers and potential data errors . Country level controls are collected from a number of sources . We obtain economic development measures from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indictor ( WDI ) database . We use the natural logarithm of GDP per capita to measure the economic development of a country , the variance of GDP growth rate to measure economic stability , the natural logarithm of population to measure country size , and imports plus exports of goods and service divided GDP to measure global integration ( Karolyi , Lee , and Van Dijk 2011 ) . In addition , we obtain years in which a country experienced a banking crisis from Laeven and Valencia ( 2008 ) . We also use stock market capitalization divided by GDP and private credit divided by GDP from the Financial Structure Dataset ( Beck , Demirguc-Kunt , and Levine 2010 ) to control for differences in financial development and structure . As the R-squared measure may be a mechanically linked to the number of cross-sectional observations , we also control for the log of the number of banks in each country . # * * 3 . Summary Statistics * * In this section we describe our empirical results . Figure 1", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1087, "text": "World Development Indictor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1671, "end": 1698, "text": "Financial Structure Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 • Tableau 9 : Nombre de rapatriés enregistrés regroupés par tranches d ’ âges et par régions de retour - au < u > 31 décembre 2023 < / u > | * * Régions * * | * * Ménages * * | * * Enfa * * < br > * * ( < 18 * * | * * nts * * < br > * * ans ) * * | * * Adu * * < br > * * ( 18-59 * * | * * ltes * * < br > * * ans ) * * | * * Personne * * < br > * * ( > 59 a * * | * * s âgée * * < br > * * ns ) * * | * * TOTAL * * < br > * * FEMME * * | * * TOTAL * * < br > * * HOMME * * | * * Total * * < br > * * GÉNÉRAL * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | | | TOMBOUCTOU | 12017 | 6328 | 6449 | 12047 | 10128 | 1753 | 1849 | 20128 | 18426 | 38554 | | GAO | 6465 | 3851 | 4010 | 7210 | 5865 | 803 | 930 | 11864 | 10805 | 22669 | | MENAKA | 3554", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # # # * * < u > LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS < / u > * * | CEO | Chief Executive Officer | | - - - | - - - | | CWWDA | Coast Water Works Development Agency | | COVID 19 | Corona Virus Disease 19 | | DCC | Deputy County Commissioner | | ESIA | Environmental and Social Impact Assessment | | FGD | Focus Group Discussion | | GER | Gender Enrolment Ration | | GCI | Galvanized Iron Sheets | | GO | Grievance Officer | | GoK | Government of Kenya | | GRVM | Gross Replacement Value Method | | GRM | Grievance Redress Mechanism | | HH | Household | | LPDP | Local Physical Development Plan | | IoL | Inventory of Losses | | MAWASCO | Malindi Water and Sewerage Company | | MIBP | Mangat IB Patel Limited | | M & E | Monitoring and Evaluation | | MoH | Ministry of Health | | MWS | Ministry of Water and Sanitation | | NEMA | National Environment Management Authority | | NLC | National Lands Commission | | NLP | National Land Policy | | Nr | Number | | NGO ’ s | Non-Governmental Organizations | | OS | Operations Safeguards | | PAD | Project Appraisal Document | | PAPs | Project Affected Persons | | PC | Project Committee | | PCU | Project Coordination Unit | | PM | Project Manager | | PPE | Personal Protective Equipment | | RAP | Resettlement Action Plan | | RIC | Resettlement Implementation Committee | | RIM | Registry Index Maps", "spans": [{"start": 1575, "end": 1594, "text": "Registry Index Maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 lower at the end of the period without the increase in inequality . Alternatively , without growth , the headcount would have been eight and twenty points higher in respectively rural and urban areas . Had there been no growth in urban areas , and no increase in inequality in rural areas , the headcounts would have converged in the two sectors to 35 ( rural ) and 37 ( urban ) percentage points using the lower poverty lines . The same applies with the upper lines , but with headcounts twenty points higher . What can be concluded from the above results ? As can be seen from Table 4 ( and Figure 1 ) , the growth only and inequality only scenarios move in opposite directions . This indicates that positive ( negative ) growth tends to be associated with rising ( decreasing ) inequality . But at this stage , this remains an impressionistic result without a firm analytical grasp as to the elasticity of inequality to growth . Moreover , a cursory look at Table 4 would indicate that the relationship between growth and inequality is similar in urban and rural areas . If this were indeed the case , combining this finding with the results based on Kakwani ' s formulaes would suggest that poverty is likely to be reduced more through urban than through rural growth ( compare the two MPRS ) . In fact , it is exactly the reverse which is true : rural growth appears to be more poverty reducing than urban growth . This is because of the correlation between growth and inequality is much lower in the rural than in the urban sector , as we shall now see . * * IV Regional panel estimates * * _IV 1 The relationship between growth and inequality_ The techniques illustrated in the previous sections do not provide us with a clear picture of the long term relationships between growth , poverty , and inequality . The key missing piece is an estimate of the correlation between growth and inequality which cannot be readily estimated with Kakwani ' s formulae . But it can be found using our regional panel by estimating the following regression : Log Gkt = a + , Log Wkt", "spans": [{"start": 1998, "end": 2012, "text": "regional panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> implementation < br > evaluation has been < br > done | End of resettlement < br > implementation < br > evaluation has been < br > done | No . of reports | At the end of the < br > resettlement < br > implementation < br > cycle | Survey report , RIC , < br > PAPs | | | | | | * * 3 . Implementation of the * * < br > * * evaluation results * * | RIC , SEC | Results of the < br > evaluations have not < br > been implemented | Results of the < br > evaluations have been < br > successfully < br > implemented | Numbers < br > achieved & by < br > type | For the < br > midterm < br > evaluation , < br > within the < br > remaining days < br > of the < br > resettlement < br > implementation < br > cycle < br > For the end < br > evaluation , < br > within 5 < br > working days of < br > approval of the < br > report | PAPs , progress < br > reports , RIC | | | | | Notes : Comments can be on : a ) emerging issues ; b ) recommendations to improve performance , results , / outputs , outcome , and impact of the implementation ; and , c ) any other issues noted As appropriate , the reports will contain information on achievements , challenges , limitations , emerging issues , and recommendations ( for intervention in order to improve performance , results / outputs and impact of the implementation ) . 67 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 247, "text": "Survey report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to lengthen or shorten the initial 18-month operation of the two windows will be based on assessments of progress towards results and outcomes undertaken regularly by NT and the World Bank alongside other stakeholders on the following criteria : ( i ) relevance - Is the component focused on the right activities given changes in country and sector context ? ; and ( ii ) efficiency / effectiveness - Is the component doing these activities the right way or are there better ways of doing them given changes in the country / sector context ? and ( iii ) sustainability - is the component making a significant difference / sustainable impact including early identification of risks to sustainability given changes in the country / sector context ? * * 36 . With mobile money penetration in Kenya at 119 percent , this component will provide support to PFIs to leverage mobile money / payments data to undertake adequate credit risk , identify viable firms , and hence minimize the credit risk . * * Liquidity support to informal sector firms will also provide patient capital to encourage innovation and adaptations to the COVID-19 pandemic and demonstrate the viability of this market segment . The liquidity support provided through this component will give the NT the flexibility to pass on minimum IDA concessional borrowing benefits , including moratorium periods , flexible terms for loan repayment , below market-based lending or a waiver of the administration costs . The NT in consultation with the World Bank will determine the benefit and document a clear economic rationale with development outcomes for passing on IDA concessional financing so as not to distort the market . Since the informal market is characterized by exorbitant fees and interest rates that are borne by > 47 Researchers compared areas where mobile money agents opened rapidly to areas where spread was gradual ; they found in areas of rapid spread , mobile money influenced business creation , enabling 185 , 000 women to shift from agricultural employment to jobs in business and retail . See Suri , Tavneet , and William Jack . 2016 . “ The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money .", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 896, "text": "mobile money / payments data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for boys . By looking at each season separately , we observe significant differences in the share of children involved in farm labor activities regardless of the respondent type . The overall rate of labor force participation is 30 and 23 percentage points higher in the harvesting season compared to the main and short rainy seasons . Regardless of the gender of the child , corresponding self / proxy reporting differences in child labor show seasonal variation : 6 . 6 percentage points ( 15 % ) in the main rainy season , 2 . 7 ( 5 . 3 % ) in the short rainy season , and 4 percentage points ( 5 . 4 % ) in the harvesting season . Moreover , we observe that labor participation for boys is typically more frequent and regular across seasons than that for girls . The coefficient of inter-variability of the self-reported measures of child labor , which gives a sense of how close the experimental values are to each other across seasons , is twofold for girls ( 34 % ) relative to boys ( 17 % ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > As a result , the gender gap in farm work participation varies across seasons as it reaches 20 , 16 , and 10 percentage points in the main rainy , short rainy , and harvesting seasons , respectively . While these numbers may reflect a pattern of gender stratification of intrahousehold time allocation with the salience of farm work for boys and more irregular work schedules for girls across the agricultural calendar , we consistently observe higher self / proxy discrepancies in child labor reporting for girls than that for boys across all seasons , reaching 9 . 2 percentage points ( 28 % ) in the main rainy season , 4 . 4 percentage points ( 11 % ) in the short rainy season , and 8 percentage points ( 12 % ) in the harvesting season . These results are statistically significant at 5 % for all but the short rainy season . The second panel reports child labor statistics at the ( unconditional ) intensive margin . Results are mostly consistent with the patterns emerging from the extensive margin of work : boys", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shows , the areas with higher self-reported Native identity tend to also have higher measures of Native genetic ancestry . This shows that Native self-reported identity correlates with Native ancestry . Note , however , that Native genetic ancestry is several times larger than the self-identified measure we use in this paper . As such , the results discussed in this paper do not correspond directly to people with genetic Native ancestry but to those who self-identify as Natives or descendant of Natives . Figure 2 : Genetic and Self-Reported Native Prevalence < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Salta < br > Salta < br > Catamarca Chubut < br > NEA Río Negro Chubut < br > Tucumán < br > Río Negro < br > Formosa < br > Buenos Aires < br > Corrientes < br > Buenos Aires < br > Misiones < br > 0 2 4 6 8 10 < br > % Identifies as Native or Descendant ( Census 2010 ) < br > Parolin et al ( 2019 ) Avena et al ( 2012 ) Corach et al ( 2010 ) Wang et al ( 2008 ) < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > Average Native Genetic Ancestry < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources : _ REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2010 ) , Parolin et al . ( 2019 ) , Avena et al . ( 2012 ) , Corach et al . ( 2010 ) and Wang et al . ( 2008 ) . _Notes : _ NEA ( Northeast of Argentina ) includes the provinces of Formosa , Chaco , Corrientes , and Misiones . 6", "spans": [{"start": 859, "end": 870, "text": "Census 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1108, "end": 1138, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are included in growth models , the ability of such models to explain economic growth is substantially enhanced ( see Hanushek and Kimko ( 2000 ) , Hanushek and Woessmann ( 2020 , 2012 ) ) . From a macroeconomic perspective , there are several mechanisms through which education affects economic growth . In neoclassical growth theory , education increases human capital and labor productivity moving countries towards a higher equilibrium level of output . In endogenous growth theory , education increases innovation , new technologies , products and processes . The next section develops a “ Skills Index ” that ties together many of the underlying concepts in this literature . Our objective is to use this Skills Index to analyze the relationship between human capital , skills and economic growth and to provide estimates of what skills enhancement can mean for economic growth . # * * III . THE CONCEPT OF A SKILLS INDEX * * An index combines several variables into a single metric . The objective of a wellconstructed index is to combine variables into a single metric such that the multidimensional nature of the data is preserved while highlighting the general directional movement of the whole . A well-constructed index can summarize complex , multi-dimensional realities to provide a useful guide for policy making , facilitate communication and promote accountability . Greco et al . ( 2019 ) point to the U . N . ’ s Human Development Index ( HDI ) as an example . The HDI was initially criticized for its methodology . However , Nobel laureate Amartya Sen , one of its early critics , changed his 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR4731 The World Bank Project activities for the first 12 months of implementation focused mainly on interventions from component A ( currently under suspension ) . On November 16 , 2010 , due to the resettlement of 145 households in 2009 / 2010 in Lalibela , prior to the completion of a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) , a partial suspension of project activities and disbursement of Bank funds for Component 1 activities was put in place . The partial suspension has primarily halted physical works interventions while activities continue in other components . The client and WB team are working intensively to address resettlement issues through the implementation of the cleared Resettlement Action Plan . Simultaneously , key project activities under the non-suspended components of ( i ) market development ; and ( ii ) institutional and capacity building are progressing in all three target destinations . This updated ISR reflects activity on this project through the latest implementation mission ( October 17-31 , 2011 ) . # # # * * Locations * * | Country | First Administrative Division | Location | Planned | Actual | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Not Entered | Not Entered | Not Entered | | | # # * * < mark > Results < / mark > * * | * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name < br > Core < br > Unit of Measure | Baseline | Current | End Target | | | Value < br > Date | | | | | Comments | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 14-Nov-2011 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | | Approval Date | Signing Date | | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is measured as the number of coffee trees per sq km in 1999 , compiled from the Rwanda coffee census . We also include data on road density at the municipality level , average annual temperature , total precipitation , and coffee suitability . # * * 4 Empirical Strategy * * Our baseline specification is a difference-in-difference ( DID ) design , where we compare the differences in test scores of students who were exposed to coffee mills in early life to those born earlier in the community and hence not exposed to the mills in early life , with counterparts born in communities without a coffee mill . Essentially , our estimation strategy leverages plausibly exogenous variations in the establishments of the coffee mills across space and time ( see Figure 7", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 100, "text": "Rwanda coffee census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using a regression discontinuity design combined with three rounds of household survey data collected over a period of six years , we find strong markers for the program ’ s success in registering land in the targeted program area . Land registration , however , does not translate into agricultural investments or increased credit taking . Instead , treated households decrease their amount of agricultural labor , accompanied by only a small reduction of agricultural production and no changes to productivity . In line with this result , we observe that households decrease their sharecropped land holdings amid a surge in land valuations . The analysis also uncovers important within-household differences in how women and men respond differentially to the program . There appears to be a general shift to non-farm economic activities , and in particular women ’ s business profits increase considerably . Our results show that one key channel through which secure land rights can improve smallholders ’ welfare is through gains in allocative efficiency of productive resources . Resources , in the form of land and labor , spent on agricultural production are reduced and switched ( especially for women ) into non-farm enterprises . Combined with the increase in household wealth , this evidence provides a suggestion that improvements in land security through land registration may contribute to structural transformation . 22", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 91, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "center is expected to be completed in July 2018 . The CSA is in the process of developing a data center at headquarters that will be linked to the newly-built branch office buildings , which will house local servers for data collection and transfer to headquarters . This will also include Microsoft Products for the data center . Preparatory works for construction of 2 new branch offices ( Dessie and Adama ) are underway : A design consultancy firm has been hired to update the drawings of the upcoming branch office buildings . The bids for the construction works have been floated and a contractor is on process of being hired . The CSA is obtaining construction permit for both locations and work is expected to start in June 2018 . # # # # * * Component 2 : Statistical Data Development and Management : * * The activities under component 2 are progressing very well under the additional financing grant . 1 ) Development of National Business Register - The CSA is currently in the process of hiring a Statistical Business Register consultancy firm to follow up and further develop the pilot Business Register that was done under the Parent project ; 2 ) Agriculture Statistics - The CSA is currently preparing a TOR to hire a consultant to develop the irrigation and agricultural statistics methodology ; 3 ) Social / Poverty / Price Statistics - The Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey ( HCES ) was completed in 2016 . The AF supports the improvement of price statistics by rebasing the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) based on the 2016 HCES and updating the basket of items . The CSA is also preparing a TOR to hire a poverty statistics data development consultant ; 4 ) National Accounts Statistic - The CSA has extended the contract for the local consultant who is currently supporting the National Planning Commission ( NPC ) . An international consultant will additionally be hired under this AF and both consultants will work with IMF ’ s staff to support the NPC in rebasing the Ethiopian National Accounts . The CSA is also developing IT equipment preform as to develop NPC ’ s networking and", "spans": [{"start": 1359, "end": 1403, "text": "Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1547, "end": 1556, "text": "2016 HCES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Ethiopia < sup > b < / sup > | 9 | IBT | 3 . 68 | 0 . 67 | 0 . 23 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Mali | 1 | IBT with fixed < br > charge + VAT | 2 . 29 | 0 . 37 | 1 . 04 | | Niger | 1 | IBT | 3 . 97 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 37 | | Nigeria < sup > c < / sup > | 10 | Fixed rate / m < sup > 3 < / sup > , < br > some with a < br > fixed rate | 2 . 05 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 80 | | Uganda | 1 | Fixed rate / m < sup > 3 < / sup > | 1 . 89 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 86 | | El Salvador < sup > d < / sup > | 1 | VDT , with fixed < br > charge for 10 m < sup > 3 < / sup > < br > or less | 0 . 85 | 0 . 19 | 0 . 32 | | Jamaica < sup > e < / sup > | 1 | IBT | 2 . 51 | 0 . 55 | 1 . 69 | | Panama < sup > f < / sup > | 1 | IBT | 1 . 18 | 0 . 26 | 0 . 20 | | Bangladesh | 23 | Depends on < br > utility ( IBT , 16 < br > with flat rate ) | 0 . 49 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 26 | | Vietnam | 3 | IBT ( + VAT for < br > some ) | 2 . 70 | 0 . 62 | 0 . 38 | _Source : _ IBNET database , World Bank , and other resources . _Note : _ Since , there are no available data on OPEX cost-reflective tariffs for El Salvador and Jamaica , we use the value for", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 955, "text": "IBNET database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "120 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 116 | 41 | 677 | 41 | | * * Low income * * | 120 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 117 | 39 | 613 | 58 | | * * MENA * * | 116 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 115 | 44 | 664 | 24 | | * * developing * * < br > * * countries * * | 89 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 18 | 99 | 39 | 638 | 33 | Source : Doing Business Report 2011 , The World Bank Getting Credit : the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions through one set of indicators and the sharing of credit information through another . The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending . The depth of credit information index measures rules and practices affecting the coverage , scope and accessibility of credit information available through either a public credit registry or a private credit bureau . The public credit registry coverage indicator reports the number of individuals and firms listed in a public credit registry with information on their borrowing history from the past 5 years . The private credit bureau coverage indicator reports the number of individuals and firms listed by a private credit bureau with information on their borrowing history from the past 5 years . Enforcing contracts : the efficiency of the judicial system in resolving a commercial dispute . The list of procedural steps compiled for each economy traces the chronology of a commercial dispute before the relevant court . Time is recorded in calendar days , counted from the moment the plaintiff decides to file the lawsuit in court until payment . Cost is recorded as a percentage of the claim , assumed to be equivalent to 200 % of income per capita . 53", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 533, "text": "strength of legal rights index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 672, "end": 705, "text": "depth of credit information index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 889, "end": 930, "text": "public credit registry coverage indicator", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1082, "end": 1122, "text": "private credit bureau coverage indicator", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 long term perspective presented by Kuznets and others on Europe and the U . S . cannot be replicated for the nations of Africa , Asia and Latin America . Even the contemporary picture is difficult to piece together . Since 1984 , the World bank ' s , World Development Report ( WDR ) , lists both central Ge as a percentage of GNP ( WDR . 1987 , Table 23 ) and Gc as a share of GDP ( WDR , 1987 , Table 5 ) . The first series , drawn from the GFSY , excludes state , provincial and local government expenditures . The notes to the various tables contained in these sources all urge caution in making cross-country comparisons based on the data . Nonetheless , some basic trends are suggested . Of the 96 low and middle income economies listed in the 1987 WDR , 39 ( 74 ) provide government expenditure ( consumption ) data for both years considered : 1972 ( 1965 ) and 1985 . In this sample , the developing economies , as a group , possess smaller government spending shares than do the industrialized market economies ( Table 7 ) . But it is also evident that the proportion of government spending in developing economies bears little resemblance to the historical experience of the now industrialized nations . Using a narrower definition of government spending , the share of Gc out of GDP in 1985 for developing nations , generally , is already in double digits ( 82 % of cases ) . As noted above , this level was not reached by most advanced economies until the 1940 ' s and 1950 ' s ( Table 2 ) , when per capita income levels were already multiples of those of today ' s low and middle income nations . It , therefore , appears safe to conclude that if there is a \" pattern of development \" for government consumption , it is not particularly robust . 13", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 450, "text": "GFSY", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 6 < / sup > Therefore , if the welfare distribution changes , it should be good practice , whenever possible , to re-estimate the poverty line accordingly . Trivially , if rents are included in the welfare aggregate , but the poverty line is left unchanged , poverty will decrease . When both the poverty line and the original welfare distribution increase as a consequence of including rents in the welfare aggregate , the effect on poverty becomes unpredictable , unless the poverty line is relative , and rents are modeled following scenario ( ii ) . In this case , given that the poverty indices used in this analysis satisfy scale invariance , poverty will not change . The third indicator of well-being taken into account in this paper is shared prosperity . In 2013 , the World Bank adopted two new targets : ending extreme poverty by 2030 and promoting shared prosperity . The emphasis on reducing extreme poverty is in line with the commitment to eliminate extreme poverty enshrined in the first target of the Sustainable Development Goals , which were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 ( United Nations 2015 ) . Shared prosperity focuses on the less well-off more broadly . It is defined as the annualized growth rate of the average welfare of the bottom 40 percent of the population between two years and , where stands for the number of years between two data surveys . yy yy + ττ Let us define the average welfare aggregate at timeττ , for the bottom 40 percent of the population as < sup > , < / sup > Monitoring shared prosperity is challenging , as it requires building comparable welfare aggregates over time . For our purposes , the three scenarios we introduced before are here increased to nine , as summarized in Table 1 , depending on the prevalent rent-imputation scenario in each one of the observed years . > 5 Blades ( 2009 ) , for example , shows that the share of housing on total consumption is positively correlated to GDP per-capita . However , there is still no evidence that the share of housing on total consumption is correlated to the distribution of the welfare aggregate in developing countries", "spans": [{"start": 1379, "end": 1391, "text": "data surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * This paper brings enterprise-level empirical evidence to bear on the important policy debate regarding whether innovation-driven growth is inclusive . < sup > 1 < / sup > The conventional view is that the force of economic innovation mainly creates and commercializes sophisticated new-to-theworld frontier products . As such , the benefits of innovation are traditionally perceived to flow disproportionately to the investors in and managers of larger , technically sophisticated corporations ; highly skilled workers ; stakeholders with control over channels of distribution of inputs and outputs that are needed by technically sophisticated enterprises ; and ultimately higherincome households as consumers of innovative products . From this perspective , innovationdriven growth is not inclusive , at least not until that growth generalizes to portions of the economy beyond the sectors involved directly in innovation . We empirically explore an alternative view that innovation , especially in the context of development , should be recognized as applying to a broader range of non-replicative entrepreneurial accomplishments . Value and productivity-enhancing activities that commercialize ideas embedded in product , process , and organizational and marketing technologies that are new-to-the-firm and possibly new to the local economy , are apt to drive enterprise growth , even if they are not new-to-the-world . Such innovation-driven growth is indeed far more likely to be inclusive , in the sense of providing new employment and consumption opportunities for the segments of the population that are without secure prior participation in the organized developing economy . Local innovation and its consequent inclusive growth are apt to be enabled and spurred by the type of market competition that ensures opportunities for grass-roots entrepreneurs to access essential business services , as well as other required local inputs and distribution outlets . A secure , competitive market environment is especially important for vulnerable young firms , which may well have the most powerful collective potential for fast growth and job creation that is genuinely inclusive . This paper analyzes key linkages between competition , innovation , productivity and inclusive growth , both conceptually and empirically , using firm-level data across OECD and developing countries . The paper ‘ s principal empirical finding is that innovation and the resulting increases in productivity do lead , when spurred", "spans": [{"start": 2359, "end": 2374, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , have important side effects that make other economic institutions more efficient . Norton ( 1992 ) , using pooled time-series , cross-national data from 47 countries from post-World War II to 1977 , finds that telecommunications networks not only increase investment , but also increase the rate of economic growth . Aschauer ( 1989 , 1990 ) finds that road building increased economic growth in the United States . I This paper is the product of the research carried out by Susan Randolph , Zeljko Bogetic , and Dennis Heffley under the World Bank research project RPO-677-66 ' Enhancing Urban Productivity : Determinants of Optimal Expenditure on Infrastructure , Human Resources and Public Consumption Goods \" . It is the product of the Country Operations Division , Department One , Europe and Central Asia Region of the World * * Bank . * * In the course of this research many World Bank economists and researchers provided invaluable advice , input and data for this project . Particularly , we want to thank Shantayannan Devarajan , William Easterly , Gregory Ingram , Marianne Fay , and Kyu Sik Lee for valuable discussions and for sharing several important draft papers on the subject . In addition , we would like to thank Matthew Baker , Fareed Hassan , Stephen Onyiwu , Sergey Rumyantsev , Fadel-Rahman Sesay and Hemsanta Kum Shrestha for their contributions to data input and table preparation . The authors are solely responsible for the final product .", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 169, "text": "pooled time-series , cross-national data from 47 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "integration using price differentials between Juba and the other major towns as the inverse measure of integration . The paper then uses these estimates to compute the possible effects of changes in these drivers on poverty . The question on the poverty impact of market integration is important in South Sudan , which has one of the highest incidences of poverty in the world . Years of wars and instability , which continues unabated to this day , have killed thousands and profoundly affected all economic activities . This instability is compounded by an unfavorable location without access to the sea , unstable neighbors , and weak political institutions . The outcome is a country where more than half of the population is poor ( according to estimates from the 2009 household survey , which have likely worsened after the latest rounds of violence ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > Much of the population , including the poor , relies on markets for their basic consumption . Indeed South Sudan ’ s economy has a very low domestic production capacity – excluding oil . Before the oil closure , the oil sector represented around 66 percent of GDP , 98 percent of government > 1 For example , governments or parastatal agencies could affect the price structure for a commodity produced and consumed within the country through arbitrage by operating on small amounts of easily controlled trade flows ( Timmer , 1986 ) . > 2 World Bank ( 2011 ) , “ A Poverty Profile for the Southern States of Sudan ” . Africa Region , World Bank , and World Bank ( 2014 ) , “ South Sudan Poverty Note : Impact of a Continued Internal Conflict on Food Security and Poverty ” , World Bank .", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 790, "text": "2009 household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pertaining to all crop / livestock / fishing activity ) : - ( a ) only for sale / barter ; ( b ) mainly for sale / barter but some for own / family use ; ( c ) mainly for own / family use but some for sale / barter ; or ( d ) only for own / family use ? There are variations in question design — the Malawi survey asks boundary questions for each of the five most important crops ; the Nigeria , Ethiopia , and planned future LSMS-ISA surveys ask one question across all agricultural activities . The data across these surveys reflect similar trends , however . Table 1 shows that in both Malawi and Nigeria , own-use production activity in agriculture is high , and significantly higher for women than men ( for Nigeria , in the post-harvest round ) . Under the 19th ICLS standards , these individuals would no longer be considered self-employed in agriculture — Desiere and Costa ( 2018 ) also find that reported employment in agriculture in the Nigeria survey falls considerably under the new standards because of high shares of work in own-use production . Including separate questions in surveys on ownuse production can ensure that the significant time women spend in this work , particularly in poorer agricultural contexts , is not missed in employment surveys . Table 1 . Malawi and Nigeria LSMS-ISA : intended destination of own-farm products in last 7 days , men and women aged 15 + ( own-reporting sample ) | | Poo | r househ | olds < sup > ( b ) < / sup > | No | n-poor ho | useholds < sup > ( b ) < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Men < br > ( A ) | Women < br > ( B ) | Gender gap < br > ( A-B ) < sup > ( c ) < / sup > | Men < br > ( A ) | Women < br > ( B ) | Gender gap < br >", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 313, "text": "Malawi survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 426, "end": 442, "text": "LSMS-ISA surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 948, "end": 962, "text": "Nigeria survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) | * * ORIGINAL WORKS * * < br > * * REVISED WORKS * * | | - - - | | Flood lights ( 3No . ) < br > Shauri Yako | | Caleb – Wings of Change | | Nairobi Road - Chief - Wing road ( Part of chief Caleb < br > Catholic Road and Major Wings of change Road ) | | Roads and drainage | | Street lighting < br > Sangoro / Swahili | | Flood lights ( 1No . ) < br > Water reticulation | | Disclosure Copy < br > he reduction of the scope was not seen to introduce new impacts to the project . Impacts were < br > reduce based on the re-scoping . < br > * * b ) * * * * RAP Updates * * < br > With the re-scoping of the project to exclude some components of the project , there was an u < br > n the Survey of the settlements within which the project was to be implemented . A re-surveyin < br > meant to identify any new PAPs following the re-scoping and an update of the RAP was import < br > onfirm that the previous RAP was effectively implemented . , the review and update of the < br > eport was important to identify any changes in impacts on the settlement . Completion of pla < br > nd surveying in some settlements which established and < br > * * c ) * * * * Update of Project Safeguard Framework documents for KISIP2 : ESMF , RPF , VM * * < br > * * SMP , and SEF * * < br > fter the initial ESIA was done and the EIA license for the project was issued , there was identi < br > need to", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 904, "text": "Survey of the settlements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _4 . 1 . 2 . Empirical strategy_ * * In order to make use of the retrospective information on school attendance provided in the dataset , we have constructed what we have called an _ ‘ ad hoc panel ’ _ , whereby we exploit the time-variation of the variables of interests ( age , attendance status and grade attained by the respondents ) by reshaping the cross-sectional structure of the TLSS 2001 dataset . In this way , we are able to obtain observations for each individual over three academic years . All key education variables are timevariant , while other individuals and households characteristics are time-invariant . Within these three years , we focus our analysis on individuals that were of primary school age ( between 7 and 12 years old ) in each year . In practice , we keep all children aged at minimum 7 years old in 1998 and at maximum 12 years old in 2000 . As a consequence , our panel data contains children aged 8-11 years in 1999 , the year of the violence . < sup > 11 < / sup > Since we are interested in looking at different effects across groups of individuals , we have split the sample between boys and girls and between younger children ( aged 8-9 in 1999 ) and older children ( aged 10-11 in 1999 ) . We estimate the following equation : where are our outcome variables , i . e . attendance rate ( which is a binary variable < sup > 12 < / sup > ) or grade deficit . and are year dummies respectively for year 2 , the year of the 1999 violence , and for year 3 , the first year of the post-conflict period . The model includes individual fixed effects , . The variable is the random error . All standard errors are clustered at the village level . As discussed above , we identify violence-affected individuals using two different measures , , with _j = 1 , 2_ depending on which measure is included in the specification . The first one is whether the individual was displaced with the whole household . The second is whether the individual reports that her house was", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 411, "text": "TLSS 2001 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Kenya & EHAGL RB Economic Advisory Unit January 2023_ # # # * * Key statistics across population groups with sectoral recommendations from Socioeconomic Survey ( SES ) series * * | | | | * * CAMPS * * | | * * URB * * | * * AN * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * POPUL * * | * * ATION * * | * * Kalobeyei * * < br > * * Refugees * * < br > ( SES 2018 ) | * * Kakuma * * < br > * * Refugees * * < br > ( SES 2019 ) | * * Turkana * * < br > * * Hosts * * < br > ( KIHBS 2015 ) | * * Refugees * * < br > ( SES 2020 ) | * * Hosts * * < br > ( KIHBS < br > 2015 ) | * * RECOMMENDATIONS * * | | | Gender | Men ( 50 % ) < br > Women < br > ( 50 % ) | Men ( 54 % ) < br > Women < br > ( 46 % ) | Men ( 52 % ) < br > Women ( 48 % ) | Men ( 51 % ) < br > Women ( 49 % ) | Men ( 52 % ) < br > Women ( 48 % ) | | | | Age | Below 18 : < br > 71 % < br > Above 64 : < br > 0 . 6 % | Below 18 : < br > 61 % < br > Above 64 : < br > 0 . 4 % | Below 18 : 60 % < br > Above 64 : 0 . 4 % | Below 18 : < br > 45 % < br", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 166, "text": "Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the generally low savings capacity in Colombia compared to other countries < sup > 48 < / sup > . A simultaneous survey of banked and unbanked people in Mexico City revealed that 45 % of the total population held financial savings and 47 % of the unbanked were savers . The considerable difference in savings capacity between Bogotá and Mexico City can be attributed to the generally low savings capacity in Colombia . However , the numbers need to be treated with caution due to certain limitations of the Bogotá survey < sup > 49 < / sup > . 19 . * * Informal savings instruments are used by both banked and unbanked individuals . * * Informal savings are used by 13 % of the population in Bogotá , compared to 39 % of the population in Mexico City . In Bogotá and in Mexico City , banked individuals outnumber the unbanked in their use of informal savings services . As Table 3 . 2 shows , 19 % of banked individuals in Bogotá ( 7 . 5 % of the total sample ) use informal savings , twice as much as the unbanked , with 9 % usage of informal savings services ( corresponding to 5 . 4 % of the total sample ) . 20 . * * The majority of the unbanked saves at home . * * Home savings is used three times more frequently by unbanked persons than by the banked population , while other forms of informal savings are as likely to be used by persons with bank accounts as without . There was no notable difference between unbanked and banked regarding the use of “ _tandas_ ” ( savings clubs with friends ) , savings clubs at stores and other organizations and loans to friends and families . 21 . * * The cost of informal savings is high . * * Informal savings systems do not offer interest , so that savings lose value with inflation . In the case of savings clubs and “ lay-away plans ” at stores , informal savings can be shown to lose a margin in excess of the inflationary loss , since savings are frequently traded in for certain items sold above list price . In addition", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 149, "text": "simultaneous survey of banked and unbanked people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 507, "end": 520, "text": "Bogotá survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Pt_ is the aggregate price level at time t . Demand for the products of each sector can be derived : Consumption of good i strictly decreases with its relative price , and strictly increases with real income . And the model assumes income elasticity for the four sectors satisfy the following : This assumption draws upon various estimates of sectoral income elasticities from existing literature ( Comin , Lashkari , and Mestieri 2021 ; Young 2013 ; Aguiar and Bils 2015 ) . As incomes rise , consumer expenditure patterns tend to shift from goods to services , reflecting a growing preference for experiences over material possessions . Food exhibits the lowest income elasticity , as even the wealthiest individuals have finite nutritional needs . Similarly , manufactured goods have a limited income elasticity , as the utility gained from owning multiple TVs , smartphones , or cars diminishes beyond a certain point . The challenge lies in estimating the income elasticity for high skill services . First , a major portion of financial services , ICT services , professional , scientific , and technical services primarily cater to businesses rather than individual consumers , making it difficult to derive income elasticity from household expenditure surveys . As an economy ’ s real income level increases , businesses become more sophisticated , driving up demand for these services to enhance productivity . Second , households often consume such services indirectly through other products or services , making it challenging to isolate and accurately measure the expenditure on these services . Third , some of these services like legal and accounting services are purchased infrequently , such expenses often fall out of the regular expenditures that surveys typically focus on . Fourth , some digital services could be accessed for free or through non-monetary means ( e . g . , data sharing ) , which is not captured in traditional expenditure surveys . By far the highest income elasticity is observed in non-tradable , low-skill services including housing , education , healthcare , tourism , and personal services . Aguiar and M . Bils ( 2015 ) estimated that income elasticity in US households is 0 . 4-0 . 5 for food , 1-1 . 5 for manufactured goods , 1 . 2-1", "spans": [{"start": 1238, "end": 1267, "text": "household expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1948, "end": 1967, "text": "expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "efects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Commune fxed efects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Individual controls | - | - | Yes | Yes | Note : Panel A shows the event-study estimates of the aggregate effect of COVID-19 on household business outcome variables . The coefficients are estimated following Equation 1 . Panel B presents the estimated effect for each month after January 2020 . The coefficients are estimated following Equation 2 . Data on household business suspension and closure filings are obtained from the Household Business Tax Census . Data on individual work hours and income are obtained from the Vietnamese Labor Force Surveys . Monthly income is detrended from pre-COVID linear trend and residualized from individual observables including age , gender , educational level , and occupation level . Standard errors are clustered at the commune level and are presented in parentheses . * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . 18", "spans": [{"start": 512, "end": 541, "text": "Household Business Tax Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 607, "end": 637, "text": "Vietnamese Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- TAGP RPCU-77361-GO - < br > RFB / Fruit Seed / Mango & < br > Avocado ) | IDA / 56050 | Agriculture Marketing and < br > Value Chains < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 17 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-08 < br > 2018 | - 12-08 < br > 2018-10-13 | | 2018-11-12 | 2019-02-08 < br > 2018-11-27 < br > 2 | 019-02-01 < br > 2018-12-17 | 2019-02-15 | | ET-TAGP RPCU-77362-GO - < br > RFB / IT Equipment to < br > strengthen FTC data < br > management | IDA / 56050 | Agricultural Public Support < br > Services < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 53 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-08 < br > 2018 | - 12-08 < br > 2018-10-13 | | 2018-11-12 | 2019-01-08 < br > 2018-11-27 < br > 2 | 019-01-30 < br > 2018-12-17 | 2019-04-16 | | ET-TAGP RPCU-41284-GO - < br > DIR / Tomato seedlings ( The < br > justification for the direct < br > contracting is uploaded on < br > the system ) | IDA / 56050 | Small Scale Irrigation < br > P | rior | Direct Selection | Direct | | 4 , 800 . 00 |", "spans": [{"start": 492, "end": 500, "text": "FTC data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "column ( 4 ) of Table 3 . Predictions from diaries are also subject to a large variance , which is the takeaway message from Panel A of Figure 5 . It follows that when aggregate statistics such as poverty rates or inequality are of interest , recall data yield more reliable figures than diary interviews . On the bright side , diary errors present important similarities with classical errors in measurement . This conclusion can be reached by noticing that the error densities in Panel B of Figure 5 are reasonably stable across households with different levels of consumption . Column ( 5 ) of Table 3 also shows that MSE varies little across consumption percentiles . By taking logs , we conclude that log _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > is centered below log _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > and has variance approximately independent of log _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > , which is a finding with important implications for applied research . < sup > 15 < / sup > # * * 5 . 2 Consumption Measurements and the Frequency of Purchases * * Large deviations from the mean in diary error distributions in Figure 5 can hardly be explained by the misreporting of diary entries , as respondents are assisted by frequent visits from enumerators . The most likely explanation is differences between acquisition in the diary week and the household ’ s usual consumption _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > . As mentioned in the Introduction , one possible reason for these differences is acquisition patterns arising from stock inflows or consumption out of existing stocks . The practical question then arises of whether diary errors would be substantially lower if one could adjust for stock inflows and outflows , as in Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) or Sharp et al . ( 2019 ) . Although theory implies a negative answer unless household consumption is smoothed exactly across weeks ( that is , the case _τ_ = 1 in the consumer demand model ) , this ultimately remains an empirical matter . As we cannot observe stock inflows and outflows during the diary week ,", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 254, "text": "recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 15 ( 2 ) , 245-295 . < / mark > - < mark > Afridi F . , Dinkelman T . , Mahajan K . ( 2018 ) . Why are Fewer Married Women Joining the Work Force in India ? A Decomposition Analysis over Two Decades . Journal of Population Economics 31 ( 3 ) : 783 – 818 . < / mark > - < mark > Ahmed , T . , & Sen , B . ( 2018 ) . Conservative outlook , gender norms and female wellbeing : Evidence from rural Bangladesh . World Development , 111 , 41-58 . < / mark > - < mark > Akter , S . , & Chindarkar , N . ( 2020 ) . An empirical examination of sustainability of women ’ s empowerment using panel data from India . The Journal of Development Studies , 56 ( 5 ) , 890-906 . < / mark > - < mark > Amir , S . , Kotikula , A . , Pande , R . , Bossavie , L . L . Y . , and Khadka , U . ( 2018 ) . Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan : What Do We Know ? . World Bank , Washington , DC . < / mark > - < mark > Anukriti , S . , & Dasgupta , S . ( 2017 ) . Marriage markets in developing countries . The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy , 97-120 . < / mark > - < mark > Arnab , A . T . , & Siraj , M . S . ( 2020 ) . Child Marriage in Bangladesh : Policy and Ethics . Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics , 11 ( 1 ) , 24 – 34 . < / mark > < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 3329 / bioethics . v11i1 . 49193 < / u > 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 3 : Share of each type of occupation by migration status Panel a . Natives Panel b . Migrants < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 . 1 % 11 . 0 % 5 . 1 % 9 . 8 % < br > Non-telework Non-telework < br > 21 . 5 % 21 . 6 % < br > 15 . 5 % 22 . 5 % < br > 16 . 1 % 18 . 0 % < br > Non-essential Non-essential < br > 11 . 3 % F2F 8 . 5 % F2F < br > 13 . 8 % 10 . 2 % < br > 5 . 7 % 4 . 2 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > C . Migrants from Western Europe D . Migrants from Eastern Europe E . Migrants outside Europe < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 7 . 4 % 9 . 0 % 3 . 6 % 11 . 7 % 5 . 0 % 9 . 4 % < br > Non-telework Non-telework Non-telework < br > 17 . 7 % 29 . 3 % 20 . 3 % < br > 15 . 8 % 23 . 3 % 24 . 3 % < br > 17 . 5 % 14 . 9 % 19 . 2 % < br > Non-essential Non-essential Non-essential < br > 13 . 2 % F2F 6 . 9 % F2F 7 . 6 % F2F < br > 13 . 9 % 7 . 4 % 10 . 1 % < br > 5 . 5 % 3 . 0 % 4 . 2 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own elaboration based on data from the 2018 EU-LFS and combining Dingel and Neiman ( 2020 ) , RioChanona et al ( 2020 ) and Avdiu and Nayyar ( 2020 ) methodologies . 36", "spans": [{"start": 1007, "end": 1018, "text": "2018 EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to closure by their second follow-up . Our paper builds on this work and not only shows no significant spillovers , but significant growth at the market level . The remainder of the paper is structured as follows : Section 2 discusses the selection of our sample and randomization procedure ; Section 3 the training and mentoring interventions ; Section 4 our data collection and estimation approach ; Section 5 impacts on primary and secondary outcomes ; Section 6 mechanisms for these results ; Section 7 cost-effectiveness ; and Section 8 concludes . # * * 2 . Selection of the Sample , Randomization Procedure , and Baseline Characteristics * * # * * 2 . 1 Selecting a Sample * * A participatory process involving the ILO , government ministries , and organizations serving female entrepreneurs < sup > 1 < / sup > was used to select four counties for the study : Kakamega and Kisii in the Western region , and Embu and Kitui in the Eastern region . These regions are largely rural , with an average population for each county of approximately 1 million , and the majority of the population below the poverty line . In each of the four counties , field staff from Innovations for Poverty Action , Kenya , mapped out all market centers deemed as “ medium ” or “ large ” outside of the main cities and conducted a market census of all female-owned businesses between June and November 2013 ( see timeline in Appendix 1 ) . After listing , an eligibility filter was applied ( Appendix 2 ) and a baseline survey administered to 3 , 537 individuals located in 157 separate markets . These markets are typically small and remote , largely consisting of women < sup > 2 < / sup > operating a limited variety of businesses such as selling fruits , vegetables , grains , and dried fish products from tables ; and offering services like hairdressing , dressmaking and small food kiosks . The market is a designated place in the village , and authorities typically build several stalls for the sellers to display > 1 Stakeholders consulted included the Department of Micro and Small Enterprise Development ( DMSED ) of the Ministry of Labour ,", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1360, "text": "market census of all female-owned businesses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> < br > 23 . EX . OP . NGO | | | | _ < br > J < br > a < br > n | ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a < br > 21-29 , 97 < br > | | AS | I | | | 0 _ < br > J < br > u < br > | n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u < br > 30-Jul 17 , 98 | Ec_ + 8others | | s | | FAv-22 < br > Fiania | An . AlS . < br > i < br > _ > n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a | 2xTPr < br > SPrcuemn < br > 23-Feb 5 , 99 | 12EC . EX . OP | ¢ | S | I / Key to types of expertise : Ag = Agricufturalist In = Institutions and Management AS = Agricultural Services ME = Monitoring and Evaluation Di = Dibursement NGO = NGO specialist EG = Economist NRM = Natural Resource Management Ex = Extension Op = Operations Officer FA = Financial Analyst Pr = Procurement FM = Financial Management Tr = Education and Training 2 / Performance Ratings recorded in Form 590slPSRs and in the ICR : HS = Highly unsatisfactory ; U = Unsatisfactory ; S = Satisfactory 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reliable means of transport and the locals are forced to trek long distances on foot , whereas , woreda administrative towns and urban areas in the woreda have public transportation service . * * All * * the Subproject woredas have access telecommincation service , except in few remote rural kebeles in some Subproject impact woredas where network connection is relatively poor , otherwise , the overall telecommunication service in most Subproject urban and rural areas is considered as very good . Generally mobile phone become important source of communication and widely used * * by * * the population of all Subproject impact woredas . Women in Ethiopia constitute half of the country ' s population and they actively involved in all aspects of their society ' s life . Women are both producers and procreators and they are also active participants in the social , political , and cultural activities of their communities . However , Ethiopian women are disproportionately represented among the poorest people in the country . This is mainly due to the fact that , the important roles women play in all spheres of life have not been recognized and accepted well * * by * * majority of the population as well as the existing formal and informal institutions . The underlying factors for the situation are diverse but many studies attribute to the discriminatory political , economic and social rules and regulations prevailing in the country have barred women from enjoying the fruits of their hard work or labor . Without equal opportunities , they have lagged behind men in all fields of self-advancement . The life of women in Subproject impact woredas are also not dfifferent from the situation of women in the country . According to information collected from woreda women and children affairs , like women in other parts of the country , women in Subproject impact areas engage more hours on work as compared with their counterpart men both at home and outside of home . For instance , they take time on activities like food preparation , child care , home care , fetching of water , fuel", "spans": [{"start": 1770, "end": 1803, "text": "woreda women and children affairs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 overtime . < sup > 7 < / sup > Over the years , emergency support for drought relief has been provided through several projects : following the 1973 / 74 drought the Drought Areas Rehabilitation Project ( Cr . 485 ) ; following the 1982 / 84 drought the Drought Recovery Program ( Cr . 1576 ) ; and most recently , following the 2002 / 2003 drought the Emergency Drought Recovery Project ( henceforth EDRP ) ( IDA-H0280 ) . The latter project is the subject of this assessment . # # # # * * Project Context * * 1 . 3 In 2002 Ethiopia was hit by one of the worst famines the country has experienced . The failure of short term rains ( _belg_ ) in February-March of that year in the northern and central parts of Ethiopia , followed by a prolonged dry spell between the short and the main rains ( _mehe_ r ) created severe food insecurity for millions of people in the country . About 44 percent of the country was affected by the drought and some traditionally food surplus _woredas_ ( districts ) suffered from rainfall irregularity and uneven distribution . Box 1 shows the regional impact of the drought . The drought affecting Ethiopia in that year was part of a regional pattern as there was delayed onset and deficient rain in other neighboring countries as well : Eritrea , Sudan , Uganda , and parts of Kenya ( USAID 2002 ) . Both Malawi and Zambia also experienced droughts in 2001 / 2002 which led to widespread starvation and malnutrition in the affected populations . > 7 IEG ‘ s recent Country Assistance Evaluation for the period 1998-2006 reported that Ethiopia is among the World Bank ‘ s largest IDA-eligible borrowers in Sub-Saharan Africa for a total net commitment of US $ 2 billion as of end-FY07 ( IEG 2008 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", independent of SSA ’ s higher baseline poverty rates . Two other issues need to be addressed before we can have reasonable confidence in the results presented so far . The first relates to surveys not adequately capturing rich households . One might argue that if richer households in Africa have higher consumption growth but are inadequately captured by household surveys , the lower passthrough between GDP growth and survey mean consumption growth in Africa may be due to sampling biases rather than a genuine lower effect of economic growth on household welfare . < sup > 18 < / sup > Replicating the analysis by focusing on the passthrough between GDP growth and survey median consumption ( which should be less affected by inadequate coverage of the rich ) shows a similar pattern , with the interaction term between growth in GDP per capita and the SSA dummy being negative ( _-0 . 56_ ) and statistically significant with a p . value of _0 . 011_ . It is thus unlikely that under coverage of rich households can explain the lower passthrough between economic growth and household welfare in SSA . The second issue relates to the quality of national accounts . If lower income countries , many of which are in Africa , measure growth less well due to a variety of constraints , the associations between GDP growth and poverty reduction may be driven by quality issues . While it is not possible to completely dispel this concern , Angrist et al . ( 2021 ) do not find evidence that growth is on average measured less well in developing countries . We also tried to check the role of data quality by including the score on the World > 16 Replicating this analysis on all 1 , 604 consecutive spells gives a similar result , with the passthrough between household consumption from national accounts and household consumption from surveys being much lower in SSA . > 17 The concept of “ semi-elasticities ” has been proposed to address this , but arguably suffers from the reverse issue ( a country with a baseline poverty rate of 9 percent cannot achieve a 10 percentage-point poverty reduction , while a poorer country with baseline poverty of 60 percent can )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . 3 . Additional Methodological Parameters Over-time comparability . ISATs and RSATs have been designed to be comparable since the late 1990s and early 2000s . Thus , the use of these modern assessments enables comparability over time . Time Intervals . While this is one of the largest and most comprehensive comparable learning outcomes database produced to date , it is still sparse given limited test frequency . In past databases we smoothed time intervals over 5-year periods . This produced continuously spaced intervals , was designed to reduce noise by averaging results within these intervals and was comparable to the Barro-Lee approach for years of schooling . In this update , we have moved away from this approach . We now provide the year of the Reference Test X as documented in official reports . Since the doubloon index is a fixed conversion rate over a given interval , we produce a score for Anchor Test Y in the same year as Reference Test X . This enables greater granularity and precision of the data and enables the users of the database to make trade-offs at their discretion . Schooling Levels . We construct a score for each grade and pool across grades within each schooling level to produce primary and secondary school scores . We include the default grade for TIMSS as the anchor grades across levels : grade 4 for primary and grade 8 for secondary . If we have data for additional grades , we include the closest grade with a preference for older grades since learning trajectories are steepest in the early years of learning introducing more scope for grade bias at earlier grades . If we have multiple test scores , we include the closest grade , and exclude the rest , rather than averaging . For example , we include PASEC grade 5 scores and exclude grade 2 scores . We include SACMEQ grade 6 scores along with PIRLS grade 4 scores at primary . If the test is designed for an age group ( for example , PISA ) we code it at the schooling level ( for example , secondary for PISA ) . Conceptually , the broader categories of primary and secondary scores enable us to categorize learning at critical schooling", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 351, "text": "comparable learning outcomes database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of beneficiaries entailed cross-tabulation of the indicator to determine whether the respondent had ever used the maternal health voucher by household wealth index among women who participated in the 2010 – 11 survey . Analysis of health service utilization that considered births occurring before and after the voucher program was initiated among voucher clients ( women who had used the maternal health voucher ) and nonvoucher clients . The impact of the program on health service utilization was determined by the difference-in-differences estimate — that is , the difference in changes over time between voucher and nonvoucher clients ( Gertler et al . 2010 ) . The difference-in-differences estimate was obtained both from a simple comparison of changes in proportions utilizing services as well as from an estimation of multilevel , randomintercept , logit models , due to the hierarchical nature of the data . The multilevel logit models include an interaction term between the indicator of whether a voucher or nonvoucher client gave birth and the period of occurrence ( birth before or after the program started ) . The models controlled for maternal age at birth , education level , marital status , place and duration of residence , religious affiliation , poverty status , parity , birth order , and sex of child . The impact of the program on out-of-pocket expenses involved a simple difference-indifferences comparison of changes in the proportions paying for delivery , and an estimation of multilevel , random-intercept , logit models predicting the likelihood of paying for delivery at any public or private facility . With respect to equity , the analysis examined the gap in the use of maternal health services by poor and nonpoor women in villages with and without a voucher client in the five years preceding the 2010 – 11 survey . The impact of the program on reducing inequity was examined by performing a simple comparison of the difference in the proportions of poor and nonpoor women using the services in villages with and without a voucher client , and an estimation of multilevel random-intercept models . The multilevel logit models included interaction terms between the survey year and whether a voucher client was resident in the village at follow-up . The models control for maternal age at birth of the", "spans": [{"start": 1835, "end": 1851, "text": "2010 – 11 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is a sensible one under these circumstances , it is clearly strong . In a recent survey of commodity price impacts , Brambilla and Porto ( 2009 ) argue that the pass-through from international food prices is generally well short of 100 percent . In addition , spatial heterogeneity in infrastructure , transport costs , and market structures within countries often causes non-trivial regional differences in prices , even inside a given country . ( We will see below that this is definitely true of Brazil in 2008 . ) Imperfect pass-through and regional price variation suggest the need for detailed data on changes in consumer prices _within_ developing countries during the food price shock period . Reliance on the time series of world prices for a few key commodities also > 4 Estimates of substitution effects such as those of Friedman and Levinsohn ( 2002 ) and Robles and Torero ( 2010 ) are also possibly subject to bias , by ignoring substitution along the quality , rather than quantity , margin . See McKelvey ( 2011 ) and Gibson and Kim ( 2011 ) . Implications of quality substitution for the estimation of welfare effects rather than simply quantity or calorie elasticities remains a subject for future work .", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 114, "text": "survey of commodity price impacts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 718, "end": 745, "text": "time series of world prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 . * * Ensure that any major * * ESHS * * or * * OHS * * incidents are reported to the client and the supervision engineer immediately . # # # * * Training * * * * 10 . * * The managers are responsible to : - * * i . * * Ensure that the * * OHS * * Management Plan is implemented , with suitable training required for all staff , including sub-contractors and suppliers ; and , - * * ii . * * Ensure that staff have a suitable understanding of the * * CESMP * * and are trained as appropriate to implement the * * CESMP * * requirements . - I * * t . All * * managers are required to attend an induction manager training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure that they are familiar with their roles and responsibilities in upholding the GBV and * * VAC * * elements of these Codes of Conduct . This training will be separate from the induction training course required of all employees and will provide managers with the necessary understanding and technical support needed to begin to develop the GBV and * * VAC * * Action Plan for addressing GBV and * * VAC * * issues . 12 . Managers are required to attend and assist with the project facilitated monthly training courses for all employees . Managers will be required to introduce the trainings and announce the self-evaluations , including collecting satisfaction surveys to evaluate training experiences and provide advice on improving the effectiveness of training . * * 13 . * * Ensure that time is provided during work hours and that staff prior to commencing work on site attend the mandatory project facilitated induction training on : * * i . OHS * * and * * ESHS ; * * and , * * ii . * * GBV and * * VAC * * required of all employees . 14 . During civil works , ensure that staff attend ongoing * * OHS * * and * * ESHS * * training", "spans": [{"start": 1319, "end": 1339, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The Worldwide Governance Indicators : * * # * * Methodology and 2024 Update * * Daniel Kaufmann * and Aart Kraay * * The World Bank * President Emeritus , Natural Resource Governance Institute , and Senior Fellow at Results for Development and The Brookings Institution ; * * Chief Economist , Prosperity Practice Group , World Bank akraay @ worldbank . org . The data for the Worldwide Governance Indicators are available at www . govindicators . org . A note on self-citation : _This paper draws extensively on our earlier joint work over the past 25 years to design , implement , and assess the WGI methodology . In addition to the 2024 update of the WGI discussed in this paper , the limited new or updated analysis in this paper is clearly indicated as such . The remainder of the paper should be viewed as a summary of our previous work and not original research . A full listing of our earlier working papers and journal articles on the WGI is included in the references of this paper . _ A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at < u > htps : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org . The views expressed here are the authors ’ and do not reflect the official < / u > views of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 41, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approved by the NT . Although this DLI has been reportedly achieved , it has not yet been verified by the Independent Verification Agent . Therefore the team is keeping the status of this DLI unchanged for the time being . ► DLI 13 DLR 3b : UAT for upgraded e-procurement system and state procurement portal complete ( Output , 4 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No < br > No | No | Yes | | Date | - - < br > 30-Jan-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | - - | | * * Comments * * | The review of the business processes , technical spec < br > development and installation of the system have been < br > for their review and concurrence . The NT anticipates t < br > installation of the system will take place in October 20 < br > development , installation , commissioning and roll-out < br > indicated in the 2020 / 21 Budget Statement . | ifications , and the Bidding Do < br > completed and will be subm < br > hat the solicitation of bids for < br > 20 . The NT expects to have t < br > of the e-GP system awarded | cument for the < br > itted to the Ministry of ICT < br > the development and < br > he contract for the < br > by December 2020 as | ► DLI 14 DLR3c : Number of MDAs using the e-procurement system in compliance with the PPADA and attendant regulations for the full fiscal year and procurement data disclosed in SPP following OCDS ( Outcome , 15 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous )", "spans": [{"start": 1404, "end": 1420, "text": "procurement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". We use a pixel size of 100m . We collected data on the NRES version of the BUILT-V product that only include non-residential built up area in the calculation of the built volume . For each city in our data we calculate the standard deviation in the BUILT-V-NRES value across the BUILT-V-NRES cells within that city . We normalize this value by dividing by the sum of the BUILT-V-NRES values within the city . * * Country-level income – * * We use data from the World Bank World Development indicators to measure country level GDP per capita ( constant 2015 US $ ) when we examine the correlation between pollution averaged across the entire country and income averaged across the entire country . We also use the Urban population ( % of total population ) at the country level in the same analysis . Data available here : ` https : / / data . worldbank . org / ` . * * Data for additional heterogeneity analyses – * * In our analysis of heterogeneity by primary source of pollution we use data from the EU EDGAR database on the amount of PM2 _ . _ 5 emitted from various different sources on a global grid . We assign grid points to countries ( or cities ) and calculate the total PM2 _ . _ 5 emissions from each category of source in the EDGAR data ( e . g . air transportation ) . We then aggregate into broad categories ( e . g . transportation , industry , etc . ) . We then determine the primary source of emissions by summing all the categories and choosing the category that accounts for the largest share of the total . Data available here : ` https : / / edgar . jrc . ec . europa . eu / ` . For heterogeneity by history of colonization and equatorial location we assemble indicators for each country based on a review of the country ’ s history of colonization 14", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 502, "text": "World Bank World Development indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1005, "end": 1022, "text": "EU EDGAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1241, "end": 1251, "text": "EDGAR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Refugee elections are overseen by DRS , with active participation and support from UNHCR and partners , with the elections establishing leadership structures overseeing particular geographic areas in both camps and urban settings . Due attention is paid to representation of women , youth and persons with specific needs , including persons living with disabilities . Meetings of elected community leaders take place monthly and are attended by representatives of UNHCR , DRS and other relevant partners . A number of additional committees , including on GBV , child protection , food , sanitation and shelter , provide avenues for consultation on specific issues . In addition , the Community Peace and Protection Teams ( CPPTs ) have been established to support security and safety in the camps in close coordination with the police and DRS . The Refugees Act , 2021 clearly expresses a commitment by the Government towards hearing the views of refugee communities , including through a provision directing national and county governments to ensure the inclusion of refugee matters in the formulation and initiation of sustainable development and environmental plans . Refugees , asylum-seekers and certain communities of stateless persons were included in the national population census , which was last conducted in August 2019 , though reports produced did not provide statistics or other information relating to these groups . Discussions are ongoing to ensure the inclusion of these populations in the Huduma Bill , which involves the largest set of changes to the legal framework governing Kenya ’ s identification system since before independence . If enacted , the Bill would become the single law anchoring birth and death registration , providing a unique identifier for each person , issuing documentation including identity cards , and overseeing the governance of the National Integrated Identity < u > Management System ( NIIMS ) . < / u > Section 35 of the Refugees Act , 2021 confirms that national and county governments should ensure that “ refugee matters are taken into consideration in the initiation and formulation of sustainable development and environmental plans , ” and in this regard the County Integrated Development Plans ( CIDPs ) serve as an important framework for planning and resource mobilization in refugee -", "spans": [{"start": 1263, "end": 1289, "text": "national population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to estimate poverty among refugees even in the absence of income or consumption data ( Dang and Verme , 2021 , Beltramo et al . , 2021 ) . The mobile nature of refugees and IDPs also lends itself to experimenting with new methodologies to measure poverty with alternative methods such as mobile phones ( Blumenstock et al . , 2015 ; Pape et al . 2020 , Wieser et al . , 2021 ) , or satellite imagery and remote sensing data ( Abelson et al . , 2014 ; Neal et al . , 2016 ) . For example , night lights or types of infrastructures captured by satellite imagery can provide gross estimates of poverty . In essence , poverty measurement among FD populations benefits from decades of developments in the poverty measurement field , but also provides new opportunities to expand the field because of the atypical characteristics of these populations . > 5 Note that many microdata sets are present in both the WB and the UNHCR microdata libraries . 6", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 880, "text": "microdata sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 916, "end": 941, "text": "UNHCR microdata libraries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) At least 3 actions were completed and reported in the online DLI verification tool with evidence also uploaded . And this information captures health , education , water and environment and Irrigation ( under Comments agriculture ) as per the UgIFT Program additional financing . 3a : Improvement in the LG performance in the management of service delivery and investments ~ ~ < u > IN01298964 < / u > ~ ~ ► Improvement in LG Management Performance Overall ( in Education , Health and Cross-cutting Areas ) ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | Yes . | Yes . | Yes ( Education , < br > health , water , and < br > environment , micro - < br > irrigation , cross-cutting < br > areas ) . | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 29-Jun-2024 | | Comments | Assessment based o | n LGPA Report 2022 ( FY2020 / 2021 | ) . | | 3b : Improvement in LG performance in the management of resources in the worst performing LGs ~ ~ < u > IN01298967 < / u > ~ ~ ► Improvement in LG management performance in the worst performing LGs ( in Education , Health and Cross-cutting Areas ) ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1041, "text": "LGPA Report 2022", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "32 students dropping out of school altogether . However , we suspect that this would not be a quantitatively important factor . To see this , note that data from UNESCO ( 2020a ) suggest that in LICs ( MICs ) 0 _ . _ 7 % ( 0 _ . _ 3 % ) of primary students and 1 _ . _ 8 % ( 1 _ . _ 4 % ) of secondary students were “ at risk ” of dropping out due to the pandemic ( see Web Appx . Table A . 5 for the full details ) . Suppose 2 % of students drop out of school due to the pandemic and , to be conservative , assume that they drop out randomly . Average schooling in the LICs ( MICs ) is 6 ( 8 ) years , so random dropouts imply an additional 6 _ × _ 0 _ . _ 02 = 12 % ( 8 _ × _ 0 _ . _ 02 = 16 % ) of schooling lost , or 6 % ( 8 % ) if we spread it over the 2 years of the pandemic . For LICs , this moves the magnitude of the schooling shock from 0 _ . _ 28 to 0 _ . _ 34 . Figure 5 ( c ) shows that this would increase the welfare cost of the COVID pandemic in the LIC from 1 _ . _ 5 to 1 _ . _ 6 percent , still far from the 2 _ . _ 5 percent in the HICs and the 2 _ . _ 2 percent in the MIC . For MICs , the schooling shock would increase from 0 _ . _ 33 to 0 _ . _ 41 and the welfare cost would only increase from 2 _ . _ 2 to 2 _ . _ 3 percent ( Figure 5 ( b ) ) . Likewise , the data from UNESCO ( Web Appx . Table A . 5 ) suggest that dropouts are likely to be similar between males and females across the three income groups . Given that the number of at-risk students exceeds the number of likely dropouts , and that at-risk students were likely not", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 168, "text": "data from UNESCO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "obtained by the International Growth Center and data for Bangladesh , Chile , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Mexico , Morocco , and the Republic of Yemen were obtained by the Trade and Integration Unit of the World Bank Research Department , as part of the Exporters Dynamics Database ( EDD ) project described in Cebeci _et al . _ ( 2012 ) . Pooling data from different developing countries allows us to provide results on regions which have received little attention so far . The structure of our dataset also allows us to observe countries with different development levels , facing different trade policy arrangements ( in particular preferential tariffs ) , which implies a gain in statistical power . For each country , all export transactions are covered over a certain time period ( see Table 1 ) . For each firm and year , the data includes a firm identifier , as well as the value ( in local currency ) and quantity ( expressed in kilograms ) sold by the firm for each destination country and HS product ( at country-specific HS8-equivalent levels ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > For each firm-destination-productyear , unit values are computed as the ratio of export value to quantity . Note that unit values are an imprecise proxy for prices because there may be more than one distinct product within a 8-digit code . Prices changes may be due to compositional changes within a product code or due > 14The theories mentioned in this section are heterogeneous firms models where each firm produces a single good . It might be the case that trade policy has an impact on PTM through their effect on multi-product firms . We come back to this point when discussing our empirical results in Section 6 . > 15Product classifications are not harmonized between countries at sub-HS6 levels of disaggregation ( HS8 or HS10 ) . This is not a problem in our estimations as all regressions have fixed effects at the firm-destination-product level . However , for comparability of descriptive statistics , we aggregate products up to the harmonized HS6 level . 8", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 281, "text": "Exporters Dynamics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The value of a financing and micro-credit scheme that makes water services affordable to low-income households through access to subsidized micro-loans , and staggered payment of consumption bills . Low-income households can borrow small amounts of money to offset the initial costs of getting a water connection and , through a flexible payment scheme , repay the loans together with the monthly water bill over an agreed period . This scheme is designed to suit the fluctuating incomes of self-employed and informal sector earners . - The value of an ICT platform that enables water consumers to use a mobile phone to send their own water meter readings , query and receive current water bills , then pay using mobile money such as Safaricom ’ s MPESA and Airtel ’ s ZAP . # # # # * * _Innovations proposed here are : _ * * Nairobi Water Company will implement strategies defined in its Social Connection Policy for the pre-financing of investment costs for making sewerage connections through payment in instalments over a five-year period . This approach enables even the poor households to afford access to sewerage services , thereby promoting equitable access to sewerage services across all income groups . The use of settlement based sanitation committees to promote community cohesiveness and motivate individual households to adopt improved sewerage options . These committees will also improve communication between the community and NCWSC . The choice of sewerage by the households reduces sanitation operations and maintenance costs to households , which have mostly rested with the tenants . This should ease the pressure on household budgets and facilitate the funding of other productive activities . Sewerage as an improved sanitation option will reduce the health risks such as prevalence of diarrheal diseases which are brought about by unhygienic conditions in the households and environment and the discharge of untreated effluent into local watercourses . Sewerage connections will reduce the vandalism of sewer trunks for the illegal discharge of waste from the pit latrines . # # # # * * C . IMPLEMENTATION * * # # # # * *", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 657, "text": "water meter readings", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in school enrollment . In other words , girls with a school in their settlement have practically the same enrollment rate as boys . > 9Andrabi , et al . 2007 , follow a related strategy of using information on village population in rural Pakistan to instrument the availability of schools at the village level . They assume that households do not migrate across villages to take advantage of schooling opportunities . > 10 Specifically , we want to directly compare estimates derived from strategies 1 and 2 . However , if we take the discrete choice route , we would have to use a fixed effect logit for strategy 1 ( given the large number of settlements relative to children ) and a probit IV for strategy 2 ( noting that the former estimator does not produce marginal effects ) . Moreover , as we will see later , probit ( or logit ) estimation is only possible on a reduced sample , which compromises efficiency relative to a linear probability model . 12", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 246, "text": "village population in rural Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Bibliography * * - Anderson , J . E . ( 2011 , September ) . The Gravity Model . _Annual Review of Economics 3_ ( 1 ) , 133 – 160 . - Berthélemy , J . - C . , M . Beuran , and M . Maurel ( 2009 ) . Aid and migration : Substitutes or complements ? _World Development 37_ ( 10 ) , 1589 – 1599 . - Bertoli , S . and J . Fernández-Huertas Moraga ( 2013 ) . Multilateral resistance to migration . _Journal of Development Economics 102_ ( C ) , 79 – 100 . - Bertoli , S . and J . Fernández-Huertas Moraga ( 2015 ) . The size of the cliff at the border . _Regional Science and Urban Economics 51_ , 1 – 6 . - Conte , M . , P . Cotterlaz , and T . Mayer ( 2021 ) . The cepii gravity database . _CEPII : Paris , France_ . De Chaisemartin , C . and X . d ’ Haultfoeuille ( 2020 ) . Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects . _American Economic Review 110_ ( 9 ) , 2964 – 96 . - De Chaisemartin , C . and X . D ’ Haultfoeuille ( 2022 ) . Difference-in-differences estimators of intertemporal treatment effects . Technical report , National Bureau of Economic Research . - DESA , U . ( 2020 ) . International migrant stock : The 2020 revision . _UN DESA : Population Division-International Migration_ . - Figueiredo , E . , L . R . Lima , and G . Orefice ( 2016 ) . Migration and regional trade agreements : A ( new ) gravity estimation . _Review of International Economics 24_ ( 1 ) , 99 – 125 . - Grogger , J . and G . H . Hanson ( 2011 , May ) . Income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants . _Journal of Development Economics 95_ ( 1 ) , 42 – 57 . - Gross , D . M . and N . Schmitt ( 2003 ) . The role of cultural clustering in attracting new immigrants . _Journal of Regional Science 43_ ( 2 ) ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > Modest < / u > _ rating * * . Verified grant files , milestone evidence , and periodic field checks substantiate reported achievements ; however , construct validity gaps ( e . g . , intensity of productivity change ) and timing lags reduced the evaluative power . Attribution is thus plausible where verification tied disbursements to discrete interventions , but project-wide causal inference remains limited given issues with reporting for ecosystem-level outcomes . # # * * B . ENVIRONMENTAL , SOCIAL , AND FIDUCIARY COMPLIANCE * * # # * * _Environmental and Social Safeguards_ * * 39 . * * The project effectively managed environmental and social ( E & S ) risks under OP / BP 4 . 01 ( Category B ) by applying the Environmental and Social Management Framework according to a proportionate approach , systematically screening activities , using Environmental and Social Management Plans ( ESMPs ) where needed , and operating GRM that informed real decisions , resulting in no major incidents and a safeguards rating that remained Satisfactory despite the implementation stall . * * The project screened all SME and intermediary activities , supported higher-risk SMEs to prepare and implement ESMPs , and maintained grievance channels that beneficiaries used . Before the 2021 – 2022 pause , safeguards instruments had been drafted and training initiated , but high E & S staff turnover at SMEs during the pause created gaps . After the restart , the PIU finalized instruments , resumed and expanded training ( including GBV / SEA / SH and for replacement staff ) , increased site visits , and operationalized an E & S tracker linked to the PMIS ; 2024 supervision confirmed the system was functioning as intended , with risks screened , guidance provided , grievances logged and closed , and no major safeguard incidents . The SME-upgrading program screened 170 proposals ( above the 150 target ) , identified 46 proposals that needed extra attention , of which 32 of them were trained through a dedicated ESMP workshop , leading to 30 updated / completed ESM", "spans": [{"start": 1625, "end": 1638, "text": "E & S tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : Theory-based hypotheses and expected findings * * | | * * Hypothesis * * | * * Expected finding * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * H1 * * | _There is a critical wealth threshold below which_ < br > _households fall into climate immobility traps . _ | Negative impacts of weather anomalies on migration < br > for households with lower endowments ( e . g . , asset < br > levels ) . | | * * H2 * * | _Households exposed to recurrent shocks are_ < br > _more likely to experience resource-constrained_ < br > _immobility . _ | Concave relationship between the estimated effect of < br > contemporaneous weather shocks on migration and < br > lagged weather conditions . | | * * H3 * * | _Local adaptation and migration are substitute_ < br > _risk management strategies that households_ < br > _adopt to deal with climate risk . _ | Negative relationship between the estimated impact of < br > weather shocks on migration and pre-shock levels of < br > local adaptive capacity . | | * * H4 * * | _There also exists a wealth threshold above which_ < br > _climate mobility is no longer needed or_ < br > _desirable . _ | Negative impacts of weather anomalies on migration < br > for households with higher endowments ( e . g . , asset < br > levels ) . | # * * 3 . Data * * Our main data source is the recently released _Uniform Panel Dataset_ which is derived from the past longitudinal rounds of Nigeria ' s General Household Survey - Panel ( GHS-Panel ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > The GHSPanel is a national , longitudinal , multi-topic household survey that has been implemented by the Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics since 2010 , in collaboration with the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) . The past GHS-Panel rounds were implemented in 20102011 , 2012-2013 , 2015-2016 , and 2018-2019 . Each round is composed of two visits , one conducted after crop planting", "spans": [{"start": 1424, "end": 1456, "text": "General Household Survey - Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1459, "end": 1468, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 3314 ( XXIX ) , UN GAOR , 29 , U . N . A / 77 / 533 ( 14 December 1974 ) xv A / 77 / 533 : Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine ( 18 October 2022 ) xvi World Bank , UNDP . Ukraine : Energy Damage Assessment , March 2023 . xvii Mine Action AoR Ukraine – Source : Ukraine National Mine Action Authority ( MOD & SESU ) June 2023 and ACLED incidents data April 2023 xviii Mine Action AoR Ukraine – 2023 Monitoring , 5 May 2023 , 5W Situation Report xix OSCE , Survey on Violence Against Women : Ukraine , Well-Being and Safety of Women , 2019 xx UNHCR Ukraine , CCCM Safety Audit Report ( Pilot Phase ) , September 2022 xxi WHO and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , HIV / AIDS surveillance in Europe , 2022 For further information contact : National Protection Cluster : * * Claudia Nicoletti * * < u > nicoletc @ unhcr . org < / u > | * * Tetianna Luzan * * – t . luzan @ r2p . org . ua Gender-Based Violence AoR : * * Ekaterine Kristesashvili * * < u > kristesashvili @ unfpa . org < / u > Child Protection AOR : * * Ranjini Paskarasingam * * < u > rpaskarasingam @ unicef . org < / u > Mine Action AoR : * * Guy Rhodes * * < u > guy . rhodes @ undp . org < / u > | * * Marie Dahan * * marie . dahan @ undp . org", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 374, "text": "ACLED incidents data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 480, "end": 512, "text": "Survey on Violence Against Women", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "globe . The same model could be used in other geographic domains , such as large and small cities within regions or countries , regions within countries , or specific project areas . In light of the World Bank ’ s mandate for new metrics to track progress in greenhouse gas reduction , we hope to extend this pilot initiative to an open-source , regularly-updated CO2 database that will inform all global stakeholders . 36", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 376, "text": "CO2 database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) # # * * 3 . Relevance of Objectives * * # # * * Rationale * * # # # * * Rationale * * The PDO was fully aligned with the Kenya Country Partnership Strategy ( CPS ) [ Refer to Kenya Vision 2030 ( Page 14 ; para 2 . 4 ) . ] which placed a strong emphasis on data and statistics in the pursuit of evidencebased policymaking for monitoring and evaluating the development impact of policies and programs . For example , in 2014 , at the time of program preparation , many believed that poverty , unemployment , and gender inequality were high . However , the only data available were from 2005-06 , measuring extreme poverty at 43 percent . Even the most recent baseline data on National Accounts were over a decade old . The PDO was critically relevant for the gender analysis in the 2018 Kenya Poverty and Gender Assessment and its achievement would inform the 2020 Systematic Country Diagnostic for Kenya . The PDO was central to the government ’ s agenda , as underscored in the Third Medium Term Plan ( MTP-3 ) 2018 – 2022 and Kenya Vision 2030 . MTP-3 prioritized strengthening the KNBS to improve data quality by conducting several surveys and censuses within the Third Medium Term Plan period and making relevant statistics available on time to policymakers and the public . The PDO addressed challenges with the KNBS Strategic Plan 2013-2017 . The KNBS responded to increasing demand for data by modifying its vital business processes , including identifying data to be collected , designing and administering statistical surveys , and disseminating data . The program addressed Kenya ’ s statistical challenges by supporting a subset of the KNBS Strategic Plan critical for achieving the PDO . It focused on delivering the core data and statistics Kenya needed to inform its policy agenda and monitor the impact of its policies . In addition to the CPS and government ’ s plan", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 833, "text": "baseline data on National Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | Vulnerable < br > groups < br > | • < br > These include ; Orphans , the disabled and < br > the chronically ill PAPs . < br > • < br > The < br > community < br > was < br > urged < br > by < br > the < br > consultant that if they were able to help < br > them during the relocation of the assets it < br > would be really of great importance . < br > • < br > An assurance was given by the consultant < br > that the RAP process had captured all the < br > vulnerable persons affected by the project < br > and their bio data would be forwarded to < br > KISIP and the Ministryfor further actions . < br > * * SURE * * | _The_ < br > _RAP_ < br > _has_ < br > _provided_ < br > _extra_ < br > _assistant to vulnerable categories_ < br > _as_ < br > _required_ < br > _by_ < br > _OP_ < br > _4 . 12_ < br > _on_ < br > _Involuntary Resettlement_ < br > | | * * MIN 4 / 3 / 2018 : A * * < br > A village elder urg < br > project . Further th < br > always engaging t < br > There being no bu < br > | * * OB * * < br > ed the community to support the project when it < br > e community thanked the consultant for the goo < br > hem in the project matters . < br > siness the forum adjourned at 11 . 00 noons with a < br > * * LO * * | rolls on as this was really long overdue < br > d work they have been doing so far by < br > word of prayer from", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 534, "text": "bio data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fact that interviewees provide a recorded description of product and process innovations allows the user to verify the identified innovations and reclassify wrongly attributed cases to their respective category or invalidate cases that do not constitute an innovation at all . This exercise has been conducted by Cirera and Sabetti . 2019 , who provided “ clean innovation data ” ( see Appendix for methodological description ) . For the overall sample of South Asia firms , the cleaning exercise conducted by the authors has decreased both product innovation - from 53 % to 51 % - and process innovation rates from 64 % to 58 % . Although the cleaning exercise reduced innovation rates for most countries , Nepal is an exception where product innovation increased from 10 % to 12 % as the result of reclassification from process innovations . 7", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 377, "text": "clean innovation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Table 8 : Ind | ices of Po | verty He | ad-Cou | nt , Gap , S | everity in | Indone | sia , 1996-1999 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | 1996 | | | 1999 | | Percentage Ch | ange | | | Urban | Rural | Total | Urban | Rural | Total | Urban Rural | Total | | Head-Count Index ( P0 ) : < br > Percent population in < br > poverty | 3 . 82 % | 13 . 10 % | 9 . 75 % | 9 . 63 % | 20 . 56 % | 16 . 27 % | 152 . 3 % 56 . 9 % | 66 . 8 % | | Poverty Gap ndex < br > ( P1 ) : Total expenditure < br > gap of those below < br > poverty line as percent < br > of total expenditures | 0 . 53 % | 2 . 12 % | _1 . 55 % _ | 1 . 51 % | 3 . 61 % | 2 . 79 % | 183 . 0 % 70 . 5 % | 80 . 2 % | | Mean expenditures of < br > the poor as a percentage < br > of the poverty line < br > ( 1 - PI / PO ) | 86 . 01 % < br > | 83 . 84 % | 84 . 15 % | 84 . 30 % | 82 . 44 % | 82 . 87 % | | | | Poverty Severity Index < br > ( P2 ) : Squared poverty < br > gap | 0 . 12 % | 0 . 54 % | 0 . 39 % | 0 . 37 % | 0 . 99 % | 0 . 75 % | 201 . 6 % 83 . 6 % | 91 . 9 % | This deterioration was also in line with a significant increased in the severity index", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 < br > Entebbe Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 | | 2 . 1 . 6 . 1 < br > Profile of Entebbe Municipal Council ( EMC ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 | | < br > 2 . 1 . 6 . 2 < br > Observations at Entebbe Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 | | < br > 2 . 2 HCW INCINERATION INUGANDA : CONCERNS ANDIMPROVEMENTMEASURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 | | 2 . 2 . 1 < br > HCWM Improvement Study ( Carl Bro , Jul 2005 , revised Mar 2009 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 | | 2 . 2 . 2 < br > UPOPs Inventory Report", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 767, "text": "HCWM Improvement Study", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 893, "end": 915, "text": "UPOPs Inventory Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 in high-income economies , compared to 2 _ . _ 2 percent in middle-income economies and 1 _ . _ 5 percent in low-income economies . < sup > 2 < / sup > After ten years , when the direct impact of the shock has worn off , the welfare impact is 1 _ . _ 2 percent in high-income countries , compared to 1 _ . _ 2 percent in middle-income countries and 0 _ . _ 7 percent in low-income countries . < sup > 3 < / sup > Finally , at the beginning , the employment shock accounts for 84 , 70 and 75 percent of the welfare cost going forward in high-income , middle-income and lowincome countries respectively ( 73 percent for the world ) . There is still , however , some enduring cost from lost experience , particularly in high-income countries . After 10 years , experience accounts for 52 , 21 and 27 percent of the enduring cost in high-income , middle-income and low-income countries respectively ( 27 percent for the world ) . Lastly , the policy literature suggests COVID-19 had a disproportionate impact on female workers . < sup > 4 < / sup > To explore this issue , we repeat our quantitative exercise separately for men and women . We accomplish this through several steps . First , we find lower returns to experience for women , especially in richer nations . While this may be surprising given the lower rates of discrimination in richer nations , returns to experience are lower in poorer nations , which constrains the degree to which returns for men and women can differ in absolute terms . In contrast , returns to education are higher for women , possibly because education is a stronger signal of productivity for employers when experience is discounted due to discrimination . Second , we use these returns along with data on the schooling and experience distributions for men and women to compute the impact of the shock on the income of men and women separately . We find that differences are small , peaking on impact at 2 _ . _ 5 % in high and middle income countries , and at just 1 _ . _ 7", "spans": [{"start": 1734, "end": 1784, "text": "data on the schooling and experience distributions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "acceptable interest rates . However , some respondents indicated that the loan ceiling was too low ( 38 percent ) and the loan maturity too short . Seventy-five percent of the respondents believed that the ADF loan had a moderate or important impact on their business . Based on the total survey , employment doubled as a result of the ADF loans , with an average of 2 jobs created per business . _6 . Environmental assessment : _ Environmental Category [ ] A [ ] B [ x ] C The Project has been assigned a category \" C \" rating , because it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impact . ( The environmental rating was assigned prior to the issuance of OP 4 . 01 ( January 1999 ) , which does not apply to the Project . ) In urban areas , microloans are used mainly for trade and services , and no environmental impact is expected . In rural areas , few or no microloans are expected to be used for pesticide use , given that pesticide use is generally low in Albania . Pesticides categorized as : l ( a ) ( extremely hazardous ) and l ( b ) ( very hazardous ) under the WHO classification will not be financed under the Project . In addition , a brochure on the use of agricultural chemicals will be distributed to the - 16 -", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 295, "text": "total survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Costa Rica Results in Education ( CORE ) ( P181174 ) can contribute meaningfully to environmental conservation and sustainable development while meeting the challenges posed by climate change . # # * * MEP Management Structure and Efficiency * * 10 . * * Reforming the organizational structure and management processes of MEP offers an opportunity to increase its efficiency , decision-making , and accountability to improve student learning and education trajectories in Costa Rica . * * With 2 , 763 officials at the central level and 1 , 451 at the regional level , distributed in 4 , 810 schools , the educational system has the necessary infrastructure to implement significant changes . < sup > 16 < / sup > A reform of MEP to increase effectiveness and alignment with educational objectives would include : ( i ) review and rationalization of the central organizational structure to eliminate redundancies and clarify roles and responsibilities , especially in units focused on educational quality ; ( ii ) restructuring of MEP regional units to better respond to local needs and organizations , ensuring that these offices focus on providing direct and effective support to frontline schools ; and ( iii ) Improving decision-making with a data-driven approach , improving information systems and planning , which requires more accurate cost estimation and resultsoriented strategic planning . These measures would allow the MEP to optimize its management and fulfil its mandate to ensure that resources are used effectively to support the learning and development of students throughout the country . < sup > 17 < / sup > # # * * Inclusion : Gender , Refugees and Migrants , and Indigenous Peoples * * 11 . * * Gender parity between boys and girls to access STEAM related jobs is a challenge on which Costa Rica has made progress , but more policy action is needed . * * PISA 2022 mean scores for Costa Rica in Reading are above LAC ’ s average ( 415 vs . 400 ) , as well as mean scores in Mathematics ( 385 vs . 374 ) and Sciences ( 411 vs . 400 )", "spans": [{"start": 1902, "end": 1911, "text": "PISA 2022", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report county # # # * * Figure 10-1 : Stakeholder Engagement Strategy * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > What Why Areas Whom How < br > - Avert Disputes / conflicts and - Project Benefits - KISIP - All Community < br > Project GBV - Relevant land related institutions beneficiaries meetings < br > Sensitization G - Enhance / safeguard Women ’ s in - Spouses with < br > ARAP process Joint < br > E < br > Ownership < br > N < br > D < br > - Allow PAPs to self-demolish , - Entitlements - RIC PAPS Community < br > Notification & E salvage and rebuild affected - PAP register - County Government of meetings < br > Disclosure R structures in time - Notice for self-demolish and implications Kilifi < br > - Ensure PAPs use compensation of failure to do so within time - Area Chief < br > C for right purpose < br > O - Ensure grievances are directed - Unilateral Grievance Redress Mechanism RIC PAPS Community < br > Sensitization on < br > N towards the right institutions for for ARAP implementation meetings < br > GRM C timely resolution - Procedures and processes in GRM < br > E < br > R - Avert conflicts and GBV over - Full disclosure of facilitation payment to - RIC PAPS - Community < br > Compensation & N compensation both spouses - CGM meetings < br > Joint Accounts S - Ensure PAPs use funds for right - Opening of Joint Accounts - Area Chief - Individuals / S < br > purpose - Utilization of funds , GBV - SGRC pouses < br > Sensitization meetings < br > Guiding Principles < br > Proactive Engagement Clear and Open Information Sharing", "spans": [{"start": 686, "end": 698, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assistance in agriculture , beginning with the agricultural sector survey that was mounted in late 1972 . We have offered an expanded program of assistance in project identification through the Regional Mission in Eastern Africa , and have provided a senior agricultural advisor to assist the Government in charting a longer-term strategy for the agricultural sector . 18 . This expanded technical assistance is starting to show results . A proposed IDA credit of $ 21 . 5 million , with complementary financing likely from Canada , the United Kingdom and the United States , for a second livestock project which covers a five-year beef development program calling for a total investment of $ 52 million , has been negotiated and will soon be submitted for consideration by the Executive Directors . Preparatory work is under way for a diversified smallholder production project for the drier areas of eastern Kenya , ' an irrigation project in the Lower Tana River Basin , and for a project to rehabilitate the currently underutilized large commercial farms in the high potential areas . While these results of our joint efforts are encouraging , they are only a beginning . To support adequately the development of agriculture and the rural areas of Kenya * * will * * require sustained efforts . The Government has now studied both the Agriculture Sector Survey and the Basic Economic Report and largely agrees with their conclusions . The Bank and the Government have discussed how best we can support accelerated agricultural development during Kenya ' s 1974 - 8 Plan period . Apart from assisting project preparation in agriculture , we foresee the need for complementary development of rural infrastructurep We have therefore held preliminary discussions on programs for development of rural water supply and rural access roads .", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 73, "text": "agricultural sector survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1339, "end": 1364, "text": "Agriculture Sector Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1373, "end": 1394, "text": "Basic Economic Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * KENYA COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT ( P173820 ) | * * Indicator Name * * | * * PBC * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Intermediate Targets * * | * * End Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | * * 1 * * | | | * * Ensuring availability of safe blood and blood prod * * | * * ucts * * | | | | | Percentage of designated blood transfusion | | | | | | centers ( regional and satellite centers ) with TTI | | 0 . 00 | | 80 . 00 | | diagnostic equipment and reagents ( Percentage ) | | | | | | Percentage of KNBTS satellite centers linked to | | | | | | and using blood service information system < br > ( Percentage ) | | 0 . 00 | | 80 . 00 | | * * Improving quality and capacity for GBV * * | | | | | | Number of health workers trained in all capacity | | | | | | building modules for GBV health sector response | | 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | ( Number ) | | | | | | | * * _Rationa_ * * | * * _le : _ * * | | | | * * _Action : This indicator has been Revised_ * * | * * _The indi_ * * | * * _cator definition was revised_ * * | * * _to “ Number of health workers trained in the full GBV_ * * | * * _training package for hea_ * * | | Number of Health Sector Action Plans for GBV | | | | | | developed as informed by results of quality <", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 643, "text": "blood service information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the average relative quality of entering goods generated by quantile regressions of entering goods on the OECD regional dummy , with the non-OECD countries captured together by the constant term . To the extent that we expect newly entering goods to be higher quality goods , the median values for both OECD and non-OECD groups are surprisingly low ; the median value for the non-OECD countries is 0 . 35 and for OECD countries is 0 . 55 . This is consistent with our earlier discussion concerning the high levels of heterogeneity in relative product quality in goods in both OECD and non-OECD baskets . However , it does not appear to be the case that the low quality goods in the OECD basket are merely reflecting inertial persistence of products fundamentally now out of their cone of specialization . Even at entry , there appears to be a very high level of heterogeneity . As Table 3 also indicates , the distribution of relative quality of entering goods in the OECD dominates that of the non-OECD countries at all levels , that is to say that at every quantile , the quality levels of entering goods in the OECD is higher than in the non-OECD countries . This does not imply that the quality of incoming goods is not higher , on average than incumbent goods . Table 4 repeats the previous analysis , but using the ratio of the relative quality of entering goods to the median relative quality of the incumbent goods . The median ratio for the non-OECD regions is 1 . 03 and the median ratio for the OECD is equal to 1 . 05 . This implies that new goods enter at only slightly higher level as existing goods for both the OECD and the non OECD regions . Given that OECD goods are of higher relative quality to begin with , this also tells us that new goods enter at higher quality levels in the OECD than in the poorer regions . However , at the upper end of the distribution , the quality ratio of entering to incumbent goods is larger for the non-OECD region suggesting a degree of convergence at the top end of the quality distribution between OECD and non-OECD countries . < sup", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and social integration . On the other hand , Jaschke et al . ( 2020 ) rely on the questions on attitudes towards migrants available in the IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Survey of Refugees . They find that more negative attitudes towards migrants lead to a faster cultural convergence of refugees . In another study focusing on Germany , Albarosa and Elsner ( 2021 ) study the 2015 refugee inflow and its impact on social cohesion . The authors find no evidence that the inflow of refugees had an impact on social attitudes towards foreigners . However , they do find evidence of anti-migrant violence , and this effect lasted two years following on from the refugee inflow , and was stronger in counties with higher concentration of right-wing voters and lower employment rates . # * * 3 . 2 Theoretical Contribution and Main Hypotheses * * The specific context of Switzerland where refugees are randomly allocated across cantons that are different in terms of local labor market conditions , natives ’ attitudes towards refugees and size and nature of ethnic enclaves , allows us investigating empirically the role of these determinants on refugees ’ labor market outcomes and economic integration . Our paper makes the following contributions . First , we examine the role that attitudes towards refugees at the time of arrival in the host country have on their subsequent trajectory of economic integration . As previously mentioned , the few existing studies present limitations . Here we improve in two ways . We use an objective measure of attitudes derived from voting behavior ( as opposed to selfreported measures of attitudes from surveys ) . Moreover , we measure attitudes by also including specific attitudes towards refugees instead of focusing only on the more general attitudes towards migrants as done in the existing studies . This is very important given that economic migrants and refugees are two distinct groups of foreign-born , and attitudes towards them may be significantly different as documented in recent surveys carried out in 18 countries ( Pew Research Center 2019 ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > Second , we examine the relative importance of the three initial conditions , namely attitudes , unemployment and co-ethnic networks . This will allow us to determine the possible", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 171, "text": "IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Survey of Refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inequality encompass a broader definition of inequality that correlates , for example , with poverty or unemployment , as well as with fairness or social mobility , own situation and ideology . In other words , perceptions depend on the objective situation of both , the country and the individual , but they are also influenced by the fairness of the process through which objective inequality is generated and by individuals ’ own views of what constitute a fair society , i . e . , their ideology . We argue that perceptions , a key determinant of demand for redistribution , are formed in a much more complex way than typically assumed . In concrete , we find that inequality perceptions depend on the context : uncertainties in the labor market ( unemployment ) , actual inequality , poverty , and government expenditures on education . Inequality perceptions however depend not > 1 There are some actual issues that justify economists ’ reluctance : in most surveys , people do not have incentives of revealing their genuine beliefs , and they are confronted by social pressure to say the socially acceptable thing . In his paper where he proposes to use subjective data , Manski ( 2004 ) notes that “ [ . . . ] economists have been deeply skeptical of subjective statements ; they often assert that one should believe only what people do , not what they say . As a result , the profession for many years enforced something of a prohibition on the collection of subjective data ” ( p . 1337 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1468, "end": 1483, "text": "subjective data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". We identified 7053 eligible households at baseline . Using the same sampling method , we added extra households at midline in villages where the number of eligible households at baseline was below 10 ( 53 were added in total ) . # * * 3 . 2 Data * * # # * * 3 . 2 . 1 Survey and instruments * * For each household , a household survey , caregiver survey , and one assessment per eligible child were conducted . < sup > 21 < / sup > At the village level , interviews were conducted with village heads and preschool teachers . In addition , at endline , we complemented the > 16A brief monitoring survey was conducted in late 2016 to confirm that CPS construction was proceeding as scheduled . > 1717 CPS were in construction at that date . 10 of them would be completed by the end of the calendar year 2016 . It further means that the disturbance caused by the construction is probably minimal > 18As described in Bouguen et al . ( 2013 ) , construction delays occurred in a previously evaluated program in Cambodia . This considerably reduced take-up , exposure time , and statistical precision . > 19EPI refers to the Expanded Programme on Immunization of the World Health Organization ; see e . g . , Henderson and Sundaresan ( 1982 ) . > 20The sample is not nationally representative . Villages were selected based on criteria such as expressed interest in the program , poverty rate , lack of a functioning preschool , and teacher availability . Sample households are exclusively from rural areas in southern and eastern Cambodia . This is because western provinces received CPS under a previous preschool construction program . > 21The caregiver is defined as the direct relative who takes care of the child most of the time . In most cases , the caregiver is a biological parent ( 60 . 4 % at baseline ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 603, "text": "brief monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "source of the River Nile ) . The town site takes the form of a tapering plateau and stands at an altitude of approximately 3750 feet ( 1 , 230 meters ) above sea level . It covers an area of approximately 28 square kilometers . Socio-environmental conditions in Jinja Municipality are described below . # # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * The 2007 Uganda Population and Housing Census Analytic Report Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS , 2005 ) put Jinja Municipality ’ s total population to 71 , 213 , of which 36 , 325 are males and 34 , 888 are females . Jinja Municipality projected population size for 2011 is 89 , 700 . This figure is far lower than that of day population estimated to fluctuate between 100 , 000 to 400 , 000 persons . People who work and go to school but do not reside within Jinja Municipal Council explain the higher daytime figure . Commerce is the dominant component of the economy followed by the Service Sector , Manufacturing Sector , Construction and then Agriculture . The greatest concentrations of commercial activities occur in the Town Centre especially along Main Street . About 25 % of the working population is involved in public services - , 18 % in agricultural services , 13 % in the manufacturing sector and 8 % in the financial institutions < sup > 31 < / sup > . # # # # * * b ) Land use * * Jinja Municipal Council is a well-planned town , and the Municipal Authority has effectively enforced observance of the 1994 structural plan . Predominant existing land-uses include residential ( 18 % ) , industrial ( 8 % ) , government ( 6 % ) , and agricultural / undeveloped ( 51 % ) a total of approximately 1100 hectares ( 40 % of the Municipality ) is currently undeveloped and available for future new development . A further 42 % is presently developed , while the remaining 18 % can be classified as un-developable for reasons of environmental protection . Over 133 hectares of", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 391, "text": "2007 Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "they want or need it . * * Non-retaliation : * * Management takes necessary steps to make sure that workers involved in a grievance are not victimized by anyone for coming forward with the grievance or for helping to sort it out . Any retaliations shall lead to disciplinary action . However , if the grievance procedure is used by an employee to lie about someone , the employee too can be disciplined . * * Timeliness : * * All grievances shall be dealt with as quickly as possible . There are time limits for the different steps . The aim is to sort out all grievances within four weeks if at all possible . * * Confidentiality : * * Only the worker directly involved in the grievance , or in sorting it out , can have access to information about the grievance . Information goes on an employee ’ s personnel file only if he / she is disciplined as part of sorting out the grievance . All grievance recipients and anyone handling the SEA / SH-related grievances must maintain absolute confidentiality in regard to the case . Maintaining confidentiality means not disclosing any information at any time to any party without the informed consent of the person concerned . There are exceptions under distinct circumstances , for example a ) if the survivor is an adult who threatens his or her own life or who is directly threatening the safety of others , in which case referrals to lifesaving services shall be sought ; b ) if the survivor is a child and there are concerns for the child ’ s health and safety . The survivors need to be Page 227", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 816, "text": "personnel file", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 378 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 In addition to the above provisions for improving access to fish resources , BEL is committed to implementing additional measures to support local fisher folk , as outlined in the accompanying CDAP . # # # # # * * 7 . 5 . 3 . 4 Access to Water * * # # # # # * * Access to Water Supplies * * At present ( late 2006 ) , the West Bank land take area has been fenced and people have no formal access to the River Nile within that section . On the East Bank , such fencing is planned to take place shortly . The findings of the socio-economic surveys indicate that the majority of households in the project area collected water from the River Nile , and therefore , the river used to represent an important source of water for drinking , washing , bathing and other domestic uses . The Stage I diversion works will isolate a section of the western river channel approximately 2 km in length , which will impede access to water for residents of the west bank . During the Stage 2 diversion works , an approximate 1 km length of the eastern river channel will be isolated , thus restricting access to water for residents of the east bank . Mitigation measures which were implemented by AESNP , and further measures which are being implemented by BEL are outlined below . _Mitigation / monitoring measures : _ at present ( July 2006 ) , the West Bank land take has been fenced and people have no access to the River Nile . On the East Bank , such fencing is planned to take place shortly . As a mitigation for this loss of access to water , AESNP provided one drilled well , equipped with an \" Orbit \" hand pump to each of the eight affected communities on both banks . However , these hand pumps were not fully reliable and the maintenance system was not effective , and all eight pumps", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 683, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mozambique , and Comoros have a similar discrepancy . Despite these differences , of the 27 countries which have data from both sources , all but three show the same sign for the difference between the enrollment of girls and of boys ( the exceptions are Bangladesh , Indonesia , and Zimbabwe where the difference is close to zero in any case ) . Another comparison one can make on the basis of these data is that to the stock of education as reported by Barro and Lee ( 1993 ) which has been used in numerous papers to investigate the determinants of growth . Table 4 reports the average years of schooling of the female population over 15 from the DHS data as well as the average years of schooling of the population over 15 based on the Barro-Lee ( BL ) data . Here the DHS imply a stock of schooling that is slightly higher than that in the alternative data source : the mean of the average years of schooling among women 15 and older across all the Countries is 3 . 7 in the DHS data and 2 . 6 in the BL data . A possible explanation for this is that the DHS are from a period spanning 1990 to 1998 whereas the BL data are an estimate for 1990 . T he discrepancy for some countries is substantial ranging from a high of 3 . 2 years in ( Zimbabwe where the DHS imply an average of _5 . 9_ years and the BL where the average is 2 . 7 years ) * * to * * - 1 . 1 ( Pakistan where the DHS imply 1 . 8 years and BL estimate 2 . 8 ) . Focusing on the male / female ratio in the stock of education , the DHS tend to imply a lower degree of male advantage . The cross-country average male / female ratio from the DHS is 1 . 58 whereas that in BL is 1 . 73 . Again , this would be true if male advantage were declining over time and the DHS were capturing a later period . In some countries the discrepancy is especially large , for example in Ghana BL imply that men have", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 658, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 740, "end": 761, "text": "Barro-Lee ( BL ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1013, "text": "BL data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To summarize the sectoral breakdown of the effectiveness of government policy , our analysis confirms the intuition that government support has helped manufacturers of textiles and garments ( in El Salvador ) and hotels and restaurants ( in Georgia ) . Less intuitively , food manufacturers in El Salvador appear to have benefited from government support through avoiding changes in permanent full-time workforce , though the same effect in Georgia is opposite but not statistically significant ( perhaps due to the composition of food manufacturers within each country , with supply chains leading towards hotels or restaurants as opposed to grocery stores ) . We also find evidence of counter-productive effects of government policy in some sectors . In particular , government support was found counter-productive in Georgia for food retailers and pharmacies across two of our four outcome variables . Overall , the outcome variables on the incidence of decreased total hours of operations and expectations of falling in arrears offer a number of counterintuitive findings . The former is likely attributed to the conflict between perceived health safety , which likely forced firms to reduce hours of operations , and the business objective of staying open to keep earning revenue . As for the expectations of falling in arrears , we conclude that this variable is rather noisy in general , perhaps pointing to an unprecedented uncertainty that firms were facing during the pandemic , complicating the formation of logical and grounded expectations about the near future . # * * 7 . Summary and Conclusions * * In this paper , we used firm-level data collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic ( ES and COV-ES ) in El Salvador and Georgia to estimate the effectiveness of government support to the private sector in terms of firms ’ workforce , operations , and expectations . While ES and COVES data cover 44 countries , we focus on just two because , in most of the other countries , the government support was available only to the firms whose experience during the pandemic was at or worse than the set thresholds , such as a drop in revenue or workforce , etc . Such selection criteria , coupled with the fact that this information is not normally contained in data , make", "spans": [{"start": 1639, "end": 1654, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1901, "end": 1911, "text": "COVES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5831 # * * Abstract * * A pricing reform in Turkey increased the residential electricity tariff by more than 50 percent in 2008 . The reform , aimed at encouraging energy efficiency and private investment , sparked considerable policy debate about its potential impact on household welfare . This paper estimates a short-run residential electricity demand function for evaluating the distributional consequences of the tariff reform . The model allows heterogeneity in household price sensitivities and is estimated using a national sample of 18 , 671 Turkish households . The model also addresses the common problem of missing data in survey research . The study reveals a highly skewed distribution of price elasticities in the population , with rich households three times more responsive in adjusting consumption to price changes than the poor . This is most likely because the poor are close to their minimum electricity consumption levels and have fewer coping options . In addition , the welfare loss of the poorest quintile — measured by the consumer surplus change as a percentage of income — is 2 . 9 times of that of the wealthiest . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Europe and Central Asia Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at fzhang1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "institucional : salud , vacunación , información del acceso a la educación , atención psicosocial , protección de tierras , registro y actualización de bases de datos del Sistema de Información de Población Desplazada SIPOD que administra Acción Social . # # # # # * * _Gratuidad_ * * - Ley 1163 de 2007 , * * por la cual se regulan las tasas por la prestación de servicios de la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil , establece * * exenciones de cobro para expedición de la Cédula de Ciudadanía y Tarjeta de Identidad por primera vez ; para inscripción en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento y su primera copia , y la destinada a expedir la Cédula de Ciudadanía de primera vez a la población desplazada por la violencia , previa certificación del organismo competente . 38", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 217, "text": "Sistema de Información de Población Desplazada", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "- GO - < br > RFB / Procurement of IT < br > equipment for IFMIS data < br > center | IDA / 57660 | Expenditure Management < br > amd Information Systems < br > Support | Prior | Request for Bids < br > Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 702 , 484 . 81 < br > C | omple | ted | | 2016-12-15 < br > 2016-11-04 | 2016-12-20 < br > 2016-12-01 | | 2017-02-09 < br > 2017-01-25 | 2017-03-11 < br > 2017-06-15 | 2017-04-16 < br > 2017-07-1 | 7 < br > 2017-10-15 < br > 2017-08-14 | | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-931-GO - < br > RFB / Procurement of < br > IFMIS Audit Tool acquisition < br > of software | IDA / 57660 | Expenditure Management < br > amd Information Systems < br > Support | Prior | Request for Bids < br > Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 0 . 00 < br > U < br > I < br > o | nder < br > mplem < br > n | entati | | 2016-12-04 < br > 2016-11-08 | 2016-12-12 < br > 2016-11-21 | | 2017-01-30 < br > 2017-01-31 | 2017-03-09 < br > 2017-05-12 | 2017-04-09 | 2017-10-08 | | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-936-GO - < br > RF", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 | Gambella Region ( Birr Acct . ) | | - - - | | Benshangul Region ( Birr Acct . ) | | Harari Region ( Birr Acct . ) | | Afar region ( Birr Acct ) | | Somali region ( Birr Acct . ) | | Sidama Region ( Birr Acct . ) | | Dire Dewa CA ( Birr Acct . ) | | Addis Ababa CA ( Birr Acct . ) | | Cash On Hand Balance at Federal and Regional | | Advance at Federal and Regional | | Payables at Federal and Regional | | * * Total Ending Balance * * < br > < br > * * - * * < br > < br > * * - * * < br > < br > * * - * * < br > < br > * * - * * | # # # # # * * NOTES : * * * * I * * - The amounts are drawn from the ledger accounts of the program * * < u > < mark > Prepared By Approved By __________________________ < / mark > < / u > * * * * Signature * * ___________________________ * * Signature ___________________________ * *", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 637, "text": "ledger accounts of the program", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 10 . Kernel distribution estimates of consumption per-capita * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Poverty line Vulnerability threshold < br > 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 < br > Household consumption per-capita < br > 2005 2012 < br > . 002 < br > . 0015 < br > . 001 < br > Kernel density < br > . 0005 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Bandwidth : 2 Source : IHDS , 2005 and 2012 Our decomposition exercise can help construct counterfactual scenarios that are useful to demonstrate vulnerability to specific events , like economic and policy shocks . The coefficients in Table A4 in the Appendix show the potential “ loss ” in poverty reduction if each factor had remained at its 2005 level , for each household . For example , a ( hypothetical ) economic shock that drove remittances down to its 2005 levels would have led to around 3 percent higher rural poverty and 1 percent higher urban poverty compared to what is observed now . Similarly , if benefits from government programs had been unchanged from the 2005 levels , rural and urban poverty in 2012 would have been higher by 1 and 0 . 5 percentage points , respectively . # * * 5 . Conclusion * * There has been much speculation and debate around the causes and drivers of the rapid poverty reduction in India seen from official data over the last decade . Our paper is an attempt to contribute to this debate , using evidence from two rounds of IHDS panel data that cover the period 2005 to 2012 , which show trends roughly comparable with those from the official data sources for similar years . This paper attempts to understand the broad directions of changes from a household perspective that have led to the observed poverty decline . Four main findings are important to highlight . First , increase in labor earnings — which was most rapid among those in non-agricultural wage / salaried employment but also occurred in agriculture — was a major factor in reducing poverty . This was complemented by workers shifting out", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1451, "text": "IHDS panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1546, "end": 1567, "text": "official data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bureau for Europe # # CENTR ~ ~ A ~ ~ L ~ ~ M ~ ~ EDITERRANEAN ROUTE < ! - - Start of picture text - - > SEA ARRIVALS T O ITALY BY COUNTRY OF DEPARTURE < br > UNHCR estimates 2016 < br > Italy < br > Turkey < br > G r eece < br > Tunis < br > Algiers < br > Tunisia 162 , 895 < br > Algeria 10 , 689 < br > Tripoli < br > Cairo < br > 7 , 852 arrivals in Italy departed from Algeria , Greece , Tunisia , Tur-key , or their departure site was not known . The data in this graph Libya Egypt < br > does not include arrivals in Trieste port and other northern ports . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > From April onwards , the Central Mediterranean became the primary entry point to Europe for refugees and migrants . While the number of arrivals each month was generally consistent with those of 2015 up to September , record numbers of arrivals in October helped push 2016 arrivals beyond the 153 , 000 who arrived in 2015 and the 2014 level when 170 , 000 reached Italy . Those arriving by this route were mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa , including many with international protection needs and UASC . While 71 % of arrivals in Italy were men , 14 % of all arrivals ( 25 , 846 children ) were UASC , mostly from Eritrea , Gambia , and Nigeria , more than double the 12 , 360 UASC who arrived in 2015 . < sup > 13 < / sup > While women comprised only 13 % of arrivals , they accounted for 29 % of Nigerian arrivals and over 20 % of arrivals from Somalia , Cameroon , Ethiopia , and Eritrea . IOM has raised concerns that around 80 % of Nigerian women who arrived by sea to Italy in 2016 may be victims of trafficking . < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 179, "text": "UNHCR estimates 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Migration of Dirty Sectors Within China ? * * In the previous section , we established that trade reforms have not had a ' dirty-sector ' bias during the past decade . However , it is at least possible that internal differences in regulatory strictness could have induced relocation of dirty industry within China . Despite the evident trend toward equalization of the effective levy in the eastern provinces , Figure 8 includes differences as great as 3 : 1 in levy rates . Lucas ( 1996 ) has recently investigated whether such differences have induced faster growth of pollutionintensive sectors in provinces with laxer regulation . His results suggest that differential levies are not significant as location factors , so there has apparently been no regulationinduced migration of dirty sectors within China . 12 # * * Economic Reform and The Cost of Abatement * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( 20a ) < br > Pariculate Marginal Abatement Costs . Large Plants < br > 70 . < br > s0o / < br > I i < br > 20 - < br > 10 < br > o , O : : < br > R e of AbY . . . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In recent econometric research , we have used plant-level data from NEPA to develop detailed estimates of abatement costs for air and water emissions by Chinese industry ( Appendix ; Dasgupta , Huq , Wheeler and Zhang , 1996 ) . Our results show that marginal abatement costs ( MAC ) vary greatly by sector , scale , abatement rate , ownership , and pollutant . The impact of these variables on marginal cost is dramatically illustrated by a few comparisons . Holding other factors constant , MAC ratios can vary as much as 20 : 1 between large and small facilities ; 45 : 1 across sectors ; 13 : 1 between 10 % and 90 % abatement ; 5 : 1 between state-owned plants ( SOE ' s ) and non-SOE ' s ; and 4 : 1 across pollutants . The range of potential variation is revealed by the comparative MAC", "spans": [{"start": 1163, "end": 1189, "text": "plant-level data from NEPA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District resolution . The resolution will be presented to the PAP in written form within the same day of the meeting ; - iv . If there is no resolution to the grievance , the GRC at the district and the PAP shall then refer the matter to the District Land Tribunal for land-related issues and to REA head office for all other grievances ; - v . * * Appeal to Court - * * The Ugandan laws allow any aggrieved person the right to access to Court of law . If the complainant still remains dissatisfied with the District Land Tribunal or / and REA ’ s management decision , the complainant has the option to pursue appropriate recourse via judicial process in Uganda . Courts of law will be a “ last resort ” option , in view of the above mechanism - * * 11 . 6 Steps of the proposed grievance process * * It is advised that the GRM be as deliberate as possible and at least seven steps are proposed . These are described below : - # # # # * * Step 1 : Receipt of complaint * * A verbal or in written complaint from a PAP will be received by the appointed Chairperson of the GRC . The grievance will be recorded in a grievance log ( electronically if possible ) which will be held in each Sub-county / district . For avoidance of doubt , the GRC Chairperson , will be a member of the Project Implementation Team . She / he will lead the grievance mechanism . Principal responsibilities of the GO will include the following : - : - Recording the grievances , both written and oral , of the affected people , categorizing and prioritizing them and providing solutions within a specified time period . - Discussing grievances on a regular basis with the Working Group and coming up with decision / actions for issues that can be resolved at that level . - Informing the Steering Committee of serious cases within", "spans": [{"start": 1246, "end": 1259, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "jamena | This indicators measures < br > total losses ( both technical < br > and non-technical ) on < br > N ' Djamena networks , < br > measured as total billed < br > electricity ( in kWh ) divided < br > by total electricity injected < br > in the system ( in kWh ) | Annual | SNE < br > reporting | SNE Annual Reports | SNE | | Female-headed households provided with < br > new electricity services | The indicator will track the < br > closure of the gender gap on < br > electricityaccess by | | | | | Page 61", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 322, "text": "SNE Annual Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", a set of time-varying household control variables . These include : household size ; access to electricity ; whether the household dwelling is ii ii ii owned ; and an index measuring dwelling characteristics . αα γγ XX < sup > 18 < / sup > This is broadly in line with the controls used in the literature . < sup > 19 < / sup > Further , we add access to 2G coverage to ensure that the analysis isolates the impact of upgrading coverage to 3G / 4G and does not conflate it with the impact of getting 2G coverage , which can be used for voice , SMS and limited internet access ( all of which could impact our outcome > 15 More specifically , we rely on GPS coordinates of households with the maximum offset of 45 meters to assign to each household the initial date of coverage ( if any ) by any combination of radio bearer and signal strength . In contrast , other studies have relied on data integration using buffer sizes between 1 to 5 kms in urban areas , and 1 to 20 kms in rural areas ( see for instance DHS - - Demographic and Health Surveys ) . > 16 In addition to identifying time dynamics with dummy variables , we also measured internet access as the cumulative number of months since a given household was first covered by 3G / 4G services ( instead of a binary approach ) . The results of this analysis are presented in Table A 1 in Appendix 1 . > 17 We also carry out a sensitivity analysis and estimate the model in first-differences . The results are presented in Table A 2 and are roughly similar to our fixed effects estimates . Given that we account for serial correlation in the fixed effects regression by clustering standard errors by household , the latter is our preferred strategy because it maximizes the number of observations , as not all households are included across all three waves of the survey . Moreover , any bias due to noncontemporaneous correlation between the error term and the independent variables is lower with fixed effects . > 18 The index is based on whether the household has the following", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 683, "text": "GPS coordinates of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1019, "end": 1049, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indica | tors | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / | of | of | | Share | of age | groupi | n total | | | Pe | rcenta | e fema | leper a | gegro | up | | at location , | Age / | Sex | | residence | location | location | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > | 12-17 | < 18 | 18-59 < br > | 60 + > | 0-4 | 5-11", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as a reduction in income by US $ 52 . 27 . We also explore the story that depression and adverse events interfere with productive activities and future investment through lower employment and educational investment . This paper focuses on Nigeria because the country has been severely impacted by both conflict and economic shocks . In recent years , Nigeria has suffered from security crises caused by conflicts between ethnic groups , farmers , and herdsmen . Some of the more egregious incidents have been committed by Boko Haram , which is responsible for terrorist attacks including the abduction of more than 200 schoolgirls in 2014 , and an estimated 20 , 000 deaths and at least two million displacements . < sup > 2 < / sup > There is also concurrent violence in other regions in the country . Economic and weather-related shocks are also common throughout Nigeria . Recent changes in climate are responsible for the increased frequency of droughts ( Abubakar and Yamusa 2013 , Shiru , Shahid et al . 2018 ) . From February to April 2016 , the Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics , with the support of the World Bank , conducted the third wave of the nationally-representative household survey called the General Household Survey-Panel ( GHS-Panel ) . Data were collected from about 4 , 600 households on consumption , income , depression ( via a version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression or CES-D test ) , family history of conflicts , deaths , weather and economic shocks . < sup > 3 < / sup > In addition , the survey randomized the order of modules in a priming survey experiment : > 1 http : / / www . who . int / news-room / detail / 30-03-2017 - - depression-let-s-talk-says-who-as-depression-tops-list-ofcauses-of-ill-health > 2 https : / / www . bbc . com / news / world-africa-42735414 > 3 The survey questionnaire also included questions on basic preferences ( e . g . , risk , time discounting , and trust ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1216, "end": 1246, "text": "General Household Survey-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 26 - Lug . Becauso commerce generates consistently the highest share of African rural nonfarm income , the Sierra Leone data likely seriously underestimate total rural nonfarm earnings . For present purposes , one advantage of thio omisoson is that it reduces the coverage of the nonfarm multiplier to principally production linkages . Supporting the notions advanced previously , this interpretation suggests that rural productlon linkages from agriculture are in fact very low , at least in the predominantly hand hoe agriculture of Sierra Leone . # B . A Model of Regional Agricultural Multipliers In view of the limited opportunities for direct estimation of growth multipliers , much of what we can learn must come from modeling . ' - azell ( 1984 ) has developed a particularly useful model that allows estimtion of regional growth multipliers based on three basic parameters , two production and one consumption . Values for each can be obtained from ferm management , rural nonfarm enterprise , and consumption surveys . Although small , the model allows us to assess three important features of farm-nonfarm linkages : ( a ) differences in African and Asian growth multipliers ; ( b ) the implications of alternative types of agricultural growth on the ensuing nonfarm linkages ; and ( c ) breakdown of the total multiplier into its production - and consumption-based components . Described in detail in Hazell ( 1984 ) and in Haggblade , Hazell and Brown ( 1987 ) , the model characterizes the supply structure of rural regions as follows . ~ / The supply of their major tradable output - - foodgrains or export crops - - is typically fixed by technology and , in Asia by land , in Africa by labor . In contrast , output of nontradables - - primarily rural services , but including some income-elastic agricultural products such as fruits , vegetables and meat , and some rural manufactures - - is elastic . Assuming the prices of all traded commodities are fixed outside the region , Hazoll derives a model which estimates the increase in regional value added", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 975, "text": "ferm management", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1009, "end": 1028, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in climate-related industries , < sup > 8 < / sup > they do not tell us about the nature of green jobs today , wages earned , or who works in those jobs . A recent international literature uses a more systematic approach to identify and characterize green jobs . These studies use an occupational task approach , where they label an occupation – and the jobs within – as green based on how green the tasks within an occupation are , rather than the industry that houses a job ( Granata and Posadas 2024 ; Vona et al . 2019 ; Consoli et al . 2016 ; Vona et al . 2018 ) . The occupational tasks approach has been widely applied in labor economics to analyze how technological change has affected skills , wages and job polarization over time ( Autor et al . 2003 ; Acemoglu and Autor 2011 ; Goos et al . 2014 ; Cunningham et al . 2022 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > We can use the same logic to understand how a shift to a green economy may affect jobs . Using the occupational task approach allows for greenness of an occupation to be defined according to the number of tasks relating to environmental sustainability that are typically carried out in that occupation ( Vona et al . 2019 ) . The advantage of the occupational task approach is that one can identify green jobs in any industry , even those not directly engaged in environmentally sensitive industries . This paper aims to fill the gap in the South African literature by using South African household survey data and applying an occupational task-based approach to characterize green jobs and workers in South Africa . Inspired by Granata and Posadas ( 2024 ) , we define two sets of green jobs : strict and broad . Recognizing that occupations are groupings of jobs with similar tasks , we first identify “ strictly green jobs , ” as those in occupations that require at least one task that is directly linked to the environment . We then broaden our definition to include occupations with job tasks that could reduce human-induced environmental risks , if they used green technology or processes < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1432, "end": 1467, "text": "South African household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "remote-sensed satellite imagery data . Progress under this < br > indicator is tracked by computing , at the pixel-level ( using a spatial resolution of 30mx30m ) , the change in < br > annual average LSWI from baseline , selecting pixels showing an improvement over the baseline after adjusting < br > for external factors ( i . e . seasonal or climatic variables ) . LSWI values are computed using medium resolution < br > imagery ( i . e . LandSat 8 or Sentinel-2 ) and incorporating a masking routine to exclude pixels that can result in < br > unreliable estimates ( i . e . containing clouds , shadows , watr cover , etc . ) . The share of the project area showing an < br > improvement in LSWI is evaluated after an appropriate lag ( i . e . 1 or 2 years ) on areas where interventions have < br > taken place ( PDO 1 ) . Information on spatial location and timing of interventions in each of the project < br > watersheds is required for tracking this intervention . Assessing performance under this indicator measures < br > change from the baseline and compares this against any change that would have occurred without the < br > intervention ( i . e . the counterfactual ) . Given the lack of satisfactio | Page 7", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 36, "text": "remote-sensed satellite imagery data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 443, "end": 452, "text": "LandSat 8", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 456, "end": 466, "text": "Sentinel-2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "292 . 43 | 512 . 41 | 76 . 65 | 134 . 31 | 369 . 08 | 646 . 73 | | South East Asia | 559 . 77 | 983 . 40 | 147 . 31 | 258 . 79 | 707 . 08 | 1242 . 18 | | Western < br > Pacific , LMI | 548 . 37 | 961 . 32 | 143 . 93 | 252 . 31 | 692 . 30 | 1213 . 63 | | Global | 2328 . 58 | 4083 . 62 | 611 . 93 | 1073 . 14 | 2940 . 51 | 5156 . 76 | _Source : authors based on Bivins et al . ( 2017 ) and Rozenberg & Hallegatte ( 2015 ) . * LMI = Low middle income countries_ Unreliable water network also impacts gender equality . When water services are limited , this vital resource needs to be collected from public standpipes , wells , bore holes , rivers or storage drums served by private tankers , with WHO data estimating that 72 per cent of this burden falls on women ( Birch , 2011 ) . Evidence in Lusaka , Zambia , shows that outages increase the time young girls spend at their chores , possibly at the expense of their education ( Ashraf et al . , 2017 ) . In respect of sanitation , too , women living in poorly served settlements are characteristically responsible for disposing of fecal matter in their compounds , or accompanying their children to appropriate sites ( Chant , 2007 ) . Even if journeys are short in terms of distance , they may take long to execute where crossing inhospitable terrain , or queuing at outlets , is involved . < sup > 8 < / sup > Furthermore , it is now widely reported in a range of settings that women and girls > 8 Data on the time spent to fetch water are usually for rural households with no piped connection . No estimate of the time needed for connected households who experience a water supply outage could be identified . 14", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 703, "text": "WHO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1451, "end": 1488, "text": "Data on the time spent to fetch water", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". We then exclude self-employed individuals . Furthermore , we use parameters estimated for men only . Lastly , estimates could be sensitive to the extent of non-employment , which varies across countries and by level of development . This could be because workers with certain characteristics might be more likely to be unemployed or out of the labor force . To deal with this , we repeat the estimation using country-year-samples with unemployment or non-employment rates below the 25th percentile ( 7 % and 35 % , respectively ) or 50th percentile ( 10 % and 35 % , respectively ) in the sample , and separately for country-year samples above each of these thresholds . < sup > 53 < / sup > Note that the returns to education are not causal . They are nonetheless consistent > 53We cannot use historical information on unemployment / participation to adjust the estimates of potential returns to experience to equal actual returns . Since we focus on workers aged 18-67 in samples from 1990-2016 , we study individuals who worked in 1941-2016 . Unfortunately , data on unemployment and participation does not exist for _all_ countries in _all_ years . Unemployment data is typically only available from the 1990s . Also , since unemployment rates are higher in HICS and participation is lower in MICs ( Table 1 ) , we may under-estimate their returns , which should , if anything , reinforce our results .", "spans": [{"start": 1155, "end": 1172, "text": "Unemployment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) Productive safety nets and links to livelihoods services # < u > < mark > IN01086856 < / mark > < / u > ► % of clients that feel PW sub-projects reflect their needs ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 75 . 00 | 51 . 61 | 54 . 00 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31-May-2021 | 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | | Source : IFPRI 2021 | Endline Evaluation | | | | | Proxy Indicator Use | d : % clients reporting the build | ing of the PW infrastructure | benefited them | | Comments * * : * * | The endline to asse < br > data collection has | ss this indicator was schedule < br > been suspended until April-Ma | d to take place between Mar < br > y 2021 . | ch-May 2020 , however due to the COV | # < u > < mark > IN01086859 < / mark > < / u > ► % of PW sub-projects selected and implemented following GOE ' s Community-based Participatory Watershed Management Guidelines or Rangeland Management Guidelines ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 75 . 00 | 84 . 50 | 84 . 50 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31-May-2021 |", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 561, "text": "IFPRI 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * non-compliance . * * The study examines the extent and distribution of tax evasion among different income groups , regions , and sectors of the economy . The goal is to identify the factors contributing to tax evasion and develop measures to reduce them * * . * * To investigate tax evasion in Romania , we match tax administrative data with the survey data ( EU-SILC ) to assess Romania ' s tax ( non ) compliance . We impute tax income to EU-SILC and compare the value of imputed tax income ( reported income ) and survey income ( true income ) . * * According to our results , the tax compliance at the distribution median is approximately 94 % ; it decreases to 83 % at the 25 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * percentile and increases to 96 % at the 10 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * percentile . * * The average tax compliance ( after censoring of top income ) is 94 % . The average underreporting of income is 6 % . This result is close to the estimate for Hungary ( 9 % – 13 % ) by Bendek & Lelkes ( 2011 ) , an estimate by Kiełczewska et al . ( 2021 ) for Poland ( 6 % ) , and the estimate for Estonia ( 12 % ) by Paulus ( 2015 ) . Tax compliance varies across sectors of the economy . It is particularly low in transport , construction , food , and accommodation . Women are more tax-compliant than men . Tax compliance is highest among the youngest and oldest employees and lowest in prime working age . Tax compliance varies across country regions ; it is lowest in the North and highest in the East and West . * * The share of minimum wage earners in the tax data is inflated due to the underreporting of income . * * According to tax data , 27 . 5 % of employees are minimum wage earners . According to the raw EU-SILC data , this share is 13 . 5 % . Based on the", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 340, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 350, "end": 361, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 445, "end": 452, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1581, "end": 1589, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1738, "end": 1750, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 * * S3 Table . Intervention effects on all secondary outcomes , including index subcomponents * * | | | Control < br > Prevalence / | | | Intervention < br > Prevalence / | < br > | | CI | 95 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Outcomes | n | < br > Mean | SD | N | < br > Mean | < br > SD | ITT | Lower | Upper | | Improved water source | 1845 | 43 % | | 1437 | 74 % | | 0 . 24 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 36 | | Improved sanitation | 1843 | 14 % | | 1437 | 34 % | | 0 . 18 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 25 | | Water governance perception index | 1845 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1438 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 88 | 0 . 19 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 34 | | Committee selected fairly | 600 | 1 . 76 | 0 . 81 | 1119 | 1 . 82 | 0 . 76 | 0 . 06 | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 17 | | Committee treats community fairly | 621 | 4 . 15 | 1 . 31 | 1158 | 4 . 07 | 1 . 31 | - 0 . 09 | - 0 . 27 | 0 . 09 | | Committee manages money well | 635 | 3 . 25 | 1 . 12 | 721 | 3 . 31 | 1 . 14 | 0 . 05 | - 0 . 13 | 0 . 23 | | Comm responds breakdown well | 972 | 3 . 69 | 1 . 18 | 1227 | 3 . 67 | 1 . 23 | 0 . 01 | - 0 . 13 | 0 . 15 | | Confidence committee will solve reported issue | 1009 | 3 . 10 | 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "An awareness program will be implemented with workers for biodiversity protection including a prohibition to own firearms and other hunting equipment , sensitization about prohibition to engage in poaching and sensitization about animal behaviour and handling . During the operational phase , vegetation clearing and maintenance on the RoW will result in persistent modified habitat dominated by successional stage vegetation that is better suited to a limited number of terrestrial fauna species , leading to a local adaptation of wildlife communities with higher representation of common species . Transmission lines have the potential to impact bat populations during the operational phase because there is a risk of collision and electrocution with flying mammals . Electrocution is only possible when bats come into contact with two live wires at the same time . Considering TL will be designed with single conductors , the electrocution risk is considered nil . There is still a risk of collision but it involves only frugivorous species ( i . e . < mark > , species of bats that thrive mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce ) < / mark > . A monitoring program should be implemented to follow up the number of mortality and species involved . Species-specific mitigation measures should be proposed on the basis of monitoring results . The following specific mitigation measures should be applied : implement a bat mortality monitoring program , including data monitoring of bat mortality ( in partnership with local communities ) ; and develop specific mitigation measures for species that are involved in mortality . # # # # * * ES 7 . 2 . 4 Avifauna * * Construction activities will lead to habitat losses , modification and fragmentation for some terrestrial and water birds , particularly for those that roost together in trees bordering wetlands . Vegetation clearing will , however , be minimized as much as possible to limit habitat destruction . The habitat loss could impair highly ecologically important habitats for birds as breeding or nesting sites . A very high priority should be given to protecting critical sites that hold a large proportion of a given bird or bat population . Such critical sites are particularly important for migratory waterfowl because", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "endogenous , the coefficient remains positive , but increases > 26 This is consistent with results for five African countries ( including Tanzania and Kenya ) presented in Söderbom and Teal ( 2003 ) . > 27 Lal ( 2004 ) shows that Indian firms that use e-business technologies more intensively were more likely to export than other firms were . Using data from manufacturing enterprises in 27 low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia , Clarke ( 2001 ) shows that enterprises that were connected to the Internet exported more than other enterprises , even after controlling for self-selectivity bias . > 28 Wood and Jordan ( 2000 ) argue that human capital in management — and in particular connections with potential international partners — might partially explains the difference between Uganda and Zimbabwe with respect to exporting . 18", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 385, "text": "data from manufacturing enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 meter resolution ) land cover showing the Masaka-Mutukula section 15", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 31, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) # * * The World Bank * * | cycle of a farmer field school < br > ( Number ) | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IR Indicator 4 . 17 - Irrigation : < br > % of irrigation systems < br > installed that are functional < br > and in use ( Text ) | N / A | Jun / 2019 | 100 % | 29-Feb-2024 < br > 100 % | 30-Jun-2024 | 100 % | Jun / 2025 | | IR Indicator 4 . 18 - Irrigation : < br > % of beneficiary farmers with < br > newly or improved irrigated < br > land who are female ( Text ) | N / A | Jun / 2019 | 17 . 2 % | 29-Feb-2024 < br > 21 . 4 % | 30-Jun-2024 | 18 % | Jun / 2025 | # # * * 7 . 3 Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | PBC Na | me | Baseline | Actual ( Previo | us ) | Actual ( Curre | nt ) | Closing Period | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Value | Date | Value | Date | | | 1 : DLI 4 . 1 < br > Adequacy and < br > equity of wage < br > and non-wage < br > recurrent < br > financing of local < br > service delivery < br > improves in line < br > with the medium < br > term plan for < br > financing Local < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This note is organized as follows . Section II describes the data used in the note , Section III summarizes aggregate impacts of the financial crisis , Section IV describes the methodology used to measure distributional impacts of the crisis , Section V presents results , and Section VI concludes . # * * II . Data * * The main data source for this effort was the Latvian EU-SILC 2006 database , which was the most recent survey available in 2009 when the simulations were conducted . The survey is annual with a four-year rotational panel . < sup > 4 < / sup > In 2006 , the fieldwork was carried out March through November during which time 4 , 315 households ( 9 , 391 individuals aged 16 and over ) were interviewed . Sampled households also included 1 , 594 children under 16 years of age . The reference population comprises private households with members residing in the national territory . The survey includes modules of income , labor market activity , demographics , education , health , housing , social programs , access to some durable consumption goods , and subjective welfare . # * * III . Aggregate Impact of the Financial Crisis * * Latvia ’ s GDP contracted by 18 percent in 2009 relative to its GDP in 2008 . < sup > 5 < / sup > The Ministry of Economics forecast the sectoral breakdown of the GDP contraction ( Figure 1 ) . The three hardest hit sectors were trade hotels and restaurants ( projected to contract by 24 percent ) ; construction ( projected to contract by 19 . 5 percent ) ; and manufacturing ( projected to contract by 18 . 8 percent ) . The forecasts suggested that the sectors likely to be least affected were transport , expected to decline by 4 . 2 percent , and communication and the primary sectors , expected to decline by 7 . 2 percent . > 4 The Latvian EU-SILC survey uses a stratified two-stage sampling design . In the first stage , systematic sampling of the primary sampling units was selected . In the second stage , simple random sampling was used to select secondary sampling units . The survey was stratified", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 394, "text": "Latvian EU-SILC 2006 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1793, "end": 1815, "text": "Latvian EU-SILC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Weak regulatory framework for financial agencies and business disputes resolution underscored the strong demand for financial inclusion reform in OIC countries . * * The statistics show that OIC countries fell behind other developing countries in terms of regulatory supervision coverage . For example , only 59 % of microfinance institutions are under regulation compared with the average level of 72 % in low income countries ( Table ) . Current laws are also insufficient to provide enough protection for disputes resolution . Take the instance of client confidentiality protection , only 68 % of OIC countries provide laws to restrict such unfair treatment , while 78 % of developing countries do ( See Figure 11 ) . * * Figure 11 . Disputes resolution : provisions in existing laws and regulations to restrict unfair treatment * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 78 % 76 % < br > 70 % 68 % 71 % < br > 51 % 50 % 52 % < br > 42 % < br > 38 % < br > 35 % < br > 32 % 31 % < br > 27 % 26 % 24 % 24 % < br > 21 % 21 % < br > 16 % < br > Deceptive Unfair or high ‐ Abusive Breach of client No fair treat ‐ < br > advertising pressure selling collection confidentiality ment provi ‐ sions < br > practices practices < br > OIC countries Developing countries OIC ‐ GCC low ‐ income countries < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : CGAP ( 2010 ) * * However , the statistics also shows that OIC countries have been aware of the issue and taking actions more actively than other developing countries . * * According to the CGAP survey , OIC governments have been more actively promoting reforms in all aspects of financial inclusion , especially in fields of financial consumer protection and microfinance expansion . The proportions of countries taking reforms on financial capability ( 38 % ) and SME financial access ( 49 % ) are also higher than those of developing countries ( 37 % and 43 % ) , much", "spans": [{"start": 1538, "end": 1549, "text": "CGAP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on food among the analyzed social groups , in part because of the economies of scale in these households and the significant role of in ‐ kind income from subsistence farming . This is worrisome , as it may be indicative of worsening nutrition in households with children , although we cannot confirm this with the data at hand . A significant reduction of expenditures on food was also observed among the working age population with a low level of education , i . e . , the low paid labor force , and in the rural population , who have a very high probability of being poor . In contrast , such groups as residents of Minsk , retirees , households without children , working age population with a high level of education , that have a very low risk of poverty , spend on food much more than the average household and did not cut these expenses substantially during the crisis . _Figure 24 : Real change in food consumption during crisis ( 2014 ‐ 2016 ) for major socio ‐ economic groups depending on initial level of food consumption , % _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 < br > food expenditure per capita in 2014 , in BYN in prices of 2014 < br > 0 partly_employed < br > 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 < br > minsk < br > - 2 < br > retiree_hh < br > small_cities retiree < br > - 4 hh_single_parent high_edu hh_no_kids < br > average < br > child large_cities < br > nonemployed < br > - 6 hh_1child working_ageemployed < br > sec_specialized_edu < br > - 8 hh_2kids rural < br > other_edu < br > hh_3more_kids < br > - 10 < br > - 12 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HBS data . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1628, "end": 1636, "text": "HBS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the implementing entities will be specifically responsible for ( i ) monitoring and evaluating the implementation of ESRM ; and ( ii ) provide technical support for the PIUs in training , capacity building activities , and reporting on progress . # # # # # 6 . 2 . 3 . Regional , Woreda and Kebele level Administration and other stakeholders According to the Constitution of FDRE , Regional States have the duties and responsibilities for planning , directing and developing social and economic programs , as well as the administration and economic development . Given that this project is countrywide and will reach out to potential beneficiaries , the regional state administration will coordinate and work very closely with the implementing agencies . The Woreda administration will be the main contact for implementation of ESMP , SEP , selection of beneficiaries and maintaining the data of the beneficiaries . Apart from that , Woreda administration will also be responsible for ensuring food and critical product delivery , and transportation and logistics networks ; supply of fertilizer for staple food crops for smallholder farmers ; cash transfers and cash-for-work programs to households affected by eligible economic crises , distribution of essential non-food items and emergency supplies to vulnerable households ; emergency food assistance to households facing acute food insecurity resulting from or exacerbated by an eligible crisis . Woreda will work very closely with the Kebeles . The Woreda and Kebeles will also be the first level of contact for any grievance that may come up . # # # 7 . 0 Addressing Grievances In compliance with the World Bank ’ s ESS10 requirement , a specific grievance mechanism will be set - up for the project . The main objective of a Grievance Mechanism ( GM ) is to respond to concerns and grievances of affected parties ( largely beneficiaries ) in a timely , effective and efficient manner . Dedicated communication", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 916, "text": "data of the beneficiaries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2017 , where children living in female headed households were more likely to be living in extreme poverty , the 2022 nowcasting shows the opposite , 20 . 7 percent of children living in male headed households are living in extreme poverty , versus17 . 4 percent of children in female headed households . There are four key explanations for this shift , namely 1 . New surveys included from several countries in the Africa region which included different consumption measurement questionnaires ; 2 . The updated extreme poverty line ( $ 2 . 15 ) , resulted in significantly different results in child poverty rates based on sex of head of household in a number of countries ; 3 . The 2022 nowcasted analysis does not include information on sex of head of household for India ( the 2018 survey dataset from India did not include this information ) , whereas the analysis in 2017 did include this information ( based on a 2011 survey dataset for India ) ; and 4 . For the 2017 dataset for Nigeria all households were coded as being female headed , significantly skewing the results . This highlights the challenge of relying on self-reported headship to understand gender differences in poverty , as it can hide important differences in the types of households in which individuals live . There are further household characteristics that provide critical information for influencing policies and programs , not least child poverty based on disability status , as well as more nuanced analysis to tease out gender differences – but unfortunately this is not possible at this time using data from the global harmonized database . 8", "spans": [{"start": 780, "end": 810, "text": "2018 survey dataset from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 919, "end": 948, "text": "2011 survey dataset for India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 969, "end": 993, "text": "2017 dataset for Nigeria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1596, "end": 1622, "text": "global harmonized database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "comparisons of various dimensions of governance , they are not a panacea for measurement – particularly when evaluating specific governance reforms in specific countries . In these cases , the WGI must be supplemented with more granular country-specific data that can shed light on the likely impacts of reforms to improve governance and institutional quality . 30", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 258, "text": "country-specific data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 times in Ethiopia , 3 . 6 times in Rwanda , 5 . 5 times in Ghana , and 7 times in Liberia . Host country data do not distinguish private and government ownership . However , the differences are ostensibly caused by private projects assuming SOEs generally comply with MOC certification requirements . Also , the size and sector distribution of the projects reported by host governments , to be discussed below , support such a supposition . Further , field investigations in two countries , Ethiopia and Nigeria , also to be discussed shortly , confirm this . > 14 Rwanda only has “ committed ” figures . 12", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 111, "text": "Host country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ water . It was further noted that most rural towns or District Headquarters are spending a lot of money in buying fuel to use for pumping water for household distribution . It is expected that with rural electrification this cost will dramatically reduce and the burden of women fetching water from far distances will be lessened . * * Figure 24 : Treatment of Drinking water * * Water borne diseases such as diarrhea , intestinal worms and typhoid are associated with drinking unsafe water . Respondents were asked what means they use to treat drinking water , from the ( Figure 24 ) above , it shows that 52 % of households in Kizirafumbi boil their water and 2 % treat and drink bottled water to make it safe . Nevertheless , it is worth noting that a good number ( 44 % ) do not treat or boil their drinking water at all . These kinds of statistics indicate that with availability of electricity in rural areas treating of water drinking through boiling will improve on their health and reduce water borne diseases . Earlier on it was observed that the main source of cooking used by majority of households in the project areas was by fuel wood . Given the scarcity bio mass most families skip boiling drinking water as a way of saving firewood for cooking food , it is therefore expected that rural electrification is most likely to supplement energy for boiling water though using electricity for cooking in the rural areas comes costs as well . # # # * * 3 . 1 . 19 . Main Mobile Telecom Used * * Ownership and use of mobile telephone numbers cannot be underrated in information dissemination . Mobile telephones can be used to provide information on project activities including inviting project affected persons for meetings . Where it might be difficult to deliver funds to the PAPs mobile money could be considered . The social assessment looked at the main telephone companies operating in the project area ; results from the survey in figure", "spans": [{"start": 2024, "end": 2040, "text": "survey in figure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Oromia National Regional State Forested Landscape Program ( P156475 ) following the project launch workshop on May 1-5 , 2017 and on March 07 , 2018 . This ISR is informed by progress achieved from December 1 , to May 18 , 2018 ; and findings of the OFLP Implementation Support Mission , conducted from May 7 to 11 , 2018 . Overall the 1st year project implementation progress is slow as compared to the work plan , particularly on preparatory activities for afforestation / reforestation and participatory forest management ; recruitment of consultants ; preparation of safeguards management plan before commencing ground investment ; preparation of the Emission Reduction Program Document , and preparation of the Benefit Sharing Plan . Given the many delayed activities , the overall project implementation progress ( IP ) is downgraded to * * moderately unsatisfactory * * . * * 1 . Disbursement has been low ( 13 % ) * * and the overall project implementation progress is slower than planned for Y1 . The task team is holding monthly meetings with the client , and the Addis team is following up on a daily basis to help things move forward . In order to increase disbursement and to expedite the implementation of the activities , the project needs to : * * 2 * * . * * Finalize the preparatory activities for physical investment in specific sites for Participatory Forest Management and Afforestation / Reforestation before commencing of ground investment * * : a ) . prepare the site-specific safeguards management plan ; b ) . sensitize and mobilize communities for such identified activities , c ) . rectify the boundaries inconsistencies of those sites proposed for afforestation and send the shapefiles to the World Bank before actual planting starts on the ground in June / July . # # # * * 3 . Implement the technical consultancies : * * a ) . finalize the recruitment of the M & E specialist ; b ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1789, "end": 1799, "text": "shapefiles", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "already explaining much of the impact from soil quality . Increased labor ( including non-wage labor or unpaid family members ) is also positively associated with higher rice yields , and this is particularly true in larger farms ( quintiles 4 and 5 ) , where the effect is greater in magnitude and significance . As expected the findings show that the effect on rice yields from using diverse inputs varied between small and larger farmers . < sup > 14 < / sup > Further research is required to capture the relationship between irrigation and rice yields . While the impact from the dummy for irrigation is positive and significant ( and greater in magnitude for the larger farmers ) , the survey data did not allow capturing factors such as : maintenance , the quality of the irrigation network , or the extent to which existing infrastructure is operational , which are the true drivers of the relationship with yields . Therefore , further research may shed light on the impact of these factors in determining rice production . < sup > 15 < / sup > Not surprisingly , the urea price is negatively associated with urea use , although there are significant differences by farm size ( Table 4 . 3 ) . The consumption of urea in the smallest farmers ( quintile 1 ) is the least affected by the urea price . However , urea consumption of the largest farmers mostly off-Java ( quintile 5 ) is highly sensitive to changes in fertilizer subsidies , as well as quintile 2 farmers that are mostly composed of Javanese farmers . > 13 The fact that the dummy for Java-Bali is not significant in the quintile 5 suggests that for these larger farms , which are mostly located off-Java , soil quality is not a driver of yields and that soil characteristics are more homogenous . > 14 One production input that could be controlled for is capital inputs . There is limited information from both surveys to control for investments that farmers may be doing in their fields . > 15 There may be measurement error in the irrigation variable . The surveys show that about 50 percent of all rice farmers grow rice in irrigated fields ( _sawah_", "spans": [{"start": 691, "end": 702, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey employing only recall interviews is suboptimal in our case study , we find no evidence that such survey would compromise the accuracy of policy conclusions about poverty and inequality compared to a diary survey . We also show that recall distributions are closer to the underlying distribution of usual consumption than in diaries . Thus , our findings provide the theoretical and empirical rationale for the choice of switching to recall modules in expenditure surveys . Second , our empirical investigation demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of eliciting _repeated measurements_ from the same household , which is in the spirit of Browning and Crossley ( 2009 ) . More specifically , when diaries are the collection mode of choice – as in the Iraq IHSES – the inclusion of one additional module on recalled consumption for a subsample of interviewees will allow for learning about survey errors and disparities in well-being at relatively low cost . When a recall survey is chosen instead , resources should be allocated by statistical agencies to conduct follow-up diary interviews on a smaller sample of interviewees . Our methodology therefore offers actionable recommendations to design a protocol for harmonizing time series of poverty and inequality in those countries that consider a transition to new modes of data collection . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . The next section presents the general formulation of the problem . Section 3 describes the institutional background and presents the diary-recall experiment . Section 4 presents the conditions for nonparametric identification . Estimation is also discussed , along with possible threats to the validity in our research design . Section 5 presents our results on the nature and consequences of survey errors . Section 6 looks at the optimal combination of diary and recall interviews . Section 7 concludes the paper . # * * 2 General Formulation of the Problem * * # # * * 2 . 1 Quantity of Interest * * Suppose that the household has a target monetary amount of consumption over a period of _τ_ time units . _Consumption_ is equal to _acquisition_ over this period . Without loss of generality the time unit coincides with the interview period , which is one _week_ in our case study . We define _Y_ < sup", "spans": [{"start": 754, "end": 764, "text": "Iraq IHSES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 968, "end": 981, "text": "recall survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exposure . < sup > 3 < / sup > Both variables are used in the analysis to proxy exposure to flood risk by using two binary variables : 1 ) if the household reports having been directly affected by floods , and 2 ) if the household perceives the risk of future flood exposure as high or very high . Appendix Table A . 1 provides the precise questions and the definitions of the flood exposure variables for each city . Self-reported disaster data have two main advantages . First , they capture actual household experiences and expectations rather than modeled risk estimations . Flood impacts can differ from street to street depending on elevation , housing quality , access to , and topography , etc . , and flood models do a generally poor job of capturing localized flood risk , especially in urban areas . < sup > 4 < / sup > Second , in the context where information on flood risk as defined in flood maps is not readily available , up-to-date or well-known to the public , past experiences of flood and the perception of risk can be better predictors of rent values . The use of self-reported proxies for flood risk may therefore increase the accuracy of hedonic models when used in contexts where buyers ( or renters ) are not fully informed . In hedonic analyses , house-transaction prices are ideal to define housing value ( Bishop et al . , 2020 ) . However , they can be difficult to access even in developed countries . Bishop et al . ( 2020 ) provide a list of the countries where microdata on housing transactions is available : it includes several European countries , the United States , Australia , Chile , China , Japan , and the Republic of Korea . Examples of studies that use transaction data in middle-income countries are Argentina ( Rabassa and Zoloa , 2016 ) and Indonesia ( Alvarez < sup > ́ < / sup > and Resosudarmo , 2019 ) . Limited data availability explains why , while the hedonic approach to estimate households ’ willingness to pay for a change in an environmental amenity is used extensively by researchers , it is difficult to find studies of", "spans": [{"start": 418, "end": 445, "text": "Self-reported disaster data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 901, "end": 911, "text": "flood maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1495, "end": 1528, "text": "microdata on housing transactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Table D . 2 : * * Household Survey * * – Tests for Balance and Attrition Panel A reports tests for balanced survey coverage . Each column represents results from a separate regression based on the entire sample frame ( N = 5 , 554 ) . “ Surveyed ” is a dummy variable equal to one if a beneficiary household was located and completed the entire survey . Treated is a dummy variable equal to one for all households that had pledged _ < _ 2 hectares of land as cllateral and were eligible for 100 % debt relief . Panel B presents tests for balanced attrition across treatment and control . “ Surveyed ” includes duplicates , where the same beneficiary had multiple loans in the sample frame ; 2 , 897 surveys were administered in total . “ Other ” includes a small number of surveys that were not attempted and respondents outside the sample area . Standard errors in parentheses . + p _ < _ 0 . 10 * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 . _Panel A : Survey Coverage_ | | Surveyed = 1 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | | Treated | 0 . 010 | 0 . 024 | | | [ 0 . 01 ] | [ 0 . 03 ] | | Log eligible balance | | 0 . 00 | | | | [ 0 . 01 ] | | Coop bank loan | | 0 . 051 | | | | [ 0 . 04 ] | | Crop loan | | 0 . 028 | | | | [ 0 . 05 ] | | Total land | | 0 . 027 | | | | [ 0 . 06 ] | | Year disbursed | | 0 . 023 * * | | | | [ 0 . 01 ] | | Observations | 5 , 554 | 4 , 808 | | R-squared | 0 . 001 | 0 . 011 | _Panel B : Test for Balanced Attrition_ | | Treatment | Control |", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 36, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 57 * * | | | * * 4 . 4 * * | * * Subproject Screening * * | * * 58 * * | | | * * 4 . 5 * * | * * Socio-economic Survey and Asset Inventory * * | * * 58 * * | | | * * 4 . 6 * * | * * Development of the RAP * * | * * 59 * * | | | * * 4 . 7 * * | * * Review and Submission to Project Authorities * * | * * 59 * * | | * * 5 . * * | * * RAP I * * | * * MPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES AND SCHEDULE * * | * * 61 * * | | | * * 5 . 1 * * | * * RAP Implementation Procedures * * | * * 61 * * | | | * * 5 . 2 * * | * * Consultation * * | * * 61 * * | | | * * 5 . 3 * * | * * Notification * * | * * 61 * * | | | * * 5 . 4 * * | * * Documentation * * | * * 61 * * | | | * * 5 . 5 * * | * * Agreement on Compensation and Preparation of Contracts * * | * * 61 * * | | | * * 5 . 6 * * | * * Compensation Payments and Development Initiatives * * | * * 62 * * | | | * * 5 . 7 * * | * * RAP Implementation Schedule * * | * * 62 * * | | | * * 5 . 8 * * | * * Mechanisms for Consultations and Public Participation * * | * * 62 * * | | * * 6 . * * | * * GRIE * * | * * VANCE REDRESS MECHANISM * * | * * 64 * * | | | * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10911 # * * Abstract * * The arrival of cloud computing provides firms a new way to access digital technologies as digital services . Yet , capital incentive policies present in every OECD country are still targeted towards investments in information technology ( IT ) capital . If cloud services are partial substitutes for IT investments , the presence of capital incentive policies may unintentionally discourage the adoption of cloud and technologies that rely on the cloud , such as artificial intelligence ( AI ) and big data analytics . This paper exploits a tax incentive in the UK for capital investment as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the impact on firm adoption of cloud computing , big data analytics and AI . The empirical results find that the policy increased investment in IT capital as would be expected ; but it slowed firm adoption of cloud , big data and AI . Matched employer-employee data shows that the policy also led firms to reduce their demand for workers that perform data analytics , but not other types of workers . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , East Asia and the Pacific Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at timothy . destefano @ georgetown . edu , nick . johnstone @ iea . org , richard . kneller @ nottingham . ac . uk , and jtimmis @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 949, "text": "Matched employer-employee data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - 37 - - ( I ) assets were not properly revalued by utilitles In many cases following currency devaluations and In line with local Inflation ; thus , average costs at completlon are understated ; - ( II ) depreciation rates allowed by governments often are unreallstically low ; therefore , capital costs are understated and the weight of capital cost In the total cost of electricity Is also understated ; and - ( lil ) fuel cost Increases In many countries were not fully passed on to power utilities In line with International markets ( neither have fuel prices been reduced In many cases when Internal prices fell ) . On the oiher hand , pronounced economies of scale are evident In some countries ( Bangladesh , for example , where growth has been a rapid 12-15 % p . a . ) and generating units and transmisslon voltage levels have now reached the level where economies of scale are most pronounced . Because of rapid growth , the Increasing percentage of recent plant additions at lower unit cost Is now being reflected In the annual operating costs . Available data on operating ratios ( the ratio of operating costs to operating revenues ) , given In Sectlon 2 . 7 , Indicates that revenues have not kept up with costs during the 1970s and 1980s . The overall trend In operating ratio shows an Increase on average of about one percentage point a year . This finding Is borne out by data from a limited number of projects which Indicate that , tariffs In real terms decreased over the project period by an average of 12 % ( using the wholesale price Index as a deflator ) . Average tariffs had decreased for 60 % of utilities and Increased for only 25 % . In most countries , tariffs also declined compared to the average cost of living ( using the consumer price Index as a defletor ) until the late 1970s , when It appears that tariffs started to Increase more than the consumer price Index . However , more data Is required before this finding can be verified .", "spans": [{"start": 1070, "end": 1094, "text": "data on operating ratios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1392, "end": 1430, "text": "data from a limited number of projects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1758, "end": 1778, "text": "consumer price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Mid | High | | Traditional wood | 14 | 74 | 420 | 109 | 293 | 1150 | | Improved wood | 25 | 103 | 470 | 92 | 311 | 1565 | | Traditional charcoal | 8 | 91 | 451 | 64 | 255 | 1181 | | Improved charcoal | 8 | 81 | 303 | 65 | 245 | 1033 | | Kerosene | 15 | 67 | 200 | 63 | 220 | 857 | | Propane | 63 | 123 | 250 | 107 | 269 | 907 | | Electricity | 108 | 374 | 789 | 142 | 512 | 1446 | Calculations based on Jeuland and Pattanayak ( 2012 ) . As can be seen from Table 3 , the ranges of potential direct costs for each technology are quite large . The figures suggest that in general more advanced technologies tend to be less costly , because of improved thermal efficiency and higher energy density , even though capital costs and fuel costs may be higher . Less anticipated perhaps is the very wide range of costs . The figures also emphasize the substantial impact of cooking times on opportunity costs . Tables 4 and 5 present estimated differences in the cost of acute respiratory illness induced by exposure to household air pollutants . Table 4 shows the relative capabilities to reduce acute respiratory illness of the other technologies in Table 3 , compared to traditional wood stoves . To translate these relative risk reductions into economic benefits per household , we need the baseline incidence of acute respiratory illness < u > ( number of cases per person per year ) , to which the < / u > * * 10 | * * P a g e", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > Jordá , O . ( 2005 ) . Estimation and inference of impulse responses by local projections . < / mark > _ < mark > American Economic Review < / mark > _ < mark > , vol . < / mark > * * < mark > 95 < / mark > * * < mark > , pp . 161 – 82 . < / mark > - Leduc , S . & D . J . Wilson . ( 2012 ) . _Roads to prosperity or bridges to nowhere ? theory and evidence on the impact of public infrastructure investment_ . Cambridge , Mass : National Bureau of Economic Research . - < mark > Leeper , E . ( 1991 ) . Equilibria under ‘ active ’ and ‘ passive ’ monetary and fiscal policies . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Monetary Economics < / mark > _ < mark > , volume 27 , Issue 1 , 129-147 . < / mark > - < mark > Leeper , E . M . < / mark > & < mark > Leith C . ( 2016 ) . Understanding inflation as a joint monetary ‐ fiscal phenomenon , in < / mark > _ < mark > Handbook of Macroeconomics < / mark > _ < mark > , vol . < / mark > * * < mark > 2 < / mark > * * < mark > , eds J . B . Taylor and H . Uhlig , < / mark > - Leeper , E . M . , Traum , N . & Walker , T . B . ( 2017 ) . Clearing up the Fiscal Multiplier Morass . _American Economic Review_ 107 ( 8 ) : 2409 – 54 . - Leigh , A . ( 2012 ) . How Much Did the 2009 Australian Fiscal Stimulus Boost Demand ? Evidence from Household-Reported Spending Effects . _The B . E . Journal of Macroeconomics_ , 12 ( 1 ) . - Li , S . , & Spencer , A . ( 2016 ) . Effectiveness of the Australian Fiscal Stimulus Package : A DSGE Analysis . _The Economic Record_ , 92", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Other limitations of the aggregate estimates are related to the partial equilibrium approach we take in aggregation . For instance , our regression estimates only measure the direct impact on connected firms and do not include any potential spillover effects from connected to unconnected firms or the general equilibrium effects on prices and wages . < sup > 36 < / sup > Without a structural model incorporating these channels , predicting whether the general equilibrium effects will dampen or amplify the firm-level responses is challenging . Nevertheless , our simple and transparent approach provides a useful first step toward understanding the potential aggregate impact of China ’ s internationalization events . # * * 4 . 5 Investor Behavior * * We exploit additional data sources to explore the behavior of investors around the internationalization events . We retrieve ( 1 ) aggregate data on foreign equity inflows from the IMF ’ s balance of payments statistics ; ( 2 ) aggregate data on foreign equity holdings via the QFII / RQFII programs and Stock Connect program from Wind ; ( 3 ) firm-level data on the share of foreign ownership from Refinitiv ; ( 4 ) country-level bilateral data on foreign equity holdings from the IMF ’ s Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey ( CPIS ) . Foreign investors entered relatively late in the internationalization process . Although foreign equity inflows increased in 2014 , they experienced their fastest growth during 2018-20 . Foreign equity inflows were about 15 billion U . S . dollars in 2015 and more than 80 billion in 2020 ( Figure 8 , Panel A ) . In addition , aggregate foreign equity holdings through the Stock Connect program , which channeled most of the 2018-20 expansion in foreign participation , rose from 15 billion U . S . dollars in 2015 to 151 billion in 2020 ( Figure 9 ) . Nonetheless , foreign equity holdings > 36 Spillover effects to the unconnected firms could occur if more funds were available to them when connected firms tapped into the international markets for funding and became less reliant on domestic finance . In principle , these spillover effects could bias our difference-in-difference estimates downward , even after addressing selection issues between connected and unconnected firms . Nevertheless ,", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 927, "text": "aggregate data on foreign equity inflows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 945, "end": 975, "text": "balance of payments statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 984, "end": 1025, "text": "aggregate data on foreign equity holdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1100, "end": 1149, "text": "firm-level data on the share of foreign ownership", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1173, "end": 1228, "text": "country-level bilateral data on foreign equity holdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1246, "end": 1285, "text": "Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 Logistics . Some key logistical clcmcnis of implementing a household energy survey are legal clearance , lodging / per dicm , transport , availability of cquipment and supplics , supervision and quality control . Depending on how thc survey team is organized , thcsc may be the responsibility of thc director , an administrativc assistant , a supervisor or a commiltec of supervisors . These responsibilitics can bc illustratcd by the main tasks assigned to the supervisor for tl ; e CotC d ' lvoire Living Standards Survey ( 1986 ) which wcre : - Contacting authorities in villagcs before thc survcy to advise them of the dates of intcrviews ; - Preparing the household questionnaires for a pre-selectcd list of dwellings ; - Helping interviewers to locate households , reviewing all non-contacts and refusals , and replacing sclccted households when necessary ; - Verifying that all parts of the questionnaire are properly compltetd before returning to the regional office ; - Coding items that are not pre-coded on the questionnaire ; - Conducting re-interviews of _25_ percent of the households ; and - Reviewing the printouts of both rounds of the questionnaire to detect interviewer and data entry errors , and supervising correction of all errors in the field and in the office . Thus , in this case , the supervisor had several logistical responsibilities , the most important of which involved quality control . Selection and Training of Interviewers . Interviewers should be selected from the local population for their knowledge of the language , culture , transport system , etc . Often , female surveyors are preferred in household energy work because of their better rapport with women who are usually the most important users ( and gatherers ) of household fuels . Generally , the interviewers should not be in any position of social or political authority which would induce a strong bias in answers . Some practitioners go so far as to recommend that no official institution , especially a governmental one , should be in direct contact with the survey sample as this may cause a distortion of responses . The quality of the interviews also depends on the education of the surveyors . Their training should be planned carefully . This can be done with", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 526, "text": "CotC d ' lvoire Living Standards Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "58205 | 64294 | 52199 | 16959 | 7365 | 13771 | 12349 | 5773 | Source : IMD , The World Competitiveness Yearbook 2000 , Lausanne , Switzerland , pp461-463 . * * Table 6 . Cereal Yields ( Selected Countries ) * * < u > ( kilograms per hectare ) < / u > | Year | China | United < br > States | France | Japan | India | S Korea | Malaysia | Brazil | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1976 – 81 | 3 , 027 | 4 , 151 | 4 , 700 | 5 , 252 | 1 , 324 | 4 , 986 | 2 , 828 | 1 , 496 | | 1999 – 2001 | 4 , 869 | 5 , 824 | 7 , 088 | 6 , 147 | 2 , 321 | 6 , 500 | 3 , 075 | 2 , 825 | Source : The World Bank , World Development Indicators 2003 , pp . 128 – 131 . # * * Table 7 . Rural Labor Density and Agricultural Machinery Comparison ( 1999 / 2000 ) * * > 25 Knight , John and L . Song , “ Chinese Peasant Choices : Migration , Rural Industry or Farming ” , _Oxford Development Studies_ , V31 , No . 2 , June 2003 . > 26 Yao , Shujie , “ Agriculture ’ s Role in Economic Development : The Case of China ” , from Cook , Sarah , Shujie Yao and J . Zhuang , ed . , _The Chinese Economy Under Transition , _ MacMillan ( London ) and St . Martin ’ s ( New York ) , 2000 . Also Yao , S . , _Economic Reforms and Grain Production in China_ , MacMillan , London , 1994 . 27 A household survey in Zouping County , Shandong Province , collected between 1990 and 1994 , shows that , when controlling for household off-farm employment , the effect of per capita land on incomes increases by approximately 10", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 664, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1297, "end": 1351, "text": "household survey in Zouping County , Shandong Province", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 7 . Summary and Conclusions * * In this paper , we have used new databases for the Dar es Salaam metro region to investigate the spatial dynamics of traffic congestion , regional air pollution , and impacts on vulnerable residents . We use Google Traffic to develop high-resolution traffic measures , which provide the first temporally - and spatially-comprehensive view of congestion in the metro area . We assess the spatial dynamics of air pollution using high-resolution nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) measures from the European Space Agency ’ s new Sentinel-5P satellite platform . Our information on the spatial distribution of vulnerable residents uses demographic and poverty maps assembled from numerous sources by the WorldPop project of the School of Geography and Environmental Sciences , University of Southampton . We combine these information sources in a spatial grid with 1-km cells for the metro region . Our empirical modeling highlights the impact of weather factors on the spatial distribution and intensity of NO2 pollution from the emissions of motor vehicles in the region . We identify critical weather dimensions in two econometric analyses . The first uses daily NO2 measures from Sentinel-5P and weather data from World Weather Online to measure the effects of temperature , rainfall , humidity and wind speed on air pollution , as well as the effect of cloudiness on measurement by Sentinel-5P . We aggregate regression-based NO2 predictions by month and find a strong seasonal pattern of weather impacts on pollution . In the second econometric exercise , we estimate a model that relates spatial displacement of NO2 pollution from its traffic source locations to the locations observed by Sentinel-5P . Our analysis clearly identifies wind direction as the critical driving variable and , like the other weather factors , wind direction is strongly seasonal . Taken together , these weather variables account for a major portion of spatial pollution dynamics in the Dar es Salaam region . We confirm the strong seasonality of wind direction in a 10-year analysis for the region . In the second part of the paper , we explore the distributional implications of our findings . Using our methodology for analysis of spatial pollution displacement , we quantify NO2 pollution exposure for residents in the displacement path . To", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 260, "text": "Google Traffic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1208, "end": 1219, "text": "Sentinel-5P", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1224, "end": 1262, "text": "weather data from World Weather Online", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "losses is expected to increase urban output which in turn increases the gross national output . The beneficiary survey supports this finding as it shows that over 77 % of beneficiaries were satisfied with all road resurfacing while at least 88 % were satisfied with all road widths and lanes < sup > 10 < / sup > . The improvement in drainage within the Kampala urban area implies that there is minimal destruction of property and hence property values will rise over time , with the infrastructure development that took place . There was a remarkable improvement in the consumer satisfaction index for improved drainage system as it increased from 2 . 6 in 2017 to 3 . 0 in 2021 . 38 . * * The improved visibility and scenic view of the city not only increased the property values but reduced the crime incidence which commonly experienced before the project was implemented . * * With beautified roads that are well marked , and pedestrian walkways lined with beautiful trees , the city has become scenic and is expected to attract more visitors and also increase business opportunities for the urban residents in Kampala . The increase in revenue collection during the duration of the project can be attributed to key project activities such as the property valuation exercise , coupled with a robust revenue management system which included revenue database , assessment , billing , collection , enforcement , dispute resolutions and taxpayer education . # # # * * D . JUSTIFICATION OF OVERALL OUTCOME RATING * * 39 . * * The overall outcome of the project is Satisfactory . * * Based on the high relevance of its PDO , substantial efficacy and substantial efficiency , the project justifies an overall outcome rating of Satisfactory . The project faced many challenges that affected implementation and fell short of some of its targets . However , it delivered appreciable benefits to the residents of Kampala and achieved many of its objectives . The positive beneficiary feedback and perceptions collected in 2017 , 2021 and 2023 support the positive benefits to the communities . > 10 Except for Mambule Road . Page 20 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 118, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1345, "end": 1361, "text": "revenue database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | in both the public and private systems , but we cannot < br > analyze expenditure differences between individuals < br > ( Households with at least one member going to public < br > schools and another to private school include some < br > 10 . 5 % of all households with at least one member in < br > public school under Scenario1 , and 17 . 1 % under < br > Scenario 2 ) . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 4 | Even after these assumptions there are still students < br > for which we do not have schooling information for < br > 2009 . < br > ( 2 . 5 % of subjects age 7-31 do not have schooling < br > information for 2009 ) | * * Main assumption * * : All subjects for whom we do not have < br > complete information about schooling , school level or type < br > of school are assumed not to be attending school . | | 5 | Official data on per-student public expenditure for < br > colleges reported by the Ministry of Education refers < br > only to teachers ‘ colleges , excluding trade colleges , < br > technical schools , agricultural colleges or nursing and < br > paramedical schools . < br > ( In 2009 combined public spending on technical < br > colleges and agricultural colleges was 3 % higher than < br > spending on teachers colleges ; the number of students , < br > however , is not available . ) | * * Main assumption : * * Public expenditure per student in all < br > colleges is the same as the expenditure per student in < br > teacher colleges . | | 6 | Outlier observations < br > ( 0 . 1 % of households ) | * * Main assumption : * * Expenditures on education larger than < br > the mean log-expenditure plus three times the standard < br > deviation ( considering only positive values of expenditure ) < br > are considered unreliable and are excluded from the", "spans": [{"start": 829, "end": 876, "text": "Official data on per-student public expenditure", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the major cause for air pollution within the project districts during the dry season . Dust particles blown from the gravel road surface by wind action or by traffic flow is the major source of the local air pollution , especially in trading centres traversed by the TL . # # # * * ES 4 . 1 . 5 Noise * * Noise level monitoring undertaken showed that the levels were all within permissible background levels . From the noise measurements done , the areas have noise levels that are below the threshold values for the construction sites other than factories . Higher noise levels were measured in the areas where the TL routes are in proximity of areas of commercial activities , with noise levels attributed to vehicular movements . * * ES 4 . 1 . 6 Hydrology , Drainage and Water Quality * * Central Region in Uganda has a shallow aquifer from the weathered regolith . The springs that arise from the shallow aquifer are the major source of groundwater supply within the project area . Springs supply approximately 50 % of region ’ s population , with the majority of these being located in high-density settlement areas like trading centre . Eight to ten percent of the project area is covered by wetlands . These wetlands are part of the Lake Victoria and Lake Mayanja catchments which , together , encompasses major wetlands like the Katonga , Kiggo , Kalasa , Lumansi and Mayanja wetlands . All the above wetlands are located within the project-affected districts . Surface water from parts of the project area drains into these and other wetlands outside the study area . * * 8 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 327, "text": "Noise level monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pressure to innovate in order to remain competitive in local markets . Our results reflect within-cluster spillover effects of exporting and foreign competition on local firms . We also find productivity to be lower in clusters with a higher proportion of establishments with public ownership . Clusters with 100 percent government ownership would have 44 % lower output per worker than a cluster with 0 percent public ownership , all else equal . Measures of crime and conflict drastically cut into industrial performance : for each one percent of lost sales due to crime , theft and / or disorder , firms can expect to experience nearly a ten percent loss in productivity . We presume that this quantitatively large result reflects the effects of crime and conflict both on local populations ( whom firms depend on as buyers ) and on the deterioration or destruction of local infrastructure typically seen in conflict-affected areas . Regarding access to skills , clusters with higher rates of employee training show the highest estimated potential gain in productivity . We posit that the large coefficient on worker training may be due to local labor markets amplifying spillover effects : worker training and skills such business environment averages from a representative survey to industrial metrics based on a comprehensive and separate data collection instrument . See Aterido et al ( 2011 ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 1263, "end": 1306, "text": "representative survey to industrial metrics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 were retained , and matching was restricted to the same region . This process identified the ward name corresponding to each street location in the TRA data , producing an output called the bridge , which linked street locations from the administration data with their corresponding wards as specified in the NBS data . In total , approximately 3 , 585 unique > 1Some IDs represented multiple active businesses , which were not treated as duplicates since payments varied by period and amount . 12", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 259, "text": "administration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 311, "end": 319, "text": "NBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Science and engineering associate professionals ; Health associate < br > professionals ; Business and administration associate professionals < br > etc . | | Clerks ( CLR ) | General and keyboard clerks ; Customer services clerks ; Numerical and < br > material recording clerks etc . | | Sales and personal services workers ( SSR ) < br > Skilled agricultural workers ( AGR ) | Personal services workers ; Sales workers ; Personal care workers etc . < br > Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers ; Market-oriented skilled < br > forestry , fishery and hunting workers ; Subsistence farmers , fishers , < br > hunters and gatherers | | Craft workers ( CRF ) | Building and related trade workers ; Metal , machinery and related < br > trade workers ; Handicraft and printing workers etc . | | Machine operators ( MOP ) | Stationary plant and machine operators ; Assemblers ; Drivers and < br > mobile plant operators etc . | | Elementary workers ( ELM ) | Cleaners and helpers ; Agricultural , forestry and fishery laborers ; < br > Laborers in mining , construction , manufacturing and transport etc . | | Home sector workers ( HSW ) | _Not in labor force_ < sup > 1 < / sup > | 1Individuals not in any occupation and not looking for work . For more information on the ISCO-88 , see ILO ( 2012 ) . > 11 The 1-digit occupations ( major groups ) in ISCO-88 are comparable to those in ISCO-88 . New occupations are introduced in the latter , together with some merging and splitting of older categories . Yet , the changes are restricted at the sub-group or finer levels ( ILO , 2012 ) . 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ sup > _Ii_ ) | 0 . 002 | 0 . 003 | - 0 . 005 * | 0 . 007 * * | - 0 . 001 | - 0 . 005 * * | | | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | | Num . Obs . | 1114 | 1114 | 1114 | 1114 | 1114 | 1114 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 352 | 0 . 343 | 0 . 243 | 0 . 606 | 0 . 543 | 0 . 550 | | _S_ ( lat , lon ) | | | | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | Data : IPUMS-International for Brazil ( 2000-2010 ) , DNIT and ANEEL . Geographic regions are consistent across years . Robust standard errors in parenthesis . * p _ < _ 0 . 1 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 . Panel OLS controls for latitude and longitude . Panel GAM shows semiparametric regressions with thin-plate spline in latitude and longitude , _S_ ( lat , lon ) shows the approximate p-value of the thin-plate spline . tween the quality of roads and electricity , year fixed effects ( _μt_ ) , and the function _S_ ( lat _i_ , lon _i_ ) that controls for the possible spatial correlation of the errors . In particular , The first three columns in Table 1 show the OLS estimates of ( 1 ) in which the variables latitude and longitude enter the regression linearly . A second set of results in that table , labeled as GAM ( Generalized Additive Model ) , follows Kelly et al . ( 2023 ) and considers a thin-plate spline specification of _S_ ( lat _i_ , lon _i_ ) ; see Appendix A for details . Table 1 shows that locations with larger shares of employment in manufacturing and services tend to have larger populations . Better quality of electricity is", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 409, "text": "IPUMS-International", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "need to design and execute the Project Report Study for the proposed power distribution line project . As well , given the limited scale and scope of investment required in developing 33 kV power distribution lines , a decision was made to mount a study process culminating in development of a Project Report in line with requirements of Legal Notice 101 of EMCA . # # # # Study Objectives Objectives for this Project Report Study were identified as follows ; - - To generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of how well the mitigation measures will be implemented during the project cycle - To identify and assess potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project . - To identify all potential significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project and recommend measures for mitigation measures . - To verify compliance with the environmental regulations and industry ’ s standards - To recommend cost effective measures to be implemented to mitigate the expected impact . - To prepare a Project Report compliant to the Environmental Management and Coordination Act [ 1999 ] and it ’ s Legal Notice 101 . # # # # The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Team This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study was undertaken by a multidisciplinary team bringing together skills as follows : - - Mr . Michael M . Wairagu - EIA Lead Expert and Team Leader - Ms . Nancy Kanyi-Sociologist Details of NEMA registration status in respect of both team members are provided in Appendix 1 . 2 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 489, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . 2 Methodology * * To look at the question of the effect of trade regulation , infrastructure development , and enterprise characteristics on export share , we use firm-level data for firm i in sector j in country k to estimate the following equation : The dependent variable is exports as percent of sales . Since , as noted previously , many enterprises do not export any part of their production , this variable is censored below at 0 . Since a few , but not very many , enterprises export all their production , it is also censored above at 100 . The model is estimated as a two-limit Tobit model , using standard maximum likelihood estimation . One of the questions of interest is how enterprises ’ exporting is affected by problems related to trade and customs regulations . The regressions therefore contain variables proxying for the obstacle that trade regulations impose upon the enterprise . The data that we use to measure the burden imposed by trade and customs regulations is the perception-based data described in the previous section . One concern about perception-based data is that it might not accurately reflect reality . Although this is a concern , it is important to note that if perceptions have no base in reality , we would not expect to find any relationship between perceptions about trade and customs regulations and export decisions ( i . e . , if perception data was simply white noise , the coefficient on the variable would be statistically insignificant ) . However , there is some concern about endogeneity — enterprise managers with greater experience with dealing with customs and trade regulations ( e . g . , exporters ) might have different perceptions about these regulations than enterprise managers without the same level of experience . Consequently , export behavior might affect perceptions rather than the reverse . Further , customs and trade regulations are likely to impose a greater burden ( and hence actually be a greater obstacle ) for exporters than nonexporters . Consistent with this , exporters are more likely to complain about trade and customs 12", "spans": [{"start": 175, "end": 190, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1005, "end": 1026, "text": "perception-based data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to better engage privatesector actors and integrate more market-based approaches . The countries covered are Ethiopia , Rwanda , Niger , Tanzania and Bangladesh . Information for these case studies was sourced in August and September of 2018 and was current as of that period . The case studies are also referred to in the ‘ lessons learnt ’ and recommendations chapters of this paper . > 25 A full presentation of the results from the MEI ’ s survey in Kakuma I can be found in Corbyn and Vianello ( 2018 ) , _Prices , Products and Priorities . _ 13 movingenergy . earth", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 462, "text": "MEI ’ s survey in Kakuma I", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > planning and monitoring system , and totrain a team of < / sup > * * MOLG * * staff < sup > in transport planning and management . < / sup > 12 . ( a ) In order < sup > toassesstheimpactofthefeederroads < / sup > program < sup > inthefourparticipatingdistrictsandthecomparative < / sup > advantages < sup > oflabor-based andequipment-based methods , MOLG ' s < / sup > Engineering < sup > Departmentshallcarryout a baselinestudytobe < / sup > completed * * by * * < sup > notlater than November < / sup > < sup > * * 30 , * * 1994 . < / sup > * * ( b ) * * MOLG shall < sup > not later than June < / sup > < sup > * * 30 , 1995 : * * ( i ) establish < / sup > and implement < sup > amonitoringsystem , coveringfeederroadsactivities < / sup > and the impact < sup > ofthefeederroadsprogramontheruraleconomy , and < / sup > ( ii ) complete a < sup > roadinventorydatabasecoveringtheparticipating < / sup > districts .", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 901, "text": "roadinventorydatabasecoveringtheparticipating", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2020 , covering all core subjects for grades 1 - 11 , and curricular areas meant for the last term of the academic year in three languages – Uzbek , Russian and Karakalpak . These lessons were broadcast through four government-owned television channels . Every day , four lessons per grade , each of 15-20 minutes duration were telecast ( thus , a total of one to one and a half hour lessons for each grade ) , and the broadcasting timetable was announced well in advance for the week . In addition , the video lessons were also made available for students to access any time through the education portal _online maktab_ through the Telegram ( instant messenger service ) channel , which has 84 , 000 subscribers and an estimated 2 . 6 million views daily , as well as the Telegram channel of the MOPE , with 80 , 000 subscribers and 250 , 000 views daily . Initial surveys also showed engagement with distance learning platforms . Four surveys ( UNICEF Rapid Assessment – telephone survey , SISQE-UNICEF online poll – through SISQE web portal and U-Report poll – through SMS , Facebook , telegram , smartphone apps and Listening to the Citizens of Uzbekistan - L2C2 ) were conducted in the initial months after school closures in March 2020 < sup > 1 < / sup > and allow us to assess the reach and use of distance learning programs in the initial months of COVID-induced school closures . The four surveys show that most students ( 96 percent across four surveys ) engaged in some form of study during the initial months of school closures ( April – May 2020 ) . Of these , a majority ( 82 percent ) continued education through distance learning while some students ( 15 percent ) were engaged in self-study using textbooks , teacher support , or by watching YouTube and other websites . < sup > 2 < / sup > Of the students who did not continue education in the initial months ( 3 percent ) , the major reasons cited were irregular power supply , unavailability of TV or internet at home , and unavailability of the TV channels that broadcast lessons . Furthermore , the Government of", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 989, "text": "UNICEF Rapid Assessment – telephone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 992, "end": 1016, "text": "SISQE-UNICEF online poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1048, "end": 1061, "text": "U-Report poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the occupational groups have come to represent distinct and stigmatised communities and are excluded from the traditional clan lineages . < sup > 246 < / sup > The subordinate status of the minority communities is encoded in the current Somali political settlement known as the “ 4 . 5 system ” , first proposed at a reconciliation conference held in Arta in Djibouti in 2000 , and confirmed in the Eldoret Declaration issued in Kenya in 2002 , as a temporary measure to enable the establishment of an interim government . < sup > 247 < / sup > Under the 4 . 5 formula , a residual category of “ minority groups ” receives one-half of the parliamentary seats and other public offices accorded to each of the four major clan branches . The Transitional Federal Charter provided for indirect election of parliamentarians by clan leaders , permitting this arrangement to enter into effect . < sup > 248 < / sup > The system remains in place , although the 2012 Provisional Constitution does not specify any particular electoral system < sup > 249 < / sup > ; > _244 This information is summarised from the Somalia entry in the Minority Rights Group World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples , available at_ _ < u > https : / / minorityrights . org / country / somalia / . See also Martin Hill , “ No redress : Somalia ’ s forgotten minorities ” , Minority Rights Group , 2010 https : / / minorityrights . org / wp-content / uploads / old-site-downloads / download-912-Click-here-to-download-full-report . pdf ; “ Looma Ooyaan – No One Cries for < / u > Them : The Predicament Facing Somalia ’ s Minority Women ” , Minority Rights Group , 2015 https : / / minorityrights . org / wp-content / uploads / old-site-_ _ < u > downloads / mrg_report_somal", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Indicator 1 . 4 Public ‐ private partnership ( PPP ) setup < br > designed and implementation plan for PPP rollout < br > developed | | No | Yes / No | No | Yes | Annually | MOE | | | Improved < br > teaching and < br > learning < br > environment | Indicator 2 . 1 : Improved maintenance system adopted | 6 . 1 | No | Yes / No | No | Yes | Annually | MOE | Review of maintenance < br > system document and < br > operating procedures < br > produced and adopted by < br > MOE | | | Indicator 2 . 2 : Number of K ‐ 12 teachers trained and < br > certified | 4 . 4 | No | Number | 0 | 50 , 000 | Annually | MOE | The verification agency will < br > verify training records for < br > teachers ' training | | | Indicator 2 . 3 : Percentage of schools with high < br > proportion of Syrian refugees implementing the < br > socioemotional learning program | 5 . 2 | No | Percentage | 0 | 70 % | Annually | MOE | Schools with a high proportion < br > of Syrian refugees are schools < br > where Syrian refugee students < br > represent 30 percent or more < br > of the student body . < br > School visits to document the < br > implementation of the < br > socioemotional learning < br > intervention in schools | 31", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 675, "text": "training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project ( P169943 ) 16 . * * The IDP support will build on the lessons learned in fielding cash transfers to IDPs under the UPSNP . * * This component will finance cash transfers and recovery grants people displaced by conflict across the country and by drought , in targeted regions and cities , including in the Borena zone of Oromia region . Subcomponent 1 . 4 , introduced in the UPSNJP AF , and targeting 127 , 755 IDPs with cash transfers worth overall US $ 6 million , will be expanded to support additional IDPs . Overall , this subcomponent will benefit about 733 , 000 IDPs . Targeting will include IDPs in collective shelters < sup > 4 < / sup > and those hosted by the local community . Geographic targeting of regions and specific IDP-hosting communities will be based on the number of IDPs sheltered in that region or community and the scale of unmet needs . All IDPs in a targeted camp or community will be given the opportunity to participate in the program . IDPs in host communities will be selected using community-based targeting . Each selected IDP household will receive ETB 465 ( US $ 8 . 69 ) per household member per month for five months , for up to four members per registered household . Payments will be processed through the project ’ s dedicated payroll system , UPASS . Cities closest to IDP sites will be used as cost centers for the relevant IDP cash transfers . In particular , Yabelo , a UPSNJP city found in Borena zone , will serve as a cost-center to support drought-affected IDPs in neighboring woredas . 17 . * * This restructuring introduces recovery grants to be disbursed to a categorically targeted selection of IDP beneficiaries . * * Insights from third-party monitoring conducted on the UPSNP and World Bank research on IDPs in Ethiopia highlight lack of livelihoods , driven by", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Appendix 3 shows that smaller enterprises - measured by their turnover - tend to be owned by poorer households and poor female-only households . The question of whether low revenue enterprises face a disproportionate tax burden therefore is important from an equity and gender perspective . * * Table 1 : Percentage of households with a non-farm enterprise ( NFE ) , by household type * * | | * * Period * * < br > * * ( 2018 / 2 * * | * * 1 * * < br > * * 019 ) * * | * * Period 2 * * < br > * * ( 2021 / 2022 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | % of households with NFEs | 22 . 9 | | 26 . 8 | | _Number of households_ | _6 , 770_ | | _4 , 959_ | | | * * Period * * | * * 1 * * | * * Period 2 * * | | | * * Male or dual * * < br > * * adult household * * | * * Female only * * < br > * * household * * | * * Male or dual adult * * < br > * * household * * < br > * * Female only * * < br > * * household * * | | % of households with NFEs | 22 . 5 | 25 . 5 | 27 . 2 < br > 21 . 2 | | _Number of households_ | _5 , 518_ | _1 , 252_ | _4 , 337_ < br > _622_ | 10 This paper primarily classifies households by whether there is a male adult , as the assignment of headship is often arbitrary across countries ( see World Bank 2018 for a discussion ) . The presence of a male adult also results in women having better access to land and agricultural labor ( see Komatsu et al . 2022 ) . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 The Sachs and Warner index , based on the recent update by Wacziarg and Welch ( 2008 ) , is equal to one when a country is considered open and zero otherwise on the basis on the following criteria : an aggregate tariff rate greater than 40 percent , a nontariff barrier covering more than 40 percent of trade , a black market exchange rate of less than 20 percent relative to the official exchange rate , and a state monopoly in major exports . 16 An alternative means of correcting for the potential problem of inconsistent standard errors would be to follow a residual-aggregation procedure , as suggested by Bertrand et al . ( 2004 ) . In our case , where we consider approximately 40 reform episodes , this could be problematic because the power of this procedure is quite low and diminishes rapidly with sample size . 17 Hausman tests also confirm this correlation . Please note that in the random effects model the key result ( i . e . , the effect of democratization on the _NRA_ and _RRA_ ) is positive and strongly significant and is virtually identical in magnitude to the results reported in table 2 ( additional results are available upon request ) . > 18 As emphasized by Papaioannou and Siourounis ( 2008 ) , the _democracy_ indicator behaves as a trend because countries that switch to democracy seldom revert to autocracy . 19 We use total government consumption instead of government spending owing to data limitations . For our broad country sample and the 1955 – 2005 time period , this is the most widely available measure of government spending . 20 See de Gorter and Swinnen ( 2002 ) for a survey . A positive impact of GDP per capita is in line with the so-called development paradox . A negative impact of agricultural employment is in line with Olson ’ s ( small ) interest group story and the reduced per capita 33", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 29, "text": "Sachs and Warner index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * GAPS AND NEEDS * * * * Healthcare Access * * : Older refugees face barriers to secondary healthcare due to physical accessibility issues , high costs , and inconsistent application of Temporary Protection ( TP ) status rights by service providers . * * Housing Challenges * * : Closure of Refugee Accommodation Centers ( RACs ) creates uncertainty for older refugees , especially those with limited finances or mobility which need essential services which are near RACs . * * Financial Instability * * : Rising living costs leave older refugees financially insecure , relying on pensions , savings , or aid , often leading to reduced spending on food or healthcare . * * Employment Barriers * * : Language , ageism , and health issues prevent older refugees from working , while cash assistance for rent often excludes those unable to find employment . * * Social Isolation * * : Separation from family , limited mobility , and lack of tailored social activities exacerbate isolation among older refugees , highlighting a need for age-appropriate community initiatives . * * Information Access * * : Limited digital skills and lack of in-person information sharing , hinder older refugees ' access to essential information , updates , and registration for benefits like TP . * * Data Disaggregation and Targeted Assistance * * : Insufficient data on the specific needs of older refugees hinders targeted support by humanitarian organizations . # # * * RECOMANDATIONS * * For the * * Government of Moldova * * - Improve communication to all refugees , including older ones , about rights and services under TP status . - Continue improving accessibility and adaptation for people with limited mobility . # # # # # For the * * Humanitarian Community * * : - Improve disaggregated data collection and analysis to better target support for vulnerable groups , including older persons . - Continue to promote psychosocial support services to reduce isolation and improve mental health . - Review cash-for-rent criteria to better include older persons and secure funding to address their particular rental vulnerabilities . - Expand access to assistive", "spans": [{"start": 1772, "end": 1790, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to conduct a thorough demand survey . A demand or broader market survey may also provide guidance to the government on the following issues : - to identify the nature and magnitude of the financing gap ; - the appropriateness of the fund as an instrument to support private investment and the timing of the fund ; - the design of instruments ; - the 1FF funding requirements ; and - the staffing levels and skill mix needed to manage those instruments . 12 . Nevertheless , the development of such funds tends to be a complex and time consuming process , especially if contingent instruments are offered as the facility may need to build up institutional capacity . In the meantime , given that developing countries tend to be vulnerable to shocks , economic conditions may change and may adversely 4 Nevertheless , at the same time , government may have implemented a set of policy reform that improves the overall regulatory environment and allow , among other things , for cost covering tariffs . This would in turn reduce govemments ' the need for the govemment to offer financial support to attract private resources into the sector .", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 35, "text": "demand survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "food that the peer adherence and nutritional support intervention group received for the duration of the experimental intervention . In the subsequent pages , patient-level data are used to investigate the impact of peer adherence and nutritional support on measures of ARV treatment adherence and success . # * * 2 . 2 Data collection * * Trained enumerators conducted structured , face-to-face baseline interviews with ART patients recruited into the study . < sup > 2 < / sup > Written , informed consent was obtained from study participants by the nursing personnel at the respective clinics ( for ARV patients ) , as well as by the enumerator ( for ARV patients and ARV patient / comparison households ) . A facility survey was also conducted , during which semi-structured interviews were conducted with health care providers at each study site . At follow-up , enumerators again obtained written , informed consent from study participants . Two rounds of follow-up interviews were conducted with patients . The median time between consecutive interviews was 11 . 7 months [ IQR 10 . 6-15 . 9 months ] . A total of 1 , 588 interviews were conducted with 653 individual patients , 422 of whom were interviewed at both follow-ups . By the second and final round of follow-up interviews , 218 patients had been lost to follow-up , primarily due to mortality among study participants ( 42 . 4 % ) and unknown whereabouts ( 34 . 1 % ) , which translates into an aggregate attrition rate of 33 . 6 % . Of the 337 patients that consented to enrollment in the adherence and nutritional support interventions at the commencement of the intervention , 288 or 85 . 4 % were interviewed at the first round of follow-up interview , whereas 175 or 86 . 2 % of the 203 study participants that completed the full 18-months of FEATS treatment were interviewed at the second and final round of follow-up interviews . On completion of the study clinical bio-markers and other additional patient information were obtained from paper and electronic files . Patients at baseline , when first recruited into the study , > 2 The study also included a household survey component , with interviews being conducted with patient", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 177, "text": "patient-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 713, "end": 728, "text": "facility survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2133, "end": 2149, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis of unmet needs over the last five years < sup > 17 < / sup > indicate that approximately > 11 LCRP 2017-2020 . > 12 UNHCR data , 2016 . > 13 Hariri University Hospital data , 2017 . > 14 LCRP 2017-2020 . > 15 MoPH data , 2012-2015 . > 16 Interview with Syndicate of Private Hospitals , Lebanon . March 2017 . > 17 The analysis is based on a model that examined the change in patient proportions under the assumption that any change in patient proportions from one nationality comes at the expense of patients from another nationality . Page 15 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 117, "text": "LCRP 2017-2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 125, "end": 135, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 150, "end": 181, "text": "Hariri University Hospital data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 196, "end": 210, "text": "LCRP 2017-2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 218, "end": 227, "text": "MoPH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adults live in urban areas , where , in addition , access to antiretroviral treatment is easier . We can thus assume that their food consumption and nutritional status will be affected negatively by the food crisis . Although there is no way , with our data , to measure the direct impact of the food crisis on the overall welfare of households , we can use the change in income , consumption , food consumption and nutritional status of children between 2007 and 2008 as proxies for that impact . The food crisis indeed reached its peak between January and June 2008 and can be considered a systemic shock . Income , consumption and food consumption are measured on a monthly per adult equivalent basis , in meticais < sup > 3 < / sup > . Income is the sum , over all members of the household , of labor income ( wage , household business or farm ) , non labor income ( insurance , pension , etc . ) , private and institutional transfers , and home produced food . Consumption is the sum of food consumption ( purchased and home produced ) , non food items purchased , education , housing ( water , electricity , etc . ) , health , ceremony and special events expenditures . Real income and consumption are obtained using the Mozambique Consumer Price Index ( INE , 2009 ) . As the data in 2007 and 2008 were collected across several months , the monthly values of the CPI were used to match the date of interview of each household , to ensure the inflation index used is as close as possible to what the household actually experienced . Unfortunately we were not able to use a regional CPI which , to our knowledge , does not exist in Mozambique , and thus the national index was used . The food-and-drink CPI was used to deflate the food consumption variable . The anthropometric measures used to proxy for households ’ nutritional status are the weightfor-age z-scores for children aged 1 to 10 years old , the body-mass-index and the height-for-age z - scores for children aged 5 to 19 years . These were computed using the WHO growth standard ( De Onis et", "spans": [{"start": 1227, "end": 1258, "text": "Mozambique Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lost due to inadequate infrastructure and cataloguing . This component of the project will support efforts to : i ) complete the regional airbome geophysical coverage of the country , and support a denser coverage over selected promising areas ; ii ) update and improve existing coverage of geological maps and support detailed coverage of selected areas of high mineral potential ; iii ) compile existing geo-chemical survey data , sample analysis , and some complementary sampling ; iv ) establish a modem and computerized MIS to compile and catalogue data and modemize DGSM ' s documentation center ; v ) prepare an inventory of Uganda ' s industrial minerals and construction materials to promote investment opportunities to the local private sector ; and vi ) provide DGSM with assay and sample storage facilities to enable the satisfactory development of basic geological information and the provision of extension services . The focus of this component is to provide basic , reliable geological information as a powerful tool to support the promotion of private investments in the mining sector . This information will also serve for identifying areas with potential for possible artisanal mining rushes , and for carrying out socio-economic development planning . C ) * * Sustainability of Small Scale and Artisanal Mining . * * Artisanal and small-scale mining activities represent an important source of direct and indirect income for a relatively large rural population . Such activities involve numerous technical , legal , environmental and socio-economic issues . Experience from other mining countries demonstrates the value of assistance programs that promote small-scale and artisanal mining development on a technically , environmentally and socially sound basis and provide for sustainability . This component aims to enhance small-scale and artisanal miners ' awareness of their options to improve their technical and environmental performance and the overall impacts of their activities in nearby communities . It will support : i ) formulating and undertaking integrated management , technical assistance and capacity building programs to enhance technical yields , reduce serious adverse impacts on health , safety and the environment , improve miners ' living conditions , and increase revenue ; ii ) designing", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 430, "text": "geo-chemical survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNHCR , UNICEF and IOM January to June 2019 # # Relocation Despite the official closure of the EU emergency relocation scheme , IOM has continued to support national authorities to relocate migrants and refugees arriving by sea to EU Member States through bilateral agreements between countries involved . Between January and June 2019 , a total of 16 unaccompanied children were relocated to Germany ( 7 ) , France ( 6 ) , and Ireland ( 3 ) , primarily from Italy and Malta . Additionally , 67 unaccompanied children were transferred to the United Kingdom within the framework of the DUBS project , mainly from France ( 33 ) , Greece ( 20 ) and Italy ( 14 ) . # # Returns from Greece to Turkey Of all returnees ( 1 , 885 ) from Greece to Turkey under the EUTurkey Statement between 2016 and June 2019 , only 5 % ( 93 ) were children . All of whom were returned with their families . _Source : _ _ < u > Returns from Greece to Turkey < / u > _ # # Assisted with Voluntary Return and Reintegration ( AVRR ) to Children and UASC Between January and June 2019 , IOM provided AVRR support to 28 , 502 migrants globally ( 5 % more than the same period in 2018 ) . In general , 13 % of them were children , including 549 UASC . Overall , 14 , 881 AVRR beneficiaries were assisted to return from the European Economic Area and Switzerland , with 45 % ( 6 , 715 ) assisted to return from Germany . 19 % ( 2 , 701 ) of AVRR beneficiaries from the European Economic Area and Switzerland were children , including 62 unaccompanied and separated . Over half of the beneficiaries assisted to return from the European Economic Area and Switzerland ( 7 , 705 ) returned to South-eastern and Eastern Europe . Another 19 % ( 2 , 877 ) returned to the Middle East and Northern Africa and 17 % ( 2 , 595 ) went back to Asia and Pacific region . # # Children Resettled to Europe Of the total", "spans": [{"start": 904, "end": 933, "text": "Returns from Greece to Turkey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strengthening in the areas of ( i ) improved prioritization and management of public investments ; ( ii ) improved borrowing and cash management practices to enable reliable funding for service delivery and investment projects ; ( iii ) consolidation of staff data for better human resource management ; ( iv ) timeliness and quality of financial statements ; and ( v ) quality of external and internal audit practices . 94 . * * The CBK continues to maintain effective operational controls and foreign exchange management . * * The FY2020 / 21 and FY2021 / 22 audits were completed within the required timelines and audit certificates issued dated September 27 , 2021 , and September 19 , 2022 , respectively . The reports were unmodified for two years . Other matters raised in the reports relate to the failure to maintain the required number of non-executive directors and the lack of a second deputy governor . The OAG audit reports did not flag any other weaknesses in the CBK ’ s internal audit function and internal controls . An updated safeguard assessment of Central Bank of Kenya was completed by IMF in September 2019 . CBK continues to maintain sound external and financial reporting practices , and its Board has active oversight operations . In addition , the CBK continues to maintain effective operational controls . The CBK has implemented most of the recommendations from the 2019 assessment . Draft amendments to the CBK Act , prepared in consultation with IMF , largely address safeguards recommendations and await submission to Parliament . 95 . * * Loan and credit disbursement will follow the World Bank ’ s procedures for development policy financing . * * The World Bank will disburse the funds to an account opened by the National Treasury and Economic Planning in the CBK which will form part of the foreign exchange reserves . After the deposit of the funds , the CBK would immediately credit the disbursed amounts to the Treasury Single Account as part of the overall exchequer funds . The funds would then be available to finance budgeted expenditures . The accounting of the credit proceeds will be in line with existing PFM", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 264, "text": "staff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Consulting with the interested parties ; - Investigating the grievance , including drawing on the census enumeration and property registration survey data , GPS locational data , and photographic evidence ; - Achieving resolution of received complaints and grievances , including agreementmaking ; - Reporting back to the complainant ; - Sign-off / closeout ; - Follow up and monitoring ; and - Reporting on the grievance system as part of the overall project monitoring and reporting . Grievances during implementation of the RP / LRP will be categorized based on validity and risk level by EEP / ESAO and their Community Liaison Officer ( CLO ) . Where investigations are required , the subproject staff and outside authorities as appropriate , will assist with the process . The CLO will collaborate with EEP / ESAO / Contractor to review the issue raised and to decide whether it is subproject related or whether it is more appropriately addressed by a relevant authority outside the subproject . Any comments or concerns can be brought to the attention of the Subproject Office verbally or in writing or by filling in a grievance form . Amharic Version of the form is presented in Table 13 . 1 and _Oromiffa_ in Annex 10 . The grievance form will be available at all affected Woreda and Kebele Administration Offices , at EEP ’ s Head Office and subproject Offices . Official Use Only Page 167", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 307, "text": "census enumeration and property registration survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 310, "end": 329, "text": "GPS locational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "classify these occupations properly , I define a category ‘ non-construction ’ that includes all jobs that are definitely not in construction sector . The remaining jobs are either in construction or in other sectors that are not classifiable . As Table 2 shows , only a third of the workers identified going to work that can be classified as not being in the construction sector and there is a large variation across destinations ( column 6 ) . Furthermore , the reported wages and fees from this source differ from the expectations of potential workers . In Shrestha ( 2017 ) , I find that potential work migrants expect to earn much higher while abroad and pay much higher fees to migrate to these destinations . The discrepancy results from misinformation in part of the potential migrants as well as misreporting from migrants to DoFE . Migrants may misreport their wages and fees to DoFE as the government has regulations on minimum wage and maximum fees for workers seeking employment abroad . Furthermore , the wages reported to DoFE do not include overtime work , which can be a large part of migrant earnings abroad . In any case , the wages reported here _are_ contractual wages and potential migrants have to submit a copy of the contract from the employer for their application to the DoFE . # * * 2 . 3 Data on migrant deaths * * The data on migrant deaths comes from the Foreign Employment Promotion Board ( FEPB ) . FEPB is a government body established to make foreign migration safe and organized . One of its main tasks include providing financial support to the family of the deceased and helping them retrieve bodies of the deceased workers . When a registered ( received labor permits from DoFE ) migrant worker dies abroad , his family is eligible to receive a compensation ( of over $ 1 , 500 for the study period ) through the FEPB . The FEPB provides compensation for any kind of death as long as the migrant had obtained permits from DoFE , died within the duration of his contract , and the family files a claim within a year of the date of death with necessary documents . The necessary documents", "spans": [{"start": 1317, "end": 1339, "text": "Data on migrant deaths", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provided by the WHO . The distribution of known deaths due to Ebola by May 2014 across prefectures is highly varied with the majority of cases were in one prefecture ( 168 cases in Gueckedou ) , and just over 65 % of the prefectures had no known cases ( Figure A . 2 ) . We perform a range of tests to demonstrate the internal validity of the study . < sup > 10 < / sup > The sample is balanced for a range of student and school-level characteristics , including student baseline learning , number of students assessed , and exposure to Ebola ( Table A . 7 ) . Furthermore , school-level attrition in student assessment data is balanced ( Table A . 8 ) , and the sample remains balanced if restricted to schools for whom we have midline and endline data ( Tables A . 9 and A . 10 , respectively ) . Finally , there is no _reduction_ in the number of students assessed at midline and endline in the respective treatment groups , suggesting that teachers did not strategically keep under-performing students from attending school on the day of assessment to inflate their scores ( Tables A . 11 and A . 13 ) . > 10Section A . 2 provides a more detailed discussion . 8", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 624, "text": "student assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 33 * * | 1 , 354 | * * 1 , 653 * * | * * 27 . 550 * * | * * 725 * * | | Busia | - | 60 | 60 | * * 60 * * | - | - | * * 2 . 030 * * | - | - | - | 1 , 354 | - | - | | | Matuga ( Kwa1e ) | * * - * * | 60 | * * 60 * * | 60 | - | - | _100_ | 4 , 340 | _ + 128_ | * * 72 * * | 1 , 26i | * * 2 , 062 * * | * * 34 , 366 * * | 425 | | MobileFTCs < br > | | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * 265 * * | * * 272 * * | * * - * * | * * - * * | | _Prim . Teach . Train . Col . _ < br > KiiramboEo | _224_ | * * 256 * * | * * 256 * * | 480 | 486 | * * 101 * * | * * 2 , 650 * * | 1 . 314 | * * - * * < br > * * 50 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 1 , 635 * * | * * 1 , 762 * * | * * 6 , 882 * * | * * 897 * * | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | * * 7 * * | * * 1553 * * | * * 1969 * * | * * 6270 * * | 650 | | Thogo", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) than the cost . < sup > 29 < / sup > This implies that analyses which divide up the set of available studies will likely be underpowered , limiting the scope for further subsample tests . While the results here suggest that overall , multiple-dose MDA increases child weight , they also suggest that if MDA had similar impacts on weight across drug type or worm species , a meta-analysis focusing on any one species of worm or drug may well be underpowered . We therefore think it would be appropriate for any future studies designed to explore heterogeneity , across worm species or drug type , for example , to report a test of the hypothesis that the average effect of MDA for each worm species or each drug is the same , rather than to simply test the hypothesis that the effect of any one individual drug or MDA against any one species has zero impact on weight . Beyond its relevance for health research , greater awareness of the limitations of under-powered meta-analyses will become increasingly important as more social scientists conduct meta-analyses ( Vivalt , 2015 ) . A further methodological lesson is that it is appropriate to explicitly test the null hypothesis of a common zero effect . Finally , in evaluating policy , it is appropriate to focus on all mass-drug administration studies conducted in environments where mass deworming is recommended under WHO guidelines rather than to mix in studies from environments in which worm prevalence is sufficiently low that the WHO does not recommend mass treatment , or to selectively exclude studies of mass drug administration conducted in highprevalence environments . > 29 The estimated effect in the full sample is about 50 % greater than the estimate in the TMSDG sample , though well within the confidence interval of ( - 0 . 11 kg , 0 . 27 kg ) found by TMSDG in their meta-analysis of the impacts of multiple-dose MDA on weight . However , the confidence interval shrinks by 47 % to ( 0 . 03 kg , 0 . 24 kg ) with the full data set . Thus , incorporation of additional information into the analysis helps address the problem of insufficient", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "organizational dynamics and bureaucratic behavior , but at the same time its analytical power is somewhat more limited than that of the principal-agent theories . Leadership is seen to be key ' < sup > 4 < / sup > , as is \" a strong sense of mission , effective managerial practice , and high expectations about employee performance \" . , < sup > 5 < / sup > The perspective builds on the sociological traditions that have tended to see organization as an organic entity and have emphasized ' ° See Heyman ( 1988 ) and Miller ( 1994 ) . > 3 ' A large-scale survey-based study of senior bureaucrats and politicians in five western countries found that \" policymaking by bureaucrats is characterized by continuity , stability , and predictability \" in clear distinction to the views of politicians who see themselves as \" advocates , partisans , and tribunes \" ( Aberbach , Putnam , and Rockman , 1981 , p . 25 6-7 ) . 12 See Moe ( 1984 ) , Moe ( 1990 ) , Simon ( 1991 ) , and Fukuyama ( 1995 ) . 1 3 They are \" far better at explaining why bureaucrats shirk , subvert , or steal than they are at explaining why bureaucrats behave as ' principled agents ' - workers who do not shirk , subvert , or steal on the job even when the pecuniary and other tangible incentives to refrain from these behaviors are weak or nonexistent \" ( Dilulio , 1994 , p . 277 ) . Herbert Simon also provides a critique of the principal-agent variant labeled transactions cost analysis ( Simon 1991 ) . 14 Dilulio ( 1994 ) . Other influential organization theorists including Selznick ( 1957 ) and Wilson ( 1989 ) have also underscored critical roles of leadership in accounting for organizational performance . IS See Grindle ( 1997 , p . 491 ) . _5_", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 : Distribution of secondary activities among full time students , 2005 / 06 * * | * * Secondary Activity * * | * * All fulltime students * * | * * Working age students * * < sup > * * a * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Own account worker | 0 . 5 | 1 . 5 | | Contributing family worker | 54 . 2 | 62 . 0 | | Wage employment | 0 . 5 | 1 . 6 | | Full time student | 1 . 0 | 1 . 2 | | Children not at school | 0 . 3 | 0 . 07 | | Other | 1 . 3 | 1 . 3 | | None | 42 . 2 | 32 . 4 | _Source : Author calculation based on the UNHS 2005 / 06 ; Note : respondents aged between 14 and 65 years , 12-month recall_ In sum , when detailed screening questions are used , broader economic participation is effectively captured because it brings clarity to the term as opposed to relying on the respondent ’ s own interpretation . Secondly , the use of screening reduces the possibility that inactivity responses will be bundled with activity responses in employment status questions . This unbundling also improves the measurement of economic participation . # * * 3 . 3 Measurement of primary economic activities – The role of the recall period * * The measurement of the primary employment status is influenced by the recall period used . The recall period can make a significant difference to the measured participation in a typical African country where the majority of the people eke their living out of rain fed agriculture while participation in self-employment activities and casual wage work is seasonal . Under these circumstances , the use of shorter recall periods potentially understates participation in specific economic activities . For example , if an interview takes place in a month after the agriculture season , a person who primarily works on a family farm during the agriculture season could accurately report being inactive or a non-farm main activity if asked", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 555, "text": "UNHS 2005 / 06", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "source ) is Most Probable Number < br > ( MPN ) in 100 mL as defined for < br > Aquagenx CBT EC + TC MPN water < br > quality testing kits and follow WHO < br > standards . For nondetects , we substitute < br > half the lower detection limit . | | * * Secondary * * < br > * * Outcome * * | * * HH Coliforms MPN / 100mL * * | Water quality at point of use ( Drinking < br > water stored in the household ) is Most < br > Probable Number ( MPN ) in 100 mL as < br > defined forAquagenx CBT EC + TC MPN < br > water quality testing kits and follows WHO < br > standards . For nondetects , we substitute < br > half the lower detection limit . | | * * Secondary * * < br > * * Outcome * * | * * Weight for age * * | Weight for age z score for children under < br > 5 . |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 136 | 0 . 148 | - 2 . 597 | - 2 . 776 | - 2 . 719 * | - 2 . 377 | - 0 . 104 | - 0 . 115 | 0 . 033 | 0 . 102 | - 2 . 501 * * * | - 2 . 502 * * * | - 2 . 465 * * * | - 2 . 397 * * | | | ( 0 . 258 ) | ( 0 . 327 ) | ( 0 . 262 ) | ( 0 . 265 ) | ( 1 . 653 ) | ( 1 . 689 ) | ( 1 . 640 ) | ( 1 . 625 ) | ( 0 . 951 ) | ( 0 . 953 ) | ( 0 . 856 ) | ( 0 . 915 ) | ( 0 . 965 ) | ( 0 . 948 ) | ( 0 . 931 ) | ( 0 . 940 ) | | Number of observations | 262 | 262 | 262 | 262 | 223 | 223 | 223 | 221 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 261 | 261 | 261 | 258 | | r2_w | 0 . 398 | 0 . 405 | 0 . 377 | 0 . 378 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 008 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 008 | 0 . 008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 023 | 0 . 010 | 0 . 026 | 0 . 025 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 850 | 0 . 884 | 0 . 833 | 0 . 835 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the El Salvador COV-ES data . Sector information used as the interaction terms is taken from the baseline ES . Columns 3 through 8 report coefficients from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the", "spans": [{"start": 926, "end": 937, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "األخرى ( كما هو موضح في الجدول11 و * * ا * * ز البرنامج على دعم اإلجراءات الت . ي يمكن أن تحقق نمو القطاع الخاص وخلق فرص العمل على المدى المتوسط والعنف ّ ، سيرك * * الجدول11 : نطاق وانتقائية البرنامج * * | Overarching < br > constraints | Nested constraints < br > ( identified in SCD ) | * * National Jobs PforR * * | * * Gaps filled by Government * * < br > * * programs , strategies , and actions * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Governance and Institutions : * * < br > Will to implement new reforms and to improve quality < br > of public institutions and government processes | Support to pass and implement policy reforms proposed including : < br > • < br > PPP law * * * * * < br > • < br > Customs strategy and related e-government reforms < br > • < br > Financial sector reform * * * * * < br > • < br > NEO and MOET CapacityBuilding | | | | * * ICT * * – Infrastructure deficiencies * * * * * | • < br > ICT sectoral focus under Value Chains ( VC ) program < br > • < br > Support to Broadband Internet Development , and Improving ICT < br > infrastructure * * * * * | Capital Investment Program ( CIP ) | | * * nce * * | * * Energy , Environment and Water , Transport * * * | N / A | - Current WB portfolio / pipeline < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . | 1 , 628 | 100 | 10 , 097 | 100 | Sources : The Ethiopian National Energy Committee , Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority , and mission estimates . 39 . Domestic demand for crude petroleum and petroleum products is projected to grow at over 4 percent per annum during 1983-87 and by approximately 3 percent per annum thereafter . This implies gross imports of the order of 1 million mT by 1987 and 1 . 2 million mT by 1992 ; net imports ( net of re-exports of refined products ) would reach 0 . 9 million mT by 1992 ( vs . 0 . 6 million mT for 1982 ) . Unless domestic petroleum resources are identified and developed , it is estimated that the value of petroleum imports ( net of re-exports of petroleum products ) would grow over US $ 500 million ( in current prices ) by 1992 . # Sector Institutions 40 . The Ministry of Mines and Energy is the principal agency of the Government of Ethiopia concerned with the energy sector at the operating level . This Ministry supervises : ( a ) the electricity sub-sector through its control over the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority ; ( b ) petroleum refining through the Ethiopian Petroleum Company ; and ( c ) hydrocarbon , geothermal and coal / lignite exploration and other geological survey work through the Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys . This Ministry also chairs the interministerial Ethiopian National Energy Committee , which has formal responsibility for renewable energy development and energy policy studies . The Forestry and Wildlife Authority of the Ministry of Agriculture has responsibility for forest management , including reforestation . Policy decisions on energy pricing and investment are made at a level above the Ministry by the Central Planning Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers ; in some cases , such decisions require approval by the Head of State . 41 . The Ministry of Mines and Energy has been the recipient of several recent bilateral assistance programs and , while there is need for continued support for technical assistance - - including", "spans": [{"start": 148, "end": 165, "text": "mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Oc * * | * * cupational Health and Safety * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | • | Do you have a workplace safety policy ? Are the employees insured ? < br > What benefits does that cover ? | • < br > Proof of work force insurance | | • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • | Does the company have qualified internal designated coordinators , < br > officers , or other staff responsible to oversee OHS issues ? < br > What are the occupational hazards of working at this site / facility ? < br > How do you manage these hazards ? < br > What all safety equipment and PPEs are provided ? < br > Does the company conduct regular OHS training for its workers and < br > employees ? | • < br > List of hazardous chemicals < br > • < br > List of PPEs provided | | • < br > • < br > • < br > • | Any accidents at the site ? < br > Any loss of life in recent past ? Ever ? < br > Serious injuries ? What were the reasons ? < br > Does the company have a clear , documented workplace incident and < br > accident tracking system ? | Latest accident or incident reports | | • | Does the company have a Code of Conduct < br > for workers ? _If yes , attach copy_ | | | • | Does the company provide internal training < br > on Gender Based Violence ? | | | • | Does the company have a monitoring system for workplace conditions < br > and safety ( e . g . regular internal audits , field visits by company OHS < br > staff / coordinators etc . ? ) | | | * * _Su_ * * | * * _pply Chain_ * * | | | • | How do you ensure that no child labor", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1066, "text": "accident or incident reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been received . # # # i ) Transfers from the Exchequer Transfer from Exchequer is recognized in the books of accounts when cash is received . Cash is considered as received when payment instruction is issued to the bank and notified to the receiving entity . * * 5 * *", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 117, "text": "books of accounts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 404 . 34 * * | * * 100 % * * | - * * C . Theory of Change * * * * 24 . The Theory of Change ( Table 2 ) is structured around the Program ’ s three RAs * * : - RA1 on improved service delivery through digitalization - RA2 on enhanced government effectiveness through digitalization - RA3 on transparency and accountability through digitalization . * * 25 . The Program builds synergies across its results framework . * * The strengthening of trusted and people-centric DPI under RA1 will bolster the digitalization of the education and health sectors and competency-based management in the civil service in RA2 and RA3 . Specifically , secondary education diplomas will be digitally verifiable using DPI , which will not only increase trust in their authenticity but also allow them to be shared easily in a people-centric way ( that is , with user consent and data minimization ) . For core health systems , such as those that manage EMRs , their integration with trusted DPI will improve the protection of sensitive health data while facilitating safe data sharing capabilities . The Program ’ s results framework is further underpinned by three main cross-cutting dimensions across the three RAs : - 1 ) People-centricity , that is , a focus on output - and outcome-level results at the interface between government and the people ( across e-services and in the education and health sectors ) . - 2 ) Data generation and use for performance monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) to inform policymaking and implementation ( through the release of interactive statistical data and the use of health quality data ) . - 3 ) Direct and indirect benefits to Syrian refugees , since the Program supports enhanced refugee access to e-services and digital ID , the digitalized secondary education examination , and e-health services . Disaggregated statistical and administrative data will help provide evidence on socioeconomic indicators and inform policy dialogue . Page | 10", "spans": [{"start": 1550, "end": 1578, "text": "interactive statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1594, "end": 1613, "text": "health quality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1844, "end": 1879, "text": "statistical and administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 073 | - 0 . 098 * * | - 0 . 182 * * * | | Number benefts | 925 | 6 . 121 < br > [ 0 . 172 ] | 1 . 914 < br > [ 0 . 126 ] | 7 . 374 < br > [ 0 . 426 ] | 10 . 547 < br > [ 0 . 170 ] | - 5 . 459 * * * | - 3 . 173 * * * | - 8 . 802 * * * | | F-test ( F-stat ) | | | | | | 18_ . _504 | 8_ . _132 | 278_ . _972 | | F-test ( p-value ) | | | | | | 0_ . _000 | 0_ . _000 | 0_ . _000 | _Notes : _ Data collected from endline survey for study participants in employment . The last column reports differences in the means across the groups . * , * * , * * * indicate t-test significance at the 10 , 5 , and 1 percent critical level . Standard errors are robust . Household vulnerability score is based on the national Mexican AMAI measure which considers the number of bathrooms , bedrooms , cars , and employed persons in the household , as well as internet access and head of household education level . 13", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 460, "text": "endline survey for study participants in employment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 : Changing Distribution of Establishments * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Panel A < br > Change in Share of Total Establishments and < br > Employment by Size Class , 1993-2007 < br > 0 . 08 Establishments < br > 0 . 06 Employment 5 . 3 % 5 . 7 % < br > 0 . 04 3 . 5 % < br > 1 . 9 % < br > 0 . 02 < br > 0 < br > - 0 . 5 % < br > - 0 . 02 < br > - 1 . 7 % < br > - 2 . 2 % < br > - 0 . 04 - 2 . 7 % - 3 . 2 % < br > - 0 . 06 < br > - 6 . 0 % < br > - 0 . 08 < br > UltraMicro ( 5-9 Micro ( 10-19 Small ( 20-39 Medium ( 40-99 Large ( 100 + < br > employees ) employees ) employees ) employees ) employees ) < br > Source : Sri Lanka Annual Survey of Industries . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * Panel C * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Total EPZ employment , Sri Lanka 1983-2003 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 120 , 000 < br > 104 , 237 < br > 100 , 000 91 , 404 < br > 84 , 058 < br > 80 , 000 < br > 60 , 000 < br > 46 , 104 < br > 40 , 000 < br > 24 , 093 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 0 < br > 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 < br > Source : Aggarwal , Aradhna . ( 2005 ) \" PERFORMANCE OF EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES : A COMPARATIVE < br > ANALYSIS OF INDIA , SRI LANKA AND BANGLADESH , \" WORKING PAPER NO . 155 , ICRIER Working", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 681, "text": "Sri Lanka Annual Survey of Industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The results in Table 4 . 5a have provided evidence that the bias adjustment methods employed in the HFPS in the four countries have been effective at reducing the bias present in the interviewed sample . The benefits can be further illustrated by examining not just the point estimates for the considered characteristics but also the confidence intervals . Figures 4 . 2 to 4 . 8 plot the point estimates and 95 percent confidence intervals for selected characteristics for the full LSMS-ISA ( F2F ) sample , HFPS sample with adjusted weights , and HFPS sample with unadjusted weights . In the figures , all estimates are standardized by subtracting the F2F survey mean ( so the F2F mean will always be zero ) in order to allow comparison across indicators . For household size and head age , the estimates were further standardized by dividing by the F2F mean . Thus , the confidence intervals represent the percent deviation from the mean for these two variables . Looking through the figures , it is clear that the adjustments for bias result in substantially improved alignment with the LSMS-ISA survey point estimates and confidence intervals . Although the level of reduction in the bias achieved varies across indicators , the adjustment for nearly all indicators does result in a shift of HFPS estimates towards the LSMS-ISA . For many indicators , the reduction is the bias from the adjustments is substantial , for example literacy in Figure 4 . 2 . As expected , the bias adjustment was especially effective for the indicators that were included in the bias adjustments in each country ( listed in Table 3 . 2 ) . However , for other indicators , the reduction in bias is more modest . For example , the housing characteristics in Figure 4 . 5 show substantial bias without the adjustment to the weights and the bias is significantly reduced after applying the adjustments , but there still remains a gap between the point estimates for the F2F and HFPS samples ( though not statistically significant ) . Comparing the results for the four countries , there is remarkable consistency in the direction of the bias across the indicators , though the magnitude of the bias varies . The bias is", "spans": [{"start": 1091, "end": 1106, "text": "LSMS-ISA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF will be made available throughout project duration in a manner that is clear , understandable , and accessible to workers , for example , by including it in workers ’ handbooks , on notice boards , or through similar communication mechanisms . Such workers will be informed of the grievance mechanism at the time of recruitment and the measures put in place to protect them against reprisal for its use . Measures will be put in place to make the grievance mechanism easily accessible to all such project workers . # # # # # # * * 10 . CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT * * The IAs will make reasonable efforts to ascertain that third parties who engage contracted workers are legitimate and reliable entities and have in place _labor management procedures_ applicable to the project that will allow them to operate in accordance with the requirements of the ESS2 , except for paragraphs 34 – 42 . Information obtained as part of the process to contract third parties who engage contracted workers helps to ascertain the legitimacy and reliability of the third party . Depending on the nature of the project and the potential risks and impacts , information provided by the third party or otherwise obtained may include : - Information in public records , for example , corporate registers and public documents relating to violations of applicable labor law , including reports from labor inspectorates and other enforcement bodies ; - Business licenses , registrations , permits , and approvals ; - Documents relating to a labor management system , including OHS issues , for example , _labor management procedures_ ; - Identification of labor management , safety , and health personnel , their qualifications and certifications ; - Workers ’ certifications / permits / training to perform required work ; - Records of safety and health violations and responses ; - Accident and fatality records and notifications to authorities ; - Records of legally required worker benefits and proof of workers ’ enrollment in the related programs ; - Worker payroll records , including hours worked and pay received ; - Identification of safety committee members", "spans": [{"start": 1884, "end": 1937, "text": "Records of safety and health violations and responses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1942, "end": 1971, "text": "Accident and fatality records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2009, "end": 2052, "text": "Records of legally required worker benefits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2115, "end": 2137, "text": "Worker payroll records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 9 Banked versus unbanked users of informal savings services * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % 42 . 7 % < br > 70 % 63 . 6 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % 57 . 3 % < br > 20 % 36 . 4 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Used informal savings during the last Did not use informal savings during the < br > 12 months last 12 months < br > Banked Unbanked < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ # * * 3 . 4 CREDIT SERVICES FOR THE UNBANKED * * 22 . * * Informal credit is used by both the banked and unbanked . * * 14 % of the survey population uses informal credit services . In line with the finding on informal savings services , demand for informal credit is higher from banked than from unbanked individuals . 58 % of informal credit users are banked , while 42 % are unbanked . This finding could be partly explained by the fact that the among the unbanked only 9 % applied for an informal loan during the past three years , while 20 . 2 % of the banked did , increasing the likelihood of the banked population over the unbanked to obtain informal credit . * * Table 3 . 3 Banked versus unbanked users of informal credit services * * | | * * Banked * * | * * % * * | * * Unbanked * * | * * % * * | * * Total * * | * * % * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Uses informal credit | 339 , 061 | 7 . 9 % | 244 , 300 |", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 506, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the income , consumption and asset management behavior ( Khandker 2012 ; Khandker and Mahmud 2012 ; Pitt and Khandker 2002 ) . # * * 3 . Seasonality in household borrowing and income : Descriptive evidence * * Using Household Income and Expenditure Surveys ( HIES ) of 2000 and 2005 , Khandker ( 2012 ) demonstrates that seasonality is pronounced in household consumption and income , and that income seasonality affects significantly the seasonality of consumption and poverty beyond and above seasonal variations in consumption and poverty . This phenomenon is most acute in the Northwest region of Bangladesh ( Khandker and Mahmud 2012 ) . Findings also indicate that seasonal variations severely affect poor people who mainly live on agricultural income , and microcredit has so far played a good role in mitigating seasonal hardship . Seasonality still matters , however . Using the 2010 HIES data , Khandker and Samad ( 2016 ) show that although the severity of seasonal hunger has declined , consumption and poverty are still influenced by the seasonality of income caused by the agriculture cycle . In order to explore the seasonality of household borrowing and income , we use panel data collected by the World Bank with help of Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies ( BIDS ) in 1998 / 99 and Institute of Microfinance ( InM ) in 2010 / 11 ( see Khandker and Samad 2014 for a detailed description of the data set ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > Using these data we can divide the borrowing sources into three categories ( microcredit , formal or commercial , and informal ) and the whole year into four seasons ( _Boro_ , _Aus_ , _Monga_ and _Aman_ ) . Figure 2 shows the trend in the amount of loans from each source and aggregate loans from all sources combined across four seasons during 1998 / 99 . As the figure shows , the aggregate loans from all sources is the lowest during the _Monga_ season . As for the individual sources , the pattern is more pronounced for microcredit and informal sources than for formal sources . < sup > 3 < / sup > As shown in Figure 3 , the > 2 While the panel surveys", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 256, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 888, "end": 902, "text": "2010 HIES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1186, "end": 1224, "text": "panel data collected by the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2098, "end": 2111, "text": "panel surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 27 0 . 43 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | | | Extraversion | Agreeableness | onsciennous : | Neuroticism | Openness | Average | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | All | 0 . 42 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 34 | 0 . 40 | | Kenya < br > Sample | C08 above < br > median | 0 . 49 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 47 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 40 | | | < br > oeow | 0 . 60 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 43 | | monies | Spain < br > Dutch | 0 . 95 < br > 0 . 94 | 0 . 93 < br > 0 . 91 | 0 . 95 < br > 0 . 94 | 0 . 96 < br > 0 . 94 | 0 . 86 < br > 0 . 64 | 0 . 93 < br > 0 . 87 | | | German | 0 . 93 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 96 | 0 . 94 | 0 . 39 | 0 . 76 | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Dutch 0 . 94 0 . 91 0 . 94 0 . 94 0 . 64 0 . 87 < br > monies Spain 0 . 95 0 . 93 0 . 95 0 . 96 0 . 86 0 . 93 < br > German 0 . 93 0 . 60 0 . 96 0 . 94 0 . 39 0 . 76 < br > Note : To have comparable results for different countries , the same substet of questions was kept , using Big5 data . data . < br > from other countries , and the factorial analysis uses varimax rotation . The absolute value of", "spans": [{"start": 1002, "end": 1011, "text": "Big5 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the social and economic impact of a refugee influx and to ensure that the refugees ’ presence is taken into account in the formulation of local , regional and national development plans . And the media ( which , if not a part of the international refugee regime , is used by and exerts a considerable influence upon it ) need statistics to provide their audience with information about the refugee movements , mass displacements and asylum flows taking place throughout the world . The precise nature of the statistics required by these different actors evidently varies . Journalists and advocacy groups , for example , are most likely to be concerned with easily-digested ‘ headline ’ figures : the size of a refugee influx ; the total number of refugees to be found on the territory of a given state ; or the relative number of asylum applications received and recognized by different governments in the same region . For UNHCR and its operational partners , however , the level of statistical detail required is normally much greater . To provide a refugee population with effective protection and assistance , it will normally be necessary to know something about the composition of that community in terms of gender , age , ethnic origin and household structure . And in situations where an exiled population wishes to return to its homeland , statistical data on the refugees ’ place of origin , educational background , skills and occupational status is an obvious prerequisite for effective repatriation and reintegration planning . During the past 10 to 15 years , the requirement for such statistical data has been strengthened by the recognition that refugee populations are not simply an undifferentiated mass of people with identical needs and capacities . Rather , such populations consist of many different ( and overlapping ) social groups : males and females ; elderly people , adults , adolescents and children ; the able-bodied and the disabled ; female-headed households and unaccompanied children . The collection of accurate data on these different social groups not only provides an important basis for effective programming , but also contributes to the all-important task of mobilizing financial resources . As UNHCR ' s registration", "spans": [{"start": 1350, "end": 1366, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1600, "end": 1616, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 ) . Compared to baseline scenarios ( i . e . , no climate change ) , the high climate change scenarios increase the average poverty headcount by almost 64 % in East Asia & Pacific , by more than 100 % in South Asia , and by a staggering amount of more than 300 % in Latin America & Caribbean . In Latin America & Caribbean , extreme > 1We include only regions with substantial coverage of poor countries in this region-level analysis . The available and workable survey data for some regions , such as Europe and Central Asia , are limited to only countries within the high income and upper middle income categories , where the international extreme poverty line is not the most relevant measure for poverty . 5", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 482, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The Zambian economy has enjoyed rapid economic expansion throughout the last decade , following a long period of low growth and declining per capita income since independence in 1964 , with growth cycles driven by international commodity-price fluctuations ( World Bank , 2011 ) . After 1996 the economy began to grow again , albeit slowly , as a result of a relatively stable macroeconomic environment and improved macroeconomic policies . The economy grew at a faster pace in the 2000s following the privatization of the mining industry and a return to fiscal discipline and low inflation . However , real GDP per capita in 2010 was still equivalent to just 69 % percent of GDP per capita in 1965 . In addition , higher recent growth rates have not translated into higher living standards , and Zambia ‘ s rank in the 2011 UN Human Development Index was 150 out of the 169 countries assessed . The recent period of sustained economic growth also seems to have had a limited impact on poverty reduction . This is due to the fact that growth has been narrowly focused on capital-intensive industries ( especially mining and construction ) and on the service sectors ( tourism and banking ) , and has had little impact on employment or wages in the labor-intensive rural economy , where the majority of the poor and very poor are employed ( World Bank 2011 ) . However , the moderate reduction in overall poverty observed in the past decade has been accompanied by more substantial improvements in social indicators , though at an uneven pace . There has been continued progress in education indicators , including rising school enrollment rates at the primary and secondary levels , with more modest improvements observed in the youth literacy rate ( see Table 1 ) . However , significant challenges still remain , including overcrowded classrooms and limited access to education in rural areas . There have also been some improvements in health outcomes , including a reduction in the under-5 mortality rate and a decline in maternal mortality rates , but Zambia is still not likely to meet the 2015 Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) for the health sector . The prevalence of", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 878, "text": "2011 UN Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "politicians ( whose incentives differ from private shareholders and creditors ) . In particular , the following are potentially important for understanding SOEs behavior in developing countries . - Cash flow rights . What tax rate does the SOE face ? Does it adjust from year to year ? Does the state charge different rates for different SOEs ? Since the state may use tax rate as a transfer mechanism , it is useful to see the extent to which the government uses it for this purpose . How do tax rates of SOEs differ from those of comparable private firms ? Does the government subsidize or bailout SOEs when they are in financial trouble ? - Control rights . Does the government appoint the top managers ? Does the government appoint the middle managers ? How were managers selected ( bidding , election by workers , appointment by the government ) ? How long is manager tenure ? What is the scope of managers ' authority ( e . g . , decisions regarding production , investment , wages , staffing , and borrowing ) ? Does the government often interfere in production decisions ? Often in wages ? In hiring and firing ? In new investment ? In acquisition and consolidation ? In borrowing ? - Incentives . How does the government align the manager ' s and government ' s objectives ? Does it use state plans , performance contracts that spell out goals and incentives , private managers , who have control rights for a fee , or private parties bidding for concessions to operate and invest in SOEs and keep the profits ( World Bank , 1995 ) ? To illustrate the usefulness of firm-level data to yield insights about policy questions , consider studies based on a 1980s panel data set of Chinese SOEs ( Li , 1997 ; Xu , 1998 ; Groves et al . 1995a , 1995b ) . Using these data , researchers have found that decentralizing production decisions , allowing managers to determine wages , and allowing firms to retain a larger share of their profits all improved productivity . Most importantly , increased competition , as measured by lower markup ratios , substantially increased productivity . 18", "spans": [{"start": 1575, "end": 1590, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1662, "end": 1698, "text": "1980s panel data set of Chinese SOEs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "” , which refer to the full-time employees but exclude the re-hired retirees . 2 . In the Chinese statistics , the “ total urban employed ” also includes the laid-off or _Xiagang_ workers from state-owned and collectives . These workers have been laid off while still nominally holding an employment relationship ( or contract ) with their enterprises or units . However , many of them do not receive any living expenses from their units or have any other source of income , and they should be categorized as “ unemployed ” . This is one of the reasons that , in the Chinese statistic books , there is a discrepancy between the total employed and the total number of employees in all formal and informal sectors adding together . Source : _China Labor Statistical Yearbook_ 2002 , _China Statistics Yearbook_ , various years , and Hu , Angang ( 2001 ) . preliminary estimation , by 2005 , about 33 percent of China ' s labor force will be working in the service sector , which is expected to recruit about another 30 million new employees in the coming years . 46 Service industries are knowledge and labor-intensive , and therefore are particularly necessary for the transition to a knowledge based society . Their businesses are also crosscutting all other sectors , thus , productivity gains made in service sector industries not only benefit the service industries themselves , but benefits also trickle down through > 45 See Meng , Xin ’ s study ( 2001 ) based on a survey of 1504 rural-urban migrants in Jinan city , Shandong Province in 1995 . “ The Informal Sector and Rural-Urban Migration – A Chinese Case Study ” , _Asian Economic Journal_ , V15 , No . 1 , 2001 . > 46 “ Call for More Jobs in China ' s Service Sector ” , _Asia Times_ , April 27 , 2002 : h _ttp : / / www . atimes . com . _ 21", "spans": [{"start": 1471, "end": 1506, "text": "survey of 1504 rural-urban migrants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conducted with the supervisees of participating managers . Those surveys , also before the dialogue and then three months after competition , do not solicit information on the manager , the manager ’ s behaviour or style , rather , the surveys focus on the work environment and workplace dynamics in order to gauge any potential shift . _ For more information on this initiative , please contact * * Joel Nielsen * * at < u > nielsenj @ unhcr . org < / u > * * UNHCR * * | A selection of promising practices on organizational culture change 11 / 34", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 72, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 . 00 < br > 100 , 000 , 000 . 00 < br > 50 , 000 , 000 . 00 < br > - < br > 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Commitment Actual Disbursement < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : MoH SDG PF quarterly report 41 . * * The SDG PF has one foreign currency nominated account and one local currency account . * * All regional RHBs have opened separate local currency accounts to receive resources for the project . No cash resource will be transferred to zones and woredas . 42 . * * Fund transfer to EPSA which is responsible for significant portion of procurement in the program ( 81 % ) is improving but still needs attention * * . Based on the data obtained , on average it takes 37 days for EPSA to receive resources from the SDG PF starting from the time of LC opening . Fund is transferred when the process reaches Letter of credit opening stage so as not to tie up resources . However , regions , which constitute the overall 44 % of disbursement , do not receive resources as per the annual plan already prepared . Transfer of resource predictability is low . Once the comprehensive plan is prepared , it is the responsibility of each program unit to prepare its detailed implementation plan and request for disbursement to the regions . As there is delay in preparing implementation plan , regions get their resources with delay which also affects transfer to woreda level for implementation of activities . This has been raised as one of the constraints for low implementation during the year . Along with the annual plan , disbursement schedule should also be prepared by program units and transferred to finance department for release and control . 17 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 651, "end": 664, "text": "data obtained", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "713 | 100 | 764 | 100 | 18 , 273 | 100 | _Source : _ 2010 Zimbabwe Road Condition Survey . Based on the physical configuration and condition of Zimbabwe ‘ s infrastructure network , it is possible to estimate the resources that would be needed to clear the current rehabilitation backlog and maintain the network in good condition . Comparing recent spending against these norms indicates that Zimbabwe has not succeeded in securing adequate resources for road-network preservation and maintenance ( figure 12 ) . There is a shortfall of about 50 percent between recent spending on road maintenance and rehabilitation and the requisite amounts . As the benchmarking shows , this situation is quite commonplace in Sub-Saharan Africa . 31", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 88, "text": "2010 Zimbabwe Road Condition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Support to Land and Mining Management Strengthening Project ( P169267 ) affected parties throughout the project life-cycle ; and ensures that appropriate program information is disclosed to stakeholders in a timely , understandable , accessible and appropriate manner . The SEP was disclosed both incountry < sup > 59 < / sup > and on the World Bank ' s website on May 20 , 2021 < sup > 60 < / sup > . During the life of the project the borrower will continue to assess the social and environmental risks . 118 . The risk of SEA / SH was assessed to be moderate , using the World Bank SEA / SH Screening Tool . Mitigating measures for projects with moderate risks of SEA / SH risks include drafting an action plan , to be prepared within nine months of project effectiveness , for the prevention of and response to SEA / SH , conducting community sensitization campaigns to inform project beneficiaries of the SEA / SH risks , conducting a mapping of GBV services in the area of project implementation to inform the referral of potential survivors of SEA / SH , drafting Codes of Conducts to be signed by all project staff , including PIU members , and ensuring that the GRM is sensitive to the management of child labor and SEA / SH complaints and is informed by a survivor-centered approach . Regular reports shall provide an analysis of the management of complaints , including those related to cases of sexual exploitation , abuse , and harassment and violence against children . Given the limited scope of the expected civil works , an influx of labor is not anticipated . Mitigation measures within the ESMPs will provide safe and confidential venues to report SEA / SH-related complaints . A code of conduct , including measures against SEA / SH for ensuring community health and safety , will be prepared and included in all bidding documents . Contractors will be responsible for ensuring their workers ’ compliance with the code of conduct . The project GRM will be designed to safely", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "term relief and for longer-term reintegration and rehabilitation activities . In these circumstances , it is not surprising to find that refugee-producing countries are inclined to exaggerate returnee numbers . A particularly blatant act of this kind took place in 1984 , when the government of Milton Obote claimed that between 300 , 000 and 400 , 000 Ugandan refugees had repatriated from Sudan and Zaire , while UNHCR ’ s statistics indicated that the Ugandan refugee population in those countries was actually increasing . Despite this evidence , UNHCR and UNDP endorsed the government ’ s claim , included the figure of 300 , 000 returnees in a report submitted to the Second International Conference on Assistance to Refugees in Africa ( ICARA 2 ) , and invited donor states to contribute $ 17 . 1 million dollars towards the social and economic reintegration of the non-existent returnee population . < sup > 18 < / sup > The Sudanese and Zairean submissions to ICARA 2 requested donor funding to assist exactly the same group of people in their countries of asylum ! # # * * _War-torn states : the case of Bosnia_ * * One of the most important trends in the work of UNHCR over the past decade can be seen in the shift from a ‘ refugee-centric ’ approach , which concerned itself only with displaced people who had crossed an international border , to a ‘ holistic ’ approach which provides protection and assistance to other groups of vulnerable people . According to the organization ’ s most recent statistical review , little more than half of the 22 . 3 million people of concern to the organization are now refugees in the conventional sense of the word . One manifestation of this trend can be seen in the extent to which UNHCR has become involved in war zones , working on behalf of internally displaced people and conflict-affected populations . As Mark Cutts demonstrates in a recent paper on the issue of ‘ negotiated humanitarian access ’ , the organization ’ s new role in situations of armed conflict has drawn it into a", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 435, "text": "UNHCR ’ s statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "payment of school fees . # # # # # # * * Results to Date : * * - Increased numbers of female students , especially in secondary schools where the enrolment of girls has increased to 942 in 2004 compared to 748 in 2003 . - Dropout rate reduced ; in first term 2004 , only one girl secondary student dropped out due to pregnancy and only 0 . 5 % of all primary students dropped due to displacement . - Teachers report improvement in performance of female students in Mathematics and English due to the special class programme . - Most senior women teachers became more committed to their roles and responsibilities because they meet with the girls more often . Some program benefits will be long-term : educated girls are less prone to future vulnerability . Girls completing education increase the pool of potential women teachers , who in turn become future role models . JRS also supports schools in three locations in south Sudan ; lessons learned from the AAP in Uganda are applied across the border . Encouraging communities in both the asylum and home countries to value female child education enhances likelihood the attitude change will continue post-repatriation . With the devastation of southern Sudan , the resources of all refugees – male and female – will be crucial to rebuild the country . * * For further consideration : * * An October 2005 participatory assessment indicated that the school feeding programme with WFP led to children leaving school as families cannot afford school fees _and_ contribute for cooks . This issue is currently under review . _G6_", "spans": [{"start": 1344, "end": 1381, "text": "October 2005 participatory assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "données collectées sur le terrain devraient être considérées comme une indication de la situation de protection dans le pays . De plus , les données du monitoring de protection sont limitées à certaines communes auxquelles les partenaires ont accès grâce à une interaction avec les informateurs clés , les points focaux communautaires et les autorités locales . * * Pour plus d ’ informations , veuillez contacter : * * * * Alimata OUATTARA * * , Coordinatrice du Cluster Protection Mali , OUATTAAL @ unhcr . org * * Daniel Bernard Thiombiano * * , Co-coordinateur du Cluster Protection Mali , daniel . thiombiano @ drc . ngo et , * * Mohamed Issa AG ABDOUSSALAM , * * Co-Facilitateur du Cluster Protection Mali * * , * * < u > issaansar @ ong-amss . org < / u > Page 17", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 33, "text": "données collectées sur le terrain", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 141, "end": 176, "text": "données du monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing for the Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) PROJECT PAPER # < u > Monitoring & Evaluation Plan : < / u > # PDO Indicators by PDO Outcomes | PDO Outcome | * * Improve access to basic social services * * | | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Beneficiaries with access to social and economic services and infrastructure ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator will count the number of beneficiaries who gain access to social and economic services through new / expanded / upgraded / rehabilitated < br > infrastructure subprojects implemented under component 1 . Data will be disaggregated by gender and refugee / host community member plus by service < br > type ( health , education , water , roads , etc . ) . Beneficiary numbers will be counted based on a standard approach for each subproject type as defined in the < br > PIM . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report / MIS | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Subproejct proposal templates | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU at Regional and Woreda levels | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Host community beneficiaries ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator counts host community beneficiaries , who will comprise approximately 70 % of the total number of people benefiting from access to social < br > and economic services and infrastructure . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report / MIS | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Subproejct proposal templates | | Responsibility for Data < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1026, "end": 1056, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report / MIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the SILC is to compare the reliability of aggregate income in the SILC against the National Accounts figure of the Central Statistical Office . The study on the micro-macro gap between the EU-SILC data and national accounts shows that coverage of the household disposable income reported in Romania was the lowest in the European Union . The estimated total sum of EU-SILC disposable income was 33 % ( + / 10 % ) of national accounts ' gross household sector disposable income before any modifications . This share was higher than 50 % in all remaining countries ; it was higher than 75 % in many countries . The coverage of wages and salaries in Romania in 2014 equaled 65 % and was also the lowest in the European Union . It was nearly 90 % or even above 100 % in most countries . This situation might be explained by the high number of subsistence farmers and self-employed , but also due to incentives to set up a microenterprise and pay 3 % on turnover ( below the threshold of EUR 1 million per year and without the obligation to have a full-time employee until 2023 ) rather than have a labor contract to cover a tax wedge of 43 % of gross income . The micro-macro gap at the EU level is caused mainly by measurement errors and conceptual differences ( Törmälehto , 2019 ) . * * The outcomes of this comparison are presented in Table 2 . * * The total compensation of employees in national accounts equals € 87 . 0 billion . The estimate based on the EU-SILC data , which does not include social security contributions paid by the employer , is approximately € 75 . 8 billion . The estimate based on the tax data , which does not include self-employed and social security contributions paid by the employer , is € 67 . 0 billion . Although these estimates are not fully comparable , differences are probably small enough to be explained by varying data coverage . * * Following the literature , we assume that employees report their total income in survey data , including envelope payments and income earned in the informal economy * * . The higher value of aggregate compensation", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 204, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1614, "end": 1622, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1959, "end": 1970, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are not always conducted randomly * * . Analyzing tax audit data can provide detailed information on noncompliance data . This information can be enriched by linking the audit data to population census data . However , this method is not always feasible , given the restrictions on access to audit data . * * Another standard method in the literature to estimate tax evasion is to use alternative sources such as income surveys , household budget surveys with consumption data , or discrepancies in economic statistics * * . For instance , it is possible to compare the incomes reported in administrative tax records 5", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 206, "text": "population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 413, "end": 427, "text": "income surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 430, "end": 454, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of households ) | * * Main assumption : * * Expenditures on education larger than < br > the mean log-expenditure plus three times the standard < br > deviation ( considering only positive values of expenditure ) < br > are considered unreliable and are excluded from the < br > analysis . | _Source : Authors_ # * * 4 . 3 . Allocation of Healthcare Benefits * * LCMS VI collects health information for 2010 , the year the survey was collected ( see Appendix 3 ) . However , 2008 is the most recent year for available official information on the number of public healthcare beneficiaries ( patients / visits ) and for government expenditures on : ( i ) Health Posts and Clinics ; ( ii ) Provincial Hospitals ; and ( iii ) National and Specialized Hospitals . Ideally , the BIA would obtain from the survey data each member ‘ s number of visits to public health facilities during the year and then combine that information with official expenditure reports . However , in practice this is not possible . Table 9 describes the assumptions that were necessary in order to resolve a number of inconsistencies in matching the official administrative data with the household-level information recorded in the LCMS . 19", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 810, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1203, "end": 1207, "text": "LCMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 2307 # Summary findings The World Bank has increasingly focused on firm-level surveys to build the data foundation needed for accurate policy analysis in developing and transition economies . Recanatini , Wallsten , and Xu take stock of some recent Bank surveys and discuss how to improve their results . Lessons on data issues and hypothesis testing : * Use panel data , if possible . * Have enough information about productivity to estimate a production function . * Avoid the paradigm of \" list the severity of the obstacle / problem on a scale of 1 to S . \" Instead , ask for data on specific dimensions of the problem that will shed light on alternative hypotheses and policy recommendations . * Pick particular disaggregated industries and sample those industries in each survey . - Identify the most important policy interventions of interest and consider how you will empirically identify specific changes by picking instruments useful for doing so . Lessons on questionnaire design : * Incorporate only one idea or dimension in each question . Do not ask , in one question , about the \" quality , integrity , and efficiency \" of services , for example . * Consider the costs and benefits of numeric scales compared with adjectival scales . Scales in which each point is labeled may be more precise than numeric scales in which only the endpoints are labeled . But responses are very sensitive to the exact adjective chosen and it may be impossible to translate adjectives precisely across languages , making it impossible to compare responses across countries . * Recognize that the share of respondents expressing opinions will be biased upward if the survey does not include a middle ( \" indifferent \" or \" don ' t know \" ) category and downward if it does include the middle category . * When asking degree-of-concern and how-great-anobstacle questions , consider first asking a filter question ( such as \" Do you believe this regulation is an obstacle or not ? \" ) . If the answer is yes , then ask how severe the obstacle is . * Be aware of the effects of context . The act of asking questions can affect the answers given on subsequent", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 115, "text": "firm-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 279, "end": 291, "text": "Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Annex D : Qualitative Data Collection The quantitative survey tool was developed using insights from qualitative interviews , the analysis of which also provides essential context to interpreting the results of this quantitative study . The fieldwork was conducted in 3 provinces during November 2022 : Madhesh Province , Bagmati Province , and Sudurpashchim Province . In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with both men and women , divided equally between those working for pay and those not working for pay within each gender group . A detailed analysis of the qualitative data is presented in World Bank ( 2024 , Forthcoming ) . Qualitative interviews revealed that social norms , along with beliefs , culture , traditions , intra-household relationships , and family circumstances shape women ' s decisions to work and the nature of their jobs . A key finding was the strong adherence to traditional gender roles within the home , with women primarily seen as caretakers in the household for which men were not considered good substitutes . Women ’ s presence outside the home came with concerns about the family ’ s reputation being harmed if the woman interacted with other men or the possibility of her being seen as unfaithful , as well as disapproval of women having a long commute for work . These findings guided the focus of social norms explored in the quantitative survey across two broad themes : ( i ) gender roles at the household level , and ( ii ) women ’ s mobility in the public space . Interviews also revealed that women ’ s participation in paid work outside the home is context dependent , influenced by factors such as having young children , financial status of the family , and job characteristics such as work location . As such , specific situations are explored in the quantitative study using a set of context dependent behaviors and characteristics . Additionally , marital status and reference groups seem to be crucial in shaping women ' s work decisions . Married women faced more significant social restrictions , and their decision to work was observed to be primarily influenced by household dynamics , particularly their husbands ' beliefs and expectations . Though women ' s social circles also include other community members", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms without surveying their owners provides one approach , but at the cost of including some already formal firms and some closed firms or hard to interview firms in the study . One alternative would be to conduct a baseline survey to identify which firms are informal and willing to be interviewed , and then for the government to randomly assign all geographic blocks throughout the city to treatment or control status without reference to this baseline information . A downside of this approach is that it would make it harder to measure treatment spillovers , since one could not assign firms to different treatment status within blocks , although potentially the use of GPS coordinates ( Gibson and McKenzie , 2007 ) on each firm could allow some measurement of spillovers . # * * References * * Alcázar , Lorena , Raúl Andrade , and Miguel Jaramillo ( 2010 ) . “ Panel / tracer study on the impact of business facilitation processes on enterprises and identification of priorities for future business enabling environment projects in Lima , Peru – Report 5 : impact evaluation after the third round ” , Report to the International Finance Corporation , Mimeo . Alm , James , Gary McClelland and William Schulze , ( 1992 ) . “ Why do people pay taxes ? ” _Journal of Public Economics_ 48 : 21 – 38 . Almeida , Rita and Pedro Carneiro , ( 2012 ) . “ Enforcement of Labor Regulation and Informality ” , _American Economic Journal : Applied Economics_ 4 ( 3 ) : 64-89 . Andreoni , James , Brian Erard and Jonathan Feinstein , ( 1998 ) . “ Tax Compliance ” , _Journal of Economic Literature_ 36 : 818-60 . Benjamini , Yoav and Yosef Hochberg ( 1995 ) “ Controlling the False Discovery Rate : A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing ” , _Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B_ , 57 ( 1 ) : 289300 . Bertrand , Marianne and Francis Kramarz , ( 2002 ) , \" Does Entry Regulation Hinder Job Creation ? Evidence From The French Retail Industry , \" _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 117 ( 4 ) : 1369-1413 . Bruhn , Miriam ( 2011 ) “ License to", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 233, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "would be proportionally larger than a subsidy on in-natura foods , despite the price elasticity of in natura foods being higher in absolute terms . _Figure 2_ - Price elasticity by food type < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 00 < br > - 0 . 50 < br > - 1 . 00 < br > - 1 . 50 < br > - 2 . 00 < br > - 2 . 50 < br > - 3 . 00 < br > - 3 . 50 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Consumption decile < br > In Natura Ingredients Processed Ultra-processed < br > Source : Estimates based on POF 2017 / 2018 . < br > Price elasticity < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 15", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 505, "text": "POF 2017 / 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : Country coverage by rating groups * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A-rated issuers ( AAA to A - ) ; 17 countries < br > B-rated issuers ( BBB + to BB - ) ; 20 countries < br > No data < br > IBRD 45611 | < br > MARCH 2021 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > emissions . Instead , we are interested in the positive effects that renewable resources have on the economy . That is , instead of asking if countries are punished for deforestation through higher yields , we ask if countries are being rewarded for afforestation with lower borrowing costs . The remainder of this paper is structured as follows . Section 2 introduces the reader to the wealth data , the rationale behind it and how it differs from other natural resource data , along with other data sets . Section 3 conveys the gist of this study graphically and discusses the confounding factors and the ingrained income bias . Section 4 revisits the problem in an econometrically more rigorous manner . Section 5 discusses limitations of the study and Section 6 concludes . # * * 2 Data * * Our sample comprises _푁_ = 37 countries , with 20 A-rated countries that have an average long-term debt rating between AAA and A - and 17 B-rated countries with ratings between BBB + and BB ( see Table 1 ) . We cover _푇_ = 120 months between January 2009 and December 2018 . The countries were selected based on the availability of sovereign bond data , i . e . countries with established domestic capital markets . This limits our analysis to high and middle income countries . # # * * 2 . 1 Wealth data * * Hamilton et al . ( 2006 ) argue that short-term economic variables alone are insufficient to measure a country ’ s sustainable , long-term growth potential . Wealth accounting is necessary to have a complete picture . 5 The World Bank ( Hamilton et al . , 2006 ; Lange et al . , 2021 ; Lange et al . , 2018 ; Lange et", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 683, "text": "wealth data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 740, "end": 761, "text": "natural resource data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1412, "end": 1431, "text": "sovereign bond data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1573, "end": 1584, "text": "Wealth data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "empirical analysis allows us to compare the predictive power of FARP ’ s rainfall variables versus weather shock variables used in the production analysis , namely flood and drought indices . As results show , aid distribution was not necessarily greater in areas that suffered the greatest maize yield losses due to weather shocks , even when controlling for other geographic targeting criteria used by FARP and MVAC , such as predominant livelihood strategies . This allows us to generate additional instrumental variables by using categories of targeting outcomes under weather shocks and under no weather shocks , as explained more fully after the aid distribution regression results are reported . To estimate aid distribution at the TA-level , we employ a random effects model with robust standard errors , using both sets of weather variables as follows : where _TAjtAid_ is aid distribution in TA _j_ at time _t_ ; _SijFARP_ is a vector of weather variables that influence FARP targeting ; _SijCrop_ is a vector of weather variables that predict crop outcomes ; _TACjt_ are TA-level variables that include other targeting criteria as well as additional control variables ; and , _eTA_ are robust _ijt_ standard errors . The second step is to investigate how aid receipt , weather shocks , and aid receipt under weather shocks affect six different household-level outcomes , namely ( i ) non-food expenditures per capita , ( ii ) value of food consumed per capita , ( iii ) food expenditures per capita , ( iv ) calorie consumption per capita , ( v ) food consumption score ( a measure of dietary diversity ) , < sup > 4 < / sup > and ( vi ) school participation rate . < sup > 5 < / sup > Because the survey covers one year with widespread flood followed by another year with widespread droughts , > 4 WFP ( 2008 ) provides more information on the measurement of the food consumption score . > 5 School participation rate is the number of school-aged children ( 5-17 ) that are attending school divided by the total number of school-aged children . The measure is not defined for households with no school-aged children . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "determinant of FDI in simple and multiple regressions . Much of the literature of the period used highly aggregate data , evaluating the correlation between annual changes in FDI flows , and a series of factors , including In the Fortune / Deloitte & Touche ' s survey , taxes ranked at the 13 t position out of 26 factors . 6", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 119, "text": "highly aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 230, "end": 268, "text": "Fortune / Deloitte & Touche ' s survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implicit assumption here is that Chinese producers take account of changes in the bilateral exchange rate and average domestic inflation to determine export prices . However , there could be alternative ways Chinese producers and exporters determine their destination-specific export prices . Chinese producers could be influenced just by the nominal bilateral exchange rate ( ) or by the real bilateral exchange rate ( ) , with and denoting prices in importing country and China respectively . The specifications corresponding to these two ways of measuring the exchange rate are in columns [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] ( for the VBI ) and columns [ 6 ] and [ 7 ] ( for the CBI ) . In both cases , the results are robust , although the magnitudes decline relative to the core specification . Yet other models of pricing behavior could involve Chinese producers looking at changes in their multilateral competitiveness in determining destination-specific export prices . In this case , the relevant exchange rate is not destination specific but a multilateral one that is identical across all importers ( ) where stands for China ’ s multilateral exchange rate and hence without a subscript ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > We re-estimate the core regression to cater to these possibilities by using the IMF ’ s effective exchange rate as the relevant measure with the nominal rate in columns [ 3 ] and [ 8 ] , and the real rate in columns [ 4 ] and [ 9 ] . Again , the coefficients are correctly signed and significant at the 1 percent confidence level . Interestingly , these coefficients are substantially greater than for the core specification . In all these specifications , exchange rates are measured as the relative price of two different currencies . An alternative way of measuring real exchange rates — sometimes called the internal real exchange rate — is as the relative price of tradables to nontradables within a country . This exchange rate is available from the Penn World Tables from the series that measures the price level of GDP . < sup > 14 < / sup > In columns [ 5 ] and [ 10 ] , we use this measure of China ’ s", "spans": [{"start": 1959, "end": 1976, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nine million children are currently benefiting from the program , 1 . 9 million of which are in high school . Currently , the targeting for eligibility for the benefits of the 4Ps program is aimed primarily towards alleviating chronic poverty among eligible poor households and not towards identifying those that are vulnerable to poverty . Beneficiaries are objectively selected through the National Household Targeting System , also known as _Listathanan , _ which is based from a survey of the physical structure of their houses , the number of rooms and occupants , their access to running water , and other factors affecting their living conditions ( Velarde , 2018 ) . The program has one of the most comprehensive poverty targeting databases in the world today , covering 75 % of the country ’ s population . It has been used extensively to identify poor and near-poor beneficiaries for national and local government programs . The rationale of scalable social protection programs is to expand coverage in the event of a disaster to include not only the poor but also some of those believed to be vulnerable to falling into poverty when exposed to a shock . The objective is to mitigate the direct impact on household asset and welfare losses in the direct aftermath of a disaster , but also to prevent some of the intermediate term impacts – including forced displacement , and negative coping mechanisms used by poor households to handle the shock – such as selling off productive assets . This paper builds on the existing literature assessing _ex-post_ the quantitative effects of natural disasters on different dimensions of household welfare ( e . g . Anttila-Hughes and Hsiang , 2013 ; Strobl , 2019 ; Ishizawa and Miranda , 2016 ) to make progress towards the _ex-ante_ identification of households vulnerable to poverty due to natural disasters . A wind model for the Philippines is employed to estimate local wind speeds at any particular locality where a tropical typhoon directly passes over or nearby . The estimated wind speeds are merged to the household FIES survey at the barangay level and consumption expenditures are regressed against windspeed ( or a related damage index ) and socioeconomic household characteristics . The paper shows that different specifications of typhoon", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 427, "text": "National Household Targeting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 721, "end": 748, "text": "poverty targeting databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2067, "end": 2088, "text": "household FIES survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * IV . DB and “ favored ” and “ disfavored ” firms in the ES * * The ES data reveal that , for any given country or question , there are enormous reported differences _across_ firms . When firms are asked about time to obtain an operating license , construction permit , or clear goods through customs the responses not only do not cluster tightly around the DB average but do not cluster around the ES average . A significant fraction of firms report that ( their version of ) regulatory compliance takes essentially not time at all , while others report significant delays . So there is an important question of how the _levels_ of the DB indicators are associated with the _dispersion_ and entire _distribution_ of firm level responses . One notion might be that an increase in the DB time from say 20 days to 50 days would just shift the entire distribution up , so that all firms would have roughly X additional days . However that is not at all what the data suggest . Rather the data suggest that the ― favored ‖ firms are affected roughly not at all by increases in the DB figure while , at low levels the dispersion increases as the firms who report relatively long delays report longer delays as the DB value goes up , but only to a point , after which there is roughly no effect on the distribution of responses at all . The figures 2a , 3a and 4a show the scatter plots for each country of the 10 < sup > th < / sup > and the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of the firm responses plotted against the DB for imports , business licenses , and construction permits respectively to show how the dispersion of ES responses evolves with DB . One common pattern is clearest for construction permits ( Figure 3a ) . When the DB value moves from its lowest value of 77 days ( for Lesotho ) to the ( third ) highest value of 471 days in Ukraine the predicted 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ( using the two spline specification ) increases from 4 .", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 80, "text": "ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The HS is an international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization ( WCO ) for classifying traded goods . It provides a standardized way of categorizing products for customs , trade , and tariff purposes . The ISIC – HS concordances serve as a bridge between these two classification systems , allowing us to link economic activities ( ISIC ) from the Sakernas data to specific products or goods ( HS ) in the UN COMTRADE data . # _World Development Indicators Data_ The World Development Indicators ( WDI ) is a comprehensive dataset maintained by the World Bank that provides a wide range of economic , social , and environmental data for countries around the world . The dataset covers a variety of topics and indicators , offering insights into the development status and progress of countries over time . We use data on foreign GDPs from all commercial partners to Indonesia to build our Bartik instrument . # _FRED-PCE Deflator_ The Federal Reserve Economic Data ( FRED ) provides access to a wide range of economic data , including the Personal Consumption Expenditures ( PCE ) deflator , which is considered a more comprehensive measure of inflation by some economists due to its dynamic basket of goods and services . In this study , we use the PCE deflator to express the value of exports and wages in real terms . 21", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 382, "text": "Sakernas data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 427, "end": 443, "text": "UN COMTRADE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 488, "end": 516, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 834, "end": 854, "text": "data on foreign GDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 956, "end": 985, "text": "Federal Reserve Economic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Therefore , the following simple procedures shall be adopted to secure jobs for PAPs and other members of subproject affected communities : _EEP , through its Resettlement Implementation Unit ( RIU ) _ shall request the Contractors to secure employment opportunities as much as possible for PAPs and their household members on priority basis for unskilled and semi-skilled jobs created by the Subproject . EEP in consultation with the Contractors shall announce such job opportunities locally to attract interested PAHs and or other members of their families and communities . _Kebele Resettlement Committees ( KRCs ) in cooperation with the staff of RIU_ will prepare a list of eligible PAP households and inform them in advance about the opportunities and communicate the same with the management of the Contractors . If eligible heads of subproject affected households could not participate in such jobs for any reason , other family members , who could support the household as an economic unit , shall be given a chance to be employed as a replacement to actual PAPs . Once the employment needs and interests of PAP households are addressed satisfactorily ( on a priority basis ) , the remaining employment opportunities may be offered to other members of subproject affected communities at large . # # # # # * * 11 . 4 Special Assistance for Vulnerable Groups * * Special assistance measures will provide vulnerable groups with a safety net . The special assistance measures do not substitute compensation and other income restoration measures to which vulnerable groups are entitled like all other PAPs . The special assistance measures are additional to these . The types of vulnerable groups identified based on the census data are female-headed households ( FHHs ) , elderly and chronically ill heads of households . FHHs are labour-short , because they have no husband / partner to support with farming tasks . The combined number of these vulnerable groups of PAHs is", "spans": [{"start": 1866, "end": 1877, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "remittances received from abroad . Unfortunately , we do not know of a similar natural experiment used to study the effect of remittances arising from internal migration . # * * Consequences for income distribution at the place of origin * * Several studies investigate whether remittances increase or decrease inequality in rural areas . Stark , Taylor and Yitzhaki ( 1986 ) compare two Mexican villages : one which has had much internal out-migration , and another one which has been subject to more international out-migration to Southern California . Using household data , the authors are able to simulate the effect of small changes in the different types of income ( nonremittance income , remittances from internal migrants , and remittances from international migrants ) and to provide a fine analysis of household inequality in each village . Obviously , the impact of marginal changes in remittances upon inequality depends upon where the recipients of remittances are located within the village income distribution , on the share of remittances in village incomes , and on the distribution of remittances themselves . The authors find that in the village where many households have links with internal migrants , remittances from internal migrants have an equalizing impact on the village income distribution , whereas remittances from international migrants have an unequalizing impact . Stark , Taylor and Yitzhaki ( 1988 ) show the robustness of these findings using extended Gini decompositions . Other studies on Pakistan ( Adams , 1994 ) and the Philippines ( Rodriguez , 1998 ) also find that internal migration is more likely to decrease inequality , in contrast to international migration . The postulated explanation is the selectivity of migrants among the two types of migration . Furthermore , it has also been argued that the effect could also depend on the phase of migration when considered over time . Studying international migration from Mexico to the United States , McKenzie ( 2005 ) finds that when the pool of migrants is small , the upper-middle range of the wealth distribution benefit more from migration and remittances . When the pool has grown bigger , it gradually benefits poorer individuals . As already mentioned , the same is likely to apply to internal migration in developing countries since landlord", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 575, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "into the potential heterogeneities across the six regions , Figure 12 shows in addition to the rural-urban divide a north-south divide at a regional level . The highest share of children not in school , hence , the lowest school enrollment rates are observed for rural children of any age groups in the North-East and the North-West , with the shares comparing the third GHS wave and the MICS data being relatively close . Moreover , similar to the rural-urban observations discussed in relation to the national level findings , children in the North-East and North-West seem to start attending school at a later age but not facing such a surge in non-attendance in the older age categories at the children in South . Besides , school dropout rates from the middle to the oldest age category appear to rise faster in the rural areas than in the urban areas in the North East and North-West , whereas the reverse seems to hold in the North-Central and South-West , and to a lesser extent also in the South-East and South-South where there is a surge in non-enrollment rates in the urban areas for the oldest children . Further research may want 25", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 397, "text": "MICS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observed in the phone survey dataset , such potential bias is addressed by controlling for the individual effect _ρi_ also captures . Also , using only the phone survey data set , we do not face issues of attrition bias . Estimates are all weighted by the sampling weights provided with the phone survey to infer results at the national population level . # * * 4 Results * * In this section , we discuss the results of the estimation of the effect of COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measures on school attendance after the school system ’ s re-opening . For convenience , in the rest of the paper , we refer to this effect as the COVID-19 effect . # # * * _ ( i ) Baseline Results_ * * Table 2 displays our baseline estimations ’ results . Panel A displays the results for all 5-18 old . We that COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measures re - respondents aged years find duce school attendance by 6 . 94 percentage points after the school system ’ s reopening , and the result is highly statistically significant ( Panel A , column 1 ) . Moreover , when we interact the nation-wide lockdown measures with state-specific measures , we find that the severity of the lockdown measures which accompanied schools ’ closure has no statistically significant effect on children ’ s school attendance probability after reopening ( Panel A , column 2 ) . These results suggest that the severity of lockdown measures did not make a difference in children ’ s school attendance probabilities . One possible reason for this result may be a low compliance with these measures , particularly non-binding measures . For example , Bargain and Aminjonov ( 2021 ) in a study of several developing countries that work-related the lockdown was find mobility during first period higher among the poor than the non-poor . Additionally , we find no statistically significant differences in the effects of COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measures between rural and urban areas ( Panel A , column 3 ) . This finding suggests that the socioeconomic crisis due to COVID19 ’ s lockdown measures did not disproportionately affect children based on their area of residence . When we break down the above results", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 36, "text": "phone survey dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to be accessed include placement of beehives along the park boundary . < br > There are no Batwa people living in this area and thus not in the group . < br > • < br > These two MoUs were negotiated and signed with Project < br > support . < br > • < br > Batwa people around Semuliki also have access to park < br > resources outside the scope of CRM , based on a verbal arrangement < br > with UWA . < br > • < br > UWA staff have been trained on how to undertake situational < br > analysis of resource access andnegotiate CRM MoUs . | | Conducting 4 specialized trainings for < br > the Batwa in livelihood and enterprise < br > development | • < br > 50 Batwa were organized and trained on identification and < br > management of livelihood improvement projects ( weaving baskets and < br > mats , wood carving , making bee wax candles & jelly , perfumes , shoe < br > polish vanish , mushroom and vegetable growing ) < br > • < br > 50 Batwa were organized and trained in financial literacy to < br > equip them with knowledge on how to save and make proper use of the < br > money they get from their enterprises , and promote financial < br > sustainability that would reduce their dependence on external support < br > for their livelihoods . | | Working with the Batwa people to take < br > an inventory of all medicinal plants for < br > further research and mapping | • < br > Inventory of herbal medicine used by the Batwa was < br > undertaken under leadership of the Batwa community members in the < br > three national parks ( SNP , BINP & MGNP ) . The activity still continues | 38 As per the original VMGP . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1337, "text": "inventory of all medicinal plants", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1389, "end": 1435, "text": "Inventory of herbal medicine used by the Batwa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 ESMF PREPARATION METHODOLOGY * * # # # * * 2 . 1 Preparation of ESMF * * The preparation of the ESMF included the following stages : - Desktop and literature review of relevant project documents listed under Section 0 ; - Collection and Collation of baseline data on the environmental and social conditions of Uganda from existing studies ; - Stakeholder Consultations , cutting across the country covering all the regions , including specific Refugee Hosting Districts and Settlements therein , Manufacturing Industries , selected SACCOs , etc ; - Preparation of screening procedures to be used for project proposals ; - Identification of generic positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed project activities ; - Identification of generic environmental and social mitigation measures ; - Development of Guidance on formulation of environmental and social monitoring plan . # # # * * 2 . 2 Detailed & In-depth Literature Review * * A review of the existing project information ( PAD ) and literature helped deepen the consultant ’ s understanding of the Project . A desk review of the Uganda legal framework and policies was conducted to identify relevant legislations and policy documents that should be considered during project implementation . Documents reviewed are listed as follows : # # # * * _PSFU Documents_ * * - The Project Appraisal Document for the INVITE Project , dated 2022 . - Terms of Reference for preparation of Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) , Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , Stakeholders Engagement Plan ( SEP ) , and Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) for INVITE Project , September 2022 . # # # * * _World Bank Related Documents_ * * - World Bank ’ s Environmental and Social Framework and Standards , 2018 - World Bank Group General Environment , Health and Safety Guidelines , 2007 # # # * * 2 . 3 Stakeholder Consultations and Discussions * * The first stakeholder consultation meetings were conducted as part of the preparation of the first ESMF in December 2020 and", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 275, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Data and methodology This exercise builds on a similar one conducted in 2020 to examine child poverty using the GMD ( Silwal , Engilbertsdottir , Cuesta , Newhouse and Stewart , 2020 ) . The analysis contains records from 10 . 4 million individuals from 147 countries , taken from the 2022 spring version of the GMD with 2019 as a base year . The GMD is a collection of globally harmonized household survey data compiled by the Data for Goals group of the World Bank ’ s Poverty and Equity Global Practice . Further details on the background of the GMD are given in Castañeda et al . ( 2016 ) . A unique feature of the GMD is that the welfare aggregates are the same as those used to compute the poverty estimates published by PovcalNet and the World Development Indicators . These aggregates are based on household per capita income or consumption , depending on the specific concept that is used to measure national poverty in any given country . For the effects of this exercise , the rescaling of welfare was performed using the Poverty and Inequality Platform ( PIP ) which contains data on poverty headcounts for each year ( 2013-2018 ) . For 2020-2022 , the data was provided by the Poverty and Shared Prosperity team . A rescaling of the weights was done using the UNDESA population estimates from 2013-2021 . In other words , the number of children is estimated by applying the proportion of people that are children in the relevant survey to the total UNDESA national population projections for each country . This could lead to discrepancies with UNDESA estimates of the number of children in a country . For the 2022 estimates , UNDESA population prospects were used . Poverty estimates for 2020 , 2021 and 2022 are “ nowcasted ” — that is , gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth rates have been used to forecast household incomes , assuming all households experience equal consumption growth in percentage terms . Trends from 2013 to 2018 are all based on back casted projections rather than repeated survey data . These are based on distributional neutral growth assumptions applied to one survey per country rather than changes observed in repeated cross-sections .", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 117, "text": "GMD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 372, "end": 413, "text": "globally harmonized household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1090, "end": 1116, "text": "data on poverty headcounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1275, "end": 1302, "text": "UNDESA population estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Reproductive Health Voucher Project ( P144102 ) # # * * Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity * * 48 . * * The cornerstone of this operation was in its targeting of the most vulnerable women in underserved communities . * * As mentioned earlier , poverty status along with key health indicators guided the selection of the regions ( paragraph 8 ) . By effectively targeting the most vulnerable women in the selected regions through geographical targeting and the poverty grading tool , < sup > 33 < / sup > the project addressed poverty and its association with poor health outcomes and financial barriers . It removed their financial barriers and enabled them to access hospitals to receive the same set and quality of delivery services as those of the affluent women at subsidized cost . The IVEA ’ s biannual surveys ascertained that targeting was effective , that is , the project beneficiaries were predominantly poor ( 96 . 5 percent ) . Furthermore , the project ’ s positive spillovers permeated to other community members . The project provided opportunities for motivated and committed community members ( that is , CBDs / VHTs ) to participate and contribute to the project ’ s results as well as to gain financially from it . < sup > 34 < / sup > # # * * III . KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME * * # # * * A . KEY FACTORS DURING PREPARATION * * 49 . The URHVP benefited significantly from the lessons gained from and foundations laid during the two previous projects mentioned earlier ( paragraph 6 ) . Below is a summary of the key factors during the preparation stage or at entry that affected implementation and outcomes . 50 . * * The learning from the two previous projects informed the design of the project and also made it possible to build on the claims processing and data systems of MSU ( the VMA ) , as well as the verification process . * * Also , by the", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 851, "text": "IVEA ’ s biannual surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( UNEP-WCMC ) , is described in UNEP-WCMC ( 2002 ) . Date of access : April 28 , 2021 [ link ] . [ g ] The Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project ( ACLED ) is described in Raleigh et al . ( 2010 ) [ h ] The precipitation data are produced by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre ( GPCC ) and described in Schneider et al . ( 2015 ) . Date of access : April 28 , 2021 [ link ] . 26", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 153, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 : List of studies focused on the health impact of water provision interruption and dysfunction ( continued ) * * | * * Country , * * < br > * * year * * | * * Population * * | * * Exposure / Control * * | * * Outcome * * | * * Measure of * * < br > * * effect * * | * * Source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Taiwan , < br > China , 2004 - < br > 2006 | Insurance claims < br > ( n = 1 , 000 , 000 < br > insured persons ) | Number of insurance claims < br > during outages * * / Number < br > of insurance claims during a < br > normal period | ( 1 ) Gastroenteritis < br > ( 2 ) Skin diseases < br > ( 3 ) Eye diseases | ( 1 ) RR = 1 . 31 < br > ( 1 . 26 – 1 . 37 ) < br > ( 2 ) RR = 1 . 36 < br > ( 1 . 30 – 1 . 42 ) < br > ( 3 ) RR = 1 . 34 < br > ( 1 . 26 – 1 . 44 ) | ( Huang et < br > al . , 2011 ) | | Zambia , 2017 | District month < br > ( n = 1230 ) | Impact of the number of < br > outstanding water supply < br > complaints per month on < br > the number of health clinic < br > admissions | ( 1 ) Diarrhea < br > ( 2 ) Typhoid fever < br > ( 3 ) Respiratory < br > infection < br > ( 4 ) Measles | ( 1 ) 1 . 00 < br > ( 0 . 42 ) * * * < br > ( 2 ) 0 . 002 ( 0 . 001 ) < br > ( 3 ) 2", "spans": [{"start": 393, "end": 409, "text": "Insurance claims", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "difference between outstanding tax arrears at the end of period and of its beginning . Fines and penalties are excluded . Subsidies embedded in non-equivalent barter < sup > 50 < / sup > are evaluated under the assumption that prices of goods or other non-cash instrument used to pay RAO Gazprom and RAO UES in NCS transactions are inflated by 30 % , while energy prices are not , because the latter are fixed by the energy commissions . Example : the entry \" II . i . b \" in Table A-1 in 1995 is calculated as : Implicit subsidy = Amount of non-equivalent barter * 0 . 3 / 1 . 3 = 62 . 0 * 0 . 3 / 1 . 3 = Rb 14 . 3 bn . Implicit subsidy as percent of GDP = Implicit subsidy / GDP = 14 . 3 / 1585 * 100 = 0 . 9 % . The change in net inter-industry receivables of Gazprom ( line II . i . a ) is calculated as the increase of stock of overdue unpaid deliveries of gas to other industries after barter and before tax offset operations during each year of the period multiplied by the average annual domestic price of gas deliveries : < sup > 51 < / sup > Line II . i . a . Change in net inter-industry receivables of Gazprom = change in stock of overdue unpaid gas deliveries to other industries after barter and before tax offsets * average annual domestic gas price . Change in net inter-industry receivables of Gazprom as percent of GDP = Change in net interindustry receivables of Gazprom / GDP . > 49 30 % is a sort of average overpricing reported in interviews with subnational authorities . 50 Data on RAO Gazprom and RAO UES are taken from companies ' financial reports . * * 51 * * Gazprom ' s own overdue payables to other industries are negligible .", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1530, "text": "Data on RAO Gazprom and RAO UES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . FINCA and the DRC Context * * Even within Africa , which lags other developing regions in financial development ( Allen et al . , 2014 , 2015 : Beck and Cull , 2014 , 2015 ) , the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) has stood out as one of the least banked countries in the region . In 2014 , 17 % of adults in the DRC had an account with a formal financial institution . In comparison , 34 % of adults in Sub-Saharan Africa , 54 % of adults in developing economies , and 62 % of adults worldwide had formal accounts . < sup > 14 < / sup > Moreover , the 17 % figure represents a substantial gain in financial inclusion in the DRC , since the 2011 figure stood at less than 5 % ( Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper , 2012a , b ) . The country ’ s long history of conflict has no doubt led to institutional and infrastructural deficiencies that impede economic growth , and thus also impede demand for financial services . However , evidence from financial diaries in other developing countries ( Collins et al . , 2009 ) suggests strongly that poor clients have many financial needs and , because their incomes are often irregular and emergencies arise , their financial lives are unpredictable . The low financial usage ratios reported above therefore make it highly likely that demands for financial services for large segments of the Congolese population go unmet by its formal financial services providers such as commercial banks . FINCA DRC is part of FINCA , an international microfinance institution present in 23 countries worldwide , focused on offering financial services and products to small scale businesses and households . Founded in 1985 in Bolivia , FINCA opened its first program in Africa in 1992 in Uganda . In 2009 FINCA introduced branchless banking – ATMs , computerized points-of-sale transactions , and cellular banking – in an effort to expand its outreach while keeping associated costs low . In late 2016 , 2016 FINCA had over 643 , 000 savers in Africa , an average disbursed loan > 14 The figures for account ownership are from Demirguc-Kunt , Klapper , Singer ,", "spans": [{"start": 948, "end": 965, "text": "financial diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tools , supplies , etc . related to civil and electrical works . Preliminary access road alignment along the TL corridor has been assessed and the temporary impacts are identified and quantified . However , the locations of the other auxiliary activities have yet to be selected . Therefore , in consultation with the Local government officials and community representatives , the Contractor will arrange the required land . The Subproject will use this land temporarily for up to two years and return it to the original owners after payment of appropriate compensation and restoration . Therefore , the impact will be compensated accordingly . # # # # # # * * _RAP Addendum_ * * For any temporary and / or permanent land acquisition impacts to be caused by the Subproject while the scope and location of activities were not specifically known at the time of this Resettlement Plan ( RP ) development , or due to any design changes , realignment , etc . , an Addendum to the existing RP shall be prepared , consulted upon and disclosed . All the required review and clearance activities shall pass through WB ’ s Team . Subproject activities that will cause involuntary resettlement will not commence until such compensation has been paid and other relevant assistance provided , as per ESS5 . This RP provides details on the required steps for the preparation of RP Addendum . EEP shall therefore be responsible for preparing RP Addendum using the same principle and method of compensation consistent to the original RP . A census will be conducted , and a full inventory of losses shall be established to prepare such RP Addendum . The Addendum will not discuss all the key elements of a RP , as such elements have already been discussed or addressed in the original RP prepared for the Subproject . The key objectives is been to provide mitigation measures in terms of compensation for structure and other assets at full replacement cost and other necessary assistance to ensure that PAPs are appropriately compensated and assisted for their losses . # # # # # # * * 0 . 5 Public and Stakeholder Consultation * * Public consultation and disclosure meetings", "spans": [{"start": 1525, "end": 1531, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1563, "end": 1582, "text": "inventory of losses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction - I . Findings based on data from China , the home country - II . Findings based on data from host governments - III . Findings based on feedback from companies - IV . Analysis and policy implications 1 . Policy implications for host countries ’ industrialization 2 . Policy implications for investment promotion 3 . Policy implications on labor and immigration issues 4 . Implications for China , its government and firms - V . Conclusion Bibliography 2", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 72, "text": "data from China", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 117, "end": 143, "text": "data from host governments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", infrastructure projects often < br > adopt alternative project designs in an < br > attempt to avoid or minimize adverse E & S < br > impacts . The current project with its < br > multiple bends alternative routing is a < br > good example of efforts made to minimize < br > impacts through exploring alternative < br > project designs . | National legislations do not specifically < br > provide for the need to limit involuntary < br > land acquisition or land use access < br > restriction for project purposes nor do < br > they specify the time period for land - < br > take . Moreover , national legislations do < br > not specify the need to explore < br > alternative project designs to avoid or < br > minimize land acquisition or restrictions < br > on land use . | Given it potential to avoid < br > or at least minimize land < br > acquisition and access < br > restriction < br > through < br > exploring < br > alternative < br > subproject designs , the < br > WB ’ s ESS 5 shall be < br > applied . | | Planning < br > and < br > Implementation | ▪ a census should be conducted to : < br > - identify the persons who will be < br > affected by the project , < br > - establish an inventory of land and < br > assets to be affected , < br > - determine who will be eligible for < br > compensation and assistance , < br > - discourage ineligible persons , such < br > as < br > opportunistic < br > settlers , < br > from < br > claiming benefits , and < br > - Establish a cut-off date for eligibility . < br > ▪ A plan ( RP ) proportionate to the risks < br > and impacts associated with the project < br > should be prepared . < br > ▪ the plan should", "spans": [{"start": 1069, "end": 1075, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) Economic Empowerment Action Plan ( supported by the Mashreq Gender Facility ) . Furthermore , the Jordan National Commission for Women is developing a new National Women ’ s Strategy , encompassing the government ’ s vision of women ’ s empowerment and the national plans that address various pillars of gender equality . * * 4 . There is a dearth of economic opportunities among Syrian refugees in Jordan . * * There are 660 , 000 registered Syrian refugees in Jordan , according to UNHCR . Only 5 percent of registered Syrian refugee women work while half of registered Syrian refugee men work ( United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees - UNHCR , VAF2017 ) . Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey ( JLMPS ) 2016 data indicated that 91 percent of those who work do so informally . Registered Syrian refugees are concentrated in construction ( 27 percent ) , manufacturing ( 18 percent ) , and the wholesale and retail sectors ( 19 percent ) . # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * * * 5 . By 2020 , one in five jobs in the Arab world will require digital skills that are not widely available today . * * The future of work for youth , women and refugees in Jordan will be determined by their ability to supply the skills demanded in emerging sectors driven by automation and innovation . Existing talents in the market are considered raw and unprepared for fast growing technologies , which may hinder Jordan ’ s ability to benefit from the opportunities offered by disruptive technologies . Of the 8 , 000 annual graduates of technology-related disciplines , only 1 , 700 ( 21 percent ) work in the field in which they have been trained . The Jordanian education system remains a credentialist system , in which value is derived from obtaining a particular credential or certificate rather than the demand for the skills and knowledge gained . Considering the changing nature of the future of work , it has become increasingly pressing to address the shortcomings of the", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 778, "text": "Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Irrigation for Climate Resilience Project ( ICRP ) ( P163836 ) | Value | 0 . 00 < br > - - | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 30-Jun-2020 < br > - - | 28-Aug-2020 | 30-Apr-2026 | | Comments * * : * * | Baseline and target to be assessed | | | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163836 | IDA-65650 | Not < br > Effective | USD | 169 . 20 | 169 . 20 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 169 . 28 | 0 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . C | losing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P163836 | IDA-65650 | Not < br > Effective | 18-Jun-2020 | - - | | - - | 30-Ap | r-2026 | 30-Apr-2026 | # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * 9 /", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 408, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the event study further relieves endogeneity concerns for the instrument . In addition , we probe the robustness of our results using an alternative identification strategy based on a Bartik instrument exploiting the differential exposure to regulated product markets across 274 commuting zones . Such design minimizes the potential endogeneity of changes to the NIL and labor market power in a given product market , thus providing further reassurance against possible endogeneity biasing our results . > 3 Indonesian manufacturing data have been extensively used in previous work ( e . g . Amiti and Konings , 2007 ; Javorcik , 2004 ; Arnold and Javorcik , 2009 ; Hallward-Driemeier and Rijkers , 2013 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 540, "text": "Indonesian manufacturing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Figure 6 . Evolution in the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index between 2000 and 2010 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 < br > Herfindahl Index ( Base 100 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Wireless Intelligence 2010 . # * * Challenges * * Most of the telecommunications network , including the national microwave transmission backbone , was destroyed during the war . All but one telephone exchange at Pointe-Noire were damaged . Since then , Congo Telecom has undertaken a limited infrastructure rehabilitation program . Most of the backbone is using wireless connections through 32 Mbps Microwave links . The Republic of Congo currently has three active mobile companies . As indicated above , GSM population coverage is already approximately 70 percent . Based on consumers ’ purchasing power and willingness to pay for mobile services , it is estimated that the private sector could make sufficient investments in the coming year to cover an additional 15 percent of the population on a commercially viable basis ( figure 7 ) . To achieve universal access , however , subsidies will be required to provide coverage to the remaining 15 percent of the population . The cost of international connectivity is high in the Republic of Congo . A mobile call to Washington , DC , costs an estimated $ 0 . 96 ( Celtel ) , compared with $ 0 . 40 a minute ( Celtel and Vodacom ) from Democratic Republic of Congo . Broadband and international calls are also more expensive than in the rest of Africa , and Internet access is slower , at 0 . 3 mpbs compared with 2 . 7 mbps for the resource-rich benchmark . However , once the country is connected to the submarine cable , these figures should improve . In other African countries that have connected to the submarine cable ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) essential workers with the first doses , notably health care workers ( 90 percent ) , teachers ( 66 percent ) and security personnel ( 63 . 5 percent ) . However , the country faces the risk of vaccine expiries , particularly of Pfizer and AstraZeneca doses . While efforts to improved communications has improved since the COVID19 outbreak , there is still a significant gap , which continues to affect vaccine uptake especially among the elderly and people with comorbidities . * * 11 . While more recent information on vaccine hesitancy is not yet unavailable , two COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Surveys * * < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > * * , conducted by the World Bank in October / November 2020 and February 2021 suggested that over 80 percent of people would “ agree to take an approved coronavirus vaccine if available at no cost . ” * * For refugees surveyed in separate High Frequency Surveys < sup > 6 < / sup > , 88 percent of respondents indicated that they would “ agree to be vaccinated if free and safe vaccine is available . ” Experience in the roll out , however , suggests that vaccine hesitancy may continue to be an issue and will need to be addressed proactively . To tackle the challenges , the government is ramping up efforts to vaccinate at least 4 . 8 million < sup > 7 < / sup > people by December 31 , 2021 , by expanding the eligible population for vaccination including students aged 18 years old and above , providing incentives for health care workers , and increasing the number of vaccination points to include markets , community playgrounds and recreational centers . # # # * * _The Policy and Institutional Environment for Refugees in Uganda and Linkage to the Proposed AF_ * * * * 12 . Uganda hosts the largest number of refugees in Africa . * * Their number has more than doubled", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 725, "text": "COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 998, "end": 1020, "text": "High Frequency Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimated the matched double-difference average treatment effects . The estimates indicate clearly that the training programs have strong effects on the adoption of standard management practices and the willingness to pay for the admission to a similar training program in future , and that there are information spillovers from the training participants to non-participants . Our experimental data also suggest that the training participants are less likely to exit the industry , even though we need longer-run observations to confirm this further . These results of the training experiments lend strong support to our arguments about the role that management training programs can play in promoting industrial development . < sup > 20 < / sup > However , we must emphasize that the trial training programs that we have offered are not meant to push firms remaining in the quantity-expansion phase to enter the quality-improvement phase . The content of the training programs was too rudimentary and the training period was too short to expect such a transition to take place . < sup > 21 < / sup > Moreover , the training programs focused on management and did not include any aspect of technical training . Probably , a series of training programs are needed to impart sufficient management knowledge for successful IPM that allow trained firms to transition to the quality-improvement phase . Nonetheless , the encouraging results of our experiments suggest that further research is warranted on the impacts of training , the effective contents and design of training programs , and the way in which management and technology training is institutionalized and can be scaled up from a single cluster > 20 These results are highly consistent with the results of other studies involving management training in developing countries ( e . g . , Bloom _et al . _ 2011 ; Bruhn , Karlan , and Schoar 2010 ; Drexler , Fischer , and Schoar 2010 ; Field , Jayachandran , and Pande 2010 ; Karlan and Valdivia 2011 ) > 21 In general we offered classroom training for three hours per day for total of 15 days . In addition we implemented on-site visits of management consultants to participating firms twice in the cases of training programs in Vietnam ( cases 6 and 14 ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 398, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 < br > 2023-10-11 < br > 2023 - | 09-29 < br > 2023-11-24 < br > 2024-01-16 | 2023-12-22 | 2024-01-21 | 2024-02-25 | 2024-03-31 | 2025-03-31 | | KE-MOTI-382540-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to Und < br > ertake Physical Planning , Cad < br > astral Survey and Detailed T < br > opographical Survey of 10 Se < br > lected Informal Settlements i < br > n Baringo and Turkana Count < br > ies ; Lot VII – Cluster 2 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation | < br > 2023-09-20 < br > 2023-09-2 | 7 < br > 2023-10-11 < br > 2023 - | 09-29 < br > 2023-11-24 < br > 2024-01-15 | 2023-12-22 | 2024-01-21 | 2024-02-25 | 2024-03-31 | 2025-03-31 | | KE-MOTI-382541-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to Und < br > ertake Physical Planning , Cad < br > astral Survey and Detailed T < br > opographical Survey of 8 Sel < br > ected Informal Settlements i < br > n Tana River County ; Lot VII – < br > Cluster 3 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "87 | 95 | | Madagascar | 2 . 98 | 7 . 49 | | 92 | 55 | — | | Malawi | 2 . 39 | 4 . 54 | 2 . 50 | 92 | 43 | 91 | | Niger | 7 . 25 | 16 . 07 | 12 . 50 | 55 | 7 | 19 | | Nigeria | 1 . 25 | 4 . 84 | 6 . 50 | 97 | 84 | 74 | | Senegal | 9 . 31 | 5 . 77 | 21 . 50 | 100 | 100 | — | | South Africa | — | 2 . 98 | 3 . 00 | 100 | 100 | 100 | | Tanzania | 1 . 60 | 7 . 04 | 5 . 00 | 99 | 59 | 84 | | Uganda | 9 . 74 | 5 . 19 | 6 . 00 | 20 | 66 | 55 | | Zambia | 2 . 09 | 3 . 26 | 4 . 00 | 100 | 97 | 96 | | Sub-Saharan African average | 4 . 81 | 6 . 58 | 7 . 28 | 86 . 51 | 72 . 39 | 73 . 73 | _Source : _ Adapted from Vennemo and Rosnes 2008 and Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . _Notes : _ See Annex 12 for further details - ( * ) it is assumed that a bill is affordable if it is below 5 percent of the household budget . — Not available . A frequent argument used for not raising tariffs to full cost recovery levels is the potential impact on poverty . However , empirical evidence suggests that the immediate poverty-related effect of raising tariffs to cost-recovery levels is generally quite small , although it may have second-order effects . Detailed analysis of the effect of significant tariff increases of the order of 40 percent for power and water services in Senegal and power services in Mali confirms that the immediate poverty-related effect on consumers is small , essentially because very few poor consumers are connected to the service ( Boccanfuso , Estache , and Savard 2008a ; 2008b ; 2008c ) . As", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 698, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 35 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * Overall vulnerability – a composite indicator combined of food consumption , livelihood coping and economic capacity - has also improved or at least remained stable between December 2020 and September 2021 among households that continued receiving a full ration . An improving , as well as stabilizing trend can be detected among households that continued receiving a full ration : 22 percent of them are now found to be moderately or least vulnerable , while the vulnerability level of a little more than half has remained stable . The improving and stabilizing trend in household vulnerability is less obvious for households that continue receiving half a ration or no assistance at all . This is due to the fact that the size of the sample is too small to draw any firm conclusions . * * Figure 30 : Overall vulnerability among panel households , December 2020 - September 2021 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Dec-2020 Sep-2021 < br > 53 % 67 % < br > 75 % < br > 12 % < br > 10 % < br > 10 % 17 % < br > 8 % < br > 1 % < br > 3 % < br > 10 % < br > 17 % 16 % < br > 4 % < br > 3 % < br > Highly vulnerable Moderately vulnerable Least vulnerable < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In sum , 82 percent of refugee households ( panel data ) appear to be stable or are faring better following the introduction of targeted assistance in May 2021 , thereby proving the effectiveness of the targeting and tiered assistance approach . Nevertheless , given that the refugee population lives in a highly challenging and resource-constrained environment , close and regular monitoring of the situation is required to ensure that those households receiving less or no assistance , are continuously able to draw from and build on their own resources and capacities , able to withstand potential future shocks , including the impact of the continuing COVID-19", "spans": [{"start": 1297, "end": 1307, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conclusion . # * * 2 . The presumptive tax on small and microenterprises : The Ethiopia context * * Businesses in Ethiopia are classified into three groups for tax administration purposes , namely Category A , B , and C taxpayers . This paper ’ s focus is on Category C taxpayers , which are unincorporated small and microenterprises , with an annual turnover of less than 500 , 000 birr ( approximately USD 9 , 040 < sup > 3 < / sup > ) ( Harris and Seid 2021 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > Category C taxpayers pay the presumptive tax , which is calculated using the gross annual turnover , and are not required to keep a book of accounts ( Proclamation No . 410 / 2017 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > The presumptive tax rates differ by activity and revenue , consisting of lump sum tax liabilities for 99 business sectors with 19 turnover bands ( with a total of 1 , 881 activity-bands ) ( see Council of Ministers Regulation No . 410 / 2017 > 3 1 USD = 55 . 31 Ethiopian birr ( exchange rate on October 6 , 2023 ) . > 4 In contrast , Category A taxpayers are all incorporated businesses ( regardless of turnover ) and unincorporated businesses with a turnover of more than 1 million birr . Category B taxpayers are unincorporated businesses with a turnover between 500 , 000 and 1 million birr ( Harris and Seid 2021 , Mascagni and Molla 2018 ) . > 5 There is also an indicator system for operating public buses , freight transport , and flour mills ( Council of Ministers Regulation No . 410 / 2017 ) . 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 6 : Planned Stakeholder Engagement activities * * | * * Consulting / * * < br > * * entity * * | * * With whom * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Channels of * * < br > * * Engagement * * | * * Engagement * * < br > * * methods * * | * * Purpose * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | * * Targeting * * | | | | CFSTF < br > ( Community < br > Food Security < br > Task Force ) | Community | Every 2 years for large < br > scale retargeting of core < br > caseload , and annually < br > for minor adjustments ; < br > and as required for < br > targeting of transitory < br > clients . < br > Full targeting exercise < br > completed by October < br > 2022 . | Community < br > committee < br > Through posting of < br > client lists | Community < br > meeting | Full retargeting , partial retargeting - To ensure inclusion < br > of poor and vulnerable PAPs in program | | KAC / ESAP in < br > select < br > communities | Community | After each < br > targeting / program exit < br > exercise and < br > periodically thereafter | Through availing < br > the service of KAC < br > to Community < br > following listing of < br > clientlist . | GRM / Through < br > hearing of < br > grievances of < br > any appellant | To hear any complaints regarding targeting inclusion < br > and exclusion . < br > To receive , respond or escalate to other complaints < br > regarding PSNP implementation | | Kebele Food < br > Security Task < br > Force (", "spans": [{"start": 750, "end": 762, "text": "client lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1158, "end": 1168, "text": "clientlist", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firm exports by destination . We manually matched both databases for the period 2001 – 2005 . As a result , we built a 5-year panel database of Chilean manufacturing firms . The data have several modules . The main module contains information on industry affiliation , ownership type , sales , exports , input use , imports of materials , workers and wages . Industry affiliation is defined at the 4-digit ISIC Revision 3 level , which totals 113 industries . We are mostly interested in the employment information . The data on workers are presented at detailed categories , which allows us to explore the demand for different skills and tasks . To do this , we base our empirical analysis on recent models of international trade where goods are produced with tasks using assignment rules ( Acemoglu and Zilibotti 2001 ; Acemoglu and Autor 2011 ; Costinot and Vogel 2010 ) . Production involves many different tasks , such as managing , accounting , clerical activities , design , packaging , logistics , sales representation , operational production , input control , monitoring , supervision , services . Tasks can be executed by workers with different skills . We argue that the most skill-intensive tasks , such as managing or directing , are typically filled with skilled workers . In turn , the most unskill-intensive tasks , such as cleaning services , are instead performed by unskilled workers . The remaining tasks , mostly involving production and design , can be done by either skilled or unskilled workers . This depends on factor prices as well as on firm characteristics such as productivity . Because of this , exporters and non-exporters may choose different skill employment composition even for similar tasks . For instance , a machine at an exporting firm may be operated by a skilled engineer , while the same task could instead be performed 3", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 171, "text": "5-year panel database of Chilean manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 : Discoveries by Country * * | | * * Discovery Count * * < br > * * HS 4-Digit * * | * * Percent * * < br > | * * Discovery Count * * < br > * * HS 6-Digit * * | * * Percent * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Argentina * * | < br > 5 | 2 % | < br > 32 | 2 % | | * * Australia * * | 5 | 2 % | 22 | 1 % | | * * Burundi * * | 0 | 0 % | 0 | 0 % | | * * Bolivia * * | 7 | 2 % | 15 | 1 % | | * * Brazil * * | 10 | 3 % | 44 | 3 % | | * * Central African Rep . * * | 0 | 0 % | 1 | 0 % | | * * Canada * * < br > | 2 < br > | 1 % < br > | 19 < br > | 1 % < br > | | * * Switzerland * * | 2 | 1 % | 19 | 1 % | | * * Chile * * | 8 | 2 % | 31 | 2 % | | * * China * * | 8 | 2 % | 39 | 2 % | | * * Colombia * * < br > | 17 < br > | 5 % < br > | 43 < br > | 3 % < br > | | * * Cyprus * * | 4 | 1 % | 5 | 0 % | | * * Czech Republic * * | 17 | 5 % | 58 | 3 % | | * * Germany * * | 0 | 0 % | 17 | 1 % | | * * Denmark * * | 1 | 0 % | 10 | 1 % | | * * Ecuador * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information became available . In this section , we summarize some of the topics that have been identified in the course of our own research . # * * 7 . 1 Quantifying CO2 Emissions * * Although satellite-based measures of CO2 concentration anomalies are extremely useful for comparative analyses , the policy community would undoubtedly benefit from conversion of concentration anomalies to physical estimates of CO2 emissions . As we note in the paper , recent research for a few cities has used OCO-2 observations to produce scaling factors ( R ) for rough adjustment of ODIAC-type emissions estimates ( Oda et al . 2018 ) . Future extensions of our econometric work could include the construction of sectoral R-factors that could be used to improve emissions inventories by identifying the sources of their discrepancies from satellitemeasured concentration anomalies . Hopefully , empirical research will ultimately depart from its continued dependence on emissions inventories by developing methods for direct conversion of satellite-measured CO2 anomalies to physical emissions estimates . # * * 7 . 2 Potential Endogeneity Problems * * > 10 Our thinks to the reviewers of this paper for their useful thoughts about future research directions . 33", "spans": [{"start": 752, "end": 773, "text": "emissions inventories", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sites , an increase of about 11 , 000 persons . Over 11 , 500 IDPs are estimated to be in identifi ed informal IDP collective sites in urban Juba . An increasing number of IDPs are arriving in Juba town approaching the UN House POC and going to other informal settlements , as well as those staying with host communities , integrating into the urban population . < sup > 22 < / sup > Many of these newly displaced are from the Equatoria region that includes a sizable Dinka population . The IDP population in Juba is now estimated to be as high as 100 , 000 and could be much higher . < sup > 23 < / sup > In the three months since the renewed outbreak of fi ghting in Juba in the beginning of July 2016 , there has been an expansion 20 UNHCR Uganda : # 48 Emergency Update on the South Sudan Refugee Situation 14 October 2014 > 21 Border monitoring report , UNHCR Uganda , 23 September 2016 > 22 The community leaders in Mahad settlement reported to UNHCR that they have received a total of 1 , 280 HHs / 10 , 695 individual IDPs who came from Yei to Juba by fl ights . 800 HHs were brought by government through the road . These IDPs are living with their relatives / families within residential areas in Juba but went to the site only to be registered for humanitarian assistance . The camp chairman reported the case to RRC-CES . The majority of these IDPs are from Dinka community . They also reported that more people are expected to come to Juba from Yei and other towns from the Equatoria region . ( Field report 21 October 2016 ) . > 23 This includes POC sites , informal settlements , IDPs renting space and living with host families ( information gathered from UNHCR and partner monitoring and focus groups discussions in Juba neighborhoods ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "content , and speed according to students ’ needs and feedback . As labor mobility is lower than the mobility of goods , it is costly to send service providers to distant customers . # * * VI Robustness * * > 33 See https : / / www . newyorker . com / magazine / 2018 / 07 / 23 / how-e-commerce-is-transforming-rural-china 34 Additional results on the relations between food consumption and whether the household has young children and those on the breastfeeding and e-commerce z-scores are available upon request . Forthcoming in another research paper . 35 https : / / www . pwccn . com / en / retail-and-consumer / publications / global-consumer-insights-survey-2018-china-report . pdf > 36 Due to data limitation , we cannot examine the use of online education or health services , such as interactive online learning program for children and health monitoring apps , which may have a spillover effect over time for consumers to consume more of not just online consumption goods but also get exposed to the kind of goods and services that can potentially enhance human capital . · · 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Suitable forest land ( mn . ha ) | 0 . 0154 < br > [ 0 . 092 ] | | | | | | | | Max . possible output value non - | | | | | | | | | < br > forest area | | 0 . 7000 * * * | 0 . 6124 * * * | 0 . 7121 * * * | 0 . 6769 * * * | 0 . 6872 * * * | 0 . 6218 * * * | | | | [ 0 . 126 ] | [ 0 . 149 ] | [ 0 . 129 ] | [ 0 . 138 ] | [ 0 . 132 ] | [ 0 . 151 ] | | Max . possible output value forest < br > area | | - 0 . 0251 | - 0 . 0415 | - 0 . 0441 | - 0 . 0186 | - 0 . 0251 | - 0 . 0432 | | | | [ 0 . 072 ] | [ 0 . 077 ] | [ 0 . 074 ] | [ 0 . 072 ] | [ 0 . 073 ] | [ 0 . 078 ] | | Yield gap | 0 . 5036 | 1 . 1073 | 0 . 4565 | 1 . 1729 | . 7851 | 0 . 9373 | 0 . 5484 | | | [ 0 . 681 ] | [ 0 . 754 ] | [ 1 . 002 ] | [ 0 . 817 ] | [ 0 . 886 ] | [ 0 . 811 ] | [ 0 . 983 ] | | Land governance index | | | - 0 . 1930 * * | | | | - 0 . 2296 * * | | | | | [ 0 . 095 ] | | | | [ 0 . 117 ] | | Weak investor protection | | | | - 0 . 0015 | | | | | | | | | [ 0 . 003 ] | | | | | Control of corruption ( % ) | | | | | - 0 . 0057 < br > [", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 percent of exports < sup > 10 < / sup > and 21 . 6 percent of value added in 2017 . < sup > 11 < / sup > * * 7 . The IFC / World Bank Country Private Sector Diagnostic ( CPSD ) for Jordan confirmed the importance and the potential of the ICT sector for growth * * . The CPSD highlighted IT outsourcing ( ITO ) / Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) , and digital entrepreneurship as key potential activities . In addition to recommended reforms in the telecom > 5 Excluding public administration . > 6 ICT Association of Jordan ( Intaj ) sector profile , 2018 > 7 ibid > 8 World Bank National Accounts Data , 2018 > 9 Labor Force Survey , 2018 ( DoS ) > 10 The Atlas of Economic Complexity , 2017 > 11 ibid Page 7 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 608, "text": "World Bank National Accounts Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 620, "end": 638, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "product . And again , as with rainfall , coefficient ordering shifts across models . This is more evident with the smaller number of EO sources used in the temperature regressions . Most frequently , countries follow a trend of one set of ordering for the weather only model specification , which shifts to a different ordering for the models which include fixed effects . Consider , as an example , Niger in Figure 10 : in the first panel ERA5 produces large negative and significant coefficients while MERRA-2 produces small coefficients that are either negative and significant or not significant . In the models with FE , MERRA-2 produces the largest negative coefficient while ERA5 produces the largest coefficient , now positive and significant . While we see that similar reorderings appear in other countries for other temperature metrics , the most striking element of the temperature results are that we see strong patterns in the specification charts for a couple countries , specifically Nigeria and Uganda . As we saw in the descriptive statistics , there is less variation in the temperatures that the different EO products report relative to the temperature products and thus less changes to the ordinality of coefficients . Before moving to a closer examination of changes in ordinality in regression results , two other regularities in the specification charts bear commenting upon . First , for both rainfall and temperature , regardless of the EO product or the weather metric , weather becomes much less important in predicting agricultural productivity once household FEs are included . Over and over again , regressing output on just rainfall or temperature shows a significant relationship between the two . But once household FEs are included to control for time-invariant unobservables , the relationship goes away . Weather is a time varying phenomenon , often considered exogenous or as good as randomly determined . It is not immediately obvious why the inclusion of a time-invariant control destroys the relationship between weather and agricultural production . A likely reason , which we leave unexplored , is that weather in a given location does not vary that much over time . Thus , including household FEs , assuming a household does not move , is essentially a location FE . Once location is", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 | 1 | 325 | 200 | 525 | | 1994 | 1 , 890 | 592 | 0 | 30 | 30 | 1 | 375 | 200 | 575 | | 1995 | 1 , 985 | 622 | 0 | 30 | 30 | 1 | 375 | 200 | 575 | | 1996 | 2 , 085 | 653 < br > | 27 | 31 | 58 | 2 | 725 | 400 | 1 , 125 | | 1997 | 2 , 185 | 685 | 0 | 32 | 32 | 1 | 400 | 200 | 600 | - 1 / If the railway were to carry all the white oil traffic , wagon and locomotive requirements would be approximately twice the estimates shown . - 2 / KE 12 , 500 each . - 3 / KE 200 , 000 each . Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 491, "end": 508, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * * | | Time dummy τt + 1 | − 0 . 079 | 0 . 066 | | 1 . 551 | 0 . 041 | * * * | | Sample size | | 1750 | | | 7786 | | _Source : _ Author ' s calculations based on VLSS and VHLSS data . # * * CONCLUSION * * To explain the differences in earnings between the public and private sectors , the two usual candidates are the differences in the workers ' skills and the differences in the returns to the workers ' skills . The two factors have very different interpretations , and a considerable amount of research has been devoted to disentangling the former , which implies sorting by abilities , from the latter , which is an indicator of labor market segmentation . A plausible explanation for the rising public-private wage gap between 1993 and 2006 is that the selection into the public sector increased , with a greater flexibility in the hiring and the firing of workers . Using a model of comparative advantage and the differential returns between the two sectors , we find evidence that workers in the public sector have a comparative advantage in working there . Even if 33", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 171, "text": "VLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 176, "end": 186, "text": "VHLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Inter-Agency Standing Committee ) - 3 Arrival figures for Greece are collected in the framework of UNHCR border activities and are provided by Hellenic Police . - 4 During the same period of time , a total of 3 , 404 referrals were made to the Greek National Centre for Social Solidarity ( EKKA ) based on children identified on islands and mainland Greece , including near the land border with Turkey in January – June 2018 . - 5 Data on arrivals and demographics of refugees and migrants registered in Italy is based on information received from the Italian Ministry of Interior . - 6 Statistics for Bulgaria are collected by the State Agency for Refugees . Observations on data and trends that are not typically compiled by government institutions are collected by the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee . - 7 Safe Zones are designated supervised spaces within accommodation sites which provide UAC with 24 / 7 emergency protection and care . They should be used as short term ( maximum 3 months ) measures to care for UAC in light of the insufficient number of available shelter places . Safe Zone priority is given to UAC in detention as well as other vulnerable children , in line with their best interests . - 8 Also referred to as ‘ hotspots ’ . - 9 Under emergency regulations adopted by the Hungarian government in 2017 , unaccompanied and separated asylum-seeking children of and above the age of 14 are confined to the transit zones for the duration of the asylum procedure . - 10 European Union Member States + Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway and Switzerland UNICEF : IOM : * * Ivona Zakoska Todorovska * * izakoska @ iom . int * * Tsvetomira Bidart * * tbidart @ unicef . org 8", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 66, "text": "Arrival figures for Greece", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 589, "end": 612, "text": "Statistics for Bulgaria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "elderly . This makes them more vulnerable to infection . * * 74 . The project design seeks to address gender gaps in the burden of COVID-19 and access to interventions . * * Administrative data of August 11 , 2021 showed that 57 percent of COVID-19 cases were 46", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 193, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Kenya . # # # # * * Objective 12 : * * Addressing the issue of freedom of movement In many regards , this objective is the crux of the policy . Along with the right to work and the provision of meaningful documents for refugees , UNHCR offi ces advocate most strenuously for the principle of freedom of movement to be respected , despite the contrary opinions of governments . This objective requires a signifi cant amount of humanitarian diplomacy and patient and persistent advocacy . # # # # # * * Encampment policies * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Graph 25 : Are refugees required by authorities < br > to live in camps ? < br > 21 % < br > 79 % < br > YES : Ethiopia , Kenya , Sudan , Turkey , Zambia < br > NO < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Over three-quarters of UNHCR offi ces surveyed ( 19 ) report that refugees are not required by authorities to live in camps . * * However , operations in Ethiopia , Kenya , Sudan , Turkey , Zambia and Thailand report that authorities do support encampment for refugees . The Ethiopian government has a strict encampment policy for all refugees except those from Eritrea who have met specifi c criteria . In Kenya , the majority of refugees live in camps and the Government supports an encampment policy despite the large number of refugees in Nairobi . Syrian refugees who have Temporary Protection in Turkey have been accommodated in camps since April 2011 . In Thailand , refugees from Myanmar have been confi ned to nine closed camps since they began arriving in the 1980s . According to Thai Law , refugees found outside the camps are subject to arrest and deportation . In Zambia , the National Refugee law provides that refugees should reside in designated sites . This is congruent with Zambia ’ s reservation to Article 26 governing the freedom of movement in the 1951 Convention . A Global Survey – 2012 49", "spans": [{"start": 1866, "end": 1879, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugees reported by UNHCR . In fact , this is rarely the case . In Somalia , for example , much has been made of the fact that in the mid-1980s , after lengthy negotiations , UNHCR agreed to a ‘ planning figure ’ of 700 , 000 Ethiopian refugees - even though the agency and the World Food Programme ( WFP ) believed the real figure to be in the region of 450 , 000 . But as Waldron and Hasci have revealed , the amount of food delivered after the planning figure had been agreed “ was only 59 per cent of that required to feed 700 , 000 persons . ” < sup > 24 < / sup > A UNHCR report on refugee enumeration confirms that the tendency of governments to report inflated refugee statistics is linked to the unreliability of the food aid pipeline . The relevant passage of the report deserves to be quoted in full , explaining as it does the humanitarian rationale for a certain degree of numerical manipulation : “ As the initial burden of administration falls on local government officials , they may suddenly be called upon to cope with an impossible situation . Officials in three countries , who had experienced a mass refugee influx , have described in almost the same words the uncoordinated flow of information from police , army and other sources , hopeless understaffing and pressing requirement for food and water for refugees . In such a situation , estimates of total daily arrivals are quoted as , for example , 2000 to 3000 , on the basis of a visual examination of a crowd gathered at one place . And officials unanimous in declaring that they would ‘ not dare ’ to base emergency relief requests on the lower guess , because it might result in a fatal insufficiency of relief . ” “ The belief of _all_ staff and officials involved , that emergency relief shipments , at least of bulk commodities such as wheat , are likely to take weeks rather than days , leads officials to further generous overestimates of numbers . For example , one official declared that he usually doubled the", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 688, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "below the 1980 benchmark . < sup > 24 < / sup > The lost decade adage applied to the majority of emerging and developing economies , many of which were coping with _conglomerate_ crises . During this period , reality consistently disappointed expectations , successive downward revisions to economic growth projections were legion . The experience of the 1980s suggests caution is warranted in projections of post-COVID-19 economic growth , particularly for countries that are already experiencing some variants of financial stress . The October 2020 WEO projections show that by 2025 , 29 percent of EMDEs will have per capita incomes below what they were in 2019 ( the comparable share for EMDEs is 94 percent in 2020 ) . This is only slightly higher than the share in any “ normal ” year and spectacularly better than the track record of the 1980s . It is difficult to reconcile this GDP path with the prevalent expectation that there will be a higher incidence of sovereign debt and financial sector problems in the period ahead . Inflation in some EMDEs may also surprise on the upside . At present , the substantial contraction in aggregate demand acts to dampen inflationary pressures . However , a frequent component of the _composite_ crises that I have described involves inflation , a point stressed in Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) . A country losing access to external capital markets relies more on domestic funding sources to meet the government ’ s financing needs . For many developing countries , the scope for internal financing is limited and governments turn more to the revenue for money creation and , in many cases , government arrears . I am not suggesting a full-blown reversion to the 1980s , when more than half of the EMDEs had double-digit inflation ( Figure 2 ) and inflation targeting was still limited to a handful of advanced economies . The share of countries with double-digit inflation rates has dropped precipitously since then , possibly hitting a low point in 2014 ( 7 percent of EMDEs registered double-digit inflation that year ) . In 2020 that share is about 14 percent . But not surprisingly , the re - > 24 In any given random year , anywhere between 16 and", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 566, "text": "October 2020 WEO projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decrease from 76 % to 74 % ) . Overall , knowledge of HIV prevention methods has increased since 2005 , especially among women . According to the 2005 EDHS , 35 percent of women knew that HIV could be prevented by using a condom and by limiting sexual partners ; this compares with 43 percent in 2011 . Among men age 15-49 , this percentage increased from 57 percent in 2005 to 64 percent in 2011 . The same groups have also maintained or increased rates of condom use in high-risk sex situations : of particular note is that the reported use of condoms by women in high risk settings has more than doubled from 27 % to 62 % ( but it should be noted that this is based on very small sample sizes – only 0 . 5 % of women said that they had had two or more partners in the last 12 months ) . Support for these positive findings comes from the dedicated survey referred to above : 83 % of young men and 79 % of young women mentioned abstinence , faithfulness to one partner and condom use as effective prevention methods and rejected common misconceptions about infection transmission ; 86 % of those young men reporting transactional sex stated that they had used a condom during the last such encounter . A summary of the methodology and results from the study carried out in 35 woredas is included in Annex 7 . 39 . The percentage of female sex workers reporting condom use with their most recent client was already very high at baseline ( 96 . 6 % ) . The survey referred to above reported that the target of 98 % of condom use was met . This does not tally with the percentage of young men reporting condom use in transactional sex , and the result should be viewed with caution . However , there is good evidence of increase in condom use rates overall , with an increase in the number of condoms distributed from 70 million ( in the year ended July 2008 ) to 173 million in the year to July 2011 ( exceeding the agreed target of 140 million ) . 40", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 155, "text": "2005 EDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 841, "end": 875, "text": "dedicated survey referred to above", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 ― Center for Health Care Econ , U York ‖ ( 1 publication ) was not retained for cleaning and aggregation , while the appropriately Anglicized ― Centre for Health Econ , U York ‖ ( 81 publications ) was . Imposing this rule resulted in us dropping 12 , 500 of our 13 , 500 author addresses . This would be a calamity were it not for the fact that publications are highly unequally distributed across author addresses . The 980 records we retained accounted for around 21 , 500 ( 60 percent ) of our 37 , 000 ― publications ‖ . We think it unlikely that our ― rule of five ‖ will have had much — if any — effect on the ranking of institutions , at least at the top of the distribution : it seems likely that ( say ) Harvard and Yale will be just as likely to have lots of odd spellings for their various departments and research institutes ; and in any case , almost 85 percent of the dropped author address records had only one publication to their name . # * * Citation data * * Like Medline , and in contrast to SSCI and SCOPUS , EconLit has no citation data . For the purpose of this study , therefore , each publication was looked up in Google Scholar < sup > 16 < / sup > and the number of citations recorded ( the numbers in the paper reflect citations as of June / July 2011 ) . Google Scholar has some attractions over SSCI and SCOPUS as a source of citation data . It captures a very broad set of publications , including books , book chapters , established journals , new journals , open-access journals , technical reports , and even dissertations . This means that we end up finding citation data for a large fraction ( 85 % ) of our EconLit records . It also means that the citation data capture scholarly influence across a wide range of publication types , not just a narrow range of academic journals . As a source of citation data , Google Scholar does , however , have its disadvantages . Titles are also sometimes incorrect , incomplete , ambiguous", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 977, "text": "Citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1648, "end": 1663, "text": "EconLit records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1836, "end": 1849, "text": "citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # # # # * * Household coping strategies used by respondents surveyed in Kabul City * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Reduce the quantity or < br > 33 % < br > quality of food < br > Borrow food or < br > 26 % < br > purchase it on credit < br > Go entire days without eating 13 % < br > Adults restrict their < br > 11 % < br > food consumption < br > Send children to earn money 7 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # * * Gender-based violence * * # # # # * * Experiences of violence ( From quantitative survey ) * * * * Acknowledgment of GBV in the community * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 21 % < br > ■ Yes < br > ■ No < br > ■ Refused to answer < br > 77 % < br > 21 % Personally experienced some form of violence : < br > Forced or early marriage 28 % < br > Physical beatings 33 % < br > Verbal abuse 41 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # * * 46 % Stated violence was less frequent after CBI * * # # # # # * * Reasons for violence include : * * - z Insufficient food in the household - z Head of household unemployed - z Family members addicted to drugs _Data Source : Targeted questions from the quantitative survey , along with Key informant interviews and 10 case studies with women affected by GBV_ 18", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 625, "text": "quantitative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "767 . 3 | 920 . 7 | 83 | * * 1 * * | | TrafficManagementandCoordination | 26 , 796 . 0 | 88 , 044 . 0 | 114 , 840 . 0 | < br > 358 . 1 | 1 , 176 . 5 | 1 , 534 . 5 | * * 77 * * | I | | Trauming and StaffDevelopment | 87 , 622 . 9 | 33 , 648 . 1 | 121 , 2710 | 1 , 170 . 8 | 449 . 6 | 1 , 620 . 4 | * * 28 * * | I | | Roads Inventory / Condition Survey | 482 , 328 . 0 | - | 482 , 328 . 0 | 6 , 444 9 | - | 6 , 444 . 9 | - | 5 | | * * Subtotal CAPACITY BUILDING * * | 799 , 6309 | 179 , 112 1 | 978 , 743 . 0 | 10 , 684 . 7 | 2 , 393 . 3 | 13 , 078 . 0 | < br > * * 18 * * | 10 | | * * C . PROGRAMandPOLICY STUDIES * * | | | | | | | | | | Nairobi Long-Term Traffic Management Study | 7 , 6560 | 30 , 624 . 0 | 38 , 280 . 0 | 102 . 3 | 409 . 2 | 511 . 5 | * * S0 * * | * * - * * | | Mombasa Long-Tem Investment Study | 3 , 8280 | 15 , 3120 | 19 , 140 . 0 | 51 . 2 | 204 . 6 | 255 . 8 | * * 80 * * | * * - * * | | * * SubtotalPROGRAM and POLICY STUDIES * * | 11 , 4840 | 45 , 936 . 0 | 57 , 420 . 0 | 153 . 5 | 613 . 8 | 767 . 3 | * * S0 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 350, "text": "Roads Inventory / Condition Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "445 | | Peninsular Bumiputera | 0 . 512 | 0 . 432 | 0 . 553 | 0 . 531 | 0 . 345 | 0 . 543 | 0 . 550 | 0 . 092 | 0 . 480 | | Peninsular non-Bumiputera | 0 . 295 | 0 . 217 | 0 . 160 | 0 . 278 | 0 . 181 | 0 . 149 | 0 . 278 | 0 . 034 | 0 . 091 | | East MY Bumiputera | 0 . 151 | 0 . 692 | 0 . 261 | 0 . 154 | 0 . 612 | 0 . 279 | 0 . 131 | 0 . 298 | 0 . 372 | | East MY non-Bumiputera | 0 . 042 | 0 . 247 | 0 . 026 | 0 . 037 | 0 . 272 | 0 . 030 | 0 . 041 | 0 . 143 | 0 . 056 | * Labuan , Sabah and Sarawak ; * * Kelantan , Pahang and Terengganu . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on DOSM data . Note : All figures are aggregated from household-level data using sampling and population weights . Mean and median income are in terms of gross monthly household income per capita in 2016 Malaysian ringgit . The poverty line is defined as the 40th percentile of household income per capita in 2004 , i . e . , MYR 527 per month in 2016 prices . The poverty figures by subgroup give , per survey round : how large the group is as a proportion of the overall population ( first column ) , the headcount ratio within the subgroup ( second column ) , and what share of the total number of poor this represents ( third column ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 592, "text": "DOSM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 634, "end": 654, "text": "household-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "être déterminée , d ’ attribuer un statut d ’ « apatride » , et de faciliter la naturalisation de ceux qui sont apatrides . - L ’ enregistrement universel des naissances pour tous les enfants nés sur le territoire . Les traités des droits de l ' homme des Nations Unies , notamment la Convention relative aux droits de l ' enfant , ainsi que la Convention relative au statut des apatrides et la Convention sur la réduction des cas d ' apatridie , ont déjà établi les normes minimales que doivent contenir les lois sur la nationalité . Tout comme l ’ UNHCR qui a fourni un ensemble de principes directeurs sur l ' apatridie qui donnent une UNHCR / Septembre 2018 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing for the Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) PROJECT PAPER | Description | The indicator measures , in hectares , the land area for which new and / or improved sustainable landscape management practices have been introduced . < br > Adoption refers to change of practice or change in the use of a technology promoted or introduced by the prject . Sustainable landscape management ( SLM ) < br > practices refer to a combination of at least two technologies and approaches to increase land quality and restore degraded lands for example , agronomic , < br > vegetative , structural , and management measures that , applied as a combination , increase the connectivity between protected areas , forest land , < br > rangeland , and agriculture land . | | - - - | - - - | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | Quarterly progress report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Consolidated information flow from Woredas / GEMS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Physical conservation measures ( hectares ) ( Hectare ( Ha ) ) * * | | Description | Hectares of land covered under physical soil and water conservation measures such as hill side terraces ( stone bunds and soil bunds ) , micro-basins , cutoff < br > drains , gullycontrol check dams , etc . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | Quarterly progress report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Consolidated information flow from Woredas / GEMS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 939, "text": "Quarterly progress report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 985, "end": 1034, "text": "Consolidated information flow from Woredas / GEMS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1482, "end": 1507, "text": "Quarterly progress report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1553, "end": 1602, "text": "Consolidated information flow from Woredas / GEMS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". In addition , we examine whether there is heterogeneity in program impacts by location ( urban and rural ) and by the gender of child . Finally , this paper explores possible indirect effects on the human capital of older children ( 18 years and older ) who by the rules of the program are ineligible to the transfer but who reside in households with younger participant children . Identification of program impacts is derived from two different empirical strategies that use a panel of household surveys , a census of the poor and administrative data from 3", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 506, "text": "panel of household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 511, "end": 529, "text": "census of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 534, "end": 553, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indication of risk during the year of 2020 , but the financial system is measured as safer now than before the COVID-19 crisis . Finally , some research suggests strong connections between public sentiment about banks and the general stock market in the U . S . John and Li ( 2021 ) find that an index of banking sentiment derived from Google search data reduces jump volatility in the S & P 500 index during the COVID19 pandemic . # * * 4 . 3 . Suggestions for Additional Research on Banks and Financial Markets in the Remainder of the World * * We close this U . S . - oriented data section with suggestions for more research on banking and financial conditions in the rest of the world . We first note that while we remain unaware of visible banking crises outside of the U . S . during the COVID-19 crisis , we are less confident in the conditions of banks in other developed or developing countries . For most countries , there are fewer accessible comparable quality datasets , hindering similar investigations as in this paper . However , a key exception is Europe , which has a number of datasets available of equal or higher quality as the U . S . We recommend using these in future research . Second , we have reasons to suspect that the favorable “ surprises ” observed in the U . S . may not be replicated in many other nations , which may be more likely to have unfavorable outcomes instead . Our reasons are that the causes of the U . S . “ surprises ” that we review in Sections 5 and 6 below likely do not hold to the same degrees elsewhere . While governments of many nations around the world also introduced stimulus programs , these were not as large or introduced as quickly as the U . S . did , as discussed in Section 5 ( e . g . , Feyen , Gispert , Kliatskova , and Mare , 2021 ) . Additionally , the extent to which the safety of different banking systems were fortified and 26", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 354, "text": "Google search data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 3 . 2 World Bank Procedures for Resettlement / Rehabilitation ( OP . 4 . 12 ) * * The World Bank operational policies OP 4 . 12 as of December 2001 states on paragraphs 23 and 25 : _23 . The purpose of the policy framework is to clarify resettlement principles , organizational arrangements , and design criteria to be applied to subprojects to be prepared during project implementation ( see OP 4 . 12 , paras . 26-28 ) . Subproject resettlement plans consistent with the policy framework subsequently are submitted to the Bank for approval after specific planning information becomes available ( see OP 4 . 12 , para . 29 ) . _ _25 . When a resettlement policy framework is the only document that needs to be submitted as a condition of the loan , the resettlement plan to be submitted as a condition of subproject financing need not include the policy principles , entitlements , and eligibility criteria , organizational arrangements , arrangements for monitoring and evaluation , the framework for participation , and mechanisms for grievance redress set forth in the resettlement policy framework . The subproject-specific resettlement plan needs to include baseline census and socioeconomic survey information ; specific compensation rates and standards ; policy entitlements related to any additional impacts identified through the census or survey ; description of resettlement sites and programs for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living ; implementation schedule for resettlement activities ; and detailed cost estimate . _ The commitment of the Federal Government of Ethiopia to comply with the requirements of World Bank ’ s operational policy ( OP ) 4 . 12 has been demonstrated , among others in the ongoing implementation of the Road Sector Development Program Support Project RSDPSP , executed by the Ethiopian Road Authority ( ERA ) and in the implementation of other projects , such as the Resettlement at Gilgel Gibe Power Plant undertaken by the Ethiopian Electric and Power Corporation ( EEPCO ) . # # # # # * * 3 . 3 The PCU Strategy for Expropriation and Compensation *", "spans": [{"start": 1187, "end": 1230, "text": "census and socioeconomic survey information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . 4 | ( 1977 ) | < br > 2 . 0 | < br > Z . 2 | < br > 2 . 3 | < br > 2 . 4 | | Sheep | 1 . 1 | ( 1977 ) | < br > 1 . 0 | < br > 1 . 2 | < br > 1 . 2 | < br > 1 . 3 | | Pigs | | | 0 . 3 | < br > 0 . 3 | < br > 0 . 3 | < br > 0 . 3 | | Fish Catch 1 / < br > ( TTy < br > Laceiglon ) | | | | | | | | Lake Victoria | 17 . 0 | ( 1981 ) | < br > 10 . 0 | < br > 1 , . 0 | < br > 16 . 7 | < br > n . a . | | Lake Kyoga | 1b7 . 0 | ( 1977 ) | < br > 131 . 0 | 130 . 0 | < br > 126 . 8 | < br > n . s . | | Other Lakes | 42 . 1 | ( 1978 ) | < br > 24 . 9 | < br > 20 . 8 | < br > 26 . 5 | < br > n . a . | - _1 / _ Fish catch are GOU official figures . Data obtained at appraisal indicated a catch of about 20 , 000 tons for the years 1980-1982 in Lake Kyoga . Source : MAF and HAIF statistics .", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 672, "text": "Data obtained at appraisal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 771, "end": 786, "text": "HAIF statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9279 # * * Abstract * * The Korean manufacturing sector has undergone active structural transformation in the past few decades . In particular , the composition of core manufacturing products has changed over time . In the 1970s , textiles , which are used to produce fabric , clothes , apparel , and shoes , were the main product . Over time , the value added shares have shifted toward electronics , ships , and cars . By analyzing plant-level microdata , this paper documents the patterns of entry , exit , job creation and destruction , and the growth of young plants during the industrial shift . This industrial shift involved active job reallocations , as well as the entry and exit of plants . The paper quantifies the extent to which such plant-level dynamics explain aggregate productivity growth . The findings show that within-plant productivity growth , which includes the effects of fast growth of young plants as well as robust growth of large continuing plants , played an important role in the productivity growth of the Korean manufacturing sector . The contribution of reallocations between continuing plants was relatively small . Moreover , productivity growth of an industry accompanied an increase of productivity dispersion , a measure commonly interpreted as the degree of misallocation . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at ylee @ sogang . ac . kr . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 485, "text": "plant-level microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "training . This can only be done when the DLC i s operational and the first trainees are confirmed . Unlike the case in Burkina Faso , a readily identifiable group i s not known in advance in Kenya . The required baseline data on their performance will be collected both from themselves and ( most importantly ) their supervisors prior to the training . The data will then be compared to the end-of-training evaluations , i . e . levels 1 and 2 , and after six months using level 3 evaluation ( described below ) to determine impact . * * Pre-test : * * It i s proposed that this information include basic data on at least the first 300 trainees . More specifically the DLC will collaborate with the DPM unit to : collect baseline data from the first 100 civil servants , 100 private sector , and 100 civil society trainees who request training and whose job description includes designing , planning , and managing social and economic development policies and programs . Each prospective trainee will fill out a survey identifying specific tasks that helshe does as part of designing , planning , or managing social and economic policies or program . Each prospective trainee will identify the specific tasks in which helshe would like to improve hislher skills . It i s impractical and probably not necessary to interview the supervisors o f all the trainees . It i s recommended that the M & E unit aim to : collect information from a sample comprising 10 % of the supervisors of the trainees , or 30 people being , 10 from each sector ( public , private and civil ) . Suitable sampling techniques will ensure the 30 supervisors are representative of the supervisors of all the 3 , 000 trainees . Interview or administer questionnaires to the supervisors so as identify the tasks of the trainee that are consistent with designing , planning , managing social , and economic development policies and programs . Identify areas in which the trainee ( s ) need ( s ) capacity building . Each supervisor will be presented with outlines o f the proposed training programs", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 226, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Learning variance decomposition * * In this section , we examine how much of the total variability in QAT scores is attributable to the variability in QAT scores _between_ program schools ( i . e . , due to school heterogeneity ) versus the variability in QAT scores between students _within_ program schools ( i . e . , due to student heterogeneity ) . Decomposing further , we examine how much of the total variability in QAT scores is attributable to the variability in QAT scores ( 1 ) between program districts , ( 2 ) between schools within district , ( 3 ) between grades within school , and ( 4 ) between students within grade . These are important questions as education policymakers and practitioners may have at their disposal the means to effectively reduce the extent of heterogeneity at the level of the school and grade ( if they are found to be major contributing factors ) , thereby reducing total variability in student achievement . To answer the above questions , we fit two-level and four-level variance-components models ( nested random effects models ) to the student-level QAT score data . This exercise is performed separately for each round of QAT score data . < sup > 13 < / sup > It is also performed separately for phase-3 and phase-4 program schools . The two-level variance-components model is specified as where _i_ indexes the student and _s_ the school , and < sup > _y_ < / sup > _is_ < sup > denotes the mean QAT score in the core < / sup > subjects of English , mathematics , and Urdu for student _i_ in school _s_ . Students are nested within schools — thus student QAT scores within schools are likely to be correlated . The QAT sometimes tested students in the same grades across schools . As a result , the grade _g_ is viewed as a cross factor with the school _s_ and is treated in the model as a fixed vector of grade dummies < sup > _x_ < / sup > _g_ with a vector of fixed parameters  to be estimated . The error components  _s_ and  _is_ are assumed to be independently", "spans": [{"start": 1093, "end": 1121, "text": "student-level QAT score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1180, "end": 1194, "text": "QAT score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In developing countries , implicit stratification is often introduced in household surveys by sorting clusters in a certain geographical order within each explicit stratum , since frame lists of EAs may not contain other variables correlated with the phenomenon under investigation . In this way , the classical construction of a _serpentine_ of clusters , is the most effective method that has been implemented so far for the preparation of the list frame of clusters from which the systematic sampling is conducted . In the present paper we aim to further improve the implicit stratification of a geographic serpentine , by ordering the clusters according to another socio-economic characteristic : a specific description of the living conditions of the clusters included in the so-called _poverty mapping_ . This approach will be further described in Section 4 . However , it is well-known in the literature that this design of systematic selection of clusters in the first stage makes it impossible to find the exact formula for an unbiased estimator of the variance in ( 2 ) , which could be renamed as V s � , referring to systematic sampling . Wolter ( 1985 ) and Cochrane ( 1977 ) proposed ss VV � YY < sup > � < / sup > several methods of approximate estimators of V s � , while in the last two decades , replication methods have reached more precise and unbiased estimators , ss VV � YY < sup > � < / sup > which include Taylor Linearization ( TL ) , Jack-knife Repeated Replications ( JRR ) , Balanced Repeated Replications ( BRR ) , and Bootstrap and Random Groups ( RG ) . Recently , Verma and Betti ( 2011 ) have proposed a developed version of JRR , while Arnab _et al . _ ( 2015 ) have proposed some more refined methods of variance estimation in the case of systematic sampling in the first stage . They show that such proposed methods and JRR perform better than other methods that are usually adopted by National Statistical Offices in developing countries . In light of the above , the variance formulas ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) are not applicable when estimating complex measures from complex sample designs , but they are", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 90, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") ; i = 1 , 2 , 3 . . . . . . . . 2202 households included in the survey ; and Xij tj , and a ; j are as defined in equation 2 . The application of equation 2 to household income as recorded in the 1992 survey yielded potential revenue amounting to Lev 4 . 1 million with an average income tax payment of Lev 1850 per capita , or a potential average income tax rate of 8 . 3 percent . This amount was substantially higher than the actual 1992 income tax payment of Lev 1 . 5 million , giving an", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 209, "text": "1992 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "practices of establishments ; the 2017 data for LAC represent some of the first available results from these newly added questions . # 3 . 2 Description of the sample As Table 1 shows , establishments differ across the seven countries in many respects . The sample sizes are notably larger in the three largest economies — Argentina , Colombia and Peru , where approximately 1 , 000 establishments were surveyed . In Argentina , most establishments in the sample are engaged in manufacturing , whereas , in all other economies , the highest proportion of establishments surveyed operate in the other services sector . Establishments are largest ( as measured by the number of employees ) in Peru , where the average establishment employs 90 workers , and the median establishment employs 20 , and smallest in Bolivia ( average number of employees is 31 , and median is nine ) . Multinationals have the strongest presence in Ecuador , where 12 percent of establishments are foreign owned , and the weakest presence in Argentina , where only 2 . 8 percent of establishments are . The most open economy , measured as the proportion of establishments engaged in exporting activity , is Peru where 12 percent of establishments are exporters , whereas the least open economy is Ecuador , where only 3 . 2 percent of establishments are exporters . Establishments that are part of a larger multi ‐ establishment firm are most prevalent in Colombia ( 23 percent ) and least prevalent in Paraguay ( 7 . 5 percent ) . The data show heterogeneous levels of female empowerment in the private sector ( as measured by the proportion of establishments with a female top manager ) . In Bolivia , just over 26 percent of establishments are managed by women , whereas only 8 percent of establishments in Argentina are . In Bolivia , establishments are also characterized by highly concentrated ownership structures — here , 45 percent of establishments are sole proprietorships . In Ecuador , on the other hand , in only 1 . 6 percent of establishments is the ownership concentrated in the hands of a single owner . In all countries , the average establishment employs experienced top managers , with the average number of years", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 51, "text": "2017 data for LAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> _ ′ , θ_ < / sup > _y_ < sup > _ ′ , θ_ < / sup > _p_ < sup > _ ′ } _ . Thereasonisthat < / sup > transfers to the Ricardian household do not alter the discounted flow of expected after-tax income of the Ricardian household when _θa_ < sup > _ ′ ′ _ = 0 . < / sup > # 3 . 3 . * * Calibration . General Parameters * * Many of the most important parameters are not country specific , and so we calibrate these to international data or take them from the literature . The most important are the persistence of commodity price shocks , which we calibrate to a weighted average of oil prices and gas prices taken from BJS2013 . The overall persistence ( _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 93 ) is a weighted average of oil prices ( _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 94 ) and gas prices ( _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 89 ) as many oil exporters also produce gas . < sup > 15 < / sup > We set _β_ = 0 _ . _ 96 so that long-run annual real rate of interest is 4 % . The coefficient of risk aversion _σ_ = 2 , which is a standard parameter in the literature . We follow Galí _et al_ ( 2007 ) to set _ω_ = _ωy_ = _ωU_ = 0 _ . _ 5 ( 50 % of the population is HtM ) . For simplicity we set _Bss_ = 0 so that steady-state consumption is equal across households . We set the benchmark debt-elastic interest spread to be _ψ_ = 0 _ . _ 01 , which implies that a 100 % of GDP increase in debt ( or reduction in assets ) increases interest rates by 1 % . Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe ( 2003 ) set _ψ_ = 0 _ . _ 001 to match volatility of the observed current-account-to-GDP ratio for Canada . Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe ( 2016 ) argue that _ψ_ should be set to match the autocorrelation of the trade-balance-to-GDP ratio , and they estimate _ψ_ = 1 for Argentina . We take _ψ_ = 0 _ . _ 01", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 431, "text": "international data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project revealed that , based on data from respective Woreda agriculture offices , wheat was the most widely cultivated crop , covering 48 . 1 % of the cultivated land in the impacted Woredas in 2022 E . C . Barley was the second most common crop , accounting for 18 . 4 % of the cultivated land . Crop coverage varied among the subproject-affected Woredas . Figure 6 . 11 : Proportion of HHs by Types of Crops Cultivated by Woreda _Source : RP Census Enumeration ( December 2024 ) _ Wheat covered 60 . 9 % of cultivated land in Lude Hetosa , 55 . 5 % in Hetosa , and only 11 . 3 % in Diksis . In Diksis , barley dominated , covering 79 . 8 % of cultivated farmland . Teff was another important cereal crop , covering a substantial proportion of farmland in Sude ( 20 . 2 % ) and Arsi-Robe ( 15 . 4 % ) Woredas . Vegetables were significant in Hetosa ( 7 . 2 % ) , Lude Hetosa ( 5 . 4 % ) , and Diksis ( 2 . 0 % ) Woredas . Other important crops in the subproject Woredas include maize , faba beans , haricot beans , and linseed . Farmers in these areas produce surplus crops for the market beyond subsistence farming . Page 77 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 80, "text": "data from respective Woreda agriculture offices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 442, "end": 463, "text": "RP Census Enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ect 2 ) , and in the Namasagali area ( Transect 4 ) . The fishing gear used consist of gill nets ranging from 2 \" to 8 \" stretch mesh size , seine nets and hooks and cast nets . Gill nets are the most commonly-used fishing gear , although yield data indicate that long-lines are more effective . Different fishing methods are used depending on the target species . Gill nets are set in shallow marginal waters or left to drift . Long lines target _Lates niloticus , Protopterus spp_ and _Clarias spp , _ while traps and basket fishing are exclusively used in shallow waters to catch _Proteopterus , Clarias_ and other slow-water fish species . Fisheries on some of the rivers in Uganda have declined due to use of destructive fishing gear and practices . These include use of small mesh gill nets that crop immature fish , beach seines and traps , especially at the mouths of rivers . For instance , the fishery of _Labeo victorianus_ which formed the most important riverine fishery on the rivers of the Victoria lake basin , has been destroyed due to intensive gill netting and basket trapping at the mouths of rivers at the time when fish migrate from lake to river to breed . Other species like _Barbus_ spp . and _Alestes spp . _ have been similarly affected . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 249, "text": "yield data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "without the other is not sufficient , i . e . , even if a disease is of high burden if the intervention is cost-ineffective , then it shouldn ’ t be a priority . Similarly , even if the intervention is highly cost effective if the disease burden is low , it shouldn ’ t be a priority . The Strategy statement on the funding of less priority interventions that “ they may not justify the use of government funds ” is also weak . Again , the underlying principle should be stated , i . e . , that the disease burden is less , or that the “ publicness ’ of these diseases and interventions is much less , and therefore , do not justify full ( or possibly even partial ) GoK financing , unless overriding poverty considerations apply . 47 . _Role of the Private Sector : _ The Strategy argues for greater private participation in the health sector but it does not articulate the rationale for such desire , e . g . , costeffectiveness , pluralism that leads to competition and finally to better services , and / or patient choice . Thus , the Strategy pushes for wider nongovernment provision and financing of health services , but does not cite their demonstrated comparative advantage . ( Uganda ’ s health strategy was very specific on this issue , and cites data on NGOs ’ costeffectiveness ) . The Strategy also argues for the “ enencumbered provision of services ” by the private sector , which runs counter to traditional government ’ s mandate to regulate health services . There is a need to qualify this strategic objective by putting private sector participation in the context of “ national health goals ” , however defined . > 12 It turns out in most instances that cost-effective interventions targeted at diseases with the highest burden in society also are focused on those diseases in which the poor suffer from most . Thus , in general , if the principles of cost-effectiveness and burden of disease are used , the chosen interventions also tend to alleviate poverty .", "spans": [{"start": 1258, "end": 1290, "text": "data on NGOs ’ costeffectiveness", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Work in agricultural sector for the employed < br > 08 < br > E > 6 < br > 3E . 051 < br > 2 < br > = ] < br > S 04 < br > oS < br > = < br > S < br > £ . 028 < br > . . 026 < br > = 02 ° 015 017 015 < br > 0087 | < br > 0042 ® Pre-covid cohort < br > 9 ® @ Covid cohort < br > 4 months later * * * 8 months later 12months later 16 months later < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Work in industry sector for the employed < br > 02 < br > 0 < br > 2 . 0027 0046 < br > € ~ 0044 0034 . 0059 < br > 3 oo13 < br > FS ~ < br > 3I } - . 02 < br > £ < br > £ < br > x < br > S < br > = 04 - . 039 < br > @ ® Pre-covid cohort < br > - . 06 a Covid . cohort < br > 4 months later * * * 8 months later 12 months later 16 months later < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Work in service sector for the employed < br > 01 < br > 2e - ot0 . . 000046 005 t = - . 0085 < br > g3 - . 012 - . 015 < br > 3 - . 019 < br > = < br > 5 < br > = < br > - . 03 - . 03 < br > @ Pre-covid cohort < br > ~ . 04 ® @ Covid cohort < br > 4 months later 8 months later 12 months later * * 16 months later * * * < br > < ! - - End", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . | 11 . 0 < br > 12 . 2 | 18 . 1 < br > 19 . 7 | 14 . 5 < br > 13 . 5 | | | < br > Services | . . | 7 . 9 | 8 . 6 | 5 . 9 | 20 | | Private consumption | | 63 | 83 | 23 | _o_ < br > 0 | | < br > General government consumption < br > | . . < br > . . | . < br > 6 . 1 | . < br > 8 . 4 | . < br > 7 . 0 | < br > _ < br > 94 < br > 95 < br > 96 < br > 97 | | Gross domestic investment < br > | . . | 7 . 0 < br > | 10 . 0 < br > | - 2 . 6 < br > | * * 29 * * < br > < br > * | | Imports of goods and services < br > Gross national-product | . . < br > * * 1 . 8 * * | 6 . 3 < br > < br > 7 . 1 | 13 . 0 < br > 9 . 8 | 2 . 0 < br > 6 . 0 | Exports < br > - - Imports | 1 / 13 / 99 Note : 1997 data are preliminary estimates . This table was produced from the Development Economics central database . tThe diamonds show four key indicators in the country ( in bold ) compared with its income-group average . * * If * * data are missing , the diamond will be incomplete .", "spans": [{"start": 686, "end": 695, "text": "1997 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 757, "end": 795, "text": "Development Economics central database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries during the first half of 2014 compared to its corresponding period of 2013 . The dutch authorities reported a doubling of new asylum claims during the first half of the year , largely accounted for by eritrean and syrian asylum-seekers . eritreans lodged 3 , 500 asylum claims in the first six months of 2014 ( up from 260 one year earlier ) , while syrians submitted 3 , 700 new applications ( up from 760 ) . With the number of boat arrivals in Italy remaining very high , new asylum applications registered in that country during the first half of 2014 continued to grow . about 24 , 500 claims were registered during the first six months of the year , almost identical to the total number of applications lodged during the entire previous year ( 25 , 700 ) . Italy was thus the sixth largest receiving country during the reporting period . Malian , n \u0003 igerian , gambian , and senegalese asylum-seekers primarily accounted for this rise , due to a sevenfold ( Mali , gambia , and senegal ) and fourfold ( n \u0003 igeria ) increase in asylum claims . Mali was the leading country of origin of asylum-seekers in Italy during the reporting period ( 4 , 700 claims ) , followed by n \u0003 igeria ( 3 , 400 claims ) and gambia ( 3 , 300 claims ) . > ( 13 ) Figures include asylum-seekers registered with UNHCR as well as asylum-seekers who have been preregistered but who are pending official registration with UNHCR . Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 11 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between countries , women tended to be somewhat less willing to be vaccinated than men , and younger respondents marginally more willing ( Solís Arce et al . , 2021 , p . 1387 ) . Between-country variation in attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines is a similar standout point in another large study focused on 15 countries in Africa ( Africa CDC , 2021 ) . Stated willingness to take a COVID-19 vaccine varied from 94 percent in Ethiopia to 59 percent in the Democratic Republic of Congo ( Africa CDC , 2021 , p . 10 ) . The types of people most likely to state they would be vaccinated also varied between the surveyed countries . However , older people were more likely to state they were willing to be vaccinated in most countries . In the plurality of countries differences were not clear between genders . Where differences were present it was usually the case that men were more favorably disposed to the COVID19 vaccine than women ( Africa CDC , 2021 , pp . 22-65 ) . With respect to rationales for people ’ s beliefs , the most common explanation for wanting the vaccine in the 13-country international study was protecting oneself from the illness . The most common reason for not wanting the vaccine was concern about side effects ( Solís Arce et al . , 2021 , p . 1387 ) . Concerns about vaccine safety also stood out as an issue in the Africa-focused study ( Africa CDC , 2021 ) . In addition , the Africa-focused study found that participants ’ beliefs about vaccines more broadly , and whether vaccines in general were safe , were clearly correlated with their stated willingness to take a COVID-19 vaccine ( Africa CDC , 2021 , p . 11 ) . This finding fits with a larger , pre-COVID global literature which found that people ’ s contemporary willingness to be vaccinated is strongly related to past vaccine behavior ( Brewer et al . , 2017 , p . 165 ) . > 2 In addition to the work reviewed here , some ongoing COVID-19-related work is taking place at present in developing country contexts . For example see details at : < u > https : / /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10892 Small Area Estimation of Poverty in Four West African Countries by Integrating Survey and Geospatial Data _Ifeanyi Edochie David Newhouse Nikos Tzavidis Timo Schmid Elizabeth Foster Angela Luna Hernandez Aissatou Ouedraogo Aly Sanoh Aboudrahyme Savadogo_ Development Data Group & Poverty and Equity Global Practice September 2024", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and long term employment handling the RAP implementation of different projects and other social issues . However , the implementation and supervision of the safeguards by UETCL has also had some weaknesses that must be reviewed to identify and address any gaps . The project will provide financing for hiring dedicated environmental specialist and social development specialist to guide and lead management of environmental and social aspects to ensure compliance with the safeguard requirements . In addition , MEMD and UETCL shall collaborate with other relevant government agencies , such as NEMA , ERA , NFA , Uganda Wildlife Authority , MoGLSD , and the respective District Local governments of Lira , Gulu , Oyam , Kole , Nebbi and Arua . Additionally , the Contractor and the supervising consultants shall be required to hire full time environmental and social specialists to undertake supervision , monitoring and reporting implementation of environmental and social aspects of the project . Detailed implementation arrangements have been provided in the ESIA , Chapter 8 . 3 . Going forward , the Bank will continuously support UETCL and MEMD to undertake implementation of safeguards requirements of the proposed project . # _Monitoring and Evaluation of Safeguards_ 50 . All of the data and information required to monitor the project ’ s performance and results will be provided through regular quarterly reports , prepared by the implementing agencies , and statistics from the UETCL ’ s monthly system operation reports . UETCL has gained substantial experience in this under the ongoing ESDP and have been successful in the preparation and 52", "spans": [{"start": 1491, "end": 1533, "text": "UETCL ’ s monthly system operation reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of < br > environmentally sensitive < br > areas has been included < br > in the Project Report . | An approved Project Report is available which < br > identifies any environmentally sensitive areas < br > that could be affected by the project , and any < br > potential impacts to them should be detailed and < br > mitigated . These ( environmentally sensitive ) < br > areas support urban resilience and provide future < br > adaptation potential . | | 5 | Mandatory | The project is located < br > outside of riparian zones , < br > or , when unavoidable , < br > measures are included to < br > enhance riparian < br > corridors . | The evidence is based on the project location . < br > The project should be sited outside of riparian < br > zones ( as per the Water Act 2016 ) , apart from < br > where unavoidable ( for example , at a crossing ) . | | 6 | Mandatory | Climate Change < br > Projections have been < br > integrated into the project < br > design . | Climate change projections have been < br > incorporated into the design . This includes : < br > • < br > All roof / site / road / storm drainage < br > calculations have applied an appropriate < br > climate change factor , based on regional < br > rainfall intensity projections and project < br > lifetime . < br > • < br > Maximum temperatures for material < br > specification have incorporated climate < br > change projections . This is most relevant < br > for roads , in the specification ofpavement | 56 / 61", "spans": [{"start": 1225, "end": 1255, "text": "rainfall intensity projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and resources to support the processes for recognition for prior learning , and lack of birth certificates and differences in registration documents , required to be registered in the National Education Management Information System ( NEMIS ) and for national examinations . * * C . Relationship to the CPS / CPF and Rationale for Use of Instrument * * 21 . * * The proposed PforR is aligned with a draft World Bank Group Country Partnership Framework for Kenya ( CPF , FY22 – - FY27 ) , which identifies three High-Level Outcomes ( HLO ) : * * ( i ) faster labor productivity growth ; ( ii ) inclusion and equality institutionalized ; and ( iii ) greater productivity and preservation of Kenya ’ s > 14 Ibid . > 15 UNHCR and World Bank , ( 2021 ) , Understanding the Socio-economic Conditions of Refugees in Kenya : Volume C : Results from the 2020-21 Urban Socioeconomic Survey . > 16 Baseline assessment conducted by UNHCR and MoE in light of schools reopening Page 14 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 845, "end": 879, "text": "2020-21 Urban Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 5 . 0 * * | 40 . 0 | * * 22 . 3 * * | Bajaj is the most mentioned mode of transport * * by 66 . 3 % * * of the survey households , in addition * * ( 60 . 7 % ) * * of the survey households preferred to walk on foot while traveling from place to place . Public transport and pack animals are also among reported mode of transport ' s that significant proportion of households in Subproject influence woredas use for traveling ( See Table 4 . 31 ) . Drinking water is one of the most important sources of basic amenities to be ensured in our daily lifestyle . According to findings of the survey results , majority * * ( 78 . 1 % ) * * of the survey households has access to safe potable water from different sources , while the remaining * * ( 21 . 9 % ) * * of the households depend on unprotected water source . Based on the survey finding * * 37 . 8 % * * of the households reported to have access to potable water from private tap mainly within the dwelling yard and vast majority * * ( 71 . 7 % ) * * of households in Hetosa woreda use private tap as main drinking water source , while none of the households in Sude access water from private tap . Nearly for one-fourth * * ( 25 . 9 % ) * * of the survey households , communal tap is the primary water source and the majority * * ( 76 . 7 % ) * * of households in Sude woreda depend on this water source . Protected pond and protected spring are another reported water source of * * ( 11 . 1 % ) * * and * * ( 3 . 0 % ) * * of the survey households respectively . Across Subproject woredas , all the households in Hetosa w & rie , reported to have access to safe drinking water , whereas the proportion of house rd ' ac", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 609, "text": "survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IDs issued by Fayda will use credentials that will use open technologies ( for example , open standard QR codes ) for security and verification ( including with offline capabilities ) and will not display data that could cause risk of discrimination . NIDP will also consider using global and regional standards for cross-border interoperability of the credentials . The two types of credentials are as follows : - ( a ) * * Physical credentials . * * Low-cost plastic or paper ID cards with basic physical security features will be issued for free in the first instance with the possibility of charging nominal fees for replacements and for these fees to be waived for vulnerable populations . These credentials will be distributed through the registration channels and partnerships with EthioPost , regional governments , and _kebeles_ . - ( b ) * * Digital credentials . * * A Fayda smartphone application will be developed along with the issuance of digital credentials that can be stored in other applications and emerging standardized digital wallets . These credentials will be free for all to use . 42 . Kebele ID paper-based records are stored locally across the country , with no aggregated backups in a centralized repository . This makes them vulnerable to damage or loss during climate disasters or conflict . < sup > 34 < / sup > Recent floods in Somali , > 34 Lucas , Kitzmüller . 2020 . Let ’ s Get Digital ? Policy Options for Ethiopia ’ s ID System . https : / / lucaskitzmueller . medium . com / lets-get-digital-policy - < u > options-for-ethiopia-s-id-system-ef2b02468942 < / u > Page 12 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1141, "text": "Kebele ID paper-based records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Internet Users in the World < br > 3 , 000 , 000 , 000 Ml Internet Users < br > 2 , 250 , 000 , 000 < br > 1 , 500 , 000 , 000 < br > 750 , 000 , 000 < br > 0 < br > 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 < br > 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 < br > Year ( as of July 1 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 50, "text": "Internet Users", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Semliki National Parks whose biological diversity was is documented in the National Biodiversity Assessment Report Series of 1996 . In this plan , it is expected that due effort will be carried out to ensure that vegetation within valleys ( natural belts ) are conserved to maximise conservation of some of the critical biodiversity existing in the area . # # # # # * * 2 . 1 . 3 Regulation and Support Services * * North Rwenzori adjoins a complex network of protected areas in the region that maintains the water table ensuring re-charges of domestic and commercial water supplies to Uganda . The government ‟ s “ water for production ” programme in support of the Poverty Eradication Action Plan ( PEAP ) would be rendered unviable because it requires these natural regulators and reservoirs of water flow . The whole country would be rendered unviable for cattle grazing and agriculture without CFRs like North Rwenzori . Forests play an important role of ameliorating climate conditions and thus sustain agricultural production that employs over 80 % of the Ugandan Population . As the trees grow they absorb CO2 and help reduce CO2 emissions and mitigating climatic conditions . The increase in vegetation will help regulation of water flows and enhance steady supplies for domestic & industrial use . Page | 6", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 121, "text": "National Biodiversity Assessment Report Series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | 2018-07-07 | | | | | 2018-09-01 | 2019-02-28 | | KE-MOE-66657-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of sampling < br > bombs for use in LPG < br > testing equipment for ERC | IDA / 55260 | | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2018-07-09 | | | | | 2018-09-03 | 2019-03-02 | | KE-MOE-77079-GO-RFB / < br > Purchase of laptops for PMU < br > and geophysical data < br > processing & interpretation < br > hardware for MoPM and < br > NOCK | < br > TF / A3418 | | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-06 | | 2018-11-17 | | 2018-12-17 | 2019-01-21 | 2019-07-20 | | KE-MOE-8270-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Hardware to < br > support Regulatory < br > Management Information < br > Sytem for the Energy < br > Regulatory Commision < br > * * NON CONSULTING * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | IDA / 55260 < br", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 583, "text": "geophysical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are lower than China ‘ s . _The origin of the investors does not matter though it will become increasing critical for regions such as SSA where investment capital is scarce . _ # * * 4 . 4 Significant potential for relocation of jobs to low wage countries * * Due to the sheer size of its labor market , the number of jobs China ‘ s ongoing industrialization will potentially create for low-income countries is huge . Several factors will matter . As employment statistics for manufacturing is extremely sparse and tentative , we cannot provide any estimates of potential job relocation . However , rough calculations are informative and sufficient . Currently , China employs about 85 million workers in its manufacturing sector nationwide . Going forward , rising wages will force China to upgrade to higher value-added , more capital / technological intensive sectors and relocate the jobs in the existing sectors to countries that have lower wage rate than China ‘ s . India currently employs about 9 million workers and Brazil about 13 million ( Table 4 . 1 ) . These emerging market countries employ about 120 million workers whose jobs could be relocated to other developing countries in the coming years . Notably , India still has significant surplus labor which implies that its labor intensive industries will expand before they contract and relocate jobs . Its younger population will provide more workers for Indian industries in the future but also more potential jobs for lower wage countries . * * Table 4 . 1 : Employment in Manufacturing , Potential Dragons , 2009 / 10 * * | | Brazil | China | India | Indonesia | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Employment share in | | | | | | | Manufacturing ( million ) | * * 13 . 1 * * | * * 85 * * | * * 8 . 7 * * | * * 12 . 5 * * | * * 119 . 3 * * | | Population ( million ) | 192 | 1 , 324 | 1 , 140 | 277", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 472, "text": "employment statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> No | | | | < br > * * Bondeni * * | < br > Almost all | | < br > No | < br > 7 | | | < br > * * Chemelil * * | < br > 54 | < br > 18 | < br > NO | < br > 14 | | The main sewage treatment plant in Kisumu is the Kisat Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant that was built in 1958 . There are in addition three main private industrial wastewater treatment plants , two of which are pre-treatment facilities only , with just one a full treatment plant . The three are Kisumu molasses , Kisumu cotton mills and the Kenya breweries . Kisumu molasses is a full treatment plant . Nyalenda Waste Stabilization Pond serves the eastern part of the city and is located adjacent to the Nyalenda low-income area . This plant has not been properly maintained and is not fully operational . # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 7 Drainage * * There is poor drainage within the 13 sites proposed for KISIP improvements mainly comprising of earth drains or natural drainage . Where a few drain pipes exist such as in Sangoro , they are poorly / rarely maintained . Investments in storm drains were reported by 95 % of the Kibuye respondents as a priority in the KISIP social economic survey ( 2017 ) and are mainly maintained by the county 107", "spans": [{"start": 1130, "end": 1158, "text": "KISIP social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK ) ( P161387 ) ► DLI 23 6 . 1b UAT of online public interface which provides information in a searchable form on programs and projects and transfers to service delivery unit ( Output , 800 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No < br > No < br > Yes | | Date | - - | 30-Jan-2020 < br > 01-Oct-2020 < br > - - | | * * Comments * * | Mockup of portal pre < br > progress toward the < br > prior to the MTR for < br > been made on the p | pared and consultations within Budget department ongoing . Considering the pace of < br > achievement of this DLI , it has been agreed that the following actions would be completed < br > this Result Area to continue receiving support under GESDEK : substantive progress has < br > rocurement of the system developer and health and education data collected . | ► DLI 24 DLR 6 . 1c : Number of MDAs where information is publicly available online in searchable form on a ) program expenditure and performance , b ) project expenditure and performance and c ) transfers to service ( Outcome , 10 , 200 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 3 . 00 | | Date |", "spans": [{"start": 1034, "end": 1059, "text": "health and education data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _Compensation for Loss of Businesses_ * * Any structures will be replaced in an appropriate location as outlined above . In addition , compensation will be paid for the lost income and production during the transition period ( time lag between losing the business and re-establishment ) . This will be estimated based on the daily or monthly income of the affected parties . # # * * _Compensation for Beehives_ * * Beehives are placed in various locations in the bush by individuals specializing in honey gathering . If such hives will be disturbed by the project activities , or access to hives is denied , beekeepers will be free to move them , and hopefully the bees will adapt to the new locations . Beekeepers will be compensated by the value of one season ’ s production costs of honey for each hive that is moved , and any reasonable costs associated with moving the hive . # # * * _Compensation for Horticultural , Floricultural and Fruit Trees_ * * Banana and Mango trees are featured here below as two examples of the set of primary fruit trees that are likely to be found in project targeted area and are estimated to account for a significant amount of all fruit bearing trees . They are primarily important as a source of : - Subsistence food for families - Cash produce that contributes to the export economy - Petty market income in some areas , and - Shade ( in the case of mango trees ) . Compensation will be made for the estimated value of the trees as established from the County Agricultural Office ( CAO ) and following rates established by Kenya Forest Services for trees but also considering the age and girth of the trees , annual productivity index as established by CAO will be considered . # # * * _Other Domestic Fruit and Shade Trees_ * * individuals will be compensated for wild trees which are located in their land . Wild productive trees belong to the community when they occur in the bush as opposed to fallow land . These", "spans": [{"start": 1657, "end": 1682, "text": "annual productivity index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2model , and estimated using pooled cross-section time-series data for subSahara Africa during 1965-82 . Any study which attempts to relate government fiscal policies with output growth rates must confront the theoretical problem that while taxes and an inefficient government sector may reduce the level of GDP , it i . not clear that the rate of growth of GDP should be affected . Lucas ( 1985 ) , and Manas-Anton ( 1985 ) have emphasized that taxation and ( most ) government policy will have no effect on long-term growth rates . The first question to be addressed , then , is why should tax rates affect output growth rates ? The answer is that static tax distortions do affect output growth along a transition pa . . - - or a sequenced change in the level of output - - by encouraging the flow of investment and labor se into sectors which largely escape taxation . The expansion of these liv & . - Iy taxed ( or even subsidized ) sectors will lead to lower overall capital and labor productivity . Hence for a given rate of investment and ] 4bor supply grow . . h , output growth is likely to decline . Alternatively , if the lightlytaxed sectors provide positive benefits ( e . g . , export-ori . ented industries ) , then taxes which direct more resources into these socially productive activities can augment output growtn rates . If the economy is on a steadystate growth path , taxation will have no effect . Ultimately , the effect of taxation on output growth is an empirical question . While Landau ( 1983 , 1986 ) has found an often negative impact of the level of government spending on growth rates , Ram ( 1986 ) has emphasized that the change in government spending is the theoretically correct factor in explaining a change in output . Regressions which follow Ram ' s formulation indicate that during the period 1965-73 , the high", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 66, "text": "pooled cross-section time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ung | 1 , 398 | 109 | 92 | 98 | 32 | 9 | 15 | 30 | 43 | 58 | 23 | * * 1 , 907 * * | | Lot 2-Loukitaung - Kalobeyei River | 1 , 138 | 139 | 173 | 86 | 32 | 7 | 15 | 39 | 59 | 327 | 40 | * * 2 , 055 * * | | Lot 3a-Kalobeyei River - Lokichoggio | 851 | 122 | 56 | 70 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 27 | 6 | 20 | 7 | * * 1 , 168 * * | | Lot 3b-Lokichoggio - Sudan | 262 | 71 | 23 | 36 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 6 | 44 | 2 | * * 458 * * | | Lot 4-Lokichar - Loichangamatak | 977 | 133 | 91 | 203 | 68 | 11 | 5 | 33 | 50 | 23 | 21 | * * 1 , 615 * * | _Source : KeNHA ( 2021 ) _ < sup > _2_ < / sup > 9 . In comparison , the 2012 traffic surveys carried out during the feasibility study and detailed design of the various lots are presented in Table 1 . 5 below . * * Table 1 . 5 : 2012 Annual Average Daily Traffic * * | * * Section * * | * * Motorcycle * * | * * Cars * * | * * 4W / Drive * * | * * Pick - Up * * | * * Minibus * * | * * Small Bus * * | * * Large Bus * * | * * Light Truck * * | * * Medium * * < br > * * Truck * * | * * Heavy Truck * * | * * Articulated * * < br > * * Truck * * | * * Total * * | | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 613, "text": "2012 traffic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 3 . 5 Incident Management * * Even with adequate controls , incidents may occur and must be managed promptly and effectively . All incidents , including near misses , should be reported and documented . This allows for identification of recurring issues and improvement of safety practices over time , consistent with good OHS practice where reporting and investigation are essential to prevent recurrence . Incidents that will be reported to the WB include the following types : Fatality , Lost Time Injury , Acts of Violence / Protest , Disease Outbreaks , Displacement without Due Process , Child Labor , Forced Labor , Unexpected impacts on heritage resources , unexpected impacts on biodiversity resources , environmental pollution incident , dam failure , violence on the basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity ( SOGI ) , Discrimination on the basis of SOGI , Sexual exploitation , Sexual Abuse , Sexual Harassment . The World Bank needs to be notified promptly ( within 48 hours ) of any incident or accident related to the Project which has , or is likely to have , a significant adverse effect on the environment , communities , the public or workers , including , inter alia , cases of SEA / SH and accidents that result in death , serious or multiple injuries ( by the PIUs ) . The PIUs will need to provide sufficient detail regarding the scope , severity , and possible causes of the incident or accident , indicating immediate measures taken or that are planned to be taken to address it . The report should also include any information provided by any contractor or supervising entity . A record of indicative incidents is still required to identify any potential trends to be mitigated , e . g . repetitive similar incident , or repeat offender contractor , etc . Key information in the incident report should respond to the following questions ( the information given regarding the accident should be enough to conduct the Bank ’ s ESIRT internal procedures ) : - _What was the incident ? What happened ? To what or to whom ? _ - _Where and when did the incident", "spans": [{"start": 1623, "end": 1653, "text": "record of indicative incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for which financing has not already been committed . The without program case , against which to evaluate the program benefits , was taken to be the continuation of the power supply situation which existed in 1996 . While , in the absence of the rehabilitation program , power supply would likely diminish over time , no account was taken of this possibility because of the difficulty of predicting the rate of decline . One consequence of this definition of the without program case is to provide conservative estimates of the program benefits . The benefits were taken as the incremental electricity sales made possible by the investment program valued at the forecast weighted average financial electricity prices for the three Elektroprivredas . ' The demand forecasts of these companies were evaluated in order to ascertain whether demand within BIH would be sufficient to absorb the capacity made available by the investments . The forecast growth rates of sales from distribution by EPBiH , EPM and EPRS of 11 . 5 % per year , 11 . 9 % per year and 10 . 2 % per year , respectively , from 1997 to 2003 were considered to be reasonable in view of forecast economic growth of 12 . 3 % per year ( Country Assistance Strategy , July 31 , 1997 ) . Direct sales from transmission to large industries in the Federation are forecast to grow from 265 GWh in 1997 to 2 , 710 GWh in 2003 , equal to 86 % of the 1990 level . Realization of this forecast will depend on a return of electricity consumption by the aluminum and iron industries in the area served by EPM to the 1990 levels of 1 , 400 GWh and 600 GWh , respectively , or the emergence of new industries . While there is some uncertainty surrounding these forecast demands , they are sufficiently in excess of the amount of forecast total electricity supplies ( including the increments resulting from the investment program analyzed ) to provide assurance that all the new capacity will be needed as soon as it can be made available , except for 1998 , when there could be a small surplus", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 772, "text": "demand forecasts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * URGENT ACTIONS NEEDED * * - Strengthen awareness raising and access to information on the ( Federal or State ) Constitution and the Bill of Rights enhancing the understanding of rights and entitlements as citizens , - Humanitarian partners to work closely with government institutions to provide services to people in rural and hard to reach areas to reduce rural urban migration / displacement that exacerbates family separations , - Strengthen durable solutions programming to overcome the cycle of vulnerabilities and enhanced resource mobilization , - Integrate child protection interventions into other clusters ’ response to ensure mainstreaming of child protection into the wider humanitarian response . * * LEVEL OF NO OF VERIFIED INTERNALLY MAIN TRIGGER OF POPULATION HUMANITARIAN SITES DISPLACED PEOPLE DISPLACEMENT ACCESS Heavy 362 , 244 140 145 , 225 Conflict restrictions * * Kismaayo district in Jubaland State of Somalia is home to 362 , 244 individuals both displaced and nondisplaced . In 2023 , the district has received 30 , 635 new arrivals due to internal displacements from the surrounding districts such as Afmadow , Jamaame , Jilib , Buu ’ ale in addition to the intra-district displacement observed . Main driver of the internal displacement is conflict / insecurity accounting for 55 percent of the displacements and humanitarian needs in Kismaayo district . The protection environment in Kismaayo district is characterized by insecurity and volatility , limited basic services capacity and provision , weak or absent protection systems , low awareness of - and respect for - basic rights and rules governing armed conflict , discriminatory and harmful socio-cultural practices relating to gender and access impediments for humanitarian workers . These characteristics have exacerbated the protection risks of the internally displaced and civilian populations in the district . Civilians across the district have continued to be impacted by significant levels of protection and security incidents . According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data ( ACLED 2023 ) , 147 fatalities have been reported because of battle or explosion / remote violence", "spans": [{"start": 2056, "end": 2092, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The DARE funds were made available to support this process , as a contribution to the preparation of the SWAP . M & E utilization was * * modest : * * Given the flaws in the M & E design and implementation , the utilization of data was restricted to the DHS in 2003 . These data were recorded in the ISR reports of the project . The PDO indicators worsened over the lifetime of the project ( except HIV / AIDS prevalence ) and the decision to restructure the project was influenced by this . However , an indicator such as infant mortality is affected by many factors beyond the scope of the project . The lack of process and output data made it very difficult to monitor the progress of project activities . As part of the proposed restructuring of the project , the M & E framework would have to be modified to allow for closer monitoring of implementation progress in the pilot districts . # # * * 2 . 4 Safeguard and Fiduciary Compliance * * * * Procurement : * * As stated in section 2 . 1 the contracting of the procurement agent and initiation of procurement processes at project preparation allowed effective procurement of large ticket commodities during the early phase of project implementation . This expertise did not benefit other procurements as explained below . The decision to construct boreholes using project funds brought many procurement challenges given the health sector was not conversant with their procurement . The lack of procurement capacity at district level meant that districts could not procure items using project funds . The effectiveness of a procurement agent is reliant on oversight from the parent organization . Later large ticket procurement delayed as the Ministry of Health did not have the capacity to provide the needed oversight . To allow completion of several procurements , third and fourth extensions of the project took place . DARE was meant to support execution of the business plan of the Kenya Medical Supply Agency ( KEMSA ) ; however , very little support was provided to support implementation of this plan . It is anticipated that the new procurement act and on-going procurement", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 257, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economics , and finance , but on all fronts , including other business and social science topics . The earlier sections of this paper suggest that a number of research papers are in process , forthcoming , and published , and also provide suggestions for future research . We add to this list of suggestions here . Studying the numerous policy approaches employed in the COVID-19 crisis is likely to be particularly fruitful . There were many different policy measures implemented across the world that impacted bank lending decisions , the banks themselves , and real economic outcomes . As discussed above , there is an active research agenda on these topics in the U . S . , but much more can be accomplished across the world . Examining policy measures and bank-level data over time and across countries will likely reveal many important lessons , particularly since researchers tend to learn more where failures occur . Initial findings suggest the impact of policy interventions adopted in different countries have been mixed , and depend on bank and country characteristics . As more detailed bank-level data become available across the world , we can observe how banks behaved during the crisis ; to what extent they lent to corporations , small firms , and households ; and how banks with different size and ownership characteristics – large versus small banks , and private domestic - versus foreign - versus state-owned banks – behaved differently , and how these dynamics varied across countries . While we have not observed bank runs or market crashes around the world , if economic recovery is not as swift as in the U . S . , and banks in other nations were not as well capitalized and fortified entering the crisis , they may experience deteriorations in their asset quality that eventually leads to deleveraging and credit crunches that can slow the recoveries in their countries . Fiscal and financial pressures may also necessitate that countries reduce their fiscal and monetary supports and wind down their forbearance measures , creating potential vulnerabilities that will 63", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 776, "text": "bank-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cost of financing remains the same . Considering the facts above , the mission will discuss with DBE ’ s management to revise the decision on the raise for the wholesale financing rate for PFIs . # # # # # * * Component 2 : Enabling Environment for SME Finance * * * * The objective of Component 2 is to improve the enabling environment for facilitating SME finance in Ethiopia . * * This would require the following : ( i ) creation of a collateral registry that would support both the lending and the leasing business ; and ( ii ) a diagnostic of the insolvency and creditor / debtor regime to address key bottlenecks to SME lending . * * Collateral registry . * * The movable collateral registry law has been approved by the the Council of Ministers and it is awaiting ratification of the Parliament . In parallel , procurement for hardware and software for collateral registry is being processed through SME Finance Project . * * Insolvency regime : * * The Attorney General office is undertaking a revision of the Commercial Code which includes the Bankruptcy law . With IFC ’ s lead on the subject , the project is assisting the insolvency drafting team in finalizing the Bankruptcy Code in line with best practices . Ethiopia ' s insolvency regime is currently outdated and lacks many modern practices , such as an effective reorganization framework for restructuring corporate debt , a priority for post-commencement financing and a modern regime for regulating insolvency practitioners . These gaps in the legal regime suggest that once a business experiences financial distress , there is a small chance that it will survive as a going concern and continue to provide value into the economy . The Doing Business 2018 Resolving Insolvency data shows that creditor recovery is currently less than 30 percent of the loan at 27 . 7 cents on the dollar , meaning that creditors have little incentive to lend , thereby stifling entrepreneurship . Moreover , without efficient recovery mechanisms for creditors , financial institutions face the risk of mounting NPLs in the system , which can potentially reach levels that can threaten financial sector", "spans": [{"start": 1707, "end": 1752, "text": "Doing Business 2018 Resolving Insolvency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the next section . # 3 . Data and Measurement # # 3 . 1 . NBS Data The data used in the analysis have been collected by the China National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) at the fi rm level and then aggregated up to 600 industries by province , based on the 4 digit Chinese Industrial Classi fi cation . Before releasing this data to us , the NBS removed all ‘ sensitive industries ’ from the sample , and then we excluded agriculture , extractive industries and services in order to focus on the manufacturing sector . The information available includes the number of foreign fi rms , the value of output of foreign fi rms and the value of output of domestic fi rms . All variables vary by province , sector and time . Our sample covers the 1998-2001 period . It was not possible to include earlier years in the sample as data on the number of foreign fi rms were unavailable . The fi gures indicate that a vast majority of foreign entry in 2001 occurred in coastal provinces ( see Appendix ) . Seven out of twelve provinces in the coastal region saw the number of foreign investment projects rising by more than a hundred . Guangdong and Zhejiang were the most successful provinces increasing the number of foreign investment enterprises ( FIEs ) by about 600 each . Although midland provinces received much less net foreign investment , some provinces like Hunan recorded a net entry as high as 40 , similar to some of the coastal provinces such as Beijing . In terms of distribution of net entry across industries , both sectors producing consumer goods and industrial parts and components appeared to be attractive to foreign investors . 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "citizen participation , specifically in the context of working to address community problems . The primary independent variable is a composite gender bias score , derived as the first component of a principal component analysis ( PCA ) based on four indicators that capture the prevalence of gender-biased social norms in the country of analysis : ( i ) women should focus on domestic roles while men should work ; ( ii ) men are better political leaders than women ; ( iii ) if a woman earns more than a man , she is likely to face difficulties ; and ( iv ) in times of scarce jobs , men should have a greater right to employment than women . Each of these four gender bias indicators is coded as 1 if the respondent agreed or strongly agreed , and 0 otherwise . The composite gender bias score is then normalized on a scale from 0 ( low machismo ) to 1 ( high machismo ) . By using the first component of principal component analysis ( PCA ) , we derive a single variable that captures the combined variability of the four gender bias indicators , simplifying the analysis of how gender bias influences individual decisions to engage in solving community problems . The decision to use the first principal component from the PCA is based on two widely used , independent methods . First , the Kaiser-Guttman criterion , which recommends retaining components with an eigenvalue greater than one , supports using the first component ( Kaiser , 1960 ; Guttman , 1954 ) . Second , the elbow method , a visual approach , indicates that the first 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8857 # * * Abstract * * This paper builds on the existing literature assessing retrospectively the quantitative effects of natural disasters on different dimensions of household welfare , to make progress toward the ex ante identification of households that are vulnerable to poverty due to natural disasters , especially typhoons . A wind field model for the Philippines is employed to estimate local wind speeds at any locality where a tropical typhoon directly passes over or nearby . The estimated wind speeds are merged with the household Family Income and Expenditure Surveys at the barangay level , and consumption expenditures are then regressed against wind speed ( or a related damage index ) and household socioeconomic characteristics . The estimated coefficients from the regression model are then used to estimate ex ante household vulnerability to poverty ( the likelihood that household consumption falls below the poverty line ) in the event of future natural disasters of different intensities . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at eskoufias @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 611, "text": "household Family Income and Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "access to publicly provided services across city sizes . Section 6 looks at differences in poverty ( and inequality ) within specific cities in Morocco , focusing in particular on poverty and inequality differences between slums and non-slum areas in larger towns . Section 7 subjects our findings to some robustness checks . We first look to data from Brazil for evidence of spatial price variation across city-sizes . A second robustness check is applied to the case of Mexico , to examine whether an alternative dimension of deprivation , namely child malnutrition , exhibits the same gradient across city size categories as income poverty . In a final robustness check we show that , in India ,", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 359, "text": "data from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- bidders / proposers shall be required to confirm acceptance at the bidding stage itself , that Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines including Bank ’ s inspection , audit and sanction rights , shall apply in the resulting contracts - appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities in the contracts ; - publication of contract award ; - rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities regardless of the review type ; - an effective complaints mechanism ; - maintenance of procurement records according to National requirements and in the Bank ’ s STEP system - There shall be no mandatory requirements for inclusion of local experts and firms for the consulting assignments ; - Use of reservation and preference schemes based on thresholds prescribed in the PPDA Act and its Regulation , BUBU Policy and any other policy that prohibits eligible bidders from bidding is not acceptable ; - Negotiations with the lowest evaluated bidder to reduce price in the case of goods , works and non-consulting services where competitive methods have been used shall not be allowed ; - The fixed budget method shall not be used for goods , works and non-consulting services ; - Established and approved procurement standards by the government may be used , provided that they are not restrictive When * * < u > other national procurement arrangements < / u > * * other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 4 ( c ) and 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals / request for quotations document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals / quotations present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 535, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fish catch has been adversely affected by the lack of boats , fishing-nets and transportation facilities and has declined throughout the country , but especially on Lake Kyoga which in 1982 was estimated to have produced only 20 , 000 tons . 2 / 1 . 18 Forestry . The area under forests is 7 . 5 million ha of which 1 . 5 million ha are in forest reserves . GOU has not allocated a high priority to forestry plantations , so that only 29 , 000 ha have been reforested ; the remaining area is natural forest . . 1 . 19 The rural population depends on natural forests and woodlands for fuel and building poles . With the increase in population , fuelwood supplies in the vicinity of homesteads in the more densely populated areas are becoming depleted and women and children , on whom the main burden falls , are having to collect fuel supplies from more distant sources . The forests also supply raw material for the Wood Industries Corporation and for private sawmills . - 1 / In the 1970 ' s there were about 400 ranches each with a carrying capacity of 6UO-1 , OW0 head . - 2 / Fish production statistics are confused and open to dispute ( Annex I , table 1 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1106, "text": "Fish production statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Not Applicable_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | urban transport infra | structure under the KMP . | Date | Date | Date | | | | 28-Sep-2009 | 01-Dec-2010 | 30-Aug-2015 | | Type | Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator | Number | | | To be determined on the basis of < br > municipalities ' investment plans . | | Indicator | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Indicator Name | | Value | Value | Value | | Municipalities with a < br > | pproved disaster management plan and < br > | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | | infrastructure , equip < br > preparedness respo | ment , and facilities for disaster prevention , < br > nse and recover in place | Date | Date | Date | | , | y . | 28-Sep-2009 | 01-Dec-2010 | 30-Aug-2015 | | Type | Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator | Number | | | To be determined on the basis of | | | | | | municipalities ' investment plans . | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 07-Oct-2010 ) Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * Page 5 of 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poor and cannot undertake public works . Beneficiaries will include , but are not limited to , orphans , pregnant and lactating mothers , elderly households , other labor-poor , high risk households with sick individuals ( such as people living with HIV / AIDS ) , and the majority of female-headed households with young children . # # # # # # * * Component 2 : Institutional Support ( US $ 2 million ) * * This component will focus on strengthening all aspects of program implementation , including ( i ) capacity building at community level to strengthen beneficiary identification and local level planning , financial management , procurement and technical training at _woreda_ and regional level to ensure that all subprojects are appropriately designed and rapid response mechanisms are in place to ensure smooth program implementation ; ( ii ) support to the development of a monitoring and evaluation framework and a program Management Information System ( MIS ) . This includes the implementation of a beneficiary survey , and a detailed program ― process ‖ survey after the first 12 months . It will also finance several additional studies as part of the shift to the second phase of the APL ; and ( iii ) procurement of essential goods and services . _Source : _ World Bank ( 2004b ) 2 . 6 Targeting : Prior to the start of the project in 2005 an average of between 5 and 6 million Ethiopians ( just below 10 % of the total population ) had required assistance each year over the previous decade ( World Bank 2004b ) . The PSNP initially targeted households in 262 ( out of about 550 ) _woredas . _ Those _woredas_ targeted were designated ‗ food insecure ‘ by the government and had received three continuous years of food aid in the last decade and estimated that within these _woredas_ there were 5 million food insecure households . < sup > 4 < / sup > Households were defined as food insecure when they faced a food gap of three months ( determined at community", "spans": [{"start": 1010, "end": 1028, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1037, "end": 1072, "text": "detailed program ― process ‖ survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in line with most existing studies on informal firms ’ entry and exit , the latter is a novel and important indicator for studying how household businesses cope with economic shocks in the short term . To examine sectoral impacts , we also rely on data on operating industry and location of the business . < sup > 10 < / sup > # * * 2 . 2 Entry and exit * * By the nature of the dataset , this analysis focuses only on tax-registered household businesses . While we do not observe HBs that are not tax-registered , data from the latest Vietnam Enterprise Census ( VEC ) that is collected every five years , the last time in 2017 , shows that there are approximately 5 million HBs operating in the country . < sup > 11 < / sup > Table 1 shows the total count of tax filings retrieved from the DoT portal for the January 2018-August 2020 period . The first three columns show records for regular annual filings . Column 1 reports the total number of ( once-a-year ) annual lump-sum filings , the majority of which usually take place each year in January ( approximately 90 percent of records ) . The number of registered HBs increased slightly from over 908 , 679 firms in 2018 to 917 , 917 in 2019 . The total registered HBs was on the rise in 2020 , with 907 , 472 filings having been recorded as of August ( note that since most filings happen in January including for the year 2020 , the existing statistics mostly capture pre-COVID-19 tax filings ) . Overall , these numbers represent approximately one-fifth of the total household businesses operating in the country . < sup > 12 < / sup > It is , therefore , noted that the majority of household businesses in the country are not tax-registered . < sup > 13 < / sup > In each year , we distinguish between incumbents and new businesses using available identification information ( tax ID ) . “ Repeated ” ( column 2 ) is the number of filing records in a given year that also appeared in the previous year , and “ New ” ( column 3 )", "spans": [{"start": 536, "end": 561, "text": "Vietnam Enterprise Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 labor costs are perceived as being low , the likelihood of future investments does increase significantly ( a favorable labor cost receives a high score and hence a positive sign on that coefficient ) . But once again , the influence of PAST and RIVAL remains largely unchanged . Thus the inference again is that perceptions of labor cost while important are not the essence of the privately-held information but rather a complement to that information . The terms interacting perceived labor costs with PAST and RIVAL are positive , though the interaction with past is not statistically significant . In contrast , therefore , to perceived FDI policy ( which becomes less importance when private information is available ) , labor costs actually grow in importance when privately-held information exists . Finally , a larger market size also improves the improves the attractiveness of a country to Japanese investors ( the results are not presented in the interests of space but are available on request from the authors ) . The interaction with RIVAL has no influence , but the interaction with PAST has a negative and significant sign ( at the 5 percent level ) . Thus , past presence reduces the influence of a large market size . # * * Conclusions and discussion * * Using a firm-level data set , we explored the empirical importance of privately-held information in foreign investment location decisions . Though the limitations of a one-time survey did not permit us follow an information \" cascade \" over successive generations , the value of private information , which is central to the cascade phenomenon was consistently and impressively evident The data permitted us , moreover , to distinguish between two types of private information : one that was obtained through direct experience in the host country and the other that was inferred", "spans": [{"start": 1284, "end": 1303, "text": "firm-level data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1444, "end": 1459, "text": "one-time survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Infrastructure Finance / PPP project ( P121019 ) # # * * PDO Table SPACE * * # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * | * * Indicator Name * * < br > * * P * * | * * BC * * < br > * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Institutional Development and Regulatory Reform * * | | | | No . of Government officials with PPP certification from < br > recognized institutions * ( Number ) | 10 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Line Ministries and Agencies ? Nodes ? for First Mover < br > Transactions established and operational ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 2 . 00 | | * * Preparation of a pipeline of PPP transactions * * | | | | Report drafted on project stakeholder engagement survey < br > ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | | No . of EOIs / RFQ / RFP issued to prospective PPP private partners < br > ( Number ) | 8 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | No . of Feasibility Studies approved by the PPP Committee < br > ( Number ) | 10 . 00 | 25 . 00 | | PPP Training Curriculum Developed and Implemented ( Text ) | No Curriculum | Curriculum developed and approved , implementation of < br > curriculum commenced | | * * Improvement of FCCL Framework * * | | | | PPP FCCL approved by National Treasury Cabinet Secretary ( Text ) | No | Yes | * * IO Table SPACE * *", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 736, "text": "project stakeholder engagement survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 4 - Description and summary statistics of socio-economic variables included in the QUAIDS | * * Variable * * | * * Description * * | * * Obs * * | * * Mean * * | * * Std . Dev . * * | * * Min * * | * * Max * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Age of the household head | Years | 1 , 461 | 48 . 236 | 12 . 468 | 24 | 94 | | Female head | Dummy equal to 1 if the household head is < br > a female and 0 otherwise | 1 , 461 | 0 . 190 | 0 . 392 | 0 | 1 | | Primary | Dummy equal to 1 if the household head < br > has a primary education and 0 otherwise | 1 , 461 | 0 . 253 | 0 . 435 | 0 | 1 | | Tertiary | Dummy equal to 1 if the household head < br > has a higher education in college or < br > university and 0 otherwise | 1 , 461 | 0 . 093 | 0 . 291 | 0 | 1 | | Wage | Dummy equal to 1 if the household head < br > earns a salary from a hired job and 0 < br > otherwise | 1 , 461 | 0 . 458 | 0 . 498 | 0 | 1 | | Farmer | Dummy equal to 1 if the household head is < br > self-employed in agriculture , aquaculture or < br > forestry and 0 otherwise if HH head | 1 , 461 | 0 . 531 | 0 . 499 | 0 | 1 | | Self employed | Dummy equal to 1 if the household head is < br > self-employed but not in agriculture , < br > aquaculture or forestry and 0 otherwise | 1 , 461 | 0 . 243 | 0 . 429 | 0 | 1 | | Household size | Logarithm of number of HH", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 : Event study for cohort births and classroom density < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 5 < br > . 8 4 < br > . 6 3 < br > . 4 2 < br > . 2 1 < br > 0 0 < br > - . 2 - 1 < br > - . 4 - 2 < br > - . 6 - 3 < br > - . 8 - 4 < br > - 1 - 5 < br > - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 < br > Period Period < br > Birthrate relative to period t = - 1 < br > Classrooms relative to period t = - 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 4a : Classrooms per 100 youth age 15 – 19 Figure 4b : Cohort birth rate ( age 15 – 19 ) Notes : These figures plot the coefficients from an event study ; the first observed secondary school introduction in a municipality is the “ event ” . Bars indicate 95 % confidence intervals . All estimates condition municipality fixed effects . Includes all municipalities that received at least one new school over time ( 3 , 470 municipalities ) . Source : Authors ’ analysis based on school data from the 2002 wave of the Brazilian School Census ; official population estimates from the Brazilian Census Bureau ; births by age from Brazilian Vital Statistics . 29", "spans": [{"start": 1005, "end": 1028, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1115, "end": 1141, "text": "Brazilian Vital Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* . An ID4D Diagnostic was completed in 2017 < sup > 13 < / sup > ( and updated in 2019 ) . In 2020 , a legal assessment was carried out , which contributed to the _Principles and Governance Structure of the National Identity Program_ published by the GoE , and this engagement continued through technical assistance that contributed to the development of the draft Digital ID Proclamation _ . _ In 2021 , ID4D worked with NIDP to do costing for a six-year rollout , which came up with three scenarios : ( i ) registering adults aged 18 and older only ( US $ 283 million or US $ 3 . 8 per registrant ) ; ( ii ) registering adults and children aged 14 and older only ( US $ 308 million or US3 . 5 per registrant ) ; and ( iii ) registering adults and children aged 5 and older only ( US $ 334 million or $ US2 . 8 per registrant ) . The Bank has also worked with NIDP to map use cases for Fayda , including identifying complementary Bank engagements . During the 2022 pilots , ID4D conducted an exit survey and focus group discussions ( FGDs ) among PSNP beneficiaries who registered to gather insights on any shortcomings of registration processes and to identify recommendations for the registration scale-up . The end-user survey carried out in 2022 in the support of ID4D > 11 For more on the Principles , see http : / / idprinciples . org > 12 NBE . 2021 . Requirements for Undertaking Account Based Transactions and Ensuring of Regulatory Limits Directive No . FIS / 04 / 2021 > 13 World Bank . 2017 . ID4D Country Diagnostic – Ethiopia . URL : https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 822621524689442102 / ID4D-Country-DiagnosticEthiopia . pdf Page 7 of 13 Dec 12 , 2023", "spans": [{"start": 1216, "end": 1231, "text": "end-user survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "demographic planning unit and the Ethiopian Central Statistical Office plans to undertake a national fertility survey in 1988-89 which would examine the determinants of fertility and mortality . 2 . 07 Population Activities . It is Government policy that family planning for birth spacing purposes is an integral part of maternal and child health ( MCH ) services . The extension of birth spacing services throughout the country will lead to a gradual reduction in fertility . This is a good first step , but faster declines in fertility would require development of information , education and communication ( IEC ) programs on the need to limit family size ( as opposed to just birth spacing ) , and the ready availability of contraceptives to the general public . Family planning services were first developed by the Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia ( FGAE ) , a non-profit affiliate of the International Planned Parenthood Federation ( IPPF ) , founded in 1966 . The FGAE runs two clinics of its own ; trains Government staff involved in FP service delivery ; and carries out IEC activities , consisting mainly of seminars given to target groups such as industrial workers , students and teachers . Prov - . sion of FP services in MOR facilities began in 1979 and by the end of 1987 services were available to at least 365 health facilities ( 64 % of hoskitals , 94 % of health centers , and only 10 % of health stations ) . Overall , about 18 % of health facilities offer FP services , none on an outreach basis . In addition , contraceptives are available , at relatively high prices , at private sector pharmacies in urban areas .", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 117, "text": "national fertility survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 6 ) yy < sup > II < / sup > = yy < sup > AA < / sup > − αα < sup > FF < / sup > yy < sup > FF < / sup > − αα < sup > OO < / sup > yy < sup > OO < / sup > where lowercase variables indicate relative change , is the estimated share of the formal sector in aggregate economic activity , and is the corresponding share for the illicit economy . αα < sup > FF < / sup > In Afghanistan the informal sector has been estimated to account for 72 percent of total economic activity , αα < sup > OO < / sup > with another 16 percent of it originating from illicit businesses ( World Bank , 2005 ; SIGAR , 2018 ) . These estimates are used in what follows for and respectively . αα < sup > FF < / sup > αα < sup > OO < / sup > # * * Data * * The model is estimated using non-traditional data from a variety of sources , most of which are extraneous to the Afghan official statistical system . This approach is consistent with a broader trend to rely on big data to generate finely granular high-frequency estimates of otherwise conventional economic variables . _Aggregate economic activity_ A stable relationship has been shown to exist between aggregate economic activity and the sum of nighttime light per area . Global level estimates suggest that a 1 percent increase in nighttime light is YY < sup > AA < / sup > associated with 0 . 267 percent increase in economic activity ( Henderson et al . 2012 ) . For South Asian countries the increase in economic activity has been estimated at 0 . 248 percent , quite close to the global figure ( World Bank 2017 ) . Building on these results , it is assumed in what follows that the elasticity of aggregate economic activity to nighttime light is 0 . 25 . This elasticity implies that the relative change in economic activity , is only a quarter of the relative change in nighttime light . The raw nighttime light data are derived from the", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 781, "text": "non-traditional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Linear | Yes | Yes | Linear | Yes | Yes | | Malawi | Linear | Yes | Yes | Linear | Yes | Yes | | Mali | Linear | No | No | | | | | Mozambique | Linear | Yes | Yes | Linear | Yes | Yes | | Namibia | Linear | Yes | Yes | Linear | Yes | Yes | | Niger | Linear | Yes | Yes | Linear | Yes | Yes | | Nigeria | IBT | Yes | No | IBT | Yes | Yes | | Rwanda | Linear | No | No | Linear | No | No | | Senegal | TOU | Yes | No | TOU | Yes | No | | South Africa | IBT / Linear | Yes | No | TOU | Yes | Yes | | Tanzania | Linear | Yes | Yes | Linear | Yes | Yes | | Uganda | TOU | Yes | No | TOU | Yes | Yes | | Zambia | Linear | Yes | No | DBT | Yes | Yes | | Zimbabwe | Linear | Yes | Yes | Linear | Yes | Yes | _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database _Note : _ IBT – increasing block tariff ; DBT – decreasing block tariffs ; TOU – time of use tariff . _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database Time-of-use tariffs ( TOUs ) are only practiced in a minority of cases , and are twice as prevalent among industrial tariff structures as among commercial tariff structures . TOUs allow power consumption to be associated with hours ( peak / off-peak / night ) and / or seasons ( summer / winter , dry / regular ) , creating incentives for more efficient use of the power network . One-third of industrial and one-fifth of commercial tariff regimes in Africa incorporate TOUs . 12", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 776, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Decoupling and recoupling * * returns in the host country . As internal instruments we use the first lag of the dependent variables . Results are in line with our previous estimations ( only for currencies we fail to recover a significant effect ) : indeed , the interaction terms for equity and credit gest bigger at the expense of the simple betas , suggesting that the amplifying effect could be even larger than reported in the previous tables . Evidence of asset co-movement induced by the incidence of benchmarked international funds can also be seen in the investment decision of fund managers . Country weights tend to remain close to their benchmarks , and at any rate they adjust slowly even in times of turmoil . Alternatively , flows in and out of individual countries mimic those stable weights , which , in times of liquidation , induce correlated sales and price action . The underpinnings of benchmarking can be illustrated based on EPFR ́ s individual fund data on flows and country weights . For the sample of emerging market-dedicate funds , panel regressions of today ́ s country weights against last period ́ s country weights and country returns ( with and without time effects , and with country-time effects ) show that the time correlation of weights is close to one ( * * Table 12 * * ) . This correlation reappears almost as strongly when we compute weights using the funds aggregate ( which includes EM and country-dedicated as well as global funds – the same sample used in the decoupling regressions of * * Table 10 * * ) : monthly weight changes tend to be quite small . As can be seen in columns 2 and 6 , the persistence of country weights is not altered in crisis periods . In turn , it is easy to show how the influence of market weights on the cross-country correlation of fund flows increases in times of massive swings in fund allocations . After netting out monthly fund returns , we can decompose individual fund flows to a given country as : which , following the results of Table 6 and expressing ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! \" ! ! ! ! \"", "spans": [{"start": 953, "end": 982, "text": "EPFR ́ s individual fund data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Contractor ’ s and Subproject Engineer ’ s Personnel * * The Contractor is responsible for informing employees and subcontractors of their environmental and social obligations , and for ensuring that employees are adequately experienced and properly trained to conduct the works in a manner to minimize social and environment impact . Upon arrival on site , all new employees , including the Subproject administrators , security personnel and subcontract personnel shall be given ESMP and ESHS induction training , carried out by ESHS Manager or his representative . Therefore , the Contractor shall : - Ensure employees are familiar with the ESHS requirements of the Subproject . - Develop and provide employees job safety training specific to their jobs . - Ensure continuous development of its human resource through training and awareness raising . - Develop and implement a mechanism for a continuous assessment of competence of the workforce . - Maintain all training records by the ESHS Office and produced them on request . - * * 12 . 2 . 3 Training and Capacity Building for Regulatory Bodies and Other Relevant Parties * * In an effort to strengthen institutional capacity and ESHS awareness , seminar / workshop to be organized under this Subproject shall also be open for individuals from concerned ministries and agencies such as Federal MWIE , EPA , Oromia ’ s and Sidama ’ s Offices of Environmental Protection , and Woreda level Environment Protection Offices , etc . The objectives of the seminar-workshop are to ensure ESHS awareness , knowledge and skills for the implementation and monitoring of this ESIA / ESMP . Page 240", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 985, "text": "training records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * industrialized world was received by Canada . The figure has remained fairly stable compared to the second semester of 2007 ( 17 , 000 claims ) , but was 48 per cent higher than during the first half of 2007 ( 11 , 400 ) . Indeed , the last two semesters were the highest levels witnessed since the second half of 2003 . # # # * * Trends in asylum claims lodged in 44 industrialized countries : 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * semester 2007 to 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * semester 2008 * * * * Note * * : Figures for * * Italy * * prior to 2008 are not available . * * France * * has been the leading asylum-seeker receiving country among the group of industrialized countries for much of 2003 , 2004 and 2005 . While figures have decreased sharply ever since , at times by even more than 50 per cent , the latest statistics indicate that the trend is reversing once again . The 15 , 600 claims submitted between January and June 2008 constituted an increase of 6 per cent compared to the corresponding period of 2007 ( 14 , 700 ) , and an 8 per cent increase compared to the second half of 2007 ( 14 , 500 ) . Much of the recent development can be attributed to asylum-seekers from Mali who lodged more than 1 , 600 asylum claims between January and June 2008 , compared to a total of 610 during the whole of 2007 . France was thus the third largest recipient of asylum-seekers among the industrialized countries during the first half of 2008 . * * Half-yearly asylum claims * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Half-yearly asylum claims < br > lodged in the UK , 2002-2008 < br > 120 , 000 < br > 100", "spans": [{"start": 1547, "end": 1572, "text": "Half-yearly asylum claims", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1613, "end": 1638, "text": "Half-yearly asylum claims", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Main Business City | 27 % | 31 % | 47 % | 39 % | | | Other City | 22 % | 29 % | 43 % | 32 % | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) Innovation activity in South Asia appears to be geographically concentrated only when considering the novelty of innovation . To explore the impact of agglomeration and following the literature , Table 20 compares employment shares across provinces with innovation activities shares and their concentration measured with the Herfindahl index . Larger concentration of innovation activities in relation to employment implies that there may be some agglomeration effects of innovation activity , as suggested in the literature . In general , however , the table shows that innovation activities tend to be less concentrated than employment , except in Pakistan , and more concentrated when considering higher degrees of innovation 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "crisis never occurred . < sup > 10 < / sup > The turnaround that began in April 2020 was officially acknowledged on July 19 , 2021 , when the National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) , the arbiter of recessions , officially declared that the U . S . recession ended in April 2020 . < sup > 11 < / sup > The two-month duration make it the shortest recession in U . S . history , just one-third as long as the six-month 1980 recession , the prior shortest on record since 1854 . < sup > 12 < / sup > During the recession as economic output fell , personal incomes of many Americans actually rose , and debt loads lightened due to government stimulus programs providing additional income . Research suggests that government policies during the pandemic led poverty rates to fall and low percentiles of income to rise across a range of demographic groups and geographies ( e . g . , Han , Meyer , and Sullivan , 2020 ) . An Experian report suggests that the average consumer credit scores increased significantly in 2020 , mostly driven by a significant reduction in the number of consumers with subprime designation ( Lembo Stolba , 2021 ) . Credit card balances reported in the G . 19 Consumer Credit statistical release fell by a very large annualized rate of 32 percent by 2020 : Q2 ( Adams and Bord , 2020 ) . The Wall Street Journal reports that most Americans got richer during the first year of the pandemic owing to fiscal and monetary stimulus , as well as stock and housing market booms . < sup > 13 < / sup > The fates of small businesses – which often are the key income sources for the proprietors and employees that operate them – were not as bleak as first predicted . While many businesses failed during the COVID-19 crisis as discussed above , one study using Bureau of Labor Statistics > 10 < u > https : / / www . wsj . com / articles / the-economic-recovery-is-here-rebound-jobs-stock-market-unemployment-bidenaid-package-11622642152 < / u > > 11 < u > https : / / www . nber . org / news / business-cycle-dating-committee-announcement-july-19-2021 < / u", "spans": [{"start": 1181, "end": 1223, "text": "G . 19 Consumer Credit statistical release", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "programs implemented at these areas , the rest 3 kebeles are pastoral . The soil structure of the woreda is loam , clay and sandy soil . The woreda has around 16 , 000 ha cultivable land . Its livestock is estimated to be around 473 , 992 heads . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 5 . Tigray National Regional State * * The Tigray Regional State is situated in the northern part of the country between < mark > 12 ° – 15 ° N and 36 ° 30 ' – 40 ° 30 ' E < / mark > with a total area of 5 . 34 million hectares . The region is divided in to 6 administrative zones and 35 woredas and sharing borders with Eritrea to the north , Sudan to the west , Afar region to the east and Amhara region to the south and southwest . The region is predominantly inhabited by the Tigrigna speaking Tigre people . According to the 2017 Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia CSA population projection , the Region has a total population of 5 , 247 , 005 of which 2 , 587 , 003 are men and 2 , 666 , 002 are women . 1 , 400 , 000 and 3 , 847 , 000 populations of the region are town and rural residences respectively . 47", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 864, "text": "CSA population projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 8 | | Passenger density , 1 , 000 passenger - < br > kms / km | | | 38 . 0 | 91 . 9 | 60 . 3 | 147 . 0 | 32 . 7 | 165 . 6 | | * * Efficiency * * | | | | | | | | | | Labor productivity ( 1 , 000 traffic units per < br > employee ) | 121 . 0 | 722 . 1 | | 502 . 0 | 3 , 308 . 1 | | | | | Carriage productivity ( 1 , 000 passenger - < br > km per carriage ) | | | 1 , 176 . 5 | 3 , 285 . 7 | | | | | | Locomotive productivity ( million traffic < br > units per locomotive ) | | | | 25 . 1 | | | | | | Wagon productivity ( 1 , 000 net tonne-km < br > per wagon ) | | | | 376 . 5 | | | | | | * * Tariffs * * | | | | | | | | | | Average unit tariff ( UT ) , freight , U . S . < br > cents / tonne-km | 3 . 0 | | 5 . 8 | 3 . 9 | | | | | | Average UT , passenger , U . S . < br > cents / passenger-km | 1 . 0 | | 1 . 0 | 0 . 8 | | | | | _Source : _ Bullock 2009 , derived from AICD railways database downloadable at http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data Empty cells denote that data not available . # # * * Challenges * * Zambian railways ’ low traffic densities are well below the viability threshold of at least 2 million tons per kilometer for railways of this kind , making it difficult to capture the revenues needed to maintain assets . Also , performance for the RSZ is mixed , while TAZARA performance data is largely unavailable ( table 3 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 893, "text": "AICD railways database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1313, "end": 1336, "text": "TAZARA performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "37 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 5 . 3 | 1 . 2 | 53 . 2 | 17 . 7 | 0 . 6 | 15 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 14 . 9 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 3 | Source : Based on WITS database , World Bank * * _SA_ * * _ = Intra-Regional South Asia Trade ; _ * * _ROW_ * * _ = Rest of the World_ . The product classifications are based on SITC 2-digit heading ( Rev . 2 ) . _Food and Live Animals_ includes meat and meat preparations , dairy , fish , vegetables sugar coffee ; _Minerals and Fuel_ includes petroleum products , gas etc . ; _Chemicals and Material_ includes fertilizer ; _Manufactured Goods_ includes textile yarn , rubber products , iron and steel etc . ; _Misc . Manufactures_ includes articles of apparel and clothing . 21", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 140, "text": "WITS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Notice / Invitation Bidding Documentsas Issued Proposal Submission / Opening / Minutes Recommendation forReport and Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Award < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > ET-CSA-156249-NC-RFB / < br > Procurement of non - < br > consulting services ( Car < br > rental ) for the UserSatisfaction Survey - Costfor the rental car services IDA / D2290 Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - OneEnvelope 68 , 578 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-02-28 2020-03-04 2020-04-15 2020-05-15 2020-06-19 2020-12-16 < br > for the User Satisfaction < br > Survey to Coordinate and < br > facilitate the Field Activities < br > ET-CSA-156250-NC-RFB / < br > Procurement of non - < br > consulting services ( Car < br > rental ) for the Support the < br > Preparation of SectorStrategic DevelopmentStrategy SSDS - Cost forthe rental car services for IDA / D2290 Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - OneEnvelope 27 , 105 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-02-28 2020-03-04 2020-04-15 2020-05-15 2020-06-19 2020-12-16 < br > the preparation of Sector < br > Specific Strategy for the < br > Development of Statistics < br > ( SSDS ) d < br > ET-CSA-156457-NC-RFB / < br > ICT Infrastructure < br > improvement including < br > Software for CSA . Improving < br > the CSA IT throughLicensing Windows Desktopand Laptop workstation ( via IDA / D2", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using historical data on physician densities , GDP per capita , OOP spending per capita , and the size of the population aged 65 or over , we estimated the relationship between the economic and population indicators and physicians per 1 , 000 population using a generalized linear model ( GLM ) . Missing data points for physicians per 1 , 000 between any two real data points were linearly interpolated . No adjustments were made where data was missing in projected physician densities . For countries where historical data for total per capita health expenditures and OOP health spending was completely missing , mean yearly values for the specific World Bank region and income group combination to which the country belonged were substituted ( see Annex C , below , _Projecting out ‐ of ‐ pocket expenditures_ ) . No adjustments for missing data were made where data was not available for population or GDP per capita ; this data tended to be missing for a handful of very small countries , where the projections would minimally affect overall shortage estimates . Thus , countries for which population or GDP per capita data were not available are excluded from the demand projections . All variables were transformed into logs . To avoid endogeneity , GDP per capita , OOP spending per capita ( OOPPC ) , and the size of the population aged 65 or over ( Pop65 ) were all lagged up to five years to allow time for such factors to work through the economy and affect the labor market , as other authors have done in previous projection exercises ( Getzen 1990 ; Scheffer et la . 2008 ) . A stepwise approach was used to select the specific combination of year lags that maximized the predictive power of each variable . Lagged variables that achieved a minimum 1 % level of significance after repeated iteration were kept within the model , resulting in the following optimal model : ( Eq 1 ) ln ( _physicians per 1000 populationit_ ) = β0 + β1 * ln ( _GDP per capitait ‐ 1_ ) + β2 * ln ( _GDP per capitait ‐ 4_ ) + β3 * ln ( _GDP per capitait ‐ 5_ ) + β4 * ln (", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 44, "text": "historical data on physician densities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "over 2000-2019 , from PWT 10 . When available , the user should use information on sectoral TFP growth . < sup > 35 < / sup > In the Default submodel , private - and public-sector investment data are taken from IMF-FAD , which decomposes total investment into private and public from 1960 to 2017 . The paths for private investment , , and the exogenous component pp tt ıı ̅ > 35 For example , the Chilean 2016 Annual Report of the National Productivity Commission documents a large heterogeneity of TFP growth across the copper and non-copper sectors over 20002015 , with an average fall of one percent in the copper sector and average growth of 1 . 4 percent in the non-copper sector . 23", "spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 218, "text": "IMF-FAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "irrigated land ( 0 . 86 against 0 . 27 for autarkic and 0 . 07 for landlord households ) . Unfortunately , the survey did not collect information on the prices paid for leasing land , thus preventing us from making inferences on the associated welfare effects . With tenants ‟ profits per hectare more than double those by autarkic households or landlords , descriptive data suggest that rental transfers land to more productive production , something to be explored econometrically below . At a descriptive level , comparing land rental to sales markets points to a number of differences . First , both output and profits per hectare by land purchasers are significantly lower than for those in autarky , suggesting that land sales may be motivated by factors other than a desire to increase productivity of land use . Also , while those renting in land receive the lion ‟ s share ( 52 % ) of their income from agriculture , those purchasing land obtain some 80 % of their income from non-agricultural sources . Operation and impact of land sales markets may thus be structurally quite different from those for rental . # * * 4 . 4 Econometric evidence on land market operation * * Results from the ordered probit regression for land rental and sales market participation are reported in col . 1 and 2 as well as 3 and 4 of table 4 , with and without ability respectively . To interpret coefficients , > 15 T-tests suggest that most of the differences in means for those on the supply - and the demand side and autarkic households are significant at conventional levels but are omitted here to reduce clutter . They are available from the authors upon request . > 16 If sellers or lessors have left rural communities , descriptive statistics may be biased . Even if they remained in rural areas , land owners who no longer engage in agricultural production may not e captured in the LSMS survey where questions on participation in agricultural land markets appear in the agricultural module that is administered only to those who currently cultivate agricultural land ( Deininger and Jin 2008 ) . > 17 A number of countries have initiated promising efforts to foster structural", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 374, "text": "descriptive data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1884, "end": 1895, "text": "LSMS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 733 , 622 * * | * * 362 , 486 * * | * * 28 , 400 * * | * * 27 , 683 * * | * * 94 , 717 * * | * * 104 , 019 * * | * * 402 , 666 * * | * * 1 , 363 , 424 * * | * * 9 , 877 , 707 * * | * * 4 , 474 , 092 * * | 1 UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . According to a 2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan and subsequent voluntary repatriation during the year , there are an additional 1 . 5 million Afghans living outside camps , some of whom may be refugees . Those Afghans living outside camps receive no UNHCR assistance except access to UNHCR-facilitated voluntary repatriation . These figures are currently under review as result of the registration of Afghans which took place in Pakistan from October 2006 to February 2007 . 2 According to the Government of Algeria , there are an estimated 165 , 000 Sahrawi refugees in the Tindouf camps .", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 365, "text": "2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 703, "end": 726, "text": "registration of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . The tool consists of up to 100 caregiver-reported items developed according to typical abilities by age within the birth to age 3 range in 6-month increments ( e . g . , for children 0-6 months , 6-12 months , and so forth ) and administration ends based on 5 consecutive incorrect answers so as not to distress the child . Items measured children ’ s developmental status across four primary domains : motor , language , cognition and social-emotional development . An age-standardized Z-score , created by uploading deidentified data to the CREDI application , allows comparison of a given sample to a global , advantaged , sample based on children from 15 low - and middle-income countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > A child scoring more than 2 standard deviations below the mean is typically considered to be developmentally “ off-track . \" > 5 < mark > The reference sample contains 19 , 165 children who all have a mother who completed secondary school or higher education and live in a household where least one adult had engaged in 4 or more of the 6 “ Play activities ” from the Family Care Indicators with the child . < / mark > 6", "spans": [{"start": 522, "end": 539, "text": "deidentified data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "investment receivables ( often representing shadow credits of nonbank affiliates ) reached 16 percent of the total assets of smaller banks , compared to 1 . 6 percent for the Big 4 ( Figure 23 ) . Adding to financial vulnerabilities , many wealth management products ( WMPs ) were held by banks off-balance sheet . WMPs equaled 18 . 5 percent of the assets of smaller ( joint stock and city commercial ) banks in 2016 , as opposed to 8 . 7 percent for the Big 4 . * * Figure 22 Growth of total assets , 2015-16 Figure 23 Selected commercial bank average indicators , 2016 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( annual average growth in total assets , percent ) < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Big 4 Joint stock and city < br > commercial banks < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : PBC ; WIND Info ; authors ’ calculations . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( as a share of balance sheet assets , percent ) < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Big 4 Small and Big 4 Joiny stock < br > medium-sized and city < br > banks commercial < br > banks < br > \" Other investment \" Off-balance sheet WMPs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : CEIC ; PBC ; Wind Info ; authors ’ calculations . The recent rapid expansion in credit to the nonfinancial sector is likely to have hindered productivity growth from two important perspectives . First , the allocation of credit toward infrastructure and housing has reduced the resources available to higher-productivity sectors and firms . For example , LGFV borrowing through loans and bonds crowded out investment by domestic private firms ( Huang et al . , 2017 ) . Second , the growing burden of nonfinancial sector debt , at 250 percent of GDP in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which could be due to the fact that expenditures are lower in Tripoli and by the fact that it could be harder to borrow money from relatives or Syrians in an urban area than in the surrounding districts , were refugees are gathered and creating a stronger network . # # _Bekaa_ WFP ‟ s Food Assistance ( E-card / Food parcels ) Post Distribution Monitoring survey showed that the main coping strategies used in Bekaa were to rely on less preferred and less expensive food ( 84 % ) as well as limiting portion size at meals ( 65 % ) . # # _South_ During World Vision ‟ s needs assessment in Saida and Tyre , carried out in January 2013 , several main coping mechanisms were reported . On a daily basis , most assessed families limited the portion sizes of meals , relied on less expensive or less preferred foods ( 70 % of households in Saida and 50 % in Tyre ) , or reduced the number of meals eaten per day ( 70 % ) . More than half of families reduced daily adult consumption so children could eat ( 50 % in Saida and 27 % in Tyre ) and purchased food on credit daily ( 50 % in Saida and 16 % in Tyre ) . _There was no specific data available during the MSNA process on coping strategies of Syrian refugees in Akkar and in Mount Lebanon and Beirut . _ 36", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 363, "text": "Post Distribution Monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 Headcount Index of Poverty among Farm Households , 1985-1993 * * | _ ( poverty line = 75 , 000 CFAF per year in 1985 CFAF ) _ | | | - - - | - - - | | Socioeconomic Group < br > 1985 < br > 1988 | 1993 | | Export crop farmers < br > . 086 < br > . 210 | . 394 | | Food crop farmer < br > . 150 < br > . 197 | . 492 | | Source : 1985 and 1988 : Grootaert ( n . d . ) . | | 1993 : Household Poverty Survey . Note : Poverty indices for 1985 and 1988 are calculated using Grootaert ( 1995 ) deflators , rather than the INS deflators . See Appendix B for a discussion of the difference in the two sets of deflators . * * Table 10 Official Export Crop Producer Prices * * | _Campaign_ | | | | _Consumer_ < br > _Price_ | _Real_ | _Producer Price_ < br > _ ( 1984 / 85 = 10_ | _Index_ < br > _0 ) _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Year_ | _Cocoa_ | _Coffee_ | _Cotton_ | _Index_ | _Cocoa_ | _Coffee_ | _Cotton_ | | 1984 / 85 | 375 | 385 | 115 | 104 . 7 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | | 1985 / 86 | 400 | 200 | 115 | 111 . 1 | 100 . 5 | 48 . 9 | 94 . 2 | | 1986 / 87 | 400 | 200 | 115 | 118 . 5 | 94 . 3 | 45 . 9 | 88 . 4 | | 1987 / 88 | 400 | 200 | 115 | 126 . 6 | 88 . 2 | 42 . 9 | 82 . 7 | | 1988 / 89 | 400 | 200 | 115 | 128 . 0 | 87 . 2 | 42 . 5 | 81 .", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 414, "text": "Household Poverty Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure 2 # Panel A < ! - - Start of picture text - - > % Employment in Agriculture vs . GDP per capita , 2008 < br > Sri Lanka + Region Trends & Comparator Countries < br > IN - 1983 < br > NP - 2008 < br > BGD - 1984 IN - 2008 < br > PK - 1980 < br > BGD - 2008 < br > PK - 2008 < br > SL - 1981 Thailand < br > Philippines < br > SL - 2008 < br > Brazil < br > Malaysia < br > KoreaRep < br > Unit e dKingdomUnitedStates < br > Singapore < br > . 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 < br > GDP per capita , 000s ( in constant 2005 international $ at PPP ) < br > Data source : ILO ( KILM 3rd & 4th eds . & LABORSTA ) & World Bank World Development Indicators , 2010 . India data from National Sample Survey . < br > 2008 employment share regressed on log ( 2008 GDP per capita ) & log ( 2008 GDP per capita ) squared . Excludes ECA countries in transition . < br > Panel C < br > % Employment in Services vs . GDP per capita , 2008 < br > Sri Lanka + Region Trends & Comparator Countries < br > UnitedKingdomUnitedStates < br > Singapore < br > KoreaRep < br > Brazil Malaysia < br > Philippines < br > BGD - 2008 PK - 2008 SL - 2008 Thailand < br > PK - 1980 SL - 1981 < br > NP - 2008 < br > BGD - 1984 IN - 2008 < br > IN - 1983 < br > . 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 < br > GDP per capita , 000s ( in constant 2005 international $ at PPP ) < br > Data source : ILO ( KILM 3rd & 4th eds . & LABORSTA ) & World Bank World Development Indicators , 2010 . India data from National Sample Survey . < br > 2008 employment share regressed on log ( 2008 GDP per capita ) &", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 651, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 661, "end": 699, "text": "India data from National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In such a market the risk of losing a job may be low , but the prospects of finding a new one are poor . The expected duration of unemployment spells will be long and level unemployment will be elevated despite low inflows into joblessness . If inflows into joblessness increase ( e . g . due to economic downturn , restructuring , or demographical pressures ) , unemployment will reach a high level . A typical example of a flexible , dynamic labor market is the U . S . Indeed , 66 percent of the unemployed find a job within a year ( Boeri and Terrel , 2002 ) . The median duration of unemployment fluctuates around 10 weeks and correspondingly the incidence of long term unemployment is very low ( less than 10 percent ) . Labor markets in transition economies are in sharp contrast to the dynamic labor market , such as the US . < sup > 6 < / sup > Expectedly , flows from employment to unemployment are higher , as transition economies undergo rapid restructuring , which be its very nature is associated with a high rate of job destruction . For example , the flows from employment to jobs in Poland or Russia in the mid 1990 were roughly twice those in the US . However , the outflow rate from unemployment to jobs is also much lower in the transition economies than in the U . S . , showing that the rate of job creation is too low to absorb the accumulated unemployment pool . The chance that a worker finds a job within a year after entering unemployment is in virtually all transition economies substantially smaller that in the US . Roughly speaking , the probability that an unemployed persons find a job is in transition economies half that in the US . Thus , all else being equal , if the outflow rate from unemployment to jobs in Poland , say , were the same as in the US then the > 6 Data on labor flows is available for CEE countries and Russia but not for other CIS countries . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1802, "end": 1821, "text": "Data on labor flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of this small percentage difference on how investors actually assessed startups . To provide more insight , the first author conducted 45-minute semi-structured interviews with investors in one region , to examine how investors conducted evaluation , and how they decided to give startups a high or low score . After interviewing all investors in the treatment and control program in one region , we found that many investors evaluated static startup elements of the venture to assess its potential . For example , a male investor explained : “ I gave AA a four [ top score ] in most of the categories . . . I really like their solution . . . it has a lot of potential for scaling . . . I went through their website . . . I was quite impressed with the profiles of people that work in the team . . . their business model too . ” A female investor explained that she rated a startup well when the problem was convincing : “ I rated BB high . . . because I think the business idea is really necessary . . . I see its use and purpose . ” These investors used similar criteria to that elaborated by Gompers and coauthors in their survey of earlystage investors ( 2020 ) . In the control group , all nine investors evaluated static criteria ( 100 % ) . As shown in Table 6 , in the treatment group , three of the seven treated investors ( 43 % ) also described how they gathered data on static criteria in at least one of their responses . Some investors took a more dynamic lens , focusing on progress or improvement when scoring ventures . A male investor described how he had ranked a startup well because he had observed improvement over time : “ The question is , have you seen improvement in them during this business program ? . . . I ’ ve been in a breakout room with YY twice . And the suggestion I had noted to her in the first breakout room . . . was repeated with a group of mentors . . . they asked a similar question . . . . I noted that when she", "spans": [{"start": 1126, "end": 1156, "text": "survey of earlystage investors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "disappearances < sup > 21 < / sup > . Although available data < sup > 22 < / sup > between 2020 – March 2022 , records 11 abduction and forced disappearances and 16 arbitrary or unlawful arrest and / or detention incidents , there are extensive reports of human rights violations implicating all parties to the conflict . < sup > 23 < / sup > The ENDF , EDF , Fano ( affiliated to the Amhara militia ) , TSF and affiliated militia , and the Samri ( local Tigrayan youth group ) , are all implicated of committing unlawful killings . < sup > 24 < / sup > Reports indicate that in Tigray and other parts of Ethiopia , individuals were arrested by the ENDF and the federal police for perceived affiliation with the TPLF and kept incommunicado for long periods without formal charges or legal proceedings . Likewise , at the beginning of the conflict , Tigray forces detained civilians mostly of Amhara origin , for perceived support to the federal government . Many were released or managed to escape , some were killed , and others disappeared . A multi-sectoral assessment carried out in NW Tigray in November 2021 revealed that Amhara forces were rounding up and expelling Tigrayans from Western zone , on ground of their ethnicity . IDPs who participated in Focus Group Discussions reported that they were detained for several months under harsh conditions . The IDPs reported a mass detention campaign in Western zone that led to simultaneous detention , violence and killings of male and female aged between 15-50 in several area of West Tigray . < sup > 25 < / sup > Many of the assessed families were separated from family members after - 21 OHCR-EHRC ( 2021 ) , Joint Investigation Team Report . 22 The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project ( ACLED ) ( 2022 ) , available at : https : / / acleddata . com / data -", "spans": [{"start": 1709, "end": 1753, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) 114 . * * Progress monitoring . * * The main tool for monitoring progress will be recording information / data from various levels ( _kebele_ , _woreda_ , Region and Federal ) relating to implementation progress through the existing robust project M & E system . The M & E manual will be updated with new reporting templates . The PCU will submit quarterly reports and an Annual Report to the Steering Committee and the World Bank . 115 . * * Remote monitoring approaches * * . COVID-19 and / or insecurity are likely to continue to limit the scope of field monitoring . To address this gap , the project will utilize remote monitoring approaches , including a scale-up of the application of GEMS . < mark > IBM will also be introduced for Phase II to gather feedback through phone-based surveys of a large sample of beneficiaries on implementation bottlenecks to allow for real-time course correction . < / mark > 116 . * * Community participatory monitoring . * * Participatory monitoring at the _kebele_ level will include community-friendly tools to enhance the transparency of community level institutions . The main tools to be used are display boards , benefit tracking matrices , social audit committees and monthly community meetings . 117 . * * Evaluation of outcomes and impacts . * * Progress towards achievement of PDO will be evaluated through a baseline study and mid-term and end-of-project reviews . A quasi-experimental impact evaluation will be undertaken for before-after / treatment-control comparative analysis . 118 . * * Thematic learning and feedback mechanism . * * The project will conduct regular internal learning and monitoring forums at the _woreda_ , regional and federal levels to identify and resolve implementation bottlenecks . At the regional and federal levels , the forums will focus on specific themes , such as the CIF , livelihoods , community institution", "spans": [{"start": 895, "end": 914, "text": "phone-based surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "share of the lowest quintile , may be more appropriate . Data availability , however , dictates the choice . < sup > 12 < / sup > The growth determinants come from Loayza , Fajnzylber , and Calderon ( 2002 ) . Our regressions are conducted using non-overlapping five-year periods spanning the years 1960-2000 . Income and inequality data are taken from the latest available date within the given period . Growth and inequality determinants are averages for the fiveyear period in question . These transformations would reduce the sample to 291 observations for 87 countries for which we have at least 2 consecutive Gini coefficients . If we also eliminate countries with less than 3 observations ( note that as implied by ( 16 ) and ( 17 ) we need a minimum of three observations per cross-section unit to run the GMM estimator outlined above ) , the sample is further reduced to 194 inequality observations for 61 countries . The original sample of growth determinants is higher and includes data for 78 countries and the total number of observations is 350 . When both databases are merged , however , the number of observations available for estimation purposes is reduced to 134 cases and 41 countries . Working with five-year averages reduces the problems associated with the original panel where 24 countries would account for more than half of the 953 observations . Further , the use of at least three observations for each country ( i . e . 15 years ) gives a long-run perspective to the problem that is lost with the original panel , where more than 30 countries have only one observation . Admittedly , using five-year periods also brings some complications . For example , the sample size is notoriously reduced from the original inequality database . The reduction in the number of observations is particularly important when one considers the estimator proposed above , since we are working with a large number of variables and a small crosssection dimension ( 41 countries in some cases ) . For example , if we were to consider the explanatory variables as predetermined , even limiting the maximum number of lagged levels to be used as instruments to two , we would still end up with", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 337, "text": "Income and inequality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1742, "end": 1761, "text": "inequality database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "86 | | | 4 . 3 . 4 National Park and Other Protected Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 | | 4 . 4 | Socio-Economic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 | | | 4 . 4 . 1 Objectives of Socio-economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 | | | 4 . 4 . 2 Scope and Methodology of the Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 | | | 4 . 4 . 3 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Subproject Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 | | | 4 . 4 . 4 Livelihoods and Economic Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 | | | 4 . 4 . 5 Social and Economic Services and Infrastructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 | | | 4 . 4 . 6 Sample Household Socio-economic Survey Findings . . .", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 993, "text": "Household Socio-economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 ’ ) < br > nment . | ► Number of households eligible for disaster relief through financial protection instruments ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 407 , 877 . 00 < br > - - < br > 407 , 877 . 00 | 510 , 241 . 00 | | Date | 27-Nov-2018 < br > - - < br > 18-Oct-2019 | 30-Sep-2021 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00757400 | The NT allocated an additional KSH 2 . 7 B for the financing of the NDMA budg < br > for direct cash transfers have been accepted by the Cabinet and are expected < br > Parliament in November 2019 . The NT is also committed to a further scale-up < br > working , both internally and through the partnership with the Bank , to establish < br > the scale-up in an event of a disaster . The NT is committed to design financing < br > insurance product internally in order to address a negative experience it has h < br > in the past from ARC . On the 7th of October the Bank held a technical session < br > preparation of the insurance product . | et gap . The additional funds < br > to be approved by the < br > of the HSNP . It is currently < br > a financing mechanism for < br > plan and possibly an < br > ad with the product bought < br > with the NT to support | ► Reports on consolidated post ‐ disaster expenditure produced annually and submitted to the Budget Department within National Treasury ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 1298, "end": 1349, "text": "Reports on consolidated post ‐ disaster expenditure", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _3 . 2 Legal Discrimination and Gender Norms_ * * We use indicators on legal discrimination against women and manifestations of gender norms from two key sources . First , we use data from the World Bank ’ s Women , Business and the Law ( WBL ) database that constructs a number of variables with regard to laws governing a women ’ s ability to earn an income , either as an employee or entrepreneur . < sup > 12 < / sup > WBL variables are based on codified law and regulations , not the implementation or practice of that law . Therefore , these indicators do not take into account customary law , unless that customary law has been codified . Exceptions to this rule are common law or religious codes where decisions of such common or religious courts or schools of jurisprudence have legal standing equivalent to that of codified law . We consider those legal indicators that might affect women ’ s demand for financial services , as compared to men ’ s , such as women ’ s access to institutions and ability to own , manage , control , and inherit property . In particular , we consider the ability of women : ( i ) to work , ( ii ) to head a household , ( iii ) to choose where to live , and ( iv ) to inherit property , as well as ( v ) requirement by law of wives to obey their husbands . < sup > 13 < / sup > While it is not a gender norm per se , we also include a dummy variable that indicates whether separation is the default marital property regime ( as opposed to a variant of community ) as it affects the assets that a women has control over if they are married . Variables are coded such that the dummy variables take the value of one if the answer is yes ; a dummy variable in general equals one if there exists ( legal ) equality between the genders , except for the variable capturing whether women are required by > 12 For details on methodology of the World Bank ’ s WBL database see http : /", "spans": [{"start": 1896, "end": 1908, "text": "WBL database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by a Project Coordination Unit ( PCU ) are responsible for the implementation of the IDP and returnee activities . The PCU provides overall oversight , facilitation , and monitoring for the implementation of these activities . They work in coordination with MoWSA and Commercial Bank of Ethiopia ( CBE ) to implement targeting and registration of IDPs and the monthly payment of cash transfer and the one-off recovery grants to selected IDP households . Other implementing partners include the Refugees and Returnees Service ( RRS ) and the Ethiopian Disaster Risk Management Commission ( EDRMC ) , which have a supportive mandate , including providing data and ensuring coordination with other IDP and returnee support efforts of the United Nations , nongovernmental organizations , and other development partners . # # * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * 27 . The project ’ s Results Framework has been updated by revising the wording of a PDO indicator , adding intermediate results from the CERC activities , and adjusting targets for subcomponents whose budget was reduced to finance CERC activities . The UPSNJP FPCU under the MUI will ensure that results from subcomponent 1 . 4 are captured . M & E data will be collected in line with World Bank requirements for treatment of private data . The FPCU in collaboration with the implementing partners will conduct regular monitoring on how the beneficiaries are benefiting and the appropriateness , timeliness , and equity of the intervention and targeting . Regional hubs will conduct close monitoring visits every month and submit a report to the CERC coordination team for follow-up on activities under subcomponent 1 . 4 . The FPCU M & E and CERC coordination team will provide monitoring and reporting tools to regional hubs ( field staffs ) and implementing ministries . Independent M & E of subcomponent 1 . 4 will be conducted . # # * * Financial Management and Procurement * * 28 . The restructuring does not affect the project ’ s financial management and procurement arrangements . 5 This figure is as per paragraph 12 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1199, "end": 1209, "text": "M & E data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a country _i_ and _j_ to construct an index of financial proximity ( FP ) , such that : where here _Ci → j_ , _t_ refers to total cross-border claims from country _i_ to country _j_ . * * Foreign Direct Investments . * * Data from the UNCTAD ’ s Bilateral FDI Statistics provides up-to-date and systematic FDI data for 206 economies around the world , covering inflows , outflows , inward stock and outward stock by region and economy . < sup > 13 < / sup > We use the inflows and outflows in order to construct a bilateral financial integration ( FI ) controls , such that : * * Sectoral composition . * * If shocks have a sectoral component , then two countries that tend to specialized over time in the same sectors could have an increase in business cycle comovements over and beyond any trade effects . in order to account for such a mechanism , we create an index of “ _proximity in sectoral composition_ ” based on the World Development Indicators . We use the share in value added of main sectors : service and agricultural sectors and we decompose manufacturing sectors into 7 main sub-sectors . < sup > 14 < / sup > We then compute the following index : where _k_ refers to a particular sector . Pairs of country with very similar sectoral composition have an index close to 1 , while countries that completely specialize in different sectors would have an index of 0 . * * Third country index . * * We finally attempt to control for third country effect . This is motivated by the fact that two countries trading mostly with similar partners are likely to comove . We > 13Data are in principle collected from national sources . In order to cover the entire world , where data are not available from national sources , data from partner countries ( mirror data ) as well as from other international organizations have also been used . Data can be downloaded on the UNCTAD website . > 14This includes textile , industry , machinery , chemical , high-tech , food and tabacco , other . Data are available here : ` https : / / databank", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 270, "text": "Bilateral FDI Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 306, "end": 314, "text": "FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 926, "end": 954, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has shown , for example , that most studies find a positive or non-significant effect of FD on hosts ’ employment , wages and household well-being , a finding that disputes much of the popular perceptions on this question ( Verme and Schuettler , 2021 ) . One of the important factors that has limited research on FDPs in the past was the chronic shortage of quality microdata , something that is quickly changing . Today , microdata on these populations can be found in two main publicly available repositories : The World Bank microdata library and the UNHCR microdata library recently established in collaboration with the World Bank . An analysis of these data repositories as of October 2022 shows that the WB microdata library has 576 data sets on refugees ( 454 dated after 2011 ) and 206 on Internally Displaced ( 142 dated after 2011 ) , whereas the UNHCR microdata library has 274 data sets related to refugees ( 263 dated after 2011 ) and 34 data sets on IDPs ( all dated after 2010 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > This new research area is also generating significant innovations with the potential to expand research methods in the poverty measurement field . In the area of targeting based on means-tests , for example , a study has shown that Receiving Operations Characteristics ( ROC ) curves can be an effective decision making tool for humanitarian assistance programs ( Verme and Gigliarano , 2019 ) while another study found that poverty differences in prediction methods for targeting purposes among refugees are attributable to few data fields suggesting that refugee homogeneity can make poverty predictions and targeting easier as compared to regular populations ( Altindag et Al . , 2021 , Beltramo et al . , 2019 ) . The existence of the UNHCR refugee registration system , which can be regarded as a live census of refugees , has encouraged others to use cross-survey imputation techniques to estimate poverty among refugees even in the absence of income or consumption data ( Dang and Verme , 2021 , Beltramo et al . , 2021 ) . The mobile nature of refugees and IDPs also lends itself to experimenting with new methodologies to measure poverty with alternative methods", "spans": [{"start": 518, "end": 546, "text": "World Bank microdata library", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 555, "end": 578, "text": "UNHCR microdata library", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1757, "end": 1790, "text": "UNHCR refugee registration system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit & United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees _Table 4 : IDI respondents of the study by province_ | | | | Pro | vince | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Category | n of cases | | | | | | | | Kabul | Paktya | Bamiyan | Nangarhar | | Family with unaccompanied child < br > migrants abroad | 8 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | | Family with child who attempted < br > to go on an unaccompanied < br > journey abroad | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | | Family with child who travelled < br > abroad but forcibly or voluntary < br > returned | 10 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | | Family with child who did not < br > attempt unaccompanied travel | 10 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | | Child who travelled but was < br > returned | 13 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | | Child who attempted to travel but < br > failed | 8 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | | Child who never attempted | 10 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | | All Categories | 68 | 21 | 13 | 18 | 16 | All these categories of respondents were used uniformly in all the case study areas . The child respondents had to be below 18 years old at the time of their attempt to go on an unaccompanied journey , or at the time of the interview , in the case of those who did not attempt to go on an unaccompanied journey . # # # # * * 2 . 4 The Study Sites * * In order to illuminate the socio-economic context of each of the study sites , provincial sociodemographic and economic data were retrieved from a range of sources . # # # # # * * K", "spans": [{"start": 1360, "end": 1405, "text": "provincial sociodemographic and economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "water , or 234 hours > 89 _Burden of Road Injuries in Sub-Saharan African , _ http : / / pubdocs . worldbank . org / en / 356861434469785833 / Road-Safety-Burden-of-Injuries-inAfrica . pdf _ . _ > 90 Kip Viscusi , W . , and Clayton J . Masterman . “ Income Elasticities and Global Values of a Statistical Life . ” https : / / law . vanderbilt . edu / phd / faculty / w-kip-viscusi / 355_Income_Elasticities_and_Global_VSL . pdf _ . _ > 91 This unit construction cost is in line with IOM ’ s estimate of US $ 7 , 000 for the drilling of boreholes with owned drilling rig . > 92 “ A Systematic Review : Costing and Financing of Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene ( WASH ) in Schools . ” https : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pmc / articles / PMC5409642 / > 93 This corresponds to the average village population in the areas under analysis according to IOM . This information can be accessed at Village Assessment Survey County Profiles . https : / / iomsouthsudan . org / tracking / sites / default / publicfiles / documents / Lakes . pdf _ . _ > 94 See footnote number 69 . Page 78 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 895, "end": 936, "text": "Village Assessment Survey County Profiles", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 % | | Sierra Leone | 9 | 21 | 32 | 72 | 27 | 18 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 57 | 50 % | 142 % | 263 % | 30 % | | China | 72 | 90 | 45 | 35 | 68 | 46 | 58 | 69 | 77 | 54 | - 30 % | 15 % | - 19 % | 3 % | | Serbia ( and Kosovo : < br > S / RES / 1244 ( 1999 ) ) | 43 | 29 | 65 | 74 | 58 | 61 | 27 | 84 | 74 | 48 | 65 % | 3 % | 69 % | 10 % | | < br > Togo | 17 | 24 | 42 | 29 | 32 | 28 | 26 | 34 | 35 | 47 | 46 % | 37 % | 100 % | 37 % | | Uzbekistan | 24 | 17 | 25 | 22 | 25 | 46 | 49 | 75 | 25 | 45 | 73 % | - 1 % | 71 % | - 44 % | | other | 815 | 853 | 897 | 828 | 701 | 696 | 784 | 834 | 829 | 968 | - 16 % | 29 % | 8 % | 11 % | | * * tot * * | * * al * * < br > * * 10 , \u0003 055 * * | * * 12 , \u0003 693 * * | * * 16 , \u0003 711 * * | * * 20 , \u0003 516 * * | * * 15 , \u0003 884 * * | * * 19 , \u0003 342 * * | * * 25 , \u0003 106 * * | * * 27 , \u0003 099 * * | * * 25 , \u0003 573 * * | * * 35 , \u0003 268 * * | * * 55 % * * | * * 73 % * * | * * 167 % * * | * * 17 % * * | * * 24 * * Asylum Trends", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts could be over or underestimated . This is much more likely to be the case for severe drought conditions , whereas those that are captured in our surveys tend to be less extreme events that are unlikely to cause movement or disintegration of households . This brings us to the third potential source of bias in the results . Although the analysis uses survey data across many weather conditions in the analysis , there are very few observations in the survey data that experience drought conditions below two standard deviations from the mean . This limits the degree to which non-linearities can be estimated . It also means there is limited empirical support for predicting the welfare costs of extreme events . A final source of bias comes from measurement error in the hazard data . Although care was taken to use the best available data and match hazard and household data carefully , any measurement error in the hazard variable will attenuate the estimated coefficients , thereby underestimating the welfare impacts . Additional uncertainty is 3", "spans": [{"start": 780, "end": 791, "text": "hazard data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CAMEROONIAN REFUGEES SITUATION SGBV REPORT JANUARY – JUNE 2020 # # # # # Performance indicator : # of awareness raising campaigns on SGBV prevention and response conducted * * 85 awareness sessions were * * conducted on SGBV prevention and response ; awareness on IPV , SEA and referral mechanisms in the integrated community of Ogoja , Kwande , Takum and Gembu LGA whereby * * 5 , 660 ( 2 , 438 Male and 3 , 222 Female ) refugees participated . * * * * 18 FGDs * * have been conducted with * * 274 ( 91M , 183F ) refugees * * through participatory session and information sharing on SGBV , PSEA , survival sex and Child protection . The FGDs conducted played an informative role in acknowledging the level of vulnerability faced by women , men , boys and girls in the community and action community members take in preventing and responding to all forms of violence . Sharing existing challenges and their specific needs for further action and support . Through production of IEC materials UNHCR and partners have supported prevention of SGBV in the community . Banners , stickers and leaflets were produced during this reporting period to promote awareness on SGBV and SEA . However , awareness raising campaigns in hard to reach areas remains to be a major challenge especially to persons of concerns living in border host communities and in remote locations where service provision is scarce . It should be noted that the awareness sessions conducted has to some extent , reduced protection risks related to SGBV evident from increased number of cases being reported , information sharing , feedback and complains mechanism put in place compared to the year 2019 . This is also coupled with peaceful co-existence in the community ; continued engagement of community structures and CBO engagement in fighting all forms of violence in the community . Performance indicator : # of community-based committees / group working on SGBV prevention and response The Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development , SEMA , UNHCR and implementing partners through a", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 1 . 0 * * | | The agricultural group | 1 . 2 | 0 . 6 | 1 . 3 | 0 . 6 | 1 . 1 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 8 | 0 . 4 | | The low-skilledgroup | 2 . 4 | 1 . 5 | 2 . 5 | 1 . 6 | 2 . 2 | 1 . 3 | 1 . 8 | 0 . 8 | Source : Own calculations based on ENIGH96 survey 1 / Following OECD , it is assumed that teachers work on average 41 weeks per year and non teachers work on an average of 49 weeks per year . As shown in Table 8 , real monthly labor earnings have increased substantially for primary public school teachers . Such earnings almost doubled from 1988 to 1994 . In real terms , the teachers ' salary increase was significantly above the increase obtained by other groups . _The mixed-skilled_ group has lost purchasing power ; losses have been even more severe for people employed in _the agricultural_ group and _the low-skilled_ group . There is considerable variation in teacher ’ s labor earnings but significantly less than variation in earnings from other occupations . Basic public school teachers clearly earn higher earnings than _the agricultural_ group , _the low skilled group_ and _the mixed-skilled_ group . In 1988 , moreover , teachers were underpaid with respect to other _Professionals with an University degree in Education not teaching_ ; after 1994 this trend changed . In fact , _University Teachers in Public School_ were earning a higher salary . 14", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 249, "text": "ENIGH96 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expanded to incorporate the county governments ( a relative shortcoming of the project ) as key players in the development of a sound Blue Economy , consistent with GoK ’ s devolution process . Synergy and collaboration with other development agencies and projects represents a key factor towards project efficiency , sustainability , and leveraging of resources . Although the PAD did not provide any indicative framework for synergy and collaboration with other stakeholders , during implementation the PMU proactively engaged a wide range of collaborators , including universities , NGOs , bilateral partners and Government institutions . # # # * * Mobilizing Private Sector Financing * * 42 . The project supported the preparation of suitability maps for aquaculture , high value forest trees and 46 agricultural crops , creating a valuable source of information for potential private sector investors , if adequately disseminated . In addition , beneficiary communities contributed their counterpart share of 10 percent of subproject costs ( of which 5 percent in cash ) despite the poverty levels prevalent in the region . End of project surveys and field visits suggest that the majority of projects linked to tourism are generating acceptable levels of revenue . However , although the PMU structure included a private sector specialist , the project does not formally register any relevant output with regard to this important element of the project implementation and its subsequent sustainability . In this respect , the lack of private sector engagement ( and financing ) during implementation could represent a significant factor affecting the viability of productive MSMEs and community subprojects , particularly given the difficulties experienced in many cases regarding access to markets , and the financial limitations of most beneficiaries . To address this shortcoming , the project could have reached out more actively to the considerable number of microfinancing organizations operating in the coastal region . > 8 A comprehensive training program allowed an estimated 63 public officials selected from the implementing agencies to engage in graduate and undergraduate courses relevant to the objectives of the project . Page 21 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 1129, "end": 1151, "text": "End of project surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN * * * * MAILI NNE INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY * * * * REPORT * * # * * LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > AFD Agence-Française de Development < br > ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan < br > GO Grievance Officer < br > GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism < br > KISIP Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project < br > MoTIH & UD Ministry of Transport , Infrastructure Housing and Urban < br > Development < br > LPDP Local Physical Development Plan < br > IoL Inventory of Losses < br > NLC National Lands Commission < br > NLP National Land Policy < br > NGO Non-Governmental Organization < br > OP Operational Policy < br > PAP Project Affected Person < br > PDP Part Development Plan < br > PC Project Coordinator < br > PCT Project Coordination Team < br > RIC Resettlement Implementing Committee < br > RPF Resettlement Policy Framework < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # SGRC # SEC # SIDA # WB Inventory of Losses National Lands Commission National Land Policy Non-Governmental Organization Operational Policy Project Affected Person Part Development Plan Project Coordinator Project Coordination Team Resettlement Implementing Committee Resettlement Policy Framework Settlement Grievance Redress Committee Settlement Executive Committee Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency World Bank iii", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To exclude such firms from the sample , we use the question implemented in both rounds of the COV-ES in El Salvador , asking firms to state why the firms did not receive any support . The question included the following response categories : ( i ) not aware ( 21 % as of R2 ) , ( ii ) not eligible ( 26 % ) , ( iii ) no need for support ( only available as a separate category in R2 , 28 % ) , ( iv ) applied but did not receive it ( 8 % ) , ( v ) too difficult to apply ( 8 % ) , ( vi ) did not expect to get it ( only available as a separate category in R2 , 1 % ) , and ( vii ) other ( with the ability to specify given in R2 , 6 % ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > We use this variable to exclude the firms that respond with category ( i ) , ( ii ) , ( iii ) , or ( iv ) , i . e . , the firms that are either not aware , or not eligible , or in no need of support , or have been rejected to receive the support . These categories cover the majority of the control group , so the restricted sample is much smaller . However , we think this restriction alleviates the concerns about the negative selection bias , at least to some extent . The question on the reason behind not receiving government support was not implemented in either round of the COV-ES in Georgia . In the absence of other alternatives , to supplement the analysis of the Georgia data performed on the full sample , we restrict the sample using the question about the government support itself . Recall that whether the firm received any government support has three response categories : Yes , No but expect to receive it in the next three months , and No . As an alternative control group , we use only the firms that did not yet receive the government support but expect it in the next three months . While this category may", "spans": [{"start": 1334, "end": 1346, "text": "Georgia data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms can help workers upgrade to higher-quality jobs in higher-performing firms ; however , we find that , a year after the rises in the minimum wage , only a minority of workers from firms that exited had found in other , formal employment . Using complementary data from surveys , we find that the decline in formal employment was accompanied by a rise in inactivity and unemployment , as opposed to a rise in informal employment . This suggests that workers from these exiting firms mostly failed to find employment one year after the minimum wage hike . 3", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 281, "text": "complementary data from surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to be 16 percent higher , points to the potential for improving management capabilities among other firms and sectors . By comparison , in Eastern Croatia , exporters are not significantly better managed than the rest of the firms . The paper beyond this point is organized as follows : Section 2 compares firms in Eastern Croatia with Zagreb and other regions of Croatia on key parameters surveyed , including firm capabilities other than management ( e . g . skills , innovation , technology adoption ) , outcomes on firm performance ( e . g . labor productivity ) , and the constraints that firms face across different regions of Croatia . Section 3 introduces the methodology for computing management scores and compares management capabilities in Eastern Croatia with other regions of the country , and across countries . Section 4 presents some descriptive results on firm characteristics that are associated with management capabilities in Eastern Croatia relative to other regions in Croatia . Section 5 presents a simple regression framework for assessing the association between management practices and firm performance . Section 6 explores the drivers of good management practices . Section 7 concludes with policy recommendations . # * * Section 2 : Firm Capabilities Survey * * In this section , we utilize the firm level survey to understand the differences between firms across regions in Croatia . # * * _2 . 1 Firm Performance , Technology Adoption and Obstacles – Comparing firms across regions_ * * We compare firms based on three broad categories across Zagreb , Eastern Croatia and other regions in Croatia , excluding Zagreb and Eastern Croatia . The three categories are classified as follows : ( 1 ) firm performance – we use sales / employee ( labor productivity ) and gross value added ( GVA ) per employee as the two indicators ; ( 2 ) innovation and technology adoption . For innovation , we assess whether a firm has registered itself for a new trademark , patent , utility model or industrial design and for the latter , we review the use of technology for quality and control management and introduction of new products and processes ; and ( 3 ) the different types of obstacles the firms face during their operations", "spans": [{"start": 1263, "end": 1287, "text": "Firm Capabilities Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1325, "end": 1342, "text": "firm level survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", both at import level in Djibouti as well as within the country . _Better Foundation for Efficient Nutrient Management . _ The setting up of 17 rural soil testing laboratories , and their ownership and management by the regional governments is an important institutional development in efficient nutrient management . Currently , farmers receive a \" one-size-fits-all \" blanket recommendation on fertilizer application , as per their agro-ecological zone and crop type . However , there is tremendous variability in nutrient needs from location to location , and from farm to farm . With the new rural soil testing laboratories , it is now possible for farmers to receive tailor-made recommendations on nutrient mix and dosage that would respond optimally to their particular crop and soil situations . This would lead to more efficient nutrient management and greater productivity . The data generated would also be useful for producing national soil maps that would guide soil resource management and agricultural extension programs . _Farmer Empowerment . _ With the training received under the project , and support from the NFIA in preparing standard bidding documents , some cooperatives are already organizing their own tender for supplying their members with fertilizer instead of depending on the zonal or woreda offices to do so on their behalf By doing so , they ' ve been able to generate competition among different suppliers , thus getting a good price . It has put them in the driver ' s seat and has also improved the transparency of their fertilizer procurement operation . This will also reinforce the cooperative spirit which could spill over into cooperative grain marketing , etc . # 5 . Major Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcome _5 . 1 Factors outside the control of government or implementing agency : _ _Drought Conditions . _ Although the period 1996-2001 received relatively adequate precipitation , some - 12 -", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 957, "text": "national soil maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 28 2022-03-11 2022-04-04 2022-04-18 2022-05-02 2022-06-16 < br > snutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-11 / Adquisici < br > ón de hemoglobinómetros , e < br > quipos analizadores de hemoglobina cuantitativo , con susinsumos médicos y de limpieza , IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 91 , 936 . 14 78 , 722 . 00 Signed 2022-02-28 2022-04-01 2022-03-11 2022-04-01 2022-04-04 2022-04-21 2022-04-18 2022-05-05 2022-05-02 2022-05-26 2022-06-16 < br > necesarios para el desarrollo < br > de la Encuesta Nacional de D < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-6 / Adquisició < br > n de vestimenta identificativ < br > a para el operativo de campo , necesaria para la operaciónestadística para el desarrollode las actividades de la Encu IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 21 , 833 . 78 19 , 368 . 20 Signed 2022-03-09 2022-04-06 2022-04-14 2022-06-01 2022-05-14 < br > esta Nacional de Desnutrició < br > n Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-7 / Adquisició < br > n de", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "covering a < br > global sample . < br > Natons in Transit : 29 < br > economies . | Annual . Used in < br > WGI since 1996 < br > ( Freedom in the < br > World and < br > Natons in < br > Transit ) and < br > since 2019 < br > ( Freedom of the < br > Net ) . | Expert / NGO | Freedom in the World : An overview of the Freedom House < br > Freedom in the World methodology is availablehere . A < br > detailed descripton of the scoring criteria for the 2024 report < br > is availablehere . < br > Freedom of the Net : A detailed descripton of the < br > methodology , including scoring criteria , is availablehere . < br > Natons in Transit : A detailed descripton of the methodology , < br > including scoring criteria , is availablehere . < br > Note : between 1996 and 2017 the WGI also included data < br > from the Freedom House Freedom of the Press which was < br > discontnued in 2017 . Data and methodology for this report is < br > availablehere . | | GCB | Transparency < br > Internatonal | Global < br > Corrupton < br > Barometer | Varies with survey < br > rounds , latest round < br > covering Pacifc Islands < br > covered 10 countries . | Every 2-3 years < br > covering < br > regionally < br > rotatngsample . | Survey / HH | Household survey of corrupton perceptons . Documentaton < br > of survey methodology is provided separately for diferent < br > rounds of the surveyhere . For a link to the 2017 round < br > methodology , clickhere . | 39", "spans": [{"start": 1246, "end": 1286, "text": "Household survey of corrupton perceptons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8609 # * * Abstract * * One reason that poor people may not capture the full benefit from participation in international markets is that the goods they produce tend to be subject to relatively high trade barriers . This paper analyzes market access barriers faced by households in different income deciles by matching household survey data from India based on the industrial classification of their economic activity . Tariffs in international markets are higher , and nontariff measures more numerous , on goods produced by poor workers than on goods produced by rich workers . Tariffs faced by exporters are higher on goods produced in rural and more remote areas than on those in urban centers , on goods produced by informal enterprises than by formal ones , and on goods produced by women than by men . Furthermore , the global reduction in tariffs from 1996 to 2012 failed to ameliorate these differences . How did we get there ? Efforts to protect poor workers across countries resulted in a coordination problem . Indeed , tariff protection in China and the United States is higher on goods produced by poor workers than on goods produced by rich workers . Therefore , if poor workers are employed in similar sectors , then each country ’ s attempts to protect its poor workers by imposing higher tariffs and more nontariff measures on such goods will reduce the access of all poor workers to international markets , and thus limit the gains from trade . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at gnayyar @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished .", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 380, "text": "household survey data from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "literature , we label this as a “ personal diary . ” The personal diary was carefully designed to avoid double counting . Diary entries are specific to an individual and should leave no scope for double-counting purchases or self-produced goods . It is possible that a “ gift ” could be given to the household and accidentally recorded by two individuals . However , interviewers were trained to cross-check individual diaries for similar items purchased , produced , or gifted that occur on the same day and to query these during the checks . In many cases , one person will 11 For example , Gibson , Rozelle , and Huang ( 2003 ) find the Gini coefficient in urban China is 64 percent higher if respondents kept a diary for one month , with the sample spread evenly across the year , compared with the Gini that results from all respondents keeping the diary for one year . In contrast , the annual mean from extrapolating staggered monthly expenditures almost exactly equals the mean from the annual diaries . Since this experiment was carried out in an urban area , the difference is not primarily due to seasonality but instead to short-term fluctuations within the survey period that are subsequently reversed over the year . 12 While the literature has findings about errors in memory and counting ( more error the longer the period and the more transactions to count ) , almost nothing is known about errors in estimation strategies . For example , if respondents apply current market prices to usual month quantities , it reintroduces seasonality into the “ usual ” month estimate and so will tend to raise inequality toward the level found with short reference periods . In the Vietnam Living Standards Survey , the unit value for rice , formed from the ratio of “ usual ” month expenditure to “ usual ” month quantity , has considerable seasonality , with the same pattern across months that is observed in community market price surveys ( Gibson , 2007 ) . The community market price surveys reflect current seasonal conditions because they are carried out only once in each cluster but the unit values should not because they are meant to refer to purchases made in a", "spans": [{"start": 1687, "end": 1718, "text": "Vietnam Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1972, "end": 2002, "text": "community market price surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", transportation , finance , and retail , as well as for the GBFs , we relied on senior external consultants selected by a large management consulting organization . For health , our team relied on consultants and physicians with practical experience in both developing countries and advanced economies . In total , more than 50 experts participated in the construction of the technology grid . The resulting grid is composed of 7 general and 56 sector-specific business functions and contains a total of 305 technologies ( See Section A . 1 . 1 of the appendix for details on the procedures followed to define the grid ) . All technologies in the Grid are precisely described so that respondents and enumerators can objectively establish their use . Figure 1 presents the general business functions considered in the survey and the possible technologies that can be used to conduct each of 4The granular information that can be obtained with the FAT survey allows us to explore central questions on technology policy in developing countries . One example , itself a product of this paper , is the World Bank policy report \" Bridging the Technological Divide \" ( Cirera , Comin and Cruz , 2022 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 957, "text": "FAT survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < br >  < br > Additional mobile vaccination units need < br > to be deployed to vaccinate hard-to - < br > reach populations . < br >  < br > Given the success of the large-scale < br > marathons being conducted by the < br > MoPH , additional marathons should be < br > conducted to improve vaccine uptake . | | Training and < br > supervision |  < br > Vaccination teams were trained on the < br > vaccination process . |  < br > With the opening of new vaccination < br > sites with new vaccination teams , < br > reminder trainings may be required . In < br > preparation for vaccination in schools , < br > vaccination teams should also be trained < br > | | | | on vaccination in children / adolescents . | | Monitoring and < br > evaluation |  < br > Multiple channels for grievance reporting < br > exist ( hotline , and the MOPH website ) for < br > vaccination . < br >  < br > IMPACT platform is used to monitor < br > vaccination data |  < br > A Third-Party Monitoring Agency ( TPMA ) < br > was contracted to verify theGoL ’ s < br > compliance of the vaccination < br > deployment with the NDVP , WHO < br > standards and WB requirements < br > reflected in the legal agreements , < br > Environmental and Social safeguards and < br > POM . < br >  < br > A technical auditor will be hired to < br > monitor the deployment of World Bank - < br > financed vaccines under the proposed < br > | | | | operation . | | Vaccine , cold chain , < br > logistics , < br > infrastructure |  < br > MoPH already developed a distribution < br > strategy for the vaccines . < br >  <", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 955, "text": "vaccination data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the terms would be somewhat different if the reference year was t + n , rather than t . Because of this path-dependence , there is a residual term when the decomposition is calculated for a single reference year t , denoted _Rt_ . < sup > 31 < / sup > > 28 Bourguignon , Ferreira and Lustig ( 2005 ) discuss the advantages of a disaggregated counterfactual analysis of distributional dynamics , and propose a general methodological framework . 29 See Ferreira and Paes de Barros ( 1999 ) . > 30 Datt and Ravallion ( 1992 ) rely on grouped data , and must therefore use parameterized estimates of the Lorenz curve in order to simulate the counterfactual distributions . Because we use household level data , we compute the counterfactual poverty terms P ( z / μx , Ly ) , x ≠ y , by rescaling the distribution in year y with the ratio μx / μy . > 31 As Datt and Ravallion suggest , this residual term can be interpreted as capturing the interaction between growth", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 708, "text": "household level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "global nature of the shock we are studying : due to network effects , BRI transport infrastructure investments are expected to change bilateral trade costs among many country pairs in the world and not only for countries that will participate to the initiative . A key advantage from solving the model in relative changes is that it minimizes the data requirements to calibrate the model . We use the newly available database in GTAP 10 to calibrate our model and consider a total of 107 countries and “ regions ” and 31 sectors . < sup > 12 < / sup > To compute the model and perform counterfactual analysis , the following aggregates are used for all the countries considered in the analysis and for a constructed rest of the world , based on GTAP 10 data . - j - • γn : share of value added in gross output by country and sector . > 11 Transport projects are estimated to cover about one-quarter of total BRI investment ( Bandiera and Tsiropoulos , 2019 ) . > 12 See Annex A for the full list of countries and regions used in this paper . 13", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 436, "text": "GTAP 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 757, "text": "GTAP 10 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in high-refugee-density regions , require upgrades and additional resources ( classroom equipment , technology , and personnel ) to accommodate additional children . * * Current funding formulas constraints : * * Funding formulas based on older enrollment data cause delays in financial responses , thereby straining the system as refugee enrollment numbers grow . # # OBJECTIVES * * Integration of refugee children in Moldova ’ s education system : * * Progressively increase the inclusion of refugee children in the Moldovan education system , starting with 25 % enrollment , followed by a 50 % target , and ultimately aiming for full integration of all refugee children . * * Quality education for all : * * Provide equitable , quality education by developing new curricula for the preparatory year and Accelerated Learning Program , as well as increasing language support , and offering remedial programs to bridge gaps between Ukrainian and Moldovan education systems . 1 The Refugee Education Working Group is under the coordination structure for the Refugee Response managed by the Refugee Coordination Forum .", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 260, "text": "enrollment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pattern of consumption and investment responses to changes in public spending looks much more like the patterns the theory would predict for an _unanticipated_ change in spending rather than an anticipated change . And this in turn casts some doubt on the importance of anticipation effects in accounting for the small estimated multipliers in my benchmark specifications . < sup > 12 < / sup > > 11 Data on private and government consumption , total investment , and net exports are taken from the national accounts as reported in the World Development Indicators . I use data on total public investment from the IMF ’ s WEO database to separate total investment into public and private investment . Data on the expenditure components of GDP and / or public investment are missing for a handful of observations in my sample . However , the fit of the first ‐ stage regressions of changes in government spending on changes in disbursements on World Bank loans are nearly the same as those reported in Table 3 for the full sample , and so are not repeated for this subsample . > 12 A possible explanation for this pattern can be found in the work of Leeper , Walker and Yang ( 2010 ) , who use a calibrated model of the US economy to investigate the short and long ‐ run effects of productive government 25", "spans": [{"start": 536, "end": 564, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 573, "end": 604, "text": "data on total public investment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 622, "end": 634, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 04 | 0 . 11 | - 0 . 03 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 07 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the ( country by country ) elimination of import tariffs on cereals . 36", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 106, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries to return to fiscal rule compliance . We address this question in Section 3 using the IMF Fiscal Rule Dataset ( IMF 2022 ) , which provides us with a sample including every instance in which a budget balance rule was either suspended , revised upward , and / or an escape clause was used over the period 2000-2019 . A potential contributing factor to the increase in escape clause usage and temporary rule suspensions during the pandemic was the development of a “ second-generation ” of fiscal rules in the decade preceding the COVID-19 pandemic . As noted by Eyraud et al . ( 2018 ) , in the years following GFC 2008-09 , a “ second-generation ” of fiscal rules emerged which sought to construct rules in such a way that allows for an appropriate degree of short-run flexibility when necessary while still promoting long-term fiscal responsibility . In this context , many reforms made post-GFC introduced new escape clauses covering a larger set of contingencies during crisis periods in which unexpectedly large fiscal expansion is necessary , while providing guidance on the path back to compliance . The trend shown in Figure 2 highlights the fact that these enhancements allowed for a high degree of flexibility in fiscal rule enforcement through COVID-19 pandemic . Our empirical results reported in Section 3 provide evidence that with this added flexibility , fiscal rules continued to serve as a signal of fiscal responsibility during the pandemic , even for countries that enacted escape clauses and used discretion to suspend rules . Interestingly , we show that the existence of fiscal rules compressed sovereign spreads through the pandemic regardless of whether enforcement continued during the COVID-19 period . * * Figure 2 . Suspensions or Activations of Escape Clause by Year * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Number of countries < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 < br > Suspension Escape clause < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Davoodi et al . ( 2022a", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 119, "text": "IMF Fiscal Rule Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "taller than 80m , < sup > 1 < / sup > we use satellite height data for all buildings within the defined urban extent . We believe our approach provides a more representative measure of heights for the whole city . Finally , we estimate income and population elasticities of the evolution of city form to understand how the spatial structures of cities change across the different stages of development and across countries and regions . We introduce novel estimates of density using floor area per resident in a city instead of traditional measures that use surface area or built-up area . We find that doubling of a city ’ s income is associated with a 11 % increase in its built-up surface and 18 % increase in average building height . The share of infill development is significantly higher for upper-middle-income and high-income countries . Following this motivational section , the rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the satellite and economic data used in the research . Section 3 provides stylized facts on the three margins of city form evolution - - horizontal spread ( extensive margin ) , infill development ( inside a city ’ s edge ) , and vertical layering ( building taller structures ) . Section 4 describes the econometric analysis on the proximate drivers of evolution of city form . Section 5 concludes . # 2 . Data - 2 . 1 Defining a city To measure city expansion and infill development , we use the Global Human Settlement Urban Center Database 2015 ( GHS-UCDB ) developed by the European Commission , Joint Research Centre ( JRC ) . This data set defines urban centers applying the \" Degree of Urbanization ” , which is a new global definition of cities , urban and rural areas developed by the European Union and combines the previously developed Global Human Settlement Layer Built-up ( GHS-BUILT ) areas and Population ( GHS-POP ) grids . A city consists of \" contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 1 , 500 inhabitants per km < sup > 2 < / sup > of permanent land or with a built-up surface share on permanent land greater than 0 . 5 and has at least", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 66, "text": "satellite height data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 957, "end": 984, "text": "satellite and economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1451, "end": 1501, "text": "Global Human Settlement Urban Center Database 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1504, "end": 1512, "text": "GHS-UCDB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 . The TSC has developed and implemented an evaluation and monitoring system to track the almost 1000 email queries that come in daily and are channeled to various directorates . The TSC also tracks responses to issues raised via social media . 22 . JKF has developed and operationalized a number of policies and procedures round complaints handling . This includes a customer complaints handling procedure , codes of conduct and ethics and a quality policy . 23 . 24 . As part of performance contracting and the CAJ / Ombudsman “ Reporting Framework on Resolution of Public Complaints and Access to Information ) ” , all ministries , departments , and agencies ( MDAs ) / public institutions are required to report on the corruption eradication and complaints resolution indicators and report ( on a quarterly basis ) on implementation of various measures . Non-compliant institutions are not issued with compliance certificates and their overall scoring is lowered as a result of non-compliance . 25 . GAC reports and reporting responsibilities will be in accordance with the applicable World Bank Anti-Corruption Guidelines and as spelt out in detail in the POM . _26 . _ * * _Key potential risk and action : _ * * _MoE , JKF and TSC have complaints registered against them under review by the EACC and CAJ that point to existing institutional challenges and weaknesses . The Program will monitor both the CAJ and EACC annual certification process as_ part _of the “ resolution of_ public _complaints ” and “ corruption prevention indicators ” under the Performance Contracting system . Any weaknesses observed and actions taken towards addressing these will be monitored throughout the program . In addition , both the EACC and the CAJ will submit bi-annual information / reports to the World Bank on any complaints related to the project_ # # * * 6 . 6 Governance and Anti-Corruption * * 27 . The EACC and CAJ have well-functioning , well known and accessible complaints management systems linking key investigative , and transparency agencies", "spans": [{"start": 725, "end": 784, "text": "corruption eradication and complaints resolution indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "student assessment data for 408 , 417 , and 391 schools for baseline , midline , and endline rounds of data collection , respectively . It is unclear the source of the variation in number of schools ; however , it is likely that , at least for the endline , the outbreak of Ebola might have been a contributing factor . Most data collection activities were carried out using the existing government systems ( no external survey firm was used ) and took place simultaneously in each region of the country . Student and teacher tests , as well as principal , teacher and student questionnaires were administered by decentralized government staff selected on a competitive basis and trained as enumerators and supervisors . Quality of the data collected through the above mechanisms was validated through spot check visits from field coordination teams . The data collection effort was set up as a panel of schools , not of teachers or students . Some teachers — those still teaching in the surveyed grade — appeared in multiple rounds of the data collection ; other teachers were new and others left the grade of the school . As such , 7", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "student assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Pakistan ) . In several of the Western and Central African countries where the absolute gap is less than 10 percentage points , the ratio is large ( that is , between 1 . 24 and 1 . 58 in Burkina Faso , Mali , Niger , and Senegal ) . There are exceptions however , in Ghana the gap is only 2 . 5 percentage points and the ratio is 1 . 03 , and in Cameroon and Togo it is close to 9 percentage points and the ratio of about 1 . 15 . Perhaps surprisingly , in Bangladesh in the most recent year ( 1996-97 ) there is no female disadvantage ( and there is even a small female advantage ) . Although the regional patterns are strong , there is still within-region variability . In most of the other countries covered by the DHS data , there is close to no gender gap in the youngest age group , and in many cases there is a female advantage . There are exceptions however , such as Comoros , Guatemala , Mozambique , and Turkey . When moving to the slightly older age group , ages 12 to 14 , the pattern remains much the same . In most countries where there was a gender disadvantage among 6 to 11 year olds , it is exacerbated both as an absolute and relative measure ( although this doesn ' t hold for Egypt and Morocco ) . The male-female gap reaches over twenty percentage points in Benin , C . A . R . , Chad , India , Nepal , Pakistan and Togo . The male / female ratio was as high as 2 . 06 in Niger although it has gone down since 1992 . In Benin the ratio was 1 . 92 in 1996 with 56 percent of boys enrolled but only 29 percent of girls . Again , in the rest of the world , Comoros , Guatemala , Mozambique and Turkey stand out as having a large female disadvantage . In two of the countries that did not have a large disadvantage among 6 to 11 year olds , Bolivia and Uganda the male / female ratio is 1 . 11 forages 12to 14 . The", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 731, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ( 27 , 700 ) . The top five receiving countries together accounted for 62 per cent of all asylum claims received by the countries included in this report . The * * Syrian Arab Republic * * was followed by * * Iraq * * ( 21 , 300 claims ) , * * Afghanistan * * ( 19 , 300 claims ) , * * Eritrea * * ( 18 , 900 claims ) , and * * Serbia ( and Kosovo : Security Council resolution 1244 ( 1999 ) ) * * < sup > ( 1 ) < / sup > ( 12 , 300 claims ) . Persons from these five countries together accounted for 120 , 100 applications or 37 per cent of all asylum claims submitted in industrialized countries . Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 3 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "candidates is competitive based on clearly defined criteria and a transparent , publicized process ; 3 ) degree programs must be at local ( Kenyan ) universities ; 4 ) programs must be completed before the project closing date ; and 5 ) candidates must not have , or be perceived to have , direct conflict of interest . Were the GOK interested in making such expenses eligible , final detailed eligibility and selection criteria must be sent to the World Bank for No Objection before any funds can be disbursed for such degree programs . 40 . Regarding research , the mission was not provided the opportunity to discuss the KCDP Research Plan . However , the mission has reviewed the initial draft , and comments are included as Annex G . Overall , the Research Plan does not provide sufficient rationale to explain how the proposed research activities will support the project development objectives . For example , the Research Plan should show the planned fisheries research under Component 1 will support fisheries management in support of achieving KCDP objectives . The Research Plan should also be consistent with the project ’ s training plans and include all information called for in paragraphs 39 and 40 . With regard to other Components the proposed research should be similarly explicitly described and synergies between Components indicated . Lastly , the research plan should include available research budget for each component and subcomponent , and a breakdown of anticipated costs . 41 . _Monitoring and Evaluation : _ The mission re-emphasized the importance of a sound M & E system to capture project impacts and enable targeting of project activities . The mission finalized the project ’ s results framework ( see Annex B ) to be included in the Project restructuring package , and agreed that it would be regularly updated and presented during each mission . Furthermore , the mission highlighted that there are GEF specific monitoring requirements including the completion of the GEF International Waters Tracking Tool immediately , as well as during the project Mid-Term Review and ICR . Additionally , the project M & E system should include the Tracking Tool . 42 . In", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "complete the field , such as free text entry , dates , numeric values , or controlled vocabularies ( multiple choice options ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > The proposal organizes fields into thematic modules and includes whether a field should be optional or mandatory . A core objective of this proposal is standardization . Standardizing the documentation of specific types of data allows harmonization , aggregation , and cross-referencing . Data repositories that follow a standardized schema can be easily made searchable by internet search engines such as Google Dataset Search . As much as possible , our schema therefore conforms with common data description standards ( such as those of the Data Documentation Initiative ( DDI ) ) , and with existing schemata and catalogs for experiments as well as survey data from the social sciences ( such as the World Bank ’ s Microdata Catalog , the AEA RCT Registry , and ClinicalTrials . gov ) . In addition , we added fields that we considered particularly useful for secondary research . Datasets documented with the schema can be easily searched or filtered by many different criteria , from the type > 1We use the term RCT to describe an experiment that uses randomization to assign some intervention or treatment to participants but is conducted outside of a controlled environment ( such as a laboratory ) . > 2We follow the definitions in ISO ( 2021 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 813, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 885, "text": "Microdata Catalog", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 892, "end": 908, "text": "AEA RCT Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 915, "end": 935, "text": "ClinicalTrials . gov", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in order to adequately capture frequency , extreme severities , and full geographical location . This process is computationally intensive , and great care must be taken to ensure that resultant event sets are constrained by observed physical processes ; for example , definition of hazard parameter distributions of climatological characteristics must maintain spatial and temporal correlations . Model calibration and validation against historical information are a valuable check , but inevitably assumptions are required on data processing and sampling steps , ideally supported by academic reference ( ABI 2011 ) . Though the event-by-event loss calculations of catastrophe modeling are computationally intensive , especially for hazards that demand high geographic resolution ( which can be less than 10 m for flood ) , these calculations also allow differing aspects of model uncertainty to be quantified and communicated . < sup > 7 < / sup > Only such a large time series of synthetic but nevertheless realistic events can generate enough samples of losses to robustly define the remote tail of EP curves that are of interest to the insurance industry , such as 1-in-100-year and 1-in-250-year return periods . Taking such a probabilistic loss perspective also ensures the EP is smoothed out by having many thousands of data points . For the purposes of this paper , a 10 , 000-year stochastic catalog of synthetic simulations was generated across Malawi at a spatial resolution of 0 . 05 ° and dekadal temporal resolution for several hazard variables ( including soil moisture ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > These 10 , 000 years of hazard events are all potential versions of what could happen in the next 12 months and can be combined with vulnerability and exposure information to estimate longer return period tail behaviors ) to get a fuller risk perspective . This step requires making assumptions about the relationship between hazard and impact , using historical data as a starting point . In a data-scarce environment , it can be very hard to validate the performance of the vulnerability function in the tails . This paper is a starting point , and more investigation is required . As noted above , these 10 , 000 years of hazard events reflect events that are likely to occur under", "spans": [{"start": 1963, "end": 1978, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "communities in Lebanon . As a consequence , the identification of women , girls , boys and men with specific needs and refugees most at-risk will not take place in a timely manner and their protection needs will therefore remain undetected and unaddressed . # # # # # LEGAL ASSISTANCE & # # # # # COUNSELLING Many refugees will no longer benefit from legal assistance and counselling . In Lebanon alone , more than 115 , 000 refugees will face increased protection risks as , without legal assistance and counselling , they will not be able to obtain birth certificates . The lack of civil documentation would result in their inability to renew residency permits . This increases their vulnerability to arbitrary arrest and detention risks . Some 1 , 960 refugees detained on charges of attempted illegal departure and / or entry in Egypt will remain in detention centres for prolonged periods with reduced provision of humanitarian and legal assistance . # # # # # CHILD PROTECTION More than 142 , 000 Syrian children were born in exile since the Syria crisis started in 2011 . Unless additional funding is received to support the capacity of national civil registry systems , their births will not be promptly registered and documented , depriving these children of rights and entitlements and increasing their risk of statelessness . Critical efforts to support national child protection systems , families and communities will be hampered and leave refugee children exposed to further violence , abuse , neglect and exploitation . On a daily basis , 250 women and children in Lebanon will not be able to benefit from medical , emotional , or legal support and participate in activities 12", "spans": [{"start": 1144, "end": 1175, "text": "national civil registry systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government accelerated to 39 . 6 percent in July 2020 from 12 . 8 percent in July 2019 , as the government turned to domestic sources to fund its widening budget deficit ( including COVID-19 related spending ) . However , this rate has reduced to about 23 percent in July 2021 . Data from the World Bank COVID-19 BPS and information gathered from key sector informants during project preparation indicate that two thirds of firms in Kenya experienced decreases in demand , cashflow , and available finance with large variability in cash availability and access to credit among MSMEs . < / mark > < mark > In the Sacco sector , liquidity ratio averaged 50 . 9 percent in 2019 , which was higher than the statutory minimum requirement of 15 percent . However , the low Cash Ratio and high Loan-to-Deposit Ratio ( LDR ) ( Annex 5 ) throughout 2020 show that Saccos are highly leveraged and do not have enough cash liquidity or LDR headroom to cover additional borrowing requirements from mobilized deposits or internally generated funds . Members of farmer based Saccos , forming part of the Private Sacco category , collect very limited savings and equally advance minimal amounts in credit facilities . At the core of the problem is the Sacco business model , linking loans to savings , with loan demand far exceeding the volume of deposits that Saccos can capture . Further , the introduction of the interest rate cap and closure of two commercial banks in 2016 devastated microfinance banks ( MFBs ) , leading to the deterioration of MFB loan portfolios , affecting their ability to raise funds from international wholesale investment vehicles and finance MSMEs . These effects persist to date . < / mark > < mark > There are several International Finance Institutions ( IFIs ) with a private mandate and Development Finance Institutions ( DFIs ) providing lines of credit in the market ( Annex 6 ) . However , most are available to larger banks and in foreign currency , which are more likely to target foreign currency earning businesses . An assessment", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 316, "text": "World Bank COVID-19 BPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 * * | | Annex 1 : Summary of the Parent and First Additional Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 | | < br > Annex 2 : CHERP Stakeholder Engagement Register as of 2 < sup > nd < / sup > March , 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 | | Annex 3 : VMG Representative Consultation Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 | | Annex 4 : Complaints form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 | | Annex 5 : Complaints Register Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 306, "end": 343, "text": "CHERP Stakeholder Engagement Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project ( P168185 ) co-financing with AfDB the cross-border interconnector has in fact been a critical determinant to close the funding gap and realize this Project . # # * * Methodology : cost-benefit analysis * * 5 . The economic analysis follows a standard cost-benefit framework , which compares the present value of incurred costs to the stream of attributable benefits . The EIRR and NPV so calculated inform the Project ’ s viability over its economic lifetime assumed to be 15 years . In this , the net benefits of the Project are calculated by comparing the economic costs and benefits of the “ with Project ” and “ without Project ” scenarios to determine whether the Project generates an economic surplus above its opportunity cost . 6 . * * _Benefits_ * * . The analysis has focused on those benefits associated with the Project that are more easily quantifiable , These include : ( i ) cost savings from the displacement of diesel / HFO generation in the North of Cameroon assessed at the cost of generation in RIN ; ( ii ) electricity access expansion in North Cameroon assessed at the willingness-to-pay ( WTP ) in Cameroon ; ( iii ) displacement of HFO / diesel-based generation in Chad through electricity imports from Cameroon assessed at the marginal generation cost in Chad ; ( iv ) increased electricity access in Chad assessed at the WTP ; and ( v ) technical loss reduction in Chad assessed at the marginal cost of generation in Chad < sup > 67 < / sup > . The substitution of electricity supply generated from diesel and HFO with cheaper hydroelectricity , is the main source of benefits . Since there is no WTP study available for either country and inadequate survey data on the consumption levels of alternate energy sources for its estimation , we use the average end-user tariffs for both countries as a proxy . It should be noted that electricity tariffs only provide", "spans": [{"start": 1747, "end": 1758, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schools ; Directorate of school audit has prepared risk based audit manuals and commenced audit of the 4000 schools implementing SIP . * * Component 3 aims at strengthening capacity for evidence-based ( education sector ) policy development at national level * * . No EMIS activities have been undertaken to date financed under the GPE project . UNICEF has been supporting MoE in 2015 / 16 with collection and analysis of the EMIS data . The World Bank supported MoE through a consultant to review and propose an EMIS architecture . The standard 3 NASMLA study was completed and launched ; The SACMEQ IV report is completed-awaiting validation and dissemination February 2017 ; and procurement for firms to conduct two studies , teacher deployment and utilization , and alternatives for education provisions in the ASAL , was launched and bid evaluation is ongoing . * * Component 4 will cover project management functions including coordination , supervision , communication and result monitoring and evaluation * * . Overall , project management is satisfactory . MoE has fast tracked implementation of key project activities , EGM and SIP , since the last mission in July 2017 . The County Education project teams have continued to support implementation of EGM and SIP activities at the school level . MoE has also developed project brochures and disseminated these in key education sector events . A World Bank consultant supported MoE to develop relevant M & E tools for use at the National and County levels-the county project teams are using the tools to collect data . The Mid Term Review ( MTR ) is planned for February 2017 . 2 / 15 / 2017 Page 2 of 19 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 435, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electricity to eliminate untargeted and fiscally unsustainable subsidies . While doing it the government focuses on measures to protect the livelihood of most vulnerable , including through the life-line tariffs , protecting social safety net , and enabling access to finances for most disadvantaged . However , persistently high energy and food prices , coupled with exchange rate depreciation , fuels public sentiments about cost-of-living crisis further complicating the political landscape for the reforms . 7 . * * This DPO supports the new administration ’ s efforts to make the government leaner , more transparent , and accountable , while setting the country on the path of a more inclusive , greener , and private-sector-led growth . * * The program is rooted in government ’ s key policy priorities — fiscal consolidation , developing agriculture sector , and improving governance — while combatting climate change and improving inclusion . Therefore , the program clusters the reforms it supports into three pillars : ( i ) creating fiscal space in a sustainable and equitable manner ; ( ii ) improving competitiveness to boost agricultural exports ; and ( iii ) improving governance and financial inclusion for private sector driven development . Fiscal consolidation reforms include revenue and expenditure measures , strengthening debt management framework , and protecting the pro-poor expenditures . Boosting agricultural exports is key because agriculture is both a powerhouse sector where Kenya has a clear comparative advantage and a sector that employs most of Kenya ’ s poor . Improving governance is important to restore the confidence of the private sector in the government ’ s commitment to a level playing field , while financial inclusion will > 2 National Drought Management Authority ( NDMA ) . National Drought Early Warning Bulletin _ . _ January 2023 . Retrieved from : https : / / www . ndma . go . ke / index . php / resource-center / national-drought-bulletin / send / 39-drought-updates / 6778-nationalmonthly-drought-updates-january-2023 Page 9", "spans": [{"start": 1825, "end": 1864, "text": "National Drought Early Warning Bulletin", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 * * _Question 7 . 02_ * * _ : In your industry , how commonly would you estimate that firms make undocumented extra payments or bribes connected with getting connected to public utilities ? 1 = common , 7 = it never occurs . _ The average rating by income groups is : - High-income countries : 6 . 30 - Upper-middle-income countries : 5 . 33 - Lower-middle-income countries : 4 . 59 - Low-income countries : 3 . 33 * * _Question 7 . 04_ * * _ : In your industry , how commonly would you estimate that firms make undocumented extra payments or bribes connected with public contracts ? 1 = common , 7 = it never occurs . _ The average rating by income groups is : - High-income countries : 5 . 42 - Upper-middle-income countries : 3 . 93 - Lower-middle-income countries : 3 . 58 - Low-income countries : 2 . 83 These responses suggest that the poorer a country is , the bigger is the perceived corruption problem in infrastructure . The presentation of the data , however , poses a few problems . One is that for confidentiality reasons the data cannot be presented at the sector level — because in many countries infrastructure service providers are monopolies , and reporting what the sector thinks about corruption would boil down to reporting what the firm thinks . But the main problem with this data is that it is based ( as most international databases are ) on executive surveys . Though useful , this approach tells us little about what the government thinks about corruption . And , more important in this context , it tells us nothing about how poor people see the problem . Unfortunately , the few surveys polling large numbers of people around the world ( such as Gallup International ) do not cover infrastructure services . < sup > 29 < / sup > # * * The effects of corruption in infrastructure * * While there are many publications on how corruption affects growth , foreign direct investment , trade , and public sector finances , there is little evidence on how it affects infrastructure performance . Most of the existing evidence is for utilities .", "spans": [{"start": 1370, "end": 1387, "text": "executive surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CRPs in each of these districts , primarily due to idiosyncrasies in schedules and other obligations on the day of the survey . We interviewed 40 CRPs from SERP out of a total of 120 who were actively working in Rajasthan at the time of the survey . < sup > 21 < / sup > We supplement this qualitative and quantitative data with two other sources of secondary data that are intended to provide perspectives on the operational aspects of the program as well as its impact . < u > A survey of RRLP districts : A baseline survey of RRLP districts was conducted in early 2012 < / u > with the intention of evaluating the impact of the program . For the purposes of this paper we focus on the “ treatment ” areas where RRLP was scheduled to work in order to check if Intensive and Resource blocks had statistically similar characteristics prior to the entry of NRLM facilitators . This sub-sample consists of 3 , 852 households with 6 villages sampled per block in each of the 32 RRLP treatment blocks , scattered across 17 districts . < sup > 22 < / sup > < u > Administrative data : < / u > Aggregate block-level outcomes are obtained from the Rajasthan government ’ s online progress report . We examine block-level outcomes of SHG performance as well as outcomes of individual SHG members to compare the performance of Intensive and Resource blocks . A comparison of individual SHG members in Intensive and Resource blocks is done using a survey of 302 women , split across the two types of blocks in October 2014 . # Analysis We should first note that the two types of blocks were largely well matched prior to the start of the project . Using the baseline household survey data , we can compare pre-program differences between the Resource Blocks and Intensive Blocks . These results are presented in Table 1 . The Resource Blocks appear to have fewer SC / ST ( Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe ) members and slightly higher rates of home ownership , but most differences between the two groups are small and not statistically significant , particularly when it comes to existing levels of SHG membership", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 505, "text": "survey of RRLP districts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 510, "end": 543, "text": "baseline survey of RRLP districts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1438, "end": 1457, "text": "survey of 302 women", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1648, "end": 1678, "text": "baseline household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country of asylum and level in the procedure , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * | Country / | | | | | Pending < br > start-06 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-06 | P < br > Recogn | rotecti < br > ition | on indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | territory | | | Ca | ses / | | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | rate | s | O / w . | Change | | of < br > asylum | Proc < br > T * | edure < br > L * * | Pers < br > App . | ons * * * < br > Dec . | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed < br > rate | pending < br > cases ( % ) | | Nigeria | G | FI | P | P | 420 | 492 | - | - | - | 236 | 236 | 676 | . . | . . | 100 . 0 | 61 . 0 | | Norway | G | FI | P | P | 2 , 881", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 139, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the middle ( see Appendix , Table 3 . b , for further details ) . The subsidies indicate that risk-taking is different among ownership forms . The gross subsidies across the different ownership forms are ( in decreasing order of risk and due to merger activity . Commercial Bank of Korea and Hanil Bank merged in 1998 creating a new bank called Hanvit Bank , while Hana Bank announced on September 8 ' h , 1998 to merge with Boram Bank ( to become effective in 1999 ) . Korea First Bank has been sold to New Bridge Capital of the US as of December 30e , 1998 , although trading was not suspended until June 25 , 1999 , and Kookmin Bank announced a merger with Korea Long Term Credit Bank on August 25 \" ' , 1998 . Accounting data for Seoul Bank continued to be reported until 1998 , although the bank was nationalized in 1998 , and subsequently sold to HSBC Bank on February 22nd , 1999 . In Thailand , due to lack of data , we exclude Laem Thong Bank , Nakornthon Bank , and Union Bank of Bangkok . For 1998 , we also do not have data on Bangkok Bank of Commerce , which was closed and de-listed in 1998 , and on First Bangkok City Bank , which was acquired by the government in February of 1998 and merged with state-owned Krung Thai Bank in 1999 . 13", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 747, "text": "Accounting data for Seoul Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WE , togetherwithLGs < br > are < br > transitioning < br > the < br > systemsto < br > the < br > Water < br > Authorities < br > and < br > the < br > respective < br > Umbrella < br > AuthoritiesortheNational < br > < br > < br > | Notachieved | | | | transitioned | Water < br > and < br > Sewerage < br > Corporation < br > are < br > championingtheprocess < br > ofreporting | | | * * 13 . * * | Crosscutting | Automated < br > quarterly < br > and < br > annual < br > reports < br > generatedfromthePBS < br > on < br > Environment < br > and < br > climate < br > change < br > and < br > socialriskareintegrated < br > intheannualworkplans < br > andbudgets ( MoFPED , | Noprogressreported | Not Achieved | | | | < br > MWE , * * NEMA ) . * * | | | | _Source_ | _ : UGIFTAnnual _ | < br > _PerformanceReport_ * * _2025_ * * | | | The failure to achieve * * 13 * * planned actions under DLI * * 3 * * indicates gaps in the implementation of key oversight , coordination , and digitisation initiatives intended to strengthen central government management of service delivery across sectors . Management explained that at the time of the final DLI verification , the * * 13 * * actions referenced had not yet been achieved . However , the UgIFT Programme had since continued to support their implementation , and several of these actions were . Management added * * 15 * *", "spans": [{"start": 776, "end": 787, "text": "UGIFTAnnual", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9179 # * * Abstract * * This paper defines three new indicators that capture the remoteness of local communities within a country context and the overall scale of population dispersion and settlement sparsity across a country . The paper also exploits the World Bank ’ s subnational geography database to estimate the geographical scale of population dispersion and dispersion-adjusted population sparsity for 100 countries around the world . The new indicators are evaluated and explored for several Pacific Island countries , which are often characterized as being remote ( in a global context ) and highly dispersed . However , within each Pacific Island country , there is enormous variation in the remoteness of individual communities and the extent to which communities are clustered or dispersed from one another , and these conditions can be related to communities ’ socioeconomic characteristics . The results reflect this . The paper empirically contextualizes the settlement patterns evident in the Pacific Island countries within a broader global context , highlighting the extreme degree of population sparsity in the Pacific , relative to all the other countries that are assessed . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at rutz1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 331, "text": "subnational geography database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 28 - # * * Productive Safety Net Project ( PSNP ) 6 ( SEASN ) Expenditure Apportionment Worksheet ( IN USD ) * * | | * * F * * | * * or TheQuar * * | * * ter Ended - * * | * * - - - - - * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | * * Current * * | | | | * * Category * * | * * Allocation * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Documented * * < br > * * so far * * | * * quarter * * < br > * * expenditure * * < br > * * allocated * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Documented * * | * * Remaining * * < br > * * undocumented * * < br > * * balance * * | | * * IDA * * | | | | | | | Category 1 | | | | | | | Category 2 | | | | | | | Category 3 | | | | | | | Category4 | | | | | | | * * Total * * | | | | | | | * * MDTF * * | | | | | | | Category 1 | | | | | | | Category 2 | | | | | | | Category 3 | | | | | | | Category 4 | | | | | | | * * Total * * | | | | | | | * * Bilateral * * < br > * * Development * * < br > * * partner * * | | | | | | | Component | | | | | | | * * Government * * | | | | | | | Component | | | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 99, "text": "Expenditure Apportionment Worksheet", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Primary * * | 1 to 6 years of schooling “ Adult < br > literacy program ” “ Other literacy < br > program ” “ Church / Mosque < br > schooling ” | “ First to fifth grade ” < br > “ other ” | “ elementary ” | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Secondary * * | Above 6 years of schooling < br > “ Tech / Vocational training ” < br > “ University / College ” | “ Sixth to ninth grade ” < br > “ SSC \\ Equivalent ” < br > “ HSC \\ Equivalent ” | “ Junior High ” < br > “ High School ” | | * * Tertiary * * | Tertiary was not created given < br > that the number of respondents < br > who studied past high school was < br > extremely small . | “ University ” | “ Vocational school ” , < br > “ Diploma I / II ” < br > “ Diploma III ” < br > “ Diploma IV / BA ” < br > “ Masters – Phd ” | Note : the same education categories were used to define partner ’ s education and firm manager ’ s education * * Occupation of father of household head : * * These occupational categories were defined analogously to employment categories for individuals ( self employment in agriculture , self employment in NFE and wage employment ) – see above . In Sri Lanka , the option “ other ” was available which led to the inclusion of the extra category “ others ” . No question about father ’ s occupation was included in the Ethiopia survey . # * * < u > Household variables < / u > * * * * Head of household : * * is the person who is acknowledged ( and reported ) to be the head of the household by other household members . * * Household size : * * Number of individuals living in each household . 45", "spans": [{"start": 1315, "end": 1330, "text": "Ethiopia survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Zettelmeyer & Hollar ( 2008 ) , and Daude et al . ( 2010 ) . Argentina introduced export duties after the 2002 crisis to capitalize on the devaluation of the currency among other considerations . This source of taxation was typically used in the past as an emergency source of funding during a balance of payment crisis . The sharp devaluation of the peso in early 2002 and its potential impact on domestic prices was an opportunity to establish an export tax on all products , with heterogeneous tax rates : higher for the main agri-food export products and oil , and lower for processed products such as heavy manufactures . * * Figure 20 * * shows the evolution of export duties as a share of the GDP , discriminating between those arising from commodities and non-commodities sources . As observed , the increase of global commodities prices during the 2000s contributed to raising tax revenues from this source . Notably , the 2008 peak of export duties , contributing to fiscal revenue with almost 3 percent of GDP , matches the first boom peak in the so-called commodities super-cycle . To understand the impact of export duties on public accounts , long-term prices of commodities are considered . We follow Marcel et al . ( 2001 ) and Zettelmeyer & Hollar ( 2008 ) assuming a unitary elasticity price of the exports and adjusting the revenues applying the long-term price of the exports considered . prominently in developing countries . It is also worth considering that in unstable economies like the Argentinian , the concept of potential output that points to the use of the full capacity of production factors loses some clarity ( Alberola & Montero , 2006 ) . 23 Real GDP series for Argentina is constructed based on ONP 2004 , Ferreres , and current INDEC data .", "spans": [{"start": 1734, "end": 1742, "text": "ONP 2004", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1745, "end": 1753, "text": "Ferreres", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1768, "end": 1778, "text": "INDEC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in poverty and inequality in Egypt over 2005-2008 , and a broad picture of economic change are presented in section IV , showing that the growth was not benefitting the poor relatively more than the richest parts of the distribution . Fifth section discusses growth incidence curves based on panel data , and shows that growth was indeed pro-poor and that the lowest groups of the distribution benefited the most from the growth process . Section VI attempts to reconcile two opposite assessments of pro-poorness of growth in Egypt . Section VII concludes . # * * II . Pro-poor growth analysis : Review of the selected studies * * There is a growing consensus in the literature on the conclusion that sustained and rapid economic growth translates into poverty reduction < sup > 3 < / sup > . However , there is a wide disparity in the extent of poverty reduction a growth process can achieve . The relation between growth , inequality , and redistribution is among the mostdebated topics in the economic analysis of development since the 1950s . This is because the link between growth and inequality is not unequivocal ” . Changes in the distribution are not necessarily directly linked to growth and may reflect different economic factors that are specific to individual country experience < sup > 4 < / sup > . Inequality may rise or fall temporarily for reasons which are not necessarily linked to growth . A World Bank study ( 2005 ) analyzed in some depth the relationship between changes in growth and inequality in eight countries < sup > 5 < / sup > in the 1990s and found that growth typically was associated with growing inequality . By contrast , the experience of many high income ( OECD ) countries suggests that income growth is often pro-poor , both in absolute and relative terms , reducing not only poverty but also inequality ( e . g . Smeeding 1990 ) . There are some facts in the dynamic relationship between growth , poverty and inequality that are well established . Rising inequality tends to reduce the growth elasticity of poverty reduction , i . e . weakening the impact of growth on poverty . Also the higher the initial level of", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 302, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Georgia averaged real GDP growth in the years 2012-2020 of 4 . 1 percent ( source : IMF World Economic Outlook , October 2021 ) , and GDP per capita reached USD 4 , 272 in 2019 . < sup > 7 < / sup > Both economies were somewhat integrated with the world economy prior to the pandemic , but Georgia mores so . In 2019 , merchandise trade as a percent of GDP was over 61 percent for Jordan and 76 percent for Georgia and services trade comprised 28 percent and 40 percent of GDP , respectively ( WDI , 2019 ) . Georgia had also posted a higher level of exports as a share of GDP ( 54 . 8 percent ) than Jordan at 36 . 3 ( WDI , 2019 ) and had also seen faster growth in unit export values than _Table 3-1 : Labor Market Statistics , 2019_ Jordan ( WDI ) . Within services , Jordan was much more Unemployment Labor Force reliant on the travel and tourism sector , which accounted Rate Participation for around 18 percent of GDP and of total employment in < u > ( percent age 15 + ) < / u > Georgia 11 . 6 62 . 9 2019 ( World Bank , 2021 ) relative to 7 . 6 percent of GDP Jordan 16 . 8 39 . 2 and 5 percent of total employment for Georgia in 2018 Source : WDI national estimates . ( World Bank , 2019 ) . The labor market context pre-COVID varied somewhat between Georgia and Jordan as well . They each approached the regulation of labor markets differently . Georgia ’ s labor market regulation is considerably more flexible in terms of permitted hours of work and contractual arrangements . It has no minimum wage , whereas Jordan ’ s minimum wage is approximately 50 percent of value added per worker ( Employing Workers Database ( EWD , 2020 ) . Georgia ’ s regulatory requirements are also more flexible with respect to dismissing workers . No third-party notification or approval is required ; nor are there priority retraining or rehiring requirements for dismissed workers . Jordan , in contrast , is among the 32 countries with the most stringent regulation", "spans": [{"start": 1153, "end": 1175, "text": "WDI national estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1603, "end": 1629, "text": "Employing Workers Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parenting practices based on 24 items adapted from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children ( LSAC ) ( Zubrick et al . 2008 ) . The primary caregiver of each child was asked a range of questions about their parenting practices that reflect different levels of warmth , consistency , and hostility . The resulting scores for parenting practices were standardized to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 . # < u > ECED Characteristics < / u > Lastly , our data also included ECED characteristics averaged at the village level . The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised ( ECERS-R ) – a classroom assessment tool designed to measure the quality of early education through classroom observations – was applied to two ECED centers in each village ( see Brinkman et al . 2016 for details of the ECERS-R in Indonesia ) . Similarly , our data included information on the average monthly fees of ECED services . We used the monthly mandatory fee charged by the services directly to the families , which ranged from zero ( free ) to 67 , 500 Indonesian rupiahs , with an average of 10 , 779 Indonesian rupiahs . Only 303 villages out of 310 were sampled for ECED characteristics ; as a result , we have missing observations for ECED characteristics for children in these 7 excluded villages . # * * 5 . Differences in enrollment patterns and gaps in test scores * * Table 2 documents the various enrollment patterns observed in the data and how they vary between children of different backgrounds . 39 . 7 percent of the children from the bottom quintile report having no ECED at all . This is in contrast to 10 . 5 percent of children from the top wealth quintile . 7 . 6 percent of children from the bottom quintile report having attended playgroup and then kindergarten before primary school . By comparison 22 . 7 percent of the top quintile follow this enrollment pattern . Enrolling in kindergarten before primary school is much more common among the top quintile – 50 . 4 percent of this quintile does so – while only 28 . 3 percent of the bottom quintile does so . As Table 3 documents", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to have extremely high rates : 42 % of commercial sex workers , 7 . 3 % of truck drivers , 6 . 7 % of military , and 4 . 7 % of miners . EpiModel estimates indicate that in 2002 about 70 Guineans would be infected per day , resulting in 6500 AIDS cases by 2007 . A number of factors contribute to the spread of HIV / AIDS : inadequate knowledge and inappropriate attitudes , sexuality at an early age , high prevalence of risky behavior , subordinate status and lack of empowerment among women , importance of mining and trucking activities , and large numbers of refugees and displaced people . In addition , the high prevalence of STIs ( between 7 to 13 % of adults declared having had a STI during the last twelve months , with variations depending on matrimonial status , age , and domicile , according to an EDS survey in 1999 ) is a major factor in the spread of HIV / AIDS . Finally , Guinea ' s high incidence of poverty - - about 40 percent of households below the poverty line - underlies the epidemic , leaving an extremely vulnerable population . # # # # * * Government response to the HIV / AIDS challenge * * - 4 -", "spans": [{"start": 813, "end": 823, "text": "EDS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Downstream spillovers arising from policy reform and foreign participation in the services sectors are qualitatively different from those arising from foreign direct investment in manufacturing industries . Disruption in the provision of services can result in large delays in production and product delivery , high information costs and an inability to invest in potentially profitable new activities . There has not , however , been much empirical analysis of the downstream effects of services reform , and the few existing studies have focused on specific services sectors , usually banking . < sup > 4 < / sup > Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) show that financial development increases growth . They weight industries by dependence on outside financing ( as estimated from US data ) and find that firms which are more dependent on external financing gain more from financial development than other firms . Bertrand , Scholar and Thesmar ( 2004 ) demonstrate that banking deregulation in France in 1985 led to improved productivity in manufacturing firms . Entry and exit rates increased following liberalization , suggesting that less productive firms had been protected by the easy access to credit allocated to large firms by the previously nationalized banking sector . Productivity effects were particularly strong in banking-dependent sectors . Aghion and Schankerman ( 1999 ) identify channels through which infrastructure and institutions affect entry and exit . They generate a Dixit-Stiglitz model to demonstrate that infrastructure investment increases the probability of entry by low cost firms and discourages entry by high cost firms . Thus , infrastructure development is likely to improve economic performance if it reduces transactions costs thereby increasing competition and fostering Schumpeterian “ creative destruction . ” The present paper is most closely related to Arnold , Javorcik and Mattoo ( 2011 ) which uses firm-level data to show that increased foreign participation in services provision led to improvement in manufacturing productivity in the Czech Republic in the period 1998-2003 . The current paper studies the more complex and dynamic Indian context with new data on and measures of services reform . Furthermore , while the previous paper considered the services sector as a whole , in the present paper , by separating the liberalization measures into measures for banking , telecommunications , transport and insurance services", "spans": [{"start": 774, "end": 781, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1939, "end": 1954, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Republika Srpska | | | D + | A | | D + | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kosovo | . . | . . | C | B | C + | A | | North Macedonia | 37 | 6 | D | B | D + | C + | | Montenegro | . . | 5 | C | B | C + | D + | | < br > Serbia | 43 | 21 | C | B | D + | | Sources : International Budget Partnership ; Wang , Irwin , and Murara ( 2015 ) ; latest PEFAs . # * * These problems frustrate the effective implementation of fiscal rules : * * - The incomplete coverage of general government makes the rules less effective . It may also make future compliance with the EU ’ s fiscal rules more difficult than it may it first appear , since Eurostat will examine the coverage and may conclude that it should be broader than it currently is . Similarly , the absence of accrual accounts will make compliance with the EU ’ s accrual-based deficit more difficult — though there are procedures for estimating accrual deficits on the basis of cash data . - There is too little information to show whether the letter of the fiscal rules has been followed only by violating their spirit . For example , have the rules been complied with only by allowing arrears and other accounts payable to accumulate ? Or have they have been complied with only by moving public spending and borrowing to state-owned enterprises and other entities not included in the scope of the rules ? - Problems in forecasting and medium-term fiscal planning also make it harder for governments to comply with the rules and , if compliance is nevertheless achieved , may encourage abrupt rather than smooth adjustments . # * * V . PRINCIPLES TO GUIDE POLICY TOWARD FISCAL RULES * * * * What principles should guide policy toward fiscal rules in the Western Balkans ? * * Although the evidence about the effectiveness", "spans": [{"start": 952, "end": 961, "text": "cash data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Integrated Water Management and Development Project ( P163782 ) | Water Resource M < br > IN00685969 | anagement ( Component 3 ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ► Catchment and s | ource protection plans develop | ed ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 5 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 16 . 00 | | Date < br > IN00685971 | 14-Jun-2018 | 24-Sep-2018 | 01-Apr-2019 | 31-Dec-2025 | | ► National Water in | formation systems established | and operationalized under t | he project ( Number , Cu | stom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | Date | 14-Jun-2018 | 24-Sep-2018 | 01-Apr-2019 | 31-Dec-2025 | | IN00685973 < br > ► State of water res | ources reports produced to inf | orm decision making ( Numb | er , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 14-Jun-2018 | 24-Sep-2018 | 01-Apr-2019 | 31-Dec-2025 | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "macmap . htm . For details of its incorporation into the GTAP < / u > Version 6 dataset , see Dimaranan and McDougall ( 2005 ) and < u > www . gtap . org . < / u > > 3 High-income countries include all members of the EU25 , NAFTA and the OECD ( except Turkey ) plus Hong Kong , Singapore and Taiwan . All others ( including the wealthy Middle East countries ) are considered developing countries and are further split into middle - and low-income categories as defined at the bottom of Appendix Table A1 .", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 61, "text": "GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _β_ < sup > _rbf_ ( < / sup > < sup > _re_ ) + < / sup > < sup > _ta _ < / sup > _ − β_ < sup > _rbf_ + < / sup > < sup > _ta_ < / sup > | - 0 . 07 % | 0 . 65 % | - 4 . 41 % | - 1 . 27 % | - 4 . 18 % | - 0 . 32 % | | * * Spending Defnition * * | per student | per capita | per capita | per capita | per capita | per capita | | * * Dep . var . mean * * | 8 . 193 | 6 . 021 | 4 . 834 | 4 . 417 | 3 . 204 | 7 . 466 | | * * Dep . var . SD * * | 0 . 375 | 0 . 504 | 0 . 948 | 0 . 843 | 0 . 988 | 0 . 276 | | * * # of municipality Observations * * | 4 , 163 | 4 , 160 | 4 , 256 | 4 , 256 | 4 , 256 | 4 , 163 | | * * Adj . R * * _ − _ * * Squared * * | 0 . 702 | 0 . 223 | 0 . 065 | 0 . 13 | 0 . 078 | 0 . 381 | * * Notes . * * _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ denotes significance at 1 percent , _ ∗ ∗ _ at 5 percent , and _ ∗ _ at 10 percent level . The dependent variables come from National Treasury Bureau ( _Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional_ ( STN ) . All regressions restrict the sample to the 330 municipalities at the border between Ceará and adjacent states . The definition of border considers the three imediate municipalities at each side of _Ceará_ and _Piaúi_ , _Rio Grande do Norte_ , _Pernambuco_ and _Paraíba_ . municipality controls include the number of births in the municipality _ − _ year according to the _Sistema de Nascidos Vivos_ ( SINASC ) , and GDP per capita as provided by", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Page 50 # # # # # * * BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SECOND ELECTRIC POWER RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT ELEKTROPRIVREDA REPUBLIKA SRPSKA Balance Sheets * * ( US $ million ) | | * * 1996 * * | < br > * * 1997 * * | < br > * * 1998 * * | < br > * * 1999 * * | < br > * * 2000 * * | * * 2001 * * | * * 2002 * * | < br > * * 2003 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * ASSETS * * | | | | | | | | | | cash and securities | 1 . 5 | < br > 5 . 7 | < br > 9 . 5 | < br > 16 . 3 | < br > 24 . 7 | 37 . 6 | < br > 23 . 4 | < br > 44 . 2 | | accounts receivable | 23 . 8 | < br > 27 . 9 | 30 . 9 | < br > 41 . 0 | < br > 47 . 1 | 50 . 2 | < br > 52 . 7 | < br > 55 . 3 | | inventories | 63 . 8 | < br > 82 . 0 | 105 . 8 | 110 . 4 | 112 . 4 | 110 . 4 | < br > 116 . 2 | 121 . 8 | | other current assets | 83 . 8 | 106 . 5 | 115 . 2 | < br > 95 . 0 | < br > 90 . 0 | 85 . 0 | < br > 80 . 0 | < br > 80 . 0 | | * * total current assets * * | 172 . 9 | 222 . 1 | 261 . 4 | 262", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 137, "text": "ELEKTROPRIVREDA REPUBLIKA SRPSKA Balance Sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Oct-2020 < br > - - | | * * Comments * * | Achieved for FY 2018 / 19 . Quality assurance checklist < br > verification of by IVA show that these audits were con < br > applied , and audits were presented in the revised form < br > the DLI is ready for withdrawal . | s for 8 MDAs were provided . These checklists and actual < br > ducted using the new audit methodology , risk clusters < br > at . Disbursement associated with the achievement of | ► DLI 21 DLR 5 . 2d : Months between receipt of consolidated and quality assured financial statements by OAG and submission of the audited financial statements to Parliament ( Outcome , 8 , 500 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 8 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | - - | 30-Jan-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Achieved for FY 2018 / 19 < br > ready for withdrawal . | and verified by IVA . Disburs | ement associated with the ac | hievement of the DLI is | ► DLI 22 6 . 1a MDAs can access multi-year itemized and facility level budget and outturn data for all MDAs in searchable form through the budget module in the IFMIS ( Output , 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No <", "spans": [{"start": 1207, "end": 1212, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government capacity was lower . Finally , an additional finding of the evaluation is that clients in middle-income countries ( MICs ) prefer non-lending to lending services , and clients in all countries prefer TA to ESW . ‖ ( IEG , 2008 ) Furthermore , the World Bank has conducted research on its own research — that is , the publication record of the World Bank and its use by scholars . Ravallion and Wagstaff ( 2010 ) use bibliometric data to analyze the World Bank publications . They find that the sheer volume of publications on development surpasses any other academic institution . In terms of indicators of quality and relevance , the Bank ‘ s scholarly publications are on a level with , or superior to , the top universities . One somewhat negative finding , though , was that there is a fair share of publications that receive no citations . The above discussion refers to scholarly use of the Bank ‘ s publications , but what about Bank staff themselves : do they use the Bank ‘ s research ? Ravallion ( 2011 ) analyzes data from a recent survey of World Bank staff to find that the results are mixed . Most Bank senior staff value the Bank ‘ s research and know it well . On the other hand , a substantial minority find the research difficult to access . Others find little value in the research for their daily work . Poverty , human development and economic policy oriented staff seem to value and use the research more than staff in the more ― lending-intensive ‖ sectors of agriculture , rural development , energy and mining , and transport and urban development . < sup > 70 < / sup > The Bank ‘ s own Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) implicitly admitted that the measurement of development effectiveness of knowledge activities is weak when it put this topic on the agenda of their ― evaluation week ‖ at the World Bank offices in the fall of 2011 . At the center of the discussion was the first Knowledge Report produced by the Bank . < sup > 71 < / sup > The Knowledge Report lays out a new knowledge strategy for the Bank", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 444, "text": "bibliometric data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1054, "end": 1080, "text": "survey of World Bank staff", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 100 * * | Total | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : _ * * _CSA , 2007_ * * As indicated above , the overwhelming majority of the local population belong to Oromo ethnic group and Afaan Oromo is spoken * * by * * nearly 84 % of the local community . Afaan Oromo is the official language in the subproject area of influence . Since most of the subproject workers are expected to be recruited locally , language barrier is limited . However , depending on the language skills of some of the subproject workers ( moIol those engaged in stakeholder and public consultation and communications , translators may be required . With regard to religious composition of the Subproject woreda ' s . data from the * * 2007 * * ito census revealed that majority * * ( 60 . 1 % ) * * of the Subproject Woredas popul6tfo wer Riliato to Muslim religion , followed * * by * * Orthodox Christianity with * * 38 . 8 % * * of the * * S * * b ojActA2as population and other religions constituled , te remaihing TJ 1 % of the * * S * * ect woreda ~ * * Nild-Day * * * * temio * * \" age * * 93 * *", "spans": [{"start": 710, "end": 720, "text": "ito census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "date of measurement of consumption and thus an investigation of the short-term impacts of typhoons occurring during the six month interval prior to the collection of household expenditure ; and ( ii ) the possibility of investigating the medium-term impacts of typhons , i . e . the impacts of typhoons occurring in the first six months of the calendar year on the consumption of households in the second semester ( bearing in mind that this may be biased due to attrition of households between survey rounds ) . Earlier studies on the impacts of typhoons on different dimensions of welfare ( Anttila-Hughes and Hsiang , 2013 ) have been hampered by the fact that they only had access to the annual averaged FIES consumption data , which , for the reasons mentioned above , are likely to be attenuated . < sup > 12 < / sup > The use of household-level PCE data varying across two semesters of a calendar year as well as across calendar years 2003 , 2006 , 2009 , 2012 , and 2015 , and across different regions , requires taking into account of the temporal ( within year and across years ) and spatial variation in the cost of living in the Philippines . < sup > 13 < / sup > For this reason , nominal consumption in each > 12 This is why Anttila-Hughes and Hsiang ( 2013 ) downplay the impacts on consumption and focus on capital losses the year < u > following typhoon exposure , as it seems unlikely that capital can be replaced immediately following a storm . < / u > > 13 The Philippines consists of 17 regions , 81 provinces and about 40 , 000 barangays . 10", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 729, "text": "FIES consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 836, "end": 860, "text": "household-level PCE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimates . Specifically , for each aggregate indicator and year , we examine whether the equally weighted alternative estimate falls inside or outside of the 90 percent confidence interval around the baseline WGI estimate . In 2023 , the share of countries for which the equally weighted alternative estimate is significantly different from the baseline WGI estimate is below 5 percent for four of the six aggregate WGI measures . For two of the aggregate indicators , the share is somewhat higher : 24 percent for Political Stability and Absence of Violence / Terrorism , and 17 percent for Rule of Law . A similar pattern can be seen averaging across all 25 years in the WGI dataset . For four of the six aggregate indicators , the share of significant differences between the baseline and equally weighted alternative is 3 percent or less , while for Political Stability and Absence of Violence / Terrorism and for Rule of Law , the proportions are slightly higher at 16 and 11 percent respectively . In summary , the baseline WGI estimates by design assign greater weight to data sources that are more correlated with each other . Conditional on the identifying assumptions of the UCM , this makes sense – data sources that are more correlated have more favorable signal-to-noise ratios and should therefore receive greater weight . It is , however , possible that some of the observed correlation between data sources reflects correlated perceptions errors . In this case , the default WGI methodology would assign “ too much ” weight to data sources that make these correlated errors . However , the fact that the baseline WGI estimates are not very different from a simple equally weighted alternative suggests that this concern is not very significant . Of course , the equally weighted version of the WGI discussed in this subsection is just one of infinitely-many possible weighting schemes , and different weighting schemes will naturally lead to different results . For the convenience of WGI users interested in exploring alternative weighting schemes , the WGI website contains a consolidated dataset containing all six aggregate WGI indicators together with all the data from the individual data sources on which the aggregate indicators are based . This dataset can readily be used to", "spans": [{"start": 674, "end": 685, "text": "WGI dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the scale of school construction was reduced on the basis of a study undertaken during preparation . The purpose of most of the new construction was intended to be reduction of the number of rented facilities , and replacing unsafe schools rather than the establishment of new institutions . A number of demographic developments have required an update of this approach . The implementation of ERfKE I was accompanied by a shift from private to public schools , and the influx of displaced Iraqis have placed a significant pressure on facilities in some areas . The number of rented facilities has actually increased since 2000 . However , initial evidence suggests that school utilization rates remain uneven , with many schools underutilized and little progress in the consolidation of small rural schools . As part of the series of preparation studies , the MoE has commissioned a study of the current and future demand for school facilities , and provides good systematic data to target investments that address utilization , access and equity problems . 16 . * * ECE ( Early Childhood Education ) * * : Early childhood education emerged as an area in which significant successes have been achieved during the implementation of ERfKE I . The program has already surpassed its original target of attaining a 51 percent gross enrolment rate of KG2 age children . Significant achievements in teacher training , curriculum development , teacher professional development , parent involvement and standards setting have helped make this one of the more dynamic elements of Jordan ’ s education system . The private sector is responsible for some 90 percent of ECE places , and improvements in regulation and guidance regarding standards have helped this subsector mature as it expands . Yet significant challenges remain . There is a growing demand for greater public investment in KG1 level provision . The focus on government provision in remote areas under ERfKE I has helped to improve access for children in rural areas , but reliance on private providers in urban areas has left cohorts of children from poor urban communities with few opportunities for access . The need to deepen the reform in terms of quality and consolidate the gains", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 984, "text": "systematic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children ( P111545 ) more detail in paragraphs 8-9 of Annex 4 . These indicators of reduced poverty and inequality substantiate the argument that the Project ’ s investments , together with the support of the GoK and DPs , has generated positive social and economic results commensurate with the Project cost / inputs . These results are expected to further yield numerous generational dividends and highlight the Project ’ s efficiency in relation to the conversion of IDA investments into substantial and tangible benefits . 50 . * * It is also clear that the Project contributed significant economic benefits and value for money in relation to program implementation and administration . * * Administrative costs for running the Program were steadily reduced from 30 percent in FY07 – 08 ( before the Project ) to 2 percent during the last year of the Project < sup > 11 < / sup > . This decline is consistent with the potential cost savings generated by the Project ’ s investments in systems and processes . However , while administrative costs generally declined as safety net programs scaled up , the program ’ s allocation toward administrative expenditures need a substantial boost for the GoK to adequately implement the Program . In Africa , for example , administrative costs represent an average 17 percent of program spending . < sup > 12 < / sup > # # # * * D . JUSTIFICATION OF OVERALL OUTCOME RATING * * 51 . * * The overall outcome rating is Satisfactory for the following reasons : * * • * * The relevance of the project objectives is rated High * * as it was and is well aligned with the country and World Bank strategies ( paragraph 35 ) . • * * Efficacy is rated Substantial * * because the majority of the targets set out in the PDO-level indicators both under the original Project and the AF as well as the intermediate indicators were achieved ( paragraphs 36-40 ) . •", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Bottom 50 % income < br > share | 26 . 44 % | 26 . 45 % | 26 . 83 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Middle < br > 40 % < br > income < br > share | 44 . 33 % | 44 . 32 % | 44 . 12 % | | Top10 % income share | 29 . 23 % | 29 . 23 % | 29 . 06 % | _Source : Own simulations based on administrative tax data . _ _ * Sample includes wage earners and those who move out of formal employment ( assumed to move to other employment opportunities in the formal or informal sector with close to zero earnings ) . This represents the lower bound of inequality reduction . _ _ * * Sample restricted to wage earners , assuming all dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivity . _ _Note : The Gini coefficient and Theil Index are measured over labor income and do not include non-labor income sources . _ _Scenario 2 : Convergence to Living Wage Estimate_ * * Aligning the statutory minimum wage with a living wage estimate is expected to result in a substantial short-term increase in average wages . However , it may also lead to notable job losses , particularly affecting low-wage workers and the younger demographic . * * Table 7 illustrates the results . The increase directly influences a significant portion of full-time employees , accounting for 16 . 41 % . Among those directly affected , formal employment reduction is projected to be significant , around 7 . 72 % in the short run and 11 . 22 % in the long run , with the most significant job losses occurring among the youngest workers . Among all formal sector employees , the minimum wage hike is also expected to result in moderate job losses , affecting 1 . 44 % of full-time employees in the short run and 2 . 09 % in the long run . * * While aligning the statutory minimum wage with a living wage estimate offers sizable short-term benefits for a specific group , it poses potential long-term", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 311, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "United States , Jacobson ’ s work ( Jacobson 1989 and Jacobson 1991 ) shows that payment incentives do lead to declines in absenteeism . However , the welfare impacts are less certain . Jacobson ( 1989 ) documents how a payment incentive scheme led to a decline in teacher absenteeism . Nevertheless , one year later a fact - fi nding mission concludes that : “ While the District ’ s attendance statistics for the past several school years may lead some to conclude that attendance improved ( . . . ) the fact fi nder does not believe the record before him established that improved attendance rate ( . . . ) raised the quality of teachers or teaching in the District . In fact , the District and Association expressed their agreement that they knew of no way to measure the effectiveness of a sick teacher who came to work to assure receiving a higher share of EIT money vs . that of a sick teacher who stayed home to recuperate while a substitute taught his / her classes ( . . . ) I conclude that an attendance based criterion for the 1987 / 88 EIT distribution simply would not serve to promote the \" excellence in teaching \" envisioned by the State Legislature and the Governor ( PERB 1988 : 9-10 ) . ” The situation in low-income countries may be very different . Certainly , studies in India ( Chaudhury and others 2005 ) suggest that teacher absenteeism is largely due to shirking rather than illness . Jacobson ’ s work however , cautions us in extrapolating views from one continent to another . If teachers in Zambia and other Sub-Saharan countries are absent because they shirk and incentive schemes and greater accountability lead both to greater attendance and better performance , then such schemes can lead to better learning outcomes . However , if teachers ’ utility functions are altruistic so that most absenteeism is “ genuine ” , incentive schemes might hurt teacher motivation . This con fl ict between treating teachers as “ professionals ” who respond to monetary incentives and thinking of them as “ dedicated to students ’ needs ” remains at the center of a contentious debate in the United States .", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 406, "text": "attendance statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table S2 . 6 Estimating the effects of percentage changes in domestic food prices on changes in the $ 1 . 25 / day poverty headcount for different gaps between successive poverty observations * * | | * * R * * < br > | * * obust regression result * * < br > | * * s * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Regression Number | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | | Gap between successive poverty observations | * * 1-4 years * * | * * 1-3 years * * | * * 1-2 years * * | | Change in log of domestic food prices | - 22 . 36 * * * | - 21 . 59 * * * | - 10 . 85 | | | ( 5 . 95 ) | ( 6 . 45 ) | ( 8 . 04 ) | | Number of observations | 273 | 248 | 198 | | Observations from low income countries ( % ) | 15 . 23 % | 11 . 27 % | 8 . 65 % | | | | * * IV-GMM results * * | | | Regression Number | * * 4 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 6 * * | | Gap between successive poverty observations | * * 1-4 years * * | * * 1-3 years * * | * * 1-2 years * * | | Change in log of domestic food prices | - 50 . 02 | - 63 . 79 | 6 . 70 | | | ( 37 . 84 ) | ( 45 . 76 ) | ( 40 . 20 ) | | Number of observations | 273 | 248 | 198 | | Observations from low income countries ( % ) | 15 . 23 % | 11 . 27 % | 8 . 65 % | Source : Author ’ s estimates . Notes : See text for definitions of the variables . * , * * and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Discussion and Conclusion * * Teacher incentives have the potential to encourage teachers to exert more effort and ultimately lead to increase in student learning , but they could also lead to distortionary behaviors which could be detrimental for learning . The details of program design have been shown to matter for impacts , especially if they interact with teachers ’ intrinsic motivations differently . In the context of primary schools in Guinea , this impact evaluation shows that teacher incentives led to improvements in student learning outcomes after one year of program implementation — with in-kind rewards having impacts that are roughly twice as large as those of recognition rewards . After two years of the program , the impacts are substantially muted — they roughly halved in size — and no longer generally statistically significantly different from zero . This reduction in effect sizes was likely driven by the Ebola epidemic that was emerging close to the two-year mark of the program . Analysis of enrollment patterns across years and across cohorts does not suggest that there were any perverse enrollment impacts of the program . Data from the school inspections suggest an improvement in teaching preparation and practice : teachers made better use of resources in the classroom , were better prepared for the class , and implemented better teaching practices . Moreover , the results from lesson observations mirror the results on student learning . Male and female teachers respond differently to the different types of incentives . While there are many potential explanations for this result , we have suggestive evidence that the different types of incentives may be activating different underlying sources of motivation . In particular , the degree to which a teacher identifies themselves with the profession — potentially signaling a greater degree of intrinsic motivation — might be related to their responsiveness to the recognition incentive . These results have potential implications for policy . They suggest that teachers do indeed respond to performance incentives , and can do so in ways that improve student learning outcomes , even in a low-capacity environment . However , non-pecuniary rewards — which are often preferred by policy makers — might only be effective for some types of teachers . < sup > 16", "spans": [{"start": 1164, "end": 1196, "text": "Data from the school inspections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | 4 . 8 % ( 2 . 4-9 . 4 ) | 16 . 4 % ( 11 . 5-22 . 8 ) | | * * Kiryandongo ( 114 ) * * | 6 . 1 % ( 2 . 9-12 . 4 ) | 6 . 1 % ( 2 . 9-12 . 4 ) | | * * Kyegegwa ( 94 ) * * | 0 % ( 0-0 ) | 4 . 3 % ( 1 . 6-10 . 9 ) | | * * Moyo ( 85 ) * * | 5 . 9 % ( 2 . 5-13 . 4 ) | 11 . 8 % ( 6 . 4-20 . 6 ) | | * * Lamwo ( 91 ) * * | 3 . 3 % ( 1 . 1-9 . 8 ) | 12 . 1 % ( 6 . 8-20 . 6 ) | | * * Yumbe ( 99 ) * * | 9 . 1 % ( 4 . 8-16 . 6 ) | 15 . 2 % ( 9 . 3-23 . 7 ) | | * * Hoima ( 118 ) * * | 3 . 4 % ( 1 . 3-8 . 7 ) | 4 . 2 % ( 1 . 8-9 . 8 ) | | * * Koboko ( 81 ) * * | 3 . 7 % ( 1 . 2-10 . 9 ) | 9 . 9 % ( 5 . 0-18 . 6 ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 56 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 | | FIGURE31 : LISTEDBIRDSPECIESFOUNDWITHIN THEPROJECTAREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 | | FIGURE32 : BARCHARTSGENERATED FORWATERBIRDSQUALIFYING ASCRITICALHABITATSPECIESUSING EBIRDDATA FOR < br > WESTERNUGANDA ( VERTICAL BARS = PRESENCE ; ORANGE SHADING – BREEDING SEASON ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 | | FIGURE33 : MAP OFPROJECTDISTRICTS ( STUDYAREA ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 | | FIGURE34 : ORTHOMAPSHOWING THEWOBU", "spans": [{"start": 407, "end": 416, "text": "EBIRDDATA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "The result of this , as seen in Table 3 , is that there is essentially no difference in the responses of firms at the low end of the distribution no matter what the country DB value is , but substantial differences in the higher end . So for instance , the range of the DB data on imports is 80 days ( 84 versus 4 ) while the difference in the 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile is only 2 . 6 days and the 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile is 4 . 7 days . This implies the ― favored ‖ firms in the ― worst ‖ rated countries by the DB indicator do much better than the ― disfavored ‖ firms in the ― best ‖ rated DB countries . So the 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile firm in Uzbekistan , the country with the highest DB ranking of 84 days , is predicted to get imports through customs in 3 . 7 days versus 4 . 4 days for the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile firm in Estonia , with a DB ranking of only 4 days . But on the other side , nearly all of the action happens at the upper end , the ― disfavored ‖ firms . As detailed above , the DB range of 524 days from the ― best ‖ to ― worst ‖ in construction permits produces a predicted 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile difference of less than 2 days . However , the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile firm has a difference of 140 days between ― best ‖ and worst ‖ — and again , essentially all of this increase happens between the lowest DB value ( 77days ) and the 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ( 155 days ) . 20", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 288, "text": "DB data on imports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", for each state . Data are drawn from the tender-participant table , and encompass all types of purchases , including tender waivers , for both products and services . Here , we consider only the winners ’ ( suppliers ) information . We match this dataset with the _Cadastro Nacional de Pessoas Jurídicas_ ( CNPJ ) , a dataset provided by the Ministry of the Economy that contains information on every firm registered in Brazil ( we use this information as of 2019 , the earliest available year ) . Red dotted line marks the average value of the distribution . The temporal coverage of the data ranges from 2014 to 2021 . See Table 1 for more details on our data coverage . 26", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 67, "text": "tender-participant table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 The majority of workers with GFJTU worker permits ( 85 % ) are working in the construction , which is the sector that they are supposed to work in , but some of the Syrian refugee workers ( 16 % ) mentioned that they work in occupations other than the ones mentioned in their work permits . Referring their usual occupations to the six sectors shown in the chart below ; it could be inferred that construction work permits are sometimes being used by refugees working in other sectors . _Chart 9 : Type of Work Permit in Construction vs Usual Working Sector_ _Chart 10 : Normal Sector of Work by Sample Group_ 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". In Table 2 , column 7 , we argued that satisfying the exclusion restriction requires controlling for GDP proxies and climatic data . We therefore added rainfall and nighttime light intensity variables as controls , and averaged these variables over the same time span as for the instrument , 1995-2010 . We use 2014 averages instead to measure values of GDP and rainfall that are contemporaneous with the dependent variable . The estimated 2SLS coefficient for internet access ( panel B , column 1 ) , though slightly lower , is still significant at the 5 percent level . Next , we investigate whether the documented association between internet and jihadist recruitment could be driven by usage of other media . > 8Yearly data on lightning strikes with the same level of geographical detail is not available ( Manacorda and Tesei , 2020 ) and lightning strikes are highly serially correlated ( Andersen et al . , 2012 ) . 13", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 132, "text": "climatic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2005 India Human Development Survey * * The 2005 India Human Development Survey ( IHDS ) is a nationally representative sample of 41 , 554 urban and rural households covering a wide-ranging set of topics , including energy use , income , expenditure , education , health , time allocation , and irrigation . The 2005 IHDS covers all of India ’ s key states and union territories , with the exception of Andaman / Nicobar and Lakshadweep . The sampled households were selected from 33 states and union territories , 383 districts , 1 , 503 villages , and 971 urban blocks . # * * 4 . 1 * * * * < u > Household Selection < / u > * * Urban and rural households were selected using various sampling designs . The urban sample was drawn from all of a state ’ s urban areas , listed according to their size , with the number of blocks drawn from each urban area allocated based on probability proportional to size . Once the number of blocks for each urban area was set , the enumeration blocks were randomly selected with the assistance of the Registrar General of India . From these Census Enumeration Blocks of some 150 households , a complete household listing was formulated , and a sample of 15 households was selected per block . For ease of sampling , some smaller states were combined with larger neighboring states . The final urban sample covered more than 13 , 000 households . The rural sample selection was based on both the random sampling design used in the 2005 IHDS and the method used in the 1993 – 94 Human Development Profile of India ( HDPI ) survey , which covered 33 , 320 households in 16 states . About half of the sampled households were newly selected for the 2005 IHDS , while the other half had been interviewed initially as part of the 1993 – 94 HDPI ( Shariff 1999 ) . Both surveys follow a similar sampling design . In states where the 1993 – 94 survey had been conducted and contact details for future survey were available , 13 , 593 households were randomly selected for re-interview in 2005 .", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 45, "text": "2005 India Human Development Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 322, "end": 331, "text": "2005 IHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1525, "end": 1559, "text": "Human Development Profile of India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1771, "end": 1785, "text": "1993 – 94 HDPI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 139 * * The works shall include renovation / construction of Medical Buildings and Staff houses , Supply , installation and commissioning of Medical equipment and Medical Furniture , and Construction and / or supply and installation of incinerators at selected facilities . It is proposed to have incinerators at the regional referral hospitals , General hospitals and selected Health Centre IVs . Different types of incinerators have been proposed at the different levels . # # # # # * * 4 . 0 Objectives of the Consultancy * * The overall objective of the Consultancy is to carry out an environmental and social impact assessment for the renovation / construction and equipping of health facilities to ensure that activities related to their construction and rehabilitation are carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner . The specific objectives are : - * * 4 . 1 * * To assess the Environmental and Social impact of activities for the construction / rehabilitation and equipping of selected health facilities * * 4 . 2 * * Establish land needs for expansion and develop a resettlement action plan , where necessary and to undertake a survey of non health related livelihood activities . # # # # # * * 5 . 0 Detailed Scope of Services * * The scope of services in this Consultancy shall comprise : - # # # # # * * A . Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) * * 5 . 1 In the carrying out of the EIA , the consultants will carry out the following tasks a ) Acquaint himself with all the proposed works at the various sites including but not limited to the following - i ) Expansion works - ii ) Reconstruction / re-modelling works - iii ) Specifications of the incinerators and their locations - iv ) Equipment to be supplied b ) Survey all the identified sites including preparing a map / sketch of each site showing existing and future facilities in relation to important existing features in the surrounding areas , identifying site specific potential impacts and prescribing site specific mitigation measures / environmental management plan c ) Analyse the specifications", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gasoline Juba Malakal 95 . 3 % 31 . 2 % 32 . 7 % Source : Authors ’ calculations based on WFP data . There have been changes in price patterns over time . For example , in the case of sorghum and wheat flour , the price gaps shifted from negative to positive . While initially prices for these two products tended to be higher in Juba than in the rest of the state capitals , as time passed , prices became relatively lower in Juba . This is likely related to a shift in production and trade structures for those products as a consequence of the imposition of trade restrictions with Sudan . Although trade data by product and origin is scarce and incomplete , evidence suggests that imports of both wheat flour and sorghum increased substantially in recent years , and the origins of these flows are Uganda ( for wheat flour ) and the USA ( for sorghum ) . In both cases , these imported products enter the country through Juba , making it reasonable for their prices being lower in that point of entry . For example , the prices of sorghum in Malakal during 2009 and 2010 were lower than in Juba , but these prices increased rapidly and became volatile after the independence referendum ( January 2011 ) remaining higher than in Juba for the following two years . The increases in prices are likely related to transportation costs , multiple check points , roadblocks and payments of several formal and informal taxes . < sup > 12 < / sup > How did the border closure of August 2011 affect spatial price differences across the country ? Are there identifiable differences for states in the north ? We look at the effect of the border closure on price differences and its differential impact on northern states by product . Results are presented in Table 2 . < sup > 13 < / sup > The absolute values of price differences of a given product in a given city with respect to Juba are greater after the border closure , suggesting that the trade restrictions increased segmentation . For the cases of groundnuts , maize , sorghum and wheat flour , these differences are statistically", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 98, "text": "WFP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 601, "end": 611, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2009 * * | * * Table 10 . Applicatio * * < br > Top-20 ranking of countrie | * * ns sub * * < br > s based o | * * mitted b * * < br > n applicat | * * y cou * * < br > ions lod | * * ntry of a * * < br > ged during | * * sylum * * < br > the first < br > Bosnia | * * and ori * * < br > quarter . An | * * gin , firs * * < br > asterisk | * * t quarte * * < br > ( * ) denote | * * r 2009 * * < br > s a value | between 1 a | nd 4 . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | Albania | Australia | Austria | Belgium | < br > and H . | Bulgaria | Canada | Croatia | Cyprus | Czech Rep . | Denmark * * | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | | Iraq < br > Afghanistan | - < br > - | 54 < br > 116 | 111 < br > 499 | 362 < br > 391 | * < br > - | 96 < br > 27 | 58 < br > 85 | * < br > 6 | 78 < br > 12 | * < br > - | 128 < br > 222 | * < br > - | 576 < br > 111 | 199 < br > 80 | 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # # # # # * * Annex 10 . Security Risk Assessment and Management Plan * * # # # # # 1 . OVERVIEW OF THE SECURITY SITUATION The implementation of large development projects like the Governance Modernization Project covering large geographic areas does not occur without the influences of contextual security risk factors . By their very nature , such development projects are likely to affect and be affected by the social , political , cultural , economic , and environmental dynamics at the national , regional , and local levels . Considering this , an overview of the security situations in the country and project target regions is highlighted below . # # # # # # * * 1 . 1 Country Security Context * * Ethiopia is located in one of the world ’ s most conflicted geopolitical regions where instability tends to spill across borders . Assessing from this perspective , in particular , Sudan and Somalia the countries with which Ethiopia shares longer geographic boundaries are classified as fragile states . The war between the Sudanese Armed Forces ( SAF ) and the Rapid Support Forces ( RSF ) entered its first year . Security and Humanitarian Reports have shown that the growing spillover of the conflict in Sudan is likely to destabilize the immediate border areas of Ethiopia which could have national-level security threats . The clashes in Sudan have led to an influx of refugees and returnees into Ethiopia . The primary entry point is the Metema border post in the Amhara region < sup > 8 < / sup > . Thus , the escalation of the ongoing conflicts in Sudan may cause populations to seek refuge , putting pressure on social cohesion , services , and access to resources . The flow of armed groups or combatants may pose security threats in the immediate border areas . Similarly , the Horn of Africa including Ethiopia has been unstable for more than three decades after the fall of Somalia ’ s central government in 1991 . Owing to this Fragility and Conflict Situation ( FCS ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1245, "text": "Security and Humanitarian Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In rural road construction , priority was given to women affected by the project during compensation and resettlement program . In Somali region , though women are hesitant , they are highly encouraged to be member of steering committees working on women issues . Gender based violence ( GBV ) mostly affects women and girls due to the fact that in many cultures of Ethiopia , they are marginalized and have little or no power to make important decisions about their lives . Therefore , there will obviously be a gap in the overall capacity of ESPES implementers with regard to understanding and integrating GBV / SEA issues in the program implementation . The study team discussed about GBV with the five basic service sectors ( agriculture , education , health , water and rural roads ) and oversight agencies . It appears that GBV is not a main challenge that has happened as a result of ESPES activities . Contrary to this , the DHS data < sup > 3 < / sup > reported that in all regions , there were considerable number of GBV cases ’ . For example , in SNNP the prevalence of GBV was 29 % and in Oromia 38 % . Therefore , during the implementation of ESPES , taking due consideration on the issue of GBV should not be overlooked . Although there is a National GBV Working Group , currently its main focus is on humanitarian / rehabilitation issues . However , since ESPES is not directly involved in humanitarian activities , it may not be supported by the working group . Therefore , it may be necessary to strengthen the activities of the multi-sectoral government partners ( health service providers , Women and Children Affairs , Police and legal service providers ) . In addition , it may be required to update the gender action plan and make sure it has a protocol on how to carry out referrals of GBV to response services . Besides , it may be helpful to recognize and refer grievances related to GBV to respective service providers based on the demands of survivors and without forgetting confidentiality", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 941, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* _ < mark > . < / mark > _ * * The socioeconomic survey reveals variations in average annual income across the subproject Woredas . Lode Hetosa Woreda has the highest average annual income , at ETB 219 , 717 per household , while Hetosa Woreda has the lowest , at ETB 167 , 194 per household . Figure 6 . 12 : Proportions of HH Income from All Income sources The socioeconomic survey also shows that 52 . 7 % of annual cash income comes from the sale of annual crops , followed by income from livestock sales ( 12 . 1 % ) . This clearly shows how crop production supplemented by livestock rearing is the main livelihood of the households in Subproject Woredas as we as the main source of household cash income . Additionally , the sale of dairy products , petty trade , and daily labor contribute 7 . 8 % , 7 . 6 % , and 6 . 7 % to overall household annual cash income respectively . In contrast , income from livestock rent , sale of grass , and small-scale mining are minor contributors to household cash income . # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 2 Household Annual Expenditure * * The socioeconomic survey conducted for ESIA also assessed the annual expenditures of households on various commodities . According to the survey results , 270 households spent a total of ETB 38 , 171 , 738 over the 12 months preceding the ESIA survey . This means an average annual expenditure of approximately ETB 141 , 376 per household . The highest average annual expenditure was reported in Arsi-Robe Woreda , at ETB 151 , 229 per household , while the lowest average annual expenditure was recorded in Sude Woreda , at ETB 125 , 961 per household . Food expenses constitute the largest share of Page 80 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 56, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1315, "end": 1326, "text": "ESIA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 # # * * Arrivals to border areas and Belgrade * * Although the Western Balkan route is long closed , refugees and migrants continue to travel to and through Serbia using the same routes from before the closure , following the EU-Turkey Statement in March 2016 . Following the path of one of the main migratory routes towards EU , they entered Serbia mostly from the direction of the Republic of North Macedonia and Bulgaria , but also Romania , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and other countries . Newly arrived persons were observed mostly near local meeting spots , regional and local bus , railway and other traffic intersections and accommodation centres in Belgrade and border areas , as well as near the so-called “ exit points ” of Serbia . According to CRPC and HCIT field observation , persons arrived by land ( 81 . 5 % ) and air ( 18 . 5 % ) . According to FRONTEX , throughout the year , more than 56 , 000 irregular border crossings were detected , including increased land crossings from Turkey to Greece . < sup > 13 < / sup > Despite stricter border controls , two main routes were identified in the Western Balkans , and migrations shifted throughout the year , following the harshening of border control – “ the central route via Serbia and the route stemming from the Greek-Albanian border section , along the Bosnian and Herzegovinian – Croatian – Slovenian corridor and , to a lesser extent , on Serbia ’ s EU borders with Hungary , Croatia and Romania ” . < sup > 14 < / sup > Throughout 2018 , use of the Bosnian route intensified . According to IOM report , < sup > 15 < / sup > between January and December 2018 , authorities registered a total of 23 , 848 migrants and refugees that had entered Bosnia and Herzegovina , which was twenty times more than the 1 , 116 reported in 2017 and almost double the 2017 yearly total reported in all countries of the Western Balkan combined . The so", "spans": [{"start": 766, "end": 797, "text": "CRPC and HCIT field observation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Indicator Name * * | * * Monitoring & * * < br > * * Definition / Description * * | * * Evaluation Plan * * < br > * * Frequency * * | * * : PDO Indicators * * < br > * * Datasource * * | * * Methodology for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | This indicator includes | | | Project reports | | | Volume of additional private capital | unguaranteed private | Annual | NT | produced by PIU and | Implementing Agency | | mobilized | capital mobilized < br > ( cumulative , US $ millions ) | | | partners | | 53", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 406, "text": "Project reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "09-11 | | 2021-01-09 | | C2-MIES-17 / Diseño del mod < br > elo de gestión apalancado en < br > instrumentos jurídicos , meto < br > dológicos , operativos y tecno < br > lógicos para el seguimiento n < br > ominal de la población objeti < br > vo de misión ternura , orienta < br > do a la prevención de la desn < br > utrición infantil | < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | 106 , 388 . 80 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2020-09-16 < br > 202 | 0-09-30 < br > 2020-10-09 < br > 2020 | - 10-22 < br > 2020-10-30 | 2020-11-13 | 2020-11-27 | 2020-12-15 | 2020-12-30 | | 2021-04-30 | | < br > C2-MIES-43 / GESTIÓN DE C < br > ERTIFICACIÓN DE CALIDAD E < br > STADÍSTICA DE OPERACIONE < br > S ESTADÍSTICASBASADAS EN < br > REGISTROS ADMINISTRATIVO < br > S DE SERVICIOS DE ATENCIÓ < br > N A PERSONAS CON DISCAPA < br > CIDAD , DESARROLLO INFANT < br > IL INTEGRAL , ATENCIÓN A PE < br > RS", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 932, "text": "REGISTROS ADMINISTRATIVO", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "* * of medical records * * | | Description | Promoting digital transformation in health servcie delivery by scaling up the coverage of an existing EMR platform to all < br > MOH facilitysites , prioritizingfacilitysites in districts with a high concentration of Syrian refugees . | | Frequency | Biannualy . | | Data source | Administrative data from the EHS . | | Methodology for Data | Data collected from the EHS to measure how many MOH facility sites had installed and operationalized the EMR | | Collection | platform . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MOH and EHS . | Page | XXXIX", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 358, "text": "Administrative data from the EHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 388, "end": 415, "text": "Data collected from the EHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interest expenditure . In addition , business climates and policy frameworks improved in most of the 2001 LICs . Rapid economic growth in LICs has contributed to poverty reduction . The share of extreme poor in the population of 2001 LICs has fallen by 16 percentage points , on average , and this has contributed 20 percentage points — about one-third — to the decline in the global poverty headcount between 2001 and 2015 . This contribution , however , mostly reflects sharp declines in the poverty headcount of the 2001 LICs that reached middle-income levels , while masking broadly unchanged poverty headcounts among the countries that have remained , or became , LICs ( Figure 2 ) . Today ’ s LICs account for less than one-tenth of the global population ( one-quarter their share in 2001 ) . However , they are home to around 40 percent of the world ’ s extreme poor . This share is expected to remain elevated amid continued fragility in many of these economies , while the poverty headcount is expected to continue to decline elsewhere . # * * Figure 2 . LIC poverty * * # # * * A . LIC poverty rates and headcounts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Millions Percent < br > Poverty headcounts < br > 800 80 < br > Poverty rate ( RHS ) < br > 600 60 < br > 400 40 < br > 200 20 < br > 0 0 < br > 2001 Latest 2001 Latest < br > LICs turned MICs Continued LICs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # * * B . World poverty and LIC share of world population * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent of world population < br > 45 < br > Other countries < br > 2001 LICs turned MICs < br > 30 < br > Today ' s LICs < br > LIC population < br > 15 < br > 0 < br > 2001 Latest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : United Nations , World", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF to safety inspections , including fatalities and incidents and implementation of corrective actions ; ( d ) records relating to incidents of noncompliance with national law ; and ( e ) records of training provided for contracted workers to explain labor and working conditions and OHS for the project . # # # # # # * * 11 . PRIMARY SUPPLY WORKERS * * As identified in Section 2 . 1 , the types of labor requirements for Primary Supply may have significant risks of child labor and minimum age . The IAs will require the primary supplier to identify those risks consistent with paragraphs 17 to 20 of the ESS2 . For this purpose , the LMP will apply measures that will be followed to verify the age of project workers : - Documentation and verification of age are important steps in preventing employment or engagement of child labor , and , as appropriate to the project circumstances , may include the following , which are undertaken before the employment or engagement of a project worker and kept on file : - ✓ Obtaining written confirmation from the applicant of their age ; and - ✓ Where there is any reasonable doubt as to the age of the applicant , requesting and reviewing available documents to verify age ( such as a birth certificate , national identification card , and medical or school record ) - If a child under the minimum age is discovered working on the project , measures will be taken to terminate the employment or engagement of the child in a responsible manner , taking into account the best interest of the child . Possible measures will be outlined in the LMP . 96", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 259, "text": "records relating to incidents of noncompliance with national law", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 272, "end": 323, "text": "records of training provided for contracted workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1370, "end": 1394, "text": "medical or school record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "time , even if it was already produced domestically , is itself an entrepreneurial act that requires discovery ( Ibeh 2003 ) . Using export data allows us to consider all of the market failures associated with this entrepreneurial act , including those discussed in section 1 that are specific to exports . Worldwide export data are taken from the United Nations COMTRADE < sup > 3 < / sup > database , which contains global exports by country under multiple classification systems . These data are used in many publications to analyze export dynamism and growth as well as geographic patterns in export growth ( UNCTAD 2003 , Mayer , Butkevicius and Kadri 2002 , Lall 1998 & 2000 ) , but have not been used to study the emergence of new products . Export data at a highly disaggregated level are available from COMTRADE under the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System ( HS ) beginning in the early 1990s . There are over 55 countries reporting export data under the first revision of the Harmonized System ( HS 1988 / 1992 ) by 1992 , and 70 countries reporting by 1993 ( see Appendix II for sample composition ) . Data are available at multiple levels of disaggregation under the Harmonized System , and it is not obvious what the level of disaggregation for the analysis of discovery events should be . Greater disaggregation allows for the study of more specific products , and it is at this individual product level where uncertainty of production costs and market demand may require experimentation . However , there is a tradeoff when using higher levels of disaggregation , as at a > 3 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ( UN / DESA ) Commodity Trade Statistics Database , accessed via the World Bank World Integrated Trade Solution ( WITS ) tool , July 2004 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 328, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1678, "end": 1713, "text": "Commodity Trade Statistics Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the absence of a strong central government with a capable ministry of health to compile epidemiological data . The progression of HIV / AIDS cannot be effectively monitored without baseline data , and a lack of data hamper countrywide HIV activities . UNAIDS / WHO was unable to provide data in its epidemiological fact sheet on Somalia for 2004 . However , a recent nationwide ANC sentinel surveillance report for 2004 by WHO in Somalia shows a national median prevalence of 0 . 9 % with 0 . 6 % in the capital Mogadishu ; this is significantly lower than neighbouring countries of Kenya ( 14 % ) and Ethiopia ( 10 . 6 % ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > The 2004 sentinel surveillance report did not disaggregate according to non-displaced and IDPs . 29", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 111, "text": "epidemiological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 381, "end": 413, "text": "ANC sentinel surveillance report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 654, "end": 687, "text": "2004 sentinel surveillance report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The upper - and lower - bound estimates for mobility derive from two extreme cases of the assumed relationship between the error terms . It is important to note that upper bounds of mobility correspond to the lower bound of immobility , i . e . , remaining poor or remaining non-poor , and vice versa . Throughout the paper , upper-bound estimate and lower-bound estimate refer to upper and lower bounds of mobility . of mobility . At one extreme , we consider the case of , which corresponds to the upper-bound mobility estimate . In this scenario , the errors are uncorrelated and mobility , given household characteristics , will ρρ = 0 be at a maximum , both out of poverty and into it . Because we assume that errors in fact are positively correlated , on average the upper bound will be strictly larger than actual mobility . Predicted upper-bound round 1 income for household surveyed in round 2 will be : ii 1 ′ � , 2UU ii1 ii2 ıı1 yy � = ββ � xx + εε ̂ where � is a residual randomly drawn from the actual distribution of residuals resulting from estimating the income model on the round 1 data . Based on the predictions thus obtained , we can estimate the ıı1 εε ̂ probability of each poverty transition for each observation . Aggregating these quantities at the population level , we obtain the country-level poverty dynamics . < sup > 11 < / sup > Due to the random nature of this process , these steps are repeated R times , with R = 100 in this application , and averaged to obtain a robust estimate of the upper bound of mobility . Analogous to the upper-bound scenario , but without the repetition , we obtain the lower-bound population-level poverty dynamics estimates . < sup > 13 < / sup > Conditional probabilities are subsequently computed > 11 In our analysis the regressions are at the household level taking log per capita household income as the dependent variable . Transition probabilities for each household are population-weighted when we aggregate , so that the country-level figures represent population proportions . > 12 We use a scaling factor ⁄ to adjust for the difference in error", "spans": [{"start": 1091, "end": 1103, "text": "round 1 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project ( P164654 ) | | This indicator tracks the consistent review , update and implementation of the HSNP scalability strategy . < br > This will include : ( i ) a review of the triggering mechanism along with the relevant analysis of operational , < br > fiscal and financial implications of any suggested changes ; ( ii ) revisions to triggering mechanism < br > guidelines and strategy ; and ( iii ) agreement on recommended changes and adoption by the NDMA Board < br > of Management . Changes to the strategy should result in an average cost of scalability in the existing four | | - - - | - - - | | Comments * * : * * | HSNP counties which is in-line with and comparable to the current average cost of scalability , as per the < br > HSNP Scalability Policy Paper dated February 2016 and Scalability Guidelines dated January 2016 . The < br > average annual emergency transfer amount for each county and each set of rules will be calculated as the < br > historical average emergency transfer amount that would be paid in previous years had the rules been in < br > effect in those years , using historical trigger data . A mid-term review will include , in addition , an external < br > audit to confirm integration of scalability parameters in the HSNP MIS . | # # # * * Overall Comments IR * * For the last three payment cycles ( Nov / Dec 2018 , Jan / Feb 2019 and March / Apr 2019 ) 100 percent of the cash transfers were paid on time . # # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * ► DLI 1 Number of counties where the roll out of enhanced Single Registry covers at least 75 percent of targeted households ( Text , Outcome , 57 , 900 , 000 . 00 , 4 . 30 % ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current )", "spans": [{"start": 1202, "end": 1225, "text": "historical trigger data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Japanese and Chinese companies were among the fastest growing investors overseas in 2010 ‖ ( _fDIintellingence ) . _ > 24 Assessing the country / regional allocation of FDI is known to be difficult and alternative data sources must be used for cross-check . The official data underestimate the FDI in Africa because a large proportion of China ‘ s OFDI flows to Hong Kong SAR , China and several ― tax havens ‖ , and then being re-directed to various regions . Another part of this outflow constitutes the so called ― round-tripping ‖ investment back to China . The database by Heritage Foundation addressed this problem by tracing investments from these tax havens to its ultimate destination . For details see Derek Scissors ( 2010 ) . 49", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 599, "text": "database by Heritage Foundation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | | | 2Less < sup > totalAmountrecovered < / sup > < sup > * * by * * Worldan < / sup > < br > * * EQUALSPRESENT * * < sup > * * OUTSTANDING AMOUNTADVANCED * * TO < / sup > < br > * * 3DESIGNATED * * < sup > * * ACCOUNT * * < / sup > < br > * * 3 , 865 , 000 . 00 * * < br > AmountinDesignated < sup > Account as at < / sup > < sup > * * 30 . 06 . 2025 * * perBankStatement < / sup > < br > 4 ( copy < sup > attached ) < / sup > < sup > * * - * * Bank ofUganda < / sup > < br > * * 6 * * < br > Plus amounts < sup > claimedinpreviousapplicationsnotyetCreditedatdateof < / sup > | | | * * 5 * * BankStatements < br > < br > | | * * 6 ( A ) * * < br > 6 ( B ) | Pluscumulative < sup > Expenditureasat < / sup > < sup > * * 30 . 06 . 2025 * * < / sup > < br > * * 7 * * < br > * * 3 , 13 , 271 . 81 * * < br > Exchangerate < sup > loss < / sup > < br > 1457 . 0 < br > * * 7EQUALS * * TOTAL < sup > * * ADVANCE ACCOUNTED * * FOR < / sup > < br > 3 , 814 , 728 . 85 < br > * * 8", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 622, "text": "BankStatements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "development practitioners have been faced with an acute lack of data and evidence on how to design and implement support policies . This lack of evidence is especially acute in developing countries . This paper addresses this gap by providing novel evidence using recently collected firm-level data covering more than 120 , 000 firms across 60 ( mostly developing ) countries . The paper ’ s results show that there are significant gaps to be addressed in order to improve the reach , targeting , and effectiveness of policy support . Smaller firms , especially those owned by women in sectors such hospitality , are facing some of the largest declines in sales _and_ the most limited access to policy support – raising concerns about widening inequality . Similarly , the likelihood of receiving support for firms in poor countries is several times less than for similar firms in highincome countries . While governments appear to have prioritized minimizing exclusion concerns over strict targeting in the earlier stages of the pandemic , this has resulted in a large number of firms benefiting from public assistance without having experienced any adverse COVID-19 shock – an issue that will demand more attention as fiscal space becomes more constrained . Lastly , there is indicative evidence that some types of policies ( i . e . liquidity injections direct or through credit and wage subsidies ) have been successful in mitigating liquidity constraints and reducing layoffs – but much more rigorous analysis will be needed to provide more precise guidance to policy makers . Going forward , we see four main avenues for future research . First , understanding better how firms manage to receive public support and the extent to which connections may explain access to public resources . Second , our results so far present some novel associations but we limited ourselves to mainly presenting conditional correlations . Future research , relying on additional data collection and stronger identification strategies , should address more carefully the question of the effect of receiving public support on subsequent firm results . Third , some of the policies being implemented may have important spillover effects , especially when targeted firms play an important role in supply chains and production , which will be an important area for future", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 298, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "differ from what has been observed historically . Stochastic data sets provide a synthetic view of all events that could occur in a given year , together with their likelihood of occurring . These data sets typically allow for a more reliable analysis of drought risk , especially for events that occur less frequently . Use of a stochastic data set for Malawi showed how such an analysis can be carried out , but further work is needed to produce and use more reliable analyses of spatial and temporal correlations of drought hazard . A further extension of this work would incorporate climate trends into the analysis of welfare impacts in order to estimate the costs of longer-run welfare impacts ( Baquie and Foucault 2023 ) . # References ABI ( Association of British Insurers ) . 2011 . _Industry Good Practice for Catastrophe Modelling_ . London : ABI . - < u > https : / / www . abi . org . uk / globalassets / sitecore / files / documents / publications / public / migrated / solvency ii / industry-good-practice-for-catastrophe-modelling . pdf . < / u > Angrist , J . D . , and J . S . Pischke . 2009 . _Mostly Harmless Econometrics_ . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Anttila-Hughes , J . , and M . Sharma . 2015 . “ Linking Risk Models to Microeconomic Indicators . ” Policy Research Working Paper 7359 , World Bank , Washington , DC . < u > < mark > http : / / hdl . handle . net / 10986 / 22235 . < / mark > < / u > < mark > Artuc . E . , G . Porto , B . Rijkers . 2023 . Crops , Conflict , and Climate Change . World Bank Mimeo . < / mark > - Auffhammer , Maximilian . 2018 . “ Quantifying Economic Damages from Climate Change . ” Journal of Economic Perspectives 32 ( 4 ) : 33 – 52 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1257 / jep . 32 . 4 . 33 . - Baez , Javier E . , Varun Kshirsagar , and Emmanuel Skoufias . 2019 . “ Adaptive Safety Nets", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 70, "text": "Stochastic data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 330, "end": 360, "text": "stochastic data set for Malawi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for resilient and green urban transport development in Kenya . The Activities consist of the following parts : - ( a ) _Development of enabling regulatory and institutional fi · amework , _ including establishing the institutional arrangements for an Interoperable Fare Collection System ( IFCS ) , developing standard business rules and national standards for IFCS , including rules for fare and fare media ; and - ( b ) _Dissemination and outreach , _ including carrying out dissemination activities for enabling the regulatory framework of IFCS , conducting capacity building and international knowledge exchange activities on IFCS for key stakeholders in public and private sectors , holding public consultations to build public consensus regarding the standard business rules and national standards ofIFCS , training relevant government officers for effective enforcement of the rules and standards and conducting capacity building on utilization of big data obtained from IFCS for transport planning . 2 . 02 . * * _Execution of the Activities Generally . _ * * The Recipient declares its commitment to the objectives of the Activities . To this end , the Recipient shall carry out the Activities through the State Department for Transport in accordance with the provisions of : ( a ) Article II of the Standard Conditions ; ( b ) the Anti-Corruption Guidelines ; and ( c ) this Article II . 2 . 03 . * * _I11stitutional and Other Arrangements . _ * * Without limitation upon the provisions of Section 2 . 02 above , the Recipient shall : ( i ) maintain a dedicated team within the State Department for Transport with composition ( including a social specialist and a communication specialist ) , resources , and terms of reference acceptable to the Bank , for the implementation of the Activities ; ( ii ) collaborate with such", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 982, "text": "big data obtained from IFCS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "looking at reform in the communications-related sectors . The first study used bilateral data on communication costs and trade flows for 107 countries , finding that costs affect trade flows negatively , with the effect being larger for differentiated goods . The second used a panel of Asian countries and found that variations in communications-related infrastructure affected export performance in those countries . The channel we examine in this paper , linking services sector reform with manufacturing firms ’ productivity levels has been previously explored in the context of the Czech Republic , Chile and India , and for the Sub-Saharan African ( SSA ) region . Arnold , Javorcik and Mattoo ( 2007 ) used firm-level data for manufacturers in Czech Republic , combined with several indicators of service sector reform , and found sizable effects on productivity of increased foreign entry into services . Arnold , Mattoo and Narciso ( 2008 ) focused on Africa , using data from 1000 firms in 10 SSA countries , and found a positive effect of performance of communications , electricity , and financial sectors on manufacturing TFP . Fernandes and Paunov ( 2008 ) used firm-level data of Chilean manufacturers combined with FDI stocks in the services sector , and examined the impact of the latter stocks on manufacturing firms ’ productivity , finding a positive effect of significance both economically and statistically . Interestingly , they also found that those manufacturing firms furthest from the technology frontier had most to gain in terms of productivity improvements as a result of service sector liberalization . Finally , Arnold , Javorcik , Lipscomb and Mattoo ( 2010 ) used data from Indian manufacturing firms and constructed indicators of service sector reform in the same country , and found that potential productivity gains appear to be greatest for reforming those service sectors most closely related to trade : transport , communications and finance . They found effects on foreign firms to be stronger . # * * 3 . The Service Sector in Indonesia : Some Background Information * * # # * * 3 . 1 Trends * * In 2011 , the services sector accounted for 53 . 8 % of Indonesian GDP . It has been growing at an average rate of 7 .", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 132, "text": "bilateral data on communication costs and trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 278, "end": 302, "text": "panel of Asian countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 714, "end": 765, "text": "firm-level data for manufacturers in Czech Republic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 976, "end": 1016, "text": "data from 1000 firms in 10 SSA countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1176, "end": 1216, "text": "firm-level data of Chilean manufacturers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1699, "end": 1735, "text": "data from Indian manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) employment rates and placing them in jobs with greater earnings . Demand-side components < sup > 40 < / sup > complement these efforts by supporting firms ’ expansion , which generate economic benefits by hiring otherwise un - or underemployed workers into better paying jobs . In addition to benefits directed to workers ( e . g . , greater employment rates and earnings ) , there are also broader benefits to society associated with the jobs , such as increased social cohesion or decrease in crime and violence . The project ’ s emphasis on explicit target populations and implementer incentives based on beneficiary categories is motivated by the recognition that driving factor for the benefits is , indeed , supporting populations that would otherwise have had lower employment rates , earned less in the jobs they have access to , and whose employment creates a positive social change . * * 75 . * * Based on these principles , the World Bank conducted a cost-benefit analysis of the project ’ s six subcomponents , with a focus on labor market outcomes , < sup > 41 < / sup > to calculate the project ’ s social rate of return . Among the sub-components , three relevant approaches were used to suit related activities : one for assessing skills training interventions ( sub-component 1 . 1 ) , one for business expansion subsidies ( sub-component 2 . 1 ) , and one for curriculum reform ( sub-component 1 . 2 ) . In each case , the estimated benefit streams are based on available data . For example , labor force data was used to estimate various wage and employment rates among youth ages 18 to 30 . Annex 3 specifies the approach and adaptation for each of the sub-components and the parameter values used in the calculation . * * 76 . * * Accounting for the total benefits and costs across all six sub-components with jobs-related outcomes , a projectlevel social rate of", "spans": [{"start": 1591, "end": 1607, "text": "labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( DiNIECE > 6 These figures do not include special and adult education . > 7 According to De Hoyos , < u > < mark > Holland , and Troiano < / mark > ( 2015 ) , there is a gradual increase in Argentina ’ s Science scores between 2006 and < / u > 2012 , but it is not statistically significant at conventional levels ( 95 percent ) . > 8 Argentina participated in PISA 2015 , but its results were excluded from the main report due to problems with sample design . However , CABA participated as an adjudicated region and was included in the results . - 9 In a similar vein , results of the UNESCO Second Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study ( SERCE ) , applied to students of third and sixth graders , show that only 11 . 4 percent of sixth-grade students were able to explain everyday situations based on scientific evidence , use models to explain natural phenomena , or draw conclusions based on data ( UNESCO 2009 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 644, "text": "UNESCO Second Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collection instruments and the database system , includiig a range of income and expenditure indices beyond the meat-cereal price ratio \" currently being used . More data will be collected on natuial resources , migration and conflict Software and data capture instrumilenits will be upgraded , as well as mapping capability . Systems for better communiication of EWS data and analysis will be enhanced for improved upward and downward flow . Human and technical capacity will be enihanced at district and national levels to ensure the continued credibility and sustainability of the system . The second phase of the project will aim to strengthien and institutionialize the drought managemenit system at nationial and district level . At the national level the legal formalization of the Kenya Food Security Meeting ( KFSM ) as the nationial steering group for food security and drought management would be soughit . Investments to strengthieni the role and functioni of the Kenya Food Security Steeriig Group ( the secretariat of the KFSM ) through its data sub-committee of and the data management unit at ALRMP headquarters would be carried out to complete the capacity building requiremilenits for national coordination as well as to formalize the key focal points in all relevant goverinmenit departmenits for information sharing on food security and drought T ' he legal formalization the district steerilg group in all 22 project districts in the govermenit structure would be sought , as the subcommilttee of the DDC responsible for natural resource and droughit management with the mandate to harimionize the planning of NRM and drought related activities of all line ministries , CBOs and NGOs * * in * * the district In addition , the project will aim to strengtiheni local government by enilanicing the role of community councilors , the Ink betveen line miniistries at district level and the county / municipal councils , and assist x", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 372, "text": "EWS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fue transcurriendo el tiempo de operación , se hicieron evidentes algunas lecciones aprendidas sobre la planificación de las jornadas . Una de ellas y muy importante fue el criterio para seleccionar el sitio de trabajo en un municipio : debían ser lugares alejados de instalaciones militares y lugares que representaran “ neutralidad ” frente al conflicto como escuelas , centros de salud y parroquias . Eso dio un elemento distintivo de “ intervención humanitaria ” a las jornadas . Los censos de población a documentar también significaron algunos retos . Había lugares donde el control de los actores armados impedía que la gente entregara sus datos para que hiciera parte de un listado , porque temían que pudieran llegar a ellos y convertirse en “ objetivos militares ” fácilmente ubicables . En otros casos , los mismos grupos armados limitaban “ hacer ejercicios de listas ” que no fueran controlados por ellos y cuando las comunidades estaban aisladas entre sí , muchos líderes referían que : “ _Sí , hay personas que les faltan documentos pero no los anotamos porque no pudimos llegar allá . Seguro que cuando demos la fecha de la jornada la gente baja para que le den el documento ” . _ En muchos casos entonces tan solo se recogen datos estimativos de las personas que se acercarían a las jornadas . 28", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 507, "text": "censos de población", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "boreholereports . | Ongoing | TheConsultanthashoweversubmitted , in < br > piecemeal fashion , atotalof < sup > _54_reports , only < / sup > < br > ( Klifi-31 , Tana River20and < sup > Isiolo < / sup > < sup > * * 3 . ) by * * the < / sup > < br > endofthereportingperiod . < sup > Further , dueto < / sup > < br > thetravelandhealthrestrictions < sup > arisingfrom < / sup > < br > * * COVID-19 , * * theConsultanthaswithdrawn < br > Teamfromthefield . | # # * * Component 3 Achievements * * - During the reporting period the Combined Evaluation report ( CER ) i . e . both Financial and Technical for both component * * 1-3A * * and 1-3B were cleared ready for submission . The budget in the proposal received exceeds the Procurement Plan budget . The Ministry is considering requesting the Bank for authority to transfer responsibility of procurement to REREC and KPLC . - The Boreholes Investigation Consultant was able to submit soft copies of _54_ boreholes reports during the period . ix", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 15, "text": "boreholereports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strikes increase the user cost of IT related infrastructure because they create voltage surges and dips ( Andersen et al . , 2011 , 2012 ) ; accordingly , we expect a negative first-stage coefficient . Our exclusion restriction , therefore , postulates that lightning strikes affect radicalization only through their impact on internet access . However , as discussed by Manacorda and Tesei ( 2020 ) , lightning strikes might be correlated with other climatic or topographical characteristics like rainfall , which in turn might affect economic development . Since the instrument varies only at the delegation level , controlling for delegation fixed effects is no longer feasible . We nonetheless include in the vector of control variables _Xdea_ a measure of delegation _d_ ’ s income as proxied by ( log ) nighttime lights , its ( log ) area , and the ( log ) average monthly amount of rain that fell there . * * Addressing spatial correlation * * The instrumental variable strategy makes salient that deployment of the internet , a network technology , is likely to be spatially correlated . Thus , for both error terms _εdea_ ( or _ζdea_ for the fixed-effect estimations ) and _νdea_ , we allow for spatial correlation . We first allow _εdea_ and _εde ′ a ′ _ to be correlated , by clustering standard errors at the delegation level , but given the potential spatial dependence in internet access and its instrumental variable , our preferred specifications use the procedure from Conley ( 1999 ) to accommodate spatial correlation . # * * 3 Data * * To estimate equation ( 1 ) and its variants , we combine a dataset on Daesh foreign personnel that contains information on Tunisian recruits with socio-economic and other data on the geographic areas those recruits are coming from . * * Daesh foreign recruits * * Our main source of data comes from Daesh administrative records on its foreign fighters . The dataset , believed to have been leaked by a defector , covers 3965 male foreign recruits , which constitutes an estimated 30 percent of foreign fighters who joined the organization from early 2013 through late 2014 ( Dodwell et al . , 2016a ) . < sup > 3 < /", "spans": [{"start": 1615, "end": 1649, "text": "dataset on Daesh foreign personnel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1855, "end": 1883, "text": "Daesh administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for all States Rs . 132 , 588 million in revenues , or 6 . 2 percent of total tax revenue of the States , behind only State sales taxes ( 43 . 3 percent ) and State excise duties ( 9 . 4 percent ) in relative importance . < sup > 27 < / sup > This section examines the revenue performance of stamp duties . This performance has several dimensions . First , what are the levels of stamp duty collections in the States , and how have stamp duty revenues varied over time for the various States ? Second , what are the estimated revenue losses due to the widespread undervaluation of transactions ? Third , how are stamp duties linked to other taxes in the Indian public finance system ? In particular , how does undervaluation in stamp duties affect revenues from other taxes that are linked either directly or indirectly to the duties ? Fourth , how are stamp duty revenues , as well as revenues of the other linked taxes , likely to be affected by a change in stamp duty rates ? # * * A . Stamp Duty Collections and Trends * * Table 7 gives revenues from non-judicial stamp duties for selected States for 2000-2001 , and also shows the total revenues from stamp duties and registration fees for all States for the same year . < sup > 28 < / sup > Tables 8 and 9 give some additional information on the tax structures of selected > 26 For a detailed discussion of these distortions , with a special focus on Tamil Nadu , see David Dowall ( 2003 ) , “ Tamil Nadu Urban Land Management and Urban Planning Assessment ” . > 27 See Reserve Bank of India ( 2003 ) , _State Finances – A Study of Budgets 2002-03_ ( New Delhi , India ) . > 28 These data come from different sources , and so are not strictly comparable . Researchers at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy collected the information on non-judicial stamp duties ; the information on stamp duties 17", "spans": [{"start": 1793, "end": 1833, "text": "information on non-judicial stamp duties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1840, "end": 1867, "text": "information on stamp duties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Cyclicality of real | | | | | | | | GDP | 0 . 164 * * * | 0 . 289 * * * | 0 . 229 * * | - 0 . 042 | 0 . 188 * * * | 0 . 167 * * * | | | ( 0 . 049 ) | ( 0 . 099 ) | ( 0 . 109 ) | ( 0 . 120 ) | ( 0 . 059 ) | ( 0 . 150 ) | | Observations | 1 , 954 | 653 | 357 | 221 | 440 | 283 | | # countries | 116 | 39 | 21 | 13 | 26 | 17 | Notes . Clustered standard errors in parentheses . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 Table D . 1 allows comparing the different determinants of procyclicality across regions . SSA and LAC , the more procyclical regions , show the lowest credit to private sector ratios . SSA has the highest perception of corruption . Also , it is the region with the highest degree of ethnic and religious fragmentation . Also , SSA has the most unequal distribution of resources , after MENA . All the conditioning factors point at SSA as the one with the highest procyclicality bias . > 15 This is equivalent to relaxing the common know-how ( common intercept for each country ) , and of common technology ( common coefficient for each country ) which are critical when using macro data . > 16 When balanced , we have 17 observations per country ( 2000-2016 ) , and six coefficients to be estimated , excluding the intercept . The * * xtmg * * command by Markus Eberhardt ( https : / / sites . google . com / site / medevecon / code ) is considered to regress the MG estimator on STATA software . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1114, "text": "macro data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * For PAPs who might lose business , he noted that they will be entitled to cash compensation equivalent to a 3-month average income derived from the businesses they operate . He indicated that vulnerable categories of PAPs are persons such as elderly , orphans , widows and disabled who might suffer dis-appropriately because of the water easement acquisition . He said that such PAPs if enumerated will be entitled to extra support in terms of extra cash that would enable them to hire labour and transport services for instance during structures removal , he said that such people would be given priority in compensation and offered personalized support during resettlement . # # # # # # * * < u > MIN 3 / 07 / 2018 : Cut-off Date Declaration < / u > * * The cut-off date was discussed and agreed upon during consultative meetings as the date of start of PAPs census activities , for Malindi town the date was adopted as * * 25th July 2018 * * . Further , PAPs were informed that only PAPs enumerated by the agreed cut-off date will be eligible for compensation . # # # # # # * * < u > MIN 4 / 7 / 2018 : PLENARY DISCUSSION < / u > * * The below listed issued in table below were discussed with the meeting at the plenary session . # # # # # # * * Plenary Discussion during the Meeting * * | * * Key Issues * * | * * Concerns * * | * * Response * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Malindi Town * * | | | | Closure of < br > business and", "spans": [{"start": 1106, "end": 1128, "text": "PAPs census activities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in urban areas from 2006 to 2008 constructed by the Government of Afghanistan . < sup > 19 < / sup > During the NRVA survey timeframe ( August 2007-September 2008 ) , the urban food CPI increased by nearly 60 % , while the nonfood CPI increased by only 10 % . Our calculations using the NRVA district price survey data similarly indicate a 60 % weighted average increase in food prices in urban areas during this period ( with the overall increase at 40 % ) . > 19 The consumer prices indices were constructed by the Afghan Central Statistics Organization , based on data from six urban areas of Afghanistan . 7", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 123, "text": "NRVA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 287, "end": 318, "text": "NRVA district price survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 607, "text": "data from six urban areas of Afghanistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * CHAPTER 2 * * # # # # # # * * 2 . 0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT * * # # # # # # * * 2 . 1 Location and Extent * * The Mau Summit-Kisumu sections of road B1 and Al < sup > comprisetheprojec : : area < / sup > covering about 140 Km . The project runs in a South Westerly < sup > directionfromelMau < / sup > Summit urban center at the junction of roads AiC 4 and Bi < sup > to Kericho , then in1 . : north < / sup > westerly direction to Awasi District headquarter of Nyando at the < sup > junctionolroads < / sup > C37 and B1 ( 10OKm ) and to the junctions of roa J Al and Bi < sup > in Aheroand < / sup > < sup > _fir ' _allyto < / sup > Kisumu . ( See Appendix 1 ) Road map of Kenya showing < sup > theMau-Summit-I1 ' isumu < / sup > section ( the proposed rehabilitation project ) . # # # # # # * * 2 . 2 General layout * * The road can be split into five homogenous secti ( < sup > nsas follows : < / sup > * * Section 1 : * * from Km 0 to Km 40 ( Mau Summit ' : o Chepsir ) This section features some of the most serious iegradation . < sup > M , anyborrowpil ; have < / sup > yet to be adequately rehabilitated . Non-rehabi Itated steep < sup > cuttingsandreisulting < / sup > gullies by the roadside pose serious visual intrusi on . It < sup > is", "spans": [{"start": 681, "end": 698, "text": "Road map of Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STAYING SAFE : INTER-AGENCY INSIGHTS ON PROTECTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # * * Child protection * * # # * * Family separation * * Family separation continues to be one of the defining features of the Ukraine refugee crisis According to < u > UNHCR ’ s protection monitoring , 72 % < / u > of refugees surveyed reported being separated from immediate family members . < sup > 3 < / sup > In this context , many children have been separated from one or both their parents or primary caregivers . They often arrived in host countries accompanied by either one parent ( primarily their mother ) , a relative , or another trusted adult , due to the inability or unwillingness of the parents / caregivers to leave the country . Research shows that being separated from family is one of the most stressful experiences for children . Separation from caregivers is especially difficult and can have a greater long term psychological impact than the conflict itself , often resulting in psychosocial distress with short - and long-term consequences for children ’ s development and their social and emotional wellbeing . Children who are separated from the families are also at an increased risk of becoming a victim of violence , exploitation , trafficking , discrimination , and other types of abuse . Households headed by women with their own children constitute around 31 % of all households surveyed across the ten countries and thus the largest household category for nearly all countries . Six percent of the households with children reported that the children do not belong to the nuclear family . # # * * Risks faced by refugee children in displacement * * Refugee households with at least one boy or girl were asked whether the children face any risks in their neighbourhood and what the most serious risks are . Of these , 52 % of households reported risks for boys and 53 % for girls . There are variations across countries : households in the Czech Republic , for instance , were much more concerned about risks for boys and girls", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 296, "text": "UNHCR ’ s protection monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and income similar to natives . The empirical findings related to the effects on the social cohesion of the host communities , with the analysis of indicators such as refugees ’ political values , trust and civic engagement , suggest that a larger concentration of refugees in co-ethnic enclaves can lead to lower levels of social cohesion in the long run . Martén et al . ( 2019 ) make use of the random assignment policy of refugees across Swiss cantons to investigate the causal effects of ethnic clusters on economic and social integration . The authors rely on the registry data from the State Secretariat of Migration that covers the universe of asylum seekers , combined with rich administrative data from the registry for all migrants living in Switzerland . They examine refugees who obtained subsidiary protection over 2008 – 2013 . The authors find that larger local ethnic networks of refugees predict higher employment probabilities compared to refugees assigned to smaller ethnic communities . These effects are largest within the first three years since arrival and then they fade afterwards . These findings are consistent with the theory that larger networks of co-ethnics facilitate information transmission and better matching . On the other hand , Battisti et al . ( 2021 ) find mixed evidence . They examine the role of co-ethnic networks in Germany over 2013 – 2015 . Their identification strategy relies , as in previous studies , on the quasi-random allocation of refugees ( and ethnic Germans ) across locations . The authors use rich German social security data matched to migration survey data , which allow controlling for a large set of fixed effects and individual characteristics . They find that the larger initial ethnic networks are associated with higher employment probabilities for low and medium-level educated refugees in the first three years since arrival . However , in the long-run the effect dissipates and these refugees no longer have an advantage over those with smaller co-ethnic networks . The underlying mechanism they suggest is the lower incentives to invest in human capital among those with a larger initial network . Another aspect related to initial conditions , which has been understudied , is the role of local attitudes towards refugees . The two existing studies , both", "spans": [{"start": 570, "end": 623, "text": "registry data from the State Secretariat of Migration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 717, "end": 742, "text": "registry for all migrants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1560, "end": 1587, "text": "German social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1599, "end": 1620, "text": "migration survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ sup > < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | | | | | | | Self Awareness | | 0 . 36 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | | | | | | Emotional Regulation | | | 0 . 31 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | | | | | Self Control | | | | 0 . 35 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | | | | Perseverance | | | | | 0 . 37 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | | | Personal Initiative | | | | | | 0 . 35 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | | | Problem Solving | | | | | | | 0 . 34 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | | Control Mean | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 02 | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 02 | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 02 | - 0 . 02 | | Observations | 849 | 849 | 849 | 849 | 849 | 849 | 849 | Notes : OLS regressions controlling for strata dummies used in the randomization and baseline value of the outcome . Soft skills were only measured at baseline and endline . Robust standard errors shown in parenthesis . The controls presented in the table are the baseline measures of each index . 36", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subsidies | 0 . 39 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 36 | n . a . | | B2 . Budget Investment Grants | n . a . | 0 . 05 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 09 | | - Public Transportation | n . a . | 0 . 05 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 09 | | Memo : Tax arrears and deferrals annual fl | ows n . a . | 0 . 76 | 0 . 74 | 1 . 14 | Memo : Tax arrears and deferrals , annual flows n . a . # Source : The World Bank While regional transfers are mainly targeted at compensating producers affected by locally imposed price controls , there is some evidence that enterprises outside of the three sectors mentioned above also frequently benefit from regional govermment support . However , these kinds of transfers are quite badly documented . Despite the growing role of regionally funded subsidies , there are no reliable public finance statistics to clarify the structure of local spending on the enterprise sector . The growing share of regional subsidies to enterprises is either reflected in the budget items ' loans \" and ' bthers \" or provided from outside of the regional budget altogether . The latter includes transfers from regional extrabudgetary funds < sup > 5 < / sup > , various local tax benefits , and 5 Serova and Melyukhina ( 1995 ) describe the Ulyanovsk model of extensive regional government price control and food rationing . The distinctive feature of the model is the existence of an informal agreement between local enterprises and the administration to comply with regional price and trade controls and provide transfers to the regional extrabudgetary fumd used primarily for price subsidization .", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 784, "text": "public finance statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Education | | 0 . 061 < br > ( 0 . 042 ) | | | | | | Patient Health Status ( Bad or Very Bad ) | | 2 . 680 * * * < br > ( 0 . 667 ) | | | | | | Distance from Home ( in Km ) | | 0 . 683 * * * < br > ( 0 . 152 ) | | | | | | Observations | 3201 | 2938 | 648 | 189 | 5260 | 367 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 07 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 77 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 79 | | Dependent Variable Mean | 8 . 16 | 8 . 13 | 9 . 66 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 70 | 53 . 05 | | Mean ( SD ) JHIC Score at Baseline | 36 . 63 ( 12 . 14 ) | 36 . 68 ( 12 . 22 ) | 33 . 55 ( 11 . 28 ) | 32 . 66 ( 9 . 56 ) | 42 . 90 ( 10 . 31 ) | 41 . 18 ( 10 . 20 ) | | Total Controls Selected by PDF ( out of 23 ) | 6 | 8 | 12 | 2 | 3 | 6 | _Notes_ . Robust standard errors reported in parentheses and clustered at the market level . * * * ( * * ) ( * ) denotes significance at 1 % ( 5 % ) ( 10 % ) level . Controls are selected by PDSLASSO out of a list of 23 variables . Market size , facility opening year , facility levels and strata FE at baseline are partialled out for all regressions ( imposed as controls in the regression ) so not included in the list of 23 variables . The indicator for unlicensed at baseline is partialled out for the private facilities regressions . In Column 2 , patient wealth index , years of education , health status , and distance from home are partialled out . HF = health facility ; JHIC = Joint", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "column 7 we show that 32 % of the control group were perhaps confused in public . They give an incorrect answer in public but it was not what the leader and deputy said . Similarly , in column 10 we show that 24 % of the control group switch to conform and answer the primed response ( A ) in the public game . For both these outcomes we find no evidence of a _Choices_ treatment effect . The coefficients on the variable _Any response in positions before correct answer C_ for the _confused_ and _conform_ outcomes in columns 7-12 are negative and significant . This suggests that the adolescents ( especially for girls in columns 9 and 12 ) were less likely to give an incorrect response in public when an adolescent before them in the line-up gave a correct response . Overall , the results in Tables 4 and 5 provide evidence of conformity among adolescent peers as was found in the Asch experiments . However , _Choices_ participation does not affect how adolescents play the line match games and therefore _Choices_ does not appear to affect general levels of conformity . We also find no _Choices_ treatment effect in the response to the survey statement : “ There have been times when I felt like rebelling against people in authority even though I knew they were right . ” We measure results at midline and endline ( not shown here ) . Therefore , put together our results suggest no indication of increased rebellion among _Choices_ adolescents . The _Choices_ program did affect private gender attitudes and it did affect public reports of gender attitudes in ways that suggest that adolescents ’ perceptions of gender norms ( or acceptable responses ) may have shifted in interesting ways that could theoretically be linked directly to the program content on gender equality . > 66Note - the line match confederates game was played at the very end of the session so that the leader and deputy could be primed outside before playing the final game in public . > 67Asch ( 1952 ) showed that conformity increases when other members of the group are of a higher social status so we may expect conformity by the adolescents to be higher after the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 3 | 0 . 0 | 13 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 9 | | * * Mobile Clinic * * | * * 0 . 4 * * | * * 0 . 2 * * | * * 0 . 4 * * | * * 1 . 1 * * | * * 1 . 5 * * | 0 . 0 | 0 . 4 | | CBD Worker | 10 . 9 | 0 . 6 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 3 . 9 | 0 . 0 | 3 . 4 | | * * Other * * | 0 . 4 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 2 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 2 | | * * Don ' t Know / Missing * * | * * 0 . 2 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 2 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 3 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | 0 . 2 | | TOTAL | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | Source : 1998 KDHS Note : Percent distribution of current users of modem contraceptive methods by source of method , according to specific methods , Kenya 1998 ; CBD = - Community Based Distribution 29", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 544, "text": "1998 KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A7 . 2 Twitter Reform Sentiment and Intensity and FDI Inflows into the GCC * * | Dependent Variable : | FDI Inflows ( % of GDP ) | | - - - | - - - | | Twitter Reform Intensity ( t ) | - 0 . 222 < br > ( 0 . 665 ) < br > | | Twitter Reform Sentiment ( t ) | 0 . 403 < sup > * * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 119 ) | | Twitter Reform Intensity X Sentiment ( t ) | - 0 . 894 < br > ( 0 . 597 ) | | Twitter Reform Intensity ( t-1 ) | - 1 . 479 | | | ( 1 . 082 ) | | Twitter Reform Sentiment ( t-1 ) | - 0 . 478 | | | ( 0 . 543 ) | | Twitter Reform Intensity X Sentiment ( t-1 ) | 0 . 647 | | | ( 0 . 765 ) | | GDP Growth ( t ) | 0 . 0816 | | | ( 0 . 137 ) | | Inflation Rate ( t ) | 0 . 437 | | | ( 0 . 292 ) | | Trade Openness ( t ) | 0 . 0930 | | | ( 0 . 0685 ) | | Institutional Quality ( t ) | 0 . 628 | | | ( 3 . 686 ) | | Country FE |  | | Year FE |  | | R2 | 0 . 663 | | Mean of Dependent Variable | 1 . 753 | | Number of Countries | 6 | | Observations | 46 | Note : This table presents the relationship between GCC Twitter reform intensity and reform sentiment and FDI net inflows to the GCC . Coverage includes the six GCC countries between 2011 to 2019 . Twitter intensity and sentiment are derived from Arabic tweets , and the measures are normalized to have unit variance . Trade openness is measured as the value of exports plus imports as a percentage of GDP . Institutional quality is the average of six measures from the World Governance Indicators database .", "spans": [{"start": 1437, "end": 1473, "text": "World Governance Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ As South Sudanese refugee population flows into Sudan stabilize , the focus will shift to ensuring more accurate data entry on Persons with Specific Needs ( PSNs ) and collecting household level socio-economic data to allow for more targeted assistance and service provision , including for the introduction of CBI where appropriate . By 2020 , this will also allow for the implementation of a more structured and evidence-based livelihood strategy , with a move towards introducing fees for services for those refugees who already have means , as well as those who have graduated out of poverty . UNHCR will also seek to strengthen the capacity of COR to conduct individual biometric registration that aligns with UNHCR standards . Access to documentation has been addressed through a recent UNHCR-COR agreement to ensure that all refugees and asylum seekers in Sudan have access to documentation by the end of 2018 . This agreement guides the issuance of plastic machine-readable photo identity cards by COR and the Ministry of Interior , with a validity of two years for refugees and six months for asylum-seekers . The cards will serve as legally-recognized ID and will include an IPP foreigner number and refugee proGres number . This will greatly enhance the protection and freedom of movement of refugees and asylum seekers in Sudan , and support access to financial assistance . In Eastern Sudan , UNHCR will work closely with COR and NISS to shorten the registration waiting period in Shagarab camp to a two-week period . UNHCR will also continue to support COR to conduct first - and appeal instances of RSD for asylum seekers in Eastern Sudan and in Khartoum . UNHCR will build the capacity of COR to conduct timely , transparent and quality first - and appeal instance RSD , in accordance with UNHCR ’ s minimum standards and international refugee law . Greater emphasis will be placed on ensuring COR applies sufficient standards and child protection principles in the interviewing of children , and has access to - and applies", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 290, "text": "household level socio-economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 1 : Results Framework and Monitoring * * # * * Republic of Chad : Emergency Food and Livestock Crisis Response Project ( P151215 ) * * # # # # * * Project Development Objective * * The project development objective is to improve the availability of and access to food and livestock productive capacity for targeted beneficiaries affected by the conflict in the Central African Republic on the Recipient ’ s territory . | * * These results are at * * | | Project Level | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Project Development * * | * * Objecti * * | * * ve Indicators * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * Cumulativ * * | * * e Target Value * * | * * s * * | | * * Data source / * * | * * Responsibility for * * | | * * Indicator name * * | * * Core * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * YR1 * * | * * YR2 * * | * * YR3 * * | * * End target * * | * * Frequency * * | * * methodology * * | * * data collection * * | | Number of < br > agricultural input < br > packages distributed < br > to beneficiaries in the < br > target areas | | Tons | 0 . 00 | 5 , 000 | 10 , 000 | 15 , 000 | 15 , 000 | Quarterly | M & E and surveys | FAO , NGOs , MAE , < br > EAPSP | |", "spans": [{"start": 1227, "end": 1244, "text": "M & E and surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * TABLE 1 * * * * Allocation of Grant proceeds * * | 1 . Consultant services | 8 . 64 | 100 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 . Training and < br > workshops | 2 . 23 | 100 % | | 3 . Goods | 4 . 05 | 100 % | | 4 . Operating costs | 0 . 08 | 100 % | | * * Total : * * | * * 15 . 00 * * | | # # # # # # * * Method of Disbursement * * Disbursement o f IDA funds to the NBE will be done based on Financial Monitoring Reports ( FMRs ) that integrate financial reporting , procurement and contract management with physical implementation progress . * * _An_ * * advance will be made into the Special Account * * ( SA ) * * immediately after effectiveness . The advance will cover project expenditures for 6 months as indicated in the initial six-month cash flow forecast . Subsequent replenishments to the * * SA * * will be made on quarterly basis . The NBE will submit quarterly FMRs , SA activity statement , summary o f SA statements o f expenditures for contract subject to prior review and expenditures below the prior review threshold , and expenditure forecast for the next six months to the World Bank for replenishment . The projected cash requirement from the World Bank will be the Bank ’ s share of expenditure forecast for the next six months less balance in the Special Account at the end o f the quarter . The option o f disbursing the funds through direct payments and special commitments from IDA on contracts above a pre-determined threshold will also be available . Withdrawal applications for such payments will be accompanied by relevant supporting documents such as copies o f the contract , suppliers ’ invoices and appropriate certifications . Detailed disbursement procedures are available in the disbursement handbook ( October 2005 ) and the disbursement guidelines issued", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 422, "text": "Financial Monitoring Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "― Archer Daniels Midland : Price Fixer to the World , ‖ Working Paper 00-11 , Purdue University , College of Agriculture . - Connor , J . ( 2003 ) . ― The Changing Structure Of Global Food Markets : Dimensions , Effects , And Policy Implications , ‖ Working Paper 03-02 , Purdue University , - Connor , J . and G . Helmers . 2006 . ― Statistics on Modern Private International Cartels , 19902005 , ‖ Purdue , mimeo . - Commission of the European Communities ( 2009 ) , ― Competition in the food supply chain , ‖ Brussels , SEC ( 2009 ) 1449 . - Congo ( 2001 ) ̳ Negotiating proposals by the Democratic Republic of the Congo ‘ World Trade Organization 12 Mar G / AG / NG / W / 135 . - Datt , M . B . Hoekman and M . Malouche ( 2011 ) , ― Taking Stock of Trade Protectionism since 2008 , ‖ _Economic Premise No . 72 . _ Washington DC : World Bank . - Delpeuch , C . and A . Leblois ( 2011 ) , ― The elusive quest for supply response to cash-crop market reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa : the case of cotton , ‖ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5861 . - De Schutter , O . ( 2011 ) , ― The Common Agricultural Policy towards 2020 : The role of the European Union in supporting the realization of the right to food , ‖ 17 June . - DFID , Tom Fox and Bill Vorley ( 2004 ) ― Concentration in food supply and retail chains , ‖ at < u > http : / / dfid-agriculture-consultation . nri . org / summaries / wp13 . pdf . < / u > - Dodd , L . and S . Asfaha ( 2008 ) _Rebalancing the Supply Chain : buyer power , commodities , and competition policy_ , South Centre and Traidcraft ( April ) . - Evenett , S . Ed . ( 2011 ) . _Trade Tensions Mount : The 10th GTA Report_ , London : CEPR . - Gamberoni , E . and Newfarmer , R . ( 2008 ) , ― Export prohibitions and restrictions ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ar de las decisiones sobre asilo . En términos globales ( considerando conjuntamente los procedimientos de asilo de ACNUR y de los Estados ) , se estimó que el Índice de Reconocimiento de la Condición de Refugiado ( RRR , por sus siglas en inglés ) ascendió al 27 % del total de decisiones adoptadas en 2014 , en tanto que el Índice de Reconocimiento Total ( TRR , por sus siglas en inglés ) fue del 59 % . Mientras que el RRR fue inferior al de 2013 ( 32 % ) , el TRR fue considerablemente superior ( 43 % en 2013 ) . Ambos valores acusan la influencia del nivel y el tipo de reconocimiento de los solicitantes de asilo ucranianos en la Federación Rusa , a quienes se concedió de forma preferente protección temporal en lugar de la condición de refugiado . Excluyendo estos valores , el RRR equivale al 35 % y el TRR al 46 % , más o menos similares a los años anteriores . Sin embargo , en esta ocasión los índices de reconocimiento globales tienen carácter indicativo ya que algunos Estados no han comunicado todavía los datos pertinentes . Al terminar el año , cerca de 1 , 8 millones de personas estaban en espera de la resolución de sus solicitudes de asilo , cifra que incluye a los solicitantes en cualquier fase del procedimiento de asilo . Esta cifra era la más alta al menos en 15 años . El número mayor de solicitudes pendientes de resolución en cualquier nivel en el procedimiento de asilo fue comunicado por", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "< mark > FSTP subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2023 < / mark > reservoirs in the town . The community water supply has nine functioning boreholes . The Town Administration recently constructed two new boreholes and installation of head works and distribution system are ongoing . The nine wells ' data show a range of 2 to 7 liters per second . # # # # 4 . 1 . 7 Water Quality During the field data collection , sample was collected from two sites ; one from surface water ( Tendaho dam near Logia ) and the other from borehole located near Logia Town . On-site water quality test on some parameters was conducted . The result of the test is indicated below . * * _Table 4 : on site water quality test results_ * * | Site | | Location | TDS | EC | PH | Temperature | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Dam | Latitude | 11 < sup > o < / sup > 41 ’ 19 . 43 ’ ’ N | 2290 | 4580 | 81 | 422 < sup > o < / sup > C | | | Longitude | 40 < sup > o < / sup > 57 ’ 12 . 66 ’ ’ E | ppm | μs / cm | . | @ . | | Bore | Latitude | 11 < sup > o < / sup > 44 ’ 95 . 29 ’ ’ N | 852 | 1704 | 85 | @ 294 < sup > o < / sup > C | | well | Longitude | 40 < sup > o < / sup > 59 ’ 29 . 62 ’ ’ | ppm | μs / cm | . | . | The result indicates that there is", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 330, "text": "nine wells ' data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Brubaker , J . , T . Kilic , and P . Wollburg ( 2022 ) . Representativeness of individual-level data in COVID-19 phone surveys : Findings from Sub-Saharan Africa . _PLOS ONE 16_ ( 11 ) , e0258877 . - Carletto , G . , M . Tiberti , and A . Zezza ( 2022 ) . Measure for measure : Comparing survey based estimates of income and consumption for rural households . _World Bank Research Observer 37_ ( 1 ) , 1 – 38 . - Cely-Santos , M . and O . L . Hernández-Manrique ( 2021 ) . Fighting change : Interactive pressures , gender , and livelihood transformations in a contested region of the Colombian Caribbean . _Geoforum 125_ , 9 – 24 . - Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) of Ethiopia ( 2019 ) . Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey ( ESS4 ) 20182019 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH_2018_ESS_v03_M . Dataset downloaded from ` https : / / doi . org / 10 . 48529 / sxbm-w115 ` . - Chang , A . C . , L . R . Cohen , A . Glazer , and U . Paul ( 2021 ) . Politicians avoid tax increases around elections . Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021-004 , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . - Dagunga , G . , M . Ayamga , and G . Danso-Abbeam ( 2020 ) . To what extent should farm households diversify ? Implications on multidimensional poverty in Ghana . _World Development Perspectives 20_ , 100264 . - Dietrich , S . , V . Giuffrida , B . Martorano , and G . Schmerzeck ( 2022 ) . COVID-19 policy responses , mobility , and food prices . _American Journal of Agricultural Economics 104_ ( 2 ) , 569 – 588 . - Duflo , E . , A . Banerjee , A . Finkelstein , L . F . Katz , B . A . Olken , and A . Sautman ( 2020 ) . In praise of moderation : Suggestions for the scope and use of pre-analysis plans for RCTs in economics . Working Paper 26993 , National Bureau of Economic Research . - Ebhuoma , E . and D", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 725, "text": "Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 773, "end": 791, "text": "ETH_2018_ESS_v03_M", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "régions du Mali . Toutefois , les régions de Mopti , Bandiagara , Douentza , Gao et Tombouctou demeurent celles qui rapportent le plus d ’ incidents en lien avec ces risques . Les populations rurales et nomades , ainsi que les commerçants subissent des attaques fréquentes ( enlèvements , agressions , extorsions , taxes illégales , violences physiques , destructions , détentions arbitraires et dommages liés aux frappes de drones ) . Lors des affrontements avec les forces de défense et de sécurité ( FDS ) , les groupes armes privilégient les attaques surprises , les embuscades , et la pose d ’ engins explosifs improvisés , causant ainsi des victimes parmi les populations civiles . Celles-ci prises entre deux feux , sont souvent accusées de complicité avec l ’ adversaire et subissent des exactions , provoquant des déplacements massifs des populations . Dans ce contexte , le système éducatif paie un lourd tribut , avec * * 2 149 écoles non fonctionnelles * * en mars 2025 , dont * * 2 006 écoles * * pour cause d ’ insécurité , contre * * 1 975 écoles en février 2025 * * , soit une augmentation du taux de fermeture à hauteur de * * 20 * * % , affectant * * 601 800 enfants * * ( Cf . Cluster Education ) . Si une baisse des violations est constatée au niveau général par le système de monitoring de protection , pour les enfant", "spans": [{"start": 1286, "end": 1321, "text": "système de monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "73 , supported by the United Nations . This survey located and documented a large number of geothermal areas . Based on the results of the reconnaissance survey , the Alutu ( Langano ) area of the Lakes District , south of Addis Ababa , was selected for prefeasibility work ( 1975-80 ) and subsequently feasibility study ( 1980 to the present ) . A separate project was begun in 1980 in the Tendaho area ( between Addis Ababa and the Red Sea ) . 70 . The need remains to complete the survey process ( as recommended in the 1973 United Nations Report ) at other geothermal sites which were identified and which are situated such as to be capable of generating power on terms economically competitive with conventional sources . Among these sites is the southern Afar region approximately 100 km to 200 km northeast of Addis Ababa . Evaluation of these prospects at the same time as the work being conducted in the Lakes District and Tendaho has the advantage of minimizing the amount of time which should be necessary to establish the most technically and economically feasible site for the geothermal generation of electric power for input into the power grid . - 1 / By Acres , Inc . , of Canada ( 1982 ) , in conjunction with a major planning review of the hydrocarbon sector through the year 2000 . The calculated hydro-power cost is based both on increasing output from existing dams , and from added generating capacity from the construction of new dams . Diesel-generated power cost estimates are also by Acres .", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 160, "text": "reconnaissance survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Within a country , there might be spill-overs from violence in affected municipalities to municipalities nearby . The other frequent approach to instruments is the prior refugee or migration stock in the area , based on Altonji and Card ( 1991 ) and the idea that previous migrants attract new migrants ( network effect ) . Borjas and Monras ( 2017 ) , for example , instrument for the refugee shock with prior migration to that region . Rozo and Sviatschi ( 2018 ) use the settlements of Syrians in Jordan before the start of the war in Syria in 2011 . Hunt ( 1992 ) uses the share of early ( 1954-1962 ) repatriates as a share of the 1962 population to instrument the 1962-1968 repatriates as a share of the labor force . Like in the case of distance , this is often combined with ( proxies for ) outflow numbers . Morales ( 2018 ) uses an instrument for inflows of IDPs in municipalities that combines outflows with immigrant stock . A common criticism of the migrant stock instrument is that the settlement of previous immigrants or refugees may be correlated with economic conditions across these locations that may persist until today . To confront this criticism authors either use migrant stock data from a number of years before the influx they study or argue that the settlement of previous ( forced ) migrants 9", "spans": [{"start": 1191, "end": 1209, "text": "migrant stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A number of teams have recently undertaken analysis of likely learning losses stemming from COVID-19 . Most have focused on the United States and other high-income countries < sup > 11 < / sup > but estimates have also been developed for a selection of low - and middle-income countries . < sup > 12 < / sup > These analyses have focused on a range of grades and subjects . The effects of these analyses have mostly > 8 In all three scenarios the paper utilizes a conservative estimate of school dropouts based exclusively on expected losses to national income derived from global macro projections such as the World Bank Macro Poverty Outlook ( MPO ) from June 2020 . These dropout-income elasticities are computed for children 4-11 as well as for children 1217 . This dropout effect would likely be higher if it were to include non-income related channels such as school safety concerns and school disengagement . However , available data do not allow either of these channels to be quantified convincingly at a global level . We are also making assumptions on availability , take-up , and effectiveness of remote learning , which are based on the scarce literature on the effectiveness of remote learning and household information on access of alternative learning modalities such as television and internet using the PISA , DHS , and MICS household questionnaire . In addition , we are also making assumptions regarding the expected learning observed in one school year , these are made based on the literature on school productivity , unexpected school closures , and summer learning loss ( for more information see Annex A . 1 ) . > 9 See for instance the policy response options described in Rogers and Sabarwal , 2020 . > 10 Although much of the same framework used here would still hold , allowing for a future extension to include an explicit component of remediation . > 11 Kuhfeld and Tarasawa ( 2020 ) , Kuhfeld et al . ( 2020 ) and Dorn et . al ( 2020 ) . > 12 Cummiskey et al . ( 2020 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 643, "text": "World Bank Macro Poverty Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1338, "end": 1366, "text": "MICS household questionnaire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Armed Conflict Displacement : Central Mindanao * * time of the publication of this document , these issues remain a concern for populations repeatedly displaced by this conflict . The Mamasapano incident had negative repercussions on the deliberation of the proposed Bangsamoro Basic Law ( BBL ) in the Congress and Senate hearings , while non-state armed actors also took advantage of the precarious state of the peace process to continue attacks on government and military targets throughout the year . persons ) in the municipality of Shariff Aguak . On Christmas Eve , the BIFF launched synchronized attacks on military detachments , which resulted in 232 families ( estimated 1 , 039 persons ) being displaced from their homes in Pigkawayan municipality in North Cotabato province . Overall , during the last quarter of the year , incidents documented by Protection Cluster members resulted in the displacement of 260 families ( estimated 1 , 189 persons ) in central Mindanao . The BIFF harassment of military detachments in the towns of Datu Saudi Ampatuan ( Barangay Salbo ) , Datu Salibo ( Barangay Pagatin ) , Mamasapano , and Shariff Aguak ( SPMS box ) in Maguindanao during the height of the LEOs continued unabated . BIFF attacks on civilian communities in MILF-stronghold areas in North Cotabato and Maguindanao provinces , and in communities with identified internal conflict with other BIFF member , further confounded the complex security situation in the area . Early November , the BIFF tried but failed to overrun a military detachment displacing 30 families ( estimated 150 A new armed-group called the Ansar Khilafah Philippines ( AKP ) , claiming to support the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ( ISIS ) , emerged in Palimbang municipality of Sultan Kudarat province causing fear amongst communities in the area . The group ’ s activities were thwarted in a pursuit operation conducted by the Philippine Marines ,", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 892, "text": "incidents documented by Protection Cluster members", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Since long-run marginal cost could be expected to lie above historic average cost , the resulting costrecovery figures are therefore likely to overestimate the extent to which marginal costs are covered by tariffs . The concept of affordability ( or vertical equity ) is not very rigorously defined in the literature but refers to the fact that the expenditure burden of meeting basic energy needs should be kept within reasonable levels to ensure that households have adequate budgetary space to meet other basic needs . While there is no objective definition of what constitutes a reasonable level of expenditure , 5-10 percent of the household budget is a widely used rule of thumb in the literature ( Lampietti et al . 2007 and Komives et al . , 2005 ) . Broadly , the 5 percent threshold is more applicable to tropical environments where electricity is primarily used for lighting and appliances , while the 10 percent threshold is more relevant to temperate environments where electricity may also be used in thermal applications . To gauge the affordability of electricity from the perspective of poor households , an affordability indicator is used , capturing the share of the average electricity bill in the household budget of the poorest 40 percent of the household income distribution ( see Box 3 ) . The average budget of the poorest 40 percent of each country ’ s population is obtained from the World Bank World Development Indicators and converted into household terms through dividing by the population of the bottom 40 percent and multiplying by the household size . Cross-subsidization is widely practiced in the electricity sector , and entails charging some customer categories above the cost of service provision with a view to charging others below the cost of service provision . Cross-subsidization can be used to meet a variety of economic and social goals , such as promoting affordability for residential customers or enhancing the competitiveness of non-residential customers . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1411, "end": 1450, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The potential effect of re-raking is illustrated by Table 7 . It represents the share of the population belonging to households with different types of welfare dynamics : chronically poor ( below low poverty line in both periods ) , < sup > 18 < / sup > those who have experienced sharp and slight falls in living standards , and those who moved up a ladder of welfare . Table 7 suggests that while 36 percent of the population ( 22 + 14 percent ) have experienced improvement in their position , and a further 16 percent managed to gain in line with the average , thus preserving their position as non-poor , as many as 48 percent of the population have either stayed in poverty or experienced losses – and for 17 percent there were very deep losses ( movement down by more than two deciles ) . * * Table 7 : Distribution of Population by Welfare Dynamics , 2005-2008 * * * * Percent of population ( Total = 100 ) * * | * * Category * * | * * Percent of * * < br > * * population * * | | - - - | - - - | | Chronic poor * | 10 | | Deep falls in welfare ( down by > 2 deciles ) | 17 | | Slight falls in welfare ( a fall to a next decile ) | 21 | | Preserving ranks as non-poor | 16 | | Slight improvement in welfare over 2005-08 | 22 | | Big jump ahead in welfare ( up by > 2 deciles ) | 14 | _ * Note : Lower poverty line . Source : Authors estimates based on panel HIECPS survey 2005-2008 . _ Moreover , when only one third of those belonging to the lowest decile in the initial period preserve their ranks three years later , the meaning of ‘ the poor ’ in the definition of pro-poor growth from the cross – section perspective simply does not make sense : these are predominantly different people in 2008 compared to 2005 . Hence , other measures are required to capture the effect of growth on the non-poor in terms of degree of their vulnerability to become", "spans": [{"start": 1360, "end": 1379, "text": "panel HIECPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from monopolistic practices move away from a ‘ quiet life ’ of limited innovation ( Hicks , 1935 , pg . 8 ) . Interestingly we do find that industries targeted by closed cases appear to be having an increase in the variance of revenue productivity . This is consistent with the evidence that closed cases have increasing informality . Since informal firms are numerous and less productive , greater informality increases productivity dispersion ( Levy Algazi et al . , 2018 ) . At the same time , these industries also experience an increase in the correlation of market share and revenue productivity , which can reflect a greater mass of informal low-productivity firms with little scale or market share . One concern with these results is that measures of TFPR may conflate profitability and productivity . Foster , Haltiwanger and Syverson ( 2008 ) distinguish TFPR , which is measured using revenues , from total factor quantity productivity ( TFPQ ) , which is measured using physical output . If high markup firms are also the most productive , consumers will substitute away from high markup firms , and aggregate productivity will be less than if all firms had the same markup . Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) show that it is possible to infer price vs . quantity , and therefore TFPR vs . TFPQ using an assumed demand function . Though only sales ( revenues ) are observed in the Economic Census , establishments with high physical output must have a lower price to explain why buyers would demand more 31", "spans": [{"start": 1385, "end": 1400, "text": "Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Description of Stakeholder * * | * * Expected Role * * | * * Information needs and interests * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * | * * MUI / Urban Food Security * * | Provides < br > directions < br > for < br > project , < br > prepare & update implementation < br > manual , arrange awareness creation < br > and < br > training < br > projects < br > for < br > the < br > community , identify cities for the < br > projects with the help of regions | Project implementation updates , identified < br > concerns < br > and < br > challenges < br > requiring < br > additional guidance and attention | | * * _2_ * * | * * Financial Institutes * * | Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Deliver < br > payments to beneficiaries , provide < br > training < br > and < br > awareness < br > for < br > the < br > community < br > regarding < br > saving , < br > facilitate loan / credit services for < br > beneficiaries and ensure adequate < br > savings available for graduation | Data and information on number of enrolled < br > beneficiaries in the project , status of < br > participation in livelihood skills training | | * * _3_ * * | * * Refugee and Returnee * * < br > * * Services ( RRS ) * * | RRS is an implementing partner in the < br > RHISN , whose role is to co-ordinate < br > the RHISN with the rest of refugee < br > policy and to provide protection to < br > refugees , per its institutional mandate . | Project implementation updates and reports , < br > data and information on target beneficiaries , <", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1536, "text": "data and information on target beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Applied to this study , the strategy assumes that firms within the same cell are likely to face similar levels of informal competition ( confirmed below ) . Another assumption is that a given firms ’ R & D activity has no or very little effect on the likelihood of other firms in the cell facing informal competition ( reverse causality problem ) . Similarly , own firms ’ characteristics that may affect its R & D activity are unlikely to be correlated with the proportion of other firms in the cell that compete against informal firms ( omitted variable bias problem ) , although the possibility cannot rule out completely . Thus , using cell averages mitigates the reverse causality and the omitted variable bias problem . The use of cell average also helps to control for potential measurement error if some firms choose not to respond or misreport the variable of interest ( Pounov 2016 ) . For our main regressions , we use cell averages at the country-level . This follows Distinguin et al . ( 2016 ) who also use the proportion of formal firms in the country that compete against informal firms as the instrument for the level of informal competition faced by the firm in question . Thus , we define our main explanatory variable , _Informal Competition_ ( country-level cell average ) , as the proportion of all other firms ( that is , other than the firm in question ) in the country where the firm is located that report competing against informal firms . To ensure adequate thickness within the cells , all cells with fewer than 5 firms are excluded from the sample . In our baseline sample , the mean value of _Informal Competition_ equals 0 . 533 and the standard deviation is 0 . 209 . Thus , on average , about 53 . 3 percent of the firms in the country-cell face competition from informal firms . In the robustness section , we show that our main result continues to hold when we use cell averages at more disaggregated ( sub-national ) levels . These cell averages are at the country times industry times firm-size level and city times industry times firm-size level . Regressions using cell 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Appendix 2 – New Reporting template introduced as part of ESPES IFR showing the expenditure allocation for ESPES and other programmes # # < u > Ministry of Finance < / u > # # < u > Agriculture and education sector expenditure apportionment table for ESPES , GEQIP and CALM * < / u > # # < u > For the Quarter Ended____________________ ( in USD / ETB ) < / u > | | For the quarter ende | d … . | For the year ended | … . . | Cumulative for pr | oject life … . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Description | Amount in ETB | Amount in USD | Amount in ETB | Amount in USD | Amount in ETB | Amount in USD | | * * Agriculture sector * * | | | | | | | | Agriculture sector reported expenditure < br > for the quarter as per the ESPES report | | | | | | | | Less : agriculture sector expenditure of Afar < br > region | | | | | | | | : Agriculture sector Expenditure of < br > Somali region | | | | | | | | Agriculture sector expenditure to be < br > shared between ESPES and CALM | | | | | | | | 70 % portion of CALM ( 1 ) | | | | | | | | 10 % portion of ESPES | | | | | | | | 20 % HCP | | | | | | | | * * Education sector * * | | | | | | | | Education sector Non salary recurrent cost < br > for the quarter as per the ESPES report to < br > be shared between", "spans": [{"start": 755, "end": 767, "text": "ESPES report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their usefulness reaches an acceptable level only during the second half of a two-year engagement . * * 3 . 7 * * Supervision missions were disturbed * * by * * < sup > thelack ofurgency attached < / sup > to Government efforts to obtain bilateral assistance , the prime manifestation being an eight-month interregnum between the departure of one * * AFC * * General Manager and the arrival of his successor . Kenyan officials today maintain that this hiatus should really have had minimal impact on the rate of project implementation . The , Bank ' s project completion report emphatically takes the opposite view * * - * * that lack of management was a critical factor in explaining start-up difficulties . While there is little doubt that better management would have made a difference , we feel that other factors mattered more . * * 3 . 8 * * In addition , loan processing was slow because * * AFC * * insisted on a higher standard of farm planning on loan applications than the extension service was able to deliver at the outset . Some misunderstandings arose because of the Ministry ' s desire to push the money out and AFC ' s reluctance to do so on the basis of the farm budget data provided . In this connection it should be remembered that Kenya ' s first approach to IDA for a smallholder credit project envisaged * * 50 , 000 * * loans , six times the number ultimately accepted .", "spans": [{"start": 1176, "end": 1192, "text": "farm budget data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure C7 High school-dropouts wage skill premium and terms of trade * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ARG BOL BRA CHL < br > 50 100 150 100 120 140 60 80 100 120 100 150 200 < br > COL CRI ECU HND < br > 90 100 110 120 80 100 120 90 100 110 120 80 100 120 < br > MEX NIC PAN PER < br > 90 95 100 105 80 100 120 80 100 120 100 120 140 160 < br > PRY SLV URY VEN < br > 90 100 110 120 80 100 120 90 100 110 120 50 100 150 200 < br > Terms of trade ( 2000 = 100 ) < br > . 7 . 5 1 . 5 < br > . 6 . 45 . 9 . 45 < br > . 5 . 4 . 8 . 4 < br > . 4 . 35 . 7 . 35 < br > . 3 . 3 . 6 . 3 < br > . 6 1 < br > . 55 . 4 < br > . 55 . 5 . 38 . 9 < br > . 5 . 45 . 36 < br > . 45 . 4 . 34 . 8 < br > . 4 < br > . 35 . 32 . 7 < br > . 8 . 7 . 6 . 35 < br > . 7 . 6 . 55 . 3 < br > . 6 . 5 . 25 < br > . 5 < br > . 5 . 45 . 2 < br > . 4 . 4 . 4 . 15 < br > Wage Premium , High School-Dropouts < br > . 8 . 6 . 3 . 45 < br > . 55 . 25 . 4 < br > . 6 . 45 . 5 . 2 . 35 < br > . 4 . 4 . 15 . 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 52", "spans": [{"start": 1063, "end": 1069, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Coastal Development Project ( P094692 / P108845 ) in relation to the selection , participation and gender balance of project beneficiaries . However , after procurementrelated delays , the ESMF was revised in 2015 to improve environmental and social management of project activities and to ensure all relevant Bank safeguard policies were complied with . Similarily , due to major delays in the recruitment of the consultancy for the identification of Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups ( VMGs ) and design of the corresponding support mechanisms for these communities , technical and financial support to VMGs was only implemented during the last two years of project implementation , thus limiting the technical support and capacity building received by VMG beneficiaries . 56 . Despite this , VMG activities reached all identified marginalized communities located in remote areas of the project counties . Communities assisted by KCDP activities included the Waata , Wakifundi , Wachwaka , Wailwana , Mnyoyaya , Wasanye and Awer people through a total of 80 demand-driven subprojects . These were identified after a social assessment and an action plan was prepared jointly by VMG representatives , County and KCDP staff . A total of 11 subprojects provided social infrastructure ( mainly dispensaries and educational facilities ) while the 69 livelihood improvement subprojects supplied improved small ruminants , inputs for crop production , and fishing gear . Despite limited supervision due to remoteness , the independent end of project surveys conducted indicate a high level of satisfaction by VMG beneficiaries , further demonstrated by the fact that no major complaints were received through the grievance redress mechanism developed by the project ( which in fact also included the establishment of grievance committees ) . It should be noted , that one subproject involving the rehabilitation of a pedestrian bridge in the Bombi area was approved as a VMG subproject but was not completed prior to the closing date . At the time of the ICR mission ( October 2017 ) , Kenyan authorities provided", "spans": [{"start": 1547, "end": 1581, "text": "independent end of project surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9428 # * * Abstract * * Free college proposals have become increasingly popular in many countries , yet cross-country evidence indicates that higher college subsidies raise enrollment but not graduation rates . To capture the evidence and evaluate proposals , this paper develops and estimates a dynamic model of college enrollment , performance , and graduation . A central piece of the model , student effort , has a direct effect on class completion and an indirect effect mitigating the risk of performing poorly or dropping out . The model is estimated using rich student-level data from Colombia , and multiple free college programs are simulated . Among them , universal free college expands enrollment the most but does not affect graduation rates , thereby helping explain the evidence . Performance-based free college , in contrast , raises graduation rates yet has a smaller enrollment impact . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Latin America and the Caribbean Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at mferreyra @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 631, "text": "student-level data from Colombia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Non-technical summary * * Despite the long relationship between the European Union and the African , Caribbean and Pacific ( ACP ) countries aimed at encouraging their exports while stimulating growth and investment , the ACP states still face difficulties in integrating into the world economy . This paper examines the non-least developed ACP countries preferential trade with the EU using data on EU member states ' imports eligible for preferences under the Cotonou agreement for the period 2001 at the 8-digit level . Using data on tariffs and preferential quota applicable on each 8 - digit product for the year 2001 ad-valorem tariff rates were calculated . The objective of the paper is to explain the determinants of preferential exports of ACP countries towards the EU . The paper also investigates the existence of a threshold in the offered duty reduction under which traders have no incentives to ask for preferences since the costs of obtaining these exceeds their benefits . Our results showed that the higher the value of preferences offered , the higher the probability that preferences are requested . We also provided evidence that there exists a minimum value of preferences needed for traders to request preferences . Thus if the difference between preferential and third country tariff rates are lower than 4 % , there are no incentives for traders to request preferences since the costs of obtaining the preferences are expected to be higher than the benefits from obtaining the preferences . Our results additionally indicate that country specificities also play an important role in the decision whether requesting preferences or not and how much to import . ii", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 432, "text": "data on EU member states ' imports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 535, "end": 573, "text": "data on tariffs and preferential quota", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services lor the Detailed Design 01 the VKE International ( Ply ) Ltd Upgrading to Paved Standard 01 Gulu - Nimule Road Resettlement Action Plan Contract No . RDPIHWIS018 July _2009_ # # # # 6 . 16 * * Eligibility for Compensation * * The following categories are eligible for compensation within the World Bank Guidelines O . P . 4 . 12 of April 2004 ( Para 15 ) : - i ) Affected persons whose houses _I_ structures and land are in the proposed road reserve . - ii ) Customary landowners whose plots are in the road reserve but excluding the existing carriage way of six ( 6 ) meters - iii ) Persons with perennial crops - iv ) Registered laridowners are eligible for compensation subject to the GOU easement on their registered land in the reserve . - v ) People who did not have formal legal rights to land at the time of the census began but have claims to such land or assets ( such as returnees ) - vi ) Thos who do not have recognizable legal rights or claim to the land they are occupying - v ) Persons who encroach on the road reserve after the resettlement survey ( census and valuation ) are not eligible for compensation . 58", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1085, "text": "resettlement survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Systematic Reviews 2016 : 1 . Rand , J . , & Torm , N . ( 2012 ) . The Benefits of Formalization : Evidence from Vietnamese Manufacturing SMEs . World Development , Elsevier , 40 ( 5 ) , 983-998 . Rijkers , B . , Laderchi , C . R . , & Teal , F . ( 2010 ) . Who benefits from promoting small enterprises ? Some empirical evidence from Ethiopia . World Development , 38 ( 4 ) , 523 – 540 . Sanguinetti , P . ( 2005 ) , Innovation and R & D Expenditures in Argentina : Evidence from a firm level survey . mimeo Sekkat , K . ( 2011 ) . Firm Sponsored Training and Productivity in Morocco . Journal of Development Studies , 47 ( 9 ) , 1391 – 1409 . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "socioeconomic conditions of communities living along the transmission corridor in which implementation of the subproject will bring about some changes to social and economic conditions as well as to the natural resources on which the local people depend for their livelihoods . Accordingly , the main components of the socio-economic environment assessment comprise the following takes : # # # # # # * * _Collection and Review of Available Information : _ * * In order to establish the social , cultural and economic background or profile of the subproject affected cities / Woredas / , secondary information was extensively reviewed and collated on the administrative setup , population and demographic characteristics , socio-economic situation , social services and infrastructures , etc . In doing so , various statistical reports published by CSA / CSS , and statistical data and reports compiled by Zonal and Woreda sector offices were used to establish the baseline condition of the subproject area . # # # # # # * * _Collection of Primary Data : _ * * - _i ) Targeted socio-economic survey of the affected people : _ The targeted household level survey was conducted for gathering primary data on existing condition of communities living along the transmission line corridor . The survey was conducted to collect the required data on the demographic characteristics ; land ownership and land use ; livelihood activities ; income and expenditure ; housing facilities and conditions ; access to social services and infrastructures ; awareness and attitudes to the subproject . In doing so , the social and economic conditions of the nearby communities was characterized and assessed as part of the ESIA . Page 91", "spans": [{"start": 864, "end": 892, "text": "statistical data and reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1067, "end": 1120, "text": "Targeted socio-economic survey of the affected people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1129, "end": 1160, "text": "targeted household level survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gurgel et al . ( 2007 ) use the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis ( EPPA ) model to analyze an expansion of second-generation biofuel based on biomass production . The EPPA model is calibrated on 1997 data from GTAP and other sources and is rather aggregated . There is only one aggregate agricultural crop sector and many large countries are aggregated in regions . For example , Brazil and Argentina are part of the Central and South America region . Land is categorized in 5 types : crop land , pasture land , harvested forest land , natural grass land , and natural forest land . The crops sector and two biomass sectors compete for cropland . Pasture land is specific to the livestock sector , and so is harvested forest land for the forest sector . The EPPA model collapses the biomass production and biofuel transformation into a single sector . Two specifications are used for land allocation . Land moves across activities according to a CET transformation - land supply is price responsive - in a first specification , and under an alternative specification , non-agricultural land enters crop land according to an explicit cost of conversion into agricultural use . EPPA ’ s approach is not well suited to analyzing the food-bioenergy tradeoff because of its lack or explicit representation of agriculture , its focus on second - generation cellulosic biofuel , and the high level of aggregation . # * * _2 . 3 Land Module for Biofuel Modeling_ * * # * * _2 . 3 . 1 Biofuels , feedstock , and major biofuel producers_ * * Ethanol and biodiesel are the two major commercial biofuel considered in our model . The major feedstocks used for ethanol are grains , sugar beet , sugarcane , and molasses . For biodiesel , the major feedstocks are vegetable oil from rapeseed , soybean , and palm oil . The major feedstock for ethanol in warmer countries is sugarcane , whereas grains are used in more temperate climates ( corn , but also wheat , and barley ) , and to a much lesser extent sugar from sugar beet ( Koizumi and Ohga ( 2007 ) ; Elobeid and Tokgoz ( 2006 ) , FAPRI ( 2009 ) )", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 226, "text": "GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 2017 - * * < br > * * 2035 * * | | * * - % des dépenses publiques totales consacrées * * | 9 , 4 | 14 , 8 | 13 , 5 | 2 , 3 | | * * à l ’ éducation * * | | | | | | * * - % des dépenses publiques récurrentes * * < br > * * consacrées à l ’ éducation * * | 10 , 3 | 16 , 3 | 14 , 9 | 2 , 6 | Source : Banque mondiale , « Republic of Niger , 2012 Public Expenditure Review ( PER ) » , mai 2013 , et calculs de l ’ auteur . 30 . En comparaison au budget global consacré à l ’ éducation , l ’ impact budgétaire est limité après la mise en œuvre du projet . L ’ impact budgétaire primaire après la mise en œuvre du projet découle des coûts liés à l ’ expansion du système de l ’ enseignement primaire et du premier cycle du secondaire , c ’ est-à-dire les coûts récurrents associés au nombre supplémentaire d ’ élèves accueillis et les coûts d ’ entretien des établissements . L ’ impact budgétaire directement imputable au projet ne concerne que les coûts du programme dans la mesure où ils sont additionnels aux dépenses récurrentes qui auraient été exécutées en l ’ absence du projet . Les autres souscomposantes du projet liées à l ’ accès telles que celle portant sur l ’ alimentation scolaire , les act", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 376, "text": "2012 Public Expenditure Review", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "77 - Annex 12 Page 3 of 13 # # # Rehabilitation of the Kampala-Kasese Line 3 . The timing and scope of the major rehabilitation of the Western line is the most important decision to be made in the RIP in terms of investment size . It is also an urgently needed decision . SOTECNI , consultants to URC , undertook a feasibility study of the line rehabilitation in 1984 , followed by a Railway Master Plan using 1984 base data and presented In 1987 . A detailed engineering study of the Kasese Line Rehabilitation , commenced in March 1988 , was completed in November 1988 . Prior to the start of the fieldwork of this study the World Bank , which had earlier reviewed the terms of reference of the Master Plan , recommended studying a number of alternatives and the division of the project into modules ( or packages ) so as to facilitate the choice of least-cost combinations of rehabilitation works appropriately phased to match the regeneration of line capacity to the forecasts of traffic growth and to find an acceptable rate of return . It was clear from an early stage that phasing would be imperative . 4 . Like the rest of the network , the track on the entire 333 km Kampala-Kasese line has not been renewed since its establishment in 1952563 it was originally built with old used light materials laid on murram ballast . Because of lack of stone ballast , the track ran down faster than on the Central Line and other parts of the URC system when maintenance standards fell sharply in the post-EARC period . While there is no evidence of fatigue , despite the age of the track , some sections where poor formation conditions combined with impaired ralls and sleeper , have become particularly vulnerable to derailments . Over such lengths track renewals are inescapable and the improvised repairs and intensive maintenance being provided in the proposed IDA financed railway project will at best serve as palliatives to keep the line going till more lasting remedial measures are taken . In other sections , however ,", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 424, "text": "1984 base data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "large CADs . With the slowdown in FDI and remittances , CAD financing is being supplemented by external loans , largely from IFIs . This has pushed up external debt across the region , in particular in Montenegro ( see Fiscal Section , Figure 5 . 6 ) . * * Box 8 . 1 . * * E-commerce : Gateway to greater regional integration in the western Balkans ? * * E-commerce — defined broadly as trade in goods and services facilitated online — is helping the Western Balkans to weather the COVID-19 crisis . * * By limiting the need for in-person transactions , it has reduced the risk of infections , promoted acceptance of social distancing requirements , and made it possible for businesses to preserve jobs . The full extent of the digitalization jump by the Western Balkans during this crisis has yet to be determined , but a COVID-19 enterprise survey update conducted in June 2020 in Albania found that 18 percent of the Albanian firms surveyed either started or increased online business activity during the pandemic . Preliminary results of a World Bank Facebook survey in August 2020 found that more than 50 percent of the Kosovars surveyed are using e-commerce more frequently than they had pre-crisis . * * The Western Balkans now need to build on this momentum . * * In rebuilding better after the crisis , online markets can facilitate progress in fulfilling the aspiration of countries in the Western Balkans for greater integration of economies in the region . Online markets bridge physical distances , allowing buyers and sellers to transact remotely . In a region where few firms have established internationally recognizable brands , online search can enable customers to find regional products . A track record of positive online customer reviews can establish trust . Where access to finance is limited , online markets offer an opportunity for entrepreneurs to start a business without the large upfront investments that would be necessary to establish a physical store . Firms can experiment with entering into new markets and then scale up at low cost . 34 | < sup > 8", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 856, "text": "COVID-19 enterprise survey update", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1044, "end": 1070, "text": "World Bank Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _Not Applicable . _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Not Applicable . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of pollution from motor vehicle emissions . Section 5 explores the implications for the distributional impact of air pollution , while Section 6 extends the analysis to identification of areas where reduction of traffic congestion would have the greatest distributional benefits . Section 7 summarizes and concludes the paper . # * * 2 . Prior Research * * # * * 2 . 1 Air Pollutants and Health * * This paper uses data from the European Space Agency ’ s Sentinel-5P platform that have been published since July 2018 . Sentinel-5P measures four air pollutants that are generated by vehicular emissions : nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , ozone ( O3 ) , carbon monoxide ( CO ) and sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) Extensive research has analyzed their significance as sources of health damage , with particular attention to respiratory problems for children and cardio / pulmonary problems for the elderly . For this pilot exercise , we focus on NO2 , which prior research has assigned the greatest impact among the four . NO2 impacts have been extensively studied , both singly and in combination with other air pollutants ( Brauer et al . 2002 , 2007 ; Cesaroni et al . 2008 ; Chen et al . 2012a ; Gauderman et al . 2005 ; Gehring et al . 2002 , 2006 ; Hoeck et al . 2002 ; Morgenstern et al . 2007 ; Naess et al . 2007 ; Nafstad et al . 2004 ; Sunyer et al . 2006 ) . NO2 emissions also have significance as a source of particulate matter less than 2 . 5 micrometers in diameter ( Hodan and Barnard 2004 ) , which is strongly associated with health problems but not measured by Sentinel-5P . # * * 2 . 2 Modeling Traffic and Air Pollution * * Empirical research on spatial relationships between traffic and air pollution falls into three broad categories . In the first category , metropolitan-scale assessments of traffic and pollution employ engineering models calibrated for developing-country cities with plentiful information about the spatial distributions of vehicle traffic , emissions , and atmospheric conditions ( Jerrett et al . 2005 ) . For urban researchers and planners in developing countries who use these imported models , the", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 475, "text": "Sentinel-5P platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 519, "end": 530, "text": "Sentinel-5P", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "read | 0 . 66 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 01 | | | | ( 0 . 02 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | = 1 if has access to mobile phone | 0 . 45 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 42 | - 0 . 01 | | | | ( 0 . 02 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | * * Panel C . Household wealth * * | | | | | | Food security index ( z-score ) | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 09 * | 0 . 00 | 0 . 05 | | | [ 1 . 00 ] | ( 0 . 05 ) | [ 1 . 00 ] | ( 0 . 06 ) | | Total expenditure ( monthly ) | 26 . 03 | - 2 . 13 * | 65 . 71 | - 0 . 52 | | | [ 24 . 46 ] | ( 1 . 17 ) | [ 47 . 08 ] | ( 2 . 59 ) | | Net value of durables , livestock , and fnancial asset | 162 . 55 | 4 . 24 | 416 . 43 | 33 . 88 | | | [ 235 . 93 ] | ( 11 . 45 ) | [ 823 . 80 ] | ( 51 . 15 ) | | Non-agricultural income ( monthly ) | 10 . 27 | 0 . 96 | 7 . 84 | 0 . 85 | | | [ 16 . 73 ] | ( 0 . 81 ) | [ 20 . 52 ] | ( 1 . 13 ) | | * * Panel D . Empowerment-related outcomes * * | | | | | | = 1 if has her own income source | 0 . 44 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 31 | - 0 . 03 | | | | ( 0 . 02 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | Age diference from spouse | 2 . 94 | - 0 . 16 | 4 . 09 | 0 . 72 | | | [", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project ( P107314 ) # # # * * ANNEX 4 . EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS * * 1 . This annex provides an economic and financial analysis for this project as part of the ICR . The original PAD did not calculate an estimated ERR . To the extent possible , the ICR analysis is based on actual data gathered as part of the M & E efforts of the program , including both actual infrastructure costs and the estimated number of beneficiaries . Because the quantitative benefits of the non-infrastructure investments are difficult to estimate , our calculation focuses on the road , stormwater drainage , sewerage , landfill , water reticulation , fire station , parking , commuter stations , bus parks , and market rehabilitation investments under Components 2 and 3 . 2 . * * This ERR analysis uses an income-based approach rather than a traditional cost-benefit ( CB ) approach . * * While both approaches compare a “ with ” and “ without ” project case , a CB uses a wider range of estimates to calculate an ERR . For example , for roads improvements , the quantified benefits could include savings in vehicle operating costs ( VOC ) and savings in passenger travel time , while for drainage , these could be savings from prevention of road damage and damage to property and structures , prevention of disruption to commercial and industrial activities and traffic , and additional income from rentals . This ICR has elected to use an income-based approach for several reasons : - Most importantly , the income-related impact of improved public service delivery and infrastructure is well supported by the literature . For example , a study on the impact of flooding in Kinshasa demonstrates that the daily cost of flood disruption to commuter travel in Kinshasa at US $ 1 . 2 million . Per person the reduction in flood disruption can amount to approximately a 10 % increase in income for impacted households . < sup > 5 < / sup > The various literature in", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 345, "text": "actual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "December of 2017 . The security crisis was compounded by an economic crisis , which was triggered by the plunge of oil prices in the international market in 2014 . Using data from the 2017-18 Rapid Welfare Monitoring Survey ( SWIFT ) , this study sheds light on the level of resiliency of the PDS program during this recent period of conflict and economic crisis . First , it explores if internally displaced households are less likely to access the PDS benefits and the characteristics associated with access . Second , the study tries to establish a causal role of the PDS program in mitigating welfare losses among the displaced population by measuring the program ’ s impacts on nutrition ( calorie intake and food consumption ) , its spillover impacts on non-food expenditure including education , and its overall impact on vulnerability to poverty and subjective life assessment using a regression framework and a matching approach . The analysis finds that compared to non-displaced households , displaced households fare poorly across all measures of welfare . IDPs have lower daily calorie intake and are more likely to face hunger , and they are 18 percentage points more likely to be poor ( relative to the poverty rate of 15 percent of nondisplaced ) . More important , even those who are not in poverty are more vulnerable to falling into poverty , with the probability 17 percentage points higher for displaced households . By their own assessment , their current living conditions are far worse than before January 2014 , the onset of the latest wave of displacement . Access to PDS , however , plays an important role in mitigating the welfare loss . Displaced households that retain the PDS benefits have higher food and non-food expenditures , thus , have lower odds of being in poverty than those who lost access during the displacement . Similarly , the displaced PDS beneficiaries have significantly lower level of vulnerability to poverty , and have higher calorie intake and thus are more food secure than the displaced non-beneficiaries . Although they have a greater total calorie intake , the PDS beneficiaries consume significantly fewer calories from non-ration food than the comparison displaced non-beneficiaries . Combining the program ’ s positive impact on non-food consumption", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 223, "text": "Rapid Welfare Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ADVANCING INCLUSION , SELF-RELIANCE , AND SOLUTIONS THROUGH EDUCATION FOR REFUGEES * * * * Champions of Change : * * Strengthening Teachers to Transform Refugee Education # C # # # # * * Pledge Outcomes * * * * Equitable access to qualified teachers and support to refugee teachers : * * Host countries receive appropriate financial , technical and material support to ensure that refugees have equitable access to qualified teachers and that refugee teachers are integrated into national education systems with adequate training , support and fair remuneration . * * Teacher professional development and wellbeing : * * All teachers in refugee settings , including refugee and community teachers , have access to continuous professional development opportunities and pathways to certification in host country systems . * * Multiyear financing for teacher * * * * compensation : * * There is predictable , multiyear funding to support teacher salaries during crises and displacement , including in refugee settings , enabling sustainable access and quality of education . challenges , including inadequate training , large class sizes , and financial instability . These conditions undermine the quality of education provided to refugee students . In addition , there is a significant gap in data on teachers working in refugee settings , which hampers efforts to effectively address their needs . While the GRF recognised that supporting teachers is essential to improving education outcomes for refugees , significant gaps remain in providing adequate support . As a result , several commitments were made to improve teacher training , professional development and well-being . The international community committed to increasing funding and resources to support these initiatives , recognising that well-supported teachers are critical to the success of refugee education programmes . # # # # * * Examples of Key Contributions * * # # # # * * Pledge Background and Progress * * Teachers play a central role in providing quality education to refugee students . They are key agents of change and need to be effectively supported and empowered . Teachers in refugee settings face numerous - * * The Government of Germany", "spans": [{"start": 1296, "end": 1340, "text": "data on teachers working in refugee settings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> By the end of 2003 , Uganda ’ s overall HIV prevalence was estimated at 4 . 1 % with a low estimate of 2 . 8 % and a high estimate of 6 . 6 % . < sup > 77 < / sup > Surveillance activities in Uganda have demonstrated a decline in HIV prevalence in the 1990s but the magnitude of the epidemic remains an enormous challenge for the country . The Ugandan Aids Control Programme began sentinel surveillance in Acholiland by opening a site in Lacor hospital in Gulu in 1993 . Data show a steady decline in HIV prevalence over the last decade ; in 1993 , ANC sentinel surveillance showed an HIV prevalence of 26 % , in 1997 16 . 2 % , in 2001 11 . 3 % and in 2002 11 . 9 % . < sup > 78 < / sup > The Ugandan Ministry of Health ’ s STD / HIV / AIDS Surveillance Report in 2003 collected data from 56 districts in the country using 19 sentinel surveillance sites ; HIV prevalence rates varied greatly in the country . In 2002 , 1 . 3 % prevalence at Nebbi was the lowest recorded prevalence and 11 . 9 % at Lacor was the highest . The median HIV prevalence for all sites was 5 . 0 % in 2002 compared with 5 . 4 % in 2001 and 5 . 2 % in 2000 . < sup > 79 < / sup > Despite the data trends discussed above , World Vision published a report on Northern Uganda in 2004 that erroneously claimed that the HIV infection rates were soaring among the persons in the war-affected areas , including IDPs . < sup > 80 < / sup > There are no HIV seroprevalence data for the IDP population in Northern Uganda . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > In 2005 , a WHO team conducted a health and mortality survey in Northern Uganda . 3 , 830 households in Gulu , Kitgum and Pader districts were interviewed", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 576, "text": "ANC sentinel surveillance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 727, "end": 763, "text": "STD / HIV / AIDS Surveillance Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1423, "end": 1446, "text": "HIV seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1573, "end": 1600, "text": "health and mortality survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dimension of our methodology . Unfortunately , there is no ideal way to do so . The model estimates may be closer to the truth than direct computations from the CFUWBES , and sector classifications differ from WBES to the CMMHH . These issues , combined with small sample sizes for certain sectors in the WBES , suggest extra caution when using WBES data to derive sector-specific job loss estimates . # * * 5 . 4 . 1 Jordan * * We first compare wave 1 results for modeled - versus survey-measured approaches . As shown in Table 5-8 , the rate of job losses varies a great deal , for these sector categories between 5 and approximately 20 percent ( _chemicals_ and _wholesale , retail , and other services_ , respectively ) . The job loss projections from the surveyestimated projections deviate somewhat from our modeled projections , particularly for sectors with fewer observations , including _Chemicals , Garments , _ and _Metals and Minerals_ . However , the model broadly predicts which sectors report the most severe reductions in workforce as well as those with less than average declines . A comparison of wave 2 predictions for all firms ( permanently closed and operational ) with surveymeasured job loss projections ( Table 5-9 ) shows a reasonable match for some sectors ( Chemicals , Hotel , restaurant , and transportation , Machinery , electronics , and construction , wholesale , retail , and other services ) . The greatest disparity in terms of sector ranking is for Food , Drink , and Tobacco and Wood , Paper , Publishing , and Printing . On the whole , the model , which is based on wave 1 data produces a closer alignment to wave 1 surveymeasured projections than we obtain when we use the same model to predict sector-level job losses forward to wave 2 . _Table 5-8 Jordan : Model-Predicted versus Survey-Measured Projections of Sector-Level PFPS Jobs Losses , Wave 1 / Summer 2020 ( with permanently closed firms ) _ | | Model - < br > Predicted | Survey - < br > Measured | No . of < br > Observations | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 168, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 345, "end": 354, "text": "WBES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1606, "end": 1617, "text": "wave 1 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These characteristics of vulnerability need to be factored into the conceptual framework for vulnerability . It is proposed to consider three layers of vulnerability analysis that address the above mentioned characteristics . When combined these layers provide a comprehensive vulnerability analysis . These three layers are : - Geographical location and proximity to services - Community / Household level factors such as access to services , community cohesion , safety and security - Individual / Household vulnerability based on UNHCR specific needs codes and resilience The three layers capture key aspects of vulnerability that enable : - a better understanding of the overall context - improved targeting of assistance either geographically or to households / individuals Diagram 1 represents the overall framework . It is important to note that this system attempts to use existing secondary data when available but may also entail the collection of data when necessary . The system should be applicable in both a camp setting ( where camps are organized in specific geographical units < sup > 1 < / sup > ) and to refugee settlements in urban areas . # * * Diagram 1 Conceptual Framework for Vulnerability Analysis , Syrian Refugees , Jordan * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Geographical < br > Multi - Dimension : < br > Proximity to services < br > Analytical Level : Community / Household < br > Multi-dimensional Analysis : < br > Access to Services < br > Social Cohesion < br > Governance < br > Safety and Security < br > Analytical Level : Household / Individual < br > Multi-dimensional Analysis : < br > Specific Needs Codes < br > Resilience < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Annex 1 contains a diagram that describes the data process proposed to build community and household / individual level vulnerability analysis . > 1 Zaatari camp has recently been split into 12 Districts . 3", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 904, "text": "secondary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 50-59 | 5 | 6 . 3 | | 60 + | 2 | 2 . 5 | | Position in a HH | | | | Mother | 55 | 68 . 8 | | Household head | 22 | 27 . 5 | | Children | 3 | 3 . 8 | # * * _3 . 2 Exisiting sources and types / forms of energy utilized for cooking_ * * Most respondents ( over 30 % ) use bio-energy including firewood , crop residues and charcoal as the main forms of energy for cooking in the refugee settlement surveyed ( Table 3 . 2 ) . The other forms of energy used include , crop residues particularly from maize , beans and cassava following harvesting . Less than 2 % of the refugees use electricity , paraffin , biogas , and briquettes for cooking energy . Although fire wood is mostly used to cook food in all the seasons , refugees also use charcoal , briquettes , crop residues and paraffin to cook during the rainy season ( Figure 3 . 1 ) . Most of firewood and charcoal used to cook are majorly obtained from the already depleted 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Human Capital Operation ( P172284 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | Large-scale < br > primary / secondary learning < br > assessments completed < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Next assessment expected towards the end of the academic year ( May - June 2026 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Pregnant refugee women | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2023 | n / a < br > 24-Jun-2025 < br > n / a < br > 12-Dec-2025 < br > 8 . 00 < br > Jun / 2027 | | and caregivers of children 0 - < br > 23 months participating in < br > community conversations < br > sessions in high refugee host < br > areas ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Information on this indicator not reported but efforts to collect data are underway | # * * 7 . 3 Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | | | l | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | l | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | PBC Na | e | Baseine | | | | | Cosing Period | | | | | Value | Date | Value | Date | | | 1 : Girls ’ promotion | Value | 58 . 00 | 82 . 60 | | 74 | | 63 . 00 | | rate from grade 11 < br > to 12 , nationwide < br > ( Percentage ) < br > Off-track | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | | 11-Dec-2024 | 0 . 00 | 12-Dec-2025 | 9 , 268", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 : Showing bank balance as at 3 0 th June 2025 * * | * * Bankaccount * * | * * Amount ( UGXBnj * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * UWA-IFPA-CDGrantsUSD * * | * * 36 . 8 * * | | * * UWA-IFPA-CD-GrantsUGX * * | 3 . 4 | | * * ProtectedAreaBankAccounts * * | * * 1 . 6 * * | | * * Total * * | 41 . 8 | * * _Source : IFPA - CD bank statements_ * * As a result of failure to absorb all the available funds , the following Project activities were not implemented ; - i ) Establishment of 200 Acres of tea seedlings * * ( 100 * * acres committed farmers ; * * 100 * * acres for potential interest ) . - ii ) Hire a consultant to develop fire management for * * UWA * * and * * NFA * * - iii ) Procure a contractor to construct Ranger posts ( senior and junior ) for Ajai and Katonga wildlife reserves . - iv ) Procure a contractor to construct bridges ( to be finalised * * by * * December 2024 ) . * * v ) * * Construct ladders in Sabinyo , Muhavura * * by * * December 2024 . - vi ) Construct boardwalks in Sabinyo , Muhavura , and Gahinga ( to be completed * * by * * March * * 2025 ) * * - vii ) Construction of Visitor Centres in Murchison Falls National Park * * ( MFNP ) , * * Semuliki National Park * * ( SNP ) , * * Rwenzori Mountains National Park ( RMNP ) , Kibale National Park ( KNP ) & Bwindi Impenetrable National Park ( BINP", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 343, "text": "IFPA - CD bank statements_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stock of slum housing and plan for future demand for affordable housing . At the same time , there are few precedents — of cities or of development projects — in the developing world that have managed to deliver sufficient housing or land for low-income residents to prevent emergence of new slums . Accordingly , this component is designed to be flexible and it will support analysis , exploration and innovation at both the national and municipal levels . The more successful innovations or experiences under this component could subsequently be implemented at scale under a follow on project . Given the emphasis on exploration and innovation , this component contributes only indirectly to the project development objective . # # * * KISIP IDA financing table * * | * * Component * * | * * IDA Financing * * | * * % Financing * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Strengthening institutions and program management ( to < br > be implemented bythe MoH , MoL , and municipalities ) | 10 . 0 | 100 | | 2 . Enhancing tenure security ( to be implemented by the < br > MoL ) | 8 . 0 | 100 | | 3 . Investing in infrastructure and delivery of services ( to be < br > implemented by the MoH , Water Service Boards , and < br > municipalities ) | 70 . 3 | 100 | | 4 . Planning for urban growth ( to be implemented by the < br > MoH and municipalities ) | 4 . 0 | 100 | | Unallocated | 7 . 7 | | | * * Total project costs * * | 100 . 0 | 100 | | * * Total financing required * * | 100 . 0 | 100 | # # * * < u > Financing by implementing entity * < / u > * * | | * * IDA financing * * | | - - - | - - - | | MoH | 40 | | MoL | 12 | | Municipal", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 763, "text": "KISIP IDA financing table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial < sup > Statementsfor the Year ended June < / sup > < sup > * * 30 , * * 2020 < / sup > * * KENVA \" , T * * * * _ ' . - P-_ * * ( vii ) Garissa High Court Petition No . * * 3 * * of 2020 : Abdulahi Mohamed Kanyare * * & 3 * * Others - vs - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics * * & 3 * * Others . The above cases were * * consolidated to Petition No . 4 of 2020 : Hon . Abdullahi Bashir Sheikh & 24 Others - Vs - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics & 4 Others * * Ruling in the above matters was delivered on 2 9 th June 2020 , where the court gave an order and allowed petitioners to access the Bureau tablets and servers ; subsequently , an application for review was filed on 14t July 2020 . On two occasions , the application has not proceeded because the Respondents have not filed their responses to the application . The application is now scheduled for hearing on 2 3 rd * * September 2020 . * * The court further directed that the orders scrutiny to be suspended until the application for review is heard . * * b . Nairobi HCCC No 79 of 2010 BM Logistics VS KNBS ( go down case ) * * This case involved the go down where the * * 2009 * * Population and Census materials were being stored . The claimant was initially claiming KShs . 43 million for loss of business and rent . The claimant further amended its claim and increased the figures of its claim to * * Kshs70 , 096 , 596 / = . * * The case was heard , concluded and judgment was to be given on notice . The court on 28 April 2020 delivered judgment and awarded the plaintiff a sum of * * Kshs 20 , 746 , 800 / =", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more sensitive to seasonality ; in this case , the MFI may be forced to manage the portfolio in such a manner that is not profitable . That is , the test of seasonality of financial intermediation for the MFIs ultimately rests on whether _β2_ is statistically different from zero . Estimation of equation ( 2 ) involves empirical issues such as the joint distribution of lending and other indicators of MFI portfolio investment . That is , measurement errors in loan disbursement , for example , are likely to be correlated with measurement errors in loan outstanding , inducing an attenuation factor that biases the coefficients toward zero . We are using a lagged dependent variable ( LDV ) method to reduce such bias . We also use some exogenous agroclimate data such as monthly rainfall and temperature as additional controls to reduce attenuation bias ( Table 3 ) . As this is an aggregate-level ( MFI-level ) data analysis , it is difficult to control such bias fully . Yet , as the estimates are subject to downward bias , we would observe some seasonality in financial intermediation if we find that _β2_ is statistically significant even at the 10 percent level . Table 5 presents the summary statistics of all essential variables for our econometric analysis across the projects . The average monthly disbursement is the highest for microenterprise loans followed by seasonal loans . This means that the monthly volumes of loans outstanding , loans recovered and savings mobilized are the highest for microenterprise than other activities . The loan recovery rate is about 99 percent for all categories of lending except for rural loans ( 98 percent ) . It seems that the MFI performance is slightly better in the urban areas than in rural areas . It is no wonder that in urban areas loan volume is higher , so is recovery , outstanding , and savings mobilized compared to those in rural loans . Women members in MFIs are six times as numerous as male members . Note that not all members are necessarily borrowers at a given time . Tables 6-9 present the regression results of equation ( 2 ) showing the impacts of seasonality of disbursement on loans outstanding , loans recovered , savings mobilized", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 765, "text": "agroclimate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project ( P504218 ) | | Bas | eline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Eligible households who have < br > received emergency cash < br > transfers within the < br > established time frame of a < br > qualifying climate or weather < br > event ( Percentage ) | 0 % | Jun / 2025 | 0 | 12-Sep-2025 | 0 | 31-Mar-2026 | 60 % | Dec / 2030 | | Households registered or < br > updated in ESR ( Number ) | 0 | Jun / 2025 | 0 | 12-Sep-2025 | 0 | 31-Mar-2026 | 1 , 000 , 000 | Dec / 2030 | # # * * 6 . 2 Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * | * * Component 1 : Building Human * * | * * Capital of Chil * * | * * dren and Adolesc * * | * * ents * * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Bas | eline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Households receiving positive", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 693, "text": "ESR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "keeping a balanced portfolio . However , they could alternatively reflect money-chasing returns ( or rushing to the exit ) whereby asset managers increase their positions in countries with excess returns and cut their exposure in falling markets . To control for this possibility , we re-estimate our models in * * Table 11 * * using Arellano-Bond panel estimator with external and internal instruments . As external instruments , we compute , for each country , capital flows to the rest of EM , the assumption is that fund flows , which are highly correlated across EM , can only affect > 19 A digression should be made about currency markets . Because there is no data on currency flows to make comparable estimations , we use data from equity funds as a proxy . The assumption is that many professional investors go into equity markets using unhedged positions , so that currency and equity cross-border flows are closely correlated . < u > 15 < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 752, "text": "data from equity funds", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * General : * * In 2013 and 2014 , there was no specific food security assessment undertaken , but there were 11 multi-sector assessments that integrated the topic . Most of the data used was collected more than six months ago and might not reflect the current situation . This is especially true due the rollout of the targeting exercise in October 2013 . However , new assessments have been taken on lately , such as WFP and UNRWA ‟ s Needs Assessment of Palestinian Refugees from Syria , with the final report expected end of March 2014 . Furthermore , other assessments are already planned for 2014 , as is the inter-agency Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian refugees in Lebanon ( VASyR < sup > 8 < / sup > ) , which would take place in May of this year . Other main data limitations are the geographical coverage as well as the representativeness of the different groups of populations . The assessments the MSNA team reviewed generally do not cover all target groups in all geographic areas . There is a general lack of data on vulnerable local communities , Lebanese returnees and unregistered refugees . There is a lack of data on specific geographic areas such as Akkar and Bekaa , partly due to access constraints caused by insecurity . Very little data , in particular the regionally focused data , provided representative samples to allow generalisation to the target populations . Only one assessment , the VASyR , provided a representative sample , though did not show regional differences as sampling was based on the registration time in-country . Other assessments used cluster sampling techniques ; however flaws in the sampling limit the ability to make national generalisations from the data . Although quantitative data cannot be generalised , the qualitative data reinforced and supports results and conclusions , enabling a strong understanding of the key themes . Where possible , we attempted to separate data regarding registered , awaiting registration , and unregistered Syrian refugees . However , because most data was collected at the household level , even surveys targeting Syria refugees registered and awaiting registration include unregistered refugees", "spans": [{"start": 1286, "end": 1309, "text": "regionally focused data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1725, "end": 1742, "text": "quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1771, "end": 1787, "text": "qualitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2091, "end": 2123, "text": "surveys targeting Syria refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 1 : Procurement and budget execution coverage | State | # | | Pr | ocurement | | | Budget Exe | cution | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Munic . | Tender | Tender | Tender | Temporal | Commitment | Verifcation | Payments | Temporal | | | | | Item | Participants | Coverage | | | | Coverage | | CE | 184 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2009-2021 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2009-2021 | | MG | 853 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2014-2021 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2014-2021 | | PB | 223 | ✓ | | ✓ | 2014-2020 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2003-2021 | | PE | 185 | ✓ | | ✓ | 2012-2021 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2012-2020 | | PR | 399 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2013-2021 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2013-2021 | | RS | 497 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2016-2021 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2010-2021 | | SP | 644 | | | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2008-2021 | | Total | 3 , 076 | | | | 2009-2021 | | | | 2008 - 2021 | * * Notes * * : This table reports temporal and geographical coverage of our dataset . For procurement data , the number of municipalities for PR is 392 due to problems with the conversion of xml files . In the budget execution data , the original data does not include the municipalities of _Quixabá_ and _Santa Teresinha_ in the state of PB . We could not obtain the data for the São Paulo municipality ( state capital ) , which is supervised by a separate audit court . Table 2 : Descriptive statistics - public procurement | | CE | MG | PB | PE | PR | RS | Total | | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 926, "text": "procurement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1030, "end": 1051, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda : Albertine Region Sustainable Development Project ( P145101 ) Based on the three rounds of the satisfactory surveys on students who have undergone or are undergoing internship , the results indicate that 100 % of them are satisfied with the training . Achievement on this target Comments * * : * * will be continuously updated as and when more surveys are done . # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * | * * Data on Fi * * | * * nancial Performan * * | * * ce * * | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Disbursem * * | * * ents ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | P145101 | IDA-54060 | Effective | USD | 145 . 00 | 145 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 132 . 35 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P145101 | IDA-54060 | Effective | 26-Mar-2014 | 24-Au | g-2015 | 07-Dec-2015 | 31-Jul | - 2019 | 31-Dec-2022 | # * * Cumulative Disbursements", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 197, "text": "satisfactory surveys on students", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ownership ) , and community characteristics ( fraction of population working in agriculture , access to schools and roads , and so on < sup > 8 < / sup > ) . μ is the unobserved component for household i . M is an indicator for having a migrant or receiving remittances . To account for potential endogeneity , in the two-stage least squares regressions , 1993 and 1997 migration networks , defined as the percentage of households in the village with migrants , will be used as instruments for M in 2007 . Only 1993 network will be used as instrument for M in the 2000 equation . As female migration may have a differential impact on the outcomes , we include ― female_it ‖ — a dummy variable which denotes households with only female migrants , the omitted category being those households with at least some male migrants . Alternatively , this variable can refer to the female share among migrants , for each household with migrants . The coefficients of interest related to the impacts of migration are beta and gamma . Gamma , in particular , captures the differential impact of female migrants . For robustness check , we will present estimations of probit model in addition to linear probability for binary variables and also estimate a non-linear relationship in the form of IV probit in estimating the probability of household head being employed , which is a binary outcome . We will discuss the robustness of the results with respect to various control variables . # * * 6 . Results * * This section first presents the estimated impacts on labor supply and child outcomes , and how the impacts vary with the gender of the migrant . The results for migration and remittances are interpreted together throughout this section . < sup > 9 < / sup > This is because the results for migration and remittances are qualitatively very similar . Also , households receiving international remittances identified in the data are a strict subset of households with international migrants , therefore constituting a smaller number of observations . Subsequently , a discussion of robustness of the base results follows . The main results are > 8 Other proxies for community characteristics that have been", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "being the most frequently selected , followed by drinking water , irrigation , and electricity . Electricity was the most frequently prioritized project . There is no statistically significant effect of the selection and prioritization procedure on the type of projects that are proposed or selected . However , villages that are assigned to select and prioritize projects by referenda are more likely to prioritize electricity projects ( difference is significant at the 1 percent level ) . # # IV . 4 . * * Villagers ’ Satisfaction * * Information on villagers ‘ satisfaction comes from a survey administered a year after the start of project implementation . Enumerators revisited the ten randomly-selected households surveyed prior to the village council elections and administered separate questionnaires to both male household heads and a senior woman in the household . The data provide information on 4 , 666 male respondents and 4 , 234 female respondents ( see Table 2 ) . To measure villagers ‘ satisfaction , we use four perception-based binary indicators from male and female household surveys : ( i ) respondent disagrees with a recent decision or action of the village leadership ; ( ii ) ; respondent attributes positive economic changes to actions of the village leadership ; ( iii ) respondent is satisfied with the work of village leaders ; ( iv ) respondent perceives that the household is better off than it was last year . # V . * * Results * * The following sections present the effects of variation in selection procedures on allocation outcomes ( IV . 1 ) and villager satisfaction ( IV . 2 ) . # # V . 1 . * * Effect of Proposal , Selection , and Prioritization Outcomes * * The effect of selection and prioritization procedure on allocation outcomes is estimated using the following conditional fixed effects logit model : > 14 Schools and health facilities , despite being preferred by relatively large numbers of respondents across the ten sample districts , were very rarely proposed due to the requirement that such project types be coordinated through the respective line ministries . 11", "spans": [{"start": 1073, "end": 1106, "text": "male and female household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( e . g . , surveys ) used to obtain the views of affected groups and local NGOs . - iv ) Records of consultation meetings with institutional stakeholders v ) Tables presenting the relevant data referred to or summarized in the main text . - vi ) List of associated reports ( e . g . , resettlement plan ) . # # # # * * Environmental and Social Management Plan * * The ESMP will specifically describe individual mitigation and monitoring measures during both construction , operation and decommissioning , assign institutional responsibilities , and estimate the resources required for its implementation . The ESMP will include : - a ) _Mitigation Plan . _ Identifies feasible and cost-effective measures that may avoid potentially significant adverse environmental impacts or reduce them to acceptable levels . The plan includes compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible , cost-effective , or sufficient . The plan distinguishes between the construction and operations phases . The plan is organized specifically , the plan : - i ) identifies and summarizes all anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts ( including those involving indigenous people or involuntary resettlement ) , and identifies both generic and site specific environmental and social mitigation measures during construction and maintenance phases ; - ii ) describes with technical details - - each mitigation measure , including the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required ( e . g . , continuously or in the event of contingencies ) , together with designs , equipment descriptions , and operating procedures , as appropriate ; - iii ) includes measures to minimize migratory bird collisions with transmission lines ; iv ) include emergency / disaster preparedness plans ; * * Page 119 * *", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 19, "text": "surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coverage and improved reporting ( as noted by EM-DAT ) , we focus our analysis on data from 2000 onwards . We define an intensity shock , measuring the number of people affected by natural disasters using data from EM-DAT following Fomby , Ikeda , and Loayza ( 2013 ) , as : where _I_ is the country and _t_ is years . < sup > 2 < / sup > Unlike in Fomby , Ikeda , and Loayza ( 2013 ) , and more recently Bayoumi , Quayyum , and Das ( 2021 ) , we use the actual intensity measure as the climate shock rather than a dummy variable based on some threshold value . Table 1 provides the name , description , and source of the other variables used in this section . Loayza et al . ( 2012 ) show that the type of disaster may matter for its impact on the economy , however , we study all disasters . We assume that any unreported event is considered to be a non-occurrence , and hence assigned an intensity value of zero . This decision is supported by several factors . First , the improved data coverage by EM-DAT from 2000 onwards significantly reduces the likelihood of major events going unreported . Also , within our sample we notice an association between missing damage values and lower climate shock intensities , suggesting that unreported events are likely to be smaller in scale . Second , we underscore the importance of establishing a counterfactual scenario without any shocks . Solely analyzing climate event datasets might not provide a complete picture of counterfactual fiscal resilience impacts . Therefore , treating all periods outside of reported events as zero allows us to approximate a counterfactual scenario devoid of shocks . # 3 . 3 . Results Natural disaster shocks are associated with a statistically significant decline in output , with no empirical evidence supporting threshold effects related to the size of the shock and some evidence of compounding effects . Figure 2 . A shows the impact of all available climate shocks and large climate shocks that affect 1 percent of the population . It is based on close to 3 , 000 natural disasters from 2000 to 2021 in 156 economies .", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 221, "text": "EM-DAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1406, "end": 1428, "text": "climate event datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Log [ Se * * < br > | * * lf-reported * * < br > | * * Productivity ( X * * < br > | * * OF / ha ) ] * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | | All crops | All crops | Export crops | Food crops | | | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | | Hired Labor Use ( Number ) | - 0 . 009 | - 0 . 008 | - 0 . 029 | - 0 . 003 | | | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | Number of Fields Managed by the household | - 0 . 079 | - 0 . 072 | - 0 . 688 * * | 0 . 043 | | | ( 0 . 138 ) | ( 0 . 138 ) | ( 0 . 277 ) | ( 0 . 168 ) | | Total number of crops produced | 0 . 103 | 0 . 111 | 0 . 461 | - 0 . 065 | | | ( 0 . 150 ) | ( 0 . 151 ) | ( 0 . 294 ) | ( 0 . 176 ) | | Household used any purchased seed | 0 . 021 | 0 . 020 | 0 . 023 | 0 . 005 | | | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | Plots that Use Chemical Fertilizer ( % of total ) | 0 . 013 | 0 . 012 | 0 . 008 | 0 . 002 | | | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 018 ) | ( 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sanction or reward public officials ” . < sup > 111 < / sup > Conceptualized as such , the most obvious mechanism for citizens to express their voice would be through free and fair elections ; however , this condition would imply the existence of other non-electoral mechanisms for public participation , including civil participation in political parties , CSOs , NGOs , as well as other participatory institutions . Evidence that this condition is in place would include , _inter alia_ : evidence of political participation through free and fair elections ; necessary oversight and electoral monitoring mechanisms ; as well as political pluralism , including freedom of political parties , CSOs , and NGOs from discrimination , or persecution . In order for this premise to be true , there would be a number of observable implications . First , we would expect to see higher levels of OGD produced in terms of sector performance data ( e . g . in health and education ) as well as higher levels of data on budget allocation and execution . Second , we would expect government accountability indicators to likewise increase over time , with a significant correlation to improvements in OGD . Finally , in line with the literature , we would expect publicity and political agency conditions to be positively and significantly correlated with increases in accountability . This premise would be falsified if either there was an inverse relationship between OGD and government accountability , or , indicators measuring publicity and political agency were not positively correlated with OGD and government accountability . #  * * _Premise 2 : More accountable governments enable improved service delivery . _ * * According to this second premise , policy makers and elected representatives would be held accountable to respond to citizens “ voice ” — whether formally or informally expressed — or risk the consequences of inaction . As such , these policy makers must be able to discipline government agencies that execute the public policy directives , priorities , and initiatives that they are advocating . Moreover , each service delivery agency must be able to ensure that civil servants — including the frontline providers responsible for service delivery — are adequately rewarded / sanctioned for their performance in", "spans": [{"start": 912, "end": 935, "text": "sector performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . 1 Channels of receiving remittances * * | | | Domestic r < br > | emittances < br > | | R < br > | emittances f < br > | rom abroad < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Channels | Banked | % | Unbanked | % | Banked | % | Unbanked | % | | Cash | 20 , 175 | 28 % | 32 , 740 | 56 % | 7 , 067 | 11 % | 17 , 716 | 43 % | | Remittance Agency | 7 , 337 | 10 % | 5 , 798 | 10 % | 28 , 232 | 45 % | 19 , 199 | 47 % | | Deposit in Account | 25 , 186 | 35 % | 9 , 244 | 16 % | 2 , 909 | 5 % | 0 | 0 % | | Transfer in Account | 18 , 054 | 25 % | 10 , 821 | 19 % | 15 , 747 | 25 . % | 0 | 0 % | | Other | 1 , 271 | 2 % | 0 | 0 % | 4 , 237 | 7 % | 3 , 954 | 10 % | | Total | 72 , 023 | 100 % | 58 , 603 | 100 % | 62 , 707 | 100 % | 40 , 869 | 100 % | _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ 17 . * * The cost of sending and receiving remittances is high . * * Receiving hand carried cash remittances is not secure and takes time for the unbanked . In order to have access to more secure alternatives such as deposit and account transfer , the unbanked frequently have to pay an obligation or cost for using someone else ’ s account < sup > 45 < / sup > . Remittance agencies regularly charge up to 25 % of the received amount in fees .", "spans": [{"start": 811, "end": 841, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Calibrating the Model Using Korea Data_ We begin by discussing the debt and threshold rule parameters _bo , fo , do , 0 , _ and ' Q . The domestic and foreign debt levels of the public sector in our model were calibrated using the consolidated debt levels of the Korean government and central bank . The Korean Ministry of Finance ( MOFE ) reports that the level of total government and public sector bonds outstanding at the end of December 1996 was equal to approximately 37 . 4 trillion won . < sup > 15 < / sup > According to the International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Bank of Korea held claims on the government equal to 2 trillion won as of the end of December 1996 . To avoid double counting , we subtracted this number from the reported level of total government and public sector bonds . The IFS also reports that the Bank of Korea had net domestic liabilities ( excluding those vis-a-vis the government , official entities and base money ) of 4 . 7 trillion won . Based on this evidence , we conclude that consolidated government domestic liabilities equaled roughly 37 . 4-2 + 4 . 7 = 40 . 1 trillion won , or 10 . 3 percent of 1996 GDP . Accordingly we set bo = 0 . 103 . The Korea Institute for International Economic Policy ( KIEP ) estimated that the foreign debt of the public sector in June 1997 was equal to 2 . 0 trillion won . < sup > 16 < / sup > According to the IFS , the value of the central bank ' s net foreign assets was approximately 28 . 0 trillion won . This suggests that the overall net foreign assets of the consolidated public sector was equal to roughly 26 . 0 trillion won or 6 . 7 percent of 1996 GDP . We set _fo_ = 0 . 067 and bo _-_ fo = 0 . 036 . According to the Bank of Korea , the value of private sector net foreign debt at the end of 1996 was roughly 13 . 9 percent of GDP . Accordingly we set", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 571, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "safety < br > controls | | | | | Safe operation of project < br > equipment | | | Medical < br > Emergency < br > requirement < br > Situation | Construction < br > activities | Provision of a MEDVAC Plan , < br > facilities and procedures | | | | | Provision of Health hazard < br > Emergence teams | | | | | AvailingFirst Aid facilities | | | | | Training of staff in the MEDVAC < br > procedure / policy | | | | From the | | | | Increase in < br > malaria among < br > immigrant labor | Accommodation < br > environment – < br > the workers < br > camp | Issue of prophylactic drugs • < br > Screen-netting to buildings < br > during construction , | | | | | Provide bed nets | | | | | Record incidence of malaria | | | Increase in | • Reservoir filling | Regular monitoring of Disease | | | prevalence of | / construction | vectorpopulations | | * * 529 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 716, "text": "incidence of malaria", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recent and planned development initiatives of the government and donor community in Nigeria overlap with these findings . It would be particularly interesting to know whether the current efforts show significant impact at a local level , even if not necessarily yet visible as a clear trend at state or regional level , as existing initiatives have been implemented at varying scale across the country . Given the in this study outlined poor condition of children and slow improvement of deprivation levels over the years at national , regional and state level , Nigeria ’ s efforts seem to be inadequate to reduce poverty and inequality between regions at a large scale . The World Bank ’ s 2018 Human Capital Index also indicates Nigeria ’ s poor status , the country is ahead of only five countries : Liberia , Mali , Niger , South Sudan and Chad . Though Nigeria slightly improved its > 27 This analysis however refrains from a further breakdown to that level due to concerns about the representativeness of sample sizes . 58", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 716, "text": "2018 Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Infrastructure < br > and Operations | Provide < br > eco-friendly < br > energy < br > sources such as solar for the < br > facilities . |  The < br > presence < br > of < br > sustainable < br > and < br > eco - < br > friendly equipment at the < br > sites . | Training on the < br > need for and use < br > of < br > eco-friendly < br > equipment . | Quarterly | UWA Rangers | 4000000 | | Employment < br > opportunities |  Timely payment . < br >  Having formal contracts for < br > the workers . < br >  The < br > contractor < br > should < br > involve local leaders in the < br > recruitment < br > process < br > to < br > ensure < br > full < br > and < br > fair < br > participation < br > of < br > local |  Employment records of < br > workers in adherence to < br > the law < br >  41 % < br > of < br > contractor < br > workers . sourced from the < br > local communities | Hire of skilled < br > and < br > unskilled < br > labour . | Quarterly < br > reports | Contractor , < br > UWA , < br > local < br > leaders . | 200 , 000 , 000 | 92 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA TSWR Staff Accommodation_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 747, "text": "Employment records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Hogrefe and Wrona ( 2015 ) develop a theoretical model examining the impact of offshoring on individual skill upgrading through on-the-job training . The model predicts that offshoring , by scaling up workers ’ wages , creates previously unexploited skill upgrading possibilities and , thus , leads to more on-the-job training . Using individual-level survey data from Germany , they document a positive relation between an industry-level measure of offshoring and job training . < sup > 1 < / sup > > 1More broadly , our paper is also related to the literature on labor market adjustment to globalization ; 4", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 378, "text": "individual-level survey data from Germany", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Expanding schools adjacent to community villages decrees < br > dropouts and increase participant | | * * - ICT and * * < br > * * Infrastructure * * < br > * * Expansion * * | - Woreda stake holders | ICT provides as additional reference for teachers and students | | * * Teachers * * < br > * * Transference * * | - Community member < br > - In school boys and girls | Teachers those Respected , accepted and have good teaching < br > Capacity transfer without any convinced problem to other < br > place or woreda office . There is no transparency in teachers < br > transference ‘ | 70 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 ) , the coefficient of c is - 0 . 096 ( 0 . 064 ) at the mean ( one SD above the mean ) of female labor participation rate . Thus , higher female labor force participation FF thus facilitates female entrepreneurship , and could change the intra-industry FDI effects from crowding out to crowding in female entrepreneurship * * _ . _ * * In contrast , better female education is associated with higher female > 10 Both variables come from the World Development Indicators . > 11 To the extent that the rule of law may also level the playing field , especially for women , we have also examined whether the FDI effects depend on a country ’ s level of rule of law . We have not found it to matter much . 16", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 472, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Benston , Hunter and Wall ( 1995 ) similarly find that bank mergers and acquisitions are in part motivated by enhancing the deposit insurance put option . Penas and Unal ( 2004 ) consider the returns to bond holders around US bank mergers , finding that adjusted returns on merging banks ’ bonds are positive across pre-merger and announcement months > 6 We compile time series information on ownership relationships using Bankscope ’ s yearly CDs from 1999 to 2008 , while ownership data for 2009 are gathered from Bankscope as available through the Wharton Research Data Services ( WRDS ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 449, "text": "Bankscope ’ s yearly CDs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 476, "end": 499, "text": "ownership data for 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 553, "end": 583, "text": "Wharton Research Data Services", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * With this in mind , the Global Multidimensional Poverty index ( MPI ) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative ( OPHI ) offers a multidimensional approach to vulnerability assessment by providing 10 key indicators across three dimensions of poverty : health , education and standard of living . _The MPI reflects both the incidence of multidimensional poverty ( the proportion of people in a population who are multi-dimensionally poor ) , and its intensity ( the average number of deprivations each poor person experiences at the same time ) _ < sup > 33 < / sup > . Whilst Afghanistan currently positions 147th in the global index , at the micro level , MPI can be used to provide a detailed assessment of people living in poverty by displacement group , or location , as well as to evaluate other key household and community characteristics – making it a valuable tool around which stakeholders can coordinate humanitarian interventions . This is the method that was used by Samuel Hall and UNHCR in determining the impact of shelter programmes on well-being , and has proven a more scientific means to undertaking impact assessments to evaluate and adjust programming . # # # * * Implementation : the challenges of assistance distribution * * The process of setting clear vulnerability indicators followed with targeted beneficiary selection provides the foundation on which cash-based interventions can be delivered to communities in need . One of the main advantages of this approach is that it enables humanitarian organisations to more easily identify individuals or households in vulnerable populations that seek to take advantage of weaknesses in beneficiary selection process . During this study , as with many others , fraudulent claims from “ professional beneficiaries ” were cited as a concern for misappropriating already stretched cash resources . Cases of fraud reported during KIIs with humanitarian stakeholders included families temporarily splitting to double their access to grants that were awarded based on household size . More troubling for", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 # * * SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS * * | * * CMP * * | Commission Mouvements de Populations | | - - - | - - - | | * * COVID-19 * * | Maladie à coronavirus 2019 | | * * DNDS * * | Direction Nationale du Développement Social | | * * DRDSES * * | Directions Régionale du Développement Social et de l ’ Economie Solidaire | | * * DTM * * | Displacement Tracking Matrix | | * * FMP * * | Flow Monitoring Points ( Points de suivi des mouvements de populations ) | | * * FRV * * | Formulaire de Rapatriement Volontaire | | * * MSDS * * | Ministère de la Santé et du Développement Social | | * * NINA * * | Numéro d ' Identification Nationale | | * * OIM * * | Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations | | * * OMS * * | Organisation Mondiale de la Santé | | * * ONG * * | Organisation Non Gouvernementale | | * * PAM * * | Programme Alimentaire Mondial | | * * PDI * * | Personne Déplacée Interne | | * * POS * * | Procédure Opérationnelle Standard | | * * UNHCR * * | Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés | | * * WASH * * | Water , Sanitation and Hygiene ( Eau , Hygiène et Assainissement ) | * * ii * *", "spans": [{"start": 355, "end": 383, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "transfer of these funds from the CRF to the Cou nty Special Purpose account within fifteen * * ( 15 ) * * working days failure to which the below penalties shall be effected : | * * THS-CPFNDSPFM * * < br > * * LLO * * < br > TransferofFY * * 2019 / 20THS-U * * < br > Turnaround < br > time < br > for | * * ATIO * * < br > CRTERIA < br > * * CfundsfrorCRFtoSPA * * < br > Eliible < br > i < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > trpsfe < br > * * o-15 * * workingdays | g < br > proporton < br > in < br > 2020 / 21allocation < br > * * 1oo % * * | Duedate < br > * * _3r_ * * 22 | | * * 16-25 * * workingdlays < br > * * , 35 * * < br > - workingdays < br > * * 36-45 * * working days < br > After45wokndys | * * 85 % * * < br > * * So % * * < br > 2 % 16hM < br > * * 0 % * * | eray < br > * * 37 ' * * February2020 < br > 2ndMach02 < br > arch2020 < br > r16thM < br > rch2020 | Enclosed herein is the disbursement schedule from the National Treasury , The purpose of this , letter is to ifor l onist rnfrtefnsbfr February , * * 2020 . * * Kindly send a copy of the pA bank statement to the respective ocaj3r Cluster", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 961, "text": "disbursement schedule from the National Treasury", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Minutes of meeting held with Women at Fulugani Primary on 9th April2014 * * # # # # # # * * Present ; * * - < sup > Mark Owuondo < / sup > - < sup > LiyaMango < / sup > - < sup > Lydia Olambo < / sup > - < sup > Pauline Makhoha < / sup > - < sup > Tito Kodiaga < / sup > - < sup > Fauziah Mohammed < / sup > - < sup > Mkalla Mwero < / sup > - < sup > William Fonda < / sup > - < sup > Charles Loktari < / sup > | Consultant ( RAP Team Leader ) < br > Consultant ( GIS Specialist ) | | - - - | | Consultant ( Gender Specialist ) | | Consultant ( Gender Specialist ) | | Consultant ( World Bank ) < br > CDA | | CDA | | CDA | | CDA | - < sup > Women < / sup > # # # # # # * * Introduction * * This special group meeting was preceded by a word of prayer by one of the women , Margaret Mvuno . The chair then gave all present an opportunity to introduce themselves before the meeting fully commenced . # # # # # # * * Purpose of the meeting * * The assembled women were taken through the genesis of the proposed project by the proponent ' s officials as well as the consultants present . They were informed that the consultants were in their area to carry out an inventory of loss of assets as a component used to determine compensation for those among them who would be involuntarily displaced . The women were requested to give their candid views in order to ensure their interests would put under consideration . They were reminded that", "spans": [{"start": 1175, "end": 1202, "text": "inventory of loss of assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * In addition to critical socioeconomic information , the EU-SILC data provides valuable information on gross and net labor incomes . Still , it is important to acknowledge its limitations , particularly about non-response bias and recall errors . * * The EU-SILC ( Statistics on Income and Living Conditions ) survey relies on voluntary participation , whereas anyone with taxable income must file a tax return . This means there may be an under-sampling of households with high incomes , leading to underestimating top incomes and inequality . Furthermore , self-reported incomes in the EU-SILC may be subject to recall errors , with respondents potentially misremembering their income sources over the past year ( the reference year ) . Incomes in the EU-SILC are also subject to imputations by the National Statistical Office , which might introduce some inaccuracies . Despite these concerns , the EU-SILC remains the only reliable source of household self-reported incomes , with sufficient sample size and detailed demographic information . As a result , we base our analysis on EU-SILC data to estimate true income . * * Another primary concern with the labor income data in the EU-SILC is the lack of information on monthly incomes ; to overcome this , we perform the analysis with annual income estimates rather than monthly . * * The income information is only obtainable every year and does not correspond to the same period as the labor market status and additional labor variables . Yearly income measures cannot be used as a substitute for monthly income measures because yearly income may accumulate in only a few months of employment . Therefore , to accurately assess monthly income , we must consider the duration spent in different employment statuses during the year . The retrospective primary economic status data provides some information that can help divide the income into monthly parts , but to do so , we need access to longitudinal data . As a result of the different periods , the income divided by 12 may differ from the monthly income of the job at the time of the interview in the previous or current year . This issue is particularly significant for individuals with unstable careers , including job changes and unemployment interruptions , as the varying", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 72, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1164, "end": 1181, "text": "labor income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1796, "end": 1838, "text": "retrospective primary economic status data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1951, "end": 1968, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9648 # * * Abstract * * This paper proposes a new method for improving the design effect of household surveys based on a two-stage design in which the first stage clusters , or primary selection units , are stratified along administrative boundaries . Improvement of the design effect can result in more precise survey estimates ( smaller standard errors and confidence intervals ) or reduction of the necessary sample size , that is , a reduction in the budget needed for a survey . The proposed method is based on the availability of a previously conducted poverty mapping , that is , spatial descriptions of the distribution of poverty , which are finely disaggregated in small geographic units , such as cities , municipalities , districts , or other administrative partitions of a country that are linked to primary selection units . Such information is then used to select primary selection units with systematic sampling by introducing further implicit stratification in the survey design , to maximize the improvement of the design effect . The proposed methodology has been implemented for the new 2021 Household Budget Survey in Tunisia , conducted under a cooperation project funded by the World Bank . The underlying poverty mapping is based on the 2015 Household Budget Survey and the 2014 Population and Housing Census . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at vmolini @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do", "spans": [{"start": 1137, "end": 1165, "text": "2021 Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1291, "end": 1319, "text": "2015 Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1328, "end": 1362, "text": "2014 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| C2-MIES-INEC-86 / Contratac < br > ión de una agencia de viaje p < br > ara la provisión de pasajes a < br > éreos en rutas nacionales pa < br > a el operativo de campo de l < br > a Encuesta < br > Nacional de Desnutrición Inf | < br > < br > r < br > < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 26 , 556 . 70 < br > 0 | . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-05-24 | | | | 2 | 023-07-1 | 9 < br > 2024-01-15 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > ntil año 2023 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N | | | | Market Aroac < br > Ctt T < br > | stimated Amo < br > A | ctual Amount | | Exression of In | terest < br > Short List and Draft R < br > Reuest for", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 The Gains From Agricultural Tariff Liberalization Aggregated Data | Country | Aggregate < br > Gains | St . Dev . < br > Gains | Consumption < br > Efects | Income < br > Efects | Pro-Poor < br > Bias | Gains < br > Poor | Gains < br > Rich | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Developing world | 2 . 39 | 0 . 85 | 4 . 33 | - 1 . 94 | - 0 . 33 | 2 . 16 | 2 . 48 | | Armenia | 3 . 52 | 0 . 32 | 4 . 12 | - 0 . 60 | 0 . 07 | 3 . 70 | 3 . 62 | | Azerbaijan | 1 . 32 | 0 . 56 | 2 . 96 | - 1 . 64 | 1 . 25 | 2 . 02 | 0 . 77 | | Bangladesh | 1 . 17 | 0 . 27 | 3 . 55 | - 2 . 38 | 0 . 20 | 1 . 29 | 1 . 09 | | Benin | 1 . 28 | 1 . 87 | 4 . 29 | - 3 . 01 | - 4 . 86 | - 1 . 13 | 3 . 72 | | Bhutan | 6 . 47 | 1 . 57 | 10 . 45 | - 3 . 98 | 1 . 77 | 6 . 38 | 4 . 62 | | Bolivia | 3 . 73 | 1 . 17 | 5 . 21 | - 1 . 48 | 0 . 03 | 2 . 84 | 2 . 82 | | Burkina Faso | 1 . 70 | 0 . 57 | 4 . 43 | - 2 . 73 | 0 . 27 | 1 . 94 | 1 . 67 | | Burundi | - 3 . 12 | 2 . 98 | 9 . 70 | - 12 . 82 | - 5 . 70 | - 5 . 20 | 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * VI . Activity Approval * * 8 . In the event that an activity involves acquisition against compensation , the PCU shall : ( a ) not approve the activity unless satisfactory compensation has been agreed with the affected person ; and ( b ) not allow works to start until the compensation has been delivered in a satisfactory manner to the affected persons . # # * * VII . Complaints and Grievances * * 9 . Initially , all complaints should be registered by the PCU , which shall establish a register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes mechanism . The Grievance Redress Mechanism being established for the project will facilitate this . The existence and conditions of access to this register ( where , when , how ) shall be widely disseminated within the community / town as part of the consultation undertaken for the activity in general . A committee of knowledgeable persons , experienced in the subject area , shall be constituted at a local level as a Committee to handle first instance dispute / grievances . This group of mediators attempting amicable mediation / litigation in first instance will consist of the following members : ( i ) Mayor ; ( ii ) Legal advisor ; ( iii ) Local Representative within the elected Council ; ( iv ) Head of Community Based Organization ; and ( v ) Community leaders . This mediation committee will be set up at local level by the implementation agency on an “ as-needed ” ( i . e . it will be established when a dispute arises in a given community ) . 10 . When a grievance / dispute is recorded as per above-mentioned registration procedures , the mediation committee will be established , and mediation meetings will be organized with interested parties . Minutes of meetings will be recorded . The existence of this first instance mechanism will be widely disseminated to the affected people as part of the consultation undertaken for the sub-project in general . It is important that these mediation committees be set up as soon as RAP preparation starts . Disputes documented e . g .", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 578, "text": "register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes mechanism", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 39 , 693 . 60 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-03-20 | | | | 2023-05-15 | 2023-11-11 | | C2-MIES-INEC-65 / Contratac < br > ión de una agencia de viaje p < br > ara la provisión de pasajes a < br > éreos en rutas nacionales par < br > a el operativo de campo de l < br > a Encuesta Nacional de Desn < br > utrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 26 , 556 . 70 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2023-03-15 < br > 2023 - | 04-06 < br > 2023-03-20 < br > 20 | 23-04-06 | 2023-05-01 | 2023-05-31 | 2023-07-05 | 2024-01-01 | | C2-MIES-INEC-84 / Contratac < br > ión de 1 Auxiliar de logística < br > y procesos de calidad ENDI p < br > ara la Encuesta Nacional de < br > Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 560, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desn", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7556 # * * Abstract * * Improving the quality of education is one of today ’ s main challenges for governments in the developing world . Based on a unique matched student-to-teacher panel data set on test scores this paper presents two empirical results for Indonesia . First , through detailed inspection of teacherlevel responses to test questions , the paper concludes that subject matter knowledge of primary school teachers in Indonesia is low on average and that a 1 . 0 , but also a 2 . 0 standard deviation increase in teachers ’ subject matter knowledge seem to be achievable medium-term goals for education policy making in Indonesia . Second , the paper presents the results of three types of value-added regressions , a ( standard ) level specification , a school fixed-effects specification , and a flexible student-teacher fixed-effects specification . The student-teacher fixed-effects approach estimates the parameters of a value-added model using test score variation within each student-teacher pair across three different subjects , mathematics , science and Indonesian language . The results suggest that a 1 . 0 ( and 2 . 0 ) standard deviation increase in teachers ’ subject matter knowledge across-the-board can yield increases in student achievement by 0 . 25 ( and 0 . 50 ) student-level standard deviations by the time students complete the six-year primary school cycle . This paper is a product of the Education Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at joppederee @ gmail . com . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 241, "text": "matched student-to-teacher panel data set on test scores", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "benefited from livelihood activities , 83 percent of the end-of-project target . Other major achievements include : ( a ) 66 Farmers Training Centers / Pastoralist Training Centers ( FTCs / PTCs ) upgraded ( end of project target 71 ) ; ( b ) demonstrations on new agricultural techniques and technologies held for 10 , 650 farmers / pastoralists ( target 11 , 400 ) ; ( b ) 982 Common Interest Groups ( CIGs ) ( 72 percent membership female ) , 156 cooperatives and 137 Savings and Credit Cooperatives ( SACCOs ) established or supported ; ( c ) 11 , 800 CIG members trained on financial literacy , climate-sensitive business planning , value chains and group management ; ( d ) matching grants distributed to 873 CIGs to implement their business plans ; and ( e ) 295 hectares brought under irrigation . This is well short of the final project target of 5 , 000 ha . , but ongoing works will cover an additional 3 , 000 ha . , so the project remains on track for this indicator . 5 . * * DRDIP II investments remain highly relevant . * * A household survey undertaken for the MTR showed that 77 percent of refugees and host community members feel that project investments reflect their needs . 6 . * * Environmental and Social ( E & S ) risk management and fiduciary compliance has been solid . * * E & S has been rated Satisfactory throughout implementation . In the MTR , both financial management ( FM ) and procurement performance were rated MS . 7 . * * While the project is performing well , there are some issues that require management attention : * * ( a ) _impact of livelihood activities_ : achievement against the PDO indicator is on track at mid-term but achieving the final target will be challenging . Field supervision suggests the project needs to intensify the impact of livelihood activities – particularly private sector engagement and support for the landless – to help beneficiaries achieve self-reliance . This will be", "spans": [{"start": 1042, "end": 1081, "text": "household survey undertaken for the MTR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The husband and wife share the same bed , but they have different dreams . ( Chinese proverb ) _ # * * 1 . Introduction * * Employment and earnings statistics are among the most important variables used to identify the causes of poverty as well as the pathways out - for households and for an economy . Therefore , employment outcomes are especially important to monitor consistently because they are the key link between the size and structure of economic growth and the welfare of households - the ultimate goal of development policy . The quality of employment outcomes has become a key issue for governments around the world . Gallup World Poll recently reported that jobs and economic security are the number one issue for people all over the world , replacing other concerns such as war , crime , and security ( Clifton , 2012 ) . Policy makers in Sub-Saharan African countries , facing a large youth bulge , are increasingly focusing their national development strategies on creating more productive employment . Yet data on the nature and intensity of economic activities undertaken by the labor force in low-income Sub-Saharan-African countries , and the returns to these activities are hard to find . For example , the 2011 edition of the World Bank ’ s _African Development Indicators_ ( ADI ) reports data on the structure of employment by sector - one of the most basic statistics - for only 14 of the 48 countries included . In the same volume , data on labor force participation rate ( LFPR ) is available for all 48 countries , but the values vary improbably between countries . For example , Sudan , a very poor country where most adults cannot afford to be out of the labor force , is reported to have a labor force participation rate of 52 percent in 2009 , while a rate of 85 percent is reported for Ethiopia , Sudan ’ s neighbor , and a rate of 81 percent is reported for Angola , a relatively richer country . < sup > 1 < / sup > Even for countries where micro data from household surveys are widely available , the methods of questionnaire design and implementation generate indicators which fail to capture", "spans": [{"start": 632, "end": 649, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1461, "end": 1499, "text": "data on labor force participation rate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1978, "end": 2011, "text": "micro data from household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the mean with the adjusted distributions . The population-weighted average annualized shared prosperity premium for the period falls by 0 . 6 percentage points , from a positive 0 . 5 percent growth to - 0 . 1 percent , inverting the positive global picture of trends in inequality measured by the official spells . This further illustrates that conventional measures of development can be misleading if one assumes the HHS-NAS gap to originate from a lack of capture of consumption and income of the richest households in surveys . # * * 5 . Conclusion * * This paper has compiled a large new data set for assessing the correspondence between per capita monetary living standards measured in national accounts and household surveys . The data show that the gaps in measurement across the two data sources are larger than in previous assessments . Our assessment concludes that the gap does not seem to be due to survey income 27", "spans": [{"start": 693, "end": 710, "text": "national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 715, "end": 732, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "new institutional set up , which posed new implementation challenges . Initially , this component was intended to support the GoE in reorganizing and restructuring EEPCo . Following the unbundling reform , which was formalized one year after ENREP effectiveness , the scope of Component 4 was refocused to help make operational the newly established power companies , EEP and EEU . Specifically , assistance was redesigned to help with completing the split of EEPCo assets between the two companies ; addressing impending financial management issues ; and establishing an ERP system . Following the GoE ’ s decision to use internal staff to complete the first two tasks , resources were reallocated to finance the ERP , whose cost exceeded initial estimates . The ERP contract was launched in January 2016 and a specific Project Management Office , reporting directly to the EEU Chief Executive Officer , was appointed and made responsible for ERP implementation . # # * * E . Rationale for Additional Financing * * 21 . The proposed AF is intended to scale up and maximize the development impact of ENREP and further contribute to expanding access to electricity services in Ethiopia . 22 . * * Rationale for further reinforcement and expansion of the electricity transmission system * * . In 2005 , the GoE established the UEAP with the specific objective to provide grid-based electrification in rural towns and villages . Currently housed within EEU , the UEAP is financed mainly by the GoE , with several donors and other financiers also contributing support . The level of investments implemented on an annual basis by the UEAP , although remarkable , is highly inadequate to bridge the network coverage gap . The Ethiopia Power System Expansion Master Plan Study < sup > 8 < / sup > has identified priority investments for the expansion of transmission infrastructure in both urban and rural areas for the period up to 2020 . These include 118 new transmission substations ; > 8 Parsons-Brinckerhoff , 2014 . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * n * * £ Kenya National Bureau of Statistics * * n * * £ * * OUKEA NFSATISTICS * * BRAN | | * * Amount * * < br > * * Ksh . * * | | - - - | - - - | | SurplusfortheYear | * * 1 , 165 , 193 , 415 * * | | Surplusperbudget / actualcomparison | * * 1 , 262 , 130 , 078 * * | | ProvisionforIncomeTax | * * ( 65 , 727 , 808 ) * * | | Depreciation / Amortisationcharges | * * ( 31 , 208 , 855 ) * * | | | * * 1 , 165 , 193 , 415 * * | There were no changes between the original and the final budget . However , the actual amounts received exceeded the final budget due to some activities being funded * * by * * donors on an ad hoc basis , through collaboration . The amounts received are as per Note * * 2 ( b ) * * and ( c ) . # # # # * * 22 . Contingent Liabilities * * The Bureau has contingent liabilities arising from the following legal cases : - I . * * Court of Appeal Civil Appeal No . 64 of 2012 Minister Of State For Planning National Development & V2030 & 2 Others Vs Noor Mohammed & 4 Others * * This case involved the * * 2009 * * Population and Housing Census and the matter was heard and a ruling was given in favour of the Bureau . * * All * * the monographs have since been disseminated . # # # # II . * * HCCC No 79 OF 2010 BM Logistics VS KNBS ( Godown case ) . * * This case involved the godown where the * * 2009 * * Population and Census materials were being stored . The claimant is claiming KShs . 43 million for loss of business and rent .", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1070, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 5 Page 3 From the results of the soil survey and terrain evaluation a land capability map ( on mosaic basis ) will be produced . Classification would be in accordance with the system used by the USDA Conservation Service modified where necessary to take account of local conditions and land use requirements . The soil survey report should include all data on soils , and the ecology and land use capabilities of the area . The following mosaic maps of the area suitable for agricultural development should be included : - soil niap , scale 1 : 20 , 000 - land use and classification map , scale 1 : 20 , 000 - summary of land classification map , scale 1 : 100 , 000 - B . AGRICULTURE , ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STUDY Method 1 . Establish the distribution of existing farms within the project area . 2 . Determine the use of land on established farms by means of a sample survey . If possible , the list of holdings granted by the Government should be used as a survey frame ; and the sample stratified according to size of holdings . An overall sampling percentage of at least 20 % should be used , with strata percentages being decided after the details in 1 above have been established . In carrying out 2 above , the following specific aspects of the sample holdings should be studied : Physical Aspects - ( a ) Area of the holding , and distances from water supplies and roads . - ( b ) Soils , and percentage of each project soil type within the holding . - ( c ) Area cropped and area under each crop . - ( d ) Permanent improvements ; housing , buildings , wells , etc . - ( e ) Crop rotations , if any . - ( f ) Agricultural land tenure assignments .", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 593, "text": "land use and classification map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 617, "end": 651, "text": "summary of land classification map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 901, "end": 943, "text": "list of holdings granted by the Government", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 18 - a heavily populated African setting . Including data from districts across one Nigerian state , Figure 4 avoids the difficulties inherent in crosssection comparisons of countries with varying resource endowments , labor force defin ' tions and policy environments . # VI . MAGNITUDE OF THE FARM-NONFARM LINKAGES As a prerequisite for estimating the magnitude of agricultural growth multipliers , as well as an aid in gaining a fuller understanding of the nature of farm-nonfarm linkages , it is useful to examine in some detail available evidence on the strength of intersectoral linkages in rural Africa . Five different linkages are important , two in factor markets and three in product markets . The factor market linkages involve capital and labor flows betweer . agriculture and nonfarm enterprises . Product markets include backward production linkages from agriculture to rural input suppliers , forward production linkages from agriculture to processors and distributors , and consumer demand linkages generated as a result of increasing farm incomes . # A . Capital Flows Host observers believe the outflow of capital from agriculture to be larger than the reverse flow from nonfarm activity to agriculture . Certainly at an aggregate level , a large accumulation of evidence suggests that surpluses have been consistently transferred out of agriculture through fiscal , crop pricing and trade policies ( World Bank , 1981 ; Lee , 1983 ; ILD , 1982b ; Sharpley , 1981 ) . Marketing boards and export levies , for example , typically tax away 30 to 50 percent of farmers ' cash crop prices ( World Bank , 1981 ) . Given the structure of government expenditures in most African countries , it is very likely that these agricultural surpluses have been transferred primarily to urban areas and into nonagricultural activities . Private investors have also channelled investment funds from", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 100, "text": "data from districts across one Nigerian state", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Minister of Justice . < sup > 41 < / sup > The entire process is administrative . The refugee law does not explicitly provide recourse to the judicial system , but this option may be regarded as implied under Brazil ’ s Constitution . < sup > 42 < / sup > In principle , the application process involves ( and involved at the time ) a number of steps . They include a request for refugee protection ( filed at a Federal Police station through the completion of a refugee request form that captures personal and family bio data and a description of the reasons for flight ) ; registration of the complete request in the Federal Police database ; and the sharing of the registration information with CONARE by the Federal Police . CONARE is then responsible for contacting asylumseekers for an interview , which is a mandatory step in the process . < sup > 43 < / sup > Registered asylum-seekers are entitled to receive a so-called “ Provisional Protocol ” , which is valid for one year and renewable , pending the resolution of the claim . < sup > 44 < / sup > Asylum-seekers are entitled to a temporary work permit and certain other documents . < sup > 45 < / sup > They can also access specific services , including health , education and banking . < sup > 46 < / sup > Again , whether these entitlements are available and accessible to asylum-seekers in practice has not been examined , but it is worth noting that informants highlighted gaps in practice . CONARE members take first-instance decisions on refugee status at regular plenary meetings . Quorum requires four voting members and a majority , with the chairperson holding the deciding vote . Prior to plenary meetings , a preliminary analysis group convenes to analyse the relevant material on a given case , assess its merits and prepare a recommendation on the recognition of refugee status . These recommendations form the basis of discussions on the grant or refusal of status during plenary", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 646, "text": "Federal Police database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the affected trading partners . This compensation could take the form either of a mutually agreeable tariff reduction in some other sector or of the affected trading partner being permitted to raise its tariff in some other sector in response . A second common feature is that , unlike other GATT provisions introduced below , these changes to tariffs were meant to apply only to limited and well-defined _products_ , and not entire sectors or bundles of imports . < sup > 71 < / sup > Over the entire GATT period of 1947-1994 , countries invoked Article XIX on 150 different occasions to increase their tariffs temporarily and Article XXVIII on 275 occasions to increase their tariff bindings permanently ( WTO , 1995 ) . While there is little empirical research examining use of these provisions , access to some newly available archival data from the 1950s allows us to investigate patterns to some of the new import restrictions triggered right after the GATT ’ s inception . < sup > 72 < / sup > For example , the early GATT negotiations for tariff reductions could have significantly over-estimated the amount of tariff-cutting liberalization that government might be able to sustain , thus triggering the need to raise We begin with the permanent tariff increases triggered under Article XXVIII . Between 1950 and 1959 , the GATT Contracting Parties invoked Article XXVIII only 70 times ( WTO , 1995 ) . Thus it appears that formal actions to raise tariffs permanently under Article XXVIII were relatively rare , and when they arose , the requests were scattered across countries and sectors . The lack of major permanent tariff increases , at least for the major GATT members , is consistent with the downward trend in average applied tariffs for these countries over the GATT period ( see again Figure 12 ) . Next , consider the frequency with which countries resorted to _temporary_ escape from their tariff commitments ( Article XIX ) . A distinctive element of this channel is the mandate that , in order to justify use of Article XIX , governments were required to provide some evidence of unforeseen events having taking place , and that increased imports of the product were causing injury to the domestic ,", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 847, "text": "archival data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 : Policy Impact on Education Outcomes < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Non − Experimental Schools Experimental Schools All Schools Non − Experimental Schools Experimental Schools All Schools < br > . 08 < br > . 15 < br > . 06 < br > . 1 < br > . 04 < br > . 05 . 02 < br > Treat Effect on Rates of Child Literacy < br > Treat Effect on Secondary School Enrollment 0 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Panel A : Secondary School Enrollment Panel B : Child Literacy _Notes_ : The bars in the figure represent the OLS estimates of the assignment to the API program during the government implementation of the _Plus_ modality on school-level secondary school enrollment rates ( Panel A ) and child literacy rates ( Panel B ) . Vertical lines overlaid on each bar displays the 95 percent and 90 percent confidence intervals , respectively . Confidence intervals are based on asymptotic inference . the assignment of the mentors under the _Plus_ modality at scale . Each bar represents the treatment effect of the policy ( _α_ 1 in equation ( 6 ) ) for a different sample of schools in the state of Chiapas . For the sample of schools that did not participate in the second experiment , we find that the program increases the fraction of children who enroll in secondary schools by 4 . 5 percentage points ( _p_ - value = 0 . 039 ) , which represents an increase of 6 . 5 percent with respect to the sample mean . For the schools that were part of the experiment , the impact of receiving the program during the government implementation is larger ( + 8 . 5p . p . , _p_ - value = 0 . 031 ) , although the two estimates are statistically similar . These effects on secondary school enrollment are in line with the experimental findings on the enrollment in seventh grade ( + 12 . 4 percentage points , see Table 2 ) . We interpret this result as evidence that the program at scale is effective in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Existing sources of publicly available data are rather limited with respect to these three criteria . We resorted to the LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg ( http : / / www . lisdatacenter . org / ) , which allowed us to process data from four countries ( Italy , Germany , France and Switzerland ) , while a fifth country was obtained from accessing the original provider ( United Kingdom – < u > https : / / www . understandingsociety . ac . uk / ) . < / u > The surveys we have used are therefore the following : - * * Italy : * * Survey on Household Incomes and Wealth ( SHIW ) , collected by the Bank of Italy – 11 surveys , covering the period 1993-2014 ( information on parental background is not available before the starting date – originally consisting of 112 , 690 individuals , which reduces to 107 , 846 when considering non-missing information . - * * Germany : * * German Socio-economic Panel ( SOEP ) – 11 surveys , covering the period 1984-2013 – originally including 156 , 338 individuals , then reduced to 133 , 467 in case of non-missing information . - * * France : * * Household Budget Survey ( HBS ) , conducted by the Banque de France ) – 6 surveys , covering the period 1978-2005 – originally consisting of 97 , 306 individuals , declining to 89 , 119 when missing information is excluded . - * * Switzerland : * * Swiss Household Panel ( SHP ) – 6 surveys , covering the period 1999-2014 – originally consisting of 43 , 102 individuals , which then decline to 31 , 273 valid observations . - * * United Kingdom : * * starts as British Household Panel ( BHPS ) , replaced after 2009 by the Understanding Society-Household Longitudinal Survey ( UKHLS ) – considers 24 waves over the period 1991-2014 – originally consisting of 434 , 253 individuals , which then decline to 308 , 625 valid observations . Our selection rules include individuals aged 25-80 with a positive disposable income , harmonized according to the LIS procedure ( variable DPI ) . < sup > 7 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 582, "text": "Survey on Household Incomes and Wealth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 890, "end": 917, "text": "German Socio-economic Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 920, "end": 924, "text": "SOEP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1101, "end": 1124, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1350, "end": 1371, "text": "Swiss Household Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1563, "end": 1586, "text": "British Household Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1676, "text": "Understanding Society-Household Longitudinal Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 | 1-03 | | UG-NITA-U-418636-CS-CQS / < br > E-Waste Management - Stud < br > y to explore O & M business m < br > odels for sustainability | IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectiv < br > ty in selected areas | i < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > O | pen - National | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Unde < br > ation | r Implem | ent < br > 2024-04-14 < br > 2024-06-07 < br > 2024-05-05 < br > 2024-06 - | 12 < br > 2024-06-18 < br > 2024-08-16 | | | 2024-07-18 < br > 2024-10-0 | 1 < br > 2024-08-22 | | 2025-0 | 2-18 | | UG-NITA-U-418640-CS-CQS / < br > Study for the development of < br > a National ICT Spatial Data In < br > frastructure Store | < br > IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectiv < br > ty in selected areas | i < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > O | pen - National | 150 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Unde < br > ation | r Implem | ent < br > 2024-04-15 < br > 2024-04-22 < br > 2024-05-06 | 2024-06-19 | | | 2024-07-19 | 2024-08-23 | | 2025-0 | 2-19 | | UG-NITA-U-446523-CS-CQS / < br > Consult", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "security . In many island nations , climate change also poses threats to water supply and overall socio-economic stability and health risks , which may arise as climate change influences the spread of diseases . Many island economies feature large tourism sectors , and services ’ contribution to GDP , therefore , disproportionately affects the economy ’ s development . # 4 . 1 . Natural disaster shock scenarios We devise natural disaster shocks to explore the potential effects of climate risks on such a model economy . In particular , we are interested to know : - how the severity of climate risks in the form of a natural disaster can have non-linear impacts on macroeconomic performance , - how the presence of other economic risks ( for example , shocks to trading partners , internal business cycle fluctuations , or shocks in currency markets ) compounds the risks posed by climate change , and - how fiscal policy can ameliorate the impacts of climate shocks and threshold and compound risks , in particular . To do so , we adapt one of the World Bank ’ s macroeconomic models . MFMod is a structural econometric model that captures the macroeconomic income and product accounts and is capable of representing an economy ’ s flow of funds across sectors and for major income types ( Burns et al . 2019 ) . Similarly , the economy ’ s interactions with its trading partners and specific sectors ( for example , the labor market or the energy sector ) are modeled in detail . MFMod ’ s long-run behavioral relationships are derived from economic theory , while short-run adjustment to these long-run relationships is estimated empirically from economic data . < sup > 3 < / sup > MFMod permits the forecasting of its main economic variables ( like economic growth , consumer inflation , and balance of the current account ) and policy implications ( for example , debt sustainability ) . We also draw on the World Bank ’ s Climate Change and Development Reports ( CCDR ) framework . CCDRs introduce climate change via changes in hazard rates , exposure , and impacts in MFMod and analyze how these changes impact a country ’ s development path . < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1655, "end": 1668, "text": "economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10054 # * * Abstract * * A series of civil conflicts in Mali has generated more than 346 , 000 internally displaced people ( UNHCR , 2020 ) . This study estimates the effect of conflict-generated internal displacement on consumption , poverty , and inequality in host communities . Using comprehensive nationwide household survey data this study finds that wealth at the commune and household level is non-decreasing in IDP hosting communes relative to non-IDP host communes . This study also finds some partial evidence of increasing consumption at the household level although inequality and poverty at the commune level remain the same . The evidence suggests a fairly successful hosting and aid process in Mali for IDPs in terms of mitigating economic disruption for host communities . This paper is a product of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at jdfoltz @ wisc . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 364, "text": "comprehensive nationwide household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in a mine accident in Mangar Ayou Village in Aweil , Northern Bahr el Ghazal in February 2017 , an investigation revealed that the area was heavily contaminated by landmines laid in an attempt to obstruct Sudanese Armed Forces during the Civil War . These deadly weapons have remained undetected for several years as the resident community was displaced by the historical confl ict and has only recently returned , clearance operations are now underway . Mine Action deployed Responding to security improvements in specifi c locations , the number of Mine Action teams deployed increased from 19 to 35 . This resulted in greater clearance outputs as compared to the previous quarter . The period under review is typically the most productive < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Known Hazardous Areas < br > as of March 2017 < br > SUDAN < br > Upper Nile < br > Abyei area < br > Unity 31 < br > Northern < br > Bahr el Ghazal < br > Western 14 < br > Bahr el Ghazal < br > 2 Warrap < br > 5 Jonglei < br > ETHIOPIA < br > 11 Lakes 114 < br > 9 < br > CENTRAL AFRICAN < br > REPUBLIC EquatoriaWestern < br > Central < br > Equatoria Eastern < br > 41 Equatoria < br > DEMOCRATIC 198 < br > REPUBLIC OF < br > THE CONGO 285 < br > KENYA < br > x Number of known hazards < br > Size of hazardous area ( sqkm ) UGANDA < br > < 1 1 - 4 6 - 10 30 - 40 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # Known Hazardous Areas as of March 2017 Source : Information Management System of Mine Action ( IMSMA ) . * MRE : Mine Risk Education , UXO : Unexploded Ordnance .", "spans": [{"start": 1444, "end": 1488, "text": "Information Management System of Mine Action", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent . The regression analysis indicates much smaller price elasticities with respect to calories than with respect to food consumption , suggesting that households traded off quality for quantity of calories consumed . As additional evidence of this trade-off , the regression estimates show that the price increases are associated with changes in the composition of food consumption , namely decreases in dietary diversity and a movement towards staple foods . This result is similar to that of McKenzie ( 2006 ) who finds a shift in food consumption towards staples after the devaluation of the Mexican Peso in 1994 . < sup > 11 < / sup > The analysis in this paper also documents the statistical relationships between commonly used nutrition indicators and various measures of food security , and thereby contributes broadly to work on the efficacy of household-level indicators like dietary diversity . < sup > 12 < / sup > This is in line with the growing recognition of the importance of household - and individual-level consumption data in developing sub-national interventions to reduce chronic food insecurity ( Barrett , 2010 ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > In addition to contributing more broadly to the food security literature , we also believe that this analysis fills a critical gap in the knowledge base for policy makers . The dearth of data and analysis available on Afghanistan poses acute challenges to political leaders , lawmakers , and humanitarian organizations interested in creating programs and policies to alleviate poverty and food insecurity . The next section in this paper briefly describes the Afghan economy and its ties to international markets during the period of the food crisis . Section 3 provides details on the survey , the methodology and the sample . More findings on the household response to the price effects are described in section 4 , along with discussion of robustness tests , and section 5 concludes . # * * 2 Afghanistan * * Over the past decade , the Afghan economy has experienced strong growth , with real GDP growth averaging approximately 10 . 8 % per year between 2003 and 2009 . But after decades of war and political instability , landlocked Afghanistan remains one of the world ’ s > 11", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1047, "text": "household - and individual-level consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ * * | * * Indicators * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Target * * | * * Actual * * | * * Achieved * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * PDO Indicator 4 . Service Delivery Performance Assessed * * | | | | | | Micro-scale irrigation : Number of farmers with and hectares of newly or improved irrigated land | N / A | 4 , 000 | 6 , 235 | | | Micro-scale Irrigation : Average score in the irrigation sub county performance assessment | N / A | Yes | Yes | | | * * Intermediate Results Indicators - Microscale Irrigation * * | | | | | | Number of eligible farmers who received a farm visit from the LG within 6 months of expressing interest | 0 | 19 , 302 | 69 , 439 | | | % of farmers who received a farm visit and were approved / denied within 3 months | N / A | 100 % | 100 % | | | Number of approved farmers who completed at least once cycle of a farmer field school ( Number ) | 0 | 1 , 000 | 14 , 000 | | | % of irrigation systems installed that are functional and in use | N / A | 100 % | 100 % | | | % of beneficiaryfarmers with newlyor improved irrigated land who are female | N / A | 18 % | 19 % | | 45 . * * The micro-scale irrigation component significantly exceeded its targets . * * Over 6 , 235 farmers received irrigation equipment ( 56 percent above the 4 , 000 target ) , covering 4 , 843 hectares of land . Additionally , 632 demonstration sites were established across 135 LGs to build awareness and support peer learning . Extensive farmer training reached over 14 , 000 participants , and capacity building for 2 , 056 district officials was conducted , strengthening local", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 442, "text": "irrigation sub county performance assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 10 : Job content of exports across macro sectors , South Africa 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Manufacturing < br > Mining and Energy < br > Other commercial services < br > Agriculture < br > Transport and communication < br > Trade , sales and accomodation < br > Public services < br > Financial services < br > Electricity , gas and water < br > Real estate , renting < br > Construction < br > 0 500 1 , 000 1 , 500 2 , 000 < br > Thousands < br > Direct JOBX Indirect JOBX < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . The intensity with which manufacturing exports support jobs is instead lower than agriculture as well as most services sectors . Figure 11 shows the direct and indirect jobs per $ 1 million of gross exports for 2011 . Aside from real estate and renting , manufacturing has the lowest direct job intensity of exports , with 6 jobs directly supported per $ 1 million in exports . The indirect job intensity of exports is instead higher than all other sectors , at 22 jobs indirectly supported per $ 1 million in exports . Overall , the total job intensity of exports is about average , but below agriculture and other services sectors . The job intensity of mining and energy , on the other hand , is among the lowest . 18", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 595, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The highest return rates have been recorded in Kyivska , Chernihivska , Dnipropetrovska and Kharkivska Oblasts . 47 % of IDPs have conducted short-term visits to their place of origin in Ukraine with the main reason for the visits to check or repair their property , followed by visiting relatives and for getting personal belongings . Return to areas under active hostilities indicates the significance of sentimental returns , as well as a possible fatigue attached to protracted displacement , over two years since the February 2022 invasion . The protracted nature of displacement has been compounded by an increasing lack of financial means and shrinking availability of humanitarian assistance , particularly in West and Center , which may now also be exacerbated for some IDPs due to the cuts in the IDP allowance payments . Among IDPs , a small proportion indicate they have been compelled to return due to facing challenges in areas of displacement , with * * problems finding stable accommodation * * or * * not able to access work opportunities * * the most frequently reported reasons < sup > xxxiii < / sup > . As per the 2023 PMT findings , the main reasons for departure to the place of origin or another place of displacement : 1 ) lack of access to livelihood , employment and economic opportunities ; and 2 ) lack of access to safe and dignified shelter . Furthermore , there were instances of thefts or robberies reported by the PMT key informants in Sumska , Kharkivska and Dnipropetrovska oblasts , prompting displaced people to return to insecure areas for the fear of losing property and belongings . < sup > xxxiv < / sup > * * Many of those who return continue to face protection risks * * , compounded by the impact that the conflict has had on community life and infrastructure . Risks faced by returnees include exposure to attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure , with 43 % of returnees ( over 1 , 070 , 000 individuals ) residing in a location which had seen missile", "spans": [{"start": 1135, "end": 1152, "text": "2023 PMT findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assistance divided by the total number of assisted households # # # * * / * * * * _FULL RATION_ + * * * * _HALF RATION_ * * - * * Excluding partial exclusion error * * : number of households that are in need of assistance not receiving assistance at all divided by the total number of households in the highly and moderately vulnerable groups # # # * * / * * * * _HIGHLY_ + * * * * _MODERATELY_ * * The described methodology leads to the results illustrated in Table 8 and 9 , which also include a comparison of the errors between the two points of analysis , i . e . December 2020 and September 2021 . The increase in the share of households that receives assistance based on the criteria but that are actually not in need of assistance at all or of the level of assistance they were provided with - has increased between December 2020 and September 2021 from 25 percent to 31 percent . * * Table 8 : Total errors comparison , December 2020 and September 2021 * * | * * Dec 2020 * * | * * Sep 2021 * * | | - - - | - - - | | Inclusion error < br > 25 % | 31 % | | Exclusion error < br > 21 % | 13 % | | Source : JPDM December 2020 ; JPDM | September 2021 | One reason for the increase in inclusion errors lies in the application of protection-related eligibility criteria that were included , but which had not been found to be statistically associated with vulnerability . These include students being included as dependent - * * Excluding partial exclusion error : * * number of households that are in need of assistance not receiving assistance at all divided by the total number of households in the highly and moderately vulnerable groupshousehold members , and members with disabilities or chronic illnesses . Exclusion errors , on the other hand , have decreased quite significantly from 21 percent in December 2020 to 13", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1116, "text": "JPDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1133, "end": 1137, "text": "JPDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > _f ( t + T ) _ < / sup > _f ( t + T ) _ loan level in year _t + T_ of _Y_ instead of the actual level y _f ( t + T ) . _ The difference _y_ _9_ < sup > _f ( t + T ) _ < / sup > _f ( t + T ) _ between y _f ( t + T ) _ and Y 9 : can be classified as the amount of excessive loans . We will 1 _ ~ ~ ~ ~ Oft y_ thus define excessive loan growth as Taking the year 1992 as the base year and the 1992 efficiency figures as the benchmark and assuming a constant efficiency over 5 years we define the following as a measure of bank risk-taking for the purpose of our application to East Asian banking data for the period 1992-96 in the following section 9", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 605, "text": "East Asian banking data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "became more serious in the 1990s . Using provincial trade flow data to investigate the engagement of the PRC ’ s provinces in domestic and international trade , she finds that international trade barriers dropped but domestic trade barriers ( between provinces ) increased between 1987 to 1997 . Interprovince trade flows fell between 1987 and 1997 . Barriers to trade between the provinces in the PRC were as high as those between international borders within the European Union , or between Canada and the US . However , evidence based on more refined data supports increasing regional specialization and product market integration over time . < mark > Bai et al . ( 2004 ) < / mark > use a panel data set of 32 two-digit industries in 29 provinces between 1985 and 1997 . They look at the patterns of regional specialization of industries , and examine how regional protectionism affected the patterns of regional specialization between 1985 and 1997 . They find that in provinces with higher shares of SOEs , because benefits of local protection would be higher ( i . e . , jobs and direct control benefits ) , there was lower specialization amongst these industries . They also find that industries in provinces that have higher profit and tax margins have lower specialization . The higher profitability and tax revenue provided benefits and incentives to local governments to shield them from competition . However , contrary to Young ( 2000 ) , they find that regional specialization rose over time , implying greater regional integration in the product market . Consistent with Bai et al . ( 2004 ) , Holz ( 2009 ) presents evidence in support of an increasingly integrated domestic product market . Similarly , Huang , Rozelle and Chang ( 2004 ) , using the rice market as an example , offer evidence that the PRC ’ s commodity markets are becoming more integrated . # * * E . Capital Market Integration * * The literature summarized below suggests that formal financial markets are still at their early development stage and inefficiency abounds , but informal channels of finances fill some of the gaps in inadequate formal financial intermediation . There is no strong evidence yet of increasing financial market integration", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 67, "text": "provincial trade flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 693, "end": 734, "text": "panel data set of 32 two-digit industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", J . S . , and Walker , R . ( 2018 ) . Regulating Mismeasured Pollution : Implications of Firm Heterogeneity for Environmental Policy . _AEA Papers and Proceedings_ , 108 : 136 – 142 . - Martin , R . , Muˆuls , M . , de Preuxe , L . B . , and Wagner , U . J . ( 2012 ) . Anatomy of a paradox : Management practices , organizational structure and energy efficiency . _J . Environ . Econ . Manage . _ , 63 ( 2 ) : 208 – 223 . - Ryan , N . ( 2018 ) . Energy productivity and energy demand : Experimental evidence from Indian manufacturing plants . _NBER Working Paper 24619_ . - Schweiger , H . and Stepanov , A . ( 2019 ) . Energy Subsidies , Energy Intensity and Management Practices . _SSRN Electronic Journal_ . - Syverson , C . ( 2004 ) . Market structure and productivity : A concrete example . _J . Polit . Econ . _ , 112 ( 6 ) : 1181 – 1222 . - Syverson , C . ( 2011 ) . What determines productivity ? _J . Econ . Lit . _ , 49 ( 2 ) : 326 – 365 . - Taylor , M . ( 2020 ) . Energy Subsidies : Evolution in the Global Energy Transformation to 2050 . Technical report , International Renewable Energy Agency , Abu Dhabi . - U . S . Census Bureau ( 2015 ) . Management and Organizational Practices Survey ( MOPS ) . ` https : / / www . census . gov / programs-surveys / mops . html ` . - World Bank ( 2020a ) . Enterprise Surveys . ` https : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / en / enterprisesurvey ` . - World Bank ( 2020b ) . Exchange Rate . https : / / databank . worldbank . org / source / worlddevelopment-indicators . - World Bank Data ( 2020 ) . World Bank Country and Lending Groups Classification . ` https : / / datahelpdesk . worldbank . org / knowledgebase / articles / 906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups ` . 33", "spans": [{"start": 1160, "end": 1206, "text": "Management and Organizational Practices Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Program for Results ( Hybrid ) for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services . ( P175167 ) | Strengthen and < br > maintain the < br > Environmental and < br > Social Management < br > System ( ESMS ) in < br > the health sector at < br > federal , regional and < br > local levels . | Environmental < br > and Social < br > Systems | MOH ( Hygiene and < br > Environmental Health Di | Other | Annual | Availability of < br > functional ESMS < br > ( Human resources , < br > technical capacity , E < br > & S guidelines , < br > periodic E & S < br > reporting and < br > auditing as per the < br > ESSA recommended < br > actions ) | No change | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Address inclusion < br > needs of vulnerable < br > groups in service | Environmental < br > and Social < br > Systems | MoH Women and Social < br > Affairs Directorate | Other | Annual | Final revised manual < br > on Health sector < br > disability inclusion < br > mainstreaming in < br > place , related training | No change | | Review and < br > revitalize the policy < br > framework and < br > strategies to < br > enhance public < br > private engagement < br > in health . | Technical | MOH | Other | annual | MOH annual Report | No change | | Apply categorization < br > and classification < br > system for | Fiduciary < br > Systems | EPSA | Recurrent | Continuous | Application of the < br > system reported < br > through progress < br > report | No change | Page 21", "spans": [{"start": 1264, "end": 1281, "text": "MOH annual Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Comparison with other asset classes * * In this section , we compare the returns on external sovereign bonds from our new database with those of other major asset classes traded on UK and US capital markets . As in the previous analysis , we use a global portfolio time series of returns on all active foreign-currency sovereign bonds in the sample , weighted by debt amounts . # 6 . 1 Data preamble For comparison , we start with “ risk-free ” assets in financial centers . Specifically , we use returns on US and UK three-month Treasury _bills_ as well as US and UK long-term government _bonds_ . The time series of US and UK sovereign bonds and UK bills are gathered for the full 200-year sample . For bills , the data for the 19th century are approximated using commercial bills and related rates ( US Treasury bill rates data start in 1919 , and for the UK in 1900 ; see Appendix A ) . For stocks , we use a spliced total return index for the UK ( FTSE ) and for the US ( S & P index ) , both from 1815 onward . To measure total returns on US corporate bonds , we use the S & P AAA Corporate Bond Price Index , which is available over 1900 – 84 and combine this with the Bank of America US Corporate AAA Bond Index from 1985 onward . More details on the data sources are shown in Appendix A . In addition to the US and UK series , we draw on the cross-country return database by Jordà et al . ( 2017 ) , which covers 16 advanced countries over 1870 – 2015 . We use their data to compute advanced country returns on domestic sovereign bonds as well as equities . Specifically , we first convert their local currency return series on bonds and equities into US dollars , using their exchange rate data . In a second step , we compute yearly average returns using equal weights for the 16 countries since 1870 . To compute excess returns , we use two approaches . First , we benchmark against monthly UK or US Treasury _bills_ , depending on", "spans": [{"start": 813, "end": 840, "text": "US Treasury bill rates data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 987, "end": 998, "text": "S & P index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1087, "end": 1123, "text": "S & P AAA Corporate Bond Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1186, "end": 1229, "text": "Bank of America US Corporate AAA Bond Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1361, "end": 1390, "text": "cross-country return database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1696, "end": 1714, "text": "exchange rate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "categories , indicating no observable effect of respondent fatigue from the detailed food list on subsequent non-food categories . Clearly , at least in the context of Tanzania , the 17 most important food items ( a subset of the full list of 58 ) performs only marginally worse than the full detailed listing . Table 5 compares results among the three diaries . In Panel A , columns 1 and 2 , we find that household diaries record significantly less total and food consumption than the personal diary , from 13 to 20 percent lower . Between the two types of household diaries , the frequency of interviewer visits makes little difference in total consumption , but food consumption is 7 percent higher in the infrequent diaries than the frequent household diary ( and this difference is marginally significant at the 10 percent level ; results available upon request ) , suggesting that the net impact of telescoping and recall error in the infrequently supervised households is positive but not especially large . Interestingly , the frequent non-food consumption exhibits the largest deviations in the household diaries from the individual diary , suggesting that a relatively large amount of these goods are consumed outside the purview of the household respondent . In panel B of Table 5 , we subdivide the household diaries on the basis of the literacy status of the household . Approximately 16 percent of households had no literate adults to fill in diaries . Households assigned to the diary with infrequent field visits had more visits if the household was deemed illiterate ( see Table 1 ) , although not as many as for households in the frequent visits subsample ( module 6 ) . The presence of an illiterate member does not affect reported consumption when households are regularly supervised ( panel B columns 1-4 , module 6 ) . However , infrequent supervision results in significantly lower reported consumption among illiterate households , even for non-food non-frequent items , which are asked only in recall format . Clearly , leaving a diary with a household lacking a literate member will yield greater mis-measurement unless this difficulty can be overcome through frequent visits , thus converting the survey format to a de facto high frequency recall . #", "spans": [{"start": 407, "end": 424, "text": "household diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 36 * * * * Plate 4k : * * ( TopBottom ) Open air combustion of medical waste comingled with general domestic waste poses air pollution risk at the hospital and neighboring community # # # * * 2 . 1 . 6 Entebbe Hospital 2 . 1 . 6 . 1 Profile of Entebbe Municipal Council ( EMC ) * * Entebbe municipality in Wakiso District is located 37 km Southeast of Uganda ’ s capital city , Kampala . The municipality is located on a peninsular in Lake Victoria covering a total area of 56 . 2 square kilometers , nearly 50 % of which ( 20 square kilometers ) is covered by water . # # # * * a ) Population * * According to Population and Housing Census , 2002 the population of Entebbe Municipality was 55 , 086 persons ( 51 % females and 49 % Males ) with average annual growth rate of 2 . 2 % . The Municipality has two divisions ( A and B ) . From 2002 Census , Division A had the largest proportion of the total population ( about 58 % or 32 , 031 persons ) while Division B accounted for 42 % ( 23 , 055 persons ) . Central ward accounted for the largest proportion of the population at 38 % followed by Kiwafu with 34 % , Katabi 20 % and the least was Kigungu with 8 % .", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 654, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 853, "end": 864, "text": "2002 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "46 BETWEEN CLOSED BORDERS 2018 # # # # # * * ~ ~ Case No . 2 : ~ ~ * * # # # # * * Three men from Iran expelled from Hungary , October 2018 * * The group of three men from Iran crossed the border with Hungary at the beginning of October through a hole in the border fence near Horgos . They walked for about 12 hours through three villages until they reached a railway station and entered a train for Wien . However , they were caught during control and transported to the nearest police station where they spent about 8 hours . Reportedly , they were fingerprinted and photographed . Also , they signed some documents written in a language they did not understand . They requested asylum , however the police told them that they had to go back to Serbia . There was no interpreter for Farsi . All three of them were transported to the border and expelled to Serbia near Horgos early next morning . # # # * * IV Romania * * Onward movements towards the Romanian border were sporadically documented in 2018 . Even though the practice hadn ’ t ceased entirely , the number of refugees and migrants that were trying to use this potential channel to EU was significantly smaller compared to other routes . HCIT and CRPC collected 92 testimonies from Romania relating 706 persons . Some very specific characteristics were observed throughout the year . Namely , mostly Iraqi families ( Kurds in majority ) were trying to leave Serbia and enter Romania . In total 706 persons were observed in push-backs and out of that number 53 % were Iraqis , 16 % Iranians , 14 % Afghans , 5 % Syrians , 3 % Pakistanis etc . Compared to other border areas , few UASC and single Afghan and Pakistani men were observed , with more families observed with small children . Families with small children were more prominent than in other locations . They were mostly arriving from direction of Belgrade and other locations , by bus to Kikinda . From there they would use local", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1253, "text": "92 testimonies from Romania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The registration of refugees is , in practice , their first step to access all forms of assistance and basic services such as food , shelter , education , health care-Failures of registration systems can therefore have a disastrous impact on their security and survival . “ Registration ” consists of a number of related activities including the registration process , the documentation of refugees and others of concern , as well as data management and exchange . < sup > 71 < / sup > Registration should be on an individual basis , < sup > 72 < / sup > but can , in addition , reflect the various types of groups to which an individual belongs ( household or asylum case ) . Registration ensures that each family member is independently recognized , which has important implications for women and children . Additional registration information is required for separated and unaccompanied children . < sup > 73 < / sup > Additionally , all refugees have the right to have their births < sup > 74 < / sup > , marriages and deaths recorded in a civil registration system and to be provided with appropriate documentation and certification . This is a host country government responsibility but may require the support and assistance of UNHCR and NGO partners . Registration of these events is crucial for legal recognition , to prevent statelessness , for inheritance , and family unity especially in situations of resettlement and repatriation . Registration activities will be most successful when the refugees themselves are involved in designing , preparing and implementing them . < sup > 75 < / sup > # # # # # Challenges In order to remain effective and relevant , the registration of refugees must be a continuous activity - updating population changes and include a de-registration process for those who have repatriated , resettled , been naturalized , been affected by cessation clauses , or have died . Although registration is a cornerstone of protection , it presents many challenges in actual implementation . It is a cumbersome , * * labour-intensive * * process that requires * * thoughtful planning", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1069, "text": "civil registration system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10334 # * * Abstract * * Analyzing data from four waves of the Nigerian General Household Survey and the Nigerian Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey , covering the period from 2010 through 2019 , this study provides evidence that poverty levels of children exceed those of adults . Overall , rural children throughout the country and children in the North face higher poverty and chronic poverty rates than urban children and those living in the South without clear trends of a closing of those gaps . These findings hold for monetary poverty as well as , for severe health , education , food , shelter , water , information deprivation and improved sanitation deprivation across Nigeria ’ s six regions . One exception is severe sanitation deprivation , for which especially rural areas in the Southwest stand out with higher levels of severe sanitation deprivation than in rural areas in the north and any other region . Large inter-state heterogeneity of estimates within regions , ranging up to 50 percentage points , for all except severe food deprivation however highlight the importance of looking beyond regional poverty estimates and regional differences . Only state specific , but no systematic evidence has been found for a gender difference in severe educational deprivation and school enrollment rates . Existing gender gaps though seem negligible compared to the overall level of deprivation and urban-rural and northsouth gaps . Moreover , the parents ’ literacy and more so the educational level is highly correlated with the probability of being poor or deprived in any dimension , in particular in rural and northern areas . Interestingly , up to about half of the monetary non-poor children at the top of the consumption distribution still face at least one severe deprivation . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at at mazad @ worldbank . org and cschimanski @ worldbank .", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 126, "text": "Nigerian General Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 135, "end": 177, "text": "Nigerian Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "etc . ) . As an administrative measure , curfews fall directly under this provision . Indeed , according to Lebanese legislation , only the Higher Military Power may take such a measure and only within the framework of a declared state of emergency or military area . < sup > 62 < / sup > Secondly , given that Lebanon has ratified the ICERD , it must abide by its text and principles . Even though Article 1 ( 2 ) of that convention provides for the possibility of state parties to differentiate between citizens and non-citizens , that article must be construed in a way that avoids undermining the basic prohibition of discrimination according to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ( CERD ) , < sup > 63 < / sup > which stated : “ [ I ] t [ Article 1 ( 2 ) ] should not be interpreted to detract in any way from the rights and freedoms recognized and enunciated in particular in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ” ( UN OHCHR , 1966a ) . < sup > 64 < / sup > Freedom of movement is one such right . Also , as per the recommendations of both the ICERD and CERD , states should not discriminate between non-citizens on the basis of nationality of origin ( UN OHCHR , 1965 ) . By targeting specifically Syrian workers , the above-mentioned curfews issued by some Lebanese municipalities are hence not abiding to these recommendations . Municipalities have been called out to refrain from taking such measures ( Frelick , 2018 ) . # # # # SECURITY OF TENURE : LEASE AGREEMENTS AND EVICTIONS A review of the survey results and FGDs shows that the most common form of housing consisted of lease agreements , most of which were in a verbal format without being registered at relevant municipalities . On the other hand , the FGDs showed that evictions were", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 17 < / sup > Tables 18 and 19 report the estimation results using the travel time and ad valorem measures , respectively . The results suggest that reducing travel time by one day can increase total FDI inflows to BRI countries by 7 percent , FDI flows within BRI countries by 6 percent , FDI flows from OECD countries to BRI countries by 8 percent , and FDI flows from non-BRI countries to BRI countries by 8 percent . When using the ad valorem time barrier measure , the results suggest that a 10-percent decrease in the ad valorem time barrier is associated with a 11-percent increase in total FDI inflows to BRI countries , a 10-percent increase in intra-BRI FDI flows , a 13 . 2-percent increase in FDI flows from OECD to BRI countries , and a 13 . 3-percent increase in FDI flows from non-BRI to BRI countries . # 4 . 2 Determinants of Chinese ODI In this sub-section , we focus on China ’ s outward investment ; given the available information in the CGIT data set , we can differentiate China ’ s investment across types and sectors . This enables us to explore potential interactions between China ’ s construction contracts and its ODI and how the former might serve as a catalyst for the latter . For China ’ s investment , the following specification is considered : # ChinaFDI � � � α � � α � MktSize � � � α � SkillDiff � � # � α � Transport � � α � Infrastructure � � α � PTAdepth � � α � Construction � � � � > 17 We thank the authors for kindly providing the shipment time and trade cost estimates . 29", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 973, "text": "CGIT data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya primary education_ * * < sup > * * _equityinlearning program ( P176867-KE ) _ * * < / sup > Annual Report and Financial < sup > Statement for the yearended June < / sup > < sup > * * 30 , 2025 . * * < / sup > Notes to the financial statements # # # # # # * * 16 . * * Special Deposit Accounts The balances in the Project ' s < sup > Special Deposit Account ( s ) as of 30th June < / sup > < sup > * * 2025 * * are not includedin the Statement < / sup > of Financial Assets < sup > since the lineitems are yet to be drawninto the Exchequer Accountas a voted provision . < / sup > Below is the Special < sup > Deposit Account < / sup > < sup > * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule , whichshows theflow of fundsvoted in the < / sup > year . These funds < sup > have been reported asloans / grants receivedinthe year under the Statementof Receipts and < / sup > Payments . # # # # # # Special Deposit < sup > AccountsMovementSchedule < / sup > ( i ) * * A / C * * IPF Grant * * A / c * * < sup > No < / sup > < sup > * * 1000600802 * * < / sup > | | 2024-2025 | 2023-2024 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Description | * * KSHS * * | * * KSHS * * | | Opening balance | * * 6 , 477 , 937 * * | * * 6 , 553 , 111 * * | | Totalamountdepositedintheaccount | *", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 686, "text": "movement schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TRN / 132 / 00 | Oromia < br > JSRP | Training personnel on the system of work of the department of < br > acts and documents regestration | In house | \" | TBA | 25 days | Q4 | 270 | | 28 | ORO / TRN / 133 / 00 | Oromia < br > JSRP | Provide training on BPR studied document carreed out by < br > Justice Bureau for prosecotors and supportive staffs | In house | JSRPCO | TBA | 10 days | Q2 & Q3 | 2000 | | 29 | ORO / TRN / 134 / 00 | Oromia < br > JSRP | Performance appraisal & peer evaluation of Inspection & < br > working system of prosecutors | In house | \" | TBA | 15 days | Q2 | 750 | | 30 | ORO / TRN / 135 / 00 | Oromia < br > JSRP | Provide short term training on investigation for wereda police < br > members | In house | OPC | Sankele | 3months | < br > Q2 | 208 | | 31 | ORO / TRN / 136 / 00 | Oromia < br > JSRP | conducting training on criminal statistical record and creating < br > awareness of good governance for police members | In house | OPC | Sankele | 2Months | Q2 & Q3 | 500 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 Merging * * We merge the firm-level responses from all the 31 countries into a combined dataset . For categorical variables such as region that are country-specific and thus inconsistent across surveys , we tagged the possible responses by country throughout the merge to ensure that the responses remained distinct in the final dataset . Additionally , for each country , we converted all financial variables into US dollars using the average market exchange rate in 2018 from World Bank ( 2020b ) . After merging , our sample included 20 , 156 observations . # # * * A1 . 3 Management Measures * * We develop a measure of structured management practices that takes 11 survey questions that quantify practices . These management practices can be divided into operations ( 1 practice ) , monitoring ( 2 practice ) , targeting ( 4 practices ) , and incentives ( 4 practices ) . The table below lists these management practices and the scoring scale applied for each . To better align with the methodology from ( Bloom et al . , 2010a ) , we map these 11 questions to the 8 questions used by the U . S . MOPS survey ( U . S . Census Bureau , 2015 ) . Thus , we combine : 34", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1115, "text": "U . S . MOPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In most of the nine countries , multi-segment firms are less profitable than their single-segment counterparts . As in Table 2 , multi-segment firms in seven of the nine countries exhibit lower mean ( median ) EPM and the differences in means ( medians ) are statistically significant in four ( seven ) countries . Multi-segment firms in Indonesia and the Philippines appear to have higher EPM , but the mean difference is not statistically significant , while the median difference is only significant for the Philippines . # _4 . 2 Relatedniess_ We use two variables to capture the degree of relatedness ( vertical and complementary ) between the primary and secondary segments of a firm . The vertical relatedness variable measures the degree to which a firm integrates forward and / or backward into its secondary segment ( s ) , given its primary segment . For example , if a car manufacturer takes over a car upholstery business , this would reflect a high backward vertical relatedness . If , in contrast , an electricity generation company takes over an electricity distribution business , this would reflect a high forward vertical relatedness . The complementarity variable measure the degree to which the primary and the secondary segments complement each other ( forward ) in marketing and distribution and / or ( backward ) in procurement . An example of forward complementarity is a peanut butter producer taking over ( or expanding into ) strawberry jelly production - the two products do not use the same inputs , and are not vertically related , but that use the same distributors and marketing agents . An example of backward complementarity would be merging together a gin producer and an aspirin producer , as they both use glass containers for their products . To ensure consistency across countries and to provide a common benchmark , the two variables are constructed from information in the US input-output tables . < sup > 9 < / sup > The procedure for constructing the variables is detailed in Fan , Lang and Stulz ( 1998 ) . It entails three steps . First , we create four matrices of inter-industry relatedness coefficients . This involves computing the coefficients between each pair of over 400 industries defined in", "spans": [{"start": 1915, "end": 1937, "text": "US input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "guarantee . The time for submission of bids / proposal can be shortened to 7 - 15 days in competitive national procedures , and to 3 days for the Request for Quotations , however if bidders request an extension it should be granted . * * National Procurement Arrangements * * : Paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations will not apply . When approaching the national market , the country ’ s own procurement procedures shall not be used due to restrictions on eligibility of otherwise eligible firms to participate in NCB . The Regulations will apply . However , the Borrower may use its own procurement arrangements as set forth in the * * Public Procurement and Disposal Act , 2003 * * Request for Quotation such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works shall not apply ) _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "link individuals across these three data sets , preventing us from connecting individual enrollment decisions or household characteristics with test results . We therefore use district and school characteristics to analyze treatment effect heterogeneity . At the district level , we construct three measures using the 1998 IHS . We define “ low enrollment ” districts as those that fell below the national median enrollment rate for secondary school-aged children ( ages 13 – 18 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > “ Rural ” districts are above the median percentage of population living in a rural area . “ Wealthy ” districts are above the median level of average household assets , with assets measured as the first principal component of ownership dummies for bicycle , car , refrigerator , motorcycle , sewing iron , television , radio , and VCR . At the school level , “ distant ” schools are located beyond the median distance from a main road . Importantly , all of these characteristics are predetermined with respect to the policy . All are also dummy variables , allowing for easy interpretation of interactions with the treatment indicator . The nature of the scholarship program poses a potential challenge regarding data quality . Because the Ministry of Education remitted fees to schools for each girl enrolled , schools have an incentive to over-report enrollment in order to attract more resources ( Sandefur and Glassman 2015 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > Our reliance on exam records alleviates this concern , because the examination body WAEC is independent of the Ministry and requires separate student registration rather than automatically enrolling those on school rosters . The Ministry 9", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 326, "text": "1998 IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1475, "end": 1487, "text": "exam records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _income_ = a country ’ s per capita GDP ( USD at 2000 prices ) in natural logarithms from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( WDI ) database . It captures national competition , but also other aspects of the national and institutional environment . # * * 4 Regression Results * * # # * * 4 . 1 FDI Spillover Potential * * # # * * _Overall Results_ * * In the following , we apply OLS and IV 2SLS regressions . All regression results follow equation ( 3 ) and include sector , subnational region , and year fixed effects . Standard errors are robust to heteroscedasticity and clustered at the country-sector level . < sup > 16 < / sup > Foreign output share is defined as in equation ( 2 ) . The summary statistics are reported in Appendix 4 . Our data sample only includes domestic manufacturing firms , i . e . all firms with a foreign ownership share of less than 10 percent ( see Appendix 2 ) . Table 1 shows how the FDI spillover potential influences domestic firm productivity . Columns 1 to 4 report the OLS regression results , while columns 5 to 10 report the IV 2SLS regression results < sup > 17 < / sup > . Foreign firm characteristics are averages across all foreign firms within a specific sector of a country . To rule out the possibility that the impact of a foreign firm characteristic on FDI spillovers which we observe is not the result of another foreign firm characteristic for which we do not simultaneously control , we assess the correlation of foreign firm characteristics with each other . The correlation matrix ( available upon request ) reassures us that foreign firm characteristics show a very low correlation of at most 0 . 26 . As could be expected , capital intensity shows a positive and significant effect on labor productivity . More importantly for this paper , intra-industry foreign output share mostly shows a negative effect on labor productivity of domestic firms , although in Table 1 the impact is only significant in column 2 . What may explain the negative FDI spillovers ? In the short term , local firms might", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approach for targeting since the survey data would be part of the regular MPCA targeting program . The CLCI adopted a census-like door-to-door house-visit approach in selected neighborhoods chosen based on reported high levels of need . Data collection was non-random , reflecting only households in neighborhoods already identified as vulnerable . The total sample size was 10 , 818 households . Summary statistics of the variables of interest are shown in Table 1 . By design , the data comes from the North – CLCI ’ s area of intervention at the time – and , thus , is not nationally representative of the displaced population in Iraq . It is , however , representative of the caseload of the CLCI ’ s assistance and the lessons shared in the paper are highly relevant in the conflict-affected contexts with significant displaced populations and the presence of humanitarian cash transfer programs . _Table 1 : Summary statistics of variables of interest ( n = 10 , 818 ) . _ | Household characteristics | Frequency | % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Female-headed household | 3042 | 28 | | The household head is disabled | 1559 | 14 | | No household member worked | 3745 | 35 | | The household cannot afford basic need | 6680 | 62 | | The household head document is missing | 1636 | 15 | | Rural households | 5472 | 51 | | Lowest asset quantile | 2792 | 26 | | Status | | | | Displaced_ ( & refugee ) _ | 1388 | 13 | | Host_ ( & remainee ) _ | 639 | 6 | | Returnee | 8791 | 81 | | Governorate | | | | Anbar | 2334 | 22 | | Diyala | 180 | 2 | | Kirkuk | 477 | 4 | | Ninawa | 6113 | 57 | | Salah_al_din | 1714 | 16 | | Referral | | | | Registered for government social assistance | 7078 | 65 | | Registered for Minha COVID 19 program | 3297 | 30 | | Willingto be referred | 7278 | 67 | # 3 . 3 Analytical strategy The analytical strategy adopted", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 44, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Developed countries Latin American countries < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Effect on Effect on Effect on < br > GDP consumption investment < br > 1 . 2 < br > p > < br > oO < br > © — < br > mo 0 . 8 Effect on Effect on Effect on pi Hie < br > o GDP consumption investment pesca See < br > © 0 . 2 see See < br > ° 0 Ea < br > Cc > Cc = Cc > Cc _ c _ _ < br > § 3 gs 8 g § 8 s 2s 2 € 3 < br > © ° © is ] © ° © ° © ° © ° < br > — & = — & 2 — & = — & = — £ = — & 2 < br > a a a a a a < br > ud uy uu us lu ~ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Effect on GDP Effect on consumption Effect on investment < br > 1 . 2 < br > oS < br > SayoO 1 < br > Eo < br > 5 9 o8 ae < br > vu sees persists < br > se ° ° ee Se < br > ! 0 . 2 peer pssst < br > co 0 ee es < br > = 2o < br > oc < br > “ 5 < br > £ S < br > 26 — 5 3 5 3 5 3 < br > o F = rd 3 rd 3 FE 3 < br > Yun = = = = = = < br > = a 3 ra 3 < br > a uw uu iS < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the debt maturity is longer or the debt rollover is lower . However , the difference from the benchmark case is not necessarily large because the long-term interest rates and debt rollover ratios in the benchmark case are already low . These results imply that modestly higher inflation , even if accompanied by some financial repression , could reduce the public debt burden only marginally in many advanced economies . We focus on advanced economies and assume that a temporary inflation shock , such as a temporary overshooting of the inflation target , does not affect a central bank ’ s credibility and monetary policy framework . < sup > 3 < / sup > We also assume that the inflation shock is not correlated with other types of shocks , such as growth shocks or fiscal policy shocks . With these in mind , we use a larger sample of 19 advanced economies compared with previous studies on the effects of inflation on public debt . Other features of our analysis include the combination of simulation and estimation approaches and consideration of financial repression cases in both approaches . Moreover , our estimation approach attempts to add more granularity and robustness relative to existing studies by distinguishing long and short - maturities , identifying the inflation shock in multiple ways , and running regressions at different frequencies . The remainder of the paper proceeds as follows . Section II briefly reviews the literature on the simulation and empirical analysis of the effects of inflation shocks on public debt . Section III presents our simulation approach , and Section IV presents our estimation approach . Section V concludes . # * * II . LITERATURE REVIEW * * Table 1 ( a ) summarizes recent studies on the effects of inflation shocks on public debt using simulations . The closest approach to ours is Akitoby et al . ( 2014 ) , where the effects of a persistent inflation shock that raises inflation to 6 percent for the next five years on the public debt-to-GDP ratio is simulated using the IMF ’ s _World Economic Outlook_ ( WEO ) data for G7 countries . Compared to them , we use updated WEO data and expand sample countries . We also take account of the", "spans": [{"start": 2122, "end": 2138, "text": "updated WEO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - ✓ Engage persons of concern , including women and youth , in their own protection and security , i . e . , through , the establishment of neighbourhood watches or security patrols . - ✓ Ensure clear delineation of roles and responsibilities between the persons of concern and the host government security personnel . # # # # # # * * II . In stable situations * * - ✓ Map security incidences to track where security breeches are occurring and implement measures to address theses breeches . - ✓ Monitor camp security on a regular basis , remaining vigilant to new security threats and possibilities for the deterioration of security due to complacency . - ✓ Continually assess ways to improve camp security by ongoing training of security personnel both amongst the persons of concern as well as the host country security . - ✓ Continually assess means to increase the participation of women in security apparatuses of both the persons of concern and the host country . - ✓ Continually review security logs and incidents and assess interventions needed for strengthening follow-up procedures > 26 See , _UNHCR Emergency Handbook_ and _IA Camp Management Project ’ s Camp Management Toolkit_ , for guidance on camp layout and design . > 27 See , _The Sphere Project : Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response , _ 2004 Edition , for indicators related to these factors . _41_", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1023, "text": "security logs and incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2020-11-10 < br > 2020-12-0 | 3 < br > 2020-12-01 | 2021-01-14 | | 2021-02-11 | 2021-03-13 | 2021-04-17 | 2021-05-22 | 2022-05-22 | | ET-WDC-202194-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Service for Study < br > and Design of Multi Village < br > Water Supply System in Sisiga < br > Woreda in Oromia Region by < br > WDC < br > I | DA / 64450 | Climate Resilient Water < br > Supply , Sanitation , and < br > Hygiene ( Climate Resilient < br > WASH ) < br > | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > | Open - National | 0 . 0 | 0 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2020-11-10 < br > 2020-12-0 | 3 < br > 2020-12-01 | 2021-01-14 | | 2021-02-11 | 2021-03-13 | 2021-04-17 | 2021-05-22 | 2022-05-22 | | ET-WDC-231722-CS-QCBS / < br > support for operationalization < br > of existing NMA numerical < br > weather prediction system < br > with ECMWF data stream by < br > WDC < br > I | DA / 64450 | Climate Resilient Water < br > Supply , Sanitation , and < br > Hygiene ( Climate Resilient < br > WASH ) < br > | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > | Open - National | 0 . 0 | 0 < br > Pending < br >", "spans": [{"start": 889, "end": 906, "text": "ECMWF data stream", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and prioritizing them and providing solutions within a specified time period . - Discussing grievances on a regular basis with the Working Group and coming up with decision / actions for issues that can be resolved at that level . - Informing the Steering Committee of serious cases within an appropriate time frame . - Reporting to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the Steering Committee . - Providing inputs into the monitoring and evaluation process There will be need for the grievance team to hold meetings at sub-county headquarters where grievances are received by a contact person such as the Sub-county chief who would then hand over received complaints to the Sub-county / District GO , for entering into the grievance log using the grievance form . The log would indicate grievances , date lodged , actions taken to address or reasons the grievance was not acted on ( i . e . the grievance was not related to the resettlement process ) ; information provided to complainant and date the grievance was closed . Grievances can be lodged at any time , either directly to the Sub-county / District Office or via the grievance committee member . The process for lodging a complaint is outlined below : - i . The GO will receive a complaint from the complainant . - ii . The GO will ask the claimant questions in their local language , write the answers in English and enter them in English onto the Grievance Form - iii . It is preferable if a representative of an independent local organization witnesses translation of the grievance into English . 82", "spans": [{"start": 771, "end": 784, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( either collected or marketed ) where no regular records are kept ; - because of this supply orientation , the aggregate figures do not reflect actual demand ; - information is presented only at the global level ; no disaggregation is possible to pinpoint issues and problems that might affect specific re . gions , income classes or types of consumers ; and - consumption of biomass , often the most important household fuel , is usually a very rough estimate based on a set of untested assumptions . Thus , energy balances are an insufficient , if not entirely inappropriate , means for focusing on the real issues and options in household energy . # National Budget Surveys These are large , statistically representative surveys which seek to develop data and trends on how families spend and save . They are usually conducted every 3 - 10 years , may invole several rounds with repeat visits in each round and focus on cash expenditure . These efforts have several advantages : ( a ) they are high-visibility efforts which receive substantial resources ; ( b ) they are generally well-planned and statistically valid ; and ( c ) they are nationwide . However , the energy analyst seeking to use results from these surveys faces several constraints : - fuel consumption is rarely measured ; it is usually based on iz-ollection and is thus unreliable ;", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 677, "text": "National Budget Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 7 . References * * - Amiti , Mary , and Jozef Konings . 2007 . \" Trade Liberalization , Intermediate Inputs , and Productivity : Evidence from Indonesia . \" _American Economic Review_ , 97 ( 5 ) : 1611 – 1638 . - Artuc , Erhan ; Shubham Chaudhuri ; and John McLaren 2007 “ Trade Shocks and Labor Adjustment : Theory . ” NBER Working Paper 13463 http : / / www . nber . org / papers / w13463 - Artuc , Erhan ; Shubham Chaudhuri ; and John McLaren 2010 “ Trade Shocks and Labor Adjustment : A Structural Empirical Approach ” _American Economic Review_ , 100 ( 3 ) ( June ) : 1008-45 . - Baldwin , Richard ( ed . ) 2009 The Great Trade Collapse : Causes , Consequences and Prospects A VoxEU . org Ebook available at < u > http : / / voxeu . org / index . php ? q = node / 4297 . < / u > - Bernard , Andrew ; Raymond Robertson ; and Peter K . Schott 2010 “ Is Mexico a Lumpy Country ? ” _Review of International Economics_ 18 ( 5 ) ( November ) : 937 – 950 . - Bergin , Paul , Robert Feenstra , and Gordon Hanson . 2009 “ Offshoring and Volatility : Evidence from Mexico ’ s Maquiladora Industry . ” _American Economic Review 99_ : 1664-71 . - Claessens , Stijn ; Hui Tong ; and Shang-Jin Wei 2011 “ From the Financial Crisis to the Real Economy : Using Firm-level Data to Identify Transmission Channels ” NBER Working Paper No . 17360 National Bureau of Economic Research . - Davidson , Carl ; Steven Matusz , and Andrei Shevchenko . 2008 “ Globalization and Firm-level Adustment with Imperfect Labor Markets ” _Journal of International Economics_ 75 ( 2 ) : 295-309 . - Davidson , Carl ; Fredrik Heyman , Steven Matusz , Fredrik Sjoholm , and Susan Zhu , 2010 \" Globalizaton and Imperfect Labor Market Sorting \" University of Nottingham Research Paper 2010 / 30 . - Dix-Carneiro , Rafael 2010 “ Trade Liberalization and Labor Market Dynamics ” , mimeo , Princeton University . - Eaton , Jonathan , Sam", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "09-11 | | 2021-01-09 | | C2-MIES-17 / Diseño del mod < br > elo de gestión apalancado en < br > instrumentos jurídicos , meto < br > dológicos , operativos y tecno < br > lógicos para el seguimiento n < br > ominal de la población objeti < br > vo de misión ternura , orienta < br > do a la prevención de la desn < br > utrición infantil | < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | 106 , 388 . 80 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2020-09-16 < br > 202 | 0-09-30 < br > 2020-10-09 < br > 2020 | - 10-22 < br > 2020-10-30 | 2020-11-13 | 2020-11-27 | 2020-12-15 | 2020-12-30 | | 2021-04-30 | | < br > C2-MIES-43 / GESTIÓN DE C < br > ERTIFICACIÓN DE CALIDAD E < br > STADÍSTICA DE OPERACIONE < br > S ESTADÍSTICASBASADAS EN < br > REGISTROS ADMINISTRATIVO < br > S DE SERVICIOS DE ATENCIÓ < br > N A PERSONAS CON DISCAPA < br > CIDAD , DESARROLLO INFANT < br > IL INTEGRAL , ATENCIÓN A PE < br > RS", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 932, "text": "REGISTROS ADMINISTRATIVO", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "the values of AIOE in quartiles with cuts at 23 , 35 , 51 and 82 : “ Low exposure ” , “ Moderate low exposure ” , “ Moderate high exposure ” , “ High exposure ” . The sample consists of 4 low-income countries , 12 lower-middle-income countries , 7 upper-middleincome countries , and 2 high-income countries as per World Bank country income classifications . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% < br > Reduced meals portion size 65 % < br > Purchased food at credit 62 % < br > Restrict consumption by adults 49 % < br > Borrowed food / help from friends or relatives 42 % < br > Spent days without eating 10 % < br > Restrict consumption of female household members 8 % < br > Send household members to eat elsewhere 8 % < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : VASyR 2013 The verification questionnaire which was answered by 30 , 000 refugees who appealed the VASyR ‟ s results found that respondents ‟ most common coping strategy was to buy food on credit ( 71 % ) . This coping strategy was by far the most common and was then followed by reducing non-food expenses ( 22 % ) and spending savings ( 18 % ) . 32", "spans": [{"start": 458, "end": 484, "text": "verification questionnaire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | | * * ( Pseudo Log ) - Likelihood * * | - 7 . 18 | - 7 . 23 | - 4 . 40 | - 4 . 42 | Robust standard errors in parentheses . * Denotes significant at the 10 % level , * * significant at the 5 % level , * * * significant at the 1 % level . See Appendix A for details of variable descriptions . _Source : The Author_ # * * Conclusion * * The aim of this paper was to contribute to understanding the determinants of rent extraction , especially in high-income democracies in which variations in rent extraction persist but cannot be explained by the lack of either long-established democratic institutions or socio-economic development . Utilizing the insights of recent developments in the economic voting literature , specifically the substantive DuchStevenson model , in conjunction with a game-theoretic , career concerned modeling framework , it was possible to derive new hypotheses regarding the determinants of rent extraction . Specifically , the model anticipated that a higher EDD / NEDD ratio in democratic contexts would be associated with less rent extraction as electorally accountable and career-concerned office holders would be incentivized to minimize their short-term rent extraction and voters would be able to re-elect only high competency incumbents . Consistent with these theoretical expectations the EDD / NEDD ratio was associated with : ( 1 ) lower levels of rent extraction in the sub-sample of countries identified as high-income democracies ; and ( 2 ) in the pooled dataset , only associated with lower levels of rent extraction as part of an interaction effect with high-income democracies . Thus , the EDD / NEDD ratio is robustly associated with variations in rent extraction for the sub-sample of countries that are considered high-income democracies . While future research needs to focus on examining the micro-level empirical implications of the model in more detail , the fact that the macro-level results obtained above are consistent with the insights of both : ( 1 ) the economic voting literature ; and ( 2 ) the empirical finding that a high-income democratic context is associated with less rent-extraction ; provides a critical first step in justifying", "spans": [{"start": 1511, "end": 1525, "text": "pooled dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 5 . SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF PAPS * * # # # * * 5 . 1 . Socio – Cultural and Economic Landscape of PAPs * * The ultimate aim of the Aluto Geothermal Power Plant Expansion Project Phase III ( AGPPEPP III ) is to generate 70 MW electric power to be supplied to Adami Tulu substation and connection to the national grid ; and consequently , it will affect the various social and cultural landscapes of the proposed project area . Social Assessments will be conducted in projects that have been screened to have major social impacts in terms of compensation and relocation of project affected persons . The majority of the Country ’ s population is principally engaged in agricultural activities ( farming and livestock keeping ) . The populations living in the presumed AGPPEPP III project areas are sedentary cultivators supporting their livelihood from the traditional agricultural production and rearing of cattle . During the preparation of the projects , socio-economic surveys will be conducted in order to establish : detailed information about categories of PAPs ; the extent of impacts ; provide the basis for determining eligibility and for estimating resettlement / rehabilitation costs ; and establishing baseline information for monitoring and evaluation . # # # * * 5 . 2 . Ethnic Composition and Language * * Based on interview and Focus Group Discussion carried out in the field sites , review of related literatures , as well as , by field observation major ethnic groups , language and religious were identified and recorded in general project affected area . Accordingly , analysis of the survey result reveals that the Oromo ethnic group is in the project area . . In the project affected woreda , Oromiffa is used for office work and communication purposes . # # # * * 5 . 3 . Land Use * * The area of Adami Tulu – Jido – Kombolcha Woreda is 141 , 990 km < sup > 2 < / sup > and", "spans": [{"start": 1024, "end": 1046, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * # * * APPENDICES * * * * Appendix 1 : Definitions of Terms Appendix 2 : Screening Checklist Appendix 3 : Land / Asset Donation Form Appendix 4 : TORs for preparation of RAPs Appendix 5 : Indicative Format for Resettlement Action Plan Appendix 6 : Enhancing Community Participation in RAP Process Appendix 7 : Registration form for PAPs Appendix 8 : Checklist for Socio-economic baseline survey * * 39", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 457, "text": "Socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "monitoring of schools and other registration data * * is necessary to ensure that any recruitment is detected early on and preventive measures taken . The identification and * * distinction between combatants and former combatants * * who have not undergone a formal disarmament and de-mobilization procedure is likely to be difficult . Moreover , * * the distinction between armed elements and former combatants vis-à-vis civilian refugees * * can be problematic . There may be much blurring of lines and roles with ‘ daytime refugees ’ taking up arms and slipping across borders at night . The host country may overtly or covertly favour one side of the conflict and undertake identification and disarmament in a biased manner . Lastly , the * * greater role of international military forces * * in refugee situations can and has compromised the civilian and humanitarian character of asylum . Such situations have called into question the neutrality of other humanitarian actors especially when the international forces engage directly in delivering relief and / or are a party to the conflict . _46_", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 49, "text": "registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "due to large jobs and earnings losses concentrated in urban areas . While the strong economic rebound in 2021 was on course to bring poverty rates down to their pre-COVID-19 levels , the recovery was interrupted by severe droughts , with emergency food insecurity levels in the northern pastoral areas . In addition , a sharp spike in food prices linked to Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine pushed up poverty rates especially in rural areas . Though official poverty data for 2022 are not yet available , microsimulations based on the High-Frequency Surveys estimate poverty at approximately 40 percent in June 2022 , higher than the poverty rate of 36 percent in 2015 / 16 . < sup > 7 < / sup > The government put in place measures to shield the population from food and fuel price shocks . Several large-scale measures , such as subsidies for reducing fuel , electricity , and maize flour prices , were untargeted , and were subsequently scaled back . The new government removed the subsidy on petrol , the costliest of all measures , in September 2022 . It further plans to gradually phase-out subsidies on diesel and kerosene . The subsidy on maize flour was cancelled within a month of its introduction due to implementation challenges . < sup > 8 < / sup > 16 . * * A fiscal consolidation program is the cornerstone of the new administration ’ s economic strategy . * * In 2021 , GoK resumed its fiscal consolidation plan that was interrupted by the pandemic ; it is also a key priority of the new government elected in 2022 . The reduction in the fiscal deficit through rationalization of capital spending , phasing out costly consumption subsidies , and a wage freeze , coupled with a strengthened revenue effort cements the government ’ s fiscal consolidation path . Supported by strong performance of domestic revenues and some reduction in spending , the fiscal deficit for FY2021 / 22 was brought down to 6 . 2 percent of GDP ; it is projected to reach 5 . 7 percent of GDP in FY2022 / 23", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 468, "text": "poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 532, "end": 554, "text": "High-Frequency Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX IV Page 2 - 38 - the Ogaden Basin , but only the first three engaged in extensive exploration work , consisting of field geology , ground and air magnetometry surveys , and the collection of approximately 10 , 000 km of gravity seismic data . Twelve stratigraphic holes and twelve deep wildcat wells were drilled . Most of the wells had oil and gas shows . One well , Tenneco ' s Calub-1 ( 12 , 139 ft total depth ) discovered lean gas with proven reserves estimated to exceed 1 trillion standard cubic feet ( TSCF ) ; another of Tenneco ' s wells , El Kuran-1 ( 10 , 462 ft total depth ) recovered small quantities of 30 degrees API gravity oil . Like the Red Sea area , the Ogaden region is underdrilled , averaging one well per 15 , 000 km < sup > 2 < / sup > . # C . Stratigraphy 7 . The stratigraphic sequences of both the Red Sea and Ogaden basins are known and reflect the difference between the initial setting of the respective sedimentary areas and their subsequent history . 8 . The stratigraphic sequence of the Red Sea coastal basin consists of : - ( a ) At base , the Adaila series of Triassic-Jurassic age , comprising sandstones ( about 300 m ) considered to be the time equivalent of the Ogaden Adigrat ; these are overlain by from 600 m to 1 , 000 m of fossiliferous limestones with shale intercalations in mid-section . - ( b ) The upper part of this series - - sand and shales - - is often correlated with the Agula shale of the Mekele basin . - ( c ) Next is the Amba Aradam formation ( top Jurassic-early Cretaceous in age ) of fluviatile deposits , often with good porosity . - ( d ) This is followed by some tectonic activity accompanied by widespread igneous activity which resulted in the deposition of basalts or", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 246, "text": "gravity seismic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Table 7 . 1 : Summary of Subproject-Affected Household by Subproject Components | * * Impact by Component * * | * * Number * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | PAPs impacted bySS only | 19 | 73 . 1 | | PAP impacted byTower only | 1 | 3 . 8 | | PAPs impacted byACR only | 1 | 3 . 8 | | PAPs impacted bySS & ROW | 2 | 7 . 7 | | PAPs Impacted bySS & ACR | 2 | 7 . 7 | | PAPs impacted bySS , ACR & ROW | 1 | 3 . 8 | | * * ALL PAPs * * | * * 26 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 ) _ # # # # # * * 7 . 3 Expropriation of Privately Owned Farmland * * Impact of linear projects such as Transmission Lines is largely confined to a corridor through which the line traverses . Similarly , as a linear Subproject , impact of the subproject 0 . 35km long 230kV TL Subproject is confined to a relatively narrow corridor of the transmission line which cuts across one Kebele in Woliso Woreda of Oromia Regional state . The construction of the proposed new Woliso substation , one transmission tower pad and access road will require an estimated 9 . 06ha farmland owned by the 26 smallholder farm households Land required for the construction of single tower pad requires 64m < sup > 2 < / sup > of land , while access road will be expropriated 937m < sup > 2 < / sup > of land . Therefore , farmland affected by", "spans": [{"start": 630, "end": 677, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Lehner , B . and P . Döll . 2004 . ― Development and validation of a global database of lakes , reservoirs and wetlands , ‖ _Journal of Hydrology_ , 296 ( 1-4 ) : 1-22 . - Lehner , B . , Verdin , K . and Jarvis , A . 2006 . Hydrological data and maps based on Shuttle elevation derivatives at multiple scales ( HydroSHEDS ) - Technical Documentation . Washington , D . C . : World Wildlife Fund US . Available at http : / / hydrosheds . cr . usgs . gov . - McCaffrey , Stephen . 2003 . ― The Need for Flexibility in Freshwater Treaty Regimes , ‖ _Natural Resources Forum_ , 27 : 156-162 . Meridian World Data . 2006 . Meridian Global Dam Database . < u > http : / / www . meridianworlddata . com / < / u > - Miller , K . and D . Yates . 2006 . Climate Change and Water Resources : A Primer for Municipal Water Providers . Denver , CO : AwwaRF and UCAR . 83 pp - Milly , P . , Dunne , K . , and Vecchia , V . 2005 . ― Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate , ‖ _Nature_ , 438 ( 17 November ) : 347-350 . - Milly , P . , Betancourt , J . , Falkenmark , M . , Hirsch , R . , Kundzewicz , Z . , Lettenmaier , D . , et al . 2008 . ― Stationarity Is Dead : Whither Water Management , ‖ _Science_ , 319 , 1 February , 573-574 . - Mitchell , Timothy D . , and Philip D . Jones . 2005 . ― An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids , ‖ _International Journal of Climatology_ , 25 ( 6 ) : 693-712 . - NASA . 2006 . Flooding on the Zambezi River : Natural Hazards . NASA . Retrieved from < u > http : / / earthobservatory . nasa . gov / NaturalHazards / view . php ? id = 16440 , accessed 2009 . < / u > - Nel", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Results from the product-country relationship survival analysis show that the failure rate of exports and imports increased during both domestic and external lockdowns , but differences between sea and air freight trade were minimal . Notably , imports subject to NTMs had lower survival rates during both domestic and external lockdowns , especially those subject to port of entry restrictions and import approvals . Event-study results show that overall , imports were more negatively affected by lockdown policies than exports , which recovered during the sample period , unlike imports . The decline in imports was mainly attributed to lockdown policies by Indonesia ’ s trade partners . These affected imports entering Indonesia by air more than those entering by sea , mainly attributed to restrictions on international travel which limited the availability of air cargo during the pandemic . Imports subject to port of entry restrictions and pre-shipment inspections were also more negatively affected , which seem to have worsened the supply side factors for imports . On the other hand , Indonesia ’ s lockdown policies on imports mainly negatively affected intermediate imports subject to NTMs , especially measures requiring physical inspection and testing ( such as certification with Indonesian product standards or _Standar Nasional Indonesia_ ( SNI ) ) and import approval processes . As for exports , domestic lockdowns had a mixed and large impact on air exports , but not sea exports , while external lockdowns affected sea and air exports relatively evenly . These results suggest that supply factors had a larger role in the impact of external lockdowns on imports than demand factors related to the COVID-19 shock . However , NTMs on Indonesia ’ s imports exacerbated the impact of demand factors for imports . Meanwhile , demand factors ( specifically workplace closures which imply lower or no income , and stay at home orders ) in the partner countries were the drivers for the slump in exports . Enhanced – trade facilitation to keep goods moving as smoothly as possible including reforming burdensome non-tariff measures , improving customs and other procedures - would ensure fewer disruptions from shocks in a globally integrated world . These would also ensure that port inspections and procedures that necessitate port of entry restrictions are conducted more 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Household surveys that are designed for national or sub-national ( i . e . regions or states ) level parameter estimates often lack a sufficiently large sample size to generate accurate direct estimates for smaller domains or sub-populations . < sup > 1 < / sup > Any area for which the sample is not sufficiently large to produce an estimate of adequate precision is referred to as a small area . Consequently small area methods attempt to address low representativeness of surveys within areas , or the lack of data for specific areas / sub-populations . This is accomplished by incorporating information from supplementary sources . In the methodology presented by Elbers , Lanjouw , and Lanjouw ( 2003 ) the desired estimate is produced by a model done using survey data which is then linked to outside information such as a population census , administrative records , and / or geospatial information obtained through remote sensing . As Rao and Molina ( 2015 ) state , the availability of these auxiliary data as well as a valid model are essential for obtaining successful small area estimates ( SAE ) . In the case of poverty measures , which are nonlinear functions , small area estimation methods coupled with Monte Carlo simulations are a useful statistical technique for monitoring poverty along with its spatial distribution and evolution . < sup > 2 < / sup > Poverty estimates are often produced by statistical agencies , and commonly are the product of a household survey . Household surveys usually are the main source of welfare ( expenditure or income ) used to produce poverty estimates , yet most are only reliable up to a certain geographical level . Therefore , a commonly adopted solution has been to borrow strength from a national census , administrative records , and / or geospatial information which allows for representativeness for small areas . Nevertheless , these outside data sources often lack detailed expenditure or income information required for producing estimates of poverty . Small area methods attempt to exploit each data ’ s attributes to obtain estimators that can be used at dis-aggregated levels . Poverty at lower geographical levels can be used to identify areas that are in need", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 42, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 788, "end": 799, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 854, "end": 871, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 874, "end": 896, "text": "administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 908, "end": 930, "text": "geospatial information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1496, "end": 1512, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1773, "end": 1788, "text": "national census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * Absorption rate * * % * * * * _5 % _ 6 % 10 % 40 % * * - _iv ) _ List the implementation challenges and recommend the next steps The pace of land acquisition has continued to disrupt the project ' s work schedule . The delay in land acquisition is hampered * * by * * limited budget disbursements * * by * * the National Treasury and the * * NLC * * valuation processes . Other challenges were : - Lack of machinery that facilitate mechanization activities such as timely land preparation , mechanized harvesting etc . - Insufficient irrigation water hence hampering continuous production - Lack of knowledge and skills in improved rice production techniques including seed production - Poor rood network on Mulwa scheme , thus hampering movement within the scheme , transportation of products and farm inputs # # # # # * * _2 . 9 Summary of Project Compliance : _ * * During the reporting period the following non-compliances on * * ESHS * * were noted : The Contractor was issued with an improvement notice containing non compliances noted , corrective actions recommended and timelines for implementation of the recommended actions . The Contractor addressed the recommendations contained in the improvement notice satisfactorily but was yet to address the following issues during the reporting period : - ( i ) to hold a Grievance Redress Committee ( GRC ) meeting for the month of September * * 2023 * * to address emerging issues related to construction works . - ( ii ) to harmonize workers records at NHIF to ensure that all deductions made are directed to the right accounts . ( iii ) to dispose of the decommissioned tools and equipment to secondhand material dealers ; - ( iv ) to fully restore the borrow pit located at Km * * 23 * * along the Main Canal to mitigate health and safety risks to the public ; and to close out all grievances that are pending", "spans": [{"start": 1635, "end": 1658, "text": "workers records at NHIF", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Name of * * < br > * * stakeholder * * | * * Description * * < br > humanitarian responses , support < br > food management | * * Issues * * | * * Significance * * < br > * * level * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * NGOs * * | Provide transfers and < br > oversee public works across 53 < br > woredas . Supported by USAID . < br > Coordinate < br > with < br > government < br > woredas and share experience < br > regarding < br > implementation < br > of < br > GSD < br > and < br > nutrition < br > and < br > livelihood components . | Need support from donors and government < br > bodies to discharge their responsibilities | High | | | * * R * * | * * egional level * * | | | * * BoA - * * | Coordinates annual | | High | | * * Regional FS * * | implementation plans and < br > budgets for the region , support < br > training and capacity buildings < br > for woredas , print and distribute < br > client cards | | | | * * BoA - NRM * * | Approve and monitorPW < br > activities | | High | | * * BOLSA / BO * * < br > * * WSA * * | Responsible for ensuring < br > compliance with labor and < br > social standards | | High | | * * Bureau of * * < br > * * Finance * * | Ensure suitable accounting < br > system for regional and woreda < br > levels is established ; collect , < br > aggregate , and report on all < br > financial data from < br > BOLSA /", "spans": [{"start": 1346, "end": 1360, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries , Berg , Mattinen and Pattugalan ’ s ( 2013 , p . 52 ) report “ an overwhelming preference for cash over in ‐ kind assistance ” . < sup > 2 < / sup > But quantitative studies describe more varied responses . Ethiopian data from the late 1980s showed that across three rural localities , 19 , 83 and 90 percent would have liked to have received food rather than cash payments ( Webb and Kumar , 1995 ) . Predilections for in ‐ kind transfers are also reported in surveys conducted in India ( Khera , 2013 ) , Niger ( Hoddinott , Sandström and Upton , 2013 ) and , to a lesser extent , Afghanistan ( UNHCR 2015 ) . Why , if given a choice , would many program beneficiaries rather receive an in ‐ kind transfer instead of cash ? Southworth ( 1945 ) , along with more modern restatements such as Currie and Gahvari ( 2008 ) and Cunha ( 2014 ) make clear that their models are predicated on an assumption that cash and in ‐ kind transfers are equal valued . But in practice , this may not hold as equivalent value can be affected by : the purchasing power of the cash transfer ( e . g . given prices of purchased goods , how much food can be purchased with a cash transfer ) ; the potential re ‐ sale value of in ‐ kind goods ( if the in ‐ kind transfer could be sold , how much cash would be received ) ; the transactions costs associated with receiving a cash or in ‐ kind payment ; and the transactions costs associated with using a cash or in ‐ kind payment ( on this , see Doocy and Tappis , 2017 ) . Beneficiaries might also be concerned about price volatility . Suppose a household can chose between a food transfer and a cash transfer . Food prices might be either > 2 In standard microeconomic theory , preferences are stable ; along with prices and incomes , they determine choices that economic actors make . In papers such as Berg , Mattinen and Pattugalan ( 2013 ) , the word preference is used in a more colloquial", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 252, "text": "Ethiopian data from the late 1980s", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "main effect , ” _Stat Modeling Blog_ . - Gelman , A . , J . B . Carlin , H . S . Stern , and D . B . Rubin ( 1995 ) : _Bayesian data analysis_ , Chapman and Hall / CRC . - Girma , S . , Y . Gong , H . Görg , and Z . Yu ( 2009 ) : “ Can Production Subsidies Explain China ’ s Export Performance ? Evidence from Firm-level Data , ” _Scandinavian Journal of Economics_ , 111 , 863 – 891 . - Groh , M . , N . Krishnan , D . McKenzie , and T . Vishwanath ( 2016 ) : “ The Impact of Soft Skill Training on Female Youth Employment : Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Jordan , ” _IZA Journal of Labor and Development_ , 5 . - Hastie , T . , R . Tibshirani , J . H . Friedman , and J . H . Friedman ( 2009 ) : _The elements of statistical learning : data mining , inference , and prediction_ , vol . 2 , Springer . - Higuchi , Y . , V . H . Nam , and T . Sonobe ( 2017 ) : “ Management practices , product upgrading , and enterprise survival : Evidence from randomized experiments and repeated surveys in Vietnam , ” _GRIPS Working Paper_ . - Hirschleifer , S . , D . McKenzie , R . Almeida , and C . Ridao-Cano ( 2016 ) : “ The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed : Experimental Evidence from Turkey , ” _Economic Journal_ , 126 , 2115 – 2146 . - Hussam , R . , N . Rigol , and B . Roth ( 2022 ) : “ Targeting High Ability Entrepreneurs Using Community Information : Mechanism Design in the Field , ” _American Economic Review_ , 112 , 861 – 98 . - Iacovone , L . , W . Maloney , and D . McKenzie ( 2022 ) : “ Improving Management with Individual and Group-Based Consulting : Results from a Randomized Experiment in Colombia , ” _Review of Economic Studies_ , 89 , 346 – 71 . - Imbens , G . and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "production were dangerous for small children in the rainy season and became a breeding ground for mosquitos . < sup > 191 < / sup > Child protection actors will also work alongside colleagues in shelter , in the development of child-friendly spaces and other structures . < sup > 192 < / sup > A large body of work from the education sector – whom in many instances share physical spaces or run joint activities with child protection actors , particularly in the early response period – has many relevant lessons . The UNICEF Compendium of transitional learning spaces has reviewed a large number of such spaces for children . The overall learning from the project suggests transitional spaces should pay attention to the following issues to improve physical safety : - Be designed and located as to not increase potential injury or death in case of future hazard events , for as long as they are in use e . g . aftershocks , high winds or flooding ; located on sites ( also considering access to sites ) which mitigate the risks e . g . in the case of collapse or damage , and including an emergency exit to a safe outside area , in case of escape . - Construction monitoring and supervision is vital to ensure construction quality to safe standards , technical specifications , construction drawings and building codes . - Fire prevention and emergency evacuation plans must be inbuilt to the design and operations . - Non-flammable materials are always better then highly combustible thatch or bamboo mats used for floors or roofs . Combustible materials should only be used if treated to resist fire , and where they are used a second emergency exit is vital . In addition , toxicity and hazardous components should be considered when selecting materials and toxic construction materials must not be used . Preventing fires and guaranteeing children ’ s safety must be at the centre of the design and material selection process . - The surrounding site must be cleared of any hazards , such as unstable earth from landslides , fallen electrical wire , glass , sharp metals , debris , fluids and solid and", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 568, "text": "UNICEF Compendium of transitional learning spaces", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , the price of nontradable staple food prices did decline . Moreover , the fact that the imputed value of home consumption likely fell in real terms must be factored into the analysis . When it is , and when account is taken of the fact that real cocoa prices did not increase substantially , there is reason to think that in the short run following the devaluation , poverty would have increased , or at least failed to decrease , among a substantial segment of the rural population . # Household survey results Two household expenditure surveys are available that allow us to trace the short-run impact of the devaluation on poverty . The pre-devaluation survey was carried out between June and November , 1993 , except Abidjan , which was carried out in March-April 1992 . A total of 9600 households were surveyed . The post-devaluation survey , with a much smaller sample of 1000 households , was carried out in April-May 1995 . With several exceptions , we maintained the INS data as it was processed , cleaned , and aggregated . The data take into account the change that was made to the consumption of home production data to correct an error made in computer data entry , as described in Appendix C . We also re-estimated the housing expenditure variable and changed the definition of agricultural workers to correct some inconsistencies , described in Appendix A . In view of the fact that GDP growth per capita was negative in 1994 , one would expect that the devaluation would not have had a strong impact on reducing poverty by early 1995 , when survey results are available . Overall , the survey results , based on the cleaned INS data set ( table 2 ) , show that the incidence of poverty increased from 32 . 3 percent in 1993 to 38 . 6 percent in 1995 . Given the various shortcomings of the surveys - - which are discussed below - - the increase in poverty is probably overstated . While overall there was little change in mean household expenditure and poverty , there were big differences in the changes in mean expenditure and poverty across regions and socioeconomic groups . Within urban and rural areas there", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 554, "text": "household expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 985, "end": 993, "text": "INS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1-25 years | aaaa ) < br > Stumpage price < br > per m3 | Stumpage price per < br > m3 not less than < br > 70 , 000 Ug . Shs | Average bid price / < br > Market price | | | | | ( xxxii ) Monitor < br > dis - < br > counted < br > costs < br > through - < br > out the ro - < br > tation pe - < br > riod | | 1-25 years | bbbb ) < br > Cost of estab - < br > lishment , maintenance < br > and protection | Not exceeding 2 < br > million | Financial reports | | 80", "spans": [{"start": 439, "end": 456, "text": "Financial reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 . 4 persons per household in the project area ( WSAtkins , 1998 ) , the average annual agricultural income per individual is USD 270 . The baseline socio-economic survey indicated that the average annual income per hectare from farming is UGX 31 . 62 million ( USD19 , 760 ) , which is 8 . 5 times higher than the district DAO figures . The difference in estimates could be attributed to : - Project-affected persons exaggerated their incomes in expectation of - compensation ; - PAPs could have confused gross income with net income ; and , - Productivity within the project area may be higher than in the remainder of the district . The average annual household income from fishing , according to the baseline survey is UGX 527 , 400 ( USD 350 ) . As with agricultural income , the reported income from fishing may have been exaggerated in anticipation of possible compensation for loss of income . * * R . J . * * Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 171, "text": "baseline socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 705, "end": 720, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the woreda . The main crops growing are sorghum , maize and millet . Sesame is the main cash crop produced for export market . The economic advantages are including availability of arable lands , fertile soils and reliable rainfall patterns . Kafta-Shiraro National Park is found in this woreda , where refugees from Eritrea are camped at close location to it . # # # # * * Asgede Tsimbla woreda * * Asgede Tsimbla is one of the woredas in the Tigray Regional State found in North Western Zone . The woreda is bordered in the south by the Tekeze River which separates the woreda on the south from Tselemti woreda and to the west by the Mierabawi Zone , on the northwest by Tahtay Adiyabo woreda on the north by Laelay Adiyabo woreda , on the northeast by Tahetay Koraro and on the east by Medebay Zana . The administrative center of this woreda is Inda Abaguna ; other towns found in the woreda include Kisadgaba , Mayhansse , Adigebru , Dedebit , Adi Mehameday , Hitsats , Debre Abay and Idaga Hibret . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA the woreda has a total population of 155 , 741 , of whom 78 , 854 are male and 76 , 887 female ; 16 , 753 are urban dwellers and 138 , 988 lives in rural areas . The woreda has an area of 2 , 815 . 05 square kilometers , with a population density of 55 . 32 . The majority of the inhabitants practice Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , with 97 . 51 % , while 2 . 47 % of the population is Muslim . The largest ethnic group is the Tigrayan ( 99 . 21 ) , and Tigrigna was spoken as a first language by 99 . 57 % . # # # * *", "spans": [{"start": 1017, "end": 1059, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is even larger in essential jobs that also have the lowest wages and the lowest levels of education . We find that 40 . 4 % of migrants with low levels of education have essential jobs , compared to 34 . 1 % of native workers . Finally , immigrants are less likely to be employed in income-safe jobs ( 53 . 9 % versus 65 . 3 % of native workers ) and in health-safe jobs ( 77 . 1 % versus 84 . 4 ) though the difference between the immigrants and the natives is narrower in the latter ( 84 . 4 % versus 77 . 1 % ) . * * Figure 3 : Share of foreign workers in key essential occupations by destination country * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Doctors < br > Nurses < br > ICT < br > UK Personal care < br > Drivers < br > Cleaners < br > All occupations < br > Doctors < br > Nurses < br > ICT < br > Personal care < br > Germany Drivers < br > Cleaners < br > All occupations < br > Doctors < br > Nurse s < br > ICT < br > France Personal care < br > Drivers < br > Cleaners < br > All occupations < br > Doctors < br > Nurses < br > ICT < br > Personal care < br > Spain Drivers < br > Cleaners < br > All occupations < br > Doctors < br > Nurses < br > ICT < br > Italy Personal careDrivers < br > Cleaners < br > All occupations < br > 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 < br > Share of foreign workers < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on EU-LFS 2018 data . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1392, "text": "EU-LFS 2018 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 14 - - Follow-up beneficiary assessment regarding satisfaction with PSNP and OFSP services . - A paper on the long-term institutional framework for direct support . April 2009 Semi-Annual Review - FSP and PSNP resource allocation , disbursement data and beneficiary numbers by region and Woreda , publicly disseminated . - The semi-annual public works review completed and recommendations identified . - Follow-up to baseline household survey completed and data analyzed . September 2009 Semi-Annual Review - GPS / GIS-based watershed maps in PSNP Project Area completed . - • The semi-annual public works review completed and recommendations identified . # # * * B . * * * * < u > Financial Management , Financial Reports and Audits < / u > * * 1 . The Recipient shall maintain or cause to be maintained a financial management system in accordance with the provisions of Section 4 . 09 of the General Conditions . 2 . The Recipient shall prepare and furnish to the Association , in form and substance satisfactory to the Association , and not later than sixty ( 60 ) days after the end of each quarter , interim un-audited financial reports for each of the respective Parts of the Project covering the period . 3 . The Recipient shall have the Financial Statements for the Project audited in accordance with the provisions of Section 4 . 09 ( b ) of the General Conditions . Each audit of the Financial Statements shall cover the period of one fiscal year of the Recipient . The audited Financial Statements for each such period shall be furnished to the Association not later than nine months after the end of such period . # # * * Section III . * * * * < u > Procurement < / u > * * # # * * A . * * * * < u > General < / u > * * 1 . * * Goods and Works . * * All goods , works , and services ( other than consultants ’ services ) required for the Project and", "spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 444, "text": "baseline household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "response Boats ( < br > Water Resources Information System | MoWE / G-11 / 10 | | 80 , 000 < br > NCB | MoWE | post < br > post < br > Plan | 22 / 12 / 10 < br > NA < br > 14 / 01 / 11 < br > 14 / 01 / 11 < br > 13 / 02 / 11 25 / 02 / 11 < br > NA | Actual | 4 / 03 / 11 | 16 / 03 / 11 | NA < br > 30 / 06 / 11 | Page 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 # # # # * * GLOSSARY OF TERMS * * Unless the context dictates otherwise , the following terms will have the following meanings : * * “ Census ” * * A field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Project Affected Persons ( PAP ) or Displaced Persons ( DPs ) as a result of land acquisition and related impacts . The census provides the basic information necessary for determining eligibility for compensation , resettlement and other measures emanating from consultations with affected communities and the local government institutions ( LGIs ) . * * “ Compensation ” * * The payment in kind , cash or other assets given in exchange for the acquisition of land including fixed assets thereon as well as other impacts resulting from the project program activities . * * Cut-off date * * — Date of completion of the census and assets inventory of persons affected by the project . Persons occupying the project area after the cutoff date are not eligible for compensation and / or resettlement assistance . * * “ Displaced Persons ” * * Persons who for reasons due to involuntary acquisition or voluntary contribution of their land and other assets under the project , will suffer direct economic and social adverse impacts , regardless of whether or not the said Displaced Persons are physically relocated . These people may have their standard of living adversely affected , whether or not the Displaced Person will move to another location ; lose right , title , interest in any houses , land ( including premises , agricultural and grazing land ) or any other fixed or movable assets acquired or possessed , lose access to productive assets or any means of livelihood . * * Economic displacement * * — Loss of income streams or means of livelihood resulting from land acquisition or obstructed access to resources ( land , water , or forest ) resulting from the construction or operation of a project or its", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 1007, "text": "census and assets inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "75 | | Observations | 866 | 867 | 616 | 615 | Note : Standard errors clustered at individual level are in parentheses . * * * , * * , and * represent significance at 1 % , 5 % , and 10 % , respectively . a Passing threshold is choosing “ yes ” for the first five questions in Table 2 . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 7 : Distribution of share of local suppliers , by type of purchase < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 20 < br > 200 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 < br > Share of same-municipality suppliers < br > ( Competitive tender ) < br > 0 . 22 < br > 200 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 < br > Share of same-municipality suppliers < br > ( Non-competitive tender ) < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the distribution of the percentage of firms located within the same municipality where the tender process occurs , regardless of whether it is a headquarters or a branch . The distribution is disaggregated by type of purchase - competitive and non-competitive . Data is drawn from the tenderparticipant table and includes only suppliers who won the tender process and whose identifier has 14 digits . We match this data with the _Cadastro Nacional de Pessoas Jurídicas_ ( CNPJ ) , a dataset provided by the Ministry of the Economy that contains information on every firm registered in Brazil . The temporal coverage of the data ranges from 2014 to 2021 . See Table 1 for more details . 27", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 893, "text": "tenderparticipant table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . - Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – - Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : There shall be no works contracts under the project .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Socio-economic inclusion pla < br > nning < br > Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 590 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2023-10-05 | 2023-10-26 | 2023-12-09 | 2024-01-06 | 2024-02-05 | 2024-03-11 | 2024-04-15 | 2025-04-15 | | KE-MOTI-238027-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R MAPPING AND DEVELOPME < br > NT OF A NATIONAL GEO DAT < br > ABASE OF SLUMS AND INFOR < br > MAL SETTLEMENTS IN KENYA < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum upgrading < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-06-11 < br > 2022 - | 07-29 < br > 2021-07-02 < br > 2022 | - 10-15 < br > 2021-08-15 | 2021-09-12 | 2021-10-12 | 2021-11-16 | 2021-12-21 | 2022-04-20 | | KE-MOTI-382313-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R AN OPERATOR / CONSORTIU < br > M TO IMPLEMENT SETTLEME < br > NT LEVEL COMMUNITY DEVEL < br > OPMENT PLANS ( PHASE 1 ) IN < br > 8 SELECTED INFORMAL SETT < br > LEMENTS IN NAIROBI AND KI <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > < mark > IN01152135 < / mark > < / u > ► Proportion of urban water service providers covering their operational costs under the Project ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2019 < br > 30-Sep-2021 | 30-Sep-2021 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | The indicator is also a proxy indicator for measurin < br > extent to which a utility revenue covers the basic op < br > the improvement in the financial viability of participa < br > and operational efficiency interventions . | g sustainability of urban wa < br > eration and maintenance < br > ting utilities as a result of | ter utilities . It measures the < br > costs . It is used to assess < br > the utility capacity building | Enhanced use of water resource management information system and data < u > < mark > IN01152127 < / mark > < / u > ► Proportion of rural and urban water supply scheme designs using data from the water resources management information system ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 75 . 00 | | Date | 04-Jan-2019 | 30-Sep-2021 | 30-Sep-2021 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | The indicator measu < br > use of the water", "spans": [{"start": 1052, "end": 1097, "text": "water resources management information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and a rate of 81 percent is reported for Angola , a relatively richer country . < sup > 1 < / sup > Even for countries where micro data from household surveys are widely available , the methods of questionnaire design and implementation generate indicators which fail to capture what the survey intended to measure ( non-sampling errors ) , and are not comparable over time . Guarcello et al ( 2010 ) found this in the case of child labor statistics in low and middle-income countries . They noted substantial differences between indicators of child LFPR across similar countries , and even within the same country over a short period of time . They contrasted the variance in the measurement of child LFPR with measures of school attendance , and found that the latter did not show such high variance depending on type of survey . They attributed the unusual variance in point estimates of child LFPR to differences in the framing of questions and the methods by which the employment data are collected . These differences also plague measures of adult employment outcomes . As a result , even trends within country are hard to identify , much less trends among countries . One reason for the poor quality of data is that until recently , employment outcomes were not a primary focus of development policy , and therefore of the household surveys . The indicators most widely tracked at the household level were social services access and outcomes , and household assets , consumption and > 1 Many of the LFPR numbers commonly reported are not data points collected recently , but projections based on old surveys . Although they are available for most countries for most years , they may not be based on recent data . 2", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 158, "text": "micro data from household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 427, "end": 449, "text": "child labor statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 974, "end": 989, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1330, "end": 1347, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "administrative areas . The skewed distribution principally reflects factors other than country size , since the rank correlation of country area and small-occurrence region species count is only 0 . 40 . 5 . 4 Global Variations in Territorial Clustering Resources for habitat protection are scarce , so protection is most cost-effective in areas inhabited by occurrence region species on the World Bank country map that includes 38 , 229 level-2 administrative assign each species to the subnational administrative level 2 ( henceforth WB2 ) unit that has the largest share of its habitat . After assigning all species , we compute WB2 species counts and order each country ’ s WB2s in descending order by count . We compute the cumulative count and identify the WB2s that collectively account for 90 % of the country ’ s small-occurrence region species . We divide the number of identified WB2s by the total number of WB2s in the country to obtain a concentration measure for smallrespectively . In each table , the rows divide countries into four groups by WB2 concentration . Table 8 : Small-occurrence region species spatial clustering by size class , These are administrative entities that have level-2 units mapped by the World Bank . Lower income countries concentrations by World Bank income classifications", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 414, "text": "World Bank country map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Misreporting of diary entries affects equation ( 1 ) by introducing a disturbance term on the right-hand side . # * * 2 . 3 Recall Interviews * * Many household surveys implemented in the developing world ask respondents to recall quantities in a preselected list of food items consumed over a fixed period and their associated market value . In our case study , the recall period is seven days , ending with the interview ( Lyberg and Kasprzyk , 2004 , Beegle et al . , 2012 , and Crossley and Winter , 2014 discuss the effects of changing this time window ) . Information is collected in two steps . The respondent is first asked if the items in the list were consumed during the past week , going vertically down in the survey form from the first item to the last . For the items for which there is a positive response , the quantity consumed and the unit of measurement are reported . The respondent then must backcast the monetary value of this quantity by reporting estimated expenditures ( if market purchased ) or market values ( if self-produced , received as a gift , or received in barter ) . The monetary equivalent of recalled consumption ( quantity consumed times implicit price per unit , or unit value ) is the quantity we consider for the measurement _Y_ < sup > _r_ < / sup > . Why should one expect differences between _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > and recalled consumption _Y_ < sup > _r_ < / sup > ? As discussed above , consumption in the week before the interview need not coincide with usual consumption . Arguments can be made in favor of using a longer reference period for recall questions , or asking directly about “ usual week ” consumption . However , limited cognitive abilities and the difficulty of recalling the timing of events may challenge respondents ’ ability to perform the computations . Estimating the monetary equivalent of the quantities consumed from non-market sources adds an additional layer of difficulty . Errors may arise because the respondent solves a prediction problem rather than reporting a noisy measurement . Households may form their answers using the information", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 168, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * MUHORONI PROJECT AREA MAP * *", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 41, "text": "MUHORONI PROJECT AREA MAP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a VIGIBASE database . Each serious AEFI case is investigated by a national investigation team with regional presence . A national causality assessment committee is in place to assess the potential causes of the AEFIs . However , the AEFI Reporting rate has been low mainly because healthcare providers have only been reporting serious events ; about 60 districts did not report any AEFI through the MoH ’ s DHIS2 causing discrepancies between the DHIS2 and NDA ’ s Vigiflow . The MoH intends to remedy these inadequacies by widely disseminating and publicizing the NDA platforms for reporting AEFI and conducting active follow up of AEFI cases with an established panel of medical experts , as well as completing data entry for the backlog of AEFI reports and harmonizing the data in DHIS 2 and Vigiflow . - _Inadequate operational funds for vaccine delivery and the overall COVID-19 response_ . Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines ( AstraZeneca ) has been affected by shortage of funding for operational activities including training and deployment of personnel , distribution of vaccines and supplies , provision of health information management tools , monitoring and adverse events , coordination , risk communication , and community engagement . The overall test-trace-treat response strategy has also been affected by lack of funding . The government is actively mobilizing funds from domestic resources and partners for procurement of COVID-19 vaccines , essential medicines , and supplies , and to support COVID-19 deployment efforts . 88", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 19, "text": "VIGIBASE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 407, "end": 412, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 452, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 465, "end": 473, "text": "Vigiflow", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 784, "end": 790, "text": "DHIS 2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 795, "end": 803, "text": "Vigiflow", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fund to which the project contributed reportedly increased by 7 percent in 2012 as compared to that in 2008 ( target 20 % ) . - The value of turnover ( taken as proxy for value added ) per worker among companies receiving financing and technical assistance Funds from the SME Risk Capital and TA Funds increased by 60 % in 2012 as compared to that in 2008 ( target 20 % ) . - The average annual production ( taken as proxy for value added ) per farmer for the joint sample of coffee and cotton-to-garment Value Chains researched increased by 320 % in 2012 as compared to that in 2008 ( target 20 % ) . - Although no comparative analysis of beneficiary and control groups was carried out for the Risk Capital & TA Fund , this activity enabled close to 100 entrants to start up or expand business , which – according to the ICR - - would likely not have obtained low cost and long term financing without the project given the dearth of such financing available to MSMEs . - Outcomes of the Financial Sector Deepening Trust Fund include : ( i ) technical assistance in portfolio management helped to transform Equity Bank from a building society into one of the top five banks in Kenya providing financing to small and medium-sized enterprises ; ( ii ) an index-based weather insurance project enabled 3 , 279 farmers to buy an insurance product covering assets worth some KShs 160 million ; ( iii ) a warehouse receipts system was established ; ( iv ) two ( out of five ) regulated Micro-Finance Institutions received substantial support from the Trust Fund in understanding and applying new regulations , and ( v ) most Savings and Credit Cooperatives became licensed . # # * * To increase employment in participating MSMEs : Modest * * - Employment was also difficult to measure since beneficiaries , especially farmers , did not keep good records of casual labor . - According to the ICR ( pp . 17-18 ) , impact assessment surveys indicated that 1 , 425 jobs were created ,", "spans": [{"start": 1906, "end": 1931, "text": "impact assessment surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Klyun . # # * * III . The Senior Management Team * * The * * KNBS * * structure comprises six directorates as shown below . headed * * by * * a Director . Each Directorate is Mr Zachary Mwangi Chege has over 24 years ' experience in the public service . He holds a Bachelor of Arts ( First Class Honors ) from University of Nairobi and a Masters of Arts in Economic Policy Management , Makerere University , Uganda . He has expertise in official statistics , strategic management , surveys and censuses implementation , public policy analysis , budgeting , and project management , * * Mr Zachary Mwangi , * * among others . Prior to his current appointment as the Director General of the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics * * ( KNBS ) , * * he was the Director of Macroeconomic Statistics , * * KNBS , * * from * * 2008 * * to 2012 . From * * 1991 * * to . * * 2008 * * he worked in the mainstream civil service rising to the position of Chief Economist in the then Ministry of Planning and National Development . He has coordinated the preparation of various publications including , Annual Economic Survey reports , Annual Statistical Abstract reports , Quarterly * * GDP * * reports , Socio Economic Atlas , various survey reports , Public Expenditure Review reports , Quarterly Budget Review reports and District Development Plans . He has attended various courses and workshops , both locally and abroad , on Regional Integration , Statistical Developments , Public Expenditure Management , Financial Programming and Policies , Risk Management , Quality Management System , Project Management , Macroeconomic analysis and modelling , among others . Mr James Gatungu has a vast experience in Statistics , Economics and Data Management Skills drawn from over 20 years of work experience with various Public Sector Institutions . He holds Master of Arts in Economics Policy Management ( University of Ghana , Legon ) and Bachelor of Science ( Statistics and Computer Science ) * * - * * Moi University ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1154, "text": "Annual Economic Survey reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1227, "end": 1247, "text": "Socio Economic Atlas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sport ( MoEYS ) . SPS teachers benefited from two years of formal training in a MoEYS teacher training center in Phnom Penh . They received a monthly salary of roughly $ 250 to teach for three hours a day , five days a week . Almost all SPS were attached to a public primary school and had access to classrooms equipped with teaching and play materials , along with better overall infrastructure ( including sanitation facilities ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > In contrast , IPS were typically not attached to a primary school . The local community established an IPS and covered operational costs . This included the IPS teacher stipend , which was at the discretion of the local commune council . Constrained by council budgets , it varied from $ 30 to $ 50 per month at the time of > 5Source : Data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics . > 6According to government data ( MoEYS , 2017 ) , of the 7 , 241 preschool facilities in Cambodia in 2016 , 55 % were SPS , 39 % were IPS , and 6 % were private preschools . However , these preschools are not evenly distributed across the country , and 38 % of the 1 , 646 communes in Cambodia had no preschool facility . > 7See Bouguen et al . ( 2013 ) for an impact evaluation of each type of preschool developed in the context of the GPE I . > 8The program designers and research team did not anticipate the presence of SPS in the experimental villages . Villages with a preexisting SPS were not supposed to be eligible for the program . 8", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 831, "text": "Data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 850, "end": 865, "text": "government data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "who visited households on alternate days to check the quality of entries , clarify any questions , and enter recorded data into computers . Instructions emphasized that households should record daily acquisitions of food and non-food commodities and meals away from home starting from the day after the first visit . Qualitative analyses confirmed a high level of enumerator effort expended to ensure that diary entries were correctly and regularly recorded . One-third of households within each EA were also administered a recall module on food consumption during the first visit . Specifically , _two_ ( diary and recall ) measurements are available for household 3 , 6 and 9 in each EA , while _one_ ( diary ) measurement is available for all remaining households . The availability of repeated measurements and the scale of the experiment mark a departure from past research on consumption measurement in developing economies . The recall module asked the market value of the quantities consumed by the household in the 7 days prior to the enumerator ’ s visit . A list of expenditure groups was selected based on an assessment of their importance in IHSES 2007 diaries . Fieldwork and resource constraints meant that this list was consolidated to include 20 such groups of aggregated food items ( we list these groups in Appendix Figure A . 2 ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > > 7One of the important rationales for year-long surveys is the ability to capture seasonality in consumption and livelihoods . Seasonality in consumption is experienced due to differences in the availability of food items and , importantly , due to the month-long observations of Ramadan , and two Eid holidays . To ease fieldwork , a team would visit the 2 EAs from one of the districts in wave 1 ( days 1 to 14 of the month ) and the 2 EAs from the other district in wave 2 ( days 15 to 29 ) of the month . Moreover , within each wave , the teams alternated the EA visited each day . > 8The scale of IHSES precluded the use of individual diaries , which is deemed the most reliable instrument in Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) . Our experiment is interesting because", "spans": [{"start": 1155, "end": 1173, "text": "IHSES 2007 diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "internal market with fiefdoms controlled by local officials whose economic and political ties to protected industry resemble those of the Latin American economies of past decades . ‖ His explanation is that fiscal decentralization links local government revenue with local industry protection since local firms are stable sources of taxes and jobs . Based on five fairly aggregated sectors , he finds that industrial composition became more similar between 1980 and 1997 while prices of goods diverged . Moreover , resource allocation seemed to be deviated from the principle of comparative advantage . Two studies reach similar conclusions . Zhou et al . ( 2000 ) find a general lack of integration among the indica rice market in the PRC based on monthly rice data from 12 cities between 1992 and 1996 . They attribute this lack of integration to transport costs and government intervention in the grain markets . Similarly , Poncet ( 2003 and 2005 ) also suggest that trade barriers within the PRC 9", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 781, "text": "monthly rice data from 12 cities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will have the option to present many possible official documents , including a Kebele ID or birth certificate . Any persons without either of these or other identity documents , in the last resort , would have their claimed identity vouched for by a trusted ‘ introducer . ’ Funds will be used to support mass registration and issuance of physical and digital IDs to Ethiopian residents ( excluding refugees and host communities ) through registration partners , super agents , and Fayda centers as well as the establishment of permanent Fayda centers and registration partners . The project will promote the use of renewable energy by procuring solar-powered registration kits for the mass registration ( 90 million people ) . < sup > 37 < / sup > 44 . * * Subcomponent 3 . 2 – Supporting mass registration and issuance of physical IDs to Ethiopian residents in host communities and refugees ( US $ 20 million WHR ) . * * This subcomponent will support NIDP , in collaboration with UNHCR and RRS , to prioritize registration and ID issuance , through registration partner and Fayda center channels , to host communities and refugees in regions where large populations of refugees exist , namely Gambella , Somali , BenishangulGumuz , Afar , Tigray , < sup > 38 < / sup > and Amhara , as well as urban refugees in Addis Ababa . This is estimated to cover up to 1 . 7 million persons in host communities and up to 924 , 000 refugees . < sup > 39 < / sup > NIDP will work closely with RRS and UNHCR to utilize existing and upcoming initiatives for issuing and renewing refugee ID cards . This involves reusing biographic and biometric data collected by RRS through the UNHCR ProGres system for Fayda registration . NIDP will also develop registration strategies for individuals who require to be ‘ introduced ’ by a witness in the absence of supporting documentation ( for example , due to delay in issuance of refugee cards ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1608, "end": 1637, "text": "biographic and biometric data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1667, "end": 1687, "text": "UNHCR ProGres system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are made accessible . The new site should provide comparable access to employment opportunities , infrastructure , services and production opportunities . # # 2 . 2 . 3 * * Access to training , employment , and credit * * Normally , general economic growth cannot be relied upon to protect the welfare of the project-affected population . Thus , alternative employment strategies are needed for nonagricultural displaced farmers . Where feasible , new economic activities made possible by main investment requiring the displacement , vocational training , employment counseling , transportation , employment in the main investment project or in resettlement activities , establishment of industries , incentives for firms to locate in the area , credit and extension for small businesses or reservoir aquaculture , and preference in public sector employment are all considered in the areas where applicable . To address the impacts under this policy , resettlement plans must include measures to ensure that the affected and / or displaced persons are : - a . Informed about their options and rights pertaining to resettlement . - b . Consulted on , offered choices among , and provided with technically and economically feasible resettlement alternatives . - c . And provided prompt and effective compensation at full replacement cost for losses of assets and access attributable to the project . # # 2 . 3 * * Estimated Population and Likely Categories of Displaced Persons * * The socioeconomic survey will determine the total estimated population that would be affected by the project . The likely affected and / or displaced persons can be categorized into the following 2 groups : - a . * * Affected Individual * * - An individual who suffers loss of assets or investments , land and property and / or access to natural and / or economical resources as a result of the project activities and to whom compensation is due . For example , an affected individual is a person who farms a land , pastoralists whose routes have been altered , who conducts street vending , or a person who has built a structure on land that has been demarcated and is now required by the project . - b . *", "spans": [{"start": 1484, "end": 1504, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Gender Bias in Agricultural Child Labor : Evidence from Survey Design Experiments * * * * Jose Galdo * * # * * Ana C . Dammert * * * * * Degnet Abebaw * * JEL-codes : C8 , J22 , 012 , Q12 Keywords : Survey design , farm labor , gender , labor statistics , child labor * Jose Galdo is an Associate Professor at Carleton University , Ottawa ; ( e-mail : jose_galdo @ carleton . ca ) . Ana C . Dammert ( corresponding author ) is an Associate Professor at Carleton University , Ottawa ( e-mail : ana_dammert @ carleton . ca ) , Degnet Abebaw is an Independent Researcher ( formerly at the Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute of the Ethiopian Economics Association ) , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( e-mail : degnet06 @ yahoo . com ) . The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from IZA / DFID Growth and Labour Markets in Low Income Countries ( GLM-LIC ) program , grant agreement GA-C3-RA5-323 . The authors would like to thank the editor and two referees , as well as seminar participants at the University of Maryland - College Park , 3ie-IFPRI Seminar , Ohio University , Dalhousie University , 2 < sup > nd < / sup > IZA / DFID GLM-LIC Research Network Conference , 2016 LACEA , 2017 Canadian Economics Association Meeting , 2018 ICABR Conference , and the 4 < sup > th < / sup > IZA / DFID GLM-LIC Research Network Conference for helpful comments and suggestions . Any errors and omissions are our own .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 11 The gap between weighted and un-weighted labor productivity , 1990s * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > The Gap Between Weighted and Un-Weighted < br > Labor Productivity , 1990s < br > Five-Year Differencing , Real Gross Output , Manufacturing < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Data for Hungary , Indonesia and Romania use Three-Year Differencing . < br > Excluding Brazil and Venezuela . < br > Argentina ChileColombia UK oldFinlandNetherlandsWest GermanyFrance Portugal USA TaiwanKoreaIndonesia SloveniaLatviaRomaniaHungaryEstonia < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 12 presents the evolution over the 1990s in the transition economies . As may be seen , the transition economies all start out at very low and sometimes negative allocation effects . A negative effect means that allocation was worse than that resulting from a toss of the dice : for some reason resources were disproportionately allocated towards poor productivity firms . However , the transition countries generally exhibit a rapid increase of this ratio over time consistent with the view that allocative efficiency improved substantially in the transition economies over this time period . * * Figure 12 The evolution of the gap between weighted and un-weighted productivity in transition economies over the 1990s * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > The Evolution of the Gap Between Weighted < br > and Un-Weighted Labor Productivity < br > in Transition Economies over the 1990s < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Five-Year Differencing , Real Gross Output , Manufacturing . < br > Data for Hungary and Romania use Three-Year Differencing . < br > Estonia , 1995Estonia , 2001 Hungary , 1992Hungary , 1995Hungary , 2001 Latvia , 1996Latvia , 2001 Romania , 1995Romania , 1999 Slovenia , 1992Slovenia , 1995Slovenia , 2001 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 41", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 375, "text": "Data for Hungary , Indonesia and Romania", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1666, "end": 1694, "text": "Data for Hungary and Romania", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Proper use of ladders and scaffolds by trained employees < br > o < br > Use of fall prevention devices , including safety belt and < br > lanyard travel limiting devices to prevent access to fall hazard area , < br > or fall protection devices such as full body harnesses used in < br > conjunction with shock absorbing lanyards or selfretracting inertial < br > fall arrest devices attached to fixed anchor point or horizontal life - < br > lines | Availability of Safety < br > Full-Body Harness ) Fall < br > Protection ) . < br > Availability < br > of < br > fire < br > extinguishers . < br > Availability of training < br > attendances and records . < br > Availability of Lockout < br > Tag < br > out < br > ( LOTO ) < br > signages . < br > Availability of complete < br > first Aid Kit . < br > Availability of dedicated < br > first Aid room . < br > Availability < br > of < br > emergency < br > exit < br > procedure . | | | | 187", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 660, "text": "attendances and records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exploitation of natural resources , and other areas ; ( b ) privileged access to inputs , including finance and land ; ( c ) tax breaks and subsidies ; ( d ) privileged treatment in public procurement ; ( e ) designation as mandatory partners in foreign joint ventures ; and ( f ) price regulation that resulted in supra-normal profits ( McLeod , 2000 ) . Many of these favors were extended to specific firms , rather than entire industries . Using the Indonesian manufacturing survey , the same data set we use in this study , Mobarak and Purbasari ( 2006a ) show that politically connected firms were more likely to receive an import license than their competitors , 5", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 484, "text": "Indonesian manufacturing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the following important tasks were undertaken : - Engage and consulted the affected communities , communities ’ leaders and vulnerable groups , as well as relevant stakeholders such as government sectors , civil society organizations , and non-governmental organizations . The aim is to ensure that these stakeholders are well-informed and actively involved in decisionmaking processes related to the RP , including the valuation and compensation approaches . This involvement was facilitated through a stakeholder engagement process described in the World Bank ' s ESS 10 ( and as per the SEP developed for PRIME 1 ) . The consultation process was designed to ensure that the perspectives and concerns of women and other vulnerable groups are captured in a fair and inclusive manner . It was important to gather their opinions and consider their interests at every stage of resettlement planning and implementation . - Conduct a complete census of affected households and their household members including their livelihood , income , age and sex , education background , landholding size , size of the household member , etc . - With the expression of the agreements reached from the negotiations with affected people , determined land and assets to be affected , and established eligibility for compensation and relocation assistance . Official Use Only Page 23", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 970, "text": "census of affected households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "states . In most cases , these lockdown measures were in force for about 5-8 weeks , and ‘ restricted the movement of residents and led to the closure of business operations , and the closure of regional borders linking lockdown areas with the rest of the country . ’ ( Amare et al . ( 2021 ) , pp . 6-7 ) . As shown in Amare et al . ( 2021 ) , in addition to the effects caused by the nationwide restrictions , the above-mentioned state-level lockdown measures also had an adverse impact on affected households ’ well-being . Therefore , school-age children living in states affected by these additional measures are expected to show a higher risk of school drop-out . To test for this hypothesis , we followed Amare et al . ( 2021 ) by constructing an indicator for such augmented lockdown measures ( labeled as _AugmLockdown_ in our specifications below ) , which takes value one if the person lives in the states reported above , and zero otherwise . # * * 2 . 2 . 4 Measuring Climate Shocks : Drought and Flood * * Households ’ livelihoods and decision to invest in children ’ s education be affected may by the concomitant occurrence of climate shocks . Given that Nigeria is partially located in the drought-prone western Sahel region , such events are quite regular . As documented by the reports of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) , < sup > 12 < / sup > some states in Nigeria were severely hit by floods in September 2019 and October 2020 . If a drought or flood occurs simultaneously with COVID-19 outbreak and its related lockdown measures , such shocks may confound the true impact of temporary school closure due to COVID-19 on school attendance . Therefore , we control for drought We measure drought in 2019 ( before the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic and school closure ) and 2020 ( during COVID-19 and before school reopening ) using the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index ( SPEI ) , which captures the severity of drought according to its intensity and duration . < sup > 13 < / sup > Since the lean period in Nigeria covers", "spans": [{"start": 1905, "end": 1956, "text": "Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is a decrease of 7 . 4 and 7 . 2 % in the lower and upper thresholds , respectively . Table 3 . Decomposition of changes to middle-class thresholds | * * Threshold * * | * * s in 2011 * * < br > * * PPP * * | * * Original * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * approach with * * < br > * * 3 countries as * * < br > * * in Lopez-Calva * * < br > * * & Ortiz-Juarez * * < br > * * ( 2014 ) * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * approach * * < br > * * with all 15 * * < br > * * countries * * < br > * * available * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Lower * * | | 13 | 13 . 5 | 12 . 5 | | * * Upper * * | | 70 | 78 | 72 . 4 | Source : Own estimations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and the World Bank ) . # * * V . Impacts of 2017 PPPs on poverty , vulnerable , and the middle class * * In this section , regional , sub-regional and country-level poverty , vulnerable , and middle-class estimates are presented over time with the 2017 PPPs , in comparison with the 2011 PPPs . This analysis helps understand how incidences and the geographic distribution of the poor , vulnerable , and middle-class populations would change when using 2017 PPPs and higher thresholds . Profiles for these populations are presented over time with the 2017 PPPs , relative to the 2011 PPPs . It is important to assess whether this update of PPPs and thresholds significantly impacts the characteristics of these populations . Marked changes in what the poor and the vulnerable look like affect policy design . 16", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 674, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5948 # * * Abstract * * The growth of India ’ s manufacturing sector since 1991 has been attributed mostly to trade liberalization and more permissive industrial licensing . This paper demonstrates the significant impact of a neglected factor : India ’ s policy reforms in services . The authors examine the link between those reforms and the productivity of manufacturing firms using panel data for about 4 , 000 Indian firms from1993 to 2005 . They find that banking , telecommunications , insurance and transport reforms all had significant , positive effects on the productivity of manufacturing firms . Services reforms benefited both foreign and locally-owned manufacturing firms , but the effects on foreign firms tended to be stronger . A onestandard-deviation increase in the aggregate index of services liberalization resulted in a productivity increase of 11 . 7 percent for domestic firms and 13 . 2 percent for foreign enterprises . This paper is a product of the Trade and Integration Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at iborchert @ worldbank . org , bgootiiz @ worldbank . org , agrover1 @ worlbank . org , and amattoo @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 425, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Substation | 9 . 0 | 98 . 9 | | Tower | 0 . 006 | 0 . 1 | | Access road | 0 . 090 | 1 . 0 | | * * Total * * | * * 9 . 06 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | # # # # # # * * _Impact on Residential Land and Property_ * * Results of the census enumeration and property registration surveys revealed that there is no residential housing and other related structures within the Subproject substation site as well as within the Subproject ROW . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Fruit Crops and Perennial crops_ * * During the census and enumeration survey of Subproject impact properties no fruit trees and perennial crops is found that will be affected by the Subproject components # # # # # # * * _Impact on Eucalyptus and Other Trees_ * * Based on the census enumeration and registration survey , a total of 1 , 506 eucalyptus trees 6 _Bisana_ , 3 _Girar_ and 120 bundles or ( estimated 2 , 400 ) bamboo trees belonging to 4 PAHs will be affected by the SS , Tower and ROW . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Grazing Land and Crop-by-Product_ * * Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property further revealed that the construction of the proposed Subproject will not affect grazing land . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Vulnerable Groups_ * * A total of 19 heads of households are identified as potentially vulnerable , and hence , will require special assistance during Subproject implementation and payment of cash compensation . Heads of households identified as potentially vulnerable include : 7 elderly Official Use Only Page 6", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 316, "text": "census enumeration and property registration surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 544, "end": 605, "text": "census and enumeration survey of Subproject impact properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 773, "end": 815, "text": "census enumeration and registration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1076, "end": 1129, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "climate in ( mostly ) developing countries and to understand the determinants of firm performance . The richest country in the sample is Sweden with a GDP per capita of US $ 46 , 000 , and the poorest countries ( i . e . , Burundi , Liberia , Malawi , Ethiopia ) have a GDP per capita around US $ 200 . In each country , the survey is based on the universe of eligible non-agricultural firms obtained from the country ’ s statistical office with stratified random sampling with replacement , and the result is a representative sample of the nonagricultural private economy in the country . < sup > 2 < / sup > Stratification is based on two criteria : the sector of activity and firm size . Typically , the stratified sampling yields between 100 and 1 , 000 firms per country , with 108 firms for the median city . Industries range from manufacturing and construction to services and retail and wholesale trade , < sup > 3 < / sup > and some industries such as mining and financial services are excluded in the survey . Each survey is largely a cross-sectional data set . We include data collected after 2006 , although some enterprise surveys were conducted earlier . Prior to that year , there was considerable heterogeneity across countries in terms of the questionnaire format , sectors covered , and sampling methodology . Moreover , the samples for surveys conducted before 2006 were not generally representative . After dropping observations that have missing values for whether the firm is headed by a female manager , our final sample consists of more than 80 , 000 firm-year observations covering 567 cities in 117 countries . < sup > 4 < / sup > A complete list of variables and data sources is shown in Table 2 ; the summary statistics for our key variables used in regressions are in Table 3 . # * * 4 . Basic patterns for the relationship between FDI and female corporate leadership * * How do we define female entrepreneurship ? Ideally , we want to capture firms with women being the primary owner and running the firm ; that is , women act as both owners and chief", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1069, "text": "cross-sectional data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1125, "end": 1143, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that * * _sports and cultural activities_ * * can play in social development , inclusion , cohesion , and well-being , particularly for refugee children and youth , partnerships will be pursued between relevant foundations ; international organizations ; non-governmental organizations ; sporting and cultural associations federations , and organizations ; the private sector ; and experts to increase access to sporting and cultural facilities and activities in refugee-hosting areas . < sup > 14 < / sup > # # # # * * 6 . Data and evidence * * 33 . Reliable , comparable , and timely data , including population and socio-economic data , is critical for evidence-based measures to : improve conditions for refugees and host communities ; assess the impact of large numbers of arrivals on host countries ; and identify appropriate solutions . < sup > 15 < / sup > 34 . Specific actions by States and other relevant stakeholders could include : - promoting the development of common standards for the collection , analysis , and dissemination of age and gender-disaggregated data on refugees and asylum-seekers , < sup > 16 < / sup > including making primary population and socio-economic data ( and underpinning collection methodologies ) accessible to relevant stakeholders as appropriate ; - supporting the inclusion of refugees and host communities in national strategies for the development of statistics ; - resourcing national data collection systems on the situation of refugees and host communities , including socio-economic and demographic status , using national surveys , population and housing censuses , and administrative sources as relevant ; and - < sup > 12 < / sup > E . g . participation of refugee children and youth in policy and decision-making through local refugee youth councils , building on UNHCR ’ s Global Youth Advisory Council . > < sup > 13 < / sup > Including : ICORN Cities of Refuge ; the Global Network of Cities , Local and Regional < u > Governments ; the Global Alliance for Urban Crises ; 100 resilient", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 637, "text": "population and socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1159, "end": 1193, "text": "population and socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1566, "end": 1582, "text": "national surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1585, "end": 1616, "text": "population and housing censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1623, "end": 1645, "text": "administrative sources", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Perpetrators and Potential Perpetrators_ - Use male staff ( sensitised to issue of SGBV ) to work with male perpetrators . - Establish / strengthen basic mental health programmes targeting and boys . - Support the establishment of men ’ s clubs and recreational activities , discussion fora and ensure men ’ s participation and access to income-generating activities . - Ensure existence of a strategy to facilitate reintegration of perpetrators . - In camp situations , ensure an in-camp rehabilitation centre for perpetrators as a forum for counselling and monitoring their rehabilitation . - Create a database of imprisoned refugees to facilitate family reunification after release , including when repatriation is initiated . _130_", "spans": [{"start": 605, "end": 636, "text": "database of imprisoned refugees", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 0 Rep . Vietnam Peru Colo mbia 0 Vietnam Philippines Rep . Peru Colombia < br > 50 % 70 % 90 % 110 % 80 % 100 % 120 % 140 % < br > Full-Cost Recovery Financial Operating Cost Recovery ( Cash Collected ) < br > e ) Full-Cost Recovery and f ) Financial Operating Cost Recovery and < br > Security of Supply Indicator Security of Supply Indicator < br > 250 % 250 % < br > Uganda Uganda < br > Egypt , Arab Egypt , Arab < br > 200 % Rep . Kenya 200 % Kenya Rep . R2 = 0 . 1828 < br > 150 % 150 % < br > Peru Peru < br > Vietnam Colombia < br > R2 = 0 . 0009 Vietnam Colombia < br > 100 % 100 % < br > Senegal Senegal < br > 50 % Tanzania Philippines 50 % Tanzania Philippines < br > Pakistan Pakistan < br > 0 % 0 % < br > 50 % 70 % 90 % 110 % 80 % 100 % 120 % 140 % < br > Full-Cost Recovery Financial Operating Cost Recovery ( Cash Collected ) < br > T & D Losses T & D Losses < br > Number of Outages per Month Number of Outages per Month < br > Security of Supply Indicator Security of Supply Indicator < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ Graphics only show subset of cases for which data is available . _Source : _ World Bank staff . 38", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 345, "text": "Security of Supply Indicator", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quickly enough ; in Montenegro , for example , the law could not be changed in a parliamentary election year . * * Such differences also have implications for the predictability of such support to new beneficiaries as the pandemic continues to lead to unemployment and job loss . * * In Kosovo , emergency support to the almost 29 , 000 households without formal income or other means of government support recently ended . These households are unable to access the regular SAS given the strict eligibility requirements that focus more on household structure ( disability , age of youngest child ) than on poverty . Although the government is now drafting reforms to the Law on Social Assistance , its passage will take many months . Serbia faces a similar issue ; although it quickly paid € 100 to all adults , this has proved costly and may narrow the fiscal space to extend further support to poor households in need . * * These examples illustrate the importance of having appropriate laws and systems in place in advance of a crisis to protect poor and vulnerable households and help them also weather the post-crisis period . * * Reforming laws on social assistance to allow coverage expansion or changes in eligibility criteria when a shock occurs would provide the legal basis to expand these programs quickly , eliminating the need for new laws , and to scale them back when the crisis has passed . Investing in robust delivery systems , such as social registries , adaptive targeting systems , simplified and automated registration and verification procedures , and e-payment systems can also support rapid expansion in coverage , as can greater use of technology to comply with social distancing or other difficult circumstances . Finally , supporting legislative commitments with dedicated financing , through contingency budgets or disaster risk financing , can create a system that automatically expands when a crisis occurs . 1 . _Spring 2020 RER_ – update with data from Fall RER . 2 . World Bank and wiiw ( 2020 ) : Western Balkans Labor Market Trends 2020 . 18 | < sup > 4 . PROGREss ON POvERTy RE", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "access , i . e . the access responders have to the population considering issues like security , but also , the access the affected population has to services . More can be done at this stage to more systematically involve affected populations in the data collection process , although this will generally involve more qualitative methods ( as compared to sample surveys ) to gain insight into the key issues facing people with disabilities . The number and diversity of actors involved in different or overlapping spaces , the number of activities they undertake and the short timeframes necessary to respond all challenge program performance monitoring and evaluation in humanitarian settings . Double counting and comparable counting ( where different agencies record the same thing in the same way ) is a risk even with simple activity and output indicators . To overcome these challenges , investments are being made to establish common data platforms and shared “ eTools ” that can be used by partners in the field to rapidly and more consistently collect data . Despite the challenges , there is reason for considerable optimism . The diversity of data sources that have applicability to humanitarian action is quite wide , and there is scope for improvement all along the results hierarchy , both to improve national systems ( such as Education or Health MIS ) as well as better service point data that humanitarian responders collect . Increasing pressure exists for greater rigor in program evaluations of humanitarian action , a trend that will also push agencies towards more quantitative methods . As well there is increased attention to the importance of participation and engagement by affected populations in monitoring and evaluation processes . With the broad scope for improvement that exists , when the resources are available , and with the political momentum energizing the process , improving data collection relevant to people with disabilities in humanitarian contexts is entirely feasible and is a shared goal . Representatives < sup > 5 < / sup > from the * * Washington Group on Disability Statistics * * presented their different tools that have been developed and tested to improve the disaggregation involving disabilities : the Short Set , the Short Set Enhanced , Extended Set", "spans": [{"start": 1387, "end": 1405, "text": "service point data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( MoLHUD < br > results in support < br > to the window ) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Old DLI 7 – IFMS rolled out < br > dropped . This is a new DLI for < br > specific results to be achieved by < br > MoLHUD in support to the sub - < br > window . | | infrastructure < br > development < br > in < br > Program | Actual | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Not yet due | 43 Please refer to annex DLI table for detailed breakdown of the DLIs per year . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET-Promoting Basic Services Phase III ( P128891 ) undertaken , in particular on capacity building in financial transparency , social accountability , and public financial management . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * M & E data was consistently used to inform decision-making and the effects of capacity building on local service delivery . Joint review and supervision missions drew on such data in assessing progress and adjusting implementation . The M & E results also informed subsequent interventions . # # * * M & E Quality Rating * * Substantial # # * * 10 . Other Issues * * # # * * a . Safeguards * * The initial safeguard assessment determined that World Bank safeguard policies were not triggered , with an Environmental Assessment category C applied . In July 2013 , the Board authorized an Inspection Panel investigation following claims that PBS 3 was linked to human rights abuses that allegedly occurred under the government ’ s Commune Development Program ( CDP ) of population resettlement in the Gambella Region . The Panel ’ s Investigation Report , dated November 21 , 2014 , concluded that the alleged harm could not be attributed to PBS 3 . However , considering the magnitude of the operation , the nature of block grant financing , and the overlapping implementation area between PBS 3 and CDP , the Panel found that Management ( and staff ) did not carry out the required full risk analysis , nor were its mitigation measures adequate to manage the concurrent roll-out of the village program in four PBS 3 regions . In response , the Management Report found that staff had followed applicable safeguard and operational policies , with the findings accepted by the Bank ’ s Board of Directors . A Management Action Plan was approved on February 27 , 2015 to address concerns with regard to environmental and social risk assessment and financial management . The Action Plan was completed and an Operations Screening Tool and an ESMS Operational Manual were developed , and training provided", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 321, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2018-03-21 | 2018-04-11 | 2018-05-25 | | 2018-06-22 | 2018-07-22 | 2018-08-26 | 2018-09-30 | 2018-12-29 | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSUL * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * TANTS * * < br > | | | | | < br > < br > | | | Invitation t | o < br > | | | | | | | | < br > Description | Loan / Credit < br > No . | < br > Component | Review | Type < br > Method | Market Approach < br > Contract | ype < br > Estimated < br > Amount ( US $ ) < br > | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Process Status | Terms of Refer < br > < br > | ence < br > Identified / Sele < br > Consultant < br > < br > < br > | cted < br > < br > Draft Negotiated < br > Contract < br > < br > < br > | Signed Contract < br > < br > | Contract Completion < br > < br > | | | | | | ET-MANR-20230-CS-CDS / < br > Panel survey | IDA / 55400 | Productive safety nets and < br > links to livelihoods services | Prior | Direct Selection | Direct | 1 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 1 , 483 , 698 . 35 < br > Signed | Planned < br > A < br > 2017-07-31 < br > 201 | ctual < br > Planned < br > Ac < br > 8-04-22 < br > 2017-08-10 < br > 2018 | tual < br > Plan", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not give any indication of the effect of these incentives . Over the 1980s , Turkey ' s average wheat yield grew more slowly than in previous decades and did not even keep pace with increases in world average yield . Part of the explanation for slow growth in wheat yield may be slow growth in fertilizer use , as already discussed . In the early 1990s , the annual value of the wheat crop in Turkey is roughly $ 3 billion . New varieties coming with reform have spread to a portion of this area . National yield data do not show : n impact . Although private companies currently have a small share of the wheat seed market , they have been actively looking for new foreign varieties to introduce , and they have been selling more wheat seed . The reform impact on wheat may be expected to grow as private companies push into the market . # * * 4 . 2 . 4 Vegetables for Export * * Vegetable exports is an area where one would expect an impact from reforms allowing in new varieties as well as new specialty chemicals such as plant growth regulators . The limited data which are available show a large increase in value of vegetable exports after reform period , but are not sufficient to estimate the increase in value due to regulatory reforms ( see Table 4 . 4 ) . Furthermore , only a fraction of that value would be net economic benefit , since vegetable producers and processors would be taking resources away from other productive activities . This section is based on information from a 1994 FAO and MARA study , Turkey : Horticulture Subsector Review : Approaches to Market-Led Development . _-25-_", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 517, "text": "National yield data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1055, "end": 1067, "text": "limited data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 . Impact of Changes in International Food Prices on the Import Bill , 2010 * * | | % of 2010 GDP | % of international reserves | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MENA | | | | | Food < br > 0 . 62 | 1 . 44 | | | Grains < br > 0 . 27 | 0 . 63 | | | Oils < br > 0 . 17 | 0 . 40 | | | Meat < br > 0 . 04 | 0 . 09 | | | Sugar < br > 0 . 14 | 0 . 32 | | GCC economies | | | | | Food < br > 0 . 25 | 0 . 45 | | | Grains < br > 0 . 07 | 0 . 12 | | | Oils < br > 0 . 06 | 0 . 12 | | | Meat < br > 0 . 02 | 0 . 04 | | | Sugar < br > 0 . 09 | 0 . 17 | | Developing oil | | | | exporters | | | | | Food < br > 0 . 78 | 2 . 28 | | | Grains < br > 0 . 33 | 0 . 98 | | | Oils < br > 0 . 22 | 0 . 61 | | | Meat < br > 0 . 05 | 0 . 14 | | | Sugar < br > 0 . 19 | 0 . 55 | | Oil importers | | | | | Food < br > 1 . 15 | 4 . 39 | | | Grains < br > 0 . 59 | 2 . 32 | | | Oils < br > 0 . 35 | 1 . 23 | | | Meat < br > 0 . 05 | 0 . 24 | | | Sugar < br > 0 . 15 | 0 . 59 | _Source_ : World Bank for international commodity prices and 2010 GDP , IMF for international reserves and USDA for import demand . Dependency ratios give important insights into MENA ‟ s", "spans": [{"start": 1018, "end": 1026, "text": "2010 GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "60 % of diseases in this income group are caused by poor water and lack of adequate sanitation ) . Productive use of time and energy is also used , particularly by women and young children who otherwise spend long periods of time searching for affordable sources of water . In addition many of the households may have illegal connections in which case the actual economic gains from switching to legal connections are not as high . Other important benefits such as improved quality of service and product are difficult to quantify . The economic internal rates of return are therefore likely to be underestimated . # # # # * * _Financial Analysis_ * * From the above consumption data , a demand curve was derived , included in Figure 3 below . A linear curve is assumed due to the lack of sufficient data points to calculate a log linear curve , but only 1 / 3 of consumer surplus ( triangle C ) is included in benefits to compensate for the more probable convex shape of the demand curve . 47", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 683, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * This chapter surveys the broad features of and developments in the use of trade policy across countries , within countries , and over time . Our goal is to describe and , whenever possible , quantify the extent of cross-sectional heterogeneity in applied commercial policy across countries , their economic sectors , and their trading partners , over time . < sup > 1 < / sup > We construct a relatively comprehensive picture of trade policy for 31 economies that represented 83 percent of the world ’ s population and 91 percent of the world ’ s GDP in 2013 . Our main conclusion is that substantial trade policy barriers remain as an important feature of the world economy today . As a starting point , we must define what we mean by a trade policy ‘ barrier . ’ As we will illustrate , there is an ever-increasing set of policy instruments that both researchers and trade negotiators would like to better understand because they are perceived to have a trade-restricting effect . Until recently , researchers have had little information about border policy instruments . Indeed , as Anderson and van Wincoop noted : “ [ t ] he grossly incomplete and inaccurate information on policy barriers available to researchers is a scandal and a puzzle ” ( Anderson and van Wincoop 2004 , p . 693 ) . The good news is that research no longer needs to operate behind a veil of ignorance created by the lack of information on border barriers ; product-level data on many of the important trade policy instruments imposed at the border are now routinely being made available for most economies in the world . < sup > 2 < / sup > The picture of the empirical landscape of trade policy that emerges is complex , with substantial variation along some dimensions and little variation along others . We frame our assessment of this trade policy variation by centering our analysis around five main questions : 1 . Do some countries have more liberal trading regimes than others ? 2 . Within countries , which industries receive the most import protection ? 3 . How do trade policies change over time ? 4 . Do countries", "spans": [{"start": 1460, "end": 1478, "text": "product-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> personnel handle machinery < br > and equipment ; < br >  Provide appropriate tools that < br > should be in good working < br > conditions ; < br >  Adherence < br > to < br > the < br > Occupation < br > Safety < br > and < br > Health Act ( OSHA 2007 ) and < br > subsequent regulations | Cop | y | | | | * * Sourcing * * < br > * * construction * * < br > * * water * * | < br >  Resource < br > use < br > conflicts < br >  Water < br > source < br > contamination < br >  Increased < br > water < br > borne < br > diseases | Disclosu < br >  Hold consultations with the < br > SEC < br > and < br > CPCT < br > with < br > a < br > view < br > to discussing any potential < br > resource use Conflicts that < br > may arise and come up with a < br > strategy of how to avoid < br > them ; < br >  Identify < br > water < br > sources < br > for < br > construction < br > during the planning and < br > design phase and as much as < br > possible , avoid community < br > water sources < br >  Acquiring < br > the < br > Water < br > Abstraction Permit from the < br > Water Resources Authority < br >  Minutes < br > of < br > Consultative < br > meetings < br > held < br > to < br > identify < br > water sources ; < br >  Grievance records < br >  Map showing the < br > approved sources of < br > water < br > and < br > water < br > abstraction point < br >  Water < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1246, "end": 1263, "text": "Grievance records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Livelihood zone * * | * * Hazard z-score < - 3 * * | * * Hazard z-score < - 2 * * | * * Negative hazard z-score * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Soil moisture ( GS ) | | | | | Maize | 0 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 63 | | Highland | 0 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 64 | | Roots and lowland | 0 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 63 | | NDVI ( RS ) | | | | | Agropastoral | 0 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 40 | | Pastoral | 0 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 38 | _Source : _ World Bank . _Note : _ GS = growing season ; RS = rainy season . We generated the alternate draws of the hazard distribution , k , a in two ways . The first used the historical weather distribution to select k for all households . This provided a first assessment of what an EP curve would look like but is based on a limited set of historical data points — in the case of soil moisture , only 13 years of data . The second way RR used the data set of 10 , 000 possible weather simulations for Malawi developed by the risk modeling firm AIR , which RR was based on the historical pattern of rainfall in Malawi . This catalog is available only for Malawi but suggests the degree of precision that modeling the weather offers as compared to using historical weather data . The generated k are used with parameter estimates from tables 4 . 1 to 4 . 5 to simulate what consumption would be for each household under these weather conditions . Once consumption has been simulated for a given draw of the weather , variables that describe the simulated consumption distribution can be generated . We focus particularly on : ( i ) RR the poverty headcount rate — the share of households whose simulated consumption falls below the extreme poverty line of $ 1 . 90 — and ( ii ) the total", "spans": [{"start": 1151, "end": 1174, "text": "historical weather data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 11062 # * * Abstract * * This paper presents the results from a novel field experiment that examined the impact of in - creasing the presence of revenue authority officers on tax compliance and tax morale among small and medium-size enterprises in a lower-income country . The experiment was embedded in the implementation of a representative , face-to-face survey of SMEs across mainland Tanzania . An independent survey firm was accompanied by Tanzania Revenue Authority officers , who observed the interviews in a randomly selected set of urban and peri-urban wards . This translated into a temporary increase in the presence of tax officers throughout parts of the country . The findings indicate that an increase in tax officer presence did not have a significant overall impact on tax compliance and tax morale among SMEs , as measured using a combination of administrative and survey data . However , there were short-term increases in compliance in the largest city and sustained increases in tax morale in the rest of the country . A follow-up survey suggests that these results were likely driven by an increase in the perceived credibility of enforcement rather than meaningful increases in perceptions of facilitation and trust . This paper is a product of the Development Impact Group , Development Economics and the Poverty and Equity Global Department . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at jkarver @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TRANSPARENT < br > ANALYSIS < br > G < br > R E < br > N < br > S < br > I P < br > Y E < br > K A < br > C A < br > R P < br >", "spans": [{"start": 895, "end": 925, "text": "administrative and survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "per capita , using the original 2011 PPPs . * * In the four countries covered , the COVID-19 crisis is estimated to have pushed more than 300 , 000 people into poverty even after taking into account response measures , but that is less than half the number who would have been affected had there been no response . * * Without the response measures , the increase in poverty would have ranged from 3 pp in Montenegro to 10 pp in Kosovo ( Figure 4 . 1 ) . < sup > * * 8 * * < / sup > Once response measures are taken into account , the effect is somewhat smaller : > 8 Poverty is expected to increase by approximately 3 pp in Bosnia and Herzegovina and 6 pp in North Macedonia in the absence of government interventions ( not shown in Figure 1 ) , and analyses incorporating government responses are forthcoming . poverty was up by 0 . 7 pp in Serbia , 2 pp in Montenegro , 5 pp in Kosovo , and 6 pp in Albania . The cash transfers are estimated to have increased household income particularly in the bottom quintile . However , even accounting for response measures , the distribution of income losses often continues to be biased against the poor because most benefits are directed to formal workers . In Montenegro , the cash measures compensate income losses mostly in the bottom income quintile , but wage subsidies benefit middle quintiles the most . In Albania , for instance , only social assistance is progressively distributed ( higher coverage of lower deciles ) ; wage subsidies are neutral or slightly regressive . In Kosovo , the simulated coverage of wage subsidies to informal workers results in a regressive distribution of benefits , with higher coverage in higher deciles . * * Even though governments took action swiftly , countries varied in their ability to use existing social assistance systems to deploy resources effectively to those in need * * ( Box 4 . 1 ) . As a result , these resources did not mitigate poverty as much as they could have . For instance , in Albania , if the", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 41, "text": "2011 PPPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 ) | 57 . 8 % | 49 . 4 % | 52 . 6 % | 49 . 9 % | | Fraction of workforce comprised of management employees | 5 . 4 % | 12 . 0 % | 9 . 9 % | 14 . 7 % | | Fraction of workforce comprised of skilled production employees | 51 . 5 % | 30 . 3 % | 38 . 9 % | 30 . 1 % | | Fraction of workforce comprised of unskilled production employees | 23 . 0 % | 28 . 9 % | 34 . 3 % | 31 . 6 % | | Fraction of workforce comprised of female employees | 17 . 4 % | 23 . 9 % | 28 . 2 % | 30 . 1 % | | _Sectoral & Country Business Environment_ | | | | | | US 4 digit ISIC sector average R & D intensity | 1 . 7 % | 1 . 8 % | 1 . 6 % | 1 . 4 % | _Source : World Bank Enterprise Surveys and Sharma et al . ( 2010 ) . _ 28", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 662, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | P-value equal coef . | 0 . 826 | 0 . 911 | 0 . 839 | 0 . 993 | 0 . 586 | 0 . 248 | 0 . 235 | 0 . 296 | | Observations | 567 | 567 | 542 | 542 | 585 | 585 | 572 | 572 | | Mean Y ( Control ) | 0 . 377 | 0 . 377 | 0 . 586 | 0 . 586 | 0 . 297 | 0 . 297 | 0 . 858 | 0 . 858 | Notes : Heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors in parentheses . Controls are described in the notes to Table 2 . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 Table A7 : Short-term impact on attitudes towards gender norms | _Dep . Var . ( Y ) : _ | _Wrong to _ | _follow norms_ | _Women virg_ | _in at marriage_ | _Ban kitche_ | _n during period_ | _Wear whate_ | _ver they want_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | | Drama | 0 . 081 < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 072 < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | - 0 . 086 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | - 0 . 070 < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | - 0 . 091 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | - 0 . 083 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 076 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 060 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 . _ * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Department of Food Technology and Nutrition ( DFTN ) and MUK Business School ) , Microfinance Support Center , Equity and Post Banks , participating schools and colleges , Agroinsurance consortium , farmer groups , Bavubuka Twekembe Youth Group ( BTYG ) and participating households . Vulnerable groups likely to be impacted by the project were identified through stake holder mapping and these include youth , elderly and women . Project stakeholders will be be adequately and systematically engaged to ensure their participation and strengthen ownership of the project and influence project design . Engagement with stakeholders will provide project affected persons and communities accessible and inclusive means to raise concerns and grievances . The SEP has proposed a detailed project grievance redress mechanism to address arising project related concerns . In addition , the project GRM will include a mechanism to enable individuals or groups who are Page 8 of 13 Apr 15 , 2025", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "REPORT * * ON EFFECTIVENESS * * OF * * INTERNAL CONTROLS , * * RISK * * MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE * * # # # # # # * * Conclusion * * As required * * by * * Section _7 ( 1 ) ( a ) _ of the Public Audit Act , * * 2015 , * * based on the audit procedures performed , * * I * * confirm that , nothing has come to my attention to cause me to believe that internal controls , risk management and governance were not effective . # # # # # # * * Basis for Conclusion * * The audit was conducted in accordance with * * ISSAI 2315 * * and * * ISSAI 2330 . * * The standards require that * * I * * plan and perform the audit to obtain assurance about whether effective processes and systems of internal controls , risk Management and overall governance were operating effectively in all material respects . * * I * * believe that the audit evidence * * I * * have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my conclusion . REPORT * * ON * * OTHER * * LEGAL AND * * REGULATORY * * REQUIREMENTS * * # # # # # # * * Conclusion * * As required * * by * * Financing Agreement No . * * 6768 - * * KE between the Republic of Kenya and International Development Association * * ( IDA ) * * dated 20 July , 2015 * * I * * report , based on my audit , that : - i . * * I * * have obtained all the information and explanations which , to the best of my knowledge and belief , were necessary for the purpose of the audit . - * * ii . * * Adequate accounting records have been kept * * by * * the Project , so far as appears from the examination of those records ; and , - * * iii . * *", "spans": [{"start": 1443, "end": 1461, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for larger areas of aggregation . Mexico ’ s labor force survey is no exception , as it can only provide estimates for urban and rural areas within states , as well as for select larger municipalities . Since Mexico has 32 states and 2 , 450 municipalities , reliable estimates of labor force participation – for both women and men – at the level of the municipality could greatly inform the geographic targeting of education , labor market programs , and other measures designed to improve female labor force participation . This is also true of other developing countries . Small area estimation is a branch of statistics that combines survey data with richer auxiliary data to generate more precise and accurate estimates of statistics . It has frequently been applied to measures of poverty and labor market outcomes . An extensive literature has documented that auxiliary data , typically taken from census or other administrative sources , can improve estimates of labor force participation and unemployment ( Esteban et al . , 2020 , Chambers et al . , 2016 , LópezVizcaino et al . , 2015 , Ugarte et al . , 2009 , Molina et al . , 2007 , Datta et al , 1999 ) . This literature employs a variety of methods , including hierarchical Bayes , empirical Best Predictors , and multinomial logit mixed models , as well as area level models . Intuitively , small area estimation allows surveys to “ borrow strength ” from auxiliary data that is more geographically comprehensive , and therefore covers unsampled areas . Combining the survey data with model predictions for unsampled areas , derived from the auxiliary data , makes the estimates more accurate and precise . In addition , by modeling the average relationship between the survey and auxiliary data across the entire sample , small area estimation can help correct sampling error even in sampled areas . This method can therefore produce more precise estimates for geographic levels , such as Mexican municipalities , where the labor force survey is too small to generate reliable estimates . 2", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 63, "text": "Mexico ’ s labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 662, "end": 676, "text": "auxiliary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1534, "end": 1545, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1991, "end": 2009, "text": "labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank , Washington , DC . < / mark > - < mark > Beyer , R . C . , Chhabra , E . , Galdo , V . , and Rama , M . ( 2018 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > M < / mark > easuring districts ' monthly economic activity from outer spac_ _ < mark > e < / mark > _ < mark > . The World Bank . < / mark > - < mark > Beyer , R . C . , Franco-Bedoya , S . , and Galdo , V . ( 2021 ) . Examining the economic impact of COVID-19 in India through daily electricity consumption and nighttime light intensity . < / mark > _World Development_ , _140_ < mark > , 105287 . < / mark > - < mark > Bundervoet , T . , Davalos , M . E . , and Garcia , N . ( 2021 ) . The short-term impacts of COVID-19 on households in developing countries : An overview based on a harmonized data set of highfrequency surveys . Policy Research Working Paper No . 9582 . World Bank , Washington , DC . < / mark > - < mark > Cho , Y . , Robalino , D . , and Watson , S . ( 2016 ) . Supporting self-employment and small-scale entrepreneurship : potential programs to improve livelihoods for vulnerable workers . < / mark > _ < mark > IZA Journal of Labor Policy < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 5 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 1 ) , 1-26 . < / mark > - < mark > Dietrich , S . , Giuffrida , V . , Martorano , B . , & Schmerzeck , G . ( 2021 ) . COVID ‐ 19 policy responses , mobility , and food prices . < / mark > _American Journal of Agricultural Economics_ . - < mark > Donaldson , D . , and Storeygard , A . ( 2016 ) . The view from above : Applications of satellite data in economics . < / mark > _ <", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 774, "text": "harmonized data set of highfrequency surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the entire formal sector , providing a more comprehensive sample than survey data . The data provided detailed information on labor income and COVID-19 support programs . The monthly number of taxpayers varies between 6 . 9 million and 7 . 4 million . This data is less prone to selective non-reporting at the top of the income distribution and contains detailed information collected frequently . Electronic collection of tax data reduces errors , improving the data ' s accuracy . Tax data measures income variables with high precision . In contrast , survey data might be subject to self - > 2 Though available , data on self-employees was not used for this analysis as the focus was on employees . 8", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 431, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "84_ < / sup > Source : Amnesty International , Oct 26 , 2004 . The media , health care practitioners and advocacy groups are doing a good job in denouncing human rights violations in DRC . But these groups have failed to indicate clearly and systematically that the Eastern part of the country currently lacks HIV data . Thus , one can only speculate about how the atrocities are affecting the spread of HIV among the population . Although the fears of HIV spreading in DRC as a result of systemic rape in the East are highly alarming , sweeping generalizations must be avoided as the HIV / AIDS stigma risks marginalizing people , like IDPs , from the rest of society . The citations in the box above illustrate the problem . The report from the recent HIV sentinel surveillance in the Eastern part of the country is needed to help us better understand and react to this horrific situation . Misleading and inaccurate reporting on the alarming spread of HIV in the Eastern part of DRC only risks jeopardizing the security of IDPs . 34", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 318, "text": "HIV data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 754, "end": 779, "text": "HIV sentinel surveillance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are politically connected , we use data from Mobarak and Purbasari ( 2006a ) . They identify firms with family connections to Suharto , i . e . firms that are directly owned or managed by a Suharto family member ( either directly or being owned by firms held by a family member ) . They also identify firms with other , i . e . cultivated connections to him . We will primarily focus on family connections , as this is the most conservative and strongest measure of connectedness . The online appendix B provides supporting evidence that these variables capture connections that were specific to Suharto . It extends Fisman ’ s ( 2001 ) findings by showing that Suharto connections neither 4 We obtain this number by dividing total output produced by all firms in our sample by total manufacturing output reported by the World Development Indicators from the World Bank . > 5 We use the terms _plant_ and _firm_ interchangeably . 6 Note that because we do not observe firms with fewer than 20 workers entry and exit rates may in part reflect movements in economic activity rather than actual firm creation or foreclosure . 7 These indicators are important markers of competition and allocative efficiency as well as determinants of productivity growth ( Aghion et al . , 2005 ; Jerbashian and Kochanova , 2017 ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 66, "text": "data from Mobarak and Purbasari", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 821, "end": 849, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ETHIOPIA CLIMATE ACTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR RESULTS ( P170384 ) the verification manual . The number of SLLCs digitized and registered in NRLAIS will be compared against the number of SLLCs recorded as issued in a given woreda . The target values for this indicator are annual < u > targets , not cumulative . < / u > # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * < u > DLI_IND_ < / u > ~ ~ < u > TABLE < / u > ~ ~ ► DLI 1 Community Watershed Management and Utilization ( CWMU ) Proclamation approved by the Council of Ministers ( Process , 15 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 100 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | Fiscal year-end < br > 2024 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | - - | 13-Apr-2021 | 13-Apr-2021 | - - | | * * Comments * * | The CSA verified th | e approval of the CWMU Proclamation | by the Council of Ministers . | | ► DLI 2 Area of Program watersheds with Watershed User Association ( WsUA ) registered , with approved Watershed Management Plan ( WMP ) prepared in a participatory manner ( Intermediate Outcome , 160 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | Fiscal year-end < br > 2024 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 1 , 179 , 788 . 00 | 1 , 179 , 788 . 00 | 2 , 500 , 000 .", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 227, "text": "NRLAIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the < sup > accuracyandcompletenessof < / sup > the accounting records maintained * * by * * the Project , which < sup > have beenrelieduponinthe < / sup > preparation of the Financial Statements as well as on the adequacy < sup > of the systems of internal < / sup > financial controls . The Project management asserts that the Project funds have been expended < sup > inaccordance < / sup > with the intended purpose specified in the loan agreement with the * * IDA . * * The financial statements were approved * * by UWA * * project management < sup > on < / sup > signed on its behalf * * by E TIVE DIRECTOR Ag . COMMISSIONER FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION * * . ' ! . ? and * * Ag . COMMISSIONER FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION Date : * * - - - - - - - - - - * * - - * * - - * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * * * Date : * * * * 7 * *", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 70, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "control trial in Mexico . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 135 : 318 – 348 . - Bandura , A . , C . Barbaranelli , G . V . Caprara , and C . Pastorelli . 2001 . “ Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children ' s aspirations and career trajectories . \" _Child Development_ 72 ( 1 ) : 187 – 206 . - Beaman , L . , E . Duflo , R . Pande , and P . Topalova . 2012 . “ Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls : A Policy Experiment in India . ” _Science_ 335 ( 6068 ) : 582 – 586 . - Bernard , T . , and A . S . Taffesse . 2014 . “ Aspirations : An Approach to Measurement with Validation Using Ethiopian Data . ” _Journal of African Economies_ 23 ( 2 ) : 189 – 224 . - Bernard , T . , S . Dercon , K . Orkin , G . Schinaia , and A . S . Taffesse . 2022 . “ The Future in Mind : Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopia . ” _Manuscript_ . Oxford : University of Oxford . August 9 version , available at : https : / / bit . ly / 3UIadkE . - Blackwell , L . S . , K . H . Trzesniewski , and C . S . Dweck . 2007 . “ Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition : A longitudinal study and an intervention . ” _Child Development_ 78 ( 1 ) : 246 – 263 . - Bloem , J . R . 2021 . “ Aspirations and Real Estate Investments in Rural Myanmar . ” _Journal of Economic Inequality_ 19 : 727 – 752 . - Breda , T . , J . Grenet , M . Monnet , and C . Van Effenterre . 2020 . “ Can female role models reduce the gender gap in science ? Evidence from classroom interventions in French high schools . ” Revise and resubmit at the Economic Journal . April 2020 version ( IZA Discussion Paper 13163 ) available at : https : / / bit . ly / 3QtkPl2 . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "older firms . Following similar analysis in Bloom et al . ( 2019b ) on Mexico and the work of Hsieh and Klenow ( 2014 ) regarding the life cycle of firms , this finding appears to be indicative of poor allocative efficiency among firms in Croatia where clearly , market selection is not operating perhaps due to the lack of pro-competitive conditions , especially in services . Nevertheless , the finding in Croatia is somewhat similar to that in Russia , where firms also do not improve with age ( Grover and Torre ) , although in Croatia it is very clear that this negative association is driven by the services sector . _Third_ , exporters have higher scores in adopting structured management practices , and significantly so in manufacturing . More precisely , the management score of a manufacturing exporter in Croatia is likely to be higher by 8 percent than an average firm . The fact that this result is mainly driven by high-tech manufacturing exporters in regions other than Croatia , where management score is likely to be 16 percent higher , points to the potential for improving management capabilities among other firms and sectors . In Eastern Croatia , this relationship between exporting and higher managerial capabilities is not significant even for manufacturing . To design interventions for improving management capabilities in Eastern Croatia , it may be crucial to examine the export composition and destination markets for firms in Slavonia and more specifically in understanding why exporters do not find it worthwhile to improve management capabilities . _Fourth_ , firms with more than 20 % of their employees having a college degree are more likely to adopt structured management practices . Education of employees matters for managerial score in all regions except in Slavonia . This is a surprising finding and may need to be explored further . It may perhaps be related to the quality of education among workers in Slavonian firms . < sup > 24 < / sup > > 23 In Bloom et al . ( 2019b ) , only four questions from the U . S . MOPS were selected for microenterprises . The correlation between the management score calculated with this subsample of questions and the overall management score for SMEs and", "spans": [{"start": 2049, "end": 2061, "text": "U . S . MOPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The literature on firms ’ issuance activity tends to study the size of issuers through balance sheet data using , for example , firms ’ assets . < sup > 5 < / sup > The downside of this approach is that balance sheet data > 5 See , for example , Pagano et al . ( 2002 ) , King and Segal ( 2009 ) , Adrian et al . ( 2013 ) , Becker and Ivashina ( 2014 ) , Didier et al . ( 2015 ) , and Bruno and Shin ( 2017 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 105, "text": "balance sheet data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and utilization of forests . However , since SFD can only take control of forest land by declaring it to be forest reserve , effective control remains with PAs and UDAs and destruction of the forest and plantation reserves has continued . Forest protection and involvement of the local population in this process is of extreme importance . The project will finance a number of pilot efforts to generate such support . # # Government Policy for Forestry Development 35 . The main forestry policy documents are the Decree of 1980 , and the Ten-Year Perspective Plan . The major policy objectives are : - ( i ) rational use and management of natural resources ; and - ( ii ) mobilization and coordination of the efforts of the population in the development , protection and management of the country ' s forests and wildlife resources . The forestry section of the Plan aims at the establishment of a plantation area of 2 . 9 million ha , demarcation of 39 , 000 sq . kms of forest , and inventory surveys on 475 , 000 ha . Investments in forestry and natural resources ( about US $ 690 million ) over the Plan period , would represent about 52 of total investment outlays . In addition , about US $ 3 . 4 million would be allocated for recurrent costs . These targets are unrealistically high . They would require an annual planting program of 290 , 000 ha , whereas the total achieved in 1984 with bilateral aid support was 18 , 000 ha by SFD", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 1002, "text": "inventory surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of the Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2025 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Principal Secretary of State Department for Public Investments and Assets Management , The National Treasury and the Project Coordinator for IFPPP-AF further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements and the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Principal Secretary of State Department for Public Investments and Assets Management , The National Treasury and the Project Coordinator for IFPPP-AF confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants and that Project funds received during the financial year under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . xxviii", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 442, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 3 , 360 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | | 2023-03-20 < br > 20 | 23-04-13 | | | 2023-05-15 | 2023-11-11 | | C2-MIES-INEC-72 / Compra d < br > e insumos para arrojar los de < br > sechos de las pruebas técnic < br > as de la encuesta de desnutri < br > ción infantil ( fundas para des < br > echo ) < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 2 , 262 . 21 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-03-20 | | | | 2023-05-15 | 2023-11-11 | | C2-MIES-INEC-85 / Adquisici < br > ón de vestimenta identificati < br > va para el operativo de camp < br > o 2023 < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Bids | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 78 , 948 . 81 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-06-15 | 2023-06-20 | | 2023-08-01 | 2023-08-31 | 2023-10-05 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ocure assorted items to set u < br > p grievance hotline : 1 . No . Grievance Redress Mechanism Software , 1 No . 4 way work sta IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 12 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-06-10 2020-06-24 2020-12-21 < br > tion , 4 No . Desktop compute < br > rs , 1 No . Medium duty 3-in - < br > 1 printer , 3 No . Telephone ha < br > ndsets and 2 No . mobile phon < br > KE-MOH-182114-GO-RFQ / Procurement of 5 No . Laptop computers and 5 No . mobile Phones IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 9 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-07-02 2020-07-21 2021-01-17 < br > KE-MOH-173603-GO-RFQ / procurement of 368 hand washing stations and accessories IDA / 65980 Medical supplies and equipment Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 552 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-06-08 2020-08-03 2021-01-30 < br > KE-MOH-184648-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > inting of 500 copies of Grievance Redress Mechanism one < br > pager , 1000 copies of GenderBased Violence / SEA one pager , 1000 copies of Abbreviated IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 7 , 700 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-07-20 2020-07-28 2020-10-30 < br > Code of Conduct , 200 copiesof Grievance Redress Mechan < br > ism Register Log and 1000 co < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Low student learning is an important feature in Pakistan , as it is in much of the developing world ( Andrabi et al . 2007 ; Glewwe and Kremer 2006 ; Hanushek and Wößmann 2007 ) . The shortfalls relative to national curricular standards are exacerbated by the fact that a large share of children , particularly rural , female , and poor children , obtains little or no formal schooling in the country , likely seriously impairing their long-term socioeconomic prospects . In addition , in general , the factors and processes that produce real and sustained gains in student learning are not as well understood as the factors and processes that produce real and sustained gains in school participation and attainment . Evidence also shows that the factors and processes behind learning can differ from the factors and processes behind participation ( Andrabi et al . 2007 ) . This background makes the search for effective policy solutions to improve learning outcomes pressing yet tenuous . In this study , we use five semiannual rounds of standardized test data to characterize and explain the evolution of student learning over a period which spans three academic years ( 2007 / 08-2009 / 10 ) . The tests were conducted in low-cost private schools supported by public cash subsidies under an innovative test-based accountability program in the province of Punjab , Pakistan administered by the Punjab Education Foundation ( PEF ) , called the Foundation Assisted Schools ( FAS ) program . The data are repeated cross-sections at the student level and longitudinal at the school level . Such data are relatively rare for a developing country . Additionally , the data are unusual for a low-income setting given that they are generated from what appears to be a well-designed and robust quality assurance testing system integrated into the administration of the program , providing a high degree of confidence that the test scores can be interpreted as sound estimates of underlying learning . Initiated in 2005 , the FAS program provides conditional cash subsidies to low-cost private schools with the objective of offering private schooling opportunities for children from low-income households and raising the level of learning in low-cost private schools . The cash subsidies", "spans": [{"start": 1067, "end": 1089, "text": "standardized test data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are made ( subject to feasibility and availability of spare exchange and cable capacity ) in the order in which names appear on the waiting list . The waiting list , which is maintained only in areas where service exists , presently totals about 24 , 000 : 15 , 500 in Nairobi and 8 , 500 in the rest of the country . Waiting times for telephone applicants in Nairobi can be up to four years depending on the exchange area . # # Usage Patterns 32 . Since tariffs are the same for business and residential subscribers ( para . 64 ) the distribution of subscribers is not readily available . However , estimates derived from a sampling of subscribers in several exchange areas throughout the country show that , on average , about 70 % of connections are located in business and Government establishments . 33 . Traffic generated in automatic exchange areas by business and Government connections accounts for almost 75 % of the total . This understates business-related usage , however , since samples indicate that about 40 % of all residential connections are used primarily for business purposes . In fact ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and scale-up of ongoing efforts to strengthen tenure security in slums . - Preparation of guidelines for implementation in informal settlements of the 2009 Land Policy . - Establishment of a database on the land tenure status of slums . - Establishment or upgrading of the GIS labs at the MoL . - Community organization and mobilization . - Preparation of part development plans , including determination of settlement boundaries . - Detailed mapping of existing slum settlements . - Identification and verification of beneficiaries based on agreed eligibility criteria . - Preparation of local physical development plans . 13", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 234, "text": "database on the land tenure status of slums", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7969 # * * Abstract * * The dramatic expansion of mobile phone use in developing countries has given rise to a rich and largely untapped source of information about the characteristics of communities and regions . Call Detail Records ( CDRs ) obtained from cellular phones provide highly granular real-time data that can be used to assess socio-economic behavior including consumption , mobility , and social patterns . This paper examines the results of a CDR analysis focused on five administrative departments in the south west region of Guatemala , which used mobile phone data to predict observed poverty rates . Its findings indicate that CDR-based research methods have the potential to replicate the poverty estimates obtained from traditional forms of data collection , like household surveys or censuses , at a fraction of the cost . In particular , CDRs were more helpful in predicting urban and total poverty in Guatemala more accurately than rural poverty . Moreover , although the poverty estimates produced by CDR analysis do not perfectly match those generated by surveys and censuses , the results show that more comprehensive data could greatly enhance their predictive power . CDR analysis has especially promising applications in Guatemala and other developing countries , which suffer from high rates of poverty and inequality , and where limited fiscal and budgetary resources complicate the task of data collection and underscore the importance of precisely targeting public expenditures to achieve their maximum antipoverty impact . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at marcohernandez @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 611, "text": "mobile phone data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 814, "end": 831, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 835, "end": 843, "text": "censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1110, "end": 1130, "text": "surveys and censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", this will reinforce electricity supply to the south western region of Uganda and meet the Regions ’ electricity demand . Electricity demand projections for the whole country from 2015-2018 are shown in * * Table 4 * * . * * Table 4 : Electricity Demand Projections 2015-2018 * * | * * Year * * | * * Total Demand ( GWh ) * * | * * Total Generation ( GWh ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2015 | 4254 . 5 | 4004 . 9 | | 2016 | 4729 . 9 | 4588 . 8 | | 2017 | 5272 . 8 | 5272 . 8 | | 2018 | 5878 . 4 | 5878 . 4 | _Source : Electricity Regulatory Authority , 2013_ # # # * * 1 . 4 Project Aims * * The aims of the Project are as follows : - To provide reliable , quality and adequate power supply to meet load demands in the region ; - To provide reliable , quality and adequate power to foster socio-economic development ; - • To contribute towards job creation and increased economies of scale through provision of sufficient power to industries ; - To contribute to the implementation of Government policies and programs through provision of adequate power ; and - To move towards the Vision 2040 / Electricity for All scenario . * * 36 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 153, "text": "Electricity demand projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agreements ) that can result in subtle differences in both the frequency of their use and of their trade-reducing potential . Section 2 begins by analyzing the focal policy of the trading system - the import tariff . This section examines different dimensions of tariff data for our sample of 31 economies to provide an initial response to each of our chapter ’ s first four questions . We introduce the most-favored-nation ( MFN ) ad valorem import tariff - i . e . , the ‘ headline ’ border policy instrument that countries impose under the WTO . While applied tariff levels are relatively low in historical terms , significant crosscountry heterogeneity remains ; furthermore , the negative correlation between applied tariffs and income per capita is even more pronounced once we consider the countries ’ ‘ legal ’ commitments that are the upper limits for their tariffs . Next , we characterize cross-sectional variation in applied tariffs across sectors and inter-temporal variation across countries over 1993-2013 . We then introduce which countries and sectors apply _specific_ - or per unit - duties , and we describe what makes them distinct from ad valorem tariffs . Finally , we characterize the lower-than-MFN tariffs that countries apply under a variety of preferential trade arrangements . Because these allow countries to take on additional liberalization , we illustrate the extent to which countries apply tariffs so as to discriminate among trading partners . In Section 3 we introduce the other major ( non-tariff ) border barriers , and we use them to further inform our chapter ’ s main themes . < sup > 5 < / sup > Contemporary use of temporary trade barrier policies > 5One set of border policies that we do not directly address are export policies , and in particular export taxes or export quotas . Some discussion of export subsidies will arise in Section 5 by implication of our discussion of domestic subsidies , especially where they impact two exporting countries competing in a third market . On subsidies more 4", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 274, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2021-12-21 | 2022-01-04 | | 2022-02-03 | 2022-03-10 | 2022-09-06 | | | KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to gui < br > de community engagement < br > activities that will support co < br > mmunity resilience and reco < br > veryfrom COVID-19 in Keny < br > IDA / 65980 | Community discussion and i < br > nformation outreach < br > | Post < br > Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > L | imited | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2022-01-12 | 2022-01-26 | | 2022-02-25 | 2022-04-01 | 2022-09-28 | | | KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / P < br > rocurement of consultancy s < br > ervices to undertake recruit < br > ment of 100 , 000 ( No . ) blood < br > donors for the Kenya Nation < br > < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood an < br > d blood products < br > | Post < br > Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > L | imited | 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | 2022-05-09 < br > 2022-06-20 | 2022-05-23 < br > 2022-07-26 | | 2022-06-22 < br > 2022 | - 09-08 < br > 2022-07-27 < br > 2022 - | 10-12 < br > 2023-01-23", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 161, "text": "nationwide survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Endingbalanceon30thJurie , 2018 | * * 178 , 969 . 32 * * | | * * AUTHORISED * * REPRESENTATIVE < br > * * CENTRALBANK * * OFKENYA | * * SIGNATURE : * * | | < br > | * * DATE * * | | * * AUTHORISEDREPRESENTATIVE * * < br > * * EXTERNAL RESOURCES * * < br > | * * SIGNATURE : * * | | DEPARTMENT-TREASURY | | | | * * DATE * * | NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2018 have been reco7ci ed and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 394, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ocure assorted items to set u < br > p grievance hotline : 1 . No . Grievance Redress Mechanism Software , 1 No . 4 way work sta IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 12 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-06-10 2020-06-24 2020-12-21 < br > tion , 4 No . Desktop compute < br > rs , 1 No . Medium duty 3-in - < br > 1 printer , 3 No . Telephone ha < br > ndsets and 2 No . mobile phon < br > KE-MOH-182114-GO-RFQ / Procurement of 5 No . Laptop computers and 5 No . mobile Phones IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 9 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-07-02 2020-07-21 2021-01-17 < br > KE-MOH-173603-GO-RFQ / procurement of 368 hand washing stations and accessories IDA / 65980 Medical supplies and equipment Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 552 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-06-08 2020-08-03 2021-01-30 < br > KE-MOH-184648-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > inting of 500 copies of Grievance Redress Mechanism one < br > pager , 1000 copies of GenderBased Violence / SEA one pager , 1000 copies of Abbreviated IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 7 , 700 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-07-20 2020-07-28 2020-10-30 < br > Code of Conduct , 200 copiesof Grievance Redress Mechan < br > ism Register Log and 1000 co < br", "spans": [{"start": 1481, "end": 1497, "text": "ism Register Log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Method < br > Ma | rket Approac < br > h | < br > Procurement Pro < br > cess < br > | Prequalificatio < br > ( Y / N ) | n < br > Estimated Am < br > ount ( US $ ) | < br > Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > P | rocess St < br > atus < br > Dra < br > Pl | ft Pre-qualification < br > Documents < br > anned < br > Actual | Prequalification Evalu < br > ation Report < br > Draft Bidding D < br > ent / Justificat < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Ac | ocum < br > ion < br > Specific Procurement < br > Notice / Invitation < br > tual < br > Planned < br > Actual | Bidding Doc < br > s Issu < br > Planned | uments a < br > ed < br > Proposal Submission / < br > Opening / Minutes < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | < br > and Recommend < br > for Award < br > Planned < br > Ac | < br > atio < br > ual | < br > n < br > Signed Contract < br > Planned < br > Actu | < br > Contrac < br > l < br > Planne | t Co < br > | mpletion < br > Actual | | | KE-MOALF-35304-GO-RFB / P | Component 3 : Supporting Ag | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < br > urchase and Dissemination o < br > f market information 1 . 2m S < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1128, "end": 1146, "text": "market information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Draft Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) Kenya Electricity Systems Improvement Project ( KESIP ) # * * 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT * * KETRACO has identified 7 subprojects involving 132 kV and 220 kV transmission lines and associated substations provided in the list provided in Annex D . This section presents a a broad description of the physical , biological , and socioeconomic baseline environment of the counties where the identified subprojects occur . The project will be implemented in nine counties as identified in * * Error ! Reference source not found . * * . # # * * 5 . 1 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT * * * * Error ! Reference source not found . * * provides a broad description of the biophysical environment in the counties where the subprojects have been identified . * * Table 5 Counties where KETRACO has identified subprojects * * | * * County * * | * * Area ( KM² ) * * | * * Population * * < br > * * ( 2017projection ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Nakuru | 7 , 495 | 2 , 046 , 395 | | Laikipia | 8 , 696 | 479 , 082 | | Baringo | 11 , 075 | 723 , 411 | | Nyandarua | 3 , 108 | 712 , 595 | | Kilifi | 12 , 246 | 1 , 466 , 856 | | Embu | 2 , 818 | 577 , 390 | | Samburu | 20 , 182 | 319 , 708 | | Kitui | 24 , 385 | 1 , 086 , 598 | | Narok | 17 , 921 | 1 , 239 , 320 | | Trans Nzoia | 2 , 495 . 6 | 1 , 100 , 794 | Source ; respective County CIDPs * * Page 23 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1384, "end": 1396, "text": "County CIDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# I . Introduction Georgia faces high economic and social costs of health . Health spending as a share of GDP was 8 . 9 percent in 2016 , like countries with higher income levels ( OECD 2018 ) . Consumption of tobacco is among the leading causes of disease and deaths in Georgia . Smoking prevalence in the Georgian population is among the highest in the European region , and it has continued to increase over the last decade ( NCDCPH et al . 2016 ) . Consumption of tobacco is estimated to account for 7 , 000 to 11 , 000 annual deaths in Georgia ( The Tobacco Atlas 2019 ; UNDP et al . 2018 ) . Efforts by the Government of Georgia ( GoG ) to control tobacco have received international recognition . Recently introduced legislation has been called “ one of the strongest single comprehensive tobacco control laws in the world ” ( The Tobacco Atlas 2018 ) . Despite these efforts , meeting the target reductions in smoking rates poses a challenging policy goal . Taxes are recognized as an effective measure to reduce tobacco consumption among smokers , and to dissuade initiation ( World Bank 1999 ) . However , concerns over potentially regressive effects are raised in opposition to higher taxes on tobacco . It is often argued that poorer households suffer the most from a tax increase , as tobacco products represent higher shares of the budgets . This paper addresses the policy concern of the welfare and distributional impact of increasing taxes on cigarettes . It seeks to determine whether the claims of the regressive effects of tobacco tax policies have empirical validity in the case of Georgia . An Extended Cost Benefit Analysis ( ECBA ) is performed to account for the negative effects on household budgets as cigarette prices increase , as well as the indirect welfare benefits derived from the health benefits of reducing smoking . Decile-specific price elasticities of demand for cigarettes are used to incorporate heterogenous behavioral responses by different income groups of the population . The estimates of price-elasticities suggest that - when faced with higher cigarette prices - poorer households in Georgia tend to reduce their consumption more intensely than higher-income peers . The magnitudes ( under", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "June 2023 ) # # Protection risks Since the onset of the crisis in Sudan , UNHCR staff has been present in areas of arrival to consult the arriving population and detect their main protection issues and risks . A systematic monitoring is currently undertaken through the interagency and cross-border protection monitoring systems ( _Project 21_ ) , which was initially launched in 2021 in the Lake Province in Chad . At the inception of the crisis and with the first arrivals of refugees into Chad , the system was quickly adapted and extended to the eastern part of the country to identify the protection needs of the new arrivals and inform the humanitarian response . As of 27 June , almost 2 , 700 households in 12 localities in all three provinces have been interviewed ( 91 % women ) , revealing serious human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law committed by armed groups in Sudan . * * Gender-Based Violence . * * Consultations with refugee women in eastern Chad have shed light on the worrying trends of physical , including sexual , and psychological violence experienced by refugee women and girls in Sudan during their flight to reach safety . Following focus group discussions held in the emergency sites next to the border points of Borota , Koufroun , Goungour and Wandalou , and in the refugee camp of Gaga , women and girls reported numerous incidents of sexual and gender-based violence ( GBV ) occurring in Sudan . Incidents included abduction , rape , sexual assault , sexual exploitation and other forms of physical and psychological violence allegedly perpetrated by fighters , but also by criminals groups in Sudan . This situation currently determines the need for immediate GBV responses , particularly medical and psychological support . A _Project 21_ survey highlighted that 63 % of interviewed households expressed that they feel unsafe due to the risk of exposure to GBV in areas of arrival , especially during firewood collection and around latrines at night .", "spans": [{"start": 1799, "end": 1818, "text": "_Project 21_ survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "South Western Region and Eastern Region . Several considerations including poverty status , percentage of skilled delivery , and infant mortality rate at the time of design guided the selection of the two regions . < sup > 9 < / sup > The South Western region was also where a voucher project had been implemented > 8 GPOBA is a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank which specialized in results-based financing ( RBF ) to improve access to basic services for the poor and other vulnerable populations . In 2019 , the name was changed to the Global Partnership for Results-Based Approaches ( GPRBA ) . > 9 Uganda National Household Survey 2016 / 2017 Report _ ( _ https : / / www . ubos . org / wp - > content / uploads / publications / 03_20182016_UNHS_FINAL_REPORT . pdf ) . The 2012 / 2013 poverty estimate for the Eastern > Region was 24 . 7 ( that is , 24 . 7 percent of the population in the region were estimated to live in households that spend less than Page 7 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 654, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 31 * * Table 8 : Population type by Sub-county . | * * County * * < br > * * Sub County * * | * * Household * * < br > * * Population * * | * * Institutional * * < br > * * Population * * | * * Homeless * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * Hotel Population * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Bulisa County * * | 63 , 150 | 51 | 162 | 63 , 363 | | * * Biiso Sub - County * * | 29 , 881 | 4 | 115 | 30 , 000 | | * * Bulisa Sub-Country * * | 33 , 269 | 47 | 47 | 33 , 363 | _Source : UBOS ( 2002 ) . Uganda Population and Housing Census , Uganda Bureau of Statistics , Kampala Uganda_ Bulisa Sub-county has the biggest population of 33 , 269 households . The population density of the District stands at 65 persons per square kilometer . < sup > 1 < / sup > Evidently from above table , Bulisa has sparsely , unevenly distributed population but with the discovery of oil , there is likely to be an increase in population . Table 9 : Total population by < u > parish , sex , number of households and average household size . < / u > | * * County or sub * * < br > * * county * * | * * Households * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | * * Total * * | * * Average * * < br > * * household size * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 579, "text": "Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables “ Not Applicable ” * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations not Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "جرين والالجئين ، معظمهم من العمال < br > ، مليون شخص30 , 8 المهاجرين ، أو < br > ، في المشرق في المائة18 في حين عاش < br > بلغ العدد اإلجمالي للنازحين داخليا ً بسبب النزاعات < br > ، ً في أقل البلدان العربية نموا في المائة5و < br > من في المائة36 في المنطقة العربية < br > . في المغرب العربي في المائة3و < br > . 2020 اإلجمالي العالمي في عام < br > الجمهورية العربية السورية السودان األردن اإلمارات العربية المتحدة ع ُ مان < br > الصومال اليمن الكويت المملكة العربية السعودية < br > فياألولى العشرة البلدان من بين بلدان المقصد الخمسة األولى هي < br > . ً العالم التي تضم ّ أكبر عدد من النازحين داخليا . في المنطقة < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > . Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre , Global Internal Displacement Database , 2020 ؛ DESA , International Migration Stock , 2020 حسابات اإلسكوا استنادا ً إلى * * : المصدر * * يستخدم مصطلح “ المهاجرون والالجئون ” في بيانات", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 736, "text": "Global Internal Displacement Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 753, "end": 782, "text": "International Migration Stock", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "is commonly thought to be the case in India . We sought further empirical support for this intuitively plausible assumption by analyzing the behavior of stamp duty revenues in response to changes in tax rates . < sup > 43 < / sup > This indirect method was chosen because it is difficult to observe underdeclaration directly given that this is an illegal activity . If property undervaluation is common and sensitive to tax rates , we would expect it to affect the relationship between changes in tax rates and revenues over time . It should be emphasized that we are not testing the hypothesis that there is a Laffer curve effect for stamp duties * * collections * * : if a Laffer curve effect were in evidence for stamp duties , then underdeclaration would decline sufficiently to generate increased revenues from stamp duties themselves . Here we are only looking for evidence that * * underdeclaration * * declines when stamp duty rates decline from the levels currently in place in India . As the simulations above show , plausible parameter values suggest that , even if there is a reduction in stamp duty revenues when rates decline , additional revenues from other taxes may be generated by staunching the flow of money to the black economy . > 39 See Indian Public Finance Statistics 2001-2002 , Table 1 . 2 > 40 The weighted average stamp tax rate for the sixteen major states is 9 . 7 percent as of 2001 . > 41 See Friedrich Schneider ( 2002 ) , “ Size and Measurement of the Informal Economy in 110 Countries Around the World ” , paper presented at the Workshop of the Australian Tax Centre , ANU , Canberra , Australia , July 17 , 2002 . > 42 See Shankar Acharya et al . ( 1986 ) , _Aspects of the Black Economy in India_ , National Institute of Public Finance and Policy ( New Delhi , India ) . > 43 For this purpose , we used a time series of non-judicial stamp tax revenues in selected States kindly provided by Mr . Tapas Sen of the NIPFP . 29", "spans": [{"start": 1260, "end": 1292, "text": "Indian Public Finance Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1843, "end": 1889, "text": "time series of non-judicial stamp tax revenues", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to study the development of human opportunities by using data from 12 countries of one continent in the last 50 years . The standard approach in the literature focuses on case studies that evaluate the development path of specific countries , but such studies mainly focus on extremely successful or unsuccessful examples . This paper depicts a broader image of the LAC region , but also finds relevant stylized facts by country . Finally , this study complements long-term growth studies of aggregate data by taking into consideration information at the individual level that accounts for the disparities in coverage of public services and education among households . This paper finds that the rise in human opportunities is universal , but increases have been heterogeneous across countries and dimensions . However , we find some common patterns in the evolution of access to opportunities between groups of countries . There are specific demographic characteristics that explain the process of increasing access to basic services . Development strategies during the last four decades are reflected in such evolution . Finally , geographic characteristics explain a significant proportion of the inequality of human opportunities . The evidence in this paper suggests that children ’ s universal access to basic services and education may enhance their ability to generate income during adulthood by improving human capital in society . Population groups with low access to services and education in their earlier years of life are more likely to have lower household incomes 30 years later than those that enjoyed higher access to the same opportunities . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . The next section presents an overview of the main sources of information and the creation of the relevant data sample . Section 3 describes the stylized facts found in the data . Finally , Section 4 concludes and proposes a research agenda . 4", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 79, "text": "data from 12 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "‐ 2 . 1 | ‐ 1 . 4 | ‐ 1 . 0 | ‐ 1 . 0 | ‐ 1 . 5 | ‐ 0 . 6 | 0 . 9 | 1 . 4 | 1 . 6 | 1 . 4 | | EU ‐ 28 * | ‐ 4 . 6 | ‐ 3 . 8 | ‐ 2 . 7 | ‐ 1 . 8 | ‐ 1 . 7 | ‐ 1 . 6 | ‐ 1 . 9 | ‐ 0 . 9 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 9 | 0 . 8 | 0 . 7 | | EA ‐ 19 * * | ‐ 3 . 9 | ‐ 3 . 6 | ‐ 2 . 3 | ‐ 1 . 3 | ‐ 1 . 5 | ‐ 1 . 4 | ‐ 1 . 5 | ‐ 0 . 4 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 8 | 0 . 7 | | EU ‐ 28 * * | ‐ 3 . 9 | ‐ 3 . 6 | ‐ 2 . 2 | ‐ 1 . 2 | ‐ 1 . 6 | ‐ 1 . 8 | ‐ 1 . 8 | ‐ 1 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 6 | 0 . 7 | * : weighted average . * * : median . Adjustment based on potential GDP excessive deficit procedure . Estimates start after 2014 . Source : European Commission , Annual macro ‐ economic database . * * Table 6 : General government consolidated gross debt as a share of GDP ( % ) * * | Greece | 2000 < br > 104 | 2001 < br > 107 | 2002 < br > 105 | 2003 < br > 101 | 2004 < br > 103 | 2005 < br > 107 | 2006 < br > 104 | 2007 < br > 103 | 2008 < br > 109 | 2009 < br > 127 | 2010 < br > 146 | 2011 < br > 172 | 2012 < br > 159 | 2013 < br > 177 | 2014 < br > 179 | | -", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 668, "text": "Annual macro ‐ economic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "included on the 4 < sup > th < / sup > Quarter Bangladesh Business Confidence Survey . We ask a series of ten questions of varying political sensitivity . This ranges from questions about underpaying taxes and paying bribes to using the office phone for personal use . The method and structure of these questions comes from Azfar and Murrell ( 2009 ) and Clausen et al ( 2010 ) . While we build on this existing method , we use this approach to both to identify the types of firms that are likely providing false responses to corruption questions . The instructions provided to the survey administer for our coin flip strategy are : _ [ Instructions : Respondents are given a coin . If they flip heads , the respondent should answer “ yes . ” Otherwise the respondent should respond to the questions . The enumerator shouldn ’ t observe the toss . ] _ We present the exact questions in the Appendix ( Question 3 ) . We include politically non-sensitive questions such as if the respondent has ever lied in their own self-interest or used a work phone for a personal call . Other questions are designed to be highly sensitive , such as if the respondent pays less in taxes than they should in taxes . Our main question on corruption focuses on a very specific form of corruption relevant for starting and expanding business . Our question is , “ Did your business have to pay a bribe to get permits to start a business ? ” This randomized response technique ( RRT ) can help mitigate a number of problems with potential false responses to surveys . First , it allows respondents deniability for any illegal or unethical answers given in the survey . For example , one question asks if the manager ’ s firm pays less than they should in taxes . Firms responding “ yes ” to this question can credibly claim that their “ yes ” response was driven by randomization , rather than an admission of guilt . Second , this question is a specific , 11", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 84, "text": "Bangladesh Business Confidence Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the corresponding digital forms have been distributed . The rollout of GEMS in the context of climate-smart public works activities is currently awaiting extended access permissions from WB . Additionally , a pilot test of the system has been conducted successfully . * * 25 . Management Information System : * * The mission recognized progress in the development and deployment of the MIS under the program . Key achievements include the expansion of automated payments to nine additional regional cities , bringing the total to 14 cities utilizing automated payments , and benefiting 78 , 792 households . Furthermore , the mission acknowledged the successful training conducted in 12 additional regional cities , with household data validated and migrated to the MIS and the refresher training provided to Addis Ababa finance office and 5 Sub-Cities of automatic payment . Enhancements to the registration and payment modules have been completed , and the PW and LH modules are in the final stages of upgrade following feedback from domain experts . Additionally , the successful integration of the MIS with the National Identification ( NID ) system was highlighted . However , challenges such as delayed procurement of hardware and software , resistance to automated payments , UPASS data inconsistencies , and system incompleteness were noted . As a resolution , the next steps include expediting hardware software procurement , finalizing system development , and rolling out the MIS to additional cities . 26 . * * Results Framework : * * The performance indicators for the social safety net programs show strong achievements , with overall beneficiary numbers reaching 97 . 7 percent of the end target and female beneficiaries at 94 . 7 percent . Public Works beneficiaries achieved 59 percent of their end target to date , while Refugee and Host Community Public Works beneficiaries reached 39 percent and 92 percent respectively . The low rate for refugees is attributed to increase in the end target under AF2 , which is yet to start . Payments delivered to safety net beneficiaries within seven days of the end of each month 23", "spans": [{"start": 725, "end": 739, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the residence approach as our main results . But for robustness we also use the nationality-based and > 3 Refinitiv ’ s SDC Platinum is one of the most widely used databases on transaction-level research ( Henderson et al . , 2006 ; Kim and Weisbach , 2008 ; Bruno and Shin , 2017 ) . Dealogic , an alternative database , yields similar estimates of issuance activity . > 4 In the case of China , domestic issuances are those performed by firms residing in Mainland China and issuing in Mainland China ’ s bond markets ( Shanghai , Shenzhen , and over-the-counter markets ) . Therefore , we consider issuances in Hong Kong SAR by firms residing in Mainland China as international issuances . 9", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 135, "text": "SDC Platinum", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 288, "end": 296, "text": "Dealogic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the other market . Khandker et al ( 2009 ) find that the overall effect of road improvement on household per capita annual consumption was about 8 – 10 percent across affected project areas in Bangladesh . In addition , road improvements have led to a poverty reduction of 3 – 6 percent on average over the period of about 5 years . This implies that extreme poverty fell by about 1 percent each year , solely due to rural road improvements . Road improvement also has a significant positive impact on aggregate crop output and price indices . In addition , school enrollment of boys and girls increased significantly in both project samples . Jacoby ( 1999 ) investigates the benefits from road projects at the household level using the relationship between the value of farmland and its distance to agricultural markets in Nepal based on the 1995 – 96 Living Standards Survey . Providing extensive road access to markets would confer substantial benefits on average , many of these going to poor households . However , the benefits would not be large enough or targeted efficiently enough to appreciably reduce income inequality in the population . The results highlight that rural road construction is not always the magic bullet for poverty alleviation . 30", "spans": [{"start": 844, "end": 877, "text": "1995 – 96 Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Table 8 . 2 . Bank Resources : Missions * * | Pre - < br > appraisal | Jan 1984 < br > __ < br > ____ | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | June 1984 | 25FA - | EC | | n / a | Mission projections showed shortfall in UEB ' s < br > cash flow for_1985 . _ | | Appraisal | Jul 1984 | 4 | | FA-PE-EC-Co | | | | Supervision | _____ | | | | | | | | May 1985 | 1 | 6 | FA | n / a | No operating or financial data available . | | | Nov 1985 | 1 | | FA | n / a | | | | Apr 1986 | 1 | 29 | FA | 1 | Credit effectiveness delayed , UEB ' s financial < br > position weak , problems with transportation . | | | Aug 1986 | | | FA | | UEB has revenue problems due to devaluation and < br > poor collection . | | | Mar 1987 < br > Aug_1986__F | A__UEB | 6 < br > _hasrevenue | PE-FA-OA < br > _probems_due | | Need to raise tariffs . Appointnment of consultants < br > delayed . Billing and collections deteriorated . < br > Financial data unreliable . Project classified as a < br > problem project . Major feeder breakdown in < br > to dvaluation anKampala . | | | Oct 1987 | 2 | 6 | PE-Co | 3 | Project start-up delayed by two years . Adequate < br > UEB ' s financial data unobtainable . | | | June 1988", "spans": [{"start": 961, "end": 975, "text": "Financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "would affect prices in a more functional market , such as flood risk , not being internalized . # * * 5 Conclusions * * This paper investigates the relationship between flood exposure and rents in Accra , Addis Ababa , Antananarivo , and Dar es Salaam , using a hedonic property price approach with four cross-sectional household surveys complemented with data on job density . Flood exposure is measured using self-reported information from households on whether they have been affected by flooding . Flood risk is measured with self-reported information on the perception of the risk of future flood exposure . The results suggest that flood exposure / risk is associated with lower rents in three of the four cities studied . The willingness to pay to avoid flood exposure is between 14 percent ( in Accra and Antananarivo ) and 56 percent ( in Addis Ababa ) of average rents . In contrast , in Dar es Salaam , flood exposure / risk is associated with higher rents . The relationship between flood exposure and rents is made more complex by the close correlation between tenure and flood exposure , the lack of public awareness on flood risk , high transaction costs of housing and the importance of omitted variables , such as cultural and historical importance , presence of community networks , access to green spaces and other amenities which potentially could encourage people to move to areas with high flood risk . The paper uses a novel way to measure access to jobs , based on data on the spatial distribution of amenities and economic activities . In Accra and Addis Ababa , rents are negatively correlated with job density , which is an unexpected finding for an efficient housing market . In Antananarivo , a more monocentric city compared with the other three cities , areas with high job density are more expensive , on average . No relationship between job density and rent is found for Dar es Salaam . When interacting job density with flood exposure / risk for each city , the negative effect of job density on rents is higher when flood exposure / risk is high in Accra and Addis Ababa , and the positive effect of job density on rents becomes negative when", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 337, "text": "cross-sectional household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 356, "end": 375, "text": "data on job density", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 411, "end": 436, "text": "self-reported information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decades , Bhutan has also achieved broad-based and inclusive poverty reduction . As noted by NSB and World Bank ( 2014 ) , between 2007 and 2012 the proportion of the population with consumption below the official poverty line dropped by half and Bhutan was able to practically eradicate extreme poverty . Multidimensional poverty indices and indicators related to education and health outcomes have also seen significant improvements . With regard to Bhutan ’ s labor market , overall conditions are more favorable in the country than in most other South Asian economies . For instance , data from MoLHR ( 2015 ) show that in 2014 Bhutan ’ s overall unemployment rate stood at 2 . 6 percent . Besides , the gaps between male and female labor force participation and employment rates have long been much narrower than in many other South Asian economies . While the overall education level of Bhutan ’ s labor force continues to be comparatively low , it has been improving rapidly due to a trend toward almost universal enrollment in primary education , increasing enrollment rates in secondary education , and an ever greater emphasis on tertiary education . At the same time , Bhutan faces a number of significant labor market challenges and bottlenecks . These include high levels of informality and underemployment ( in particular in rural areas ) , a limited formal social protection system and relatively elevated rates of unemployment for certain parts of the labor force , especially for young , well-educated city dwellers . Specific labor market challenges relate to the interplay between the public and the private sector . A vibrant private sector has yet to emerge in Bhutan . As documented in MoLHR ( 2015 ) , the country ’ s public sector comprises almost 50 percent of employment outside agriculture . It also employs two-thirds of workers with tertiary education . In addition to that , the public sector is widely perceived as the preferred employer , including among educated youth who aspire to white-collar jobs . In a recent survey among unemployed youth in Bhutan , 50 . 3 percent of respondents said they would prefer to work for the government and another 32 . 4 percent aspired for a job in a state-owned enterprise (", "spans": [{"start": 589, "end": 604, "text": "data from MoLHR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2048, "end": 2087, "text": "survey among unemployed youth in Bhutan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * _4 . 4 . 7 Wildlife_ * * Kenya ' s game parks and spectacular wildlife attract nearly two million tourists each year ( UNWater2006 ) and generate important domestic revenues . Wildlife conservation is thus a high priority . Formed in 1946 , Nairobi National Park , just outside the city , was the country ’ s first protected area . By 2008 , about 75 237 . 9 km2 ( WCPA 2007 ) of the nation ’ s land area had been set-aside as national parks and game reserves . Wildlife is also protected by bans on game hunting , killing animals even when they attack , and the trade in ivory and skins . Nevertheless , poaching is a significant threat to many species including leopards , cheetahs , lions , elephants , and rhinoceroses . Efforts are being made to restore populations of the endangered African elephant and black rhino , and an aggressive campaign is being been waged against poachers . Moreover , increased pressure on marine resources has led the Kenyan government to establish a system of protected areas managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service ( KWS ) to conserve and manage the most important ecosystems along the coast . In total , Kenya has five Marine Protected Areas ( MPA ' s ) . * * Figure 6 : Protected Areas in Kenya * * Examples of endangered species include theSokokescops owl ( _Otusireneae ) ; _ Taita bluebanded papilio _ ( Papiliodesmonditeita ) ; _ the highly endangeredTana River _mangabey ( Cercocebusgaleritus ) _ and the Tana River red colobus _ ( Piliocolobusrufomitratus ) ; _ the green sea turtle _ ( Cheloniamydas ) _ and the critically _endangered hawksbill turtle ( Eretmochelysimbricata ) . _ * * Page | 30ESMF KENYA GPE PRIMARY EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "seminal quantitative models of sovereign default . Until recently , this literature assumed risk-neutral investors and sovereign risk premia that solely reflect the expected losses from default ( e . g . , Aguiar and Gopinath 2006 ; Arellano 2008 ; Mendoza and Yue 2012 ) . When investors are risk-neutral , excess return above “ risk-free ” bonds should be zero in expectation . Yet , we find real excess returns that are in the range of 2 % to 4 % ex-post for the full global sample , although there is considerable time variation . Thus , investors typically receive a compensatory premium for holding sovereign risk that exceeds historical credit losses . This finding gives support to a growing body of quantitative work that assumes risk-averse ( or uncertainty averse ) creditors in this market . < sup > 11 < / sup > The high returns we observe cannot be easily explained by historical default and recovery rates . Using our new default and restructuring database , we show that sovereign defaults do not usually wipe out the claims of private creditors . Almost all the defaults over the past 200 years have been solved by a debt exchange of old into new debt at a discount – with an average haircut of 44 % and a standard deviation of > Compared to these studies , we zoom in on one asset class and cover 91 countries , 200 years at monthly frequency , and instrument-level data . > 11 See Barro ’ s discussion of rare disasters with Epstein-Zin preferences ( Barro 2006 ) and , more recently , Broner , Lorenzoni , and Schmukler ( 2013 ) , Lizarazo ( 2013 ) , Borri and Verdelhan ( 2015 ) , Aguiar et al . ( 2016 ) , Grosse Steffen and Podstawski ( 2016 ) , Pouzo and Presno ( 2016 ) , and Asonuma and Joo ( 2018 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 971, "text": "default and restructuring database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1367, "end": 1388, "text": "instrument-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not applicable_ * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * PILLAR I : IDENTIFICATION * * This pillar was strengthened in 2016 with the promotion of the community-based protection process . In 2016 , UNHCR in Chad recorded a total of 1 , 247 incidents of SGBV , an incident rate of 0 . 31 % for the entire refugee population in Chad ( estimated at 393 , 000 by December 2016 ( UNHCR statistical report 2016 ) . This rate has considerably reduced , as compared to 2015 ( 0 . 41 % ) , whereas the overall figure for refugees has increased by 5 , 28 % % between 2015 and 2016 . 1 . Monthly trends in the number of incidents of SGBV among refugees reported in 2016 in Chad . During the reporting period , the monthly trend of incidents of gender-based sexual violence is as follows : * * _Figure 1 : Monthly Evolution of SGBV cases in 2016_ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Month < br > Frequency < br > January February March April May June July August September October November December < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > From the graph above , an average of 104 SGBV cases were reported each month in refugee camps in Chad . Indicator : 0 . 31 % ( being the rate of incidents identified during the year ) 5", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 358, "text": "UNHCR statistical report 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "properly follow up receivable and payable balances and the internal audit units should include this program in their work program to review and support the implementation . # # # # * * 3 . 3 . 3 Governance and anti-corruption * * 49 . Following the recent democratization and development reform , encouraging results have been witnessed in the fight against corruption . In light of the above arrangement , FEACC / REACCs have undertaken several preventive and curative activities across the country . According to the 2015 / 16 Annual 23", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 538, "text": "2015 / 16 Annual 23", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project level instruments that will be necessary to cover both social and environmental aspects , including ESIAs for project activities if determined necessary , and ESMPs . Additional measures will support the implementation , monitoring , and compliance to the ESMF , including ; ( a ) annual fiduciary audits / post ‐ review of a subset of sub ‐ projects with respect to design and implementation of site specific ESMPs , and ( b ) project implementation support missions by the Bank will include social and environmental implementation expertise to support client during the entire project cycle . 40 . * * OP 4 . 12 Involuntary Resettlement . * * The need for involuntary resettlement or land acquisition in specific project areas , while minimal if any , will only be known during project implementation , when site ‐ specific plans are available . Therefore , project activities will be screened for applicability of the resettlement policy and any activities involving involuntary resettlement or land acquisition will only be approved after preparation of a resettlement plan acceptable to the Bank . Several issues will increase the complexity of land acquisition ‐ the lack of reliable land record systems , and the inability of people losing land to either document ownership or be physically present to make their claims for eligibility . The safeguards framework will therefore include procedures for identifying eligible project ‐ affected people , calculating and delivering compensation , and mechanisms for land dispute grievance redress . 41 . OP 4 . 12 covers those persons displaced by the project activities . Given the current refugee crisis and possible land disputes between residents and to ensure effective poverty reduction , CDR will undertake a social assessment as part of the ESIA and implement measures to minimize and mitigate adverse social impacts , particularly on poor and vulnerable groups . Well documented Page 63 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 1198, "end": 1217, "text": "land record systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relief amount per beneficiary in the sample frame , Rs 33 , 498 ( US $ 740 ) , is higher than the state average of Rs 24 , 275 ( US $ 540 ) . There are sevaral reasons for this . First , landholdings in the ( non-drought affected ) survey district are slightly larger , the bulk of qualifying farmers in the state , and are more likely to be irrigated than landholdings in the rest of the state . Since there is a positive relationship between landholding , crop value and loan size and also between loan size and relief amount , larger landowners will tend to get more relief . Second , some banks not included in the sample frame , such as rural regional banks and smaller credit cooperatives , are likely to issue smaller loans on average than the larger banks included in the sample frame . # * * 5 . 2 The Debt Relief Survey * * In total , 2 , 897 households were surveyed in five rural districts of the northwestern Indian state of Gujarat between October and December 2009 , approximately one and a-half years after the program . < sup > 16 < / sup > The four sample districts , Mehsana , Gandhinagar , Kheda and Anand < sup > 17 < / sup > form a contiguous band in the central and northwestern part of the state . These districts include relatively rich agricultural land and are slightly more rural than Gujarat as a whole , with 64-80 % of households residing in rural areas . Like any of India ’ s 28 states , Gujarat is unique in some ways and ordinary in others . It is richer than average , with a per-capita income about 26 % above the all-India average . It is also more urban than the rest of the country , with 37 % of its population living in urban areas versus 28 % for India overall . Agriculture makes up about the same share of Gujarat ’ s economy , however , as for India overall . In terms of banking , Gujarat enjoys slightly higher than average commercial bank coverage , with one commercial bank per 14 , 220 inhabitants , versus", "spans": [{"start": 811, "end": 829, "text": "Debt Relief Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS * * | * * AHP * * | Adolescent Health Promoter | | - - - | - - - | | * * AM * * | Aide Memoire | | * * ANC * * | Antenatal care | | * * BCC * * | Behavior Change Communication | | * * CABI * * | Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International | | * * CAP * * | CommunityAgriculture Promoter | | * * CHP * * | CommunityHealth Promoter | | * * CMU * * | CountryManagement Unit | | * * DHS * * | Demographic and Health Survey | | * * DSIP * * | ( Agriculture Sector ) Development Strategyand Investment Plan | | * * ERP * * | Enterprise Resource Planning | | * * FAO * * | Food and Agriculture Organization | | * * FM * * | Financial Management | | * * FY * * | Fiscal Year | | * * GA * * | Grant Agreement | | * * GAFSP * * | Global Agriculture and Food SecurityProgram | | * * GFP * * | Grant FundingProposal | | * * GMP * * | Growth Monitoringand Promotion | | * * GoU * * | Government of Uganda | | * * ICRR * * | Implementation Completion and Results Report | | * * ICT * * | Information , Communication and Technology | | * * IE * * | Impact evaluation | | * * ISR * * | Implementation Status and Results Report | | * * IR * * | Intermediate Result | | * * IRB * * | Iron-Rich Beans | | * * IYCF * * | Infant and YoungChild Feeding | | * * IPF * * | Investment Project Financing | | * * JSDF * * | Japan Social Development Fund | | * * MA * * | MarketingAgent", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Practices ( KAP ) Survey in which VMG communities will form ten ( 10 ) percent of the total respondents in the thirty-one ( 31 ) VMG counties . This will be held between 6 < sup > th < / sup > to 16 < sup > th < / sup > April 2020 . ( iii ) The Division of Community Health will be holding community dialogue sessions all in communities nationwide using community health volunteer structures and this will encompass representation from VMG communities . 46", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "Practices ( KAP ) Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "32 # * * 5 Concluding remarks * * Green Revolution type technologies such as agro-chemicals and mechanization are being promoted in Africa to raise smallholder labor productivity , specialization and greater market orientation . This in turn fosters Africa ’ s structural transformation through the productive release of agricultural labor ( Beegle & Christiaensen , 2019 ) . Yet , input adoption and mechanization in Sub-Saharan Africa remain limited ( Sheahan & Barrett , 2017 ) and studies have started to question whether the adoption of intensified agricultural production methods is indeed profitable ( Burke et al . , 2017 ; Liverpool-Tasie et al . , 2017 ) . When adopted , inputs and mechanization are furthermore rarely applied in combination , thereby foregoing possible synergetic effects , possibly one of the reasons for their limited adoption . Using cross-sectional data collected from rice farmers in Côte d ’ Ivoire and instrumental variable techniques to control for endogeneity in the adoption of different technology packages , this paper investigates to what extent rice intensification affects farm performance , specialization , market orientation and food security of smallholder rice growing households . Rice intensification is measured through four production packages , compiled through different combinations of available labor saving technologies such as using a tractor or draught animals for land preparation , chemical fertilizer for soil fertility , and herbicides for weeding . Using available information about labor inputs across activities , by age , gender , and type ( family / hired ) , the implication for employment ( number of jobs , type of employment ( self-versus wage - ) ) , and worker characteristics ( adult / child , male / female ) is further reviewed in detail , including the agricultural activities through which the changes occurred . Results indicate significant positive effects of the adoption of more intensive production packages on land and labor productivity , as well as the return to labor , which increases more than", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 9 . Monitoring and Reporting * * The Stakeholder Engagement Plan will be periodically revised and updated as necessary in the course of SEASN project implementation to ensure that the information presented herein is consistent , and that the identified methods of engagement remain appropriate and effective in relation to the project context . Any major changes to the project related activities and to its schedule will be duly reflected in the SEP . Biannual summaries and internal reports on public grievances , enquiries , and related incidents , together with the status of implementation of associated corrective / preventative actions will be collated by responsible staff and referred to FSCD ’ s senior management . The summaries will provide a mechanism for assessing both the number and the nature of complaints and requests for information , along with the Project ’ s ability to address those in a timely and effective manner . Information on public engagement activities undertaken by the project during the year may be conveyed to stakeholders in two possible ways : # # # # # • * * Publication of a standalone annual report on project ’ s interaction with the stakeholders . * * FSCD will maintain a Stakeholder Engagement Log that chronicles all stakeholder engagement undertaken or planned . The Engagement Log includes location and dates of meetings , workshops , and discussions , and a description of the project-affected parties and other stakeholders consulted . The Project will also develop an evaluation form to assess the effectiveness of every formal engagement process . The questions will be designed as appropriate for the relevant audience . # # # # # • * * A number of Key Performance Indicators ( KPIs ) will also be monitored by the project on a regular basis , including the following parameters : * * - Number of public consultations held by woredas on beneficiary entitlements ( annually ) - Number of communications materials on beneficiary rights developed and disseminated to beneficiaries - Number of press materials published / broadcasted in the local , regional , and national media # # # # 10 . * * Central Point of Contact * *", "spans": [{"start": 1229, "end": 1255, "text": "Stakeholder Engagement Log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". A stakeholder mapping process is being added to help define appropriate levels and types of engagement required for each defined stakeholder category , facilitating due attention to vulnerable or marginalized individuals or groups ; - Key Stakeholder Profiles will be maintained for both designated key informants and those affected parties which have influence or are subject to high impacts , the knowledge and legitimacy , and are capable and willing to engage with the project ; - A Vulnerability Screening Checklist to facilitate evaluation of capacity and identify any future change in status to facilitate a re-evaluation of mitigation assistance where essential ; - Stakeholder Engagement introduced to ensure proper preparation of each event or activity , including consideration of range of practical issues , the potential risks associated and a culturally appropriate approach ; and - Contact Reports are being introduced to record all interactions with stakeholders , except for grievances which are recorded and processed as per the GRM . This form will be completed by the Social Safeguards Specialist or any other employee or consultant undertaking stakeholder engagement activities . The stakeholder database will be updated with information from the Contact Reports to facilitate key word searches on specific topics , generate lists of target stakeholder groups and support the planning of engagement and liaison activities . # # < mark > 4 . 6 DISCLOSURES < / mark > The UCSATP website will be used to disclose project documents , including those on environmental and social performance . This will begin with disclosure of this draft SEF and the draft ESMF and RPF . Besides the draft disclosure documents ( and the final documents in future ) , project brochures and updates will be posted . An easy - to-understand guide to the terminology used in the environmental and social reports or documents will also be posted on the website . In addition , the site will provide details about the Grievance Redress Mechanism and contact details for the Social Safeguards Specialist . UCSATP will update and maintain the website regularly . 52", "spans": [{"start": 1207, "end": 1227, "text": "stakeholder database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2016 ) is a descriptive conceptual framework for the policy-making process and is appropriate for social science research questions in multiple fields . The limited relevant empirical work in energy includes Schmidt & Sewerin , ( 2019 ) , who analyze policy mixes in nine developed countries , although that study does not consider policy interactions . # 6 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS Achieving decarbonization worldwide requires a robust understanding of how effective different renewable energy and climate policies are in a broad range of countries and their dynamics over time . Research on the topic is especially important in developing countries , where the literature is relatively scarce . This study sheds light on these important issues by conducting a first systematic assessment of how seven renewable energy policy packages affect the energy mix in developing countries over time . We rely on the background data behind the RISE indicators published by the ESMAP at the World Bank . We address several well-known econometric issues in the existing literature that uses similar datasets , including omitted variables and simultaneity and reverse causality between energy policy packages and outcomes . We estimate thousands of indicatorinstrument-outcome-level country and time fixed-effects regressions over regional panels covering more than 100 developing countries and four decades of energy sector policies . We credibly evaluate the robustness of indicators ’ measurement , quality of instrumental variables used , and significance and direction of estimated energy policy package coefficients . Notably , we find no major measurement differences when we try different policy instrument aggregation outcomes , allowing us to conclude that the aggregation method used by the World Bank is robust to potential under - and overweighting problems . We also find no major differences in the second-stage estimates obtained by 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20000 2 . 5 < br > 18000 Dirty Patents Clean Patents Ratio : Clean vs Dirty < br > 16000 2 < br > 14000 < br > 12000 1 . 5 < br > 10000 < br > 8000 1 < br > 6000 < br > 4000 0 . 5 < br > 2000 < br > 0 0 < br > 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Aghion , Dechezlepretre , Hemous , Martin and Van Reenen ( 2012 ) , calculations based on the PATSTAT database . 4", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 468, "text": "PATSTAT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "including by electronic means . The Bank shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( “ Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC ” ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Bank that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Bank records with respect to the Agreement ( s ) referred to in the subject line of this Authorization . # # # * * Signatory Details * * | * * Name * * | * * Position * * | * * Email ID * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ SignatoryName ] | [ Title ] | [ Email ] | # # # * * Specimen Signatures * * | Signatory Name | Signature1 | Signature2 | Signature3 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ User Name ] | | | | | [ User Name ] | | | | Yours truly , / signed / ______________ [ Position ] < sup > 8 < / sup > > 8 Instruction to Bank staff : please forward this letter to the Country Lawyer for further processing ( Recipient : please do not delete this note ) .", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 579, "text": "Bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 fatalities , 100 affected people , a declaration of a state of emergency , or a call for international assistance . In reviewing event-specific data , we note a decreasing prevalence of missing values ( as a fraction of events reported ) over time . Missing observations for total affected / deaths hover around 25 percent , while missing observations for damages range from 50 to 75 percent . Consequently , we opt to concentrate solely on population affected and deaths in our intensity measure . Acknowledging that data availability has expanded since 2000 , thanks to technological advancements allowing wider 8", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 151, "text": "event-specific data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5501 # * * Abstract * * Consumption expenditure has long been the preferred measure of household living standards . However , accurate measurement is a challenge and household expenditure surveys vary widely across many dimensions , including the level of reporting , the length of the reference period , and the degree of commodity detail . These variations occur both across countries and also over time within countries . There is little current understanding of the implications of such changes for spatially and temporally consistent measurement of household consumption and poverty . A field experiment in Tanzania tests eight alternative methods to measure household consumption on a sample of 4 , 000 households . There are significant differences between consumption reported by the benchmark personal diary and other diary and recall formats . Under-reporting is particularly relevant in illiterate households and for urban respondents completing household diaries ; recall modules measure lower consumption than a personal diary , with larger gaps among poorer households and households with more adult members . Variations in reporting accuracy by household characteristics are also discussed and differences in measured poverty as a result of survey design are explored . The study concludes with recommendations for methods of survey based consumption measurement in low-income countries . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Inequality Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at kbeegle @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 225, "text": "household expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 987, "end": 1004, "text": "household diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * # # * * Appendix 5 : Indicative Format for Resettlement Action Plan * * # # # * * < mark > ( A ) Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan < / mark > * * _ < mark > ( if population affected is < 200 ) < / mark > _ An abbreviated plan covers the following minimum elements : - a . A census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets - b . Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided - c . Consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives - d . Institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for grievance redressal . - e . Arrangements for monitoring and implementation and - f . A timetable and budget . # # # * * < mark > ( B ) ( Complete / Full ) Resettlement Action Plan < / mark > * * _ < mark > ( if population affected is > 200 ) < / mark > _ 1 . The scope and level of detail in the resettlement plan will vary with the magnitude of land acquisition and complexity of resettlement . The plan is based on up-to-date and reliable information about ( a ) the proposed compensation payment and resettlement of adversely affected groups , and ( b ) the legal issues involved in resettlement . The resettlement plan covers the elements below , as relevant . When any element is not relevant to project circumstances , it should be stated clearly in the resettlement plan . 2 . * * Description of the Project * * . General description of the project and identification of the project area . 3 . * * Policy and Legal Framework * * . A presentation of relevant Government of Kenya Policies , laws and regulations governing resettlement , World Bank Policies , as well as a gap analysis of the provisions and how they will be beached . 4 . * * Potential impacts * * . Identification of : ( a ) the project component or activities that give rise to land acquisition and resettlement ; (", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 375, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "can be obtained from a model where lobbying is given micro-foundations , such as in Grossman and Helpman ( 1994 ) , provided that the ownership of the speci fi c factors is concentrated . < sup > 54 < / sup > In GrossmanHelpman each industry has the same relative weight in the government ’ s objective function provided that it is organized into a lobby . In our sample it is reasonable to assume that all industries are organized because the available industry data we use to identify this weight is aggregated . Moreover , in the Grossman-Helpman setting , the extra weight ω − 1 has a structural interpretation : the marginal rate of substitution between social welfare and contributions in the politician ’ s objective . Therefore , the estimates of the coefficient on the variable ∆ x , which represents the extra weight ω − 1 , are > 52 More speci fi cally , we calculate the Durbin-Wu-Hausman statistic . They are reported in Table 2 in the row labeled “ Endogeneity p-val ” . The value of 0 . 04 applies to the equivalent of speci fi cation ( 4 ) from table 2 when the initial tariffs are added as a regressor . > 53 More speci fi cally we estimate Cragg ’ s “ heteroskedastic OLS ” , which is more efficient than OLS in the presence of heteroskedasticity of unknown form because it uses the orthogonality conditions of the excluded instruments . The excluded instruments are the same we use for the IV estimates . > 54 Please see Staiger ( 1995 ) . 32", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 467, "text": "industry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data . GDP per capita figures and inflation rates are taken from International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . As a proxy for the quality and enforcement of the legal system of a country we have collected figures from the Law and Order index of the International Country Risk Guide ( ICRG ) , published by Political Risk Service . The Law and Order index ranges from 0 to 6 , with a higher figures indicating a higher quality or less risk . Law and Order are assessed separately , with each sub-component comprising zero to three points . The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the legal 11", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 99, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and safety risks of the program . During the assessment , it was observed that the environmental , social , and safety structure available at federal and regional levels is not sufficient for projects management , particularly for close follow-up and supervision of measures implementation . It is to be noted that the on-grid projects are planned and implemented at EEU districts level even though there is no ESHS staff at this level . Although the ESHS staff at federal and regional levels support the districts , effective implementation of E & S requirements cannot be achieved without assigning relevant staff at district level . To cater for this gap , it is recommended that the environmental , social , and safety structure should be extended to districts level through assigning trained focal persons from existing district staff . Further , following the change in scope of the proposed Program and to fill the gaps in implementation of the parent Program , it is recommended to revise the ESMSG and RSG , focusing on greater risk on-grid projects . Also , projects pre-screening shall be done at Program management , PPMD , level using maps and data to identify natural habitats and PCRs potentially affected by Program activities . E & S performance , including strengthening GRM , should be a district prioritization / readiness criterion . Capacity building trainings were provided for the ESHS staff in the implementing agencies at different times . However , given the background skills of some of the ESHS staff and the need to enhance the environmental and social management capacity of the same to achieve Program objectives , further , substantive capacity building and technical assistance program shall be designed and implemented on environmental , social and safety assessment and management practices through providing effective training packages . To achieve this , it is recommended to adopt a Third Party Monitoring ( TPM ) system which incorporates capacity building trainings , monitoring , and score cards . The TPM system will be managed by PPMD and applies to the Program across the board until the E & S structure at all levels builds capacity on", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1161, "text": "maps and data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "65 - Annex 9 # # # # # Accident Statistics | I . Total Accidento | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1980 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( Jon / Feb ) | | | | | | DeraTlments in atotiono | 78 | 56 | 54 | 2 | | on line | 62 | 79 | 46 | 4 | | Capeitements < br > Inyards | 1 | 1 | 4 | - | | online | 7 | 12 | 7 | | | Collitsions < br > In yards | 5 | 7 | 6 | - | | on lin - | 13 | 17 | 7 | - | | head-on | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | | * * Person ' s * * serious inJury | i6 | 16 | 7 | 9 | | deth | 18 | 12 | 9 | 9 | | Total | 191 | 202 | 140 | 25 | | _1X . _ < br > Cao < br > IstAccidents < br > ( Fin | aliod Inauirits ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rail Fracture | 1 | 2 | | | | Twisted Rail | 1 | - | | | | TightCauge | 1 | - | | | | Rotten < br > Sl - per . | | 7 | 1 | 6 | | Weak Formation | 8 | 11 | 18 | | | Sunken Track | 2 | 1 | 4 | | | Poor Track | 1S | 5 | 6 | | | Wide Gauge | 2 | 12 | a | | | Speeding | | 4 | 7 | a | | Damaged / Badly < br > set points |", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 42, "text": "Accident Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Summary statistics can be found in Table 1 . Other control variables , namely , population and real GDP per capita ( constant 2010 USD ) , are from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators . | * * Table 1 : Summary Statistics - Panel * * | * * Obs * * | * * Mean * * | * * Std . * * < br > * * Dev . * * | * * Min * * | * * Max * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Firm Purchased Fixed Assets Y / N | 26 , 172 | 0 . 42 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | Log of Amount Investment ( + 1 ) | 26 , 187 | 4 . 24 | 5 . 38 | 0 . 00 | 26 . 33 | | Log of Amount Investment in Land and Buildings < br > ( + 1 ) | 25 , 337 | 1 . 06 | 3 . 23 | 0 . 00 | 26 . 19 | | Log of Amount Investment in Equipment ( + 1 ) | 25 , 712 | 4 . 06 | 5 . 25 | 0 . 00 | 26 . 33 | | Central government debt , % of GDP | 26 , 187 | 39 . 33 | 28 . 14 | 0 . 55 | 336 . 22 | | Log of real GDP per capita | 26 , 187 | 7 . 83 | 0 . 92 | 5 . 85 | 9 . 62 | | Log of age of firm | 26 , 187 | 2 . 64 | 0 . 75 | 0 . 00 | 5 . 23 | | Log of Total Population | 26 , 187 | 16 . 04 | 1 . 25 | 13 . 17 | 19 . 37 | | Log of size | 26 , 187 | 2 . 74 | 1 . 14 | - 1 . 10 | 9 . 82 | | Direct exports 10", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 195, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | livelihood ( Such as building materials , water , medicine , timber ) , domestic < br > violence , Gender based violence , and Benefit sharing for REDD + Proceeds . < br > • < br > Land tenure and governance ; Support governments in developing land < br > tenure frameworks that officially recognize women ’ s rights to forest < br > products and carbon from forests . < br > • < br > Gender-sensitive REDD + programming ; A gender analysis should inform < br > the design of REDD + projects and strategies to ensure the design is < br > responsive to the different needs and roles of men and women . Gender - < br > sensitive monitoring and evaluation tools should be used for REDD + < br > projects , requiring collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data and < br > social indicators that measure changes in status and levels of inequality . < br > • | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 5 . | Local Government District Officials , UWA , < br > NFA , WMZO Officials and Refugee Camps < br > Commandants < br > Date : 12-17 June 2019 < br > Places : < br > Rubanda District Headquarters Echuya Central < br > Forest Reserve Kisoro District Hqtr . < br > UWA ( Kisoro Meeting / Mgahinga NP ) < br > NFA Forest Station / Community Tourism < br > Camp – Karengyere < br > Karinju Forest Station < br > Rubirizi District Hqtr < br > QENP Hqtr < br > Albert WMZO Fort Portal < br > Kibale NP Hqtr < br > Rwamwanja Refugee Scheme < br > Kamwengye District Hqtr < br > Kagombe CFR < br > Nyabyeya FC < br > Budongo CFR < br > Hoima District", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 768, "text": "sex-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 780, "end": 797, "text": "social indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic shocks in Iran . * * 5 . 1 . The unequal effect of economic shocks on the labor market * * Panel A of Table 3 presents the regression results of estimating ( 1 ) using outcome variables computed from LFS surveys . The coefficient of the Afghan dummy is consistent with the summary statistics in Table 2 : Afghan individuals work longer hours , have lower unemployment and layoff rates , and their duration of unemployment is shorter than Iranians . The estimated coefficients for the economic shock index suggest that following a negative shock , people work longer hours and have higher layoff rates . We also find that negative shock leads to a shorter duration of unemployment which can be due to the hardships that motivate individuals to accept job offers that they would not take in normal times . Our coefficient of interest , which is the interaction of the Afghan dummy with economic shock , is only significant when the dependent variable is working hours . According to column ( 3 ) of Table 3 , one unit increase in shock measure – corresponding to a year-on-year increase in log ( USD to IRR rate ) by one unit – raises the weekly working hours of Afghan individuals 1 hour and 27 mins more than Iranians . In panel B of Table 3 , we estimate the heterogeneous impact of economic shock using our matching approach . Although we find similar results for the Afghan dummy and the measure of shock , their interaction term becomes insignificant . This finding shows that the impact of economic shocks on labor market outcomes is not significantly different between refugees and host communities when comparing every Afghan individual with an Iranian with very similar characteristics . Therefore , in turbulent times , Iranian employers do not discriminate against Afghan refugees by laying them off , suggesting economic shocks do not reduce social cohesion between employers and Afghan refugees . However , as we only observe employment and not its features such as expropriation , withholding salaries , and harassment , this evidence is incomplete and social cohesion may be weakened in those dimensions . Table 4 shows the estimation results using two approaches when the dependent variable is the dummy", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 220, "text": "LFS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | 1982 | 1992 | 2001 | 2002 | [ Export and import levels ( US $ mill . ) < br > I | | < br > Total eports ( fob ) | 376 | 154 | 441 | 467 | | | Coffee | | 81 | TT5 | * * _ % 6_ * * | | | Leather and leather products | | 28 | 38 | 44 | * * 1 , 500 * * | | Manufactures | | | | | | | Total imports ( cif ) | 048 | 875 | 1 , 558 | 1 , 598 | 1 , 000 | | Food < br > | | 0 1 < br > | 241 < br > | I77 < br > | 500 | | Fuel and energy < br > Capital goods | | _a0_ < br > 320 | 265 < br > 589 | 244 < br > 624 | 0 < br > | | Eportprice index ( S ’ 95 = W0 ) | 84 | 83 | 59 | | I < br > * * 96 * * < br > * * 87 * * < br > * * 98 * * < br > * * 98 * * < br > 00 < br > * * 01 * * < br > * * 02 * * | | < br > Import price index ( 995 = WO ) | 11 ) | 98 | 11s | | < br > Exports < br > mlmports | | < br > Terms of trade ( S95 = WO ) | < br > 77 | 86 | 50 | | < br > < br > | | B A L A N C E o f P A Y M E N T S | | | | | | | | 1982 | 1992 | 2001 | 2002 | Current account balance t o G D P ( % ] | | _ ( US $ _millions ) < br > Export", "spans": [{"start": 704, "end": 722, "text": "Import price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data . An administration which is seeking to justify the introduction of a more restrictive asylum policy , for example , may refer to statistics which demonstrate a sharp increase in the number of people submitting requests for refugee status . But it may neglect to point out what proportion of the total have been recognized as refugees or offered some other form of protection . Indeed , the governments of Western Europe appear far happier to talk about the number of asylum applicants who fail to qualify for refugee status , a tactic which helps to reinforce the public perception that there is no essential difference between an asylum seeker , an economic migrant and an illegal immigrant . Similarly , one would have to look long and hard for any official statement that acknowledged or explained the fact that refugee recognition rates in Western Europe ( around 24 per cent ) are less than half the rate recorded in North America ( around 63 per cent ) . < sup > 26 < / sup > Second , the industrialized states have a self-evident political interest in playing down the number of refugees who have fled from countries which are considered to be useful friends and allies , and in playing up the number who have escaped from hostile states . This was particularly the case during the Cold War years , when the exodus of refugees and asylum seekers from communist countries such as Afghanistan , Cuba , Ethiopia , Viet Nam and the Soviet Union itself provided the western bloc with a valuable form of propaganda . At the same time , by establishing generously-funded assistance programmes for such refugee populations , the main donor states could also provide active support to exiled opposition movements which were struggling to oust or destabilize Soviet-backed regimes . Thus the very high figures which Pakistan claimed for its Afghan population ( more than three million in total ) did not come under very serious scrutiny from the donor states until the Soviets had withdrawn and the strategic importance of the Afghan exiles had diminished . As the final section of this paper will suggest , the end of the Cold War has in certain respects", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 145, "text": "statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project ( P168185 ) ( ii ) the rehabilitation modernization of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ( SCADA ) system , including a telecommunication equipment for 47 substations ; and ( iii ) improvements in SNE performance , through supply and installation of about 100 , 000 smart / pre-paid electricity meters and commercial management and billing systems , as well as technical support to implement these systems . More specifically , the Project will extend the HV substations of Gassi and Lamidji and add four connections to the MV network per substation to improve quality of service . The existing MV / LV network will be rehabilitated to decrease technical losses in N ’ Djamena . The distribution network will be extended and densified with the objective to double SNE ’ s clients base in N ’ Djamena and the upgrade of the dispatching center will improve security of supply . In order to improve SNE operation and commercial performance , the Project will finance SNE ’ s acquisition of an enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) software for the management of corporate resources , the roll-out of a geographic information system ( GIS ) for the MV / LV network and a client ’ s database . The Project will finance a Revenue Protection Program ( RPP ) , with the installation of a data management software and a fully integrated commercial management system , alongside with the deployment of smart / prepaid meters . This sub-component will also finance the preparation and implementation of the required safeguards instruments during Project implementation < sup > 19 < / sup > , including ESIA / ESMPs and RAPs < sup > 20 < / sup > , for the network investments in N ’ Djamena . Finally , specific activities aimed to reduce disparity of electricity access of poorer urban households , and in particular female-headed households , will be identified and financed . Affordability is the key driver behind the gender gap", "spans": [{"start": 1246, "end": 1265, "text": "client ’ s database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is 3 . 6 . < sup > 8 < / sup > The SHWALITA team also conducted a market price survey in each village , in conjunction with the household survey . Markets are relatively dense in Tanzania : 97 % of study households live within 10 kilometers of the nearest market , and the median distance is 1 . 15 km . For 42 food items ( 10 of which meet the criteria for inclusion in this study ) , enumerators visited the village market and recorded the most common units in which each item was sold . They precisely measured the unit in kilograms or liters , and noted the price . Unit prices were > 7Helpfully , 98 . 7 % of purchases recorded in units other than kilograms or liters were recorded as integer values . Most of the decimal entries in kilograms or liters stem from unit conversions , not from respondents being forced to convert non-standard units into kilograms or liters on the spot . > 8Additional descriptive statistics for the survey households are provided in Appendix S1 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 144, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Cusick and Georgieff , 2016 ; Walker et al . , 2007 ) and the effects of accumulated exposure causing lasting damage in older individuals . The comparison across treatment and control households is supported by within household estimates that focusing on those exposed during the sensitive earlylife period to isolate the _Mirt_ treatment effect from confounding factors . The observed effect on child growth is both precisely estimated and meaningful in magnitude . A wide body of evidence links early-life health to adult health , educational attainment , cognitive function , and earnings ( e . g . Adair et al . , 2013 ; Almond et al . , 2018 ; Fogel , 2004 ; Glewwe and Miguel , 2008 ; Grimard and Laszlo , 2013 ; Groppo and Kraehnert , 2016 ; Hoddinott et al . , 2008 ; LaFave and Thomas , 2017 ; Strauss and Thomas 1998 ; Wisniewski , 2016 ) . For example , analysis of the Ethiopian > 1 While child growth is often used as a marker of nutrition , a significant and growing body of work notes physiological associations between household air pollution from biomass cookstoves and reduced height-for-age ( e . g . Balietti and Datta , 2018 ; Edwards and Langpap , 2012 ; Ghosh et al . , 2011 ; Kim et al . , 2016 ; Kyu et al . , 2009 ; Mishra and Retherford , 2007 ; Pongyo et al . , 2006 ) . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private operators as part of concession agreements ; and the vast numbers of transfers resulting from mass or “ voucher ” privatizations across Eastern Europe as these methods did not generate revenues for government . 3 . Data were amalgamated from a variety of sources . For the earlier period , 1990 to 1999 , data are drawn from the World Bank Privatization Database which provides the sale price of a privatization transaction and the year in which the privatization took place . As the sale price is recorded on an “ announcement ” basis rather than on the basis of actual receipts , proceeds do not necessarily reflect receipts in a particular year since transactions may be paid for over several years . Data for the more recent years , 2000 to 2003 , are aggregated from the following sources : ( i ) the World Bank ’ s Private Participation in Infrastructure ( PPI ) database ; ( ii ) the World Bank Africa region ’ s privatization database ; ( iii ) OECD ’ s database on privatization in", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 370, "text": "World Bank Privatization Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 829, "end": 885, "text": "Private Participation in Infrastructure ( PPI ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 928, "end": 950, "text": "privatization database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > 21 < / sup > and 22 percent of women of reproductive age chronically undernourished , though targeted nutrition-sensitive interventions have reduced women ’ s undernutrition to 19 percent . < sup > 22 < / sup > Women , youth , and other vulnerable groups face barriers to accessing land , finance , and productive resources , limiting their participation in and benefits from the sector . < sup > 23 < / sup > Addressing these disparities through inclusive , gender-responsive interventions is essential for building resilience , improving livelihoods , and supporting Ethiopia ’ s transition to resilient , commercial , and job-creating agricultural value chains . > 9 World Bank . 2024 . _Welfare at a Crossroads : Turning Tides_ . Ethiopia Poverty and Equity Assessment . > 10 Worldometer . ( 2025 , February 1 ) . _Ethiopia population demographics_ . Worldometer . > 11 Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) . ( 2022 ) . _Youth unemployment in Ethiopia : 2022 report_ . Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia . > 12 Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) . ( 2024 ) . _Ethiopia Labor Force Survey 2024_ . Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia . > 13 World Bank . 2021 . _Ethiopia : Employment in Urban and Rural Ethiopia ( 2021 ) / Country Economic Memorandum ( 2022 ) . _ > 14 Ethiopian Statistics Service . 2021 . _The 2021 Labor Force and Migration Survey ( LMS ) _ . > 15 The share of agricultural employment declined by 16 percent between 2005 and 2021 , driven by the decline in agricultural employment in rural areas . > 16 World Bank . ( 2023 ) . Climate Risk Country Profile : Ethiopia . > 17 FAO . ( 2022 ) . Land Degradation in Ethiopia : Status and Trends . > 18 FAO . ( 2023 ) . Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock in Africa > 19 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia . ( 2021 ) . Updated NDC > 20 IFPRI . ( 2022 ) . Adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies in Ethiopia .", "spans": [{"start": 1324, "end": 1361, "text": "2021 Labor Force and Migration Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 4 ) firm productivity , _φit_ , which is unobserved by researchers but known to the firm when making import and investment decisions . The error term , _εit_ , captures measurement errors or unexpected productivity shocks . As in OP , given the assumption that productivity evolves according to a Markov process , _φit_ is therefore monotonically increasing in investment when investment is larger than zero , allowing us to invert ( 10 ) to construct a control function for _φit_ : which can be substituted into ( 12 ) to arrive at the following specification : with where _φ_ ( _Iit_ < sup > _W , Eit , K_ < / sup > _it_ < sup > _W_ ) can be proxied semiparametrically using a higher-order polynomial function in < / sup > the regressions . Although we cannot separately identify _D_ ( _Eit , Kit_ < sup > _W_ ) and < / sup > < sup > _φit_ , least squares estimation < / sup > of ( 14 ) will still yield a consistent estimate of _κ_ . In practice , we estimate ( 14 ) for both processing and non-processing firms using Chinese customs transaction data from 2000 to 2016 . For processing firms , we expect the import coefficient to be close to one , while for non-processing firms , we anticipate the coefficient to be significantly less than one . # * * 3 . 3 Results of DVAR Estimation * * Equation ( 14 ) serves as the foundation for our industry-level estimations , where we allow _κ_ to vary between processing and non-processing firms within the same industry . We test the hypothesis that _κ_ for processing firms is significantly higher than for non-processing firms and , moreover , that _κ_ for processing firms is not statistically different from one . Table 1 presents the pooled regression results based on ( 14 ) . Column ( 1 ) shows the least squares estimation with only firm and year fixedeffects , yielding an estimated _κ_ of 0 . 756 . In Columns ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) , we separate ordinary exporters from processing exporters . The import share for ordinary exporters is estimated at 0 . 352 , while for processing", "spans": [{"start": 1023, "end": 1055, "text": "Chinese customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) Sub-component 1 ( d ) : Social cohesion and inclusion ( US $ 1 million ) Phase I of DRDIP sought to strengthen social cohesion by directly addressing sources of tension between refugees and host communities . The joint World Bank-UNHCR report , Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration in the Horn of Africa ( HoA ) , which underpinned the design of the DRDIP regional operation , identified three major sources of tension : ( a ) concerns over the impact of the refugee presence on basic services ; ( b ) environmental degradation and resource scarcity caused by the establishment of refugee camps ; and ( c ) jealousy towards refugees over their access to humanitarian assistance . By targeting social services and environmental management in host communities , DRDIP Phase I has helped to address host community concerns , improving attitudes towards refugees . Data from the Phase I impact evaluation showed that households in intervention areas were : ( a ) more likely to perceive that refugees bring a positive experience to the community , benefits to the local economy and improvements in educational and health facilities and services ; and ( b ) less likely to believe that refugees are being supported by NGOs and the government at the expense of host communities . The sub-component will finance activities including : ( a ) organizing and facilitating refugee-host community coordination platforms in the six target regions ; ( b ) capacity-building on conflict management for local leaders ( refugees , host communities and local authorities ) ; and ( c ) support for psychosocial programs , including individual , family and group-based interventions . Implementation will be supported technically by the respective woreda and regional sectoral Bureaus and offices , working in collaboration with RRS and UNHCR . Specialized technical agencies will be contracted to provide technical support if necessary . In HROC locations , the third-party implementing entity will lead implementation of these activities . Component", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| . . | 93 . 0 | 96 . 8 | 78 . 9 | 136 . 6 | | SSTIMATEDRELT . IVEPOVERTY INCOMZ | | | | | | | | LEVEL ( USSPER . CAPITA ) < br > URBAN < br > | . . | . . | 125 . 0 < br > | 138 . 4 < br > | 91 . 9 < br > | 179 . 7 < br > | | RURAL | . . | . . | 71 . 0 | 71 . 0 | 54 . 8 | 103 . 7 | | tSTflIATI < br > POPULATION BELOWBSOLUT | E | | | | | | | POVERTY L ' COXE LZVEL ( PERCENT ) | | | | | | | | < br > ' RBAN | . . | . . | 25 . 0 | 34 . 5 | 44 . 1 | 24 . 8 | | RURAL | . . | . . | 80 . 0 | 48 . 7 | 53 . 9 | 37 . 5 | | Not < br > available < br > Not applicable . | | | | | | | . 0T-S - / a The adj . ated group averages for each indicator * * are * * populatiou-weignted geometric means , excluding : he extree values Df the indicator and the most populated country in each group . Coverage of countries among the indicators deoends on availability t * * data * * and * * is * * mot uniform . - / b Unless otherwise noted , data for 19Ce refer to any * * year * * berween 1959 aod 1961 ; for 1970 . between 1969 and 1971 ; and for Most Recent Estimate , between 1974 and 1977 . - / c Africa South of Sahara ; / d Ltow Income ( $ 280 or * * less * *", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 937, "text": "data for 19Ce", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ In addition , based on the ground survey the proposed subproject TL cross over burial site found Dengaja Sole Kebele of Limu Kosa Woreda and affects 316 different sizes of Eucalyptus trees and 11 indigenous trees of different sizes due to ROW . # # # # # * * 7 . 7 Impact on Indigenous and Other Trees * * < mark > In addition to eucalyptus trees , varied species of indigenous trees are also among identified properties that the proposed Subproject will affect during the construction phase . The households within the Subproject influence area use these various species of indigenous trees for different purposes including shed for coffee crops , construction material , to make < / mark > household utensils , farm tools , traditional medicines , and other purposes . < mark > Accordingly , a total of 7 , 386 indigenous trees of different species having different size will be affected by tower pads , ROW and substation . There are 476 PAHs whose indigenous < / mark > and other trees will be affected by the Subproject . < mark > Out of the total 7 , 386 indigenous trees affected , 6 , 922 ( 93 . 7 % ) of the trees will be affected by the tower pads and / or ROW , while the remaining 464 ( 6 . 3 % ) of the indigenous trees will be affected by the construction of the substation . Close to 46 . 4 % of households whose indigenous trees would be impacted is found in Limu Kosa Woreda , followed by Mana Woreda with 39 . 3 % and Jima town 6 . 5 % . < / mark > Page 89", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 194, "text": "ground survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 200000 . 00 | | constructed under the project | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | | | Comments | | | | | New household sewer connections constructed < br > | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 12000 . 00 | | under the project | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | | | Comments | | | | | Volume ( mass ) of BOD pollution load removed | Tones / year | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 14000000 . 00 | | by treatment plant under the project | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | | | Comments | | | | | Roads rehabilitated , Non-rural | Kilometers | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 40 . 00 | | | | Date < br > Comments | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 12-Mar-2014 ) * * | * * Financial Agree * * | * * ment ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | P107314 | IDA-51020 | Effective | 10-May-2012 | | 21-Jun-2012 | 17-Dec-2012 | 30 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "natural resources . Dasgupta ( 2010 ) concludes that GDP per capita and the Human Development Index ( HDI ) should not be regarded as comprehensive indicators of economic and social welfare , as they do not reflect the depletion of the natural capital stock , and that more sophisticated forms of wealth accounting that include produced , human and natural capital are more appropriate measures of inclusive and sustainable development . The World Bank has long been a major advocate for integrating the sustainable management of natural capital into growth strategies . Cleveland et al . ( 1996 ) analyzed the relationship between natural capital , ecosystem services and economic growth , highlighting that economic growth models tend not to account for either the degradation of critical , non-replaceable ecosystem services or the depletion of natural capital . The study concludes that these elements should be taken into account in future analyses of the link between natural capital and growth . In recent years increased attention to the issue of income inequality has added a new dimension to the debate over the role of the depletion of natural capital in economic growth and development . Barbier ( 2014 ) argues that understanding the depletion of natural capital is crucial to assessing both the extent to which natural capital will > 4 Natural capital includes both nonrenewable resources such as oil and minerals and renewable resources such as arable land , forests and fisheries , as well as environmental quality . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quartiles . Consistent with other patterns of asymmetry already reported , farmers ' revisions to their self-reported plot size are more pronounced among those farmers who underestimated their plots . Incomplete updating is apparent in the scatter plot and nonparametric kernel regression displayed in Figure 3 , which plots the percentage measurement error in the post-treatment ( postharvest ) survey round on the vertical axis , against the pre-treatment measurement error . If the information treatment fully eliminated NCME , the scatter plot would be a horizontal line at the zero mark on the vertical axis . Only 13 percent of treated households report plot size accurately after receiving the GPS measure of the plot . Notably , those observations are heavily concentrated among respondents whose initial measurement error was modest , within roughly the [ - 50 , 50 ] interval . Meanwhile , only another 28 percent of households exhibit some correction of mistaken beliefs , as shown by the clustering of points around the zero value on the vertical axis and within the range bounded by zero and the post-planting measurement error . A plurality of farmers ( 37 percent ) did not change their incorrect beliefs , which remained identically wrong over time , as depicted by the observations along the 45-degree line . It is striking that nearly three times as many farmers did not change their mistaken beliefs at all than fully updated to the correct plot size based on measurement they witnessed on an observable variable . The nonparametric regression indicates a strong , positive correlation between pre - and post-treatment measurement errors , but of shallower slope than the 45-degree line , signaling incomplete adjustment to corrective information , indicating partial learning failures . Figure 3 reveals two other linear relationships in the pre - and post-treatment data . These reflect the propensity of respondents to report round values for plot area . To see this , define the self-reported plot size from survey round t ( PP or PH ) , SRt . true value , T ( which does not vary over time , thus no subscript ) , and rounded values , Ri ( with i indexing different positive integer multiples of 0 . 5 , e . g . , 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 1862, "end": 1891, "text": "pre - and post-treatment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | 17 . 43 | | * * OIC * * < br > * * countries * * < br > * * average * * | 72 . 97 % | 8 . 11 % | 10 . 81 % | 13 . 51 % | 62 . 16 % | 48 . 65 % | 151 . 00 | 4 , 008 , 095 . 95 | 284 , 592 . 68 | 7 . 43 | | * * Developing * * < br > * * countries * * < br > * * average * * | 47 . 52 % | 9 . 90 % | 26 . 73 % | 17 . 82 % | 48 . 51 % | 37 . 62 % | 141 . 19 | 9 , 150 , 287 . 27 | 168 , 779 . 94 | 7 . 44 | | * * OIC-GCC * * < br > * * average * * | 79 . 41 % | 8 . 82 % | 8 . 82 % | 14 . 71 % | 61 . 76 % | 52 . 94 % | 155 . 33 | 3 , 837 , 600 . 94 | 138 , 565 . 15 | 7 . 43 | | * * Low-income * * < br > * * countries * * < br > * * average * * | 58 . 62 % | 3 . 45 % | 20 . 69 % | 6 . 90 % | 72 . 41 % | 51 . 72 % | 66 . 43 | 1 , 018 , 377 . 27 | 72 , 356 . 47 | 5 . 58 | | * * OECD * * | 30 . 00 % | 86 . 67 % | 53 . 33 % | 93 . 33 % | 33 . 33 % | 50 . 00 % | 274 . 00 | 56 , 203 , 661 . 64 | 2 , 080 , 697 . 75 | 24 . 47 | Source : CGAP financial access report data 2010 Note : The CGAP Financial Access Database covers questionnaires sent to 151 economies : 13 in East", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 975, "text": "CGAP financial access report data 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 987, "end": 1017, "text": "CGAP Financial Access Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Limitations_ * * Although this research has considerable promise , there are a number of limitations which should be acknowledged , including most importantly that this analysis only claims to be an _initial_ assessment of the relationship between the variables . While it would be ideal to have more years of data — and more observations included in the data set — the analysis uses data that are _currently_ available , as OGD only started to be measured in 2012 / 2013 . In this regard , OLS regressions are instructive in teasing out initial associations between variables ; however , as more data become available , increasingly more sophisticated estimations can be performed in the future . For instance , it would be ideal to include a country fixed-effects estimation as it would demonstrate that the results are not driven by omitted variable bias , which are country-specific and do not change over time . Unfortunately , including country fixed-effects estimation at this point in time would lead to a significant loss of degrees of freedom to estimate the parameters of interest . < sup > 130 < / sup > As such , there is an inherent trade-off between unbiasedness / consistency that would be provided by the fixed effects estimation versus being able to detect parameters using this initial OLS estimation . Second , given the fact that OGD is a rather recent phenomenon , it is difficult to suggest a purely _causal_ relationship between variables . While a lag of nine months has been introduced between the availability of OGD statistics and changes in accountability and service provision , it is likely that these changes may take more time to materialize . Accordingly , the present analysis only purports to provide evidence of associations between variables , to help support or refute existing theoretical propositions . Relatedly , challenges exist with certain indicators and it is necessary to ensure that there are no significant issues of endogeneity and simultaneous causality . For instance , more accountable governments _may_ be more inclined to support an OGD initiative in the first place , which would reverse the causal relationship . As such , it is difficult to argue at this early stage whether OGD proceeds accountability or accountability proceeds", "spans": [{"start": 1547, "end": 1561, "text": "OGD statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "good comparability between cases . < sup > 117 < / sup > Likewise , the country sample presents relatively good variation with respect to the key variables over the period , allowing the research to better isolate key associations . Finally , the country selection will allow comparison at the sub-regional level , as key differences may emerge between the southern / eastern cluster versus the western cluster of African countries . # * * _Primary Variable / Indicator Construction_ * * To perform these regressions , this research will rely on a customized data set that operationalizes the key variables , namely OGD , accountability , and service delivery provision and outcomes . All variables have indices that can be used to compare countries across the Sub-Saharan Africa region with respect to the levels of OGD and the resulting levels of accountability and service delivery . To address potential endogeneity issues , the direction of the relationship will be strengthened by the sequencing of data gathered , which would imply that OGD changes occur _prior_ to changes in accountability and service delivery . < sup > 118 < / sup > - * * Open Government Data : * * This index will draw upon the Open Data Barometer ( ODB ) , produced on an annual basis by the World Wide Web Foundation , which scores countries on the openness of their data . In particular , the ODB analyzes global trends , and provides comparative data on countries and > 114 In the future , more robust statistical techniques may be employed to the extent that data availability provides the necessary degrees of freedom to perform such analyses . The current limitations to doing so are discussed subsequently in the paper . 115 Twenty-five countries are included in the study , including : Benin , Botswana , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Côte d ’ Ivoire , Democratic Republic of Congo , Ethiopia , Ghana , Kenya , Malawi , Mali , Mauritius , Mozambique , Namibia , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , Sierra Leone , South Africa , Swaziland , Tanzania , Togo , Uganda , Zambia , and Zimbabwe . > 116 While this number of data points allows for sufficiently significant and robust results , the", "spans": [{"start": 548, "end": 567, "text": "customized data set", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1207, "end": 1226, "text": "Open Data Barometer", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is not applicable ] ; Works : [ is not applicable ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * : Not Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * FRAGILITY AND POPULATION MOVEMENT IN AFGHANISTAN * * * * Figure 1 Assisted returns to Afghanistan * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > n Nr . returnees — Cumulative distribution < br > 2 , 000 120 % < br > 1 , 800 < br > 100 % < br > 1 , 600 < br > 1 , 400 < br > 80 % < br > 1 , 200 < br > 1 , 000 60 % < br > 800 < br > 40 % < br > 600 < br > 400 < br > 20 % < br > 200 < br > 0 % < br > 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 < br > Source : UNHCR Assisted Returns < br > THOUSAND CUMULATIVE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # * * Figure 2 Share of returns up to 2007 , by district * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > J awz j an K unduz < br > B alkh Takhar B adakhs han < br > S amangan < br > B adgh i s Faryab S ar - e - P ul B aghlan Pan j s herNoor i s tan < br > B amyan Parwan K ap i s a K unarha < br > K abul Laghman < br > Herat Wardak Nangarhar < br > Ghor Daykund i Logar < br > Farah Urozgan Zabul Ghazni Pakt i kaPaktya K hos t n QUANTILES OF RETURNEES / POP n Missing Low < br > K andahar n Medium Low < br > Helmand n Medium < br > N i mroz n Medium High < br > n High < br > < ! - - End of picture text -", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 470, "text": "UNHCR Assisted Returns", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # * * 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 1 SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY CONTEXT * * This section reports on the Socio-Economic Characteristic of the PAPs enumerated within MAWASCO Project area covering Malindi and Watamu Towns ; Gongoni and Mambrui Trading Centres were free from encroachment therefore there are no PAPs . The SocioEconomic Information gathered will be used during monitoring , evaluation and implementation of the RAP . The aims of the socio-economic survey was to : - i . Enumerate and collect basic information on the affected persons - ii . Identify affected assets and livelihoods for each PAP - iii . Establish a Socio-Economic baseline for the purpose of formulating fair compensation rates . A standard Questionnaire and Asset Register was used to conduct the socio-economic data of all the 240 PAPs covered five main categories listed below : - i . Demographic Data of PAPS ( Age , Gender , Marital Status ) - ii . Education Level - iii . Income Sources of PAPS - iv . Water and Sanitation Facilities - v . Health and Hygiene Levels of PAPS # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 DEMOGRAPHY OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS * * Demographic data collected included : Age , gender and marital status of PAPs . The findings are detailed in the sub sections below # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 1 Age of PAPs * * Age is an important aspect in RAP assessments especially during determination of vulnerability of PAPs . PAPs under the age of 18 years are normally considered as minors and PAP", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 362, "text": "SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 766, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1423, "end": 1439, "text": "Demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 | Kinango , Puma , Vigurungani | 6 | 1060 . 8 | | Ndavaya | 1 | Ndavaya | 4 | 555 . 9 | | Kasemeni | 5 | Kasemeni , Mwatate , Mwavumbo , Mtaa and Gandini | 13 | 562 | | Samburu | 5 | Samburu , < br > Taru , < br > Chengoni , < br > McKinnon < br > Road , < br > Makamini | 5 | 1803 . 2 | | Total | 14 | | 28 | 4011 . 7 | # # # # # # _2 . 1 . 5 . 2 Demographics in Project Affected Division_ The population ofKasemeni division ( project site ) is predominantly rural in character and the main economic activity of the area is subsistence farming . According to the 2009 Population Census ( KNBS ) Kasemeni division had a population of 78 , 859 comprising of 12 , 902 households . Kasemeni division is an administrative unit within Kinango district and the proposed Dam Project falls within the areas of Mazeras , Chigato and Mnyenzeni sub-locations . The administrative setting of the division and the population ( 2009 ) distribution is as shown in Table 3 below : # # # # # # 2 . 1 . 5 . 3 _Economics_ The economy is mainly dependent on farming for domestic needs , with a few other limited forms of formal employment . The non-farm activities include sand harvesting for sale outside particularly in Mazeras town , quarrying of building stone at the river bed of 16", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 590, "text": "2009 Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * A growing body of literature has documented the impacts of internet access on a host of economic outcomes . < sup > 1 < / sup > Some empirical evidence suggests that the internet — like other skill-biased technological innovations — tends to benefit more educated workers but may lead to displacement effects among their less educated peers . This mechanism has often been cited to explain why poverty reduction has been sluggish among the least developed areas of the world despite significant improvements in internet connectivity . < sup > 2 < / sup > On the other hand , more recent evidence has shown that the internet has enabled faster job creation and increased economic activity in Africa , as well as higher productivity and export growth among firms in Africa ( Hjort and Paulsen , 2019 ) . However , little is known about the effects of the internet on household and individual welfare , especially among the poorest populations . In this paper , we provide new evidence on the impacts of mobile broadband coverage on household consumption and poverty in Nigeria , the largest economy and mobile broadband market in Africa . Using a difference-in-difference strategy , we exploit a unique data set that integrates three waves of a nationally representative longitudinal household survey on living standards — the General Household Survey or GHS — with information from Nigerian mobile operators on the deployment of mobile broadband coverage during the 2010-2016 period . The data allow us to match the location of each household with the coverage provided by each mobile site , to determine with precision the time when individual households began receiving coverage . Individual coverage of mobile broadband is defined as the provision of 3G or 4G coverage , which enables high-speed access to the internet , and excludes 2G coverage as it only provides for limited internet browsing and applications . We find that mobile broadband coverage had large and positive impacts on household consumption levels . Households that had at least one year of mobile broadband coverage experienced an increase in total consumption of about 6 percent . These effects increase over time , though at a decreasing rate . Coverage also reduces the proportion of", "spans": [{"start": 1270, "end": 1345, "text": "nationally representative longitudinal household survey on living standards", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1352, "end": 1376, "text": "General Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 Monitoring by Foreign Investors * * Based on results in Section 5 , the entry of foreign investors into domestic stock market triggers an efficiency-enhancing structural change by re-balancing countries ’ export portfolios towards their comparative advantage . A possible cause behind these findings might lie in the monitoring effects of foreign investors in domestic firms . An influential strand of literature argues that foreign investors are more effective as external monitors compared to domestic investors who often feel loyal to the local management ( e . g . , Gillan and Starks 2003 ; Ferreira and Matos 2008 ; Aggarwal et al . 2011 ; Bena et al . 2017 ; Luong et al . 2017 ) . If that is true , then stricter monitoring by foreign investors should push the exporting managers to abandon products that are far away from the comparative advantage of the domestic economy . This section provides some preliminary evidence in accordance with this interpretation . < sup > 27 < / sup > If our findings are indeed driven by the superior monitoring skills of foreign investors , then the results should become stronger in a legal environment providing sufficient protection to the rights of investors in general and of foreign investors in particular . Arguably , foreign investors can fully employ their monitoring abilities only if they can rely on a robust legal framework protecting their rights vis-vis corporate insiders and local government . Table 8 examines this hypothesis , based on a composite index Legal System and Property Rights from the Economic Freedom Database . The index captures various legal dimensions relevant for investor protection like integrity of legal system , legal enforcement of contracts , protection of property rights , impartiality of courts , judicial independence , etc . , with higher values of the index corresponding to higher levels of investor protection . The index varies both across countries and over time . Due to possible endogeneity concerns , we use the values measured in 1980 , which is the first year of our sample . Column ( 1 ) of Table 8 runs our preferred specification for all countries from column ( 3 ) of Table 3 on the subsample of countries for which we have data", "spans": [{"start": 1567, "end": 1592, "text": "Economic Freedom Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Given this result , we next check whether treatment decreases the male head ‘ s knowledge of the candidate choice of women in his household . Using follow-up survey data which asked the male head and each woman in the household about whether other women in the household had cast a vote and for whom they had voted , we construct cross-reports regarding candidate choice . Using these cross-reports , we find that male heads in treated households are indeed significantly less informed about the candidate choice of women in their households . Interestingly , we also find evidence of cognitive dissonance ( e . g . , Mullainathan and Washington , 2009 ) . Women in control clusters , among whom turnout was lower , were less likely to believe that the election was free and fair and more likely to report witnessing or hearing instances of violence in the village , compared to reports by women in treated clusters . While there is an extensive literature on the impact of Get-out the Vote or GOTV campaigns in developed countries , and in the US in particular ( see Gerber and Green , 2000a and 2000b ) , much less is known about the impact of such campaigns in developing countries where voters tend to have poorer access to information and institutionalized party structures are also much less developed ( Aker et al . 2010 , Banerjee et al . 2010 and Pande 2011 for a review ) . < sup > 7 , 8 < / sup > This paper contributes , therefore to two literatures . First , it adds to this nascent literature on preelection voter information campaigns in developing countries . Second , it is the only paper which , to our knowledge , assesses the impact of information externalities on voter turnout and candidate choice . This is critical for correctly measuring the cost-effectiveness of an information campaign , but it is also important for assessing the types of information that can be successfully transmitted through social networks . < sup > , < / sup > In this regard , our paper is closest to Duflo and Saez ( 2003 ) and contributes also to the burgeoning literature on social networks and peer effects ( e .", "spans": [{"start": 148, "end": 169, "text": "follow-up survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "took place in September 2019 after randomization that was conducted in August 2019 . * * Sub-component 2 . 1 . Business Plan Competition : * * The Micro and Small Enterprises Authority ( MSEA ) through KPMG have received over 11 , 000 applications by early September 2019 . Scoring of these applications is currently underway . * * Component 3 LMIS : * * The State Department of Labor ( SDL ) has made progress in undertaking an informal sector survey , updating the Kenyan National Occupational Classification ( KNOCS ) , set up a Labor Market observatory and has prepared a roadmap for the Kenya Labor Market Information System ( KLMIS ) . * * Component 4 * * . National Youth Policy : The National youth policy was endorsed by the Cabinet in November 2019 and is now poised to move to the Kenya National Assembly for legislation * * . * * # * * Risks * * # # # * * Systematic Operations Risk-rating Tool * * | Risk Category | Rating at Approval | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Political and Governance |  Substantial |  Substantial |  Substantial | | Macroeconomic |  Moderate |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Sector Strategies and Policies |  Low |  Low |  Low | | Technical Design of Project or Program |  Substantial |  Substantial |  Substantial | | Institutional Capacity for Implementation and < br > Sustainability |  High |  High |  High | | Fiduciary |  High |  High |  High | | Environment and Social |  Low |  Moderate |  Substantial | | Stakeholders |  Moderate |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Other | - - | - - | - - | | Overall |  Substantial |  Sub", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 451, "text": "informal sector survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "les accompagner , il y a lieu de noter que le partenaire a élaboré son plan de distribution lui-même et constat fait , certaines aires de santé n ’ ont pas bénéficié des intrants et même celles qui avaient bénéficié la quantité était insuffisante , raison pour la quelle certaines structures sont tombées en rupture un mois seulement après le départ du partenaire . # # * * b ) Encodeur du BCZS * * Dans la province du Tanganyika en général et la zone de santé de kabalo en particulier , la qualité des données nutritionnelles constitue un vrai problème dans la planification des interventions en l ’ absence des enquêtes fiables , le DHIS2 qui pouvait nous aider nous donne souvent des informations qui ne sont pas en phase avec la réalité du terrain . Après échange , il été fait remarquer que la zone encode sur base de SNIS transmis par les aires de santé et non dans les masques PCIMA , seulement que l ’ encodeur doit être en contact avec le superviseur nutrition pour que les informations soient conformes aux masques avant de les mettre dans l ’ outils DHIS2 , ce qui n ’ est pas toujours le cas dans la zone . # # * * c ) SEHA * * : L ’ entretien avec le superviseur Eau Hygiène et assainissement a tourné autour de la couverture en eau propre et potable dans la zone de santé , à en croire ce dernier , la zone de santé de Kabalo a une couverture des villages ayant des points d ’ eau améliorés est seulement", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 640, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1061, "end": 1066, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * Figure 6 : Goods export-employment elasticities in lower-income countries , by type of GVC specialization * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 15 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 05 < br > 0 . 00 < br > - 0 . 05 < br > - 0 . 10 < br > Total goods Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Low-tech mfg < br > Commodity exporters Limited manufacturing < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : ETD and Comtrade data , covering 37 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and 35 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Note : Export-employment elasticities at the country-sector level have been estimated using employment ( in natural logs ) as dependent variable and the instrumented trade variables ( in levels and natural logs ) as independent variable . For more information on the instruments , see Appendix 1 . The panel data regressions control for country-sector , country-time , and sector-time fixed effects . Only results significant at the 10 % level and above the critical value for the Kleibergen-Paap test statistic are reported . GVC taxonomy group by World Bank ( 2020 ) . # 3 . Measuring jobs in exports : The role of supplying sectors # # 3 . 1 Do jobs in exports grow more strongly than other jobs ? Countries ’ share of employment in exports in total employment varies considerably and is larger in small economies , but smaller in commodity-exporting countries . Analysis based on the OECD TiE database finds that smaller economies tend to show higher shares of employment in exports in their total employment , because their smaller market size dictates more openness to trade in the first place ( Figure 7 ) . The share of employment that is dependent on exports , including employment in supplying sectors , was 50 percent or higher in Ireland , Malta and Luxembourg in 2018 , contrasting sharply with the United States where the share was less than 9 percent . However , commodity-exporting countries , even smaller ones , show a smaller dependence on employment in exports . Employment shares in exports range", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 442, "text": "ETD and Comtrade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1416, "end": 1433, "text": "OECD TiE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis to receive the same forethought . Impact evaluators frequently face a lack of cost data and lack of standards for performing analyses . Moreover , some economists — the discipline that churns out most of the IE work in international development — relate that Cost analysis does not “ feel like ” microeconomics , and together with a lack of training in Cost analysis methods and the challenge of getting it right even if the data are available , make the cost of doing the analysis greater than the benefit — from the researcher ’ s perspective ( Evans , 2016 ) . Together , these factors conspire to expose researchers to risk of costly critique from peer reviewers — convincing many to avoid the exercise altogether . When it is performed , VFM analysis often seems to come as an afterthought , with cost data inquiries sometimes made well after a project has been closed . This is reflected in the general lack of detail on VFM analysis in impact evaluations , including those done at the World Bank and on Bank projects where cost data should be easier to procure , and Cost analysis should be more valued than analysis done as academic exercises . For example , of the less than 19 percent of World Bank impact evaluations that include any type of Value for Money analysis , only 13 percent — or less than 2 . 5 percent of World Bank impact evaluations — reported unit costs of inputs . When cost data are not explicitly available , they are estimated — sometimes borrowing from other studies — but more frequently without meaningful details of how Costs were estimated . Such ex post data collection is prone to recall bias and underestimating expenditures ( Evans and Popova 2016 ) . About two-fifths of the World Bank ’ s impact evaluations do not indicate which cost elements are included in the analysis . Apart from the very real challenges of using accurate cost data , it is extremely rare for World Bank IE-VFM studies to indicate parameters used for basic assumptions in Cost analysis : discount rates , exchange rates , or time horizons , for example . In general , there seems to be a clear disconnect between the", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 96, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and highlight a five-step process for the formation of Taobao Villages : introduction of Taobao projects , primary diffusion , accelerated diffusion , collective cooperation , and vertical agglomeration . They emphasize the prerequisites for the healthy development of Taobao Villages include two factors , one is the identification of a promising e-commerce project which can naturally trigger diffusion , and the other is decent local infrastructure , such as internet , transportation , and logistics . Qi et al . ( 2018 ) analyze the determinants of the formation of Taobao Villages using county-level panel data from the statistical yearbooks of Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces for the years 2012 – 2015 . They find that from the array of county-level characteristics , villages with more educated populations are more likely to become Taobao Villages . The Chinese Taobao Village development report ( Nanjing University and AliResearch 2018 ) examines the patterns of formation of the Taobao Villages and their evolution , drawing from extensive fieldwork . The report shows that , while most Taobao Villages on the coast developed spontaneously , often led by a couple of first-mover return migrants and followed by fellow villages , government support , often through subsidized service provision by experienced e-commerce service firms , has become a major force for the incubation of inland Taobao Villages . > 3 See more details in AliResearch ( 2017 ) , _Taobao Villages . _ 4", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 618, "text": "county-level panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 628, "end": 683, "text": "statistical yearbooks of Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "original PBS 2 costs with Additional Financing costs , yearly disbursement data for the program to date , and DPs contributions to date . * * Table 1 : PBS 2 Additional Financing Costs by Source of Financing ( US $ million equivalent ) * * | * * Sub-Programs * * | * * Original * * < br > * * budget * * | * * Additional * * < br > * * GoE * * < br > * * Contri - * * < br > * * bution * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Additional * * < br > * * IDA * * < br > * * Financing * * | * * Other * * < br > * * PBS * * < br > * * Donors * * | * * Financing * * < br > * * Gap * * | * * Revised * * < br > * * Total * * < br > * * AF * * < br > * * Cost * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Sub-Program A . Support to Delivery of Basic * * < br > * * Services * * | | | | | | | | Part A1 . Basic Services Grant | 2 , 473 . 4 | 523 . 0 | 407 . 7 | 125 . 0 | 366 . 8 | 3895 . 9 | | Part A2 . Pilot Local Investment Grant ( LIG ) | 53 . 4 | | | | | 53 . 4 | | * * Sub-Program B . Health MDG Support Facility * * | 87 . 7 | | 12 . 3 | | | 100 . 0 | | * * Sub-Program C . Transparency & Accountability * * < br > Part C1 . Accountability in Decentralized Finances < br >", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 79, "text": "yearly disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Amhara Region | X | | - - - | - - - | | Dire Dawa Region | X | | Harari Region | X | | Oromiya Region | X | | Somali Region | X | | TigrayRegion | X | | Southern Nations , < br > Nationalities , and < br > People ' s Region | X | * * Institutional Data Parent ( ET Productive Safety Net Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) - P146883 ) * * * * Practice Area ( Lead ) * * Social Protection & Labor * * Contributing Practice Areas * * * * Cross Cutting Topics * * < u > [ X ] Climate Change < / u > < u > [ ] Fragile , Conflict & Violence < / u > < u > [ X ] Gender < / u > < u > [ X ] Jobs < / u > < u > [ ] Public Private Partnership < / u > * * Sectors / Climate Change * * Sector ( Maximum 5 and total % must equal 100 ) | Major Sector | Sector | % | Adaptation < br > Co-benefits % | Mitigation Co - < br > benefits % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Health and other social services | Other social services | 92 | 10 | | | Public Administration , Law , and | Public administration - | 8 | 10 | | | Justice | Other social services | | | | | Total | | 100 | | | * * Themes * * Theme ( Maximum 5 and total % must equal 100 ) | Major theme | Theme | % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Social protection and risk management | Social Safety Nets / Social Assistance & | 80 | | | < br > Social Care Services | | viii", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 , 930 households , detailed data at the household and individual level , and a labor module that encompasses separate sections on agriculture and non-agriculture enterprises for company owners and self-employed workers . It should be noted that the three surveys do not use an exactly similar questionnaire , and therefore are not perfectly comparable . Annex 1 discusses the harmonization effort undertaken to render the interest variables as comparable as possible . # * * I . Overview of Haiti ’ s Labor Market Trends from 2001 to 2012 * * As of 2012 , Haiti ’ s population was estimated at 10 . 8 million people , < sup > 4 < / sup > 7 million of whom were of working age ( Figure 1 ) . Among those , 74 percent were active in the labor market , meaning that they were either employed or willing to start a job on short notice if offered one . < sup > 5 < / sup > Two-thirds of the 1 . 4 million people defined as unemployed were discouraged by the tough labor conditions and were not actually searching for work , while the remaining 0 . 5 million were actively looking . Unemployment as defined by the International Labour Organization , which considers only people looking for a job , stood at 12 percent , high for Latin America , but in line with other countries in the Caribbean . > 4 Haiti ’ s last Census dates to 2003 . Total population for 2012 refers to estimates from the 2012 household survey , based on projections by Haiti ’ s statistical office , the _Institut Haitien de Statistiques et Informatique_ ( IHSI ) . > 5 This number refers to an extended definition of unemployment , which considers not only those currently looking for a job ( the ILO ’ s definition ) , but also those who are not looking due to discouragement by labor market conditions but who would be willing to take a job if offered one . For more details on definitions used in this paper , see Box 2 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1390, "end": 1411, "text": "2012 household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as employment figures , due to existing capacity gaps . Additionally , PFIs highlighted that the borrowing cap of KES 250 , 000 was inadequate for many MSMEs in light of inflationary pressures . SAFER products also lacked differentiation , attributable in part to protracted board and regulatory approval processes . MTR discussions identified major delays in launching component 1 , as the Subsidiary Loan Agreement between NT and KDC was not signed until August 2023 — over a year after the project ' s effectiveness in March 2022 — due to prolonged legal processes that further postponed overall implementation . In addition , project onboarding was delayed further by detailed financial due diligence from the Apex institution . PFIs had varying data systems — from manual to automated — which required significant training to ensure both PFIs and MSMEs met compliance and effectiveness standards - b . * * Lessons learned at the MTR stage : * * The MTR underscored that SAFER ' s continued success hinges on stakeholder collaboration to address persistent challenges and facilitate further automation . It was also observed that most MSMEs have recovered from the impacts of Covid19 and are now focused on resilience and growth , indicating that the project should transition its emphasis from immediate emergency response toward reinforcing MSME sector resilience to support economic development . * * 11 . The mission also carried out a comprehensive financial and institutional assessment of KDC . * * Before approving the project , a financial intermediary assessment was conducted in autumn 2022 to ensure KDC met the Financial Intermediary Policy requirements . Both evaluations determined that KDC complies with these policy standards and is eligible to serve as the project implementation agency , specifically as the second-tier institution responsible for distributing project funds to the PFIs . Annex 1 contains a comprehensive Financial Intermediary Financing ( FIF ) description . _ < u > Implementation of Component 2 – De-risking lending to MSMEs < / u > _ * * 12 . The National Treasury maintains positive progress in the implementation of the existing National", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", compared to three days a week for elderly Syrian refugees . Five days a week , elderly Palestinian refugees only consumed bread , compared to one day a week for elderly Syrian refugees . - * * PRL female-headed households : * * Palestinian women are significantly more likely to report severe food insecurity . The 2010 AUB socio-economic survey of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon found that 19 % of female-headed households experienced severe food insecurity , and 30 % of households reporting severe food insecurity were female-headed households . - * * Refugees affected by impairment , injury or chronic disease : * * a study carried out by Handicap International and HelpAge International ( 2013 ) assessing the situation of vulnerable refugees ( in the study this included refugees affected by impairment , injury and chronic disease ) in Jordan and Lebanon found that families including a person with specific needs face some additional challenges . The study showed that : - Older people with specific needs ( such as impairment , injury or chronic disease ) will have specific needs related to nutrition due to a number of factors such as dental problems , nutritional problems and changes in requirement for general food and micronutrient intake . - Insufficient food intake can have severe health repercussions for older family members or those with chronic diseases . They may see their health condition degrade as food intake becomes irregular . - People with disabilities might require additional calorie intake ( e . g . for persons with stroke or spinal cord injuries who may be less able regulate their body temperature , or persons with injuries to facilitate the healing process ) . - Some people with disabilities need a special diet to facilitate the healing process and avoid complications . For example , some need food in a liquid form . - Healthcare prevention and nutritional messages are not always accessible to all ( i . e . persons with visual or hearing impairments , low mobility or older people ) . 42", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 347, "text": "AUB socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Disbursement data of the SDG fund shared by the FMOH indicates that EPSA is no more the largest recipient of the fund . According to the disbursement data over the past three years covering EFY 2011 , EFY 2012 and EFY 2013 , around 43 % of total funds was allocated for EPSA for purpose of procurement of pharmaceuticals and medical equipment . Though this allocation is a significant decrease from the earlier allocation at the initial period of the PforR operation , which was more than 85 % , EPSA still remains a significant spender of the SDG fund . On the other hand , the allocation for regions that was insignificant at the start of the program has currently grown to much high allocation reaching around 44 % of the total disbursement . The following tables show the expenditure data of the SDG fund for the past three years . * * _Table 1 : SDG Fund Disbursement Allocation_ * * | | * * EFY 2011 * * < br > * * [ ETB ] * * | * * EFY 2012 * * < br > * * [ ETB ] * * | * * EFY 2013 * * < br > * * [ ETB ] * * | * * Total * * < br > * * [ ETB ] * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Regions | 2 , 401 , 544 , 121 | 2 , 319 , 277 , 874 | 1 , 315 , 743 , 569 | 6 , 036 , 565 , 564 | | EPSA | 2 , 606 , 858 , 696 | 1 , 693 , 206 , 843 | 1 , 525 , 832 , 378 | 5 , 825 , 897 , 916 | | UNICEF | 309 , 146 , 475 | 286 , 019 , 730 | 330 , 783 , 348 | 925 , 949 , 554 | | HOSPITAL", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 35, "text": "Disbursement data of the SDG fund", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 139, "end": 156, "text": "disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 778, "end": 810, "text": "expenditure data of the SDG fund", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption is modeled through the Linear Expenditure System over composite commodities ( domestic and imported ) ; exporters of each commodity face constant-elasticity < sup > 1 < / sup > foreign demand schedules ; production for exports or domestic markets are regulated by CET < sup > 2 < / sup > functions for each firm , production is a nested Leontief / CES structure for primary factors and composite inputs , labor is a CES function of 10 different types of labor . This non-linear model is solved with the GEMPACK software , and distinguishes between 42 sectors and 52 commodities < sup > 3 < / sup > ; 10 labor occupational categories . All quantity variables in the model are disaggregated according to 27 regions within Brazil , using an elaboration of the top-down regional modeling method described in Chapter 6 of Dixon _et al . _ ( 1982 ) . This methodology recognizes local multiplier effects : many service goods are little traded between regions , so that local service output must follow local demand for services . The CGE model is calibrated with data from the Brazilian economy for 1996 , obtained from two main sources : the 1996 Brazilian Input-Output Matrix ( IBGE . http : / / ibge . gov . br ) , and the Brazilian Agricultural Census ( IBGE , 1996 ) . On the income generation side of the model , workers are divided into 10 different categories ( occupations ) , according to their wages . These wage classes are then assigned to each regional industry in the model . Together with the revenues from other endowments ( capital and land rents ) these wages will be used to generate household incomes . Each activity uses a particular mix of the 10 different labor occupations ( skills ) . Changes in activity level change > 1 For the simulations reported here , we set the export demand elasticities to values derived from the GTAP model , so as to increase consistency between results for the world and Brazil models . > 2 The domestic / exportable CET was set to infinity for the simulations reported below , to fit in with the assumptions of the GTAP model . > 3 One of", "spans": [{"start": 1069, "end": 1109, "text": "data from the Brazilian economy for 1996", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1149, "end": 1183, "text": "1996 Brazilian Input-Output Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1232, "end": 1261, "text": "Brazilian Agricultural Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 046 * * * < br > ( 0 . 005 ) | 0 . 082 * * * < br > ( 0 . 005 ) | 0 . 057 * * * < br > ( 0 . 003 ) | | Teen pregnancy [ 14-19 ] | 0 . 128 | 0 . 111 | 0 . 016 * * < br > ( 0 . 007 ) | 0 . 021 * * * < br > ( 0 . 007 ) | 0 . 008 * < br > ( 0 . 005 ) | _Source_ : REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 . _Notes_ : SE clustered at department level in parenthesis . Column 4 includes gender and age fixed effects and column 5 also includes department and urban fixed effects . * _p < _ 0 . 10 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 . are greater than the differences between Afro-Argentines and the rest of the population on average . While Afro-Argentines obtain , on average , statistically significant worse outcomes with respect to home ownership , being legally married and number of disabilities , they obtain statistically significant better outcomes regarding years of education , use of computer and being economically active . Another benchmark for comparison is the differences between Natives and non-Natives in the US , see Tables A2 and A3 in the Appendix . These tables are constructed using the five-year sample ( 2010-2014 ) of the American Community Survey ( see Ruggles et al . , 2021 ) . We chose outcomes that are somewhat comparable with the outcomes in Argentina , including home ownership , years of education , being economically active , unemployment , precarious housing , health insurance , number of disabilities and teen motherhood . Natives face a disadvantage in both countries for all outcomes except health insurance . For health insurance , Natives have a small advantage in the US thanks to the Indian Health Services , while Natives experience a disadvantage in Argentina . For the other seven outcomes in which Natives face a disadvantage in both countries , the disadvantage is larger in Argentina than in the US for three", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 299, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1148, "end": 1173, "text": "American Community Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s will be achieved through the training of staff under the project ; staff will be obtained through direct recruitment by districts or secondment of engineers by the Engineering Department ( ED ) at MOLG . The monitoring of project performance in feeder roads activities would be carried out by MOLG / ED . 11 . URC would be responsible for the execution of the railways component . The Planning Division in the Transport and Communications Directorate of MOWTC would be responsible for managing the training and technical assistance for strengthening of capacity for formulating transport policy and maintaining the national transport data base .", "spans": [{"start": 617, "end": 645, "text": "national transport data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6172 # * * Abstract * * Farm-gate buying by small itinerant buyers is the dominant mode of primary marketing in Tanzania ’ s maize market . This paper estimates the effect of household distance to market on maize farm-gate prices , and the extent to which seasonally determined search costs can explain price variations between the lean and the harvest seasons using data from the most recent Tanzania Household Budget Survey ( 2007 ) . The author observes that greater distance to market depresses farmgate prices but that it is a relatively modest effect , and that this effect is pro-cyclical in that it is stronger during the harvest season when prices are lowest . The paper discusses the latter result with reference to search costs as an explanatory factor . It also briefly places the findings in the context of Tanzania ’ s food security patterns , making a link between food insecurity and high search costs . The main policy conclusion is that coordinating mechanisms such as village market places ( in parallel with farm-gate buying ) may reduce transaction costs in rural markets . This paper is a product of the Human Development Sector , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at smahdi @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 455, "text": "Tanzania Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 7 Page 3 - ( i ) institutions concerned ; and # ( ii ) lending programs . # Organization of Study 2 . The Government would designate the responsible agency for the implementation of the study ( such as Ministry of Finance and Planning ) . A steering committee composed of representatives of Ministry of Finance and Planning , Ministry of Agriculture , Ministry of Commerce , Agricultural Finance Corporation , and IBRD would be set up to supervise and guide the study and to review interim and final reports . The study will be conducted over a period of twelve months , allowing eight months for compiling and analyzing data and four months for preparing the report . It will be based upon past studies , and other existing available data , Government plans and projections , field surveys , and interviews with appropriate officials . # Key Personnel 3 . The work would probably require a team of experts whose expertise would cover the range of problems outlined above . The qualifications offered for guidance are : - ( a ) Agriculture Credit Expert : Project leader , responsible for organization of study , overall credit situation , interim and final report , liaison with steering committee , etc . He should have long experience in operational and policy levels with agricultural credit institutions . - ( b ) Broad Based Agricultural Economist : He should be experienced in Governmental planning operations and organizational problems . He should also have experience of fiscal and monetary policies and be able to advise on interest rate structures . - ( c ) Management Expert : He would be responsible for reviewing the management of the various institutions involved in credit . He should have had considerable management experience in the type of credit institution involved . - ( d ) Agriculturalists : Responsible for costs and operational needs of farmer inputs for both short - , medium - and longterm on-farm investments for all major crops in Kenya . He should have a thorough knowledge and experience in crop production and animal husbandry and livestock problems , and farm management . - ( e ) Agriculture Production Economist : Responsible for evaluation of inputs requirements in", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 796, "text": "field surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "earners in the tax data is inflated due to the underreporting of income . * * According to tax data , 27 . 5 % of employees are minimum wage earners . According to the raw EU-SILC data , this share is 13 . 5 % . Based on the imputation of tax income into the EU-SILC data , our results show that the share of minimum wage earners is significantly higher , 22 . 3 % . * * Underreporting of tax income is an important challenge for public policy in Romania . * * The discrepancy between tax data and survey data should be further investigated . Tax evasion weakens the fiscal capacity of the country . Under-reporting of income in the bottom half of the income distribution may result in an incorrect allocation of means-tested benefits and limit the efficiency of the social policy . The estimates of the share of minimum wage earners based on the tax data should be treated cautiously . Our results suggest that approximately one-quarter of the minimum wage earners receive envelope wages and earn more than the minimum wage . 32", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 23, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 172, "end": 184, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "carried out to determine the location of 82 replacement schools . The MoE has identified that 80 of the 82 replacement schools will be located on government land and two schools will be on privately owned land that will be acquired in accordance with the Land Acquisition Plan . Government policy also requires the development of a LAP once the school mapping exercise is completed and the acquisition of privately owned land has been identified . The private landowners will be compensated before the start of civil works and there will not be any issues of involuntary relocation of people . 13 . Regarding the issues of water supply and waste water disposal , such services will be provided by the WAJ . Priority in site selection is given to sites with existing water and wastewater services . In the remote cases where there is no piped water supply or central wastewater services , the potential issues would be associated with the provision of such services in-situ , if feasible . In the latter case , provisions will be made in the design of such services to protect the environment from pollution . 14 . Regarding the disposal of solid wastes , no major issues are anticipated as schools do not generate large quantities of wastes . Therefore , criteria for locating new schools will include assurances from concerned municipal authorities to provide environmentally sound collection and disposal services . 15 . Regarding the possibility of encountering cultural heritage sites during the excavation works for replacement schools or major expansions to existing schools , provisions will be included in the construction contracts establishing procedures to manage such chance finds . These provisions are already provided for in the Antiquities Law . Such provisions require halting the works in cases of chance finds and to notify the Department of Antiquities in the Ministry of Tourism , which is required to take the necessary actions to protect and preserve the sites . In such cases , the works will stop altogether and new sites would have to be identified . # # # * * Indirect * * 16 . Indirect impacts of the proposed facilities would be those associated with the construction works and the additional vehicular traffic during the", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 368, "text": "school mapping exercise", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # KENYA # # INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT # # PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT AFRICA # # AFTUW Date : February 24 , 2011 Sector ( s ) : General water , sanitation and flood Country Director : Johannes C . M . Zutt protection ( 40 % ) ; general transportation sector Sector Director : Jamal Saghir ( 30 % ) ; subnational government administration Sector Manager : Junaid Kamal Ahmad ( 30 % ) Team Leader ( s ) : Sumila Gulyani Theme ( s ) : Access to urban services and housing Project ID : P113542 60 % ) ; municipal development ( 20 % ) ; other urban Lending Instrument : Specific development ( 20 % ) Investment Loan EA Category : B , Partial assessment # # * * < mark > Project Financing Data : < / mark > * * Proposed terms : [ ] Loan [ X ] Credit [ ] Grant [ ] Guarantee [ ] Other : | Source | Total Amount ( US $ M ) | | - - - | - - - | | Total Project Cost : | 110 | | Cofinancing : | | | Recipient : | 10 | | Total Bank Financing | 100 | | IBRD | | | IDA | 100 | | New | 100 | | Recommitted | | Recipient : Republic of Kenya Office of the Deputy Prime Minister and Ministry of Finance The Treasury P . O . Box 30007-00100 Nairobi , Kenya Tel : ( 254-20 ) 2252299 Fax : ( 254-20 ) 2240045 Responsible Agency : Ministry of Housing Ardhi House , Ngong Rd PO Box 30450-00100 v", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 702, "text": "Project Financing Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "around that average was large at 3 . 7 percent ( one standard deviation ) . The services sector — historically a key growth driver < sup > 2 < / sup > — has been severely impacted by the Syria conflict and has contributed significantly to Lebanon ’ s low growth in recent years . Tumbling growth since 2011 and the large fiscal burden associated with Syrian refugees ’ access to public services and infrastructure have pushed the debt ‐ to ‐ GDP ratio higher again ( around 140 percent as of end ‐ 2015 ) , resulting in a marked deterioration of the country ’ s macroeconomic environment . Meanwhile , the growth outlook remains subdued given the ongoing conflict in Syria and the domestic political impasse . The World Bank projects real growth between 2 to 2 . 5 yearly over the medium term . 3 . * * Lebanon faces stark and pressing development challenges , however , the reform efforts to improve the quality of institutions and promote growth have been limited . * * The difficulty in reaching consensus in Lebanon delays decision ‐ making processes and leaves Lebanon vulnerable to external influences . This has left important economic reforms and projects unaddressed , and has resulted in missed reform opportunities especially since in many cases the technical solutions are well known . This is clearly visible in the deteriorating infrastructure sectors , the poor quality of public institutions and service delivery , and a challenging macroeconomic environment . 4 . * * Lebanon ’ s pressing reform and development needs are particularly evident in its very poor infrastructure which represents a key constraint to growth . * * Despite being an upper middle ‐ income country , Lebanon ’ s infrastructure is in a very bad condition . According to the World Economic Forum ’ s > 1 The World Bank Group . Lebanon Country Partnership Framework ( CPF ) . 2016 . > 2 Between 1997 and 2011 — latest utilized final national accounts — the services sector accounted for an average of 74 percent of real GDP . Page 10 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 1915, "end": 1938, "text": "final national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Table 7 . 4 : Number & Size of Eucalyptus Trees Affected | * * Size * * | * * SS * * | * * ROW * * | * * Access * * < br > * * Road * * | * * Number * * | * * Percentage * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Quami | 51 | 36 | 0 | 87 | 5 . 8 | | Mager | 132 | 105 | 0 | 237 | 15 . 7 | | Chefeka | 673 | 509 | 0 | 1 , 182 | 78 . 5 | | * * Total * * | * * 856 * * | * * 650 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 1 , 506 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 56 . 8 * * | * * 43 . 2 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 ) _ # # # # # * * 7 . 7 Impact on Indigenous and Other Trees * * In addition to eucalyptus trees , three different species of indigenous trees are also among identified properties that the proposed Subproject will affect during the construction phase . Accordingly , a total of 9 indigenous trees having different size and belonging to 2 households will be affected by RoW . These trees are 3 Acacia albidas ( ግራር ) and 6 Bisanas ( ብሳና ) . For the substation and access road components , there will not be indigenous trees to be impacted . The households in Subproject influence area use these various species of trees for different purposes including", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 729, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia Program for Results ( Hybrid ) for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services . ( P175167 ) | Completion | Inclusion in the different periodic report . | | - - - | - - - | | Measurement | | | Comments | Handover protocol & procedure drafted to address procur staff transitions ; a procurement < br > specialist hired & deployed ; recruitment of finance specialists for each region & EPSS is ongoing ; < br > internal audit strengthened ; Ethical officers deployed to 19 hubs | | Action Description | Institutionaliz < br > services ) | e Gender based violence | in the health servic | es ( promotion and | clinical | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | Environmental and < br > Social Systems | NA | MoH Women and < br > Social Affairs < br > Directorate | Other | annually | In Progress | | Completion < br > Measurement | MOH annual < br > prevention a | report on adolescent and < br > nd response services | youth service inclu | ding gender-based | violence | | Comments | GBV preventi < br > has increased < br > integrated wi | on & response training pa < br > from 77 to 85 ; experienc < br > th DHIS2 . | ckage revised ; the < br > e sharing conducte | number of GBV on < br > d ; GBV service utili | e stop centers < br > zation info | | Action Description | Strengthen a < br > health sector | nd maintain the Environm < br > at federal , regional and lo | ental and Social M < br > cal levels . | anagement", "spans": [{"start": 1259, "end": 1264, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be sufficient to avoid such eventuality . Results of the census surveys , including : - c ) Documentation of affected structures and assets – NLC representatives , ICTA representatives , chiefs will arrange meetings with affected individuals and / or households to discuss the compensation process . For each individual or household affected , the RAP Consultants completes a compensation dossier containing necessary personal information on the affected party and those that s / he claims as household members , dependents , total landholdings , inventory of assets affected , and information for monitoring their future situation . This information is confirmed and witnessed by local elders . Dossiers will be kept current and will include documentation of all assets surrendered and / or impacted . Each individual will be provided a copy of the dossier at the time of negotiations . This is necessary because it is one way in which individuals and households can be monitored over time . All claims and assets will be documented in writing . - d ) Agreement on Compensation and Preparation of Awards – All types of compensation are clearly explained to the individual or household . The Technical Planning Team draws up a contract , listing all property and land being surrendered and / or assets impacted , and the types of compensation ( cash and / or in-kind ) selected . A person selecting in-kind compensation has an order form , which is signed and witnessed . The compensation contract is read aloud in the 59", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 71, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", are controlled . Noteworthy , the specific product-market-related factors which appear as significant differ between the two country groups : In Eastern and Southern Europe , these are Investment Freedom and Trade Freedom , whilst in Western and Northern Europe - Business Freedom and Monetary Freedom ; when all countries are pooled together , it is Business Freedom which matters . The share of non-contracted employees is negatively affected by perceived quality of public services ( represented by Government Effectiveness , Satisfaction with the Government , > 30 A sign in parentheses refers to a marginally insignificant effect ( _P_ - values between 0 . 10 and 0 . 13 ) . > 31 Table 10 also provides comparisons with the results of four other studies where the dependent variable is one of the following proxies for informal employment : ( i ) share of labor force not contributing to the pension system ; ( ii ) share of self-employed in the labor force ; ( iii ) share of workers without a contract or with a temporary contract . The results reviewed in Table 10 refer to : Fialova and O . Schneider ( 2011 ) – for a panel ( 2006-2007 ) of 25 European countries , using all three proxies ; Perry et al . ( 2007 ) and Loayza et al . ( 2009 ) - for cross-sections of 57 to 70 world countries , using proxies ( i ) and ( ii ) ; Loayza and Rigolini ( 2006 ) – for a panel ( ending in 2004 ) of 42 world countries and a sub-panel of 18 developing countries , using proxies ( i ) and ( ii ) . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; education and literacy status of the household head or respondent , and the presence of children under the age of three in any of the three waves . # Pre-treatment trends By focusing on mobile broadband coverage and not mobile broadband usage ( which is a household choice ) , the estimation strategy follows an intention-to-treat ( ITT ) framework , similar to Beuermann et al ( 2012 ) . However , mobile operators do not expand or upgrade their networks randomly . Instead , they are likely to first target areas that will generate higher expected returns , and one would expect households in these areas to have higher levels of consumption and lower incidences of poverty . In order for the ITT framework to produce unbiased results , we therefore rely on the assumption that outcomes for the ‘ treated ’ group of households ( those that receive coverage ) would have evolved in the same way as the ‘ control ’ group of households ( those that do not receive coverage ) if they had not benefitted from 3G or 4G coverage . This is not possible to test , but it is more likely to hold if the two groups have similar pre-treatment trends . We therefore exploit the fact that we have three waves of survey data and apply a test based on the approach proposed in Angrist and Pischke ( 2008 ) . Specifically , we estimate : ( 3 ) i 1D i 2 i i ii ii ii + 1 ii ii ii YY = αα + ββ + ββ XX + γγ + εε In equation 3 , we test whether changes in the outcome of interest between Wave 1 and Wave 2 are predicted by getting coverage between Wave 2 and Wave 3 . If the coefficient is statistically significant for consumption , this would suggest that consumption ‘ leads ’ coverage and so one could not conclude that coverage has a causal impact on consumption . On the other hand , if the coefficient is not > 23 For a detailed review of the literature on the economic impact of mobile money , see Aron ( 2018 ) . 24 https : / / globalfindex . worldbank . org / 9", "spans": [{"start": 1201, "end": 1212, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- friendly safe spaces ( WFSS ) ; and ( iii ) complementary socio-economic empowerment support services including additional activities to support village savings and loan associations ( VSLAs ) , and piloting of community-based childcare . 3 . * * A level two project restructuring will enable inclusion of additional indicators in the Results Framework ( RF ) to monitor progress of new activities * * . Proposed new indicators include : i ) number of beneficiaries participating in Narrative Exposure Therapy ( NET ) treatment with completed narrations ; ii ) number of personnel trained in NET and NET variations ; iii ) number of women who are VSLA members ; iv ) total amount of savings in VSLAs per year before their annual cycle share out ; and v ) female labor force participation as a result of access to childcare services . Data on GBV survivors accessing care through WFSS will be captured under the Project Development Objective ( PDO ) indicator under the parent project : Share of reported GBV cases who receive access to multi-sectoral response services . Two additional intermediate indicators to improve measurement of climate resilience under Component 1 will also be added , including i ) share of new or reconstructed / rehabilitated infrastructure according to Ethiopian Building codes in planning , design and implementation standards , and ii ) share of new or reconstructed / rehabilitated infrastructure for which analysis of water delivery has been conducted . - * * B . Country and Sector Context * * 4 . * * Recent and on-going conflict in northern Ethiopia has resulted in large scale displacement and created significant humanitarian needs , while post-conflict reconstruction needs place additional demands on public finances . * * The Agreement for Lasting Peace through a Permanent Cessation of Hostilities was signed between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( GoE ) and the Tigray People ’ s Liberation Front ( TPLF ) in Pretoria on November 2 , 2022 after two years of conflict , paving the way to deliver much needed humanitarian assistance", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) | Of which , women borrowers | This indicator is designed to < br > include all women-owned < br > MSMEs that receive < br > financing under the project ' s < br > Component 1 ( with an < br > assumption that 40 % of < br > borrowers are women < br > based on MNO data ) | Annual | MFBs and < br > SACCOs | Analysis of < br > beneficiaries ' data | Implementing Agency | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of PFIs receiving the line of credit < br > under the project | This indicator measures the < br > total number of eligible PFIs < br > receivingthe line of credit | Annual | PFIs | Analysis of PFIs ' < br > portfolio data | Implementing Agency | | | This indicator measures the < br > total number of subloans < br > | | PFIs and | | | | Number of subloans disbursed through < br > digital channels under the Project | provided to MSMEs by PFIs < br > with Project funds through < br > digital channels , working < br > with an assumption that the < br > average loan size is $ 70 - < br > $ 1500 . | Annual | Digital < br > channels < br > ( MNOs ) | Analysis of PFIs ' < br > portfolio data | Implementing Agency | | | The proportion of MSME | | MFB , Saccos , | Ali f Bfiii | | | Percentage of MSME Loans extended to < br > Women-Owned Enterprises | loans submitted to the Apex < br > institution that are < br > extended to women | Annual", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 374, "text": "MNO data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 744, "end": 758, "text": "portfolio data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "secondary data < sup > 4 < / sup > when available and through community level focus group discussions . The frequency of data collection depends on the rapidity of change experienced . Initially , a quarterly data collection mechanism could operate in the camp whereas a 6 month data collection cycle could be used in the urban setting . However , where specific events occur e . g . large influxes or reductions in service provisiion this tool can be applied in order to determine changes . > 2 Distance is only one parameter used to determine access . For example a household may live close to a school but have no access because class numbers are already oversubscribed . > 3 This needs to be confirmed by the IM team in Amman > 4 The individual / household level data can be used to inform the community level vulnerability score card 4", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 771, "text": "individual / household level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "error . In addition , since landholding documents sometimes report distinct plots of land , we allow for either total-land or partial-land matches : if any combination of listed plots adds up to the size reported by the bank , within _ ± _ 5 % , we consider this a match . This match protocol retains considerable power , and both excluding partial-land matches and using a _ ± _ 1 % margin of error has only negligible effects on the overall match rate . With landholding documents for 71 % of surveyed households , manipulation of the forcing variable can be ruled out for 96 . 1 % of audited households . Note that a potential case of manipulation would be one in which the land reported by the bank is _smaller_ than the land reported in official documents . We find that this is the case for only 82 households or 3 . 9 % of the audited sample . The rate of exact matches is 41 . 4 % . Of the cases that fail to match , 83 . 5 % fail to match because the total official landholding is too small to match with the bank report . These appear to be cases where multiple landholdings were pooled , or cases where land was misreported on the high side in order to qualify for a larger loan . In either case , note that this works _against_ debt relief qualification : given that qualification depended on landholding being below a certain cutoff , over-reporting land makes qualification for debt relief _less_ likely , thus identifying these accounts as cases where we can rule out manipulation of land records in order to qualify for debt relief . The robustness sample used in the analysis excludes all accounts for 52", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1511, "text": "land records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Adjusting for the panel design and for over and above CPI increases in the cost of poverty basket result in less impressive growth . Table 2 shows that moving to the panel constant weights and the welfare index instead of per capita consumption ( reflecting real growth rates relative to the cost of the poverty basket ) welfare growth was close to 2 percent per year ( 6 . 85 percent over 2005-2008 period ) , and not 4 percent per year as implied by the overall CPI index . Table 5 also shows how standard errors estimated with classical assumptions are different from correct standard errors which take into consideration survey sample design ( clustering ) and panel properties . It means for example that for rural areas growth rate in average consumption is not statistically different from zero ( at 95 percent confidence level the range around the estimate is plus minus 6 percentage points – larger that the mean estimate itself of 5 . 6 percent ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > * * Table 2 : Growth rate of the welfare index and standard errors * * | | * * Growth rate of the * * | | * * Standard errors , pe * * | * * rcent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * welfare index , % * * | * * Classic * * | * * Allowing for clustering * * | * * Panel ( boostraped ) * * | | Urban | 7 . 83 | 0 . 48 | 3 . 75 | 3 . 59 | | Rural | 5 . 66 | 0 . 33 | 3 . 13 | 3 . 44 | | * * Total Egypt * * | * * 6 . 85 * * | * * 0 . 31 * * | * * 2 . 50 * * | * * 2 . 57 * * | _Source : Authors estimates based on HIECPS 2005-2008 and regional CPI indice ) . Note : Table uses fixed household size to construct constant panel weights . _ This", "spans": [{"start": 1511, "end": 1517, "text": "HIECPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1532, "end": 1551, "text": "regional CPI indice", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "123 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0318 ) | ( 0 . 0329 ) | ( 0 . 0452 ) | ( 0 . 0420 ) | ( 0 . 0406 ) | ( 0 . 0341 ) | | Observations | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | Note : This chart is based on answers to question 8 , 10 , 13 , 29 and 30 in Appendix B . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent critical level . Standard errors in parentheses . 42", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > requeststheauditortoclearthefindingbasedontheconsiderable < / sup > management responses < sup > andavaileddocumentations . Please alsotake intoconsiderationthat mostof < / sup > the beneficiaries are < sup > micro and smallenterprisebusinesses typically served < / sup > < sup > * * by * * EthiopianMicro Finance < / sup > Institutions . The target < sup > oftheprojectistoaccessfinancing ( loan ) withnoorminimalcollateral < / sup > requirement . This < sup > trend isbeing scaledupand showing goodimprovement . Furthermore , WEDPis the < / sup > only flagship project < sup > toberated < / sup > < sup > * * \" highly * * satisfactory \" inmost of PDO < / sup > < sup > * * & * * IP ratingindicators . < / sup > 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in coordination with WASH sector ( 17 SDs on Shelter ) - Turkey Hub Shelter Needs Assessment : Key Informant ( 2 SDs ) - Turkey Hub NFI Needs Assessment : Household level ( 2 SDs ) - Turkey Hub based individual operational partner assessments : 1 . Key Informants ( 17 SDs on NFIs and 7 SDs on Shelter ) 2 . Key Informant ( 18 SDs on NFIs and 18 SDs on Shelter ) 3 . Shelter Assessment : Household level ( 2 SDs ) 4 . Shelter Assessment : Household Level ( 8 SDs ) # # # # # * * Non sector / cluster led assessments and other sources * * - OCHA-led multi-sector operational partner assessments through Key Informants – 83 sub-districts - Needs and Population Monitoring project ( NPM ) through Key Informants – 147 sub-districts on NFIs and 146 on Shelter - UNHabitat-led Urban Community Profile initiative through Key informants – 35 sub-districts - OCHA IDP and Population Task Force data * * For further information please contact Whole of Syria Shelter / NFI team : Greg Andrews ( WoS_NFI_Shelter @ drc-mena . org ) , Jason Hepps ( hepps @ unhcr . org ) , and Vinothraj Ratnaraj ( ratnaraj @ unhcr . org ) * * i", "spans": [{"start": 638, "end": 677, "text": "Needs and Population Monitoring project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 758, "end": 806, "text": "UNHabitat-led Urban Community Profile initiative", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 851, "end": 890, "text": "OCHA IDP and Population Task Force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relationship is most robust among the most recent cohort . Similarly , McKenzie ( 2003 ) finds evidence of deferred and / or lower fertility in response to the Mexican Peso Crisis of 1995 . His analysis shows that about one in 20 households postponed or decided against having a child as a result of the crisis , among both educated and non-educated households , and both rural and urban households . Some studies find that deferring fertility during economic crises is confined to a certain subset of women ( mostly women who are more likely to be credit constrained ) , implying that economic crises change the composition of women giving birth , which may or may not be reflected in overall fertility rates . Using a large micro-dataset from India , Bhalotra ( 2010 ) shows that during periods of economic downturn , women at high risk of spontaneous abortions or stillbirths become more likely to defer fertility . Specifically , she finds that in both rural and urban areas , illiterate women are more likely to avert childbearing during economic recessions . Further , in rural areas , this is also true for women with illiterate husbands and for women from scheduled tribes , which represent a disadvantaged ethnic group in India . In a similar vein , but from a developed country context , Dehejia and Lleras-Muney ( 2004 ) find that in the United States , there is a reduction in the fraction of black mothers who are high school dropouts during recession ( periods of high state-level unemployment ) . Since these women are more likely to have unhealthy babies , their deferred fertility during economic downturns translates into overall improvements in child health ( Dehejia and Lleras-Muney , 2004 ) . 14", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 750, "text": "large micro-dataset from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Not Applicable_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : Not Applicable ; Works : Not Applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "92 . 2 % < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Akkar Minieh-Dennieh Tripoli Zahle < br > Referral to shelter location Mediation in conflict resolution < br > Hosting No support < br > Access to employment Other < br > Financial support < br > Figure 15 Type of support received by surveyed households from social and < br > familial ties per district of residence in Lebanon < br > Source : UN-Habitat and UNHCR household survey ( July 2017 ) < br > 42 % < br > 33 % 34 % < br > 29 % < br > 25 % < br > 24 % 22 % < br > 14 % < br > Akkar Minieh-Dennieh Tripoli Zahle < br > % of surveyed households that are working < br > % of surveyed households that are working and have social ties < br > 81 % < br > 71 % 71 % < br > 62 % < br > 13 % 12 % < br > 9 % 2 % 7 % 0 % 1 % 5 % 8 % 2 % 2 % 1 % 7 % 3 % 1 % 7 % 2 % 0 % 1 % 5 % 1 % 3 % 0 % 3 % < br > HOUSING , LAND AND PROPERTY ISSUES OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN LEBANON FROM HOMS CITY - NOVEMBER 2018 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 16 * * Geographic distribution of surveyed households who have social networks and are currently working , compared to total surveyed households who are working in each district Source : UN-Habitat and UNHCR household survey ( July 2017 ) # # # # CIVIL DOCUMENTATION The survey showed that the vast majority of refugees held a Syrian national ID , while more than two thirds held a family booklet * * ( Figure 17 * * ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > As expected", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", using the weights proposed by Webb ( 2013 ) for samples with fewer than 10 clusters . Results tables report _p_ - values and significance levels based on these corrections . Because the bootstrap produces valid _p_ - values but not confidence intervals ( Cameron and Miller 2015 , 27 ) , we also report standard errors clustered by region based on the usual asymptotic approximation ( Labonne 2013 ) but caution that these are illustrative and not appropriate for inference . # III . DATA # # _Sources_ Outcome data are the universe of student exam records from the West African Examinations Council ( WAEC ) . Subject-level scores are available for each student registered for the exam between 1998 and 2012 , allowing for several years of pretreatment outcomes for each region . < sup > 8 < / sup > In addition to omitting region 1 , we also omit private schools because they were ineligible for the scholarship program . However , all raw test results are converted to _z_ - scores based on the universe of results in a given year , including students from private schools and region 1 . This standardization allows us to 8", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 558, "text": "student exam records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cases that entail actual displacement and livelihood restoration assistance in accordance with the World Bank ESS5 . The potential social impacts to be addressed within the context of preparing Resettlement Action Plans have been identified in this RPF . The RPF also gives guidelines to undertake site-specific social assessment studies as part of the preparation of each RAP . This RPF establishes the principles for compensation / resettlement that applies to the Scale-Up project , including : ( 1 ) institutional arrangements , ( 2 ) resettlement / compensation eligibility criteria , ( 3 ) implementation procedures , ( 4 ) financial responsibilities , and ( 5 ) monitoring and evaluation plan . This RPF will be applied taking into account the need to include the marginalised and vulnerable groups as identified through social assessment . # * * Eligibility for compensation * * Determination of the eligibility of the PAPs to be compensated shall be done through a transparent and legal process , taking into consideration all the existing laws of Uganda and the World Bank ’ s ESS5 and local customs , aiming at restoring the lives and livelihoods or making them equal or better than before the project impacts . In case of discrepancy between these various standards , the one most advantageous to the PAPs shall be applied . As soon as the location of a subproject has been determined , a land survey demarcating the required project land will be undertaken after which the identification of project affected persons ( census ) will be undertaken . Compensation at full replacement cost for assets such as buildings , and market prices for crops and trees will be paid only to those persons , who : - Are identified prior to the cut-off date : - have formal legal rights or a valid claim to the land in case of compensation for land ; or xiii", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "first QAT after the first major expansion of the program : phase-3 , which increased the number of program schools from 194 to 676 schools or by 248 % . The sample for the learning dynamics analysis is restricted to phase-3 and phase-4 program schools . This is for two reasons . First , large numbers of schools entered into the program in these phases , and these schools have been in the program for a sufficiently long period to examine short-run dynamics ( phase-3 schools have been subjected to five QATs and phase-4 schools four ) . Second , by phase-3 , PEF had formalized the program entry qualification process , introducing standardized application forms , unannounced school inspections by PEF staff with standardized inspection forms , and an entry test , called the Short-Listing Quality Assurance Test ( SLQAT ) , which is a pared-down version of the QAT . As a result , pre-program information on schools from the entry qualification stages is available for phase-3 and phase-4 schools , allowing the examination of the correlations between pre-program characteristics and the learning levels and changes , as well as their use as a form of specification testing in the causal analysis of the effects on learning from program design features that introduce stick and carrot incentives . The data were provided by PEF in QAT-specific databases . Each QAT database is at the student level , with the number of points scored and / or the percent score in each relevant subject . Information on the school and grade of the tested student is also provided . Schools in the databases for QAT 5 − QAT 8 were identified by both their names and unique identification numbers provided by PEF . School-level summary statistics on QAT performance — such as the number of test takers , test score means , test score standard deviations , and test pass rates — derived from the student-level data were linked across QAT rounds using the unique school identifiers . There were no issues in the linking process : when a school in a given QAT was expected to be also found in another QAT , it was . Program schools in the QAT 4 database were however only identified by school name ( at", "spans": [{"start": 1880, "end": 1898, "text": "student-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2121, "end": 2135, "text": "QAT 4 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Threaten . Status English Name ( Species Name ) Potential Impacts IUCN National * * Ground truthing notes : - ( a ) : Hooded Vulture and Gray Crowned Crane were confirmed present along the Masaka-Mutukula TL route ( * * Error ! Reference source not found . * * ) . - ( b ) : Community engagement in Kamwanga settlement ( AP22 ) indicated presence of Shoebill in the Katonga Wetland and confirmed present in the Mabamba Bay IBA . - ( c ) : Suitable habitat exists within wetlands to support _Aldrovanda vesiculosa_ The CHA was conducted as a desktop study and a validation of the results is necessary based on primary data collected in the field . Therefore , additional studies are required following project approval to validate the CHA and the extent to which CHA may be impacted . These include : - 5 Habitat Assessment – to confirm natural habitat and guide a review species likelihood of occurrence . - 6 Critical Habitat Confirmation – confirm presence and appropariate abundance of focal species . - 7 During the pre-construction stage , investigate options and the capacity to fit Bird diverters to the operational TL , by considering the use of drone technology . Confirmation is needed on the occurrence of critical habitat species along the route through which the TL will pass to confirm the likely potential for impacts to occur . These include : - Large raptors and vultures , with a focus on any vulture species , Bateleur and Steppe Eagle but not ignoring other large birds ; - Wetland birds , with a focus on Shoebill , Gray Crowned Crane , Malagasy Pond Heron and White-backed Night-heron ; and - Waterwheel Weed ( _Aldrovanda vesiculosa_ ) # # # * * Mitigation Measures * * Wetlands in the project area are dominated by Papyrus reeds , which is a resilient plant able to recover rapidly following disturbance . Impacts will be temporary if appropriate", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 648, "text": "primary data collected in the field", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial < sup > Statements for the Year endedJune < / sup > < sup > * * 30 , * * 2020 < / sup > Telephone Interviews ( CATI ) methodology . Two cycles of the survey were carried out during the period . * * COMESA * * and PPRA funds market price surveys for comparative purposes . * * COMESA * * also funds the regional integration programme through The National Treasury . The World Bank Consulting Services funded the preparation of County Gross Domestic Product * * ( CGDP ) . * * These amounts were received per Appendix H . Statistics Sweden meets the salary dues for * * 8 * * interns , attached within the Bureau , for a period of one year . The expense amount is on a reimbursement basis . - c . Revenue from other donors are funds from development partners and donors for specific on-going projects . The projects have independent bank accounts . Their actual amounts have been adjusted * * by * * the unutilized grants as at the year end , per Note 21 . | | * * 2019 / 2020 * * | * * 2018 / 2019 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * KShs * * | < br > * * KShs * * | | * * NIPFN * * | * * 52 , 266 , 925 * * | | | * * UNFPA * * | * * 4 , 320 * * | * * 4 , 260 * * | | * * UNICEF - MICS * * | 4 , 320 | * * 8 , 940 , 966 * * | | * * Total * * | * * 52 , 275 , 565 * * | * * 8 , 945 , 226 * * | # # # # # * * 3 . Revenue from exchange transactions * * # # # # a . These", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 309, "text": "market price surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Program for Strengthening Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( P180287 ) | | procurement , < br > and who has < br > been awarded < br > contracts ; ( iii ) < br > The payroll is < br > supported by < br > full < br > documentation < br > for all changes < br > made to < br > personnel < br > records each < br > month and < br > checked < br > against the < br > previous < br > month ' s < br > payroll data . < br > Staff hiring and < br > promotion is < br > controlled by a < br > list of < br > approved staff < br > positions . | procurement , < br > and who has < br > been awarded < br > contracts ; ( iii ) < br > The payroll is < br > supported by < br > full < br > documentation < br > for all changes < br > made to < br > personnel < br > records each < br > month and < br > checked < br > against the < br > previous < br > month ' s < br > payroll data . < br > Staff hiring and < br > promotion is < br > controlled by a < br > list of < br > approved staff < br > positions . | procurement , < br > and who has < br > been awarded < br > contracts ; ( iii ) < br > The payroll is < br > supported by < br > full < br > documentation < br > for all changes < br > made to < br > personnel < br > records each < br > month and < br > checked < br > against the < br > previous < br > month ' s < br > payroll data . <", "spans": [{"start": 504, "end": 516, "text": "payroll data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "product , particularly from specialty crop producers like coffee , tea and vegetables . _Biogas Development . _ As indicated earlier , this sub-component was dropped as the total cost , upon completion of the feasibility study , was considered unaffordable by an average farmer . _Biofertilizer . _ The program has successfully overcome initial hurdles in strain selection , procurement of carrier material , and inoculant production . Field tests began in 1998 and are ongoing at more than 37 sites . Simultaneously , a program of demonstrations is also being implemented at 314 sites . Adequate knowledge , necessary for a commercial operation , has been gathered and the national laboratory is poised to launch pilot commercial production . The current challenge is to attract a private entrepreneur in this endeavor . Guidelines for investors have been finalized . _Soil Testing Laboratories . _ All the 17 laboratories have been completed and have been staffed by regional governments who have also started providing budget support . The challenge is to deeply involve the extension service in the command area of each laboratory , and organize to get a steady stream of soil samples for testing and interpretation . These soil tests should also result in a database to help pursue correlation studies and prepare soil maps . _Environmental Protection . _ Since 1998 , monitoring to detect possible deleterious effects of fertilizer use on soil and water bodies is carried out by the Environmental Protection Authority ( EPA ) at 36 sites . The findings to date indicate that all values are far below the maximnum tolerable limits set by the World Health Organization . The EPA will create and maintain a database on the impact of fertilizers . _Other Pilot Initiatives . _ The project has also done some work on integrated plant nutrient management systems using both organic and inorganic nutrients . Workshops and training were conducted , and 38 trial - 10 -", "spans": [{"start": 1710, "end": 1747, "text": "database on the impact of fertilizers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ير إطار قانوني وتنظيمي ؛ ه ) تدريب الموظفين في جميع ( للحفاظ على صحة المعامالت ؛ للمفاتيح العامة طوارئ الكمبيوتر ( د ؛ ) تنفيذ بنية تحتيةلستجابة ل * * ا * * فريق - . اإلنترنتعلى مع القطاع الخاص ( و ؛ ) و تعزيز التدابير في مجال حماية األطفاللت ، بما في ذلكأنحاء اإلدارة وتبادل المعلومات بين الوك * * ا * * - . ال تملك الوكالة الوطنية لنظام * * ، بما في ذلك ناقل خدمة المؤسسات وواجهات برمجة التطبيقاتالبيني تطوير منصة حكومية قابلة للتشغيل * * 9 . . و األنظمةالتطبيقات المشتركة والخدمات الرقميةناقل خدمة المؤسسات لتوفيرمنصة رقمية قابلة للتشغيل البيني مع ً معلومات الدولة حاليا - وضع األنظمة الحكومية تحت منصة واحدة متكاملة لتقليل تكاليف . ف تسعىالمنصة المقترحة إلىمزدوجة ومكلفة", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "households is influenced by the recall period . Evidence from the various surveys shows that the difference between the short ( 7-day ) and long ( 12 month ) recall period in the number of economic activities measured is significant , with the shorter recall period consistently understating reports of secondary economic activities ( see Table 9 ) . A comparison of the share of the working age population reporting secondary activities by recall period a lower proportion captured with the 12 month period in all surveys , with the gap widest in 2005 / 6 , where the proportion reporting a secondary activity in the 7 day recall question was _19 percentage points_ lower than the 12 month recall in 2005 / 06 . This is despite the longer recall question being improperly framed in 2005 / 6 so the responses are not fully comparable ( response options included inactivity ones ) . A similar result was found in the 2009 / 10 UNPS survey , when the questions were worded exactly the same . It is possible that the extent of secondary activities varied over time in Uganda , with a peak in 2005 / 6 , but we can ’ t really be sure . 18", "spans": [{"start": 926, "end": 937, "text": "UNPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "id / 5285e0294 . pdf , accessed : < / u > September 2018 . This Agreement is discussed alongside repatriation , later in this case study . > 13 See e . g . Yarnell and Thomas , “ On the Edge of Disaster : Somalis Forced to Flee Drought and Near Famine Conditions ” , Field Report , Refugees International , 2017 , available at : < u > https : / / www . refugeesinternational . org / reports / somaliadroughtandfaminereport , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > > 14 These numbers are based on figures as at 23 July 2018 , shared with the author , and are based on profiling and other ongoing documentation activities , including birth registration . Approximately 56 per cent of households are female headed and 88 per cent of the total are women and children . 127", "spans": [{"start": 493, "end": 519, "text": "figures as at 23 July 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "areultimately < / sup > responsible for the internal controls . Standards and systems of internal < sup > controlare designed < / sup > and implemented * * by * * management to provide reasonable assurance < sup > astotheintegrityand < / sup > reliability of the financial statements and to adequately safeguard , verify < sup > andmaintain < / sup > accountability of the Project ' s assets . Appropriate accounting policies supported * * by * * reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates , are applied < sup > onaconsistentbasis . These < / sup > systems and controls include the proper delegation < sup > of responsibilities within a clearly defined < / sup > framework , effective accounting procedures and adequate < sup > segregation of duties . < / sup > The Project management accepts the responsibility for the Financial < sup > Statements whichhave < / sup > been prepared using appropriate accounting policies supported < sup > * * by * * reasonableandprudent < / sup > judgment and estimates , and in conformity with the International < sup > PublicSector Accounting < / sup > Standards ( IPSASs ) and the Public Financial Management Act , < sup > * * 2015 . * * < / sup > The Directors are of the view that the Financial Statements < sup > give atrue andfair viewof the < / sup > state of the financial affairs of the Project as at * * 3 0th * * June * * 2025 * * and of < sup > its operatingresults < / sup > for the year then ended . The Directors further confirm the < sup > accuracyandcompletenessof < / sup > the accounting records maintained * * by * * the Project , which < sup > have beenrelieduponinthe < / sup > preparation of the Financial Statements as", "spans": [{"start": 1536, "end": 1554, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* ( 3x4 ) Birr / ha * * | 403 , 000 | | 6 | Cost of Land Improvement ( Cost of Labour & Material ) ( in Birr / ha ) | 12 , 500 | | 7 | Total Compensation for loss of income from crop Residue 15yrs ( 5x15 < br > years + 6 ) ( birr / ha ) | 6 , 057 , 500 | _Source : Woreda Agricultural & rural development offices , local market and primary data from field assessment_ Therefore , based on this procedure the total recommended compensation for forgone benefits from Barley farm is * * 5 , 412 , 500 birr / ha . * * # # # # # # * * < mark > 10 . 4 Compensation for Loss of Perennial Crops < / mark > * * The compensation costs for the loss of fruit-bearing trees and perennial trees are computed based on the growth stage of the affected perennial crops which classifies the crops into Big , Medium , Small , and Seedling . The current local cost has been obtained from Lode Hetosa Woreda which is the only Woreda affected by loss of perennial crops . A total of 530 fruit-bearing trees belonging to 4 households will be affected . The recommended compensation rates for perennial trees are shown in Table 10 . 3 . Table 10 . 3 : Compensation Estimation for Loss of Perennial Crops and Woreda | * * Sl / N * * | * * Type of Fruit Trees / * * | | * * Unit Rate ( * * | * * Birr / Tree ) * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * o * * | * * Perennial Crops * * | * * Big * * | * * Medium * * | * * Small * * | * * Seedling * * | | 1 | Chat / ጫት", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 367, "text": "primary data from field assessment_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to education for marginalized groups . * * IERCs combined with itinerant teacher training and community outreach increased enrollment of children with special needs , while gender clubs in emerging regions supported girls ' retention and were replicated beyond program schools . These experiences showed that structured approaches linking education authorities , families , and service providers — supported by capacity-building and awareness-raising — can meaningfully improve access and retention for the most excluded learners . # # * * 12 . Assessment Recommended ? * * No # # * * 13 . Comments on Quality of ICR * * * * Quality of Evidence . * * Evidence provided in the ICR was drawn from systematically collected administrative and monitoring data , including strengthened national systems such as EMIS , textbook tracking , national and earlygrade assessments , and school inspections . Achievement of DLI / DLR targets was independently validated , enhancing the credibility of reported results . The ICR appropriately triangulated project monitoring data with external sources , including the World Bank ’ s 2025 Global Education Policy Dashboard for Ethiopia . While some indicators in the ICR ’ s results framework lacked baseline , target , or achievement values , this information was available elsewhere in project documentation , including the ICR ’ s Efficacy section , the PAD , restructuring Page 24 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 754, "text": "administrative and monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1041, "end": 1064, "text": "project monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1118, "end": 1156, "text": "2025 Global Education Policy Dashboard", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 3 : Main employment treatment effects relative to cash < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Work vs . Cash < br > Psychosocial wellbeing < br > Psychosocial index | | < br > Phq − 9 | | < br > Cohen Stress Scale | | < br > Life satisfaction | | < br > Sociability | | < br > Self worth | | < br > Locus of control | | < br > Stability | | < br > Health < br > Days healthy | | < br > Preferences < br > Risk tolerance | | < br > Time preference | | < br > Cognitive performance < br > Cognitive index | | < br > Math score | | < br > Digit span | | < br > Gender < br > Household power index | | < br > Work rights index | | < br > Consumption < br > Savings | | < br > Loan repayment | | < br > Necessary goods | | < br > Luxury goods | | < br > − 0 . 4 − 0 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure plots the point estimates and 95 % confidence intervals for each outcome in the work treatment group relative to the cash group . All outcomes are standardized . The scales for PHQ-9 and the Cohen Stress Scale have been reversed from previous tables so that positive values represent better outcomes . 42", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manage the exponential increase in data traffic and provide ultra-fast and ultra-reliable internet connections . Such an effort also requires working at the local , regional , and international level to reduce interference . # _Payment_ Digital payment infrastructure is recognized as the bedrock to ensure smooth transactions among all market players in the digital economy . According to Findex 2017 data , globally 52 percent of adults have made or received a digital payment in 2016 / 2017 . Payment using a debit or credit card through a mobile money account or the internet are included in this finding . Developing countries ’ use of digital payments is growing rapidly . In low-income countries , the share of the adult population using digital payments increased from 15 percent in 2014 to 26 percent in 2017 . ( figure 6 ) . # * * Figure 6 . Digital payments have been rising across all countries in recent years * * 17", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 406, "text": "Findex 2017 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) operation delivers on priorities identified within the HSIRRP by supporting strengthening service delivery , key infrastructure , and health commodities . 6 . * * The Office of the Prime Minister ( OPM ) , UNHCR , and their partners work together with the Ministry of Health to manage COVID-19 in RHDs . * * They manage nineteen quarantine facilities in RHDs , train health workers , strengthen surveillance and infection prevention and control , and trace contacts of positive COVID-19 cases in refugee communities . Refugees have also been integrated into the national vaccination campaign , which began in mid-March 2021 . As of October 31 , 2021 , refugee and refugee serving workers had received their first dose of vaccine as follows : 9 , 548 refugees , 2 , 862 health workers , 4 , 087 teachers and 5 , 430 other humanitarian workers . 7 . To further improve the shock-responsiveness of social protection programs , there is an ongoing initiative to develop a dynamic National Single Registry ( NSR ) . This would help to quickly identify vulnerable households that are most in need and minimize the risks of duplicating interventions . The World Bank is undertaking analytic work to see how shock-responsive social protection systems might look across humanitarian refugee systems and national systems to have an integrated response to forced displacement . # # # * * Lessons * * 8 . The GoU has gathered important lessons during the national response and in the initial phases of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign . As noted above , vaccine hesitancy , though registered in previous surveys to be low , have served as an impediment to vaccine rollout . To overcome vaccine hesitancy , misinformation , < sup > 47 < / sup > and conflicting information surrounding COVID-19 in RHDs and refugee settlements , the Project will draw on U-LEARN COVID-19 surveys <", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1119, "text": "National Single Registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1960, "end": 1984, "text": "U-LEARN COVID-19 surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and raw material or product storage facilities ) - geographic location and areas of traverse ( Counties ) , including large scale alignment sheets ( provided by KETRACO ) - * * _d . Policy , legal , regulatory and institutional framework_ * * This Chapter will discuss the policy , legal , and administrative frameworks within which the ESIA and ESMP are carried out . Most particularly , the Consultant will : - ( i ) Review Government of Kenya requirements and procedures for the management of environmental and social issues , including labour , health and safety requirements . - ( ii ) Describe the reporting requirements of the National Environmental Management Agency - ( iii ) Review the requirements of the World Bank Safeguards Policies triggered under KESIP , including the World Bank Group General Environmental , Health and Safety ( EHS ) Guidelines and the Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution - ( iv ) Review the environmental , social and safety procedures of KETRACO ( v ) Analyse the gap between the triggered World Bank Safeguards Policies and Kenyans laws - ( vi ) Explain the environmental requirements of any co-financiers . 7", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 146, "text": "large scale alignment sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 % | 12 . 2 % | 23 . 1 % | 18 . 5 % | 3 . 6 % | 4 . 9 % | 61 . 6 % | | * * Memo : * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Free trade zone * * | 39 . 1 % | 54 . 5 % | | | | | | | | | * * USA reported imports CIF * * | 62 . 4 % | 68 . 1 % | 66 . 3 % | | | | | | | _Note_ : Interpretation of this table is as follows . The table should be read column - wise , where each row represents the share in total column - countries exports . As an example , the top-left figure indicates that exports from Costa Rica to El Salvador represent 2 . 3 % of Costa Rica ’ s total exports . Source : Direction of Trade Statistics * * Table 6 . Central America ’ s Trade Structure : Bilateral Exports / GDP * * | * * Bilateral Exports / GDP ( avera * * | * * ge : 1995 - 2001 ) * * < br > | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Costa Rica El * * | * * Salvador Gu * * | * * atemala * * < br > * * H * * | * * onduras * * | * * Nicaragua * * | * * Argentina * * | * * Mexico * * | * * Canada * * | * * France * * | | * * Costa Rica * * | | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 7 % | 0 . 6 % | 1 . 2 % | 0 . 01 % | 0 . 05 % | 0 . 01 % | 0 . 01 % | |", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 201, "text": "USA reported imports CIF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "La Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil para disminuir el tiempo de entrega de las Cédulas de Ciudadanía tramitadas en jornadas , adoptó el código de agilización , que permite que éstas inicien el trámite con prioridad dentro del sistema y se puedan entregar en menor tiempo . * * Atención diferencial por edades RNEC - UDAPV 2010 * * | | * * FEMENINO * * | | * * EDAD / SEX * * < br > * * M * * | * * O * * < br > * * ASCULINO * * | | * * POBLACIÓN * * < br > * * ATENDIDA * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0-17 | 18-59 | > 60 | 0-17 | 18-59 | > 60 | | | 47 , 975 | 24 , 191 | 5 , 164 | 48 , 126 | 26 , 893 | 3 , 863 | 156 , 212 | | 31 % | 15 % | 3 % | 31 % | 17 % | 2 % | 100 % | | | 77 , 330 | | | 78 , 882 | | | * * Fuente : Estadísticas UDAPV con corte a diciembre 31 de 2010 * * # # # # * * 3 . 6 . Planificación y organización para garantizar el éxito en la atención * * A medida que fue transcurriendo el tiempo de operación , se hicieron evidentes algunas lecciones aprendidas sobre la planificación de las jornadas . Una de ellas y muy importante fue el criterio para seleccionar", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 782, "text": "Estadísticas UDAPV", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "# # methods . One added advantage of exploiting within country and sector variation is that it allows us to try to disentangle the impact of different types of innovation measured by β in equation ( 4 ) . As suggested above , a limitation of the framework in ( 3 ) is that it does not only include the impact of product innovation of employment , since the relative efficiency between new and old products is also affected by whether firms also complement product innovations with other types of innovation , such as process or organizational innovations . Therefore , while the estimate of β is unbiased , to disentangle the true impact of product from process innovation on employment we need to decompose this coefficient . The main challenge in doing so is the lack of longitudinal data . However , the variance across country-sectors captured by the random coefficients model provides an opportunity to estimate the effects of different types of innovation . After obtaining the predicted coefficients β < sup > � < / sup > from the random-coefficient model , in a second stage regression we investigate how the elasticities obtained vary by country and sector according to the intensity of product , process and organizational innovation in the following equation : where j denotes the country and sector , α is a constant term and wj is a vector of innovation intensity measures . Although imperfect estimates of each of the types of innovation elasticities given the aggregation of the data to the country-sector level , this two stage estimation allows us to explore whether combining different types of innovation matters in the impact of product innovation on employment . # * * 4 The Data * * Bank 2013-2015 Enterprise Survey and its linked innovation modules . This is the most comprehensive set of cross-country surveys on innovation carried out to date . The survey used a Firm size stratified sampling strategy , where firms are stratified by industry , size , and location . levels are 5-19 ( small ) , 20-99 ( medium ) , and 100 + employees ( large-sized firms ) . Since in most economies , the majority of firms are micro , small and medium-sized , Enterprise Surveys 12", "spans": [{"start": 773, "end": 790, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1705, "end": 1737, "text": "Bank 2013-2015 Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1812, "end": 1847, "text": "cross-country surveys on innovation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2168, "end": 2186, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 : Language requirements per occupation and share of at-risk jobs Panel a . % of jobs with income risks Panel b . % of jobs with health risks < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 910911 961 833 222 < br > 513 141 532 511 54 32101 226 220 221 < br > 325 < br > 9129418157527537219327517581814816523 812 821 0 813722818720512514723 510 832 322 < br > 910713911834712710521931930731524754515933520711313 741312522732740 742310540 140265 516 234 < br > 432 311422 331 3 2 < br > 962 611 541321 < br > 921 961830613832610612831531833532441421430343516351315511133431352142340325411342 2152523323143413313222502513301124103 3 130412216345111214241143121226210211134120240413220234243242322221 2 2602132263235221 261233230 264231 531 232 235 230 < br > 912 9 81713427 1 753 5 2834721932 750 81962718148165 8 1 2 721 8135 93 3524 121 73100 78 72659352 516 18367 12 415 10 35 3 020 1 2113723 4 83325 1 73510 4 34573241 12 740212430343351 52742 31 1431 33 50142411342401413114 2 2522153314 3 140 332 433011226502 13 41013 5 2 3 130421345 1 111 2 62411432 1 421134 1 413240200211243242122260213263 261233 264231 < br > 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 40 50 60 70 80 < br > Language intensity per occupation ( 0-100 ) Language intensity per occupation ( 0-100 ) < br > 1 1 < br > . 8 . 8 < br > . 6 . 6 < br > . 4 . 4 < br > Share of income-risk jobs Share of health-risk jobs < br > . 2 < br > . 2 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own elaboration based on the EU-LFS 2018 and the ad-hoc migration module of 2014 . Note : The size of the circles represents the share of each occupation in the total employment in the EU . Figure 6 : Correlation between occupational choices of migrants in the EU in 2005 and 2018 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 < br > % of migrants in each occupation in 2005 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br", "spans": [{"start": 1480, "end": 1491, "text": "EU-LFS 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 43 - underruns . About two thirds of projects either had cost underruns or were within + 10 % of the estimated cost , a finding supported by the analysis of 1984 supervision reports carried out by the Energy Department . More projects approved in the 1980s had substantial cost uriderruns than those approved In the second half of the 1970s because of the world recession during the early 1980s . Bqth International and local competitive bids came In lower than expected be4ause of fierce competitlon among contractors . The above results Indicate that projects approved before and completed after the 1973 oil crisis were subject to serious cost overruns largely due to the completely unanticipated Inflation , particularly since some projects approved In the late 1960s did not have a provision for price contingencies In the cost estimates . However , It appears that once Bank staff had adjusted to the new Inflationary conditions , actual project costs were more In line with estimated costs . Apart from those projects Implemented during the oil crisis , the level of cost overruns appears to have been reduced In the 19709 and 1980s compared with those In the 19508 and 1960s . Available cost data in the OED surey ( whlch Is given for each project component , not for the project as a whole ) Indicates an average cost overrun of 13 % compared to a negilgible overrun for projects approved for the decade from 1974 . A significant part of these cost overruns were for power projects In Mexico which had very high local cost overruns - these overruns were especially significant because local costs made up 80 % of total costs , a far higher proportlon than for other countries . An analysis of cost overruns by region shows that those for Latin American countries have Increased over time . Durlng the 19506 and 1960s , average cost overruns were 18 % compared with 42 % for projects approved after 1967 . LAC had the highest cost overruns for projects approved between 1967-78 , as shown In the table below . Even with the 1973 oil crisis , South Asia and EMENA had cost underruns on average , while East Asia kept to within + 1 0 % of estimated project", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1223, "text": "OED surey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher education . Moreover , the urban focussed short-cycle courses in vocational universities , supported by municipal governments became more popular than provincial universities ' 4-year academic programs that typically lead to prefecture and county level jobs . * * ( b ) Structural Equity : * * In Table 1 , the data show the shape of the enrollment pyramid which reflects the access to various levels of education and determines the distribution of educational attainment of a generation . While public expenditure by level of education is another structural dimension of equity as it influences the distribution of resources in the sector . But , structural equity alone does not necessarily imply that people from all socio-economic backgrounds and from all geographic regions have equal access to schooling . Therefore , accessibility to education and educational achievements by different income groups and across all provinces are examined on the basis of both time-series and survey data later . For empirical evidence in a number of countries see , Jere Behrman and Nancy Birdsall , \" The Quality of Schooling : Quantity Alone is Misleading \" _American Economic Review , _ 1983 . Jere behrman , Donald Ross and Richard Sabot , \" Inproving the Quality Versus Increasing Quantity of Schooling \" 1992 , _Colby College ( Mimeo ) , _ Waterville , MA > 2 Higher education was perceived very inegalitarian , creating an exclusive elite group . See Julia Kwong , \" Chinese Education in Transition : Prelude to the Cultural Revolution \" Montreal : McGill Queens University Press , 1979 .", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1000, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Two-thirds ( 62 . 8 percent ) of the population is rural ( World Bank , 2021a ) , and Pakistan also has one of the lowest gender parity indices in primary school ( girls ’ enrollment compared to boys ’ enrollment ) in the world : 0 . 88 in Pakistan vs . 0 . 98 in low - and middle-income countries and 0 . 99 in South Asia ( World Bank , 2021b ) . Learning poverty , which measures the share of school-age children unable to comprehend a simple text at age 10 , is higher in Pakistan ( 75 percent ) than in low - and middle-income countries ( 53 percent ) ; and the rate is estimated to increase to 79 percent because of COVID-19 setbacks ( Geven & Hasan , 2020 ) . In short , too many vulnerable children , including those living in poverty , in rural areas , and with uneducated or distressed parents are at risk of starting life at a disadvantage , which has repercussions throughout the life course . Addressing inequities by supporting child development and school readiness skills , especially among vulnerable populations , is an important step in reducing learning poverty and improving child and human capital outcomes . Data on the status of early child development ( ECD ) in Pakistan are incomplete and , in the case of children under 3 years of age , data are largely missing . ECD data are not collected at the country-wide level , are only available for a small subset of children — those aged 3-4 years — and 2", "spans": [{"start": 1295, "end": 1303, "text": "ECD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rate over the period 1980-95 , i . e . , 1 . 51 % instead of 0 . 32 % . Table A3 presents additional evidence on the importance of efficient judicial systems for financial sector development at the industry level . Previous research has shown that industries that depend more heavilny on external finance grow faster in countries with a higher level of financial development . l The results in Table A3 indicate that industries with a higher need of external finance grow faster in a legal and institutional environment in which contracts and creditor rights are enforced more effectively . Given an average dependence on external finance of 21 percent ( the ratio of external financing relative to investment ) across Brazilian industries , * * 6 * * The index of accounting standard has been created by the Center for International Financial Analysis and Research and assesses the quality of income statements and balance sheets in 1990 for 41 countries . This index takes has possible maximum value of 90 and a possible minimum of 0 . See Levine , Loayza and Beck ( 2000 ) and Japelli and Pagano ( 1999 ) . * * 8 * * For a methodologically more rigorous analysis of the link between finance and growth and between the legal environment and finance , see Levine , Loayza , and Beck ( 2000 ) . For an exploration of the link between inflation and financial development , see Boyd , Levine , and Smith ( 2000 ) . 9 Both scenarios control for other determinants , including macroeconomic conditions , of financial development and GDP per capita growth , respectively . The data are averaged over 1980-95 . * * 10 * * See Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) . The dependence on external finance is defined as the share of investmen * * t * * hat cannot be financed through internal cash flow and is calculated from a sample of U . S . firns . 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Ken-ra Water And Climate Resilience Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2017_ * * # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ( Continued ) * * * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # # * * _c ) _ In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for inkind contributions can * * be * * reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; , otherise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # # # * * _d ) _ * * Cash and cash * * equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account balances include amounts held at the Central Bank of Kenya and at various commercial banks at the end of the financial year . . For the purposes of these financial statements , cash and cash equivalents also include short term cash imprests and advances to authorised public officers and / or institutions which were not surrendered or accounted for at the end of the financial year . # # # # # * * _Restriction on cash_ * * Restricted cash represents amounts that are limited / restricted from being used to settle a liability for at", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 225, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project ( P101473 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Dis | bursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P101473 | IDA-42920 | Effective | XDR | 43 . 70 | 43 . 70 | 0 . 00 | 40 . 92 | 2 . 78 | | 94 % | | P101473 | IDA-51150 | Effective | XDR | 96 . 90 | 96 . 90 | 0 . 00 | 9 . 01 | 87 . 89 | | 9 % | | P101473 | IDA-H2870 | Effective | XDR | 23 . 50 | 23 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 18 . 17 | 5 . 33 | | 77 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing D | ate | | P101473 | IDA-42920 | Effective | 24-Apr-2007 | 16-Ma | y-2007 | 07-Sep-2007 | 31-De | c-2012 | 31-Dec-2015 | | | P101473 | IDA-51150 | Effective | 31 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 provides a comprehensive description of pre-crisis situation in Tunisia including trends in poverty , composition of labor markets and individual and household characteristics that make the Tunisian population more susceptible to COVID-19 . Section 3 describes the data and the empirical methodology to simulate the impacts of COVID-19 on labor income and consumption . It also discusses the magnitude of impacts in the presence of mitigation measures . Section 4 presents our results under two scenarios . Section 5 concludes and provides policy implications of our results . We rely on the latest round of data available of the national household survey or EBCNV implemented in 2015 . EBCNV 2015 is a quinquennial survey which is the eight survey of its kind carried out by the National Institute of Statistics . The seven preceding surveys were carried out in 1968 , 1975 , 1980 , 1985 , 1990 , 1995 , and 2005 . The realization of these surveys coincides with the preparatory work for the Development Plans . The survey on the budget , consumption and household standard of living in 2015 covers data on Household expenditure and acquisitions during the survey period , Consumption food and nutritional situation of households , and Household access to community health and education services . While the National Institute of Statistics ( INS ) has conducted a household budget survey more recently in 2019 , the official estimates are not yet published , and the data are not yet widely available and do not collect the consumption data . # * * 2 . Pre-Crisis Situation : Poverty and Labor Markets * * Poverty had declined in Tunisia in the pre-COVID-19 period , but significant disparities remained . The poverty headcount rate declined between 2010 and 2015 from 20 . 5 to 15 . 2 percent in the country as a whole ( Figure 2 , panel A ) . Nevertheless , significant disparities existed between urban and rural areas , and between coastal regions ( where most economic activities are concentrated ) and interior regions . Extreme poverty is predominantly a rural phenomenon . Moreover , a considerable share of the population in rural and lagging areas remains vulnerable < sup > 4 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 697, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 729, "end": 734, "text": "EBCNV", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for 2000 were updated to 2005 using updated population and 2005PPP factor . Also , the mean income at the country level was adjusted to match the latest poverty rates reported in POVCAL < sup > 3 < / sup > . Thus , the poverty rates at the country level are consistent with the 2005PPP poverty estimates in Chen and Ravallion ( 2008 ) . The GIDD database covers all regions in the world . Eastern Europe and Central Asia is 100 percent covered ; Latin America 98 percent ; South Asia 98 percent ; East Asia and Pacific 96 > 3 POVCAL is a tool developed at the World Bank for calculating poverty and inequality indices . 12", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 185, "text": "POVCAL", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 341, "end": 354, "text": "GIDD database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 Conclusion In this paper , we provided new estimates of the evolution of city form along three dimensions - - horizontal expansion , infill development and vertical layering . Our main finding is that the evolution of city form follows the broader processes of economic development . As cities go through economic development , they attract people , expand their footprint , and build upwards . Not only do rising incomes increase demand for built-up area and floor space among families and firms , but also rising incomes are associated with stronger land and market institutions , construction capabilities , as well as financial maturity to pay for the lumpy upfront cost of infrastructure . We have used new sources of satellite data to describe devolution of city form over the past 25 years as well as provide the first glimpse at an exciting new data set that can tell us about the height distribution of cities . We have also provided a new measure of population density which we called the floor area adjusted population density ( FAPD ) that takes into account floor area based on heights of buildings . We find that distinguishing between FAPD and naive population density is important as one can distinguish between cities that are crowded and those that are livable . More broadly , we find that densities in general decline with economic development as people and firms demand more space and amenities and transportation improvements allow for the city to increase its spatial reach . Our econometric analysis shows that incomes are a central driver for providing floor space . In fact , the heights of buildings are very sensitive to income growth . In the absence of income growth , cities with rising populations will accommodate people by crowding . The evidence we provide here is a first step towards understanding how new satellite data can help us understand the evolution of city form . These data can form the cornerstone of new and exciting research looking at the impact of urban regulations , construction costs , and transport improvements on city form and its implications for productivity , livability and sustainability . 25", "spans": [{"start": 725, "end": 739, "text": "satellite data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > interventions < br > Individual protection incidents < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > No Sometimes Yes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > A Global Survey – 2012 17", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 186, "text": "A Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Final_ * * _TG Consultancy PLC_ As part of the ADELE-P171742 program , MoWE has planned to expand Off-Grid Solar ( OGS ) into deep-rural underserved areas hosting extremely poor and vulnerable households through Sub-Component 3 . 1 “ _Incentivizing market expansion into deep-rural areas and innovations_ ” . The ESMS cover the risks related to component 3 . 1 that will be implemented in deep rural and underserved areas throughout Ethiopia ( in all the national regional states of the country including the recently established regions ) * * < mark > Error ! Reference source not found . < / mark > * * _Annex 1_ presents the map of the regional states and detailed description of areas where the subcomponent will be implemented , respectively . The OGS power is now seen as a mainstream solution to expand access to modern energy services in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner . It is considered as an accessible , affordable , and reliable electricity for peoples and regions living without grid electricity . It is also a relatively cheaper source of electric power for lighting and powering of low voltage appliances like cell phones , batteries , televisions , fans , and radios for rural communities . Combined with high population growth , solar electric power can also have huge market potential . The ESMS outlines the responsibilities of federal and regional institutions in implementing the ESMS , including budget , capacity building , and monitoring and evaluation activities . The ESMS outlines the environmental and social impacts of the subproject 3 . 1 for OGS expansion activities , including procedures for managing them and responsibilities of implementing institutions . It serves as a reference and guiding manual for stakeholders involved in the planning , implementation , management , and operation of the subproject . However , it is predicted that the implementation of the sub-component activities would have both positive and negative environmental and social ( E & S ) consequences . In order to prevent and manage the", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 659, "text": "map of the regional states", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) # * * Objective 2 Objective * * PDO2 : To support KNBS to generate “ more accessible ” data to inform policymakers . # # * * Rationale * * Improve access to official household survey microdata : Before the program , official survey microdata files were neither available online nor freely obtainable . According to the ICR of the previous statistics project ( P085414 ) , the census and surveys conducted by the KNBS were only available in a hardcopy format . The lack of electronic access discouraged policymakers from using the official survey microdata , a fundamental weakness of the KNBS statistical system ( ICR of previous project ( P085414 ) . The program led to a systematic set of outputs that included revising the survey microdata dissemination policy , its official adoption , publication , and timely online availability of official household survey microdata files following registration and approval of the KNBS . The result was a successful institutional reform regarding the KNBS ’ s official data dissemination policy , thus achieving the outcome of “ more accessible ” data for the government and public ( IRA3 ) . This also reinforced the capacity of the KNBS . Today , launches of KNBS products include the _same_ - day uploading of digital copies of reports ( ICR ) . Before the program , KNBS did not use an Advanced Release Calendar ( ARC ) and scale-up data coverage . However , with support from the program , all past Economic Survey Reports were digitized and made freely available online on the Kenya National Data Archive ( KeNADA ) . In addition , KNBS developed an ARC for 10 SDDS data categories ( DL5 ) . While all targets were fully achieved , thus supporting the outcome / objective of making official data “ more accessible ” ( IRA3 ) , KNBS ' s microdata dissemination", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 334, "text": "household survey microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 989, "end": 1021, "text": "household survey microdata files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 223748-CS-LCS / Component 1 : Upscaling < br > environmental andhydrological social impactsurvey report for IDAKHO IDA / 59450 Climate-Smart AgriculturalPractices ( US $ 163 . 8 millionequivalent , of which IDA Post Least CostSelection Open - National 18 , 121 . 30 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-06-07 2021-06-12 2021-06-26 2021-07-01 2021-07-15 2021-07-27 2021-08-08 2021-10-07 < br > North African leaf vegetable US $ 150 . 0 million eq uivalent ) < br > project < br > KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY-245941-CS-CQS / consultancy services forProducer Organization groups IDA / V0320 Component 1 : UpscalingClimate-Smart AgriculturalPractices ( US $ 163 . 8 millionequivalent , of which IDAUS $ 150 . 0 million eq uivalent ) Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-10-11 2021-10-12 2021-11-25 2021-12-09 2022-01-13 2022-07-12 < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The number of FDPs is not small in terms of the absolute global poverty count . Before the COVID-19 pandemic , around 10 percent of the global population ( 780 million people ) was estimated to be extremely poor , below 1 . 9 USD / day in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) terms . Using a conservative estimate based on empirical studies of about 1 in 2 FDPs being extremely poor , this translates into 41 . 2 million poor or about 5 percent of the global poor . The UN population division uses UNHCR ’ s FDP estimates to adjust national population figures by adding FDPs to population statistics . However , when the national and global poverty figures are estimated , FDPs are often missing from the poverty count . Low interest , lack of proper microdata on FDPs , measurement issues and political reasons are some of the obstacles that prevent a proper measurement of poverty among FDPs . Before the Syrian conflict , poverty measurement among FDPs was largely confined to occasional exercises – often focusing on vulnerability rather than poverty – carried out by local or international NGOs on behalf of humanitarian agencies such as the UNHCR and the World Food Programme ( WFP ) . These exercises often lacked the data sophistication and academic rigor that characterizes poverty measurement for regular populations in high - , middle - , or low-income countries , typically undertaken by development agencies such as the World Bank , UNDP or regional development banks . The UNHCR , for example , did not collect survey data on income , monetary consumption , or expenditure for refugees systematically as the focus and mandate of the agency is on humanitarian protection rather than poverty alleviation . It only started to collect data on income more systematically when budget restrictions forced the agency to start targeting cash programs . WFP did collect data on consumption regularly , but this effort was largely focused on food consumption for food security and nutritional assessments rather than poverty measurement . With little data and visibility , the economics profession and poverty specialists across the social sciences have also largely neglected FDPs ( Verme , 2016 ; Dionigi and Tabasso , 2020 ) . It is only in", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1531, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . COVID , Quo Vadis ? * * The previous section has posited that the world ’ s demographic structure is inconsistent with the observed skew in the mortality burden towards HICs . This section will discuss the implications of this finding for the future direction of the pandemic . It will note that while to some degree the contrast between rich and poor countries is simply ‘ unreal ’ , for the most part it will likely be temporary as the full progression of the pandemic is yet ‘ unrealized . ’ # # * * Perspective 1 : Unreal * * Overshadowing the discussion so far is the specter of poor data quality in dimensions such as accuracy , completeness , consistence , timeliness and validity . The need for adequate measurement and reporting cannot be emphasized enough . Where testing has been limited or untimely , data quality will suffer . Where vital statistics were poorly reported prior the pandemic , the problems will be even worse . Figure 11 . Data Outliers : Countries with Extremely Low Observations of COVID-19 Fatalities by Population Size < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 Congo , Dem . Rep . < br > Niger < br > Thailand < br > Burkina Faso < br > Kenya < br > 40 < br > Ghana < br > Côte d ' Ivoire < br > 20 < br > Tanzania < br > Uzbekistan < br > Venezuela < br > Sri Lanka Nepal Ethiopia < br > Angola Uganda Vietnam < br > 0 Madagascar Mozambique < br > 30 60 90 < br > Population ( millions ) < br > Number of COVID − 19 deaths < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Johns Hopkins University ; World Population Prospects . Note : Population is 2020 estimate . Sample restricted to population over 20 million and fatalities under 100 . Some countries with large populations report remarkably few fatalities . Figure 11 shows some outliers of countries with a population of more than 20 million and where fatalities are reported below 100 . As of May 23 , Mozambique , Uganda and", "spans": [{"start": 1540, "end": 1566, "text": "World Population Prospects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Rural Electrification Authority : Project Report for the proposed Kamandio Market and Dispensary ( Kitui Central Constituency ) 33 kV power distribution line which is fairly hot to very hot . Monthly rainfall exceeds potential evapotranspiration demand only in April and substantially in November subsequent to which , a moisture deficit prevails during the rest of year . The drought is especially sever between June and September whose long-term rainfall catch is nil implying that moisture scarcity poses the most severe limitation to ecological productivity in the area . The semi-arid mid climate of the Mutito hill masses originally supported deciduous forests of Erythryina spp , Croton macrostachys , Ficus spp , Croton megalocarpus , Terminalia spp , Acacia tortilis , Mekia volkensii , among others , remnants of which occur widely in the area . On account of human incursion however , the original vegetation has been removed in total to pave way for agricultural settlements and provide wood for building , firewood , charcoal making etc in which case ; the original vegetation has been removed and replaced . Population and livelihoods : The Miambani location is primarily inhabited by the Kamba community and as at the 2009 National Population Census , the then Miambani Location had a population estimated at 24206 people comprised of 4458 households occupying a ground area of 258 . 4 square kilometers . The resultant population density of 94 persons per square kilometer - equivalent to 17 households per square kilometer is indicative of the potential market for electric power in the location . Livelihoods within the traverse are largely dependent on subsistence mixed agriculture in which crop farming is combined with keeping of local animals . By 2003 , the Miambani Location had a poverty incidence of 81 % which was essentially the highest in the district . The Farm Management Handbook Team ( Jaetzhold , et al , 2006 ) identified principal contributors to such high prevalence of poverty as follows : - - a ) Hostile climatic conditions : The climate of the district is", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1268, "text": "2009 National Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The dependent variable ( _ethical_orientation_ ) is a binary variable that we define in different ways to capture each ESG ethical dimension ( _mon_emi , training_ , and _top_man_fem_ , respectively ) . Specifically , we capture the environmental dimension with a binary variable that takes the value of one if the firm has monitored its CO2 emissions over the past three years ( _ “ mon_emi ” _ ) , and zero otherwise . < sup > 8 < / sup > The social dimension is captured by a binary variable that takes the value of one if the firm offered formal training programs for permanent , full-time employees ( “ _training_ ” ) in the last fiscal year , and zero otherwise . The governance dimension is captured by a binary variable that takes the value of one if the firm has female top managers ( “ _top_man_fem_ ” ) , and zero otherwise . The main variable of interest is the interaction between digital orientation and technological orientation ( digital orientationict ∗ tech orientationict ) . _X_ is a vector of control variables including firm size ( “ _large_ ” ) , the presence of a line of credit or loan from a financial institution ( “ _fin_ins_ ” ) , the real annual sales growth in percent ( “ _sal_gro_ ” ) , the age of a firm ( “ _age_ ” ) and the logarithm of GDP per capita ( “ _log ( GDPpercapita ) _ ” ) . We use median sampling weights in all estimates to allow inference to the entire population . < sup > 9 < / sup > The model is saturated by adding countryand year-fixed effects to capture country - and time-invariant unobservable factors . Industry fixed effects alone are not included because the variable capturing technology intensity is computed at the industry level . However , in some > 8 CO2 emissions monitoring data is only available for the years 2020-2023 for 49 countries . > 9 For an in-depth explanation , see the ES sampling note available at the following link : < u > https : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / en / methodology < / u > ( last accessed : July 2024 ) . In", "spans": [{"start": 1718, "end": 1747, "text": "CO2 emissions monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Munley ( 1984 ) also estimated water pollution abatement costs based on the framework proposed by Rossi , Young , and Epp . Goldar , Misra , and Mukherji ( 2001 ) identified problems associated with the cost function proposed by Rossi , Young , and Epp , and argue that output of abatement activity should be defined as the reduction in the pollution load . They define output of water pollution abatement as a function of the volume of waste water treated , the difference in the pollution levels of influent and effluent water , and inputs used to purify the water . Golder , Misra , and Mukherji specified a water pollution abatement cost function in which the cost of abatement is an explicit function of the quantum of abatement ( i . e . , the difference between water quality before and after the treatment ) and factor prices . There are some similar studies that did not include factor prices in the abatement cost function ( e . g . , Mehta , Mundle , and Sankar , 1993 ) . Another set of studies considered pollution abatement as an inseparable multi-output process , and suggested that the cost of abatement might not be separable from the cost of production ( see Pizer and Kopp , 2005 ; Maradan and Vassiliev , 2005 ; Boyd , Molburg , and Prince , 1996 ) . Gollup and Roberts ( 1985 ) used observed data on utility pollution abatement and production costs to estimate a cost function that included emission control rates as a predictor of production costs . Nordhaus ( 1994 ) compared a number of published models in terms of percentage difference of carbon emissions from a baseline path and propose an aggregate formula relating cost to output and reduction of greenhouse gases . In a similar manner , Newell and Stavins ( 2003 ) explored the pollution abatement cost heterogeneity ( i . e . , the relative cost of uniform performance measured in terms of emissions per unit of product output ) by using a second-order approximation of the costs around the baseline emissions . Their approach was based on variation in baseline emission rates , thus estimation of the cost function required data on baseline and project", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1317, "text": "observed data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "following the April nadir . There is an uptick in visits to residences in all regions and a drop in visits to retail / recreation locations , again with the biggest changes in April . Interestingly , Latin America and the Caribbean show the largest changes in all four categories , with the biggest drops in visits to workplace , grocery / pharmacy , and retail / recreation locations and the biggest increase in visits to residential locations . The indicators may even track variability in the severity of the crisis , not just the initial drop . For example , there is an increase in visits to retail and recreation in Europe and Central Asia in July and August , and it coincides with summer in these areas , as well as with a lull in new coronavirus cases . Across all regions , the pattern is clear : there is a sudden , large decrease in visits to non-residential locations in March and April . Moreover , visits to these locations – especially workplaces and retail / recreation – remain far below their February levels throughout the entirety of 2020 . Figure 8 presents the final set of mobility data , which disaggregates the data by country income . While we do see decreases in visits to workplace , grocery / pharmacy , and retail / recreation locations and an increase in visits to residential locations , one clear pattern is that visits to workplaces decreased the least in low-income countries . Whether this is due to differences in the underlying data – e . g . differences in the people who are contributing to the data – or actual differences in behavior is an open question . One possible explanation is that the classification of residences and workplaces is more difficult in developing economies , where a large proportion of the population is self-employed . In Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole , for example , more than 80 percent of workers may be self-employed ( Cho et al . , 2016 ) , which means that “ residence ” and “ workplace ” may be one and the same . In all the mobility data , April shows the biggest change from baseline . While visits to many locations increased somewhat", "spans": [{"start": 1097, "end": 1110, "text": "mobility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2013 ) . This practice helps align estimates , reduces underreporting in surveys , and contributes to a reduction in the gap between national accounts measures and survey measures . A caveat to this interpretation is that consumption surveys , which do not typically rely on any such administrative data , also show a similar narrowing of the gap among rich countries . In Panel B of Table 1 , we also assess the gap between household surveys and GDP . Overall , survey means are on average 47 percent lower than GDP across countries . While this large discrepancy may not be surprising to national accounts and survey experts , it is worth noting that maybe the most commonly cited indicator summarizing living standards in a country – GDP per capita – and often described as ‘ income per person ’ , is on average twice the size of per capita household 16", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 442, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "past few decades , recent trade negotiations and agreements mostly focus on NTMs . From a methodological point of view , this paper presents a novel method for estimating the advalorem equivalent of NTMs . In addition , our . . . nding that AVEs and tari ¤ s are substitutes suggests that it is important to include NTMs in trade policy analysis . Finally , the general results of this paper indicate that NTMs at the border add important costs to trade and that traders seek to avoid these costs by resorting to misclassi . . . cation of products and / or misreporting quantities . Avoidance of NTMs at the border not only undermines the trade policy of the importing country , for example by misreporting country of origin , but also undermines regulations that seek to guarantee consumers ’ health and environmental protection . # References - [ 1 ] Bagwell , K . and Staiger , R . ( 2011 ) . “ What Do Trade Negotiators Negotiate About ? Empirical Evidence from the World Trade Organization , ” American Economic Review 101 : 1238 – 1273 . - [ 2 ] Bhagwati , J . ( 1964 ) . “ On the Underinvoicing of Imports , ” Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 27 ( 4 ) : 389 – 397 . - [ 3 ] Broda , C . , and Weinstein , D . ( 2006 ) . “ Globalization and the Gains from Variety , ” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121 ( 2 ) : 541-585 . - [ 4 ] Cameron , C . and Trivedi , P . ( 2013 ) , Regression Analysis of Count Data , 2nd edition , Econometric Society Monograph No . 53 , Cambridge University Press . - [ 5 ] Cantens , T . ( 2015 ) . “ Mirror Analysis and Revenue Frauds , ” World Customs Organization Research Paper No . 35 . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 < / sup > The base OLS estimates with the cross-section data show a loss of - 1 . 8 percent in GDP per capita between 2005 and 2018 due to the fall in SCI . This is larger than the - 0 . 4 percent decrease in GDP per capita due to the decline in trade openness ( between 2005 and 2018 ) , and the 0 . 01 percent increase due to the increase primary school enrollment ( between 2005 and 2017 ) . Using the OLS with year fixed effects estimates ( panel data ) , the loss in GDP due to the fall in SCI is slightly higher at - 1 . 9 percent . This is still larger than the loss of - 0 . 4 percent and gain of 0 . 4 percent due to the decrease in trade openness and the increase in schooling respectively . > 12 Source : How should governments spend on data < u > https : / / blogs . worldbank . org / opendata / how-much-shouldgovernments-spend-data < / u > ( accessed July , 25 < sup > th < / sup > 2021 , 10 : 45 pm ) . > 13 We use the 2017 value for primary school enrollment rate due to the sparse data in MENA for 2018 . All trends are for developing economies in the MENA region ( i . e . high-income economies in the region are excluded ) . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to increase the enrollment of Syrian refugee students ( boys and girls ) in public schools in formal and non ‐ formal sectors , with the assistance of donors , civil society organizations , and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . 7 . * * Interventions to increase education access for Syrian refugee children should be targeted at those aspects of the education system in which there is greatest need * * . Enrollment rates for Syrians > 6 World Bank EdStats data base — illiteracy rates , primary gross enrollment ratio , and transition rate to secondary school . > 7 The Jordan Compact was presented at the 2016 London conference and sets out a series of major commitments aimed at improving the resilience of refugee and host communities , focusing mainly on livelihoods and education . 8 These include the governments of the United States ( USAID ) , UK ( DFID ) , EU , Canada , Norway , and Germany ( KFW ) . > 9 Brussels conference paper . 2017 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 494, "text": "World Bank EdStats data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 260 < br > ( 0 . 247 ) | 1 . 107 * * * < br > ( 0 . 275 ) | 18 . 33 < br > [ 0 . 000 ] | _Source : _ Author ' s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . _Note : _ * * significant at 5 percent ; * * * significant at 1 percent . Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered at school level . The _p_ - values are in brackets in the third column . Controls : teacher characteristics ( gender , age , years of experience , if she / he has postgraduate certificates ) . The dependent variables are four-point scale , where 1 means strongly disagree , 2 disagree , 3 agree , and 4 strongly agree . 7", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 151, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IDPs face as well as the potential for reducing internal displacement . It did so while also exploring the connection between internal displacement and cross-border movements . # # # # # _Protection_ Protection must inform decision-making and all interventions across the displacement continuum . At the same time , decisive and predictable engagement in IDP situations is essential . Although States have primary responsibility to prevent , respond to and resolve internal displacement , this is where we face the greatest challenges . Positive change for IDPs must therefore start at the local and national level . The adoption of national policies on internal displacement as well as the ratification by some States of the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa ( Kampala Convention ) is a first step but the focus needs to be on implementation . This requires incentives for national authorities to invest in preventing , responding to and reducing internal displacement , as well as collecting relevant data on IDPs . This session pointed to the need for more dialogue on this point alongside increased advocacy efforts by UNHCR and civil society ; enhanced coordination and information sharing ; and support to peacebuilding between host communities and IDPs . # # # # # _Solutions_ The international community can do more to emphasize the importance of IDPs in national agendas , particularly with regard to solutions . In doing so , international actors need to engage in a manner that reinforces local and national capacity to implement solutions for IDPs and enables a transition from humanitarian aid to sustainable , long-term solutions , with due consideration for predictability , sustainability ( including funding gaps ) and access to rights ( including health and education ) . It is also necessary to establish a dialogue between IDP communities and national humanitarian and development actors , and for that dialogue to inform the work of development actors in taking concrete action towards achieving solutions for IDPs . Finally , alongside solutions , the international community should also aim to prevent internal displacement – prevention being a key area of focus for the new Secretary -", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1082, "text": "relevant data on IDPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "require it to be very severe indeed in order to overturn the conclusion that the multiplier is significantly less than one . Second , as long as the measurement error in government spending is uncorrelated with changes in disbursements on World Bank loans , the IV estimates of the multiplier are still consistent even in the presence of measurement error in total spending . Moreover , if measurement error were important , then other things equal , we should expect to find IV estimates that are larger than the OLS estimates . Yet in nearly all the specifications we have seen so far , the opposite is true . Taken together these arguments suggest that while measurement error in government spending surely is nontrivial for these countries , it is unlikely that my estimates of the multiplier suffer from major attenuation bias as a result . # * * 5 . 2 Special Features of World Bank ‐ Financed Spending * * The identification strategy in this paper hinges on the correlation between growth and changes in public spending that are associated with changes in disbursements on World Bank loans . This opens the possibility that there are unique features of World Bank ‐ financed spending that might reduce its short ‐ run stimulative effect on output relative to other forms of spending . And since the composition of total spending shifts towards World Bank ‐ financed spending when the latter increases , this may account for why the estimated overall government spending multiplier is so small . One such possibility is that the distribution of World Bank ‐ financed government spending between domestic production and imports is different from that of non ‐ World Bank ‐ financed spending . To take an extreme scenario , if a World Bank ‐ financed project consists exclusively of purchases of machinery or consultancy services imported from abroad , then one might expect the stimulative effects of this spending in the recipient country operating through expansions in domestic aggregate demand to be limited . To investigate this issue further , I match up the project ‐ level data on disbursements with contract ‐ level data on individual procurement contracts awarded on World Bank projects . The World Bank ’ s procurement records include information on the country", "spans": [{"start": 2070, "end": 2107, "text": "project ‐ level data on disbursements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2113, "end": 2170, "text": "contract ‐ level data on individual procurement contracts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2223, "end": 2242, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "South Africa has long been Sub-Saharan Africa ' s financial hub ; however , since 2004 , PE funds have expanded activity in West African markets such as Nigeria and Ghana . While Kenya joins Nigeria as what are considered the most sought-after PE markets in the Sub-Saharan , according to EMPEA , West Africa , in particular , has seen remarkable growth in recent years . These countries have witnessed a surge in PE activity from firms such as Helios Investment Partners , Adlevo Capital , Actis , and Emerging Capital Partners ( ECP ) . Funds raised in West Africa ’ s PE market increased exponentially from 2013 to 2014 , from US $ 40 million to US $ 271 million . Meanwhile , PE / VC investments in the West African market represented US $ 848 million , up from US $ 392 million in 2013 . Ghana is a major player in West Africa ' s PE growth , although investment in Ghana is often made through regional or pan-African funds , as discussed later in this report . According to EMPEA data , fund managers invested US $ 178 . 9 million and completed 15 deals in Ghana in 2014 ( see Annex 2 for list of deals ) . When it comes to funds raising capital in Ghana-specific vehicles , there is a dearth of recent data . But this is unsurprising because the majority of investors access PE / VC investment opportunities in Ghana via regional funds . Because of the paucity of Ghana-specific vehicles , it is difficult to discern a trend within Ghana-specific fundraising . While a few country-dedicated funds have reached closes ( one close of US $ 4 million in 2010 and one of US $ 1 million in 2012 ) , the dearth of Ghana-specific fundraising speaks more to investor preference for regional vehicles rather than a decline or increase in fundraising for Ghana . # * * HISTORY OF DOMESTIC PRIVATE EQUITY / VENTURE CAPITAL IN GHANA * * # * * Ghana Venture Capital Fund , 1991 * * < sup > * * 12 * * < / sup > Private equity has been prevalent in Ghana since the early 1990s . In late 1991 , USAID < sup", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 990, "text": "EMPEA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _ ~ ~ Leased Assets ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ Procurement of Second Hand Goods ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ Domestic preference ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ ( Goods and Works ) ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Specify for each ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; ~ ~ ~ ~ Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ~ ~ * * ~ ~ Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with HEIS . Otherwise delete ] ~ ~ _ # # * * ~ ~ Other Relevant Procurement Information . ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ Provide any other relevant procurement information such as procedures for CDD components , Procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints etc . ~ ~ _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < / sup > | | | | | | | | | | * * De * * < br > * * 10 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > | | | | | | | | | | | | * * richest * * | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 8 < br > 23 | 54 | * * richest * * | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 20 | 47 | _Note : Deciles are for real consumption per capita . Each number in this table represents a percent of the nth decile population which either remained in the same decile three years later ( diagonal ) or moved to a new decile ( upward mobility - green , downward - grey ) . All rows sum up to 100 , the population of each decile . Source : own estimates based on HIECPS 2005-2008 . _ Panel A represents initial data showing observed actual transitions between deciles of distribution . Panel B shows the most extreme cleaning , when all observations are replaced by their predictions from 17", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 612, "text": "HIECPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "statistics reflected in it have for the most part been reported by UNHCR country offices , which have in turn drawn the figures from Government sources , selected non-governmental organizations and UNHCR ’ s own registration programmes . In all cases , they have been rounded to the closest hundredth or thousandth , as the case may be , for the purposes of this report . As some adjustments may yet be made to the figures in the publication of the _2006 Statistical Yearbook_ referred to earlier , they should therefore be considered as provisional . # # # * * < u > Box 1 . The “ cluster approach ” < / u > * * Recognizing that no single UN agency had the mandate and resources to protect and assist internally displaced persons globally alone , the Inter-Agency Standing Committee ( IASC ) developed a “ collaborative approach ” which called for agencies to pool resources and response capacity . In 2005 , a Humanitarian Response Review commissioned by the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator found that critical gaps in humanitarian response remained . To ensure a more predictable and efficient response , the IASC Principals endorsed the “ Cluster Approach ” in December 2005 . Under this arrangement , UNHCR would assume leadership responsibility and accountability for three of nine “ clusters ” , namely protection , emergency shelter , and camp coordination and management . The report shows that , at a total of 32 . 9 million , there namely protection , emergency shelter , and has been a significant increase in the global population camp coordination and management . of persons of concern to UNHCR in 2006 as compared with 2005 . The principal reasons for this apparent spike , as indeed the other key changes , are outlined in detail in the respective parts of the report , and are otherwise summarized in the table on page 15 . Attention is however drawn to the fact that there have been changes in the way in which UNHCR statistics have been reported in 2006 which have had an impact on the overall figures . In the first instance , the _Annual Statistical Report_", "spans": [{"start": 1930, "end": 1946, "text": "UNHCR statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Where it has been declared that a project serves the public interest , < br > the competent authorities shall determine which immovable is required < br > to be expropriated to enable the carrying out of the project . < br > The owners , bare owners and usufructuaries shall be personally notified < br > of the contemplated expropriation . < br > They shall be required to express within a reasonable time fixed by the < br > authorities their views on the necessityof such expropriation . < br > Article 1468 outlines the service of an order : < br > ( l ) An expropriation order shall be served on the owner concerned and < br > on any person whose rights on the expropriated immovable have been < br > entered in the register of immovable . < br > ( 2 ) It shall be served on any person whom the owner designates to the < br > competent authorities as havinga right on the immovable . | | | Article 1469 refers to partial expropriation : < br > ( I ) Where part of a building is expropriated , the owner may demand that < br > the whole building be expropriated . | | Partial expropriation | ( 2 ) Where part of a [ parcel of ] land is expropriated , the owner may < br > demand that the whole [ parcel of ] land be expropriated where partial < br > expropriation renders useless that part of the land which is < br > not < br > expropriated . < br > ( 3 ) The provisions of this Article shall apply as regards their respective < br > rights to the bare owner and usufructuaryof an expropriated immovable . | | | Article . 1470 outlines the fixing the amount of compensation . The owner , < br > bare owner and usufructuary of an expropriated immovable and any < br > person who benefits by a", "spans": [{"start": 721, "end": 742, "text": "register of immovable", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to about 91 . 7 percent , with a mean of about 7 percent . Remittances are characterized by a low of US $ 9 , 980 and a high of US $ 37 . 2 billion , with an average of US $ 687 million . When expressed as a share of GDP , remittances receipts amounted to the tune of about 5 percent of GDP on average . Table 4 presents correlation coefficients between remittances and GDP per capita growth across the five exchange rate regime classes . With the exception of regime 2 , all other regimes classes show a positive correlation between remittances and growth , of which only regimes 1 and 3 are statistically significant . The estimates further show that when regime classes are combined into two groups only , then for regimes 1 through 3 , there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between > 2 The following are noteworthy : a . The choice of countries was guided by availability of data for remittance recipients , and particularly for exchange rate regimes . b . Although the data spans 38 years , the time dimension is in the range , 13 - 15 years , across the various estimations due to missing observations . c . Annual observations are used primarily in the estimations , because the literature documents that remittances may affect growth by enhancing macroeconomic stability via consumption smoothing over the business cycle , in addtion to the potential impact through an investment channel . Refer to Lartey ( 2013 ) for further details . 5", "spans": [{"start": 903, "end": 933, "text": "data for remittance recipients", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * # # * * _None . _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 6 . 0 < br > 4 . 0 Pakistan < br > 2 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In order to establish what Pakistan ‘ s per capita income would have been in the period 1900 to 2050 had it followed a different education policy , we must first establish a relationship between education and income . In this illustrative example such a relationship is obtained by fitting a Mincerian function using per capita income ( _Y_ ) and years of schooling ( _S_ ) circa 2009 in 128 countries :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ANNEX A Literature review : Fan chart construction methodology * * | * * Author * * | * * Country / Variable * * < br > * * of interest * * | * * Methodology * * | * * Variables included * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Banco Central do < br > Brasil , Inflation < br > Report , Dec . 2015 | Brazil . Inflation , < br > real GDP growth | Asymmetric fan chart based on historical forecast errors . | External and domestic < br > developments : global demand , < br > commodity prices , financial < br > market , and GDP growth . < br > Inflation . | | Bank of Canada , < br > Monetary Policy < br > Report , Jan . 2016 | Canada . Inflation , < br > core inflation | Fan chart based on Bank of Canada forecast errors and < br > survey professional forecast data . | Inflation , real GDP growth . | | Canada , < br > Parliamentary < br > Budget Office , < br > Aug . 2010 | Canada . Budget < br > balance | Uses the procedure proposed by Kannan and Elekdag ( 2009 ) < br > to construct the forecast distribution of Canadian Parliament < br > budget projection in 2010 . | Real GDP , U . S . growth , U . S . < br > term spread , oil prices , budget < br > deficit . | | Banco Central de < br > Chile , Monetary < br > Policy Report , < br > Feb . 2015 | Chile . Inflation , real < br > GDP | Fan chart based on historical forecast errors and allowing < br > subjective assessment of risk . | Global demand , commodity < br > prices , financial market , GDP < br > growth , inflation . | | Michal et al . < br > ( 2014 ) | Czech Republic . < br > Inflation , real GDP < br > growth , interest <", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 772, "text": "survey professional forecast data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Data on remittances received from migrants ( whether men or women , and if they had migrated for work ) is also useful in understanding changes in rural men ’ s and women ’ s opportunities and income from ruralurban migration . Among the LSMS-ISA , the 2016-17 Malawi survey is the only one that asks about money sent back to the household from children aged 15 and older who have migrated ( including the amount , frequency , mode of payment , and recipient within the household ) . Extending these questions to include parents who have migrated , across different country surveys going forward , would also be helpful . # _Skills development_ Despite the narrowing of rural gender gaps in school enrollment over time , rural women face substantial inequalities in skills development and the ability to seek improved economic opportunities . Broad questions remain on ( a ) understanding how to target interventions to narrow these gaps and ( b ) how skills and economic mobility translate into better employment outcomes . Several randomized controlled trial ( RCT ) program-level studies have introduced formal business training for women entrepreneurs but often with little effect , due perhaps to skills not improving enough or the right skills not being taught ( see McKenzie and Woodruff , 2014 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Underreporting of rural women ’ s employment also makes targeting training programs and extension services difficult . At present , most nationally-representative household surveys typically do not ask skills-related questions beyond literacy and having formal schooling , which as seen in Van den Broeck and Kilic ( 2018 ) may not be relevant for designing policy in contexts where only low-skilled opportunities are available . The World Bank ’ s STEP skills measurement program has implemented household and employer-based surveys between 2012 and 2017 in 17 countries , spanning a range of cognitive and non-cognitive skills through objective and self-reported measures , but only covers urban adults aged 15-64 . < sup > 7 < / sup > To inform areas that surveys should cover on collecting data on different types of skills , and in turn how to evaluate outcomes from different types of employment-related programs , guidelines were developed during the 20", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 42, "text": "Data on remittances received from migrants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 253, "end": 274, "text": "2016-17 Malawi survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1463, "end": 1506, "text": "nationally-representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Supplementary Information * * # * * SI-1 Supplementary text * * # # * * SI-1 . 1 Country level correlations * * To provide context for the relationship between wealth and pollution globally we draw on data from the World Bank to estimate the country-level correlation across the entire world The general intuition that pollution is higher in lower income countries is borne out by the country-level data . Two results stand out : first , as has been well documented , countrylevel average pollution is lower on average in higher income countries ( Figure SI-1a ) . Only two countries with a per capita income above $ 50 , 000 have average pollution levels above 20 _μg / m_ < sup > 3 < / sup > ( Macau and Qatar ) . Countries with low levels of per capita income ( less than $ 15 , 000 ) span the full range of pollution levels but the majority have pollution concentrations above 25 _μg / m_ < sup > 3 < / sup > . Simple cross-country regression confirms this correlation , every $ 10 , 000 increase in per capita income , is associated with a decline in pollution of 1 . 8 _μg / m_ < sup > 3 < / sup > ( _t-stat_ : 4 . 3 ) . Second , consistent with the negative relationship between income and pollution the most polluted countries in the world are concentrated in Central and West Africa , the Middle East , and South Asia ( Figure SI-1b-c ) . With the exception of the Middle East , these are among the lowest income regions in the world . Of the four countries that are notable outliers with pollution levels higher than would be expected given their income levels ( labeled in Figure SI-1a ) , three are highly urbanized city states ( The United Arab Emirates , Macau , and Monaco ) . The fourth , Qatar , has a significant portion of air pollution coming from natural pollution sources like dust storms . # # * * SI-1 . 2 Heterogeniety by per capita income and pollution source * * The spatial pattern of ambient particulate pollution , and hence its correlation with wealth", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 231, "text": "data from the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 391, "end": 409, "text": "country-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level panel data , find that the PRC ’ s capital market became more fragmented between 1980s and 2001 , and the government tended to systematically reallocate capital from more productive regions to less productive ones . Zhang and Tan ( 2007 ) , using the data of 1978 – 2001 with four sectors ( urban industry , urban services , agriculture , and rural enterprise ) in each region , find that estimates of marginal productivity of capital were much higher and rising for the rural nonfarm sector compared to the other three sectors , and the variability of marginal product of capital rose through 1990s . There is evidence that the stock market in the PRC did not function well either . The PRC ’ s stock market was established in 1990 , after which the stock market capitalization grew quickly , to 54 % of GDP in 2000 . However , there is no evidence that it contributed to better allocation of capital . Wang , Xu , and Zhu ( 2004 ) examine the effect of public listing on firm performance . They find that operating performance in listed firms did not necessarily improve , and some actually declined . This could be due to either moral hazard associated with lower managerial ownership stake , or financial packaging ( i . e . , window-dressing a firm ’ s performance ) before listing . Firm performance tends to be better when top shareholders have more equal ownership stakes and could monitor one another more effectively . The benefits of public listing are mostly enjoyed only by large firms with good access to finance , and they tend to be state-owned or state-controlled with poor corporate governance . Thus , the stock market has not facilitated small firms ’ access to financing , despite their higher returns of capital . But there are also signs of progresses in the financial sector . The return to capital has been high despite high investment rates ( at 45 % of GDP in 2008 ) . It is highest in the coastal area , followed by the central region , then the west region . The dispersion of returns to capital across provinces has decreased over time . < mark > Bai , Hsieh", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 16, "text": "level panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 257, "end": 276, "text": "data of 1978 – 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rosenthal , S . and W . Strange . 2012 . Female Entrepreneurship , Agglomeration , and a New Spatial Mismatch . Review of Economics and Statistics , 94 ( 3 ) : 764-788 . Schoar , A . 2009 . The Divide between Subsistence and Transformational Entrepreneurship . In Lerner , Josh , and Scott Stern ( eds . ) Innovation Policy and the Economy , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press Schor , A . 2004 . Heterogeneous Productivity Response to Tariff Reduction : Evidence from Brazilian Manufacturing Firms . Journal of Development Economics , 75 ( 2 ) : 373 – 396 . Shanthi , R . 2006 . Female Labour Migration in India : Insights from NSSO Data . Working Paper # 4 . Chennai : Madras School of Economics . Sivadasan , J . 2009 . Productivity Consequences of Product Market Liberalization : Micro-Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Sector Reforms . B . E . Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy , 9 ( 1 ) : Article 42 . Standing , G . 1999 . Global feminization Through Flexible Labour : A Theme Revisited . World Development , 27 ( 3 ) : 583-602 . Storeygard , A . 2012 . Farther on Down the Road : Transport Costs , Trade and Urban Growth . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper # 6444 ; _forthcoming_ in Review of Economic Studies Subramanian , A . and Roy , D . 2001 . Who Can Explain the Mauriritan Miracle : Meade , Romer , Sachs or Rodrik ? IMF Working Paper # 116 . Tewari , I . 2011 . Is Small Beautiful ? Evidence from India ’ s Product Reservation Policy for Small Industry . Unpublished mimeo . Tewari I . and J . Wilde . 2014 . Multiproduct Firms , Product Scope and Productivity : Evidence from India ’ s Product Reservation Policy . Unpublished mimeo . Thomas , J . J . 2012 . India ' s Labour Market During the 2000s . Economic and Political Weekly , 47 ( 51 ) : 39-51 Topalova , P . 2007 . Trade Liberalization , Poverty and Inequality : Evidence from Indian Districts . In A . Harrison ( Ed . ) , Globalization and Poverty ( Cambridge", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > implementation processes . | The WB ’ s ESS grievance < br > redress mechanism shall be < br > adopted < br > to < br > address < br > the < br > limitations < br > and < br > build < br > capacities of the grievance < br > redress mechanism to the < br > required level | | Monitoring & < br > Evaluation | ▪ establish procedures to monitor and < br > evaluate the implementation of the plan < br > and take corrective action as necessary < br > during implementation , | The legislations entrust Woreda and Urban < br > Administrations with the responsibility to < br > collect and maintain the record of property < br > located on the expropriated land as well as | National legislations do not specify < br > monitoring methods , schedule , reporting < br > requirements , and key performance < br > indicators ( KPIs ) to be monitored . It < br > remainsinadequate to effectivelymonitor | ESS 5 should be adopted . < br > ▪ Internal < br > monitoring < br > and < br > external evaluation should < br > be conducted . | Page 75", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 622, "text": "record of property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "socioeconomic characteristics . * * The 2015 / 16 KIHBS conducted with the support of the program produced data used for in-depth analysis of gender gaps in the 2018 Kenya Poverty and Gender Assessment ( KPGA ) . # # # * * Institutional Strengthening * * The program strengthened the governance of KNBS through the implementation of the Corruption Risk Assessment . As part of the Fiduciary Systems Assessment and the integrated risk assessment for the program , the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission ( EACC ) undertook a CRA of KNBS . The CRA recommended 32 actions in financial management , procurement , internal audit , and record management systems . The completion of DLR 7 . 0 constituted the implementation of these actions . | * * 11 . Ratings * * < br > * * Ratings * * | * * ICR * * | * * IEG * * | * * Reason for * * < br > * * Disagreements / Comment * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Outcome | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | - - - | | Bank Performance | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | - - - | | Qualityof M & E | Substantial | Substantial | - - - | | Qualityof ICR | | Substantial | - - - | Page 14 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 55, "text": "2015 / 16 KIHBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 65 | | | | | | | _Main market_ | | | | | | | | | Local | 3 , 647 | 0 . 41 | | | | | | | National | 3 , 647 | 0 . 48 | | | | | | | International | 3 , 647 | 0 . 12 | | | | | | | _Sector_ | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing | 3 , 647 | 0 . 27 | | | | | | | Retail | 3 , 647 | 0 . 20 | | | | | | | Other services | 3 , 647 | 0 . 53 | | | | | | | * * _b . Firm performance ( Round 3 ) _ * * | | | | | | | | | Percentage change in monthly sales relative to one year earlier | 3 , 507 | - 1 . 99 | 33 . 91 | - 40 . 00 | 25 . 00 | - 100 . 00 | 400 . 00 | | Percentage change in number of permanent full-time workers since December 2019 | 3 , 546 | - 14 . 60 | 51 . 38 | - 80 . 00 | 28 . 57 | - 200 . 00 | 200 . 00 | | Reduced number of permanent full-time workers since December 2019 | 3 , 546 | 46 . 96 | | | | | | | Anticipate fallinginto arrears on outstandingliabilities in the next 6 months | 3 , 247 | 20 . 85 | | | | | | _Sources_ : Enterprise Surveys and Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys . _Note_ : In our sample , the percentage of firms who have state ownership ( 10 % ) is 0 . 17 percent . 15", "spans": [{"start": 973, "end": 999, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 1 . 2 . 2 Quantitative Methods of Data Collection * * # # # # # # * * _Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets_ * * The Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets survey was carried out between January 2 - 29 , 2025 in all parst of Subproject impacted Kebeles and Woredas . _Sensitisation and Familiarisation Stage : _ A team of experts visited the Subproject area to meet with PAPs and local government officials . This mission helped not only to familiarise the study team with the Subproject area but also to adapt various survey forms and instruments to local conditions . This was then followed by finalisation of the survey instrument . _Identification of Subproject Impact Boundary Delineation Stage : _ This is a crucial stage where adverse impacts were fully identified and understood leading to their quantification . A survey was conducted using a Global Positioning System ( GPS ) to demarcate and confirm the actual boundary of the land take requirements for the Subproject including tower foundation , ROW and substations areas . _Census and Socio-Economic Surveys and Property Registration Stage : _ As this stage is a decisive stage in the whole exercise for the RP , a number of steps and procedures were adopted to ensure the accuracy of information collected and registration of affected property . The steps and procedures followed were as follows : - The first step was recruitment and training of enumerators . A team of enumerators and supervisors were recruited locally and received training on basic interviewing techniques . Enumerators were closely supervised and supported by members of the study team . - The second step was formation of an ad-hoc committee comprised of Woreda and Kebele officials . This committee is important in the identification", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 342, "text": "Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "addition , this current phase will scale-up the disaster risk financing mechanism . Furthermore , the Displacement Crisis Response Mechanism { under the WB financed Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project ( DRDIP – P164101 ) } established an innovative mechanism , which pre-programs funds to rapidly respond to future displacement shocks . Besides , the World Bank is providing support to the GoU under the ASA “ Strengthening Social Protection Systems in Uganda ” ( P175018 ) , financed through various multi-donor umbrella trust funds and will , among others , be expected to provide technical assistance in areas of development of a national social registry , scaling up digital payments and options for development of disaster risk financing mechanisms . The World Bank is also supporting the GoU in producing a “ Human Capital and Growth Review ” , which will help stimulate dialogue and inform policies to strengthen human capital for more inclusive growth in Uganda . In terms of Relationship to CPF , the proposed project will contribute to the goals of the GoU ’ s NDP III covering 2020 / 2021 to 2024 / 2025 namely through regional affirmative action and human capital development . The project is also in line with the 2015 National Social Protection Policy ( NSPP ) by supporting its three objectives : ( i ) to increase access to social security ; ( ii ) to enhance care , protection and support for vulnerable people ; and ( iii ) to strengthen the institutional framework for social protection services . The project aligns with the new GoU ’ s Parish Development Model ( PDM ) objectives “ to deepen the decentralization process ; improve household incomes ; enable inclusive , sustainable , balanced and equitable socio-economic transformation ; and increase accountability at local levels ” . The project especially contributes to the PDM pillars on financial inclusion , community mobilization and mindset change , and Parish-based Management Information System ( PbMIS ) . # # # # # * * 1 . 2 Project Description * * * * The project will primarily support interventions that promote institutionalization of social", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 674, "text": "national social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has had far-ranging impacts across the globe . In addition to the serious health effects , COVID-19 has caused widespread economic disruption . The epidemic has resulted in closure of schools and markets , disruption in public services , banning of social gatherings and restriction of mobility and transportation of goods and people . Given these wide-ranging impacts of the pandemic , governments , policy makers and researchers are in dire need of just-in-time and reliable data both to monitor the health and socio-economic impact of the epidemic on livelihoods and well-being . However , amid a pandemic it is difficult to deploy enumerators to the field to collect information from households and communities through face-to-face ( F2F ) interviews given the risk of transmission to both interviewer and respondent . As a solution to this challenge and to address the urgent demand for rapid and informative data , high frequency phone surveys ( HFPS ) of households are being implemented in many developing countries . The improvement of phone penetration in these counties in recent years , as well as the existence of recently conducted representative household surveys that contain re-contact information for some or all household members , has created opportunities to conduct phone surveys . While phone surveys have distinct advantages that are particularly relevant during the pandemic , they also suffer from drawbacks . One of the most substantial weaknesses of phone surveys is that they are often subject to several sources of bias that can compromise the representativeness of the sample and the external validity of the estimates obtained from the survey ( Himelein et al , 2020 ) . This study investigates the magnitude and source of bias in recent telephone surveys as well as exploring the effectiveness of techniques to reduce it . Using telephone surveys in Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria and Uganda that were sampled from recently completed representative F2F surveys , this study will first explore the sources of bias introduced at each stage of the phone survey selection and interview process , by comparing the profile of characteristics of the F2F and the phone survey samples . After examining the source and extent of bias , it will then assess the effectiveness of", "spans": [{"start": 975, "end": 1003, "text": "high frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1200, "end": 1232, "text": "representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2018, "end": 2044, "text": "representative F2F surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * in * * < br > * * 2020 * * < br > * * Euros * * | | - - - | - - - | | Single Person ( Average Monthly , Euros ) | 148 . 2 | | Single Parent and One child ( Average Monthly , Euros ) | 294 . 0 | | Single parent and Two Children ( Average Monthly , Euros ) | 439 . 9 | | Family of two adults and one child ( Average Monthly , Euros ) | 442 . 2 | | Family of two adults and two children ( Average Monthly , Euros ) | 577 . 7 | | Single Person ( Average Monthly , Euros ) - Including physical activity and other functions | 180 . 6 | | Family of two adults and two children ( Average Monthly , Euros ) - Including physical activity and other < br > functions | 669 . 1 | * * Panel c . Average Monthly Cost per Capita , 2020 Euros * * | | | * * Food Basket ( with non-food * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Currency * * | * * Food Basket * * | * * components / other functions ) * * | | Euros | 126 . 0 | 180 . 6 | | RON | 610 | 874 | _Source : _ Panel a . European Commission ( 2015 ) . Panel b and c . Own estimates based on European Commission ( 2015 ) . * * The second step involves defining the household type of the target interest group and obtaining EUSILC survey estimates necessary to estimate living wages . * * One needs to define what a typical Romanian household living in relative poverty with positive labor income < sup > 18 < / sup > looks like . Based on the 2021 EU-SILC , a household living below the relative poverty line has , on average , 2 . 51 household members . This allows us to get to the cost of the food basket for a family of this average size or how much is needed", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1178, "text": "EUSILC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1385, "end": 1397, "text": "2021 EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * We find that a weighted predictive mean matching model is the best-performing model . * * The weighted PMM approximates the underlying model well and allows us to weight regressions by survey weights . This result is in line with the previous literature , showing that PMM works well in the context of imputations ( Kleinke , 2018 ) . Given that we plan to use survey weights in future analyses performed on the generated dataset , we consider the weighted PMM most appropriate . We show that results across the multiple imputations are consistent . In addition , the distribution of the average imputed energy spending share closely resembles the observed distribution of energy spending shares when restricting the sample by households ' gender composition and income categories . Results differ slightly by matching variables but are sufficiently similar . The same applies to results by non-matching variables . They also hold when using an alternative number of neighbors for the PMM . * * We use the generated dataset to demonstrate that the energy-poor and monetary-poor overlap . * * Based on the synthetic EU-SILC , we show that all monetary poor , defined via the relative at-risk of poverty measure , are also energy poor . At the same time , not all the energy poor are at risk of poverty . Moreover , we show that energy expenditure shares are higher for lower-income quintiles . An important limitation of our analysis is that these insights highly depend on our chosen measure of energy poverty . Our main results rely on an income-based measure of energy poverty and a 10 percent threshold to identify the energy poor < sup > 5 < / sup > . The overlap between energy and monetary poverty measures differs when using different thresholds or measuring energy poverty from a different angle . * * Our paper makes an important contribution to recent efforts exploring the potential of statistical matching techniques to improve the data environment in the EU . * * Over the years , there has been an increasing effort in the EU to explore the potential of statistical matching to combine information from different datasets ( Leulescu and Agafitei ( 2013 ) ; Serafino and Tonkin ( 2017 ) ; Moretti", "spans": [{"start": 1119, "end": 1126, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "underscores the actions by the SPLA and opposition forces , and the complete failure of international actors in stopping the violence . < sup > 13 < / sup > While many of the opposition forces have also committed abuses in all parts of the country , including killings , rapes , abductions and recruitment of child soldiers , according to Human Rights Watch , “ crimes against civilians committed by government troops are by and large responsible for today ’ s dire humanitarian situation . Yet , none of those who orchestrated or tolerated these abuses were ever charged by the government , and only two commanders were sanctioned by the United Nations Security Council ” . < sup > 14 < / sup > Impunity continues in all parts of South Sudan . As the confl ict continues into its fourth year , the Protection Cluster Trends reporting has continued to identify violent crimes against people causing displacement on a daily , weekly and monthly basis . The economic downward spiral facing South Sudan has intensifi ed the violent behavior towards civilians , particularly against the most vulnerable , women and children , in an environment that lacks accountability for human rights abuses . Government security services continue to suppress independent and critical voices from the opposition , media and human rights defenders . < sup > 15 < / sup > In the absence of any broader political and economic reforms , and donor / international engagement to implement the terms laid out in the ARCSS , rampant insecurity and violent crime continue , further diminishing the protection environment during this reporting period . Despite some noted changes in the UNMISS FORCE protection of civilians through efforts to increase patrols and strengthening security measures particularly in and around POC sites , < sup > 16 < / sup > UNMISS has been denied access to practically all areas where attacks on civilians occur , and humanitarians have been targeted and killed in higher numbers than previously reported . Six aid workers and their driver were killed in South Sudan in the worst single attack on humanitarian staff in the country ’", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 834, "text": "Protection Cluster Trends reporting", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project the precaution measures should be created among the nearby community members and construction workers . The followings measures are needs to be considered during operation phase - Identification of potential exposure levels in the work place , including surveys of exposure levels in new projects and the use of personal monitors during working activities ; - Personal exposure monitoring equipment should be set to warn of exposure levels that are below occupational exposure reference - Training of workers in the identification and management of occupational EMF levels and hazards ; - Establishment and identification of safety zones to differentiate between work areas with expected elevated EMF levels compared to those acceptable for public exposure , limiting access to properly trained workers ; - Implementation of action plans to address potential or confirmed exposure levels that exceed reference occupational exposure levels developed by international organizations and national directives like Ethiopian Electricity Authority ( EEA < sup > 6 < / sup > ) . - Action plans to address occupational exposure may include limiting exposure time through work rotation , increasing the distance between the source and the worker , when feasible , or the use of shielding materials . # 9 . 3 . 8 * * Electrocutions and Proposed Mitigation Measures * * # * * Impact * * During operation , impacts are related mainly with electro-cautions and possible induce effects from electro-magnetic fields . The placeman to flow-slung lines or lines near human activities ( e . g . Highways , buildings ) increases the risk of electrocutions . Furthermore , in the Lot Two of this project ( upgrading of the substations ) , workers on duty in these substations will face the risk of electrocution . Even if the occurrence of such risk is very minimal , a precautionary measure should be established . > 6 https : / / chilot . files . wordpress . com / 2011 / 04 / directive_overheadeleclineqltysupply . pdf 105", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 409, "text": "surveys of exposure levels", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "86 | < br > 86 | 86 | 86 | | Number of instruments | 41 | | 38 | 36 | 53 | 41 | 37 | 36 | 52 | | Hansen test for over - | 0 . 222 | | 0 . 235 | 0 . 085 < sup > [ B ] < / sup > | 0 . 296 | 0 . 159 | 0 . 129 | 0 . 093 < sup > [ B ] < / sup > | 0 . 380 | | identifying restrictions | | | | | | | | | | | AB AR ( 1 ) test | 0 . 000 | | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | AB AR ( 2 ) test | 0 . 969 | | 0 . 880 | 0 . 932 | 0 . 885 | 0 . 972 | 0 . 967 | 0 . 997 | 0 . 985 | Notes : < sup > [ A ] < / sup > GDP data are adjusted for international differences in purchasing power of the dollar . < sup > [ B ] < / sup > When the p-value of the Hansen test is a borderline case , the instruments are further validated by the supplementary evidence from the Sargan test of the over-identifying restrictions . Robust standard errors in parentheses ; asterisks indicate statistical significance at the * * * 1 , * * 5 , and * 10 percent level . Data for the transition economies refer only from 1997 onwards . All equations include time period and group-specific dummies . # * * 5 . Foreign Savings and Growth Channels * * # _ < u > How Do Foreign Savings Support Growth in Emerging Europe ? < / u > _ So far we have established that foreign savings support growth in many — but not all — emerging European countries . In a growth equation , the interactions between current account balances and two of the EU-specific country groups mentioned before have a negative and statistically significant point estimate . The", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 545, "text": "GDP data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in North East - MICS by State in North West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > Benue FCT Abuja Kogi Kwara Adamawa Bauchi Borno Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina < br > Nasarawa Niger Plateau Gombe Taraba Yobe Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara < br > d ) e ) f ) < br > Improved Sanitation Deprivation - Improved Sanitation Deprivation - < br > Improved Sanitation Deprivation - < br > by State in South South MICS by State in South West - MICS < br > by State in South East - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > Children 0-17 Children 0-17 < br > Abia Anambra Ebonyi Enugu Imo Akwa Ibom Bayelsa Cross River Ekiti Lagos Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . . Estimations are based in children aged 0-17 . 66", "spans": [{"start": 1042, "end": 1046, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Financial Sector Strengthening Project ( FSSP ) ( P171627 ) | No | Yes . Copy of bond < br > agreement / certificate issued by < br > MoF . | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0 . 00 | 250 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | PBC allocation | | 250 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total PBC Allocation | 37 . 31 % | | * * 9 : Operating Model & Rec * * | * * apitalization of DBE implemented ( Yes / No ) * * | | | | | No | | Yes . Copy of the DBE Board < br > resolution approving the < br > strategicplan | | | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 10 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | PBC allocation | | 10 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total PBC Allocation | 1 . 49 % | | * * 10 : Basel II Framework ad * * | * * opted ( Yes / No ) * * | | | | | No | | Yes . Directive published on the < br > NBE website . ( $ 30M ) . Copies of < br > Basel II reports submitted to NBE < br > bycommercial banks ( $ 5M ) | | | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 35 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | PBC allocation | | 35 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total PBC Allocation | 5 . 22 % | Page 31", "spans": [{"start": 874, "end": 890, "text": "Basel II reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) ICR DOCUMENT consistently outperformed non-AGP2 woredas in crop revenue , highlighting the project ’ s success in promoting commercialization through targeted interventions . These included improved market infrastructure ( roads , market centers , and storage facilities ) , strengthening farmer organizations for collective bargaining , agribusiness training , adoption of high-yield crop varieties and efficient irrigation systems , as well as enhancing market integration by linking farmers to input supply systems and agro-processors and improving access to market information . These combined efforts enabled smallholder farmers to transition toward market-oriented production , achieving higher financial returns and enhanced economic resilience . 31 . * * Going beyond PDO : Additional AGP2 Impact . * * Although not part of the PDO , the project had substantial impacts on _nutrition and job creation_ ( contributing to the GoE ’ s high-level objectives ) , which is worth highlighting in the efficacy section . 32 . * * Nutrition . * * Based on the findings from the EIER , AGP2 made notable strides in improving nutrition through interventions focused on increasing dietary diversity and food security . The percentage of households classified as having \" poor food security \" status , based on the Food Consumption Score , decreased by approximately 10 percentage points , from 48 . 6 percent at baseline to 39 percent at endline . There were also improvements in household dietary diversity , particularly for children aged 6-23 months , with a 3 . 1 percentage point increase in the number of children consuming more than the minimum number of food groups in AGP2 households . Pregnant women in AGP2 households experienced a statistically significant increase in the consumption of milk and meat , while the dietary diversity of lactating and non-pregnant women also improved , albeit to a lesser degree . Additionally , the project promoted the consumption of nutrient-dense crops and animal products , such as vegetables and eggs , which improved household consumption practices . Despite these successes ,", "spans": [{"start": 1146, "end": 1150, "text": "EIER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "varieties , two-way trade or labor and investment effects , may require additional modeling assumptions as well as additional data ( such as demand and supply elasticities and so on ) . In any case , most of the discussion about poverty , inequality and household welfare is typically based on household surveys and these surveys and the HIT data set are thus a natural starting point for analyzing the distributional impacts of trade policy . 13", "spans": [{"start": 338, "end": 350, "text": "HIT data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "World Bank , their Managements , or the governments they represent . The authors thank Natalia Volkow and INEGI for access to the Economic Census microdata . All results have been reviewed to ensure that confidential information is not released . Any errors remain our own . a : World Bank Development Research Group . Corresponding author , Phone : + 1 ( 202 ) 505-0925 , 1818 H St NW , Washington , DC , 20433 , treed @ worldbank . org . ; b : International Finance Corporation , c : World Bank ; d : World Bank", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 155, "text": "Economic Census microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Conduct . To that end , managers must adhere to this Manager ' s Code of Conduct and sign the Individual Code of Conduct . This commits them to supporting the implementation of the * * CESMP * * and the * * OHS * * Management Plan , and developing systems that facilitate the implementation of the GBV and * * VAC * * Action Plan . They need to maintain a safe workplace , as well as a GBV-free and VAC-free environment at the workplace and in the local community . These responsibilities include but are not limited to : # # # # * * Implementation * * * * 1 . * * To ensure maximum effectiveness of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct : - * * i . * * Prominently displaying the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct in clear view at workers ' camps , offices , and in public areas of the work space . Examples of areas include waiting , rest and lobby areas of sites , canteen areas and health clinics . - * * ii . * * Ensuring all posted and distributed copies of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct are translated into the appropriate language * * of * * use in the work site areas as well as for any international staff in their native language . 2 . Verbally and in writing explain the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct to all staff . * * _3 . _ * * Ensure that : - * * i . All * * direct reports sign the ' Individual Code of Conduct ' , including acknowledgment that they have read and agree with the Code of Conduct . - * * ii . * * Staff lists and signed copies of the Individual Code of Conduct are provided to the * * OHS * * Manager , the * * GCCT , * * and the client . - * * iii . * * Participate in training and ensure that staff also participate as outlined below . - iv . Put in place a mechanism for staff to : -", "spans": [{"start": 1468, "end": 1479, "text": "Staff lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "job types . < sup > 43 < / sup > The CMMHH data on job and employment status transitions from before COVID to the winter of 2020 reveal that net levels of non - “ PFPS ” jobs were much better sustained than those of PFPS jobs . Job losses persisted into the winter , accelerating for non-PFPS workers slightly more than for PFPS ones to a higher level during the 60 days prior to the CMMHH survey . As shown in Table 5-4 , 20 . 6 percent of temporary workers in the formal sector and 19 . 3 percent of informal workers were permanently laid off or suspended without pay relative to 15 . 1 percent of PFPS workers . Still , on a net basis , informal and temporary jobs in the _Table 5-4 Jordan : Labor Market Impacts of COVID-19 in 2020-2021 by Employment Type in March 2020 ( Percentage of those Employed Pre-COVID Reporting Impacts in the previous 60 days ) _ | By pre-COVID employment status in < br > 2020 | Temporary < br > layoff / < br > suspension < br > ( withoutpay ) | Permanent < br > layoff / < br > suspension | Reduced < br > hours | Reduced < br > pay | Delay in < br > wage | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | PFPS | 5 . 7 | 15 . 1 | 14 . 1 | 10 . 9 | 15 . 8 | | Private sector formal non-permanent < br > workers | 14 . 1 | 20 . 6 | 20 . 4 | 18 . 5 | 28 . 6 | | Private sector informal workers | 18 . 9 | 19 . 3 | 21 . 0 | 23 . 6 | 23 . 3 | | Public sector workers | 3 . 2 | 2 . 3 | 18 . 6 | 4 . 7 | 4 . 4 | | Total | 8 . 8 | 10 . 9 | 18 . 3 | 12 . 2 | 13 . 4 | Source : CMMHH Jordan , 2021", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 47, "text": "CMMHH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 384, "end": 396, "text": "CMMHH survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Principal Secretary_ * * for the * * _National Treasury_ * * and the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * for * * Public Financial Management Reforms Secretariat * * are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of the Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , * * 2024 , and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The * * _Principal Secretary for the National Treasury_ * * and the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * for * * Public Financial Management Reforms Secretariat * * further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements and the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . _The_ * * _Principal Secretary_ * * _for_ * * _the National Treasury_ * * and the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * for * * Public Financial Management Reforms Secretariat * * confirm that the Project has complied * * fully * * with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants and xxiv", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 629, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "valuation accuracy , and the coverage of the potential tax base . < sup > 65 < / sup > None of these steps is easy , but countries that want to have local governments that are both responsive and responsible must follow this hard road . Although experience around the world suggests that there are no short cuts to successful property taxation , some countries have tried to find some . For example , area-based systems that tax at a fixed rate per square meter of land area or building size seem to be becoming increasingly popular in a number of countries around the world ( Slack 2006 ) . Others – for example , Bogotá , Colombia – have had some success with ‘ self-assessment ’ systems ( Acosta and Bird 2005 ) . In India , Delhi recently changed its property tax system to one relying primarily on self-assessment and unit value . Such systems may be criticized both for being less related than value-based > 62 These conclusions are supported for earlier years by Bird and Slack ( 1991 ) . This analysis is currently being updated , but even with the recent expansion of the OECD to include a number of developing countries preliminary examination of data in various recent OECD publications ( e . g . Bach , Blochliger and Wallau 2009 , Blochinger and Petzold 2009a , Blochinger and Rabesona 2009 ) suggests it is still largely valid , whether one considers only local governments or local and regional governments together . > 63 As noted earlier , at least with respect to business property a maximum rate may be needed to prevent tax exporting and a minimum rate to discourage tax base shifting . > 64 In countries where inflation is a concern , some form of index adjustment of assessments may be advisable . Colombia is an example ( World Bank 1989 ) . In addition , if as may be sensible , assessment is carried out by regional or national agencies , it may be important to ensure that these agencies have sufficient incentives to keep local tax bases up to date . Again , Colombian experience illustrates the point . > 65 An additional important point in some countries relates to property transfer", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1197, "text": "data in various recent OECD publications", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "revenue management systems which include revenue database , assessment , billing , collection , enforcement , dispute resolutions and taxpayer education . The increase in revenue collected implies that more resources could be allocated in the provision of services and operation & Maintenance of the improved infrastructure as well as improving the capacity of KCCA staff to collect more revenue and deliver on other mandates . Page 45 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 57, "text": "revenue database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Measures of per capita income and consumption are among the most frequently cited indicators of economic development . They are widely used in assessments of living standards , economic growth , poverty , and inequality , both within and across countries . Despite their prominence , the two most common data sources for such measures – national accounts systems ( NAS ) and household surveys ( HHS ) – often have large gaps between them and offer differing portrayals of living standards and economic growth . For example , for Pakistan in 2015 , national accounts data suggest that average household consumption expenditure per capita was $ 9 . 3 per day at 2011 PPP , while the household survey indicates it was just a bit more than half of that , $ 4 . 9 per day at 2011 PPP . < sup > 1 < / sup > In Botswana , the two recent household surveys suggest that per capita consumption contracted at an annualized rate of - 3 . 3 percent between 2009 and 2015 , while the most closely aligned measure from the national accounts system , per capita household final consumption expenditures ( HFCE ) , indicated a robust expansion of household consumption at an annualized rate of 3 . 7 percent over the same period , as did gross domestic product ( GDP ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > That national accounts data and survey data can lead to such diverging measures of the levels and changes in living standards is a recurring phenomenon across a wide range of countries and statistical systems . A frequently cited case is India , where large discrepancies in measures of household consumption expenditures across the national accounts and the National Sample Survey ( NSS ) have fueled a vigorous debate about the evolution of poverty and its relationship to economic growth ( see for example Deaton and Kozel , 2005 ; Subramanian and Jayaraj , 2015 ; Sundaram and Tendulkar , 2003 ) . The issue of diverging estimates from national accounts and household surveys is not limited to less wealthy countries . In the United States , per capita income from the two large national surveys , the", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 389, "text": "national accounts systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 575, "end": 597, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 874, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1333, "end": 1344, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1634, "end": 1651, "text": "national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1660, "end": 1682, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix C . Hazard Simulations The Centre for Disaster Protection and the World Bank asked Verisk ’ s AIR Worldwide ( AIR ) to develop a series of stochastic catalogs of relevant climate variables in Malawi . These would support the ongoing effort to develop a standardized approach to ex ante estimation of the welfare impacts of moderate and severe droughts in SSA , complementing the ongoing empirical analysis . The catalogs would allow a forward-looking assessment of possible future events that goes beyond the reliance on the history of past events ( i . e . , would allow a more robust probabilistic view of future events ) . AIR ’ s methodology , data sources ( table C . 1 ) , data validation , and results are set out in Blanchard and Sousa ( 2021 ) and summarized below , with extracts largely taken directly from the paper . # # * * Developing the Stochastic Catalogs for Malawi * * Under the scope of this project , AIR developed stochastic catalogs of three drought-related variables for Malawi — precipitation , soil moisture , and vegetation index . The 10 , 000-year stochastic catalog produced for each variable includes 10 , 000 samples of annual time histories for the variable of interest , which all reflect conditions that are likely under the current ( and near-current ) climate . * * Table C . 1 . Data sets used to generate the stochastic catalogs * * | * * Variable * * | * * Description * * | * * Data set * * | * * Resolution , * * < br > * * frequency , * * < br > * * period covered * * | * * Source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Atmospheric < br > moisture | Atmospheric < br > reanalysis of the < br > global climate | ECMWF Reanalysis < br > v5 ( ERA5 ) | 0 . 25 ° , three - < br > hourly , 1979 – < br > 2018 | ECMWF | | Precipitation | Atmospheric < br > precipitation < br >", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 209, "text": "stochastic catalogs of relevant climate variables in Malawi", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1677, "end": 1693, "text": "ECMWF Reanalysis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ | * * Age Group * * | * * Arsi * * < br > * * Robe * * | * * Diksis * * | * * Hetosa * * | * * Lode * * < br > * * Hetosa * * | * * Sude * * | * * All * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 56 to 60 | 6 | 6 | 13 | 30 | 0 | 55 | 3 . 38 | | 61 to 64 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 17 | 1 . 04 | | 65 Years & Older | 28 | 17 | 22 | 44 | 2 | 113 | 6 . 94 | | * * All * * | * * 267 * * | * * 351 * * | * * 337 * * | * * 650 * * | * * 24 * * | * * 1629 * * | * * 8 . 29 * * | On the other hand , the survey result indicated that around 24 . 9 % of the household heads are below age 40 , whereas 48 . 9 % of the household heads are classified to be between age 41 and 64 years old . The rest 26 . 1 % of the heads of household are people who are 65 years old or older . * * Marital Status : * * The survey data on marital status reveals that 69 % of household heads are currently married , while 3 . 3 % have never been married . Of the remaining household heads , 2 . 4 % are divorced , 24 . 6 % are widowed , and 0 . 6 % are", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 1016, "text": "survey data on marital status", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Guidelines were disseminated to GRM Focal Perons ( GRMFP ) and VMG Focal Persons ( VMGFPs ) from 21 Counties ( 21 GRMFP and 16 VMGMFPs ) and 11 officers from ports of entry ( PoEs ) . Complaints registers were printed and distributed to 17 counties for dissemination to 230 health facilities . It is anticipated there will be an increase in the number of complaints more so during the vaccination period , therefore , the hotline will be useful in ensuring real time management of complaints related to the Project and other COVID-19-related issues . 10 . On workers ’ complaints , the Project has so far inducted 347 surge capacity staff ( Laboratory Technologists , Public Health Officers , Nursing Officers , Counseling Psychologists , Clinical Officers and Medical Officers ) on the Project and GRM including GBV / SEA in relation to grievance management . During county Infection Prevention and Control ( IPC ) and Waste Management training , approximately 694 officers ( 627-IPC and 67waste management ) were sensitized on the GRM in line with the requirements of the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ( ESCP ) , which indicates the need for the Project to incorporate GRM in capacity building activities for all Project workers . 11 . Going forward , priority will be focused on strengthening GRMs in healthcare facilities , especially those that will be providing COVID-19 vaccination services . The Project will continue to support printing of registers for distribution to all project supported health facilities ( Levels 2 , 3 , 4 & 5 , national referral hospitals , PoEs and laboratories , blood transfusion centers ) . The set-up of the call centre , which is currently in an advanced stage , will be fast-tracked to ensure real time and scale-up of complaints ’ management . Continuous awareness will be made to ensure that GRM users are informed about the grievance channels . # * * Project management and SEP oversight * * 12 . The project is managed by", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 204, "text": "Complaints registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # * * Measuring and tracking the impact of a localised approach * * This research includes a review of existing systems within the 3RP to track and measure localisation approaches and their impact , including gender dimensions , and recommendations for how monitoring and tracking systems can be improved . # # # # # # * * Current approaches to measuring and tracking localisation within the 3RP * * The guidance provided for 3RP planning includes a note on setting objectives , outputs and indicators at the sector level . Sector Working Groups ( SWGs ) in each country context are responsible for developing sector response plans with accompanying measures for tracking progress . 3RP partners are encouraged to adopt a results-based programming language within their sector-based plans , using language that expresses a positive change in the lives of affected populations . # # # # # # * * Quantitative versus qualitative tracking * * A review of objectives , outputs and indicators within the respective sector response plans of different country chapters of the 3RP , including national plans for Jordan and Lebanon , reveals that the predominant focus is on goods and services provided and the number of individuals benefiting . Indicators are for the most part quantitative rather than qualitative e . g . “ # of households in camps with access to functional , household level latrines ” ( from the WASH sector response plan , Iraq ) and “ percentage of vulnerable populations with access to sustainable renewable energy ” ( from the LCRP ) . * * 2020 in the case of Lebanon ) . To this end , intersectoral monitoring and evaluation frameworks , including outcome level indicators , are being developed . Reporting against these indicators requires more complex forms of tracking , including surveys among affected populations to assess aspects of satisfaction and community perception . This will supplement existing reporting on outputs achieved in Turkey and Lebanon with a deeper , more qualitative understanding of the impact of the work and how it improves the lives of vulnerable communities affected", "spans": [{"start": 1875, "end": 1909, "text": "surveys among affected populations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has been < br > awarded contracts ; < br > ( iii ) The payroll is < br > supported by full < br > documentation for < br > all changes made < br > to personnel < br > records each < br > month and checked < br > against the < br > previous month ' s < br > payroll data . Staff < br > hiring and < br > promotion is < br > controlled by a list < br > of approved staff < br > positions . | 06-Dec-2024 | ( i ) Most cash < br > balances are < br > consolidated on a < br > monthly basis ; ( ii ) < br > Records are partly < br > maintained for < br > contracts including < br > data on what has < br > been procured , value < br > of procurement , and < br > who has been < br > awarded contracts ; < br > ( iii ) The payroll is < br > supported by full < br > documentation for < br > all changes made to < br > personnel records < br > each month and < br > checked against the < br > previous month ' s < br > payroll data . Staff < br > hiring and promotion < br > is controlled by a list < br > of approved staff < br > positions . | 12-Jun-2025 | ( i ) All bank and < br > cash balances are < br > consolidated on a < br > weekly basis ; ( ii ) < br > Records are < br > maintained for < br > contracts < br > including data on < br > what has been < br > procured , value < br > of procurement , < br > and who has been < br > awarded < br > contracts ; ( iii ) < br > Approved staff < br > lists , personnel < br > database", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 269, "text": "payroll data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the price decline in the six months ending in April 2020 has been due to falling demand . < sup > 4 < / sup > The demand and supply factors surrounding the recent plunge in oil prices are discussed below . * * _Demand decline resulting from lockdowns . _ * * The single largest factor driving the collapse in oil prices has been the sharp reduction in oil demand arising from government restrictions to stem the > 4 In contrast , other research finds that only around one-third of the fall in oil prices can be attributed to demand conditions , while supply factors explain most of the remainder of the fall ( Groen and Nattinger 2020 ) . Instead of industrial production as a proxy for oil demand , these other models use asset prices which have considerably more resilience than real activity indicators ( in part reflecting monetary policy measures ) . If anything , other factors , in particular the widespread anticipation of a delay in OPEC + negotiations , point to an even greater role of demand than estimated here . 6", "spans": [{"start": 784, "end": 808, "text": "real activity indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Assessment Regulation as outlined under the Gazette Notice No . 56 of 2003 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act ( EMCA 1999 ) amended 2015 well as the World Bank OP 4 . 01 on Environmental Assessment . The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) is expected to achieve the following objectives discussed in box 1-1 below * * < u > jectivesectives < / u > * * The ESMF is intended to serve as a practical tool to guide identification and mitigation of potential environmental and social impacts of proposed investments and as a platform for consultations with stakeholders and potential project beneficiaries . The ESMF identifies the policy triggers for the project , the screening criteria of sub-projects , the likely environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects and the mitigation measures to mitigate the identified risks , assessment of the institutional capacity and measures for capacity-filling gaps . # # * * 1 . 2 . Objectives of the ESIA study * * This ESIA assessment has been conducted in compliance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation as outlined under the Gazette Notice No . 56 of 2003 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act ( EMCA 1999 ) amended 2015 well as the World Bank OP 4 . 01 on Environmental Assessment . The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) is expected to achieve the following objectives discussed in box 1-1 below # # # * * Box 1-1 : ESIA Objectivesectives * * - To identify all potential significant environmental and social impacts of the proposed Project and recommend measures for mitigation . - To assess and predict the potential impacts during site preparation , construction and operational phases of the Project . - To ensure that the project activities comply with the provisions of environmental regulations . - To generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of how well the mitigation measures will be implemented during the Project cycle . - To allow for public participation as well as stakeholder Consultations . * * Page 1-3 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cover thoroughly in one paper , and there is every reason to expect such research to continue for a long time to come . The Crash of 1929 and ensuing Great Depression resulted in over 50 years of great research . For example , it took about 30 years to discover the full role of the shrinkage of the money supply in causing and perpetuating the Great Depression ( Friedman and Schwartz , 1963 ) , and it required about 50 years to understand how the loss of bank credit supply resulting from bank failures during the crisis made the Depression much worse ( Bernanke , 1983 ) . The research on the GFC and the Great Recession it generated has been ongoing for more than a decade and is still filling the journals as of this writing . The COVID-19 crisis , with all its unique characteristics , is likely to create a tidal wave of research papers for many years to come , and we hope that this paper may help perpetuate and improve this research . It is also notable that a number of valuable research datasets are now available to research the COVID-19 crisis that were created for the purpose of monitoring the banks in the wake of the GFC . As examples , the Federal Reserve ’ s Y14 A , Q , and M datasets provide detailed information on large banking organizations ’ projections of their conditions under a variety of macroeconomic scenarios ; their asset classes and capital positions ; and their loan portfolios ; respectively . Some of these data have already been put to work in the research we review here , and we expect much more will be forthcoming in the next years . Our main goals are to help understand the COVID-19 crisis and the resultant economic and financial research efforts as they relate to banking . We review , to the extent feasible , the extant research from the first year or so of past research . We focus most intently on how future banking research on this crisis can be improved , broadened , and deepened . We leverage considerably on the much larger banking research agenda from the GFC , which provides some useful directions where the COVID-19 research might", "spans": [{"start": 1180, "end": 1206, "text": "Y14 A , Q , and M datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "tables in STEP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 4 . 3b . Urban employment declined in Textile and Chemical Fibers and other 8 < br > manufacturing sectors < br > Textiles : # jobs lost : 507 , 140 Chemical fibers mfg : < br > # job lost : 58 , 335 < br > 2900 < br > 2800 2842 2849 270 263 . 37 < br > 8 < br > 2700 250 < br > 2600 < br > 230 < br > 2500 < br > 210 < br > 2400 204 . 73 205 . 04 < br > 2300 2 , 334 190 3 3 < br > 2200 170 < br > 2100 < br > 150 < br > 2000 < br > 20022003200420052006200720082009 < br > Source : Banister and Cook , Monthly Labor Review March 2011 , and NBS , China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2010 < br > ( for 2009 data ) . See Annex 1 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > - Evidently , rising wages in labor intensive industries have _already triggered relocation of low wage jobs overseas_ . Many lower wage countries in China ‘ s neighborhood such as Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , and even Bangladesh are emerging as the new growth nodes of the garments , footwear and other labor intensive industries . How many jobs each country can attract depends on the incentives package it offers to investors . - Perhaps the most critical channel presently is OFDI flows from China and other emerging market countries to the manufacturing sectors in lower wage countries . This is unsurprising . OFDI from South Korea and Hong Kong SAR , China fuelled much of the early investments in China ‘ s labor intensive industries when their wages increased and China followed them as flying geese . Now it is the turn for nearly all lower income labor abundant countries to fly after the leading dragon . Currently , the relocation of jobs from China ‘ s labor intensive sectors to Vietnam and other neighboring countries are financed by both transnational corporations including those from China , as well as local entrepreneurs given the", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 627, "text": "China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "River Mwache , fabrication of roofing materials ( makuti ) for local use and export and limited fishing in River Mwache . Large part of the administrative area is rural with the dominant activity being subsistence farming that is entirely dependent on the rainy season . The project area is suitable for mixed farming including livestock farming and the livelihood restoration program is proposing initiatives aligned towards crop and livestock production as seen in chapter for livelihood restoration . The prevailing farming system is mixed farming system ( crops and livestock ) based on family labour on small plots , using traditional tools ( hoe and machetes ) . Agricultural production is essentially by smallholder farmers who cultivate on average 1 . 41ha of land with simple farm implements and very low inputs use , growing traditional food crops primarily for self-consumption and secondarily for marketing , and keep small numbers of livestock . Production is characterized by organic system and involves the combination of food , fodder and tree crops . Some of the VGs engage in fishing as a primary activity especially during low agricultural seasons as a supplement to their livelihood . The youth also exploit sand from the riverbeds as well as mining of stones as a source of income with the construction industry in Mombasa providing a suitable market for these building materials . # # # # # # 2 . 1 . 5 . 4 _Land Tenure_ Land tenure is a mixture of formal , customary and group ranch . Formal tenure corresponds to land that was allocated by the government via a legal title . There is no standard size for formally allocated plots . Land in the area is not fully registered to individual ownership and part of the affected land is still a Trust Land under Kwale County as part of the larger Mijikenda Trust Land . The process of adjudicating land rights for individual ownership is going on and so far , an area list has been prepared by the Kinango District Land Adjudication and Settlement Officer ( DLASO ) , but not finalized . Land ownership in the project area is clan", "spans": [{"start": 1930, "end": 1939, "text": "area list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > * * Figure 4 : Wage by Level of Education ( compared to being able to read and write ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 250 % < br > 200 % < br > 150 % < br > 100 % < br > 50 % < br > 0 % < br > elementary preparatory vocational secondary B . A . , B . Sc . M . A . , M . Sc . < br > apprenticeship < br > Level of Education < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors calculations from 2006 Household Income and Expenditure Survey > 9 Although we cannot say that the proposed reforms will have the intended effects ( including a positive impact on wages ) , the reforms appear to be based on international best practice and given the modest level of investment in that component , it seems clearly justifiable . > 10 While not shown in the figure , it is interesting to note that those attaining an intermediate diploma after secondary school earn 50 % more , and those earning a Ph . D . earn 540 % more . > 11 In addition , the reason why one normally wants to make these comparisons to those who are illiterate as opposed to those who are able to read and write is to get a basic idea of what educational attainment add compared to , essentially , no educational attainment . As stated above , due to the data in the survey , we are unable to make this comparison . However , if we assume that the wage differential between those who are illiterate and those who are able to read and write is the same now as it was when the ERfKE I PAD analysis was done , that differential would be about 10 % , and each of our wage differentials reported in figure 4 would be that much larger . 86", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 458, "text": "2006 Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1236, "end": 1254, "text": "data in the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 . Estimating the NPL Elasticities * * We obtain estimates of the elasticities of NPLs to the four macroeconomic variables of interest by means of a dynamic panel data regression , using a panel of 54 high and middle income countries and controlling for the degree of development , financial deepening , and dollarization ( euroization ) . < sup > 19 < / sup > The sample consists of annual data over the period from 1994 to 2004 . < sup > 20 < / sup > The parameters are estimated from the following model : The variable _NPLt_ + 1 , _n_ is measured as the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans . < sup > 21 < / sup > The variables ∆ _yt_ + 1 , _n_ , _πt_ + 1 , _n_ , _rt_ + 1 , _n_ and ∆ _et_ + 1 , _n_ are real GDP growth , CPI inflation , the ( ex post ) real interest rate and the change in the nominal US dollar exchange rate for country _n_ at time period _t_ + 1 . _Zt_ + 1 , _n_ is a vector of variables , comprising the log of GDP per capita ( constant 2000 US dollars ) , the credit to GDP ratio , and the share of FX loans in total loans , that control for the degree of development , financial deepening , and dollarization ( euroization ) , respectively . The model is estimated on an unbalanced panel using the GMM 19The list of countries that was used in the computation can be obtained from the authors upon request . One has to point out that the comparability of data on NPLs across countries remains a challenge that has been also recognized by international policy makers and plans for greater harmonization in the near future are being discussed in the international fora . 20 Estimating the NPL regression on a relatively short time sample covering a period during which a country could have gone through major structural changes in the financial sector could be problematic . Similarly , using country specific historical data especially for emerging countries , covers only a rather limited number of crises periods . For these reasons", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 406, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1836, "end": 1868, "text": "country specific historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and ‘ returnees ’ were often living amongst local residents , and , on the basis of clan and family ties , were indistinguishable from them . ” < sup > 12 < / sup > The former Soviet Union provides another interesting example of the way in which established categories of displaced person ( and thus established units of data collection ) have been reconsidered in recent years . In 1996 , an international plan of action was established to address the problem of displacement in the former Soviet Union . Rather than confining itself to the traditional vocabulary of the international refugee regime , the plan identified no fewer than eight categories of person whose situation had to be addressed : ‘ refugees ’ , ‘ persons in refugee-like situations ’ , ‘ internally displaced people ’ , ‘ involuntarily relocating persons ’ , ‘ repatriants ’ , ‘ formerly deported peoples ’ , ‘ illegal migrants ’ and ‘ ecological migrants ’ . According to UNHCR ’ s latest statistical report , the number of ‘ involuntarily relocating persons ’ in the Russian Federation stands at 957 , 000 – a significant proportion of the 22 . 3 million people of concern to the organization throughout the world . It would be wrong , however , to suggest that problems of definition and categorization occur only in situations where refugees are mixed up with other groups of displaced person or migrant . For even in conventional refugee situations , different figures may well be given with regard to the size of the same refugee population , depending on the source of those statistics and their means of calculation . The government may produce one figure while UNHCR reports another . One statistic may refer to the number of people who are supposed to be receiving assistance from the international community , while another statistic may refer to the number of people who are actually receiving such assistance . # # * * _Operational problems_ * * According to a recent paper presented to UNHCR ’ s Executive Committee , the world ’ s most affluent states , with all of their", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 980, "text": "UNHCR ’ s latest statistical report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pending Payables ( Deposit Account ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 | | Annex 2 – Summary of Fixed Asset Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 | | Annex 3 – Bank Accounts Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 | | Annex 4 – List of projects implemented By OCoB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 437, "end": 459, "text": "Bank Accounts Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Additional Financing for Energy Access Project , Resettlement / Rehabilitation Framework - DRAFT March 2010 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – # # 11 . CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION PROCESSES Relocating or compensating people implies communication or dialogue with the stakeholders . After completion of the design or the design review , PAPs will be consulted individually and in groups , depending on the context . The consultation and participation process will include four phases : i ) data collection ; ii ) preparation and planning of operations ; iii ) implementation of operations ; and iv ) monitoring and evaluation . The PSP Experts of EEPCo are responsible for coordinating the public participation and consultation process . # # # * * 11 . 1 . Data Collection Phase * * In the data collection phase , the following organizations and groups are identified as the major actors for its implementation . - EEPCo ’ s PSP Experts ( monitoring ) - The project office ( compensation / rehabilitation ) , - Agriculture and Rural Development Offices located at Woreda level ( for agricultural data ) , - Municipalities ( housing data ) , - Kebele Administration ( household data ) , and - PAPs ( provision of other relevant data ) The above actors will constitute the main task force in the data collection phase . This process will include consultations with PAPs and other relevant stakeholders . The data collected will serve as an instrument for the monitoring of the social mitigation measures to be implemented . PAPs , including woreda administration and sector offices ( Agriculture desk , Municipality , the Police , and other relevant", "spans": [{"start": 1240, "end": 1257, "text": "agricultural data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1281, "end": 1293, "text": "housing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1338, "text": "household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using revised poverty line ( 31 . 8 percent ) was only slightly higher than poverty in 2016 / 17 ( 30 . 8 percent ) . Rising unemployment and work stoppages have pushed many Ugandans , especially women , back into subsistence agriculture , setting back achievement of the country ’ s development goal of reducing the share of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture . The situation remains challenging to tackle poverty and vulnerability with the global food and fuel crises which has prompted a tightening of public investment and a drop in consumption . Uganda hosts one of the youngest populations in the world , mostly rural and with high social and economic inequalities * * . * * Driven by a high fertility rate of 5 . 59 births ( 2018 ) , Uganda ’ s population has doubled to 42 . 86 million over the last two decades and is expected to reach 80 million by 2040 . Uganda ’ s Human Capital Index is 0 . 38 , indicating that under current investments in human capital , the future earnings potential of children born today will be only 38 percent of what they could be with complete education and full health . Uganda ’ s HCI outcomes are low throughout the life cycle . There are persistent disparities in poverty rates by location , with rural areas and the Northern and Eastern regions exhibiting the highest poverty rates . In 2019 / 20 , the poverty rate in rural areas was 34 percent , much higher than the urban poverty rate of 20 percent . The highest poverty rates are observed in Acholi ( 67 . 5 percent ) and Karamoja ( 65 . 7 percent ) . Most rural households rely on subsistence agricultural activities , which are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts . Gender disparities are high in employment opportunities , outcomes and human capital development . For example , Gender > 1 The share of value added in agriculture fell from 33 to 26 percent , between 2005 and 2012 , and further to 24 percent in 2019 , while its employment share slightly declined from around 70 percent in 2011 to 64 percent in 2016 but then stalled around", "spans": [{"start": 894, "end": 913, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well as in different contexts to propose possible entry points for disability disaggregated data , and how it could be used to improve programming and promote inclusion . Finally , in step five the meeting concluded with a discussion of priority recommendations and possible next steps needed to move the process forward . # # # # # * * < mark > Priority Recommendations < / mark > * * * * < mark > 1 . Emphasize the importance of incorporating the Washington Group data tools in survey < / mark > processes such as Demographic Health Surveys , Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys as well as national censuses in high humanitarian risk countries , as well as identifying other entry points in humanitarian data collection processes where the use of this methodology is appropriate * * * * 2 . Modify standard data collection tools and databases used in humanitarian action to include Washington Group data tools to identify people with disabilities , as well as how programs and interventions are reaching out to persons with disabilities * * * * 3 . Develop guidance on strengthening data collection to enhance inclusion of persons with disabilities in humanitarian action * * * * 4 . Strengthen the demand for data on persons with disabilities in humanitarian action through donor reporting requirements * * * * 5 . Build the capacity of humanitarian stakeholders to collect data to strengthen inclusion of persons with disabilities in humanitarian action * * * * 6 . Improve the IASC registry of humanitarian indicators by proposing the development of new indicators on inclusion of persons with disabilities and reviewing / promoting ones that are sensitive to the inclusion of persons with disabilities * * * * 7 . Strengthen collection of information on services inclusive of , and targeted to persons with disabilities in humanitarian contexts by modifying operational mapping tools such as the standard 5W : OP data analysis process * * * * 8 . Promote the participation of and accountability towards persons with disabilities and organizations of persons with disabilities ( DPOs ) in efforts related to data collection and decision-making processes * * * * 9 . Raise awareness on the importance of collecting and using data", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 96, "text": "disability disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 516, "end": 542, "text": "Demographic Health Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 545, "end": 579, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 591, "end": 608, "text": "national censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1481, "end": 1521, "text": "IASC registry of humanitarian indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10779 # * * Abstract * * To adequately prepare the labor force for the green economy , policy makers and workers require a detailed understanding of the nature of green jobs . This study profiles green jobs in the South African labor market . It uses labor force survey data and applies an occupational task-based approach to identify current green occupations and associated jobs , count them , and profile their workers and wages . The findings show that 5 . 5 to 32 percent of South Africa ’ s jobs can be labeled as “ green , ” where the former estimate uses a strict definition and the latter uses a broad definition . The share of strictly green jobs has not changed over the past eight years . While 65 percent of strictly green occupations can be classified as high ( skill ) occupations , only 55 percent of workers are in these occupations , reflecting numerous employment opportunities in mid-level and elementary green occupations . Strictly green occupations tend to be male-dominated and held by prime-age ( 25 – 44 ) workers with post-secondary school . However , the profile of those in the greenest of the green occupations shows that they are older ( age 45 – 65 ) workers and Black Africans with lower than completed high school education . Policies to prepare South Africans to engage in the green economy include developing a strategy to teach new and existing workers to use green technologies ; targeting green occupations in youth development programs ; making a concerted effort to support women in science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ; helping low-skilled green workers to organize and improve their work conditions ; and continuing to collect and analyze data for better tracking South Africa ’ s progress in becoming a green labor force . This paper is a product of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 304, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Sn * * | * * Sector * * | * * Action * * < br > | edprogress < br > | * * Status * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | equipmentmaintenance < br > workshops ) < br > filled < br > to < br > performcorefunctions < br > in < br > coordination , < br > oversightandtechnical < br > support < br > to < br > service < br > delivery . 2021 | coordinationandtechnical < br > supporttoLGs * * by * * the < br > CentreforDiseaseControl < br > * * ( CDC ) * * atFortPortal , Soroti < br > andMasaka < br > RRHsand < br > Mbarara , Jinja , Liraand < br > MorotoRRHsthrough the < br > * * G2G * * project withsupport < br > fromUSAIDin4Regional < br > ReferralHospitals | | | * * 5 . * * | Health | Digital < br > tools < br > for < br > a ) < br > Harmonised < br > and < br > integrated < br > DHMT < br > dashboards < br > and < br > * * b ) * * < br > Harmonised < br > mobile / web-basedtools < br > for < br > health < br > facilities . < br > 2022 | TheMinistryisdeveloping < br > the < br > Health < br > Information < br > Exchange ( HIE ) registry , < br > whichshallbelinkedtothe < br > PBS < br > and < br > Sector < br > InformationManagement < br > Systems . Thisisnotyet < br > final", "spans": [{"start": 1043, "end": 1068, "text": "Exchange ( HIE ) registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | 24 % | 51 % | 38 % | 49 % | 57 % | 41 % | 76 % | 65 % | | * * Developing * * < br > * * countries * * | 44 % | 59 % | 57 % | 70 % | 38 % | 42 % | 78 % | 16 % | 42 % | 37 % | 43 % | 49 % | 42 % | 64 % | 51 % | | * * OIC-GCC * * | 35 % | 59 % | 71 % | 50 % | 32 % | 26 % | 71 % | 24 % | 50 % | 38 % | 50 % | 62 % | 41 % | 79 % | 71 % | | * * low - * * < br > * * income * * < br > * * countries * * | 41 % | 72 % | 86 % | 52 % | 21 % | 31 % | 76 % | 21 % | 34 % | 28 % | 45 % | 72 % | 52 % | 79 % | 55 % | Source : CGAP Financial Access Report Data 2010 Note : The CGAP Financial Access Database covers questionnaires sent to 151 economies : 13 in East Asia and the Pacific , 27 in Europe and Central Asia , 20 in Latin America and the Caribbean , 14 in the Middle East and North Africa , 6 in South Asia , 40 in Sub - Saharan Africa , and 23 in the high-income OECD countries . Among them , 37 OIC countries are covered . For practical purposes , most small islands and economies at war were not included . The sample covers more than 94 percent of the world ’ s population and nearly 98 percent of global GDP . Selected questions are presented in the first and second rows of the table . The row for OIC countries means the percentage of OIC countries that replied yes to the questions . The same calculation applied to the groups of developing countries , OIC-GCC , and low incoming countries . OIC-GCC means OIC countries excluding the GCC countries", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 555, "text": "CGAP Financial Access Report Data 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 597, "text": "CGAP Financial Access Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Coastal Development Project ( P094692 ) | | expected to be valuable tools for County government planning and commercial feasibility < br > assessments by private investors | | - - - | - - - | | * * Objective / Outcome 3 - To strengthen conservation and s * * | * * ustainable use of marine and coastal biodiversity * * | | Outcome Indicators | 1 . Number of Protected Areas brought under effective management | | Intermediate Results Indicators | 1 . Target areas with annually updated geo-referenced biodiversity data < br > 2 . Number of Management Plans developed or updated < br > 3 . Biodiversity Management information system is developed , populated , and updated < br > annually | | Key Outputs by Component < br > ( linked to the achievement of the Objective / Outcome 3 ) | 1 . Through the provision of infrastructure and equipment , three Protected Areas ( Kisite - < br > Mpunguti , Malindi , and Shimba Hills ) were supported to improve overall management < br > performance , as verified by the higher individual METT score achieved < br > 2 . Biodiversity assessments were conducted for a total of 25 , 000 ha . Including the Kisite < br > Mpunguti and Shimba Hills protected areas , as well as biodiversity relevant areas in Lamu , < br > Lake Kenyatta and Lake Jipe < br > 3 . The project supported the preparation or updating of four Management Plans , including < br > the Mangrove Management Plan for the entire coastal area , and the plans for Kisite - < br > Mpunguti , Malindi and Witu Forest < br > 4 . Conservation and management strategies were prepared for Coral Reef and Seagrass < br > Beds , for turtles and for Sable Antelopes < br > 5 . A Biodiversity Information System for the coastal region was developed and installed < br > 6 . Relevant biodiversity conservation", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 547, "text": "geo-referenced biodiversity data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Establishment of < br > Project level GM < br > In MoF | GM Committee will be established at the MoF comprising < br > of members from concerned ministries and parastatal < br > organizations . The PIU E & S Specialist will be the < br > convenor for the GM . | Before project < br > implementation | < br > Disseminate the GM < br > widely through < br > different < br > communication < br > methods | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Strengthening of < br > GRCs at Regional < br > and Woreda level | Existing GRCs will be strengthened and capacitated at the < br > concerned Regions and Woredas those who will work very < br > closely with the concerned Kebeles . | Before project < br > implementation | < br > The GRC focal < br > points will be < br > provided training by < br > the E & S specialist in < br > MoF | | Grievance channels | Face to face ; telephone ; letter ; mail ; e-mail ; website ; < br > recorded during public / community interaction ; or any < br > other convenient mechanism for the complainants | 1 Day | Appropriately < br > disclose Telephone < br > number , Email < br > address , and name of < br > the focal point . | | Grievance assessed < br > and logged | Significance assessed and grievance recorded or logged < br > ( i . e . in a logbook ) . < br > Maintain a grievance record book where the grievances are < br > recorded for follow up . < br > Grievances < br > concerning < br > sexual < br > exploitation < br > and < br > abuse / gender-based violence should be treated as", "spans": [{"start": 1308, "end": 1329, "text": "grievance record book", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Information management and knowledge generation * * * * • * * Make use of available information management systems such as CPIMS , GBVIMS , and CPIM ( RAIS ) to further strengthen data collection , management and analysis . Where multiple systems are in use strengthen linkages to avoid duplication and to ensure coherence . * * • * * Attempt to unify IDP and refugee reporting through Activity Info in countries where this is relevant - Need for the sector to strengthen information management capacity at the national and regional level to - ensure that CP sector data is adequately and systematically collated and info graphics produced to support programme planning , resource mobilization and advocacy efforts . - Conduct comprehensive assessments on refugee child protection needs and responses including the specif - - ic needs of boys , girls , adolescents and youth at least once a year through inter-agency process and regular updates will be provided on new developments at country level . * * • * * Increase focus on evidence of effective programming including through supporting documentation of most promising field practices - Provide increased opportunity to share experiences across countries including sharing of good practices - and tools across countries to strengthen effectiveness and efficiency of the response through : development of webinars on specific subjects ; collating and sharing tools in central repository for all countries ; facilitating information sharing between countries working on similar issues ; conducting technical meetings on specific child protection issues such as recruitment , sexual violence against children , child labour etc . # # # * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * - Continue to strengthen the harmonization , collation and dissemination of child protection information - across countries . - Further refine set of core child protection indicators and strive for greater harmonization across different - operations to allow for more coherent aggregation and analysis at the regional level . - Regional indicators guidance note to be further revised for accuracy and completeness and circulated among - countries . - CPWG at country level to review indicators with view to streamlining and strengthening coherency of coun - - try framework to", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 580, "text": "CP sector data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 418 | | * * Wau * * | 1497 | 0 . 310 | 0 . 016 | 0 . 0045 | 643 | Note : Road length indicates the total length of roads in kilometers within each state ; road grade is the fraction of primary roads in all roads . Road area is the density of roads per square kilometer in the state ; road density is the density of kilometers of roads per capita in the state . Available data are constant for the period 2008-2013 . Distance is the road distance from the indicated state capital to Juba . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on World Bank 2014a # * * < u > Box 1 : Checkpoints in South Sudanese Routes < / u > * * Price differences across food products across a country are not only driven by fuel prices , distances , quality of networks , and demand and supply conditions , but also by a variety of restrictions to trade and transit along routes , which are often difficult to quantify systematically . A survey implemented in November-December 2010 and commissioned by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning of South Sudan quantified the time and monetary costs of authorized and unauthorized check-points along the major trade routes in South Sudan . To do this , authors made 147 journeys in commercial vehicles along major roads in South Sudan and collected detailed information on the number and location of check-points , payment and time waited , and officials present . A summary of the main results is presented here . There are many check-points along major trade routes through South Sudan , both authorized and unauthorized . These check-points are justified on grounds of ensuring security of citizens , among other reasons . However , unauthorized payments and time consuming stops along trade routes can inflate prices for consumers . In addition time consuming processes at the road blocks adds to the delivery time of products and further raises the costs incurred by final consumers . The survey provides detailed information on the location of checkpoints along major routes , as well as time spent waiting at checkpoints and charges paid . Over all routes surveyed , there was an average of", "spans": [{"start": 911, "end": 955, "text": "survey implemented in November-December 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > in Table 4 are from OLS estimates of ( 1 ) including fixed effects , and from an < br > Arellano-Bond GMM estimator . We include all three tax rate variables in < br > our regressions : the personal income tax rate ( PITR ) , the corporate income < br > tax rate ( CITR ) and the VAT rate ( or sales tax rate for the US and Brazil ) . < br > The first two columns of Table 4 give estimates for the entire sample . We < br > are particularly interested in estimates for developing countries — as their in - < br > clusion is novel to this dataset ; we therefore show estimates for the developing < br > countries within the sample in the third and fourth columns . < br > We find a negative relation between increases in the average marginal < br > personal income tax rate and GDP growth in the following period . For < br > the entire sample , a one-percentage-point cut in the average marginal tax < br > rate increases GDP growth in the following period by 0 . 16 % . The effect is < br > larger for developing countries , where a tax cut of similar magnitude increases < br > output by close to 0 . 4 % . This result is statistically significant at the 95 % < br > confidence level for all specifications , and the 99 % confidence level for almost < br > all specifications . It is possible that the tax codes in developing countries are < br > more distortionary than those in high-income countries . This is a possible < br > explanation for the higher effect of personal income tax changes in developing < br > countries . < br > Results for the corporate income tax rate and the VAT rate are less clear . < br > The effect of changes in the corporate income tax rate are never statistically < br > significant . The effect of VAT increases are statistically significant at the < br > 95 % confidence level only in the OLS regression for", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _nomic Statistics_ , vol . 38 , no . 3 , 2020 , pp . 613 – 20 . https : / / doi . org / ` 10 . 1080 / 07350015 . 2018 . 1546591 ` . - Keller , Wolfgang . “ International technology diffusion ” . _Journal of economic literature_ , vol . 42 , no . 3 , 2004 , pp . 752 – 82 . - Kerr , Sari Pekkala , and William R Kerr . “ Global collaborative patents ” . _The Economic Journal_ , vol . 128 , no . 612 , 2018 , F235 – F272 . - K ̈ onig , Michael , Kjetil Storesletten , Zheng Song , and Fabrizio Zilibotti . “ From imitation to innovation : Where is all that Chinese R & D going ? ” _Econometrica_ , vol . 90 , no . 4 , 2022 , pp . 1615 – 54 . - K ̈ onig , Michael D , Xiaodong Liu , and Yves Zenou . “ R & D networks : Theory , empirics , and policy implications ” . _Review of Economics and Statistics_ , vol . 101 , no . 3 , 2019 , pp . 476 – 91 . - Lee , Gwanghoon . “ The effectiveness of international knowledge spillover channels ” . _European Economic Review_ , vol . 50 , no . 8 , 2006 , pp . 2075 – 88 . - Lerner , Josh , and Amit Seru . “ The Use and Misuse of Patent Data : Issues for Finance and Beyond ” . _The Review of Financial Studies_ , vol . 35 , no . 6 , 2021 , pp . 2667 – 704 . - Liu , Zhiqiang . “ Foreign direct investment and technology spillovers : Theory and evidence ” . _Journal of development economics_ , vol . 85 , nos . 1 – 2 , 2008 , pp . 176 – 93 . - Menon , Carlo , and Gianluca Tarasconi . “ Matching Crunchbase with patent data ” . _OECD Science , Technology and Industry Working Papers_ , vol . 2017 , no . 7 , 2017 , 0 1 – 21 . - Montobbio , Fabio , and Valerio Sterzi .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 17 - In the next section , the model is generalized to include trade taxes , personal taxes and sales or excise taxes , and the derivation of appropriate tax bases is discussed . Additional factors which may have affected output growth during the period are also explored . # III . Emuirical Implementation of the Theoretical Model The assumption of a two sector model is an obvious simplification , and it is shown in the appendix that the results derived above carry over to many sectors . Corporate and personal taxes will likely affect the manufacturing and mining sectors , while the import tax is expected to provide protection for import-substitution industries . The export tax will affect export industries , while the sales / excise tax may distort the use of market goods versus home production . Each tax is entered separately in the regressions to reflect potentially different effects on output growth . The tax rates required for the empirical estimation are discussed as follows . ImRort Tax : The most straightforward tax to calculate is the import tax , defined to be the ratio of import tax revenue to total imports . Error may be involved measuring this tax , since imports for government or foreign aid use may not be taxed , while non-tax exchange constraints could lead to unmeasured \" shadow \" tax rates . The import tax , and the variables that follow ( unless otherwise noted ) , come from the IMF ' s Government Financial Statistics and the World Bank World Tables , collected in an integrated computerized data set in 1986 at the World Bank . Exnlort Tax : The export tax is measured as export tax revenue divided by the export tax base . It is therefore an output tax on the export sector . The measured tax will likely be biased downward , since marketing boards often collect an implicit tax on exported agriculture .", "spans": [{"start": 1422, "end": 1461, "text": "IMF ' s Government Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1470, "end": 1493, "text": "World Bank World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DEC ) has established an open web facility , the XCO2 database , < sup > 19 < / sup > that pre-filters the OCO-2 data and publishes monthly mean concentration anomalies for all terrestrial cells of a 25 km global grid ( G25 ) . The website will also publish annual change estimates for urban areas by statistical significance class and provide information that links G25 grid cell IDs to IDs for urban areas and national administrative units ( levels 0 , 1 and 2 ) . We believe that this web facility will contribute to the global effort to reduce CO2 emissions as rapidly as possible . We provide more details in the Appendix . > 19 Available online at https : / / datacatalog . worldbank . org / search / dataset / 0062760 . 34", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 62, "text": "XCO2 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". * * Specific objective 4 * * is focusing on improving financial management of Addis Ababa Water Supply Authority is rated with a satisfactory outcome . Customer service improved substantially including : ( a ) Functioning customer consultative forum , ( b ) Change in billing frequency from bi-monthly to monthly , and ( c ) Improved collection system , including decentralized bill collection centers . Tariff reform is on track with two steps out of the five implemented at project closing . Tariffs now cover O & M and depreciation . Financial sustainability is expected to be achieved by 2005 , with revenue exceeding cost of O & M , renewal and replacement , and debt service . * * Monitoring and evaluation * * of the project has been weak . Neither the SAR nor the Mid Term Review ( MTR ) contained a full logframe . The MTR stated indicators for outputs , but no indicators at the objective level . Also target values were not set for some output indicators . No aggregated data on indicators were available . The - 5 -", "spans": [{"start": 973, "end": 1002, "text": "aggregated data on indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "business performance , and the Vietnam Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) , which provides data on the intensive margin of household business performance . Measures to curb the spread of the virus , such as mobility restriction , business closures , and border shutdowns , weighed heavily on businesses in developing economies . Many businesses were forced to close , and many did so permanently due to their inability to sustain prolonged shutdown-related losses . Household businesses , were highly vulnerable to the pandemic-related shocks given their limited resources , and likely suffered disproportionately . We first estimate the impact of the pandemic on household businesses using an event study approach . Overall , we find substantial reduction across all household business performance indicators , including business suspension , business closure , work hours , and earnings . During April and May 2020 — the period immediately following the imposition of a national lockdown , suspension and closure filings surged over three times pre-COVID-19 levels , and weekly work hours and monthly earnings declined by more than a quarter of their pre-pandemic levels . However , household business activity rebounded relatively quickly ; both suspensions and closures reduced by over 50 percent in June , while work hours and earnings had made steady recovery by September . We then show that the impact of the pandemic on household businesses is uneven across industry sectors and firm size . Consistent with our expectation , firms operating in transportation , accommodation , food , and entertainment industries , the sectors most vulnerable to social-distancing orders , witnessed the greatest reduction in business activities . Further , firms with larger revenue — i . e . , those with the highest opportunity cost of staying open during lockdowns — were more likely to close permanently . Further , we find that losses were larger in areas dominated by businesses relying on face-to-face interactions . We follow Avdiu and Nayyar ( 2020 ) and construct a commune-level face-to-face ( F2F ) index to highlight geographical differences across communes in Vietnam . F2F is a continuous measure that captures the average intensity of human-to-human interaction required to conduct business in a commune based on its existing sectoral composition of household businesses . An array of empirical estimates find", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 57, "text": "Vietnam Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * GRAVE VIOLATIONS OF CHILDREN ’ S RIGHTS * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > © Rocco N / UNHCR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # < u > Attacks on & military use of schools & hospitals < / u > * * 5 , 636 * * affected children # # # Recruitment and use of < u > children < / u > * * 399 * * affected children # # # Abduction * * 81 * * affected children Killing * * 53 * * affected children # # # Sexual violence * * 43 * * affected children Injuring * * 37 * * affected children During the fi rst quarter of 2016 , 240 incidents of grave violations of children ’ s rights were reported through the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism ( MRM ) , affecting approximately 5 , 004 children . The UN verifi ed 185 incidents of these incidents . Fewer incidents were documented during this reporting period than in the previous quarter , when 258 incidents were reported . The majority of verifi ed incidents ( 70 % ) have continued to take place in the Greater Upper Nile — Jonglei , Unity , and Upper Nile . Military activity also increased in Western Bahr el Ghazal , where almost as many verifi ed incidents ( 18 ) were documented during this reporting period as in all of 2015 ( 17 cases total ) . during the reporting period through the MRM . Incidents included attacks on and looting of humanitarian facilities that were providing child protection services to communities in the Greater Pibor Administrative Area , as well as attacks on the UN Protection of Civilians site in Malakal , during which schools and hospitals were also attacked . Incidents of recruitment and use of children by armed forces and armed groups were the second most reported accounting for 29 per cent of all incidents reported . Sixtyone incidents were documented during the reporting period , slightly higher than the average quarterly incidents", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 656, "text": "Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "class sizes may have been slightly larger , however , because training institutions were entitled to recruit privately funded students if maximum class size was not reached . Though this happened occasionally , the significance was marginal , and most courses maintained small class sizes . The second random allocation , i . e . , the newsletter treatment , was implemented after beneficiaries were assigned to a vocational-training treatment group . The allocation of weekly newsletters was implemented at the class level , rather than at an individual level , to prevent spillover effects . 101 classes were randomly assigned to the treatment-newsletter group and forty classes to the control group . Thus , the final sample size was not known a priori and was determined after assigning classes to newsletter treatment and control groups . The number of letters trainees received in the information-treatment group varied according to the length of training . Individuals assigned to the newsletter-treatment group received from 0 to 4 newsletters , with an average of 2 . 25 . Across vocational trades , the number of letters varied from an average of 3 . 24 ( cooking ) to 1 . 66 ( services ) . Because the total number of letters provided to participants varied depending on differences in the training , and because people who chose longer trainings may had unobservable characteristics that were correlated with training completion , the evaluation framework focused only on the comparison of the treatment and control information groups without considering the intensive margin of the treatment itself . # * * 5 . Data , Balancing Tests , and Take-Up Assessment * * The empirical framework used in this study is based on individual-level survey data , including a baseline , collected in Fall 2013 and two follow-up surveys administered six and eighteen months after training . The timeline of the intervention and data collection is 14", "spans": [{"start": 1731, "end": 1759, "text": "individual-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Work Research Center in Ajmer , and the Gramin Vigyan Vikas Samiti in Jodhpur are the most well-known examples . Most of these NGOs were initially set up to complement the state in the delivery of public services ( Singh 2016 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > In subsequent years , however , they broadened their focus and became important 6 Deininger and Liu ( 2009 ) use data from household surveys from 2004 and 2006 to document three main impacts : increases in social capital and economic empowerment , nutritional improvement ( despite persistent drought at the time ) , and an increase in consumption for participants of new groups . The findings did not find increases in income or assets . There was however , evidence of spillovers within the communities in which SHGs were formed . 7 Under British rule , the region was indirectly governed through the Rajputana Agency , a collection of 18 princely states and 2 chiefdoms ( Gupta and Bakshi 2008 ) . > 8 Singh ( 2016 : 104 ) describes many strategies used by the BJP government to promote the development of a panRajasthani identity throughout the 1990s . She notes that the speeches of leaders were replete with references to heroes of the past , highlighting the culture of valor and independence . The government also promoted tourism , supported cultural fairs and events , and demanded constitutional recognition of the Rajasthani language . > 9 Under the fifth five year plan ( 1980-85 ) , the government provided Rs . 500 million to support NGOs . In 1980 , an important amendment to the Income Tax Act allowed corporations to deduct donations to NGOs from their taxable income ( Kudva , 2005 ) . 5", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 390, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the country ’ s own exit yield . Appendix C2 provides further details and shows robustness checks when using alternative discount rates . Among other checks , we apply a 10 % flat rate to all deals , as well as a “ risk-free ” lower bound rate , by using the yield on UK or US long-term government bonds at the time of the restructuring . To make the estimates as comparable as the data permit , we apply the same haircut computation approach across the entire 200-year span . The required simplifying assumptions are discussed in detail in Appendix C . The Appendix also discusses how we deal with the so-called “ sinking fund ” structure of many historical bonds , bond buyback options , gold and currency clauses , or country-break ups . Moreover , we show results for alternative haircut measures , in particular the face value ( nominal reduction ) haircuts and for the socalled “ market haircut , ” which compares the face value of the old debt to the present value of the new debt . In addition , we check the correlation between our haircut estimates and bond prices around the start of default . This is relevant because , as noted above , the corporate debt literature typically uses market prices at the default onset to estimate bond recovery rates . Taken together , we find that the haircut formula and the choice of the discount rate matter , in particular for the estimated means , but the overall picture and the dispersion of haircuts across space and time is similar , irrespective of the method used . > 25 We have pricing data for only a subset of these defaulted bonds . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1539, "end": 1551, "text": "pricing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 Data Collection Wave 2 : Survey * * The objective of the second wave of data collection was to explore the mechanisms underlying the results from the first wave survey as well as the findings from the ward level administrative data on presumptive taxpayers . The second wave survey questionnaire was designed to elicit recall of the tax officials visits and identify any spillover in neighboring businesses of treated wards , as well as to capture persistent changes in beliefs and attitudes that could have been attributed to the intervention . First , we explore whether there is any persistent effect of the treatment on tax morale , which was identified in the first wave of the survey among the original sample of businesses . We indeed find that the treated disagree more strongly with the idea of refusing to pay taxes until better services are provided in the second round , confirming the persistent treatment effect from the visits . We also find that the aggregate measure of an individual ’ s tax morale , the own index , is positive and statistically significant . The remaining three measures of tax morale are statistically insignificant . Hence , we are able to replicate the results from the first wave along the exact same dimensions . As we explained above , the effect of the treatment on tax morale could have one of two explanations . The first explanation is that the treatment effect was comparatively unimportant , driven by a temporary concern or fear due to the presence of the tax officials when the survey was undertaken . The second explanation is that the treatment effect reflected a change in the way the TRA is perceived by businesses because this interaction was different from a typical one , which is solely focused on audit activity and tends to be - at a minimum - burdensome to the business . As we were able to replicate the results after more than a year and a half without the presence of a tax official , we believe this provides strong evidence that the treatment effectively changed tax morale along certain ( albeit limited ) dimensions , and that the observed effect was not merely driven by a temporary concern", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 268, "text": "ward level administrative data on presumptive taxpayers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APATRIDIE ET NATIONALITE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE DE L ’ AFRQUE DE L ’ EST mêmes estiment qu ’ il y a probablement environ 18 . 000 personnes au sein de leur communauté en Ouganda , mais il n ’ y a pas eu de recensement . < sup > 238 < / sup > Les Maragoli ne faisaient pas partie des « communautés autochtones » d ’ Ouganda figurant à l ’ annexe 3 de la Constitution de 1995 , permettant l ’ attribution de la nationalité sur la base de la naissance en Ouganda ; ils n ’ ont pas non plus été inclus dans les amendements de 2005 à la liste . Toutefois , ils ont été traités comme des Ougandais dans d ’ autres circonstances et ont toujours été enregistrés pour voter lors des élections . Les Maragoli ont tenté plusieurs fois au fil du temps de défendre leur cause et obtenir leur propre inclusion sur cette liste , en partie pour garantir leurs revendications sur les terres qui leur avaient été allouées par Omukama , mais la question a pris une tournure beaucoup plus urgente avec l ’ adoption d ’ une nouvelle carte d ’ identité nationale . La plupart des Maragoli se sont enregistrés comme membres de la communauté Bunyoro , car ils étaient bien accueillis par le royaume des Bunyoro , mais c ’ est la nationalité par enregistrement qui leur a plutôt été proposée au cours d ’ une procédure d ’ enregistrement de masse . < sup > 239 < / s", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| • Clearly define GBV requirements and expectations in bid | | - - - | | documents . | | • Ensure that the CoCs of the labour force contain clear < br > instructions about the relationship with the community , < br > particularly preventing and controlling GBV . | | • Establish GBV sensitive channels for reporting in the < br > Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) . | | • Coordinate with school communities and organize | | activities / disseminate information on SEA targeting < br > adolescent girls | | • Ensure that the capacity building packages of the project take < br > into consideration the empowerment of women in decision < br > making | | • Ensure that all planning / programs formats and reports < br > incorporate sex disaggregated data . | | • Design appropriate training modalities to enhance awareness < br > and skills of staff and focal persons at different levels of < br > government structures on gender and GBV awareness and < br > planning for better results . | | • Create a working relationship with stakeholders and gender | | experts at the Federal , Regional , Woreda , Kebele and < br > community levels . . | | • < br > Make sure that affirmative action is used in recruitment of | | project management staff in the future . | 36", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 754, "text": "sex disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "71 - Annex 11 page 4 of 7 estates in Kampala and along the Western Line . In exceptional cases , URC will arrange for additional housing accomodation including a very limited volume of new housing construction in regions where rehabilitation of existing housing is not possible . ( para 2 . 18 ) 12 . To raise staff qualifications and potential , a trainina program will be prepared for railways staff , to be completed by December 31 , 1990 ( para ' s 2 . 20 and 3 . 07 ) . Funding for the preparation of the program will be provided by bilateral or multilateral agencies , with IDA as lender of last resort . Improving Financial Management 13 . To establish 1987 financial statements as the basis for sound financial management in the coming years , utilizing appropriate computer technology , URC has agreed with IDA on a detailed work program with timetable for development of the Accounts Department . Its major components are : ( i ) to eliminate the backlog in financial statements and complete the statements up to 1987 inclusive , for verification by short term external assistance in January 1989 ( terms of reference for this assignment are in Annex 15 , pages 5 through 12 ) and conventional external auditing by July 1 , 1989 ; ( ii ) to acquire two micro-computers , one of which will be allocated to the Accounts and Supplies Departments , arrange for staff training , financed if necessary out of IDA ' s PPF advance , introduce computerization of accounts by September 1989 , quarterly financial reports by September 1989 as a tool for management Improvements and staff assessment and training proposals by December 1989 . 14 . URC will submit to the Association for review by October 1 of each year its draft budget including its proposed tariffs for the following year . IDA ' s review will aim at ensuring that URC : ( i ) can meet its financial obligations under the Railways Project ; ( $ i ) is monitoring and controlling the agreed performance criteria for gradual improvement in productivity , so as to reduce the need for tariff increases ; (", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 685, "text": "1987 financial statements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "execution that covers more than half of the total municipalities of Brazil and represents over 40 % of the country ’ s population . Our procurement dataset allows users to see information on specific tenders , such as the number , reserve price , and description of items being sold , the number of participants in competitive tenders , and the identity of participants and winning parties . On the budget execution side , the data includes information on each commitment , verification ( an important step in the budget spending when buyers recognize that a good or service was delivered ) , and payments , again allowing users to see the identity of payees and the amount and dates of each step of the budget execution . In particular , we can compute the time to pay a particular transaction by using the time elapsed between the verification and payment stages . The dataset we build is fully and publicly available on the Data Basis ( _Base dos Dados_ ) platform ( Dahis et al . , 2022 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > The platform provides high-quality data at scale , with tools such as a curated search engine and an SQL-powered data lake where tables share a unified schema . The platform allows users to seamlessly query and merge hundreds of tables , across a variety of themes , directly on Google BigQuery . < sup > 5 < / sup > All code used to generate our dataset is publicly available on GitHub . < sup > 6 < / sup > We collect our data from State Audit Courts ( _Tribunais de Contas dos Estados_ , TCEs ) . These courts are independent institutions that supervise the public finances of the municipalities of their states . One important concern is the quality of the data – are municipalities providing accurate information on procurement and budget execution , or are they providing incomplete and selective information ? We test the quality of our data by generating aggregates from our microdata and comparing them with information from the Brazilian Public Sector Accounting and Tax Information System ( _Sistema de Informações Contábeis e Fiscais do Setor Público Brasileiro_ , SICONFI ) , a dataset maintained by the National", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 155, "text": "procurement dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1953, "end": 2014, "text": "Brazilian Public Sector Accounting and Tax Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Financial Income * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Monetary Financial < br > Income | 5 . 36 | 9 . 13 | 5 . 87 | 4 . 87 | n . d . < br > 4 . 87 | 3 . 67 | 6 . 17 | 4 . 08 | 3 . 13 < br > n . d . | 3 . 13 | 4 . 22 | 5 . 85 | 4 . 33 | 10 . 97 | 10 . 09 | 10 . 46 | 3 . 57 | 3 . 89 | 3 . 60 | | Non Monetary Financial < br > Income | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 12 | n . d . < br > 0 . 12 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > n . d . | 0 . 00 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 01 | n . d . : No data in the survey . Source : Own calculations based on ENIGH96 . 18", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 625, "text": "ENIGH96 . 18", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the beneficial ownership e-register , and the roll out of e-GP . The COI bill changes key aspects of the current legal framework by : ( i ) expanding the scope of public officers and decision making processes under the purview of the law , including politically exposed persons ; ( ii ) expanding the definition of private interests to include interests that benefit other persons , family , relatives , or associates of a public officer ; ( iii ) providing more comprehensive definitions of COI ( e . g . , preferential treatment , offers of employment , complimentary treatment , acquisition of interests in partnerships and private companies , conflict in recruitment and political neutrality ) ; and ( iv ) providing a coherent institutional framework for the management of COI , i . e . , roles , responsibilities and reporting obligations between the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission ( EACC ) and other agencies . 64 . * * Expected results . * * The COI law is expected to enhance collaboration , synergies , and efficiencies among oversight agencies , as it defines reporting and accountability mechanisms with greater access to , and sharing of , information among agencies . It will further increase the level of transparency and disclosures of private interests and wealth of public officials ( income , assets , and wealth declaration process . The robust mechanisms for managing conflicts of interest , as established by the COI law , will be reflected in the increased proportion of declarations of personal interests of public officials reviewed and verified by the EACC ; increased number of inquiries conducted on conflict of interest and recommendations made to relevant bodies ; and increased number of advisory opinions provided on COI . In the long run , integrity > 24 According to the Auditor General ’ s forensic reports 2020-2022 , approximately Kshs 2 . 3 billion ( US $ 21 million ) was misappropriated through the KEMSA COVID-19 related procurements . > 25 Some laws seek to establish standards of conduct for public officers ( e . g . , the Public Officers Ethics", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 38, "text": "beneficial ownership e-register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# < u > Box 1 . Innovation Activities in the Enterprise Survey < / u > | Innovation or knowledge inputs are activities that are associated with the development of innovation at < br > the firm level . < br > | | - - - | | They are grouped into 5 categories : < br > i . Research and development | | The firms were surveyed on the source of R & D ( internal vs external ) as well as expenditure . < br > ii . Capacity building < br > | | The firms reported on the training provided as a result of new innovations introduced as well as < br > expenditure . | | iii . Purchase / licensing of inventions or other knowledge forms < br > The firms reported on the expenditure on the purchase of inventions or intellectual property that < br > helped them come up with innovations . < br > iv . Acquisition of business intelligence | | The interviewed firms reported on what were the key sources of information and ideas for their < br > innovative activities . | | v . Intellectual property | | On this , firms reported on whether they applied for patents , utility models , trademarks , copyright < br > design or registered an industrial design . | # < u > Box 2 . Innovation Outputs from the Enterprise Survey < / u > | Similar < br > Survey < br > i . < br > ii . < br > iii . < br > iv . | to the innovation surveys based on the Oslo Manual , the innovation module of the Enterprise < br > measures the following types of outcomes : < br > Product innovations < br > Process innovations < br > Organizational innovations < br > Marketing innovations | | - - - | - - - | | Produc < br > context < br > a . < br > b . < br > c . | t innovations are essentially new , redesigned , or substantially improved goods or services . In the < br > of the survey , there are 3 metrics used", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 62, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 2 | 10 . 0 | | * * Total * * | * * 17 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 20 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 85 . 0 * * | * * 10 . 0 * * | * * 5 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Page 89 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 250, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lower than those prevailing in the euro area . Based on the former data , the lower initial installment amount associated with the lower interest rate appeared attractive even amid slightly higher exchange rate volatility . However , this ignores the fact that the Swiss franc had appreciated continuously since the 1970s , albeit at a different pace and with slight interruptions : initially against the Deutsche mark , and later also against the euro . Moreover , those having recourse to this product did not consider that , being perceived by investors as a safe haven , demand for Swiss-franc-denominated assets would surge during a potential crisis ( MNB , 2010 ) . Accordingly , in certain periods the volatility of the HUF / CHF exchange rate may significantly surpass that of the HUF / EUR exchange rate . Finally , debtors ignored the risk factor implied by the fact that the domestic monetary policy has little effect on the HUF / CHF exchange rate . As a last chapter in foreign currency lending in Hungary , already overshadowed by the looming crisis , some banks began to issue Japanese yen ( JPY ) - based mortgage loans in late 2007 . Even before the crisis , the Japanese interest rate level had been close to zero for a protracted period , resulting in even lower initial installment amounts than those of Swiss franc loans . However , the fundamentals of the European and the Japanese economy are not closely related . Consequently , the volatility of the JPY / HUF exchange rate was considerably higher than that of the EUR / HUF or the CHF / HUF exchange rates . Although the MNB and the Hungarian Financial Supervisory Authority ( HFSA ) warned the banks of the risks as early as the beginning of 2008 ( MNB , 2008 ) , 11", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 71, "text": "former data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "retrieve household income with a high degree of precision . However , as with any restricted sample , these surveys are usually representative only nationwide or across provinces or states . The universal coverage of the population can be approximated through population censuses , which typically provide relevant inputs to measure several dimensions of well-being at high levels of disaggregation ( for example , in Mexico , CONEVAL ’ s social backwardness index or the marginalization index of the National Population Council ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > This greater geographical detail , however , comes at the cost of a lack of robustness in the information on household incomes . Censuses are not designed to collect comprehensive data on income . They provide an incomplete picture of household monetary circumstances , which , at least for the purposes of this analysis , represents a main weakness . To address the dilemma between precision and geographical detail and , hence , to make the relevant dataset available for empirical analysis , the Elbers et al . ( 2003 ) small area estimation technique is used to impute household per capita income from surveys to corresponding households in censuses . This is accomplished by predicting , from an income model in the survey , the parameters and distribution of errors , which are then used to simulate the income distribution in the census dataset from which to compute poverty and inequality indicators . Two critical steps are necessary to make this model work properly . The first step consists of considering the household survey as a random sample of the total population found in the sample frame of the census . The second step is to identify a set of potential explanatory variables that are common between the survey and the census and that satisfy a conceptual and statistical equality criterion . This means , respectively , that these variables should measure the same phenomenon in both datasets and that the respective distributions of the variables are statistically indistinguishable , that is , the sample mean is statistically equal to the population mean . The variables that satisfy this criterion are then candidate regressors in the modeling of household per capita income in the survey dataset . > 3These indexes ,", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 279, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 427, "end": 464, "text": "CONEVAL ’ s social backwardness index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 472, "end": 493, "text": "marginalization index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1390, "end": 1404, "text": "census dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1574, "end": 1590, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1791, "end": 1797, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2259, "end": 2273, "text": "survey dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 incomes . The selection of explanatory variables is restricted to those variables that can also be found in the census ( or some other large dataset ) or in a tertiary dataset that can be linked to both the census and survey . The parameter estimates are then applied to the census data , expenditures are predicted , and poverty ( and other welfare ) statistics are derived . The key assumption is that the models estimated from the survey data apply to census observations . Let _W_ be a welfare indicator based on the distribution of a household level variable of interest , _yh_ . Using a detailed household survey sample , we estimate the joint distribution of _yh_ and observed correlates _xh_ . By restricting the explanatory variables to those that also occur at the household level in the population census , parameter estimates from this “ first stage ” model can be used to generate the distribution of _yh_ for any target population in the census conditional on its observed characteristics and , in turn , the conditional distribution of _W_ . Elbers et al ( 2002 , 2003 ) study the precision of the resulting estimates of _W_ and demonstrate that prediction errors will fall ( or at least not rise ) with the number of households in the target population , and will also be affected by the properties of the first stage models , in particular the precision of parameter estimates . A general rule of thumb is that welfare estimates obtained on this basis will be estimated fairly precisely as long as the target population comprises at least 1 , 000-5 , 000 households . The first-stage estimation is carried out using household survey data . < sup > 7 < / sup > The empirical models of household consumption allow for an intra-cluster correlation in the disturbances ( see Elbers , Lanjouw and Lanjouw , 2002 , 2003 , Elbers , Lanjouw and Leite , 2008 , and Demombynes et al , 2007 , for more details ) . Failing to take account of spatial correlation in the disturbances would result in underestimated standard errors in the final poverty estimates ( Tarozzi and Deaton , 2009 ) . Different models are estimated for each region", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 288, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 436, "end": 447, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 595, "end": 627, "text": "detailed household survey sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 800, "end": 817, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1656, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "classifications in economic census data . First , industrial classifications in censuses are based on points of production rather than consumption , and so may include or exclude goods and services that are not in the relevant product market . Even so , for purposes of data management , the Commission indicates a high-level industrial classification of the relevant market in each case and then provides further detail in a written description because the relevant markets in question are more specific than those covered by the high-level classification . We use this information to assign each relevant market a 6-digit industry classification from the North American Industry Classification System ( NAICS ) , the lowest level of aggregation possible . < sup > 10 < / sup > We define this as the _treated industry_ . We then work forward and backward from the treatment date to define a consistent industry classification that captures the same set of activities from the first to last census in our dataset , including new activities that emerge during that time period . These classifications are generally more inclusive than a 6-digit classification , but there are many multiples within 3-digit classifications . Second , relevant markets sometimes have specific geographic boundaries . In the majority of investigations , the relevant market is national ( e . g . , the national market for soft drinks ) . In the remaining investigations , we use relevant market definitions in the disclosures to define geographic boundaries for each market as a 6-digit industry within a set of municipalities or states . Within these boundaries , we aggregate establishment-level micro-data to construct series for the treated industry ( e . g . , all real estate brokers in the municipalities surrounding Lake Chapala in Jalisco state ) . We define a pool of _control industries_ to be all other 6-digit industries in the same 3 - digit sub-sector as the treated industry . The motivation for this is that other industries in the treated industry should share common ( unobserved ) trends in demand and costs , while still being outside the relevant market defined by investigators . This approach to identifying controls in similar industries has been used in other studies of antitrust ( Sproul , 1993 ; Kwoka", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 39, "text": "economic census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 530 | 1 . 556 | | * * 2001 * * | 1 . 8 % | 0 . 586 | 0 . 592 | 1 . 661 | 1 . 696 | | * * 2002 * * | 1 . 4 % | 0 . 580 | 0 . 585 | 1 . 522 | 1 . 545 | | * * 2003 * * | 1 . 6 % | 0 . 575 | 0 . 580 | 1 . 474 | 1 . 498 | | * * 2004 * * | 1 . 2 % | 0 . 564 | 0 . 568 | 1 . 618 | 1 . 638 | < u > Source : Authors ' calculations from the PNADs . < / u > 40", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 340, "text": "PNADs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Project < br > Name : | Additional Financing : Kenya < br > ( P153179 ) | Electricity Expansi | on Project | Project < br > Stage : < br > Additional Financing | Status : | FINAL | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Team < br > Leader ( s ) < br > : | Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee | Requesting < br > Unit : | AFCE2 | | | | | Product < br > Line : | IBRD / IDA | Responsible < br > Unit : | GEE01 | | | | | Country : | Kenya | Approval FY : | < br > 2016 | | | | | Region : | AFRICA | Lending < br > Instrument : | Investment | Project Financing | | | | Parent Pro < br > ID : | ject < br > P103037 | Parent Project < br > Name : | < br > Electricity | Expansion ( P103037 ) | | | # # * * Project Development Objectives * * Original Project Development Objective : The project has two development objectives : ( a ) increase the capacity , efficiency , and quality of electricity supply ; and < u > ( b ) expand access to electricity in urban , peri-urban , and rural areas < / u > Proposed Project Development Objective - Additional Financing < u > ( AF ) : < / u > There is no change to the PDO under the AF . * * Results * * Core sector indicators are considered : Yes Results reporting level : Project Level | * * Project Deve * * | * * lopment Objective Indicators * * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "substitutability between goods from different country groups . For example , we can let goods from high income countries be better substitutes for each other than for imports from low income countries in the same product category . This is accomplished by dividing countries into groups , and assigning each source country to a country group . Each country will thus be identified by a pair { l , m } , where 1 is an indicator of the country group to which it belongs and m is an indicator of the country within the country group . The trade data on import values from a particular source country in a particular tariff line are denoted by Mijk , l at the bottom of Figure 1 , where the { ijk } subscripts identify the tariff line and the { lm } subscripts identify the source country . The tariff rates imposed on imports from that product category and country can sirnilarly be identified by y-jk , , . The aggregation proceeds by first aggregating over imports within a particular country group , as indicated by node IV in Figure 1 . The trade value Kw = S * * Mikhn 1 * * represents the value of imports from country group 1 in tariff line m { i , j , k } , with Oijkl the price index for this group and Zijk the quantity index . The data on imports from country groups at node IV is then aggregated over the groups within the tariff line to yield a price index Oijk and quantity index Zijk for the tariff line ( at node III ) . The tariff lines within each subindustry are then aggregated to yield indices for the sub-industry ( node II ) , and the sub-industry indices are aggregated to obtain the industry aggregate at node I . The aggregation structure is quite flexible , and can be extended to allow for any number of levels of industry and / or country groups . The application to Chile considered in this section provides an example of how the aggregation can be carried out . The trade volume data from Chile consist of 1011 tariff lines at the 4-digit ( CCCN ) level for the year 1986 . This", "spans": [{"start": 536, "end": 546, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1239, "end": 1274, "text": "data on imports from country groups", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1894, "end": 1922, "text": "trade volume data from Chile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for more engagement with communities with regard to risk communications and a focus on behavior change communication ( BCC ) . Future community based activities should be deliberate on reaching to all VMG communities . Some of the specific recommendations include : - ( i ) There is need to triangulate the information from the VMG leaders / representatives through further interviews with members from various VMG localities . The planned KAP surveys should also target these communities ; - The feedback sessions were meant to raise awareness about the project , get a glimpse of the kind of interventions that have gone to the community through the work of various stakeholders , document gaps and opportunities for CHERP to appreciate the work that has gone to the communities by other stakeholders and feedback to inform future interventions . This therefore does not equal a research ; - ( ii ) Based on the feedback with regard to minimal change of behavior on adherence to COVID-19 measures , fear of hospitals and the existing myths among some VMG community members etc . regarding the pandemic , there is need to include behavior change communication in future activities ; - ( iii ) Innovative ways should be devised in communities without access to radio information in passing COVID-19 information e . g . options for Yaaku community of Laikipia which has which uses Maa language and was reported that it cannot access to Maa speaking FM stations within their locality . Airtime can be secured in mainstream media for Maa speakers to pass COVID-19 messages . It is notable that Dasanaach community of Marsabit County which does not have access to mainstream media networks including FM stations ; 45", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 451, "text": "KAP surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unemployment and attitudes have long-lasting effects on the employment probability of refugees . The negative effects of initial unemployment are cumulative over time and reach a maximum after more than 15 years , whereas the impact of attitudes is small shortly after arrival , reaches a maximum 3 – 5 years after arrival , and then decreases over time . Our findings on the role of attitudes differ from Aksoy et al . ( 2020 ) and seem to indicate that when natives ’ attitudes become more restrictive over time , refugees could feel pressured to increase their integration efforts and search more intensively for a job . Based on our findings that highlight the importance of an early entry into the workforce in order to ensure an effective economic integration of refugees , we acknowledge the significant challenges that persist and discuss some policy recommendations emerging from our study and some broader policy implications . First , shortening the asylum process is important . In this regard , Switzerland , recently carried out a reform of the asylum process , and starting from March 1 , 2019 adopted a reduced asylum procedure , which was approved through a referendum in 2016 . Under this policy framework , each stage of the process has a well-defined timeline , and the overall examination of the asylum applications is completed at a faster pace , in most cases within 140 days . Moreover , applicants have the right to receive free legal assistance . In addition to this , temporarily admitted refugees and recognized refugees can work in the canton of residency upon a simple declaration . The rationale behind these changes is to improve the overall efficiency of the system , which includes avoiding a waiting time for asylumseekers of several years , and allowing those entitled to receive protection as soon as possible . The current data availability of the administrative records ( i . e . , only until 2018 ) has not yet allowed us to rigorously assess the effectiveness of this reform , which we leave for future research . Second , given the significant variation over time in the way the initial local conditions and other factors affect the pattern of economic integration , we highlight the importance of taking", "spans": [{"start": 1886, "end": 1908, "text": "administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We implement these calculations using the set of globally representative data sources in the WGI , reporting the resulting estimates of the global mean and standard deviation of governance in Figure 5 . The six panels of the graph correspond to the six dimensions of governance measured in the WGI . Each panel reports the estimated global mean and standard deviation ( on the vertical axis ) plotted against time ( on the horizontal axis ) . For ease of visual reference , the graphs also show horizontal lines at zero and at one . Figure 5 shows little evidence of trends over time in the global mean and standard deviation of governance . While the graphs show some small fluctuations from year to year , the overall pattern suggests that our assumption in the baseline UCM estimates of the WGI that the global mean and standard deviation of governance are constant over time is not unreasonable . This in turn means that the changes over time in countries ’ positions in the WGI relative to the global mean can reasonably also be interpreted as absolute changes . We conclude this section with one caveat . These estimates of trends in global averages of governance are based on the information in the cross-country averages of the globally representative data sources that feed into the WGI . If some of these underlying data sources themselves measure governance in relative rather than absolute terms , it is possible that that global averages of governance could be changing even though the data sources themselves do not register any changes in their global averages . However , we can conclude that , conditional on the information contained in the underlying data sources , the normalization of the global mean and standard deviation of governance to be the same in every period in the baseline WGI estimates is a reasonable approximation . # 6 . Conclusions This paper has provided a summary of the WGI data sources and aggregation methodology as of the time of the 2024 WGI annual update . While the core methodology of the WGI has not changed over the lifetime of the project , the set of underlying data sources continues to expand and evolve as new data become available , and in some cases", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 96, "text": "globally representative data sources in the WGI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1236, "end": 1272, "text": "globally representative data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1315, "end": 1338, "text": "underlying data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "combining the IMF ’ s International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) data with information from the IMF ’ s Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves ( COFER ) database . The IFS data on total holdings of international reserves ( excluding gold ) are available annually at the country level , without a breakdown across counterparty countries . The COFER database contains the currency breakdown of international reserves held in aggregate by advanced and emerging regions for 2001 – 14 . < sup > 32 < / sup > We use the COFER database to calculate the share of international reserves that North and South countries allocate in North and South currencies each year , assuming that this allocation in global currencies holds uniformly across countries within each region . That is , we assume that each country in the North ( South ) holds international reserves in North and South currencies in the same proportion as the region as a whole . Using this methodology , we can construct country-to-region but not country-to-country data . For example , the data reveal the amount of international reserves that countries hold in euros , but not the amount of reserves held in assets of each euro area country . Similarly , COFER includes the share of international reserves in other currencies . We understand that this share corresponds to South currencies , but we cannot assign it to specific countries in this region . The yearly value of international reserves that each country holds in the North and South results from multiplying the country-level IFS data by the corresponding share of international reserves in North and South currencies for each source country . < sup > 33 < / sup > Implicit in these calculations is the assumption that holding reserves in a North ( South ) currency is equivalent to holding reserves in a North ( South ) country . For example , for a North country the value of international reserves held in > 32 The IMF ’ s advanced and emerging regions are not identical to our definitions of North and South , but we explain below how we harmonize the two . > 33 Because the IMF does not publish the currency breakdown for 2015 – 18 for confidentiality reasons", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 56, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 104, "end": 162, "text": "Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 534, "end": 548, "text": "COFER database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1552, "end": 1574, "text": "country-level IFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 21 . Infrastructure proceeds grew over time as more countries started to tackle these sectors in the late 1990s . They are overwhelmingly concentrated in telecommunications and power , accounting for 50 and 36 percent respectively of total infrastructure proceeds between 1990 and 2003 . Nearly 65 developing countries ( or 42 percent of developing countries in the PPI database ) had generated telecoms proceeds through private participation in one form or another , concentrated largely in Latin America , Europe / Central Asia , East Asia , and more recently the Middle East and North Africa . In electricity and natural gas , 72 countries ( or 46 percent of all developing countries ) had some form of private participation in existing utilities , with activity concentrated largely in Latin America , Europe / Central Asia , and East Asia . The share of telecom proceeds remained more or less steady over time , while electricity grew slightly mainly due to recent sales or concessions in Europe / Central Asia . Proceeds in the transport sector declined from 14 percent in the 1990s ( mainly Latin America ) to 8 percent between 2000 and 2003 ( in China and Malaysia ) . And while activity in the water sector grew from 1 to 3 percent , it still continues to account for a very small share of total infrastructure proceeds , again mostly concentrated in Latin America ( management contracts , which are excluded from this paper , have been a frequent method of bringing in private sector participation in the water sector ) . 22 . On the whole , privatization of existing infrastructure assets raised $ 204 billion since 1990 , compared to new green field investments which were significantly higher at $ 350 billion ( Figure 9 ) . * * Figure 9 : Total PPI and infrastructure privatization , 1990-2003 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Total PPI and Infrastructure Privatization , 1990-2003 < br > Billions of USD < br > 120 < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 381, "text": "PPI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "severe business For this buffers should be available abnormally cycle . purpose , capital and used . We will outline how the macroeconomic scenarios can be constructed before we first describe how these macroeconomic scenarios are translated into the risk factors that are . shown in the flow chart of Figure 1 # * * 3 . 1 . TTC and PIT Scenarios * * Through-the-cycle ( TTC ) values of the macroeconomic variables of interest can be constructed in a number of different The is to use the arithmetic mean ways . simplest way computed from historical data . When this strategy is followed , care needs to be taken that the average is calculated over a sufficiently long horizon , covering preferably several business cycles , including normal as well as abnormal ones . It is particularly important to account for structural breaks and transitional convergence when these averages are computed for emerging market economies , as it is likely that steady-state values have changed over time . This can be achieved by employing statistical methods that are robust to structural changes and outliers . It may also be appropriate to consult expert judgment when dealing with substantial transitional or structural changes . Another way to compute TTC values would be to use the unconditional means implied by a statistical model of the macroeconomy . The benefit of using this approach is the flexibility of being able to include structural shifts and dummy variables in the model if needed . Nonetheless , if the data span is too short , the cost of this approach is a decline in the precision of the estimated parameters needed to construct the unconditional means . Point-in-time ( PIT ) values can also be obtained in a number of different ways . One possibility is to use consensus forecasts for the next four quarters from the relevant na14", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 554, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > BPD < br > Village Government Structure < br > Accordingto Village Law ( Law No . 6 2014 ) Village Head dnp < br > And Relevant Regulations Chairperson < br > Village < br > Secretariat BPD Member < br > ( Secretary ) < br > Head of General Head of < br > Affairs Financial Affairs < br > PlanningHead Affairsof | < br > H . PHONE NUMBER COLLECTION < br > ENUMERATOR : PLEASE REPEAT THE FOLLOWING PROCESS TWO TIMES . ONLY ASK FOR < br > THE PHONE NUMBER OF PEOPLE AGED 18 YEARS OR OLDER . < br > 1 . lam going to tell you a letter : [ XXX randomized according to census prevalence XXX ] . < br > Now , please look into the contact list on your phone . < br > Dia . | Is there anyone living in 1 . Yes , name : < br > your village whose name — _ | 3 . No PROCEED TO NEXT RANDOMIZED < br > starts with [ XXX ] ? LETTER < br > 7 . REFUSE TO ANSWER = > PROCEED TO < br > NEXT RANDOMIZED LETTER < br > Dib . | Are you willing to share the < br > contact number of this . 1 . Yes < br > nerson ? 3 . No > D2a < br > Dic . What is the phone number of ; \\ L < br > this person ? < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugees , hosts ) ( Text ) | Baseline surveys to be done | Rating of 4 out of 5 | | Local labor among unskilled employment created under the | | | | works contracts ( dis-aggregated by gender , refugees , hosts ) < br > ( Text ) | 0 . 00 | 40 percent of total labor ( Number of workers ) | | Percentage increase of beneficiaries who engaged in economic | | | | activities ( dis-aggregated by refugees / host community , < br > female / male ) ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 30 . 00 | | Percentage of women employed in construction and < br > maintenance of Project road ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | 30 . 00 | | Health and Safety Management Plans | To be developed for the Project Road works | Plans are in place , root cause analysis of accidents at project site < br > are undertaken , and mitigation measures are undertaken | 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mauro , Paolo , Nathan Sussman , and Yishay Yafeh ( 2002 ) . Emerging Market Spreads : Then Versus Now . _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 117 ( 2 ) , 695-733 . Mehra , Rajnish and Edward C . Prescott ( 1985 ) . The Equity Premium : A Puzzle . _Journal of Monetary Economics_ , 15 ( 2 ) , 145-161 . Mendoza Enrique and Vivian Yue ( 2012 ) . A General Equilibrium Model of Sovereign Default and Business Cycles , _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 127 ( 2 ) , 889-946 . Meyer , Josefin ( 2021 ) . Domestic vs . Foreign Debt : Discrimination in Sovereign Debt Restructurings . Mimeo . Michie , Ranald ( 1987 ) . _The New York and London Stock Exchanges , 1850 – 1914_ . London : Allen and Unwin . Michie , Ranald ( 2001 ) . _The London Stock Exchange : A History . _ New York : Oxford University Press . Mitchener , Kris J . and Christoph Trebesch ( 2021 ) . Sovereign Debt in the 21st Century . NBER Working Paper 28598 , forthcoming , _Journal of Economic Literature_ . Mitchener , Kris J . , and Marc D . Weidenmier , ( 2010 ) . Supersanctions and Sovereign Debt Repayment . _Journal of International Money and Finance_ , 29 ( 1 ) , 19-36 . Moody ’ s ( 2007 ) . Ultimate Recovery Database . Moody ’ s ( 2011a ) . Corporate Default and Recovery Rates , 1920-2010 . Special Comment . Moody ’ s ( 2011b ) . Sovereign Default and Recovery Rates , 1983-2010 . Special Comment . Moody ’ s ( 2012 ) . Investor Losses in Modern-Era Sovereign Bond Restructurings . Special Comment . Obstfeld , Maurice , and Alan M . Taylor ( 2005 ) . _Global Capital Markets : Integration , Crisis and Growth_ . New York : Cambridge University Press . Panizza , Ugo , Federico Sturzenegger , and Jeromin Zettelmeyer , ( 2009 ) . The Economics and Law of Sovereign Debt and Default . _Journal of Economic Literature_ , 47 ( 3 ) , 651-98 . - Pouzo , Demian and Ignacio Presno ( 2016 ) . Sovereign Default Risk and Uncertainty Premia . _American", "spans": [{"start": 1164, "end": 1190, "text": "Ultimate Recovery Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ages , the relationship between participation in wage work and enrollment is negative . At age 6 almost all children are enrolled in school and the share remains virtually unchanged until age 11 . Starting from age 11 there is an inverse relationship between participation in wage work and schooling , with an increase in labor market participation being accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in school enrollment ( Figure 2 ) . At the same time , working does not affect whether younger children , especially those in elementary school , are in the correct grade . Younger children who participate in household chores are able to keep up with school and be enrolled in the correct grade . * * Figure 1 Share of children working in domestic and wage work Figure 2 Probability of schooling and wage work by age , 2015 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > by age , 2015 < br > 100 < br > 90 90 < br > 80 80 < br > 70 70 < br > 60 60 < br > 50 50 < br > 40 40 < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > 10 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 < br > 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 < br > Age < br > Age < br > Wage work Household chores < br > Schooling Wage work < br > All type of work < br > Percent of children < br > Percent of children < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : authors ’ estimates using LFS 2015_ _Source : authors ’ estimates using LFS 2015_ Participation in any type of work decreases with wealth , from 38 . 3 percent for children in the lowest decile to 31 . 2 percent for children in highest decile ( Figure 3 ) . There is no clear trend in labor market and household chores participation across wealth deciles and no gender differences . Using imputed consumption , the", "spans": [{"start": 1391, "end": 1400, "text": "LFS 2015_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services Project ( P179040 ) that only 39 percent of women had a financial account , compared to 55 percent of men , with the gap growing continuously since 2014 when the rates were 21 percent and 23 percent , respectively . 6 . * * Ethiopia hosts many forcibly displaced persons , including refugees and asylum seekers . * * Ethiopia is the third largest refugee-hosting country in Africa , with nearly 1 million refugees . < sup > 8 < / sup > The World Bank , following consultation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , confirmed that the protection framework for refugees is adequate . Most refugees live in 24 camps across five regional states ( Gambella , Somali , Benishangul-Gumuz , Afar , and Amhara ) . About 53 percent of refugees and asylum seekers are female , and 56 percent are children ; together , women and children constitute some 80 percent of the refugee population . The unexpected arrival of additional thousands of refugees from Somali and Sudan starting in February / April 2023 have exacerbated socioeconomic challenges that had already become significant , with the UNHCR making supplementary appeals of US $ 41 . 7 million and US $ 19 . 3 million , respectively , to cover the needs of these refugees and host communities . Most refugee populations and host communities are in fragile border areas with limited services and economic potential . These communities remain vulnerable to conflict and climaterelated crises , with acute needs and limited opportunities for self-reliance . 7 . * * As of June 2023 , nearly 3 . 4 million internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) were displaced across 2 , 750 accessible sites in Ethiopia , excluding Tigray region , * * < sup > * * 9 * * < / sup > largely resulting from the ongoing conflict in northern Ethiopia and localized conflicts and tensions in different parts of the country < sup > 10 < / sup > .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Panel C . Log GDP per capita * * # * * Panel D . COVID-19 Policy Stringency Index * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 20 40 60 80 < br > 7 8 9 10 11 Average over the period by country of Oxford Stringency Index < br > Natural logarithm GDP per capita High Inc EAP ECA LAC < br > EAP ECA LAC MENA SA SSA MENA SA SSA < br > 100 100 < br > 80 80 < br > 60 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 20 Financial Policy Response Activity Index < br > Financial Policy Response Activity Index < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database , Hale et al . ( 2020 ) ; World Health Organization ( WHO ) and World Bank World Development Indicators ; authors ’ calculations . Note : For the Policy Stringency Index ( Panel D ) , the chart shows the average between January 30 < sup > th < / sup > and September 1 < sup > st < / sup > , 2020 . # * * 3 Determinants of the Financial Sector Policy Response to COVID-19 : Methodological Framework * * # _3 . 1 Modeling the time until the first policy measure is taken in each category_ The variable of interest is the time elapsed ( in days ) between the date when a country undertook its first policy measure in a specific category ( e . g . , _Banking Sector_ ) and January 30 , 2020 , the date when WHO declared COVID-19 to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern ( PHEIC ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > An “ event ” is recorded the first time a country takes a policy measure in one of the four categories described in section 2 . 1 . Thus , we are analyzing four separate events by following each country during the period between January 30 , 2020 , and", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 633, "text": "World Bank COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 698, "end": 737, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Worldwide , billions of people are unable to access work and educational opportunities because transport services remain either unavailable or unaffordable . The Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) include a goal to increase rural accessibility , but they do not set a target . Specifically , SDG indicator 9 . 1 . 1 refers to the proportion of the rural population who live within 2 kilometers of an all-season road . An \" _all season road \" _ refers to _ \" a road that is motorable all year round by the prevailing means of rural transport_ . \" In countries with a significant monsoon season , this implies paved roads ; but in drier countries , all-season roads can also include gravel roads . Access to an all-season road is believed to significantly increase households ’ welfare if it can help rural populations access new job markets and social services . For example , in Bangladesh , a road paving project implemented from 1997 – 2001 increased household expenditure by 9-10 percent on average ( Khandker and Koolwal , 2011 ) . Similarly , in Ethiopia , access to an all-season road reduced poverty by 7 percent , and increased household consumption by 16 percent ( Dercon et al . , 2008 ) . However , a road may bring little economic benefit in areas with no market to sustain non-agricultural jobs . One measure of rural accessibility is the Rural Access Index ( RAI ) , defined by ( Roberts et al . , 2006 ) as \" the number of rural people who live within two kilometers ( typically equivalent to a walk of 20-25 minutes ) of an all-season road as a proportion of the total rural population \" . ( Roberts et al . , 2006 ) assessed the RAI in a small number of countries using household survey data . However , this approach was costly , the surveys lacked spatial representativeness , and the resulting RAIs were not necessarily comparable between countries . Ten years later , ( Iimi et al . , 2016 ) proposed a new method based on GIS data and applied it in eight countries . They assessed the RAI using WorldPop data for", "spans": [{"start": 1718, "end": 1739, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2048, "end": 2061, "text": "WorldPop data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10297 # * * Abstract * * This paper extends recent research on satellite-based carbon dioxide measurement to an easily updated template for tracking changes in carbon dioxide concentrations at local and regional scales . Using data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ’ s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite platform and a large sample of urban areas , a comparison of trend estimation models suggests that the template can use a simple model that estimates trends directly from satellite data pre-filtered to isolate local concentration anomalies . Illustrative applications are developed for a long-period trend model and a short-period model focused on change in the most recent year . In addition , the paper estimates carbon dioxide emissions for thousands of urban areas and identifies cities whose emissions performance is above or below expectation . Although the tracking model is “ simple , ” it requires software and hardware that are beyond the means of many interested stakeholders . For this reason , the World Bank ’ s Development Economics Vice Presidency has established an open web facility that pre-filters data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ’ s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2satellite and publishes monthly mean concentration anomalies for all terrestrial cells of a 25-kilometer global grid . The website will also publish annual carbon dioxide tracking reports for urban areas and provide information that links the 25-kilometer global grid cell IDs to IDs for urban areas and national administrative units ( levels 0 , 1 , and 2 ) . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at sdasgupta @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers", "spans": [{"start": 532, "end": 546, "text": "satellite data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The register provided for audit was compiled on * * 6 * * January , * * 2017 * * and is not up-to-date and this may lead to loss of assets not recorded . Further , the assets had not been identified * * by * * any tag and therefore the completeness of the record provided could not be verified . In the circumstances , the accuracy , completeness , ownership , and existence of assets valued at Kshs . 715 , 138 , 466 could not be confirmed . # # # 2 . 0 Unreconciled Special Account Statement The statement of receipt and payments reflects proceeds from domestic and foreign grants of Kshs . 783 , 683 , 539 as disclosed in Note 12 . 2 to the financial statements . However , the corresponding account balance reflected in the special account statement is Kshs . 783 , 952 , 872 made up of Kshs . 306 , 180 , 000 in respect of Disbursement Linked Indicator designated account , Kshs . 283 , 862 , 621 in respect of withdrawals and Kshs . 193 , 910 , 251 in respect of direct payments resulting in an unexplained variance * * of * * Kshs . 269 , 333 . In the circumstances , the accuracy and completeness of the proceeds from domestic and foreign grants amounting to Kshs . 783 , 683 , 539 could not be confirmed . The audit was conducted in accordance with the International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions ( ISSAls ) . * * I * * am independent of the Kenya Primary Education Development Project Management in accordance with * * ISSAI 130 * * on the Code of Ethics . * * I * * have fulfilled other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the * * ISSAI * * and in accordance with other ethical requirements applicable to performing audits of financial statements in Kenya . * * I * * believe that the audit evidence * * I * * have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my qualified opinion . _Report of", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 33, "text": "register provided for audit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTS has only been implemented for one year , it is difficult to fully compare the impact between PPTP and DTS . Theoretically , case-based payment systems should lead to greater efficiency in hospital services as hospitals are no longer able to earn additional revenue by conducting more diagnostic tests , performing more procedures , or extending patient stay for a particular case . Hospitals should have incentives to treat a case in the most efficient and cost-effective manner , and a substantial amount of research has found that length of stay and costs declined with the introduction of case-based payment systems ( Serra and Wagstaff 2010 , Shmueli et al . 2002 , Cutler 1990 , Kahn et al . 1990 ) . At the same time , since hospitals are able to earn revenue for each additional case , it is possible that the number of hospital admissions ( and possible readmissions ) may increase . Empirical research suggests that volume of activity does not increase , although there are some mixed results ( Serra and Wagstaff 2010 , Dafny 2005 , Shmueli et al . 2002 , Kroneman and Nagy 2001 , Cutler 1990 ) . From a quality perspective , theoretically there may be negative effects on patient health outcomes if hospitals use less costly and less effective tests or procedures . This potential negative effect should be balanced , however , by the incentive to fully treat a patient so that additional costs are not incurred under the same ― case ‖ . Empirically , most evidence suggests that introduction of case-based payment systems have had no effect ( and even positive in some cases ) on health outcomes ( Serra and Wagstaff 2010 , Cutler 1995 , Feinglass and Holloway , 1991 ; Kahn et al . , 1990 ) . An initial comparison of the first year of DTS implementation shows that detailed groupings appear to have lowered average length of stay ( ALOS ) and lowered bed occupancy . Both Figures 3 and 4 show data from 2008 and 2009 across all acute services by different types of hospitals in Croatia . There is a consistent decline in ALOS across all hospital types , but especially for clinics ( 0 . 9 days ) . Bed", "spans": [{"start": 1911, "end": 1934, "text": "data from 2008 and 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subsidies are not pro-poor because the better-off households capture the subsidies disproportionally . Consequently , expanding rural electrification from SHS programs is not considered to be an effective policy choice for addressing poverty issues , although little empirical evidence exists to validate such claims . The Bangladesh national survey data presents an opportunity to empirically analyze the distributional impact of SHS programs . # 5 . 3 . 1 Policy simulation The distributional consequences are illustrated using a policy simulation exercise under two assumptions . First , all households currently without grid-electricity are assumed to be entitled to the micro-finance scheme . Second , the private sector agencies who are responsible for implementing the SHS decide program locations at the upzila level . The choice of location is driven by the objective of maximizing SHS dissemination while minimizing the operational cost . Two indicators at the upzila level that are important from the perspective of delivery agencies include : ( 1 ) the affordability rate , and ( 2 ) the proportion of households living in non-electrified villages , both capturing the SHS market potential as well as the scale of the operational cost . The distributional consequences are essentially determined by the location choices of the private sector delivery agencies . For example , the implementing agencies may choose to place SHS programs only in locations with a high affordability rate . But it is also likely that these locations have a high concentration of better-off households , in which case the SHS programs will be regressive because better-off households would receive the subsidies disproportionally . # 5 . 3 . 2 Distributional impact The distributional impact of SHS promotion program is analyzed using the concentration curve ( CC ) . The CC plots the cumulative percentage of the SHS subsidies received by households against the cumulative percentage of household population , ranked by per capita income in ascending order . < sup > 10 < / sup > Therefore , the CC graphically illustrates the share of program subsidies captured by different incomes groups . The distributional impact of the policy simulation based on the two location choice indicators are presented in Figure 2 . Clearly , targeting SHS programs based either on affordability rate or the proportion non-electrified households at the", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 354, "text": "Bangladesh national survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the DSA . As mentioned , component b ) consists of a set of dynamic equations that project future debt and debt service as a function of past debt , its amortization profile , the accrual of interest and the financing gaps faced by the country or the government . However , to make such projections it is needed to assume going forward in what terms ( currency , maturity and interest rate ) the new debt will be contracted to finance future gaps . Component c ) consists of policy-dependent thresholds for five debt burden indicators , namely : ( a ) PV of debt-toGDP ratio , ( b ) PV of debt to exports ratio , ( c ) PV of debt to government revenues ratio , ( d ) debt service to government revenues ratio , and ( e ) debt service to exports ratio . The thresholds are country specific because they depend on the quality of a country ’ s institutions and policies ( i . e . , countries with stronger policies and institutions can carry more debt than countries with weaker institutions without falling into distress ) . The thresholds are for a pre-determined probability of debt distress set at about 15 percent and kept equal for all countries . The assessment of the sustainability of a country ’ s debt results from comparing the five indicators above vis-àvis their corresponding thresholds under both a baseline and alternative scenarios . The baseline or most likely scenario is the one projected under the financial programming , while alternative scenarios are built by applying a set of predetermined shocks to the former . Depending on whether a country ’ s debt burden indicators over the projection horizon breach the thresholds or not , for protracted or short periods , and whether this occurs under the baseline or alternative scenarios , the country is ranked as low , moderate or high risk of debt distress . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "line may not be the appropriate threshold for international poverty measurement when the distribution is adjusted to the level of national accounts means . Since the $ 1 . 90 line is itself estimated from national poverty lines originating from household surveys ( see Ferreira et al . , 2016 ; Jolliffe and Prydz , 2016 ) , the poverty line is likely also underestimated , and therefore not necessarily suitable for use with living standards measured using national accounts . A simple adjustment of the international poverty line for use with national accounts , would be to scale the poverty line up by the same proportion as the survey mean ( to equate with national > 26 This is essentially true by assumption . In our exercise , we simply scale the survey mean to the national accounts mean and apply the international poverty line of $ 1 . 90 per day . 27 We analyze the differences for surveys where the household survey has more than 3 percent poverty . At low poverty estimates small changes can lead to very large changes in percentage terms . > 28 These measures are broadly consistent with Sala-i-Martin and Pinkovskiy ( 2016 ) who calculated measures up to 2010 using 2005 PPPs and the $ 1 . 25-line . To our knowledge , the measures presented here are the first poverty estimates using national accounts data and the updated $ 1 . 90 poverty line . 22", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 262, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1301, "end": 1323, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Tel . + 251 115 580 631 , + 251 115 580 607 | | | Tadesse Biru Odda < br > Environment , Health & Safety Director < br > Phone : + 251 116 676 393 < br > Mobile : + 251 911 771 230 < br > Mailto : tadesse . odda @ gmail . com | | Dateቀን | | | Signatureፊርማ | | # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 5 Investigating a Grievance * * All grievances will be acknowledged within 3 days . If immediate corrective action is available it will be taken within 3 days . If no immediate corrective action is available , a response will be provided within 7 days unless there are exceptional circumstances . The following steps shall be performed in a timely manner to avoid delaying resolution of a grievance : - Obtain as much information as possible from the person who received the complaint , as well as from the complainant to gain a first-hand understanding of the grievance . - Undertake a site visit , if required , to clarify the parties and issues involved . Gather the views of other stakeholders including subproject employees . If necessary , identify initial options for settlement that parties have considered . - Determine whether the grievance is eligible . Eligible grievances include all those that are directly or indirectly related to the Subproject . - Ineligible Complaints may include those that are clearly not related to the Subproject or its contractors ’ activities , whose issues fall outside the scope of the GRP or where other community procedures would be more appropriate to address the grievance . - If the grievance is deemed ineligible it can be rejected . However , a full explanation as to the reasons for this must be given to the complainant and recorded in the Grievance Database . - If the grievance is eligible , determine its severity level . This will help to determine whether the grievance can be resolved immediately or requires further investigation and whether senior management will need to be informed of the", "spans": [{"start": 1684, "end": 1702, "text": "Grievance Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which act as the primary sampling units from which households are selected . < sup > 24 < / sup > Individuals within households are enumerated in a full roster ; individuals are tracked if they leave a household , though this does result in some individual-level attrition . Starting in 2010 , 5 , 000 households in 500 enumeration areas were selected for the panel dataset ; however , due to attrition , by the fourth round ( 2018 – 2019 ) , a refresh sample of 360 enumeration areas was required . Due to this sampling design , two points merit some attention . First , non-random attrition poses a challenge to identification . If , for example , attriting individuals are more or less likely to be those that engage in a particular type of economic activity , estimates will be accordingly biased . A related but distinct concern is that attrition itself is related to violent events , which would make treatment endogenous to violence in the sample . Second , the sampling procedure for the fourth round of the GHS included new enumeration areas . Since the main treatment ( e . g . , exposure to violent events around the farmer-herder conflict ) is determined by location , a panel including those new enumeration areas would be inappropriate and therefore , the refreshment enumeration areas are excluded from all analysis of panel data , where individuals ( households ) appear over multiple rounds of the GHS . We discuss the relative risk to bias from attrition and our approach to account for non-random attrition below . The second data source is a panel of violent events taken from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data ( ACLED ) project ( Raleigh _et al . _ , 2010 ) . The ACLED project provides several pieces of detailed information , including the approximate date and geo-coded location of an incident , as well as reported information on primary and associated actors in each event . The recorded events are based on accounts from media , NGOs , international organizations , partner reports , and new media ( e . g . , social media such as Twitter or Facebook ) . A single account can include several events (", "spans": [{"start": 1334, "end": 1344, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1562, "end": 1585, "text": "panel of violent events", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1601, "end": 1639, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area Urban Development Program ( P175660 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | GKMA sub-national entities < br > that have substantively filled < br > key staff positions and < br > demonstrated basic < br > capacities in fiduciary , E & S < br > standards , and climate < br > change / disaster risk < br > management ( Number ) DLI | 0 . 00 < br > Jan / 2022 | 0 . 00 | 20-Feb-2024 | 9 | 30-Jun-2024 | 9 . 00 | Dec / 2027 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | GKMA sub-national entities < br > with strengthened , < br > coordinated , climate - < br > resilient , and integrated < br > metropolitan planning and < br > investments < br > ( Percentage ) DLI | 0 . 00 < br > Jan / 2022 | 0 . 00 | 20-Feb-2024 | 0 . 00 | 30-Jun-2024 | 30 . 00 | Dec / 2027 | | GKMA sub-national entities < br > utilizing tax simplification < br > and e-governance across the < br > GKMA ( Number ) | 3 . 00 < br > Jan / 2022 | 3 . 00 | 20-Feb-2024 | 9 | 30-Jun-2024 | 9 . 00 | Dec / 2027 | | Quarterly monitoring report < br > template , updated to collect < br > gender disaggregated data < br > for MDG and ISG < br > beneficiaries , is being used < br > ( Yes / No ) < br > * * Results Area 2 : Increased acce * * | No < br > Jan /", "spans": [{"start": 1135, "end": 1160, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of assets or reduction of access to assets . In such cases the procedures of OP 4 . 12 will be implemented , for which a Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) has been developed and disclosed . However , sub-projects involving any form of involuntary asset loss are currently ineligible pending completion of an expanded PW monitoring system capable of identifying and tracking such sub-projects ; the Safety of Dams Policy , predicated on the possibility that although dams of more than 10 metres in height are ineligible , smaller dams might have safety issues , for which compliance with the FAO Small Dams Safety Measures in Ethiopia is required ; and the International Waterways Policy ( OP 7 . 50 ) , because of small-scale irrigation < u > projects that may be implemented in watersheds of international waterways . < / u > * * 2 . Describe any potential indirect and / or long term impacts due to anticipated future activities in the project area : * * The following describes the potential indirect and / or long term impacts of the PSNP 4 ( the Parent Project ) . Activities under PSNP 4 include watershed development interventions and improved farming and land-use management systems , under the community watershed development approach of the government . These are expected to make contributions to positive environmental regeneration and transformation , which is one of the objectives of the PSNP . As stated above , any potential long-term or cumulative impacts that might have been caused by PSNP PW activities such as infrastructure will be detected through the Screening and mitigating procedures , and addressed . At the same time , potential long-term cumulative impacts that might have been caused by the implementation of large numbers of similar Livelihoods Strengthening activities will be managed by annual monitoring of impacts at woreda level , and corrective action taken . In view of this , no indirect or long-term negative impacts are anticipated from the project . * * 3 . Describe any project alternatives ( if relevant ) considered to help avoid or minimize adverse impacts . * * Under", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 341, "text": "PW monitoring system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Dang , T . H . , Nguyen , T . A . , Van , M . H . , Santin , O . , Tran , O . M . T . , Schofield , P . ( 2021 ) . Patient-Centered Care : Transforming the Health Care System in Vietnam With Support of Digital Health Technology . _Journal of Medical Internet Research_ , 23 ( 6 ) : e24601 . - Deaton , A . ( 1988 ) . Quality , Quantity , and Spatial Variation of Price , _American Economic Review_ , 78 : 418-430 . - Deaton , A . ( 1990 ) . Price elasticities from survey data : extensions and indonesian results . _Journal of Econometrics_ , 44 : 281-309 . - Deaton , A . and J . Muehllbaur ( 1980 ) . An Almost Ideal Demand System , _American Economic Review_ , 70 : 312-326 . - Filippini M , Pachauri S ( 2004 ) Elasticities of electricity demand in urban Indian households . _Energy Policy_ , 32 : 429 – 436 . - Gibson , J . and Kim , B . ( 2019 ) . Quality , quantity , and spatial variation of price : Back to the bog , Journal of Development Economics , 137 : 66 – 77 . - Gibson , J . , Kim , B . ( 2013a ) . Quality , quantity , and nutritional impacts of rice price changes in Vietnam , _World Development_ , 43 ( 1 ) : 329 – 340 . - Gibson , J . , Kim , B . , ( 2013b ) . Do the urban poor face higher food prices ? Evidence from Vietnam . _Food Policy_ , 41 : 193 – 203 . - Gibson , J . , Romeo , A . ( 2017 ) . Fiscal-food policies are likely misinformed by biased price elasticities from household surveys : evidence from Melanesia . _Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies_ , 4 ( 3 ) : 405 – 416 . Hausman , J . A . ( 1978 ) . Specification tests in econometrics . _Econometrica_ 46 : 1251 – 1271 . - Hien , P . D . ( 2019 ) . Excessive electricity intensity of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "municipality . The remainder of this paper is organized as follows . In Section 2 , we provide further institutional details on procurement and budget execution in Brazil and present some statistics from our datasets . We then proceed to validate the quality of our budget execution data in Section 3 , producing metrics of internal consistency as well as comparing aggregates constructed from microdata to information available at the SICONFI . In Section 4 , we illustrate two applications of this new dataset . Finally , we conclude in Section 5 by discussing other avenues of research using these new data . # * * 2 Institutional context and data * * Our dataset on public procurement and budget execution of Brazilian municipalities is constructed from data that TCEs assemble . The mission of these audit courts is to oversee the fiscal policy of states and municipalities , which includes taxation , spending , and budget execution . TCEs are present in each of the twenty-six Brazilian states plus the Federal District . < sup > 8 < / sup > > 7The Public Procurement Law ( Law 8 , 666 ) contains most of the public procurement regulation . Article 40 describes the rules that govern payment conditions . See also here for a summary of payment rules . > 8In the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , the TCEs oversee all municipalities apart from the capitals , which have their own audit court . Three states – Bahia , Goiás , and Pará – have two audit courts : one that oversees the state government and one that oversees all municipal governments within the state . 4", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 287, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 659, "end": 709, "text": "dataset on public procurement and budget execution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% ) and increased protests / civil demonstrations ( 9 % ) . The findings are consistent with the facts of a decrease in conflict and a switch to a degradation in the general security environment owing to the devastating economic crisis , leading to an increase in criminality and competition over resources . In this regard , the Humanitarian Response Plan ( HRP ) notes that more than half of the Afghan population ( 24 . 4 million people ) are in humanitarian need . 5 < / mark > # # # # * * < mark > b . Freedom of movement < / mark > * * < mark > In HH level assessments , 91 % of respondents < / mark > Respondent gender ( HH ) < mark > indicated that they could move freely , which shows a 6 % increase from 2021 . However , improvement in freedom of movement is < / mark > 55 % 60 % 56 % < mark > less obvious among female respondents than males . 10 % of female-headed < / mark > 45 % 44 % 40 % < mark > households mentioned that they cannot move freely in the 1st quarter of 2022 in comparison to 13 % in 2021 while amongst male-headed households , 7 % of whom < / mark > First half of 2021 Second half of First quarter of < mark > reported in the 1st quarter of 2022 that they < / mark > Male2021 Female 2022 < mark > cannot move freely compared to 13 % in 2021 . The reasons provided for females not being able to move freely range from < / mark > discrimination ( 21 % ) , fear of personal safety ( 19 % ) , and socio-cultural barriers ( 18 % ) . > 4 UNHCR 2021 Multi Sectorial Rapid Assessments – Analysis : < u > Document - UNHCR 2021 Multi Sectorial Rapid Assessments - Analysis . < / u > < mark > Similar to the topic of safety , qualitative findings from FGD show that a high proportion of male respondents indicate that they are free to move ,", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 574, "text": "HH level assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1463, "end": 1507, "text": "UNHCR 2021 Multi Sectorial Rapid Assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1538, "end": 1582, "text": "UNHCR 2021 Multi Sectorial Rapid Assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Robustness checks * * # * * 4 . 1 . Sensitivity to lining up methods * * The results reported above are based on the selected line-up method ( Method 1 ) , which adjusts the population using the UNDESA projections and redraws the poverty line in each survey to match the World Bank ’ s published poverty estimates for 2013 , as described in section 2 . 2 above . This method aims to reduce biases that arise from pooling data collected in different years and ensures consistency with the existing published estimates . However , the method relies on a line-up procedure that imposes strong assumptions . These assumptions have not to our knowledge been systematically validated across several countries , and there is no hard evidence that applying the procedure provides a more accurate poverty profile for 2013 than simply pooling data for multiple years . Therefore , as an initial robustness check , we report selected key results under two other lineup methods : one that adjusts both survey weights and the welfare aggregate as described in section 2 . 2 above , and uses the international poverty lines $ 1 . 90 and $ 3 . 10 ( Method 2 ) ; and another that adjusts only the sample survey weights to match the UNDESA population projections ( Method 3 ) . In general , the choice of method makes little difference to the estimates . The key results , with respect to the share of the extreme poor belonging to different groups , changes by at most one to two a percentage points ( Table 8 ) . The results that are mildly sensitive to the choice of lineup method are the share of the poor working in agriculture and the share of the poor with no education , but even in these cases the changes barely exceed 2 percentage points and do not alter the qualitative nature of the results . This comparison does , however , illustrate that replicating the lineup procedure used to generate the published estimates is not necessarily straightforward , and that the nature of the line-up method usually has small but noticeable impacts on the profile . * * Table 8 : Sensitivity to line ‐", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 . _ * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Overall Implementation Progress ( IP ) |  Moderately Satisfactory |  Moderately Satisfactory | | Overall Risk Rating |  Substantial |  Substantial | # * * Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * The overall implementation of the Rural Productive Safety Net Project is progressing satisfactorily . PSNP continued to deliver transfers ( food , cash , or mix ) to about 2 . 5 million households ( 8 million beneficiaries ) across 381 woredas . The number of woredas increased in FY 20 to 381 due to woreda split without changing the beneficiary caseload . The management of the program has made progress in addressing key bottlenecks and challenges facing the program , especially with regard to system building . Although contract for data collection for the establishment of beneficiary household registry was concluded at the beginning of 2020 , implementation was delayed by the Covid-19 pandemic . Government has taken timely decision to adjust the cash wage rate by an average of 24 % to accommodate food price inflation for the FY 21 . This wage adjustment has been indexed against the annual food price CPI published by CSA . 1 / 14 / 2021 Page 1 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 784, "end": 814, "text": "beneficiary household registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1988 and < br > 1993 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 5 strongly suggests the converse : There is an inverse relationship between industrial pollution and economic development , most strongly in the case of air pollution . Sichuan is the clear leader , with both sulfur dioxide ( S02 ) and total suspended particulate ( TSP ) emissions exceeding 1 , 000 , 000 tons / year in both 1998 and 1993 . Although it has substantially reduced organic water pollution ( chemical oxygen demand - COD ) in recent years , Chongqing remains , with Liaoning , the most highly polluted province in this category as well . Despite its huge industrial base , Shanghai has far lower pollution loads , while Beijing and Guangdong are also modest emitters by comparison . < sup > 4 < / sup > _4_ Analysis of air emissions data for all twenty-nine provinces reveals the same pattern : The poorest provinces have significantly higher total emissions . * * _5_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 820, "text": "air emissions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not taken into account , nor is the value of benefits to be derived from the project deducted from the valuation of an affected asset . Where domestic law does not meet the standard of compensation at full replacement cost , compensation under domestic law is supplemented by additional measures so as to meet the replacement cost standard . Such additional assistance is distinct from resettlement measures to be provided under other clauses in OP 4 . 12 , para . 6 . Provision of health care services , particularly for pregnant women , infants , and the elderly , may be important during and after relocation to prevent increases in morbidity and mortality due to malnutrition , the psychological stress of being uprooted , and the increased risk of disease . Negative impacts that should be anticipated and mitigated include , for rural resettlement , deforestation , overgrazing , soil erosion , sanitation , and pollution ; for urban resettlement , projects should address such density-related issues as transportation capacity and access to potable water , sanitation systems , and health facilities . Experience has shown that local NGOs often provide valuable assistance and ensure viable community participation . # # * * APPENDIX 5 . OP 4 . 11 , PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES * * The costs of establishing the grievance procedures for the project shall be included in the project costs . In case some of the displaced persons lose more than 10 % of their productive assets or require physical relocation , the plan also covers a socioeconomic survey and income restoration measures . 65", "spans": [{"start": 1538, "end": 1558, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2012-2016 | TANESCO ( Public ) | | Uganda | 1987 | 2012-2016 | UMEME ( Private ) | | Ukraine < sup > d < / sup > | 1994 | 2012-2017 | Dniprooblenergo ( Private ) , < br > Khmelnytskoblenergo ( Public ) | | Vietnam | 1993 | 2010-2016 | NPC ( Public ) | _Notes : _ < sup > a < / sup > Approximated by data for Edesur as full-country data was not available . < sup > b < / sup > Indicates majority ownership . cApproximated by sector-wide data . dC1-C3 cost recovery is approximated by A1-A3 as systematic information on government support to the utilities was not available . _Source : _ World Bank staff . 10", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 316, "text": "data for Edesur", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 426, "end": 442, "text": "sector-wide data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 . 24 : Attendance Schedule of The IPSAS Accrual Assets and Management Liability Committee Meeting * * | * * S . No * * | * * Name * * | * * 28 / 11 / 2023 * * | * * 06 / 06 / 2024 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . | CPA Mark Kipkoech | ✓ | ✓ | | 2 . | CPA Constance Wasike | ✓ | ✓ | | 3 . | Mr . Arthur Odongo | ✓ | ✓ | | 4 . | CPA Jared Ochoki | ✓ | ✓ | | 5 . | CPA Augustine Mburu | ✓ | ✓ | | 6 . | Ms . Hilda Moahshem | - | ✓ | | 7 | Douglas Otwori | - | ✓ | | 8 | Diana Oluoch | - | ✓ | # # # # # # * * ( q ) IPSAS Accrual Assets and Liability Unit * * The Unit ’ s key responsibility will be to serve as Secretariat and coordinator of the Assets and Liability Management Committee that oversees prudent management of OCOB assets and liabilities in a manner that is consistent with Government policies , priorities and objectives aligned to Internationally Recognized / Accepted Standards . This process will take three ( 3 ) years to its full implementation . The following are the terms of reference for the Unit : - i . Ensure adoption of risk-based and life-cycle asset management approach - ii . Maintain an updated register of assets and liabilities - iii . Maintain the entity asset and liabilities management system to ensure timely reports to guide decision-making - iv . Prepare the entity ’ s annual asset and liability plan as well as repair and maintenance plan - v . Ensure proper replacement plan of fixed assets and maintenance of optimal stock levels - vi . Ensure proper asset tagging system - vii . Advise the Accounting Officer on matters related", "spans": [{"start": 1149, "end": 1183, "text": "register of assets and liabilities", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "certain categories of Haitians . Access to Mexico ’ s RSD system also remained open . Prior to 2010 , Haitians had been recognized as refugees , including pursuant to the regional refugee definition . Following the earthquake , it appears that affected Haitians were also recognized in Mexico under the regional refugee definition . This case study discusses how refugee law featured in Mexico ’ s response to Haitian movements following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti , emphasizing the years 2010 – 2012 . Compared to the other three destination State responses discussed in detail in this report , limited access to key informants and information has constrained the depth of the discussion . < sup > 220 < / sup > < mark > Mexico is sometimes characterized as a country of origin , transit and destination for refugees and migrants , but prior to the 2010 earthquake , Haitians had largely used Mexico as a transit point . < / mark > < sup > 221 < / sup > < mark > A census conducted between 2009 and 2010 , for the period up until the end of 2009 , indicated 733 Haitian residents in Mexico . < / mark > < sup > 222 < / sup > < mark > Of this number , 126 were refugees , a figure that represented 26 per cent of total refugees ( 490 ) in Mexico at the time , and the highest of any nationality . < / mark > < sup > 223 < / sup > < mark > UNHCR holds conflicting estimates with a total of 1 , 200 refugees at the end of 2009 , of which Haitians comprised the fourthhighest nationality at 175 refugees and 10 asylum-seekers . < / mark > < sup > 224 < / sup > < mark > The difference is perhaps explained by the possibility that the census figures comprise only refugees who applied for and received residence permits , through a post-recognition administrative process . < / mark > < sup > 225 < / sup > < mark > Following the 2010 earthquake , a new flow of", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 1006, "text": "census conducted between 2009 and 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1633, "end": 1647, "text": "census figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the first evidence with a theoretical underpinning on how IO linkages facilitated by HSR connecting exporting firms with their domestic suppliers , enable the substitution of domestic for imported materials , thus pushing up the firm and aggregate DVAR in exports . The rest of the paper is structured as follows : Section 2 covers the background of HSR development in China . Section 3 introduces the new approach to estimate firm-level DVAR using only customs transaction data , and section 4 details the empirical specifications and variable measurements . Section 5 presents the effects of HSR expansion on firms ’ DVAR , along with robustness checks . The model is outlined in section 6 , and conclusions are drawn in section 7 . The Appendix provides a detailed discussion on the datasets used and the construction of key variables . It also provides additional robustness checks on the city-level impact of HSR connections on firms ’ DVAR . # * * 2 Background of HSR Development in China * * In the late 20th century , China invested heavily in transportation infrastructure , such as railways and expressways , to promote economic development . However , the previous transportation infrastructure construction mainly focused on freight transport , while passenger travel remained comparatively underdeveloped , suffering from low-quality service and constrained travel speed . To mitigate the overloaded transportation network at the time and provide significantly improved passenger travel services , the Medium and Long Term Railway Plan ( MLTRP ) was approved in 2004 , initially proposing the construction plan of the HSR network . High-speed rail typically refers to rail systems designed for trains traveling at speeds exceeding 250 km / h . 6 The MLTRP proposed four horizontal and four vertical form corridors , linking nearly all major cities in China . Accelerated by the fiscal stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the global financial crisis , the construction of the HSR speeded up since 2008 . In 2016 , the MLTRP was further revised to expand China ’ s highspeed rail network to eight horizontal and eight vertical corridors . After years of development , China now boasts the largest high-speed rail system worldwide ( Lawrence et al . , 2019 ) . By the end of 2015", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 478, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "review of documents and a reconnaissance site visit to the project area that were conducted as part of ESIA scoping , no culturally important historic buildings or sites were identified . * * _ES 4 . 3 . 2 . 3 Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) _ * * Women are the victims of GBV due to the patriarchal nature of Ugandan society . GBV is deeply rooted within the inequity between men and women of which men are seen as more superior to the women in Ugandan society and it is often accepted and overlooked by laws , institutions , and community norms ( Ruhweza , 2017 ) . GBV in the project area is caused by poverty , the impatience of men and lack of communication , and the community and authorities not treating GBV as serious in the community . Given the existing situation , project activities should be sensitive not to exacerbate the already significant problem . Most women in the project area , like those in the majority of districts in Uganda , are unaware of their rights to work and to own property and , therefore , they continue to suffer injustices . Only about 5 % of women have control over resources like land . This renders them vulnerable to social problems of poverty and dependence . * * ES 4 . 3 . 3 Local Economy * * The GDP of Uganda in 2021 was USD 40 . 53 billion . For the year in which GDP data are available for the metropolitan area of Kampala ( 2015 ) , which includes some of the project-affected districts ( i . e . , Wakiso , Mityana , Mpigi and Luwero ) the GDP was USD 32 . 39 billion < sup > 1 < / sup > . The project-affected districts have experienced varying degrees of economic growth and development since 2015 , with GDP growth > 1 < u > GDP ( current US $ ) - Uganda | Data ( worldbank . org ) < / u > * * 14 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 1311, "end": 1319, "text": "GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "01-10 < br > UG-KCCA-12482-CS-CDS / < br > Provision of Consultancy Component 1 – City Wide Consultant < br > Services for undertaking a IDA / 53840 Road Infrastructure and Post Qualification Open - National 30 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2017-05-02 2017-05-05 2017-06-04 2017-06-26 2017-07-31 2018-01-27 < br > Customer and Stakeholder associated investments Selection < br > Satisfaction Survey < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 8", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 395, "text": "Satisfaction Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Government ’ s reform plan , built on recommendations of the 2016 Tax National Conference . Second , the envisaged ICT systems upgrade is linked to e-government and digital development . Finally , tax administration reform frequently requires changes in the legal framework . To this end , the Project provides for support for the revision of the CGI . 55 . * * CSC and e-services . * * The project design reflects key lessons learned through similar World Bank projects , including the Moldova Governance e-Transformation ( GET ) project , the Moldova Modernization of Government Services project , and the Albania Citizen Centered Service Delivery project . The GET project provided the key enablers and necessary framework to launch transactional e-services , including development of e-payment , digital signatures , notification systems , and an Enterprise Service Bus ( ESB ) to integrate IT systems . Today , Moldova has over 500 e-services available on its portal . Similarly , in Albania , the project highlighted the importance of business process simplification for increased efficiency , piloting of CSC to allow for learning and adaptation , and development of a short message service ( SMS ) based Citizen Feedback Mechanism ( CFM ) to close the feedback loop . To date , the CFM system has reached over 187 , 000 citizens to solicit feedback regarding service delivery . > 16 The Djibouti Social Safety Net Project is a World Bank-funded project , with an Additional Financing that also supports the Social Registry and National Social Protection Strategy . The registry currently contains information about 42 , 000 households , exceeding the target of 20 , 000 . The collection of biometric data about these households has been launched and biometric information about 33 , 000 beneficiaries has been registered . The Djibouti Public Administration Modernization Project will be collaborating closely with the safety net project team . The Project will build on lessons learned from the enrollment and registration phase conducted by the Social Affairs Department . Page 24 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 1519, "end": 1534, "text": "Social Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1702, "end": 1716, "text": "biometric data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stations , namely ( 5No . Ground Water , 5No . Surface water , 2No . Automatic weather stations ) and Lot 2 : Establishment of 3Automatic precipitation and 2dry deposition monitoring stations . Contract for supply of lot * * I * * has been signed and equipment delivered . * * They * * await installation . The equipment for lot 2 has been fully delivered and they are undergoing installation . The contract for civil works was signed and under implementation . - Preparation of 4 Catchment Management Plans in : Lot * * I * * Nyamugasani * * & * * Kafu in Albert WMZ and Lot 2 : Sezibwa * * & * * Okweng in Kyoga WMZ . Both contracts were signed and InCeption ieports * * for * * both ere Submitted . - * * * * * Prepariation of ' Albeit * * WM / * * W ate Resoi : rcs Stiategy and Action Plan . The contract was signed and anl iception i poit submitted , - Implementation of priority WRM measures in : Lot * * 1 : * * Lwakhakha sub-catchment Lot 2 : Aswa * * 11 * * sub-catchment Lot * * _3 : _ * * Kochi sub-catchment Lot _4 : _ Middle Awoja sub catchment . * * All * * contracts wvcre signed and inception reports for Lwakhaka and Aswa * * 11 * * subcatchments were submitted - Consultancy Services * * Ifor * * uantiftication olf the available grouindvater and assessment of SUSLtainabilit ) ot groundwatei development . * * I * * lie contract was signed and art inception , final and baseline reports were submitted . - * RoIl out of Water Information System in Victoria , Upper Nile , Albert and Kyoga WMZ ( i", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . ___ . . . _ . ____ ~ _ . ____ | . . _ < br > . . . . . __ . . . . . _______ . __ . . . . . . _ . . . . . __ . . _ . __ | . _ . . ______ . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . | | Date achieved | ' 12 / 2008 | | ' 1212009 | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > ~ ~ hie . . ! ~ ~ ~ ! I ! L . | Baseline and result data < br > chemical fertilizers for s < br > . ~ ~ ~ } ons , andJ ! , ~ ludeso ! g ~ | not directly comparable : DSAdat < br > elected regions , whereasCSAbas < br > ! , . i_cf ~ ~ l ! ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : | a only appliesto < br > eline data applies to all < br > . . . . . . . . . \" . \" . . . . . . \" . . | | · ~ . ~ ~ _i ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ . ~ _ : . __ | . . ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ r ; ~ o ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ . ~ | _______ < br > _top ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ < br > . • ~ ~ ~ ve ~ ~ ~ | __________ < br > ~ i . ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ e_ . i ~", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 437, "text": "DSAdat", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 577, "end": 587, "text": "eline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "31-Mar-2027 | | IN01312800 < br >  Reported decrease | in accepting attitudes towards < br > Baseline | GBV in selected communities - f < br > Actual ( Previous ) | emale ( Percentage , Custo < br > Actual ( Current ) | m Breakdown ) < br > End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | Date | 31-Mar-2022 | 13-Dec-2022 | 12-Jun-2023 | 31-Mar-2027 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * | * * Data on Financial Performance * * | | - - - | # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P177233 | IDA-E0100 | Effective | USD | 300 . 00 | 300 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 58 . 92 | 227 . 08 | 21 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P177233 | IDA-E0100 | Effective | 12-Apr-2022 | 16-M | ay-2022 | 16-Sep-2022 | 31-Ma | r-2027 | 31-Mar-2027", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * [ Insert Table 3 ] * * Second , the number of people to be found in the IRS households and the non-IRS households in the three malaria endemic categories was estimated according to the following assumption : | Households in_Low_Endemicity Category : | 10 % IRS | 90 % non-IRS | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Households in_Medium_Endemicity Category : | 50 % IRS | 50 % non-IRS | | Households in_High_Endemicity Category : | 80 % IRS | 20 % non-IRS | Finally , in order to determine the number of IRS spray operators in a given area , data from IRS training manuals that indicate that 50 , 000 structures need 175 spray operators were used ( USAID , 2009 ) . The number of spray operators in each country was then calculated based on the number of IRS households . The country-level estimates of the IRS households , the non-IRS households and the spray operators were later combined with the respective RR in each of the three population groups to estimate the increased incidence of the unintended diseases ( health externalities ) due to the DDT exposure . # * * _4 . Health Externalities of DDT_ * * The direct and indirect economic losses arising from the increased risk of unintended diseases from the exposure to DDT in the affected population were then separately computed . The direct economic loss results from the treatment costs needed to treat the diseases , while the indirect economic costs arise as a consequence of increased morbidity and mortality . The cost estimates due to DDT exposure were done in this paper under two alternative extreme scenarios : _DDT use widespread_ and _DDT use restricted_ . In the _DDT use widespread_ scenario , it was assumed that all three malaria endemicity areas : _low_ , _medium_ and _high_ will be subject to IRS with DDT of varying magnitudes ; and therefore all the 71 countries with malaria endemicity 10", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 568, "text": "data from IRS training manuals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our main objective in this paper is not to study the precise channel through which trade policy affects market power . Rather , our goal is to provide clear-cut evidence about the sign of these theoretically ambiguous effects . Still , our results are informative about the channel . If NTMs affect mostly variable costs , we would expect their effect on PTM to be similar to that of tariffs . The fact that we find a negative effect of tariffs on PTM and a positive one of NTMs is a first indication that the latter are operating mostly through a fixed cost channel . We also discuss in Section 6 a number of additional estimations where we regress various indicators of trade margins ( number of exporters , average price and size , concentration indices ) on NTMs and tariffs to shed some additional light on those channels of transmission . We show in particular that while tariffs are associated with changes in firms ’ performance at the intensive margin of trade , NTMs are mostly related to indicators at the extensive margin . < sup > 14 < / sup > # * * 3 Data and descriptive statistics * * Testing our predictions requires gathering three main types of data : ( i ) firm-level data on export flows , ( ii ) macroeconomic data and ( iii ) trade policy variables . Note that when testing the impact of trade policy on market power , the use of firm-level data is key because it enables us to control for firm characteristics which affect their reaction to exchange rate variations ( e . g . marginal costs , size or other firm characteristics such as financial constraints ) and can be correlated with trade protection . # # * * 3 . 1 Firm-level trade data * * Our data were obtained from the customs administrations of twelve developing countries . Data for Kenya , Rwanda , Tanzania and Uganda were obtained by the International Growth Center and data for Bangladesh , Chile , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Mexico , Morocco , and the Republic of Yemen were obtained by the Trade and Integration Unit of the World Bank Research Department , as part of the Exporters Dynamics Database", "spans": [{"start": 1177, "end": 1192, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1218, "end": 1236, "text": "macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1644, "end": 1665, "text": "Firm-level trade data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2064, "end": 2091, "text": "Exporters Dynamics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 18 : Balance of responses on the positive and negative role of employment and wages in well ‐ being changes by place of residence_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > - 6 < br > - 8 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > average Minsk Large cities Small cities Rural area < br > employment wage dynamics < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . # 4 . 2 . Reported coping strategies Respondents who were faced with a reduction in their well ‐ being , were asked what coping strategies they used in order to adapt to the new circumstances . The most common strategy is reducing expenditures . During the crisis , 79 percent of those experiencing a reduction in well ‐ being ( 29 percent of the population overall ) had to cut expenditures . < sup > 5 < / sup > Strategies , related to the search of possibilities of increasing income were employed by only 8 . 6 percent of those who faced a well ‐ being reduction in 2016 ( 3 . 2 percent of total population ) . They were more common at the beginning of the crisis ( employed by 4 . 2 percent of the population and 12 . 4 percent of those suffering a worsening of well ‐ being ) , as employment possibilities were not that scarce , and again became more common with the onset of the economic recovery in 2017 . Other strategies , including reliance on help from relatives or the state , are generally not common , and households did not increase their reliance on these coping strategies during the crisis . Households vulnerable to the risk of poverty appear to rely to a greater extent on coping strategies related to the search of opportunities for additional earnings than the average household ( Figure 19 ) . Pre ‐ crisis", "spans": [{"start": 524, "end": 532, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 : Population growth in Kenya ’ s five main cities * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 , 000 < br > 5 , 000 < br > 4 , 000 < br > 3 , 000 < br > 2 , 000 < br > 1 , 000 < br > 0 < br > 1980 1990 1999 2009 < br > Nairobi 862 , 000 1 , 380 , 000 2 , 143 , 254 3 , 138 , 369 < br > Mombasa 350 , 000 476 , 000 665 , 018 938 , 131 < br > Kisumu 156 , 000 201 , 000 322 , 734 409 , 928 < br > Eldoret 54 , 000 116 , 000 197 , 449 289 , 380 < br > Nakuru 97 , 000 168 , 000 231 , 262 307 , 990 < br > Thousands < br > Population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Bank . 2008 . ― Cites of Hope ? : Governance , Economic and Human Challenges of Kenya ‘ s Five Largest Cities . ‖ Census Data 1999 and 2010 . 49", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 738, "text": "Census Data 1999 and 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "REPORT * * ON EFFECTIVENESS * * OF * * INTERNAL CONTROLS , * * RISK * * MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE * * # # # # # * * Conclusion * * As required * * by * * Section _7 ( 1 ) ( a ) _ of the Public Audit Act , * * 2015 , * * based on the audit procedures performed , except for the matters described in the Basis for Conclusion on Effectiveness of Internal Controls , Risk Management and Governance section of my report , * * I * * confirm that , nothing else has come to my attention to cause me to believe that internal controls , risk management and overall governance were not effective . # # # # # * * Basis for Conclusion * * # # # # # * * _1 . _ Delayed Implementation of Projects * * As previously reported , there has been delay in projects implementation affecting almost all the projects . Physical verification of sampled projects during the month of September , * * 2019 * * reflects the following ; # # # # # * * 1 . 1 Kwale Law Courts * * The construction of Kwale Law Courts contract No . * * JPIP / NCB / WORKS / 38 / 2015-2016 * * was awarded on * * 28 * * October , * * 2016 * * at a contract sum of Kshs . 389 , 998 , 592 with completion date of * * 19 * * November , * * 2018 . * * The contract was further extended to * * 19 * * April , 2020 . At the time of inspection in September , * * 2019 , * * a total of Kshs . 161 , 116 , 960 or 41 % of the total cost of the contract had been paid but there was minimal work at the project site with only twenty ( 20 ) workers on site compared to the recommended one hundred * * ( 100 ) * * workers as reflected in the site minutes dated 14 August", "spans": [{"start": 1578, "end": 1590, "text": "site minutes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". A city consists of \" contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 1 , 500 inhabitants per km < sup > 2 < / sup > of permanent land or with a built-up surface share on permanent land greater than 0 . 5 and has at least 50 , 000 inhabitants in the cluster with smoothed boundaries \" ( Florczyk et al . , 2019 ) . The GHS-BUILT is derived from satellite imagery to measure the built-up area . The data set is constructed of a series of built-up layers across four different periods ( i . e . , 1975 , 1990 , 2000 , and 2014 ) . Each year of the data set is based on different collections of Landsat satellite imagery . A total of 33 , 202 scenes were captured to produce the multi-temporal layers of built-up ( Florczyk et al . 2019 ) . The GHS-BUILT uses a 30m spatial resolution , which is higher resolution compared to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ) Land Cover Type ( MCD12Q1 ) and Global Land Cover ( Globcover ) that are available at 500m and 300m , respectively . Coarser resolution imagery may lead to the omission of small built-up areas ( as in low income countries ) and poor accuracy at the urban fringe . The advantages of this data set are twofold . First , it uses a common definition of urban center across the world which is crucial for global level comparison . Although there has been a wide discussion in the literature on how to properly define cities , no definite consensus has been reached . Some studies have used a pre-defined pixel grid as a cookie-cutter and applied that to define each city ( Mahtta et al . , 2019 ) while others have used the cities ' administrative boundaries or commuting zones ( Roberts et al . 2017 ) . Second , it defines the urban extent that corresponds to the most recent available data ( 2015 ) . Having > 11 Council on Tall Buildings and the Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 330, "text": "GHS-BUILT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Fiscal Sustainability and Inclusive Green Growth Development Policy Operation ( P180339 ) 62 . * * Rationale . * * Government officials with large private sector interests continue to influence and benefit from public procurement in Kenya . Throughout Kenya ’ s post-independence history , numerous Commissions of Inquiry , task forces , and special technical committees have consistently pointed to the close relationship between politics , corruption , and the state . As most recently revealed through the Kenya Medical Supplies Agency ( KEMSA ) scandal , little-known companies closely connected with prominent politicians are often improperly awarded large tenders . < sup > 24 < / sup > The costs of goods and services are inflated , of substandard quality once delivered , or payments are made for non-existent goods and services . All this leads to significant exchequer losses . While various approaches have been used over the years to confront this issue , they have had limited impact _ . _ Over the years , a plethora of laws , regulations , and codes of conduct have been enacted . < sup > 25 < / sup > However , they are too limited in scope to be applied uniformly across the public service , too general to respond to the evolving and sophisticated nature of the challenge , and difficult to enforce . 63 . * * Substance of the reform . * * The Conflict-of-Interest ( COI ) bill , submitted to the Parliament on March 13 , 2023 , provides an overarching legal framework to comprehensively address all aspects of conflict of interest . The COI bill enhances mechanisms for collaboration , transparency , and disclosure . This builds on initiatives supported under previous DPO series , including revamping the State Procurement Portal , full operationalization of the beneficial ownership e-register , and the roll out of e-GP . The COI bill changes key aspects of the current legal framework by : ( i ) expanding the scope of public officers and decision making processes under the purview of the law", "spans": [{"start": 1807, "end": 1838, "text": "beneficial ownership e-register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Additional Financing for Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) # # # PROJECT PAPER | Collection | | | - - - | - - - | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Area provided with new / improved irrigation or drainage services ( Hectare ( Ha ) ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the total area of land provided with irrigation and drainage services under the project , including in ( i ) the area provided with new < br > irrigation and drainage services , and ( ii ) the areaprovided with improved irrigation and drainage services , expressed in hectare ( ha ) . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Area provided with new irrigation or drainage services ( Hectare ( Ha ) ) * * | | Description | Measures in hectares the total area of landprovided with new irrigation or drainage services bytheproject . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Area provided with improved irrigation or drainage services ( Hectare ( Ha ) ) * * | | Description | Measures in hectares the total area of landprovided with improved irrigation or drainage services bytheproject . | | Frequency", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 796, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "36 . The second Result Area aims to achieve * * _improved teaching and learning conditions . _ * * The mechanism to achieve this goal is a focus on improving the school physical environment and the capacity of teachers and school leaders , and fostering positive student and teacher behavior and civic awareness toward schools and their communities . The focus of this Result Area is both on the physical school infrastructure and on the softer environmental factors that create a school climate that is conducive for learning , such as peer and teacher modes of communication and school values . 37 . The third Result Area is * * _a reformed student assessment and certification system_ * * that will focus on strengthening the MOE ’ s ability to measure and monitor student learning at all grade levels and to bridge the gap between learning and certification . This notably includes the reform of _Tawjihi_ and the institutionalization of an early grade diagnostic learning assessment . 38 . The fourth Result Area is * * _strengthened education system management_ * * by focusing on supporting MOE and strengthening its capacity to manage an increasing number of schools and students , notably due to the expansion of early childhood education and to the enrollment of a large number of refugee children in Jordanian schools . The focus of this Result Area is to provide and enhance the tools and resources available to the MOE for decision making and implementation . These tools include information systems such as the operationalization of the GIS , which will allow the MOE to map school construction , expansion , and rehabilitation needs , and the strengthening of the existing OpenEMIS to allow MOE to analyze and make use of disaggregated and gender ‐ sensitive data for decision making . This Result Area will also support the MOE in securing budget additionality to the sector in an efficient and effective manner to ensure that resources are available for undertaking the necessary reforms . > 19 In an effort to shed light on gender dynamics in the education sector in Jordan , the impact evaluation will assess heterogeneous effects by student gender . >", "spans": [{"start": 1737, "end": 1778, "text": "disaggregated and gender ‐ sensitive data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relies on the expenditure of households on the products expected to be affected by the policy reform . It thus only captures the first-order effects of competition on welfare . Second , the current version of WELCOM only analyzes the distributional effects of changes in market concentration through the price channel , potentially missing other impacts from alternative channels , such as labor markets or the value of assets , the diversity of alternatives available for purchase , the reallocation of resources , and new consumers who had previously been priced out under imperfect competition . Notably , competition can improve the quality of the products and services provided without noticeable changes in prices . However , because WELCOM relies on household surveys ( which typically do not include detailed information on the quality or brand of the goods and services consumed ) , the tool is not able to capture the potential welfare effects through quality . Third , the tool does not take into consideration firms that may behave outside the conventional norms established in the microeconomic literature , such as public monopolies that provide subsidized services . This paper also illustrates an application of the tool by simulating the distributional effects of a rise in competition in two markets in Mexico known because of their high levels of concentration : mobile telecommunication and corn products . The application of WELCOM to Mexico relies on nationally representative household income and expenditure data from the 2014 round of the Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares ( ENIGH , National Household Income and Expenditure Survey ) . This data set includes expenditure categories that could be matched with the two markets of interest . > 10 WELCOM was developed by Poverty and Equity Global Practice in the World Bank . More information about this tool , including installation and documentation , can be found at http : / / dasp . ecn . ulaval . ca / webwel / welcom . html . 3", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 774, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1473, "end": 1536, "text": "nationally representative household income and expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1628, "end": 1676, "text": "National Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reaching eighteen and nineteen percent , respectively , of all health spending ( however , donor assistance to Ethiopia still appears to be considerably lower than the average donor assistance received by other least developed countries ) . On the other hand , the contribution of private enterprises has decreased from a marginal amount of four percent of total health spending to an insignificant amount of one percent . # # < u > Health Expenditures versus Public expenditures in Ethiopia < / u > 15 . In general , public expenditures have been increasing steadily in Ethiopia over the last few years . Public spending on health has also increased , albeit at a slower pace than total public expenditures . At 5 . 6 % , Ethiopia ’ s share of total government expenditures that go to health is among the lowest in SSA and is below the pledge made by African leaders ( in the 2001 Abuja declaration ) to increase health spending to 15 % of public expenditures . Malawi , Tanzania , South Africa and Zambia allocated closer to ten percent of their public spending to health , a proportion twice as large as Ethiopia ’ s allocation ( PER 2003 ) . # # < u > Expenditure by Provider < / u > 16 . According to the NHA 3 , in 2004 / 05 the majority ( 30 % ) of the resources were spent on providers of ambulatory care which includes primary health care units ( PHCUs ) and clinics , while 18 % was spent on hospitals . By comparison , in 1999 / 00 , 27 % and 12 % was spent on hospitals and ambulatory care providers , respectively . This shows the increase in expenditure on ambulatory care providers ( PHCUs ) , from 12 % to 30 % , which is in line with the government effort to spend less on hospitals and more on PHCUs . 17 . If one looks at expenditure by provider ownership , in 2004 / 05 the majority ( 54 % ) of the total health expenditures are spent in public health facilities , while 38 % is spent in private providers ( 29 %", "spans": [{"start": 1210, "end": 1215, "text": "NHA 3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "product features are compatible with those imported from elsewhere by India . The statistics of the second largest economy , Pakistan , suggest a similar scenario . The region , which barely accounts for 2 percent share of Pakistan ’ s imports , overall demonstrates a negligible capacity to fulfill its import needs . The RCA indices show prospects that a limited portion of Pakistan ’ s import requirements > 24 Ideally , comparative advantage should be measured in an environment in which neither external trade constraints ( like tariff and non-tariff barriers , or preferential access to export markets ) distort an individual country ’ s “ real ” export structure , or where domestic market interventions ( such as subsidies ) in the exporting country have sector-specific effects or a general anti-export bias . > 25 The major 50 imports at SITC 4-digit level represent between 66 and 96 percent of total imports of South Asian countries . The product mix in 1998 is largely representative of latter 1990s . Readers must also note that the product differentiation within each of the SITC 4-digit classification ( identified at Harmonized Classification 6-digit level ) may provide part of an explanation for the apparent discrepancy between similar products that have successful global exports , but have no effectual intra-regional trade . 29", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 133, "text": "statistics of the second largest economy , Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who , by law or custom , is responsible for doing so ( IASC ) . 3 . Arrival figures for Greece are collected in the framework of UNHCR border activities and are provided by Hellenic Police . 4 . During the same period of time , a total of 739 referrals were made to the Greek National Centre for Social Solidarity ( EKKA ) based on children identified on islands and mainland Greece , including near the land border with Turkey in January-June 2020 . 5 . UNHCR estimated figures pending provision of final figures by Spanish Ministry of Interior ( MOI ) ; figures on UASC arrivals to Ceuta and Melilla are not included . Children arriving in the Canary Islands from Western Africa through the Atlantic are included . 6 . Data on arrivals and demographic of refugees and migrants registered in Italy is based on information received from the Italian Ministry of Interior . 7 . Statistics for Bulgaria are collected by the State Agency for Refugees . Observations on data and trends that isn ’ t typically compiled by government institutions are collected by the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee . 8 . Estimate on data provided by the Immigration Police and the Ministry for Home Affairs , National Security and Law Enforcement ( MHAS ) , Malta . UASC figures are based on age declared by the refugees and migrants upon arrival . Not all the persons who make such a declaration are recognised to be UASC by the authorities after the age assessment is conducted . 9 . European Union Member States + Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway and Switzerland and the United Kingdom . # Limitation of available data on Children and UASC : There is no comprehensive data on arrivals ( both adults and children ) in Europe , especially by land and air , as such movements are largely irregular and involve smuggling networks , which are difficult to track . If collected , data is rarely disaggregated by nationalities , risk category , gender or age . Reliable data on the number of UASC either arriving to ,", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 162, "text": "Arrival figures for Greece", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 944, "end": 967, "text": "Statistics for Bulgaria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1176, "end": 1215, "text": "data provided by the Immigration Police", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "outcomes in the schools . < sup > 85 < / sup > Finally , Awortwi and Nuvunga ( 2019 ) investigate the role that information disclosure regimes in the extractives sector — such as the Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative ( EITI ) — can play in improving accountability . Surveying 17 different empirical factors , the authors find that unless there is a risk of a ruling party losing power , information disclosures are unlikely to make governments more accountable on their own . < sup > 86 < / sup > Relatedly , there is a relatively large literature that supports the proposition that the users of OGD — for instance the press , academia , and civil society — can use this information to hold governments to account . For instance , Mungiu-Pippidi ( 2014 ) investigates — among other variables — press freedom and corruption . Using a large-n cross-country analysis , as well as many of the same corruption indexes used by this present paper , the author finds a robust correlation between the variables . < sup > 87 < / sup > Similarly , Ferraz and Finan ( 2008 ) find that in Brazil , the proactive disclosure of audit outcomes significantly impacted electoral performance of incumbents , particularly when corrupt practices were uncovered . Interestingly , these effects seem to be amplified in places where public radio was active in transmitting this information , which suggests the importance of the media in perpetuating the accountability-enhancing effects of OGD . < sup > 88 < / sup > Similar results were obtained in Mexico by Larreguy , Marshall , and Snyder ( 2015 ) , who studied the performance of infrastructure grants that targeted the poor . The authors found that when provided information on the use and outcomes of these funds , voters tend to punish poorly performing politicians , but only in areas covered by local media — again , suggesting the key role that the media can play in disseminating information to hold government to account . < sup > 89 < / sup > In addition to investigating the role of OGD , the present research also seeks to build on previous efforts ( Joshi 2013 ) investigating the efficacy of transparency and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "husbands are missing , or who are otherwise single with children . At these widow ’ s camps , 58 % of boys and 49 % of girls aged 11 and above are reported to be involved in child labor . < sup > 26 < / sup > In NWS , 68 . 4 % of key informants reported that child labor prevents children from attending schools . < sup > 27 < / sup > Most of the children involved in labor are exposed to violence , exploitation , abuse , psychical harm , including death during hostilities . > 25 HNO 2021 . > 26 The Women and Children of Syria ’ s Widow Camps : Hardest to Reach , Most at Risk , World Vision , April 2022 . > 27 MSNA 2022 . Page 9 of 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not include data for ages below the legal working age , which makes it impossible to estimate the rate of return to primary education , although many children in developing countries work and therefor have foregone earnings if in school . For this reason , the Mincerian method is more convenient than the full discounting method . # < u > Estimation comparison between these two methods . < / u > The two methods , and as demonstrated below , compute different estimates of the returns to education . The Mincerian function method produces only private returns , and only in special cases are these returns similar to the marginal internal rate of return in particular conditions ( Heckman et al . 2008 ) . The Mincer regression may underestimate the private returns ( downward bias ) ( Bhuller et al . 2017 ; Heckman , et al . 2008 ) . In this sense , the discounting method is a precise empirical procedure to estimate private and social returns , as it allows to incorporate true direct and indirect costs of schooling . # * * Data * * We use data from Azerbaijan ’ s 2015 Monitoring Survey for Social Welfare ( AMSSW ) , covering nearly 38 , 700 individuals . The survey is nationally representative . We use wage and other information for individuals aged 15-65 in full-time dependent employment . We estimate the number of years of schooling of the individual based on the highest educational level completed and considering the changes in the required years of schooling for a degree over time . Table 1 presents summary statistics of the sample of the AMSSW . 8", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 53, "text": "data for ages below the legal working age", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1072, "end": 1113, "text": "2015 Monitoring Survey for Social Welfare", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF - _Community meeting : _ Arrange periodic meetings with the project-affected communities and other stakeholders to express complaints . - _Webpage / Social Media platforms_ : For those with knowhow and have access to use , create a dedicated project webpage / Social Media platforms to submit complaints through online system . # # # # # 4 . 2 GRM Protocols The project GRM staff will consider the submitted complaints and attempt to resolve it within the same day . Otherwise , report the complaints to the Social Safeguards of the PIU in the respective IA . In turn , consult with the top management in the respective IA and resolve the complaints within a maximum of one week . The party with the complaints will let know the decision accordingly . In events where the grievance is not resolved through the aforesaid process , the project GRM will not prevent the rights of the project-affected party with complaints to use the formal court option . The affected party shall be advised to take the cases to the regular court system . This would assist in creating an alternative space for the project-affected parties who would otherwise not be able to voice out their concerns through the project GRM . # # # # # 4 . 3 Grievance log The project grievance mechanism will have a log where grievances are properly recorded in a written documentation and will be maintained as a database . Among other things , the log will contain the following information : - Point of grievance . - Project site and region . - Date the complaint was reported . - Date the Grievance Log was added onto the project database . - Date response was sent to complainant . - Final decision / resolution . - The date the complaint was closed out # # # # # < mark > 5 . IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING < / mark > The Social Safeguards Specialists in the respective PIUs will monitor the performance of the project security management on an", "spans": [{"start": 1678, "end": 1694, "text": "project database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the abject poverty line , cash and in-kind assistance remains a crucial element of vulnerable families ’ income . With limited livelihood opportunities , more extreme negative coping mechanisms will be employed , including child labour , begging , reduction of meals per day , and engagement in risky activities . According to a survey conducted in Irbid Governorate , one-third of refugees say that , should assistance be removed , they would be forced to return to Syria due to poverty . In Lebanon , according to the vulnerability monitoring carried out on almost 95 , 000 households , 42 per cent are found to be in need of financial assistance , with 89 per cent found to be in debt . With more resources , more identification of needy families can be made , the inclusion rate in ongoing schemes can be increased , and more families can be assisted . However , as families undergo a socio-economic profiling assessment to determine their vulnerability , and hence their eligibility for receiving assistance , underfunding will interrupt this profiling process and make it more difficult to identify the most vulnerable individuals and what type of assistance they require . Moreover , underfunding means that vulnerable Lebanese families will not benefit from extended support to existing safety nets , such as the National Poverty Targeting Plan . Some 35 , 000 families were identified by the programme , which was appealed for under the Lebanon Crisis Response Plan ( LCRP ) / 3RP . Without funding , they will not be assisted and may thus be at greater risk of falling into severe poverty . Underfunding in Egypt means that cash grants for basic assistance will be provided to a total of 8 , 550 households ( approximately 34 , 200 individuals ) meaning there will be around 9 , 000 fewer people benefiting compared to the 43 , 000 people targeted in the 3RP . Refugee households will not be able to meet their basic needs and may resort to negative coping mechanisms such as begging , theft , commercial sex work , and survival sex in order to make ends meet . In Turkey , due to lack", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 366, "text": "survey conducted in Irbid Governorate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 520, "end": 544, "text": "vulnerability monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Kenya , Sudan , Turkey and Zambia . Although the enforcement and practicalities of encampment varies from country to country , the principle of freedom of movement is one of the two core goals of the UNHCR urban policy . Along with their diplomacy efforts to provide the right to work and the provision of adequate documents , UNHCR offi ces continue to advocate stridently for freedom of movement for refugees . As it stands , the survey indicated that the UNHCR offi ces are purposefully implementing many aspects of the urban refugee policy despite the magnitude of this population group and the complexities in reaching refugees distributed amongst the indigenous urban poor . Effective refugee protection in this complex urban context requires a multi-faceted approach , and an entirely different mindset from providing camp-based services and protection . In cities , the community-based A Global Survey – 2012 5", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 911, "text": "A Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . 2 . 1 . Community Investment Fund ( CIF ) The performance of the community investment fund was highly satisfactory . About 2 . 85 million people participated in project related meeting , training and awareness creation related to the project . Community participation in terms of contribution was highly appreciable . As a result , a total of Birr 61 million ( 100 % of planned ) was collected in cash and an estimate of Birr 82 million ( 73 % of the planned ) in-kind contribution made by communities for the implementation of CIF subprojects ( See Annex 1 for achievement of PDO level target indicators ) . The performance of the CIF sub-components revealed that the accomplishment rate of community subprojects is highly satisfactory with accomplishment rate of 99 % of planned subprojects were completed . Moreover , of the completed facilities , over 98 percent were operational except 48 subprojects ( 22 schools , 16 human health posts and 10 veterinary health posts subproject have been completed but not yet fully functional because they were not yet furnished . Below are data on the level of achievement of project development goals . Water : In the project period a total of 592 water supply subprojects were completed . The water points developed served both for human consumption and for livestock . Nearly 1 . 1 million people and 1 . 3 million livestock population got access to water . The results of the FGDs and KII revealed that before the project intervention , these beneficiaries were traveling on foot for about 10 hour to fetch water for home use , which could be roughly estimated at 10 to 15 km . However , such a long distance is shortened to a radius of 2 to 5 km . Close to 87 % of the total sample households ( but only 55 % in Afar ) revealed that their animals become healthier than ever after the development of water points . About 76 . 3 % and 73 . 6 % of the respondent in the PCDP woredas reported that they are satisfied with the water points for domestic", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a high correlation between income and fiscal capacity , a transfer system like the one suggested above should also have strong redistributive effects on per capita income . T he following regression is conducted to test the hypothesis that a transfer system equalizes per capita income across provinces : PFCTi = ao + a , PCGDPi where PC ' Ti is the per capita transfer to province i , and PCGDPi is the per capita GDP of province i . If a , is negative and statistically significant , it means that the system has a significant equalization effect . When per capita transfers are calculated using need figures unadjusted for cost differentials , a , is significantly negative . At the same time , the R-square is 0 . 55 , implying that 55 percent of the variations of the transfers across provinces serves the purpose of \" equalization . \" From Figure 1 , one can see a strong negative correlation between the two indices , indicating a significant redistributive effect of the proposed transfer slystem . The regression results are as follows : Regression lll : PCTi = 544 . 26 - 91 . 26 PCGDP , ( 2 . 55 ) ( - 14 . 51 ) R . - square = 0 . 59 , No . of observations = 30 , Degrees of freedom = 28 . When per capita transfers are calculated using needs figures adjusted for cost differentials , a , is also significantly negative . The R-square is 0 . 42 . The two variables are plotted in Figure 2 , which shows a slightly weaker correlation between the two indices than that in Figure 1 . The regression results are as follows : # Regression IV : PCTi = 518 . 77 - 83 . 93 PCGDP ( 1 . 93 ) ( - 4 . 54 ) R-square = 0 . 42 , No . of observations = 30 , Degrees of freedom = 28 . For comparison purposes , I used the actual transfer figures in 1994 to run the same regression . The resulting a , is statistically insignificant and the R-square is only 0 . 0002 , showing not even a slight correlation between per capita transfers and per capita", "spans": [{"start": 1717, "end": 1748, "text": "actual transfer figures in 1994", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Notes : The program costs reported in Lines ( 1 ) to ( 6 ) were provided by CAWTAR , the NGO in charge of implementation in 2018 . IMF estimates of inflation are used to express values in 2021 Tunisian Dinars . In Line ( 7 ) , we inflate the total costs to year 2 using a social discount rate of 5 % per year . In Line ( 8 ) , the Year 2 ITT effect on yearly consumption is obtained by estimating equation ( 1 ) with a measure of household yearly consumption . The ITT effect on yearly consumption in year 1 ( Line 9 ) is assumed to be equal to the ITT effect on yearly consumption in year 2 ( line 8 ) . In Line ( 10 ) , we assume a social discount rate of 5 % to estimate the value of perpetuity of the ITT effect on yearly consumption ( = _ − _ 883 _ / ln_ ( 0 _ . _ 95 ) ) . In Line ( 12 ) , the ITT effect on the value of animals is taken from Table 1 . In Line ( 13 ) , the ITT effect on the value of household assets is estimated using equation ( 1 ) with a measure of the value of household assets . The unit-value of each asset is estimated using the median replacement value reported in the baseline survey , subject to data availability . In Line ( 14 ) , the ITT effect on the total value of assets is estimated using equation ( 1 ) with a measure of the total value of assets , which is equal to the sum of the value of animals and household assets . In Line ( 15 ) , the ITT effect on the total value of post-treatment consumption and assets is estimated using equation ( 1 ) with a measure of total benefits equal to the sum of the total value of post-treatment consumption and the value of assets . 51", "spans": [{"start": 1103, "end": 1118, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of larger ones , including both domestic firms and foreign exporters . This increases the market power of non-exiters . Our finding that NTMs are mostly associated with changes at the extensive margin of trade is also consistent with our working assumption that they mostly increase fixed rather than variable costs . < sup > 32 < / sup > Our results in Table 7 and Table A . 35 are consistent with those in Fernandes et al . ( 2015 ) and Fontagn ́ e et al . ( 2015 ) . Fontagn ́ e et al . ( 2015 ) use French firm-level data to show that SPS concerns raised at the WTO entail compliance costs , raising unit values and inhibiting entry . In Fernandes et al . ( 2015 ) the focus is on the impact of a specific type of NTMs , namely pesticide standards , on firm exports of agricultural products . Still , the authors show that more restrictive standards in the importing country relative to the exporting country , lower firms ’ probability to export as well as their export values and quantities . While these results help understand the mechanisms through which NTMs affect trade , they , however , do not speak directly about their impact on market power , which cannot be directly measured in the absence of information on the entire set of firms , both foreign and domestic . This makes apparent how complementary our approach is to these papers , as it allows us to circumvent this problem and uncover that NTMs have unambiguous and opposite effects to that of tariffs when it comes to market power . Our interpretation of the effect of NTMs is in terms of compliance costs . An alternative , and empirically undistinguishable interpretation is that higher NTMs , by increasing the quality requirements for products or reducing information frictions , may increase the demand for high quality goods . Therefore , high quality firms raise their market shares and hence their market power in those destinations , while low quality firms disappear . Both interpretations are consistent with our main finding that NTMs raise market power at the firm-level . The fact that unit values are positively correlated with NTMs in Table 7 fall", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 525, "text": "French firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "granting degrees which disadvantaged the scientists concemed in their career development . They are promoted to Grade M two or three years later than colleagues who have undertaken MSc training overseas . In all fields , promotion is awarded currently on degree status , rather than on the delivery of useful research results , which is the core of KARI ' s mandate . However , as part of an effort to reform its incentive framework , a performance based appraisal system is being developed by KARI . This system will ensure that rewards ( including promotions ) are linked to performance . The completion and adoption of the performance appraisal system will be a condition of effectiveness of NARP II . 29 . * * The network of r esearch stations * * has been rationalized , with the transfer of research responsibilities for some commodities to the private sector , though the total size of the network is not much different now from that listed in the SAR . The main advance has been in the status and the orientation of RRCs . The farming systems approach is now fully operational ( within funding constraints ) at all centers . The international organizations provided substantial promotional support and the IDA-financed consultant and KARl ' s AD RRCs have been effective in translating concepts into field operations . A Farming System ( FS ) manual has been produced , and KARI now proposes to establish a Farming Systems Support Unit ( FSSU ) . This initiative has the support of donors , and TA has been offered by the Netherlands , FAO and USAID . 30 . * * Socioeconomics research * * in KARI has benefited through TA support from USAID , International Maize & Wheat Improvement Center ( CIMMYT ) / Rockefeller and ODA . Some 33 KARI scientists have now been assigned to the program . The socio-economists generally 5 Field and office equipment procured is listed in Annex 3 of the Aide-Menioire", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ( v ) Zonas con presencia de población en extrema pobreza , afectadas por desastres naturales ( terremotos , inundaciones ) . La información de las poblaciones a atender es proporcionada por diferentes fuentes : - * * La Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil * * : la Circular 025 del 1 de julio del 2004 establece que los Delegados Departamentales que estén interesados en adelantar campañas de documentación para la población vulnerable o desplazada deben enviar oportunamente a la Registraduría Delegada para el Registro Civil y la Identificación y con destino a la Unidad de Atención a la Población Vulnerable , la información de población que requiere documentación . - * * Los socios del proyecto * * : ACNUR , OIM , Plan Internacional , UNICEF , Acción Social - Red JUNTOS y el Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar . - * * Entidades Nacionales * * que trabajan con población vulnerable , desplazada , indígena y afrocolombiana : Ministerio de Protección Social , Gobernaciones y Alcaldías . - * * Las Comunidades * * : asociaciones de población desplazada , organizaciones de población indígena , organizaciones de población afrocolombiana , juntas de acción comunal . # # # # # * * _Elaboración de censos previos_ * * Los censos contienen información detallada de la población que necesita documentos . Permiten establecer la cantidad de trámites de Registro Civil de Nacimiento , Tarjeta", "spans": [{"start": 1216, "end": 1222, "text": "censos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1240, "end": 1246, "text": "censos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "numbers . There are other factors that play a role in how easy it is to travel from one city to Juba , such as the amount of formal and informal tolls needed to pay at checkpoints , as well as the number of checkpoints in given routes . Unfortunately , the systematic data required to add this element into the analysis are not available . However , an informative discussion is presented in Box . Table 4 : Transport-Related < u > Conditions by State Capital < / u > | | * * State ’ s * * < br > * * Road * * < br > * * Length * * | * * Road * * < br > * * Grade * * | * * Road * * < br > * * Area * * | * * Road * * < br > * * Density * * | * * Distance * * < br > * * to Juba * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Aweil * * | 1487 | 0 . 310 | 0 . 049 | 0 . 0021 | 794 | | * * Bentiu * * | 1029 | 0 . 359 | 0 . 027 | 0 . 0018 | 736 | | * * Bor * * | 3058 | 0 . 448 | 0 . 025 | 0 . 0023 | 199 | | * * Kajok * * | 1527 | 0 . 319 | 0 . 034 | 0 . 0016 | 713 | | * * Malakal * * | 2280 | 0 . 322 | 0 . 030 | 0 . 0024 | 588 | | * * Rumbek * * | 1416 | 0 . 324 | 0 . 032 | 0 . 0020 | 418 | | * * Wau * * | 1497 | 0 . 310 | 0 . 016 | 0 . 0045 | 643 | Note : Road length indicates the total length of roads in kilometers within each state ; road grade is the fraction of primary roads", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 272, "text": "systematic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- QCBS / < br > KeRRA : Consultancy services < br > for development of curriculum < br > and delivery of training | < br > IDA / 67680 | Component D : Institutional < br > Strengthening of Selected < br > Transport and Related < br > Institutions | Post < br > < br > | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | | 0 . 00 < br > Pe < br > Im | nding < br > plem | entation | 2021-12-05 | | 2021-12-26 | 2022-02-08 | | | 2022-03-08 | | 2022-04-07 | | 2022-05-12 | | 2022-06-16 | 2023-06-1 | 6 | | KE-SDOI-257442-CS-QCBS / < br > EBK : Consultancy Service for < br > the Development of a < br > Compliance and Enforcement < br > Framework for the Engineers < br > Act 2011 | IDA / 67680 | Component D : Institutional < br > Strengthening of Selected < br > Transport and Related < br > Institutions | Post < br > < br > | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | | 0 . 00 < br > Pe < br > Im | nding < br > plem | entation | 2022-02-07 | | 2022-02-26 | 2022-05-17 | | | 2022-06-14 | | 2022-07-14 | | 2022-08-18 | | 2022-09-22 | 2023-09-2 | 2 | | KE-SDOI-257425-CS-QCBS / < br > KRB : Provision of Consultancy < br > Services for Development of a < br > Roads Transport Spatial Data < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of lack of investing in business development services by many Ugandan firms . In sectors with weak value chain linkages including agriculture , it becomes important for stakeholders along the value chains ( including farmers , traders and processors ) to collaborate and create strong commercial links in order to maximize gains and to accelerate the pace of commercialization which is key to increasing productivity . However , lack of available financing creates challenges for investing in such services for many firms . 10 . The World Bank and other donors have undertaken a number of studies and surveys of the private sector of Uganda , all leading to the conclusion that business environment is not sufficiently conducive for private sector development . The country performs poorly in the World Bank Doing Business ( DB ) Report : it was ranked 120 ( out of 185 economies ) in 2013 , compared to 119 ( out of 183 economies ) in 2012 . In the Global Competitiveness Index 2012-13 Report , Uganda also ranked rather low : 123 ( out of 144 countries measured ) , down from 121 in 2011-12 . The major constraints affecting firms in these reports were access to land , starting a business , licensing , and dealing with construction permits . 11 . Land administration reform has the potential to be truly transformational for Uganda ' s economy . Sound land policies are known to be a catalyst for commercialization of agriculture . However , they are also essential for facilitating flows of private investment into industries , creating new jobs , stimulating mobility and structural change , as well as ensuring well-functioning cities and sustainable resource use . In Uganda , where land policies are currently very cumbersome and land tenure security is weak , investors cannot yet be sure of reaping the full benefits of land deals and investments . At present , only 18 percent of the country ' s land is registered , with registration of rural land being as low as 5 percent , and land administration is highly inefficient and characterized with corruption . Risks remain very high for both investors and communities , thus limiting volumes of investment . Page 3 of 7", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 836, "text": "World Bank Doing Business ( DB ) Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 950, "end": 993, "text": "Global Competitiveness Index 2012-13 Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the erosion of effective tax rates has no doubt been the weakness of tax administration , especially in a rapidly growing small-scale and self-employed private sector which is difficult to bring into the tax net . However , adjusting or modifying the income tax law so as to facilitate compliance and enforcement may well be the most expeditious way of improving tax administration . 10 / A similar analysis of the revenue performance and distributional impact of the 1997 tax changes requires an examination of a more recent household survey data . Future research employing such data is highly encouraged .", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 547, "text": "household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 10 - # # # # D , Execution of the Project 43 . The IHA will be responsible for the execution of the project , but the new road construction will be carried out by pre-qualified < sup > contractors under < / sup > unit-price contracts awarded on the basis of international < sup > competitive bidding . < / sup > As explained above , to ensure satisfactory performance < sup > consultants will be en - < / sup > gaged for a final re-appraisal of the technical specifications < sup > and preparation < / sup > of contract documents as well as the field supervision of < sup > the work . < / sup > 44 . The asphalt program will be executed , in the first instance , < sup > by the < / sup > IRA ' s own forces after the purchase of the necessary materials < sup > and equipment . < / sup > The possibility of giving out part of the work on contract < sup > should itappearthe < / sup > program was lagging , would be subject to later discussion < sup > between IDAand IHA . < / sup > 45 . The survey of the Ahwas Valley road will be urdertaken by an international consulting firm . The terms of reference and the < sup > choiceof thefirm < / sup > would be subject to agreement between IDA and IHAo 46 . The proposed managerial reorganization and the employment < sup > ofconsul - < / sup > tants should ensure satisfactory execution of the project < sup > to goodstandards < / sup > within the three-year period estimated for its completion . IV , ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION A . General 47 . By building , rehabilitating and surfacing its roads , the Government is trying , first , to integrate the country into a more effective < s", "spans": [{"start": 992, "end": 1023, "text": "survey of the Ahwas Valley road", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * consultants * * | > = 0 . 5 | Les justifications pour < br > l ’ entente directe devront < br > | | * * Entente * * < br > * * directe / Consultants * * < br > * * individuel * * | > = 0 . 2 | être jointes et approuvées < br > avec le PPM | | * * Méthode Compétitive * * < br > * * ( Comparaison de CVs ) / * * < br > * * Consultants individuels * * | > = 0 . 2 | | * * 2 . Liste restreinte composée entièrement de firmes nationales : * * La liste restreinte de consultants pour les prestations d ’ études d ’ ingénierie , de contrôle et de surveillance estimées à moins de 300 , 000 US $ par contrat , et pour tout autre type de prestations , estimées à moins de 100 000 US $ par contrat , peut comporter entièrement de consultants nationaux en conformité avec les dispositions des Règlements de Passation des marchés . , et l ’ Emprunteur ne procède pas à une publication dans UNDB * * 3 . Autre arrangement spécial de Sélection de consultants : Le seuil pour l ’ utilisation * * de la méthode de sélection de consultant fondée sur les qualifications des consultants est déterminé au cas par cas en tenant compte de la nature et de la complexité de la mission ; cependant , ce seuil ne devrait pas dépasser la contre-valeur de USD 300 , 000 sauf dans des cas exceptionnels telles des situations d ’ urgence en conformité au R", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "A of Figure 9 , where the statistic _ν_ represents the Kullback-Leibler distance ( KLD ) from the consumption distribution and _ν_ ( _FY ∗ _ [ _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] ) = 0 . The continuous line here shows the value of ( 8 ) at different values of _p_ . The value corresponding to _p_ = 0 is the KLD from a survey with only recall questions . The panel conveys two important messages . First , as more resources are allocated to diaries , the KLD improves until it reaches the value _p_ = 0 _ . _ 42 . In particular , Appendix Figure A . 1 shows that weights _p_ ( _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ) at the value _p_ = 0 _ . _ 42 are such that households with large values of _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > should always be assigned to diaries . The second important message is that the KLD is larger at _p_ = 1 than at _p_ = 0 . This implies that , in our case study , the data distribution obtained from a fully fledged recall survey has better properties than one obtained from diaries alone . Distributions obtained from diary data yield worse measurements of poverty and inequality . This can be seen in the remaining panels of Figure 9 , where the continuous lines represent alternative definitions for the statistic _ν_ ( _FY_ [ _y_ ] ) : the Gini coefficient ( Panel B ) , the standard deviation of logged consumption ( Panel C ) , and the share of consumption for households in the bottom decile ( Panel D ) . The horizontal lines in panels represent the value of the true statistic _ν_ ( _FY ∗ _ [ _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] ) . Diaries yield more disperse consumption distributions , as shown in Panel B and Panel C . Moreover , the Gini coefficient and the standard deviation computed from a recall survey are closer to their true values than one would obtain by using only diaries . It is also clear that allocating more resources", "spans": [{"start": 1023, "end": 1033, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and their small land area means that a single disaster can have a systemic impact . The main type of climate-related natural disasters < sup > 3 < / sup > which affect most SIDS — both in terms of incidence and especially in terms of the economic damage caused — are tropical cyclones , which accounted for 95 percent of the total damages from climate-related natural disasters that SIDS in the Caribbean and Oceania suffered from 1995 to 2022 as recorded in the EM-DAT . SIDS are also affected by riverine floods and droughts , although the economic damages they cause are generally much less than those caused by tropical cyclones . < sup > 4 < / sup > > 3 These are classified as meteorological ( e . g . tropical cyclone , invective storm ) , climatological ( e . g . drought , wildfire ) and hydrological ( e . g . landslide , riverine flood , coastal flood , flash flood ) in the EM-DAT . > 4 Some SIDS are also highly exposed to geological hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions . These risks also need to be incorporated into the disaster risk planning and management of governments and the private sector . 4", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 469, "text": "EM-DAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 , 2025 , * * and of the Program ' s financial position as at that date . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Program , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Program ' s financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program confirms that the Program has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants - and that Program funds received during the the financial year under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > xvi < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 242, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 2 . 09 < br > | ( 1 . 27 ) < br > Total area cultivated ( ha ) in 2014 < br > 5 . 77 < br > 445 | ( . ) < br > Number of fertilizations in 2014 < br > 1 . 58 < br > | ( 0 . 54 ) < br > Number of days between sowing and 1st fertilization in 2014 < br > 36 . 32 < br > | ( 21 . 48 ) < br > Self-reported yield ( ton / ha ) in 2014 < br > 2 . 06 < br > ( 1 . 16 ) | _Panel C : Plot Characteristics_ < br > Sand ( % ) < br > 70 . 93 < br > ( 9 . 96 ) < br > Clay ( % ) < br > 14 . 71 < br > ( 5 . 43 ) < br > Slope ( degrees ) < br > 3 . 24 < br > ( 3 . 43 ) < br > pH ( 1 : 2 water ) < br > 6 . 07 < br > ( 0 . 71 ) | Note : This table reports summary statistics for the study sample of 678 farmers in 2014 . For each variable , we report the mean a < br > all treatment coeffcients are jointly equal to zero . The data were collected using our Baseline survey conducted in February 201 < br > reftab : defvars for the defnition of the variables . | 32", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 862, "text": "Baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 60 < br > 400 < br > 40 < br > 300 20 < br > 200 0 < br > - 20 < br > 100 < br > - 40 < br > - - 60 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 < br > - 80 < br > Large ( > 100 employees ) Medium ( 51-100 employees ) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 < br > Micro / small ( 1-50 employees ) Within-firm expansion Within-firm contraction New firm entry Firm exit < br > Note : FTE defined as 12 monthly returns to account for seasonal employment . < br > Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on PAYE database < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # 5 . 3 . Results of jobs analyses In line with labor productivity trends , real wages have declined in Zambia across several subsectors . Real wage declines have been driven by within-firm real wage deterioration , pointing to the broad-based nature of wage declines as productivity and pay have struggled to keep pace with inflation ( Figure 31 ) . The average Zambian formal worker in the PAYE dataset earned over ZMK 73 , 000 annually in 2014 , which decreased by almost half to about ZMK 39 , 000 in 2022 ( in constant 2010 ZMK terms ) . This pattern is consistent across a wide array of sectors and subsectors ( Figure 32 ) ― real wages for formal workers have declined in mining and quarrying , manufacturing , construction , wholesale and retail trade , financial services , and transport . Real wage declines in the formal sector are also in line with real wage declines in Zambia ( i . e . , for both formal and informal workers ) . These are observed in Zambia ’ s Labour Force Survey data : between 2017 and 2021 , real average monthly earnings declined by 24 percent ( Zambia MLSS 2022 ) . An exception to this trend is formal workers in agriculture , forestry , and fishing , which is in line with the sector ’ s relatively stronger labor productivity performance .", "spans": [{"start": 529, "end": 542, "text": "PAYE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 976, "end": 988, "text": "PAYE dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1560, "end": 1584, "text": "Labour Force Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may expose the workers , public , as well as students to risks . The provisions in Core Principle 3 are considered as part of the ESIA process analyzed under Core Principle 1 # # # * * Strengths : * * The issue of Public and workers safety is addressed in the Labour and Social Affairs sector proclamations and guidelines , namely the Labour Proclamation ( No . 377 / 2003 ) and Occupational Health and Safety Directive ( 2008 ) . The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and Regional bureaus of Labor and Social Affairs are responsible to ensure the health and safety of the public . In addition , federal and regional bureaus such as the health ministry and health bureaus follow relevant public and worker safety procedures . The country has various guidelines that enforce best practices , monitors , and enforces occupational health and safety regulations with regard to construction works . The guideline require that contractors must maintain accident registers , provide workers with protective gear , and standards for construction sites and post warning signs visible to the public and workers awareness about requirements , use and knowledge for personal protective equipment . In line with this , the following Proclamations and guidelines can be considered as the system ’ s strengths : - Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation 300 / 2002 . - Labour Proclamation 377 / 2003 . - Occupational Health and Safety Guideline ( 2003 ) . Occupational health and safety aspects are important during the construction / rehabilitation of classrooms and school facilities . With regard to this , the existing Labour and Social Affairs proclamation and guideline requires that employers should keep an accident register , ensure that employees are not at risk and provide all workers with the required protective equipment . # # # * * Gaps : * * - Safety provisions including Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) are not always included in civil works contracts . - Inadequate experience and devotion to enforce safety rules such as use of personal protective equipment by contractors and sub-contractors . - Weak or no understanding and carelessness of workers in applying safety measures - Weak or no supervision on the implementation of safety", "spans": [{"start": 950, "end": 968, "text": "accident registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1708, "end": 1725, "text": "accident register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affected , a state of emergency was declared , or international assistance was provided . We used EMDAT data from 2000 to 2023 from each region in the world for comparison ( Table 3 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > We find that , in our sample , the share of studies on subSaharan Africa is similar to the reported incidence of climate shocks in EMDAT . The share of studies on South Asia is higher than the reported incidence of shocks . Other regions are underrepresented . The results show that the coverage for floods and heat are lower in our sample , while it is higher for droughts in our sample of studies relative to the reported incidence in EMDAT . > 5 Last accessed November 28 , 2023 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 108, "text": "EMDAT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Ksoll , C . , R . Macchiavello , and A . Morjaria ( 2023 ) . Electoral violence and supply chain disruptions in Kenya ’ s floriculture industry disruptions . _Review of Economics and Statistics 105 ( 6 ) _ , 1335 – 1351 . - Martin , P . , T . Mayer , and M . Thoenig ( 2008 ) . Civil wars and international trade . _Journal of the European Economic Association 6_ ( 2-3 ) , 541 – 550 . - Neri-Lain ́ e , M . ( 2025 ) . Firms under fire ! How insecurity affects formal firms ’ existence . Technical report . - OECD / SWAC ( 2020 ) . _The Geography of Conflict in North and West Africa_ . OECD Publishing , Paris . - Oster , E . ( 2019 ) . Unobservable selection and coefficient stability : Theory and evidence . _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 37_ ( 2 ) , 187 – 204 . - Piemontese , L . ( 2023 ) . Uncovering illegal and underground economies : The case of mafia extortion racketeering . _Journal of Public Economics 227_ , 104997 . - Pinotti , P . ( 2015 ) . The economic costs of organised crime : Evidence from Southern Italy . _Economic Journal 125_ ( 586 ) , F203 – F232 . - Raleigh , C . , R . Linke , H . Hegre , and J . Karlsen ( 2010 ) . Introducing ACLED : An armed conflict location and event dataset . _Journal of Peace Research 47_ ( 5 ) , 651 – 660 . - Rauch , J . E . ( 1999 ) . Networks versus markets in international trade . _Journal of International Economics 48_ ( 1 ) , 7 – 35 . - Rauch , J . E . and V . Trindade ( 2002 ) . Ethnic Chinese networks in international trade . _Review of Economics and Statistics 84_ ( 1 ) , 116 – 130 . - Rohner , D . ( 2023 ) . Conflict , civil wars , and human development . In K . Zimmermann ( Ed . ) , _Handbook of Labor , Human Resources and Population Economics_ . Springer . -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "region species in our GBIF maps database . Then we consider the implications for conservation policymakers , who must balance the of that territory . At the outset we should note that small-range status is not determinate ; no single critical minimum habitat size exists , given the myriad interactions between species and habitat characteristics that affect extinction risks . Instead , we begin by exploring the implications of changing the species map These factors are considered as general propositions , . Other factors may intervene in particular", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 40, "text": "GBIF maps database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries as destinations . These four countries host 18 of the top 20 and 69 of the top 100 universities globally , as ranked by Academic Ranking of World Universities ( the 2016 rankings are available at http : / / www . shanghairanking . com / ARWU2016 . html ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > Moreover , schooling can provide an important entry point into desired labor markets for talented individuals ( Rosenzweig 2006 ; Grogger and Hanson 2013 ) . Kato and Sparber ( 2013 ) show how declines in the availability of high ‐ skilled visas made American universities less attractive to foreign students , in terms of the number of foreign applicants and also the quality of those applicants as measured by SAT scores , compared to a handful of sending countries that were not impacted by the policy shift . Similarly , foreign students , mostly from East and South Asian countries , make up almost a quarter of the student population in Australian universities and easier entry into the Australian labor market is often cited as one of the key factors in their location choices . At later points in the educational process , Bound et al . ( 2015b ) describe the use of graduate education in US universities to obtain access to the US labor market , and also the buffer that additional education can provide until a labor market match is realized . < sup > 9 < / sup > Even when a labor market match occurs for skilled migrants , there is a substantial possibility of return migration — although the rate seems to vary across skill sub ‐ groups . The data on the subject remain limited with OECD ( 2008 ) representing an extensive effort to compile the currently available information . This report shows that 20 ‐ 50 percent of immigrants leave within five years of arriving , depending on the corridor and the time period . These levels are consistent with historical patterns ; for example , Bandiera et al . ( 2013 ) find that over half of the migrants > 8 Interestingly , different types of graduate education display varying geographic concentrations . A recent _Financial Times_ ranking of business schools included institutions", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inus20 % | oreign < br > Exchang < br > on ) | e7 ] | 33 < br > 29 < br > 24 | | | | | | | | | | Costs Plus 10 % < br > Costs Plus 10 % , Benefit < br > Export < br > Without < br > Shadow * Pricing < br > of < br > Basic | s < br > Minus10 % < br > Foreign < br > Exc | < br > hange | 29 < br > 25 < br > 24 < br > 29 | | | | | | | i / Based on cost data presented in * * Ak * IEX 11 . * * 7 ] Includes 75 % of the adjusted costs for construction and maintenance of Project roads and tracks . Includes 40 % of estimated Project costs of research and 35 % of the Kenya Sugar Authority . * * Priced * * at 55 % of market wage rates . : / Based on a net value of production foregone of KShs . 8 . 8 million at full development . Based on sugar import parity price of KShs . 4 , 79c / t for 1978-84 and KShs , 5 , 363 / t for 1985 and onwards and export parity price of KShs . 350 * * fOr * * molasses . 7 / The assumed shadow foreign exchange rate is KShs . 11 . 00 = US $ 1 . 00 . | 1 3 < br > * * F * * | | - - - | December 9 , 1977", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 355, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 39 < br > 0 . 40 < br > 0 . 17 < br > 0 . 20 < br > 0 . 06 < br > 0 . 00 < br > Micro Small Medium Large < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Own estimates based on administrative tax data . The definition are as follows : micro enterprises employ fewer than 10 persons , small enterprises employ 10 to 49 persons , and medium-sized enterprises employ 50 – 249 persons . Large enterprises employ 250 and more employees . _ * * Among employees , the highest percentage of minimum wage earners is among the oldest and * * * * youngest age groups * * . A prevalent misconception suggests that individuals earning extremely low wages , those who would experience an increase if the minimum wage were raised , predominantly consist of young workers . Our results show that older workers are also overrepresented in Romania . The disparity in the proportion of minimum wage earners among the youngest employees is particularly interesting . Notably , the percentage of minimum wage earners escalates from 27 % among taxpayers born in 1994 ( 26 years old in 2020 ) to 43 % among those born in 2001 ( 19 years old in 2020 ) . Figure 7 shows the share of minimum wage earners across birth cohorts . 30", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 204, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to continue work in evaluating the country ' s geothermal prospects . # Project Description 75 . The project consists of two basic components - - exploration promotion and geothermal reconnaissance . The exploration promotion component consists of : ( a ) Consulting Services . A firm experienced in petroleum exploration would be employed ( 140 man-months ) to compile and reinterpret all surface and subsurface information gathered by previously active oil companies ; to supervise field geophysical work , seismic reprocessing , and analyses", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 424, "text": "surface and subsurface information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "16 - government / IDA mid-term review of the project at the beginning of the fourth project year under terms-of-reference acceptable to IDA . Cost Estimates and Financing 55 . The total cost of the project , Including physical and price contingencies , taxes and duties Is estimated at US $ 62 . 1 million equivalent , of which the foreign exchange cost would be about US $ 17 . 8 million equivalent ( 32Z of total project cost ) . Base costs are at December , 1985 prices . Physical contingencies of about 10 percent have been provided for civil works and of about five percent for other Items , except vehicles and equipment . Price contingencies , on the base cost plus physical contingencies have been provided for local costs on the basis of projected annual increases of 9 percent for FY 87 and 88 , and 10 percent annually thereafter and for foreign costs at the following rates from FY1986 through FY1991 ; 7 percent , 7 . 5 percent , 7 . 7 percent , 7 . 6 percent and 4 . 5 percent . Initial project costs for aerial surveys , photo-interpretation and collection of essential socio-economic data are being financed under a Project Preparation Facility advance of US $ 323 , 000 . 56 . The proposed credit of US $ 45 million would finance the full foreign exchange costs of the project and about US $ 27 . 2 million of local costs , or about 82 percent of total costs net of taxes and duties . The Government would provide about US $ 17 . 1 million equivalent , including taxes and duties . Farmers would provide an additional estimated US2 . 7 million equivalent mainly as labor for self-help plantation activities . Procurement and Disbursement 57 . Vehicles , equipment , tools , nursery supplies , machinery and fertilizers to be financed by the proposed IDA Credit would be procured under international competitive bidding procedures following the annk Group guidelines ; eligible domestic bidders would be granted a margin of preference of 15 percent of the cif bid price of imported goods or", "spans": [{"start": 1085, "end": 1104, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "r trcnsnor - used to be Jr jeens or oaen trucks . 57 . About 24 , 100 civilian motor vehicles were operating on Ethiopia < sup > t < / sup > s roads in early 1961 . ( See Table 4 . ) Of these , 4 , 300 were trucks , 4 , 200 were jeep type pick-ups , 15 , 200 were passenger cars and 400 were large and small buses . The number of trucks ( ignoring size changes ) increased 25-30 % in 5 years up to 1961 ; the numbers of buses ( without allowance for seating capacity ) and pick-ups have increased several fold . 58 . According to IHA traffic counts , which do not distinguish type , size , or load of vehicles , the average daily number of vehicles on important sections of the road network increased between 1953 and 1961 as follows : | | Average dailynumberofvehicles < br > duringharvestand / orexport season | | - - - | - - - | | RoadSections | 1953 < br > 1961 | | Addis-Assab ( 860km ) | < br > | | Addis-Combolcia | 93 < br > 135 < br > < br > | | Combolcia-Battie | 46 < br > 100 < br > < br > | | Battie-Assab | 34 < br > 66 | | Addis-Jimma ( 335km ) < br > | 84 < br > 450 < br > < br > | | Addis-Lekempti ( 331km ) < br > | 72 < br > 297 < br > < br > | | Addis-DebreMarcos ( 305kIn ) | 47 < br > 98a ) | | Addis-Dilla ( 368km ) | < br > | | Moggio-Shashamana | 61 < br > 138 < br", "spans": [{"start": 530, "end": 548, "text": "IHA traffic counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> < br > < br > | | | ( 9994 ) | ( 6923 ) | ( 8259 ) | ( 10442 ) < br > ( 10985 ) < br > ( 3998 ) | | Lag11 | . < br > 31 . 481 * * * | . < br > - 13 . 012 * | . < br > - | . < br > . < br > . < br > - < br > 27 . 380 * * < br > - 2 . 574 | | | ( 9 . 786 ) | ( 6 . 819 ) | - | - < br > ( 10 . 891 ) < br > ( 4 . 550 ) | | Constant | 983 . 951 * * * | 983 . 141 * * * | 984 . 613 * * * | 984 . 149 * * * < br > 983 . 360 * * * < br > 985 . 420 * * * | | | ( 1 . 969 ) | ( 2 . 022 ) | ( 2 . 026 ) | ( 1 . 955 ) < br > ( 1 . 966 ) < br > ( 3 . 223 ) | | Observations | 237 , 016 | 237 , 016 | 237 , 016 | 237 , 016 < br > 237 , 016 < br > 237 , 016 | | Number of pair < br > ~ ~ i ~ ~ d | 42 , 619 | 42 , 619 | 42 , 619 | 42 , 619 < br > 42 , 619 < br > 42 , 619 | | R-squared | 0 . 012 | 0 . 012 | 0 . 012 | 0 . 011 < br > 0 . 012 < br > 0 . 011 | Note : RoW is the Rest of the World . Estimation was conducted on the monthly trade data using a fixed effects estimator that accounts for cross-country-product heterogeneities . Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses . Asterisk indicate the level of * * * * * * significance , _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 934, "text": "monthly trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 761 | 0 . 750 | 0 . 756 | 0 . 750 | | Orig . _ × _product_ × _dest . FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Origin_ × _year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | | Origin_ × _product_ × _year FE | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | > _c_ significant at 10 percent ; _b_ significant at 5 percent ; _a_ significant at 1 percent . Unit values computed from BACI at the exporter-importer-HS6 product-year level . Standard errors clustered by product-origin-destination-year are in parentheses . ln RER is the real exchange rate of the destination country vis-a-vis the USD . In this section we test whether our results on the effect of trade policy on market power obtained at the firm-level hold at a more aggregate level . To do so , we perform two additional exercises . We start by replicating our analysis using BACI data at the HS 6-digit product-country pair level . The results are reported in Table 9 below . At the product-level , we still find that NTMs magnify pricing-to-market while tariffs reduce it . Although the magnitude of the effects is lower than what we found at the firm level , it is still economically meaningful . The coefficient in column ( 1 ) suggest that moving from zero to a 10 percent ad valorem equivalent NTM raises the price elasticity to exchange rate from 5 percent to 6 percent , i . e . by 20 percent ( against one third in Table 4 ) . For tariffs , moving from a zero to a 5 percent tariff , would reduce the price elasticity to exchange rate by 10 percent ( against 50 percent in Table 5 ) from 1 . 2 percent to 1 . 1 percent . Online appendix Section C . 19 shows that these results are not specific to our sample of origin countries : we expand the database for all countries for which tariffs / NTMs are available , i . e . a total of 169 exporters serving 146", "spans": [{"start": 851, "end": 855, "text": "BACI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "intermediate input effects , and technological spillovers . Nadvi ( 1997 , 1999 ) and Meyer-Stamer ( 1998 ) recognize that clustering offers unique opportunities for firms to take advantage of a wide array of domestic links between users and producers and between the economy ’ s knowledge sector and its business sector . Such linkages have the potential for stimulating learning and innovation . Clusters , however , are not necessarily innovation systems ( McCormick and Oyelaran-Oyeyinka 2007 ) , and innovative clusters are not necessarily high-technology clusters . Mytelka ( 2004 ) also emphasizes the role of clusters in promoting the kind of interactivity that stimulates innovation but cautions that the geographic proximity of actors does not automatically lead to learning and innovation . However , there is a growing recognition that cluster initiatives could be an effective means for producing an environment conducive to innovation ( Andersson et al . 2004 ) . All these arguments can find their roots in different cluster examples . Although clusters come in several different forms and various scholars have tried different typologies , all clusters share one commonality : each comprises a multitude of firms of different sizes belonging to one branch of industry . Markusen ( 1996 ) has classified clusters into four categories : Marshallian , hub and spoke , satellite platform , and state anchored ( see table 1 . 2 ) . Others have described them by development stage , such as agglomeration , emerging , potential , and mature . # * * SEZs and Clusters : “ Top-Down ” versus “ Bottom-Up ” ? * * While SEZs are normally constructed through a “ top-down ” approach by government policies , most clusters are formed in an organic way through a “ bottom-up ” process . Some clusters , however , have emerged from or within industrial parks or exportprocessing zones over time but rarely in developing countries . A study of 11 African clusters across several countries reveals that most of them formed spontaneously , with the exception of the Mauritian textile cluster , which evolved from an export-processing zone ( Zeng 2008 ) . Table 1 . 2 Markusen ’ s Typology of Industry Clusters | Cluster type < br > growth | Characteristics of <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Health access and utilization survey among Syrian refugees in Lebanon * * * * _UNHCR , November 2017_ * * * * Photo credit : UNHCR * * _We are grateful to the Syrian refugees who participated in this survey . We are also grateful to the Ministry of Public Health , and other local and international partners and donors who have continuously supported access to healthcare services for refugees . The survey was conducted by UNHCR Public Health Unit in Lebanon with support from UNHCR Public Health Section in Geneva and input from the Ministry of Public Health , Lebanon . _ 1", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 42, "text": "Health access and utilization survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". This is done using a monthly series of productby-country data for the period 20 months before and 20 months after January 2020 , i . e . , May 2018 to August 2021 , in survival analysis and event-study designs . For imports , domestic lockdowns represent demand factors and external lockdowns represent supply factors . For exports , the inverse applies . 1", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 63, "text": "monthly series of productby-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "likely may have a global component , as countries tend to “ specialize ” in the same form of sovereign theft at the same time . In the next section we explore a number of such potential factors more systematically . # * * 5 . Correlates of Sovereign Theft Episodes * * In this section we investigate in more detail a set of potential correlates of sovereign theft episodes that have been discussed in the literature on defaults and expropriations . Our starting point is the core empirical specification in Kraay and Nehru ( 2006 ) , who investigate the correlates of \" debt distress \" , defined as episodes of debt servicing difficulties marked by exceptional financing in the form of recourse to the Paris Club or the IMF , as well as arrears accumulation . In a large sample of developing countries they find that debt distress is more frequent in countries with high levels of external debt , with weak policy performance , and in countries experiencing adverse macroeconomic shocks . One immediate difference however is that Kraay and Nehru ( 2006 ) study debt servicing difficulties vis-a-vis both private and official creditors , while the dataset we study in this paper covers only defaults against private creditors . < sup > 5 < / sup > We begin by considering how expropriation and sovereign default events are related to the stock of external debt owed to private creditors and the stock of FDI in a country . Data on these are taken from the Sovereign Wealth of Nations dataset by Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2007 ) . We also measure policy performance using the World Bank ' s Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ( CPIA ) data , which covers all World Bank borrowers since 1978 . Finally , we use as proxy for macroeconomic shocks real per capita GDP growth . In addition , we consider two characteristics of the political system , both taken from the Database of Political Institutions by Beck et al . ( 2001 ) . The first is the ideology of the government of in power , measured with a dummy variable taking the value one if the > 5 Rescheduling of debts owed to official creditors ( via the Paris Club in", "spans": [{"start": 1455, "end": 1490, "text": "Sovereign Wealth of Nations dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1590, "end": 1633, "text": "Country Policy and Institutional Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1873, "end": 1907, "text": "Database of Political Institutions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "al . ( 2018 ) estimate that 10 . 3 percent of all employment in the US were in “ directly green ” occupations while \" indirectly green \" occupations made up another 9 . 1 percent of all employment . Valero et al . ( 2021 ) estimate the share of green employment in the UK to be between 17 percent and 39 percent in 2019 . The higher share of green jobs for the UK as compared to other countries is partly due to data challenges when cross-walking between the O * NET which uses the US 8-digit standard occupational classification and the UK labor force surveys which is based on the 4-digit ISCO-08 classification . 27 Introduced in 2011 , the REIP4 used a competitive procurement program to increase electricity generation through renewable energy sources . Investing companies needed 40 percent local ownership , leading to increased partnerships between foreign and South African companies , including knowledge and skill sharing and green jobs ( ILO 2018 ) . The increase in the demand for solar PVs may have increased the demand for solar panel installers and assemblers , explaining the increase in potentially green jobs between 2013 and 2014 . However , the stalling of the REIP4 initiative after 2014 meant that investment in renewable energy technology also stalled corresponding to the flattening of the trend . 28 Although we use the same methodology as Posadas and Granata ( 2024 ) , there are a few reasons that could explain the differences in the estimated share of green jobs in South Africa and Indonesia . First , the Granata and Posadas ( 2024 ) analysis excludes agricultural occupations while we include the agricultural occupations in the sample . Second , it is possible that the South African economy differs from the Indonesian economy both in structure and in the profile of workers . For example , the mining sector , which will be substantially affected by the green transition , contributes to a significant share of employment in the South African economy and for this reason , our green occupations list includes occupations such as mining managers and mining engineers , occupations which are not included in Granata and Posadas ’ ( 2024 ) green occupations list . 15", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 560, "text": "UK labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7155 The World Bank | 7 . 4 ) Judges and lawyers trained | Text | Value | 7 . 4 ) Judges in Federal courts < br > and 2 Regional Supreme < br > Courts took training as part of < br > Canadian supported court < br > reform program . | 7 . 4 ) All judges ( over 4400 ) < br > are trained . In addition , over < br > 2000 supporting personnel < br > are also trained . | 7 . 4 ) All judges are to be < br > trained | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Date | 23-Nov-2004 | 19-Jun-2012 | | | | | Comments | | | 7 . 4 ) Target is met . | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 11-Jul-2012 ) * * | * * Financial Agre * * | * * ement ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | P074020 | IDA-38990 | Effective | 11-May-2004 | 23-Aug-2004 | 22-Nov-2004 | 07-Jul-2009 | 31-Dec-2012 | | P074020 | IDA-46690 | Effective | 23-Mar-2010 | 30-Apr-2010 | 14-Jul-2010 | 31-Dec-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | L", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 606, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 10 - 6 . “ General Conditions ” means the “ International Development Association General Conditions for IDA Financing , Investment Project Financing ” , dated December 14 , 2018 ( Last revised on July 15 , 2023 ) . 7 . “ Grievance Mechanism ” means the grievance mechanism established , publicized , maintained and operated by the Borrower to receive and facilitate the resolution of concerns and grievances in relation to the Project , in accordance with the ESCP . 8 . “ _Kebele_ ” means the fourth and lowest tier of the Recipient ’ s administrative system as established under the Recipient ’ s laws , and “ _Kebeles ” _ , means , collectively , two or more such tiers . 9 . < mark > “ Operating Costs ” means incremental costs incurred by the Recipient on account of the Project coordination , implementation and monitoring , including expenditures for vehicles operation and maintenance , office supplies and consumables , utilities , communication , translation and interpretation , bank charges , Project-related travel , including per diem and accommodation , but excluding salaries of the Recipient ’ s civil servants , and other miscellaneous costs directly associated with the Project implementation , all based on periodic budgets acceptable to the Association . < / mark > 10 . “ Original Financing Agreement ” means the original financing agreement for the Project between the Recipient and the Association , dated December 3 , 2020 , ( Credit Number 6798-ET ; Grant Number D745-ET ) , as amended from time to time , and such term includes all appendices , schedules and agreements supplemental to said agreement . 11 . “ Original Project ” means the project described in Schedule 1 to the Original Financing Agreement . 12 . “ Personal Data ” means any information relating to an identified or identifiable individual . An identifiable individual is one who can be identified by reasonable means , directly or indirectly , by reference to an attribute or combination of attributes within the data , or combination of the data with other available information . Attributes that can be used to identify", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", there is little applied or even theoretical research on this topic — maybe because there is even less data available than for all the other topics covered in this survey . With the exception of a database compiled by Clarke and Xu ( 2003 ) for Eastern Europe and some sense of the ranking of utilities among corrupt institutions from the _Global Corruption Report_ ( 2004 ) , to my knowledge the annual _Global Competitiveness Report_ provides the only comparable , quantitative , multicountry ( 59 developing countries ) overview of corruption in infrastructure sectors , ranking countries according to the perceived degree of corruption ( based on interviews with private firms ) , among many other criteria . < sup > 28 < / sup > Aggregating the country-specific results by country income group and focusing on the two questions relevant to infrastructure yields sobering results in the report ’ s 2002 – 03 edition : > 27 There is an extensive literature on how to define corruption and on the semantic practices of different institutions ; a helpful recent survey is Lanyi ( 2004 ) . For a recent survey on economic analysis of corruption , see Aidt ( 2003 ) ; on levels of corruption , see Kaufmann and others ( 2003 ) . > 28 There are also country-specific databases dealing with publics services , but these are the exception rather than the rule ( see Reinikka and Svensson 2002 , Svensson 2003 , and many of the country reports from Transparency International available on its Website ) .", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 232, "text": "database compiled by Clarke and Xu", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1249, "end": 1305, "text": "country-specific databases dealing with publics services", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * | Transmission < br > HIV / AIDs < br > and < br > other diseases |  Workers shall be regularly < br > sensitized on the spread of < br > infectious diseases such as < br > HIV / AIDS ; < br >  Regular < br > provision < br > of < br > adequate < br > prevention < br > measures such as condoms ; < br >  Encourage workers to go for < br > HIV voluntary counselling , < br > testingand referral services ; |  Record of sensitizations < br > carried out . < br >  Record < br > of < br > condoms < br > purchased and distributed < br > to workers . | Sensitization | Quarterly | | Contractors , < br > CSC , | 9 , 000 , 000 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Insecurity cases |  The project sites will be < br > enclosed < br > using < br > suitable < br > hoarding < br > to < br > avoid < br > contamination < br > of < br > the < br > environment and to control < br > movement within the sites . < br >  The contractor will provide < br > adequate security during the < br > construction period when no < br > works are being done on the < br > sites . < br >  The guards stationed at the < br > gates < br > should < br > document < br > movements in and out of the < br > sites / property . out of the < br > sites / property . |  Security guards < br >  Lighting in place | Security < br > awareness <", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 489, "text": "Record of sensitizations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( KDSP II ) that will be supporting PFM outcomes at the county level . # # # # * * Program Development Objective ( PDO ) * * The PDO is “ to enhance revenue mobilization and deepen the efficiency , accountability , and transparency in public finance management at the national government level . ” The progress towards the achievement of the Program Development Objective ( PDO ) will be measured through the following indicators : - ( a ) VAT compliance gap is reduced . - ( b ) Predictability and control in budget execution is improved . - ( c ) Management of assets and liabilities is improved and responsive to climate risk . - ( d ) Implementation performance of priority programs and projects are monitored and made public . 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 . Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes * * # # # * * 2 . 1 Project Preparation , Design and Quality at Entry * * # # # * * Background analysis , lessons incorporated and rationale * * The assessment of the constraints of the financial sector undertaken by the project team was limited due to a lack of relevant analytical work and the background analysis could not draw on an extensive track record of successful interventions specific to the Ethiopian financial sector . However , it is noted that lessons learned from previous operations in other environments were effectively utilized in tailoring the project design , and the overall rationale for the Bank ‟ s intervention was clear . The project was initiated following several years of limited engagement on financial sector issues and was intended to represent the first step in a continuum of longer-term engagement with the GoE on financial sector development . This explains the incremental approach to the design of the components of the project as it was intended to lay the foundation for future substantive policy reform . In light of the serious weaknesses evident in the client ‟ s capacity to make informed choices or to implement financial reforms , the project team decided to focus initially on strengthening the capacity of stakeholders to the financial system ( NBE , the Ethiopian Institute of Banking and Insurance [ EIBI < sup > 5 < / sup > ] , and other financial sector professional associations ) , kick-start the development of new financial products , and strengthen critical financial sector infrastructure - specifically payments and credit information systems , capital markets infrastructure and an asset registry – with intended system-wide benefits . # # # * * Project design * * The PAD was relevant for the country and responsive to the borrower ‟ s circumstances and development priorities . It emphasized the importance of putting in place the foundations of financial sector development as a precondition to establishing a financial sector capable of achieving the goal of access to finance for all and , over the medium - to long-term , complementing and sustaining", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 | | 4 . 10 < br > | Site specific baseline data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 < br > | | 4 . 10 . 1 < br > | Ambient Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 < br > | | 4 . 10 . 2 | Soil analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| RWF 3 , 040 | - | RWF 3 , 500 < br > _one-off cash_ < br > _transfer Au-_ < br > _gust 2021_ | * * Figure 2 : Prioritized and targeted food assistance , December 2020 – September 2021 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 , 000 < br > 9 , 000 < br > 8 , 000 7 , 600 < br > 7 , 600 < br > 7 , 000 7 , 000 < br > 6 , 000 < br > 6 , 080 < br > 5 , 000 < br > 4 , 000 3 , 800 < br > 3 , 040 3 , 500 < br > 3 , 000 < br > 3 , 040 < br > 2 , 000 < br > 1 , 000 < br > 0 < br > DEC-20 Jan-21 Feb-21 Mar-21 Apr-21 May-21 Jun-21 Jul-21 Aug-21 Sept-21 < br > Highly Vulnerable Moderately Vulnerable Least Vulnerable < br > Highly Vulnerable Entitlements Moderately Vulnerable Entitlements < br > RWF < br > Prioritization ( ration cut ) Prioritization + Targeting < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In September 2021 , 95 , 416 refugees ( 83 percent ) received full ration , 9 , 655 refugees ( 8 percent ) received half ration and 9 , 367 refugees ( 8 percent ) did not receive food assistance . # # # # # # * * The context : December 2020 and September 2021 * * At the time of the survey in September 2021 , agricultural labour opportunities were more easily available compared to December 2020 due to ongoing planting and weeding activities in preparation for the Season A – one of the main agricultural seasons in Rwanda lasting from September through February the following year and which is an important source of income for food purchases in rural areas . Also , the", "spans": [{"start": 1085, "end": 1109, "text": "survey in September 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that malaria is the most common illness among the population . Other illnesses recorded included diarrhoea , worms and ulcers featured prominently . Findings further indicated that 40 % of the households in Kiruhura said they lived in a distance of 0-1km from the nearest health facility and 25 % lived in a distance over 4Km . In Mbarara 24 % lived in a distance of 0-1km while 50 % lived over 4km away from the health facility as detailed in the table below . The above findings indicate that health facilities were readily available and accessible within the project area . 50 % of the respondents in Mbarara said they live in a distance over 4km from the nearest health facility compared to only 25 % living within the same distance in Kiruhura which was pointed out as one of the main challenges to the health care system . The household survey revealed that no health centre is likely to be negatively affected . However it is imperative to not that health services within these areas are likely to improve due to power extension . * * < u > Table 11 : Distance of respondents to the nearest Health facility < / u > * * | * * Distance from home to Health facility * * | | * * Mbarara * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * in Km * * | * * Kiruhura * * | | | 0-1 1km | 92 | 16 | | 1-2 km | 26 | 08 | 32", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 849, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the sole exception of Venezuela . Of the 33 PCRs which collect ratings , 26 distribute these ratings back to the financial institutions . As public credit registries become tools to monitor and analyze forward-looking provisions , they may also be used to analyze capital . < sup > 20 < / sup > Many public credit registries , including the world ’ s oldest PCR in Germany , were established in response to a banking crisis prompted by defaults of large borrowers . Monitoring credit risk concentrations and informing individual banks of these risks remains a key objective for most public credit registries . At the same time , in many developing countries improving access to credit also has high priority . Information from the public credit registry can serve both objectives by allowing banks to better assess the creditworthiness of borrowers at the same time that supervisors use the data to monitor for risks . However , there are tensions which are created by these different objectives and which can affect the design of the public registry and the data collected . One of these tensions concerns the size of loans to be included in the PCR . From a lender ’ s perspective it would be preferable to have data available on all loans regardless of size , since credit reports are particularly important for consumer and small business lending . Supervisors , however , may prefer to focus the database on large loans which pose a systemic threat . Also , by establishing a minimum loan size for inclusion in the PCR , supervisors can drastically reduce the size of the database , making it easier to manage and to enforce quality standards . < sup > 21 < / sup > Figure 1 provides information on the minimum loan sizes included in PCRs by region measured by the ratio of the cutoff amount to GNI per capita . In the World Bank survey 23 countries did not have any minimum loan size or had a very low minimum loan size indicating the important role these registries play as a provider of information to financial institutions . Virtually all > 19 In some PCRs where the rating is on the credit line , collateral may also affect the rating", "spans": [{"start": 1829, "end": 1846, "text": "World Bank survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 households , e . g . type / size of dwelling , ownership of vehiclcs , number / type of appliances , neighborhood , etc . With spatial stratification , use of functional rather than administrative regions may be more appropriate when trying to link consumption patterns with ecological zones . However , it may be difficult to stray too far from official administrative division , as many statistics are only available on this basis . Finally , it should be noted that the more a sample is stratified , the more it requires a larger sample to ensure that results obtained from the sample are generalizable to the larger population Sample Size Should Be Calculated . When using random survey techniques , the sample size should be calculated using statistical methods which determine sampling error and confidence level . However , if resource constraints limit the sample size , then its reliability and precision should be determined by working backwards from the feasible sample . Confidence levels and sampling error should always be given to clarify the validity of published results . Simply selecting a sample based on 1 % or 0 . 1 % of the population does not guarantee that results will be representative . # Sample Design in Morocco A household energy consumption survey has been designed in Morocco under a USAID / ESMAP project . It will involve three rounds to capture winter , spring , summer and crop-related seasonality . The objective of the survey is to provide data to analysts on fuelwood developmcnt , household energy conservation , cooking equipment , fuel prices , petroleum products and rural electrification so that a comprehensive household energy strategy can be developed . Sampling methodology . A random stratified sample was drawn from the Statistics Departmen . ' s master sample . This is a large sample which is designed to meet all household survey needs for the 1984-92 period . It is based on the 1982 census and is already divided into rural and urban areas , and five strata refleciing housing types . Sampling involved the following phases : ( a ) review of existing data ; ( b ) selection of zones to be surveyed ; ( c ) familiarization with the master sample ; (", "spans": [{"start": 1247, "end": 1282, "text": "household energy consumption survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1937, "end": 1948, "text": "1982 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "links humanitarian and development assistance , and that reconciles different principles and operational modalities in a way that supports transitions from conflict to peace . A change in both policy and practice is needed . < sup > 183 < / sup > 156 . The Foreword of this work goes on to note : To ensure that development resources are used to support the essential objectives of peacebuilding and statebuilding , we need to bridge the divide between policy and practice to deliver more rapid , flexible and risk-tolerant support . < sup > 184 < / sup > 157 . The overall impression of this study covering the last 12 years is that there still remains a fundamental gap between policy and praxis . There has been considerable progress in relation to policy and in the appreciation of the disruptive nature of displacement on development ( as recently reflected in the 2011 World Bank ’ s Development report ) ; but in regard to practice , principally reflected in the availability and predictability of funding to bridge the humanitarian – development gap , the very issue that led to the launch of the Brookings Process in 2001 , things have not changed much for the better as is evident in the 2011 OECD / DAC _Monitoring Survey of International Engagement in Fragile States : Can ’ t We Do Better ? _ . 158 . This monitoring survey is an evaluation of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness on international engagement in fragile states . < sup > 185 < / sup > The Fragile States Principles were listed earlier in this paper . Principle No . 10 states : “ Avoid pockets of exclusion ” . Through riskadverse , selective funding by donors , “ aid orphans ” are created by international development partners . The report of the OECD / DAC monitoring survey pointed to the continuing gap between rhetoric and reality : The principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations seem to have stimulated relatively limited change in international engagement at the country level since their endorsement by the OECD Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) member countries in 2007 and their validation", "spans": [{"start": 1734, "end": 1762, "text": "OECD / DAC monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "penetration rate of 50 % ( i . e . 1 out of 2 Somali households on average have a computer ) that is distantly followed by Rwandese at 21 % . < sup > 20 < / sup > The household computer penetration rate among urban refugees of about 21 % is more than three times the average for Zambia . The Central Statistical Office ( CSO ) 2015 Living Conditions and Monitoring Survey ( LCMS 2015 ) found that computer ownership was not among the top ten reported household assets . The LCMS 2010 estimated 6 . 8 % and 0 . 4 % of urban and rural households , respectively , owning a computer . Actually , the urban refugees ’ households are , on average , relatively much closer to the developing countries ’ estimated computer penetration rate of 35 . 2 % than the Zambian average for households ( ITU , 2016a ) . Table 6 . 1 : Household ICT penetration rates ( frequency and % ) | | * * Lusaka Urban * * | * * Mayuk * * | * * wayukwa * * | * * M * * | * * eheba * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | N < br > % | n | % | n | % | | * * Use Mobile in * * < br > | Total < br > 144 < br > 94 . 1 | 88 | 73 . 3 | 173 | 79 . 0 | | * * Household * * | Angola < br > - < br > - | 39 | 66 . 1 | 55 | 69 . 6 | | | Burundi < br > 25 < br > 100 . 0 | - | - | 59 | 86 . 8 | | | DRC < br > 53 < br > 88 . 3 | 49 | 80 . 3 | 58 | 84 . 1 | | | Rwanda < br", "spans": [{"start": 327, "end": 371, "text": "2015 Living Conditions and Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 474, "end": 483, "text": "LCMS 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "de classe supplémentaires construites pour le premier cycle du < br > secondaire . | | Effectif total des élèves dans l ’ enseignement primaire < br > ( toutes les écoles ) | Effectif total , privé et public , basé sur des données statistiques annuelles , | | Filles , garçons , parents et enseignants concernés par la < br > Sous-composante 1 . 2 sur la promotion de l ’ éducation des < br > filles | Nombre de bénéficiaires de la Sous-composante 1 . 2 . | | Nombre d ’ élèves concernés par les programmes de < br > restauration scolaire | Nombre d ’ élèves bénéficiant des programmes de restauration scolaire avec l ’ appui du < br > projet . | | La révision desprogrammes d ’ études dupremier cycle | Suivi des progrès dans le processus d ’ examen des programmes scolaires . | 44", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 253, "text": "données statistiques annuelles", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "< / mark > < sup > xiv < / sup > < mark > . Parmi les blessés rapportés par les Nations Unies , 70 % étaient des civils , touchés majoritairement par des balles ( 77 % ) et des explosions d ’ armes lourdes ( 22 % ) . L ’ usage de telles armes dans des zones densément peuplée constitue une violation des principes de proportionnalité et < / mark > distinction consacrés par le DIH . < mark > Selon ACLED ( Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project ) entre le 1er juillet et le 31 décembre 2024 , une moyenne de 109 incidents par mois , incluant la conduite des hostilités dans des zones densément peuplées de civils , des explosions et des attaques ciblant directement des civils , a été recensée , causant en moyenne 267 morts civils et non civils . En janvier 2025 , 254 incidents ont été recensés , dont 200 se sont produits au Nord-Kivu en raison du conflit impliquant l ’ AFC / M23 , marquant une escalade alarmante des atteintes aux populations civiles . < / mark > < sup > xv < / sup > < mark > Ces actes , s ’ ils sont délibérément dirigés contre les civils pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre au regard du Statut de Rome instituant le mandat de la Cour Pénale Internationale , qui a ouvert < / mark > une instruction dans ce sens . < mark > Goma n ’ a pas été l ’ unique zone touchée par ces violences . En janvier , lors des affrontements dans le territoire du", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 450, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| Min . balance | 50 , 000 | 27 . 9 % | 14 . 0 % | 13 . 2 % | 6 . 9 % | 5 . 9 % | 5 . 4 % | 2 . 2 % | | Registration book | 29 , 082 | 16 . 2 % | 8 . 1 % | 7 . 7 % | 4 . 0 % | 3 . 4 % | 3 . 2 % | 1 . 3 % | | Monthly admin . Fee | 4 , 808 | 2 . 7 % | 1 . 3 % | 1 . 3 % | 0 . 7 % | 0 . 6 % | 0 . 5 % | 0 . 2 % | | Debit card | 5 , 563 | | 1 . 6 % | 1 . 5 % | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 7 % | 0 . 6 % | 0 . 2 % | | processing | | 3 . 1 % | | | | | | | | Other monthly fees | 5 , 500 | 3 . 1 % | 1 . 5 % | 1 . 5 % | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 7 % | 0 . 6 % | 0 . 2 % | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 94 , 953 * * | 53 . 0 % | * * 26 . 5 % * * | * * 25 . 0 % * * | * * 13 . 1 % * * | * * 11 . 2 % * * | * * 10 . 3 % * * | * * 4 . 1 % * * | | * * Excl . Min . balance * * | 44 , 953 | 25 . 1 % | 12 . 6 % | 11 . 9 % | 6 . 2 % | 5 . 3 % | 4 . 9 % | 1 . 9 % | _Source : Superintendencia Bancaria ; Encuesta de Calidad de Vida 2003_ 13 . * * Real interest rates for small savings amounts are frequently negative * * . The average", "spans": [{"start": 855, "end": 882, "text": "Encuesta de Calidad de Vida", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : [ is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "B . PARTICIPANTS * * ' * * INTENTIONS AND PERCEIVED LIMITATIONS IN THE PARTICIPATION IN THE PROGRAMME < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Karlivka < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In general , in 546 cases ( 66 . 1 % ) respondents considered participating in the existing mechanism of monetary compensation / assistance ; in 243 ( 29 . 4 % ) – did not , whilst , for 37 cases ( 4 . 5 percent ) , owners said that they did not meet the eligibility criteria , or were not ready to comply with them . Given that different conditions apply for destroyed and damaged housing units , it might be more useful to break down the aforementioned data . Out of 325 instances of allegedly destroyed housing , respondents contemplated taking part in the scheme in 76 . 3 % of the cases and did not in 18 . 5 % . Regarding the damaged objects , the corresponding values were 59 . 5 % and 36 . 5 % respectively . The major reason for not applying was unwillingness to abandon title deeds ( 161 or 66 % ) . Remarkably , the share of responses was quite alike regarding both damaged and destroyed properties : 64 . 5 % and 71 . 7 % respectively . Taking into account that this requirement is not relevant for the former , it indicates low awareness on the programme conditions . Uncertainty in the positive outcome of the time-consuming procedure and disbelief in the objective nature of the assessment were more common in cases of damaged properties ( nearly 15 % each vs 5 % ) . Lack of ownership documents and unsatisfactory amount of compensation were quoted more often in regards to the destroyed dwellings ( 18 % and almost 17 % vs nearly 9 % and 6 % ) . Unclear procedure was almost exclusively referred to by the owners 7", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 647, "text": "aforementioned data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "behaviour change , and efforts were underway across a number of different sectors to address different kinds of social and health issues through communication . Inter-sector collaboration was requested to conduct a broad survey on the preferred sources of information for different kinds of issues , key influencers , use of technology , and preferred information methods , the results of which would be used to provide communities with messages on a wide range of topics . - It was valuable for NGOs to report landmine and ERW injuries and incidents to a central database . However , challenges existed between MRE staff and hospital / health personnel who would not release requested information on injuries for reporting . Training was needed for MRE and health personnel so they could omit identifying data and ensure data sharing between actors . - Where poverty had forced children to drop out of school and conduct livelihood activities , they were found to be at a “ double risk ” because they were conducting high-risk activities without receiving school-based MRE messaging . Another identified vulnerable group were children ( formerly ) associated with armed forces and armed groups , as they might have received training in landmine / ERW use during their time with armed groups , and may be at particular risk . - It was important for MRE activities to take account of concerns raised by communities , both those related to MRE and those beyond its scope . It was found that although landmines / ERW were often not the primary concern of affected communities , particularly where displacement and survival were significant factors , they were often indirectly related to contamination and high-risk behaviour such as poverty which resulted in child labour and school dropout . As long as community ’ s primary concerns went unaddressed it was more difficult to advance MRE programming . - The Humanitarian Demining Unit , as military personnel , were better placed than NGOs to provide certain MRE activities such as landmine sign gardens , answering technical questions , having access to photos of newly found contaminants , without being hindered by movement restrictions . Many", "spans": [{"start": 556, "end": 572, "text": "central database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Public Notary in that respect vary from LBP 60 , 000 to LBP 100 , 000 , in addition to 4 / 1000 of the value of the contract . If the contract was not registered at the municipality , the owner will have to pay a fee equivalent to twice the amount of the registration fee , in addition to paying the registration fee itself . It is worth noting that not registering the contract will not affect its legality . # # # # # # LANDLORD VISITS TO THE LEASED PROPERTY FGDs showed cases of harassment from landlords visiting the leased property without prior notice to the tenant . It is important to note that even though Lebanese legislation does not regulate that problematic per se , many other legal provisions and considerations apply : One of the most paramount obligations imposed on the landlord in lease agreement legislation by the COC is to guarantee the tenant ’ s right of peaceful enjoyment of the leased property . < sup > 73 < / sup > This legal obligation may be interpreted as and extended to the right of the tenant not to be disturbed or interrupted without prior notice . This is precisely what comparative jurisprudence and doctrine tackled . In Egypt , for instance , the landlord ’ s entry to the leased property without the approval of the tenant is considered a violation of the tenant ’ s right . < sup > 74 < / sup > In France , the landlord has to abide by the obligation of respect , which implies that he / she may not meddle in the activities of the tenant under the pretext that such meddling is linked to the usage of the leased property ; therefore , the landlord may not enter the leased property , even for a visit . < sup > 75 < / sup > Reference can be made to international conventions in that regard , notably the right to privacy in the housing sector . Indeed , the CESCR noted in its General Comment No . 4 that the right to adequate housing also implies the right not to be subjected", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "viol ont reçu des soins médicaux dans 23 établissements de santé répartis dans seulement 3 des 32 zones de santé du Nord-Kivu ( Goma , Karisimbi , Nyiragongo ) . Parmi ces victimes , 65 , 6 % ont reçu des soins dans les 72 heures suivant l ’ incident ; 97 % étaient des femmes / filles ( 12 , 6 % des mineurs ) . Au Sud-Kivu , 308 survivants ont reçu des soins médicaux et un soutien psychosocial dans un contexte déficitaire des services de prise en charge . Cependant , les données relatives à ces incidents ne sont généralement collectées qu ’ au niveau des centres de santé qui assurent la gestion clinique des services de viol - ce qui ne fournit qu ' une image partielle de l ’ étendue des incidents supposés . Au plus fort des combats à Goma , seuls trois hôpitaux étaient encore opérationnels , capables de répondre aux besoins des victimes ( survivants et survivantes ) de violences sexuelles , et seulement quelques dispensaires communautaires étaient en mesure de fournir des soins d ' urgence de base . De nombreux autres cas de violence restent non documentés en raison de divers facteurs , tels que la crainte de représailles de la part des auteurs , la stigmatisation au sein de la communauté et l ’ inaccessibilité et l ’ absence de services spécialisés . Dans les deux provinces ( Nord et Sud Kivu ) plusieurs autres facteurs entravent la prise en charge des survivants dans les zones affectées", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 509, "text": "données relatives à ces incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Figure 23 : Temporary employment by gender . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s < br > Georgia Kyrgyzstan Turkey Armenia < br > Female Male < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys In summary , the evidence does not suggest a clear trend across countries regarding the prevalence of non-standard employment but rather identifies a heterogeneous panorama by countries and types of non-standard employment . # 4 . 2 . 2 Profile of Non-Standard Employment In this section , we investigate possible changes in the profile of non-standard employment , usually associated with lower productivity and greater vulnerability . Like in the case of the LAC countries , the analysis of the employment profile was made based on the education , wages and the content of tasks performed . 9 From the educational point of view , a general tendency can be observed in the countries analyzed to improve the profile of workers linked to non-standard work contracts . In fact , in most of the countries in our sample , it is observed that taken together , the prevalence of workers with secondary and tertiary educational levels increases to the detriment of workers with a lower educational level . In the case of part-time employment ( Figure 25 ) , there is a first group of countries which present a decrease in the prevalence of workers at the secondary level , but , this decrease is compensated by the greater incidence of tertiary workers , so that , taken together , workers at the secondary or higher education increased their share within part-time employees ( Russia , Kyrgyzstan , Armenia , and Moldova ) . Therefore , we can conclude from this group that part-time employment presents a better > 9 For limitations", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 442, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Aide Alemoire_ _Vulnerable Children Mid-term Review_ 33 . Annual Work Plan and Budget . The draft Annual Work Plan and Budget take into account key activities for the coming financial year . The training of BWCs , additional activities resulting from the new PSP roll out and planned co-responsibility pilot implementation processes , are reflect in the work plan and budget , which are annexed below ( Annex 5 and 6 ) . The draft Annual Work Plan and Budget were reviewed and approved by the Mission . 34 . Program Oversight . The Mission appreciated that Programme Management Oversight Committee ( PMOC ) , chaired by the Secretary , CA , is a useful mechanism for periodic reflection on programme progress and provides important guidance to the TWG . The Mission scheduled the next meeting of the PMOC for July , 2012 . VII . MONITORING AND EVALUATION 35 . Management Information System . Procurement of services to develop an internet domain and website for the Programme MIS is planned for April-May 2012 . The domain and website will enable various departments within the Secretariat and at the district-level to access relevant MIS modules remotely , decentralising the MIS function and reducing the level of work undertaken by the MIS personnel . The Mission also discussed that , with the on-boarding of the new PSP , the capacities of the MIS needed to be modified to be able to capture and store biometric information , a function it is currently unable to support . In the interim , Equity Bank has agreed to store this information and has provided a ' window ' through which the DCS can view the data and provide necessary validation and payment approvals . UNICEF committed to providing support to undertake an MIS upgrade to support the additional functionality required for the storage of biometric data . This modification is expected to be completed by June 30 , 2012 , at which time the biometric data held by Equity Bank will be transferred to the MIS . As discussed in paragraph 21 , the Expert Working Group", "spans": [{"start": 1907, "end": 1941, "text": "biometric data held by Equity Bank", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consolidation and to fight inflation , however , the effects of these reforms are not expected to be seen in the short-term . Since 2019 , Sudan has been experiencing soaring rates of inflation , which were partially driven by the higher energy and staple food prices ( Figure 1 ) . More recently , the Russia-Ukraine crisis that started in March 2022 , has further exacerbated the country ’ s social and economic problems , through Sudan ’ s higher import costs of wheat , < sup > 4 < / sup > given the high dependency of the country on imported wheat and food and the country ’ s trade connections to Russia and Ukraine . < sup > 5 < / sup > In particular , Sudan is expected to face significant negative food security implications as food prices reach historic peaks due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine . All of the economic and social problems that have negatively impacted Sudan are expected to have increased the number of poor in the country , which represented about 61 . 1 % of the population based on the latest available household survey in 2014 / 2015 . _Figure 1 – Evolution of inflation rate ( % ) , 2019 - 2022_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 450 < br > 400 < br > 350 < br > 300 < br > 250 < br > 200 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > Inflation rate ( % ) < br > Percent < br > January-19 March-19 May-19 July-19 September-19 November-19 January-20 March-20 May-20 July-20 September-20 November-20 January-21 March-21 May-21 July-21 September-21 November-21 January-22 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) of Sudan , and World Bank Currently , there are efforts in Sudan to rollout a new Social Safety Net Program , which seeks to assist the most food insecure households in the most affected states and localities , by providing unconditional cash and food transfers to beneficiary families in 11 states of Sudan .", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1051, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix : Data Sources and Methodology * * This appendix describes in detail how we constructed the data set for each type of investment . We explain the data sources and assumptions made , including the treatment of missing and zero-valued observations . We aimed for consistent treatment across sources . We also discuss the challenges each data set presents , the rationale behind our decisions , and alternative approaches we tried . # * * A . 1 . Bank Loans and Deposits * * Cross-border loans and deposits are constructed from the Bank for International Settlements ( BIS ) locational banking statistics ( LBS ) , the most comprehensive source of information on international banking , available since 1977 . The LBS compile assets and liabilities of internationally active banks on a residency basis , in line with the balance of payments statistics ( IMF 2009 ) . In 2018 , the LBS covered close to 8 , 000 banks ( branches and subsidiaries ) in 47 reporting countries comprising North and South countries as well major offshore financial centers , each reporting loans and deposits with more than 200 counterparty countries . The concentrated nature of global banking implies that our data coverage is high in terms of the value of positions , even if only 47 countries and jurisdictions report this information . Banks report their gross assets and liabilities , along with breakdowns by currency , instrument , and the counterparty countries they lend to and borrow from . The instrument breakdown allows us to isolate the relevant investment type for our analysis : loans and deposits . That is , we strip out bank holdings of debt and equity to avoid double counting them with the portfolio investment already contained in the Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey ( CPIS ) ( which includes banks ’ holdings of securities ) . This ensures that our data sets on loans and deposits and portfolio investment are mutually exclusive , in principle . 31", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 616, "text": "locational banking statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 833, "end": 863, "text": "balance of payments statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1747, "end": 1786, "text": "Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The data have the advantage that recruits report not only their age and education but also where they resided before enrolling ; of the 605 Tunisian recruits , we are able to map delegation of residence for 501 , of whom 468 also have information on education and age . Our sample for the analysis thus consists of these 468 Daesh recruits . < sup > 4 < / sup > The average number of recruits per delegation is 1 . 9 , but the average masks a highly skewed distribution ( see Figure 1a ) : recruits come from 94 delegations only ( out of 263 ) , whereas Bizerte , the northernmost city in Africa , had 30 , the highest number . The Tunis area was also a recruitment hotspot . Of the 468 Tunisian recruits in our database , 128 are from the governorates of Tunis and Bizerte . In general , recruitment rates are much higher in urban areas . Detailed information on the socio-economic characteristics of recruits ( including their age and education ) , allows us to construct a variable of recruitment that counts the number of Tunisian recruits who resided in delegation _d_ , have education level _e_ , and have reported to be _a_ years old ; we therefore created five-year age groups so that each cell ( observation ) in the dataset is characterized by the triplet _ { d , e , a } _ . Table 1 provides both cell-level and delegation-level summary statistics for our variables of interest . The number of recruits in a given cell ranges from 0 to 8 . * * Socio-economic data * * The 2014 Tunisia Census of Population and Housing is the source of our main independent variables . The census collected information on demographics , educational attainment , marital status , unemployment , television and radio ownership , emigration , and > et al . , 2016a , b ; Jayakumar and Sumpter , 2019 ; Morris , 2020 ; Evans et al . , 2020 ; Brockmeyer et al . , forthcoming ) , but to the best of our knowledge they have not been used for country case studies . > 4Using available information on Daesh recruit age , education ,", "spans": [{"start": 1483, "end": 1528, "text": "2014 Tunisia Census of Population and Housing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * KEY PROTECTION CONCERNS FOR LGBTIQ + PEOPLE IN UKRAINE * * - * * Safety ( Physical and Mental ) * * – LGBTIQ + and genderdiverse people are vulnerable to acts of stigmatization , harassment and violence from both armed combatants and civilians in the context of the armed conflict . < sup > < u > 3 < / u > < / sup > Since the war started , there have been reports of cases of attacks against LGBTIQ + activists , human rights defenders and shelters in Ukraine ~ ~ . ~ ~ < sup > < u > 4 < / u > < / sup > Moreover , the entire population in Ukraine has experienced heightened levels of fear and anxiety about the exposure to violence and trauma – which in case of LGBTIQ + people experiencing the same poses the need to provide non-discriminatory and safe access to psychosocial support ~ ~ . ~ ~ < sup > < u > 5 < / u > < / sup > _As the war continues , pre-existing gender and intersectional inequalities will further increase the vulnerability of marginalized groups such as LGBTQI + . [ … ] Overarching barriers include cost to access services , social stigma , concerns about confidentiality , and the lack of trusted information about services . The latter challenge was highlighted by LGBTQI + respondents in the RGA survey , of which 62 % reported having no access to MHPSS . [ … ] Furthermore , LGBTQI + individuals face difficulties in finding safe shelter , as they may not feel safe in CCs and other standard shelter options due to social stigma , and often face discrimination when seeking housing , which further increases their marginalization . Domestic violence was the most commonly reported type of violence , while displaced LGBTQI + individuals described acts of discrimination directed towards them , particularly while seeking services . _ - * * Access to accommodation – * * In cases where relatives _marginalization . Domestic violence was the most", "spans": [{"start": 1228, "end": 1238, "text": "RGA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 3500 < br > Indigenous + 20 < br > 2500 < br > North-South + < br > 1500 South-South < br > 10 < br > 500 < br > 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 < br > 0 < br > 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 < br > Source : USPTO grants in PATSTAT < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * 2 . 4 Potential for expanding green production and trade * * The patent data suggest that there is little capacity for _frontier_ green innovation in most developing countries . However , there could be enormous capacity for _catch-up_ green - up innovation through new-tothe-firm adoption and adaptation of existing green technologies , and through indigenous base-of-pyramid > 8 Guellec and Potterie ( 2001 ) use patent co-invention to measure international collaboration . Details of our estimation are given in the data annex . > 9 The incidence of South-South collaboration among _all_ patents granted to developing country inventors is 0 . 3 % . 7", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 354, "text": "patent data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Population : _ * * Population data are from the Gridded Population of the World v4 . GPWv4 depicts the distribution of human population across the globe . Source data are provided in 30 arc ‐ second ( ~ 1 km ) grid cells ( CIESIN 2016 ) . * * _Land area : _ * * Land areas are extracted from European Space Agency data , with land types reported in 300m square pixels . These are aggregated into our land areas . Rural land is defined as irrigated and rain ‐ fed land , and mosaic cropland . Urban land includes all built areas ( Defourny 2017 ) . * * _National Accounts_ * * _ : _ National Accounts data on Gross Value Added by sector are from United Nations accounts data for 2016 http : / / data . un . org . Total populations and GDP are given below in Table 1 . There is large variation between the countries in the region , with per capita GDP nearly 10 times as large in Kazakhstan as it is in Tajikistan . The share of each sector in GVA is shown in Table 2 below . China ‐ 3 and Kazakhstan have the highest share of GVA in manufacturing , while primary sectors are relatively important in Turkmenistan and Tajikistan . Table 1 : GDP and Population of sample countries . | | GDP ( Billion USD ) | GDP per capita ( USD ) | Population ( Millions ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | China ‐ 3 | 280 . 5 | 5066 | 55 . 4 | | Kazakhstan | 135 . 0 | 7585 | 17 . 8 | | Kyrgyzstan | 6 . 6 | 1101 | 6 . 0 | | Pakistan | 282 . 5 | 1580 | 178 . 8 | | Tajikistan | 7 . 0 | 796 | 8 . 7 | | Turkmenistan | 36 . 2 | 6712 | 5 . 4 | | Uzbekistan | 67 . 8 | 2128 | 31 . 9 | Table 2 : Sectoral shares of GDP ( percent ) | | Primary | Manufacturing | Non", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 87, "text": "Gridded Population of the World v4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 297, "end": 323, "text": "European Space Agency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 650, "end": 678, "text": "United Nations accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to | Percentage | Value | 14 . 67 | | 49 . 00 | | Di | nearest market center . | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | Public | | | Comments | This result is from the < br > baseline survey conducted on < br > June 2011 | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | Page 7 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 204, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR by country / territory of asylum , end-2006 * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . | Country < sup > 1 < / sup > | Refugees < sup > 2 < / sup > | _Of whom_ < br > _assisted by_ < br > _UNHCR_ | Asylum - < br > seekers < br > ( pending < br > cases ) < sup > 3 < / sup > | Returned < br > refugees < sup > 4 < / sup > | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted by < br > UNHCR < sup > 5 < / sup > | Returned < br > IDPs < sup > 6 < / sup > | Stateless < br > persons < sup > 7 < / sup > | Various < sup > 8 < / sup > < br > | Total < br > population of < br > concern | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Afghanistan | 35 | 35 | 5 | 387 , 917 | 129 , 310 | 10 , 443 | - | - | 527 , 710 | | Albania < br > Ali < sup > ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ < / sup > | 56 < br > 41 | 56 < br > 2 | 36 < br > 41 | 10 | - | - | - | - | 102 < br > 121 |", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 232, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9038 # * * Abstract * * This paper exploits a novel municipal-level data set to explore patterns of convergence in income and poverty in Mexico during 1992 – 2014 . The paper finds that , despite a context of overall stagnant economic growth and poverty reduction , there is evidence of income and poverty convergence at the municipal level . The findings suggest that these convergence processes stem from a combination of considerable positive performance among the poorest municipalities and stagnant and deteriorating performance among richer municipalities . Re distributive programs , such as federal transfers to poor municipalities and cash transfers to poor households , seem to have played an important role in driving these results by bolstering income growth among the poorest municipalities , while also inducing progressive changes in the distribution of income . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at crodriguezc @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 106, "text": "municipal-level data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for upgrading the PTCs to Centers of Excellence , will be approved by the Project Steering Committee ( PSC ) and financed by the Project . Each SIP includes targets for the various areas for improvement described below which will be tracked during project implementation to measure impact of the investment . # # 28 . * * The SIPs focus on : * * - * * Strengthening governance and management of the PTCs * * . Industry Advisory Boards ( IABs ) with participation of industry local to the PTC will be established as part of the SIPs to advise on improving relevance of program offerings , availing opportunities for staff industry attachment , student placement and assessment . IABs will be responsible for establishing partnerships with local industry to establish cooperative training programs for students and foster employment opportunities of PTC graduates . Specifically , they will include incentives for private sector engagement in the SIPs . The number of partnerships with employers forged will be tracked to monitor performance . - * * Introducing training programs that meet the needs of the industry * * . Based on the national OS developed in close consultation with relevant industries , the PTCs will design highly demanded programs or update existing programs to meet the growing needs of the industry , with a focus on the priority sectors . PTCs will forge partnerships with other regional and international training institutions in their targeted sectors , through twinning arrangements for instance , to develop high quality training programs . Specific emphasis will be placed on developing industry-certified digital skills programs for which demand has been established and green skills programs that support the green transition of the economy such as , renewable energy , climate-smart agriculture , waste management , environmental sustainability , eco-tourism , etc . Existing curricula will be updated to include modules focusing on soft skills training including on communication , problem-solving etc . < sup > 26 < / sup > In addition , environmental protection and climate related issues will be introduced in all curricula to enhance climate and disaster risk adaptability knowledge and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their values to ones observed in 2019 . Because , in general , both the rule of law and the control of corruption can have a negative value , in each year we transform them using a max-min technique ( by using the ensemble of all countries with available data ) . * * Growth probabilities data : * * For the retrospective analysis and parameter estimation we also need to provide PPI with an initial estimate for the growth probabilities . In our dataset , we have 3 data on the poverty indicators of Ethiopia for 3 survey periods ( 2011 , 2016 , and 2019 ) . This is a relatively short time-series which might make it difficult to estimate the initial value for the growth probabilities . While we have this in mind , we also acknowledge that most of the countries in our dataset have always shown improvement in the indicator ' s value . Since the changes in the indicator values are relatively homogeneous , this allows us to take the easiest approach for calculating the growth probabilities . That is , we estimate the growth probabilities by calculating how many times an indicator improved from one period to another , and divide that amount by the number times that the indicator changed . To reduce potential noise , we set the values for each indicator that did not exhibit improvement to 0 . 1 , and for the indicators that always showed improvement to 0 . 9 . 41", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 509, "text": "poverty indicators of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "guarantee . The time for submission of bids / proposal can be shortened to 7 - 15 days in competitive national procedures , and to 3 days for the Request for Quotations , however if bidders request an extension it should be granted . * * National Procurement Arrangements * * : Paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations will not apply . When approaching the national market , the country ’ s own procurement procedures shall not be used due to restrictions on eligibility of otherwise eligible firms to participate in NCB . The Regulations will apply . However , the Borrower may use its own procurement arrangements as set forth in the * * Public Procurement and Disposal Act , 2003 * * Request for Quotation such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works shall not apply ) _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SECTION 6 * * # # * * 6 . INFORMATION GAPS * * # # * * 6 . 1 Target Groups * * - * * Vulnerable Lebanese communities : * * there is extremely limited data on how the Syrian crisis is affecting the food security situation of vulnerable Lebanese communities . - * * Newcomers : * * the MSNA SWG workshop pointed out that there is no data available on the food security situation of newcomers and there is also a need for follow-up of their situation . The lack of follow-up and monitoring for this population can also lead to duplication of arrival food assistance ( parcels ) . - * * Unregistered refugees : * * there is very limited data available on the food security situation of those who are not registered with UNHCR . - * * Populations excluded from assistance due to targeting : * * the MSNA SWG workshop expressed the need for a surveillance system of the populations who have been excluded from assistance . # # * * 6 . 2 Geographical Focus * * - * * Disaggregation by geographic area : * * most data available covers multiple areas of Lebanon but does not capture the existing geographical diversities or the situation in urban versus . rural areas . There is a scarcity of information on the situation in other geographic areas . VASyR data at the regional level would be extremely useful . # # * * 6 . 3 Themes * * - * * Food consumption score : * * there is no available data on food habits and how food is distributed within households or within families . The food consumption score < sup > 21 < / sup > does not give information on trends within families and trends in consumption patterns . - * * Coping strategies : * * the data available generally focused on negative coping strategies but offered limited information on the illegal and risky jobs that target populations take up in order to meet their food needs . - * *", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1255, "text": "VASyR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) * * Table A3 . 1 . Representative farm gross margins for sorghum and maize * * | | | Financial An | alysis | Economic | Analysis | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Unit | Sorghum | Maize | Sorghum | Maize | | Share ofproject area | % | 55 | 45 | 55 | 45 | | Yield | kg / ha | 900 | 800 | 900 | 800 | | Crop price | US $ / kg | 0 . 55 | 0 . 62 | 0 . 39 | 0 . 68 | | Operating costs by Project | US $ / ha | 200 | 125 | 170 | 106 | | Operating costs by farmer | US $ / ha | 200 | 125 | 170 | 106 | | Gross Margin | US $ / ha | 95 | 246 | 6 | 333 | Sources : Averages based on field survey data February ‐ March 2011 as reported in Sebit ( 2011 ) and World Bank ( 2012 ) and authors ’ estimates . 9 . * * Economic returns on investment in agricultural productivity * * . The financing for component 2 . 1 is US $ 5 . 0 million ‐ of which 75 percent is assumed to be operating cost ‐ and which is matched by US $ 3 . 7 million operating cost borne by farmers , which can include e . g . labor and additional inputs ( in addition to project inputs ) . Financial gross margins and investment costs are converted into economic values . Results in Table A3 . 2 show that the entire investment cost is recovered in benefits in year 1 because it turns a positive net benefit of US $ 2 . 1 million or US $ 98 / farmer or hectare that is cropped ( see Base Case in Table A3 . 3 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 705, "text": "field survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Box 3 Key Indicators from the Doing Business Report * * |  < br > Starting a business : all procedures that are officially required for an entrepreneur to start up and < br > formally operate an industrial or commercial business . | | - - - | | ` o ` < br > Procedure is defined as any interaction of the company founders with external parties ( for < br > example , government agencies , lawyers , auditors or notaries ) . | | ` o ` < br > Time is recorded in calendar days . The measure captures the median duration that < br > incorporation lawyers indicate is necessary to complete a procedure with minimum follow - < br > up with government agencies and no extra payments . | | ` o ` < br > Cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy ’ s income per capita . It includes all official < br > fees and fees for legal or professional services if such services are required by law . | | ` o ` < br > The paid-in minimum capital requirement reflects the amount that the entrepreneur needs to < br > deposit in a bank or with a notary before registration and up to 3 months following < br > incorporation and is recorded as a percentage of the economy ’ s income per capita . | |  < br > Getting Credit : the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions < br > through one set of indicators and the sharing of credit information through another . | | ` o ` < br > The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy < br > laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending . | | ` o ` < br > The depth of credit information index measures rules and practices affecting the coverage , < br > scope and accessibility of credit information available through either a public credit registry < br > or a private credit bureau . The public credit registry coverage indicator reports the number < br > of individuals and firms", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Titling < br > Men allow for joint < br > titling with spouses . < br > Beneficiaries aware < br > of Benefits of the < br > title being issued . < br > Beneficiary < br > grievances < br > adequately < br > addressed < br > | Ongoing < br > | | Change of < br > beneficiary List < br > * * DIS * * | Beneficiary list < br > open for final < br > change of names < br > to appear in the < br > title < br > | Community < br > SEC < br > Consultant < br > KISIP < br > | County < br > Government < br > | Increased number < br > on Joint Title < br > between spouses < br > Beneficiaries on the < br > final beneficiary list < br > forwarded to the < br > Ministry of Lands < br > for Titleprinting . < br > | On Going < br > | | Titles Printing < br > and Signing | The final < br > beneficiary list is < br > the basis of < br > printing of Titles | Ministry of < br > Lands - Chief < br > Land < br > Registrar | | Signed Titles are < br > handed over to < br > National Land < br > Commission for < br > Approval . | Not yet < br > undertaken | 2-6", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 625, "text": "final beneficiary list", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 35 - # # # # # BALANCE OF PAYMENTS PROJECTIONS , 1980-1986 , 1991 ( US $ million ) | | Actutal | Prelim < br > < br > Est . | | | Proje | ction | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1991 | | Imports | 2632 . 5 | 2294 . 4 | 2260 . 8 | < br > 2573 . 6 | 2910 . 1 | 3282 . 2 | 3610 . 0 | 6008 . 9 | | Exports | 1242 . 4 | 1008 . 3 | 1114 . 7 | 1259 . 2 | 1424 . 2 | < br > 1612 . 0 | 1809 . 3 | 3423 . 4 | | Trade Balance | - 1390 . 1 | - 1286 . 1 | - 1146 . 1 | - 1314 . 4 | - 1485 . 9 | < br > - 1670 . 2 | - 1800 . 7 | - 2585 . 5 | | Non-factor service income , net | 5t2 . 9 | 432 . 3 | 508 . 1 | 577 . 2 | 655 . 0 | < br > 740 . 7 | 829 . 1 | 1564 . 4 | | Factor service income , net | - < br > 159 . 3 | - < br > 134 . 3 | - 190 . 6 | - < br > 209 . 2 | - < br > 236 . 6 | - < br > 270 . 7 | - < br > 317 . 3 | - < br > 623 . 6 | | Transfers , net | 139 . 6 | 153 . 6 | 168", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 48, "text": "BALANCE OF PAYMENTS PROJECTIONS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using this new counterfactual in a triple difference , we estimate a positive effect of antitrust sanctions on industry sales and a negative effect on the operating profit margin . In industries with closed investigations , we find that sales are declining and the margin is rising relative to other industries in the same sector , so our estimates using the new counterfactual are larger than estimates using the prior approach , which assumes counterfactual trends are the same as industries in the same sector . < sup > 1 < / sup > In addition to this novel identification approach , our paper measures industry performance using an economic census , which in Mexico enumerates every firm in the economy with a fixed location , including those that are small , informal , and privately held . These data enable us to quantify the aggregate effects of antitrust sanctions , and also illustrate the mechanisms behind these effects , informing current debates about how antitrust may or may not address an aggregate productivity slowdown in the United States and Europe that has coincided with a rise in markups . We estimate the effects of sanctions on industry total factor productivity ( TFP ) , employing recent insights from Ackerberg , Caves and Frazer ( 2015 ) and De Loecker and Syverson ( 2021 ) to flexibly allow for different factor shares across industries , potential decreasing or increasing returns to scale , and imperfect competition . After antitrust sanctions , productivity increases for all firms in an industry . Aggregating this effect and accounting for the small share of output the Commission has resources to investigate each year , we attribute roughly half a percent ( or 1 / 200 ) of the steady state per capita gross domestic product growth to antitrust sanctions . The mechanisms behind this effect are very interesting . De Loecker et al . ( 2020 ) document that two-thirds of the growth in markups in the United States is due to the reallocation of sales towards high markup firms . If lax antitrust enforcement is responsible for rising markups in the United States , one might expect that antitrust enforcement would cause a reallocation of sales across firms . In Mexico , this is not what we", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 651, "text": "economic census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 14 < / sup > and their relationship with worldwide standards . The database provides an inventory of the “ stock ” of active standards < sup > 15 < / sup > issued by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization ( CENELEC ) and their link with standards issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) . Product standards are classified according to the International Classification of Standards ( ICS ) and the database covers the period 1990-2007 . < sup > 16 < / sup > See Portugal-Perez et al . ( 2010 ) for a full description of the EUESDB and its construction . An important contribution of my analysis is the creation of a new set of industry level measures of EU product standards for the Electronic sector . There is currently no official concordance > 13I do not present data for 2002 because the change in industry classification does not allow me to observe entry of new firms into sic4 industries for that year . This issue is not problematic for the empirical application since the model does not predict any role for product standard harmonization in domestic firm entry and exit . > 14This sector refers to electrical , electronic and related technologies . More information can be found at www . iec . ch . > 15The primary variable of interest is the total number of standards with which an exporter should comply during a particular year . > 16A list of the ICS codes can be found at www . iso . org / iso / ics6-en . pdf 11", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 832, "text": "data for 2002", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important note : < / u > _ * * * * In countries with more than one level in the procedure ( first instance , appeal , etc . ) , the figures for both procedures have been added up . As a result , appeal cases might have been counted more than once ( once at first instance and once on appeal ) . These data allow to monitor the number of decisions taken , but they are not indicative of the final outcome of the procedure of negative decisions . For instance , recognition rates for nationalities which tend to appeal a rejection are underestimated . * * | | Pend < br > start-2 | ing < br > 006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pendi < br > end-2 | ng < br > 006 | Recog | Protec < br > nition | tion indic | ators * < br > Change p | ending | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | _of which : _ | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | _of which : _ | rat | es | O / w . | cases | ( % ) | | Origin | Total | _UNHCR_ < br > _assisted_ | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . <", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 101, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 12 . Population of concern to UNHCR by type of location , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ * * * * The population by location type does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no location information ( primarily industrialized countries ) are not included . * * | Region and < br > country / < br > territory | | | Location type | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | of < br > asylum | Camps | Urban | Rural / < br > dispersed | Unknown | Total | Percen < br > Camps | tage < br > Urban | | Swaziland | 91 | 917 | - | - | 1 , 008 | 9 % | 91 % | | Switzerland | - | 48 , 523 | - | - | 48 , 523 | 0 % | 100 % | | Syrian Arab Rep . | - | 49 , 647 | - | - | 49 , 647 | 0 % | 100 % | | Tajikistan | - | 1 , 184 | - | - | 1 , 184 | 0 % | 100 % | | TfYR Macedonia | - | 1 , 924 | - | - | 1 , 924 | 0 % | 100 % | | Thailand | 149 , 412 | 2 , 417 | - | - | 151 , 829 | 98 % | 2 % | | Timor-Leste | - | 66 , 109 | 100 , 855 | - | 166 , 964 | 0 % | 40 % | | Togo | - | 6 , 887", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 102, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 2006 to showcase project achievements . # # * * 7 . 3 Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) Design , Implementation and Utilization * * The emphasis on a comprehensive M & E design came from previous experiences with inadequate M & E systems in The Gambia and Côte d ' Ivoire projects . The WDIP ' s M & E system was designed to be participatory in order to develop the Borrower ' s institutional capacity and to promote civil society involvement . Most of the specified indicators were to be collected periodically by the Facilitators and Intermediaries as part of their support to the WGs . The extensive information collected helped to evaluate the 623 WGs ' progress in terms of profitability , conversion into cooperatives , and readiness to graduate . Besides regular monitoring , the project carried out two rounds of rapid assessments ( the first covering a sample of WGs in 6 regions , and the second covering all regions ) and exit studies covering all regions . Given the scale of the operation , instead of covering all regions , data on a random sample would have been adequate . Three impact evaluations were conducted . The first covered 1 , 000 randomly-sampled women . The second and third , both undertaken in 2006 , covered 136 and 1 , 220 randomly-sampled beneficiaries respectively . The absence of a control group in the latter two studies poses difficulties for attributing the positive impacts recorded to the project . # # * * 7 . 4 Safeguard and Fiduciary Compliance * * _ ( focusing on issues and their resolution , as applicable ) _ The project was rated a category \" c . \" The financial management system produced timely and accurate reports . There were some delays in the GoE ' s provision of counterpart funds , resulting in financing gaps that were addressed following reminders from the Bank to MOFED , WAO , and the WDIP Board and Steering Committee . Internal and external audits pointed to documentation gaps and the need to ensure internal controls . # # * * 7 . 5 Post-completion", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in enhancing the understanding of the specific risks facing individual capital assets so that the technical and engineering design of adaptation investments can be tailored to these risks . The first step in strengthening resilience of SIDS to climate change should be the preparation of rigorous and carefully-costed adaptation strategies , based on a comprehensive analysis of the risks to which they are exposed , and the potential costs if these risks materialize . The governments of Grenada and Dominica have already prepared Disaster Resilience Strategies which set out long term programs of capital investments for adaptation alongside other measures such as accumulating insurance funds ; these are examples which other SIDS should consider implementing . The public debt burden of SIDS is heterogeneous but , with two exceptions , Antigua and Barbuda and Suriname , is not assessed as being unsustainable in the most recent DSA undertaken by the IMF / World Bank . Two other SIDS are assessed as being in debt distress , but this is for legal and technical reasons rather than lack of fiscal resources — because they have unresolved bilateral arrears . More than a third of SIDS which are independent UN member states have relatively high public debt ratios . Seven SIDS for which PV data are available in the DSAs breached the applicable threshold or benchmark for the PV of PPG debt to GDP in 2022 , although only two of these countries also breached the threshold for external PPG debt to GDP . Fourteen SIDS were assessed in the DSAs as being at high risk of sovereign debt distress and three more are assessed as having substantial , elevated or significant risks . Although high levels of public debt which are projected to be above the applicable thresholds for prolonged periods is a major source of risk for three of the SIDS at high risk of debt distress , a more common reason is their 27", "spans": [{"start": 1291, "end": 1298, "text": "PV data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , the fact that demographic variables explain substantial variation in agent transactions in a relatively homogenous set of urban and peri-urban municipalities suggests to us that more sparsely populated settings will likely pose challenges for the agent banking model . Cost-reducing adaptations of the model , incorporating perhaps mobile banking options , could be required . Also important is the question about the external validity of a model calculated with Kinshasa data . While it should be a good estimate of agent transactions in major cities , further research is needed in smaller cities and towns . Here larger challenges in terms of liquidity management and agent quality management may prove difficult obstacles for operators of agent networks such as FINCA . Going forward , better data on agent profitability over time would help in assessing the viability of this model in different types of markets and survey data from users ( and nonusers ) of agent services would help to assess how the availability of those services affects financial behavior . 30", "spans": [{"start": 473, "end": 486, "text": "Kinshasa data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 931, "end": 942, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2009 * * | * * Table 11 . Applicat * * < br > Top-20 ranking of count | * * ions subm * * < br > ries based on | * * itted by * * < br > applicatio | * * count * * < br > ns lodge | * * ry of a * * < br > d during | * * sylum a * * < br > the secon < br > Bosnia | * * nd orig * * < br > d quarter . | * * in , seco * * < br > An asteri | * * nd qua * * < br > sk ( * ) den | * * rter 200 * * < br > otes a valu | * * 9 * * < br > e between | 1 and 4 . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | Albania | Australia | Austria | Belgium | < br > and H . | Bulgaria | Canada | Croatia | Cyprus < br > | Czech Rep . | Denmark * * | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | | Afghanistan < br > Somalia | - < br > - | 100 < br > 5 | 424 < br > 123 | 396 < br > 56 | - < br > - | 13 < br > - | 114 < br > 106 | 10 < br > - | 17 < br > - | - < br > * | 220 < br > 30 | - < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requirements and competition with the informal sector . Within-firm labor productivity challenges also reflect low skills and capacity — including low technology adoption — among both firms and workers . These findings suggest that financial and business environment reforms are needed to unlock the private sector ’ s role in driving jobs and economic transformation . To improve access to finance , Zambia could consider dismantling arrears , scaling up and refining credit guarantee schemes for private sector lending , improving financial infrastructure ( e . g . , credit information systems ) , and working with financial intermediaries to diversify product offerings . Regulatory streamlining — including for trade and foreign direct investment — would help decrease competitive distortions from competition with the informal sector and increase exports and FDI , which are critical channels for productivity improvement . Energy sector reforms such as improved systems planning would help to increase the quality of and access to electricity for firms and citizens alike . At the firm level , programs to enhance technology transfer linkages between anchor firms and their suppliers and buyers could help Zambian firms upgrade their capacity and improve productivity , as could programs to directly promote technology use by firms . At the same time , investments in water management and other climate change mitigation and adaptation measures will be critical to build resilience and reduce volatility . Further research priorities related to firm productivity and wages in Zambia could include more detailed analysis of how specific policy issues , access to finance , infrastructure , and capability gaps interact with firm productivity ( e . g . , the impact of FDI on firm productivity within Zambia ) and pay as well as analysis of wage dynamics and inequality within firms across individual workers . The CIT and PAYE data utilized in this paper could also be used to conduct research related to revenue mobilization and tax compliance . 25", "spans": [{"start": 1920, "end": 1937, "text": "CIT and PAYE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . 6-98 | | TABLE 6-31 | SUMMARY OF AFFECTED PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESSOURCES < br > BETWEEN AP-10 AND GULU ( SOURCE : M & E 2015 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-98 | | TABLE 6-32 | SUMMARY OF AFFECTED PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESSOURCES < br > BETWEEN GULU AND ARUA ( SOURCE : FIELD INVENTORIES ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-98 | | TABLE 6-33 | INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-99 | | TABLE 6-34 | OTHER DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-99 | | TABLE 6-35 | HEALTH UNITS IN LIRA DISTRICT ( DISTRICT", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Portugal Spain < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 15 . c : Hiring and firing practices rank Figure 15 . d : Redundancy costs ( weeks of salary ) * * Source a : Fraser Institute , Economic Freedom of the World Database , b ‐ c ‐ d : World Economic Forum , Global Competitiveness Index . The redundancy cost indicator measures the cost of advance notice requirements , severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker , expressed in weeks of salary . _ < u > Changing labor market regulation . < / u > _ The evolution of structural indicators shows that the overall labor market regulation ranking , which had deteriorated for GPS , showed improvements in Portugal and Spain . Hiring and firing practices have improved substantially since 2010 for all . In this regard , the evolution of severance pay merits some attention . Surprisingly , even before the 2008 crisis , GI cut their severance pay requirements dramatically ‐ it was not until 2012 that PS reduced theirs . The period 2012 ‐ 2014 shows continuing adjustment . All four countries made labor market adjustment easier by allowing firms to fire workers at low cost . Combined with large declines in wages in Greece , these changes , unsurprisingly , had long ‐ lived effects on the economy . Employment losses have been large . Recent research by the IMF addresses the impact of structural reforms in different economic contexts ( IMF July 2016 ) . They contend that the degree of slack in the economy should influence the choice of policy ; job protection reforms ( making it easier to sack people ) can promote employment and output in good times , but further unemployment and output loss in bad times . In addition , together with wage declines , such reforms during fiscal contractions can be self ‐ defeating by depressing demand and output ( and raising debt ratios ) . 36", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 234, "text": "Economic Freedom of the World Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 272, "end": 300, "text": "Global Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conducted for both < br > BeSBO / TaSBO | Sub-basin < br > plans for Tana < br > and Beles < br > developed and < br > discussed with < br > key < br > stakeholders . | | Date | 29-May-2008 | 25-May-2015 | 11-Dec-2015 | 31-Jul-2016 | | * * PDOTBL * * < br >  Soil Erosion Monito | ring and Evaluation system developed a | nd monitoring network i | n place ( Text , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No soil and water < br > monitoring system is in < br > place in the project area of < br > Amhara region | NRM baseline survey < br > completed . M & E < br > network established . < br > Hydrological gauging < br > stations at sub - < br > watershed level < br > established . < br > Hydrological data has < br > been regularly < br > collected and analyzed . | NRM baseline survey < br > completed . M & E < br > network established . < br > Hydrological gauging < br > stations at sub < br > watershed level < br > established and < br > Hydrological data has < br > been regularly collected < br > and analyzed . | M & E system < br > and network for < br > soil erosion < br > monitoring and < br > evaluation < br > operational by < br > Bureaus of < br > Water < br > Resource , < br > Amhara region < br > ( for micro - < br > watersheds ) < br > and TaSBO ( for < br > sub - < br > watersheds ) | | Date | 29-May-2008 |", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 587, "text": "NRM baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 746, "end": 763, "text": "Hydrological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1019, "text": "Hydrological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mistake . Recognizing this , our analysis is conducted both with and without the suspect West Bengal data . Happily , the focus of our analysis – the wage-bill share of non-manual workers – is not particularly sensitive to the treatment of West Bengal in 1984 . 2 ) Inconsistent aggregation - We found that at the 4 digit industry level a large number of industry-state observations were present in some years but missing in previous or subsequent years , apparently due to a policy of aggregating observations across industry classifications in order to preserve confidentiality . This policy is described in ASI documentation . Unfortunately , this aggregation is not performed consistently over time , so that industries seem to pop in and out of the data . Our solution to this problem was to deal with industries at the 3 digit level of aggregation in ( state x industry ) analysis and to restrict our attention to States in which employment was large enough to avoid confidentiality problems at the three digit level . Previous work on U . S . manufacturing has not been sensitive to this type of aggregation . # * * _Results_ * * Table 3 reports changes in relative wages and quantities for non-manual and manual workers for the pre - and post-reform sample periods , 1984-89 and 1990-98 respectively . Recall that nonmanual workers are the higher education , or “ skilled ” category . During the 1990-98 period , the proportion of non-manual workers in employment increased by 0 . 10 percentage points per year , while their relative wages increased by 1 . 07 percent annually . In contrast , during the 1984-89 period the employment share of non-manual workers dropped by 0 . 23 percentage points annually , while their relative wages increased at a rate of 0 . 26 percent per year . The aggregate increase in demand for non-manual workers in the 1990s is evident in the fact that their proportion and relative wage increased at the same time . What accounted for this demand shift ? Skill-bias in technological change is one possibility , but not the only one . A shift 16", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 105, "text": "West Bengal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : Trade measures for medical products ( weekly , January-July 2020 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Export restrictions Import liberalization < br > Weekly evolution over 1 Jan-17 July 2020 by implementation date Weekly evolution over 1 Jan-17 July 2020 by implementation date < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 10 < br > Number of restrictive measures for medical products 0 Number of liberalising measures for medical products 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * _Source_ * * _ : _ COVID-19 Trade Policy database , own calculations . * * _Note : _ * * The data at the end of each week do not consider the measures that were removed ( with a removal date in that week ) . * * Figure 2 . Duration of trade measures for medical products by implementation date * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 / 1 / 2020 3 / 1 / 2020 4 / 1 / 2020 5 / 1 / 2020 6 / 1 / 2020 7 / 1 / 2020 < br > Implementation date < br > Liberalising measures Restrictive measures < br > 1000 < br > 800 < br > 600 < br > 400 < br > Duration in days < br > 200 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ COVID-19 Trade Policy database , own calculations _ . _ High and upper middle-income countries , according to the World Bank income classification , enacted more trade policy measures targeting the medical sector than other countries ( Evenett et al . 2020", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1348, "text": "COVID-19 Trade Policy database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform , Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) management . Therefore , in addition to revising the procurement policy and procedure document further capacity building programs are required for enhancements of contract management and continuous improvement of procurement and contract management capacities . Accordingly , technical assistance activities are included under Components 1 and 2 as a mitigation measure . 21 . * * Procurement oversight and controls . * * The OFAG through Audit Service Corporation is conducting annual audits for federal government offices , and the respective implementing agencies internal audit units are also conducting audits annually ; but both are mainly conducting financial audit , not procurement audits . Hence , internal and external control through an independent body is limited . It appears that internal approval processes in both EEP and EEU are functioning well . 22 . The Implementing agencies maintain procurement records in hard copies , and the use of e-GP system is enabling them to maintain and track procurement records . Both EEP and EEU follow a similar complaint management system as that of the Federal Public Procurement law and Procurement Directives , which is known to the bidding community . So far there are no reported cases of fraud and corruption , but there are allegations of corruption mainly related to the delays in the procurement process . 23 . * * Summary of procurement risks . * * The procurement risks identified during the assessment include , ( a ) lack of procurement performance standards ; ( b ) lack of adequate internal and external procurement audit mechanisms ; ( c ) low quality of designs and specifications ; and ( d ) lack of procurement and contract management capacity . The overall project procurement risk as assessed is Substantial . The various procurement risks , mitigation measures , responsible bodies , and timelines are provided in table 1 . 4 below . * * Table 1 . 4 - Procurement Risk and Mitigation Measures * * | * * Risk Description * * | * * Mitigation Measures * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 1016, "end": 1035, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1119, "end": 1138, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9046 Labor Supply Responses to Health Shocks Evidence from High-Frequency Labor Market Data from Urban Ghana _Rachel Heath Ghazala Mansuri Bob Rijkers_ Development Economics Development Research Group & Poverty and Equity Global Practice October 2019", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 138, "text": "High-Frequency Labor Market Data from Urban Ghana", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "responsible for the varied rocks found throughout the country . # # * * 1 . 7 Soils * * Land resources , and in particular soils , are the basis for agricultural production and development . Uganda has a total land area of 241 , 040 km2 of which approximately 64 . 5 % is suitable for agriculture . Soils in Uganda are very old and deeply weathered ; they have inadequate supply of the major plant nutrients , very low nutrient holding capacity and deficiencies or toxicities of trace elements . The limited nutrients also are prone to leaching since rainfall is high in many areas . In terms of productivity , the soils are of a medium rating implying that the soils will only yield good crops under good management through the use of biological , organic manures or inorganic fertilizers during the cropping phase . Other approaches would be practicing crop rotation , controlling soil erosion through soil and water conservation and resting the land . In Uganda , soil organic matter is low to medium in most places and is declining due to increased erosion and poor land management practices . Soil organic carbon and soil pH are key indicators of the status of soil health , the pH of Uganda ’ s soils vary , owing to a climate gradient , but has a narrow range between 4 . 8 and 6 . 3 . High soil pH is mainly in the Karamoja region , where conditions are generally dry ; otherwise , the rest is low because of wet conditions _ ( NSOER 2018-2019 , NEMA ) _ . Soil degradation is a major threat to food security in Uganda and is responsible for siltation and pollution of lakes , rivers and open water sources , which has affected livelihoods . Major causes of soil degradation in Uganda are nutrient depletion and soil erosion . The degradation of the soil resource in Uganda is attributed to population growth and the attendant effect on land ownership and fragmentation , land tenure , adoption of inappropriate land and soil management practices , and the low use of fertilizers and organic manure . The population 37", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1451, "text": "NSOER 2018-2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 2021 ) ; 2 ) examine self-reported data on employment and income before and during COVID-19 . Linear first difference regression with robust standard errors and chi-square tests were used to generate p-values for differences in total income , sex work income , price per client , and clients per week , food security , and place of work pre - and during COVID-19 . Balanced panels were generated to compare outcomes by the study population in each wave . Total and sex work income in waves 1 and 2 were adjusted for inflation ( 10 . 4 % wave 1 , 3 . 7 % wave 2 ) . < sup > 22 < / sup > Food security was expressed both as a binary variable and categorized by frequency . 4", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 41, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 12 . Financial inclusion reform undergoing * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 72 % < br > 62 % < br > 57 % < br > 51 % 50 % 49 % 50 % 49 % 52 % < br > 45 % < br > 42 % 37 % 43 % 41 % 42 % 41 % < br > 38 % 38 % < br > 34 % < br > 28 % < br > Consumer Financial capability Facilitating SME Enabling micro Facilitating rural < br > protection access to finance financial access < br > OIC countries Developing countries OIC ‐ GCC low ‐ income countries < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : CGAP ( 2010 ) * * Financial inclusion gap in OIC countries can also be reflected by governments ’ heavy investment in SME policy reforms . * * According to the CGAP financial access database ( Table ) , OIC countries are more likely to monitor the level of lending to SMEs through specific dedicated agencies than developing countries ( 73 % vs . 48 % ) . Also , 62 % of OIC countries designated an agency to promote SME access to finance specifically , compared to the figure of 49 % in developing countries . However , the SME lending as proportion of GDP in OIC countries is still far behind the OECD level ( 7 . 43 % vs . 24 . 47 % ) , which indicates that there is a huge gap in terms of SME funding between the two groups ( See * * Figure 13 * * ) . 37", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 706, "text": "CGAP financial access database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 14 . Stateless persons * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > Stateless refugees are included in Table 3 and stateless asylum-seekers in Table 8 . Data is not complete and includes estimates . Countries for which UNHCR has information about stateless persons but no reliable data have been included in the table with an asterisk ( * ) . * * | Countr | | Pop . sta | rt-2006 < br > _of which : _ | Pop . end - | 2006 < br > _of which : _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | y < br > of < br > residence | Description / origin | Total | < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | Total | < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | | Austria < br > < sup > 2 < / sup > | Stateless < br > | 500 | - | 501 | - | | Azerbaijan | Stateless | 2 , 300 | - | 2 , 300 | | | Bahamas | Stateless | * | - | * | - | | Bangladesh < sup > 3 < / sup > | De facto stateless | 250 , 000 | - | 300 , 000 | - | | Belarus < sup > 4 < / sup > < br > | Stateless < br > | 9 , 983 | - | 8 , 886 | 1 | | Belgium < br > | Stateless < br > | 423 < br > | - | 426 < br > | - |", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 93, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the free text field . Additional helpful context for the _Study sampling method : Description_ field could include that , even though the targeted and actual sample sizes are equal , five of the originally selected villages were replaced prior to the randomization for various reasons . The other elements of the Study Design section provide additional information relevant for the variability and external validity of the treatment effect estimates . First , contributors can select the types of _covariates_ available in the data from a CV , with the decision to indicate types of available covariates rather than variable-level information aiming to not overly burden contributors . After testing different CVs , we propose a CV adapted from GESIS ( Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik , 2016 ) to describe individual-level covariates , and a new vocabulary to describe covariates at the cluster level , such as household or other group-level characteristics . Information on covariates is needed for meta-analyses and can also be useful for methodological research . For instance , Tabord-Meehan ( 2018 ) uses data from an experiment on increasing charitable donations by Karlan and Wood ( 2017 ) to demonstrate a new method of adaptive stratification that uses information from a first experimental wave to select “ stratification trees ” in the second wave . The next field of the schema includes a new optional field that describes which forms of treatment effects _the study was designed to analyze_ . This includes the “ intent to treat ” effect , average treatment effect , and local average treatment effect or average treatment effect on the treated . Note that the latter two imply that compliance with the treatment assignment is known ( see below ) . A study that is designed to 15", "spans": [{"start": 1109, "end": 1154, "text": "experiment on increasing charitable donations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accurate enumeration , and urged that generous overestimates would suffice . In still another case , UNHCR field staff attempting a sample survey have been criticized by voluntary agency staff for their ‘ intrusive bureaucracy ’ . ” < sup > 17 < / sup > # # * * The politics of refugee numbers * * How does politics impinge upon the collection of comprehensive , reliable and up-to-date statistical data on refugees and other groups of displaced people ? The simple answer to this question is : in many different ways and at many different levels of the international refugee regime . Before going on the substantiate that assertion , it should be made clear that this paper uses the notion of ‘ politics ’ in its broadest sense , to denote the efforts of individuals and institutions to pursue their own interests and to influence the behaviour of others . In the context of refugee situations , those actors fall into a number of conventional categories : countries of origin ; countries of asylum ; donor states ; refugee populations and humanitarian organizations . This section uses such categories as a convenient ( if somewhat simplistic ) framework to examine the politics of refugee numbers and to introduce some illustrative case studies , drawn mainly from the author ’ s personal experience over the past 15 years . # # * * _Countries of origin : the Horn of Africa and Uganda_ * * Refugee movements are in many senses a symbol of political failure . Few states like to acknowledge that their citizens have been obliged ‘ vote with their own feet ’ by leaving their country of origin , even if that state has deliberately engineered their departure . In some situations , governments address this issue by claiming that the ‘ refugees ’ who have left the country are not refugees at all , or that they are not even citizens of that state . The Bhutanese government ’ s explanation of the ethnic Nepali exodus in 1991-92 and the Burmese government ’ s interpretation of the Rohingya refugee movement of the same period both conform to this general model , as does ( to", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 403, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Comparator indicator to < br > PDO indicator # 3 that < br > measures the share of firms < br > that did not receive SAFER < br > financing and survived < br > COVID-19 . According to the < br > BPS , 2 / 3 of firms < br > experienced a decline in < br > demand and cashflow ( and < br > more than half a lower < br > availability of financing | Annual | PFIs | Analysis of PFIs ' < br > portfolio data | Implementing Agency | | | inputs ) thus were affected | | | | | 54", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 404, "text": "portfolio data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Legal redress * * Finally , at any time , or should all three-project level GRM fail to resolve the complaint , the aggrieved party will be free to seek resolution through other avenues including Kenya ’ s legal system . This will not be considered part of the project level GRM . # # # # * * The World Bank ’ s GRM system * * Utilizing the above systems will not bar any aggrieved person or community in accessing the World Bank ’ s grievance redress mechanisms , including the GRS and Inspection Panel . # # # # * * Procedure * * KeNHA in collaboration with the concessionaire will establish a mechanism to receive and facilitate grievance management of the affected VMGs and create awareness among the VMGs on the grievance procedure , types of grievances that can be submitted and the available options for raising their grievances . The grievance redress procedure will have a timeline to ensure the issues are addressed without delay . 4 . 2 Grievance Redress process . The procedure for managing grievances is proposed to be as follows : - i . _Registration of grievances : _ The affected person will be free to file his / her grievance , relating to any issues associated with the project in writing , phone call , suggestion box , SMS or in person , and in a language he / she is comfortable with including his / her mother tongue , Swahili or English , to the grievance committee . They can also channel their grievances to the Committee through the chief or the project community liaison officer who will form part of the community level GRM committee . A record of all grievances received will be documented by the grievance officer in a grievance log shared with KeNHA . The grievance log will be updated from time to time and the will be used to monitor grievance resolution . The grievance log will contain records on the name of the complainant , date complaint was received , contacts of the aggrieved , nature of complaint , and action to be undertaken", "spans": [{"start": 1662, "end": 1675, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * * - * * _The request for bids / Proposal documents shall require that bidders / proposers submitting Bids / Proposal present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of and compliance with the Bank ’ s AntiCorruption Guidelines , including without limitation the bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit right ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the economic sector from the workers . To overcome this problem , we combine the I2D2 with the WTS database by calculating the aggregated salaries and employment levels for every region and multiplying them by the proportion of wages across the three economic industries calculated at the national level . Additionally , some of the regions in the Western Balkans lack information on the salaries for specific sectors . Therefore , to circumvent this second problem , we input them using a regression model based on the industry , education , and age variables . Finally , we use data from the GRIP to calculate the travel times across the Western Balkans region and the EU countries . This dataset gathers and harmonizes information on all the road infrastructure for over 222 countries worldwide . > 1Table 12 lists all the sub-national regions of the Western Balkans included in the analysis 3", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 85, "text": "I2D2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 580, "end": 598, "text": "data from the GRIP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Real Exchange Rate and Inequality * * The relationship between differences in productivity and difference in prices illustrated above can have strong distributional consequences in a very unequal society , where consumption baskets a very heterogeneous across income groups . Inequality is the defining characteristic of the South African economy . Whatever measure of inequality is used , South Africa comes always at the top of any inequality index , which is a reflection of both its history and of the structural changes after the end of apartheid . Although South Africa ’ s real exchange rate is in line with comparable countries , the economy is considered expensive for the majority of the population . This is often the main explanation for strong downward rigidity of wages even in the presence of an extraordinarily high unemployment rate . The affordability of the South African economy , defined as the ability of the majority of the population to access goods and services , given the prevalent income , is a combination of relative price distribution and the level of income inequality . The South African economy is very unequal and the dynamic of productivity , as will be illustrated in the next sections , increases the burden on the poorest part of the population , who are more dependent on good produced in the less productive part of the economy . Following Leibbrandt et al . ( 2016 ) , we investigate the expenditure categories that have promoted a gap between the inflation rates of poor and non-poor households . The methodology is explained in detail in the appendix . Focusing on the period 2009-2017 and using the 2014 / 2015 Living Conditions of Households in South Africa , we assess price changes from the CPI basket of goods and services to which poor households were overexposed . These are typically items from the CPI basket for which inflation rates for poor households exceeded those of richer households during the period considered . Our results are consistent with the findings of Leibbrandt et al . ( 2016 ) while using a different dataset and a different and more recent time period , demonstrating that this evidence is a constant distributional issues over the last 20 years . Figure 8 plots", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) | Date | 09-Jun-2017 < br > 30-Apr-2020 < br > 30-Apr-2020 < br > 31-Dec-2020 | | - - - | - - - | | Comments * * : * * | Source : HCIES 2015 / 16 . < br > The recent HICES ( 2015 / 16 ) estimates that 61 percent of beneficiaries belong to the bottom two quintiles , < br > and about 38 percent are poor according to the national poverty definition . < br > According to the PSNP Midline evaluation , in Highland areas , self-perceived poverty declined from 67 < br > percent [ Poor ( 44 % ) + Destitute ( 23 % ) ] , in 2016 to 45 % [ Poor ( 33 % ) + Destitute ( 12 % ) ] . In the Lowlands < br > this was 50 % [ Poor ( 40 % ) + Destitute ( 10 % ) ] in 2016 to 40 % [ Poor ( 31 % ) + Destitute ( 9 % ) ] . The 43 . 75 is < br > based on a weighted average ( 75 % Highlands , 25 % Lowlands ) | # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * Safety net transfers for food insecure households in rural areas < u > < mark > IN00936008 < / mark > < / u > ► # of person months of safety net support provided in response to shocks ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 38 , 019 , 036 . 00 | 2 , 679 , 806 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun -", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 254, "text": "HCIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 285, "end": 290, "text": "HICES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Stringency index for Indonesia and neighbouring countries < br > 100 < br > x 80 oa Thea ) eee meta - 57s 3 < br > @ tai ‘ f a cs ] < br > ' Hb Yituls “ sath eal my ~ < br > om 40 ' teeeeeet OS < br > £ ' u < br > ® 20 — H ; < br > fe ) a i < br > rr a a , a i i a a | < br > oONoO OoNOo oOoNoO oONoO oONoO OoNOo - N - - N - - N - = - = - N - N = < br > Y ay ay 2 Y ay Y Y hy y Y < br > 5 5 & 8 € & g § & 5 & 5 5 © 8 & < br > Date < br > — Australia India — Indonesia - — - - Malaysia < br > - - - . Papua New Guinea — — Philippines Singapore - — - Thailand < br > Vietnam < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 102 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Complainant ( community , < br > patients , medical staff ) < br > Communicate decision File grievance < br > Complaints Log < br > Yes < br > Supervising Engineer < br > Yes Can it be No MoH ( PCU ) and Can it be < br > resolved ? Contractor resolved ? < br > No < br > No < br > Is it < br > resolved ? < br > Key : < br > Yes < br > Grievances / issues < br > Response < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 3 : Grievance management mechanism", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 182, "text": "Complaints Log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to jobs * * In an efficient housing market , property prices rise with increased access to jobs and amenities ( Ahlfeldt , 2013 ) , and in choosing where to live people make a trade-off between low housing value and proximity to jobs . To understand rents , we need to understand access to economic opportunities and how it influences housing markets . However , there are two significant data constraints , common to developing country cities which make it difficult to capture access to economic opportunities , particularly for SSA cities : 1 ) lack of information on job locations , and 2 ) lack of information on transit routes and travel times ( Peralta-Quiros et al . , 2019 ) . This study captures access to economic opportunities using the spatial density of employment developed in Barzin et al . ( 2022 ) . This measure is used to proxy for job density . It was created using a machine learning based algorithm , and data from OpenStreetMap ( OSM ) and Google Earth Engine ( GEE ) . OSM data provide information on the location of different types of public and private services and institutions ( hospitals , pharmacies , banks , schools , etc . ) , amenities ( rivers , parks , etc . ) , and infrastructure ( roads , airports , etc . ) . GEE data were used to add information on population density , intensity of night lights , and land cover . This is a novel way to estimate job density . The main advantage of this proxy is that it can be calculated for any city which has accurate and available OSM and GEE data and where data on economic activity are scarce or missing . It allows comparison of economic activity across cities , based on a unique measure . The job density proxy measures relative job density where a low value denotes lower job density and a high value higher job density . The values themselves cannot be interpreted directly . The maps of the four cities analyzed here , and with the spatial distribution of jobs are provided in Appendix Figures D . 1 to D . 4 . # * * 3 . 3 Descriptive statistics * *", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1258, "text": "GEE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1511, "end": 1514, "text": "OSM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 2 . Methodology for GHG Emission Accounting * * Emissions from fossil fuel consumption are estimated by multiplying fuel consumption by their emission coefficients or carbon content . The emission coefficients are calibrated using fuel consumption and CO2 emissions data maintained by International Energy Agency ( IEA , 2009 ) . Fossil fuel related CO2 emissions reduction under a scenario is calculated by subtracting emissions under the scenario from that in the baseline . GHG emissions from land-use change are calculated by multiplying the amount of forest land converted to crop land by the carbon stock change entailed in the conversion . We followed the IPCC Tier I approach , according to which , three types of carbon pools are accounted for : ( i ) change in carbon stock from aboveground biomass ; ( ii ) change in carbon stock from below ground biomass and ( iii ) change in soil carbon stock . While calculating CO2 emissions from deforestation , we differentiated CO2 emissions per hectare of land across agroecological zones ( AEZ ) . Emission stocks by type of AEZ are presented in the Appendix . While estimating GHG emissions from aboveground and underground biomass , special care is taken to differentiate between the cumulative and annual emissions . This is an important issue as emission accounting for fossil fuel consumption and land-use change are different . For fossil fuel , the difference in emissions between the scenario and the baseline in a year is annual emissions , whereas the same in the case of land-use change is cumulative emissions . In other words , the change in land-use related GHG emissions between a biofuel scenario and baseline in a year cannot be directly added to the similar change in emissions from fossil fuel consumption as the former is a cumulative emission whereas the latter is an annual emission . Figure 2 helps illustrate the difference between the cumulative and annual emissions from land-use . 9", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 280, "text": "fuel consumption and CO2 emissions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # #  Pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 43 . 00 | 58 . 50 | | 58 . 50 | | Date | 31-Mar-2013 | - - | | 30-Apr-2014 | # # Comments Updated information is expected from next round of DHS data in 2016 . Any new information will be provided after the upcoming MTR . # # #  Contraceptive prevalence rate ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 27 . 30 | 42 . 00 | | 42 . 00 | | Date | 31-Mar-2012 | - - | | 30-Apr-2014 | # # Comments Updated information is expected from next round of DHS data in 2016 . Any new information will be provided after the upcoming MTR . # # #  Health centers reporting HMIS data in time ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 50 . 00 | 68 . 00 | | 68 . 00 | | | Date | 31-Mar-2012 | - - | | 30-Jun | - 2014 | # # Comments To be updated at MTR . -  Development and implementation of Balanced Score Card Approach to assess performance and related institutional incentives ( Yes / No ) | |", "spans": [{"start": 470, "end": 478, "text": "DHS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 971, "end": 980, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Environment and Social Management Plans will contain provisions on the management of nondiscrimination of vulnerable or marginalized individuals or groups . These provisions are consistent with recent actions taken by the GOU that are included in Annex 10 . Guidelines on the implementation of the provisions will be developed and widely disseminated . These will address the World Bank Enhanced Implementation Support and Monitoring for non-discrimination that ensures the implementation of the mitigations measures to address the risks of discrimination . The Project Operational Manual ( POM ) will provide guidelines to facilitate the implementation of these provisions . The compliance with implementation of ESMF requirements and guidance will be monitored . The PIU at PSFU will establish a monitoring system involving coordination between their staff and respective local governments ( Municipalities and Districts , as well as community groups to ensure effective preparation and implementation of the subprojects instruments in line with the frameworks prepared ( ESMF , RPF , SEP , ESCP ) in order to address all activities that have potentially significant impacts on the environment , occupational health and safety , and social during implementation . In addition , environmental and social monitoring shall address all possible effects that the specific subprojects may have on the environment . The monitoring , therefore , shall encompass vegetation loss , effects on natural terrestrial and aquatic habitats , erosion , air and water quality , as well as social surveys , impacts on vulnerable groups , traffic safety and health , and other occupational health and safety issues . A set of monitoring indicators will be determined during ESMP implementation and will be guided by the indicators contained in the ESMF . Appropriate monitoring formats will be prepared for monitoring and reporting requirements . # # # * * _The ESMF M & E outcome indicators should contribute to ensuring that : _ * * - E & S screening of all subprojects is being undertaken and issues identified in the screening are being addressed . If not , the PIUs , Project beneficiaries , contractor / service provider ( Consultant ) must develop and present for approval", "spans": [{"start": 1577, "end": 1591, "text": "social surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "integration . | | Institutional < br > Capacity for < br > Implementation < br > and < br > Sustainability | Substantial | Challenges exist across multiple actors < br > ( MoE , RRS , REBs , 15-20 WEOs , and 57 < br > refugee-serving schools ) with historically < br > weak coordination , unclear roles , limited < br > communication , and capacity constraints < br > that could jeopardize DLR achievement . | Governance structures will be strengthened < br > through an expanded ETOL Steering Committee < br > including RRS and UNHCR , a technical working < br > group on refugee integration , REB focal points , < br > WEO capacity strengthening , and realistic phased < br > timelines ( 12 - 34 - 57 schools over four years ) . < br > Additionally , data quality and harmonization < br > challenges exist with fragmented , inconsistent < br > refugee education data collected separately by < br > MoE EMIS , UNHCR , and RRS using different < br > definitions and formats , creates challenges for | Page 23", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 868, "text": "refugee education data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Consumption Aggregate_ We construct annual consumption aggregates ( total household consumption expenditure ) consistent with standard practices ( see Deaton and Zaidi , 2002 ) but adapted to module specifications . For modules with the quantity of own-produced consumption but not shilling values ( modules 1-3 ) , monetary values were computed from unit values constructed from household information on purchases . < sup > 18 < / sup > In each of the three modules , about 50 percent of quantities were able to be transformed by household-specific unit values ( i . e . , households also purchased the item ) , while in 25 percent of the cases the unit in which the household reported own-produced consumption was Tanzanian shillings . In the diaries , for each item we take the quantities reported minus what was recorded as sold or given away ( deducted from the value as a percentage ) . Non-item specific ( lump sum ) corrections were made for changes in stocks ( added consumption from stocks and adjusted for recorded acquisitions that were stocked instead of consumed ) , for food given to animals , and for items that were recorded as “ forgotten . ” < sup > 19 < / sup > Module 3 stands out since it explicitly does not cover the same range of food as the other modules . Rather it is a subset list of the most frequently consumed foods based on the Household Budget Survey data . We scale food totals measured with this module up by 29 . 87 percent in order to compare with totals from the other modules , which are all covering a broader universe of foods ( as stated earlier , we base this scaling up on the Household Budget Survey , where this subset of goods accounts for 77 percent [ = 1 / ( 1 + 0 . 2987 ) ] of total food consumption ) . For every module , we exclude expenditures on taxes and ceremonies . These consumption categories are not typically included in consumption aggregates due to their idiosyncratic nature and infrequency . The direct comparison of results from the different survey modules sheds light on the relative influences of the various reporting errors discussed in Section 2", "spans": [{"start": 1364, "end": 1392, "text": "Household Budget Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1648, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Next , we turn to two characteristics of the destination cells which are displayed in light blue in Figure 4 . We examine the cell-level share of urban land in 1985 to capture whether urban centers that were already above the developing world mean in 1985 are those most affected We that cities located in more by drought . < sup > 14 < / sup > find historically urbanized cells are particularly likely to grow due to drought . This is consistent with Glaeser ’ s ( 2014 ) observation that much of urban growth in the developing world has been concentrated in precipitously expanding mega-cities . On the other hand , cells that are characterized by relatively brighter night lights ( again above the developing world mean ) are more prone to see a lesser effect of drought . < sup > 15 < / sup > The divergence between these two metrics is surprising because they should both capture the locations of pre-existing urban centers . One possible explanation is that urban growth in much of the developing world is taking place in informal settlements which are part and parcel of quickly growing mega-cities but which do not necessarily enjoy the necessary infrastructure that would reflect the population density via remotely sensed night lights . While we lack the required data to assess how drought impacts urban _form_ on a global scale , we provide some city-specific statistics on this question in the next section . # * * 7 Beyond Grid Cells : Climate Change and Growing Cities in the Sahel * * To get a sense of how urban areas have been expanding in a region typically associated with an unfavorable climate risk profile , we combined information from World Settlement Footprint with data we collected for a related project to assess urbanization in the Sahel . A team of research assistants focused on four Sahelian capital cities ( Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso , Bamako in Mali , N ’ Djamena in Chad , and Niamey in Niger ) in an attempt to classify the relative proportions of informal and formal buildings . In each city , the team hand-coded several neighborhoods in order to train an algorithm that > 14We again use mean rather than median because the", "spans": [{"start": 1660, "end": 1686, "text": "World Settlement Footprint", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Components 1 through 4 but also including some aspects of Component 5 ) that are most critical to assess for Jordan . As shown in Figure 2 , there appears to be little relationship between increased educational attainment and economic growth if the education obtained is not of high quality . The comparative results for Jordan are striking in that it is the country with the lowest return for increased years of attainment alone ( i . e . , in the absence of improvements in quality ) . Jordan is , however , making significant progress in improving student learning – a main indicator of quality improvement . Its performance in international assessments has been increasing since the early 1990s . In fact , in the 1991 International Assessment of Educational Progress , out of 20 participating countries , Jordan finished ahead of only Brazil and Mozambique in the mathematics and science tests for 13-year-olds . There was a marked change in the 1999 Third International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) , where out of 38 countries , Jordan finished ahead of six ( Iran , Indonesia , Chile , Philippines , Morocco and South Africa ) in mathematics and ahead of eight ( Iran , Indonesia , Turkey , Tunisia , Chile , Philippines , Morocco and South Africa ) in science – although TIMSS is not strictly comparable to IEA . Jordan demonstrated continued improvements in quality as evidenced in 2003 , where its TIMSS science scores improved to 475 from 450 in 1999 , an increase of 25 points , or 0 . 25 standard deviations , which is a significant increase , equivalent to about a whole year of learning . In 2007 , Jordan continued to improve , surpassing several countries which had a similar or slightly higher performance in 1999 . In fact , between 1999 and 2007 , no other country improved as much in science as did Jordan ( Figure 3 ) . 83", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 771, "text": "1991 International Assessment of Educational Progress", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 951, "end": 1005, "text": "1999 Third International Mathematics and Science Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Estimation Survey ( PESS ) , which contains detailed estimates for each population type and administrative unit of interest . The optimal allocation of interviews was subject to the following requirements : - ( i ) 500 expected interviews in IDP settlements and 500 in nomadic populations ; - ( ii ) At least 600 interviews expected per administrative unit ; - ( iii ) Oversampled populations with - Mogadishu ( urban ) : 900 interviews , including IDPs ; - Kismaayo ( urban ) and Baidoa ( urban ) : at least 500 interviews each ; - Coastal fisheries livelihood zones : at least 300 interviews ; - IDP host communities : 500 expected interviews . Households are clustered into enumeration areas ( EAs ) , with 12 interviews expected for each selected EA . A larger number of households per enumeration area would only marginally benefit the statistical estimation of indicators because of potential homogeneity among households in geographic proximity . A smaller number of households would result in fewer than 3 observations for each of the four optional modules capturing household consumption based on the Rapid Consumption Methodology , and thus affect the reliability of poverty estimates ( see section 4 ) . The sampling design addressed the challenging security situation on the ground in two ways . First , a security assessment was conducted to exclude areas too dangerous for field teams to visit . Second , a micro ‐ listing approach was used in second ‐ stage sample selection to allow field teams to spend limited time on the ground . Replacement of sampling units during fieldwork followed a transparent and 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strategy . Building on successful products and targeting markets that have been successfully reached or are reachable by virtue of implementable policy measures should be a guiding principle . Figure 5 presents the expansion potential of some products in four regional markets where Tajik products have had some success : the CIS , the EU , the Middle East and North Africa and East Asia . * * Figure 5 . Tajikistan Export Potential in Four Markets * * ( Bubbles represent Tajikistan export value of specific products ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 45 < br > 45 < br > 40 < br > 40 < br > Aluminum wire < br > 35 35 Aluminum wire < br > 30 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > Other parts and 25 < br > 20 accesoires of Other parts and < br > motor vehicles 20 accessories of < br > 15 motor vehicles < br > 15 < br > 10 Apricots , < br > 5 cherries , peaches Aluminum , not 10 Onions and < br > alloyed 5 shallots < br > 0 Aluminum < br > - 10 - 5 0 10 20 30 40 0 alloys < br > - 1 . 5 - 1 - 0 . 5 - 5 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 < br > - 10 < br > Import growth rate in CIS , 2005-10 - 10 < br > EU import growth rate , 2005-10 < br > 45 45 < br > 40 40 < br > 35 Aluminum wire 35 < br > Aluminum wire < br > 30 30 < br > 25 25 Other parts and < br > Other parts and accesories of < br > 20 accessories of 20 motor vehicles < br > motor vehicles < br > 15 15 < br > Apricots , < br > 105 Apricots , cherries Onions and shallots Aluminum waste and scrap Copper waste Aluminum , not 105 Dried fruits Onions and shallots cherries and peaches < br > peaches and scrap alloyed Aluminum < br > 0 0 waste and scrap < br > - 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# < u > Introduction < / u > In a recent issue of the _Quaderni di Scienza Politica , _ Roberta Maffio published a comparative analysis of parliamentary oversight < sup > 3 < / sup > in which she elaborates a conceptual mapping of the oversight tools , discusses the characteristics of oversight tools , and investigates whether the adoption of oversight tools by parliaments is related to the _model_ of democracy ( i . e . majoritarian , consensual , or mixed ) < sup > 4 < / sup > . The analysis between type of democracy and oversight potential was conducted in a sample of 24 countries . Twenty-one of these countries are the democracies investigated by Lijphart ( 1984 ) , < sup > 5 < / sup > while the other three are Spain , Portugal , and Greece . Maffio divided the 24 countries into three groups depending on whether their government was majoritarian , consensual , or mixed . She then estimated the oversight potential for each country , using the 1986 data of the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) < sup > 6 < / sup > . Maffio concluded that there is no correlation between model of democracy and oversight potential . “ There are some majoritarian democracies with strong oversight potential ( such as Greece ) and others with weak oversight potential ( such as Ireland , New Zealand , United Kingdom ) . ” Similarly , among consensual democracies , she found cases > 3 Roberta Maffio , “ _Quis custodiet ipsos custodes ? _ Il controllo parlamentare dell ’ attivitá di governo in prospettiva comparata ” , _Quaderni di Scienza Politica_ , vol . IX , n . 2 , ( Agosto ) 2002 , pp . 333-383 . > 4 Roberta Maffio , “ _Quis custodiet ipsos custodes ? _ Il controllo parlamentare dell ’ attivitá di governo in prospettiva comparata ” , _op . cit . _ , p . 359 . > 5 Arend Lijphart , _Democracies . Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries_ , New Haven , Yale University Press , 1984 . > 6 Inter-Parliamentary Union , _Parliaments in the World : a Comparative Reference Compendium_ , Aldeshot , Gower , 1986", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 1002, "text": "1986 data of the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second , there are much larger overlaps in particular regions that are masked at the global level . We find that the overlaps are expected to be largest in Africa for both crops and for livestock , and particularly under SSP4 ( Inequality Scenario ) . While Africa has smaller shares of global production , these regional dynamics have important implications for how we think about food trade , issues of perishability , and access to nutritious food for the most vulnerable . Moreover , the city-level examples in this paper highlight the importance of policy design and solutions at the local level , where the needs and risks would vary . Third , for crops on aggregate and livestock on aggregate , urban expansion across all SSP scenarios will most likely occur under areas ( i . e . grids ) today that have higher levels of crop production and that have higher livestock density . This positive correlation between projected future urban expansion and current crop and livestock density is largest under SSP3 ( Regional Rivalry Scenario ) and smallest under SSP5 ( Fossil-fueled Development Scenario ) . As such , while SSP5 impacts a lower food producing grid on average , it affects more grids in total so that the largest overlap of urban expansion with food production occurs under SSP5 . In addition , while the estimated correlation is large and positive in both 2040 and 2100 , it is smaller in 2100 than in 2040 . That this correlation diminishes over time suggests that ( in all SSP scenarios ) suggests that urban expansion in the nearer-term ( by 2040 ) will occur in higher food producing areas than the longer-term ( by 2100 ) . The remainder of this paper is as follows . Section 2 discusses data and methodology , including SSPs , urban expansion , and crop and livestock data . Section 3 presents the extent of urban expansion on food production ( globally and regionally ) , and grid-level correlations of urban expansion and food production . Section 4 concludes . # * * 2 . Data and methodology * * To estimate the relationship of climate-induced urbanization with crop and livestock production , we combine three distinct global spatial datasets — projected urban expansion", "spans": [{"start": 1773, "end": 1796, "text": "crop and livestock data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2147, "end": 2170, "text": "global spatial datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 20 , 250 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | 2022-12-27 < br > 2023-02-20 < br > 2023-02-21 < br > 2023 - | 04-06 < br > 2023-08-20 < br > 2023-05-30 | | KE-MOH-330973-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > ocurement of 504 vials of Ex < br > ternal Quality Assurance Pan < br > els for KTTA for a period of 1 < br > 2 Months < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 9 , 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | | 2023-01-27 < br > 2023-02-24 < br > 2023-03-24 < br > 2023 - | 05-02 < br > 2023-09-20 | | KE-MOH-01-2022 / 2023-GO-R < br > FQ / Supply and delivery of 1 < br > 3Desktops , 13UPs and 11Lap < br > tops for Kenya Tissue and Tr < br > ansplant Authority Blood Ma < br > nagement Information Syste < br > m ( Damu-Ke ) < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 64 , 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Complete", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Republic of Kenya , the Government of the Federal Republic of Somalia and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Governing the Voluntary Repatriation of Somali Refugees Living in Kenya , supra note 12 . For more on the Tripartite Agreement and its implementation , including safeguards and criticisms levelled against it , see e . g . IOM and UNHCR , “ Joint Return Intention Survey Report 2014 ” , n . d . , available at : http : / / www . unhcr . org / 55facdcc6 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 ; NRC , “ Dadaab ’ s Broken Promises : A Call to Reinstate Voluntary , Safe and Dignified Returns for the Dadaab Refugee Community ” , 2016 , available at : < u > https : / / www . nrc . no / globalassets / dadaabs-broken-promise-an-nrc-report-10 . 10 . 16 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 ; < / u > Thomas Reuters Foundation , “ A Review of the Legal Framework Relating to the Proposed Closure of Dadaab Refugee Camp and Repatriation of Somali Refugees ” , 2017 , available at : < u > https : / / www . nrc . no / globalassets / pdf / reports / a-review-of-the-legal-framework-relating-to-the-proposed-closure-ofthe-dadaab-refugee-camp-and-repatriation-of-somali-refugees / 2017-dadaab-camp-closure-report . pdf , < / u > accessed : September 2018 ; See also Garlick , supra note 42 . 89 See e . g . Government Statements made in the context of the closure of the Dadaab refugee camp , supra notes 51 and 74 . 90 UNHCR , “ Weekly Update : Voluntary Repatriation of Somali Refugees from Kenya ” , 6 April 2018 , available at : < u > http", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 409, "text": "Joint Return Intention Survey Report 2014", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "penditure on a non-seasonally adjusted basis – are used . The government ’ s financial statements across economies may be reported at the central government or general government level . For government revenue , both general government or central government level , data are collected based on availability . When national accounts data are used for government spending , and given the identifying assumptions used in model based on Ilzetzki et al . ( 2013 ) , the data is checked to make sure it is not interpolated and avoid spurious results . < sup > 6 < / sup > Given the lack of tax only data for many economies , overall revenue including tax and nontax sources of revenue are used . To model monetary policy , this paper uses the ex-ante real interest rate defined as the three-month interest rate less one-year-ahead consumer inflation forecasts . As a rule , when official data is not available in real terms ( constant prices ) it is deflated using the GDP deflator . When data is not available from official sources as seasonally adjusted , and seasonality is present , the X13-ARIMA-SEATS method to seasonally adjust the data is implemented ( US Census Bureau , 2016 ) . When data is monthly , like reported for government spending and revenue , the data is summed ( or averaged in the case of interest rates ) to get to a quarterly frequency . Table 1 : Data | Variable | Defnition | Transformation | Sources | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Git_ | Real public consumption expenditure , seasonally adjusted | Log level | Haver Analytics | | _Yit_ | Real GDP , seasonally adjusted < br > | Log level | Haver Analytics | | _πit_ | GDP defator , seasonally adjusted | Log level | Haver Analytics | | _Tit_ | Real general / central government revenue | Log level | Haver Analytics | | _Rit_ | Ex-ante real interest rate | Level | Haver Analytics ; OECD | | _Cit_ | Real private consumption expenditure , seasonally adjusted < br > | Log Level | Haver Analytics | | _Iit_ | Real gross fxed capital formation , seasonally", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 336, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 584, "end": 597, "text": "tax only data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the conflict or indirectly as 7 OCHA ( April 2022 ) . 8 OCHA ( April 2022 ) . a result of failures to take measures to mitigate the impact of the conflict on civilian services and infrastructure . The consequences have significantly impacted the population ’ s lives and livelihood . The vulnerability of the populations is further heightened particularly for the at-risk groups . Women and girls face multiple protection risks related to lack of material needs leading to negative coping mechanisms . Particularly alarming are the reported instances of early marriage and school drop outs , both among girls and boys , as coping mechanisms that are sometimes or more commonly resorted to in Afar , Amhara and Tigray . # # # # # * * 2 . 1 . 4 . Gender and conflict-related sexual violence , and sexual exploitation and abuse * * Incidents of conflict-related sexual violence have been reported since the start of the conflict implicating all parties to the conflict . < sup > 9 < / sup > Female IDPs who fled due to the conflict in Western zone allege a range of GBV concerns , including gang-rape by armed actors . < sup > 10 < / sup > However , due to humanitarian access challenges , insecurity and lack of services to address GBV , information documented does not capture the full scale and magnitude of the violations . As access improves , reports of GBV incidents among civilian populations , continue to emerge . For example , a rapid assessment conducted by SWAN ( Save the Children , World Vision , Action Against Hunger and Norwegian Refugee Council ) consortium in January 2022 in North Shewa , and North and South Wollo zones of Amhara region reveals that 566 women and children , mainly girls were raped during the conflict , while data collected by the 10 OCHA ( Nov . 2021 ) , Multisectoral Rapid Assessment in NW zone of Tigray p . 4 9 United Nations Security Council ( 2022 ) Report of the Secretary General on Conflict -", "spans": [{"start": 1749, "end": 1778, "text": "data collected by the 10 OCHA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( the United States and India ) data were purchased from D & B because nationally representative business registry data on corporations were otherwise unavailable . < sup > 4 < / sup > Respondents completed either paper or electronic surveys . The database was checked for consistency across countries and over time . Quality assurance measures included comparing data to any published official data and / or related country case studies . < sup > 5 < / sup > # * * 3 . Data and Summary Statistics * * # * * _3 . 1 Entrepreneurship and the Business Environment_ * * The analysis in our paper focuses primarily on one country-level indicator : Entry Density , calculated as the number of newly registered limited-liability firms in the corresponding year as a percentage of the country ’ s working age population ( ages 15-64 ) , normalized by 1 , 000 . < sup > 6 < / sup > We first summarize the data by region ( Figure 2 ) . The data show significant disparities across regions , ranging from an entry density of 0 . 58 in Sub-Saharan African ( SSA ) countries to 4 . 21 in industrialized countries ( IND ) . In other words , there are on average about four limitedliability firms registered annually per 1 , 000 working age individuals in industrialized countries , as compared to less than one firm per 1 , 000 individuals in developing countries . This translates roughly to a national average of 55 , 000 newly registered limited-liability firms per year in industrialized countries , relative to about 35 , 000 in Latin America , 14 , 000 in South Asia , and 9 , 000 in Sub-Saharan Africa . > 4 The complete list of sources is available upon request . 5 > The complete database is available at : * * http : / / econ . worldbank . org / research / entrepreneurship . * * 6 Average Entry Density for 2004-2009 is shown , by country , in Appendix 1 8", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 119, "text": "business registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project # * * Mitigation Measures * * The following measures are to mitigate impacts on agricultural land : - Undertake installation and stringing activities of the proposed transmission line during off crop season by making proper planning before the commencement of the project . - If this cannot be done , EEP should provide compensation to the farmers for the crop damages that will occur during the stringing activities based on the estimation and plan obtained from the RAP Report . # 9 . 3 . 2 * * Impact on Eucalyptus Plantations and housing and Proposed Mitigation Measures * * # * * Impact * * EEP claimed appropriate compensation has been made for the eucalyptus trees and houses that falls within the ROW during the installation of the existing single circuit transmission line . However , the study team during the consultation received complaints from some individuals in relation to the compensation for the loss of housing , eucalyptus and other perennial crops that was made by EEP . According to the information obtained during the consultation with individuals , some have received adequate compensation while others have received no or inadequate compensation for the housing , eucalyptus and other perennial crops . There are also new comers that have settled within the ROW after compensation was finalized . # * * Mitigation measures * * The individuals that are affected due to the implementation of the proposed project will receive compensation as per the RAP . 100", "spans": [{"start": 597, "end": 607, "text": "RAP Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this progress has also raised questions about the survey methods by which child labor statistics are collected . While the agricultural sector accounts for by far the largest share of child labor , agricultural data is particularly vulnerable to recall errors due to the inherent seasonality of the activity , variable and irregular work schedules , multiple plots , and saliences of individuals and work activities ( Beegle et al . 2012 , Arthi et al . 2018 ) . This study addressed the measurement of agricultural child labor in rural Ethiopia with attention to the respondent type , seasonality , and gender-based information gaps . Our survey design intervention consisted of the random manipulation of the survey respondent in the application of the same survey instrument , which allows us to causally estimate survey design unbiased impacts of self / proxy reporting on child labor statistics . This design avoids potential strategic behavior where self - and proxy respondents within the same household might try to provide similar answers . To account for seasonality effects , we implemented the same survey design experiment in three different agricultural seasons of coffee production as the salience of farm activities , the complementarity of work across household members , and the overall demand for household labor vary across seasons . The main findings show statistically significant child / proxy reporting gaps in child labor statistics for girls but not for boys . These results are prominent at the extensive margin of work but not at the intensive one . Although both self and proxy reports are measured with error , this result is in line with research that has shown that measurement in agricultural data is affected by the gender division of farm labor across agricultural seasons ( e . g . Beegle et al . 2017 ) , and by norms and beliefs about female employment ( Reynolds and Wagner 2012 , Lee and Lee 2012 ) . We did not find support for recall decay bias as the mechanism that explains our results . Neither did we find support for cognitive burdens of reporting bias in child labor measurement . 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda Project ( P176747 ) # # * * _Subcomponent 1C : Support for trade / sector specific skills ( total IDA US $ 15 million equivalent , including WHR US $ 3 . 75 million ) _ * * 38 . * * This subcomponent will support advanced , sector-specific training ( for example , in climate smart agri-business , e-commerce , hotel management , tourism , and others ) for women entrepreneurs who successfully complete the core course and want to avail trade specific trainings . * * This sector specific trainings will be part of the continuum of enterprise development services provided to women enterprises that have growth potential and want to move to the next stage . The subcomponent will also support women that have existing enterprises and do not necessarily need the core course but would benefit from sector-specific training that allows for value-addition and expansion of their enterprise . 39 . * * The PSFU will implement this subcomponent * * . The subcomponent will finance the activities of operational and management cost of the PSFU , communications campaigns for launch of the specific trainings , selection of training providers ( that will include operational costs , fees of trainers , transportation costs for trainers and beneficiaries , childcare services , and the like ) , monitoring costs , and establishment of a beneficiary database . The implementation and selection of service providers will be similar to that of the successful Skills Development Fund , implemented by the PSFU under the World Bank-financed education project . In refugee settlements the PSFU will liaise with the OPM and ensure appropriate service providers that can deliver trade-specific trainings within the refugee settlements . # # * * _Subcomponent 1D : Women entrepreneurship work placement program ( total IDA : US $ 8 million equivalent , including WHR US $ 1 . 5 million ) _ * * 40 . * * This subcomponent will support promising women entrepreneurs", "spans": [{"start": 1430, "end": 1450, "text": "beneficiary database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to reach areas who can hardly access health care services and this situation has been worsen with the erratic drug supply in most of the health facilities due to delay by National Medical Stores . # # # # * * _HIV and AIDS_ * * HIV and AIDS continue to pose a big challenge to the development of Moyo District . Most people in Moyo District today know HIV and AIDS as a life threatening sexually transmitted infection . Every household has at least lost a member , relative , or a friend to HIV and AIDS . In spite of awareness about the scourge there exist a big gap between knowledge and desired behavioral change . The National Sero-behavioural Survey conducted in 2004 / 2005 puts the prevalence rate at 2 . 6 % for West Nile region of which Moyo District is part . The District has tried to scale up efforts in providing HIV / AIDS services in most of its Health Centers . # # # # * * _Poverty_ * * The people Moyo view poverty as lack of means to satisfy basic material and social needs , as well as a feeling of powerlessness . There is gender and location specific variations in the way the local people define poverty . Source of monetary livelihood and comfort of accommodation like good sanitation are paramount in urban areas while possession of productive assets like land and livestock are more critical in the rural areas . Women are concerned more with lack of land , water , family planning services resulting in large family size , lacking assistance , household food and poor welfare of children when they define poverty . Men relate poverty mostly to the inability to engage in meaningful employment and lack of productive assets . To the youth , the degree and extend of social connectedness and family welfare indicate the level of poverty . Therefore , the strategy to address poverty requires multi-faceted approaches . The people of Moyo use a number of indicators that give meaning to the above characteristics . These indicators are generally grouped under material and non-material indicators . The most common material indicators include lack of", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 654, "text": "National Sero-behavioural Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 58 . 2 | | Orissa | 105 . 9 | 75 . 6 | 81 . 0 | 59 . 1 | | Punjab | 123 . 5 | 130 . 4 | 133 . 5 | 91 . 8 | | Rajasthan | 87 . 4 | 125 . 7 | 132 . 3 | 94 . 3 | | Tamil Nadu | 71 . 6 | 110 . 8 | 132 . 1 | 72 . 6 | | Uttar Pradesh | 99 . 5 | 94 . 3 | 97 . 0 | 69 . 2 | | Uttarakhand | 99 . 0 | 118 . 7 | 122 . 1 | 96 . 7 | | West Bengal | 90 . 4 | 85 . 3 | 87 . 8 | 65 . 9 | | All India | 90 . 2 | 93 . 1 | 101 . 5 | 68 . 9 | _Notes : _ MGNREGS wage rates estimated as total expenditure on wages ( excluding skilled or semi-skilled ) divided by total number of person days of employment for FY 2009 / 10 ( April 2009 to March 2010 ) . Casual wages for June 2009 to July 2010 period , based on NSS 66 < sup > th < / sup > round survey . ― All India ‖ includes smaller states not reported . Note that we do not report the female wage rate for Jammu & Kashmir , as we found it was based on a sample of only 7 observations and was not reliable . ( The sample estimate of 206 . 5 was also implausibly high relative to the male wage ) . _Sources_ : Casual wages from _Key Indicators of Employment and Unemployment in India , 2009 / 10_ , NSSO , Govt . of India ( June 2011 ) . MGNREGS expenditure and employment data are from the state-wise Monthly Progress Reports ( www . nrega . nic . in ) . 29", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 700, "text": "NSS 66", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1225, "end": 1260, "text": "state-wise Monthly Progress Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We group these responses into the behavioral manifestations of political and social engagement . We also asked respondents a series of questions about their perceptions of their political and social status . For example , we asked respondents about their sense of personal agency , their ability to contribute to their community , the quality of their relationships , and their trust in a number of organizations and institutions . We list which indicators were asked in each survey in Table 2 . We provide additional details on the specific question wording analyzed in the Appendix , Section B . As noted above , self-reported measures of political and social behaviors may have a number of biases . We aim to limit these through our enumeration strategy and survey design . But bias likely remains . The structure of our survey data limits our ability to directly observe respondents ’ motivations for their participation in some of the manifestations of empowerment . IDPs may report their intention to vote , for example , but have no way to note that they only vote due to clientelism which is pervasive in some of the contexts we study . While we cannot distinguish between such motivations , we expect that IDPs and vulnerable but not displaced communities face similar incentives . | | | * * Behav * * | * * ioral * * | | | | * * Perception * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Country * * | Voting | Participate Civil Society | Talk Openly | Attend Meetings | Trust | Personal agency | AbilityContribute Community | Relationships | | Iraq | | | | | | | | | | Philippines | | | | | | | | | | Uganda | | | | | | | | | Table 2 : Manifestations of Political and Social Engagement Captured in Surveys Our explanatory variables measure displacement status . First , we measure whether a respondent is displaced or has a history of displacement . We describe the specific measures we", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 835, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i . e . aggregation bias in the tariff variable should make it easier to find a significant NTB effect for TA notified under the Enabling Clause . All the challenges discussed above work in favor of finding a positive NTB-effect . Hence , our NTB coefficients should be interpreted as upper bounds . # * * 3 Data * * To revisit the trade-creating effects of NTBs , we combine trade data with information on ad valorem tariffs and on the depth of trade agreements . For tariffs , we use the new Global Tariff Database ( GTD ) put together by Teti ( 2020 ) that deals with misreporting of tariffs ( details can be found in the corresponding paper ) . We aggregate the data that are available at the HS6digit level to two broad sectors , i . e . agriculture and manufacturing , and for the disaggregated analysis to 18 sectors , respectively ; in the area of services , tariffs are set to zero . For the baseline results , we use simple averages , results using trade-weighted averages are available upon request . We want to relate our new estimates to the ones the literature has reported in the past and get a better understanding of how severe the bias due to mismeasured tariff data is . To do so , we download the effectively applied tariff from WITS . < sup > 5 < / sup > Using Trains as a primary source , we download the effectively applied tariff for ISIC Rev . 3 at the four-digit level and aggregate it to the sector level . We use the ISIC Rev . 3 classification instead of the HS classification because it involves fewer steps for concording across different classifications and nomenclatures to get to the sectors that are used in the trade data , i . e . ITPDE and WIOD . We use the International Trade and Production Database for Estimation ( ITPDE , Release 2 ) put together by Borchert et al . ( 2020 ) for our baseline results for three reasons : first , to estimate Equation 4 theory-consistent and to be able to include trends for globalization , we need data on international and domestic trade flows ( Yotov 2021", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 386, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 494, "end": 516, "text": "Global Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1173, "end": 1184, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1696, "end": 1739, "text": "International Trade and Production Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1974, "end": 2020, "text": "data on international and domestic trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1994 ; Mortensen and Pissarides , 1994 ; Campbell , 1997 ) that emphasize the potential role of entry and exit : if new technology can be better harnessed by new firms , productivity growth will be dependent upon the entry of new units of production that displace outpaced establishments . Moreover , the existence of sunk costs implies that new firms using the “ state-of-the-art ” production technology coexist with older and less productive firms generating the observed heterogeneity . In this paper , we look at harmonized firm-level data for several industrial , transition and developing countries to seek confirmation of the statistical regularities highlighted in previous studies and to assess the possible sources of firm heterogeneity exploiting cross sectoral and well as cross-country variations . As such , this is the first paper , to our knowledge , to exploit a crosscountry sample beyond industrialized countries . # * * _The Role of Market Structure and Institutions_ * * It is tempting at first glance to hypothesize that countries - - and / or sectors - - where the creative destructive process is distorted in some manner will have less churning and lower productivity levels and productivity growth rates . Indeed , it is not hard to take extreme versions of the models discussed in the prior section and generate just this prediction . That is , making entry and exit ( and adjustment more generally ) prohibitively costly via distorted market structure and institutions will lead to a reduced pace of churning and lower productivity ( see , e . g . , Davis and Haltiwanger , 1999 for the illustration of this prediction in a calibration exercise using an extreme example where all reallocation is shutdown ) . Taken literally , this prediction can be tested by examining the variation by country , sector and year in our harmonized data and relating > 4 . Various empirical papers have attempted to identify passive and active learning processes . For example , using US data , Pakes and Ericson ( 1998 ) claim that manufacturing firms are more consistent with the active learning model whilst retailing firms are more consistent with the passive learning model . 5", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 543, "text": "harmonized firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1847, "end": 1862, "text": "harmonized data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1994, "end": 2001, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 : Cumulative productivity distributions Note : Survey weights are applied in the computation of the data presented above In section 1 , we outlined concerns that have been raised at the macro level that productivity growth has been lagging in the region , and the micro data from the WBES provide further justification of these concerns . Table 3 shows the evolution of labor productivity and total factor productivity across the seven countries covered in our analysis , for the three rounds of WBES data that are available for these countries . While average labor productivity increased from 2006 to 2010 , it subsequently declined in 2017 ; for the median establishment , there was a minor increase between 2010 and 2017 . Total factor productivity also increased from 2006 to 2010 , but subsequently declined — this holds at both the mean and the median values . 11", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 297, "text": "micro data from the WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 505, "end": 514, "text": "WBES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "but are still in need of addressing . Understanding how the crisis might relate to these issues , and what policy opportunities might present themselves in the times ahead is an ongoing challenge . The focus of this study is on the issue of global financial secrecy and its institutional implications for emerging economies . Many policy discussions on making the global financial system ‘ work for all ’ focus on financial secrecy : its beneficiaries and losers . Over the last two decades and especially actively since the 2008 financial crisis , policy makers introduced new rules and regulations to counter the negative spillovers from secrecy jurisdictions around the world . However , as with many past crises , the 2020 pandemic is likely to intensify the adverse effects of these jurisdictions for developing countries as capital would try to flee the most vulnerable economies . Developed economies also need more caution and oversight as emergency fiscal spending related to Covid-19 creates a moral hazard and an increased potential for fraudulent activities . Global Financial Integrity ( GFI ) , a DC-based think tank , has already issued warnings about a potential uptick in illicit financial flows even as legitimate economic activity slows down . < sup > 5 < / sup > Scholarly attention to these issues has been growing along with the enhanced policy attention . Besides intensifying public concerns , the infamous data leaks connected to the Panama and Paradise Papers also turned into a productive source of ‘ big data ’ for examining related issues . This paper reviews the key findings in the literature that explores the drivers and effects of financial secrecy on the emerging economies . We show that research on the drivers of financial secrecy has been focused on issues of tax avoidance , neglecting institutional arbitrage problems that go beyond taxation issues . Additionally , while the literature on economic effects of financial secrecy has advanced from country-level findings to firm-level observations , further research is needed to understand the political and institutional effects of global financial secrecy at the domestic level ( in home countries ) . In the concluding section of this paper , we suggest some promising avenues for future research as well as new items to be included on the", "spans": [{"start": 1528, "end": 1536, "text": "big data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Cost increases < br > in 1974 | - | - | - | 6 , 500 | 6750 | 7L050 | 7 , 3 | 7 650 | 7 , 930 | 8 , 250 | | Total expenses | 27 , 100 | 28 , 600 | 29 , 700 | 37 , 750 | 38 , 850 | 40 , 400 | 41 , 900 | 43 , 500 | 45 , 050 | 46 , 700 | | C . Net Ope0 tipg_ Income | 2 , 900 | 200 | 300 | 3 , 050 | 4 , 400 | 450 | 4 , 75 | 4 , 950 | 5 , 300 | 5 , 550 | | Interest charges | 3 , 700 | 3 , 900 | 4 , 000 | 4 , 000 | 4 , 100 | 4 , 200 | 4 , 300 | 4 , 400 | 4 , 500 | 4 , 600 | | D . Net income ( loss ) | ( 800 ) | < br > ( 3 , 700 ) | < br > ( 3 , 700 ) | < br > ( 950 ) | 300 | 300 | 450 | 550 | 800 | 950 | Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 633, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of origin , and hence large reductions in food aid would be both possible and necessary . Further justifications for reductions of humanitarian assistance were offered , including the usual arguments about avoiding the creation of food aid dependency and disincentives to agricultural production . In any case , what seemed clear was that a policy decision was made , calling for a reduction in the quantities of food aid to be delivered , and hence the need for a reduction in the number of beneficiaries to be assisted . < sup > 29 < / sup > Interestingly , the report concluded that the steps taken as a result of such pressure from the major donors had not been in the interests of people trying to recover from the war . “ There are difficulties in the process of scaling down the programme . The reduction exercise is now being undertaken quite rapidly , allowing the authorities little time to either make a reliable census and to establish structures to assist people who will no longer appear on the beneficiary lists … [ The ] scaling down exercise is being carried out more rapidly than the government can set up viable and sustainable safety nets . ” < sup > 30 < / sup > Finally , as indicated by the quotation at the very beginning of this paper , refugee statistics may fulfill the political function of legitimizing action ( military action in the case of Yugoslavia ) against a country of origin which is responsible for the displacement or expulsion of its citizens . In this respect , the situation which emerged in Kosovo in the first half of 1999 was not entirely unique . Indeed , some significant similarities can be found with the Kurdish refugee crisis of 1991 , in that that both situations involved gross violations of human rights and mass population displacements , deliberately provoked by authoritarian regimes which had challenged the US and its allies . What seems to have been different in the case of Kosovo is that military action was not mandated by the United Nations ( and was opposed by two permanent members of the Security Council ) , that public support for the airstrikes appeared", "spans": [{"start": 1262, "end": 1280, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-NAKURU COUNTY - < br > 85053-GO-RFQ / Procure one < br > number Heavy Duty 3 in 1 < br > printer . | < br > IDA / 58360 | Post < br > < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2019-01-12 | | | 2019-03-09 | 2019-04-30 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-KITUI COUNTY-85059 - < br > GO-RFQ / Procure two < br > utility vehicles | IDA / 58360 | Post < br > < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-11-24 | | | 2018-12-01 | 2019-03-01 | | KE-NAKURU COUNTY - < br > 85061-GO-RFQ / Purchase of < br > 13 Laptops for uploading < br > RMNCAH data and reports < br > submission | IDA / 58360 | Post < br > < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2019-01-12 | | | 2019-03-09 | 2019-04-30 | | KE-UAS", "spans": [{"start": 807, "end": 818, "text": "RMNCAH data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bias if we were to use non-participants as the comparators . To address this concern we use propensity score matching to select the comparison group from the set of non-participants . < sup > 11 < / sup > Predicted values ( the propensity scores ) from the probit are used for matching . < sup > 12 < / sup > Using a light survey instrument will no doubt leave biases in these estimators . < sup > 13 < / sup > Given that the program is means tested it is tempting to include income as a predictor of participation in matching . The problem in doing so is that we would then be using the outcome variable ( income net of DB ) as one of the predictors for estimating impact on that same outcome variable ! The results are only unbiased if it is assumed that there are no behavioral effects , which is what one is trying to test . It is not clear what one would then conclude from the results . In general , the direction of bias in the impact estimator cannot be determined . < sup > 14 < / sup > To avoid this problem we should exclude income from the probit ( using the regression in the Appendix ) , though then we run even higher risk that we have selection bias based on unobserved variables in the matching . When we exclude income from the probit used to estimate the propensity scores we find that the mean income ( net of DB ) of participants is significantly lower than income of the matched comparison group of non-participants . Income minus DB receipts is 1417 Yuan lower for the DB participants ( with a bootstrapped standard error of 270 Yuan using 100 replications ) while mean DB receipts are 270 Yuan . It is not believable that receiving an extra 270 Yuan > 11 On the theory of propensity score matching see Rosenbaum and Rubin ( 1983 ) . For an application to a similar problem to the present one see Jalan and Ravallion ( 2003 ) . > 12 We match each treatment household with the five closest propensity scores . We did not need to drop any observation from the treatment", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | 21 | < br > Health economics worldwide | 6 % | 16 | 278 | 52 | 195 | 254 | 235 | 8 | 177 | 0 . 116 | 235 | 20 % | 343 | | 21 | Healthy markets ? The new competition in < br > medical care | 36 % | 14 | 324 | 60 | 170 | 495 | 132 | 8 | 177 | 0 . 225 | 129 | 44 % | 117 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times . The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn ( 1 ) . The measure _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > is defined in eqn ( 2 ) . A normalized h-index of 20 % means that 20 % of articles in the journal have been cited at least 20 times .", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 412, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | | * * Data source / Agency * * | Training Records and Social Security Database | | * * Verification Entity * * < br > * * Procedure * * | DLI 2 . 1 and DLI 2 . 2 : IVA ( consultant , firm ) < br > DLI 2 . 1 : IVA will verify the number of graduates : receive records from training programs established to provide digital skills < br > development activities and verify through sample-based phone , SMS interviews or site visits . < br > DLI 2 . 2 : IVA will check the number of graduates with full-time employment that will be defined as having held employment < br > for more than 4 months . IVA will receive records from TSPs and verify through social security database . | | * * DLI 3 * * | Enhancing digital skills competencies for public school students | | * * Description * * | DLIs : DLI 3 . 1 Ministry of Education carries out readiness assessment for grades 7-12 to assess classrooms ’ readiness for a < br > new digital skills curriculum DLI 3 . 2 Ministry of Education develops and adopts , through a ministerial decree , an action plan < br > for designing and rolling out digital curriculum for grades 7-12 . DLI 3 . 3 Ministry of Education develops and adopts a digital < br > skills learning curriculum content for grades 7-12 DLI 3 . 4 Ministry of Education completes teacher training on new digital < br > skills courses for 70 % of ICT grade 7-12 teachers DLI 3 . 5 Number of public schools enrolled into digital skills classes for < br > grades 7-12 DLI 3 . 6 At least 60 % of students enrolled in digital skills classes in public schools pass assessment in CY 5 < br > Disbursement Formula Details : DLI 3 . 1 : $ 5 , 000", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 94, "text": "Training Records and Social Security Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 626, "end": 643, "text": "records from TSPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 687, "text": "social security database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the domestic value added ratio ( DVAR ) in exports is defined as the share of DVA in exports : However , the domestic materials used in the production of exports may contain foreign contents , which should not be included in DVA . In contrast , the imported materials used in the production of exports that may contain domestic contents , which should be included in DVA . We define the foreign content embedded in domestic materials used for exports , and the domestic content embedded in imported materials used for exports , as _δ_ < sup > _F_ < / sup > and _δ_ < sup > _D_ < / sup > , respectively , expressed in terms of the shares of exports for both . Thus , the DVAR definition is subject to the following adjustment : Wang et al . ( 2013 ) provides estimates for foreign content embedded in total domestic production and domestic content embedded in total imports , both estimates can be used to infer _δ_ < sup > _F_ < / sup > and _δ_ < sup > _D_ < / sup > . 11 There are two trade regimes in China , processing trade and ordinary trade ( non-processing trade ) . 12 Legally , the processing firms are required to use all their imports as imported intermediate inputs for exports , implying that _κ_ = 1 , and thus : In contrast , for the ordinary or non-processing exporters , only a fraction of their imports , 0 _ ≤ κ ≤ _ 1 , will be used as inputs for the export production , given that these firms also produce for the domestic markets . To construct the DVAR for these firms , proper estimates for _κ_ are needed . Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) relies on industry census data for total material and total revenue at firm level to infer _κ_ for each firm . However , while customs transaction data is often accessible , matching it with less accessible industrial census data can be challenging , which limit the broader applicability of their method . 13 To address this difficulty , we estimate _κ_ based on ( 2 ) , allowing for a more direct calculation without requiring matched", "spans": [{"start": 1567, "end": 1587, "text": "industry census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1684, "end": 1708, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1764, "end": 1786, "text": "industrial census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this matter . To address this question surveys should ask about the firm ' s lines of business ( defined as precisely as possible ) , whether the firm is a conglomerate ( i . e . , engaged in unrelated activities ) , the extent of vertical integration ( i . e . , produces its main inputs or has its own distribution channels ) , and whether the firm has any subsidiaries . With these measures , researchers can link productivity with the scope of the firm to see how firm scope changes under different institutional environments . * * The extent of markets . * * Theory suggests that the extent of markets may fundamentally constrain firn development . Some believe that a small market , for instance , may help explain the so-called \" missing middle \" phenomenon in developing countries-the existence of some large firms and many small firms , but very few middle-sized firms , which are common in industrialized countries . Small markets have also been suggested as a barrier to technological change . Existing Bank surveys tend to neglect this issue . Many surveys can become more useful by asking certain questions about the extent of market : Where firms sell their products , the distance to a major city , and the firm ' s access to all types of transportation . Two Bank surveys have made impressive efforts to explore market structure . One , the _RPED , _ asks two especially useful questions : ( 1 ) What characterizes a firm ' s competitors ? ( None , domestic firms , foreign competitor , or imports ) . ( 2 ) How does the firm set its prices ? ( Marketprice-taker , markup over costs , in line with imports , price discriminate in different markets , price increases with quality , follow largest competitors , government-set , negotiate-with-the-buyer , or set by a business association ) . Although the category of \" domestic firms \" in the first question is rather broad , the second question is especially rich . The second , _Russia . - Economic and Civil Society , _ asks detailed information about market structure : - How many Russian enterprises the respondent considers to be direct competitors .", "spans": [{"start": 1014, "end": 1026, "text": "Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s * * | _Not applicable_ ­ _noindigenous_ < br > _people ( see descriptionofsocial_ | | | * * OP4 . 11PhysicalCultural * * < br > * * Resources * * | | Reconnaissance Physical Cultural < br > Heritage Survey in ESIAasprecursor < br > toPhYSicalCultural Resources | | * * OP4 . 12Involuntary * * < br > * * Resettlement * * | | Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) | | * * OP4 . 36Forests * * | | | _Source : Consultant_ # # # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 3 International Water Management Institutions * * As mentioned , the Nile Basin Initiative ( NBI ) is a partnership initiated and led by the riparian states of the Nile River through the Council of Ministers of Water Affairs of the Nile Basin states ( Nile Council of Ministers , or NILE-COM ) . The NBI seeks to develop the river in a cooperative manner , share substantial socio-economic benefits , and promote regional peace and security . In its current form , NBI is a transitional process towards a future Commission , pending on the ratification of the Cooperative Framework Agreement ( CFA ) by the NBI member States . Apart from ABA , NBI ( to be replaced by the future Commission ) is the key stakeholder responsible for managing and mitigating any transboundary cumulative effects relating to changes in water volumes and availability resulting from developments around Lake Tana and elsewhere along the Blue Nile . The current form of the CFA ( already signed by 5 countries , but not ratified yet ) , states for instance that : Elil / ; ' inr , , - r ; ' ep ; ; J { _An : ! _ S ' c - ; Ia { _in1pacl_ ltr : ; f ; GSSHIt ; ; llt cf _ahoul ?", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to avoid resettlement - Land tenure , household survey ; socio-economic baseline study ; - Selection of resettlement area and provision for alternative sites - Organizational structures ; - Participation of both resettled and host communities , including also community institutions or organizations from both groups and NGOs ; - Plan and design of development assistance to cover both project affected persons ( PAPs ) and host community ; - Impact on marginal groups , old people , women , ethnic minorities and pastoralists ; - Cultural identity and preservation ; - Compensation valuation and schedule for implementation , - Housing , including criteria for house plot allocation , infrastructure and social services ; - State of natural resources , land suitability and carrying capacity at resettlement site estimated at least two generations ahead taking into account population and livestock growth , as well as water availability and water quality ; - Immediate as well as foreseen health implications at resettlement site in relation to water-borne diseases , nutrition , environmental hygiene , availability of clinics or other health extension services , hazardous chemicals , toxic wastes , food contamination and the working environment ; possibilities and constraints regarding assimilation or integration of resettled into host communities ; - Staff requirements , staff training needs , necessary equipment , – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – EEPCO , Power System Planning 17 17", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 54, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Reform in DB Indicator and Change in Average ES < br > Co < br > | < br > = < br > om < br > por < br > = < br > cal < br > ro < br > _ — THR_2_3 < br > = < br > = < br > = { i UKR1 3MDG_34 < br > oTMUS . = Ne YEIG_4 < br > ca 4 < br > m BLR_1SARM < br > erpROMA4G GE0_3 3 < br > ALB 4 4 77 Lag 3 . 3 < br > Co < br > oO 20 DB Import t / DB_Import4 1 60 a0 < br > ne = 20 < br > Labels are : ‘ country code ’ ‘ years since OB reform ' ‘ years between ES surveys ’ < br > Reform in DB Indicator and Change in Average ES < br > oS < br > aan < br > ao < br > uw < br > oO ! < br > ae raGR_2_2 < br > oe < br > 0 , HND_1_3 < br > oate Gh 6 MDATB rs 6 < br > ot < br > | m FER ? 4 < br > wo < br > a F ECU ? 3 < br > 20an & é oP [ TbePaleic } s_s < br > o < br > - < br > Gar < br > Ww \\ 4 SLY_23 < br > Co < br > O DB GplicenseO . t0 / DB_OpLicenee_ 100 11 750 < br > n = = 20 < br > Labels are : ‘ country code ’ ‘ years since DB reform ' ‘ years between ES surveys ’ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 497, "text": "ES surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ual < br > Plann | s Issued < br > Opening / < br > ed < br > Actual < br > Planned | Minutes < br > < br > for Aw < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > ard < br > < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > Actual | | C2-MIES-58 / CONTRATACIÓ < br > N DE OPERADORAS DE SERVI < br > CIOS INTEGRADOS DE INCLU < br > SIÓN ECONÓMICA < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - Internation < br > l | a < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 3 , 080 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | 2021-01-25 | 2021-03-11 | | | 2021-04-29 | 2021-05-26 | 2021-07-08 | 2022-07-08 | | | C2-MIES-16 / Campaña de co < br > municación que mitigue los e < br > fectos de la Refocalizacion d < br > e los Nucleos Familiares en lo < br > s Programas Sociales por la a < br > plicación del nuevo Formulari < br > o e indice del Registro Social - < br > posibles tensiones provenien < br > tes del cambio de legibilidad < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br >", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 986, "text": "Registro Social", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "The findings of these serious studies are all well and good , and they suggest that further investments in PMGSY may well be socially profitable , but they do not establish as much . For what must be demonstrated is that spending yet more billions on PMGSY will yield a greater improvement in welfare than like spending on the next best alternative . The plan of the paper is as follows . Section 2 deals with three key shadow prices ( SPs ) , namely , the social discount rate , the premium on public income and the conversion factor for road-building . Section 3 describes the planned extension of the network and estimates the cost , at SPs , of a representative feeder road over an assumed 30-year lifecycle . Estimating the benefits is altogether much harder . In keeping with the three broad domains of commerce , education and health , Section 4 is split into three corresponding subsections . Various methods and sources are used , notably a survey of 30 villages in Orissa ’ s poor uplands ( hereinafter , the Orissa Survey ) . Those forms of benefits that have defied my attempts to measure them are indicated and briefly discussed . The costs and measured benefits are compared in Section 5 . If the former exceed the latter , the difference is the smallest contribution required of all non-measured benefits such that the project be socially profitable . In other words , the difference then measures the leap of faith involved in asserting such profitability . Section 6 takes up the program ’ s external effects on the wider economy , and I argue that , on balance , these will be beneficial . Alternative approaches to the measurement of benefits are briefly discussed in Section 7 . The main conclusions concerning social profitability and the complementary policies needed to ensure it are drawn together in Section 8 . # * * 2 Shadow Prices * * Market prices depart from shadow prices for various reasons : market failure , externalities and , especially important in the present setting , the presence of distortionary taxes and subsidies as well as a social desire for greater equity than that yielded by market forces . There is no certainty whatever", "spans": [{"start": 950, "end": 971, "text": "survey of 30 villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1019, "end": 1032, "text": "Orissa Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "movies , badminton and reading ; and group discussions on gender and sex , decision-making , HIV / STIs , family planning and GBV . The youth center further refers clients , as appropriate , for additional health services , protection , psychosocial support , livelihoods , vocational training and educational opportunities . < / mark > * * < mark > Program hours < / mark > * * < mark > : The youth center is open from 10 : 00 to 18 : 00 , seven days / week . Referrals from the youth center manager ( who resides on site ) are available during evening hours ( in emergencies ) to Mae Tao Clinic ( MTC ) , a comprehensive health facility dedicated to the Burmese community . < / mark > * * < mark > Staffing < / mark > * * < mark > : ARHN employs 7-10 voluntary peer educators ; one or two from each CBO . The peers rotate on a monthly basis to assist the center and facilitate group discussions . The ARHN coordinator supervises their activities . Peers have been trained in counseling , communication and facilitation skills , family planning and adolescence . Most are older and are not adolescents themselves . Only the youth center manager and the ARHN coordinator provide injections ( depo ) to clients . < / mark > * * < mark > Involvement of adolescents < / mark > * * < mark > : The youth center was established through an SRH needs assessment that ARHN conducted among Burmese migrant adolescents . < / mark > _We want to hear from more people , especially about menstruation and how girls can get pregnant . Also , when hormones change and what to do about pimples_ . ( FGD with adolescent girls ) * * < mark > Privacy < / mark > * * < mark > : The youth center is located in a quiet , accessible location . There is one counseling room offering privacy where family planning counseling is provided . < / mark > 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 % < br > 45 % < br > 40 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > 1995 1996 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Latinobarómetro Corporation , several years Participation in authorized demonstrations is also relatively uncommon , with the regional average reaching only 15 percent of the population ( see Table 1 ) . Chile leads in this regard , with almost a third of the population reporting having taken part in legal demonstrations — likely reflecting the mass demonstrations in 2019 and 2020 over the cost of public transport and education as well as economic inequality more broadly . Participation in demonstrations in the region has declined over the past twenty years , coming in line with the global average of 12 percent ( Cuesta , Madrigal and Pecorari , 2022 ) . Another form of societal participation is working with others to solve problems at the community level on a consistent basis . In this sense , only about a quarter of Latin American and Caribbean citizens appear to be working on issues that impact them or their community regularly . National averages are more or less in line with the regional benchmark , with a narrow intercountry variation . The proportion of persons working to tackle community problems has remained stable since 2000 , at roughly 20-25 percent of the population . # 3 . 2 . Respondents ’ Demographic and Socioeconomic Status Around 26 percent of the Latinobarómetro respondents have complete secondary education , while only 13 percent have completed tertiary education ( see Table A2 in Annex A ) . In addition , almost 8 percent of respondents are illiterate . When it comes to respondents ’ perceptions of their own socioeconomic status , the majority of Latin Americans and Caribbeans identify as middle ( 33 . 8 percent ) or lower", "spans": [{"start": 1592, "end": 1607, "text": "Latinobarómetro", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "233 , 728 | 31-Dec-2024 | 3 , 971 , 000 | Oct / 2028 | | broadband internet – < br > Youth ( Number of < br > people ) CRI | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This is a new < br > young peopl | corporate score < br > e in the Kenyan e | card indicator a < br > conomy , which | nd will be tracked < br > is estimated as 2 | using the perc < br > 0 . 6 percent . | entage of | | Average download speed on | 8 . 92 < br > Nov / 2022 | 15 . 40 | 30-Apr-2025 | 15 . 74 | 30-Sep-2025 | 24 . 00 | Oct / 2028 | | fixed broadband networks , in | Comments on | This indicato | r is a measure of | the performan | ce ( speed ) of fixe | d broadband ne | tworks in | | Mbit / s ( Number ) | achieving targets | Kenya , meas | ured in Megabits | per second ( M | bit / s ) . Data sourc | ed is speedtest | . net , which | Page 6 of 11 Dec 27 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 796, "text": "speedtest", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ratio of non-performing loans to total loans , the ratio of equity to capital , and the return over assets . _S_ stands for systemic risk ; it is a matrix that includes measures of country and exchange rate risks . The former is captured by the spread on Argentine and , separately , Uruguayan sovereign bonds over comparable U . S . bonds , as expressed in Argentina ’ s Emerging Market Bond Index Plus or EMBI + and the Uruguay Bond Index or UBI , respectively . Exchange rate risk ( or more precisely the currency premium ) is measured by the 12-month forward ( NDF ) exchange rate relative to the spot exchange rate for Argentina . For Uruguay , we use the spread of the average interest rate on peso time deposits ( with maturity of more than one month and less than six months , in the top private banks ) relative to the rate on similar dollar deposits . _E_ stands for exposure and is a matrix that includes indicators of individual banks ’ exposure to systemic risks . More precisely , we use the share of government debt ( bonds and loans ) over total bank assets as a proxy for exposure to “ country ” ( sovereign default ) risk . For exposure to exchange rate risk , we use the ratio of dollar loans over bank capital for Argentina and the ratio of dollars loans over assets for Uruguay . < sup > 12 < / sup > All regressions control for bank specific effects , α _i_ . . Bank fundamentals and the indicators of bank exposure to systemic risks are lagged for two reasons . First , in both countries , balance sheet data are released to the public by bank regulators with a delay of three to four months ; hence , the choice of our lag structure , which captures more precisely the information set available to depositors at any point in time . Second , this lag structure also helps to reduce potential endogeneity problems . Results for Argentina and Uruguay are reported separately in Tables 1 to 6 . Simple inspection of the tables reveals a similar pattern . The first column presents a regression of the > 12", "spans": [{"start": 372, "end": 403, "text": "Emerging Market Bond Index Plus", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 422, "end": 440, "text": "Uruguay Bond Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1513, "end": 1531, "text": "balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 40 . 20 | 40 . 20 | 35 . 00 | | Date < br > - - | 30-Apr-2014 | 30-Apr-2014 | 30-Jun-2018 | # # Overall Comments PDO indicators will be updated during MTR . # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Health Centers reporting HMIS data in time ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | 12 / 23 / 2015 Page 7 of 8 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 241, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A Tale of Two Cities-IDPs Plan for Their Durable Solutions in Darfur . Refugee Survey Quarterly , 39 ( 4 ) , 507-513 . - Doss , C . R . , & Quisumbing , A . R . ( 2020 ) . Understanding rural household behavior : Beyond Boserup and Becker . Agricultural Economics , 51 ( 1 ) , 47-58 . - Elu , J . U . , & Loubert , L . ( 2013 ) . Earnings inequality and the intersectionality of gender and ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa : The case of Tanzanian manufacturing . American Economic Review , 103 ( 3 ) , 289-92 . - Elzarov , Z . ( 2019 ) . Emerging options for durable solutions in Darfur . Forced Migration Review , ( 62 ) , 55-57 . - Flint , J . , & De Waal , A . ( 2008 ) . Darfur : a new history of a long war . Zed Books Ltd . . - George , R . , Saeed , M . , & Abdelgalil , S . ( 2019 ) . Women at the forefront of Sudan ' s political transformation . ODI WP 566 . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Program for Results ( Hybrid ) for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services . ( P175167 ) level . Following the receipt of MOH ’ s verification report and the completion of results validation by thirdparty monitoring , disbursements will be made accordingly . 4 . Progress has also been made in the implementation of the Program Action Plans ( PAPs ) , which consist of 19 activities designed to address key gaps identified through technical , fiduciary , and environmental assessments . These PAPs are expected to enhance program outcomes . Key achievements to date include : - * * Program Implementation and capacity building : * * A RMNCAH + N Self-care guideline was developed and endorsed , followed by an implementation plan and training for 43 program owners and health care workers ; health sector disability inclusion mainstreaming manuals were revised , and a training of trainers ( TOT ) on disability inclusion was conducted ; significant progress has been made on Gender-Based Violence ( GBV ) initiatives , including integration of GBV service utilization data into DHIS2 and increase in one-stop centers . - * * Data Management and Reporting : * * Routine data quality assessment ( RDQA ) reports for EFY2015 and 2016 were prepared , disseminated , and integrated into the annual plan ; the annual analysis of district health information system ( DHIS-2 ) data on stillbirths was conducted and included in the bi-annual performance report ; and resource mapping and tracking exercises were conducted through the DHIS-2 based platform for Channels 2 & 3 . - * * Accountability and Transparency : * * Memoranda of understanding have been signed with regions to ensure accountability for resource transfers and advance settlements ; the bi-annual report on fraud and corruption complaints was submitted on time ; the Audit report has been disclosed on MOH ' s website , along with the Annual Plan and Budget . A detailed table on PAP achievements is included in Annex 2 . 5 . The implementation of the", "spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1108, "text": "GBV service utilization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Procedures for preparing and approving RAP_ 54 . _Project Screening_ . Once the subprojects are identified by unions or municipalities , the PMU will obtain all permits / approvals related to the Project . Thereafter , they will cooperate with unions or municipalities to carry out social screening to determine whether or not the subprojects will result in any resettlement impact . The PMU will then decide on the need for the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) or an abbreviated RAP . 55 . _Socioeconomic and Inventory Survey_ . Following the identification of the subprojects that may involve involuntary resettlement , the PMU in cooperation with unions and municipalities will carry out a socio-economic study and census survey , in which baseline data within the subproject ’ s target areas is collected . This information shall include the PAPs and related household members or dependents , total land holdings , and affected assets . This information will be put in writing and shall be used in determining the appropriate compensation and assistance for each affected individual / household . 56 . _RAP preparation , review and approval . _ Once the census survey is completed , the PMU will work with relevant unions and municipalities to prepare the RAP . The RAP , including the proposed mitigation measures within the plan , will be reviewed and approved by CDR ’ s Board and subsequently sent to the World Bank for final review and approval . 57 . _RAP disclosure and implementation_ . Once the RAP is approved by the Bank , it will be translated into Arabic and disclosed locally as well as in InfoShop at the Bank . The PMU and unions and municipalities are responsible for the implementation of the RAP . _Grievance Redress Mechanisms_ 58 . A multi-level grievance redress mechanism has been established for the proposed Project . The procedures for handling grievances are as follows :  The affected person should file his / her grievance in writing to the relevant municipality . The municipality should respond within 14 days", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 749, "text": "socio-economic study and census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1176, "end": 1189, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 0 | 6 < br > 2022-07-01 < br > 2022-06-17 | | ET-OROMIA , LLRP-280237-G < br > O-RFQ / Procurement of Cons < br > truction Material for fitting of < br > Bore holes | IDA / 64120 | Integrated Rangeland Devel < br > opment and Management | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limit | ed | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 78 , 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | | | 2022-03-12 | | | | 2022-04-09 | | 2022-04-21 | | ET-OROMIA , LLRP-267909-G < br > O-RFQ / Purchase of 5 Digital < br > high resolution photo camera < br > Cluster Support Team | IDA / 64120 | Improving Basic Services an < br > d Capacity Building | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limit | ed | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 7 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | | | 2021-12-25 | | | | 2022-01-23 | | 2022-02-12 | | ET-OROMIA , LLRP-317633-G < br > O-RFQ / Procurement of 30 T < br > ablets for kobo tool box data < br > collection | IDA / 64120 | Project Management , Monito < br > ring and Evaluation | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limit | ed | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 24 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | | | | 2022-10-29 | 2022", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 919, "text": "kobo tool box data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "market opportunities and connect these actors to have them work together and catalyze the solar lantern ’ s market ; and ( v ) the deployment of approximately 25 , 000 lanterns in public schools targeting persons in off-grid communities . 18 . Interventions in public administration buildings under the Power Sector Development Project ( which closed in July 2012 ) , are showing results and will have a demonstration effect on the commercial , industrial , and residential sectors . Under the project , energy savings from initiatives in selected public buildings have been estimated at US $ 2 million / year . Given the high energy cost in Burkina-Faso ( one of the most expensive in the region ) , and the heavy reliance on fuel , energy saving initiatives are highly justified . - a ) * * _Subcomponent 3 . 1_ - * * * * _Institutional and Capacity Strengthening_ * * _ . _ To ensure the sustainability of these activities and enhance the actions already undertaken under the earlier project , the subcomponent will finance the acquisition of testing and certification equipment , audits and development of databases from energy audits , energy consumption surveys , site visits , and analyses of electricity consumption bills . The analyses , demonstrations and pilot tests would help bring about behavioral changes in electricity utilization , and demonstrate potential of energy savings to commercial and residential customers . - _b ) _ * * _Subcomponent 3 . 2 – Investment in energy efficient equipment_ * * . The subcomponent comprises the procurement and installation of energy efficient equipment such as energy saving lamps in selected households ( identified on the basis of a prior study ) , and public lighting . - c ) * * _Subcomponent 3 . 2 – Information , education and communication_ * * _ . _ This subcomponent will finance information awareness campaigns , workshops , training , and education on demand-side management and energy efficiency ( including consultant services to support capacity building initiatives such as experience sharing and south-south collaboration , consumer and distributors awareness campaigns ) . It", "spans": [{"start": 1125, "end": 1138, "text": "energy audits", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1141, "end": 1167, "text": "energy consumption surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1200, "end": 1229, "text": "electricity consumption bills", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Falling Short : A Global Survey of Electricity Tariff Design * * _Vivien Foster_ * * < sup > * * _1_ * * < / sup > * * _and Samantha Witte_ * * < sup > * * _2_ * * < / sup > # * * Acknowledgments * * This paper is based on data and tariff schedules collected as part of the World Bank / ESMAP project “ Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy ( RISE ) , 2017 ” < sup > 3 < / sup > co-led by Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee , Alejandro Moreno , and Tanya Primiani , and implemented by Mallory LeeWong , Joonkyung Seong , Taylor Sloane , and Samantha Witte . A full list of acknowledgements for this project can be found at < u > http : / / rise . esmap . org . These data were supplemented by targeted desk-based research . < / u > The authors are particularly grateful to the following colleagues for peer review throughout the development of the paper : Joern Huenteler ; Ani Balabanyan ; Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee ; Maria Vagliasindi ; Juliette Besnard , Jevgenijs Steinbuks and Tu Chi Nguyen . The authors acknowledge the assistance with data collection by Sharmila Bellur . # * * Keywords : * * * * JEL Classification * * : L94 Electric Utilities > 1 Vivien Foster is Chief Economist of the Infrastructure Vice-Presidency of the World Bank and is the corresponding author for this paper at vfoster @ worldbank . org . > 2 Samantha Witte is a doctoral student in economics at Oxford University . > 3 2016 tariff and cost data were obtained from the 2018 iteration of the RISE project .", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1423, "text": "2016 tariff and cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1469, "end": 1481, "text": "RISE project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 25 | 82 < br > 121 | 338 < br > 175 | 207 | D : 445 < br > B : s S | | < br > Private creditors < br > | < br > * * 5 * * | < br > 3 | < br > 7 | - | | | Foreign direct investment | . . | | | | | | < br > Portfolio equity | . . | | | | c : | | World Bank program < br > Commitments | 0 | 0 | 42 | 125 | A - IBRD < br > E - Bilateral | | Disbursements < br > | 3 < br > | 62 < br > | 124 < br > | 216 < br > | B - IDA < br > D - Other mutilateral < br > F - Private < br > < br > | | Principalrepayments < br > Net flows < br > | 1 < br > 2 < br > | 2 < br > 60 < br > | 8 < br > 116 < br > | 9 < br > 207 < br > | * * c * * - IMF < br > G - Short-term | | Interest payments < br > Net transfers | 1 < br > 2 | 6 < br > 54 | 13 < br > 103 | 13 < br > 194 | | Note : This table was produced from the Development Economics central database . 1 / 13 / 99", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 841, "text": "Development Economics central database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ # # # # * * 1 . 7 Land use / cover map 2010 * * * * Figure 3 : Land use / cover map for North Rwenzori CFR January 2010 * * Page | 4", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 87, "text": "Land use / cover map 2010", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 ) and 2019 ( regression 3 ) . Relying on the same years in which data is available for cloud and using its same long differences specification , also leads to consistent results ( regression 4 ) . In Table A4 we show the effect of the AIA on investment holds irrespective of whether we define the treatment status of the firm using a 2-year average based on the years 2006 / 07 ( regression 1 ) , or a 3-year average based on the years 2005 / 06 / 07 ( regression 3 ) . In contrast to its effects on investment , AIA eligibility reduces the propensity to adopt cloud , in this case by 16 . 5 percentage points . The magnitude of the estimated coefficient is relatively large compared to the mean rate of cloud adoption , of 28 % in our sample . These results reinforce the idea that firms view IT capital investment and purchases of cloud IT services as substitutes – a reduction in the relative price of IT capital leads to a substitution away from cloud services and towards tangible IT investment . * * Table 3 : * * Effects of AIA on total capital investment and cloud adoption , 2007-2013 | Regressions | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Dependent variable | Total Investment | Cloud | | AIA Dummy | 0 . 481 * * * | - 0 . 165 * * * | | | ( 0 . 105 ) | ( 0 . 040 ) | | Observations | 21 , 757 | 2 , 200 | Note : Time period : Total investment regressions use annual data for the years 2007 to 2013 . Cloud regressions use data for 2007 and 2013 . Total investment is in ( log ) thousands of pounds , while cloud is a dummy variable . Treated firms are identified taking the average investment values for firms in 2005 / 06 and calculating if this lagged investment average is above or below the AIA threshold in any given year . Regressions use a binary AIA eligibility indicator . Regression 1 is estimated using the method outlined in", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1387, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ” The CSD initiative will ultimately contribute to improved effectiveness of monetary policy operations and reliability of settlements . A well-functioning inter-bank market and efficient distribution of liquidity will address the funding spread and cost issues for different tiers of banks enabling them to affordably extend finance to MSMEs . * * 11 . The non-bank financial institutions ecosystem in Kenya is characterized by the presence of both regulated institutions , such as Saccos , microfinance banks ( MFBs ) , unregulated credit only microfinance financial institutions ( MFIs ) , and digital lenders , mostly lending to underserved MSMEs * * . CBK is responsible for regulating and supervising MFBs , while deposit-taking ( DT ) Saccos < sup > 29 < / sup > are supervised by the Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority ( SASRA ) . DT-Saccos have a much higher share of the loan portfolio than MFBs , at 13 and 2 percent respectively as well as a higher share of deposits ( 9 percent ) compared to 1 percent for MFBs . < sup > 30 < / sup > A survey conducted by McKinsey in April 2020 across a sample of 422 MSMEs gave similar results . Twelve percent of the respondents were borrowing from Saccos and 4 . 6 percent from MFBs . < sup > 31 < / sup > * * 12 . The quality of loan portfolios of MFBs is unsatisfactory with NPL ratio averaging 18 percent . * * The introduction of the interest rate caps in 2016 , which applied to commercial banks but not MFBs had a significant impact on the deterioration of the loan portfolio quality for MFBs . More creditworthy SMEs , formerly clients of MFBs , could suddenly have access to better rates at commercial banks , while riskier SMEs were turned down by banks and had no other option but to apply for loans with MFBs , credit-only MFIs , and to a lesser extent ,", "spans": [{"start": 1053, "end": 1081, "text": "survey conducted by McKinsey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "case detection rates and supervised deliveries ( the percentage of births attended by skilled staff is only 12 % ) . At 0 . 3 , the number of outpatient visits per person per year is very low ; the 2005 Citizen Report card surveys identified the lack of medicines as the single most important reason why health services were not used . It is likely that improvements would depend on general system support through the strengthening of systems like human resources ( increase in quantity and quality of health staff ) , pharmaceutical supplies , and improved management and supervision at Regional and Woreda levels . The lesson learned is that there is a need for FMOH and RHBs to synchronize the infrastructure , human resource and support systems within the accelerated expansion of Primary Health Care ( PHC ) , paying due attention to _all_ components of the Health Services Extension Program ( HSEP ) . This requires improved planning , supervision and resource allocations at national and regional levels . 7 . In view of the MDGs , the Government introduced a flagship program , the Health Services Extension Program ( HSEP ) . The HSEP is a community based PHC service which includes a package of _basic_ preventive , promotive and curative services . The HSEP targets the households at Kebele level ( average 5000 people ) and aims in particular to reach mothers and children . The 33", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 230, "text": "2005 Citizen Report card surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data and measurement requirements we spell out in this paper are fulfilled in some surveys , such as the use of panel data , and detailed measurements about various themes . Needless to say , _not_ all Bank surveys should pay heed to the specific themes and hypotheses this paper mentions ; we recognize that no survey can address all the concerns raised here given time constraints , _ad hoc_ purposes of specific surveys , and survey costs . We also recognize that our coverage in this survey of surveys is not comprehensive . Ultimately surveyors must decide how they wish to address the question at hand , and design questions accordingly . However , if a firm survey aims 35", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 122, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Page 25 # # # * * Tajikistan : Education Reform Project ( LIL ) * * # # # * * Annex 2 : Project Description * * By * * Component : * * * * 1 . Capacity Building : US $ 0 . 52 million * * - A . * * Training of teacher trainers : * * Includes training of 20 selected teachers as teacher trainers , using overseas trainers , via a 3x5 days training course . The course will have four main elements linked to action planning and work-based learning : - personal development in independent learning - teaching and learning methods - planning school improvement - team and training development - * * B . In-service training for teachers in pilot schools : * * The trainers will work with the teachers in the pilot schools on two pilot models : 1 . Ten schools opt into a school-based training strategy in which 2x6 training days are provided inschool , delivering personal development in independent learning , teaching and learning methods and planning of school improvement ; with training days linked to classroom and school action plans . 2 . Ten schools opt into a 2x6-day center-based course ( with the benefits of interschool dialogue but with much less time devoted to the problems of each school ) , delivering personal development in independent learning , teaching and learning methods and planning of school improvement ; with training days linked to classroom and school action plans . - C . * * Management strengthening : * * The proposed strategy includes the establishment of three management support centers : one in the Ministry of Education and one in each of the two pilot rayons . In these centers , international specialists will provide hands-on training to education managers , using their own experiences and data from their jurisdiction . Such a strategy will empower local education authorities and contribute to decentralization of the education system . The tentative content of the management training will be : # # # # * * General Management Competence * * - Management responsibilities", "spans": [{"start": 1728, "end": 1756, "text": "data from their jurisdiction", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( c ) Share of Increased exports from Brazil ( 2000-2010 ) < br > ( d ) LAC Imports from China & Emerging < br > Asia ( $ billions ) < br > 140 < br > 100 % < br > Other Countries < br > 120 < br > 90 % < br > China From Emerging < br > 80 % 35 . 8 % 100 Asia < br > EU27 From China < br > 70 % < br > 80 < br > Argentina < br > 60 % < br > 21 . 0 % United States 60 < br > 50 % < br > 40 < br > 40 % Japan < br > 19 . 0 % < br > 30 % Sub-Saharan Africa 20 < br > 20 % 8 . 7 % Russia 0 < br > 4 . 4 % < br > 10 % 3 . 3 % < br > 2 . 9 % India < br > 0 % 2 . 3 % 2 . 6 % < br > ( f ) Brazil ' s Merchandise Imports , by origin < br > ( e ) Share of Increased Imports into Brazil < br > ( $ billion ) < br > 2000-2010 < br > 100 % Other 45 < br > 90 % 31 . 1 % 40 EU27 < br > EU27 < br > 80 % 35 United States < br > 70 % China 30 China < br > 60 % 19 . 6 % 25 < br > United States Argentina < br > 50 % 20 < br > 40 % 19 . 5 % Argentina 15 Japan < br > Sub-Saharan < br > 30 % Sub-Saharan 10 Africa < br > 20 % 11 . 4 % Africa 5 India < br > India < br > 10 % 6 . 1 % 0 Russia < br > 4 . 9 % < br > Japan < br > 0 % < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") * * Name and title of person who conducted screening : Date of screening * * : > 4 Environmental and Social Standard 6 , paragraph 23 : “ Critical habitat is defined as areas with high biodiversity importance or value , including ( a ) Habitat of significant importance to Critically Endangered or Endangered species , as listed in the IUCN Red List of threatened species or equivalent national approaches ; ( b ) Habitat of significant importance to endemic or restricted-range species ; ( c ) Habitat supporting globally or nationally significant concentrations of migratory or congregatory species ; ( d ) Highly threatened or unique ecosystems ; and ( e ) Ecological functions or characteristics that are needed to maintain the viability of the biodiversity values described above in ( a ) to ( d ) . ” > 5 Environmental and Social Standard 6 , paragraph 21 : “ Natural habitats are areas composed of viable assemblages of plant and / or animal species of largely native origin , and / or where human activity has not essentially modified an area ’ s primary ecological functions and species composition . ” 55", "spans": [{"start": 338, "end": 373, "text": "IUCN Red List of threatened species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "u > ~ ~ appendix ~ ~ presents the summary statistics and source of each indicator . While value added and trade data are used directly in the analysis , labor indicators are used to calculate industry-specific factor shares . Following Grossman and Krueger ( 1992 ) we assume that each industry ’ s output is produced according to a constant returns to scale CobbDouglas technology using three main inputs : labor , human , and physical capital . For each industry , labor share is calculated as a product of average unskilled wages and total number of workers divided by industry output . Human capital share is calculated as the total wage bill divided by output minus the labor share . Finally , physical capital share is calculated as the residual . While we acknowledge potential limitations of the pollution data and the analytical framework used , we believe that these exercises are in line with the literature and can help to provide insights for the ongoing policy debate . # * * V . Results * * This section presents and discusses the results from the two quantitative exercises . In each case we start by discussing the benchmark case ( no technique effect ) and move on to the alternative scenario . We present both individual-country results and the aggregate analysis for the region . # _Decomposition Exercise_ Figure 1 compares the emissions from clean and dirty industries in the period before and after DRCAFTA assuming no technique effect . All countries experience a significant increase in pollution > 10 Most papers in the literature estimate a combination of scale and technique effects . 14", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 116, "text": "value added and trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 153, "end": 169, "text": "labor indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 804, "end": 818, "text": "pollution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 21 percent in Syria , and 8 percent in Morocco between 2007 and 2009 . > 11 According to World Bank data , during the period 2007 – 09 , food subsidies declined as a share of GDP from 1 . 8 percent to 0 . 8 percent in Jordan , and from 2 . 1 percent to 1 . 4 percent in Syria . Food subsidies remained at 0 . 7 percent in Morocco , and increased from 1 . 3 percent to 2 . 0 percent in Egypt . 12 Note the analysis does not change if we assume that the country can affect prices and is facing an upward sloping import supply curve . > 13 Commitment to price stability is signaled by the prevalence of price controls in MENA on certain types of food products . Price controls can be viewed as flexible subsidies that accommodate perfectly fluctuations in the price . According to Ortiz _et al . _ ( 2011 ) , Algeria , Morocco , Jordan , and Djibouti use also price controls on certain food products . Some of these use both price controls and price subsidies . - 14 -", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 106, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the project . - ( c ) Training . Training would be provided to the Ministry of Mines and Energy staff on the job by the exploration consultants , the accounting advisers and the geothermal specialists . In addition , short training courses overseas in petroleum exploration techniques and laboratory procedures would be included , Six two-year scholarships are also included to cover studies leading to degrees in petroleum-related fields in academic programs acceptable to IDA . - ( d ) Special Studies . These studies would include a market and feasibility survey for the use of natural gas resources in the domestic economy , This information would be important in connection with assessing the economics of development of potential gas reservoirs in the Red Sea and Ogaden areas . The Government would consult with IDA on the conclusions of the study before the end of 1984 , and obtain", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 568, "text": "market and feasibility survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Last PHC conducted in < br > 2007 | The population and < br > housing census has been < br > rescheduled to a later < br > date | The population and < br > housing census has < br > been rescheduled to a < br > later date | Micro data of 2017 < br > PHC publically < br > accessible online | | Date | 14-Sep-2017 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 02-Nov-2020 | | Comments | | | | | 2 / 21 / 2020 Page 17 of 30", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 215, "text": "housing census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 295, "end": 309, "text": "housing census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 363, "end": 381, "text": "Micro data of 2017", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 34 - # # # IV . FINANCIAL ANALYSIS # # # A . General 4 . 01 URC ' s Accounting Department and Internal Auditor utilize the traditional EARC budgeting and accounting system , which produces a profit and loss statement ( or revenue account ) , balance sheet and source and application of funds statement as well as an annual budget . There is a considerable backlog in preparation and auditing of accounts , partly due to the wholly manual process applied by an unmotivated staff and partly to the emphasis on URC ' s day-to-day financial survival . The most recent audited accounts cover 1981 , draft revenue accounts are available for 1982-1984 and provisional revenue accounts for 1985-1987 ( See Annex 13 ) . A URC task force has set up a work program to eliminate the backlog mainly by in-house effort plus some short term verification support from outside ( see Annex 15 ) and the task force is now working on producing the missing balance sheets and source and application of funds statements by early 1989 . It is essential to establish a sound set of accounts for 1987 on which accounts for subsequent years could be estimated with tnie help of a simple computerized system . The work program in the Accounts is included in the Initial Action Program and technical assistance is foreseen under the Project Preparation Facility . ( paras . 2 . 28 , 3 . 03 and 6 . 01 ( a ) ) . # # # B . Past Performance 4 . 02 0teratina Performance . During the turbulent last five years , the volume of freight fluctuated between 260 , 000 arid 375 , 000 tonnes , which is far below historical levels . The transport basis for URC ' s cost recovery and healthy financial performance was therefore constrained and uncertain . Under the circumstances , URC ' s accounting approach was increasingly geared towards crisis management in an attempt to keep day-to-day expenditures covered by day-to-day revenues . The data base is presently incomplete , but it appears that", "spans": [{"start": 1905, "end": 1914, "text": "data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Younkin and Kuppuswamy 2018 ) , or other characteristics of a founder or venture . Future research is needed to assess the effect of systematizing inquiry in these contexts . Similarly , we designed this research to isolate the effects of gender and treatments on investment decisions . As such we do not theorize other inputs to investment decision-making such as organizational preferences ( Tyebjee and Bruno 1984 , Cohen et al . 2019 ) , individual investor preferences ( e . g . , Huang 2018 ) , or extraneous conditions such as weather ( e . g . , Dushnitsky and Sarkar 2022 ) . # * * 8 . Discussion * * _What is the effect of investment organizations ’ evaluation practices on gender disparities in funding innovation ? _ We hypothesized that investment organizations could change their evaluation systems to invest into female-founded startups and designed and tested interventions in a two-stage field experiment . In the first stage , we tested whether prompting investors to systematically inquire about risk and reward would reduce gender disparities in investment decisions early in an investor-founder relationship . An analysis of 1 , 341 decisions taken by 278 investors suggested that prompting investors to inquire about both prevention ( risk ) and promotion ( growth ) in an evaluation template resulted in more consistent inquiry – investors asked more prevention-focused questions to all startups , but particularly those with all-male founding teams . This reduced gender disparities in evaluation in the treated group compared to a control . In the second stage , we tested whether systematizing inquiry could affect collective investment decisions that allocated $ 320 , 000 to 16 of 69 startups over three months . Leveraging a panel dataset of 1 , 530 decisions , we tested the effects of a bundled treatment of prompting investors to systematically inquire about : 1 ) risk and reward ; and 2 ) startup progress . Treated investors more positively assessed startups with female founders than the control . This resulted in meaningfully higher scores that affected the likelihood of investment for startups with female founders . Differential effects between treatment and control appeared to be driven by how the investors assessed startups ’ venture 33", "spans": [{"start": 1754, "end": 1767, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Endnotes * * i UNHCR , 6 June 2023 , UNHCR , Operational Data Portal , Ukraine Refugee Situation ii IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix ( DTM ) , Ukraine iii Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project ( ACLED ) , 2 June 2023 , Ukraine Conflict Monitor . iv All data is relevant as of 15 June 2023 unless indicated otherwise by source in the Endnotes . v OHCHR Ukraine : Civilian Casualty Update 5 June 2023 . Figures are likely higher due to lack of access to areas under temporary military occupation . vi IDPs and Returnees estimates - IOM DTM , General Population Survey – Round 13 May 2023 vii Non-Displaced estimate – OCHA Baseline of Population Affected – September 2022 viii Displacement Monitoring Centre ( IDMC ) , Conflict and Violence Data . http : / / internal-displacement . org / countries / ukraine . Figures derive from 14 2014 to 31 December 2021 . ix OHCHR Ukraine : Conflict-related Civilian Casualties , 27 January 2022 . Figures derive from 14 April 2014-31 December 2021 . x World Bank , Ukraine , Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment , February 2022-February 2023 xi Disaster Risk Management & Climate Resilience Section , 13 June 2023 , United Nations Satellite Centre ( UNOSAT ) xii OCHA Ukraine , Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam , 14 June 2023 , Flash Update 6 , xiii CCCM Cluster Ukraine . 40 % of Collective Sites are situated in the dormitories of educational facilities , 11 % situated in schools and 11 % in kindergartens . 20 % of sites are based inside of government social service institutions , followed by 13 % located in religious facilities , office buildings , libraries and restaurants . xiv A . Res . 3314 ( XXIX ) , UN GAOR , 29 , U . N . A / 77 / 533 ( 14 December 1974 ) xv A / 77 / 533 : Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine ( 18 October 2022 ) xvi", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 146, "text": "IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 169, "end": 213, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 561, "end": 586, "text": "General Population Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 636, "end": 672, "text": "OCHA Baseline of Population Affected", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 737, "end": 763, "text": "Conflict and Violence Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This restricts the set of loans covered to the roughly 70 % of accounts for which landholding was determinant of debt relief qualification . < sup > 15 < / sup > Descriptives for the population of qualifying loans in the four sample districts are reported in Table 2 . Corresponding figures for accounts in the sample frame appear in Table D . 1 in the Supplemental Appendix . Figure 1 summarizes the distribution of debt relief for treatment and control housholds . The average > 14The chosen range was the bandwidth that minimized the mean squared error when predicting relief amount with landholding and a 100 % debt relief indicator . Because different banks implemented the program cutoff as either two hectares or five acres ( 2 . 023 hectares ) , the bandwidth is calculated at the bank level . 15Bank records were not perfect , and for some accounts no land data was available . Accounts without reported landholding were excluded from the sample frame . Because this was a small number of accounts falling into both the unconditional and 25 % relief categories , the resulting attrition was random and unlikely to bias the analysis . 15", "spans": [{"start": 861, "end": 870, "text": "land data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Technical assistance to < br > enhance website interaction < br > with mobile phones and to all < br > other devices | IDA / 51810 | Court Administration and < br > Case Management : | Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-02-13 < br > 2017-03 | - 01 < br > 2017-02-27 | 2017-03-28 < br > 2017-03-27 < br > 2017-03-28 | | | 2017-04-26 | 2017-05-31 | 2017-08-29 | | KE-JRK-7087-CS-LCS / < br > Technical assistance to review < br > and refine the current < br > database / existing platforms < br > ( County Legislative Database ) | IDA / 51810 | Court Administration and < br > Case Management : | Post | Least Cost < br > Selection | Open - National | | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-02-13 < br > 2017-03 | - 09 < br > 2017-03-06 | 2017-04-19 < br > 2017-03-15 | 2017-05-17 | 2017-06-16 | 2017-07-21 | 2017-08-25 | 2018-02-21 | Page 6", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 615, "text": "County Legislative Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 853 * * * | 5 . 860 * * * | 0 . 0910 * * * | 0 . 101 * * * | 0 . 214 * * * | 0 . 213 * * * | | | ( 0 . 00207 ) | ( 0 . 00787 ) | ( 0 . 00804 ) | ( 0 . 0173 ) | ( 0 . 00242 ) | ( 0 . 00556 ) | ( 0 . 00258 ) | ( 0 . 00680 ) | | Obs . | 3 , 882 | 3 , 882 | 2 , 116 | 2 , 116 | 2 , 050 | 2 , 050 | 2 , 050 | 2 , 050 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 304 | 0 . 304 | 0 . 521 | 0 . 521 | 0 . 297 | 0 . 302 | 0 . 289 | 0 . 289 | | _δpv − βpv_ | | 0 . 0986 | | - 0 . 616 | | 1 . 302 * * * | | 0 . 183 | | S . E . | | 0 . 583 | | 0 . 909 | | 0 . 223 | | 0 . 321 | _Notes_ : * p _ < _ . 1 , * * p _ < _ . 05 , * * * p _ < _ . 01 . Household-level data , restricted to households engaged in agriculture . S . E . s allow for clustering at the level of enumeration area ( EA ) . All columns include fixed effects for if a household was located within 10 km . of a population center with at least 20 , 000 inhabitants , the state-level administrative center , and a market . Additionally EA-level , state-level , month , and river sub-basin fixed effects are included . Borno state is excluded . 32", "spans": [{"start": 621, "end": 641, "text": "Household-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Zhao , and Xia Zhao * * , “ A Harmonized Global Nighttime Light Dataset 1992 – 2018 , ” _Scientific Data_ , 2020 , _7_ ( 168 ) . - * * Litan , Robert and Alice Rivlin * * , “ Projecting the Economic Impact of the Internet , ” _American Economic Review_ , May 2001 , _91_ ( 2 ) , 313 – 317 . - * * Manacorda , Marco and Andrea Tesei * * , “ Liberation Technology : Mobile Phones and Political Mobilization in Africa , ” _Econometrica_ , 2020 , _88_ ( 2 ) , 533 – 567 . - * * Mastrobuoni , Giovanni * * , “ Crime is Terribly Revealing : Information Technology and Police Productivity , ” _The Review of Economic Studies_ , 2020 , _87_ ( 6 ) , 2727 – 2753 . 21", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 71, "text": "Harmonized Global Nighttime Light Dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "maquila - - might reduce migration . < sup > 2 < / sup > In a times series context , Hanson and Spillimbergo ( 1999 ) find that border apprehensions are responsive to US-Mexico wage differentials , a finding confirmed by McKenzie and Rapoport ( 2003 ) using a retrospective survey . Davila and Saenz ( 1990 ) find a negative relationship between lagged maquila employment on the border and monthly border apprehensions as a proxy for migration pressures . Unfortunately , more direct trade data on FDI and trade are available neither at the level of periodicity or span to offer enough degrees of freedom to permit inference with any confidence . Further , the massive peso crisis beginning roughly concomitant with the signing of NAFTA led to a sharp spike in unemployment and a 25 % fall in wages . These likely induced flows to the US that complicate inference on the more modest effects that NAFTA might have had in the opposite direction . For these reasons , this paper focuses on evaluating the mechanisms through which NAFTA related variables might work using data on migration flows _within_ Mexico where the 2000 census data permit careful analysis and the 32 by 32 permutations offer substantial degrees of freedom . Figure 1 shows the rates of net migration ( net flows as a fraction of the population in the initial period ) by state and figure 2 FDI by state . A casual look suggests that , in fact , there is a relationship between the magnitude of FDI and migration to a locale . In investigating this possibility for FDI and other trade variables more rigorously , we make three contributions to the literature on migration more generally , and then specifically on the impact of trade and FDI flows on migration . First , we offer the first estimates of determinants of migration flows within Mexico and make some advances in the less developed country ( LDC ) migration literature . In line with recent innovations in the industrialized country literature , we generate proxies for both the level of amenities and costs of living and find their influence to be statistically significant . Further , contrary to much of the literature either in the industrialized or developing world", "spans": [{"start": 1068, "end": 1107, "text": "data on migration flows _within_ Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1118, "end": 1134, "text": "2000 census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is reported every two years from impact evaluation on original locations and will also be measured with second impact evaluation on new programme areas . 1 This is measured as the \" proportion of children aged 1 · 3 years fully vaccinated \" based on information from health cards . Further analysis of the 2007 data suggests that here may be a need to revise the baseline figure . This will be confinued . This indicator is reported every two years from impact evaluation on original locations . Will also be measured with second impact evaluation on new programme areas 12 This is the percent of households that agreed or strongly agreed that \" programme processes are fair and operate efficiently \" in the three districts surveyed by the independent spot check system in July , August and September 20 II . 25", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 318, "text": "2007 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 743, "end": 772, "text": "independent spot check system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Eighth , we employ as a proxy for mental distress an indicator of PTSD available from the BNLA , which is an eight-item self-reported screening measure derived from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire . We also address potential self-selection into LFP and subsequent employment status by employing the alternative two-part fractional response model ( Roodman , 2011 ) . To help alleviate potential reverse causality ( i . e . , mental health and labor market outcomes are measured in the same survey wave ) , we regress labor market outcomes on mental illness measured in the previous wave ( i . e . , wave _t-1_ ) . These checks provide qualitatively similarly results ( albeit weaker statistical significance for labor incomes for the last check ) . Ninth , we investigate whether the main effects of mental illness on refugee labor outcomes are shaped by their employment experience before arrival . For example , those used to be in paid employment may find easier to get a job in the host country , and such experience may also affect their mental health status . In our model specification , this has been taken into account by controlling for individual characteristics and individual fixed effects . We implement a further check by splitting our sample into two groups based on whether they did any paid work before arrival and find qualitatively similar results . Finally , we conduct various checks on the IV . Firstly , we add up the total number of traumatic events experienced by refugees as an alternative instrument for mental health . Secondly , we test the robustness of our results to deviations from the assumption of perfect exogeneity , using Conley et al _ . _ ’ s ( 2012 ) bounding method . These tests produce similar results . # * * 4 . 3 . Heterogeneity analysis * * An important policy question is whether some sub-groups of refugees are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of mental illness . We examine several characteristics of refugees in this section . First , we examine the differential impacts of mental health based on visa types , which are classified into onshore and offshore visas . The offshore resettlement program applies 17", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 94, "text": "BNLA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", particularly those from poor households and in rural areas are the most vulnerable to malaria . Climate change is also exacerbating water-borne diseases especially diarrhea and cholera outbreaks in Kenya . Flash floods are overwhelming sewage systems contaminating drinking water sources and prolonged droughts are reducing the quantity and quality of water and compromising the functioning of Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene infrastructure even in health facilities . In the aftermath of heavy rains during March-May 2018 , flooding across the country led to a major increase in cholera outbreaks of 5 , 470 cases and 78 deaths in 19 counties with over 700 cases in Turkana and Garissa Counties . < sup > 3233 < / sup > Floods , storms , landslides , and extreme heat threaten the functioning of health infrastructure and hinder health service delivery and access especially in flood prone Coastal regions , Tana River region , the Lake Victoria Basin , and rural remote areas of the country . > 29 Kenya : IPC Acute Food Insecurity and Acute Malnutrition Analysis ( July 2023 - January 2024 ) > 30 https : / / www . cdc . gov / malaria / malaria_worldwide / cdc_activities / kenya . html > 31 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey , 2020 . > 32 Kenya Humanitarian Situation Report . 31 December 2018 . > 33 MSF responds to cholera outbreak amid heavy rains and flooding . Project update . 18 May 2018 . Page 40 of 43 Feb 21 , 2024", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 15 - # # Processing 2 . 07 At present 14 ginneries operate in Kenya and three additional ginneries - - at Bura , Taveta and the Kerio Valley - - are in various stages of planning ( Map IBRD 15232 ) . Total output in 1980 was about 60 , 000 bales . Details on ginnery location , ownership , and equipment type are summarized below : | Province | Ginneries | Type | Ownership | No . of gins | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Western | Malaba-Malakisi < br > Nambale < br > Luanda ( Samia ) | double roller < br > double roller < br > double roller | Coop 1 / < br > Coop < br > Coop | 11 < br > 12 < br > 16 | | Nyanza | Kibos < br > Kendu Bay < br > Homa Bay < br > N ' dere | double roller < br > double roller < br > double roller < br > double roller | CLSMB < br > Coop < br > Coop < br > Coop | 6 < br > 12 < br > 12 < br > 11 | | Eastern & | Kitui | double roller | Private | 16 | | Central | Mwea | double roller | CLSMB | 20 | | | Meru | double roller | CLSMB / Coop | < br > 20 | | | Makueni | double roller | CLSMB | 20 | | Coast | Lamu | single roller | Private | 11 | | | Malindi | single roller | Private | 35 | | | Hola | single roller | CLSMB | 10 | 1 / Coop refers to cooperative unions or societies responsible for ginnery management . The gins in use date back to the 1930s and", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 197, "text": "Map IBRD 15232", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or payday lender . < sup > 8 < / sup > This is likely a misleading indication of the use of these credit sources in lower-income urban areas generally . New York sets a severely binding interest rate ceiling on its pawnshops , so pawnshops in New York City are scarce and generally take only jewelry as collateral . In addition , New York regulations do not permit payday lending to be profitable . Although payday lenders were reasonably well-represented in Los Angeles in 1998 , they have grown explosively in California and many other states since that time . Undoubtedly , a contemporary survey would find much heavier use of payday lenders than is suggested by the OCC survey . > 8 Payday loan offices commonly make two-week loans for amounts between $ 100 and $ 500 . Typically , the borrower needs an advance to meet expenses until his or her next payday . At the time of the advance , the borrower writes a personal check to the lender who agrees not to submit it for payment until the borrower ’ s next payday at which time the borrower ’ s account will presumably have sufficient funds to pay the check . Frequently , borrowers choose not to repay the loan at the next payday and instead renew it . In this way , a two-week loan can become a six - to eight-week loan . > There were very few payday loan offices in the country prior to 1995 , but by 2003 there were well over 10 , 000 . Many belong to large chains that operate across multiple states . Some payday lenders also function as check-cashing outlets but others dedicate themselves only to payday lending . 20", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 680, "text": "OCC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "future small-scale farm growth and farm consolidation ” ( Sitko and Jayne 2014 , p . 199 ) . > 13 The estimate by Jayne _et al . _ ( 2014a ) is based on binned DHS data . Sitko _et al . _ ( 2015 ) noted that “ Data on state lands ( which include farm blocks ) are from a spatial boundary dataset in wide circulation within the Ministries of Agriculture , Finance , Planning , and other governmental and nongovernmental entities , although the provenance of this dataset cannot be determined with certainty . To evaluate the validity of these datasets , we confirmed that mapped boundaries conformed to knowledge held by managerial and operational personnel within the relevant ministries ” ( p . 13 ) . 14 Land relations in Zambia are governed by the 1995 Land Act . After long deliberations , a National Land Policy was adopted in May 2021 . Studies have long pointed out that limited capacity and local presence of relevant state institutions makes implementing this ‘ replacement ’ paradigm ( Bruce & Migot-Adholla 1994 ) difficult , implying that relevant laws may have little effect on local realities ( Atwood 1990 ; Pinckney & Kimuyu 1994 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 168, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 271, "end": 295, "text": "spatial boundary dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) activities was estimated beyond US $ 10 million , without the possibility to get a precise number due to the confidentiality of the private investment deals . - The target for the number of new employees hired by MSMEs benefitting from the matching grant facility was partially achieved , reaching only 2 , 460 . 0 or 25 percent of the target of 11 , 000 . 00 . Budget resources for these activities were significantly reduced from US $ 8 million to US $ 3 million and the activities , while the indicator was not revised , causing shortfall in results achieved . Results toward the PDO-2 were predominantly exceeded as follows : ( i ) the percentage of lodged transactions completed , ( ii ) the average days taken to transfer property , ( iii ) the cost to register a business , ( iv ) the number of tourism arrivals , ( v ) the direct beneficiaries as a result of the tourism component activities , ( vi ) the overall project direct beneficiaries , ( vii ) the number of registered businesses on which data have been entered into the online business register , ( viii ) the number of URSB staff and other agencies trained in business registration and business licensing new procedures , ( ix ) the number of staff at all levels across MoTWA who completed project-provided training in tourism sector issues , ( x ) the increase in sales of firms supported under the matching grants facility , ( xi ) the increase in exports of non-traditional products , ( xii ) the average number of days taken to verify ownership of property , ( xiii ) the reduction in number of days to register a business . While the target for additional private investments in tourism was fully achieved and more likely exceeded , the number of people directly employed in the tourism sector was substantially achieved . One Project outcome related to the number of people", "spans": [{"start": 1186, "end": 1210, "text": "online business register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ Stakeholder meetings should be held to consult with stakeholders other than PAPs about resettlement process and activities . These meetings will also act as representative participation meetings since some of the stakeholders such as NGOs and village grievance committees # # # * * Field Surveys * * The resettlement unit can conduct field surveys to establish PAPs and interested stakeholder opinions about the resettlement process . The resettlement unit may use household surveys ( face to face interviews ) , key informant interviews with local leaders or focus group discussions with the PAPs . # # # * * Cooperation with NGOs * * The resettlement unit will support local NGOs , which would like to participate in facilitating information disclosure and consultation of the PAPs . # # # * * 9 . 6 . RAP Requirements * * Requirements for the success of the plan include : 1 . Timely availability of funds for compensation and the physical works 2 . More engagement with the affected people to offer legal advice and raise awareness on their rights as well as the positive impacts of the project . 3 . Maintenance of a continuous line of communication between REA and the affected population # # # * * 9 . 7 . Institutional Arrangements * * The institutional framework to implement the project is proposed as follows : 1 . REA through the * * Project Manager * * will manage the whole resettlement process . The Principal Finance Officer in the Department of Finance will provide technical support on compensation issues . These departments and others to be involved in the resettlement implementation will be assisted to prepare and carry out their respective tasks ; * * 2 . * * For compensation the * * Chief Government Valuer ( CGV ) will * * provide support to the Project Coordination Unit both directly , and through the REA . The CGV will be assisted to deliver these services to districts ; * * 3 . * * The * * Ministry of", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 568, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "creates jobs ? Small versus large versus young . _Review of Economics and Statistics_ , _95_ ( 2 ) , 347 ‐ 361 . Harrison , A . , & Rodríguez ‐ Clare , A . ( 2010 ) . Trade , foreign investment , and industrial policy for developing countries . In _Handbook of development economics_ ( Vol . 5 , pp . 4039 ‐ 4214 ) . Elsevier . Hausmann , R . , & Rodrik , D . ( 2003 ) . Economic development as self ‐ discovery . _Journal of development Economics_ , _72_ ( 2 ) , 603 ‐ 633 . Hillberry , R . and Hummels , D . ( 2008 ) . Trade responses to geographic frictions : A decomposition using micro ‐ data . _European Economic Review_ , 52 ( 3 ) , pp . 527 ‐ 550 . Hsieh , C . T . , & Klenow , P . J . ( 2009 ) . Misallocation and manufacturing TFP in China and India . _The Quarterly journal of economics_ , _124_ ( 4 ) , 1403 ‐ 1448 . Javorcik , B . S . ( 2004 ) . Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms ? In search of spillovers through backward linkages . _The American Economic Review_ , _94_ ( 3 ) , 605 ‐ 627 . OECD ( 2010 ) , _High ‐ Growth Enterprises : What Governments Can Do to Make a Difference_ , OECD Publishing , Paris . DOI : http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1787 / 9789264048782 ‐ en . OECD ( 2016 ) , \" High ‐ growth enterprises rate \" , in Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2016 , OECD Publishing , Paris , < u > http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1787 / entrepreneur_aag ‐ 2016 ‐ 23 ‐ en . < / u > Rodrik , D . ( 2005 ) . Growth strategies . _Handbook of economic growth_ , _1_ , 967 ‐ 1014 . Rosenthal , Stuart and William Strange ( 2004 ) . “ Evidence of the Nature and Sources of Agglomeration Economies . ” _Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics_ Vol . 4 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2 | $ 35 . 9 | | ( 2 ) Average Transfer | $ 1 , 946 . 5 | $ 1 , 301 . 7 | $ 1 , 112 . 4 | $ 345 . 5 | $ 1 , 302 . 4 | $ 1 , 112 . 8 | $ 1 , 201 . 8 | $ 1 , 568 . 3 | $ 708 . 6 | $ 664 . 8 | | Beneficiaries | 137 , 071 | 204 , 973 | 239 , 848 | 772 , 197 | 204 , 856 | 239 , 772 | 222 , 010 | 165 , 599 | 376 , 548 | 401 , 350 | | Ex-antepoor | 0 . 28 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 65 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 71 | 0 . 75 | | Ex-ante non-poor | 0 . 13 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 07 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 25 | 0 . 45 | 0 . 49 | | Ex-ante Vulnerable | 0 . 17 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 08 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 25 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 26 | 0 . 53 | 0 . 58 | | Post-shockpoor | 0 . 26 | 0 . 87 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 54 | 0 . 59 | 0 . 36 | 0 . 29 | 0 . 75 | 0 . 78 | Note : impacts are color-coded from dark red ( highest impacts ) to dark blue ( lowest impact ) . Not all households declare labor income . Under this shock , results and optimal responses change substantially . In both Moldova and North Macedonia , covering the pre-shock poor either through perfect means testing or using a PMT indicator ( columns 2 and 5 ) becomes a suboptimal response ( again , using the poverty gap squared as a metric ) . If the post-shock poor could be", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the effects . To measure employment rates , we use the data on employment-to-population ratios from Pennings ( 2022 ) , with the share of workers across different levels of schooling from national estimates in ILOSTAT ( for those MENA countries where the data is available ) . * * Results . * * We find gains in output per capita from closing gender employment gaps that are large for most countries in MENA , but ( i ) are very heterogeneous across countries , ( ii ) are not as large in the short-to-medium term when physical capital is fixed or the speed at which gaps themselves close is incomplete , ( iii ) are generally smaller with capital-skill complementarities and an unchanged skill distribution , though higher if share of skilled female workers also increases . Quantitatively , the increase in long-run GDP per capita in MENA from closing gender employment gaps averages 54 % using a Cobb-Douglas production function and the GEGI ( median 49 % ) , which is very similar to that in the Arab Republic of Egypt ( 56 % ) , which we use as a typical country . However , the average gains halve in the short-run if capital remains fixed ( they also halve in Egypt ) . Using the long term growth model ( LTGM ) at 2050 , where we incorporate the structure of the economy in our parameter values and model a transition path , gains lie between what we call the short run and the long run values , averaging 31 % ( median 34 % ) , with Egypt increasing 3", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 94, "text": "data on employment-to-population ratios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 188, "end": 217, "text": "national estimates in ILOSTAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _-6-_ * * World Bank * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that the World Bank shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation ( \" Terms_ and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . ] This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the World Bank records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , * * / * * signed * * / * * [ Position ] < sup > 6 < / sup > > * * 5 * * Instruction to the Recipient : * * Add * * this paragraph if the Recipient wishes to authorize the listed persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials and to deliver Applications * * by * * electronic means ; if this is not applicable , please delete the paragraph . _Please delete this footnote in final letter that is sent to the World Bank . _ > * * 6 * * The letter should be signed * * by * * the official designated as the Recipient ' s Representative in the Advance Agreement .", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 685, "text": "World Bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the school level in accordance with the approved plan . The VA will also verify that woreda education offices received the funds and disbursed them to the schools according to the REG plans . The VA will conduct a thorough review of official documentation submitted by the MoE . This documentary review forms the primary basis for establishing whether the REG was transferred and whether the required components were implemented . The documents to be reviewed include , but are not limited to : - Approved Annual School – level Plans : Each school must have an approved REG plan for the reporting period . Ths plan must encompass the key components required for minimum essential services . These include : a plan to improve school infrastructure , safety , and the overall learning environment ; a plan for the effective mobilization , allocation , and utilization of human , financial , and material resources ; a plan to ensure the availability of qualified school leaders , teachers , and support staff through participatory leadership and continuous professional development ; a plan to deliver well ‑ structured instruction supported by appropriate teaching methods and TLMs ; and a plan focused on enhancing student learning outcomes and participation . The VA will confirm that plans were approved by the woreda education office prior to implementation and that they align with the requirements set out in the Program Paper and the Program Operations Manual ( POM ) . - Implementation Reports for REG Components : The VA will review reports submitted by schools and / or woreda offices documenting the implementation of each required REG component . These reports should demonstrate that activities were carried out within the reporting period and in accordance with the approved plan . - Procurement Records : Where REG funds were used to procure goods or services , the VA will examine procurement documentation to confirm that purchases were made in compliance with applicable procedures , that items procured correspond to those specified in the approved plan , and that < u > procurement occurred within the reporting period . < / u > Page 55", "spans": [{"start": 1797, "end": 1816, "text": "Procurement Records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 36 - planned Investment program , and the ability to forecast peak demand . It * * Is * * not surprising , therefore , that no trend Is evident In the peak demand / installed capacity ratios . Using overall losses , then , as the sole Indicator of quality of service , no significant trend over time can be ; n7frred with regard to the quality of service . For the period 1965-1986 , It Is concluded that there was no overall Improvement In service quality during the project Implementation perlod while for about 30 % some Improvement occurred and for the remaining 20 % of projects an overall deterioration Is assumed to have occurred . # = : ost of SUDDIy and Price Various approaches were used In the course of this study to letermine the trend of the cost per kWh of electricity over time . Data llmitatlons In terms of the number of valid observations that were avallable were such that no firm conclusions could be drawn from the cost figures themselves . The wide fluctuations In Inflatlon rates and Inconsistencies In exchange rates ( which complicated the conversion of costs to a base of constant US dollars ) made a comparison among countries and over time unrealistic . Further attempts were made using national consumer and wholesale price Indlces to obtain a ratio of costkWh at completion to the cost / kWh at appraisal In local currency for each country . Since economic costs were not generally available , financial operating costs were used In thelr place . From the very limited data available for operating costs at the beginning and end of projects , i would appear that nineteen utilities had lower cost / Wh at project completion than at appraisal In real terms and eight had hlgher costs ( using the wholesale price Index as a deflator ) . These very limited results suggest that over the project Implementatlon period ( 6 . 5 years on average ) the financial cost of power declined by about 14 % In real terms . Several points would modify such a conclusion , however :", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1263, "text": "national consumer and wholesale price Indlces", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Human capital levels in Pakistan are low , and the risks to human capital development begin in early childhood . Pakistan , the fifth most populous country in the world with 221 million people , has a low Human Capital Index ( 0 . 41 ) , indicating that by age 18 , a Pakistani child born today can only expect to be 41 percent as productive as she could be if she had access to full education and health . Many of the risks to development occur in the first 5 years of life , when brain development is exceptionally rapid and sensitive . Missed opportunities for nurturing care and stimulation cannot easily be made up later in life . Children in their early years require nurturing that emerges not only from adequate nutrition and health care , but also from safe environments with engaged caregivers who interact with their young children responsively and provide psychosocial stimulation through everyday activities such as talking and playing ( Devercelli et al . , 2022 ; World Health Organization , United Nations Children ’ s Fund , World Bank Group , 2018 ) . Access to nurturing and stimulating environments in the early years impacts human development into adulthood . Across Pakistan , child development before school entry and learning outcomes in school are undermined by widespread geographical , gender , and wealth inequalities . Over 11 million households or 21 . 9 percent of the population lives below the poverty line , and poverty disproportionately affects young children : 27 . 0 percent of children aged 0-2 years and 29 . 6 percent of children aged 3-5 years live in poverty , according to calculations using the 2018 Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement ( PSLM ) . Among 3 - to 4-year-old children living in the lowest income quintile , just 26 . 0 percent are developing on track ( Tomlinson et al . , forthcoming ) . Two-thirds ( 62 . 8 percent ) of the population is rural ( World Bank , 2021a ) , and Pakistan also has one of the lowest gender parity indices in primary school ( girls ’ enrollment compared to boys ’ enrollment ) in the world : 0", "spans": [{"start": 1672, "end": 1720, "text": "Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Chapter 9 * * UNICEF Pulse Check * *     AUDIENCE : TIME : OBJECTIVE : METHOD : All staff 1-2 minutes , on a To measure the impact of work on Online quarterly basis organizational and workplace culture questionnaire in UNICEF offices . As many organizations work on defining and reshaping their institutional culture to fit the values they uphold in combatting sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment , one area that remains difficult is measuring the impact of efforts around organizational culture change . UNICEF has taken up this challenge by developing a tool to assist in regularly tracking progress made and the impact resulting from the organization ’ s many  < u > initiatives < / u > on culture change among its staff . The Pulse Check , which was piloted in seven offices in March , is intended to complement the statistically representative data on workplace culture collected through UNICEF ’ s Global Staff Survey and Pulse Survey — biennial surveys that collect data from all employees on a wide range of issues such as personal empowerment , diversity and inclusion , career development , work-life balance , and job satisfaction and motivation . In contrast , the new Pulse Check will aim to provide more frequent real-time data on the progress made and shifts in workplace culture across UNICEF teams and offices . In addition to providing a gauge on where each UNICEF office stands on progress in specific aspects of their workplace culture , the Pulse Check will also serve as a useful management tool , giving managers insights into the impact of shifts in management decisions and workplace behaviours on staff , teams , and offices , allowing for necessary actions to be taken faster to address any concerns coming to light . The Pulse Check will be part of an accountability tool for managers and Heads of Offices , called Office Scorecards , which include several KPIs for all offices . It is intended to provide a transparent indication of how an office is doing on culture in similar ways to its overall performance on programme delivery , quality assurance ,", "spans": [{"start": 845, "end": 899, "text": "statistically representative data on workplace culture", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 929, "end": 948, "text": "Global Staff Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 953, "end": 965, "text": "Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "iii < / sup > Other consequences include multiple displacements , family separation , destruction of facilities and livelihood assets , while forced eviction due to lack of proper land tenure agreements further displaces vulnerable populations . The humanitarian crisis continues to worsen as mistrust grows among communities due to discrimination , unequal access to resources , and imbalanced community power structures . Social cohesion is severely damaged , leading to community-wide suffering , economic hardship , and lasting psychological distress including trauma from killings , injuries , and displacement . < sup > xxiv < / sup > # * * RISK 3 * * Forced recruitment and association of children in armed forces and groups Protection partners continue to record high numbers of grave violations against children , most notably forced recruitment by both state and non-state armed forces and groups . Protection and Solution Monitoring Network ( PSMN ) < sup > xxv < / sup > assessments conducted in Luuq at the end of 2024 , identified forced recruitment and association of children with armed forces and groups as a major human rights violation committed by parties to the conflict . United Nations Secretary General report on Children and Armed Conflict notes that armed groups committed 2 , 283 grave violations in Somalia < sup > xxvi < / sup > , in which forced recruitment constitutes a major portion of these violations . Al-Shabaab continues to recruit in the areas within their control , including Luuq , often using coercion and forced recruitment methods < sup > xxvii < / sup > . According to protection surveys carried out by protection partners , non-state armed actors exploit clan-based divisions , manipulating grievances to advance their agenda , either through indoctrination or by offering incentives . Minority clans are particularly vulnerable , as they are frequently targeted due to longstanding grievances and marginalization . There have also been reports of Al-Shabaab coercing youth who refuse to support their activities , subjecting them to beatings , intimidation , and threats that often extend to their families , further heightening", "spans": [{"start": 1614, "end": 1632, "text": "protection surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Age * * < br > * * ( mo ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * no . * * | * * No . * * | * * % * * | * * No . * * | * * % * * | * * No . * * | * * % * * | * * No . * * | * * % * * | | * * 6-17 * * | 858 | 7 | 0 . 8 % | 74 | 8 . 6 % | 777 | 90 . 6 % | 0 | 0 . 0 % | | * * 18-29 * * | 775 | 7 | 0 . 9 % | 36 | 4 . 6 % | 732 | 94 . 5 % | 1 | 0 . 1 % | | * * 30-41 * * | 715 | 2 | 0 . 3 % | 27 | 3 . 8 % | 686 | 95 . 9 % | 0 | 0 . 0 % | | * * 42-53 * * | 703 | 2 | 0 . 3 % | 29 | 4 . 1 % | 672 | 95 . 6 % | 0 | 0 . 0 % | | * * 54-59 * * | 211 | 2 | 0 . 9 % | 7 | 3 . 3 % | 202 | 95 . 7 % | 0 | 0 . 0 % | | * * Total * * | 3 , 262 | 20 | 0 . 6 % | 173 | 5 . 3 % | 3 , 069 | 94 . 1 % | 1 | 0 . 0 % | Underweight is is due to either wasting or stunting or both . Based on this survey , Kyegegwa ( 15 . 5 % ) had the highest prevalence of underweight ; Hoima ( 12 . 7 % )", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of simplified standard procurement procedure and documents that can be uniformly applied across Woredas , etc . On the other hand , progress is noted in improved function of procurement regulatory bodies in the manner they managed to deliver on the procurement DLI . The regulatory bodies are registering procurement process data and reporting on procurement performance through agreed KPIs , though a lot of the reporting needs further improvement . Similarly , the regional regulatory bodies are making effort to deliver on their responsibility to undertake procurement audit on procurement implementing institutions , again with much improvement needed on quality and coverage of the audits . Procurement expenditure profile at decentralized level still indicates the contract amounts of single contracts are much below the exclusion threshold under PforR operations , signifying the risk of encountering a high value contract within the program expenditure is low . Based on data reviewed for the EFY2011 , the share of expenditure of the five sectors ( Agriculture , Education , Health and Water ) is significant at 54 % . On the other hand , share of capital allocation , which is spent through procurement , within the four basic sectors has dramatically dropped to 21 % which in the earlier assessment covering the period EFY2007-2009 was 70 % . Overall procurement risk is rated Substantial . The risk mitigation measures under this AF will include improved DLR target and PAP actions to address the observed gaps . 5 . Appropriate systems to handle the risks of fraud and corruption , including effective complaint-handling mechanisms , that have been agreed on and established in the parent and 1 < sup > st < / sup > AF will continue in this program as well . # # * * II . SCOPE * * 6 . The scope of the FSA is based on the existing boundary of the program and expenditure framework that is the General-Purpose Grant ( GPG ) as disclosed under expenditure framework . # # * * Institutional Arrangements * * 7 . For the FM , the Program will continue to use the government system ( federal , regional and local level )", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 329, "text": "procurement process data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 1008, "text": "data reviewed for the EFY2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effect of policy changes on - vulnerable groups as part of the National Welfare Monitoring Survey undertaken by the Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) . The project also financed the development of a Food Security Action Plan and a Drought Contingency Action Plan , which remain relevant to development of appropriate strategies in both areas . The latter plan was in fact useful in the formulation of the IDA financed Arid Lands Resource Management Project ( Credit 2797-KE ) which became effective on July 12 , 1996 . Studies and training proposed in land policy and administration have not so far been implemented . # # # # * * H . * * FUTURE OPERATIONS 35 . Following up with the ASAO * * II * * project , GOK and IDA have continued discussions on liberalization in the context of the dialogue on overall policy and economic issues . Regarding technical assistance and studies aimed at the realization of the institutional development objectives , ASMP II is continuing assistance provided under ASAO IH after June 1996 . # # # # L KEY LESSONS LEARNED 36 . Key lessons leamed from project implementation are as follows :", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 97, "text": "National Welfare Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 6 . 5 Protection of Communities and Vulnerable Road Users * * Transport operations should be planned and managed to minimize risks to communities . Routes shall be selected to avoid densely populated areas where feasible ; Additional caution shall be exercised in areas with pedestrians , schools , and markets ; Drivers shall be instructed to reduce speed and remain vigilant in community zones ; Where necessary , awareness shall be raised among communities on traffic safety during project activities . # # # * * 6 . 6 Loading and Unloading Operations * * Improper loading and unloading of goods can result in injuries and accidents . - Loading and unloading shall be conducted in designated safe areas - Workers shall use safe lifting techniques and handling procedures - Materials shall be stacked securely to prevent falling hazards - Supervision shall be ensured during loading and unloading operations # # # * * 6 . 7 Emergency Preparedness and Incident Management * * Transport-related incidents shall be managed promptly and effectively . - All vehicles shall carry basic emergency supplies ( first aid kit , communication means ) - Drivers shall be trained on incident reporting and emergency response procedures - Accidents and near misses shall be reported , documented , and investigated - Corrective actions shall be implemented to prevent recurrence Please refer to the incident Management section under annex XX - OHS management plan # # # * * 6 . 8 Monitoring and Reporting * * Traffic management performance shall be monitored through observation of driver behavior and vehicle condition , verification of compliance with loading / unloading procedures , review of incident and accident records and monitoring of safety conditions at distribution sites . Contractors shall maintain records of transport operations and incidents , and report these as part of regular environmental and social monitoring reports . Monitoring results shall be used to implement corrective actions and improve traffic safety performance throughout project implementation . Transport Providers / Contractors : Responsible for safe vehicle operation , driver management , and compliance with traffic safety measures ; Site Supervisors are responsible for monitoring transport activities and ensuring safe loading / unloading and site-level traffic control . Further", "spans": [{"start": 1694, "end": 1723, "text": "incident and accident records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "010 < sup > [ B ] < / sup > | | 0 . 046 < sup > [ B ] < / sup > | | 0 . 021 < sup > [ B ] < / sup > | | 0 . 068 < sup > [ B ] < / sup > | | 0 . 324 | | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 1 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 000 | | 0 . 000 | | 0 . 000 | | 0 . 000 | | 0 . 000 | | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 2 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 968 | | 0 . 962 | | 0 . 970 | | 0 . 975 | | 0 . 981 | | Notes : < sup > [ A ] < / sup > GDP data are adjusted for international differences in purchasing power of the dollar . < sup > [ B ] < / sup > When the _p-_ value of the Hansen test is a borderline case , the instruments are further validated by the supplementary evidence from the Sargan test of the over-identifying restrictions . Robust standard errors in parentheses ; asterisks indicate statistical significance at the * * * 1 , * * 5 , and * 10 percent level . Data for the transition economies refer only from 1997 onwards . All equations include time period and group-specific dummies . The results are remarkably similar when _de facto_ or quantity-based measures of the international financial openness are used ( Table 4 , columns 5 to 8 ) . In this case , a country ’ s international financial openness is defined as the sum of its gross stocks of foreign assets and liabilities ( scaled by GDP ) as measured by Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2007 ) ; referred to as FINOPEN in the table . The results for most country groups are in line with the prevailing view in the literature : the role of international financial openness is indirect , with collateral benefits , such as the development of the domestic financial sector , the discipline on macroeconomic policies , and the promotion of specialization ( e . g . , Kose et", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 400, "text": "GDP data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services for the Detailed Design of the Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nimule Road Contract No . RDPIHW / S018 VKE Intemafional ( Ply ) Ltd Resettlement Action Plan July 2009 • # # # # # 3 . 1 . 4 Ethnic Groups The major part of the population in the project area was Acholi , from Gulu to Atiak . However , the ethnic groups changed as one moves northwards towards Bibia from Acholi to Madi , all of the Luo linguistic group . # # # # # 3 . 1 . 5 Internally Displaced People ' s ( lOP ) Camps One of the major population characteristics of people living along the proposed road was that most of them live in lOP camps . These camps were initially set up for security purposes to protect people against the activities of Lord ' s Resistance Army ( LRA ) . It appeared as if the Districts of Amuru and Gulu were currently safe from these activities . No lOP camps were found in Gulu . Although people are moving back to their homes , a large number of people in Amuru District still continued to live in lOP camps . The UBOS , Uganda National Household Survey _2005 / 2006_ gives the following indications about the size of the lOP Camps , as shown in Table 3 . 1 below : _Table_ 3 . 1 : _Selected Camp Sizes in Gulu and Amuru Districts_ | District | Subcounty . | CampName , | No . ofHouseholds | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Amuru | Amuru | Amuru | 9 , 217 | | Amuru | Atiak | Atiak | 3 , 687 | | Amuru | Lamogi | Awer | 3 , 687 | | Amuru | Lamogi | Parabonao | 2 , 417 | | Amuru |", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1077, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : Level of Farmer Involvement in FEW-Farmer Contact Groups * * | * * Project Studies * * < br > _ _ _ _ < br > _ _ _ | * * No . of Households ( HH ) * * < br > * * Surveyed * * < br > _ * * _ * * _ _ _ _ _ _ _ < br > _ < br > ___ < br > ___ < br > ____ < br > ___ < br > _ | * * No . of Districts * * < br > _ < br > ___ < br > ___ < br > ___ < br > ___ | * * Level of farmer * * < br > * * involvement in contact * * < br > __ < br > * * grou p * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Baseline Survey ( based * * < br > * * on * * 1992 year ) , ( 1994 ) | 767 | 16 | verage II % < br > ( range 2-31 % ) | | FarmerFollow-up < br > Survey ( 1995 ) | 205 | 7 | Approxiiately43 % of HH < br > incontact group , ( range < br > 3-50 % / * * o * * ) , nly 33 % of < br > groups < br > met regularly . | | Extension < br > Staff Survey < br > ( 1995 ) | Extensionstaff : FEWs , < br > county & district extensio < br > coordinators , subject < br > matter specialists , < br > headquarter < br > staff | * * 8 * * < br > n | FEWscontact about 33 % < br > f farmers in their", "spans": [{"start": 504, "end": 519, "text": "Baseline Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 834, "end": 846, "text": "Staff Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Rural Electrification Authority : Project Report for the proposed Kamandio Market and Dispensary ( Kitui Central Constituency ) 33 kV power distribution line # # # * * 1 . 3 Approach and methodology to the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment * * A Project Report is primarily a tool aimed at facilitating identification and mitigation of adverse impacts of an activity before its implementation commences while creating an opportunity for enhancing positive impacts and thus improving on the entire net worth of the project . For the purposes of this Project Report , systematic data correction took place through activities as follows : - # # # # 1 . 3 . 1 : Discussions with the Project Design Consultant Core discussions were held as part of the contract negotiation meeting attended by the Team Leader ( from Repcon ) Project Managers from both SWECO and Aberdare Engineering Ltd during which , finer details of the assignment were negotiated and harmonized . Consultative meetings also took place with staff of the REA in pursuit of better understanding of the environmental mandate and capacity of the Authority . From such discussions , the consultant obtained maps and project design data which helped better clarify the project scope . # # # # 1 . 3 . 2 : Data collection The Project Report Process also employed review of available reports towards familiarizing with the focus and objectives of the entire programme . Core reports reviewed here included the Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) and the Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) prepared for KEEP . Secondary data for the route of traverse was obtained from diverse sources such as GOK planning documents and policy blue prints , professional reports and releases , etc all of which provided an insight into the socio-economic and biophysical baseline for the target area . A list of documents and data sources consulted as part of this study is provided in appendix 1 . 3 . Preliminary opinions formed from review of such documentation were re-validated during fieldwork undertaken within districts to be traversed by the distribution line . # # # # 1 . 3 . 3 : Field", "spans": [{"start": 1188, "end": 1207, "text": "project design data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reduces communication costs between regions rather than trade costs . _ ( 2 ) Mainly used for business purposes : _ Survey data indicates that nearly half of HSR travel is for business purposes , with leisure and commuting making up the remaining major segments ( Lawrence et al . , 2019 ; Lin , 2017 ) . 7 _ ( 3 ) Designed for middle-distance journeys : _ As pointed out by Lawrence et al . ( 2019 ) , HSR dominates travel between 150 km and 800 km and competes with air travel for distances up to 1 , 200 km . 8 _ ( 4 ) Frequent , convenient , punctual , safe and high-quality service : _ Compared to airlines , HSR is less impacted by weather , features simpler security checks , and involves shorter waiting times . Unlike airports , HSR stations are centrally located , offering more convenient access . Passengers can also use phones and the internet during travel , reducing the opportunity cost of time — an advantage particularly valuable for business travelers . 9 _ ( 5 ) Stable and relatively low price : _ HSR fares in China are relatively low compared to other countries , making it an attractive option for passengers across various income levels . In short , the expansion of HSR has had a profound impact on business travel , reshaping the flow of information and business opportunities across regions in China . This development has facilitated better matching between production and consumption , as well as between different production hubs . 10 * * Network Effects of the HSR * * Beyond these important attributes , the most defining feature of HSR is its _network effects_ . While direct HSR connections between cities are crucial , the value of indirect connections – whether through transfers across multiple HSR lines or integration with other transport modes – plays an even bigger role . For instance , the Zhengzhou-Xi ’ an line was initially an isolated route , serving only passengers between these two cities . However , after connecting to the BeijingGuangzhou HSR line in 2013 , its passenger volume surged by 43 percent , and passenger-kilometers increased by 72 percent . By 2016 , almost half of the", "spans": [{"start": 116, "end": 127, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observed quality of electricity _Gi_ is calculated based on two collective indicators of continuity provided by ANEEL : the Equivalent > 15This number comes from the World Bank PPI database : ` ppi . worldbank . org ` . Other sources ( Paiva , 2010 ; BNDES , 2014 ) suggest very similar values . > 16World Bank Data estimates that average electric power losses as a percentage of output from transmission and distribution are 14 . 6 % . The series identifier is EG . ELC . LOSS . ZS . 21", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 189, "text": "World Bank PPI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transmission line corridor across 5 Woredas . The new Arsi Robe substation is located in the outskirts of Arsi Robe town . * * _Number of Households and Population Affected by the Subproject : _ * * The construction of the Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject which stretch about 59km in five Woredas will affect a total of 361 households . Across Woredas affected by the subproject components the highest number of PAHs is found in Lode Hetosa Woreda accounted for 46 . 8 % of the total PAHs and conversely , only 5 households identified to be affected by the proposed project in Sude Woreda . Table 0 . 2 : Summary of Project Affected Households by Woreda Administrations | * * No * * | * * Woreda * * | * * No . of Presented * * < br > * * PAPs * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Arsi Robe | 55 | 15 . 2 | | 2 | Diksis | 57 | 15 . 8 | | 3 | Sude | 5 | 1 . 4 | | 4 | Hetosa | 75 | 20 . 8 | | 5 | Lode Hetosa | 169 | 46 . 8 | | | * * Total * * | * * 361 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ # # # # # # * * _Impact on Farmland and Livelihoods_ * * The construction of the Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject will require about 5 . 2974 ha of land of which 4 . 6757 ha of the land for construction of Asela - Arsi Robe substation . 0 . 6012ha", "spans": [{"start": 1030, "end": 1077, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Interoperable Aggregated CFM Model in Somalia * * Feedback and Complaints Analysis Report # 2 | April-June 2024 _Note : The analysis in this report is indicative only of the data provided by participating agencies in Somalia_ In line with the Humanitarian Country Team ’ s ( HCT ) commitment to addressing Post-Delivery Aid Diversion ( PDAD ) , particularly under * * Action # 6 : Accountability to Affected People ( AAP ) Reporting * * , a new feedback and complaints analysis report has been introduced . This report and its corresponding dashboard , which can be found < u > here , consolidate complaints and feedback from humanitarian organizations in Somalia < / u > using an aggregated model and summarize data from the second quarter of 2024 . Since the HCT endorsement in May 2024 , Technical standards for the CFM Aggregator Model have been shared with humanitarian partners for incorporating into individual CFMs . With support from the Technical Steering Committee under the CEA Task Force , a number of humanitarian partners have adopted the standards including the agreed datasets . It is important to note that the findings in this report reflect data contributed by sixteen ( 16 ) agencies , up from six ( 6 ) in Q1 . Moving forward , we aim to expand the number of contributing agencies to further improve Complaints and Feedback Mechanism ( CFM ) analysis in Somalia . * * < mark > Key Figures : 66 Districts 18 Regions 19 , 940 Responses 16 Reporting Organizations < / mark > * * # * * Demographic of Respondents : * * In Q2 , 19 , 940 feedback cases were recorded among the 16 reporting organizations in Somalia , of which 80 % were received from males and 20 % from females , primarily from adults aged 18-59 years , with only 9 % received from older persons ( 60 years and above ) . Compared to the previous quarter , where 57 % of responses were from males and 37 % from females , this quarter shows a notable shift towards increased male participation and a", "spans": [{"start": 716, "end": 752, "text": "data from the second quarter of 2024", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the districts that form the study are in some general sense representative , the sample of villages was selected based on an endogenous criterion : being at a specific stage in the VG application process . Within the 100 study villages , we interviewed every household using a short listing survey , providing a census of 61 , 611 households . Each household was then sorted into one of the following strata : - * * Village elites * * ( Village Executive Officer , or VEO , and the village chairman , or the VC ) , - * * Ineligible households * * ( i . e . households with no vulnerable individuals as defined by TASAF and described above in Section 1 ) , > 10 Co-party dummy always equals one when the non-CCM co-party equals one , so this dummy tests for a differential effect of non-CCM co-parties versus CCM co-parties . 9", "spans": [{"start": 312, "end": 341, "text": "census of 61 , 611 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "policy action is needed . * * PISA 2022 mean scores for Costa Rica in Reading are above LAC ’ s average ( 415 vs . 400 ) , as well as mean scores in Mathematics ( 385 vs . 374 ) and Sciences ( 411 vs . 400 ) . Figure 1a shows that there is a statistically significant gender gap in Mathematics but not in Reading and Science as observed in PISA data . Looking at graduates of pre-university technical education ( mainly technical stream secondary education ) one finds an interesting pattern comparing three specializations ( Figure 1b ) . Gender disparities are high in Electronics and Automation , less in Software Development and were recently eliminated in Network and Database Design . The final example of Network and Database Design in Figure 1b shows that gender disparity can be overcome in a short period of time . Two recent studies provide a detailed general analysis of policy options . < sup > 18 < / sup > For STEAM courses , the causes relate to : ( i ) enjoyment of reading and preference for mathematics ; ( ii ) self-efficacy or belief in own capabilities , often reinforced by teachers ; ( iii ) parental support or lack thereof due to low socioeconomic status ; ( iv ) teacher preparation to deal effectively with diversity . # # * * Figure 1a : PISA learning assessment scores : gender comparison * * Source : PISA ; Differences greater than the grey bands ( + or - two standard errors ) are statistically significant . > 16 Source : Government Budget for 2024 and MEP School Census data from 2023 . > 17 Program-Based budgeting at a government-wide level is being implemented under the Fiscal Management Improvement Project ( P172352 , Loan 9075-CR ) , known as _Hacienda Digital_ . Investing in readiness to implement program-based budgeting at MEP , the biggest Ministry ( in terms of budget and staff ) is a priority for the Government of Costa Rica . > 18 < u > Desigualdades por género en Prima", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 349, "text": "PISA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1487, "end": 1509, "text": "MEP School Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 12 and that from energy to food commodities at 0 . 25 . Hanson and others ( 1993 ) , based on a general equilibrium model , found a significant effect of oil price changes on agricultural producer prices in the United States . Borensztein and Reinhart ( 1994 ) , using quarterly data from 1970 to 1992 , estimated a transmission elasticity to non ‐ energy com ‐ modities of 0 . 11 , and Chaudhuri ( 2001 ) , too , found a strong relationship between energy and non ‐ energy prices . Baffes ( 2007 ) , using annual data from 1960 to 2005 , estimated elasticities for non ‐ energy and food commodities of 0 . 16 and 0 . 18 , respectively . Moss and others ( 2010 ) found that the demand of U . S . agriculture for energy responds strongly to changes in the energy prices . < sup > * * 12 * * < / sup > # * * _3 . 3 What matters most ? _ * * During the commodity price boom , most of the macroeconomic and sectoral fundamentals > * * 12 * * Yet not all studies concur with a strong oil ‐ non ‐ oil price relationship . Saghaian ( 2010 ) established a strong correlation among oil and other commodity prices ( including food prices ) but the evidence for a causal link was mixed . Gilbert ( 2010 ) found a correlation between oil and food prices , but noted that this could reflect common causation rather than a causal link . Zhang and others ( 2010 ) found no direct long ‐ run relationship between fuel and agricultural commodity prices , and only a limited short ‐ run relationship . Reboredo ( 2012 ) concluded that grain prices are not driven by oil price fluctuations . The mixed evidence on the energy ‐ non ‐ energy price link could reflect the frequency of the data series used in the analysis or the presence of biofuels ( Baffes 2013 ) . Zilberman and others ( 2013 ) noted that higher frequency ( and hence “ noisier ” ) data are typically associated with weaker correlations . On the other hand , an exogenous", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 305, "text": "quarterly data from 1970 to 1992", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 511, "end": 522, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When we use our proxy variables for informal regulatory pressures in Regression 2 , we obtain similar results . Formal regulatory pressures are still quite important , and the measured size of the effect is similar to that found in Regression 1 . \" Other \" factors that prove statistically important are size ( which also increases abatement activities at a decreasing rate ) and competitiveness . In this regression , both SOE and CLEAN are statistically insignificant . The two proxy measures for informal regulatory pressure that prove to be statistically significant are per capita income and location in a large city ( LOCl ) . As discussed above , the measured effect of LOC1 supports our hypothesis that polluters in smaller cities and rural areas are more easily identified and subjected to localized informal pressure . 20 # * * 4 . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS * * In this paper , we have analyzed the results of a survey of pulp and paper plants in four Asian developing countries . We find that both informal and formal regulation have significant effects on abatement . While our results are consistent with a Coasian interpretation , we must defer any strong conclusions until more detailed survey work has been completed . # * * 4 . 1 Determinants of abatement * * The main message of our results is a hopeful one for > * * 20 * * However , it is important to note that many of the plants in * * LOC1 have * * CLEAN technologies . The fact that CLEAN is statistically insignificant in this regression may be due to its collinearity with LOC1 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 951, "text": "survey of pulp and paper plants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". iii . > 83 Según se informa , el DAS monitorea las rutinas diarias de los jueces , incluyendo sus familias , sus viajes internacionales y sus finanzas , lo que complementaba la información obtenida ilegalmente a través de la intervención de la línea telefónica , con información obtenida del sistema bancario de Colombia , inmigración y la Oficina de licencias de conducir . Véase Reporteros sin fronteras , _Revelaciones sobre la existencia de una guía de espionaje de los periodistas considerados molestos , _ 21 de diciembre de 2009 , disponible en < u > http : / / es . rsf . org / colombia-revelaciones-sobre-la-existencia-21-12-2009 , 35396 . html ; La < / u > Semana , _Increíble . . . siguen ‘ chuzando ’ _ , 29 de agosto de 2009 , disponible en < u > http : / / www . semana . com / noticiasnacion / increible-siguen-chuzando / 127960 . aspx ; La Semana , < / u > _Director del DAS involucró a operadores de celulares en ‘ chuzadas ’ _ , 7 de octubre de 2009 , disponible en < u > http : / / www . semana . com / noticias-nacion / director-del-das-involucrooperadores-celulares-chuzadas / 129733 . aspx . Para un relato completo del escándalo de las escuchas telefónicas del DAS , < / u > véase Center for International Policy , _El escándalo del esp", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "jobs different from their prepandemic employment . Over time , this figure rose to more than 20 percent of workers in the second half of 2020 , before slowing in 2021 , at which point around one in four workers reported having a different job than before the pandemic ( Table A6 . 6 ) . The incidence of job switches is particularly high in LICs , primarily on account of SSA countries , with 40 percent of workers reporting having changed jobs by 2021 since before the pandemic . We construct transition matrices that trace changes in individuals ’ sector of activity or employment type . Because of limitations in the HFPS data , job changes within the same sector or within the same employment type are not captured . For example , the transition matrices would not capture workers who had a job in the services sector in February 2020 and switched jobs to a different services sector in 2021 , but they would record a movement from services to agriculture , or from wage employment to self-employment . As such , job change estimates in the transition matrices are lower bound estimates of the total incidence of job 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "around 7 percent . This shows the importance of the gap measure , providing us further insight in addition to the headcount measures . # _4 . 4 Income-group Analysis_ Next we conduct our analysis by different income groups as defined by the World Bank : low income , lower-middle income , and upper-middle income . The results are presented in Figure 4 . Similar to our regional analysis , we find that the trend of the stunting gap can reveal a different story than the trend of the stunting headcount . Specifically , the stunting headcount of lowermiddle-income countries as a whole was slightly lower than that of low-income countries until sometime between 2000 and 2005 . However , the trend of the stunting gap of lower-middle-income countries during this period of time was higher than that of low-income countries . In the reference year of 2000 , the difference amounted to 2 percentage points . Figure 4 : Trends of stunting headcount and gap by income groups < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Stunting headcount < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Western Zone of Tigray , on the north by Asigede Tsimbela Woreda and on the east by the Central Tigray Zone . The Tekeze River also defines the boundary of the Woreda ; other rivers in this Woreda include the Abata , a tributary of the Tekeze . May-Tsembrie is the administrative center of this Woreda . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA , the woreda has a total population of 158 , 531 of whom 79 , 511 are men and 79 , 020 women ; 14 , 294 or 9 . 02 % are urban inhabitants whereas 144 , 237 or 90 . 98 % of the community are living in rural areas . With an area of 3 , 858 . 66 square kilometers , Tselemti has a population density of 41 people per square kilometer . As to the religion of the inhabitants of Tselemti , the majority ( 98 . 47 % ) practiced the Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity while 1 . 51 % of the population was Muslims . The two largest ethnic groups in this woreda are the Tigryan and the Amhara . Tigrigna is spoken as a first language next to Amharic . The majority of the farmers of the woreda are engaged both in crops production and animal husbandry . # # # # * * Tahtay Adiabo woreda * * Tahtay Adiyabo is the other woreda in the North Western Zone of Tigray Regional State . The woreda is bordered on the south by Asgede Tsimbla , on the southwest by the Tekeze River which separates this woreda from the Western Zone , on the north by Eritrea and on the east by Laelay Adiyabo Woreda ; part of the northern border with Eritrea is delineated by the Mareb River . The northernmost point of this woreda is the northernmost point of Ethiopia . Towns in this woreda include Addi Awuala , Addi", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 359, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fiji , for example , Rewa Province ( which captures the urban area of Suva , and had a population of around 101 , 000 at the time of the 2007 census ) has a remoteness estimate ( population-weighted average distance to all provinces ) of 82km and an internal dispersion of 5km , while Rotuma Province ( population 2 , 000 ) has a remoteness estimate of 318km and internal dispersion of 130km . Similarly , in Tonga , Tongatapu Province ( which captures Nuku ’ alofa and had an estimated population of around 75 , 000 in 2016 ) has a remoteness estimate of 65km with internal dispersion of 9km , while Niuas Province ( population 1 , 200 ) has a remoteness estimate of 569km with internal dispersion of 100km . The results hint at the extent to which agglomeration opportunities on the one hand , and service delivery challenges on the other , might vary across provinces within any given country . > 14 See Appendix C for further details on the selection of regions and hubs . 31", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 148, "text": "2007 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exports were down by 14 . 8 percent and imports by 17 . 3 percent . * * Unemployment , high even before the crisis , is still heading up . * * The unemployment rate in 2019 was 15 . 7 percent < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > and has since been pushed up by the COVID-caused dampening of economic activity . Based on tax authority data , just under 16 , 000 jobs were lost between March and September 2020 in FBiH . In the RS , authorities estimate that about 2 , 000 jobs were lost . Retail , manufacturing , transportation , and accommodation were the sectors most affected . * * Deeper labour market effects have been prevented by wage subsidy programs in both entities and other policy measures targeting affected economic sectors and aimed at improving the liquidity of companies and safeguarding potential job losses . * * FBiH extended its tax filing deadlines for individuals to April 30 and for entrepreneurs to May 31 . RS deferred profit tax payments to June 30 and subsequent installments till yearend . Lump-sum tax on the total income of micro entrepreneurs ( 1 or 2 employees ) was cut by 60 percent . RS also provided KM 17 million in support to closed businesses in March , targeting about 40 , 000 workers , and about KLM 55 million KM in April , targeting about 60 , 000 workers and covering minimum wage , contributions and taxes for the closed ( micro ) companies . The FBiH government also subsidized contributions and paid minimum wages through June for the employees of companies impacted by COVID-19 ; 10 cantons covered minimum wage in full or in part . Banking 1 Labour Force Survey , 2019 . > BOsNIA AND hERzEGOvINA | 51", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 329, "text": "tax authority data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1574, "end": 1603, "text": "Banking 1 Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Food Deprivation - by State in Food Deprivation - by State in Food Deprivation - by State in < br > North Central - MICS North East - MICS North West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > child 0-4 child 0-4 child 0-4 < br > Benue FCT Abuja Kogi Kwara Adamawa Bauchi Borno Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina < br > Nasarawa Niger Plateau Gombe Taraba Yobe Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara < br > d ) e ) f ) < br > Food Deprivation - by State in Food Deprivation - by State in Food Deprivation - by State in < br > South East - MICS South South MICS South West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > child 0-4 child 0-4 child 0-4 < br > Abia Anambra Ebonyi Enugu Imo Akwa IbomDelta BayelsaEdo Cross RiverRivers Ekiti Lagos Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . Figure 20 displays a further breakdown of the state level estimates by gender and sector . While evidence from Bangladesh and India (", "spans": [{"start": 1179, "end": 1183, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Raw Distributions * * Table 1 documents the demographic balance for households assigned to recall modules . This randomly selected group of roughly 8 , 000 households constitutes our “ treatment ” sample , while all remaining households form the “ baseline ” sample . This table shows treatment-control differences from regressions that control for strata ( EAs ) used in the randomization design . All variables are well balanced between groups , as can be seen from the small and nonsignificant coefficient estimates in the two panels . Randomization to the recall module did not affect the reporting of diary entries , as shown in Table 2 . Respondents might adjust their diary to reconcile aggregates with those in the recall module , as in bounded interviews ( see Neter and Waksberg , 1964 ) , but the results in column 2 rule out this possibility . Specifically , Panel A reports treatment-control differences in cumulative distributions of diary acquisitions _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > at selected percentiles , as well as differences in averages . Treatment-control differences in the dispersion of _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > are reported in Panel B . Results in column 2 imply that diaries collected in treatment and baseline samples yielded statistically indistinguishable distributions of household acquisitions . Recall data yielded higher consumption figures than diary acquisition . This can be seen from column 3 in Panel A of Table 2 , which presents coefficients from the same regressions in column 2 but using > of the 17 most important food items considered in the Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) Tanzania experiment . > 9As noted in the sampling and fieldwork documentation , the recall module “ _should be administered in the first visit to the household , before the recording of food consumption by diaries . Asking these questions afterwards ( when both the respondent and the interviewer will know the diary records ) would defeat the purpose of this module , which is to compare the results obtained from the two instruments , to assess the possibility of applying in future surveys the recall method instead of diaries_ ” . > 10The PDS includes 13 rationed products , of which four , whole wheat", "spans": [{"start": 1328, "end": 1339, "text": "Recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | - | - | 7 | 433 | 20 | - | - | 391 | 116 | | Russian Federation | 695 | * | * | 5 | - | * | * | 9 | 151 | 42 | - | - | 15 | 283 | | mexico | - | - | - | * | - | - | - | * | * | - | - | - | * | 3 , 318 | | Stateless | * | - | - | * | - | - | - | - | 1 , 595 | 21 | - | - | 101 | 35 | | Ukraine | 636 | 16 | - | * | - | * | 5 | 111 | 235 | 20 | * | - | 76 | 359 | | gambia | - | * | - | - | 20 | - | - | 8 | 34 | 95 | - | - | 72 | 77 | | India | * | - | - | * | 6 | - | - | 5 | 11 | * | * | * | 228 | 978 | | Bangladesh | * | - | 12 | * | 29 | - | * | * | 40 | 5 | * | 21 | 199 | 288 | | El Salvador | - | - | * | - | - | - | - | 10 | 27 | - | - | - | - | 2 , 004 | # # # # # # Notes - ( 1 ) UNHCR estimate . ( 2 ) Serbia ( and Kosovo : S / RES / 1244 ( 1999 ) ) . ( 3 ) The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . ( 4 ) The figure includes asylum-seekers registered with UNHCR as well as asylum-seekers who have been pre-registered but who are pending official registration with UNHCR . As of early September 2014 , there were some 832 , 000 registered Syrian refugees in Turkey covered by the Government ’ s Temporary Protection Regime . The number of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the country . We aggregate data at the city-month level . By limiting crime reports to Venezuelans , we attempt to capture the effect of the regularization on the propensity of Venezuelan migrants to report crimes . 2 . _Crimes perpetrated by migrants . _ To examine changes in crime perpetrated by migrants we use data from the _Fiscal ́ ıa General de la Naci ́ on_ , Colombia ’ s Office of the Attorney General . The data set includes all criminal cases in Colombia that are in trial or have yielded convictions , including information on the year the crime occurred , the type of crime , and the gender , age , and nationality of the indicted individual between 2017 and 2021 . < sup > 9 < / sup > In the data , 97 . 11 percent of crimes ( 178 _ , _ 483 ) were committed by Colombian nationals and 2 . 8 percent ( 5 _ , _ 312 ) were committed by Venezuelan migrants . 3 . _Registro Administrativo de Migrantes Venezolanos ( RAMV ) _ . We use administrative data sourced from the RAMV survey to compute the number of people eligible for the PEP migratory status and the actual number of individuals who applied for ( and received ) the PEP migratory status . Using individual records , we compute the allocated time window each individual had to register in the PEP ( based on the registration number ) , which we use for our identification strategy . 4 . _Municipality Controls_ . We control for a rich set of baseline municipal covariates including night light density , variables related to internal conflict , GDP municipal composition , distance to the Venezuelan border , and number of Venezuelans with previous rollouts of PEP migratory status ( particularly the PEP1 and PEP2 ) , as well as proxies for government activity . Administrative information at the municipal level comes from the CEDE municipal panel , the Ministry of Defense , the National Planning Department , and DANE ( Colombia ’ s national statistical agency ) . Night > 9The original data set had more information that we do not use in our effort to measure actual crimes . Thus , we exclude cases that", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 993, "text": "RAMV survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1167, "end": 1185, "text": "individual records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_PithfieFitiancial Allanagenieni Reforms Secretarial Annual Repori and Financial Staiementsfor thefinancial-vear elided June_ * * _30 , _ * * _2024_ Notes to th-c - Financial Staternents ( Confinued ) * * 11 . * * Ca - - 4h Anti Cash equivalents | | 20-372iY24 , | 202 < br > * * ' 70-23 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | BankacCounts ( NO ' Le * * II A ) * * | 722 , 409 , 423 | * * 778 , 771 , 710 * * | | Cashinhand ( Note * * 11 * * B ) | | | | * * C * * < br > CasheqUIvalents ( short-term deposits ) ( Note * * II * * | | | | Total | 722 , 409 . 423 | * * 778 , 771 , 710 * * | | TheprojecthasoneproJectbasketaccountIn < br > K ' en | yaCor-nmercialBank | transacted * * by * * various | Development partners and GoK implementing the * * PFNI * * strategy and a foreign currency < sup > designated < / sup > account managed * * by * * the National Treasury as listed below : * * 11 . A * * Bank Accounts Project Bank Accounts | * * 7T * * < br > Details | 2023-2024 | * * 2022-2023 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Ksbs | _hT_ | | Foreign Currency Accounts | | | | CentralBankofKenya [ A / cNo * * . . . . . . * * | | | | KenyaCommercialBank [ A / cNo *", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 334, "text": "BankacCounts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 1 | 2 < br > 2021-03-12 | 2021-0 | 2-19 < br > 2021-04-09 | 2021-0 | 3-01 < br > 2021-05-07 < br > 202 | 1-03-1 | 2 < br > 2021-07-06 | | ET-MOALR-212929-CS - < br > QCBS / RLLP Beneficiary < br > Households Survey on < br > Selected Results Frame Work < br > Indicators | IDA / 63120 | Green Infrastructure and < br > Resilient Livelihoods | Post < br > Quality And Co < br > Based Selection | st - < br > < br > Open - International | 112 , 500 . 00 | 118 , 000 . 00 < br > Signed | 2021-01-15 < br > 2 | 021-01-25 < br > 2021-01-29 < br > 2021 - | 02-05 < br > 2021-02-13 < br > 2021-03-17 | 2021-03-13 < br > 20 | 21-04-1 | 5 < br > 2021-03-24 | 2021-0 | 4-27 < br > 2021-04-28 | 2021-0 | 5-17 < br > 2021-06-02 < br > 202 | 1-06-0 | 3 < br > 2022-06-02 | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSUL * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * TANTS * * < br > L Cdi | | | | | C T | Eid < br > | l A | | | | Invitati | on to | Df N | id | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 216, "text": "Households Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Education , Science and Technology , 2018 ) and a spreadsheet-based tool was developed to guide districts in completing allocations according to the rules . In this section , we employ administrative data to create lists of schools that would have been eligible to receive new teachers in each of the years 2017-2019 according to the new rules . # * * Maximizing the efficiency of allocation rules * * # # * * T1 : One teacher per grade * * The first stipulation of the revised rules – to provide adequate teachers to schools to ensure that they have at least one teacher per grade offered – is intended to eliminate multi-grade teaching . This rule is most likely to be relevant in smaller schools , often in remote areas , which are the most likely to lack one teacher per grade owing to small enrollments . < sup > 7 < / sup > Such schools are large in number and concentrated in particular districts . In 2017 , one district , Mzimba South , required 423 teachers to meet this rule , and the top five districts combined required 1 , 039 new teachers – more than 40 percent of all the new teachers needed to fully attain T1 in the whole country . These districts , unless experiencing severe overall shortages of staff , are poorly allocating their existing teacher resources and may not be expected to appropriately allocate additional teachers . In addition , meeting this need entirely would be likely to severely reduce the potential for PTR reduction at more understaffed schools , and would entail allocating a significant number of teachers to schools with PTR below 60 which are otherwise adequately staffed . This may not be an effective use of limited resources , given overall constraints on teacher availability . We therefore apply the following modifications to T1 : - Schools with a PTR of 60 or below are excluded from receiving new teachers . - Schools whose PTR would drop to 60 or below on receipt of a new teacher , are excluded from receiving new teachers . - Districts where more than 50 percent of schools meet T1 are excluded from receiving teachers based on T1 , unless their overall district PTR is", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 204, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | * * Reions-Cercles - * * | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adult * * | * * e ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgé * * | * * e ( > 59 ans ) * * < br > | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * g * * | * * Menage * * | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | * * Communes * * | | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | Douentza < br > Commune | 514 | 878 | 673 | 1551 | 673 | 614 | 1287 | 58 | 29 | 87 | 1609 | 1316 | 2925 | | Gandamia | 356 | 649 | 567 | 1216 | 423 | 386 | 809 | 36 | 18 | 54 | 1108 | 971 | 2079 | | Haire", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| * * 90-10 ratio * * | 4 . 3 | 4 . 3 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rural | 4 . 1 | 4 . 0 | | Urban | 4 . 5 | 4 . 4 | | * * Poverty - National poverty line * * | | | | * * Headcount ratio , FGT ( 0 ) * * | 39 . 0 | 19 . 2 | | Rural | 42 . 8 | 21 . 9 | | Urban | 29 . 7 | 12 . 6 | Note : The National poverty line is 446 rupees , expressed in 2004 / 05 All India rural rupees , spatially deflated . Source : Calculations based on IHDS , 2005 and 2012 . While the Gini index and the ratio of the 90 < sup > th < / sup > and 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles of the distribution remained almost unchanged between 2005 and 2012 , the poverty headcount rate fell from 39 percent in 2005 to 19 . 2 percent in 2012 , which made for an annual rate of decline of 2 . 8 percent , a trend that is broadly consistent with official NSS-based estimates . Rural areas saw a higher reduction in poverty , with the 2012 poverty rate almost half of what it was in 2005 . High reduction in poverty with almost no change in inequality suggests that poverty in both rural and urban areas has declined mainly as a result of growth as opposed to redistribution , which is confirmed by standard growth-inequality decompositions ( not shown here ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > # _3 . 2 . Transitions in and out of poverty_ Panel data allow us to look into some of the dynamics of poverty transitions , as we are able to identify those households that stayed in poverty in both periods ( 12 percent ) , that fell out of poverty between 2005 and 2012 ( 27 percent ) , that fell into poverty between 2005 and 2012 ( 7 percent ) and that stayed out of poverty in both periods ( 54 percent", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 433, "text": "IHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 13 | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-138033 - < br > GO-RFQ / PROCURE 800 DQA < br > BOOKLETS TO BE < br > DISTRIBUTED TO SIX SUB - < br > COUNTIES < br > MOSOP . EMGWEN , TINDERET , AL < br > DAI , CHESUMEI , NANDI HILLS | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 1 , 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2019-10-21 < br > 2019-12-16 | 2020-04-14 | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-84400 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 22 < br > autoclave machines for < br > health facilities to general < br > store and will be issued using < br > store cards | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 5 , 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-12-25 < br > 2019-02-19 | 2019-03-21 | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-85110 - < br > GO-RFQ / Purchase 7 LCDs < br > for 6 Sub Counties to facilitate < br > RMNCAH Data review < br > meetings and 1 for CHMT for < br > 6 sub counties | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Post | Request for < br > Quo", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1046, "text": "RMNCAH Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * nst targets ) : * * < br > As were piloted , but not all modules we < br > t Management up to Invoicing . < br > cator 4 : Consolidated Staff Data < br > * * Unit of Measure * * < br > * * Baseline * * | re fully deployed as planned - < br > * * Original Target * * | information availability < br > * * Formally Revised * * < br > * * Target * * | via the Procurement < br > * * Actual Achieved at * * < br > * * Completion * * | # # * * Comments ( achievements against targets ) : * * Target partially achieved . 12 MDAs were piloted , but not all modules were fully deployed as planned - information availability via the Procurement Information , Portal , and Contract Management up to Invoicing . * * Objective / Outcome : * * PDO Indicator 4 : Consolidated Staff Data Page 25 of 59", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER # * * The World Bank * * | Collection | | | - - - | - - - | | * * IPF Component * * | | | Indicator Name | * * Digitalize ECE assessment and EGRA ( Yes / No ) * * | | Description | Measures the extent to which the collection and management of ECE assessment and EGRA data have been digitalized and integrated with the Education < br > Management Information System ( EMIS ) to improve data accuracyand utilization , includingdata captured from integrated refugee ‑ hostingschools | | Frequency | Once | | Data source | EAES report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Review of document ( s ) | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | EAES , MoE | | Indicator Name | * * ECE Assessment Completed and Report Prepared , Published , and Disseminated ( Yes / No ) * * | | Description | Ensures the completion , publication , and dissemination of the ECE assessment report , including data captured from integrated refugee ‑ hosting schools < br > . | | Frequency | Once | | Data source | ECE assessment Data , EMIS , MoE Reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Review of document ( s ) | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Educational Assessment and Examinations Services ( EAES ) | | Indicator Name | * * EGRA Completed and Report Prepared , Published , and Disseminated ( Yes / No ) * * | | Description | Tracks the completion , publication , and dissemination of the Early Grade Reading Assessment ( EGRA ) report , including data captured from integrated < br > refugee ‑ hostingschools | | Frequency | Once | | Data source | EGRA Assessment Data , EMIS", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 624, "text": "EAES report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1092, "end": 1111, "text": "ECE assessment Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1690, "end": 1710, "text": "EGRA Assessment Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are not even citizens of that state . The Bhutanese government ’ s explanation of the ethnic Nepali exodus in 1991-92 and the Burmese government ’ s interpretation of the Rohingya refugee movement of the same period both conform to this general model , as does ( to a lesser extent ) the Vietnamese explanation of the boat people ’ s departure in the 1970s and 1980s . It is also common practice for countries of origin to suggest that their citizens have departed at the behest of opposition movements and with the specific intention of conducting military activities against them . In a considerable number of cases , moreover - the movement of Namibian refugees into Angola and Zambia , the Afghan exodus into Pakistan , and the more recent ‘ evacuation ’ of Rwanda ’ s Hutu population to Zaire and Tanzania - such suggestions have some validity . Another common tactic pursued by countries of origin ( and one that is more directly germane to the subject of this paper ) is to challenge the refugee statistics reported from the country of asylum , and to suggest that those figures have been deliberately inflated by the government of that state . Such was the case in the Horn of Africa throughout the 1980s , when Ethiopia and Somalia were involved in a constant wrangle concerning the respective number of Somali and Ethiopian refugees they had admitted . In situations such as this , where refugees cross an international border in both directions , it can be very difficult for UNHCR to place any statistics in the public domain without offending at least one of the states involved . Countries of origin encounter some evident credibility problems when it comes to making pronouncements about the number of their citizens who have fled to another state . Without actually being present on the other side of the border , how can they pretend to be in possession of more accurate data than UNHCR or the country of asylum ? When it comes to repatriation movements , however , the boot is very much on the other foot . Unlike refugees , returnees are a symbol of political success . When people decide to go back to", "spans": [{"start": 995, "end": 1013, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Net < br > Commitments | Total Disbursed | Remaining Balance | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IBRD | | | | % | | IDA | 300 . 00 | 176 . 67 | 107 . 00 | 62 % | | Grants | | | | % | * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA – ADDITIONAL FINANCING ( Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project - Additional Financing 1 - P181168 ) * * Page 3 of 49 June 17 , 2024", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "values ( quintile 1 ) to highest asset index values ( quintile 5 ) . _Flooding Impact . _ Respondents were asked a series of questions about the impact of flooding on their day-to-day life in both 2022 and 2023 . Households were categorized as being “ impacted by flooding ” if they answered “ yes ” to at least one question about whether flooding impacted their day-to-day life in 2022 or 2023 . _Domestic Violence . _ Domestic violence experiences and attitudes were measured based on selfreport using three questions : ( a ) In your opinion , is a husband justified in hitting or beating his wife ? ( b ) Did your husband ever hit or beat you ? And ( c ) Are ( were ) you afraid of your husband : most of the time , sometimes , or never ? These questions have been used in the Government of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018 . For the regression analyses , fear of husband was controlled for as it was the only variable that was correlated with all mental health outcomes and child development . Fear of husband was categorized from 1 to 3 , with 1 indicating never afraid , 2 indicating sometimes afraid , and 3 indicating afraid most of the time . _Community Safety . _ Perceptions of and experiences of safety in the community ( or lack thereof ) were determined by exposure to crime ( i . e . , if anyone has taken or tried taking something from you by using force or threatening to use force in the last 12 months ) and perceptions of safety in the community — specifically , feeling safe while home alone at night or while walking through the neighborhood alone after dark . _Discrimination . _ Respondents were asked if , in the past 12 months , they felt discriminated against or harassed on the basis of ethnic origin , immigration or refugee status , sex , sexual orientation , 8", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 832, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 238 | 0 . 263 | 0 . 220 | 0 . 018 | - 0 . 007 | 0 . 037 | | | [ 0 . 016 ] | [ 0 . 021 ] | [ 0 . 023 ] | [ 0 . 021 ] | | | | | * * Islands region * * | 0 . 204 | 0 . 240 | 0 . 205 | 0 . 230 | - 0 . 037 | - 0 . 001 | - 0 . 027 | | | [ 0 . 015 ] | [ 0 . 021 ] | [ 0 . 021 ] | [ 0 . 022 ] | | | | | * * Momase region * * | 0 . 436 | 0 . 413 | 0 . 416 | 0 . 440 | 0 . 022 | 0 . 020 | - 0 . 004 | | | [ 0 . 018 ] | [ 0 . 024 ] | [ 0 . 026 ] | [ 0 . 025 ] | | | | | * * Southern region * * | 0 . 104 | 0 . 108 | 0 . 116 | 0 . 110 | - 0 . 004 | - 0 . 012 | - 0 . 006 | | | [ 0 . 011 ] | [ 0 . 015 ] | [ 0 . 017 ] | [ 0 . 016 ] | | | | | * * Observations * * | 741 | 416 | 361 | 382 | | | | Notes : * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent critical level . The values displayed for t-tests are the differences in the means across the groups . # < u > 4 . 3 Making inferences about the general population using the phone survey and online experiment < / u > The aim of the phone survey and online experiment was to be able to learn about how to address vaccine hesitancy among a broader population in PNG , beyond just the survey respondents . Both surveys collected samples of respondents that are somewhat representative of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > Table A7 . 2 : Baseline Association of Business Outcomes with Management Measures < / mark > * * | | | LogEmp | loyment | | | Labor Pro | ductivity | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Anexo K Score | 0 . 035 * * * | | | 0 . 017 * * * | 0 . 672 * * * | | | 0 . 877 * * * | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 140 ) | | | ( 0 . 186 ) | | WMS Management Score | | 0 . 250 * | | 0 . 086 | | 4 . 914 | | ‐ 0 . 652 | | | | ( 0 . 134 ) | | ( 0 . 153 ) | | ( 4 . 070 ) | | ( 5 . 310 ) | | MOPS Management Score | | | 0 . 869 * | ‐ 0 . 554 | | | 8 . 994 | ‐ 2 . 894 | | | | | ( 0 . 465 ) | ( 0 . 459 ) | | | ( 8 . 650 ) | ( 12 . 164 ) | | Sample Size | 156 | 77 | 95 | 46 | 156 | 77 | 95 | 46 | | R ‐ squared | 0 . 19 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 25 | | Notes : | | | | | | | | | | Anexo K management pract | ices are 141 | managem | ent pract | ices divided in | to five sub ‐ ar | eas . | | | | WMS is World Managemen | t Survey , tak | en for sub | sample of | firms in 2013 | . MOPS is Ma |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with HEIS . Otherwise delete ] _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Provide any other relevant procurement information such as procedures for CDD components , Procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints etc . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commerce service system reaching 1 , 000 counties and 100 , 000 villages to encourage e-commerce activities in rural areas . < sup > 5 < / sup > In this paper , we aim to fill the gap in the literature to study the association of e-commerce participation and household income growth in Taobao Villages , where e-commerce development is more advanced in rural China and economies of scale can potentially play a role . The paper also provides policy suggestions to strengthen the role of e-commerce in inclusive growth . This study will draw on the data from the Taobao Village Survey , with information at the village , household , and individual levels , to examine the role of e-commerce participation . To our knowledge , this study will be the first to draw on systematic data in rural China , where engagement in e-commerce is strong . It has three objectives : 1 ) examine the factors that determine the participation in e - commerce ; 2 ) compare with the counterfactual ( without e-commerce participation ) to estimate the direct effect of e-commerce on household income , and 3 ) investigate the distribution of the benefits of e-commerce participation among households of different characteristics and its inclusiveness . The paper is structured as follows : section 2 provides a broad picture of the Taobao Villages , drawing on the Taobao Village Survey ; section 3 presents the research methodology of propensity score matching ; section 4 discusses the empirical results related to the role of e - commerce participation on household income growth in Taobao Villages and for different groups of the population ; and section 5 concludes . # * * 2 . Overview of Taobao Villages * * In recent years , villages with a large share of online sellers and a large share of GDP coming from e-commerce , or Taobao Villages , emerged and developed rapidly in rural China , particularly in the coastal region . This rapid growth demonstrates that the transition from physical to digital commerce , often perceived as a phenomenon of high-income countries in urban areas , can happen at a lower level of development and in rural areas as well . # * * _2 . 1 . Taobao Village", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 583, "text": "Taobao Village Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 765, "end": 795, "text": "systematic data in rural China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "16 In Kerala , people frequently refer to “ Gulf Wives Syndrome . ” This is a way of indicating the plight of a woman whose husband has left to work in the Arabian Gulf , leaving her with a stream of money at the emotional cost of separation and the responsibility of managing the family ’ s affairs in his absence ( Zachariah et al . 2003 ) . > 17 The decision to conduct a panel survey was made only after the 1998 KMS was completed . The survey team selected the 2003 panel of households from 125 of the original 200 communities surveyed in 1998 . In each community , they interviewed 40 households . Attrition in the panel stemmed from being unable to locate certain households due to a combination of incorrect addresses , and entire households having moved during the inter-survey period . The survey team did not identify which households had moved . 9", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 387, "text": "panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 412, "end": 420, "text": "1998 KMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 9 . Consultation and Participation Processes * * Relocating or compensating people implies communication or dialogue with the stakeholders . Potential PAPs will be consulted individually and in groups , depending on the context . The consultation and participation process will include four phases : i ) data collection ; ii ) preparation and planning of operations ; iii ) implementation of operations ; and iv ) monitoring and evaluation . The PCU monitoring and evaluation officer will coordinate all the four operations . # # # # # * * 9 . 1 Data Collection Phase * * * * _Actors_ * * : PCU Ministry , Bureau or Department of Agriculture ( agriculture data ) Ministry , Bureau or Department of Urban Affairs at the Ministry of Social Infrastructure ( housing data ) PAPs ( provision of other relevant data ) Municipality and local administration ( household data ) The above actors will constitute the main task force in the data-collection phase . This process will include consultations with PAPs , and other relevant stakeholders . The data collected will serve as an instrument for the monitoring of the social mitigation measures to be implemented . PAPs , including local administration ( the Bureau or Department of Agriculture , the Bureau or Department of Works and Urban Development , the Local Police ) will be consulted through individual and group meetings to share information about the project . For example , owners of affected properties , will be informed about actions to be taken and the rehabilitation or the resettlement measures anticipated in order to prepare them for the changes . At those meetings , PAPs will be invited to participate in the datacollection phase by providing socio-economic information about their livelihoods . Their contributions will be integrated into the project implementation process , from planning to evaluation . The data-collection phase will include three major processes : i ) Preparation of the resettlement / rehabilitation policy framework ; ii ) Execution of a project wide social analysis or a social screening of a particular project component and iii ) Establishment of the presumed RAP for project operations that", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 672, "text": "agriculture data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 767, "end": 779, "text": "housing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 864, "end": 878, "text": "household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Country / Organisation : * * # # * * Procurement Plan-Works * * | * * Project / Programme : * * | | | | | | | | * * Draft Bid D * * < br > | * * ocuments , * * < br > | If Post-Review < br > * * ~ ~ Spec Proc ~ ~ * * | , No-objection | Dates are not ne | eded | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Loan # : * * | | * * B * * | * * asic Data * * | | | | * * Iii * * | * * including * * < br > * * quantities , * * | * * specs and * * < br > * * draft SPN * * | < br > * * Notice * * < br > * * ~ ~ Advert ~ ~ * * | * * Biddin * * | * * g Period * * | * * Bid Ev * * | * * aluation * * | | | | | | * * Estimated * * < br > * * Procure * * | | | * * Plan vs . * * < br > | * * ntate * * < br > * * Prepa - * * < br > | | | * * On-line * * | | | | | | | * * * * * | * * Procurement Reference * * | * * Procure - * * < br > | * * Amount * * <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "public anti-poverty strategy of the _Partido de la U_ during the two terms of President Alvaro Uribe ( 2002-2006 and 2006-2010 ) , reaching almost national coverage . Juan M . Santos , the former Defense Minister in the second term of President Uribe and also affiliated to his political party , became the presidential candidate in early 2010 . In the runoff election held on June 20 , 2010 , the electoral process examined in this paper , Santos achieved a landslide victory , with 69 percent of the votes . # * * 2 . 2 The * * * * _Familias en Acci ́ on_ Program * * Colombia suffered a severe economic downturn during the late 1990s that led to a serious increase in poverty and a deterioration of several social indicators . One of the responses of the Government of Colombia to mitigate the effects of the crisis on the poor was to launch a social transfer program in 2001 inspired in a successful scheme applied in Mexico , the widely known _Progresa / Oportunidades_ . The Colombian FA program offers cash transfers - ranging from approximately US $ 8 to US $ 16 per school age child and nutrition packages of approximately $ 28 dollars for children below 7 - contingent upon school attendance of the beneficiary children and regular participation in growth monitoring sessions and nutrition workshops , respectively . In addition to having children in the relevant ages , households are offered the program based on their poverty score index in a proxy means test system known as _SISBEN_ . The _SISBEN_ poverty index score is constructed with information from a registry of the poor . This register , through household level interviews , collects information on households ’ demographics , structure , durable goods , housing characteristics , human capital , labor force participation , income , and access to basic services . The poverty index score is calculated with an algorithm that weighs several variables to predict household welfare . The score takes values from 0 to 100 for the poorest and less poor households , respectively . At the time of this study , the distribution of the score is divided into 6 brackets and households assigned to the lowest 7", "spans": [{"start": 1572, "end": 1592, "text": "registry of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | D | isclosure < br >  < br > The contractor will ensure < br > effective < br > community < br > engagement and strong < br > grievance mechanisms on < br > matters related to labour < br >  < br > Effective < br > contractual < br > obligations < br > for < br > the < br > contractor to adhere to the < br > mitigation of risks against < br > labour < br > influx , < br > the <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more likely to report the need to pay fees as a barrier to access justice than members of the host community or IDPs returnees . Qualitative data indicate that De facto Authorities ’ lack of familiarity with the previous government ’ s formal justice system and unwillingness to operationalize their own formal system contribute to challenges in accessing fair and timely dispute resolution mechanisms . < / mark > # # # # * * < mark > g . Social Cohesion < / mark > * * < mark > Similar to the previous quarter , generally positive relationships were reported within the community and between various groups , noting , however , tensions over stretched resources and rare economic opportunities were mentioned in HHS and affect IDPs , IDPs returnees , and undocumented returnees the most . The proportion of IDPs and undocumented returnees was higher among the 9 % of HHS respondents who reported not feeling safe . While male and female respondents reported similar trends in community violence within their community or with other communities , IDPs and undocumented returnees were generally more likely to report such violence , especially in rural areas in Badakhshan , and Nimroz provinces . In northern provinces of the country such as Badakhshan , the increase in tensions among the community might be linked to the increase in Afghan resistance groups . Indeed , recent movements of Pashtun Taliban fighters to provinces in the north of Afghanistan have sparked tensions among the ethnic Uzbek , Turkmen , and Tajik communities . Nimroz and Herat provinces being the main routes for irregular migration , they have become destinations for various ethnic / religious and cultural groups who are transiting , have been deported , and / or are waiting to remigrate . According to FGD findings , the main factor leading to a cohesive relationship among the community members is their ethnic / religious bonds . In contrast , political alignment and debtrelated tensions were separating the communities . < / mark > < mark > In Zabul and Kunduz indicated that all respondents have not heard about mines or other explosives , followed by Bakha", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 145, "text": "Qualitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1786, "end": 1798, "text": "FGD findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 13245 | 10878 | | < br > R-squared | 0 . 153 | 0 . 131 | 0 . 143 | 0 . 115 | 0 . 110 | 0 . 111 | 0 . 106 | 0 . 106 | 0 . 110 | 0 . 112 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . Germany ’ s export shares refer to the period 1994-2004 . Standard errors in parentheses clustered at 2-digit industry level . TFPR is estimated using the method in Levinsohn and Petrin ( 2003 ) . Column ( 1 ) excludes entries and exits after 2004 . Column ( 2 ) excludes the period 2000-2004 . Column ( 3 ) considers only firms with more than 50 employees . Column ( 4 ) considers only firms born before 2004 . Column ( 5 ) uses Germany ’ s export shares for the period 2000-2004 . Column ( 6 ) excludes the Chemical and Food sectors . Column ( 7 ) excludes firms that switch sector over the period . Column ( 8 ) includes Poland ’ s input and output tariffs . Column ( 9 ) includes EU ’ s external tariff . Column ( 10 ) includes tariffs and excludes the Chemical and Food sectors . * 10 % level * * 5 % level and * * * 1 % level . 36", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 190, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( in percent of total employment ) and the perceived level of informality ( especially by firms and by households ) . Annex 3 provides a detailed description of the three dimensions of informality and their construction . In this paper , when conducting cross-country analyses , preference is given to measures that are constructed using the same statistical standard ( and definition ) and have better country-and-year coverage . < sup > 4 < / sup > 16 . * * The paper considered two model-based estimates to compute output informality and three survey-based estimates for employment informality . * * First , two model-based estimates are considered for the cross-country comparisons . One is the multiple indicators multiple causes model ( MIMIC ) , which is a type of structural equation model that takes into account both the multiple possible causes of informal activity and the outcome indicators of it . The other one is a dynamic general equilibrium model ( DGE ) created by Elgin and Oztunali ( 2012 ) where production in the informal sector is determined by how households optimize their labor allocation between formal and informal economies in each period and how the allocation changes over time . Both models provide estimates of informal output in percent of official GDP . Second , three surveybased informal employment measures are considered here to capture employment informality : > 4 For instance , self-employment shares are often used as a proxy for informal employment here , given its wide country-and-year coverage and consistency across countries . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Assessing the effectiveness of the Indonesian second population project remains difficult , as can be illustrated with a few examples . No specific target was mentioned in the appraisal report for the family planning and population training centers . . . Some indication as to the type of training to be provided as well as output would have enabled a more objective assessment . . . In the absence of baseline information or utilization data , the PCR could only comment that \" the availability of project vehicles is reported to have greatly improved the provision of services in outlying rural areas . \" [ PCR paragraph 3 . 05 . ] It is impossible to objectively evaluate such an assessment . . . The bottom-line is that unless specific targets are set during preparation , population projects will remain difficult to evaluate . [ pp . 16-17 . ] Some of the factors responsible for neglect of project evaluation are : lack of evaluation design and targets at the project formulation stage , < sup > 3 4 < / sup > # 4 - . Supervisorv Coefficients PHND projects have historically required more supervision than projects in-somewhat similar departments ( see Table V-2 ) . There is a downward trend in the coefficients , but , as we have indicated elsewhere , it is our impression that the nature of the tesk is likely to keep the need for supervisory visits relatively hiah . # 5 . Summary In sum , project supervision is strong in terms of routine tasks , problem solving and removing bottlenecks in implementation . However , it remains inadequate in terms of strategic and innovative inputs , project evaluation , follow-up on suggested actions , inter-donor coordination , and in-depth analysis of program-client interface . The population projects may continue to require more supervision than other projects , due to rapid expansion of activities in Africa , complexity of inter34Even the PPARs and POCRs do not have uniform indicators to allow cross-project comparisons . Our examination of all the PPARs / PCRs showed that information on the ranking of projects by intensity and frequency of problems , types of problems , and institutional performance was not uniformly available for all the completed projects . 61", "spans": [{"start": 2008, "end": 2020, "text": "PPARs / PCRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * At 21 . 16 percent , the female labor force participation ( FLFP ) rate in Morocco ranked 180th out of a sample of 189 countries in 2018 , < sup > 1 < / sup > meaning that 78 . 4 percent of Moroccan women between 15 and 65 years old were neither employed nor looking for a job . Currently , the FLFP rate is lower than it was two decades ago , despite lower fertility rates and better access to education , factors usually associated with greater chances of employability . While the education profile of the female population has improved , it has not translated into a greater share of educated women in the labor force . For instance , 40 percent of unemployed women have a college education ( while 8 percent have no education ) , and among employed women in rural areas ( half of the total employed women ) , 77 percent have no formal education and less than 1 percent have a college education . < sup > 2 < / sup > Although women have better access to education , the participation rate among those educated has decreased over time . Female inactivity for women holding a superior education rose from 13 percent in 2010 to 19 percent in 2018 in rural areas and from 23 to 24 percent in urban areas in the same period . The overall low education profile of employed women signals constraints to participation , a possible mismatch between firms ’ needs and their skills , and other cultural and social norms that could possibly limit the employment of women . Also , vulnerability in the form of unpaid or informal work is highly prevalent among employed women . This paper provides insight into the persistent challenge that Morocco faces in bringing women into the labor market . From a macroeconomic point of view , increased FLFP would put more labor inputs to use , thus improving the country ’ s productive capacity . From a > 1 World Development Indicators 2020 . > 2 In urban areas , education levels of the employed are somewhat higher and more evenly distributed . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1867, "end": 1900, "text": "World Development Indicators 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> for the unavoidable resettlement and develop a resettlement strategy that is compatible with the cultural preferences of the affected Duruma community and includes a land-based resettlement strategy that allowed the community to return to their traditional lands which was their preferred areas of settlement . The PAPs expressed desire to resettle and hence remain within the wider Mwavumbo Group Ranch area where they have created and can maintain / access the existing socioeconomic and cultural networks . This tread has been confirmed by the Mwache PAPs in RAP 1a stating that they have sourced for resettlement land within Kinango Sub County / and particularly in Mwavumbo Group Ranch where there is vast and sparsely populated land . This has been confirmed during the ongoing development of the individual Household plans ( LRP ) with PAPs affected in the approved RAP 1a areas where the RAP is currently under active implementation . The project aimed at providing common resettlement sites where the affected communities and households could be resettled together and provided with the infrastructure and services required to effectively restore their livelihoods . Initial efforts to promote a standard land-based resettlement strategy for such communities ( such as a resettlement village with accompanying farmland ) was roundly rejected by the Duruma . Concerns over indiscriminate mixing of subclans , removal from traditional lands and commensurate loss of access to the sacred forest adjacent to the project area and a desire to share in the benefits of the dam were among the key reasons cited for rejecting this proposal . In addition , the community cited recent bad experiences from a number of development projects in the vicinity of the project area as a reason for wanting the autonomy afforded by cash compensation . > 1 Broad Community Support was obtained during the direct consultation forums with PAPs that were held during the RAP preparation process and also during the recent subdivision of the Mwavumbo Group Ranch by the Ministry of Land and Physical Planning in collaboration with the Kwale County Government . The PAPs demonstrated support for the project during the RAP census data collection and through", "spans": [{"start": 2205, "end": 2220, "text": "RAP census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ < br > . • ~ ~ ~ ve ~ ~ ~ | __________ < br > ~ i . ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ e_ . i ~ . ~ ain | | Value < br > ~ ; J ; ! : _ | . < br > ~ ~ ~ ~ : : : _ | T < br > ttGra < br > : ; ¥ ~ · * * . * * . . ~ _ * * . * * . ~ | in < br > production < br > . _ . r ; E ~ ~ ~ | | Date achieved | | ___ | 12 / 2009 | | Comments | | | | | ( incl . % < br > . ~ ~ ~ i ~ y \" e ~ e ~ t ) . | Based on CSA surveys . < br > . . __ . . . . . . . . . . ___ | . . . _ . ___ . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . __ . . . . \" . \" | | | IndiC ! , , ! ~ ! _ ~ ~ _ | ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ . i_li ~ . orf ~ ~ ! I ~ ~ ! S | ( p . r ~ xi ~ ~ ~ ~ \\ ' ~ I ~ ~ : . ~ ~ st . ~ a ~ ioan | ~ ~ ~ ! lefit-Co ~ t . Ratio . ) ~ . . < br > Project Benefit - < br > Cost Ratiois3 . 9 . | | Value < br > quantitative or < br > Qualitative ) | Nobaseline data < br > available . . | Target not < br > formally < br > establislied . < br > • | Weighted-average < br", "spans": [{"start": 393, "end": 404, "text": "CSA surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to shocks and less able to cope with those shocks . Thus , we control for livelihood zone fixed effects in our regressions of TA-level aid distribution . < sup > 14 < / sup > # * * 3 . 4 . Additional Explanatory Variables * * < u > Explicit Household Targeting Characteristics < / u > At the local level , aid distribution should be targeted to less wealthy , female-headed households , households with babies and infants ( we use a dummy for households with children under three years old ) , households where all adults are elderly ( defined as all adults older than 59 ) , and households with any disabled adult member ( Babu et al . , 2018 ; MVAC , 2016 ; ALNAP , 2003 ) . To proxy wealth , we use an index of household durables , which is created from a principal component factor analysis of consumer durables and household dwelling characteristics < sup > 15 < / sup > ; the number of mobile phones owned by family members ; an index of agricultural implements , created from a principal component factor analysis < sup > 16 < / sup > ; and the natural logarithm of total landholdings . < sup > 17 < / sup > Additional household demographics include size ; the maximum number of years of education completed by any household member ; the proportion of adult household members who are literate in English ; and a dichotomous variable for whether the household had moved during survey periods . In addition , we include a series of dichotomous variables to control for whether the household faced other idiosyncratic shocks such as having any member that lost employment or facing high food > 14 - Livelihood zones are constructed by FEWS NET , and were accessed at < u > https : / / fews . net / southern africa / malawi / livelihood-zone-map / july-2015 . < / u > > 15 The index is based on ( i ) the dichotomous variables for whether the household has any bed , table , chair , or other living room furniture ; any of fan , air conditioner , clock , or solar panel ; any of radio", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To examine how urban forms evolve across stages of development , we examine built-up area growth across income groups . As a final robustness check , we run the same regression as in Table 4 using population , income and builtup from the Functional Urban Area ( FUA ) database developed by the OECD and the European Commission . The spatial entities represent the commuting areas of the urban centres in 2015 , which are geographically larger than our urban extents as they often contain multiple urban centers . Annex 2 presents a similar table as in Table 4 . The new coefficients are similar to the ones estimated using our urban centers . Table 5 reports the results of the between and within estimator following equation ( 1 ) for cities per country income group as defined by the World Bank . The coefficients of each column can be interpreted as the income and population elasticities of built-up surface for cities in each income group . Growing population is associated with a larger increase in built-up surface in poorer countries . As population doubles , cities ’ built-up increases by 34 % in low-income countries , 31 % in lower-middle income countries , 25 % in upper-middle-income countries and by 28 % in high-income countries . < sup > 7 < / sup > Cities in poorer countries grow more horizontally than cities in richer countries . In contrast , rising incomes are associated with slower built-up surface expansion in poorer countries than in richer ones . As urban population doubles , the city ’ s built-up area increases by 5 percent in low-income countries , 9 percent in lower-middle-income countries , 11 percent in upper-middle-income countries , and 10 percent in highincome countries . The significant jump in the income elasticities between low-income and middle-income countries is indicative that the evolution of urban form follows broader stages and processes of economic development . Next , we examine the extent to which rising incomes and stages of economic development influence the shares of extensive margin and infill development . We build a panel of two periods of built-up growth : 1990-2000 and 2000-2015 . We estimate the share of infill as : 1 2 ( 2 ) where denotes the share of infill", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 276, "text": "Functional Urban Area ( FUA ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compute the energy intensity in physical terms , the total energy consumed is divided by the sales of the firm if the total energy consumed is non-zero . The units of energy intensity in physical terms is BTU per US $ . # * * A1 . 6 Treatment of Outliers * * We winsorize observations in the main sample by excluding the top and bottom 1 percentile on energy intensity ( physical ) , energy intensity ( expenditure ) , and output measures . We retain 19 , 521 observations , although not every firm reports energy expenditure , physical energy use , and output . The management and green economy survey modules were administered to a subset of the randomly-selected firms in the full sample . Constructing our data set thus required trading off its size against a requirement that all major variables be observed . We do not systematically drop firms with missing observations of key variables , but instead remain mindful that our regression samples differ in composition . For instance , in the winsorized sample , we observe energy intensity ( physical ) for 8 , 272 firms and energy intensity ( value ) for 14 , 713 firms . We observe at least six out of eight general management practices for 8 , 476 firms , and energy management practices for 6 , 178 firms . Firms that have non-missing values for all covariates are included in each regression . If we limit the sample to only firms that observe both measures of energy intensity plus output , the sign of the results remains mostly unchanged ( not shown ) . However , firms that report both physical energy use and expenditures may differ systematically from those that report only one or the other . For instance , these firms may have better developed general management or energy management practices that support monitoring of input use . The composition of firms across countries and two-digit sectors before and after winsorization is similar . # * * A1 . 7 Descriptive Statistics * * The composition of firms across countries and two-digit sectors before and after winsorization is similar . Observations of services firms are generally missing capital stock and share of high-skilled labor . Using the World Bank", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 610, "text": "management and green economy survey modules", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | licenses and regular Project < br > progress and updates . | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Implementation & Monitoring * * < br > * * Phase : * * < br > Provide regular updates on < br > PRIME-1 construction activities < br > to PAPs & other stakeholders . < br > Implement and monitor the < br > implementation of ESMPs and < br > other E & S instruments and any < br > community < br > agreements . < br > Handling of complaints in a < br > prompt and effective manner . | Stakeholder of all < br > levels , including < br > PAPs , VDGs , HUCs < br > & concerned < br > Government < br > bodies ( at Federal , < br > Regional , Zonal , < br > Woreda & Kebele < br > levels ) . | Regularly / < br > continuously < br > update < br > on < br > construction < br > activities , including key Project < br > milestones , < br > & < br > monitoring < br > results from the ESCP , ESMPs , < br > Health and safety < br > Plans & other E & S Plans . < br > Community < br > Development < br > Plans ( from SA results ) . Local < br > level job opportunities . E & S < br > Performance Audit . Ensure < br > effective functioning of the < br > GRM . | Local consultative meetings with < br > PAPs ( site specific ) , one-on-one < br > interviews , HH survey , site visits , < br > FGDs particularly with VDGs & < br > HUCs .", "spans": [{"start": 1280, "end": 1289, "text": "HH survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "incentives . < sup > 5 < / sup > But the empirical evidence on decentralization is limited , focusing primarily on de-layering in large publicly traded US firms ( Rajan and Wulf , 2006 ) . Fourth , the paper contributes to the literature on Information Technology ( IT ) and productivity . A growing body of work has examined the relationship between technology and productivity , emphasizing both the direct productivity impact of IT and also its complementarity with modern management and organizational practices ( e . g . Bresnahan et al . 2002 and Bartel et al . 2007 ) . But again the evidence has focused on survey data rather than experimental data . Our experimental evidence suggests one route for computers to affect productivity is by facilitating > 4 See , for example , the surveys in Delery and Doty ( 1996 ) and Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2010 ) . > 5 See the recent reviews in Garicano and Van Zandt ( 2010 ) , Mookherjee ( 2010 ) and Gibbons and Roberts ( 2010 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 626, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 639, "end": 656, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "earnings of those who went to school many years ago . But even for experimental studies such as Duflo , Dupas , and Kremer , any eventual estimates of the impact of additional years of schooling on future labor earnings will be for students who went to school circa 2012 . These may not be externally valid for students in school at the time when the researchers eventually gather data on labor earnings for the past students in the study sample . Overall , we find that public spending toward the quantity and quality < sup > 5 < / sup > of schooling offers good value for money : All our benefit-cost ratios exceed one . But we also find that all our benefit-cost ratios are modest when compared to some of the more spectacular ratios found in a typical Copenhagen Consensus study like the Ghana Priorities project . However , most of the > 5 This being limited to quality improvements we can study carefully : remedial education and school feeding . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both Shanghai and Shenyang . < sup > 2 < / sup > If current trends persist , we project large cumulative losses in human life through 2020 . Figure 2 illustrates the grim stakes : Beijing could lose nearly 80 , 000 people , Chongqing 70 , 000 and other major cities could suffer losses in the tens of thousands . > * * 2 * * These estimates are based on the dose-responsr * * e * * lation established for atmospheric S02 in Beijing and Shenyang by Xu , et . al . ( 1994 ) . This relation is combined with monitoring data on S02 concentrations to produce estimated individual probabilities of premature mortality by city . City-specific probabilities are multiplied by * * current * * population estimates to produce estimated annual deaths . 3", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 542, "text": "monitoring data on S02 concentrations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characterizes exporter dynamics and the other conducts a series of export growth decompositions . Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 . Data and Summary Statistics * * We use data covering the universe of export transactions by all Turkish-based firms between 2002 and 2011 collected by the Turkish Customs Authority and transferred to the national statistical institute _Turkstat_ for revision and cleaning before being used for policy or research purposes . < sup > 6 < / sup > The variables included in the dataset are the identification code of the exporting firm , the year of the transaction , the exported product code at the HS 12-digit level , the destination market , the value of the transaction ( in USD ) , and the quantity of the transaction ( in kilograms ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > Given that the exporting firm identification codes can be followed over time , our dataset is a panel of firms at the firm-product-destination-year disaggregation level . < sup > 8 < / sup > The export transactions cover agricultural , mining , and manufacturing products but we will exclude from our analysis exports in HS Chapter 27 ( hydrocarbons such as oil , petroleum , natural gas , coal ) . The cleaning procedures that we applied to the dataset are as follows . First , although the data is collected at the HS 12-digit level and we will conduct some analysis at this level , we also aggregate it up to the HS 6-digit level which is a classification that is comparable to those used in other countries and will thus facilitate benchmarking of the stylized facts for Turkey . To our knowledge , our study uses the most disaggregated HS classification for products among recent empirical studies relying on exporter-level customs data . < sup > 9 < / sup > Second , Turkey uses the special trade regime which means that customs record the sales from inland to their own free zones / customs warehouses as exports . < sup > 10 < / sup > We drop from our dataset the observations for sales to free zones since > 6 Note that the data is available to researchers but can be accessed only in _Turkstat_", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 218, "text": "data covering the universe of export transactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1703, "end": 1730, "text": "exporter-level customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The establishment of a monitoring management system , incorporating a monitoring database that is linked to existing databases . The overall aim of the programme will be to measure the extent to which the goals of the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Plan have been achieved . In order to do this , indicators and targets will be established including specific indicators developed . # # # # # # * * Performance Monitoring * * Using input / output indicators , progress with relocation and compensation of cultural sites ( graves , caves , shrines ) livelihood restoration etc . will be measured against scheduled actions and performance milestone by the M & E Section , together with relevant organizational structure . # # # # # # * * Impact Monitoring * * Impact monitoring will focus on the effectiveness of restoration of cultural resources , livelihood restoration measures , the identification of constraints , and recommendations for any corrective measures . While internal monitoring reports will be a source of information , the generation of new data will be required to compare against pre displacement ( baseline ) conditions , occurring at two levels : - Standardized ( quantitative ) monitoring of households and businesses ; using survey instruments , the socio-economic status of the vulnerable groups will be tracked and measured against baseline data collected during the preparation of the VMGP and RAP prior to resettlement . Baseline data from SA and RAP will therefore form the basis to which monitoring of impact will be measured . - Participatory ( qualitative ) Monitoring and Evaluation ( PME ) of groups / communities : A community-based PME programme will be implemented whereby vulnerable groups will be assisted in developing their own criteria for acceptable standards of living ; assessing their pre-project ( baseline ) standard of living based on their own criteria ; monitoring their progress towards recovering their pre-project standard of living ; evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation measures ; and developing and communicating their own solutions to outstanding problems . External agencies will be appointed to conduct these monitoring exercises , coordinated by the M & E Section of proponent . # # # #", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 91, "text": "monitoring database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1452, "end": 1481, "text": "Baseline data from SA and RAP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reported to have been forcibly conscripted , and children , some as young as 11 years , were also observed by the UN carrying weapons , wearing military uniforms , and being used as escorts to elements of armed forces and armed groups . The UN also documented incidents of children deprived of their liberty Incidents of killing and maiming of children < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Registered Incidents per State < br > January - March 2017 < br > Abyei area Upper Nile < br > N or thern < br > Unity 23 < br > Bahr < br > 66 < br > el Ghazal < br > 7 Warrap < br > Western Bahr 11 Jonglei < br > el Ghazal 43 < br > 21 Lakes < br > 2 < br > Western < br > Equatoria Eastern < br > 16 Central Equatoria < br > Equatoria 10 < br > 53 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism .", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 419, "text": "Registered Incidents per State", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 790, "end": 824, "text": "Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Another survey – the survey and voucher data analysis conducted by the LSESD Food Aid Project for Syrian refugees residing in Lebanon from July to December 2013 – showed that refugees had an average of 2 . 5 meals a day . _North / T + 5_ Solidarités International ‟ s January 2014 Living Condition Assessment Report conducted in the T + 5 region showed that , while in Syria , refugees were used to having at least three meals per day , and only few of them were experiencing lack of food because food was very affordable compared to Lebanon . The assessment found that in Lebanon , adults were having 2 . 2 meals a day and children were having 2 . 5 meals a day ( see chart below ) . Moreover , 82 % of the households interviewed reported having faced problems during the last 30 days prior to the assessment because of lack of food or money to buy food . _Figure [ 3 ] : Number of meals consumed per day by Syrian refugees in the North / T + 5_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Number of meals per day < br > 3 . 2 < br > 3 < br > 2 . 5 Number of < br > 2 . 2 < br > meals in Syria < br > Number of < br > meals in < br > Lebanon < br > Adults Children < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : Solidarités International ‟ s January 2014 Living Condition Assessment Report Handicap International ‟ s August 2013 Livelihoods Assessment Report showed that nearly half of refugees in Tripoli were only having one to two meals per day . _Figure [ 4 ] : Number of meals consumed per day by Syrian refugees by geographic area_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Number of meals per day by geographical area < br > 100 % < br > 1 < br > 80 % < br > 2 < br > 60 % < br", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 53, "text": "survey and voucher data analysis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 268, "end": 315, "text": "January 2014 Living Condition Assessment Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and ALMP indicators across regions and income groups ; Section 4 presents and discusses the findings of the regression analyses , and Section 5 concludes the paper . # * * 2 . Review of the Literature on the Linkages of UB and ALMP with Labor Market Outcomes * * This section provides an overview of theoretical and empirical literature investigating the effects of UB and ALMP on labor market outcomes in developing and developed countries . # # * * 2 . 1 . UB and labor market outcomes * * Conceptually , UB can affect unemployment and reemployment wages through two channels : the substitution effect and the liquidity effect . The substitution effect of UB arises from the distortion it creates in the prices of leisure and consumption , reducing the marginal incentive to search for a job and potentially leading to moral hazard that in turn promotes unemployment and reduces reemployment wage . The potential for moral hazard is expected to be higher in less developed economies due to a larger informal sector and limited institutional capacity to monitor the job search activities of UB recipients . The liquidity effect stems from the liquidity provided by UB , allowing unemployed individuals to effectively manage and sustain their consumption over an extended period . This prompts UB recipients to devote more time to seeking employment opportunities that align with their skills and offer higher wages . Unlike moral hazard , the liquidity effect proves socially advantageous , fostering better employment opportunities and productivity , even though it may temporarily elevate the unemployment rate in the short term . Empirical studies of UB typically concentrate on Europe and North America and show that longer UB periods or higher amounts of UB result in prolonged unemployment and reduced formal employment , suggesting , to some degree , the presence of moral hazard ( Hagedorn et al . 2015 ; Tatsiramos and Van Ours 2014 ; Caliendo et al . 2013 ; Farber and Valletta 2013 ; Rothstein 2011 ; Tatsiramos 2009 ; Van Ours and Vodopivec 2006 ) . Using macro level panel data , Pignatti and Van Belle ( 2018 ) showed that in developed countries , when coupled with sufficiently high spending on ALMP , higher public spending on PLMP can", "spans": [{"start": 2069, "end": 2091, "text": "macro level panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Water Resources Management Department * * DWD has been the beneficiary of European Union funding which has supported the Water Resources Assessment Programme . While primarily concerned with compiling a national inventory of surface and ground water resources , this project has also funded the establishment of an international-standard testing laboratory at Entebbe . DWD now has the capability to carry out all of the monitoring exercises that have been assigned to it under the EMMP . The laboratory operates on a commercial basis , and will require payment per sample analysed . The estimated costs presented in the EMMP are based on quotations for analyses provided by DWD management , and will be met by BEL . It is understood that no additional funding is required to strengthen capacity within DWD . # # # # * * 8 . 8 . 4 District Health OfficeslVector Control Units * * In Mukono District , screening of patients for schistosomiasis and other vector-borne diseases is currently carried out at the Nyenga Mission Hospital , near Njeru . Mukono DHO has indicated that it would like to take over this screening role as part of the R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 259, "text": "national inventory of surface and ground water resources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consistent reports of underspending on the demand side activities . There may be a number of origins of this problem . One is that software , in general , seems to receive less attention during supervisory missions than construction or other hardware . A second is that the ministries of health which are usually the lead agencies in Bank projects have little expertise in or commitment to demand generation activities and efforts to bring other agencies into the process have not always been successful . Bank projects have made little use of the marketing skills of private sector agencies that have been central to the contraceptive social marketing activities supported by USAID . # b . Acceptance of Family Planning and Contraceptive Prevalence Measures of the utilization of services are often used as indicators of project effectiveness , but their limitations should be recognized . First , since Bank projects are directed at middle and long range objectives , their immediate impact may be more on system capacity than on the level of service utilization . Second , there are many factors other than project activities that influence the initial acceptance or continued use of services . Therefore , the simple statistics of acceptance are not sufficient evidence of project effectiveness . Third , the indicators themselves can be misleading . In Indonesia , for example , thanks in part to a special Bank mission report , it is now clear that contraceptive prevalence estimates based on service statistics may have been significantly overstated by BKKBN statistics . In Bangladesh there has been substantial controversy concerning service statistics related to condoms . Thus , service statistics , while part of a system of information on effectiveness are incomplete in themselves and should be supplemented both by detailed analysis and by the use of other measures of performance . Measures of contraceptive prevalence have proven particularly useful for assessing program effectiveness . Measures of prevalence do not resolve the problems of lags between project inputs and effects or of complex causality , but they do provide an alternative measure of effect that does not depend on service delivery statistics . Moreover , contraceptive prevalence surveys have often been able to supplement information on current use with information about knowledge , accessibility and sources of supply", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1517, "text": "service statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1560, "end": 1576, "text": "BKKBN statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2202, "end": 2229, "text": "service delivery statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2243, "end": 2275, "text": "contraceptive prevalence surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 5 - 3 . 11 Regional sesame exports in 1968 earned about US $ 2 . 8 million in foreign exchange , equivalent to 2 . 4 % of Ethiopia ' s total agricultural exports in terms of value . Cotton production , mostly ginned at Asmara , was equivalent in 1967 to 3 . 5 thousand tons of fiber , or 50 % of all cotton ginned in Ethiopia in that year . The region could supply an increasingly significant amount of the cotton fiber requirements of Ethiopia ' s textile mills which are now dependent on imports for supplies . This would release irrigated land for the production of long staple cotton , for which a ready export market exists . Sorghum produced in the northwest lowlands already has lowered food prices both in Asmara , and in the depressed northern areas of Tigre , Eritrea and northern Wallo , where historically , shortage of food has been a constant source of poverty and civil strife . # # # IV . THE PROJECT AREA 4 . 01 The project : is located in the middle reaches of the northwest lowlands , lying at elevations of between 450 and 700 m . Humera , the government ' s administrative center is situated roughly in the center of the project area ( see Map ) . # # # Population 4 . 02 A population census of the project area has not been carried out . Population density is believed to be below the national average of 19 per km < sup > 2 < / sup > but increasing steadily as development proceeds . Nonetheless the resident population is inadequate to provide sufficient labor for the mechanized farms which have developed in the area . Consequently , during sowing , weeding and harvesting periods , large numbers of migrant laborers - an estimated 60 , 000 in 1968 - enter the region from Ethiopia ' s depressed northern provinces . # # # Settlement 4 . 03 The region is in a pioneer stage of development , and significant settlement has so far been restricted to the townships of Om Hagar and Humera , and a few villages sited near permanent", "spans": [{"start": 1197, "end": 1214, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "all the sub counties . Data was collected on the literacy level of all household members ( aged 6 years and above ) in Kiryandongo district and it was grouped into three age groups i . e . 10-12 years , 13-18 years and 19 years and above . It is observed that members who are 13 – 18 years are more literate ( 81 % ) than the rest of the other groups ( 65 % and 40 % respectively ) . # # # # * * Kyengegwa District * * Kyegegwa District is located in Western Region of Uganda and bordered by Kibaale District to the north , Mubende District to the east , Kiruhura District to the south , Kamwenge District to the southwest and Kyenjojo District to the northwest . # # # # * * _Population_ * * The 2014 Population and Housing Census results reported Kyegegwa population of 281 , 637 . 141 , 043 ( 50 . 1 % ) people were males and 140 , 594 ( 49 . 9 % ) were females . The reported population was 92 persons / km < sup > 2 < / sup > . Kyegegwa is one of the Ugandan districts that are hosting refugees from Democratic Republic of Congo , Rwanda and Burundi . The refugees are registered in a reception center , allocated plots of land in a refugee settlement and supported to build homes , farm and establish income generating business . This effort is in line with Uganda ’ s transformational approach of making refugees in Uganda self-reliant and locally integrated with the host communities thus alleviating their restriction , lack and uncertainty . # # # # * * _Economic Activities_ * * The main occupation of the people of Kyegegwa is crop and livestock farming . Small scale farmers working on an average of two acres per household dominate the farming community . They cultivate 104", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 731, "text": "2014 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "concerns and individual protection issues rather than attempting to enhance credit information per se . Monopoly pricing or other restrictive practices that might limit competition or service provision are generally the responsibility of competition authorities that have in practice rarely intervened in this specialized sector . The second form of intervention that has taken place is the direct ( and frequently forced ) provision of credit information sharing services by central banks or banking supervisors known as public credit registries ( PCRs ) . World Bank surveys have documented that PCRs exist in about 60 countries worldwide and more nations are planning to create them in the future . < sup > 4 < / sup > In countries with PCRs , supervised financial institutions are required to provide data on individual borrowers on a periodic basis , usually monthly . Core PCR data are information on the identity of borrowers , the size of any loans or credit lines outstanding with reporting institutions and their status . Status implies whether a loan is in good standing , past due , in default or other non-accrual status . There are multiple motivations behind the development of PCRs . Recent research has linked the existence of a PCR with the absence of significant private credit bureaus , weak creditor protection and a French civil code legal system – see Jappelli and Pagano ( 2003 ) and World Bank ( 2003 ) . Anecdotal evidence suggests some countries originally developed PCRs to monitor credit by sector in the days when banks were forced into particular lending patterns . Others were motivated by the simple desire that financial institutions should know the total debts ( and the standing of the various loans ) of potential borrowers in the whole financial system to make informed lending decisions . Another motivation was so that bank supervisors could identify the main debtors of the financial system and analyze more carefully loan concentration risk and monitor and enforce banks ’ reserve policies against problem loans . Whatever the primary motivation , countries that have developed these tools have tended to find them useful for a wider variety of reasons that often go beyond their original thinking . This paper reviews many of the current uses and discuses the relationship between these", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 887, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Third , the education of adults in the household has a significant relationship with the enrollment of children in practically all the countries studied , even after controlling for household wealth . The results do not however confirm the notion that the education of adult females is _always_ more strongly related to the education of children that that of adult males . While this is true in some countries , the story is complicated and varies across countries . The findings do however confirm that in a subset of countries with a large female disadvantage in enrollment , the education of adult females has a larger impact on the enrollment of girls than that of boys . This outcome is consistently found in India , Nepal , and Pakistan . Fourth , the presence of a primary and a secondary school in the community has a significant relationship to enrollment in some countries only ( notably the Western and Central African countries ) . Moreover , the presence of a school does not appear to be differentially related to the education of boys and girls in a systematic way across countries , even those with a high female disadvantage in enrollment . # II ) Data and methodological approac The data used in this paper are those collected as a part of the Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) . These are large , nationally representative household surveys , and the data from 57 surveys ( from 41 countries ) are analyzed here . < sup > 2 < / sup > Basic information on the number of households in each sample , as well as the number of individuals in the sample of 6 to 14 years olds , and 15 to 19 year olds , are in Table 1 . The DHS were not designed to collect information on education . Rather , they were a systematic data collection effort whose main purpose was to obtain nationally representative and cross-nationally comparable household-level data related to 2 There are three main designs of the survey instrument . DHS I surveys were carried out between 1985 and 1989 and do not contain the requisite education data . DHS II were collected between 1990 and 1993 , and _5_", "spans": [{"start": 1262, "end": 1292, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1848, "end": 1868, "text": "household-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * better the results of individual refugee registration in UNHCR operations . Secondly , as UNHCR has enhanced its involvement with IDPs following the institutionalization of the “ Cluster Approach ” _ ( See Box 1 ) _ , the scope of its data collection with respect to IDP operations has expanded steadily throughout the year . Finally , as signalled already in last year ’ s _Global Refugee Trends_ and _ < u > Statistical Yearbook , < / u > _ the active refugee caseload in some developed countries , most notably the United States of America , has been reviewed and calculated according to adjusted parameters , resulting in significantly increased figures . In fact , these and several other parameters for the statistical analysis , computation and reporting are presently under review , the impact of which will be seen in the forthcoming _ < u > 2006 Statistical Report < / u > _ and , more comprehensively , in subsequent years . # # * * Who is included in the statistics ? * * The persons of concern included in this report comprise seven different groups of persons namely ( a ) refugees ; ( b ) asylum-seekers ; ( c ) internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) ; ( d ) refugees who have returned home ( returnees ) ; ( e ) IDPs who have returned home ; ( f ) stateless persons ; and ( g ) a category for other persons in a refugee or returnee-like situation . * * < u > Refugees < / u > * * include persons recognized under the _1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees ; _ its 1967 Protocol ; the _1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa_ ; those recognized in accordance with the UNHCR Statute ; persons granted complementary forms of protection < sup > 3 < / sup > ; or , those enjoying “ temporary protection ” < sup > 4 < / sup > . UNHCR has a mandated responsibility to extend protection to", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 22, "text": "2006 Global Trends", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # ADDIS ABAB CITY ADMINISTRATION CAPACITY BUILDING BUREAU YEAR IV ( 2007 / 08 ) PSCAP ’ S PROGRAM * * _CONSULTANCY_ PROCUREMENT PLANNING * * * * < u > BY EACH SUB PROGRAM < / u > * * Credit No : 3899-ET Round : IV - � � � � Name of regions / stakeholders ; _ADDIS ABABA CITY ADMINISTRATION_ - � � � � Sub program name : ICT | * * S * * | * * Estimated * * | * * Estimated * * | | | * * Selectio * * | * * n Method * * | * * s * * | | * * Contract * * | * * Type * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Description / Consultancy Activities * * < br > * * . * * < br > * * No . * * | * * cost EBR * * < br > * * in ( 000 ) * * | * * cost in * * < br > * * USD ( 000 ) * * | * * QCBS * * | * * QBS * * | * * LC * * | * * SBCQ * * | * * IC * * | * * In house * * < br > * * Or SSS * * | * * Lump sum * * < br > * * Fixed * * | < br > * * Time * * < br > * * based * * | * * Remarks * * | | 1 Develop residential data base at city level | 200 . 00 | 22 . 22 | x | | | | | | x | | | | 2 < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 970, "end": 991, "text": "residential data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") Resettlement Action Plans ( RAPs ) preparation and implementation ; and ( d ) Functional Grievance Redress Mechanism . The Program Operation Manual will be modified to include a land acquisition framework to guide preparations of the RAPs . An amount of US $ 30 million from the MDG is reallocated to this new DLI , deducted from the remaining balances of DLIs 4 and 8 . As with other MDG-financed DLIs , disbursement for DLI 10 is contingent upon meeting all minimum conditions defined under DLI 2 . The original DLIs have been reviewed and out of the nine DLIs , two do not need any modifications ( DLI 6 & 7 ) , five need minor modifications ( DLIs 1 , 2 , 5 , 8 & 9 ) , while two need some major adjustments ( DLIs 3 , 4 ) . DLI 3 is modified to remove duplications , increase the incentive impact , address emerging issues , and refine assessment procedure to ensure standardised and objective assessment . DLI 4 is modified to incentivize better and emphasize early-stage outputs and allow partial progress scoring . A new early-year milestone is introduced to enhance implementation momentum , strengthen coordination among implementing sub-nationals , including MDAs , and integrate the process prior to the completion of multi-jurisdictional investments . DLI 9 is revised to better incentivize MoKCC & MA leadership for integrated planning , effectively supporting MDG implementation and enhance metropolitan coordination and cross-jurisdictional reforms . Revisions to DLIs and corresponding updated requirements are delineated , including explicit evidence standards for verification protocols , within the updated Program Assessment Tools ( PAT ) outlined in the updated POM . 20 . * * The Theory of Change is revised * * to incorporate the above-mentioned newly introduced PDO-level jobs indicator and DLI 10 , while retaining the two original Results Areas and making the jobs and ESHS agendas explicit and fully aligned with the Results Framework and DLIs . Under Results Area 1 , institutional improvements now encompass", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have environmental impacts if green technology is used . Some of these jobs benefit from the green revolution , such as miners of lithium for electric car batteries . Others are negatively affected , such as coal miners and those working in coal-fired plants . We include both in our analysis . While many studies in various countries use tasks information from the US Occupational Information Network ( O * NET ) inventory and its associated Green Economy Program ( GEP ) ( Consoli et al . 2016 ; Vona et al . 2019 , 2018 ) to measure green jobs , we find these data are not appropriate for our analysis for several reasons . The O * NET is a US cross-sectional database with detailed information about work context , tasks , activities and skills at the occupational level . < sup > 16 < / sup > The O * NET Green Economy program ( GEP ) identifies 12 industries that should be impacted by the greening of the economy and an associated list of occupations and 14 International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 ( ISCO-88 ) is a four-level hierarchically structured system that allows all jobs in the world to be classified into unit groups based on their similarity in terms of the skill level and skill specialization required for the jobs . The most aggregated level is the one-digit code ( 10 major groups ) , followed by the two-digit code ( 28 sub-major groups ) , the three-digit code ( 116 minor groups ) and the most detailed level of the classification is the four-digit code ( 390 groups ) . The SASCO includes an additional 39 occupations , reflecting uniquely South African labor markets . 15 To ensure there is no double counting of individuals , we divide the survey weights by the number of quarters . 16 The O * NET is the primary source of occupational information in the United States . The data are collected through industry expert interviews and surveys of representative samples of workers . https : / / www . onetonline . org / 5", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 401, "text": "US Occupational Information Network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 631, "end": 638, "text": "O * NET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ compensation operations , PAPs will be consulted about their views through a household survey to be carried out by an external consultant employed for the purpose . The objective of the household survey is to assess those mitigation measures taken to address the adverse social impacts and also to assess the implementation of the RAP and compensation payment . In general , the survey will assess the impact created by the project on the livelihood of PAPs . Likewise , the municipality and other woreda administration also will be consulted to provide their assessments of the impacts of the social mitigation measures applied . 65", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 95, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 188, "end": 204, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Kilometers | Value | 0 . 00 | 500 . 00 | 526 . 00 | | | | | Date | 30-Jun-2004 | 07-May-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | | | | | Comments | | Federal Link Roads : Gobgob - < br > Gashena-Woldiya ( 200km ) ; < br > Assela-Dodola ( 116km ) , < br > Dodola-Goba ( 130km ) ; and < br > Shire-Adiabun ( 54km ) | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 29-May-2012 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P082998 | IDA-39890 | Effective | 22-Sep-2004 | 10-Mar-2005 | 08-Jun-2005 | 30-Jun-2010 | 30-Jun-2012 | | P082998 | IDA-39891 | Effective | 22-Jun-2006 | 07-Aug-2006 | 22-Dec-2006 | 30-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | | P082998 | IDA-47180 | Effective | 27-May-2010 | 03-Jun-2010 | 01-Oct-2010 | 30-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revi | sed | Cancelled", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "license before start of civil works ; ( iii ) All Contract documents include NEMA license / approval conditions and ESMP with budget allocation ; ( iv ) All subprojects involving temporary physical or economic displacement and relocation to include consulted ARAP / Reinstatement / Restoration Plan before award of contracts ; ( v ) GRM constituted and grievances records being maintained at Municipality level ; ( vi ) At least two stakeholder ’ s consultations with Project Affected Persons were undertaken at preparation stage and two at implementation stage . IV", "spans": [{"start": 353, "end": 371, "text": "grievances records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "including ala < br > rm with all accessories for hy < br > dro-logical data library by Mi < br > nistryof Water and Energy | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > P | ost | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imite | d < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 43 , 225 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-12-30 | | | | 2024-02-24 | 2024-07-23 | | ET-MOWE-394791-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Hardware Se < br > rver , for Hydrology lead exec < br > utive office , by MoWE | IDA / 64450 | Climate Resilient Water Sup < br > ply , Sanitation , and Hygiene < br > ( Climate Resilient WASH ) < br > P | ost | Request for Bids < br > | Open | - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 682 , 370 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-12-22 | 2023-12-27 | | 2024-02-07 | 2024-03-08 | 2024-04-12 | 2024-08-10 | | ET-MOWE-292463-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of 12 Automatic < br > Weather Stations for National < br > Meteorology by Ministry of W < br > ater and Energy | < br > < br > IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > P | ost | Request for Bids < br > | Open | - National < br > Single", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 83, "text": "dro-logical data library", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "built the infrastructure for a balanced veterinary epidemiology surveillance program , improved public health planning and coordination on AHI , improved public health surveillance systems , and strengthened AHI and other disease prevention and preparedness capabilities . This has been achieved through : ( i ) raising awareness among key stakeholders on the risks of HPAI ; ( ii ) elaborating and distributing standard operating procedures ; ( iii ) surveillance — including equipping and facilitating field surveillance teams , instituting e-reporting from all districts , establishing community based surveillance in high risk areas , support to sero-prevalence surveys and increasing the number of sentinel sites from 3 to 14 ; ( iv ) training health workers and local administration / community leaders ; ( v ) enhancing the country ’ s diagnostic capability ; ( vi ) supporting the refurbishment and operationalization of a number of quarantine centers and checkpoints ; and availing drugs and sundries including Personal Protective Equipment , ( vii ) developing and disseminating guidelines for infection control and management of AHI ; ( viii ) development of district preparedness and response plans ; ( ix ) support to development of a strategic plan and harmonization of policies for infectious disease research in the country ; establishment of isolation facilities , among many others ( see Annex 2 ) . While there was no HPAI outbreak , as an outcome of these efforts , the systems which were put in place under the project facilitated a rapid and effective response to several outbreaks of other diseases such as yellow fever , swine flu , Ebola , Marburg , etc . An instructive example is the case of Ebola where although the incidence of outbreaks has increased , the duration , 12", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 673, "text": "sero-prevalence surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "small contracts , will involve contracts for less than US $ 100 , 000 . Minor Works aggregate is estimated at US $ 325 , 000 . Due to : ( i ) small contract values of each repair or enhancement ; ( ii ) works that are geographically scattered throughout each city ; ( iii ) emergency nature of repairs and enhancements ; procurement of small-scale civil works in each city would be procured under lump sum fixed price contracts awarded on the basis of quotations obtained by at least three qualified domestic contractors in response to a written invitation and according to Bank guidelines . The PIU would prequalify contractors for minor works by placing an advertisement to solicit expressions of interest from contractors and maintain a register of qualified firms . The register would be updated every six months and new contractors would be added . Contractors and firms would be required to have experience in similar works in the last two years . The PIU would use sample bidding documents developed in the ECA Region . The invitation shall include a detailed description of the works , including basic specifications , the required completion date , and relevant drawings , where applicable . The award shall be made to the contractor who offers the lowest price quotation for the required work , and who has the experience and resources to complete the contract . # # # * * Consulting Services * * Ninety five percent or value of US $ 2 , 200 , 000 equivalent of the consultants ( firms and individual ) required by the project shall be engaged on Quality and Cost-Based Selection ( QCBS ) , and 5 percent ( US $ 137 , 500 ) of the consultants ( firms and individuals ) shall be engaged by other procedures . Total consulting services shall account for 20 percent of project procurement . Consulting contracts exceeding US $ 50 , 000 shall be advertised in the local press . Individuals consultants shall be selected in accordance with paragraphs 5 . 1 through 5 . 3 of the Guidelines : Selections and Employment of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers dated January 1997 and revised in", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 767, "text": "register of qualified firms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Zambia ’ s Infrastructure : A Continental Perspective # # * * _Vivien Foster and Carolina Dominguez_ * * # # # * * Acknowledgments * * This paper draws upon a wide range of contributions from sector specialists from the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Team ; notably , Dick Bullock on railways , Mike Mundy on ports , Heinrich Bofinger on air transport , Maria Shkaratan on power , Elvira Morella on water and sanitation , Michael Minges on information and communication technologies , Nataliya Pushak on public expenditure , and Alvaro Federico Barra on spatial analysis . The paper is based on data collected by local consultants and benefited greatly from feedback provided by colleagues in the relevant World Bank country teams ; notably , Kapil Kapoor ( country manager ) , Boris Enrique Utria ( Sector Leader ) , Gael Raballand ( roads ) , Pierre Pozzo di Borgo and Lucien Andre Aegerter ( railways ) , Diep Nguyen-Van Houtte ( power ) , Midori Makino and Elisabeth Sherwood ( water ) , and Gareth Locksley ( ICT ) .", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 642, "text": "data collected by local consultants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2022 ; Khamis et al . 2021 ; Kugler , Viollaz , et al . 2021 ) . For instance , Bundervoet et al . ( 2022 ) find , based on a sample of 31 countries , that more than a third of respondents reported having stopped working since the onset of the pandemic , and almost two-thirds of households reported a decrease in total income . These job and income losses were associated with significantly higher levels of food insecurity at the household level . The early analyses conclude that the welfare impacts precipitated by the economic crisis were not evenly distributed either across or within countries . Across countries , employment and incomes dropped sharply almost everywhere , and nearly all LICs and LMICs saw poverty increase in 2020 . Globally , the pandemic led to a broad shock across the global income > 3There is a substantive literature documenting the important benefits of public health policies to flatten the curve of COVID-19 contagion through masking , social distancing , contact tracing and vaccination in the context of developing countries that is beyond the scope and focus of this paper . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) MIS development is progressing well and as of January 2020 , the MIS phase 1 was planned to be finalized in June 2020 rolled-out in a phased approach , based on the completion of the PSNP BHH Registry . However due to the recent COVID Crisis , plans to roll out the MIS within the planned timeframe is being reassessed . Comments * * : * * The PSNP BHH Registry - 7 firms were contracted in January 2020 to carry out the primary data collection activity for 12 of the 14 clusters . Communication on the registry data collection started cascading from regions to woredas in January 2020 and trainings on the survey software and survey instruments tookplace in February 2020 . Unfortunately due to the COVID-19 crisis , data collection activities have been put on hold until further notice . # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * Social Protection and Disaster Risk Management Systems < u > < mark > IN01086855 < / mark > < / u > ► Time taken from issuing a drought warning to identifying and agreeing number of people in need ( Days , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 180 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 60 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31-May-2021 | 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | This is estimated to be approximately 110 days for food transfers , and 90 days for cash . Currently there is no formal Comments * * : * * As of December 2019 , there was no updated data available by the counterpart for this indicator . # < u > < mark > IN01086858 <", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 321, "text": "PSNP BHH Registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 465, "end": 482, "text": "PSNP BHH Registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 624, "end": 637, "text": "registry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mark > _ < mark > abnâ ’ as-sabîl < / mark > _ < mark > ) and the debtors ( < / mark > _ < mark > ghârimûn < / mark > _ < mark > ) . It also aligns with several SDGs , namely No poverty ( SDG 1 ) , Zero hunger ( SDG 2 ) , Reduced inequalities ( SDG 10 ) and the SDGs ’ commitment to leave no one behind . Through Zakat and Sadaqah , emergency relief can be provided to IDPs , including via direct cash and inkind assistance , which gives internally displaced communities similar access to markets and services as local host communities , and allows them to contribute to the local economy . It also provides IDPs and their host community with access to food , water , healthcare and shelter . < / mark > # # # < u > < mark > Purification Funds : < / mark > < / u > < mark > Certain prohibited types of income in Islam , such as interest or late payment fees , must be ‘ purified ’ by donating them to a charity . Purification funds have a great potential to contribute to humanitarian response , and this potential is yet to be fully harnessed . Islamic financial institutions are aspiring to strategically utilize such funds , in order to maximize their social and humanitarian impact . < / mark > > 7 UNHCR Global Trends ( 2019 ) 6", "spans": [{"start": 1203, "end": 1222, "text": "UNHCR Global Trends", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "readily accessible for other provinces , and urban areas could not be matched at the granular level necessary to exploit the cross-sectional variation in private school location and GSS presence that we utilize in the paper . > 8We also augment the public schooling data from the EMIS with more recent data from the 2005 National Educational Census . We are able to match some more villages using the NEC , but cannot use this as the primary data source because of insu cient information on the upgradation of schools from primary to secondary . Speci cally , there is a chance in the NEC data that we incorrectly assign a village to have received a GSS by 2000 when it only had a primary school that was upgraded to a secondary school after 2000 . Since our empirical strategy examines the relationship between pre-existing girls secondary schools and private schools ( as of 2000 , the date of the private school census ) , the correct thing would be to classify such a village as not having a GSS . 9", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 348, "text": "2005 National Educational Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 921, "text": "private school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 - The Project development objectives are \" to improve the connectivity and efficiency of the transport sector through : ( i ) improved condition of national road network , ( ii ) improved capacity for road safety management ; and ( iii ) improved transport sector and national road management . \" The original Project had five components : ( a ) Upgrading and Rehabilitation of National Roads , including the Gulu-Atiak and Vurra-Arua-Oraba roads ( 159 km ) ; ( b ) Enhanced Road Safety , including the establishment of National Road Safety Authority ( NRSA ) and making the crash data base operational ; ( c ) Preparation of the Kampala Urban Transport Project , and the legislation and establishment of the Metropolitan Area Transport Authority ( MAT A ) ; ( d ) Support to the Ministry of Works and Transport ( Mo WT ) to focus on its core function of policy setting , strategic planning , sector oversight and monitoring ; and ( e ) Support to the Uganda National Roads Authority ( UNRA ) with technical assistance and capacity building activities . The Additional Financing is to provide funding for : ( i ) upgrading and rehabilitation of the Kamwenge-Fort Portal ( 66 km ) road and ( ii ) technical assistance for strengthening the internal audit functions ofUNRA . ) According to the Project Paper , the World Bank is partnering with the African Development Bank ( AIDB ) to finance the entire 209 km road ( Fort Portal-Nyakaita ) . The AIDB is financing the first 143 km section ( Kamwenge-Nyakita ) and the World Bank is financing the remaining 66 km section ( Kamwenge-Fort Portal ) , the focus of this Request . The Project was assigned an Environmental Category B and triggered the following safeguard policies : _OP / BP_ 4 . 01 Environmental Assessment ; _OP / BP_ 4 . 04 Natural Habitats ; _OP / BP_ 4 . 36 Forests ; _OP / BP_ 4 .", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 594, "text": "crash data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indica | tors | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / < br > residence | of < br > location | of < br > location | 0-4 | Share o < br > 5-11 < br > | f age < br > 2-17 | groupi < br > < 18 | n total < br > 18-59 < br > | 60 + > | 0-4 | Pe < br > 5-11 | rcentag < br > 12-17 | e fem", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "annua < br > l | the MoWE < br > PMU with < br > inputs from < br > relevant | Regular monitoring , < br > Identification of < br > evidence documents | MoWE , EMI , and EDRMC | | | rainy seasons would be | | Implementin | | | | | considered as evidence of < br > the establishment of < br > operational services | | g Agencies | | | | IR Indicator 2 . 2 . 2 Increase in satisfaction | Satisfaction of users will be < br > measured through user | Baseline , < br > | Progress < br > report from | User survey jointly | | | of users on early warning and hydromet < br > services developed or improved under the | surveys . The increase in the < br > percentage points from the | mid-term , < br > and end < br > lti | the MoWE < br > PMU with | conducted by MoWE , < br > EMI , and EDRMC | EMI , MoWE , and EDRMC | | Project | baseline are indicated as | evauaon | inputs from | | | | | targets . The design of the | | relevant | | | Page 61 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 508, "text": "User survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "instruments for FDPs as they would allow to track the same individuals over time , understand their livelihood and residency trajectories , and understand how FDPs take decisions . However , classic panel surveys typically rely on home addresses and they are particularly difficult to administer when populations are highly mobile . This has encouraged scholars working on FDPs to develop new instruments to track people over time . Etang and Hoogeveen ( 2020 ) developed a survey known as the “ Listening to Displaced People Survey ( LDPS ) ” , a survey that tracked living conditions of displaced people over time in Mali with a face-to-face baseline survey complemented by monthly follow-up mobile phone interviews for a period of 12 months . These data have been used by Hoogeveen , Rossi and Sansone ( 2019 ) to study patterns of return of the displaced and understand the factors that contribute to return . Phone interviews have also increased in popularity with the COVID-19 pandemic , which made it necessary to conduct interviews without face-to-face contact . During this period , the UNHCR and World Bank have launched bi-monthly monitoring surveys of the impact of COVID-19 on the well-being of refugees in several countries across the MENA , SSA and Latin America regions using phone interviews . These resulted in panel surveys that now offer the possibility to assess the impact of COVID-19 on refugees over time and across countries in a comparable manner . Vintar et al . ( forthcoming ) , for example , provide an example of how to use these data to understand the differential labor impacts of COVID-19 on refugees and nonrefugees ( see also the report “ Answering the Call : Forcibly Displaced During the Pandemic ” < sup > i < / sup > ) . UNCHR ’ s proGres database includes phone numbers for refugee family heads that can be utilized as a sampling frame . However , data privacy concerns need to be addressed if the phone survey is conducted by a firm . A possible solution is sending text messages to selected respondents asking for permission to share phone numbers with a contractor . Comparisons between FDPs and host populations are also an essential exercise to conduct in the context of FDP poverty", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 212, "text": "panel surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 496, "end": 532, "text": "Listening to Displaced People Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1771, "end": 1787, "text": "proGres database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( EIAs ) and Environmental Audits . These are also used in conjunction with the Environmental Act . # # # * * Task 4 : Description of the baseline environment * * The results of the desk study , Task 2 , were used to present baseline information on the environmental characteristics of the pre-project situation . The description involves : - The physical environment ( topography , geology , soils , climate , hydrology , water resources , etc ) ; - The ecological environment ( land use , flora and fauna , sensitive habitats etc . ) ; - The social and cultural environment , including as appropriate ( population , land use , planned development activities , community structure , employment and labour market , sources and distribution of income , cultural properties - such as historical and archaeological significant sites , indigenous people , and traditional tribal lands and customs ) ; # # # * * Task 5 : Analysis of alternatives of the proposed project * * From the reconnaissance survey , there are limited alternatives of the project . An assessment of alternatives is therefore be limited to analysis of the alternatives identified in accordance with design route , choice of materials and equipment , methods of operation and maintenance , only where these are presented . # # # * * Task 6 : Determination of potential impacts of the project * * Potential Impacts were determined as significant positive or negative , direct or indirect , short or long term , reversible or irreversible , or widespread or specific / localised , and temporary or permanent . Based on this and the knowledge of local conditions , a comprehensive checklist was drawn up for the assessment of environmental and social impacts during pre-construction , construction and operations stages . _Kenya National Highways Authority ( KeNHA ) _ February 2011", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _Not Applicable . _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Not Applicable . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 Jul-20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Eurostat ComExt data and World Bank staff calculations . > 10 As of August , global trade carrying capacity is 0 . 9 percent higher than last year , with a sustained positive trend , up 3 . 4 percent in the last three weeks , and much higher it was from February to April . in the Western Balkans is suffering from both supply disruptions that slowed production and demand subdued by recessions in EU trading partners < sup > * * 11 * * < / sup > . Hardest hit have been producers of electrical machinery and equipment , machinery and mechanical appliances , automobiles , iron and steel , furniture and apparel , and clothing and footwear , which are the most integrated in trade with Europe through GVCs ; some , like the automotive sector , ground almost to a halt . However , given the relatively high import content of their goods exports , the negative effect on the external positions of BiH , North Macedonia , and Serbia is slightly smaller than in their three neighbors . Trade volume in these countries is expected to recover faster once production restarts and GVCs , especially in the EU , are back in operation . Still , during the recovery phase it would be useful for them to think about how to better position themselves should the pandemic cause a further retreat from trade integration , with higher trade barriers and moves to re-shore production ( Figure 8 . 4 ) . They could , for instance , take advantage of * * Figure 8 . 3 . * * Manufacturing exports linked to global value chains are among those most affected . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Selected processing trade exports < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > - 20 < br > - 40 < br > - 60 < br > - 80 < br > - 100 < br", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 83, "text": "Eurostat ComExt data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 . 67 | 4 . 78 | 14 . 06 | 25 . 91 | 28 . 77 | 26 . 97 | 1 . 93 | 1 . 79 | 2 . 12 | 1 . 90 | | 1 child | 2 . 87 | 4 . 62 | 3 . 30 | 4 . 74 | 14 . 23 | 25 . 78 | 30 . 82 | 27 . 79 | 1 . 70 | 2 . 00 | 2 . 06 | 1 . 79 | | 2 children | 3 . 99 | 5 . 87 | 3 . 75 | 4 . 59 | 13 . 16 | 26 . 89 | 25 . 64 | 25 . 95 | 2 . 23 | 1 . 84 | 2 . 34 | 2 . 42 | | 3 and more children | 3 . 58 | 6 . 60 | 6 . 21 | 5 . 83 | 16 . 21 | 22 . 99 | 25 . 67 | 24 . 69 | 2 . 23 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 62 | 0 . 60 | | singleparent | 2 . 57 | 6 . 50 | 4 . 13 | 5 . 46 | 15 . 59 | 29 . 87 | 28 . 86 | 29 . 83 | 3 . 49 | 3 . 03 | 3 . 71 | 4 . 54 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 35", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 658, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | s-era5-single - < br > levels ? tab = overview | | | https : / / earlywarning . us < br > gs . gov / fews / product / 1 < br > 28 | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Data set < br > reference / citati < br > on | Hersbach , H . , B . Bell , < br > P . Berrisford , G . < br > Biavati , A . Horányi , J . < br > Muñoz Sabater , J . < br > Nicolas , C . Peubey , < br > R . Radu , I . Rozum , D . < br > Schepers , A . < br > Simmons , C . Soci , D . < br > Dee , and J . - N . < br > Thépaut . 2018 . < br > “ ERA5 Hourly Data < br > on Single Levels < br > from 1979 to < br > Present . ” Copernicus < br > Climate Change < br > Service ( C3S ) Climate < br > Data Store ( CDS ) . | Funk , C . C . , P . J . < br > Peterson , M . F . < br > Landsfeld , D . H . < br > Pedreros , J . P . Verdin , < br > J . D . Rowland , B . E . < br > Romero , G . J . Husak , J . < br > C . Michaelsen , and A . < br > P . Verdin . 2014 . “ A < br > Quasi-Global < br > Precipitation Time < br > Series for Drought < br > monitoring . ” US < br > Geological Survey Data < br > Series 832 , ftp : / / chg - < br > ftpout . geog . ucsb . edu / < br > pub / org / chg / products / < br > CHIRPS - < br", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 559, "text": "ERA5 Hourly Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1066, "end": 1088, "text": "Geological Survey Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024 # # # # * * Démographie * * Profil démographique des PDIs Tableau III : Répartition par tranches d ’ âges et par sexe des personnes déplacées internes au Mali | * * Enf * * | * * ants ( 0-17 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * ltes ( 18 - 59a * * | * * s ) * * | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( 59ans * * | * * et plus ) * * | * * TOTAL * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Filles * * | * * Garçons * * | * * Total * * | * * Femmes * * | * * Hommes * * | * * Total * * | * * Femmes * * | * * Hommes * * | * * Total * * | | | 113 044 | 105 798 | 218 842 | 97 854 | 46 005 | 144 583 | 8 260 | 7 402 | 15 760 | * * 378 363 * * | | 30 % | 28 % | 58 % | 26 % | 12 % | 38 % | 2 % | 2 % | 4 % | * * 100 % * * | La population déplacée est constituée de 58 pour cent de femmes et 42 pour cent d ’ hommes . Par ailleurs , 58 pour cent des personnes déplacées sont des enfants ( âgés de 0 à 17 ans ) , la population active représente 38 pour cent", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# 2 Empirical analysis # # 2 . 1 General Considerations Empirical investigation of the e ¤ ect of emigration on institutions in a cross-section or a panel setting raises a di ¢ cult trade-o ¤ . In a cross-sectional dimension , it is possible to use better data both for migration and institutional quality . In particular , for migration , it is possible to use the Docquier and Marfouk ( 2006 ) data set , which considers international migration by educational attainment . This data set describes the emigration of skilled workers to the OECD for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000 . For institutional quality , the World Bank Governance data by Kaufmann , Kray and > 9The KKM ( 2005 ) data set starts in the late 1990s and is therefore not long enough to allow for panel data analysis . Similarly , the Docquier and Marfouk ( 2006 ) dataset o ¤ ers estimates of emigration rates by skill levels for 1990 and 2000 only . 6", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 404, "text": "Docquier and Marfouk ( 2006 ) data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 621, "end": 647, "text": "World Bank Governance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 678, "end": 681, "text": "KKM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 809, "end": 846, "text": "Docquier and Marfouk ( 2006 ) dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 6 : Regional financial integration instruments that could promote green * * * * _sukuk_ in Africa * * < sup > * * 18 * * < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > RFI Initiatives in Africa < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Currency unions < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - >  West African CFA < br > franc < br >  Central African CFA < br > franc < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - >  CFA green sukuk < br >  Rand green sukuk < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Regional exchanges < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - >  BRVM ( UEMOA ) < br >  BVMAC ( Central < br > Africa ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - >  Listing : green < br > segment < br >  Clearing and custody < br >  Sustainability index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Regional / sub-regional < br > MDBs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - >  AfDB / Africa 50 < br >  BOAD < br >  EADB < br >  BDEAC < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - >  Green sukuk < br > programs < br > ", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "L < br >  Total installed capa | city of solar PV systems installed | at rural schools ( Text , Custo | m ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00kWp | - - | 0 . 00kWp | 169kWp | | Date | 01-Jan-2015 | 27-Oct-2015 | 24-Jun-2016 | 30-Sep-2020 | 6 / 30 / 2016 Page 6 of 10 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "90 $ International Poverty Line ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural-Urban Poverty Rates - GHS North-South Poverty Rates - GHS < br > ( 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) ( 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 0 % < br > Wave 1_R Wave 2_R Wave 3_R Wave 1_N Wave 2_N Wave 3_N < br > Wave 1_U Wave 2_U Wave 3_U Wave 1_S Wave 2_S Wave 3_S < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimations based on GHS Wave 1-3 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Looking beyond national aggregates , Figure 5a presents a breakdown by region and child age group throughout the waves . Figures 5 b and c further differentiate between rural and urban sector in each 15", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 585, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 . Comparison of data on labor income in the national accounts , tax data , and EU-SILC . * * | | * * 2020 National accounts * * | * * 2020 Tax admin data * * | * * 2021 * * < br > * * EU-SILC * * < br > * * income year ) * * < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > | * * ( 2020 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Coverage * * | Covers both employees < br > and < br > self-employed , < br > includes social security < br > contributions paid by the < br > employer | Covers only employees | Covers both emp < br > and self-employe | loyees < br > d | | * * Aggregate * * < br > * * compensation * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * group ( employees and * * < br > * * or self-employees ) * * | 87 . 0 B . € ( annual ) | 67 . 0 B . € ( annual ) < br > ( only employees , lack of < br > self-employed < sup > 6 < / sup > ) | 75 . 8 < br > B . < br > € < br > employees < br > and < br > employed ) < br > 74 . 5 B € ( employe | ( both < br > < br > self - < br > es ) | _Source : Own based on Eurostat , _ < sup > _7_ < / sup > _tax data , and the EU-SILC . _ * * Since this method of estimating tax compliance requires merging multiple data sources , proper methods for statistical matching must also be assessed , given the data availability and the country context ; data fusion techniques receive increasing interest from researchers and statistical agencies ( Donatiello et al . , 2016a ; Lamarche et al . , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 84, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 91, "end": 98, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 113, "end": 135, "text": "2020 National accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 146, "end": 165, "text": "2020 Tax admin data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1007, "end": 1015, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital Foundations Project ( P171034 ) circumstances permit , with an expectation of compensating for the period where implementation has been effectively paused . The fast-changing situation on the ground is being monitored closely to inform dialogue with the authorities on when and how resumption of WBG-financed activities can occur . * * 6 . Gender disparities are profound , as signaled by the low economic , educational and empowerment status of women in the country * * . There is a long history of gender inequality in Ethiopia , with poorer women and girls especially facing multiple disadvantages . Women experience high rates of unemployment ( 6 . 5 percent < sup > 3 < / sup > ) , seasonal employment ( 37 percent ) , and temporary employment ( 13 percent ) , with these rates increasing as a result of COVID-19 < sup > 4 < / sup > . Women lag men by 79 percent in terms of business sales , and by 44 percent in hourly wages < sup > 5 < / sup > . This is partly attributable to unequal access between men and women to education and vocational training as well as to labor markets . In entrepreneurship , women tend to work fewer hours than men , hire labor less frequently , use less credit , and are less likely to have a business license — contributing to the gender gap in business sales . Some 58 percent of Ethiopia women are illiterate . According to the UNDP ’ s Gender Empowerment Measure ( GEM ) , females and males held 27 percent and 73 percent , respectively , of positions for legislators , senior officials , and managers in Ethiopia , ranking the country 80th out of 145 countries with a score of 0 . 36 . For the professional and technical positions , 33 percent and 67 percent were held by females and males , respectively . * * 7 . The global coronavirus pandemic ( COVID-19 ) outbreak is expected to have a negative impact on Ethiopia ’ s economy", "spans": [{"start": 1416, "end": 1442, "text": "Gender Empowerment Measure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 | * * Land & * * < br > * * Assets * * | * * Types of Impact * * | * * Person ( s ) Affected * * | * * Compensation / Entitlement / Benefits * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Trees | Trees lost | Title holder | Cash compensation based on type , age < br > and productive value of affected trees < br > plus 10 % premium | | Temporary < br > Acquisition | Temporary < br > acquisition | PAP ( whether < br > owner , tenant , or < br > squatter ) | Cash compensation for any assets < br > affected , taking into account market < br > values for materials ( e . g . boundary wall < br > demolished , trees removed ) | # # # * * 8 . 6 . 6 RAP Preparation * * A consultative and participatory process for preparing a RAP will include among others the following : - ( i ) A socio-economic survey will be completed to determine scope and nature of resettlement impacts . - ( ii ) The socio-economic study will be carried out to collect data in the selected sub-project sites . - ( iii ) The socio-economic assessment will focus on the potential affected communities , including some demographic data , description of the area , livelihoods , the local participation process , and establishing baseline information on livelihoods and income , landholding , etc . Annex describes the requirements for the RAP in detail . In general , the RAP contains the following information : - ( i ) Baseline Census ; - ( ii ) Socio-Economic Survey ; - ( iii ) Specific Compensation Rates and Standards ; - ( iv ) Entitlements related to any additional impacts ; - ( v ) Site Description ; - ( vi ) Programs to Improve or Restore Livelihood", "spans": [{"start": 829, "end": 850, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1137, "end": 1153, "text": "demographic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1439, "end": 1454, "text": "Baseline Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1466, "end": 1487, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "municipalities , with only Ethiopia having 91 towns . _Third_ , they need to tabulate product price data that is essential for calculating technical efficiency . _Fourth_ , they need to be accessible . The only advanced country with price data we were able to get access to was Belgium which did not meet the second criterion . In the end , however , we have substantial representativeness across regions ( Africa-Ethiopia ; Asia-Indonesia ; Latin America - Colombia and Chile ) as well as level of development ranging from Ethiopia with per capita income $ US ( 2020 ) 2 , 422 , Indonesia 12 , 068 , Colombia 14 , 570 , and Chile 25 , 068 ( World Bank ) . After matching to geographical covariates , plant count varies from 3 , 465 over 9 years in Ethiopia , to 34 , 366 in over 15 years in Indonesia . The surveys contain the geographical location of each plant which is then matched to local population and geospatial controls . Annexes A . 1 and A . 2 provide detailed data description for each of the countries , including spatial variables . # Measurement and Estimation Challenges The common use of the nominal wage elasticity arises partly because wages capture all agglomeration-related sources of productivity growth – ease of capital accumulation , better job matching , knowledge spillovers and so on – but also because the absence of location specific production data and local prices often dictates a reliance on labor force data . < sup > 6 < / sup > In the present work , we use plant-level average wages ( total wages / number of workers ) directly observed from the production data which can be directly compared to other plant-level productivity measures . Since we do not have geographically disaggregated data on local consumption baskets , we do not calculate a measure of real purchasing power . Our second principal measure , revenue-based TFP , is the Hicks-neutral measure of plant ’ s efficiency , commonly used in the literature to capture the residual output variation after controlling for tangible inputs of production . This strips out agglomeration effects arising from availability of capital or other inputs and thereby focuses on externalities arising from matching and", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 104, "text": "product price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1443, "text": "labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1584, "end": 1599, "text": "production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1697, "end": 1730, "text": "geographically disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 8 % 8 . 5 % < br > Lamwo 84 . 3 % 13 . 7 % < br > Moyo 93 . 9 % 6 . 1 % < br > Kyegegwa 75 . 6 % 22 . 8 % 1 . 1 % < br > Kiryandongo 92 . 1 % 5 . 3 % 1 . 3 % < br > Isingiro 67 . 5 % 31 . 3 % < br > Adjumani 58 . 6 % 40 . 1 % < br > Kamwenge 84 . 1 % 14 . 2 % 0 . 9 % < br > Arua 84 . 6 % 13 . 8 % < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > Flat Land Upland Swamp < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 13 : Type of Land Accessed by Host Households Across Host Communitys , October 2017 , Uganda * * * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 74 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "positive results can be seen from those programs where trainees had to pay at least part of the training costs . In addition , a survey conducted among the unemployed in August 2001 by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security in 10 large cities showed that 70 percent of the people surveyed had participated in re-employment training , but only half thought that the training was useful in helping them find jobs . < sup > 71 < / sup > In order to maximize the effects , retraining programs need to be tailored to the job opportunities and to the ages and backgrounds of the workers to be retrained . One good example can be drawn from Shanghai ’ s case . The economic restructuring and SOE reform led to the shedding of about 500 , 000 textile workers in Shanghai since the end of 1980s . Most of the workers made redundant were women in their 40s and 50s with little education and few marketable skills . The Textile Re-employment Service Center , sponsored by the municipal government , set up several dozen training bases focusing on computer techniques , accounting , cooking , sewing and other skills . After massive retraining , an estimated 70 % of the redundant workers were reemployed , while the remaining 30 % chose early retirement or self-employment . Only one year after the Textile Re-employment Center was opened , Shanghai ’ s textile sector had restructured 164 loss-making enterprises by either shutting them down , suspending production or shifting to manufacturing other goods . 72 This experience definitely has applications to the rest of China . > 70 The World Bank : “ Has Training Helped Employ the Xiagang in China ? A Tale from Two Cities ” , East Asia and Pacific Region , the World Bank , 2002 . > 71 “ Urban Jobless Face Difficulty in Re-employment ” , China Internet Information Center , China . org . cn , September , 2001 . > 72 Fruman , C . , “ Life-long Learning in China : A Case Study of Shanghai , ” the World Bank , 2003 . 30", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 166, "text": "survey conducted among the unemployed", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # < u > Syrian refugees < / u > # # _National_ The majority of the population surveyed by the VASyR 2013 < sup > 9 < / sup > ( 93 % ) was found to have an acceptable food consumption score and registered a high food diversity pattern . The assessment found that , on average , households consume nine to ten food groups per week , and seven to eight food groups on a daily basis out of a total of 12 standard household weekly diet diversity food groups ( cereals , tubers , pulses , vegetables , fruits , meat , fish , eggs , milk , sugar , oil , spices ) . This data is supported by The Lebanese Society for Educational and Social Development ( LSESD ) Food Aid Project report on Syrian refugees residing in Lebanon from July to December 2013 . This classified households based on their daily dietary diversity scores , with „ low dietary diversity ‟ indicating consumption of three or fewer food types , „ medium dietary diversity ‟ indicating consumption of four or five food types , and „ high dietary diversity ‟ indicating consumption of six or more food types ( out of a total of 12 food groups ) . The endline survey found that the majority of households ( 92 % ) had a medium or high dietary diversity . Not surprisingly , in the VASyR , diet diversity was found to be significantly lower for those households awaiting registration and households recently registered , compared to households who have been registered for a longer period of time . The longer the households were registered the more diverse their food pattern was – 86 % of households assessed that had been registered with UNHCR for longer than six months consumed over six food groups , compared to 74 % of those awaiting registration ( VASyR ) . The food consumption score identified during the VASyR was closely related to the types of food regularly consumed . Among the households with an acceptable food consumption score , around 40 % consumed animal protein almost on a daily basis , while 94", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 106, "text": "VASyR 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1241, "end": 1246, "text": "VASyR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1774, "end": 1779, "text": "VASyR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ at about 200m below the location where the TL crosses the river . The list of the mammals reported by local informants and the one observed by the ESIA team is presented in Table 4 . 5 below . The Table 4 . 5 also shows the conservation status of the wild animals according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species online data source . As per the IUCN Red List , all the terrestrial mammals have _Least Concern_ conservation status while Hippo is red-listed as a _vulnerable species_ . Table 4 . 5 : Large mammals reported or observed to occur in the Subproject Corridor | * * Ser . * * < br > | * * Family * * | * * Scientific Name * * | * * Common * * < br > | * * Name * * < br > | * * IUCN * * < br > < sup > 13 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * No . * * | | | * * English name * * | * * Amharic Name * * | * * Status * * | | 1 | Hyaenidae | _Crocuta crocuta_ | Spotted Hyena | Tekateko Jib | LC | | 2 | Canidae | _Canis aureus_ | Common Jackal | Tera Kebero | LC | | 3 | Hystricidae | _Hystrix cristata_ | Crested Porcupine | Jart | LC | | 4 | Cercopithecidae | _Chlorocebus pygerythrus_ | Grivet Monkey | Tota | LC | | 5 | Su", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 515, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 548, "end": 561, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has been a steady increase noticed when the famine was their daily business , but on the way back are screened and declared in February and after fi ghting in Mayendit . < sup > 54 < / sup > As of 31 taken by SPLA / SPLA IO 2 and accused of having “ a military March 2017 , the population in the Bentiu POC was 121 , 225 background ” . ( individuals ) according to IOM headcount . From November Despite of the challenges , movement of IDPs from the POC 2016 to date , 5 , 500 new arrivals ( unregistered ) came to POC Bentiu and Bentiu and Rubkona towns has continued . Over location stating reasons of lack of food , physical security , 2350 IDPs ( from the POC ) returned voluntarily to Koch , forced recruitment by IO 2 and other armed groups and family Mayom , Rier , Guit , Bieh and nearby villages as they found reunifi cation . Despite of the challenges , movement of IDPs from the POC Bentiu and Bentiu and Rubkona towns has continued . Over 2350 IDPs ( from the POC ) returned voluntarily to Koch , Mayom , Rier , Guit , Bieh and nearby villages as they found that security situation is conducive for them to go back to their original villages . Family reunifi cation was another factor related to their return as they left behind their elderly and disabled members ( unattended ) in the community . One positive factor has been UNMISS confi dence building patrols that has impacted on the perception of IDPs that security the environment is conducive for them to return . In the month of March , 2017 when the fi ghting erupted in Mayendit , the movement of IDPs has been increased in the state . People fl ed to the safest place for their physical safety and reached to Bentiu , Rubkona towns and POC Bentiu as well . Currently , 354 households", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 378, "text": "IOM headcount", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "per million ( ppm ) by the end of the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century , and global mean temperature warming by between 2 and 4 ̊ C ( Meehl et al . , 2007 ) . For our analyses , we select “ run 1 ” from each of the 22 climate models that archived surface temperature and precipitation data for the A1B 21 < sup > st < / sup > century scenario . Given the importance of adequate precipitation for maize production in Tanzania and the world ( e . g . , Ahmed et al . , 2011 ; Lobell et al . , 2008 ) , we focus our analyses on the occurrence of dry years in Tanzania and key ( or potential ) trading partners during the 20 < sup > th < / sup > and 21 < sup > st < / sup > century CMIP3 simulations . For the purposes of this study , we take a dry year to be any year in which the annual precipitation is equal to or less than the historical 1-in-10-year dry event . We take the historical period to be 1951-2000 , meaning that for each trading partner , the 1-in-10-year dry event is the 5 < sup > th < / sup > driest year in that partner during the 1951-2000 period , and a dry year is any year in which the annual precipitation is less than or equal to the precipitation value of the 5 < sup > th < / sup > driest year of the 1951-2000 period < sup > 17 < / sup > . We use the CMIP3 climate model experiments to quantify the likelihood of different trading partners experiencing dry years , including the likelihood that these dry years co-occur in Tanzania and the trading partners . To do so , we first calculate the annual precipitation in each partner-country in each year from 1951 through 2000 in each of the CMIP3 historical simulations . We then calculate the magnitude of the 1-in-10-year dry event for each trading partner for the 1951-2000 period , which we may call the “ dry year threshold ” . Having obtained the dry year threshold for each partner for", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 288, "text": "surface temperature and precipitation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * POINTS SALLAINTS DE PROTECTION – SEPTEMBREOCTOBRE 2022 * * - Il a été rapporté , vers la fin du mois d ’ octobre , la fermeture du site d ’ accueil des PDIs situé au marché de Malebo dans la ville de Bandundu sur ordre de la délégation du gouvernement central en mission dans la zone moyennant une somme de 200 . 000 FC ( francs congolais ) devant couvrir les frais de voyage et de réinsertion . Cette décision a suscité une réaction de la société civile de la province du Kwilu qui , dans son communiqué de presse du 22 octobre , a déploré le caractère forcé des retours , entravant les règles du droit international humanitaire dans un contexte où les zones de provenances demeurent encore exposées aux risques de protection du fait de la présence des assaillants dans la zone ou de la proximité avec leurs zones de replis . < u > https : / / actualite . cd / 2022 / 10 / 24 / kwilu-pour-la-societe-civile-le-retourdes-deplaces-de-kwamouth-est-premature < / u > # # < mark > LIMITATIONS < / mark > - Cet aperçu est rédigé sur une base mensuelle ( exceptionnellement , celui-ci couvre deux mois ) à partir des informations et des rapports envoyés par les partenaires , ainsi qu ’ à travers les échanges et des discussions avec les partenaires opérationnels . Les données de suivi de la protection sont utilisées tout au long du rapport telles que", "spans": [{"start": 1268, "end": 1301, "text": "données de suivi de la protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country of asylum and level in the procedure , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * | Country / | | | | | Pending < br > start-06 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-06 | < br > Recog | Protectio < br > nition | n indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | territory | | | Ca | ses / | | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | rat | es | O / w . | Change | | of < br > asylum | Proc < br > T * | edure < br > L * * | Pers < br > App . | ons * * * < br > Dec . | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed < br > rate | pending < br > cases ( % ) | | Gabon | G | FA | P | P | 4 , 843 | 451 | - | - | 211 | 956 | 1 , 167 | 4 , 127 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 81 . 9 | - 14 . 8 | | Gambia | G |", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 139, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Primarily activity is domestic work_ * * | 0 . 7 | 9 . 2 | 5 . 1 | | * * _Share of above who report non domestic secondary activity_ * * | | | | | No | 51 . 7 | 27 . 5 | 28 . 9 | | _Yes_ | _48 . 3_ | _72 . 5_ | _71 . 1_ | | Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | _Source : Author calculation based on the IHS 1992 / 93 . _ Even if screening is done well , the inclusion of inactivity options in employment status is problematic . This is evident in the 2005 / 6 data , where screening was included in the 7-day economic activity question but not 12 month employment one . The 12 month question was similar to those used in 1992 / 3 , where only employment status was asked , with the inclusion of inactivity responses . As seen in Table 3 , once again a sizable share of those reporting an inactivity response in the primary employment status had an economic activity as their secondary response . Not shown in the tables is that of this 10 percent of respondents found to be economically active by using secondary activity , _80 percent actually reported a primary economic activity in 7 day question , where inactivity responses were not included in the activity question_ . Again , those mismeasured mainly reported their activity type as “ contributing family workers ” in the 7 day recall . In addition to females working at home , the economic activity of students also tends to be undermeasured . Of the 20 % of the respondents aged 14 - 65 who reported being inactive full time students as their primary status in the 12 months recall period , 65 % of these reported a undertaking secondary _economic_ activity in the same recall period ( see Table 5 ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 305, "text": "IHS 1992 / 93", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Farmers satisfied with quality of extension | Percentage | Value | 27 . 90 | | 87 . 00 | | services provided . | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | Comments | This result is from the < br > baseline survey conducted on < br > June 2011 | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | | Farm households who are members of | Percentage | Value | 36 . 00 | | 40 . 00 | | functional farmer organizations . | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | Comments | | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | | Farm households with innovative best practices | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | | 126 . 00 | | ( in 1000 ) . | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | Comments | Baseline is zero as this refers < br > to investments that will be < br > conducted under the project . | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | Page 6 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 380, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ | Buseruka | 8 , 896 | 4 . 6 | 22 . 105 | 20 , 913 | 43 , 018 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kiziranfumbi | 7 , 563 | 4 . 7 | 17 , 823 | 17 , 758 | 35 , 590 | _Source : National Population and Housing Census Revised November 2014 Provisional Result_ # # # * * 1 . 2 . 3 . Economic Activity * * Agriculture with emphasis on food crops is the backbone of the district economy . Crops grown include : sorghum , maize , millet , peas , groundnuts , sunflowers , sweet potatoes , beans , cotton , tea , coffee , tomatoes , cabbage , onions and tobacco . Fishing on Lake Albert employs several hundred people . The recent discovery of petroleum in the district is increasingly attracting people from the district in the many activities that the industry entails . # # # * * 1 . 3 . Scope of Project Activities * * This RAP is as result of the reviewed designs of the Kiziranfumbi-Kidoma-Kikoob-KyapoloniKabaale ( App . 50 km of MV and 21 km of LV ) power line project by the technical team which will subsequently lead to temporary interference and loss of food crops . The RAP is to ensure that the losses to be incurred by PAPs are addressed in order for them to share project benefits . The affected people should be assisted to develop their social and economic potential so as to improve or restore their incomes and living standards to pre-project levels . The RAP aims at ensuring that the PAPs are not worse off than they would have been without the project . In developing the RAP , the consultant took into consideration", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 316, "text": "National Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Recent estimates by the World Agro-forestry Center indicate that in the Nyando River Basin alone , soil worth US $ 42 . 7 million is lost every year ( estimations are based on a soil value of US $ 12 / MT ) . Since 1962 , 3 . 2 million MT of soil have been washed into the Lake Victoria and over 50 % of the land in Western Kenya has been abandoned due to depletion of soil nutrients . Soil erosion and siltation and reduced flows in a number of important rivers ( Nzoia , Turkwell , Sosian , Chepkoilel , Kapteret , Suguta , Kerio and many important tributaries drain into Lake Victoria , Turkana and Baringo Bura , Kishushe , Mbololo , Mwatate , Paranga and Voi Gatamaiyu , the latter being a source of water to the highly populated Kimende area and Nairobi City and also tributaries of Athi River ) due to watershed degradation , is seriously undermining the value of water resource investment and to water ecosystems . Catchment degradation is threatening critical habitats for biodiversity of local and global significance . The country has over 35 , 000 identified species of animals , plants and microorganisms , many of which are endemic only to Kenya / Eastern Arc . But with substantial loss of forest cover and degradation of other natural ecosystem , the fragmented landscape and isolated patches of forests are no longer providing corridors for biodiversity dispersal and have resulted in decreased long term viability of many species . Wetlands in the country are diverse in type and distribution and cover 2-3 % of the country ’ s surface area . Some of Kenya ’ s wetlands such as Lake Naivasha and Lake Nakuru have been included in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of international importance . Other wetlands include Lake Baringo , Chemeron dam ( Tugen Hills ) 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "er des fonds flexibles à la protection afin de renforcer les réponses d ’ urgence et les mécanismes communautaires de protection dans les zones à risque . - Soutenir la collecte de données sur les déplacements forcés , les restrictions de mouvement pour informer la réponse humanitaire , en fonction des besoins spécifiques des personnes , notamment des femmes , des enfants et autres personnes vulnérables . * * < mark > RISQUE 3 < / mark > Violence basée sur le genre * * # # # # # * * AU GOUVERNEMENT MALIEN * * - D ’ ici décembre 2025 , promouvoir une approche multisectorielle intégrant les acteurs de la sécurité , de la santé , de la justice et des organisations communautaires pour une réponse coordonnée et efficace à la VBG . # # # # # * * AUX ACTEURS DE PROTECTION * * - Renforcer les capacités des structures de santé et des centres de prise en charge , en particulier dans les zones rurales et les sites de déplacés d ’ ici la fin de l ’ année 2025 . Page 14", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 216, "text": "données sur les déplacements forcés", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "The impact of commodity _j_ on the differences between the two indexes is then determined by the difference in the price change of commodity _j_ and the average rate of inflation Ltt − 1 , and by the difference in the shares of commodity _j_ in the two baskets . # * * 4 Data * * Two data sources were used to construct household-specific price indexes and analyze the impact of applying them in measuring poverty and inequality . The first source is price data on 12 consumption components corresponding to the two-digit Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose ( COICOP ) specification ( UN 2018 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > The time series of country-specific price indices by the COICOP two-digit groups covering the period from January 2010 to the latest month available for 2022 were obtained from the CPI data repository of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF 2022a ) for 47 countries in ECA ( all except Kazakhstan , the Kyrgyz Republic [ after January 2022 ] , the Russian Federation [ after February 2022 ] , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan [ before January 2020 ] ) . The COICOP two-digit group price indices for Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic ( after January 2022 ) were obtained from the countries ’ national statistical offices ; data for Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan ( before January 2020 ) were not available . The second set of data corresponds to household-level consumption expenditure . This information comes from microdata from the household budget surveys of 23 countries in ECA for the latest available year . These surveys are nationally representative and include detailed information on consumption expenditure for each household . Aggregates in these surveys are harmonized by extracting variables with the same definitions and employing standardized classification and aggregation methods to achieve maximum inter-country comparability . We partition the total household consumption expenditure into the 12 two-digit COICOP components and calculate the share of total consumption expenditure allocated to each component for each household . We also compute aggregate country-level shares . In the few cases in which consumption shares at the country level were missing , we imputed them from previous rounds of the survey . < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 490, "text": "price data on 12 consumption components", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 824, "end": 843, "text": "CPI data repository", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1112, "end": 1148, "text": "COICOP two-digit group price indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1510, "end": 1557, "text": "household budget surveys of 23 countries in ECA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Discussion of opportunities * * We summarize in Table 3 the opportunities identified , the challenge to which they relate and whether they may help improve inter-personal comparisons ( Objective 1 ) or crossregions comparisons ( Objective 2 ) . < sup > 74 < / sup > * * Table 3 : * * Improvement opportunities for multidimensional poverty measures . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Challenges Opportunities Objectives < br > Waste less 3 . 2 Do not needlessly dichotomize variables < br > available data ( trichotomize categorical variables ) 1 & 2 < br > ( PX identification for consumption ) 1 & 2 < br > Cover more dimensions through hybrid index < br > 3 . 3 Synthetic integration of mortality-longevity only 2 < br > 3 . 4 Assume missing joint-distribution M vs OD < br > 3 . 4 . 1 Assume overlap between HM and HOD only 2 < br > 3 . 4 . 2 Impute consumption into OD survey 1 & 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | Challenges | Opportunities | Objectives | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Waste less < br > available data | 3 . 2 Do not needlessly dichotomize variables < br > ( trichotomize categorical variables ) < br > ( PX identifcation for consumption ) < br > Cover more dimensions through hybrid index < br > 3 . 3 Synthetic integration of mortality-longevity < br > 3 . 4 Assume missing joint-distribution M vs OD < br > 3 . 4 . 1 Assume overlap between HM and HOD < br > 3 . 4 . 2 Impute consumption into OD survey < br > 3 . 4 . 3 Total consumption | 1 & 2 < br > 1 & 2 < br > only 2 < br > only 2 < br > 1 & 2 < br > 1 & 2 | | Better “ flter ” < br > available data | 3 . 5 Use most fned-grained unit of analysis < br > ( take advantage of individual-level data ) < br", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 890, "text": "OD survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 10 : Projected deaths from drought-induced PM2 _ . _ 5 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2000 2020 2040 2060 < br > Year < br > Observed SSP1 − 2 . 6 − APS SSP2 − 4 . 5 − STEPS SSP3 − 7 . 0 − RES < br > 30000 < br > 20000 < br > Premature deaths < br > 10000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ The figure plots the evolution of premature deaths in LAC . Between 2000 and 2020 , it plots the average number of premature deaths . Details of this calculation are presented in Section 4 . 1 . Between 2016 and 2059 , it plots 66 projections of premature deaths ( 22 models _ × _ 3 SSP-electricity scenarios ) . These calculations follow the same methodology but use runoff projections from the climate models , demographic projections from the SSPs , and electricity scenarios from the IEA . To better visualize the overall trends , we also plot a LOESS curve for the observed premature deaths and for the projections under each SSP-electricity scenario . compass more ambitious reductions in power generation from combustion power plants , including bioenergy , technological advancement that permits the reduction of emissions from power plants , or other forms of private and public adaptation that can reduce the exposure and vulnerability of the population to PM2 _ . _ 5 . 27", "spans": [{"start": 733, "end": 770, "text": "demographic projections from the SSPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") < / u > - Jalan , Jyotsna and Martin Ravallion . 1999 . “ China ’ s Lagging Poor Areas , ” _American Economic Review_ 89 ( 2 ) : 301-305 . Jalan , Jyotsna and Martin Ravallion . 2002 . \" Geographic Poverty Traps ? A Micro Model of Consumption Growth in Rural China , \" _Journal of Applied Econometrics_ 17 ( 4 ) : 329-46 . - Jensen , Robert T . 2003 . “ Do Private Transfers ‘ Displace ’ the Benefits of Public Transfers ? Evidence from South Africa ” , _Journal of Public Economics_ , ( 2003 ) : 89-112 . - Jiang , Chen and Xiaojun Zhao . 2009 . “ A Study on the Opportunity Cost of China ’ s Elderly Care , ” _Management World [ Guanli Shijie ] _ , 10 : 80-87 . - Kanbur , Ravi and Xiaobo Zhang . 1999 . “ Which Regional Inequality ? The Evolution of Rural-Urban and Inland-Coastal Inequality in China from 1983 to 1995 , ” Journal of Comparative Economics , 27 ( 4 ) : 686-701 . - Kanbur , Ravi and Xiaobo Zhang . 2005 . “ Fifty Years of Regional Inequality in China : A Journey through Central Planning , Reform , and Openness , ” _Review of Development Economics_ , 9 ( 1 ) : 87-106 . - Knodel , J . and N . Chayovan . 1997 . “ Family Support and Living Arrangements of Thai Elderly , ” _AsiaPacific Population Journal_ 12 ( 4 ) : 51-68 . - Lee , Y . - J . and Z . Xiao . 1998 . “ Children ’ s Support for Elderly Parents in Urban and Rural China : Results from a National Survey . ” _Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology_ 13 : 39 – 62 . - Liang , Zai and Zhongdong Ma . 2004 . \" China ’ s Floating Population : New Evidence from the 2000 Census , \" _Population and Development Review_ 30 ( 3 ) : 467-488 . - Li , Shuzhuo , Song Lu and Marcus W . Feldman . 2009 . “ Intergenerational Support and Subjective Health of Older People in Rural China : A Gender-Based Longitudinal Study , ” _Australasian Journal on Ageing_ ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "childbirth compared with those who had not heard about the voucher ( 69 percent and 57 percent respectively ) , suggesting that the program not only created awareness about the vouchers but other reproductive health indicators as well . However , no significant difference was seen in knowledge of maternal health conditions between the health SPs from HealthyBaby voucher facilities who were interviewed in 2010 – 11 and those from nonvoucher sites ( table 3 ) . Table 3 Percentage of Providers Interviewed in 2010 – 11 by Knowledge of Selected Maternal Health Conditions | Maternal condition | HealthyBaby < br > voucher < br > facilities < br > ( _N_ = 63 ) < br > ( % ) | Comparison < br > facilities < br > ( _N_ = 49 ) < br > ( % ) | _P_value | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Birth < br > preparedness < br > and < br > complications < br > readiness < sup > a < / sup > | 78 | 84 | 0 . 418 | | Danger signs in pregnancy | 89 | 86 | 0 . 694 | | Danger signs during labor , delivery , and < br > afterward | 86 | 89 | 0 . 659 | | Number of ANC visits women should make < br > during pregnancy | 75 | 80 | 0 . 198 | | Gestational age at which a woman should make < br > first ANC visit | 52 | 53 | 0 . 668 | _Source : _ Population Council , Health Facility Survey 2010 – 11 . _Note : _ ANC = antenatal care ; _N_ = number of SPs interviewed . a This statement was read to the respondents so they could indicate their level of knowledge regarding it . # * * < < B > > * * Health Service Utilization The net increase in private facility deliveries among women who had used the HealthyBaby voucher was greater than the reduction in public facility deliveries or home births ( table 4 ) . The proportion of private facility births among women who had ever used the HealthyBaby", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1272, "text": "Health Facility Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 4 . Somewhat greater than the amount of < br > food sold lastyear | | | | | 5 . Much greater than the amount of food | | | | | < br > sold lastyear | | | | | 1 = Insecurity < br > 2 = I have been prohibited by the clan / my hus < br > 3 = The land is infertile / farming is unproducti | band < br > ve | | | What is the * * BIGGEST * * constraint to | 4 = I have been prohibited by the government | | | * * D14 . * * | agriculture in the past six months ? < br > * * ( Circle one response ) * * | 5 = Sickness or physical inability < br > 6 = I did not have adequate seeds and tools < br > 7 = I do not have sufficient family / household < br > 8 = Land conflicts ; 9 = Drought / Low rain | labour < br > fall | | | | 10 = Lack of household storage facility ; | 11 = Other ( Specify ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 113 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 59 | | Bangladesh | 12 | * | * | - | 24 | - | - | 13 | 56 | 15 | 5 | 69 | 277 | 179 | | India | * | - | * | - | - | * | - | * | 8 | * | - | 7 | 224 | 869 | | georgia | 125 | - | - | * | - | - | - | * | 163 | 115 | - | - | 9 | 12 | | Bosnia and < br > herzegovina | - | - | - | - | - | - | * | - | 94 | 31 | - | - | * | * | # # # # # # Notes ( 1 ) UNHCR estimate . ( 2 ) Serbia ( and Kosovo : S / RES / 1244 ( 1999 ) ) . ( 3 ) The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . ( 4 ) The figure includes asylum-seekers registered with UNHCR as well as asylum-seekers who have been pre-registered but who are pending official registration with UNHCR . As of early September 2014 , there were some 832 , 000 registered Syrian refugees in Turkey covered by the Government ’ s Temporary Protection Regime . The number of Syrian asylum-seekers included in this table covers only those who for specific reasons have been referred to UNHCR for further evaluation of their international protection needs . ( 5 ) Combination of number of persons ( EOIR ) and cases ( DHS ) . Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 27 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Unregistered * * | | * * National * * | | | | | | * * North / T + 5 * * | | | | | | * * Akkar * * | | | | | | * * Mt . Lebanon * * < br > * * and Beirut * * | | | | | | * * Bekaa * * | | | | | | * * South * * | | | | | | * * Palestinian * * < br > * * Camps * * | | | | | | * * Outside * * < br > * * Palestinian * * < br > * * Camps * * < br > * * Legend * * | | | | | | * * Se * * | * * ction not applicable * * | | * * Data available * * | | | * * _ * NB – Grey cel_ * * < br > * * _group . Howeve_ * * | * * _ls indicate that there is_ * * < br > * * _r , the data may not cov_ * * | * * _at least one ass_ * * < br > * * _er the situation _ * * | * * _essment available on the specifi_ * * < br > * * _for the entire geographic area o _ * * | * * _c area or target_ * * < br > * * _rtarget group . _ * * | # # < u > Syrian refugees < / u > # # _National_ Handicap International ‟ s Livelihoods August 2013 assessment noted that finding food in Lebanon is not an issue . It is available in quantity and quality in all areas assessed ( the North , Bekaa , Beirut and Mount Lebanon , and the South ) . Handicap International ‟ s assessment explained that , at the time of the assessment , a main source of", "spans": [{"start": 889, "end": 923, "text": "Livelihoods August 2013 assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "beginning of our panel , for the school year 2007-2008 to construct the following school level indicators : student / teacher ratio , whether school is “ multi-grado ” meaning a teacher has more than 1 grade in his / her classroom , teacher education levels ( measured by proportion of teachers who obtained their bachelor ’ s degree of all teachers ) and the availability of a computer . Finally , we merge data at the community level from components of the margination index produced by Conapo based on the 2000 Mexican Population Census . The index is the normalized first principal component of nine locality-level population shares : the share illiterate , the share with less than primary school education , the share without a toilet , the share without electricity , the share without running water , the share without drainage , the share with crowding ( few rooms per capita ) , the share with a dirt floor , and the share without a refrigerator . These indicators are also useful as control variables . We now turn to a discussion of our methodology . Our methodology is non-experimental in that we derive a comparison group not though randomization but rather by choosing a comparison group that potentially represents a counterfactual for the beneficiary group in the absence of the program . In this study , we compare PROSPERA recipients and non-recipients to estimate program impacts . As we will see below , even when PROSPERA and non-PROSPERA students study in the same school , PROSPERA students typically have a lower socioeconomic status than 11", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 539, "text": "2000 Mexican Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "its mean is < br > nonzero . Hence , < br > fiscal policy is nol < br > sustainable . | | Trehan and < br > Walsh ( 1988 ) | U . S . < br > 1890-1986 | real government spending , < br > real interest payments , < br > real revenue , seigniorage | constant real < br > interest rate < br > G . T may be < br > stationary or < br > nonstationary | Test whether < br > fiscal deficit < br > inclusive of real < br > interest payments < br > is stationary . | Reject < br > nonstationarity , < br > implying fiscal < br > policy is < br > sustainable . | | Trehan and < br > Walsh ( 1991 ) | U . S . < br > 1960-84 | Flavin-Hamilton dataset | Real return on < br > gov ' t debt is < br > strictly positive , < br > but need not be < br > constant . | Test for < br > stationarity of ( ) < br > real deficit < br > inclusive of real < br > interest or ( 2 ) < br > first-difference of < br > debt . | First difference ot ' < br > stock of debt is < br > stationary , < br > implying fiscal < br > policy is < br > sustainable . | 21", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 636, "text": "Flavin-Hamilton dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 25 . 00 | 72 . 00 | 18 . 00 | | Date | 01-Sep-2015 < br > 21-Jun-2022 | 30-Dec-2022 | 30-Dec-2022 | | Comments * * : * * | The labour market survey identified additional occu < br > stage . The target for this indicator is therefore exce < br > occupational standards was achieved towards the < br > capacity skills needs assessments for agriculture a < br > procurement challenges for a firm to conduct the a < br > developed with support from the Sector Skills Coun < br > automated machine operator , industrial maintenan < br > blender , crop and livestock production , soils and m < br > maintenance technician , bridge construction and m | pations standards than env < br > eded . However , completion < br > end of the project , by Nove < br > nd manufacturing sectors w < br > ssessments . The occupatio < br > cils ( SSCs ) . Examples of < br > ce mechanic , metal fabricat < br > aterials testing technician , r < br > aintenance . | isaged at project design < br > of an additional 42 < br > mber 2022 . This is because < br > ere delayed due to < br > nal standards ( OS ) were < br > OS developed include < br > ion technician , steel < br > oad construction and | < u > < mark > IN01237692 < / mark > < / u > ► Increased number of new intakes in the targeted training programs ( Number , Custom ) < u > Baseline Actual ( Previous ) Actual", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 290, "text": "labour market survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "form appropriate groups of firms to compare their performance . The Governments of El Salvador and Georgia also tried to target the neediest , but they used pre-pandemic fixed characteristics such as firm size and sector . In selecting the set of countries , we were also mindful of the number of firms that received government support in the COV-ES data . A lower bound on the number of observations and the nature of eligibility criteria for government support narrowed down the set of countries we could study to just El Salvador and Georgia . > 2 Both ES and COV-ES data sets are publicly available on data portal : < u > https : / / login . enterprisesurveys . org / . As of June < / u > 2021 , COV-ES has covered 44 countries , some of which have three rounds of surveys available . For further information on COV-ES , please visit https : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / en / covid-19 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 354, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "magnitude . In sum these results suggest that our data ’ s aggregate deviations from SICONFI totals are partially correlated with municipalities ’ characteristics , although only weakly . Researchers using our data may want to control for such characteristics depending on the research question at hand . # * * 4 Applications * * # # * * 4 . 1 Local firm contracting in public procurement * * Using our newly created dataset on local public procurement in Brazil , we investigate how much geographical variation exists in the location of government suppliers . According to García-Santana and Santamaría ( 2023 ) , government purchases are highly locally concentrated worldwide . This phenomenon may occur due to supply factors such as regional economic specialization and lack of a diverse local production sector , or frictions such as transportation costs , geography or information asymmetries . It may also be explained by demand factors such as buy-local policies . These policies are ubiquitous across countries , but there is limited evidence regarding whether governments unofficially favor local suppliers even if a formal 11", "spans": [{"start": 417, "end": 462, "text": "dataset on local public procurement in Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * mediumduty | 2 < br > * * 19 * * < br > * * 10 * * | * * 2 , 208 , 000 * * | Userrequisitionnotseen < br > Distributionlistnotavailed < br > Location , conditionandusenot < br > ascertained | | Total | | * * 47 , 901 , 700 * * | _ | # # # # # * * 7 . Unsupported Expenditure on Printing , Advertising and Information Supplies * * - i ) The project management prepared financial statements which included an amount of Kshs . 20 , 758 , 718 for printing , advertising and information supplies . However , schedules provided to support the figure amounted to Kshs . 26 , 351 , 659 . Upon discussion about the variance , the management amended the financial statements to include a figure of Kshs . 51 , 302 , 670 as the expenditure on the item . The schedules for the amended figure now reflect the Kshs . 26 , 351 , 659 for advertising ; Kshs . 17 , 500 , 753 for conference expenditure and Kshs . 7 , 450 , 258 for stationery . It is not clear where the additional figures have come from , neither has the supporting documentation been made available for audit verification . Also the classification of conference expenditure under this item is erroneous . - ii ) Also , included in the advertising expenditure is a payment of Kshs . 684 , 028 to The Star for advertisement of requests for expression of interest placed in the paper for positions of Agronomist and Accountant * * 11 . * * The management has not produced the procurement records to ascertain . - a . The reasons for the choice of the paper . _Report ofthe Auditor-General on the Financial Statements of Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June 2017_ * * _5_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1428, "end": 1447, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Petroleum Technical Assistance Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial period ended June 30 , 2017 ( KSH ) _ * * # # # # # # * * 9 . * * OTHER IMPORTANT * * DISCLOSURES * * # # # # # # * * 9 . 1 PENDING ACCOUNTS * * PAYABLE ( See Annex 2 ) These schedule of pending bills are provided for disclosure purposes since the financial statements are prepared on cash basis . These comprise of unpaid bills that the Project had incurred as a result of contacted goods and services as at the end on the Financial year * * 2016 / / 2017 * * as shown below , These pending bills are further analysed in the Annexes to the financial statements . | | FY201 / 17 | FY * * 2015 / 16 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Kshs * * | Kshs | | Supplyofgoods | * * 41 , 516 , 558 * * | | | Supplyofservices | 21 , 950 , 143 | | | | * * 63 , 466 , 701 . 06 * * | | * * All * * the pending bills will be paid in * * 2017 / 2018 . * * This could not * * be * * paid due to reduction on the original budget . * * 17 * *", "spans": [{"start": 276, "end": 301, "text": "schedule of pending bills", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Methodology * * First , we regress an indicator for household income loss on gender , age , and education of the household head , rural / urban location , and the presence of children ( Table 3 , column 1 ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > Second , we run the same regression but also including indicators for whether the household received income from farming , nonfarm enterprises , wages , or remittances , in the year before the pandemic ( Table 3 , column 2 ) . < sup > 19 < / sup > By comparing results from these two analyses , we can assess the extent to which differences in income sources account for heterogeneity in income loss by household demographics . Third , we estimate how household characteristics are related to the probability of income loss for each income source ( family farming , non-farm enterprises , wages , remittances from within the country , and remittances from abroad ) , within the subsample of households receiving income from the respective source ( Table 3 , columns 3-7 ) . These analyses all focus on early-phase income loss based on the pooled data from the four countries ’ first HPFS rounds . We then run the same models for one-year income loss , pooling the data from Nigeria ’ s Round 9 and Uganda ’ s Round 5 ( as discussed in section 3 ) . The results are reported in Table 4 . # * * Results : Early-phase impacts * * In the early phase , urban households and households with children were more likely to lose income , while age and tertiary education of the household head are associated with a significantly lower probability of income loss ( Table 3 , column 1 ) . These results are similar ( in some cases a bit smaller in magnitude ) when we condition on income source indicators ( column 2 ) , suggesting they are not primarily driven by differences in the types of income sources households relied on . Income sources do matter ( column 2 ) : there is a strong negative association between income from wages and income loss , suggesting that wage employment was an important", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "includes a decline in supply and a decline in household demand for various basic goods . The simulated drop in household demand ( except for food and hygiene goods ) , and public investment is 40 percent compared to the baseline scenario ( pre-COVID scenario ) . The study shows the poverty rate rising to 19 . 2 percent from the current 15 . 2 percent , pulling an additional 475 , 000 individuals below the income poverty line . The economic recession , with a growth rate of - 4 . 4 percent estimated for 2020 , is estimated to elevate multidimensional poverty ( estimated using a monetary approach ) from 13 . 2 to 15 . 6 percent . The UNICEF study showed that the two months of confinement decreed in Tunisia , during March and April 2020 , led to a loss of 7 % of household income . Poverty is estimated to have increased over the same period from 14 % to 18 . 5 % , or nearly half a million new poor . Poverty among children under the age of 18 years would increase from 19 % to 25 % , or nearly 900 , 000 poor children . Mitigation measures taken by the government were not found to have significantly countered the increase in poverty . Moreover , the same study shows that a universal allowance of 1 dinar per day ( US $ 0 . 37 ) for each child not covered by social security would reduce child poverty by 5 percentage points . < mark > Measuring real-time impacts of any crisis ( financial , pandemics or economic slowdowns ) on poverty and inequality is complicated in most countries because of delays in conducting detailed household surveys . As a result , a complementary tool for monitoring crisis impacts through administrative data ( e . g . , unemployment , school attendance , social benefit applications , etc . ) is to assess the potential welfare impacts of crises through simulation tools that can then be used to simulate such impacts on poverty and inequality in short periods of time . < / mark > In general , the literature showcases a wide variety of approaches used to quantify the distributional impacts of shocks .", "spans": [{"start": 1537, "end": 1554, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1630, "end": 1649, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "yarn stock , introducing restocking norms for future purchases , and monitoring inventory on a daily basis , the firms reduced their inventories . But this took time as the reduction in inventories primarily arose from lowering stocking norms and using old yarn for new products . Table 2 columns ( 5 ) to ( 7 ) shows the regression results for log of raw material ( yarn ) inventory . The results are presented for the 18 plants for which we have yarn inventory data ( two plants do not maintain yarn stocks on site ) . In column ( 5 ) we present the fixed-effects result which regresses the weekly yarn on the plant level management practices , plant fixed-effects , and a set of weekly time dummies . The coefficient of - 0 . 639 says that increasing management practices adoption rates by 1 percentage point would be associated with a yarn inventory reduction of about 0 . 6 % . In Table 2 , column ( 6 ) , we see the impact of management instrumented with the intervention displays a point estimate of - 0 . 929 , somewhat higher than the FE estimates in column ( 1 ) . < sup > 20 < / sup > Again , the IV estimator is higher than the OLS estimator , suggesting that the adoption of better management practices may be endogenous ( or at least downward biased by measurement error ) . In column ( 7 ) we see the intervention causes an average reduction in yarn inventory of ( exp ( - . 179 ) - 1 = ) 16 . 4 % . These numbers are substantial but not unprecedented . Japanese automotive firms achieved much greater reductions in inventory levels ( as well as quality improvements ) from the adoption of lean manufacturing technology . Many firms reduced inventory levels from several months to a few hours by moving to just-in-time production ( Womack , Jones and Roos , 1991 ) . Finally , as with the quality defects estimates , the IM confidence interval for the IV estimator finds the coefficient significant at the 5 % level . However , the IV permutation tests cannot exclude zero . Looking at the ITT coefficient , we", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 467, "text": "yarn inventory data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 3 Identification of Livelihood Impacts * * The 48 . 3 KM long Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV TLP traverses through 21 Kebele Administrations in 2 Woredas and 2 town administrations in Oromia Regional State . Based on findings of the census survey , the proposed Subproject will directly affect various assets and properties ( housing structures , farmland , cash crops , fruit crops , timber trees ) of 713 households of which 68 households are female household heads . The total population of the households was 4 , 045 persons and the average family size was 5 . 8 persons per HH . The number of PAHs whose assets and properties are affected by the proposed Subproject are presented in Table 11 . 1 below . Table 11 . 1 : Summary of PAHs by Woreda and Types of Property Affected | * * Subproject Impacts * * | * * Adele * * < br > * * SC * * | * * Haromaya * * < br > * * SC * * | * * Kersa * * | * * Meta * * | * * All PAHs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _All Subproject Affected Households_ * * < br > * * _ ( PAHs ) _ * * | 182 | 50 | 223 | 258 | * * _713_ * * | | * * _Percent_ * * | 25 . 5 | 7 . 0 | 31 . 3 | 36 . 2 | * * _100 . 0_ * * | | Farmland affected ( ha ) | 0 . 10 | 3 . 18 | 0 . 13 | 4 . 15 | * * 7 . 56 * * | | Eucalyptus trees affected | 4 , 519 | 541 | 12 , 629", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 266, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) < u > Table 16 . Main Reasons for Process Innovation ( % of process innovation firms ) < / u > | * * Reasons * * | * * Bangladesh * * | * * India * * | * * Nepal * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * Africa * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Increase quality products | 95 % | 81 % | 66 % | 92 % | 81 % | | Increase production | 87 % | 66 % | 56 % | 63 % | 85 % | | Increase flexibility | 65 % | 58 % | 65 % | 46 % | 78 % | | Increase speed production | 89 % | 68 % | 62 % | 64 % | 78 % | | Increase speed delivery | 60 % | 42 % | 45 % | 63 % | 71 % | | Decrease production costs | 44 % | 41 % | 27 % | 41 % | 47 % | | Reduce waste | 74 % | 54 % | 66 % | 63 % | 56 % | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) # 5 . 6 Characteristics of the Innovation Process In the South Asia region , most of the product and process innovations are in-house . However , process innovations are related to more collaboration than product innovations . External cooperation is in most of the cases linked to other firms , although cooperation with the private sector plays a more important role for process innovation than for product innovation ( Figure 3 ) . The primary sources of information for leaders are in-house or the private sector , while customers dominate in laggard countries ( Figure 4 ) . Figure 3 . In-house versus Collaboration < ! - - Start of picture text - - > How was product innovation developed ? < br > How was process innovation developed ? < br > ( % of product innovation", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 54, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 . _ * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper maintains the purchased food expenditure aggregate as calculated in the INS file , with the proviso that it may lead to a downward bias in the expenditure data for 1995 . It should be noted , however , that some of the puzzling trends noted in the next section of the paper ( e . g . the large increase in poverty among West Forest export crop farmers , the larger growth in household expenditure among Savannah farmers relative to East Forest farmers ) persist even if the 12 month estimate of purchased food expenditure is used in calculating total household expenditure . # Shortcomings of the * * CPI * * Published CPI information is available for three categories of households ( blue-collar workers , white collar workers managers , and European-type consumption ) in Abidjan . The expenditure shares are based on a 1976 consumption survey , while base prices currently in use are the mean November 1992-October 1993 prices . Prior to 1993 , the CPI was based on the August 1984 to July 1985 prices . In addition in 1993 , the INS shifted to actually purchasing goods at the market . So there may be some problem of comparability between the pre - and post-1993 consumer price indices . The major shortcomings of the deflators used to calculate real household expenditure and thus the poverty indicators are ( 1 ) the difference between the expenditure shares used to construct the CPI and the survey shares and ( 2 ) the absence of regional price indices . The large differences in expenditure patterns across the country illustrate the need for region-specific CPIs based on actual expenditure patterns and price increases . There is a large difference in the expenditure shares on which the CPI is based and those derived from the surveys . Table 29 compares the consumption weights in the CPI basket for blue-collar Abidjan workers with the expenditure shares derived for Abidjan poor and non-poor households . The major difference is poor households spend a much greater proportion of their expenditure on housing and utilities than is indicated by the CPI basket . Even m non-poor Abidjan households the share of expenditure on housing and utilities as revealed by the survey exceeds the share in the", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 856, "text": "1976 consumption survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > BankBalance . - Sir . . . . , . . 14 , 829 , 889 . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > The bank certificate of Balance showed a suo of Kshs . 20 , 268 , 203 . 34 . . . . . . . . . . cis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cls < br > Slanding to lhe credit of the accounlon . . . KCB 1138915874 . . . . < br > The difference between his figure and fhe Bank Balance as shown by the Cash Book is accounled for in the Bank Reconciliation Sialemont ( FO 30 ) afllched . < br > MlBirtoi < br > Date 26 . 07 . 2017 . . . . . . . < br > Members of hlie Board < br > GP9 ( L ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 341P a * * g * * e", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 496, "text": "Bank Reconciliation Sialemont", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / mark > * * < mark > , all aimed at supporting national civil society stakeholders ' long-term viability and effectiveness , including protection partners , women ’ s rights organizations , and human rights defenders . < / mark > - < mark > Guarantee that the < / mark > * * < mark > civil population and all NGOs have access to the Humanitarian Exchange Facility < / mark > * * < mark > and Humanitarian Financial Corridors , ensuring low transfer costs and securing insurance to reduce the liability of NGOs for dealing with cash in Afghanistan . < / mark > # # # # # * * < mark > De Facto authorities : < / mark > * * - < mark > Ensure that the < / mark > * * < mark > fundamental rights of women and girls are fully respected < / mark > * * < mark > including ensuring < / mark > * * < mark > access to education by all girls and boys at all grades < / mark > * * < mark > of the national education programs . < / mark > - * * < mark > Respect the guiding principles of humanitarian operation < / mark > * * < mark > including its independence and ensuring the safety of humanitarian actors and facilitate unconditional access and implementation of humanitarian services , including access of female and male , international and national staff to all communities based on identified needs and vulnerability . < / mark > - < mark > Allow < / mark > * * < mark > access to a national mine action survey to capture the extent of contamination < / mark > * * < mark > and provide information on any known contamination , and facilitate access to women , girls , boys , and men to mine , IED , and other explosive device risk education through a few risks ’ education teams . < / mark > * * For HC / HCT & Humanitarian partners * * : < mark > Strengthen < / mark > * * < mark > multi", "spans": [{"start": 1380, "end": 1407, "text": "national mine action survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dependence is reminiscent of the literature on trade and business cycle co-movement : since Frankel and Rose ( 1998 ) and Kose and Yi ( 2001 ) , many papers have documented the link between international trade and GDP co-movement at business cycle frequency . More recently de Soyres and Gaillard ( 2019 ) emphasized the specific role of trade in intermediate input in the rise of business cycle synchronization across countries . In this sense , GVC participation will be associated with a rising synchronization of real economic activity and inflation across countries . The reminder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 presents a brief literature review . Section 3 documents the data sources . Section 4 presents our empirical strategy . Section 5 presents our main results and section 6 concludes . # * * 2 Literature review * * The “ Globalization of Inflation ” is a phenomenon that has been discussed heavily in the literature over the past few years . The decline in the level and persistence of inflation after 1980 is seen as a common feature of the most industrialized economies in the world ( Mumtaz and Surico , 2012 ) . Ciccarelli and Mojon ( 2010 ) use data for 22 OECD countries and conclude that a common factor accounts for 70 % of the variability of country inflation , on average . Changes in the conduct of monetary policy across the world have contributed on this regard ( Rogoff , 2003 ) . Interestingly , trade models also provide guidance on this regard . For instance , Melitz and Ottaviano ( 2008 ) develop a theory in which openness decreases average mark-ups and lowers inflation across economies experiencing an increase in integration through trade . In this section , rather than providing a complete review of the studies explaining the global synchronization of inflation , we cover the recent literature studying the link between the global inflation synchronization and trade integration . < sup > 2 < / sup > While most of this empirical evidence is based on the use data for advanced economies , it allows us not only to keep the discussion limited to the scope of the paper , but also to contextualize our results based on a", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1208, "text": "data for 22 OECD countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2018, "end": 2045, "text": "data for advanced economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNBS * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 # # # * * ( b ) Principal Activities * * The Bureau is the principal agency of the Government for collecting , analysing and disseminating statistical data in Kenya and is the custodian of official statistical information . Specifically , the Bureau is mandated with : * * 1 . * * planning , authorising , co-ordinating and supervising all official statistical programmes undertaken within the national statistical system ; 2 . establishing standards and ensuring the use of best practices and methods in the production and dissemination of statistical information across the national statistical system ; * * 3 . * * collecting , compiling , analyzing , abstracting and disseminating statistical information on the matters specified in the First Schedule of the Act ; 4 . conducting the Population and Housing Census every ten years , and such other censuses and surveys ; * * 5 . * * maintaining a comprehensive and reliable national socio-economic database . * * 6 . * * developing and maintaining sampling frames ; * * 7 . * * collaborating with and assisting the county governments or any other institutions in the production of official statistics ; * * 8 . * * providing technical advice on statistics to other state entities ; * * 9 . * * promoting co-ordination among producers , users and suppliers of official statistics * * by * * forming appropriate sector committees ; and - 10 . designating statistics produced * * by * * national statistical system as official statistics on being satisfied that the necessary criteria have been followed . # # # # * * ( C ) Key Management * * The Bureau ' s day-to-day management is under the following key organs : * * - * * Director General ; - Directorate of Corporate Services ; - Directorate of Production Statistics ; - Directorate of Macro Economics Statistics ; - Directorate of Population and Social Statistics ; - Directorate of Statistical Co-ordination and Methods # # #", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 948, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1058, "end": 1090, "text": "national socio-economic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "criteria ( individual ) | 42 | 23 | | UNHCR mandate definitions ( individual ) | 10 | 6 | Data collected by UNHCR during registration processes suggest that for 2011 , the four primary reasons recorded regarding reasons for flight of Somalis related to the following : ( 1 ) access to food / assistance ( over 23 , 000 individuals ) ; ( 2 ) general insecurity ( over 23 , 000 individuals ) ; ( 3 ) livelihood problems ( environmental ) ( over 14 , 000 individuals ) ; and livelihood problems ( security ) ( over 6 , 000 individuals ) . < sup > 114 < / sup > > 111 The statistics included in this paragraph , the below paragraph and the below table were taken in 2018 rather than in 2011 or 2012 . Since that time , there may have been changes related to deaths , births , returns , possible data errors and other factors . Therefore , these statistics may not reflect a completely accurate picture . Nonetheless , they are included to highlight , in broad terms , the way recognition was referenced in UNHCR ’ s data and provide a sense of the differences in numbers . > 112 These figures do not include Somalis who were provided legal status on other grounds . > 113 These figures do not include Somalis who were provided legal status on other grounds . > 114 These numbers capture _only_ the four main reasons recorded , by quantity . Again , similar caveats to those noted in footnote 111 may apply . 46", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 143, "text": "Data collected by UNHCR during registration processes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "modules and arrange it for better reading . An example is the cross-reference between which arms and interventions , which would be most intuitively displayed as a table . Ideally , users can also save searches or selected studies ( see above ) and visualize various metadata fields for this set ( e . g . show the share of entries with a specific value for CV fields ) . Front-end users should also have access to the same longform / help information as back-end users to facilitate interpretation of the data . The most important usability features for a catalog are the search and filter options available . Boolean operators AND , OR , and NOT improve filtering within CVs or across fields , e . g . they could allow users to find all studies outside of a specific country , or studies that cover specifically early childhood and primary education . Mathematical operators ( _ > _ , _ ≤ _ , etc . ) on dates and numerical entries can for example help find studies within certain time periods , or of a certain sample size . A WYSIWYG mask for constructing a search within and across fields helps first-time users , while a free-text entry field supporting advanced search functions makes the exact criteria applied replicable for other users , e . g . for meta-analysis purposes . Just as with the metadata schema itself , standardization and free access are paramount for fostering the reuse of RCT data and promoting equitable access . We therefore encourage catalog implementers to make user access free and to use open-source programming to allow other catalog owners to adopt useful features . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1400, "end": 1408, "text": "RCT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tica , ya que en algunas jornadas los equipos móviles tuvieron encuentros casuales con diferentes actores armados y en muy diversos lugares . En estos encuentros los responsables de la misión explicaron sobre la labor humanitaria que se realizaba con el auspicio de las Naciones Unidas , dejando claro la neutralidad , imparcialidad y el carácter eminentemente social y humanitario del proyecto , lo que permitía la operación sin dificultades . # # # # * * 3 . 8 . Adecuaciones institucionales dentro de la registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil e innovaciones Normativas * * La Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil tiene fuertes controles para la custodia de las bases de datos donde reposa la información de los colombianos y colombianas ( información de nombres , lugar de residencia , huellas dactilares ) , así que este proceso no hubiera sido posible si las primeras jornadas no hubieran tenido el gran impacto que generaron en las poblaciones atendidas , que no estaban acostumbradas a que un servicio del Estado llegara a lugares tan apartados de la geografía nacional y sin el decidido apoyo de 29", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 682, "text": "bases de datos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "a continuation of a panel that started in 2013 ) . At no point in this panel were respondents offered incentives to participate . The introductory letter sent to potential participants in the PPCS also emphasized the importance of providing accurate information . # _Hypotheses_ H3a : Some people report more severe outcomes than they experience personally because they hope to influence resource allocation toward addressing these problems . H3b : This effect was stronger in the Facebook survey than in the PPCS because in the Facebook survey the role of the World Bank was more prominent and the incentives to accurately report personal experience were weaker than in the PPCS . # _Discussion_ Respondents who misreport their experiences in this way seem likely to be people who are not themselves experiencing severe outcomes but who have seen friends , relatives , or other acquaintances experiencing severe outcomes . The effect is perhaps less likely to have contributed to differences in the estimates of aggressive tendencies , as perceived aggression may discourage assistance . Beyond that , it is difficult to separate out this mechanism from other sources of difference in our data . > 8 Purposeful misreporting and strategic answering behaviors are also explored in De Juan & Koos ( 2021 ) and Lund et al ( 2011 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 529, "end": 544, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > 2 . We calculate the probability of selection into the phone survey for each household ( < / mark > pi < mark > ) , as the total number of LSMS-ISA households for which contact was attempted in that household ’ s region ( < / mark > mr < mark > ) divided by the total number of LSMS-ISA households in that region ( M < / mark > r ) . pi = < sup > mr < / sup > Mr < mark > 3 . We multiply the existing LSMS-ISA sampling weight with the reciprocal of the probability of selection in the phone survey , as calculated in step # 2 . < / mark > 1 wi , phone = wi , pre pi < mark > 4 . Using the entire LSMS-ISA sample , we run a multivariate logistic regression in which the dependent variable is a binary variable that is equal to 1 for LSMS-ISA households that were successfully interviewed for the phone survey and equal to 0 otherwise . The independent variables included represent a range of household , dwelling , and head of household attributes that predict the likelihood of a completed phone survey interview . < / mark > 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It has also provided the basis both for the grantees ’ and the present completion reports . Given the small size of the grant , however , no formal beneficiary survey or impact evaluation was planned or undertaken . Quality of M & E is thus considered Substantial . 31 . * * Procurement Compliance . * * The procurement performance rating throughout much of the project life was Moderately Satisfactory . Planned procurement activities were all in the post review category and were neither high value nor complex . However , there were procurement delays , which were attributable to : ( i ) internal clearance processes between the procurement cycle stages ; ( ii ) external factors such as clearances required from the Attorney General ’ s Office for contracts above US $ 50 , 000 that , in some instances , took more than three months ; and ( iii ) complaints alleging conflict of interest and fraud and corruption for a key procurement by the NFA . These allegations were later cleared by the World Bank ’ s Integrity Vice Presidency ( INT ) , and a retendering was done upon confirmation of the conflict-of-interest allegation against one bidder . Overall compliance with the use of the system for systematic tracking of exchanges in procurement ( STEP ) was good , although sometimes there was delayed upload of documentation . There was good effort on the part of both agencies to satisfactorily close out procurement activities through upload of documentation in STEP up to completion status . 32 . * * Financial Management Compliance : * * Financial reports were submitted on time and were acceptable to the Bank , as were external audit reports for FY 2022 / 23 . Auditor General provided unqualified opinion on the annual audits . < sup > 5 < / sup > The major issues identified were delayed implementation , delayed disbursements , and under-absorption of funds by NFA . In addition , the findings of the internal audit had not been shared with project management as of the time of the last supervision mission . < mark > 33 . < / mark > * * < mark >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > OPERATOR : < / u > _ * * When did you receive food assistance last time ? - Never received food assistance - Less than a month ago - Between 1 and 3 months ago - More than 3 months ago * * Question 5 : * * * * _ < u > OPERATOR : < / u > _ * * < u > If yes , in which form did you receive it ? . . . . . . . . . [ Select One ] < / u > - in-kind - Cash - Vouchers Was this assistance from WFP ? . . . . . . . . . [ Report Yes / No / I don ’ t know ] # * * < u > Section 3 : Food Consumption Score ( FCS ) Section < / u > * * * * Question 6 : OPERATOR * * How many members of your household were home in the last 7 days ? - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ Report the number of people ] # * * Question 7 : ( Staples ) * * * * _ < u > OPERATOR : < / u > _ * * In the past 7 days , how many days did your household eat * * main staple starches * * , including * * cereals , grains , tubers and / or roots * * ( such as potatoes , rice , pasta , bread , wheat flour , or other grains / cereals ) ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 129 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 In another KAP study , by Commercial Market Strategies 2000 , only 10 percent of the respondents perceived malaria as a problem during pregnancy . Further still , health facility records don ' t provide for malaria cases during pregnancy as a separate category . As a result the consequences of malaria in pregnancy remain masked . There is urgent need to protect women and the unborn children from the effects of malaria during pregnancy . Efforts to promote Intermittent Presumptive Treatment ( IPT ) of pregnant mothers have just started . The incidence of epidemics has increased in the highland regions in recent years . Uganda experienced malaria epidemics in 1992 , 1994 , 1997 / 8 and in 2000 / 1 . The most affected districts were Kabale , Rukungiri and Kisoro . A total of fourteen districts do experience epidemics , which occur almost every two years , with a wave starting at the southern end and moving northwards . In these districts all age groups are at equal risk of catching and dying of malaria . This cycle of epidemics seems to suggest an epidemiological transition from lower to higher malaria endemicity that may be associated with recent climatic changes . Until a new state of equilibrium is established , these areas are likely to experience repeated epidemics and therefore there is need to prepare for them adequately . District capacity for implementing an integrated epidemic preparedness and response plan has been built . It will need maintenance , support and upgrading over time . In Uganda , all the four malaria parasites exist . Unfortunately , over 95 percent of the cases are due to _Plasmodiumnfalciparum , _ which is responsible for severe malaria . Furthermore , _P . falciparum_ strains have developed resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxinepyrimethamine ( SP ) the commonest antimalarial drugs ; and resistance to chloroquine and SP continues to rise", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 336, "text": "health facility records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> of < br > receipts < br > and < br > paymentsreflectsacquisitionof < br > non-financial < br > assets < br > * * of * * < br > Kshs . 158 , 264 , 472 . < br > The < br > expenditure < br > includes < br > * * Kshs . * * 148 , 444 , 200onpurchase < br > of < br > othier < br > machinery < br > * * & * * < br > equipmentoutofwhich assets < br > worth < br > Kshs . 57 , 941 , 000 < br > were < br > not < br > includedinthe < br > annual < br > procurement < br > plan , < br > delivered < br > afterthepurchaseorder expiry < br > date < br > and < br > received < br > without < br > evidence < br > ofinspection < br > and < br > acceptance . Also , theassets < br > werenottakenon chargein < br > store ledgerorenteredinthe < br > fixedassetregister . | The < br > project < br > * * during * * < br > implementation < br > used < br > the < br > * * Covid-19 * * < br > Healith < br > Response < br > Project < br > * * ( C-Il ) * * < br > procurementplan < sup > asdiscusscd < / sup > < br > withOherldplanwischss < br > withtheWorldBank * * whichis * * < br > * * reviewed , * * < br > updated < br > and < br > approved < br > * * by * * < br > World < br > Bank < br > regularlyasandwhen need <", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 754, "text": "fixedassetregister", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _Methodology and Assumptions_ 9 . The economic viability of the project is evaluated over a period of 35 years starting in 2016 with a two year construction period . Detailed investment scope , cost figures , as well as all assumptions related to additional electricity supplied and reduction of technical losses are derived from a feasibility study covering all six towns prepared by EEP . Demand forecasts in these towns as derived from the feasibility study are used only for the first 15 years of project implementation . Afterwards , demand for electricity is assumed to remain constant . The analysis also assumes that any electricity saved through the reduction of distribution losses is absorbed by end users . Table 2 . 6 presents the main assumptions underlying the analysis . * * Table 2 . 6 – Main assumptions for the economic analysis * * | * * Variable * * | * * Value * * | * * Note * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | CAPEX ( US $ millions ) | 80 . 0 | Inclusive of Contingencies and VAT | | Project Life ( years ) | 35 | - | | Discount rate | 6 % | - | | VAT | 15 % | - | | O & M Cost ( % of capex ) | 1 . 5 % | - | | Insurance costs ( % of capex ) | 0 . 5 % | - | | Grid energy cost ( US $ / kWh ) | 0 . 08 | - | | Willingness topay ( US $ / kWh ) | 0 . 33 | Residential consumption | * * * Note : * * _Capex is assumed to be drawn down over 2016 - 2017 in the following manner : 50 percent and 50 percent . Willingness to pay values derived from the feasibility study prepared by EEP . _ # # _Results_ 10 . The analysis shows that investments under Component 2 are economically viable and robust to variations in the key underlying parameters within reasonable limits . Assuming a", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STRONGER DATA , BRIGHTER FUTURES | Protecting Children on the Move with Data and Evidence # PRIORITIZING CHILDREN on the move today for a brighter tomorrow Recent humanitarian crises remind us that much more needs to be done to live up to the promises of the GCM , uphold the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , and achieve the 2030 Agenda to guarantee the protection of all children on the move through better data . Member States must actively engage in the strategic action points described in this renewed call to action – they provide a road map to ensure that sustainable progress will be made to improve the data and evidence on children on the move . Concerted efforts are needed to share experiences , good practices and lessons learned in order to improve migration data and promote solutions that are grounded in the day-to-day realities of data producers and data users . Top-down ( UN - and international organization-led ) and bottom-up approaches led by national authorities and non-state partners are equally vital to protecting children on the move through enhanced data . There are many ways to engage in this work – IDAC offers a unique opportunity to be a part of a whole-of-society approach that helps make the vision of a safe migration for all a reality . More details on IDAC work can be found here . # # # A CONCERTED PLEDGE An important next step is that the Progress Declaration expected to be adopted at the end of the IMRF recognizes the slow and limited progress made in implementing GCM objective 1 in terms of child migration data . The Declaration must send a clear signal to governments and other crucial partners that real progress on the data front can only be achieved if Member States consider the data needs of children on the move as a priority , matched by political , technical and financial investments . Over the next four years , let ’ s pledge to fill the gaps , learning from , building upon and expanding on the progress that has", "spans": [{"start": 788, "end": 802, "text": "migration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1564, "end": 1584, "text": "child migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In a previous paper that focused on the analysis of firm-led renegotiation ( Guasch , Laffont and Straub , 2003 , referred to hereinafter as GLS ) , we analyzed a Latin American data set from the World Bank , with 307 concession projects in the sectors of transport and water , in five countries ( Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia and Mexico ) between 1989 and 2000 . We showed that more than half of these projects were renegotiated ( 162 out of 307 ) and very fast , on average 3 . 5 year after the signing of the contract . The paper focused on firm-led renegotiation and built a model of renegotiation that included contract characteristics , regulatory and institutional environment , as well as external shocks . The empirical analysis there confirmed most of the predictions of the model and yielded interesting policy implications , especially with respect to the importance of having a regulatory body in place at the time of awarding a concession and of choosing the appropriate regulatory regime . We showed that the mode of regulation matters and that price caps , which have been the dominant choice of policy makers in Latin America , suffer from a great fragility to shocks and trigger significant renegotiation . As a consequence , there is a growing pragmatic tendency to advocate the abandonment of price cap regulation , a synonym for the higher risk of renegotiation and higher cost of capital , and the return to an hybrid type of regulation , including some elements of rate of return ( see for example Estache , Guasch and Trujillo , 2003 ) . The present paper complements GLS by looking at government-led renegotiations . Private sector participation has often been accompanied by sector restructuring prior to the transfer and by the implementation of a legal and regulatory framework . This is meant to protect investors from arbitrary and politically motivated intervention from the government , to protect users from the abuse of the monopoly or dominant position of the new private operators , and also to protect the competitive new entrants from a dominant incumbent operator . Quite often , the required and necessary investments are highly specific “ sunk ” type costs that cannot easily be", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 206, "text": "Latin American data set from the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * EA Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project ( Second Phase of Program ) ( P148853 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | Date | 12-Jun-2015 | 10-Dec-2019 | 10-Dec-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator will be r < br > depends on many fac | evised during restructuring to < br > tors that may not all be relate | reflect the cancelation of t < br > d to the project . | he South Sudan Phase 1 of the program | | Component 4 : Enhancing Internet Connectivity < br > IN00876652 | | - - - | ► Length of fiber link installed ( km ) ( Kilometers , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 74 . 00 | 400 . 00 | 601 . 00 | | Date | 12-Jun-2015 | 10-Dec-2019 | 26-May-2020 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | A total of 400km of t < br > installation of a new | he existing 24-core cable has b < br > cable has been awarded and t | een rehabilitated and is no < br > he contractor has commen | w in use . The contract for < br > ced works . | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of workers employed , the labor input is calculated by normalizing the wage bill of each firm by the average wage prevailing in a given 2-digit sector in a given year . Materials are deflated by input-output coefficient weighted sector deflators based on the wholesale price index . Energy inputs are deflated using National Accounts Statistics price indices for “ Fuel , Power , Light and Lubricants . ” Services inputs are aggregated from detailed data on reported expenses on travel , transport , legal services and accounting , and non-interest banking expenses . These items are deflated using a weighted average of services sector deflators from the national accounts statistics . Given that our interest is in upstream services reform , a proper accounting for services inputs at the firm level is essential to control for changes in the intensity with which firms use > 15 We are grateful to Carolina Villegas-Sanchez for sharing with us a STATA routine implementing the procedure . 16 The industry groupings are : food and tobacco ; textiles ; garments and leather goods ; wood , paper and printing ; petroleum products and chemicals ; rubber and plastics ; non-metallic minerals , iron and steel ; metal products ; machinery , office , electrical and communication equipment ; lifting , medical and industrial equipment ; motor vehicles and other transport equipment . 18", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 344, "text": "National Accounts Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 441, "end": 475, "text": "detailed data on reported expenses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE * * * * Transport planning should not be gender neutral * * ( Dominguez Gonzalez _et al_ . , 2020 ) . Even if transport related improvements seem to benefit women and men equally , women and men experience transport and infrastructure differently in terms of affordability , acceptability , and availability ( Alam _et al_ . , 2022 ) . Lack of safe transport can reduce women ’ s access to economic opportunities ( International Labor Organization , 2017 ) . For example , global evidence suggests that the lack of proper infrastructure heavily influences women ’ s decision to cycle ( Garrard _et al_ . , 2008 ) , contributing to gender inequity in access to jobs and other opportunities in parts of the urban areas where such infrastructure is unavailable . In addition , there is a recognition that there are other , non-transport-related barriers that can constrain women ’ s mobility , such as social norms regarding gender , unequal division of household responsibilities , and other more personal elements influencing women ’ s agency , such as self-efficacy and aspirations ( Dominguez Gonzalez _et al_ . , 2020 ) . Unfortunately , regardless of these differences , transport planning has mainly focused on unidirectional travel from home to work , paying less attention to , for instance , shorter trips associated with “ mobility of care ” , which are typically carried out by women ( Sánchez de Madariaga , 2013 ) . * * Gender influences the decision to travel in the first place and , specifically , mode choices and trip patterns . * * It was not until the last decade that data on mobility in Latin America started to be genderdisaggregated in origin-destination surveys , for instance , in Chile , Colombia , Uruguay , and Mexico City . Evidence on women ’ s mobility from Latin America seems to resemble that from some developed countries in terms of modal choice , distance , and travel purpose . Data shows that women travel shorter distances , have more complex multimodal trips , and walk and rely on public transport more than men . Women have less access to cars and motorcycles , while", "spans": [{"start": 1639, "end": 1672, "text": "data on mobility in Latin America", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1710, "end": 1736, "text": "origin-destination surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # # # # # * * Annex 7 . Chance Find Procedures * * While implementing the sub-project activities of GMEESD under components 1 , 2 , and 3 , there is potential possibility to encounter structures , archeological features , sacred artifacts , etc . , that are of cultural heritage , historical monuments , religious and national significance . Cultural heritage encompasses tangible and intangible heritage , which may be recognized and valued at a local , regional , national or global level . _Tangible cultural heritage_ , which includes movable or immovable objects , sites , structures , groups of structures , and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological , paleontological , historical , architectural , religious , aesthetic , or other cultural significance . Tangible cultural heritage may be located in urban or rural settings , and may be above or below land or under the water . _Intangible cultural heritage_ , which includes practices , representations , expressions , knowledge , skills — as well as the instruments , objects , artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith — that communities and groups recognize as part of their cultural heritage , as transmitted from generation to generation and constantly recreated by them in response to their environment , their interaction with nature and their history . In the event that during construction of the Tax Data Warehouse at the MoR , and other renovation works during ICT infrastructure installation and system overhaul , resources or artifacts of cultural value are found , the following procedures for identification , protection from theft , and treatment of discovered artifacts should be followed and included in standard bidding documents . These procedures take into account requirements related to Chance Finding under national legislation including Proclamation No . 209 / 2000 on research and conservation of cultural heritage . - Halt the construction activities in the area of chance find temporarily . - Delineate and secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects . In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains , a guard shall be", "spans": [{"start": 1481, "end": 1499, "text": "Tax Data Warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the Caribbean , 7 percent each are on Europe and Central Asia and Middle East and North Africa , and 6 percent are on the United States ( Table 1 ) . The geographic distribution is broadly similar for estimates on the poor ’ s exposure to climate shocks and the more adverse impact of such shocks on the poor ( Table 2 ) . The majority of studies ( 57 percent ) in our sample focus on general climate change , followed by studies on temperature anomalies ( about one third ) , flooding , droughts , and general natural disasters ( about one fifth each ) , and less than 10 percent of studies focusing on landslides , typhoons / cyclones , or earthquakes ( Table 1 ) . These indicators are not mutually exclusive since some studies examine multiple shocks . About one fifth of studies focus on heat , a subset of studies on temperature anomalies . Almost a quarter of estimates in our sample focus on the poor ’ s exposure to floods , and about a third focus on the more adverse impact of climate shocks on the poor ( Table 2 ) . The share differences at the study and estimate levels reflect the estimates from multiple specifications documented in the studies . We assess the representativeness of the studies in our sample against the reported incidence of regional climate shocks in the global EMDAT ( Emergency Events Database ) database by performing a two-proportion t-test . EMDAT is a comprehensive global database that collects and provides information on the occurrence and effects of more than 22 , 000 mass disasters worldwide since 1900 . The database includes information on natural disasters ( geophysical , meteorological , hydrological , climatological , biological , and extraterrestrial ) and technological disasters ( industrial , transport , and miscellaneous accidents ) . The database includes disasters in which 10 or more people died , 100 or more people were affected , a state of emergency was declared , or international assistance was provided . We used EMDAT data from 2000 to 2023 from each region in the world for comparison ( Table 3 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > We find that , in our", "spans": [{"start": 1301, "end": 1306, "text": "EMDAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1309, "end": 1334, "text": "Emergency Events Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1987, "end": 1997, "text": "EMDAT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Annex 8 Page 6 of 6_ 1994 , Fertility in Jordan , Washington , D . C . - _1994 , Jordan Primary HealIth Care Project , Project Completion Report . Washington , D . C . 1993 , World DeveloDment Report : Investing in Health , New York : Oxford University Press . 1993 , Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Health Management Project , Staff Appraisal Report ( SAR ) Washington , D . C . - 1990 , Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Health Sector Development Project , SAR Washington , D . C . - 1989 , Oualitv . Organization and Finance Issues in the Health Sector , Washington , D . C . - 1989 , Study on Financing of Health Needs in Jordan , Washington , D . C . - _ 1984 , Jordan Health Sector Review , Population , Health and Nutrition Department . Washington , D . C . # # Economic and Social Database - ( memo ) Economic Parameters for Project Analysis , Washington , D . C . Worzala , C . , The Demographic Dimensions of Povertv in Jordan , Washington , D . C . , 1994 . Zou ' bi , A . A . A . et . al Jordan Population and Family Survev , IRD / Macro International Inc . , Columbia , Maryland , 1990 .", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 792, "text": "Economic and Social Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fragility has a positive impact on the likelihood that a firm will borrow from multiple banks ( Berger , Klapper , and Udell 2001 ) . However , Ongena and Smith ( 2000 ) find mixed support in this regard . They find that firms maintain a higher number of banking relationships in countries with inefficient judicial systems and poor enforcement of property rights , consistent with the theory , but also find more banking relationships in nations with more stable banking systems ( i . e . , with better bank credit ratings ) , contrary to the predictions . > 9 A related empirical study finds that banks charge higher rates to customers with limited financing options during economic recessions ( Santos and Winton 2005 ) . > 10 One potential explanation for this result is that banks in unconcentrated sectors are smaller and firms might need many relationships to satisfy their needs . > 11 A second study using German survey data finds that multiple lending relationships increase collateral requirements ( Harhoff and Korting 1998 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 915, "end": 933, "text": "German survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which was also the commencement date . The contract period was * * 36 * * months with end date of * * 15 * * November , * * 2023 . * * However , as at the time of audit in October , 2024 the support was incomplete . 4 . 3 Delay in Implementation of Procurement of a * * Third-Party Firm Quality * * Assurance Service Provider Included also in other operating payments is Kshs . 197 , 168 , 893 paid to a consultant for procurement of a third-party firm quality assurance phase II for households ' registration towards enhanced single registry under the Project contract No . * * KE-NSPS-283362-CS - * * QCBS . The contract agreement was signed on * * 17 * * August , * * 2023 * * with a contract period of five months . However , as at the time of audit in October , 2024 the contract was incomplete . In the circumstances , the Project objectives and goals may not have been met and may not be of benefit to the targeted citizens . # # # # * * 5 . Lack of Fixed Asset register * * The statement of receipts and payments and as disclosed in Note * * 7 * * reflects acquisition of non-financial assets of Kshs . 260 , 029 , 475 . However , Annex * * 5 * * to the financial statements on fixed asset register reflects assets valued at Kshs . 242 , 663 , 883 indicating under booking of assets value at * * Kshs . 17 , 365 , 592 . * * Further , the fixed asset register was _Report of the Auditor-General on Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project Credit No . 6348 for the year ended 30 June , 2024 - State Department for Socio Protection and Senior Citizen Affairs_ * * 5 * *", "spans": [{"start": 957, "end": 977, "text": "Fixed Asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1186, "end": 1206, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1346, "end": 1366, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "would still be possible that exporting results in further productivity improvements . > 1 Söderbom and Teal ( 2003 ) find that exports — although not manufacturing exports in particular — were associated with income growth in nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa . > 2 Several investment climate assessments , which calculate productivity data for the firms in this study have found evidence consistent with the idea that exporters are more efficient . See , for example , World Bank ( 2004a ) for Tanzania . These studies are available on the World Bank ’ s website ( http : / / www . worldbank . org / privatesector / ic / ic_ica . htm ) . A similar relationship has been observed in many developing and developed countries . The large literature on this topic is summarized in Tybout ( 2003 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 343, "text": "productivity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 . Annual changes in the labor income Gini , Latin America and selected countries , ca . 1993 – 2003 and ca . 2003 – 13 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 8 Argentina Uruguay Peru < br > Colombia < br > 0 . 4 SwedenDenmark United Kingdom United StatesPanama Mexico Honduras Paraguay < br > 0 . 0 FinlandSwitzerland KazakhstanItaly Chile < br > Greece Israel Nicaragua < br > - 0 . 4 Germany Ireland El Salvador Bolivia < br > Mauritius < br > Philippines Brazil < br > - 0 . 8 < br > - 1 . 2 < br > - 1 . 6 < br > 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 < br > Labor earnings Gini , ca 1993 ( Gini points ) < br > 0 . 8 Germany France < br > Denmark < br > 0 . 4 Switzerland Sri Lanka Costa Rica < br > Ireland < br > United States < br > 0 . 0 Finland Sweden Poland Israel Mexico Honduras < br > El Salvador < br > - 0 . 4 Greece Colombia Brazil < br > - 0 . 8 Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Bolivia < br > Argentina Ecuador Peru < br > - 1 . 2 Nicaragua < br > Venezuela , RB < br > - 1 . 6 < br > 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 < br > Labor earnings Gini , ca 2003 ( Gini points ) < br > LAC Non-LAC < br > ca 1993-2003 ( Gini points ) < br > Annual change in labor earnings Gini , < br > ca 2003-2013 ( Gini points ) < br > Annual change in labor earnings Gini , < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Venezuela , RB and the non – Latin American countries : Global Wage Report , International Labour Organization . Seventeen Latin American countries : SEDLAC database . See annex A . 3 for details about the underlying data and Annex B for circa periods . _Note : _ The data have been multiplied by 100 . For", "spans": [{"start": 1368, "end": 1386, "text": "Global Wage Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1462, "end": 1477, "text": "SEDLAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Introduction * * The challenge posed by HIV / AIDS is a formidable one , which the international community has attempted to tackle in multiple ways . At the turn of the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century , the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) were designed to reorganize and coordinate UN activities and goals . Goal number six relates to HIV / AIDS and other diseases - “ to combat HIV / AIDS , malaria and other diseases . ” < sup > 5 < / sup > Generally , HIV / AIDS proposals are funded by three major sources : individual governments , bilateral donors , private foundations and multilateral donors . The total HIV / AIDS funds available for developing countries grew from an estimated US $ 300 million in 1996 to US $ 6 . 1 billion in 2004 , which is still $ 4-6 billion short of what is needed for effective prevention , care and treatment . < sup > 6 < / sup > The role and scope of the four major groups involved in funding HIV / AIDS initiatives in the world is briefly summarised below . The first grouping is comprised of national governments that fund certain HIV / AIDS initiatives listed in their respective NSPs . Countries are responsible for drafting and implementing their own NSP that outlines an agenda and plan of action for all HIV / AIDS activities in the country for a specific period of time ( usually varying between two to six years ) . National strategic planning increases national commitment to and ownership of HIV / AIDS programmes but there can be problems with the approach . The World Bank ’ s Global HIV / AIDS Programme of Action explains that NSPs tend to be all-encompassing and do not prioritise issues or groups of people ; they lack clear goals and responsibilities and tend to be uncosted or unrealistically costed . It recommends that future NSPs concentrate on developing HIV / AIDS strategies based on available epidemiological information , and should assign specific responsibilities to actors that can then be held accountable", "spans": [{"start": 1869, "end": 1896, "text": "epidemiological information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The political advisor to the Rwandan president adopted a similar position , stating , “ we challenge the UNHCR to give us proof of where those refugees are . Nowhere do the American satellite photographs show up any significant refugee concentrations . ” < sup > 27 < / sup > - 26 Refugees and Others of Concern to UNHCR : 1997 Statistical Overview , UNHCR , Geneva , 1998 , pp . 72-74 . > 27 J . Pottier , ‘ The ‘ self ’ in self-repatriation : closing down Mugunga camp , eastern Zaire ’ , in R . Black and K . Khoser , The End of the Refugee Cycle : Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction , Berghahn Books , Oxford , 1999 , p . 148 . See also S . Massey , ‘ Operation Assurance : the greatest intervention that never was ’ , Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , < http : / / www-jha . sps . cam . ac . uk > , posted 15 February 1998 .", "spans": [{"start": 175, "end": 205, "text": "American satellite photographs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Development Plans and ensuring they are sensitive to disaster risks ( by incorporating hazard / disaster risk information ) and support low carbon > 23 World Bank / GFDRR . 2019 . Ethiopia Disaster Risk Profile . > 24 World Bank / GFDRR , 2017 . Safe and Resilient Cities in Ethiopia . Review of Building Regulatory Framework . > 25 At the national level , policy coordination remains weak notwithstanding an existing Guideline for Mainstreaming Disaster Risks into the Development Planning Process and Future Investment Decisions ( 2017 ) . This fragmentation is also reflected at the local level , where ULGs have limited capacities to integrate the considerations of climate change and disaster risk into urban planning and land management . > 26 Climate smart infrastructure are public investments in urban infrastructure that consider current and expected future changes in climate conditions . ( cf . World Bank , 2022 . Reference Guide for Climate-Smart Public Investment ) . > 27 By 2030 , Ethiopia is committed ( i ) to increase the land area with green infrastructure , ( ii ) enhance climate resilience , and ( iii ) undertake climateadaptive urban planning , among others . > 28 cf . World Bank , 2022 . Reference Guide for Climate-Smart Public Investment Page 7 of 15 Mar 14 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 210, "text": "Ethiopia Disaster Risk Profile", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To economically justify the need for better SWM services in the developing countries , good valuation studies on the potential benefits of such services are necessary . Several techniques for assigning economic values to SWM services have been used in the literature , including travel cost ( Anex , 1995 ) , hedonic housing price ( Arimah , 1996 ) , choice modeling or experiments ( Huhtala , 1999 ; Othman , 2002 ; Naz and Nazm 2005 and Boyer , 2006 and Jin et al . 2006 ) . But the method that is used the most is the method of contingent valuation or ranking ; a non-exhaustive research in the literature gives a list of 19 contingent valuation studies in this area < sup > 4 < / sup > . Evidence from the existing research suggests that the estimates of environmental and public good benefits from well-designed and properly executed contingent valuation surveys appear to be at least as good as estimates obtained with other valuation techniques ( OECD , 1994 , Mitchell and Carson 1989 , Whittington et al . , 1990 ) . Two advantages can further explain the widespread use of the contingent valuation method in environment-related public service valuations . The first is its flexibility . Based on hypothetical markets that can be flexibly defined by researchers according to the specific characteristics of the public services in question , the respondents of valuation surveys are invited to directly state their preferences and to reveal their willingness-to-pay for the specified qualities or quantities of improvement . This is very different from the hedonic price method , whose applicability to a public service valuation depends closely on the existence of compatible real-market data . The second advantage is the capacity of contingent valuation method to measure not only the use value but also other intangible values from the improved public service , such as the non-use value and especially the existence value ( Krutilla , 1967 ) . This is very different from the market-based valuation methods , such as the travel cost method , which can only measure ( partial ) use values of a public service . Though the contingent valuation method can be a feasible and valid technique to measure the levels of payment for SWM", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 867, "text": "contingent valuation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1685, "end": 1701, "text": "real-market data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Consultant < br > Selection | Limited | | 25 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Canceled | 2020-04-24 | | 2020-04-29 | | 2020-05-20 | 2020-06-24 | 2020-12-21 | | | NG-LAGOS APPEALS-158916 - < br > CS-INDV / Engagement of < br > Technical Assistant on < br > Agricultural Production Survey | IDA / 59930 | Project Management and < br > Coordination | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Limited | | 27 , 780 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Canceled | 2020-10-19 | | 2020-10-24 | | 2020-11-14 | 2020-12-19 | 2021-06-17 | | | APPEALSP-LGSCO-CS-03C / < br > Design of Energy for Clusters | IDA / 59930 | Infrastructure Support to < br > Agribusiness Clusters | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Limited | | 19 , 444 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-06-22 | | 2021-06-27 | | 2021-07-18 | 2021-08-22 | 2022-02-18 | | | APPEALSP-LGSCO-CS-02C / < br > Engagement of consultant for < br > the design of Jetties | IDA / 59930 | Infrastructure Support to < br > Agribusiness Clusters | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Limited | | 20 , 834 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-05-29 | | 2021-06-03 | | 2021-06-24 | 2021-07", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopia . < sup > 132 < / sup > Notably , ARRA ’ s mission includes “ [ h ] osting asylum-seekers seeking a safehaven into Ethiopia as a result of man-made and _natural disasters_ [ and ] protecting their physical safety through providing asylum and protection ” . < sup > 133 < / sup > In practice , ARRA is engaged in registration and status determination , but UNHCR is also integrally involved , working beyond its explicit observer status referenced in the Proclamation . UNHCR _de facto_ undertakes RSD and makes recommendations to ARRA . Final decisions are co-signed by the head of the legal and protection unit of ARRA and the UNHCR assistant representative ( protection ) . Indeed , UNHCR plays a prominent role within the legal , institutional , and operational framework relevant to refugees in Ethiopia , including registration and RSD . UNHCR and ARRA surmise that the beginnings of a group-based approach for Somali refugees must have coincided with the first large-scale movements in the late 1980s . Even if historical clarity is elusive , what emerges is that in 2011 , the established policy and practice was to recognize Somalis from southern or central Somalia using a groupbased approach . As at the end of 2010 , UNHCR ’ s data indicate that there were over 67 , 000 Somali refugees in Ethiopia who were recognized under the broader refugee criteria ( over 45 , 000 in the Dollo Ado camps and over 21 , 000 in the Jijiga camps ) . Fewer than 30 Somali refugees had been recognized under the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria and fewer than 5 under UNHCR ’ s mandate definitions , with all of them based in the Jijiga camps . < sup > 134 < / sup > Based on UNHCR ’ s data for the Dollo Ado camps , broader refugee criteria underpinned recognition for the vast majority of Somalis in Ethiopia during 2011 and 2012 , as shown in the table below . Only in 2011 were", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1251, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1678, "end": 1716, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data for the Dollo Ado camps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of computers , and increased decentralization of decision-making . One consequence of such decentralization is the spread of better paid employment opportunities and less inequality of compensation through a production hierarchy , that is , more inclusion in the gains from productive expansion . In related work on the implications of innovation in management technologies , Bloom et al . ( 2009 ) highlight a subtle but important difference between advances in information and communications components . Better information technologies that empower and spur learning by workers such as ERP ( Enterprise Resource Planning ) for plant managers and CAD / CAM ( Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing ) for production workers are associated with more autonomy and wider span of control . One key implication is more inclusive growth opportunities by the elevation of local labor productivity and reduction in wage inequality . In contrast , communication technologies like data networks are apt to decrease autonomy for plant managers and workers , substituting away from local knowledge in favor of directives from centralized headquarters , and leading to less inclusive growth by stifling learning and accentuating wage inequality . Despite these differences in types , innovation in management is highly associated with gains in productivity and output-growth opportunities . As such , we hypothesize that these forms of innovation are also , like product and process innovation , likely on average to be inclusive in their overall impacts on enterprise employment . # * * 3 . Data and empirical specification * * We use establishment-level , cross-section data that are based on the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) collected between 2002 and 2006 . We have information on 26 , 108 manufacturing establishments from 71 countries ( 15 OECD countries , 6 ̳ enhanced engagement ‘ developing countries and 50 other developing countries ) . Most of the establishments represented in the data are registered in the formal / organized sector , and are urban . Sampling is typically stratified by size , sector and location . Any accounts collected in local currency units are converted to constant 2005 US dollars at purchasing-power-parity . Rates of growth are scaled to an annual basis . Table 1a reports sample counts by country and table 1b reports the means and standard deviations", "spans": [{"start": 1625, "end": 1665, "text": "establishment-level , cross-section data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1688, "end": 1717, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Health Sustainable Development Goals Program-for-Results ( P123531 ) | * * Category * * < br > * * DLIs * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Status as of June 2021 Mission * * < br > * * PDO Indicator * * | * * Proposed changes * * | * * Allocated amount * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 10 . 1 | Percent of < br > Children 6-59 < br > months receiving < br > Vitamin A < br > Supplementation < br > ( VAS ) . | Results for the 2018 and 2020 targets < br > could not be verified using the mini-DHS < br > 2019 because the survey collected VAS < br > coverage for the incorrect age group < br > ( children 6-35 months vs . 6-59 months ) < br > and due to the postponement of the 2020 < br > DHS due to COVID-19 and security issues . < br > The MOH proposed to restructure this < br > indicator to a process indicator to < br > strengthen essential health services in the < br > context of COVID-19 with an emphasis on < br > nutrition services like VAS . < br > * * Intermediate Indicators * * | VAS DLI 10 . 1a will be < br > dropped and replaced with < br > a new DLI # 19 “ Conduct < br > immunization at IDP / < br > refugee camp for missed < br > vaccination ” . The means of < br > verification to be site visit < br > and program report . < br > Additional resources < br > needed from other unmet < br > DLIs / DLRs as the services < br > will be provided in a < br > campaign mode . | SDR 1 ,", "spans": [{"start": 522, "end": 530, "text": "mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of a significant share of total exposure to individual entities ) , and systematic risk , such as geographic concentration , industry concentration , and general economic volatility . Additionally , the deposit insurance scheme < sup > 39 < / sup > and the new bank recovery and resolution framework are included in the analysis as well . # * * _Credit risk quantification_ * * SNDO calculates expected losses or market values for guarantees / on-lending . < sup > 40 < / sup > To calculate expected losses when a rating methodology has been applied to analyze a beneficiary , SNDO needs to estimate PDs and LGDs . Default probabilities are derived from the respective default rate tables of rating agencies based on historic data for similar types of entities . LGDs are also derived from rating agencies ’ information on historic bond and loan recoveries . LGDs are differentiated by the bond / loan seniority stipulated in the respective agreement . If SNDO requires collateral to underwrite a guarantee / onlend , LGD estimates may be adjusted accordingly . The valuation of collateral may be outsourced to third parties . Additionally , SNDO sometimes adjusts LGD estimates based on a qualitative assessment . If a simulation model has been used to estimate the distribution of a loss function , expected losses are inferred from the frequency of losses resulting in default . LGDs can be inferred from the severity of losses in default events . To conduct a market value assessment , SNDO compares yields to maturity for corporate bonds and comparable government bonds . Yields of corporate bonds are taken from corporates with the same credit rating as the guarantee beneficiary ’ s internal credit rating as assessed by SNDO . Differences in yield hence reflect credit and liquidity premia . SNDO also studies credit default swaps ( CDS ) to perform market value assessments . # * * _Application in risk management_ * * SNDO applies various risk mitigation tools to manage the fiscal risk stemming from exposure to credit risk from guarantees and on-lending , including guarantee fees , partial guarantee coverage , appropriations to a notional reserve account , and risk reporting . < sup > 41 < / sup > Sweden has currently not set", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 707, "text": "default rate tables of rating agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 717, "end": 730, "text": "historic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effective tariff | U . S . cents per m3 | 60 | 57 | 3 – 60 | _Source : _ Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) and AICD water and sanitation utilities database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . Note : Access figures calculated by the AICD based on the 2000 and 2006 DHS figures published by the Joint Monitoring Program ( WHO 2010 ) . — = Not available . Only 40 percent of urban dwellers rely on advanced water technologies for their water supply . Close to 40 percent of the population has access to utility water — mainly stand posts — in urban areas , and around 5 percent in rural areas . Almost 70 percent of rural Sudanese rely on wells and boreholes , 30 percent higher than in urban areas . It is very striking that there is little difference in the reliance on surface water — around 25 percent of both rural and urban Sudanese obtain their water from open sources . There is significantly greater usage of improved sanitation technology types in urban areas ( figure 14 ) . Urban areas have twice the level of access to flush toilets or improved * * Figure 14 . Limited access to advanced water technologies in urban Sudan * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Urban Rural < br > % population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Access figures calculated by AICD using data 2009 DHS data . latrines compared to rural areas . In the case of flush toilets , the access rate in urban areas is 14 percent compared to 1 percent in rural areas . Sixty percent of the urban population relies on improved latrines compared to 32 percent of the population in rural areas ( figure 15 ) . Some 68 percent of the rural population defecate in the open compared to", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 102, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 115, "end": 159, "text": "AICD water and sanitation utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1446, "end": 1454, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * i . I * * have obtained all the information < sup > andexplanations which , tothebestofmy < / sup > knowledge and belief , were < sup > necessary for the purposeof the audit . < / sup > - * * ii . * * Adequate accounting records have < sup > beenkept < / sup > < sup > * * by * * the Project , sofarasappears < / sup > from the examination of those records ; and , - * * iii . * * The Project ' s financial < sup > statementsareinagreementwiththeaccountingrecords < / sup > and returns . # # * * Responsibilities of * * < sup > * * Managementand thoseCharged withGovernance * * < / sup > Management is responsible < sup > forthepreparationandfair presentationof thesefinancial < / sup > statements in accordance with < sup > Transitional InternationalPublicSectorAccounting < / sup > Standards and for maintaining < sup > effectiveinternalcontrolsasManagementdeterminesis < / sup > necessary to enable the < sup > preparationof financialstatements thatarefreefrommaterial < / sup > misstatement , whether < sup > due to fraud or errorandfor itsassessmentof the effectiveness < / sup > of internal controls , risk management < sup > andgovernance . < / sup > In preparing the financial < sup > statements , Managementisresponsiblefor assessingthe < / sup > Project ' s ability to continue < sup > as a goingconcern , disclosing , asapplicable , mattersrelated < / sup > to going concern < sup > andusingthegoingconcernbasisof accountingunlessManagement < / sup > is aware of the intention to cease < sup", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 234, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ovo | 5 . 1 | 5 . 9 | 5 . 6 | 5 . 6 | 6 . 6 | 6 . 3 | 6 . 0 | | North Macedonia | 36 . 5 | 40 . 6 | 45 . 6 | 47 . 0 | 42 . 9 | 43 . 7 | 44 . 8 | | Montenegro | 8 . 9 | 8 . 9 | 9 . 4 | 9 . 4 | 9 . 2 | 9 . 5 | 9 . 7 | | Serbia | 34 . 9 | 35 . 9 | 35 . 2 | 35 . 8 | 35 . 0 | 35 . 7 | 38 . 4 | | _WB6_ | _26 . 2_ | _27 . 8_ | _28 . 5_ | _28 . 4_ | _27 . 3_ | _27 . 7_ | _28 . 8_ | _Source : _ World Bank calculations and projections on data from national authorities and World Economic Outlook . > kEy ECONOMIC INDICATORs | 83", "spans": [{"start": 432, "end": 462, "text": "data from national authorities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 467, "end": 489, "text": "World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The second contribution is methodological : we are not aware of other studies applying causal machine learning to open the black box of climate-induced migration . Specifically , we propose a systematic , rather than _ad hoc_ , approach to shed light on the irreducible heterogeneity of climateinduced mobility outcomes . Our approach improves upon traditional _ad hoc_ subsample analysis ( or use of interaction terms ) typically employed in the specialized literature to uncover underlying heterogeneity because it limits researchers ' discretion when selecting the relevant dimensions and thresholds of heterogeneity . Given such heterogeneity , traditional econometric tools for the estimation of average treatment effects are not fit for purpose , at least not without strong _a priori_ assumptions by the analyst . The tree-based machine learning techniques we employ ( Athey & Imbens , 2016 ; Wager & Athey , 2018 ) are , instead , agnostic regarding functional forms , easily capture nonlinearities and interactions among key household characteristics , and identify the main heterogeneity drivers and thresholds in a data-driven manner . This enables us to estimate policy relevant group-average treatment effects and show how average impacts can be misleading , since they conceal substantial heterogeneity , with opposite effects for different groups . < mark > Importantly , given the multidimensionality of the migration phenomenon , this approach presupposes that the researcher has access to longitudinal multi-topic and multi-purpose household survey data , which collect information about the most important mediation channels and transmission mechanisms , including agricultural variables . < / mark > The last contribution is conceptual : we frame and explore the climate-migration nexus through the lens of the poverty traps approach . Specifically , we provide an extension of the asset-based and geographic poverty traps literature ( Carter & Barrett , 2006 ; Barret & Carter , 2013 ; Jalan & Ravallion , 2002 ) to the immobility framework , coupled with a perspective of the migration phenomenon as a household-level risk management strategy inspired by the NELM ( Stark & Bloom , 1985 ) . Such a framework serves as the domain knowledge basis for our empirical approach aimed at detecting potential regime shifts due to the existence of \" climate immobility thresholds \" , below which households fall into immobility traps .", "spans": [{"start": 1550, "end": 1571, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "card ; ( ii ) whether it got work on the scheme during the last 365 days , for which responses were coded under three options : got work , sought but did not get work , and did not seek work in MGNREGS ; and ( iii ) if the household got work , the number of days of work , and the mode of payment . In addition , the daily status block in Schedule 10 collected information on activities for all household members during the week preceding the survey , including number of days worked and wages received , if the respondent worked on MGNREGS public works ( PW ) . Note that in this paper we limit our definition of participation and rationing to whether households got work or did not get work . Unmet demand can also take the form of fewer days of work than desired . Many households who participated were no doubt rationed in that they would > 8 Data is from the official Government of India website for MGNREGS ( http : \\ \\ nrega . nic . in ) . > 9 This is described in a number of the papers in Khera ( 2011 ) . > 10 In Dutta et al . ( 2012 ) we provide supportive evidence on this point for Bihar , based on our surveys in 2009 / 10 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1136, "text": "surveys in 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * V . INFORMANTS AND METHODS * * The description of Mexico ’ s response is based on informant interviews , carried out in Mexico City during 5 – 8 March 2018 . The following table provides an overview of the informants interviewed while in Mexico ( the vast majority through in-person meetings ) . | * * Category * * | * * Total Number * * | | - - - | - - - | | INM | 1 | | Former INM | 4 | | Former COMAR | 3 | | Current and Former UNHCR Mexico Personnel | 9 | | Current and Former Civil Society | 7 * | | Other UN or Intergovernmental | 1 | * One person is also counted as “ Former INM ” and as “ Former COMAR ” . One civil society representative was interviewed in Geneva , Switzerland in June 2018 . Other activities undertaken to supplement the knowledge gathered through informant interviews included : ( 1 ) remote interviews and email correspondence with experts ; ( 2 ) a questionnaire to the UNHCR operation in Mexico ; and ( 3 ) desk review of grey and academic literature , online resources , UNHCR documents and data . UNHCR staff in Mexico reviewed drafts of this case study . A draft was also shared with government informants in October 2018 . In general , when relevant , efforts were undertaken to obtain data that is current between February and September 2018 . During the visit to Mexico , an opportunity to interview current COMAR officials did not materialize . Subsequent efforts to obtain data on the recognition of Haitians based on Mexico ’ s domestic refugee law framework have also failed to furnish tangible results . These aspects have necessarily constrained the depth of the information discussed in the case study . 205", "spans": [{"start": 1424, "end": 1459, "text": "data on the recognition of Haitians", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # Background of research participants Online surveys were conducted and responded by Moldovans and Ukrainian refugees , with refugees comprising between 2530 % of the participants . Since respondents were from different backgrounds and groups , it is important to outline their profiles and the key factors they identified as barriers to seek support and help , as well as the contexts that make them feel supported and cared for . 85 % of the survey respondents were aged between 26 and 65 years , with 35 % , of them being married and between 31 and 40 years old . Nearly half of the participants have children under 18 , as well as other dependents . About half of the participants are from the central region of the Moldova and live in urban areas . The survey was widely disseminated among both Moldovans and refugee women . A significant number of Ukrainian refugee women respondents live in the Left-Bank , with most receiving different types of assistance from the government . About 7 . 7 % of the respondents identified as belonging to a minority ethnic group , and about 3 . 6 % identified as LGBTIQ + . In terms of education , 83 % of respondents accessed or are accessing higher education , while the remaining participants have either primary or secondary education . This trend likely reflects the demographic of women who use social media , which was the primary platform for survey dissemination . Approximately 84 . 2 % of respondents practice a religion , of which 77 . 5 % identify as Christian Orthodox . Interestingly , only about 27 % of respondents indicated that they could save money . The remaining of participants , therefore , cannot have financial security in the event of unforeseen changes , such as health issues , natural disasters , or financial crises . Additionally , 5 % of survey participants were informally employed , highlighting their social vulnerability in terms of access to healthcare , insurance , and paid leave . # # # Women ’ s # # # understandings of violence against women More than 92 % of respondents indicated that they know and understand what violence against women and", "spans": [{"start": 42, "end": 56, "text": "Online surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "45 Zhou , N . , Hubacek , K . , & Roberts , M . ( 2015a ) . Analysis of spatial patterns of urban growth across South Asia using DMSP-OLS nighttime lights data . _Applied Geography_ , _63_ , 292 – 303 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . apgeog . 2015 . 06 . 016 Zhou , Y . , Smith , S . J . , Zhao , K . , Imhoff , M . , Thomson , A . , Bond-Lamberty , B . , . . . Elvidge , C . D . ( 2015b ) . A global map of urban extent from nightlights . _Environmental Research Letters_ , _10_ ( 5 ) , 54011 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1088 / 1748-9326 / 10 / 5 / 054011", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 . The link between financial services and development is by now broadly acknowledged in economic literature . Over the past years , the World Bank has explored the theme of access to financial services in various countries in Latin America , including Colombia . The present report provides an initial overview of the state of financial access in Colombia , drawing on the limited available information to date . 2 . Access to financial services has been declining in Colombia , as illustrated by decreasing levels of financial depth and intermediation and decreasing availability of basic financial services in relation to population size . In addition , a household survey in Bogotá finds that 61 % of the adult population lacks access to any form of formal financial services , such as checking or savings accounts , payment services or loans . 3 . An overall decline in financial intermediation , especially following the banking and fiscal crisis in the second half of the 1990s offers a partial explanation for the low level of financial access in Colombia . The level of intermediation was at 85 % in 2003 , down from 116 % in 1998 . the number of current and savings accounts per inhabitant has also been decreasing in the last four years . In light of lower risk investment opportunities in form of government bonds , Colombia ’ s main financial intermediaries , private banks , have limited incentives to increase their level of intermediation and provide services to low income clients . With the recovery of the financial system , the challenge today is to increase intermediation overall , and especially , intermediation to the poor . 4 . A brief supply side analysis shows that Colombia ’ s banks provide costly services mainly catered towards high income clients . Existing fees and costs of checking , savings and loan services average 5-10 % of a monthly minimum wage , making them hard to afford for low income clients . In addition , high minimum balance requirements create strong barriers to access even for basic financial services such as savings accounts . The situation is exacerbated by multiple documentation requirements resulting from strict anti-money laundering regulation which reduces the eligibility of low income clients for formal", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 706, "text": "household survey in Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 4 . 3 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices * * * * Summary of assessment findings : * * Overall , the main sources of data on infant and young child feeding ( IYCF ) practices in Lebanon were the VASyR 2013 and UNICEF ‟ s Joint Nutrition Assessment for registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon . The VASyR found that out of the 618 children between six and 23 months old that were included in the survey , only 6 % had a minimum acceptable diet according to WHO IYCF indicators . The VASyR also found that meal frequency was a problem , as almost 75 % of the children surveyed did not meet the minimum acceptable meal frequency set by WHO guidelines . UNICEF ‟ s assessment found that among Syrian refugees in Lebanon , over 85 % of children aged 0-23 months were breastfed . However , around 35 % of children aged 0-23 months received bottle feedings . UNICEF therefore recommended raising awareness around appropriate infant and young child feeding practices . At the time of the MSNA process , there was no specific data available on IYCF for any other target in any of the predetermined geographical areas . _Table [ 5 ] : Assessment coverage by geographic area and target population_ | | * * Vulnerable Local * * < br > | * * Lebanese * * < br > | * * PRS * * < br > * * Syrian refug * * | * * ees * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Citi * * | * * Rt * * | | | | | * * ommunes * * < br > * * ( Lebanese and PRL ) * * | * * eurnees * * | * * Registered * * | * * Unregistered * * | | * * National * * | | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 214, "text": "VASyR 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 230, "end": 256, "text": "Joint Nutrition Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "studies are critical to institutional reform of the WSS sector and for the privatization process , particularly in the development of policy instruments to address accessibility and affordability for poor households . Past microeconomic studies have focused almost exclusively on costs as being the primary concern of water and sanitation customers and the major constraint to demand . However , a review of other service industries ( Eto et al . , 2001 ) and intuition suggest that consumers place value on multiple service attributes , not just costs . Recently , Pattanayak et al . ( 2001 , 2004 ) and Hensher et al . ( 2004 ) have used more flexible approaches such as conjoint methods to show that customers do value multiple attributes of piped water supply . Stated preference approaches allow the researcher to evaluate new goods , services or policies for which no observational data exists . Conjoint analysis represents a type of field experiment in which the researcher manipulates the WSS service features offered to respondents to create options that may not currently exist ( Harrison and List 2004 ) . Conjoint analysis offers a compromise between a controlled experiment in which WSS services are randomly varied across the population and consumer data , which has too little variation for analysis . For example , if everybody in the sample pays exactly the same price , it will be impossible to trace out a demand curve using consumer data . Information from conjoint analysis can be used in service delivery programs to design appropriate service levels and tariffs , balance costs with service attributes , and increase consumer demand . By estimating the relative value placed on different service attributes , along with costs , customer preferences for different attributes can be ranked . Conjoint analysis can also be used to estimate willingness to pay for the sample as a whole and across sub-populations . We begin in Section 2 with a description of conjoint surveys , showing how they can serve as a tool for field experiments and source of valuable empirical data . We emphasize the design and logistical challenges associated with applying the conjoint method in the field . In Section 3 we use data from our recent conjoint survey conducted in Sri Lanka to", "spans": [{"start": 874, "end": 892, "text": "observational data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1445, "end": 1458, "text": "consumer data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 . _Social Accountability_ ( Part C2 ) activities under PBS aim to institutionalize capacity building and mechanisms for social accountability , improving service delivery by allowing citizens to evaluate service provision . This is done through channeling funds to local civil society organizations that enhance the ability of citizens to provide feedback on the quality and priorities of basic services . A scaled-up PBS 2 Social Accountability Sub-program C2 has been designed based on the findings of an independent evaluation of the PBS 1 pilot phase . A key conclusion of the evaluation is that the social accountability pilot initiative has shown that the use of appropriate social accountability mechanisms indeed can work in Ethiopia and have beneficial outcomes for the actors involved as well as for the quality of basic services . 19 . _Monitoring and Evaluation Sub-program D_ supports efforts to improve the quality of basic service data collection , so that there is more reliable and transparent information about progress to improve basic service results . To that end , the sub-program works to ( i ) strengthen existing national and sectoral M & E systems , and ( ii ) support the Central Statistics Agency ( CSA ) to improve surveys and data quality that will better link the inputs of PBS 2 to its results . The sub-program involves assessments of the quality and reliability of administrative and financial data . With this information , the sub-program can design and implement activities to strengthen data collection and reporting processes at all levels . This sub-program also provides targeted support to CSA to strengthen surveys and to expand its network connectivity to remote sites . 20 . * * Program Monitoring . * * The Program is monitored through intensive implementation support . This includes , among other activities , semi-annual , Government and DP Joint Review and Implementation Support ( JRIS ) missions . To allow informed discussions of the Government and Development Partners ’ contributions to the PBS program through its fiscal system , these missions include Joint Budget and Aid Review ( JBAR ) sessions , where all stakeholders review", "spans": [{"start": 935, "end": 953, "text": "basic service data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1402, "end": 1435, "text": "administrative and financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 # * * 7 . Corruption * * This section summarizes the literature on four policy issues related to corruption : its level in infrastructure , its effects , its drivers , and what can done about it . < sup > 27 < / sup > # * * The level of corruption in infrastructure * * Favoritism , fraud , cronyism , patronage , embezzlement , bribes , and state capture are all concepts that have long been associated with the delivery of infrastructure services in many countries . In the early 1990s their perceived increase in the sector was , in many countries , one of the arguments used to motivate privatization . Ten to fifteen years and many reforms later , the same concerns are reemerging in discussions about the delivery of infrastructure services . Indeed , the level of corruption in the sector is one of the main concerns for policymakers and opinion-makers monitoring service delivery in developing countries . The main debate has shifted from the interactions between public operators and users to those between private operators and government . NGOs are releasing books expressing concerns about the issue ( such as Finger and Allouche 2002 and Hall and Lobina 2002 ) , documenting legal events that have demonstrated incidents of corruption in the sector . ( Friends of the Earth 2001 and social scientists express concerns about the unusually high costs of renegotiations in the sector , while Flyvberg and others 2002 , 2003a , 2003b and Mitlin 2002 point to their surprising high levels ; see Guasch 2004 . ) The most powerful recent indicator of the importance of this issue may be that one of the main watchdogs in the business , Transparency International , has just released a survey of corruption and privatization in infrastructure in developing countries ( Boehm and Polanco 2003 ) . Unfortunately , this survey provides little new quantitative evidence and only covers concepts and useful anecdotes . Indeed , there is little applied or even theoretical research on this topic — maybe because there is even less data available than for all the other topics covered in this survey . With the exception of a database compiled by Clarke and Xu ( 2003 ) for Eastern Europe and", "spans": [{"start": 2127, "end": 2161, "text": "database compiled by Clarke and Xu", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9829 # * * Abstract * * Preferential trade agreements are growing in number and deepening in content by incorporating disciplines that go beyond market access . They increasingly encompass nontrade-related disciplines as diverse as intellectual property rights , environment laws , or labor market regulations . Moreover , because investment is complementary to trade , preferential trade agreements provide relevant institutional frameworks to partner countries that wish to regulate their foreign investments . This paper studies the impact of deep trade agreements on foreign direct investment and examines three sub-questions . First , is the impact of trade agreements on foreign direct investment heterogeneous across types of business activity ? Second , is this impact heterogeneous across disciplines covered in the agreements ? Third , does the level of development of home and host countries matter for this impact ? The analysis exploits the World Bank ’ s data set on the content of preferential trade agreement and data on announcements of bilateral greenfield investment at the activity level . The findings show that deep trade agreements matter for investment : every additional discipline in a preferential trade agreement increases foreign direct investment by 1 . 4 percent , on average . Deep agreements do not impact foreign direct investment in natural resources and extractive activities and have heterogeneous effects across manufacturing - and services-related activities . The results also reveal that disciplines that go beyond the mandate the World Trade Organization matter more for foreign direct investment . Disciplines related to investment liberalization and protection , intellectual property rights , or migration increase foreign direct investment , whereas disciplines on labor market regulations reduce investment . The results are mostly driven by investment between developed and developing countries . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at nrocha @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1115, "text": "data on announcements of bilateral greenfield investment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "apprentices by quotas set by firm size and lowered the minimum wage of apprentices . They found that firms in sectors requiring high skills inclined to avoid training apprentices due to high cost of training in these sectors , while firms in low-skill sectors sought apprentices . They also showed that in general equilibrium the reform increased the overall output of the economy and the welfare of apprentices in all sectors , but it reduced the welfare of firms in high skilled sectors and workers in low skilled sectors , indicating a replacement of a higher wage employee with a lower wage apprentice . Country level studies of ALMP in developed countries reveal mixed results . For instance , PES participation in France led to increased employment rates ( Fougère et al . 2005 ) , while a reemployment program in the US state of Nevada raised participant earnings ( Manoli et al . 2018 ) . However , in the US city of Detroit , job placement programs increased earnings solely through direct-hire placements , whereas temporary help placements had zero or negative effects on earnings ( Autor et al . 2017 ) . Moreover , in France and Denmark , although job search assistance increased the employment of participants , it also decreased the employment of non-participants ( Crepon et al . 2012 ; Gautier et al . 2018 ) . As for training programs in developed countries , Kluve ( 2010 ) discovered that integrated training programs in Europe increased employment rates by 40 – 50 percent compared to traditional methods . Yet , youth-focused programs had a 40 – 60 percent lower success rate in enhancing employment compared to adult programs . # * * 3 . Description of UB and ALMP Data and Stylized Facts * * This section details the novel UB and ALMP data utilized in the paper . It includes a statistical analysis to reveal patterns and correlations with other economic indicators . In addition , drawing on World Bank ' s Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory data , it offers a descriptive analysis of the UB and ALMP reforms implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic . # # * * 3 . 1 . Description of the data * * UB and ALMP data were", "spans": [{"start": 1676, "end": 1692, "text": "UB and ALMP Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1747, "end": 1763, "text": "UB and ALMP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1932, "end": 1980, "text": "Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Where a survey does not contain this extra information to rely on , we suggest using a rule of thumb : _code as active people who report doing domestic work but live in agricultural households_ . Table 10 below uses the IHS 1992 / 93 to show that while not a perfect adjustment , this rule of thumb on aggregate considerably adjusts for underreporting for participation when compared to a finer adjustment based on the use of information from other sections as stated above . Nonetheless , the rule of thumb is not a panacea , as it overstates men ’ s participation when compared to a detailed adjustment , while restricting it to agriculture household still excludes those in urban areas who carry out household chores that should be counted as economic activities . * * Table10 : Comparison of unadjusted and adjusted labor force participation rates by gender , 1992 / 93 * * | * * Labor forceparticipation rate * * < sup > * * a * * < / sup > | * * Male * * | * * Gender * * < br > * * Female * * | * * Uganda * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Unadjusted LFPR | 81 . 8 % | 75 . 2 % | 78 . 3 % | | < br > Rule of thumb adjustment | 90 . 9 % | 82 . 1 % | 86 . 3 % | | < br > Detailed adjustment ( from table3 ) | 86 . 7 % | 90 . 4 % | 88 . 6 % | * * _Source : _ * * _Authors ’ calculations based on the IHS 1992 / 93 . _ * * _Note : _ * * _The unadjusted LFPR is based only on the main employment status questions , rule of thumb simply codes as active people who reported domestic work but resides in agricultural households where similarly aged people of their gender report agriculture work , and detailed adjustment makes adjustments using information from other questions and modules of the questionnaire ( secondary activities , and time use and household enterprise module ) .", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 233, "text": "IHS 1992 / 93", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1312, "end": 1315, "text": "IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> are as | ance m < br > lerabl < br > low a | atrix < br > e , but < br > s rea | ( Tabl < br > effor < br > sonabl | e < br > ts < br > y | | * * High * * | * * > 50 * * | Sha < br > abo < br > miti | ded re < br > ve ) . T < br > gation | d as s < br > hese < br > meas | how < br > deno < br > ures | n abo < br > te th < br > must | ve in < br > at the < br > be im | the i < br > im < br > plem | mpact < br > pact is < br > ented t | signi < br > un - < br > o red | fican < br > accep < br > uce t | ce mat < br > table < br > he sig | rix ( < br > and < br > nifica | Table < br > furth < br > nce . | 4 < br > er | # # # * * 4 . 6 . 2 Impact Significance Rating * * Mitigation measures were proposed based on findings of the field surveys / analyses and stakeholder consultations . Recommendations were made in accordance with Ugandan laws and regulations , the World Bank Environmental Health Safety Sector Guidelines , sound technological measures , and standard industry best practice . Mitigation measures that require to be integrated in the early planning stages of the project were proposed following preliminary impacts identification . 43 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA MFNP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 735, "end": 748, "text": "field surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "province , illustrating that the spatial distribution of poverty differs across markedly across provinces . Poverty rates are highest in the Northern Province and Free State , although the depth of poverty is highest in the Free State and Eastern Cape < sup > 5 < / sup > The poverty gap ( i . e . the amount that is needed annually to wipe out poverty through a perfectly targeted transfer to the poor ) in 1995 was about R15 billion , or about 4 % of GDP . In the case of the Northern Province , the poverty gap amounts to 21 % of the Gross Provincial Product . How has poverty changed since 1993 ? A 1998 resurvey in KwaZulu Natal of the households included in the SALDRU sample indicates that , in the immediate post-apartheid period , both the depth and the level of poverty increased . This was accompanied by a widening of the income distribution ( Carter and May , 1999 ) . While a few households close to the poverty line , endowed with relatively high levels of productive assets , were able to take advantage of the more favorable policy environment and move ahead , a much greater number of households - especially those with low asset endowments - fell behind . This suggests that strategies to increase households ' access to productive assets will be a key element of any strategy aimed at sustainable poverty reduction . # * * 3 The land reform program in the context of the RDP strategy * * To understand the character of the land reform program , its objectives , and the way in which these were to be implemented , we discuss this program within the overall context of the Reconstruction and Development Program ( RDP ) launched by the ANC government in 1994 . Looking at the key RDP programs jointly allows not only to appreciate the amount of resources involved but also to highlight potential linkages between them . In 1994 , the first democratically elected government of South Africa committed itself to the RDP as policy framework to promote a fundamental transformation of the social , economic and moral foundations of South African society ( ANC , 1994 ; GNU , 1994 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has been rapidly rising in the country , leading to adverse consequences , particularly for adolescent girls and pregnant and lactating women . # * * Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 2 . * * Ethiopia has seen significant health in the last two decades . * * Child stunting rates decreased from 58 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2019 , though still high compared to the regional average for Sub-Saharan Africa , with geographic disparities between rural and urban areas . Child mortality rates have fallen significantly , during the same period , with the under-5 mortality rate decreasing from 166 to 59 per 1 , 000 live births , and the infant mortality rate decreasing from 97 to 47 per 1 , 000 live births . Maternal health has also improved , with the maternal mortality ratio more than halving from 871 to 412 maternal deaths per 100 , 000 live births between 2000 and 2016 . Antenatal care ( ANC ) coverage and institutional deliveries have improved significantly , with the proportion of pregnant women who have had one or more ANC visits increasing from 28 percent in 2005 to 74 percent in 2019 . The proportion of women delivering in a health facility has also seen substantial improvement , rising from a mere 5 percent in 2005 to 48 percent in 2019 . However , Ethiopia still has a long way to go in achieving its target of universal health coverage ( UHC ) , with the UHC service coverage index at 38 percent in 2019 . 3 . * * Ethiopia faces multiple crises affecting its economy and the health sector . * * The conflicts in the northern and other parts of the country have had devastating consequences on the provision of vital health services , resulting in loss of lives , displacement of communities and healthcare professionals , and leaving millions in dire need of immediate humanitarian aid . In addition , the health sector was also significantly impacted by recurrent disease outbreaks , droughts , floods , and other emergencies . These events adversely affected the health system , resulting in limited access to healthcare and service interruptions . In response to these", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1414, "text": "UHC service coverage index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Annual | UETCL database | UETCL | | Female beneficiaries | Based on the assessment and definition of < br > direct project beneficiaries , specify what < br > percentage of the beneficiaries are female . | Annual | UETCL database | UETCL | # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Description ( indicator definition etc . ) * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Data Source / * * < br > * * Methodology * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Substation constructed or | Under Component A , an extension of the | < br > Annual | UETCL monthly report | UETCL | | rehabilitated under the | Lira substation will be conducted and | | | | 27", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 25, "text": "UETCL database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 627, "end": 647, "text": "UETCL monthly report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "organizational structure of the firm , we also consider the impact of organizational innovation on employment . Third , we disentangle the effects of process innovation from product innovation on employment when both are implemented simultaneously by using a two stage methodology with a random coefficients specification in the first stage . Finally , we study how the degree of novelty of innovation and the level of a country ’ s development affect the elasticity of innovation to employment . Given the nature of the data we use , our results focus on average effects > 1Lentz and Mortensen ( 2008 ) , using Danish firm-level data , find that up to 75 % of productivity growth comes from reallocation of inputs to innovating firms , of which 25 % is entry and exist of firms and 50 % reallocation to growing innovative firms . 3", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 634, "text": "Danish firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 0 . 275 + + + < br > ( 0 . 090 ) | - 0 . 241 + + + < br > ( 0 . 083 ) | - 0 . 237 + + + < br > ( 0 . 083 ) | - 0 . 091 + + + < br > ( 0 . 031 ) | | Log per capita consumption | | | | 0 . 152 < br > ( 0 . 505 ) | | | Local Industrial Conditions by Incumbent Firms : | | | | | | | Labor market strength for district-industry | | | 0 . 161 < br > ( 0 . 102 ) | 0 . 164 < br > ( 0 . 102 ) | 0 . 026 < br > ( 0 . 041 ) | | Inputs / supplier strength for district-industry | | | 0 . 485 + + + < br > ( 0 . 098 ) | 0 . 485 + + + < br > ( 0 . 098 ) | 0 . 154 + + + < br > ( 0 . 043 ) | | Outputs / customer strength for district-industry | | | 0 . 388 + + + < br > ( 0 . 140 ) | 0 . 387 + + + < br > ( 0 . 140 ) | 0 . 167 + + + < br > ( 0 . 057 ) | | Chinitz small suppliers metric for district-industry | | | 0 . 279 < br > ( 0 . 213 ) | 0 . 279 < br > ( 0 . 212 ) | 0 . 337 + + + < br > ( 0 . 129 ) | | Industry fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Observations | 4843 | 4843 | 4843 | 4843 | 4843 | | Adjusted R-squared | 0 . 128 | 0 . 166 | 0 . 218 | 0 . 218 | 0 . 279 | Notes : Estimations quantify the relationship between district-industry employment in new establishments and local district conditions . District-level traits are taken from the 2001 Census . Industrial", "spans": [{"start": 1259, "end": 1270, "text": "2001 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "little discernable rational basis decided to omit a number of survey responses from the publicly released data base . Consider one example . The OCC survey asked people without bank accounts why they did not have an account and read a list of reasons that they could agree with , including such reasons as “ don ’ t have enough money , ” “ bank fees are too high , ” etc . The public data set includes peoples ’ responses to this question . The OCC survey followed this question with an identical question with a second set of possible reasons , such as “ you need a Social Security number to open an account , ” “ bank won ’ t let you open an account , ” etc . The public data set does not include peoples ’ responses to this question . Despite these weaknesses , the OCC data provides a number of insights into the use of financial services by lower-income urban households . Table 1 presents an overview of the socioeconomic characteristics of the adults in the survey . As indicated in the table , almost 60 percent of the adults work and almost an equal percentage have household incomes of $ 30 , 000 or less . We will refer to these households as lowerincome households . < sup > 6 < / sup > More than half ( 53 % ) of the surveyed population identified themselves as Latino and 33 percent as black non-Latinos . Slightly more than one-third ( 37 % ) of the adults did not have a deposit account of any type . In contrasting the data between the two cities , the most striking differences is the much greater representation of Latinos ( 63 % ) in Los Angeles , and the greater presence of younger individuals and individuals in the lowest income category in this city . > 5 9 . 1 % > 6 In 2000 , the median household income in New York City was $ 39 , 939 and the median household income in Los Angeles was $ 35 , 955 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 392, "text": "public data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 769, "end": 777, "text": "OCC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "process for large _T_ . The test is not seriously affected by outliers for large samples ( _T_ > 3000 ) . The KL test has good power only for large and non-monotonic changes in the GARCH parameters for any data generating processes for the absolute returns rather than the squared . The KL ( 2000 ) test shows good power for detecting changes in the variance of the error terms in the GARCH process and appears fully robust to outliers . Finally , as the sample size ( _T_ ) increases the performance of the test improves even for small change points . We use both monthly and daily data on individual commodities in order to account fully for differences across commodity markets since both the mean and volatility in individual prices exhibits different break points . Additionally , the use of individual prices allows us to examine whether the relationship between prices of different commodities has changed over time . Further , a measure of how this relationship has changed permits an examination of the role of financial market integration in determining price dispersion or synchronization . Finally , we introduce robustness checks given the scale-dependence of measured volatility . # * * 5 . Results * * Both tests highlight the heterogeneity across individual commodities . Even in periods where volatility breaks are more common it is far from the case that all , or even most commodities , exhibit the same regime shifts . This can be illustrated by Chart 2 below , which shows the percentage of commodities in our sample for which we detect a break in any given decade . As Chart 2 highlights , in most decades the proportion of commodities that experience a break is relatively low ( below 10-15 percent using the KL test and less than 50 percent using the IT test ) . Even in decades of very high volatility , like the 1910s , 1940s , and 1970s there is a number of commodity prices which did not exhibit breaks in volatility . 13", "spans": [{"start": 565, "end": 613, "text": "monthly and daily data on individual commodities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In their study of power generation and the US SO2 program , Considine and Larson ( 2006 ) considered the use of the atmosphere for the disposal of emissions as a factor of production , priced by tradable emission permits , and derived related input demand schedules in a cost-function framework . The authors applied a similar approach in their paper on the European Union ’ s program for greenhouse gases ( Considine and Larson 2009 ) . Several studies estimated the abatement cost function by separating cost of abatement from the cost of production . Using data from the U . S . Census Bureau , Hartman , Wheeler , and Singh ( 1994 ) estimated air pollution abatement costs by industry sectors . Assuming that the abatement cost function was separable from the firm ’ s production cost function , they estimated abatement costs as a quadratic function of emissions abatement . Hamaide and Boland ( 2000 ) defined abatement costs as a second-order polynomial function of abatement alone . While estimating the cost of abating agricultural nitrogen pollution in wetlands , Bystrom ( 1998 ) estimated linear , quadratic , and log-log specifications of a cost function . For the projects that generate CERs only , total project costs are synonymous with abatement costs . However , in some cases , project investments increase power generations as well as mitigate greenhouse gas emissions . In this paper , our initial focus will be on a separable cost function ; consequently we calculate a net cost of abatement by subtracting out net revenues from the expected sales of electricity , a “ by-product ” of abatement . Later , we repeat the analysis using total project costs , but include expected power increases as a control . # * * 2 . 1 The Conceptual Model * * As a starting point for the derivation of our applied model , consider the expected project value function , where the value of the investment , V0 , is determined by the discounted value of two streams of profit from a project initiated in year 0 and expected to last _n_ years < sup > 7 < / sup > : > 7 See Timilsina and Lefevre ( 1999 ) for a related discussion", "spans": [{"start": 574, "end": 595, "text": "U . S . Census Bureau", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "context of the war in Ukraine - Findings from Poland and Romania available here : * * < u > Vulnerability to trafficking in persons in the context of the war in Ukraine . < / u > * * Ms Šaturová * * from the * * US Embassy * * presented the key findings of the Trafficking in Persons Report 2024 . In the area of prosecution , law enforcement agencies investigated and prosecuted fewer suspects in 2023 than in 2022 . Courts convicted significantly more traffickers ( 18 ) . Moderate sentences are still given to traffickers - 10 out of 18 cases are suspended . Professional training continued for a wide range of stakeholders . EMPACT \" Action Days \" were implemented : no victims / traffickers identified . In terms of protection , 43 victims were identified - less than in 2022 . Also , low identification among foreign nationals and an increase in the proportion of child victims ( 49 percent ) were reported . Despite the prioritization of the protection of potential victims from among the UA refugees , no case has been confirmed . Furthermore , a low level of victim participation in the victim support and protection program was reported . The courts granted financial compensation to 2 victims . In addition , special rooms in the courts were opened . In the area of prevention , the report points out insufficient monitoring of the subsidy program for accommodation for Ukrainian refugees and insufficient control of recruitment agencies .", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 295, "text": "Trafficking in Persons Report 2024", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fees obtained from the migrant household sample vary for each migrant household , the fees obtained from the urban household > 30 We do not explore the panel feature of the data set between 2008 and 2009 since despite substantial efforts to track individuals over time , the panel data suffer from exceptionally heavy attrition ( 58 . 4 percent ) . This is due to the mobile nature of migrant workers and the consequences of the financial crisis that hit China in 2009 ( Akgüç , Giulietti , and Zimmermann 2013 ) . An option is to construct synthetic panel data that can allow dynamic analysis ( Dang et al . , 2014 ) , but we leave this for future research . > 31 These fees include tuition , food and accommodation , remedial classes , other fees ( e . g . school uniforms and so on ) and “ sponsorship fees / boarding fees / selecting school fees ” . Unless otherwise noted , all numbers are our estimates from the RUMiC survey . > 32 Figure 1 , however , reassuringly indicates that there is no systematic difference between school fees obtained from the rural household sample or the urban household sample . See also Carletto , Larrison , and Ozden ( 2014 ) for a detailed discussion on the construction of proper sampling frames for collecting migration data . 21", "spans": [{"start": 918, "end": 930, "text": "RUMiC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Child Development Workers educate and talk to parents or children , 57 percent conduct infant feedings , and nearly 80 percent engage in home visits and growth monitoring . These results show an intensification of the provision of a range of crucial health and ECDrelated services for both young children and parents in program areas . * * Table 1 . Functions of Service Providers by Type of Provider and ECD Program Area , * * * * < u > Philippines ECD Study ( Round 3 ) < / u > * * | Provider Type : | Rural < br > Mid | Health < br > wife | Bar < br > Health | angay < br > Worker | Day < br > Wo | Care < br > rker | Child < br > Development < br > Worker < sup > a < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Program ( P ) or non - < br > program ( NP ) area : < br > _Functions : _ | P | NP | P | NP | P | NP | P | | Examine patients | 95 . 5 | 81 . 7 * | 3 . 1 | 6 . 1 | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | | Provide diagnosis | 30 . 5 | 12 . 0 * | 0 . 24 | 0 | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | | Dispense medicines | 88 . 7 | 91 . 7 | 15 . 4 | 16 . 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 . 8 | | Make referrals | 57 . 1 | 36 . 7 * | 14 . 2 | 10 . 8 | 7 . 7 | 0 * | 11 . 1 | | Educate or talk to < br > clients | 67 . 2 | 36 . 7 * | 19 . 5 | 15 . 4 | 54 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 459, "text": "Philippines ECD Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NOR , POL , SVN | | France | 0 . 537 | 0 . 526 | 0 . 555 | AUT , BEL , CHE , FIN , ISL , LTU , NOR , < br > POL , SVN | | Germany | 0 . 501 | 0 . 491 | 0 . 512 | BLR , CZE , ESP , LVA | | Ireland | 0 . 587 | 0 . 575 | 0 . 607 | GBR , NLD , SWE | | Luxembourg | 0 . 487 | 0 . 475 | 0 . 503 | BLR , DEU , GRC , ITA , UKR | | Netherlands | 0 . 581 | 0 . 568 | 0 . 597 | GBR , IRL , SWE | | Switzerland | 0 . 553 | 0 . 542 | 0 . 570 | BEL , CYP , DNK , EST , FIN , NOR , POL | | United Kingdom | 0 . 580 | 0 . 570 | 0 . 596 | IRL , NLD , SWE | | * * Simple average * * | * * 0 . 481 * * | * * 0 . 471 * * | * * 0 . 496 * * | | | * * Population-weighted average * * | * * 0 . 496 * * | * * 0 . 484 * * | * * 0 . 511 * * | | _Source_ : Authors ’ calculations . # * * _6 . Concluding Remarks_ * * This paper provides an extension of the Human Capital Index that makes it more relevant for the education and health challenges faced by countries in Europe and Central Asia . Specifically , the extension incorporates two elements that are particularly important for the region . First , there is an additional focus on quality adjusted years of tertiary education , in addition to basic education . Second , health status is captured by including risk factors such as obesity , smoking and heavy alcohol consumption , all of which are prevalent in the region . This exercise highlights the importance of investing in tertiary education for many countries in the region , as well as the importance of preventing risk", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rate drives the entrepreneur to choose nonofficial channels . Full unification of the exchange rate therefore becomes the inescapable policy implication in order to stem the flow to unofficial activities ( and capital flight ) and to attract unofficial activities back to officialdom . These benefits of unification of the exchange rate regime are not a mere theoretical construct . Data from Ukraine ' s official auction for foreign exchange , already operating for almost three years , provides compelling evidence . During periods when the official exchange rate was less than 70 percent of the ( street ) market rate , the ( nongovernment ) foreign exchange supply to the auction was about $ 50 million per quarter . Conversely , during times when the official rate has exceeded 80 percent of the street rate , supply to the official auction has averaged about $ 550 million per quarter , as shown in Figure A3 in the Annex . In other words , the annualized difference in supply between a quasi-unified and nonunified exchange rate auction is about $ 2 . 2 billion . # 6 . * * Privatization : On the Fallacy of Equity Versus Speed * * From early on in the FSU transition there has been a debate as to the optimal speed , scope , and type of privatization of the enterprise sector . Among other points debated , many have argued for gradualism ( and partiality ) on the basis of equity and implementation efficiency , so as", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 421, "text": "Data from Ukraine ' s official auction", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "personal identifiers , placements , capitation grant information , school visits , and teacher observations . The school and county level implementing agencies provided reports on a regular basis to contribute to national level reporting on project progress . The project also supported student learning assessments and policy studies related to teacher deployment and utilization , cost effective models for enhancing participation in ASALs and informal settlements including for children with special needs , and equity-based financing for primary and secondary education in Kenya . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * M & E data was used to monitor project progress , provide school level data , determine distribution of school capitation grants , secondary school student insurance , teacher training , and teacher promotions . The ICR ( page 33 ) also reported that results of the learning assessments have been used as follows : ( i ) EGMA results have led to increased teacher training efforts , particularly school-level Page 13 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 629, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "randomly generated replacement list from the original frame . Forty percent of the original sample was replaced . < sup > 12 < / sup > The study sample was randomly divided into a control group ( 176 students ) and three treatment groups ( consisting of 107 students each ) . Treatment group 1 ( T1 ) received a digital library of freely available ( non-curriculum ) fiction / non-fiction reading material . Treatment group 2 ( T2 ) received the digital library _and_ core curriculum textbooks in Mathematics and English . Treatment group 3 ( T3 ) received the digital library , the core curriculum textbooks _and_ supplementary instructional material . Supplementary materials included open source materials curated by curriculum experts to provide both remedial and current instructional content . To benchmark the impact of eReaders on school participation against a non-technology , a random subsample of 70 students from the treatment groups – identified via a cross design orthogonal to the treatment and stratified by treatment group – were read a short script by a trained enumerator on the expected returns to education in Lagos . < sup > 13 < / sup > The experimental design is presented in Figure 1 . A baseline school survey covering 214 schools in Lagos was conducted in November 2010 before the intervention began with a series of workshops in August 2011 . During these workshops , students completed a self-administered , 45-minute survey and test to capture data on student characteristics and reading comprehension and ability . The test included publicly released test items used in the Grade 5 English – Language Arts Standards Test ( one of the California Standards Tests administered as part of the Standardized Testing and Reporting ( STAR ) Program ) . After the survey and test , students in the treatment groups were provided eReaders and given a short orientation on the device . For control students , a placebo session was organized wherein students participated in a short talk about the potential of technology use in education . Students in t < mark > he cross-designed information treatment group received the returns to schooling information at the close of the workshop . < / mark > < mark > Endline student testing was conducted during workshops", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1266, "text": "baseline school survey covering 214 schools in Lagos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In Mali , Sudan , Yemen and Nigeria , findings suggest that only US $ 5 was available per beneficiary for the whole year . Some observations from _Unprotected 2020_ and 2020 HRPs led us to estimate that US $ 7 to US $ 10 per beneficiary per year is needed for awareness activities , < sup > 31 < / sup > US $ 16 to US $ 80 per child for psychosocial support activities , < sup > 32 < / sup > 83 to 1 , 000 US $ per child for victim assistance for children in conflict , < sup > 33 < / sup > and US $ 150 to US $ 2 , 423 for case management services . < sup > 34 < / sup > Identification , assistance and reintegration of children associated with armed forces and armed groups ranges from US $ 300 to US $ 1 , 500 per child . < sup > 35 < / sup > Figure 17 presents a way to visualise the population in need that is not targeted by the response plan and is therefore missing from the global picture when talking about underfunding . The underfunding is even starker when considering the total population in need of CP , with an average 10 % coverage rate in comparison to the original 38 % . This exercise does not aim to show the exact sum required to bring assistance to the total population in need , as it does not account for additional costs of reaching the whole population , additional security measures , nor the economies or costs of scaling up programmes . * * Focusing on the example of DRC , which showed a good funding coverage in 2019 , data suggests that the budget for the CP response is underestimated , with only US $ 46 required per beneficiary , which falls short of achieving the Minimum Standards of Child Protection and quality CP interventions . * * * * FIGURE 16 SELECTION OF 2019 HRPS : ESTIMATED FUNDING REQUESTED AND AVAILABLE FOR CHILD PROTECTION * * ( US $ /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 21 - Countries which discovered and exploited oil resources ( The Congo , Gabon , Cameroon , and Nigeria ) are likely to have enjoyed higher growth rates through 1982 , conditional on factor inputs and tax policy . Political instability can disrupt economic growth both through the destruction of property and capital , the flight of skilled workers , and the loss of new investment ( Schneider and Frey , 1985 ; Stewart and Venieris , 1985 ) . A variable measuring the number of \" successful \" coups during the period is included ( Griffiths , 1984 ) . Although coups are potentially endogenous ( declining economic fortanes spur coup attempts ) , Wheeler ( 1984 ) finds that political disruption Granger-causes output changes , but not conversely . In the next section , sources of data are described , and regression results are reported . # IV . Egirical Results The data set described below will be used to estimate both the output growth model developed in Section III , and also to estimate investment demand equations . The data come from national accounts and government financial statistics . To abstract from short-term fluctuations , income growth is averaged over 9 years , 1965-73 and 1974-82 . 9 The period 1973-74 represents a significant transition for many countries from relatively stable growth to uneven development as rising oil prices and worldwide recessions led to declining export prices and increased debt . Although some export prices rose later in the 1970s , the second oil price increase in 1979-80 , subsequent economic slumps , and increasing debt burdens all led to increasing stress on government tax collection efforts . Despite these downturns , government investment during 1974-82 was high relative to the previous period ( Shalizi , Ghandi , and Ehdaie , 1985 ) . Overall tax effort increased for Sub-saharan African countries during this 2 / In a few countries , 1974-81 , growth rates were calculated ; for Somalia , 1974-79 rates were measured .", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1066, "text": "national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1071, "end": 1102, "text": "government financial statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "child protection as part of WASH activities including safeguarding , using accessible , translated , materials , better participation of children , and considering supply chains . < sup > 194 < / sup > # # # # Camp coordination and management The role of camp coordination and camp management < mark > ( CCCM ) is to ensure effective management and coordination of humanitarian response in all types of communal settlements , namely planned camps , collective centres , self-settled camps and reception or transit centres , according to relevant standards . It supports the identification of gaps , representation and meaningful participation of IDPs and host communities , facilitates information sharing , and ultimately advocates for adequate and timely intervention by relevant actors . < / mark > < mark > In situations of displacement , CCCM can play a central role in identifying and preventing hazards and risks that affect children ’ s physical safety . < / mark > One such example of promising practice shared by a key informant working in Myanmar , highlighted this central function of CCCM . Following the deaths of two children who fell into a pit latrine , CCCM , WASH and the protection cluster came together to discuss how best to respond and identify what more could be done to promote camp safety . A response plan was formed based on an assessment of the camps which included focus group discussions with children and parents on how to make communities safer , a CCCM survey of the community , and a WASH cluster assessment of the condition of all latrines . CCCM having increased their awareness collect data on the number of deaths and injuries reported in the camps . This information is shared among agencies in other sectors who can target responses where needed . Reporting also takes place when incidents relating to safety are identified through other clusters , and CCCM plays a central role in coordinating data collection and liaising with the government . Responses between sectors have included safety drills for children , posters , awareness-raising sessions in the communities surrounding safe and unsafe areas , strengthening and monitoring latrines , and", "spans": [{"start": 1482, "end": 1510, "text": "CCCM survey of the community", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "includes women . HSDP dealt with many maternal and child health related issues which are of major importance for women . Both HSDP I and HSDP II planned to mainstream gender activities into the program to create awareness about the gender issues so that these issues are well addressed in management , health planning and decision-making processes . The objectives included the establishment of women ’ s affairs units at the regional , zonal and woreda levels , with adequate trained staff , to enforce gender issues in the design of projects and provide follow-up on implementation ; those units have been established , but staffing them with adequate numbers of trained personnel is a problem . Most of the objectives of the Women ’ s Affairs Department ( WAD ) of MOH could no be realized . Little progress has been made to integrate gender in terms of institutional strengthening and programming at national and regional levels . Much remains to be done to sensitize rural communities on gender issues and to reduce harmful traditional practices . Regarding the healthcare work force , it has remained male-dominated . Based on 2002 / 2003 data , only about 12 percent of physicians , 13 percent of health officers , 46 percent of nurses and 58 percent of health workers are female . More recently , a great number of health extension workers ( HEW ) have been recruited , and most of them are women . There are ongoing efforts to develop gender guidelines and perhaps may lead to to the implementation of a gender quota for admission to nursing training , but it will be difficult to significantly increase the number of females in nursing programs until the number of females completing secondary education have improved . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1133, "end": 1149, "text": "2002 / 2003 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 Despite its already high value ( 85 . 6 % in 1992 ) , by 1996 the average share of local governments in consolidated regional expenditures on \" Education \" gained additional 2 percentage points . This expenditure category has been a firm prerogative of local governments in practically all regions - between 1992 and 1996 the values of the respective coefficient of variation remained exceptionally low at around 0 . 09 . Also , compared to other types of expenditures , the minimum value across regions of the average share of local governments in public spending on \" Education \" was remarkably high : 56 % in 1992 and 59 . 2 % in 1996 . The single most notable expansion of local governments ' expenditure responsibilities was in the sphere of \" Social Protection \" . Between 1992 and 1996 , the average share of local governments in consolidated regional expenditures on \" Social Protection \" rose from 22 . 3 % to 70 . 8 % . As noted by Lavrov ( 1996a ) however , this seemingly drastic change in policies may at least in part might reflect a 1994 change in the budget classification , which moved the formerly separate category \" Allowances for Children and Other Social Transfers to the Population \" in the expenditure item \" Social Protection \" . Between 1992 and 1996 , the regional disparities in local governments involvement in \" Social Protection \" diminished substantially , as the respective coefficient of variation fell by nearly 70 percentage points right after the steep rise of the average share of local governments in consolidated regional expenditures on \" Social Protection \" in 1995 . A more detailed look at local governments ' involvement in \" Social Protection \" by economic region ' < sup > 0 < / sup > however , shows that the Northern Region did not participate in the observed rapid decentralization of this type of expenditures . As the data in Table 11 shows , up to 1994 the Northern Region was in line with the rest of the country by degree of decentralization of the \" Social Protection \" expenditures . But in 1994 , it did not follow the countrywide rapid expansion of local governments ' involvement in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "perform physical activity , or to handle moving objects , such as vehicles or machines ; requiring workers to repair large mechanical or electronic equipment ; entailing worker exposure to diseases or infections ; involving work in which email is very seldom used . This measure , however , is based on six-digit-level disaggregation of the Standard Occupational Classification ( SOC ) system . Given that the EU Labour Force Survey has a coarser disaggregation of occupations , we aggregate our telework measure to three-digit SOC occupations using employment weights based on the Current Population Survey of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics . Therefore , the six-digit-level variable used by Dingel and Neiman ( 2020 ) becomes a continuous variable between zero and one in our data ; this variable reflects the share of jobs within each broad occupation category that is amenable to telework . We then transform this classification to the International Standard Classification of Occupations ( ISCO08 ) used in the EU labor force survey . # * * Jobs with Greater Income Risks * * Using these criteria , we categorize a job as vulnerable to income risks if it is neither essential nor able to be undertaken via telework . Workers in these jobs are exposed to higher risks of dismissal and loss of income given that mobility restrictions impact their ability to perform their duties at their workplaces . # * * Jobs with Greater Health Risks * * When assessing job-specific exposure to health risks , as our fourth measure , we first quantify the extent of face-to-face interactions required by occupations . We follow Avdiu and Nayyar ( 2020 ) who create an index based on O * NET surveys . In this case , we assume that a job requires high face-to-face interactions if it involves tasks such as establishing and maintaining personal relationships , assisting and caring for others , performing for or working directly with the public , or selling to or influencing others through extensive personal interaction ( Garrote-Sanchez et al . , 2020 ) . We categorize jobs as exposed to health risks , if they require above average face-to-face interaction level , are deemed essential and cannot be performed from home . < sup > 5 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 432, "text": "EU Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 607, "text": "Current Population Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1019, "end": 1040, "text": "EU labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Country / Organisation : | | For Contracts | underprojects | approved befo | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Project / Programme : < br > Loan # : | | If Post-Review < br > Contract < br > Type < br > Lumpsum | , No-objection < br > Estimated | Dates are not < br > | | * * package no . * * | Description * | Selection < br > Method | or < br > Time-Based | Amount < br > in US $ ’ 000 | Prior / Post < br > Review | | | Norm Duration of Proc Steps < br > | | | | | | * * Har-CSRP-1 / 10 * * | Coduct Regional training need < br > assesment study | LCS | Lumpsum | 12 . 77 | Post | | * * Har-CSRP-2 / 10 * * | Heiring or contracting of consultant < br > firm for BSC evaluation & < br > implmentaion process in the region < br > to standardaize & validate the < br > outcome of BSC study . | CQS | Lumpsum | 12 . 16 | Post | | * * Har-CSRP-3 / 10 * * | Coduct Post BPR implimentaion < br > impact assesment review to < br > identify gaps & recommend < br > possible solution | LCS | Lumpsum | 17 . 28 | Post | | * * Har-CSRP-4 / 10 * * | Dvelop Human Resource data < br > base management system to < br > improve quality of data | LCS | Lumpsum | 12 . 16 | Post | | * * Har-JSRP-1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at a time of growing need for skills for the economic transformation articulated in the National Agenda . This suggests the need for significant realignment of MoE vocational programs to be undertaken based on input from the employer community and deeper analysis of labor market information derived from Al Manar and similar initiatives , in a way that aligns them with the reforms initiated by the Ministries of Labour ( MoL ) and Higher Education and Scientific Research ( MoHESR ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 267, "end": 291, "text": "labor market information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "phones . < sup > 3 < / sup > The data presents changes in visits to these different places relative to some baseline value for a given geographic location , and it is available at the subnational level in some countries . These data are only obtained from mobile phone users with location services turned on but nonetheless can reflect useful signals in the data . We extracted Google mobility and search trends at the subnational level . The raw GPS data on mobility were first grouped by categories of places with similar characteristics , namely : grocery and pharmacy , parks , transit stations , retail and recreation , residential areas , and workplaces . < sup > 4 < / sup > The resulting data shows how visits to categorized places change relative to the baseline period , which is the region-specific median value picked from the 5-week period between January 3 and February 6 , 2020 , just before the onset of the global pandemic . The Google mobility information is available only from February 2020 , which naturally limits its usage — when tracking changes in economic activity — to the COVID-19 period . Google search data — that is also available at the subnational level in some countries — provide information regarding the search intensity of a given combination of keywords for the target location and time period . Each data point can be interpreted as a share of a given request in the total searches in a given location and time period . However , as Abay et al . ( 2020 ) point out , the raw Google search series are not comparable across terms and geographic areas , which in our case are subnational regions . The primary reason is the following : when requesting Google search data for a given search term , it is possible to obtain the information only for a limited number of geographic locations per request . Thus , to obtain the information for the desired number of geographic locations , one has to file multiple requests in succession . The resulting data points are comparable across terms and geographic locations only within one request . To achieve the desired comparability of Google search data points across different requests –", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 411, "text": "Google mobility and search trends", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 455, "text": "GPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 946, "end": 973, "text": "Google mobility information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1689, "end": 1707, "text": "Google search data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") in the five KCCA divisions , as well as the construction and rehabilitation of two primary drainage channels . The prioritization and selection of the sub-projects , which was done after appraisal , was based on economic criteria , technical viability , the connectivity of the roads , and their ability to distribute traffic within the city with the potential to reduce congestion and improve mobility ( including non-motorized transport ) within the central business district . The project would seek the involvement of target beneficiaries through discussions of proposed sub-projects based on the long list between KCCA and the respective divisions ’ councilors and Local Councils . In addition to civil works , the Component planned to provide technical advisory services for : ( i ) carrying out of a survey on the conditions of the road and drainage networks , as well as creation of separate databases for roads and drainage ; ( ii ) updating the Kampala Capital City drainage master plan ; and ( iii ) preparing designs for future upgrading of roads , junctions , and drainage systems . The component financed civil works , consultancies ( studies , designs and supervisions ) with IDA funding , and the Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) and associated costs from KCCA counterpart funding . Implementation of Component 1 was planned in two phases . 13 . * * Component 2 - Institutional and Systems Development Support ( IDA - US $ 10 million ) was intended to strengthen the capacity of KCCA as an autonomous corporate body to deliver on its statutory mandates . * * This was to be achieved by strengthening the capacity of KCCA for investment planning and prioritization , design , supervision , coordination , implementation and operation and maintenance ( O & M ) of existing and new infrastructure . It was also to be supported by improvements in revenue collection capacity to support future investments and ensure maintenance of infrastructure and services . The intended results to be achieved by this component were ( i ) improved KCCA capacity to implement sub-projects on time and within budget , ( ii ) at least Page 9 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 934, "text": "databases for roads and drainage", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it is not just the presence of an important commodity sector , but the size of the sector also matters . The introduction of this new variable also reduces the size of the EMDE dummy as some of these countries have substantial rents coming from natural resources and it , therefore , absorbs some of the variation in fiscal policy volatility . Note that GDP per capita becomes significant once this variable is introduced , suggesting that higher levels of GDP per capita are associated with lower fiscal policy volatility . Therefore , taken together these results suggest that both the level of development and the degree of commodity dependence help explain fiscal volatility . Finally , the fact that a limited set of variables explains about 45-50 percent of the cross-country variation in fiscal policy suggests that our measure of volatility is not simply capturing noise from the initial regression in equation ( 1 ) . Next , we exploit the richness of our diverse sample of commodity exporters by separating them into three groups — agriculture , metals , and energy exporters — depending on the main type of commodity exported to examine whether there are differences in fiscal behavior across different types of commodity exporters . Table 3 presents the results . We find evidence of additional volatility for all three groups , but it is for the energy exporters where the coefficient is always > 16 We chose to use ‘ resource rents ’ instead of resource revenues due to data availability issues . The ‘ Natural Resource Governance Institute ’ provides data on resource revenues ( as percent of GDP ) complied from the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative ’ s ( EITI ) , IMF , and the International Centre for Tax and Development ( ICTD ) . The database provides data for about 90 countries from the 1980s onwards although data availability varies across countries . The correlation between our measure of total resource rents and the resource revenues from this dataset is about 69 percent . 11", "spans": [{"start": 1566, "end": 1591, "text": "data on resource revenues", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "remain small and informal . Of the estimated 7 . 4 million MSMEs , 94 percent are formal or informal micro-sized firms ( 1-4 workers ) , in line with the average of 97 percent across Sub-Saharan > 1 World Development Indicators . > 2 Relatedly , KNBS statistics suggest that there are at least as many underemployed people as unemployed ones . 1", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 227, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 246, "end": 261, "text": "KNBS statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Lamwo ( 49 . 6 % ) , Arua ( 47 . 5 % ) , Koboko ( 44 . 3 % ) , Adjumani ( 43 . 9 % ) , Moyo ( 41 . 8 % ) and Yumbe ( 40 . 5 % ) . Kyegegwa and Hoima had the lower anaemia prevalence classified as “ Medium ” * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 51 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". El viaje , en síntesis , fue un territorio operativo que respondió a un _por qué_ y su trascendencia , al no ser una actividad rutinaria para el sujeto , radicó en la comprensión del _para qué_ < sup > 14 < / sup > , según la teoría fenomenológica que sirvió de base para esta investigación . Se inicia el viaje _porque se quiere_ llegar al país , pero se vuelve para estar con la familia ( por cierto , esta ha resultado la primera causa revelada en la base de datos suministrada por ACNUR ) , para conseguir una oportunidad laboral mejor . Cuando un sujeto expone de manera justificada su acción de irse del país o de volver , lo hace con relación a una evaluación de su vida en el llamado proceso de autocomprensión que todos somos capaces de constituir . Este proceso es derivado de la intersubjetividad dispuesta en el mundo privado de la vida y de la estructura social en la cual se está inmerso . Esa evaluación ha construido de manera proyectiva el futuro : “ Si permanezco en el país de destino ( inicial ) sucederá tal y cual cosa ; posiblemente no encuentre trabajo ; o no veré a mi madre … si viajo de vuelta sucederá tal y cual cosa , podré estar en casa ; trabajar con un conocido … ” Nada de eso ha sucedido aún , constituye un proyecto , una situación anticipada que se corresponde con el plano orientador de lo que debe ser su vida autointerpretada . Esta auto-interpretación no", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 492, "text": "base de datos suministrada por ACNUR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "assuming that the equilibrium level of abatement would be the same in each year . This restriction is consistent with the CDM pipeline dataset in which expected emissions abatement and investments are annualized based on the PDDs . We expect to relax this assumption in future work when data on actual abatement and investments are available . 8", "spans": [{"start": 122, "end": 142, "text": "CDM pipeline dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 225, "end": 229, "text": "PDDs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "uses GDP per capita , under-5 mortality , life expectancy , rural population shares , and regional dummies predicts welfare well , and that adding more information does not lead to any relevant gains . National accounts data stand out as the single best predictor of welfare , even , but to a lesser extent , in data-deprived countries . This suggests that notwithstanding the gaps between welfare from surveys and national accounts ( Deaton 2005 ; Pinkovskiy and Sala-iMartin 2016 , Deaton and Schreyer 2022 , Prydz et al . 2022 ) and measurement issues with GDP in autocratic countries ( Martinez 2022 ) , GDP provides valuable information on welfare in contexts where household surveys are unavailable . However , about half of the countries are so datadeprived that they not only lack an income or consumption distribution , but also GDP . For these countries , we use World Bank income groups as a proxy , resulting in two tiers of models depending on whether GDP data is available for the country of interest . These two tiers outperform models based on remote sensing data ( e . g . , nighttime lights , vegetation ) , which do not meaningfully lower the out-of-sample error if added to the models . This suggests that , on average , remote sensing data are worse predictors of welfare at the national level than GDP , which is consistent with evidence suggesting that remote sensing data might produce household welfare estimates very different from survey-based ones ( Van Der Weide et al . 2024 ) . This suggests that a relatively simple model using readily available data outperforms more complicated models using costly data . 2", "spans": [{"start": 202, "end": 224, "text": "National accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 965, "end": 973, "text": "GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1241, "end": 1260, "text": "remote sensing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 1970 - * * < br > | * * 1980 * * < br > | * * 1960-1 * * < br > | * * 970 * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | United States | 27 . 5 % | United States | 27 . 3 % | | Japan | 18 . 3 % | Japan | 22 . 9 % | | Germany | 6 . 0 % | Germany | 7 . 2 % | | France | 5 . 1 % | France | 5 . 5 % | | * * _Brazil_ * * | 4 . 7 % | Italy | 4 . 8 % | | Italy | 4 . 5 % | United | | | * * _Mexico_ * * | 3 . 2 % | Kingdom | 3 . 9 % | | United | | Spain | 2 . 6 % | | Kingdom | 3 . 0 % | Canada | 2 . 4 % | | Canada | 2 . 6 % | * * _Mexico_ * * | 1 . 9 % | | Saudi Arabia | 2 . 1 % | * * _Brazil_ * * | 1 . 9 % | | Spain | 1 . 9 % | Netherlands | 1 . 5 % | | * * _China_ * * | 1 . 6 % | Australia | 1 . 4 % | | Korea , Rep . | 1 . 3 % | Switzerland | 1 . 3 % | | Netherlands | 1 . 2 % | * * _Argentina_ * * | 1 . 1 % | | Australia | 1 . 1 % | Sweden | 1 . 1 % | * Not included : Russian Federation nor FSU nor ECA former Communist states , for 1980 - 1990 period . Source : World Development Indicators , IMF database ( for selected countries for 1960 data ) . Calculations based on change in country ‘ s GDP in constant US dollars as a share of the change in world GDP in constant US dollars , by decade .", "spans": [{"start": 975, "end": 1003, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1018, "text": "IMF database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "buildings and 0 . 2 percent less likely to buy equipment for each 1 percent increase in central government debt . On the intensive margin , investment by a given firm drops by 2 . 4 percent for each 1 percent increase in central government debt . The decline is larger in equipment investment ( - 2 . 3 percent ) , although the drop in land building investment is quite substantial ( - 0 . 9 percent ) . Interestingly , we do not identify the nonlinear effect of public debt investment . Second , we examine the distributional effects of rising public debt . In other words , investment of which types of firms is more likely to be crowded out ? We find that small , fully privately owned , service , and non-exporting firms reduce investment more when public debt rises . This finding suggests that higher public debt can deepen the unequal playing field among firms . This finding is the main contribution of our paper . Third , we examine the channels of transmission from high public debt to reduced private investment . We confirm the access to finance channel : rising public debt makes access to finance more difficult . In addition , we identify for the first time a new channel that we refer to as a regulatory channel . We discover that when public debt rises , firms spend more time with regulatory and tax officials . The activities could suggest increasing efforts of the government to collect tax in more difficult times . Interestingly , the impact of this channel is much stronger for small and fully privately-owned firms . Our paper uses firm-panel data from the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) . The standard ES sample collects information on a representative sample of formal ( registered ) private firms operating in manufacturing or service sectors . For countries with multiple waves of data , a subset of firms is reinterviewed over time , producing a panel component . This study exploits this panel component of about 14 , 000 unique forms in 57 economies between 2006 and 2019 . The panel data allow for the empirical estimations to include firm-level fixed effects , thereby accounting for time-invariant firm-specific omitted", "spans": [{"start": 1556, "end": 1571, "text": "firm-panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1596, "end": 1614, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2019, "end": 2029, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 # * * 5 . 2 . 1 . Schooling and Employment Shocks * * The size of the schooling shock amounts to an estimate of the value of the parameter _ν_ in the education shock equation : _hit_ = _hi , t − _ 1 + ( 1 _ − ν_ ) _rs_ ( _sit_ ) . For each group , we obtain _ν_ in the following manner . First , we obtain estimates of the school closure rate _s_ for each year ( 1 , 2 ) . Students at schools that were closed or partially closed continued their education in some form or another – through the internet , via TV or the radio , or by receiving work packs at home – with relative reach _c_ and effectiveness _e_ . Thus , the share 1 _ − s_ children attend school as normal , and the share _s_ of children participate in distance learning with reach _c_ and effectiveness _e_ . Finally , we set _ν_ = _s × _ ( 1 _ − ce_ ) . * * School closures * * UNESCO ( 2021 ) provides data on daily school closures globally . For each country and school day , we know the share of schools that are _fully open_ , _partially open_ or _closed_ . The data cover the period 02-16-2020 until 10-31-2021 . For days that schools are supposed to be open but are _closed_ , we assume online instruction . For days that schools are _partially open_ , we assume a hybrid system where half the students are present and half are online ( see Web Appx . Section C for details on our assumptions ) . A school year lasts 9 . 5 months on average globally . We thus examine the share of _not fully open_ school days ( using the formula “ _closed_ + 0 . 5 _partially open_ ” ) for the first 9 _ . _ 5 school months ( starting 02-16-2020 ) against the last 5-8 school months ( which depends on the country ’ s school year schedule ) . We think of the last 5-8 school months as being representative of the second year of disruption . This provides estimates of _s_ . < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 873, "end": 902, "text": "data on daily school closures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "able-Restructuring-and-orAdditional-Financing-Paper-LSMS-ISA-Uganda-National-Panel-Survey-P163029 < / mark > _ < mark > Project Information Document ( Concept Stage ) - LSMS-ISA Uganda National Panel Survey - P163029 ( English ) . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < / mark > _ < mark > http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 676651496844963339 / Project-Information-DocumentConcept-Stage-LSMS-ISA-Uganda-National-Panel-Survey-P163029 < / mark > _ Page 19 of 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "had integrated district workplans . The planning tools currently being used to develop integrated work plans at the district level , as well as district planning formats and criteria for budget allocation now being used by the MOH , were developed with support from DARE and the SIDA - sponsored project . However , no systematic outcome data are provided for this component . Comments from SIDA indicate that there were important gains in improving service delivery at the district level ; quarterly review meetings were held between the center and the districts , helping to sensitize health managers on the role of review for removing implementation bottlenecks ; and there were gains in capacity - building in the pilot districts relative to other districts . However , SIDA ’ s comments also indicate that its own project was stronger than DARE in these areas . # # # * * 5 . Efficiency ( not applicable to DPLs ) : * * Efficiency is rated * * Negligible * * . At appraisal : IRR of 41 . 9 % ( weighted average of HIV / AIDS prevention through condom use , HIV / AIDS prevention trough blood safety , and safe motherhood ) . # # # Financial : N / A The PAD indicated that not all of the interventions supported by the project were amenable to cost - benefit analysis . The PAD therefore contains an economic analysis applied only to three interventions : the cost-effectiveness of HIV / AIDS prevention through condom use and through blood safety and safe motherhood are associated , respectively , with a Net Present Value of US $ 911 million , US $ 60 million , and US $ 12 million , and an IRR of 42 % , 30 . 7 % , and 86 % . The ICR notes that the project could have been justified on the value of preventive health interventions for physical development and resulting productivity , rather than computing Net Present Value . The ICR further notes that human development investment lending takes a long time to yield results , especially with under - five children as part of the target group ,", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 342, "text": "systematic outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6071 # * * Abstract * * This paper argues that state weakness is broader than implied previously in the civil war literature , and that particular types of weakness in interaction with natural resources have aggravating or mitigating consequences for the risk of civil war . While in anocracies or unstable regimes natural resources can be expected to increase the risk of civil war , we suggest that resource wealth allows weak leaders to stabilize their relationship with their inner elite circle . In particular , for regimes at risk of coup d ’ état , the availability of substantial resources is more likely to be channeled in ways that deter rebellion , plausibly countering the grievances generated by natural resources and rebels ’ viewing of such resources as a prize for taking over the state . Data from 1946 – 2003 and multiple empirical operationalizations broadly support our argument . These findings are consistent with work showing that resource rents can induce stability in state - society relationships . This paper is a product of the Economic Policy and Debt Unit , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at bodeaana @ msu . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 856, "text": "Data from 1946 – 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ | __ | | | * * D21 . * * Banana | | __ | __ | __ | __ | __ | | | | __ | __ | __ | | | * * D22 . * * Rice | | __ | __ | __ | __ | __ | | | | __ | __ | __ | | | * * D23 . * * Other ( specify ) | | __ | __ | __ | __ | __ | | | | __ | __ | __ | | * * D24 . * * How much food is in your current stock ? | __ | __ | __ | __ | __ | kg * * D25 . * * How long will your stock last ? | __ | __ | . | __ | months * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 114 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this , we extrapolate in the time-series and cross-section dimensions the Summers-Heston PPP-based investment and * * GDP * * series , on the basis of available constantprice investment and per capita * * GDP * * data . We next construct initial capital stock estimates for those countries lacking them * * by * * regressing average capital-output ratios ( for countries with capital stock data in Summers-Heston ) on per-capita income , and using the estimated regression coefficients to project the initial ( average ) capital / output ratios of the remaining countries . Finally , the capital stock series is computed * * by * * accumulating the PPP-based real investment flows to the initial stock . In view of the narrow scope of stock markets in developing countries , as well as in the majority of industrial countries , we value these capital stocks in the same manner as FDI stocks , > * * By * * the very nature of unrecorded assets , it is impossible to know their composition * * by * * currency and type of financial instrument , so that in this case we do not attempt to introduce any valuation adjustment . * * 15 * *", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 412, "text": "Summers-Heston", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As noted above , the Federal Reserve capped dividends and banned stock buybacks by large banks from June until the end of the year , which may have helped keep bank capital ratios from falling below healthy levels . Similar to the full sample , the mean liquidity ratio increased after the start of the COVID-19 crisis from 47 . 71 to 55 . 13 percent and the minimum rose from 28 . 03 to 39 . 14 percent , indicating no liquidity problems . # * * 4 . 1 . 2 . Bank Credit Performance * * We scrutinize several statistics to evaluate bank credit performance during the crisis . We examine credits that are recognized as current losses , represented by charge-offs ; nonperforming loans with payment delays that may turn into credit losses , represented by the past due of at least 90 days plus nonaccrual ratio ; and whether banks have enough funds set aside for expected losses , measured by loan and lease loss allowances . To the extent that current and impending losses are high and there are insufficient allowances for them , the industry could be in trouble . We again note that charge-offs and nonperforming loans could be biased downward for some institutions during the crisis due to forbearance rules on some bank debt . Examining the credit performance data for the industry , mean charge-offs remain low throughout the time interval , and are actually lower after the COVID-19 crisis begins than their local peak of 0 . 14 percent in 2019 : Q4 . There is a minor upward movement in nonperforming loans from 0 . 61 percent in 2019 : Q4 to 0 . 65 percent in 2020 : Q1 , but the ratio fell from there to 0 . 54 percent in 2020 : Q4 . We acknowledge that these data means may obscure the view of some banks with more severe credit performance problems – researchers find that nonperforming loans problems are more concentrated where banks more exposed to the pandemic and lockdown policies ( e . g . , Beck and Keil , 2021 ) . Switching to the more adverse values of these performance issues , however , does not raise alarm bells . The P90 for charge-off", "spans": [{"start": 1244, "end": 1267, "text": "credit performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 050 | | Community leader completed sec . school or above | 0 . 252 | 0 . 384 | - 0 . 201 | 0 . 383 | 0 . 335 | 0 . 071 | | Community is connected to public electr . grid | 0 . 898 | 0 . 887 | 0 . 024 | 0 . 944 | 0 . 908 | 0 . 097 | | # comm . members with rights to comm . land | 150 . 456 | 178 . 026 | - 0 . 084 | 165 . 906 | 185 . 280 | - 0 . 052 | | # comm . members without rights to comm . land | 209 . 568 | 168 . 861 | 0 . 049 | 298 . 606 | 202 . 294 | 0 . 077 | | 1st / 2nd livelihood : income gen . agric | 0 . 471 | 0 . 510 | - 0 . 055 | 0 . 526 | 0 . 431 | 0 . 135 | | 1st / 2nd livelihood : subsistence agric | 0 . 456 | 0 . 430 | 0 . 037 | 0 . 408 | 0 . 500 | - 0 . 131 | | 1st / 2nd livelihood : income gen . livestock rearing | 0 . 471 | 0 . 523 | - 0 . 074 | 0 . 477 | 0 . 413 | 0 . 092 | | 1st / 2nd livelihood : labor in husbandry / forestry | 0 . 199 | 0 . 132 | 0 . 127 | 0 . 157 | 0 . 138 | 0 . 038 | | Daily wage ( pesos ) | 140 . 413 | 141 . 464 | - 0 . 015 | 138 . 868 | 131 . 367 | 0 . 116 | | PES payment per capita | 6685 . 073 | 5365 . 926 | 0 . 118 | 5591 . 061 | 6030 . 615 | - 0 . 045 | | Obs | 206 | 151 | . | 287 | 218 | . | > 1 The table shows means for enrolled and non-enrolled communities and normalized in means . >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are the unit of observations and most studies include some regional dimension ( more frequently administrative areas ) . Where longitudinal or panel data are available time is also included . Other choices for unit of observations include skills or education level , various types of population groups ( based on gender , age etc . ) , and , in a few cases , economic sectors , industry or labor market segments . The use of fixed effects varies . Some papers use the full set of parameters depicting units of observation ( for example , household , region and time fixed effects in equations where the unit of observation is constructed using household , region and time ) . Other papers use subsets of these parameters whereas other papers introduce variables that are not used to identify the unit of observation . Very few papers provide explanations for these choices and there is no clear common approach to this choice . There are also only a handful of papers that discuss estimations of the error term and choices made in this regard . The two prevalent evaluation methods used by these studies are Differences-in Difference ( DD ) methods and linear elasticities models . In the first case , the variable of interest ( _FD_ ) is a discrete status variable ( generally a pre / post - treated / non-treated interaction term ) and the coefficient of interest measures the impact on outcomes in the presence or absence of displaced people . In the second case , the model is typically in log form and is based on a shock variable that measures the intensity of the shock such as the number or share of refugees per geographical unit . In this case , the coefficient measures the elasticity of outcomes to the intensity of displacement . A few papers conduct simple differences illustrating results graphically or in tabular form . A few papers use ordinary matching methods ( Alix-Garcia and Bartlett 2015 , Aydemir and Kirdar 2018 , Murard and Sakalli 2017 ; Mayda et al . 2017 ) and three papers use Synthetic Matching Methods ( Peri and Yasenov 2017 ; Borjas 2017 ; Makela 2017 ) . We could not find any paper using a discontinuity design .", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 153, "text": "longitudinal or panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Research Design * * In order to test our hypotheses about the potential effects of IDPs on household and village level consumption and inequality we turn to an empirical estimation using data from 2011 - 2019 , spanning the beginning , early , and middle periods of the current conflict in Mali . Our data provides fine-grained observations on households across more than three-quarters of the communes in Mali . In terms of methods , we take a broad-brush view of the appropriate methods , presenting different ways to measure the outcomes of interest-based on different assumptions . The point of this multi-method technique is to provide the most robust understanding of the outcomes across different issues of data quality and data generating processes . We first present the data , then the empirical strategy , the details of which are more fully outlined in the online appendix . # # * * 4 . 1 Data * * This work merges three main data sources on household consumption and IDPs to capture their effects on household and village consumption , poverty , and inequality . These are : a comprehensive household income and consumption data set ( EMOP ) collected by the same unit responsible for Mali ’ s Living Standard Measurement Survey ( LSMS ) data collection , data from the International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) on IDP movements , and data from the Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) . In addition , we access Malian census data and use conflict data from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project ( ACLED ) . We use eight years ( 2011 , 2013-2019 ) of Mali ’ s Enquˆete Modulaire et Permanente aupr ` es des M ́ enages ( EMOP ) , a nationally representative household survey on employment , income , consumption , with indicators on demographics and well-being ( Institut National de La Statistique , n . d . ) . This data set offers detailed documentation on household non-agricultural earnings and expenditures ( consumption ) which enable us to measure inequality and poverty . The EMOP data has 38 , 625 household observations in 607 of Mali ’ s 703 communes , with 14", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 216, "text": "data from 2011 - 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1098, "end": 1153, "text": "comprehensive household income and consumption data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1215, "end": 1249, "text": "Living Standard Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1377, "end": 1407, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1442, "end": 1460, "text": "Malian census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1492, "end": 1538, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "large sections of the country using new technologies . In order to ensure continuity in the teaching and learning process , multiple education delivery modalities will need to be used to reach the maximum number of students . These modalities include paper-based resources ( printed materials , books , etc . ) , mobile phones , radio / audio interaction ; video / television ; and online teaching and learning platforms . This sub-component will mainly target vulnerable households using data from the recent household survey . # * * _Sub-Component 1 . 2 : Teacher training to prepare and deliver educational content through a multi-modal distance learning system ( US $ 0 . 7 million ) . _ * * 14 . Sub-component 1 . 2 will support training of approximately 5 , 000 teachers , particularly female teachers , in online and distance learning methodologies to ensure teachers can effectively play a key role in supporting remote teaching and learning programs . Teachers will be trained to design formative questions , tests , or exercises to closely monitor students ’ learning processes . Teachers will also engage with parents and design simple audio clips for parents who may not have gone to school to support them in home schooling , be on call for interaction with learners and parents , or hosting online-or phone-based group learning conversations . To achieve this , the proposed Project will support : ( i ) technical assistance for teacher training programs to adapt the current curriculum to distance learning strategies ; ( ii ) a platform for all teachers ( WhatsApp for instance ) to engage among themselves , or with the administration , students , and parents ; and ( iii ) printing and distribution ( including digital ) of guidance materials for teachers on the management of daily home-based learning practices . Page 7 of 13 August 14 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 526, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "they from ? What draws them to Africa ? What impact do they bring to the countries where they invest ? Answers to these questions are difficult as long as data on _private_ Chinese investment overseas , both quantitative and qualitative , are lacking . As it stands , consistent OFDI statistics tracking the role of the private sector , from either China ’ s official sources or international organizations , have not been available , while information from African host countries are typically anecdotal and scattered . As a first attempt to fill this information gap , a pilot research project sponsored by the World Bank ’ s research department was conducted in the spring of 2012 , with a view toward exploring the extent and impact of Chinese private investment in Africa . The study took three steps to accomplish its goal : a ) gathering and synthesizing the data available from China , the home country ; b ) gathering official data from selected African host countries ; and c ) conducting company interviews at selected sites in both home and host countries to gain insight into their respective perceptions and experience . The data unearthed through these efforts were crosschecked and analyzed , leading to a number of findings that shed light on this important but still largely unknown phenomenon . # I . < u > Findings based on data from China , the home country < / u > The research started with China ’ s Ministry of Commerce ( MOC ) , the authentic official source of data on China ’ s foreign trade and investment . Other sources , including China ’ s Council for Promoting International Trade ( CCPIT ) , some coastal provincial departments of foreign trade and investment and business associations , were also consulted with for additional information . The most useful data come from a comprehensive database containing 1 , 586 Chinese investment projects active in Sub-Saharan Africa by the end of 2011 , made available by MOC based upon its approvals for Chinese outbound investment projects . < sup > 8 < / sup > The database contains the following information : name of the investing company , origin province of the company , destination countries , activities to be", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 294, "text": "OFDI statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 866, "end": 891, "text": "data available from China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 927, "end": 977, "text": "official data from selected African host countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1344, "end": 1359, "text": "data from China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) # # * * a . Outcome Rating * * Satisfactory # # * * 7 . Risk to Development Outcome * * IEG finds the following risks to the development outcome : * * _Technical : _ * * The quantity and quality of human resources necessary for the KNBS to continue to deliver on the program ’ s objectives pose a risk as technical demands on KNBS staff will grow . While KNBS had significant technical expertise , it required substantial TA during Program implementation . Continued capacity building and TA will be essential for fully realizing and sustaining outcomes . Strengthening KNBS ’ s human resources was an explicit objective of the government ’ s program detailed in the KNBS SP . Still , this program did not support it because it entailed implementing a new salary structure and Kenya ’ s Public Service Commission ’ s involvement . Given that KNBS ’ s human resource capacity is a risk to the development outcome , the Program team plans to address capacity constraints in a follow-up project through planning and continuation of the action plan used in this PforR . However , the KNBS cannot directly address improvements to the salary structure in the forthcoming project as they are beyond its control . * * _Financial_ : * * Limited and delayed budgetary allocations for the KNBS pose a significant risk to the sustainability of the Program outcome and the KNBS SP . Inadequate and uncertain budgetary allocations threaten the data generation and dissemination activities implemented during the program . The government had planned to [ JC1 ] [ VC2 ] institutionalize KNBS ’ s funding by the end of the program , but it did not . Previously , KNBS relied on support from its development partners to finance critical projects . However , as such support cannot be guaranteed , it can cause delays in implementing essential activities such as the Demographic and Health Survey . * *", "spans": [{"start": 1990, "end": 2019, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * EASTERN AFRICA REGIONAL TRANSPORT , TRADE & DEVELOPMENT FACILITATION PROJECT * * * * _Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2021_ * * # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) * * payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a nonexchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # * * f ) In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # * * g ) Cash and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account balances include amounts held at the National Bank of Kenya at the end of the financial year . For the purposes of these financial statements , cash and cash equivalents also include short term cash imprests and advances to authorised public officers and / or institutions which were not surrendered or accounted for at the end of the financial year . # # # * * Restriction on", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 519, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kose , A . , and M . Terrones . 2015 . Collapse and Revival : Understanding Global Recessions and Recoveries . Washington , DC : International Monetary Fund . Kose , M . A . , and K . - M . Yi . 2006 . “ Can the Standard International Business Cycle Model Explain the Relation between Trade and Comovement ? ” Journal of International Economics 68 ( 2 ) : 26795 . Martínez-García , E . 2015 . “ The Global Component of Local Inflation : Revisiting the Empirical Content of the Global Slack Hypothesis with Bayesian Methods . ” In Monetary Policy in the Context of the Financial Crisis : New Challenges and Lessons , edited by W . A . Barnett and Fredj Jawadi , 51-112 . Bingley , United Kingdom : Emerald Group Publishing Limited . Monacelli , T . , and L . Sala . 2009 . “ The International Dimension of In fl ation : Evidence from Disaggregated Consumer Price Data . ” Journal of Money , Credit , and Banking 41 ( s1 ) : 101-20 . Mumtaz , H . , S . Simonelli , and P . Surico . 2011 . “ International Comovements , Business Cycle and In fl ation : A Historical Perspective . ” Review of Economic Dynamics 14 ( 1 ) : 176-98 . Mumtaz , H . , and P . Surico . 2012 . “ Evolving International Inflation Dynamics : World and Country-Specific Factors . ” Journal of the European Economic Association 10 ( 4 ) : 716-34 . Neely , C . J . , and D . E . Rapach . 2011 . “ International Comovements in Inflation Rates and Country Characteristics . ” Journal of International Money and Finance 30 ( 7 ) : 1471-90 . Parker , M . 2018 . “ How Global Is ‘ Global Inflation ’ ? ” Journal of Macroeconomics 58 ( December ) : 174-97 . Rogoff , K . 2003 . “ Globalization and Global Disinflation . ” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review 88 ( 4 ) : 45 . Shambaugh , J . C . 2008 . “ A New Look at Pass-Through . ” Journal of International Money and Finance 27 (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Refugee consumers ’ patterns for the purchase of goods and services . - • Refugees ’ expertise and skills ( both formal and informal ) . - Challenges facing refugees ’ economic activities The study will make recommendations on policy options that may help integrate refugees in the local host and national economies . # # # 2 . 2 Research Methods To explore refugee economies in the context of Zambia , we conducted field research in October 2016 ( the dry and hot season ) when most agricultural activities are off-season to ensure adequate response rate among the refugees ’ settlements households . As stated above , we adapted to Zambian conditions the methodology developed by the Humanitarian Innovation Project , Refugees Studies Centre , University of Oxford in Uganda that combines qualitative and participatory approaches , and quantitative methods based on a representative refugee household survey of 487 refugee households in rural refugees ’ settlement areas of Meheba and Mayukwayukwa , and the City of Lusaka ( urban ) . The eligible target refugees ’ population was 22 , 695 ( after adjusting for those aged up to 18 years who were not eligible for this study and refugee nationalities that were too small and likely to be missed during sampling . Statistically , the acceptable minimum sample size for a target population size of 22 , 695 at 5 percent margin of error and 95 percent confidence interval is 378 . Table 2 . 1 compares the target and actual number of households ( samples ) surveyed by location , nationality and variance in the three study sites . Our actual sample size of 493 households was 30 % more than the target sample of 378 households . The Rwandese community refused to participate in the Meheba settlement scheme and that necessitated us to over-sample the Burundi community by a factor of almost 4 times ( 278 % ) to make up for the Rwandese community who we felt had similar characteristics . < sup > 16 < / sup > In Lusaka urban , we decided to over-sample the Rwandese community and under-sample the Burundi community", "spans": [{"start": 872, "end": 911, "text": "representative refugee household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 12 % < br > 20-39 % of refugees < br > 40-59 % of refugees < br > 54 % < br > > 80 % of refugees < br > 21 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > A Global Survey – 2012 43", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 167, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 8 Figures * * * * Figure 2 . 1 Percentage of the labor force by maximum educational level achieved , Latin America , 1950-2010 * * Source : Barro and Lee ( 2010 ) . * * Figure 2 . 2 Change in average years of education . 16 Latin American countries , c . 1989-c . 2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 . 0 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 2 . 0 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > ARG , 92-09 BOL , 93-05 BRA , 92-09 CHL , 90-09 COL , 92-04 CRI , 90-09 ECU , 94-09 HND , 91-09 MEX , 89-08 NIC , 93-05 PAN , 91-09 PRY , 90-09 PER , 97-09 SLV , 91-08 URY , 89-09 VEN , 89-06 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source . Cruces _et al_ ( 2011 ) , based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 23", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 689, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a package of basic preventive , promotive and curative services . The HSEP targets the households at kebele level and aims to reach mothers and children in particular . The HSEP is making good progress in the majority of regions . There has been a very substantial increase in the number of personnel in the sector : from about 17 , 000 in 1996 / 97 to about 37 , 000 in 2001 / 02 and about 46 , 000 in 2004 / 05 . However , the health professionals to population ratios are still among the lowest in the world . In addition , most health care professionals are clustered in major urban areas and for some cadres , such as surgeons and midwives , the shortages are alarmingly high . The migration of higher skilled professionals to the private sector and abroad has enhanced disparities between regions and between urban and rural areas . Regarding pharmaceuticals , the availability of essential drugs in the public sector has improved , thanks in part to the establishment of special pharmacies and huge procurement of drugs using IDA credit , but shortages are still common due to budgetary , procurement and logistics problems . _Expenditures and financing_ According to the Ethiopia ’ s Third National Health Accounts , the national health expenditure ( including direct health expenditure and health care related services ) grew by more than 53 % in nominal terms : from 2 . 9 billion birr ( US $ 356 million ) in 1999 / 2000 to 4 . 5 billion birr ( US $ 522 million ) in 2004 / 05 , corresponding to US $ 7 . 14 per capita . Regarding the sources of finance , with the new initiatives such as the Global Fund , donors and international NGOs have become the leading contributors ( US $ 192 million , or 37 % of the total in 2004 / 05 ) , followed by households ( US $ 160 million , or 31 % of the total in 2004 / 05 ) and government including public enterprises ( US $ 159 million , or 31 % of the total in 2005 / 05 ) . More detailed information", "spans": [{"start": 1192, "end": 1222, "text": "Third National Health Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": _ All parties have the right of expressing their viewpoints . Any assumptions or actions shall be taken until all relevant information has been collected and considered . All parties have access to support or representation if they want or need it . - ii ) _Confidentiality : _ Only the worker directly involved in the grievance , or in sorting it out , can have access to information about the grievance . Information goes on an employee ’ s personnel file only if he / she is disciplined as part of sorting out the grievance . - iii ) _Non-retaliation : _ Management takes necessary steps to make sure that workers involved in a grievance are not victimized by anyone for coming forward with the grievance or for helping to sort it out . Any retaliations shall lead to disciplinary action . However , if the grievance procedure is used by an employee to lie about someone , the employee too can be disciplined . - iv ) _Timeliness : _ All grievances shall be dealt with as quickly as possible . There are time limits for the different steps . The aim is to sort out all grievances within four weeks if at all possible . - v ) _Confidentiality : _ All grievance recipients and anyone handling the RP / LRP related grievances must maintain absolute confidentiality in regard to the case . Maintaining confidentiality means not disclosing any information at any time to any party without the informed consent of the person concerned . There are exceptions under distinct circumstances , for example a ) if the survivor is an adult who threatens his or her Page 176", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 459, "text": "personnel file", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TABLE I : Progresa Transfer Amounts ( bimonthly , in pesos ) | | 1998 , sem . 1 | 1998 , sem . 2 | 1999 , sem . 1 | 1999 , sem . 2 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Type of beneft | | | | | | Nutrition support | 190 | 200 | 230 | 250 | | Primary school | | | | | | 3 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | | 4 | 150 | 160 | 180 | 190 | | 5 | 190 | 200 | 230 | 250 | | 6 | 260 | 270 | 300 | 330 | | Junior secondary : girls | | | | | | 7 | 400 | 410 | 470 | 500 | | 8 | 440 | 470 | 520 | 560 | | 9 | 480 | 510 | 570 | 610 | | Junior secondary : boys | | | | | | 7 | 380 | 400 | 440 | 480 | | 8 | 400 | 400 | 470 | 500 | | 9 | 420 | 440 | 490 | 530 | | Maximum support | 1170 | 1250 | 1390 | 1500 | _Source_ : Attanasio et al , 2011 . Sem . denotes semester . # _V . B Key Facts about Child Labor Supply and Income_ As will be discussed in our identification strategy below , we estimate income and price effects for children of secondary school age only ( children aged 12-15 years , inclusive ) , as nearly all children below the age of 12 attend school . Before doing so , we first investigate the extent to which children in this age range work , their earnings relative to their parents , and evidence that schooling induces a discrete loss in household consumption . Table II summarizes the labor supply statistics of children aged 12-15 years in 1997 ( pre-Progresa grants ) . It can be seen that of those children not in school , 63 % of boys report having a job , while 20 % of girls report having a", "spans": [{"start": 1294, "end": 1317, "text": "labor supply statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "person * * < br > * * nation of both * * | | Population | 0 . 347 * * * | 0 . 251 * * * | 0 . 598 | - 0 . 402 | | Income | 0 . 104 * * * | 0 . 185 * * * | 0 . 289 | 0 . 289 | Source : Elasticities of income and population reported in earlier tables Table 9 shows these elasticities and confirms that as cities grow in population , in incomes , or in both , they add floor space by building both upward and outward . These estimates have profound implications for a growing city ’ s supply of floor area , and also for its tendency to sprawl outward — especially in the absence 11 We do not directly estimate the elasticities using our measures of total floor area as they only cover cities for which we have height data . Instead we use the estimates of elasticities for built-up calculated with the GHSL sample , which includes almost all cities . sample , which includes almost all cities . 12 These properties come from the log properties . – cst ppPP ( T The elasticities for total floor area with respect to income or population are then derived . TT ) = ppPP ( BBsseepptt − sspp ∗ HHaaeeaahtt / 3 ) = ppPP ( BBsseepptt − sspp ) + ppPP ( HHaaeeaahtt ) ⇒ ddppPP ( TεT TT ) = ddppPP ( BBsseepptt − sspp ) + ddppPP ( HHaaeeaahtt ) = εb + εhe T b he TT , eeiicc eebbtt − bbuu , eeiicc eehtt , eeiicc 13 The elasticities for total floor area per person with respect to income or population are then derived . The elasticities for total floor area per person with respect to income or population are then derived . TT , uuppuu eebbtt − bbuu , uuppuu eehtt , uuppuu εε = εε + εε > T b he 13 The elasticities for total floor area per person with respect to income or population are then derived . The elasticities for total floor area per person with respect to income or population are then derived . T b he T b he", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 719, "text": "height data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 800, "end": 811, "text": "GHSL sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) # * * 1 Introduction * * Soil transmitted helminths ( STH ; including hookworm , whipworm , and roundworm ) are estimated to affect 1 in 4 people in endemic countries ( Pullan et al . , 2014 ) and at least 1 . 3 billion people worldwide ( Global Atlas of Helminth Infections , 2016 ) . The intensity of infection is correlated with prevalence , and highly skewed , so while many infected individuals have light infections , only a minority have the moderate to severe intensity infections believed to account for the bulk of morbidity ( Anderson , Truscott and Hollingsworth , 2014 ) . Because of the damage worms can cause , there is consensus that those known to be infected should be treated . There is also consensus that deworming drugs are safe and effective ; indeed , they are the standard of care for those known to be infected . Because individual collection and testing of stool samples prior to treatment is prohibitively expensive and logistically impractical in many low-income contexts , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) has long recommended mass drug administration ( MDA ) in endemic areas . In particular , the WHO recommends annual MDA in areas with more than 20 % prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths , and multiple annual MDA where prevalence is above 50 % ( World Health Organization , 2012 ) . Studies of the long-term impact of deworming in multiple environments suggest that even under conservative assumptions and allowing for uncertainty , the expected benefits of MDA exceed the $ 0 . 30 per treatment costs ( Ahuja et al . , 2015 ; Baird et al . , 2", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 297, "text": "Global Atlas of Helminth Infections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". C . Unweighted averages . 2001 LICs , “ LICs turned MICs ” and “ Continued LICs ” include 62 , 35 and 27 countries , respectively . Non-FCV and FCV LICs include 14 , and 18 countries , respectively . D . Unweighted averages . Neighbors of LICs only include countries with shared land borders . Sample includes 12 landlocked 2001 “ LICs turned MICs ” , 14 2020 landlocked LICs and 8 2020 landlocked non-FCV LICs . E . Unweighted averages . F . Data reflect annual averages of extreme weather events in the LICs of 2020 . 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement coming years , due to Nairobi ’ s market attractiveness as a centre of economic activity . Nairobi is the Capital City of Kenya . # # # # * * b ) Urbanisation in Machakos Municipality * * Of the 215 urban centres of Kenya recorded during the August 2009 national census , Machakos Municipality is documented by the census results as one of the most populous urban centres in Kenya , ranking number thirteenth ( as Table 5 shows ) . Its population by the August 2009 census results was estimated at 150 , 041 individuals ( core urban population : 53 , 846 ; and , peri-urban population : 108 , 124 ) . Tables 3 and 4 illustrate the urban population trend in Machakos Municipality , dating from 1979 . Observable , the Municipality ’ s urban population has grown over the years . As indicated by the inter-census growth rates given under Table 3 , the rate of growth of the urban population of Machakos Municipality has declined between the 1979 and 2009 census . However , despite the decline , the rate of growth of the urban population of the Municipality has been high , registering at three digit figures . Between the 1979 and 1989 census , the intercensus growth rate was estimated at 137 . 2 % ; and , between the 1989 and 1999 census , it was about 123 . 20 % . Respecting between the 1999 and 2009 census , this rate was approximately 104 . 72 % . This growth in urban population of Machakos Municipality , as is with the rest of Kenya , has taken place against poor urban planning . * * Table 3 : Estimated Population of Machakos Municipality , 1979 to 2009 * * < sup > * * 14 * * < / sup > | * * Year * * | * * Population : C * * | * * ensus Results * * | | * * % * * < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 409, "text": "August 2009 national census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compilation of Household Budget Surveys . Eurostat publishes consumption means from household budget surveys , which are available in five-year intervals between 1988 and 2015 . The Eurostat compilation provides consumption data for all 28 EU Member States and also for Montenegro , the Former Yugoslav of Republic of Macedonia , Turkey and Norway . < sup > 7 < / sup > For the United States , we supplement our database with annual data from 1981-2015 from the Consumer Expenditure Survey . < sup > 8 < / sup > To facilitate comparisons with per capita national accounts data , we express all survey values ( consumption and income ) in annualized per capita basis . In cases where household survey consumption data are only available at the household level or in per adult equivalent terms , we adjust them to express in per capita terms . By converting all survey means to per capita terms , we align survey means with national accounts data . Our comparisons of the gaps in levels in Section 3 are based on converting all data to local currency units . To accomplish this , we combine per capita mean consumption or income ( expressed in 2011 PPP values ) from each national survey with ( i ) inflation measures , ( ii ) currency conversion rates ( in the case of currency devaluations and change of national currency ) and ( iii ) the PPP values from PovcalNet that were used to convert the national survey data into 2011 PPP US dollars . < sup > 9 < / sup > For the analysis in Section 4 , where we examine how potential adjustments to account for the gaps between household surveys and national accounts affects global poverty and inequality measurement , we extract detailed information on the Lorenz curves for each welfare vector from PovcalNet . We are then able to construct national and global > 7 We obtain the Eurostat consumption data from the Eurostat Household Budget Survey Database available at < u > https : / / ec . europa . eu / eurostat / web / household-budget-surveys / database < / u > ( accessed on November 5 , 2020 ) . Eurostat provides survey means per adult equivalent in constant currency", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 39, "text": "Household Budget Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 462, "end": 489, "text": "Consumer Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 683, "end": 716, "text": "household survey consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 922, "end": 944, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1396, "end": 1416, "text": "national survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1745, "end": 1754, "text": "PovcalNet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1860, "end": 1901, "text": "Eurostat Household Budget Survey Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 9 | 12 | 4 < br > 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - - | 24 | 84 | | 10 | 10 | 44 < br > 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - - | 22 | 85 | | 11 | 11 | 4 < br > 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | __ | 27 | 85 | | 12 | _12_ | 4 < br > 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | | 26 | 85 | | 13-25 | 12 | 4 < br > 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | | 26 | 85 | | | | Economic < br > Rate < br > of Return < br > With Shadow-Pricing of Fo < br > Basic ( Import Substitu < br > Benefits Minus 10 % < br > Benefits Minus 20 % < br > CostsPlus10 % 0 < br > Costs Plus 10 % , Benefi < br > Export < br > With Shadow-Pricing of Fo < br > Basic | reign Exchangeg < br > tion ) < br > ts Minus 10 % < br > reign Exchange | f < br > 37 < br > 33 < br > 29 < br > 33 < br > 29 < br > 29 < br > 32 | | | | | 1 Based on cost data presented in ANNEX * * 11 . * * / Includes the costs of research , the Kenya Sugar Authority , net value of production foregone and farm family labor ( i . e . KShs . 2 million per year at full development ) . * * _M_ * * > - 3 Based on sugar import parity price of KShs . 4 , 769 / t for 1978-84 and KShs . 5 , 363 / t for 1985 and onwards and export parity price of KShs . 350 for molasses . 4 / The assumed shadow foreign exchange rate", "spans": [{"start": 710, "end": 719, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Similarly , Busso and Galiani ( 2019 ) take advantage of a random supply shock in the local retail sector in the Dominican Republic through the expansion of small grocery stores generated by the rollout of a social protection program and find significant welfare gains driven by a reduction in prices of about 6 percent . In addition , Urzúa ( 2013 ) estimates the distributive and regional effects of firms with market power in Mexico and finds evidence that welfare losses due to monopoly power are significant and larger , in relative terms , among lowerincome households and households in rural areas . Such rigorous studies on the welfare effects of competition are intensive in data requirements — for example , price data , including barcode data ; locally disaggregated data ; data on the rollout of supply expansion , and so on — and resources , and usually depend on identifying natural experiments to measure impacts , though this may not be feasible in most developing countries . Moreover , undertaking reforms that improve competition through either the retail trade or regulatory reform are often fraught with political resistance because of concerns about likely adverse impacts on employment and incomes , especially among small local retailers . In such contexts , illustrative ex ante > 7 Industries in developing countries tend to have high numbers of intermediaries and middlemen because of the lack of strong vertical links . > 8 Evidence from Mexico points to the fact that higher local market concentration in the retail sector raises the extreme poverty headcount . An increase in one standard deviation in the Herfindahl-Hirschman index is linked to an increase of 1 . 13 to 1 . 59 percentage points in the Foster – Greer – Thorbecke headcount ratio ( FGT0 ) for the extreme poverty line . Furthermore , in 2010 , the program now known as Prospera reduced the poverty line by 2 percentage points , with 57 percent to 79 percent attributed to the effect of market concentration ( Rodriguez-Castelan and Rodriguez-Chamussy 2018 ) . > 9 For instance , on the effects of mergers and acquisitions , see Connor ( 2014 ) ; Griffith and Harmgart ( 2012 ) ; Hausman and Leibtag ( 2007 ) ; Notaro ( 2014 )", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 728, "text": "price data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 741, "end": 753, "text": "barcode data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 756, "end": 782, "text": "locally disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 785, "end": 824, "text": "data on the rollout of supply expansion", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "methodology as of the time of the 2024 WGI annual update . While the core methodology of the WGI has not changed over the lifetime of the project , the set of underlying data sources continues to expand and evolve as new data become available , and in some cases as data sources cease to exist . The resulting aggregate indicators cover six dimensions of governance for over 200 countries since 1996 , synthesizing the wealth of information in the component data that feed into the WGI . The WGI dataset also includes margins of error that clearly indicate the unavoidable imprecision in measures of governance , reflecting differences in views across the multiple data sources on which the WGI are based . that it creates a very transparent link between the parameter estimates of the baseline UCM and this alternative model , as given in Equations ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) . 29", "spans": [{"start": 492, "end": 503, "text": "WGI dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment < u > ( ESSA ) Addendum < / u > Additional Financing-I Ethiopia Electrification < u > Program ( AF-ELEAP ) < / u > # # * * 7 . Scanned Copies of Workshop Participants Attendance Sheet * * 76", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 227, "text": "Workshop Participants Attendance Sheet", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relatively lower ratio between noise and signal than the analysis of total income , which is affected by the lower quality of the information on nonlabor incomes . Labor income inequality is the most tractable variable for long periods of time . It is typically constructed using similar questions and recall periods . It also analyzes the same type of income ( monetary income after taxes ) and suffers from relatively lower underreporting issues than total income inequality across countries . < sup > 21 < / sup > Monthly labor income is expressed as earnings per hour worked , which is a standard unit value traded in the labor market . Since the objective is to have the most accurate estimates of how the labor market assigns a price to certain skills either observable or unobservable ( earnings structure ) , we limit our analysis to the sample of full-time workers ( 35 + hours per week ) between 15 and 64 years of age . Depending on the country , this accounts for 75 percent to 85 percent of all workers , as has been traditionally done in other countries . < sup > 22 < / sup > There are several advantages of focusing the analysis on the sample of full-time workers : ( a ) it reduces the dispersion of hourly earnings that could be caused by measurement error , ( b ) it allows those workers to be tracked who are strongly attached to the labor force and who are more similar both in observables and unobservables relative to part-time workers , and ( c ) it isolates the particularities of the demand - and supply-side forces that frame parttime jobs in the estimation of labor market prices , which is the main goal of this study . The main consequence of considering only full-time workers is that labor income inequality may be lower , and the trend may not be necessarily the same if we include part-time workers in the analysis . However , as mentioned above , we are interested in disentangling the trends in labor inequality derived from the inequality of the earnings structure rather than the labor supply decisions of workers . Finally , the data series are spatially deflated between urban and rural areas", "spans": [{"start": 2068, "end": 2079, "text": "data series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subjective well-being data are easy to collect . Second , preference elicitation surveys may work relatively well for two or three variables at a time , but multidimensional poverty indicators often rely on more than 10 variables . Also , the ranking that subjects provide on achievement vectors that they did not experience themselves can be criticized as being not sufficiently well-informed ( Karimi et al . , 2017 ) . 33", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 26, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 58, "end": 88, "text": "preference elicitation surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CPS and IPS teachers are similar according to the teacher characteristics score ( Column 4 ) , while SPS teachers perform significantly better in this dimension ( + 1 . 7 SD column 5 ) . However , CPS outperforms IPS on the classroom setting and equipment scores . In these two dimensions , CPS are equivalent and maybe even superior ( for equipment ) to SPS , confirming that structural quality has been significantly improved by the construction program . The results are strikingly different for the process quality scores . CPS and IPS are not significantly different in terms of curriculum and pedagogy or teacher-child interaction , whereas on both aggregate measures , SPS outperform IPS and CPS . < sup > 26 < / sup > Overall , these results confirm that CPS are of better quality than IPS but maybe not on the dimensions that are the most important for children ’ s performance . The upgrading from IPS to CPS mostly affected the learning environment by providing better equipment , while teacher quality was not fundamentally affected . In contrast , SPS teachers are significantly more educated and perform better in terms of instructional quality . # * * _Parental assessments_ * * We use questions from the caregiver survey to compare differences in cancelled classes , perceived teacher quality , financial contributions , and travel time between the types of preschools ( Table B4 ) . CPS classes get cancelled significantly more often than SPS classes . Parents of children enrolled at CPS assess the kindness of CPS teachers as higher than that of their SPS counterparts ( though these differences tend to be relatively small ) . This could be explained by the greater likelihood of CPS teachers being from the same community as the parents . At endline , parents of children enrolled at SPS assess the reliability of SPS teachers as higher than that of CPS teachers . While financial contributions for teacher salary and construction tend to be almost zero for all types of schools , contributions for school materials are substantial : On average , parents of children enrolled at CPS have paid $ 35 in the current school year at midline and $ 47 at endline ( with similar amounts for IPS", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1236, "text": "caregiver survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Yu , H . , and D . Robinson . “ The New Ambiguity of Open Government , ” _UCLA . L . Rev . Disc_ ( 2012 ) : 59 , 178 – 208 . # * * _Books_ * * Arrow , Kenneth J . 1951 . 2nd ed . , 1963 . _Social Choice and Individual Values_ . Yale University Press . Black , Duncan . 1958 . _The Theory of Committees and Elections_ . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Borowiak , Craig T . 2011 . _Accountability and Democracy : The Pitfalls and Promise of Popular Control_ . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Buchanan , James M . and Gordon Tullock . 1962 . _The Calculus of Consent : Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy_ . University of Michigan Press . Downs , Anthony . 1957 . _An Economic Theory of Democracy_ . Cambridge : York : Cambridge University Press . Keohane , Robert . 2011 . _Global Governance and Democratic Accountability_ . Lindblom , Charles E . and Robert A . Dahl . 1976 . _Politics , economics , and welfare_ . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Olson , Mancur , Jr . 1965 . 2nd ed . , 1971 . _The Logic of Collective Action_ . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Ostrom , Elinor . 2005 . _Understanding Institutional Diversity_ . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . de Tocqueville , Alexis . 1956 . _Democracy In America_ . Edited and Abridged Edition by Richard Heffner . Mentor Books . Trapnell , Stephanie ( ed . ) 2014 . _Right to Information : Case Studies on Implementation_ . World Bank . # * * _Reports_ * * Global OGD Initiative . “ Global OGD Initiative Survey and Interview Report . ” Accessed March 23 , 2015 . < u > www . opendatainitiative . org / survey-and-interview-report / . < / u > Hania Farhan , Debra D ’ Agostino , and Henry Worthington . _Web Index 2012_ , World Wide Web Foundation . Hazell , R . , and B . Worthy . “ Impact of Freedom of Information on Central Government , ” unpublished End of Award Report to the Economic and Social Research Council , University College London , Constitution", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "completion of stringing . * * RAP Disbursements ( Compensation ) * * The Table below shows funds that were planned for only cash compensation options . The figures are expected to vary when the resettlement houses have been determined after individual disclosures are made to all the PAPs . * * Table 2 : RAP Disbursements and Compensation * * | CumTotalAmount Planned * * ( UGX ) * * | Cum . Amount | No . ofPAPs | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Released * * ( UGX ) * * | Compensated | | * * 72 , 346 , 6945714 ( 100 % ) * * | * * 50 , 770 , 883886 ( 70 % ) * * | 2479 ( 94 * * / ) * * | # # # * * 2 . 9 Construction * * of Resettlement Houses The Construction of Resettlement Houses for the Physically Displaced Persons commenced on August * * 13 . 2013 . * * To this end , * * 18 * * houses are at different levels of completion while 12 sites are being cleared * * by * * the contractor . The number of PAPs who have opted to take resettlement houses has reduced from the number at project disclosure of * * 167 * * to * * 63 . * * The reasons for the reduction are : * The original corridor was encroached * * by * * speculators and it was agreed to divert the line for the first 37km which reduced the number of houses affected in the corridor . > * The Valuation report had registered every household affected as eligible for a resettlement house However , among the PAPs there are individuals whose houses are far bigger than the model design house used for resettlement , and this category have the capacity to replace their houses and prefer the cash option . The vulnerable groups such the elderly , widows , child headed households , disabled , are however not allowed", "spans": [{"start": 1260, "end": 1276, "text": "Valuation report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and acquires the skills needed to successfully operate their businesses . < sup > 22 < / sup > Studies of women entrepreneurs in Uganda find that women who work closely with a mentor — often male , and usually a family member — are more likely to transition into higher-profit sectors . < sup > 2324 < / sup > 15 . * * Additional factors that block women from developing growth-oriented enterprises in profitable sectors are related to the failure of existing business development services to address the needs of women-owned firms * * . According to an enterprise survey conducted in 2014 , MSMEs lacked key skills needed for business growth . Only 28 percent of firms surveyed said they do book-keeping to track revenues and expenses ; a mere 10 percent had invested in training for employees ; and just 36 percent had access to the internet . Female-owned firms appear to be particularly lacking when it comes to the use of standard business practices . A recent microenterprise survey showed a gender gap of 24 percentage points on an index of adoption of good business practices . Few training courses address the specific challenges of formalizing a business , including meeting tax obligations , preparing proper records , fulfilling reporting requirements , and obtaining licenses . Training tends to focus on limited topics , such as financial or computer literacy , but leaves out training in life skills and support for network . Yet , global evidence demonstrates that developing socioemotional skills , through psychology-based trainings , are as important to enterprise success as strengthening business skills . < sup > 25 < / sup > Finally , many business development services continue to train women for sectors where women-owned firms are over-represented , such as small trade or food service , rather than where they could diversify their business and earn higher profits . 19 Delecourt , S . and Fitzpatrick , A . 2021 . “ Childcare Matters : Female Business Owners and the Baby-Profit Gap . ” Management Science , Vol , 67", "spans": [{"start": 556, "end": 573, "text": "enterprise survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 968, "end": 990, "text": "microenterprise survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "facilities ) | Contractors < br > during contracting < br > and on quarterly < br > basis | 5 , 000 | Social specialist | | 3 . | GRM - training of GRM committees , < br > Printing and Distribution of GRM logs / < br > registers and communication materials , < br > installation of suggestion boxes , MIS data < br > base for record keeping | Annually | 10 , 0000 | Social specialist | | 4 . | Information , Education and < br > Communication materials ( IEC materials - < br > posters , flyers , translations , media < br > campaigns ) | Annually , on need < br > basis | 30 , 000 , | MOH and PMT < br > Communications < br > Team | | 5 . | Review of the SEP | Annually ( 1 ) | 80 , 000 | PMT | | 6 . | Monitoring of SEP activities - < br > implementation support monitoring < br > missions , site visits , mid - and end-project < br > surveys ( Satisfaction surveys ) , press < br > conference | Biannual | 15 , 000 | PMT | | 7 . | Hotline for grievance management < br > includingairtime | 1 | 5000 | PMT | | 8 . | Staff travel expenses for stakeholder < br > engagements | 6 | 50000 | PMT | | | Subtotal | | * * 25 , 500 , * * | | | | Contingency | | * * - * * | | | | Total | | * * 25 , 500 * * | | # # # * * 6 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM * * 31 . A grievance is an issue , concern , or claim ( either perceived or actual ) that an individual , group or community wants addressed or resolved by the Project . These may include compliments or complaints of impacts", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 867, "text": "Satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Table A2 to compute the baseline between-market mobility frictions . With this baseline mobility friction , estimated _ν_ , labor allocation data , and the wage data for the base year , we solve for the labor allocation and values at the initial steady state as described in Appendix A . 5 . < sup > 45 < / sup > We calibrate the cost share of labor ( _γl_ for Brazil and _γ_ ̄ _n , l_ for all other countries ) , the cost share of intermediate inputs ( _γm_ for Brazil ) to the base year using the World Input-Output Database ( WIOD ) and the share of fixed factors in value-added of Brazil from CDP . We also allow these cost shares to vary by sector . < sup > 46 < / sup > In addition , we calibrate labor income of each labor market of Brazil ( _w_ � 1 < sup > _k_ < / sup > _ , _ 0 < sup > _L_ < / sup > 1 < sup > _k_ < / sup > _ , _ 0 < sup > ) ; < / sup > GDP of each country other than Brazil ( _w_ � _n , _ 0 _Ln , _ 0 ) ; trade shares , _λ_ ’ s ; and sectoral expenditure shares in preference , _φ_ ’ s , to exactly match the data of the base year . We further allow for _φ_ ’ s to vary by country in the calibrated model . We calibrate the initial employment share of the residual market to be 0 _ . _ 2659 to match the informal employment share of the data in 2003 . Lastly , we set _β_ = 0 _ . _ 95 and set the trade elasticity _θ_ = 4 following Simonovska and Waugh ( 2014 ) . Once the baseline economy is specified , we use the simulated data from the model to calibrate the ̃ elasticity of substitution between tasks , _σ_ . Since this parameter is related to the love for variety of tasks , we calibrate it to match the elasticity of the number of job options to exports in Table 5 . < sup > 47 < /", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 148, "text": "labor allocation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 159, "end": 168, "text": "wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 502, "end": 529, "text": "World Input-Output Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1446, "end": 1460, "text": "simulated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "learned to inform the planning and implementation of similar EEP projects in the future . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 . 2 Indicators for External Monitoring and Evaluation * * The following indicators shall be included in the RP evaluation . All data collected shall be disaggregated by gender to enable specific analysis of different impacts on women and age . - i ) _Basic Information of PAPs : _ The most important information and data for external monitoring include : - Location - Gender of household head - Housing type - Land type and uses - Income and sources of income - Agricultural production data - Values of assets , compensation and resettlement entitlement - ii ) _Restoration of living standards_ basic indicators include : - Compensation for houses as per the guidelines and laws ; - Fair resettlement for PAHs and vulnerable groups , and achievement of the objectives of the RP ; and Official Use Only Page 169", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 603, "text": "Agricultural production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Grievance information will be recorded in a grievance log . This information will include : - PAPs or other stakeholder name and contact details ; - Details of the nature of the grievance ; - Date received , responded to and closed out ; - How it was submitted , acknowledged , responded to and closed out . - _Referral and examination of complaints : _ a GRM Committee shall be established at each PRIME-1 subproject implementation site / Kebele ( comprising of members as presented See Section 13 . 5 below ) ( 3-5 days from receipt of the grievance ) who will examine the complaint , resolve , or refer . - _Notifying the complainant : _ the decision / solution / action by the grievance committee shall be communicated to the complainant , 8-15 days from receipt of the grievance ) . - _Closing the complaint_ : where the decision / solution of the complaint is accepted by the complainant , or the complaint is not related to the Subproject or any of its components , or the complaint is being heard by the judiciary , the complaint will be closed following the appropriate procedure as set out in Figure 13 . 1 below . A schematic process for dealing with grievances is presented in Figure 13 . 1 . The PO ’ s CLO / LRO will establish and maintain a system for the following : - Receiving and recording complaints and concerns regarding land acquisition and livelihoods restoration ; - Allocating the complaint / grievance to the appropriate persons and process for investigation ; Page 172", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 59, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8776 Estimating Small Area Population Density Using Survey Data and Satellite Imagery An Application to Sri Lanka _Ryan Engstrom David Newhouse Vidhya Soundararajan_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice March 2019", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was achieved by 104 . 3 % . The project supported the clearance of above 773 cases under High Court Land , Commercial , and Family Divisions . - The new target for the number of Parish Physical Development Plans produced exceeded by 37 percent and reached 653 against a target of 566 . # # # * * < u > Outcomes < / u > * * - The target for the land parcel with use or ownership rights recorded as a result of the project was exceeded ( 105 percent ) reaching 397 , 000 against a target of 375 , 000 . - The target for the number of land parcels with use / ownership rights registered as a result of femaleowned projects individually or jointly was exceeded , as it was multiplied by more than 3 , as it reached 135 , 000 , against a target of 40 , 000 . - The revised target of the percentage of customers reporting satisfaction with land registration services reached 78 . 50 percent , exceeding the target of 70 percent . - The revised target for the number of direct beneficiaries with use or ownership rights recorded as a result of the project was partially achieved ( 88 percent ) and reached 1 , 404 , 000 , a little lower than the target of 1 , 500 , 000 following the rollout of SLAAC activities to the additional 14 districts , the launch of the Uganda National Land Information System mobile application . - The revised target for the number of land parcels with use or ownership rights registered as a result of the project was partially achieved by 28 . 4 % , reaching 35 , 841 , against a target of 125 , 000 . Results toward the PDO-A were generally achieved or exceeded for ( i ) the number of land parcels with use / ownership rights registered , ( ii ) the number of land parcels with use / ownership rights registered as a result of female-owned project individually or jointly , and ( iii ) the percentage of customers reporting satisfaction with land registration services . Achieved results were partially achieved regarding ( i", "spans": [{"start": 1256, "end": 1295, "text": "Uganda National Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Uganda . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > In 2005 , a WHO team conducted a health and mortality survey in Northern Uganda . 3 , 830 households in Gulu , Kitgum and Pader districts were interviewed . AIDS was the 2 < sup > nd < / sup > leading cause of death after malaria and fever ; these are self reported causes of death and thus some biases exist . WHO also found that crude mortality rates in the Acholi region were well above the emergency threshold of 1 death per 10 , 000 deaths per day . In discussing the causes of excess mortality among IDPs , the survey attributed it to the high level of violence ( especially in Kitgum and Pader ) , overcrowding and poor camp conditions , and barriers to health service access and malnutrition . < sup > 76 < / sup > 32", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 118, "text": "health and mortality survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * Leased Assets * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable ” * * * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan table : * * Not Applicable * * * * Domestic preference * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 of the Procurement Regulations * * ( Goods and Works ) * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * # # * * Not Applicable * *", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 254, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 674, "end": 697, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "million . < mark > Many emigrants returned home after a stay of about 10 years , < / mark > < sup > 4 < / sup > < mark > but the < / mark > possibility of getting into an occupation resulting in upward social mobility ( mainly self-employment or in the public sector ) was associated with a shorter stay in the Gulf states , while the prospect of fewer job opportunities back home post-return significantly increased the length of stay ( Czaika and Varela 2015 ) . Within the GCC countries , the distribution of migrants from Kerala has changed over time , with the Gulf countries becoming more popular over the past two decades . Temporary migration from Kerala to Saudi Arabia remained steady , barely increasing from 510 , 895 migrants in 1998 to 522 , 282 migrants in 2013 . Migration to other Gulf countries increased substantially . Between 1998 and 2013 , migrant flows from Kerala to the UAE more than doubled from 421 , 959 to 898 , 962 ; for Kuwait , it increased from 68 , 163 to 183 , 239 ; and for Qatar , it increased from 62 , 969 to 106 , 107 . The GCC countries remain a major destination for migrants from Kerala , more so than other parts of India . < mark > According to the National Sample Survey of 2007 – 08 , only 0 . 9 million migrant workers from Kerala were in other parts of India , compared to more than 2 million Kerala migrants in the GCC countries . Also , while residents of Kerala barely migrated to other Indian states , 2 . 5 million workers from other parts of India were temporarily working in Kerala during this period . < / mark > Previous literature has documented that Indian < mark > emigrants to GCC countries , and their remittances , significantly contributed to the state economy and improved the educational profile of the migrants ( R < / mark > ajan and Zacharia 2019 ) < mark > . However , < / mark > studies on the transfer of norms and values by return migrants from the Gulf or the Middle East to Kerala , India ,", "spans": [{"start": 1195, "end": 1217, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KN13S * * OKEN * * A NAYIONAL * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 # # XVI . Notes to the Financial Statements For the Year Ended 30th June * * 2019 * * # # # # # * * 1 . A . GENERAL * * INFORMATION Kenya National Bureau of Statistics is a Semi-Autonomous Government Agency established * * by , * * and derives its authority and accountability from an Act of Parliament * * - * * the Statistics Act , * * 2006 . * * It is the principal agency of the Government for collecting , analysing and disseminating statistical data in Kenya and is the custodian of official statistical information . # # # # # B . * * STATEMENT * * OF * * COMPLIANCE AND BASIS * * OF * * ACCOUNTING * * The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except for the measurement at re-valued amounts of certain items of property , plant and equipment . The preparation of financial statements in conformity with International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( IPSAS ) allows the use of estimates and assumptions . It also requires management to exercise judgement in the process of applying the Bureau ' s accounting policies . The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity , or where assumptions and estimates are significant to the financial statements , are disclosed in Note * * D * * below . The financial statements have been prepared and presented in Kenya Shillings , which is the functional and reporting currency of the entity . The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the PFM Act , the Statistics Act , and International Public Sector Accounting Standards * * ( IPSAS ) . * * The accounting policies adopted have been consistently applied to all the years presented . # # # # # * * C . * * ADOPTION OF * * NEW AND * * REVISED * *", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 611, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Based on the analysis and findings of the census surveys and public consultation meetings as well as the objective conditions of different categories of PAHs ( experiences , opportunities , and capabilities in terms of resources and skills for income generating activities , needs , and constraints in the case of vulnerable groups ) , we have categorized the eligible PAHs into three broad categories as follows : - ( a ) Severely affected PAHs at the Limu Genet Substation site and 20 % or more farmland affected and ( 17 PAHs ) ; - ( b ) Moderately affected PAHs inside the RoW corridor due to loss of Cash Crops ( 127 PAHs ) ; and - ( c ) Limited Impact with less than 20 % or less farmland affected ( 104 PAHs ) . The categorization of PAHs into different groups is meant to facilitate the targeting of different types of livelihood restoration and income improvement strategies to a specific group of PAHs . Furthermore , there should be no misunderstanding that the main purpose of the above categorization of PAHs is to rationalize the provision of public resources to various categories of PAHs in a manner that is not only equitable but also effective in restoring PAHs livelihoods . The categorization of PAHs is also meant to justify the provision of public resources in the form of additional special assistance to PAHs who are considered to be more vulnerable ( Vulnerable Groups ) to adverse Subproject impacts than others . # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 . 1 Agriculture Based Strategies * * The main livelihood activity of the majority of PAHs is based mainly on small-scale cash crop ( coffee , khat , fruit crops , timber ) production supplemented by cereal crops and livestock production – the later mainly for sustenance purposes . Following this and as briefly mentioned in the preceding section", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 210, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ will interface with the PAPs whereas in indirect participation , the resettlement unit will interface with the representatives of the PAPs mainly the area resettlement committees and witness NGOs . The resettlement unit receives information and opinions and shares it with the PAPs and relevant stakeholders through the consultation process hence if integrated with grievance redress , will greatly minimize complaints and grievances from PAPs . When information is disclosed and stakeholders participate , the resettlement unit becomes the centre focus of the public consultation and information disclosure process . A variety of tools are available for the resettlement unit to consult and disclose information to the PAPs and interested stakeholders . The resettlement unit can use ; - Printed materials ; - Visual materials ; - Community informative meetings ; - Stakeholder meetings ; - Field surveys ; and - Cooperation with local NGOs / CBOs . # # # * * Public Announcements * * These include written and oral announcements . Written announcements will be made in both the local ( Orumuri ) and national newspapers while oral announcements will be made through electronic media ( TV and Radio ) again both in local languages ( Runyakitara ) and English . The announcements should be made at least 5 days before the announced action or request takes place . # # # * * Printed Materials * * The resettlement unit should publish and distribute printed materials such as brochures ( giving information on the project , rights of the PAPs , job application criteria and the resettlement process ) , maps and reports . Similar materials were distributed in the project area during the RAP studies . These materials would be distributed to PAPs and interested stakeholders at the beginning of the resettlement process . Moreover , any material under distribution and any other document providing information about the project and RAP implementation should be available for public review . # # # * * Visual material * * This is the material to be used", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 991, "text": "Field surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A SPOTLIGHT ON EDUCATION AT THE GLOBAL REFUGEE FORUM 2023 # # * * SHAPING THE FUTURE OF REFUGEE EDUCATION TOGETHER * * Since 2019 , significant progress has been made on improving access to quality education for refugee children . The pledges made at the 2023 Global Refugee Forum represent an additional important step forward in increasing the number of refugee children included in national systems ; providing multi-year predictable financing to refugee hosting governments ; operationalizing aspirations to align humanitarian and development funding and approaches to focus on inclusion from the start ; and enhance self-reliance and solutions pathways throughout the education life cycle and into employment and livelihoods , including for refugee teachers . Bringing together stakeholders , led by host country Governments and meaningfully engaging civil society at international , national and refugee-led levels , multilaterals , bilaterals and the private sector , has proved to be the best way to deliver on the promise of the Global Compact on Refugees . Additionally , it is critical that host countries that have made transformational pledges are matched with financial , material , and technical support from all stakeholder groups . In a global moment of socio-economic and political challenges , and with the continued increase in the numbers of displaced people and the factors that cause displacement , developing a shared vision and a laser focus on getting there , is the only way to meet the needs of refugees in this generation , and the next . Accountability for the pledges made is the most important next step . The GRF is a moment every four years to come together , review progress and make new commitments . But the continued work includes delivering on pledges made , and the tracking and reporting of these at least annually , using the < u > UNHCR GRF dashboard . Tracking in this way contributes < / u > to the sum of global knowledge on what is working well , and what is more challenging , as well as ensuring there is clear data on financing to refugee education and on the enrolment , retention and holistic learning", "spans": [{"start": 1874, "end": 1893, "text": "UNHCR GRF dashboard", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 3B6 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 The noise impact of more localised construction activities , such as the building or upgrading of roads to connect the project site to the existing left and right bank roads , will depend upon their detailed alignments and the locations of individual properties . These short-term construction activities are unlikely to cause significant noise intrusion at distances of more than 50-100 m from the point of working . These connecting roads will be used to transport persons and materials to and from the construction sites during both the construction and operational periods of the project . The majority of traffic to the site will be via the Jinja-Kayunga highway , which runs along the western bank of the Nile . However , there will be a limited amount of traffic accessing the site from the Jinja-Kamuli road on the east bank . Traffic noise level changes adjacent to these roads have been calculated from the existing traffic flows and the projected flows during the busiest Stage 1 and Stage 2 periods . Traffic noise levels adjacent to the west bank state highway are predicted to increase by no more than 2 dBLAeq , while those adjacent to the east bank road will increase by about 3 dBLAeq . These changes are not considered acoustically significant , as the resulting daily traffic flows will not increase a considerable amount above baseline . _Mitigation / monitoring measures : _ The EPC Contractor will be contractually bound not to exceed the construction noise standards outlined above , and is committed to compliance with these standards . Although the noise impact modelling has concluded that the general noise standard will not be exceeded , the EPC Contractor will monitor incident noise levels at locations outside the site boundary , as required by the Ugandan noise standards . If monitoring at these points indicates that the noise standard has been exceeded , the EPC Contractor will take additional measures to reduce noise emissions to acceptable levels . A", "spans": [{"start": 1055, "end": 1077, "text": "existing traffic flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 Yrs < br > 35 % < br > 19 - 35 Yrs < br > 29 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 12 : Age distribution ( Source - PAH Heads ) * * # # # # * * 6 . 5 . 2 Gender Distribution of the PAH Heads * * It was noted that 53 % of the PAH Heads were female . These include widows who form the lager group in this category of female household heads while the others are separated or single women . In the RAP widows fall under the category of vulnerable groups so that they are not disinherited during compensation . During discussions with opinion leaders and FGDs in the project area the fate of widows in the compensation and resettlement was featured prominently . This is because widows often lose land to the late husband ’ s extended family who claim land and other assets . The community members felt that special consideration be given to female household heads during land succession processes and compensation . The project will hire a succession lawyer who ensure that widows are supported to became estate administrators of their deceased husbands . Additionally , illiterate widows shall be supported go through compensation procedures . 61", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their non-enrolled daughters going to school ( 30 % ) than to disapprove of schooling for non-enrolled sons ( 7 . 5 % ) . Field interviews conducted in five villages randomly selected , by region , from the PRHS-II sample also highlight the importance of mobility constraints for girls school enrollment , as the following quotes illustrate : < sup > 5 < / sup > \" . . . I took my daughters out of school because it was too far to walk and I feel that things are not safe there . . . ” ( woman , Southern Punjab ) “ When sons go to schools that are far away we don ’ t get worried , but for our daughter we get worried . ” ( woman , Southern Punjab ) . “ The problem is , when children are so small to attend primary school , we cannot expect them to walk all the way to a school in another settlement or another village . But when they grow a bit more mature , 8-9 yrs , we cannot send girls alone to walk this distance . There are tall sugarcane fields and all the way is deserted except young boys , who use the same route for going to school . This is very dangerous ! The boys tease — young girls anyone could push a little child , girl or boy in the fields , one would not even know ! \" ( woman , Southern Punjab ) # 3 . 2 Caste and Stigma Caste has received scant attention in Pakistan , from any disciplinary perspective . Indeed , the PRHS-II is the first large-scale survey , as far as we are aware , to collect systematic data on caste affiliation in rural Pakistan . While caste groupings in Pakistan cannot be precisely mapped into the much more extensively studied social hierarchy of neighboring India , there are significant similarities between the two due to their long shared history . In particular , caste identity is embedded within occupational differences , which are associated with status and notions of purity and pollution . Various exclusionary norms follow from these hierarchies and are exercised in relations of mutual assistance , in social networks , and in", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 214, "text": "PRHS-II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * IUCN * * | * * National * * | | | * * relevance * * | | * * Mammals * * | | | | | | | African Savanna Elephant ( _Loxodonta_ < br > _africana_ ) | EN | CR | Unlikely to be < br > impacted | Known population in Sango Bay area < br > Impact : Online data explains movement corridor < br > is from Sango Bayarea towards Tanzania | Mas-Mut | | Spotted-necked Otter ( _Hydrictis maculicollis_ ) | NT | EN | Wetland disturb . | In range , anyfreshwater habitats | Both | | Giant Ground Pangolin ( _Smutsia gigantea_ ) | EN | VU | Induced access in < br > surrounding areas | Broad habitat tolerance but rare , LMNP . < br > Impact : Low impact expected . < br > No suitable habitatpresent alongTL route . | Both | | Trevor ' s Free-tailed Bat ( _Mops trevori_ ) | DD | EN | Vulnerable to < br > collision with TL | Forest-savanna mosaic specialist < br > No suitable habitatpresent alongTL route . | Both | | * * Birds * * | | | | | | | Shoebill ( _Balaeniceps rex_ ) | VU | EN | Wetland disturb . , < br > TL collision risk , | Community engagement indicated presence < br > alongMas-Mut TL route and Mabamba BayIBA | Both | | Gray Crowned Crane ( _Balearica regulorum_ ) | EN | EN | Induced access and < br > IWT | Confirmed present along Mas-Mut TL route .", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 288, "text": "Online data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > BENIN Refugees and asylum-seekers CAMEROON < br > GHANA < br > Internally displaced persons < br > TOGO Abuja < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Refugees fleeing Mali and Burkina Faso are mostly located in the Tillaberi and North Tahoua regions . Those fleeing the situation in Northwest Nigeria have settled mainly in the South Tahoua and Maradi regions . Refugees who fled security incidents in the Lake Chad Basin are predominantly located in the Diffa region . Asylum-seekers and refugees are also present in urban areas , such as Agadez and Niamey . As for individuals benefiting from the Emergency Transfer Mechanism ( ETM ) from Libya , they reside in Hamdallaye near Niamey . * * KEY POPULATION DATA ( as of 30 June 2023 ) * * * * 251 , 760 Refugees * * * * 50 , 377 Asylum-seekers * * # * * 1 . 2 % * * * * of Niger ’ s total population ( approximately 27 , 200 , 000 in 2023 ) are refugees and asylum-seekers * * * * 335 , 277 Internally Displaced Persons ( IDPs ) * * * * IDA 18 RSW / IDA 19 WHR Eligibility : September 2017 * * The Government of Niger has continued to admit people in need of international protection on its territory , providing refuge to populations fleeing conflict and violence . Most refugees currently live outside camps in rural or peri-urban settings since the closure of the Malian camps in 2014 / 15 and are locally integrated into host communities . Only one refugee camp remains in Sayaam Forage ( Diffa region ) hosting vulnerable households owing to a specific < u > < mark > context . < / mark > < / u > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IDA RSW IDA RHW < br > Eligibility Eligibility < br > 350 000 < br > 300 000 302", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 718, "text": "KEY POPULATION DATA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gains from targeting also vary with the choice of poverty line . The higher the poverty line , the less need for targeting , as leakage to the non-poor diminishes to zero . In this study , we select as benchmark the a poverty line that yields a poverty rate of exactly 20 % in both 1999 and 2009 , respectively . # * * _7 . 3 . Simulating the impact of uniform transfers_ * * Our policy simulation in the benchmark case of uniform transfers is calculated in a very straightforward manner . Budget _S_ is divided by total population _N_ . The resulting transfer _a_ is ( _r_ ) added to each predicted expenditure in our database , to yield _ych + a_ . For each replication _r_ we estimate post-transfer national poverty . The average across the _r_ replications of the estimated post-transfer poverty rates yields our expected poverty rate associated with the benchmark , untargeted lump-sum transfer scheme . This new estimated poverty rate can be compared to the original national-level poverty estimate from the poverty map to gauge the impact of the transfer . # * * _7 . 4 . Simulating the impact of “ optimal ” geographic targeting_ * * Simulating the impact of the “ optimal ” targeting scheme is a bit more complicated . Following Kanbur ( 1987 ) we want to equalize the following expression across the poorest locations of a country : which is _z_ times the poverty gap in location _c_ , after every person in the location has received a transfer _ac . Fc ( y ) _ is the average of the R simulated expenditure distributions of _c_ . The function ( _x_ ) < sup > _ + _ < / sup > gives the ‘ positive part ’ of its argument , i . e . ( _x ) _ < sup > _ + _ < / sup > _ = x , _ if _x_ is positive , otherwise 0 . Transfers _ac_ ( which must be nonnegative ) add up to a given budget _S_ : where _Nc_ is the population size of location _c_ . After transfers there is a group of locations all sharing the same ( maximum ) poverty gap rate", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * AF for Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P179670 ) ii ) limited technical and human resource capacity of the agencies impeding proper application of E & S risk mitigation systems ; iii ) efforts to address GBV / SEA-H risks mostly done through SEQIP are limited by inadequate resourcing hence resulting in low County coverage ; iv ) lack of proper coordination with compliance and regulatory agencies such as National Environment Management Authority ( NEMA ) , National Construction Authority ( NCA ) , Directorate of Occupation Safety and Health Services ( DOSHS ) , Children ' s Department , National Gender and Equality Commission ( NGEC ) and Public Works to support monitoring , reporting and compliance with E & S risk management ; and , v ) lack of a robust and accessible GRM mechanism that is interoperable between MOE agencies , vi ) gaps in the collection and management of data on learners with disability . Based on the capacity gaps identified through the ESSA , the IPF TA under the parent project supported development of an ESMS , training and capacity building of Training of Trainers ( TOTs ) on the operationalization of the ESMS Manual to the MoE , TSC , key SAGAs and selected county teams responsible for managing environmental and social risks and impacts in the program . The scope of the ESMS capacity building comprises of training on the ESF , implementation of stakeholder engagements , occupational and community health and safety ; emergency preparedness and response , SEA / SH prevention and response measures and labor management procedures . Building on the existing mechanisms available to Bank funded projects within the MoE , the program will design and implement a robust Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) to address complaints and grievances including those related to SEA-H . The effort in addressing GBV / SEA-H will be complimented by the establishment of a referral pathway / reporting cases of GBV / SEA-H and child abuse . With continuous training and sensitization , the reporting function can", "spans": [{"start": 922, "end": 954, "text": "data on learners with disability", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-KIRINYAGA COUNTY - < br > 137957-GO-RFQ / procure < br > one phototherapy unit , for < br > Kerugoya county referral < br > hospital maternity unit | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 1 , 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2019-11-15 | 2020-01-10 | 2020-06-14 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-KIRINYAGA COUNTY - < br > 137671-GO-RFQ / procure < br > 3no incubators and 1no < br > resuscitaire , for Kimbimbi sub < br > district hospital . | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 12 , 000 . 00 | 36 , 136 . 91 < br > Completed | 2019-11-15 < br > 2020-03-03 | 2020-01-10 < br > 2020 - | 03-05 < br > 2020-06-14 < br > 2020-06-17 | | KE-KIRINYAGA COUNTY - < br > 117210-GO-RFQ / Purchase 5 < br > laptops for 5 sub-county < br > Health Records Information < br > officers Kirinyaga East , West < br > , North , a Southand Central", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "followed by periods of declining relative incomes . More recently , most of the economies of Latin America have stabilized and there has been a strong upturn in growth , led by the largest economy of the region — Brazil — as will be discussed in more detail in the next section . It remains to be seen whether the recent improved growth performance in Brazil and several other Latin American economies can be sustained into the future . > 5 For recent decades , the World Bank ‘ s open database provides a spreadsheet with the changes in country categories . Heckelman et al ( 2011 ) analyze empirically the determinants of countries ‘ ― graduation ‖ above the notional threshold for receiving World Bank lending . > 6 Post crisis GDP per capita growth rates were roughly half the level of pre-crisis growth rates . Malaysia ‘ s average growth of 6 . 4 percent from 1988-1997 fell to 3 percent from 1999-2010 , and Thailand ‘ s average of 7 . 2 percent over 1988-1997 fell to 3 . 4 percent for 1999-2010 . ( GDP per capita growth rates are from _World Development Indicators_ . ) On the other hand , this would still imply convergence — albeit at a slower pace - - given HIC per capita growth rates of around 2 percent . 8", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 494, "text": "World Bank ‘ s open database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project ( P166308 ) # ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS | AGP | Auditor General of Pakistan | | - - - | - - - | | ASER | Annual State of Education Report | | BAEC | Balochistan Assessment Examination Commission | | BCR | Benefit ‐ Cost Ratio | | BESP | Balochistan Education Sector Plan | | BHU | Basic Health Unit | | BISE | Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education | | CBA | Cost ‐ Benefit Analysis | | CE | Citizen Engagement | | CoI | Conflict of Interest | | COVID | Coronavirus Disease | | CRI | Corporate Results Indicator | | DA | Designated Account | | DDO | Drawing and Disbursement Officer | | DEA | District Education Authority | | DHIS | District Health Information System | | DOS | Directorate of Schools | | DP | Development Partner | | ECE | Early Childhood Education | | EHCWMP | Environmental and Health Care Waste Management Plan | | EMIS | Education Management Information System | | EmONC | Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care | | EPI | Expanded Program on Immunization | | ESMF | Environmental and Social Management Framework | | FM | Financial Management | | FMS | Financial Management Specialist | | GBV | Gender ‐ based Violence | | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | | GoB | Government of Balochistan | | GoP | Government of Pakistan | | GPP | Governance and Policy Program | | GRM | Grievance Redress Mechanism | | GRS | Grievance Redress Service | | HCI | Human Capital Index | | HF | Health Facility | | HIES | Household Integrated Economic Survey | | HMIS | Health Management Information System | | HRH | Human Resources for Health |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specifically , among other things , convergence is found conditional upon a country ’ s initial human capital stock . Therefore , a poor country on average may grow faster , but only if the poor country ’ s human capital stock is above the amount initially expected at the level of per capita income . # * * _Reverse Causality_ * * Most of the evidence of some sort of relationship between education and growth is based on statistical _correlations_ . From these correlations , it has been generally inferred that higher levels of education cause higher growth . One critique of these findings comes from Bils and Klenow ( 2000 ) who suggest reverse causation . Based on a calibrated micro-foundation model , they claim that faster growth induces people to stay longer in school . In other words , the channel from schooling to growth that is assumed to dominate in many models cannot explain all the observed correlation between education and growth . However , the reverse channel provides some explanation . Therefore , in an econometric framework , schooling should be treated as an endogenous input with respect to income . This implies making use of econometric methods for dealing with this problem . # * * _Few Individual Case Studies_ * * Recent research has mainly relied on cross-country regression analysis . However , the original motivation of studying economic growth focuses on the time-series dynamics of macroeconomic variables . In addition , the cross-section focus may be inadequate if rates of return to education or the quality of education differ substantially across countries . Unfortunately , with respect to human capital , there are very few studies that analyze a single country over a certain time period . The exception is a study from Jenkins ( 1995 ) using time series data from 1971-1992 for the United Kingdom . Still , the limited size of her time series sample makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions that can be generalized . Also Pissarides ( 2000 ) summarizes single case studies for India , Egypt , Tanzania and Chile . Part of an OECD project , these studies were to provide a more thorough test of the relation between human capital and growth in a single country context", "spans": [{"start": 1791, "end": 1807, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at 0 . 22 , while Kerala has the lowest , at 0 . 01 . Table 4 gives the rationing rates for the poor and non-poor . Consistently with the allIndia results in Table 3 , we see that the non-poor are rationed more than the poor in almost all states ( the only exceptions are Kerala and Rajasthan ) . The _TD_ is determined by how the demand rates and the rationing rates vary between the poor and non-poor . We can use a simple decomposition method to show how much of the _TD_ is due to each factor : > 16 To divide the population into poor and non-poor , we use poverty lines that deliver the same poverty rates using the abridged consumption module in the Employment Schedule , as those that are obtained from the Consumption schedule , and reported in Table 1 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 734, "text": "Consumption schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sionandEquipment | | Nyeri | * * - * * | * * 2521 / * * | * * 252 * * | 480 | Capacity < br > * * 600 * * | Originally * * - * * Conversion < br > Finally * * - * * Entirelynew < br > schoolonanewsite | | Total | 1 , 806 | * * 3 , 185 * * | * * 1 , * * < sup > * * 37 9 * * < / sup > < br > * * 1 , 72 / * * | * * 8oo * * < br > 920 = ! | | | * * 0 * * Source : Ministry of Education . - 1 / First intake February < sup > * * 1977 * * < / sup > Based on full capacity of Nyeri * * ( 600 ) * * and * * 1977 * * enrolments are full capacity of other < sup > schools . < / sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not applicable_ * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 _Chart 3 : Duration of Contracts or Agreements with Employers by Group_ On duration of work with current employer regardless the availability of contractual or verbal agreement , a large percentage of Syrian refugees interviewed have worked for less than three months with their current employer across groups 1 to 4 . _Chart 4 : Duration of Work with Current Employer , by Group_ 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report National Safety Net Program for Results ( P131305 ) # National Safety Net Program for Results ( P131305 ) AFRICA | Kenya | Social Protection Global Practice | IBRD / IDA | Program-for-Results | FY 2014 | Seq No : 3 | ARCHIVED on 26-Dec-2014 | ISR17662 | Implementing Agencies : # * * Program Development Objectives * * Program Development Objective ( from Program-for-Results Appraisal Document ) To support the Republic of Kenya to establish an effective national safety net program for poor and vulnerable # * * Overall Ratings * * | Name | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Progress towards achievement of PDO |  Moderately Satisfactory |  Moderately Satisfactory | | Overall Implementation Progress ( IP ) |  Moderately Satisfactory |  Moderately Satisfactory | | Overall Risk Rating |  Moderate |  Moderate | # * * Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * To date , the government has successfully achieved four Disbursement-Linked Indicators , two of which have been achieved in the current reporting period . Two further results related to completing single registry implementation and adopting a program consolidation strategy ( totaling US $ 15 million ) are planned for achievement by early 2015 . However , significant delays continue in making timely payments to beneficiaries particularly at the beginning of each fiscal year . There is therefore urgent need for the Ministry of Labour , Social Security and Services , the Ministry of Devolution and Planning , and the National Treasury to discuss and agree how best to ensure timely payments , in full , are regularly made to beneficiaries . Given that the program has been effective for just over a year , there are no significant impact-level outcomes to report on . However , a baseline report of the Program Implementation and Beneficiary Satisfaction Survey is expected in April / May 2015", "spans": [{"start": 1891, "end": 1949, "text": "Program Implementation and Beneficiary Satisfaction Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Real GDP growth | Real GDP growth is < br > lowered in years t + 2 and < br > t + 3 < sup > 2 / < / sup > | B2 : Exports growth | Export value growth lower < br > in t + 2 and t + 3 < sup > 2 / < / sup > | | B4 : Exchange rate < br > depreciation | One-time 30 percent real < br > depreciation in t + 2 | B6 : Exchange rate < br > depreciation | One-time 30 percent real < br > depreciation in t + 2 | 1 / For additional details see Painchaud and Stučka ( 2011 ) . 2 / Growth is set at its historical average minus one standard deviation . Overall , we observe that average liquidity indicators are only marginally affected by shocks for the sample as a whole and for the different groups , despite the fact that small deviations from the baseline tend to be protracted , especially in the case of debt service to revenue . < sup > 14 < / sup > As a result risk ratings on average are not sensitive to liquidity shocks . Further , in the situation pre-shock breaches are on average short lived and small in size ( Annex Table 7C ) , leading to few cases of high risk of debt distress . On the contrary , solvency indicators show sensitivity to shocks , leading to more protracted and larger breaches on average . In the public DSA shocks lead to protracted deviations from the baseline in general , although the size of the changes in debt-to-GDP ratios varies across groups . The depreciation shock has a lesser effect in general , on average , while shocks to the primary balance ( A2 ) and real GDP growth ( B1 ) affect the Frontier and HIPC groups more . Real GDP shocks are the main source of vulnerability of Fragile and Oil Exporting countries ( Annex Table 7A ) . Similar effects are found for solvency indicators in the external DSA , although the effect on breaches vis-àvis the threshold is more significant on the duration rather than the size of the breach ( Annex Table", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Total food consumption is an informative measure of wellbeing in itself , but is also important because it is a core component of poverty indicators . To calculate the value of total monthly consumption on food ( in Afghani ) , we map district price data to quantity data from the household consumption module . ( Households are asked for the quantity of foods consumed over the past seven days ; these quantities are multiplied by 4 . 2 to get monthly values . ) Food consumption data include food bought , produced or obtained through other methods , e . g . , food aid , gifts . Prices were matched by month , item , and district . Since not all food items were available in all district markets at all times of the year , we imputed the > 25 See Kauermann and Carroll ( 2001 ) for details on the properties of this estimator . 10", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 256, "text": "district price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 283, "end": 311, "text": "household consumption module", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 466, "end": 487, "text": "Food consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is no database covering all ODA disbursements per sector . In terms of commitments , the 1990s saw a major drop . For instance , infrastructure commitments from multilateral development banks fell from $ 18 . 0 billion in 1996 to $ 13 . 5 billion in 1999 , though by 2002 they had recovered to about $ 16 . 0 billion . But even at its peak , such financing was too small relative to needs . At this point the best that can be hoped for is a significant countercyclical effect — with ODA at least sufficient to offset swings in private sector contributions , as well as leverage funds from private sources . The private sector now provides more infrastructure financing than does ODA , but there are no official statistics to demonstrate this without a doubt . Research conducted at the World Bank has generated some data on the new contribution of the private sector , but this data is imperfect because much of it focuses on commitments rather than disbursements . Knowing that many signed projects are cancelled before they are implemented , the gap between commitments and disbursement is likely to be high — but no one really knows how high simply because there is no data , again except for Latin America thanks to Easterly and Serven ( 2003 ) . According to a worldwide database , during 1990 – 2002 private sector commitments to infrastructure in developing countries totaled $ 805 billion , or $ 62 billion a year . But this average masks enormous fluctuations . Private commitments rose sharply until 1997 , then fell quickly in response to East Asia ’ s financial crisis . In recent years they have hovered around levels like those in the mid-1990s . For example , in 2002 private commitments totaled $ 47 billion — the lowest level since 1994 . This suggests that private investment accounted for only 10 – 15 percent of estimated investment needs . In addition , most of these investments have gone to energy and telecommunications ( in terms of sectors ) and to Latin America , East Asia , and ( to a lesser extent ) Eastern Europe ( in terms of regions ) . > 9 U . K . Department", "spans": [{"start": 1266, "end": 1284, "text": "worldwide database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the country as of September 2018 . The increased numbers of refugees returning in 2016 and undocumented Afghans in 20162018 to certain areas in Afghanistan , especially to Kabul , as well as continued displacement to urban areas due to ongoing conflict , added further pressure on community services and social infrastructure in Afghanistan affecting its absorption capacity . UNHCR has identified 14 key areas of high return within Afghanistan that will benefit from enhanced support and coordinated action , through Community-Based Protection Measures ( CBM ) in partnership with development actors and the Afghan Government . In light of Afghanistan ’ s deteriorating security situation and limited absorption capacity , it is critical to seek solutions to the crisis , promote responsibility sharing regionally and globally , and foster robust and effective linkages between humanitarian action and development initiatives to ensure the long-term sustainable reintegration of all returnees . # # # # # * * The Islamic Republic of Iran – host to one of the world ’ s largest urban refugee populations * * Providing for close to 1 million registered Afghan refugees , the Islamic Republic of Iran currently ranks as the fifth largest refugee hosting country in the world . Of these refugees , 97 per cent reside in urban or semi-urban areas across the country . The remaining three per cent live in 20 government-run refugee settlements . The majority of Afghan refugees in > * * 4 * * UNHCR and IOM : “ Returns to Afghanistan in 2017 : Joint IOM-UNHCR Summary Report ” . See : http : / / afghanistan . iom . int / sites / default / files / Reports / joint_returnee_report_iom_unhcr_final . pdf > * * 5 * * According to IOM , 24 , 631 undocumented Afghans have returned from Pakistan and 537 , 710 from the Islamic Republic of Iran , IOM Weekly Situation Report , 9-15 September 2018 . According to UNHCR , the number of registered refugees assisted to return under the voluntary repatriation programme as of 31 October 2017 is over 55 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1836, "end": 1863, "text": "IOM Weekly Situation Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Furthermore , the analysis reveals that farmers ' updating of mistaken beliefs in response to information on their true plot size is remarkably incomplete and asymmetric , indicating a greater willingness to adjust beliefs up than down . Updating is stronger only among larger plots , but still asymmetric . These patterns are likewise consistent with inattention as well as confirmation and self-esteem biases . Moreover , the information treatment affects self-reported information on other , non-land inputs , such as fertilizer and labor , consistent with the hypothesis that farmers employ simplifying mental models – e . g . , optimal prediction error ( Hyslop and Imbens , 2001 ) – to track these variables . This implies that NCME in one production input likely propagates to other production inputs , generating correlated measurement error , which further complicates econometric correctives , because replacing an erroneous self-reported variable with an accurate measure of the same variable can aggravate rather than reduce bias in regression coefficient estimates if one cannot also correct for the correlated NCME in other variables ( Abay et al . , 2019 ) . The scale and persistence of the NCME we observe almost surely has distributional and welfare implications , although estimating those effects falls beyond the scope of this paper . # * * 2 . Experimental Design and Data * * The data come from a randomized experiment that was embedded into the Malawi National Crop Cutting Study ( NCCS ) , which was implemented by the National Statistical Office ( NSO ) in 2019 / 20 , in collaboration with the World Bank ’ s Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) team . The NCCS was implemented in a national sample of 72 enumeration areas ( EAs ) selected at random from the sample of EAs that were scheduled to be visited by the Fifth Integrated Household Survey ( IHS5 ) in the months of December 2020 and January - February 2021 . < sup > 3 < / sup > In each EA , 24 maize cultivating households were selected at random from the universe of maize cultivating households identified through a full household listing in each EA . Of the sampled households , 16 were selected at random for a separate crop cutting", "spans": [{"start": 1469, "end": 1503, "text": "Malawi National Crop Cutting Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1636, "end": 1670, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1848, "end": 1881, "text": "Fifth Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- f . Strengthening quality management systems in line with international standards and best practices on blood safety . - g . Development and application of a blood donor retention strategy ; including a robust Communications strategy and development of a ‘ blood brand ’ for Kenya . - h . Contracting health workers and additional support staff to support the operations of the blood laboratories . 15 . * * Component 7 . Project Implementation and Monitoring : * * To support implementation , the Project will finance costs associated with the Project coordination , activities for program implementation and monitoring . Key areas of support include : - a . Operational costs and logistical services for day-to-day management of the Project ; - b . Continuous monitoring of the Project activities and periodic evaluation , guided by the project M & E framework ; - c . Environmental and social safeguards related activities ; - d . This proposed AF will support : ( i ) project management operational costs related to COVID-19 vaccine deployment ; ( ii ) post-vaccine introduction and impact evaluations ; ( iii ) increased scope and frequency of ongoing KAP surveys to cover vaccine deployment ; and ( iv ) fiduciary control activities . 16 . * * Component 8 : Improving Quality and Capacity for GBV Response : * * This component aims to improve the capacity and quality of GBV response services for survivors in targeted counties , with a focus on health systems strengthening . Support under this component , targeting at least ten counties selected based on a pre-determined criterion < sup > 5 < / sup > , will include : - a . Capacity strengthening of health care providers to identify the risks and health consequences of GBV and to offer first line support and medical treatment . Strengthening quality of GBV service delivery through improved data collection and analysis to monitor service delivery , understand emerging trends , build the capacity of health sector staff and build capacity for collection of essential forensic , medical-legal evidence should survivors want to seek justice ; - b . Assessment and strengthening of", "spans": [{"start": 1159, "end": 1170, "text": "KAP surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". g . video-conferencing , laptops , i-pads , activities related to financial inclusion surveys and training on RBS for AML / CFT iv ) inclusion of a database to identify risks at the micro and macro levels for the CBK Research Department < u > Key issues : < / u > * * i ) * * As a result of the Imperial Bank situation and heightened focus on supervision by the Governor of the CBK , the project remains susceptible to urgent requests from CBK and KDIC to assist with capacity building in this area and would need to remain open to adjustments to the scope of the project . However , this is likely to be limited as the IMF is currently conducting a deep dive assessment of the sector and will provide an aide memoire / recommendations upon completion . The FSSP team will assist in implementation of these suggested actions ii ) it is currently envisaged that an FSAP will be conducted in FY2016 . # # # # * * Subcomponent 1B – Payments * * The objective of this sub-component is to : ( i ) support efforts by the National Treasury to scale-up digitization of government payments and services , and ( ii ) support CBK to upgrade payment systems , technology infrastructure , and enhance payment systems regulations and oversight . # # # # * * _Key activities , work plan updates & key issues_ * * < u > Change Management : While the authorities have set up a cabinet-level ICT committee driving e-government initiatives , they have yet to institutionalize < / u > change management frameworks and project management functions launched under ad hoc provisional structures at NT . Therefore , a key activity in the work plan will be to recruit a program manager and other technical specialists ( comprising a central program management unit at the Treasury ) to introduce robust governance structures . 10 / 7 / 2016 Page 2 of 12 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 95, "text": "financial inclusion surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measurement of income changes are not easily used as inputs to the quantitative welfaretheoretic analysis , thereby constituting a problematic gap between these two literatures . Furthermore , as the literature has often pointed out , the measurement of dynamic income changes is itself confronted by ( at least ) the following two problems . First , income data are subject to measurement error and , second , a significant proportion of the observed income changes may be simply temporary in nature - resulting , typically , in an overestimation of the relevant mobility in income ( Lillard and Willis ( 1978 ) Solon ( 2001 ) , Luttmer ( 2002 ) , Fields et al ( 2003 ) , Glewwe ( 2004 ) , Antman and McKenzie ( 2007 ) ) . This is also important from the perspective of welfare analysis , as measurement error has no effect on workers ’ welfare and transitory shocks to income are perhaps easily smoothed out , resulting in very small welfare effects . In addition , welfare analysis is confronted by an additional challenge . Since individual utility is postulated as taking consumption rather than income as its argument , its direct valuation requires reliable data on individual consumption levels , which are often unavailable for developing countries . To use the more easily available data on incomes , a theoretical framework is required that translates the estimated income dynamics into consumption changes taking into account the institutional constraints individual agents face . In this paper , we develop a tractable analytical framework to study income mobility that provides a close link between the welfare theory and the empirical methodology used in the measurement of the income dynamics , thereby helping to bridge the gap between these literatures . At the same time , this framework overcomes many of the methodological problems that we have just discussed . We note , at the outset , that our focus is on income mobility within individual lifetimes ( intra-generational mobility ) . We postulate ( Section II ) that individuals face a stochastic income process that is highly parameterized , but , following much of the literature , is sufficiently elaborate to distinguish between changes in income resulting from trend growth and other predictable factors and changes", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 362, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1293, "end": 1308, "text": "data on incomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interpretation , special studies ) Actual Actual Actual Actual < br > TBIWRDP 03 / 10 QCBS Lumpsum MoWE 2 , 000 , 000 Prior Plan Plan Plan Plan 04 / 06 / 10 13 / 08 / 10 21 / 10 / 10 < br > 3 . Completion of consultancy service on Ground Water Euro 864 , 377 . 55 & < br > Investigation and Monitoring on Tana & Beles areas Actual 24 / 01 / 09 27 / 02 / 09 31 / 08 / 09 Actual 08 / 09 / 09 12 / 11 / 09 25 / 12 / 09 21 / 01 / 10 11 / 02 / 10 NA NA Actual 16 / 03 / 10 09 / 04 / 10 10 / 04 / 10 Birr 10 , 692 , 359 . 69 12April , 201030 / 04 / 10 Actual 09 / 07 / 10 < br > 4 . Completion of consultancy service on Bathymetric Survey TBIWRDP 04 / 10 QCBS Lumpsum MoWE 200 , 000 Prior Plan Plan Plan 30 / 06 / 10 NA NA 06 / 07 / 10 13 / 07 / 10 Plan 03 / 08 / 10 30 / 09 / 10 30 / 11 / 10 < br > of Lake Tana Actual NA 12 Dec 09 15 days 29 / 12 / 09 NA Actual 15 / 02 / 10 23 / 03 / 10 07 / 05 / 10 NA 02 June , 10 07 June , 201NA Actual 30 June , 10 NA NA Birr 2 , 248 , 800 20 Jul 10 20 Jul 10 Actual < br > Component A . 2 - Resource Planning and Management < br > Capacity Building < br > 1 . Tana and Beles Sub Basin Planning and Decision Support TBIWRDP 04 / 10 QCBS Lumpsum MoWE 2 , 500 , 000 Prior Plan 30 / 09 / 10 14 / 10 / 10 22 / 10 / 10 15 days 29 / 12 / 10 05 / 01 / 11 Plan 17 / 01 / 11 4 / 03 /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries and eight in developed countries . In recent years , several investors ' surveys explored the effectiveness of tax policies on FDI using alternative samples or asking more detailed questions ( for example , JETRO ( 1995 ) , Ernst & Young ( 1994 ) or Fortune / Deloitte & Touche ( 1997 ) ) . In general , these surveys have confirmed the conclusions summarized above ; that if tax policy matters it is not the most influential factor in the site selection of multinationals . < sup > 3 < / sup > # B . Econometric Analysis The available econometric evidence on the effect of taxation used time-series estimation of the responsiveness of FDI to annual variations in tax rates . Most econometric studies have tended to confirm the results of surveys ; that investors are mostly influenced in their decision by market and political factors and that tax policy appear to have little effect on the location of FDI . A selective sample of studies has concluded in that direction : Root and Ahmed ( 1978 ) , Agodo ( 1978 ) , Shah and Toye ( 1978 ) , and Lim ( 1983 ) . In 1978 , Root and Ahmed performed an econometric study with data for 41 developing countries for the period 1966-1970 . They classified countries in three categories of unattractive , moderately attractive , and highly attractive according to their average annual per capita inflow of FDI . Forty-four variables were chosen as potentially significant discriminators of the three country groups . Among the six policy related discriminators were three relating to tax levels . Of these , corporate tax rates proved to be an effective discriminator of the three defined country groups ; however tax incentives laws and liberality were not found to be effective discriminators . Agodo analyzed a sample of 33 US firms having 46 manufacturing investment in 20 African countries . Tax concessions were found to be insignificant as a determinant of FDI in simple and multiple regressions . Much of the literature of the period used highly aggregate data , evaluating the correlation between annual changes in FDI flows , and a series of factors , including In the Fortune / Deloitte & Touche ' s survey , taxes", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 90, "text": "investors ' surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1164, "text": "data for 41 developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1998, "end": 2019, "text": "highly aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2130, "end": 2168, "text": "Fortune / Deloitte & Touche ' s survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "second rows of the table . The row for OIC countries means the percentage of OIC countries that replied yes to the questions . The same calculation applied to the groups of developing countries , OIC-GCC , and low incoming countries . OIC-GCC means OIC countries excluding the GCC countries covered by the CGAP database . > 39 Specialized state owned financial institutions 54", "spans": [{"start": 306, "end": 319, "text": "CGAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Additionally , figure 5 below shows that being further away from the marketplace is associated with lower maize prices . It charts maize prices by distance to markets and shows that the further the household is from the market , the lower the farm-gate price . This suggests that a significant share of the difference between farm-gate prices in a given period and area for a homogenous good such as maize ( henceforth referred to as price dispersion ) can be accounted for by the distance of the household to the local marketplace . Additionally , figure 6 presents the coefficient of variation ( a measure of price dispersion being the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean ) by distance to market quartiles and by season . It shows that price dispersion increases with distance from the marketplace . So households that are further away from the market experience larger price fluctuations than those near to the market in both the harvest and lean seasons . It also shows that price dispersion is lower during the harvest season irrespective of distance to market . _Figure 5 Figure 6_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Coefficient of Variation by < br > 400 < br > Distance to Market and Season < br > 350 Lean Season < br > Harvest Season < br > 300 25 % < br > 250 20 % < br > 200 15 % < br > 150 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 100 < br > 0 50 100 0 % < br > Distance to market ( in km . ) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th < br > jan-feb mar-apr may-jun Quartile Quartile Quartile Quartile < br > jul-aug sep-oct nov-dec Distance to Market < br > Price of maize grain ( in Tsh . ) < br > Coefficient of Variation < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ‟ s computation using Tanzania Household Budget Survey 2007 To further explore the role of search costs and distances to markets and test our first hypothesis , we test a model of the determinants of maize prices using OLS regression . We commence with a simple", "spans": [{"start": 1682, "end": 1719, "text": "Tanzania Household Budget Survey 2007", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "th of 127 countries in the 2017 Global Innovation Index , < sup > 3 < / sup > reflecting fragmented linkages and underutilized capacity across the ecosystem . Second , the country ’ s 38-plus incubators and accelerators — mostly Nairobi-based — varied widely in quality and were heavily grant-dependent ( i . e . , 87 percent ) , while technology bootcamps remained nascent , often unaffordable , and weakly connected to industry and academia ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > Third , at the firm level , productivity was constrained by low absorptive capacity — especially weak managerial / organizational capabilities and gaps in technology adoption . Thus , potential gains from upgrading and adoption were only partially realized and continued to suppress aggregate efficiency . < sup > 5 < / sup > Fourth , these structural gaps were compounded by a thin early-stage financing landscape for startups and shallow , fragmented and donor-reliant early-stage capital , with limited exits and few angle or corporate seed funds . < sup > 6 < / sup > Fifth , restrictive work-permit rules further constrained access to specialized talent , limiting firms ’ ability to scale and deepen innovation capabilities . 3 . * * _Rationale for World Bank ( WB ) Engagement : _ By 2018 , Kenya ’ s push for industrialization and job creation lacked the firm-level instruments needed to translate policy ambition into productivity gains . * * Bank responded to this in a manner consistent with the Country Partnership Strategy ( CPS ) objectives on strengthening private-sector competitiveness and job creation , by addressing the enduring gap of support for the development of the country ’ s entrepreneurship and firm capabilities . In previous years , ongoing World Bank operations did not provide structured mechanisms for managerial upgrading , Small and Medium Enterprise ( SME ) diagnostics , or technology adoption , alongside broader investment climate reforms , although Vision 2030 , the Kenya Industrial Transformation Program , and the Big Four Agenda placed industrialization at the center of", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 55, "text": "2017 Global Innovation Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "en cas de déplacements massifs et soudains de populations , • Formation : Comme pour l ’ enregistrement , les équipes déployées aux FMP sont composées d ’ agents de la DNDS et de l ’ OIM . Ces équipes ont été formées sur la méthodologie retenue pour cet exercice , sur l ’ utilisation du questionnaire employé ainsi que sur des questions essentielles relatives à la protection . • Collecte des données : Les équipes FMP sont placées dans certains lieux d ’ entrée et de transit clés tels que les gares routières et fluviales . Le recensement des personnes déplacées se rendant du centre vers le sud , du nord vers le sud ou entre les régions nord ou du centre se fait généralement à l ’ intérieur des moyens de transport empruntés par ces personnes ( bus ou pinasses ) . La collecte de données aux points FMP permet également d ’ identifier les personnes déplacées les plus vulnérables durant leurs voyages ou une fois arrivées à destination . Si besoin , ces personnes bénéficient d ’ un référencement aux partenaires présents sur le terrain . * * 2 * *", "spans": [{"start": 786, "end": 808, "text": "données aux points FMP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "shown dynamic growth from 2001 to 2006 . These broad patterns mask the varying trends in female entrepreneurship , employment , and gender segmentation across leading versus lagging regions as well as among the industries within manufacturing and services . Our state and industry level descriptive statistics suggest that the states and industries with higher female entrepreneurship shares are also the ones with higher female participation shares in employment . Further , there is a positive association between female involvement in ownership or in employment and gender segmentation in female-led businesses . In general , the magnitude of this correlation is found to be stronger in unorganized manufacturing than in the services sector . Among the correlates of female activity , we find that participation of women in both manufacturing and services is greatly influenced by larger working age populations and femaleto-male gender ratios in the local economy . Technology plays a vital role in reducing gender segmentation in the services industry relative to that in informal manufacturing . Across the board , we find a relatively higher importance of district level local infrastructure in determining female participation and in reducing gender segmentation among male-led plants . > 5 Relatedly , Ghani , Kerr and O ' Connell ( 2014 ) did some early parallel work in this regard with respect to female political set-asides . > 6 Ghani , Mani and O ' Connell ( 2013 ) document the substantial increase in female entrepreneurship in India ’ s unorganized manufacturing sector from 1994 to 2000 . 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 continued * * Attainment profiles * * for * * ages * * 15 * * to * * 19 , * * by * * economic group : * * Middle East , North * * Africa , Central Asia and Europe * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Egypti 1992 Egypt 1995-96 Kazakstan 1995 < br > 08 ~ ~ ~ - } - > 086____ + _0 08 < br > 0 6 0 0 . 6 0 6 < br > 0 4 a . 4 0 . 04 < br > 0 . 2 02 . 0 . 2 < br > o ~ 2 02 O 0 . 2 O < br > 0 . 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 < br > Grade Grade Grade < br > Morocco 1992 Turkey 1993 < br > 08 4 08 < br > 02 02 0 < br > 3 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 < br > Grade Grade < br > * Poorest . Middle A Richest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "global agenda ( e . g . Treasury ) . In the last column of Table A1 we display the economic sectors that are directly related with the purview of a committee using the NAICS 2007 classification . > 19 Detailed data on all the bills received in the Senate for the years of our study was downloaded from the website of the Legislative Information System of the Mexican Ministry of Governance . The information for each bill includes its date , type of bill , topic , person / institution / political party that presented it , and the committee the bill was channeled to . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report Financial Sector Support Project . ( P151816 ) # * * The World Bank * * |  Draft framework / regulation for new long term product | s ( Number , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | - - | 2 . 00 | 2 . 00 | | Date < br > 01-May-2015 | - - | 09-Apr-2018 | 31-Jul-2020 | |  Increase in volume of secondary market transactions | of government debt ( Text , C | ustom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > N / A | - - | Yes | Yes | | Date < br > 01-May-2015 | 09-Apr-2018 | 09-Apr-2018 | 31-Jul-2020 | |  Increase in Insurance coverage ( | Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 3 . 70 | - - | | 2 . 92 | 6 . 00 | | Date | 01-May-2015 | - - | | 09-Apr-2018 | 31-Jul-2020 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbur", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 | | TABLE26 : NUMBER OFBIRDSSPECIES BYCATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 | | TABLE27 : RESULTS OF MAMMAL SURVEY WITH THE LOCAL PEOPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 | | TABLE28 : ADMINISTRATIVEBOUNDARIES OFTHEPROPOSEDMASAKA – MUTUKULA400KV ( 220KV ) TL < br > CORRIDOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| boys < br > 17 | 09 | 00 | 26 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | 48 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". There are frequent traffic accidents , between vehicles but also with pedestrians and cyclists . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 5 . 6 Telecommunication Services * * All the subproject woredas have access to mobile telecommunication service . With the exception of some network interruption often , the overall telecommunication service in most subproject urban as well as rural areas is considered to be very good . Generally , mobile phone has become important means of communication in all subproject impact woredas and Kebeles . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 6 Sample Household Socio-economic Survey Findings * * The household survey was conducted in three Woredas ( i . e . one from Hawassa city and two from Shashemene city which are traversed by the proposed power transmission line . The survey was conducted on randomly selected samples of 90 households ( i . e . 87 maleheaded and three female headed households ) living in and around TL corridor ( Table 4 . 17 ) . As key informants ’ interviews and FGDs were conducted to generate qualitative data , wherever appropriate , the qualitative data captured through these instruments is also Page 104", "spans": [{"start": 560, "end": 591, "text": "Household Socio-economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 609, "end": 625, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "imported materials . The upstream material sector is perfectly competitive , with suppliers scattered across different locations potentially linked to downstream firms via HSR following a Bernoulli distribution . There are positive iceberg communication costs to connect a downstream firm with its domestic supplier unless the supplier is located in a city that is accessible to the exporting firm via HSR . The number of suppliers , which is also the number of varieties of domestic materials , is endogenously determined in the equilibrium . The HSR expansion boosts connections between exporters and domestic suppliers , leading to lower prices and broader access of domestic inputs . This enables the downstream exporting firms to substitute import with domestic materials , raising DVAR . The model ’ s predictions — that DVAR increases with greater domestic input variety and firm DVAR increases with the proportion of domestic suppliers that are connected to the exporters via HSR — are consistent with the empirical findings in Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) and in this study . This paper contributes to several strands of literature . First , it advances research on GVCs and value-added trade by proposing a novel approach to estimating DVAR that streamlines the data required for calculation . Two primary approaches are commonly used to measure GVCs ( Antràs and Chor , 2022 ) : macro and micro methods . The macro approach , which relies on aggregate World Input-Output tables to assess a country ’ s GVC participation ( Hummels et al . , 2001 ; Antràs and Chor , 2012 ; Johnson and Noguera , 2012 ; Koopman et al . , 2014 ; Johnson , 2014 ) , has been widely applied . However , this approach overlooks the rich heterogeneity in firms ’ input sourcing and imported input allocation decisions , leading to significant aggregation bias , particularly for countries heavily involved in processing trade ( Johnson , 2018 ; Koopman et al . , 2012 ; Bems and Kikkawa , 2021 ; Kee and Tang , 2016 ; Puzzello , 2012 ) . 4 Recent micro approaches to GVC measurement use detailed firm-level transactions . Tang et al . ( 2016 ) and Bems and Kikkawa ( 2021 ) infuse firm information in IO tables , while Kee", "spans": [{"start": 1446, "end": 1481, "text": "aggregate World Input-Output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "C6te d ' Ivoire is one of the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to have conducted household surveys over a ten year period between 1985 and 1995 that allow one to trace the evolution of poverty in urban and rural areas and among different socioeconomic groups . This ten year period spans an economic recession of major proportion and ends with the beginning of an economic recovery following the devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 . Poverty increased substantially over the course of the recession , and did not diminish in the year following the devaluation in part because much of increase in export crop prices , especially cocoa , was taxed away . Moreover , the impact of the recession and devaluation was not uniform . Between 1988 and 1993 , urban poverty increased more rapidly than rural poverty , even though mean expenditure in the urban areas remained substantially above mean expenditure in rural areas throughout the period . And food crop farmers appear to have suffered more than export crop farmers . These trends persist after the devaluation . However , an exploration of the poverty trends over time across regions and socioeconomic groups raises a number of questions about the pattern of change and about the reliability of the data or the methodology used to derive the poverty estimates . Secondary data cast some doubt on certain of the survey findings , suggesting that they may be more an artifact of the survey data than a reflection of real economic trends . These problems are not unique to C6te d ' Ivoire ; results from surveys in Uganda and to a lesser extent Ghana have also raised issues of comparability . ' The ability to draw reliable conclusions from time series data is crucial for our understanding of the impact of policy reforms on poverty . Far more attention needs to be paid to the issues of comparability in designing surveys and analyzing data and also to the development of better regional and temporal price indices if reliable time series data on poverty is to be generated for sub-Saharan Africa . # * * _Economic Crisis and the Increase in Poverty_ * * C6te d ' lvoire ' s economic history is marked by a long economic boom", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 101, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1703, "end": 1719, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 DLR 5 . 1 : The percentage ( % ) of MDAs the National Treasury has reviewed the quality of Annual Financial Statements generated from IFMIS and has submitted to the OAG within 4 months . ( Output , 8 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date | - - | - - | - - | - - | The task team agreed with the client that Financial Statements for 2016 / 17 only need to be consistent in terms of receipts and payables with the IFMIS . Given this , four such MDAs or 14 % were consistent . The status is * * Comments * * reported as zero as this result has yet to be verified by the IVA . The auto-reconciliation function still has < u > challenges , which may make the reconciliation of financial assets and liabilities a challenge for 2017 / 18 . < / u > ► DLI 18 DLR 5 . 2a : Approval of audit codes that classify risk clusters to enable efficient targeting of audit resources ( Output , 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) < br > By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | - - | N < br > Y | | Date | - - | - - | - - < br > - - | | * * Comments * * | The OAG has informed th < br > wayit can be verified . | e task team that the risk clus | tering has taken place , but has", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 580, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This version : 15 Feb 2024 60 # * * < mark > APPENDIX NOTE B : < / mark > Revisiting the dissonance between incomes and prices * * To better understand the dissonance between incomes and the cost of living in our qualitative analysis , this section provides additional / complementary evidence on trends in income and prices using various official data sources . The objective is to understand whether citizen frustration captured in qualitative data is consistent with trends in relative increases in wages vis-à-vis prices . Compared to other ASEAN countries , annual real wage growth in Malaysia has been low ( World Bank , 2023 ) . To probe further , we reproduced the GIC using employment income . Figure B1 confirms that , during 1984-2016 , wage growth has been pro-poor , which is also consistent with the trends in overall income gains from growth ( see Figure 5 ) . This is also true for each of our three study states , although the employment income GIC has been relatively flat for the state of Selangor ( Figure B2 ) . However , this may not have increased wages sufficiently in the long run . Figure B3 reports trends in median employment income during 2004-2016 across our three study sample states . Slow wage growth is evident even for the state of Selangor . Moreover , there is significant regional disparity . Sabah not only has the lowest median income , it also saw smaller increases in wage income , averaging RM 56 per year compared to RM 79 and RM 88 in Terengganu and Selengor , respectively . 60", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . 70 | 0 . 62 | 0 . 38 | _Source : _ IBNET database , World Bank , and other resources . _Note : _ Since , there are no available data on OPEX cost-reflective tariffs for El Salvador and Jamaica , we use the value for the total cost-reflective tariff , multiplying it by 0 . 22 , which is the ratio of the average OPEX cost-reflective tariff to the average total cost-reflective tariff from Andres et al . ( 2019 ) . The far-right column shows the unit price conditional on paying for water services ( i . e . , self-reported expenditure on water greater than zero ) . The figure is calculated using sampling weights . CRT = cost-reflective tariff ; CRTopex = OPEX cost-reflective tariff ; IBT = increasing block tariff ; m < sup > 3 < / sup > = cubic meter ; OPEX = operating expenditure ; VAT = value added tax ; VDT = volume-differentiated tariff . a These are providers that cover areas included in the household surveys and for which there are available data online . Most of the data come from IBNET . b Data are from 2007 for Dire Dawa , and 2014 for Addis Ababa . The cost-reflective tariff includes both OPEX and CAPEX and is estimated using averages across 24 Sub-Saharan African countries in Andres et al . ( 2019 ) , since the values otherwise presented for Ethiopia seem unrealistically high . c Data come from Abubakar ( 2016 ) . d Data come from the state-owned piped-water provider , Administración de Acueductos y Alcantarillados ( ANDA ) . e Data are from the National Water Commission . f Data from the Autoridad Nacional de Servicios Públicos are used for OPEX cost-reflective tariffs for the year 2015 in U . S . dollars and divided by 0 . 22 , which is the relationship between the average of the OPEX cost-reflective tariffs across countries from Andres et al . ( 2019 ) , and the average of total cost-reflective tariffs across countries from the same paper . # * * 2 . 3 Definition of variables of interest * * In the following subsections we describe how we classify households by economic status ( i", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 53, "text": "IBNET database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 909, "end": 926, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1510, "end": 1564, "text": "Data from the Autoridad Nacional de Servicios Públicos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) financing and distinguish those from zombie MSMEs . The PFIs will use digital channels through mobile phones to promote greater convenient access by the target micro and small businesses , offer quick approvals when businesses apply for loans and will ensure that they receive personalized communications when they seek advice or information on financial products . This window is designed as an immediate COVID-19 response measure that augments risk capital of PFIs to scale existing digital products targeting businesses . The World Bank will explore with NT the possibility of blending finance under this component with IFC , CDC Group ( formerly the Commonwealth Development Corporation ) , < sup > 44 < / sup > European Investment Bank , and other DFIs ’ funding to unlock a larger volume of funding from the private sector to support innovation , which will continue beyond the life of this project . * * 32 . Window 2 will provide traditional lines of credit to MSMEs through Saccos * * < sup > * * 45 * * < / sup > * * and MFBs , which mostly target MSMEs , but lack adequate liquidity . * * The component will operate as a revolving line of credit offering advances to Saccos and MFBs on a first-come first-served basis . So far , six Saccos and one bank with a focus on MSMEs ( including informal firms ) have expressed interest . The PFIs selected for onlending to MSMEs will be expected to have experience in offering products and services to this market segment . This component would be coupled with technical assistance to upgrade market standards and innovation , especially within the Sacco segment ( see Component 3 ) . The NT Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) will track performance throughout the duration of the Project using data from financial statements published by PFIs and coordinate with the regulators to obtain on a quarterly basis , comprehensive prudential", "spans": [{"start": 1855, "end": 1903, "text": "data from financial statements published by PFIs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important note : < / u > _ * * * * In countries with more than one level in the procedure ( first instance , appeal , etc . ) , the figures for both procedures have been added up . As a result , appeal cases might have been counted more than once ( once at first instance and once on appeal ) . These data allow to monitor the number of decisions taken , but they are not indicative of the final outcome of the procedure of negative decisions . For instance , recognition rates for nationalities which tend to appeal a rejection are underestimated . * * | | Pendi < br > start-2 | ng < br > 006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pendi < br > end-20 | ng < br > 06 | Recog | Protec < br > nition | tion indic | ators * < br > Change p | ending | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | _of which : _ | Applied | Positi | ve | | | | | _of which : _ | rat | es | O / w . | cases | ( % ) | | Origin | Total | _UNHCR_ < br > _assisted_ | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | Rejected | Other", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 101, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a statistically significant overall effect for rural districts ; see bottom of table . The absence of test score declines for boys is arguably even more striking than for girls , given the more pronounced pattern of negative selection according to age found for boys in table 5 . < sup > 20 < / sup > A potential explanation for our results is that students may have reduced their effort on other exam subjects in order to focus on the required English and math sections . However , we find no decrease in the total number of exam subjects taken by students in response to the program , for either girls or boys . Nor do we find changes in the share of “ easy ” subjects taken in response to the program , where “ easy ” corresponds to a subject with a passing rate above the median in the pretreatment data . These results , reported in table S5 of the supplemental appendix , reveal no evidence of decreased student effort . # _Spillover Effects on Boys_ Among the results presented thus far , the evidence of increased test taking for boys , with no corresponding decrease in achievement , in response to a program that targeted girls is perhaps the most intriguing . What explains this spillover effect ? One possibility is that the scholarship alters constraints on human capital investment within a household . The opportunity to send a girl to school without incurring fees frees resources to send boys to school . Alternately , parental preferences for equivalent treatment of children , or a desire for boys to accompany their sisters , could induce a similar response . In this subsection , we look for evidence of such intra-household spillovers in response to the program . We distinguish whether a secondary school-aged boy lives with younger or older girls , as we expect that the causes of spillovers might differ in the two cases . Spillovers from older girls to younger boys are more likely to reflect financial considerations , as liquidity-constrained households with older girls would gain relief earlier . We expect spillovers for nonfinancial reasons to be stronger when girls are younger , as parents would prefer older boys to accompany younger girls to school .", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 807, "text": "pretreatment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * d Reporting * * | < br > Responsibility < br > for Data < br > Collection | NCHRD | Directorate of < br > Educational < br > Planning ( DEP ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Collection an * * | < br > Data < br > Collection < br > Instruments | NAfKE | EMIS | | * * Data * * | Frequency < br > and < br > Reports | Yr 2 and < br > Yr 4 and < br > Yr 6 < br > ( NAfKE < br > test years ) | Annual | | | YR6 | An average < br > increase < br > between < br > year 6 and < br > year 4 of 1 < br > score < br > points for < br > Math , < br > Science < br > and Arabic | 98 . 8 % < br > 63 . 0 % % | | | YR5 | | 98 . 6 % < br > 62 . 6 % | | * * t Values * * | YR4 | An < br > average < br > increase < br > between < br > year 4 and < br > year 2 of 1 < br > score < br > points for < br > Math , < br > Science < br > and < br > Arabic | 98 . 4 % < br > 62 . 3 % | | * * Targe * * | YR3 | | 98 . 2 % < br > 62 . 0 % | | | YR2 | An average < br > increase < br > measured < br > from the < br > baseline < br > year of 1 < br > score point < br > for Math , < br > Science < br > and Arabic | 98 . 0 % < br > 61 8 % |", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 273, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the ability of remote sensing indicators to track the COVID-19 crisis , across regions of the world and country income groups . Following the beginning of the crisis in the first quarter of 2020 , NO2 emissions showed the steepest drops in the Middle East and North Africa ( when grouped by regions ) and upper-middle-income countries ( when grouped by income level ) . Nighttime lights showed the steepest decline in East Asia and Pacific ( when grouped by regions ) and lower-middle-income countries ( when grouped by income level ) . Although not every indicator seems to capture the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis in all corners of the world , both NO2 and nighttime lights show recovery starting from the second quarter of 2020 . In addition to these satellite-derived indicators , we compiled a set of indicators that have the potential to reflect the COVID-19 crisis , namely Google mobility data , Google search data , and data on food prices . Of these additional real-time indicators , Google mobility , religious Google search terms , and food prices appear to reflect the onset of the crisis best . Following a sharp change in Google search for religious terms , food prices , and mobility trends at the end of the first quarter of 2020 , all these indicators show recovery starting from the second quarter of 2020 . Finally , we also examine whether these real-time indicators predict deviations from projected GDP in a subset of countries , most from the OECD , in which quarterly GDP estimates are available . Selected features from grouped lasso explain around 88 percent of the total variation from predicted GDP in the subsample . Around half of this is explained by real-time indicators , with the remaining half due to quarter and country fixed effects . Two indicators – a price indicator and a mobility indicator – alone explain more than 30 percent of the total r-squared , or just short of 30 percent of the total variation in the dependent variable . The results suggest that real-time indicators can complement existing tools to monitor the economic impacts of a crisis like COVID-19 , in which mobility was sharply restricted . 3", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 926, "text": "Google search data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 933, "end": 952, "text": "data on food prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "US surveys which have provided important information on the challenges faced by refuges in accessing health care services . The survey results guide program delivery by providing timely and regular information in a cost-efficient manner on key variables relating to access and utilization . # # # # * * Objective * * This cross-sectional follow-up survey was conducted among refugees living in Lebanon , to monitor their access to and utilization of available health care services . The survey will aim to assess significant changes , if any that have occurred since the last survey which was conducted in 2016 . # # # # * * Methods * * - The survey was conducted through telephone interviews from the 5th to 8th of September 2017 . - Eight surveyors were recruited and underwent 1 . 5 days of training . - Survey households were selected using random sampling , from a master list provided by UNHCR registration unit containing all registered refugees in Lebanon ( as of August 2017 ) , with a valid telephone number in the database . - The WHO STEP sample size calculator was used to obtain a representative sample < sup > 1 < / sup > . > 1WHO | STEPS Sample Size Calculator and Sampling Spreadsheet ; http : / / www . who . int / chp / steps / resources / sampling / en / 2", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 10, "text": "US surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 870, "end": 917, "text": "master list provided by UNHCR registration unit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "received multiple follow-up visits , similar to those in the second group . The differences between module arms are small but not zero , and they have no impact on the findings in this paper . We control for diary type whenever relevant . The SHWALITA survey was conducted in 24 villages per district , in 7 districts . The resulting data set includes responses for 1 , 512 diary households . After dropping households that did not purchase any of the items that we study or that did not complete the end-line 10", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 258, "text": "SHWALITA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A detailed diagnostic research tool and a pilot of the new national QAS tool for Egyptian Kindergartens ( KGs ) were implemented on a nationally representative sample of schools with KGs , with overlapping data collection . Both government and data collection firm enumerators were used ( and randomly assigned to districts ) . We compare these data sources to assess how consistent results are across the QAS tool and the diagnostic research tool , overall , and for particular items . We specifically measure exact agreement of items and Cohen ’ s kappa coefficient . We do not and cannot know whether the QAS tool or diagnostic research tool data , or neither , are ultimately “ right or wrong , ” but relatively consistent results from different measures are an important prerequisite to data quality and usability . Data were collected on the learning environment and child development outcomes . We examine what school , class , teacher , student , and enumerator characteristics predict greater consistency in logit models for each dimension of quality in Egypt ’ s KG QAS . We then use our findings to simulate whether a variety of different potential quality enhancement strategies would be consistently targeted . The results , comparing the two tools , are relatively consistent in terms of national averages , suggesting the QAS provides valuable information for national action . On the classroom , school , and district levels , consistency is lower . Consistency varies by the dimension of quality and data collection methods used , with direct measures of child development outcomes or easily observable characteristics , such as class sizes , showing more consistency . There are relatively few relationships between consistency and school or class characteristics , which bodes well for equitable implementation . Moreover , consistency is similar with ministry employees as with professional data collectors , who were randomized across districts . This result is promising for cost-effective national scale up . However , the limited consistency of many items and dimensions means that targeted quality enhancement actions often would target different schools using the two different measures . The results underscore how QAS are best implemented as a formative system , a starting point for quality enhancement , and not as a summative system that", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Activity Report of sample assessed institutions , FEACC and all REACCs received 8 , 678 alleged corruption tip offs and complaints of which 64 % , 17 % , 14 % and 5 % were lodged in the sample institutions at all level at Federal , SNNP , Oromiya , Benishangul Gumz in that order . Out of 5 , 725 tip-offs under the Commissions ' jurisdiction , the Commissions investigated 6 , 166 ( 107 % ) cases including those transferred from previous years . Similarly , sector-based ethics and anticorruption units have received 175 tip offs of which only 17 were passed to REACCs and involved the recovery of mishandled resources including intervention in terminating faulty procurement procedure . 50 . The assessments indicate that the Legal Support , complaint handling / Appeal and Follow up Unit in Rural Land Administration and Use Office is found to be effective in addressing land related complaints , acquisition , administration and contributed to the reduction of workload at woreda and regional levels . For example , in one woreda , in the last six months alone , 11 complaints were resolved by the unit itself and 75 % of the 35 cases sent to court were resolved / on the process of decision-making . 51 . The FEACC Annual performance reports displayed that the risk of Fraud and Corruption is high in the sector . Based on FEACC data , in the last three years , 40-60 % of the tip - offs received were on land and procurement thematic areas . According to Ethiopia Second Corruption Perception household survey , the customs service is the most corrupt sector , followed by land allocation , national housing , judges and the court system , and the tax system . < sup > 4 < / sup > The value of urban land creates a significant opportunity for petty or grand corruption on the part of those with the legal authority to assign , revoke , or restrict rights to it . On the other hand , it is observed that corruption risk in rural", "spans": [{"start": 1329, "end": 1339, "text": "FEACC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1462, "end": 1516, "text": "Ethiopia Second Corruption Perception household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") and one financial corporation ( Finamerica ) . A more comprehensive supply side analysis is recommended to validate the initial findings presented here . 11 . * * Access to financial services for low income clients increases transaction costs . * * Serving low income clients increases transaction costs , as smaller transaction amounts reduce margins above fixed technological infrastructure costs < sup > 30 < / sup > . On this basis , a comprehensive analysis of cost barriers to financial access should include an analysis from a client affordability perspective and an analysis of banks ’ cost structures . In the absence of detailed information on the latter , the following mainly focuses on the aspect of affordability . 12 . * * Even basic savings accounts are hard to afford for low income clients . * * As demand studies in other countries have shown , low income clients are primarily interested in savings accounts as most important financial services . In the absence of any credit risk , they should also be the most affordable financial service for any type of client . In Bogotá , banks which explicitly focus on lower income clients , such as _Banco Caja Social_ or Colmena , require a minimum deposit of COP50 , 000 to > 30 Interview with Patrick Tissot , Banco Caja Social , February 2004 35", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 833, "text": "demand studies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\" Do you believe this regulation is an obstacle or not ? \" ) . If the answer is yes , then ask how severe the obstacle is . * Be aware of the effects of context . The act of asking questions can affect the answers given on subsequent , related questions . - Think carefully about how to ask sensitive questions . Consider using a self-administered module for sensitive questions . Alternatively , a randomized response mechanism may be a useful , truth-revealing mechanism . - - This paper a product of Regulation and Competition Policy , Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to develop consistent cross-country firm level surveys . Copies of the paper are available free from rhe World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Please contact Paulina Sintim-Aboagye , room MC3-422 , telephone 202473-7644 , fax 202-522-1155 , email address psintimaboagye @ worldbank . org . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at www . worldbank . org / research / workingpapers . The authors may be contacted at frecanatini @ worldbank . org , wallsten @ leland . stanford . edu , or Ixul @ worldbank . org . March 2000 . ( 44 pages ) _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . _ Produced by the Policy Research Dissemination Center", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 660, "text": "cross-country firm level surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "50 % Industry val add < br > 40 % 800 ( % of GDP ) < br > 600 < br > 30 % < br > 20 % 400 Agriculture , val < br > add ( % of GDP ) < br > 10 % 200 < br > 0 % 0 < br > GDP per capita < br > 1965 1985 2005 ( Maddison ) < br > Khamis $ ) < br > GDP per capita ( 1990 Intl . Geary - < br > Share of sector in GDP ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : For sectoral contributions to GDP , World Bank , World Development Indicators database ; for GDP per capita , Maddison . The sustained decline in the agricultural share of the labor force that is one of the stylized facts of economic development has not been observed in Sub-Saharan Africa . The region ‘ s economies", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 453, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "school the day of the application with regard to PROSPERA receipt . This seems a reasonable assumption . The construction of the panel allows us to study educational trajectories of youth between sixth grade and twelfth grade beginning with sixth graders in 2007-2008 . We choose this panel as it allows following students for the longest time period possible with the ENLACE . We merge ENLACE exams from seventh grade ( first grade of secondary school ) in 2009-2010 , ninth graders in 2011-2012 and twelfth graders in 2014-2015 . Ideally , we would have had ENLACE scores for tenth graders in 2012-2013 so as to better analyze the transition from secondary to high school , but ENLACE tests were only administered in high schools to twelfth graders . The ENLACE data also contain information on the type of school attended . Thus , we are also able to study program effects on enrollment in different types of schools in addition to achievement test results . There are a number of pathways youth may take , for instance , sixth graders may dropout or repeat sixth grade , or they may enter a tele-secondary , technical , general or private school . At the secondary level we study enrollment in technical , tele-secondary or general schools ( less than 1 percent enroll in private secondary schools ) . At the high school level , we distinguish between general high schools , technical high schools , CONALEP high schools and private high schools . > 5 Data available for this version of the paper did not include students who continued to be enrolled but repeated a grade . Thus , these students are excluded in this analysis . Failure rates are , however , relatively low in sixth grade and beyond ( Behrman , Sengupta and Todd , 2005 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 768, "text": "ENLACE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Instrumental variables estimates will vary depending on which instrument is used and estimates may vary widely when heterogeneity is important . What is important to recognize is that the nature of the effect of the instrument on the distribution of returns is critical in understanding the estimated coefficient , and may in times be useful in bounding the returns in the population . In addition , when the instrument used is the same as the policy being studied and the policy is exogenously imposed , the instrument can identify the effect of the exogenously imposed policy on the outcome being studied . In this paper we followed a potentially promising approach ( similar to that by Ichino and Winter-Ebmer 1999 ) , where we looked for different instruments that are likely to affect different subgroups in the population , by assessing to which part of the returns distribution the complier groups belong . In Venezuela , the returns to schooling based on OLS estimates are rather low . However , the IV estimates using the compulsory reform instrument seem to indicate that the impact of compulsory schooling may have been benefitial to those who are liquidityconstrained . Using natural policy experiments provides a useful assessment of the impact of education policies on the targeted groups . Empirical evidence on developing countries , such as the evidence from this study , contributes to our understanding of the effect of education initiatives – which are part of a development policy agenda – on certain sections of the population , such as those who are liquidity-constrained . The evidence suggests that the returns to schooling for the subgroup of individuals affected by education reforms , such as compulsory schooling 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . The Rapid Growth of a Few Large Economies and the Rise of the New Growth Poles * * While there was progress in development during the twentieth century , the G7 countries still dominated the global economy in terms of size , contribution to economic growth and living standards . This dominance began to decline dramatically during the first decade of the twentyfirst century — in particular , due to the fast growth of large dynamic emerging economies – the socalled ― BRICs ‖ ( Brazil , Russia , India and China ) . As a result , the G7 share of global GDP declined rapidly from 45 to 37 percent in just 8 years ( Figure 4 ) . This is an unprecedented and historic shift . After a remarkable degree of G7 dominance for an entire century , one decade of extraordinary growth has caused a dramatic shift in the balance of economic power . It should be noted that this data uses Maddison ‘ s PPP adjusted figures , which increase the developing country ‘ s share of GDP , as compared to GDP measured at market exchange rates . On the other hand , even using market exchange rates , there was a dramatic shift during the 2000s , as the changing shares were driven by real growth . Data on the BRICs are illustrative , as we see that , even using market exchange rates , the BRICs ‘ share nearly doubled in a decade ( Figure 9 ) . These recent developments are unlike the pre-industrial period of Asian dominance of the world economy ( in particular China and India ) when economic importance was driven by sheer population size in a context of stagnant global growth . In the recent decade , the rapid growth of the BRICs was driven by technological adaptation and integration into the modern global economy and in the context of an expanding global economy where countries need to ― run ‖ just to keep their existing relative ranking in income per capita . * * Figure 8 : G7 and BRIC Shares of World GNI , 2000-2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 % < br > 60 %", "spans": [{"start": 1191, "end": 1208, "text": "Data on the BRICs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "emphasizing the importance of policies to support cross-border trade with Sudan ( World Bank , 2014a ) . Since 2013 , the border was re-opened leading to increased trade . However , absence of bilateral trade statistics with Sudan makes it impossible to estimate the volume . Before 2012 , exports exceeded imports considerably . Between 2008 and 2011 , exports remained above 60 percent of GDP largely consisting of oil . Imports averaged 22 percent of GDP from 2008 to 2011 . The oil shutdown in January 2012 led to a collapse of oil exports and , hence , a significant trade deficit . The import share of GDP increased from around 22 percent in 2011 to 39 percent in 2012 and the resulting trade deficit reached 36 percent of GDP . In absolute values , imports of goods remained stable in 2012 but GDP declined sharply ( World Bank , 2014a ) . South Sudan imports food and vegetables as well as transportation and machinery . In 2008 , the main imports categories were food , with 26 percent of imports in the category for food stuff and 12 percent in the category for vegetables . Nimule , on the border with Uganda , is the most important border crossing . In 2012 , about 80 percent of customs revenue was collected at Nimule . Kaya , another customs station at the border with Uganda , and Juba airport each contributed a share of about 10 percent to customs revenue . Other border stations with respect to revenue generation are negligible . < sup > 10 < / sup > The vast majority of these imports are headed to Juba , which effectively represents the only international trade node in South Sudan . # * * 3 . Price Differentials and Price Volatility * * The integration of spatially separated markets implies interconnectedness among them through trade or through the possibility of trade . Thus , the forces of arbitrage make the long-run price differences that remain among them reflect trade costs only . < sup > 11 < / sup > Assessing integration involves examining carefully the evolution of prices of specific products across different cities in South Sudan , and testing their short and long-run co-movement . When doing so", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 219, "text": "bilateral trade statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attitudes and values . We merged the information coming from the two respondents in the household . This implies we assume the answer given by the household head is representative of the household opinion . * * Personal and household characteristics used for the estimations are constructed based on the data available in the employment and household characteristics sections . * * We used this information to obtain the age , education , ethnicity , religion , and employment status of the respondent . Also , we used this section for the education of the father . We used the household characteristics to construct the location ( urban / rural ) , household size , consumption and assets owned , and the shares of children and seniors . We also extracted information about the education of the father , as an indicator of condition that cannot be affected by the individual , to test whether they play a role in the perceptions of mobility . * * Attitudes and beliefs are obtained from the module of opinions included in the survey , which covered perceptions about the dynamics of the society and valuation of institutions . * * For the variable on trust in public institutions , we constructed an index based on trust in five public institutions ( Presidency , Cabinet of Ministers , Parliament , Judges and Police ) . For each institution , the original variables were coded in 5 categories , ranging from distrust to full trust . We collapse this information in three categories and construct an index that can take three values ( - 1 , 0 , or 1 ) corresponding to distrust , neutral or trust in each institution . The aggregate index is the arithmetic average . For fairness , we used a question on what the respondent beliefs is rewarded in society , either effort and intelligence , or contacts and corruption / criminal ties . For market economy support , we took a question asking to express a preference between a market economy or a centrally planned one . Finally , > 4 It included Mongolia , EBRD country of operation since 2006 , and part of the World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region . Turkey is not an EBRD country of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # * * 6 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the PAPs * * The socio-economic baseline study seeks to understand the environmental contexts , socioeconomic and basic social services and livelihood activities and their constraints in Subproject influence areas . Hence , the socio-economic study involved relevant data collection at Subproject Woreda and Kebele levels , stakeholder identification & consultation , impact identification as well as baseline socioeconomic survey of Subproject affected households . As part of the processes for preparing this RP for the proposed Asela – Arsi Robe 132kV Subproject , a socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs was conducted from December 2024 to January 2025 . An inventory and registration of all affected assets and properties as well as unit costs and productivity for agricultural crops and cost estimates for other impacted properties was also collected during this study . The demographic data gathered includes age , gender , household size , and educational levels , providing a clear picture of the affected population . Socio-economic data encompasses employment status , primary livelihood activities , and asset ownership , offering insights into the economic stability and vulnerability of the affected households . Moreover , an extensive socioeconomic baseline survey was conducted during the preparation of ESIA for the same subproject . Where appropriate , key findings from the ESIA baseline survey will be incorporated in this report . Synthesizing findings from the census enumeration and the socioeconomic baseline survey , this chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the current socio-economic conditions of the subproject affected households . By providing this background , the analysis will be invaluable in creating effective mitigation measures ensuring that the unique needs and challenges of the affected communities are addressed properly and responsibly . The survey covered a total of twenty Kebele Administrations in the five Subproject Woredas found in Arsi Zone . The survey was conducted on 329 households", "spans": [{"start": 597, "end": 660, "text": "baseline socioeconomic survey of Subproject affected households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 766, "end": 818, "text": "socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1092, "end": 1108, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1239, "end": 1258, "text": "Socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1462, "end": 1491, "text": "socioeconomic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1605, "end": 1625, "text": "ESIA baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1695, "end": 1713, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1722, "end": 1751, "text": "socioeconomic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * # # * * I . Introduction * * < sup > 1 < / sup > This report summarizes the main levels and developments in the number of individual asylum claims submitted in Europe and selected non-European countries during the first six months of 2008 . It covers the 38 European and 6 non-European States that currently provide monthly asylum statistics to UNHCR . The numbers in this report reflect applications made at the first instance of asylum procedures . Applications at appeal instance are not included . This report does not include information on the outcome of asylum claims or on the admission of refugees through resettlement programmes , which is available in other UNHCR reports . < sup > 2 < / sup > The group of countries included in this report is collectively referred to as the * * “ 44 industrialized countries * * ” and has been defined for the purpose of this report only . The 44 countries are : 27 Member States of the European Union and Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Iceland , Liechtenstein , Montenegro , Norway , Serbia , Switzerland , The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey , as well as Australia , Canada , Japan , New Zealand , the Republic of Korea and the United States of America . UNHCR ’ s data collection of monthly asylum statistics has expanded in the course of 2007 with Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Serbia < sup > 3 < / sup > , the Republic of Korea , Turkey and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia being included . In view of the introduction of improved statistical reporting systems , Italy has been added in 2008 , making it the 44 < sup > th < / sup > country to participate in UNHCR ’ s asylum data monitoring system . In order to ensure comparability over time , UNHCR ’ s database has been updated retroactively by incorporating monthly asylum statistics for the first six new countries since at least 2005 . Monthly", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 420, "text": "monthly asylum statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1342, "end": 1367, "text": "monthly asylum statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1756, "end": 1785, "text": "asylum data monitoring system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1900, "end": 1925, "text": "monthly asylum statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ The basic source of reference for undertaking IPM is the RP document . The RP document provides the baseline for implementation of the RP , including the types of components and activities to be undertaken , the financial and physical targets to be achieved in relation to the timetable and the schedule established in the RP document . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 IPM Approach and Methodology * * # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 . 1 Monitoring Approach and Methodology * * The general approach for IPM include : - Maintain and regularly update a database with socio-economic baseline , displacement , and restoration data for PAPs as well as a stakeholder engagement log ; - Maintain and regularly update a database of all project grievances , including date of grievance , name of aggrieved , nature of the grievance , and how and when the grievance was addressed at each level of the grievance mechanism ; - Monitor the development , delivery and impact of the livelihood programmes ; and - Recommend to the PIO leadership appropriate adjustment to improve resettlement and livelihood restoration initiatives . All data will be disaggregated by age and gender . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 . 2 How and When to Monitor * * As a project management process , monitoring involves gathering , analysis , and interpretation of data providing real-time information for decision making including taking corrective actions . A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods including progress reports , beneficiary reports , project reports , performance reports , reviews of existing data and project management records , tracking key performance indicators , stakeholder consultative meetings , rapid appraisal , and other participatory techniques can be used to collect data for monitoring project progress and performance in real-time . As far as the timing of monitoring is concerned , there is no single specific time when monitoring is", "spans": [{"start": 793, "end": 819, "text": "stakeholder engagement log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 856, "end": 890, "text": "database of all project grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 12 : * * Intergenerational Mobility and Literacy of the Old Generation < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Bolivia Uruguay UruguayTrinidad and TobagoJamaicaJamaica Brazil IGM Down = . 242 - . 255 lit_par ( . 0127 ) ( . 0215 ) < br > Costa Rica MexicoPeruPeru Costa RicaTrinidad and TJamaicaChileArgentinaTrinidad and TobagoMexic Uruguay Trinidad and Tobago UruguayUruguay Ecuador o Trinidad and TobagobagoArgentinaChileArgentinaSurinameCuba Cuba BrazilHaiti Haiti < br > Saint LuciaBrazilGuatemalaHondurasHondurasParaguaySaint LuciaHondurasBoliviaMexicoBrazilBoliviaParaguayDominican RepublicHaiti Guatemala HaitiGuatemalaCosta RicaVenezuelaPanamaColombiaEl Salvador Ecuador PanamaUruguayEcuadorHondurasBNicaraguaParaguayazil Nicaragua Costa RicaVenezuelaNicaraguaMexicoPeruArgentinaEl SalvadorEl SalvadChileBolivia Colombia PanamaEcuadorCChile o Paraguaylombiar BoliviaVenezuelaArgentinaBrazilDominican RepublicEcuadorPanamaColombiaColombiaDominican RepublicVenezuelaPanamaCosta RicaPanama Saint Lucia Guatemala GuatemalaParaguayBrazilGuatemalaNicaraguaHondurasHondurasParaguaySaint LuciaHondurasBoliviaMexicoBrazilBoliviaParaguayDominican Republic Guatemala HaitiGuatemalaCosta RicaVenezuelaPanamaColombiaEl Salvador Ecuador PanamaUruguayHondurasBrazilNicaraguaParaguay Nicaragua Costa RicaCosta RicaVenezuelaNicaraguaMexicoPeruArgentinaEl SalvadorEl SalvadorChileBolivia Colombia PanamaEcuadorColombiaChileParaguayBoliviaVenezuelaArgentinaBrazilDominican RepublicMexicoEcuadorPanamaPeruPeruColombiaColombiaBoliviaCosta RicaTrinidad and TobagoDominican RepublicJamaicaChileArgentinaTrinidad nd TobagoVenezuelaMexico Uruguay PanamaTrinidCosta Rica UruguayUruguay Ecuador a d and TobagoTrinidad and TobagoPanamaArgentinaChileTrinidad and TobagoArgentinaJamaicaSurinameCubaJamaicaCuba < br > GuatemalaParaguayNicaragua Ecuador < br > Brazil Guatemala Uruguay < br > BrazilHaiti IGM UP = . 165 + . 7996 lit_par ( . 0211 ) ( . 0358 ) Uruguay < br > 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 < br > Share literate old Share literate old < br > 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 < br > 1 < br > . 4 < br > . 8 < br > . 3 < br > . 6 < br > . 2 < br > Upward IGM . 4 Downward IGM . 1 < br > . 2 0 < br > 0 - . 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * ( a ) * * Upward mobility * * ( b ) * * Downward mobility Notes : These estimates are computed by birth decade cohort of the children . mobility at regional level ( see Equation 3 ) run country by country : where _eicroyt_ is a dummy variable equal to 1 if the completed educational level of the old generation observed for individual _i_ from country _c_ region r is at least primary . Similar to before , _γo_ < sup > _b_and < / sup > < sup > _γ_ < /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "we obtained GDP per capita from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators , < sup > 3 < / sup > and cultural dimensions data from Geert Hofstede ’ s website . < sup > 4 < / sup > We capture the environmental , social , and governance dimensions that represent ethical practices by constructing three binary variables from the ES . Specifically , the environmental dimension is captured by a binary variable that takes the value of one if the firm has monitored its CO2 emissions over the past three years ( “ _mon_emi ” _ ) , and zero otherwise . < sup > 5 < / sup > The social dimension is captured by a binary variable that takes the value of one if the firm offered formal training programs for permanent , full-time employees ( “ _training_ ” ) in the last fiscal year , and zero otherwise . The governance dimension , related to the employment of female top managers ( a gender issue ) is captured by a binary variable that takes the value of one if a company employs female top managers ( “ _top_man_fem_ ” ) , and zero otherwise . To identify digital-tech-oriented firms , we build two binary variables . First , we exploit the R & D intensity classification at the two-digit level by Galindo-Rueda and Verger ( 2016 ) . We construct a first binary variable that takes the value of one for firms in sectors with at least medium technology orientation as implied by their R & D intensity classification , and zero otherwise ( “ _tech orientation ” _ ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Second , we compute a binary variable that takes the value of one if the establishment has its own website or a social media page , and zero otherwise ( “ _digital orientation ” _ ) . The product of tech > 3 Data can be retrieved from the following web-link : https : / / databank . worldbank . org / source / world-development-indicators ( last accessed : November 2024 ) . > 4 See : Dimension data matrix , version 2015 12 08 0-100 , available at the following link : < u > https :", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 79, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1871, "end": 1892, "text": "Dimension data matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| QCBS | Prior | October 2011 | | * * C106 * * | Consultants to carry out situational and < br > needs assessment for all Kenya slums and < br > guide preparation of upgrading plans for < br > selected municipalities . | 400 , 000 | QCBS | Prior | September 2011 | | * * C107 * * | Consultants to assist with strengthening of < br > land tenure , community development , and < br > engineering | 1 , 700 , 000 | QCBS | Prior | October 2011 | | * * C108 * * | Central TAs , one for each component | 1 , 200 , 000 | QCBS | Prior | August 2011 | | * * C109 * * | Consultancy services for conducting < br > information , education and communication < br > activities of the project | 250 , 000 | QCBS | Prior | October 2011 | | * * C201 * * | Bulk survey in selected settlements | 5 , 000 , 000 | QCBS | Prior | October-2011 | | * * C301 * * | Supervision consultancy services | 2 , 000 , 000 | QCBS | Prior | September 2011 | | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 12 , 150 , 000 * * | | | | # # * * < u > 3 . Works < / u > * * | * * S / No . * * | * * Works Description * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * contract cost * * < br > * * ( US $ ) * * | * * Procure - * * < br > * * ment * * < br > * * method * * | * * Review by * * < br > * * the Bank * * < br > * * ( Prior / Post ) * * | * * Bid * * < br > * * submission * * <", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 774, "text": "Bulk survey in selected settlements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Linkages between Manufacturing Industries and Services Sectors_ * * The next question in our analysis is how to aggregate these sector-specific indices into a single index of services reform . Given that some services are likely to be more important for manufacturing industries than others , and that this dependence may vary across different manufacturing industries , an unweighted average of services sector indices is unlikely to be an appropriate measure of the potential impact of upstream services liberalization on the performance of manufacturing firms . Instead , we use information on the intensity with which services inputs are used in the production of a given manufacturing sector . In particular , we weight each of the reform indices for the four major services sectors ( banking , telecom , transport and insurance ) by the proportion _αjk_ of inputs sourced by the manufacturing sector _j_ from the services sector _k_ to create the index of services reform : where _αjk_ is based on the input-output matrix pertaining to 1993 , the first year of our sample . < sup > 14 < / sup > Data from a national input-output matrix contain information about the average inter-industry sourcing behavior of firms in a given sector of the economy . For an individual firm , the actual reliance on a given services sector may be somewhat different , but even if such information were available at the level of each individual firm ( which it is not ) , such data would risk being endogenous to the performance of the firm , which would defeat our purpose . By using average information , we lose some precision in measuring the reliance of firms on services inputs , but we can be less concerned about the endogeneity of this measure . The fact that we use sourcing information from the 1993 input-output matrix should further minimize the scope for endogeneity even at the level of the average firm in an industry . > 14 The input-output matrix includes 66 manufacturing sectors and 16 services sectors . The manufacturing sectors were aggregated to 38 sectors at which sector-specific price deflators were available . The services sectors include : construction , electricity , gas , water supply , railway transport services , other transport", "spans": [{"start": 1120, "end": 1148, "text": "national input-output matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1801, "end": 1825, "text": "1993 input-output matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1940, "end": 1959, "text": "input-output matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Sustainable Land Management Project ( KAPSLMP ) Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2017_ * * # # # # # * * NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ( Continued ) * * # # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts * * The balances in the Project ' s Special Deposit Account ( s ) as at 30th June * * 2017 * * are not included in the Statement of Financial Assets since they are below the line items and are yet to be drawn into the Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule which shows the flow of funds that were voted in the year . These funds have been reported as loans / grants received in the year under the Statement of Receipts and Payments . # # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | | * * 2016 / 17 * * | * * 2015 / 16 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * KShs * * | * * KShs * * | | * * ( i ) * * < br > * * A / CNameKAPSLMP [ A / cNo00100508951214 ] * * | | | | Openingbalance | * * 4 , 618 , 932 * * | * * 189 , 677 , 369 * * | | Totalamount depositedintheaccount | * * 320 , 000 , 000 * * | * * 4 , 618 , 932 * * | | Totalamount withdrawn ( asperStatementofReceipts * * & * * Payments ) | * * ( 320 , 00 , 000 ) * * | * * ( 189 , 677 , 369 ) * * | | * * Closingbalance * * * * _ ( asperSDAbankaccountreconciliation", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 839, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "risk of chanocs in value . Bank account balances * * HICIL * * arriounts held at the Central Bank of ' Kenya and at various commercial banks at the end ofthe financial * * \\ c * * * * 10 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * IMPLEMENTING CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR EGP AND BUILDING CAPACITY FOR PPDA AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS ( P150166 ) | | awareness . These messages have been used for publicity campaign that run for 3 < br > months on radios and newspapers . ( ii ) Procurement of e-GP branded items for < br > awareness which include 958 T-shirts , 713 customized pens , 570 notebooks and < br > 800 FAQ booklets which were distributed to stakeholders during the e-GP change < br > management programs . These messages resulted in increased interest by < br > Government agencies in enrollment on the e-GP system that had reached 25 entities < br > by end of FY 21 / 22 and increase in bidders registered on e-GP system . | | - - - | - - - | | * * Objective / Outcome 2 * * | | | Outcome Indicators | 1 . Development of PPDA ’ s new five-year Strategic Plan FY21 - FY25 < br > 2 . Integrity Survey concluded < br > 3 . 8 No . Billboards for promoting Transparency and Accountability installed on 4 main < br > highways . < br > 4 . the Development and Implementation of Corrective Strategy for Suspended | | Intermediate Results Indicators | 1 . Development of PPDA ’ s new five-year Strategic Plan FY21 - FY25 < br > 2 . Integrity Survey FY 2019 / 20 on the public perception on corruption in public procurement < br > 3 . Installing 8 No . Billboards for promoting Transparency and Accountability for reporting < br > fraud in Public Procurement installed on 4 main highways . < br > 4 . the Development and Implementation of Corrective Strategy for Suspended Providers ance < br > due to over commitment . | | Key Outputs by Component < br > ( linked to the achievement of the < br > Objective / Outcome 2 ) | *", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 903, "text": "Integrity Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1228, "end": 1257, "text": "Integrity Survey FY 2019 / 20", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda , as part of its responsibility under the cluster approach , UNHCR continued to play a crucial role in protecting and assisting the internally displaced population , estimated at 1 . 1 million and 1 . 6 million respectively . There were however significant decreases during the course of the year , with 490 , 000 of the Congolese ( from the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) and 300 , 000 of the Ugandan IDPs having returned to their homes . In Sudan , the number of internally displaced persons benefiting from UNHCR ’ s protection and assistance activities was estimated at around 1 . 3 million as of the end of the year . At the peak of the armed conflict in Lebanon , some 750 , 000 of its citizens were estimated to have been displaced internally . Due to large-scale returns shortly afterwards , the number of these IDPs protected or assisted by UNHCR had decreased to 200 , 000 by the end of the year . Close to 300 , 000 persons were reported to have been newly displaced in Sri Lanka , some of them multiple times , due to renewed fighting between the Government and the Tamil Tiger armed opposition . As result , the country ’ s IDP population saw an increase from 325 , 000 to an estimated 469 , 000 persons . Timor-Leste , the Central African Republic and Chad also reported high numbers of newly displaced persons ranging between 93 , 000 and 150 , 000 . # # * * Stateless persons * * UNHCR has been tasked by the United Nations General Assembly , through various resolutions , to contribute to the prevention and reduction of statelessness and ensure the protection of stateless persons . The Office has also been called upon to regularly inform the international community on the magnitude of the problem of statelessness < sup > 19 < / sup > . The identification of stateless persons is thus fundamental to the discharge of the responsibility entrusted upon UNHCR . Statistics on the phenomenon of statelessness serve as a vital tool for", "spans": [{"start": 1955, "end": 2000, "text": "Statistics on the phenomenon of statelessness", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Ex-ante Vulnerable 0 . 01 0 . 00 0 . 04 1 . 00 0 . 13 0 . 17 0 . 04 0 . 03 0 . 17 0 . 21 < br > Post-shock poor 0 . 23 0 . 79 1 . 00 1 . 00 0 . 39 0 . 45 0 . 23 0 . 14 0 . 61 0 . 65 < br > Note : impacts are color-coded from dark red ( highest impacts ) to dark blue ( lowest impact ) . Not all households declare < br > labor income . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note , again , the importance of focusing attention on the right indicator . In particular , the use of the poverty headcount indicator delivers misleading results : in Albania , for instance , under the poverty headcount welfare metric using a PMT indicator would still indicate larger impacts than using a loss indicator . This is because the excessively simple metric used by the poverty headcount indicator , which focusses on an extremely narrow section of the income distribution around the poverty line , ignores any distributional impacts that happen below the line . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "urbanization is projected to continue at a rapid pace * * . In 2009 about 39 percent of the Kenyan population was residing in urban areas and the total urban population was estimated to be about 15 . 2 million people . < sup > 1 < / sup > Kenya ‘ s five largest cities ( Nairobi , Mombasa , Kisumu , Nakuru , and Eldoret ) account for approximately 34 percent of the urban population . It is estimated that urban areas will account for 54 percent of the population or 23 . 6 million people by 2030 . < sup > 2 < / sup > The urban transition in Kenya will play an important role in determining the country ‘ s growth prospects and social stability , which remains fragile after the 2008 post-election violence . 4 . * * As a result of inadequate attention to the issue in the past , Kenya has a huge backlog of needs to improve the overall functioning of cities and to upgrade living conditions in informal settlements * * . The government has requested help from the Bank to address the needs . As one project is not enough , it has asked for support for three Bankfinanced projects , each addressing a different element of urban development . The first is the Kenya Municipal Program ( KMP ) , approved in May 2010 . This program focuses on strengthening the essential institutions of urban management — budgeting , financial management , participatory planning , project management , operations and maintenance , and good governance — in 15 of Kenya ‘ s largest cities , while also financing investments in citywide infrastructure . The Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project ( KISIP ) is the > 1 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . 2010 . ― 2009 Population and Housing Census Results . ‖ 2 > Government of Kenya . 2008 . ― Harmonious Urbanization : The challenge of balanced territorial > development . ‖ Kenya Country Report . Fourth session of World Urban Forum , Nanjing , China , November 3 – 6 , 2008 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 1653, "end": 1695, "text": "2009 Population and Housing Census Results", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "jobs had rebounded , producing a predicted cumulative 5 . 9 percent rate of loss relative to December 2019 . Permanent firm closures were 43 CMMHH ( 2020 ) . Just prior to the pandemic , 20 . 6 percent of employed individuals of working age in Jordan were employed in PFPS jobs , representing 42 percent of private sector wage workers . In addition , 37 . 6 percent of employed individuals worked for a public or government entity ; 2 . 2 percent worked irregularly but in formal work arrangements . Many ( 26 . 1 percent ) worked informally , whether in a regular or irregular job , and 12 . 9 percent were self-employed . Recall that the survey excludes “ other ” nationalities . In 2016 , this percentage was 22 . 5 ( LMPS 2016 ) , and slightly more when all nationalities are included . The numbers reported in this paragraph differ from those reported in Section 3 . 2 above , because these do not include “ other ” nationalities , for the purposes of comparability with the CMMHH . 29", "spans": [{"start": 721, "end": 730, "text": "LMPS 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evidence of increase in condom use rates overall , with an increase in the number of condoms distributed from 70 million ( in the year ended July 2008 ) to 173 million in the year to July 2011 ( exceeding the agreed target of 140 million ) . 40 . Underlying these broadly positive results ( and based on the assumption that awareness of one ’ s HIV status will act to reinforce positive prevention behaviors ) has been a huge increase in the percentage of people aged 15 and older undergoing voluntary HIV counseling and testing . The baseline number tested in 2005 was 564 , 000 ( FHAPCO Annual HIV / AIDS M & E Report ) ; a target of 700 , 000 was set for year three of implementation ; by the end of the project in 2011 , an estimated 9 . 8 million tests had been carried out ( it should be noted that there is no information on how many of these were repeat tests ) . This was the result of a massive push by the government to expand testing throughout the country ( the millennium development campaign ) using EMSAP2 , Global Fund and PEPFAR resources . # # * * Access to care and support * * 41 . At project completion over 95 % of woredas reported that they were supporting effective PLWHA groups and associations and implementing community programs to support orphans . FHAPCO reported that assistance had been provided to over 100 , 000 PLWHA and 350 , 000 orphans . This included provision of food and shelter , income generating training and start up capital , and educational support for orphans . This support occurred in the context of a marked reduction in stigma and discrimination < sup > 10 < / sup > ( though it should be noted that high levels of stigma and discrimination persist ) . > 10 Ethiopian Stigma and Discrimination Survey , Network of Networks of HIV Positives in Ethiopia ( NEP + ) : presentation , Annual review meeting , Hawassa , November 2011 10", "spans": [{"start": 1710, "end": 1752, "text": "Ethiopian Stigma and Discrimination Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sherwood , B . , & Maidman , A . ( 2017 ) . rqPen : Penalized quantile regression . R package version , 2 . - Soergel , Bjoern , Elmar Kriegler , Benjamin Leon Bodirsky , Nico Bauer , Marian Leimbach , and Alexander Popp . 2021 . \" Combining Ambitious Climate Policies with Efforts to Eradicate Poverty . \" _Nature Communications_ 12 ( 1 ) : 2342 . - Stifel , David , and Luc Christiaensen . 2007 . \" Tracking Poverty over Time in the Absence of Comparable Consumption Data . \" _The World Bank Economic Review_ 21 ( 2 ) : 317-341 . - Tarozzi , Alessandro . 2007 . Calculating Comparable Statistics from Incomparable Surveys , With An Application to Poverty in India . ” _Journal of Business and Economic Statistics_ 25 ( 3 ) , 314-336 . - UN DESA . 2016 . “ Transforming Our World : The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development . ” - United Nations . 2018 . “ World Urbanization Prospects : The 2018 Revision . ” Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . New York : United Nations . - United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division ( 2022 ) . World Population Prospects 2022 : Methodology of the United Nations population estimates and projections . UN DESA / POP / 2022 / TR / NO . 4 . - Van Der Weide , Roy , Brian Blankespoor , Chris Elbers , and Peter Lanjouw . 2022 . “ How Accurate Is a Poverty Map Based on Remote Sensing Data ? An Application to Malawi . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 171 , 103352 . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1371, "end": 1390, "text": "Remote Sensing Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than the average income of their surrounding communities , that may be affected by the Project and therefore their income status could be further impacted . _ # < mark > 3 . 5 THE VULNERABLE AND MARGINALIZED GROUPS OF UGANDA < / mark > A number of ethnic minority groups in Uganda have been identified according to the World Bank ’ s ESS7 , on the identification of VMGs . There are some groups within the DRDIP II Project areas that suit the definition and will need to be identified for special engagement . They include the former traditional hunter-gatherer communities of the Batwa located in the south-western part of Uganda in the districts of Bundibugyo , Kisoro , Kanungu , Kabale and Rubanda . The Batwa are a distinct social and cultural group who are forest based and to a great extent they are categorised as underserved traditional local communities who are vulnerable and marginalized . The Batwa have distinct identities and aspirations compared to the mainstream groups who are their neighbours in Kisoro where DRDIP will be implemented . The IPPF comes in to guide on how new developments ( DRDIP-2 ) intervention should be framed and implemented in respect of the rights of indigenous peoples ( IPs ) in all possible dimensions namely social , cultural , economic , institutional and representation among others . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "V response thr < br > ough virtual / online platform . < br > KE-MOH-268646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand planning , blood and blood products forecasting , quantification an IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 270 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2021-12-21 2022-01-04 2022-02-03 2022-03-10 2022-09-06 < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector < br > KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to guide community engagement a IDA / 65980 Community discussion and information outreach Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 100 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-01-12 2022-01-26 2022-02-25 2022-04-01 2022-09-28 < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recove < br > ry from COVID-19 in Kenya < br > KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / Pr < br > ocurement of consultancy se < br > rvices to undertake recruitment of 100 , 000 ( No . ) blood do IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-05-09 2022-06-20 2022-05-23 2022-06-22 2022-07-27 2023-01-23 < br > nors for the Kenya National B < br > lood Transfusion Services ( K < br > NBTTS ) < br > KE-MOH-306936 -", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 629, "text": "nationwide survey to guide community engagement", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "territory on an individual basis as quickly as possible upon their arrival , in a manner which contributes to their security , their access to essential services and their freedom of movement . States , UNHCR and other relevant partners to use registration data to identify and make specific assistance and protection arrangements , where appropriate , for : women with any special protection concerns , unaccompanied and separated children , child - and single-headed households , as well as handicapped refugees and the elderly . < sup > 69 < / sup > The capture and maintenance of accurate information provides all actors with a common source of information and a starting point to target assistance and services . Registration , however , is not merely linked to assistance and services . UNHCR and the host government have a responsibility to register all refugees irrespective of whether they need assistance or whether assistance is available . Registration should be the first step to develop a dynamic relationship between UNHCR and the refugee population . Caution , however , is necessary because personal information is a sensitive commodity . Refugees ’ personal data should be strictly protected . Measures such as restricted access to data in physical and electronic form and the introduction of procedures for data-sharing are necessary to safeguard the integrity of personal data , to reduce the possibility of misuse and to avoid exposing refugees to potential protection risks in the country of asylum or origin . UNHCR ’ s Executive Committee has set guidelines for all registration processes : - Registration should be a continuing process that records essential information at the time of initial displacement , as well as any subsequent demographic and other changes in the refugee population ( such as births , deaths , new arrivals , departures , cessation , naturalization , etc . ) . - The registration process should respect the fundamental principles of confidentiality . - The registration process should to the extent possible be easily accessible and take place in safe and secure locations . - Registration should be conducted in a non-intimidating , non-threatening , impartial manner , with due respect for the safety and dignity of the refugees", "spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 261, "text": "registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households and raise the quality of education in low-cost private schools . To these ends , it employs a variety of instruments such as providing vouchers to poor households in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods to attend selected low-cost private schools and supporting low-cost private schools with monthly per-student subsidies conditional on school quality standards , teacher training courses on subject content and pedagogical and classroom management techniques , and the insertion of competitively-hired subject specialist trainers in secondary schools for fixed terms . < sup > 4 < / sup > The FAS program is PEF ’ s largest program . In the fiscal year 2009 − 10 , PEF spent roughly 2 . 4 billion rupees ( US $ 28 . 7 million , in current dollars ) on the program — this amount accounts for 93 % of total expenditures by the organization in that year . It was initiated in November 2005 on a pilot basis in 54 schools in seven districts in Punjab . Since then , PEF has rapidly expanded program coverage in phases in terms of additional districts as well as more schools within districts . The program has proceeded through six phases ( the pilot phase is considered by PEF to be phase 1 ) . Phase-6 program schools entered the program in April 2010 . As of June 2010 , the program covers 798 thousand students in 1 , 779 private schools in 29 out of the 36 districts in Punjab . As a result of explicitly targeting the program at high illiteracy districts over phases 3 − 5 , the majority of program students and schools ( 70 % and 68 % , respectively ) are in seven districts located in the southern part of the province ( see Figure 1 ) . Table 1 provides summary statistics based on current administrative data on program schools separately by phase of entry . The sample consists of 1 , 776 primary ( classes 1 – 5 ) , middle ( classes 1 – 8 ) , and secondary schools ( classes 1 – 10 , 6 – 10 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > Looking at the aggregate sample ( pooled across phases ) , the mean program school size is 455 students", "spans": [{"start": 1704, "end": 1723, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > v < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 17 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * * - * * _The request for bids / Proposal documents shall require that bidders / proposers submitting Bids / Proposal present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of and compliance with the Bank ’ s AntiCorruption Guidelines , including without limitation the bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit right ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The finding that consultative procedures grant elites greater influence over allocation decisions results from the dominance of meetings by council members , who often overlap with pre-existing elites . < sup > 17 < / sup > According to monitoring data collected during meetings , village council members had more influence than other attendees in the selection of projects in 98 percent of meetings . In 35 percent of meetings , the final choice of projects was made entirely by council members . This finding is consistent with Humphreys et . al . ( 2006 ) , which observes discussion leaders ‘ preferences to be a significant determinant of the outcomes of deliberative meetings . One of the most important channels through which elites influence allocation outcomes is agenda setting . In both meetings and referenda , agenda-setting rules were identical , but the fact that the selection procedure was known in advance clearly affected the choice of the proposed projects . In particular , the council was more likely to propose projects that were preferred by elites if a meeting was mandated . This effect played a major role in these villages as , conditional on a project being proposed , male elite preferences had only a small effect on project choice . < sup > 18 < / sup > As we would expect elites to be more likely to manipulate the list of proposed projects under referenda given their more circumscribed ability to influence the results thereafter , the result is somewhat surprising . Two complementary explanations are that , when setting agendas for meetings , elites compensate for expected attempts by villagers to change agendas during the meeting , while , when setting agendas for referenda , elites anticipate a broader political cost from diverging significantly from villager preferences given the immutable nature of the agenda . The results indicate that female elites influence project choice only under meetings . Since female elites commonly share familial links with the male elites , this result is perhaps not entirely surprising . However , unlike male elites , who exhibit their influence primarily at the proposal stage , female elites have almost no influence on project proposal , but a significant impact on project selection and prioritization . The results also indicate", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 252, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Among the reported business activities , 29 . 4 % of households are engaged in livestock trade . This is followed by the food and beverages business , in which 16 . 2 % of households are involved . Additionally , 13 . 2 % households are engaged in the sale of consumer goods ( such as salt , sugar , and cooking oil ) and the sale of fruits and vegetables each . Surprisingly , despite crop production being the dominant livelihood activity for the majority of the population in the subproject affected Woredas , only 5 HHs households reported engaging in grain trade . # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 Household Cash Income and Expenditure * * During the preparation of the ESIA for the Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV transmission line and substation subproject , a socioeconomic survey was conducted to understand the current income and expenditure levels of households in Subproject influence corridor . This assessment was crucial for evaluating the overall economic well-being of the households that would be affected by the proposed Subproject . The survey delved into various aspects of the households ' financial situations , including their sources of income , spending patterns , and overall economic stability . By gathering detailed information on these factors , the assessment sought to provide a clear picture of the economic conditions prevailing in the affected communities . This understanding is essential for developing strategies that can mitigate the potential adverse impacts of the Subproject and ensure that the livelihoods of the affected households are supported and enhanced . The data collected through the survey will inform the development of targeted interventions and support measures , ensuring that the economic well-being of the affected households is considered and addressed throughout the implementation of the Subproject . # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 Household Annual Income * * The results of the ESIA survey reveal that the total income", "spans": [{"start": 900, "end": 920, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2069, "end": 2080, "text": "ESIA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "predicted income based on urban or rural location , which would have led us to overestimate downward mobility for rural households . Table A 2 in the Appendix provides the regression results of our income models for each survey year , based on the subsample of households with heads in the age range of 25 – 55 . The synthetic panel method requires checks on the stability of the sample , as a means of assessing the assumption of a stable underlying population . We observe some differences in the distribution of explanatory variables between survey rounds , notably in the means of education variables . This seems to be driven by the age of household heads , with the mean age of heads in later rounds being lower > 18 We are aware that the index is thus based on expenditure patterns at the very low end of the income distribution . However , this is the best we could do in the absence of spatially disaggregated consumer price data . > 19 The first two bins are taken as base categories , since the first bin alone does not always contain a sufficient number of observations . > 20 With the caveat that classification of a location as urban or rural may change over time , the cross-sectional data show that the proportion of the population that is living in rural areas is steadily decreasing : from an estimated 36 percent in 2004 , it declined to an estimated 23 percent in 2016 . Similarly , mean estimated household size decreased from 4 . 5 in 2004 to 4 . 0 in 2016 . 14", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 938, "text": "consumer price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1184, "end": 1204, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "versus consumption measures , as suggested by Deaton ( 2005 ) and Ravallion ( 2003 ) . Rather , the average gaps are closely aligned with the level of economic development , with gaps being largest for middle-income countries , both in terms of levels and growth rates . The gaps , and corresponding implications for poverty and inequality measures , are largest for middle-income countries which have experienced periods of rapid growth . With the large majority of the extreme global poor currently living in middle-income countries , the implications of these gaps for measuring and understanding the evolution of global poverty and inequality aggregates are large . It is increasingly documented that the HHS-NAS gap at least partly originates from the inability of surveys to capture the full level of consumption and income for all households . This paper illustrates the potential implications for common poverty and inequality measures from adjusting survey data based on differing assumptions of the source of the gap . Under a distribution-neutral gap scenario , which would justify substituting survey means with national accounts means , global poverty would be much lower using the $ 1 . 90 line , and the Sustainable Development Goal of ‘ ending ’ extreme poverty would already be close to being met , or at least be easily within reach . This is in line with findings of Sala-i-Martin and Pinkovskiy ( 2016 ) that uses this method to measure global poverty . However , we argue that when using national accounts for measuring poverty , the $ 1 . 90 line should be adjusted . Using an international poverty line adjusted for systematic differences between surveys and national accounts would result in global poverty measures that are more in line with survey-only measures , but still cause relatively large changes to country level measures . Regardless of the poverty line used with national accounts , the rate of poverty reduction is greater than that measured in surveys because national accounts growth rates are typically higher . This last observation illustrates the perils of using growth rates from national accounts to extrapolate global poverty , which is the current practice . The current approach likely exaggerates the decline in poverty estimates when no survey data is available . The scenario which", "spans": [{"start": 959, "end": 970, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consultation meetings will be organized and held with the selected communities / groups and their leaders and local authorities to share information and get views / concerns on the proposed establishment ( s ) / facilities , as per the mapped-out stakeholders presented in the consultation chapter . # # # # # * * _Specific Social assessment_ * * KeNHA will procure the services of a SA / VMGP consultant to undertake the site-specific SA and prepare the respective VMGPs . The following will be considered during the preparation of the sitespecific social assessment , proportional to the potential impacts of the project . 1 . KeNHA – through the SA consultant - in coordination with the concessionaire will undertake baseline survey outlining the demographic , social , cultural and political characteristics of the VMGs , land ownership dynamics , and resources the VMGs depend on . 2 . Identification of key stakeholders and establishment of an appropriate gender and intergenerationally sensitive and meaningful consultative process that will include consultations with men , women , youth & people with disability at different stages of project preparation and implementation . 3 . Where the project affects VMGs , undertake meaningful and culturally appropriate consultations in assessing the potential impacts of the project using the free , prior and informed consultations process . 4 . Through the free , prior and informed consultations with the VMGs , identify and recommend mitigation measures to be put in place to minimize , mitigate or compensate the negative effects and to ensure VMGs are not left worse than they were before the project commencement and ensure they receive culturally appropriate benefits under the project . 5 . Where applicable , identification of livelihood restoration or enhancement activities that needed in order to meet the needs of the VMGs in terms of livelihood restoration , and where feasible , enhancement . 23", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 735, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reported was 0 . 171 or about half of the high ICC estimated in this research . Brunton-Smith _et al . _ ( 2016 ) found interviewer design effects between 2 . 5 and 3 . 3 using a similar number of interviews per interviewer as the survey we use here . # _Interviewer characteristics_ Annex 2 shows the results using Specification IV . This specification adds to Specification II interviewer characteristics for the three dependent variables with the highest ICCs in Table 3 above . These results are presented only in the annexes because they are based on a limited sample since data from all interviewers was not available . Even if data for all 20 interviewers were available , this would not be a large enough sample from which to draw statistically robust conclusions . These results therefore should be interpreted with caution and be considered only as suggestive rather than empirical . The inclusion of different interviewer characteristics reduces ICCs by between 6 and 14 percent with a mean of 10 percent when compared to ICCs calculated using the same sample and model but without interviewer characteristic covariates . The most significant interviewer characteristics are having lived in Kassala State ( 14 . 1 percent lower ICCs ) , having a university degree or higher ( 13 . 4 percent lower ) and experience working for CBS before ( 13 . 1 percent lower ) . # * * 5 . Conclusions and recommendations * * Researchers have long been aware of the need to consider geographic clustering of responses in multi-stage cluster designs . Estimated design effects are used to calculate the sample size increase needed to account for increased variance due to within-cluster homogeneity of responses . No equivalent practice , however , is used to account for potential non-random distribution in measurement errors that results in homogeneity in data collected by the same interviewer . Using data from a pilot survey in Sudan , we find that clustering of responses by interviewers can in fact lead to larger design effects than area clustering . This finding is consistent with the findings of Schnell and Kreuter in Germany ( 2005 ) . This paper provides evidence that simpler questions lead to smaller interviewer design effects . This finding reinforces", "spans": [{"start": 1912, "end": 1933, "text": "pilot survey in Sudan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Firm Resources , Strategies , and Survival and Growth during COVID-19 : * * # * * Evidence from Two-Wave Global Surveys * * Sheng Fang Chorching Goh Shaomin Li L . Colin Xu Keywords : Covid-19 , Survival , Organizational Resource , Strategic Change , Channel Stability , Firm Performance Views expressed in this article are the authors ' own and do not reflect the positions or policies of the World Bank and its member countries . Authors information : Sheng Fang , Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai , Zhuhai , China 519087 , Email : shengfang @ bnu . edu . cn ; Chorching Goh , The World Bank , Washington , DC 20433 , Email : cgoh @ worldbank . org ; Shaomin Li , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA 23529 , Email : sli @ odu . edu ; Lixin Colin Xu , The World Bank , Washington , DC 20433 , Email : lxu1 @ worldbank . org .", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 125, "text": "Two-Wave Global Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association by electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( “ Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC ” ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ Yours truly , / signed / ______________ [ Position ] < sup > 9 < / sup > > 9 Instruction to Association staff : please forward this letter to the Country Lawyer for further processing ( Borrower : please do not delete this note ) .", "spans": [{"start": 807, "end": 826, "text": "Association records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "importables in the consumption basket across socioeconomic groups or between the poor and nonpoor will have relatively little influence on poverty outcomes . Moreover , in 1993 there was relatively little difference between the poor and nonpoor population in the share of tradables in total household expenditure ( table 14 ) . The nonpoor consume slightly less tradables than the poor , given that they have a higher share of expenditure on lodging . The two factors taken together suggest that in terms 16 Based on the expenditure shares generated by the survey , we found that 35 . 2 percent of household consumption in 1993 was on tradables , compared to 46 . 5 percent * * in * * the CPI ( table 12 ) . Remittances , which account for 7 percent of the survey basket , but do not figure into the CPI basket , were classified in the same proportion as the remainder of the consumption basket . The difference in the share of tradables between the CPI basket and the survey basket is due primarily to the fact the share of nontradables in total food expenditure is higher in the survey - - 75 percent compared with 53 percent in the CPI basket . The reason for the smaller percentage point difference in the price indices for tradables and nontradables in the survey basket is due primarily to the larger share of nontradable food in the survey basket . Because of the large seasonal price increases for starchy food , the index for nontradable food prices was actually greater than that of traded food products in April 1995 though by January 1996 the situation had reversed itself ( table 13 ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 692, "text": "CPI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > * * ~ ~ I ~ ~ * * | * * Share of * * < br > * * ~ ~ I ~ ~ * * < br > * * Share of * * < br > * * ~ ~ I ~ ~ * * | * * RCA Indices * * | 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Small area estimation methodology * * In this section we present a summary of the small area methodologies we use to estimate headcount poverty rates at the level of the target area in the five countries of interest . We use a version of the Empirical Best Predictor ( EBP ) ( Battese et al . , 1988 ; Jiang and Lahiri , 2006 ; Molina and Rao , 2010 ; Tzavidis et al . , 2018 ) under the unit context nested error regression model with households as the unit of analysis and covariates defined by zonal statistics of geospatial variables at grid cell level ( centroid of enumeration areas within target areas ) . Our methodology is similar to the one used by Masaki et al . ( 2022 ) , which uses small area estimation to estimate non-monetary poverty indicators in Tanzania and Sri Lanka with geospatial covariates , and Newhouse et al . ( 2022 ) , which applies similar techniques with geospatial covariates to estimate monetary poverty in Mexico . Van der Weide et al . ( 2022 ) also examines the performance of poverty estimates with geospatial covariates in Malawi but using a spatial error model with subarea-level estimates of poverty rates as the outcome , and geospatial zonal statistics as covariates . As mentioned in previous sections , when the census and survey data are collected from around the same time , using household-level census covariates is generally preferred , because the census tends to contain richer auxiliary information than geospatial data . When census data are sufficiently old , however , using cluster-level covariate aggregates taken from the old census can generate more accurate estimates than using old census household-level covariates ( Lange et al . , 2021 ) . None of these variations of covariate use , however , reflect any changes in the distribution of the census covariates since the last census . Because , except for Burkina Faso , the census data in the focus countries of this paper are not up to date , we explore the use of more current geospatial data as covariates instead of old census data . We opt for a household-level model of welfare over a grid cell-level model of poverty rates", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1289, "text": "census and survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1898, "end": 1909, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2003, "end": 2018, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". It is still a challenge to achieve higher female participation in project coordination units and in MSTs . PDCP III is aware of the need to increase female participation in these areas and is planning to improve this aspect with more aggressive recruiting of females in project support roles . 82 . RUSACCOs were also particularly valuable to the poorest of the poor , peri-urban pastoralists who had dropped out of pastoralism because of livestock loss ( often because of drought ) . Through credit , RUSACCO members had improved access to IGAs . The RUSACCOs deepened social development by promoting voluntary saving , effective inter-loaning and the repayment experience , as well as basic training and capacity building . 83 . Overall , the provision of basic social services through functional sub-projects in health , education and water supply is expected to have poverty reducing impacts . Though data on final poverty reduction outcomes are not available , the improved access will likely achieve measurable poverty reduction . # * * ( b ) Institutional Change / Strengthening * * 84 . Institutional change and strengthening through PCDP II comes from a number of sources . First , training and equipment to the Regional and local governments helped achieve a palpable improvement in implementation capacity from the beginning to the end of the PCDP II . Second , 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 09 ] < br > 1 , 480 < br > 0 . 46 < br > - 0 . 09 < br > [ 0 . 11 ] < br > 1 , 708 < br > 0 . 48 < br > Yes < br > Yes < br > Yes < br > Yes < br > No | | lumn represe < br > o tarnish you < br > eyed househ < br > s . Panel B . 2 < br > ove the prog < br > y variable eq | Model 3 < br > Overall < br > ( 7 ) | - 0 . 02 < br > [ 0 . 04 ] < br > 2 , 316 < br > 0 . 49 < br > 0 . 07 < br > [ 0 . 06 ] < br > 1 , 466 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 00 < br > [ 0 . 05 ] < br > 1 , 690 < br > 0 . 51 < br > Yes < br > Yes < br > Yes < br > Yes < br > No | | fault . Each co < br > would this be t < br > sample of surv < br > ng land record < br > bservations ab < br > s and a dumm | Informal < br > lenders < br > ( 6 ) | 0 . 10 < br > [ 0 . 06 ] < br > 2 , 439 < br > 0 . 35 < br > 0 . 17 + < br > [ 0 . 09 ] < br > 1 , 544 < br > 0 . 37 < br > 0 . 10 < br > [ 0 . 08 ] < br > 1 , 791 < br > 0 . 36 < br > Yes < br > Yes < br > No < br > Yes < br > No | | ences of de < br > how likely < br > ng the full < br > and matchi < br > 25 % of o < br", "spans": [{"start": 620, "end": 631, "text": "land record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "speci fi c testable predictions . At an extreme if the MFN tariff is zero no tariff preference can be offered and so no preferential agreement is possible in the absence of subsidies . Therefore , to the extent that the U . S . and E . U . value the cooperation with the side conditions in those agreements , reductions in MFN tariffs on products imported from the preferential partner are more costly than reductions in similar products . Limão ( 2005 ) estimates the direct effect of the U . S . ’ s PTAs on its MFN tariffs by exploring the fact that this effect will be weaker for goods it imports only from non-PTA countries . Using tariff data for over 5000 products he fi nds that the U . S . ’ s PTAs generated a stumbling block effect in the Uruguay Round . After controlling for several determinants of U . S . tariff changes during the Uruguay Round he estimates that the U . S . ’ s average cut for goods exported by any of its PTAs was about half that of other goods . The effect is stronger for products that are exported under all PTAs or constitute relatively larger shares of a given PTA ’ s exports to the U . S . The average cut for GSP goods on their own was on average only 74 % relative to non-PTA goods . Interestingly the estimates also allow a calculation of the direct effect on the U . S . MFN tariffs for all its goods : it would have been about 1 percentage point 9", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 648, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unintended consequences on school leavers ’ decisions to pursue or complete further education . Indeed , recent evidence from the U . S . suggests that active labor market policies targeted at students may delay or even reduce graduation rates among beneficiaries ( Heller and Kessler , 2021 ) . Second , the incentive has large employment effects for graduates of vocational schools ( and those planning to enter the labor market ) . Over the first year , average formal employment rates increase by 4 . 2 p . p . ( 16 . 8 % ) . This effect is exclusively driven by a 5 . 1 p . p . ( 30 % ) increase in jobs with permanent contracts . Treatment effects persist after two years with average formal employment gains of 4 . 2 p . p . ( 14 . 5 % ) , driven by a 5 p . p . ( 25 % ) increase in jobs with permanent contracts . These are intent-to-treat estimates of making youths _eligible_ to receive the bonus . In fact , more than half of youths who find formal employment fail to claim the incentive . Third , we show that these results are due to employment gains on both the extensive and intensive margins . The share of vocational school graduates ever formally employed increases by 5 . 4 p . p . ( 10 % ) over the first two years . This average increase masks a shift between types of employment . The share ever working with a permanent contract increases by 8 . 6 p . p . ( 20 . 5 % ) while the share with temporary contracts decreases by 1 . 1 p . p . ( 4 . 8 % ) . In addition , endline survey data suggests that about half of formal employment gains come from a reduction in informal employment . These shifts in employment types matter as formal jobs , especially those with permanent contracts , offer more training and social security benefits . We also find that workers in the treatment group are less likely to report adverse income shocks resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic . The effects on retention depend on the contract type . While", "spans": [{"start": 1488, "end": 1507, "text": "endline survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6218 # * * Abstract * * This paper uses a large cross-country dataset to empirically examine factors associated with sovereign defaults on external private creditors and expropriation of foreign direct investments in developing countries since the 1970s . In the long run , sovereign defaults and expropriations are likely to occur in the same countries . In the short run , however , these events are uncorrelated . Defaults are more likely to occur following periods of rapid debt accumulation , when growth is low , and in countries with weak policy performance , and defaults are not strongly persistent over time . In contrast , expropriations are not systematically related to the level of foreign direct investment , to growth , or to policy performance . Expropriations are however less likely under right-wing governments , and are strongly persistent over time . There is also little evidence that a history of recent defaults is associated with expropriations , and vice versa . The paper discusses the implications of these findings for models that emphasize retaliation as means for sustaining sovereign borrowing and foreign investment in equilibrium , as well as the implications for political risk insurance against the two types of events . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at meden @ worldbank . org , akraay @ worldbank . org , or rqian @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 99, "text": "large cross-country dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these important trade costs are due to trade policy or to something else . Anderson and van Wincoop ( 2004 ) , through a combination of direct observation and inferences from a gravity trade model , quantify the representative border-related trade costs for an industrialized country at 44 percent ad valorem and the representative transportation costs at 21 percent . In contrast , Hummels ( 2007 , p . 136 ) suggests that the importance of policy barriers has been completely eclipsed by real transportation costs : “ For the median individual shipment in U . S . imports in 2004 , exporters paid $ 9 in transportation costs for every $ 1 they paid in tariff duties . ” Although we are not be able to quantify the relative contributions of different forms of trade costs , we do hope to illustrate why many summary measures of trade policy are not appropriate for understanding the full economic importance of policy barriers to trade . Three simple examples help to illustrate the point . First , the real world consists of significant non-tariff policy instruments ; these include a number of border policies that , while _technically_ applied as a tariff , are typically not captured in the reported data of ‘ headline ’ measures of tariffs . Second , trade policy is commonly applied in a non-uniform manner across trading partners . Third , applied trade policy can vary considerably over time , especially in response to the business cycle , movements in the real exchange rate , or due to trade volume shocks ; nevertheless , these policy changes are not made through applied ad valorem import tariffs , but via some other , less transparent , policy tool . In the coming sections , we document that policy barriers to trade still exist ; they vary considerably across products , trading partners and time ; they take many forms ; and they arise under legal frameworks ( established by international trade agreements ) that can result in subtle differences in both the frequency of their use and of their trade-reducing potential . Section 2 begins by analyzing the focal policy of the trading system - the import tariff . This section examines different dimensions of tariff data for our sample of", "spans": [{"start": 2178, "end": 2189, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\" clear responsibilities and procedures for M & E , \" were put off until after approval , which led the ICR to conclude that there was \" inadequate consideration of the project ' s M & E needs during preparation . \" It also noted that some of the original Key Performance Indicators ( KPIs ) \" complemented by an unwieldy set of 25 intermediate outcome / output indicators \" later needed to be revised and that baseline data were not included in the log frame \" although in many cases the team could have done so based on its knowledge of the first phase project . \" Few indicators , moreover , had quantitative targets . ( ICR , para . 40 , pg . 11 ) M & E design , in short , was weak . The Project Coordination Unit had overall responsibility for M & E coordination . # # # * * b . M & E Implementation : * * M & E implementation experience was also mixed . Despite the existence of numerous good instruments and much pertinent information ( see the next section for details ) , the ICR observes that \" the absence of a clear analytical structure to guide data collection , entry and analysis means , however , that much of the information on hand may be difficult to recompile / compare in a statistically robust manner [ and ] . . . also made it difficult for the project to respond quickly and with comprehensive information to public criticisms when they arose \" ( para . 41 , pg . 11 ) . On the positive side , supervision reports indicate the task team ' s preoccupation to strengthen M & E , including through revisions to the KPIs that were processed in parallel to the AF in 2006 . In addition , a statistical baseline survey was undertaken by the Central Bureau of Statistics on behalf of the project in 21 of the 28 ASAL districts in 2004 / 05 surveying 4 , 000 randomly selected households , and a final impact evaluation was later commissioned to the International Livestock Research Institute ( ILRI ) , involving a resurvey of another", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 424, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1610, "end": 1637, "text": "statistical baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "70 | | | Rural | 102 . 5 | 117 . 2 | 136 . 8 | < br > 81 . 2 | < br > 91 . 0 | < br > 94 . 6 | . < br > 164 . 0 | . < br > 173 . 3 | . < br > 181 . 7 | | - 1 / Urban enrollments include the enrollments of 11 municipalities , some of which are wbole districts . The munieiealitien included are : Nairobi , Thika * * and * * Nyeri in Central Province ; Mombasa in Coast Province ; Embu and Meru in Eastern Province ; none in North Eastern Province ; Kisnmu in Nyanza Province ; Nakuru , IKitale and Eldoret in Rift Valley Province and Kakamega in Western Province . - 2 / Detailed figures of enrollmenc : per province have not yet been consolidated . Therefore , there are slight differences compared to the consolidated global figures in Annex II-2 . Source ! Ministry of Education Annual Reports 1968-i975 and Primary Education Department Statistics . July 1977", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 849, "text": "Primary Education Department Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE AND PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PROJECT - AF ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 , 2021 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30TH JUNE , 2021 < br > Account No . 1000374427 < br > Depository Bank CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > Address CBK < br > Related Loan INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE-PPP DA-B , EEP < br > Credit Agreement 612 1 - KE < br > Currency EUR < br > PaA - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July . 2020 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account 8 , 690 , 000 . 00 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amolint withdrawn - 0002000 . 00 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2021 62690 , 000 . 00 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > DATE < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE DAT < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE - - - < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE-The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2021 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached . 49 P a ge", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 575, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1252, "end": 1288, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * HierarchyofObjectives * * | * * KeyPerformance * * < br > * * Indicators * * | * * | DataCollectionStrategy * * < br > j | * * CriticalAssumptions * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ProjectComponents * * _I_ * * < br > Sub-components : | Inputs : ( budgetforeach < br > component ) | Projectreports : | ( fromComponentsto < br > Outputs ) | | 1 . Community Development < br > Microprojects | USD17 . 65million | BankSupervisionreports < br > Telecenter usagerecords < br > BlAs < br > DisbursementRecords < br > Financial Audits | TrainingisprovidedtoLGUs < br > and farmercoopsintimely < br > mannerandrelevant to their < br > needs < br > LGUs andcoopsapply < br > trainingtoimplementationof < br > theirMP | | ComnmunityTelecenters | USD1 . 75million | | Farmers ' coopsareinterested < br > andcapable to participatein < br > ICDPactivities , including < br > somewomen ' scooperatives | | | | | Microprojectsare < br > implementedinaccordance < br > with OperationsManual | | ProjectManagement | USD0 . 6million | | LGUsensuremarginalized < br > groupsarerepresented inMP < br > designandimplementation < br > andbenefitfromMPactivities | - 26 -", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 478, "text": "Telecenter usagerecords", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 498, "end": 517, "text": "DisbursementRecords", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Risk and Safeguards Management . * * As with the parent project , flexibility was exercised ( and will be further exercised ) under the AF in selecting the route for the transmission lines and sites for sub-stations with a view to avoid private land take and , where unavoidable , to minimize the adverse impact on local communities . Alternative routes were examined for investments that may cause adverse social and economic impacts in the target areas . For this purpose , the AF carried out preliminary survey of social and physical conditions of the area , avoiding forests , wetlands , culturally sensitive areas , and so on . The flexibility of site selection for sub-stations will enable the project to minimize physical relocation and economic displacement as well as to avoid socially and environmentally sensitive areas . Preference is given to government land with no encumbrances . The project will minimize economic disturbance to those dependent on land and only partial land will be acquired from the owners if needed , so that project affected persons ( PAPs ) are not deprived of their income earning ability . Valuation of land and compensations for each type of asset will be based on replacement value ; proper consultation with the communities involved and local authorities on all socioeconomics issues raised from project activities will be ensured . The AF is considered by the Bank to be a “ substantial ” risk operation due , among other factors , to low capacity of project implementers . EEP is required to carry out safeguard monitoring to ensure that the AF brings the intended benefits , while potential adverse environmental and social impacts are avoided or minimized . However , in the past EEP has shown weaknesses in relation to this task . Therefore , it is envisaged that a local safeguard consultant will be hired to undertake periodic ( bi-annual ) safeguard monitoring , assess compliance with safeguard instruments , determine lessons learned , and provide guidance for improving future performance . As with the parent project , EEP ’ s reporting format will also include monitoring indicators on safeguards implementation performance . The approach", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE / ICB - < br > 016 / Procurement of < br > consultancy service < br > - for the delivery of acomprehensive strategyfocused on enhancing gender IDA / 68570 5 . Capacity building , technical assistance andimplementation support Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-09-05 2022-09-26 2022-11-09 2022-12-07 2023-01-06 2023-02-10 2023-03-17 2024-03-16 < br > equality in the off-grid sector < br > at the enterprise , employee < br > and customer level . < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE-012 < br > / Procurement of consultancy < br > service ( Component 4 ) < br > - to Conduct a market < br > survey of existing privatesector solar contractors , identify job opportunities IDA / 68570 4 . Standalone solar systemsfor health and educationfacilities Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-01-24 2022-02-14 2022-03-30 2022-04-27 2022-05-27 2022-07-01 2022-08-05 2024-02-01 < br > along the solar value chain , < br > and a sustainability plan < br > - to conduct survey of site < br > selection < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE / ICB - < br > 001 / Procurement of < br > consultancy service ( ADELE < br > Component 2 ) < br > - - for the preparation ofEPC bidding documents , bids IDA / 68570 2 . Solar-hybrid mini grids", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ moderate – both in terms of the number of PAHs and size of land affected . Even though there will be no physical displacement , the Subproject entails considerable economic displacement . As such , impacts of the subproject need to be adequately mitigated not only through compensation payment , but also through providing support to effective implementation of livelihood restoration strategies and community development schemes outlined in this Resettlement Plan ( RP ) document . To ensure an effective implementation of the LR strategies , infrastructure projects that involve involuntary resettlement need to be guided by certain basic principles . The cardinal principle for the new Arsi Robe SS and associated TL Subproject ’ s LRP needs to be an “ LRP _Informed by Local Knowledge ” _ – a principle that puts needs , priorities , constraints , interests , preferences , opportunities and aspirations of PAHs before anything else . In addition to assessing the wider social and economic environment and conducting a series of consultative meetings with representatives of PAHs and local authorities to determine appropriateness of the proposed LR interventions , preparation of this LRP is fully informed by actual preferences and choices made by PAHs themselves at the time of planning . While respecting all applicable national laws and WB ’ s ESS 5 , the following principles will be applied by the proponent in planning livelihoods restoration programming . These include : _Minimize negative impact on livelihoods : - _ The first objective of WB ’ s ESS 5 are “ To avoid , and when avoidance is not possible , minimize displacement by exploring alternative project designs . ” This includes minimizing economic displacement due to land take . Efforts to minimize land take will have been documented , including consultation of affected people on land use and alternatives . _Identify economic impacts systematically : - _ Economic impacts on local people have been determined systematically through on ‐ the ‐ ground studies , including detailed surveys", "spans": [{"start": 2200, "end": 2216, "text": "detailed surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * INTRODU * * | * * CTION * * | * * MEETING DISCUSSIONS AND RESOLUTIONS * * < br > in the last five days . There are about 56 villages in the entire Mwavumbo < br > Group Ranch . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Unique < br > disputes < br > from < br > subdivision < br > time frame | issues / < br > arising < br > the < br > and | The management committee members reported that minor boundaries < br > disputes had come up during the subdivision . They reported that these < br > disputes are normally resolved without the intervention of the < br > management committee and later the disputing land owners allowed the < br > surveyors to have their plot boundaries taken . To allow the parcels < br > owners to come to amicable agreements and resolution faster , the < br > surveyors informed the disputing parties that if they missed to survey any < br > given parcel due to continuing disputes , the cost of having a new < br > surveyor come back to the parcels would be shouldered by the disputing < br > parties . < br > During the subdivision exercise , the committee encountered gender < br > issues ; including women / mothers that would have been disenfranchised < br > by their sons if they never intervened to ensure justice was served to such < br > women . The committee ensured the list of parcel owners established < br > during the survey work was received and made known to all owners to < br > confirm that no one had any dispute on ownership . Mr . Rashid mentioned < br > that they anticipated that the task of subdividing the entire Ranch would < br > take approximately 3 months and they not done any field work that week . < br > He added that big homesteads / families required the surveyors to < br > establish acreage", "spans": [{"start": 1300, "end": 1321, "text": "list of parcel owners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in power following national elections ( legislative or presidential ) in any given < br > year . Source : Political Database of the Americas . Georgetown < br > University / Organization of AmericanStates . Center for Latin AmericanStudies . | n . r . | n . r . | | * * Continuous variables * * | * * Mean * * | * * S . D . * * | | _Duration since award_ : Indicates the number of years a concession has been in < br > operation since its award . | n . r . | n . r . | | _Corruption_ : Index from Political Risk Service , International Country Risk Guide ; < br > annual values from 1989 to 1995 , and 1998 value after that . Range from 1 to 6 . < br > Higher value means less corruption . | 2 . 94 | 0 . 69 | | _Rule of law_ : Index from Political Risk Service , International Country Risk Guide ; < br > annual values from 1989 to 1995 , and 1998 value after that . Range from 1 to 6 . < br > Higher value means better rule of law . | 2 . 92 | 0 . 99 | | _Bureaucratic quality_ : Index from Political Risk Service , International Country < br > Risk Guide ; annual values from 1989 to 1995 , and 1998 value after that . Range < br > from 1 to 6 . Higher value means better bureaucraticquality . | 3 . 36 | 0 . 61 | | _Growth_ : Yearly growth rate of GDP in real terms . Source : World Bank and Inter - < br > American Development Bank . | n . r . | n . r . | | _Exchange rate_ : Annual evolution of the real exchange rate ( calculated as ( index < br > rate of year t – index rate of year t-1 ) / index rate of year t ) . A positive value < br > indicates depreciation . Source : Inter-American Development Bank . | n . r . | n . r . | | Note : For variables varying over", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 140, "text": "Political Database of the Americas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9125 # * * Abstract * * Economists often default to the assumption that cash is always preferable to an in-kind transfer . Do beneficiaries feel the same way ? This paper addresses this issue using longitudinal household data from Ethiopia where a largescale social safety net intervention ( PSNP ) operates . Even though most payments are made in cash , and even though the ( temporal ) transaction costs associated with food payments are higher than payments received as cash , most beneficiaries stated that they prefer their payments only or partly in food . Higher food prices induce shifts in stated preferences towards in-kind transfers . More food secure households , those closer to food markets and to financial services are more likely to prefer cash . Though shifts occur , the stated preference for food is dominant : In no year do more than 17 percent of households prefer only cash . There is suggestive evidence that stated preferences for food are also driven by self-control concerns . This paper is a product of the Knowledge and Strategy Team , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at jfh246 @ cornell . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 269, "text": "longitudinal household data from Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gas pipeline ( Camisea ) has a minimum revenue guarantee for the service provision . The guarantee is financed through a fee included in electricity tariff — assuming that those who consume electricity benefited the most from cheaper natural gas in power production . No taxpayer money is involved in the payment . If private agendas in politics are a concern , this mechanism would help limit the risk of corruption and reduce potential biases in sector decisions at the government level — particularly those that could reduce commitment to the revenue guarantee . < sup > 37 < / sup > # * * 3 . 4 . Corruption : Maximizing personal wealth illegally * * While the empirical evidence for political corruption is scarce , the incentives and potential impacts of such criminal acts when they happen are more predictable . Moreover , it might be difficult to single out corruption as the explanatory factor behind a given weakness in sector performance . By intuition , corruption will affect performance differently than the other agendas discussed , including decisions about market structure , privatization , and modes of service provision . It is particularly likely that corruption in sector governance will weaken the function of sector oversight systems . < sup > 38 < / sup > Despite the data difficulties , there is a growing volume of empirical evidence of correlations between corruption and performance in the utility sector . < sup > 39 < / sup > However , most results describe corruption at the bureaucratic level , often referred to as “ petty corruption ” ( for an overview , see Clarke and Xu , 2002 ; Kenny 2006 , Dal Bó and Rossi , 2007 ) . One of the most thorough surveys of corruption , by Hellman et al . , ( 2000 ) , finds that petty corruption and political corruption tend to coexist . Other empirical studies point at the links between general perceptions of corruption and sector performance . According to Estache ( 2006a ) corruption reduces sector performance in all the utility sectors . The impacts of political and bureaucratic corruption are difficult to separate , however . Political corruption is related to industry-friendliness and other dimensions of rent-seeking . Even if few", "spans": [{"start": 1684, "end": 1705, "text": "surveys of corruption", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Support to Municipal Infra Dev ( P117876 ) - To enhance the institutional performance of program local governments - To improve urban service delivery by program local governments The program originally targeted the following 14 local governments or municipalities Arua , Gulu , Lira , Soroti , Moroto , Mbale , Jinja , Entebbe , Masaka , Mbarara , Kabale , Fort Portal , Hoima , and Tororo . Additional Financing ( AF , see below ) increased the target to add another eight for a total of 22 local governments . Another World Bank-financed program separately focused on the capital Kampala . - * * b . Were the program objectives / key associated outcome targets revised during implementation ? * * - Yes * * Did the Board approve the revised objectives / key associated outcome targets ? * * Yes # # * * Date of Board Approval * * 15-May-2018 # # * * c . Will a split evaluation be undertaken ? * * - No # # * * d . Components * * The following Results Areas ( RA ) correspond to the program components : - RA 1 – * * Improve Urban Service Delivery * * – ( US $ 126 million at appraisal , US $ 106 . 1 million actual ) This component was to finance the engineering design , preparation of bidding documents , and supervision of infrastructure investments . This component was also to finance municipal development grants to finance eligible priority investments included in the target local governments ’ Infrastructure Action Plans . Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLIs ) 1 , 2 , and 3 were to provide evidence of achieving this RA ( see Section 3 on the Relevance of DLIs below ) . - RA 2 – * * Enhanced capacity of local governments and the Ministry of Lands , Housing , and Urban Development ( MOLHUD ) in urban development and management * * ( US $ 16 million", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "teachers may be willing to accept lower wages in new private schools . However , instead there is a strong preference for public schools ( better pay and easier job ) . In addition , the labor market for public and private schools is quite di \u001b erent , with the former being non-local and the latter local . Moreover , within private schools , the market is not strati ed so it is unlikely that there would be systematic compensating di \u001b erentials across di \u001b erent private schools . One may also be concerned about whether private school wages are meaningful if the owners also teach ( wages may be confounded with pro ts ) . We do not think this is a substantive issue . A detailed examination of pro ts using the smaller sample in the LEAPS database , suggests that median pro ts are quite comparable to a teacher ' s wage . Moreover , most of these schools do employ non-family / paid labor and therefore reported wages indeed re ect the opportunity cost of hiring ( local ) skilled women , > 16An alternate data source is the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey ( PIHS ) . Unfortunately , given the small number of villages that received a GSS , the available sample sizes are too small in the PIHS . With the sample restrictions in our paper , we nd only three villages in the treatment and thirty-one villages in the control set for these data . Moreover , since the majority of ( the few ) women who work in non-farm activities are teachers , and the vast majority of private school teachers are women , the private school wage bill is likely to re ect the wages of skilled women . 16", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 753, "text": "LEAPS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1032, "end": 1068, "text": "Pakistan Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1201, "end": 1205, "text": "PIHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The school fixed-effects model relies on the variation in subject-matter knowledge between teachers across different classrooms . And as endogenous matching within schools seems unlikely to be happening at scale , the statistically significant results we find in the results section ( 4 ) indicate that teachers with more subject-matter knowledge are indeed better teachers . While this finding is important in its own right , it does not imply that teachers with more subject-matter knowledge are better _because_ they have more knowledge . It could be , for example , that teachers who score higher on subject-matter tests tend to be more motivated , and that it is the additional motivation that makes them perform better . For the purpose of policymaking it is important to establish the causal effect of additional subject-matter knowledge , by isolating the subject-matter knowledge effect from other factors such as motivation and other ( correlated ) skills . < sup > 13 < / sup > In an attempt to do this , we estimate a * * student-teacher fixed-effects model * * . The idea of the model is to only rely on variation in test scores for a single student-teacher pair , across three different subjects : math , science and Indonesian language . If a teacher ’ s subject-matter knowledge were truly important we would observe that students tend to do better in one subject ( say math ) than in another subject ( say Indonesian language ) if his or her teacher is better in math than languages . The idea of using variation across different subjects in an attempt to isolate the causal effects of teachers ’ subject-matter knowledge on student learning is not new . Metzler and Woessman ( 2012 ) already used the idea on Peruvian data and find that a 1 . 0 standard deviation increase in the subject-matter knowledge of teachers leads to a 0 . 10 standard deviation increase in student learning . Metzler and Woessman ( 2012 ) however estimate their model on a cross section of data only . # * * 3 . 2 Measurement error in test scores : From true achievement to observed test scores * * The _x_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ’ s and", "spans": [{"start": 1727, "end": 1740, "text": "Peruvian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2016 < br > Account No . 1136321365 < br > Depository Bank KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK < br > Address MOIAVENUE < br > Related Loan KCB-PPF INFRXINANCE < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency USD < br > Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1ST July , 2015 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account 1 , 365 , 096 . 33 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank 4 , 844 , 859 . 26 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2016 < br > 1 , 209 , 955 . 59 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > DATE < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - V - - - < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE < br > IIisj < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , * *", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 476, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1267, "end": 1303, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their debt burden indicators deteriorate significantly . On the contrary , the sluggish recovery in Europe and slower growth in China affects only a minority group of countries ( 7 out of 24 ) , in particular those whose main export market is the Euro Zone . # * * REFERENCES * * - IMF ( 2014 ) . Regional Economic Outlook , Sub-Saharan Africa , World Economic and Financial Surveys , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Washington D . C . ( October ) . - Merotto , Dino , Tihomir Stucka , and Mark R . Thomas ( 2015 ) , “ African Debt since HIPC : How Clean is the Slate ? ” MFM WP Series Number 2 , The World Bank ( March ) . - Painchaud , François and Tihomir Stučka ( 2011 ) , “ Stress testing in the Debt Sustainability Framework ( DSF ) for Low-Income Countries ” , mimeo ( May ) . - Tyson , Judith ( 2015 ) . “ Sub-Saharan Africa International Sovereign Bonds ” . Overseas Development Institute . - UNCTAD ( 2014 ) . “ World Investment Report 2014 ” . UNCTAD , Geneva . - World Bank ( 2015 ) . Migration and Remittances Team website . < u > Migrationandremittances @ worldbank . org . < / u > - World Bank ( 2015 ) . Private Participation in Infrastructure Database . http : / / ppi . worldbank . org / index . aspx . - World Bank and IMF ( 2012 ) . “ Revisiting the Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries ” . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 25 , 000 * * * * < u > Solar Home Systems Implementation Progress Summary Updated December 31 < / u > * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * < u > , 2014 by Lot < / u > * * | * * LOT * * | * * Distribution * * < br > * * Order ( by * * < br > * * Coops ) * * | * * System * * < br > * * Distributed * * < br > * * ( by coops ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Number of * * < br > * * End Users * * | * * Distribution * * < br > * * Order ( by * * < br > * * end users ) * * | * * System * * < br > * * Distributed * * < br > * * ( by end * * < br > * * users ) * * | * * System * * < br > * * Installed * * < br > * * ( by end * * < br > * * users ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | I | 106 | 106 | 6413 | 6413 | 6413 | 6413 | | II | 104 | 104 | 6202 | 6202 | 6202 | 6202 | | III | 111 | 110 | 6273 | 6273 | 6273 | 6273 | | IV | 70 | 70 | 6112 | 6112 | 6112 | 6112 | | Total | 391 | 390 | 25000 | 25000 | 25000 | 25000 | | Percentage | | | | | | | - LOT I includes Oromia & Benishangul Gum", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 83, "text": "Solar Home Systems Implementation Progress Summary", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Post * RCA relative to Poland | 0 . 089 * * | 0 . 140 * * | 0 . 033 | 0 . 605 * * * | | | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 057 ) | ( 0 . 043 ) | ( 0 . 211 ) | | Post * RCA relative to world | 0 . 124 * * < br > ( 0 . 045 ) | 0 . 301 * * * < br > ( 0 . 078 ) | 0 . 129 < br > ( 0 . 081 ) | 0 . 605 * * * < br > ( 0 . 211 ) | | N ( obs . ) | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 63992 | | N ( frms ) | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 13245 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . Each cell is from a separate regression . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . TFPR is estimated using the method in Levinsohn and Petrin ( 2003 ) . RCA is a standard measure of comparative advantages of Germany versus Poland and the world . All measures of German influence refer to the period 1994-2004 . Standard errors in parentheses clustered at 2-digit industry level . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level , and * * * 1 % level . Table A . 9 : Placebo test : initial export share for Russia , Ukraine , Lithuania and Poland | | Po | land | R | ussia | Ukr | aine | Lith | uania | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | D . Dep . variable : TFPR ( ACF ) | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | | Post _ × _ country ’ s export share (", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 464, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNCTAD value is missing ; otherwise , we use the UNCTAD data . < sup > 29 < / sup > This approach of rescaling the UNCTAD data to the CDIS data results in aggregate values that are consistent over time and similar to the country-level aggregates reported in Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2018 ) . The treatment of zeros and missing values in the combined CDIS-UNCTAD data set deserves some attention because countries are more likely to report zeros in the CDIS data than in the UNCTAD data . < sup > 30 < / sup > Hence , it is likely that many missing observations in the UNCTAD data are actually true zero-valued observations , rather than missing values . In addition , the procedure of combining the two data sets yields some missing observations , even when data are actually available . Specifically , if for any country pair the CDIS and UNCTAD data do not overlap , we cannot calculate the ratio of the two series and thus cannot rescale the UNCTAD series to CDIS levels . Hence , in these instances , even if the UNCTAD data are available for 2001 – 08 , our data set will have missing values for those years . These two features of the data result in a combined data set containing relatively more zeros from 2012 onward , as some true zeros appear as missing observations during 2001 – 08 . To minimize this underreporting of zero-valued observations , we assume that if the first non-missing observation for a country pair is a zero , then all previous observations are also zero . < sup > 31 < / sup > # * * A . 4 . International Reserves * * Unlike for the other investment types , holdings of international reserves are unavailable at the countryto-country level . Instead , we construct a country-to-region data set on international reserves by > 29 We also considered an alternative methodology : start with the CDIS data and fill in backward the values for 2001 – 08 using the growth rates implied by the UNCTAD data . This approach yielded quantitatively similar results to the ones reported in the paper . > 30 In the CDIS data , observations with zero value represent", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 372, "text": "CDIS-UNCTAD data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 454, "end": 463, "text": "CDIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 570, "end": 581, "text": "UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1702, "end": 1754, "text": "country-to-region data set on international reserves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 655 * * * | 0 . 269 * * * | 0 . 265 * * * | 0 . 0794 * * * | 0 . 0799 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0235 ) | ( 0 . 0235 ) | ( 0 . 00533 ) | ( 0 . 00571 ) | ( 0 . 00523 ) | ( 0 . 00544 ) | ( 0 . 00449 ) | ( 0 . 00460 ) | | Obs . | 5 , 020 | 5 , 020 | 5 , 020 | 5 , 020 | 5 , 020 | 5 , 020 | 5 , 020 | 5 , 020 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 597 | 0 . 598 | 0 . 370 | 0 . 372 | 0 . 387 | 0 . 389 | 0 . 169 | 0 . 169 | | _δpv − βpv_ | | 0 . 497 | | 0 . 218 * * * | | - 0 . 158 * * * | | - 0 . 0597 | | S . E . | | 0 . 324 | | 0 . 0655 | | 0 . 0592 | | 0 . 0628 | _Notes_ : * p _ < _ . 1 , * * p _ < _ . 05 , * * * p _ < _ . 01 . Household-level data . S . E . s allow for clustering at the level of enumeration area ( EA ) . All columns include a co-variate adjustment for the number of household members , as well as fixed effects for if a household was located within 10 km . of a population center with at least 20 , 000 inhabitants , the state-level administrative center , and a market . Additionally EA-level , state-level , month , and river sub-basin fixed effects are included , as is a dummy for whether the household was engaged in agriculture . Borno state is excluded . 31", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 636, "text": "Household-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample of 14 , 000 small businesses in 12 developing countries . McCaig and Pavcnik ( 2021 ) use multiple rounds of the Vietnamese nationally representative household surveys – conducted once every two years — to examine the entry and exit dynamics of family-owned firms over a long horizon . The tax-census data allow us to document exit and entry of household businesses at a monthly interval , better capturing business cycle fluctuations . Second , our study is among the first to document the extent of ( temporary ) suspensions of household businesses in a developing country context . Earlier literature has documented a significant dormancy rate of registered enterprises in developing countries . For example , Sengupta and Singh ( 2019 ) show that about 20 percent of all registered Indian firms are dormant . High exit barriers associated with governments ’ costly and uncertain legal procedures — such as those related to labor retrenchment and bankruptcy — are often the major reasons behind formal enterprises ’ prolonged inactive status . Household businesses in Vietnam , however , are not subject to significant exit barriers ; most owner-operated firms do not employ any contracted workers , and the business closure does not usually involve lengthy legal procedures . < sup > 4 < / sup > Their motivation to suspend operation , therefore , could be considered more purely as a copying mechanism to disruptions in business activities , such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns . Third , our analysis contributes to the literature that examines the impacts of COVID-19 on small and / or informal businesses , especially during the onset of the pandemic in early 2020 . Several studies have explored the initial COVID-19 effects on small businesses in developed economies such as the United States ( Fairlie , 2020 ; Crane et al . , 2021 ) , Canada ( Beland et al . , 2020 ) , and Western European countries Kraus et al . ( 2020 ) . In a developingcountry setting , Shafi et al . ( 2020 ) investigate the pandemic effects on micro , small , and medium-sized enterprises in Pakistan and find that most firms were severely affected and faced with financial and supply chain disruptions , and decrease in", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 174, "text": "Vietnamese nationally representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 297, "end": 312, "text": "tax-census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * GEQIP-E ( P163050 ) and appropriate guidance that helped ensure meaningful progress toward the PDO despite significant external challenges . Accordingly , the quality of supervision is rated Satisfactory . # # * * Quality of Supervision Rating * * Satisfactory # # * * Overall Bank Performance Rating * * Satisfactory # # * * 8 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization * * # # * * a . M & E Design * * The program ’ s theory of change was sound and well reflected in the results framework , although it relied on some assumptions that were not explicitly articulated and did not fully hold , including the expectation of stable external conditions . The framework plausibly linked the four original results areas — internal efficiency , equitable access , quality , and system capacity — to measurable PDO indicators aligned with the outcomes prioritized in the government ’ s Education Sector Development Program . AF2 added a fifth results area on refugee education , further strengthening alignment with equitable access objectives . Fourteen DLIs , supported by clearly defined DLRs and independent verification , targeted the most critical reforms in the general education sub-sector . M & E arrangements were robust and institutionally embedded , with REBs collecting school - and woreda-level data under MoE oversight , EMIS and other directorates ensuring data aggregation , quality assurance , and analysis , and the National Education Assessment and Examinations Agency administering learning assessments and reporting on outcomes . A Program Action Plan , developed and agreed with the government and monitored through joint meetings and review missions with the MoE and development partners , provided an additional mechanism to track progress toward DLI and PDO achievement . IPF-financed outputs complemented DLIs by strengthening M & E , financial management , and system capacity , including the integration of refugee education . Overall , the M & E design was appropriate , credible , and sufficient to monitor results and support accountability", "spans": [{"start": 1374, "end": 1404, "text": "school - and woreda-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manufactured products such as textile , footwear or machinery ( Table A . 3 ) . We also show in Figure A . 1 that the sample for which trade policy data ( and especially NTM data ) are available is comparable to the rest of the sample in terms of market structure . # * * 3 . 4 Additional data * * In our robustness exercises we use additional information on the characteristics of products ( manufacturing , consumer good , differentiated or homogenous ) , and destination countries ( gravity type variables including distance , income level , market potential information ) . We also use aggregated trade data to replicate our analysis at the country-pair-product level . These data and their sources are detailed in the corresponding section as well as in the online appendix Section B . 1 . # * * 3 . 5 Descriptive statistics * * Table 2 shows descriptive statistics for the variables used in the regressions ( see online appendix Section B for additional statistics ) . Our final sample contains around 55 , 000 firms . Unsurprisingly , trade-policy variables have the largest proportion of missing values . Both tariffs and the estimated ad valorem equivalents of NTM are low around 5 percent to 7 percent on average . < sup > 19 < / sup > The median firm in our sample exports 2 HS 8-digit products and serves 1 destination against 6 products and 3 destinations for the average firm . This skewness in the distribution of products and destinations is consistent with stylized facts documented by the literature over the last decade : most exporters export only one product to a single destination and exports are dominated by a few very large , multi-products , multi-destinations firms ( see for instance Mayer and Ottaviano , 2007 ) . < sup > 20 < / sup > Table 2 : Descriptive statistics | | Obs . | Mean | S . D . | Q1 | Median | Q3 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | unit value ( USD ) | 648 , 566 | 835", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 152, "text": "trade policy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 170, "end": 178, "text": "NTM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 590, "end": 611, "text": "aggregated trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "account ; - * * - * * Check that national laws and regulations have been complied with , and that the financial and accounting procedures approved for the project * * ( e . g . * * operational manual , financial procedures manual , etc . ) were followed and used ; - Check that the financial performance of the project is satisfactory ; - Review costs billed to and reimbursed * * by IDA * * and ensure that ineligible expenditures included in withdrawal applications are identified and reimbursed to the Designated Accounts ; - Review general and program ledgers to determine whether costs incurred were properly recorded . Reconcile direct costs billed to , and reimbursed * * by IDA * * to the program and general ledgers ; - Review the procedures used to control the funds , including their channeling to contracted financial institutions or other implementing entities . Review the bank accounts and the controls on those bank accounts . Perform positive confirmation of balances , as necessary ; - Review procurement procedures to determine whether sound commercial practices including competition were used , reasonable prices were obtained , and adequate controls were in place over the qualities and quantities received ; - Review direct salary charges to determine whether salary rates were reasonable for that position , and supported * * by * * appropriate payroll records . Determine whether allowances and fringe benefits received * * by * * employees were in accordance with the agreements and applicable laws and regulations ; - * * - * * Review travel and transportation charges to determine whether they were adequately supported and approved ; * * - * * Determine whether assets procured from project funds exist or were used for their intended purposes in accordance with the terms of the agreements , and whether cont exist and have been placed in operation to adequately safeguard the properties and there Aik the implementing hJVd agency or beneficiaries in line with the financing agreement ;", "spans": [{"start": 1369, "end": 1384, "text": "payroll records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * ( u ) Engagement with Parliament * * The OCOB continues to engage with Parliament on the oversight of budget implementation and accountability of both the National and County governments to complement their oversight role . The CoB submitted the quarterly BIRRs to Parliament and also shared monthly County government exchequer release reports with the Senate to enhance their oversight role . During the period under review , the Parliamentary Liaison Department had the following engagement with Parliament . The office engaged with the following National Assembly Committee through presentations , meetings , submissions and retreats . - i . Departmental Committee for Finance and National Planning - ii . Standing Committee on Budget and Appropriation - iii . Standing Committee on Public Debt and Privatization In addition , the office engaged with the following committees of the Senate . The Standing Committee of Finance and Budget , County Public and Investment Committee , County Public Accounts Committee , Standing Committee for Agriculture , Livestock and Fisheries , Standing Committee on Information , Commerce and Technology , Standing Committee for Devolution and Intergovernmental relation . The office provided information to both houses of parliament and the public as follows ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 , 2024 * * 35 * *", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 275, "text": "quarterly BIRRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measures to alleviate poverty might instead emphasize unemployment insurance or other components of a social safety net that aim to protect against falling into poverty . Thus , data on poverty dynamics at the micro-level can inform our understanding of the drivers of poverty and provide insights into the kind of anti-poverty policies that are needed . Unfortunately , evidence about such poverty dynamics is scarce in developing countries ; this also holds for Malaysia . In general , panel surveys that follow the same households over time are needed in order to make statements about whether poverty is chronic or transitory . Such surveys are typically complex and costly , and as a result they are rare and often involve relatively small sample sizes . In addition , attrition can be a problem as households drop out of the sample for a variety of reasons . To the extent that attrition is non-random , it has consequences for the validity of results . Still , it is notable that in Southeast Asia , both Indonesia and Vietnam conduct panel surveys on household income or expenditure . A variety of approaches that aim to overcome the constraints posed by the lack of panel data have been explored in the literature . The idea is to draw inferences about poverty dynamics via analysis of far more widely available cross-sectional data . One line of research focuses on pseudo-panel methods , in which insights about poverty transitions are gleaned through scrutiny of cohort averages in cross-sectional surveys . < sup > 3 < / sup > Another approach constructs synthetic panels from cross-sectional surveys through econometric models estimated on the basis of time-invariant household characteristics ( Dang , Lanjouw , Luoto and McKenzie , 2014 ) . The empirical analysis in this paper is based on the latter approach . While the method does not permit true panel analysis — in which the trajectories of individual households can be followed over time — it does yield upper - and lower-bound estimates of transitions into or out of poverty at an aggregate level . < sup > 4 < / sup > An appealing feature of the method is that it also allows for delving deeper into the data to construct profiles of the groups who experience", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 501, "text": "panel surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1042, "end": 1090, "text": "panel surveys on household income or expenditure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1321, "end": 1341, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1590, "end": 1613, "text": "cross-sectional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Births to older mothers_ As there is no explicit age restriction to enrolling into secondary education in Brazil , there is no age cut-off at which we can say _treatment_ is received or not . However , as the majority of secondary school students enroll between the ages of 15 and 17 , we expect the secondary school expansion to have less an effect on the fertility of older women compared to younger women . Finding a qualitatively similar effect on births at ages 30 and older may indicate that unobservable factors are influencing municipal childbearing more generally . To test this , we regress the municipal births for women age 15 to 40 ( i , ) on aa the contemporaneous school introductions . Regressions include age-specific male and female sex-bb ff = 15 , . . . , 40 ratios , but otherwise contain the same control variables as in Equation ( 3 ) . The conditional correlations between contemporaneous school density and the percent change in age-specific births are reported in Figure 5 . Estimates for all groups over 23 years of age are statistically insignificant and small in magnitude . We interpret this as further evidence that there are no unobserved municipal changes that affect both childbearing and the introduction of secondary schools . _Selective migration_ _Selective migration_ Migration might lead us to estimate a negative value for if the introduction of a secondary school induces an outflow of sexually active teens , creating a spurious negative relationship between αα school introductions and teenage childbearing . In Appendix S3 we provide a detailed analysis of migration patterns in Brazil , using information from the 2010 Brazilian population census available publically through IPUMS International . These data allow us to analyze migration patterns for a subset of the Brazilian municipalities ( 831 municipalities ) . We summarize the key findings here . 20", "spans": [{"start": 1663, "end": 1695, "text": "2010 Brazilian population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- date by the census survey team members and Woreda / town compensation committee members . They have also been informed that no payment of compensation will be made with respect to any construction or any improvement on land where such activity is done after the cut-off date . < / mark > Photo 5 : Partial Views of Consultation meeting with Limu Genet city ( Left ) and Seqa Woreda ( right ) Administration Officials Page 111", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 27, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . Data This study is based on data of four waves of the Nigerian General Household Panel < sup > 14 < / sup > Survey ( GHS 1 – 2010 / 2011 ; GHS2 – 2012 / 2013 ; GHS3 – 2015 / 2016 ; GHS4 – 2018 / 2019 ) , and one wave of the Nigerian Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS 5 – 2016 / 2017 ) . The GHS surveys have been conducted by the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistic in collaboration with the World Bank ’ s Living Standard Measurement Study ( LSMS ) team . Each wave covers close to 5 , 000 households and consists of two visits covering different survey modules ; one post-planting and another post-harvest season to account for seasonal variation . The monetary poverty analysis relies on the household roster of the post-harvest visit and the per capita consumption aggregate values . < sup > 15 < / sup > For the multi-dimensional poverty analysis this study complements the post-harvest modules with those from the post-planting survey ( see footnote ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > The MICS covers close to 34 , 000 households and was conducted by the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics together with UNICEF < sup > 17 < / sup > . Estimates based on both surveys are presented in weighted form . While both surveys are nationally representative , the GHS is only representative up to the regional level whereas the MICS is representative at the state level . Even though Nigeria is a very heterogeneous , country that may suggest advantages of using surveys representative at the state level , there are important benefits of also using the GHS survey data for this analysis . Though only representative at the regional level , the GHS surveys allow a comparison of the overlap of monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty in terms of deprivations and provide evidence on the time trend . The MICS , though representative at the state level , allows only the calculation of deprivation levels , as it does not include information to infer about monetary poverty . > 14 Though a panel survey , the data can be used as an individual level panel across visits", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 92, "text": "Nigerian General Household Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 230, "end": 272, "text": "Nigerian Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 422, "end": 455, "text": "Living Standard Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 935, "end": 955, "text": "post-planting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1000, "end": 1004, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1559, "end": 1574, "text": "GHS survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1650, "end": 1661, "text": "GHS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2000, "end": 2012, "text": "panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 4 . Refugee population and changes by origin , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * # # # # # * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatr < mark > iation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Incr | eases durin | g2006 | | | | De | creases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | Origin | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ <", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1040, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "major state ; ( c ) 5 percent on the basis of infrastructure ; ( d ) 5 percent on the basis of the area of states subject to certain normative limits ; and ( e ) 10 percent on the basis of tax effort defined as the ratio of per capita own tax revenue to the square of per capita income . This formula differs from the previous ones by reducing ( for income taxes ) the weight of population ; increasing the weight given to \" distance \" of per capita income ; introducing a weight for infrastructure ; and removing the \" gap filling weight . \" ( World Bank , 1995 , p . 57 ) It is expected that this fornula will strengthen the redistribution function of the Finance Commission transfers . The detailed procedure for applying the above formula is as follows : 12 Step 1 . Divide the whole pool for transfers into five parts , 20 % , 60 % , 5 % / 6 , 5 % , 10 % . Step 2 . Allocate 20 percent of the pool on the basis of population . That is , the ith state gets P , / P of the 20 percent , where Pi is the ith state ' s population , and P is the country ' s total population . The population figures used are those in the 1971 Census . Step 3 . Allocate 60 percent of the pool on the basis on income distance . The respective \" distances \" are multiplied by the population of the states and the share of each state is obtained by dividing the product for that state by the sum of the products for all states . That is , the ith state gets PiDI £ jPjDj of the 60 percent , where Pi is the ith state ' s population , and Di is the per capita income distance of the ith state from the state with the highest per capita income ( Goa in the case of the Tenth Commission ) . Goa is taken to be the same as for the state with the second highest per capita income ( Punjab ) from that of the next one ( Maharashtra ) since", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1132, "text": "1971 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "includes worker-firm fixed effects , as well as worker and firm controls . The results indicate that returns to technical upgrading are positive and statistically significant in all these specifications . We also observe that the magnitude of the point estimate of interest is quite stable across these specifications , and points to positive wage effect of about 3 % . While the estimation sample includes only exporting firms , one might worry that the results are driven by only a subset of those firms . We therefore proceed by verifying the extent to which these results are specific to small , medium and large exporting firms . In Table 10 we split the sample according to a firm size classification of _Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat ́ ıstica_ ( IBGE ) , the national statistical institute . We observe that technical upgrading is associated with significantly higher labor earnings among firms in each of these categories . The sample used in Tables 9 and 10 includes among the control group workers that received other types of training . Although the analysis in the previous section suggests that export participation does not impact the share of workers trained in those other categories , we cannot exclude the possibility that such training also affects labor earnings . We therefore verify if our estimates are sensitive to the exclusion of workers that received other types of training . In particular , we re-estimate ( 4 ) on a sample that excludes all observations that received any SENAI training course other than technical upgrading during 2009-2012 . Appendix Tables A3 and A4 report the corresponding results . We observe that our findings remain qualitatively and quantitatively very similar when using this alternative sample . # * * 5 Conclusion * * This paper has examined the effects of export participation on job training in a rich combination of worker-firm panel data for the Brazilian manufacturing sector , linked with detailed records on training activity from the main provider . Using industry-specific exchange rate movements to generate exogenous variation in export status at the firm-level , we have provided evidence that export participation tends to increase the share of workers who received training . In line with several intuitive theoretical mechanisms proposed in 15", "spans": [{"start": 1890, "end": 1912, "text": "worker-firm panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these criteria alone could cause vast differences between district councils ‟ allocations , 25 % of the National Village Fund ( NVF , TASAF IIs main spending vehicle ) was first distributed equally to all councils . The remaining amount was then distributed using the composite index . We now turn to more details of the data sources used in the analysis . # * * 3 . Data * * # _3 . 1 . Institutional Data from TASAF_ This paper utilizes two main databases from TASAF II . The first of these datasets documents every application received by TASAF II between May of 2004 and October of 2007 , for a total of 102 , 606 applications . More than 95 % of the 2 , 542 wards in mainland Tanzania submitted at least one application , with the median ward submitting 14 . The second institutional database describes every TASAF II project funded through August 2008 , and gives details of the beneficiaries , project type , and budgets for each of the 4 , 037 projects funded . This database also shows the composition of funding provided by the NVF , local government authorities , and the community itself . NVF spending typically makes up about 80 % of total project costs , and is never below 50 % . We merge these datasets at the ward level to calculate the number of applications , the percentage of applications funded , and the total amount spent from each source per ward . # _3 . 2 . Poverty Maps_ The institutional data on applications , approvals , and funding are overlaid with poverty maps , also at the ward level , created by the authors using the method described in Elbers , Lanjouw , and Lanjouw ( 2003 ) . This exercise uses the household surveys from Tanzania ‟ s 2000 / 01 Household and Budget Survey ( HBS ) and the 2002 Population and Housing Census , both conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) . The HBS is a nationally representative sample of 22 , 178 households sampled between May 2000 and June 2001 . The HBS is a much richer survey than the census , containing information on a wide range of outcomes including", "spans": [{"start": 1676, "end": 1713, "text": "2000 / 01 Household and Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1730, "end": 1764, "text": "2002 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "picture text - - > # # # CONSEQUENCES OF UNDERFUNDING With funding at 15 per cent across the region , the Shelter Sector has achieved 24 per cent of its target for assistance to households outside of camps , and 22 per cent of its target for assisting refugee households inside camps . In total , this translates to 201 , 000 targeted households ( around 1 million people ) who have not yet been reached with shelter assistance this year . Underfunding for the Shelter Sector will have a direct impact on the vulnerability of Syrian refugees , pushing even more people to adopt negative coping strategies , reducing food expenditure to pay for rent , working illegally and therefore risking deportation , returning to Syria , or moving from the community into camps . # # # # # OUTSIDE OF CAMPS In Jordan , the Shelter Sector ’ s strategy strives to address the shortage of adequate and affordable housing on the rental market , thus alleviating rent inflation while investing in host communities most affected by the Syrian refugee crisis . Underfunding in the sector could place this strategy at risk , with 25 per cent of Syrian refugees in Jordan already being severely shelter vulnerable and 50 per cent highly shelter vulnerable according to the Vulnerability Assessment Framework ( VAF ) Baseline Survey . Refugees report shelter as their single most pressing need , and the search for shelter is now one of the key sources of tension between Syrian refugees and Jordanian host communities . In Lebanon , the latest shelter survey shows that 55 per cent of the refugee population ( around 660 , 000 people ) live in poor shelters in informal settlements and substandard buildings . While these refugees are exposed to wind and rain , underfunding has 31", "spans": [{"start": 1252, "end": 1310, "text": "Vulnerability Assessment Framework ( VAF ) Baseline Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1523, "end": 1537, "text": "shelter survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 % | 38 . 1 % | 95 . 3 % | 18 . 7 % | | * * Lamwo * * | 85 . 9 % | 75 . 0 % | 83 . 3 % | 60 . 0 % | 28 . 6 % | 91 . 2 % | 14 . 6 % | | * * Yumbe * * | 66 . 1 % | 87 . 5 % | 100 . 0 % | 80 . 0 % | 34 . 6 % | 92 . 9 % | 6 . 9 % | # # # * * Infant Formula * * Mothers and caregivers were asked about giving their children infant formulas ; the proportions of Infant Formula Intake in children aged 0-23 months varied from one district to another . Moyo ( 21 . 5 % ) , Lamwo ( 21 . 4 % ) , Kiryandongo ( 17 . 9 % ) , Koboko ( 17 . 4 % ) and Isingiro ( 15 . 4 % ) had higher proportions of infants fed on infant formula . There is no free distribution of commercial infant formula in the districts hosting refugees in the country . The mothers and or caregivers who are giving infant formula to their infants buy it from the market . Health and nutrition actors are reminded to pass consistent and accurate information about breastfeeding and encourage family members to avoid separation of breastfeeding women and children . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 54 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | | Drama | - 0 . 034 | - 0 . 028 | 0 . 013 | 0 . 006 | - 0 . 025 | - 0 . 021 | 0 . 023 | 0 . 022 | | | ( 0 . 041 ) | ( 0 . 041 ) | ( 0 . 048 ) | ( 0 . 045 ) | ( 0 . 042 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 033 ) | | Documentary | - 0 . 024 | - 0 . 023 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 006 | - 0 . 051 | - 0 . 072 | 0 . 062 < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 057 | | | ( 0 . 049 ) | ( 0 . 048 ) | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 056 ) | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 046 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | | Ybaseline | 0 . 429 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 036 ) | 0 . 256 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 049 ) | | | | | | | | Controls | | ✓ | | ✓ | | ✓ | | ✓ | | R-squared | 0 . 203 | 0 . 245 | − 0 . 004 | 0 . 144 | − 0 . 002 | 0 . 192 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 045 | | P-value equal coef . | 0 . 826 | 0 . 911 | 0 . 839 | 0 . 993 | 0 . 586 | 0 . 248 | 0 . 235 | 0 . 296 | | Observations | 567 | 567 | 542 | 542 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "ca"}
{"text": "Figure 3 : Joint Distribution of WTP for Self and Other < ! - - Start of picture text - - > WTP For Self < br > 0 10 , 000 20 , 000 30 , 000 40 , 000 < br > WTP For Other < br > 40 , 000 < br > 30 , 000 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 10 , 000 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ The figures depicts a scatterplot of the joint distribution of the willingness-to-pay for self against willingness-to-pay for another farmer to receive the training , for each of the 21 possible training prices . total value to the participant of the externalities produced by the other farmer . In line with this assumption , the willingness-to-pay data suggest that participants do not internalize the social benefit of training . If they did , we would expect to observe two patterns in the data . First , valuations would be uniform within villages - both within and across participants . The previous paragraph disproves that valuations are uniform within participant , as it shows that willingness-to-pay for self is substantially higher than willingness-to-pay for others ; in addition , the average coefficient of variation of willingness-to-pay for others at the participant level is 35 % . Having uniform valuations across participants means that different participants have a similar willingness to pay for the same farmer ; in the data , the average coefficient of variation of willingness-to-pay for the same farmer is equal to 74 % , pointing to high dispersion . Second , if participants internalized the social benefit of the training , their willingness-to-pay would increase with village size or with the number of maize farmers in a village . I find that willingness-to-pay for others is not positively correlated with village size and number of maize farmers in a village ( the correlation is negative , - 11 % and - 7 % respectively ) , and willingness to pay for self is not meaningfully correlated with either ( 0 and 2 % respectively ) . Figure A . 7 plots willingness to pay ( for self or others ) against", "spans": [{"start": 627, "end": 650, "text": "willingness-to-pay data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( f ) regular consultation with affected communities ; and ( g ) close bank supervision on social and environmental aspects . Further detail of these mitigation measures are elaborated in annex 3 . 91 . * * Gender * * . Wherever relevant and feasible , the project will track gender disaggregated data for M & E purposes . # * * F . Environment ( including Safeguards ) * * 92 . The project is category “ B ” given the low impact of the project on the natural environment and low density settlement patterns within project route . Even though the transmission line will , in a limited manner traverse parts of swamps / wetlands , forests reserves , cross the river Nile and is located just outside the fringes of Murchison Falls National Park ( MFNP ) , no major ecosystems and protected / conservation areas will be adversely affected by the proposed transmission line , the impacts are localized , reversible and easily mitigated as has been elaborated in the ESMP . 93 . The project is also expected to pose moderate health and safety risks which are identified and mitigation actions are proposed in the ESIA . Adequate environmental and social mitigation measures have been elaborated in the ESMP to mitigate potential impacts on natural habitats , sensitive bird species , child labor , labor force management , sexual abuse of minor girls ( < 18 years of age ) . For these reasons , the project triggered OP 4 . 01 , Environmental Assessment . In addition , the project also triggered the following environmental Safeguard Policies : ( a ) Natural Habitats OP / BP 4 . 04 since the project passes through a limited area of wetlands , forests , terrestrial grassland crosses the river Nile and affects natural habitats in a limited way in six forest reserves , ( b ) Forests OP / BP 4 . 36 since the project passes through and affects 6 forests and private woodlots , which have as main purpose to supply wood resources ; and ( c ) Physical Cultural Resources OP / BP 4 . 11 because the project associated civil and earth works will 21", "spans": [{"start": 276, "end": 301, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "right , suggesting it remains a potential concern . < sup > 37 < / sup > The use of anchoring vignettes may provide a possible promising avenue to address different types of response patterns ( Hopkins and King , 2010 ; Primi et al , 2016 ) and more research is needed to test this approach in large rural household surveys . Finally , “ social desirability bias ” may lead a respondent to answer what he believes would give the best impression , or what the enumerator may want to hear . In surveys related to impact evaluations , respondents may also believe their answers could affect the probability to receive benefits and attempt to answer strategically . Such biases are difficult to avoid when using selfreports rather than observed outcomes and the extent to which they affect the measures and generate a non-random noise remains difficult to assess . While this holds for many outcomes other than skills , in the case of skills such response patterns provide an additional challenge for the interpretation of the findings , as the way of answering questions may be related to personality itself . The use of forced choice questions or situational judgment tests ( Lipnevich , MacCann and Roberts , 2013 ; Kyllonen , 2016 ) may provide a potential answer to these concerns , but the extent to which they improve validity or reliability in large rural household surveys is an open question . # * * 4 . 5 Anchoring and the use of other sources of information * * The previous sub-section raises the possibility of different response biases affecting the answers . Another important response pattern comes from the fact that each respondent may interpret the Likert Scale differently and use thresholds to decide between answer categories . Anchoring vignettes possibly can help to address this challenge too . Another way of breaking the relationship between answer patterns and skills is to ask another person about the skills of the person of interest , not unlike the use of recommendation letters to evaluate skills in other settings . A priori , the random measurement of a person ’ s skills should be noisier when asking somebody else , as the other person is likely to have asymmetric information about", "spans": [{"start": 1348, "end": 1377, "text": "large rural household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | households are ineligible and are eliminated < br > during the Screening process . However , cases < br > may occur that involve change of land use or < br > restriction of access to communal assets at < br > both community and household level . Where < br > such loss of assets or access to assets is < br > involuntary , the procedures under OP 4 . 12 < br > will be implemented . For this purpose a < br > Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) was < br > developed by Government and disclosed < br > before Appraisal of PSNP 4 . However , such < br > sub-projects currently continue to remain < br > ineligible and to be eliminated at Screening < br > stage , until the PW monitoring system has < br > been expanded sufficiently to be able to track < br > compliance with OP 4 . 12 at the scale required < br > ( 45 , 289 sub-projects planned for 2016 / 17 ) . < br > Under the proposed AF , while it is anticipated < br > that the public works requirement will be < br > waived , in the event that any public works are < br > carried-out , this procedure will apply . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Safety of Dams OP / BP 4 . 37 | Yes | Under PSNP 4 , any subproject that might < br > incorporate a dam more than 10 metres in < br > height is ineligible and will be specifically < br > eliminated in the first stage of the sub-project < br > Screening process . Smaller dams will be < br > constructed subject to implementation of the < br > FAO dam safety measures in Ethiopia , which < br > form part of the ESMF . | | Projects on International Waterways < br > OP / BP 7 . 50 | Yes | This policy was triggered for PSNP", "spans": [{"start": 679, "end": 699, "text": "PW monitoring system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country of origin , and analyzes arrival trends on a weekly basis to enable adjustments . - * * Indonesia : * * Uses a mobile registration team and new out-posted locations . - * * Kenya : * * Registers all asylum seekers and prima facie cases on the same day they approach UNHCR and provides them with an appointment date to collect a Mandate Refugee Certifi cate . * * Biometrics * * has worked well in Egypt , Ethiopia , Macedonia and Malaysia . * * Accelerated registration * * with basic bio-data has been effective in Jordan and Thailand . * * Cooperation with the government * * works well in Turkey Uganda , and Yemen . * * Implementing partnerships * * have worked well in several countries including Mexico where an IP has improved routines for registration and established an online database and the Ukraine where IPs complete registration forms and upload registration data to proGres at the UNHCR offi ce . * Includes Sri Lankan and Tibetan refugees supported directly by the Government of India . A Global Survey – 2012 19", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 885, "text": "registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1013, "end": 1026, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s population is growing at a higher rate , than the growth elasticity of poverty needed to result also in the reduction in the absolute number of poor people . However , the United Nations definition of poverty extends beyond monetary poverty that may be directly affected through growth , also reflected in the SDGs 2 , 3 , 4 and 6 . During the 1995 world summit in Copenhagen absolute poverty was defined as “ Absolute poverty is a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs , including food , safe drinking water , sanitation facilities , health , shelter , education and information . It depends not only on income but also on access to social services . ” ( UN , 1995 , p . 38 ) . While Nigeria is working on improving its human capital through different programs and policy interventions , there is a need for evidence on where to find the neediest children along these dimensions , to allow for more targeted and evidence-based policy making and interventions , given limited resources . > 1 See World Bank Indicators Population ages 0-14 ( % of total population ) < u > https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / SP . POP . 0014 . TO . ZS ? locations = NG < / u > 2", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1050, "text": "World Bank Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > - * * Growth rate of TFP : * * � � � � % . A TFP index for the country is calculated using the data and methodology listed in PWT 8 . 1 and using the labor share of 0 . 51 obtained from the GTAP database . The growth rate of TFP is generally volatile and it is also true for the case of Bangladesh as seen in the figure below . The TFP was on an upward trend from the 1980s till it suddenly dropped in 2001 . After remaining in the negative territory for another two years , the TFP growth started trending upwards again . The average growth rate of TFP during 1991 – 2011 has barely managed to remain in the positive 9", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 250, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to a detailed analysis of mobility with different data cleaning methods . We will compare the results with different cleaning approaches . # * * VI . Mobility : Egypt ’ s panel data in perspective * * Table 5 uses the most commonly used tool to present mobility : the transition matrix . The sample is divided into _n_ equally sized income classes ( e . g . deciles , 10 ) . The matrix shows what share of each decile population in 2005 stayed in the same position in 2008 ( diagonal ) or moved to a different decile . 16", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 181, "text": "panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "initiate an investigation on suspicion on environmental abuse . 64 . Most complaints reported are mainly in the urban areas and are as a result of poor land use planning . This includes ; ( i ) poor waste management as designated waste disposal areas have been grabbed and land available in other locations are wetlands ; utilised as a source of water and waste dumping ; ( ii ) quarrying activities , iii ) Environmental pollution ( air pollution and noise pollution ) ; iv ) poor wastewater management due to lack of sewer system . 65 . There are several ways in which complaints are received comprising ; ( i ) a hotline ( 0722510510 ) , ( ii ) email , ( iii ) posted mail , and ( iv ) in-person at the committee ’ s office . The committee receives approximately 10-11 complaints per day . There is a master register in which complaints are categorized on a priority basis and timelines set dependent on urgency . 15 days in a calendar month are dedicated by the committee ’ s team for hearings and addressing complaints in all the 47 counties in the country . Once a complaint has been received , a notice to respond is issued to concerned parties , a meeting is set up at county commissioners office where a hearing is undertaken and judgement made . 66 . The committee applies the inquisitorial system to investigate complaints in which the complainant , respondent and witnesses are present during a hearing session . Hearings are deliberated by a multi-agency committee comprising of a County Commissioner ( chair ) , representatives from the NECC ( chair ) , County Director NEMA ( Secretary ) , CECM Environment , CECM Planning , Chief Officers , County Commander , Chief Prosecutor and Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) . Judgements made by the multi-agency team are final and stand due to the collaborative decisions making approach employed . Details of the agreed actions are recorded for future follow-up . 67 . The committee has limited financial and human resources to adequately fulfil its mandate . In an attempt to address", "spans": [{"start": 804, "end": 819, "text": "master register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Chronic Poverty Status by Geographic Region - ( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > NC urban NC rural NE urban NE rural NW urban NW rural SE urban SE rural SS urban SS rural SW urban SW rural < br > never poor transitory poor chronic ( always ) poor < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Waves 1-3 53", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 550, "text": "GHS Waves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Identification and Subproject Impact Boundary Delineation Stage : _ This is a crucial stage where adverse Subproject impacts were fully identified and understood leading to their quantification . A survey was conducted using a Global Positioning System ( GPS ) to demarcate and confirm the actual boundary of the land take requirements for the Subproject including tower foundation , ROW and substations areas . _Census and Socio-Economic Surveys and Property Registration Stage : _ As this stage is a decisive stage in the whole exercise for the RP , a number of steps and procedures were adopted to ensure the accuracy of information collected and registration of affected property . The steps and procedures followed were as follows : - The first step was recruitment and training of enumerators . A team of enumerators and supervisors were recruited locally and received training on basic interviewing techniques . Enumerators were closely supervised and supported by members of the study team . - The second step was formation of an ad-hoc committee comprised of Woreda and Kebele officials . This committee is important in the identification of PAPs and for approving the legality of ownership of affected property by its claimant . - The third and the last step during this stage was the supervision and administration of the actual field work . A complete census enumeration of all PAPs was carried out side by side with registration of affected property including land and other privatelyowned structures that will be affected by the Subproject . Structured questionnaires were administered to the affected households and detailed quantitative information on the socio-economic characteristics of the households was collected . The baseline survey captured PAHs ’ demographic and socio-economic and livelihood data . This data included PAHs ’ age , sex , education level , income level , household size , type of household , occupation , and availability of basic", "spans": [{"start": 1516, "end": 1546, "text": "census enumeration of all PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1893, "end": 1908, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 , 200 committee members and local officials ( target 18 , 400 people ) have been trained on participatory planning , project management , procurement , monitoring and accountability as part of the community-driven development ( CDD ) process ; ( d ) tailored leadership training provided to 8 , 600 female members of the community committees to strengthen women ’ s agency ; and ( e ) 39 social cohesion workshops and cultural events organized and training provided to 770 members of joint host community-refugee committees on conflict management to strengthen social cohesion . According to the MTR survey , 74 percent of refugee and host community respondents believe that their relationship has improved as a result of the project activities . - * * Component 2 : Sustainable Environmental Management * * supports restoration of environmentally fragile areas , exacerbated by climate change and the large refugee population . Progress against the intermediate indicators is solid : ( a ) completed soil and water conservation measures covering 25 , 238 . 5 hectares ( ha . ) ( 18 , 706 . 5 ha . physical and 6 , 532 ha . biological ) from the target of 40 , 000 ha . ; and ( b ) provided clean cooking stoves , solar systems , and biogas plants to 6 , 612 households ( 1 , 528 in refugee camps / 5 , 245 female-headed ) from a target of 13 , 650 . Progress is relatively slow on the renewable energy indicator as the project paused these activities over the last 12 months while preparing a new , more sustainable and cost-effective operational approach ( see paragraphs 28 and 29 ) . - * * Component 3 : Sustainable Livelihood Program * * creates economic opportunities for refugees and host communities through a combination of technical assistance and access to finance . So far , 155 , 970 people have benefited from livelihood activities , 83 percent of the end-of-project target . Other major achievements include : ( a ) 66 Farmers Training Centers / Pastoralist Training Centers ( FTCs / PTCs ) upgraded ( end of project target 71 ) ; (", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 609, "text": "MTR survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ( 1 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | ( 2 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | ( 3 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | ( 4 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | ( 5 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Increased use of digital platforms | 8 . 68 * * * < br > ( 2 . 88 ) | | | | | | New investment in digital solutions | | 11 . 05 * * * < br > ( 5 . 00 ) | | | | | More work from home | | | 2 . 9 < br > ( 7 . 84 ) | | | | More online sales | | | | 18 . 28 < br > ( 6 . 67 ) | | | Increased use of digital tech | | | | | 8 . 77 * * * < br > ( 2 . 77 ) | | Country-sector fxed effects | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | Basic characteristics | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | Management | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | Observations | 837 | 882 | 643 | 603 | 889 | Table B6 : Effects of digitalization on sales , nearest neighbor matched sample . _ ∗ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 _ , ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 _ , ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 1 Robust standard errors in parentheses . 35", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 47 . 4 | 55 . 4 | 52 . 1 | 41 . 7 | | 1 child | 23 . 4 | 24 . 4 | 22 . 9 | 23 . 8 | 25 . 7 | 28 . 7 | 31 . 8 | 34 . 0 | 32 . 4 | 36 . 6 | 41 . 4 | 49 . 4 | 41 . 3 | 48 . 6 | 46 . 9 | 35 . 9 | | 2 children | 28 . 7 | 32 . 3 | 26 . 7 | 30 . 1 | 36 . 5 | 37 . 9 | 41 . 7 | 43 . 7 | 44 . 1 | 44 . 9 | 53 . 3 | 60 . 7 | 48 . 9 | 58 . 4 | 52 . 5 | 40 . 1 | | 3 and more | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | children | 97 . 7 | 88 . 4 | 86 . 4 | 80 . 8 | 86 . 1 | 86 . 3 | 88 . 3 | 86 . 5 | 88 . 9 | 96 . 3 | 88 . 3 | 90 . 6 | 89 . 1 | 96 . 0 | 89 . 8 | 95 . 8 | | singleparent | 60 . 2 | 62 . 2 | 64 . 9 | 60 . 6 | 60 . 9 | 64 . 4 | 68 . 0 | 64 . 7 | 67 . 1 | 66 . 5 | 68 . 1 | 72 . 7 | 67 . 0 | 65 . 0 | 67 . 8 | 64 . 3 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 31", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 764, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 012 ) | | Other castes mean education level | − 0 . 012 | − 0 . 014 | − 0 . 015 | − 0 . 0079 | | | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 0098 ) | | Observations | 1318 | 1318 | 1318 | 1318 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 91 | 0 . 91 | 0 . 92 | 0 . 92 | | Household level controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Agricultural controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Group controls | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Control for other group | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Additional group controls | No | No | No | Yes | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 1982 and 2006 rounds of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research . _Note_ : < sup > * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 1 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 01 . Robust standard errors clustered at the village level are reported in parentheses . The coefficients on the other controls are reported in table S1 . 1 in the supplementary appendix S1 . The reference group is defined as individuals from the same caste . The other group refers to individuals from other castes . Group controls and controls for other groups include the number of individuals in each group ( in log ) and the mean value for the demographic characteristics in each group . Additional group controls include the average amount of land in each group and the amount of transfers within groups .", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 668, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ aims . Accordingly , the focus of the evaluation will be on the impact of the project on HHs and the outcomes of the compensation , livelihoods restoration and well-being of PAHs . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 . 1 Objectives of External Evaluation * * The following will be the focus and purpose of the evaluation : - Verify whether the outcomes of the RP comply with the national legislation and WB ’ s ESSs , in particular ESS5 ; - Assess whether or not the aims and objectives of the RP were achieved in terms of the actual implementation of the components and activities of the RP including the timely and full payment of compensation , the attainment of the objectives of the income restoration and community development projects and interventions in mitigating the adverse impacts of the subproject and in the improvement of the income and wellbeing of the PAHs ; - Identify and document the problems and challenges encountered in the process of implementing the RP ; and - Identify and assess the main lessons learned to inform the planning and implementation of similar EEP projects in the future . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 . 2 Indicators for External Monitoring and Evaluation * * The following indicators shall be included in the RP evaluation . All data collected shall be disaggregated by gender to enable specific analysis of different impacts on women and age . - i ) _Basic Information of PAPs : _ The most important information and data for external monitoring include : - Location - Gender of household head - Housing type - Land type and uses - Income and sources of income - Agricultural production data - Values of assets , compensation and resettlement entitlement - ii ) _Restoration of living standards_ basic indicators include : - Compensation for houses as per the guidelines and laws ; - Fair resettlement for PAHs and vulnerable groups", "spans": [{"start": 1740, "end": 1768, "text": "Agricultural production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > eports the p-value of a t-test that_T_1 = 0 . We use administrative data on recommendations < br > 4 . | | - - - | - - - | | ( 4 ) < br > idual < br > in 2015 < br > p-value < br > T1 vs . C | 0 . 86 < br > 0 . 24 < br > 0 . 77 < br > 0 . 33 < br > ers in our study < br > ment dummies a < br > rs in _T_1 . In colu < br > d 6 are analogou < br > l group in 2014 a < br > 8 compares the < br > armers in_T_1 . It r < br > in February 201 | | ( 1 ) < br > ( 2 ) < br > ( 3 ) < br > Fertilizer < br > Indiv < br > application < br > recomm . < br > Control mean < br > p-value < br > Mean < br > in 2014 < br > T1-T4 vs . C < br > T1 | Urea ( kg / ha ) < br > 267 . 81 < br > 0 . 72 < br > 151 . 23 < br > ( 135 . 25 ) < br > ( 32 . 64 ) < br > DAP ( kg / ha ) < br > 49 . 41 < br > 0 . 87 < br > 30 . 65 < br > ( 65 . 27 ) < br > ( 26 . 32 ) < br > KCL ( kg / ha ) < br > 9 . 45 < br > 0 . 78 < br > 33 . 27 < br > ( 26 . 15 ) < br > ( 28 . 16 ) < br > Cost ( pesos / ha ) < br > 1 , 895 . 49 < br > 0 . 55 < br > 1 , 882 . 97 < br > ( 1 , 181 . 91 ) < br > ( 398 . 83 ) < br > Observations < br > 130 <", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 77, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "task content and different characteristics of occupations , we use two surveys administered by O * NET , the program sponsored by the US Department of Labor to improve the understanding of the nature of work . The O * NET database contains a vast array of standardized , occupation-specific characteristics for almost 1 , 000 occupations . # 4 . Exposure of Immigrant and Native-Born Workers to Pandemic-Related Risks # # * * Measure 1 : Non-essential Occupations * * Our first comparison between immigrants and native-born workers focuses on the share of workers in non-essential occupations to assess their relative economic exposure to measures that were put in place to contain the spread of COVID-19 . We find that migrants in the EU are less likely than native-born citizens to work in occupations that are defined as non-essential . As shown in Panel A of Figure 1 , 58 percent of immigrants and 63 percent of native-born workers were employed in > 7 At the time of the EU-LFS surveys , the United Kingdom was a member of the European Union , but formally left on January 31 , 2020 . As such , in most of our analysis , the United Kingdom is included with the high-income EU15 countries . > 8 The EFTA Member States are Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway , and Switzerland . > 9 These are the 13 countries that joined the EU as part of 2004 enlargement and subsequently . The group consists of Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Romania , Slovenia , and the Slovak Republic . > 10 These countries are Albania , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Georgia , Republic of Moldova , Montenegro , the Russian Federation , Serbia , Turkey and Ukraine . 9", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 230, "text": "O * NET database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 977, "end": 991, "text": "EU-LFS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In order to measure entrepreneurship and make the data comparable across countries , we developed a methodology that can be consistently applied across heterogeneous legal regimes and economic systems . Previous efforts have been made in this regard , but the great majority focused solely on the developed world , and did not take into account differences in legal systems , sectors , and economic structures ( see United Nations , 2005 ) . The concept of entrepreneurship lacks a common language . Joseph Schumpeter defined entrepreneurship as “ the assumption of risk and responsibility in designing and implementing a business strategy or starting a business ” ( Schumpeter , 1911 ) . J . W . Gough stated that entrepreneurship “ refers to a person who undertakes and operates a new enterprise or venture , and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks ” ( Gough , 1969 ) . The entrepreneurial process centres on the discovery , creation , and profitable exploitation of markets for goods and services . Therefore , for the purposes of the analysis in this study , entrepreneurship is defined as : _The activities of an individual or a group aimed at initiating economic enterprise in the formal sector under a legal form of business . _ Notably , this definition excludes informal sector initiatives . The exclusion is based on the difficulties of quantifying the number of firms in the informal sector , rather than on its relevance for developing economies ( Nielson and Plovsing , 1997 ) . The only way to measure the informal sector is through economic censuses , which due to their high costs are infrequently collected . Following a definition of entrepreneurship , we create a standard unit of measurement . Generally , entrepreneurial activities are carried out in the form of “ businesses . ” However , due to the lack of a universally agreed upon definition of what constitutes a business , agencies have formulated either an economic , statistical or legal definition . For instance , the U . S . bases its 4", "spans": [{"start": 1562, "end": 1579, "text": "economic censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Basel III . This paper makes three contributions . First , to support policy formulation and evaluation by policy makers and researchers , the paper introduces a new global database and a simple policy classification framework . Containing over 3 , 100 individually classified measures , the database provides a comprehensive , though not exhaustive , overview of the financial sector policy response to the COVID-19 crisis , based on publicly available information . Second , the paper documents patterns of the measures taken around the world and introduces the _COVID-19 Financial Policy Response Activity Index_ , a simple country-level indicator that tracks the total number of measures taken . Third , as an initial step towards understanding the determinants of the policy response , the paper explores the association between relevant country characteristics ( i . e . , domestic exposure to COVID-19 and fiscal , economic , and financial fundamentals ) and policy makers ’ 2", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 181, "text": "global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 - ( ii ) standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labor , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; - ( iii ) the magnitude of the expected loss — total or partial — of assets , and the extent of displacement , physical or economic ; - ( iv ) information on vulnerable groups or persons as provided for in OP 4 . 12 , para . 8 , for whom special provisions may have to be made ; and - ( v ) provisions to update information on the displaced people ' s livelihoods and standards of living at regular intervals so that the latest information is available at the time of their displacement . - ( b ) Other studies describing the following : - ( i ) land tenure and transfer systems , including an inventory of common property natural resources from which people derive their livelihoods and sustenance , non-title-based usufruct systems ( including fishing , grazing , or use of forest areas ) governed by local recognized land allocation mechanisms , and any issues raised by different tenure systems in the project area ; - ( ii ) the patterns of social interaction in the affected communities , including social networks and social support systems , and how they will be affected by the project ; - ( iii ) public infrastructure and social services that will be affected ; and - ( iv ) social and cultural characteristics of displaced communities , including a description of formal and informal institutions ( e . g . , community organizations , ritual groups , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) ) that may be relevant to the consultation strategy and to designing and implementing the resettlement activities . 7 . _Legal framework_ . The findings of an analysis of the legal framework , covering : - ( a ) the scope of the power of eminent domain and", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1077, "text": "inventory of common property natural resources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Page * * 4 * * relatively well educated labor force ( e . g . , 77 percent having ten or more years of schooling ) . Educational institutions at all levels have been fairly accessible to the majority of the public in terms of both location and numbers . Unfortunately , this situation rapidly changed in the early 1990s . An increasing number of students are now not attending school , and dropout rates are on the increase at all levels of education . According to figures from the State Statistical Agency ( SSA ) , in 1996 , about one-fifth of boys and one-quarter of girls , aged 7 - 1 8 years old , did not attend school . In the past , illiteracy did not exist , but there are now children who cannot read or write . Tajikistan inherited its educational structure from the FSU , and the overall structure and programs of the previous Soviet system appear to have been maintained with some minor revisions only in school curricula . Like other FSU countries , Tajikistan has kindergartens , general secondary schools ( which include primary grades 1-4 and secondary grades 5-9 ) , upper secondary schools ( grades 10-1 1 ) , specialized vocational and technical schools , and higher education institutions . At present , education is compulsory for all children up to the ninth grade , having been reduced from 11 years in 1996 . Each year , there are about 180 , 000 children who should go to school for the first year . Since population growth is now around 3 percent , there is an increasing demographic pressure on the general education system . The MOE is responsible for overall education policy , curriculum and textbook development , and the administration of preschool , primary , secondary , specialized secondary and higher education . The MOE is itself responsible for financing specialized secondary education , higher education and the internats ( boarding schools for students with minor and severe mental and physical disabilities , orphanages , and sanitaria ) . However , the local governments have become increasingly responsible for the delivery and financing of", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 507, "text": "figures from the State Statistical Agency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 | | 5 . 2 . 3 < br > Characteristics PAPs Participating in the Socio-Economic Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 | | 5 . 2 . 4 < br > Household basic needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 | | 6 < br > Resettlement Measures and Entitlement Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 | | 6 . 1 < br > Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Schmidt ( 2020 ) : “ a sense of shared purpose and trust among members of a given group or locality and the willingness of those group members to engage and cooperate with each other to survive and prosper ” . To operationalize this definition , this paper focuses on the presence or absence of major intergroup cleavages , which according to Chan , To and Chan ( 2006 ) and King , Samii and Snilstveit ( 2010 ) represents a key dimension of social cohesion , as strong divisions ( whether by income , ethnicity , political party ) can polarize the society and strain social solidarity . In the first part of the paper , I use different measures of refugees ’ socio-economic integration and cultural assimilation to test whether the refugee inflow has caused the emergence of new cleavages ( native vs . newcomer ) within the Greek society as a whole . I notably use survey data on self-reported trust and selfperceived discrimination to measure the extent of social exclusion of the refugee population . I also use census data to measure educational and occupational inequalities between the two groups . In the second part of the paper , I focus on community-level measures of social cohesion , understood either as absence of societal conflict and division or , more positively , as civic participation . In partic7", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 882, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1020, "end": 1031, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specification and find our results to be unchanged . This is further discussed in section 5 . 2 . 1 of the paper . # * * _3 . 2 Data_ * * We combine firm-level data from the World Business Environment Survey ( WBES ) and country-level variables from a number of different sources . The WBES surveyed firm owners and managers on their perception of the business environment in the country with questions on judiciary , corruption , regulation , taxation , competition and access to financing . The WBES was conducted in 1999-2000 and covers more than 10 , 000 firms in 80 countries . The limited availability of firm-level data has prompted the increased use of surveys in corporate finance . Graham and Harvey ( 2001 ) argue that survey-based analysis offers a balance between large sample empirical analysis and clinical studies , by asking very specific and qualitative questions across a broad section of firms for a moderately large sample . The WBES , in particular , has a broad scope in examining more than 200 questions in total , covering topics from property rights protection to corruption , political instability , financing constraints , regulation , business environment and government-business relationships . The survey has a reliable sampling methodology by administering the survey on a parallel basis in all the countries using a uniform methodology and parallel parameters for sample composition . To ensure uniform representation , the sample of firms surveyed was stratified on the basis of several variables like sector , size , ownership , exporters and location with the constraint that at least 15 % of the firms are in each of the sub categories of these variables . While there is a great amount of general information available on the firms , the identity of the firms and the interviewees is confidential information to encourage correct responses from the firms . This prevents us from validating the financial information provided by the firms from public records . However , the WBES has been widely used and most recently for its firm-level variation by Beck , Demirguc-Kunt , and Maksimovic ( 2005 ) . It has also been used by Transparency International in computing its Corruption 12", "spans": [{"start": 149, "end": 164, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 174, "end": 207, "text": "World Business Environment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2012, "end": 2016, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compared to a standard deviation of 119 days in the DB indicator ) . In contrast , there is a set of firms that do find regulations an obstacle , and the extent of delay for those firms does vary widely across countries . The ― disfavored ‖ firms — those in the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile — show huge differences across countries , the standard deviation for getting a construction permit of the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile is 106 days . Even though there are large differences , these are not well explained by a simple linear association with DB . Rather , there is a sharply non-linear pattern in which increases in DB days from low levels are associated with a rapid increase in the time reported by ― disfavored firms ‖ ( 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ) , but for increases above the first tercile of the data ( and at least by the median ) there is no association between the DB indicator and the ES 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile responses . Fourth , several countries have repeated ES surveys that span a change in the corresponding DB indicator . While these are many substantial _reductions_ in the DB reported time , there were almost no instances in which this was associated with a fall in the ES reported time for compliance . In fact , the change in average responses reported by firms often _rose_ . This 5", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 64, "text": "DB indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Primary Education Development Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended 30 June 2021_ * * # # # # Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) iii ) Interest on borrowing Borrowing costs that include interest are recognized as payment in the period in which < sup > theyincurred < / sup > and paid for . # # # # iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to < sup > theconsolidatedfinancial < / sup > statements . # # # # * * v ) * * Acquisition of fixed assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment < sup > itemsisnot capitalized . Thecostof < / sup > acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items < sup > aretreatedaspayments and receiptsitems < / sup > respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange < sup > transactionfor nil or nominal consideration < / sup > and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction < sup > is recordedasreceiptand < / sup > as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity < sup > andasummaryprovidedforpurposesof < / sup > consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure < sup > totheconsolidated financialstatements . < / sup > # # # # f ) In-kind donations In-kind contributions are donations that < sup > aremadetotheProjectintheformofactualgoodsand / or < / sup > services rather than in money or cash terms . These < sup > donationsmayincludevehicles , equipmentor < / s", "spans": [{"start": 1168, "end": 1188, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country . < mark > Tajikistan is a low income country and the poorest country in the ECA region . Much of the population and the economy of Tajikistan are in the two major valleys which are the loci of irrigated agriculture and where water availability is a major climate changerelated concern . The remainder inhabits the mountainous areas of varying elevation where mudslides and other natural disasters are major risks . Adaptation strategies need to determine where to invest in planned adaptation . Such strategies face an apparent dilemma between protecting the core agricultural economy by investing in the most productive areas or to invest in disaster risk management in more remote mountainous zones . < / mark > < mark > Our assessment of vulnerability considers a range of factors beyond the geo-physical impacts of climate change and draws on diverse data sources including household surveys and weather station records . These factors include the extent to which assets and livelihoods are sensitive to impacts of climate change as well as the social , economic , and institutional factors that are likely to shape adaptive capacity . In Tajikistan , migration and elevation are two critical factors to consider . A common household livelihood strategy is overseas migration for work , mostly to Russia . Tajikistan received remittances equivalent to 40 % of its GDP in 2008 , almost all from male migration to Russia . Households in the rural highlands have on average almost 50 % < / mark > < mark > 3 < / mark >", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 904, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 909, "end": 932, "text": "weather station records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "potentially affected population . The survey should be undertaken with the involvement of the PAPs and should include : - A description of the pre-project situation of the subproject affected persons ( PAPs ) ; - Detailed household survey ; - Size and characteristics of affected population , social and economic patterns ; property held and legal basis of ownership ; - A detailed description of the income streams of the PAPs that define their livelihood strategies . # # # # * * _g . In depth census of the PAPs_ * * The Consultant will carry out an in-depth census of the PAPs , with their involvement . The census should clearly identify : - All PAPs who may be physically displaced by the subproject , also referred to as project displaced persons ( PDPs ) , including their details e . g . names , original National Identity card number , phone and physical contacts ( street / estate , village , sub-location , location , District and County ) and photograph ; 14", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 238, "text": "Detailed household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 553, "end": 580, "text": "in-depth census of the PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "underlying model , bootstrapping techniques can be used to simulate the impact that specific shocks or cyclical impulses have on the frequency distribution of credit losses . The re-sampling approach is very flexible and lends itself to many alternative simulation exercises aimed , for example , at measuring the exposure to credit losses of portfolios composed of loans of different size , maturity and rating granted to a specific industry or geographic region . An example of how the aggregate results for the banking system can be broken down and separately analyzed for banks of different size is presented , with reference to the Mexican case , in the Appendix . In line with the methodological aim of this paper , we have conducted a reasonably basic bootstrapping exercises aimed at simply replicating the distribution of credit losses prevailing at a specific period of time < sup > 11 < / sup > and in three countries ; namely Argentina , Mexico and Brazil . We view this as a first step and suggest later what follow-up work might be of interest on a wider country sample . < sup > 12 < / sup > In each of the three countries the Central Bank maintains a Public Credit Registry ( PCR ) that contains information on a very large number of loans in the financial system . The objectives and design of these databases is the subject of Miller ( 2003 ) and in a companion paper we explore further the design issues , given the potential of these databases as tools to analyze credit risk ( Majnoni , Miller , Mylenko , and Powell , 2004 ) . The first step of the procedure consists of extracting , from the PCR , a large pool of performing loans to the ( non-financial ) corporate sector at a particular date . This pool > 11 Typically we consider the default experience over a 12-month period . > 12 Simple modifications of the sampling procedures ( Carey , 2002 ) or of the selection of loans extracted from the Credit Registers would enable to select predefined risk profiles and visualize very effectively the different risk embedded in specific forms of risk exposure . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1922, "end": 1938, "text": "Credit Registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mitigate this , we also code incidents involving the term “ Fulani ” ( e . g . , the tribe most identified with the nomadic herding ) as herder-related . Thus , these data include violent events that occur between herders and civilians , clashing militias , and / or reprisals or actions taken against herdsmen or Fulani tribes . Due to this , we prefer to use the general term herder-related violence . In total , we code 1 , 564 incidents between 2009 and 2019 as both violent and herder-related . We combine the GHS and ACLED datasets using GPS coordinates , which are available in both datasets . To construct our main treatment variable of exposure to a herder-related violent event , we create a series of binary variables that take a value of one if a household was within a given distance from any herder-related violence in the month prior to the start of the GHS interview . The exposure measures are calculated for distance windows of 10 , 20 , and 30 kilometers ( km . ) . We are able to calculate exposure measures that are as precise as 10 km . because we were able to use the restricted-use unmasked GPS coordinates from the GHS data . < sup > 26 < / sup > Our preferred specifications use the 10 km . exposure radius as it is the most precise available in our measures , while allowing for potential mis-measurement of the exact location of violent events in the ACLED data . # * * 3 . 2 Descriptive Statistics * * Table 1 shows basic descriptive statistics for our set of key , labor-related outcomes at the individual level . We focus on seven labor outcomes . The first three are binary values that take a value of one if an individual reports to have worked in own-account or household-enterprise work , agricultural work , or work outside the home , respectively , in the last week . These variables are available in all four rounds of the GHS and provide information on the extensive margin of changes in labor supply . Starting in the 2015-2016 round , the GHS began recording the number of hours individuals worked in each of these activities as", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 537, "text": "ACLED datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 869, "end": 872, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1140, "end": 1148, "text": "GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1379, "end": 1389, "text": "ACLED data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * - 5 - * * and the Bank , the Borrower shall prepare and furnish to the Bank a report , of such scope and in such detail as the Bank shall reasonably request , on the execution and initial operation of the Project , its cost and the benefits derived and to be derived from it , the performance * * by * * the Borrower and the Bank of their respective obligations under the Loan Agreement and the accomplishment of the purposes of the Loan . Section * * 3 . 05 . * * Separate terms of reference shall be established for any legal consultants who may assist the Borrower in the negotiation of petroleum exploration and production contracts ; such consultants shall be employed only after the company or companies with which negotiations are to be held can reasonably be identified . Section * * 3 . 06 . * * The Borrower shall forward to the Bank for its approval a detailed work program and the technical specifications for the aeromagnetic survey to be carried out under Part * * A . 2 * * of the Project . Section * * 3 . 07 . * * The Borrower shall inform the Bank promptly of any condition which interferes or threatens to interfere with Zhe progress of the Project , the accomplishment of the purposes of the Project , or the performance * * by * * the consultants and experts referred to in Section * * 3 . 02 * * ( a ) of their obligations with respect to the Project . # # # ARTICLE IV # # # Other Covenants Section 4 . 01 . ( a ) It is the policy of the Bank , in making loans to , or with the guarantee of , its members not to seek , in normal circumstances , special security from the member concerned but to ensure that no other external debt shall have priority over its loans in the allocation , realization or distribution of foreign exchange held under the control or * * for * * the benefit of such member . To that end , if any lien shall be created on any public assets (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 * * < br > Receipts < br > controlled * * by * * < br > thirdparties < br > * * KSh . * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Receipts * * < br > * * KSh . * * | * * 2019 / 20 * * < br > * * KSh . * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Saleofgoodsandservices < br > | * * - * * | * * - * * | | | | Otherreceiptsnotclassified < br > elsewhere | 21 , 000 | - | * * 21 , 000 * * | * * 551 , 195 * * | | | 21 , 000 | - | * * 21 , 000 * * | * * 551 , 195 * * | * * _311 | _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GBV gets worse during displacement and times of crisis , and then the threat of GBV significantly increases for women and girls . According to the World Health Organization , < sup > 5 < / sup > one in every three women has been beaten , coerced into sex or abused in some other way , most often by someone she knows . One-third of women worldwide have experienced either physical and / or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence . The World Bank < sup > 6 < / sup > reported that globally , 7 percent of women have been sexually assaulted by someone other than a partner and as many as 38 percent of murders of women are committed by an intimate partner . Gender based violence is not only devastating for survivors of violence and their families , but also entails significant social and economic costs . The bank also revealed that in some countries , GBV is estimated to cost countries up to 3 . 7 percent of their GDP . In Ethiopia , gender power imbalance , prevalent gender inequalities , and gender discrimination remain the root causes of gender-based violence . Although recognizing that women , men girls , and boys face GBV , women and girls nevertheless continue to be the most affected . The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey < sup > 7 < / sup > showed that 1 out of 4 or 26 percent of women aged 15 – 49 experienced physical and / or sexual violence by an intimate partner or non-partner in their lifetime . Twenty-three percent of women have experienced physical violence since age 15 . Four percent of women experienced physical violence during pregnancy . GBV is also common after marriage . Among ever-married women aged 15-49 , as many as 1 in 3 or 34 percent have ever experienced spousal violence in the form of emotional , physical and / or sexual violence by their current or most recent husband / partner . Only 23 percent of women who experienced physical and / or sexual violence sought help , whereas", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1269, "text": "Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > evaluation . | | Pre - project income versus present income ( shop , < br > kiosk , market stall , MSE ) . | Equal or improved production per household . | # # # # * * A . Indicators to determine status of affected people * * A number of indicators can be used in order to determine the status of affected people . For instance : standard of house compared to before , level of participation in project activities compared to before , how many kids in school compared to before , health standards , etc . Therefore , the resettlement and compensation plans will set two major socio-economic goals by which to evaluate its success : - ⇒ Affected individuals , households , and communities are able to maintain their preproject standard of living , and even improve on it ; and - ⇒ The local communities remain supportive of the project . - * * B . Indicators to measure RAP performances * * In order to access whether these goals are met , the resettlement action plans will indicate parameters to be monitored , institute monitoring milestones and provide resources necessary to carry out the monitoring activities . For example the following parameters and verifiable indicators will be used to measure the resettlement and compensation plans performance : - ⇒ Questionnaire data will be entered into a database for comparative analysis at all levels of local government ; - ⇒ Each individual will have a compensation dossier recording his or her initial situation , all subsequent project use of assets / improvements , and compensation agreed upon and received ; - ⇒ The ULG authorities will maintain a complete database on every individual impacted by the sub-project land use requirements including relocation / resettlement and compensation , land impacts or damages ; Urban Local Government Development Project Page 27", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1287, "text": "Questionnaire data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "total population in 1980 , the working age population share grew by more than 13 percentage points in the last 35 years . The growth received further tailwind from increasing participation rates . The aggregate participation rate rose from approximately 45 percent in the mid ‐ 1970s to over 60 percent in the 2010s , largely due to a massive jump in the female labor force participation rate , which grew from a low base of 12 percent in 1989 to 30 percent in 2013 . What has been most encouraging is that not only the quantity but also the quality of labor resources has been rising over time . The Penn World Table ( PWT ) human capital index for < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 Population ages 15 ‐ 64 ( % of Total Population ) < br > 70 < br > 30 < br > Total < br > 25 65 < br > Private < br > 20 < br > 60 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 55 < br > 5 < br > 0 50 < br > Source : World Development Indicators Source : World Development Indicators < br > Investment Share of GDP ( % ) < br > 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Bangladesh has grown by more than 1 . 5 percent per year on average during 1990 – 2010 . Apart from growth in underlying factors of production – capital and labor – economic growth can also be derived from advances in technology or through an efficient use of existing resources . The growth in the productivity of resources , or Total Factor Productivity ( TFP ) , has been an important driver of growth for many countries . < sup > 3 < / sup > The TFP growth rate for Bangladesh during 2001 – 2011 has just been above zero implying that the strong growth seen during the period was not aided by", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 617, "text": "Penn World Table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 925, "end": 953, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * No . * * | * * Budget Category * * | * * Quantity * * | * * Unit Cost ( UGX ) * * | * * Timeframe * * | * * Total Cost ( UGX ) * * | * * Remarks * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | awareness < br > campaigns | | | | | | | 7 | Training < br > on < br > safeguards , < br > GRM , < br > GBV / SEA and OHS | 8 trainings | 12 , 000 , 000 | 5 years | 480 , 000 , 000 | Capacity < br > building < br > for < br > staff < br > and < br > contractors | | 8 | Grievance Redress < br > Mechanism < br > implementation | 1 lot | 150 , 000 , 000 | 1 | 150 , 000 , 000 | Suggestion < br > boxes , < br > hotline < br > support , < br > grievance handling | | 9 | Monitoring < br > and < br > supervision visits | 20 visits | 10 , 000 , 000 | 5 years | 200 , 000 , 000 | Stakeholder < br > engagement < br > monitoring < br > activities | | 10 | Stakeholder < br > perception < br > and < br > feedback surveys | 4 surveys | 50 , 000 , 000 | 2 | 100 , 000 , 000 | Midterm < br > and < br > endline stakeholder < br > assessment | | 11 | Contingency < br > ( approximately 5 % ) | 1 lot | 200 , 000 , 000 | 1 | 200 , 000 , 000 | Unforeseen < br > stakeholder < br > engagement < br >", "spans": [{"start": 918, "end": 934, "text": "feedback surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . 1 _Main variables – description and motivation_ Summary statistics of all the variables used are provided in table A2 . The outcome or dependent variable is ( log of ) labor productivity of the firm . Labor productivity equals the total sales ( in USD ) of the firm in a typical month over the last year divided by the total number of workers ( paid plus unpaid and including the owner if applicable ) in a regular month over the last year . Total sales are converted to USD using official exchange rate taken from World Development Indicators ( WDI ) , World Bank . For our main explanatory variable , we define a female-owned firm as a firm where the largest owner is female . All other firms are male-owned . For over 96 percent of the firms in our sample , the largest owner is also the main decision maker . Thus , there is almost no distinction in our sample between the largest owner and the manager ( main decision maker ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > Table A1 provides the percentage of female-owned firms by country in the sample . Ghana has the highest percentage of female-owned firms ( 64 percent ) followed by Guatemala ( 57 percent ) . At the other end of the spectrum are Mali ( 18 percent ) , and DRC ( 23 percent ) . The average for the whole sample is 44 . 9 percent . We account for several factors that are found important for the productivity of businesses . We account for firm size using ( log of ) the total number of employees in a regular month . Informal firms of different sizes may show different levels of productivity . Large informal firms may have more resources , but they may face transformation and evasion costs that smaller informal firms are not burdened with ( Amin and Islam , 2015 ) . It is also well-established that formal firms are more productive than informal business ( La Porta and Shleifer , 2014 ) . Thus , the degree of > 7 Restricting the sample to only those firms where the largest owner is also the main decision maker makes no noticeable difference", "spans": [{"start": 521, "end": 549, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "across countries , which undermines the quality of investment data . < sup > 10 < / sup > Also investment data are rarely available at the bilateral sectoral level . To circumvent these limitations , we use investments from the fDi Markets database collected by fDi Intelligence , a division of Financial Times Ltd . The data is available at the firm-project level and corresponds to announcements of “ Greenfield FDI in a new physical project or expansion of an existing investment , which creates new jobs , and capital investment . ” The announcements are collected from publicly available sources , such as media sources , industry and investment promotion agencies , or market search and publication companies . Each project identifies is cross-referenced against multiple sources . One concern is that recorded announcements differ in their advancement . The data set includes ( but does not clearly distinguish ) FDI projects that have been announced or opened by a company , which means that firms have made their final decision and projects are moving towards implementation in the former case or are already fully operational in the latter . < sup > 11 < / sup > Yet , to the extent possible , project status is updated if a company makes further announcements . Large , announced projects above $ 1 billion , are researched on a quarterly basis to verify their progress . If the project is cancelled , it is removed from the database . Working with announcements represents an important advantage for our identification strategy in that it reduces the scope for endogeneity caused by simultaneity . < sup > 12 < / sup > fDi Intelligence mentions that it takes on average two years for a project to materialize after an announcement is made in the media . Hence , regressing announcements on PTA variables at time _t_ is > 10 Despite the international reporting practices set by the IMF , countries tend to i ) deviate from the 10 percent ownership threshold , ii ) not use uniform industrial classification , or iii ) not report all types of investment properly ( short-term intra-company loans , re-invested earnings are often missing ) . 11 The data does not cover merge and acquisition or other equity", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 66, "text": "investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 228, "end": 248, "text": "fDi Markets database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sification System ( NAICS6 ) . Details of the construction of the variables can be found in appendix 2 . The empirical analysis concentrates on the Electronic sector ( SIC 36 ) . This sector was chosen because of the availability of EU product standards data . This sector consists of 36 SIC4 Industries that ranges from vehicular lighting equipment and electric lamps to semiconductors and transformers . Table 1 provides a description of the relative level of detail between industries . U . S . exports to the EU in this sector represents roughly 15 . 0 percent of total exports to the EU between 1992 and 2002 . Table 2 shows firms ’ characteristics by exporting and non-exporting firms for 1992 and 1997 . < sup > 13 < / sup > Exporting firms are further divided into the set of firms that exports to the EU and those that export to other markets . As expected , exporters — nearly half of the firms — are bigger than nonexporters in terms of average value of shipments and average employment . Around half of exporting firms are multi-plant firms . Interestingly , and consistent with the theoretical model presented in section 2 , exporters ’ characteristics differ in terms of the market destinations . Exporters to the EU are bigger and export more than exporters to other markets . Finally , there is firm entry into export markets across years , which — I argue — can be partially explained by the role of European product standards harmonization . # * * 3 . 2 Trade Costs Across Industries and Time * * Measuring the extent of product standardization across export market destinations is not an easy endeavor . I used The World Bank EU Electrotechnical Standards Database ( EUESDB ) to gauge this effect and to assess the degree of harmonization of EU standards with international norms . The EUESDB provides the first catalog of European standards in the electrotechnical sector < sup > 14 < / sup > and their relationship with worldwide standards . The database provides an inventory of the “ stock ” of active standards < sup > 15 < / sup > issued by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization ( CENELEC ) and their link", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 258, "text": "EU product standards data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1634, "end": 1683, "text": "World Bank EU Electrotechnical Standards Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1805, "end": 1811, "text": "EUESDB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental Impact Statement_ _Mutundwe Thermal Power Plant_ Policies . The consultants should also assess the green house < sup > gasemissionsof the < / sup > new power plants . 7 . The objective of the environmental audit is to identify present pollution , < sup > especially < / sup > pollution and noise pollution and its potential costs to improve the < sup > situation , < / sup > inadequate environmental management , and occupational health and safety < sup > issues < / sup > in the facilities to be financed and to determine the need for remedial < sup > actions < / sup > necessary to bring these facilities into compliance with World < sup > BankSafeguard < / sup > Policies and to recommend actions to improve and strengthen environmental , health and safety management at the plant . # # # # # * * Scope of Work * * 8 . The consultant will for the Environmental Assessments < sup > carryout following < / sup > at the Namanve , Mutundwe and Lugogo substations sites : - . Establish an appropriate baseline for environmental , social , health < sup > andsafety < / sup > issues . The consultants should establish among others a baseline < sup > forair and noise < / sup > quality in the project area and assess impacts of air pollution and noise < sup > inthe < / sup > project area and develop a simple air quality monitoring program ; - Preparation of an oil spill emergency plan ; - Establish an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and abatement < sup > plan ; < / sup > - Identify environmental , health ( e . g . WV / AIDS ) and < sup > safety impactsof thenew < / sup > investments during construction and operation ; - Prepare analysis of alternatives , e . g . various sites for new < sup > thermo", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# DETERMINANTS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON INFRASTRUCTURE : TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION ' # * * I . * * WHY STUDY * * THE DEirm [ NANTS OF * * PUBUC EXPEND1muRE * * ON INFRASTRUCTURE ? * * The scope for investment in infrastructure and public consumption goods to increase urban productivity and national economic development is the subject of renewed attention in developing and transitional economies . Recent studies document the fact that public investment in infrastructure , such as roads , communications , and utilities , stimulates private investment . Blejer and Khan ( 1984 ) , using a cross-country data set , find that public investment in infrastructure complements private investment . Greene and Villanueva ( 1991 ) , using a panel of 23 developing countries , and Serven and Solimano ( 1993 ) , using a panel of 15 countries , similarly find that public investment in infrastructure \" crowds in \" private investment . Time-series studies from single developing countries , such as Musalem ' s for Mexico ( 1989 ) , also document the positive link between public investment in infrastructure and private investment . The _World Development Report 1994 , _ focussing on the link between infrastructure and development , expounds numerous ways in which policy can improve the _quality , _ not only the quantity , of infrastructure services in less developed countries . Many infrastructure investments have characteristics of public goods - - non-exhaustive and non-exclusive in consumption - - and thus will be undersupplied by the private sector . Yet , infrastructure investments facilitate private investment by lowering private production costs and opening new markets , thereby creating new opportunities for profit . Roads reduce transportation costs . Ports reduce transactions costs and facilitate trade , reducing the cost of input supplies and exposing domestic firms to the innovative forces of international competition . Telecommunications networks reduce transactions costs by increasing the flow of information and , as noted by Leff ( 1984 ) , have important side effects that make other economic institutions more efficient . Norton ( 1992 ) , using pooled time-series , cross-national data from 47 countries from post-World War II to 1977 , finds that telecommunications networks not only increase investment , but also increase the rate of", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 621, "text": "cross-country data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 744, "end": 776, "text": "panel of 23 developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 822, "end": 843, "text": "panel of 15 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2184, "end": 2242, "text": "pooled time-series , cross-national data from 47 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE WORLD BANK * * TED ! DA I WORLDBANKGROUP * * Annual Financial Statements < sup > for the year ended < / sup > < sup > * * 301h * * June < / sup > < sup > * * 2025 * * < / sup > completed with additional practical skills in mushroom growing , vegetable growing and bees wax processing into * * jelly * * for use on the body skin smearing and < sup > beautification . < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Training ofBatwa in Semliki NP in handcraft making < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * _Inventory of medicinal herbs used by Batwa_ * * During the year , the two phases of inventory of medicinal herbs in Semliki , Bwindi and Mgahinga were completed . At Mgahinga Gorilla National Park , a team composed of five ( 5 ) staff together with four ( 4 ) Batwa representatives . In all the 3 PAs , the respective staff , working together with representatives of the Batwa concluded field exercises of identification of the herbal medicines within the respective protected areas . Data analysis of the medicinal herbs was also done . Booklets to guide in the development of the medicine access zones and MoUs to facilitate Batwa in medicine collection from the park were also finalized and ready for use . All locations for the 25", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 627, "text": "inventory of medicinal herbs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the household welfare indicators have decreased on average between 2006 and 2010 . This trend shows that living conditions have deteriorated in these three provinces of Burundi during that period . Meanwhile , household size increased during the same period . Table 1 suggests that attriting households purchased more , had fewer stocks , were smaller and were more affected by the conflict . Attrition is discussed in more detail at the end of this section . The dummies _Ri_ < sup > _FNL_ < / sup > and _R_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + < / sup > are equal to one for _returnee_ households . This category includes all households that declared having one member with ties to the factions , whether or not they benefited from DDR allowances . < sup > 16 < / sup > The dummies _Di_ < sup > _FNL_ < / sup > and _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + < / sup > refer to demobilized households , that is , _returnee_ households with a member who benefited from the reinsertion grants . We constructed these dummies according to three definitions , provided in table 2 along with the corresponding number of excombatants falling into that category . In the first definition , demobilized ex-combatants are those who declared ties to a faction and were registered in the official demobilization registers ( _Di_ < sup > _FNL_1 < / sup > and _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + 1 < / sup > ) . In order to minimize misreporting , the second definition adds house - > 15Conversion factors used are the following : cattle ( 0 . 50 ) , sheep and goats ( 0 . 10 ) , pigs ( 0 . 20 ) , poultry and rabbits ( 0 . 01 ) ( Harvest Choice , 2011 ) . > 16 _Returnees_ include _demobilized_ households , but also “ gardien de la paix ” , “ adultes associés ” , “ militant combatant ” , and people without any status but that declared themselves as members of a rebel faction . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1288, "end": 1312, "text": "demobilization registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenyans live , are particularly at risk . < sup > 60 < / sup > The warmer climate will have direct negative consequences on students ’ performance and human capital accumulation , given the impact of cumulative heat exposure on cognitive skill development < sup > 61 < / sup > . Increased incidence of diseases can lead to increased absenteeism and dropout rates , especially among the most vulnerable pupils . The education sector therefore plays a critical role in creating adequate adaptation measures and building overall social resilience . Multiple studies have shown that , controlling for GDP per capita , areas with higher education have better adaptation to climate change , lower mortality rates during disasters , less incidents of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) following those events , and many other indicators of stronger resilience . - Climate-related disasters impact human populations and women and children are among the highest risk groups . Key factors that account for the differences between women ’ s and men ’ s vulnerability to climate change risks include gender-based differences in time use ; access to assets and credit ; treatment by formal institutions , which can constrain women ’ s opportunities ; limited access to policy discussions and decision making ; and a lack of sex-disaggregated data for policy change . # # _Activity linkage_ - The Operation includes several activities to minimize anticipated risks from climate change . Among the proposed activities , school facilities will be upgraded to incorporate materials and design to reduce the impact of climate risks , data will be collected for better planning , and improved education access and teaching and learning that incorporates climate change considerations will contribute to a more prepared and resilient society . In addition , the CBC will be reviewed to emphasize a curriculum that nurtures the mindsets and behaviors of learners that are climate change conscious , cognizant of the sustainable use of the natural resources , and protective of the environment . > 59 The ND-GAIN Index 10 ranks 181 countries using a score which calculates a country ’ s vulnerability to climate change and other global", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1338, "text": "sex-disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As is now standard in the literature , we include domestic trade flows ( Yotov 2021 ) as well as zero-trade flows , and estimate the model multiplicatively with the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ( PPML ) estimator ( Santos Silva and Tenreyro 2006 ) using a panel of consecutive years ( Egger , Larch , and Yotov 2022 ) ; standard errors are clustered three-way ( importer , exporter , and year ) ( Larch et al . 2019 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > We regress exports _Xijst_ of sector _s_ from source country _i_ to destination _j_ on dummy variables that capture the different types of trade agreements , i . e . , _EnClijt_ , _shallowijt_ , and _deepijt_ , while controlling for the effectively applied tariffs _ln_ ( 1 + _τijst_ ) . Including tariffs allows us to disentangle between the effects of tariff cuts and changes in non-tariff trade costs due to RTAs . Additionally to the measures for policy changes , we include exporter-sector-time and importer-sector-time fixed effects _νist_ and _νjst_ , which control for multilateral resistances Ω _ist_ and Ω _jst_ ( Anderson and Van Wincoop 2003 ) as well as for any other country-sector specific trends such exchange rate fluctuations or sector-specific demand or technology shocks . These terms also capture all multilateral policy changes ( both of tariffs and of NTBs ) . Lastly , the country pair-sector fixed effects , _μijs_ , absorb all possible time-invariant bilateral trade costs consequently controlling for omitted variables such as bilateral distance or common language . # * * 2 . 2 Accounting for Omitted Variables * * Next , we describe how our empirical approach departs from the traditional identification strategy to account for confounding factors , that are especially caused by measurement error in the standard sources for tariff data as well as general trends in trade policy . Both omitted variables substantially bias the NTB effect of deep trade agreements upwards . The advantage of the indirect approach is that it is less demanding in terms of necessary data : instead of gathering information on changes in NTBs that are hard to quantify and to compare across different types of barriers , we only need information on tariffs and the", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 70, "text": "domestic trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1800, "end": 1811, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Aquaculture . * * The beneficiary assessment report indicated that AEP increased farmer awareness in promoting this activity with farmers , indicating that FEWs were the main source of information . Based on the survey findings , the overall trend across all impact points is that AEP had an impact on the levels of farmer awareness for more complex recommended crop and livestock production practices , while for the more basic and low cost production recommendations it did not significantly differ from that of previous extension services . Farmer to farmer dissemination was indicated as an important method of extension information transfer . # # # # * * 3 . 5 Farmer Adoption * * Overall adoption rates were higher for the simpler technologies than for the more complex technologies . A statistical analysis based on a comparison between the different project surveys was extremely constrained as the earlier studies included fewer impact points and the survey findings were aggregated for annual crops . * * Crops . * * Moderate levels of adoption ( 40 to 60 per cent ) were undertaken for most production practices , with the simple and common production practices ( timely planting , weed control and harvesting ) averaging around 60 per cent ( Beneficiary Assessment , 1997 ) . The least adopted production technologies ( improved cultivars and seeds , pest and disease control and proper storage ) with adoption rates ranging from 23 to 45 per cent , were those involving use of purchased inputs , seeds , chemicals and herbicides . Generally there were only small differences between contract group and non-contract group farmers in terms of awareness and adoption of crop recommendations with the exception of improved planting material and optimum plant population . * * Livestock . * * Generally greater than 50 per cent of farmers who were aware of recommended production practices had adopted them . The exceptions were for improved animal breeds , zero grazing , improved pasture for sheep , improved housing ( pigs ) and pest and disease control ( pigs and sheep ) . Generally there was no significant difference between contact and non-contact farmer adoption except for", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 877, "text": "project surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "because countries and sectors are interconnected through trade linkages , which can magnify the effects of demand and supply shocks . For instance , in February , Chinese lockdowns led to shortages of key inputs and disrupted production worldwide . European consumers cutting back on clothing demand led to order cancellations and delayed payments for apparel suppliers across Asia ( Wall Street Journal , 2020 ) . Recently published measures of economic risk reflecting the impact of household demand shocks explicitly allow for these trade linkages . < sup > 5 < / sup > > 5 Osotimehin and Popov ( 2020 ) propose sectoral measures of both health and economic risk by countrysector using the World Input-Output tables to account for demand interlinkages . The economic risk is measured as the decline in employment induced by a 90 % decline in the household demand for social 5", "spans": [{"start": 693, "end": 718, "text": "World Input-Output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Society – Series A , Statistics in Society , _ 18 ( 2 ) : 551-568 . Caeyers , B . , Chalmers , N . & De Weerdt , J . 2012 . Improving consumption measurement and other survey data through CAPI : Evidence from a randomized experiment . _Journal of Development Economics , _ 98 : 19-33 . Cameron , A . C . , J . Gelbach and D . Miller . 2011 . Robust Inference with Multiway Clustering . _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics , _ 29 ( 2 ) : 238-249 . Haber , Noah . P . J . Robyn , S . Hamadou , G . Yama , H Hien , D . Louvouezo & G . Fink . 2018 . Surveyor Gender Modifies Average Survey Responses : Evidence from Household Surveys in Four Sub-Saharan African Countries . _arXiv_ , 1810 . 01981 . Kish , Leslie . 1962 . Studies of Interviewer Variance for Attitudinal Variables . _Journal of the American Statistical Association , _ 57 : 92 – 115 . Lupu , Noam & K . Michelitch . 2018 . Advances in Survey Methods for the Developing World . _Annual Review of Political Science , _ 21 : 195-214 . 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". , 2002 ) , describing the inability of developing countries to adequately borrow domestically or internationally when issuing debt in their own currency . Instead , countries issue debt denominated in USD or EUR , which insulates the creditor from domestic inflation , liquidity or solvency concerns of the issuing country . However , Hausmann et al . ( 2003 ) do not find evidence that these concerns > 7The data used in this paper was obtained from the World Bank ’ s wealth team and is subject to change prior to the release of the new wealth data described in Lange et al . ( 2021 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 552, "text": "new wealth data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Conclusion * * Deciding to adhere to their tax obligations is a complex decision for taxpayers , and several factors motivate it . A large body of the literature has sought to understand the determinants of tax morale with limited evidence on the role of trust . As a novelty , this paper considers simultaneously the role of vertical and horizontal relationships , captured by trust in public institutions and the neighborhood , on attitude towards taxes . First , the paper proposes a theoretical framework , where both trust in public institutions and the neighborhood are included in the standard model of tax evasion . Further exploiting the outcomes of the model , the paper examines the effects of both types of trust on tax morale in Algeria , Ghana , Morocco , and Nigeria using the WVS . As the relationship between trust and tax morale is potentially endogenous , the paper devotes efforts to address such issues employing the instrumental variable method . The identification strategy takes advantage of historical data on slave shipments by ethnic group and community-level social norms about trust in public institutions and in the neighborhood . The underlying hypothesis of using historical data on slavery is that the slave trade caused a culture of mistrust in Africa , which may persist to this day and alter taxpayers trust in public institutions and the neighborhood . It is well documented that the slave trade generated a general environment of insecurity as slaves were captured through state-organized raids and warfare , and caused individuals to turn against each other . So , I rely on the intensity of the slave trade measured as the ratio the number of slaves exported and the initial land area of the ethnic group . I use two additional instruments , which are the average trust in public institutions and the neighborhood at the community level . Both instruments rely on the literature on the cultural heritage of trust according to which cultural heritage about trust is a critical component of individual-level trust . The estimation results indicate that both trust in public institutions and the neighborhood are significant determinants of individual tax morale in Algeria , Ghana , Morocco , and Nigeria . The magnitude of the effects", "spans": [{"start": 800, "end": 803, "text": "WVS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1024, "end": 1058, "text": "historical data on slave shipments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1204, "end": 1219, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) will develop detailed checklists to ensure consistent and compliant Project procurement . - The PIU will also develop a contract management system to ensure that all contracts under the Project are effectively and efficiently managed . This will include the tracking of key contract milestones and performance indicators as well as capturing all procurement and contract records . * * Table A2 . 3 . Procurement risk analysis and mitigation * * | * * Risk Description * * | * * Description of Mitigation * * | * * Risk owner * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * ( i ) Operational context : * * volatile political < br > situation < br > and < br > weak < br > macro ‐ economic < br > projection ; current constraint in making < br > payments to another party outside of country < br > due to foreign exchange shortages . | Direct payments to suppliers at the request < br > of the Government . | Borrower | | * * ( ii ) Fiduciary risk : * * corruption and bribery < br > concerns with regards to internal controls < br > within the Ministry and broader context of the < br > country ; South Sudan is ranked the second < br > most corrupt country in the world on < br > transparencycorruptionperception index . | Project to be implemented with the support < br > of UN Agencies as the main suppliers of < br > goods and services . In addition , direct < br > payments are proposed . | Borrower | | * * ( iii ) Lack of complaints and resolution of * * < br > * * disputes system : * * the Government does not < br > have a functioning administrative system for < br > handling of complaints and resolution of < br > disputes during tendering or for contract < br > management . | The project", "spans": [{"start": 1263, "end": 1301, "text": "transparencycorruptionperception index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * LSMS-ISA Uganda National Panel Survey ( P163029 ) # # # * * ANNEX 4 . SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS * * < mark > World Bank . 2021 . Uganda - Performance and Learning Review of the FY16-FY21 Country Partnership Framework . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < / mark > _ < mark > http : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 762631622944862388 / pdf / Uganda-Performance-andLearning-Review-of-the-FY16-FY21-Country-Partnership-Framework . pdf < / mark > _ < mark > World Bank . 2021 . Uganda - Systematic Country Diagnostic Update . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < / mark > _ < mark > https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 296161639430085363 / pdf / Uganda-Systematic-CountryDiagnostic-Update . pdf < / mark > _ < mark > “ World Bank . 2022 . Uganda Poverty Assessment : Strengthening Resilience to Accelerate Poverty Reduction . © Washington , DC : World Bank . http : / / hdl . handle . net / 10986 / 37752 License : < / mark > _ < mark > CC BY 3 . 0 IGO < / mark > _ < mark > . ” < / mark > _ < mark > http : / / hdl . handle . net / 10986 / 37752 < / mark > _ < mark > Atamanov , Aziz ; Mukiza , Chris Ndatira ; Ssennono , Vincent Fred . 2022 . Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in Uganda . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < / mark > _ < mark > https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 | | 2024-08-29 | | EMS / 02 / RFB / 23 / 01 / Develop < br > ment of Uzbekistan \" National < br > database of medical images - < br > < br > IDA / 62100 | Component 2 : Dispatch , Co < br > mmunications and Informati < br > on Systems < br > Pr | ior | | Request for Bids < br > < br > | Open - Internationa < br > l | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 2 , 037 , 877 . 54 | | | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | | 2023-04-12 < br > 2023 | - 06-05 < br > 2023-04-17 | 2023-06-15 | | 2023 | - 05-2 | 9 | 20 | 23-0 | 6-28 | 202 | 3-09-10 | | 2024-03-08 | | PACS \" system for Emergency < br > Medical Services | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * CONSULTING FIRMS * * < br > Activit Reference No / | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Com | ined Ev | alua | tion | | | | | | y . < br > Description < br > Loan / Credit < br > o . | N < br > Component < br > | Revi | ew T | ype < br > Method | Market Approac < br > h | Contract Type < br > | Estimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > A | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > | Proc | ess S | t", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 127, "text": "database of medical images", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was not recruited as planned , to avoid duplication of similar assistance expected from , but never provided by , the Agricultural Sector Management Support . Planned construction of new offices and rehabilitation of existing ones was not undertaken due to the long delay in recruiting a civil engineer , changes in priorities and the higher levels of counterpart funding required . Provision was made to support the design and implementation of an improved monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) system . An M & E unit comprised of two senior officers and two support staff was established in MAIFF under the Commissioner for Agricultural Planning . A local consultant was employed for six months in 1993 to design the M & E system . The SAR provided a list of progress and impact indicators and these were more or less adhered to in AEP reporting . Rather general and vague definition of the impact indicators , however , led to difficulties in meaningfully quantifying and measuring project impact . Reporting by FEWs and consolidation by each level of management provided the basis for developing the management information system . The number of studies to assess effectiveness and impact was less than planned , especially in relation to quantitative assessment . A baseline survey for 1992 was not undertaken until 1994 , resulting in probable recall bias . In 1995 , district extension staff carried out a farmers follow up survey , and zonal officers implemented an extension staff survey . Some questioned the credibility of those reports which were generated systematically . For example , the high level of reported contact with farmers , and of farmer awareness and adoption of recommendations was an issue . Sampling procedures and biased reporting by FEWs and of enumeration by district staff were criticized . The beneficiary assessment conducted by a local consulting company in 1997 and other independent surveys indicated lower levels of farmer contact . An international recruited financial management specialist was recruited for six months to streamline the accounting system and train accounts staff . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1293, "text": "baseline survey for 1992", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1411, "end": 1435, "text": "farmers follow up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1472, "end": 1494, "text": "extension staff survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 11 Layout of internationally recognized areas of biodiversity importance within a 50 km buffer of the Masaka-Mutukula transmission line route - 6 CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSMENT - 6 . 1 Method for Critical Habitat Assessment ESS6 recognizes areas supporting biodiversity of exceptional value as critical habitat . Critical habitat is defined by any of the following five criteria provided in ESS6 ( paragraph 23 ) : - ( a ) Habitat of significant importance to Critically Endangered or Endangered species , as listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species or equivalent national approaches ; - ( b ) Habitat of significant importance to endemic or restricted-range species ; - ( c ) Habitat supporting globally or nationally significant concentrations of migratory or congregatory species ; - ( d ) Highly threatened or unique ecosystems ; - ( e ) Ecological functions or characteristics that are needed to maintain the viability of the biodiversity values described above in ( a ) to ( d ) . The approach used for interpretation of the above criteria ( Critical Habitat Assessment , or CHA ) follows an ESS6-specific approach developed in 2022 and has been applied in South Asia , East Asia and the Pacific Regions of the World Bank . The CHA is applied to an area , which for this 25", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 562, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Element 5 : < br > Electrification planning < br > framework < br > Element 6 : Densification | Optimal investment planning for grid and off-grid expansion < br > facilitated by a comprehensive and geospatial planning < br > framework . The sector would acquire hardware / software and < br > expertise to develop and share the geospatial master planning < br > process , leading a collaborative working relationship with other < br > electrification stakeholders that may have relevant data or < br > expertise ingeospatialplanning . < br > Densification of consumer connections in areas that have been < br > recently electrified , with an already existing waiting list and < br > where the network can support new connections . Densification < br > will allow to increase connection rates at a more rapid pace and | | * * _nning and Technical_ * * | | < br > maximize the impact of the ongoing process of geographic < br > expansion of distribution coverage . Densification will result in < br > improved cost efficiency of the electrification program , and < br > significantly increased economic benefits in the targeted areas . < br > Soft financing could be considered to cover connection fees / costs < br > and UEAP / EEU would jointly plan for ready access to low < br > voltage expansion materials , service connections and meter < br > materials . | | * * _Pla_ * * | Element 7 : Willingness < br > to pay and affordability < br > analysis | A national survey program would be designed to gather all of the < br > data required to characterize all market segments in Ethiopia that < br > will support electrification program planning for many years to < br > come . This is an activity that will be managed by the newly < br > formed DoE under the MoWIE . | | | Element 8 : Low-cost < br > standards | Lowering construction", "spans": [{"start": 1458, "end": 1481, "text": "national survey program", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 Component 2 . lnvesting in lnstitutions and lnformation for Resilience ( Total : IJS $ I2 . 5 miltion of which US $ 6 million ( SDR4 . 2 million equivalent ) from lDA , and US $ 6 . 5 mitlion from MDTF ) The objective of this component will build capacity for the promotion and management of SLWM practices , and improve information for better decision-making in supporting resilient landscapes and diversified rural livelihoods in the project area . This will be achieved through the implementation of the following subcomponents : ( i ) capacity building , information modernization and policy development ; ( ii ) impact evaluation , knowledge management and communication . Component 3 . Rural Land Administration and lJse ( Totah US $ 23 miltion of which US $ 20 million ( sDR14 . 1 million equivalent ) from lDA , and us $ 3 miltion from MDTF ) The objective of this component will strengthen the rural land administration system that secures tenure rights , optimizes land use , and empowers land-users to sustainably invest in productive landscapes . The component will provide security of tenure to smallholder farmers in RLLP watersheds through Second Level Landholding CertificationlS ( SLLC ) as an incentive to increase the adoption of SLM technologies and practices , and will provide targeted landless youth with communal land certificates in exchange for land restoration . Half of the SLLC and communal certificate title-holders will be women . This component will also extend the on-going local-level participatory land-use planning exercise at kebele level within RLLP watersheds , and will support the rollout of the National Rural Land Administration lnformation System ( NRLAIS ) in RLLP woredas . # # # # Component 4 . Project Management and Reporting ( Total : US $ 15 million of which US $ g million ( SDR6 . 4 million equivalent ) from lDA , US $ 1 million from MDTF , and US $ 5", "spans": [{"start": 1639, "end": 1692, "text": "National Rural Land Administration lnformation System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_EARTTDFP Aide Memoire , November - December 2024_ # # * * < mark > Annex 5 : Safeguards Compliance < / mark > * * 88 . On land acquisition and resettlement , the World Bank team has reminded KeNHA of the need to finalize implementation of the pending corrective measures under the Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) vulnerability assessment , to update and resubmit to World Bank , a revised RAP Implementation Completion Report ( RAP ICR ) by December 31 , 2024 . 89 . There are a few Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) who are yet to receive compensation for various reasons such as lack of documentation for proof of ownership or inability to trace the whereabouts of the PAPs . Table 5 below provides the summary of the status of compensation under the Project . # # # < u > Notes for Table 5 < / u > 1 . Lot 1 has two ( 2 ) PAPs who are yet to be paid . The total amount for the two is KES 743 , 400 . One PAP ’ s case involves succession matters ( KES 18 , 400 ) while one PAP is unknown ( as indicated in the Payee schedule of National Land Commission ; NLC ) . Efforts to trace the PAP have not been successful and the funds ( KES 725 , 000 ) are with NLC . Project records show overpayment of another one PAP by KES 23 , 000 . KeNHA and NLC should conclude the review of the case by December 31 , 2024 . 2 . Lot 2 has eleven ( 11 ) PAPs who are yet to be paid . The total amount for the eleven is KES 811 , 595 . 00 . Of these , one PAP ’ s payment of KES 20 , 000 is outstanding due to lack of the requisite documents while ten are unknown and efforts to trace them by KeNHA and NLC have not been successful . The funds are with NLC ( KES 791 , 595 . 00 ) . 3 . Lot 3 has two", "spans": [{"start": 1014, "end": 1056, "text": "Payee schedule of National Land Commission", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1164, "end": 1179, "text": "Project records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fixed income index IDXTES drawn up by Reveiz and León ( 2008 ) . Additionally , state bond indices were constructed from the interest rate curves > * * 49 * * The dynamics in question correspond with the Cholesky decomposition of an asset base with correlated shocks , and on that used by Detemple et al . ( 2003 , § VI . A ) and Munk and Sørensen ( 2010 ) . > * * 50 * * This obeys the variance-covariance matrix of returns which tends not to be positively defined when a relatively high number of assets and their returns are highly correlated . 43", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 25, "text": "IDXTES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > ( OSHA < br > 2007 ) < br > and < br > subsequent regulations | e C | op | y | | | | * * Sourcing * * < br > * * construction * * < br > * * water * * | < br >  Resource < br > use < br > conflicts < br >  Water < br > source < br > contamination < br >  Increased water < br > borne diseases | Disclos < br >  Hold consultations with the < br > SEC < br > and < br > CPCT < br > with < br > a < br > view < br > to discussing any potential < br > resource use Conflicts that may < br > arise and come up with a < br > strategy of how to avoid them ; < br >  Identify < br > water < br > sources for construction during < br > the planning and design phase < br > and as much as possible , avoid < br > community water sources < br >  Acquiring < br > the < br > Water < br > Abstraction Permit from the < br > Water Resources Authority | ur < br >  Minutes < br > of < br > Consultative < br > meetings < br > held to identify water < br > sources ; < br >  Grievance records < br >  Map < br > showing < br > the < br > approved sources of < br > water < br > and < br > water < br > abstraction point < br >  Water < br > abstraction < br > permit | < br > Grievance < br > records | < br > Contractor < br > SEC < br > CPCT | Water < br > abstraction < br > permit before < br > abstraction < br > begins < br > Other < br > measures < br > monitored", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 991, "text": "Grievance records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Tax Reforn in Transition_ 19 times average income . The second highest rate of 36 percent is reached by taxpayers earning as much as 7 . 1 times the average and the income level at which the rate of 32 percent applies is 4 . 3 times average income . The 1992 household budget survey shows that of the 2202 households surveyed , only one household has a per capita income that is greater than seven times average income , and no one reported income greater than 14 times the average . In sum , the 1992 tax brackets are extremely narrow and do not adequately tap the revenue potential of their respective income groups . Furthermore , these ratios are high compared to other Eastern European Countries . For instance , the income level where the maximum marginal rate is applied in Romania started with 3 . 44 times per capita GDP in 1992 ( Shome , Haindl and Schenone ( 1993 ) . This partially explains the relatively low potential revenue and effective tax rates under the 1992 tax system . In contrast , setting tax rates as low as possible , reducing the number of brackets and defining them as broadly , yet realistically as possible , and raising the exemption level , taking into account the underlying income level and distribution , would increase revenuesl ° . For instance , all of the proposed tax systems extend the exemption level to cover the lowest 20 percent . Thus positive income tax payments start at a relatively higher income level , 60 percent of average per capita income , compared to 50 percent under the 1992 system . However , proposed tax rate becomes substantial ( i . e . , 30 percent ) at incomes around mean per capita income . The proposed top rate of 40 percent requires an income nearly twice the average level ( see panel b of Table 5 ) . A main factor responsible for the erosion of effective tax rates has no doubt been the weakness of tax administration , especially in a rapidly growing small-scale and self-employed private sector which is difficult to bring into the tax net . However , adjusting or modifying the income tax law so as to facilitate compliance", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 283, "text": "1992 household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", as discussed in Bertrand , Duflo and Mullainathan ( 2004 ) , possible serial correlation in the outcome variable ( here trade ) is exacerbated by very strong autocorrelation in the treatment variable ( a binary variable that changes value only once or twice in the sample period ) . The result , they show , is a high probability of type-I error ( rejecting the null hypothesis of no effect when it is true , i . e . when there is no effect ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > We control for this using the two-step method suggested in their paper . In the first stage , we run a standard panel gravity equation for all countries and years and retrieve the residuals . In the second stage , we keep those residuals only for the treatment group ( countries that had a private inspection program at some point ) , take their without - and > 7 Performing repeated estimations on “ manufactured data ” with non-existent ( placebo ) treatments , they showed that the null was rejected in up to half the cases when it should be no more than 5 % if standard errors had been correctly estimated . Page | 6", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 885, "text": "manufactured data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 Although all the numbers in the right column of Table 7 suggest a low rate of stability of the groups participating in ATP 1 , this can be explained by the relatively early stage of the program ( second year ) , and by the inappropriate procedure for selecting the farmers in the various groups . However , the high level of farmer and group substitution in ATP I is associated with the high transaction costs of establishing new groups and re-assigning of new farmers to existing groups . These transaction costs are to be borne by the extensionists who assemble the groups . These factors should be taken into account when analyzing ATP l ' s performance . Table 7 : Continuation rate of groups participating in ATP 1 between 1995 and 1996 . | * * Region * * | * * Number of Groups * * | * * Groups Continuing * * | * * % of Groups Continu - * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Al | 43 | 8 | 18 . 6 | | A2 | 101 | 22 | 21 . 8 | | B3 | 94 | 35 | 37 . 2 | | B5 | 32 | 3 | 9 . 3 | | C6 | 41 | 2 | 4 . 8 | | Total | 311 | 69 | 22 . 2 | Source : Garcia ( 1996 ) Recent data for seven ATPI extension-providing companies allows a three-year perspective on the stability of producer-participation ( INTA , 1998 ) . Of the total 15 , 587 producers contracted for 1997 / 98 , 26 % are three year veterans , 39 % are two years veterans , and 35 % are new participants in the program . These figures indicate a better long-term stability of producer participation . Indeed , such analysis should be done , using long-term and aggregated data in order to provide sensible results . In calculating the cost of extension provision in ATP 1 , we use actual data available for technical assistance programs in INTA ( Estrada-Rizo and Garcia , 1997 ) . These estimates are presented in Table 8", "spans": [{"start": 1068, "end": 1124, "text": "Recent data for seven ATPI extension-providing companies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1645, "end": 1700, "text": "actual data available for technical assistance programs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ The required information on subproject objectives , descriptions , and potential impacts will be shared with the Stakeholders to make them aware about the subproject impacts , and the likely mitigation measures to be pursued and implemented . The participants will be encouraged to forward ideas , questions and comments to facilitate the implementation . NGO / CSO will be appointed for oversight . Therefore , the disclosable version of the RP will be shared with them on-demand basis . The results of these discussions will also be incorporated in the updated RP Report for future consideration and implementation . # # # # # # * * Prepare Subproject Information Package * * A dedicated Subproject Information Package shall be prepared with tools adapted to the communities by a specialized consultant . Separate meetings shall be held with women ’ s and vulnerable group to pass key and relevant compensation related data . The information packages shall include : - i ) the purpose , nature , and scale of the Subproject ; - ii ) the duration of proposed Subproject activities ; - iii ) any risks to and potential impacts on communities and relevant mitigation measures ; - iv ) compensation matrix and summary of livelihood restoration measures ; - v ) special assistance measures for vulnerable people ; - vi ) the envisaged stakeholder engagement process ; and - vii ) The grievance mechanism . It is also recommended to hold separate meetings with women ’ s group and vulnerable to pass this key piece of information . This is because public notices in written form is not sufficient for members of these community . # # # # # # * * Disclosure on EEP ’ s and WB ’ s Website * * The disclosure of the RP will be released on EEP ' s and the WB ’ s website . The Final RP report would be available in these websites and stays for certain period of time , within which it could", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1076, "text": "compensation related data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Pharmaceuticals , medicinal . . . | | 0 . 9 % < br > Mining and quarrying , energy . . . | 0 . 5 % < br > Wholesale and retail trade ; . . . | | 0 . 5 % < br > Fabricated metal products | 0 . 5 % < br > Accommodation and food . . . | | 0 . 4 % < br > Chemical and chemical products | 0 . 5 % < br > Education | | 0 . 3 % < br > Pharmaceuticals , medicinal . . . | 0 . 3 % < br > Coke and refined petroleum . . . | | 0 . 3 % < br > Other transport equipment | 0 . 3 % < br > Publishing , audiovisual and . . . | | 0 . 1 % < br > Food products , beverages and . . . | 0 . 3 % < br > Land transport and transport . . . | | 0 . 1 % < br > Warehousing and support . . . | 0 . 3 % < br > Rubber and plastics products | | 0 . 1 % < br > Financial and insurance . . . | 0 . 2 % < br > Warehousing and support . . . | | 0 . 1 % < br > Air transport | 0 . 2 % < br > Arts , entertainment and . . . | Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE data , covering 51 countries and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Income categories as of 1995 are used to classify countries into high - and low - and middle-income countries ( see Appendix 7 ) . * * Figure 13 : Employment in exports , ten most contracting sectors , ( % pt change ) , 1995-2018 , emerging vs . HICs * * | * * Ten most contracting sectors ( % pt c * * | * * hange ) , LMICs * * | * * Ten most contracting sectors ( % p * * | * * t change ) , HICs * * | | -", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 945, "text": "OECD TiE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not applicable_ * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Note ; no . 7 . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . de Soyres , F . , Mulabdic , A . , and Ruta , M . ( 2018 ) . The Belt and Road Initiative : A Structural Analysis , Unpublished Working Paper , World Bank . De Soyres , Francois Michel Marie Raphael ; Mulabdic , Alen ; Murray , Siobhan ; Rocha Gaffurri , Nadia Patrizia ; Ruta , Michele . 2018 _ . How Much Will the Belt and Road Initiative Reduce Trade Costs ? _ . Policy Research working paper ; no . WPS 8614 . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . Devarajan , S . , J . D . Lewis , and S . Robinson ( 1990 ) , “ Policy lessons from trade-focused , two-sector models , ” _Journal of Policy Modeling_ , 12 ( 4 ) : 625-657 . DOI : 10 . 1016 / 0161-8938 ( 90 ) 90002-V . Hummels , D . and Schaur , G . ( 2013 ) , “ Time as a Trade Barrier , ” _American Economic Review_ , 103 ( 7 ) : 2945-59 . International Trade Centre ( ITC ) . Market Access Map ( MAcMap ) . 2015 . “ Tariff Rates for 2014 – 2031 between TPP Member Countries absent the TPP Agreement . ” Prepared for the Global Economic Partnership Agreement Research Consortium . Jolliffe , D . , & Prydz , E . B . ( 2016 ) . Estimating international poverty lines from comparable national thresholds . Journal of Economic Inequality . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1007 / s10888-016-9327-5 - 20 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Bwindi , Mgahinga and Semiliki National Parks and delays < sup > in < / sup > procurement process caused * * by * * time taken to resolve petitions raised * * by * * < sup > unsuccessful < / sup > bidders during the procurement process . The Accounting Officer < sup > alsoattributedthe < / sup > delays to World Bank processes that require approval at each stage in the activity implementation and time lost in contract negotiations and re-advertisement , < sup > sincethe < / sup > project cost tables prepared before * * COVID-19 * * were not revised to align with < sup > theinflation < / sup > worldwide due to COVID-19 impacts which had affected the procurements . I advised the Accounting Officer to devise strategies to resolve the operational challenges and prioritize the project implementation to enhance service delivery < sup > and < / sup > ensure the project meets its intended objectives . John * * F . S . * * Muwanga * * AUDITOR GENERAL * * * * 2 2 * * < sup > * * nd * * December2022 . < / sup > 5", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 506, "text": "project cost tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "potential critical habitat . A review of protected areas is therefore included as a preparatory step for the assessment of critical habitat . - ( ii ) ESS6 Criterion ( a ) requires an assessment against both global ( IUCN ) and national red list ratings . ESS6 footnote 13 states that where the threatened status of a species is listed differently on the ( global ) IUCN Red List and national / regional lists , assessment of the impact of net reduction should be based on the national / regional population . This is interpreted as a requirement to follow a precautionary approach and to prioritize assessment of species reduction ( project impact ) to the lesser population of a species ( i . e . the national assessment ) over the global assessment . - ( iii ) By definition , Critically Endangered ( CR ) species face an extremely high risk of extinction and their continued survival in the wild is in a critical state . Therefore , if a surviving population of a CR species is present in the AoA , the habitat should be considered to have significant importance for the species under ESS6 Criterion ( a ) . - ( iv ) Where a significant proportion of the national , regional or global population of a species is present or has a likely presence within the AoA , the habitat is considered to have significant 26", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 379, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "population . At the national level , about 20 percent of the population lived in rural areas contributing 35 percent to total poverty . < sup > 3 < / sup > The high poverty rates in rural areas , particularly in the Northeast , are related to this region ’ s predominance of employment in agriculture . The Northeast has the highest share of agriculture in employment with 34 percent in 2001 compared to only 11 . 5 percent in the Southeast . < sup > 4 < / sup > According to Ferreira , > 2 Note that their analysis compares the income distribution of 1976 with the 1996 distribution . For detailed results see Ferreira and Paes de Barros ( 2005 ) . > 3 Poverty is measured by the headcount ratio . The poverty figures in this paragraph are taken from Ferreira , Lanjouw , and Neri ( 2001 ) . > 4 The figures on agricultural employment are own calculations based on the PNAD 1997 and the PNAD 2001 . The PNAD ( Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios ) is a regularly conducted representative household survey . The sample had a size of about 380 000 individuals in 2001 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 879, "text": "PNAD 1997", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 888, "end": 897, "text": "PNAD 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 904, "end": 908, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 911, "end": 954, "text": "Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of quality education by engaging in different ways . According to the respondents , the involvement of communities is at a very low level . Even parents in the city of Gambella do not participate in the school affairs as they have low perception towards education . On the other hand , the involvement of the pastoralist communities in school improvement activities is worse . The pastoralists have a greater need for labour than education . In the FDG we conducted with out-of-school boys in Abobo participants have stated that they dropped out and started work because they have to feed their family . In areas where a being member of safety net programs is seen as a middle income level , school is perceived as luxury . Thus short term use of family labour is more important than long term return of education . Besides , their concept and awareness about quality education are not in equal terms with urbanites as they have no equal information access mechanisms . 54 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 % | 89 . 4 % | | South | South | 19 . 3 % | 34 . 1 % | 31 . 2 % | 32 . 9 % | * * Panel C : Foreign Direct Investment * * | * * Source * * | * * Destination * * | * * 2001 * * | * * 2007 * * | * * 2008 * * | * * 2018 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | North | North | 89 . 7 % | 93 . 6 % | 93 . 4 % | 98 . 1 % | | North | South | 28 . 4 % | 36 . 3 % | 36 . 8 % | 66 . 2 % | | South | North | 31 . 5 % | 47 . 3 % | 49 . 9 % | 87 . 3 % | | South | South | 4 . 8 % | 8 . 6 % | 8 . 8 % | 41 . 3 % | Note : This table shows , for each block , the year-end share of active links in all reported links . Active links refer to country pairs that have a positive value . All reported links refer to country pairs that have a positive or zero value . Country pairs with a missing value are not considered . Bilateral data are aggregated for all countries within a source region to all countries within a destination region .", "spans": [{"start": 821, "end": 835, "text": "Bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # # # # Annex 2 . Security Operating Procedures Security Operating Procedures describes key procedures and how these fit together . These are common procedures including boundary security ( perimeter and access control ) , access-point operations ( screening of people and vehicles ) , incident response ( who will respond , and how ) , security patrols , travel security , materials storage and control , information and communication . # # # # # Operating Procedures The following major operating security procedures should be put in place to ensure security within the project areas / sites * * _Boundary Security : _ * * The boundary security in the project site and associated facilities shall be marked by security fences . * * _Access-Point Operations : _ * * Project staff and visitors will access site through designated gates . Searches will only be conducted by security personnel who have received instructions and information regarding the procedure and the legal aspects of search and seizure . Body searches will only be conducted by security personnel of the same gender . Above all , implementing agencies , contractors , and sub-contractors shall have booking in and out procedures for all regular project workers and visitors . * * _Vehicle Access Control Procedures : _ * * All Vehicles accessing project facilities will be accessed through the approaching ways suggested in consultation with the project workers and at the gate with the driver only after going through a security check / search for prohibited items such as alcoholic beverages , firearms , knives , and dangerous drugs . The driver must declare his entire luggage at the main gate ( Personal luggage ) for checking . Besides , a vehicle access log will be maintained . * * _Materials Storage and Control : _ * * If applicable , describe any controls over the transport , inventory , and maintenance of storage areas for raw materials , equipment , etc . Note that these are stored in accordance with appropriate national laws and regulations and relevant good international industry practice , including the World", "spans": [{"start": 1806, "end": 1824, "text": "vehicle access log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) # ► Number of person months of shock responsive transfers assistance provided ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 5 , 700 , 000 < br > 4 , 008 , 691 < br > 8 , 182 , 035 | No target | | Date | 21-May-2020 < br > 14-Oct-2022 < br > 08-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator measures the extent of any scale-up using safety net systems . It < br > to existing PSNP core clients , and expansion of support to shock responsive b < br > scale up will vary significantly depending on the level of shock experienced . Th < br > indicator because it is impossible to predict when a drought would occur and it < br > As per the EFY 2014 annual FSCD report there were 2 , 727 , 345 beneficiaries < br > responsive transfers in Jan , Feb & March 2022 . This estimate differs from the < br > month report due to a misreporting in data from Oromia . | includes extended support < br > eneficiaries . The level of < br > ere are no targets for this < br > s magnitude . < br > that received shock < br > one reported in the nine - | # < u > < mark > IN01255547 < / mark > < / u > # ► Preparation and adoption of a Geographic Expansion and Caseload Allocation Plan ( Text , Custom , PBC ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 887, "text": "EFY 2014 annual FSCD report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1059, "end": 1075, "text": "data from Oromia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 presents the scatter plot between each of a set of measures in the Database at the country level and the stage of development measured by GDP per capita along with the R - squared from the corresponding regression among the plotted pair of variables . Appendix 3 presents analogous scatter plots between each of a set of measures in the Database and either the economic size of the economy measured by GDP or the importance of the export sector measured by the ratio of exports to GDP . The Database measures as well as the GDP per capita , GDP , and the ratio of exports to GDP values are taken as averages over the period 2006-2008 . < sup > 37 < / sup > * * Figure 1 : Correlations of Selected Database Measures with GDP per Capita ( averages over 2006-2008 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Number of Exporters - GDPpc Mean Exports per Exporter - GDPpc < br > ESP < br > TUR BEL < br > MEX SWE < br > PAK IRNBGRZAFBRA PRT NZL BEL NOR BRAMEXCHL < br > TZABGD KEN EGY MARGTMJORSLVECUALBPERMKDDOMCOLCRIMUSBWALBN CHL EST KWT MLIKHM MAR PER ZAFCRIBWA ESP SWE < br > MWI NERUGABFAMLIKHMLAO SENNICYEMCMR MWI NERUGATZABFABGD KENLAOPAKSENNICYEMCMR EGY GTMJORSLVECUIRNMKDBGRDOMCOLMUS TUR ESTPRT NZL KWT NOR < br > LBN < br > R2 = 0 . 72 ALB R2 = 0 . 34 < br > 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11 < br > Ln GDPpc Ln GDPpc < br > Share of Top 5 % Exporters - GDPpc Number of Products per Exporter - GDPpc < br > BWA < br > MWI NERUGATZABFAMLI KENLAOPAKSENYEMNICCMR EGY MARGTMSLVJORECUALBPERIRNMKDDOMBGRCOLZAFCRIMUSBRALBNTURMEXCHL ESTPRT NZLESPKWTBELSWE NOR MWI NERUGATZABFABGDMLIKHMKENPAKSENNICYEMCMR MARGTMSLVECUPERIRNMKDBGRDOMCOLZAFCRIMUSBWALBNTURMEXCHL ESTPRT NZLESPKWTBELSWE NOR < br > BGD ALB < br > KHM LAO JOR R2 = 0 . 40 < br > 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11 < br > Ln GDPpc Ln GDPpc < br > 12 17 < br > 10 16 < br > 8 15 < br > Ln Number of Exporters 6 14 < br > Ln Mean Exports per Exporter < br > 4 13 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attempting to join efforts with each other . This effort translated into the creation of new , infornmal networks , which had a positive effect on firms ' performance . Firm-level survey data has also proven useful in our understanding of the recent East Asian crisis . Detailed information collected on the crisis through surveys administered in 1997 and again in early 1998 offer good examples of how firm-level data can help studying responses to shocks in a way that complements the more traditional macro / aggregate approach . Dollar and Hallward-Driemeier ( 1998 ) focus on the adjustment process in the Thai industry following the crisis . Their work highlights the link existing between firms ' behavior and ( poor ) government policies in the year preceding the crisis . As the crisis developed , firms struggled to cope with the existing constraints and to adjust to the new environment . # * * IV . QUESTIONING QUESTIONS * * Having discussed the type of data that would be most useful for firm surveys to gather , we now turn to the subject of questionnaire design itself . Surveys generally ask respondents both about their attitudes towards various issues and their recollection of past factual events . Moreover , in-person surveys pose these questions in a social setting , albeit one with a script and a purpose . Survey designers must realize both that the survey asks the respondent to perform a series of cognitive tasks and that it is an interaction governed by governed by social norms ( Sudman , Bradburn , and Schwarz 1996 ) . It is therefore important to consider how the questions themselves can influence responses . This section reviews the literature on questionnaire design . In particular , it seeks to learn how the survey design itself affects responses to questions , and therefore conclusions the researcher may draw from those responses . # * * General Issues * * Rea and Parker ( 1997 ) note six general problems to consider when preparing questions : ( 1 ) an inappropriate level of wording ; ( 2 ) ambiguous words and phrases ; ( 3 ) rnultipurpose questions ( i . e . , questions that ask two or more opinions simultaneously ) ; ( 4 )", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 191, "text": "Firm-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Country fixed effects * * | No | No | No | Yes | | * * R2 * * | 0 . 59 | 0 . 39 | 0 . 65 | 0 . 59 | | * * N * * | 194 , 850 | 22 , 060 | 85 , 074 | 301 , 983 | # * * 5 . Conclusion * * < mark > This paper examines within-sector resource misallocation using firm-level data for three large Southeast Asian countries : Indonesia , Malaysia , and Vietnam . We build on Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) and integrate the methodological correction proposed by Bils , Klenow and Ruane ( 2020 ) to explicitly account for the presence of measurement error . Our results document the level of ( in ) efficiency in these economies that have been playing an increasingly important role in the world economy . We find that the degree of measurement error affecting the estimated allocative efficiency varies by country and changes over time . < / mark > < mark > Second , the e < / mark > vidence suggests that resource misallocation across firms within a sector is large , albeit declining over time . Private domestic firms and firms with higher productivity face distortions that prevent them from growing . Foreign firms in Indonesia and Vietnam , and SOEs in Vietnam face lower “ taxes ” , that is , enjoy preferential conditions that make them larger . Taken together , these results provide valuable insights on the areas where policy makers ' attention could focus to improve resource allocation and raise firms ' productivity . These lessons can be relevant for developing East Asian economies looking for ways to sustain their economic growth . 18", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 376, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2001 and 2007 . Note : Tariff data as of mid 2000s In less than two decades , Mali has managed to provide access to improved water and sanitation to more than half of its population , or in the worst case ( figure 10 ) . The share of the population with access to improved water doubled from less than 30 percent in 1987 to 60 percent in 2007 ( figure 9a ) . Over the same period , access to improved sanitation rose from a 40 percent share to over 50 percent . The migration of people from no services to improved services has been achieved by providing shared low-cost alternatives . For instance , 40 percent of the 60 percent of the population with improved water access , has 19", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 34, "text": "Tariff data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) signing new loan applications etc . ; and enable linkages with other identification and information providers . For example , a bank providing information on address records , Tax authority on annual income etc . in the form of a federated architecture . The following chart describes the project components and allocated budget : _Figure 7 : Project components_ # # * * Component 3 : * * * * < mark > Project Management and Implementation Support ( US $ 5 million ) < / mark > * * * * 45 . * * The PMU at the MODEE will be responsible for the implementation of project activities , including project oversight , monitoring and evaluation , regular reporting , consultations with public and private sector stakeholders , design and implementation of a gender-sensitive communication campaign and outreach , ensuring all activities implemented are gender-sensitive and does not only target but also addresses the constraints faced by women to actively participate and benefit from the training and employment opportunities generated by the project , etc . Page 82 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 253, "text": "address records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the last four columns of Table 7 , we use a continuous variable capturing the intensity of the stock market liberalization . The measure represents the proportion of domestic stocks available to foreign investors at the industry-country level . < sup > 22 < / sup > Based on data available in the Emerging Stock Market Factbooks of the International Finance Corporation , we compute the proportion of domestic stocks available to foreign investors by dividing the market capitalization of firms included in the IFC Investable index by the market capitalization of firms in the IFC Global index . These data are available at the level of 2-digit SIC industries while our international trade data are based on the SITC ( Standard International Trade Classification ) product classification . As there exists no direct concordance between those two classifications , we first apply the concordance tables from SIC industry classification to ISIC industry classification and subsequently apply the ISICSITC concordance tables . After this procedure , we are able to match the industry-country financial liberalization index to 632 out of our 1 , 299 product categories . < sup > 23 < / sup > The purpose of the estimations in columns ( 3 ) - ( 6 ) of Table 7 is allowing for different levels of liberalization intensity both across countries and across industries . Similarly to our main dummy , the intensity measure equals zero before the government officially allows foreign investors to acquire any equity stakes in domestic firms . After the official liberalization event , the value of the intensity measure can take any value between zero and one and it can also differ across industries within the same liberalizing country . In columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) of Table 7 , we use IFC indices available for a given industry-country pair in a year that is closest to the official year of the stock market liberalization . In columns ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) of Table 7 , we use the average value for a given industry-country pair . < sup > 24 < / sup > Throughout Table 7 , our main interaction term remains positive and significant . In - > 22 We are grateful to Christian Lundblad for suggesting", "spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 534, "text": "IFC Investable index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 580, "end": 596, "text": "IFC Global index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 673, "end": 697, "text": "international trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _3 . 32 . _ * * _Information disclosure_ * * _ . By July 1 , 2012 , at the latest , the PCU shall have established a dedicated website on the HMP . This website shall contain at least : _ * * - The overall objectives and main terms and conditions and procedural steps of grants under the HMP in both English and Swahili ( HMP leaflet or brochure ) ; - The procedures and guidelines for processing ( in English only ) ; - A complete and up-to-date list of grant recipients , containing at least : ( i ) the name and contact details of the applicant ; the nature and main objective of the project ; the window under which this was awarded ; the amount of support ; any eventual conditions or restrictions as decided by the PCU Vetting Committee ; and the dates of application , approval by the PCU Vetting Committee and disbursement of the first tranche ; this information shall be provided in the form of a spreadsheet program and shall be updated on a monthly basis by the PCU ; - A list of grants that have been revoked , with the main reason for revocation ( in summary form ) ; - A map of the coast containing the GPS coordinates of each project financed by county with some basic information and a reference number to the spreadsheet information provided on the same website ; the site shall be updated at least on a quarterly basis ; - Application forms for each window ; - A reference to a complaints , whistle blowing or grievances facility , with dedicated email addresses and mobile phone number ; - A short introduction of the CLOs in the counties , with names , office physical and postal address , and official fixed / mobile phone numbers ; - An annual report on the results achieved , with details and analysis on applications received , reasons for rejections , approvals , funding , results achieved by projects , status , total disbursements , by window , nature of projects , type of applicant , county , etc", "spans": [{"start": 1234, "end": 1257, "text": "spreadsheet information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * AN UNCERTAIN RECOVERY * * # # # * * 4 . Progress on poverty reduction is imperiled by the crisis , though government responses have lessened the damage * * * * Welfare improvements in the Western Balkans were interrupted as the COVID-19 crisis pushed economies into recession . * * Before COVID-19 hit early in 2020 , most of the countries in the region had made notable progress in reducing poverty and boosting household income . < sup > * * 4 * * < / sup > As is now apparent , the crisis has interrupted , and in some cases reversed , this process . GDP growth forecasts show that lockdown and travel restrictions imposed to contain the spread of the virus caused an unprecedented loss of economic activity in the second and third quarters ( Q2 and Q3 ) of 2020 . As a result , the crisis has reversed the employment gains in some Western Balkan countries . * * To respond to the crisis , governments quickly announced measures to protect firms and households from the impacts of the lockdowns and other restrictions imposed . * * The World Bank has conducted a simulation exercise to estimate the impact of the economic crisis on poverty , incorporating policy responses that governments have deployed in recent months to compensate for the sudden loss in activity for many firms and workers . < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > These simulations show that government response measures in the Western Balkans have helped to prevent larger spikes in poverty . While the estimated poverty increases are lower than in the absence of any policy response ( first estimated and published in the Spring RER issue ) , the magnitude of the shock could be > 4 For simplicity , income in this analysis is generally the welfare measure , although consumption is used for Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina . See http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 236311590680555002 / > 5 The main measures are summarized in Table 3 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 558, "end": 578, "text": "GDP growth forecasts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # - 19 - # # 2 . < u > Operationalization and Strengthening of NWSC < / u > ( a ) Refurbishment of corporate headquarters at Kampala Road , Nairobi , and the six areas offices and other service facilities including laboratories and production and sewerage plant offices ; ( b ) purchase of about 10 operational vehicles for the corporate head office and the six area offices ; ( c ) purchase of office equipment comprising computers , photocopiers and accessories relevant for the corporate head office and the area offices under the Project ; ( d ) provision for incremental operating costs of NWSC , including utility expenses , communication cost and report production cost ; ( e ) technical assistance in a range of consultancy services in the areas utility management , financial management , commercial management , environmental management ; and ( f ) training and capacity building including targeted workshops , courses and study tours for the members of the Board of Directors and the staff of NWSC . # # 3 . < u > Technical Assistance for WSRB Activities < / u > ( a ) provision of technical assistance for WSRB to review the regulatory design and any potential tariff adjustments with regards to the Nairobi WSS service provision ; and ( b ) provision of technical assistance for WSRB to carry out data collection and analysis of consumer and social protection concerns with regards to services to the poor and propose mitigation measures for compliance by NWSB and NWSC . # # < u > Part B : Immediate Service Delivery Improvement Program < / u > Support for the selected activities aimed at strengthening the commercial , financial and technical operations of WSS operations in Nairobi with specific focus on strengthening the commercial operations of about six area / business centers through : # # 1 . < u > Improvements in Commercial Operations < / u > ( a ) provision to carry out a comprehensive customer survey , GIS based block mapping and development of a customer care program ;", "spans": [{"start": 1902, "end": 1931, "text": "comprehensive customer survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Financing Locally-Led Climate Action Program ( P173065 ) PROJECT PAPER # * * The World Bank * * | Oct / 2021 | Oct / 2022 | Oct / 2023 | Oct / 2024 | Oct / 2025 | Dec / 2026 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | * * An annual County Delivery * * | * * Support Plan for climate actio * * | * * n executed * * ( Text ) | | | | | Oct / 2021 | Oct / 2022 | Oct / 2023 | Oct / 2024 | Oct / 2025 | Dec / 2026 | | Annual County Delivery | 80 % of actions executed | 80 % of actions executed | 80 % of actions executed | 80 % of actions executed | 80 % of actions executed | | Support Plan non-existent | annually | annually | annually | annually | annually | # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | * * Period * * | | * * Period Definition * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Period 1 | Year 1 : GoK FY21 / 22 | | | Period 2 | Year 2 : GoK FY22 / 23 | | | Period 3 | Year 3 : GoK FY23 / 24 | | | Period 4 | Year 4 : GoK FY24 / 25 | | | Baseline | Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 3 | Period 4 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 : Participating counties t * * | * * hat meet the Minimum Access Condi * * | * * tions for the County Readiness and Inst * * | * * itutional Support Grant", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the monetary deprivation of Syrian households , a module on household income and household expenditures was included in the survey . Based on this information , _the HNAP Socio-Economic situation report of the summer 2021 estimated that 98 percent of the Syrian population was living in extreme poverty_ ( Figure 2 ) . The poverty measure is obtained by taking the sum of all individual and household incomes obtained from employment only , converting it in per capita terms using household size , and then assessing whether this welfare indicator is below $ 1 . 90 , a value converted in local currency using the exchange rate at the time of the survey . > 10 The HNAP network presently consists of more than 30 , 000 community focal points and 475 full time staff on the ground in Syria . HNAP is implemented through local Syrian NGOs , with technical support from UN agencies . Information is collected across all regions inside Syria through face-to-face consultations and direct field observations . See Annex 2 for details . > 11 Stratified random sampling is used to draw a 95 % confidence / 10 % margin of error sample at the subdistrict level and the number of household interviews per community ( p-coded location ) within a subdistrict was obtained by randomly sampling locations proportionate to population size , with replacement . > 12 The main survey modules include questions on demographic characteristics of current household members and of members who have left the household , individual level basic information on labor market engagement ( adult population ) and school attendance ( children below age 18 ) ; household level information on shelter , WASH , access to assistance , sources of income , copying strategies and priority needs .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Program for Strengthening Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( P180287 ) | People with enhanced < br > resilience to climate < br > risks – Female < br > ( Number of people ) < br > CRI | Comments o < br > achieving tar | n < br > gets | Corporate result indicator int < br > next reporting period using d | roduced recen < br > ata from PIMIS | tly . Baseline , actu < br > which is still bei | al , and targets to b < br > ng rolled out . | e updated | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Capacity of institutions < br > responsible for government < br > coordination to identify and < br > monitor the resolution of < br > issues impacting the < br > implementation of priority < br > | N / A | Dec / 2023 | N / A < br > 06-Dec-2024 | N / A | 12-Jun-2025 | Status of < br > implementation < br > of < br > recommendations < br > for < br > underperforming < br > programs and < br > projects is < br > monitored and < br > published | Dec / 2028 | | programs and projects < br > ( Text ) | Comments o < br > achieving tar | n < br > gets | \" Capacity \" entails the institut < br > map the legal , policy , and op < br > achievement of the legislativ < br > issues to the relevant Steerin < br > indicator should start showin | ions responsib < br > erational confli < br > e agenda ; ( ii ) s < br", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 449, "text": "PIMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 < u > 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦 < / u > = 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 6 – 23 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 # # # * * Bottle feeding * * Proportion of children 0-23 months of age who are fed with a bottle = < sup > 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 0 – 23 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦 < / sup > 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 0 – 23 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 35 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Capital Goods . ’ _Mimeograph , University of Chicago_ - Griliches , Zvi ( 1974 ) ‘ Errors in Variables and Other Unobservables . ’ _Econometrica_ 42 ( 6 ) , 971 – 998 - ( 1986 ) ‘ Economic Data Issues . ’ _Handbook of Econometrics_ 3 , 1465 – 1514 - Griliches , Zvi , and Jerry A Hausman ( 1986 ) ‘ Errors in Variables in Panel Data . ’ _Journal of Econometrics_ 31 ( 1 ) , 93 – 118 - Hall , Vivian Bruce ( 1986 ) ‘ Industrial Sector Fuel Price Elasticities Following the First and Second Major Oil Price Shocks . ’ _Economics Letters_ 20 ( 1 ) , 79 – 82 - Haller , Stefanie A ( 2014 ) ‘ Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Foreign Presence and Import Competition in Irish Services Sectors ? ’ _The World Economy_ 37 ( 2 ) , 219 – 243 - Haller , Stefanie A . , and Marie Hyland ( 2014 ) ‘ Capital-Energy Substitution : Evidence from a Panel of Irish Manufacturing Firms . ’ _Energy Economics_ 45 , 501 – 510 - Jacoby , Henry D , and Ian Sue Wing ( 1999 ) ‘ Adjustment Time , Capital Malleability and Policy Cost . ’ _The Energy Journal_ pp . 73 – 92 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "building of the community institutions . Specific activities under this subcomponent include ( a ) community mobilization ; ( b ) participatory risk mapping / analysis and risk mitigation training ; ( c ) support for community institutions on participatory development planning , infrastructure construction / rehabilitation / monitoring , and O & M ; and ( d ) facilitating of constructive interaction between communities and the county government . 35 . Communities will be mobilized into BDCs and PDCs as per the LGA . < sup > 53 < / sup > BDCs / PDCs will have broad and inclusive membership including traditional authorities , civil society , and a minimum of 35 percent female representation . < sup > 54 < / sup > Where BDCs / PDCs already exist , an institutional assessment will be undertaken to assess their composition , capacities , and their deficits . BDCs / PDCs ’ shortcomings will be addressed through technical assistance or selection of new members as needed . Under the ECRP , the PDCs will coordinate closely throughout the project cycle with the county coordination team ( CCT ) , an interagency group headed by the County Commissioner . Both PDCs and BDCs are to serve as umbrella local governance institutions and to play a larger role in local development and resiliency planning for their communities , as well as serve as an interface between the community and the county government that other development partners can utilize . < sup > 55 < / sup > They will not take on roles and mandates that already belong to other formal and informal authorities but look to strengthen coordination with them . Dependent on the status of COVID-19 precautions at the time of community engagement , additional precautions will be taken to provide extra space for discussions , community planning , and training . BDC / PDC mobilization will > 52 Population figures for urban areas would be calculated based on a headcount or by complementing 2008 census with other data sources ( for example , DTM . ) > 53 In Wau town , the only urban area expected to be", "spans": [{"start": 1956, "end": 1967, "text": "2008 census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2008, "end": 2011, "text": "DTM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_PARTI : ImplementationAssessment_ _Page 11 of 12_ clearly indicate an unsatisfactory outcome . While the large training program intended to support the strengthening of NCPD was implemented , the failure of NCPD to retain the staff after this costly investment also contributes to the unsatisfactory outcome . However , the concentration of expenditures at the end of the project makes it impossible to evaluate the impact of those expenditures at this time . Finally , as is evident in the Borrower Evaluation Report ( Appendix C ) , the Borrower ' s assessment of project outcome was significantly more positive . This can , at least in part , be attributed to the Borrower ' s tendency to treat IDA funds as grants , thus giving little weight to cost or waste in evaluating the outcome . # # # # # # FUTURE OPERATIONS 38 . The results of the 1998 KDHS demonstrate that the contraceptive and reproductive health needs of Kenya are rapidly growing at a time when GoK resources are contracting . Current provision for these needs is wholly financed by donors , and a need for increased donor coordination is evident . While it is expected that such coordination will emerge from the joint efforts of donors and the Government in the development of the country ' s health sector reform program , a focus on reproductive health should be an integral element in future IDA support to the sector . Such support should not only focus on providing for the country ' s growing contraceptive needs , as Population IV sought to do , but should also attempt the following : ( i ) to more closely integrate reproductive health strategies and activities under the Division of Family Health with STI / AIDS strategies and activities under the National AIDS / STD Control Program ; and ( ii ) to invest in interventions , such as the reform of MSCU , that will increase the sustainability of the reproductive health program , and ( iii ) facilitate decentralization and capacity-building at the level of health service delivery points . Future operations will need to target the reproductive health of adolescents , as this is the only", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 855, "text": "1998 KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 6 ZAF < br > 5 ISL LUX POL < br > 4 PRTISRBRACRI INDGRCJPN ESPDEU COL ARG < br > 321 CYP GBRRUSROU CANESTDNKUSANORSWEFINBELMLTAUSBGRSVNLTUFRANLD NZLITALVACHEHRVAUTKORSVKIDN HUN MEXTUR < br > CHL CZE < br > 0 < br > CHN < br > - 1 < br > - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 < br > Manufacturing , 1995-2018 ( CAGR ) < br > EAP ECA LAC MENA NA < br > SA SSA All y = x Linear ( y = x ) < br > Business services , 1995-2018 ( CAGR ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE data . Note : The country sample covers 38 OECD countries plus 13 non-OECD countries . The orange line indicates the y = x line . CAGR = Compound annualized growth rate . This trend is also visible at the detailed sector level , with emerging countries expanding more jobs sustained by manufacturing exports and high-income countries creating more jobs linked to business services exports . The top 15 expanding sectors between 1995 and 2018 in terms of jobs in exports ( in % change ) for low - and middle - versus high-income countries ( as per their 1995 income categories ) reflects the stronger role of manufacturing for the first group and the stronger role of business services for the latter group ( Figure 12 ) . In emerging countries , most jobs sustained by manufacturing exports were created in computer and electronics , whole and retail trade , machinery and equipment , electrical equipment and motor vehicles ( left panel ) . In high-income countries , job creation was strongest in exports of administrative , professional , IT and financial and insurance services ( right panel ) . The highest job losses in high-income countries are related to manufacturing exports , while emerging markets experienced their largest declines in labor-intensive jobs linked to services , manufacturing and 15", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 512, "text": "OECD TiE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of these locations . < sup > 24 < / sup > During the fi rst few months of 2017 , UNHCR protection staff in the POC have noticed continued movements out but the number of people recorded as leaving Juba POC sites has been diffi cult to record . There has been consistent movement out of the Malakal POC to Sudan monitored by IOM and DRC . < sup > 25 < / sup > The Wau POC and other IDP sites in town have had an increase of over 17 , 000 IDPs in April after increased confl ict in surrounding areas and targeted killings in town ( reported in more detail below ) . The population in the Melut POC has reduced to about 300 plus people as IDPs have been fi nding their own means to depart . Efforts to relocate the remaining have been put on hold with the increasing confl ict in the areas the remaining population has requested to potentially relocate . The same is for the Bor POC as confl ict in eastern Jongei has also stopped potential movement of many in the POC . These locations remain with signifi cant humanitarian needs and protection concerns . # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT FORCED DISPLACEMENT AREAS ARE DESCRIBED BELOW : * * * * Equatoria region * * - The estimated number of IDPs in the region has increased with well over 450 , 000 ( Western Equatoria 120 , 000 , Central Equatoria 200 , 000 [ by community assessments , it is estimated there are well over 100 , 000 IDPs in Juba . This includes the people in POC sites , informal settlement sites and IDPs who have settled elsewhere in the city and suburbs ] , Eastern Equatoria 150 , 000 ) . < sup > 26 < / sup > More people in the region have been internally displaced but a greater number fl ee to Uganda from the region so the IDP estimate remains about the same as previously reported in the last", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1325, "text": "community assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Imbs , J . and Wacziarg , R . 2003 . “ Stages of diversification . ” _The American Economic Review_ . 93 ( 1 ) : 63-86 . Jones , Ronald W . 2000 . Globalization and the Theory of Input Trade . MIT Press : Cambridge , MA . Lall , S . 1998 . “ Exports of manufactures by developing countries : Emerging patterns of trade and location . ” _Oxford Review of Economic Policy_ . 14 ( 2 ) : 54-73 . Lall , S . 2000 . “ The technological structure and performance of developing country manufactured exports , 1985-1998 . ” _Oxford Development Studies_ . 28 ( 3 ) : 337-369 . Leamer , E . E . 1984 . Sources of Comparative Advantage : Theory and Evidence . Cambridge MA : MIT Press . Lederman , Daniel and Laura Saenz . 2003 . “ Innovation around the World : A Cross-Country Data Base of Innovation Indicators . ” Mimeographed . Office of the Chief Economist for Latin America and the Caribbean , World Bank , Washington DC . Mayer , W . 1984 . “ The infant-export industry argument . ” _Canadian Journal of Economics_ . 17 ( 2 ) : 249-269 . Neary , J . Peter . 2003 . “ Competitive versus comparative advantage . ” _The World Economy_ . 26 ( 4 ) : 457-470 . UNCTAD . 2003 . “ UNCTAD handbook of statistics . ” TD / STAT . 28 . Geneva : UNCTAD . Vettas , Nikolaos . 2000 . “ Investment dynamics in markets with endogenous demand . ” _The Journal of Industrial Economics_ . 48 ( 2 ) : 189-203 . World Bank . 2004 . “ Doing Business in 2004 : Understanding Regulation . ” Rapid Response Unit , World Bank , Washington D . C . 41", "spans": [{"start": 752, "end": 800, "text": "Cross-Country Data Base of Innovation Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 21 : Analysis of enumerator bias distribution | VARIABLES | Brazil | Vietnam | Senegal | Bangladesh | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Share of Signifcantly Diferent Interviewers | 0 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 11 | | Number of Signifcantly Diferent Interviewers | 0 | 13 | 2 | 4 | | Number of Interviewers | 8 | 145 | 25 | 37 | | | Ghana | India | Korea | Kenya | | Share of Signifcantly Diferent Interviewers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 . 2 | | Number of Signifcantly Diferent Interviewers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | | Number of Interviewers | 44 | 18 | 9 | 10 | Note : Data from the Firm-level Adoption of Technology ( FAT ) surveys in Brazil , Vietnam , Senegal , Bangladesh , Ghana , India , and Korea . Significantly different interviewers are identified from the regressions of employment on interviewer dummies with controlling for stratification information ( e . g . , sector , size , and region ) . For each country , the share of significantly different interviewers is computed by dividing the number of interviews conducted by significantly different interviewers by the total number of interviews . we re-interview 100 randomly selected firms with a short version of the questionnaire . For those firms , we randomly select three business functions and ask about the presence of the relevant technologies . < sup > 39 < / sup > Both the original and back-end interviews in the pilot are conducted by phone by different interviewers . Despite using phone interviews which are subject to greater measurement error than faceto-face interviews , comparison of answers from the pilot reveals that 73 % of the answers were the same across the two interviews . < sup > 40 < / sup > We estimate a probit model to assess the likelihood of consistent answers between the original and the back-check interviews , controlling for firmlevel fixed-effect . Reporting the use of a technology in the back-check interview is associated with 80 . 6 % of likelihood", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 631, "text": "Firm-level Adoption of Technology ( FAT ) surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Among unbanked individuals cashing checks , 21 percent mainly use banks , 68 percent use CCOs and 5 percent use grocery stores . Undoubtedly , one of the explanations for the heavy reliance on CCOs is that many banks will not cash paychecks for non-depositors . In addition , an individual cashing his or her check at a CCO can buy money orders , stamps , envelopes , and pay utility bills at that same location . # * * Table 5 Means of Paying Bills * * | | * * Percentage * * < br > * * among the * * < br > * * banked * * | * * Percentage * * < br > * * among the * * < br > * * unbanked * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Most common method of paying bills * * | | | | Check | 63 . 3 | 0 . 0 | | Money order | 12 . 6 | 28 . 6 | | Cash | 10 . 4 | 36 . 4 | | Billpayment service | 1 . 9 | 6 . 5 | | Automated paymentfroma bankaccount | 0 . 8 | 0 . 0 | | * * Location for purchase of most money orders * * | | | | Checkcashing outlet | 38 . 4 | 60 . 1 | | Post office | 34 . 7 | 19 . 8 | | Supermarket | 12 . 7 | 8 . 7 | | Bank | 8 . 4 | 2 . 6 | | * * Location for accessing bill payment service * * | | | | CCO | 83 . 0 | 84 . 9 | | Bank | 3 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | Other | 14 . 0 | 15 . 1 | As indicated in Table 6 , another payment that many lower-income urban households make is to transfer funds to family members living outside the U . S . In the OCC survey , 20 percent of the respondents indicated that they had made at least one such remittance over the past year . Of", "spans": [{"start": 1348, "end": 1358, "text": "OCC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Martin Ravallion . 2003 . “ Estimating the benefit incidence of an antipoverty program by propensity-score matching . ” _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics_ 21 ( 1 ) : 19 – 30 . - Jensen , Robert , and Nolan Miller . 2017 . “ Information , Demand and the Growth of Firms : Evidence from a Natural Experiment in India ” Wharton School Working paper . - Kassie , Menale , Bekele Shiferaw , and Geoffrey Muricho . 2011 . “ Agricultural technology , crop income , and poverty alleviation in Uganda . ” _World Development_ 39 ( 10 ) : 1784 – 1795 . - Markelova , Helen , Ruth Meinzen-Dick , Jon Hellin , and Stephan Dohrn . 2009 . “ Collective action for smallholder market access . ” _Food policy_ 34 ( 1 ) : 1 – 7 . - Marshall , Alfred . _Principles of Economics_ ( London , 1920 ) . ” _Book VI_ ( 1920 ) : 618 – 619 . - McKenzie , David , Steven Stillman , and John Gibson . 2010 . “ How important is selection ? Experimental vs . non-experimental measures of the income gains from migration . ” _Journal of the European Economic Association_ 8 ( 4 ) : 913 – 945 . - Ministry of Commerce of the People ’ s Republic of China , 2016 . “ E-commerce in China . ” 4 Feb 2019 , http : / / dzsws . mofcom . gov . cn / article / ztxx / ndbg / 201706 / 20170602591881 . shtml . - Nanjing University and AliResearch . 2018 . “ China Taobao Village Development Report ( 2014 – 2018 ) . ” URL : http : / / i . aliresearch . com / img / 20181216 / 20181216145248 . pdf . 26", "spans": [{"start": 1326, "end": 1365, "text": "China Taobao Village Development Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 2 : The synthetic panel methodology and its application to Nepal * * A proper study of economic mobility that is being proposed has fairly demanding data requirements . At the minimum , it is necessary to be able to observe the same household in at least two time periods and the richer the amount of information available on the household , the richer the analysis that can be done . These “ panel data sets ” as they are called are fairly hard to come by in many developing countries . In the case of Nepal , the three rounds of NLSS that have been completed have an integrated panel component , i . e . , a subset of the sampled households have been tracked over time , but due to sample attrition , it has been found that the surviving households are no longer representative of the nation as a whole . As the name suggests , the proposed methodology overcomes these shortcomings and builds on an imputation based methodology to construct a “ synthetic panel ” that makes it seem like the same households were observed in two time periods . The approach relies fundamentally on time-invariant individual and household characteristics . Specifically , it entails predicting consumption of households surveyed in time _t_ for period _t-k_ using the estimated “ returns ” to these time-invariant characteristics in period _t-k_ . The comparison of “ predicted ” consumption in _t-k_ with the actual consumption in period _t_ forms the basis of the analysis of mobility , particularly movement in and out of poverty . To write more formally , consider two rounds of cross sectional surveys ( denoted as rounds 1 and 2 ) and let � � and � � be the corresponding consumption for the two rounds ( these are consumption for household _i_ , but we suppress those subscripts ) . For a given poverty line , say , _z_ , we are interested in estimating ( a ) the fraction of poor households in the first round who escaped poverty ( Pr ( � � � � | � � � � � ) or remained in poverty in the second round , ( Pr ( � � � � | �", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 420, "text": "panel data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1578, "end": 1601, "text": "cross sectional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than one year , upcoming SOE guarantees and < br > other contingent liabilities from legal proceedings . < br > Evidence : By Public Debt Report dated March 2020 published on MoFPED website at < br > _https : / / www . finance . go . ug / publication / report-public-debt-guarantees-other-financial-liabilities-and-_ < br > _grants-fy-201920-and_ | * * Results Indicator # 6 : * * < br > Stock of domestic < br > arrears ( percent < br > GDP ) | 2 . 8 < br > ( FY2019 ) | 2 . 4 < br > ( FY2020 ) | Page 51", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 144, "text": "Public Debt Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) where is the underlying true average effect , is a normally distributed random variable EE denoting the difference between the average effect and the effect in the particular context , ββ μμ and represents measurement error due to sampling variation , which is assumed to be EE captured in the study-specific standard errors . σσ Finally , under the assumption that deworming has no effect on uninfected children , one can calculate for each study an implied estimated effect on weight for infected children as the estimated intention-to-treat effect divided by prevalence . If one takes the estimated prevalence to be accurate and not subject to measurement error , then standard errors for these estimated effects are straightforward to compute . One can then apply a random effects model to estimate the average treatment effect on infected children . In a few cases , a study does not report an exact value for prevalence , but we are able to identify whether the study has below or above 50 % prevalence . If prevalence is above 50 % , we then compute the average prevalence among all studies in the sample reporting greater than 50 % prevalence and assign that value to the study . We proceed similarly for studies with below 50 % prevalence that do not report an exact value for prevalence . < sup > 22 < / sup > # * * 5 Results * * Subsection 5 . 1 first replicates the results of the TMSDG subsample . Subsection 5 . 2 tests the hypothesis of a common zero effect . Finally , subsection 5 . 3 reports estimated effects of MDA on weight . # * * 5 . 1 Verifying replication of results in the TMSDG sample * * > 22 See Appendix A . 7 for more detail on how prevalence categories were assigned when STH prevalence was not reported in the study text . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # * * 2 . 0 BACKGROUND * * # # # * * 2 . 1 * * * * _Kenya Vision 2030_ * * _Kenya Vision 2030_ is Kenya ’ s long-term development blueprint . It documents by sector , challenges that need addressing to transform Kenya into a middle income country by the year 2030 . On housing and urbanisation , it documents six challenges that need addressing toward “ providing the country ’ s population with adequate and decent housing in a suitable environment ” by 2030 . These challenges are : 1 ) inadequate capacity for urban and regional planning ; 2 ) insufficient serviced land ; 3 ) concentration of property development in the high income category ; 4 ) legal and administrative reforms ; 5 ) supply of affordable finance for mortgages and property development ; and , 6 ) lack of adequate construction capacity . Of particular interest to this report is the challenge “ insufficient serviced land ” . Against this challenge , a specific goal of the country by _Kenya Vision 2030_ is to “ improve livelihoods of 200 , 000 slum dwellers under Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme ( KENSUP ) ; and , service 10 , 000 plots through Public Private Partnerships ( PPPs ) ” . This is to be achieved through a Flagship Project , “ Install physical and social infrastructure in slums in 20 urban areas to formalise slums , permit construction of permanent houses , and attract private investment ” < sup > 9 < / sup > . # # # * * 2 . 1 . 1 Municipal Council of Machakos * * From the August 2009 census results , Kenya had 215 urban centres . One of these centres , and which is related to this report , is Machakos Municipality . As Figure 1 illustrates , the Municipal Council of Machakos is located southeast of the capital city of Kenya , i . e . Nairobi ; and , it covers an estimated", "spans": [{"start": 1611, "end": 1637, "text": "August 2009 census results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* ucation and selec * * < br > | * * tedgovernment se * * < br > | optical cable cros < br > * * rvices * * < br > | ses from Kenya into < br > | a different countr < br > | y . < br > | | | | Indicator Name | Base | line | Actual ( P | revious ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closing | Period | | | Result | Month / Year | Result | Date | Result | Date | Result | Month / Year | | ReviseTransactional government | 0 . 00 | Nov / 2022 | 0 . 00 | 30-Jun-2025 | 0 . 00 | 30-Jun-2025 | 10 | Oct / 2030 | | < br > services digitized under the project | Comments on ac | hieving targets | This indicator me | asures the number o | f individual transa | ction government se | rvices that are di | gitized ( end-to - | | ( Number ) < br > * * Build skills for the regional digital eco * * < br > | * * nomy * * < br > | | end ) using projec < br > | t funds . < br > | | | | | | Indicator Name | Base | line | Actual ( P | revious ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closing | Period | | | Result | Month / Year | Result | Date | Result | Date | Result | Month / Year | | | 0 | Dec / 2021 | | | 0 | 31-Dec-2024 | 140 , 000 | Oct / 2028 | | NewIndirect , total jobs ( Number ) < br > | Comments on ac < br > | hieving targets < br > | New indicator ali < br > based on the elas < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "select into certain choices based on their initial internal expectations of likelihood of achievement of target . In particular , we expect firms that are less motivated to undertake serious sustainability efforts ( and hence more likely to fail to achieve pre-set targets ) to be more likely to resort to measures such as setting later target dates or including penalty-minimizing call options . Such firms face a higher probability of penalty payouts , and hence have greater incentives to seek insurance against these payouts via structuring loopholes to minimize penalties . The existence of SLB premiums tends to attract more of these low-motivation firms to issue SLBs , which makes such decisions more relevant . While it is not possible to gauge internal motivation of issuers to undertake sustainability efforts , we do have information on their past performance track on this front . Given that the majority 50 . 62 percent ( Figure 3 ) of sustainability targets are related to reduction in CO2 emissions intensity , the paper exploits past CO2 emissions by the issuer as a proxy of their sustainability performance . Specifically , it examines if issuers with higher past CO2 emissions are more likely to exploit structuring loopholes to minimize penalty payouts relative to issuers with lower past CO2 emissions . We test formally for this relationship by conducting a bondlevel regression for the following specifications : TargetPeriodi = α + β . CO2Emissionsi , t − 1 + Controlsi + εi [ 5 ] Callablei = α + β . CO2Emissionsi , t − 1 + Controlsi + εi [ 6 ] Where TargetPeriodi refers to the time to target date from issue divided by the time to maturity from issue for bond _i_ ; CO2Emissionsi , t − 1 refer to CO2 emissions by the issuer in the year preceding the issue ; Callablei is a dummy variable that equals 1 if the SLB has a penaltyminimizing call option and 0 otherwise ; Controlsi as the same as in equation [ 1 ] . Specification [ 5 ] is an OLS regression run only for SLBs with step-up penalties following specification [ 2 ] . Specification [ 6 ] is a logistic regression run for all SLBs for which CO2 emission data is available . *", "spans": [{"start": 2127, "end": 2144, "text": "CO2 emission data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Where { NEGATIVE } i is a vector of variables conveying negative information regarding borrower _I_ ; { POSITIVE } i is a vector of variables conveying positive information regarding borrower _i_ . Even though the datasets in the three PCRs are somewhat different , the variables are defined in a conceptually consistent manner to allow for comparability of the results . Table 2 describes the actual PCR data used in the regressions for each of the three countries . The dependent variable is binary and takes a unit value if the borrower defaults , meaning a late payment of 90 days or more , and is zero otherwise . The last year of the data available is the default horizon and is used for defining the binary dependent variable . Data available prior to that , which goes back 18 months in Argentina , 12 month in Brasil , and up to 59 months in Mexico , is used to define explanatory variables and represents the credit history of a borrower with individual banks and the banking system . Only Mexico provides straight-forward information on the number of days late for loans in arrears , so for Argentina and Brazil < sup > 8 < / sup > borrower ratings were used as a proxy for delinquency status . Ratings are based on a set of criteria including the number of days pastdue . In Argentina default corresponds to a “ 3 ” rating , and in Brazil the rating “ E ” was used as the default threshold . For Argentina , a borrower was considered to be in default for our exercise if their average rating across banks in the system was “ 3 ” or worse at any time during the year-long default horizon . In the case of Brazil there are eight ratings categories ; the borrower is considered in default if it had a rating “ E ” or worse with a given financial institution . The negative variables then include information on past late payments and defaults while positive variables include a borrower ’ s ( non-default ) rating , aggregate exposure , the number of open credit lines , and availability of collateral . To ensure consistency across countries , we restrict the dataset to private", "spans": [{"start": 401, "end": 409, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "L , Mealli F . , and F . C Rosati ( 2010 ) “ Household vulnerability and child labor : the effect of shocks , credit rationing , and insurance ” Journal of Population Economics January 2010 , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , pp 169-198 - Handa , S . , Natali , L . , Seidenfeld , D . , Tembo , G . and the Zambia Cash Transfer Evaluation Team ( 2015 ) . “ The Impact of Zambia ’ s Unconditional Child Grant on Schooling and Work : Results from a large-scale social experiment ” , Innocenti Working Paper No . 2015-01 , UNICEF Office of Research , Florence . - Hoddinott , J . , D . O . Gilligan , and A . S . Taffesse . ( 2009 ) . “ The Impact of Ethiopia ’ s Productive Safety Net Program on Schooling and Child Labour . ” Working Paper . - ICF ( 2013 ) “ Impact Evaluation : Combating Worst Forms of Child Labor by Reinforcing Policy Response and Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods and Educational Opportunities in Egypt , 2011 – 2012 ” Final Report ( available at < u > http : / / www . dol . gov / ilab / iclre / evaluations / egyptEval . htm ) < / u > - International Labour Organization ( 2013 ) “ Global Child Labour Trends 2008 to 2012 ” . International Labour Office , International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) – Geneva . - IEG ( 2011 ) “ Evidence and Lessons Learned from Impact Evaluations on Social Safety Nets ” The World Bank , Washington DC . - IPEC ( 2007 ) “ Prevention of child recruitment and reintegration of children associated with armed forces and groups : Strategic framework for addressing the economic gap ” Geneva , International Labour Office . - Jafarey , S . and Lahiri , S . ( 2002 ) “ Will trade sanctions reduce child labour ? : The role of credit markets ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 68 ( 1 ) : 137-156 27", "spans": [{"start": 1092, "end": 1131, "text": "Global Child Labour Trends 2008 to 2012", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "M & E data were effectively utilized to guide project implementation , management , and decision-making in a timely and appropriate manner . The project leveraged M & E data in several key areas : ( a ) disbursement and activity performance data were used to identify major bottlenecks , prompting project restructuring and a no-cost extension to ensure key PDO indicators were met ; ( b ) findings from the MTR informed the revision and updating of the Results Framework indicators and targets ( with the caveat that some targets were set ambitiously high at that stage ) ; ( c ) M & E reports shaped the agendas for joint review and support missions , guiding discussions , identifying areas of support , and facilitating key management decisions ; ( d ) data from the Results Framework were essential in preparing Implementation Status and Results Reports ( ISRs ) and communicating project progress to World Bank management ; ( e ) monitoring of agreed actions supported periodic project reviews and future planning ; and ( f ) the use of GEMS allowed the project to geo-tag infrastructure and provide virtual access to performance data during the COVID-19 pandemic when the task team could not conduct on-site visits . # # # * * Justification of Overall Rating of Quality of M & E * * 50 . The quality of M & E is rated * * Substantial * * . Although there were moderate shortcomings related to the measurement of several PDO and intermediate indicators at the design stage , they were rectified following findings and recommendations of the MTR and its associated survey . The overall M & E system effectively enabled systematic tracking of project progress . The M & E data were used to inform decisions related to project implementation and management ; however , two points related to ( a ) the absence of a ‘ genuine ’ control group and ( b ) the high targets set at the MTR stage may have affected the effectiveness of the endline impact assessment . # # # * * B . ENVIRONMENTAL , SOCIAL , AND FIDUCIARY", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 245, "text": "disbursement and activity performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 757, "end": 788, "text": "data from the Results Framework", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the OAU Convention and has a 2006 domestic refugee law , which governed recognition of status during 2011 – 2012 . < sup > 146 < / sup > Based on statistics compiled from UNHCR Yearbooks and Uganda ’ s government database , which is managed by the Office of the Prime Minister ( OPM ) , the questionnaire response indicates approximately 2 , 195 and 3 , 008 Somalis sought international > international conventions to which the republic is a party and that within the bounds of such conventions . ” See Section 6 , Article 38 ( 4 ) . > 145 Loi N ° 159 / AN / 16 / 7ème L Portant Statut des Réfugiés en République de Djibouti , 5 January 2017 , available at : < u > http : / / www . presidence . dj / texte . php ? ID = 159 & ID2 = 2017-01-05 & ID3 = Loi & ID4 = 1 & ID5 = 2017-01-15 & ID6 = n , < / u > accessed : September 2018 , Article 3 . Prior to the promulgation of this law , A Presidential Ordinance on refugees constituted the domestic law and referenced only the definition in the Refugee Convention . See Ordonnance no77-053 / PR / AE Portant Statut des Réfugiés sur le Sol de la République de Djibouti , 9 November 1977 , available at : < u > http : / / www . presidence . dj / PresidenceOld / jo / 1977 / ord77n053 . htm , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > > 146 The Refugees Act , 2006 , available at : http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 4b7baba52 . html , accessed : September 2018 . A process is underway to reform this Act . Between 2012 and 2013 , four asylum claims were rejected because they failed to satisfy the applicable definitions .", "spans": [{"start": 175, "end": 190, "text": "UNHCR Yearbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 195, "end": 225, "text": "Uganda ’ s government database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for assessing creditworthiness , such as employment data and demographic data are also absent from a significant proportion of PCRs . # * * _3 . Economic research , macroeconomic policy and control_ * * Credit bureau information can also be important for macroeconomic intelligence . Credit bureau information can be considered by region , by sector , by quality of borrower and used to analyze the credit market and interest rate developments in detail . Moreover , the dynamics of assetquality can be highly illuminating in assessing activity and growth , by region or sector and macroeconomic risks . For example , an increase in the movement of loans to lower grades in a particular sector or region may highlight particular economic problems and risks in that area or sector . This information may be invaluable for a Central Bank to understand the transmission of 19", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 56, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 61, "end": 77, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 203, "end": 228, "text": "Credit bureau information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "∗ < / sup > | 7 . 506 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 8 . 034 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 7 . 552 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 8 . 119 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 519 ) | ( 0 . 578 ) | ( 0 . 504 ) | ( 0 . 566 ) | ( 0 . 430 ) | ( 0 . 516 ) | | Controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Province FE | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Observations | 858 | 853 | 909 | 904 | 963 | 958 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 097 | 0 . 133 | 0 . 088 | 0 . 121 | 0 . 070 | 0 . 102 | _Notes : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . This table reports OLS estimates for the second definition of demobilization ( _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + 2 < / sup > and _Di_ < sup > _FNL_2 < / sup > ) . We grouped households into five employment categories : farming , small business , construction , public sector , and extractive activity . We define as the main occupation the one which generated the highest income the year before the survey . Constructing this variable was problematic for households that did not report the revenue associated with their activities . These households are therefore excluded in columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . In columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) , households that did not report their revenue but only engaged in one type of activity are included . In columns ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) , we also add the households that did not report their revenue and engaged in multiple activities by assuming that their main income generating activity was the nonagricultural one . In all columns , the", "spans": [{"start": 513, "end": 539, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY development plan and surveying of the settlement where 384 < sup > 2 < / sup > beneficiaries will be issued with title deeds for 352 plots . The planning and survey element which will culminate in the tenure regularization that will lead to impacts associated with partial demolition of residential and business structures as well as temporal disruption of business livelihoods . The resettlement impact is particularly related to activities proposed in the approved LPDP which include opening of access through improving road network . * * 1 . 4 Objective of the ARAP * * The objective of this Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) is to identify and mitigate all social impacts caused by the tenure regularization to people ’ s assets and sources of livelihood in the Settlement . Further , this ARAP provides Project Affected Persons with facilitation for their affected assets at full replacement cost , livelihood restoration measures while at the same providing support to vulnerable PAPs . Additionally , a Grievance Redress Mechanism was established to receive and resolve grievances arising from resettlement , titling compensation and other Component 2 related grievances * * 1 . 5 Scope of the ARAP * * The scope of the assignment involved the following : a . < mark > Develop ARAP for the settlement in line with national legislations , KISIP Resettlement Policy Framework and World Bank ’ s OP 4 . 12 < / mark > b . < mark > Study the Socio-economic reports undertaken during planning and surveying aimed at identifying data relevance , adequacy and the gaps therein in preparation of the ARAP . < / mark > c . < mark > Develop innovative resettlement options ( Legally sound , socially , economically and environmentally sustainable ) for the affected persons based on existing situation and context of the settlement as well as best global resettlement practices . < / mark > d . < mark > Conduct", "spans": [{"start": 1578, "end": 1600, "text": "Socio-economic reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s s 1 < sup > + xx < / sup > s 2 < sup > + XX < / sup > 3 < sup > + uu < / sup > s ss < sup > ) = xx < / sup > ss < sup > ββββ < / sup > ss < sup > ββ < / sup > ss < sup > , s = 1 , . . . , S , m = 1 , . . . , Ms ; a = 1 , . . . , Asm . < / sup > The state-level effect ( 2 ) G ( yy is omitted because of the inclusion of a full set of state dummy variables Xs as independent variables . This mechanically causes the estimated variance of to be zero , due ss to the lack of variation across states in the residual after controlling for state dummies , which υυ ss effectively drops from the model . In other words , the state-level estimates are generated from υυ what is essentially a fixed effect estimator instead of a conditional random effect estimator . This ss is possible when generating state-level estimates , but not municipal level estimates , because the υυ survey is sufficiently large to estimate state level results precisely . < sup > 8 < / sup > To generate the small area point estimates , the procedure simulates 100 draws from a normal distribution for both the random error term s s estimates ) for each AGEB j . These estimates are then back-transformed , averaged across ss < sup > and the area effect υυ ( or υυ < / sup > ss < sup > for the state level < / sup > simulations , and finally aggregated across AGEBs to generate municipal or state-level estimates . uu When aggregating across AGEBs , we weight using estimated population from WorldPop . < sup > 9 < / sup > Mean squared error estimates are obtained from a parametric bootstrap procedure , as proposed by Gonzalez-Manteiga et al . ( 2007 ) and implemented in the R EMDI package ( Kreutzmann et al . , 2018 ) , based on the theory developed by Butar ( 1997 ) and", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 877, "text": "υυ survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1464, "end": 1472, "text": "WorldPop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been assessed based on field observations and review of previous studies in the subproject area and surroundings . In addition , interviews with the local stakeholders and local people were conducted to collect additional information or to confirm the information obtained from the above sources . The conservation status of the faunal species recorded from the study area was determined from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ( Version 2022-2 ) . _Wildlife Habitats : _ As described in section 4 . 3 . 1 above , most of the natural habitats of the subproject corridor have been extensively transformed into intensive land uses including cultivation , livestock grazing , exotic trees plantation and settlements . As a result , the subproject corridor contains very limited habitats that could support wildlife except hippos and birdlife . This situation is reflected in the fact that the ESIA team didn ’ t encounter any wild animals during the field visit in the subproject influence area except hippos . The relatively less disturbed or modified habitats in the area include Cheleleka Swamp and Tikur Weha river and its shoreline that together with Lake Hawassa support some population of hippos , which are < mark > semi-aquatic mammals < / mark > . _Wildlife Resources : _ # # # # # # _ ( i ) Mammals_ As indicated above , the study team didn ’ t come across any terrestrial wild animals in the subproject corridor during the field survey . However , local residents and experts in the relevant sub-cities and woreda offices interviewed during the field visit reported the presence of nine large mammalian fauna within the study area . These include nocturnal wild animals that dwell in burrows like Hyenas , Crested Porcupine & Aardvark , and animals that are adapted to inhabit in disturbed or modified habitats such as Common Jackal , Common Warthog , Grivet Monkey & Abyssinian Hare . The local informants also indicated that Hyenas visit mainly the peripheries of Shashemene and Haw", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 432, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". such as those prevailing during the project ' s implementation , fertilizer use in Ethiopia is profitable and can be economically efficient . In view of recent international fertilizer price increases , the fertilizer stock left over from 2009-10 may also generate marginal net benefits ( see figure 1 ) . . Table 1 : Results from Benefit-Cost Analysis ( most likely scenario ) | | Value-CostRatio | NetBenefits < br > CUSSmillion ) . | Benefit-Cost Ratio | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Aggregate estimate | 2 . 4 | 667 . 9 | 3 . 78 | | Teffonly | 1 . 4 | 144 . 1 | 2 . 20 | | Maize only | 2 . 6 | 231 . 5 | 4 . 11 | | Wheat only | 3 . 3 | 302 . 7 | 5 . 21 | 45 . A sensitivity test under more conservative assumptions ( lower bounds ) shows that the project produced positive returns even under the unfavorable assumptions . The breakeven point for net benefits to become negative and the benefit-cost ratio to drop below 1 would require a VCR below 0 . 63 , which appears unlikely , as even under unfavorable cropping conditions no study data support such a low VCR . In the upper-bound scenario , which is mainly dependent on the precision of the VCRs calculated by DSA , the net benefit stream would be US $ 1 , 164 . 9 million with a benefit-cost ratio of 5 . 85 . - 13 -", "spans": [{"start": 1043, "end": 1053, "text": "study data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ADELE Project subcomponent 3 . 1 office members will be promptly informed of any changes to environmental and social policies , procedures , or significant aspects affecting employee activities via email or meetings . The ADELE Project subcomponent 3 . 1 office will utilize existing media , including internet , intranet , employee newsletters , and bulletin boards , to communicate about environmental awareness , ecofriendly tips , and environmental policies at various levels . # # # # * * 9 . 4 . 2 External Communication * * Environmental and Social inquires , information delivery and complaints communicated by interested parties are forwarded to the ADELE Project subcomponent 3 . 1 office at the federal and to Woreda ESMS focal persons . Woreda ESMS focal person will document inquires or complaints collected using checklist ( _Annex 11_ and _Annex 14_ ) and will be documented electronically in the ESMS database . The inquiry and or complaint will be forwarded to the ESMS unit / focal person who will review on a case-by-case basis . The ESMS Environmental and Social Communication form and related documentation ( attachments ) are electronically maintained by ESMS units in the ESMS drive . The information on the form includes : | i ) | Date and time of communication | | - - - | - - - | | ii ) | Inquiry or complaint | | iii ) | Name , Address and Phone Number , Internal or External Party | | iv ) | Nature of Inquiry | | v ) | Occurrence received by ( internal personnel ) | | vi ) | Response | | vii ) | Response Date | | viii ) | Respondent ( internal personnel ) | The ADELE Project subcomponent 3 . 1 office shall be communicated and aware of external comments or complaints that require attention ; Public inquiries on environmental and social policy shall be made available for public on the MoWE ’ s website . 60", "spans": [{"start": 912, "end": 925, "text": "ESMS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Demand curve < br > A < br > p < br > B C < br > P < br > D E < br > 0 Q Q1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Figure 2 : Illustration of consumer surplus method calculation_ The value of area C depends on the shape of the demand curve . The simplest assumption is a linear demand curve ( a straight line ) between the two observed points . But if the demand curve is convex to the origin , as theory suggests , then the linear demand curve overestimates the amount of consumer surplus . It is therefore recommended to use a constant elasticity ( log linear ) curve . Alternatively , it is possible to assume only a fraction of linear demand curve consumer surplus estimate . The present analysis uses a linear demand curve for simplicity , but considers only 1 / 3 of the consumer surplus benefits derived from this linear curve . # # # # * * Data * * Willingness to pay of households is derived from household surveys undertaken in May 2012 in Kayole Soweto involving 117 households with no water connections and 128 households on improved sanitation facilities . The surveys show that the households in the un-serviced villages pay up to KES 175 / m < sup > 3 < / sup > of water and between KES 2 and 5 per use of available toilets . Also the survey shows that the households are normally responsible for the exhausting of the pit latrines at a cost ranging from KES 250 per drum of sludge and KES 2500 per truck where mechanised services are provided . Willingness to pay for the improvement was expressed by 92 % of the residents interviewed as opposed to 8 % who did not . Monthly payment is the most preferred method of payment for 96 % while 4 % prefer the Pay as you Use method . The average amount people are willing and able to pay was cited as KES 2 for Pay", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 962, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "risk management and overall governance were not effective . # # # # # # * * Basis for conclusion * * # # # # # # * * Delayed Implementation of Projects * * Examination of records for the Project * * ( JPIP ) * * as at * * 30 * * June , 2020 revealed that work certified in respect of contractors totalled to Kshs . 5 , 175 , 142 , 583 . 68 out of the contract sum amounting to Kshs . 6 , 892 , 064 , 478 . However , analysis of the project status provided * * by * * the Project Coordinator indicated that twenty ( 20 ) out of the twenty-eight * * ( 28 ) * * projects were still under construction . An audit inspection of sampled projects during the month of November , 2020 revealed delay in completion of projects . The audit was conducted in accordance with * * ISSAI 2315 * * and * * ISSAI 2330 . * * The standards require that * * I * * plan and perform the audit to obtain assurance about whether effective processes and systems of internal control , risk management and overall governance were _Report of the Auditor-General on the Judicial Performance Improvement Project ( IDA Credit No . _ * * _5181_ * * _KE ) for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , 2020_ * * 3 * *", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 194, "text": "records for the Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "children younger than 5 years in the household , and height-for-age Z-score . The effects on child cognition of demographic controls in the table are in the expected direction . Z-scores of children living in urban areas are 0 . 33 standard deviation higher than those of children living in urban areas . In addition , children ’ s nutritional status also affects performance in the PPVT . The coefficients for wealth are positive , statistically significant , and among the highest , which is in line with research that points to socio-economic status gradients of cognition as measured by vocabulary ( Schady 2011 ; Paxson and Schady 2007 ; Fernald et al . 2011 ; Naudeau et al . 2011 ; Schady et al 2015 ) . We next explore whether these negative impacts hold three years after the first measure of vocabulary . Using data of child vocabulary at the age of 8 , we estimate the model presented in equations ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) . The main results are presented in Table IV . Our estimations show that maternal depression has no effect on child vocabulary at the age of 8 . Not only the estimated coefficients are not statistically significant , but also their sizes are very small – that is , the vocabulary of children whose mothers ’ experienced mental health problems when they were 1 year old caught up with the vocabulary of children whose mothers did not suffer mental health problems . These results suggest that the effect of exposure to maternal depression during early childhood need not undermine language development permanently and exposure to rich vocabulary environments later on during childhood can compensate earlier developmental gaps . For our sample , it is possible that the convergence in vocabulary development is explained by the fact that by the time they reached age 8 , all children had had exposure to formal education opportunities ( 99 . 9 % of children in our sample ) , which may have a compensatory effect on children ’ s vocabulary development . Still , given that early vocabulary constitutes a foundational skill that facilitates the development of other cognitive skills ( and potentially socio-emotional skills as well ) , based on our results we cannot rule out", "spans": [{"start": 821, "end": 845, "text": "data of child vocabulary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 22 - population density and adequate transport facilities to make rural services accessible to the villages and so may be less applicable to large parts of Sub-Saharan Africa . We hypothesize that the absence of relatively cheap , labor-intensive goods and services in rural areas will result in a slower shift of demand from foods to services in Sub-Saharan Africa than in Asia , with consequent weaker demand linkages to the rural nonfarm economy . Of the few household expenditure studies which allow assessment of African rural consumption linkages , the most comparable were uiadertaken for farm households in Gusau , Northern Nigeria ( Hazell and Roell , 1983 ) , rural households in Sierra Leone ( King and Byerlee , 1977 ) , and households in three villages in Zaria Province , Northern Nigeria ( Simmons , 1976b ) . These are suumarized in Table 9 together with comparable results for farm households from two Asian studies : the Mud & region of Malaysia ( Hazoll and Roell , 1983 ) and North Arcot district , South India ( Hazell and Ramasamy , forthcoming ) . As the data in Table 9 indicate , African spending patterns support far less rural nonfarm activity than do those in Asia . Average expenditure on rurally produced nonfoods averages about 18 percent in Muda and North Arcot , double the roughly nine percent prevailing in Gusau and Sierra Leone . And with the marginal budget shares , crucial predictors of the linkages to be anticipated from growing incomes , the gap widens . African consumers in Gusau and Sierra Leone spend only 11 to 12 percent of incremental income on rurally-produced nonfoods , while the comparable Asian figures from M uda and Gusau stand at 31 to 26 percent , triple those in Africa . In part , this difference arises because African consumers spend far more of their average and marginal income on rurally-produced foods . While total rural consumption linkages ( on foods plus non-foods ) are approximately equal in the cases reviewed , the Asia data indicate greater diversity into nonfoods .", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 493, "text": "household expenditure studies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1992, "end": 2001, "text": "Asia data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is inflated compared to survey data , including survey data supplemented with estimated tax income . Tax evasion and off-the-books wages could account for the overstated prevalence of minimum wage earners in tax records . * * The prevalence of minimum wage recipients exhibits noteworthy variation across several employee categories , economic sectors , geographical regions , and types of firms . * * Among genders , women outpace men in being minimum wage earners . This trend is also observable among part-time workers compared to their full-time counterparts . The youngest employees stand out , with a higher proportion being minimum wage earners . Across various sectors of the economy , the proportion of minimum wage earners displays substantial diversity . Specific sectors ( such as construction , food and accommodation , transport , and storage ) witness over 40 % of their workforce fall within this category . Conversely , in other sectors ( like mining , education , public administration , and electricity , gas , and steam ) , the proportion of minimum wage earners is below 10 % . Microenterprises exhibit a notably elevated share of minimum wage earners , potentially attributed to unreported payments and tax compliance challenges . 48", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 35, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 27 . 30 | 35 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 35 . 00 | | Date | 30-Mar-2012 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2018 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724959 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 2 < br > EDHS . Update to be | 011 Ethiopia Demographic Healt < br > provided by 2019 Mini-DHS . | h Survey ( EDHS ) Report | and previous data from 2016 | ► Percent of Woredas in non emerging regions delivering vitamin A supplements to children ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 48 . 00 < br > 69 . 00 | 69 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 30-Dec-2016 < br > 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724960 ~ ~ | Data source : Nutrition Data Verification Joint Revie | w Mission , December 2018 . | | # # # # ► Contraceptive Prevalence Rate ( for Rural women only ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 32 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 38 . 00 | | Date | 31-Oct-2016 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724961 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 20 < br > 2019", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 224, "text": "EDHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 292, "end": 305, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Supply * * Based on World Bank Enterprise Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2020 , 8 . 4 percent of the firms in the world chose electricity as the biggest obstacle affecting their businesses . The main reason for this is the unreliability of power supply , with outages taking place 29 times on average per month in South Asia and eight times per month in Sub-Saharan Africa . < sup > 4 < / sup > Despite the negative impacts of electricity shortages on growth and productivity , empirical evidence remains limited . However , the emerging literature supports the positive contribution of a reliable electricity supply to firm productivity ( Grainger and Zhang , 2019 ; Fisher-Vanden et al , 2015 ) and competitiveness ( Mensah , 2018 ) , as well as to household income ( Samad and Zhang , 2017 ) . One of the first studies to address this issue was Fisher-Vanden et al ( 2015 ) , which examined how firms responded to severe power shortages in China in the early 2000s . The research found that firms in regions with greater shortages decreased factor shares of electricity for production , while substituting other factors of production , but without any evidence of an increase in selfgeneration of electricity . An overall decrease in other non-electrical sources of energy indicates that these primary energy sources are complementary inputs in producing the intermediate products that have been outsourced in response to electricity shortages . The unit production > 4 https : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / en / data / 21", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 52, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * A * * relatively narrow ( less than 40m ) riverine vegetation type was observed in valleys formed perianal rivers such as Wodecha and Shaya Rivers , found along the transmission line route . It is a riverine forest that is found on the river banks . The major tree species in this vegetation types include Podocarpus falcatus , _Schefflera abyssinica ( Gitem ) , Olea europaea_ ( Weyra ) , Erythrina brucei ( Korch ) , Croton macrostchayus ( Bisana ) , Ficus sur ( Shola ) , _Cordia africana ( Wanza ) , Millettia ferruginea_ ( Birbira ) , and _Prunus africanus_ ( Tikur Inchet ) , Baphia _abyssinica , Mimosups kummel and Ficus sycomorus_ as well as the woody climbers such _as Saba comorons and Hippocreata pallaensforms_ closed forest canopy and characterized * * by * * low undergrowth ( Photo * * 5 ) . * * Endemic plant was not recorded in this plant community . Most sections of the TL route corridor of the Subproject traversed area is under high environmental degradation and the habitat condition is not suitable for many wild animals . However , river valleys and hill areas , especially in Lode Hitosa and Diksis Woreda , support some wildlife adapted to modified environments . Hence , patches of remnant trees and patches of plantation areas found in the transmission line route corridors are home for some wildlife species particularly for the primate species such as different monkey species that are adapted to disturbed habitats . As reported * * by * * the woreda officials and local peoples during the field survey , the main mammal species found in the area include Anubis Baboon , Grivet Monkey , Colobus Monkey , Hyena , Crested Porcupine , Bush Pig , Common fox", "spans": [{"start": 1526, "end": 1538, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Number of PSNP core clients with livelihood business plan financed ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 393 , 276 . 00 | | 541 , 066 . 00 | 300 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 31-May-2017 | 30-Apr-2020 | | 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : EFY 2012 2 < br > 2012 Q2 is 34 , 657 c | nd Quarter Report . This is a < br > lients with business plans fina | cumula < br > nced | tive figure . The increm | ent up to the end of EFY | # < u > < mark > IN00936012 < / mark > < / u > ► Impact assessment for the livelihoods component designed and implemented ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | YES - ongoing | YES - ongoing | Follow up survey < br > implemented and final < br > impact evaluation < br > report completed | | Date | 08-Jun-2017 | 30-Apr-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Intervention for the L < br > implemented betwe < br > design was being ad < br > COVID-19 , all data | ivelihoods Transfer IE was roll < br > en December 2019 – February < br > hered to . The endline was pla < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) | Area provided with new / improved < br > irrigation or drainage services | demonstrations by the < br > project < br > This indicator measures the < br > total area of land provided < br > with irrigation and drainage < br > services under the project , < br > including in ( i ) the area < br > provided with new irrigation < br > and drainage services , and < br > ( ii ) the area provided with < br > improved irrigation and < br > drainage services , expressed < br > in hectare ( ha ) . | Quarterly | Quarterly < br > progress < br > report | Routine data < br > collection / GEMS | PCU | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Area provided with new irrigation or < br > drainage services | Measures in hectares the < br > total area of land provided < br > with new or improved < br > irrigation or drainage < br > services in operations < br > supported by the World < br > Bank . | Quarterly | Quarterly < br > progress < br > reports | Routine data < br > collection / GEMS | PCU | | Area provided with improved < br > irrigation or drainage services | Measures in hectares the < br > total area of land provided < br > with new or improved < br > irrigation or drainage < br > services in operations < br > supported by the World < br > Bank . | Quarterly | Quarterly < br > progress < br > reports | Routine data < br > collection / GEMS | PCU | | Percentage of host and refugee < br > community members who believe their < br", "spans": [{"start": 702, "end": 706, "text": "GEMS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Demirguc-Kunt ( 2011 ) , applying the recent advances made in the risk pricing literature < sup > 6 < / sup > to an international sample of publicly traded banks in 63 countries . Finally , the cross-country nature of our dataset allows us to examine the impact of the institutional and regulatory environment on systemic stability as well as the relationship between competition and correlated risk taking behavior of banks , which are of particular interest for policy . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the construction of the sample and variables . Section 3 presents the empirical results and discusses the implications . Section 4 concludes . # * * 2 . Data and Empirical Methodology * * # * * 2 . 1 . Sample * * In this section we describe the data sources used in this paper . We obtain bank level financial information from Bankscope . We use stock market information from Compustat Global for international banks and stock market information from CRSP for U . S . banks . The Bankscope database reports detailed balance sheet and income statement information for both public and private banks and covers over 90 % of the total banking assets in a given country . The Compustat Global database provides daily stock price information for both active and delisted companies accounting for 98 % of the global stock market capitalization . CRSP is the standard source for stock price information of U . S . companies . Our final sample consists of 1 , 872 unique publicly traded banks in 63 countries from 1997 to 2009 . Sample size varies across regression specifications because not all variables are available for all bank year observations . # * * 2 . 2 . Systemic Default Risk Measure * * We use the Merton ( 1974 ) contingent claim framework to measure bank default risk . This approach treats the equity value of a company as a call option on the company ’ s assets . The probability of default is computed using the “ distance-to-default ” measure , which is the difference between the asset value of the firm and the face value of its debt , scaled by the standard deviation of", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 881, "text": "bank level financial information from Bankscope", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 966, "end": 990, "text": "stock market information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1025, "end": 1043, "text": "Bankscope database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1216, "end": 1241, "text": "Compustat Global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> IDA / 65980 | Gender Based Violence Resp < br > onse | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Limited | 332 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation | 2021-10-29 < br > 2021-10-05 | | | | 2021-11-06 | | | 2021-11-13 | 2021-11-30 | | 2022-05-29 | | KE-MOH-268646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand plannin < br > g , blood and blood products f < br > orecasting , quantification an < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector | < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Limited | 270 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-12-21 | | | | 2022-01-04 | | | 2022-02-03 | 2022-03-10 | | 2022-09-06 | | KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to gui < br > de community engagement a < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recover < br > yfrom COVID-19 in Kenya | < br > < br > < br > IDA / 65980 | Community discussion and i < br > nformation outreach | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Limited | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To create this resource , a variety of instruments can be employed . On the demand side , a set of information-gathering tools are briefly assessed and the most promising one - - the household energy survey - - is delineated in more detail . For this type of survey , key considerations are presented concerning overall design , sample selection , questionnaire design , logistics and fieldwork , and data processing . On the supply side , techniques for understanding the dynamics of comnmercial and traditional fuel supply wil be outlined in an upcoming Energy Department paper . ' This paper was prepared by Josef Leitmann ( Energy Planner , ESMAP ) , with the assistance of Zouhair Souissi ( Summer Intern , World Bank ) . Advice from the field was provided by Samir Amous , Doug Barnes , Michel Matly , Gordon McGranahan and Azedine Ouerghi .", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 206, "text": "household energy survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which entity will be receiving and managing those items , based on their mandates and existing modus operandi . Subcomponent 2 . 3 will be coordinated by MoWE and implemented by MoWE , EDRMC , BDOs , and EMI , in coordination with relevant regional governments and woreda administrations . Sub-component 2 . 4 will be led by MoWE and implemented by MoWE and the Basin Development Offices depending on the type and location of the activity , in coordination with the relevant entities , such as MoUDI for urban flood risk management . # # # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements * * 58 . * * Baseline and Targets of the Results Framework . * * Component 1 has been designed based on existing DRM strategies and plans , and is in line with the direction of the ongoing DRM reform . The baseline conditions of , and expected outcomes from , the FMP activities were assessed by the Technical Working Group under the EDRMC with the support of World Bank-executed technical assistance activity during project preparation . Component 2 has been designed by the Technical Working Group on Flood Risk Management with the support of World Bank-executed technical assistance activity , which helped prepare a national-level flood risk map and a strategic investment framework for flood risk management for Ethiopia to be used for FMP . These became the basis for the indicators and targets in the Results Framework for Component 2 . 59 . * * M & E . * * Project monitoring will be carried out regularly , and will include physical and financial progress , progress of the indicators in the Results Framework , and compliance with the Environmental and Social Framework and fiduciary regulations . Throughout project implementation , the implementing entities ( MoWE , EDRMC , and EMI ) will prepare biannual progress reports in line with the procedures established in the POM . The results framework will be reviewed semi-annually and updated , if necessary . A thorough midterm review will be conducted to assess project performance and lessons learned , and make any changes", "spans": [{"start": 1215, "end": 1244, "text": "national-level flood risk map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ensure that only low-cost private schools self-select to participate in the program ; the original amount was also purposely set at half the estimated per-student cost in the public school system . < sup > 1 < / sup > In return for receiving the subsidy benefit , the program school has to , among other things , waive tuition and fees for all students and ensure that the school achieves a minimum student pass rate in the Quality Assurance Test ( QAT ) . Program schools that satisfy the above conditions are also eligible for other substantial cash benefits offered on an annual basis : group-based bonuses for teachers in schools that achieve high QAT pass rates / mean scores and competitive bonuses for schools that rank highest in the QAT in each main program district . Each of the above incentive features ( the structure of the benefits as well as the benefit eligibility rules ) represents key program innovations in the education field that may induce participation , equity , and learning gains . < sup > 2 < / sup > We are not aware of any other program in a developing country which combines these innovations into a single intervention . As of June 2010 , the FAS program has proceeded through six phases of expansion and supports 798 , 000 students in 1 , 779 schools in 29 of the 36 districts in the province , making it one of the largest PPP initiatives in education in the developing world . The learning data used in the study come from the QAT . The QAT is a curriculum-based , multi-subject , written test offered biannually in program schools . It is designed by professional subject specialists in PEF , and , starting with QAT 4 , the administration of the test was competitively outsourced to independent testing agencies . The testing agencies are expected to adhere to the testing protocols set by PEF , with testing agency compliance monitoring by PEF at all program schools . Importantly , the testing agencies are instructed by PEF to follow preestablished procedures to control for certain types of potential strategic responses of schools ( i . e . , cheating in a broad sense ) that may artificially raise test scores", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Uganda Energy for Rural Transformation III ( P133312 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 171 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jan-2015 | 04-Nov-2016 | 22-Jun-2017 | 31-Dec-2020 | # # Overall Comments # # * * Global Environmental Objective Indicators * * |  CO2 emissions reduced / avoided as a result of the project ( Tones / year , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 120 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 14-May-2015 | 04-Nov-2016 | 22-Jun-2017 | 31-Dec-2020 | # # Overall CommentsPHGEOCMTS # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Total length of distrib | ution lines constructed under the | project ( Kilometers , Custom | ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 1 , 850 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jan-2015 | 04-Nov-2016 | 22-Jun-2017 | 31-Dec-2020 | 7 / 19 / 2017 Page 5 of 11 Public Disclosure", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "how to utilize the methodology for a country-specific analysis . The rest of this paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the data and methodology while Section 3 shares a descriptive analysis . In Section 4 we present and discuss regression results . Section 5 concludes and offers five policy messages for a more inclusive and successful green labor force and economy . # 2 Data We use the Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series ( PALMS ) dataset ( Kerr et al . 2019 ) . PALMS is constructed from several South African Labour Force Surveys for the years 1993-2019 , < sup > 13 < / sup > curated and harmonized by DataFirst at the University of Cape Town . We extract the Quarterly Labour Force Survey ( QLFS ) 2012-2019 data from the PALMS dataset for our analysis . The QLFS is a nationally representative household survey collected by the national statistical agency Statistics South Africa ( Stats SA ) since 2008 . It includes data on the labor market activities of individuals aged 15 years and older who live in South Africa . Each survey samples approximately 33 , 000 dwelling units based on about 3 , 324 Primary Sampling Units ( PSUs ) . For each quarter of the QLFS , a quarter of the sampled dwellings are rotated out of > 11 Examples of studies that make projections about employment due to the transition to a greener South African economy include Rutovitz ( 2010 ) , Maia et al . ( 2011 ) and Merven et al . ( 2019 ) . 12 As of 2019 , there were approximately 16 . 4 million jobs in South Africa . > 13 The PALMS dataset includes the 1993 Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development ( PSLSD ) , the annual October Household Surveys ( 1994-1999 ) , the biannual Labour Force Surveys ( 20002007 ) and the Quarterly Labour Force Surveys ( 2008-2019 ) . We only use the QLFS 2012-2019 in this analysis . 4", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 457, "text": "Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series ( PALMS ) dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 682, "end": 711, "text": "Quarterly Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 758, "text": "PALMS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1647, "end": 1672, "text": "October Household Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1693, "end": 1722, "text": "biannual Labour Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1744, "end": 1774, "text": "Quarterly Labour Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1807, "end": 1821, "text": "QLFS 2012-2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Conclusions * * Despite the growing policy relevance of climate migration and the acceleration of climate change impacts , our understanding of the causal relationship between climate shocks and human mobility outcomes remains limited . While this is in part due to the existence of severe data gaps , there is much that can be done to inform policy making , even with the current data . In this paper , we carried out an empirical test which shows that coupling rich household survey data and theoretical insights with recently developed data-driven techniques is a promising route that can shed new light on the key drivers underlying heterogeneous mobility responses in the face of climate risk and help target groups most at risk of resource-constrained immobility . We find that pre-shock wealth , _in situ_ adaptive capacity , and repeated exposure are the most important drivers able to determine not only the magnitude but even the sign of the effects of weather anomalies on the ( im ) mobility outcomes of Nigerian farming households . While local adaptive capacity acts as a substitute for migration , the importance of climate-induced immobility is consistent with recent global evidence that many people will be trapped in impoverished and troubled regions and that climate-induced poverty is likely to be a real threat < mark > ( Burzyński et al . , 2022 ) . T < / mark > he inability to migrate in reaction to climate change is an important and neglected policy concern ( Castells-Quintana et al . , 2018 ) and stresses the need for policies that facilitate both local adaptation as well as more internal migration to lift vulnerable people out of poverty traps ( Kraay & McKenzie , 2014 ) . If there is an inflection point at which migration starts to decrease as households get substantially wealthier and , in turn , become able to adapt _in situ — _ i . e . , a kind of ' climate migration Kuznets curve ' — we do not observe it , most likely because even relatively richer Nigerian farming households are still poor . In terms of policy prescriptions , our findings suggest that , in this and similar contexts , any onesize-fits-all approach for the", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 499, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNHCR Manila 6 / F GC Corporate Plaza ( JAKA 2 Building ) 150 Legaspi Street Legaspi Village , 1226 Makati City , Manila Telephone : + 63 ( 02 ) 403-2336 Website : www . unhcr . ph UNHCR Cotabato 26 Ilang-Ilang Street corner Rosales Street Rosales Heights 6 , 9600 Cotabato City Telephone : + 63 ( 064 ) 421-7940 Website : www . unhcr . ph Email : phicoprc @ unhcr . org * * DISCLAIMER * * The Annual Mindanao Displacement Dashboard aims to provide a starting point for information and analysis that can help protection agencies , policy makers and other stakeholders concerning instances of forced displacement or solutions ( repatriation , resettlement , integration ) . The number of people displaced / affected may differ from the number in need of humanitarian assistance . To the extent possible , the terminology used in the Dashboard reflects the _UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement_ and other sources of international law and practice . The information reported in the Annual Mindanao Displacement Dashboard has been received from members of the Protection Cluster across Mindanao . Consequently , unreported cases of forced displacement and solutions are not reflected . Updates will be provided as and when more information is received from members . Although efforts are made to verify the data , the UNHCR Mindanao , Philippines takes no responsibility for the incompleteness or inaccuracy of the information . The information provided in this Annual Mindanao Displacement Dashboard does not necessarily reflect the views of UNHCR or any individual member of the Protection Cluster . © UNHCR Philippines / E . Monato * * 16 * *", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 432, "text": "Annual Mindanao Displacement Dashboard", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "organize annual consultative workshops , which engage customers in planning and decision-making for the rollout plan — directing particular attention to the inclusion of vulnerable customers and discussing / validating the proposed rollout plan . The results of such consultations will be agreed upon with participants and documented and posted on the companies ’ websites , clearly defining the actions that will be taken . During the civil works , the contractors will be required to maintain billboards with information about the works and the hotline numbers / channels for residents to use . One citizen engagement indicator for each utility is included in the results framework : Complaints received which are responded and resolved within the specified timeframe . 74 . * * Gender . * * The project is in alignment with the World Bank Gender Strategy 2024 – 2030 and gender equality focus areas of the CPF . It will include a strong gender equality dimension to be implemented by EEP and EEU based on their institutional gender equality context with the common objective of narrowing the gender gap in the Ethiopian energy sector . Despite past and ongoing efforts , gender equality gaps in EEP remain high , especially in relation to the equitable participation of the female workforce across the EEP structure . A recent EEP HR data < sup > 17 < / sup > shows that out of the total staff of 8 , 188 , only 1 , 337 ( 16 . 3 percent ) are women and 6 , 851 ( 83 . 7 percent ) are male . Women in technical fields are only 10 percent ( 112 from the total of 1 , 128 ) and women in top and senior management positions are only 6 percent ( 5 from the total of 76 ) and at the management level 12 percent ( 55 from the total of 459 ) . The share of female staff with second degrees are only 21 . 2 percent , and with first degree is only 16 . 5 percent . EEP will lead the large stock of gender equality work and a gender specialist who provides technical support for the design and", "spans": [{"start": 1330, "end": 1341, "text": "EEP HR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "First , the data available on non-monetary outcomes xij can be noisier than the data ˆ available on monetary outcomes . When selecting a variable xij capturing a non-monetary dimension j , there often is a trade-off between at least three conflicting goals . We present these three goals when assuming that health is the dimension j for which variables must be selected . 1 . xˆij approximates xij with limited noise . - Self-reported health surveys lack the objectivity of medical check-ups and thus noisily capture the health status of respondents . Many variables like vaccines administred or access to clinics relate to health inputs and thus noisily capture health outcomes . 2 . xˆij offers a good coverage of dimension j . Having received a vaccine or having delivered a baby in a clinic only capture very limited aspects of a person ’ s health . Indeed , they both ignore disabilities , nutritional status , chronic diseases , etc . Arguably , self-reported surveys like EQ5D provide a larger coverage of a person ’ s health ( Szende et al . , 2014 ) . 3 . xˆij is available or cheaply collected . Medical check-ups could provide a broad coverage of a person ’ s health with limited noise , but their cost could be prohibitive . In most cases , the variable xˆij that provides the best trade-off between these three conflicting goals is not cardinal , but rather ordinal or even categorical . As a result , the practitioner must rely on indicators that can accommodate ordinal data . Second , the joint distribution between outcomes in different dimensions j and j < sup > ′ < / sup > is often missing . The inter-personal comparisons presented in Figure 2 require not only partial distributions ( xi1 ) i ∈ R and ( xi2 ) i ∈ R but also the joint distribution . Without the joint distribution , an individual ’ s achievement vector ( xi1 , xi2 ) is not known and we thus ignore whether an individual cumulates low achievements in several dimensions . One problem is that non-monetary outcomes are often collected through different surveys than monetary outcomes . At global level , monetary outcomes are collected through LSMS-type surveys while non-monetary outcomes", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 449, "text": "Self-reported health surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2130, "end": 2147, "text": "LSMS-type surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Ignorance of bulk discounts * * Is it possible that many people in Tanzania simply do not know of the available bulk discounts ? We are doubtful . When we conducted informal interviews with individuals in the study area , everyone was well aware of bulk discounts for a wide range of consumption items . Furthermore , many households personally experience non-linear prices . Column 5 of Table 3 shows the results of item-level regressions of unit price on quantity , with household fixed effects . Even _within household_ , bulk discounts are present . The members of households that purchase items multiple times — exactly those that are foregoing potential consumption by not buying in bulk — are surely aware of the available discounts . # * * Rationing consumption * * Could it be that people avoid buying in bulk as a way to limit their consumption ? A sophisticated but present-biased agent would forego bulk purchasing in order to prevent her future self from over-consuming ( Laibson , 1997 ; O ’ Donoghue and Rabin , 1999 ) . Relatedly , shoppers may not trust other household members to control their consumption , and so may limit stocks as a form of rationing . In focus-group discussions we heard numerous variations on this theme . < sup > 18 < / sup > If rationing is present , it is most likely to occur on items that are “ temptation goods ” — goods which , if held in stock , are likely to be consumed too quickly relative to one ’ s _ex ante_ plan . Because temptation goods are culturally specific , we conducted a survey in Tanzania to measure the temptingness of the study items . We invited Tanzanian staff members from recent survey projects to rank the study items on a five-point scale ( 1 = not at all tempting ; 5 = tempting for essentially everyone who consumes the item ) . These respondents implement consumption surveys and speak regularly with households about their economic choices — in essence , they constitute a panel of experts . We asked respondents to > 18The story of one respondent in Bukoba can be paraphrased as follows : “ We know that we need 1 kilogram", "spans": [{"start": 1542, "end": 1560, "text": "survey in Tanzania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1839, "end": 1858, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_highly concentrated in a few producer countries or the main world supplier is China were more vulnerable to the pandemic . _ The COVID-19 shock may have adversely affected productivity due to reduced mobility and the disruption in in-person production activities but less so for more complex and knowledgeintensive products . This is because , for such products , productivity relies more on knowledge collaborations that were effectively shifted to virtual exchanges . The exponential growth of virtual online interactions for research and innovation collaborations - critical for productivity - and the wider use of virtual platforms have proven to be highly effective as is illustrated by the surprisingly quick responses to the pandemic , namely the rapid development of vaccines ( Paunov and PlanesSatorra , 2021 ) . Our third hypothesis to test in the empirical work is as follows : _H3 : The productivity of complex and knowledge-intensive production processes may increase relative to that of less complex and knowledge-intensive processes since the former benefited more from remote work interactions . Hence less complex and knowledge - intensive products were more vulnerable to the pandemic . _ # * * 2 . Data * * # * * High-frequency bilateral product level trade data * * Our analysis relies on several sources of data . For trade outcomes , we use monthly data on import flows at the product level by the major markets of the 27 EU countries , Japan , and the US from January 2018 to December 2020 . The specific sources of data are , respectively , Eurostat monthly trade flows for EU countries , the Ministry of Finance for Japan , and the United States International Trade Commission for the US . These data are exploited to examine the evolution of export flows 8", "spans": [{"start": 1233, "end": 1282, "text": "High-frequency bilateral product level trade data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1364, "end": 1392, "text": "monthly data on import flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1566, "end": 1594, "text": "Eurostat monthly trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "path . Supported by strong performance of domestic revenues and some reduction in spending , the fiscal deficit for FY2021 / 22 was brought down to 6 . 2 percent of GDP ; it is projected to reach 5 . 7 percent of GDP in FY2022 / 23 , as additional revenue mobilization and expenditure rationalization measures are implemented . Revenues reached 17 . 3 > 7 As the surveys took place as food and fuel prices were at their peak it is expected that poverty has come down since mid-2022 . > 8 To block the passthrough of international oil prices to domestic fuel prices and electricity generation costs , Government maintained below-market retail price caps on fuels and paid compensation to distributors for the loss in FY2021 / 22 . It also cut the electricity tariff by 15 percent in December 2021 . Also , In July 2022 , Government introduced a subsidy on maize meal ( that lasted for a month ) and suspended the railway development levy and import declaration fee on imported maize , to cushion the rise in food prices . Page 12", "spans": [{"start": 363, "end": 370, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 12 LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION STRATEGY * * As noted above , to manage the risks associated with the community ’ s stated preference for selfmanaged relocation as their preferred land-based resettlement option , a livelihood restoration plan tailored to each individual household will be a prerequisite for the payment of compensation unless PAPs opt out . As such all affected households are expected to benefit from the project ’ s livelihood restoration strategy . The livelihood restoration strategy outlined in the RAP was developed as a result of extensive discussion held with PAHs and key stakeholders and were based on the needs as presented and prioritized by the PAHs during these community consultations . That said , they are intended as indicative and each household ’ s preference will still be considered irrespective of its inclusion in the strategy outlined in the RAP . The community level LRP will be prepared after an analysis of the PAPs ’ LRP household data and understanding the skill base among the PAPs , their preferred post resettlement livelihood options and the various infrastructural needs that could best support PAPs livelihood restorative efforts . The community level infrastructure projects will be designed in a way that it will be beneficial to both the host and resettling PAP communities . Part of the RAP 1a PAP Household LRP data has been analyzed and indicates that the PAPs are preferring to continue with their farming activities and several others wanting to change their livelihood activities . The RAP IT has identified and started consultation with various National and County Level stakeholders who will support the PAPs in livelihoods restoration efforts . Refer to * * Annex 14 * * The entitlement matrix overleaf further shows the livelihood restoration options for each category of PAH . A tentative budget for the development of the LRP has been included in the RAP but will ultimately be determined by a competitive procurement process . The strategy presented here includes the following types of activities : - - Financial training for the sustainable and prudent use of cash compensation ( including training", "spans": [{"start": 966, "end": 991, "text": "PAPs ’ LRP household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1354, "end": 1383, "text": "RAP 1a PAP Household LRP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * # # Financial Sector Strengthening Project ( FSSP ) ( P171627 ) | Oct / 2024 | | Oct / 2028 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No | | Yes | | * * Number of financial institutions monitoring and collectin * * | * * g sex-disaggregated financial sector data ( Number ) * * | | | Oct / 2024 | | Oct / 2028 | | 0 | | 3 | | * * Component 2 : Reform , Restructuring and Recapitalization * * | * * of the CBE * * | | | * * A new commercial operating model of CBE is adopted ( Ye * * | * * s / No ) * * < sup > * * PBC * * < / sup > | | | Oct / 2024 | | Oct / 2025 | | No | | Yes | | * * Corporate Governance of CBE strengthened ( Yes / No ) * * < sup > * * PBC * * < / sup > | | | | Oct / 2024 | | Oct / 2025 | | No | | Yes | | * * Restructure of CBE Balance Sheet implemented ( Yes / No ) * * < br > | < sup > * * PBC * * < / sup > | | | Oct / 2024 | | Oct / 2025 | | No | | Yes | | * * Recapitalization of CBE implemented ( Yes / No ) * * < sup > * * PBC * * < / sup > | | | | Oct / 2024 | | Oct / 2026 | | No | | Yes | | * * Asset Quality Review of CBE completed ( Yes / No ) * * < sup > * * PBC * * < / sup > | | | | Oct / 2024 | | Dec / 2025 | |", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 275, "text": "sex-disaggregated financial sector data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "illustrated in Figure 1 . The evaluation data includes sociodemographic variables , participation in formal schooling and training , labor-market outcomes , and detailed information on participation in the MVTP . Attrition reached 5 . 4 percent at baseline , 9 . 6 percent at the first follow-up survey , and 15 percent at the second follow-up survey . As shown in Table 1 , and relative to similar interventions with similar timespan for the measurement of treatment effects , the attrition rate in this study is thus moderate . < sup > 8 < / sup > Appendix Tables S1 . 1 and S1 . 2 provide results of tests for differences in baseline variables across treatment and control units for the six - and eighteen-month follow-up samples conditional on response status . For most baseline covariates , no systematic differences are observed between individuals in the treatment and control groups after conditioning on response status . Only for a small number of baseline covariates is the null of equality of means by treatment status rejected , after conditioning on response status . Finally , Appendix Table S1 . 3 reports the overall rate of attrition by treatment status . The null hypothesis that the overall attrition rate is of equal magnitude between treatment and control groups cannot be rejected . Mean covariate balancing tests for the two experimental designs are shown in Table 2 , ne for the allocation of training slots ( left panel ) and one for the allocation of weekly newsletters to individuals who received treatment ( right panel ) . Baseline data show that the typical applicant is twenty-three years old , a woman ( 65 percent ) , and poor ( 82 percent lived in gers . < sup > _9_ < / sup > Almost half of the participants are married ( 45 percent ) , have children ( 42 percent ) , and live with their parents ( 47 percent ) . On average , they show high levels of formal > 8 Table 1 , Column 9 , shows attrition rates that range from 18 . 5 ( Card et al . , 2011 ) to 46 percent ( Cho et al . 2013 ) . Alzua et al . ( 2016 ) reported", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 45, "text": "evaluation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1554, "end": 1567, "text": "Baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are likely to have had more impact in occupations in which immigrants are overrepresented . # 7 . From Ex Ante Vulnerability to Ex Post Job Losses In this section , we examine the correlation between our different measures of ex-ante vulnerability to COVID-19 , and the actual employment impacts of the pandemic on workers by immigration status . We utilize the latest available of EU-LFS in 2020 , which covers the first year of the pandemic . As per the previous waves , the data covers all Western European Union countries as well as Norway and Switzerland . Figure 9 presents the growth rates of different types of jobs over time , based on the categories of ex ante measures of risk we had identified earlier . In Panel A , we see that the growth rates of essential and non-essential jobs followed a parallel path since 2015 , including the decline of around 1 . 5 percent 2020 . In sharp contrast , in Panel B , the number of teleworkable jobs grew at an even higher rate in 2020 , while the number of non-teleworkable jobs dropped sharply by 3 . 3 percent . Income risk combines the two previous measures and Panel C shows that employment in occupations categorized as having an income risk dropped much more sharply ( - 3 . 6 % ) than in occupations considered as income safe ( - 0 , 1 % ) . Finally , employment in occupations with a health and job tenure . However , better-suited proxies , such as job vacancies in the EU , are not available at finer levels of disaggregation of occupations and sectors . 21", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 388, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_B2_ ) , but replace loan demand with the lending rate . The coefficient on the interest rate is positive ( as expected _a priori_ ) , but statistically indistinguishable from zero ; this is also the case for the IV specifications that follow . The coefficients on the three channels are also the same as before ( negative ) , but again are statistically insignificant . Due to the endogeneity problems inherent in the estimate , however , we regard these results are merely illustrative , and proceed to a discussion of the IV estimates . Columns ( _I2_ ) – ( _I4_ ) report IV estimates that correspond to the benchmark specifications ( _B2_ ) – ( _B4_ ) . The instruments satisfy the relevance condition — Kleibergen-Papp LM tests are statistically significant — and the ( insignificant ) Hansen _J_ statistic indicates that the instruments are valid . While _F_ statistics ( not reported ) imply that the first-stage fit is reasonable , the corresponding Kleibergen-Papp F statistics are relatively low ( _F ∈ _ [ 4 _ . _ 41 _ , _ 4 _ . _ 94 ] , equivalent StockYogo critical values place this range at around 25 percent relative bias ) , which suggests that the specifications could be weakly identified . We recognize this possible weak instrument problem , and , consequently , our interpretation of the results here proceed with greater caution . While the results are largely similar to those in Table 1 , the asset volatility channel does not appear to be operative any longer in any of our specifications . We conjecture that the inclusion of the interest rate could dilute the impact of the asset volatility channel , since interest rates > 19The question on changes in demand conditions posed in Senior Loan Officer Survey does not distinguish between borrower nationality . While cross-border exposures of U . S . banks are mainly to high-income countries , the response may nevertheless incorporate some consideration of demand conditions in developing countries . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1708, "end": 1734, "text": "Senior Loan Officer Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| UG-MEMD-15330-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 50 Tablets < br > for the ERT III Baseline < br > Survey | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access < br > P | ost | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 30 , 000 . 00 | 26 , 914 . 05 < br > Signed | | 2017-06-06 | | | 2017-07-29 | 2017-09-10 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | UG-MEMD-15112-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Satellite < br > Imagery Requirements for < br > ERT III | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access < br > P | rior | Request for Bids | Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 988 , 041 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-05-18 | 2017-05-31 | 2017-07-14 | 2017-08-04 | 2017-09-20 | 2017-12-20 | | UG-MEMD-48035-GO-DIR / < br > Supply , Installation & < br > training of geophysical data < br > processing software Geotools < br > ( Magnetotelluric and TDEM < br > Intepretation software ) | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Direct Selection | Direct |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - > Figure 6 shows that green imports are as important ( as a share of all imports ) in developing regions as they are in high-income countries . This indicates the international transfer of green technology as embodied in green consumption goods . Further , inasmuch as some of these green goods are used as inputs , this also indicates the ̳ greening ‘ of the input mix , which may reflect adoption and adaptation of > 10 The lack of good data to measure the diffusion of existing green technologies that lack sufficient global novelty for patenting , beyond product-level trade data , is also highlighted by Popp ( 2011 ) . Dechezleprêtre et al . ( 2010 ) use green patent applications data to analyze the international diffusion of patented inventions ( the number of patents invented in Country A and filed in Country B ) as an indicator of the number of innovations transferred between these countries – an interesting empirical exploration of a small part of diffusion but a poor proxy for broader technology diffusion and adaptation across and within countries . > 11 Details of our measurement of green trade are given in the data annex . Note that the underlying technologies embedded in these green goods and services are much broader than in the patent discussion , which look only at GHG mitigation technologies . These trade-based results are therefore not directly comparable to the patent results . Note also that an increase in a country ‘ s aggregate output of a green product does not necessarily reflect an innovation since it could be by firms already producing that good . Nonetheless , changes in aggregate green output are correlated with the introduction of new-to-the-firm green goods . > 12 This is true even when looking at the absolute volume of green exports . 8", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 587, "text": "product-level trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 665, "end": 695, "text": "green patent applications data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "44 - ANNEX III # # KENYA # # HIGHWAY SECTOR PROJECT # # Supplementary Project Data Sheet # # I . Timetable of Key Events | ( a ) Time taken to prepare project : | About 18 months | | - - - | - - - | | ( b ) Agency which prepared project : | Ministry of Works | | ( c ) First presentation to Bank : | January 1977 | | ( d ) Departure of appraisal mission : | < br > August 1978 | | ( e ) Completion of negotiations : | February 1979 | | ( f ) Loan effectiveness planned : | July 1979 | # # II . Special Bank Implementation Actions # # None # # III . Special Conditions - _ ( a ) _ Setting up of an inter-ministerial committee on road / rail coordination by January 1 , 1980 ( para . 31 ) . - ( b ) Carrying out a study of road user charges and axle load limits by January 1 , 1981 , and submission to the Bank for comment of a program for implementation of the study ' s recommendations ( para . 34 ) . - ( c ) Completion of an inventory of maintenance equipment by June 30 , 1980 and carrying out of a review of the funding system for hiring of maintenance equipment by January 1 , 1981 ( para . 55 ) . - ( d ) Establishing a pilot cost-accounting system by September 30 , 1980 for maintenance activities in one province ( para . 56 ) . - ( e ) Meeting projected staffing and training requirements for MOW based on programs to be agreed between the Government and the Bank by September 30 , 1979 ( para . 57 ) . - ( f ) Meeting physical completion targets for maintenance , strengthening , reconstruction and improvement of roads in various classes , as well as recurrent budget targets for road maintenance and operation of traffic police patrol bases and vehicle inspection centers ( para . 66 ) . - ( g ) Improving the efficiency of the Mechanical and Transport Department ( para .", "spans": [{"start": 927, "end": 961, "text": "inventory of maintenance equipment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of noise < br > during renovation works < br > inside medical buildings < br > No excessive < br > construction noise | Patients and health workers < br > do not complain about noise < br > during renovation | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | Negligible | None | | | Contractors should use < br > screens or nets to avoid < br > flying debris and dust < br > No debris noted < br > outside construction < br > areas | No complaints about flying < br > debris from construction < br > areas ( this should be verified < br > by perusal of records in < br > complaints log ) | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | $ 500 at 1 HFC < br > * * _ ( hence $ 7 , 000_ * * < br > * * _for 14 HC ) . Fs_ * * | None | | 6 . 2 . 2 . 3 | * * Indoor airquality deterioration due to dust * * | | | | | | | | Contractors should use < br > dust screens or nets in < br > windows , doorways and < br > ventilators < br > of < br > rooms < br > where < br > demolition < br > or < br > other dusty construction < br > activities are occurring < br > No excessive dust < br > emissions noted < br > outside construction < br > areas | No complaints about < br > excessive dust from < br > construction areas ( this < br > should be verified by perusal < br > of records in complaints log ) | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | Comprised in < br > above", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 613, "text": "complaints log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Experiment One * * # # * * 4 . 1 Experiment Design * * This study took place among property owners in Congo Town , one of the tax zones in Monrovia , the capital city of Liberia . This area was identified as having many properties that could be brought into the tax net . The first activity was creating a property database . From April to June 2014 , I worked closely with the LRA to conduct a “ block mapping ” project to collect information on property locations and features . Enrollment agents ( short-term government contractors ) went doorto-door in teams of two to raise awareness of the real estate tax using brochures and flyers . They also completed a brief survey with residents , using mobile devices to obtain information about each property and its owner . The data collected in this enumeration process resulted in an electronic property database for taxation . This was the first time the government had electronic records and digital photographs of these properties . < sup > 14 < / sup > High-value properties , such as hotels , banks , and other commercial properties , were excluded from the enumeration list because the LRA did not want to include them in the experiment , given their revenue potential . In addition , 5 percent of the enumerated properties were found to be on the tax roll already and were thus removed from the experiment sample . In all , 571 properties belonging to 464 owners made up the sample . Properties in the sample were randomly assigned to four groups . The control group received a generic notice that informed property owners of their responsibility to pay the real estate tax and gave instructions about how to comply . The notice did not contain any information specific to the property owner but was simply addressed “ Dear Property Owners . ” The notice for the first treatment group ( the _identification and penalty notice_ ) contained the same information about how to comply ; however , it was personalized by including the owner ’ s name and a photograph of the property ( obtained during the door-to-door enumeration ) . It also included the legal penalties for", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 870, "text": "electronic property database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 1 | 145 | | Other agriculture | 3 . 4 | 6 . 3 | 0 . 3 | 89 | | Other mining | 5 . 1 | 20 . 4 | 1 . 2 | 145 | | Other manufacturing | 8 . 2 | 8 . 6 | 0 . 3 | 89 | | Export agriculture | 9 . 5 | 15 . 6 | 0 . 2 | 211 | | Export manufacturing | 12 . 7 | 23 . 2 | 0 . 7 | 145 | Source : GTAP and ROSSTAT data , and CGE simulation results Sectors use different inputs in their production , and specifically employ skilled and unskilled < sup > 11 < / sup > workers in different proportions ; these reallocations produce imbalances in labor markets . In particular , as on average skilled workers are employed more intensively in shrinking sectors – such as Business Services and Public Services , Oil , and even in Construction ( where for every 100 unskilled workers , 182 skilled workers are employed , see rightmost column in Table _2_ ) – job losses affect more severely skilled workers than unskilled ones . Similar imbalances influence the urban premium , defined here as the ratio of non ‐ agriculture activities ( essentially urban ) wages over agriculture ( mainly rural < sup > 12 < / sup > ) wages . These imbalances in the labor markets put downward pressure on the skill and urban premia which , as shown in Table 1 , decrease by a few percentage points . Another relevant aggregate result estimated by the CGE model is the change in relative prices of goods and services . The oil price reduction and the real exchange rate depreciation make energy cheaper , > 11 The partition of the population into skilled and skilled workers is based on the highest level of education attained ; specifically , unskilled are all those who have completed , at most , secondary education while all the others are considered skilled ( even if they did not completed tertiary education ) . Based on this definition , unskilled workers account for 40 percent of the population and skilled for 60 percent . Among", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 292, "text": "GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 297, "end": 309, "text": "ROSSTAT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Isolating the impact of trade reform is complex since cuts in tariffs and quotas have occurred concomitant with , and in fact , as parts of stabilization plans seeking to eliminate the adverse expectational consequences of long standing macroeconomic balances . That said : * * _Increased openness does not appear correlated with unemployment : _ * * Beyond the initial adjustments there appears to be little evidence to indict trade reforms for causing higher rates of unemployment . Anecdotally the region ’ s more aggressive trade integrators - Chile and Mexico - have , if anything , among the most modest rates of unemployment . Marquez and Pages ( 1998 ) argue that while liberalization appeared to reduce employment per unit , the expansion of production makes the overall impact of liberalization on employment statistically insignificant . In fact , IADB ( 2003 ) , using household surveys for 10 countries , argued that it increased employment and did not have any significant impact on unemployment . Their overall conclusion is consistent with the finding that , internationally , there is no significant relationship between openness of countries ( exports plus imports over output ) and their levels of unemployment . * * _Or with informality . _ * * The tendency towards somewhat higher informality does not seem particularly due to trade . Though the sector has absorbed some of the workers displaced by foreign competition , this is probably not the entire story as discussed below . Argentina has seen a rise in informal salaried work ( Gasparini 2000 ) but the trend predates liberalization by half a decade suggesting other forces . More exposed sectors tend to be more formal throughout the region and there is relatively > 4 This section draws heavily on Maloney ( 2002 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 900, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "replaced lost villages by comparable villages in the same counties . Households lost through attrition were replaced ( at least in principle ) on the basis of random sampling . For a detailed discussion of the RCRE panel data set , including discussions of survey protocol , sampling , attrition , and comparisons with other data sources from rural China , see Benjamin , Brandt and Giles ( 2005 ) . Other work exploiting the panel nature of this dataset includes : Benjamin , Brandt and Giles ( 2011 ) , which examines the relationship between village inequality and income mobility ; Giles ( 2006 ) and Giles and Yoo ( 2007 ) , which analyze the risk-management and risk-coping behavior of households ; and de Brauw and Giles ( 2008a , 2008b ) , which look at the effects of village-level migration on educational investment and household welfare , respectively . 13 The complete RCRE survey covers over 22 , 000 households in 300 villages in 31 provinces and administrative regions . We have obtained access to data from 10 provinces , or roughly one third of the RCRE survey . 12", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 229, "text": "RCRE panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 882, "end": 893, "text": "RCRE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1014, "end": 1036, "text": "data from 10 provinces", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * General evaluation * * # # * * 2017 Annual Consultations with NGOs * * This annex summarizes the results of the general ( paper-based ) and of online evaluations participants were invited to complete at the end of the 2017 Annual Consultations . In order to reach as many people as possible , we offered participants to take either a paper-based survey , during the Closing Plenary of the three-day meeting or an online survey that they could complete afterwards during their own time . < u > About the respondents : a little over 30 % of participants responded to the paper-based evaluation and about 15 % of < / u > all participants took the online survey . Interestingly , 75 % of respondents to the paper-based survey had never attended the Consultations , and through their feedback , offer a fresh look at the event . Respondents to the online survey rate their overall experience at the UNHCR Annual Consultations with NGOs as either good ( 49 % ) or very good ( 24 % ) . 38 % of participants thought that the overall quality of the Consultations was ‘ fairly good ’ , 41 % thought it was ‘ good ’ . _ ( Number of respondents – 149 ) _ The majority of respondents considered that the quality of the agenda was ‘ good ’ ( 44 % ) or ‘ very good ’ ( 17 % ) . ( _Number of respondents – 151 ) _ Report 2017 ● UNHCR Annual Consultations with NGOs * * 59 * *", "spans": [{"start": 851, "end": 864, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Project Appraisal Document Country : Uganda Page 16 Project Title : Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project * * Summary of O & M Costs * * | | * * Activity * * | * * Amount * * < br > * * ( in ' 000 USh ) * * | * * Period * * | * * Average Annual * * < br > Costs * * in ' 000 * * < br > * * USh * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Operation | 5 , 130 | Annual | 5 , 130 | | 2 | Routine Maintenance | 18 , 480 | Annual | 18 , 480 | | 3 | Periodic Maintenance | 78 , 500 | 3 years | 26 , 170 | | 4 | Replacement of Parts | 43 , 500 | 10 years | 4 , 350 | | _5_ | Emergency Maintenance | 4 , 860 | Spread over 3 yrs . | 1 , 620 | | 6 | Management | 3 , 600 | Annual | 3 , 600 | | | * * TOTAL * * | * * I * * < br > * * _I * * | | * * 59 , 350 * * | KCC has agreed to set up a separate escrow account into which a portion of its commercial revenues will be channeled to provide for operations and maintenance costs , of about USh 60 million per year , for the channel in the future . This will also be reflected as a financial covenant . ( iii ) Financial Covenants : KCC has indicated that it will set aside proceeds from the sale of its housing stock , an unproductive asset , as counterpart funding for the NCRP . KCC is currently working on the modalities of the sale which is due to begin shortly . A duly authorized valuation list of KCC-owned staff houses certified by the Chief Governnent Valuer would be a condition of credit", "spans": [{"start": 1337, "end": 1377, "text": "valuation list of KCC-owned staff houses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between 5 and 18 years of age | ( 0 . 0080 ) | ( 0 . 0081 ) | ( 0 . 0083 ) | | Number of members 65 or older | 0 . 0105 | 0 . 0225 | - 0 . 0009 | | | ( 0 . 0174 ) | ( 0 . 0181 ) | ( 0 . 0202 ) | | | - 0 . 0075 | - 0 . 0086 | - 0 . 0062 | | Number of members of extended family | ( 0 . 0061 ) | ( 0 . 0080 ) | ( 0 . 0058 ) | | Constant | - 1 . 5576 | - 1 . 8440 | - 1 . 2863 | | | ( 3 . 1310 ) | ( 3 . 1863 ) | ( 3 . 0895 ) | | Observations | 6 , 501 | 3 , 311 | 3 , 190 | | R-squared | 0 . 1898 | 0 . 1898 | 0 . 1912 | | F-Test ( Kleibergen-Paap ) | 7 . 679 | 8 . 046 | 7 . 203 | | Cluster by community | | | | | Regional Fixed Effects | | | | | * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 | | | | Source : CLS-WILL : first wave – household questionnaire , Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi ( IGAC ) and Fernández ( 2011 ) . 46", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 758, "text": "CLS-WILL : first wave – household questionnaire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 Work using macro data are , however , less conclusive on a possible association between poverty and access to finance or job opportunities . Beck et al . ( 2007 ) , Honohan ( 2004 ) , Jalilian and Kirkpatrick ( 2002 ) , and Singh and Huang ( 2011 ) find that the degree of financial intermediation has a strong positive impact on the income of the poor . Jalilian and Kirkpatrick ( 2002 ) use the ratio of bank assets to GDP to measure financial intermediation in a sample of advanced and developing economies . Beck et al . ( 2007 ) and Honohan ( 2004 ) , looking only at developing countries , capture the role of finance by considering private sector credit . Singh and Huang ( 2011 ) also use private sector credit , but with a sample covering only Sub-Saharan African countries . In contrast , Dollar and Kraay ( 2002 ) find that financial development does not affect the poor . They examine the relationship between the average income of the poorest quintile in a sample of advanced and developing economies , and measure financial depth using the ratio of commercial bank assets to total bank assets . Kraay ( 2004 ) reaches similar results studying the association between the change in absolute poverty and the ratio of M2 to GDP in a sample of developing countries . Finally , Guillaumont-Jeanneney and Kpodar ( 2011 ) suggest that the poor benefit primarily from the ability of the banking system to facilitate transactions and provide savings opportunities rather than reaping the benefit of greater access to credit . Looking at a sample of developing countries , they find a positive relationship between financial development and poverty if financial development is measured by the ratio of M3 to GDP . If private credit is used instead , the association turns out to be statistically insignificant . # * * B . Banks , markets and the institutional environment * * Financial institutions operate in settings where complete information is often not available . Entrepreneurs seeking financing normally have more information about their projects than their banks do . In this setting , from the viewpoint of a financial institution projects that may have different probabilities of success are", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 23, "text": "macro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ | * * No * * | * * Issues to be * * < br > * * Monitored * * | * * Location * * | * * Methods of * * < br > * * Monitoring * * | * * Monitoring Indicators * * | * * Time and Frequency * * < br > * * Monitoring * * | * * Purpose * * | * * Institutional * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Cost ( in * * < br > * * Birr ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | nearby villages < br > along the TL < br > corridor | | | | | Woreda health < br > office | | | 12 | Community < br > Health & < br > Safety < br > Hazards < br > Through Live < br > Power Lines , < br > Electric & < br > Magnetic < br > Fields | Near < br > construction < br > sites , SS and < br > along the TL < br > corridor | Electrocution < br > incidences | Reports on maintenance < br > system developed ; < br > electrocution accidents < br > occurrence and < br > corrective measures < br > taken ; visitors and < br > employees access to the < br > substations log ; progress < br > on construction of the < br > perimeter wall ; warning < br > signs posted ; < br > sensitization workshops < br > held | Occasionally", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1185, "text": "substations log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2014-12 | Jiangsu Changjiang | STATS < br > ChipPAC | Singapore | Technology | 1660 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | Source : China Global Investment Tracker . Table 2 : China ’ s top 10 construction projects in BRI countries since 2014 | Year - < br > Month | Constructor | Transaction < br > Partner | Country | Sector | Subsector | Value < br > ( million < br > USD ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2017-04 | China Railway < br > Engineering | | Indonesia | Transport | Rail | 3190 | | 2016-08 | China Railway < br > Engineering | | Bangladesh | Transport | Rail | 3140 | | 2015-12 | State Construction < br > Engineering | | Pakistan | Transport | Autos | 2890 | | 2015-08 | China Railway < br > Construction and < br > China Railway < br > Engineering | | Thailand | Transport | Rail | 2840 | | 2016-01 | Shanghai Electric | | Egypt , Arab < br > Rep . | Energy | Coal | 2640 | | 2017-04 | CNPC | | Russian < br > Federation | Energy | Gas | 2520 | | 2016-01 | Three Gorges | | Pakistan | Energy | Hydro | 2400 | | 2016-06 | Harbin Electric | DEWA | United Arab < br > Emirates | Energy | Coal | 2150 | | 2016-11 | China Railway < br > Contruction , China < br > Railway Engineering , < br > and China < br > Communications < br > Construction | | Malaysia | Transport | Rail | 2120 | | 2016-03 | Sinomach | Electricite < br > du Laos | Lao PDR | Energy | | 2100 | Source : China Global Investment Tracker . # 3 . 2 Transportation Cost To measure transportation costs , we construct detailed transportation cost data by the mode of transportation . First , we measure", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 178, "text": "China Global Investment Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( iii ) unskilled labor migration from agriculture to non ‐ agricultural activities , and ( iv ) per capita consumption are passed to the household survey data and , in the microsimulation , a new hypothetical global income distribution is generated for the oil shock equilibrium . # _The microsimulation model_ The ultimate focus of analysis is household welfare , and household real per capita income is here assumed as its indicator : > 7 The model is solved in a comparative statics approach . This means that the model assumes no changes in the demographic structure of the population nor in its skill endowment . Likewise , the supply of capital and land is assumed fixed . The only variable factor of production is natural resources that , as mentioned in the main text , responds to changes in the international price of oil . The economy is also assumed to operate in full employment . 8", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 159, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not applicable_ * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measured by the Theil index ) and ( the logarithm of ) inflation over the period . Table 7 presents simple correlation coefficients for each of our main sub-periods ( 1981-1993 and 1993-2004 ) , and both simple and partial correlation coefficients for the period as a whole . < sup > 36 < / sup > The simple correlation coefficient ( of 0 . 5 ) between inflation and inequality for the whole period is statistically significant > 35 While the effects of channels ( iv ) and ( v ) are not captured by PNAD income data , the first three channels affect capital or labor incomes , and their effects should therefore be registered . 36 The partial correlation coefficient between two variables X and Y , holding a third variable Z constant , is given by > _rXY_ − _rXZ rYZ rXY_ | _Z_ = ( 1 − _rXZ_ 2 ) ( 1 − _rYZ_ 2 ) , where rAB denote the simple correlation coefficient between A and B .", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 516, "text": "PNAD income data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "factors , country-specific proxies of economic activity , and various policy-related variables . We document three novel findings regarding the relationship between fiscal rules and sovereign spreads . First , we show that countries with fiscal rules in place faced lower sovereign spreads relative to countries without rules before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic . < sup > 4 < / sup > Specifically , our estimates imply that through the pandemic , the presence of fiscal rules is associated with 350 basis point lower sovereign spreads , on average . Second , we illustrate that the difference in sovereign spreads for countries with and without rules widened in the > 1 We consider budget balance rules , debt rules , expenditure rules , and revenue rules in our empirical analysis . > 2 An important strand of the literature has theoretically studied the fiscal rules ’ tradeoff between commitment and flexibility . See for example , Angeletos et al . ( 2006 ) ; Halac and Yared ( 2014 ) ; Halac and Yared ( 2018 ) ; and Halac and Yared ( 2022 ) . > 3 In a robustness test , we investigate the spread-compressing effect of fiscal rules during the global financial crisis ( GFC ) of 2008-09 . The sample covering the GFC timeframe includes 26 countries and uses data covering January 2007 through December 2009 . > 4 Importantly , we show that the spread-compressing effect of fiscal rules is robust to the GFC of 2008-09 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1278, "end": 1326, "text": "data covering January 2007 through December 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "given to the complainant and recorded in the Grievance Database . - If the grievance is eligible , determine its severity level . This will help to determine whether the grievance can be resolved immediately or requires further investigation and whether senior management will need to be informed of the grievance . - If the grievance concerns physical damage , ( e . g . crop , house , community asset ) take a photograph of the damage and record the exact location . - Enter the findings of the investigation in the Grievance Database . Page 230", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 63, "text": "Grievance Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 10 : Employment in exports ( million ) , by broad sector and income category , 1995-2018 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > High-income countries ( as of 1995 ) Low - and middle-income countries ( as of 1995 ) < br > 100 350 < br > 90 < br > 300 < br > 80 < br > 70 250 < br > 60 < br > 200 < br > 50 < br > 40 150 < br > 30 100 < br > 20 < br > 50 < br > 10 < br > 0 0 < br > Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Agriculture Mining Manufacturing < br > Business services Other services Business services Other services < br > China India < br > 180 80 < br > 160 70 < br > 140 < br > 60 < br > 120 < br > 50 < br > 100 < br > 40 < br > 80 < br > 30 < br > 60 < br > 40 20 < br > 20 10 < br > 0 0 < br > Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Agriculture Mining Manufacturing < br > Business services Other services Business services Other services < br > 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 < br > 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE data , covering 51 countries and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Income categories as of 1995 are used to classify countries into high - and low - and middle-income countries ( see Appendix 8 ) . Several underlying factors could", "spans": [{"start": 1425, "end": 1438, "text": "OECD TiE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the RBI was formed as the central bank and high priority was given to increasing credit to rural areas and small businesses . In 1955 , the government took over the largest bank , the Imperial Bank of India , to form SBI . The State Bank of India Act in 1959 directed SBI to take over regional banks that were associated with local governments and make them subsidiaries of SBI , which were later named “ associates . ” SBI is now the largest commercial banking organization in the country – and one of the largest in the world . SBI and its seven regional associates have a substantial rural branching footprint – of about 14 , 000 branches of these banks , 74 % are located in rural and semiurban areas ( India Banking Yearbook 2003 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 707, "end": 734, "text": "India Banking Yearbook 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # * * 9 Eligibility * * # # # # # * * 9 . 1 Background * * This chapter presents the framework for the entitlement matrix for compensation of assets affected by the Woliso 230 kV Power TL and SS Subproject . It describes the principles that guides to compute compensation amounts for the different PAHs ’ properties and the eligibility criteria for compensation and assistance . Depending on the nature of their losses , to restore and improve their economic and social base , EEP shall adopt a range of measures comprising of compensation , income restoration , transfer assistance , income substitution , etc . related to the affected people . These principles and measures are described in the following subsections . # # # # # * * 9 . 2 Eligibility Criteria * * The Woliso 230 kV Power TL and SS Subproject has committed itself to take into account FDRE ’ s and WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements for determining compensation . Thus , the eligibility criteria contained in these documents will be followed when determining eligible HHs for compensation . The subproject entitlement matrix was developed based on the FDRE ’ s standards and the WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements and the compensation will be paid according to the regulations as presented below . As per WB ’ s ESS 5 , all affected people who are economically , or physically displaced people are entitled to compensation or resettlement assistance for loss of land or other assets taken for or due to subproject purposes and activities . The following are the identified groups of PAH for this subproject who are entitled to compensation and other resettlement assistances : - ( i ) Those who have formal legal rights to land or other assets recognized under the laws of the country concerned ; - ( ii ) Those who may not have formal legal rights to land or other assets at the time of the census / evaluation but can prove", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning ( KPEEL ) Program Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2025_ * * # # * * 5 . * * Statement of Project Management Responsibilities The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Teachers Service Commission are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ' s financial statements , which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Program for the financial year ended on June * * 30 , 2025 . * * This responsibility includes ( i ) Maintaining adequate financial management arrangement and ensuring that these continue to be effective throughout the reporting period , ( ii ) Maintaining proper accounting records , which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Program , ( iii ) Designing , implementing and maintaining internal controls relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statement , and ensuring that they are free from material misstatements , whether due to error or fraud , ( iv ) safeguarding the assets of the Program , ( v ) Selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies and ( vi ) Making accounting estimates that are reasonable in the circumstances . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Teachers Service Commission accepts responsibility for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ' s financial statements , which have been prepared ori the accrual basis method of financial reporting , using appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program is of the opinion that the Program ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Program ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2025 , * * and of the Program ' s financial position as at that date . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Program , which have", "spans": [{"start": 2193, "end": 2211, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 . Tax compliance : \" cell \" approach , women ( measured at median income ) * * | Age / region | < 30 | 30 – 39 | 40 - 49 | 50-59 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | RO1 ( North ) | 111 . 38 % | 92 . 07 % | 93 . 91 % | 91 . 52 % | | RO2 ( East ) | 96 . 84 % | 95 . 00 % | 96 . 80 % | 111 . 93 % | | RO3 ( South ) | 105 . 33 % | 101 . 04 % | 103 . 25 % | 109 . 95 % | | RO4 ( West ) | 127 . 60 % | 97 . 92 % | 98 . 90 % | 110 . 19 % | _Source : Own estimation based on the imputed EU-SILC data . _ * * Our results show that tax compliance is highest among workers younger than 30 and older than 60 , possibly due to the selection bias where people with better jobs tend to stay longer in the labor market * * . The research also reveals that tax compliance varies across regions , with Macro region One ( North ) having the lowest compliance rate . In contrast , the compliance rate is medium in Macro region . factors affecting tax compliance , such as the size of the informal economy or the quality of tax administration , may exist . Further investigation may be necessary to understand these regional differences and address the compliance issues . * * Finally , we discuss the impact of non-compliance on the share of minimum-wage earners . * * Estimating the share of minimum wage earners is important for several reasons . Firstly , it allows for assessing the prevalence of low-wage work in the economy , a crucial indicator of income inequality and poverty . Secondly , it can inform policy decisions regarding minimum wage setting and targeting social protection programs for low-income households . Additionally , understanding the characteristics of minimum wage earners , such as their age", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 513, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Promoting Young Women ’ s Livelihoods and Nutrition Project ( P157716 ) headquarters oversaw fiduciary management and guided corrective measures and appropriate action to be taken in cases of variances . The specific budget monitoring aspects included : ( a ) transaction level checking as to availability of budget on the basis of the approved budget before authorization ; ( b ) maintaining tracking mechanisms to report the Project ' s budget utilization by activities and categories ; ( c ) use of reports for management ; and ( d ) the submission of quarterly Interim Financial Reports ( IFRs ) to the World Bank that comprised variance analysis by the Project ' s component and categories including a narrative or notes to the IFR on the reasons for significant variance ( if any ) and the corrective actions taken or planned to be taken by Concern Worldwide management . 33 . * * Procurement management . * * The Procurement Plan had three categories of purchases : ( a ) consultant services to provide overall technical oversight for implantation and develop the training curriculum for the GC meetings and rehabilitate FTCs ; ( b ) goods to deliver health , nutrition , and livelihood services such as IFA and deworming tablets , seeds , farm tools , and small ruminants ; and ( c ) non-consulting services , including printing of training materials and renting vehicles to monitor Project activities . According to the Grant Agreement , the procurement of these supplies was part of the financial auditing and was monitored by the World Bank ’ s Senior Procurement Specialist during implementation support missions . Furthermore , Concern Worldwide did not have reliable internet access , which created delays in entering information into Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement ( STEP ) and filing completed processed procurement documents in the system . Finally , however , most of the procurement activities planned under the project were finalized except for some vegetable seeds and a walking tractor which were not available in the market as per the requirement of the implementing agency . - * * C . Bank Performance * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the real world . Karachi ’ s socially diverse setting offered an interesting context for the VR experiment discussed in this paper . Serving as the commercial hub of Pakistan , Karachi is a megacity of 15 million people who belong to different ethnicities . According to the 1998 Census , the latest year for which ethnicity information was available at the city level , 48 . 5 percent of the city ’ s residents were Urdu speakers ( Muhajirs ) , 13 . 9 percent were Punjabi speakers ( Punjabis ) , 11 . 4 percent were Pashto speakers ( Pashtuns ) , 7 . 2 percent were Sindhi speakers ( Sindhis ) , 4 . 3 percent were Balochi speakers ( Balochs ) , and the remaining 14 . 5 percent were categorized as Others ( Pakistan Bureau of Statistics , 1998 ) . While many neighborhoods are segregated based on income , the city also has clusters with ethnically homogenous neighborhoods being affected by urban violence emanating from inter-ethnic and political tensions in the recent decades . The relationship between social groups remains difficult and many residents struggle to find adequate mechanisms for their voice and inclusion ( World Bank 2017 , Breman 2012 ) . Not only does the city have a shortage of public spaces that could facilitate interaction between the city ’ s diverse 3", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 289, "text": "1998 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distribution . * * Setting and adjusting the minimum wage presents a complex challenge requiring a balanced approach . * * While the process involves political deliberation and consultation with social partners , evidencebased decisions are crucial . Minimum wages should be established at levels that meet workers ' and their families ' needs , but also consider potential labor market and poverty impacts . Striking the right balance is essential : setting wages too low offers limited protection against low pay and poverty , while setting them too high can result in poor compliance and adverse employment effects . Regular inflation-adjusted changes provide predictability , but countries with hyperinflation may require more frequent updates . When well-designed , minimum wage policies can be part of a broader strategy to alleviate poverty through increased labor income , especially when the minimum wage approaches or matches living wages . * * When setting minimum wage levels , assessing adequacy and living wages is an important factor . In this paper , we construct estimates of real living wages for a representative poor Romanian household , relying on EC estimates of the consumption basket . * * For effective comparisons , our estimates of living wage are derived from absolute estimates of essential needs rather than relative percentages of median income . 47", "spans": [{"start": 1169, "end": 1207, "text": "EC estimates of the consumption basket", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * In 2018 , for the first time in nearly two decades , Latin America and the Caribbean ’ s middle class became the largest socioeconomic group . It increased from more than a fifth of the LAC population in 2000 ( 21 . 6 percent ) to more than a third in 2019 ( 37 . 6 percent ) , based on 2011 PPPs . However , during the pandemic , there was a rapid decline in the size of this group in most countries . As a result , LAC is no longer a middleclass region . This group shrunk by four percentage points in 2020 , excluding Brazil , representing 13 million people falling into poverty . Moreover , this decrease reached similar levels as those in 2013 . Peru , Colombia , and Argentina drove this significant reduction in 2020 . < sup > 3 < / sup > Governments must continue targeting policies to support the most vulnerable populations , particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic , followed by the Russian Federation – Ukraine war , which significantly impacted the region . Thus , it is important to accurately measure the size of the vulnerable population , monitor its evolution , and know where they live and their characteristics . The major challenge regarding estimating the LAC region ’ s vulnerable and middle class is the identification of the lower and upper thresholds defined initially by Lopez-Calva & Ortiz-Juarez ( 2014 ) and Ferreira et al . ( 2013 ) . To do so , the principal data that allow for the comparability of different countries ’ living standards are purchasing power parities ( PPPs ) . In May 2020 , the International Comparison Program ( ICP ) published new 2017 PPPs . The 2017 PPPs reflect the most recent relative price differences across a wide range of countries around the world . Jolliffe et al . ( 2022 ) assessed the impact of the 2017 PPPs on global poverty by updating the three international thresholds : the $ 1 . 9 2011 PPP line to $ 2 . 15 2017 PPP per person per day , $ 3 . 2 2011 PPP to $ 3 . 65 2017 PPP per person per", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 323, "text": "2011 PPPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1503, "end": 1528, "text": "purchasing power parities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 another 21 percent planning to open electricity markets to them ( World Bank 2004 ) . State ownership is most prevalent in low-income countries with weak institutional and regulatory capacities . Of the 47 Sub-Saharan African countries , for example , power utilities in 32 remain fully state-owned and operated , while only eight countries have had concession contracts and another seven have management or lease contracts ( Gökgür 2004 ) . But state ownership is not prevalent in Africa alone : a recent survey of nearly 20 low-income countries in different regions - - including 11 in South Asia , East Asia , and Europe and Central Asia - - shows that while many have corporatized their state-owned firms and / or brought in the private sector through IPPs , only one country ( Mali ) had private participation in distribution ( while four are in advanced stages of the process ) , and only four countries had private participation in generation ( Briceño-Garmendia et al 2004 ) . 37 . Similarly telecoms utilities are still owned and operated by the state in 60 percent of the developing countries included in the PPI database . State-ownership exists in virtually all regions . While Sub-Saharan Africa has had some successes with PPI ( Mauritania , Uganda for example ) , the incumbent operator is still fully state-owned in 27 countries , seventeen of which have not initiated reform while the remaining ten are either stalled or delayed for political and / or market reasons ( World Bank 2005 ) . The remaining 20 countries in the region have had varying levels of private participation : one ( Somalia ) is fully private , 13 have majority private participation , and six involve minority share sales . In Latin America , telecom operators in 40 percent of the countries are still fully state-owned and operated , while in the Middle East , South Asia , and Europe and Central Asia the numbers are at 65 , 60 and 30 percent respectively ( ITU 2003 ) . 38 . The numbers for transport and water are substantially higher , with nearly 60 and 70 percent of developing countries respectively not having any form of private participation in these sectors . In transport , concessions have", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1134, "text": "PPI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Unemployment benefits ( UB ) and active labor market policies ( ALMP ) have gained widespread recognition in both developed and developing economies to improve labor market conditions and address social challenges . < sup > 1 < / sup > Despite their effectiveness in cushioning vulnerable groups from shocks , their role in significantly bolstering overall employment and productivity remains ambiguous . Theoretically , UB and ALMP have the potential to increase both employment and productivity by extending job search time through income support , offering active job search support , and enhancing skills through training programs , among other benefits . However , these policies can also strain government budgets , displace or substitute productive jobs , and result in deadweight loss . Therefore , their collective impact on labor market outcomes hinges on which effects dominate at the macro level ( Gautier et al . 2018 ) . Current research investigating the interlinkages between UB and labor market outcomes generally suggests that longer UB periods lead to prolonged unemployment duration and lower formal employment in both developing and developed economies ( e . g . , Filiz 2017 ; Hagedorn et al . 2015 ) . The evidence regarding the impact of UB on job quality and earnings primarily concentrates on developed countries and generally indicates a positive association ( Caliendo et al . 2013 ; Tatsiramos 2009 ) . Only two studies have evaluated the relationship between UB and productivity and both indicate a positive relationship between them ( Soltes 2017 ; Acemoglu and Shimer 2000 ) . Most studies analyzing ALMP use micro-level data to evaluate the effects of a specific program on participants ' employment and earnings . Findings indicate that the effects of ALMP on labor market outcomes vary based on program type and design . For instance , evidence from both developed and developing countries suggests that job search assistance , placement , and training programs generally increase participant ’ s employment rates . However , these effects tend to be contingent on program design and differ across participant groups ( e . g . , Levy Yeyati et al . 2019 ; Autor et al . 2017 ; Card et al . 2018 ; Groh et al", "spans": [{"start": 1668, "end": 1684, "text": "micro-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Some of the expected economic benefits include improved agricultural productivity , increased agricultural production , and more productive use of rehabilitated infrastructure . # # * * B . Technical * * 51 . The project ’ s technical approach reflects the challenges associated with reconstruction and recovery efforts in post-crisis environments where security may constrain project activities . 52 . * * Identification of priorities . * * Project preparation was informed by early needs assessments undertaken by the government in collaboration with international agencies and NGOs . However , because those needs have not yet been verified , security constraints to access project sites , and the expected movement of people from and to project sites , priority investments ( detailed in the _Priority Investment Program_ ) will be submitted for rapid validation by communities to ensure the relevance of project-supported activities . Also , investments will be screened to assess their technical feasibility and to confirm the availability of staff and budget to cover operating costs . PDSECs and community consultations will be used to identify investments additional to those included in the _Priority Investment Program_ . 53 . * * Selection of project sites and resource allocation * * . The selection of project sites has been informed by early estimates of infrastructure damage inflicted by the conflict and by data on displacement ( both community of origin and hosting communities ) . However , the selection of areas of project intervention ( or local governments ) will need to be confirmed once more data are available and access to the North is possible . Also , the proposed maximum per capita funding allocation per LG of approximately US $ 18 for Component 1 and US $ 13 for Component 2 is 17", "spans": [{"start": 1427, "end": 1447, "text": "data on displacement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0074 | | . 0118 | | | Pseudo R2 | . 225 | | . 357 | | . 240 | | . 291 | | Notes : z-scores in parentheses in Columns ( 1 ) . ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , and ( 4 ) . % changes in columns la , 2a , 3a . 4a computed at the means of the independent variables . Prior Instability is the coefficient of variation ( standard deviation divided by mean ) for M2 / GDP over the three years prior to the adoption of explicit deposit insurance . For those countries that retained implicit insurance , the coefficient of variation is calculated over all three-year periods from 1980-95 for which data were available . Recent Financial Crisis is a dumnnv variable = 1 , if a systemic financial crisis occurred within the five years prior to the deposit insurance decision . For those with implicit deposit insurance , the five year period was 1989-93 . Legal Tradition is a six-point index created by the Intemational Country Risk Guide . Higher scores indicate \" sound political institutions , a strong court system , and provisions for an orderly succession of power . \" Legal tradition data averaged over 1985-1991 . \" % Neighbors adopted EDI \" is the percentage of countries within a region that adopted explicit deposit insurance after the date specified ( above ) . Regional pressure figures exclude the country in question from the calculation . The five regions for developing countries were Africa , Asia , Latin America and the Caribbean , the Middle East , and Transitional Socialist Economiies . Developed countries were all grouped into one category ( region ) . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1067, "text": "Legal tradition data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Ritchie ( Eds . ) , _Modeling Plant and Soil Systems_ , pp . 5 – 29 . American Society of Agronomy , Crop Science Society of America , Soil Science Society of America . - Sarsons , H . ( 2015 ) . Rainfall and conflict : A cautionary tale . _Journal of Development Economics 115_ , 62 – 72 . - Shah , M . and B . M . Steinberg ( 2017 ) . Drought of opportunities : Contemporaneous and long-term impacts of rainfall shocks on human capital . _Journal of Political Economy 125_ ( 2 ) , 527 – 61 . - Survey and Census Division , National Institute of Statistics , Niger ( NIS ) ( 2014 ) . National Survey on Household Living Conditions and Agriculture 2011 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : NER ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 011 ~ ~ E ~ ~ CVMA ~ ~ v ~ ~ 01 M . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2050 ` on 6 September 2019 . - Survey and Census Division , National Institute of Statistics , Niger ( NIS ) ( 2016 ) . National Survey on Household Living Conditions and Agriculture ( ecvma ) 2014 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : NER 2014 ~ ~ E ~ ~ CVMA ~ ~ v ~ ~ 02 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2676 ` on 6 September 2019 . - Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics ( TNBS ) ( 2011 ) . Tanzania National Panel Survey 20082009 , Wave 1 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : TZA ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 008 ~ ~ N ~ ~ PS-R1 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 03 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 76 ` on 6 September 2019 . - Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics ( TNBS ) ( 2012 ) . Tanzania National Panel Survey 20102011 , Wave 2 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : TZA ~ ~ 2 ~", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effectiveness of class size reductions is . 029 but the cost effectiveness of increasing school physical resources is 3 . 2 ' s . R ) Fducation production function . estimates Do these few cost effectiveness studies represent the typical case across a variety of conditions ? While there are few studies that calculate cost effectiveness for different types of inputs , there are numerous studies which relate student achievement to school characteristics , such as inputs , while controlling for student ' s background characteristics ( e . g . parental income , education ) and there have been several prominent reviews of this literature . These reviews face enormous difficulties in summarizing the empirical results of the different studies as the estimated coefficients , which are reported in physical quantity units , ( e . g . test scores gain per square foot ) are not directly comparable either across inputs or across studies . Therefore the reviews summarize only whether the effect was estimated to be positive or negative and whether it was statistically significant ( although some do attempt to report \" effect sizes \" which , at least normalizes the test scores to standard deviation , Lockheed and Haunshek 1988 ) . _Confirmation percentage evidence . _ Holding these problems firmly in mind , there are two ways we can bring the enormous educational production function literature to bear on our competing positive models . First , we can compare the \" confirmation percentage \" of various inputs , that is the frequency with which the variable is found to be statistically significant of 13 Since this study did not report cost data for school resources , we used data from World Bank ( 1996a ) to calculate these ratios . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1685, "end": 1705, "text": "data from World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ to be acquired , number and category of PAPs to be affected , and related aspects may not be known but apparently would come to the scene . EEP shall therefore be responsible to prepare a RP Addendum using the same principle and method of compensation consistent to the original RP . A census will be conducted , and a full inventory of losses shall be established to prepare such RP Addendum . The Addendum will not discuss all the key elements of a RP as such elements have already been discussed or addressed in the original RP prepared to the Subproject . The key objectives will be to provide mitigation measures in terms of compensation for structure and other assets at full replacement cost and other necessary assistance to ensure that PAPs are appropriately compensated and assisted for their losses . The Addendum , following the RP policies and principles , establishes the provisions for payment of resettlement assistance to affected households , farmlands , grazing places etc . and as deemed necessary , special assistance to vulnerable households and / or income restoration activities . It shall also need to present demographic profiles of the affected households and their socioeconomic characteristics , the implementation arrangements , consultation outcomes , implementation schedule and the estimated budget for implementation , established cut-off dates , etc . # # # # # # * * Minimum Elements of RP Addendum * * - The main objectives / purpose of the RP Addendum , - Description of the specific subproject activities entailing the expected land related impacts and identification of the Subproject area , - Identification of potential impacts , explaining why the selected land must be acquired for use within the timeframe of the Subproject , - Identification of subproject affected population , - The scope and scale of land acquisition and impacts on structures and other fixed assets , - Any subproject-imposed restrictions on use of , or access to , land or natural resources , -", "spans": [{"start": 437, "end": 443, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Second Ethiopia Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project ( P156433 ) # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P156433 | IDA-60070 | Effective | USD | 320 . 00 | 320 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 46 . 84 | 280 . 17 | | 14 % | | P156433 | IDA-60080 | Effective | USD | 125 . 00 | 125 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 31 | 124 . 69 | | 0 . 3 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Dat | e < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing | Date | | P156433 | IDA-60070 | Effective | 31-Mar-2017 | 07-Ap | r-2017 | 04-Aug-2017 | 07-Ju | l-2023 | 07-Jul-2023 | | | P156433 | IDA-60080 | Effective | 31-Mar-2017 | 07-Ap | r-2017 | 04-Aug-2017 | 07-Ju | l-2023 | 07-Jul-2023 | | # # #", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits 5-7 : Implementation Completion and Results Report_ benefits to the Ugandan households in terms of producing high yielding relevant technologies , increased agricultural productivity , and higher household incomes . Moreover , the extensive policy dialogue taking place under the PRSCs led to the development of the ATAAS project to exploit the linkages and complementarities between research and agricultural extension services . This policy dialogue also catalyzed the formulation of the sector-wide DSIP , which was endorsed by the CAADP and several DPs as the main framework for developing Uganda ’ s agricultural sector during the next five years . In addition , the education sector literacy targets were reached , and the dialogue with the Government under the PRSCs culminated in enactment of the 2008 Education Act . Although LG procurement was aligned with that of the central government , the dialogue on procurement reform proved to be very difficult . The proposed amendments to the PPDA Act could undermine reform progress and remain a challenge in the ongoing policy dialogue . Although there was progress in a number of health sector outcomes , many fell short of targets and , stock outs in particular have continued to worsen . By the end of the series , it was clear that important progress had been made on water and sanitation outcomes , which are an important contributor to the improved health of Ugandans , and a comprehensive program to improve governance in the water sector was introduced . Corruption overall remained an issue , however , with no net improvement in the Transparency International ’ s annual survey results , although a number of measures were introduced to better address this issue ( PFM , strengthening the IGG and the anti-corruption part of the judiciary ) . A number of other areas of institutional strengthening also occurred ( discussed further below ) . * * Overall rating * * : These operations were clearly highly relevant to the Government ’ s development priorities . Performance under PRSC 5 was satisfactory , but was somewhat less so under PRSC 6 and 7 .", "spans": [{"start": 1634, "end": 1678, "text": "Transparency International ’ s annual survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 | Country , < br > L < br > econowy , or < br > territory | ast olishe < br > P < br > Date | d < br > censu < br > opulation < br > ( 1000 ) * | s < br > Sourceforpopulation < br > ( mid-1985 ) | Source for fertility < br > ( 1985-90 , unless indicated ) | Source for mortality < br > ( 1985-90 , unless indicated ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Guam | Apr 80 | 106 J | Bank projection from official < br > 1984 est . , UNWPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Bank est . | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | | Guatemala | Mar 81 | 6054 J | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | 1980-85 , U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) ; < br > 1985-90 , Bank < br > projections | | Guinea | Feb 83 | 5781 F | Bank projection from census | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | Guinea-Bissau | Apr 79 | 768 F | Bank projection frorm census | Bank est . | Bank eat . | | Guyana | may 80 | 759 F | UIPVSR 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( preli ' i . ) | | Haiti | Aug 82 | 5054 J | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Celade printout < br > 2 / 87 | Celade printout 2 / 87 | | Hoty See | Apr 48 | 1 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | - - | - | | Noncdras | Mar 74 |", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 499, "text": "USBOC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 746, "end": 773, "text": "Bank projection from census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 | 63 . 6 | 36 . 3 | 66 . 2 | 33 . 8 | 0 . 0 | | * * * United States 2001 * * | 69 . 3 | 19 . 1 | 11 . 6 | 83 . 0 | 15 . 5 | 1 . 5 | 10 . 0 | 8 . 0 | 82 . 0 | 15 . 7 | 67 . 6 | 16 . 8 | | * * _ * Argentina 2001_ * * | _59 . 7_ | _40 . 3_ | _0 . 0_ | _50 . 5_ | _49 . 5_ | _0 . 0_ | _54 . 4_ | _45 . 6_ | _0 . 0_ | _94 . 6_ | _5 . 4_ | _0 . 0_ | | * * _ * India 1999_ * * | _62 . 6_ | _37 . 4_ | _0 . 0_ | _100 . 0_ | _0 . 0_ | _0 . 0_ | _14 . 9_ | _85 . 1_ | _0 . 0_ | _41 . 5_ | _58 . 5_ | _0 . 0_ | | * * _China 1999_ * * | _45 . 0_ | _55 . 0_ | _0 . 0_ | _24 . 4_ | _75 . 6_ | _0 . 0_ | _0 . 0_ | _100 . 0_ | _0 . 0_ | _55 . 7_ | _44 . 3_ | _0 . 0_ | | * * _Indonesia 1999_ * * | _97 . 1_ | _2 . 9_ | _0 . 0_ | _100 . 0_ | _0 . 0_ | _0 . 0_ | _74 . 9_ | _25 . 1_ | _0 . 0_ | _95 . 9_ | _4 . 1_ | _0 . 0_ | _Note : _ * indicates a federal country . Data for the emerging country group are shown in italics . _Source : _ As calculated from International Monetary Fund ( 2002 ) by Martinez-Vazquez , McLure , and Vaillancourt ( 2006 ) . Countries are listed in order of tax-to-GDP ratio ( as based on a variety of sources and in some instances for a later year than the detailed tax data included in this", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1190, "text": "tax data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * HIV / AIDS is the leading cause of adult mortality in Africa . In Mozambique , 12 . 5 % of adults were HIV positive in 2008 ( UNAIDS / WHO , 2008 ) . The proportion of HIV positive patients with an advanced infection receiving HAART ( Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment ) in Mozambique was 24 % in 2007 ( UNAIDS / WHO , 2008 ) . Adherence to treatment is a key determinant of treatment success and is crucial in avoiding the development of resistances . Antiretroviral therapies need to be taken at least once a day and need to be taken after a meal to avoid side effects . Good nutrition is therefore an essential element in ensuring adherence and treatment success among HIV / AIDS patients . The food crisis that culminated in 2008 constitutes a major risk by reducing access to food for HIV / AIDS patients who generally are already among the most vulnerable groups in the communities . In addition , even if the antiretroviral medicines are generally subsidized , access to treatment is costly in terms of travel to the health facility and opportunity costs for patients and their households . The aim of this paper is twofold . First , we try to evaluate the impact of the food crisis on households living with HIV / AIDS . In particular , our estimates will give an indication of whether these households are more vulnerable than others in times of economic crisis . Second , we assess whether the change in welfare of households , potentially caused by the crisis , affects their health status and adherence . We use data from a longitudinal survey carried out in Mozambique in 2007 and 2008 , which was designed to include households with HIV positive individuals as well as comparison households with no identified HIV positive members . At the global level , food grain prices have risen by 150 % between January 2006 and June 2008 , with about 40 % of that rise that occurred in just the first half of 2008 ( World Bank , 2008 ) _ . _ Ivanic and Martin ( 2008 ) have estimated that , as a consequence of higher global food", "spans": [{"start": 1568, "end": 1587, "text": "longitudinal survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As DeShazo and Fermo ( 2002 ) suggest , when conjoint analysis is applied , several design issues and options such as service definition and payment method need to be considered at the outset ( see Pattanayak et al . , 2001 and 2004 for a full discussion of design choices including survey and elicitation methods ) . This includes : ( a ) defining the commodity primarily involved ( b ) determining the type of WSS offered and how it differs substantively from current options , and ( c ) characterizing the institutional setting that is providing the service . Usually a careful review of existing levels of service and alternatives can identify and define the appropriate commodity for the study . In general , preparatory activities and focus groups can uncover important features of the selected service option ( s ) such as metering , hours of supply , and water quality . These can then be presented in detail in the descriptive / informational parts of the conjoint survey . The scenario , or institutional setting , must also be adapted to local conditions . In general , if certain elements of the scenario are expected to substantively affect household demand for improved services , these elements become design features that vary across the surveyed households . Surveys with these different versions would be administered and econometric modeling could be used to detect whether the private versus public institutional context affects household demand and choices . Payment methods , in other words , how individuals are asked to pay for the services , is also an important consideration . In the water and sanitation sector , the main approach is to ask the valuation question ( s ) from an _ex ante_ perspective such as increments to current bills or new bills . For households without a connection , the payment method may be a connection charge plus an increment to monthly bills . The ranges of the connection charge and monthly bill should be sufficiently wide to estimate demand and to capture relevant policy alternatives ( e . g . , cross-subsidization ) . The relative advantages of different payment method alternatives depend importantly on the target population and on the policy context . If cash income is a binding", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 980, "text": "conjoint survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ # # # * * 1 . 5 METHODOLOGY FOR CARRYING OUT THE RAP * * The methodology for carrying out the RAP included data collection and analysis and is presented in the chapters of this report . The key steps are outlined below . # # # * * _1 . 5 . 1 Primary Data Collection_ * * # # # _1 ) _ _ < u > Household Survey and Enumeration < / u > _ This was used to identify the affected households and to take an inventory of their assets and livelihood as well as their socio-economic characteristics . A structured questionnaire was administered to the identified households by trained enumerators recruited from the local community . A copy of the questionnaire is provided in the appendices . # # # _2 ) _ _ < u > Site Visits and Observations < / u > _ A number of site visits were conducted to locate the pipelines . These visits were also used to identify the people affected by the design to who were enumerated for the survey . In addition , the Consultant carried out a physical mapping of all PAPs within the project areas , with all affected developments . Due to the fact that the existing roads will be used to access the sites a wayleave of 3m was taken for all the pipelines . # # # * * _1 . 5 . 2 Secondary Data Collection_ * * This involved conducting a review of existing documents , reports , laws and policies relating to resettlement and other issues of the project and the project area . The main document looked as was the previously carried out RAP and ESIA reports . Other key documents reviewed include but were not limited to : - The Previously carried out ESIA and RAP - Kenyan Policies and Laws on Land and resettlement - World Bank Policies Land and Resettlement - The Design Report # # # * * _1 . 5 . 3 Public Consultation_ * * This was done at three levels :", "spans": [{"start": 342, "end": 358, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project ( P107314 ) # # # * * B . KEY OUTPUTS BY COMPONENT * * # # # * * Component 1 : Institutional Reform and Planning * * * * Objective / Outcome 1 : Increase in number of people living in areas with planned development * * | Outcome Indicators | N / A | | - - - | - - - | | Intermediate Results Indicators | 1 . Integrated strategic development plans prepared | | Key Outputs by Component < br > ( linked to the achievement of the Objective / Outcome 2 ) | 1 . Integrated strategic urban development plans for 24 urban centers < br > 2 . Urban redevelopment detailed plans for Nairobi central railway < br > station , Embakasi Standard Gauge Railway ( SGR ) station and Eastlands | * * Objective / Outcome 2 : Improve institutional capacity in urban and metro service delivery * * | Outcome Indicators | N / A | | - - - | - - - | | Intermediate Results Indicators | 1 . Physical address system prepared for counties < br > 2 . Revenue enhancement plans prepared for counties | | Key Outputs by Component < br > ( linked to the achievement of the Objective / Outcome 2 ) | 1 . Revenue enhancement plans for four counties < br > 2 . GIS-based valuation roll for Nairobi < br > 3 . Physical address system for four urban cities | # # # * * Component 2 : Local Infrastructure and Services * * * * Objective / Outcome 1 : Increase in number of people with access to improved local / urban services * * | Outcome Indicators | N / A | | - - - | - - - | | | 1 . Drainage systems constructed under the NaMSIP | | Intermediate Results Indicators | 2 . Street and security lights installed | | | 3 . Markets rehabilitated | Page 34 of 44", "spans": [{"start": 1200, "end": 1236, "text": "GIS-based valuation roll for Nairobi", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# IMI . Framework , Data , and Variables In this section , we discuss a framework for analyzing the determinants of school enrollment and completion levels by reviewing research pertinent to our study , and drawing specific hypotheses from models of schooling choice . We then present the empirical model and relationships to be estimated , and briefly discuss the sample drawn for this analysis from the Peru Living Standards Survey ( PLSS ) . # The Schooling Decision Three classes of research literature are relevant to our study . One is the literature on returns to education or why people invest in schooling ; another is the literature that deals with who makes the schooling decision ( s ) ; and the third pertains to the process of education itself . Each of these literatures is vast and rich . We do not attempt to review them exhaustively , but to provide a brief summary of their principal hypotheses and findings . Returns to education models . There are two competing hypotheses in the economic literature about returns to education . The human capital model asserts that the principal benefit from education is that it raises a person ' s productivity , whether in the workplace or at home , at work or at play . In the workplace , this increase in productivity translates into higher earnings ( Becker , 1964 ; Mincer , 1974 , among others ) ; at home , it means more efficient home production , such as child care ( Gronau , 1977 ) . Also related to this model are the hypotheses that more highly educated people learn ( that is , 12", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 433, "text": "Peru Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Lack of a unifi ed data management system impedes registration . - UNHCR has limited access to the government database and the government has limited resources to update the database . - The government is responsible for registration , but does not recognize most of the registration carried out by UNHCR and does not share registration information with UNHCR . * * Table 2 : * * The Sample countries with the largest populations of registered asylum seekers and refugees | * * Countries * * | Number of Registered < br > Asylum Seekers | | - - - | - - - | | South Africa | 219 , 368 | | Kenya | 35 , 271 | | Uganda | 23 , 453 | | Ecuador | 21 , 558 | | Egypt | 18 , 938 | | Thailand | 13 , 357 | | Turkey | 10 , 964 | | Malaysia | 10 , 937 | | Sudan | 6 , 912 | | Yemen | 5 , 878 | | * * Countries * * | Number of Registered < br > Refugees | | Iran | 886 , 468 | | Syrian Arab Republic | 755 , 445 | | Kenya | 566 , 487 | | Jordan | 451 , 009 | | Ethiopia | 288 , 844 | | Yemen | 214 , 740 | | India | 185 , 118 | | Uganda | 139 , 448 | | Sudan | 139 , 415 | | Ecuador | 123 , 436 | # # * * REGISTRATION : WHAT WORKS WELL ? * * A well-structured process , including the systematic use of mobile teams , careful scheduling and prioritization facilitates UNHCR registration for urban refugees . - * * India : * * Schedules registration according to country of origin , and analyzes arrival trends on a weekly basis to enable adjustments . - * * Indonesia : * * Uses a mobile registration team and new out-posted locations . - * * Kenya : * * Registers all asylum seekers and prima facie", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 120, "text": "government database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6255 # * * Abstract * * In 2009 , buffeted by the great recession , Thai gross domestic product fell by 2 . 3 percent . Using monthly data from the socio-economic surveys of 2007 – 2010 , this paper finds , after controlling for household variables , that real consumption per capita rose in 2009 relative to 2008 for most groups , including the poor , urban and rural households , men , women , and children . The losers were residents of Bangkok , especially those aged 20 – 29 , and those working in sales and services . During the recession year of 2009 , school enrollment rates did not fall , and durable goods purchases actually rose ; households probably reduced their savings , and also benefitted from the lower food prices that prevailed in 2009 . A simulation exercise based on the slowdown in growth of gross domestic product would have missed these effects , as would models based solely on readily-available data series . This points to the importance of country-specific policy analysis , rooted in timely local evidence , including household survey data . This paper is a product of the Agriculture and Rural Development Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at jhaughton @ suffolk . edu and skhandker @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or", "spans": [{"start": 178, "end": 200, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1079, "end": 1100, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "secretary general of the Tanzania Albino Society ( TAS ) , “ Our biggest fear right now is the fear of living . If you leave work at night as an albino , you are unsure of reaching home safely . When you sleep , you are unsure of waking up in one piece . ” < sup > 154 < / sup > The government has acknowledged the problem and taken some steps to address it : in October 2008 , President Jakaya Kikwete publicly denounced the practice ; the police are taking a census of albinos ; officers are escorting albino children to school ; an albino woman was recently awarded a seat in Parliament . < sup > 155 < / sup > However , “ some officers have been accused of turning a blind eye in return for cash when attacks on albinos occur ” and there is concern about the lack of arrests . < sup > 156 < / sup > Tanzanian police report that more than 170 people are in custody for attacks on albinos , but no one has been prosecuted . < sup > 157 < / sup > The European Parliament issued a resolution in September 2008 condemning the killing of albinos in Tanzania and recognized that “ these killings have caused great apprehension and fear among the albino community as they now feel very insecure and are even afraid of staying , walking or travelling alone because of the potential risks . ” < sup > 158 < / sup > One victim ’ s sister , who is also albino , told reporters , “ Please , ask the government to take me away from here . I dare not come out of the house since my brother was killed . ” < sup > 159 < / sup > Most recently , the severed limbs of a 13-year old albino killed in Tanzania in early December 2008 were found at the home of a local witch doctor . < sup > 160 < / sup > Additionally , Vicky Ntetema , an investigative journalist ,", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 478, "text": "census of albinos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Costa Rica Results in Education ( CORE ) ( P181174 ) # # * * Figure 1b : Technical education graduates by * * * * < u > gender in strategic STEAM fields < / u > * * Source : HIPATIA , Estado de las capacidades en ciencia , tecnología e innovación : https : / / hipatia . cr / 12 . * * By the end of 2022 , Costa Rica was hosting 270 , 636 forcibly displaced and stateless people , and the uneven preparedness of these students strains the education system . * * < sup > 19 < / sup > Even if the influx of migrants and refugees acts as a positive factor for some schools that would be facing closure due to decline of the native-born population , the education system faces stress because of the differential quality of preparedness and disruptions faced by immigrant students . In recent decades , the country has seen the arrival of migrants and refugee applicants fleeing political and economic conditions in Colombia , Cuba , El Salvador , Nicaragua , and Venezuela . According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and administrative records from the General Directorate of Migration and Foreigners , the number of asylum seekers in Costa Rica increased from 27 , 993 in 2018 to 273 , 066 by December 2023 . While the country offers public education to all children regardless of migratory status , more efforts are needed to ensure that enrollment requirements do not exclude migrant children from the classroom , and that learning environments are inclusive . As of September 2023 , 64 , 455 students enrolled in the Costa Rican education system were foreigners ( 5 . 4 percent of the total student population ) . According to administrative registries , 38 , 870 migrant students ( 60 . 3 percent of the total migrant student population ) are under irregular status or pending regularization . < sup > 20 < / sup > The issue of disabilities is also a priority item for Government policies on inclusion . MEP statistics", "spans": [{"start": 1671, "end": 1696, "text": "administrative registries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1949, "end": 1963, "text": "MEP statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WFP / WHO / IOCC | 2013 JOINT Nutrition < br > Assessment < br > Syrian Refugees in < br > LEBANON | Oct-13 | National , North , Bekaa , < br > South and Mount Lebanon < br > and Beirut . | Nutritional analysis - children 6-59 < br > months < br > and < br > WRA , < br > SMART - < br > UNHCR SENS | | CARITAS | Forgotten Voices : An < br > insight into older < br > persons among < br > refugees from Syria < br > in Lebanon | Mar-13 | Lebanon : Baalbeck , Saida , < br > Sin el Fil , Taalabaya , Tripoli , < br > and Zahleh , Bourj el - < br > Barajneh , Mar Elias , and < br > Shatila | Stratified random sample with < br > regards to geographic distribution < br > and date of arrival to Lebanon . A < br > total sample size of 220 of 175 < br > older Syrian refugees and 45 older < br > PRS was selected . Quantitative < br > data < br > was < br > gathered < br > through < br > individualsurveys . Qualitative data | 47", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 902, "text": "individualsurveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "right to control entry of foreign nationals into its territory , basic international standards especially in the field of protection of fundamental human rights guaranteed by essential international conventions and treaties must be respected . For example , HCIT collected testimonies of foreign nationals that were taken to police stations in Hungary after being discovered and apprehended in the trucks or trains , where they were finger -", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 305, "text": "testimonies of foreign nationals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in consumption behavior and preferences , which requires the private sector to adjust . This includes an acceleration of several recent global trends such as automation , e-commerce , home-based work , electronic modes of communication , etc . But it also includes adjusting products and services in sectors that have been strongly affected by the crisis such as tourism , transport , retail trade , restaurants , etc . A strong and sustainable economic recovery in the region thus requires firms that are prepared to adopt new information and communication technology ( ICT ) , services , and processes to raise their productivity helping them to adjust to these changes . * * _How well prepared is the Western Balkan private sector to adjust to changing demands ? _ * * * * Before entering the crisis , firms in Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BiH ) , and North Macedonia were more likely than those in neighboring countries to introduce new products or services . * * This box draws on the 2019 World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) to assess the readiness of the Western Balkan formal private sector to lead the economic recovery from the emerging global crisis . The survey results provide a mixed picture . Overall , firms in Serbia , BiH , and to a lesser extent also in North Macedonia tended to be on par with the average country in Eastern Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) in adopting new products or services before the crisis . In Albania the picture is more mixed while firms in Kosovo and Montenegro were not up to the capacity of firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) to adopt new business models ( Figure B2 . 1 . 1 ) . For example , more than 40 percent of all formal firms in BiH , North Macedonia , Albania , and Serbia had adopted new 6 | < sup > 2 . COvID-19 hAs CAUsED DEEP RECEssIONs IN ThE wEsTERN BALkANs < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 995, "end": 1029, "text": "2019 World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "customers . TheCREOSwerealso < br > deployedtoundertakemarketreviews . The < br > finalSituationAnalysis was submittedand < br > accepted * * by * * MOE allowingtheconsultantto < br > movetothenextstageofdevelopingthe < br > communication < br > strategy . < br > The < br > branding < br > manual for theProjectwasawaitingapproval < br > from MOE . < br > * * nd CapacityBuilding * * | | Procurement < br > ofa < br > Verification < br > Agent < br > for < br > the < br > Standalone < br > Community < br > System , < br > andhome < br > systemsandcookstoves | Ongoing | Technicalproposalreceivedfrom four ( 4 ) < br > bidders , Evaluationon-going . | | Recruitmentofafirmtocarry out < br > trainingneedsassessment * * ( TNA ) * * | Ongoing | RFPissuedtothe eight * * ( 8 ) * * shortlistedfirms , < br > submissionextendedto * * 1st * * September2020 | | Procurement < br > of < br > Consultancy < br > servicesforexplorationofoptions < br > forproductiveuseanddemand < br > creation | Ongoing | REOIready forpublishingandsubmittedto < br > procurementforaction | | Procurementofaconsultantto < br > carry < br > out < br > National < br > Impact < br > evaluationsurveyofthelastmile < br > connectionsProject | Ongoing | RFPissuedtotheshortlistedfirms , closingon < br > August2 0th2020 . | | Procurement < br > of < br > Consultancy < br > Services < br > to < br > assess < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 6 . 3 Farmland Ownership * * Regarding farmland ownership 85 or 94 . 4 % of the surveyed households reported to owning farmland . Across project woredas while all the surveyed households in Bulchana owning farmland , whereas three households from Hawela Tula and two households from Toga Weransa Woreda didn ’ t have farmland during the survey period . Table 4 . 21 : Size of Farmland Holding ( Ha ) by Woreda | * * Land Size * * | * * Bulchana * * | * * Hawela * * < br > * * Tula * * | * * Toga * * < br > * * Weransa * * | * * Total * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0 . 001 – 0 . 499 | 6 | 25 | 11 | 42 | 49 . 4 | | 0 . 500 – 0 . 999 | 17 | 2 | 8 | 27 | 31 . 8 | | 1 . 000 – 1 . 999 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 14 | 16 . 5 | | 2 . 000 – 2 . 999 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 . 4 | | 3 . 000 and Above | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 . 0 | | Total | 30 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 100 . 0 | Based on the survey result , almost half ( 49 . 4 % ) of the surveyed households owning farmland size between 0 . 001 to 0 . 499 hectare , followed by households owning farmland holding between 0 . 5 to 0", "spans": [{"start": 1125, "end": 1138, "text": "survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfant * * | * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | | * * Adult * * | * * e ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle - * * | * * Ménage * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * < br > | | * * Commune * * | | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | * * Koro * * | * * 521 * * | * * 968 * * | * * 742 * * | * * 1710 * * | * * 742 * * | * * 678 * * | * * 1420 * * | * * 65 * * | * * 33 * * | * * 98 * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Most technical data presented are for 2006 ( or the most recent year available ) , while financial data are typically averaged over the available period to smooth out the effect of short-term fluctuations . Second , to ensure consistent comparisons across countries , the indicators and analysis were standardized . As a result , some of the indicators presented here may differ slightly from those that are routinely reported and discussed at the country level . 2", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 103, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # LIST OF ACRONYMS | AAH | Action Africa Help - International | | - - - | - - - | | COR | Commission for Refugees , Ministry of Home < br > Affairs , Zambia | | CSO | Central Statistical Office | | DRC | The Democratic Republic of the Congo | | DVD | Digital Versatile Disc | | FDI | Foreign direct investment | | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | | GRZ | The Government of the Republic of Zambia | | ICT | Information and communication technology | | IMF | International Monetary Fund | | INESOR | Institute of Economic and Social Research | | IPS | Implementing Partners | | ITU | International Telecommunications Union | | JCTR | Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflections | | K | Zambian Kwacha ( un-rebased ) | | LCMS | Living Conditions Monitoring Survey | | MSMEs | Micro , small and medium enterprises | | NGO | Non-Governmental organization | | TV | Television | | UNHCR | United Nations High Commission for Refugees | | UNZA | The University of Zambia | | ZMW | Rebased Zambian Kwacha | 2 * * _February 15 , 2017_ * * * * _UNHCR appreciates the generous support of various co-operating partners_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 758, "text": "Living Conditions Monitoring Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "First , we ran a placebo test using deforestation outcomes from the years 2007-2010 . These estimates are shown in the * * Appendix Table A4 * * . As expected , this effect shows no pattern of program impacts in the years prior to enrollment . Second , our results are robust to excluding those properties just over the threshold , i . e . with point scores between 0 and . 5 ( see * * Appendix Table A5 * * ) . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 : Trends in Students ’ average Academic Performance by Year of Study : 2010 – 2014 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 62 < br > 60 < br > 58 < br > 95 % CI < br > First Years < br > 95 % CI < br > Second Years < br > 56 < br > 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > Academic Year < br > Student Overall Weighted Mean ( OWM ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Own calculations using the NUL students records data for the academic years 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . _Notes_ : OWM is the overall weighted mean . aged 16-18 years because they are of the appropriate age for first year of university , and those aged 19-23 years as the control cohort . Figure 6 presents trends in students ’ academic performance between 2010 and 2014 by treatment cohort . We can see from the figure that the trends in academic performance of the 16-18 year olds and the 19-23 year olds are parallel throughout the period . As mentioned earlier , the control group ( i . e . the 19-23 year cohort ) possibly includes children directly affected by FPE . Hence , it is more than likely that the observed drop in average performance of this cohort in 2012 is largely driven by the decline in performance of fraction of old but FPE-treated children . This further supports the idea that our DID method under this treatment group definition will only identify the lower-bound effect of FPE on academic performance . # * * 5 . 2 . 3 Compositional differences * * Notwithstanding the above evidence establishing the second years and the 19-23 year old university students as the plausible counterfactuals for the respective treatment groups , compositional differences between the control and treatment groups can cause the violation of the parallel trends assumption . That is , the identifying assumption may be implausible if pre-treatment individual characteristics that are correlated with the dynamics of the outcome variable are not balanced 16", "spans": [{"start": 407, "end": 432, "text": "NUL students records data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "120 . 8 | 11 . 8 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 188 < br > 404 | 227 < br > 77 . 8 < br > _Aa_ < br > 103 . 8 < br > = - < br > = | 10 . 3 < br > 24 . 0 < br > 2 . < br > 84 . 0 < br > | 29 . 2 < br > 81 . 5 < br > 10 . 2 < br > 120 . 9 | < br > 13 . 6 < br > < br > 99 . 3 < br > 1 . 1 < br > - 120 . 2 < br > < br > - 2 | 38 . 5 < br > 24 . 4 < br > P-0 < br > 94 . 9 | 20 . 5 < br > 81 . 3 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 37 < br > 137 . 6 | 42 . 5 < br > 19 . 8 < br > 919 < br > 1012 < br > = | 32 . 5 < br > 52 . 0 < br > 0 . 9 < br > _UQ_ < br > 95 . 4 < br > < br > * * = * * < br > - | 46 . 2 < br > S1 . 5 < br > _O_33 . 2 < br > 1309 < br > | 38 < br > 49 . 4 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 15 . 9 < br > 102 . 6 | 45 < br > 39 . 2 < br > 09 < br > 43 < br > 129 . 7 | 41 . 0 < br > ' < br > 1 . 6 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 91 . 9 < br > 134 . 5 | # # # # # of FY92 data based on tmaudtted financial satments btI ncludes cap", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 842, "text": "FY92 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 852, "end": 880, "text": "tmaudtted financial satments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Company owners and managers make two decisions with important implications in the labor market : what skills are demanded and who to hire . On the demanded skills , a driver of trends in employment is the changing demand for soft skills ( Heckman and Kautz ( 2012 ) , Weidmann and Deming ( 2021 ) ) . However , we know relatively little about what kinds of soft skills employers value in modern entrylevel jobs ( Heller and Kessler , 2022 ) . On the decision of who to hire , it is in the best interest of companies to hire based on workers productivity . However , several studies have documented the existence of labor market discrimination in a wide range of contexts ( Bertrand and Duflo ( 2017 ) , Neumark ( 2018 ) ) and it remains unclear how discrimination operates throughout the hiring process and how the existent empirical evidence on discrimination is linked to economic theory ( Bertrand and Duflo , 2017 ) . We conducted a correspondence study in 2023 using a large online job platform to assess demand for soft skills in the context of hiring discrimination in Malaysia . Malaysia is a particularly interesting setting because it is an upper-middle-income economy , home to multiple ethnicities representing large shares of the population , and previously documented gender gaps in labor force participation and wages . By randomly assigning similar fictitious applicants to advertised entry level jobs , we measure the extent of ethnicity-based ( Malay / Chinese / Indian ) and gender-based ( male / female ) discrimination in the Malaysian labor market . We also test whether employers respond to signals of two soft skills : teamwork and leadership , both randomly assigned to applications and resumes through the presence of statements that signal each skill ( e . g . demonstrated ability to contribute to teams ) . Our primary contribution lies in testing how labor market competition and soft skills interact with ethnicity and gender to narrow or widen the discrimination gap . We find evidence of ethnicity-based , but not gender-based , discrimination in Malaysia . Relative to individuals with Chinese-sounding names , companies in Malaysia are 13 percentage points less likely to contact", "spans": [{"start": 999, "end": 1024, "text": "large online job platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Decentralization and Productive Intermediate Cities Support Project ( P169332 ) # # * * ANNEX 8 : Gender Analysis , Actions , and Indicators * * # # * * Gender Analysis * * # # * * Mauritania in General * * 1 . The 2020 Global Gender Gap Index < sup > 62 < / sup > gave Mauritania a score of 0 . 614 ( where 1 = gender equality ) , signaling that Mauritania continues to make progress in closing gender gaps particularly in education and political empowerment . On the other hand , Mauritania lags in providing economic empowerment and opportunity to women , as well as in health and survival of women . In 2019 , in Mauritania , the population was 50 . 2 percent female and 49 . 8 percent male and yet women tend to be more exposed to poverty and shocks . Indeed , men hold three jobs in every four , even though women represent 55 percent of the working-age population . And the labor force participation in Mauritania is 30 . 2 for females and 64 . 4 percent for males . Approximately 43 . 4 percent of females and 63 . 8 percent of males are literate . Primary school enrollment was 80 . 9 percent for females and 78 . 3 percent males and secondary school enrollment was 31 . 7 percent for females and 30 . 3 percent for males and yet boys are nearly 50 percent more likely to complete secondary education than girls . Additionally , insecure access to land also affects women , who account for just 8 percent of those holding land titles . 2 . Despite those improvements , women are still under-represented in decision making , altering the capacity of institutions to properly address women ’ s issues in investment planning . With respect to political empowerment , in 2019 , 20 . 3 percent of the parliamentarians in Mauritania were female and 31 . 8 percent of ministerial positions were held by women < sup > 63 < / sup > , ahead of many other countries in the region", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 266, "text": "2020 Global Gender Gap Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > = I1 7 < br > o 1 < br > 5 i 7-7 ( i < br > rags . I ! I rrti ~ Ar ! > ry Va < br > ryS = a T 1I Tetrt ! iYiydil < br > 5 - - 7 I - ! it r Tt tTAidft 4 < br > & ii ! AlTO TTALYN TALT \\ ' < br > > £ DoF4 i 1rtdIt4 v71I Nf = 4 riitI Ty1 i < br > = | * + I < br > 1 1 < br > 3 ‘ < br > AMPMOROROK AK ANMTMONMBOrC AK ANTHONAD < br > BABBAGDGAGEEESGSGSSGSSGSGSGEererrSSSOSSOOHKTAANAAAAANSSOAAAAAAAAANSSOOAANAAAAAAAFErFEreErreecEeEecEcEEEErETEEEEEEEEEEEeer ANNOAOONNDVAANNAANNSOSoCONaNAANANAAYNHK OGOOOSCSOOOCAAASSSOSOSSOOSSANNEER er eeree eK < br > Year-Month < br > Data Source : panjiva < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > < i1 _-1 ! < br > oo I - | < br > = + 1 H I fp i < br > pare } Sgc - tH I ! 1 TT ] | TiViTKNi tt < br > — tyS = a + H ; i } \\ r ~ T1d + + ! itl ' owrprPolymanaT 7H thti 14 1 < br > & 1 rit L ' iva 1 1 < br > 2 £ 041oa rr | ! ! AL rt ! I | < br > git ' I < br > it i 1 < br > 5 1 < br > AMPMOROROK < br > BABBAGDAGDEEESGSGSSGSSGSGSGEPOTSSSOSSOOHKTAAAAAAAANSSOAAAAAAAAANSSOOAAAAAAAAAFErFErErreecEeEEceEcEErEErFETEEEEEEEEEEETerr er AQ ® DAAANAAAAANSOCSAANNAANANAANANAAKHK OGOOOSCSOOOANAASSSSOSGSOSS ANMTMONMBOrC AcNNNEER ANTHORNADer eee r eK < br > Year-Month < br > Data Source : panjiva < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 619, "text": "panjiva", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 . Average time ( hours per week ) spent in homecare activities by economically active children and adolescents * * | * * 1985 * * | | | - - - | - - - | | Children < br > ( 7-14 years ) | Adolescents < br > ( 15-18 years ) | | Very poor < br > 12 . 8 | 17 . 6 | | < br > Mid-poor < br > 12 . 3 | 15 . 1 | | < br > Non-poor < br > 11 . 8 | 14 . 9 | | Abidjan < br > 8 . 2 | 7 . 6 | | < br > Other Cities < br > 12 . 7 | 12 . 2 | | Rural Areas < br > 12 . 2 | 16 . 6 | | All < br > 12 . 2 | 15 . 4 | | 1988 < br > = | | | Very poor < br > 11 . 0 | 12 . 7 | | < br > Mid-poor < br > 11 . 9 | 14 . 6 | | < br > Non-poor < br > 13 . 8 | 13 . 3 | | Abidjan < br > 21 . 0 | 14 . 1 | | < br > Other Cities < br > 10 . 5 | 10 . 7 | | Rural Areas < br > 12 . 2 | 14 . 1 | | All < br > 12 . 1 | 13 . 6 | # * * 3 . Child Labor and Schooling in 1988 * * The previous section highlighted the importance of child labor for Ivorian households in absorbing the shock of falling incomes during the recession of the * * 1980s . * * As 1988 is the last year for which the detailed data of the CILSS exist , we investigate the determinants of child labor in more detail for that year . In this section , we do so by means of tabulations , focusing on the interplay between work and schooling . The next section will consist of a multivariate analysis . 15", "spans": [{"start": 1084, "end": 1089, "text": "CILSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "definitions are under review and will be adjusted in 2021 to introduce a separate category of host community members who may benefit directly from UNHCR assistance . ETHIOPIAN IDPs PRIOR < br > TO THE EMERGENCY < br > Millions < br > USD Millions < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _ * Excludes the 1972 refugee caseload in the United Republic of Tanzania . * * Source : IOM . _ # # # # # # * * SOUTH SUDAN * * # # # # # # * * $ 4 , 117 , 960 distributed 368 , 334 households reached 16 , 960 people of concern in cash assistance . with core relief items . received emergency shelter . * * Over 2 . 2 million South Sudanese refugees were hosted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ethiopia , Kenya , Sudan and Uganda at the end of 2020 , the largest refugee crisis in Africa , with 28 , 000 new refugees during the year . 2020 saw slow progress towards peace and the implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan ( R-ARCSS ) . After years of conflict , the situation was not yet considered conducive for safe , dignified and sustainable returns for the majority of South Sudanese refugees , but 122 , 000 did choose to return on their own in 2020 . UNHCR provided South Sudanese refugees with protection and basic assistance , in line with the < u > South Sudan Regional Refugee Response Plan , which brought together 96 partners , with gender-based violence and child < / u > protection as priorities . UNHCR promoted refugee inclusion in COVID-19 prevention and response measures in line with the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework and the Global Refugee Forum . However , support for livelihoods activities was constrained during the pandemic . UNHCR strengthened its engagement with IDPs in line with its IDP initiative , providing protection and assistance to over 1 . 6 million South Sudanese IDPs displaced by protracted conflict , environmental disasters and outbreaks of inter", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respondents implement consumption surveys and speak regularly with households about their economic choices — in essence , they constitute a panel of experts . We asked respondents to > 18The story of one respondent in Bukoba can be paraphrased as follows : “ We know that we need 1 kilogram of maize flour each evening . But if we buy a 50 kilogram bag , we may find that it is gone at the end of one month , because we use too much each day . So it is better to buy smaller amounts . ” Despite this anecdote , in the forthcoming analysis maize was not deemed to be “ temptation goods ” in our survey ( see next paragraph ) . This underscores the subjectivity of temptation and the importance of grounding any analysis of temptation in data sourced from more than one person . 25", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 41, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Introduction * * Economists explain the closure of firms during recessions with Schumpeter ’ s ( 1934 ) creative destruction theory , where during downturns small and less efficient firms are the ones to exit the market . In times of extreme economic distress , however , firms in every country are reeling from the inability to do business as usual . To make things worse , many sectors see collapsed demand and economic uncertainty stretching months , if not years . In the current pandemic , governments rightly focus on dealing with the health aspects first , and only then on the recovery of the economy once the immediate danger of the pandemic is over . In the meantime , businesses are rapidly running out of cash . In the United States , half of small firms – those with fewer than 500 employees – have cash reserves for less than a month , and another quarter of businesses may run out of cash in two months . For service industries , the period to illiquidity is even shorter . Restaurants , for example , have less than a month of cash in hand ( Didier et al . , 2020 ) . This breathing period is extended with government programs already in place to support worker retention through subsidizing jobs , freezing interest payments on loans , and extending new bank credit . This extension differs across industries – it helps labor-intensive sectors more , and firms with established lines of credit benefit more as well . Still , other payments – like rent and cost of materials – are weighing on businesses . Exporters are unable to ship goods due to disrupted transport links . Even when transport is possible , new trade restrictions may apply or demand has simply collapsed . New analysis on 12 high-income and middle-income economies across Africa , Central Asia , Europe , Latin America , and the Middle East reflects similar patterns . The analysis uses a sample of 6 , 345 firms from the World Bank ’ s Enterprises Surveys in Colombia , Greece , Italy , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Morocco , Peru , Portugal , the Russian Federation , Turkey , and Ukraine . All surveys were", "spans": [{"start": 1929, "end": 1948, "text": "Enterprises Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > < sup > _δ_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > _G_ , < / sup > where _ξ_ < sup > ̄ < / sup > < sup > _G_ < / sup > is calibrated to match the share of investment in electricity ( 71 . 88 % ) , < sup > 15 < / sup > and following Lipscomb et al . ( 2013 ) , _δi_ < sup > _G_is given by < / sup > _δ_ < sup > _G_Φ ( < / sup > < sup > _β_1 log ( Max Flow ) + < / sup > < sup > _β_2Average Slope in River + < / sup > < sup > _β_3Max . Slope in River + < / sup > < sup > _β_4Forest Cover ) < / sup > _i_ < sup > = < / sup > where Φ ( _ · _ ) denotes the CDF of the standard normal distribution , and the coefficients are taken from Table 1 in their paper . Their estimates provide the geographic potential for hydroelectric energy production . We assume that locations with smaller potential have a higher cost per unit of electricity investment because they are more dependent on the external electricity supply . * * Calibration of Available Grid Supply of Electricity . * * To calibrate _Ei_ , we use the IBGE continuous cartographic database ( Bases Cartográficas Contínuas ) , which provides data on the location and load of the main sources of energy generation . We use the load from thermal and hydroelectric stations to compute a distance-weighted average of the total available load for each region . We subtract the average electric power transmission losses . < sup > 16 < / sup > Finally , we normalize this index to be in the range [ 1 , 100 ] . * * Calibration of Local Quality of Electricity . * * The observed quality of electricity _Gi_ is calculated based on two collective indicators of continuity provided by ANEEL : the Equivalent > 15This number comes from the World Bank PPI database : ` ppi . worldbank . org ` . Other sources ( Paiva , 2010 ; BNDES , 2014 )", "spans": [{"start": 999, "end": 1036, "text": "IBGE continuous cartographic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1039, "end": 1068, "text": "Bases Cartográficas Contínuas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1675, "end": 1698, "text": "World Bank PPI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "16 . 5 | 11 . 9 | | 10 to 11 | 4 . 0 | 5 . 1 | 7 . 3 | 3 . 9 | 5 . 2 | 6 . 2 | 3 . 9 | 5 . 1 | 6 . 9 | | less than 12 | 87 . 8 | 77 . 2 | 65 . 1 | 88 . 2 | 80 . 5 | 62 . 2 | 88 . 0 | 78 . 9 | 64 . 0 | | 12 | 5 . 2 | 8 . 7 | 24 . 6 | 6 . 0 | 9 . 5 | 24 . 8 | 5 . 6 | 9 . 1 | 24 . 7 | | 13 to 15 | 2 . 4 | 4 . 2 | 6 . 1 | 2 . 4 | 3 . 7 | 7 . 4 | 2 . 4 | 3 . 9 | 6 . 6 | | more than 15 | 4 . 6 | 9 . 9 | 4 . 2 | 3 . 4 | 6 . 3 | 5 . 6 | 4 . 0 | 8 . 0 | 4 . 7 | | Age | 31 . 2 | 28 . 6 | 28 . 3 | 32 . 2 | 27 . 8 | 30 . 7 | 31 . 7 | 28 . 2 | 29 . 2 | | N | 4 , 008 , 334 | 159 , 712 | 694 , 206 | 4 , 288 , 508 | 172 , 192 | 461 , 990 | 8 , 296 , 842 | 331 , 904 | 1 , 156 , 196 | * * Source : * * For migrants to the US , the 2000 US Census and within Mexico , the 2000 Mexican Census . 29", "spans": [{"start": 722, "end": 736, "text": "2000 US Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 761, "end": 780, "text": "2000 Mexican Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is about _equal_ participation and the recognition of diverse skills and perspectives resulting from societal assigned and ever-changing gender roles . Gender mainstreaming also includes assessing the implications of legislation , policies , rules , norms and customary laws on men and women of different age groups – any of which may need to be amended to promote gender equality . < sup > 3 < / sup > The ‘ mainstreaming of age ’ is not solely sensitivity to the special concerns of children amongst persons of concern . The mainstreaming of age is a more comprehensive sense of how the refugee experience varies for those of different ages from birth to old age , whether a child , adolescent , adult or an older refugee or other person of concern . Because of their age , children , adolescents , and older people may be marginalized . Corrective action is therefore required to ensure the specific risks they face are taken into consideration . Proper participatory assessment involves women , children , and older people , as well as people of diverse backgrounds , in order to focus on ways in which age and gender combine with other social , economic , and political factors to marginalize and disadvantage certain sections of the population . < sup > 4 < / sup > The mainstreaming of age , in addition to gender , necessitates the disaggregation of data on the refugee population in order to know which age groups are represented as well as the sex composition and which > 1 Diversity has been included here to ensure that mainstreaming is understood as inclusive of all backgrounds : ethnic , clan , caste , religious , socio-economic , educational , nationality , disability , etc . > 2 UNHCR , _UNHCR Policy on Refugee Women_ , Geneva : 1990 . > 3 See Articles 2 and 3 of the _Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women_ ( CEDAW ) in which State party signatories agree to embody the principle of the equality of men and women in their national constitutions or other", "spans": [{"start": 1361, "end": 1391, "text": "data on the refugee population", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > available on the market < br > Only ≤ 25 % basic shelter < br > materials are < br > sometimes / alw ays < br > available in the markets | > 1 IDP task force > 2 Based on data collected from assessed communities > 3 Protection conflict data and OCHA HTR combined average > 4 Sectoral assessments – Q11 in the multi-sectoral questionnaire > 5 Sectoral assessments – Q14 in the multi-sectoral questionnaire > 6 Sectoral assessments – Q13 in the multi-sectoral questionnaire > 7 Sectoral assessments – Q5 in the multi-sectoral questionnaire 15", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 216, "text": "data collected from assessed communities", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 221, "end": 245, "text": "Protection conflict data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accounting policies ; and ( vi ) making accounting estimates < sup > thatarereasonableinthe < / sup > circumstances . The Principal Secretary for the State Department for Investment and Industry , < sup > andtheProject < / sup > Coordinator for Kenya Petroleum technical Assistance Project accept < sup > responsibilityfortheProject ' s < / sup > financial statements , which have been prepared on the Cash Basis Method of < sup > Financial Reporting , using < / sup > appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International < sup > PublicSector AccountingStandards . < / sup > The Principal Secretary for the State Department for Investment < sup > andIndustry , andtheProject < / sup > Coordinator for Kenya Petroleum technical Assistance < sup > ProjectareoftheopinionthattheProject ' s < / sup > financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s < sup > transactionsduringthefinancial < / sup > year / period ended June * * 30 , 2018 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as < sup > atthatdate . Principal < / sup > Secretary * * for * * the State Department * * for * * Investment and Industry , and the Project Coordinator < sup > forKenya < / sup > Petroleum technical Assistance Project firther < sup > confirmthecompleteness < / sup > < sup > * * of * * the accountingrecords < / sup > maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon < sup > inthepreparationof theProjectfinancial < / sup > statements as well as the adequacy of the systems < sup > of internal financialcontrol , < / sup > The Principal Secretary for the State Department for Investment and < sup > Industry , and theProject < / sup > Coordinator for Kenya Petroleum technical Assistance", "spans": [{"start": 1311, "end": 1328, "text": "accountingrecords", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) coordination with relevant stakeholders such as Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety Services ( DOSHS ) , National Environment Management Authority ( NEMA ) , National Construction Authority ( NCA ) and Public Health ; ( ii ) Opportunities to include measures for more sustainable use of resources not fully and systematically exploited to reduce on environmental pollution ; ( iii ) Food safety and public health risks due to improper handling and storage of food leading to contamination ; ( iv ) Lack of substantive processes and guidelines for administration of scholarships leading to risks of exclusion and elite capture ; ( v ) Lack of coordination between different scholarship programs leading to double dipping , vi ) Efforts to address GBV / SEA-H risks made mostly under SEQIP are limited by inadequate resourcing resulting in low coverage of the counties ; ( vii ) Lack of proper coordination with compliance and regulatory such as NEMA , NCA , DOSHS , Children ' s Department , National Gender and Equality Commission ( NGECK ) and Public Works to support monitoring , reporting and compliance of E & S risk management ; ( viii ) Lack of a robust and accessible GRM mechanism that is interoperable between MoE agencies ; ( ix ) Gaps in the collection and management of data on learners with disability , and ( x ) Limited capacity ( technical and human ) of the agencies limiting proper application of E & S risk mitigation systems . 81 . Environmental risks and impacts are anticipated to be Moderate due to the nature of the proposed program interventions under the PforR . Environmental impacts are related to construction activities within schools and thus potential impacts are temporary , site-specific , manageable , and reversible . Existing school building designs may lead to restricted access , inadequate lighting and ventilation , inadequate water and sanitation facilities , fire and electrical safety risks , and site incidents , during renovation and rehabilitation works . Potential environmental risks include : ( a ) construction related impacts : localized air & noise", "spans": [{"start": 1372, "end": 1404, "text": "data on learners with disability", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while most of the documents are in the regional language , Afan Oromo When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . “ Not Applicable ” * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ _ Not Applicable . ” * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . ( Not Applicable ) Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * * * Procurement Responsibility : MoA Livestock and Fisheries * * LFSDP PIU as an * * implementing agency * * ( IA ) who will be responsible for the procurement related to Grant No . TF0B9869-ET . * * _List of Contracts to be undertaken under the ORCU Operational Grant No . TF0B9878-ET_ * * | * * No . * * < br > * * GOO * * < br > 1 | * * Activity * * < br > * * Description * * < br > * * DS AND NON-CONS * * < br > Procurement of < br > Office equipment < br > ( Laptop , tablet & < br > others ) | * * Estima * * < br > * * ted * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which corresponds to the ratio of credit market instruments to total non-financial assets in the business sector in the Flow of Funds data . In our benchmark exercise , we assume _φ_ = 10 % of firms are non-essential and shut them down for one quarter . This matches the fall in the US GDP in the second quarter of 2020 . As for the unanticipated demand or preference shock accompanying the shutdown shock , we calibrate the preference shock _ξ_ 1 so that the ratio of the fall in consumption to the fall in investment in period _t_ = 1 is similar to the one observed in US data in the second quarter of 2020 ( see Figure 2 ) — i . e . , _I_ 1 _ / I_ 0 = 0 _ . _ 92 _C_ 1 _ / C_ 0 . # * * 4 The Ripple Effect of a Lockdown * * In this section , we show the transition dynamics following an unexpected shock that shuts down _φ_ = 10 % of firms for one period and a concurrent unexpected demand shock that lowers the marginal utility of consumption during the lockdown . Unemployed workers that were employed in these firms receive full unemployment insurance benefits financed with government debt and can be reemployed directly by their previous employers without going through the matching process in period 2 . < sup > 15 < / sup > During the shutdown , non-essential entrepreneurs have to pay the rental cost of capital , which can be viewed as a fixed cost , and decide how much to draw their assets down and how much to consume . We first present the aggregate implication of the lockdown , and then dive into the microlevel implications for employment and consumption dynamics across different firms and individuals , respectively . # # * * 4 . 1 Aggregate Variables * * Figure 4 shows the trajectory of aggregate variables . The left panel shows GDP , investment , consumption , and total factor productivity , while the right panel illustrates the dynamics of unemployment . The most salient feature of the figure is the swift recovery of the aggregate output . After falling by 10 % on impact , GDP bounces", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 138, "text": "Flow of Funds data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 571, "end": 578, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "39 0 . 76 < br > Note : To have comparable results for different countries , the same substet of questions was kept , using Big5 data . data . < br > from other countries , and the factorial analysis uses varimax rotation . The absolute value of correlations between < br > factor loads is used to calculate congruence . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : To have comparable results for different countries , the same substet of questions was kept , using Big5 data . data . from other countries , and the factorial analysis uses varimax rotation . The absolute value of correlations between factor loads is used to calculate congruence .", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 133, "text": "Big5 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 66 . 7 * * | * * 60 . 0 * * | * * 55 . 0 * * | | Responsibility | Wife | * * 93 . 3 * * | * * 93 . 3 * * | * * 83 . 3 * * | * * 93 . 3 * * | * * 93 . 3 * * | * * 91 . 3 * * | | of fetching | Son * * / * * Boy | 20 . 0 | * * 18 . 3 * * | * * 11 . 7 * * | * * 35 . 0 * * | 43 . 3 | * * 25 . 7 * * | | | Husband | * * 6 . 7 * * | * * 5 . 0 * * | * * 11 . 7 * * | * * 8 . 3 * * | * * 1 . 7 * * | * * 6 . 7 * * | Fetching water is a physically demanding task as water has to be transported * * by * * humans on a backload or head-load and this responsibility usually rest on the shaller of some household members than others . In the case of our sample survey , women are responsible to fetch water in majority * * ( 91 . 3 % ) * * of the households . Next to women the responsibility of fetching water for * * ( 55 . 0 % ) * * of the households are on the shaller of girls or daughter . The overall responsibility of husband and boys / son related to fetching water from water source is relatively lower than women and girls with * * ( 6 . 7 % ) * * and * * ( 25 . 7 % ) * * respectively ( see Table 4 . 32 ) . Regarding time taken to fetch water from its source , frequency of fetching per day and challenges the households have faced with water sources , the survey finding shows as portrayed in ( Table 4 .", "spans": [{"start": 649, "end": 662, "text": "sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER | | plans , an upgraded system of CPD at school level , frameworks for professional learning communities , and other interventions . The new framework will include < br > specific teaching skills to be measured and tools for measuring them including enhanced school inspection standards . The index in school inspection standards , < br > which focus on observing effective teaching practices in the classroom and discussions with teachers and additional similar index will be identified and enhanced < br > and a score rubric set to classify a teacher as achieving the minimum proficiency . The MoE will verify the achievement based on notification issued . < br > DLR 1 . 2 : The result is measured by calculating the ratio of primary school mother-tongue language and Mathematics teachers who meet the minimum proficiency < br > in the subject content they teach , and the total number of public primary school teachers in the specified subjects . Minimum proficiency in subject-content < br > knowledge is defined in the teacher skills improvement framework and measured using an index of specific content knowledge and skills in school inspection < br > standards , and these results are conditional to DLR 1 . 1 being achieved . The data on the number of teachers would be from the EMIS ( or other similar ) portal . < br > Each observed teacher will be assessed and categorized as either meeting or not meeting the minimum proficiency in content knowledge for the subject they < br > teach based on the enhanced inspection framework . < br > The VA will cross-check these figures against the inspection report , EMIS or other portal , in consultation with MoE . The VA will also verify the figures using a < br > statistically significant sampling approach to visit schools , undertake classroom observations , teachers ’ assessment and cross-checking the categorization against < br > the defined inspection standards and minimum score index and ensure the figure reported for the selected period", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1386, "text": "data on the number of teachers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1409, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1736, "end": 1740, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * # # * * Internally Displaced Persons * * The IDPs included in this report refer to those benefiting either directly or indirectly from UNHCR ’ s protection and assistance activities , ranging from individual or community-based humanitarian assistance to capacity building to enhance authorities ’ capacity for providing protection and other responses . As explained above , UNHCR is increasingly involved with IDPs as part of a broader engagement by the United Nations and other agencies through the cluster approach . The Office has also continued its programmes for IDPs to whom it was already providing protection and assistance prior to the cluster approach . * * Map 4 : IDPs protected / assisted by UNHCR , end-2006 * * The number of internally displaced persons receiving protection and assistance from UNHCR under the inter-agency mechanisms was 12 . 9 million . In 2005 , before the activation of the cluster approach , UNHCR looked after 6 . 6 million . Three main reasons are responsible for this substantial increase . First , hundreds of thousands of persons became newly displaced , notably in Colombia , Iraq , Lebanon , Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste . Secondly , with the cluster approach becoming effective as of 1 January 2006 , UNHCR has taken up lead roles for the clusters of protection , emergency shelter , and camp coordination and management . As a result , it expanded its activities in these areas in a number of countries , most notably the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda . In all , UNHCR statistics now include IDP populations in 24 countries , as compared with 16 as of the end of 2005 . Thirdly , in certain countries , IDP estimates were revised upwards in the course of the year , in particular in Colombia which thus saw the figure change from two to three million . In Côte d ’ Ivoire , the estimates increased from 38 , 000 to 709 , 000 as a result of a survey undertaken in the country and UNHCR ’ s expanded involvement as protection cluster lead . The UNHCR Office in Colombia reported the largest number", "spans": [{"start": 1547, "end": 1563, "text": "UNHCR statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1926, "end": 1958, "text": "survey undertaken in the country", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transmission line and substations . The network study was updated for the RIN optimization analysis and a breakdown of investments between funding ( AfDB , IDA and ERTP < sup > 46 < / sup > ) source was adopted . The investment costs were based on data from similar projects , consultations and most recent offers from recognized manufacturers . Costs include studies , supply , transport , insurance , assembly , civil engineering works for the transmission lines and substations infrastructures . A 10 percent mark-up has been added to compensate for technical contingencies . A US $ 9 million unallocated amount is also envisaged to account for contingencies on the Chad side . 10 . The 225 kV line between Hourou Oussoua-Garoua 2-Maroua will be a double-circuit line of vertical configuration with the two circuits equipped and composed of one aluminum conductor ( Aster 570 mm < sup > 2 < / sup > ) . The two 225kV links between Maroua and Gassi will be a single-circuit line of vertical configuration with one circuit equipped and composed of one aluminum conductor ( Aster 570 mm < sup > 2 < / sup > ) . The towers will be equipped with one steel conductor as classical ground wire and one OPGW for double-circuit and with one OPGW for single-circuit . The OPGW ( 48 optical fibers ) will provide electric protection from lightning strikes and allow high-speed transmission of data to control the line , as well as communication . The towers will be of the lattice type , with conductors arranged in two vertical planes . The choice of the number and type ( suspension , angle , and dead end ) of tower types will be made on a conventional basis , according to the final line routing approved based on the detailed studies to be carried out by contractors , but with clear instructions that if found to be economical , they may combine one or more designs into a single type .", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 274, "text": "data from similar projects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A small private sector in uncontestable markets may be more vulnerable climate shocks . The opportunities for creative destruction are limited , and the lack of competitive forces may restrict innovation or adaptation . Thus , analysis of the private sector is valuable given the unique context . In general , the private sector is an important engine of growth , creating jobs , providing essential products and services , and spurring innovation . Using data for around 9 , 500 firms across seven countries in MENA , this study finds that negative precipitation shocks are detrimental for private sector firms in terms of lower sales , lower labor productivity , and a lower probability of investing in fixed assets . The seven economies in the sample include Egypt , Jordan , Lebanon , Morocco , Tunisia , the West Bank and Gaza , and the Republic of Yemen . Five countries in the sample have two waves of data ( 2013 and 2019 / 2020 ) , except for Egypt and Yemen . Egypt that has three waves of data ( 2013 , 2016 and 2019 / 2020 ) . The two waves of data for Yemen are 2010 and 2013 . The study also attempts to unmask various channels identified in the literature through which precipitation shocks might affect firm performance in MENA . The literature largely focuses on global or country-specific studies that are outside the MENA region to delineate possible channels . A study in India found that hot days could lead to more absenteeism and lower the labor productivity of workers ( Somanathan et al . , 2021 ) . Global studies have uncovered infrastructure as another potential channel . Using a global sample of manufacturing firms , Islam and Hyland ( 2019 ) find that negative precipitation shocks ( droughts ) increase the intensity of water outages . Droughts have also been found to increase the frequency of power outages in Latin American cities ( Desbureaux and Rodella , 2019 ; Damania et al . , 2017 ) . Access to finance is another channel by which precipitation shocks could affect the private sector . Using a global sample of firms , Kling et al . ( 2021 ) find that frequent climate shocks might impair the ability", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 485, "text": "data for around 9 , 500 firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "area . They have 6 . 75 years of education , which is slightly above primary school completion . On average , respondents worked 32 . 5 hours in the week prior to the interview . The GHS-Panel also collects information on household-level adverse events , which we describe as shocks , deaths , and conflicts . We disaggregate shocks into two categories : idiosyncratic and covariate shocks . Idiosyncratic shocks include a variety of scenarios , including death or disability of an adult working member of the household , death of someone who sends remittances to the household , or illness of an income earning member of the household . < sup > 8 < / sup > Covariate shocks include poor rains and floods that caused harvest failure , pest invasion that caused harvest failure or storage loss , loss of property due to fire or flood , and more . < sup > 9 < / sup > Deaths include a death of anyone in the household ( from illness , accident , injury , murder , suicide , or other reasons ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Finally , conflicts are defined if any family member of or if an individual was killed ( in a non-natural death ) , suffered physical aggression , was injured or disabled , suffered sexual violence , or more . < sup > 11 < / sup > Although the GHS-Panel has more detailed information on the adverse events , our analysis will primarily focus on binary indicators of whether a household has suffered from a shock ( idiosyncratic or covariate ) , conflict event , or death . Table 1 summarizes experience of adverse events between 2014 and 2016 among sampled households . Seventeen percent of households in our sample experienced one or more covariate shocks , 19 percent experienced one or more idiosyncratic shocks , 11 percent experienced one or more deaths of household members , and 4 percent experienced one or more conflict event . In addition to the data collected on standard welfare measures and information about adverse events , the survey included a module collecting certain symptoms of depression of the primary respondent . < sup > 12 < / sup > The questions asked", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 192, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resulting figure is the net unitary benefit per individual or household after receiving a public service . . As for data requirements , the first three steps rely on information about public spending in the relevant sectors and the beneficiaries or users of those services , which is typically available from the implementing agencies of the government . The last four steps require information on household consumption and expenditure patterns by income category , which can be obtained from national survey data , in this case the Zambian LCMS . 6", "spans": [{"start": 493, "end": 513, "text": "national survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 533, "end": 545, "text": "Zambian LCMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * | | compensation are those holding < br > land tenure rights Land Act also < br > recognizes those who have < br > interest or some claim in the < br > land such pastoralist or who use < br > the land for their livelihood . < br > The < br > constitution < br > recognizes < br > ‘ occupants of land even if they < br > do not have titles ’ and payment < br > made in good faith to those < br > occupants of land . However , < br > this does not include those who < br > illegally acquired land < br > Land Act 2012 provides for < br > census through NLC inspection < br > and valuation process | who do not have formal < br > legal rights to land at the < br > time the census begins but < br > have a claim to such land or < br > assets — provided that such < br > claims are recognized under < br > the laws of the country or < br > become recognized through < br > a process identified in the < br > resettlement < br > plan < br > ( see < br > Annex 10 A , para . 7 ( f ) ) ; < br > and19 ( c ) those who have < br > no recognizable legal right < br > or claim to the land they are < br > occupying . < br > To < br > determine < br > eligibility : < br > Carry < br > out < br > resettlement < br > census . Cutoff date for < br > eligibility is the day when < br > the census begins . | not specifically recognize < br > all users of the land to be < br > compensated . < br > The < br > constitution of Kenya on < br > the < br > other < br > hand <", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1275, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1340, "end": 1346, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 respondents in Kiruhura and Mbarara respectively owned phones . Radios were noted to be owned by 75 % and 84 % of respondents in Kiruhura and Mbarara respectively . In regard to productive assets i . e . assets used by households to generate some income , it was established that land was the most common resource . Since most households own radios it is suggested that messages about project activities could be conveyed using local channels . # # # # * * Main area of expenditure * * The survey established that education was the main area of expenditure taking up 33 % of all income earned which was followed closely by domestic supplies at 30 % . The high expenditure on education was partly attributed to lack of electricity in the area which compels residents to send their children to far places in search of better services . Other areas of expenditure included transport , energy , communication clothing , and medical care . This is represented below . # # # # * * Figure 8 Main areas of expenditure among households * * * * Source : * * * * _Field Datafrom social economic survey in October 2017_ * * Access to Basic Services and Social Infrastructure # # # # * * 1 Health * * Common Illnesses identified during the study included : malaria with 59 % and 62 of all households surveyed in Kiruhura and Mbarara respectively recording having had a case in the recent past . Respiratory tract infections were noted at 18 % and 24 % for Kiruhura and Mbarara respectively . Findings for occurrence of common illnesses reckon with national statistics that indicate that malaria is the most common illness among the population . Other illnesses recorded included diarrhoea , worms and ulcers featured prominently . Findings further indicated that 40 % of the households in Kiruhura said they lived in a distance of 0-1km from the nearest", "spans": [{"start": 1215, "end": 1237, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1682, "end": 1701, "text": "national statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _ < mark > ( 4 ) Access to finance . < / mark > _ * * < mark > Ayyagari , Demirguc-Kunt and Maskimovic ( 2008 ) explore whether financial development promotes growth by fostering innovation and thus increasing efficiency , with such an effect occurring if the financial system has an important role in supplying capital to firms that are innovating . Ayyagari , Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic ( 2010 ) explore the role of corruption and tax evasion on innovating firms and firms that use external finance . In a similar vein , Aterido , Hallward-Driemeier and Pages ( 20119 ) examine the impact of access to finance , business regulation , corruption and infrastructure on employment growth . With this literature as motivation , we test whether the following measures are associated with firm performance : < / mark > - * * < mark > Sources of financing for new investments < / mark > * * < mark > . Fernandes and Pakes ( 2008 ) find that firms with higher TFP are more likely to receive loans , suggesting that loan-granting institutions are able to select out the more productive firms ; and that states in which a disproportionate number of firms received loans are the states with less underutilization of both labor and capital . < / mark > * * _ < mark > ( 5 ) Access to quality physical infrastructure . < / mark > _ * * < mark > Calderon and Serven ( 2004 ) , using an infrastructure-augmented growth regression ( including as non-infrastructure growth determinants indicators of trade openness , government burden , inflation and real exchange rate overvaluation , plus indicators of human capital and financial depth ) , show that growth is positively affected by the stock of infrastructure assets , where their aggregate index of infrastructure stocks includes data from telecoms ( the number of main telephone lines per 1 , 000 workers , also augmented by mobile phones ) , power ( the electricity generating capacity of the economy in MW per 1 , 000 workers ) , and transport ( the length of the road network in km per sq km of land area , also augmented by the railroad length )", "spans": [{"start": 1776, "end": 1794, "text": "data from telecoms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# V . Discussion and conclusion In this note we have analyzed the evolution of domestic government spending in health , education and social protection over the last 15 years . Creating a measure of social spending that covers the three sectors has proven to be a challenging task . While for the health sector only current spending is deemed reliable , in education there is no rigorous way to separate current from capital spending . Only for health spending is there high data coverage both over time and across regions . Education and especially social protection display large gaps . It is particularly worrying that in education there is not a consolidated upward trend in data availability . Low data density does not only plague LICs : in many middle-income countries ( such as those in LAC ) , there are large gaps in data availability . Addressing data sparsity represents a clear area of opportunity for the Human Capital Project to leverage its data collection efforts in a manner that encourages more comprehensive data gathering for spending . Increases in social sector spending have generally been slow and not steady . In fact , while education spending in LICs has seen a stable and steady increase , spending in health has been remarkably flat . Given the strong complementarities between health and education interventions , especially in the first years of life , coordinated investments might help maximize the returns . Some regional trends are also worrying : both EAP and South Asia have seen a reduction in education spending as a share of GDP . Taking advantage of the newly-designed Human Capital Index ( HCI ) , we go beyond existing analyses that look at the relationship between a single outcome sector-specific spending , and we assess whether a multidimensional measure of human capital is correlated with a multidimensional measure of spending . While this data curation effort was unique , the relationships identified here are challenging to interpret . The ( unstratified ) relationship between spending and the HCI often plateaus above a certain level of spending and is noisy throughout . While the relationship between spending and HCI appears stronger for HICs than for countries at other income levels , these relationships are not statistically significant . Our conclusions", "spans": [{"start": 1611, "end": 1630, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may have a differential impact on the household ’ s accumulation of assets , compared with households without an absent member . < sup > 16 < / sup > For these reasons , it is more appropriate to examine the broader impact of migration on outcomes for households rather than the impact of remittances alone . The analysis in this paper follows this reasoning , analyzing the impact of migration , instead of remittances , on the assets accumulated by households that have sent family members to work outside Kerala . # * * 4 . Data and Empirical Strategy * * # _A . Data_ In 1998 , the first Kerala Migration Survey was completed in Kerala , India . A statewide , representative , demographic survey of 9 , 995 households across 200 communities ( _panchayat_ ) , it was administered between March and November of that year . The KMS was the first in a series of periodic household surveys undertaken by the Center for Development Studies , headquartered in Trivandrum , Kerala . Five years after the first KMS survey , in 2003 , the Center for Development Studies conducted a second wave of the KMS covering 10 , 012 households . A unique feature of the 2003 KMS survey was the creation of panel data : 5 , 000 households from the 1998 survey were selected for revisits , and the survey team successfully completed 4 , 795 follow-up interviews , achieving a high re-contact rate of 95 . 9 percent . < sup > 17 < / sup > Both the 1998 and 2003 KMS survey waves asked whether any household member had been abroad or in another Indian state at any time prior to or during the survey . Survey teams recorded each of these household members ’ current and pre-migration occupational status , together with the month and year of their departure from and return to Kerala . These questions from the 2003 KMS > 16 In Kerala , people frequently refer to “ Gulf Wives Syndrome . ” This is a way of indicating the plight of a woman whose husband has left to work in the Arabian Gulf , leaving her with a stream of money at the emotional cost of separation and", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 615, "text": "Kerala Migration Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1016, "text": "KMS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1154, "end": 1169, "text": "2003 KMS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1791, "end": 1799, "text": "2003 KMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "equivalent to regressing investment disbursement on lagged PTA variables , which is one of the common techniques used when there is concern about endogeneity . Another advantage of using the fDi Markets database is the availability of company level investment data . This allows us to address endogeneity concerns related to the fact that large investment decisions may determine the adherence to certain disciplines in PTAs by host countries , which would imply that it is large investments that determine PTAs rather than the converse . < sup > 13 < / sup > To tackle that endogeneity concern , in the final part of our analysis we remove the largest investments from the sample , as well as the sectors that spend the most resources on lobbying for specific contents in PTAs , to check the robustness of results to that potential source of endogeneity . Overall , the data covers more than 60 , 000 companies from 177 source countries investing in 162 destination countries from 2003 to 2015 . Each company ’ s project is classified according to 39 industries and 18 business activities . Table A2 shows how the different sectors and activities overlap in the data . Business activities are defined as the actual function of a project , whereas sectors are based on the FDI recipient company ’ s core business area . Examples of project announcements are “ Wiseway Group ( Australia – a transportation services provider ) is investing in China in the Transportation sector in a project related to Sales , Marketing and Support activity ” ; “ ProLogis ( United States – a leasing and property management company ) is investing in Sweden in the Real Estate sector in a construction project ” . This means that an industry traditionally classified as manufacturing may receive investments to develop a service-related activity and vice versa . In the data for example , 65 percent of the investment received by the “ consumer electronics ” sector is dedicated to manufacturing activities but 16 percent falls in retail , 5 percent in research and development , 4 percent in marketing , 2 percent in logistics , distribution and transportation , and so on ( all service-related activities ) . We think that these activities > 13 For", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 211, "text": "fDi Markets database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 235, "end": 264, "text": "company level investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Of the students who did not continue education in the initial months ( 3 percent ) , the major reasons cited were irregular power supply , unavailability of TV or internet at home , and unavailability of the TV channels that broadcast lessons . Furthermore , the Government of Uzbekistan provided strong support to schools and teachers to ensure continuity in learning . According to the Responses to Education Disruption Survey ( REDS ) conducted by IEA in 2021 , a large majority of teachers ( around 95 percent ) felt supported by national and provincial education authorities ( UNESCO 2022 ) . This percentage is the highest among all countries that participated in REDS and participant countries included upper-middleand high-income countries like Denmark , the Russian Federation and Slovenia . Additionally , 91 percent of teachers engaged in remote teaching reported that their school provided the office infrastructure to assist with teaching from home ( highest percentage among participating countries ) . The majority of schools reported providing internet access for some or all students ( 85 percent ) , digital devices for some or all students ( 61 percent ) , and virtual learning environment or learning management system ( 79 percent ) . These percentages are significantly higher than other lower-middle income countries and closer to the results of upper middle - and high-income countries . Similarly , more than 80 percent of students reported receiving individual or group feedback from their teachers on all or almost all of their schoolwork ( the highest percentage among countries participating in REDS ) and a majority communicated with school staff and teachers regularly . Apart from feedback , the highest percentage of students ( greater than 90 percent ) reported receiving support from teachers in terms of interest , encouragement and adaptation of schoolwork to individual needs . The results from the REDS support the hypothesis that the national > 1 UNICEF Rapid Assessment – telephone survey : June – July 2020 , SISQE-UNICEF online poll ( through SISQE web portal ) – June – July 2020 , U-Report Poll ( SMS , Facebook , Telegram , App for smartphones ) : May 2020 , Listening to the Citizens of Uzbekistan – May 2020 . > 2 There are slight variations in", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 430, "text": "Responses to Education Disruption Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2128, "end": 2141, "text": "U-Report Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ Djamena in Chad , and Niamey in Niger ) in an attempt to classify the relative proportions of informal and formal buildings . In each city , the team hand-coded several neighborhoods in order to train an algorithm that > 14We again use mean rather than median because the majority of grid cells in 1985 did not contain any built-up pixels . > 15The remotely sensed night light metric we use measures average nighttime light emission from the DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series Version 4 ( Average Visible , Stable Lights , & Cloud Free Coverages ) . For details , see : https : / / ngdc . noaa . gov / eog / dmsp / downloadV4composites . html . 21", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 491, "text": "DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series Version 4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Ability reported in quintiles of standardized Saber 11 scores ; quintile 1 is the lowest . _Fact 2 : Dropout rates are high , particularly for low-ability students in year 1 . _ > 4To exemplify , consider a student who accumulates 16 , 35 , 42 , 50 , and 60 classes by the end of years 1 through 5 respectively . This amounts to 80 ( = 16 / 20 ) , 88 ( = 35 / 40 ) , 70 , 62 . 5 , and 60 percent of the corresponding on-track requirements . Thus , the student falls in tiers 3 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 4 in years 1 through 5 respectively . > 5For comparison , in the US the enrollment rate of individuals ages 16-24 who finished high school in 2005 and started college right away ( rather than within five years ) is 44 . 6 % ( Source : Digest of Education Statistics ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 762, "text": "Digest of Education Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strategic changes . # 3 . 2 . 2 . Firm-Level Characteristics To evaluate how firm characteristics affect firm closure and growth during the pandemic , we include the following set of firm-level variables drawing on prior studies ( Beck et al . , 2005 ; Beck et al . , 2008 ; Cheng et al . , 2020 ; D ' Souza et al . , 2017 ; Liu et al . , 2020 ; Ullah and Wei , 2017 ) . We include firm size , firm age , three ownership variables , manager ’ s experiences and labor productivity . All these firm-level variables are obtained from the standard WBES implemented before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic . The indicator for small firms , _Sizable_ , is a dummy variable indicating a firm ’ s number of permanent employees being more than 20 . Firm age , _Log Age_ , is the natural logarithm of firm age plus one . Ownership and group affiliation are measured in three ways . ( 1 ) State ownership , _SOEs_ , is a dummy variable that equals one for firms with government / state ownership , and zero otherwise . ( 2 ) Foreign ownership , _Foreign_ , is a dummy variable that equals one for firms with foreign ownership , and zero otherwise . ( 3 ) Subsidiary status , _Subsidiary , _ is a dummy variable that equals one if a firm is a subsidiary of another firm , and zero otherwise . Manager ’ s experience , _Log Experience_ , is the natural logarithm of a manager ' s years of experience by 2020 . Labor productivity , _Log LP_ , is the Log natural logarithm of LP which equals to sales over the number of employees . Employees include both permanent workers ( with a weight of one ) and temporary workers ( with a weight of 0 . 5 ) . # 3 . 2 . 3 . Country Characteristics We use two country-level variables . The first is a country ’ s economic development proxied by _Log GDPPC_ , which is the natural logarithm of GDP per capita in constant 2010 US dollars . The second is the index of government COVID policy stringency ( _Policy stringency_", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 548, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Adjusted R-squared | 0 . 128 | 0 . 166 | 0 . 218 | 0 . 218 | 0 . 279 | Notes : Estimations quantify the relationship between district-industry employment in new establishments and local district conditions . District-level traits are taken from the 2001 Census . Industrial conditions are calculated from 2005-06 using incumbent establishments in the district-industry . Labor regulations are a composite of adjustment and disputes laws . Estimations weight observations by an interaction of district size and industry size , include industry fixed effects , and cluster standard errors by district . Non-logarithm variables are transformed to have unit standard deviation for interpretation . Source : Ghani , Kerr , O ' Conell , 2011b 14", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 260, "text": "2001 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers . “ Not Applicable ” ” # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . “ None ” . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Project has not yet identified any resettlement and rehabilitation arrangements but * * the acquisition of the TL transect may involve either compulsory land acquisition or negotiation of compensation but in any of the cases , the process will resolve any disputes ensuring that land acquisition processes are fair , transparent , and lawful . * * # # * * 2 . 3 . 8 Access to Roads Act 1969 ( Cap . 350 ) * * The Act seeks to ensure that a private landowner / developer who has no reasonable means of access to a public highway may apply for leave to construct an access road to a public highway . It establishes a mechanism of applying for an access road to public highway and a legal regime to ensure the safety of the neighbouring environment . The Act permits the owner of any land over which an access road is to be constructed to be paid compensation in respect of the use of land , the destruction of crops or trees and other property on the land . The Act also has provisions for grievance resolution between the developer and owner of the land over which the access road is to be constructed by applying to a Magistrate ’ s Court for leave to construct an access road . Although the project area has a good road network , there may be a * * need for constructing some additional access roads during and after project construction , in which case this Act will apply . * * # # * * 2 . 3 . 9 Survey Act 1939 ( Cap . 232 ) * * This Act concerns official surveying of lands on the order of the Commissioner of Lands or the Minister . It also establishes the Surveyors Licensing Board and provides for licensing of land surveyors . The Board shall keep a register of licensed surveyors . The Board may authorize the licensee to act as a land surveyor in any part of Uganda or to undertake only such land surveys as the Commissioner may , from time to time , in writing , specifically authorize . * * One of the project activities to be undertaken is surveying to establish the project footprint and", "spans": [{"start": 1663, "end": 1693, "text": "register of licensed surveyors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Implementation of the livelihoods restoration programme ( e . g . eligibility and entitlements to restoration measures etc . ) ; - Misidentification of assets or land owners due to registration errors or inaccurate or misleading information during assets surveys ; - Disagreement over the valuation or quality of an asset where compensation is payable ; - Disagreement over the type , quality and quantity of measures applied to achieve livelihoods restoration ; - Impacts of the construction and operation of the Subproject ; and - Disagreement over the cut-off date applied . # # # # # # * * 13 . 3 Guiding Principles for Grievance Management * * The proposed approach for grievance resolution combines traditional or community-based resolution with an EEP-based mechanism , and potential use of the legal system if complainants prefer . It provides for multiple entry points to the system , formal recording of concerns , multiple resolution pathways depending on the nature of the grievance , use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms where possible , active consultation , and an appeal system . Although they remain largely informal and traditional , communities in the Subproject area have effective community-based conflict resolution processes . For some of the potential conflicts that may arise in relation to the Subproject ’ s land acquisition , it is both less expensive and more appropriate to consider the use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms . For example , issues such as PAHs ’ land ownership ( title deeds ) and boundaries between plots owned by different PAPs , can best be resolved through traditional conflict resolution processes within the community . The guiding principles for GM are presented below : - i ) _Impartiality : _ All parties have the right of expressing their viewpoints . Any assumptions or actions shall be taken until all relevant information has been collected and considered . All parties have access to support or representation if they want or need it . -", "spans": [{"start": 401, "end": 415, "text": "assets surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i | ansion counties as well < br > mplementation of activities | | IN00988492 < br >  Beneficiaries of so | cial safety net programs - Female ( | Number , Corporate Supplem | ent ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 170 , 750 . 00 | # Component 2 : Increasing Access to Social and Economic Inclusion Interventions # < u > < mark > IN00988484 < / mark > < / u > ► IRI 5 : Establishment and implementation of referral mechanism for the NHIF ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 30 percent of NSNP < br > households enrolled in < br > the NHIF but no < br > systematic referral < br > system in place < br > No expansion | No expansion | 90 percent of NSNP < br > beneficiaries enrolled < br > in the NHIF | | Date | 31-Dec-2018 < br > 27-Oct-2020 | 15-Apr-2021 | 29-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | An agreement ( MoU ) among MLSP , MoH and NHI < br > concerned agencies . Following the signing of MoU , < br > and a set of tools would be developed to operation < br > MIS would include data on NHIF enrolment by sub - < br > data sharing protocol between NHIF and SDSP wo < br > transition to more automatic and automated proced < br > guidelines on collaboration of NHIF and SDSP field < br > NHIF . | F has been drafted and is p < br > Joint Implementation Com", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1187, "text": "data on NHIF enrolment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "completed < br >  < br > a total of 75 ToTs and end users were trained in October 2020 . < br >  < br > Training for system administrators was concluded in December 2020 . < br >  < br > The system has been populated with data from some few training providers from government < br > own . < br >  < br > More training is scheduled for May 2022 < br >  < br > Data from Private TVET providers are being collected by TVETOM Department < br > MoES will define critical data points that the TVET institutions must complete and update periodically . < br > The system is expected to support a graduate tracking system ( tracer studies ) for the target colleges , and < br > have the ability to generate ‘ real time ’ or on demand reports to inform planning , budgeting and decision < br > making for the TVET sub-sector ( among other features ) . | < u > < mark > IN01136486 < / mark > < / u > 5 / 13 / 2022 Page 4 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 262, "text": "data from some few training providers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 364, "end": 396, "text": "Data from Private TVET providers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The various policy uncertainty measures have some similarities but also differences to another measure of global economic policy uncertainty ( EPU ) in Davis ( 2016 ) . The global EPU and the policy uncertainty measures in this paper show peaks of uncertainty in the early 2000s , during the GFC , and the pandemic . Fiscal policy uncertainty reflects rising uncertainty during the European debt crisis of 2012 , in the mid-2010s , and during the pandemic in line with EPU peaks . Differences are also evident . Most notably , the global EPU suggests that policy uncertainty rose earlier , in 2018-19 , than fiscal policy uncertainty before both reach new highs in 2020 . Several factors could explain the differences across these measures . First , this paper uses a measure of policy uncertainty as in Jurado et al . ( 2015 ) which is fundamentally different from proxy-measures like the EPU . Second , measures of uncertainty are specific to the fiscal or monetary policy measure and not general policy uncertainty as in Davis ( 2016 ) . Notable events in the EPU such as the European immigration crisis in 2015 , the Brexit referendum , and political turmoil in several countries do not reflect as heavily in the unforecastable part of government spending or interest rate policy which is the focus of this paper . Third , as in Jurado et al . ( 2015 ) , peaks in uncertainty occur far more infrequently compared to the EPU but have larger and more persistent correlations with economic activity . While there is no global monetary policy uncertainty measure to compare this paper ’ s results to , Husted et al . ( 2020 ) provide some guidance on the similarities and differences for the United States . Overall , the correlation between the newspaper-based measure of monetary policy uncertainty and in this paper is weak although there are similar spikes : elevated uncertainty can be seen in both measures in the early 2000s and following the COVID-19 pandemic . The measure in this paper , however , better reflects monetary policy uncertainty embedded in the Primary Dealers survey or implied volatility of options on one-year swap rates . Notably , monetary policy uncertainty is highest during the GFC in", "spans": [{"start": 2068, "end": 2090, "text": "Primary Dealers survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Firms in Global Value Chains during Covid-19 : Evidence from Indonesia Devaki Ghose < sup > * < / sup > Angella Faith Montfaucon < sup > † < / sup > World Bank World Bank # # _JEL Classification_ : F13 , F14 , F42 _Keywords_ : Trade policy , global value chains , resilience , non-tariff measures - Development Economics Research Group , The World Bank , dghose @ worldbank . org . > † Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice , World Bank . amontfaucon @ worldbank . org . The authors would like to thank Bayu Agnimaruto for playing a key role in updating the Indonesia non-tariff measures data , Chalisa Kallayanamitra and Jana Mirjam Silberring for excellent research assistance , and Csilla Lakatos and Ana Margarida Fernandes for helpful discussions . This paper has partially benefited from financial support from the Umbrella Facility for Trade trust fund , financed by the governments of the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors or the countries they represent . All errors are our responsibility .", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 610, "text": "Indonesia non-tariff measures data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "after all resettlement and related development activities have been completed ; using the results of resettlement monitoring to guide subsequent implementation . # # # # # # * * Abbreviated Resettlement Plan * * 22 . An abbreviated plan covers the following minimum elements : < sup > 32 < / sup > - * * _ ( a ) a census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets ; _ * * - ( b ) description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided ; - ( c ) consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives ; - ( d ) institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for grievance redress ; - ( e ) arrangements for monitoring and implementation ; and - ( f ) a timetable and budget . > 6 . In case some of the displaced persons lose more than 10 % of their productive assets or require physical relocation , the plan also covers a socioeconomic survey and income restoration measures . 59", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 348, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 880, "end": 900, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Refugee population and changes by major origin and country of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * The refugee population is included in this table if the number at the end of 2006 was 5 , 000 or more . For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatriation figu < mark > res include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . Figures below 5 have been replaced with an asterisk . | | | Population | start-2006 | | Increa | ses during | 2006 | | | | D | ecreases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 109, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1154, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "larger countries . The magnitude of investments required for effective climate change adaptation , combined with the lack of economies of scale for many of these investments , unavoidably presents fiscal challenges , with most SIDS having limited fiscal space ( if any ) for expanding public investments . Fiscal space in many SIDS is constrained by high public debt ratios . More than a third of the SIDS which are independent UN member states have relatively high public debt ratios ( above 60 percent of GDP ) . In their most recent Debt Sustainability Analysis ( DSA ) , 14 SIDS were assessed as being at high risk of debt distress , mainly because their debt ratios breach sustainability thresholds in DSA stress tests ( see section 4 for more details ) . Consequently , some researchers and policy advocates argue that debt relief measures , alongside other reforms to the global financial architecture , are essential to restore debt sustainability and to enable SIDS to undertake the investments needed to strengthen their resilience ( Fresnillio and Crotti , 2022 ; Rustomjee , 2017 ) . This is the motivation for the SIDS Strengthening Resilience by Alleviating Debt ( SRAD ) program , which advocates for policy measures to improve climate resilience and increase fiscal space in SIDS . It focuses on debt alleviation measures such as : i ) > 1 For comparison , the average unweighted real GDP of all EMDEs which are not SIDS contracted by 1 . 8 percent in 2020 but then increased by 6 . 9 percent in 2021 . The source of the data is the WEO database . The data for the SIDS includes the 36 states which are UN members and which are classified as EMDEs ( all SIDS except for Singapore ) , except Cuba and the Cook Islands for which there are no data in the WEO database . > 2 There are some types of adaptation investments which are private goods , such as strengthening privately owned buildings to make them more resilient to storms , but even these may require some form of public subsidy , either because private property owners do not have sufficient resources for the necessary investments ( as may be the case for houses owned by", "spans": [{"start": 1549, "end": 1561, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Business_ represents characteristics of the business that operates in tandem with FINCA agent activities . Like agent age , we expect that the age of the agent ’ s business could be positively linked to agent transactions to the extent that more firmly established businesses inspire trust and / or already have experience with a wider number of potential clients . We also hoped to explore how the nature of the business affects agent transactions . To proxy for interactions between an agent ’ s established and banking businesses , we tried a number of variables including the number of days per week ( and hours per day ) that the business is open , the number of employees of the business , and the economic sector of the agent ’ s business . < sup > 22 < / sup > We were unable to derive robust results for those variables , and thus rely on the value of stock ( meaning inventory ) in the retail business as a simple summary indicator of how demanding are an agent ’ s duties to maintain that business . To the extent that demands from the retail business on an agent ’ s time are high , it might make it harder ( and relatively less financially lucrative ) for her / him to fully pursue banking , and thus we would expect a negative relationship between retail stock value and agent transactions . _Market_ represents a set of variables that describe the demographic characteristics of the municipality including population , population density , commercial development , and average income level . Both population and population density are taken from official sources for the most recent year for which data are available . < sup > 23 < / sup > We expect both to be positively linked to the number and volume of agent transactions . Average income levels and the level of commercial development were derived by Experts SARL Consulting , as described above . Lacking a census of businesses and a representative survey of households , we asked Experts SARL to sort municipalities into one of three categories for these variables – high , medium , and low . Our hope was to derive coarse , > 22 Unfortunately , we were", "spans": [{"start": 1879, "end": 1899, "text": "census of businesses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1906, "end": 1941, "text": "representative survey of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", as we only observe employment and not its features such as expropriation , withholding salaries , and harassment , this evidence is incomplete and social cohesion may be weakened in those dimensions . Table 4 shows the estimation results using two approaches when the dependent variable is the dummy of replacing the sample household with another household next year . Columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) show the results of estimating ( 1 ) for all individuals in LFS , and column ( 3 ) is for the matched individuals . In all estimations , we find that Afghan individuals have a significantly higher replacement rate . The marginal effect in column ( 3 ) implies that being an Afghan refugee raises the probability of replacement by 5 . 6 % compared to the matched sample of Iranians . The coefficients of shock variable are significant in estimations with all 9", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 458, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". A monthly average of * * 6 , 163 * * referrals were supported by UNHCR and * * 215 * * declined . - The majority ( * * 53 . 0 % * * ) of referrals were for maternity care , * * 32 % * * of deliveries were by C-section compared to * * 34 % * * in 2015 . - Of the approved referrals there were * * 869 * * deaths of which * * 52 % * * were in children under one year of age , predominantly in the perinatal period . - TPA financial audit of hospital invoices led to a * * 7 . 3 % * * deduction of the overall total cost invoiced by hospitals . - * * 33 . 8 % * * of total expenditure was spent on maternity care compared to * * 40 . 1 % * * in 2015 . - The average cost per referral was * * 586 USD * * compared to * * 544 USD * * in 2015 . # # # DATA UNHCR , through its TPA , collected data on requests for coverage for hospital referral . The data for accepted referrals included the diagnosis , care received , outcome and cost of the service . * * 71 % * * of accepted referrals were covered in 20 hospitals . * * 53 . 0 % * * of accepted referrals were pregnancy related . # # * * 43 . 3 Million USD * * Total UNHCR expenditure on referral care in 2016 .", "spans": [{"start": 788, "end": 839, "text": "data on requests for coverage for hospital referral", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the case of a Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) which typically is _not_ conducted over 12 months , these differences could matter even in the aggregate . For this reason , it is extremely important for LFS and other surveys not carried out over 12 months to include , and rely on , the 12 month recall data . * * Table 7 : Comparison of primary employment status in 2009 / 10 : 7 day vs 12 months recall period * * | | * * UNHS * * | * * 2009 / 10 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * _7day recall_ * * | * * _12month recall_ * * | | * * _Primary Employment Status_ * * | | | | Private wage - non agriculture | 11 . 8 | 11 . 7 | | Private wage – agriculture | 5 . 7 | 5 . 8 | | Government wage | 3 . 3 | 3 . 2 | | Own account - non agriculture | 13 . 1 | 13 . 1 | | Family worker - non agriculture | 2 . 2 | 2 . 1 | | Family worker - agriculture | 61 . 7 | 59 . 2 | | Unclassified < sup > c < / sup > | 2 . 1 | 4 . 9 | | Total | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | _Source : Authors calculations based on the UNHS 2009 / 10 . Notes : a ) Unadjusted rates based only on screening questions for employment and inactivity and corresponding recall period self reported main employment status b ) The composition of primary employment is based on the unadjusted employment status responses for the working age bracket ( 15-65 years ) , with the exception of the inclusion of domestic servants in the private wage category . c ) Refers to people who reported a economic activity in the respective recall screening questions but have missing responses in the main employment status questions . _ When analyzing individual or household behavior however _ , the difference between reported status by recall period matters a lot more_ . The differences", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 35, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 283, "end": 303, "text": "12 month recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _d . Procurement Documents include provisions , as agreed with the Bank , intended to adequately mitigate against environmental , social ( including sexual exploitation and abuse and gender-based violence ) , health and safety ( “ ESHS ” ) risks and impacts ; _ - _e . contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities ; _ - _f . publication of contract award information ; _ - _g . rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ - _h . an effective complaints mechanism ; and_ - _i . maintenance of records of the Procurement Process . _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * Leased Assets * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables - Not Applicable . * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables - Not Applicable . * * Domestic preference * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 of the Procurement Regulations * * ( Goods and Works ) * * - Not Applicable . # # # # # # * * I . * * * * < u > Works . < / u > * * * * 1 . Prior Review Threshold * * : Procurements subject to Prior Review by the Bank in accordance with Bank Guidance \" Thresholds for procurement approaches and methods by country \" and procurement Risk Ratings : | * * No . * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Contract Value * * < br > * * ( US $ ) * * | * * Bank Prior * * < br > * * Review * * | | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "usingthe LTGM Human Capital Extension | | TFP Growth | 0 . 9 % 0 . 6 % | Similar to the last 15-year average and the last 30-year < br > median usingPWT 9 | | Investment-to-GDP Ratio | 24 % | Based on projections of public and private-investment - < br > to-GDP | | Public Investment-to-GDP Ratio | 6 . 0 % | Based on recent trend and IMFprojection upto 2023 | | Private Investment-to-GDP Ratio | 18 . 0 % | Based on recent trend and IMFprojection upto 2023 | | Population Growth | 1 . 3 % 0 . 4 % | UN Populationprojections ( via WB HDN ) | | GDP Growth 2020-50 | 4 . 5 % 2 . 0 % | 4 . 6 % is MTI forecast for 2020 and 4 . 8 % is the IMF Oct . < br > 2019 WEOprojections average for 2020-23 . | | Atlas GNI PC Level | US $ 10 , 460 | World Bank WDI for 2018 | Investment-to-GDP is assumed to remain around 24 % given recent trends and the IMF Article IV projections for the next few years . For the baseline , we calibrate public investment-to-output and private investment-to-output ratios ( and ) of 6 percent and 18 percent respectively ( Figure 2 . 1 ) . This is based on projections made by IMF ( 2019 ) , which forecast that declines from 7 percent in 2019 to II < sup > GG < / sup > / YY II < sup > PP < / sup > / YY II < sup > GG < / sup > / YY 8", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 539, "text": "UN Populationprojections ( via WB HDN )", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * CHAPTER 1 : FINANCIAL ACCESS IN COLOMBIA * * # # * * 1 . 1 INTRODUCTION * * 1 . The present report is part of a series of recent World Bank studies which explore the theme of access to financial services for low-income populations . To date , regional efforts include work on financial access in urban Brazil ( Brazil : Access to Financial Services , 2003 ) , in Mexico ( Broadening Access to Financial Services Among the Urban Population : Mexico City ’ s Unbanked , 2003 ) and in Nicaragua ( The State of Microfinance in Nicaragua , 2002 ) . World Bank studies and operations on financial access have also been conducted in India ( Access to Finance in India , 2004 ) and Romania ( Romania Rural Finance Program ) . 2 . The World Bank has worked with the Colombian government over the past years to address the challenge of low penetration of banking services for the poor . To this extent , a comprehensive study has been conducted on access to finance in rural Colombia ( Colombia Rural Finance , Access Issues , Challenges and Opportunities , 2003 ) . In addition , a conference jointly organized by Asobancaria , the Colombian Banking Assocation and the World Bank on ‘ _Bancarizacion – Una Herramienta para el Desarollo ’ _ in Cartagena de Indias in April 2004 raised awareness of the importance of access to financial services with Colombia ’ s private banks , regulators and politicians . Finally , the World Bank ’ s recently approved Second Programmatic Financial Sector Adjustment Loan to the Republic of Colombia includes a component on improvements in the provision of housing finance for the poor . 3 . In this context , the present report focuses on access to financial services in Bogotá and urban Colombia , drawing on existing publications and internal reports , a demand side survey and an initial overview of supply side issues . This report also highlights a number of issues requiring further research . Due to the parallel efforts of the World Bank , rural finance and housing finance in Colombia are not included in the scope of this report . 4 . The term unbanked has traditionally been applied", "spans": [{"start": 1790, "end": 1808, "text": "demand side survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Dec-10 | | | 31-Dec-10 < br > 3-Jan-11 | 17-Jan-11 | 24-Jan-11 | | Total | | 3 . 00 | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | v < br > * * Ethiopia * * < br > * * Rural Capacity Building * * < br > * * Loan # : * * | | * * Harari Purchase * * < br > * * B * * | * * for the * * < br > * * ASIC DAT * * | * * Year 20 * * < br > * * A * * | * * 10-2011 * * | | If Post-Revie < br > * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * Notice * * < br > * * Draft Bid Documents , * * < br > * * including specs and * * < br > * * quantities , draft SPN * * | w , No-objec < br > * * Biddin * * | tion Dates are n < br > * * g Period * * | ot needed < br > * * Bid Evaluation * * | * * Contract Finaliza * * | * * tion * * | * * Contra * * | * * ct Implementation * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Numbe * * < br > * * Estimate * * < br > * * d * * | * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ - To provide reliable electricity to rural towns in the area ; The team presented the following subproject benefits and the negative impact with mitigation measures in relation to the subproject . The subproject ' s importance ’ s include : - Solves the existing power outages problem ; - Promotes local development opportunities and activities ; - The subproject will play an important role in creating access to electricity supply for the surrounding villages and towns ; - Provides job opportunities ; - Increased energy supply improves citizens ' daily lives ; and - Contributes to the reliable supply of electricity to residents and industries in the subproject area . An extensive issues and agendas related to the proposed TL and SS subproject were raised and covered during the consultative meetings with various stakeholders . Some of the most important agenda points that were discussed include : - a ) Knowledge and information about the proposed subproject , - b ) PAPs ’ and other community members ’ expectation of beneficial impacts associated to the subproject , - c ) Potential adverse impacts major risks anxieties , fears , concerns , and uncertainties of the proposed subproject by the eyes of PAPs and other community members , - d ) Differential impacts of the subproject on members of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups , - e ) Procedures and options for compensation payments , - f ) Potential income generating schemes ( including skills , raw material , technology and market and other infrastructure facilities ) that could help PAPs restore their incomes to pre-project levels and beyond , - g ) Access to social services , infrastructure and common property resources in subproject-affected communities , - h ) Any displeasure or discontent with the transparency and the whole process of census enumeration registration of affected property , and - i ) Proposed mitigation , compensation and livelihood restoration measures proposed by participants at various levels . - * * 8 . 5 Consultation Meeting with", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fcn < sup > determines Development isnecessary Association toenable andthethe < / sup > preparation < sup > oftheReceiptsandP ' a % mentsStIatcmentthatisfreefrommaterialmisstatement , whetherdueto < / sup > fraud or error . Mnagernent < sup > acceptsresponsibilityfortheReceiptsandPaymentsStatementandthenotesthereto , which < / sup > haebeen prepared < sup > using appropriateaccountingpoliciessupported < / sup > < sup > * * by * * reasonableandprudent judgmentsand < / sup > estmates , < sup > inconformitywith theWorld BankandGioUfinancialguidelinesandpolicies . < / sup > Management < sup > isoftheopinionthatthteFinancial Statementgivesa true andfair viewof the stateoffinancial < / sup > affairs for < sup > the12monthsperiodended < / sup > < sup > * * 30 * * June 2020 . Management further acceptsresponsibilityforthe < / sup > maintenance < sup > of accounttingrecordsthatmayberelieduponinthepreparationof thefinancialstatements , as < / sup > wecll as adequate < sup > systemsof internalfinancialcontrol . < / sup > Approval of < sup > Statementof ManagemenltRepresenitation : < / sup > * * Mr . * * Sufiyian Igwahabi * * WMDP FINANCIAL * * < sup > 11 < / sup > * * , EMENT SPECIALIST * * * * DATE * * * * Mr . Erisa * * < sup > * * Ngono * * < / sup > * * ASSISTANT COMMISIONER * * < sup > * * ACCOUNT", "spans": [{"start": 859, "end": 914, "text": "accounttingrecordsthatmayberelieduponinthepreparationof", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "weeks , yet learning losses were much smaller ( Arenas and Gortazar 2022 ) than in say , the Netherlands ( Haelermans et al . 2021 ) or Germany ( Ludewig et al . 2022 ) , which closed schools for only 10 weeks . But in general , the longer the closures , the greater the losses ( Patrinos 2023 ) , everything else constant . There are also differences in the application of distance education . In some countries this was a failure ( Agostinelli et al . 2022 ) , while other countries managed to support the online education with parental resources , such as France ( Thorn and Vincent-Lancrin 2021 ) . We contribute to this literature by leveraging a unique individual student-level dataset that assesses student learning outcomes in 2019 and 2021 . As the pandemic started , the Government of Uzbekistan announced the closure of all educational institutions from March 18 , 2020 , for three weeks initially ( UNESCO 2020 ) . However , the closure was extended , and the education system operated on a hybrid model the entire 2020 / 21 academic year . By March 2021 , 81 percent of school principals reported school closures for four months or longer ( UNESCO 2022 ) . With the rise in Omicron cases , the education system extended the school break in January 2022 for an additional three weeks . This is further confirmed by information from Global Monitoring of School Closures by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics , which reports that schools in Uzbekistan were partially or fully closed for a total of 14 weeks . These school closures and hybrid learning affected around 6 million students in Uzbekistan ( UNESCO 2020 ) . We evaluate the impact of the COVID-induced school closures due to the pandemic on learning outcomes of school pupils . Individual-level data for 2019 and 2021 allows us to account for possible pre-existing differences across cohorts , mitigating bias concerns . 2", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 691, "text": "individual student-level dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1344, "end": 1380, "text": "Global Monitoring of School Closures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1749, "end": 1770, "text": "Individual-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector senior staff . 30 . * * In addition , citizens provided feedback on contract monitoring to AFIC and districts * * . The districts would then use the feedback to make decisions accordingly , for instance to compel contractors to stick to contract terms and recall stolen hoarding materials . Whenever contracts would be awarded , contractors would carry away hoarding materials . The project linked PPDA to community monitors who started providing feedback to PPDA which was used to act such as incorporating citizen monitoring in PPDA Strategic Plan . Based on feedback from community monitors , PPDA realized a high rate of diversion of funds and started sampling small Local Government contracts for procurement audits and monitoring as opposed to the previous focus on high value contracts . 31 . * * A total of eight dialogue meetings were held between citizens and government during project implementation . However , this was less than the target of 15 * * . The project conducted four meetings to discuss results of monitoring from the agriculture contracts . These meetings comprised of two national level meetings and two district meetings . Less dialogue meetings were held in the agriculture sector due to delayed access to contracts . Fourteen dialogue meetings ( ten less that the target of 24 ) were conducted between the government and the UCMC to discuss the findings of the contracts monitoring and access to contracts information . * * Key Expected Outcome 4 : * * Strengthened capacity of citizens and civil society to collectively and effectively demand accountability and value for money in public contracting . # # # # # * * This expected outcome was successfully achieved as evidenced by the PDO indicator # 4 . * * 32 . * * The project strengthened the capacity of citizens and civil society to collectively and effectively demand accountability and value for money in public contracting * * . The training and community sensitization sessions aimed at improving knowledge and skills among CSOs . A total of 922 citizens were trained exceeding the target of 510 citizens . As a result , communities started collectively demanding for accountability and transparency such as demanding for stolen hoarding materials and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : * * _Share of married women aged 20-24 , who married before the age of 15 and 18 , respectively , by state_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Panel A : Marriage before the age of 15 Panel B : Marriage before the age of 18 < br > % women married before age 15 % women married before age 18 < br > ( 32 % - 40 % ] ( 77 % - 86 . 8 % ] < br > ( 16 % - 32 % ] ( 62 . 19 % - 77 % ] < br > ( 6 % - 16 % ] ( 50 % - 62 . 19 % ] < br > [ 1 % - 6 % ] ( 37 . 56 % - 50 % ] < br > No data ( 28 . 44 % - 37 . 56 % ] < br > [ 17 . 16 % - 28 . 44 % ] < br > No data < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes _ : This figure shows the proportion of married , women ( or in cohabitation wit a man or have been married once ) aged 20-24 who married before 15 ( Panel A ) and 18 ( Panel B ) . The data source is the 2018 Nigerian DHS . _ Figure 1 reveals the existence of an internal child marriage belt along the Sahel part of the country stretching from North-West to North-East Nigeria . In particular , marriage before the age of 15 ( Panel A ) , although still widespread country-wise , is more prevalent in Northern states , with rates ranging from 32 % to 40 % . Marriage before the age of 18 is much more widespread in Nigeria , as shown in Panel B . However , in this case as well , northern states are clearly more affected . In some areas , the prevalence rate is well above 80 % — which is huge even by Sub-Saharan African standards . For example , despite not being directly affected by the security crisis involving _Boko Haram_ , North-West Nigeria", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 835, "text": "2018 Nigerian DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 7 million ; actual cost US $ 1 . 80 million ) . # # # * * d . Comments on Project Cost , Financing , Borrower Contribution , and Dates : * * Delays occurred in the beginning of the project with respect to community - driven implementation arrangements . In addition , at project closure ( on December 31 , 2006 ) , 114 sub-projects had been initiated but not yet completed . The Government has assured the Bank that these sub - projects will be completed utilizing resources from other sources as appropriate . However , according to the ICR , information on the current status of these sub - projects including actual availability of resources and the expected timeline for their completion is not available . Project records suggest that 99 . 93 % of the funds were disbursed . Undisbursed funds amount to US $ 47 , 609 . 81 , which will be cancelled . # # # * * 3 . Relevance of Objectives & Design : * * The relevance of the project objectives is substantial , since the Bank ' s FY 2006-2007 Interim Country Assistance Strategy ( ICAS ) emphasizes broad-based growth and managing vulnerabilities . Project objectives were also in line with the Bank ’ s Country Assistance Strategy ( CAS ) for Ethiopia for 2003-06 , which was endorsed two weeks after the EDRP was approved by the Board . In particular , the EDRP was consistent with the third pillar of the CAS , which explicitly referred to the need to provide safety nets to vulnerable households with a view to helping them sustain and build assets . The relevance of project design is substantial , since it stressed not just the need to deal with food insecurity but also to improve longer-term coping capacities , especially through the build - up of productive assets and sustainable livelihoods . According to the ICR , the project included the following innovative design features : ( i ) a blend of various kinds of support from macro-stabilization to targeted household-level assistance , to help in a", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 728, "text": "Project records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 68 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental * * Assessment - * * Main Report December , 2006 Water quality during the April 2006 survey was very similar to the corresponding survey in April 2000 indicating that the historical data is representative of the existing conditions . Quality data for borehole water from the east and west banks of the Nile near the project area were collected as part of the Rural Water and Sanitation ( RUWASA ) project . Example data from Namizi ( East Bank ) and Baizo , Wakisi ( West Bank ) boreholes are presented in Table 3 . 4 . * * Table 3 . 4 : Groundwater Quality * * | * * Determinand * * | * * Namizi Borehole * * < br > * * ( EastBank ) * * | * * WakisiBorehole * * < br > * * ( WestBank ) * * | * * UgandaDrinking * * < br > * * WaterStandards * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Fe ( total ) | 0 . 16 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 3 | | Mn + | 0 . 24 | | 0 . 1 | | Ca + + | 37 . 93 | 57 . 25 | 75 | | Mg + + | 17 . 00 | 34 . 01 | 50 | | F | 0 . 85 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 0 | | S04 = | 28 . 0 | | 200 | | Nitrate-nitrogen | 0 . 0 | 0 . 80 | 45 . 0 | | Nitrite-nitrogen | 0 . 00 | 0 . 006 | 3 . 0 | | Orthophosphate | 1 . 10 | 1 . 0 | | | Alkalinity | 104 | 376 | | | Conductivity ( mS / m", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 187, "text": "April 2006 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 330, "end": 361, "text": "Quality data for borehole water", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ There is no grazing land impacted as a result of the construction of the proposed substation . Therefore , no compensation measures will be required . # # # # # # * * Impact on Crop-by-Product * * The importance of crop residues as livestock feed is reported as significant by surveyed households and this potential livestock feed source will be affected by expropriation of farmland . The importance of crop residues as livestock feed is reported as significant . A total of 5 . 2617 ha of crop land will be expropriated by the substation and the tower foundation and access road and the corresponding crop-by-product will be lost as well from these crop fields . The production rate is 1 , 125 bundle crop-by-product per ha . Forgone benefits from farmland and crop-by-product will be considered in the cash compensation . # # # # # # * * 7 . 9 Impact on Privately Owned Business Infrastructure * * There is no privately owned Business Infrastructure identified during census enumeration of project affected properties . Therefore , no compensation or livelihood restoration measures in relation to privately owned business will be required . # # # # # # * * 7 . 10 Impact on Social Service Facilities and Infrastructure * * Based on inventory taken during the fieldwork for this study , the proposed SS and TL Subproject will not affect any public social service facilities , institutions and infrastructure facilities like community water tanker , schools , local government office buildings , police station , etc . Therefore , no compensation is recommended . # # # # # # * * 7 . 11 Impacts on Cultural Heritage * * The proposed Subproject will have no impact on cultural heritage sites ( i . e . including natural areas with cultural and / or spiritual value such as sacred groves , sacred bodies of water and waterways , sacred trees , and", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1171, "text": "census enumeration of project affected properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Access to finance plays a key role in the overall growth and development of the private sector ( Banerjee & Duflo , 2014 ; King & Levine , 1993 ) . Lack of adequate finance hampers firms ’ day-to-day operations and long-term investments . The problem of inadequate financing is especially severe for small and medium-size enterprises ( SMEs ) operating in the developing world . The extant literature highlights several drivers of financial access including firm and industry characteristics , and the quality of the institutional and legal environment ( La Porta , Lopez-De-Silanes , Shleifer , & Vishny , 1997 ; Qian & Strahan , 2007 ) . However , important gaps remain . One such gap relates to the impact of bureaucratic corruption on firms ’ access to finance in the developing world . The present paper attempts to fill this gap by using firm-level survey data on SMEs in the manufacturing sector of developing countries . It does so by estimating the impact of corruption faced by firms in obtaining licenses and permits , etc . on the firms ’ chances of being financially constrained . Our results reveal a large positive relationship between higher corruption and the likelihood of a firm being financially constrained . That is , higher corruption adversely impacts the firm ’ s access to finance . We also explore heterogeneities in the corruption-finance relationship . Some of these heterogeneities derive from the specific ways in which corruption impacts informational asymmetries between borrowers and lenders and thereby affects firms ’ access to finance . Thus , these heterogeneities serve the additional purpose of partly addressing endogeneity concerns with our main results . Corruption is a significant economic issue in emerging and developing economies . It can adversely affect growth , productivity , and overall firm performance by diverting resources from productive to rent-seeking activities , and by increasing the cost of conducting business ( D ’ agostino , Dunne , & Pieroni , 2016 ; Mauro , 1995 ; Méon & Weill , 2", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 901, "text": "firm-level survey data on SMEs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "terms “ trust ” and “ confidence ” and respondents ’ definition of government ( OECD , 2013 ) . Cultural factors and societal norms influence how individuals define public institutions , making valid crossnational comparisons of trust difficult ( OECD , 2013 ) . These issues affect all trust-related , international surveys . However , this study takes advantage of the detailed information on individual-level food insecurity provided by the FIES . This information , combined with the globally standardized trust-related questions in the GWP , make it possible for the first time to examine the direct impact of food insecurity on both dimensions of trust around the world . # * * _2 . 4 . Measuring Food Insecurity_ * * FAO created the FIES to gather consistent and comprehensive information on the prevalence and severity of global food insecurity . The GWP / FAO FIES survey module contains eight questions designed to assess the adequacy of individuals ’ access to food , adapted from the long-established United States Household Food Security Survey Module ( US HFSSM ) and the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale ( ELCSA ) . The FIES survey questions focus on respondents ’ behaviors and experiences when they have encountered difficulties in meeting their basic food needs over the past 12 months . Similar to other food insecurity surveys , the FIES questions are ranked by severity . Each question specifies that food insecurity results from a lack of money or other resources to obtain adequate food ( see Appendix , Table A1 ) . In this analysis , we use a binary measure of individuals ’ severity of food insecurity . The measure , _food insecurity_ , is coded as one if an individual experienced moderate or severe food insecurity in the past 12 months ; zero otherwise . This measure captures experiences ranging in severity from a reduction in food quality and variety to the reporting of physiological hunger ( Nord et al . , 2016 ; Cafiero et al . , 2018 ) . # * * _2 . 5 . Control Variables_ * * In line with the literature , we control for other determinants of trust that include individual and household characteristics . These include gender , age , and lifecycle", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 448, "text": "FIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1013, "end": 1064, "text": "United States Household Food Security Survey Module", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1086, "end": 1134, "text": "Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 | 5 . 6 | 3 | | SkinDiseases | 4 . 7 | 4 | 3 . 9 | 3 . 5 | 3 | | EyeDiseases | 3 . 8 | 2 . 7 | 2 . 7 | 2 . 5 | 1 . 9 | | Anaemia | 2 . 1 | 2 . 3 | 2 . 4 | 2 . 2 | 2 | | Ear Diseases | 1 . 5 | 1 . 5 | 1 . 6 | 1 . 5 | 1 | | Other | 14 . 5 | 15 . 9 | 17 . 6 | 17 . 8 | 15 . 9 | | * * Total * * | * * 100 * * | * * 100 * * | * * 100 * * | * * 100 * * | * * 100 * * | Source : Resource Centre Ministry of Health Kampala # # # # * * Morbidity Pattern in the Project Area * * Morbidity data for 2005-2006 were obtained from recorded outpatient diagnoses in the health institutions of the project area . Disease incidence patterns were similar at all health facilities . The Out-Patient Department ( OPD ) statistics for most frequent diagnoses in Jinja and Mukono Districts are presented in Tables 3 . 15 and 3 . 16 . Malaria is the most common diagnosed disease in all categories of outpatients , followed by acute respiratory infections ( excluding pneumonia ) , intestinal worms , and diarrhoea . Specific data for the Wakisi ( west bank - Mukono District ) and Budondo ( east bank - Jinja District ) health centres are presented in Tables 3 . 17 and 3 . 18 . * * R . J . * * Burnside International Limited * * I-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 499, "text": "Morbidity data for 2005-2006", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 519, "end": 548, "text": "recorded outpatient diagnoses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Envelope 143 , 728 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2022-08-31 2022-10-07 2022-09-05 2022-10-10 2022-10-05 2022-11-02 2022-10-15 2022-11-23 2022-11-15 2022-12-30 2023-01-21 < br > NE-FRSP-NE-306228-GO-RFQ / Acquisition de mobilier de bureau IDA / 69980 Project Management Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 52 , 265 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2022-10-25 2023-03-30 2022-11-21 2022-12-31 2023-04-16 < br > NE-FRSP-NE-306961-GO-RFQ / Acquisition de matériel informatique pour l ' équipe FSRP IDA / 69980 Project Management Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 52 , 265 . 00 38 , 580 . 81 Completed 2022-08-15 2022-08-22 2022-08-31 2022-09-09 2022-10-15 2022-09-26 < br > NE-FRSP-NE-342474-GO-RFQ < br > / Acquisition d ' équipements complémentaires et mise enmarche de la station de réce IDA / D9250 Digital advisory services foragriculture and food crisis prevention and management Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 52 , 632 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2023-06-06 2023-06-14 2023-07-14 < br > ption des données satellitale < br > s de la DGPIA et DGGR < br > NE-FRSP-NE-342493-GO-RFQ / Equipement des structures , renforcement de la cellule géomatique par acquisition des IDA / D9", "spans": [{"start": 1079, "end": 1098, "text": "données satellitale", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "have been in the absence of OBA voucher subsidies for comparison with the outcome of the actual interventions . However , since the design was not implemented as planned , the analytical approach adopts a post hoc definition of the counterfactual . Two definitions are used : ( 1 ) respondents in the 2010 – 11 survey who had never used the maternal health voucher ( nonvoucher clients ) , and ( 2 ) respondents from villages that were included in both baseline and follow-up surveys , but where no voucher clients were present in 2010 – 11 . The outcomes of interest include targeting of beneficiaries , knowledge , health service access and utilization ( new use and general use of ANC , health facility delivery , and PNC ) , outof-pocket expenses , and socioeconomic inequities in service utilization . An analysis of targeting 16", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 317, "text": "2010 – 11 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the settlement once completed . * * < u > MIN 2 / 3 / 2018 : LEGAL AND POLICY PROVISIONS WITH REGARDS TO RAP < / u > * * The consultant guided PAPS present on legal and policy provision with regards to RAP . The PAPS were informed that Kenya – Land Act 2012 and World Bank OP 4 . 12 on Involuntary Resettlement were the main statutes which protect PAPs against impacts caused to them by development projects * * < u > MIN 3 / 3 / 2018 : IDENTIFIED RAP IMPACTS IN THE SETTLEMENT AFTER CENSUS AND APPLICABLE ENTITLEMENT < / u > * * The PAPs were informed that after census the below listed category of impacts were recorded in the settlement . ( i ) PAP ’ s whose structures used for business or residential purposes will be partially or total affected . ( ii ) PAP ’ s whose business or sources of livelihood will be affected . ( iii ) Tenants who reside in structures that will be totally affected . Further the PAPs were informed that the PAPs will be entitled to the below . ( i ) Loss of Structures will be replaced at full replacement cost , the owners will also be given three months ’ notice to remove the affected asset and the right to salvage materials . - ( ii ) Loss of Rental Income : PAPs are entitled to three months ’ notice and a two month cash grant equivalent to average income . 12-37", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 490, "text": "CENSUS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 564, "end": 570, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Implement compensation measures prior to construction work . # # # # # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * Construction activities will lead to habitat losses , modification and fragmentation for some terrestrial and water birds . Vegetation clearing will however be minimized as much as possible to limit habitat destruction . The habitat loss could impair highly ecologically important habitats for birds , as breeding or nesting sites . Prior to construction works , bird ’ surveys should be undertaken covering migration season and seasonal specificities , in order to validate areas of higher risk for bird communities . Specific mitigation measures should then be proposed , notably for species of conservation interest and water birds , and to protect habitat of higher ecological importance for birds , or to develop relevant mitigation measures that should be adopted prior to construction works . In total , eighteen species of water birds are present or potentially present inside the study area . A very high priority should also be given to protecting critical sites that hold a large proportion of their population . Such critical sites are particularly important for migratory waterfowl because the loss or degradation of the site may have a very large impact on the population as a whole . Indeed , some species use relatively few sites as migratory staging posts and wintering areas ( AEWA , 2008 ) . Construction activities will also lead to increased noise which may disturb the bird species present in the area . However , as for the terrestrial fauna , the avifauna is likely to migrate to similar but quieter", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 1 . Guidelines for practice * * 1 . _Highly autocorrelated outcomes : _ For outcome measures like anthropometric measures or test scores , for which the autocorrelation is high ( e . g . ρ = 0 . 6 to 0 . 8 ) , always include at least one baseline . Difference-in-differences and ANCOVA have much greater power than POST in these cases . Moreover , Bruhn and McKenzie ( 2009 ) also show that the power improvements from stratified or matched randomization are highest when ρ is high . However , if the total sample size is fixed , a single baseline and follow-up will offer more power than multiple pre-treatment or post-treatment rounds when ANCOVA is used . If the treatment and control sizes are fixed , the gains from going from one to two post-treatment surveys can still be non-trivial in these cases , but there is little gain from more than say 3 post-treatment surveys . _2 . Outcomes with low autocorrelation : _ For outcome measures like business profits , incomes , or expenditure , for which the autocorrelation is typically low ( e . g . ρ = 0 . 20 to 0 . 40 ) , it can be optimal to have no baseline at all , and just do a single follow-up survey if the total sample size is limited . If the treatment group size is fixed , researchers can dramatically increase power by doing multiple post-treatment surveys . Even if a baseline is taken , researchers should not use difference-in-differences in such cases , since doing so has much lower power than either POST or ANCOVA analysis . # * * 4 . 2 . Other practical issues * * In practice there are several other factors that should guide researchers in choosing how many survey rounds to conduct . I note some of the key factors here , and their implications for choice of the number of pre-treatment and post-treatment waves : 1 . _Over what horizon is a pooled treatment effect relevant and of interest ? _ The analysis in this paper has assumed a common treatment effect γ . Of course if the treatment effects vary over individuals , researchers are usually content to", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 school-level heterogeneity that may be correlated with educational outcomes and for any aggregate shock that may affect in the same way all the municipalities of the same department . _Pr . Ven . Shock_ < sup > _1993_ < / sup > _mdt_ < sup > isourpredictedcumulativemigrationinflowtomunic - < / sup > ipality _m_ of department _d_ and year _t_ , based on the 1993 census ( before Hugo CHavez was elected as president in Venezuela ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > Native _smdt_ ( Female _smdt_ ) identifies the subgroup of Colombian ( Female ) students in school _s_ . * * Xmd * * is a vector of pre-determined municipality-specific characteristics which we interact with the year fixed effects represented by _φt_ . This interaction effectively controls for municipal-specific changes over time , parametrized by the set of control included in * * Xmd * * . It is worth noting that the municipality characteristics included in this set are not chosen in an _ad hoc_ way . Rather , following Belloni et al . ( 2014 ) , the controls are selected using machine learning techniques . In this way we are agnostic about which municipality characteristics are more related to educational outcomes in areas that have hosted Venezuelan migrants . Finally , the error term , _εsmdt_ , is estimated allowing for serial correlation within municipalities . Our measure of the predicted migration shock follows the standard practice in the literature ( see Card , 2001 and Altonji and Card , 1991 for the pioneer approaches and Lewis and Peri , 2015 for a review of the literature on applications ) and exploits the disproportionate levels of cumulative migrant inflows to areas with previous settlements of similar identity groups . Specifically , our measure is constructed as : > 9The distributions of Venezuelans across Colombian municipalities according to the 1993 census is reported in Figure 2 * * A . * * .", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 373, "text": "1993 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ # # # * * 3 . 1 . Socio-Economic Baseline of the Power line * * The socio-economic data will form the baseline for future Monitoring and Evaluation of the project impacts towards the targeted groups . Knowledge of existing population , available healthcare services and prevalent diseases , economic activity and literacy levels of the project area are essential to understanding project targeted communities , potential benefits to recipient communities and likely challenges during and after project implementation . # # # * * 3 . 1 . 1 . Gender of Household Head * * Assessment of all user needs is essential to design a rural electrification system that serves all people equitably . Public consultation builds public support for rural electrification initiatives . Separate consultation of women and men often results in practical considerations that would be overlooked without women ’ s input . Rural electrification baseline and feasibility studies and surveys can effectively identify electricity uses , needs and constraints of households ( femaleheaded and male-headed ) and businesses ( women-owned and men-owned ) . In an effort to fulfill its main objective of providing electricity to rural areas , construction of the power line alone is not enough . Collective participation and decision making must be at household level to effect the connections . Since electricity is not going to be distributed free of charge , money has to be saved by households to enable them connect to the grid . Men here play a very important role in deciding whether to get connected or not , depending on their ability to wire the house and pay without necessarily involving women ; though women are important in prioritizing the rooms to be lit . For example , a woman may prefer to have light in kitchen rather than in the bathroom . From the field survey , it is evident that overall majority of the primary survey respondents were male with 80 % while the female were 20 % ( Figure : 3 ) . In Uganda", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 173, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1927, "end": 1939, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ravallion , M . ( 2004 ) . “ Pro-Poor Growth : A Primer ” . _World Bank Policy Research Working Paper_ 3242 . Washington DC : The World Bank . Ravallion , M . ( 2012 ) . “ Why Don ’ t we See Poverty Convergence ” . _American Economic Review_ 102 ( 1 ) : 504-523 . Ravallion , M . and S . Chen . ( 1997 ) . “ What Can New Survey Data Tell Us About Recent Changes In Distribution And Poverty ? ” The World Bank Economic Review , 11 , 357 – 82 . Ravallion , M . Datt , G . and Van De Walle , D . ( 1991 ) . “ Quantifying absolute poverty in the developing world . ” _Review of Income and Wealth_ 37 ( 4 ) : 345-361 . Sundberg , R . , and Melander , E . ( 2013 ) , “ Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset ” , _Journal of Peace Research_ , vol . 50 , no . 4 , 523-532 Shimeles , A . , and Nabassaga , T . ( 2018 ) . Why is inequality high in Africa ? Journal of African Economies , 27 ( 1 ) , pp . 108-126 Thorbecke , E . ( 2023 ) . The Interrelationships Among Growth , Inequality and Poverty in Africa _ . Journal of African Economies_ 32 , ii81 – ii86 . Thorbecke , E . and Ouyang , Y . ( 2022 ) . “ Towards A Virtuous Spiral Between Poverty Reduction And Growth : Comparing Sub Saharan Africa With The Developing World ” . World Development 152 : 1 - 18 . World Bank . ( 2018 ) . “ _Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report : Piecing together the poverty puzzle_ ” . Washington DC : The World Bank . World Bank . ( 2022a ) . “ _Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022 : Correcting Course_ ” . Washington DC : The World Bank . World Bank . ( 2022b ) . “ _Poverty and Inequality Platform ( version 20220909_2017_01_02_PROD ) . _ World Bank Group . www . pip . worldbank . org . Accessed Septermber 2022 . World Bank . ( 2022c ) . “ _Poverty and Inequality", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of refugees or host communities . A few studies on poverty among FDPs appeared before 2010 , including a few studies on the well-being of Palestinian refugees ( Hejoj 2007 ) , and occasional studies on refugees in upper income countries ( Bollinger and Hagstrom , 2004 , Kriechbaum 2006 ) , but these studies were extremely rare and relegated to specialized journals , or specialized agencies ’ reports . This changed after 2010 with tens of studies now published on refugee poverty and household well-being of host populations in top economics journals ( Verme and Schuettler , 2021 ) . The surge in general interest on the topic , the media exposure of the Syrian and European crises and the growing preoccupation of donor countries with the political and economic implications of refugees led development organizations and poverty specialists to start considering FDPs more closely and collaborate with humanitarian organizations . The UNHCR and the World Bank , for example , started to collaborate very closely around 2014 with the first joint study on the welfare of Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon ( Verme et al , 2016 ) . This study used UNHCR ’ s administrative and survey data to measure poverty among refugees , contributing to improving the targeting system of the UNHRC ’ s cash assistance program . It found that - using the international extreme poverty line of 1 . 9 USD / day in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) – 7 in 10 refugees were poor , a figure that rose to 9 in 10 refugees if the national poverty lines of the host countries were used . This study led the World Bank to reconsider its role in working with refugee populations and encouraged this organization to strengthen cooperation with the UNHCR , leading to the establishment of a joint research program ( “ Building the Evidence on Forced Displacement ” ) , country-level cooperation on data collection in several countries , a first round of analytical studies on refugees ’ well-being ( Pape et al . , 2018 , Pape et al . , 2019a , Cuevas et al . , 2019 , Beltramo et al . , 2021 ) , the establishment of a Joint Data Centre between the two organizations , and", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1192, "text": "UNHCR ’ s administrative and survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 to which Ram ' s results appear to fall below those of Saunders and Klau raise questions about the content of the implicit price deflator built into the Summers and Heston data . The same problem , of course , could confront the developing nations in the sample . In fact , t problem may be worse as is suggested by Pluta ' s study which pe mits comparison of current and constant price elasticities for 20 developing nations ( Table 9 ) . These elasticities diverge considerably for individual countries - - in this case , constant price values both exceeding and falling below current price estimates . These results reflect the generally recognized unreliability of deflators for government spending which often are based on input prices and , hence , disregard changes in factor productivity . In summary , although the data base is not particularly strong , the evidence on developing economies suggests the following : ( 1 ) Government spending varies considerably across low and middle-income nations . In 1985 , central government expenditures as a share of GNP ranged from 10 . 8 % to 62 . 1 % , and government consumption as a share of GDP ranged from 6 to 45 % . These variations in reported government spending exceed those observed in developed economies ; ( 2 ) Compared to OECD countries , developing economies , on average , tend to devote smaller percentages of GDP to government spending . This seems especially true for low-income nations ;", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 179, "text": "Heston data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two sample groups could explain – at least in part – the differences between the full sample and PSM sample results . This is plausible because smaller firms , which tend to be more financially constrained , could react more to equity internationalization events than larger corporations . To verify this formally , we disaggregate the connected firms in the PSM sample by size ( defined by total assets in 2010-12 ) . We then re-estimate the difference-in-differences equation for each subgroup ( Table 5 and Figure 5 ) . We find that the smallest firms ( in the lowest quartile ) in the PSM sample raised the most equity post-2012 ( as a fraction of total assets in 2012 ) , and the magnitude of the impact decreases monotonically in firm size ( Figure 5 ) . Consistent with this pattern , we also show that the smaller connected firms ( below the median ) increased their equity issuances relative to the larger connected firms ( above the median ) during 2014-20 ( Table 6 ) . The correlation between equity issuance reactions and firm size survives even when excluding stateowned enterprises ( SOEs ) from the sample . This is important because SOEs are relatively large corporations whose investment reacted less to the Stock Connect than privately owned firms ( Ma et al . , 2021 ) . < sup > 27 < / sup > # _Robustness and Extensions_ We perform and report robustness tests for the full and PSM samples ( Table 7 ) . We ( 1 ) control for lagged assets and sales growth , ( 2 ) control for the size of bond issuances , ( 3 ) exclude firms with margin trading stocks , and ( 4 ) exclude firms with stocks purchased by the government during 2015-19 . < sup > 28 < / sup > Controlling for lagged total assets and sales growth allows us to ensure that changes in > 27 We define as SOEs firms for which the main ( top 1 ) shareholder is a government-related entity ( following Ma et al . , 2021 ) . We merge our main dataset with 2007-20 firm-level data on firm ownership structure downloaded from Wind . We consider SOEs to be all firms", "spans": [{"start": 1931, "end": 1982, "text": "2007-20 firm-level data on firm ownership structure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of households from their villages . Moreover , comparison with a hypothetical pure-PMT demonstrates the two methods to be roughly equivalent in their ability to identify poorer households within a village . Further , we shed light on what information village heads use to assess the welfare status of households . We asked village heads to rank households by different welfare criteria and then compared these data to household survey data . We find that village heads seem to base their assessments of specific criteria like household land ownership , likelihood of being hungry and likelihood of needing assistance on a holistic impression of household welfare , rather than specific indicators like actual land ownership , nutrition or economic shocks . Using random forest analysis , we find that their rankings are best explained by easily observable indicators of welfare like household characteristics and asset ownership . In this program , updating poverty ranks by village heads provided a much quicker and less expensive alternative to a full PMT plus community-ranking and validation process , without compromising the targeting efficacy of the program and produced outcomes acceptable for the community . The results suggest that the performance of village heads compared to alternative methods may be particularly strong in remote areas with varying poverty levels . There , the village heads ’ familiarity with residents and local circumstances can help them distinguish among community members ’ relative welfare statuses . In these cases , a flexible targeting led by village heads may be successful at achieving pro-poor targeting objectives . There are caveats about the applicability of these findings in other contexts . First , village heads only updated prior , community-supported poverty rankings in this program . This reduced the reliance on village heads for determination of eligibility and may have also improved community acceptability , since applicants may have perceived the updated rankings as a revision of a system they had already endorsed . Other populations without a comparable experience may view village head targeting as less legitimate . Second , the selection for the RMG program also relied on self-selection into the program by the neediest households . This may explain some of the targeting success of the program . Third , our analysis suggests that village heads hold a holistic", "spans": [{"start": 418, "end": 439, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attainment of education . This includes the large number of deaths of teachers as a result of HIV / AIDS ( Sany , 2010 ) . Third , NGO-run primary and secondary schools stepped in to fill the education gap in the North in 2004 . This could also produce a downward bias in impact of war on education . All these factors could potentially generate selection bias and confounding errors , thus invalidating the exchangeability assumption . In the presence of these possibilities , it is unrealistic to assume that the incidence of war is randomly assigned and the confounding factors may generate bias in the causal effect of war on education . Since a direct comparison of two groups of individuals may not overcome the problem of identification , we go one step further and employ propensity score matching ( Rosenbaum and Rubin , 1983 ) . This means pairing individuals who are identical based on all observable characteristics ( including department of birth , other households characteristics and the relevant socio-economic factors ) that the rich ENV-2008 survey data offers , except variables that measure war victimization . We discuss it more formally below . Let us denote the binary victimization indicator equals to one if individual _i_ is a war victim and zero otherwise . We are particularly interested in estimating the average treatment effect on the treated ( ATT ) . This can be written as equation ( 2 ) below : # * * ( 2 ) * * where denotes the potential education outcome ( years of education in our case ) for each individual _i_ . As the average education level of the counterfactual comparison group - - is not observed , we generate propensity scores to choose a proper substitute from the matched pairs based on propensity scores . Propensity scores are generated by simple probit regression . Individuals are paired and chosen from the war victims ( treatment group ) and the rest ( control group ) based on similar propensity scores . Then we calculate the average difference in years of schooling across them . There exists a range of possibilities for matching algorithms ; however , the performance of different matching estimators depends largely on the data structure ( Zhao , 2000", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1071, "text": "ENV-2008 survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Health Sustainable Development Goals Program-for-Results ( P123531 ) | * * Indicator Name * * | * * DLI * * < br > * * Baseline * * | | * * Intermediate Targets * * | * * End Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * 1 * * | | | | Percent of Woredas in non-emerging Regions | | | | | | transitioning from EOS to Community Health Days - | 0 . 00 | | | 50 . 00 | | CHD ( Percentage ) | | | | | | Percent of PHC Facilities having all drug from the < br > MOH list of drug available ( Percentage ) | 42 . 00 | | | 47 . 00 | | Developed and Implement postnatal Care Service | | | | | | directive to improve the quality of Postnatal | No | | | Yes | | service ( Yes / No ) | | | | | | Improve quality of adolescent services ( Yes / No ) | No | | | Yes | | Percent of Woreda with Functional Community < br > Health Insurance Schemes ( Percentage ) | 23 . 00 | | | 53 . 00 | | Undertake CBHI review every two Years ( Yes / No ) | No | | | Yes | | Devise and implement a mechanism for < br > documenting consultations ( Yes / No ) | No | | | Yes | | Development and implementation of health < br > sector community score card ( Yes / No ) | No | | | Yes | | Health Centers reporting HMIS data in time < br > ( Percentage ) | 50 . 00 | 86 . 00 | | 86 . 00 | | Development and implementation of Annual < br > Rapid Facility Assessment ( Yes / No", "spans": [{"start": 1222, "end": 1231, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . A distinctive element of this channel is the mandate that , in order to justify use of Article XIX , governments were required to provide some evidence of unforeseen events having taking place , and that increased imports of the product were causing injury to the domestic , import-competing industry . Notably , the Article XIX provision has subsequently been transformed into the WTO ’ s Agreement on Safeguards . We have presented cross-country data on safeguards use over 1995-2013 in substantial detail in Section 3 . 1 . Overall , countries triggered temporary tariff increases in only 19 instances under Article XIX over 1950-1959 ; the US requested slightly more than half . < sup > 73 < / sup > Figure 13 displays Article XIX use over 1950-1959 so as to make comparisons to safeguard use in more recent decades . The figure 71For example , an Article XIX action typically involved a tariff line or group of products like ‘ hatter ’ s fur ’ ( US , 1951 ) , ‘ strawberries ’ ( Canada , 1957 ) or ‘ hard coal ’ ( West Germany , 1957 ) rather than a broad industrial classification like ‘ chemicals ’ or ‘ machinery . ’ > 72Bown ( 2004 ) examines invocations of Article XIX and XXVIII over the 1973-1994 period in one of the relatively few empirical studies seeking to explain why countries used these provisions to implement additional import protection . The evidence there is consistent with a theory that countries invoked these exceptions when they needed to make changes to their trade policies between negotiating rounds and wanted to do so in accordance with GATT rules so as to avoid a dispute and potentially more severe retaliation by affected trading partners . For a theoretical exploration of the different GATT rules on _compensation_ under Article XIX and XXVIII versus under dispute settlement ( GATT Article XXIII ) , see Bown ( 2002b ) . A case study of US import policy in the 20th century by Robert Baldwin ( 1983 ) suggests that the United States ’ use of Article XIX cycled with changes in US trade law . The US law regarding safeguards varied in the stringency of qualifying criteria over decades with the result", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 456, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the consumption bundle of household _h_ . Following Deaton ( 1989 , 1997 ) , we can safely ignore the private marginal utility of income _ ∂ V_ < sup > _h_ < / sup > _ / ∂ _ ln _y_ < sup > _h_ < / sup > in policy evaluation . In addition , letting _τi_ be the instrument of tariff protection for sector _i_ and assuming perfect price pass-through elasticities , < sup > 5 < / sup > so that _d_ ln _pi_ = _ − τi / _ ( 1 + _τi_ ) , the estimable welfare effects are given by : The interpretation of this equation is straightforward . After a price change caused by tariff cuts _d_ ln _pi_ = _ − τi / _ ( 1 + _τi_ ) , the first-order effects on real income can be well-approximated with the corresponding income and expenditure shares . In the language of Deaton ( 1989 ) , because we are working with tariff cuts and price declines , net-consumers benefit while net-producers suffer . Though this is well-known , it is important to clarify that the Deaton first-order approximation captures direct , short-term effects of tariff liberalization . In particular , it does not take into consideration second-order effects such as consumption and production adjustments ( which may become progressively more important over time ) , labor or investment decisions , or any dynamic effect more generally . The goal is to calculate the welfare effects generated by the _entire_ structure of tariff protection . To obtain a measure , we sum the changes in welfare in ( 4 ) over all traded goods _i_ to get : where _V_ < sup > � < / sup > < sup > _h_ < / sup > is the proportional change in household real income . Next , we use this expression to assess trade policy with the HIT database . > 5Note that we are making the assumption of perfect pass-through for convenience and ease of exposition . The data in principle accommodate richer and more realistic pass-through assumptions , see e . g . Nicita ( 2009 ) , Ural-Marchand ( 2012 ) , and Bergquist ( 2017 ) for pass-through estimates for selected commodities", "spans": [{"start": 1665, "end": 1677, "text": "HIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rates . Furthermore , a comparison between camp and non-camp population would ignore differences in housing , health and education between these populations , substantially limiting the value of a comparison . These questions are still largely unresolved and the search for poverty lines adapted to FDP contexts is still in its infancy . # Comparisons across time and populations Understanding how poverty among FDPs evolves over time and how this compares to other populations is another essential pillar of poverty measurement . Tracking FDPs over time can be particularly helpful to monitor changes in livelihoods and changes in displacement status , location as well as the end of displacement . < sup > 11 < / sup > Panel surveys in this respect are useful > 11 While IOM uses the Displacement Tracking Matrix ( DTM ) , it only provides an aggregated view of the location of FDPs . 18", "spans": [{"start": 721, "end": 734, "text": "Panel surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 814, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * II . Methodology and Data * * Empirical Model and Methodology # # * * Statistical matching techniques , also known under the term data fusion , require at least one donor * * * * and recipient dataset and overlapping variables . * * Traditionally , in statistical matching , there is a donor dataset that contains information one wants to add to a second dataset lacking this information ( here denoted as variable C ) . The second dataset often goes by the name recipient dataset and has information on a second variable of interest not included in the donor dataset ( here denoted as variable I ) . Moreover , for statistical matching techniques to work , there needs to be a set of overlapping variables X , also often called matching variables . Overlapping ( or matching ) variables are variables that are included in both the recipient and donor datasets . Consequently , they facilitate the matching of both datasets . < sup > 7 < / sup > Ideally , one would have a third dataset , which has information on all variables under consideration . This dataset is often called auxiliary data . If there is no such data available , then the data fusion relies on the assumption of conditional independence ( Donatiello et al . , 2016b ) . The assumption of conditional independence means that the overlapping variables X fully explain the relationship between C and I , a strong assumption that often does not hold in practice ( D ’ Orazio et al . , 2006 ) . # # * * There are several possibilities to address the assumption of conditional dependence in the absence * * * * of auxiliary data ( Donatiello et al . , 2016b ) . * * First , previous estimates on the relationship between C and I might be available ( for example , correlation coefficients between C and I ) . Is it then possible to use these estimates to avoid the assumption of conditional independence . In the absence of such data , one can rely on at least one matching variable that is highly correlated with the target variables . If X and C are perfectly correlated , we", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 206, "text": "recipient dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # # # # * * Conclusions and Recommendations * * The ESIA review revealed several gaps that were identified and documented . First the Baseline environmental and social data for Kisumu County were not only inadequate but also outdated based on the period lapse between the initial ESIA study ( 2017 ) and the current ESIA review exercise ( 2023 ) . New and revised legal requirements in addition or the Bank ’ s Environmental and Social Framework ( ESF ) and other international requirements and guidelines were reviewed as well and considered in the updates of the ESIA study report . Additional public consultation was also done in order to revise the scope , guided by KISIP . The re-scoping exercise was done consultatively involving both the GRC and the SEC . Only the settlements and the projects that were agreed upon were reviewed and included in the updated ESIA study . No significant additional impact was identified during the course of the study based on the initial study The following are the consultant ’ s recommendations ; That the Contractors , guided by the ESMP , develops component specific Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan ( CESMP ) that should be reviewed and approved by the Project Engineers prior to implementation That a robust Labour Management Plan for the project is developed for application in all projects specifying code of ethics for employment guided by the Employment Act . That a robust Waste Management Plan be developed that aligns to the Sustainable Waste Management Act , 2022 and the County legislation That a comprehensive Grievance redress procedure be developed by the contractor for review and approval by the Engineer to handle grievances raised by the community members That the contractor confirms that all the required permits and approvals have been acquired and available for inspections and audits by the Project Engineer of the Employer . That , prior to the start of the project , entry meetings should be held in each settlement to inform the", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 369, "text": "Baseline environmental and social data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Based on the Uganda Refugee Protection Assessment Update 3 – February 25 , 2022 . > 33 < mark > This includes : The Education Response Plan for Refugees and Host Communities in Uganda ( September 2018 ) , The Health Sector Integrated Refugee Response Plan 2019-2024 ( January 2019 ) , the Water and Environment Sector Refugee Response ( April 2020 ) . < / mark > Page 14 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 58, "text": "Uganda Refugee Protection Assessment Update 3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the GBVIMS report covering the second quarter of 2022 , * * 1 percent * * of survivors receiving services are persons with disability , with 1 percent decrease compared to the first quarter of the year . According to Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon ( VaSyr 2021 ) < sup > 4 < / sup > , 6 . 9 percent of Syrian girls from head of households were at least one person with disability report safety concerns around sexual harassment , the rate amongst Syrian girls in head of households without a person with disability is 3 . 6 percent . People with disabilities continue to face challenges in accessing and benefitting from the services due to several limitations , including limited capacities and skills of service providers to engage people with disabilities in the activities , community stigmatization and marginalization and the issue of safe spaces that may not be properly equipped to host people with disabilities . In this regard , several initiatives are taking place on inter-sector levels to have better understanding about the barriers and access of people with disabilities to services , including GBV . # # * * Most commonly reported types of GBV incidents * * Women and girls continue to be exposed to several risks and GBV types in the community , which is further supported by data reported through the GBVIMS . In the second quarter of 2022 , physical assault and > 3 United Nations Children ’ s Fund ( 2022 ) . “ Deprived Childhood ” . Accessed at : https : / / www . unicef . org / lebanon / reports / deprived-childhoods > 4 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , United Nations Children ’ s Fund , World Food Programme ( 2021 ) . “ Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon . ” Accessed at : https : / / reliefweb . int / report / lebanon / vasyr-2021-vulnerability-assessment-syrian-refugees - < u > lebanon < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 20, "text": "GBVIMS report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 220, "end": 274, "text": "Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1346, "end": 1352, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "missing civil documentation . Some refugees have been asked to return to Ukraine to retrieve necessary documents , which is also supported by protection monitoring data . Of those respondents who temporarily visited Ukraine , 25 % of them returned to obtain documentation . This requirement is especially difficult for stateless persons and Roma community members , who may not have any It is important to note that the Ukrainian authorities have taken measures to enable refugees to access documentation , including allowing Ukrainian diplomatic institutions abroad to issue and replace civil status documents . Measures such as extending biometric passports and issuing new identity documents have also been implemented . However , challenges remain due to limited appointment slots and long processing times , likely due to high demand and capacity constraints . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TOP MISSING DOCUMENTS < br > Biometric passport 21 % < br > Nonbiometirc passport 5 % < br > Internal passport 2 % < br > ID card 1 % < br > Birth certificate 1 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # * * ABILITY TO REPLACE DOCUMENTS IN HOST COUNTRIES * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Yes 52 % < br > No 30 % < br > Do not know 18 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 12 * * * * U N H C R R E G I O N A L B U R E A U F O R E U R O P E * * , A P R I L 2 0 2 3", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 168, "text": "protection monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > * * itures , % of * * < br > * * GDP * * < sup > * * b * * < / sup > | * * Domestic * * < br > * * Tourism * * < br > * * Expenditures , * * < br > * * % of GDP * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Panama | 9 , 392 | 71 % | 452 – 642 < br > [ + 313 ] < sup > c < / sup > | 3 . 8 | 5 – 7 % < br > [ + 3 % ] < sup > c < / sup > | 0 . 04 % | | Bocas del < br > Toro | 165 | 4 % | 17 – 31 | 0 . 9 | 11 – 19 % | 0 . 57 % | | Chiriqui | 1 , 036 | 12 % | 53 – 94 | 4 . 3 | 5 – 9 % | 0 . 41 % | | Rest of | 3 , 413 | 13 % | 57 – 100 | 8 . 8 | 2 – 3 % | 0 . 26 % | | Panama | | | | | | | | Total | 14 , 005 | 100 % | 579 – 867 < br > [ + 313 ] | 17 . 8 | 4 – 6 % < br > [ + 3 % ] | 0 . 13 % | a . For details about the estimation procedure and the meaning of the ranges , see text footnote 15 . b . Expenditures in the national accounts and the survey data in this table exclude the cost of international travel by air and land . c . In addition , tourists in direct transit ( that is , tourists that spend less than four hours in Panama and do not leave the airport ) have spent a further US $ 313 million in 2006 . This constitutes an additional 3 percent of", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 881, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | SMIS operational ( Yes / No ) < br > * * IO Table SPACE * * < br > * * UL Table SPACE * * | No | Yes | Yes | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Monitoring & E * * < br > * * Definition / Description * * | * * valuation Plan : * * < br > * * Frequency * * | * * PDO Indicators * * < br > * * Datasource * * | * * Methodology for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Employment rate of graduates of project - < br > supported training programs | This indicator will measure < br > the employment rate of < br > graduates of the training | Annual < br > starting from < br > year 2 of the | Tracer study < br > reports | The DU will consolidate < br > information from tracer < br > studyreports of the | MoLS | Page 32 of 48", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", each with an adjacent protective rock . Salt-induced structures are known to exist in the postevaporite sequence . More seismic work is needed to improve this information . Pre-evaporite structures have been surmised on the basis of meager data ; higher resolution seismic data is necessary to support these conclusions . E . Petroleum Potential of the Ogaden Basin # Source Rocks 19 . The oldest hydrocarbon source rock recognized so far in the Ogaden is the Bokh shale of Middle Karroo times . The Bokh shale ( apparently equivalent to the Ecca shale of southern Africa ) may have generated largely dry gas given its relatively high content of plant remains ; however , oil could also have been sourced under certain favorable circumstances . 20 . The Hamanlei formation , essentially a diversified shelf-type carbonate ( oolitic and pelletic in places ) , could have generated liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons in favorable locales ( comparable to West Texas ) . The", "spans": [{"start": 267, "end": 279, "text": "seismic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lead to physical displacement of households , loss of shelter , assets , income sources and livelihoods . It will also lead to restriction of access to economic resources . During the process of surveying the road corridors and conducting community consultations , a total of 32 Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) have been identified . Six ( 6 ) of these are in Kibokoni , 10 in Sir Ali / Maweni , and 16 in Kwa Ndomo . Socio-economic data , including a census of the PAPs and an inventory of assets , was collected and is presented in an entitlement matrix and compensation package proposed in this Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) . Public consultations were carried out as this was also important for soliciting the opinions of the PAPs about the | ix", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 472, "text": "census of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 480, "end": 499, "text": "inventory of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Nunn and Wantchecon , 2011 ) . The historic nature of the data on slavery provides a solid basis of the exogeneity of the instrument as there is no apparent reason for which the slavery origin of the ethnic group could affect the actual tax morale directly , except through the trust channel . As both vertical and horizontal trust are potentially endogenous , I use two additional instruments for the identification of the equation . The latter relies on the literature on the > 12See for instance Nunn and Wantchecon ( 2011 ) , Engerman and Sokoloff ( 2008 ) , Nunn ( 2008a ) , and Nunn ( 2008b ) , and Mitchener and McLean ( 2003 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 75, "text": "data on slavery", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") are males and 132 , 496 ( 49 . 7 % ) are females . The population density stands at 74 persons / km < sup > 2 < / sup > . UBOS 2014 , reveals that Kigumba sub-county in Kiryandongo District had the highest number of household ( 9 , 260 ) and population ( 45 , 250 ) with Masindi Port with the lowest number of households ( 1 , 165 ) and population ( 4 , 810 ) in the district . The findings further revealed that , out of the 4 sub-counties in Kiryandongo district , Mutunda , and Kiryandongo had more females than males . To provide comparison , the total number of household for Census 2002 and total population Projection for 2009 from the Census 2002 benchmark has been included . 102", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 594, "text": "Census 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 645, "end": 656, "text": "Census 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fact that the documented disadvantage of Natives survives adding location fixed effects does not mean that the disadvantage is constant across locations . Table 4 shows the differences in outcomes between Natives and non-Natives in rural and urban areas . While for a majority of outcomes the disadvantage is significantly greater in rural areas , this is not the case for all outcomes . The difference in disadvantage between rural and urban areas is not for formal and unem - statistically significant employment ployment . In addition , Natives in rural areas are more likely to own the house and land in which they live than non-Natives , contrary to what is observed in urban areas . > 6 This comparison is limited by the differences across censuses of different countries on the questions on the use of or access to computers . > 7 Table A2 in the Appendix shows that this is also the case for the US . 10", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 754, "text": "censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis . These variables are available in the first round of the Peruvian Young Lives Survey ( 2002 ) . Sample is restricted to children with available information on maternal mental health in 2002 and PPVT scores in 2006 and 2009 . Mental health index 1 is the standardized average of the SRQ-20 items . Panel A presents statistics of mental health indexes . Mental health index 2 and 3 are standardized indexes estimated using principal components and factor analysis , respectively . Panel B presents the % of mothers reporting being exposed to any of the four shocks . Panel C shows correlations between the mental health indexes and shocks . * * * and * * indicate statistical significance at 1 % and 5 % , respectively . 27", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 94, "text": "Peruvian Young Lives Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impact the educational market , and / or if the private sector responds to rank conditions or factors associated with it in a similar fashion . We believe this to be unlikely , since the historical record shows that PCs are used only as revenue collection units , while political representation , and with it the delivery of public services , is centered at the Union-Council level , an alternate and non-overlapping classi cation . Three empirical tests , in the spirit of Altonji et al . ( 2005 ) , provide further support for the exclusion restriction . First , village socio-demographic characteristics are uncorrelated with the eligibility status of the village : Eligible and non-eligible villages do not di \u001b er along any observable dimensions other than those ( population and area ) on which the instrument is based . Second , the instrument does not predict the construction of any other type of public school nor any of a range of other public investments . Third , only local population rank corresponding to the ten-kilometer guideline matters . An analogous but more expanded local rank measure ( top rank at the next higher administrative level which has a radius three times that of a PC ' s ) does not predict girls secondary school construction . If entrepreneurs are more likely to pick locally top-ranked villages , we would expect this result to hold for the slightly more expanded top-rank measure as well . Furthermore , in a falsi cation exercise , we con rm that our instrument has no impact on private school location decisions in administrative units where there was no GSS construction . Thus , local population rank on its own does not a \u001b ect private sector location decisions . One natural question is whether this increase in the supply of teachers has led to an increase in educational provision or a sectoral shift from public to private schools . There are several reasons to think that the growth of private schools has had a positive impact on educational outcomes , both in terms of enrollment and learning outcomes . In a representative sample of households in the country ( the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey 1998 ) , overall enrollment is higher for villages with private schools", "spans": [{"start": 2118, "end": 2154, "text": "Pakistan Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 If the mean welfare ratio is equal to one , it indicates that on average households have consumption at the level of the poverty line . Growth is then measured by changes in the welfare ratios over time . Finally , Gini indices are also computed using normalized consumption levels , such that : G = 2 cov ( Ci / Z , Fi ) / W ( 3 ) where Fi is the normalized rank ( taking a value between zero and one ) of household i in the distribution of consumption , and the covariance is computed using the household weights . Note that at the area level , the Gini index computed with the lower poverty line ( GL ) is equal to the Gini with the upper poverty line ( GU ) since using one or the other regional poverty line just scales up all consumption measures without affecting inequality . However , at the national , urban , and rural levels , the Gini indices do depend on the poverty lines used since the poverty lines and the consumption distributions are not equal between areas . # _1I . 3 Results_ Table I gives poverty measures at the national , urban , and rural levels ( measures for the fourteen geographical areas are given in appendix ) . We find decreasing poverty in the early 1980 ' s , increasing poverty in the late 1980 ' s and early 1990 ' s , and again decreasing poverty thereafter ( the results are similar with both sets of poverty lines ) . Broadly speaking , these results are consistent with previous research < sup > 5 < / sup > . Table 2 provides welfare ratios and Gini indices of inequality . The trends for welfare ratios are similar to those observed for poverty , which is not surprising since welfare ratios represent mean levels of consumption . Nationally , the welfare ratios increased from 1983-84 to 1985-96 , then decreased from According to Rahman and Haque ( 1988 ) , poverty decreased from the mid 1970 ' s to the mid 1980 ' s . For the later period , estimates based on group data for the Household Expenditure Surveys published by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics indicate", "spans": [{"start": 1930, "end": 1959, "text": "Household Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * POINTS SAILLANTS DE PROTECTION – DECEMBRE 2023 * * A Mbole , tout l ' espace habité s ’ est retrouvé sous les eaux . Les habitants se sont retirés sur une hauteur dans des conditions peu confortables . De nombreuses familles sont sans abri . < sup > 9 < / sup > - Dans le * * Kasai-Central * * une pluie diluvienne qui s ’ est abattue sur la ville le 26 décembre a entrainé 24 morts et de nombreux dégâts matériels dont plus de 15 maisons emportées , le temple d ’ une église . - En outre , environ cinquante personnes sont mortes et de nombreuses autres ont été portées disparues après les fortes pluies qui se sont abattues sur la majeure partie de la province du * * Sud-Kivu * * , notamment à Bukavu , Mwenga , Uvira , Walungu , dans la nuit du 26 au 27 décembre 2023 . < sup > 10 < / sup > # # < mark > LIMITATIONS < / mark > Cet aperçu est rédigé sur une base mensuelle à partir des informations et des rapports envoyés par les partenaires , ainsi qu ’ à travers les échanges et des discussions avec les partenaires opérationnels . Les données de suivi de la protection sont utilisées tout au long du rapport telles que disponibles aux dates de rédaction / publication . Ce rapport fournit une vue d ' ensemble des développements clés , illustrés par des exemples de violations des droits de l ' homme et des points clés du plaidoyer et", "spans": [{"start": 1048, "end": 1081, "text": "données de suivi de la protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "WPS7556 Policy Research Working Paper 7556 How Much Teachers Know and How Much It Matters in Class Analyzing Three Rounds of Subject-Specific Test Score Data of Indonesian Students and Teachers _Joppe de Ree_ Education Global Practice Group February 2016", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 157, "text": "Subject-Specific Test Score Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ - Co-ordination of the activities of various offices in the Woreda . - Maintenance of peace and security in the Woreda directing the police and security forces . - Planning and implementing projects . - Supervision of development programs within the Woreda . - Proper use and accounting for annual budget . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 3 . 3 Population Sizes of Subproject Affected Regions , Towns and Districts * * According to 2023 estimates , the population of Sidama region is about 5 , 589 , 602 of which about 53 % are males and 47 % females ( Table 4 . 8 ) . Male population is slightly higher than female population . The estimated population for Oromia region is 40 , 884 , 000 of which 50 . 1 % are males and 49 . 9 % are females ( CSA , 2023 ) . The total population size for Shashemene town is estimated at 218 , 997 of whom 109 , 293 were males and 109 , 704 were females . The subproject population size of Shashemene for 2 , 040 is estimated to be 950 , 606 . The population projection for July 2023 shows that Hawassa city has an estimated total population of 577 , 075 of whom 287 , 734 were males and 289 , 341were females ( Table 4 . 8 ) . The city has been urbanising by 6 . 3 per cent on average , per annum , in the past decade ( Lamson-Hall , et al . , 2015 ) which is much greater than the national urbanisation rate of 4 . 1 per cent ( [ CSA ] , 2015 ) . As a result , the population of Hawassa is projected to reach 1 , 204 , 098 by 2040 , adding nearly one million people within the coming 20 years (", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 637, "text": "2023 estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "formula already appears suitable for estimation . However , some problems arise since it is well known that most macroeconomic time series contain unit roots and that the regression of one non-stationary series on another is likely to yield spurious results . As reported in the Appendix , the data for Guatemala is no exception . The estimation bias can be removed by transforming the time series to stationarity . This can be done by first differencing . In any case , this will create its own problems , notably because of the risk of losing valuable information on the long-run relationships of the variables . One approach to dealing with this dilemma is to employ an error-correction model which combines long-run information with a short-run adjustment mechanism . This methodology has been used successfully in alternative growth studies . Examples of this are Nehru and Dareshwar ( 1994 ) , Morales ( 1998 ) , and Bassanini and Scarpetta ( 2001 ) . The error-correction model can be estimated in different ways . Banerjee et al . ( 1993 ) show that the generalized one-step error-correction model is a transformation of an autoregressive distributed lag model . As such , it can be used to estimate relationships among non-stationary processes . Based on Hendry ’ s ( 1995 ) concept of general-to-specific modeling , the error-correction model of the human capital augmented production function for Guatemala can be specified as follows : For Guatemala , in line with much empirical cross-country research , the short-run effects of schooling on growth have been found insignificant and are as such excluded from the regressions . This suggests that only the _level_ of human capital has a long-run effect on economic _growth_ . As it stands , the equation can be estimated by ordinary least squares ( OLS ) or instrumental variables ( IV ) techniques , but the coefficients cannot be formed without knowledge of _α_ and _β_ . However , one can estimate the re-parameterized form : Estimates of the parameter γ 3 can now be used to calculate the required elasticities _α_ and _β_ . The loading coefficient _γ 3_ contains additional information because it can be interpreted as a measure of the speed of adjustment in which the system moves towards its", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 312, "text": "data for Guatemala", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "close grievances , outstanding grievances and level of satisfaction with the GRM ( staff and communities ) . This will be done and communicated to PMT . PMT Monitoring shall include the opinions of the stakeholders for whom the GRM is designed as part of stakeholder engagement and consultation . The figure below presents the GRM process . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 . PAPs declares the grievance ( s ) at < br > Institutional level ( E & S focal points ) < br > and Grievance Manager < br > 2 . Grievance manager logs in the grievance in the < br > database within 48 hours and acknowledges receipt < br > in 2 days from receipt < br > Case < br > If response is accepted to < br > Closed < br > complainant < br > 3 . Grievance manager review the grievance ( s ) and < br > provides response within 2 weeks from the < br > submission < br > 4 . if not acceptable to complainant , case is forwarde If response is accepted to Case < br > to grievance committee which conductsScreening and < br > Validation of Complaint by the grievance committee complainant Closed < br > and recommendation of resolution / action in 14 < br > days / two weeks < br > Case < br > 5 . If the PAP is not satisfied with decision by the If response is accepted to < br > Closed < br > committee , the grievance is reported to Project complainant < br > Management Team ( PMT ) < br > 6 . If the PAP is not satisfied with decision in Step three , Case < br > the grievance ( s ) , appropriate legal channels may be If response is accepted to < br > taken Closed < br > complainant < br > Legal Redress < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 1 : The GRM process * * * * 7 . MONITORING AND", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 570, "text": "database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent or more of financial wealth in developing countries is held offshore , free of taxes . This wealth is presumed to be held almost entirely by the very wealthy , and thus presents a major loss of revenue and of progressivity for developing country tax systems . < sup > 119 < / sup > In some cases , inequities may arise from national policy choices . At the national level , tax incentives and exemptions can generate substantial inequities across different businesses – with , in some cases , businesses in the same sector paying significantly different tax rates . This is a particular risk where government officials enjoy significant discretion in granting exemptions . < sup > 120 < / sup > Special tax regimes granted to some extractive companies are a particularly prominent example . < sup > 121 < / sup > However , such inequity is also possible where exemption regimes appear relatively transparent and rule-bound . Such regimes might , for example , create benefits for foreign companies over local companies . Alternatively , where incentives are time-bound , some firms may manage to extend > 115 Bird , R . , & Zolt , E . ( 2005 ) . Redistribution via taxation : The limited role of the personal income tax in developing countries . _International Tax Program Paper 0508_ . Toronto : Joseph L . Rotman School of Management . > 116 These patterns are more likely to vary by country . Mascagni and Mengistu ( 2016 ) offer an example of an effort to estimate this variation in Ethiopia . Mascagni , G . , & Mengistu , A . ( 2016 ) . The corporate tax burden in Ethiopia : Evidence from anonymised tax returns . _ICTD Working Paper 48_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . > 117 Piracha , M . & Moore , M . ( 2015 ) . Understanding low-level state capacity : Property tax collection in Pakistan . _ICTD Working Paper 33_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . ; Khan , A . , Khwaja , A . , & Olken , B . ( 2016 ) . Tax farming redux : Experimental evidence on performance pay for tax collectors", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Hitosa | * * 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Arsi Robe | 20 | * * 21 . 7 * * | * * 1 , 601 * * | * * 6 . 2 * * | | LodeHetosa | * * 58 * * | * * 63 . 0 * * | * * 22 , 957 * * | * * 89 . 0 * * | | Deksis | _14_ | * * 15 . 2 * * | * * 1 , 227 * * | 4 . 8 | | Sude | * * 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | | TOTAL | * * 92 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 25 , 785 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Field Survey , November_ * * _2023_ * * In addition , a total of * * 379 * * different species of indigenous trees will be affected * * by * * Subproject and all the indigenous trees is impacted * * by * * Subproject tower pads and located within the RoW . These indigenous trees belong to * * 17 * * households who are residing in Lode Hetosa woreda . Necessary Mitigation Measures It is recommended to pay of full and fair cash compensation . However , prior to cash compensation for affected eucalyptus trees it is also recommended to carryout proper counting in a wholly transparent manner * * by * * involving representatives of PAHs . The risk rating from expropriation of privately owned eucalyptus trees is _Substantial , which_ is * * - * * social impacts with substantial", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 494, "text": "Field Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "drought-related stochastic catalogs of synthetic simulations for Malawi at a spatial resolution of 0 . 05 ° and dekadal temporal resolution . Stochastic catalogs are designed to provide a view of hazard that goes beyond the data available in the historical record . AIR used historical data on rainfall to produce three such catalogs : for precipitation , soil moisture , and vegetation index . To generate the stochastic catalogs , AIR used data similar to that used by the World Bank team in generating the historical hazard time series . CHIRPS data were used for precipitation ; the Soil Water Index at a depth of 40 cm from the Copernicus Global Land Service was used for soil moisture ; and the NDVI for vegetation cover was from MODIS . The resulting catalogs were validated by comparing the synthetic time series with the historical data in Malawi . The validation results show that the catalogs preserve the intrinsic properties in terms of spatial and temporal correlations , produce a realistic view of hazard , and are consistent with historical observations while allowing for the creation of new extremes . For the purposes of this paper , the approach was tested using the stochastic catalog for soil moisture in Malawi . Further details on the methodology used to generate the 10 , 000-year catalog and the validation conducted are in appendix C . 11", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 302, "text": "historical data on rainfall", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 541, "end": 552, "text": "CHIRPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 701, "end": 705, "text": "NDVI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 830, "end": 855, "text": "historical data in Malawi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1188, "end": 1206, "text": "stochastic catalog", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) * * _Fig . 5 . 13_ : Sources of energy for lighting * * # # # * * 5 . 3 . 8 Health * * According to the HH Survey , Malaria is the most prevalent disease reported followed by HIV / AIDs among the PAPs . The prevalence diseases reported have been illustrated in the figure * * _Fig . 5 . 14_ : Disease prevalence in the project area Access to Amenities * * When asked where most household purchases were done , 48 % of respondents reported of being able to access kiosks / Retail shops where most of the purchases were done while 35 % reported the open-air market . Figure below show representation to these available amenities According to the HH Survey , Malaria is the most prevalent disease reported followed by HIV / AIDs among the PAPs . The prevalence diseases reported have been illustrated in the figure below # # # * * 5 . 3 . 9 Access to Amenities * * When asked where most household purchases were done , 48 % of respondents reported of being able to access kiosks / Retail shops where most of the purchases were done while 35 % reported the open-air market . Figure below show representation to these available amenities 37", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 273, "text": "HH Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Indicator Description * * # * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * | Indicator Name | Description ( indicator definition etc . ) | Frequency | Data Source / Methodology | Responsibility for < br > Data Collection | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Direct project beneficiaries | Eligible NPTP beneficiaries who enroll < br > with contracted providers and are eligible < br > for the essential healthcare services < br > package . | Bi-annually | NPTP Database | PMU | | Female beneficiaries | Percentage of direct project beneficiaries < br > that are female . | Bi-annually | NPTP Database | PMU | | User Satisfaction ( percent ) | Share of users satisfied by the received < br > health care services . | Bi-annually | User Satisfaction Survey | External Technical < br > Audit | | Utilization of services : average < br > no of visits per beneficiary per < br > year ( number ) | Utilization of services provided by health < br > care service providers that will be < br > calculated as a weighted average of the < br > number of visits per beneficiary per year . | Bi-annually | HIS | PMU | 32", "spans": [{"start": 473, "end": 486, "text": "NPTP Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 747, "end": 771, "text": "User Satisfaction Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > ofthefirstdebtfacility recipient * * - * * PAWAME < br > KenyaLimited . PAWAMEhasapplied fora < br > Kshs 50millionloan . * * A * * professionalopinionon < br > theawarddocumentationisawaited | | | | Addendum number * * 3 * * under review * * by * * MoEasit | | Submitaddendum * * 3 * * onpriceadjustment < sup > to < / sup > < br > the WorldBankforreviewandapproval | Ongoing | iswithintheministry ' sthreshold < sup > to execute . This < / sup > < br > addendum < br > seeks < br > to < br > increase < br > consultants < br > remunerationbasedonindicesstatedinthe < br > contractdocument | # # * * Component 2 Achievements * * # * * During the reporting period the following was achieved : * * - The facilities Manager Opened the Facilities Main account and MOE disbursed Kshs . * * 2 , 223 , 466 , 000 * * to the facilities manager ' s Main account to facilitate the Result Based Financing ( RBF ) and the Debt Facilities . - During the reporting period the project signed * * 16 * * contracts for the * * SSP * * RBF and * * CCS * * RBF facilities . These comprised contracts between the Ministry and * * 7 * * CCSPs and * * 9 * * SSPs . - During the reporting period MoE Collected information on county based entrepreneurs to facilitate training of the entrepreneurs to effectively apply for and be awarded RBF and Debt . Information of 145 entrepreneurs was collected . - The facilities Manager Opened the Facilities Main account and MOE disbursed Kshs . * * 2 , 223 , 466 , 000 * * to the facilities manager ' s Main account to facilitate the Result", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1235, "text": "information on county based entrepreneurs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1335, "end": 1367, "text": "Information of 145 entrepreneurs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "S implementation process to cater for gaps . EEU is currently undertaking internal performance reviews at national and regional levels on a monthly , quarterly , and annual basis . Further , ESHS issues are included as one of the performance indicators of EEU ’ s operations during regular management meetings . However , these efforts should be complemented with E & S performance reviews and audits by independent consultants which MoWE and EEU are yet to conduct . EEU and MoWE shall take a responsibility to ensure the accomplishment of annual audits and bi-annual performance review meetings that will be conducted with the engagement of Program stakeholders and other development partners . # # # * * _ii . _ * * * * _ < u > Pre-screening of Projects for Risks on Natural Habitats and PCRs < / u > _ * * During implementation of the parent Program , there was a gap on screening of on-grid projects , including awareness of chance finds procedures by E & S staff . Further , the institutional capacity of EEU on identification , mitigation , and monitoring of impacts / risks on natural habitats and PCRs is limited in terms of trained staff and resources . Given these challenges , it is recommended to pre-screen project for risks on natural habitats and PCRs using available maps and data . The pre-screening shall be done at Program level ( PPMD ) . # # # * * _iii . _ * * * * _ < u > Workers and Public Safety Management < / u > _ * * Accidents involving workers and the public sometimes result in injuries and fatalities . In addition to use of PPE , such accidents usually occur due to inadequate and inappropriate work procedures ( including communications ) , electric lines and poles collapse due to faulty installations , and lack of regular inspection and maintenance of the electric infrastructure resulting in failures and associated risks on the public . On the other hand , while influx of workers is deployed and interact with the local communities , there", "spans": [{"start": 1284, "end": 1297, "text": "maps and data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the evaluation for end of assignment RAP and ESIA implementation process . # # # * * 6 . 4 MONITORING AND EVALUATION INDICATORS * * By identifying key performance indicators that reflect the objectives of the SEP and the specific engagement activities , it is possible to both monitor and evaluate the process undertaken . The suggested indicators for M and E include these highlighted in Table _6_ - _1_ . Table 6-1 : Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators for the SEP | * * RAP / ESIA phase * * | * * Stakeholder activity * * | * * Monitoring Indicators * * | * * Verification source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Inception | Project < br > scope < br > and < br > alignment disclosure | • No < br > and < br > level < br > of < br > planned < br > meetings accomplished | • Meeting < br > and < br > attendance registers | | | and < br > future | • No of planned presentations | • Meeting minutes | | | engagements | done | • Daily debrief reports | | | | • No and type of disclosure | • Activity reports and | | | | materials < br > developed < br > and < br > distributed | • Sample materials and < br > tools used | 52", "spans": [{"start": 816, "end": 836, "text": "attendance registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the crisis . Allowing for differential productivity-survival dynamics for entrants does not reduce the attenuation effect . Thus , the attenuation effect documented in this paper is not simply an artifact of reduced entry . # _6 . 2 . 4 Connectedness and Creative Destruction_ Another possible explanation of the attenuation effect is that the fall of Suharto may have hurt firms affiliated with the Suharto regime disproportionately ( see Fisman , 2001 , and Mobaraq and Purbasari , 2008 ) . If these firms were highly productive , their exit may result in an attenuation of the link between productivity and survival . Table 10 examines this possibility . The data on political connectedness are available for firms in 1997 , constructed using JSX and board membership information from 1995-1997 . Thus , to test the role of political connections , we look at survival patterns from 1997 to 2001 , controlling too for factors in our baseline specifications presented in Table 3 . < sup > 14 < / sup > Also note that relatively few firms are identified as being politically connected to Suharto ; 210 firms that are connected based on the stock market response to , and 97 firms have a Suharto family member on their Boards , which may make it hard to estimate the effects with precision . Row A uses the connectedness measure that is based on the response of the Jakarta Stock Exchange to news about Suharto ‟ s health and the business networks of those adversely affected by this news , while Row B uses as a proxy for connections whether a firm had a Suharto family member on its board . Row C combines these two definitions . The baseline regressions presented in columns 1 and 3 merely control for connectedness , while the extended specifications presented in columns 2 and 4 additionally include interactions between connectedness and productivity . The baseline regressions demonstrate that firms with political connections to Suharto were not , on average , more likely to exit over the period 1997-2001 ceteris paribus . However , the extended models suggest that , amongst firms with connections to the Suharto regime , the least > 14 Since the proxy for connectedness is in part based on stock market reactions over", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 693, "text": "data on political connectedness", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 754, "end": 782, "text": "board membership information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ divisions were based on physical / natural features like rivers and streams , ridge tops , and other permanent infrastructure like roads and fire breaks . The Block names followed names of feature like hills and streams . The compartments are serially numbered . Compartments are homogenous in species composition and year of planting . If however variability within a compartment is unavoidable , there will be further sub division into sub compartments as will be necessary . Each sub compartment must be homogenous in age and planting stock , and every effort was made to simplify boundaries and maximize the area . Sub compartments will be identified by the number of the compartment in which they are located , with letters suffixed in alphabetical sequence . Sub-compartment boundaries may be changed but only at time of clear felling in order to prevent discontinuities within stand histories . A compartment register for each compartment will be maintained and strictly updated regularly for any activities carried out or any events that may change the area or status of the plantation in that compartment . # # # # * * Road construction * * There will be three classes of different road widths that will be constructed . A width of 7m will be for class I ( primary roads ) , 5m for class II ( secondary roads ) and 4 m for class III ( tertiary roads ) . Class I roads will be all-weather murram while class II roads will join from the primary roads and both will be constructed ahead of planting . Class III will be fully opened during harvesting but can act as firebreaks and compartment / sub compartment boundaries . This being a hilly terrain , all roads will be carefully surveyed and aligned in such a way that steep gradients are avoided to minimise erosion . Adequate side drains , culverts and bridges will be constructed to minimise impact of water runoff . * * Table 7 : Required Road System * * | * * Plantation * * | * * Plantation * * < br > * *", "spans": [{"start": 948, "end": 968, "text": "compartment register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "thors have subsequently extended this approach to a number of advanced economies and EMDEs . The popularity and simplicity in implementing this approach has led to similar measures for several other EMDEs . < sup > 3 < / sup > This work was also extended to specific policies such as monetary policy in Husted et al . ( 2020 ) for the United States and Arbatli et al . ( 2017 ) for Japan . In Hołda et al . ( 2019 ) , fiscal and monetary policy uncertainty is identified separately . A strand of textual analysis has also focused specifically on text released by central banks ( see , for example , Ehrmann and Fratzscher , 2007 ) . Another method to measure policy uncertainty is to use statistical models with heteroskedastic errors where the second moments of policy variables vary over time . Fern ́ andezVillaverde et al . ( 2015 ) use this approach to define tax and fiscal spending uncertainty . Mumtaz and Surico ( 2018 ) use this approach to identify both fiscal and monetary policy uncertainty in the United States employing a methodology that can solve the problem of the causal link between measures of uncertainty and other macroeconomic variables reported in Baker et al . ( 2016 ) , Caggiano et al . ( 2014 ) , and Stock and Watson ( 2012 ) . A third approach uses market data such as options and futures . Monetary policy uncertainty can be measured from the implied volatility of option prices on interest rates and realized volatility from futures ( see , for example , Chang and Feunou , 2013 ; Bauer et al . , 2012 ; and Carlson et al . , 2005 ) . Finally , uncertainty measures can be constructed through survey data by asking participants about their perceptions of uncertainty . In the context of policy uncertainty , the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ’ s Survey of Primary Dealers ( which started in 2004 ) asks primary dealers to provide their forecast of policy rates and their forecast uncertainty . Husted et al . ( 2020 ) use these survey responses to compare their news-based measure of monetary policy uncertainty . Dahlhaus and Sekhposyan ( 2018 ) use survey-based", "spans": [{"start": 1626, "end": 1637, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1782, "end": 1807, "text": "Survey of Primary Dealers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional reason for doing this is that tariff data contain many missing values ; using average values allows maximizing the number of observations . We however provide robustness exercises using time-varying tariffs . > 30We confirmed that our main results of incomplete pass-through still hold despite the lower number of observations by re-estimating column ( 1 ) of Table 3 on this smaller sample . Results were unchanged ( the exchange rate coefficient is estimated at 0 . 12 , very close to our baseline of Table 3 ) . 16", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 52, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": _ * * Majority ( 54 . 2 % ) of the household heads are married , followed by widowed household heads constituted ( 37 . 5 % ) and divorced household heads ( 8 . 3 % ) . There is no single or unmarried head among Subproject affected household heads . * * _Ethnic Affiliation : _ * * The ethnic profile of Subproject influence Woredas are dominated by one ethnic group , the Oromo ethnic group . The census survey result also revealed that all Subproject affected households and household population belongs to the Oromo ethnic group . * * _Religious Affiliation : _ * * As regards to religious affiliation ( 58 . 3 % of HH Heads and 63 . 9 % of HH population ) reported that they are affiliated to Protestant religion , while ( 41 . 7 % of the HH head and ( 35 . 3 % ) of the HH population ) found to be followers of Orthodox Christianity . On the other hand , only one household member is reported to follow traditional Oromo religion / Waqefeta . * * _Employment and Occupation : _ * * Based on the census enumeration result , farming provides employment and livelihoods to majority ( 87 . 5 % ) of the Subproject-affected household heads , while the primary occupation of the remaining ( 12 . 5 % ) of the household heads are salaried employment . In addition to primary occupation about 10 Subproject affected household heads reported to have secondary occupation . * * _Landholding : _ * * Based on the available information , the average farmland holding of the Subproject affected households who gave information on their holding is about 1 . 3ha per household . This holding is slightly higher than the national average which is about 1 . 0 ha per household . * * _Agronomic Practices : _ * * The census survey confirmed that all the 26 Subproject affected households have grown _teff_ crop , followed by onion ( 17 HHs ) , wheat crops ( 8 HHs", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 420, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1027, "text": "census enumeration result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1706, "end": 1719, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "governments will still need to respond to crises when they occur by implementing emergency programs featuring simple designs and targeting mechanisms , with the assistance of the donor community . The proposed project has a simple design based on approaches that worked in similar circumstances . - * * _Despite the Bank ’ s efforts to respond to crises when they occur , tangible results will not be achieved unless governments improve the institutional and administrative context and are able to reach affected groups promptly_ * * . In this particular case , the Government of Chad has responded to the crisis using its own resources while in parallel seeking the donor community ’ s support . - * * _Good results frameworks and sound M & E arrangements are essential for emergency operations . _ * * It is important to work with client countries and development partners to identify practical mechanisms ( including indicators ) for monitoring nutritional and welfare outcomes and impacts of programs to mitigate food crises , and to work with them to implement those mechanisms and report the results . The proposed project will establish a robust M & E system that takes advantage of established periodic data collection and reports by WFP and FAO to monitor project implementation . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1202, "end": 1238, "text": "periodic data collection and reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household is assigned its survey-specific population weight . Countries and years included are Niger ( 2018 ) and Nigeria ( 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) . Dependent variable is the log of per capita ( or adult equivalent ) consumption . Other variables included and not shown are education of household head , gender of household head , whether the household location is remote , whether the household was surveyed during the lean season , survey year , country , country x survey year , and administrative fixed effects . Robust t-statistics are shown in parenthesis . Significance level : * = 10 percent , * * = 5 percent , * * * = 1 percent . # 4 . 2 . Exploring different areas over which to aggregate the hazard data Initial analysis suggested that a 20 km level of spatial aggregation of hazards was appropriate . This radius is able to reflect the local shock to a household ’ s crop yields and may be large enough to capture some localized impacts on prices and wages in the local market area . We tested this level of aggregation again at the end of the analysis for all countries and found that the level of spatial aggregation made very little difference . In some specifications taking a 24", "spans": [{"start": 702, "end": 713, "text": "hazard data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and _ad-hoc_ sessions with children and community meetings were organised when it was difficult to plan regular structured activities . Volunteers have conducted risk mapping with children in every community to support the identification and reduction of risks , and built the capacity of village child protection committees ( VCPC ) under the child protection system of Nepal , to monitor the provision of services to identified vulnerable children ; hoping when they are mature enough they will receive training on the identification and referral of vulnerable children to service providers . The following challenges and lessons learned have been highlighted during this process : - Unclear regulations on accessibility , coupled with the physical barriers in many rural mountainous areas has meant it is difficult for CWD to access CFS and TLCs . - Availability and sharing of reliable data , at the cluster level has been challenging with different and conflicting data sets shared by different agencies e . g . the number of CWD and the services they are receiving . The complex issue of disability has been challenging to bring out in assessment , when only one or two questions are asked , and much essential information is missing . Deeper assessments are needed in order to take a genuinely inclusive approach . - Capacity . Although Handicap International have played a large role in developing guidelines and training organisations and cluster partners , those who worked with CWD before the emergency and are responding subsequently , are not familiar with emergencies and local partners are not fully familiar with emergency focused interventions such as CFS / TLC / helpdesks etc . - Agencies have had to work hard with CFS volunteers to ensure they have the soft skills required to identify and address risk , moving from a focus on distribution to the skills needed to work with vulnerable children and their families . - Only a few specialised providers for CWD are able to support on things like making schools inclusive , support with devices , etc . Service provision tends to be limited to geographic areas . - There is a need for specific guidelines for organisations , families and children on working with CWD . Good", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 981, "text": "data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample of children who switched teachers were not randomly assigned , selective matching might bias our estimate . A second interesting possibility was the role of uncertainty in teaching inputs on household investments . The model shows that greater uncertainty in teaching inputs leads to an ex ante response among households through greater precautionary spending . Faced with greater uncertainty in teaching inputs , the movers would have higher precautionary spending and thus be less susceptible to ex post shocks . We would have liked to directly test which of these mechanisms is responsible for the difference in estimates . Do households really undertake precautionary schooling investments ? That is , do parents of movers spend more time or money with their children than those of non-movers ? Unfortunately , our data on household inputs does not allow us to investigate this directly . Although we surveyed households matched to these schools ( see Das and others 2004a ) , these were all rural households and our sample of non-movers is too small to draw any meaningful inferences . If we believe that households play an important role in determining educational outcomes of their children , this paper suggests a direction for future work . Using a model allowing for household responses to teacher and school inputs allows for richer insights than standard production function approaches . The impact of current year shocks on learning achievement depends on other sources of uncertainty ( non time-varying attributes of the teacher in this paper ) and this has important implications for future evaluation work . < sup > 17 < / sup > Currently there is little research on the link between household and school inputs , and none on the precautionary motive discussed in this paper . Evidence either way would be helpful . > 17 Suppose that an experiment were designed to study the effect of absenteeism on learning achievement . The ” treatment on the treated ” estimator will represent the average effect , averaged across children who changed and remained with the same teacher . This paper suggests that the external validity of the experiment may be compromised due to this important source of heterogeneity – an empirical implication is to try and capture information on this and other changes that have", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 850, "text": "data on household inputs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET : Agricultural Growth Program ( P113032 ) # # # * * Outcome * * The evidence provided point to the success of project activities in increasing market access , despite some shortcomings . The percentage increase in the real value of marketed agricultural products ( including livestock ) per household increased by 25 % from the baseline compared to a target of 21 % . Therefore , outcome is rated substantial . The following discussion sheds light on the project achievements . The project-financed investments in marketing infrastructure such as feeder roads , bridges , and market centers were expected to increase direct access to markets for rural agricultural households . As a result of these investments , the average distance to nearest market center for households in the project woredas decreased by 38 % 27 km to 17 km ( ICR p . 20 , para 42 ) . It also plausible to assume that improving market access would also enabled beneficiary households to get better pricing for their agricultural produce through selling directly to consumers rather than intermediaries . The ICR ( p21 , para 43 ) reported that the real value of revenues of marketed agricultural products for project beneficiaries increased by 25 % compared to a target of 21 % , and increased by 32 % female headed house holds . However , youth-headed households saw a decrease in the real value of revenues of marketed agricultural products by 3 % . The ICR also reported that based on the 2017 impact evaluation that agricultural revenues increased for crop , livestock and dairy products compared to 2009 baseline by 23 % , 9 % and 31 % , respectively . The significant improvement in dairy sales was due partly to breed improvements promoted under the project . With regards to increasing participation of women and youth , a 2017 Gender survey found that the project was effective in mainstreaming the concerns of women and youth beneficiaries . For example , women and youth were given priority access for the allocation of market shades . * *", "spans": [{"start": 1899, "end": 1917, "text": "2017 Gender survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during the first six months of 2008 ( 42 , 200 ) increased by 10 and 7 per cent respectively , compared to the first ( 38 , 400 ) and second ( 39 , 500 ) semesters of 2007 , primarily as a result of more individuals requesting refugee status in the United States of America . The number of asylum-seekers in * * Australia * * remained stable during the first half of 2008 ( 2 , 000 claims ) , compared to both semesters of 2007 . In * * Japan * * , 670 individuals requested refugee status during the first half of 2008 : this was the highest level per semester on record since Japan was included in UNHCR ’ s asylum monitoring system , < sup > 6 < / sup > up from 370 applications in the corresponding period last year . # # * * III . Countries of asylum * * The * * United States of America * * has * * Distribution of asylum claims in 44 * * been the by far largest single recipient * * industrialized countries , 1st semester 2008 * * of new asylum claims during the first six months of 2008 . An estimated * * United * * 25 , 400 individuals submitted an * * States Other 15 . 4 % * * application , some 2 , 900 more than * * 28 . 0 % * * during the second semester of 2007 , * * Canada 10 . 2 % * * but 1 , 600 less than during the first semester of 2007 ( 27 , 000 ) . During the * * Switzerland * * first half of 2008 , the United States of * * 3 . 6 % France 9 . 5 % Italy * * America received 15 per cent of all * * 4 . 4 % Greece United * * applications lodged in the 44 * * 6 . 2 % Germany Sweden Kingdom * * industrialized countries covered by * * 6 . 5 % 7 . 4 % 8 . 8 % * * this report . Its annual share in the number of new asylum", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 634, "text": "asylum monitoring system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Chapter 4 * * Regulatory framework * * : Relevant laws of Ethiopia , relevant policies and procedures , WB Operational Policies . - Chapter 5 * * Institutional framework * * : Political structure , NGOs . - Chapter 6 * * Socioeconomic characteristics * * : The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of subproject preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including results of household and census survey , information on vulnerable groups , information on livelihoods and standards of living , land tenure and transfer systems , use of natural resources , patterns of social interaction , social services and public infrastructure . - Chapter 7 Summarises the * * Potential impacts and magnitude of displacement * * : Identification of subproject related impacts , chiefly to land acquisition and restriction to land use . Summary of the numbers of persons , households , structures , public buildings , businesses , croplands , churches , etc . , to be affected . - Chapter 8 * * Stakeholder engagement * * : Summary of public consultation and disclosure associated with resettlement planning , including engagement with affected households , local and / or national authorities , relevant NGOs and other identified stakeholders . This chapter includes , at a minimum , a list of key stakeholders identified , the process followed ( meetings , focus groups , etc . ) , issues raised , responses provided , significant grievances ( if any ) and plan for ongoing engagement throughout the resettlement implementation process . - Chapter 9 * * Eligibility * * : Definition of displaced persons and criteria for determining their eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance , including relevant cut-off dates . - Chapter 10 * * Valuation of and compensation for losses * * : The methodology used in valuing losses to determine their replacement cost ; and a description of the proposed types and levels of compensation under local law and such", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 607, "text": "household and census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "efficient manner . Internal control procedures indicated in the FM manual will continue to prevail for the additional financing . The assessment of current project ’ s internal control indicates that adequate internal controls exist to minimize the possible misuse of funds . Proper authorization and approval procedures exist and are practiced ; However weaknesses were identified in the update of the assets register and bank reconciliations were not being prepared on a monthly basis . It is therefore recommended that the NPCO should update the register with all relevant information , tag assets with their identification number , and periodically verify existence of assets by physical count . The NPCO should also update the lag in Bank reconciliations as soon as possible 5 . * * Internal Auditing : * * The MoWE has a limitation in the area of internal audit function . Internal audit was not carried out at the MoWE , although audits were carried out at BoWRD . We were informed that the internal audit directorate of the MoWE has started reviewing the project activities . While this is a good start it is recommended that the internal audit department of MoWE should incorporate the project in its annual plan . Regular reviews / audits , especially at MoWE , should be carried out to review the project activities and financial transactions as instructed and provide recommendations for improvement of internal controls . 6 . * * Funds flow and disbursement arrangements : * * The project through the Ministry of Water and Energy will use a pooled segregated Designated Account ( DA ) denominated in United States Dollars for the funds of the original credit and of the additional financing . The current Birr accounts will exist and funds from the DA accounts will flow to this Birr account . Payments will be made from the DA or from the Birr account . Currently advances are made to the current implementing entities ( BoWRD , BoARD , BoEPLAU , RPCO ) and further replenishments are made based on the settlement of these advances . This current arrangement will continue to be applicable . The project", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 418, "text": "assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > » < br > 0 ° - \\ > ; < br > K View : < br > 4 riety < br > 10 ° S - Pret of Small occurrence < br > e ts , = ih mind S / region < br > a ’ a \" x Top 5 count < br > ee es Q f Other count < br > aoe by Maca Ly . NA < br > ~ < br > 70 ° W 6o ° w 50 ° w 40 ° W 30 ° W < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > To summarize , the Brazil case illustrates the potential of the GBIF database for identifying protection opportunities offered by spatial clusters of small-occurrence region species , as well as the extent of existing protection for these species . From a global perspective , our overall results identify many countries with high spatial clustering where cost-effective small-occurrence region species protection In December 2022 , 188 governments ratified the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework that commits participants to protecting 30 percent of the planet by 2030 . Implementation with the limited resources available will require accurate identification of areas that are both critical for global biodiversity and suitable for cost-effective protection . This paper attempts to inform the identification process with new species habitat information from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility ( GBIF ) . The GBIF ’ s previously-unmapped species , as well as improved estimates for species with existing maps . In the paper , we use recent advances in machine-based pattern recognition to estimate occurrence maps", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 418, "text": "GBIF database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 . _ At the same time , sources of financing to the Programme have also expanded . _Notes : _ From FY _2005 / 2006-_ 2009-2010 these figures include financing from DflD channelled through UNICEF . 2SIDA also finances the Programme , providing financing through UNICEF . 3Based on budget estimates for the Fiscal Year _Source : _ Programme administrative data 7 . Programme impact . The Mission discussed the preliminary findings from the latest round ( 2007-2011 ) of a quasi-experimental panel survey implemented by the University of North Carolina ( UNC ) and the Transfer Project . < sup > 1 < / sup > The results reaffirm the findings from the 2007-2009 panel survey and show exciting fmdings in areas where impact had not previously been measured . Some of the preliminary results are as follows . The project continues to have a significant impact on consumption , as would be expected , and households ' use programme transfers primarily for food and health related spending . There has been a significant increase in spending on meat , fish and dairy products . There has also been a modest impact on household productive assets ( with a 20 % increase in poultry ownership ) and a significant reduction of on-farm child labour . There is also evidence that older and / or chronically ill beneficiaries may be working less in casual wage employment and more on their own farms . With regard to education , there is a strong positive impact of the CT-OVC Programme on primary school children who face higher ' prices ' . Among I The Transfer Project is joint initiative of UNICEF , the University of North Carolina and Save the Children UK and aims to enhance an understanding across Sub-Saharan Africa ofthe effectiveness of social cash transfer programmes ( SCTs ) in improving the lives of poor and vulnerable children . 2 - - - - - . ~ - - -", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 360, "text": "Programme administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 472, "end": 503, "text": "quasi-experimental panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 650, "end": 672, "text": "2007-2009 panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ANNEX 15 * * Page 6 of 9 * * Table 5 * * * * Sensitivity Testing of Rehabilitation and Periodic Maintenance Projects * * | * * Para * * | * * meter Values * * | * * ERR * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | a | Base values | 55 % | | b | Construction costs + 20 % | 47 % | | c | No future periodic maintenance | 53 % | | d | VOC benefits - 20 % | 46 % | | e | Traffic growth rate zero | 45 % | | r | b + c + d + e | 30 % | * * Table 6 Sensitivity Testing of Capacity Improvement Projects * * | * * Para * * | * * meter Values * * | * * ERR * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * a * * | Base values | 28 % | | b | Construction costs + 20 % | 25 % | | c | Passengertimevalues - 20 % | 24 % | | d | Maximun vehicle speeds 50 km / h | 26 % | | e | Traffic growth rate zero | 12 % | | f | b + c + d + e | 4 % | Combining the worst case scenario for both types of project gave an overall EIRR of 18 % . # # # # | - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE INVESTMENTS # # # # ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE ROUTINE MAINTENANCE COMPONENT The length of urban roads in Kenya given in the SAR is 6 , 000kn of which 2 , 000 are paved and of the total 62 % ( 3 , 700km ) are in Nairobi , Kisunu and Mombasa ( all project towns ) . It is reasonable to assume that nearly all of the paved roads are included in the project . Network-w ' ide traffic data is not available but an analysis", "spans": [{"start": 1286, "end": 1314, "text": "Network-w ' ide traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 | 201 . 7 | 0 . 575 | 0 . 619 | 0 . 663 | 1 . 474 | | 2004 | 393 . 9 | 210 . 0 | 0 . 564 | 0 . 591 | 0 . 644 | 1 . 618 | Note : Incomes are monthly household incomes per capita , measured in September 2004 Reais . Source : Authors ' calculations from the PNADs . Two main features of the data jump out from Table 1 . The first is the difference between mean and median income : the median-to-mean ratio ranges from 0 . 446 in 1989 to 0 . 539 in 1992 . This > 10 . The Gini coefficient is only perfectly decomposable when sub-groups of the population do not overlap in the space of incomes . > 11 While households with total incomes equal to zero are included in the distributions used to calculate mean and median incomes , as well as poverty measures , they are excluded from the calculations of inequality measures . Such households range from 0 . 5 % to 2 . 0 % of the sample . The Gini coefficient and E ( 2 ) , which can also be computed including the zero values , are not much affected by this exclusion , as can be seen from the comparison in Appendix 3 . Trends are entirely unaffected .", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 262, "text": "PNADs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Chad COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Project ( P173894 ) * * < mark > IO Table SPACE < / mark > * * * * < mark > UL Table SPACE < / mark > * * | | * * Monitoring & E * * | * * valuation Pl * * | * * an : PDO Indicator * * | * * s * * < br > * * Mthdl f Dt * * | * * Ribilit f Dt * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * eooogy or aa * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * esponsy or aa * * < br > * * Collection * * | | Number of designated laboratories with | Number of existing | | | | | | COVID-19 functioning diagnostic | laboratories with effective | quarterly | MOPH report | routine data | MOH | | equipment , test kits , and reagents per | capacity for testing COVID - | | | | | | MOHguidelines | 19 | | | | | | | Number of available < br > targeted acute healthcare | | | | | | Percentage of targeted acute healthcare < br > facilities with isolation capacity | facilities with isolation < br > capacity for COVID-19 < br > patients as a percentage of < br > all the target acute < br > healthcare facilities . | weekly | COVID-19 < br > report | routine data | MOPH | | Number of suspected cases of COVID-19 < br > cases reported and investigated based on < br > nationalguidelines | Number", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 734, "text": "MOPH report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 737, "end": 749, "text": "routine data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1211, "end": 1223, "text": "routine data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Noise < br > and < br > Vibration < br > control < br > from < br > plant < br > and < br > equipment < br > Risk to health < br > and safety of < br > community < br > and workers | < br > High | isclosure < br >  < br > The Contractor shall keep noise < br > level within acceptable limits and < br > construction < br > activities < br > shall , < br > where possible , be confined to <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characteristics that affect firms ’ financial constraints ( inferred from the firm ’ s investment Bellman equation ) . Beck et al ( 2006 ) , using the same World Bank Enterprise Surveys as we use , follow a different approach that looks at firms ’ self-reporting financial obstacles . They show that older , larger and foreignowned firms report lower financing obstacles . In addition , firms in countries with higher levels of financial intermediary development , stock market development , legal system efficiency and higher GDP per capita report lower financing obstacles . In another paper with the same dataset ( Beck et al , 2008 ) , they examine the disadvantages of small firms in the access to a broad spectrum of financing sources , including leasing , supplier , development and informal finance . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the data and presents summary statistics . Then , section 3 explores factors that affect the likelihood of having to put collateral when borrowing . Next , section 4 studies determinants of the required amount of collateral and finally , section 5 concludes . # * * 2 Data and descriptive analysis * * We use the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) , a rich , firm-level survey database that provides information about firms ’ characteristics . These characteristics are : ownership , size , sector , region in which it is located , annual sales , capacity utilization , employment , length in operation , whether it has loans , and in cases that it has , whether collateral was required , type of assets used as collateral and how much collateral was needed . The database also contains information about lenders such as the type of lending institutions : private commercial banks , state banks or non-bank institutions which include microfinance institutions , credit cooperatives , credit unions or financial companies . The database covers many small and medium size firms , thereby allowing us to study the issue of collateralized borrowing across countries and firm characteristics . We restrict our analyses to 22 , 263 firms across 131 countries between 2008 and 2017 ( the list of countries is given in Table A1 ) . These", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 185, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1210, "end": 1228, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1249, "end": 1275, "text": "firm-level survey database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Tables and Figures * * Table 1 : Stock of Refugees , Population and Share of Refugees in Total Population for the Top 10 Receiving Countries in Europe , 2019 | * * # * * | * * Country of * * < br > * * Asylum * * | * * Number of * * < br > * * Refugees * * | * * Country * * < br > * * Population * * | * * Rank * * < br > * * Population * * | * * Share of * * < br > * * Refugees ( % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Sweden | 253 787 | 10 285 453 | 8 | _2 . 47_ | | 2 | Austria | 135 951 | 8 877 067 | 9 | _1 . 53_ | | 3 | Germany | 1 146 682 | 83 132 799 | 1 | _1 . 38_ | | 4 | Switzerland | 110 162 | 8 574 832 | 10 | _1 . 28_ | | 5 | Greece | 80 454 | 10 716 322 | 7 | _0 . 75_ | | 6 | France | 407 915 | 67 059 887 | 2 | _0 . 61_ | | 7 | Netherlands | 94 417 | 17 332 850 | 5 | _0 . 54_ | | 8 | Belgium | 61 662 | 11 484 055 | 6 | _0 . 54_ | | 9 | Italy | 207 602 | 60 297 396 | 4 | _0 . 34_ | | 10 | United Kingdom | 133 083 | 66 834 405 | 3 | _0 . 20_ | _Note : World Bank data on population and refugees : 1960 – 2019 . Data refer to the total stock of refugees on the territory of the country of asylum in 2019 . Share refers to the share of total number of refugees in total population . These countries are top ten countries in Europe in both the total population and", "spans": [{"start": 1006, "end": 1048, "text": "World Bank data on population and refugees", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "technical assistance , on-boarding critical M & E and safeguards staff in the PCU and submission of the second verification report . One year into implementation the Program has disbursed 29 percent of IDA resources and 17 percent of trust fund resources . The Program was assessed to be on track during the recent January 2020 implementation support mission , but due to the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting slowdown of operational capacity and economic activity , progress of results and Program Action Plan items are expected to be delayed . Several options are currently being explored to help respond to the economic crisis brought on by COVID-19 . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163829 | IDA-62920 | Effective | USD | 83 . 33 | 83 . 33 | 0 . 00 | 23 . 16 | 55 . 07 | 30 % | | P163829 | IDA-D3460 | Effective | USD | 118 . 67 | 118 . 67 | 0 . 00 | 34 . 16 | 79 . 64 | 30 % | | P163829 | TF-A9714 | Effective | USD | 62 . 50 | 62 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 13 . 65 | 48 . 85 | 22 % | | P163829 | TF-A9715 | Effective | USD | 15 . 62 | 15 . 62 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 15 . 62 | 0 % | # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * 5 / 7 / 2020", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where explosive remnants of war and landmines are present , although this is not always the case . Very little is known about other causes of death and injuries from physical dangers in emergencies . Data that does not look at the issue is rarely disaggregated , and the causes of injuries frequently unreported . Global and country level estimates on the number of deaths caused by intentional and unintentional injuries are available for most WHO member countries , but do not adequately show the impact of emergencies . # # # # # # * * A note about mortality data * * Using WHO global estimates of mortality rates and categorisations in relation to dangers and injuries in humanitarian emergencies presents a number of challenges : Deaths from natural disasters ( acts of nature ) are often combined in the category ‘ other unintentional injuries ’ , with events like asphyxiation and poisoning . Whilst death rates from particular injury types that happen to occur in emergencies are not classed under the injury itself , for instance if you drown in a flood this is not classified as drowning , but as an act of nature . This results in large numbers of deaths not being recorded accurately , under reporting around the issue of injury and policy development that is not fully aware of the extent of the risks . Estimate death rates relevant to disasters and conflict underutilise other sources of national data pertinent to emergencies such as mine action databases , or the Em-Dat International Disaster Database . Accurate classification is dependent on functioning and well-trained systems of health surveillance . In many developing countries and those affected by disaster and conflict this is not available , and in the cases of injuries they are not always bought to the attention of medical teams . In lower and middle income countries , mortality in infants ’ accounts for over three quarters of all mortality , most occurring in the first year of life , and mainly due to communicable disease ( sepsis , neonatal tetanus , etc . ) , or non-communicable diseases ( birth injury , congenital conditions , etc . ) . Because of", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 566, "text": "mortality data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 577, "end": 616, "text": "WHO global estimates of mortality rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1450, "end": 1471, "text": "mine action databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1481, "end": 1519, "text": "Em-Dat International Disaster Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the vastly different experiences of SMEs and large firms with obtaining finance , it is important to analyze SMEs separately from large firms . Third , empirical studies that have examined the corruption-finance nexus indicate that corruption increases SME financial constraints ( Qi & Ongena , 2019 ; Wellalage et al . , 2019 ; Wellalage et al . , 2020 ; Ullah , 2020 ) . However , these studies typically use firms ’ perception of corruption and access to finance problems rather than objective measures based on actual experience of firms with paying bribes and obtaining finance . < sup > 3 < / sup > The present paper contributes to the above literature in several ways . First , we use objective indicators of corruption derived from firms ’ actual experience with bribery in obtaining a specified list of government services . These objective measures do not suffer from perception bias potentially affecting macro-level indicators of corruption used in the literature ( discussed in detail below ) . Objective measures are also used for the access to finance indicator . Second , taking advantage of firm-level surveys , we explore several heterogeneities in the corruption-finance nexus . Some of the heterogeneities derive from the specific ways or mechanisms by which corruption impacts access to finance . As Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) note , testing for the theoretical mechanisms that drive the relationship between variables could be the “ smoking gun ” on the issue of causality . For instance , part of the credit market imperfections arises due to asymmetric information between borrowers and lenders – borrowers have better information about the profitability of investment than the lenders . The clandestine nature of bribe payments implies that the problem of asymmetric information is exacerbated by corruption . Thus , > 3 I n addition to perception-based measures , Ullah ( 2020 ) uses objective measures such as whether the firm has overdraft facility or not , whether the firm bought fixed assets last year or not , etc . However , our measure of access to finance is more in-depth based on the sorts of problems firms faced in obtaining a loan ( high interest rates , lack of collateral , etc . ) and the actual outcome of", "spans": [{"start": 1108, "end": 1126, "text": "firm-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : This figure shows the trends in the value of international investment positions and share of active links by block for foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . The value of positions distinguishes old and new links . Old links are those that have a positive value in 2001 . New links are those that have a zero or missing value in 2001 . By definition , there are no new links in 2001 . Values are expressed in trillions of 2011 U . S . dollars ( USD ) . The share of active links is the number of country pairs that have a positive value in each year over the number of country pairs with a positive or zero value in the same year . Country pairs with a missing value are not considered . Bilateral data are aggregated for all countries within a source region to all countries within a destination region .", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 839, "text": "Bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "therefore to infer with confidence that our results are not driven by spatial sorting biases in the 2001 dataset . Table 17 shows the impact of violence on school attainment in 2007 for the sample of nonmigrant individuals . The coefficients in columns 1-3 do not significantly differ from estimates in table 10 . Our results of the effects of the 1999 violence on school completion in 2007 do not seem therefore to be driven by a process of spatial sorting ( i . e . are not driven by those that migrated ) . Columns 4-6 of table 17 show slightly weaker results than those in table 11 and 12 , but the main coefficients do not change substantially . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * The aim of this paper was to examine the effects of the conflict in Timor Leste on educational outcomes among boys and girls exposed to the violence that took place in 1999 following the withdrawal of Indonesian troops from the territory . We analyzed the short-term impact on primary school attendance and grade deficits in 2001 , and the longer-term impact on school completion for cohorts of children of primary school age in 1999 observed in 2007 . We also analyzed the impact of peaks of violence in the 1970s and 1980s on schooling outcomes in 2007 ( among those that were of primary school age at the time of the various violent events ) , as well as the overall impact of the conflict . This has enabled us for the first time to compare the impact of violent conflict on educational outcomes in the short , medium and long terms . The conflict in Timor Leste has led to considerable adverse impacts on educational outcomes among children exposed to the violence , boys in particular . We find that the impact of the conflict on girls ‘ education is statistically insignificant in most cases , and positive in some cases . Because girls ‘ educational outcomes were catching-up to boys ‘ education before 1999 , we interpret this result as suggesting that the catching up process continued once the 1999 conflict was over . The 25 years of violent conflict had , in contrast , a clear negative impact on the education of", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 112, "text": "2001 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2013 , Ferreras 2013 ) . As for the impact on the destination country , immigration from corruption-ridden countries tends to boost corruption levels ( Dimant et al . 2015 ) . This is in contrast with general migration , which is found to have a positive impact on the institutional quality of the destination country , with reductions in overall corruption levels in countries with a high economic freedom ( Clark et al . 2015 , Bologna Pavlik et al . 2019 ) . To further investigate the role of corruption both as a pull factor and as a push factor – – of migration decisions , we use a broad array of subjective and objective corruption measures combined with bilateral migration flow data , exploiting both cross-sectional and time dimensions . Having access to a panel dataset on both bilateral migration flows and corruption levels is a contribution of this paper , and it improves on the most closely related studies that exist on this topic . In particular , both Dimant et al . ( 2013 ) and Cooray and Schneider ( 2015 ) consider net migration rates , without being able to disentangle whether corruption > 3These channels are not limited to developing countries . For instance , Morano Foadi ( 2006 ) studies the role of corruption on migration flows in Italy . 2", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 692, "text": "bilateral migration flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 768, "end": 781, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and execution of the contract . Name of the Bidder / Consultant : Name of the person duly authorized to sign the Bid / Proposal on behalf of the Bidder / Consultant : 3 A nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider ( different names are used depending on the particular bidding document ) is one which has been : ( i ) included by the bidder in its pre-qualification application or bid because it brings specific and critical experience and know-how that allow the bidder to meet the qualification requirements for the particular bid ; or ( ii ) appointed by the Borrower . 4 Inspections in this context are usually investigative ( i . e . , forensic ) in nature : they involve fact-finding activities undertaken by the Bank or persons appointed by the Bank to address specific matters related to investigations / audits , such as evaluating the veracity of an allegation of possible Fraud and Corruption , through the appropriate mechanisms . Such activity includes but is not limited to accessing and examining a firm ' s or individual ' s financial records and information , and making copies thereof as relevant ; accessing and examining any other documents , data , and information ( whether in hard copy or electronic format ) deemed relevant for the investigation / audit , and making copies thereof as relevant ; interviewing staff and other relevant individuals ; performing physical inspections and site visits ; and obtaining third-party verification of information . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1115, "end": 1148, "text": "financial records and information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Breakdown ) ( Number , C | Inspectors in compliance < br > ustom Breakdown ) | with ICAO standards and | IASA category 1 safety | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 38 . 00 | 38 . 00 | 38 . 00 | | Date < br > | 01-Mar-2011 | 04-Jul-2018 | 20-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2018 | | IN00785611 < br > ► Construction of KCAA | Office block ( Percentage , | Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 01-Mar-2011 | 04-Jul-2018 | 20-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2018 | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P124109 | IDA-49260 | Effective | USD | 300 . 00 | 300 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 272 . 80 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | P124109 | IDA-54100 | Effective | USD | 203 . 50 | 203 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 181 . 75 | 3 . 17 | 98 % | # # # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * 1 / 6 / 2020 Page 8 of", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 635, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "baseline regressions we consider famine incidence . But famines differ in severity , and more severe famines might reflect more serious governance failure . Do our key results still hold if famine severity is considered ? Because the data set does not provide a precise scale of famines , we construct our new famine measure relying on qualitative descriptions , as described in Su , Fang and Yin ( 2014 ) . We create an ordinal variable that is 2 if the record mentions human casualties , 1 if the record mentions hunger or malnutrition , and 0 otherwise . Among the 167 famines , 78 are classified as severe ( i . e . , with a scale of 2 ) , and 89 as mild ( i . e . , with a scale 17", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 242, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 10 . 3 . Implementation Phase * * As stipulated in the Ethiopian legal framework and the WB Safeguard Policies , development projects should not impoverish the people within the project areas . Rather , the PAPs should gain from the projects and one aspect of their achievement is that adequate compensation should be effected prior to project implementation . EEPCo and local government administrations ( woreda , municipality , and kebele authorities ) and agencies will conduct the execution of the expropriation / compensation operations . PAPs will be consulted about the compensation arrangements prepared . Amount of cash compensation for the affected property and crops will be presented to each eligible PAP for consideration and endorsement before cash payment or land for land compensation can be effected . On this basis , therefore , the Project office should assign a team , responsible for the effective and efficient implementation of the compensation estimated as per the valuation methods / techniques . The actors in the implementation phase and their roles include : - EEPCo EMT Experts ( planning , coordination and monitoring ) - The project office ( compensation / rehabilitation ) - The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development ( procurement of funds ) - EEPCo ' s project office ( execution of compensation ) - Woreda administration and municipality ( facilitating the process of payment of compensation , valuation and compensation committee meetings , and land for land compensation ) , and - PAPs ( endorsement of arrangements ) # # # * * 10 . 4 . Monitoring and Evaluation Phase * * EEPCo will organize project completion workshops with government agencies , NGOs and representatives of PAPs after completion of the expropriation / compensation operations . After completion of all expropriation / compensation operations , PAPs will be consulted about their views through a household survey to be carried out by an external consultant employed for the purpose . The objective of the household survey is to assess those mitigation measures taken to address the adverse social impacts and also", "spans": [{"start": 1971, "end": 1987, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2080, "end": 2096, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) ► DLI 2 Deliveries attended by skilled birth providers for the bottom 3 performing regions - Afar , Oromia & Somali - ( New DLI1b ) ( Intermediate Outcome , 20 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 19 . 00 | 19 . 00 | 19 . 00 | 28 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 201 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 6 Ethiopia Demographic Health | Survey ( EDHS ) Report . Up | date to be provided by | | ► DLI 3 Children 12 < br > 0 % ) | - 23 months immunized w < br > Baseline | ith Pentavalent 3 vaccine ( Scal < br > Actual ( Previous ) | ed - DLI - 2c ) ( Intermediate < br > Actual ( Current ) | Outcome , 8 , 130 , 000 . 00 , < br > N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 65 . 70 | 65 . 70 | 65 . 70 | 75 . 70 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Source : 2012 Clust < br > different methodolo | er survey . Results have not been u < br > gies to measure | pdated by EDHS as MOH do | es not agree with using | ► DLI 4 Pregnant women receiving", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 568, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Since Turkey has been importing vegetable oils and related products , we assume that increases in sunflower productivity and production do not bring lower prices . Thus , as for maize , sunflower hybrids boost farm profits rather than consumer surplus . However , we met problems measuring impact of sunflower hybrids on farm income . A regression using time-series data understates hybrid impact on yields if we do not factor into the model how much the orobanche parasite would have reduced yields for pre-reform OPVs ; we do not have information to make those adjustments . Also , sunflower area increased with hybrids , and one cannot assume that new fields realize the same increase in profits per hectare as old fields . Ideally , data from detailed farm-level surveys over time would show changes in costs and benefits , including risk of parasite damage , as sunflower farmers adopt hybrids or shift into sunflower . In the absence of such data , we estimate hybrid impact from changes in sunflower national area and average yield . From information on seed import and production ( see Figure 3 . 2 ) , we identify 1980-84 as the immediate pre-reform period , and we take 1985-92 as the post-reform period . Period average sunflower area increased from 540 , 000 hectares during 1980-84 to 690 , 000 hectares in 1985-92 . Similarly , period average yields went from 1 . 26 t / ha for 1980-84 1 . 43 t / ha for 1985-92 . Multiplying the increase in average yield from base to post-reform periods ( 170 kg / ha ) times base period planted area ( 540 , 000 hectares ) , we get an increase of 91 , 800 tons of oilseed production worth $ 24 million at 1990-92 Rotterdam CIF prices , or 14 percent of the gross economic value of Turkey ' s average annual sunflower production ( $ 173 million ) during those years . This figure excludes gains from : increases in planted area ; higher oil content of private hybrids ; and preventing further decline in sunflower area and yield due to the orobanche parasite . On the other hand , the economic benefit would be lower to the extent that production costs are higher for", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 370, "text": "time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 756, "end": 774, "text": "farm-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 13 - * * _13 . _ * * The Recipient shall ensure that adequate counterpart funding for paying resettlement costs under the RAP is available , in a prompt and timely manner and . in this regard , the Recipient shall ensure that adequate provision for such costs is included in its budget for the Recipient ' s upcoming financial year on an annual basis , 14 . For purposes of carrying out Part * * A . I . * * of the Project , the Recipient shall ensure that the contract for civil works under Part * * A . I . * * of the Project include a detailed integrated construction and Project-related resettlement schedule , satisfactory to the Association further to its review , which shall set out , _inter alia , _ that civil works under Part * * A . I . * * of the Project shall only proceed after a written communication with an order to proceed with works has been issued * * by * * the Recipient , confirming that resettlement has been fully completed in the pertinent area where the works are to take place , as confirmed * * by * * the RAP implementation consultant in a written report to the satisfaction of the Association . * * 15 . * * For purposes of carrying out Part * * A . I * * of the Project , the Recipient shall update the * * ESIA / ESMP , * * in a manner satisfactory to the Association , to incorporate additional assessments of potential downstream environmental and social risks and impacts . - * * E . * * Dam Safety - The Recipient shall : - ( a ) cause the Dam Safety Panel to carry out its function as set out in its terms * * of * * reference ; - * * ( b ) * * cause the Dam Safety Panel to meet , inspect , evaluate and review on a biannual basis the safety status of the investigation , design , construction and start of operations of the Dam , including carrying out site visits , provide advance notification to the Association of the meetings", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 4 < br > Share of new hires ( < 12 months ) per occupation < br > 1 < br > . 9 < br > . 8 < br > . 7 < br > . 6 < br > . 5 < br > . 4 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > Share of income-risk jobs per occupation < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : EU-LFS ( 2018 ) . Note : Correlation based on the 136 ISCO-08 3-digit occupations that represent more than 0 . 1 % of the total employment in the EU . The size of the circles represents the share of each occupation in the total EU employment . 39", "spans": [{"start": 276, "end": 282, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CITIZENSHIP AND STATELESSNESS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA # 1 . Summary The categories of people at risk of statelessness in the Horn of Africa are not dissimilar to those in other parts of the African continent . The first category is the most widely dispersed ; that of vulnerable children , and the adults they become . Those falling in this category include orphans , abandoned infants , children of foreign or absent fathers ( where gender discrimination exists in fact or law ) , children being cared for by foster families , street children , those trafficked across borders , and other children separated from their parents , especially at a young age . Other groups at risk of statelessness are cross-border populations , including nomadic and pastoralist communities , as well as those affected by border disputes ; long-term refugees and former refugees , and migrants without documentation of another nationality – and especially their descendants ; and generally people of mixed ancestry and thus potential dual nationality , but who have no documentation from any state . These groups exist in every country of the region . This report also highlights two particular groups at risk of statelessness : the members of the various minority communities in Somalia ; and people of Eritrean descent ( or mixed Eritrean-Ethiopian descent ) living in Ethiopia . It is not possible to provide statistics on how many are stateless in the Horn of Africa . That is , it is not possible to estimate how many people are “ not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law ” , the international law definition of a stateless person . Statelessness is often only a situation that becomes apparent over time , after repeated efforts to obtain documents from the authorities of one or more countries . With the exception of Djibouti , the countries considered by this report have very low levels of birth registration and have not historically provided for a national identity card or required one to access services . The distinction between a person lacking identity documents and a person who is stateless is thus not necessarily immediately clear :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * ACRONYMS * * | | | - - - | - - - | | ADR | Alternative Disputes Resolution | | AFD | Agence Française de Développement | | BoQs | Bills of Quantities | | CAJ | Commission for Administration of Justice | | CDA | Coast Development Authority | | CFP | Chance Finds Procedure | | CoK | Constitution of Kenya < br > | | CPMU | Coast Project Management Unit | | CSDO | County Social Development Officers | | CWSB | Coast Water Services Board | | DPE | Dam Panel of Experts | | ECD | < br > Early Childhood Development | | ESIA | Environmental Social Impact Assessment | | ESP | Economic Stimulus Project | | GBV | Gender-Based Violence | | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | | GIS | Geographical Information System | | GoK | Government of Kenya | | GRC | Grievance and Redress Committee | | GRCC | Grievance Redress and Compensation Committee | | GRM | < br > Grievance Redress Management | | GRPC | < br > Grievance and Resettlement Planning Committee | | HIV / AIDS | Human Immunodeficiency Virus | | HTPs | < br > Harmful Traditional Practices | | I & D | Irrigation and drainage | | ISK | Institute of Surveyors of Kenya | | IWUA | Irrigation Water User Association | | KWSCRP | Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project | | KCPE | Kenya Certificate Primary Education | | ROW | Right of Way | | KIHBS | Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey | | KKV | Kazi Kwa Vijana | | KNBS | < br > Kenya National Bureau of Statistics | | KNCHR | < br > Kenya National Commission for Human Rights | | KWAWASCO | Kwale Water Sewerage Company | | LARC", "spans": [{"start": 1313, "end": 1353, "text": "Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Empirical Findings * * # # * * _Sample Data_ * * In Table 3 we report descriptive statistics for the overall sample ( more detail is contained in Pattanayak 2005a ) . Table 3 shows that 89 percent of the sample is Sinhalese and 62 percent is Buddhist . The average family size is 4 . 8 members , with 1 . 3 children under 18 years of age . The typical household head is 52 years old and has 10 years of education . Over 90 percent of households have adults who have completed primary education and almost all households send their school-aged girls to school . To compare poor and non-poor households , we first need to define these distinctions . The Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics identifies poor households using data on household expenditures from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey ( HIES , Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics 2002 ) . In order to be able to compare our results to the Census data , we also identified poor households through monthly consumption expenditures . < sup > 7 < / sup > Using the data , we classified our sample based on monthly per capita consumption deciles . Poor households comprise the bottom two deciles , or quintile , of the distribution ( or households who spend less than or equal to Rs . 3 , 356 per capita per month are poor ) . By this definition , 365 of our sample households are classified as poor , of which 124 live in the Greater Negombo and 241 live in the Kalutara-Galle strip . This definition of the poor not only allows us to explore poverty relative to the overall socio-economic distribution , but also enables us to directly compare our results with other regions and countries if necessary . Table 3 also contains descriptive statistics for the poor and non-poor sub-samples . Major sources of water for our sample households were private connections to the piped water network , private wells , and water from neighbors . Households indicated that their dwellings are close to the piped water network . A typical household can access at least three sources , with approximately 54 percent of households claiming", "spans": [{"start": 741, "end": 771, "text": "data on household expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 781, "end": 820, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 935, "end": 946, "text": "Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identified . The prospective beneficiaries in those areas will be identified at the community level , based on each community ’ s socioeconomic profile ( with special consideration given to the proportion of female-headed households , and households with an agricultural production background ) , coping strategies , food stock availability , food consumption patterns , and households hosting displaced persons . Regular consultations with affected populations and a communication campaign with local religious and community leaders will be held to inform communities about the food distribution system , mechanisms for resolving conflicts , and other aspects of the project . # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation * * 48 . As indicated in the discussion of lessons learned , emergency operations require a robust and functioning M & E system . In this instance , FAO and WFP will be responsible for collecting the necessary M & E data . The set of indicators have been agreed during appraisal and the procedures for data collection will be detailed in the PIM . 49 . Both WFP and FAO will submit quarterly progress reports to the Project Coordinator . Those reports will be consolidated for semi-annual reporting to the World Bank and the Government . They will also be the basis for the Bank ’ s supervision missions , which will take place at least twice each year . In addition , the Bank mission will conduct site visits along with the project coordination team to gain a first-hand understanding of the status of the project ’ s activities . WFP , FAO and the World Bank will conduct a joint M & E assessment and develop an action plan to address any gaps in the M & E effort . Other institutions ( such as local NGOs and government technical departments ) participating in implementing specific aspects of the project 12", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 942, "text": "M & E data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * ction * * | | | Sample Mean | 0 . 466 | 35 . 7 | 0 . 022 | 0 . 191 | 0 . 257 | 2405 | | Std . dev . | [ 0 . 499 ] | [ 10 . 9 ] | [ 0 . 147 ] | [ 0 . 393 ] | [ 0 . 437 ] | [ 3293 ] | | Observations | 2216 | 2198 | 2213 | 2207 | 2208 | 1629 | | | | * * Panel C * * | * * : Third-Deg * * | * * ree or More Con * * | * * nection * * | | | Sample Mean | 0 . 532 | 32 . 3 | 0 . 028 | 0 . 158 | 0 . 304 | 2220 | | < br > Std . dev . | [ 0 . 499 ] | [ 10 . 5 ] | [ 0 . 165 ] | [ 0 . 365 ] | [ 0 . 460 ] | [ 3096 ] | | Observations | 4008 | 3981 | 4005 | 3996 | 3997 | 2761 | _Notes_ : This table reports summary statistics of citizen demographics by degree of connection to the village government . The dependent variable is : in column 1 , a dummy equal to 1 for female citizens ; in column 2 , the age of citizens in years ; in column 3 , a dummy for whether the citizen reports having a disability ; in column 4 , a dummy for whether the citizen has a tertiary level education ; in column 5 , a dummy for whether the citizen reports not working ; in column 6 , the citizen ’ s average monthly income in the last 6 months ( conditional on working ) winsorized at the top 1 % and reported in thousands of Indonesian rupiah . 56", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hpa-An Environmental Scoping Report | | NEAT + | | October 2019 | 37 assessment require a cross-sectoral Eco-DRR lens in order to efficiently mitigate the impacts of disasters on local communities . It is recommended that at a minimum NRC incorporate DRR messaging into their existing programming and assist communities to advocate to the local government for more support , and ideally that they begin new activities specifically addressing this issue . The risk if this does not happen is that some of the villages bordering the river like Saint Chaung will continue to erode rapidly and cause displacement . Activities and educational messaging can be easily incorporated into livelihoods activities , through promoting sustainable and climate-smart livelihoods activities and agriculture ( for example agroforestry ) , in cash for work , or as community development projects . This could include for example : - a . Planting grass , shrubs , trees for stabilization ; - b . Consulting / developing hazard maps , including mapping main risks and root causes to flood risks ; - c . Enhancing and protecting all ground cover including grass ; - d . Promoting vegetation and improve the infiltration capacity of the soil with vegetation coverage ; - e . Setting up drainage / canals or clear drainage / canals ; - f . Establishing soakaway pit , ideally with vegetation ; - g . Setting up natural filtration systems . 3 . * * Consider working in waste management or advocating to government / other partners to do so : * * one significant gap in NRC activities to address the major environmental issues of concern identified by the assessment is the issue of waste management . Waste management practices can be mainstreamed through other sector activities ( for example education about efficient cooking practices could also include appropriate methods for disposing of utensil wastewater or compost ) , or NRC could work with partner organizations or initiatives that do work in waste management to ensure that the lifecycle of project activities is environmentally accountable . 4 . * * Increased focus on community engagement and accountability to affected people * * :", "spans": [{"start": 1002, "end": 1013, "text": "hazard maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 characteristics of households from the same caste but not having agriculture as their main activity , _UnonAGRc_ . Given the social structure of India , assuming that unobserved characteristics are correlated within castes across occupations seems reasonable . This assumption is discussed in more detail in section 5 . < sup > 5 < / sup > # * * 3 . Data and Descriptive Statistics * * # # Data and Variables Definition The data used to conduct this study are the ARIS-REDS data from the National Council of Applied Economic Research ( NCAER ) . Since 1971 , the NCAER has been conducting surveys on a _sample_ of households in 232 villages in the 17 major states of India . Most of the results come from the round of 2006 , which has the advantage of providing a _listing_ of every household in the surveyed villages with basic information on households and heads of household such as their demographic characteristics ( gender , age , education level , size of the household ) and their main occupation . The average level of education of members from the same caste can therefore be computed using all the heads of the households from the same caste in the village and not only the heads of the households that have been sampled , which makes the measure very precise . The information on education from the listing is also useful to deal with measurement error in education of the head of household , as is shown in section 4 . The round of 1982 is used for robustness checks . In the round of 2006 , detailed information about agricultural inputs , such as cultivated area or labor use , is not provided in the listing , so the analysis is restricted to households that cultivate land in the _sample_ . The identification strategy also requires at least two castes per village and that at least one caste has households that do not have agriculture as their main activity and households that have agriculture as their main activity . The final sample is composed of 4405 households in 223 villages . The first set of variables includes the agriculture-related variables , used to estimate the production function . The dependent variable is total agricultural", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 480, "text": "ARIS-REDS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "developing countries , this seemingly entirely reasonable requirement - the need to count the refugees - has , to a significant extent , dominated policy , planning , implementation and evaluation . ” Setting out to expose the “ underlying ideological assumptions ” of enumeration , the author argues that “ the requirement to count refugees leads to highly undesirable , oppressive consequences for refugees . It forms a central component in an ideology of control which is part and parcel of most assistance programmes . ” < sup > 3 < / sup > While it would be wrong to dismiss every element of this argument ( because assistance programmes _are_ informed by an ideology of control , however benign the motivations of the individuals responsible for implementing them ) it is difficult to envisage a situation in which the task of collecting refugee numbers could simply be ignored by the actors which constitute the international refugee regime . UNHCR , for example , needs ‘ caseload statistics ’ to fulfill its mandatory task of refugee protection , to plan its programmes , to draw up its budgets , to allocate its resources , to procure essential assistance items , to establish logistical systems , to raise money from donor states and to account for the organization ’ s expenditure . Registration is also in the interests of refugees themselves . As Médecins sans Frontières has observed , “ without registration , refugees have no rights and families cannot be reunified . Without registered names , the numbers of refugees are easy to manipulate and assistance is difficult to monitor . ” < sup > 4 < / sup > Within the donor states , those ministries responsible for funding relief and development activities need refugee statistics to justify the resources that they receive from the treasury and taxpayer . Host governments need statistics for security purposes , to anticipate the social and economic impact of a refugee influx and to ensure that the refugees ’ presence is taken into account in the formulation of local , regional and national development plans . And the media ( which , if not a part of the international refugee regime , is", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 999, "text": "caseload statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1728, "end": 1746, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # < mark > TABLE 11 < / mark > * * Applications submitted by country of asylum and origin * * # # # # # # | Second quarter 2014 ( ctnd ) Top-20 ranking of countries based on applications lodged during the second quarter . An asterisk ( * ) denotes a value between 1 and 4 . | | | | Rep . of | | | | | | | | TfYR of < br > | | United | United < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | Poland | Portugal | < br > Korea | Romania | Serbia < sup > * * ( 2 ) * * < / sup > | Slovakia | Slovenia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Macedonia < sup > * * ( 3 ) * * < / sup > | Turkey < sup > * * ( 4 ) * * < / sup > | Kingdom | States < sup > * * ( 5 ) * * < / sup > | | Syrian Arab Rep . | 17 | * | 59 | 113 | 1 , 042 | * | 34 | 279 | 6 , 839 | 1 , 042 | 169 | 1 , 183 | 440 | 417 | | Eritrea | * | * | * | - | 171 | * | - | * | 3 , 406 | 1 , 652 | - | 21 | 746 | 113 | | Iraq | * | * | * | 47 | 22 | * | - | 19 | 252 | 39 | - | 9 , 288 | 110 | 238 | | Afghanistan | 5 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2016 | 405 | 405 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2017 | 406 | 407 | | 2018 | 409 | 409 | | 2019 | 411 | 412 | | 2020 | 414 | 414 | # * * 4 . 2 Hemispheric Seasonal Cycles * * As previously noted , global CO2 concentrations fluctuate seasonally with CO2 absorption and respiration by vegetation over the annual cycle . Seasonal fluctuations are more pronounced in the Northern Hemispheric because it has more plant life . To measure the amplitude of CO2 cycles in the OCO-2 data , we regress measured CO2 on a time trend and compute monthly mean residuals for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres . Figure 1 displays mean residuals by month . The cycle is pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere , with the peak in April , the trough in August , and an annual amplitude of 7 . 5 ppm . The Southern Hemisphere cycle is much flatter , with the peak in July , the trough in March , and an annual amplitude of 1 . 5 ppm . # * * 4 . 3 City Concentration Anomalies * * In our model , differences in cities ’ economic , demographic and geographic conditions affect residual variations in measured CO2 once global trend growth and seasonal fluctuations are accounted for . We assess the scale of these concentration anomalies by computing residuals from a regression of CO2 on a time trend and hemispheric dummy variables for months . Figure 2 displays the distribution of mean anomalies for the cities in our sample , with a standard deviation of 1 . 0 ppm , 94 . 8 % of cities in the range [ - 2 , 2 ] ppm and 98 . 5 % in the range [ - 3 , 3 ] ppm . For comparison , human activity currently generates about 40 gigatons of CO2 emissions each year , increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration by about 2 ppm . The city concentration anomalies in Figure 2 have the same order of magnitude , thus highlighting the global significance of inter-city variation . Methods for direct conversion of city residuals to CO2 emissions are still in the", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 477, "text": "OCO-2 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the distribution of monthly inspection rates in 2010 for firms that did and did not adopt the IHC program by the end of 2013 . The mean inspection rate for IHC firms is lower than for non-IHC firms , and IHC inspection rates are much lower in the upper half of the distribution . For inspections it is not the case that the distribution for IHC firms is strictly below that of non-IHC firms . Many non-IHC firms are substantially smaller than IHC firms , and so many would import few shipments in a given month . Thus it is possible that even with relatively higher frequency of inspections for non-IHC firms there could be months in which those firms ’ relatively few shipments were not stopped for inspection . This explains the relatively large share of firmmonth combinations with an inspection rate of zero among non-IHC firms . * * < u > Table 4 . Monthly Inspection Rates in 2010 for IHC and Non-IHC firms < / u > * * | | | Distribution < br > | of firm-mo | nth inspection < br > | rates in 2010 < br > | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Mean | 25 < sup > th < / sup > < br > percentile | Median | 75 < sup > th < / sup > < br > percentile | 90 < sup > th < / sup > < br > percentile | Standard < br > deviation | Number of < br > firm-month < br > combinations | | IHC firm by end of 2013 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 08 | 381 | | Not IHC firm by end of | | | | | | | | | 2013 | 0 . 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 . 27 | 1 | 0 . 34 | 110220 | | All firms | 0 . 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For annual data we use first-differencing and bandpass filtering ( Baxter and King , 1999 ) . Spectral analysis is used to assess business cycle synchronization with monthly data . # * * 2 . 1 . 1 Annual Data : 1965 – 2002 * * Band pass filtered data , our preferred method for business cycle extraction in this section , shows that in Central America business cycle synchronization is highest between Costa Rica , Guatemala , El Salvador and Honduras . Nicaragua and Panama appear to be follow a different 4", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 15, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 166, "end": 178, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WORKERS | In house | | TBA | 1 month | Q2 | 322 | | | | | * * Sub-total - CSRP * * | | | | | | | | 1 | ORO / TRN / 029 / 00 | Oromia - < br > DLDP | Assessment and strengthening offices of Woreda and Kebele < br > implementing bodies via appropriate trainings based on < br > samples | In house | OBCB / OSCO / < br > PSCO | Nekemte & < br > Shashamann < br > ee | 9 days | Q3 | 2580 | | 2 | ORO / TRN / 030 / 00 | Oromia - < br > DLDP | Conduct TOT training on district functional assignment < br > manual and woreda legal framework and decentralization < br > strategies for woreda implementing bodies | \" | OBCB / OSCO | Asella & Jima | 5 days | Q2 | 1210 | | 3 | ORO / TRN / 031 / 00 | Oromia - < br > DLDP | Short term training for district electorates ( 1040 ) and < br > leaderships ( 3380 ) , public servants ( 1052 ) on the role of < br > leadership and the principle and linkage of good governance , < br > decentralization , democratic and development processes | \" | OBCB / DLDP | W / H , Ambo & < br > Gimbi | 8 days | Q2 | 5472 | | 4 | ORO / TRN / 032 / 00 | Oromia - < br > DLDP | Based on the previuos year training needs assessment , < br > providing short-term skill up grading training for basic sectors ’ < br > professionals | \" | Basic Sectors | At each < br > respective < br > Zone | 6 days", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 | 4 . 1 | 4 . 4 | 4 . 6 | 6 . 8 | 5 . 3 | 6 . 2 | 3 . 4 | 1 . 2 | - 1 . 1 | | Debt | 28 . 4 | 25 . 2 | 31 . 0 | 39 . 6 | 43 . 0 | 54 . 0 | 56 . 5 | 65 . 4 | 70 . 6 | 68 . 6 | 60 . 1 | Sources : World Bank Staff estimates of the overall deficit and public and publicly guaranteed debt from the February 2019 database compiled for the Regular Economic Report for the Western Balkans . Note : The assessments for Albania ’ s and Serbia ’ s deficit rules rely also on estimates of real rates of economic growth from the same database . Albania ’ s growth rate in 2017 was below the threshold that triggers the maximum-deficit rule , so that cell is not shaded . # * * _How well known are the rules ? _ * * * * One factor that is likely to affect compliance is whether the rules are widely understood * * . As noted earlier , national fiscal rules are more likely to work when noncompliance is politically embarrassing , and this in turn is more likely if the rules are well understood , at least among a group of politicians , journalists , academics , think-tank analysts , businesspeople , and others interested in public finances . * * To shed some light on the extent of public awareness of fiscal rules , the World Bank conducted an online survey on the subject in December 2018 ( see Appendix ) * * . In all , there were 197 responses to the survey , which asked 19 questions . The respondents were from all the countries of the region , though representation varied from country to country , and were from many backgrounds , including the media , business , academia , the public sector , and elsewhere ( Figure 2 ) . The survey was not intended to be representative of the populations of the countries : those who responded were probably more likely than the average person to be", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 317, "text": "February 2019 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1627, "end": 1633, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the capital adequacy ratio , since high capital requirements are likely to deter entry . We include an index of bank auditing requirements and an index of bank disclosure requirements as measures of bank transparency . All the variables discussed so far come from the Barth , Caprio , and Levine ( 2001 ) database . We control for the impact of macroeconomic conditions by including the inflation rate and the real GDP growth . These variables come from the _World Development Indicators_ . As measures of institutional development , we include GDP per capita from the _World Development Indicators_ and , alternatively , an index of property rights from the _Heritage Foundation . _ - 8 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preparation of a site-specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) . An Environmental Specialist was part of the Project Coordination Team ( PCT ) to implement environmental safeguards . There was severe non-compliance to environment , social , health and safety ( ESHS ) measures at Ruiru and Juja / Thika sewerage sites . This resulted in five fatalities – three in 2015 , one in December 2017 and one in June 2019 ( ICR para 56 ) . This was due to : ( i ) contractor ' s non-compliance with safety procedures , ( ii ) inadequate remedial actions to the contractor ’ s non-compliance , ( iii ) weak supervision by the supervision consultants and the implementing agency ( Athi Water Services Board ) , and ( iv ) serious defects in safeguards monitoring and reporting mechanism ( ICR para 56 ) . The Project Coordination Team ( PCT ) posted extra security on sewerage sites to protect access to the ponds and to ensure that the machinery was well secured . Following the fatalities , the PCT started accident tracking records at each active construction site . These were monitored by the Bank ( ICR para 56 ) . * * Natural Habitats OP / BP 4 . 04 * * . The ICR does not report on compliance with this safeguard . The TTL ( email dated 09 / 07 / 21 ) explained that in ( rare ) cases where OP 4 . 04 was found relevant , the project included Page 16 of 19", "spans": [{"start": 1018, "end": 1043, "text": "accident tracking records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% of men – high rates , given that much sexual violence generally goes unreported . Men slightly more often reported kidnapping , which may be linked to forced conscription by parties to the conflict . < sup > 8 < / sup > Older respondents ( above 60 years old ) also more often reported abuses than respondents from other age groups , particularly for physical violence ( 90 % ) , sexual violence ( 76 % ) , detention ( 71 % ) , and kidnapping ( 58 % ) , showcasing the existence of age-specific vulnerabilities in the conflict and calling for protection programming that is age-sensitive . # # * * Children perceived as particularly exposed to abuse during the journey * * A vast majority of respondents ( 95 % ) noted that children were particularly vulnerable during the journey . Death ( 94 % ) , physical and sexual violence ( 83 % each ) , robbery ( 72 % ) , detention ( 63 % ) , and kidnapping ( 38 % ) were the most prominent risks for children ( Figure 4 ) . According to UNHCR registration data , 88 % of new Sudanese refugees in Chad are women and children , underlining the large protection challenges for this age group . < sup > 9 < / sup > Although no children were interviewed , 68 % of respondents were travelling with children in their care , with more than a third of them ( 37 % ) travelling with five or more children . > 8 UNHCR ( 14 October 2024 ) . < u > Afflux des Réfugiés du Soudan < / u > > 9 UNHCR , _op . cit . _ 3", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 1005, "text": "UNHCR registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 5 * * | | Secondary Data or | | have enough electricity supply ? | Always | Very often ( bi-weekly < br > cuts that last less than < br > 4 hours ) | Often ( weekly cut that < br > lasts more than 4 < br > hours ) | Seldom ( daily cuts that < br > last more than 4 hours ) | Never | | Focus Group | | * * Access to durable shelter : * * What proportion | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 5 * * | | Secondary Data or | | of the households in the district live in | Very Many | Many | Some | Few | Very Few | | Focus Group | | caravans ? | ( > 40 % ) | ( > 30 % ) | ( > 20 % ) | ( > 10 % ) | ( < 10 % ) | | | | * * Access to an Income : * * What proportion of the | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 5 * * | | | | households in the district have an income ? | VeryMany | Many | Some | Few | VeryFew | | | 13 See Annex 2 for formula for calculation 10", "spans": [{"start": 42, "end": 56, "text": "Secondary Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Women Entrepreneurship Development Project ( WEDP ) 2 . 0 ( P504217 ) # # * * D . Concept Description * * * * Note to Task Team : * * The following sections are system generated and changes must be made in Data Sheet ( s ) . * * _Delete this note when finalizing the document . _ * * < mark > @ # & OPS ~ Doctype ~ OPS ^ dynamics @ legalpolicyandscreeningrisk # doctemplate < / mark > Legal Operational Policies * * Triggered ? * * Projects on International Waterways OP 7 . 50 No Projects in Disputed Area OP 7 . 60 No Summary of Screening of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts * * Note to Task Team : * * This summary section is downloaded from the PCN data sheet and is editable . It should match the text provided by E & S specialist . If it is revised after the initial download the task team must manually update the summary in this section . * * _Delete this note when finalizing the document . _ * * * * Note * * : To view the Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts , refer to the Concept Stage ESRS Document . * * _Delete this note when finalizing the document . _ * * < mark > @ # & OPS ~ Doctype ~ OPS ^ dynamics @ contactpoint # doctemplate < / mark > * * CONTACT POINT * * # # * * World Bank * * Marlon Rolston Rawlins Senior Financial Sector Specialist Toni Johannes Weis Financial Specialist Page 4 of 5 Mar 05 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 696, "text": "PCN data sheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > vised target of 280 . T < br > ment partners to re | to government e < br > he transition pro < br > solve payroll onb | mployment in < br > cess required close < br > oarding and | | IR Indicator 4 . 9 : Number of water | N / A | Jun / 2019 | | 3 , 217 | Jun / 2025 | 4 , 975 | Dec / 2025 | | connections and point sources < br > constructed or rehabilitated in sub - < br > counties with functional safe water < br > coverage < 77 % ( Text ) | Comments on ach | ieving targets | Target exceeded . 4 , 975 water co < br > of 3 , 217 , an overachievement of < br > declined from 69 to 65 % , driven p < br > underscoringthat construction-c | nnections and point so < br > 55 % . Despite this infra < br > rimarily by population < br > ount DLIs alone are ins | urces were construc < br > structure performan < br > growth and an incr < br > ufficient to sustain a | ted or rehabilitat < br > ce , aggregate saf < br > ease in non-funct < br > ccessgains . | ed against a target < br > e water coverage < br > ional water points , | | | N / A | Jun / 2019 | | 85 % | Jun / 2025 | 85 % | Jun / 2024 | Page 31 Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", plus expenditures on health and education ; and assets poverty , defined as the inability to acquire the latter plus expenditures on clothing , housing , and transportation . The municipalities ’ inequality levels were computed through an array of well-known indicators such as the Gini coefficient . This exercise yielded a robust , novel municipality-level dataset with income-based indicators that are comparable both over time and across 2 , 361 municipalities on which it was possible to compute reliable estimates on each data point over time . These municipalities represent 96 percent of Mexico ’ s current municipalities and cover approximately 98 percent of the country ’ s population . Summary statistics derived from > 7Some of these variables are derived from the census datasets , while others are taken from administrative records collected in the National System of Municipal Information ( SNIM for its acronym in Spanish ) and the National Institute of Statistics and Geography ( INEGI , for its acronym in Spanish ) . > 8A detailed description of the small area estimation methodology used on each data point is available from the authors upon request . 9", "spans": [{"start": 342, "end": 368, "text": "municipality-level dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 779, "end": 794, "text": "census datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 825, "end": 847, "text": "administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", we find very high cross-establishment correlations ( above 0 . 93 ) in the log levels and growth rates of sales and employment , as well as in log labor productivity ( 0 . 73 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > Additionally , the average adoption rate of ERP systems in Korean manufacturing establishments in FAT is similar to Chung and Kim ( 2021 ) , who used a similar sampling frame ( 32 % vs . 40 % in Chung and Kim , 2021 ) , and there is a strong cross-establishment > 13The re-interviews produced 1 , 661 answers , 106 interviews times 3 business functions times an average of 5 . 2 technologies per function . Both the original and back-end interviews in the pilot are conducted by phone by different interviewers . The correlation between the binary responses in survey and pilot is 73 % ranging from 65 % in business administration to 77 % in sales across business functions , and from 85 % among the most basic technologies to around 61 % in intermediate , and 77 % at the most advanced technologies across functions . > 14In Korea we merge FAT with the Korea Enterprise Data ( KED ) , a leading supplier of business credit reports on Korean businesses . In Brazil , we merge the data with the _Relação Anual de Informações Sociais_ ( RAIS ) , which is an administrative database maintained by the Ministry of Labor providing information on salaries for all formal workers in Brazil . The FAT survey asks about sales and the number of employees for two periods . The most recent year for which the information is available ( i . e . the year before the implementation of the survey ) and two years before that . For Korea , these reference years are 2019 and 2017 . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1056, "end": 1077, "text": "Korea Enterprise Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "urban and state / region levels . The survey was administered to approximately 23 , 500 households . Data on child work was gathered on individuals aged 5-17 . In the analysis we use a broad definition of child labor , embracing children engaged in wage work , unpaid family work , farming and self-employment . We do not focus on the distinction between working children and child labor as we are interested in understanding if working affects schooling outcomes regardless of whether or not the work is classified as child labor . We also consider a child as working if he or she is engaged in any one or more than one of the following household chores : cooking , shopping , cleaning , washing clothes , household repairs , childcare , elderly care and other household tasks . For a robust analysis , this study uses two categories of outcomes : those related to work and those related to education . The first covers participation in wage labor , household chores , and any type of work ( either wage labor or household chores ) , and the time spent doing these activities . The second covers school enrollment and attendance , the latter being a binary variable on attendance during the past week , equal to 1 if the child attended at least three days of school in the past week and 0 otherwise . We use a bivariate probit regression to estimate the joint probability of a child ’ s participation in wage work , household chores , or any type of work while simultaneously deciding to be enrolled . The bivariate probit model allows us to focus on the trade-off between current income and higher future income that is the return from education . Implicitly , we have a two-period model . In the first period , parents choose either to invest in children ’ s education or to send them out to work and gain from their earnings . In the second period , parents become inactive and rely on the economic support of their children , whose incomes depend on educational level . Given gender bias in the labor market , this model is often used to explain lower school enrollment for girls . Low expectation of", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 119, "text": "Data on child work", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respective distributions of the variables are statistically indistinguishable , that is , the sample mean is statistically equal to the population mean . The variables that satisfy this criterion are then candidate regressors in the modeling of household per capita income in the survey dataset . > 3These indexes , computed across villages , municipalities , or states , summarize the degree of deprivation in 12 and 9 indicators , respectively , and focus on the dimensions of education , access to basic services in the dwelling , the quality and size of dwellings , health ( the social backwardness index ) , and labor income ( the marginalization index ) . The two indexes are computed through the principal component analysis technique and are then stratified into five groups according to the degree of backwardness or marginalization : very low , low , medium , high , and very high . 7", "spans": [{"start": 280, "end": 294, "text": "survey dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The available data showed that there is a gap in assistance to vulnerable Lebanese returnees . IOM ‟ s December report on Lebanese returnees showed that 84 % of returnees reported that they had not received any assistance , whether from the humanitarian community or the government since arriving in Lebanon . The participants of the MSNA SWG workshop identified the following response gaps : - It would be worth differentiating distribution sites to be able to reach a maximum of targets . - There is a need to link livelihoods with food assistance . Access to the labour market and income generation activities are extremely important in order to offer vulnerable populations a way to afford food and to ensure their dignity . - Workshop participants noted that planning is generally short-term oriented and should be viewed on a medium - to long-term basis . # # * * 1 . 5 Future Developments with Possible Impacts on Sector * * The available data did not allow the MSNA team to determine future developments that may have an impact on the sector . The participants of the MSNA SWG workshop identified the following future developments may have an impact on the sector : - A sudden increase in the number of arrivals - The escalation of internal conflicts - An increase in tensions between refugees and host communities - The occurrence of a drought 6", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 20, "text": "available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 938, "end": 952, "text": "available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "river channels , where physical investments and studies for flood risk reduction will be concentrated . < sup > 62 < / sup > During project implementation , the conflict and security situation in the target woredas / Regions will be closely monitored . > 61 Source : own design , based on World Bank Data Catalog , 2016 > 62 See Figure 2 . 3 ( in Annex 2 ) for an overview of the latest conflict developments . Page 20 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 312, "text": "World Bank Data Catalog", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Urban Productive Safety Net Project ( UPSNP ) ( P151712 ) | Date < br > 29-Jan-2016 | 31-May-2018 | 31-May-2018 | 31-Dec-2020 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Comments * * : * * < br > This indicator value < br > next FY . | will be updated when a follow u | p impact evaluation survey | will be completed during | | IN00607079 < br > ► Participating urban local governments reporting < br > program support . ( Number , Custom ) | improved capacity to deliver | safety net and livelihoo | d services as a result of | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 11 . 00 | | Date < br > 29-Jan-2016 | 31-May-2018 | 31-May-2018 | 31-Dec-2020 | # # # * * Overall Comments PDO * * Few of the indicator values ( where current values are 0 ) will be updated when the next impact evaluation results are received this year . The livelihoods component is being rolled out . Indicator related to this component will be updated by 2020 . # # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * | 1 . Safety Net Support < br > IN00607080 | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ► Beneficiaries of Safety | Nets programs ( number | ) ( Number , Corporate ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 448 , 885 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 0 . 0191 | - 0 . 127 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0460 ) | ( 0 . 0487 ) | ( 0 . 0494 ) | ( 0 . 0374 ) | | Momase region | 0 . 000459 | - 0 . 155 * * * | 0 . 00284 | - 0 . 0969 * * | | | ( 0 . 0404 ) | ( 0 . 0419 ) | ( 0 . 0436 ) | ( 0 . 0328 ) | | Secondary school or less | - 0 . 0892 * * * | - 0 . 0832 * * | - 0 . 0723 * * | - 0 . 0777 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0269 ) | ( 0 . 0281 ) | ( 0 . 0280 ) | ( 0 . 0220 ) | | Constant | 0 . 161 * * * | 0 . 344 * * * | 0 . 172 * * * | 0 . 282 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0412 ) | ( 0 . 0414 ) | ( 0 . 0443 ) | ( 0 . 0351 ) | | Observations | 915 | 876 | 891 | 1514 | Note : This chart is based on answers to question 34 in Appendix B . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent critical level . Standard errors in parentheses . 46", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 21 . 00 | - - | | 30 . 00 | | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar | - 2017 |  DLI 5a4 Improved geographic equity in health service delivery outcomes , based on Penta 3 Vaccine indicator for the bottom 10 % of Performing Woredas ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 44 . 00 | - - | | 0 . 00 | | | Date | 01-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar | - 2017 | # # Comments Complete data not yet available . DLI not due until November 1 , 2017 .  DLI 5b1 Improved wealth equity in education service delivery outcomes , based on Net Attendance Rate indicator for the bottom wealth equity group ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 62 . 10 | - - | | 0 . 00 | | | Date | 01-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar | - 2017 | # # Comments Data not yet available . DLI not due until November 1 , 2017 .  DLI 5b2 Improved wealth equity in health service delivery outcomes , based on penta 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * to Kikarara - Omurwesigilo road . The nearest water source is a borehole of about 1 km from the site . The site is near a power grid ; therefore , electricity will be used as the primary source of power and solar as a backup and no t-lines needed . # # # * * 5 . 1 . 4 Kisenyi Junior Staff House * * The proposed site for the construction of Kisenyi Junior Staff House is situated at coordinates UTM 35S : 9965122 m N 819687 m E in the Katunguru subcounty , Rubirizi District . The site is about 400m to the main Ishasha Road near Kisenyi landing site . It ’ s about 400m from the nearest water source . There is no existing access road to the site , so the access road shall be established during the construction phase . Given that this site is within an open grassland , construction of the access road will not require any vegetation loss . The site is not located near national power grid , so solar power will be the source of power . # # # * * 5 . 2 General Biological Baseline * * Biodiversity surveys were conducted within six sites i . e . , for the proposed development of Kikorongo Junior staff houses , Kanyampala Junior staff houses , Kasenyi Entry Gate , Kisenyi Junior staff houses , Ishasha Junior staff houses , Guruka houses Junior staff houses . # # # * * 5 . 2 . 1 Flora * * QENP is a savanna grassland park that features various vegetation types , such as grasslands , woodlands , riverine woodlands , and papyrus swamps , providing diverse ecosystems that support a variety of animal species . _Themeda trianda_ is the most widespread species of grass , though it is non-existent in water-logged areas . Other species of grass to come along include : _", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1061, "text": "Biodiversity surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "male and female car and motorcycle users and implemented regression analysis to estimate the importance of various personal and trip attributes ( including gender ) in determining the odds of switching to private modes only since the start of the pandemic . Specifically , the analysis applies a logistic regression model with the dependent variable being a binary yes / no of whether the person is a new user of private motorized modes as compared to the pre-pandemic period . * * Finally , where relevant , the analysis highlights results based on the most recent public household travel survey * * for the Buenos Aires metropolitan region ( ENMODO 2018 ) , whose official results were published by the government in 2022 . # * * 3 . MAIN FINDINGS * * * * The first key finding of the analysis is that women in AMBA tend to travel less , even though their trips may be organized into more complex trip chains with multiple trip purposes and stops * * . According to the CDR-based analysis , in 2021 , men in AMBA made about 19 . 3 million trips per day , compared to 18 . 8 million trips by women . However , while the total number of trips by men versus women was higher in the younger age groups ( up to 44 years of age ) , among the older age groups the number of trips made by women was higher , especially in the > 64 age group where women were estimated to make 2 . 1 million daily trips compared to 1 . 7 million among men ( Figure 1 ) . Of course , the _total_ trips may not represent the gender specificity of travel patterns perfectly given that the number of men and women traveling differs in the first place – especially in the older age group the number of women in AMBA significantly exceeds", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 596, "text": "public household travel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it a weak source of information for Argentina . Additionally , export duties , which are among the most distortive taxes , have exhibited significant fluctuations ( * * Figure 15 * * ) . To measure the cyclicality of tax rate policy , it is crucial to consider that tax rates tend to vary very little or remain unchanged compared to government spending and other macroeconomic variables . While government spending is a continuous process , changes in tax rates typically result from parliamentary discussions , leading to a more rigid dynamic . Consistent with recent findings ( Vegh Vuletin , 2015 ) and based on the database used ( i . e . , CIT , PIT , and VAT top rates ) , the average frequency of tax rate changes per year ranges from 0 . 12 to 0 . 20 globally . Moreover , the frequency of changes in Argentina is even lower , approximately 0 . 10 . This means that top-statutory tax rates of the three main taxes change , on average , once every 10 years . Therefore , while the usual approach to measure cyclicality involves using the cyclical component of a fiscal variable ( e . g . , government consumption ) , it is more appropriate to utilize the percentage change in tax rates for analyzing the cyclicality of tax policy . A positive ( negative ) correlation between the change in tax rates and real GDP indicates a countercyclical ( procyclical ) tax policy stance . Furthermore , to capture the overall cyclical behavior of taxes in each country , a tax index is constructed , which comprises a weighted average of the three tax rates ( weighting on their respective share of tax revenue ) . # Ti = CITi ∗ WeightCIT + PITi ∗ WeightPIT + VATi ∗ WeightVAT When analyzing the three main taxes included in the tax index , it appears that Argentina has pursued a relatively acyclical tax policy . The correlation between changes in the tax rate index and the real GDP cycle for Argentina is + 0 . 27 , although not significantly different from zero . This suggests a tax policy that is neutral in terms of its cyclical impact , at least for the", "spans": [{"start": 1724, "end": 1733, "text": "tax index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "disbursement arrangements for the project_ * * _ : - _ * * The project will follow government channel 2 fund flow mechanism whereby the fund flows to MoWE by deposit into a separate Designated Account to be opened at the National Bank of Ethiopia ( NBE ) managed by MoWE . The authorized ceiling of the Designated Account will be two quarters of forecasted expenditure based on the approved annual work plan and budget . Fund from the designated US $ account will be further transferred into local currency ( Birr ) account to be held by MoWE . From the Birr account , MoWE will transfer the funds to the separate local currency bank accounts to be opened by EDRMC , EMI , and the basin development offices . 42 . _Disbursement_ methods * * : * * The project may follow one or a combination of the following disbursement methods : Designated Account , Direct Payment , Reimbursement and Special Commitment . For Advance to the Designated account and subsequent replenishment as well as for the Reimbursement methods , the project will use report-based disbursement method . Disbursement will be made quarterly and cover cash requirements for the next six months based on the forecasts reported in the IFRs . 43 . _Withdrawal / Disbursement categories_ * * _ : _ * * The project will have a separate category which will be set for CERC emergency allocation with nominal cost that will be actually costed upon CERC activation and restructuring . The project cost categories will therefore consist of two categories with the first including the costs of project activities designed in this PAD while the second with zero cost amount left for the emergency contingent activities . An Emergency Response Manual ( ERM ) will be developed with fiduciary , environmental and social , monitoring and reporting , and any other necessary coordination and Page 78 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 1201, "end": 1205, "text": "IFRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * MIN 4 / 10-01-18 : PLENARY SESSION * * Since the community had not identified space for construction of a school and a market , they were asked to do so during the session . A community member named Mama Bahati offered to give up part of her land to have a school constructed , and the community applauded her for this . * * MIN 05 / 10-01-18 : WAY FORWARD ON NEW CONSTRUCTIONS * * It was observed that several new buildings have been erected in riparian reserves , yet the SEC team never reported . The community was prompted of the cut-off date for any new constructions , which was issued last year . The SEC committee was reminded of their duty to report new constructions and their failure to do so was evident . An ultimatum was issued to the community to either have the KISIP project halted , or have the constructions on riparian reserves dealt with . It was agreed that the SEC and Grievances Committee will handle this issue . Structure owners of the said buildings will be met on 11 / 01 / 18 . They were asked to invite the chief and ward administrator to this meeting . Feedback will be issued back to the consultant after the said date . * * MIN 06 / 09-01-18 : CUTOFF DATE DECLARATION * * The gathering was informed that a census survey of all affected assets and livelihoods sources will be enumerated within the settlement . However , it is important to ensure that residents of the settlement are safeguarded against speculators who may want to take advantage of the project by constructing structures with the intention of benefiting from compensation funds . Therefore as provided by OP 4 . 12 and KISIP RPF , a “ cut-off date ” of 7 < sup > th < / sup > February 2018 was agreed , this date will be the date of start of census activities in the settlement . * * MIN 07 / 10-01-18 : LIST", "spans": [{"start": 1251, "end": 1264, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 38 * * # # # * * < mark > e ) Solid waste management < / mark > * * Solid waste management in Entebbe Municipal Council is carried out under the Municipality ’ s centralized collection ( with skips , trucks ) and disposal system . Entebbe Hospital has a new diesel-fuelled incinerator recently donated by Uganda Virus Research institute ) . To this extent therefore , there is capability in Entebbe to manage healthcare waste currently generated or expected to be generated after renovation of existing hospital . # # # * * < mark > g ) Infrastructure < / mark > * * # # #  * * _Transport_ * * Roads are the most prevalent mode of transport in Entebbe Municipality . It is certain that project development and operation activities such as transport of construction material and healthcare waste will predominantly be road-based . # # #  * * _Water and sanitation_ * * According to the municipal council records , Entebbe has 98 % piped water coverage which supplied by NWSC trunk mains . These figures are above national averages of 57 % and 60 % respectively . It is therefore not anticipated that sanitation-related diseases are or will be a major challenge for the Entebbe hospital in the present state or after renovation . # # #  * * _Energy_ * * Entebbe Municipality and the hospital have hydroelectricity supply . However charcoal and in poorer communities wood are a main cooking fuels due to high electricity bills . Respiratory ailments are therefore not unexpected at the existing hospital or after its renovation . # # # * * 2 . 1 . 6 . 2 Observations at Entebbe Hospital * * The hospital has three campuses at different location in the municipality . At all campuses , no observations were made to the effect that proposed project would lead to involuntary displacement of anybody . Observations made at each campus were : # # # * * a ) * * * * _Grade A_ ( private wing ) * * - i", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 926, "text": "municipal council records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # COVER KEY ISSUES RELATING TO CHILDREN ON THE MOVE - To ensure the well-being of children on the move is being factored into national programmes , data must capture the extent to which children are able to access essential services . These include education , health , nutrition , water and sanitation , and child protection . Data must count and track unaccompanied and separated children and family reunification . They must also reflect the impact of migrating parents on children who remain at home . A child ’ s agency – to pursue aspirations , to be able to protect themselves – is also an important aspect of well-being . More investments are needed in qualitative and longitudinal data that demonstrate the extent to which children can exercise this right . # # # # # # INITIATIVES FOR BETTER DATA - IOM and UNICEF continue to strengthen their longstanding partnership to best support the changing needs of children on the move . Among other initiatives , they are working on innovative and data-led solutions to improve child-sensitive migration management , access to services ( e . g . , health ) , humanitarian response , and a number of emerging areas , such as climate and migration - A < u > 2021 OECD policy brief provided important evidence < / u > on how the pandemic has affected immigrants and their children in terms of health , jobs , education , language training and other integration measures , and public opinion . It also described host countries ’ policy responses - Global-level migration-related processes are increasingly highlighting the need for better data and evidence to address children ’ s issues . For example : - » The IDMC < u > Global Report on Internal Displacement ( GRID ) < / u > 2022 , set for release in late May 2022 , focuses on children and youth in internal displacement - » A 2021 IDAC webinar highlighted how girls and boys may experience COVID-related risks and challenges differently , informed by an < u > IDAC issue brief < / u > - In 2007 ,", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 698, "text": "qualitative and longitudinal data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| TABLE6 . Decompos | ition of the Public | - Private Wage | GapBased on | our Simulati | ons | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1993 | 1998 | 2002 | 2006 | Change < br > 1900 – 2000s | | * * Real Gap * * | 0 . 21 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 53 | 0 . 30 | | * * Simulation 1 * * | | | | | | | Price effect | − 0 . 36 | − 0 . 23 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 44 | | Selection | 0 . 56 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 35 | − 0 . 14 | | * * Simulation 2 * * | | | | | | | Price effect | − 0 . 08 | − 0 . 01 | − 0 . 06 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 03 | | Selection | 0 . 28 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 54 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 27 | | * * Average 1 – 2 * * | | | | | | | Price effect | − 0 . 22 | − 0 . 12 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 23 | | Selection | 0 . 42 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 45 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 07 | _Source : _ Author ' s calculations based on VLSS and VHLSS data . Compared with the Oaxaca-Blinder method , our model offers a much more comprehensive view of selection on workers ' characteristics . Hence , our model strengthens the case against explaining the widening of the public-private sector gap only by selection . The fact that α is significantly inferior to one in the first panel suggests that neither a simple wage equation model nor a fixed effect model ( which , de facto , assumes constant returns to the unobserved characteristics across the sectors ) could adequately describe", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 807, "text": "VLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 812, "end": 822, "text": "VHLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) | Value | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date < br > | 25-Jan-2015 | 30-Aug-2021 | 30-Aug-2021 | 15-Jun-2023 | | IN01102705 < br > ► Annual progress re | ports meets World Bank quality a | nd timely delivery requirements | ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | 25-Jan-2015 | 30-Aug-2021 | 30-Aug-2021 | 10-Oct-2020 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P148591 | IDA-56050 | Effective | USD | 350 . 00 | 350 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 310 . 76 | 35 . 90 | | 90 % | | P148591 | IDA-D7220 | Effective | USD | 80 . 00 | 80 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 15 . 11 | 64 . 44 | | 19 % | | P148591 | TF-A", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ The census and impact chapter is dealing with the total 613 PAHs ( both 604 interviewed and 9 missing / absentee PAHs ) . See Section 7 . 2 . * * _Age Structure : _ * * The age structure of subproject affected household heads shows that 73 . 5 % of the heads are between 30 and 64 years of age , while 11 . 4 % of them are relatively younger household heads whose age are 29 years old and younger . On the other hand , the proportion of young people ( below 25 years old ) dominated the age structure of the project affected household members . * * _Marital Status : _ * * Data on marital status of interviewed subproject affected household heads revealed that 80 . 1 % of the PAHs were married , while 6 . 4 % of the heads were never married during the census survey . The proportion of subprojects affected household heads without partnership or spouses constituted 12 . 1 % of project affected household heads . * * _Ethnic Affiliation : _ * * The ethnic affiliations of subproject affected household heads and populations indicate 88 . 3 % of HH heads and 91 . 2 % of the HH population belongs to Oromo ethnic group , while 8 . 8 % of the HH heads and 7 . 7 % of the HH members belongs to Amhara ethnic group . Other ethnic groups constituted the remaining ethnic profile of HH heads and HH population . * * _Religious Affiliation : _ * * Based on the census survey result , 81 . 7 % of project affected HH heads reported that they are affiliated to Muslim religion , followed by Orthodox Christianity ( 16 . 0 % ) . Household heads affiliated with other religions and absentee constituted the remaining 2 . 3 . * * _Employment and Occupation : _ * * The primary occupation for 86 .", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 921, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7555 # * * Abstract * * This paper looks at how individual preferences for the allocation of government spending change along the life cycle . Using the Life in Transition Survey II for 34 countries in Europe and Central Asia , the study finds that older individuals are less likely to support a rise in government outlays on education and more likely to support increases in spending on pensions . These results are very similar across countries , and they do not change when using alternative model specifications , estimation methods , and data sources . Using repeated cross-sections , the analysis controls for cohort effects and confirms the main results . The findings are consistent with a body of literature arguing that conflict across generations over the allocation of public expenditures may intensify in ageing economies . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Europe and Central Asia Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at hwinkler @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 211, "text": "Life in Transition Survey II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that agricultural land does not become a non-renewable resource due to land degradation is of paramount importance to the economy of a nation and the world . This wealth category is divided into cropland , which represents the value of primary crops of cereals , fruits , vegetables for human consumption , and pastureland , which is mainly concerned with indigenous livestock production for meat , milk and other products ( World Bank , 2018 ) . The value of land is also partly derived from \" water supply , soil fertility and pollination services \" ( Lange et al . , 2018 ) . FAOSTAT data shows that agricultural land area has been steadily growing for B-rated countries ( annual growth rate of 0 . 14 % or total growth rate of 1 . 32 % between 2009 – 2018 , excluding Italy and Spain ) and shrinking for A-rated countries ( annual growth rate of - 0 . 15 % or total growth rate of - 1 . 29 % ) . Given that agriculture , forestry and fishing constitute a larger share of GDP value-added in B-rated countries , this discrepancy is not entirely unexpected . At the same time , both cropland and pastureland deteriorate the environment . The IPBES ( 2019 ) estimates that “ [ a ] pproximately 25 per cent of the globe ’ s greenhouse gas emissions come from land clearing , crop production and fertilization , with animal-based food contributing 75 per cent of that . ” Livestock has a disproportionately strong social and environmental impact compared to its economic relevance , as it is the main factor for deforestation and accounts for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions ( Steinfeld et al . , 2006 ) . The FAO cites soil loss and degradation as threats to agriculture itself ( FAO , 2018 ) . IPBES ( 2019 ) estimates that 23 percent of the world ’ s 20", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 591, "text": "FAOSTAT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 comprehensive definition of government should include all these entities , in practice , central government expenditures are often all that is recorded given the availability and reliability of expenditure data . While measures of state and local expenditures are often simply unavailable , public enterprises pose problems that go beyond the problem of non-existent data . Since the U . N . System of National Accounts does not call 3 for any unique t : eatment of public enterprises as organs of government , public enterprise information rarely finds its way into sources concerned with quantifyin * * g * * overnmcnt expenditures . The absence of data on public enterprises is particularly troubling , especially for developing nations , where the growth in state enterprises is believed to be a dominant form of government expansioni in the past 10-20 years . 4 While expenditure data on state and local governments and public enterprises may generally be absent from standard sources , other problems confront calculation of central government expenditures as a measure of total government spending . Often omitt3d are off-budget activities including tax expenditures , subsidies , government lending and government loan guarantees . Tax expenditures refer to the use of tax concessiont for specific groups as a substitute for direct expenditures . The attractiveness of these fiscal instruments is their lack of transparency and overall c-ntrolability ; however , at the same time they may be costly as they impart distortions to public resource mobilization and allocation . Furthermore , tax expenditures can confound both cross-country and intertemporal comparisons of the size and", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 212, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "review and approval . In order to strengthen management ' s technical expertise , some 29 senior factory personnel would participate on overseas tours to visit well-managed sugar factories . # # General Management and Administration 4 . 11 The sugar companies ' general management and administration would be strengthened through provision of office machines , equipment and furniture and a total of some 65 additional staff , 23 of whom would be at senior managerial and administrative levels . The Project would also include general expenses for personnel , accounting services , and other overheads incurred as a result of the Project . Finally , provision would be made to cover the incremental management fees generated by increased company profits . # Infrastructure 4 . 12 Roads ( Annex 10 ) . The road network in the Project area would be improved and expanded . The civil works construction activities would include : tarmac surfacing of 24 km of classified roads and of the factory access roads at Miwani , Chemelil and Muhoroni ; upgrading of about 200 km of classified roads and 54 km of unclassified roads ; and new construction of about 160 km of unclassified roads , and 275 km of tracks , bridges and crossings ( Maps IBRD 12994 , 12993 , and 13062 ) . In total , some 678 km of roads would be affected ; 243 km would be improved and 435 km would be constructed . 4 . 13 Housing and Other Facilities ( Annex 10 ) . Housing would be provided for about 3 , 200 company staff ; a large proportion of these facilities would", "spans": [{"start": 1229, "end": 1264, "text": "Maps IBRD 12994 , 12993 , and 13062", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Seasonality The 1993 and 1995 surveys were conducted only over a period of several months : June to November 1993 and April and May 1995 . Households were interviewed once during that period , and were asked about expenditures over the past week , month , three months or year depending on the category of expenditure . If either of these surveys were conducted during periods of exceptionally low or high expenditure , then the estimates of mean expenditure and the poverty incidence calculations could be biased . To assess whether there is a bias , we need some way of determining how expenditure varies over the year and correcting for seasonal fluctuations . Fortunately the 1985-1988 CILSS surveys can be used for this purpose . Households in the CILSS surveys were interviewed once about their expenditures , with the interviews conducted randomly throughout the year . Since the CILSS surveys had a two week recall period for both purchased food and many nonfood items , a high percentage of expenditure would potentially be subject to seasonal variation . This variation in expenditure could arise from seasonal fluctuations prices , particularly food prices , that are not offset by variations in quantity , or to seasonal variation in income , to the extent that households do not smooth their consumption over the course of a year . There could also be seasonal variation present in the estimate of expenditure on items for which the recall period was a year if the period of the year during which the interview takes place influences the size of the recall error . For example , households interviewed during a period in which they typically purchase more durable goods , send more remittances , or consume more home production might remember more of their expenditures than households interviewed during other periods of the year . Or the value households attach to the consumption of home production may vary with the market price of the home-consumed product . Or the estimate of the quantity consumed each day or the number of days per month a home-produced good is consumed may reflect the pattern during the month that household is interviewed rather than the average over the year . < sup > 23 < / sup > Thus any", "spans": [{"start": 755, "end": 768, "text": "CILSS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". These percentages are very low , considering that they are included in impact evaluations where at least one measure of impact is supposed to be very available to be used in these comparisons . We find that just 25 percent of the CEAs and CBAs reported opportunity costs . However , because policy makers craft decisions based on real budgets and financial costs , excluding opportunity costs may be theoretically imperfect but practically correct . The transparency of reporting is very low among the 30 World Bank IEs that included any kind of VFM analysis . Descriptions of the Costing data , methods and assumptions are often vague or incomplete . Just 13 percent reported unit costs of inputs , and only 17 percent reported unit costs per impact . Only 8 percent of IE projects conducted over a year reported discount rates and only 21 percent reported adjusting for inflation . There was also a lack of consistency in reporting discount rates , currency conversions , and inflation adjustments . For example , 58 percent of the analyses did not report the exchange rate used to convert from local to the currency of analysis . In addition , very few studies — around 13 percent — provided 14", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 595, "text": "Costing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country of asylum and level in the procedure , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * | Country / | | | | | Pending < br > start-06 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-06 | < br > Recog | Protecti < br > nition | on indicato | rs < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | territory | | | Ca | ses / | | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | rat | es | O / w . | Change | | of < br > asylum | Proc < br > T * | edure < br > L * * | Pers < br > App . | ons * * * < br > Dec . | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed < br > rate | pending < br > cases ( % ) | | Afghanistan | U | FI | P | P | 14 | 10 | 2 | - | 4 | 13 | 19 | 5 | 33 . 3 | 33 . 3 | 68 . 4 | - 64 . 3 | | Albania | G | FA | P | P | 35 |", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 139, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply to reduce spending on pellets . The scale-up phase will help Inyenyeri to determine feasibility and strategies for sustaining the programme in the longer term . As Inyenyeri ’ s entire customer base grows beyond the refugee market , that will provide economies of scale that can support this work . However , it is likely that some form of donor funding will always be required , especially for the most vulnerable households . Based on this pilot experience and the results of the ICRW survey , Suzanna Huber , Inyenyeri Refugee Programme Manager , noted that refugee customers may always require some form of subsidization to buy more than the 10 kg minimum requirement of pellets . Whether that long-term subsidy should continue to be paid to the end-user , as is currently the case , or take some other form , is what everyone is hoping to learn over the next two years . For now , fundraising to sustain increased refugee purchasing power is a high priority . It is possible that additional funds to sustain this programme and continue meeting 100 per cent of refugees ’ cooking energy needs will also be found from the very real savings achieved by UNHCR in terms of health and safety spending , among other areas . Johns Hopkins University and Plan International , an NGO , are conducting a randomized controlled trial of the impacts on Inyenyeri customers . Inyenyeri is also interested in a full cost – benefit analysis , the scope of which would include savings to UNHCR as well as the potential increases in refugee purchasing power associated with time savings and improved health . Inyenyeri is optimistic that cost savings associated with the quantifiable benefits of its clean-cooking solution will offset increases in spending by UNHCR on cash transfers for clean-fuel alternatives , and attract the additional support needed to secure long-term success . For more information , contact Amber Bloomer at amber . bloomer @ iny", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 586, "text": "ICRW survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", middle ( classes 1 – 8 ) , and secondary schools ( classes 1 – 10 , 6 – 10 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > Looking at the aggregate sample ( pooled across phases ) , the mean program school size is 455 students ; in schools with both girls and boys enrollment , the mean ratio is 1 ( gender parity ) . Program schools have on average 17 teachers and 16 classrooms . The mean student-teacher and student classroom ratios are 27 : 1 and 29 : 1 , respectively . The majority of program schools is middle level ( 64 % ) , coeducational ( 97 % ) , rural ( 59 % ) , and registered ( 100 % ) . The phase-wise statistics indicate that mean enrollment is positively associated with length of program participation , this relationship also holds for mean boys and girls enrollment . The number of teachers and classrooms are also positively associated > 4 The organization is continuing to expand its set of instruments : for example , it is now considering supporting private organizations / individuals that adopt and manage non-functional public schools handed over by the government for this initiative . > 5 The three higher secondary schools in the program are excluded . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Methodology # # Distribution Based on Rural Population The methodology for distributing rural population used in this analysis is relatively straightforward . First , as with all the methodologies compared here , the agricultural GDP is aggregated from the municipio level up to the microregion level . Then , the rural population grid was produced using the Gridded Population of the World ( GPW ) version 4 ( CIESIN 2017 ) for 2010 adjusted to the United Nation ’ s World Population Prospects ( UN WPP ) , and masking out urban area using the Global Human Settlement grid for 2015 ( Pesaresi and Freire 2016 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > Once these steps are done , it is straightforward to aggregate population to the 5 arc minute pixel used by all three methodologies , then for each microregion , distribute the agricultural GDP per rural person to each pixel based on the rural population in each pixel . # # Spatial Allocation Using Cross ‐ Entropy < mark > The methodological framework is a spatial allocation model that estimates the subnational agricultural GDP to 5 arc minute pixels ( or any other spatial resolution desired ) . The probabilistic model includes the control ( constraint ) of national or subnational agricultural GDP available from various sources of national ministries by country or reports . The five components of agricultural GDP ( crops , livestock , fisheries , timber , and non ‐ timber forest products ) are used to provide a prior estimate of agricultural < / mark > GDP at the pixel level . < mark > We define our spatial AgGDP allocation problem in a cross ‐ entropy framework following You et al . ( 2014 ) . The first step is to transform all real ‐ value parameters into a corresponding probability form . Let S < / mark > _i_ < mark > be the percentage of the total agricultural GDP allocated to pixel < / mark > _ < mark > i < / mark > _ < mark > within a certain country ( e . g . Country X ) except the crop value for that pixel . < / mark > _ < mark > AgGDP < / mark", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 392, "text": "Gridded Population of the World", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 470, "end": 496, "text": "World Population Prospects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 547, "end": 575, "text": "Global Human Settlement grid", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of energy used for cooking include charcoal ( 17 . 1 % ) , Paraffin ( 6 . 9 % ) , and Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) ( 2 . 5 % ) . For lighting , paraffin dominates with its usage estimated at 79 . 3 % followed by electricity at 18 . 3 % . Through the Rural Electrification Program , electricity coverage has improved in the county with homes , trade centers and schools being continually connected to the national grid . About 36 trading centers have electricity while 17 do not . 35 secondary schools have been connected to the national grid while another 34 are yet to be connected ( Kisumu County Fact Sheet ) . In the sites being targeted by KISIP , charcoal is the main source of energy for cooking followed by firewood . Only a small percentage of the residents of these informal settlements use gas for cooking with the highest number being in Shauri Yako at 13 . 9 % as per the KISIP socio-economic survey . Most of the respondents alluded to having a stable supply of both charcoal and firewood . * * Table 5 . 2 : Sources of Fuel in the KISIP Sites * * | < br > * * Name of Site * * | < br > * * Charcoal * * | < br > * * Firewood * * | < br > * * Gas * * | < br > * * Comments * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * Manyatta A * * | < br > 50 | < br > 13 . 6 | < br > 4 . 5 | | | < br > * * Manyatta B * * | < br > 70 ( both C + F ) | | | | | < br > * * Nyawita * * | < br > 94 | < br > 6 | | | | * * Shauri Yak", "spans": [{"start": 888, "end": 915, "text": "KISIP socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parametric cross-entropy methods , but keeping it consistent with the United Nations ’ population projections and levels of education observed in the household surveys . < sup > 11 < / sup > To be consistent with the GIDD , LINKAGE is modified to adopt the former ’ s skilled-unskilled labor definition , whereby a skilled worker is anybody with more than nine years of education , and an unskilled worker is anybody with nine years of education , or less . This redefinition necessitates an adjustment of the GTAP data on value added by labor type in production , such that the number of workers of a given skill type in a given sector is consistent in the 2007 benchmark year across the two modeling frameworks . # * * 3 . 2 Scenarios * * Using the simulation framework described above , seven alternative future scenarios are considered . The scenarios are designed so as to be able to identify the marginal impact of a given policy outcome as it interfaces with demographic change ( Table 1 ) . The policy outcomes are those related to the demographic dividend and include the maintenance and improvement of employment ratios , improvements in educational attainment and quality , and changes in savings behavior . To achieve this , first a “ business-as-usual ” scenario is considered to establish a baseline economic path till 2050 for the SACU economies . In the baseline , educational attainment rates are assumed to be constant , the total labor supply grows at the same rate as the working-age population ( based on the same rate as the UN WPP ’ s medium fertility scenario ) , and employment ratios remain constant at 2015 values . The current account balances and investment shares track the forecasts of World Bank ( 2015b ) till 2017 before converging to longrun values . Labor productivity is assumed to grow in a fashion that real GDP grows till 2017 following the World Bank ( 2015b ) , and following growth projections under the Shared-SocioEconomic Pathway 2 scenario of Dellink et al . ( 2015 ) from 2018 to 2050 . The alternative scenarios then deviate from this baseline scenario in a specific , but different , way . The differences in economic outcomes", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 167, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 510, "end": 519, "text": "GTAP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tory status that Colombia had previously granted to Venezuelan migrants . The difference between previous waves of PEP and this one ( PEP ) was that the latter was explicitly created for Venezuelans registered in the RAMV , and as such , focused on undocumented immigrants . According to the decree , these immigrants could request the PEP migratory status during the third quarter of 2018 . Each migrant had a window of time in which to apply based on their RAMV registration number , which they received as their record was entered into the system in real time . This number was exogenously allocated to each immigrant across all the authorized points . By the end of that year , 281 , 307 of the 442 , 617 eligible individuals had applied for and received one . According to the RAMV data described in Table 1 , the migrants under consideration were young and had low levels of education : less than 10 percent of RAMV migrants were older than 60 years , and over 50 percent of this group had completed at least secondary education . This group was younger but slightly less educated than the Colombian labor force . According to 2018 population estimates , approximately 13 . 5 percent of the Colombian population was older than 60 years , and 61 . 5 percent of the active labor force in 2017 had completed at least basic secondary education . At the time of the RAMV survey , 46 . 3 percent of working-age migrants had some level of employment in the informal sector . # * * III DATA * * We exploit monthly and city variation in our estimates . The data we use can be grouped as follows : 1 . . _Crime reports by migrant victims_ We use individual level reports from victims from the Colombian National Police that include reports on all crimes denounced in Colombia between January 2017 and December 2019 ( one year before and after the regularization program ) . They include information on the type of crime , the municipality of reporting , and the nationality and the gender of the individual who reported it . We construct crime counts on a monthly basis for each main city in 9", "spans": [{"start": 782, "end": 791, "text": "RAMV data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1367, "end": 1378, "text": "RAMV survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 3 : RAP 1b Cadastral Map * *", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 34, "text": "RAP 1b Cadastral Map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "ca"}
{"text": ", F . Dom ́ ınguez-Castro , V . Slonosky , J . Cooper , M . Brunet , and S . Br ̈ onnimann ( 2023 ) . The global historical climate database HCLIM . _Scientific Data 10_ ( 1 ) , 44 . - Maccini , S . and D . Yang ( 2009 ) . Under the weather : Health , schooling , and economic consequences of early-life rainfall . _American Economic Review 99_ ( 3 ) , 1006 – 26 . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KAP survey , the geographic , demographic and sectoral diversities of the regions were the primary considerations . The survey covered localities that are within urban and pastoralist settings . Taking the lifespan of localities as a factor , it equally embraced sites that are relatively old and new given the presumed difference in levels of urbanization that derive from the length of period in which the locality has been settled . 5 . Considering all these factors , 35 woredas were selected from nine regions and two city administrations of FDRE . # # # * * _ < u > Sampling frame and designs < / u > _ * * 6 . The target groups of the survey were youth in the age group of 15 – 24 years , including both inschool and out-of school youth . Since there are two types of target groups , in - and out-of school youth sub-groups , two sampling frames were used . The school roaster constituted the sampling universe for the in-school youth while the list of the localities in the KAs was the source from which the out-of-school youth were drawn after a mapping exercise which identified congregation sites and times . 7 . In designing the sample for the determination of the sample size for the two sub-groups , the prime consideration has been the factor of access to information services on reproductive health . Equally 38", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 10, "text": "KAP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 869, "end": 883, "text": "school roaster", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 952, "end": 985, "text": "list of the localities in the KAs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * LSMS-ISA Uganda National Panel Survey ( P163029 ) | * * ADM STAFF * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Role * * | * * At Approval * * | * * At ICR * * | | Regional Vice President : | Makhtar Diop | Victoria Kwakwa | | Country Director : | Christina E . Malmberg Calvo | Keith E . Hansen | | Director : | Haishan Fu | Haishan Fu | | Practice Manager : | Michael M . Lokshin | Talip Kilic | | Task Team Leader ( s ) : | Calogero Carletto | Giulia Ponzini | | ICR Contributing Author : | | Giulia Ponzini | Page 3 of 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 0 . 428 * * * < br > ( 0 . 145 ) | | | | SBFs - Extensive margin | | | 0 . 131 * < br > ( 0 . 0717 ) | | | FTM * SBF EXT | | | 0 . 0829 < br > ( 0 . 146 ) | | | SBFs - Intensive margin | | | | 0 . 0665 < br > ( 0 . 0946 ) | | FTM * SBF INT | | | | 0 . 294 < br > ( 0 . 203 ) | | Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Sector | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Region | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Observations | 6717 | 6717 | 4370 | 4362 | | R-squared | 0 . 495 | 0 . 496 | 0 . 501 | 0 . 497 | Note : All estimates control for capital stock , employment , sector , country , and additional controls , including formality and the management human capita index . FTM = Female Top Manager , GBF EXT = General Business Function Extensive Margin , GBF INT = General Business Function Intensive Margin , SBF EXT = General Business Function Extensive Margin , SBF INT = General Business Function Intensive Margin . Estimates were performed using sample weights . * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . Table 9 provides additional results from the 2SLS model estimates . As we include inter19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) # # # * * ANNEX 5 : The COVID-19 pandemic , the liquidity problem and rationale for MSME liquidity support * * * * COUNTRY : Kenya * * * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) * * 1 . * * COVID-19 and rationale for MSME liquidity support : * * Despite stable liquidity in the financial sector , it is unevenly distributed and not flowing to the MSMEs . Banks had started lending to the private sector at an increasing pace since the removal of interest rate caps in November 2019 , but the momentum was slowed by the COVID-19 pandemic . Banks are now taking a cautious approach in extending fresh credit , in an environment where corporates and individuals are increasingly seeking extensions on their loan repayments , thus affecting MSME lending . Growth of private sector credit decreased to 7 percent in August 2021 compared to 8 . 3 percent in August 2020 ( which was a slight increase from 6 . 3 percent in August 2019 ) . At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic , between March and July 2020 , the growth of private sector credit declined from about 9 . 03 percent to 7 . 9 percent . At the same time , net credit to government has accelerated to 44 . 24 percent in August 2020 from 8 . 06 percent in March 2020 , as the government switched to domestic sources to fund its widening budget deficit ( including COVID-19 related spending ) . Segregated data from the World Bank COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey ( 2020 ) and information gathered by World Bank from key sector informants during project preparations indicates that two thirds of firms in Kenya experienced decreases in demand , cashflow and available finance with large variability in cash availability and access to credit amongst MSMEs and FIs . The lack of mechanisms to distribute and pool liquidity in the interbank", "spans": [{"start": 1500, "end": 1541, "text": "World Bank COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * _Peru_ * * The table below shows Haitian applications for refugee status in Peru and the substantial increase after the earthquake ( first line ) . It also displays the number of Haitian claimants recognized during each of the years between 2008 and 2017 , although recognition in a given year does not necessarily correspond to an application in the same year ( second line ) . < sup > 283 < / sup > | * * 2008 * * | * * 2009 * * | * * 2010 * * | * * 2011 * * | * * 2012 * * | * * 2013 * * | * * 2014 * * | * * 2015 * * | * * 2016 * * | * * 2017 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 16 | 1 | 10 | 85 | 84 | 19 | 14 | 7 | 54 | 6 | | NA | NA | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 20 | 1 | The response to the questionnaire ( which in this case was from the government of Peru ) suggests Haitians affected by the earthquake were recognized pursuant to the Refugee Convention criteria as implemented in domestic law , and largely on the basis of “ political opinion ” or “ membership of a particular social group ” . The response notes that lack of public order and institutional capacity meant victims of gangs were unprotected and defenseless . Cantor reinforces that Haitians were recognized , not because of the earthquake directly but because of a “ well-founded fear of persecution [ from ] non-State actors that arose from the vacuum of governmental authority after the earthquake in Haiti . ” < sup > 284 < / sup > Haitian claimants were not , however , recognized pursuant to the broader refugee criteria in the Cartagena Declaration , even though the", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 92, "text": "Haitian applications for refugee status in Peru", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "blocks . Randomization was stratified by the 9 sub-districts in Belo Horizonte , and by whether the block had above or below the median firm density ( measured by the number of listed informal firms divided by the area of the block ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > This resulted in 201 blocks being chosen as control blocks , 202 inspector blocks , and 202 communication blocks ( Table 1 ) . # * * 4 . 3 . Baseline Survey of Control and Communication Blocks * * All of the firms listed in the communication and control blocks were then targeted for a baseline survey which took place between May and August 2011 and was carried out by the same firm ( Gauss ) as had done the listing . Out of these 5 , 419 firms , 1 , 455 were found to be formal ( through presentation of > 8 For each street which formed part of more than one block ( 144 streets in total ) , we calculated the median street number in each block . We then took the difference in median street numbers across blocks for each street , and for all blocks where this difference was smaller than 250 street numbers , combined the firms that were on the same street but in different blocks into a new block . > 9 Since firm density ( area of the block ) was not known for the blocks that we had reclassified to avoid having neighboring firms in different blocks , we had three strata within each subdistrict : above median density , below median density , and reclassified block . 12", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 448, "text": "Baseline Survey of Control and Communication Blocks", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) # # # * * ANNEX 2 : IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS * * # # # * * COUNTRY : Lebanon * * * * Roads and Employment Project * * # # # * * Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements * * 1 . The project implementation entity is CDR . All technical , fiduciary , safeguards , and monitoring aspects will be executed directly by CDR therefore avoiding the complication of multiple agencies ’ implementation . CDR has a long and well established cooperation with the World Bank and other donors , and its performance at project implementation has been generally satisfactory . CDR will , however , ensure coordination with the relevant government agencies , particularly the MPWT , regarding the priorities , technical aspects , and project requirements . The selection of priority roads for the project will be undertaken in consultation with MPWT based on the results of the visual survey and the agreed criteria . MPWT will also identify and submit its needs for emergency equipment and desired technical specifications to CDR who will undertake the procurement of such equipment . The SNRSC will inform CDR about its capacity building needs and will draft and review terms of Reference for the required services , with Bank support , before CDR proceeds with the procurement of such services . The same road asset management system will also be installed within both CDR and MPWT and will involve the joint participation and training of MPWT and CDR staff on the utilization of the new system , therefore reinforcing sustainability given both MPWT and CDR active responsibilities in the road sector in Lebanon . 2 . To ensure further coordination and capacity building , two road engineers from MPWT ( one from planning and one from maintenance ) will be primarily dedicated to support CDR in the implementation of the project , providing day ‐ to ‐ day on ‐ the ‐ job learning . The project will also fund one road engineer , through the PIU , who will be housed within MPWT working with the General", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 953, "text": "visual survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10-Aug-2023 | 30-Jun-2028 | | Comments * * : * * | The project will sup < br > and gap analysis an < br > percent of project co | port an internship program , whi < br > d activities to promote their par < br > st allocated for supporting this | ch will define a specific quota < br > ticipation in internship progra < br > activity will target women . | for women engineers , < br > ms , and a minimum 30 | | IN01304356 | | - - - | ► Citizen Engagement , Share of target beneficiaries with rating ‘ Satisfied ’ or above on project interventions ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 60 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2020 < br > 30-Jun-2022 | 10-Aug-2023 | 30-Jun-2028 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator estimates demand-side social accoun < br > and the extent to which project activities and outcom < br > on a perception survey administered on a represent < br > communities / beneficiaries including Vulnerable and < br > management of social and environmental risks and i < br > process of the selected local social infrastructure , an < br > Survey results will be disaggregated by gender . | tability through engageme < br > es are meeting beneficiar < br > ative sample to represent < br > Marginalized Groups ( VM < br > mpacts , management of s < br > d quality of construction o | nt with project beneficiaries < br > ies ’ demands . This is based < br > ative local <", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 966, "text": "perception survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Conditions of Use of Secure_ < sup > _Identification Devices in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process_ < / sup > _Applications and Supporting_ < sup > _Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of Tokens \" ) , the < / sup > Recipient represents and warrants < sup > tothe Associationthat it will deliverto eachsuch person a < / sup > copy of the Terms and Conditions < sup > of Use of Tokens and will causesuch persons to abide < / sup > < sup > * * by * * < / sup > those terms and conditions . ] This Authorization replaces and < sup > supersedesanyAuthorization currently in the < / sup > Association records with respect < sup > to this Agreement . < / sup > [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , / signed * * / * * [ Position ]", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 630, "text": "Association records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | • < br > Developa baseline database for continuous monitoringof impacts | | - - - | - - - | | Roundtable < br > discussions | • < br > Use prepared questions or collect preliminary questions to assist in < br > group discussions < br > • < br > Each person is given equal chance and right to participate < br > • < br > Documentation of the responses | | Site visit | Gather opinions and observations from stakeholders through visiting < br > targetedproject site | 28", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 39, "text": "baseline database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KEY ISSUES & STATUS * * # # * * 3 . 1 Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * The CALM operation is proceeding well , with 2 . 6 million hectares now under participatory watershed management plans and with watershed cooperatives implementing these plans in accordance with the 2019 Community Watersheds Management Proclamation . Nearly 1 . 25 million ha have now been verified as being under active SLM management and this figure is likely to increase to well above 2 million ha when verification of FY24 results is completed . Progress in land administration continues to expand land tenure security and this aspect of the Program is exceeding end of Program targets - with over 19 million Second Level Landholding Certificates now having been issued - and 459 woreda-level digital land registries established and fully operational . Page 1 of 14 May 25 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 766, "end": 802, "text": "woreda-level digital land registries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was also recorded by DRC / 4MI data collected in January and February 2018 , < sup > 12 < / sup > indicating that refugees ’ and migrants ’ routes into the country may be diversifying as a result of the tightened security apparatus in the Agadez region of Niger in particular . < sup > 13 < / sup > * * The majority of key informants reported that they had not witnessed a decrease in arrivals of refugees and migrants from the southern borders since early to mid-2017 * * . However , given the difficulty to systematically monitor and quantify entries at official and unofficial entry points along Libya ’ s southern borders , this information needs to be further investigated . # # * * ROUTES WITHIN LIBYA * * * * Key informants reported that routes within Libya towards the coast have diversified since early 2017 with an increase in small routes along the eastern coast and a corresponding emergence of smuggling hubs in the northeast of the country . * * While a study conducted by IMPACT in early 2017 suggested that the vast majority of refugees and migrants traveling from both the southwest and southeast of the country tended to concentrate along the western coast , < sup > 14 < / sup > routes reportedly used in April 2018 indicate that refugees and migrants travel all along the coast , from both the southeast and the southwest of the country . The means of transport had reportedly not changed since 2017 , with individuals moving with the help of smugglers in either big trucks , 4x4 cars or taxis , depending on refugees ’ and migrants ’ resources . # # # * * Emerging smuggling hubs * * * * The most prominent smuggling hubs recorded in early 2017 , namely Tripoli and Bani Waleed , were reported to be still functioning in April 2018 . However , in addition to those , respondents reported an increase in smuggling hubs in the east of the country , mostly around the areas of Ejdabia , Sirte and Tobruk . * * This was reportedly", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 35, "text": "DRC / 4MI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "criteria to select the bottom 20 % woredas that was used to be included in the project . As a result , activities that helped to increase girls ’ grade 8 completion rate were identified and implemented . Besides , regional governments passed a directive which gave a 50 % share to women in committees , including parent and teacher . Similarly , in Somali region , though women are hesitant , they are highly encouraged to be member of steering committees working on women issues . In the DHS data < sup > 1 < / sup > reported that in all regions , there were considerable number of GBV cases . For example , in SNNP the prevalence of GBV was 29 % and in Oromia 38 % . Therefore , during the implementation of the IPF component of the HCP , taking due consideration on the issue of GBV should be given attention . Although there is a National GBV Working Group , currently its main focus is on humanitarian / rehabilitation issues . However , since HCP is not directly involved in humanitarian activities , it may not be supported by the working group . Therefore , it may be necessary to strengthen the activities of the multisectoral government partners namely health service providers , Women and Children Affairs , Police and legal service providers . Furthermore , National GBV Working Group may be required to update the gender action plan and make sure it has a protocol on how to carry out referrals of GBV to response services . Besides , it may be helpful to recognize and refer grievances related to GBV to respective service providers based on the demands of survivors and without forgetting confidentiality . In this respect , GBV related > 1 Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) , 2016 , Central Statistical Agency , Addis Ababa 38", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 497, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1656, "end": 1685, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fluctuations helps reveal long-term trends of variables , such as GDP series . The availability of a long time series of the Argentinian GDP ( 1961-2022 ) that far exceeds the period analyzed allows for a more precise estimation of the cycle . < sup > 23 < / sup > This study explicitly addresses the direct impact of commodity export taxes on the structural budget balance . Export taxes on food products are tied to global commodity prices . Accordingly , when these prices soar , the governments ’ tax revenues increase , immediately improving their fiscal position . It is worth noting that second round effects from a spike in commodities prices boosting the agricultural production and exports , are not being captured by this approach , as this exercise focuses exclusively on direct tax revenue stemming from export duties . These sources of taxation are not commonly used but are particularly relevant in a few commodities-reliant developing countries . Thus , several studies recalculate the receipts from these sources of taxation by applying a long-term price adjustment related to the commodities exported by the country under analysis ( Marcel et al . , 2001 ; Alberola & Montero , 2008 ; Basco et al . , 2007 ; Daude , 2010 ) . This study considers export duties generated by commodities exports , thus leaving aside export duties applied to non-commodities products . From ( 5 ) we can account for the impact of commodities prices through the receipts obtained from export duties . We define structural revenues related to commodities ( Re < sup > s < / sup > ) from the following equation where Re are the export duties obtained strictly from commodity products , p < sup > l < / sup > is the long-run price of commodities and p is the spot price of commodities . Price elasticity γ is considered to be unitary following the approach of Marcel et al . ( 2001 ) , Zettelmeyer & Hollar ( 2008 ) , and Daude et al . ( 2010 ) . Argentina introduced export duties after the 2002 crisis to capitalize on the devaluation of the currency among other considerations . This source of taxation was typically used in the past as an emergency", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 140, "text": "long time series of the Argentinian GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 6 - # # * * F . BORROWER PERFORMANCE * * 19 . The lack of recurrent GOK funding and delays in its delivery had an adverse effect on the overall implementation of the project ; this was particularly disruptive to the planning and operation of field programs and slowed the utilization of the IDA Credit proceeds . At present , KARI is dependent on donor funds for meeting operational and capital expenses . Changes in ministerial responsibility for KARI and its dependent research centers and programs gave rise to uncertainties and reduced staff morale during the initial stages of the project . 20 . A program of staff reorganization , ( including retrenchments ) , was prepared by consultants , with the expectation of implementation in 1989 . Although , the specific proposals included therein were not implemented , KARI ' s staff was reduced by about 1000 through transfer of responsibilities to the Ministry of Agriculture , Livestock Development and Marketing ( MALDM ) and normal attrition . The design of an intemal accounting system was completed in 1988 and staff were trained in its operation . However , the trained staff left KAR ] and the system which was found to be operating unsatisfactorily , is now being replaced . 21 . More positive has been the action taken on research-extension liaison . The first Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) - of November 1990 , with the institutions involved in the National Extension Project ( NEP II ) - was not fully effective , but this was superseded in September 1993 by a new MOU which places funds provided by MALDM directly under the control of RRC directors / Research Extension Liaison Officers ( RELOs ) and district MALDM staff who are answerable to the relevant provincial heads . The objectives are clearly enunciated , the respective responsibilities of research and extension officers well set-out and guidelines are presented covering diagnostic surveys , joint field visits , workshops , on-farm trials and demonstrations . The effectiveness of this approach is one of the major achievements of NARP I . # # * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "studies the extent to which access to finance can explain the dispersion in marginal returns to capital across countries . The latter explores the role of distortions in the business environment in explaining the differential employment growth across firms of different sizes . Our paper makes two contributions to the literature . First , it adds to the body of work replicating the theory of misallocation and the strategy to measure it from the data developed by Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) . We expand the literature in exploring a region of the world where the data requirements for the application of the methodology have left it relatively unexplored . We remove this limitation assembling comprehensive and comparable data on manufacturing form in four countries . A second contribution of our work stems from the illustration of the importance of adequate coverage of firms in the data , in terms of representativeness of the sectoral coverage of firms in the economy . We show that the misrepresentation of sectors in the ES leads to lower degrees of measured misallocation and subdued gains from reallocation than what you would otherwise estimate from the census data . # * * 3 Background * * We motivate our study reviewing features of the structure of production and the magnitude of the development gaps that characterize the economies of Cˆote d ’ Ivoire , Ethiopia , Ghana , and Kenya . Then , in order to get a sense of the quality of the business climate in which firms operate in these economies , we provide a brief account of reforms and salient packages of government interventions that were implemented over the course of the years . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1166, "end": 1177, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interested in the year of recovery , the academic year 2000 / 01 . Since the 1999 violence occurred mainly in the summer and fall of 1999 , we can assume with a certain degree of confidence that the academic year of 1998 / 99 was not affected by conflict , while the academic year of 1999 / 00 started under the wave of violence . Almost all schools were destroyed during the violence in 1999 and most teachers escaped to West Timor during the 1999 / 00 academic year . Therefore , very few children were able to attend school that year . The very few that attended school were in makeshift schools in IDP camps or in the open air . We report in table 1 average school attendance rates , disaggregated by gender and age groups , across these three academic years . The sample includes children aged between 7 and 12 years old over the three years considered : the sample is aged 7-10 in 1998 , 8-11 in 1999 ( during the violence ) and 9-12 in 2000 . In general , we notice that attendance rates have increased over time and are generally higher for girls . The difference in outcomes between boys and girls is not statistically significant , but is nonetheless an interesting result . The higher attendance rates observed among girls in 1998 / 99 show evidence for a gender catching up phenomenon , which started before 1999 . In the post-violence year , the difference in attendance rates between girls and boys becomes statistically significant , particularly for the younger cohort . This seems to suggest that educational outcomes among girls recovered faster in the post-conflict period . In addition to the analysis of school attendance , we explore also the impact of the 1999 violence on school grade deficit . The grade deficit is computed as follows : The TLSS 2001 does not allow us to distinguish whether the grade deficit is due to drop outs , delayed entry or grade repetition . We restrict our sample to only those children that attend all three years consecutively in order to isolate the consequences of the violence on the sample of individuals that do not drop out . The attendance rate over the three", "spans": [{"start": 1766, "end": 1775, "text": "TLSS 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBYA , CASH & MARKETS WORKING GROUP Strategic Workshop Report , February 2018 # * * Market functionality * * _ “ Throughout the country , people have been facing price inflation and a shortage of hard cash , which has reduced their purchasing power and further put vulnerable households at risk . In this environment , aid organizations are looking at options to scale up cash-based interventions as an effective means of assisting vulnerable households . In early 2017 the Libya Cash & Markets Working Group ( CMWG ) identified critical information gaps in terms of market functionality and prices of basic goods and thus launched the JMMI in June 2017 . A key objective of the initiative is to inform cash-based responses by providing accurate information on the prices and availability of basic food and nonfood items . ” _ _Reach Initiative , Joint Market Monitoring Initiative , Trends analysis June - December 2017 , January 2018 . _ * * Eight rounds of Joint Market Monitoring Initiative ( JMMI ) * * have been completed , with * * price data gathered for 32 basic items from 323 individual shops in 24 locations * * . The monitoring showed that both Food and NFI prices rose since October , with a decrease in HHs purchasing power . T * * he market assessment concluded that market systems and supply chains are functional and flexible , basic food and non-food items are continuously available , and physical market access is largely guaranteed given . * * Access to cash remains a major challenge for many HHs who face lack of cash and withdrawal limits , which affects their purchasing capacity . Two market-related initiatives were launched in 2017 : The Joint Market Monitoring Initiative ( JMMI ) led by REACH , and a detailed review of the “ _Market Systems in Libya - Assessment of the Wheat Flour , Insulin , Tomato and Soap Supply Chains_ ” # # # * * Presentation * * # # # REACH # # # * * Recommendation * * In future rounds of the JMMI , the factsheet to", "spans": [{"start": 961, "end": 995, "text": "Joint Market Monitoring Initiative", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1040, "end": 1050, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This is an important point as the _methodologically consistent_ < sup > procedure for < / sup > fixing the non-food basket does not produce a _welfare_ < sup > _consistent_ranking . That is , < / sup > we know from basic consumer theory that method I , using < sup > a Laspeyres index of food < / sup > and non-food inflation rates based on actual consumption < sup > shares of the poor , should < / sup > _overstate_ the welfare impact of those at the poverty line because < sup > it does not allow for < / sup > consumers response to changing relative prices by changing their < sup > consumption < / sup > patterns . As is well known , the Laspeyres index will exceed < sup > the \" exact \" inflation < / sup > rate from an expenditures function since the increase in the amount < sup > of money < / sup > expenditures needed to reach the same level of utility is lower < sup > when one allows for < / sup > substitution across commodities ( e . g . buying relatively < sup > less of items whose prices < / sup > increased ) . Method II ( using the poverty basket food share ) also overstates < sup > poverty < / sup > increases , not only ( as in Method I ) because it does not allow < sup > substitution but also < / sup > because it does not use the actual consumption bundle of < sup > households at the poverty < / sup > line . But method II is perhaps defensible as the food weight in < sup > the price index < / sup > represents the actual consumption pattern of some group in poverty < sup > ( although a < / sup > group considerably below the poverty line ) . However , poverty line inflation rates , such as that of method III , < sup > that expand < / sup > the 1996 inflation line to 1999 by more than the amount < sup > of method II are creating a < / sup > poverty line at which the welfare", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The construction of the four income measures requires putting together several fiscal interventions . Table B2 in the appendix provides a list of all the interventions included in our analysis , indicating whether the information used was directly available in the household survey or needed to be imputed or simulated , when either the status ( beneficiary / payer ) or the amount received / paid was not reported directly in the survey . The total amounts of revenue or spending from the survey ( including imputations ) do not always coincide with those from administrative data . This is to be expected . For many cases , these total amounts are nevertheless , comparable . But the range is wide and , in some cases , it is worth explaining the possible reasons behind the differences . For instance , the total amount of the personal income tax allocated or retrieved from households in the survey is about 57 percent of the total amount in the administrative dataset . In part , this reflects the limitation of household surveys to adequately capture information on the households at the top of the income distribution due to underreporting or non-response of rich households . The calculation of VAT provides another example of the data limitations . The VAT amount included in the analysis accounts for only 38 percent of the amount in administrative records due to the exclusion of durable goods from the analysis and the fact that final consumption of households only makes up for a portion of the total VAT . This is , however , a limitation that is standard for this type of analysis and as is recommended practice , for each of the fiscal components modeled in the analysis we present a detailed analysis of macro-validation in Appendix B . # Results Combining households ’ contributions and benefits to the fiscal system , five key features emerge . These features are summarized in Figures 4 and 5 . Figure 4 shows the average taxes and contributions paid per year by each household market income decile ( with bars below the horizontal axis ) , the average benefits received ( bars above the horizontal axis ) and the net impact ( red dots ) , expressed in RMB . Figure 5", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 281, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 562, "end": 581, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 950, "end": 972, "text": "administrative dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 where Tot . Ven . Inflow _t_ is the aggregate number of ( legal ) Venezuelans entering Colombia every year ( as recorded by migration authorities ) , Population < sup > 1993 < / sup > _md_ < sup > isthetotalpop - < / sup > ulation of municipality _m_ in 1993 , which is kept fixed prior to the migration shock to avoid further endogeneity concerns . Venezuelan Share < sup > 1993 < / sup > _md_ is the share of Venezuelans living in municipality _m_ according to the 1993 population census to the total number of Venezuelans living in Colombia . < sup > 10 < / sup > For robustness , we aggregate our outcome variables at the municipality level and reestimate equation 4 . 1 changing the school fixed effects for municipality fixed effects . 4 . 1 . * * Challenges to identification . * * Our identification relies on the plausibly exogeneity of our predicted migration shock . We now discuss potential threats to this assumption , and how we have dealt with them . First , it is worth noting that we are not using the _predicted_ cumulative inflows as an instrument of the _actual_ inflows of Venezuelans to each municipality / year . This is because there are no administrative records of where do the arriving Venezuelan nationals settle on a yearly basis . We therefore use the predicted shock to estimate a reduced-form equation . The magnitude of our results should therefore be interpreted as only capturing the numerator of a standard 2SLS estimator ( and thus likely as lower bounds of the latent IV estimate ) . The first assumption that we rely on for identification is , therefore , that the _predicted_ migration is strongly correlated with the ( unobserved ) actual Venezuelan migration . > 10 We use the 1993 census because by the time of the next census ( 2005 ) the Venezuelan political crises - and thus migration to Colombia - had started under the rule of Hugo Chavez . Our results are however largely unchanged if we use the 2005 census to compute the predicted migration flow of each municipality . Indeed , the correlation of the 1993 and the 2005-based measures if 0 . 93", "spans": [{"start": 470, "end": 492, "text": "1993 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1722, "end": 1733, "text": "1993 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1949, "end": 1960, "text": "2005 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 an * * | * * s ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | | | | | | | | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | SANGAREBOUGOU | 15 | 24 | 25 | 49 | 21 | 20 | 41", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > INDONESIA meet refugees where they are living ; and engaging refugee Outreach Volunteers to identify and refer protection concerns and serve as conduits of information to and from the refugee community . # # * * Verification Exercise * * UNHCR is undertaking a country-wide verification exercise in 2024 . The project enables UNHCR staff to systematically connect with and update registration data for every refugee and asylum seeker in Indonesia . UNHCR protection / registration teams are updating family composition and recording information on specific needs and vulnerabilities , skills , work experience , education levels , and family connections outside Indonesia . The information collected will provide a clean and accurate set of data that will enable UNHCR to better develop and target programming for the refugee population and will assist in identifying individuals who may qualify for solutions outside Indonesia . < mark > © UNHCR / Amanda Jufrian < / mark > UNHCR / 1 November 2024 10", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 416, "text": "registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HousingCensus | | KPI | KeyPerformance Indicator | | K-WASH | Kenya Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene Program | | M & E | Monitoringand Evaluation | | MDAs | Ministries , Departments , and Agencies | | MHM | Menstrual Hygiene Management | | MoE | Ministryof Education | | MoH | Ministryof Health | | MoWSI | Ministryof Water , Sanitation , and Irrigation | | MTP | Medium-Term Plan | | NAWASIP | National Water and Sanitation Investment Program |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as the lower interest rates induced by the state-subsidized housing loan system , also contributed to the pickup in lending . As a result of the latter , in the early 2000s new loan disbursements were dominated by state-subsidized forint loans . Retail foreign currency lending also appeared in Hungarian financial intermediation , although financial enterprises < sup > 5 < / sup > were the sole providers of this product at the time . Indeed , typically the financial enterprises of foreign-owned banks offered foreign-currency-denominated loans to households , mainly to finance vehicle purchases . Thanks to parent bank relations , the owner bank was able to provide them with the required foreign currency funds ( Banai et al . , 2010a ) . * * Box 1 : The identification methodology of equilibrium credit-to-GDP levels based on Kiss et al . * * The identification of the equilibrium credit-to-GDP levels is based on a two-step out-of-sample method . In the first step , eurozone data was employed for panel estimation using the pooled mean group ( PMG ) estimator . In the second step , the estimated long-run parameters ( structural relationship ) were used for the calculation of the equilibrium level of Hungary ‘ s credit-to-GDP . The underlying assumptions for the estimation are that the long-term relationship is the same in every examined country , but the short-term dynamics and the constant can differ across countries . Specifically , it means that in the estimation of the equilibrium credit-to-GDP , the estimated parameters of the explanatory variables are assumed to be the same ; however , the dynamics around the equilibrium , hence the constant in the equation , are allowed to differ . The explanatory variables for the estimation of equilibrium credit-to-GDP were the short-term real interest rate , the GDP and inflation . Finally , for Hungary we used the common long-term parameters on the Hungarian data . Choosing the countryspecific constant was less straightforward . Therefore , we decided to plot out-of-sample equilibrium credit estimates using all country-specific effects . It was only in 2004 that foreign currency lending rose noticeably in banks ‘ mortgage lending . In response to news about a drastic tightening of the subsidy scheme on forint-denominated mortgage loans , 2003 saw a", "spans": [{"start": 975, "end": 988, "text": "eurozone data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1919, "end": 1933, "text": "Hungarian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between our dataset and SICONFI , the public finance dataset of the Brazilian Treasury . Values are positive whenever the total amount in our dataset , aggregated from individual payments , is larger than that of SICONFI . See Table 1 for more details on our data coverage . We truncate observations at - 25 % to the left and at 25 % to the right . 25", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 31, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the magnitude of the problem of statelessness < sup > 19 < / sup > . The identification of stateless persons is thus fundamental to the discharge of the responsibility entrusted upon UNHCR . Statistics on the phenomenon of statelessness serve as a vital tool for indicating where States ’ efforts are required to reduce the number of stateless persons on their territory . During 2006 , some countries reported a reduction in the number of stateless persons , including Estonia , Latvia , The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Ukraine . As such , although significant numbers of persons remained stateless in these countries , the data shows their ongoing efforts to integrate stateless persons by granting , confirming or restoring their citizenship . A UNHCR survey < sup > 20 < / sup > conducted in 2004 on the steps taken by States to reduce statelessness and meet the protection needs of stateless persons confirmed , however , that identification of , and agreement on , the phenomenon of statelessness remained critical challenges . UNHCR has thus continued to improve and expand its data collection capabilities . In October 2006 , the Executive Committee ( ExCom ) encouraged States in possession of statistics on stateless persons or individuals with undetermined nationality to share them with UNHCR . UNHCR itself was called upon to continue working with concerned governments in identifying these persons in cooperation with other United Nations agencies , in particular UNICEF and UNFPA . In addition , UNHCR was asked to establish a more formal , systematic methodology for information gathering , updating and sharing of statistics on stateless persons . As these efforts bear fruit , the phenomenon of statelessness should become better known , and the global figure of stateless persons could well rise . Initially , the Office identified 30 countries with reliable estimates of statelessness persons , a total of 1 . 5 million as of the end of 2004 . This number rose to 48 in 2005 and the estimated total to > 19 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 50 / 152 of 9 February 1996 ( A / RES / 50 / 152 ) . > 20 Final Report concerning the Questionnaire", "spans": [{"start": 763, "end": 775, "text": "UNHCR survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 4 - resources to address the vast backlog of rehabilitation work on rural roads nor to implement a subsequent maintenance system . Clearly a conventional approach would not be sufficient to meet the nation ' s pressing need for improved communications in rural areas . 2 . 05 Responding to these political , economic , and social pressures , the Kenya Government prepared two programs for multi-donor financing . One , the Gravelling , Bridging and Culverting ( GBC ) Program , was designed to meet the most pressing needs for improvement on existing secondary roads serving rural areas . The second , the Rural Access Road ( RAR ) Program , was intended to provide access to rural communities in productive areas previously unserved by roads . In order to implement both projects , a Special Projects Branch ( SPB ) was created within the Ministry of Works . This branch has now become firmly entrenched as a section of Rural Roads within the present Ministry of Transport and Communications . 2 . 06 Despite the political imperative of finding some way to deal with the country ' s growing unemployment problem , the Ministry of Works was initially reluctant to adopt labor-based methods for rural roads . This attitude was partly based on a study of settlement roads completed in 1968 01D / which concluded that labor-based methods would be one-third more expensive than capital-based methods in the Kenya environment . However , this conclusion was contradicted by the findings of a labor-based roads unit set up in Vihiga division ( Kakamega District , Western Province ) under the USAID financed portion of the SRDP . M1E / # # # B . Project Identification and Preparation 2 . 07 In March 1974 the Bank through its Resident Mission in Kenya received a draft loan application from the Kenya Government to finance part of the RAR Program . The application was submitted at the same time to SIDA , which had indicated interest in financing staff training and continued construction activities in Western Province . Other donors who expressed interest at this time included", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "very detailed Conditions of Approval these to some extent substitute for mitigation measures articulated in the EMP included in the EIA , since the subsequent compliance monitoring and auditing is carried out against those conditions of approval rather than the measures articulated in the EMP < sup > 18 < / sup > . # # # # 2 . 2 . 4 < u > Review and decision making < / u > Where an EIA is not required , the TPC with the assistance of the MEO will review the ESSF and make a decision on whether the results of the screening process reports are acceptable . No guidance exists on how this review is carried out and decisions made , so it is not possible to assess the criteria used to assess adequacy . Based on the 2011 assessment of environmental and social management in LGs carried out by MoLG , in none of the 12 USMID municipalities did the TPC review the ESSF . On submission of an EIS to NEMA , relevant lead agencies are asked to review the statement for its adequacy , with the choice of lead agency based on the issues raised within the document . It is therefore crucial that issues such as land acquisition , resettlement , compensation , physical cultural heritage resources , etc . are correctly identified within the statement by the EIA practitioners in order for the correct line ministries to be consulted . As there is usually adequate representation of expertise on the team , this is likely to be captured . In practice , the public consultation period of 28 days commences immediately when the EIA is received by NEMA , in conjunction with the Lead Agency review period . No invitation is published in media , nor are EIA ’ s made available to the public ( neither contained in the library , available on the website or otherwise displayed ) . However , if a member of the public is aware that an EIA has been submitted , they can make a request to NEMA to be availed a copy , which is sometimes available . NEMA cites personnel and financial constraints in complying with this requirement , as", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 779, "text": "2011 assessment of environmental and social management in LGs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of this set of preconditions for the pace and sequencing of deregulation . This is because interest rate liberalization is not only about price reform ; it also needs to involve removing all sources of frictions while building key institutions . To contribute to a better understanding of IRCs around the world , this paper presents a new data set based on a survey of World Bank Group members . A questionnaire was submitted to financial sector authorities and bankers ’ associations in more than 150 jurisdictions during 2019 to investigate the legal framework associated with the implementation of _de jure_ IRCs , document their application , and provide details on their functioning . We received responses from 108 countries at all levels of income and in all parts of the world . In an attempt to provide a potentially meaningful characterization of a country ’ s interest rate control regime , the data collected through the survey are then used to attempt to provide a preliminary estimate of the degree of bindingness of IRCs in a country and explore whether the degree of bindingness of IRCs is associated with other forms of financial repression . This paper builds on and extends recent efforts to take stock of IRCs around the world . There have been various attempts in recent years to classify IRCs internationally . However , existing studies either take a narrow geographical perspective , focusing on EMDEs ( Helms and Reille , 2004 ) or advanced economies ( see Reifner et al . , 2010 , for the EU ; and Dasgupta and Mason , 2019 , for the US ) , or , when taking a global perspective , they focus on lending interest rate caps only ( Maimbo and Gallegos , 2014 ; Ferrari et al . , 2018 ) . In a paper similar to ours , Jafarov et al . ( 2019 ) attempt to compile a database on all types of IRCs and construct a basic index ( i . e . based on binary variables ) of IRCs across economies . However , like in previous studies except for Reifner et al . ( 2010 ) , it is based on data and information from secondary sources . To the > 5 Recent literature finds", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 393, "text": "survey of World Bank Group members", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 906, "end": 939, "text": "data collected through the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1786, "end": 1815, "text": "database on all types of IRCs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s expressed the potential adverse impact of the subproject on other indigenous tree species situated within the RoW . They stressed the importance of these trees for domestic use . _Concerns regarding cash compensation : _ During the meetings , participants shared their grievances about the Ethiopian Roads Authority ' s failure to ensure proper compensation for the impacts of a road project that traversed their Kebeles . They stated that , similarly , this subproject may also fail to provide PAPs with adequate cash compensation . In addition to the previous issues with the ERA , the PAPs cited recent corridor development projects being implemented in nearby towns without any compensation for affected property owners . These experiences have led the PAPs to be apprehensive about the application of adequate cash compensation for properties affected by the proposed subproject . The community members feared that they might not receive fair and timely compensation , emphasizing the need for transparent and binding commitments from the Subproject developer to address these concerns . _Loss of residential houses : _ According to participants in public consultation meetings and FGDs , the loss of residential houses and related infrastructure due to the proposed subproject is one of the most serious adverse impacts of the subproject . Some PAPs expressed their awareness that they will lose their homes due to the subproject ' s RoW corridor . They expressed concerns that the compensation provided by EEP might not be sufficient to construct new houses . Page 115 Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The “ with project situation ” is based on Option III for Megech ( about 4 , 000 ha ) and Option III for Ribb ( about 13 , 300 ha ) of surface irrigation under the feasibility study scenarios . 17 . Calculations are based on the following information : - Concept Memorandum for Proposed Additional Financing of Ethiopia Irrigation and Drainage Project2011 ; - Economic Analyses under Feasibility Study Phase for Ribb and Megech 2008 ( in parts also updated in 2010 with new calculations for Megech ) ; - Project Appraisal Document of Ethiopia Irrigation and Drainage Project 2007 ; and - CSA price data in 2010 for Amhara region . 38", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 604, "text": "CSA price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "first stage model can also be found in the census data . It is important that the variables are compared beforehand to verify that not only their definitions are in agreement , but also their distributions . < sup > 9 < / sup > In the design of household surveys , clusters are commonly the primary sampling unit . Households within a cluster are usually not independent from one another , to allow for the clustering of households and their interrelatedness it is possible to specify equation ( 1 ) for a household as : , – where the indexes _c_ and _h_ stand for cluster and observation , respectively – and disturbances ( _uch_ ) are assumed to have the following specification ( Haslett et al . , 2010 ) : where _ηc_ and _ech_ , are assumed to be independent from each other with different data generating processes ( Haslett et al . , 2010 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Therefore the resulting model we wish to estimate is a linear mixed model ( Van der Weide , 2014 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > The literature has suggested different methods for estimating the unconditional variances of these parameters ; < sup > 12 < / sup > for the purposes of this paper focus is given to the methods presented by Elbers , Lanjouw , and Lanjouw ( 2003 ) , and the adaptation of Henderson ’ s Method III by Huang and Hidiroglou ( 2003 ) detailed and expanded upon by Van der Weide ( 2014 ) . The next section describes in detail these two approaches . # * * 3 Estimating the unconditional variance of the residual parameters * * # # * * 3 . 1 The ELL Methodology * * The methodology for estimating the location ’ s unconditional variance detailed by ELL ( 2002 and 2003 ) is presented in the discussion below . The method consists of two steps . The initial step relies on estimating a welfare model ( Eq : 1 ) using household survey data , and then obtaining generalized least square ( _GLS_ ) estimates for the model . Given the interrelatedness between households in a cluster , ordinary least", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 54, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1801, "end": 1822, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TLs crossing the larger wetlands , particularly where these are recognized as internationally significant IBAs , present the greatest collision risk to large waterbirds . TL crossings of larger wetlands will need to be fitted with a diversity and density of BFDs to maximize the collision reduction for Shoebill and Gray Crowned Cranes ( see * * Annex 2 * * – Bird Scare Devices During Operation ) . Raptor and wetland bird collisions with the TL can be reduced by incorporating BFDs through the following approach : - Incorporate BFD installation into the design of the Project TL ; - Mainstream BFDs as a standard feature of UETCL future TL designs ; - Adaptation of technology and development capacity for remote-based BFD installation ; - Net Gain quantification for BFD installation on high-risk lengths of operational TLs ; and - Develop monitoring protocols and capacity to measure net gain effectiveness It should also be noted that BFD should also be installed in any additional line segment identified in the bird survey . # # # * * Impact Assessment * * Even with the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures , the construction of a TL inside flyways or close to critical ecological habitat has the potential to generate impacts of high intensity . The collision risk to critical habitat birds , such as vultures , other raptors and waterbirds can be mitigated , but a residual impact is expected to remain , and will apply for the duration of the TL lifespan . Net gain measures are therefore necessary to meet ESS6 requirements and mitigate this residual impact . The extent of the impact on terrestrial avifauna is local as it could probably happen on any given portion of the TL according to the presence of some important habitat for birds . However , it is more likely to be an issue where the TL crosses wetland areas and open terrain that is part of a regular or migratory flyway . The duration of the impact is considered long as it is likely to occur during all the operation phase . The impact", "spans": [{"start": 1019, "end": 1030, "text": "bird survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "being savings driven , total global investment is driven by total global savings , with the amount of investment in a given country being a function of both domestic savings as well as the current account balance , which is determined exogenously . The additional implication of the savings driven investment assumption is that that as dependency ratios fall in a given country , domestic savings will rise , which in turn will boost investment . The opposite would hold true for a country where dependency ratios are rising . While LINKAGE provides the economy-wide effects of demographic change over time , the GIDD microsimulation framework ( Bussolo et al . , 2010 ; Bourguinon and Bussolo , 2013 ) will be used to generate income distributions under the various scenarios . GIDD draws on household level survey data benchmarked to 2010 to estimate income distributions by country that account for demographics , household characteristics ( e . g . age , gender , and education of different members ) , sector of employment , skill premia on wages , and income . < sup > 10 < / sup > Using the simulated income and employment under future scenarios from LINKAGE , and accounting for the demographic shifts characterized in the UN ( 2015 ) , GIDD is able to generate income distributions by country that are consistent with both the more ‘ aggregated ’ changes under the CGE simulations and also what is known about households from survey data . In addition to incorporating the changes in key variables from the LINKAGE scenario results , the GIDD methodology updates the household survey data for the terminal year of the simulation . This is done by reweighting the population characterized by the base year household surveys using non - > 10 Table A1 in the annex provides information on the household surveys used in the micro-simulation . 11", "spans": [{"start": 793, "end": 840, "text": "household level survey data benchmarked to 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1576, "end": 1597, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-NANDI COUNTY-269990 - < br > GO-RFQ / purchase of 1500 < br > mama packs | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limit | ed | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 30 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2022-03-30 | | | | 2022-04-27 | 2022-06-26 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-269852 - < br > GO-RFQ / Purchase of < br > 3Resuscitaires , 5Radient < br > warmers , 2CPAP machines | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limit | ed | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 34 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2022-03-30 | | | | 2022-04-27 | 2022-06-26 | | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-270006 - < br > GO-RFQ / purchase of 10 , 000 < br > baby booklets , and 5000 < br > maternity files | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health <", "spans": [{"start": 1027, "end": 1042, "text": "maternity files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "questionnaires and interviews . Persons or groups of persons at the corridor sections , location , village levels , or household levels to be interviewed will also be identified and selected through stratified random sampling The PAPs will be consulted through meetings at the municipalities and other local government facilities to share information about the project , discuss social impacts of project operations and the mitigation measures suggested . The contribution of the PAPs will be integrated into the subproject implementation process , from planning to evaluation . Furthermore , data about socio-impacts of the subprojects and the mitigation measures suggested will be provided to local newspapers and radio stations . The data collected will serve as instruments for the monitoring of the social mitigation measures . # # _Implementation_ During implementation , the PAPs will need to be informed about their rights and options , at which point they will have their say and discuss matters that need clarification . Cash compensation amount and size of land offered for compensation will be presented to each eligible PAP ( husband and wife ) for consideration and endorsement before cash payment or land compensation can be effected . A committee of peers will be set up for grievance redress . # # _Monitoring and evaluation phase_ The PAPs representatives will participate in the project completion workshops , to give their evaluation of the impacts of the effects of the project . They are also to suggest corrective measures , which may be used to improve implementation of other subprojects . After completion of all expropriation / compensation operations , the PAPs will be consulted in a household survey # # * * 2 . 12 Arrangements for Monitoring * * The resettlement and compensation plans will indicate parameters to be monitored , institute monitoring milestones and provide resources necessary to carry out the monitoring activities The objective will be to make a final evaluation in order to determine ; - i If affected people have been paid in full and before implementation of the subproject . - ii If the people who were affected by the project have been affected in such a way that they", "spans": [{"start": 1713, "end": 1729, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Intermediate Results * * | * * Area * * | * * 4 : Su * * | u < br > * * b-window f * * | * * or refuge * * | * * es and hos * * | * * t communiti * * | * * es * * | | | | | | | * * 13 . * * MoLHUD results | | 7 | Numbers | | MoLHUD | Rapid | 9 PDPs | District | PDPs | Annually | Accountant | Accountant General | | under sub-window | | | Targets | | plan for | physical | completed in | office | disseminated | | General | reports and WB PFM | | | | | | | < br > refugee | < br > planning | < br > 8 districts | supported in | and second | | | < br > missions | | | | | | | and host < br > communit | assessment < br > completed in | and 8 urban < br > areas ( 8 final | the creation < br > and use of | round of < br > training of | | | | 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # # # * * Unconditional cash must be also be monitored * * Whilst unconditional cash places the responsibility of how to use it in the hands of beneficiaries , donors have a moral and fiscal reasonability to ensure that such interventions are the most appropriate for addressing protection issues . The vulnerability criteria recommended in this reports should be tailored , to evaluate the impact of unconditional cash including , where possible , the use of randomised control trials to ascertain the effectiveness of unconditional cash in relation to ‘ do no harm ’ . # # # # * * Provide mored targeted assistance where it ’ s needed * * Standardised packages of cash or voucher support provided during emergences responses are often not suited to the most vulnerable households . By working more closely with vulnerable groups , as part of a community-led beneficiary selection process , tailored packages of support can be developed that are better able to target specific protection needs . This report further recommends working more closely with local shopkeepers and suppliers during initial market assessments to better understand supply needs and get deeper insights into key vulnerabilities within displaced communities . # # # # * * Share information on suppliers * * Suppliers are a critical link in distributing assistance , particularly for voucher modalities . However , when problems with suppliers are uncovered information on blacklisted firms is often not shared , so unsuitable suppliers can be reused . To prevent this , an online , national database should be implemented to rank the performance of selected suppliers . The database should be updated by organisations after each intervention to ensure unsuitable suppliers do not continue to be used . # # # # * * Accept some degree of cash for unintended purposes * * The use of cash on household expenses for which the intervention was not designed is simply a reality for most CBIs and reflects the more community-based approach to cash assistance advocated in this report . This report recommends codifying", "spans": [{"start": 1643, "end": 1669, "text": "online , national database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 29 : Variance in the task performed of temporary jobs . ( Change from the late 90s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 , 8 < br > 0 , 6 < br > 0 , 4 < br > 0 , 2 < br > 0 < br > ‐ 0 , 2 < br > ‐ 0 , 4 < br > ‐ 0 , 6 < br > ‐ 0 , 8 < br > ‐ 1 < br > ‐ 1 , 2 < br > Georgia Kyrgyzstan Armenia < br > NRCA NRCI RC RM NRM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys . Note : NRCA refers to Non-Routine Cognitive Analytical , NRCI is Non-Routine Cognitive Interpersonal , RC is Routine Cognitive , RM is Routine Manual and NRM is Non-Routine Manual . # 4 . 2 . 3 Summary of results for Europe and Central Asia The analysis performed for a set of 7 selected countries shows that the trends of non-standard employment in Europe and Central Asia do not show a homogeneous pattern in the last 10 / 15 years . This heterogeneous picture is observed in both the prevalence of part-time and temporary employment . Regarding the profile of NSE , we find several changes in the last two decades . First , from the education perspective , an improvement of the profile of workers employed as NSE can be observed in the countries analyzed , in both part-time and temporary employment . From the point of view of wages , two important concluding changes are identified . On the one hand , a shift to the right of the wage distribution is observed in all the countries analyzed , indicating an increase in their average . Finally , examining the task content performed in jobs , we find a heterogeneous picture . In some countries , NSE evidences a movement towards non-routine cognitive tasks , together with a decreased importance of manual tasks in line with the previous results in the literature for total employment , but we have several exceptions . Additionally , like in the region of Latin America", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 422, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and local governments in Uzbekistan provided substantial support to teachers and students during COVID-induced school closures . This support could be one of the reasons why students in Uzbekistan did not experience substantial learning losses , at least in mathematics in basic education , in contrast to learning losses observed in other countries . Besides government efforts , parents in Uzbekistan engaged significantly with their children to ensure continuity in learning . The recent PIRLS 2021 ( Mullis et al . 2021 ) results provide additional information about the role of parents during the pandemic . Interestingly , 57 percent of parents of attending students declare that they engaged in reading activities even before schools started – one of the highest shares among participating countries . Parents also provide other support , for example , books ( 83 percent compared to an international average of 71 percent ) and online instruction or tutoring ( 65 of parents versus 50 percent ) . However , authorities in Uzbekistan were right to rely on television broadcasts for instruction since the country lags far behind others in providing digital devices and digitally-based learning activities . Success with the distance education modality in Uzbekistan seems to be supported by international experience . Remote instruction through phone call tutorials , SMS messages , and other measures , were found to be effective in reducing learning loss during the pandemic in a five-country study of multiple scalable models ( Angrist et al . 2023 ) . Uzbekistan ’ s model is more like blended learning since the local teachers also participated . Using technology to individualize content to students or bolster teacher capacity to deliver lessons is promising . Blended teaching programs combine modern online teaching and traditional offline instruction by partially replacing or supplementing in-person instruction with remote lectures , such as live broadcasted lessons , pre-recorded lecture videos , and TV shows . Studies provide evidence suggesting a positive role of hybrid teaching programs in improving educational outcomes in underserved regions where local teachers may not fully master the subject matter they are expected to teach or may not have sufficient teaching skills to deliver effective lectures ( Beg et al . 2019 ; Bettinger et al . 2020 ; Bianchi et al . 2022 ; Borghesan and", "spans": [{"start": 491, "end": 501, "text": "PIRLS 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "so many trenches ? < br > • < br > The methodology for public works involves the use < br > of locals to dig the trenches and some cases involve < br > use of machinery . In some areas , locals demand < br > digging jobs , and machines are used especially in < br > areas with hard rocks . < br > • < br > It was agreed that there is need for standardization to < br > avoid many trenches being dug by different agencies . < br > Unification of ducts < br > • < br > Best practices of laying fiber globally < br > • < br > The ICT Authority has laid down standards on best < br > practices , as well as International Telecommunication < br > Union ( ITU ) standards . < br > • < br > Public and civil works 1 . 5m / 0 . 3m uses machinery for < br > areas where its rocky and gravel . < br > • < br > The blowing & pulling of the cable is based on ITU < br > standards . | • < br > All negative impacts will be mitigated . An < br > Environmental < br > and < br > Social < br > Impact < br > Assessment will be prepared for each < br > subproject . < br > • < br > Mitigation measures will be proposed . < br > • < br > Any impacts related to physical and < br > economic displacement resulting from the < br > trenching will be mitigated through the < br > preparation of a resettlement action plan . | All stakeholder comments were noted and were considered in the assessment of the Project at all phases . Where necessary , responses were given by both the environment and social team and the ICTA present in the various meetings . A record of stakeholders consulted is presented in Annex 1 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1537, "end": 1569, "text": "record of stakeholders consulted", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Seasonality in financial intermediation of MFIs : Descriptive evidence * * Household borrowing and its seasonal pattern are very likely a reflection of both demand for and supply of loans . If household borrowing is lowest during _Monga_ season , for example , even though the demand for loans for smoothing income and consumption is high , this is perhaps due in part to the supply of loans being lowest during _Monga_ season , compared to other seasons . So we ought to verify whether there is a seasonality of rural financial intermediation . We use the data on MFIs supported by a microfinance wholesale agency to verify this as they are readily available on a monthly basis than that of formal financial institutions . This also makes sense as MFIs are largely engaged in rural financial intermediation in Bangladesh . The question is , do MFIs suffer from the seasonality of agriculture ? Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation ( PKSF ) , an apex organization for Bangladeshi microfinance institutions ( MFIs ) , finances various programs of 262 MFIs — called Partner Organizations ( POs ) of PKSF ( PKSF 2011 ) . These POs are scattered all over the country and are part of the 750 registered MFIs in Bangladesh . < sup > 7 < / sup > The analysis of the 262 PKSF POs captures well the microfinance sector of Bangladesh . PKSF lends to POs at a subsidized rate of interest , while POs lend to household borrowers at market rates and repay PKSF from revenues generated . < sup > 8 < / sup > We use monthly data from all five major projects of the 262 POs from FY2004-05 to FY201011 ( see the discussion of program level data in Appendix A ) . The monthly data over the seven years help establish a seasonal trend of MFI portfolio . If there are any distinct seasonal patterns ( persistent upward or downward movements ) in indicators in most years , we can say that seasonality is at play for financial intermediation . We present the monthly distribution of loan disbursement , loans recovered , and other indicators of program performance . > 7 In 2010 , Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics reported around 750 MFIs .", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 579, "text": "data on MFIs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1505, "end": 1546, "text": "monthly data from all five major projects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1654, "end": 1666, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2064, "end": 2098, "text": "Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ministry of Health < br > Strengthening Primary Health Care Services - IPF component < br > Expenditure summary ( in BirrUSD ) < br > For The Quarter Ended < br > Cumulative < br > Current Cumulative Project life < br > Quarter ( Year to date ) ( in Birr / < br > Components ( In Birr / USD ) ( In Birr / USD ) USD ) < br > Goods < br > Works < br > Consultancy services < br > Non consultancy services < br > Training < br > Operating costs < br > TOTAL EXPENDITURE < br > Prepared Approved By < br > By___ < br > Signature Signature < br > Date Date < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note * * - * * the expenditure should include the reporting from * * UNICEF * * for implementation in Tiaray in the appropriate section # # # Ministry of health # # # Strengthening Primary Healthcare Services # # # Expenditure apportionment table # # # # * * IDA * * | | Allocation | Documentedso < br > far | Currentquarter < br > expenditure < br > allocation | Tdtal < br > documented | Undocumented | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Consultancy < br > services | | | | | | | Non < br > consultancy < br > services | | | | | | | Training | | | | | | | Operatingc & sts | | | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | State land | 0 . 16 | 0 . 85 | - | | - | | 0 . 16 | 0 . 15 | | | Previously customary land | 0 . 03 | 0 . 15 | - | | - | | 0 . 03 | 0 . 03 | | | < br > Parcel with chief certificate | 0 . 17 | - | 1 . 00 | | - | | 0 . 15 | 0 . 19 | * * * | | State land with no document | 0 . 09 | - | - | | 0 . 17 | | 0 . 11 | 0 . 07 | * * * | | Customary land with no document | 0 . 46 | - | - | | 0 . 83 | | 0 . 45 | 0 . 47 | | | < br > Number of parcels | 2 , 737 | 503 | 456 | | 1 , 512 | | 1 , 444 | 1 , 293 | | _Source : _ Own computation from 2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey . 22", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 578, "text": "2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- From the end of the 1980s , government drastically cut its involvement in pesticides trade through government-managed cooperatives , leaving trade at all levels to private dealers . - Government from 1994 removed pesticide price controls , which had become unwieldy due to rapid inflation . Several other features of Turkey ' s current pesticide registration process favor new technology and competition . Government accepts toxicology data from other countries , which reduces time and expense for companies to introduce new formulations . To register competing brands for old offpatent formulations that are already in the market , government asks only for chemical analyses of new brands , which favors competition and low prices for me-too or commodity products . Also , government has from 1971 de-registered ( banned ) many chemicals that are highly toxic , persist in the environment , or have chronic health or reproductive impact . # * * 2 . 4 * * Fertilizers From 1971 , government stopped the small amount of private trade previously allowed , restricting fertilizer import and domestic trade to Agricultural Supply Organization ( DONATIM or TZDK ) and the Sugar Corporation , with government-controlled cooperatives dominating retail trade . While government dominated trade , a mix of public and private companies generally supplied over twothirds of domestic demand along with some exports . With general import trade liberalization from 1980 , the fertilizer industry gained improved access to raw materials and spare parts , allowing higher capacity utilization and production ( State Planning Organization 1988 , p 11 ) . However , government continued to control prices and trade at all levels , so that improvements for producers had little impact at the farm level . From July 1986 , government replaced its monopoly in fertilizer trade with a public-private oligopoly , allowing the handful of fertilizer producers along with government-controlled cooperatives and their agents to enter international and domestic fertilizer trade at all levels . From 1988 , government further opened domestic fertilizer trade to anyone with TL 1 billion capital , leaving import trade in oligopoly hands . From September 1994 , government removed this trade barrier as well , opening fertilizer imports to any company with TL 1 billion capital . At the same time , anticipating customs union", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 442, "text": "toxicology data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a year and the audit reports will be shared with MAFS , MoFP and the Bank for review and comments . # # * * Funds flow and Disbursement arrangements * * 25 . Disbursement of the Grant will use advances , reimbursement , direct payments and payments under Special Commitments including full documentation or against statements of expenditure , as appropriate . For components 1 and 2 , a lump sum amount will be disbursed in the form of UN blanket commitments to WFP and UNICEF ( Component 1 ) , and FAO ( Component 2 ) following submission of a duly executed contract between the respective UN agency and MAFS and a Payment Request from that agency ( see Fig A2 . 2 ) . WFP , UNICEF and FAO will then provide quarterly funds utilization reports to the PIU within 45 days after the end of the quarter , which will be used to account for expenditures in the Bank records . 26 . For Component 3 , the proceeds of the Grant will be disbursed into the DA following the transaction – based SoE method . The PIU will submit Withdrawal Applications accompanied by SoE incurred to the World Bank for replenishment of the DA . The project will also maintain a local currency sub ‐ project account for making payments denominated in local currency . Funds will only be transferred from the main DA to the local currency sub ‐ account in order to meet immediate payment obligations . No significant cash balances will be maintained in local currency to reduce the foreign exchange exposure risk . MAFS will be responsible for initiating , incurring and authorizing expenditures under the Project in accordance with the specified procedures and initiating the payment process with all the required supporting documentation . Detailed disbursements arrangements are documented in the Disbursement Letter . Page 48 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 868, "text": "Bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Grand Total | 47 . 87 | 35 . 85 | 36 . 71 | 54 . 29 | 68 . 43 | 45 . 49 | 49 . 26 | 68 . 50 | 63 . 94 | 91 . 20 | 561 . 55 | # # # # # * * TABLE 8 : SELECTION OF 2019 HRPS * * – child protection needs and targeted population < sup > 99 < / sup > | 2019 | CP PIN | Source | CP target | Source | Target % of < br > total PIN | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Afghanistan | 1 464 000 | Protection CIN - HNO 2019 | 82 451 | UNICEF HAC - CP target 2019 | na | | Burkina Faso | na | | 112 000 | Child Protection - CP AoR | na | | CAR | 1 910 100 | Child Protection - HRP 2019 | 74 000 | Child Protection - HRP 2019 | 4 % | | DRC | 3 448 500 | Child Protection - CP AoR | 273 602 | Child Protection - CP AoR | 8 % | | Iraq | 1 510 000 | Child Protection ( including < br > caregivers ) - HRP 2019 | 654 000 | Child Protection - HRP 2019 | 43 % | | Mali | 406 000 | Child Protection - HRP 2019 | 272 000 | Child Protection - HRP 2019 | 67 % | | Niger | 484 000 | Child Protection - CP AOR | 293 906 | Child Protection - CP AoR | 61 % | | Nigeria | 3 237 333 | Child Protection - HRP 2019 | 1 541 000 | Child Protection - HRP 2019 | 48 % | | oPt | 332 155 | Child Protection - HNO 2019 | 138 789 | Protection CIN - HRP 2019 | 42 % | | Som", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In Table 2 , we present the correlation between district-level spending on social and religious obligations and perceived household decile . The estimates in Column ( 2 ) show that as mean spending on religious and social obligation in the district rises , household perceived decile also rises , conditional on the household ’ s objective decile . Since the estimate is conditional on the household ’ s own spending on religious and social obligations , it reflects the relationship between perceived decile and a greater supply of religious and social goods from other households in the district . Overall , the evidence is consistent with the interpretation that households perceive themselves as richer in districts with a greater supply of religious and social goods . As a robustness check , shown in Table S6 , we estimate Equation ( 2 ) dropping all districts that have a sample size of less than 10 in the CPHS and find virtually identical results . | | ( 1 ) | | ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Perceived < br > decile | HH | Perceived < br > HH < br > decile | | District : Mean HH spendingon religious / social obligations | | | 0 . 000819 * * | | | | | ( 0 . 000396 ) | | Objective HH decile | 0 . 239 * * * | | 0 . 238 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0119 ) | | ( 0 . 0118 ) | | Proportion of HH spendingon religious / social obligations | 2 . 455 * | | - 0 . 118 | | | ( 1 . 417 ) | | ( 0 . 862 ) | | Observations | 97 , 439 | | 97 , 439 | Notes : All specifications include controls for state , religion , caste , and household size . The unit of analysis is the household , and all observations were weighted by the inverse of the district sample size in the CPHS . Robust standard errors clustered at the district level in parentheses . * * * p < 0 . 01", "spans": [{"start": 915, "end": 919, "text": "CPHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the audit . Attention was paid to establish whether : - a ) Appropriate supporting documents , records and books of account relating to all Project activities have been kept and whether clear linkages between the books of account and the financial statements were available . - * * b ) * * The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with applicable accounting standards and give a true and fair view of the financial position of the project as at the year end and of the operating results for the year then ended . - c ) The accounting and the overall internal control system to monitor expenditure and other financial transactions and ensure safe custody of the financial assets were adequate and effective . # # # * * 3 . 2 . 1 Receipts from World Bank * * - Verified to confirm whether receipts from the World Bank were kept in a designated account . - Agreed all receipts of funds from the bank statements and cashbooks and reconciled the * * Page * * | * * 7 * *", "spans": [{"start": 912, "end": 941, "text": "bank statements and cashbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "kWh | US cents / kWh | 0 . 09 | | 10 . 27 | | | Commercial at 100 kWh | US cents / kWh | | | 11 . 73 | 5 . 0 – 10 . 0 | | Industrial at 50 , 000 kWh | US cents / kWh | | | 11 . 39 | | | Average effective tariff | US cents / kWh | 9 | 8 | 15 | 12 . 6 | _Source : _ All data unless specified are for 2005 and based on AICD calculations ; data for access to electricity for Sudan are from 2009 and were obtained from the US Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) ; data for South Sudan access to electricity are from 2010 and were obtained from World Bank ( 2011 ) ; data for installed capacity for Sudan are from 2009 and were obtained from Platts ( 2009 ) ; data for power outages ere derived from Vennemo and Rosnes ( 2009 ) ; data for Emergency Generation from Eberhard and others ( 2008 ) ; data for firms that find power to be a constraint and firms with own generators are from 2007 and were obtained from World Bank ( 2009b ) ; data on Sudan collection rate , revenue per unit , and system losses are for 2004 and were taken from World Bank ( 2007 ) ; data for average effective tariff for Sudan are for 2004 and taken from World Bank ( 2007 ) ; data for average effective tariff for South Sudan are taken from World Bank ( 2011 ) . For the thermal benchmark , data represent primarily residential users . _Note : _ Access to electricity data for Sudan are estimates based on calculations from the AICD economic model for power investment needs . Installed capacity per million population was calculated based on Platts ( 2009 ) estimates for installed capacity . * The aggregate is based on manufacturing firms . Excessive reliance on generators to cope with erratic and unreliable power supply increases production costs and reduces competitiveness . A significant share of manufacturing enterprises ( from 36 percent in North Kordofan to 96 percent in Red Sea ) share or own generators . The share of", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 376, "text": "data for access to electricity for Sudan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 465, "end": 507, "text": "data for South Sudan access to electricity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 604, "text": "data for installed capacity for Sudan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 660, "end": 682, "text": "data for power outages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 730, "end": 759, "text": "data for Emergency Generation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1060, "end": 1103, "text": "data for average effective tariff for Sudan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1154, "end": 1203, "text": "data for average effective tariff for South Sudan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1360, "text": "Access to electricity data for Sudan", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) percent in August 2020 ( which was a slight increase from 6 . 3 percent in August 2019 ) . At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic , between March and July 2020 , the growth of private sector credit declined from about 9 percent to 7 . 9 percent . Consequently , the industry loan-to-deposit ratio was 74 . 9 percent in August 2020 , which is a marginal increase from the average of 74 percent in 2019 . < sup > 27 < / sup > The ratio of liquid assets to total deposits significantly increased from an average of 41 percent in 2019 to 56 . 8 percent in August 2020 . However , it is noteworthy that the aggregate liquidity data in the banking system and interbank rates masks liquidity concentration and distribution challenges across the different tiers of banks ( see Box 1 and Annex 5 ) . The distribution of liquidity is skewed toward large banks while some of the medium and smaller banks are likely to face liquidity challenges going forward , especially in the context of high and increasing NPLs . To address this problem , CBK is working alongside the World Bank and other partners and has begun to make critical investments in the central securities depository ( CSD ) , a strategic financial market infrastructure , with long-term implications on inter-bank market structure , banking system liquidity concentration , and the functioning of the interbank market . < sup > 28 < / sup > Among other objectives , the CSD initiative is aimed at streamlining inter-bank credit and liquidity risk management by rationalizing arrangements for pledging collateral and settlement of transaction involving government securities and “ central bank money . ” The CSD initiative will ultimately contribute to improved effectiveness of monetary policy operations and reliability of settlements . A well-functioning inter-bank market and efficient distribution of liquidity will address the funding spread and cost issues for different tiers of banks enabling them to affordably", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 730, "text": "aggregate liquidity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- c ) The RAP will be available at the KISIP offices ( National and County ) and a copy with the SEC During public disclosure , a summary of the main findings and recommendations , entitlements , and PAP register will be presented in a language and manner understandable to all PAPs . # # * * 4 . 9 Cultural Property Resources * * All utilities and common property resources likely to be affected due to the project will be relocated with prior approval of the concerned agencies before start of construction . Similarly , cultural properties whose structure is likely to get affected , will be relocated at suitable locations , as desired by the community before construction starts . Local community need to be contacted and discuss relocation aspects , siting as well as their maintenance . All necessary and adequate care shall be taken to avoid or minimize impact on cultural properties ( which includes cultural sites and remains , places of worship including temples , mosques , churches and shrines , etc . , graveyards , monuments and any other important structures as identified during design and all properties / sites / remains notified under the National Museums and Heritage Act , No . 6 of 2006 . No work shall spillover to these properties , premises and precincts . 13", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 212, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Somalia | ReliefWeb vii NRC / UNHCR ( 2025 ) Access to Land and Tenure Documents : A Situational Analysis of Minority Groups in Southwest , Jubbaland , and Puntland States of Somalia . minority-access-to-land-and-tenure-documents-in-puntland-jubaland-and-southwest-states-somalia . pdf viii Somalia 2025 : Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan . https : / / reliefweb . int / report / somalia / somalia-2025-humanitarian-needs-and-response-plan-hnrp ix Ibid - x See Disrupting al-Shabaab ’ s hold on Mogadishu ’ s economy | Global Initiative , April 2025 , available at : Disrupting al-Shabaab ’ s hold on Mogadishu ’ s < u > economy | Global Initiative , see also Overcoming Reintegration Barriers for Former Al-Shabaab Members in Somalia , February 2025 , available at : Overcoming Reintegration Barriers for Former Al-Shabaab Members in Somalia No . 17 ( February 2025 ) - Somalia | ReliefWeb , See moreover , Somalia : < / u > Impact of Clan Conflicts , Marc 2025 , available at : 20250319_ACAPS_Crisis_Impact_of_clan_conflicts_in_Somalia . pdf xi Ibid . xii Protection and Solutions Monitoring Network xiii DTM projections , Somalia January 2025 xiv See Assessment Report on Minority Groups – Somalia 2025 , available at : Assessment Report on Minority Groups – Somalia 2025 ( February 27 , 2025 ) - < u > Somalia | ReliefWeb < / u > xv NRC / UNHCR ( 2025 ) : Protection and Conflict Sensitive Analysis in Somalia . Protection and Conflict Sensitive Analysis in Somalia - Somalia | ReliefWeb xvi Ibid . xvii Somalia and Somaliland Quarter 4 2024 , TalkTo ' s Top-New Website xviii Somalia : Conflict in Luuq District , Jubaland State Flash Update No .", "spans": [{"start": 1113, "end": 1128, "text": "DTM projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The results presented here suggest a number of implications for the current IDP crisis in Mali . It appears overall that the UN , NGOs , and the Malian government working with IDPs in Mali have succeeded in providing resources to IDPs and IDP hosting villages in a way that modestly enhances average village level consumption as well as not exacerbating inequality or poverty within the hosting communes . The results generally do not suggest that IDPs would have a detrimental effect on social cohesion due to the economic effects from their presence . But one should be cautious since we are observing the effects of IDP presence when there is a large humanitarian operation to help them , and acknowledge that results might differ where humanitarian operations are of a smaller scale or unable to reach IDP populations due to the conflict . There are some limitations that are worth highlighting before we turn to policy and program implications . First , our measure of IDP presence comes from the UN and NGOs that work with IDPs and may miss IDPs who are not known of or registered with the UN or NGOs in the area . Our EMOP data do suggest that there are small numbers of people who might fit this category , but not of a scale likely to significantly bias our results . Nonetheless , the effects reported here should be considered effects of officially registered IDPs . Second , this work only measures the effects of IDP presence on non-IDP households , such that our measures of poverty inequality are only within the host community estimate and do not measure inequality between host community and IDP wealth . It is along this dimension that some of the potential effects of inequality on social cohesion might be most felt . Third , the results presented here are specific to the Malian cultural context , a country that has a long-standing cultural history of accepting and housing outsiders . Called _ “ Diatiguiya ” _ in the local language , Bambara , which translates as the keeper of hospitality , this feature of Malian society means that all members of a community are expected to provide hospitality to strangers . Other places without a tradition of _Diatiguiya_ may not have", "spans": [{"start": 1125, "end": 1134, "text": "EMOP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Parameters . * * The labor share is set to match the average share of labor compensation in non-resource GDP over 2000-2019 . This requires adjusting the PWT labor share , which applies to the whole economy , usually less labor intensive than the non-resource sector . Specifically : t ⁄ 0 PPWWPP where t is the share of labor compensation in GDP in period tt tt tt _t_ , taken from Penn ββ = ββ x RRDDPP RRDDPP PPWWPP 0 World Table 10 ( PWT10 ) , and is non-resource GDP in period _t_ . The baseline ββ calibration sets equal to the average value of tt over recent years . RRDDPP To calibrate the resource rents in resource industry tt , , we use information on ββ ββ natural resource rents shares , provided by the Global Trade Analysis Project ii ii γγ ( GTAP ) , and averaged over 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , and 2014 . < sup > 27 < / sup > The tax rate in the resource sector , , is calibrated using data on government natural resource revenues and resource GDP from the IMF ’ s World Commodity RR ττ Exporters Dataset ( IMF-WCE ) . Specifically , is set to match the longest available historical average of resource revenues as a share of resource GDP since 2000 . RR ττ The fiscal rule in the Default submodel requires the calibration of the marginal propensity to invest , ( see equation ( 13 ) ) . For BBR-HR and SSR , is set to one and zero , respectively . For BBR , is the average ratio of public investment to total θθ θθ expenditure over 2000-2019 , taken from the IMF-WEO and the Investment and θθ Capital Stock Dataset provided by the IMF Fiscal Affairs Department ( IMF-FAD ) . The External-Balance model requires five additional parameters : the private investment crowd-in parameter the average tax rate on the non-resource economy 0 , the debt-elastic interest spread , the world real interest rate , and how the λλ , budget balance responds to debt . measures the response of private investment WW ττ ψψ ff to the fiscal balance ( equation ( 19 ) ) . Its default value is set to", "spans": [{"start": 981, "end": 1020, "text": "World Commodity RR ττ Exporters Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1476, "end": 1483, "text": "IMF-WEO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1492, "end": 1531, "text": "Investment and θθ Capital Stock Dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 : Sensitivity Test * * | | FIRR | EIRR | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Base Case | 18 % | 23 % | | 15 % increase inproject cost | 14 % | 21 % | | 15 % reduction in economic benefits | 18 % | 18 % | | 15 % increase in cost and 15 % decline in benefit | 14 % | 16 % | 39 . * * Secondary Cities : * * The financial and economic analysis of the five secondary cities covered under the program is conducted and aggregated to reveal the financial and economic viability of the project . After transfers are removed and non financial economic benefits are considered the project is found to be economically viable . * * Table 5 : Results of Financial and Economic Analyses-Secondary City * * | FNPV | FIRR ( % ) | ENPV | EIRR ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( Birr Million ) | | ( Birr Million ) | | | - 482 | 0 . 32 % | 335 | 16 | 40 . * * Technical analysis : * * Given the increasing gap between the supply and demand for water in Addis Ababa and the secondary cities , the success of the project is predicated on the production of more water . The additional financing will help secondary cities achieve their original targets of producing and supplying additional water including the newly added city of Dire Dawa . 41 . Dire Dawa city is the second most populous federal city with population of 267 , 311 as per the 2007 national census . About 36 % of the population is not currently served by the utility . The design and implementation arrangement for Dire Dawa city will follow similar arrangement used for the secondary cities in the original UWSSP . The investment will be supported with institutional capacity and operational efficiency activities to sustain the investment and lead the utility to ultimate financial viability .", "spans": [{"start": 1337, "end": 1357, "text": "2007 national census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Sifting through the Data : * * * * Labor Markets in Haiti through a Turbulent Decade ( 2001-2012 ) * * * * Thiago Scot * * * * Aude-Sophie Rodella * * * * Working Paper * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > _Keywords : labor markets ; poverty ; female labor markets ; youth employment ; fragility , conflict and violence ; _ _JEL codes : J01 ; J24 ; O17_ > 1 Poverty Global Practice . This paper builds on analysis conducted by the authors in the context of the Haiti Poverty Assessment ( 2015 ) and the Haiti Systematic Diagnostic ( 2015 ) in collaboration with Facundo Cuevas . The authors are grateful for the comments received from : Facundo Cuevas , Raju Singh , Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez , Bernardo Atuesta and the LAC Poverty team for comments received during the 2015 Summer Internal Research Seminar Program ( SIRPIG ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Working < br > hours < br > and < br > overtime | The working hours < br > in Kenya are 52 < br > hours per week for < br > daytime < br > employees . < br > However , < br > employees < br > who < br > work at night need < br > to fulfill 60 hours < br > per week . < br > Regardless of the < br > work , no daytime < br > worker < br > should < br > work for more than < br > 116 hours over a < br > period < br > of < br > two < br > weeks . < br > Similarly , < br > no < br > night-time < br > employee < br > should < br > work for more than < br > 144 hours every < br > two weeks . < br > In < br > the < br > case < br > of < br > overtime < br > work , < br > employers < br > must < br > pay < br > their < br > employees < br > 150 < br > percent < br > of < br > their < br > regular day ’ s pay . | Working hours < br > shall be agreed < br > mutually or by < br > collective < br > bargaining . | Both < br > give < br > provisions < br > according < br > to < br > working hours < br > and overtime . | Working < br > hours < br > and < br > overtime will be defined < br > in accordance with the < br > Kenyan law . < br > The attendance register < br > shall be maintained to < br > record time of arrival and < br > departure from work . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Workers", "spans": [{"start": 1146, "end": 1165, "text": "attendance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 are their demands for subsidies ? ) . Regional governments respond to these demands based on ( i ) intensity of these pressures ; ( ii ) the structure of their own preferences ; and ( iii ) their own access to fiscal resources ( budget constraints of regional governments ) . Our supply-side factors reflect various aspects of regional economic wealth , and therefore seems could be used as a measure of budget constraint hardness . The variables are listed below by type . Unless otherwise noted , all ruble-denominated indicators used in the regressions were per capita in 1991 prices . # _Supply-side factors_ # _Economic variables_ 1 . Pre-transfer budget revenue 2 . Federal budget transfers - of which : 3 . Mutual settlements _4 . _ Subventions 5 . Federal Fund for Regional Support ( in 1994-95 ) # _Social variables_ 6 . Household gross money income 7 . Doctors per 10 , 000 population 8 . Hospital beds per 10 , 000 population 9 . Car ownership ( cars per 1 , 000 population ) # * * _Demand-side factors_ * * # _Economic variables_ 10 . Wage-arrears per worker ( end of 1993 data used in 1993-95 regressions ) 11 . Index of real industrial output ( as % of 1990 level ) 12 . Loss-making enterprises ( % of registered enterprises in major sectors , 1994 data only ) 13 . Loss-making enterprises in industry ( % of registered enterprises in industry , 1994 data only ) 14 . Unemployment level ( registered unemployed as % of labor force ) 15 . Percentage of national income obtaining to industry ( 1992 data only ) 16 . Index of meat production ( proxy for overall decline in the agricultural sector , as % of 1991 level ) # _Social and other non-monetary variables_ 17 . Life expectancy ( years ) 18 . School children per 1 , 000 population", "spans": [{"start": 1076, "end": 1092, "text": "end of 1993 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Empirical Analysis * * # * * _1 . Effect of business-as-usual approach on labor reporting_ * * To understand the effect of survey approach on labor reporting , we estimate the following equation separately for the samples of men and women aged 18-64 : 1 + γ ( 1 ) iih 1iih iih yy = ∝ + ββ TT + εε Above , _i_ and _h_ represent individual and household , respectively ; _y_ represents individuals ’ labor outcomes ( as presented in Table 2 ) ; and _α_ and _ɛ_ represent constant and error terms , respectively . 1 is a binary variable identifying the adults in the IHS4 sample , with the individuals in the IHPS constituting the comparison category . _D_ is a vector of individual and household attributes TT presented in Table 1 earlier to capture any remaining unobserved heterogeneity that may also jointly determine both the dependent variable and the likelihood of being selected for one survey versus the other . The aim is to understand how the business-as-usual survey setting compares to the best-practice approach of conducting individual interviews with self-reporting respondents . For the binary outcome variables , Equation ( 1 ) is estimated as a linear probability model with probability weights adjusting for non-response . < sup > 15 < / sup > For weekly hours across activities , and annual hours and earnings in wage and _ganyu_ , OLS regressions are run on the conditional sample of respondents ( those who reported working in that activity over the relevant reference period ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > Standard errors are clustered at the enumeration area level . Based on equation ( 1 ) , Tables 3 and 4 summarize the effect of the business-as-usual survey setting on the estimation of different labor statistics ( for the full sample , and for men and women separately ) . On the whole , after controlling for demographic and survey characteristics , we find that the business-as-usual scenario ( relative to the individual interviews ) underestimates men ’ s and women ’ s participation in livestock , managing or working in an NFE , as well as wage employment for men . After controlling for demographic and survey", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the pre-university education system in Jordan , ERfKE II – the preparation of which benefited from a participatory process involving MoE officials , implementing partners , donors , members of the private sector and civil society – is intended to achieve several important social development outcomes . These include increasing access and equity to students in the poorer quintiles , further closing the gender gap , enhancing educational opportunities for early childhood education in poor areas , and addressing the situation of students with special needs . These measures will be carried out in an increasingly more participatory environment , where schools , teachers , and parents play a more active role in the process of learning , and where new systems , tools and schools are put in place to provide a more conducive and accountable learning environment . 58 . These reforms will better prepare students in Jordan to compete in the global economy and enhance their employability . This is of particular concern to the young population of labor entrants , who compete for a few jobs . Unemployment in mid-2008 was 13 . 3 percent according to the latest Economic Monitoring Report ( EMR ) , with one-third of the unemployed being under 24 . As for the gender gap , women in Jordan have a very low labor market participation rate – currently at below 15 percent – which is at odds with their achievement of full parity in secondary enrollment and their high enrolment rates in tertiary ( 41 percent for females and 37 percent for males ) . Against a high fertility rate of 3 . 4 births per woman and the domestic impact of regional conflicts , the issue of economic diversification and job creation is key . 59 . Aligning the skills and abilities of labor market entrants to the job market is one of the concerns of ERfKE II , with the GoJ seeking to restructure its vocational education sector around knowledge economy skills . The reform effort under ERfKE II will seek to make vocational education more relevant to both labor market entrants and employers , reversing a declining trend in secondary vocational education enrollment . Females ,", "spans": [{"start": 1162, "end": 1188, "text": "Economic Monitoring Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * AnM & Esystem < br > hati srealistic , effective and < br > irovides information at both < br > oca1 and global levels | < br > rimely and comprehensive < br > irogress reports andbusiness < br > ilans that containM & E < br > nformation at all levels < br > k t u a l implementation o f < br > vl & Eactivities are delivered < br > ) ntimeandwithinthe < br > , equirements setinthe M & E < br > ilan < br > ' ositive feedback receivedon < br > he value andusefulnesso f < br > heinformation from theDLC < br > indD P M staff and local and < br > ntemational stakeholders | d & EPlan < br > d & Ereview consultancy < br > eport ( Y2 ) < br > > LCAnnualIQuarterly < br > eports < br > > PM review comments < br > quarterlyiannual ) < br > _NB_Supervision Reports < br > did-term & final evaluation < br > eports | lvailability o f baseline < br > nformation | | * * ' roject Components * * _I_ < br > * * ; ub-components : * * < br > . D L C Construction and < br > nstallation < br > : . D L C Operations Support | * * nputs : ( budget for each * * < br > * * : omponent ) * * < br > JS $ 1 . 38111 < br > JSSI_ . 90m_ | * * ' rejectreports : * * < br > IPMIDLC Quarterly reports < br > _NB_Supervision Reports < br > lnnual audit reports < br > IPMIDLC Quarterly reports < br > _NB_", "spans": [{"start": 1158, "end": 1183, "text": "IPMIDLC Quarterly reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CITIZENSHIP AND STATELESSNESS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA minority communities , who face significant discrimination in daily life , at high risk of not being recognised as nationals as Somalia seeks to rebuild its identification infrastructure . All the states considered by this report provide for the possibility of acquiring nationality based on longterm residence and fulfilment of other conditions . The provisions in law , however , are severely limited in application . Naturalisation appears to be inaccessible in practice – as it is in all African countries . Lack of access to naturalisation does not in principle create statelessness if the person concerned has another nationality and this nationality is documented . But it does at least create exclusion from the benefits of citizenship , and it greatly increases the risk of statelessness if naturalisation is impossible to access for those who have lost any connection to their country of origin , including for later generations born in a country where neither parent is recognised as a national . # # Birth registration While Djibouti has achieved birth registration rates of above 90 percent of children under five , none of the other countries covered by this have reported rates of above five percent ( although the latest information from Ethiopia is an improvement to 16 percent ) . Recent initiatives have slightly improved these figures , but birth registration remains very low – and of course even lower among those who are already adults . Although birth registration is not ( usually ) accepted as proof of nationality , it provides the most authoritative evidence of the facts that enable a person to claim nationality – place and date of birth , and identity of parents . Universal birth registration is thus a priority for the prevention of statelessness . If the parents of a child are not nationals of the country of birth , access to consular services may be essential , both to issue documents required for the parents to be able to register the child ’ s birth in the host country , and for that child ’ s right to the parent ’ s nationality to be assured , through transcription of the birth certificate into the records", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 2 . 8 | 3 . 5 | | Russian < br > Fdti | Consumptionper capita ( US $ ) * | 2 , 124 | 3 , 506 | 4 , 436 | 5 , 384 | 6 , 415 | 7 , 682 | 9 , 260 | 11 , 217 | 14 , 925 | 32 , 099 | 9 , 698 | | eeraon | Share of tobacco expenditures * * | 1 . 7 % | 1 . 2 % | 0 . 9 % | 1 . 0 % | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 6 % | 0 . 7 % | 0 . 5 % | 0 . 9 % | | | Share of smoker households * * * | 30 . 4 % | 38 . 8 % | 35 . 0 % | 40 . 8 % | 38 . 6 % | 46 . 5 % | 43 . 3 % | 43 . 0 % | 42 . 9 % | 40 . 7 % | 40 . 3 % | | | Population | 5 , 791 , 693 | 5 , 791 , 742 | 5 , 797 , 492 | 5 , 785 , 215 | 5 , 790 , 442 | 5 , 791 , 336 | 5 , 793 , 315 | 5 , 791 , 618 | 5 , 790 , 950 | 5 , 789 , 259 | 57 , 913 , 059 | | | Household size | 5 . 9 | 5 . 2 | 4 . 7 | 4 . 3 | 3 . 8 | 3 . 4 | 3 . 0 | 2 . 7 | 2 . 6 | 2 . 4 | 3 . 5 | | South Africa | < br > Consumptionper capita ( US $ ) * | 365 | 641 | 886 | 1 , 140 | 1 , 456 | 1 , 904 | 2 , 544 | 3 , 692 | 6 , 248 | 16 , 689 | 3 , 556 | | | Share of tobacco expenditures * * | 4 . 5 %", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROJECT PAPER # # * * The World Bank * * Additional Financing for Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) | | one . | | - - - | - - - | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | Subprojectproposal templates / QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Through MIS - the formula for calculating beneficiaries of water subprojects is identified in the PIM | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU at regional and woreda level | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Community Investment Fund subprojects completed and fully operational ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of community identified and implemented CIF-funded subprojects completed and fully operational under component < br > one | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | Quarterly progress report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Project MIS & GEMS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Strategic Investment Fund subprojects completed and fully operational ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of strategic investment fund financed subprojects completed and fullyoperational under component one | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | Quarterly progress report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Project MIS & GEMS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Community level committees established , strengthened and operational ( Number ) * * | | Description | This covers the four main committees established at the community level for each", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 906, "text": "Quarterly progress report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1365, "end": 1390, "text": "Quarterly progress report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - The main purpose of the RP review is to share and disseminate information amongst stakeholders , review and assess the processes and problems of implementation , and based on the findings and the collective assessments , highlight achievements and best practices and provide solutions for outstanding and major problems and challenges faced . - The early stages in the RP implementation are typically when problems and challenges are encountered . Therefore , it is important to hold the first review meeting as early as possible after the start of implementation . - PIO / ESAO ( and its monitoring , review and evaluation officer ) will assume the main responsibility for organising the review meetings and presentations on the problems and process of implementation and all other necessary preparations and inputs for the meetings . The proceedings of the review meetings will be systematically compiled , edited and distributed to stakeholders . Table 17 . 2 : RP Monitoring , Review and Evaluation Framework | * * Component * * | * * Type of Data * * < br > * * Information * * | * * Sources of Data * * | * * Main * * < br > * * Responsible * * < br > * * Body * * | * * Frequency / * * < br > * * Number * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Monitoring < br > ( IPM ) | - Measurement of Input - < br > output data and < br > indicators < br > - Financial and physical < br > performance data | - Internal records < br > - Field observations < br > - Monthly < br > monitoring / progress < br > reports < br > - Survey and < br > questionnaires < br > - Meeting with Subproject < br > staff | PIO / ESAO", "spans": [{"start": 1549, "end": 1565, "text": "performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1570, "end": 1586, "text": "Internal records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> underestimate < br > if | traffic < br > control . < br > This is a serious < br > m < br > < br > metal sleepers < br > also have to be < br > | | 3 / < br > For < br > - < br > Source | strengthen < br > | ing < br > wagon coupl | ings | replaced < br > by non < br > before they are < br > Avoided invest < br > | - conducting < br > sleepers < br > simultaneously < br > due for renewal < br > ments < br > in centralized < br > traffic control < br > < br > | | < br > MaYu197 | < br > 5Mission < br > est | imates | | < br > and strengthen | < br > ing < br > wagon couplings | Source : MaYu1975 Mission estimates", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 621, "text": "MaYu1975 Mission estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "means of written communication shall be in an easily understood language and be readily available to exposed workers and first-aid personnel - Training workers in the use of the available information ( such as MSDSs ) , safe work practices , and appropriate use of PPE * * Fire and explosion hazards * * : portable gasoline containers for generators and other gasoline-powered equipment , fuel transfers for onsite heavy equipment operation , ignition of flammable materials during hot works , welding operations that creative spark , risk of electrocution . * * Mitigation Measures for Fire and Explosion Hazards * * - Storing flammables away from ignition sources and oxidizing materials . - Providing bonding and grounding of , and between , containers and additional mechanical floor level ventilation if materials are being , or could be , dispensed in the storage area . - Where the flammable material is mainly comprised of dust , providing electrical grounding , spark detection , and , if needed , quenching systems . - Implementing hot work permits procedures . - Ensure the provision of fire extinguishers at all work locations and at all times . - All flammable gases , liquids and vapors are removed before the start of any hot work . - Where appropriate , use spark-resistant tools and make sure all equipment is bonded or grounded properly . - The construction site shall be fenced off to prevent access to members of the public . - Providing adequate storage for hazardous and flammable substances and controlling access to them . - Designate separate place and equip them with appropriate medical equipment for first aid treatment . - Providing specific worker training in handling of flammable materials , and in fire prevention or suppression . * * Electrical hazards * * : Most of the construction equipment uses gasoline so they would be gasoline containers at risk of explosives . All equipment needs electric power , without provisions for electrical safety , there is a risk of an electric hazard in the site . Exposed or faulty electrical devices , such as circuit breakers , panels , cables , cords and hand tools , can pose a serious risk to workers .", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 215, "text": "MSDSs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Dataset ( SARMD ) . India ’ s consumption aggregates reported are based on the Uniform Recall Period ( URP ) . The standardization of the consumption aggregates would reduce the international poverty rate in South Asia by 1 . 3 percentage points or almost 18 . 5 million extreme poor , with India witnessing a reduction in the headcount by 40 million . Other countries , like Bangladesh and Pakistan would see a large increase in the poverty numbers if consumption aggregates were standardized . Pakistan would increase the number of extreme poor from 10 . 3 million to 12 million , and Bangladesh would see its number of extreme poor go from 27 . 5 million to 28 . 9 million , mainly driven by the rural poor . India would increase the number of extreme poor by over 22 million nationwide . Most of 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * EA Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project ( Second Phase of Program ) ( P148853 ) * * Table 1 . 6 : 2023 Annual Average Daily Traffic * * | * * Lot * * | * * Motorcycle * * | * * Cars * * | * * 4 W / Drive * * | * * Pick - Up * * | * * Minibus * * | * * Small Bus * * | * * Large Bus * * | * * Light Truck * * | * * Medium * * < br > * * Truck * * | * * Heavy Truck * * | * * Articulated * * < br > * * Truck * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lot 0-Loichangamak - Lodwar | 1 , 880 | 755 | 297 | 770 | 75 | 10 | 5 | 26 | 299 | 232 | 87 | 4 , 437 | | Lot 1-Lodwar - Loukitaung | 1 , 898 | 486 | 84 | 230 | 58 | 10 | 17 | 40 | 206 | 184 | 82 | 3 , 295 | | Lot 2-Loukitaung - Kalobeyei River | 1 , 385 | 523 | 81 | 308 | 45 | 16 | 20 | 49 | 209 | 403 | 91 | 3 , 129 | | Lot 3a-Kalobeyei River - Lokichoggio | 1 , 304 | 524 | 94 | 133 | 21 | 13 | 3 | 42 | 146 | 132 | 59 | 2 , 470 | | Lot 3b-Lokichoggio - Sudan | 707 | 480 | 77 | 90 |", "spans": [{"start": 148, "end": 181, "text": "2023 Annual Average Daily Traffic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collection modalities are justifiable – or even possible – in different humanitarian contexts varies a lot depending on circumstances . In situations where life saving is the immediate need , the time available to collect data before taking action is limited . While time for data collection is a big factor to consider in a sudden onset crisis response , in many _protracted_ humanitarian situations that drag on for years , humanitarian actors have plenty of opportunity for more careful data collection processes that does allow for disaggregation . Given the urgency to respond to life-threatening situations , and therefore the limited time available to collect specific data on disabilities , even the earliest actions following a crisis must be designed from the outset in an accessible manner so as to not to create a barrier for persons with disabilities . Providing more efficient relief on the basis of need alone and without discrimination is the central idea behind the humanitarian aid ’ s impartiality principle . The safety and security of the data collectors is another constraint . Given limited humanitarian access , it is important to be realistic and flexible in considering how data on persons with disabilities can best be collected , and the kind of approaches that make the most sense . Security issues put constraints on methods used by both local actors as well as external humanitarian actors including the size of survey samples and the length of questionnaires . In some humanitarian contexts , feasible sample sizes may be too small to allow meaningful disaggregation . In these cases , qualitative methods might produce better insight . Aside from the feasibility of collecting the data , determining when disability disaggregated data is the most relevant or useful to help improve humanitarian action is important . Rapid onset versus slow onset emergencies , acute crises versus prolonged ones : although data about disabilities is always useful at the planning stage , the level of detail needed at the assessment and planning stage relates to the need to prioritize fundamental needs – i . e . _how much and what kind of data is good enough ? _ The data needed by responders in the first few days following a major natural", "spans": [{"start": 1738, "end": 1767, "text": "disability disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "help ’ groups ( registered with the Ministry of Gender , Sports , Culture and Social Services ) operate about 355 piped water supply systems in urban and rural areas serving about 2 . 3 million people and about 10 , 000 water points serving about 2 . 6 million people . The deterioration of public piped water systems has also catalyzed the growth of a water vending industry of small scale independent providers . # < u > Water Supply and Sewerage Issues in Nairobi < / u > In Nairobi , the service is currently provided by the Water and Sewerage Department ( WSD ) , a technical department within the Nairobi City Council ( NCC ) . WSD ’ s lack of operational and financial autonomy has been determined to be a major factor causing poor and unsustainable operations . The service is caught in a cycle of declining investment , quality of service and financial returns characterized by : ( i ) low coverage and unreliable service ; ( ii ) high levels of unaccounted for water ( UfW ) and of unpaid bills ; ( iii ) very poor financial management ; ( iv ) a tariff insufficient to cover operations and maintenance ( O & M ) costs ; ( v ) inadequate commercial management . This has translated to inadequate service to the population , including to the informal settlements in Nairobi , where the vast majority of the urban poor reside . # < u > Government Response < / u > The Government of Kenya ’ s ( GOK ) National Water Policy ( 1999 ) and the Government Action Plan for the implementation of its Poverty Reduction Strategy envisage reaching full coverage of access to safe water to the country ’ s population . This is an ambitious target . The long term goal as reflected in the CAS the envisages the expansion of services from the current estimated 60 % to 90 % by 2024 . In the medium term , the MDG target envisages about 70 % coverage by 2015 . The MDG also envisages access to improved sanitation reaching about 93 % by 2015 . Achieving these development goals represents a", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # # * * Marital Status of HH Heads and HH population * * Results of census survey indicated that 62 . 5 % of the household heads are married , followed by widowed household heads constituted 34 . 6 % and divorced household heads are 7 . 7 % . There is no single or unmarried household head among Subproject affected household heads . Unlike other places in the country , the proportion of household heads without spouse is remarkably high among Subproject affected household heads . When we combined both divorced and widowed household heads , the proportion of Subproject affected households headed by female ( FHH ) is 45 . 8 % . This means the proportion of vulnerable household heads affected by the proposed Subproject is almost equivalent to non-vulnerable Subproject affected household heads . With regard to marital status of household population whose age is 18 years and older , the finding of the census survey revealed that 54 . 1 % of the Subproject affected household population is reported to be never married , followed by married population with 31 . 8 % and the remaining 10 . 6 % and 3 . 5 % of the household members are divorced and widowed respectively . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 . 0 60 . 0 < br > 62 . 5 54 . 1 < br > 60 . 0 50 . 0 < br > 50 . 0 40 . 0 < br > 31 . 8 < br > 40 . 0 34 . 6 30 . 0 < br > 30 . 0 < br > 20 . 0 < br > 10 . 6 < br > 20 . 0 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 3 . 5 < br > 7 . 7 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Percent < br > 0 . 0 < br > HH Head", "spans": [{"start": 217, "end": 230, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] < ! - - Start of picture text - - > LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) < br > above < br > 65years < br > 10 % < br > 50-65years 18-30 < br > 12 % < br > years < br > 38 % < br > 41-50years < br > 14 % < br > 31-40years < br > 26 % < br > Figure 4-2 Household characteristics < br > 4 . 4 . 2 . Literacy levels < br > From the interviews it was established that a majority 35 % of the respondents have attained < br > secondary education , 21 % have attained primary education , 10 % have attained tertiary < br > education , 32 % university education and 2 % vocational training with only 5 % not having < br > attained any form of education , this is indicated in the figure below . < br > V O C A T IO N AL 2 % < br > TR AINING < br > UNIV ER SITY 32 % < br > T E R T IA R Y 10 % < br > SECO NDARY 35 % < br > Disclosure Copy < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > V O C A T IO N AL 2 % < br > TR AINING < br > UNIV ER SITY 32 % < br > T E R T IA R Y 10 % < br > SECO NDARY 35 % < br > P R I MA R Y 21 % < br > < ! - - End of picture", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "haricot bean production and animal fattening ) . Thus , enhancement of the capacity of electric light and power would enhance the agricultural and livestock productivity and the processing of local products for marketing . _Enhance application of new technologies in social facilities and infrastructures_ As indicated in the baseline data and in results of public consultations , there is a rapid expansion of social facilities and infrastructures in the subproject affected towns and periurban areas and rural settlements . These developments include health posts / centers , Page 122", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 339, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Ikt ( Hearing Aid 2007 ) is an indicator variable which takes value 1 for HS code 902140 “ hearing aid ” from year 2007 onward – the year in which the technology became widely used in the production of hearing aids ( see Section 2 ) . γik and δit are country-product and country-year fixed effects , respectively . Country-product dummies capture the effect of time-invariant characteristics that determine the level of exports , including secular productivity and endowment differences that can determine the specialization trade patterns . While country-year fixed effects account for country specific shocks common to all products , including country-specific macroeconomic conditions . > 10 We use product level bilateral trade data from WITS ( UN Comtrade ) reported at the 6-digit level in the HS 1988 / 92 classification for the period 1995-2016 . As common in the literature , we drop countries with population less than 5 million . Additionally , we keep only countries for which the World Bank provides information on the income level ( see Table 9 or < u > https : / / datahelpdesk . worldbank . org / knowledgebase / articles / 378834-how-does-the-world-bank-classifycountries ) . The available data cover 117 countries and 330 products that are either classified as high-tech < / u > ( see Table 5 ) or in HS chapter 90 .", "spans": [{"start": 704, "end": 748, "text": "product level bilateral trade data from WITS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 6 - * * > 5 [ This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials * * ( SIDC ) * * < sup > andtodelivertheApplicationsandsupporting < / sup > documents to the World Bank < sup > * * by * * electronicmeans . Infullrecognitionthatthe World < / sup > Bank shall rely upon such representations < sup > andwarranties , includingwithout limitation , < / sup > the representations and warranties < sup > containedin the < / sup > < sup > _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure_ < / sup > _Identification Credentials in connection_ < sup > _withUse of Electronic Means to Process Applications and_ < / sup > _Supporting Documentation_ < sup > ( \" TermsandConditionsofUseof < / sup > < sup > * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient < / sup > represents and warrants to < sup > the Association that it will cause such persons to abide < / sup > < sup > * * by * * those < / sup > terms and conditions . ] This Authorization replaces and < sup > supersedesanyAuthorizationcurrentlyinthe < / sup > World Bank records with respect < sup > to this Agreement . < / sup > [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , * * / * * signed [ Position ] < sup > 6 < / sup > * * 5 * * Instruction to the Recipient : < sup > * * Add * * this paragraphif theRecipientwishes to authorize the listedpersonsto < / sup > accept Secure Identification < s", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1056, "text": "World Bank records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "developed on a global level and can be accessed through a MapX data < u > project . On a national level ACTED , a French NGO , is implementing a project in Rakhine state < / u > which involves planting and conserving mangrove forests . > 6 OCHA Policy Development and Studies Branch ( 2016 ) “ Understanding the climate-conflict nexus from a humanitarian perspective : a new quantitative approach ” . Available : < u > https : / / reliefweb . int / sites / reliefweb . int / files / resources / OCHA_OP17_climate % 20change_online . p df < / u > 12", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 67, "text": "MapX data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Men , \" _The Journal of Human Resources_ 28 ( 4 ) : 689-734 . Stecklov , Guy , Antoine Bommier , and Ties Boerma , 1999 . \" Trends in Equity in Child Survival in Developing Countries : A Illustrative Example using Ugandan Data . \" MEASURE _Evaluation_ Project / Carolina Population Center , INED . Mimeo . Wagstaff , Adam and N . Watanbe , 1999 . \" Inequalities in child malnutrition in the developing world , \" Mimeo . DECRG , The World Bank . Washington , DC . World Bank , 1999 . _World Development Indicators , 1999 . _ World Bank , Washington , DC . 41", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 230, "text": "Ugandan Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> to dvaluation anKampala . | | | Oct 1987 | 2 | 6 | PE-Co | 3 | Project start-up delayed by two years . Adequate < br > UEB ' s financial data unobtainable . | | | June 1988 | 3 | 4 | PE-FA-EC | 2 | Not in compliance with financial covenants . UEB < br > not able to finance local costs . Delays at Central < br > Bank . | | | May 1989 | 1 | | PE | 2 | Project under-funded . UEB ' s weak finacial |", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 143, "text": "UEB ' s financial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Jaglom , Wendy S . et al . ( 2014 ) . “ Assessment of projected temperature impacts from climate change on the U . S . electric power sector using the Integrated Planning Model ” . _Energy Policy_ 73 , 524 – 539 . - Javorcik , Beata ( 2019 ) . _Eight Things Development Professionals Should Know about Foreign Direct Investment - FDI inflows may help improve environmental performance_ . Report . PEDL Synthesis Paper . - Jiang , Yan and Le Luo ( 2018 ) . “ Market reactions to environmental policies : Evidence from China ” . _Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management_ 25 . _eprint : https : / / onlinelibrary . wiley . com / doi / pdf / 10 . 1002 / csr . 1505 , 889 – 903 . - Jiménez , Orlando ( 2007 ) . “ Voluntary agreements in environmental policy : an empirical evaluation for the Chilean case ” . _Journal of Cleaner Production_ 15 , 620 – 637 . - Jin , Zuben et al . ( 2021 ) . “ Do Firms Adapt to Rising Temperatures ? Evidence from EstablishmentLevel Data ” . - Jones , Benjamin F and Benjamin A Olken ( 2010 ) . “ Climate Shocks and Exports ” . _American Economic Review : Papers & Proceedings_ 100 , 454 – 459 . - Keller , Wolfgang and Arik Levinson ( 2002 ) . “ Pollution Abatement Costs and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to U . S . States ” . _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ 84 , 691 – 703 . - Khanna , Madhu and Lisa A Damon ( 1999 ) . “ EPA ’ s Voluntary 33 / 50 Program : Impact on Toxic Releases and Economic Performance of Firms ” . _Journal of Environmental Economics and Management_ 37 , 1 – 25 . - Kling , Gerhard et al . ( 2018 ) . “ Climate Vulnerability and the Cost of Debt ” . - Kraehnert , Kati et al . ( 2021 ) . “ Insurance Against Extreme Weather Events : An Overview : ” _Review of Economics_ 72 . Publisher : De Gruyter Oldenbourg , 71 – 95 . - Kumar , Surender and Shivananda Shetty ( 2018 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project ( P169943 ) RHISN , which will reach approximately 20 , 000 households across five regions , seven refugee camps , and their hosting communities . Three of these camps are located in Somali region and are covered by two existing UPSNJP cities ( Kebri Beyah and Aw Barre ) while the other four will be covered by new implementing cities for the project ( Bambasi in Benishangul-Gumuz , Pinyudo in Gambella , Asayita in Afar , and Dabat in Amhara ) . Implementation of the Youth Employment subcomponent has started with more than 17 , 192 youth having completed life skills and cities finalizing registration as well as selection of beneficiaries and hosting firms . Interim financial reports ( IFRs ) continue to be submitted on time and with acceptable quality . There are no outstanding audits . 5 . * * The war that broke out in Tigray , which later spilled over into the Amhara and Afar regions has resulted in mass displacement of people across these regions * * . Other conflict - and drought-affected areas in Ethiopia include Oromia ; Benishangul-Gumuz ; Gambella ; the South Nations , Nationalities , and Peoples ’ Region ( SNNPR ) ; and Somali region . Data from the International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) show that as of June 2023 , a total of 4 . 4 million IDPs have been identified across Ethiopia , constituting one of the largest IDP populations in the world . Just over 50 percent of IDPs are female , while at least 720 , 000 children have been displaced . Many IDPs have temporarily settled in urban areas where they hope to find security , services , and food security . The main causes of displacement were conflict , which displaced 2 . 9 million people ( 66 percent ) ; drought , which displaced about 811 , 000 people ( 19 percent ) ; social tension", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1284, "text": "Data from the International Organization for Migration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distribution grow at 8 percent , while those in the top 60 percent grow at 4 . 7 percent . B . Bars represent GDP-weighted aggregates . Diamonds represent GDP aggregates weighted according to each country ’ s share in total poverty . # * * 5 . Conclusion * * Growth in low-income countries has benefited from a confluence of favorable cyclical and structural developments since 2001 that have allowed the number of LICs to more than halve over this period , as many countries achieved MIC per capita income levels . These factors have , at various points , included a commodity price boom , cyclical rebounds from the collapse of centrally planned regimes in the early-1990s , debt relief , fewer armed conflicts in Africa , trade integration , and improved business climates and policy frameworks . However , the cyclical factors that contributed to LICs reaching MIC status were either unique events ( transition rebounds ) or are 13 Mozambique ’ s deep-water gas fields are estimated to hold more oil-equivalent reserves than are held by Angola or Nigeria — Sub-Saharan Africa ’ s two largest oil producers — and production is set to start by 2022 / 23 ( World Bank 2015a ) . Oil reserves in Uganda are estimated to be the fourth-largest in Sub-Saharan Africa , and production could start within the next three years ( Alkadiri et al . 2014 ) . Large off-shore gas fields were recently discovered in Tanzania . 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in June 2020 painted a gloomier picture , predicting that the number of newly poor individuals would range from 71 million to 100 million by the end of 2020 ( Mahler et al . , 2020b ) . The second strand of literature uses interviews of representative parts of the population to understand socio-economic impacts , also as input to parameterize modeling and forecasting efforts . In the context of the pandemic , most interviews were conducted by phone < sup > 2 < / sup > and – to a smaller extent – by using online surveys . Khamis et al . ( 2021 ) , for example , use data from the high-frequency phone survey ( HFPS ) to estimate the early impact of COVID-19 on the labor markets of 39 countries . Their findings show that the pandemic has negatively affected labor market outcomes in these countries with respect to job and income losses , lack of payment and job changes . In a related paper , Kugler et al . ( 2021 ) focus on the distributional implications of the crisis , showing that female , less educated , and younger workers were initially more severely impacted . Bundervoet et al . ( 2021 ) demonstrate that the pandemic ’ s initial effects were both widespread and highly regressive , with the most vulnerable segments of the population being disproportionally affected . The third strand of studies makes use of remote sensing indicators to monitor economic and other human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic . For example , the literature has long recognized that satellite images can be used to monitor the state of economic development in places where this information is difficult to obtain by other means ( e . g . , Henderson , Storeygard and Weil , 2012 ; Donaldson and Storeygard , 2016 ; Beyer et al . , 2018 ; Kim , 2022 ) . Studies have documented > 2 For example , the World Bank conducted phone surveys in dozens of countries and published a harmonized dashboard available at https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / topic / poverty / brief / high-frequency-monitoring-surveys . 2", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 612, "text": "high-frequency phone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is in part because major measures have only recently been taken 1 / and , in part , because exogenous factors , which could not be fully anticipated at the time the program was being prepared , had a strong adverse impact on economic performance . The effect of rising petroleum prices in late 1979 and early 1980 on Kenya ' s import bill was more severe than expected , persistent drought conditions hampered agricultural exports and necessitated increased food imports , coffee prices slid sharply and economic conditions in nearby export markets deteriorated . Preliminary data indicate that the value of exports actually declined in 1981 , despite increases in coffee and tea 1 / Major action on the exchange rate was taken in September , 1981 and the new import regime was not introduced until November , 1981 .", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 580, "text": "Preliminary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * * * < br > * * [ eq . USD ] * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mentation | | 2017-08-01 | | | 2017-09-26 | 2018-03-25 | | * * CONSULTING FIRMS * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > | < br > | < br > | | | | Contract Type | Estimated < br > | Actual Amount < br > | | < br > Expression of Interest | Short List and Draft | Request for Proposals | < br > Opening of Te | chnical | Evaluation of Technical | Combined Evaluation < br > | | | < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Description < br > UG-MAAIF-8584-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy to Develop a < br > statistical database | Loan / Credit N < br > IDA / 47690 | o . < br > Component < br > Component 4 : Supporting < br > Agribusiness Services and < br > Market Linkages | Review Type < br > Post | Method < br > Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Market Approach < br > Open - National | | Amount ( US $ ) < br > 113 , 000 . 00 | ( US $ ) < br > Process Status < br > 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementation | Terms of R < br > Planned < br > 2017-03-17 | eference < br > < br > Notice < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 655, "text": "statistical database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > respondents | Nonvoucher < br > respondents | _P_ < br > value | | 2006 | 50 . 0 % | 51 . 7 % | 0 . 83 | < br > 20 . 0 % | 12 . 8 % | 0 . 20 | | | ( _N_ = 50 ) | ( _N_ = 180 ) | | ( _N_ = 50 ) | ( _N_ = 180 ) | | | 2007 | 43 . 9 % | 38 . 9 % | 0 . 46 | < br > 24 . 2 % | 21 . 1 % | 0 . 59 | | | ( _N_ = 66 ) | ( _N_ = 247 ) | | ( _N_ = 66 ) | ( _N_ = 247 ) | | _Source : _ Population Council , Household Survey 2010 – 11 . _Note : P_ values are from significance tests of proportions for differences between voucher and nonvoucher respondents . 18", "spans": [{"start": 401, "end": 417, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Reports and Financial Statements For thefinancial year ended June 30 , 2017_ * * # # # # # * * NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ( Continued ) * * # # # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts * * The balances in the Project ' s Special Deposit Account ( s ) as at * * 3 0 1h * * June * * 2016 * * are not included in the Statement of Financial Assets since they are below the line items and are yet to be drawn into the Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule which shows the flow of funds that were voted in the year . These funds have been reported as loans / grants received in the year under the Statement of Receipts and Payments . # # # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | | * * 2016 / 17 * * | * * 2015 / 16 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Kshs * * | * * KShs * * | | * * ( i ) * * < br > * * A / C Name [ AkcNoCentralBankofKenyaace0002142441 * * | | | | Openingbalance | * * 90 , 602 . 362 * * | * * 177 , 661 , 610 * * | | Totalamountdepositedintheaccount | * * 559 . 168 . 232 * * | * * 379 , 002 , 362 * * | | Totalamountwithdrawn ( asperStatementofReceipts * * & * * Payments ) | 440 . 840 . 000 | * * 466 . 061 . 610 * * | | * * Closingbalance * * _ ( asper_ * * _SDA_ * * _bank account reconciliationattached ) _ | 08 . 930 - , 94", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 768, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Envelope 143 , 728 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2022-08-31 2022-10-07 2022-09-05 2022-10-10 2022-10-05 2022-11-02 2022-10-15 2022-11-23 2022-11-15 2022-12-30 2023-01-21 < br > NE-FRSP-NE-306228-GO-RFQ / Acquisition de mobilier de bureau IDA / 69980 Project Management Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 52 , 265 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2022-10-25 2023-03-30 2022-11-21 2022-12-31 2023-04-16 < br > NE-FRSP-NE-306961-GO-RFQ / Acquisition de matériel informatique pour l ' équipe FSRP IDA / 69980 Project Management Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 52 , 265 . 00 38 , 580 . 81 Completed 2022-08-15 2022-08-22 2022-08-31 2022-09-09 2022-10-15 2022-09-26 < br > NE-FRSP-NE-342474-GO-RFQ < br > / Acquisition d ' équipements complémentaires et mise enmarche de la station de réce IDA / D9250 Digital advisory services foragriculture and food crisis prevention and management Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 52 , 632 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2023-06-06 2023-06-14 2023-07-14 < br > ption des données satellitale < br > s de la DGPIA et DGGR < br > NE-FRSP-NE-342493-GO-RFQ / Equipement des structures , renforcement de la cellule géomatique par acquisition des IDA / D9", "spans": [{"start": 1079, "end": 1098, "text": "données satellitale", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Belderbos , R . 1997 . “ Antidumping and Tariff Jumping : Japanese Firms DFI in the European Union and the United States . ” _Review of World Economics_ ( Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv ) 133 ( 3 ) : 419-45 . Blonigen , B . and C . Bown . 2003 . “ Antidumping and Retaliation Threats . ” _Journal of International Economics_ 60 ( 2 ) : 249-73 . Blonigen , B . and T . J . Prusa . 2003 . “ Antidumping . ” In _Handbook of International Trade_ , ed . E . K . Choi and J . Harrigan , 258-84 . Oxford , U . K . and Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . Bown , C . 2010 . Global Antidumping Database . Washington , DC : http : / / econ . worldbank . org / ttbd / gad . Bown , C . and Crowley M . 2006 . “ Policy Externalities : How US Antidumping Affects Japanese Exports to the EU . ” _European Journal of Political Economy_ 22 ( 3 ) : 696-714 . Feinberg , R . and K . Reynolds . 2006 . “ The Spread of Antidumping Regimes and the Role of Retaliation in Filings . ” _Southern Economic Journal 72_ ( 4 ) : 877-90 . Francois , J . F . and G . Niels . 2004 . Political Influence in a New Antidumping Regime : Evidence from Mexico . Timbergen Institute Working Paper No . TI 2004-011 / 2 . Ganguli , B . 2008 . “ The Trade Effects of Indian Antidumping Actions . ” _Review of International Economics_ 16 ( 5 ) : 930-941 . Hallak , J . C . and J . Sivadasan . 2008 . “ Productivity , Quality and Exporting Behavior under Minimum Quality Constraints . \" MPRA Paper 24146 , University Library of Munich , Germany . Hallak , J . C . 2006 . “ Product Quality and the Direction of Trade . ” _Journal of International Economics_ 68 ( 1 ) : 238-65 . Hansen , J . and J . Nielsen . 2009 . “ Dumping and Injury Margins in Markets with Horizontal as well as Vertical Product Differentiation . ” _Journal of Industry , Competition and", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 593, "text": "Global Antidumping Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "One direct impact of this exercise would be to capture increased land / property tax value arising out of the improvements under the NCRP . # # * * Fiscal Impact : * * Increase in Recurrent Costs Resulting from the Project and Prospects for Financing this Increase : As discussed above , the proposed investments would add about US $ 60 , 000 annually to KCC ' s recurrent budget to cover the O & M costs to maintain the investments . This is being fully finded through an escrow account to be set up specifically for this purpose and to be reflected as a financial covenant . The Availability and Certainty of Counterpart Funds for the Project : Availability of counterpart funding from KCC for this project would be ensured through the proceeds of the sale of its housing stock . A duly authorized valuation list of KCC-owned staff houses certified by the Chief Government Valuer would be a condition of credit effectiveness . The completion of the sale of KCC ' s staff houses by June 30 , 2000 and its housing estates and its other houses by June 30 , 2001 would be reflected as financial covenants .", "spans": [{"start": 800, "end": 840, "text": "valuation list of KCC-owned staff houses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the area in delegation _d_ covered by moun - < br > tains . We calculate the fraction of mountains within a < br > delegation as the share of grid cells within the adminis - < br > trative division that are covered by one of the following < br > three categories of mountains : ( 1 ) the elevation is be - < br > tween 1000 and 1500 meters with either a slope of at least < br > 5 degrees or a local ( i . e . within a 7 km radius ) elevation < br > range exceeding 300 meters , ( 2 ) elevation exceeding 300 < br > but lower than 1000 meters and a local ( 7 km radius ) ele - < br > vation range exceeding 300 meters , and ( 3 ) Inner isolated < br > areas ( _ ≤ _25 sq . km in size ) that do not meet criteria ( 1 ) < br > or ( 2 ) but are surrounded by mountains . | Author ’ s calculations based on < br > Mountains of the World 2002 < br > ( UNEP-WCMC , 2002 ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _f_ ] < / sup > | | Nighttime lights | Total sum of the average annual delegation _d_ level night - < br > time light intensities for the 1995-2010 period and for the < br > year of 2014 . Li et al . ( 2020 ) ’ s dataset contains annual < br > time series data . Intensities are expressed in digital num - < br > bers . | Author ’ s calculations based on < br > the Harmonized Global Night - < br > time Light dataset 1992-2018 ( Li < br > et al . , 2020 ) | | Number of < br > Daesh recruits | Number of individuals in delegation _d_ who joined Daesh < br > in Syria or Iraq between 2013 and 2014 . Note that the < br > personnel records only present information on male re - < br > cruits . | Daesh personnel records | | Population | Number of", "spans": [{"start": 813, "end": 840, "text": "Mountains of the World 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "I 2 are : ( 2 . 0 ) Design the 2015 / 16 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey ( KIHBS ) instruments , conduct pilot , and start fieldwork by September 2015 ; ( 2 . 1 ) KIHBS 2015 / 16 fieldwork partly conducted and progress report produced and available on-line ; ( 2 . 2 ) KIHBS 2015 / 16 poverty report and labor indicators reports produced and available on-line ; ( 2 . 3 ) Kenya Continuous Household Survey ( KCHS ) 2017 fieldwork conducted and quarterly labor indicators report produced and available online ; and 6 / 13 / 2016 Page 2 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 81, "text": "Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 381, "end": 414, "text": "Kenya Continuous Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Cars ( PV ) < br > F lC TO ____ na_ undabout_ < br > PT Nairobi / Mombasa Terminal Roundabout < br > P / C . 778 < br > [ HGV TOTAL HGV % P / C % OTHER % 225 < br > Key 267 4 602 < br > 2674-869 < br > 338 o 739 3213 23 % 27 % 50 % < br > 219 < br > C an < br > Ivunamba 1148 . Jinja Roundabout < br > 51 2023 3 % 57 % 40 % - JINJAii < br > Ivunamba Road Jinja Town Road 2486 < br > East bank 1598 < br > 2453 < br > PROJECT 3542 < br > SITE 223 Bid 2611 607 10686 6 % 33 % 61 % < br > 802 II < br > 254 671 < br > 555 < 251899 < br > 2561 < br > 93 1927 5 % 29 % 66 % 1261 9003 14 % 21 % 65 % < br > West Bank Kayunga Road < br > Kikubamutwe < br > To Kampala < br > LEGEND Project BUJAGALI Namne : HYDROPOWER Date : December , 2006 10045 H45 Figure 7 . 4 < br > A Q P M / C - Motorcycles PROJECT SEA < br > 4 PT - Public Transport Prepared for : < br > BASELINE TRAFFIC COUNTS ( 2006 ) < br > ' V P / C - Pedal Cycles BUJAGALI ENERGY LIMITED 12 HOUR MOVEMENTS : WEEKDAYS < br > HGV - Heavy Goods Vehicle < br > Updated by : BuERNSiL ) E < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 914, "text": "BASELINE TRAFFIC COUNTS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * PROJECT STATUS * * 5 . * * The TOWA Project is now performing well . * * The Project was approved on June 26 , 2007 and declared effective on December 3 , 2008 . It is financed by an US $ 80 million IDA credit and is being implemented by the National AIDS Control Council ( NACC ) . The start of the Project was delayed by the post-election violence in Kenya in 2007 / 2008 , so implementation did not effectively start until July 2008 . By the time of the mid-term review in September 2009 , implementation progress had improved , and by November 2009 the Project was rated ‘ MS ’ . The Project was upgraded in both the PDO and IP ratings from ‘ MS ’ to ‘ S ’ in the last ISR in April 2010 , due to the positive developments overall . The implementation of the Project continues to make progress ; and now , after three years of implementation , over 50 percent of IDA funds have been disbursed , overall disbursements are accelerating , there is full compliance with legal covenants , and strong results are being achieved . 6 . * * The first component of the project , addressing Governance and Coordination Capacity Strengthening , is performing well . * * The results of the Government ’ s annual performance ratings for Government entities for FY09 were recently released , and the NACC ' s institutional performance was rated by the Government as \" very good \" in FY09 , in contrast to a rating of \" good \" in FY08 . This is one of the key indicators for the Project . # # 7 . * * The second component on Program Implementation is also doing well * * . There are three main activities under it . - Three calls for proposals ( CfP ’ s ) for grants to civil society and the private sector have been held . About 90 percent of funds have been disbursed for the first CfP and about 68 percent for the second CfP , with disbursement under the third CfP", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* A century ago , after millennia of imperial rule , the founding President of a new Republic died . This unexpected death was followed by a dozen years of warlord fragmentation and an increasing incidence of famines . This period also witnessed the spread of Communist ideology into China from Russia and the founding of the Chinese Communist Party . Are there connections between warlord-period famines and the Communist triumph in China ? Using prefecture-level data , we find a sharp increase in the number of famines when China fell into 30", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 469, "text": "prefecture-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "credit agencies offered them working capital financing . < sup > 6 < / sup > ' Many foreign traders and input suppliers had indicated that they would be willing to cover the commercial risk of supplying inputs on credits if the Government could credibly guarantee that it would not change regulations and rules retro-actively , regulations and rules which may adversely affect the repayment capacity of their borrowers . Against this background , the PEGF had a developmental objective and was established to provide a credible guarantee ' against country and political risk to enable viable local firms to attract foreign private financing for pre-export financing . 85 . _Sectors Targeted / lInstrument / Risk Targeted . _ The guarantee was targeted at import supply companies , commercial lenders , and trading companies and provided coverage against political risk . It was to cover damages caused by government actions or inaction 58 The development of the instrument was also not based on a thorough capital market and demand analysis that could have provided some guidance for the design of the instrument and the actual demand . See Implementation Completion Report ( 1998 ) . > 59 A survey carried of potential clients carried out by Salomon Brothers found a \" poor perception of banks that do participate \" . Implementation Completion Report . 60 See for more detail : Onno Ruhl , Alfred Watkins , \" A Pre-Export Guarantee Facility in Moldova - Mitigating Political Risk in Transition \" , The World Bank , Public Policy fir the Private Sector , Note No . 64 , December 1995 . The World Bank , Report No . P-6502 MD , 1995 . * * 61 * * If export credit agencies provide cover they require a full govemment counterguarantee covering both commercial and political risk .", "spans": [{"start": 1192, "end": 1227, "text": "survey carried of potential clients", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to ensure sufficient planning and operational capacity is available to prepare and execute the roll out of connections and provide adequate customer services to its client base . To ensure the planning department has sufficient capacity , DLI 4 has allotted resources not just for the development of the distribution master plan , but also for the associated training on the planning software that will underpin the planning activities . # # # _Capacity building at MoWE_ 41 . * * EEILEO Mandate : * * As defined by MoWE ’ s recently completed restructuring exercise , the EEILEO will be the main responsible party for electrification developments , Rural Electrification Fund Management , coordination of Government and non-government Electrification activities in the nation . Its mandate includes both Grid and off-grid electrification activities including developments and implementation of national electrification strategies and policies and implementation of follow up electrification projects and coordinate public and private sector actors engaged in the electrification sector . As such , the EEILEO plays a fundamental role in the implementation of ELEAP . In the ELEAP institutional arrangement , MoWE has the following mandate , which is maintained under the AF : - i . Coordination , tracking , Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) of the ELEAP as well as M & E of other related activities in the country - ii . Verification of on-grid and off-grid electric connection via the Independent Verification Agency ( IVA ) - iii . Supporting sector capacity and institutional reform in the government ' s electrification program . - iv . Adoption of planning and monitoring of on-grid and off-grid electrification status through the use of GIS tools - v . Strengthening the knowledge base of MoWE through the management of an energy access database ( i . e . Total number of grid and off-grid connected households , service , commercial 16", "spans": [{"start": 1833, "end": 1855, "text": "energy access database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 Tableau 2 : Evolution entre septembre 2023 et décembre 2023 . À la suite de mises à jour dans différentes localités du pays par les agents des services déconcentrés du Ministère de la Santé et du Développement Social , pour vérifier la présence physique des personnes Déplacées enregistrées antérieurement par les équipes DTM , une réduction de 37 . 222 personnes déplacées ( soit 9 % ) a été notée en décembre 2023 . Cette réduction générale a particulièrement été notée dans les régions de Tombouctou , Bandiagara , Kidal , Mopti , Kidal , et Douentza . Cette réduction pourrait s ’ expliquer par la pacification progressive de certaines localités du Centre et du Nord et le retour des populations au niveau de leur lieu d ' origine à la suite de la sécurisation des villages d ’ origine et le déploiement du système d ' enregistrement biométrique en coordination avec les partenaires de la DNDS et du RRM de Bandiagara , Tombouctou , Mopti et Douentza . Au cours de l ’ année 2023 , le système d ’ enregistrement biométrique a détecté 13 943 cas de doublons et / ou de fraudes . Ces cas ont ensuite été vérifiés avec les équipes sur le terrain et directement corrigés dans la base de données centrale . Cette étape cruciale de ce système d ’ enregistrement biométrique garantit la qualité des données collectées , améliore la gestion des ressources des partenaires humanitaires", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1228, "text": "base de données centrale", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7790 # * * Abstract * * In low - and middle-income countries , scaling essential health interventions to achieve health development targets is constrained by the lack of skilled health professionals to deliver services . This paper takes a labor market approach to project future health workforce demand based on an economic model that projects economic growth , demographics , and health coverage , and using health workforce data ( 1990 – 2013 ) for 165 countries from the World Health Organization ’ s Global Health Observatory . The demand projections are compared with the projected growth in health worker supply and health worker “ needs ” as estimated by the World Health Organization to achieve essential health coverage . The model predicts that by 2030 global demand for health workers will rise to 80 million workers , double the current ( 2013 ) stock of health workers . The supply of health workers is expected to reach 65 million over the same period , resulting in a worldwide shortage of 15 million health workers . Growth in the demand for health workers will be highest among uppermiddle-income countries , driven by economic growth and population growth and aging , resulting in the largest predicted shortages , which may fuel global competition for skilled health workers . Middle-income countries will face workforce shortages because their demand will exceed supply . By contrast , low-income countries will face low growth in demand and supply , but they will face workforce shortages because their needs will exceed supply and demand . In many low-income countries , demand may stay below projected supply , leading to the paradoxical phenomenon of unemployed ( “ surplus ” ) health workers in those countries facing acute “ needs-based ” shortages . This paper is a product of the Health Nutrition and Population Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at amaeda @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 461, "text": "health workforce data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 535, "end": 560, "text": "Global Health Observatory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Li , Jing , William H . Dow , and Luis Rosero-Bixby . * * “ Education gains attributable to fertility decline : Patterns by gender , period , and country in Latin America and Asia . ” _Demography_ 54 . 4 ( 2017 ) : 1353-1373 . * * McFadden , Daniel . * * “ Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior . ” In P . Zarembka , ed . , _Frontiers of Econometrics , _ New York , NY : Academic Press ( 1973 ) : 105-142 . * * OECD . * * “ Education at a glance 2019 : OECD Indicators ” _OECD Publishing_ , Paris ( 2019 ) . * * Prati , Alessandro , Massimiliano Gaetano Onorato , and Chris Papageorgiou . * * “ Which reforms work and under what institutional environment ? Evidence from a new data set on structural reforms . ” _Review of Economics and Statistics 95 . 3_ ( 2013 ) : 946-968 . * * Rodrik , Dani . * * “ Growth strategies . ” _Handbook of Economic Growth_ 1 ( 2005 ) : 967-1014 . * * Roquez-Diaz , Adolfo , and Lorenzo Escot . * * “ Relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Latin America : A causality analysis with heterogeneous panel data . ” _Review of Development Economics_ 22 . 2 ( 2018 ) : 658-684 . * * Roy , Andrew Donald . * * \" Some thoughts on the distribution of earnings . \" _Oxford Economic Papers 3_ , no . 2 ( 1951 ) : 135-146 . * * Sachs , Jeffrey D . , Andrew Warner , Anders Aslund , and Stanley Fischer . * * “ Economic reform and the process of global integration . ” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1995 , no . 1 ( 1995 ) : 1-118 . * * Swiston , Andrew J . , and Luis-Diego Barrot . * * “ The role of structural reforms in raising economic growth in Central America . ” _IMF Working Papers_ ( 2011 ) : 1-20 . * * Williamson , John . * * “ What Washington means by policy reform . ” In John Williamson , ed . , _Latin American Adjustment", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "never been implemented < sup > 29 < / sup > . - ( iv ) The Bank team had to face several issues due to the GoE ‟ s lack of engagement and selective interest in pursuing reform . Still this does not fully explain some of the inconsistencies contained in AMs and ISRs regarding recommendations for project ‟ s extension or conclusion . < sup > 30 < / sup > - ( v ) Finally , while Component 3 was dropped in 2008 , it was still rated in the ISR of June 2009 ( as MU ) and in the ISR of March 2011 ( as U ) ; the only time on which it was officially rated as “ dropped ” was in the ISR of October 2010 . < sup > 31 < / sup > Due to these significant weaknesses , the quality of supervision was moderately unsatisfactory : the team , which was competent and dedicated , was overly concentrated on overcoming implementation obstacles related to the GoE ‟ s lack of commitment . As a consequence insufficient attention was paid to monitoring of the project , to the detriment of its success . > 29 It appears that as a consequence of the Operations Portal considering the project closed at the end of 2009 ( corresponding to the original closing date ) , two missions were conducted on January and July 2010 without a the completion of filing of an ISR in the system . This proved is particularly unfortunate with reference to the update of M & E indicators ; the last of which occurred on September 2009 , despite the Project closing two years later . > 30 For example , in January 2010 the supervision mission recommended no further extensions beyond June 2010 , recommending instead preparation for a new financial sector development project , as this was seen as the only way to complete current reform activities . By the subsequent implementation mission , in July 2010 , the project had already been extended for additional 11 months without the AM referring to the previous recommendation for a new financial sector development project , and no", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 : Poland ’ s trade openness and inward FDI from Germany , 1995-2013 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1994 : Association < br > agreement < br > 1995 1996 1997 1998 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2001 : All < br > tariffs < br > removed < br > 1999 2000 2001 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2004 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : The grey line depicts the evolution of Poland ’ s degree of trade openness relative to Germany ( defined as the sum of bilateral exports and imports with Germany over GDP ) . The dashed line depicts the share of Poland in Germany ’ s total outward foreign direct investment in the years 1995 to 2012 . The sources of the data are UN COMTRADE and the World Development Indicators of the World Bank for trade openness , and OECD for FDI position . Figure 2 : Event study : the effect of German acquisition on firm-level employment : common treatment < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . 4 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > Coefficient < br > - . 1 < br > - . 2 < br > - . 3 < br > - . 4 < br > 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculation based on the Orbis database . The plot is created by regressing the log of employment on a full set of event time indicators interacted with the a dummy variable indicating whether a firm was acquired by a German shareholder after 2004 and controlling for firm and year fixed effects ( equation ( 1 ) ) . The omitted baseline", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 825, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1338, "text": "Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > This is caused by a persistent sluggishness in grade achievement due to the high level of delayed entry to school and high rates of repetition . < sup > 5 < / sup > The impact of the conflict in its different phases and the subsequent reconstruction efforts on schooling levels of children in Timor Leste is therefore unclear . The early years of violence coincided with an education for all policy in which quantity was preferred to quality . In addition , the 1999 violence that followed the withdrawal of Indonesian troops led to the destruction of schools and the removal of children from school . The reconstruction program implemented after 1999 tried to counteract this destruction , and achieved fast progress . However , the education sector was still in very poor shape . In the next section , we investigate in more detail the effects of the conflict on educational outcomes of boys and girls in Timor Leste . # * * 4 . Identification strategy and data description * * > 4 Those born in 1992 are 15 in 2007 . So they might have at most completed grade 9 and this justifies part of the drop in the curves as the grade completed is right censored . > 5 The high levels of school delay are also confirmed by the figures on gross and net enrolment ratios calculated using the TLSS 2001 and 2007 : primary gross enrolment ratio was 105 percent in 2001 and 128 percent in 2007 , while net enrolment ratios were 74 and 94 percent , respectively , in 2001 and 2007 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 1289, "end": 1293, "text": "TLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "108 . * * Relationship between FEACC and Regional Institution : * * According to the revised Proclamation No 433 / 2005 on the establishment of the FEACC Article 25 sub article 5 specifies the relations of the FEACC with the Regional Institutions . Accordingly , the Regional Ethics and anti-corruption institutions shall submit statistical data and periodic report regarding the state of corruption offences in their respective region to the FEACC . Moreover , in line to the MOU signed between FEACC and REACCs in 2012 Each REACC in regions will submit report to FEACC . < sup > 3 < / sup > The FEACC exchanges information and evidence on issues of fraud and corruption ; conducts studies jointly on corruption that impact at country level ; exchange good practices and coordinates and leads the timely implementation of the jointly believed plans , studies and experience sharing . The Commission and the Regional ethics and anti-corruption institutions may form a joint forum and exchange experiences in matters of corruption prevention , investigation and prosecution as well as in the promotion of ethics . 109 . * * Ethics and Anticorruption Liaison Officer / Directorate : * * Ethics and Anticorruption Liaison Officer will be the designated contact point to facilitate and expedite the effective and confidential transmission of information exchanged . In accordance to the Proclamation 433 / 2005 and 434 / 2005 and operational regulation No . 144 / 2008 Article 20 sub article 2 and 3 any Ethics Liaison Unit shall submit quarterly and annual reports to the FEACC . It reports on measures taken to correct working procedures of the public office or enterprise exposed to the risks of corruption and impropriety and problems encountered ; on measures taken following the occurrence of corruption or impropriety problems in the public office or public enterprise or the state of the case . < sup > 4 < / sup > 110 . * * Ethics and Anti-Corruption Liaison Directorates of FMOH : * * In the health sector , the primary responsibility for receiving and managing complaints rest with the Ethics and AntiCorruption", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 345, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "found no statistically significant gap in the means of household consumption across surveys and national accounts , while household income means from surveys were 33 percent lower than GDP in national accounts . Deaton found that means for household consumption were 22 percent lower in surveys than in national accounts and means of income from surveys were 43 percent lower than means from national accounts . We also find that the size of the gaps varies systematically along income levels of countries , with the discrepancy being largest for middle-income countries . In contrast to previous assessments of gaps , we find relatively small differences between income and consumption estimates across all countries . Overall , the gaps across NAS and HHS for income and consumption measures are similar , which contradicts Ravallion ’ s ( 2003 ) suggestion that the gap is mainly due to underreporting of incomes in surveys . In contrast to Deaton ( 2005 ) and Karshenas ( 2003 ) , we show that the gap is narrowing as countries get richer for both income and consumption measures , possibly reflecting better integration of NAS and HHS data in highincome countries due to improved efforts to align survey and national accounts in recent years . We also find that growth rates from national accounts are higher than from surveys , particularly in middle-income countries , in line with the economic gradient in the gaps in levels . We illustrate potential implications of these observed gaps for the measurement of global poverty and inequality . The implications depend on assumptions about the origin of the gaps and the corresponding adjustments made to the measures . We discuss implications of assuming that the gap is fully due to errors in survey data and that these errors are distribution neutral ( proportionally uniform across the income distribution ) . This is similar to scaling up survey means to national accounts means , in line with the methods applied by Bhalla ( 2002 ) , Sala-iMartin ( 2006 ) and Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin ( 2014 ; 2016 ) . Such adjustments generally show that both global poverty and inequality are lower and falling faster than measures based on surveys only . We also examine a more nuanced explanation that assumes the gap in means", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 113, "text": "national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6416 # * * Abstract * * This paper documents and analyzes gender differences in the use of financial services using individual-level data from 98 developing countries . The data , drawn from the Global Financial Inclusion ( Global Findex ) database , highlight the existence of significant gender gaps in ownership of accounts and usage of savings and credit products . Even after controlling for a host of individual characteristics including income , education , employment status , rural residency and age , gender remains significantly related to usage of financial services . This study also finds that legal discrimination against women and gender norms may explain some of the crosscountry variation in access to finance for women . The analysis finds that in countries where women face legal restrictions in their ability to work , head a household , choose where to live , and receive inheritance , women are less likely to own an account , relative to men , as well as to save and borrow . The results also confirm that manifestations of gender norms , such as the level of violence against women and the incidence of early marriage for women , contribute to explaining the variation in the use of financial services between men and women , after controlling for other individual and country characteristics . This paper is a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at lklapper @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 196, "text": "individual-level data from 98 developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 225, "end": 278, "text": "Global Financial Inclusion ( Global Findex ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "perhaps due to the need for at least one woman in the household to be available to assume responsibilities such as cooking and cleaning and looking after children . Relatedly , a woman is more likely to work outside the home for pay if there is presence of adolescent girl ( s ) in her household , indicating that young girls could act as substitutes for working women ’ s domestic responsibilities . < sup > 32 < / sup > * * Table 7 . Explanatory power of “ rational ” factors on women ’ s work outcomes vs . that of social norms * * | | * * PAID WORK * * | | - - - | - - - | | PNB Index - HH Roles | - 0 . 08 * * < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | SNE Index - HH Roles | - 0 . 05 < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | PNB Index - Public Space | - 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | SNE Index - Public Space | - 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | Years of education | 0 . 00 * * < br > ( 0 . 00 ) | | Log of household ' s total income minus working females ' | - 0 . 03 * * * | | earned income ( NPR ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | | Presence of other working-age women in HH in labor force | - 0 . 12 * * * < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | Indicator for adolescent girl ( s ) in respondent ' s HH | 0 . 07 * < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | Respondent is aware of non-network methods of job search | 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | Constant | 0 . 64 * * * < br > ( 0 . 07 ) | | Observations | 2 , 000 | | Adjusted R-squared | 0 . 05 | | Regional FE | YES | _Notes_ : ( 1 ) Apart from", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> words , please tell me whether words , please tell me whether < br > you [ … ] ? ( Bank ) ” you [ … ] ? ( Interest ) ” < br > - K-town 311 interviews , in % - - K-town 311 interviews , in % - < br > - K-camp 1 , 106 interviews , in % - - K-camp 1 , 106 interviews , in % - < br > A 27 % B 62 % < br > I never heard I never heard < br > of it of it < br > 7 % 30 % < br > B < br > K-Camp < br > K-Town < br > A I have heard 24 % B I have heard 20 % < br > of it but I don ’ t of it but I don ’ t < br > B understand it 8 % understand it 12 % < br > A < br > I have heard 49 % I have heard 18 % < br > of it and I of it and I < br > B understand it 85 % A understand it 58 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > KAKUMA AS A MARKETPLACE * * 73 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "27 * * 34 . Some illustrative computations provide a sense of the potentially significant magnitude by which European bank deleveraging could affect EMDE credit . * * Subject to a number of assumptions and caveats associated with the limited availability of granular data , the computations attempt to get a suggestive estimate of the effects of the deleveraging , using the regional credit distribution of European banks under various scenarios . Starting from the situation where European banks collectively have € 1 . 64 billion of EMDE credit , or about 7 . 3 percent of their total loan portfolio ( table 1 , figure 21 ) , < sup > 18 < / sup > we consider two deleveraging objectives : ( i ) a short-term objective , to comply with the EBA recapitalization requirements by June 2012 ; and ( ii ) a longer-term objective , to reduce the assets / equity ratio to a desirable level . We account for the following drivers : ( a ) the ability of banks to raise capital ( through rights issues , retained earnings , and the like ) ; ( b ) the extent to which deleveraging is necessary through asset reduction ; and ( c ) the extent to which necessary asset reduction occurs through the loan book . Simplifying assumptions are discussed in box 3 . < sup > 19 < / sup > # * * Box 3 . Simplifying Assumptions Underlying the Simulations of the Credit Impact of Deleveraging * * - All factors mentioned above are taken equally across European countries . For example , it might be assumed that all countries are able to raise their capital levels by 20 percent . However , banks in core European countries are likely better positioned to raise capital than their peers in the periphery . - Any reductions in credit occur proportionately across regions . This assumption ignores the possibility that emerging markets might be hit disproportionately due to home biases . On the other hand , foreign bank branches and subsidiaries of European banks that are funded in local markets might be able to better absorb loan deleveraging pressures . - Assets are 2 . 8 times RWAs . This figure is based on the median in", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 421, "text": "regional credit distribution of European banks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DPP to organize the visit quickly . 16 . _Review of Policy and Legal Framework_ : The mission noted some confusion regarding aspects related to improving and / or harmonizing policy and legal frameworks , an activity to be coordinated by NEMA . The key question for the initial consultancy is what legal or policy bottlenecks or gaps may prevent the project from being implemented effectively ? The mission recommended that after consulting the ICZM Policy and included Action Plan , NEMA should meet with other implementing agencies to identify potential bottlenecks to be included in the related TOR . Such a TOR should be sent to the Bank for No Objection by April 20 , 2012 . # # * * Other Issues * * 17 . _Selection of Pilot Areas : _ KCDP presented preliminary proposed sites for implementation of project activities and criteria for selection . The mission again reiterated the importance of identifying six pilot sites – one for each coastal County – for overall project implementation , using a transparent process . Such a pilot focus is intended to maximize project impact in the initial phases , by focusing and consolidating project activities . Selection should be done against agreed weighted criteria , using a map . The mission reviewed proposed criteria , and agreed that they should be revised to include existing social capital , potential for “ quick wins ” , results of local consultations , availability of baseline data ( including land mapping ) , presence of important biodiversity , level of development threat to natural resources and potential for sustainable development / use ( e . g . fisheries ) . The implementing agencies should then complete the prioritization exercise , documenting the results and sending it to the Bank , by April 20 , 2012 . The final selection of pilot areas should be approved by the National Project Steering Committee , and then publically disseminated . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1430, "end": 1443, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1456, "end": 1468, "text": "land mapping", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 7 . 8 Impact on Grazing Land and Crop-by-Product * * < mark > Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property revealed that the construction of the proposed Subproject will not affect privately or / and communally owned grazing land . < / mark > # # # # # # * * 7 . 9 Impact on Privately Owned Business Infrastructure * * There is no privately owned Business Infrastructure identified during census enumeration of affected properties . Therefore , no compensation or livelihood restoration measures in relation to privately owned business will be required . # # # # # # * * 7 . 10 Impact on Social Service Facilities and Infrastructure * * Based on inventory taken during the fieldwork for this study , the proposed Subproject will not affect any public social service facilities , institutions and infrastructure facilities like community water tanker , schools , local government office buildings , police station , etc . Therefore , no compensation is recommended . # # # # # # * * 7 . 11 Impacts on Cultural Heritage * * The proposed Subproject will have no impact on cultural heritage sites ( i . e . including natural areas with cultural and / or spiritual value such as sacred groves , sacred bodies of water and waterways , sacred trees , and sacred rocks ) that are essential to the identity and / or cultural , ceremonial , or spiritual aspects of the project-affected community ’ s cultural livelihood . Therefore , no compensation is recommended . # # # # # # * * 7 . 12 Impacts on Burial Sites * * Ground survey was conducted by making car transect and foot surveys and no Burial Sites were identified and documented during the archaeological / cultural heritage survey along the TL corridor and the SS works . Therefore , no compensation will be required . # # # # # # * *", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 299, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 623, "text": "census enumeration of affected properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 839, "end": 875, "text": "inventory taken during the fieldwork", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1831, "end": 1872, "text": "archaeological / cultural heritage survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "areas . Specifically , compared to other rural areas , households in rural towns have lower education levels and are more likely to work in agriculture . Using our microdata approach , we can also analyze the profile of the extreme poor based on location . The comparison of characteristics of poor households across DOU classifications ( columns 2 to 5 in Table A2 in Appendix A ) reveals some distinct features . For instance , the urban poor tend to have higher levels of education compared to the rural poor . Approximately 29 percent of poor household heads in urban areas have not completed any education , compared to 49 percent among rural poor households . Employment patterns also differ significantly between urban and rural areas . While the majority of poor rural household heads work in agriculture , around half of the poor heads in urban centers are employed in the industry and service sectors . Notably , there are also differences between urban centers and urban clusters . For example , about 61 percent of the poor household heads in urban clusters still work in the agriculture sector , compared to 19 percent in urban centers . In terms of access to basic services , it is not surprising that the rural poor are the most deprived group . The urban poor households have improved access to water at a similar level to non-poor households . However , their access to improved sanitation is extremely low , with only around 32 percent having access even in urban centers . Access to electricity is also limited among the poor households in urban clusters ( 29 percent ) . In the case of the DB classifications ( columns 6 to 10 ) , the characteristics of the poor present similar results between urban and rural areas . However , it is worth noting that towns appear less educated , with more agricultural workers , and less access to basic services than rural areas . # * * 5 . 2 Poverty incidence * * _Are poverty rates lower in urban than in rural areas ? _ The comparisons of poverty rates across different types of geographic area in 16 SSA countries ( Figure 4 ) reveal that poverty rates tend to be lower", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Sep-2018 | 01-Apr-2019 | 31-Dec-2025 | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163782 | IDA-62760 | Not < br > Effective | USD | 251 . 00 | 251 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 246 . 37 | 0 % | | P163782 | IDA-D3380 | Not < br > Effective | USD | 29 . 00 | 29 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 28 . 41 | 0 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Dat | e < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P163782 | IDA-62760 | Not < br > Effective | 14-Jun-2018 | - - | | - - | 02-De | c-2024 | 02-Dec-2024 | | P163782 | IDA-D3380 | Not < br > Effective | 14-Jun-2018 | - - | | - - | 02-De | c-2024 | 02-Dec-2024 | # # # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * 4 / 16 / 2019 Page 6 of", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 76, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cross-borders traders were examined through a survey in mid-2010 at four key border-crossing points in the Great Lakes region : at Uvira-Bujumbura ( between DRC and Burundi ) ; BukavuCyangugu ( between DRC and Rwanda ) ; Goma-Gisenyi ( DRC and Rwanda ) and Kasindi-Mpondwe ( DRC and Uganda ) ( Brenton et al . , 2012 ) . In general , the survey results showed that cross-border traders were mostly poor young women ( 85 % of the 181 surveyed traders were female and the average age of a trader was 32 ) engaged in trading small quantities of cereals , pulses , vegetables , and fruits , typically carried by head . The household income of most traders ( 77 % of respondents ) relied primarily on cross-border trading activity . As indicated in Garc ́ ıa Mora and Roshan ( 2013 ) , approximately 60 percent of cross-border traders in DRC and Rwanda were officially registered with the Government , implying that they were not seeking to hide from or evade government agencies . Nevertheless , many border officials held the view that cross-border traders were illegal traders , and treated them with abuse at the border . From the survey of 181 cross-border traders in the Great Lakes region , it was reported that 85 % of traders were asked to pay bribes ; 60 % of traders received fines ; 54 % of traders were subject of acts of violence , threat and sexual harassment ; 38 % of traders were faced with rude border official ’ s behavior , verbal abuse , and insults ; 38 % of traders had their goods confiscated ; and 19 % of traders were forced to wait for a long period before crossing the border ( Brenton and Isik , 2012 ) . Payment of bribes followed a usual phrase from border officials , known by all traders : ” _sans argent , on ne passe pas_ ” ( no money , no passing ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1130, "end": 1164, "text": "survey of 181 cross-border traders", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Refugee Status , Deliberations and Perceptions of Haitian Claims * * When Haitians started arriving in Brazil in 2010 , through Tabatinga and Manaus in the state of Amazonas and Brasiléia and Epitaciolândia in the state of Acre , Brazil had fewer than 4 , 500 refugees and asylum-seekers . < sup > 70 < / sup > At the end of 2009 , CONARE had a backlog of over 350 asylum claims . < sup > 71 < / sup > In principle , status determination was conducted in accordance with the process noted in Section II . CONARE had a staff of fewer than five , and claims took at least two years to process . It appears that CONARE had limited capacity to scale up and UNHCR was largely responsible for providing compilations of country-of-origin information . By March 2011 , a decision was made that Haitians would not receive refugee status . This is when the first group of Haitians whose details had been transferred to CNIg by CONARE were granted permanent residence for humanitarian reasons . Nonetheless , there was interest and political will to provide a timely , expedient , group-based , humanitarian response in a context where the disaster in Haiti , and its ensuing impacts , were internationally recognized and had been the subject of a specific communication on non-return by UNHCR and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) . < sup > 72 < / sup > Certainly a range of other factors , including solidarity , international standing , pragmatism , the domestic economic context , as well as CONARE ’ s limited capacity and individual approach to RSD , may have played a part . < sup > 73 < / sup > As early as November 2010 , a working group was created inside CNIg , being a representative body composed of personnel from government ministries and nongovernment actors , to assess Haitian arrivals and needs", "spans": [{"start": 725, "end": 754, "text": "country-of-origin information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other studies that exploit bilateral data , our paper analyzes a greater number of countries , particularly in the South . In addition , the longer sample period allows us to examine developments before and after the GFC . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the data . Section 3 documents the rise of the South in the value of total investments . Section 4 focuses on the growth of new links and the relative importance of old and new links . Section 5 examines three extensions to assess the robustness of our findings . Section 6 concludes . The appendix describes in detail the global data sets we use and the treatments we apply to align the sources with each other for the analysis . # * * 2 . Constructing Bilateral Investment Positions * * In their work on the “ External Wealth of Nations , ” Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2001 , 2007 , 2018 ) use external assets and liabilities to measure international financial integration for a large cross-section of countries vis-à-vis the rest of the world . They provide the most comprehensive database on each country ’ s IIP , covering 212 countries for 1970 – 2015 in the latest public version . In our paper , we focus instead on bilateral investment positions to study the sources and destinations of international investment , allowing us to analyze the network structure of international financial integration . This section describes the four data sets we use and addresses common concerns related to data on bilateral investment . Throughout the paper , “ international ” means cross-border investment between any pair of countries or jurisdictions . < sup > 2 < / sup > International investments are reported on a residency basis , in line with statistics on national accounts and the balance of payments . The resulting notion of financial integration thus focuses on the geography of investment , not on the nationality of lenders ( McGuire and von Peter 2012 ) or ultimate borrowers ( Coppola et al . 2020 ) . > 2 In this paper , we mostly use the term “ countries ” to denote sovereign countries as well as territories ( or jurisdictions ) that are usually reported", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 41, "text": "bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 614, "end": 630, "text": "global data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1074, "end": 1106, "text": "database on each country ’ s IIP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1735, "end": 1766, "text": "statistics on national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Formula * * : $ 10M lumpsum payment upon achievement < br > * * DLR 6 . 2 : Target : * * Percentage increase in targeted schools receiving 100 % of the allocated amount of school grant from a baseline of 0 % up to a maximum of < br > 60 % . * * Formula * * : $ 9 . 65M for first 30 % of schools ; $ 2 . 5M for every 10 percentage points increase thereafter < br > * * DLR 6 . 3 , 6 . 4 , 6 . 5 : Targets * * : Percentage increase in targeted schools receiving 100 % of the allocated amount of school grant from a baseline of 0 % up to a < br > maximum of 70 % , 80 % and 90 % , respectively . * * Formula * * : $ 3 . 5M for every10percentagepoints increase abovepreviousyear | | Description | DLR 6 . 1 : This result measures the review , revision and approval of the formula for school grants to more equitably address the needs of disadvantaged schools < br > and those serving vulnerable populations . < br > DLRs 6 . 2-6 . 5 : These results measure the Increase in the share of targeted public primary schools receiving the correct amount of school grant on time < br > accordingto revised formula and SIP | | Data source / Agency | EMIS | | Verification Entity | Verification Agent ( VA ) contracted bythe MoE | | Procedure | DLR 6 . 1 : The result is achieved when the government has revised the formula for school grants to more equitably address the needs of disadvantaged schools < br > and those serving vulnerable populations , in agreement with the Bank . The MoE will verify the achievement based on notification issued . | Page 53", "spans": [{"start": 1137, "end": 1141, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "undertaking of the affected asset inventory , • Provide an opportunity for the community to themselves propose the most appropriate mitigation measures for asset and livelihood losses . • To seek support from the community and other all relevant stakeholders in the preparation and implementation of the ARAP . • To discuss the ARAP report and its recommendations . * * 5 . 3 Stakeholder Inventory * * During the public consultations , multiple groups of stakeholders were consulted . The stakeholders were those who have an interest in the project development , and who will be involved in the further consultative process . The main groups of stakeholders consulted were : * * Community in Kwa Hakatsa * * The whole community was involved in the process from inception of planning and surveying intervention . Their participation was critical and involved community meetings as well as representation through the Settlement Executive Committee and Grievance Redress Committees . The SEC acted as the link between the community and the Project played a key role in mobilization community participation and representing community interests . To ensure all interests found expression , the SEC is composed of membership reflecting the diversity of the community . The 5-1", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 43, "text": "affected asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 376, "end": 397, "text": "Stakeholder Inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "opportunity , the project will include results indicators on skills development ( such as increased confidence , or other personal or social outcomes ) . The project monitoring reports will contain , at a minimum , summary data on overall performance against project targets , implementation challenges experienced , and feedback received from project beneficiaries . < sup > 38 < / sup > * * 70 . * * The World Bank will review the Results Framework submitted by the PMU as part of implementation support . The World Bank experts will discuss the progress and deviations with the PMU to identify any areas where additional help from the World Bank is needed . The PMU and the World Bank will also use results data to build awareness of project results among key beneficiaries and counterparts . Beneficiary feedback will also feed into regular monitoring . The M & E framework will leverage data collection activities undertaken by the independent verification agency ( IVA ) for DLIs . * * 71 . * * The project will conduct rigorous impact evaluations to identify the absolute impact of the interventions prescribed by the project design on key outcomes and provide feedback on the relative efficacy of alternate design modalities to enable course corrections . < sup > 39 < / sup > A consultation process to prioritize and select the questions and methodologies for the impact evaluations will take place between country stakeholders and researchers when project activities are being further defined . The impact evaluations would focus on the following knowledge gaps : - For Sub-component 1 . 1 , it will be important to assess the impact of skills trainings activities on the command > 38 To the extent possible , any data gathered on Syrian refugees will be disaggregated by sex to identify specific gender gaps that need to be addressed . > 39 Rigorous impact evaluations assess causality by identifying a counterfactual with experimental or quasi-experimental methodologies . Page 30 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 702, "end": 714, "text": "results data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1724, "end": 1756, "text": "data gathered on Syrian refugees", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productive capacity in villages . For goods that are imported locally and characterized by oligopolistic competition , prices could even decrease following the positive demand shock if local traders face fixed costs in a Bertrand competition model or if the demand shock causes more stores to sell the good , thereby increasing competition in a Cournot-Nash framework ( Cunha et al , 2011 ; D ’ Aoust et al , 2013 ) . Few empirical studies have examined the price effects and the externalities of cash transfers on nonbeneficiaries . For example , using the data from Progresa in Mexico , Angelucci and De Giorgi ( 2009 ) and Barrientos and Sabatés-wheeler ( 2009 ) find that noneligible households in treatment areas show significantly higher levels of food consumption and asset holdings following the introduction of the conditional cash transfer program , compared to noneligible households in control areas . Studying the impact of the PAL program in Mexico , Cunha et al ( 2011 ) find that cash transfers in remote villages led to higher food prices , which in turn increased agricultural profits and household wealth . They also show theoretically and empirically that prices are lower following in-kind transfers , which affect supply whereas cash transfers affect demand . This review of the literature shows that the impacts and externalities of the Burundian DDR are expected to depend on how ex-combatants used their allowances . The use of allowances ultimately depends on socio-economic constraints faced by beneficiaries and socio-economic 7", "spans": [{"start": 558, "end": 586, "text": "data from Progresa in Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This heterogeneity complicates the comparison of program effects across studies . We report the definition and reference time used in each paper ( when available ) in our review ; we also use child labor and children engaged in an economic activity interchangeably throughout the paper . It is important to note that there could be unexplained inconsistency in child labor statistics even when a single definition of child labor is used . Guarcello et al . ( 2010 ) , for instance , documents large discrepancies in child labor statistics between independent national surveys within the same country that ranges from 20 to 30 percentage points , even after accounting for differences in sample design . For instance , in Cameroon , a comparison between the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS 2000 ) and a Priority Survey ( 2001 ) shows a decline in child labor from 64 percent in the MICS survey to 16 percent in the Priority Survey one year later . In Senegal , the Demographic Health Survey ( DHS 2005 ) reports 35 . 2 percent of children as engaged in an economic activity while the Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour ( SIMPOC 2005 ) survey of the same year reports 22 . 3 percent of children as working . Despite the increasing sources of information on child labor over the past decade , there is not much evidence on the validity of data collection methods ( Edmonds 2008 ) . Child labor could be affected by measurement error due to several factors , for example , the survey information is collected primarily using standard household surveys that target adult work , i . e . , formal jobs rather than unpaid and family work / enterprise jobs . Likewise , due to budgetary constraints 5", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 383, "text": "child labor statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 757, "end": 790, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 890, "end": 901, "text": "MICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 923, "end": 938, "text": "Priority Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 998, "text": "Demographic Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1092, "end": 1156, "text": "Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1569, "end": 1586, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "many developing countries . Migration and remittances have both direct and indirect effects on the welfare of the population in the migrant sending countries . < sup > 2 < / sup > A cross-country study of 71 developing countries found that a 10 percent increase in per capita official international remittances will lead to 3 . 5 percent decline in the share of people living in poverty ( Adams & Page > 2See World Bank ( 2005 ) , UNDP ( 2009 ) , Skeldon ( 2002 ) , Kothari ( 2002 ) , and De Haas ( 2005 ) . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 4 % | 6 . 1 | | Withdrawal | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 4 % | 0 . 6 % | | Other traditional methods | 1 . 3 % | 0 . 6 % | 0 . 9 % | Source : 1998 KDHS Note : Sample includes currently married women ages 15-49 28", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 139, "text": "KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1832 , Greece pursued the goal to unite the ethnic Greek population scattered across the Ottoman territories . After the First World War , backed by the Allies , the Greek Army occupied territories in western Turkey that were heavily populated by ethnic Greeks . However , while the Greek advance stalled as the military support of the Allies faded , the Turkish Army ’ s counter-offensive at the end of August 1922 was successful . The persecution of Greek Orthodox communities by the advancing Turkish Army , in particular the fire in the Christian neighborhoods of Smyrna in September 13 , 1922 , triggered a mass exodus of population to Greek islands and mainland . Almost one million of Greek Orthodox , whose ancestors have been living in Asia Minor for millennia , left Turkey within a few months ’ time . > 6Kontogiorgi ( 2006 ) , p . 241 . > 7As I cannot provide evidence on the second generation of Albanian immigrants , I examine the integration outcomes of first generation migrants who arrived in Greece at different age in order to measure intergenerational trends . Evidence from both the 2001 census and the ESS suggest that Albanian immigrants have not yet experienced any progress in integration outcomes between younger and older immigrants of the first generation . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1115, "text": "2001 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1124, "end": 1127, "text": "ESS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | ( 0 . 032 ) | | _N_ | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | | Firms | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | | log employment | No | Yes | No | Yes | | occupational structure | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | imported inputs | No | No | Yes | Yes | NOTES : IV-FE regressions of ( log ) employment on export intensity ( exports / sales ) . The instruments are the weighted average of the real exchange rate of a firm export partners , _z_ < sup > 0 < / sup > , and its interaction with initial sales ( in 2001 ) . Columns ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) : controls for occupational structure measured with a vector of employment shares by task ; columns ( 2 ) and ( 4 ) : add log total employment ( firm size ) ; column ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) : add the share of imported inputs . All regressions include firm fixed-effects and year fixed-effects ; industry-specific trends ( i . e . , interactions between year dummies and industry dummies ) ; firm-specific trends . Data are from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( National Annual Industrial Survey ) , Chile 2001-2005 . 20", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 976, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 1012, "text": "National Annual Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "de asilo * * < sup > 164 < / sup > . Isto também resultou de uma confusão entre o registo de nascimento e a atribuição da nacionalidade angolana : Embora o BI seja uma prova da nacionalidade angolana , o registo de nascimento por si só não o é . No entanto , a lei estabelece claramente que todas as < u > crianças nascidas em Angola devem ser registadas . Esta situação só foi rectificada com uma circular , < / u > datada de 25 de Maio de 2019 , do chefe da DNRN que recordava aos Registos Civis que os filhos de todos < u > os refugiados e requerentes de asilo devem ser registados . Normalmente , para esse efeito , os pais devem < / u > presentar os documentos que confirmam a sua própria identidade e estatuto . Mas como tais documentos não são emitidos para este grupo de pessoas desde 2015 < sup > 165 < / sup > , a circular afirmava que mesmo os documentos caducados devem ser aceites , enquanto os modelos de novos documentos não forem aprovados . A circular não explica como os refugiados e requerentes de asilo podem registar os seus filhos quando não possuem nenhum documento de identificação , por exemplo , aqueles que chegaram a Angola após a adopção da lei dos refugiados de 2015 ou aqueles que os perderam . < sup > 166 < / s", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "| * * Note : * * Based on annual data from 1990 to 2017 . Cyclical components are calculated as the deviation of the actual data from a trend computed using the Hedrick-Prescott filter with the standard smoothing parameter for annual data ( 6 . 25 ) . * * * , * * , * denote significance at the 1 , 5 and 10 percent levels respectively . * * Sources : * * ADB , IMF , World Bank , and own calculations . Like for public expenditure , the cyclical components of tax revenue and GDP move closely together in most countries in the region . In India , for example , the correlation between the two variables is 0 . 66 and in Nepal it is 0 . 48 . In Bangladesh , on the other hand , there is no correlation between the two series ( - 0 . 07 ) . The results are similar when analyzing the coefficient between growth rates of the tax revenue and GDP ( 0 . 65 , 0 . 43 , and 0 . 06 respectively ) . The correlation between these two variables is statistically significant in India and Nepal . It is also positive in Bhutan , Sri Lanka , and Pakistan , but not statistically significant . # _4 . 2 . Regression analysis_ In analyzing fiscal cyclicality , we additionally rely on regression-based results . As pointed out by Lane ( 2003 ) , the reduced-form relation may be the most appropriate concept , since there is no strong reason to exclude any equilibrium feedback from fiscal policy to the level of output . Short-term tax buoyancy 6", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 55, "text": "annual data from 1990 to 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Social Risks , * * < br > * * Impacts and * * < br > * * challenges * * | * * Mitigation Measures * * | * * Responsible Body * * | * * Budget * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | − As much as possible , recruit sub-projects workforce from < br > the local labor ( particularly unskilled labor ) . < br > − Monitor change in labor influx throughout the life cycle of a < br > sub-project , effectiveness of mitigation measures , < br > − Conduct training ( three times a year ) for all sub-project < br > participants on the likelihood , significance , and management < br > of labor influx . < br > − informing workers about national laws that make sexual < br > harassment and gender-based violence a punishable offence < br > which is prosecuted . < br > − introducing a Worker Code of Conduct as part of the < br > employment contract , and including sanctions for non - < br > compliance ( e . g . , termination ) , manual scavenging , < br > engagement with residents , child labor , nondiscrimination , < br > harassment of coworkers including women and other < br > minoritysocialgroups | child affairs office and < br > labor and skill office | | | Risk on damage of < br > cultural heritage | − Inventory of Heritage features and Consultation with < br > Community and official stakeholders ( including local bodies ) < br > during ESIA < br > − Avoid risks and impacts : ( i ) Safety check of fragile < br > structures / features to plan and avoid the specific type of < br > works , ( ii ) Prepare alternate design to avoid cultural < br > heritage structures / activities near heritage features ; or < br > prevent disturbances or access restrictions to such areas . < br > −", "spans": [{"start": 1217, "end": 1247, "text": "Inventory of Heritage features", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GMC , is the civic center of Gulu District administration . It is the largest commercial and social coordinating point in the district as well as for many regional activities in the North . GMC lies approximately 332Km North of Uganda ’ s Kampala City . It stands at 32 ’ ’ 17 ’ longitude East and Latitude 2-47 North of Equator . The area coverage of GMC is 54 . 4Km2 which represents about 2 % of the District Land coverage . Existing characteristics of Gulu Municipality are shown below . * * a ) Demography and Economy * * During the 2002 population and housing census , Gulu Municipality had a population of 119 , 430 people , 59 , 023 of which are male and 60 , 407 are females . Commerce is the dominant component of the economy followed by the service sector , industry , construction and then agriculture . Commerce is carried out in form of wholesale and retail trade and is mainly by private practitioners . The commonest agricultural activities are small-scale subsistence farming around town with very low harvest . Most of the crops are legumes , vegetables and some serials . A fair production is being realized from dairy cows . # # # # * * b ) Education and literacy * * Gulu Municipal Council is has many educational facilities like nursery schools ( 13 % of total number ) , Primary schools ( 46 % ) , University ( 1 % ) , secondary schools ( 25 % ) and other learning institutions ( 15 % ) . # # # # * * c ) Infrastructure and services * * Gulu Municipal Council has three different types of roads , namely tarmac , gravel and earth roads . The total distance of tarmac roads in the municipality is 19 km . Gravel roads are 31 . 6km and they are all third class murram roads . The ones that had been opened were upgraded to murram road . The existing murram roads are very muddy which is a problem to storm water drains because of the high rates of silt", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 572, "text": "2002 population and housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Background * * Lebanon currently hosts over 1 million Syrian registered refugees who live outside of camps in urban centers and informal settlements . UNHCR is providing assistance and support to the refugees through a variety of programs covering basic assistance , protection , shelter , WASH , education and health . UNHCR plays an overall coordination role for several actors involved in providing healthcare assistance to Syrian refugees in Lebanon . These health programmes aim to enhance refugee access to comprehensive health services within Lebanon . Primary health care ( PHC ) is the core of all health interventions and in partnership with local and international implementing partners , UNHCR is supporting 30 PHC facilities where a minimum package of health care services is provided at subsidized prices . In total there are approximately 100 PHCs countrywide supported by partners where subsidized care is available for refugees . Healthcare services include , medical consultations , laboratory tests , pharmacy prescriptions , free vaccinations . Referral care is an essential component of access to comprehensive health services for refugees . UNHCR supports deliveries and life-saving emergency care by paying 75 – 90 % of hospital fees depending on the socio-economic vulnerability of the individual refugee and the cost of the admission . To facilitate the administration of referral care support UNHCR contracts a Third Party Administrator ( TPA ) and since January 2017 the TPA is NEXtCARE . It is challenging to collect reliable routine data on the health service needs of non-camp refugees when compared to those residing in traditional camps . For this reason , Household Access and Utilization Surveys ( HAUS ) allow UNHCR to monitor trends in how refugees access and utilize health services over time . The proportion of registered Syrian refugee households with telephone numbers in Lebanon is 98 % . Since 2014 , UNHCR Lebanon has conducted annual telephone HAUS surveys which have provided important information on the challenges faced by refuges in accessing health care services . The survey results guide program delivery by providing timely and regular information in a cost-efficient manner on key variables relating to access and utilization . # # #", "spans": [{"start": 1701, "end": 1741, "text": "Household Access and Utilization Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2001, "end": 2013, "text": "HAUS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NEP-I . Administrative records are usually judged to be superior to survey answers , but they might still have some degree of under-reporting if for example the facilitators at the health center fail to register some sessions electronically . Household surveys might overreport participation because they are subject to recall and desirability . Using self-reported participation records we get lower IV estimates of 0 . 2 SD in the intensive arm . 18", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 387, "text": "self-reported participation records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- GO-RFQ / < br > 03 items of disinfectants re < br > quired by Walikanda Covid < br > < br > IDA / 65950 < br > Component 1 : Emergency < br > COVID-19 Response < br > Post < br > Request for Quo < br > tations < br > Limited | < br > e Envelope < br > Single Stage - On < br > e Envelope | 237 . 00 < br > 125 . 16 < br > Signed < br > 02 < br > 02 < br > 1 , 966 . 00 < br > 2 , 999 . 42 < br > Signed < br > 2020-11 - < br > 02 < br > 2020-04 - < br > 12 | 28 < br > 2020-11 - < br > 28 < br > 20 | 07 < br > 20-04 - < br > 22 | 05 < br > 2020-12 - < br > 05 | | patient center List as per a < br > nnex ) ( Advanceproc . ) < br > LK-MOH-201864-GO-RFQ / < br > 05 cleaning items required < br > by Walikanda Covid patient < br > center during Covid period < br > ( List attached ) ( Advance pr < br > oc . ) < br > IDA / 65950 < br > Component 1 : Emergency < br > COVID-19 Response < br > Post < br > Request for Quo < br > tations < br > Limited | Single Stage - On < br > e Envelope | 1 , 343 . 00 < br > 708 . 70 < br > Signed < br > 2020-11 - < br > 02 < br > 2020-04 - < br > 12 | 2020-11 - < br > 28 < br > 20 | 20-04 - < br > 25 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Portfolio equity | . c | | | | 394 | | World Bank program | | | | | | | Commitments | 0 | 0 | 42 | 125 | A - IBRD < br > E - Bilateral | | Disbursements < br > | 3 < br > | 62 < br > | 124 < br > | 216 < br > | < br > I - < br > IDA < br > D-Othermltilateral < br > F - Priate < br > | | Principal repayments < br > Netfiows < br > I | 1 < br > 2 < br > | 2 < br > 60 < br > | 8 < br > 116 < br > | 9 < br > 207 < br > | C-IMF < br > G - Short-term | | nterest payments < br > Net transfers | 1 < br > 2 | 6 < br > 54 | 13 < br > 103 | 13 < br > 194 | | Note : This table was produced from the Development Economics central database . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 / 13 / 99 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 639, "text": "Development Economics central database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "paramount interests , and international standards . These efforts are pursued within the comprehensive framework of the Lebanon Response Plan ( LRP ) that includes inclusive engagement with all relevant stakeholders . The principle of burden-sharing is essential to fully resolve the Syrian displacement issue , as it helps address protection concerns . Furthermore , it contributes to the gradual refinement of returnee data and strengthens border governance in line with international protection standards . It should be noted as well that while return will remain a central option , resettlement will continue to be considered as an option for specific categories . < / mark > According to the latest Return Perceptions and Intentions Survey ( RPIS ) conducted by UNHCR at the regional level including Lebanon in January 2025 , 24 per cent of displaced Syrians and 19 per cent of PRS intend to return within 12 months . As of March 2025 , more than 123 , 000 Syrians have departed from Lebanon to Syria , with approximately 97 , 000 verified by UNHCR as having returned to Syria , including 67 per cent who returned under duress and remained in Syria . The January 2025 RPIS also indicated that among displaced Syrians residing in informal settlements , 22 per cent intend to return to Syria . The RP is a living document that will be updated in response to the evolving context . It outlines Lebanon ’ s Inter-Agency plan to support the safe , dignified , informed and sustainable returns , in close collaboration with relevant government entities . It sets out for 2025 how UN agencies and partners will work alongside Lebanese authorities to ensure that those who are returning and those who are temporarily remaining , are adequately assisted and protected . This joint approach > 1 As outlined in Executive Committee Conclusions No 18 ( XXXI ) ( 1980 ) , No 40 ( XXXVI ) ( 1985 ) and No 101 ( LV ) ( 2004 ) , including highlighting the basic right of persons to return to their country of origin , to be provided with necessary information on conditions in their country of origin , and repatriation to take place at their", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 425, "text": "returnee data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 704, "end": 744, "text": "Return Perceptions and Intentions Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1173, "end": 1177, "text": "RPIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manufacturing sector which is associated with a higher share of jobs in exports ( Figure 8 , right panel ) . In Poland , for instance , shares increased from 19 to over 34 percent ; in other words , over a third of the workforce is now supported by Poland ’ s exports . By contrast , the share of employment in exports stagnated in Cyprus and across many commodity-exporting countries , including in Canada , New Zealand , Chile , Colombia , Norway , and Indonesia . The latter is driven by declines after the commodity boom of the 2000s . Overall , employment growth in exports exceeded employment growth sustained by domestic demand between 1995 and 2018 ( Figure 9 ) . * * Figure 9 : Export-driven vs . domestic demand-driven employment growth , 1995-2018 ( CAGR ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Export-driven vs . domestic demand-driven employment growth 1995-2018 ( CAGR ) < br > SAU < br > ISR LUX < br > CYP COLNZLIDN CHLAUS CRIZAF ARG < br > CAN MLT IRL < br > FINUSANORSWEBELGBR NLDKORCHEINDISL TURBRA ESPMEX < br > EST RUSCHNDNKITA FRA AUT < br > DEU < br > SVN SVK PRTHUNJPN GRC < br > CZE HRV POL < br > LTU LVA < br > BGR < br > ROU < br > - 2 0 2 4 6 < br > Employment growth sustained by exports ( % ) < br > EAP ECA LAC MENA < br > NA SA SSA y = x < br > R-squared = 0 . 12 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > Employment growth sustained by domestic demand ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Winkler , Aguilar-Luna , Kruse and Maliszewska ( 2023 ) . Data : OECD TiE data , covering 51 countries and 45 sectors for the period 19952018 . The country sample covers 38 OECD countries plus 13 non-OECD countries . The red line indicates employment growth in exports equals employment growth sustained by domestic demand . # 3 . 2 In which", "spans": [{"start": 1512, "end": 1525, "text": "OECD TiE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > UG-PPDA-287225-CS-CDS / < br > Provision of network securityconsultancy services for the TF / A9343 Building Capacity within PPDAand for other Stakeholders Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-03-11 2022-03-12 2022-03-14 2022-03-28 < br > contracts tracking tool < br > UG-PPDA-287222-CS-CDS / Development of providercontract tracking tool TF / A9343 Building Capacity within PPDAand for other Stakeholders Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-12-21 2022-01-13 2022-02-02 2022-02-24 < br > UG-PPDA-287235-CS-CDS / < br > Consultancy services for < br > Digitization of monthlyreports data base ( Central TF / A9343 Building Capacity within PPDAand for other Stakeholders Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-03-11 2022-03-12 2022-03-14 2022-03-28 < br > Government ) into contract < br > tracking tool < br > UG-PPDA-287230-CS-CDS / < br > Consultancy Services for < br > Digitization of monthlyreports data base ( Local TF / A9343 Building Capacity within PPDAand for other Stakeholders Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-03-11 2022-03-11 2022-03-14 2022-03-28 < br > Government ) in to contract < br > tracking tool < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 2", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 650, "text": "monthlyreports data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 , Denmark at 0 . 8 , and Sweden at 1 . 0 ) . # * * 2 . 2 Migration * * We focus on bilateral migration flow data across EU28 and EFTA countries between 2008 and 2018 . These data are from Eurostat . Across the sample , countries differ both in terms of inflows and outflows of migrants , as shown in Figure 2 . Larger migration outflows are observed in Eastern ( Romania and Poland ) , Central ( Germany and France ) , and Southern ( Italy , Spain , and Portugal ) European countries . The countries with the largest inflows are the U . K , Spain , Italy , and Switzerland . < sup > 11 < / sup > > as well as business regulation and the public perceptions of corruption ( Treisman 2007 ) . > 8Both WGI CC and WGI GE are part of a larger set of Worldwide Governance Indicators , which include : _i_ ) Voice and Accountability ; _ii_ ) Political Stability and Absence of Violence / Terrorism ; _iii_ ) Regulatory Quality ; and , _iv_ ) Rule of Law . See the World Bank . > 9Besides the corruption index , there are 11 other indicators within the ICRG ’ s Political Risk classification . See the International Country Risk Guide . > 10There is substantial variation in corruption levels both cross-sectionally and over time for year fixed effects to be included in the gravity model . > 11When looking at average migration inflows , a few large countries ( including Germany , Greece , Poland , and Portugal ) have missing data from Eurostat . 5", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 114, "text": "bilateral migration flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 986, "end": 1002, "text": "corruption index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1432, "end": 1440, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "value on uncultivated , | | | | | | | | | forested and non protected land ( log mn USD ) | 7 . 2 | 7 . 7 | 5 . 9 | 8 . 1 | * * * | 8 . 8 | * * | | Yield gap ( Percent ) | 0 . 60 | 0 . 47 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 66 | * * * | 0 . 62 | * | | * * Institutional quality * * | | | | | * * * | | | | Regulatory Quality Rank ( Percent ) | 49 . 7 | 62 . 5 | 80 . 1 | 38 . 9 | * * * | 40 . 4 | | | Rule of Law Rank ( Percent ) | 49 . 4 | 59 . 8 | 80 . 0 | 35 . 9 | * * * | 37 . 8 | | | Control of Corruption Rank ( Percent ) | 49 . 5 | 58 . 9 | 80 . 5 | 37 . 5 | * * * | 37 . 2 | | | Political Stability & No Violence Rank ( Percent ) | 49 . 2 | 49 . 5 | 67 . 5 | 34 . 2 | * * * | 35 . 4 | | | Voice & Accountability Rank ( Percent ) | 49 . 4 | 52 . 2 | 64 . 2 | 36 . 7 | * * * | 39 . 0 | | | Weak Investor Protection | 85 . 7 | 70 . 6 | 60 | 90 . 4 | * * | 87 . 8 | | | Land Tenure SecurityIndex | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 61 | 2 . 15 | - 0 . 98 | * * * | - 0 . 95 | | | No . of observations ( countries ) | 215 | 56 | 23 | 84 | | 43 | | _Notes : _ The table shows unweighted averages of country characteristics . It includes 215 countries of which 107 are either investors or host countries in the period October 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have also been carried out . # # # # 1 . 5 . 1 Literature Review This involved reviewing the relevant legal provisions and the population census reports of 2002 by UBOS , historical and current studies , social economic status , Development Action Plans for Gulu district , community structures . Much of the literature reviewed was current and relevant to the resettlement plan . # # # # 1 . 5 . 2 Field Surveys Reconnaissance surveys were carried out along the alignment to screen out resources , facilities and services to be affected by the project . Analysis of the field survey data consolidated the nature of recommendations put forward for the successful implementation of the resettlement plan along the project road . # # # # 1 . 5 . 3 Site Visits and Participatory Rapid Appraisal The consultant visited various sites along the existing alignment . Critical examination was mainly focused on the nature of the people to be relocated , community resources to be affected and the nature of economic activities to be disrupted as a result of the project . During the visits , preliminary discussions were held with LCI chair persons of the different villages along the road . These discussions further formed the basis for the future surveys . 13", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 160, "text": "population census reports of 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 571, "end": 588, "text": "field survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from equation ( 1 ) and calculate averages of the standard deviation of the residuals over five-year rolling windows . Figure 5 displays the results for the four fiscal policy indicators for the group of EMDEs . While the patterns across the four charts are not identical , there is an overall downward trend in at least three of the indicators : primary expenditures , government consumption , and revenues . The trend for the primary balance indicator is less obvious although there is a clear decline in volatility in the years that followed the GFC which was only interrupted by the volatility associated with the COVID crisis . < sup > 14 < / sup > We reproduce the same analysis now for the group of commodity exporters and also explore the correlation between fiscal volatility and energy prices ( Figure 6 ) . The patterns for fiscal volatility indicators are similar , with a clear downward trend in the volatility of government consumption and revenues . The trend is less obvious in the case of primary expenditures or the primary balance although , as in the case of EMDEs , there was a period of low volatility following the GFC and before the pandemic-induced crisis . Further , there does not appear to be any clear relationship between fiscal volatility and energy prices over the sample period although the volatility in primary > 13 ‘ Government size ’ is measured as the share of general government total expenditure in GDP ( from the IMF WEO database ) . > 14 We have reproduced these results for the group of advanced economies , although not shown here for brevity . The pattern is weaker . While there is some decline in the volatility of primary expenditures following the sharp spike in the pre-2000 period , there is almost no decline in volatility for the other three indicators . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1454, "end": 1470, "text": "IMF WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 27 . 5 26 . 9 26 . 9 26 . 7 26 . 7 < br > 24 . 6 23 . 6 < br > 20 . 4 20 . 0 20 . 8 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Afghanistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan India Turkmenistan Bhutan Sri Lanka < br > Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh Uzbekistan Maldives Kazakhstan Iran < br > PERCENT < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : ALCS 2013 – 14 and UNDESA ( 2015 ) 3", "spans": [{"start": 327, "end": 331, "text": "ALCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( v ) developing a common database and electronic trail of procurements , which is a component of the e-GP ) to facilitate proper monitoring , reporting and planning of public procurements . These high-level benefits will have resultant downstream effects that will result in better utilization of public resources , an improved investment climate and increased economic growth rates . As a high-level national objective , the e-GP will ensure efficient and effective management and coordination of public procurement for improved public service delivery . This objective is consistent with the Constitution of Uganda ( 1995 , Clause 26 ( 2 ) ) , NDPII covering FY15-21 , and conforms to the commitment of the Government to provide a conducive environment for efficient performance of all sectors of the economy . This will accelerate economic growth and support the transition of the Ugandan economy into the different avenues for sustainable exit from aid . Page 4 of 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the law courts , whose decision will be final and binding . In this regard , the County Government is obliged to provide , in particular to vulnerable and disadvantaged groups , the requisite assistance enabling them to present their case to such decision-making organs of government . # # # * * 7 . 8 . 2 Proposed Average Timeline to Address Grievances * * During consultations with PAPs and the community , it was recommended that the period from the time a grievance is lodged with the SEC to when it is resolved by RIC should be two ( 2 ) weeks . This recommendation was largely influenced by the experience of SEC in so far handling KISIP related community concerns . # # # * * 7 . 8 . 3 Reporting of Grievances * * - a ) A grievance can be made in writing ( either through a letter or e-mail ) , by phone or in person . - b ) The grievance can be made on plain paper . - c ) The grievance shall contain the name , complete contact information of the PAP , and the facts on which the PAP intends to be addressed . - d ) The grievance shall be registered in a register of grievances to be kept by both SEC and RIC . - e ) The grievance shall be acknowledged with a unique reference number . Vis-à-vis , a grievance shall be numbered consecutively in each month according to the order of its institution : i . e . the day of the month it was received , and the grievance number ( e . g . 12 < sup > th < / sup > March 2014 , Grievance No . 1 ) . - f ) The aggrieved PAP shall be issued with the acknowledgement of his / her grievance . - g ) A final decision reached on a grievance at a respective level shall be written , dated and signed by each member that was involved . Reasons for the decision shall be contained in the signed record . 48 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 1064, "end": 1086, "text": "register of grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from Dasgupta and Kanbur ( 2007 ) : Conditional on household income , as the supply of religious and social goods increases , perceived household decile increases . A precise test is made difficult by the lack of fine-grained geographic data on the supply of group-specific public goods . We utilize data on household expenditures on social and religious obligations . In the CPHS , spending on “ religious obligations ” includes the expenditure by a household during a month towards religious ceremonies , donations to places of worship , payments to religious leaders , and contributions towards religious events . Spending on “ social obligations ” refers to expenditures on religious ceremonies , gifts , weddings , funerals , social causes and events , and contributions to creation of local public conveniences . We sum all household expenditures on social and religious obligations in a district and use this as a proxy for the supply of social and religious goods in the district . Approximately half the sample across economic strata reports expenditures on social and religious obligations , and the amount of spending increases with household income ( see Section F of the supplementary materials ) . Using Equation ( 2 ) , we explore whether district-level spending on these goods is correlated with perceived household income decile . Here , i ii < sup > refers to the perceived < / sup > income decile of household _i_ in district _j_ in state _k_ . i refers to the district-level mean PPT household expenditure on social and religious obligations in district TT _j_ in state _k , _ with 1 being the quantity of interest . Our estimate of 1 is conditional on i , household _i_ ’ s own spending ππ ii on religious and social goods , as well asππO i , the household ’ s decile based on income data . HH ii Standard errors i are clustered at the district level . To ensure that all districts are weighed OO ii equally in our analysis , each observation ( i . e . , household ) is weighted by the inverse of the ηη district sample size in the CPHS . This guards against the possibility that our estimates are driven by districts with a larger sample", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 380, "text": "CPHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1798, "end": 1809, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "benefits vary according to household composition and monthly per capita income . The basic benefit was raised from R $ 50 to R $ 54 per household in July 2008 . The BPC is a means-tested old-age non-contributory pension and disability grant program . It transfers a benefit equivalent to the minimum wage to elderly and disabled individuals whose household income is less than one quarter of the minimum wage . Its value was raised by 10 % in March 2008 , in line with the increase in the national minimum wage . We used these increase values to compute for each household that declared receiving either one of these benefits in the 2006 PNAD . < sup > 7 < / sup > The transfer income effect was set to zero otherwise . > 6 “ Minister Patrus Ananias ( Social Development ) said on Wednesday that the average Bolsa Família benefit will rise from R $ 78 . 70 to R $ 80 . 00 . He added that the 8 % value of the increase [ in the basic benefit ] was determined on the basis of the INPC ( Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor ) , _with the objective of improving the purchasing power of low-income families in the midst of the world food crisis_ ” ( Folha de São Paulo newspaper , online , 25 June 2008 , our translation and emphasis ) . > 7 Subsequent to these increases in the transfer amounts , the programs were also expanded on the extensive margin , to cover additional households . These effects are not captured by the analysis .", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 642, "text": "2006 PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the context of the emergence of new trade partners for the countries in the region , most notably China ( De La Torre _et al_ . , 2011 ) . Changes in terms of trade , were not homogeneous across the region – while they increased on average during the 2000s for South American countries and Mexico , they decreased for those in Central America . < sup > 15 < / sup > The regressions discussed below incorporate an index of “ net barter terms of trade ” ( source : World Bank World Development Indicators ) to capture the average effect of the recent evolution of international prices in the region , although it is possible that these average effects mask the heterogeneity of > 12 See for instance Galiani and Sanguinetti ( 2003 ) and Galiani and Porto ( 2010 ) for Argentina ; Ferreira , Leite and WaiPoi ( 2007 ) for Brazil ; Gill and Montenegro ( 2002 ) for Chile ; Attanasio _et al . _ ( 2004 ) for Colombia ; and Harrison and Hanson ( 1999 ) for Mexico . > 13 Even if a country has a comparative advantage in terms of unskilled labor , inequality can increase after trade liberalization . Atolia ( 2007 ) develops a dynamic Heckcsher-Ohlin model in which increasing inequality arises from trade liberalization in the short run because of asymmetric speeds of adjustment between the export and import sectors . The asymmetry generates a transitory capital accumulation that increases the relative wages of skilled workers because of capital-skill complementarity in production . > 14 The authors are grateful to Miguel Szekely for sharing his series of tariffs for the region . 15 Galiani et al . ( 2011 ) study the distributive effects of terms of trade shocks . In their model , besides a non-tradable good , there are two tradable goods , one intensive in natural resources and another – an industrial good , for instance – intensive in unskilled labor . As in a typical Dutch disease model , an increase in the international price of the natural resourcesintensive good induces higher demand ( and higher prices ) for the non-tradable good , and a re-allocation of resources away from the production of the importable industrial", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 502, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 7 : Dirty versus Clean Manufacturing Industries Output ( in BVD ) and Exports ( in * * # # * * 10 , 000 VD ) , 1997-2002 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20000 70000 < br > 18000 < br > 60000 < br > 16000 < br > 14000 50000 < br > 12000 < br > 40000 < br > 10000 < br > 30000 < br > 8000 < br > 6000 20000 < br > 4000 < br > 10000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 0 < br > 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 < br > Output_dirty Output_Clean < br > Exports_Dirty Exports_Clean < br > Output ( in BVD ) Exports ( 10K VD ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * _b . Regression Approach_ * * Previous empirical studies on the relationship between trade and the environment have found varying results . Dean ( 2002 ) uses provincial level data on water pollution from China and found support for the idea that trade liberalization has both a direct and an indirect effect on emission growth and these could be opposite in sign . In contrast , Grossman and Krueger ( 1993 ) examined the environmental impacts of NAFTA and found no evidence that a comparative advantage is being created by lax environmental regulations in Mexico . Using data across different countries from 1960-1995 , Mani and Wheeler ( 1999 ) found that ‘ pollution haven effects ’ are insignificant in developing countries because production is mainly for domestic consumption , not for export . In a more closely related study , Gamper-Rabindran and Jha ( 2004 ) empirically analyzed the relationship between trade liberalization and the environment in the Indian context . Their findings indicate that exports and FDI grew in the more polluting sectors relative to the less polluting sectors between the pre and post liberalization periods . This evidence provides some support for concerns raised about the environmental impact of trade liberalization . Specifically , they find that trade liberalization has resulted in an increase in exports from industries that are more water and air pollution-intensive relative", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 778, "text": "provincial level data on water pollution from China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1141, "end": 1187, "text": "data across different countries from 1960-1995", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "younger and female workers are more likely to lose their job . However , exposure to unemployment is not concentrated in particular income groups , as these individuals are found across the whole welfare distribution ( see Figure 5 ) . _Figure 5 : Unemployed workers by decile of the welfare distribution_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 14 < br > 12 < br > 10 < br > 8 < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Household income decile < br > population < br > Newly unemployed as a share of total < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > This result suggests that the ultimate distributive impact of the unemployment increase would depend heavily on the social protection programs available to those who lost their job and , of course , to the whole population . However , it is unlikely that these programs and , more generally , public transfers and expenditure will not suffer from the shrinking oil royalties following the drop in oil price . The oil price shock , indeed , puts government expenditure under pressure and its reduction is likely to have affected differently individuals located in different parts of the welfare distribution . Taking advantage of the availability of data on public transfers in a different survey , the RLMS ( Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey ) , our second simulation estimates the effect of a 10 percent cut in public transfers . The impact on poverty and shared prosperity depends on the incidence of the transfers along the welfare distribution : if poor households depend relatively more than the richer ones on public transfers , the final effect of the oil shock could be reversed once the cut of transfers is taken into account . Most of the beneficiaries of public transfers < sup > 21 < / sup > and pensions are indeed located in the first decile of the consumption distribution ( see Figure 6 ) while the share is much smaller for households located in the top 30 percent of the distribution . > 21", "spans": [{"start": 1221, "end": 1245, "text": "data on public transfers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1274, "end": 1278, "text": "RLMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1281, "end": 1319, "text": "Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Costa Rica Results in Education ( CORE ) ( P181174 ) | Description | This indicator refers to the design and implementation of a national communication campaign on foundational learning . | | - - - | - - - | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Curriculum Department | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Media company will conduct a sample survey of targeted audience as part of an evaluation of MEP communications . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | * * IRI 2 . 2 . 1 Management Se * * < br > * * efficiency standards – Cli * * | * * rvice Provider contract in adequate implementation , including a clause requiring computer equipment to meet energy * * < br > * * mate co-benefits indicator * * | | Description | This indicator would be used to monitor the implementation of the MSP contract , in alignment with energy efficiency < br > standards . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | PIU | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | PIU will report on the contract implementation of the MSP . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | < br > * * IRI 2 . 2 . 2 Percentage of st * * | * * udents in schools with secure Wifi connection * * | | Description | This indicator measures the proportion of students in primary and secondary schools with wifi connection in all < br > classrooms in use bystudents . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Department of Statistics | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Annual end-of-year school survey . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MEP Department of Statistics | | * * IRI 2 . 2 . 3 Percentage of G * * | * * rade 9 students whoparticipate", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 404, "text": "sample survey of targeted audience", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1501, "end": 1533, "text": "Annual end-of-year school survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Date | 31-Oct-2016 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724961 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 20 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 16 Ethiopia Demographic Hea | lth Survey ( EDHS ) Report . | Update to be provided by | # # # # ► Percent of pregnant women taking Iron Folic Fcid ( IFA ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 42 . 10 | 42 . 10 | 42 . 10 | 54 . 10 | | Date | 31-Oct-2016 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | 6 / 28 / 2019 Page 8 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 146, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 * * sheets and adjusting their business models to varying degrees * * . European banks gradually started deleveraging as part of the process of cleaning up their balance sheets and shrank by 10 – 15 percent . Risk-weighted assets ( RWAs ) , which stood at 12 . 4 times capital in 2007 , fell to 9 . 5 times in 2010 ( figure 4 ) . Banks also sought more stable sources of funding such as retail deposits to substitute for more fickle , short-term wholesale funding sources , which helped reduce their loan to deposit ( L / D ) ratios from 175 percent to 138 percent from 2007 to 2010 ( figure 5 ) . Banks also bolstered capital cushions by 20 percent on average to ease solvency concerns , in part in response to market pressures , as well as to prepare for the phasing-in of the tighter Basel III capital rules over the 2013 – 19 period . * * Figure 2 . Leverage and Reliance on Wholesale Funding * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Asset to Equity Ratio Tier 1 Capital Ratio < br > Q1 2007 and Q4 2010 2007 and 2010 < br > 25 20 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 5 < br > 0 0 < br > ASIA CEE MENA SSA LATAM EUR OTHER ASIA CEE MENA SSA LATAM EUR OTHER < br > 2010 2007 2010 2007 < br > Loan to Deposit Ratio < br > Q1 2007 and Q4 2010 < br > 200 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > ASIA CEE MENA SSA LATAM EUR OTHER < br > Q4 2010 Q1 2007 < br > Percent Percent < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Bankscope , Bureau van Dijk . EUR data from European Central Bank ( ECB ) Consolidated Banking Data Note : ASIA : Asia . CEE : Central and Eastern Europe MENA : Middle East and North Africa", "spans": [{"start": 1551, "end": 1576, "text": "Consolidated Banking Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Implementation of the livelihoods restoration programme ( e . g . eligibility and entitlements to restoration measures etc . ) ; - Misidentification of assets or land owners due to registration errors or inaccurate or misleading information during assets surveys ; - Disagreement over the valuation or quality of an asset where compensation is payable ; - Disagreement over the type , quality and quantity of measures applied to achieve livelihoods restoration ; - Impacts of the construction and operation of the Subproject ; and - Disagreement over the cut-off date applied . - * * 13 . 3 Guiding Principles for Grievance Management * * The proposed approach for grievance resolution combines traditional or community-based resolution with an EEP-based mechanism , and potential use of the legal system if complainants prefer . It provides for multiple entry points to the system , formal recording of concerns , multiple resolution pathways depending on the nature of the grievance , use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms where possible , active consultation , and an appeal system . Although they remain largely informal and traditional , communities in the Subproject area have effective community-based conflict resolution processes . For some of the potential conflicts that may arise in relation to the Subproject ’ s land acquisition , it is both less expensive and more appropriate to consider the use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms . For example , issues such as PAHs ’ land ownership ( title deeds ) and boundaries between plots owned by different PAPs , can best be resolved through traditional conflict resolution processes within the community . The guiding principles for GM are presented below : - i ) _Impartiality : _ All parties have the right of expressing their viewpoints . Any assumptions or actions shall be taken until all relevant information has been collected and considered . All parties have access to support or representation if they want or need it . - ii ) _Confidentiality : _ Only the", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 405, "text": "assets surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 assumption of a gradual decline in fertility , such as might be caused by steady economic development without very high priority to population and family planning programs , the population growth rate might fall to about 2 . 8 % per annum in 1995-2000 and 2 . 1X in 2010-2015 . with a population of 93 million in 2015 . On the basis of a rapid fertility decline , such as has been experienced by countries , mostly in Asia . with well-developed population programs , the growth rate might fall to about 2 . 5 % in 1995-2000 and 1 . 4 % in 2010-2015 . with a population of about 81 million in 2015 . Such an accelerate * * d * * ecline would imply a TTR of about 4 and a contraceptive prevalence rate ( CPR ) of about 44 % by 2003 , which would be a remarkable achievement by that time given that the current CPR is about 2 % . 2 . 03 Health Status . Life expectancy at birth is estiwated to be about 47 , and just under 23 % of children die in their first five years of life . Mortality and morbidity data are based primarily on health facility records . which may not reflect the real incidence of disease in the population . The leading causes of hospital deaths are dysentery and gastroenteritis ( 11 % ) , tuberculosis ( 11 % ) , pneumonias ( 11 % ) . malnutrition and anemia ( 7 % ) . liver diseases including hepatitis ( 6 % ) , tetanus ( 3 % ) and malaria ( 3 % ) . The leading causes of outpatient morbidity in children under 5 are upper respiratory illnesses , diarrheas , eye infections including z . . achoma , skin infections , malnutrition and fevers . Nearly 60 % of childhood morbidity - s due to preventable causes . The leading causes of adult morbidity are dysentery / gastro-intestinal infections , malaria , helminthiasis , skin and eye diseases , venereal diseases , rheumatism , malnutrition , fevers , upper respiratory tract infections", "spans": [{"start": 979, "end": 1007, "text": "Mortality and morbidity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1031, "end": 1054, "text": "health facility records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "52 , 433 vertebrates ( amphibians , birds , fish , mammals , reptiles ) ; 213 , 268 arthropods ; 32 , 355 molluscs ; Table 1 provides a more detailed accounting . We limit the exercise to GBIF species in the kingdoms two methods to remove spurious observations from locales such as zoos and botanical gardens . The first is exclusion of isolated outlier occurrences before map estimation , which happens automatically in alphahull . The second occurs after map estimation , when we exclude alphahull-bounded point sets with fewer than three observations . Many species maps have multiple bounded areas ; in those maps , our approach imposes a conservative interpretation of the evidence . We drop species maps with single bounded areas when they contain fewer than three observations . 3 . Global Species Distributions 3 . 1 Spatial Selection Bias GBIF occurrence reports are often produced by voluntary exercises that do not employ scientific sampling methods . In consequence , spatial point densities in species occurrence reports are positively related to physical accessibility , population density and income ( Garcia-Rosello et al . 2023 ; Borgelt et al . 2022 ; Isaac and Silman 2011 ; Reddy and Davalos 2003 ) . Other things equal , more species sightings occur near transport arteries ; in areas where there are more inhabitants to identify species ; and in areas where more inhabitants have disposable income sufficient to support species search and the cost of reporting . These factors complicate attempts to map species population densities from occurrence reports ( e . g . , Kass et al . 2022 ) . Alphahull estimation of boundaries is different , because it focuses on exterior points in spatial sets . However , accurate representation still requires a critical minimum number of sightings in areas that are not advantaged by transport access , population density or disposable income . As Feeley and Smith ( 2011 ) note , the accuracy of boundary estimation improves as more sightings occur in non-advantaged million new reports per day . The following section tests alphahull boundary mapping from the current provided by existing expert maps . GBIF species and the smaller inventory of expert range maps , with two primary objectives . The first is incorporating more", "spans": [{"start": 848, "end": 871, "text": "GBIF occurrence reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1007, "end": 1033, "text": "species occurrence reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2206, "end": 2223, "text": "expert range maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * I . INTRODUCTION * * Ethiopia has hosted large populations of Somali refugees since the late 1980s , when amid clan warfare and armed opposition to Siad Barre ’ s regime , hundreds of thousands fled to Ethiopia ’ s Somali region . < sup > 1 < / sup > Most were sheltered in eight camps and supported by the government of Ethiopia and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . Repatriations and spontaneous returns in the intervening years saw the numbers diminish from a peak of almost 514 , 000 in 1991 to fewer than 20 , 000 between 2004 and 2006 , when resurgence in conflict , insecurity and other causes , including drought , began to prompt new substantial movements . < sup > 2 < / sup > In 2011 , the Somali refugee population in Ethiopia grew by more than 100 , 000 , a scale unprecedented in the millennium . < sup > 3 < / sup > Recent years , particularly 2017 , have also seen Somalis arrive in Ethiopia in the context of multiple root causes , including renewed conflict and drought , although in relative terms the numbers are much more muted . < sup > 4 < / sup > At the end of April 2018 , Ethiopia was second only to Kenya as a host of Somali refugees , with a population of almost 256 , 000 . < sup > 5 < / sup > They are hosted within eight camps in two separate areas in the Somali region of Ethiopia , a fragile environment , sensitive to drought , soaring temperatures and decreasing rains , which have also severely affected Ethiopian Somalis . A small number ( a little over 1 , 000 ) live in Addis Ababa , benefiting from a time-bound urban residence status through an Urban Assistance Programme that targets refugees with medical , protection and humanitarian concerns . < sup > 6 < / sup > Hundreds of > 1 UNHCR , “ UNHCR Population Statistics Database ” , available at :", "spans": [{"start": 1775, "end": 1811, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 0 . 01_ Next , the _Property Rights * TAN_ interaction term is discussed . In developing countries , banks prefer immovable assets ( i . e . , a high degree of asset tangibility ) such as land for collateral , which highlights an agency problem . The influence of asset tangibility on trade specialization can be magnified or diminished by the development of legal framework and other governance-related factors such as property rights and credit protection . The interaction of property rights and asset tangibility with exporter size ( _Property Rights * TAN_ ) is insignificant . Strong property rights are not correlated with larger mean or median exporter size in industries characterized by higher asset intangible . However , despite the insignificance , the effects are significantly different in MENA and non-MENA regions ( _Property Rights * MENA_ ) . One explanation is that the GCI Property Rights Index is higher in MENA than other regions , and offers more effective protection than in non-MENA . Property Rights in MENA also appear to be > _23 We estimate regressions with average or weighted tariffs . Trade regulations are generally viewed to be much more restrictive in MENA countries . Weighted tariff rates in MENA average 17 . 4 percent , and 8 . 7 percent in non-MENA countries . Tariff data from the WDI is unavailable for Lebanon or Kuwait . Egypt , Iran , and Yemen have only two years of tariff data . The availability of tariff data does not always coincide with availability of EDD or business climate data . _ 20", "spans": [{"start": 892, "end": 917, "text": "GCI Property Rights Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1304, "end": 1328, "text": "Tariff data from the WDI", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1416, "end": 1427, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1515, "end": 1536, "text": "business climate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the census survey is intended to prepare the objective ground for compensation payment by a complete enumeration of PAHs and by registering all properties affected by the Subproject components . Therefore , this chapter discusses the main findings on the demographic and socioeconomic aspects of heads of households as well as the entire population in those Subprojects affected households . It shall be noted that the analysis and presentation of results of the socio - economic baseline and census surveys is confined to households that are affected by the proposed substation and associated transmission line towers as well as access road of the Subproject . # # # # # * * 6 . 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Households * * Based on the results of the census enumeration a total of 26 households affected by the proposed Subproject components . Out of the 26 Subproject Affected Person ( PAPs ) , 15 are Male Headed Household ( MHH ) and the remaining 11 are Female Headed Households ( FHH ) . A total of 129 people live in 26 households that will be affected by the subproject and the average Subproject-affected household size is 5 . 0 persons per family . The family size varies between male-headed households ( 5 . 9 per household ) and female-headed households ( 4 . 1 per household ) , indicating considerable labour shortage among femaleheaded households compared to male-headed household . Page 66 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 17, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 463, "end": 507, "text": "socio - economic baseline and census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 760, "end": 778, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "target population size of 22 , 695 people ( during the study design period of September 2016 ) , at 5 % margin of error and 95 % confidence interval , we calculated a sample size of 378 . During field work , we oversampled and ended up with an actual sample of 493 households . This afforded us the ability to drop cases that were not complete without affecting the validity of the sample . We used proportionate sampling using group ’ s population size as weights . The final sample of 493 households comprised Congolese 190 ( 39 % ) ; Angolans 139 ( 28 % ) ; Burundi 93 ( 19 % ) ; Somali 40 ( 8 % ) and Rwandese 31 ( 6 % ) . For reasons beyond our control , the Rwandese community refused to participate in the survey in Meheba settlement . In urban areas our initial snow bowling sampling approach proved too costly and time consuming as the urban refugees are dispersed over many townships in Lusaka . UNHCR requested their implementing partner AAH to ask refugees to congregate in central locations in the various residential areas where our team then interviewed the refugees . This represented some gender bias in the sample – i . e . more women turned up for the interviews and the men who turned up might not have been those with very active and brisk livelihood activities . In the urban areas , we addressed the possible household sampling bias challenge through key informant interviews and focus group discussion meetings to triangulate some of the key findings . Our study findings are summarized below by theme . * * Refugees ’ business networks and networking : * * In the rural settlements of Meheba and Mayukwayukwa , there are a lot of intra-settlement livelihoods networks . On average in these settlements the largest customer base for refugee businesses are refugees from a different country of origin ; followed by Zambians and finally refugees from the same country of origin . In Lusaka , Zambians are the largest customer base for refugee livelihoods activities . Because of restrictions on freedom of", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 740, "text": "survey in Meheba settlement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bibliography : - Aguiar , Angel , Maksym Chepeliev , Erwin L . Corong , Robert McDougall , and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe . 2019 . “ The GTAP Data Base : Version 10 . ” Journal of Global Economic Analysis 4 ( 1 ) : 1 – 27 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 21642 / jgea . 040101af . - Brahmbhatt , Milan , and Arindam Datta . 2008 . On SARS type economic effects during infectious disease outbreaks . World Bank Policy Research Paper No . 4466 , World Bank , Washington , D . C . http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 101511468028867410 / On-SARS-type-economiceffects-during-infectious-disease-outbreaks . - Bloom , E . , V . de Wit , and M . J . Carangal-San Jose . 2005 . “ Potential Economic Impact of an Avian Flu Pandemic on Asia ” , ERD Policy Brief No . 42 . - Burns , Andrew ; Mensbrugghe , Dominique van der ; Timmer , Hans . 2006 . Evaluating the economic consequences of avian influenza ( English ) . Washington , DC : World Bank . - Evans , David , Marcio Cruz , Francisco Ferreira , Hans Lofgren , Maryla Maliszewska , and Mead Over . 2014 . “ Estimating the Economic Impact of the Ebola Epidemic : Evidence from Computable General Equilibrium Models . ” https : / / doi . org / 91219 . - Lee , J . - W . and W . J . McKibbin . 2004 . “ Globalization and Disease : The Case of SARS , ” Brookings Discussion Papers in International Economics , No . 156 , February . - McKibbin , Warwick , and Roshen Fernando . 2020 . “ The Global Macroeconomic Impacts of COVID-19 . ” Brookings Institute , no . March : 1 – 43 . https : / / www . brookings . edu / wpcontent / uploads / 2020 / 03 / 20200302_COVID19 . pdf . - McKibbin , Warwick J . and Alexandra A . Sidorenko . 2006 . “ Global Macroeconomic Consequences of Pandemic Influenza , ” Lowy Institute Analyses , Lowy Institute for International Policy , February , Sydney . - OECD .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cooking fuel in Subproject woredas . Based on this household energy assessment firewood and their importance charcoal crop residue , kerosene and animal dung are the five cooking in urban areas of the Subproject woredas . On the other hand , firewood , crop residue , animal dung , charcoal and kerosene are the main source of cooking fuel in order of their importance in rural area of the Subproject woredas < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ' 7ational c < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 78, "text": "household energy assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The preceding discussion is based on a static , cross-sectional view of poverty . As noted , Malaysia does not collect panel survey data on household income or consumption , so there is limited knowledge of poverty and income dynamics at the micro-level . However , some studies have investigated socioeconomic intergenerational mobility based on retrospective data ( Khalid 2018 , Hamid et al . 2019 ) . Khalid ( 2018 ) finds that the majority of younger-generation Malaysians ( birth cohort 1975 – 1985 ) have higher educational attainment and better occupational skills than the previous generation ( the cohort born between 1945 – 1960 ) . Income mobility patterns across generations are mixed , but mobility was found to be highest for children born to parents in the lowest income quintile . This is consistent with the image of reductions in poverty and inequality in official Malaysian statistics . For example , Khalid ( 2018 ) finds that children born in the poorest households will in general not be poor as adults , suggesting that long-run chronic poverty is uncommon . However , he also observes that upward intergenerational mobility was less likely in rural areas than in urban ones . Despite positive findings about past mobility , Khalid argues that such patterns are unlikely to be repeated for children born in the 1990s and later , e . g . , due to changes in Malaysia ’ s education policy . This connects with the criticisms discussed above that preferential policies favor those who are already richer than the average Malaysian . 7", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 136, "text": "panel survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 347, "end": 365, "text": "retrospective data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Custom Supplement ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 7 . 00 | 17 . 00 | 17 . 00 | 47 . 00 | | Component 3 : Projec < br > IN01398304 < br > ► Project Managmen | t Management and Monitoring and E < br > t Monitoring and Evaluation ( Text , C | valuation < br > ustom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 4 reports | Quarterly and annual < br > project reports submitted . | Quarterly and annual < br > project reports < br > submitted . | Quarterly and annual < br > progress reports < br > submitted . | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 07-Apr-2023 | 15-Feb-2024 | 07-Aug-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | Number of project stat | us reports prepared . | | | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 3 / 5 / 2024 Page 7 of 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ETHIOPIA CLIMATE ACTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR RESULTS ( P170384 ) | * * Completion Measurement * * | Administrative data and FY20 results acce | ssible in NRMD M & E | System | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Comments * * | The Management Information System for < br > developed recently by the NRMD with sup < br > time of the April 2021 mission . | watershed manageme < br > port from the PSNP p | nt is being adapted from an < br > rogram . This system as not | existing system < br > fully operational by the | | * * Action Description * * | T6 : MoU between RLAUD and regional BL < br > SLLCs and NRLAIS roll-out ; and , ( ii ) a sys | AUs on : ( i ) staffing an < br > tem of incentives to p | d facilities , setting conditio < br > romote the updating of land | ns for RLAUD support for < br > transactions in NRLAIS . | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Technical | DLI 6 < br > RLAUD , BLAUs | Due Date | 30-Sep-2019 | Completed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | MoUs signed between RLAUD and region | al BLAUs | | | | * * Comments * * | MoUs signed with the four regions in which < br > RA # 2 activities are rolled-out to further reg | RA # 2 is currently be", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 218, "text": "Administrative data and FY20 results", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Uganda Multisectoral Food Security and Nutrition Project ( P149286 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  Net change in percentage o < br > ( Percentage , Custom ) | f children aged 6-23 mon < br > Baseline | ths in beneficiary household < br > Actual ( Previous ) | s with minimum dietary < br > Actual ( Current ) | diversity < br > End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 10 . 00 | | Date | 23-Sep-2014 | 01-Aug-2016 | 30-Mar-2017 | 19-Dec-2019 | |  Net change in percenta | ge of women participating in c | ommunity-based nutrition act | ivities in project areas ( | Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 08-Mar-2016 | 01-Aug-2016 | 30-Mar-2017 | 19-Dec-2019 | # # Overall Comments Baseline survey is underway and the next ISR will include updated values for the three PDO indicators . # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Number of parent groups ( PGs ) established ( Number | , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 2 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 000", "spans": [{"start": 946, "end": 961, "text": "Baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the identified need for effective public institutions and responsible , competent civil employees who can translate national visions into actionable policies and plans . Moreover , in keeping with global technological trends and the recognition of Jordan ' s rank in the electronic government development index , capacity-development programs will be facilitated through the Institute of Public Administration ( IPA ) . These programs will emphasize enhancing digital literacy , ensuring that public officials are equipped to utilize technology effectively . In tandem , a focus on gender sensitization will foster an inclusive work environment , aligning with the need to bolster citizen trust and confidence in government institutions . * * - The government has demonstrated a renewed commitment to reform the content , modality , and purpose of the General Secondary Examination ( * * * * _Tawjihi ) _ , which remains the single most influential and decisive high-stakes exam in * * Page | 54", "spans": [{"start": 271, "end": 310, "text": "electronic government development index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and drilling works . Due to the insufficiency of the source survey some of the proposed well sites were changed . This in turn delayed the civil construction . Most of the towns have almost completed the civil construction . The civil construction includes lying of transmission and distribution pipes , construction of reservoirs , operation buildings , booster pump stations , temporary engineers ’ offices , pipe shades e . t . c . There are three towns ; namely Gambella , Kibre Mengist , and Kebridehar , whose civil construction recently started . The reason for the delay of construction of Gambella and Kibre Mengist is due to source problem . Similarly the reason for the Kebridehar is source ; boreholes were not drilled in time and also the availability of ample water supply was not confirmed too . # # # * * _B ) Supply of pipes and fittings , and supply and installation of electro-mechanical equipment_ * * Based on the procurement procedures of the World Bank three local agents and four foreign suppliers were selected among the bidders for the supply of pipes and fittings . Similarly three firms were selected for the supply and installation of electro-mechanical equipment ; the firms are Yadot Business Group , Watt International and Simonazzi Fratelli . Approximately 10 percent extra quantities of uPVC and G . S . pipes and fittings were ordered to cover shortfalls in some towns . As tried to mention earlier the changes in source locations brought new requirements and also shortage in pipes and fittings . The demand for DCI pipes and fittings was more than the allowable range of variation order . Finally additional pipes were requested and supplied after lengthy correspondences with the suppliers and The World Bank . Generally speaking the supply of pipes , fittings and electro-mechanical equipment are completed . The supply of electro-mechanical equipment is also completed . However , the installation work is still underway in some towns . This is due to the incompleteness of the civil construction . # # # * * _C ) Supervision Services for Immediate Rehabilitation", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 66, "text": "source survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". For example , Zheng et al . ( 2020 ) and Adams-Prassl et al . ( 2020 ) estimated the degree to which people can work from home during the pandemic to mitigate workplace closures or capacity limits . Other studies relied on occupation-level data from O * NET ( Dingel & Neiman , 2020 ; Avdiu & Nayyar , 2020 ) or workers ’ task content information from pre-COVID labor force and skills surveys ( Hatayama et al . , 2020 ; Gottlieb et al . , 2020 ; 5", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 259, "text": "occupation-level data from O * NET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 364, "end": 394, "text": "labor force and skills surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 Annexe II : Situation des PDIs retournées par régions , cercles et communes de juillet 2013 au 31 décembre 2023 | * * Regions-Cercles - * * | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adult * * | * * e ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgé * * | * * e ( > 59 ans ) * * < br > * * Total * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Menage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | * * _Kayes_ * * | * * _312_ * * | * * _717_ * * | * * _619_ * * | * * _1336_ * * | * * _254_ * * | * * _340_ * * | * * _594_ *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "0 . 09 | 0 | 0 | | Transect4 : < br > Namasagalito < br > Bunyamira | 0 . 88 | 1 . 74 | 0 . 42 | 2 . 80 | | * * Total * * | * * 8 . 05 * * | * * 4 . 02 * * | * * 10 . 66 * * | * * 7 . 57 * * | Data from NAFIRRI 2000a ; 2000b ; 2000c ; 2000d Fishing effort in terms of active fishing canoes showed no major change from the April 2000 counts ( 50 fishing canoes in 2000 vs . 51 fishing canoes in 2006 ) for all the four transects sampled . However , in terms of type of canoes used , there was a 57 percent increase in the more robust Ssese type of craft and a 39 percent decrease in the active dugout type of fishing canoe . The April 2006 survey also revealed an increase in the number of fishers from 89 during 2000 to 128 during 2006 . Similarly , there was an increase in the number of fish traders from 12 to 47 ( a 74 percent increase ) by the April 2006 survey . Major species targeted in both surveys were _Mormyrus kannume_ and _Oreochromis niloticus_ ( especially in Transect 1 ) , _Rastrineobola argentea_ and _Lates niloticus_ ( especially in Transect 2 ) and _Barbus altianalis_ ( especially in Transect 3 ) . The increasing importance of _R . argentea_ and Haplochromines in commercial catches of April 2006 was noticeable , and is due to the use of new techniques , e . g . night fishing with lights to attract these smaller fish species . The main fishing gears used were the same in both periods . These were multifilament gill nets , cast nets and hooks ( longline and angling ) with mosquito seines targeting Rastrineo", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 210, "text": "Data from NAFIRRI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 628, "end": 645, "text": "April 2006 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 849, "end": 866, "text": "April 2006 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of longer unemployment spells is still low compared to Eastern European countries and other developed countries ; during the 1990s the incidence of unemployment spells longer than one year was 11 percent among Latin American countries but 42 percent among > 1 This section draws on background work by Saavedra > 2 based on information from household surveys compiled by the International Labor Organization ( ILO ) . > 3 CEPAL ’ s early evaluations found if anything a positive impact on wages ( see Weller 2000 ) Stalling and Peres ( 2000 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 357, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schools , particularly in small municipalities . Additionally , for the RDD analysis , we constructed a more balanced ( trimmed ) sample using the distribution of the p-score and dropping units with a propensity score below 0 . 1 or above 0 . 9 to make estimates more precise and less sensitive to changes in specification ( Crump et al . 2009 ) . To test the identifying assumption of the RDD approach formally , we carried out a number of continuity checks on baseline characteristics at the individual and household level – all of them available from the census of the poor and used for the _Sisben_ proxymeans test – that could be associated with the outcomes of interest . Figure 3 and Table 9 show graphical and regression analysis on the relationship between the _Sisben_ poverty index score and these variables . Because of the large size of the sample used in the analysis , these differences are very precisely estimated . In general , there are not remarkable statistically significant differences in pre-program characteristics between the two groups on each side of the cutoff that could be argued to drive the results . In cases where the differences are statistically significant , the magnitude of the discontinuity is either relatively small in economic sense to drive the results ( on average 0 . 046 more children in households right above the threshold of eligibility ) or the direction of the difference ( smaller household size or larger home ownership ) is unlikely to introduce a bias that could affect the interpretation of our results . Another potential concern in the RDD is the possibility that individuals could manipulate the assignment variable ( the _Sisben_ poverty index score ) and generate nonrandom sorting around the threshold . For example , the RDD approach may be invalid if more motivated and education-driven people seek to influence the value of their scores by taking actions such as hiding assets , ̳ borrowing ‘ children from other families to increase the size of the household , or bribing local authorities and program administrators . This may undermine the comparability of people on each side of the cutoff . While it is impossible to fully rule out this type of behavior in the context of", "spans": [{"start": 558, "end": 576, "text": "census of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | | | | | data to the federal M < br > electronically | IS | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Comments on achieving targets | Key program fun < br > registration of exits < br > should be able to e < br > the software is ins < br > operations . < br > RPSNP MIS data fr < br > with a total of < br > beneficiaries . | ctions refer to p < br > and replacements , < br > xtract data ( at the < br > talled , is functionin < br > om 106 woredas ha < br > 533 , 434 househol | ayroll generation an < br > and provision of livelih < br > national level ) which d < br > g and is being used < br > s been replicated at < br > ds ( HHs ) and 1 , 79 | d reconciliation , < br > ood grants . FSCD < br > emonstrates that < br > for key program < br > the federal level , < br > 0 , 534 household | | | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 352 | 28-Jun-2024 | 338 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | Woredas with Phase 2 of MIS rolled < br > out which reflects PSNP 5 design < br > changes ( Number ) | Comments on achieving targets | Phase 2 of the MIS < br > reflect the agreed < br > how many woredas < br > Rollout training co < br > modules of the M | will be developed < br > design changes for < br > will have an MIS tha < br > nducted for 352 w < br >", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 405, "text": "RPSNP MIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER | | * * DLR 5 . 1 : Target * * : Increase in number of refugee students with special needs enrolled in Inclusive Education Resource Centers and satellite schools from a < br > baseline of 866 up to a maximum of 1 , 150 . * * Formula * * : US $ 2 , 676 . 18 disbursed for every additional student with SNE in newly integrated refugee and host < br > communityschools upto the maximum ceilingof US $ 3 , 000 , 000 ( Scalable ) < br > i i | | - - - | - - - | | Description | * * DLR 5 . 1 * * : This result measuresthe number of children with disabilities and special needs enrolled in Inclusive Education Resource Centers ( IERCs ) meets the < br > standards established under GEQIP-E for adequacy of staffing and equipment . < br > * * For AF DLR : * * < br > * * DLR 5 . 1 : * * This result measuresthe number of children with disabilities and special needs in the newly integrated refugee schools and host community schools < br > enrolled in Inclusive Education Resource Centers ( IERCs ) which meet the standard established under GEQIP-E for adequacyof staffingand equipment . | | Data source / Agency | EMIS | | Verification Entity | Verification Agent ( VA ) contracted bythe MoE | | Procedure | ii < br > DLR 5 . 1 : The result is measured by calculating the number of children with disabilities and special needs enrolled in the functional Inclusive Education < br > Resource Centers ( IERCs ) which meet the standard established under GEQIP-E for adequacy of staffing and equipment at the time of measurement . It < br > measures both the students in the newly established IERC", "spans": [{"start": 1224, "end": 1228, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will be concerted efforts to < br > support MSMEs overcome such < br > obstacles along the way through < br > collaboration with other entities < br > involved directly . | | * * 7 . * * | What is the nature of the Funding ( grant < br > or loan ) ? | MSE < br > Association | The Funding is neither a grant or < br > loan but rather a ‘ zero-rated < br > equitable investment ’ ( Patient < br > Capital Equity ) | | * * 8 . * * | The aspect of MSMEs being unable to < br > afford the requisite machines - which are < br > capital intensive - to improve on the < br > quality of their products and services . | MSE < br > Association | There will be other forums < br > organized to address the full < br > scope of the project especially < br > ‘ Training and Investment support < br > for MSMEs ’ to enable them to < br > prepare adequately . | | * * 9 . * * | Recognition < br > of < br > other < br > forms < br > of < br > registration apart from certificates < br > offered by MSEA e . g . , socio-cultural < br > groups . | MSE < br > Association | Migration of Social Services Data < br > to the MSEA Database is on - < br > going . | | * * 10 . * * | Political interference was identified as a < br > risk in the implementation of the < br > project . | MSE < br > Association | Need for continuous sensitization < br > and awareness creation among < br > subgroups < br > to < br > guard < br > against < br > political interference which can < br > easily derail the project . | 76", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1117, "text": "MSEA Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Where there are capacity gaps , the ministries and municipalities may recruit technical assistants to assist the existing staff . Such technical assistants would mentor and train the staff that they support . The technical assistants shall report to the relevant heads of department / division . 57 . * * Implementation support plan . * * The World Bank ‘ s KISIP core team is based in Nairobi , which facilitates frequent dialogue with the government counterpart teams , and permits ongoing implementation support . The Bank will conduct at least two formal missions per year jointly with development partners , with a full complement of experts , including the Bank ‘ s financial management and procurement staff . # # * * C . Results monitoring and evaluation * * 58 . * * Objectives and design * * . The objective of the monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) system is to generate timely and relevant feedback on the project ‘ s implementation progress and achievement of expected outcomes to enable the government and Bank teams to address issues as quickly as possible once they arise . Monitoring and reporting will take place at both the settlement and the central levels . The M & E specialists responsible for collecting settlement-level data will be part of KISIP PCT at the municipal level . They will collect and report on indicators of tenure security , infrastructure constructed or rehabilitated , service delivery , and others . They will also be responsible for monitoring and reporting on the participatory processes that are followed in preparing plans for settlement upgrading . Finally , they will monitor and report on indicators of implementation progress to be agreed with the MoH PCT . The M & E specialists at the MoH will be responsible for establishing the M & E system , and training and backstopping M & E specialists in municipal administrations . They will also prepare quarterly and annual KISIP progress reports , based on the information from the municipal-level M & E specialists and on information from the project ‘ s coordinator , and specialists in procurement , financial management , environmental and social safeguards , social", "spans": [{"start": 1231, "end": 1252, "text": "settlement-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "insecurity situation and highly constrained humanitarian access , humanitarian response has not been able to meet populations ’ growing needs , especially in terms of food exacerbating levels of poverty and hunger . In most IDP centers in Tigray there has not been food distribution for prolonged period and deaths caused by starvation have been reported by protection partners and health centres . Humanitarian food assistance needs of 79 . 4 % of populations has not been met , in April 2022 . For example , an inter-agency assessment at the end of March in Eastern zone , identified that IDPs from Erob residing in their communities and others in Adigrat are in 6 ACAPS ( April 2022 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 513, "end": 536, "text": "inter-agency assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _Measuring skills_ To measure firm-level skills , entrepreneurs were asked questions on their own and their staff ’ s education and training . These questions were based on the World Bank Enterprise Skills Survey , which has been conducted in Tanzania ( Tan , Bashir & Tanaka 2016 ) and in Zambia ( Cao and Saeki 2018 ) . Table 2 presents the list of questions used for measuring skills in the main analysis . In addition , the survey complemented these with questions about the skills profiles and skills deficits of managers and workers . * * Table 2 . Survey questions on worker and management skills * * | Area | Question | Answers | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Education and < br > training | What is the highest level of education completed by this < br > establishment ’ s top manager ? | • < br > No school < br > • < br > Primary School – First level < br > • < br > Primary School – Second level < br > • < br > High School - First level | | | | • < br > High School - Second level < br > • < br > Professional School | | | | • < br > Undergraduate Degree | | | | • < br > Post-graduate degree | | | What percentage or how many of the full-time permanent < br > workers completed secondary school ? | . . . % | | | What percent of this establishment ’ s permanent full-time < br > employees employed at the end of the last complete fiscal < br > year had a university degree ? | . . . % | | | Over the last complete fiscal year , did this establishment < br > have formal training programs for its permanent , full-time < br > employees ? | • < br > Yes < br > • < br > No | | | Referring to the training programs run over the last < br > complete fiscal year , what percentage of permanent , full - < br > time employees of", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 216, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Skills Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "above , people ’ s behavior can be changed by the energy efficiency program . On one hand , the CFL bulb distribution — either free of charge or at deep discounts — could raise awareness with respect to energy efficiency and global warming , motivating people to conserve more energy on other occasions . For example , the Brazilian temporary electrification rationalization is found to have had a long-term effect . The temporarily limited electricity supply encouraged customers to purchase more energyefficient home appliances , leading to long-term energy savings even after the supply constraint eased ( Costa 2012 ) . On the other hand , rebound or backfire effects may occur , as observed in many cases related to energy-efficient technologies . For instance , a more fuelefficient car may motivate people to actually drive more , not less . < sup > 4 < / sup > 9 . The current paper casts light on these issues by evaluating the energy-saving impact of a free CFL distribution program in Ethiopia . To remove possible self-selection bias , the fixed-effects model is applied for the panel data . To investigate the distributional impact , a two-step fixed-effects quantile regression ( Canay 2011 ) is also used . The following sections are organized as follows : Section II briefly explains recent developments in the Ethiopian > 3 The average wattage of the old lamps was 58W . These were replaced with 20W CFL bulbs . With a usage factor taken into account , it is estimated that 31MW of peak demand was reduced . > 4 Evidence shows that the short - and long-term rebound effects of vehicle fuel efficiency are 4 . 5 percent and 22 percent , respectively ( Small and van Dender 2007 ) . The literature reports even larger rebound effects of about 50-60 percent ( Frondel and Vance 2010 ; Frondel , Ritter , and Vance 2012 ) . In a much broader context , the rebound effect for various GHG abatement actions is estimated at 34 percent in the UK ( Druckman _et al_ . 2011 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between OGD and certain aspects of health service delivery . As seen in the previous table , OGD and health provision are not significantly correlated ; however , there is a significant association between OGD and sub-indexes related to immunizations , including DPT and Hepatitis B . No correlations exist for other health provision indicators including measles immunization and provision of anti-retroviral treatments . With respect to specific outcome indictors , it should be noted that the OGD index is significantly correlated with the index of health outcomes , as well as with child mortality outcomes and WHO disease prevention statistics . 28", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 647, "text": "WHO disease prevention statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Buddenberg and Byrd ( 2006 ) note that in Afghanistan , national accounts are presumed to underestimate the economic value of the illegal drug industry , resulting in a potential downward bias of about one third in national income estimates . In contrast , they note that self-reports of poppy production by farmers in the national household survey for Afghanistan are substantial and do not appear to suffer from significant nonresponse problems . Despite these measurement concerns , it is useful to note that unlike household consumption and income surveys , the global community has invested significant efforts in research , training and in general human capital development to produce reasonably harmonized measures of national income . A final point to make on the observed gaps between household surveys and national accounts is to recognize that the objectives of both instruments differ . Likely of greatest relevance , household surveys are meant to measure the distribution of well-being of people ( along many dimensions and frequently with a greater emphasis on the less well off ) , while national accounts are focused on measuring aggregate income and productivity ( not the distribution of well-being ) . There is a long tradition of critiquing national accounts as a measure of well-being . Stiglitz , Sen and Fitoussi ( 2009 ) summarize many of these points noting that national income does not account for within-country distribution of income , is not monotonically increasing in well-being ( e . g . traffic jams consume fuel , increasing national income but do not improve well-being ) , nor does it capture certain types of activities that contribute to well-being ( e . g . unpaid household labor ) . The overall objective of the System of National Accounts ( SNA ) is to produce an aggregate statistic . Deaton ( 2005 ) notes that SNA data tend to include larger transactions with greater probability than smaller transactions , and that to some extent this is intentional . The SNA training instructions specify that greater effort should be directed at larger transactions . Deaton cites OECD ( 2002 , p . 179 ) where the SNA training instructions with respect to valuing home-production state that the time expended to collect this information should only be expended if the amount", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 364, "text": "national household survey for Afghanistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 519, "end": 559, "text": "household consumption and income surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1857, "end": 1865, "text": "SNA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HDs have been directly affected by the pandemic . * * Refugees have been more adversely affected by COVID-19 shocks than Ugandan nationals and slower to recover – with high level of food insecurity , aid dependency on limited food rations , and ten times more likely to suffer from depression . Eighty-one percent Uganda ’ s refugees are women and children , who are at high risk of gender-based violence ( GBV ) . < sup > 44 < / sup > Many of these risk factors have been exacerbated during COVID-19 and there are reports of increased negative coping mechanisms including child marriage and early pregnancy , survival sex , theft , GBV , and suicide . The most common causes of violence against women and children in hosting and refugee communities , include poverty , substance abuse , discriminatory gender roles , and widespread acceptance of violence , which are reinforced by social norms . In areas with larger concentrations of refugees , there is additional pressure placed on service delivery , and in some instances , has caused > 43 OPM , UNHCR . 2021 . Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / uga . > 44 World Bank . 2020 . _Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Children : Prevention and Response Services in Uganda ’ s Refugee-Hosting Districts_ . Washington , DC : < mark > World Bank . < / mark > https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 34494 . 89", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1110, "text": "Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a year ago ( Figure 3 . 3 ) . The largest drops were 4 . 3 pp in Montenegro and 1 . 9 pp in Albania ; in both , closures and travel bans had decimated the tourism season . Given their higher labor force participation > 3 According to a World Bank Business Pulse Survey conducted in Kosovo . rates , male employees were more affected than female . After peaking in Q1 2020 , by June the male employment rate in North Macedonia had dropped by 1 . 5 pp , with most of the jobless becoming inactive rather than registering at unemployment bureaus . The situation was similar in Serbia and Montenegro . Currently , Albania still has the highest employment rate at 51 . 7 percent ; in Kosovo and BiH , only about one-third of those able to work are employed . * * The 2018 and 2019 gains in labor force participation were wiped out : * * In 2019 labor force participation had gone up very slightly ( 0 . 4 pp ) to 52 percent , mostly due to women entering the labor market ( Figure 3 . 5 ) , but by June 2020 labor force participation had regressed to 50 . 3 percent with the largest declines being 4 . 4 pp in Montenegro , 2 . 8 pp in Serbia , and 1 . 8 pp in Albania . The drop is consistent with workers obeying stay-at-home orders that went into effect as Q1 ended . About 50 percent of the working-age population in the region were inactive ; in Kosovo and BiH inactivity was close to 60 percent . While in the region female labor force participation declined by 1 . 6 pp to less than 46 percent , although with large variations by country , it was mostly men that moved to inactivity . In Serbia and Montenegro , male labor participation was down more than 3 pp ( Figure 3 . 6 ) . * * With the effects of the crisis still unfolding , the employment adjustment will likely intensify . * * This will be even more obvious once wage subsidy programs expire in Serbia", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 268, "text": "World Bank Business Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > car ils se sentent menacés par des attaques d ' armes étatiques et non étatiques . < / mark > # # # < mark > Attaques continues contre les sites < / mark > < mark > Selon le haut-commissariat de l ’ ONU aux droits de l ’ homme , < / mark > outre les craintes que d ’ autres sites de personnes déplacées puissent être attaqués , en particulier Loda , Lala , Tshukpa-Ngupu et Djaiba , situés à proximité de Plaine Savo et accueillant des membres de la communauté Hema , il existe également un risque grave d ’ attaques de représailles de la part du groupe armé Front Populaire d ’ Autodéfense de l ’ Ituri ( FPACZaïre ) < sup > 5 < / sup > , vu son modus operandi . Les rapports de monitoring de protection du 8 et 9 février 2022 , quelques jours seulement après l ’ attaque sur Plaine Savo et un peu plus de deux mois après les attaques des sites de la Zone de Santé de Drodro , identifient clairement ce cycle de vengeance . Lors de ces violentes attaques , les enfants ne sont pas épargnés par la mort , les mutilations ou les violences sexuelles . En 2021 , 1 , 193 enfants ont été prise en charge suite à des violences . # # # Recruitment et utilisation d ’ enfants Force est de constater qu ’ en Ituri , la violence sépare plusieurs enfants de leurs parents ou familles . Ces derniers courent de grands risques", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 713, "text": "rapports de monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 # * * PERSONNES DÉPLACÉES INTERNES * * Les opérations de collecte et de mise à jour des données menées dans le cadre du programme DTM montrent une augmentation du nombre de personnes déplacées au Mali . La population déplacée dans le pays a augmenté de 7 pour cent par rapport à octobre 2020 . Le nombre de PDIs est en effet passé de 311 . 193 personnes ( rapport DTM d ’ octobre 2020 ) à * * 332 957 * * en décembre 2020 soit une augmentation de 21 764 individus . Cette augmentation s ’ explique par l ’ aggravation des conditions sécuritaires dans les régions de Ségou , Mopti , Tombouctou , Gao , Ménaka et la bande frontalière Mali-Burkina Faso au cours des derniers mois , engendrant de plus en plus de déplacements . Tableau 1 : Déplacés Internes au Mali par région | * * Région * * | * * Ménage * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Total Individus * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Bamako | 1 022 | 2 328 | 1 805 | 4 133 | | Gao | 15 520 | 39 838 | 30 146 | 69 984 | | Kayes | 560 | 1 459 | 1 115 | 2 574 | | Kidal | 222 | 486 | 404 | 890 | | Koulikoro | 605 | 1 867 | 1 273 | 3 140 | | Ménaka | 3 723 | 12 442 | 9 987 | 22 429 | | Mopti | 23 999 | 74 010", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| Province | Laid-off workers < br > ( 10 , 000 persons ) | People trained ( 10 , 000 < br > persons ) | Reemployment rate ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Heilongjiang | 62 | 46 | 65 % | | Liaoning | 35 | 19 . 7 | 40 % | | Chongqing | 11 | 4 | 71 % | | Guangdong | 45 | 24 | 70 % | | Hubei | 32 | 11 | 58 % | | Hunan | 44 . 8 | 8 | 72 % | | Fujian | 3 | 1 . 3 | 46 % | | Henan | 23 . 7 | 13 . 4 | 46 % | | Ningxia | 3 . 5 | 2 . 6 | 30 % | | Xinjiang | 4 | 1 . 5 | 27 % | Source : China Employment Training Center , 1998 . The results of these training programs were variant from province to province ( table 15 ) , for example , in Hunan , 72 % of people were reemployed after training while in Xinjiang , only 27 % were reemployed after training . An evaluation study by the research group at the World Bank on the retraining programs in Shenyang and Wuhan also showed mixed results . < sup > 70 < / sup > In general , retraining programs had a positive impact on the reemployment prospects of trainees in Wuhan , while in Shenyang they seemed to be ineffective . In both cities , training didn ’ t put any impact on trainees ’ earnings . Training results were also different for workers of different gender , age and education backgrounds . The study also showed that the design of training programs had an impact : the longer-duration programs usually yielded better results . Meanwhile , more positive results can be seen from those programs where trainees had to pay at least part of the training costs . In addition , a survey conducted among the unemployed in August 2001 by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security in 10 large cities showed that 70 percent of", "spans": [{"start": 1538, "end": 1575, "text": "survey conducted among the unemployed", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "End Target | | Value | No | Report being produced | Report completed | Follow up survey < br > implemented and final < br > impact evaluation < br > report completed | | Date | 08-Jun-2017 | 21-Dec-2021 | 31-May-2022 | 30-Jun-2022 | | Comments * * : * * | Intervention for the L < br > implemented betwee < br > design was being ad < br > COVID-19 , all data c | ivelihoods Transfer IE was rolled < br > n December 2019 – February 20 < br > hered to . The endline was plann < br > ollection activities at this time are | out . A Livelihoods Monito < br > 20 to assess the extent to < br > ed for March 2020 howev < br > suspended until March 2 | ring Survey was < br > which the evaluation < br > er due to the onset of the < br > 021 . The endline survey | 6 / 21 / 2022 Page 5 of 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services for the Detailed Design of the Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nimule Road Contract No . RDP / HW / s01 B VKE International ( Ply ) Ltd Resettlement Action Plan July 2009 - Surveyors have been engaged to prepare the cadastral strips map and show location ofthe properties . - The Valuer together with the Surveyors prepared the Valuation Register . - A schedule of compensation and the tasks to be performed by each member of the RIT will be made by the Team Leader . - Radio Announcements will be made by the CAO for the affected persons to assemble in selected places to receive their compensations . # # # # # 6 . 2 Inventory and Registration of Affected properties and persons This was done following the detailed designs . It involved a complete count and description of all property that will be acquired or lostas a result of the road project implementation . The land inventory specifies the type of land , its use , size and location . The physical inventory lists with each asset including structures ( homes , animal pens , and store houses ) and infrastructures ( e . g . wells ) and other assets e . g . trees by type ( fruit or timber ) age and size etc . , for valuation purposes . A register of PAPs and entities along with their respective affected properties is included in Appendix E . # # # # # 6 . 3 Inventory and Registration of Affected properties and persons This was done following the detailed designs . It involved a complete count and description of all property that will be acquired or lost as a result of the road project implementation . The land inventory specifies the type of land , its use , size and location . The physical inventory lists with each asset including structures ( homes , animal pens , stores and houses ) and infrastructures ( e . g . wells ) and other assets e . g . trees by type ( fruit or timber ) age and size etc . , for valuation purposes . #", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 912, "text": "land inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1226, "end": 1255, "text": "register of PAPs and entities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 26 * * | 4 | * * 30 * * | | Hetosa | Hate-Andode | * * 28 * * | 2 | * * 30 * * | | | Sero-Anketo | * * 27 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 30 * * | | LodeHetosa | Ifa-Lode | * * 28 * * | _2_ | * * 30 * * | | | Ticho | * * 28 * * | 2 | * * 30 * * | | Sude | Abukoy-Burkitu | * * 28 * * | 2 | * * 30 * * | | | * * All * * | 248 | 22 | * * 270 * * | In this subsection , the demographic characteristics such sex , age structure , family size marital status , ethnic composition , religious affiliation , primary and secondary occupation , education and health status of surveyed or Subproject impacted household heads and family members are discussed . Household Headship Status : Based on the survey result overwhelming majority * * ( 91 , 9 % ) * * of the households are headed * * by * * male , while the remaining * * ( 8 . 1 % ) * * of the sample households are headed * * by * * female . | Arsi * * - * * Robe | * * 56 * * | 4 | * * 60 * * < br > 22 . 2 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Diksis | * * 53 * * | * * 7 * * | * * 60 * * < br > - < br > / _2 | | Hetosa | * * 55 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 60 * * | | Lode * * - * * Hetosa | * * 56 * *", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 697, "text": "survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 : Relative Quality of Publications in 2001 * * | Rank | Re < br > Cit < br > Ind | lative < br > ation < br > ex | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | All Fields | 20 | 0 . 57 | | clinical medicine | 22 | 0 . 54 | | biomedical research | 17 | 0 . 58 | | biology | 33 | 0 . 47 | | chemistry | 22 | 0 . 63 | | physics | 25 | 0 . 56 | | earth / space sciences | 21 | 0 . 56 | | engineering / technology | 27 | 0 . 54 | | mathematics | 32 | 0 . 45 | | psychology | 28 | 0 . 29 | | socialsciences | 31 | 0 . 34 | Note : Relative Citation Index is the country ’ s share of cited literature adjusted for its share of published literature , excluding within country citations . An index greater ( less ) than 1 . 00 indicates that the country is cited relatively more ( less ) than is indicated by the share of publications . Source : Science and Engineering Indicators 2004 ( National Science Board 2004 ) 48", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 870, "text": "Science and Engineering Indicators 2004", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decreased from 55 percent in 2013 to 19 percent in 2020 . This reduction is the result of both new arrivals preferring to reside outside the camps , as well as the departure of refugees after some years in the camps . However , several reports have shown that out-of-camp refugees often live in bad living conditions , work in informal jobs , and pay high rent ( World Bank , 2020 ) . Considering that they maintain lower contact with officials , they may lack access to information and may not be fully informed about their rights . These issues can put out-of-camp refugees at a disadvantage compared to camp residents , affecting their QOL ( Verme et al . , 2016 ) . Indeed , the debate on refugee QOL in and out of camps has received some attention . It is even more critical in Jordan , where many refugees can choose to live either in or out of camps . In the survey of refugees , Abdo et al . ( 2019 ) found that Syrian refugees scored significantly lower than Jordanians in the psychological health and social relationships domains . Krafft et al . ( 2019 ) explained that both camp and out-of-camp Syrian refugees living in Jordan face challenges in participating in the labor market , but refugees residing in camps suffer higher food insecurity . Elsayed ( 2019 ) showed that camp refugees suffer worse living conditions ; they mainly live in smaller living areas , have worse access to public facilities , and have less ownership of durable assets . Ginn ( 2020 ) found that out-of-camp refugees are more likely to work and receive higher household earnings . Gender researchers have also shown that the Syrian refugee households headed by women in Jordan cope with increased risk of poverty , insecurity , and vulnerability compared to male-headed refugee households ( Care , 2016 ; Hanmer et al . , 2020 ; Mohammad , Abu Awad , Creedy , & Gamble , 2018 ; UNHCR , 2014c ) . While most of these papers were conducted using simple descriptive statistics , which does not allow for presumptive conclusions , this paper takes a broader perspective by looking at differences between in-camp and out-of-camp refugees using multidimensional", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 884, "text": "survey of refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and adapt the Exit / Voice / Loyalty theoretical framework as a game between cross-border traders and border officials to better understand the theory of change and generate testable hypotheses . Section 4 details the experimental design , describes the data , lays out the econometric approach , and presents the limitations of the study . Section 5 assesses the impact of the training on traders ’ knowledge , border-crossing time and intensity , corruption , and GBV . Section 6 analyzes the degree to which the training effects are driven by the traders ’ use of voice or by lower bribe demand from border officials . We conclude with a set of policy implications from these results in Section 7 . # * * 2 Context and intervention * * # # * * 2 . 1 Context * * Small-scale , informal cross-border trade – sometimes misperceived as illegal smuggling in parts of Africa ( Golub , 2015 ) – provides opportunities for gains from trade and reduced price dispersion across neighboring countries in the Great Lakes Region of Africa . < sup > 1 < / sup > Yet , cross-border traders face demands for bribes which pose a threat to their small-scale trading businesses in the Democratic Republic of Congo , which is ranked 161st out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index of 2018 according to Transparency International and well-known as a fragile and war-affected zone , particularly in its eastern provinces . < sup > 2 < / sup > Similarly , the World Bank ’ s Doing Business rankings place DRC 188th out of 190 countries in terms of the time and cost to trade across borders , while Rwanda ’ s more favorable institutional environment is ranked 88th ( World Bank , 2018 ) . Demands for bribes also coincide with gender-based violence ( GBV ) during border crossings given the gender dimensions of cross-border trade . This is particularly important in DRC , where sexual violence is prevalent and the large majority of cross-border traders are women and most border officials are men . According to the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data from DRC , 28 % of women aged 15-49 in North Kivu and 35 % of those in South Kivu", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1278, "text": "Corruption Perceptions Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2025, "end": 2059, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "levels , or at least < br > el whereby lack of legal title does not exclude individuals from < br > nsation and / or rehabilitation assistance . PAPs eligible for < br > gal rights to land or other assets , and < br > ot have formal legal rights to land or other assets but have a < br > upon customary and traditional rights ; upon the possession of < br > tax receipts ; or upon the permission of local authorities to < br > affected plots . < br > gnizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying are < br > tion for immovable assets . < br > public land are not eligible for compensation for loss of land < br > ompensation of the immovable assets and potential loss of | # # # * * 7 . 7 Eligibility Recommended in the Resettlement Policy Framework * * # # # * * 7 . 8 Cut-Off Date * * In line with OP 4 . 12 , the cut-off date is the date the census begins . Persons entering and / or occupying land in the project area after this date and not included in the inventory of PAPs will not be considered eligible for facilitation . Similarly , fixed assets such as structures , established after the cut-off date will not be facilitated to be moved . Establishing this cut-off date is essential in the process , as new inhabitants coming to the project-affected areas after the cut-off date will not be considered for compensation . The Project Cut-off Date for Kisumu settlements is based on the initial ARAP reports done to mitigate the previous scopes of intervention in the respective Settlements . The table below summarises the cut-off dates during the previous ARAP exercise . 44", "spans": [{"start": 977, "end": 994, "text": "inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "river & its shoreline vegetation are important habitat for Hippos ( Vulnerable sp . ) providing both protection and foraging resources . _Birdlife : _ The habitats in the subproject corridor are mostly highly disturbed due to anthropogenic activities . Yet , the wetland habitat along the T . Weha river and the nearby Cheleleka Swamp are important habitats for different bird species particularly waterbirds . In addition , settlement areas , commercial & smallholder farmlands as well as the seasonal wetland along the first 3 . 5km section of the TL provide suitable foraging ground for different bird species . A total of 76 terrestrial and water bird species were recorded during the field survey in the subproject corridor . Most of the bird species ( 80 % ) are Resident birds as they are present in the area throughout the year . With regards to their conservation status , 72 bird species ( 95 % ) are categorized as _Least Concern_ species according to the IUCN Red List . The remaining 4 species are classified as Critically Endangered , Endangered , Vulnerable and Near-Threatened species , and these are Hooded Vulture , Martial Eagle , Black-crowned Crane and Woodchat Shrike respectively . _Protected / reserved areas , National Parks and Sanctuaries : _ The subproject corridor is neither contiguous with , nor in close proximity with any of the locally , regionally ( Ethiopian regions ) , or nationally protected areas . The nearest protected wildlife area is the Senkele Swaynes ’ Sanctuary , which is at a minimum distance of 14km west of the TL route . In addition , there is an Important Bird Area ( IBA ET053 ) , namely Lake Hawassa IBA , located at a minimum of 7km downstream of the TL route . # # # # # # * * _ ( iii ) Socio-Economic Environment_ * * _Demographic Characteristics : _ According to the Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) population projection for July 2023 , the total population size of Shashem", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 980, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "years ) | 19 , 650 , 000 Birr / ha | | 12 | Total Compensation for forgone benefits from farmland ( 1x11 ) | 178 , 029 , 000 Birr | | 13 | Cost of Land Improvement ( Cost of Labour & Material ) | 12 , 500 Birr / ha | | 14 | Total Land Improvement Cost ( 1x13 ) | 113 , 250 Birr | | 15 | Grand Total Compensation for forgone benefits from Loss of < br > Farmland ( 12 + 14 ) | 178 , 142 , 250 Birr | _Source : Woreda Agricultural & rural development offices , local market and primary data from field assessment_ Official Use Only Page 120", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 511, "text": "primary data from field assessment_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project Reports and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2023_ HSNP * * scalability . An assessment of the project activities was undertaken * * by * * the World Bank ' s Climate Change Group , which estimated the total climate co-benefits in this project to amount to * * US $ 59 . 75 * * million ( or * * 24 % * * of the IDA contribution ) . The assessment found that adaptation co-benefits can be assigned for : ( i ) enhancing the scope and coverage of the single registry , since it will enable timely identification of households affected * * by * * climate-related emergencies ; ( ii ) expanding the nutrition-sensitive safety net , since food insecurity has been linked to droughts and ( iii ) improving the shock responsiveness of the safety net system , since it will enhance the resilience of beneficiaries to the droughts induced * * by * * climate change . # # # * * 3 . Employee welfare * * The Authority is an equal opportunity employer and does not in its recruitment and staff selection discriminate on the basis of gender , race , religion , ethnicity or any other form of discrimination . The constitutional requirement on mainstreaming of gender and people with disabilities is observed at all times alongside any policies issued * * by * * the National Cohesion and Integration Commission . The efficiency of the Authority depends on the quality of employees it engages . The Authority therefore endeavours to recruit suitably qualified and experienced staff with the right competencies and skills required to achieve the Authority ' s goals and objectives . The policies are reviewed regularly after every five years . The objective of the Authority is to develop and reward employees for their contribution in a fair and equitable manner . The Authority has in place a Performance Management System designed to encourage career development * * by * * enhancing employees ' skills and competencies and to appropriately reward employees ' performance . The Authority recognizes the need for training and development of all employees", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 540, "text": "single registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implemented and * * 13 * * actions remained unachieved , as detailed in the status report described in Table * * 11 * * below ; * * Table 11 : Showing the status of DLI 3 actions that were not achieved in the year under review * * | * * Sn * * | * * Sector * * | * * Action * * | * * Reported progress * * < br > | _ < br > _ < br > * * Status * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . * * | * * Education * * | * * Anautomated * * < br > system | * * SPA * * approved , automated | * * SPA * * < br > system < br > for | | | | forcapturingandquality | andtested | capturingresultswas | | | | assuring < br > results < br > for < br > school < br > performance | | automated < br > in < br > FY22 / 23 , < br > but | | | | assessmentshasbeen | | interfacestoenable | | | | developedandlinkedto < br > or < br > integrated < br > with < br > * * OPAMS * * < br > and < br > OTIMS . < br > * * 2023 * * | | linkage < br > to < br > the < br > * * OPAMS , * * OTIMSand < br > othersystemshave < br > notbeenachieved . | | 2 . | Education | * * A * * nationalstock-takeof < br > school < br > infrastructure < br > and < br > equipment < br > is < br > undertaken , < br > and < br > a < br > SchoolAtlasisinplace . < br > Geo", "spans": [{"start": 1205, "end": 1225, "text": "SchoolAtlasisinplace", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ day converted into 2008 Tanzanian shillings on a PPP basis . < sup > 25 < / sup > With this absolute poverty line fixed at the same value regardless of module , we see dramatically different headcount rates depending on how consumption is measured . The benchmark personal diary records the lowest level of poverty at 47 . 5 percent of the population , followed by the 7-day long list ( module 2 ) at 54 . 9 percent . Even though module 2 yielded mean consumption levels closest to the benchmark ( Table 3 lists consumption at 3 . 9 percent lower and not significantly different from benchmark consumption ) , the fact that module 2 inequality was also higher ( the estimated Gini is three points higher – Table 7 ) results in substantially higher poverty numbers . The 7-day subset design ( module 3 ) reports > 25 An alternative to the international poverty line would be to use a nationally defined poverty line ( for example , the line defined by the HBS 2006 / 07 ) . In either case , we avoid defining eight separate poverty lines , each on the basis of each consumption aggregate measure , since this would introduce problems as these lines would then not be comparable , as discussed in Lanjouw and Lanjouw ( 2001 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 280, "text": "benchmark personal diary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 957, "end": 970, "text": "HBS 2006 / 07", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "different periods : the UNCTAD data span 2001 – 12 , whereas the CDIS data cover 2009 – 18 . By combining data from both sources , we obtain FDI data covering the entire 2001 – 18 period . > 26 The jump takes the following form . There are 4 , 511 reported zeros ( 54 percent of non-missing reported observations ) in 2003 , 6 , 364 ( 60 percent ) in 2004 , 11 , 590 ( 72 percent ) in 2005 , and 4 , 808 ( 49 percent ) in 2006 . 34", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 35, "text": "UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 65, "end": 74, "text": "CDIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 141, "end": 149, "text": "FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Being both accessible to asylum seekers and refugees and maintain a safe premises is a challenge for offi ces in urban areas . Although the issue was not addressed in the survey questions , over half of the UNHCR offi ces also commented with concern on the vulnerability of individual urban refugees and noted physical protection issues related to tensions with the host community , including SGBV , generalized criminality or the risk of terrorism . Nine offi ces report security incidents involving UNHCR premises and / or staff over the last two years . These include angry individuals refusing to leave the premises , unruly refugees , small protests and in Sudan , a sit-in demonstration of refugees lasting over half a year . The offi ce in Thailand received written threats in 2011 , which it reported to UNDSS , and which in turn led to security restrictions that dramatically limited the number of asylum seekers and refugees that they can attend to . In Egypt , lack of a police presence and response around the offi ce has caused increased incidents of violence by refugees and asylum seekers against staff . A Global Survey – 2012 31", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1137, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to their livelihood or living standard . 8 . Compensation will be paid before commencement of works # # * * Process * * 1 . Survey of land and assets & census of Project Affected Peoples , including squatters and informal settlers : - a . The surveyed land and assets should be identified , marked and photographed , and by the defined eligibility cut-off date the areas should be secured against encroachers . - b . the Project Affected People should be identified and registered with full data and photographs - c . a compensation package should be developed ( categories of impacts and appropriate entitlements to formal and informal settlers landholders and squatters ) , and - d . Initial consultations should be conducted to identify any salient issues or concerns impacting on affected people . Gender separate consultations should be conducted in order to properly ascertain the views of the women . 2 . Calculation of individual entitlements . There should be continued consultations with the affected people regarding the project , land acquisition and compensation package in order to reach mutually agreeable solution to land / asset acquisition and / or shifting of house . In case any PAP refuses to shift , an abbreviated Resettlement Plan , compliant to OP 4 . 12 , should be developed . 63", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 149, "text": "Survey of land and assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 152, "end": 186, "text": "census of Project Affected Peoples", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both formal organizational response ( such as that by non ‐ governmental organizations who are named in national databases ) , as well as informal community _initiatives_ which might not have any organizational ( or physical ) structure and be significantly more fluid in nature . A first useful distinction can therefore be made between _informal_ and informal community initiatives , as described in box 3 . # * * Box 3 : Distinguishing between formal and informal community ‐ based initiatives * * * * _Informal community initiatives : _ * * usually have no organizational infrastructure , might not have an actual facility , often rely on voluntary effort , and operate without external support . However , they may have social support structures and systems . For example , grassroots or indigenous community initiatives and self ‐ help groups . * * _Formal community initiatives : _ * * usually have some form of institutional infrastructure and status that might include a facility , legal registration , a bank account , a management committee , defined responsibilities , paid staff , strategic plans , and they may receive external support . Others may have all the characteristics of institutional status but may be denied legal registration because of the stigma attached to their work and / or the people they represent . For example , community ‐ based organizations ( CBOs ) , non ‐ governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , faith ‐ based organizations ( FBOs ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 122, "text": "national databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that they are affiliated to Muslim religion , followed by Orthodox Christianity ( 16 . 0 % ) . Household heads affiliated with other religions and absentee constituted the remaining 2 . 3 . * * _Employment and Occupation : _ * * The primary occupation for 86 . 3 % HH heads is farming , followed by employment ( 4 . 7 % ) and trade / business ( 3 . 4 % ) . * * _Landholding : _ * * Based on the available information , the average farmland holding of the project affected households who gave information on their holding is about 0 . 8ha per household . This holding is slightly lower than the national average which is about 1 . 0 ha per household . * * _Agronomic Practices : _ * * The census survey confirmed < mark > that among subproject affected households , 86 . 0 % of them are growing corn crop , followed by teff ( 65 . 0 % ) and Millt ( 33 . 3 % ) on the farmland affected by the Subproject components ( Tower Pads and Substation ) . It was also known that most of the PAHs are growing more than one type of crops on their farmland . < / mark > * * _Ownership of Livestock : _ * * The socioeconomic survey finding revealed that 86 . 3 % of the sample households have at least one or more livestock while the remaining 13 . 7 % of the households did not have any kind of livestock . The proportion of households owning livestock is as high as 96 . 7 % in Limu Kosa Woreda and as low as 66 . 7 % among sample households in Limu Genet . * * _Household Income and Expenditure : _ * * Based on a comparative analysis of average annual household income and expenditure obtained from the survey results , households in Subproject impact Kebele earn , on average , ETB 132 , 046 income per annum , while the annual household cash expenditure was ETB 92 , 847 . *", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 701, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1096, "end": 1116, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "high-frequency data collected from the International Organization for Migration in 17 West and Central African countries over the period 2018-2019 , and estimate that droughts occurring during the growing season reduce international migration . As they find these effects only in middle-income areas ( and not in rich nor poor ones ) , they infer that liquidity constraints and income losses are the key channels . Mueller et al . ( 2020 ) use data from LSMS-supported longitudinal surveys conducted in Ethiopia , Malawi , Tanzania , and Uganda over the period 20092014 and find that climate variability and weather anomalies cause a reduction in temporary urban 3", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 19, "text": "high-frequency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 454, "end": 489, "text": "LSMS-supported longitudinal surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rohner , and M . Thoenig ( 2017 ) . This mine is mine ! How minerals fuel conflicts in Africa . _American Economic Review 107_ ( 6 ) , 1564 – 1610 . - Bernal , C . , M . Prem , F . Vargas , and M . Ortiz ( 2024 ) . Peaceful entry : Entrepreneurship dynamics during Colombia ’ s Peace Agreement . _Journal of Development Economics 166_ ( 103119 ) . - Besley , T . and H . Mueller ( 2018 ) . Predation , protection , and productivity : A firm-level perspective . _American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 10_ ( 2 ) , 184 – 221 . - Blumenstock , J . E . , T . Ghani , S . R . Herskowitz , E . Kapstein , T . Scherer , and O . Toomet ( 2024 ) . Insecurity and firm displacement : Evidence from Afghan corporate phone records . _Mimeo_ . - Boehm , C . E . , A . Flaaen , and N . Pandalai-Nayar ( 2019 ) . Input linkages and the transmission of shocks : Firm-level evidence from the 2011 T ̄ ohoku earthquake . _Review of Economics and Statistics 101_ ( 1 ) , 60 – 75 . 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Digital Economy Acceleration Project ( P170941 ) # # # * * I . PROJECT STATUS AND RATIONALE FOR RESTRUCTURING * * 1 . * * This Level II restructuring proposed for the Kenya Digital Economy Acceleration Project ( KDEAP ) , structured as a vertical Multiphase Programmatic Approach ( MPA ) with Phase I ongoing ( with an allocated budget of US $ 390 million ) * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * seeks to : * * ( i ) revise the scope and application of the disbursement condition under project Component 1 and reallocate accordingly loan proceeds across two main expenditure categories ; ( ii ) reallocate funding between project ( sub ) components in view of scaling fast-disbursing and impactful activities ; and ( iii ) revise the results framework ( RF ) - - without any changes to the project development objective ( PDO ) - - to streamline the indicators , aligning them with the World Bank Group Corporate Scorecard Indicators ( WBG CSI ) and adjusting target values . 2 . * * Approved in March 2023 , effective since February 2024 , authorized to spend in September 2024 , Phase I of KDEAP has started picking up implementation pace , but a decisive project implementation turnaround is required to translate recent contracting progress into tangible results and disbursements * * . In view of delayed effectiveness declaration and authorization of the use of funds by the National Treasury ( NT ) in September 2024 , by the time of the mid-term review ( MTR ) held in February 2026 , the project was nominally 34 months old , but in practice implementation had been ongoing only for 16 months . Irrespective of these intra-governmental constraints , there have also been significant delays directly attributable to the project , including in converging with the World Bank ( WB ) on approaches for strategic investments , preparing and concluding procurements ( including complaint resolutions ) , and processing payments . Implementation progress was downgraded", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * # # # # # # * * Table 10 . Applicatio * * * * < mark > ns submitted by country of asylum and origin , first quarter 2008 < / mark > * * | Top-20 ranking of countrie | s based o | n applicat | ions lod | ged during | the first | quarter . A | n asterisk | ( * ) indicat | es a value | between 1 | and 4 . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | Albania | Australia | Austria | Belgium | Bosnia < br > and H . | Bulgaria | Canada | Croatia | Cyprus | Czech Rep . | Denmark * * | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | | Iraq < br > Russian Federation | - < br > - | 39 < br > 5 | 104 < br > 888 | 246 < br > 478 | - < br > - | 124 < br > * | 84 < br > 81 | - < br > - | 55 < br > 12 | 9 < br > 20 | 148 < br > 58 | - < br > * | 92 < br > 36 | 48 < br > 1 , 138 | 1 , 961 < br > 225 | | China | - | 265 | 55 | 36 | - | * | 433 | - | 30 | 12 | 8 | - | - | 153 | 53 | | | | * | | | | | | | * | * | | | | | | | Som", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Eligible non-beneficiaries * * ( households with at least one vulnerable individual but not benefitting from any VG sub-projects ) , - * * VG Beneficiaries * * ( households with at least one vulnerable individual and benefitting from a VG sub-project ) . This group was further stratified into two groups : - * * VG group leaders * * ( chairperson , secretary , and treasurer , who hold signatory power over group accounts ) , and - * * VG “ rank and file ” * * members ( the rest of the group conducting the proposed income generating activity – with no signatory powers over the group accounts ) Within each village , a short listing survey was given to every household . The short listing survey collected basic demographic information about the household ( e . g . household size and age of the eldest household members ) , GPS data , and determined whether or not the household contained a vulnerable member . A long listing survey was given to all village elites , all households with vulnerable members ( including VG beneficiaries and eligible non-beneficiaries – 38 , 871 households in total ) , and to a randomly selected sample of ineligible households . The long listing survey collected more detailed data , including household amenities , characteristics of the household head , holdings of assets , and basic consumption data . From within this sample , a smaller , random stratified ( using the strata described above ) sub-sample was selected to receive a detailed household survey . In each of the 100 villages , a household survey was conducted with the two village elites , the three group leaders from each TASAF II group , three randomly sampled “ rank and file ” members from each TASAF II group , three randomly sampled households from all “ eligible nonbeneficiaries ” in each village , and three randomly selected households from all “ ineligible ” households in each village . Hence , in a typical village with one TASAF II group funded to run an income generating activity , the sample size was 14 . There were 1 , 544 households that completed the household survey in the 100 villages . The household", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 842, "text": "GPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 923, "end": 942, "text": "long listing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2083, "end": 2099, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to be over $ 1 . 4 billion , even if only one in ten US patients chose to undergo treatment abroad rather than in the US . Of these annual savings , $ 690 million would accrue to the Medicare program alone . The scope for trade would be greatly enhanced if quality abroad were further improved , and credibly signaled through international accreditation of export-oriented hospitals and 34 Currently , stages 1 and 2 of the USMLE can be taken abroad , while plans to set up overseas locations for the NCLEX-RN are still in the pipeline ( Sources : National Board of Medical Examiners and National Council of State Boards of Nursing ) . 35 For example , Aetna ’ s Aexcel program rates physicians by regional network ( e . g . , the Baltimore / DC / Northern VA region ) and medical specialty , after controlling for patient volume , clinical performance , cost-efficiency , and network adequacy ( see Aetna , 2004 ) . This is evidence of that fact that insurers are interested in identifying high-quality cost-efficient domestic providers in the US . If foreign hospitals and medical boards were to collect and report outcomes and cost data on treatments provided by their physicians , then insurers could rate foreign providers on a similar basis and thereby maintain quality and cost standards for the overseas network as well . 36 The Guardian , May 11 , 2004 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 1117, "end": 1139, "text": "outcomes and cost data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gross fixed capital formation | - | 9 . 842 * * * | - | 7 . 658 * * * | | Log exports of goods and services | - | 1 . 344 | - | 3 . 123 * * | | Log REER | - | 0 . 764 | - | 1 . 458 | | World oil price index | - | 0 . 078 * * * | - | 0 . 055 * * * | | World metal price index | - | - 0 . 015 | - | 0 . 003 | | Gini index | - | - 1 . 877 * * * | - | - 2 . 073 * * * | | Observations | 873 | 873 | 873 | 873 | | R2 | 0 . 113 | 0 . 245 | 0 . 901 | 0 . 799 | Note : * * * and * * * denote significance at the 10 % 5 % and 1 % levels , respectively . Overall , these results indicate that a positive variation in the dependencies is empirically associated with a negative variation in both GDP per capita and the Gini index . In other words , resource dependence is associated with lower levels of GDP per capita , but also with lower income inequality . These results are consistent with the literature on Dutch disease , which explains them as an effect of the diversion of labor and capital from the industrial sector to the natural resource sector , combined with the negative effect of real exchange-rate appreciation on the tradable sector . However , the model ’ s findings suggest that , on average , the inter-sectoral shift in labor patterns — which affects the distribution of income through rising wage differentials between sectors — is offset by the investment of additional fiscal revenue in pro-poor policy interventions . The literature highlights that the sign of the relationship between resource dependence and inequality is likely to depend on each country ’ s institutional framework and the quality of its policy interventions . These factors determine whether — and how — natural resource revenues support rising productivity and consumption among lower-income households . The model", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # LIST OF TABLES | Table3 . 2 . 3 . | Biodiversity HotspotsofUganda | 21 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Table4 . 1 . 1 . | PotentialEnvironmentalImpacts , PollutionSources , < br > OccupationalHealthIssuesandSocial , Economicand < br > CulturalImpactsAssociatedwithMiningActivities . | 23 | | Table4 . 1 . 2 . | Environmentalconsiderationsduringthemininglifecycle | 24 | | Table4 . 3 . 4 . | Synopsisoffindingsoffieldprogramme | 27 | | Table4 . 4 . 5 . | HeavyMetalContentofWaterDownstreamofKilembeMine | 34 | | Table6 . 6 . | SummaryofTypesofMineralLicencesandtheir < br > EnvironmentalandSocialConstraints | 44 | | Table6 . 7 . | EnvironmentalandSocial RequirementsforLicenceHolders < br > intermsoftheMiningBill , 2002 | 45 | | Table6 . 8 . | DecisionsandactionsrequiredofGovernmentDepartments , < br > inrespectofEnvironmentalandSocialissuesintermsof < br > TheMiningBill , 2002 | 47 | | Table7 . 1 . 1 . | WorldBankEnvironmentalandSocialSafeguardPolicies | 50 | | Table10 . 7 . | SummaryofRecommendations | 60 | | LISTOFFIGU < br > Figure1 . | RES < br > LocationofMineralOccurrencesandPopulation Densitybydistrict | 12 | | Figure2 . | LocationofMinesandsitesvisitedinthefield , < br > ' BiodiversityHotspots ' andImportantBirdAreas | 13 | | Figure3 . | ( Appended ) UgandanMineralOccurrences , ProtectedAreas < br > andtheNationalPowerGrid", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 % HCP | | | | | | | | * * Education sector * * | | | | | | | | Education sector Non salary recurrent cost < br > for the quarter as per the ESPES report to < br > be shared between ESPES and GEQIP E | | | | | | | | 100 % non-salary cost of < br > education for education in region and < br > woredas ( 2 ) | | | | | | | 42", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 155, "text": "ESPES report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will include total private consumption per person , food consumption per person , total income per person , and the degree of monetization of the household ' s economic transactions . Other indicators will relate to agricultural production and agricultural markets , the local unskilled wage , asset ownership , household-based SME activity , consumer good prices , housing quality , access to safe water and adequate sanitation , education and health status . For * * health and education service providers * * the set of energy indicators will be similar to that collected for e nterprises . For health providers , these will be combined with indicators relating to total numbers of patients treated per year , numbers of cases relating to indoor pollution , total numbers of vaccinations giveni . percent of vaccines spoiled , adequacy of sterilization procedures , availability of drugs and condoms , extent of outreach health work , staff , expenditures on equipment , and the condition of buildings . For schools they wvill be combined with indicators relating to enrollment rates , exam results , staff , staff-student ratios , hour ; of teaching , changes to curricula , expansions in vocational / skills training and in community and commercial activities , expenditure on textbooks , furniture and equipment , the condition of buildings , and fees . For schools and clinics , indicators relating to irnprovements in staff conditions and staff turnover will also be collected . At the * * community-level * * participatory workshops will provide a forum for community members to explore their own experiences of living without and expectations of living with electricity and related services . Issues of distribution , project management and the survey component of the M & E will also be discussed . In addition , mini-surveys and key informant interviews will provide economic indicators relating to the availability and prices of key consumer goods , agricultural inputs , and agro-processing services , crop and other output prices , access to credit , distances to tarred road and transport to district center and capital city , land rights , tenure , availability and inheritance , and access to", "spans": [{"start": 1824, "end": 1836, "text": "mini-surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "81 . Two positive outcomes are : ( i ) the increased demand for service delivery and community development approaches in woredas neighboring PCDP target woredas . This is increasing the pressure on GoE to invest in these areas based on the priorities of residents ; and ( ii ) GoE ’ s robust response to the misuse of project funds in Somali has clearly signaled that it will not tolerate use of investment funds for unintended purposes or in a manner inconsistent with its procedures . The subsequent willingness to identify and remedy fiduciary weaknesses has strengthened the fiduciary management framework for PCDP II . # # # * * 3 . 6 Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and / or Stakeholder Workshops * * 82 . Some of the key observations in the Beneficiary Assessment ( May 2007 ) summarized in Annex 5 include : ( i ) increasing the ratio of MSTs and MOTs to the number of sub-projects on which they work , given the success of projects that MSTs and MOTs visited more frequently and in a timely manner ( as in the first year sub-projects that match the supervision capacity of the available MST / MOT ) ; ( ii ) institutionalizing the CDD approach requires continuous training for capacity building and also the inclusion of more literate individuals in the selection of training participants ; ( iii ) the importance of taking into consideration the availability of budget in advance so that beneficiaries are not dissatisfied ; and ( iv ) the need to consider a ‘ minimum package ’ that includes the required services and other inputs when planning sub-projects . # # # * * 4 . ASSESSMENT OF RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME * * # # # * * Rating * * _ : Moderate_ 83 . * * Overall , the risk to development outcomes is evaluated as moderate . * * The risk is low in some areas , given : ( i ) GoE ’ s commitment to pastoral development ; ( ii ) the high ownership of PCDP I by local government", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Sudan has been experiencing multiple macroeconomic shocks , such as low growth , a wide trade deficit , and the emergence of multiple exchange rates since its separation from South Sudan in 2011 . The loss of three-quarters of its oil reserves , which were located in South Sudan territory , led to a shortage of fuels and food staples , and the country became a net oil importer . Given the high fuel prices , the government implemented subsidies to protect the poor and vulnerable . However , the subsidies contributed to a further deterioration of the fiscal accounts and an increase in inflation , which has sustained macroeconomic imbalances over the last decade . The social , economic , and political discontent led to the removal of President Omar al-Bashir in April 2019 and to a transitional civilian government in September of 2019 . They latter implemented an ambitious agenda of reforms , including the removal of various subsidies and unification of the exchange rate , in an effort to reverse years of structural imbalances . In this context , the civilian government deemed social safety net programs crucial to protect the poor and vulnerable . Indeed , the transitional government implemented a quasi-universal cash transfer program – the Sudan ' s Family Support Program ( SFSP ) , parallel to its agenda of economic reforms . The SFSP program was specifically designed to mitigate the expected short-term adverse effects of the economic reforms on the population and to help generate political and economic space for the reforms . The SFSP – a quasiUniversal Basic Income ( UBI ) cash transfer program , was expected to reach 80 % of the population . It consisted of delivering cash transfers to the Sudanese families in the recipient ' s territory expected to be affected by economic reforms and other short-term shocks . The SFSP sought to exclude the top 20 % using administrative data and other sets of exclusion criteria . < sup > 3 < / sup > The SFSP social safety net program was paused after a military takeover in October 2021 . With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic , and the adverse economic and social effects that it brought to the country , political discontent", "spans": [{"start": 1908, "end": 1927, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is a powerful predictor of final outcomes . This point is further illustrated in panel b , which classifies students into tiers by the end of year 1 . Consistent with panel a , it shows the strong predictive power of early performance — as explained by the next stylized fact . * * Figure 4 : First-year Classes Completed and College Outcomes . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 23 60 < br > 21 < br > 19 45 < br > 17 < br > 15 30 < br > 13 < br > 15 < br > 11 < br > 9 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 0 < br > Ability quintile Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 < br > On − time graduate Late graduate On − time graduate Late graduate < br > Dropout after 1st year Dropout 1st year Dropout 1st year Dropout 2nd year < br > All students Dropout after 2nd year < br > a . First-year classes completed b . College outcomes by first-year < br > by college outcome tier of classes completed < br > completed Percent < br > Avg . number of classes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Calculations based on SPADIES for students from the 2006 entry cohort ( first semester ) . _Notes_ : In panel a , each color represents a college outcome . The green line , for instance , shows average number of classes completed by the end of year 1 by students of a given ability quintile who went on to graduate on time . The thick black line does the same for all students regardless of college outcome . In panel b , the graph shows the percent of students from a given performance tier by the end of year 1 that attain each college outcome . For the first year , tier 1 corresponds to 19 + classes completed ; tier 2 to [ 17 , 19 ) ; tier 3 to [ 13 , 17 ) ; and tier 4 to [ 0 , 13 ) . # _Fact 4 : Cumulative performance is highly", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1008, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and disbursement requirements under the project by submitting : ( i ) the project ’ s IFRs , provided by FAO and WFP ; ( ii ) withdrawal applications to the Bank ; and ( iii ) audit reports of the WFP and the FAO on request by the World Bank . - On month after effectiveness , the Government of Chad will sign contracts with the UN agencies . Said contracts will include inter alia details of activities to be provided , technical and financial reporting requirements , disbursement arrangements , safeguards issues , M & E requirements , and financial audits . To ensure good management and execution of the project activities , the government will ensure that WFP and FAO have dedicated , appropriate implementation teams . The FAO team will include : ( i ) a project coordinator ; ( ii ) two agronomists , ( iii ) a livestock specialist ; and ( iv ) a fiduciary specialist . - Following project effectiveness , the government will ensure that a manual of procedures is in place . The manual will provide details of arrangements and procedures for implementing the project , including : ( i ) procurement , financial management , and disbursement arrangements ; ( ii ) institutional administration , coordination , and dayto-day execution of project activities , including the identification of beneficiaries ; ( iii ) monitoring , evaluation , reporting , and communication arrangements for project activities ; ( iv ) the main contents of the service agreements between WFP , FAO , and the Government of Chad ; and ( v ) any other technical and organizational arrangements and procedures as required . Despite the arrangements described here and the involvement of experienced UN agencies , the financial management residual risk rating for the proposed project is deemed * * substantial , * * mainly because of the inherent risk ( at the country , project , and entity levels ) . # * * B . The Public Financial Management Environment in Chad * * 6 . The recent Country Financial Accountability Assessment , considered as an essential tool by the Government of Chad , identified the following weaknesses in the public financial management environment in Chad", "spans": [{"start": 1966, "end": 2009, "text": "Country Financial Accountability Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Ministry Of Lands , Housing And Urban Development ( MLHUD ) Albertine Region Sustainable Development Project ( ARSDP ) Component 2 Special Purpose Project Financial Statements For The Year Ended 3 0 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * June 2018 * * # # # # # # * * 16 ARSDP ASSETS AS AT 30 JUNE 2018 * * | * * Description * * | * * Engrave Code * * | * * Make * * | * * _SIN_ * * | * * PROJECT * * | * * Location * * | * * Initial * * < br > * * Cost - * * < br > * * UGX * * | * * Dateof * * < br > * * Purchase * * | * * Condition * * | * * UserName * * | * * User * * < br > * * Title * * | * * Ownership * * | * * Supplier * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * < br > * * CABINET * * | LHU / PPD / CB / 0011-ARSDP | * * 2D * * Metallic < br > Cupboard | * * NA * * | ARSDP | ARSDP < br > Secretariat | * * 720 , 339 * * | * * 15 / 02 / 2017 * * | * * GOOD * * | Eng . Denis < br > Mwabaze | Project < br > Engineer | * * GOU * * | Spectrum < br > DistributionLtd | | * * 2 * * < br > * * CABI", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Foreign | 32 % | 32 % | 33 % | 98 % | - | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) < u > Differences across sectors : Indian and Bangladeshi firms located in the food , apparel , automobile , and < / u > electronics sectors are very innovative in terms of technological innovations compared to organizational innovations ( Figures 2 ) . The most dynamic sectors are electronics in Bangladesh and apparel in India . This contrasts with what is observed in Nepal , where the rate of firms introducing non-technological innovations is higher than the rate of firms introducing product and / or process innovations , especially in the apparel and > 8 Foreign-owned firms are those that have over 25 % ownership by private foreign individuals , companies or organizations . 16", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 96, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "tables in STEP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Percent of latest Enterprise Survey respondents ) regulatory requirements ( Average of latest < br > Enterprise Survey respondents ) < br > 80 % 14 % < br > 70 % 12 % < br > 60 % 10 % < br > 50 % 8 % < br > 40 % 6 % < br > 30 % 4 % < br > 20 % 2 % < br > 10 % 0 % < br > 0 % < br > Cross-country averages Structural peers Aspirational peers Zambia < br > Cross-country averages Structural peers Aspirational peers Zambia < br > Source : World Bank staff calculations based on Enterprise Source : World Bank staff calculations based on Enterprise < br > Survey data and the Investment Climate Assessment 2 . 0 toolkit Survey data and the Investment Climate Assessment 2 . 0 toolkit . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # 7 . Conclusion Aggregate labor productivity of formal firms weakened between 2014 and 2021 , driven by secular within-firm declines in the non-mining industry and service sectors . By contrast , labor productivity grew in agriculture and remained flat in mining over the same period . Real wage trends for formal workers have mostly mirrored labor productivity dynamics , declining 40-50 percent across non-agriculture sectors but growing slightly in agriculture , largely driven by within-firm shifts rather than between-firm or between-sector dynamics . The declines in labor productivity and wages reflect business environment challenges related to access to finance and electricity , as well as burdensome formal compliance 24", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 566, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "H . Moylan , J . Ilukor , C . Mtengula , and I . Pangapanga-Phiri ( 2021 ) . Root for the tubers : Extended-harvest crop production and productivity measurement in surveys . _Food Policy 102_ , 102033 . - K ̈ onig , M . D . , D . Rohner , M . Thoenig , and F . Zilibotti ( 2017 ) . Networks in conflict : Theory and evidence from the Great War of Africa . _Econometrica 85_ ( 4 ) , 1093 – 1132 . - Kosmowski , F . , A . Aragaw , A . Kilian , A . Ambel , J . Ilukor , B . Yigezu , and J . Stevenson ( 2019 ) . Varietal identification in household surveys : Results from three household-based methods against the benchmark of DNA fingerprinting in southern Ethiopia . _Experimental Agriculture 55_ ( 3 ) , 371 – 85 . - Lobell , D . B . , G . Azzari , M . Burke , S . Gourlay , Z . Jin , T . Kilic , and S . Murray ( 2020 ) . Eyes in the sky , boots on the ground : Assessing satellite - and ground-based approaches to crop yield measurement and analysis . _American Journal of Agricultural Economics 102_ ( 1 ) , 202 – 19 . - Lundstad , E . , Y . Brugnara , D . Pappert , J . Kopp , E . Samakinwa , A . H ̈ urzeler , A . Andersson , B . Chimani , R . Cornes , G . Demar ́ ee , J . Filipiak , L . Gates , G . L . Ives , J . M . Jones , S . Jourdain , A . Kiss , S . E . Nicholson , R . Przybylak , P . Jones , D . Rousseau , B . Tinz , F . S . Rodrigo , S . Grab , F . Dom ́ ınguez-Castro , V . Slonosky , J . Cooper , M . Brunet , and S . Br ̈ onnimann ( 2023 ) . The global historical climate database HCLIM . _Scientific Data 10_ ( 1 ) , 44 . - Maccini , S .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Standards compliance by the Public Works sub-component will be greatly facilitated by the roll-out of the forthcoming Mapped Public Works Database System , and will thus improve . The mapped database system was developed during the course of PSNP4 and is about to be rolled out . It will identify the location and basic parameters of each PW subproject that has been implemented in the past , and will be updated each year . It will also be able to show the total area treated in each watershed . It will be used , for example , to ( i ) enable regional and federal staff to track the extent of watershed treatment across the Page 6 of 24 Aug 23 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 153, "text": "Mapped Public Works Database System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the much needed quality and rigor of the analysis produced , the advancement and availability of statistically valid methods with proper inference such as small area estimates are required . Direct estimates of poverty and inequality from household surveys are only reliable up to a certain regional level . When estimates are needed at lower , more disaggregated levels , the reliability of these is questionable . Under a set of specific assumptions , data from outside sources along with household survey data may be combined in order to provide policy makers with a more complete picture of poverty and inequality along with the spatial heterogeneity of these indicators . In this paper we introduce a new family of Stata functions , ` sae ` , which were designed in a modular and flexible way to manage the data , estimate models , conduct simulations , and compute indicators of interest . The estimation functions have been bench-marked against the World Bank ’ s PovMap software for full validation . We hope that the flexibility of this new family of functions will encourage producers of SAE to document and report in a more systematic manner the robustness of their results to alternative methodological choices made , improving the replicability and increasing the transparency of this estimation process . Its modular nature creates a platform for the introduction of new estimation techniques , such as count and binary models . Additionally , the modular nature encourages collaboration from the broader Stata community . 27", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 256, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 491, "end": 512, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economies versus one that covers only developing economies . Our aggregation methodology discussed in Section 3 below addresses these differences . Finally , we note that some of these data sources may revise their historical data with each new data update . In addition , we have in the past added new data sources with historical data extending to previous years in the WGI . In both cases , we update the historical data in the WGI database and recalculate the historical aggregate WGI measures . For these reasons , each annual update of the WGI supersedes previous vintages of the dataset . < sup > 10 < / sup > Typically , the revisions to the historical data between WGI vintages are very small . 2 . 3 How the WGI Data Sources Are Selected and Assigned to the Six Aggregate Indicators The WGI data sources are selected based on several criteria . First , the data sources must provide subjective views or perceptions of relevant dimensions of governance , as the WGI are based exclusively on this type of data . We restrict attention to subjective perceptions data in the WGI for four reasons : ( 1 ) perceptions matter , because households and firms make decisions based on their views and perceptions of the quality of governance ; ( 2 ) for some dimensions of governance such as corruption that do not leave a “ paper trail ” , data measuring subjective perceptions of corruption or self-reported experiences with corruption can provide valuable insights ; ( 3 ) data capturing respondents ’ perceptions and views can provide essential information on the gap between _de jure_ rules and their _de facto_ implementation ; and ( 4 ) unlike objective indicators that capture the existence of specific laws , rules and regulations , data capturing survey and expert respondents ’ views are not susceptible to “ gaming ” where policy makers target reforms to narrowly change specific measures simply because they are included in an aggregate indicator that they wish to influence . Of course , we do not claim that perceptions data are the _only_ relevant type of data for measuring governance . Objective data on the specific laws and regulations “ on the books ” that shape the regulatory environment also", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 443, "text": "WGI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1045, "end": 1072, "text": "subjective perceptions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2021, "end": 2037, "text": "perceptions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # ✓ Transparency in all activities . Based on the defined reporting schedule , as stipulated in the ESCP of PRIME-1 , the implementation performance of this SEP will be monitored and reported by EEP & EEU ( ESHS departments ) assigned E & S experts ; framing against main indicators in place . Stakeholders will have the opportunity to indicate whether they are satisfied or not with the Project activities and the consultation and participation process and what needs to be changed in the SEP implementation process in order to make it more effective . They will be encouraged to provide feedback on PRIME-1 Project activities and the performance ofpersonnle , contractors , service providers / consultants to EEP & EEU to ensure a successful adaptive management approach . Results of stakeholder engagements will be reported back ( on monthly basis ) to the affected communities , as well as the relevant local authorities . The main means for reporting will be through public meetings , notice boards , social media , radio , or any other tools that take account of culture , intergenerational , sex , etc . considerations . Furthermore , specific stakeholder engagement activity results , as conducted in support with specialists from other technical areas ( e . g . , specialist to be engaged on Indigenous People issues / consultation / communication , energy sector specialist , health science specialist , etc . ) , will be reported to EEP & EEU . Meanwhile , the responsibility of reporting results back to the stakeholders will be with the EEP and EEU PIUs for PRIME-1 Project designated Social Risk Management / Development Specialists . All stakeholder engagement meetings will have minutes , which will be recorded in the PRIME-1 Project stakeholder engagement database . In addition , the outcomes of the stakeholder engagement activities will be reported as part of the project ’ s quarterly E & S Performance Report and monitoring progress reports by all parties . If stakeholder feedback results in Project preparation changes that require an amendment to the PRIME-1 Project SEP and / or ESRM instruments ,", "spans": [{"start": 1739, "end": 1786, "text": "PRIME-1 Project stakeholder engagement database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Box 3 : Micro Housing Finance in Colombia * * During the banking crisis , banks suffered considerable losses from residential mortgages with non-performing loan ratios exceeding 20 % . As a result , banks remain reluctant to lend to the sector . The Government has taken a number of measures to promote lending to the sector , these include : ( i ) a rediscounting program with a state owned second-tier financial intermediary ( FINDETER ) for banks , credit cooperatives and finance companies to offer mortgage and real estate micro-credits to lower income communities ; ( ii ) a voluntary agreement between Government and the banking sector to allocate a small portion of bank funding to the microhousing finance sector ( alternatively , banks can purchase bonds issued by FINDETER whose proceeds are used jointly with FINDETER funds for FINDETER ’ s micro-credit and social housing programs ) ; and ( iii ) an insurance program established by the Government ’ s National Guarantee Fund to cover financial institutions against losses from housing micro-credit and social mortgage loans . Under the FINDETER social mortgage program , mortgage loans at subsidized interest rates are available for households which earn less than four minimum legal monthly salaries . Social mortgage loans are only available for the construction of new housing . # * * 2 . 2 COST BARRIERS * * 10 . The demand survey has identified lack of resources and high costs of bank accounts as key reasons why people do not use formal financial services . The following pages take a look at the costs of different banking services in the formal sector based on the limited material available to date . Sources include a survey by the Superintendencia Bancaria of financial services of 26 banks as of June 2002 and subsequent update , as well as interviews with five financial institutions in Bogotá , including four banks ( Bancolombia , Colmena , Megabanco and _Caja Social_ ) and one financial corporation ( Finamerica ) . A more comprehensive supply side analysis is recommended to validate the initial findings presented here . 11 . * * Access to financial services for low income clients increases transaction costs . * * Serving low income clients increases transaction costs", "spans": [{"start": 1701, "end": 1762, "text": "survey by the Superintendencia Bancaria of financial services", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "200 | 9 . 2 | 7 | 20 . 6 | | Dailylabor | 123 , 200 | 2 . 8 | 7 | 20 . 6 | | Trade & Service | 425 , 000 | 9 . 8 | 10 | 29 . 4 | | Pension | 88 , 000 | 2 . 0 | 4 | 11 . 8 | | Remittance | 23 , 000 | 0 . 5 | 3 | 8 . 8 | | Firewood & Charcoal | 24 , 000 | 0 . 6 | 1 | 2 . 9 | | * * Total income * * | * * 4 , 323 , 100 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * N / A * * | * * N / A * * | _ ( Source Socio-economic household survey , October 2023 ) _ The annual cash income sources of the surveyed households clearly indicated the importance of agriculture and related activities in the life of the local people affected by the proposed Subproject and their community members . Page 73 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 415, "text": "Socio-economic household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * C Analyzing Cerutti , Classens and Rose : frequency , aggregation , estimation * * As noted in the main text , our results regarding the variance contribution of the estimated factors stand in contrast with those of Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) , who report much smaller figures . From this they conclude that the ’ global financial cycle ’ ( or , more broadly , common shocks ) is a relatively minor force behind capital flows . There are five main differences between our analysis and that of Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) : the frequency of the data ( yearly in this paper versus quarterly in theirs ) , the level of aggregation of capital flows ( total flows versus inflows disaggregated into FDI , portfolio debt , portfolio equity and bank credit ) , the estimation method ( principal components versus Bayesian ) , the normalization of the flows ( by trend GDP < sup > 35 < / sup > versus current GDP ) , and the estimation sample , both regarding country coverage as well as time frame ( 1979-2015 versus 1990Q1-2015Q4 ) . In Tables C . 1 and C . 2 we show that the first two differences account for the bulk of the discrepancy . Using the data of Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) < sup > 36 < / sup > we reestimate the two factors they consider ( one derived from advanced non-central countries , the other from major emerging markets ) < sup > 37 < / sup > using the standard principal components approach , which estimates the factors as the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix . Since the data are not a balanced panel , we deal with missing values < sup > 38 < / sup > by estimating the sample covariance matrix as : > 35Trend GDP is calculated using an HP filter with parameter 100 ( with data at yearly frequency ) . 36Downloaded from http : / / faculty . haas . berkeley . edu / arose / RecRes . htm # Reverse > 37As detailed in table A1 of Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) , the advanced non-central countries are Australia , Canada", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1170, "text": "data of Cerutti et al .", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # # # # 1 . * * INTRODUCTION * * # # # # # # * * 1 . 1 Background * * 56 % of the world ’ s population , 4 . 4 billion people , live within urban centers according to the World Bank ( https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / topic / urbandevelopment / overview ) . This trend is expected to continue , with the urban population more than doubling its current size by 2050 , at which point nearly 7 of 10 people will live in cities . This rate of growth presents numerous challenges within the urban setting ; congestion , inadequate resource , deterioration in sanitation and hygiene , increase in the rate of spread of communicable diseases among others . In Kenya , the urban annual population growth reported at 3 . 706 % in 2021 , according to the World Bank collection of development indicators , compiled from officially recognized sources ( www . macrotrends . netwww . macrotrends . net ) . Approximately 29 % of Kenya ’ s population currently live within the urbans centers ( www . tradingeconomics . com ( www . tradingeconomics . comwww . tradingeconomics . com ) . This high population growth rate has resulted in mushrooming of informal settlements that have not been well planned risking the health , safety , security and general well-being of its inhabitants . In Kenya , the urban annual population growth reported at 3 . 706 % in 2021 , according to the World Bank collection of development indicators , compiled from officially recognized sources ( www . macrotrends . netwww . macrotrends . net ) . Approximately 29 % of Kenya ’ s population currently live within the urbans centers ( www . tradingeconomics . com ( www . tradingeconomics . comwww . tradingeconomics . com ) . This high population growth", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 996, "text": "World Bank collection of development indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As part of the ongoing capacity building supports , technical skills training courses will be designed and offered to woreda-level stakeholders ( e . g . , WOLSA , EW desk , Finance Office , etc . ) , in line with the activities they intend to carry out as part of the program . # # # # # # * * Review * * Program biannual review meetings will be organized to provide and collect periodic feedback on project implementation progress and identify and discuss new and emerging issues . # # # # 6 . * * Information Disclosure for SEASN * * Disclosing project information is essential for meaningful consultation on project design and for stakeholders to understand the potential opportunities of the project as well as its risks and impacts . To enable meaningful consultations with stakeholders , FSCD will disclose the following information : - The purpose , nature and scale of the project - The duration of Parent Project activities - Information from the environmental and social assessment process , regarding potential risks and impacts of the project on local communities , including : - Proposals for mitigating risks and impacts - Potential risks and impacts that might disproportionately affect vulnerable and disadvantaged groups - Description of differentiated measures taken to avoid and minimize disproportionate risks and impacts - The proposed stakeholder engagement process , highlighting ways in which stakeholders can participate and contribute during project design and / or implementation - The time and venue of proposed public consultation meetings , and the process by which meetings will be notified , summarized and reported - The process and means by which grievances can be raised and addressed To disclose project information widely , FSCD will set up a webpage on the Ministry of Agriculture ’ s website . All future project-related social monitoring reports listed in the above sections will be disclosed on this webpage . An easy-to-understand guide to the terminology used in the social reports or documents will be provided on the website . All information brochures / fliers will be posted on the website . Contact details of the Stakeholder Engagement Focal Person will also be made available", "spans": [{"start": 1861, "end": 1886, "text": "social monitoring reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure S3 : Prevalence of moderate and / or severe food insecurity among adults , by whether household children are engaged in learning activities Prevalence of food insecurity among adults is calculated using the FIES and is presented by whether the household has school-age children that are engaged in any learning activities following the school closures . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Children engaged in learning activities ( yes / no ) < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes < br > Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Uganda < br > Moderate or severe Severe < br > Prevalence of food insecurity < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "program school ; 80 . 2 percent of recipients , but only 57 . 9 percent of non-recipients were attending a JFPR school on the day of the visit ; for those whose enrollment status could be established , 89 . 5 percent of scholarship recipients but only 76 . 5 percent of non-recipients were enrolled in any school , JFPR or otherwise . < sup > 2 < / sup > Table 1 is consistent with a large program effect on school enrollment and attendance . We next focus on comparisons of outcomes for girls with different levels of socioeconomic status , as measured by their score . In our sample , girls ranked 45 or lower by the score were 4 . 3 percentage points more likely to be enrolled at a JFPR school than girls ranked 46 or higher ( p-value : 0 . 04 ) ; 3 . 9 percentage points more likely to be present on the day of the school visit ( p-value : 0 . 08 ) ; and 2 . 0 percentage points more likely to be enrolled at any school , JFPR or otherwise ( p-value : 0 . 29 ) . Note that we would expect that , in the absence of a program , girls with lower SES would be _less_ likely to be enrolled and attending school . These comparisons , which abstract from any possible endogeneity of scholarship receipt , therefore provide further evidence of a JFPR program effect . Finally , we calculate the mean enrollment and attendance levels , separately for scholarship recipients and non-recipients , by deciles of the score . These results are presented in Figure 1 . The lines corresponding to girls who were turned down for scholarships show that , among these girls , there are clear socioeconomic gradients in enrollment and attendance . Figure 2 presents a similar figure based on the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey ; here too there is a clear schooling gradient . < sup > 3 < / sup > Figure 1 shows , however , that the gradient in enrollment and attendance has essentially disappeared among scholarship recipients . This is consistent with larger program effects among girls with the lowest SES , a point we examine more", "spans": [{"start": 1681, "end": 1715, "text": "2000 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Wm % Revenue lost due to distribution losses lll % Revenue lost due to collection rate < br > — ® — Average Tariffs LCU Index — @ = — Average Tariffs USD Index < br > 30 % 490 % < br > 25 % < br > n 390 % < br > 3 < br > Cc yn < br > S 20 % 2 < br > s 290 % a ] < br > E © @ ae15 % . o < br > = x 190 % vu ® < br > \" g 10 % g < br > Z < br > x < br > 90 % < br > 5 % < br > No data ( 1990-2009 ) < br > sd < br > 0 % - 10 % < br > PPPSoSSY PPBob 9 ? o > I of PPPSF0 © SSV PPL0 O DQ LLLPGy Dm FFL & © © FPFSo LPMO SPWO AD SPMPADV SKSWD SPAh 89 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the RAP preparation process and also during the recent subdivision of the Mwavumbo Group Ranch by the Ministry of Land and Physical Planning in collaboration with the Kwale County Government . The PAPs demonstrated support for the project during the RAP census data collection and through their direct verbal communication at public meetings held at the Ranch . The elected leaders lead by the Area MC , Kinango MP and the Kwale Governor and technical officers from Kwale County , the dam committee whose membership include the Kaya leaders have continued to show support for the project as demonstrated during several meetings held with the MoWSI in 2020 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 265, "text": "RAP census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "engagement , there is < br > no clear channel for involvement < br > of the DCDO in the project < br > management cycle . MGLSD has < br > a responsibility to provide < br > guidelines on engagement of < br > communities | | throughout the project cycle < br > c ) < br > LGs need to delegate staff at District < br > Level to be responsible for < br > coordinating the establishment of < br > Grievance Redress Committee at < br > respective LG levels and at < br > construction sites and in communities < br > surrounding the sites ( with optional < br > co-option of relevant departmental < br > heads / staff as found relevant ) ; < br > d ) < br > Promote Participatory monitoring of < br > activities and community feedback < br > using facility management < br > committees . UgIFT could share < br > experiences from CSOs such as World < br > Vision Uganda < br > e ) < br > LGs should establish a centralized < br > complaints log with clear information < br > and reference for onward action ( a < br > clear complaints referralpath ) ; | | | 25", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 939, "text": "complaints log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > January 1 , 20 < br > January 1 , 201 | 19 < br > 9 | End Date : < br > December 31 , 2023 | | Expected Financing Closi < br > Date : | ng < br > December 31 , | 2023 | | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Program Financing Data < br > [ X ] Loan [ ] Grant [ x ] Other ( CFF ) < br > [ ] Credit < br > For Loans / Credits / Others ( US $ M ) : < br > Total $ 695 $ 400 < br > Program < br > Cost : < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > vi", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER # * * The World Bank * * | Collection | | | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | * * Share of Grade 3 students achieving functional reading level ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the percentage increase in the proportion of public primary school students who achieve a functional reading level . This includes < br > students who are reading with increasing fluency and comprehension , as well as those who are reading fluently with full comprehension . The assessment < br > of these readinglevels is determined bynational assessments ( EarlyGrade ReadingAssessment , EGRA ) . | | Frequency | 2026 and 2029 | | Data source | EGRA assessment reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The percentage is calculated by dividing the number of students who achieve minimum proficiency in literacy by the total number of students assessed . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MoE , EAES | # * * Monitoring & Evaluation Plan : * * # # < u > Intermediate Results Indicators by Results Areas < / u > | * * Results Area 1 : Transformin * * | * * g teaching and learning * * | | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | * * Share of Pre-primary and Grade 1-6 teachers receiving practice-based training ( Percentage ) * * < sup > * * DLI * * < / sup > | | Description | Measures the proportion of pre-primary and grade 1-6 Reading and Mathematics teachers ( including host community and newly integrated refugee school < br > teachers ) receiving practice-based training / CPD to the total number of pre-primary and grade 1-6 reading and mathematics teachers . Results will be < br > disaggregated bylevel of education ,", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 769, "text": "EGRA assessment reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A . 14 . Differences by ethnicity in association between social norms indices and women ’ s paid * * * * work outcomes * * | | * * HH Roles * * | * * Public Space * * | * * Both themes * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * ( 1 ) * * | * * ( 2 ) * * | * * ( 3 ) * * | | | * * Paid work * * | * * Paid work * * | * * Paid work * * | | PNB < br > Index_HH < br > Roles < br > # < br > Madheshi * * ( * * β ) | 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 07 ) | | - 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 08 ) | | PNB Index_HH Roles * * ( * * α ) | - 0 . 09 * * ( 0 . 04 ) | | - 0 . 07 * ( 0 . 04 ) | | SNE < br > Index_HH < br > Roles < br > # < br > Madheshi * * ( * * β ) | - 0 . 09 < br > ( 0 . 12 ) | | 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 12 ) | | SNE Index_HH Roles * * ( * * α ) | - 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | | - 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | | PNB Index_Public Space # < br > Madheshi * * ( * * β ) | | 0 . 10 * ( 0 . 05 ) | 0 . 09 < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | | PNB Index_ Public Space * * ( * * α ) | | - 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | - 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | SNE Index_ Public Space # <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > - 5 < br > - 10 < br > Burkina Faso Cote d ' Ivoire Liberia Mali Senegal < br > improved water improved sanitation < br > % change < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : WHO – Joint Monitoring Programme 2010 , from Demographic and Health Surveys . # Power # * * Achievements * * Mali ’ s installed generation capacity is almost evenly split between hydropower and oil . It was dominated by oil generation ( 60 percent ) until the start of operation of the dam in Manantali in 2002 , after which hydropower accounted for the majority of generation . As demand has increased since 2004 , 24", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 261, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "continued to land each month in Italy as some refugees and migrants sought to avoid returns under the EU-Turkey Statement as well as the arduous Western Balkans crossing . Such arrivals increased 26 % from 2 , 471 in 2015 to 3 , 114 by the end of 2016 . Despite the short distance between Turkey and some Greek islands , people continued to drown in the Aegean Sea , including young children , as many of them attempted to seek international protection in the EU . At least 27 people are thought to have drowned in a single incident as a boat with Syrian and Pakistani nationals on board capsized en route from Bodrum in Turkey to Kos on 29 September . By the end of the year , 441 people had drowned along the Eastern Mediterranean route in 2016 compared to 799 in 2015 . Although a reduction in absolute terms , the proportion of those refugees and migrants that died while attempting to cross the Aegean increased substantially from one in 1 , 072 in 2015 to one in 393 in 2016 , although most deaths occurred between January and March when larger numbers attempted the crossing despite the winter weather . At the land borders , the bodies of two unknown refugee or migrant men were found at the Greece-Turkey border in October and November while in late December , the body of a 23-year-old Pakistani national was found in Turkey near the Bulgarian border . In the latter part of 2016 , UNHCR received several reports of people being irregularly returned to Turkey from neighbouring states . In October , UNHCR # # # # ARRIVALS IN GREECE FROM TURKEY VIA LAND AND SEA BORDERS - 2007 TO 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 856 , 723 < br > December 2009 August 2012 December 2012 < br > Greece completes the Greece deploys addi - 12km fence along < br > removal of all land - tional 1 , 881 police offi - land border with < br > mines from the land cers to land border with Turkey completed . <", "spans": [{"start": 1524, "end": 1554, "text": "ARRIVALS IN GREECE FROM TURKEY", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . aCCess to national publiC seRviCes Although Malian pupils have been fully integrated into national education programs , they still face high rates of analphabetism and limited interest in formal education . English and Arabic speaking refugee children ( from Nigeria and Sudan ) enrolled in the national primary education system continue to lack transition programs , leading to higher dropout rates . Nigerian refugees who had attended secondary school in Nigeria before arriving in Niger in 2015 continued to attend the distance education program . By now it has stopped admitting new students and will end when the last cohort graduates . UNHCR , in collaboration with the Nigerian Education Authorities National Examination Council ( NECO ) has supported distance education centers , allowing students to take the Basic Education certification Examination ( BECE ) and the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination ( SSCE ) in Diffa . These efforts have continued with limited engagement of the Nigerien Ministry of Education . Some Nigerian refugees who did not attend secondary school in Nigeria have not been enrolled in these distance education programs upon arrival in Niger . Refugee education related data has been integrated into the National Education Information and Management System run by the Ministry of National Education ( MNE ) . However , refugee children are not included in the current mechanisms of the Ministry for identifying out-of-school children . Refugee students in the national system pay the same examination fees ( e . g . Brevet d ’ Etudes du Premier Cycle , BEPC ) as nationals , as per Article 10 of the Refugee law . For the Baccalauréat examination ( high school diploma ) in particular , payments are made through a national platform administered by the Ministry of Education . However , the platform was developed without considering refugee status , leading to refugees being categorized as “ foreigners ” instead of “ nationals . ” UNHCR has been working with local education authorities in various regions to address this issue . Besides the specific distance education program that will soon end , all other interventions", "spans": [{"start": 1189, "end": 1219, "text": "Refugee education related data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "44 % ( about ETB 1 , 806million ) whereas the regional matching fund is at 31 % ( about ETB 1 , 653 million ) - The ULGs have planned to create temporary jobs for 216544 persons of which 106747 ( 49 . 29 percent ) are female and the actual temporary jobs created were 204334 persons , out of these 96852 ( 47 . 39 percent ) are female In EFY 2014 ( FY 22 ) . Out of the total planned number persons employed over 30 years old were 63819 ( 31 . 67 % ) and the and under 30 years old are 140515 ( 68 % ) and the total actual number of persons employed over 30 years old are 63819 ( 31 % ) and the number under 30 years old are 140 515 ( 68 . 76 % ) . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 10 / 18 / 2022 Page 1 of 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > 6 < / sup > The > 5 Three years are missing from the time series presented below : 1991 and 2000 were Census years , during which PNADs are not fielded . Income data from the Censuses are based on very different questionnaires , and are not comparable with PNAD data . The survey was not fielded in 1994 either , for cost-related reasons . 1982 is included but the reader is cautioned that income questions had a different reference period on that year . They were asked with respect to a quarter , rather than a month , giving rise to different recall periods . The answers are therefore not comparable with those from other surveys . > 6 Sample sizes rose gradually from 482 , 611 individuals in 1981 to 525 , 023 individuals in 1985 . The sample size was then scaled back to 290 , 518 in 1986 , within the same sampling frame and with care to maintain representativeness . It then rose gradually to 389 , 073 in 2004 . The PNAD survey is not carried out in the rural areas of the old North Region of Brazil , which roughly corresponds to the Amazon rainforest . The current North Region includes the state of Tocantins , which was previously part of Goiás state . The rural areas of this state are included in the PNAD throughout the time series .", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 171, "text": "Income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 932, "end": 943, "text": "PNAD survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 142 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 UGX . 4 million ) in 2000 , however the 2006 figure is heavily influenced by the report from the owner of a single canoe at Transect 2 , that he catches up to 300 kg per day of R . _argentea , _ thereby single-handedly accounting for more than 80 percent of the total fish catch in the surveyed transects . This statistic must be viewed with caution , and if omitted from the analysis , the overall fish catch in 2006 is similar to that in 2000 . The commercial fishing gears were the same as in 2000 , i . e . multifilament gill nets , hooks , cast nets and mosquito nets . It should be noted that the Uganda Fisheries Master Plan Study ( Ministry of Agriculture , Animal Industry and Fisheries ) states that average income for full-time fishermen in Uganda is _circa_ USD 280 or UGX 350 , 000 per annum , which accords well with the estimate for the Bujagali area of USD 400 per annum . # # # # * * 3 . 7 . 5 Tourism * * The site of the Bujagali hydropower facility is approximately 8 km downstream of the \" source of the Nile \" ( i . e . where Lake Victoria empties into the Victoria Nile ) . Due to the history and scenic topography of the area , it is attractive to tourists , especially to white water rafters who come to take advantage of the sequence of rapids on the upper reaches of the Victoria Nile . # # # # * * 3 . 7 . 5 . 1 White Water Rafting Operations * * The Government of Uganda , via the Uganda Tourist Board , supports the development and operation of white water rafting ( WWR ) in Uganda . The current Government policy is one of product and market diversification , in which eco-tourism ( including WWR ) is a priority .", "spans": [{"start": 741, "end": 775, "text": "Uganda Fisheries Master Plan Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ # # Contents | * * Cou * * | * * ntry Overview * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 | | - - - | - - - | | * * Pro * * | * * files of POCs in Sudan * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 | | * * Ref * * | * * ugees and asylum-seekers * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 449, "text": "files of POCs in Sudan", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Impact Assessments ( EIA ) and mitigation throughout the project , as necessary . The EMF will help to identify potential environmental issues and proposes mitigation measures , including training and monitoring measures . In some cases , implementation of the EMF could result in the preparation of an EIA report for a proposed micro-project , before it is considered for approval . A sample EIA format has therefore been included as part of the EMF . All such EIA reports will be disclosed to the pubic prior to approval . The EMF and the addendum have been re-disclosed at the Infoshop and in-country with a separate cover letter from the borrower , to satisfy the disclosure requirements . Since the addendum to the EMF has been updated recently to reflect the decision to trigger Indigenous People ( OP 4 . 10 ) , the document was disclosed again in September 2009 . Natural Habitats ( OP 4 . 04 ) : This policy has been triggered due to the potential nature of activities to border or operate in natural habitats or protected areas . The EMF will address these concerns through an environmental screening which will be applied to all microprojects before approval . The EMF will help identify any potential impacts on natural habitats and proposes mitigation measures . It has provided adequate management measures to mitigate adverse impact of any activities in the project intervention areas . Additionally , ALRMP II has prepared a baseline NRM and ecological survey of the area as well as a national ASAL NRM strategy which covers the KACCAL districts . The results from these studies will be considered during micro-project screening and approval . Pest Management ( OP 4 . 09 ) : Pesticide use among beneficiary communities of the project is currently very low to non-existent . The project will not support the purchase or induce enhanced use of pesticides . However , if the project proposes the use of herbicides for bush clearance or technified irrigation systems ( rain-fed or irrigated farming ) which could result in intensification of agriculture and the increase in pesticide use , to mitigate against any", "spans": [{"start": 1441, "end": 1475, "text": "baseline NRM and ecological survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2013 ) find that , as suggested by traditional theory , quota-based protection increases the market power of domestic producers while tariff-based protection does not . Kim ( 2000 ) provides similar results based on Korean sector-level data . Antidumping protection , which takes the form of tariffs ( or , sometimes , price agreements ) , has also received some attention , although results are ambiguous . < sup > 8 < / sup > Papers by De Loecker _et al . _ ( 2016 ) and De Loecker _et al . _ ( 2014 ) also provide evidence that the markups of domestic firms are affected by tariff reductions . These studies generally use measures of price-cost margins at the firm level to identify market-power effects . The main problem faced by this literature is that estimating markups over marginal costs requires the use of detailed data on costs and / or strong identifying assumptions . < sup > 9 < / sup > Using market shares as a measure of market power is also problematic , both because one has to define what the appropriate “ market ” is and because , when studying exporters , the sales of domestic firms are typically not observed . Most of the papers cited above use very detailed firm-level data , allowing for a precise identification of the channels through which trade policy affects markups ; but this comes at a cost : these studies are typically limited to a single country — often a single industry — and focus exclusively on domestic producers . Using exchange rate variations to identify price discrimination and therefore market power across destinations has the advantage of requiring data on neither firm costs nor market shares . The idea that useful information on the extent of market power can be generated from price adjustments to exchange rate fluctuations is not new , as it was already present in early work such as Aw ( 1993 ) , Goldberg and Knetter ( 1999 ) or Bernhofen and Xu ( 2000 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Our study , which is close in spirit to those papers , links the literature on PTM with that on trade policy and competition . We also contribute", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 242, "text": "Korean sector-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1188, "end": 1203, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "area that maps the relationship between charge and the number of people who will take up the service at that particular charge . Such an estimated relationship can depict the ‘ uptake rate ’ for the service improvements . This interpretation of WTP survey data is common in the health economics and finance literature ( see Bala et al . , 1999 for an early exposition ) . Second , we often collect information on various characteristics of the households and the communities they live in – income , assets , education , attitudes , location , and amenities – that is typically under ‐ utilized in interpreting and using WTP data . The heterogeneity that exists in the population may not be fully captured in the implementation of the randomized split ‐ sample 4", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 260, "text": "WTP survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * PLAN DE PASSATION DE MARCHÉS * * # # # # # * * Informations sur le Projet * * * * Emprunteur : République de Djibouti * * * * Ministère Responsable : MINISTERE DE LA COMMUNICATION CHARGE DES POSTES ET DES TELECOMMUNICATIONS * * * * Nom du Projet : PROJET DJIBOUTI NUMERIQUE ( P174461 ) Identification : P174461_______ * * * * CREDIT IDA N ° : _____ * * # # # # # * * Agence d ’ exécution du Projet : MINISTERE DE LA COMMUNICATION CHARGE DES POSTES ET DES TELECOMMUNICATIONS * * * * Date du plan de passation des marchés : 14 Decembre 2021 * * * * Période couverte par ce plan de passation des marchés : Decembre 2021 – Février 2022 * * # # # # # * * Préambule * * Conformément au paragraphe 5 . 9 du “ Règlement de Passation des Marchés pour les Emprunteurs sollicitant le Financement de Projets d ’ Investissement ( FPI ) ” ( Juillet 2016 , révisé en Novembre 2107 et Août 2018 ) ( “ Règlement de Passation des Marchés ” ) le Système électronique de la Banque de suivi systématique des transactions de marchés publics ( STEP ) sera utilisé pour préparer , valider et actualiser les plans de passation des marchés et effectuer toutes les transactions liées à la passation des marchés du projet . Ce texte ainsi que les tableaux du plan de passation des marchés présents dans STEP constituent", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "br > selected < br > counties , < br > including < br > refugee hosting < br > counties | | 26 Climate-vulnerable rural areas are areas that are prone to climate change-exacerbated floods and / or droughts . All rural areas under in this Program are climate vulnerable . 27 There is variance across WSPs for the type and number of leadership positions that will be accounted for in indicator data . Leadership positions include Board Members , managers , or chief Executive Officers . 28 Refugee camp WASH facility designs will take into account the need for lighting and design to minimize the risk of gender-based violence . Page 14 of 57", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2017-04-08 | 2017-06-03 | 2017-07-03 | | KE-JRK-7281-NC-DIR / < br > Airing of the ' Know Your Law ' < br > campaign ( Various contracts ) | IDA / 51810 | Court Administration and < br > Case Management : | Post < br > Direct Selection | Direct | 360 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-05-01 | 2018-09-03 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-31 | | KE-JRK-7283-NC-DIR / < br > Production of weekly radio < br > programmes to inform public < br > on Judiciary activities ( Various < br > Contracts ) | < br > IDA / 51810 | Project Management | Post < br > Direct Selection | Direct | 270 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-03-14 | 2017-03-19 | 2017-04-23 | 2017-05-23 | | KE-JRK-7284-NC-DIR / < br > Printing and Airing Public < br > Information ( Various < br > contracts ) | IDA / 51810 | Court Administration and < br > Case Management : | Post < br > Direct Selection | Direct | 79 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-04-03 | 2017-04-08 | 2017-05-13 | 2017-06-12 | | KE-JRK-73558-NC-RFQ / < br > Printing of ELRC Registers | IDA / 51810 | Court Administration and < br > Case Management : | Post < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited <", "spans": [{"start": 1062, "end": 1076, "text": "ELRC Registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Table 7 . 7 : Number of PAHs by Impact on Fruit Trees by Subproject Component | * * Woreda * * | * * PAHs Affe * * | * * cted by Tower Pads & * * < br > * * ROW * * | * * PAHs Affecte * * | * * d by substation * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | | Adele SC | 58 | 35 . 8 | 0 | 47 . 2 | | Haromaya SC | 7 | 4 . 3 | 17 | 0 . 0 | | Kersa | 60 | 37 . 0 | 0 | 0 . 0 | | Meta | 37 | 22 . 8 | 19 | 52 . 8 | | * * All * * | * * 162 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 36 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January-March 2025_ Of the total fruit trees and perennial crops affected , 2 , 998 of them would be affected by tower pad and RoW . Of these impacted fruit trees and perennial crops , 92 . 0 % of them are khatcrop , which is the main cash crop within the Subproject influence area . Based on the census and inventory survey , 57 . 9 % of the fruit trees and perennial crops that will be affected by the tower pads and RoW are found in Meta and 23 . 0 % in Kersa Woreda . The number , types and sizes of fruit trees and perennial crops", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 762, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1060, "end": 1087, "text": "census and inventory survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7095 # The World Bank The following project institutional efficiency PDO indicators have been achieved ( i ) overdue liabilities have been reduced from UGX8 billion to zero ( compared to target of UGX 0 . 5 billion ) ; ( ii ) the share of KCCA own source revenue spent on service deliver increased from 10 % to 67 % ( target 34 % ) , ( iii ) own source revenue increased from UGX 22 billion to UGX33 . 9 billion ( target UGX 33 billion ) . At the intermediate outcome indicators , the following have been achieved ( a ) approval of building plan permit approval reduced from 12 months to 2 months ( target 2 months ) , ( b ) Percentage of property demands notes issued to property owners increased from 70 % to 100 % ( target 100 % ) , ( c ) usage of citizens report card to measure service delivery satisfaction from zero to one ( target 2 - second one under progress ) . The only PDO which has not been met is public satisfaction in service delivery in roads , drainage and solid waste from 18 % , 22 % and 44 % to 14 % , 12 % and 44 % respective ( target 50 % , 80 % and 70 % respectively ) . This has been because of the delays in completion of the civil works for roads and drainage , which is now scheduled for October 2012 . From the results above , the project has achieved the intended Institutional strengthening objective . In addition the new KCCA management has shown keen interest to complete implementation of remaining project activities by December 31 , 2012 . A new Corporate Strategy for the Authority has been developed as a successor to the SFRII . KCCA has demonstrated commitment and interest to take on board advise from Bank mission to ensure project implementation is completed by December 31 , 2012 . With respect to the triggers to move from APL1 to APL2 the status are as follows : ( i ) New organizational system operational - the KCCA organizational structure", "spans": [{"start": 766, "end": 786, "text": "citizens report card", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) Project account bank statement with the account book balance . Reconciliations should be prepared by the Financial Officers and verified by the project Managers . All reconciling items ( if any ) should be listed , explained and followed upon . Copies of the reconciliation together with the account bank statement should be kept in the Project files and should be attached to the IFRs . * * 10 . Controls over Payroll : * * Payroll is administrated by the payroll department at the Directorate of Employees Affairs ( HR ) in each line ministries . The payroll systems in place have a good degree of integration and reconciliation between the position controls , personnel records , and payroll registers . The payroll system in Jordan follows the Civil Service Bureau instructions and is in line with the national financial law and internal controls regulation , in addition to instructions issued by the MoF . The Directorate of HR is responsible for receiving the information for the appointed employee for entry into the automated HR database system . The HR department ensures the completeness of information and the data entry of related salary entitlements through an automated system and record archival both in the system and in paper files . HR input in the system is subject to both automated and human checks . A payroll schedule is prepared on a monthly basis and subject to several layers of approvals ( payroll officer , head of payroll unit , the department manager [ budget holder ] , Internal Control Department , MoF financial controller , and the financial management manager ) . Salaries are transferred to employees and teachers ’ personal bank accounts . Monthly reconciliations are prepared in the system and shared with the internal control unit and MoF representative . Daily time attendance sheets based on an automated attendance register are maintained by the attendance supervisor , who reports absences to the HR and responsible departments . All payroll records are kept in a secure , centralized computerized payroll data base that is updated daily from paper-based reports from the", "spans": [{"start": 1105, "end": 1133, "text": "automated HR database system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1917, "end": 1946, "text": "automated attendance register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2109, "end": 2139, "text": "computerized payroll data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to Information . # # _Disbursement Arrangements_ 7 . * * Funds flow and disbursement arrangements . * * The project will follow the Government ’ s channel two fund flow mechanisms , where IDA funds will be made available directly to NIDP at the PMO . Funds will not flow to other beneficiary institutions . The PMO will open a DA denominated in US dollars at the NBE . This account shall be opened by the credit and grant effectiveness date . The authorized ceiling of the DA would be two quarters forecasted cash requirement based on the approved AWPB . The PMO may also open an Ethiopian birr bank account for making payments in local currency to suppliers of goods and services . NIDP at the PMO will manage the US dollar and local currency bank accounts . Details of the DA once it is opened and the signatories appointed would be communicated to the World Bank . The fund flow arrangement for the project is summarized in Figure 1 . 1 . * * Figure 1 . 1 . Disbursement Arrangement * * 8 . * * Disbursement methods . * * The project may follow one or a combination of these disbursement methods : Advance to Designated Account , Direct Payment , Reimbursement , and Special Commitment . For Advance to the Designated Account and Reimbursement methods , the project will use IFRs as report-based disbursement method . Disbursement will be made quarterly to the DA to cover cash requirements for the next six months based on a six-monthly expenditure and cash requirement forecast ( prepared based on the approved AWPB ) which is expected to be reported as part of the Page 33 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 1429, "end": 1482, "text": "six-monthly expenditure and cash requirement forecast", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2013 , Pages 52 – 78 , https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / wbro / lkt001 Duflo , Esther . 2003 . “ Grandmothers and Granddaughters : Old Age Pension and Intra-Household Allocation in South Africa . ” World Bank Economic Review 17 ( 1 ) : 1 – 25 . Dunbar , Geoffrey R , Arthur Lewbel , and Krishna Pendakur . “ Children ’ s Resources in Collective Households : Identification , Estimation , and an Application to Child Poverty in Malawi . ” American Economic Review 103 , no . 1 ( February 1 , 2013 ) : 438 – 71 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1257 / aer . 103 . 1 . 438 . Haerpfer , C . , Inglehart , R . , Moreno , A . , Welzel , C . , Kizilova , K . , Diez-Medrano J . , M . Lagos , P . Norris , E . Ponarin & B . Puranen ( eds . ) . 2022 . World Values Survey : Round Seven - Country-Pooled Datafile Version 5 . 0 . Madrid , Spain & Vienna , Austria : JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat . doi : 10 . 14281 / 18241 . 20 Kling , J . , Liebman , J . , and Katz , L . ( 2007 ) . Experimental analysis of neighborhood effects . Econometrica , 75 ( 1 ) : 83 – 119 . Lépine , A . , and E . Strobl ( 2013 ) . ‘ The Effect of Women ’ s Bargaining Power on Child Nutrition in Rural Senegal ’ . World Development , 45 : 17 – 30 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . worlddev . 2012 . 12 . 018 John A . List & Azeem M . Shaikh & Yang Xu , 2019 . \" Multiple hypothesis testing in experimental economics , \" Experimental Economics , Springer ; Economic Science Association , vol . 22 ( 4 ) , pages 773-793 , December . Lundberg , S . J , R . A Pollak , and T . J Wales . 1997 . “ Do Husbands and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firewood to fill this monthly fuel gap as compared to LPG users who were receiving 12kg of LPG per month . Table 3 : Average LPG consumption by family size | Family size | N | o . of days | Fuel amount ( kg ) | Average daily consumption | Average per capita | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1 | 13 . 57 | 6 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 50 | | | 2 | 13 . 57 | 6 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 25 | | | 3 | 13 . 72 | 6 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 16 | | | 4 | 13 . 22 | 6 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 12 | | | 5 | 14 | 6 | 0 . 47 | 0 . 09 | | | 6 | 13 . 5 | 6 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 08 | | | 7 | 13 . 15 | 6 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 07 | | | 8 | 13 | 6 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 06 | | | 9 | 9 . 92 | 6 | 0 . 68 | 0 . 08 | | | 10 | 9 . 67 | 6 | 0 . 63 | 0 . 06 | | | 11 | 15 . 5 | 6 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 04 | | | 12 | 14 | 6 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 04 | | | 13 | 11 | 6 | 0 . 59 | 0 . 05 | | * * Overall avera * * | * * ge 5 * * | * * 13 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 0 . 52 * * | * * 0 . 10 * * | Considering the above monthly fuel consumption figures per person and using the cost of 1 , 200 TZS per kg of briquettes , the monthly briquettes cost per person is", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 100 , 000 30 < br > 5 18 < br > 20 < br > 50 , 000 < br > 10 13 5 12 < br > 4 2 < br > 0 0 0 < br > 2007 – 08 2011 – 12 2013 – 14 2007 2011 2013 < br > Source : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 , ALCS 2011 – 12 and Source : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 , ALCS 2011 – 12 and < br > NRVA 2007 – 08 NRVA 2007 – 08 < br > PERCENT < br > NUMBER PERCENT < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The number of migrants choosing to migrate to “ Other ” farther away destinations ( mainly Europe and Australia ) is much higher in 2013 than it was in 2007 , increasing from ten to almost 19 thousand , reflecting the deteriorating economic and political environment in neighboring countries and possibly the availability of new migration routes spurred by the Syrian refugee crisis . * * Afghans choosing to seek employment opportunities abroad come predominantly from rural areas , * * a tendency that has been strengthening along with deterioration of economic and security conditions outside urban centers . Economic migration is a male-youth phenomenon . * * The education profile of migrants reflects the predominance of “ push factors ” in migration choices , with no evidence of positive self-selection * * < sup > 20 < / sup > . In particular , using the male population aged 15 – 35 as a reference , migrants have less education whether they come from rural or urban areas . Such findings could also suggest that migration options and networks are more broadly available for low-skilled occupations < sup > 21 < / sup > , particularly in neighboring Iran and Gulf Countries . * * Migrants choosing farther destinations are more likely to be educated . * * Sorting into destinations based on migrants ’ education is likely to reflect higher costs associated with the journey (", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 213, "text": "ALCS 2013 – 14", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 216, "end": 230, "text": "ALCS 2011 – 12", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 318, "end": 332, "text": "NRVA 2007 – 08", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and LIC countries . Column ( 2 ) shows that high levels of debt lengthen the lead time to production by 16 percent respectively . Higher inflation also lengthens the lead time ( by about 8 percent ) but the results are only marginally significant . On its own , the commodity price cycle measure is not statistically significant . However interacted with copper mine size , shows that copper mines tend to get developed faster when commodity prices are rising . These results are robust to the inclusion of additional variables in Columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) . Finally , governance variables indicate that when governance improves ( indicated by higher values of the corruption index ) , expected times to production fall by nearly 10 percent . The quality of government index is not statistically significant on its own , but when interacted with the variable indicating a copper deposit , shows that times to production of a copper mine fall by nearly 30 percent when governance improves . The results suggest an important role for the commodity price cycle , sound macroeconomic management and the quality of governance . Higher commodity prices , on average , are not significant determinants of lead times , probably because of the significant sunk costs involved . However , for copper deposits , an upswing in copper prices at the time of discovery — the crucial > 11 Regression results are robust to the use of decadal dummies which could help control for the decelerating time to production since the 1950s . > 12 The importance of the policy environment is borne out in anecdotal evidence . For instance , the Oyu Tolgoi mine in Mongolia — despite being one of the largest copper deposits in the world — took nearly a decade to become operational in 2013 , following initial exploration in the early 2000s , lengthy feasibility studies and negotiations between the government and Rio Tinto over the financing of the mine ’ s construction . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and household not receiving food assistance ) . The households whose eligibility group at the time of survey design was the same as the eligibility group from the first JPDM results were selected as panel households for the second JPDM . This is to ensure group homogeneity over time . Additional households were selected by stratified , random sampling to reach the total sample size required for each stratum . As a result , the sample size amounted to 2 , 438 households which included 1 , 394 panel households ( those that had already taken part in the JPDM in December 2020 ) and 1 , 581 randomly selected households . The drop-out rate among the panel households , especially among those receiving a half-ration and not receiving assistance was relatively high due to refugee movement or reluctance to participate in the survey . As a result , the total number of completed household surveys was 2 , 438 , including 892 panel households . The total number of surveyed households by camp and by eligibility group is sufficient to enable us to derive statistically representative descriptive findings by camp and eligibility group ( see Table 3 ) . 2 Link to the questionnaire to be inserted once available", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 897, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "49 # * * Typology : Africa Multi-Country AIDS Project * * * * ED * * = Score of 4 * * D * * = Operations F - = Score of 3 fl - - F Score of 2 ; S = Score of 1 * * D * * = Score of 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 Component 2 . lnvesting in lnstitutions and lnformation for Resilience ( Total : IJS $ I2 . 5 miltion of which US $ 6 million ( SDR4 . 2 million equivalent ) from lDA , and US $ 6 . 5 mitlion from MDTF ) The objective of this component will build capacity for the promotion and management of SLWM practices , and improve information for better decision-making in supporting resilient landscapes and diversified rural livelihoods in the project area . This will be achieved through the implementation of the following subcomponents : ( i ) capacity building , information modernization and policy development ; ( ii ) impact evaluation , knowledge management and communication . Component 3 . Rural Land Administration and lJse ( Totah US $ 23 miltion of which US $ 20 million ( sDR14 . 1 million equivalent ) from lDA , and us $ 3 miltion from MDTF ) The objective of this component will strengthen the rural land administration system that secures tenure rights , optimizes land use , and empowers land-users to sustainably invest in productive landscapes . The component will provide security of tenure to smallholder farmers in RLLP watersheds through Second Level Landholding CertificationlS ( SLLC ) as an incentive to increase the adoption of SLM technologies and practices , and will provide targeted landless youth with communal land certificates in exchange for land restoration . Half of the SLLC and communal certificate title-holders will be women . This component will also extend the on-going local-level participatory land-use planning exercise at kebele level within RLLP watersheds , and will support the rollout of the National Rural Land Administration lnformation System ( NRLAIS ) in RLLP woredas . # # # # Component 4 . Project Management and Reporting ( Total : US $ 15 million of which US $ g million ( SDR6 . 4 million equivalent ) from lDA , US $ 1 million from MDTF , and US $ 5", "spans": [{"start": 1639, "end": 1692, "text": "National Rural Land Administration lnformation System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * UNHCR protects , assists and seeks durable solutions for refugees . The three main solutions are ( i ) voluntary repatriation to the home country ; ( ii ) local integration in the country of asylum ; and ( iii ) resettlement in a third country . Voluntary repatriation is generally considered as the preferred option of the three . Local integration is a legal , socio-economic and political process by which refugees progressively become fully integrated members of their host societies . However , available data concerning this solution is limited to those cases in which refugees have , through naturalization , acquired the full range of the protection and legal rights of the host country . Resettlement of refugees in third countries is a key protection tool and an important mechanism for sharing responsibilities . > 12 A census conducted in Armenia , among Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan , established that the majority of those refugees had either naturalized in Armenia or left the country . * * _7_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 862, "text": "census conducted in Armenia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consultants for provision of transaction advisory services . The Project would also support the acquisition , interpretation and promotion of geodata in the Project Area and capacity building related to petroleum cadastre database of the Project Area . The Project would also provide technical assistance to manage the impacts from the petroleum sector including the implementation of health & safety reforms , implementation of environmental and social reforms and development of a framework for oil spill preparedness and response capacity . COMPONENT B : Revenue and Investment Management - Reforms and Capacity Building ( total costs US $ 9 . 40 million , of which IDA US $ 6 . 65 million ) . The objective of Component B is to support strengthening the government ’ s capacity to manage revenue streams from the petroleum sector for sustainable development impacts . Through the activities grouped under Component B , the Project would support the design and implementation of fiscal framework reforms in order to improve extractive industries taxation in Kenya . The Project would also address transparency and accountability across the extractive industries value chain through a variety of mechanisms including technical assistance to subscribe to and become compliant with EITI . The Project would also provide technical assistance for drafting and implementing the appropriate legal and institutional mechanisms to allocate revenues from the extractive industries in a balanced way . In addition , through this Component , the Project will provide technical assistance to the Ministry of Finance and Central Bank for the design and Page 4 of 6", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 230, "text": "petroleum cadastre database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 16 < br > y in the off-grid sector at the < br > enterprise , employee and cu < br > stomer level . < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE-012 / < br > Procurement of consultancy < br > service ( Component 4 ) < br > - to Conduct a market survey of existing private sectorsolar contractors , identify jobopportunities along the solar IDA / 68570 4 . Standalone solar systemsfor health and education facilities Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-01-24 2023-01-23 2022-02-14 2023-02-06 2022-03-30 2023-07-12 2022-04-27 2022-05-27 2022-07-01 2022-08-05 2024-02-01 < br > value chain , and a sustainabi < br > lity plan < br > - to conduct survey of site < br > selection < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE / ICB-0 < br > 01 / Procurement of consulta < br > ncy service ( ADELE Compone < br > nt 2 ) - - for the preparation of EP IDA / 68570 2 . Solar-hybrid mini grids forrural economic development Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-01-17 2022-08-03 2022-02-07 2022-08-12 2022-03-23 2023-05-31 2022-04-20 2022-05-20 2022-06-24 2022-07-29 2024-01-25 < br > C bidding documents , bids ev < br > aluation and contract negotia < br > tion , < br > - to ensure quality of works < br > EEU -", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 280, "text": "market survey of existing private sectorsolar contractors", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper presents the first evidence of whether capital incentives distort recent technology diffusion - using the cloud versus own IT investment as an example . We employ novel firm-level panel data which captures the adoption of cloud , big-data analytics and AI , along with traditional investments in tangible capital , including total IT investment , as well as hardware and software . < sup > 4 < / sup > In addition , we use matched employer-employee panel data to measure the demand for data analytics workers - as an alternative proxy for technology adoption following Corrado et al . ( 2022 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > If the AIA policy affects firm adoption of data analytics technologies , such as cloud , big data analytics or AI , then one would expect that this would also materialise in the demand for workers performing data analytics tasks . We study capital investment and technology diffusion in the setting of a quasi-natural experiment that exploits the introduction and adjustments to the eligibility threshold for a capital incentive policy in the UK , the Annual Investment Allowance ( AIA ) . This scheme allowed firms to deduct the cost of investment in capital ( including IT capital ) against profits up to a threshold value of profits , where this threshold was adjusted over time . < sup > 6 < / sup > The AIA impacted the marginal investment cost of some firms and not others , allowing us to use a difference-in-differences approach comparing treated versus control firms . < sup > 7 < / sup > As firms can adjust their investment in response to the AIA , this poses a potential selection problem - firms may limit their investment in a given year to stay below the AIA incentive thresholds . To address this issue , we follow the empirical approach of Bjuggren ( 2018 ) , Saez et al . ( 2019 ) and Bøler et al . ( 2015 ) . These papers examine the effects of employment protection legislation or R & D tax credits in settings that also feature changes > 4We note that software is considered an intangible asset , but was nonetheless eligible for the AIA policy in addition", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 201, "text": "firm-level panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 434, "end": 470, "text": "matched employer-employee panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # * * 2 . 1 . 2 Urbanisation in Kenya and Machakos Municipality * * # # # # * * a ) Urbanisation in Kenya * * Kenya has urbanised rapidly . For example , as Table 1 illustrates , in 1962 it had an estimated urban population of 747 , 651 individuals , comprising about 8 . 66 % of the total population of Kenya . By the August 1999 national census results , this population had grown to an estimated 5 , 360 , 917 individuals , covering about 18 . 70 % of the total population of Kenya . Between August 1999 and August 2009 national census results , it grew by approximately 255 . 96 % , to an estimated 13 , 722 , 069 ( males : 6 , 882 , 620 ; and , females : 6 , 839 , 449 ) individuals , to constitute about 35 . 54 % of the total population of Kenya . * * Table 1 : Urban Population Trend in Kenya by 1962 to 2009 Census Results * * < sup > * * 12 * * < / sup > | * * Year * * | * * Population : Census * * | * * Results * * | * * % Urban to Total * * | * * Inter-Census * * < br > * * Urban * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Total Urban * * | * * Total Kenya * * | * * Kenya Population * * | * * Population Growth ( % ) * * | | * * 1962 * * | 747 , 651 | 8 , 636 , 263 | 8 . 66 | | | | | | | 144 . 44 | | * * 1969 * * | 1 , 079 , 908 | 10 , 956 , 501 | 9 . 86 |", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 498, "text": "August 1999 national census results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 667, "end": 690, "text": "national census results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hence raise the cost of borrowing . A one-point increase in the World Bank data transparency index conditional on a better ICRG reduces sovereign bond spreads by 0 . 49 ( [ 5 ] in Table 7 ) . In the same regression , a one-point increase in the data transparency conditional on greater trade and financial openness reduces borrowing costs by 0 . 109 and 0 . 00388 , respectively . Consequently , opening-up markets in goods and financial assets brings more benefits in terms of lower borrowing costs as long as the country has a better level of institutional quality . Table 7 also shows robust estimations for the interaction terms between data transparency and public debt in [ 5 ] and between data transparency and external debt in [ 6 ] . Data transparency , conditional on higher public debt and conditional on higher external debt , is positively corelated with larger bond spreads . This implies that there are increasing marginal costs of borrowing to having higher ( public and external ) debt . # * * 4 . 3 Calculating Impacts of Data Transparency by Country * * We calculate how much a country could directly benefit from improving data transparency . First , we calculate the impact of data transparency on sovereign bond spreads conditional on the level of external public debt by region and by country . Then we compute how much a country could gain in terms of lower spreads by improving their data transparency to levels determined by a certain benchmark . Finally , we also estimate how much a country could reduce their external debt burden by improving data transparency . We use the IV estimation from Table 5 [ 1 ] to calculate those impacts . Figure 5 . a shows the impact of data transparency on sovereign bond spreads conditional on the level of external public debt for five different regions such as Africa , emerging Asia , Latin America , emerging Europe and the Middle East . We use the 2018 average bond spreads for each region to calculate the change of spreads in basis points . We take the coefficient of the World Bank data transparency index of 3 . 112 in Table 5 [ 1 ] and the interaction", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the average years of schooling ) is a far-from-perfect proxy for a country ’ s human capital but , given the lack of alternative education indicators , this measure plays a satisfactory role in growth regressions . The indicator does not capture the changes either in the quality of education or in the education system capacity to meet the skill composition of labor demand . We use the Barro and Lee ( 2010 ) educational attainment international dataset and refer to population above 25 years of age . An additional limitation of the measure of average years of schooling is that it ― assumes unrealistically that a year of education adds a constant quantity of human capital , whether undertaken by a primary pupil or a college student ‖ ( Barro and Lee , 2001 , pp . 558 ) . Nevertheless , the expected sign is positive since human capital formation is expected to exhibit growth-conducive effects . The relationship between population growth ( _popgr_ ) and growth continues to raise controversies among development economists . ― Population pessimists ‖ argue that population growth inhibits development since greater population requires additional production capital per worker and involves public costs for raising children ( e . g . , Johnson and Lee , 1987 ) . The mainstream neoclassical growth models predict that population growth has the same effect as depreciation : the increased supply of labor reduces the capital stock per unit of labor . According to this class of models , the steady state level of output will , all other things equal , increase if the rate of population growth decelerates . On the other hand , the camp of ― population optimists ‖ conjectures that population growth in the long run brings ― improvement of productivity through both the contribution of new ideas and also the learning-by-doing consequent upon increased production volume ‖ ( Simon , 1987 , p . 168 ) . In particular , the endogenous growth literature ( e . g . , Lucas , 1990 ; and Romer , 1990 and 1994 ) emphasizes that the non-rivalry of new ideas accompanied by population growth are strong engines of economic growth . The proponents of 8", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 455, "text": "educational attainment international dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In this paper , we study the propensity of digital-oriented technological firms to adopt ethical practices . Our analysis is particularly relevant in today ’ s digital age , where having an online presence is crucial for firms to increase their competitive advantage . For example , a website enhances a company ’ s reputation by effectively sharing and communicating its mission and values to the public . Websites also significantly increase sales opportunities by reaching a broader audience and improving customer engagement and experience ( Dolan et al . , 2015 ; Chaffey , 2015 ) . Similarly , the use of social media , a digital technology that enables the sharing of ideas and information , allows companies to communicate their Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) to the public without having to go through the gatekeeping function of the news media ( Vogler et al . , 2021 ) . We combine the concepts of technology and online presence to define these firms as digital-tech-oriented firms . We then assess the ethical behavior of such firms by examining their monitoring of CO2 emissions , provision of employee training , and employment of female top managers . Our research focuses on the adoption of ethical practices as it signals that companies are concerned about the environment and the social consequences of their activities . For our analyses , we gather firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) . Our sample encompasses up to 192 , 132 observations across 158 countries from 2006 to 2023 . We consider three main dimensions of firms ’ ethical behavior capturing environmental , social , and governance ( ESG ) standards : monitoring of CO2 emissions ( environmental dimension , or E ) , formal training programs for employees ( social dimension , or S ) , and the presence of female top 2", "spans": [{"start": 1403, "end": 1432, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government procurement practices conducted by the World Economic Forum and reported annually in the _Global Competitiveness Report . _ Table 4 presents the average responses ( scored on a scale from one to seven ) of business people to five questions about public procurement policies in 46 developing countries in 2001 . < sup > 13 < / sup > ( The five questions are stated at the top of table 4 . ) For each of the five questions posed , business people perceive that 10 developing countries fall below the respective 46-country sample average ; suggesting that these 10 countries are seen to have poor procurement practices across-the-board . The perception that state officials “ favor well connected firms and individuals ” is strong in Bolivia , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Honduras , and Zimbabwe ( all of which score less than two on a scale of one to seven . ) Furthermore , “ irregular extra payments or bribes connected with public contracts / investment projects ” appear to be more prevalent in Bangladesh , Bolivia , Nigeria , Paraguay , the Ukraine , and Zimbabwe ( all of which score less than three ) than elsewhere . While only suggestive , the survey responses reveal there is considerable variation in the perceived even-handedness of procurement practices across countries . < sup > 14 < / sup > This in turn may have implications for domestic and foreign firms ’ investment decisions . Unfortunately , no information can be distilled from such surveys regarding the extent to which differences in underlying procurement laws and their implementation affect these aggregate perceptions , or how responsive the latter are to reforms . To the best of our knowledge , no one has attempted to answer this empirical question . The paucity of quantitative , cross-country analyses of national procurement practices is striking . > 13 For comparison purposes , the mean values of responses in the OECD nations are also reported . > 14 These survey responses have been criticised as subjective , as potentially biased by different cultural norms , and by the fact that few business people are familiar with the procurement policies in many jurisdictions — so raising the question as to how the survey ’", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1198, "text": "survey responses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5692 # * * Abstract * * In many emerging democracies women are less likely to vote than men and , when they do vote , are more likely to follow the wishes of household males . The authors assess the impact of a voter awareness campaign on female turnout and candidate choice . Geographic clusters within villages were randomly assigned to treatment or control , and within treated clusters , some households were left untreated . Compared with women in control clusters , both treated and untreated women in treated clusters are 12 percentage points more likely to vote , and are also more likely to exercise independence in candidate choice , indicating large spillovers . Data from polling stations suggest that treating 10 women increased turnout by about 9 votes , resulting in a cost per vote of US $ 2 . 3 . Finally , a 10 percent increase in the share of treated women at the polling station led to a 6 percent decrease in the share of votes of the winning party . This paper is a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Team , Development Research Group ; and the Poverty Reduction and Equity Team , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at xgine @ worldbank . org and gmansuri @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations", "spans": [{"start": 704, "end": 730, "text": "Data from polling stations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | | * * Export trade * * | | | | | | | Export value | 243 , 526 | 553 , 417 | 5 , 570 , 730 | 25 | 458 , 000 , 000 | | Lockdown dummy | 243 , 526 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | | Stringency index | 243 , 526 | 0 . 53 | 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | | * * Import trade * * | | | | | | | Import value | 848 , 983 | 232 , 370 | 2 , 402 , 721 | 25 | 294 , 000 , 000 | | lockdown | 848 , 983 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | | Stringency index | 848 , 983 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | Source : Authors ’ compilation using PSA data 7", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 513, "text": "PSA data 7", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the sampled households use a separate kitchen for cooking meals . Conversely , about 4 . 4 % and 0 . 7 % of them confirmed to cook meals inside a living room , and in open space respectively . Correspondingly , almost all ( 99 . 2 % ) of the sampled households use a private toilet ( pit latrine ) , while the remaining 0 . 8 % still use open fields as toilet . # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 2 Household Energy Sources * * The source of energy for lighting used by households partly indicates the quality of life the household members are currently living . Apparently , 52 . 8 % of the sampled households indicated electricity as the primary energy source of lighting for their households . Although , these households use electricity for lighting purpose , only 3 . 1 % of them claimed to use electricity for lighting purposes access power connection through hook-up or illegally from others legally connected households . Next to electricity , 36 . 2 % reported that they use solar lantern for household lighting . Kerosene lamp and hand torch is also among reported household lighting source for 5 . 7 % and 5 . 3 % of the households respectively . Electricity is the primary source of household lighting for majority of surveyed households in Jima ( 90 . 0 % ) and Limu Genet ( 70 . 0 % ) , while the proportion of households who use electricity for lighting purpose is below 50 % in the other 3 Subproject Woredas covered by the sample socioeconomic survey . The household energy source for lighting purpose clearly shows how access to grid electricity is limited in most Subproject influence areas ( See Table 6 . 7 below ) . Page 79", "spans": [{"start": 1432, "end": 1459, "text": "sample socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and a large number of children aged zero to five years . The study sample is composed of 305 villages . Before baseline , villages were randomly assigned to the control group or one of the three treatment groups : CPS ( T1 ) ; CPS and D2D ( T2 ) ; or CPS , D2D , and HBP ( T3 ) . Randomization was stratified to obtain a sample for which treatment is balanced within each of the 13 provinces of our sample . < sup > 15 < / sup > The design is summarized in Table 1 . > 11 Therefore , our cost measures are not directly comparable to studies that base their costeffectiveness analyses on programmatic costs only ( e . g . Brinkman et al . ( 2017 ) ) > 12A full discussion of cost estimates can be found in the SIEF impact evaluation report ( Berkes et al . , 2019 ) . > 13The cost estimates reported here are based on a model using mid-range estimates for unobserved costs . Under all models , costs per child at SPS were 50 % — 126 % higher than at CPS . > 14This is probably an overestimation of the IPS cost since IPS cater to more students and the training costs were higher for CPS than they were for IPS . > 15The randomization was performed with a list of 310 eligible villages provided by the government . Of these , 60 were assigned to the control group , 123 to T1 , 63 to T2 , and 64 to T3 . Unfortunately , the randomization list contained erroneous village names and five of them were duplicated or could not be identified after the randomization even after substantial effort by MoEYS and the data collection firm . Therefore , the total number of villages decreased to 305 . We treated this dropout as random and did not replace the villages . The randomization list also contained villages for which a CPS teacher was no longer available or for which no land could be secured for CPS construction . Therefore , only 91 % of treatment group villages received a CPS . Since these factors are potentially endogenous , we do not treat these as random .", "spans": [{"start": 1154, "end": 1183, "text": "list of 310 eligible villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Formally , the model takes a generalized least squares form to estimate the joint distribution of per capita income _y_ in the household _h_ located in municipality _m_ , conditional on two sets of covariates : _Xhm_ , which includes household and individual characteristics , and _Zm_ , which includes fixed characteristics of the municipality of residence . The parameter _α_ is a household-specific effect ; _β_ and _γ_ are the correlation parameters between the corresponding sets of covariates and _ln_ ( _yhm_ ) ; and , _μhm_ = _ηm_ + _εhm_ represents an error term , where _ηm_ is the component that is common to all households located in the same municipality ( assumed to be homoscedastic and _i . i . d . _ ) , and _εhm_ is the component that is specific to each household ( assumed to be heteroscedastic because it depends on the characteristics of the household and the municipality ) . The estimates of _β_ , _γ_ , and _μhm_ are then applied to the corresponding sets of covariates _Xhm_ and _Zm_ in the census to simulate , using the bootstrap method , the distribution of household per capita income . The empirical support of extensive applications has shown this methodology to be robust ( Alderman et al . 2002 ; Bedi et al . 2007 ) . It has become common practice to use the methodology to improve targeting in developing countries facing the dilemma between precision and geographical detail . In Mexico , the small area estimation technique has already been applied to map income-based poverty officially across municipalities , but only in 2000 and 2005 . < sup > 4 < / sup > This paper relies on data on five points in time over a 22-year period by pairing available rounds of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey ( ENIGH ) and censuses collected in or around the same years ( 1990 – 92 , 2000 , 2005 , 2010 , and 2014 – 15 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > At each point in time , the survey is a random sample of the corresponding census sample frame . < sup > 6 < / sup > This allows strict comparability of the distributions of a given variable", "spans": [{"start": 1017, "end": 1023, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1704, "end": 1743, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS * * | EA - | Environmental Audit | | - - - | - - - | | EIA - | Environmental Impact Assessment | | ASwT - | Aboveground Storage Water Tanks | | EMCA - | Environmental Management and Coordination Act | | EMP - | Environmental Impact Assessment | | KIWASCO - | Kisumu Water & Sewerage Company | | ESIA - | Environmental Social Impact Assessment | | FGD - | Focused Group Discussion | | Ha - | Hectares | | IEC - | Important Environmental Components | | MoA - | Ministry of Agriculture | | MoE - | Ministry of Environment | | m - | Metre | | NEMA - | National Environmental Management Authority | | ToR - | Terms of Reference | | NGO - | Non-Governmental Organization | | CIDP - | County Integrated Development Plan | | GOK – | Government of Kenya | | SOK - | Survey of Kenya | | NDMA - | National Drought Management Authority | | ASL - | Above Sea Level | | KNBS - | Kenya National Bureau of Statistics | | MOWD - | Ministry of Water Development | | MOWI - | Ministry of Water and Irrigation | | F . A . O - | Food and Agriculture Organization | | KDHS - | Kenya Demographic and Health Survey | | BOQ - | Bill of Quantities | | O & M - | Operation & Maintenance | | LTAP - | Long Term Action Plan | | LVSWSB - | Lake Victoria South Water Services Board | | OBA - | Output Based Aid | October 2016", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Literature review is intended to learn the history and background of the project , and the social and economic development of each subproject area , which is an important basis for in-depth field survey . The SA team should collect feasibility study reports , plans and other documents related to the Project according to the Bank policies of Indigenous Peoples and Involuntary Resettlement , including : 1 . Statistics : social and economic development statistics of the sub project area ; census and sampling population survey data ; statistics on social relief . 2 . Documents : documents of construction , traffic on project implementation ; provisions of civil affairs authorities on minimum living security ; documents of the social security authorities on unemployment and medical insurance 3 . Research findings : existing research findings on construction planning and other findings related to the Project Design documents related to the Project : project proposals , feasibility study reports and relevant documents 4 . Review of Legal Framework : A review , on a scale appropriate to the project , of the legal and institutional framework applicable to VMGs . 5 . Focus Group Discussions ( FGD ) : Should be held with officials and technicians of competent authorities aimed to learn their attitude to , ideas t and suggestions for the project . 35", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 466, "text": "social and economic development statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 493, "end": 535, "text": "census and sampling population survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 538, "end": 565, "text": "statistics on social relief", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to consider the key impacts of climate change and design project elements that respond to and mitigate these impacts . Fundamental to climate change vulnerability assessments are projections of future climate . Guidance on incorporating specific impacts ( related to engineering design for rainfall intensity and maximum temperature ) into project design is provided in Section 3 . 2 ( supported by regional projections provided in Appendix B ) . However , analysis of a broader range of climate projections may be useful in determining the sensitivity and vulnerability of the infrastructure assets , the local community , and the beneficiaries of the project to future climate scenarios . This enables > 5 Riparian land is the land that runs along rivers , creeks , estuaries , lakes and wetlands . 13 / 61", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 419, "text": "regional projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . * * _Learning by doing . _ Even in cases where researchers have some power to detect a treatment effect with one post-treatment survey round , it can be useful to plan multiple survey rounds relatively close together in time . This allows researchers to quickly analyze the early results from the first follow-up survey , and based on these , ask followup questions in the next post-treatment survey to explore new hypotheses generated by the results . * * 6 . * * _How do we know what ρ is ? _ Power calculations already require substantial insights from researchers in terms of what the likely mean , standard deviation , and treatment effect size of interest are . Pilot surveys or existing data are often used to give some sense of likely 23", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 685, "text": "Pilot surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 689, "end": 702, "text": "existing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parameters . In most cases researchers will not have data on the autocorrelation of the outcome of interest . It is hoped that the data provided in this paper for different outcomes from different surveys will therefore provide a starting point for researchers , and that more researchers will report these autocorrelations in future experiments . * * 7 . * * _Can we just obtain multiple measures more cheaply by recall ? _ A cheaper alternative to conducting multiple post-treatment or pre-treatment rounds is to ask multiple measurements in a single survey , with recall . While intuitively appealing , the value of this approach is likely to be limited in practice , since it is precisely the types of variables that are noisiest and hardest to measure in practice for which the data are typically less autocorrelated and for which multiple measures are of most value . For small informal firm owners who do not keep books , asking profits with recall over multiple months is difficult , while asking expenditure month by month or quarter by quarter with recall is likely to be highly inaccurate . Gibson and Kim ( 2010 ) show even with wage workers in the United States that retrospective recall is problematic , with workers underreporting transitory variation in earnings , creating non-classical measurement errors . However , such a strategy could be used in cases where good records are available , such as in experiments with larger firms which have accurate books or records . < sup > 11 < / sup > * * 8 . * * _To baseline or not ? _ The power calculations above suggest that , in a number of cases , it can be optimal in terms of power to conduct a single post-treatment survey of size _n = K_ than to do a baseline and follow-up with _n = K / 2_ . However , there are several other factors to consider in choosing whether or not to use a baseline . A baseline can be used to stratify the randomization on key variables , improving power and providing a basis for examination of treatment effect heterogeneity . It is often used to examine what determines take-up of some intervention . It can be useful for verification of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Most notably , defaults are significantly less likely in fast-growing countries , and expropriations are significantly less likely under right-wing governments . We began our data description with the observation that expropriation and default events are correlated across countries in the long run : over the period 1970-2004 , countries that expropriate at least once are likely to also default at least once . In fact , the simple crosscountry correlation between the average number of default events and the average number of expropriation events per year is 0 . 30 . This raises the following question : To what extent are the reasons for the coincidence of these two forms of sovereign theft well-captured by the parsimonious set of explanatory variables we have considered so far ? One way to answer this question is to compute the correlation across countries of the residuals of the specifications in the last two columns of * * Table 2 * * . Naturally , this correlation is lower , at 0 . 25 , than the correlation of average expropriations and average defaults , at 0 . 30 . However , this correlation is still far from zero , suggesting that there are other country characteristics that account for the high coincidence of default and expropriation across countries in the long run that remain to be identified . A drawback of these cross-sectional results is that they can tell us little about the dynamics over time of the two types of events , which we have seen in the previous section to be potentially very interesting . We remedy this deficiency in * * Table 3 * * , which reports a similar set of regressions using the full panel of 1 , 560 country-year observations covering the same set of 126 developing countries . In this table , the dependent variables are dummies taking the value one for the onset of default events and expropriation events , and zero otherwise for non-default and non-expropriation country-years . We report results using simple linear probability models , i . e . OLS regressions of these dummies on various explanatory variables . < sup > 7 < / sup > One further difference with the results from the previous table is that we lag the FDI and debt", "spans": [{"start": 1639, "end": 1686, "text": "full panel of 1 , 560 country-year observations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in 2017 US $ to adjust for inflation . An overview of data compiled for the case studies , the years covered , and the data sources is provided in Table 2 . 2 . * * Pre-reform cost-recovery level of electricity tariffs ( 1980s-1990s ) . * * Data on tariff levels during the 1980s and 1990s were collected for all 17 jurisdictions and compared to LRMC estimates , which reflect the long-run marginal cost of supply that would need to be covered to expand the system , taking into account shadow prices for inputs such as fuels , labor and capital . Comparable LRMC estimates are available for most countries for the 1980s and 1990s , when the World Bank financed numerous LRMC studies across the world . For 12 jurisdictions , the tariff and cost data are for 1987 and based on The World Bank ( 1990 ) and based on a strictly comparable methodology . For two further jurisdictions , the data is based on the same LRMC methodology but for different years , 1991 ( Tanzania ) and 1993 ( Vietnam ) ( The World Bank , 1993c , 1995 ) . For the remaining three cases , the assessment compares tariffs and current cost-of-service estimates ( as opposed to LRMC ) for 1991 ( Senegal ) , 1994 ( Ukraine ) , and 2003 ( Tajikistan ) ( The World Bank , 1994 , 1998 , 2004 ) . The results of this second analytical step provide a baseline for the assessment of reform impacts and allowed to assess if countries were able to raise tariffs or reduce costs compared to the pre-reform period ; which types of sector reforms and other factors were > 8 The cases are Colombia , Dominican Republic , Egypt , Arab Rep . , India ( Rajasthan , Andhra Pradesh and Odisha ) , Kenya , Morocco , Pakistan , Peru , Philippines , Senegal , Tajikistan , Tanzania , Uganda , Ukraine , and Vietnam . 9 Externalities were not assessed as part of C3 because of data availability issues . 8", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 750, "text": "tariff and cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Human Resources : * * empowered , responsible and competen leaders and talents , effective , specialized and ready for the future , able to elevate performance and fulfill national visions and priorities , employment , managed and retained as needed based on equal opportunity and merit , which contributes to enhancing the principle of reward and punishment . * * Government services : * * Citizen centered government services . # # # * * < mark > Digital transformation strategy < / mark > * * * * E-participation : * * transparency , accountability , unified e - portal for e-participation * * Digital government services : * * digital by default , one-stop shop , once-only principle , simple , fast , satisfactory services , leaving no one behind * * < mark > Result area 1 : Improved Service delivery through digitalization < / mark > * * Expanding trusted and inclusive access to peoplecentric digitalized services Increasing the inclusive adoption of people-centric digital public infrastructure ( DPI ) Enhancing medical record management * * < mark > Result area 2 : Enhanced government effectiveness through digitalization < / mark > * * Professionalization of civil service Digitalizing student assessment Improving health information exchange * * < mark > Result area 3 : Transparency & accountability through digitalization < / mark > * * Enhancing e-information Broadening access to interactive statistical data Strengthening health data quality * * Digital infrastructure : * * digital transformation technologies , cloud platforms , digital ID , e-payments , Jordan as a platform , broadband / fiber , Secure Government Network ( SGN ) _Source : _ EMV 2033 , PSM Roadmap & Digital Transformation Strategy ; World Bank staff . Page | 9", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1426, "text": "interactive statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "limited resources are best spent on the provision of life-saving assistance , rather than on counting the potential beneficiaries . As a refugee influx levels off and relief operations become more organized , the potential for the collection of accurate statistical data evidently improves . Once refugees are concentrated in specific locations and assistance programmes have been established to provide them with food , water , shelter and medical services , then reliable demographic data begins to come onstream . At the same time , however , the establishment of such programmes provides local residents with greater incentives to register as refugees , thereby distorting the accuracy of any statistics collected . The operational constraints on effective enumeration do not end there . In order to survive and to prepare for their eventual repatriation , refugees have to be mobile . To an extent that is often neglected , refugees come and go across international borders and move around within their countries of asylum . They may go in and out of a camp to take advantage of seasonal agricultural opportunities or move to a town to trade or look for work . In many situations , some family members will remain in the country of asylum and continue to receive assistance , while others visit their country of origin in order to tend their farm or to assess the prospects for a longer-term return . Refugees may also be mobile - and consequently less countable - because they continue to be subjected to persecution and violence in their ostensible country of asylum . As UNHCR has reported : “ Forced population movements are becoming more complex . Movements of refugees and internally displaced people now often criss-cross each other , collecting and discarding people on the way . At the same time , there would appear to be a growing number of situations in which people are repeatedly uprooted , expelled or relocated within and across state borders , forcing them to live a desperately insecure and nomadic existence . ” < sup > 14 < / sup > An additional operational constraint to effective enumeration derives from the fact that refugee populations , like any other population , are dynamic social", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 490, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "integrity surveys . _2 . Horizontal accountability_ To improve horizontal accountability , the PRSC supports the following actions : - Improve accounting and auditing systems at the central and district levels of government - Improve the flow of funds to frontline service delivery - Coordinate financial management reform and update the legal-institutional framework - Increase collaboration among judicial and law enforcement agencies . 7", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 17, "text": "integrity surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 . | Institutional Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 49 | | 13 . | Level and Mix of Extemal Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 49 | | 14 . | Government Objectives - - Poverty Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 50 | | 15 . | Consolidated Budget Per Capita Infrastructure Expenditures : < br > Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 51 | | D . A Com < br > Cen | parison of Analyses of Per Capita Infrastructure Expenditure Using < br > tral Budget vs . Consolidated Budget Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 55 | | REFERENCES . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 59 | | ENDNOTES . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 62 | # * * LIST OF TABLES * * | Table 1 | Correlation Between PCOM & Poverty Indicators . . . . . < br > . . < br > . . . . . . . . . | 14 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Table 2 | Means of Central Budget Infrastructure Expenditure Data . . . . < br > . . . . . . . | 15 | | Table 3 | Means of Consolidated Budget Infrastructure", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 568, "text": "tral Budget vs . Consolidated Budget Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1017, "end": 1063, "text": "Central Budget Infrastructure Expenditure Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "judges , the lack of a small claims court system to hear low value cases , and a lack of computerized case management systems . 75 . * * Financial sector legal framework has not kept up to date with technological advancements . * * The ability of banks to expand access to financial services using technology ( for example , telephone and Internet ) is limited by the lack of a legal framework for electronic transactions . Furthermore , the regulatory framework for advancements in branchless banking - in particular the use of banking agents - or other innovative products is missing . 76 . * * Banking institutions also point to regulations on minimum provisions and core deposits and security norms for branches as additional constraints hampering intermediation expansion . * * By nature , defining the optimal level of prudential and security regulations is a normative issue and it is not surprising that the regulator and the regulated have different viewpoints . BoU has adopted a cautious stance on prudential and security regulations . Provisioning requirements exceed International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) and banks are required to mechanically calculate provisions based on the number of days a credit is overdue , and also to exclude the realizable value of collateral , potentially increasing the cost of lending to higher-risk borrowers . Regulations and supervisory practices also encourage match-funded balance sheets . Given a system-wide paucity of term deposits , this encourages banks to only lend short-term ( many banks classified any lending over 12 months as long term ) . This negatively impacts the availability of appropriately structured lending products for business investment , construction , and housing . 77 . * * Obtaining land title information is difficult . * * Improvements are starting to be made in the operations of the land registry , but banks still face delays in getting title information , particularly because of the centralization of the registry in Kampala and a requirement to value each transaction for tax purposes . Computerization of the companies register has not yet started , and banks described it as slow and prone to fraud and incomplete information . 78 . * *", "spans": [{"start": 2109, "end": 2127, "text": "companies register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scoring but also the likelihood that scoring is influenced by organizational mandates < sup > 8 < / sup > . It is also important to recognize that different organizations have different objectives for their cash assistance programmes with some adopting a one off emergency assistance approach and others ( e . g . UNHCR ) adopting a 3 month ( renewable ) cycle approach . Some cash assistance is conditional while some is unconditional . The transparency and accountability of the score card method suggests that it is of greater utility in this context . This is particularly true since the group method is one dimensional and the way it is currently applied does not even allow a distinction to be made between families that have more than one member with a specific need ( e . g . disability ) and a family with a member with one specific need . It is proposed that a scoring system with thresholds be adopted in order to support a transparent and accountable vulnerability analysis mechanism . This requires agreement on the dimensions of vulnerability and the criteria ( indicators that define each vulnerability dimension ) for vulnerability among partners . The proposed scoring mechanism does not weight any vulnerability . It does however factor in if a family has multiple members with specific needs and scores each family based on multiple vulnerability categories on a sliding scale . Annex 4 describes a proposed three step filtering mechanism . The three steps in the filtering process would allow : - Identification and referral of specific needs , but also higher scoring for families with multiple individuals in vulnerable groups - The application of a poverty indicator ( income ) to determine vulnerability and the application of an exclusion factor e . g . exclude households that are already receiving assistance from another partner - The determination of a families vulnerability using a multi-dimensional vulnerability score Once again much of the data to implement such a system is available form secondary sources , e . g . is available in the HH visit form of UNHCR / IRD ( with minor adjustment ) , as well as partner data collection either through home visit forms or registration forms . Annex", "spans": [{"start": 2140, "end": 2163, "text": "partner data collection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 . Purchase of Goods and Services * * As disclosed in Note * * 6 * * to the financial statements , the statement of receipts and payments reflects purchase of goods and services amount of Kshs . 70 , 650 , 376 . The expenditure comprised of utilities , supplies and services amounting to Kshs . 7 , 368 , 845 , communication , supplies and services amounting to Kshs . 4 , 486 , 010 , domestic travel and subsistence amounting to Kshs . 38 , 367 , 608 , printing and advertising amounting to Kshs . 12 , 113 , 838 , training amounting to Kshs . 71 , 000 and routine maintenance amounting to Kshs . 8 , 243 , 075 . However , review of records revealed that a total of Kshs . 1 , 483 , 421 issued as standing imprest to cater for office operations and Kshs . 4 , 060 , 910 for supply of tonners for a project that had been in operation for just one year was excessive . Further , communication expenditures related to calling cards amounting to Kshs . 4 , 486 , 010 were procured during the year . Although the list of the staff airtime entitlement was provided , the detailed breakdown of project staff who got the airtime and the amount received compared to the entitlement was not provided for audit review . In addition , domestic travel costs of Kshs . 38 , 367 , 608 include an unsupported amount of Kshs . 14 , 974 , 175 transferred to State Department for Housing and Urban Development . No evidence on how the payments related to the project was provided . Further , imprests paid to staff amounting to Kshs . 18 , 424 , 983 did not however have supporting documentation such as the surrender vouchers to show that the activities undertaken related to the project . In the circumstances , the accuracy and validity of the purchase of goods and services expenditure of Kshs . 70 , 650 , 376 could not be confirmed . The audit was conducted in accordance", "spans": [{"start": 1020, "end": 1057, "text": "list of the staff airtime entitlement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reach 2 . 57 million people with protection services with a response plan of 99 M USD . PC HRP members reached to up to 70 % of their target population ( overall , all cluster members , together with other funding resources , reached 82 % of the HRP target ) , with HRP allocation of 53 % of requested funding . It must be noted that , while it appears the level of reach ( 70 % ) has exceeded the level of funding ( 53 % ) , this is linked to the low unit cost of awareness-raising activities , therefore , the lack of access and funding for more complex ( costly ) actions needs to be factored in and taken into consideration for better understanding of the overall ratio . < mark > Snapshot response plan and appeal 2022 < / mark > < mark > Response plans / appeals trends < / mark > 15", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 723, "text": "Snapshot response plan and appeal 2022", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 523 | 28 . 7 % | 8 . 4 % | Yes | | Contribution to Resident ' s System | 337 | 1 . 3 % | 0 . 4 % | Yes | | * * _Total Non-Tax Revenue_ * * < br > * * _Notes : _ * * The government budget in China has four categories | 2 , 696 < br > : | * * 10 . 3 % * * | 3 . 0 % | No | * * _Notes : _ * * The government budget in China has four categories : ( i ) The General Public Budget ( GPB ) which includes tax and non-tax revenue . This category is included in this table and represented 52 . 6 % of total government revenue * in 2020 . ( ii ) The social security fund budget ( SSFB ) which includes contributions of firms and individuals to social security funds and pays for social security benefits . This category is included in this table and represented 18 . 7 % of total government revenue in 2020 ( after deducting the subsidies transferred from the other budgets ) . ( iii ) The Government Fund Budget ( GFB ) which includes revenue from the 24 government funds of which land lease fund revenue is the largest , local government special bonds and others . This category is _ < u > not < / u > _ included in the table ; it represented 23 . 3 % of total government revenue in 2020 . ( iv ) The state-owned enterprise ( SOE ) operation fund budget which included revenue accrued through the SOEs . This category is _ < u > not < / u > _ included in the table ; it represented 1 . 1 % of total government revenue in 2020 . * Data for total revenues reflect a small amount of double-counting data because of the transfer of funds among the budget categories and the lack of exact double-counting data . ( Qiao , Fan , Rahemtulla , van Rijn & Li , 2022 ) * * _Sources_ : * * Statistical Yearbook of China 2019 , National Bureau of Statistics ( 2019 ) , Finance", "spans": [{"start": 1672, "end": 1706, "text": "Statistical Yearbook of China 2019", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "clusters of habitations or hamlets ; though most residents would also refer to these as \" villages \" , we will call them \" settlements . \" Among the 165 PHRS-II villages , for example , our village census records 1031 named settlements . However , villages of North Punjab typically are less geographically dispersed and have much fewer settlements than those of Southern Punjab and Sindh ( see Table 2 below ) . > 3Beyond primary school , strong gender-region differences in dropout rates re-emerge . Conditional on having completed primary school , 81 % of 9-15 year-old boys are still enrolled in school compared to 78 % of girls , with region-specific gender gaps of 1 , 15 , and 22 percentage points , respectively . Since post-primary school enrollment , conditional on reaching that decision point , is driven more by the location of middle schools than of primary schools , we will have little more to say about it in this paper . 4", "spans": [{"start": 190, "end": 235, "text": "village census records 1031 named settlements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The invisibility of asylum seekers with disabilities_ Since the theoretical frameworks and terminologies used in the context of disability studies have not yet found their entry into the displacement literature , asylum seekers with disabilities have remained largely invisible . Informed by the conceptual framework outlined above , I have sought to transcend these boundaries in the following exploration of the intersections of disability and asylum . Firstly , disability may be a consequence of displacement . The most obvious connection is perhaps that an impairment can be a result of persecution and torture ( Bradley and Tawfiq 2006 ; Loutan _et al_ . 1999 ; Silove 2000 ; Bleich and Solomon 2004 ) . Some also point out that the refugee status determination process itself may be a disabling experience . Stress due to detention , and prolonged waiting periods can create long-term impairments or aggravate existing ones ( Laban _et al_ . 2008 ; Silove 2007 ; Ryan 2009 ) . Disability can thus arise as a consequence of a lack of protection and assistance . Secondly , disability may become a barrier to accessing protection . Depending on the nature of the impairment , an existing disability may impact on the access of asylum seekers to a fair asylum procedure . Ignorance of mental impairments , for example , may jeopardize access to protection as applicants may fail the credibility assessment and are often denied legal representation ( Kanter _et al . _ 2001 ; Silove _et al . _ 2006 ) . Thirdly , certain assistance needs may have to be met upon reception of asylum seekers with disabilities . In particular , inadequate support in terms of health care , accommodation and social security may have disproportionate effects on persons with disabilities ( Bollini 1997 ; Kelley and Stevenson 2006 ; Roberts 2006 ; Laban _et al . _ 2007 ) . Since there still little data on asylum seekers with disabilities ( Ward _et al . _ 2008 ) and many will be reluctant to self-identify ( Refugee Council 2005 ) such needs often go unnoticed . Fourthly , the literature review", "spans": [{"start": 1883, "end": 1923, "text": "data on asylum seekers with disabilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | < br > * * Nyawita * * | < br > Nyawita | < br > 6 , 011 | < br > 6 , 134 | < br > 12 , 145 | < br > 3 , 767 | | < br > * * Migosi * * | < br > Migosi | < br > 10 , 630 | < br > 13 , 262 | < br > 23 , 892 | < br > 6 , 777 | | < br > * * Bandani * * | < br > Kogony | < br > 15 , 405 | < br > 15 , 735 | < br > 31 , 140 | < br > 9 , 255 | | * * Shauri Moyo * * | Muhoroni East | 1 , 827 | 1 , 913 | 3 , 740 | 1 , 066 | | * * Shauri Yako * * | Muhoroni East | 1 , 827 | 1 , 913 | 3 , 740 | 1 , 066 | | * * Bondeni * * | Muhoroni East | 1 , 827 | 1 , 913 | 3 , 740 | 1 , 066 | | * * Swahili * * | Muhoroni East | 1 , 827 | 1 , 913 | 3 , 740 | 1 , 066 | | * * Source : 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census : volume II * * | | - - - | # # # * * 1 . 3 . 3 Project Description * * Kisumu road alignments are currently done to gravel standards and the conditions range from fair to poor . The road alignment in Nyawita , northern sections of Bandani , Kibuye and parts of 4", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 709, "text": "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # * * 7 . 0 ACTION PLAN * * # # # * * 7 . 1 Study Assessing the Sites Selected to Construct the Proposed Infrastructure * * From 19 < sup > th < / sup > October 2013 to 31st October 2013 , a census survey assessing the roads and road reserves selected for placement of the proposed infrastructure facilities was conducted . The overall objective of the census survey was to identify and assess the potential adverse economic and social impacts that would be as a result of involuntary taking of land and assets thereon , and involuntary restriction of access to protected areas , which is toward effective implementation of the Project ; as well as , facilitate identification of most feasible mitigation measures of the adverse impacts observed . Findings of the survey were to be used to prepare an acceptable RAP Report of the Project . The specific objectives of the census study were : 1 . To raise awareness of the Project and its consequences , particularly to persons directly affected ; 2 . To identify , quantify and document the different types of assets that will be affected toward effective implementation of the Project ; 3 . To identify , quantify and document the different categories of PAPs that will require reinstallation ; 4 . To document the potential disruptions on production systems and ways of life of each identified PAP , and which will be as a result of implementing the Project ; 5 . To establish and document the potential disruptions that will be due to restriction of access to protected areas , and which will be as a result of implementing the Project ; 6 . To engage the different categories of PAPs on mitigation matters , ( to obtain their opinion , suggestions and consent ) , an action that is considered necessary toward effective implementation of the Project ; and , 7 . To develop a RAP Report of the Project that : a ) presents an entitlement compensation package , with an overall aim of cost effectively", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 386, "text": "census survey assessing the roads and road reserves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 497, "end": 510, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 134 < / sup > Based on UNHCR ’ s data for the Dollo Ado camps , broader refugee criteria underpinned recognition for the vast majority of Somalis in Ethiopia during 2011 and 2012 , as shown in the table below . Only in 2011 were some Somali refugees recognized pursuant to the criteria in the Refugee Convention . > 132 See https : / / arra . et / , accessed : September 2018 . The Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs ( ARRA ) notes that its operation is mainly driven by three basic principles : maintaining Ethiopia ’ s long-standing tradition of hosting refugees ; meeting the government ’ s international obligations ; and achieving the government ’ s foreign policy goals relating to building sustainable peace with all of its neighbours through strengthening people-to-people relations . 133 See https : / / arra . et / about-us / our-mission / , accessed : September 2018 . Emphasis added . > 134 The statistics included in this paragraph were taken in 2018 rather than at the end of 2010 . Since that time , there may have been changes related to deaths , births , returns , possible data errors and other factors . Therefore , these statistics may not reflect a completely accurate picture . Nonetheless , they are included to highlight , in broad terms , the way recognition was referenced in UNHCR ’ s data and provide a sense of the differences in numbers . 53", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 63, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data for the Dollo Ado camps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1317, "end": 1331, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "de Luca , Loretta , Hélène Sahy , Saba Joshi , and Mayra Cortés . 2013 . _Learning from Catalysts of Rural Transformation_ . International Labour Organization , Geneva . Demirgüç-Kunt , Asli , Leora Klapper , Dorothe Singer , Saniya Ansar and Jake Hess . 2017 . _The Global Findex Database 2017 : Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution . _ World Bank . Desiere , Sam , and Valentina Costa . 2019 . “ Employment data in household surveys : taking stock , looking ahead . ” Working Paper , Development Data Group , World Bank . Donald , Aletheia ; Gayatri Koolwal , Jeannie Annan , Kathryn Falb , and Markus Goldstein . 2017 . “ Measuring Women ' s Agency . ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8148 . Doss , Cheryl . 2018 . “ Women and agricultural productivity : Reframing the Issues . ” _Development Policy Review_ 36 : 35-50 . Dutta , Puja , Rinku Murgai , Martin Ravallion , and Dominique van de Walle . 2014 . _Right to Work ? Assessing India ' s Employment Guarantee Scheme in Bihar . _ Equity and Development ; Washington , DC : World Bank . Fletcher , Erin K . , Rohini Pande and Charity Troyer Moore . 2018 . “ Women and Work in India : Descriptive Evidence and a Review of Potential Policies . ” Faculty Research Working Paper , RWP18-004 , Harvard Kennedy School . Folbre , Nancy . 2018 . _Developing care : Recent research on the care economy and economic development_ . International Development Research Centre . FAO . 2011 . _The State of Food in Agriculture 2010-11 : Women in Agriculture : Closing the Gender Gap for Development . _ Rome . Fox , Louise , and Obert Pimhidzai . 2013 . “ Different Dreams , Same Bed : Collecting , Using , and Interpreting Employment Statistics in Sub-Saharan Africa : the Case of Uganda . ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6436 . Gaddis , Isis , Gbemisola Oseni , Amparo Palacios-Lopez , and Janneke Pieters . 2019 . “ Measuring Farm Labor : Survey Experimental Evidence from Ghana . ” World Bank Policy Research working paper no . WPS 8717 . Gaddis , Isis , and Amparo", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 294, "text": "Findex Database 2017", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coding the level of production and the proven reserves of oil , in per capita terms ; Ross ( 2008 ) variable recording oil ( and gas ) rents per capita ( i . e . accounting for levels of production , country specific costs and prices ) ; Lujala et al . ( 2005 ) dichotomous indicator variable for diamond production , as well as for the type of diamond resource – primary ( kimberlite ) vs . secondary ( alluvial ) ; Lujala ( 2010 ) dichotomous indicator variables for the production of oil from both onshore and offshore deposits . For the empirical estimations we use a logit model with robust standard errors and we control for the temporal relation among observations by including the duration of peace and cubic splines ( Beck et al . 1998 ) . The control variables are based on Fearon and Laitin ( 2003 ) and include : the lagged income per capita , the log of the country ’ s population , noncontiguous territory , the log of the estimated percentage of country ’ s mountainous terrain , lagged democracy score and religious fractionalization . < sup > 10 < / sup > To test our conditional hypotheses , we use interaction terms between measures of resource endowment and measures of state weakness . # * * 4 . Results and discussion * * Tables 1 and 2 show the results for the context variables for which we expect natural resource endowments to exacerbate the chances of civil war onset : anocracy , political instability , riot 10 Income per capita comes from Penn World Tables and World Development Indicators , supplemented with per capita energy consumption . Population size is based on World Bank World Development Indicators . We do not control for recent independence because for some of our specifications data is only available post 1960 , and this variable may not have any variance . Democracy is based on lagged values of Polity IV ( - 10 to 10 ) . For the models using anocracy as an indicator for weak states only a democracy indicator is also included ( Polity IV greater than five ) . Data on control variables is updated to 2003 using Lujala ( 2010 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1469, "end": 1486, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1611, "end": 1639, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 7 . 6 Community Participation * * As discussed above , the Project ’ s design largely proposes utilisation of existing roads , road reserves , and public passageways so as to avoid displacement of populations . This was greatly achieved . However , should it be found during the engineering works phase of the Project the need to re-install households , the mitigation measures highly recommended by this RAP report are those oriented toward discouraging relocation of PAPs to new land areas outside the Project beneficiary areas . Community contributions that take place will therefore be limited to within the Project beneficiary areas . In connection , the Project will encourage community contributions on : - a ) Determination of genuine PAPs ; - b ) Determination of an adequate compensation as per the Laws of Kenya and WB OP 4 . 12 ; - c ) Drafting , reading and signing of resettlement and compensation agreements ; - d ) Payment of compensation ; - e ) Resettlement activities ; and , - f ) Implementation of post-project community support activities , if any . # # # * * 7 . 7 Other : Site Selection , Preparation and Relocation ; Housing Infrastructure and Services ; Environmental Protection and Management ; and , Integration with Host Population * * Observed from the field survey , resettlement to new areas outside the beneficiary Settlement is unlikely . The Project ’ s design largely proposes utilisation of existing roads , road reserves , and public passageways so as to avoid displacement of populations . This was greatly achieved . And if it is found that during engineering works phase of the project that it is necessary to re-install households , highly recommended , activities should be oriented on the strategy of re-installing PAPs within the Informal Settlement , thus avoiding disruptions 47 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 1293, "end": 1305, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ | 10 < br > Birbira | 3 , 020 | 1 , 440 | 1 , 000 | 50 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | # # # # # # * * 10 . 6 Compensation for Loss of Grazing Land and Crop Residue * * The following procedures and methods were used to determine the compensation values for the loss of protected grazing land . - Diksis Woreda is the only Woreda affected by loss of grazing land and the study team requested the Woreda to submit the grazing land production per ha - The Woreda used the highest yield recorded to calculate production per hectare of land . - The price was taken as the highest value from the previous years based on market data Therefore , based on this procedure , the average annual production of grass is 158 tone per ha and the selling price is 480 birr / tone . | * * No * * | * * Valuation for Grazing Land * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Land Area ( ha ) | 1 | | 2 | Annual Yield ( tone / ha ) | 158 | | 3 | Production ( 1x2 ) ( tone ) | 158 | | 4 | Market Price in Birr / tone | 480 | | 5 | Annual income ( 3x4 ) Birr | 75 , 840 | | 6 | Total Compensation for loss of income from Grazing Land 15yrs < br > ( 5x15years ) ( birr / ha ) | 1 , 137 , 600 | Thus , based on the subproject ' s impact on grazing land and the above rate , the recommended total compensation for the foregone benefits resulting from the loss of grazing", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 788, "text": "market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Support to Land and Mining Management Strengthening ( P169267 ) | * * Indicator Name * * < br > * * PBC * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | EITI reports produced ( Number ) | 6 . 00 | 10 . 00 | | SMEs / SMI benefiting from capacity strengthening to enable their < br > supply of goods and services to mining companies ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 1 , 000 . 00 | | Consultation sessions , advocacy , training , and awareness < br > extended to NGOs , citizens , women , community leaders , and < br > ASM on environment , transparency , participation , benefits < br > regarding land and mining ( Number ) < br > * * IO Table SPACE * * | 8 , 050 . 00 | 30 , 000 . 00 | * * UL Table SPACE * * | | * * Monitoring & E * * | * * valuation Plan : * * | * * PDO Indicators * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * Methodology for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | | This indicator measures the < br > number of days needed to < br > register both rural land < br > possession certificates and < br > land titles on demand , | | | | | | Time to register land certificates and titles < br > reduced | beginning with the < br > application submitted by < br > the occupant to", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STRONGER DATA , BRIGHTER FUTURES | Protecting Children on the Move with Data and Evidence # # # MAKE BETTER USE OF EXISTING DATA , AND SHARE IT - Significant data collection efforts are taking place at country , regional and international level , but Member States ’ capacities to collect , analyse and share these data vary . This is due to different factors , including , for example , availability of resources , technical know-how and government priorities . Data concerning children on the move are often derived from different sources – through censuses and population surveys , administrative data , new technology-based initiatives and citizengenerated data . Combining and integrating these data is a valuable resource in the production of migration statistics . - New norms and practices are needed for data sharing between countries , across regions and across sectors and agencies . Systematic data-sharing between stakeholders within or outside of government agencies and analysis of collated data allow these data to effectively inform policies and programmes . Leveraging the data generated by governments and humanitarian actors working in migration and displacement contexts at the country and regional level will foster a much-needed bottom-up approach . - Governments , humanitarian actors and development agencies often collect data using their own methodologies and systems . Synchronized approaches are needed to avoid overlap , confusion and duplication of efforts and resources and to share the collected information among joint stakeholders . This includes integration of innovative data sources – such as big data , social media and mobile phone data – which have great potential to capture further details about migration experiences . When discussing these types of data , it is important to consider that children often lack access to these tools , and therefore may not be well represented in the evidence . # # # # # # INITIATIVES FOR BETTER DATA - A task force of experts from national statistical offices collaborated with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe to develop < u > guidance < / u > on data integration for measuring migration - IDAC is mapping available data sources related to children on the", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 582, "text": "censuses and population surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 585, "end": 604, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 644, "end": 665, "text": "citizengenerated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1631, "end": 1639, "text": "big data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1659, "end": 1676, "text": "mobile phone data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Those statistics will be aggregated at the aggregation levels indicated in the ` aggids ` option . The user must have added the variable in the ` sae data import ` command when preparing the target dataset . - ` catvar ( ) ` : The ` catvar ` option indicates the categorical variables for which the user wants to estimate the two-way frequencies / distributions based on poor and non-poor groups defined from the defined poverty lines in either ` plines ` or ` plinevar ` . Those statistics will be aggregated at the aggregation levels indicated in the ` aggids ` option . The user must have added the variable in the ` sae data import ` command when preparing the target dataset . All other options resemble those detailed for other subroutines . # * * 7 Conclusions * * As we approach the 2020 round of the population census , governments and their respective national systems of statistics have renewed their international commitments towards the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) . The SDGs will need to be operationalized at a sub-national level or reported for specific subgroups of the population . Moreover , the expansion of the availability and use of administrative , geospatial and Big Data sources for evidence based policy making is on the rise , creating a number of important opportunities for potentially better and more up-to-date measures of social well-being . Against this backdrop , to ensure 26", "spans": [{"start": 811, "end": 828, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _The Lakes and Rivers Act ( Cap 409 ) _ * * 69 . This Act provides for protection of river , lakes and associated flora and fauna . The provisions of this Act may be applied in the management of the project especially river banks protection , abstraction of irrigation water , agrochemical uses and soil erosion control . # # * * _Climate Change Act 2016_ * * 70 . The Country developed a Climate Change Act 2016 , gazetted in June 2016 and resident with the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources . The Act aims at creating a regulatory framework for enhanced Climate Action responses measures and to provide a mechanism and measure for low carbon climate resilient development . 71 . The Climate Change Act has five sections namely i ) Climate change policy coordination and oversight , which establishes the National Climate Change Council to oversight all Climate change matters in Kenya ii ) responses measures and actions , articulating specific Climate actions to be undertaken , such as ensuring mainstreaming Climate change matters into policies , plans and programmes iii ) Climate Change duties and responsibilities , that assign specific duties to institutions to follow with respect to Climate Change , for example NEMA is given specific roles of monitoring Compliance with the Act in the area of greenhouse gas emission ; ( iv ) and Public participation , and financial provisions and miscellaneous . Emission from Agriculture forms part of the GHG inventory for land and land use and Forest LULUCF inventory . Compliance with reporting on GHG emission from Agriculture sectors forms part compliance revision of Climate change Act 2016 . # # * * K . Relevant Sector Policies * * # # * * _National Policy on Environment and Development_ * * 72 . Currently , a far-reaching initiative towards an elaborate national environmental policy is contained in the Session Paper No . 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development . This policy advocates for the integration of environmental concerns into the national planning and management processes and provides guidelines for environmental sustainable development . The challenge of the document and guidelines is to critically link the implementation", "spans": [{"start": 1474, "end": 1509, "text": "GHG inventory for land and land use", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1521, "end": 1537, "text": "LULUCF inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to receive and protect new migrants and refugees . The socio-economic impact may also prompt more citizens from North African countries to leave their countries . They currently account for 29 % of the sea crossings from the western and central Mediterranean Sea . In some countries , measures to release foreigners in immigration detention were partially or fully implemented to avoid risks of cross-contamination , but the stay of the people released was not necessarily temporarily regularized20 . Fewer migrants and refugees may be interested in any form of voluntary return , given the increased uncertainty about the conditions prevailing in their home countries and reduced reintegration prospects . On the other hand , voluntary returns in adverse circumstances , shaped by extreme hardship in host countries , may continue to countries like Afghanistan , Burundi , Somalia , Nigeria , Mali , and Sudan . Reduced access to humanitarian aid owing to funding constraints by key donors21 , security , or logistical impediments , leading to shortages of food or other essential assistance in refugee and IDP locations may aggravate fragile living conditions . They may be perceived as competing for access to limited services , with > 20 _ < u > https : / / www . amnesty . org / en / latest / news / 2020 / 04 / tunisia-release-immigration-detainees-amid-covid19-pandemic / < / u > Tunisia : Release immigration detainees amid COVID-19 pandemic . 29 April 2020 . See also : _ _ < u > https : / / www . euronews . com / 2020 / 04 / 29 / countries-suspending-immigration-detention-due-to-coronavirus-let-s-keepit-that-way-view < / u > _ > 21 _While the exact impact on the possible reduction of development / humanitarian aid is difficult to forecast at this stage , the Spring 2020 Economic Forecast projects that the euro area economy will contract by a record 7¾ % in 2020 and grow by 6", "spans": [{"start": 1774, "end": 1803, "text": "Spring 2020 Economic Forecast", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of that literature . > 3 Two-thirds of bank regulators surveyed in 143 jurisdictions report that they have a mandate to promote financial inclusion ( World Bank , 2014 ) . And more than 50 countries have set formal goals and targets for financial inclusion ( Demirguc-Kunt , Klapper , Singer , and Oudheusden , 2015 ; _Maya Declaration Commitments_ , Alliance for Financial Inclusion , http : / / www . afi-global . org / maya-declaration-commitments ) . > 4 See Collins et al . ( 2009 ) for detailed evidence from financial diaries on the vast array of financial arrangements ( both formal and informal ) used by the poor in developing countries to manage their economic lives , and the lack of fit between many formal products and their needs . > 5 Demirguc-Kunt , Klapper , Singer , and Oudheusden ( 2015 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 532, "text": "financial diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries , a convention that largely reflects the way most of them are administered . < sup > 28 < / sup > In equation ( 6 ) , _γ > _ 0 is our test for the combined hypothesis that NTMs are applied in non-discriminatory fashion but reduce competition increasing the fixed cost faced by producers . * * Applied tariffs * * . To estimate the impact of tariffs on market structure ( Testable prediction 2 ) , we interact the exchange rate with the log of bilateral tariffs plus one . We use data on applied tariffs which vary across product-destination cells and take into account all preferential regimes . In order to make the exercise comparable to the one on non-tariff measures , for which we have no time-wise variation , we use a time-wise average of tariffs over the sample period . < sup > 29 < / sup > The corresponding estimating equation is : where * * FE * * is defined as before and Tariff _odp_ is the average tariff imposed by destination country _d_ on product _p_ imported from origin _o_ over the period . Prediction 2 implies an ambiguous effect of tariffs on foreign firms market shares and thus on their incentives to engage in PTM . How import tariffs in one destination market affect foreign firms market power is thus an empirical question . However , as previously discussed , since tariffs are discriminatory we would expect their rent-shifting effects to dominate and in net see them erode the market power of foreign exporters , i . e . , empirically we would expect _θ_ to be negative . # * * 5 . 2 Main results * * * * NTMs * * . Table 4 reports estimates from specification ( 6 ) . In this table as in all the robustness exercises , we present estimations with origin _ × _ year fixed effects ( columns 1 to 4 ) or with firm _ × _ product _ × _ year fixed effects ( columns 5 to 8 ) . The number of observations is much lower than previously due to the incomplete availability of NTMs AVEs . < sup > 30 < / sup > In spite of the reduced", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 512, "text": "data on applied tariffs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1910, "end": 1919, "text": "NTMs AVEs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "One difference is that private institutions may only be willing to share negative information voluntarily even though it may be in a wider social interest to share positive and negative information – see Japelli and Pagano ( 1993 ) . The intuition is relatively simple . Sharing information has a cost and a benefit . The cost for a bank is that a competitor may learn something about that bank ’ s portfolio and the benefit is that the bank may be able to make more informed lending decisions and to predict default probabilities more accurately . It is more likely that the private benefits exceed the costs for negative information as revealing information about bad clients is not so costly . However , there may be net private costs to revealing positive information even though it may be beneficial to society to have that information shared . < sup > 11 < / sup > And a regulator may compel regulated institutions to share both positive and negative information . In more than 80 % of the PCRs surveyed , institutions are required to report on loans in good standing as well as loans in arrears . < sup > 12 < / sup > While private credit bureaus may be able to develop some of this positive credit history data , it is often a slow process and they are unlikely to be able to achieve full reporting from supervised institutions as in a standard PCR . A second important difference between PCRs and private credit bureaus is the type of information collected and the type of services offered . PCRs in general only supply very basic information and many do not supply a true credit history , but only a snapshot of the current status of a borrower with the financial system . Private credit bureaus tend to supply a greater quantity of information and finer information and also develop other products using that information , including , for example , credit-scoring products . One view is that PCRs should only provide very basic information and at very low cost while private credit bureaus can take this information , add to it , and develop value added information services . In this way a PCR may enhance the competitiveness of the", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1218, "text": "positive credit history data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "line with a more competitive and mobile labor market . # 6 . Conclusion This paper provides evidence that exposure to negative economic shocks and health risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is greater among immigrant workers than among nativeborn people in high-income Western European countries . Using data from the European Union Labour Force Survey for 2011-2018 , we show that this greater risk exposure stems from systematic differences in occupations of immigrant and native workers . Immigrant workers have significantly lower presence in occupations that can be performed from home ( telework ) , and higher presence 30", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 360, "text": "European Union Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B5 : Changes in APA and Government officials ’ Survey indices ( 2016-2018 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Urban planning Fiduciary responsibility < br > 0 1 2 - 2 0 2 < br > Changes in DLI Changes in DLI < br > ( a ) Urban planning ( b ) Fiduciary responsibility < br > Infrastructure Accountability < br > - 4 - 2 0 2 - 2 0 2 4 < br > Changes in DLI Changes in DLI < br > ( c ) Infrastructure ( d ) Accountability < br > 4 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > Changes in Survey Index Changes in Survey Index 0 < br > - 2 - 1 < br > 3 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 2 1 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > Changes in Survey Index Changes in Survey Index - 1 < br > - 2 < br > - 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ This figure presents a scatter of changes in DLI subcomponent scores ( x-axis ) and survey indices ( x-axis ) by LGA . DLI scores are normalized so that changes can be interpreted as standard deviations in the distribution of the 4th APA scores . Figure B6 : Correlation between APA and government officials ’ survey measures < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Planning Baseline < br > Fiduciary Baseline < br > Infrastructure Baseline < br > Accountability Baseline < br > Planning Endline < br > Fiduciary Endline < br > Infrastructure Endline < br > Accountability Endline < br > Planning Change < br > Fiduciary Change < br > Infrastructure Change < br > Accountability Change < br > - . 5 0 . 5 1 < br > Correlation < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ This figure presents correlations across the 18 ULGSP LGAs for baseline , endline and changes", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are assumed to come from increased yield and production increases at the farm level . Assumptions made in the economic analysis are conservative , as they do not take into account eventual positive externalities and secondary economic growth effects arising from the project . More specifically : - a . Quantifiable economic benefits come from ( i ) increased yields , ii ) a change in cropping mix that includes higher value crops that were not viable under dryland production system , ( iii ) improvements in agricultural intensity , and ( iv ) other factors such as increased market access for agricultural inputs and outputs and better access to agricultural support services ; and - b . Non-quantified benefits which are not included in the rate of return calculation come from increased monetary benefits at the household-level , ( i ) helping to reduce rural poverty , ( ii ) benefits in terms of food security and nutrition at the household level , and ( iii ) other improvements such as increased private sector activity surrounding irrigation development and several local institutional improvements ( including the formation of water user associations ) . 10 . For the purpose of the economic analysis for additional financing , the cropping patterns and the prices for agricultural products have been updated . The revised cropping patterns reflect a more thorough analysis of potential cropping patterns carried out as part of the more detailed feasibility study . Results from appraisal , based on pre-feasibility study data , and results from this economic analysis for the additional financing are therefore not directly comparable . Cropping patterns at appraisal were estimated for less than 10 crops and not distinguishing between wet and dry season . For the feasibility studies cropping patterns are > 27 This cost estimate is based on the Feasibility Study and further work done on the Detailed Design which is near completion . 35", "spans": [{"start": 1512, "end": 1538, "text": "pre-feasibility study data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 2 . 2 . 2 Preparation of Operations of Project Component * * After the design of a project operation , the project component may become subject to a social screening depending on its activities . Terms of reference ( ToR ) for the screening will be drafted by The PCU site planning officer and the monitoring and evaluation officer . Issues to be addressed by the screening will include social profile of potential PAPs : demography ; land tenure ; sources of livelihood , consultations with local government and authorities etc . Land tenure issues will be given particular attention as they are linked to land acquisition and involuntary resettlement . The loss of land often implies that those who live on the land need to be relocated or resettled . The first objective of the screening in regard to involuntary resettlement and rehabilitation , is to estimate the capacity of the receiving area ( s ) to sustain additional population under the conditions introduced by the resettlement rehabilitation operations . To reduce adverse social impacts on houses in towns and in villages , the project plans will take into account , the physical development plans established by the towns . Master plans of urban areas will be taken into account as integrated components of the project . Should the project add components that were not planed for in the PAD , for instance through investments from other donors , and the findings of the social screening reveal that more than 200 persons would be affected by project operations , a detailed resettlement action plan ( RAP ) should be prepared . The number of PAPs is a useful tool in the planning process . One of the key activities to be conducted , in the RAP is a household survey , describing the extent of the social impacts , looking at data such as : - Family size , gender and age information ; - Education ; - Occupation ; - Land ownership , tenure arrangements , inheritance regulations ; - All sources of income ; - Inventory of wealth indicators , like building materials , house size , tools and utensils , furniture , crops , livestock ;", "spans": [{"start": 1732, "end": 1748, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1992, "end": 2022, "text": "Inventory of wealth indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10335 # * * Abstract * * This paper advances the understanding of the linkages between trust in government and citizen participation in Latin America and the Caribbean , using machine learning techniques and Latinobarómetro 2020 data . Proponents of the concept of stealth democracy argue that an inverse relationship exists between political trust and citizen participation , while deliberative democracy theorists claim the opposite . The paper estimates that trust in national governments or other governmental institutions plays neither a dominant nor consistent role in driving political participation . Instead , interest in politics , personal circumstances such as experience of crime and discrimination , and socioeconomic aspects appear to drive citizen participation much more strongly in the Latin America and the Caribbean region . This is true across models imposing simple linear trends ( logit and lasso ) and others allowing for nonlinear and complex relations ( decision trees ) . The results vary across the type of participation — signing a petition , participation in demonstrations , or involvement in a community issue — which the paper attributes to increasing net costs associated with participation . This paper is a product of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at npecorari @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 263, "text": "Latinobarómetro 2020 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "surveys . The first , conducted at regular intervals in most countries , is a socio-economic population sample survey that serves as training data for the PMT predictive model . The second is a targeting survey that collects current data to determine household eligibility . Due to the large population coverage of many social protection programmes , targeting surveys typically need to be administered to a significant share of the population < sup > 1 < / sup > . Given the high cost of such extensive , country-wide data collection efforts , targeting surveys are typically conducted on a multiannual basis when carried out as a national survey sweep [ Lindert et al . , 2020 ] . Infrequent surveys delay assessment of new programme applicants and re-assessment of existing beneficiaries , resulting in programmes ’ irresponsiveness to changing household circumstances . If budgets were not limited , the most accurate PMT approach would be > 1For example , the social registries that store targeting data covered 87 % , 75 % and 40 % of Pakistan ’ s , Brazil ’ s and Indonesia ’ s populations respectively in 2015-17 [ Leite et al . , 2017 ] , amounting to total records of ca . 360 million people . 2", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 117, "text": "socio-economic population sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 194, "end": 210, "text": "targeting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 965, "end": 982, "text": "social registries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 | 102 . 0 | 103 . 3 | 101 . 5 | 101 . 5 | 99 . 7 | 90 . 5 | 95 . 3 | 105 . 3 | 102 . 2 | 99 . 4 | 103 . 7 | | 1 child | 100 . 0 | 94 . 6 | 91 . 5 | 94 . 9 | 99 . 7 | 99 . 7 | 97 . 8 | 96 . 5 | 94 . 1 | 94 . 1 | 84 . 6 | 86 . 4 | 100 . 3 | 93 . 9 | 87 . 9 | 95 . 0 | | 2 children < br > 3 and more | 100 . 0 | 117 . 0 | 109 . 6 | 110 . 5 | 105 . 7 | 101 . 1 | 102 . 7 | 102 . 5 | 110 . 9 | 102 . 6 | 92 . 2 | 102 . 5 | 111 . 3 | 113 . 0 | 116 . 4 | 116 . 3 | | children | 100 . 0 | 132 . 4 | 132 . 2 | 126 . 3 | 123 . 3 | 120 . 2 | 147 . 1 | 135 . 2 | 123 . 6 | 131 . 8 | 128 . 6 | 136 . 9 | 121 . 4 | 126 . 4 | 125 . 1 | 125 . 0 | | singleparent | 100 . 0 | 106 . 7 | 103 . 9 | 96 . 9 | 106 . 3 | 103 . 8 | 108 . 9 | 102 . 2 | 105 . 8 | 106 . 6 | 99 . 4 | 98 . 5 | 111 . 1 | 105 . 5 | 98 . 4 | 100 . 6 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 40", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 854, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 2005 onwards | < br > In firstyear , institutional deliveries inthe five districts < br > increasedfram 38per cent to59 percent . 4 . 7 % of < br > | deliveries in thegroupwere caesareans . A later report < br > = < br > | statesthatpublic sectorinsitutional deliveries have been < br > = < br > declining | < br > A household-level survey of beneficiaries ( n = 262 ) and non - < br > users ( n = 394 ) indicated that the scheme iswell-targeted to < br > the poor ( only 6 % of beneficiaries were non-poor ) but < br > | manypoorpeople do not use the services . | < br > | The beneficiaries saved more than Rs 3 , 000 < br > | ( USS $ 75 ) in delivery-related expenses and < br > were generally satisfied with the scheme , < br > although5 % reported notreceiving transport < br > funds and4 % reported being askedfor < br > moneyby staff . An average of Rs 654was < br > spend per person on additional medicines . | | 4 / OBA , Kenya | Significant increase in uptake of safe motherhood services ; < br > limited increase in the uptake ofFP services ( possibly < br > driven by socio-cultural / other < br > factors ) | | Where abilityto pay is low , Marie Stopes pays forthe < br > vouchers . In rural areas , 95 % ofvouchers purchased by MSK < br > ( the service provider ) | Households benefitfrom high subsidies ( e . g . < br > | 200 KES for delivery package , compared to < br > 600-1 , 500KES fordelivery in public sector < br > ( plusadditionalcostsfordrugs , ANC , PNC ) |", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 361, "text": "household-level survey of beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "most recently available data for 2023 . The six panels of the figure correspond to the six dimensions of governance . In each panel , we plot the baseline WGI estimate of governance on the horizontal axis , and the alternative equally weighted estimate on the vertical axis . The correlation between the two measures is very high , ranging from 0 . 97 ( for Rule of Law ) to 0 . 99 ( for Political Stability and Absence of Violence / Terrorism ) . Averaging across all 25 years in the WGI dataset , the average correlations between the two measures remain very high , ranging from 0 . 98 to 0 . 99 . We can also use the margins of error associated with the baseline estimates in the WGI to assess the statistical significance of the differences between the baseline and alternative equally weighted 24", "spans": [{"start": 485, "end": 496, "text": "WGI dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Bloom , Nicholas , John Van Reenen , and Heidi Williams . “ A toolkit of policies to promote innovation ” . _Journal of economic perspectives_ , vol . 33 , no . 3 , 2019 , pp . 163 – 84 . - Blundell , Richard , Rachel Griffith , and John Van Reenen . “ Market share , market value and innovation in a panel of British manufacturing firms ” . _The review of economic studies_ , vol . 66 , no . 3 , 1999 , pp . 529 – 54 . - Boeing , Philipp , and Elisabeth Mueller . “ Measuring patent quality in cross-country comparison ” . _Economics Letters_ , vol . 149 , 2016 , pp . 145 – 47 . - Branstetter , Lee , Guangwei Li , and Francisco Veloso . “ The rise of international co-invention ” . _The changing frontier : Rethinking science and innovation policy_ , 2015 , pp . 135 – 68 . - Branstetter , Lee G , Guangwei Li , and Mengjia Ren . “ Picking winners ? Government subsidies and firm productivity in China ” . _Journal of Comparative Economics_ , vol . 51 , no . 4 , 2023 , pp . 1186 – 99 . - Callaway , Brantly , and Pedro HC Sant ’ Anna . “ Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods ” . _Journal of econometrics_ , vol . 225 , no . 2 , 2021 , pp . 200 – 30 . - Cerdeiro , Diego A , Johannes Eugster , Rui C Mano , Dirk Muira , and S Jay Peirisa . “ Sizing up the effects of technological decoupling1 ” . _Geoeconomic Fragmentation The Economic Risks from a Fractured World Economy_ , 2023 . - Chen , Jiafeng , and Jonathan Roth . “ Logs with zeros ? Some problems and solutions ” . _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , vol . 139 , no . 2 , 2024 , pp . 891 – 936 . - Coe , David T , and Elhanan Helpman . “ International r & d spillovers ” . _European economic review_ , vol . 39 , no . 5 , 1995 , pp . 859 – 87 . - Coelli , Federica , Andreas", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A . 3 . Predicted labor earning * * * * < u > growth rates < / u > * * | Population < br > group | Type of < br > employment | Annual < br > labor < br > earning in < br > 2005 | Annual < br > labor < br > earning in < br > 2010 | Growth < br > 2005 ‐ < br > 2010 | Annual < br > growth < br > 2005 ‐ 2011 | Forecasted < br > annualized < br > labor < br > income < br > growth | Forecasted < br > annualized < br > labor < br > income < br > growth * * with * * < br > * * the Program * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | | Female | Self employed | 2292 | 2350 | 0 . 025 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 020 | | | < sup > Wage employment < / sup > | 2537 | 2585 | 0 . 019 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 019 | | Male | Self employed | 2575 | 2640 | 0 . 025 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 020 | | | Wage employment | 2850 | 2904 | 0 . 019 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 019 | Source : Income and Expenditure Survey , 2010 , DOS and own calculations . # # * * Table A . 4 : PDV estimates of the expected individual economic gains from the Program * * | Case | PDV of expected < br > incremental economic < br", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 996, "text": "Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Furthermore , the finding of the survey result shows that households using public hand pump require on average 15 minute to fetch water , while the fetching time increases to 25 minutes for 50 % of the households who primarily depended on protected well . For 11 . 8 % of the households for whom protected spring is the main potable water source , it took an average of half an hour to fetch water from the source . # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 4 Access to Health Service and HHs Health Condition * * To assess access to health service and health seeking behaviour of Subproject affected household and other community members in Subproject influence Kebele , survey respondents were asked if one or more members of their household had faced some kind of health issues in the past 12 months preceding the socio-economic baseline survey . Accordingly , 79 . 4 % of the respondents reported that at least one or more members of their household had faced some health problems in the past 12 months prior to the survey . The good thing is that all those household members who had health issues in the past 12 months visited health facilities for treatment . The most common health facilities that household members went for healthcare services were hospital ( 48 . 1 % ) , followed by health centres ( 33 . 3 % ) and private clinics ( 18 . 5 % ) . This indicate that the health seeking behaviours of Subproject affected households in time of sickness or health issue is quite excellent . Moreover , it shows subproject affected households and other community members in the area have access to various health care services which is very important in maintaining their wellbeing . An inquiry was also made to assess the overall health conditions of their family members , and accordingly , the overwhelming majority of the surveyed households were happy with the health status of their family during the survey and about 20", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 970, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Square Ln Population < br > Ln NTLs per capita < br > Constant | 3 . 270 * * * | 5 . 699 * * * | - 0 . 0880 * * * < br > ( 0 . 00553 ) < br > 1 . 453 * * * | 3 . 860 * * * | - 0 . 615 | 0 . 0432 * * < br > ( 0 . 0132 ) < br > 9 . 400 * * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 0 . 218 ) | ( 0 . 424 ) | ( 0 . 204 ) | ( 0 . 119 ) | ( 0 . 402 ) | ( 2 . 768 ) | | FE | City + Year | City + Year | City + Year | City + Year | City + Year | City + Year | | Controls | No | No | No | No | No | No | | R-squared | 0 . 415 | 0 . 328 | 0 . 420 | | 0 . 466 | 0 . 477 | | N . of obs | 28352 | 18856 | 27636 | 27460 | 2495 | 2495 | Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0 . 05 , * * p < 0 . 01 , * * * p < 0 . 001 # 4 . 2 The effects of income and population growth on vertical layering Cities can add space by expanding their built-up surface as well as by building higher . We use the subsample of almost 400 cities , representative of the larger GHSL sample to assess the income and population elasticities of city height . < sup > 8 < / sup > Height is measured as the average height of the city ’ s buildings within 5 kms of the highest point in the city . < sup > 9 < / sup > Similar analysis is conducted using the average over the whole urban extent as defined by GHSL , or using quantiles", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 978, "text": "GHSL sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1290, "end": 1294, "text": "GHSL", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GHE ) raw data : Deaths by age , sex and cause . Available from ‘ Global Summary Estimates ’ > http : / / www . who . int / healthinfo / global_burden_disease / estimates / en / index1 . html > 24 Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor . 2015 . The Impact of Mines / ERW on Children November 2015 . > 25 UNICEF . 2013 . The State of the World ’ s Children 2013 : Children with Disabilities > 26 WHO , 2014 , Injuries and Violence : The Facts > 27 IBID > 28 Through key informant interviews and CPWG Child Protection Rapid Assessments . > 29 UNICEF ( 2013 ) . The State of the World ’ s Children 2013 : Children with Disabilities > 30 M Peden , K Oyegbite , J Ozanne-Smith , A A Hyder , C Branche , AKM Fazlur Rahman , F Rivara and K Bartolomeos ( 2008 ) . World report on child injury prevention . WHO and UNICEF > 31 Taken from WHO , 2012 , Global Health Estimates ( GHE ) raw data : Deaths by age , sex , cause , and WHO member states . Available from ‘ Who Member States 2012 ’ http : / / www . who . int / healthinfo / global_burden_disease / estimates / en / index1 . html 12", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 90, "text": "Global Summary Estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 841, "end": 864, "text": "Global Health Estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "] that , singly or combined with all variation orders or amendments previously issued , increases the original contract amount by more than 15 percent ; and [ d ] the proposed termination of the contract . Complaints received in all prior review cases shall be sent to Bank for review and the response to the complaint in such cases , shall be cleared with the Bank . Complaints with allegations of fraud and corruption , shall be shared with Bank , irrespective of the thresholds . * * Disclosure of procurement information . * * The following documents shall be disclosed on the project / state websites : [ a ] Procurement Plan and its updates ; [ b ] an invitation for bids for procurement of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services ; [ c ] request for expression of interest for selection / hiring of consulting services ; [ d ] contract awards of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services procured following international and national procedures ; [ e ] a list of contracts / purchase orders placed following RFQ [ Request for Quotation ] procedures on a quarterly basis ; [ f ] a list of contracts following direct contracting [ DC ] on a quarterly basis ; [ g ] an annual financial and physical progress report of all contracts ; and [ h ] an action taken report on the complaints received on a quarterly basis . The following details shall be sent to the World Bank for publishing on the United Nations Development Business and the World Bank external website : [ a ] Specific Procurement Notice [ i . e . , invitation for bids ] for procurement of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services using open international procedures ; [ b ] Requests for Expression of Interests above US $ 800 , 000 ; [ c ] contract award details of all procurement of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services using open international procedure ; and [ d ] a list of contracts / purchase orders placed following DC procedures on a quarterly basis . Further , the implementing agency", "spans": [{"start": 1012, "end": 1047, "text": "list of contracts / purchase orders", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 1J9 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 | * * SchemeDetails * * | Scheme * * B1 * * | * * SchemeB2 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ImpactonTourism | H ( WWRnotpossibleon3kmsection ) | H ( WWRmaybepossiblebutwithreducedflows , 3km < br > section affected ) | | ImpactonLocalEconomy | H ( Positive ) | M ( Positive ) | | Numberofplotsaffected | 712 | Likely tobesimilartoBI ( I ) | | NumberofHouseholdstoberesettled | 44 | 73 ( 2 ) | | EstimatedPopulationtoberesettled | Approximately369 | Approximately613 ( 2 ) | | ImpactonLandscape | M ( Creationoflakelandscape , onelargedam ) | H ( Flow reduction , creationofcanaland spoildump , < br > two smallerdams ) | | ImpactonCulture / Heritage | L | L | | AccesstoRiver | | | | - Construction | M | H | | - Operation | L | H | | Accessacrossriver | Accessroad probable | Accessroadpossible | | ConstructionDisturbance | H | H ( Mainlyconfinedto eastbank ) | | PublicHealth | L ( Potentialincreaseinschistosomiasis ) | L ( Potentialincreaseinonchocerciasis ) | ( 1 ) Accurate estimate dependent on cadastral survey in affected area ( 2 ) Excludes resettlement due to road on east bank * * R . J . * * Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 1154, "end": 1170, "text": "cadastral survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "210 | 59 | - | - | - | - | - | - | * | * | 28 | | El Salvador | - | - | - | - | 26 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | … / … * * 28 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decision depends on financial constraints , the risks firms face , and the productivity of investment itself ( Jenskin , 1998 ; Gyimah-Brempong and Traynor , 1999 ) . This line of research however has used mainly aggregate ( country-level ) data . > * * 10 * * This section draws heavily from Haltiwanger ( 1997 ) and Campbell ( 1997 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 245, "text": "aggregate ( country-level ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reached 90 or more . Total event counts by governorate in Gaza fall within a narrower range , from 30 at the lowest to almost 100 at the highest . < sup > 10 < / sup > Not only does the distribution of outcomes tend to be more condensed in Gaza than in the West Bank , but those outcomes are on average more severe . If the Facebook survey tends to pull estimates toward the more severe end of the scale relative to the PPCS , the measurable differences produced by this process are likely to be smaller if the PPCS estimates are already at that end of the scale . People in Gaza are also plausibly more likely to be interested in responding to a survey on the effects of the May 2021 violence on Palestinians , suggesting that the sample of respondents who selected into the Facebook survey is likely to be more representative of the underlying population in Gaza than it is in the West Bank . May 2021 saw escalations of violence in both Gaza and the West Bank , but Gaza experienced more severe violence and more extensive damage . < sup > 11 < / sup > This greater exposure may have resulted in broader motivation to complete a World Bank Facebook survey seeking to understand the effects of the escalation . In fact , out of the sample of respondents who began the Facebook questionnaire , people in Gaza were over 25 percent more likely to complete the survey than were people in the West Bank . Finally , all respondents to the Facebook survey received the conflict exposure questions , while only respondents in Gaza received these questions in the PPCS . Since the conflict exposure module preceded the mental health modules , some of the greater similarity in Gaza for these modules may be due to the regional differences in questionnaire structure . How robust are the main results to different ways of controlling for observable characteristics ? # Achieved samples As is often the case with online surveys , the achieved sample for the Facebook survey differed from the population on several observable characteristics ( see Table 5 ) . Respondents to the Facebook survey were more likely than the general population", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 339, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "India is the second fastest growing economy in the world , but it also has a very large informal sector . In the manufacturing sector , nearly 99 % of enterprises and 81 % of employment are in the unorganized sector . In the services sector , the estimated size of the unorganized sector ranges from 74 % to 90 % of employment , depending on the definition used . . The Indian economy has undergone amazing structural transformation during the last two decades , but the share of the unorganized sector has remained high ( Ghani et al . , 2011a , b ) . The employment share in the unorganized sector for manufacturing in 2005 is almost exactly the same as it was in 1989 at 81 % . So the unorganized sector is also exceptionally persistent . India provides a good case study to examine how urbanization and formalization have interacted and evolved over time ? Are formal sectors moving out of urban areas ? Is informal sector moving into cities ? Do cities generate agglomeration economies in the informal sector ? Has the spatial allocation of plants improved across urban and rural locations ? Ghani et al ( 2012 ) examine the trends in the spatial location of organized and unorganized enterprises in India . They combine the enterprise data from the Annual Survey of Industries for the organized ( formal ) sector and from the National Sample Survey for the unorganized ( informal ) . The organized manufacturing sector is surveyed by the Central Statistical Organization every year through the Annual Survey of Industries ( ASI ) , while unorganized manufacturing establishments are separately surveyed by the National Sample Survey Organization ( NSSO ) at approximately five-year intervals . These surveys identify for each establishment whether or not it is in an urban or rural location . Establishments are surveyed with state and four-digit National Industry Classification ( NIC ) stratification . The authors note : “ On the whole , India ’ s manufacturing sector became more urbanized , with the share of workers in urban areas rising from 33 % of employees in 1989 to 41 % in 2005 ( Figure 3a ) . Urbanization growth was most dramatic from 1989 to 1994 , but slowed down", "spans": [{"start": 1255, "end": 1282, "text": "Annual Survey of Industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1332, "end": 1354, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while section 5 presents descriptive statistics on job flows and decompositions of aggregate productivity growth . Section 6 , which constitutes the core of the paper , presents firm survival and employment growth models . A final section concludes . > 1 We use the data on political connections collected by Mobaraq and Purbasari , 2008 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 295, "text": "data on political connections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Secondary Education Quality Improvement Project ( P160083 ) # * * The World Bank * * | Component 4 : Proje < br > IN00704640 < br > ► Policy studies cond | ct management , coordination < br > ucted ( Number , Custom ) | and monitoring and ev | aluation | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 07-Sep-2017 | 28-Sep-2018 | 03-Jun-2019 | 30-Nov-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | GBV study underway | | | | | IN00704643 < br > ► Establishment and | operationalization of grievance r | edressal mechanism ( Ye | s / No , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Date | 07-Sep-2017 | 28-Sep-2018 | 03-Jun-2019 | 23-Nov-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | GRM established and di | sclosed in April 2019 | | | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The same relationship holds over just the non-OECD developing countries for the regressions estimated over the combined group of process and product innovators , and over product innovators , as reported in table 5 , although the differences are not as large as for the sample of all countries . The coefficient on the share of the unskilled workforce across all firms is 8 . 2 . When the estimation is run on sub-samples that are split by innovation status , the coefficient is again larger for the group of firms with either process or product innovations ( 9 . 1 ) than it is for non-innovators ( 6 . 8 ) . For the sub-sample of only process innovators , the coefficient is estimated to be 7 . 6 , versus 8 . 2 for non-process innovators . Comparing the sub-samples split by product innovation , the coefficient is 9 . 4 for innovators versus 7 . 6 for non-innovators . One additional dimension of inclusiveness that we can demonstrate with our enterprise data is the participation by the female workforce in innovation-driven growth . Across all countries , innovative firms hire larger shares of female workers than non-innovative firms : the mean employment share of female workers by innovative firms ( the combined group of process and product innovators ) is 29 % , versus 22 % for non-innovative firms . < sup > 27 < / sup > In the employment growth rate regressions of tables 4 and 5 , the positive contributions of the share of female employees to employment growth associated with innovation are statistically significant ( at the 5 and 10 % levels , respectively ) for the combined group of process and product innovators , but not for non-innovators . Our findings suggest that a 10 percentage point increase in the share of female workers at an establishment is associated with an employment growth rate that is twotenths of a percentage point higher . Based on findings reported in tables 2 and 3 , female participation contributes significantly to employment growth for young and medium-size firms across all countries , and across the non-OECD developing countries where this relationship is estimated to be more than twice the magnitude of the same relationship when it is estimated for", "spans": [{"start": 948, "end": 963, "text": "enterprise data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We go on to analyze the dynamics of subjective financial well ‐ being and coping strategies as reported by the households . People mostly cite inflation , decrease in salaries and loss of employment as major reasons for the well ‐ being deterioration during the crisis . Cutting expenditure is the most popular reported coping strategy , and only few are relying on government or attempting to find new sources of income . We explore the expenditure data to verify that cutting expenditure was an almost universal response to crisis . The bottom income deciles mostly cut expenditure on food ( possibly replacing it in part with in ‐ kind income ) ; while the top deciles were able to cut down expenses on purchase of durable goods . Other households relied to a large extent on cutting their consumption of utility services . Finally , we show that many households not only reduced their expenditure on savings during the crisis but also consumed their previously accumulated savings . However , savings as a coping mechanism are available for the middle ‐ class , not for the mostly affected bottom income deciles . The rest of the paper is organized as follows : section 2 presents a brief overview of the recent macroeconomic environment , while section 3 looks at how the macroeconomic developments translate into household income dynamics and composition during the recession . Section 4 reviews the poverty dynamics in Belarus and develops a concept of poverty vulnerability , based on the probability of falling into poverty . Section 5 analyzes household self ‐ reported well ‐ being changes and coping strategies , as well as presenting an analysis of expenditure and saving changes during the crisis . Some concluding remarks are outlined in section 6 . # 2 . Macro ‐ Economic Environment Belarus suffered a series of economic crises during the last decade . Triggered by external shocks , they were rooted in overheated domestic demand , while the absence of adjustment of economic policy led to the recurrence of crises . However , the crisis of 2015 ‐ 2016 differed in this regard from the previous ones . This time economic authorities pursued a policy of macroeconomic stabilization , which allowed them to balance external demand and curb inflation", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 454, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and < br > regional Water < br > PMU | 30-Jun-24 | • 136 woredas ( 44 % ) assigned hired WST out of 308 < br > woredas < br > • 47 Woredas ( 15 % ) established spare parts supply < br > centers out of 308 Woredas < br > • All < br > constructed < br > schemes < br > have < br > established < br > WASHCOMs . So far 2 , 335 WASHCOMs are < br > established < br > • 10 regions have an updated functional rate for all < br > Program woredas except for Oromia , Central , and < br > Southwest regions . < br > • 43 towns ( 86 % ) have prepared business plans out of < br > 50 towns . | | · 6 | * * Monitoring and Evaluation : * * < br > Regular reporting of key result indicators < br > ( functionality of water supply schemes , utilities < br > covering their operating costs , WSS designs < br > informed by data from WRIS , and regular water < br > resource monitoring , added volume of water < br > from Urban investments ) | * * NWCO * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * WaSH PMUs * * | * * April 15 , * * < br > * * 2024 * * | • 10 regions have an updated RFW report shared to < br > WB except for Oromia , Central , and Southwest < br > regions . | | 7 | < br > * * MIS * * < br > · Finalize discussion with the MIS consultant < br > and make the system online ( expected to be < br > finalized before March 2024 ) . < br > · Finalize the TOR for the establishment of Tire < br > 2 data center at MoWE . and share it with the < br", "spans": [{"start": 807, "end": 821, "text": "data from WRIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS * * | CEA | Child Exploitation and Abuse | | - - - | - - - | | CoK | Constitution of Kenya | | CSO | Civil Society Organization | | CTDs | County Technical Departments | | DRS | Department of Refugee Services | | E & S < br > | Environmental and Social < br > | | EHS < br > | Environmental Health and Safety < br > | | EOC | Emergency Operations Coordinator | | EOO | Emergency Operations Officer | | ERP | Emergency Response Plan | | ESF | Environmental and Social Framework | | ESIA | Environmental and Social Impact Assessment | | ESS | < br > Environmental and Social Standards | | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | | GM | Grievance Mechanism | | Gok | Government of Kenya | | PoR | Proof of Registration | | GRS | Grievance Redress Service | | IAs | Implementing Agencies | | KDHS | Kenya Demographic and Health Survey | | KEPSA | Kenya Private Sector Association | | KPIs | Key Performance Indicators | | KYEOP | Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities Program | | KYEP | Kenya Youth Empowerment Program | | LMP | Labor Management Procedures | | LPO | Local Purchasing Order | | M & E | < br > Monitoring and Evaluation | | MC | Master Craftsman | | MSEA | Micro and Small Enterprise Authority | | MOYACES | Ministry of Youth Affairs , Creative Economy and Sports | | NEA | National Employment Agency | | NEMA | National Environment Management Authority | | NGOs | Non-Governmental Organizations | | NITA | National Industrial Training Institute | | NSSF | National Social Security Fund | | NYOTA | National Youth Opportunities Towards Advancement | | OHS | Occupational Health and Safety | | OSHA | Occupation Safety and Health Act", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 862, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 8 Governance of Extractive Resources * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 2017 Resource Governmance Index . < br > Turkmenistan Gabon Saudi Arabia Sudan Bahrain Libya Equatorial Guinea Cuba United Arab Emirates Oman Qatar Iran Bangladesh Chad Uzbekistan Algeria South Sudan Uganda Kuwait Myanmar Democratic Republic of Congo Egypt Congo Russia Venezuela Timor-Leste Malaysia Azerbaijan Yemen Angola Nigeria Ecuador Iraq China Kazakhstan Vietnam Argentina Colombia Cameroon Tunisia Cote d ' Ivoire Ukraine Bolivia Brazil Mexico Indonesia Trinidad and Tobago Ghana Tanzania United States of America ( Gulf of Mexico ) Mozambique Canada ( Alberta ) United Kingdom India Norway < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Natural Resource Governance Institute , _2017 Resource Governmance Index . _ Note : Governance of Extractive Resources covers the governance of allocating extraction rights , exploration , production , environmental protection , revenue collection and state-ow ned enterprises . Score 0-100 where 100 = best . If a country scores \" No data / Not applicable \" it w ill not show in the bar chart . Exclusively state-owned corporations tend not to separate control from management . That typically limits the empowerment of managers , who are key not only to the success of the firm but to economic development in general . In fact , several developing countries have in the past criminalized business mistakes , especially for top executives of state-owned enterprises , which discourages employees from risk-taking and economic initiative . In the past decades , there has been an important shift in opening the capital of state-owned oil corporations , including in China , Brazil and Mexico . In December 2017 , Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation ( ADNOC ) successfully launched an initial public offering ( IPO ) , one of the first among large Middle East oil exporters . Saudi Arabia , as part of its ambitious plan to transform its economy , has announced that it would sell 5 percent of the state-owned", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 212, "text": "2017 Resource Governmance Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * EA Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project ( Second Phase of Program ) ( P148853 ) | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 12-Jun-2015 < br > 10-Dec-2019 | 15-Dec-2020 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator will be revised during restructuring t < br > depends on many factors that may not all be relat | o reflect the cancelation of < br > ed to the project . | the South Sudan Phase 1 of the program | Component 4 : Enhancing Internet Connectivity < u > < mark > IN00948449 < / mark > < / u > ► Length of fiber link installed ( km ) ( Kilometers , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 400 . 00 | 600 . 00 | 601 . 00 | | Date | 12-Jun-2015 | 26-May-2020 | 15-Dec-2020 | 30-Jun-2021 | | | A total of 400km of t | he existing 24-core cable has b | een rehabilitated and is no | w in use . The contract for | | Comments * * : * * | installation of a new | cable has been awarded and t | he contractor has commen | ced works . | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > World − Regions World − Income < br > − 11 − 9 − 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 − 10 − 9 − 8 − 7 < br > Total trade intensity Total trade intensity < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 2 < br > Corr GDP HP Corr GDP HP < br > 0 . 0 < br > 0 . 1 < br > − 0 . 2 0 . 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 3 . * * Logged and HP-filtered GDP correlation and total trade intensity between region groups ( left panel ) income groups ( right panel ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > − 0 . 5 0 . 0 0 . 5 1 . 0 < br > Change in Production Connectivity < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > Change in GDP synchronization < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 4 . * * WDR 2020 team , based on World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( database ) and World Integrated Trade Solution ( database ) . Note : Each dot represents a pair of regions — for example , East Asia and Pacific and Sub-Saharan Africa , and Latin America and Caribbean and South Asia are two different observations ) . The horizontal axis measures the change over time in production connectivity defined as the total trade in intermediates as a share of GDP of both regions . The vertical axis measures the proportional change in GDP correlation over time . 12", "spans": [{"start": 815, "end": 843, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 861, "end": 892, "text": "World Integrated Trade Solution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "area due to disturbances during the late 1970s and early 1980s , but grew steadily in southwest Uganda which now produces about 90 percent of marketed milk . A commercial beef ranching sector was built up in the 1960s and early 1970s which by 1984 produced about 20 percent of Uganda ' s beef . The IDA-supported Beef Ranching Development Project ( Cr . 130-UG ) , implemented from 1969 to 1972 , contributed to that growth . Ranchers have suffered heavily from banditry and only about 50 ranchers in the southwest , out of a total of 400 nationwide , remain viably stocked . Commercial poultry and pig production , almost entirely in small units , grew steadily from 1950 to 1970 . The subsequent decline in those industries has been largely the result of a decline in grain milling and livestock feed . Imported feed additives have been unavailable and no new breeding stock has been imported . 2 . 08 Natural grass-dominated pastures provide almost all livestock feed . . lost indigenous cattle graze on communal pastures by day and are enclosed for security at night . Tethering is practiced in more densely populated areas . Exotic and crossbred animals susceitible to tickborne diseases are usually confined to fenced dairy farms or kept in small enclosures and hand fed on a cut-and-carry basis . This practice of zero grazing is gaining popularity . A survey by MAIF of dairy farmers with exotic or cross bred animals shows that 46 percent of these farmers own", "spans": [{"start": 1360, "end": 1374, "text": "survey by MAIF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Sheet2 * * Table 8 . Regions with highest and lowest levels of budget subsidies per capita . Data from 1995 budgets , in 1991 rubles * * | Lowest levels of Nat . economy | expenditures | Highest levels of Nat . econom | y expenditures | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 Aginskiy Buryatskiy AO | 75 . 97 | 1 Magadanskaya oblast | 2860 . 78 | | 2 Adygeya republic | 94 . 64 | 2 St . Petersburg | 2104 . 11 | | 3Kalmykia republic | 95 . 94 | 3 Chukotskaya AO | 1934 . 57 | | 4 Chitinskaya oblast | 123 . 96 | 4 Evenkiyskiy AO | 1566 . 02 | | _5_Northern Osetia rep . | 125 . 01 | 5 Moskovskaya oblast | 1403 . 18 | | 6 Dagestan republic | 125 . 17 | 6 Yamalo-Nenetskaya rep . | 1278 . 93 | | 7 Mordovia republic | 141 . 75 | 7 Koryakskiy auton . okrug | 1201 . 57___ | | 8 Vladimirskaya oblast | 145 . 87 | 8 Sakha ( Yakutia ) republic | 1157 . 37___ | | 9 Ust-Ordynskiy Buryat . AO | 149 . 79 | 9 Komi republic | 701 . 09 | | 10 Komi-PeTmyatskaya AO | 153 . 09 | 10 Tyumenskaya oblast | 695 . 51_ | | Lowest levels of Housing expe | nditures | Highest levels of Housing exp | enditures_ < br > ___ | | 1 Kalmykia republic | 46 . 85 | 1 Evenkiyskiy AO | 1410 . 31 | | 2 Aginskiy Buryatskiy AO | 47 . 38 | 2 Chukotskaya AO < br > _ | 1369 . 66 | | 3 Adygeya republic | 56 . 41 | 3 Moskovskaya oblast | 1128 . 76 | | 4 Komi-Permyatskaya AO | 58 . 20 | 4 St . Petersburg < br > _ | 1124 . 17 | | 5 Mordovia republic | 62 . 00 | 5 Yamalo-Nenetskaya rep . | 1064 . 47 | | 6 Chitinskaya oblast | 68 . 84 | 6 Magadanskaya oblast | 1050 . 71 | | 7 Dagestan republic", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 134, "text": "Data from 1995 budgets , in 1991 rubles", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subprojects undertaken , the amount of solid waste collected or the number of household wastewater connections provided , the number of community activities supported , and so forth . This will be tracked by CDR with the help of the feedback from the community monitoring subcommittees and a monitoring specialist hired under the Project who will support the PMU and the unions on project monitoring aspects . Half yearly progress reports prepared by CDR , and submitted to the Bank will report on key activities , outputs and results . 47 . The CDR and the Bank team will undertake ex-post evaluations of the Project . This will involve surveys of beneficiary households and other key stakeholders at key points during the life of the Project . The evaluation design will employ appropriate evaluation techniques to estimate Project-specific benefits and impacts . In addition , the Project will also benefit from the knowledge being generated by other projects targeting refugee-hosting municipalities to gain a better understanding of the efficacy of various intervention modalities . Several other donors , including UNDP and the EU , are currently planning or implementing initiatives at the municipal level using other institutional arrangements , targeting methodologies or priority investments . The Project will collaborate closely with these and other projects as they may evolve in order to create cumulative and comparative indicators suitable to inform the global efforts currently underway to assist host communities cope with the massive population inflows . # * * A . Sustainability * * 48 . _Component 1 . _ Most activities proposed under the Project are within municipal competence and routinely delivered by municipalities and unions of municipalities . The interventions under this component will be small in scale and of an emergency nature , and they are expected to be continued by the municipalities after Project closure . To facilitate sustainability , the component will scale up service delivery in areas for which there is basic capacity at the local level . However , with limited annual budget transfers from the Government to municipalities , they may face challenges to sustain the level of services provided beyond the Project ’ s duration . To facilitate sustainability , the beneficiary unions or municipalities", "spans": [{"start": 638, "end": 671, "text": "surveys of beneficiary households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GTAP Database Version 6 ( Dimaranan , 2006 ) and use this with a modified version of the standard GTAP model ( Hertel , 1997 ) . Maize is included in the GTAP database and model parameters as a component of the ‘ Coarse Grains ’ composite commodity group . In Tanzania , maize accounts for more than 78 % of the total output of ‘ Coarse Grains ’ and more than 98 % of ‘ Coarse Grains ’ trade . As such , we consider the market and production structure of the Tanzanian ‘ Coarse Grains ’ sector to be a reasonable approximation of the Tanzanian maize sector . The global database has the additional advantage of reconciling the global input-output and trade data from a range of sources , and benchmarking them to a single representative year ; 2001 in our particular case . The reconciled data may 10", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "GTAP Database Version 6", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 154, "end": 167, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 627, "end": 661, "text": "global input-output and trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "find no evidence of this using data for Argentina , Chile , and Mexico during the 1980s and 1990s . < sup > 5 < / sup > The remainder of this paper is organized as follows . Section 2 discusses the data , and in particular our measures of bank internationalization . Section 3 presents the results on the impact of bank internationalization on the interest market discipline by depositors through banks ’ funding costs and deposit growth rates . Section 4 concludes . # * * 2 . The data * * In this paper , we examine an international sample of 898 banks located in 83 countries for the period 1999-2009 . Income statement and balance sheet information on individual banks is taken from the Bankscope database . < sup > 6 < / sup > In addition , Bankscope provides a bank ’ s significant shareholdings in other banks , if any . Using this information , we can match owning banks with directly owned banks . To ensure data quality , we only include owning banks that report some ownership data in a given year and are publicly listed . In addition , we require the owning bank to have a consolidated balance sheet in Bankscope so that we are able to measure the size of owned banks relative to the size of the consolidated owning bank . In this paper , we are interested in seeing whether international banks can rely relatively less on the financial safety net in their countries of operation . For this purpose , we construct > 5 Several studies examine whether a bank ’ s size reduces market discipline , as a large bank may be deemed too big to fail . Kane ( 2000 ) considers US bank mergers , finding that stockholders of large-bank acquirers have gained value when a deposit institution target is large and even more value when a deposit institution target was previously headquartered in the same state . Benston , Hunter and Wall ( 1995 ) similarly find that bank mergers and acquisitions are in part motivated by enhancing the deposit insurance put option . Penas and Unal ( 2004 ) consider the returns to bond holders around US bank mergers , finding that adjusted returns on", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 70, "text": "data for Argentina , Chile , and Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 691, "end": 709, "text": "Bankscope database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 978, "end": 992, "text": "ownership data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "even banked persons request loans from informal lenders , as personal loans may be harder to obtain from formal lending institutions than business loans or subsidized housing loans . However , as discussed in Chapter 1 , consumer lending in Colombia has grown significantly over the past two years . * * Table 3 . 4 Reasons for requesting a loan * * | * * Income percentile * * | * * 0-20 % * * | * * 21-40 % * * | * * 41-60 % * * | * * 61-80 % * * | * * 81-00 % * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Personal Expenses | 34 . 5 % | 32 . 2 % | 23 . 4 % | 17 . 5 % | 21 . 9 % | | Education or Health | 8 . 3 % | 7 . 7 % | 17 . 4 % | 20 . 2 % | 17 . 9 % | | Vehicle | 7 . 4 % | 11 . 1 % | 2 . 1 % | 6 . 7 % | 16 % | | Housing , including equipment and furniture | 25 . 6 % | 31 . 4 % | 30 . 3 % | 28 . 5 % | 13 . 5 % | | Business , investment , equipment and repairs | 14 . 0 % | 9 . 2 % | 12 . 3 % | 10 . 6 % | 20 . 3 % | | Payment of debts | 8 . 0 % | 6 . 5 % | 10 . 6 % | 13 . 2 % | 9 . 1 % | | Other | 2 . 3 % | 2 % | 4 % | 3 . 3 % | 1 . 4 % | | _Totals_ | _100 . 0 % _ | _100 . 0 % _ | _100 . 0 % _ | _100 . 0 % _ | _100 . 0 % _ | _Source : DANE survey , 2003_ 25 . * * More people seek loans", "spans": [{"start": 1163, "end": 1174, "text": "DANE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "le 1er novembre 1959 et le 31 décembre 1994 au motif de l ’ acquisition d ’ une nationalité étrangère acquièrent à nouveau automatiquement la nationalité rwandaise s ’ ils retournent s ’ installer au Rwanda » ( Article 7 ) . La disposition était incluse dans le code de la nationalité de 2004 , qui stipulait également que « toute personne originaire du Rwanda et leurs descendants ont droit à la nationalité rwandaise sur demande auprès du registre de l ’ état-civil » ( Article 26 ) . La disposition constitutionnelle complémentaire faisait partie du code de la nationalité de 2008 , mais la disposition complémentaire du code de 2004 a été amendée pour rendre la procédure plus difficile pour les populations d ’ origine rwandaise et nécessiter un décret présidentiel . La disposition relative à la restauration de la nationalité pour les personnes qui en ont acquis une autre entre 1959 et 1994 n ’ est pas incluse dans la dernière révision ( 2015 ) de la constitution . UNHCR / Septembre 2018 69", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 467, "text": "registre de l ’ état-civil", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "elevation ( mountains ) comes from the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( UNEP-WCMC , 2002 ) . Rainfall data were obtained from the GPCC Global Precipitation Climatology Centre ( Schneider et al . , 2015 ) . We also collected data on Tunisia ’ s socio-political landscape , using legislative election data for 2014 from the national election authority ( ISIE , 2015 ) . Finally , alternative measures of violent extremism comprise information on political protests , riots , and political violence from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data ( ACLED ) Project database ( Raleigh et al . , 2010 ) and Zelin ( 2020 ) ’ s data on the locations where extremist group Ansal al-Sharia Tunisia ( AST ) delivered jihadist religious lectures - a vehicle for the group ’ s proselytization and recruitment activities . We also compiled data from the National List of Persons , Organizations and Entities Associated with Terrorist Crime curated by the anti-terrorism commission , which tracks all individuals indicted for terrorism as listed in the Official Gazette ( CNLCT , 2021 ) . It also lists their addresses , which allows us to georeference them . < sup > 6 < / sup > # * * 4 Results * * Our main finding that internet access predicts recruitment is shown in Table 2 . Columns 1-6 show progressively more stringent OLS estimation results . Column 1 documents a positive and statistically significant correlation between ( the inverse hyperbolic sine of - henceforth ihs ) the number of Daesh recruits and internet access rates , while normalizing by the population of each cell by controlling for the logarithm of the number of men in a particular delegation-educationage cell as enumerated in the census . Standard errors are clustered at the delegation level . Recognizing that the nature of internet access might lead error terms in ( 1 ) to be spatially correlated , the specification in column 1 is replicated in column 2 but following Conley ( 1999 ) to account for spatial correlation of the error term with a 50-km buffer area . The results are very similar . Given the scope for spatial correlation in internet access , we henceforth adopt Conley ( 1999 ) standard error correction", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 343, "text": "legislative election data for 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 536, "end": 572, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Submission of Withdrawal applications * * . The disbursement rate of the project now stands at 32 % . DBE has submitted the first Withdrawal Application for 16 . 2 million USD , the initial advance was processed and the treasury has value dated the payment as of November 22 , 2013 . The first component of the project which is implemented by DBE regarding Access to Microfinance has now started disbursing . The NPMT , on the other hand has seriously delayed all activities under their management , the team recommends that NPMT should submit WAs on monthly basis . 23 . The mission visited the finance office of the Project Coordination unit at FeMSEDA and the Project Management Team ( PMT ) at the Development Bank of Ethiopia ( DBE ) . The financial management system of the project provides reasonable assurance that Bank loan proceeds are being used for the intended purpose . The following however require immediate attention : - i . Budget utilization – as indicated in the 4th Quarter IFR of the project , the budget utilization of FeMSEDA for the year ended July 7 , 2013 has been only 68 % . Due attention should be given to budget utilization by closely looking into implementation challenges of the project . - ii . Monitoring disbursement - The disbursement rate of the project stands at 34 . 49 % . The first component of the project which is implemented by DBE regarding Access to Microfinance has disbursed significant amount of USD 16 . 2 million . This disbursed amount should be closely followed up by DBE to ensure that it reaches the beneficiaries through the PFIs in a timely manner . In another note , FeMSEDA which is responsible for 7 | P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 1000, "text": "4th Quarter IFR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 1984 ; Robertson and < br > Hughs , 1978 ; Spencer and Byerlee , 1976 ; and Weinrich , 1975 ) . < br > Combining these estimates with the labor force data in Table 1 , we < br > estimate that about 20 percent of Africa ' s rural labor force is < br > channeled through labor markets ( 60 percent of nonfarm workersxa < br > 15 percent employment share + 15 percent of agricultural laborx < br > an 85 percent rural employment share - < br > 22 percent of rural < br > employment ) . Further evidence indicates that exchange labor < br > rarely exceeds five percent of labor flows ( Hill , 1977 ; ILO 1985b < br > and 1985c ; Norman , Pryor and Gibbs , 1979 ; Oates , 1984 ; Weinrich , < br > 1975 ) . |", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 156, "text": "labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _3 . 2 . Gender Attitudes Composite Indexes_ * * The module on gender attitudes consisted of 35 questions on employment , gender-based violence , decision-making , and general attitudes , answered by the main respondent of the household survey ( Table 1 ) . These 35 questions , asked to the respondents in Malayalam and English , were structured to elicit pointed answers that were recorded as : “ Yes , ” “ No , ” “ Depends on the situation , ” and “ Don ’ t know . ” < sup > 7 < / sup > This analysis took the affirmative responses into account , whereas “ No , ” “ Depends on the context , ” and “ Don ’ t know ” are classified as 0 . Thus , all the answers were coded as a binary variable with 1 for “ yes ” and 0 for “ no . ” The employment section had three questions : whether it is shameful for a wife to earn more than her husband , if a woman threatens a man ’ s job opportunities and livelihood , and if a woman should not work outside her home if economic conditions improved . General attitudes , the second section , included 13 questions related to whether a woman ’ s capacity to carry out her household chores was important to earn community respect and if it is shameful for a man to carry out household work . It also included paired questions to assist in the comparison of attitudes of male and female respondents on specific issues , such as whether girls and boys had to be brought up to be submissive and modest , and if outspoken and assertive boys and girls should be disciplined . Such a structure is crucial as it allows establishing if girls and women are at a comparative disadvantage than boys and men . The third section , decision-making , consisted of nine questions asked whether women should leave decision-making to men on a range of issues , such as property , family planning , and female participation in political and religious organizations , and self-help groups . Thirteen questions on GBV , included in the last section , are the following", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 249, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 11045 # * * Abstract * * The publication of nearly 600 , 000 new species occurrence maps using Global Biodiversity Information Facility data provides an opportunity to reassess international species protection with broader representation for plants , invertebrates , and other species . This development aligns with the global 30x30 initiative , where 188 governments have committed to expanding terrestrial and marine protection to cover 30 percent of the planet by 2030 . This study leverages Global Biodiversity Information Facility occurrence maps to identify new opportunities for species protection in 10 countries in Latin America ( Brazil , Costa Rica , and Ecuador ) , Africa ( Cameroon , South Africa , and Madagascar ) , and the Asia-Pacific region ( Papua New Guinea , the Philippines , India , and China ) . By focusing on individual countries , the paper emphasizes the importance of local conservation stewardship . Both terrestrial and marine cases are analyzed , with particular attention to endemic species . Unlike previous efforts , this approach assigns equal weight to all vertebrates , invertebrates , plants , and other species mapped in the database . A spatially efficient algorithm identifies priority localities for establishing new protected areas to safeguard unprotected species . The findings reveal that initial conditions , such as existing protection levels and the spatial clustering of unprotected species , greatly influence outcomes . Unprotected species are shown to be spatially clustered in some countries but not in others , and the representation of different taxa among unprotected species is found to vary significantly across countries . Some countries can achieve full protection within the 30 percent territorial limit , while others may need to exceed it . However , in all cases , spatial clustering enables significant protection gains through modest expansions of protected areas , demonstrating a path forward for enhancing biodiversity conservation within global commitments . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group and the Development Data Group , Development Economics and the Environment Global Department . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 170, "text": "Global Biodiversity Information Facility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 525, "end": 581, "text": "Global Biodiversity Information Facility occurrence maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 | | 2018-05-2 | 3 | 2018-05-28 | | | 2018-08-28 | | | KE-MEACLSS-62530-CS-INDV < br > / The Ministry intends to eng < br > age an Individual Consultant < br > to develop web based applic < br > ations to enable sharing of a < br > dministrative data among de < br > partments and integrate the < br > application onto existing KLM < br > IS portal to ensure provision < br > of real time data for KLMIS | IDA / 58120 | Improving labor market inf < br > mation | or < br > Post | Individual Consult < br > ant Selection | Open | 45 , 000 . 00 | 29 , 045 . 66 | Signed | 2018-05-17 | 2018-08-02 | 2018-06-12 | 2018-10-15 | 2018-06-1 | 8 < br > 2018-12-10 | 2018-06-26 | 2018 - | 12 - | 31 < br > 2018-09-24 | | Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 252, "text": "dministrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The settlement is along the 60m A class < br > road which has been encroached to 12m . The concern is < br > how to deal with the individuals along the road reserve . < br > Consultant has 2 plan options ; option 1 proposes 3m < br > footpaths with common parking lots as option 2 < br > proposes 6m roads and 4 . 5 & 3m footpaths . < br > _Comments ; - _ < br >  The secondary school boundary has since been < br > revised , and the Consultant should check and re - < br > adjust the plan . < br >  The 60m road reserve was discussed by members < br > who felt that the corridor should be reserved . < br > However , the existing survey plans show some < br > subdivisions along this corridor , thus this issue < br > will be discussed further . The County team was < br > tasked to bring on board more stakeholders like | Two Ems < br > Two Ems < br > Two Ems | 12-48", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda : Investment for Industrial Transformation and Employment ( P171607 ) GDP grew at 3 . 1 percent in FY20 , less than half the 6 . 8 percent recorded in FY19 , due to the effects of the COVID-19 crisis and is expected to grow at a similar level in FY21 . Economic activity stalled during the latter part of the fiscal year due to a domestic lockdown that lasted over four months , border closures for everything but essential cargo , and the spillover effects of disruption in global demand and supply chains due to the COVID-19 pandemic . This resulted in a sharp contraction in public investment and deceleration in private consumption , which hit the industrial and certain service sectors particularly hard . On a calendar year basis , real GDP growth is unlikely to exceed 1 percent during 2020 , compared to 6 . 7 percent in 2019 , and , as a result , real per capita GDP growth is expected to contract by about 2 . 5 percent . Even if the GDP growth rebounds strongly by 2022 , the level of per capita GDP is likely to remain well below its pre-COVID trajectory . < sup > 1 < / sup > Sectoral and Institutional Context * * COVID-19 is a significant threat to emerging economic transformation in Uganda and puts prospects of new jobs in danger . * * Data from the June 2020 < sup > 2 < / sup > Uganda Bureau of Statistics high frequency phone survey on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic , shows that the following sectors lost the highest number of workers : services 43 percent , commerce 43 percent and transport 39 percent . It is expected that the hardest-hit firms will be exporters to international markets , manufacturing companies and start-ups . The floriculture industry , for example , which employs over 10 , 000 people , is facing severe disruptions in its supply chains as air cargo companies have suspended flights , but similar disruptions will also arise", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1383, "text": "high frequency phone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- c . * * _Responsiveness : _ * * Complaints will be dealt with quickly , courteously , fairly and within established timelines . Complainants will be advised of how long it will take to deal with the complaint in accordance with complaint handling timelines and kept informed of the progress . If additional time is required to resolve the issues the complainant will be kept informed and advised of the additional time required and the reasons for the delay . If the complaint is still not resolved to the complainant ’ s satisfaction , we will explain our decision clearly , and offer any possible alternative actions or review opportunities . - d . * * _Privacy and confidentiality : _ * * The complaint handling process will ensure complainant confidentiality and also ensure confidentiality in the case of complaints against staff . Details of complaints should only be known by those directly concerned . - e . * * _Accountability : _ * * The complaint handling system is open to scrutiny by members of the public and other oversight bodies e . g . the Inspectorate of Government-IGG ( Ombudsman ) . An appropriate reporting mechanism on the operation of the complaints process will be maintained . UCSATP shall maintain a complaint register and regularly audit the complaints handling system with appropriate action plans formulated to address any deficiencies . In addition , the project GRM will include a mechanism to enable individuals or groups who are vulnerable or disadvantaged to report incidents of exclusion or discrimination safely , ethically , and confidentially and to ensure such grievances are resolved in an efficient and effective way commensurate with the principle of non-discrimination and inclusion for all . This referral pathway will be developed with the support of the World Bank-provided Enhanced Implementation and Monitoring Support outlined in the UCSATP ESMF . UCSATP has a developed methodology of recording and resolving grievances in the Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) based on the lessons learnt in UCSATP . The channels of uptake at all levels will include walk - ins , face-to", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1248, "text": "complaint register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ministry_ of _Water and Energy_ _Page 2-5_ _Figure_ 2-3 : _Option III_ - _surface irrigation 100 % and_ 75 % _intensity_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > PROPOSED < br > DIVERSION < br > WEIR < br > . SURFACE . < br > : IRRIGATION < br > 10 $ 00 9 , SOOh { ! < br > \" { § l7S \" / oIntensity < br > OPTION-III < br > SURFACE IRRIGATION @ 100 % Intensity < br > NET IRRIGATION AREA 4 , 000 - 5 , OOOha < br > SURFACE IRRIGATION @ 75 % Intensity < br > NET IRRIGATION AREA 10 , 500 9 , 500ha < br > TOTAL WATER NEEDED 152 . 68MCM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : RIDP FS ( Jan 2010 ) _ _Figure_ 2-4 : _Option lIlA_ - _surface irrigation , varying intensity , plus limited pressurised irrigation_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > PROPOSED < br > DIVERSION < br > . WEIR < br > SURFACE / ~ : ; : : , - < br > IRRIGATION SURFACE < br > 6 , 500 5 , 500ha IRRIGATION , < br > @ 75 % Intensity ! 4 , 000 - 5 , 000ha \\ < br > . @ 100 % Intensitv , ' < br > / < br > O ~ II Qf \\ L - ! ! 18 < br > SURFACE IRRIGATION @ 100 % Intensity < br > NET IRRIGATION AREA 4 , 000 - 5 , 000ha < br > SURFACE IRRIGATION @ 75 % Intensity < br > NET IRRIGATION AREA 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * Youth unemployment and underemployment across much of the developing world is extremely high . Two facts highlight the importance of youth ’ s labor in the world economy : 17 percent of the world ’ s population are youth ( ages 16-24 ) and youth make up 40 percent of the world ’ s unemployed . In developing countries , where labor frequently encompasses informal self-employment and small-scale agriculture , youth also struggle with high underemployment ( they are not able to work as much as they would like to ) and low productivity . Up to two-thirds ( 60 % ) of the young population is underutilized in some developing economies , meaning that they are unemployed , in irregular employment – most likely in the informal sector , or neither in the labor force nor in education or training ( ILO , 2013 ) . Youth unemployment and underemployment not only slow down economic growth but also negatively impact crime rates ( Fella and Gallipoli , 2007 ) , depression rates ( Frese and Mohr , 1987 ) , substance abuse rates ( Linn , Sandifer and Stein , 1985 ) , and rates of social exclusion ( Goldsmith , Veum and Darity , 1997 ) . Nepal is similarly affected by youth unemployment and underemployment . With a per capita income of US $ 700 , Nepal is South Asia ’ s second poorest country ( ahead of only Afghanistan ) . Helped by remittances , the proportion of the population falling below the national poverty line has declined in recent years from 31 percent in 2003-04 to 25 percent in 2011 ( Central Bureau of Statistics 2011 ) . One underlying factor of poverty in Nepal is the lack of employment opportunities , and a reliance on self-employment in the agriculture sector , which accounts for 61 percent of the total labor force ( Nepal Living Standard Survey 2011 ) . The unemployment rate for those aged 15-29 is 19 . 2 percent , compared to just 2 . 7 percent for people older than 15 ( ILO 2014 ) . Faced with these prospects , young Nepalese are compelled to consider migrating overseas in search of better opportunities . Governments worldwide", "spans": [{"start": 1770, "end": 1798, "text": "Nepal Living Standard Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") in addition to financial impacts , but many of these social and environmental impacts are difficult to monetize . Fourth , there is a desire to balance analytical efficiency , derived from standardization , with policy and political responsiveness , derived from selection of decision criteria . To the last point , IPF recognizes that the selection of infrastructure projects cannot be divorced from the political economy of project selection . Particular projects may be chiefly valued by governments and other stakeholders due to key policy goals which are non ‐ economic in nature or due to considerations that objective indicators cannot measure , such as promoting social cohesion , honoring culture , or redistributing wealth to the poor . But selection can be responsive to policy without becoming altogether political . As such , this support framework explicitly accommodates policy responsiveness in two ways : through criteria selection and by leaving a degree of freedom in decision ‐ making through multiple references for judgment ( i . e . , two indices ) . In addition to building space for political deliberation , consultation , and professional judgment , the following design ideals were incorporated , based on a survey of international best practice : - The strategic relevance of a project must be determined at the sector level as well as within the appropriate tier of government ; 9", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1274, "text": "survey of international best practice", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 kWh in 1993 ) , as well as the low domestic tariff which prevailed until mid-1993 . Operational inefficiencies , including high staffing levels , also contributed to the problem ; the number of staff employed by UEB doubled between 1986 and 1993 and staff productivity , measured as the number of connections per staff , was low - 34 in 1993 - and below the SAR targets . In spite of the increase in the average tariff to some US cents 7 . 3 per kWh in July 1993 , UEB posted a loss in 1993 , and was not able to fully service its debt obligations for 1993 nor for 1994 . 7 . 10 UEB ' s financial difficulties stem mainly from its inability to collect revenue ; in 1993 , 7 receivables stood at more than 9 months of sales , compared to the covenanted 3 months7 . Private consumers accounted for about two thirds of UEB ' s hilling arrears , as public sector billing arrears were covered by an annual debt swap arrangement between UEB and the Government . The root causes of UEB ' s commercial difficulties are the unreliable customer data base and systematic problems with inadequate organizational arrangements and management control systems , ranging through meter reading , staff collusion with customers , and cash collection . To remedy the situation , UEB has initiated an intensified program to disconnect delinquent customers , carried out a customer census in Kampala to update its consumer data base , and has agreed under the ongoing Third Power Project to implement an emergency action plan to bring receivables down to 3 months of sales by the end of 1995 . This plan includes managerial and organizational changes , replacement of meters and investigating options for improving customer management including possible privatization of billing and collection . 7 . 11 * * Economic Impact . * * The SAR reports two alternative IRR estimates : 16 . 7 percent and 21 . 6 percent . The difference between these two estimates is the value of incremental sales in Uganda made possible by the investments ; in the first case the SAR uses the average", "spans": [{"start": 1354, "end": 1380, "text": "customer census in Kampala", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ deforestation of the natural vegetation . However , there are still scattered remnant vegetation mainly indigenous trees that are preserved within farmlands , grazing areas and around settlements as agro-forestry system . The area also contains significant exotic trees plantations dominantly Eucalyptus species . The proposed subproject corridor is classified as “ Modified Habitat ” as most of the original vegetation of the area has been totally transformed to intensive land uses including cultivation , livestock grazing and tree plantation . A terrestrial vegetation survey confirms that there are no endangered or rare species within the project affected areas . There is no critical habit that will be affected by the subproject . _Wildlife Habitats and Wildlife Resources : _ Most of the natural habitats of the subproject corridor have been extensively transformed into cultivation , livestock grazing , exotic trees plantation and settlements , and this has resulted in low wildlife diversity in the area . The relatively less disturbed or modified habitats in the area are Cheleleka Swamp and Tikur Weha river and its shoreline . The local residents interviewed during the field studies indicated the presence of some nocturnal wild animals that dwell in burrows like Hyenas , Crested Porcupine & Aardvark , and animals that are adapted to inhabit in disturbed or modified habitats such as Common Jackal , Common Warthog , Grivet Monkey & Abyssinian Hare . Hippopotamus were the only mammal species observed by the ESIA team in Tikur Weha River during site assessment at 200m below the location where the TL crosses the river . T . Weha river & its shoreline vegetation are important habitat for Hippos ( Vulnerable sp . ) providing both protection and foraging resources . _Birdlife : _ The habitats in the subproject corridor are mostly highly disturbed due to anthropogenic activities . Yet , the", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 778, "text": "terrestrial vegetation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ii . Additionally , _η_ ̃ _c_ could be drawn from those estimated in the first stage ( semi-parametric ) , this is possible to do in the parametric and bootstrapped simulation . Under Henderson ’ s method III ( H3 ) there is no defined distribution for the ˆ _ση_ < sup > 2parameter . Consequently , < / sup > bootstrapped samples of the survey data are used to obtain _σ_ ˆ _η_ < sup > 2and all other parameters for every single < / sup > simulation . This approach is also available under ELL methods . The bootstrap is also necessary for the instances when EB is chosen . When EB is chosen , the bootstrap produces a vector of _η_ s and of _σ_ ˆ _ηc_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ̃ ˆ for each of the clusters included in the survey and thus for every simulation we draw _ηc ∼ N_ � _ηc , _ ˆ _σηc_ < sup > 2 < / sup > � . For clusters not included in the survey the drawing is : _η_ ̃ _c ∼ N_ � 0 _ , _ ˆ _ση_ < sup > 2 < / sup > � . 3 . _e_ ̃ _ch_ can be drawn from a normal distribution with variance such as the one specified in equation 8 . This is done by : - ( a ) Drawing _α ∼ N_ ( ˆ _α , _ Var ( ˆ _α_ ) ) ( it may also be the product of the bootstrap process ) and using it on _ ′ _ - the census data , we obtain a new _D_ = exp � _Zch_ < sup > _α_ � < / sup > , and using the new _D_ we obtain in conjunction with the first stage _A_ = 1 _ . _ 05 max � _e_ ˆ < sup > 2 < / sup > _ch_ � and Var ( < sup > � < / sup > _r_ ) we get : From this it is possible to draw _e_ ̃ _ch ∼ N_ � 0 _ , _ ̃ _σe , ch_ < sup > 2 < / sup > � . - ( b", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 351, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1193, "end": 1204, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * CONSIDERATION * * | * * EXPLANATION * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Project * * < br > * * Objective * * |  < br > To increase access to water and sewerage services in low-income < br > communities in Nairobi . | | * * Implementers * * |  < br > NCWSC will be the project implementer and service provider . | | * * Outputs * * |  < br > 16 , 000 independently verified working sewerage and water connections , and < br > associated service delivery , for eligible low-income households ( 80 , 000 < br > beneficiaries ) . | | * * Subsidy * * < br > * * Payment * * < br > * * Trigger * * |  < br > Independent verification of active sewerage and water connections and < br > subsequent service delivery ( ie . billing history over a 6-month period ) . < br >  < br > 50 % will be paid on verification of working connections < br >  < br > 50 % will be paid after verification of 6 months of sustained service delivery | | * * Subsidy * * < br > * * Targeting * * |  < br > Geographical – the project will target low-income communities within the < br > NCWSC area of jurisdiction . | | * * Setting OBA * * < br > * * Subsidies * * |  < br > OBA subsidies will fill the gap between the full capital cost of connection and < br > what the beneficiary households can afford and are willing to pay ( through an < br > upfront payment / deposit and 5-year loan from NCWSC ) . NCWSC will pre - < br > finance all capital costs ( less a small application deposit from the beneficiary < br >", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 733, "text": "billing history", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aggregate indicators ; and ( 3 ) the possibility of trends in global averages of governance , with implications for the interpretation of the baseline WGI estimates where global means are normalized to zero in every period . Our updated – and in some cases expanded – analysis is consistent with our earlier evidence and supports our previous conclusions that the methodological choices in the baseline WGI estimates are appropriate . Specifically , we do not find clear evidence of correlated perceptions errors across data sources , and we find that an equally weighted ( instead of precision weighted ) average of the data sources leads to very similar estimates of governance across countries . We also find no evidence of significant trends in global averages of governance as measured by the WGI data sources . This means that the baseline WGI choice of units that normalizes the global mean of governance to be the same in each period is appropriate , and that changes over time in economies ’ relative positions on the six aggregate WGI measures broadly correspond to absolute changes as collectively measured by the WGI data sources . The WGI are widely used for broad cross-country and over-time comparisons of governance in a variety of contexts . They are frequently used in academic and policy research , as evidenced by the over 25 , 000 citations to the various WGI methodology papers recorded in Google Scholar . < sup > 2 < / sup > They are used – together with a variety of other indicators – by the United States Millennium Challenge Corporation to determine country eligibility for its aid programs . < sup > 3 < / sup > Recognizing that they have predictive power for debt servicing difficulties , the WGI are used by major commercial risk rating agencies as one of many inputs to their models to assess sovereign risk , as well as by the International Monetary Fund as a key indicator of governance in its Debt Sustainability Framework for Market Access Countries . < sup > 4 < / sup > Fourth , they are used – together with many other indicators – to inform environmental , social and governance ( ESG ) investment strategies and corporate social responsibility policies by firms in the", "spans": [{"start": 798, "end": 814, "text": "WGI data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are * * kept wehich * * diseose w ith ra ~ sonable cura at * * any * * til the financial position of _the_ roect * * di b * * 1mited ' s nanagement is further responsible for safeguarding the assets of the projeet . il LImi ted ' s management accepts the responsibilty fo ) r the fiund accountahility and fund balance statemen * * sshich * * have been p * * red using * * the appropriate accounting poiies * * supported by * * rasoinble and prudet * * judge * * wets and estiates . * * nte * * management is _of_ * * the * * o åinion that * * the * * _und_ accounmahility statenIut gies _a Irne_ and tair * * view * * of * * the * * state * * of * * atfairs * * of the * * project and * * ofl * * th resuits _thereol . _ * * _he_ * * nianagemetit fLrther acepts responsihilit or * * the * * maintsnance of accounting records whieh may * * be * * relied upon in the preparation of ihe _Rund_ accountablits and fund halance stateieuts , as well as adequate systens of ' iiterital inanoial co tro Nekesa Wero Manaintg D wirect - Sheila Firten Projct * * Leald * * _20t 1 1 31 > 5", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 824, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ticipate in a comprehensive household survey . In the vast majority of cases ( 84 % of all surveyed households ) , the respondent was the actual borrower identified by the bank record , as well as the user of the loan and the household ’ s main financial decision-maker . When somebody else in the household was the financial decision-maker and the loan ’ s true user , we interviewed that individual instead . Household members other than the borrower identified on the beneficiary list were only interviewed , once the actual borrower had been located and this borrower confirmed that another household member was both the financial decision-maker and the actual user of the loan in question . This occurred in a small number of cases , where the loan was taken out in the father ’ s or wife ’ s name , who legally owned the land , but the son or husband was the true financial decision-maker and user of the loan . There were two main sources of attrition . First , although considerable effort was made to locate all borrowers identified on beneficiary lists , this proved quite difficult for loans that were disbursed several years prior to the program . Second , because only imperfectly recorded and transliterated names were available from banks , many villages had multiple individuals with the same name , which sometimes created obstacles to the identification of individuals if no additional bank data on the beneficiary account was available . No interview was conducted if a borrower could not be identified with certainty based on bank records . To verify that attrition was balanced across treatment and control groups , Table D . 2 ( a ) compares located households with households that could not be found and shows that the probability of a household being located was indeed independent of treatment status . As an additional test , Table D . 2 ( b ) compares basic characteristics of located and non-located households ( as available from the bank data ) . Tested jointly , balanced attrition cannot be rejected at conventional levels of significance ( _p_ = 0 _ . _ 24 ) . Similarly , attrition is not systematically related to landholding or relief amount . The average", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 44, "text": "comprehensive household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 172, "end": 183, "text": "bank record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1404, "end": 1440, "text": "bank data on the beneficiary account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1963, "end": 1972, "text": "bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "FewFood , Skipped , AteLess , RunOut , Hungry , and WhlDay . < / mark > < mark > 2 . We construct adult population weights ( < / mark > wa < mark > ) , by multiplying household sampling weights < / mark > ( wi , final < mark > ) with the count of adult members in each household . This household sampling < / mark > 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis 24 The planning timeframe for the LCRP is four years ( currently 2017-2020 ) . 25 An earlier version of the tool ( referred to as the resilience marker ) did include gender considerations , based on the premise that efforts to address genderbased inequalities / women ’ s empowerment are critical for long term resilience building . 26 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . 27 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . These figures are preliminary and , at the time of writing , were not approved by the Government of Jordan . The Inter-Agency Appeal will be revised in line with the JRP 2018-2020 once finalised . 28 Numbers are based on the final attendees list for the JRP planning workshop in September 2017 . 43 The total number of organisations is drawn from the Turkey chapter of the 3RP ; the number of local / national actors was calculated by the author of this report . 44 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . 45 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . 46 The total number of organisations is drawn from the Iraq chapter of the 3RP ; the number of local / national actors was calculated by the author of this report . Government institutions are not included in the list of appealing agencies within the Iraq chapter of the 3RP and hence are not included in these totals . 47 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . 48 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . 49 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . 29 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . 30 The Jordan Response Plan for the Syria Crisis 20172019 . Available at : http : / / www . jrpsc . org / 31 3RP 2018-2019 , Regional Strategic Overview ( draft ) . 32 3RP", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 799, "text": "final attendees list for the JRP planning workshop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "b . Social Safeguard Specialist . c . Community Development Specialist . d . 3 members from Component 2 – Surveyor , Land Administrator and Valuer . e . KISIP Finance Officer . < u > From the County < / u > a . County KISIP Coordinator who will be the chairman . b . Assistant County Commissioner . c . Community Development Officer . d . County Surveyor . e . A representative from enforcement department . f . Town Administrator . The committee works with the Project Affected Persons for each settlement . The committees ’ roles are as presented below . i . The Resettlement Implementation Committee shall ensure the list of all PAPs has been verified and documented in the PAP register . The register shall have , among other parameters , ( 1 ) the name of the person , ( 2 ) type of loss ( structure / Livelihood ) ( 3 ) identification number of the PAP , ( 3 ) Compensation Amount ( 3 ) Bank Details or M-pesa details of the PAP . ii . The Resettlement Implementation Committee will verify the identity of each PAP as stated in the register and ascertain that every identity card holder is correctly documented in the register . iii . Resettlement Implementation Committee will support KISIP in carrying out sensitization about opening of joint accounts and appropriate use of compensation funds for households . RIC will support PAPs in opening individual and joint accounts with financial institutions of their choice . RIC will support KISIP in following up on PAPs to ensure they have received their compensation . 10-9", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 689, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accounting year-end . As an extension , rather than a binary treatment variable , we also calculate a continuous measure reflecting the number of pounds the firm is below the AIA ceiling . The intuition being that firms with more unspent allowance , have a greater incentive to increase their investment . We use this continuous measure of the AIA allowance available to firms as a robustness test below . That the magnitude of the response to the AIA policy is likely to increase with the gap between a firms historical capital investments and the AIA threshold also helps to provide an argument for why the DID approach adopted in the paper is preferable to , for example , a regression discontinuity ( RD ) design . An RD design would measure the effects of the AIA for firms around the threshold , thereby ignoring those for which the change in the AIA threshold is most significant . < sup > 27 < / sup > We note some differences in the specification when using the capital investment or worker data and that on cloud , big data and AI . When studying the effects of AIA on capital investment or demand for data workers this data is available on an annual basis and therefore the treatment status of the firm is determined by these annual changes in the marginal incentive to invest by year . The presence of firm / worker and year fixed effects in Equations 1 and 2 along with the changes to the AIA policy across years means the regression belongs to the two-way fixed effects models with staggered treatment design that has received much recent criticism about ‘ forbidden comparisons ’ , i . e . comparing treated firms to previously treated firms as well as those not treated ( Goodman-Bacon , 2021 ; Borusyak et al . , 2021 ; Callaway and Sant ’ Anna , 2021 ) . As our preferred method , we use the approach of Callaway and Sant ’ Anna ( 2021 ) , which accounts for staggered treatment designs and heterogeneous treatment effects under semi-balanced panel data . The approach presents event study estimates of investment of treated firms ( for each cohort of AIA changes ) , by comparing against those firms", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 1004, "text": "capital investment or worker data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1961, "end": 1971, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Exact figures will be determined by the RAP study now in progress . Applying the regional growth rate to the RIDP ' s estimate suggests that an additional 13 , 224 additional people would have to be accommodated in the PCA by 2020 ( Table 4-14 ) . _Table_ 4-14 : _peA : Projected Population 2020_ | Estimated Total | PopulationwithinPCA ( 14 , 200halat | | - - - | - - - | | constantgrowth | rate ( 1 . 7 % / yr ) | _Source : Consultant ' s estimate_ Age Structure : 73 % of the population in the PCA is under 30 years old , and 43 % is younger than 15 years old . This gives a high dependency ratio ( persons not working to persons working ) . # # # # # # _4 . 4 . 2 . 3 Household Size and Population Density_ The RIDP FS ( Tahal-CECE 2010 ) reports an average household size within the PCA of 5 . 2 . Some 12 . 5 % of PCA households are headed by women . The population density of the PCA is around 5 persons / ha , compared to 2 . 4 and 2 . 16 persons / ha for Fogera and Libo Kemkem Woredas respectively , as a whole . This reflects the attractiveness of the Fogera floodplain due to its relatively favourable resource base and relatively high productivity . _Environmental and SOCIa ; Impact Assessment of about 20 . 000_ l1a _Irrigation and Drainage Schemes al Pump ( at Seraba ) , Ribb and Angel Dam . ESIA Scheme ­ _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at 5 % p . a . However , in all the projections , primary enrollment is assumed to grow at 3 . 5 % per annum and to reach 4 . 1 million in 1985 / 86 . This figure includes a substantial adjustment for alleged undercounting in the 1969 census and reflects the assumption that after the 1974 population explosion , primary enrollments would continue to increase steadily . In the meantime , enrollment data for the period 1975-77 showing a stagnation and indeed even a slight decline in primary education enrollments ( Annex I-T2 ) have become available ; revised enrollment projections prepared by the Association and Unesco staff indicate that by 1986 a primary school population of 3 . 5 million ( Annex I-T3 ) is more probable than the 4 . 1 million calculated by the NCEOP . In this case , and if the assumptions about teacher salaries , quality improvement and secondary-and university-level costs prove correct , the Government would have a safety margin for the implementation of its proposals and by the mid-1980s the share of education as a percentage of the recurrent budget would be about 26 % . 2 . 09 These conclusions are also supported by an encouraging improvement in the situation of the Ministry of Education ' s recurrent expenditures , which in real terms have responded to the control measures ( para . 2 . 07 ) taken by the Government in 1975 and 1976 as the following table indicates :", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 241, "text": "1969 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 389, "end": 404, "text": "enrollment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Photo 3 : View of Typical Housing structure Affected by the TL * * Impact on residential houses due to the Construction of the new Arsi Robe Substation * * No privately owned residential housing or other structures will be affected by the construction of the new Arsi Robe Substation . # # # # # # * * 7 . 5 Impact on Fruit Trees and Homesteads * * The Arsi Zone in general and the subproject affected Woreda in particular are predominantly known for their high yield in annual crops . Whereas fruit trees and perennial crops are less common likely due to climatic or soil conditions . This situation has significantly influenced the farming practices of the subproject affected Woredas leading most farmers to focus on annual crops . Consequently , only a limited number of farmers have ventured into cultivating fruit trees and perennial crops . Table 7 . 6 presented the number of PAHs by impact on fruit trees and perennial crops by Woreda . Table 7 . 6 : Number of PAPs by Impact on Fruit Trees and Perennial crop by Woreda | * * Woreda * * | * * Total No . of PAPs * * | * * No . of PAHs * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Hetosa | 75 | 0 | 0 | | Lode Hetosa | 169 | 4 | 2 . 4 | | Diksis | 57 | 0 | 0 | | Sude | 5 | 0 | 0 | | Robe | 55 | 0 | 0 | | * * Total * * | * * 361 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 1 . 1 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January", "spans": [{"start": 1498, "end": 1545, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | Manufacturing | | | Annual < br > Manufacturing | | | Annual < br > Manufacturing | 82-86 to 94-98 | Emp . ≥ 10 | | | Colombia | survey ( EAM ) | 82-98 | Emp . ≥ 10 | survey ( EAM ) | | | Manufacturing | | | | | Emp ≥ 1 | Business register | 95-00 to 96-01 | Emp ≥ 1 | All | | Estonia | Business Register | 95-01 | | | | | | | | Fiscal register | | | Fiscal register | 92-96 to 97-01 | Emp > 1 | All | | Hungary | < br > ( APEH ) | 92-01 | Emp ≥ 1 | < br > ( APEH ) | | | | | | Manufacturing | | | Manufacturing | 90-95 | Emp . ≥ 10 | | | Indonesia | survey | 90-95 | Emp . ≥ 10 | survey | | | Manufacturing | | | | 83-93 ( 3 | | | 88 & 93 | Emp ≥ 5 | Manufacturing | | Korea ( Rep . ) | Census | < br > years ) | Emp ≥ 5 | Census | | | | | Latvia | Business register | 96-02 | Emp ≥ 1 | Business register | 96-01 97-02 | Emp ≥ 1 | All | | Mexico | Social security | 85-01 | Emp ≥ 1 | | | | All | | Romania | Business register | 92-01 | Emp ≥ 1 | Business register | 95-98 to 96-99 | Emp ≥ 1 | All | | | | | | | 92-97 to 97-01 | Emp > 1 | All | | Slovenia | Business register | 92-01 | Emp ≥ 1 | Business register | | | | | | | 86-91 ( 2 | | | 86-91 to 91-96 | Emp ≥ 1 | Manufacturing | | Taiwan ( China ) | Census | < br > years ) | Emp ≥ 1 | Census | | | | | | Annual Industrial | | Emp ≥ 15 , sample | < br > Annual Industrial | < br > 95-99 to 96-00 | Emp ≥ 5 | |", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1286, "text": "Annual Industrial", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LEVEL ( US $ PER CAPITA ) < br > URBAN | | | 1790 | 3343 | 5136 | | < br > RURAL | . . < br > . . | . . < br > . . | . < br > 106 , 0 | . < br > 137 . 6 | . < br > 36i . 2 | | ESTIMATED POPULATION BELOW ABSOLUT | E | | | | | | POVERTY INCOME LEVEL ( PERCENT ) < br > | | | | | | | URBAN | . . | . , | 10 . 0 | | | | RURAL | , . | . . | 55 . 0 | | | | Not available < br > | | | | | | | Not applicable . | | NO | TES | | | - / a The group averages for each indicator are population-weighted arithmetic moeans . Coverage of countries among the indicators depends on availability of data and is not 4niform . - / b Unless otherwise noted , data for 1960 refer to any year between 1959 and 1961 ; for 1970 , between 1969 and 1971 ; and for Most Recent Estimate , between 1976 and 1979 . - / c 1962 ; / d Registered , not all practicing in the country ; / e Urban only . May , 1981", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 650, "text": "data for 1960", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "society in the future ” ( Gallup 2002 ) . The present paper focuses on one prominent feature of the Vietnamese labor market : the public-private pay gap . Our aim is to identify the effect of the public sector reform on the labor market earnings inequality . From the literature on public labor markets , two opposing views can be supported . On the one hand , if there is a fixed “ public sector premium ” that is given to workers independently of their productive characteristics , the public-private differences increase inequality . Hence , a reform that would make public sector pay similar to competitive wage setting would reduce inequality ( which was the expected benefit of the public sector reform in Vietnam , as detailed in Bales and Rama ( 2001 ) ) . On the other hand , if the public sector wage setting compresses the wage differentials between the skilled and unskilled workers , given that the public sector workers ' skills are higher , on average , then public sector reform could increase inequality ( see Gosling and Lemieux 2001 ) . Similarly , Liu ( 2004 ) argues that the wage gap between male and female workers , which is typically lower among public employees , could rise in Vietnam after the public sector reforms . Identifying the effect of any changes in wage setting on inequality is an empirical challenge . In particular , compositional effects must be controlled for because workers have different productive characteristics across sectors . Not all of these characteristics are observed , and it is difficult to account for selection on the unobservable characteristics . Fortunately , panel data provide an opportunity to credibly address this issue by identifying individual , specific , and time-invariant components of workers ’ pay . However , fixed effects models , which are most commonly used with panel data , implicitly assume that unobserved skills have the same returns in both sectors . Our model 3", "spans": [{"start": 1623, "end": 1633, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Summary of Unique PAHs ( highly impacted ) & with Minimum impacts * * As shown on the Table 5 , 64 households ( 58 physically displaced and 6 economically displaced households ) are unique and hence will require project support and monitoring to mitigate against likely resettlement related risks . 366 households ( 6 PAHs losing non-residential structures such as graves and shrines and 360 PAHs owning land only , land & trees but are not residents on the affected land ) are less likely to be impacted negatively by the project as they will not be losing residential structures . There are neither renters ( tenants ) nor landlords as concerns all the affected structures identified in the project area . All the PAHs are entitled to compensation for all affected assets and other benefits as per the entitlement matrix . In addition , those who will settle within the vicinity of the dam will be direct recipients of the newly developed schools , improved water supply and improved transport infrastructure system and will use the dam water to irrigate their agricultural land . The affected households are further entitled to participate in and to benefit from the targeted set of livelihood restoration strategies , which have been developed for this RAP . A stand-alone Livelihood Restoration Plan ( LRP ) will be developed and implemented by the RAP Implementation Consultant in consultation with the PAHs , their local leaders and administrators and the KWSCRP RAP Implementation and management teams . The livelihood restoration strategies presented in this RAP are as a result of various consultations held with PAHs and key stakeholders and were based on the needs as presented and prioritized by the PAHs during these community consultations . The community level LRP will be prepared after an analysis of the PAPs ’ LRP household data and understanding the skill base among the PAPs , their preferred post resettlement livelihood options and the various infrastructural needs that could best support PAPs livelihood restorative efforts . The community level infrastructure projects will be designed in a way that it will be beneficial to both the host and resettling PAP communities", "spans": [{"start": 1825, "end": 1850, "text": "PAPs ’ LRP household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 31 | | Corr . Coeff . ( Contribution fee ) | - 0 . 36 | - 0 . 52 | 0 . 04 | - 0 . 28 | - 0 . 27 | 0 . 74 | 0 . 47 | - 0 . 02 | | Corr . Coeff . ( AM fee ) | - 0 . 43 | - 0 . 09 | - 0 . 43 | - 0 . 25 | - 0 . 52 | - 0 . 59 | 0 . 15 | - 0 . 31 | | * * Independent * * | | | | | | | | | | Average Rate of Return | 16 . 9 | 17 . 4 | 6 . 1 | 7 . 5 | 8 . 3 | 4 . 5 | 16 . 9 | 11 . 1 | | Average Rate of Return ( weighted ) | 17 . 2 | 18 . 0 | 4 . 8 | 7 . 0 | 7 . 4 | 4 . 7 | 16 . 4 | 10 . 8 | | Standard Deviation | 1 . 9 | 1 . 0 | 4 . 2 | 1 . 0 | 1 . 7 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 8 | 1 . 6 | | Coefficient of Variation | 0 . 11 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 86 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 22 | | Corr . Coeff . ( Contribution fee ) | - 0 . 33 | - 0 . 39 | - 0 . 75 | - 0 . 71 | - 0 . 90 | 0 . 92 | - 0 . 97 | - 0 . 45 | | Corr . Coeff . ( AM fee ) < br > Source : HFSA raw data | 0 . 77 | 0 . 64 | 0 . 74 | - 0 . 87 | - 0 . 72 | 1 . 00 | - 0 . 97 | 0 . 09 | 34 . The MPFs sponsored by financial institutions charge on average higher asset management", "spans": [{"start": 850, "end": 863, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ EEP shall therefore be responsible to prepare a RP Addendum using the same principle and method of compensation consistent to the original RP . A census will be conducted , and a full inventory of losses shall be established to prepare such RP Addendum . The Addendum will not discuss all the key elements of a RP , as such elements have already been discussed or addressed in the original RP prepared for the Subproject . The key objectives will be to provide mitigation measures in terms of compensation for structure and other assets at full replacement cost and other necessary assistance to ensure that PAPs are appropriately compensated and assisted for their losses . # # # # # * * 0 . 6 Public and Stakeholder Consultation * * Public consultation and disclosure meetings were conducted with Zonal , Woreda , Town and Kebele level public officials , project affected persons ( PAPs ) and cross-sections of community members ( women , men , vulnerable groups ) . Consultations were held with the key objectives of disclosing information about the Subproject and its impact to and soliciting views , concerns , needs , preferences and opinions about the Subproject ’ s beneficial and adverse impacts from PAPs and other key stakeholders in the Subproject Woredas . At the centre of the public consultation and disclosure effort is mitigation of adverse impacts and enhancement benefits of the Subproject to PAPs and wider Subproject affected communities . < mark > A total of 43 different public and stakeholder consultation meetings were conducted and of which 19 of the meetings were conducted with local authorities at Woreda , town and Kebele administration level . 22 consultation meetings were conducted with PAPs and other community members of which 7 of the consultative meetings were exclusively conducted with Women groups . Moreover , two consultation meetings were conducted with NGOs working in most of the Subproject impact Woredas and towns < /", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 306, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 333, "end": 357, "text": "full inventory of losses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "39 # Table 4 : Rank correlations on author data | | Publication < br > count < br > ( _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 0 ) | Total citations < br > ( _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 1 ) | _h_-index ( _I_ < sup > 1 < / sup > ) | Quadratic < br > Influence < br > Function ( _I_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ) | _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 0 . 5 | Citations of < br > most-cited < br > publication | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Publication count ( _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 0 ) < br > | 1 . 000 | | | | | | | Total citations ( _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 1 ) < br > | 0 . 477 | 1 . 000 | | | | | | _h_-index ( _I_ < sup > 1 < / sup > ) < br > | 0 . 376 | 0 . 678 | 1 . 000 | | | | | QIF ( _I_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ) < br > | 0 . 479 | 1 . 000 | 0 . 677 | 1 . 000 | | | | _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 0 . 5 | 0 . 554 | 0 . 991 | 0 . 696 | 0 . 991 | 1 . 000 | | | Citations of most-citedpublication | 0 . 399 | 0 . 991 | 0 . 660 | 0 . 991 | 0 . 967 | 1 . 000 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed author was", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 47, "text": "author data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1075, "end": 1103, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * E Construction of the Road Quality Measure * * Each discretized road segment that links two neighboring locations in our model results from aggregating a subset of actual segments . To perform this aggregation , we first use the DNIT traffic data to construct a congestion index in direction _l ∈ { a_ , _d } _ , _Q_ < sup > _l_ < / sup > ( _s_ ) , for each actual road segment _s_ as where the ranking _x_ ( _s_ ) ranges between A ( low congestion ) and F ( high congestion ) depending on the capacity of the road . Then , we define the congestion index in an actual segment _s_ as _Q_ ( _s_ ) = 0 . 5 _ × _ [ _Q_ < sup > _a_ < / sup > ( _s_ ) + _Q_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > ( _s_ ) ] . The idea is that higher congestion of traffic increases effective distance . Once we have _Q_ ( _s_ ) , we create the following network weight , _W_ < sup > � < / sup > ( _s_ ) : where _d_ ( _s_ ) is the length of the road segment ; _χP_ and _χK_ and road user-cost mark-ups for gravel relative to paved roads and secondary roads relative to other national roads , respectively ; _P_ ( _s_ ) is the road pavement status ; _K_ ( _s_ ) is the road category ( available only for federal roads ) . Following Fajgelbaum and Schaal ( 2020 ) and Combes et al . ( 2005 ) , we set _χP_ = 1 . 35 , _χK_ = 1 . 07 , and _P_ ( _s_ ) = 2 for paved roads and zero otherwise . Following the DNIT classification , we distinguish between the following categories for federal roads : double-lane paved road , single-lane paved road in the process of conversion to double-lane road , single-lane paved road , single-lane unpaved road in the process of conversion to paved road , unpaved gravel road , and unpaved dirt road . We assume that improving road coverage by each level reduces the cost of passing through this road by 10 %", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 252, "text": "DNIT traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both of which have been identified , land will need to be acquired . The two sites are located in the Governorates of Zarqa and North Ghor , and both are privately owned . The owners of the two sites have been identified and approached by MoE , which briefed them on the project and the need to construct more schools due to overcrowding and demand . They were briefed about the school mapping study as well as selection of suitable sites for new school construction based on site selection criteria . Both owners have expressed their agreement to sell each of their land for compensation . The North Ghor property is vacant , and no person ( s ) are occupying either land or drawing their livelihood from this site . The Zarqa site is occupied by a small school that is rented by MoE , and will be demolished and replaced by the new school . The students attending the rented school will be moved temporarily to the closest school , which the MoE confirms can accommodate the students until the new school is constructed . No other persons are either occupying this land or drawing their livelihood from it . No 101", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 399, "text": "school mapping study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "y social protection , describes available contributory regimes for formal and informal workers and details the eligibility criteria for social assistance . The Law foresees that a social registry will be the main targeting instrument for social protection programmes . While giving priority to the neediest and most vulnerable population groups and emphasizing inclusion and poverty eradication objectives , neither the National Policy nor the National Strategy on Social Protection nor the Social Protection Law make explicit reference to social safety nets or other social programmes targeting host communities . # # * * 1 . 2 Social cohesion * * Since 2005 , the country has embarked on a decentralization process in the hope of improving local governance and strengthening basic infrastructure and service delivery in rural communities . Increasing the autonomy of the “ municipalities ” was seen as a way to maintain peace and improve social cohesion , given that rural communities were feeling discontented and economically and politically marginalized visà-vis the power-centric urban centres . Although the national legal framework in Burundi does not specifically entail provisions on social cohesion or the identification , prevention and mitigation of potential social tensions and risks of violence in refugeehosting areas , there is generally a relatively positive interaction between refugees and host communities . The main sources of tension between the two communities relate to competition over scarce natural resources ( wood , fuel , groundwater and cultivable land ) and the perception of rising market prices attributed to increased demand due to the presence of refugees . The Government ’ s ban on wood collection around the camps has had a positive effect on community relations . The presence of refugees and the implementation of related assistance projects have provided host communities with access to health care , water and additional markets as well as job opportunities for Burundian nationals , which have positive effects on the relationship between both communities . The protracted exiles of some refugee communities , particularly those from the Democratic Republic of the Congo , have resulted in increased cross-socialization and mixed marriages with host communities . Neither camp-based nor urban refugees are reported to be subject to systematic", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 195, "text": "social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 0 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 1 | | | | | _0 . 90_ | _0 . 08_ | _1 . 00_ | | Vans | 0 . 3 | 0 . 0 | * * - 0 . 5 * * | * * 0 . 1 * * | * * - 0 . 4 * * | | | | | _0 . 00_ | _0 . 00_ | _0 . 00_ | Note : The coefficients measure the time fixed effects relative to 2007 : Q1 . The figures in italics are p-values for a test for whether there is a difference between the fixed effects between that year and the previous year . Values are shown in the prices of 2007 . Boldfaced numbers are statistically different from the previous year at the 5 % level ; yellow cells indicate lower real expenditure per capita in 2009 than in 2008 . Number of observations : 176 , 141 individuals . # * * Are Survey Data Essential ? * * Thailand is unusual in the quality and frequency with which it collects household survey data . Could one have determined the effects of the 2008 recession in a cheaper way , for instance using Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 24", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 799, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "] | 3 , 067 , 450 | | SAFER | 2 , 350 , 000 | | | Accounts Receivable | 695 , 385 | 1 . 60 % | Accrued < br > Interest < br > on < br > Borrowings | 217 , 336 | | | Fixed Assets | 769 , 782 | 1 . 77 % | Other Liabilities | 759 , 434 | | | Investment Properties | 9 , 698 , 958 | 22 . 30 % | * * Total Liabilities * * | 4 , 658 , 396 | 10 . 71 % | | Investments in Quoted / Non-Quoted < br > Companies | 18 , 116 , 811 | 41 . 66 % | | | | | Other Assets | 506 , 209 | 1 . 16 % | Revaluation Reserves | 1 , 184 , 141 | 2 . 72 % | | | | | Fair Value Reserves | 15 , 541 , 486 | 35 . 74 % | | | | | Retained earnings | 16 , 928 , 995 | 38 . 93 % | | | | | Share Capital | 936 , 807 | 2 . 15 % | | | | | Grants | 4 , 237 , 857 | 9 . 74 % | | | | | * * Total Equity * * | 38 , 829 , 285 | 89 . 29 % | | * * Total Assets * * | 43 , 487 , 682 | | * * Total * * < br > * * Liabilites * * < br > * * & * * < br > * * Equity * * | 43 , 487 , 682 | | _Source : KDC Un-audited Management Accounts June 2025 , own calculations_ Reported Net Assets were KES 38 . 83 billion , equivalent to 89 . 29 percent of Total Assets , implying an unusually low gearing ratio for financial intermediaries and poor capital utilization . However , the quality of the equity position could be considered weak , as a significant proportion", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 983, "text": "KDC Un-audited Management Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". _Mitigation measures_ - Caution signage should be erected at strategic points within the settlement to alert motorists and pedestrians of potential risks ; - Construction workers on roads should be fully kitted ( reflector jackets , heavy boots , and helmet , gloves ) full time whenever engaged in roads construction activities ; - Brief construction workers about protocols to be observed while deployed at work ; - Excavated areas and trenches should be barricaded off and fenced to control access and minimize physical hazards such as falling into ditches / trenches and especially for children . - Well serviced fires fighting equipment e . g . extinguishes to be provided / strategically positioned in road construction camps ; - First aid kits on site to be provided and readily accessible ; - Ensure there are well trained first aid givers on site ; - Follow other requirements of OSHA as stipulated such as having a register of all incidents and documenting all such incidents , registering any places where works will be undertaken among others . # # # # # # * * 7 . 3 . 2 . 12 Traffic Accidents * * Vehicles ferrying road construction materials to the sites can lead to increased road accidents . Improved and tarred roads also always lead to motorists driving at high speeds which can lead to 140", "spans": [{"start": 927, "end": 952, "text": "register of all incidents", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", etc . Participants were selected from all crosssections of the Subproject affected communities , including a range of ages and genders . All meetings were held within the affected Kebeles . # # # # # # * * _Define eligibility and entitlement criteria_ * * The eligibility criteria for PAPs has been reviewed . The set criteria determine their eligibility for compensation , livelihood rehabilitation and other resettlement assistance . # # # # # # * * 1 . 3 Contents and Organization of the Report * * This RP follows the report contents suggested in the Terms of Reference ( TOR ) and is organised as follows : Following the * * Executive Summary , Chapter 1 * * presents the introduction , and it shall indicate the purpose of the RP , present an overview of the proposed Subproject to be assess , as well as the Subproject ’ s purpose and needs . It should also briefly mention the contents of the RP Report and the methods adopted to complete the study . - Chapter 2 Presents * * _Scope and Objectives of the RP_ * * : The main objectives of the resettlement program and a summary of studies undertaken in support of resettlement planning / implementation , e . g . , census surveys , socio-economic studies , meetings , site selection studies , etc . - Chapter 3 * * _Description of the Subproject : _ * * General description of the Subproject and identification of the Subproject area . Official Use Only Page 19", "spans": [{"start": 1174, "end": 1188, "text": "census surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "direct and dynamic effects on the endogenous variables – is extended along two key dimensions . First , while previous work has focused on the United States , this paper looks at 54 economies including 32 advanced economies and 22 EMDEs . Second , this paper allows for ( but again does not require ) fat-tailed shocks . That is , it distinguishes between slow-moving and fast-moving volatility , the latter measure reducing the possibility that the estimates of policy uncertainty are contaminated by volatility induced by transitory events or data outliers , and a way to deal with including data from the COVID-19 pandemic . < sup > 2 < / sup > Policy uncertainty is defined in this paper as in Jurado et al . ( 2015 ) : the conditional volatility of policy shocks or , more specifically , the part of policy that cannot be forecasted by economic agents . What matters for households and firms that make decisions about spending and saving , or producing and investing , is not whether a particular outcome has become more or less disperse ( for example , whether sales will rise or collapse ) but rather whether it has become more or less predictable ( that is , more difficult to predict a rise or collapse in sales ) . This paper reports the following findings . First , policy uncertainty shocks have a material impact on real activity and prices . An increase in fiscal policy uncertainty ( specifically real government spending uncertainty ) is associated with a statistically significant drop in real GDP , private consumption , and fixed investment . Prices also increase . Monetary policy uncertainty ( or real interest rate uncertainty ) follows a similar dynamic , being associated with a statistically significant decrease in real GDP and increase in prices . There is no _a priori_ theoretical basis for whether uncertainty shocks should act like supply or demand shocks ( see Fern ́ andez-Villaverde et al . , 2015 ; Fern ́ andez-Villaverde and Guerr ́ onQuintana , 2020 ) . Second , policy uncertainty affects advanced economies and EMDEs differently , although given the lower precision in estimating with smaller samples , these should be interpreted > 2Carriero et al . ( 2021 ) refer", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 625, "text": "data from the COVID-19 pandemic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APPENDIX # B2 . Computing Returns : Data and Assumptions * * _Treatment of partial and missed coupon payments : _ * * A main challenge to compute total returns on historical sovereign bonds was to collect bond-level data on partial or missed coupon payments during spells of default . We retrieved information on interest servicing during crises from the historical reports of the UK-based Corporation of Foreign Bondholders ( CFB ) ( 1876-1944 , 1945-1986 ) , the US-based Foreign Bondholders Protective Council ( FBPC ) ( 1934-1940 , 1945-1950 , 1953-1964 / 67 ) , the Association Belge pour la Défense des Détenteurs de Fonds Publics ( 1898-1915 ) , and the French Association Nationale des Porteurs Franҫais de Valeurs Mobiliéres ( 1936-1945 , 1948-1974 , 1987-1988 , 1996 ) . To fill gaps , we also rely on the rich body of investor reports that we gathered for the long-run dataset of prices and restructurings ( see Appendix B1 above and Appendix C1 below ) . Particularly helpful were reprints of ( temporary ) debt agreements , official announcements , or press releases of the debtor government . We typically extracted the relevant information on interest servicing from text statements such as : “ Coupon due May 01 , 1932 paid in Jan . 1933 at rate of 60 % of the face value of the coupon . ” For most bonds we have exact amounts and dates of payments . In case the date of partial coupon payments is missing we assume that the debtor paid on the due date of the coupon ( original deadline ) . In the case we do not find any indication that coupons are missing , we assume that they are fully paid . After gathering all coupon details , we again calculate accrued interest by equally distributing the ( full or partial ) payments over the original coupon payment period ( eq . 5 ) . For example , in the case of a yearly coupon frequency , we calculate returns by dividing the coupon paid by 12 ( equal amounts per month ) . * * _Accounting for debt restructurings / haircuts : _ * * We account for creditor losses due to a debt restructuring or debt write-off . We do", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 220, "text": "bond-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 916, "text": "long-run dataset of prices and restructurings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_PART I Implementation Assessment_ _Page 3 of 12_ given to central level institutional development compared to support for health service delivery points , and the lack of district focus limited the potential impact of the project . Furthermore , while the project development objectives should not have proven to be overly-ambitious , given the history of GoK-Bank collaboration in this sector , they proved to be out of reach largely due to capacity and financial management constraints which were not identified as risks in the Staff Appraisal Report ( SAR ) . # # # # # # ACHIEVEMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES 6 . * * Overall Objectives : * * Despite the improvement in fertility indicators and the fact that many of the specific targets established in the SAR were met even earlier than planned , the project did not achieve its objectives . This is explained not by a lack of progress in the population sector , but rather by the project ' s failure to significantly contribute to that progress . While a case can be made that the cumulative investments under the first three population projects continue to yield returns , the incremental impact of this project was small . Population I-III provided a framework that could have formed a strong foundation for a well-designed , well-implemented project . However , with much of implementation and nearly twothirds of total disbursements taking place within the last year , the accomplishments to date in the population sector , as measured by the 1998 KDHS , owe little to Population IV . 7 . The ICR for Population III cited the draft Population Policy as a noteworthy achievement of the sector and a key factor in the sustainability of that project ' s investment in NCPD . This policy outlined a multi-sectoral approach to population and recognized that successful implementation depended on the effectiveness of the institutional framework . It clarified the role of NCPD and recommended it be granted autonomy . Unfortunately , this Population Policy never passed Parliament due to the Family Life Education issue and opposition to the distribution of contraceptives to youth . After", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1508, "text": "1998 KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 30 | 1 . 82 | - 0 . 72 | - 0 . 21 | 1 . 01 | 1 . 22 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the elimination of country ’ s own agricultural import tariffs . 29", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 108, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "study : Cˆote d ’ Ivoire ( 2003-2012 ) , Ethiopia ( 2011 ) , Ghana ( 2003 ) , and Kenya ( 2010 ) . These countries provide comprehensive and comparable census data . The censuses are nationally representative and both small and large firms in the formal sector are adequately included in all countries . In all four countries , the data are restricted to manufacturing sector ( ISIC Rev 3 15-37 ) . In what follows , we describe each country ’ s datasets . * * Cˆote d ’ Ivoire * * The data source for Cˆote d ’ Ivoire is balance sheets and income statements associated with tax reporting . The data is available for all registered firms in the country and contains detailed balance sheet information on firms ’ revenue , employment , cost of labor , book value of fixed assets , intermediate inputs and other firm characteristics . All registered firms are required to report their financial statements to the National Statistics Institute ( INS ) , the tax administration ( DGI ) , the court of justice , and the Central Bank ( BCEAO ) , which are reported under the West Africa accounting system standards , Systeme Comptable Ouest Africain ( SYSCOA ) . INS processed the data after firms hand in hard copies of their forms between March and June following the closing of the fiscal year in December . The Cˆote d ’ Ivoire data cover 2003 to 2012 . > 7Following Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) , we use an establishment ’ s total wage bill ( including benefits ) instead of employment in order to account for differences in the quality of labor across establishments . 12", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 163, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1309, "end": 1330, "text": "Cˆote d ’ Ivoire data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conclusions on effective programming impossible . More information would be helpful to addressing the needs of the diverse sub-populations that comprise adolescents , as well as the “ how ” to implement certain components for effective outcomes where good practice is emerging . These include examining : - the unique SRH needs of very young adolescents , and their preferences for having their needs met ; - the unique SRH needs and outreach strategies for married and unmarried adolescents ; - the unique SRH needs and threats for male adolescents in humanitarian settings ; - how to make peer education programs effective in humanitarian settings ; - how to advocate and effectively provide longterm family planning methods to adolescents living in humanitarian settings ; - holistic , multi-sectoral models for health , protection , education and livelihoods that impact ASRH outcomes at the population level ; - ASRH program models across the relief to development continuum from crisis , post-crisis through recovery . _Disabled adolescents also have SRH needs that should not be overlooked . _ © _T . Falise , UNHCR , Thailand_ # # * * V . Conclusion * * Although ASRH is receiving increased attention in both development and humanitarian contexts , there is a paucity of programs that address the SRH needs of adolescents in humanitarian settings and data that show their effectiveness . The mapping activity that the WRC and Save the Children conducted between March and August 2012 demonstrates that ASRH programs in humanitarian settings remain rare , with a mere 37 programs addressing the SRH needs of adolescents since 2009 . Only 21 programs among the 37 provided at least two methods of family planning . Notable practices are emerging in ASRH in humanitarian settings , however , especially those that have successfully involved stakeholders to build community trust and realized adolescent participation and engagement — including that of vulnerable sub-groups — in program design , implementation , monitoring and evaluation . Stronger programs also appear to integrate clinical SRH services , as well as adopt a holistic , multisectoral approach to ASRH programming to provide or include life skills , literacy , numeracy ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # # * * Quantitative survey * * The quantitative survey designed by Samuel Hall was developed to assess the most significant effects of CBIs on key protection issues in Afghanistan , with a specific focus on Kabul City . The survey structured questions around five core profiles in order to develop a clearer picture of the factors influencing the vulnerability of households targeted . - 4 An individual profile : Covering aspects of age , gender and perceptions of representation and security in their community . - 5 A displacement profile : To understand the reason for displacement , and their perceived level of integration with the host community . - 6 An assistance profile : Determining the types of CBI received , how they were spent and their perceived impact , including who has control over spending and the preferred CBI modality of any future intervention . - 7 A protection profile : covering key protection issues such as access to food , shelter and clean drinking water , in addition to how respondents feel their situation might change over the next 12 months . - 8 A health and vulnerability profile : Designed to understand household health status along with the type and number of vulnerable people in the household . As only one survey is to be conducted there is no baseline with which to compare results . Nonetheless , the survey provides an insightful snapshot into how beneficiaries perceive the impact of CBIs , particularly on issues of household vulnerability and control over how CBIs are spent . # # # # * * Targeting non-beneficiaries during the survey * * Despite a beneficiary assessment alongside UNHCR , Samuel Hall ’ s survey teams in Regreshan and Nasaji were unable to locate IDPs who had not benefited from the UNHCR voucher intervention as it covered the majority of households in the area . As a result , Puli Shina and Chamani Babrak were chosen the following day as fewer IDPs in these locations had received the", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 123, "text": "Quantitative survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of America and Belgium . Only the number of cases ( which can include several > 1 This report has been prepared by the Field Information and Coordination Support Section ( FICSS ) , Division of Operational Services at UNHCR Headquarters in Geneva . Any questions concerning this document should be addressed to FICSS at stats @ unhcr . org . For other UNHCR statistics , visit UNHCR ’ s Statistical Online Population Database at http : / / www . unhcr . org / statistics / populationdatabase . > 2 See UNHCR ’ s _2007 Global Trends_ report ( issued June 2008 ) . > 3 The monthly asylum data for Serbia excludes Kosovo . * * _2_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 425, "text": "Statistical Online Population Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 571, "end": 601, "text": "monthly asylum data for Serbia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "perfectly correlated with C might be limited in practical applications , a highly correlated matching variable might be sufficient to ensure that the relationship between C and I , given X , is close to its true underlying relationship ( Donatiello et al . , 2016b ) . * * The concept of statistical matching draws from the concept of imputations often applied to missing observations in survey data ( Bacher and Prander , 2018 ) . * * There are three overarching approaches to imputing missing values of the added variable from the recipient data ( C ) in the donor data : parametric approaches , nonparametric approaches , and mixed methods ( European Commission , 2014 ; Lewaa et al . , 2021 ) . Parametric approaches are regression imputations . They make use of the functional form between X and C in the donor dataset to estimate the missing values of C in the recipient dataset ( Bacher and Prander , 2018 ) . While they are more parsimonious than nonparametric methods , they rely on pure predictions and model specifications , so the accuracy of the underlying model . Nonparametric approaches rely on distance functions and identify similar observations to impute actual observed values from the donor to the recipient dataset ( European Commission , 2014 ) . They often involve the segmentation of observations by socio-economic characteristics or geography as well as choosing a suitable distance function ( Bacher and Prander , 2018 ) . Examples of nonparametric approaches are hot deck approaches . Mixed methods combine parametric with nonparametric approaches , such as the estimation of a stochastic regression imputation followed by a nearestneighbor hot deck . * * Table 1 describes the basic concept behind the application in this paper : imputing energy expenditure shares to the EU-SILC in Bulgaria * * . The goal of this paper is to create a synthetic dataset that contains information on income-based indicators , households ' access to social protection programs , other indicators of households ' welfare and living conditions , and energy expenditure shares , as well as energy poverty . To this end , we follow the approach in Table 1 , which is highlighted in blue . More concretely speaking , we first create our variable", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 399, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 533, "end": 547, "text": "recipient data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1219, "end": 1236, "text": "recipient dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1865, "end": 1882, "text": "synthetic dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income on average . As a consequence , on the income side too , tariff incidence will vary across households . Having disaggregated and nationally representative household-level data with information on both consumption and income portfolios is a major advantage since it enables policymakers and researchers to quantify the significant heterogeneity in the impacts of trade reforms across households . At the same time , it is worth bearing in mind some of the limitations of household surveys . For instance , they typically fail to capture households at the very top of the household income distribution . In addition , they do not adequately capture capital incomes . Moreover , they suffer from measurement error , especially in incomes , which are often underreported . To minimize the role of measurement error , we dropped households in the top and bottom 0 . 5 % of the expenditure distribution prior to aggregating . # * * 2 . 2 Harmonizing tariff data * * The next step in the analysis is to convert tariffs at the HS6 level to the standardized product classifications from the household surveys . Each group _i_ from the household surveys contains many finer product groups from the HS classification . To arrive at a product level average , we computed weighted average tariff rates _τi_ for each of the groups in the survey classification . where _n_ is an HS-category that belongs to survey-category _i_ and _m_ ( _c , n_ ) are imports of good _n_ from country _c_ . To calculate ( 1 ) , we use tariffs from the latest year for which data are available . Tariffs vary both across countries and across products . The average tariff across countries is 14 . 2 % . Tariffs are highest on average in Bhutan , notably 48 . 4 % on average , and lowest in Iraq ( 5 % on average ) , and tend to be lower in countries with higher levels of GDP per capita . There is also significant variation in tariffs across the different products in our data . For agriculture , the focus of our applications , Figure 6 depicts both the mean and the maximum tariff for each of the 53 food items in our data . On", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 182, "text": "household-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 477, "end": 494, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 951, "end": 962, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The rest of the paper is organized as follows . In Section 2 , we discuss details behind our focus on just two countries , El Salvador and Georgia , and provide information about government support measures in these countries . Section 3 provides a general overview of the methods that we use for analysis . Section 4 describes data and main variables . Sections 5 and 6 report results from matching and panel estimation , respectively . Section 7 briefly concludes . # * * 2 . Selection of Countries and Government Support Measures * * In this section , we explain the reasoning behind focusing on El Salvador and Georgia to study the effect of government support during the COVID-19 crisis . We also provide a brief summary of support measures taken by the governments in these two countries . As of June 2021 , the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) team has made the COVES data available across 44 countries . < sup > 3 < / sup > Several research papers have already analyzed this rich data in a cross-country context to study the effects of the pandemic ( e . g . , Muzi et al . 2021 ) , including exploration of the effectiveness of government policies ( e . g . , Cirera et al . 2021 ) . We started with the understanding that details of government policy , which varied tremendously across countries , would make cross-country analysis extremely complicated . This is not least because the types or sizes of government support varied across countries ( as some of these variations can be accounted for through country fixed effects ) . More importantly , the targeting of policies varied drastically across countries and often used the severity of the firms ’ experience with the pandemic as part of eligibility criteria . This has direct implications on the identification of the causal link between government policy and firms ’ performance . In particular , the specificity of eligibility criteria to time-varying features of firms , coupled with the absence of that information in our database at the point of firms ’ application for the policy , makes it nearly impossible to form a proper control group to consistently estimate the effectiveness of government", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 885, "text": "COVES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", follow unit root processes ( i . e . the A = I case above ) . Hakkio and Rush apply their test to U . S . data for the period 1950 : 11 to 1988 : IV as well as the sub-samples : 1964 : I-1988 : IV and 1976 : 1II-1988 : IV . For the later two periods , they conclude there is no cointegration between T , and G , + rB , - , . Like Trehan and Walsh and Kremers , therefore , they reach the conclusion that recent US fiscal policy is not sustainable once the evidence from the 1980s is included in the dataset . The similarity in the 26", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 112, "text": "U . S . data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Table l ( a ) Traffic flow statistics along the I iroject * * < sup > * * roads . * * < / sup > | | | * * Lightg * * | * * oods * * | * * Medium * * | * * giods * * | * * Heavyg * * | * * oods * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Section * * | * * Cars * * | * * Matatu * * | * * Other * * | * * Tanker * * | * * Oher * * | * * Tanker * * | * * Other * * | * * Bus : ss * * | * * Total * * | | MauSummit < br > - Kericho | 1112 | 581 | 617 | 21 | 21i5 < br > _ | 47 < br > _ | 214 | 279 | 3126 | | Kericho < br > Town | 2240 | 1090 | 1065 | 18 | 356 | 42 < br > _ | 170 | 249 | 5210 | | Kericho - < br > Awasi | 791 | 599 | 388 | 33 < br > _ | 133 < br > _ | 30 < br > _ | 171 < br > | 203 | 2404 < br > | | Awasi | 1381 | 690 | 65 | 138 | 7 | 138 | 69 | 13 | 2569 | It is apparent from the figures that the various < sup > roadsectionsserveveryiml ortant < / sup > communication and commercial linkages to < sup > otherpartsof the couintryand", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 53, "text": "Traffic flow statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "valued by local communities . The water catchment function was the original reason for gazetting the present BINP as a Reserve in the 1930s : it has been estimated that the BINP protects about 6 percent of Uganda ' s total water catchment area . Traditionally , local communities have benefited both by harvest of products for their own use and from employment in timber extraction . A baseline study of the BINP area found that 90 percent of residents use products from the forests , and about 20 percent of households were involved in pitsawing or board carrying as a source of income in the past . 4 . This level of exploitation of forest products has , however , been unsustainable . Prior to their gazettement as national parks , the two areas suffered significant ecological impacts from harvesting of timber and other forest resources and poaching ' . Only about 10 percent of the BINP is now completely undisturbed , while about 60 1 / Details in Working Paper No . 2 on Ecological , Conservation and Economic Aspects ( in Project File ) .", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 417, "text": "baseline study of the BINP area", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > _entity ' s_ < / sup > financial statements give a true and fair view < sup > of thestateof entity ' stransactionsduringthefinancial < / sup > year ended June * * 30 , 2017 , * * and of the entity ' s < sup > financialpositionas atthatdate . TheAccounting Officer < / sup > charge of the _State Department of Public Service_ < sup > _AndYouth_furtherconfirmsthecompletenessof the < / sup > accounting records maintained for the _entity , _ < sup > whichhavebeenrelieduponinthe preparationof the < / sup > entity ' s financial statements as well as the adequacy < sup > of the systemsof internalfinancialcontrol . < / sup > The Accounting Officer in charge of the _State Department_ < sup > _of Public Service AndYouth_confirmsthat < / sup > the entity has complied * * fully * * with applicable < sup > Government Regulationsandthetermsofexternal < / sup > financing covenants ( where applicable ) , and < sup > thattheentity ' sfundsreceivedduringtheyearunderaudit < / sup > were used for the eligible purposes for which < sup > theywereintendedandwereproperlyaccounted for . < / sup > Further the Accounting Officer confirms < sup > thattheentity ' sfinancialstatementshave beenpreparedina < / sup > form that complies with relevant accounting standards prescribed < sup > * * by * * thePublic SectorAccounting < / sup > Standards Board of Kenya . # # # Approval of the financial statements _The entity ' s_ financial statements were approved and signed * * by * * the < sup > AccountingOfficeron < / sup > * * I * * K 2018", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 413, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 18 . 36 * * | * * 15 . 82 * * | | GrandTotal < br > inmillionBirr | * * 1 , 093 * * | * * 1 , 009 * * | * * 869 * * | Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa . Despite its enormous potential , electricity is still a luxury for the majority of rural Ethiopians . Much of this population survives in conditions of relative poverty and energy insecurity . Therefore , if the quality of life of this population is to be improved and environmental degradation halted then a considerable amount of new electricity generation and transmission capacity must be constructed . Results of the survey for this assessment showed that majority of families in the Subproject affected area still rely on dirty and expensive kerosene wick lamps for lighting their homes at night . Therefore , improved power generation and transmission , will boost electricity supply capacities of the national grid making it not only accessible physically , but also affordable financially for the rural poor including those in the proposed Subproject areas . In the medium to long term , improved electricity transmission , * * by * * enhancing supply and curbing transmission losses , will facilitate rural electrification and make it possible for rural communities in Ethiopia as a whole and communities in the Subproject areas to gain access to electricity * * - * * modern and affordable energy * * - * * an important milestone to achieving the * * UN * * Sustainable Development Goals * * ( SDG ) . * * Reliable power supply and improved service associated with it are fundamental to meeting the country ' s development goals and achieving the full benefig er development initiatives . Although the _no-project expansion alternative_ has no additional environmental impac it offers the least socio-economic benefits * * _ , m , Nlid-Day_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 639, "text": "survey for this assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > years of age . Women ' s participation rate - < br > 55 percent < br > versus 54 percent for men . | | - - - | - - - | | Togo : | Rural - all areas outside Lome and six legally < br > designated \" communes \" . Economically active - population < br > over 12 years of age . Women ' s participation rate - not < br > given . | | Zimbabwe : | Rural - population living in towns under 2 , 500 . During < br > 1969 census urban - < br > any locality over 150 if majority of < br > males employed in non-agricultural < br > occupations . < br > Economically < br > active - population over 15 . Women ' s < br > participation rate - 48 percent versus 80 percent for < br > men . |", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 429, "text": "1969 census urban", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an increasing pattern of earnings up to the 1970-1974 cohort , and then earnings decline for the latter cohorts . The age coefficients imply a regular inverted U-shape for the age-earning profile . The negative coefficient of the interaction between the cohort and age variables is important . This implies that the earnings of younger cohorts start to decline at a younger age over time . * * Table 4 : Cohort regressions . Log Hourly wage . Restricted to workers with college . * * | | Males | Females | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Cohort | 0 . 1624 | 0 . 3269 | | | [ 0 . 083 ] | [ 0 . 063 ] | | Cohort < sup > 2 < / sup > | - 0 . 0224 | - 0 . 0331 | | | [ 0 . 006 ] | [ 0 . 005 ] | | Age | 0 . 0625 | 0 . 0943 | | | [ 0 . 016 ] | [ 0 . 012 ] | | Age < sup > 2 < / sup > | - 0 . 0014 | - 0 . 0018 | | | [ 0 . 000 ] | [ 0 . 000 ] | | Cohort * Age | - 0 . 0082 | - 0 . 0125 | | | [ 0 . 002 ] | [ 0 . 002 ] | | Constant | 3 . 5632 | 2 . 8814 | | | [ 0 . 264 ] | [ 0 . 199 ] | | Observations | 117 | 117 | | Adj . R-squared | 0 . 931 | 0 . 955 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys . Cohort starts in 0 and ends in 7 , where 0 is the oldest cohort and 7 is the youngest cohort . Age starts at 0 ( Age-23 ) . The constant can be interpreted as the average log hourly wage for the oldest cohort with an average age of 23 . In order to disentangle the roles of labor demand across age groups , we analyze the pattern of employment by occupation level", "spans": [{"start": 1082, "end": 1111, "text": "quarterly Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ET-MOLF-103206-CS-UN / Te < br > chnical support on the followi < br > ng < br > • Livestock and Fisheries D < br > ata Analysis and Monitoring S < br > ystem ( DAMS < br > • Animal identification and < br > traceability < br > • Strategy and approach fo < br > r Extension Advisory System < br > ( EAS ) Good Animal Husbandr < br > y Practice GAHP < br > • Performance < br > IDA / 61650 | Linking More Productive Far < br > mers to Markets < br > Pri | or | UN Agencies ( Dire < br > ct ) < br > Direct | 3 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | | | | | 2019-05-11 | 2019-11-07 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ET-MOLF-103213-CS-UN / Ba < br > seline survey / by Internationa < br > l Livestock Research institute < br > / < br > IDA / 61650 | Strengthening National Instit < br > utions and Programs < br > Po | st | Non-Profit Organiz < br > ations < br > Direct | 433 , 000 . 00 | 433 , 911 . 00 < br > Signed | 2019-03-14 < br > 2018-10-1 | 5 | | | | 2019-04-23 < br > 2019-0 | 2-01 < br > 2019-05-28 < br > 2019-0 | 2-01 < br > 2020", "spans": [{"start": 742, "end": 755, "text": "seline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing Ethiopia Electrification Program ( P178895 ) | * * DLIs * * | * * Unit disbursed * * < br > * * against * * | * * Expected results * * | * * Allocation * * < br > * * ( US $ m ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | on-grid < br > connections | | | | | DLI 3 : < br > Strengthen < br > institutional < br > capacity | Milestones | - EEILEO capacity building plan finalized and adopted < br > - Capacity building plan implemented | 3 | | DLI 4 : < br > Strengthen < br > sector planning < br > capacity | Milestones | Preparation and adoption of annual connection rollout < br > plan ( July 2024 ) < br > Adoption of key software solutions to support the < br > development of the master plan ( by January 2025 ) < br > Preparation and adoption of annual connection rollout < br > plan ( July 2025 ) < br > Development and adoption of a distribution master plan < br > ( by January 2026 ) < br > Preparation and adoption of an annual connection < br > rollout plan that incorporates the elements of the < br > distribution masterplan ( July2026 ) | 5 | | DLI 6 : Improve < br > gender and < br > citizen < br > engagement ( CE ) | Milestones | - EEU publishes a report on CE and gender < br > - Customer satisfaction survey < br > - Dedicated and specialized staffing for Gender and CE | 3 | | DLI 8 : < br > Strengthen < br > operational and < br > financial < br > performance of < br > the utility | Milestones | Definition and adoption of operational procedures < br > ( allowing for", "spans": [{"start": 1242, "end": 1270, "text": "Customer satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transfer of funds among the budget categories and the lack of exact double-counting data . ( Qiao , Fan , Rahemtulla , van Rijn & Li , 2022 ) * * _Sources_ : * * Statistical Yearbook of China 2019 , National Bureau of Statistics ( 2019 ) , Finance Yearbook of China ( 2019 ) , Ministry of Finance ( 2019 ) , 2018 Annual Report of Housing Fund , Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development , Ministry of Finance & The People ' s Bank of China , 2019 . Figure 1 shows that China lies around the middle of the distribution of upper-middle-income countries in terms of revenue collection . It also uses a mix that relies more on social security contributions rather than on personal income taxes or indirect taxes other than VAT . China ’ s social security contributions amount to 8 . 7 percent of its GDP , second only to Belarus ( 11 . 7 - percent ) among upper-middle income countries and is very close to the average of the high-income countries in the figure ( 8 . 8 percent ) . On the other hand , it collects just 1 . 5 percent of its GDP through personal income taxes , one of the lowest shares among upper-middle-income countries , far below highincome countries , and just slightly higher than average share of the low-income countries included in the figure ( 1 . 2 percent ) . China ’ s collection of VAT ( 8 . 6 percent of GDP ) and all other indirect taxes ( 0 . 2 percent of GDP ) places it around the median of the high-income country average of 8 . 3 percent of GDP . China ’ s own revenue mix also shows a notable shift between 2014 and 2018 , with distinct increase in the share of revenues from social security contributions , VAT and a distinct reduction in the shares of other direct taxes , including personal and payroll taxes . 5", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 196, "text": "Statistical Yearbook of China 2019", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _-5-_ * * # * * SCHEDULE 1 * * # * * Project Description * * The objectives of the Project are to improve : ( i ) integrated water resources planning , management and development ; and ( ii ) access to water and sanitation services in priority urban areas . The Project consists of the following Parts : # * * Part 1 : Investment in Intearated Water Resources Development and Mananement * * ( a ) Carrying out of a program of activities for the identification , preparation and implementation of priority infrastructure and water resources management development projects in Participating Water Management Zones ( \" Participating WMZs \" ) , said program to consist of : ( i ) a program to strengthen the technical and institutional capacities of newly established WMZ institutions for : * * ( A ) * * preparing WMZ strategies ; ( B ) carrying out participatory water resources planning in each WMZ , including , _inter alia , _ stakeholder identification , analysis and consultation as well as establishment of catchment management organizations in priority catchments with a view to preparing integrated catchment action plans ( \" Plans \" ) ; * * ( C ) * * carrying out environmental and social due diligence for said Plans through integrated participatory planning processes ; and * * ( D ) * * implementing other water resources management activities included in said Plans ; and ( ii ) implementation of specific priority development projects ( \" Subprojects \" ) ( and associated Safeguard Instruments ) elaborated in said Plans , all through provision of technical advisory services , goods , works , non-consulting services , Training and Operating Costs . * * ( b ) * * Carrying out of a program of activities to strengthen and expand the national water resources monitoring and information system , said program to consist of : ( i ) enhancing the water quality and pollution monitoring network * * by * * establishing new water quality monitoring stations ; ( ii ) enhancing the network for hydro-meteorological , surface", "spans": [{"start": 1750, "end": 1808, "text": "national water resources monitoring and information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER | Sub indicator | Host communityschools ; newlyintegrated refugee schools | | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | * * Key Teachers in Primary Grades Trained as School-based Trainers ( Number ) * * | | Description | Measures the number of keyteachers fromprimary grades trained as school-based trainers for enhanced teachingeffectiveness and leadershipcapacity . | | Frequency | ( 2026 , 2027 , 2028 , 2029 ) | | Data source | EMIS , TrainingReports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Count the number of key teachers trained as school-based trainers , using EMIS and training reports . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * REVISED * * * * Share of Female Primary School Leaders ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | Measures the share of female primary school leaders , including primary school principals and vice principals , in the public education system . ( including in < br > host communityand refugee schools ) | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS | | Methodology for Data | Annual statistics reports from EMIS calculate the share of female primary and middle school leaders as a percentage of overall primary and middle school | | Collection | leaders . Asprimaryand middle schools are in the same compound , the figure is the same forprimaryalone . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Sub-indicator | Host communityschools , refugee schools | | Indicator Name | * * REVISED * * * * Schools meeting minimum TLM standards ( Number", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 564, "text": "TrainingReports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1221, "end": 1256, "text": "Annual statistics reports from EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Non-ed M Head_ | - | - | _72 . 2_ | _80 . 0_ | _73 . 1_ | _67 . 8_ | _70 . 1_ | | Ed F Head | - | - | 4 . 1 | 10 . 0 | 5 . 5 | 5 . 3 | 6 . 6 | | _Non-ed F Head_ | - | - | _95 . 9_ | _90 . 0_ | _94 . 5_ | _94 . 7_ | _93 . 4_ | | Extr . poor | 78 . 4 | 54 . 4 | 55 . 6 | 54 . 3 | 52 . 4 | 48 . 5 | 53 . 4 | | _Non-extr . poor_ | _21 . 6_ | _45 . 6_ | _44 . 4_ | _45 . 7_ | _47 . 6_ | _51 . 5_ | _46 . 6_ | | Observations | 2912 | 4622 | 5848 | 5614 | 1187 | 3102 | 3165 | Source : MECOVI . Table 2 : Enrollment , Attendance and Working | | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Enrollment ( % ) | 90 . 8 | 91 . 1 | 90 . 9 | 91 . 1 | 94 . 6 | 94 . 2 | 95 . 6 | | Attendance ( % ) | 53 . 2 | 71 . 2 | 49 . 5 | 55 . 0 | 62 . 1 | 75 . 4 | 50 . 6 | | Working ( % ) | 26 . 5 | 19 . 1 | 22 . 2 | 20 . 3 | 17 . 04 | 19 . 5 | 21 . 9 | Source : MECOVI . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "general household surveys for 21 low - and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) that have internationally comparable disability questions , this paper disaggregates human development indicators across disability status to assess the situation of persons with disabilities and disability related inequalities and facilitate future monitoring . We aim to contribute to SDG target 17 . 18 “ to increase the availability of data disaggregated by disability ” . Disability status is measured through self-reports of functional difficulties ( e . g . difficulty seeing , hearing ) as per the Washington Group Short Set ( WGSS ) or questions deemed similar . The WGSS is a widely accepted and internationally tested tool ( Groce and Mont 2017 ) that can be used for disaggregation based on disability ( Loeb 2015 , Washington Group on Disability Statistics 2016 ) . Statistics are comparable across disability status within a country and to a large 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 1 . 3 * * | * * 0 . 3 * * | * * 18 . 9 * * | * * 1 . 8 * * | * * 4 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 5 * * | * * 1 . 3 * * | * * 0 . 2 * * | _Note : all measures in percentages , P0-headcount , P1-poverty gap , P2 - severity of poverty ( squared P1 ) . Table uses actual household size in 2005 and 2008 to weight data together with households sampling weights . The frontier regions are excluded from regional disaggregation due to their small sample size , yet they are included in other national averages . Source : Authors estimates based on HIECPS 2005-2008 . _ Indices sensitive to distribution show less impressive poverty reduction . Poverty gap ( P1 ) , and severity of poverty ( P2 ) capture the degree of poverty as experienced by the poor . Table 3 demonstrates that assessment using changes in P2 shows no reduction in poverty , with a clear worsening in rural areas . Indeed during this period the ranks of the extreme poor – those consuming less than the cost of the subsistence food basket - swelled by 1 . 1 million , entirely due to the sharp increase of incidence of extreme poverty in rural areas . Hence , growth in the period 2005-2008 was not beneficial to the extreme poor , i . e . it was not pro-poor in a strict sense . Table 4 further illustrates the bias against the poor of the growth during 2005-2008 by listing several inequality indices and dissecting the distribution . This is done by presenting percentiles of distribution : for example , p25 / p10 is ratio of consumption between those who are at the 25th percentile and those who are on the 10th percentile ( that is , poorer ) . Table 4 shows a widening of distribution at the top ( p75 / p50 and p90 / p50 measure ) and at the bottom ( p25 / p10 measure ) – the latter exclusively in rural areas . 11", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 539, "text": "HIECPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits 5-7 : Implementation Completion and Results Report_ in the composition of indicators in PRSC 6 and 7 ( this is discussed further below in _Section 3 . 1 , Relevance of Objectives , Design and Implementation_ ) . * * M & E Implementation : * * An annualized policy action matrix for PEAP 3 was used to monitor the achievement of measurable targets and progress toward agreed PEAP outcomes . Biannual Status Reports and the Annual PEAP Implementation Reviews ( APIR ) served as a structured M & E monitoring process to guide policy analysis , budget prioritization , work planning , performance , and DP dialogue . M & E was also conducted through annual sector review performance reports and periodic survey data ( e . g . , UNHS 2005 / 06 and DHS 2006 ) . The reliance on national surveys for implementation reflected weaknesses in the Government ’ s M & E . As noted in the Government ’ s National Development Plan ( NDP , 2010 / 11-2014 / 15 ) , “ the existing M & E strategies conceived to enhance governance and public service delivery have not yet fully led to the development and institutionalization of the necessary monitoring and evaluation function in the public sector . This has led to over reliance on national surveys and censuses by Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) as the main source of reliable data for national sectors and Local Governments . ” * * M & E Utilization : * * The M & E system was not sufficiently operational for tracking and reporting on outcomes and results and providing feedback to both Government and DPs . According to the Government ’ s NDP , the “ the current national M & E arrangements are weak and comprise only a few functional systems at sector level . They are characterized by fragmentation ; duplication ; weak co-ordination ; lack of a clear results chain ; poor definitions , tracking and reporting of outcomes and results ; use of different formats and approaches with no common guidelines and standards ; lack of", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 747, "text": "periodic survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 760, "end": 774, "text": "UNHS 2005 / 06", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 779, "end": 787, "text": "DHS 2006", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 808, "end": 824, "text": "national surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1251, "end": 1280, "text": "national surveys and censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "making it difficult to draw conclusions . Improvements in cognitive > 2 The _Subsidios_ program was implemented in the late 2000 ́ s in Bogotá and targeted vulnerable population classified as _Sisben_ level 1 and _Sisben_ 2 based on the proxy-means test constructed with information from a census of the poor . The program ‘ s transfers and conditions are similar to _Familias en Acción_ , which is a nationwide and older program . However , the _Subsidios_ program offered two other treatments with a different structure of benefits . One is the ― savings treatment , ‖ which reserves one third of the bimonthly payment to be given to families as a lump sum at the end of the year , just before enrollment into the subsequent grade level . The other is the ― tertiary treatment , ‖ which also reserves part of the bimonthly payment , but then pays families a substantially larger amount if students graduate from high school ( eleventh grade ) . Students who continue to tertiary education are eligible to receive that amount one year earlier than those who do not . These two additional treatments may change the way families respond to the program in two ways : one is due to the reduction in the amount of cash families receive on a bimonthly basis , therefore limiting their liquidity ; another is through the incentives created by linking cash transfers directly to grade progression and matriculation in tertiary education . > 3 It is worth noting that the results of these two papers are not generalizable to the entire population covered by _Oportunidades_ given that the samples of analysis only contain non-migrant rural households . Migrants are expected to have higher enrollment in college and better job opportunities , including higher salaries . 6", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 308, "text": "census of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : National Quality Infrastructure Development Project ( P160279 ) # Component 1 : Strengthening Institutional Capacity for National Quality Infrastructure Development # < u > < mark > IN01321184 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of enterprises in targeted sectors satisfied with quality assurance services provided by NQI institutions ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 73 . 00 | 73 . 00 | 73 . 00 | 81 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 24-Dec-2022 | 07-Apr-2023 | 07-Aug-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator tracks < br > ESA , ENAO , NMIE | level of satisfaction of industrie < br > and ECAE . The satisfaction will | s operating in the selecte < br > be assessed by the annu | d sector with the services of < br > al survey . | | IN01321187 | | - - - | ► Number of NQI Forums held on quality assurance topics ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 1 . 00 | 3 . 00 | 7 . 00 | 7 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | 24-Dec-2022 | 07-Apr-2023 | 07-Aug-2023 | # Component 2 : Enhancing Private Sector Engagement # < u > < mark > IN01321185 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of personnel from the commercial sector ( both private and state", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 911, "text": "al survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 6 . | Butambala | 431 | 53 | 308 | 4 , 444 | 16 , 184 | 160 | 21 , 601 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 7 . | Mpigi | 1 , 008 | 269 | 635 | 14 , 621 | 42 , 417 | 646 | 60 , 521 | | 8 . | Mityana | 1 , 427 | 383 | 757 | 19 , 125 | 57 , 360 | 744 | 80 , 087 | | 9 . | Wakiso | 22 , 292 | 10 , 706 | 13 , 714 | 342 , 921 | 99 , 136 | 4 , 723 | 502 , 089 | | 10 . | Nakaseke | 807 | 170 | 401 | 9 , 428 | 31 , 922 | 328 | 43 , 315 | | * * _11 . _ * * | * * _Luwero_ * * | * * _3 , 105_ * * | * * _455_ * * | * * _1 , 074_ * * | * * _31 , 732_ * * | * * _67 , 861_ * * | * * _784_ * * | * * _105 , 346_ * * | _Source : 2014 National Housing and Population Census Report_ The major sources of energy for the residents of the project area include electricity supplied by UEDCL ; gas ; paraffin ; charcoal and firewood ; and petroleum products ( fossil fuels ) such as Kerosene , petrol and diesel . Charcoal and firewood are mainly used for cooking while electricity and paraffin are basically used for lighting in households and facilities such as shops , and health care facilities . Use of biogas , wind energy and other renewable energy forms are not yet developed in the project area . The use", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 712, "text": "2014 National Housing and Population Census Report_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "receive ( VV ) and dual cross-polarization vertical transmit horizontal receive ( VH ) . Since October 2014 , this data has been available every 6 days at a 10-meter resolution . floods from permanent or seasonally occurring surface water , we utilize the historical Landsatderived monthly water probabilities dataset produced by the European Commission ’ s Joint Research Centre ( Pekel et al . , 2016 ) . Flood confidence is categorized as high if both VV and VH Z-scores fall below the identified thresholds , and as medium if only one of these polarizations is below the thresholds . We classify floods in areas not designated as permanent open water ( with a probability of water greater than 95 % ) or with a historical inundation probability less than or equal to 25 % . For each case study , we preselect a historical reference period based on existing knowledge of past flooding events in the respective area . # # Event Data Project ( ACLED ) database ( ACLED , 2023 ) , covering the period from January 2012 to December 2023 for Nigeria and from January 2016 to December 2023 in Mozambique . For the purpose of this study , conflict , as defined by the WBG ( 2024 ) is , “ a state of acute insecurity resulting from the use of lethal force by a group — encompassing state forces , organized non-state entities , or other irregular bodies — driven by a political purpose or motivation . Such force may manifest > 1 Pixels with no cloud-free observations are excluded . > 2 A pixel is around 100m2 , we tested without buffer , 500m and 1km and chose a 500m buffer to introduce more variation of nightlight intensity within flooded pixels . > 3 A time series depicting both variables is provided in Figure 16 in the appendices for Nigeria . > 4 The corresponding time series for is presented in Figure 17 for Nigeria . 4", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 317, "text": "historical Landsatderived monthly water probabilities dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 924, "end": 961, "text": "Event Data Project ( ACLED ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ° < br > N < br > g < br > a < br > $ < br > 2 < br > Sa52 < br > é < br > 5 w - - - - - - - - 6 eee < br > i ) < br > = < br > g < br > e < br > < < br > = ) < br > 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > Consumption per-capita percentiles < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ° < br > N < br > ga < br > g = ae < br > 2 < br > & = Wee eee e eee ee 2 22-2 = = — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o - < br > = < br > 5oO < br > g < br > & < br > < < br > ° < br > 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > Consumption per-capita percentiles < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 12-May-2015 | 31-Oct-2016 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P091979 | TF-96908 | Effective | USD | 5 . 50 | 5 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 06 | 4 . 44 | 19 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P091979 | TF-96908 | Effective | 21-Aug-2012 | 21-Au | g-2012 | 15-Nov-2012 | 31-Oc | t-2016 | 31-Oct-2016 | 6 / 25 / 2015 Page 6 of 7 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- MEMD-47591-GO-DIR / < br > Supply of geophysical data < br > processing software ( Empower ) < br > & Training | < br > IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Direct Selection | Direct | | 35 , 500 . 00 | 36 , 000 . 00 < br > Signed | 2018-08-15 | 2018-08-20 | | | 2018-09-24 | 2019-03-23 | | UG-MEMD-72497-GO-RFB / < br > Supply and installation of < br > two ( 2 ) fixed meter ( Lot 1 ) < br > and six ( 6 ) portable < br > meter ( Lot 2 ) testing < br > equipment . | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 1 , 040 , 000 . 00 | 1 , 014 , 390 . 50 < br > Signed | 2018-08-15 | 2018-09-06 | 2018-10-18 | 2018-11-17 | 2018-12-22 | 2019-06-20 | | UG-MEMD-72500-GO-RFB / < br > Supply & Installation of < br > Energy Packages for Water < br > Pumping Systems - Lot 3 ( 5 < br > schemes ) | IDA / 56530 | Off-grid Energy Access < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 800 , 942 . 00 | 788 , 023 . 60 < br > Signed | 2018-08-30 | 2018-09-21 | 2018-11 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "U will maintain accounts and payments . A summary financial report will be included in the quarterly progress reports Project accounts , the Special Account , all procurement and compliance with the financial and legal covenants of the Credit Agreement and all procurement , including Statements of Expenditure will be audited annually by independent auditors satisfactory to the Bank . The terms of reference of the audit have been reviewed by the financial management specialist of IDA . The auditors should be recruited prior to negotiations . The auditors will be also required to carry out a comprehensive review of the internal control procedures and provide a management report outlining any recommendations for their improvement . The audit report will be submitted to IDA not later than 6 months after the end of each fiscal year . To ensure timely and reliable flow of funds , a special account will be opened in a local commercial bank under conditions satisfactory to IDA . The special account would be replenished on the basis of documentary evidence , provided to IDA by the PCU , of payments made from the account for works , goods and services that are eligible for financing under the credit . All supporting documents will be retained by the PCU and made available for review by periodic Bank supervision missions and external auditors . The counterpart funds from the Government will be used for the purpose of defraying the cost of expenditures not financed by the credit , which are necessary for the implementation of the project .", "spans": [{"start": 1043, "end": 1063, "text": "documentary evidence", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 2 - People ' s proximity to conflict events , HNO 2022_ The civilian population has no certainty of finding opportunities in their locale and thus resorts to transhumance as a strategy of coping . However , insecurity , lack of basic services and house , land and property disputes prevent families from freely choosing safe strategies to address their dramatic situation . About 82 % of the population in South Sudan is poor < sup > 34 < / sup > . Government expenditures on health , education , water and sanitation , and agriculture and rural development are still poor and poverty levels are expected to remain extremely high . The nationwide poor communication and transportation infrastructure , together with the combination of checkpoints , raids , taxes , and bribes make movement very costly , and insecure and additionally erodes families ´ poor livelihood and belongings . Families may not report forced recruitment incidents to the authorities or protection actors , either due to not trusting the officials or because of not being aware of the reporting mechanisms . Children previously recruited and released may not be accepted back in their communities . Children who are reintegrated may face stigma and rejection from others . This can create extreme psychological distress and children may resort to negative coping mechanisms . Those who refuse the recruitment may be asked for large sums of money and may be further persecuted by the groups . State authorities and apparatus are very weak to ensure minimum needs , let alone the general well-being and security of South Sudanese families . Humanitarian assistance is at times the sole resource and response capacity available to families , yet it is constantly challenged and impeded . Between January and December 2021 , 591 reported humanitarian access incidents were recorded < sup > 35 < / sup > , five aid workers lost their lives while delivering assistance , and 322 were located due to insecurity and incidents . _Figure 3 - South Sudan Access Snapshot OCHA , February 2022_ In February 2022 , 33 incidents related to humanitarian access constraints were reported , 13 involving violence against humanitarian > 34 “", "spans": [{"start": 2013, "end": 2040, "text": "South Sudan Access Snapshot", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | 19 % | 23 % | 1 | 18 % | 15 % | 37 % | | 2 | 19 % | 23 % | 2 | 20 % | 19 % | 22 % | | 3 | 20 % | 18 % | 3 | 20 % | 20 % | 18 % | | 4 | 21 % | 18 % | 4 | 21 % | 21 % | 14 % | | 5 | 21 % | 18 % | 5 | 21 % | 24 % | 10 % | | Total | 100 % | 100 % | Total | 100 % | 100 % | 100 % | | Total | 9 , 224 | 2 , 052 | Total | 5 , 746 | 3 , 686 | 1 , 663 | > 20 The assessment of farmers that sow rice more intensively can only be carried out in the 2003 survey that includes a variable determining the size of a farmer ’ s income derived from rice . * * 30 * *", "spans": [{"start": 468, "end": 479, "text": "2003 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Good Practice Tracing the Families of Unaccompanied Minors – Tanzania * * Cross-References : * * _Information Dissemination / Protection Monitoring / Separated and Unaccompanied Children_ * * Goal : * * Facilitate family reunification of unaccompanied refugee children through improved interagency collaboration . * * Partners : * * UNICEF , ICRC , Tanzanian Red Cross Society , Norwegian People ’ s Aid , SAEU , Africare , World Vision ) # # # # # # * * Objectives : * * - 1 . Develop guidelines for tracing and family reunification of refugee unaccompanied children in western Tanzania ; - 2 . Implement standardised procedures for tracing and family reunification activities in Tanzanian refugee camps ; - 3 . Develop a comprehensive response building on the collaboration of all involved agencies and organizations ; - 4 . Establish a mechanism of information-sharing related to all unaccompanied minors including a database and the publication of a monthly booklet on those identified for broad circulation amongst the refugee communities and camps ; and , - 5 . Avoid isolation or segregation but to instead integrate the child in the community . # # # # # # * * Implementation Strategy : * * - Develop comprehensive guidelines for tracing and family reunification were developed with the participation of all involved agencies ( UNHCR , UNICEF , ICRC , the Tanzanian Red Cross Society , refugee community support , and several national NGO implementing partners in the Community Services sector ) . The guidelines specify the responsibilities of each agency in detail and the arrangement is evaluated every six months at regional meetings . - Prepare a guideline document , ‘ Mode of Operations for Tracing and Family Reunification Activities in Tanzanian Refugee Camps ’ by the involved agencies detailing the procedures for tracing and how each of the different forms are used to maintain up-to-date information . - Develop a tracing data-base , entering each unaccompanied minor , with digital photographs ( front and side shots ) of each unaccompanied minor . - Each month , print a booklet of unaccompanied minors with the", "spans": [{"start": 1935, "end": 1952, "text": "tracing data-base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # # * * 3 . 1 Gender-based violence * * In order to understand to what extent cash-based interventions impact gender-based violence , Samuel Hall used targeted questions from its quantitative survey , along with key informant interviews from CVWG stakeholders and in-depth interviews with women directly affected by GBV . Whilst GBV us not just related to male-on-female violence , given the cultural taboos surrounding domestic violence and sexuality , this report has focused it research into GBV on heterosexual couples . To provide further context to the definition of gender-based violence in Afghanistan , the AGBV SC defines GBV to comprise , but not be limited to : - z Physical , sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family , including battering , sexual exploitation , sexual abuse of children in the household , dowry - related violence , marital rape , traditional practices harmful to women , non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation . - z Physical , sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community , including rape , sexual abuse , sexual harassment and intimidation at work , in educational institutions and elsewhere , as well as trafficking in women , girls , boys and men , and forced prostitution . - z Physical , sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State and institutions , wherever it occurs . # # # * * Prevalence of GBV in the community * * < sup > 22 < / sup > Whilst the propensity for displaced men to use violence remains anecdotal , 21 % of female respondents admitted to experiencing some form of GBV . However , previous studies have shown that , due to cultural taboos around the discussion of domestic violence in Afghanistan , the real figure is likely to be much higher < sup > 23 < / sup > . This assessment is further supported by a common responses", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 294, "text": "quantitative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "M business m < br > odels for sustainability < br > IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectivi < br > ty in selected areas | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > O | pen - National | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | 2024-04-14 < br > 2024-06-07 < br > 2024-05-05 < br > 2024 | - 06-12 < br > 2024-06-18 < br > 2024-08-16 | | 2024-07-18 < br > 2024-10-0 | 1 < br > 2024-08-22 < br > 2024 - | 11-27 < br > 2025-02-18 < br > 2025-06-25 | | UG-NITA-U-418640-CS-CQS / < br > Study for the development of < br > a National ICT Spatial Data In < br > frastructure Store < br > IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectivi < br > ty in selected areas | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > O | pen - National | 150 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2024-04-15 < br > 2024-04-22 < br > 2024-05-06 | 2024-06-19 | | 2024-07-19 | 2024-08-23 | 2025-02-19 | | UG-NITA-U-446523-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy Services for Bas < br > eline Studies on Developmen < br > t of a National ICT Infrastruct < br > ure Spatial Datastore ( NISDS ) < br > IDA / 68980 | Contingency Emergency Res < br > ponse Component | Post | Consultant Quali", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < mark > Table 4 : Correlation of Practice Changes Within Groups < / mark > * * | Dependent Variable : Change in Practice between Baseline and En | dline | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | Mean Change in Practice for other Group Members | 0 . 100 * < br > ( 0 . 050 ) | | 0 . 104 * * < br > ( 0 . 049 ) | | Maximum Baseline Level of Practice for Other Group Members | | 0 . 001 < br > ( 0 . 021 ) | 0 . 014 < br > ( 0 . 019 ) | | Sample Size ( Firms * Practices ) | 5069 | 5210 | 5069 | | Mean Change in Practices | 0 . 168 | 0 . 171 | 0 . 168 | | Notes : | | | | < mark > Regression uses the stacked panel of 141 practices for firms in the group treatment . Robust standard errors in parentheses , clustered at the firm level . * , * * , and * * * denote significance at the 10 , 5 , and 1 percent levels respectively . < / mark > 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 in the Annex shows women ’ s share and number of children in urban areas . From this table , it follows that a large majority of teachers at primary and lower-secondary school levels are female both in urban and rural areas . At the upper secondary school level , men and women are equally represented . Only a third of the teachers at the tertiary school level are female . While a large share of the teaching labor force is female , less than a third work in other occupations or in agricultural activities . More than half of the _Professionals with an University Degree in Education not teaching_ are females . Female teachers ' salaries can be a primary source of income for the family , since 24 percent of female teachers in primary public schools are household heads . Fourteen percent of the females in _the mixed-skilled_ group are household heads . # _Hours-worked_ “ Teaching time ” is sometimes used as a proxy indicator of the workload of a teacher . Based on the ENEU , Tables 4 and 5 in the Annex show weekly working hours and adjusted weekly working hours ( two month vacation ) for 1988 , 1994 and 1999 , public and private teachers and other counterparts . Teachers have worked substantially less number of hours than _Professional with a B . A in Education not teaching_ . Working hours did not substantially increase from 1988 through 1999 ( Fig . 1 ) . The teacher group has worked consistently less than their counterparts . Additionally , the _mixed-skilled group_ exhibits a higher variation in the number of hours-worked through time . Primary public school teachers work fewer hours than primary private school teachers . These trends become even more pronounced when using adjusted weekly working hours . 9", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 990, "text": "ENEU", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "documents ) , in 832 cases the firm had closed and neighbors had said this was a permanent closure , in 871 cases the owner was unable to be contacted on three visits at different times and days , 699 cases the owner said they were too busy and / or refused outright to be interviewed , there were errors in records for 209 firms ( such as them being listed twice ) , and 1 , 353 firms were interviewed . Thus the interview rate was 25 percent of all listed firms , and 48 percent of non-formal , non-closed firms without listing data errors . Firms which appear in the baseline survey are almost evenly split between commerce and services , with less than 5 percent in manufacturing . The most common types of firms were hairdressers / salons ( 20 % ) , bars ( 14 % ) , automobile mechanics ( 8 % ) , clothing ( 4 % ) , and grocery stores ( 4 % ) , with a wide range of other types of firms such as restaurants , bookstores , photocopying , flower shops , laundromats , and dance and language schools . The average owner is 44 years old and has run the business for 8 years , with 37 percent of the owners being female , and 42 percent having completed high school education or higher . The mean firm has 1 . 3 employees ( not including the owner ) , reports annual revenues of R $ 52 , 000 ( US $ 26 , 000 ) and monthly profits of R $ 2 , 000 ( US $ 1 , 000 ) . # * * 4 . 4 . Randomization to Treatment Status at the Individual Level * * Given that only one-quarter of the listed firms answered the baseline survey , it was decided to focus the communication treatments just on this subgroup , since there was little point in trying to provide information on the process of formalization to firms which were already formal , closed , or where the owner could not be found to talk to . We therefore randomly chose half of the firms which had responded to the baseline survey in each communication block to", "spans": [{"start": 1501, "end": 1516, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5kms or more to the nearest private health facility | 12 , 719 < br > 16 . 0 | | 5kms or more to the nearest public health facility | 22 , 633 < br > 28 . 4 | * * _Wakiso : _ * * According to the Uganda National Health Survey ( UNHS ) 2019 / 20 , Wakiso District has a total of 104 health facilities both government and privately owned . There was one government hospital , 5 Health Centre IV and 14 Health Centre III facilities in the entire district of 1 . 9 million people . Namayumba and Masulita Town Councils did not have any health facility by the time of the survey . The survey findings also showed that only 41 . 1 % of the households had a health centre available in their neighbourhood , even though 55 . 0 % were willing to use them . A considerable 34 . 2 % travelled a distance of between 1 km and 5 km to the nearest health facility . A total of 74 parishes did not have health facilities . The biggest challenges faced by the residents in relation to the health facilities is : the facilities aer far from where they reside ; services are extremely poor ; health facilities infrastructure are in a sorry 191", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 225, "text": "Uganda National Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "x6 = Predictable career path x7 = Policy consistency x8 = Policy communication x9 = Policy support xlO = Political interference / micro-management xl 1 = Resource predictability # A 6 . 2 . Dealing with data and estimation problems : the example of Bolivia # _Number ofobservations_ Having 1 1 independent variables ( and a constant term ) , and only 15 organizations , i . e . , data points was a problem . In order to calculate IRRs for different organizations and different groups of public officials , responses from each public official were utilized in running regressions . That basically gave ( after some data cleaning ) 690 observation points for the entire Bolivia ; and 240 for central administration , and so on . # _Collinearity among independent variables_ Rather than doing nothing or changing the functional form , explanatory variables were transformed into binary responses : an indicator which is less than 5 out of 10 points were converted into zero , otherwise into one . This transformation also allowed the interpretation of the estimated coefficients in a more sensible way . Instead of referring to increasing policy credibility by one or by a certain amount , it was possible to refer to making policies credible . Similarly , instead of referring to two public officials who believe that rules in place 72 . 4 % or 39 . 8 % , it is possible to refer to distinguish between public officials who believe and don ' t believe respectively that rules are in place . * * Correlation coefficients for the ( converted ) institutional environment indicators ( Bolivia ) * * | | _xl_ | _x2_ | _x3_ | _x4_ | _x5_ | _x6_ | _x7_ | _x8_ | _x9_ | _xIO_ | _xlI_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | xl | 1 . 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | x2 | 0 . 13 | 1 . 00 | | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Figure 3 . 10 * * Lighting sources in camp and town < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Lighting sources < br > “ What is the main source of energy for lighting ? ” < br > - K-town 311 interviews - < br > - K-camp 1 , 106 interviews - < br > 2 % 3 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 0 % 2 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 2 % 0 % Other Solar lamp < br > 2 % 1 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 1 % A , C , E 0 % 12 % Homemade kerosene lamp Torch < br > 11 % 0 % 5 % 3 % 23 % 2 % Gas lamp Generator < br > 15 % 11 % Lantern Electric lamp < br > 18 % Candle < br > 22 % < br > 13 % < br > 23 % 0 % < br > 30 % < br > A , C < br > 28 % < br > 28 % < br > 32 % < br > A , B , D , E < br > 61 % < br > 43 % 0 % < br > 38 % < br > 31 % < br > 23 % < br > K-camp 1 K-camp 2 K-camp 3 K-camp 4 K-town < br > A B C D E < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # # Telecommunications and mobile money Most respondents have mobile phones with pre-pay plans , which enables access to information , social networks , and digital finance . About 69 percent of camp residents have a mobile phone , as do 85 percent of those in the town . The high mobile phone penetration in Kakuma town in comparison to their relatively low purchasing power suggests a high level of interest in phone ownership in the area . However , of those who have mobile phones ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "There is no robust evidence on the performance of merchant banks relative to privately owned commercial banks . While privately owned merchant banks have significantly lower NPL than commercial banks , the evidence on ROA and ROE is not robust across different estimation techniques and to the exclusion of foreign exchange profits . Similarly , merchant banks with minority government ownership enjoyed lower NPL than privately owned commercial banks , but the evidence on ROA and ROE is not consistent and robust . There is no significant difference between merchant banks that are completely privately owned and those with minority government ownership . Finally , the results indicate that older banks and smaller banks perform worse . This seems to indicate that larger banks did enjoy economies of scale and scope and that new entrants into the market were better able to pursue new profit opportunities . Given that age enters significantly even in the performance regressions where we exclude foreign exchange profits , this effect cannot be attributed completely to foreign exchange speculation . The regressions in Table 4 confirm our previous finding of a positive link between privatization and performance , and give some additional insights into bank characteristics that explain variation in bank profitability . Here we include additional indicators of business and portfolio orientation and productivity . Columns one through five present results of the sample limited to the 1 < sup > st < / sup > through 99 < sup > th < / sup > percentile , while columns six through ten report the results of robust regressions . While weak banks were chosen for privatization , privatization did close the performance gap relative to privately owned commercial banks . _Eventually Privatized_ enters significantly in all ten regressions , while _Privatized_ enters significantly in all but two regressions . As before , we cannot reject the hypothesis that the sum of both coefficients is not 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In light of the difficulty of gathering treatment cost data for each country separately , the cost of treatment for a disease in each separate country was estimated using an indirect method based on such costs for the USA . The cost of treating a disease over the lifetime of the disease was first computed for the USA using data on all the health expenditures for treating cancer for 2009 ( AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY , 2009 ) . These numbers were then made country specific by assuming that such costs were proportional to the per capita income in each country using Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP ) per capita GDP for each country . This is a conservative estimate since not all medical costs go down proportionately with the decrease in per capita income . < sup > 18 < / sup > As a first step , the _direct_ costs of the health externalities of DDT were estimated by computing the extra incidence of _each_ disease from DDT exposure in a country given the respective RR in each of the three population groups : IRS spray operators , IRS exposed households and non-IRS exposed households . The additional incidence of a disease in a country was then multiplied by the cost of treating the disease per patient over the lifetime of the patient in that disease category in each country . The costs from all the diseases were then aggregated to estimate the total _direct_ cost of health externalities arising from the DDT exposure in a given country . As an illustrative example , the increased _direct_ costs from DDT exposure across all countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are shown in Figure 2 . # [ * * Insert Figure 2 ] * * Under the _widespread DDT use_ scenario , estimates indicate an increased _direct_ cost of more than $ 3 . 03 billion , while a _restricted DDT use_ scenario will result in a cost increase of nearly $ 0 . 60 billion . However , it should be noted that this is an underestimate as it does not include the effect of DDT in all disease categories because of the non-availability of data for some of the diseases and the costs should be used as a lower bound . > *", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 59, "text": "treatment cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - Start of picture text - - > Market share of current accounts by deposit level Market share of savings accounts by deposit level < br > 100 27 15 16 17 18 20 100 113 93 105 107 13 18 < br > 80 80 10 < br > 21 20 18 17 16 12 < br > 60 20 60 < br > 40 40 86 88 85 ` 82 77 < br > 64 64 65 65 65 69 < br > 53 < br > 20 20 < br > 0 0 < br > < 5 > 5 & < 10 > 10 & < 20 > 20 & < 50 > 50 & < > 100 < 5 > 5 & < 10 > 10 & < 20 > 20 & < 50 > 50 & < > 100 < br > 100 100 < br > Million COP Million COP < br > Private Domestic Banks Private Foreign Banks Public Banks Private Domestic Banks Private Foreign Banks Public Banks < br > Source : Own calculations based on Superintendencia Bancaria data < br > % Market share of current accounts % Market share of savings accounts < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 24", "spans": [{"start": 658, "end": 688, "text": "Superintendencia Bancaria data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "imu Seqa | 2 | 0 . 9 | 456 | 0 . 6 | | Limu Genet | 16 | 7 . 2 | 2 , 809 | 3 . 9 | | Mana | 88 | 39 . 5 | 13 , 975 | 19 . 2 | | Total | 223 | 100 . 0 | 72 , 834 | 100 . 0 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ < mark > Out of the 72 , 834 eucalyptus trees , 66 . 6 % of them will be impacted by tower pads and ROW , while the remaining 24 , 317 ( or 33 . 4 % ) will be impacted by construction of the new Limu Genet substation . All the eucalyptus trees impacted by the substation belong to only 11 PAHs . That means , 33 % of impacted eucalyptus trees are owned by almost 5 % of the PAHs . The number and size of eucalyptus trees affected by tower & ROW and Substation is presented in table 7 . 11 below . < / mark > Table 7 . 11 : Number , Type and Size of Affected eucalyptus trees by tower pads , ROW and Substation | * * Size of * * < br > * * eucalyptus * * | * * No . of Impacted * * < br > * * eucalyptus trees by * * | * * No . of Impacted * * < br > * * eucalyptus trees by * * | * * Total No . of * * < br > * * Impacted * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * trees * * | * * Substation * * | * * Tower & Row * * | * * eucalyptus * * | | | Big | 1 | 244 | 245 | 0 . 3 | | Medium | 12 |", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 230, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 8939 | 32298 | 0 . 5 | 2 . 5 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | | Paper andpaperboard in rolls or sheets | 6415 | 31815 | 0 . 5 | 24 . 7 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | | Synthetic organic dyestuffs | 5311 | 30951 | 05 | 437 | 59 | 00 | 00 | | | < br > Aluminium and aluminium alloys | 6841 | 30042 | . < br > 0 . 4 | . < br > 79 . 6 | . < br > 0 . 4 | . < br > 0 . 0 | . | | | Polyvinyl chloride | 5834 | 29616 | 0 . 4 | 1 . 0 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | | Tulle lace embroider ribbons | 6560 | 29494 | 04 | 15 | 17 | 10 | 21 | | | , , y , < br > _Source_ : Calculated usin UN COMTRADE Databas | | | . | . | . | . | . | | | g < br > _Notes_ : A value of 0 . 0 represents less than US $ 100 in | * * Sri La * * < br > < br > exports ; | * * nka * * < br > blanks repre | sent zero e | xports . | | | | | | | * * Sri L * * < br > | * * anka * * < br > | < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Product Description * * | * * SITC * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ~ ~ I ~ ~ * * | * * Share of * * < br > * * ~ ~ I ~ ~ * * < br > * * Share of * * < br > * * ~ ~ I ~ ~ *", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 591, "text": "UN COMTRADE Databas", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 Before turning to that model , the Version 6 GTAP database needs to be augmented to include distortions to services sectors . < sup > 5 < / sup > We follow Hertel and Keeney ( 2006 ) in assuming the removal of services distortions can be modeled as a technological change that reduces the cost to all sectors of imported intermediate inputs . The extent of those trade cost equivalent barriers in services are based on work by Francois , Meijl , and Tongeren ( 2005 ) , who draw on the pattern of residuals from a gravity model of national imports estimated from the GTAP database . Their estimates are shown in Table 2 . # * * The GTAP-AGR Model * * We employ a new variant of the widely used GTAP model ( Hertel 1997 ) that is specifically oriented to analyzing agricultural markets , namely the GTAP-AGR model ( Keeney and Hertel 2005 ) . We use the standard GTAP model assumptions of perfect competition and constant returns to scale in production activities , a Constant Difference of Elasticities ( CDE ) demand system which permits differential price and income responsiveness across countries , and bilateral international trade flows handled through Armington elasticities by which products are differentiated by country of origin . < sup > 6 < / sup > These Armington elasticities are region-specific , and are econometric estimates at the 57 > 5 We also insert a production subsidy for US cotton , following the WTO dispute settlement case which ruled that those subsidies belong in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture ’ s amber box , rather than in the green box as notified by the US . We conservatively estimate that subsidy to be 28 percent for 2001 . > 6 The Armington elasticities are very important determinants of the results , and those used in the GTAP model are quite conservative compared with those in , for example , the World Bank ’ s Linkage model ( see the Appendix to Ch . 12 in Anderson and Martin 2006 ) . For this reason , the key results in this paper can be considered lower-bound estimates .", "spans": [{"start": 569, "end": 582, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 73 , 122 . 56 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-18 2022-12-28 2023-12-28 < br > utrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-54 / Contratac < br > ión de 12 Encuestador - Antropometrista ENDI para el operativo de campo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición I IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 178 , 386 . 35 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-23 2022-12-29 2023-12-29 < br > nfantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-55 / Contratac < br > ión de 44 Revisores de control de calidad ENDI para el operativo de campo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrició IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 402 , 174 . 08 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-23 2022-12-30 2023-12-28 < br > n Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-56 / Contratac < br > ión de 12 Supervisores de operativo de campo ENDI parael operativo de campo de laEncuesta Nacional de Desnut IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 187 , 740 . 59 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-22 2022-12-30 2023-12-28 < br > rición Infantil", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 377, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Timely availability of an adequate of budget for implementation of the RP and LRP . # # # # # # * * _Subproject Impact on Households Monitoring_ * * Periodic socio-economic monitoring will be undertaken to measure the progress being made towards restoring or improving income levels and living standards for PAHs , and especially for vulnerable PAPs . This will be indirectly measured and monitored by the conduct of socio-economic questionnaire surveys , the main aim of which will be to : - Field check to verify that compensation payments have been received by PAHs and will confirm levels and timing of payments ; - Identify any socio-economic change in the PAHs - change before and after relocation ; - Number of PAPs that have been given employment in the subproject ; - Type and number of livelihood restoration measures implemented ; - Income and expenditure balance conditions ; - Status of and assistance provided to vulnerable households ; Official Use Only Page 187", "spans": [{"start": 417, "end": 453, "text": "socio-economic questionnaire surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 2 < / sup > | | 0 . 801 | | | Hansen J statistic < br > ( overidentificationtest ) | 1 . 770 | | | | ( p-value ) | ( . 880 ) | | | | Average of Partial R < sup > 2 < / sup > | . 477 | | | | Average of Partial F ' s | 129 . 47 | | | * * * significant at 1 % level ; * * significant at 5 % level ; * significant at 10 % level . - a . The instruments are semi-arid area dummy , port dummy , illiteracy rate ( 1970 ) , ln ( industry capital per worker , 1970 ) , ln ( distance to state capital ) * ln ( market pot . agric . land availability , 1970 ) , ln ( humidity ) , ln ( avg . temperature ) , ln ( rural pop . supply , 1970 ) , ln ( rural income opportunities , 1970 ) , ln ( market potential , 1970 ) , and state capital and time dummies . - b . GMM estimates are from the two-step efficient GMM in the presence of arbitrary heteroskedasticity and arbitrary intra-group ( within-state ) correlation . - c . OLS regressions are with robust cluster standard errors . We assume the observations may be correlated within states , but would be independent between states . - d . Average of Partial R < sup > 2 < / sup > and Partial F ’ s are for average schooling and Ln ( inter-city transport costs ) . Market potential and gravity measures are almost completely correlated with those in 1970 ( Partial R < sup > 2 < / sup > ’ s are around . 99 ) . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 , 164 | 12 , 051 | | * * Mean ( with censoring ) * * | 10 , 863 | . | 10 , 191 | | * * P1 * * | 2 , 968 | 322 | 1 , 364 | | * * P5 * * | 5 , 223 | 1 , 374 | 5 , 531 | | * * P10 * * | 5 , 741 | 2 , 321 | 5 , 531 | | * * P25 * * | 7 , 419 | 5 , 531 | 6 , 186 | | * * P50 * * | 9 , 539 | 7 , 813 | 8 , 644 | | * * P75 * * | 13 , 779 | 13 , 376 | 13 , 862 | | * * P90 * * | 18 , 019 | 21 , 446 | 21 , 823 | | * * P95 * * | 22 , 258 | 28 , 416 | 29 , 108 | | * * P99 * * | 29 , 678 | 57 , 253 | 56 , 975 | _Note : To limit the impact of the underrepresentation of top incomes in survey data on the estimate of mean tax compliance , we censor the distribution of survey income ( “ true income ” ) and imputed tax income ( “ reported income ” ) at the 99_ < sup > _th_ < / sup > _percentile of the distribution of survey income . _ _Source : Observed and imputed values based on EU-SILC and tax admin data . P1-P99 refers to the first and 99_ < sup > _th_ < / sup > _income percentiles based on the uncensored distribution . _ 11 Theoretically , we can imagine a scenario in which the distribution of imputed tax income is completely different from the distribution of income observed in this survey . In such a case , the outcomes of the imputation would be difficult to interpret . 18", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 588, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 901, "text": "EU-SILC and tax admin data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) | * * Prior Action # 5 : * * To improve effective distribution of agricultural inputs , the < br > Recipient has through the Ministry of Agriculture , Animal Industry and | Yes , negative | Yes , significant | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Fisheries ( MAAIF ) rolled out the e-voucher system to 10 additional districts * * . * * | | | | * * Prior Action # 6 : * * To enhance debt transparency , the Recipient has through | | | | the MoFPED published the verified stock of domestic arrears with a time < br > lag of less than one year , upcoming SOE guarantees and other contingent | NA | NA | | liabilities from legalproceedings . | | | Page 68", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 588, "text": "verified stock of domestic arrears", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 117 * * # # # # * * MASINDI , NAKASEKE DISTRICT * * | DATE AND AREA | OBSERVATIONS AND ISSUES | | - - - | - - - | | BWIJANGA HC IV meeting DHO , < br > Chairman LCV , CAO , Secretary for < br > health |  < br > Bwijanga HC was upgraded to level IV < br > but quality of work was questionable therefore < br > redesigning and reconstruction is needed < br >  < br > Equipping of the centre and staff housing is < br > required . < br >  < br > Poor waste management methods i . e . burying and < br > burning therefore there is need for an incinerator < br >  < br > Available equipments were supplied in 90 ’ s so there < br > is a need for quality equipments to meet the < br > growing number of patients . < br >  < br > No operating tables < br >  < br > Inventories for equipping of hospitals ( under JICA ) < br >  < br > Scrap for non functioning equipments . | | MASINDI HOSPITAL |  < br > Poor water supply < br >  < br > Inventory all equipment < br >  < br > No private wing for the patients < br >  < br > Space for maternity ward is small about 28 patients < br > per day . < br >  < br > Medical equipment is in very poor condition . < br >  < br > No incubator and pre-mature unit . < br >  < br > Tap water is available but there is need for a proper < br > storage in case of rain water harvesting . < br >  < br > Option for ground water is available . < br >  < br > No delivery beds < br >  < br > No", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 816, "text": "Inventories for equipping of hospitals", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "can be submitted in a number of ways : - During regular meetings held between communities and concessionaire ; - Through the Local Consultative Forums established in the affected villages ; - During informal meetings with concessionaire ; Through communication directly with management – for example a letter addressed to site management , or other operational offices - Directly by e-mail to RE / contractor - Placing a comment in the community suggestion boxes by dedicated fellows ; and - Through the Community Liaison Officer ( CLO ) . For grievances that have been submitted informally , the CLO will arrange for a meeting where the grievance can be explained in full , written down , and agreed upon . For all grievances the CLO will be the main point of contact , responsible for updating the complainant about the process . # # # # * * STEP 2 : Logging the grievance * * Once a grievance has been received , it must first be logged in the grievance database register and the CLO will be informed . This register is a live document . * * Page 72 * *", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 974, "text": "grievance database register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Overall surplus / deficit | . . < br > . . | - 1 . 6 < br > - 4 . 4 | 1 . 2 < br > - 5 . 9 | 0 . 9 < br > - 6 . 0 | - GDPdeflator - . < br > = CPI | | * * TRADE * * | | | | | | | * * _ ( UJS $ _ * * < br > _millions ) _ | 1976 | 1986 | 1996 | 1997 | Export and import levels ( USS millions ) | | Total exports ( fob ) | . . | 379 | 590 | 671 | * * 1 , 500 * * | | Coffee < br > | . . | 360 | 404 < br > | 366 < br > | | | Cotton | . . | . . | 13 | 26 | | | Manufactures | | | | | . | | < br > Ttl it i | . . | . . . < br > 380 | 1218 | 1246 | | | oa mpors ( cv < br > Food | . . < br > . . | < br > . | , < br > . 5 | , | 00 | | < br > Fuel and ener | | 61 | < br > 90 | 92 | | | gy < br > Capital goods . | | | | | | | Export price index ( 1995 = 100 ) | . . | 49 | 75 | 67 | 91 < br > 92 < br > 93 < br > 94 < br > 95 < br > * * 9s * * < br > 97 | | < br > Import price index_ ( 1995 = 100 ) _ | _ . . _ | 82 | 107 | 107 | CEports < br > * Imports | | Terms of trade_ ( 1995 = 100 ) _ | _ . . _ | 60 | 71", "spans": [{"start": 722, "end": 740, "text": "Export price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "useful for different purposes . In addition , data on price , consumption and income levels for different customer groups are often necessary to investigate the distributional effect of reforms . Firm-level analysis can shed light on aspects of electricity reform . In the absence of comprehensive or specific type of data for the whole sector , firm-level analysis can prove useful . For example , Delfino and Casarin ( 2001 ) examine the welfare 7", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 91, "text": "data on price , consumption and income levels", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identifies vulnerable social groups and makes provision for them to be included in consultative forum . REA will further ensure that these vulnerable groups are given the necessary protection to ensure that they receive equitable access to replacement resources . In addition , REA will make specific reference to vulnerable social groups being paid , particularly during the monitoring process . Vulnerable groups will include those with minimal assets , the illiterate , and the aged ( i . e . 65 years and above ) . # # # * * Principle 8 : Resettlement must be seen as an upfront project cost * * * * Action : * * Experience across the world shows that unless resettlement is built in as an upfront project cost , it tends to be under budgeted . That money gets whittled away from the resettlement budget to ‘ more pressing ’ project needs , and that it tends to be seen as peripheral to the overall project . REA will ensure that compensation costs , as well as those resettlement costs if any that fall within their scope of commitment , are built into the overall project budget as up-front costs . # # # * * Principle 9 : An independent monitoring and grievance procedure must be in place * * * * Action : * * In addition to internal monitoring that will be provided by REA , an independent team comprising local administration and the locals will undertake monitoring of the resettlement aspect of the project . Grievance procedures will be organized in such a way that they are accessible to all affected parties ; with particular concern for the situation of the vulnerable groups . Monitoring will specifically take place via measurement against the pre-resettlement database . # # # * * Principle 10 : World Bank ’ s Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement * * * * Action : * * The World Bank ’ s Operational Policy 4 . 12 on Involuntary Resettlement will be adhered to . It requires that involuntary resettlement be avoided where feasible , or minimized , exploring all viable alternative project designs . Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement", "spans": [{"start": 1661, "end": 1686, "text": "pre-resettlement database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * How does UNHCR monitor urban refugees ’ general welfare and identify those with special needs ? * * * * All offi ces report that they use participatory assessments and interviews with refugees at UNHCR offi ces to monitor refugees ’ welfare and identify those with special needs . * * Most offi ces ( 22 ) use household visits , either by staff ( 19 ) or implementing partners ( 22 ) , and half of the operations ( 12 ) work with refugee incentive workers to monitor households within their communities and neighborhoods . A third of operations ( 8 ) use tools such as household level surveys , Heightened Risk Identifi cation Tools ( HRIT ) , and / or the UNCHR Health Information System ( HIS ) to monitor refugee welfare . UNHCR offi ces also use education information shared by the Ministry of Education , the Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) , the Refugee Assistance and Information System ( RAIS ) and health information shared by the Ministry of Labour , as well as monthly reports from implementing partners to monitor refugee welfare . # # # # # * * UNHCR support for vulnerable persons * * | * * Graph 17 : * * UNHCR support to v < br > Victims of trauma , < br > torture & SGBV < br > People with mental illness < br > People with < br > physical disabilities | ulnerable refugees | | - - - | - - - | | People who are seriously ill < br > Elderly people < br > Separated children | | | Unaccompanied children | | | Single parent families | | | Families with children < 5 | | | Pregnant & lactating women < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces | 0 < br > 5 < br > 10 < br > 15 < br > 20 < br > 25 | * * All offi ces report that they provide specifi c services to people who are seriously ill ( HIV and TB", "spans": [{"start": 573, "end": 596, "text": "household level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 661, "end": 692, "text": "UNCHR Health Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 818, "end": 857, "text": "Education Management Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 873, "end": 914, "text": "Refugee Assistance and Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1035, "text": "monthly reports from implementing partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2006 | | | * * Outputfromeach * * < br > * * Component : * * < br > * * SupporttoCommrunity * * < br > * * basedinitiatives * * < br > Asocialsupportsystemis < br > developedinwhichCCC < br > activitiesarestrengthenedin < br > thecommunitiesforallgroups < br > affectedbyHIV / AIDS < br > ( orphans , PLWHA , highrisk < br > groups ) | * * OutputIndicators : * * < br > - Increasebyatleast1 , 500the < br > numberoforphanswhoattend < br > school regularlyasof2004 . < br > - Decreasebyat least 20 % the < br > % ofwomenandmenwho < br > don ' tknowany meanto | * * Projectreports : * * < br > Surveys < br > Baselineisthe1999DHS ; < br > KAPSurveys < br > CNLSprogressreports | * * ( fromOutputstoObjective ) * * < br > Contractedagency ( ies ) ableto < br > providetherelevantservice . | - 25 -", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 647, "text": "KAPSurveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 655, "end": 674, "text": "CNLSprogressreports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024 # # # * * C . RAPATRIÉS * * L ’ examen des données démographiques montre que la population active représente 58 pour cent des personnes des rapatriés . En plus , les enfants de moins de 18 ans représentent plus de 34 pour cent . Cette structure dont les jeunes sont majoritairement représentés définit une part importante de la population en âge d ’ activité et probablement en quête d ’ emploi . Cette population jeune doit nécessairement trouver du travail pour construire leur avenir qui , au vu de leur niveau d ’ étude ( très bas ou nul ) et du taux de scolarisation assez faible , dépend fortement du travail manuel ou commercial . A cet effet , de microprojets de génération des revenus sont indispensables pour étouffer / limiter la délinquance ou l ’ oisiveté au sein des populations rapatriées . Eu égard à l ’ état matrimonial , les résultats montrent que les rapatriés sont majoritairement mariés ( 56 % ) . En grande partie , la monogamie est le type de mariage répandu . Plus de la moitié ( 54 % ) des personnes ne sont pas enregistrées à l ’ état-civil par ignorance de l ’ importance du processus d ’ enregistrement à l ’ étatcivil . Il est aussi vrai que bon nombre de jeunes gens sont nés en exil et que pour les autres , ils ne se sont jamais faits enregistrés à l ’ état-civil avant l ’ exil . Il importe donc que le Gouvernement", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 91, "text": "données démographiques", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "or close to zero , this would suggest that the new CPS did not fundamentally improve the available provision of education . To identify the subLATE parameters , we would ideally need an extra source of variation that affects the share of _a-compliers_ ( within the compliers ) without directly affecting the CPS treatment effects . These additional instruments ( which we refer to as * * X * * ) should affect the treatment effects only through the share of _a-compliers_ and not because they capture other forms of heterogeneity ( e . g . heterogeneity driven by gender ) . This assumption is called constant treatment effect ( Kline and Walters , 2016 ) or homogeneous LATE ( Hull , 2018 ) . We refer to this approach as conditional sub-LATE . Kline and Walters ( 2016 ) ( see also Hull ( 2018 ) and Feller et al . ( 2016 ) ) show that sub-LATEs can be identified by interacting the random assignment with observed covariates . The structural equation takes the following form : where _Yi_ is a follow-up outcome , 1 _Di_ = _a_ a variable taking one when the child i is enrolled in an ASP and zero otherwise , * * _X_ * * a set of additional variables orthogonal to the treatment , and * * _W_ * * the preferred set of control variables used for the reduced form estimation . _γ_ 1 captures the _LATEhc_ , and _γ_ 2 captures the effect of going to ASP . To derive the _LATEac_ , we subtract _γ_ 2 from _γ_ 1 . 1 _Di_ = _c_ and 1 _Di_ = _a_ are both endogenous and instrumented using following first stage equations : The identification of _γ_ 1 and _γ_ 2 relies on the independence of _Z_ and _Z ∗ _ * * _X_ * * and on the assumption that the h and a compliers have a constant return to preschool on * * _X_ * * . Since the X variables are selected from the baseline survey , their independence is guaranteed by randomization . However , these extra instruments could capture sources of variation that are not related to the variation in counterfactual enrollment , therefore causing a violation of the constant treatment", "spans": [{"start": 1760, "end": 1775, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in remote schools , resulting in continued disparities . Even where teachers are successfully placed in schools in remote areas , they may not remain for a significant period of time , exploiting these same formal and informal channels to obtain transfers to more desirable postings . A ‘ rural allowance ’ scheme is in place to motivate teachers to remain in remote postings , but it too is inadequately targeted with minimal incentive effect ( see Asim et al . , 2019 , for a detailed exploration of these dynamics ) . In recent years , a number of steps have been taken by the Ministry of Education ( MoE ) of Malawi , with support from the World Bank , to introduce more well-defined rules for allocation of teachers . Beginning in 2017 , districts were advised to prioritize schools with the highest PTRs , not only those with PTR above 60 . At the same time , districts were instructed to prioritize schools with fewer teachers than grades , in an attempt to address the common practice of multi-grade teaching in understaffed schools . < sup > 4 < / sup > In this paper , we assess the level of adherence to rules-based allocation of teachers in Malawi ’ s schools over the period 2017-2019 ; and the impact of improvements in allocations on school PTRs and on outcomes . We draw data from multiple rounds of administrative data from the Government of Malawi ’ s Educational Management Information System ( EMIS ) database . EMIS data is collected via an Annual School Census ( ASC ) and includes a wide range of data on school size , conditions , staffing , finances , infrastructure and equipment . We employ data on grades offered , staffing and enrollment to establish the schools which meet each of the criteria established by the government . In addition , we employ administrative data on the allocation of new teachers to schools provided by district-level officials via the MoE . Our ultimate outcomes of interest are student dropout and promotion rates . These outcomes are informed by the international evidence on the impacts of improvements in school teacher staffing and reductions in PTRs . We anticipate reductions in class sizes at the most overcrowded", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1335, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1462, "end": 1482, "text": "Annual School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1833, "text": "administrative data on the allocation of new teachers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Conclusions * * There has been much public debate about India ‘ s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme since it was introduced . There have been many media reports and some selective surveys , covering at most a few states and / or selected districts . This paper uses India ‘ s National Sample Survey of 2009 / 10 to test some of the claims that have been made in past debates using data for all the major states of India . We have focused on a distinctive and important feature of MGNREGS : the guarantee of employment at the stipulated wage rates . We confirm expectations that the demand for work on MGNREGS tends to be higher in poorer states . This appears to reflect the scheme ‘ s built-in ― self-targeting ‖ mechanism , whereby non-poor people find work on the scheme less attractive than do poor people . However , actual participation rates in the scheme are not ( as a rule ) any higher in poorer states where it is needed the most . The reason for this paradox lies in the differences in the extent to which the employment guarantee is honored . The answer to the question posed in our title is clearly ― no . ‖ Rationing is common , but far more so in some of the poorest states . We do not find that the local-level processes determining who gets work amongst those who want it are generally skewed against the poor . There are sure to be places where this is happening ( and qualitative field reports have provided examples ) . But it does not appear to stand up as a generalization . We do find evidence that the poor fare somewhat less well when it comes to the total number of days of work they manage to get on the scheme . However , despite the pervasive rationing we find , it is plain that the scheme is still reaching poor people and also reaching the scheduled tribes and backward castes . Participation rates on the scheme are higher for poor people than others . This holds at the official poverty line , but the scheme is also reaching many families just above the official", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 332, "text": "India ‘ s National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 415, "end": 453, "text": "data for all the major states of India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report * * * * Manyatta A , Manyatta B , Nyawita and Kibuye settlements * * | * * ARAP Implementin * * < br > Resettlement < br > Implementation < br > Committee < br > ( RIC ) at County Level | * * g Institutions under KISIP * * < br > • Provide overall leadership and day to day implementation of the ARAP < br > • Study the final ARAP reports and draw update program / schedule for < br > implementation . < br > • Organize the public disclosure of the final ARAP < br > • Confirm / validate entitlement and the final PAP register < br > • Oversee compensation and other assistance to the PAPs < br > • Part of grievance redress mechanism < br > • Sensitization about opening of joint accounts and appropriate use of compensation < br > funds . < br > • Monitoringand Coordination of ARAPprocess | | - - - | - - - | | < br > Settlement < br > Executive < br > Committee ( SEC ) | py < br > • < br > Part of grievance redress mechanism < br > • < br > It provides an entry point and crucial link to the community < br > • < br > Assist the vulnerable PAPs organize for rebuilding of structures , and movement , < br > where such assistance is required | | < br > Grievance < br > Redress < br > Committee ( GRC ) | o < br > • Formed to address all grievances related to the development and implementation of < br > ARAP | | D < br > * * 8 . 2 * * < br > * * Gender Emp * * < br > To enhance gender < br > implementation to < br > ARAP implementat < br > ( GBV ) concerning t < br > implementation", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 574, "text": "PAP register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ − _ | _ − _ | 1 , 793 | 1 , 793 | 1 , 910 | 2000 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | _ − _ | _ − _ | 0 . 440 | 0 . 403 | 0 . 234 | 0 . 075 | _Source_ : World Bank calculations . _Note_ : The table presents the estimates of equation ( 7 ) and extensions , weighted by municipal population at the initial year of each period under study . The dependent variable is the annualized growth rate in the mean per capita income of municipalities over the period . _ln yit − τ_ , _lnPit − τ_ , _lnGit − τ_ , and all public expenditure variables are for the initial year and are in log-scale . All monetary variables are in real per capita terms at August 2014 prices . The growth rate in CCT coverage is the annualized growth rate in the number of beneficiary families in each municipality over the period . The empty cells in panel c indicate that models conditional on CCT data were not estimated because the data are available only from 2000 onward . The intercepts are shown in tables 37 – 40 in the ancillary file . Robust standard errors are in parentheses . * * * _p < . _ 01 , * * _p < . _ 05 , * _p < . _ 1 27", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 864, "text": "CCT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , the formula to construct the measure for the human capital stock combines the estimated attainment data with the information on the duration of each schooling level . It is given as : where _ht_ stands for the average years of schooling , _hrj_ is the estimated attainment ratio of the labor force and _dj_ is the average number of years of education received in the respective schooling level j . Average education values have been calculated from the _Encuesta Nacional Socio-Demográfica_ ( ENS ) from 1989 and are assumed to have remained constant over time . This may result in a slight overestimate of the human capital stock for the period prior to 1989 and underestimate the average years of schooling for later periods . However , data from more recent household surveys suggest that this assumption may not be a large source of error . * * Figure 2 . Guatemala : Average Years of Schooling in Labor Force , 1950-2002 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 < br > Barro / Lee Cohen / Soto Nehru / Dareshwar Estimate < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Author ’ s calculations , as well as Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) , Cohen and Soto ( 2001 ) , and Nehru et al . ( 1995 ) education data . How do these calculations compare to other sources ? The correlation coefficients between the estimated average years of schooling here and those provided by Soto ( 2002 ) , Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) , and Nehru et al . ( 1995 ) , using different techniques and data sources , all exceed 0 . 95 in the case of Guatemala . Figure 2 compares the results . The time series shown by the solid line harmonizes to a large extent with alternative estimates at different points of time . Unlike the Barro and Lee data set , there is no - 20 -", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 113, "text": "estimated attainment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 771, "end": 788, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1290, "end": 1304, "text": "education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1795, "end": 1817, "text": "Barro and Lee data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For both the Malawi and Uganda , the entire sample of households from the latest round of the LSMSISA which had contact information served as the HFPS sample . In Malawi , the initial HFPS sample consisted of 2 , 337 households while for Uganda it consisted of 2 , 421 households . The crude contact and response rate was very high in Uganda where 93 percent ( 2 , 259 ) of sampled households were successfully interviewed . Malawi ’ s contact and response rates were slightly higher than Nigeria and Ethiopia with 74 percent ( 1 , 729 ) of sampled households being successfully interviewed . # < mark > 3 . 1 . 2 Sampling Weight and Bias Adjustments < / mark > Sampling weights were calculated in all four surveys following similar methods . The sampling weight for the most recent round of the LSMS-ISA survey served as the starting point in all four countries since these weights produce representative estimates from the full sample of households in those F2F surveys . These weights were then inflated through basic ratio adjustments at each stage of the selection and interview process from the frame to the interviewed sample ( depicted in Figure 3 . 1 ) . These ratio adjustments preserve the original sum of weights from the full sample of the LSMS-ISA survey . These naïve ratio adjustments do not take into account any nonrandom bias contained in the sample . The ratio adjustments were then followed by the weighting adjustments to reduce bias in the interviewed sample relative to the F2F representative sample . The weighting adjustment implemented in each country serves to counteract both coverage and nonresponse bias simultaneously . However , the approaches taken at this stage vary in the four countries . For the Ethiopia , Malawi , and Uganda HFPS , the bias adjustment was conducted using a propensity model approach following Himelein ( 2014 ) . The probability of household response was modeled using a logistic regression . The characteristics included in the logit response probability module are presented in Table 3 . 2 and were selected due to observed bias in the interviewed sample along these dimensions . Full results of the logit model are provided in Appendix Table 3 . 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 101, "text": "LSMSISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 796, "end": 811, "text": "LSMS-ISA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 960, "end": 971, "text": "F2F surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as shops , and health care facilities . Use of biogas , wind energy and other renewable energy forms are not yet developed in the project area . The use of solar energy for lighting in rural areas has increased which , according to informants , is an indicator of deficiency in grid-supplied electricity . The proposed project is , therefore , on target to bridge this initial supply gap . * * ES 4 . 3 . 8 Water Supply Access Rates * * Access to a supply of potable water as a percent of population varies markedly between districts and between district sub-counties with anywhere from a low of 21 % to a high of 95 % access . Where water points exist , anywhere from 20 % to almost 50 % have been non-functional for more than five years . * * ES 4 . 3 . 9 Vulnerable Groups * * The most recent poverty estimate from the UNHS 2019 / 20 is that 20 . 3 % of the population of Uganda is impoverished , based on the national poverty line . The following groups have been identified as vulnerable within the study area : - Orphans and children ; - Elderly ; - Youth ; - Women / Widows ; and - People with disabilities * * ES 4 . 3 . 10 Waste Management * * The proposed Wobulenzi-Masaka TL will traverse from Wobulenzi in Luwero district to Kakunyu in Masaka districts . The existing solid waste management methods in these districts primarily involve open burning , composting , land filling , incineration and indiscriminate dumping . The solid waste is collected from the towns , villages , cities and is dumped at landfill sites gazetted across the different districts . These landfills , especially the city and municipality landfills , have a beehive of private waste sorters and pickers that recover plastic , metal , paper and any other inorganic matter that presents with value for reuse or recycling . Hazardous wastes are normally managed through specialized transportation and treatment facilities . The waste is collected and transported to a hazardous", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 836, "text": "UNHS 2019 / 20", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ information be required to ensure effective implementation , updating or monitoring of the LRP measures . The following are some of the key responsibilities of the PIO : - Establish a RIT , provide all the necessary resources and capacity building measures to discharge its responsibilities effectively and oversee the activities of the unit ; - Maintain a register of affected livelihood assets , including compensation payments and investments in LRP initiatives ; - In cooperation with the Woreda Resettlement and Valuation Committee , conduct additional assessments and valuations of assets as required ; - Establish WRC comprising of key Woreda and Kebele public officials , staff of the PIO , representatives of PAPs , NGOs , and key line offices in the Woreda ; - Assign a CLO for ongoing consultation with the Subproject affected people and communities ; - Appoint a Women ’ s Liaison and Development Officer ( WLDO ) within the RIT to organise and facilitate women ’ s participation in the implementation and monitoring of the RP and LRP ; - Presence of female members on the RIT is crucial and she would be involved in all activities in a cross-cutting capacity ( e . g . , processing compensation claims of a female-headed PAH ) . The female members shall ensure better consideration of gender issues for grievance resolution . In addition , GBV issues will be reported to and resolved in active participation of this female member ; - In consultation with PAP and affected communities , establish and operate a system for receiving , recording , and resolving Subproject-related complaints and grievances ; - Establish systems , processes and resources for delivering various livelihood interventions and entitlements ; - Facilitate interactions and communications between various organisations involved in livelihoods restoration implementation ; and - Establish a transparent process for workers to express concerns and file grievances , including anonymous complaints . Official Use Only Page 154", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 536, "text": "register of affected livelihood assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the 2010 CAS , despite some progress in recent years , “ Uganda ’ s health outcomes remain poor … and the health sector suffers from inadequate funding , understaffed health centers , health worker absenteeism , and waste in drug supply . ” As with the 2008 PER on the education sector , the PER on health ( FY09 ) revealed huge inefficiencies and the wastage of public finances , particularly as result of health care absenteeism rates and weak drug procurement and supply management . In addition , pilferage of medical supplies has been reported and may have contributed to the high rate of > 26 A target for the percent of under fives that were malnourished is included in the survey but no data for 2007 / 08 were available as these data are collected through the Demographic Health Survey ( last conducted in 2006 , with the next survey due in 2011 ) . 23", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 794, "text": "Demographic Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and 54 _ . _ 7 % , respectively ) but NE students participate less ( 47 % ) . Average monthly wages for BP students are about 23 % higher than for SC students and almost twice as high as for NE students . Table 2 presents average characteristics of students ’ high school municipalities . Relative to SC and BP students , on average NE students live in municipalities that are smaller and less urban , with lower GDP and higher homicide rates . SC students , in turn , come from larger , denser , slightly more urban , and higher-GDP municipalities than BP students . As explained below , these patterns are related to the geographic location of SC HEIs . # * * 3 . 2 Identifying variation * * To capture variation in local supply of higher education , we use SNIES data from 2004 ( again , one year prior to high school graduation in our sample ) . We first identify a student ’ s high school location as given by its administrative division or municipality and find the coordinates for its geographic centroid . We then construct the binary variables _Zj_ and _Hj_ , where _j_ denotes the municipality of interest . _Zj_ is equal to one if there is at least one SC HEI within a 10-km radius around municipality _j_ ’ s centroid , and zero otherwise . _Hj_ is equal to one if there is at least one HEI offering bachelor ’ s ( and perhaps SC ) degrees – namely , at least one HEI belonging to the \" Other HEIs \" category . < sup > 9 < / sup > As expected , the local supply of HEIs is correlated with students ’ enrollment choices ( bottom panel of Table 2 ) . We observe that 73 _ . _ 7 % of SC students went to high school in a municipality where there was at least one SC HEI , but this share drops to 64 _ . _ 6 % and 56 _ . _ 2 % for BP and NE students , respectively . In contrast , approximately the same share ( 84 % ) of SC and BP students attended high school in municipalities where", "spans": [{"start": 760, "end": 770, "text": "SNIES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cannot address this problem in the same way as described above in the case of refugees and natives . Instead , we choose to drop the age at arrival dummies from the estimating equation . A final issue concerns controls for education levels . In our main sample , which is drawn exclusively from administrative data , we do not observe individuals ’ education levels , as mentioned above . However , for a subsample of natives and refugees , we are able to match the administrative dataset with data on education levels from the Swiss Structural Survey . Therefore we estimate all equations on the two samples : first , by using the main sample without education variables , second , by using the restricted sample , taking dummy variables for education levels into account . We also check if the restricted sample can be considered a random sub-sample of our main sample by estimating the equation using > 23 . To facilitate the interpretation of the estimation results , we do not drop a reference category for the _YSMitj_ dummies when we interact them with the refugee dummy _Ri_ . For this reason , the _Ri_ dummy itself does not appear in the equation since it is perfectly collinear with the interaction terms . 24 . The comparison between natives and migrants is based on the same equation as ( 1 ) , except that the refugee dummy is replaced by a dummy for migrant status . 13", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 314, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 466, "end": 488, "text": "administrative dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 494, "end": 518, "text": "data on education levels", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 528, "end": 551, "text": "Swiss Structural Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This means that _X_ reflects the incidence / likelihood of episodes , where the RER is below , is equilibrium level beyond a certain threshold _k_ . The response , as we see , is binary which is a choice among two possible outcomes is . We model this response as a linear regression problem and the probability of achieving an undervalued RER beyond some threshold _k_ such as 5 , 10 , 20 and 25 percent . We regress the binary outcome on potential explanatory variables such as intervention , exchange rate arrangements , openness , monetary and fiscal variables . The expected value of achieving undervaluation in the model ( given a set of explanatory variables z ) is : Our _Probit_ analysis therefore evaluates the impact of active macroeconomic policies on the probabilities of RER undervaluation with using our event-analysis database . # * * 3 . 2 . The * * * * _Tobit_ Model * * The _Tobit_ model is a type of _censored regression_ model where the latent variable cannot always be observed while the explanatory variables are always observed . The _Tobit_ model has the following general specification : The latent variable , _E_  < sup > _x_ < / sup > _i_   is  ' < sup > _z_ < / sup > _i_ . The estimation of this model is similar to one of truncated regression . The log-likelihood for the censored regression model is : 14", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 841, "text": "event-analysis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SOLUTIONS STRATEGY FOR AFGHAN REFUGEES 2018-2019 # # # # # # * * ~ ~ THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN ~ ~ * * - The * * Supreme Leader ’ s decree issued in 2015 * * granted all Afghan children ( regardless of their documentation status ) access to school . In the scholastic year of 2017-18 some 420 , 000 Afghan children have registered for primary and secondary school out of which 103 , 000 children are undocumented Afghans . - Since 2015 , the Government facilitated access for all refugees residing in the Islamic Republic of Iran to enrol in the national universal health insurance scheme ( * * UPHI * * ) . In 2017 , more than 125 , 000 refugees enrolled in the UPHI and UNHCR fully subsidised the insurance premiums for the most vulnerable refugees . In 2018 , UNHCR will subsidise the premium for 92 , 000 of the most vulnerable refugees . - As part of efforts towards regularising the stay of Afghan nationals in Iran , in 2017 the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran initiated a * * headcount exercise of undocumented Afghans * * , through which up to 800 , 000 Afghans have been recorded according to authorities . The Government is taking steps to regularise the undocumented population identified during the headcount exercise . - Since 2015 , UNHCR has enhanced its engagement with the refugee communities . Enabling refugees to take ownership of the situation , build self-reliance and empower them to eventually provide greater opportunities for their sustainable re-integration in Afghanistan , once conditions become conducive for return . # # # # # # * * ~ ~ THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN ~ ~ * * - In February 2017 the Federal Cabinet of Pakistan adopted a * * Comprehensive Policy on Voluntary Repatriation and Management of Afghan Nationals * * with a potentially transformative impact on refugee protection and migration management in the country . The key elements of the policy include : ( i ) voluntary repatriation of refugees", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions during | 2006 | e | Pending < br > nd-2006 | Pr < br > Recogn | otection < br > ition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | P < br > T | rocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Positi < br > Recog - < br > nized | ve < br > Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | O < br > Rejected < br > | therw . < br > losed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O /", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5466 # * * Abstract * * This paper investigates the impact of rising wheat prices — during the 2007 / 08 global food crisis — on food security in Afghanistan . Exploiting the temporal stratification of a unique nationally-representative household survey , the analysis finds evidence of large declines in real per capita food consumption and in food security ( per capita calorie intake and household dietary diversity ) corresponding to the price shocks . The data reveal smaller price elasticities with respect to calories than with respect to food consumption , suggesting that households trade off quality for quantity as they move toward staple foods and away from nutrient-rich foods such as meat and vegetables . In addition , there is increased demand in the face of price increases ( Giffen good properties ) for wheat products in urban areas . This study improves on country-level simulation studies by providing estimates of actual household wellbeing before and during the height of the global food crisis in one of the world ’ s poorest , most food-insecure countries . This paper — a product of the Economic Policy and Poverty Team , South Asia Region — is part of a larger , programmatic effort in support of the Afghanistan Poverty Assessment activities . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at djolliffe @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 283, "text": "nationally-representative household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impact of the brain drain , as suggested by Commander , Kangasniemi and Winters ( 2004 ) ; and extension of the cross-country comparisons . In particular , due to data limitations , existing empirical studies ( Beine et al . , 2001 and 2003 ) are based on cross-section regressions , meaning that they neglect the dynamics of migration rates as well as the dynamics of education levels ; in addition , in the absence of a time series dimension , it is impossible to control for individual-country e ¤ ects in the regression estimates . Given the strong heterogeneity of developing countries in terms of sizes , levels of development , etc . , such country - . . . xed e ¤ ects are likely to play some role in the value of the estimates . However , the new estimates computed for 1990 and 2000 by Docquier and Marfouk ( 2004 ) should make it possible for further empirical research to go part of the way toward addressing these concerns satisfactorily . # 6 References Adams , R . ( 2003 ) : International migration , remittances and the brain drain : a study of 24 labor-exporting countries , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , n . 2972 Arora , A . and A . Gambardella ( 2004 ) : The Globalization of the Software Industry : Perspectives and Opportunities for Developed and Developing Countries ; in A . B . Ja ¤ e , J . Lerner and S . Stern , eds . : Innovation Policy and the Economy , Vol . 5 , Cambridge , Ma . : The MIT Press , forthcoming . Azariadis , C . and A . Drazen ( 1990 ) : Threshold externalities in economic development , Quarterly Journal of Economics , 105 , 2 : 501-26 . Barro , R . J . and J . W . Lee ( 1993 ) : International Data on Educational Attainment , Journal of Monetary Economics , 32 , 363-394 . Bauer , T . , Epstein , G . S . , Gang , I . N . ( 2002 ) : Herd e ¤ ects or migration networks ? The location choice of Mexican immigrants in the US , IZA Discussion", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 Africa ; ( iv ) EBRD data on privatization in Europe and Central Asia ( the tens of thousands of enterprises that were privatized through mass privatization or voucher schemes are not covered in this database ) ; ( iv ) Privatization Barometer for selected European countries ; ( v ) various other sources such as Latin Finance and Privatization International ; and ( vi ) various government and non-government websites . All data are in current U . S . dollars . 4 . While proceeds are commonly used to measure privatization trends , several caveats should be highlighted upfront . First , the heterogeneity of data sources covering a long time period may inevitably lead to data discrepancies , though every effort has been made to ensure consistency . Second , proceeds may be underreported in some countries because of lack of data or poor quality data . Third , data on privatization methods , the percent of shares divested , and the extent of foreign vs . domestic participation are only available in a few cases or for the earlier time period , and these factors are therefore not covered in any great detail in the analysis . Fourth , and related , proceeds from minority share sales may raise revenues but do not necessarily imply major changes in the control of state-owned enterprises or their improved efficiency . Fifth , proceeds are subject to swings from a few large transactions in a few countries and are thus not necessarily indicative of widespread activity or radical restructuring of the state sector in a particular country or region . Sixth , there are varying definitions of proceeds but for the most part data are based on gross proceeds rather than net proceeds to the government , which are likely to be lower after all privatization costs have been covered . Finally , the analysis includes only central level enterprises , with a few exceptions of state or provincial level utilities in a few major countries for which such data are available . In light of these caveats , the set of numbers presented here are meant to be seen as an overall indication of approximate broad trends rather than an exhaustive listing of each and every transaction in developing countries .", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 27, "text": "EBRD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 222, "end": 277, "text": "Privatization Barometer for selected European countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "statistically different from one , and as Figure 2 indicates , the estimated size of negative real GDP growth shocks is even larger for antidumping alone than all TTBs jointly . One notable difference from the baseline results is that GDP growth in a foreign trading partner has no statistically significant impact on the number of products subject to antidumping . Finally , the general time trend across all of the countries in this sample is that antidumping alone is on average declining over 1995-2010 . < sup > 19 < / sup > Column ( 6 ) presents a still different approach to construction of the dependent variable whereby we broaden it ( relative to the baseline ) to include the count of all products subject to TTB _investigations_ , including those that may not have resulted in the imposition of new import restrictions . The results are qualitatively unchanged according to the estimated IRRs and the magnitudes of the effects illustrated in Figure 2 . If anything , TTB investigations alone ( relative to imposed barriers of the baseline definition ) appear slightly more responsive to domestic real GDP shocks and slightly less responsive to real exchange rate appreciations . Furthermore , the overall time trend of products subject to new investigations during this period is strongly increasing . Finally , column ( 7 ) of Table 3 presents the results from the empirical model of temporary trade barriers for an important subsample of emerging economies G20 members ; i . e . , Argentina , Brazil , China , India , Indonesia , Mexico , South Africa , and Turkey . < sup > 20 < / sup > The results for this set of countries are broadly similar to those for the larger sample of emerging economies . # * * 5 Investigating the Impact of the WTO on New Import Protection * * Thus far our estimates for the emerging economies ’ use of TTBs have been undertaken on samples of data beginning in 1995 . Our argument is that this is the period during which emerging economies faced a relatively common set of rules under the WTO regarding how to implement import protection through TTB policies . In this section we investigate empirically whether this new environment has", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS ( Exchange Rate Effective March 21 , 2002 ) # # # # Currency Unit = GNF GNF 100 = US $ . 05 ( or 5 cents ) US $ 1 = 1978 GNF # # # # FISCAL YEAR # # # # ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS | ACTafrica | AIDSCampaignTeamforAfrica | | - - - | - - - | | _AGBEF_ | _GuineanAssociationforFamilyWell-Being_ | | ARV ( T ) < br > | Anti-retroviral ( Therapy ) < br > | | CAS < br > | Country AssistanceStrategy < br > | | CBO < br > | Community-basedOrganization < br > | | CCC | CommunicationforChanging Behavior | | CDF < br > | ComprehensiveDevelopmentFramework < br > | | CIDA | CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency | | _CNLS_ | _NationalComitteeforthefightagainstAIDS_ | | _CPLS_ | _PrefectoralCommitteeforthefightagainstAIDS_ | | _CRLS_ | _RegionalCommitteeforthefightagaintAIDS_ | | _CRD_ | _CommunauteRuraledeDeveloppement_ ( ruraldevelopment communities ) | | DHS | Demographic andHealth Survey | | EA | Environmental Assessment | | _EDS_ | _EnqueteDemographieetSante_ < br > | | EMP | EnvironmentManagement Plan < br > | | FMA | FinancialManagement Agent | | GNF | Guinean Francs | | GTZ | GermanTechnical Assistance Organization | | _HCR_ | _HautCommissariatauxRefugiJs_ | | HIPC | HighlyIndebtedPoorCountry | | HIV-OI / STI | HumanImmunodeficiency Virus-OpportunisticInfection / Sexual", "spans": [{"start": 889, "end": 917, "text": "Demographic andHealth Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | N | Y | Y | | Date | 17-Jun-2014 | 21-Apr-2016 | 16-Sep-2016 | 31-Dec-2021 | # # Comments The PMU has hired an M & E Specialist who is supporting the PMU and PIUs in preparation of project reports . The quality of the reports still needs to be improved . # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 10 / 19 / 2016 Page 10 of 11 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 452, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Credibility Theory_ # < u > Description of step < / u > This step is similar to the credibility step in calculating probable yields . However , instead of smoothing average yields within a district , weighted average historical loss costs are smoothed within the state . First , the Product Base Rate ( PBR ) is defined as the average capped loss cost for that district . For district GJ8 , using the capped loss cost history of Table 12 , this is calculated as . Product base rates are displayed for all insurance units in the Gujarat in column [ 3 ] of Table 13 . Table 13 . Cotton in Gujarat : calculation of base pure rate | * * District * * | * * District Area * * < br > * * Sown 2007 * * < br > * * ( ha ) * * | * * Product * * < br > * * Base * * < br > * * Rate * * < br > * * ( PBR ) * * | * * Sample * * < br > * * variance of * * < br > * * historical * * < br > * * capped loss * * < br > * * costs * * | * * Weighted * * < br > * * average PBR * * < br > * * across state * * | * * Ratemaking * * < br > * * Credibility * * < br > * * Factor , * * | * * Base Pure * * < br > * * Rate * * < br > < br > < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ 1 ] | [ 2 ] | [ 3 ] | [ 4 ] | [ 5 ] | [ 6 ] | [ 7 ] | | GJ1 | 190 , 999 | 2 . 5 % | 0 . 0 % | 7 . 6 % | 67 % | 4 . 2 %", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "required to have policies and procedures with the following key measures : ( i ) identification of potential hazards to workers and users of facilities ; ( ii ) provision of preventive and protective measures based on mitigation hierarchy ; ( ii ) training of workers and maintenance of training records ; ( iv ) documentation and reporting of occupational accidents and incidents ; ( v ) emergency preparedness ; and ( vi ) remedies for occupational injuries and fatalities . - iv . * * Child labor : * * The minimum age of project workers is set at 18 years and above . The PMU will maintain labor registry of all contracted workers with age verification . More details are provided in Section 7 . - v . * * GBV / SEA / SH : * * there is likelihood of SEA / SH of co-workers at the workplace and of workers / trainees . Consequently , all staff and contracted workers will sign a CoC outlining expected standards of behavior and attend awareness sessions on the same . A separate GM will be set up for addressing GBV / SEA / SH complaints as described further below . Trainees will be provided information on how to report any GBV / SEA / SH incident involving project workers occurring while in training and / or during apprenticeship . - vi . * * Fatality and serious incidents : * * In the event of an occupational fatality or serious injury , the PMU shall report to the World Bank as soon as it becomes aware of such incidents and inform the MoYACES in accordance with national reporting requirements . Corrective actions shall be implemented in response to project-related incidents or accidents . The PMU , PIUs , or where relevant a consultant , may conduct a root cause analysis for designing and implementing further corrective actions . - vii . * * Monitoring and reporting * * : The PMU shall report on the status of implementation of the above policies and procedures monthly to the PSC - viii . The PMU , in collaboration with the PIUs , will", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 634, "text": "labor registry of all contracted workers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Fiscal Sustainability and Inclusive Green Growth Development Policy Operation ( P180339 ) policy rate hike by CBK . To prevent excessive volatility in the exchange rate while reducing the burden on foreign exchange reserves , GoK has launched a 6-month fuel importation mechanism to defer forex payments . The arrangement , which includes a Letter of Support issued by the GoK , is partly using the borrowing headroom created by postponing of international bond issuance and several externally financed projects . In this context , the oil mechanism is not expected to substantially change the baseline debt accumulation scenario . It is expected that the mechanism will be temporary and will be scaled back as the external environment stabilizes . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 1 : Credit to Private Sector Figure 2 : Domestic Financing of Budget Deficit < br > 40 < br > 6 . 0 < br > 35 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 30 < br > 4 . 0 < br > 25 < br > 20 3 . 0 < br > 15 2 . 0 < br > 10 1 . 0 < br > 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 0 2010 / 11 2012 / 13 2014 / 15 2016 / 17 2018 / 19 2020 / 21 < br > 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022E Fiscal Years < br > percent of GDP Percent of GDP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : National Treasury and Economic Planning , World Development Indicators , World Bank staff calculations . 21 . * * Kenya ’ s banking sector remains resilient , but banks ’ ability to support investments remains hampered by persistent crowding-out * * . Private sector credit growth is estimated at 12 . 5 percent in 2022 , up from 8 . 6 percent in driven by transport and communication , manufacturing , trade , business services , and consumer durables , with a sizable increase in the number of applications and approvals . Nonpreforming", "spans": [{"start": 1295, "end": 1323, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | LodeHetosa | * * 132 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 132 * * | * * 51 . 6 * * | | Deksis | 48 | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | 48 | * * 18 . 8 * * | | Sude | * * 5 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 5 * * | 2 . 0 | | Hitosa | 20 | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | _20_ | * * 78 * * | | Total | 248 | * * 7 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 256 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | Percent | * * 96 . 9 * * | * * 2 . 7 * * | 0 . 4 | * * 100 . 0 * * | | Based on the survey findings , the construction of the Arsi Robe transmission line and substation Subproject would permanently require about 4 . 73 ha of land and of which 4 . 11 ha or * * ( 86 . 8 % ) * * of the land required for construction of Robe substation , while the remaining 0 . 62ha needed for tower foundation . Out of the total 4 . 73 ha of land acquired permanently for construction of the Subproject components , * * 3 . 53 * * ha of the land is identified to be farmland . The total privately owned farmland required for the construction of the new substation and the tower foundations is 3 . 53ha and belongs to 124 households . Out of the total * * 3 . 53 * * ha of farmland * * 3 . 11 * * ha of the farmland will be affected * * by * *", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 496, "text": "survey findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # VI . MARKETS AND PRICES | | A . Inp < br > B . Agr < br > a | uts Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > * * . * * < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > * * a * * a * . . . . . . . < br > icultural , Livestock and Fisheries Production < br > nd Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 39 < br > 39 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | VII . | ECONOM | IC ANALYSIS AND PROJECTKISKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 40 | | VIII . | itECOM | MENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > o . . . | 44 | | ANNEXE | S | | | | I . | AGRICU | L1UKAL SECTOR SACKGKuUND | | | | Table | 1 - < br > Agricultural Production Statistics for Uganda . . . . . | 47 | | II . | FILNAN | CIAL TABLES | | | | Table < br > Table | 1 - < br > Farmgate Local Market and Urban Market Prices ( 1982 ) < br > 2 - < br > Project Costs andBenefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 48 < br > 49 | | III . | FOR", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 729, "text": "Agricultural Production Statistics for Uganda", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 817, "end": 862, "text": "Farmgate Local Market and Urban Market Prices", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 1 Urea use per / ha and land size , 2007 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 1 2 3 < br > Land size ( ha ) < br > 600 < br > 400 < br > 200 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Bank staff calculations . * * Table 3 . 1 Rice yields and urea / SP36 use by * * * * < u > quintiles of land size , 2007 < / u > * * | Quintile | Rice Yields < br > ( kg / ha ) | Urea < br > Use < br > ( kg / ha ) | Intensity < br > Urea / Yields | SP36 < br > Use < br > ( kg / ha ) | Average < br > Land Size < br > ( ha ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | 4 , 836 | 343 | 7 . 1 % | 164 | 0 . 12 | | 2 | 4 , 596 | 291 | 6 . 4 % | 151 | 0 . 25 | | 3 | 4 , 447 | 268 | 6 . 1 % | 136 | 0 . 41 | | 4 | 4 , 053 | 224 | 5 . 6 % | 118 | 0 . 73 | | 5 | 3 , 490 | 170 | 5 . 0 % | 88 | 1 . 97 | | Average / Total | 4 , 283 | 259 | 6 . 0 % | 132 | 0 . 7 | _Source_ : World Bank staff calculations . The data on fertilizer consumption in Indonesia show that farmers use more urea than recommended by the MoA . While the optimal levels of urea required per hectare vary according to soil quality across islands in Indonesia , the MoA recommends using 200-250 kg / ha of urea and 50-100 kg / ha for SP36 fertilizer", "spans": [{"start": 946, "end": 989, "text": "data on fertilizer consumption in Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STAYING SAFE : INTER-AGENCY INSIGHTS ON PROTECTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # * * Executive summary * * # # * * Context * * The war in Ukraine , now in its third year has triggered one of the largest displacement crises in Europe since World War II . As of February 2025 , over 6 . 3 million Ukrainian refugees have been recorded across Europe , the majority of whom are women , children , and older persons . In support of Ukrainian refugees , the European Union extended the Temporary Protection Directive until March 2026 , granting refugees access to essential health services , education , and other critical support . The Republic of Moldova , which also introduced Temporary Protection for Ukrainian refugees , has similarly extended this protection through March 2026 . With the objective of collecting comprehensive data on the situation and needs of refugees from Ukraine , UNHCR in collaboration with the regional sector leads has conducted a socio-economic insights survey ( SEIS ) in ten countries : Bulgaria , Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Republic of Moldova , Poland , Romania , and Slovakia . The data collection exercise focused on various sectors , including education , healthcare , and protection . Throughout these sectors , attention was also focused on the impact of gender , age , and disability on access to protection and assistance . This regional report , the < u > second in the series , < / u > presents key findings related to protection , including child protection and gender-based violence , as well as accountability to affected populations ( AAP ) and protection from sexual exploitation and abuse ( PSEA ) . # # * * Key findings * * # # # * * Protection * * - Nearly all respondents ( 99 . 9 % ) possess some form of legal status in their host country , with temporary protection being the most prevalent . - Thirty-five percent of surveyed households reported having at least one member who needed to replace an identity document since leaving Ukraine , primarily international", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 1004, "text": "socio-economic insights survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > Table A2 : Data Sources < / u > * * | * * Variable * * | * * Definition * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Output | Real gross domestic product ( GDP ) | Quarterly | Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) , OECD , Haver Analytics | | Private consumption | Real personal consumption expenditure | Quarterly | Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) , OECD , Haver Analytics | | Private investment | Real private gross fixed capital formation | Quarterly | | | Government consumption | Real government consumption expenditure < sup > a < / sup > | Quarterly | Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) , OECD , Haver Analytics | | Government investment | Real government gross fixed capital formation < sup > a < / sup > | Quarterly | OECD , Haver Analytics , Eurostat | | Real effective exchange rate | Real effective exchange rate < sup > b < / sup > | Quarterly | Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) , BIS | | Current account | Current account as percent of GDP | Quarterly | Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) , WEO | | Government debt | General government debt as percent of GDP | Annual | WEO | | Fiscal balance | Overall fiscal balance as percent of GDP | Annual | WEO | | Government consumption-to-GDP ratio | Government consumption as percent of GDP | Annual | WDI | | Government investment-to-GDP ratio | Government investment as percent of GDP | Annual | WDI | | Interest rate | Short term nominal interest rate | Quarterly | Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) | _Note : _ The main source for the quarterly series is Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) . This database which ends around 2008 is extended by splicing from different sources as mentioned in the table . a This refers to general government for most countries while for a", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 11-Jul-11 | 26-Jul-11 < br > 30-Sep-11 | 31-Oct-11 | | EICTDA . | 35763 . 34 | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) * * Figure 4 : Comparison Table : Human CapitaI Index , 2020 * * Source : World Bank Analysis based on HCI , 2020 13 . * * Students are leaving school without the core competencies needed to become productive citizens who can contribute to Kenya ’ s growth and advancement . * * Learning outcomes are low in higher order competencies ( Technical Assessment Annex 3 , Tables 3 . 1 and 3 . 2 ) in basic education , with wide regional disparities . Despite the government ’ s efforts , the 2018 and 2019 National Assessment System for Monitoring Learner Achievement ( NASMLA ) shows that only 58 percent and 59 percent of learners in grade 3 meet the minimum proficiency < sup > 8 < / sup > levels in literacy and numeracy , respectively . In grade 7 , the comparative figures are 44 percent for literacy and 29 percent for numeracy . Low learning achievements in higher order skills is also evident among grade 7 students ( Figure 5 ) . While the National average for harmonized learning outcomes is 455 , Counties such as Wajir and Mandera perform below the national average , at 371 and 355 respectively . Learning outcomes also vary by wealth quantiles ( Figure 6 ) likely contributing to dropout and low retention rates in some regions . * * Figure 5 : Learning Outcomes are Below the 70 percent Benchmark * * < sup > * * 9 * * < / sup > _Source : _ KNEC , National Assessment Centre ( NASMLA 2019 ) > 8 Minimum proficiency level ( per each competency level ) is set at 50 percent benchmark . A pupil would be deemed to have acquired specific level competencies if s / he scored at least half of the items in that specific level . > 9 The 70 percent benchmark by the government means at least 70 percent of learners should attain the 50 percent benchmark for numeracy and literacy . Page 11 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 133, "text": "Human CapitaI Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 183, "end": 186, "text": "HCI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 581, "end": 642, "text": "National Assessment System for Monitoring Learner Achievement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Number of open grievances < br > overtime | Data Management System | Quarterly | | Number of grievances opened < br > in each quarter and over time | Data Management System | Quarterly | | Number of grievances closed < br > in each quarter and over time | Data Management System | Quarterly | | * * _Compensation_ * * | | | | Average time for payment of < br > compensation | Measure the time between the compensation < br > agreement and the payment | Quarterly | | Has compensation been paid < br > at full replacement cost ? Is < br > compensation updated to take < br > account of increases in < br > property value ? | To establish through interviews : Compare < br > results of property market survey for similar < br > properties with compensation paid . Investigate < br > whether PAPs were able to purchase a similar < br > property . | Annually | 355", "spans": [{"start": 686, "end": 708, "text": "property market survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EDRMC to streamline approval processes and allow for the early release of data have yielded improvements in the timeframe for planning and hence support . The mission therefore encouraged EDRMC and partners to further streamline processes and coordination by further enhancing timeliness of releasing early warning data through the dashboard and further reducing the time taken to confirm the division of responsibilities between the different Humanitarian Food Assistance and shock response operators . 27 . It was agreed that ( i ) EDRMC will continue to circulate the needs estimates figures in Excel in advance of the official approval of HRP ( Humanitarian Response Plan ) ; ( ii ) EDRMC and FSCO will jointly identify priority areas contributing to early warning system strengthening and automation as part of the EFY 2017 budget planning by the end of July 2024 ; and ( iii ) EDRMC through the Food Cluster will enforce food operators ' adherence to the already agreed timelines for data sharing and finalization of response plans beginning in September 2024 , to reduce the time spent on coordination among food operators . # * * Output 3 : Public Works respond to community livelihood needs and contribute to disaster risk reduction , climate change adaptation and mitigation * * 28 . The mission noted that implementation of agreed actions for synergies and harmonization between PSNP public works and the Climate Action for Land Management ( CALM ) project are delayed . To address this , the mission agreed that the Natural Resource Management Lead Executive ( NRMLE ) will : ( i ) finalize the guide to clarify the procedures to be followed by the concerned stakeholders at all levels by August 31 , 2024 ; and ( ii ) support and monitor the implementation of the guide . 29 . The mission also noted that there is a declining trend in the livelihoods - oriented public works subprojects ’ implementation due to insufficient capital budget allocation , inadequate coordination between public works and livelihoods stakeholders , and inadequate capacity to implement the Community Based Public Works / Rangeland Development ( CBPW / RD ) and the public works and livelihoods linkage guidelines at frontline", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 319, "text": "early warning data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector institutions . The centrality of customer service is among the top four priorities of the EEU ’ s strategic themes , and customer engagement is important for new connections , billing and collection , maintenance , and complaints management . Strong focus has been placed under ELEAP through a US $ 4 . 5 million of results-based financing targeting the achievement of key DRLs to close gender gaps and advance citizen engagement . ELEAP met the corporate requirement on citizen engagement and ELEAP AF builds on the comprehensive utility-wide efforts to shift thinking and approaches to citizen engagement at EEU . 69 . EEU has adopted a Citizen Charter which outlines the understanding between citizens and the EEU on the quality of service and the provision of grievance redress . The utility has also established various mechanisms for customers to voice input and grievances including public forums , suggestion boxes , customer satisfaction surveys , call centers , and a vigilance office . Customer feedback is currently received through surveys , face-to-face feedback , feedback forms , public fora and posts , fax , and telephone . The following CE engagement measures are part of ELEAP , incentivized through DLIs and a company-wide adopted Program Action Plan ( in 2017 ) : ( i ) strengthening of community-level CE activities ; ( ii ) communitybased electricity education program ; ( iii ) consumer awareness media campaigns ; ( iv ) consumer-centric capacity building for the EEU staff ; and ( v ) commercial performance improvement training . 70 . ELEAP AF will build on the citizen engagement activities under the ELEAP parent operation , and a stronger focus will be placed on overcoming bottlenecks faced in the delivery of the citizen engagement actions through new DLRs for the hire of dedicated staff on citizen engagement ( at senior management level ) , shifting to more in-depth customer education efforts , improving grievance handling , data collection , and management of complaint . 25", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 961, "text": "customer satisfaction surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector , including crop insurance . Entry into the insurance market by private sector providers finally began in 2002 when twelve private sector insurers entered the market . All subsectors of _transport services_ were operated primarily by public sector companies prior to liberalization . Air transport was run by two publicly owned carriers , states controlled the ports for maritime industries , and a large segment of the shipping sector was heavily regulated and dominated by publicly owned companies . In 1997 , foreign direct investment up to 40 percent was allowed in airlines , 74 percent foreign direct investment was allowed in port construction , and private sector companies were allowed to contract for infrastructure maintenance and construction . In air transport , for example , the remarkable increases in passenger traffic can be attributed almost entirely to private entrants ( OECD , 2011 ) . Yet transportation sectors remain subject to state level regulations which vary significantly across states , with trucking particularly susceptible to local political pressures . _Professional services_ including accounting , legal , and other services sectors such as _retail distribution , postal_ and _rail transport_ services are formally closed to foreign participation . < sup > 8 < / sup > FDI is not allowed in the accounting and legal sectors . Within distribution services , FDI is not allowed in the retail segment ( with some narrow exceptions , such as single-brand retail ) but there are no limits in other areas , except the requirement of approval for commission agents , franchising services and wholesale trade . The closed sectors are characterized by domestic firms that are sub-optimal in size and handicapped by an inhibiting and weak regulatory environment . Many Indian services in closed sectors are highly fragmented by international standards . < sup > 9 < / sup > Here adjustment and employment concerns are the dominant factors impeding liberalization . A more detailed survey of the liberalization reforms is provided in on-line Appendix A ( attached at the end of the paper ) . > 8 As an exception to this general rule , single-brand retailers are allowed . > 9 For example , there are 100 , 000 chartered accountants in India and 43 , 000 audit firms , with an average", "spans": [{"start": 2015, "end": 2051, "text": "survey of the liberalization reforms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 400, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-MOTI-238013-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services for Ind < br > ependent Performance asses < br > sment < br > IDA / 67590 | Program management and c < br > oordination < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 800 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-06-11 | 2021-07-02 | 2021-08-15 | 2021-09-12 | 2021-10-12 | 2021-11-16 | 2021-12-21 | 2023-12-11 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-MOTI-238027-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R MAPPING AND DEVELOPME < br > NT OF A NATIONAL GEO DAT < br > ABASE OF SLUMS AND INFOR < br > MAL SETTLEMENTS IN KENYA < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum upgrading < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review | 2021-06-11 < br > 2022 - | 07-29 < br > 2021-07-02 < br > 2022-10-1 | 5 < br > 2021-08-15 | 2021-09-12 | 2021-10-12 | 2021-11-16 | 2021", "spans": [{"start": 630, "end": 646, "text": "NATIONAL GEO DAT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 ( 2 . 6 % ) at the top decile of the distribution in large urban areas ( Brazil as a whole ) . The slope of the expenditure effect PIC is lower in rural areas , where a higher fraction of the population is poor . The implications of these expenditure effects for summary measures of poverty and inequality are summarized in the third columns of Tables 4 , 6 and 8 , for large urban areas , rural areas and the whole country , respectively . < sup > 11 < / sup > These tables report poverty incidence ( headcount ) , depth ( poverty gap ) and severity ( squared poverty gap ) , defined with respect to both an extreme and a moderate poverty line , for the original pre-crisis income distribution ( denoted “ baseline ” , and based on the PNAD 2006 ) , and for each of the impact scenarios . The extreme and moderate poverty lines are drawn from IBGE . They allow for differences in spatial cost of living , and are reported in Table 3 . < sup > 12 < / sup > Tables 4 , 6 , and 8 also report the Gini coefficient of income inequality , both at baseline and for each impact scenario . As noted , column 3 reports poverty and inequality in the income distribution obtained from the expenditure effect PIC only : . The effects of those relatively large compensating variations on poverty are substantial , particularly in rural areas , where extreme poverty incidence rises by four percentage points , or nearly a fourth . Moderate poverty rises by about a sixth , or six percentage points , and the effect on higherorder FGT indices is proportionately ( somewhat ) larger . In large urban areas , where people are on average better-off , the effects are smaller : the extreme poverty headcount rises by just over one percentage point , or ten percent . Moderate poverty incidence rises by two and a half points , about 7 . 5 percent . In the country as a whole , poverty effects fall somewhere between those two extremes , and are certainly not negligible : on their own , the first-order expenditure effects contributed", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 749, "text": "PNAD 2006", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "review and approval . The FCSD decides on the cash ‐ food split for each region based on region requests and the predicted availability of food and cash ; this availability reflects the level of multi ‐ year ( or in some instances , annual ) commitments made by the international donors who provide cash ( such as the World Bank and the UK ’ s Department for International Development ) to the program . It also produces a “ food flow requirements ” analysis indicating when food will be made available to woredas for payment ( a similar plan is made for cash payments ) . Once these plans are finalized , the decision to provide food and / or cash is effectively locked in for the upcoming year . < sup > 8 < / sup > Food payments consist of three kilograms of cereals ( usually wheat or maize ) for each day worked ( Government of Ethiopia , 2010 ) . Cash payments are intended to be approximately equal to the value of the food payments . When the PSNP began operations , cash payments were set at a uniform six birr per day , but by 2015 , they had risen to 14 ‐ 18 birr per day in nominal terms ( Berhane et al 2015 ) . # * * _Data : Households_ * * Since 2006 , Ethiopia ’ s Central Statistical Agency has administered a large household panel survey in localities in which the PSNP operates . The initial sample was based on a stratified sampling . Districts ( woredas ) were randomly selected proportional to their size from a list of chronically food ‐ insecure woredas stratified by region where the PSNP was operating in 2006 . Within each woreda , enumeration areas ( EAs ) were randomly selected from sub ‐ districts > 8 In principle , these allocations can be revised after PSNP operations commence . However , the process of doing so is so disruptive – in particular , it leads to significant delays in making payments – that this only occurred in 2008 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1227, "end": 1255, "text": "large household panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resolution satellite monitoring has begun to close the gap for developing-country cities . The most advanced example is provided by Heger et . al . ( 2018 ) , whose research combines extensive air monitoring data for Cairo with vehicle counts obtained from ultra-high-resolution satellite imagery using a machine learning algorithm . Even for this study , significant problems remain : Spatial panels of vehicle counts must be pieced together from overlapping but non-identical satellite image frames ; vehicle counts are sensitive to the technical characteristics of different satellite platforms ; and pollution measures are limited to incomplete panels of particulate pollution at PM10 scale or low-resolution satellite measures of aerosol optical depth whose ability to measure particulate pollution remains controversial . Differences in technical and institutional resources have produced bifurcated approaches to air pollution modeling in developed and developing countries . Some air quality modelers in developed countries have produced sophisticated atmospheric pollution transport models that link detailed emissions inventories from geo-located ground sources ( Dommen et al . 2003 ) to pollution levels in three-dimensional atmospheric grids ( Baertsch-Ritter et al . 2003 ; Keller et al . 2002 ; Khalid and Samson 1996 ; Jane et al . 1995 ) . These exercises draw on scientifically-grounded models of atmospheric flow dynamics and photochemistry ( Baertsch-Ritter et al . 2004 ; Russel and Dennis 2000 ; Gery et al . 1989 ) . They also permit explicit incorporation of detailed meteorological data ( Khalid and Samson 1996 ; Sillman and Samson 1995 ) . These models require so much data that their application is not widespread , even in high-income metropolitan regions . Where they are applied , they are not statistically fitted to local data because the available degrees of freedom ( total observations minus the number of model parameters ) are insufficient for robust nonlinear estimation . Even the most recent and sophisticated applications ( e . g . , Kim et al . 2018 ) are confined to verifying that predictions from imported atmospheric transport models are spatially correlated with gridded observations on local pollution . Urban air quality modelers in developing countries have generally adopted more modest approaches tailored to limitations in data availability , technical resources and institutional constraints . Some of the more sophisticated statistical exercises", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 212, "text": "air monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 228, "end": 296, "text": "vehicle counts obtained from ultra-high-resolution satellite imagery", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1592, "end": 1611, "text": "meteorological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for predictability of funds for commitment of expenditure has improved from D to B as a result of implementing cash management directive . Budget proclamations and expenditure reports also show reduction in regional and local fiscal gaps through increased unconditional transfers and own revenues . In addition , the variation between budgeted and actual expenditures has been reduced from 14 % to 5 % between 2005 and 2011 / 12 . Government ' s capacity to deliver efficient , responsive and transparent service to citizens has improved : This is mainly due to the rapid implementation of district level decentralization and other reforms that addressed outdated legal and policy frameworks , unwieldy structures , cumbersome work processes and systems as well as shortage of important skills in the public sector . The scaling up of district level decentralization from four regions to all regions has improved access to public services by bringing them closer to citizens . According to the 2010 / 11 Woreda ( District ) and City Benchmarking Survey , 88 % of the local jurisdictions are providing basic services compared to only 25 % in 2005 . Similarly , the business process re-engineering has simplified cumbersome work processes , set service delivery standards , created one-stop shops for related services , introduced open work place designs and established complaint handling mechanisms in 145 federal , 404 regional and over 19 , 600 district offices . Processing time for tax collection decreased on the average from over 4 hours to average of 15 minutes , opening files in courts from one day to 24 minutes and clearance rate for courts nationwide increased from 60 % to 96 . 2 % during the project years . Improved citizen ’ s satisfaction with services : The Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey confirmed satisfaction of citizens with basic services . For example , citizens using government health facilities have increased from 50 % in 2008 to 84 % in 2011 in urban areas and from 77 % to 94 % in rural areas , respectively . Overall satisfaction with health services increased from 62 % to 70 % while households satisfied with waiting times , attitudes of the medical staff , and availability of drugs increased from 66", "spans": [{"start": 1004, "end": 1052, "text": "Woreda ( District ) and City Benchmarking Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1776, "end": 1811, "text": "Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Decoupling and recoupling * * depending on the specific issue at hand , stock holdings , capital flows or both may prove informative . In addition , the investor behind a particular flow may also be relevant to understand FG . For example , a passive buy and hold portfolio investor may behave closer to real investors ( FDI ) , with limited turnover ( flows ) for a given holding . By contrast , institutional or professional investors would tend to be more sensitive to expected return differentials , with both a larger turnover and a bigger impact in terms of price action its correlation across markets and with respect to economic fundamentals . Global mutual funds are a case in point in this regard . While , as a subset of cross-border holdings , they are generally a poorer proxy than other more comprehensive measures , they may shed some additional light on the role of the international investor as a financial transmission channel . To the extent that these funds tend to keep close to their benchmarks , they may introduce an additional source of market co-movement , particularly in the event of sharp swings in global risk aversion ( when contributions and redemptions lead to purchases and sales in all markets at the same time ) . In this light , we try to analyze different measures of de facto FG by their advantages and disadvantages of using them as proxies of financial globalization in emerging markets . More precisely , we look at two different sources : ( i ) US Treasury ’ s TIC monthly survey data on the market value of sales and purchases , and stocks holdings of foreign securities by US-domiciled investors ( by the market where the security is issued ) ; and ( ii ) EPFR ’ s monthly data on global fund flows and assets under management ( AUM ) ( by the issuing country ) . In our study , we are interested in asset prices on a monthly basis , and to address whether financial recoupling ( or greater financial contagion ) in the late 2000s was associated with financial globalization . At first sight , frequency and length problems arise with both Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ’ s", "spans": [{"start": 1508, "end": 1531, "text": "TIC monthly survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . Estimating trade and employment elasticities within sectors # 2 . 1 Do trade-employment elasticities differ for exports and imports ? Analysis for a sample of 48 OECD and non-OECD countries covering 45 sectors for the period 19952018 finds that export-employment elasticities within sectors are positive . < sup > 11 < / sup > Specifically , a 10 percent increase in exports is associated with a 3 . 1 percent increase in employment ( Figure 1 , left panel ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > On the downside , the potential for exports to contribute to job growth within sectors in the country sample was driven by the period before the global financial crisis ( i . e . , 1995-2006 ) , while estimates for the more recent period ( i . e . , 2007-2018 ) are either insignificant or the chosen instruments for the trade variable not valid . < sup > 13 < / sup > A possible explanation may be a growing capital intensity of export production , including the use of laborsubstituting technologies , during the more recent period ( Hallward-Driemeier and Nayyar 2017 ) . * * Figure 1 : Trade-employment ( left ) and trade-income elasticities ( right ) , by type of trade * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 8 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 7 0 . 7 < br > 0 . 6 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 5 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 4 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 3 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 2 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 0 0 . 0 < br > Exports Intermediate Final imports Exports Intermediate Final imports < br > imports imports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE and TiVA data , covering 48 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Note : Trade-employment ( trade-income , resp . ) elasticities at the country-sector level have been", "spans": [{"start": 1541, "end": 1549, "text": "OECD TiE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1554, "end": 1558, "text": "TiVA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "small and micro-enterprises , and marginalized populations . Despite this , we see limited predictive power of either bank branch density , or per capita bank credit for rural non-farm employment . While there is a positive correlation of per capita bank credit ( although not branch density ) with rural micro-enterprise revenues , this is possibly not through the credit channel as per capita bank credit in a district does not 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ misunderstood the objective of the subproject and they were expecting it to provide access to rural communities along the corridor , and this was corrected by the RP team in each consultation meetings . The consultation meetings with local authorities mainly focused on important issues including the expected benefits and adverse impacts , which may result from implementation of the subproject in the area , the census survey , land acquisition , valuation process , compensation , livelihood restoration and other related issues . # # # # # # * * ii ) Beneficial Impacts * * The consulted local authorities anticipated the following beneficial impact from implementation of the proposed Subproject in their administrative jurisdiction . _Enhance local power Supply_ : The consulted officials highlighted a high demand for electric power in the area due to rapid expansion and growth of towns and rural villages and they expressed great hope that the implementation of the proposed Subproject would provide a solution to this ever-growing demand of power in the area . _ < mark > Positive Response to Local Demand : < / mark > _ < mark > Both the consulted officials in Meta Woreda and Maya city stated that there is no substation in the area and the local authorities in the past were demanding the construction of substation in the area . Therefore , they considered the < / mark > proposed Subproject as government ’ s response to their long-time demand . _ < mark > Opportunity for provision of electricity service : < / mark > _ < mark > Implementation of the Subproject in the area < / mark > will create opportunity to provide electricity service to none electrified villages ’ . _ < mark > Boost the Local Economy < / mark > _ < mark > : Lack of reliable power supply and frequent power interruption in Subproject influence area at present negatively affects the local economy . Therefore , implementation of", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 580, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > [ 0 . 074 ] | | | | | | | | Suitable forest land | 0 . 0320 < br > [ 0 . 043 ] | | | | | | | | Max . possible output value non - < br > forest area | | 0 . 5162 * * * | 0 . 4830 * * * | 0 . 5307 * * * | 0 . 4904 * * * | 0 . 4909 * * * | 0 . 4846 * * * | | | | [ 0 . 072 ] | [ 0 . 089 ] | [ 0 . 074 ] | [ 0 . 076 ] | [ 0 . 077 ] | [ 0 . 091 ] | | Max . possible output value forest < br > area | | 0 . 0280 | - 0 . 0114 | 0 . 0050 | 0 . 0328 | 0 . 0302 | - 0 . 0118 | | | | [ 0 . 041 ] | [ 0 . 043 ] | [ 0 . 041 ] | [ 0 . 040 ] | [ 0 . 041 ] | [ 0 . 043 ] | | Yield gap | 0 . 9486 * * | 1 . 3042 * * * | 0 . 4959 | 1 . 3590 * * * | 0 . 9265 * * | 1 . 0388 * * | 0 . 5075 | | | [ 0 . 376 ] | [ 0 . 404 ] | [ 0 . 519 ] | [ 0 . 442 ] | [ 0 . 472 ] | [ 0 . 439 ] | [ 0 . 511 ] | | Land governance index | | | - 0 . 2082 * * * < br > [ 0 . 049 ] | | | | - 0 . 2136 * * * < br > [ 0 . 059 ] | | Weak investor protection | | | | - 0 . 0013 < br > [ 0 . 001 ] | | | | | Control of corruption ( % ) | | | | | - 0 . 0072 *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between 1982 and 1986 were not of school age in 1999 . We compared their exposure to that of those born between 1977 and 1981 in war and non war districts . The results in table 7 show that cohorts who were not supposed to be of primary school age during the conflict years but born in conflict affected districts do not show a different primary school completion rate as compared to the same cohorts born in unaffected districts . This gives support to the fact that our identifying assumptions are satisfied . < sup > 25 < / sup > # * * 5 . Empirical results * * # * * 5 . 1 . School attendance in 2001 * * Table 8 shows the results for the impact of the two channels of violence exposure in 1999 on school attendance in the 1999 / 00 and 2000 / 01 academic years . As discussed previously , we are mostly interested in looking at the effects of the violence on school attendance in the post-conflict academic year ( i . e . 2000 / 01 ) . Table 8 reports the estimates from a fixed effect model applied to our ̳ _ad hoc ’ _ panel dataset derived from the TLSS2001 . For sake of simplicity , we have estimated a linear probability model . The analysis is disaggregated by gender and age groups . The results highlighted in bold are our main coefficients of interest . The results show a negative and significant impact of displacement on school attendance in 2001 for the overall sample . The impact on girls is larger than that on boys but the difference is not statistically significant ( panel A , table 8 ) . We observe also that household displacement is associated with more substantial decreases in primary school attendance among younger individuals . This effect is stronger for girls ( columns 4-6 ) . Among older individuals , boys seem to be more affected than girls . We do not find any statistically significant effect of house destruction on primary school attendance in 2001 ( panel B , table 8 ) , in line with the descriptive analysis in section 4 . 2 . The impact of these two channels of violence exposure", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1065, "text": "TLSS2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affected by the violent events in 1999 . The TLSS 2007 covered a sample of 4 , 477 households from all the 498 Sucos that form Timor Leste . The TLSS 2007 was undertaken over a period of 12 months between December 2007 and January 2008 . The survey was in fact launched in March 2006 but had to be suspended due to the outbreak of internal violence in the country ( mostly in Dili ) . The survey was resumed in January 2007 and conducted over one year . < sup > 6 < / sup > The TLSS 2007 contains the usual information included in a comprehensive household survey . But contrary to the TLSS 2001 , the 2007 household survey does not contain direct information on violence exposure . In order to identify individuals and households affected by the conflict , we make use of data on events and violations contained in the Human Rights Violations Database ( HRVD ) . This dataset is part of the CAVR Timor-Leste Data Publication , developed jointly by the Human Rights Data Analysis Group ( HRDAG ) and the > 6 All households interviewed in 2006 ( 351 households ) were revisited and re-interviewed in 2007 . Those not found at the time of the new interview ( 34 households ) were replaced with new households . For more information see < u > http : / / dne . mof . gov . tl / TLSLS / AboutTLSLS / index . htm . < / u > 12", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 54, "text": "TLSS 2007", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 586, "end": 595, "text": "TLSS 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 773, "end": 802, "text": "data on events and violations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 820, "end": 852, "text": "Human Rights Violations Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 892, "end": 925, "text": "CAVR Timor-Leste Data Publication", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> - PIO established | | 2 | Resettlement < br > planning < br > data < br > gathering stage < br > ( social , < br > economic , < br > legal / administrative , < br > environmental < br > and < br > spatial data ) | LTA < br > ARUPI | - Consultant < br > - LTA < br > - Residents < br > in < br > church compound | the < br > | - Town < br > residents < br > and < br > residents in the church < br > compound participate in < br > discussions , < br > - residents give required < br > data | | 3 | Problem < br > prioritisation stage < br > ( problem < br > analysis , < br > issues , priorities ) | MoCT < br > LTA , < br > BoCT < br > EOTC | - Consultant < br > - LTA , BoCT , EO < br > - Town residents < br > - Residents < br > in < br > church compound | TC < br > the < br > | - residents < br > choose < br > representatives < br > - residents representatives < br > agree < br > to < br > problem < br > priorities | | 4 | Project formulation < br > stage < br > ( compensation , < br > resettlement , < br > rehabilitation ) | MoCT < br > LTA , < br > BoCT < br > EOTC | - Consultant < br > - LTA , BoCT , EO < br > - Town residents < br > - Residents < br > in < br > church compound < br > - farmers < br > resettlement plan a | TC < br > the < br > < br > in < br > rea | - Displaced persons agree < br > to < br > compensation", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 211, "text": "spatial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - The price was taken as the highest value from the previous years based on market data Therefore , based on this procedure , the average annual production of grass is 158 tons per ha and the selling price is 480 birr / tone . | * * No * * | * * Valuation for Grazing Land * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Land Area ( ha ) | 1 | | 2 | Annual Yield ( tone / ha ) | 158 | | 3 | Production ( 1x2 ) ( tone ) | 158 | | 4 | Market Price in Birr / tone | 480 | | 5 | Annual income ( 3x4 ) Birr | 75 , 840 | | 6 | Total Compensation for loss of income from Grazing Land < br > 15yrs ( 5x15years ) ( birr / ha ) | 1 , 137 , 600 | Thus , based on the subproject ' s impact on grazing land and the above rate , the recommended total compensation for the foregone benefits resulting from the loss of 0 . 0144 ha grazing land is * * 16 , 381 birr . * * # # # # # # * * Compensation for Loss of Crop Residue * * There will also be a loss of crop residue from 4 . 374ha of farmland . Crop residue refers to the plant material , such as stems , leaves , and husks , left in a field after a crop is harvested for its grain , seed , or fiber . This natural resource that can be used in various ways , including for mulching , compost , animal feed . The procedures and methods adopted to set values for the forgone benefits from the loss of crop-by-product is presented below . Based on", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 241, "text": "market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Uganda would bring itself 2200 km closer to its main trading partners — two-thirds the distance from Kampala to Cairo . If the Central African Republic reduced its factory-toship time from 116 days to 27 , exports would nearly double . The same effect could be achieved if the Central African Republic cut 6200 km from its distance to the main markets — greater than the distance from Bangui to London . The paper proceeds as follows . The next section discusses the data . Section III presents the estimation strategy . Section IV presents the results . Section V evaluates time sensitive products , and Section VI concludes . # * * II . Data * * Our data are based on answers to a detailed World Bank questionnaire completed by trade facilitators at freight-forwarding companies in 146 countries in 2005 . < sup > 5 < / sup > Freightforwarders are the most knowledgeable to provide information on the procedural requirements to trade since most businesses use their services to move their products in and out of the country . Globally , 43 , 000 freight-forwarding companies employ 11 million people and handle approximately 85 % of foreign trade . Their services range from arranging the most appropriate route for a shipment , preparing documentation to meet customs and insurance requirements , arranging payments of fees and duties , and advising on legislative changes and political developments that could affect the movement of freight . < sup > 6 < / sup > > 5 The World Bank ’ s Doing Business dataset has 155 economies . However , Afghanistan , Angola , the Kyrgyz Republic , Lesotho , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Niger , Solomon Islands , and Uzbekistan did not provide data on the time delays in exporting . > 6 This information comes from the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations ’ ( FIATA ) website . 5", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 716, "text": "World Bank questionnaire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1490, "end": 1512, "text": "Doing Business dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "technology sophistication in general business functions ( _MOSTj_ ) is compared between all sample and sample excluding significantly different enumerators . Standard errors in parenthesis . compare variables in RAIS with variables we collected in FAT for the same firms . First , we analyze the correlation between sales per worker and our technology measures ( GBF ) and ( SBF ) from FAT and average wages from RAIS . Table A . 23 reports the point estimates of regressing firm-level FAT variables on the log or average wages per worker from RAIS and a set of firm-level controls . The FAT variables are log of sales per worker ( column 1 ) , and average technology sophistication ( GBF , column 2 , and SSBF , column 3 ) . In all three cases we find strong positive associations between the FAT and the RAIS variables . Second , we compare the differences between labor-related indicators from a matched employer-employee administrative data for firms in FAT versus the universe of firms . To perform this comparisons we obtained the weighted average for firms in FAT , using the weights we constructed as described in section A3 and compare it with the average for all 110", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 810, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 899, "end": 944, "text": "matched employer-employee administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | | | * * Enf * * | * * ant ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Ad * * | * * ulte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle-Commune * * | * * Ménage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans ) * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | Kirchamba | 104 | 362 | 255 | 617 | 201 | 183 | 384 | 17 | 9 | 26 | 580 | 447 | 1027 | | Sareyamou | 1687 | 1858 | 1424 | 3282 | 1424 | 1301 | 2725 | 124 | 62 | 186 | 3406 | 2787 | 6193 | | Tienkour | 530 | 902 | 840 | 1742 | 740 | 684 | 1424 | 55 | 28 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Figure 7 : School attendance and Secondary School or Higher Education Completion < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Secondary School Completion School attendance < br > . 4 1 < br > 2008 < br > 2014 < br > 95 % CI < br > . 8 < br > . 3 < br > . 6 < br > . 2 < br > . 4 < br > . 1 < br > . 2 < br > 2008 < br > 2014 < br > 95 % CI < br > 0 0 < br > 5 10 15 17 20 24 25 5 10 15 17 20 24 25 < br > Age Age < br > Proportion attending school < br > Proportion with secondary or higher education < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Own calculations using the 2008 and 2014 Lesotho Demographic Health Survey data . _Notes_ : Household survey weights have been used to get the age-specific proportions . increased . Therefore , without an increase in its capacity , the university may have admitted the best students from a larger pool of qualifying students compared to the pre-FPE period . This would overstate the real impact of the FPE program on achievement . Second , it could be that the pre - and post-FPE cohorts that got admitted into the university differ by household wealth . Specifically , the post-FPE cohort could be poorer than the pre-FPE cohort , which would likely attenuate the FPE program effect . Therefore , I use a nationally representative data from the 2008 ( pre-FPE period ) and 2014 ( post-FPE period ) Lesotho Demographic Health Surveys ( LDHS ) in order to make sense of who actually got into university pre - and post-FPE . The left panel of figure 7 shows the proportion of individuals who have completed secondary or higher education by age , pre - and post-FPE , and the right panel of the figure shows the enrollment rates by age , pre - and post-FPE . In 2014 , the first age-appropriate FPE cohort to enter the university was aged 20 years old . We can see from the", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 623, "text": "Lesotho Demographic Health Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1343, "end": 1377, "text": "Lesotho Demographic Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Institutions * * The ES database contains both perception as well as quantitative information regarding the costs of doing business experienced by firms for a large number of countries . The perception indicators are often used to examine the effects of the business environment , but present a number of possible limitations . The main concern is that perception data are subject to measurement errors since they are likely to be affected by observed and unobserved firm and country specific factors . For example , they might simply reflect “ individual differences in the degree of optimism or pessimism of the managers ” and / or experience or performance of the establishment ( Aterido et al . , 2011 ) . In view of this , we prefer quantitative measures , where managers are asked to specify the specific costs incurred when doing business , over perception data for our analysis . < sup > 23 < / sup > We construct an index of the quality of institutions based on the objective measures from the ES . Financial friction is often thought to be an important source of misallocation , particularly in countries with poorly-functioning financial market . It can severely harm aggregate TFP by preventing the optimal adjustment of factor inputs . A recent study by Buera et al . ( 2011 ) has shown that a substantial portion of the variation in aggregate productivity across countries may be accounted for by resource misallocation due to imperfect financial markets . The ES dataset contains a number of questions in regard to access to finance . Specifically , the survey asked firms to indicate whether the establishment has ‘ access to finance ’ as well as the actual ‘ cost of financing ’ . < sup > 24 < / sup > We define the quality of the financial institution as the ease for establishments to get external financing . More specifically , we measure the financial friction as the percentage of establishments in the each region that do not have a line of credit or loan from a institution . Another possible driver of misallocation is uneven implementation of regulations which allows unproductive firms to enter and survive easily . The ES dataset contains a large number of measures of", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 36, "text": "ES database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 872, "text": "perception data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1479, "end": 1489, "text": "ES dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cuy , Cocorote . Viaje de ida : 2021 . Fecha de vuelta o llegada a Venezuela : seis días antes de la entrevista ( 23-102022 ) . Edad al salir de Venezuela : 18 años . Educación : Bachiller , formación incompleta en la 42 Brigada de Infantería de Paracaidismo ( Maracay ) . Familia : cultiva batata en Cocorote . Otros lugares donde trabajó en Colombia : Bogotá , Pereira , Chinchiná , Armenia . No cuenta con cédula de identidad por motivo de robo . Viajó solo . La dimensión productiva del sujeto está centrada en su identidad como trabajador . Sus trabajos son su carta de presentación , antes que por saber un oficio , por su actitud ante el trabajo . Comenzó a trabajar cargando mochilas en Cúcuta prácticamente desde que inició su viaje migratorio . El sujeto se muestra con una consideración productiva de sí mismo , pero a la vez se muestra en búsqueda de emociones . Orientado a la pro - > 22 Las encuestas S13 , S12 , S15 son complementarias . Se han numerado de la misma manera como se numeraron las grabaciones y las transcripciones de las entrevistas . Por ello en los documentos analíticos se produce un salto entre los sujetos numerados 11 y 14 . La numeración se hizo manteniendo la obtención cronológica de las historias en casi todos los casos .", "spans": [{"start": 905, "end": 930, "text": "encuestas S13 , S12 , S15", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "be eligible for VAT refunds . Once again , the delays can also be long for VAT refunds — delays between filing for refunds and receiving the refunds averaged 44 days in Mozambique and 113 days in Zambia . # * * III . EMPIRICAL RESULTS * * # * * III . 1 Data * * The data used in this study come from Investment Climate Surveys , surveys of manufacturing enterprises conducted by the Regional Program on Enterprise Development ( RPED ) unit of the World Bank , in collaboration with local partners within the countries . The surveys , which were conducted in 2002 or 2003 , cover Ethiopia , Kenya , Mali , Mozambique , Senegal , Tanzania , Uganda and Zambia . Firms from eight industries were included in the surveys : Agro-industry ; Chemicals ; Construction Materials ; Wood , Wood Products and Furniture ; Metals ; Paper , Printing and Publishing ; Plastics ; and Textiles , Leather and Garments . < sup > 13 < / sup > The surveys were conducted in a uniform way across countries , using stratified random samples . The sampling frames were stratified across location within each country , sub-sector , and size . < sup > 14 < / sup > When recent census data were available , the random samples was constructed using census data . If recent census data were not available , the lists were constructed using lists of enterprises from government agencies ( e . g . , from the National Bureau of Statistics in Tanzania ) . As a result , the surveys ultimately cover the ‘ formal ’ manufacturing sector — firms need to be registered with the government to be included . When firms could not be located or refused to participate in the survey , they were replaced with new firms with as similar characteristics ( in terms of size , sector , and location ) as possible . Table 7 presents summary statistics for the main variables included in the analysis by country . > 13 In addition , some machinery firms were included in the sample for Kenya . Since this sector was not covered in the other countries , they are dropped from the analysis . > 14", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 326, "text": "Investment Climate Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 329, "end": 365, "text": "surveys of manufacturing enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1243, "end": 1254, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1309, "end": 1354, "text": "lists of enterprises from government agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Refugee population and changes by major origin and country of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * The refugee population is included in this table if the number at the end of 2006 was 5 , 000 or more . For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatriation figu < mark > res include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . Figures below 5 have been replaced with an asterisk . | | | Population | start-2006 | | Incre | ases during | 2006 | | | Decreases d | uring20 | 06 | | Populatio | n end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryrepatriation * | Resettlement | | | | | | | | terri", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 109, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1154, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 31 - Annex Table A2 # Table A2 : INDIA * * COUNTRY and PUBLIC SECTOR SOLVENCY and SUSTAINABILITY * * | | * * 1995 / 96 * * | * * 1996 / 97 * * | * * 1997 / 98 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Country Solvency * * | | | | | Non-Interest Current Account ( NICA ) ( $ millions ) | - 1 , 650 | - 588 | - 365 | | NICA / Exports | - 3 . 5 % | - 1 . 1 % | - 0 . 7 % | | Real Export Growth | 31 . 5 % | 7 . 0 % | 10 . 1 % | | Difference between 10 % and Real Export Growth | - 21 . 5 % | 3 . 0 % | - 0 . 1 % | | Country Solvency Index | - 43 . 1 % | _5 . 5 % _ | - 0 . 1 % | | Country Solvency Adjustment ( % of Exports ) | - 39 . 6 % | 6 . 7 % | 0 . 5 % | | * * Public Sector Solvency * * | | | | | Primary Balance ( LCU billions ) | - 115 | - 151 | - 266 | | Primary Balance / GDP | - 0 . 9 % | * * - 1 . 1 % * * | - 1 . 7 % | | Real GDP Growth | 8 . 0 % | 7 . 3 % | _5 . 0 % _ | | Difference between 10 % and Real GDP Growth | 2 . 0 % | 2 . 7 % | _5 . 0 % _ | | Public Sector Solvency Index | - 3 . 5 % | 2 . 5 % | 3 . 1 % | | Public Sector Solvency Adjustment ( % of GDP ) | - 2 . 5 % | 3 . 5 % | 4 . 8 % | | * * Country Sustainability * * | | | | | Gross", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 115 , 400 | - 30 . 6 % | | Total Africa * | 2 , 571 , 500 | 2 , 421 , 300 | - 150 , 200 | - 5 . 8 % | | CASWANAME * * | 2 , 716 , 500 | 3 , 811 , 800 | 1 , 095 , 300 | 40 . 3 % | | Americas | 564 , 300 | 1 , 035 , 900 | 471 , 600 | 83 . 6 % | | Asia and Pacific | 825 , 600 | 875 , 100 | 49 , 500 | 6 . 0 % | | Europe | 1 , 975 , 300 | 1 , 733 , 700 | - 241 , 600 | - 12 . 2 % | | Total | 8 , 653 , 200 | 9 , 877 , 800 | 1 , 224 , 600 | 14 . 2 % | As for reductions , the largest occurred in Western - Southern Africa - West Africa 228 , 600377 , 200 187 , 800261 , 800 - 115 , 400-40 , 800 - 17 . 8 % - 30 . 6 % and Southern Africa ( by 31 % and 18 % Total Africa * 2 , 571 , 500 2 , 421 , 300 - 150 , 200 - 5 . 8 % respectively ) , primarily due to the successful CASWANAME * * 2 , 716 , 500 3 , 811 , 800 1 , 095 , 300 40 . 3 % voluntary repatriations to Liberia and Angola Americas 564 , 300 1 , 035 , 900 471 , 600 83 . 6 % respectively . In Europe , the consolidation of Asia and PacificEurope 1 , 825 , 600975 , 300 1 , 875 , 100733 , 700 - 24149 , 500 , 600 - 12 . 2 % 6 . 0 % refugee statistics in Germany which started in Total 8 , 653 , 200 9 , 877 , 800 1 , 224 , 600 14 . 2 % 2005 continued and resulted in a net reduction of * Excluding North < mark", "spans": [{"start": 1089, "end": 1118, "text": "refugee statistics in Germany", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "costumes , etc . Structured survey questionnaire was used to generate quantitative data from sampled households . _Sampling Procedure and Sample Size : _ Based on findings of Environmental and Social Impact Screening ( ESIS ) report ( 2023 ) , three Woredas ( two from Shashemene city and one from Hawassa city ) with likely impact of proposed TL were identified for this socio-economic impacts assessment . Accordingly , three Woredas ( which were Kebele Administrations before the restructure of the two cities ) were selected for the study . Thirty sample households from each affected Woreda were selected for conducting household survey ; and community consultations therein . Accordingly , household survey was administered to 90 households ( 20 from Hawela Tula and 60 from two Woredas of Shashemene city that would be affected by the TL subproject ( see Table 4 . 6 ) . Table 4 . 6 : Distribution of Survey Households by Woreda / Kebele | * * Region * * | * * Sub-city * * | * * Woreda / Kebele * * | * * Sample * * < br > * * Households * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sidama | Hawela Tula | Chefe Koti Jebessa Kebele | 30 | | Oromia | Bishan Guracha | Toga Weransa Woreda | 30 | | | | Bulchana Woreda | 30 | | 2 | 3 | 3 | 90 | For administering household survey , enumerators were recruited and they received half day training on basic interviewing techniques , probing without leading , and recording responses on the questionnaires correctly . The survey team leaders conducted all the public consultations with communities and interviews with sector office experts and local government authorities . - _i ) Focus group discussions : _ They were employed to gather qualitative information . Discussions were held with representatives of sector offices and subproject", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 641, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1265, "end": 1281, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "balance wage adjustments with economic realities , even amid the uncertainties brought about by the pandemic . By mitigating the rise in labor costs for already financially vulnerable firms , the decision aimed to pave the way for a more rapid economic recovery . * * In summary , Romania ' s labor market demonstrated some resilience during the pandemic-triggered crisis , with unemployment rates recovering in 2021 after a moderate increase in 2020 . * * The wage landscape exhibited positive movement , underscored by a gradual rise in the mean gross wage and measured adjustments in the minimum wage to align with prevailing economic conditions . These factors ultimately contributed to the maintenance of stability and progress within the labor market . * * How high is the statutory minimum wage relative to the formal wage distribution ? Analyzing the wage distribution in January 2020 suggests that the minimum wage ' s value aligns with the 25th percentile of the entire wage distribution * * . Table 3 illustrates Romania ' s gross monthly wage * * Table 3 . Distribution of gross monthly salaries in Romania , January 2020 . * * | * * Statistics * * | * * Value ( RON ) * * | | - - - | - - - | | Mean | 4 , 385 | | P1 | 129 | | P5 | 515 | | P10 | 1 , 054 | | P25 | 2 , 231 | | P50 ( Median ) | 3 , 096 | | P75 | 5 , 202 | | P90 | 8 , 310 | | P95 | 10 , 928 | | P99 | 22 , 034 | _Source : Own estimates based on administrative tax data . _ distribution as of January 2020 . Our analysis encompasses solely those observations that possess complete information concerning gross salary and working hours , constituting approximately 89 % of the total observations . Notably , the value of the minimum wage for full-time workers ( 2 , 231 RON ) is approximately aligned with the 25th percentile of the overall distribution . This means a large proportion of the population earns an income below the minimum wage designated for full-time workers . However , a", "spans": [{"start": 1422, "end": 1445, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the indigenous people . However , none of these five ethnic groups has a numerical majority . The Berta ( 25 . 9 % ) , the Gumuz ( 23 . 3 % ) , and the Shinasha ( 7 . 6 % ) are among the groups with relative numbers . The Mao constitute 1 . 9 % and Komo ( 0 . 96 ) count for less than 1 % of the total population . Striking is the large number of Amhara ( 22 . 1 % ) and Oromo ( 8 . 93 % ) , an illustration of the impact of migration . However , the provisions of the Constitution about the institutional and governance give no political representation for the non-indigenous peoples who make up the majority in terms of number but the minority in terms of political representation . Evidence supports that such group-based division in the region has been one of the major drivers of inter-ethnic tensions and violence in the region , in some cases leading to civil conflict such as between Gumuz and Amhara . Evidence has shown that the inter-regional disparities in terms of availability of basic services often lead to massive disappointment contributing to tensions and conflicts in the region . The 2016 EDHS data revealed more than one-third ( 34 . 8 % ) of women do not receive ANC , 73 . 3 % depend on home delivery , 99", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1119, "text": "EDHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * What began as a financial crisis in developed countries led to a severe contraction in global output and trade . This turned the financial crisis into a crisis in the real economy , with serious impacts on workers and their families . The global economy , according to the World Bank , shrank by about 2 . 2 percent in 2009 , from a 3 . 2 percent expansion in 2008 — the first time the global economy has shrunk since World War II . < sup > 1 < / sup > The World Bank estimated that 90 million more people would be living in poverty by the end of 2010 than would have been the case without the crisis . < sup > 2 < / sup > Countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are the most adversely affected by the crisis and the growth slowdown was thought likely to shrink GDP by about 4 . 7 percent in 2009 , from a 4 . 2 percent increase in 2008 . Latvia is one of the hardest hit countries in Eastern Europe ; its GDP was projected to shrink by 18 percent in 2009 . The objectives of this note are : ( i ) to estimate the distributional impact of the financial crisis on households in Latvia ; and ( ii ) to assess the distributional impact of several policy reforms undertaken in response to the crisis . To do so , we use a methodology that assesses the impact of the growth slowdown or policy reform through its impact on the sources of household income . The impacts quantified are direct short-run impacts ; hence , they do not take into account general equilibrium effects . < sup > 3 < / sup > In most countries , measuring real-time impacts of financial crises or economic slowdowns on households is rarely possible due to delays associated with household surveys ; consequently simulation tools are often used to analyze welfare impacts . However , among the genre of welfare simulation tools , considerable variation exists in methodology , data requirements , assumptions , and analyst time requirements . A computable general equilibrium ( CGE ) model and a micro-simulation ( MS )", "spans": [{"start": 1678, "end": 1695, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", coordination and monitoring ) - The project office ( compensation / rehabilitation ) - The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development ( procurement of funds ) - EEPCo ' s project office ( execution of compensation ) - Woreda administration and municipality ( facilitating the process of payment of - compensation , valuation and compensation committee meetings , and land for land compensation ) - PAPs ( endorsement of arrangements ) # # # * * 11 . 4 . Monitoring and Evaluation Phase * * EEPCo will organize project completion workshops with government agencies , NGOs and representatives of PAPs after completion of the expropriation / compensation operations . After completion of all expropriation / compensation operations , PAPs will be consulted about their views through a household survey to be carried out by an external consultant employed for the purpose . The objective of the household survey is to assess those mitigation – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 46 EEPCO , Power System Planning", "spans": [{"start": 786, "end": 802, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 895, "end": 911, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and footprints . It will be used to guide for developing the sitespecific Resettlement Plan ( RP ) that will be prepared and implemented prior to commencement of project construction activities . Preparation of the RP will involve undertaking a comprehensive socioeconomic baseline survey to collect all relevant information . 182", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 288, "text": "socioeconomic baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "~ ~ “ _ _ ~ ~ and the following conditions ~ ~ ” _ _ ~ ~ . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ Leased Assets ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state ~ ~ “ _ _ ~ ~ Not Applicable ~ ~ ” _ * * _ ~ ~ Procurement of Second Hand Goods ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state ~ ~ “ _ _ ~ ~ Not Applicable ~ ~ ” _ * * _ ~ ~ Domestic preference ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ ( Goods and Works ) ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Specify for each ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; ~ ~", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a Situation of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints , as per Bank IPF Policy , para . 12 ? * * # No * * C . Summary Description of Proposed Project [ including overview of Country , Sectoral & Institutional Contexts and Relationship to CPF ] * * 1 . Kenya has initiated difficult reforms to improve school participation and learning outcomes . As a result , Kenya has made impressive progress in basic education coverage at the national level . Net Enrollment Rate ( NER ) at the primary Page 2 of 14 Nov 29 , 2022", "spans": [{"start": 458, "end": 477, "text": "Net Enrollment Rate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") < br > By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 3 . 00 | | Date | - - | 30-Jan-2020 < br > 01-Oct-2020 < br > - - | | * * Comments * * | The DLI for 2018 / 19 < br > progress toward the < br > prior to the MTR for < br > been made on the p | cannot be achieved due to Citizen Budget Portal not being ready . Considering the pace of < br > achievement of this DLI , it has been agreed that the following action would be completed < br > this Result Area to continue receiving support under GESDEK : substantive progress has < br > rocurement of the system developer and health and education data collected . | ► DLI 25 6 . 2a : Complete Diagnostic Study of Internal Audit ( Output , 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Date | - - | 30-Jan-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | - - | | * * Comments * * | DLI achieved and v | erified . Associated disbursement i | s ready for withdrawal . | | ► DLI 26 6 . 2b : Updated manuals and QA framework for internal audit to strengthen assurance and risk management are in place ( Output , 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 650, "text": "system developer and health and education data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are not consistent or stable . Since the VCR depends on three key parameters ( fertilizer price , crop price , incremental yields ) , variation in those parameters can generate variable results . To improve the robustness of the project ' s estimated economic benefits , the various estimates available were surveyed by the ICR team ( table 2 ) . The first estimates of VCRs come from trial data estimated by MoARD ( 1992 ) and range from 2 . 8 to 5 . 3 . Stepanek ( 1999 ) estimated the VCRs for fertilizer use for maize under low , medium , and high scenarios from on-farm response data . Other studies are from Demeke and others ( 1998 ) and Rashid and Ayele ( 2009 ) . Estimates prepare . d by DSA for the fertilizer project ' s impact evaluation varied . They ranged from 2 . 0 to 6 . 0 and are relatively high when compared to other studies . The SG-2000 data on response rates to fc ; : rtilizer by crop and region are typically lower than the DSA estimates . Given the variation in VCR estimates from different sources , the ICR team used estimates the SG2000 dataset as the most likely scenario , the DSA ( 2010 ) data as ' the upper bound , and other studies as the lower bound . - 27 -", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 395, "text": "trial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 588, "text": "on-farm response data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 853, "end": 865, "text": "SG-2000 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1061, "end": 1075, "text": "SG2000 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1110, "end": 1127, "text": "DSA ( 2010 ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quality of human capital has been a critical ingredient in the East Asian Miracles ’ success in the world market . - * * < u > Are labor market rigidities preventing more adjustment ? < / u > * * As noted above , what the IADB found surprising was the low level of intersectoral allocation of workers and , overall , the literature has found modest changes in rates of turnover . Again , a much broader agenda is required on the impact of regulation on technological adoption , that would , in all probability , increase both flows , and the ability of small firms to exploit economies of scale . # * * III . Protecting Workers * * The issue of the optimal design of worker protections is complicated and the region has made some small progress on the issue in recent years . This section discusses the importance of the phenomenon of informality , the deficiencies of extant employment protections , the impact of nonwage costs , the employment and poverty implications of minimum wages , and the impact of unions . Heckman and Pages ( 2004 ) have summarized much of the recently emerging literature and only select references will be mentioned here . A theme throughout this section is that the study labor legislation needs to move away from a traditional focus on segmentation and job creation in a static sense , toward a focus on the labor market as an integral part of the National Innovation System , the constellation of institutions and firms that are involved in dynamic productivity gains through technological progress . ( See De Ferranti et al 2003 ) . # * * a . Informality * * < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > The informal sector merits treatment first not only because it is ostensibly the largest mass of unprotected workers , but also because recent evolution in thinking has implications for the design of social protection systems . * * _The informal sector comprises both workers preferring formal sector employment ( involuntarily informal ) and those preferring the qualities of unregulated entrepreneurship . _ * * In motivation surveys from Brazil and surveys of workers leaving formal employment in Mexico , 60-70 %", "spans": [{"start": 2038, "end": 2068, "text": "motivation surveys from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2073, "end": 2127, "text": "surveys of workers leaving formal employment in Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and CPI growth index ( 2003 = 100 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 | | Figure 10 : Population estimates for Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 | | Figure 11 : Sensitivity Analysis of Poverty Projections at LIC extreme poverty line ( $ 2 . 15 , 2017 PPP ) . . . . . . 23 | | Figure 12 : Sensitivity Analysis of Poverty at LMIC international poverty line ( $ 3 . 65 , 2017 PPP ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Bujagali Energy Limited * * * * 160 * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 * * Table 3 . 30 : Existing Vehicle Composition * * | * * Road * * | * * Cars * * | * * Motor - * * < br > * * Cycles * * | * * Buses / Taxi * * < br > * * Transport ) * * | * * PedalHG * * < br > Cycles | * * HGV * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | NileBridge | 29 | 7 | 29 | 21 | 14 | | Jinja-Ivunamba | 13 | 17 | 1 1 | 56 | 3 | | Jinja - < br > Kikubamutwe | 12 | 41 | 14 | 29 | 4 | HGV = Heavy Goods Vehicle . # # # # # * * 3 . 7 . 6 . 2 Rail * * There is a single rail track between Jinja and Kampala , extending eastwards to Kenya . This caters to freight traffic only , and there are no passenger services . Estimates of freight traffic between 1994 and 1996 are contained in Appendix C . 6 and indicate a high volume of freight traffic . All delivery of materials and equipment from Mombasa to Jinja will be by rail , with the exception of abnormal loads , i . e . , turbines , which will be transported by road . # # # # # * * 3 . 7 . 6 . 3 Air * * The Jinja air strip is located close to the Jinja to Ivunamba road on the east bank . This is mainly used by a local flying club and occasionally by private light aircraft . # # # # # * * 3 . 8 Cultural Property * * The construction of the Buja", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 803, "text": "Estimates of freight traffic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "changes in their magnitudes . Therefore , both the main and auxiliary predictions of the model are veri fi ed and the magnitude of the stumbling block effect is similar , as noted in table 5 . As discussed in section 4 . 1 , the data to construct an exact measure to capture the MFN externality is not available . Although we don ’ t think this seriously biases our results , as previously discussed , we create a proxy for this effect . For each HS-8-digit product , we calculated the share of the top 5 exporters in total exports to the EU in 1994 and 1989 — the earliest year when the 8-digit hs data is reported . If a decrease in this share in a given product re fl ects a longer term decrease over the period between 1978 and 1994 , then we can use it as a proxy . The model hence predicts a negative coefficient on this variable : products where the share increases have bigger decreases in tariffs . < sup > 48 < / sup > When we include our proxy for the ( inverse of ) MFN externality we fi nd that it has the expected negative sign but it is insigni fi cant . This could either be because the effect is partially captured by the reciprocity variable , because the proxy is an imperfect one or MFN externalities were not signi fi cant . More importantly , for our purposes both the main and auxiliary predictions of the model are again con fi rmed and the growth effect is also statistically identical to the one in the baseline speci fi cation . The theoretical model that guides our empirical estimation is parsimonious and therefore it is possible that we have not accounted for some determinants of the EU ’ s tariff changes . We do not expect that such omitted variables will bias our estimates because , as we argue above , even if they are correlated with the included regressors we instrument , test , and con fi rm the orthogonality of the excluded instruments relative to the error term . Nevertheless , there is one variable that does not appear in the theoretical model that we want to address explicitly", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 603, "text": "8-digit hs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Increasing computation capacity allows us to have a large number of households in an MH model . To take an extreme case , the total number of households in a household survey could be used . This approach then allows the model to take into account the full detail in household data , and avoids pre-judgment about aggregating households into categories . The main disadvantages of this type of approach are that data reconciliation can be difficult , and that the size of the model can become a constraint . The third approach , which we call MS , draws on micro-simulation techniques . Here , a CGE model generates aggregate changes that are later communicated to a micro-simulation model based on a large unit record database . Savard ( 2003 ) points out that the drawbacks to the approach are coherence between models , since the causality usually runs from the CGE model to the micro-simulation model , with no feedback between them . The approach pursued in this paper takes advantage of the same general idea raised by Savard ( 2003 ) to overcome the difficulties posed by the three first options above-mentioned : the use of a CGE model linked to a micro-simulation model , but with a bi-directional linkage between them that would guarantee a convergence of solution for both models . Savard ( 2003 ) links the models by running them in a repeated sequence of CGE-MS model runs , first computing the CGE simulation , then the MS model simulation , in a looping way , until convergence occurs . The main advantages of this approach are that : we avoid scaling the microeconomic data to match the aggregated macro data ; we can accommodate more households in the MS model ; and the MS model may incorporate discrete-choice or integer behavior that might be difficult to incorporate in the CGE model . The CGE model used here is a static inter-regional model of Brazil based on the wellknown ORANI-G model of Australia ( Horridge , 2000 ) . The model ’ s structure is quite standard : 6", "spans": [{"start": 158, "end": 174, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 701, "end": 727, "text": "large unit record database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1571, "end": 1589, "text": "microeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1603, "end": 1624, "text": "aggregated macro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "being widely distributed in hard copy , these tables are available on the UNHCR website and the _Refworld_ CD-Rom . The annual statistical review also forms the basis of all the figures which appear in UNHCR publications such as _Refugees_ magazine , _The State of the World ’ s Refugees_ and the annual _Global Appeal . _ Recognizing the fluidity of many refugee situations and the constant need for up-to-date figures , efforts are now being made to collect refugee statistics on a quarterly , rather than an annual basis . Third , a variety of different steps have been taken over the past five years to enhance UNHCR ’ s capacity in the area of refugee registration . In 1994 , the organization ’ s _Registration Guidelines_ were published . As well as pooling much of the experience gained by UNHCR , the guidelines ( which are periodically updated and refined ) provide field staff and operational partners with a variety of different registration tools and approaches which can be adapted to the situation at hand . These measures have been taken in parallel with a number of other measures : the establishment of an expanded registration training programme for UNHCR , WFP , NGO and government staff ; the stockpiling of registration kits , including items such as registration cards and forms , wristbands , tokens , computer software and the registration guidelines themselves ; the appointment of two regional registration officers in Africa , responsible for providing UNHCR offices with technical expertise and coordination ; and the establishment of a roster of UNHCR staff who have proven skills and experience in the area of registration . In accordance with its Statute , UNHCR continues to undertake the function of “ obtaining from governments information concerning the number and conditions of refugees in their territories . ” And in support of that function , the organization also undertakes periodic registration exercises in all field operations where refugees are provided with material assistance . # # * * Conclusion * * As this paper has attempted to demonstrate , the collection of accurate and consistent refugee statistics is an extremely difficult task .", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 478, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 . * * Teacher Policy * * : Teachers constitute the most important and heaviest cost item in the education process . As attested by a recent OECD report , “ _of those variables which are potentially open to policy influence , factors to do with teachers and teaching are the most important influences on student learning . In particular , the broad consensus is that ‘ teacher quality ’ is the single most important school variable influencing student achievement_ . ” Teacher salaries consume 75 percent of the education budget . Almost all teachers are in possession of the required academic qualifications ( over 70 percent have a bachelors degree or higher ) , but fewer than half have certification in teaching methods and practice . The current student teacher ratios do not suggest a significant shortage of teachers . Teachers were identified as a key target group in ERfKE I , but mainly for in-service training and development of skills , especially those related to ICT . Pre-service teacher education , which is largely provided by the universities , was not the focus of a significant initiative in the program , and the focus was on aligning content of pre-service education of teachers with the new knowledge economy-oriented curriculum and pedagogy . Important teacher policy reforms were introduced regarding a national framework of teacher standards , and a new graduated salary scale was introduced with incentives for completion of training courses . 13 . One issue that emerged during the implementation of ERfKE I was the significant additional burden that the reform process placed on teachers , from additional training to the much more demanding assessment and management processes that accompanied the implementation of the reform . This led the ministry to conduct a number of surveys of teacher perspectives , and more recently of the extent to which the new pedagogical approaches and learning materials are being used in classrooms . This work indicates that while teachers are showing an increasing understanding of the purpose and nature of the ERfKE reform , there is still a relatively low level of actual use of the new methods and approaches in the classroom , and the", "spans": [{"start": 1806, "end": 1837, "text": "surveys of teacher perspectives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ACC reports resulting from audits throughout the program ’ s life . Training provided by the World Bank was vital to the program ’ s success . KNBS had good-quality staff , including trained statisticians and economists with many years of experience , but the program demanded more extensive and technically sophisticated resources . The integration of capacity building before significant activities ensured KNBS staff had the requisite skills in the latest software to produce high-quality and timely outputs . As a part of capacity building , the World Bank trained 21 KNBS staff in 2016 on household survey data analysis using STATA . Staff in different areas of the KNBS were trained with technical skills to clean and analyze survey data . This shortened the time to prepare data , produce timely indicators and write the three reports created using the 2015 / 16 KIHBS . The World Bank also trained six staff on survey design using the Survey Solutions platform in 2018 , facilitating KNBS to design the KCHS CAPI instrument . KNBS has since developed other tools such as the survey investigating the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 using Survey Solutions . As part of Technical Assistance ( TA ) to the KNBS , the World Bank , IMF , and Statistics Sweden each provided technical assistance in their respective areas of expertise to produce outputs or peer reviews of draft reports from KNBS . For microeconomic activities such as the 2015 / 16 KIHBS or the 2016 MSME survey , the World Bank assisted the KNBS in questionnaire development , data monitoring , and production of indicators . Peer-reviewers from local universities or research institutions verified the quality of the outputs KNBS produced . Through the East AFRITAC ( Regional Technical Assistance Center ) , the IMF assisted KNBS with designing the rebased CPI and assessing steps necessary to meet SDDS criteria . Statistics Sweden assisted with producing the updated business register and the rebased PPI . Meetings with development partners and KNBS were held annually during ISMs to coordinate technical assistance and receive feedback", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 615, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 860, "end": 875, "text": "2015 / 16 KIHBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1453, "end": 1458, "text": "KIHBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1466, "end": 1482, "text": "2016 MSME survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rebounded rapidly , as exports surged and tourist numbers recovered quickly , and in 2010 exceeded previous records . While this paper has focused on the case of Thailand , there are some themes that are more broadly relevant . A simple simulation exercise based on the slowdown of consumption or GDP growth would have been incomplete ; by ignoring the changes in relative prices that occurred at the same time , and perhaps other effects that are not easily observed , it would not have correctly identified the losers and winners . In order to identify who is really being hurt , it is important to have actual data . Thailand is a leader in this respect with good-quality monthly household-level data that can help the government target its response more effectively . It would be nice if one could simulate the effects of economic shocks on different social groups using readily-available data series , but our experiments in this suggest that such an approach is not realistic . Economic structure matters , and that is the second lesson . The effects of the great recession on Thailand reflect the country ’ s dependence on export-oriented manufacturing , rice cultivation , and tourism . These effects are likely to be quite different from those experienced elsewhere , even in neighboring countries such as Myanmar or Malaysia . This makes it difficult to generalize productively about the effects of recession and the appropriate policies needed to soften the social impact . Country-specific policy analysis , rooted in timely local evidence , remains essential . Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 28", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 703, "text": "monthly household-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 893, "end": 904, "text": "data series", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evictions will be initiated . Instead , as indicated < br > above , PAPs will be fully compensated for business < br > and structure loss . | | • < br > Adoption of cutoff date | The cut-off date was discussed and agreed upon < br > during consultative meetings as the date of start of < br > PAPs census activities , for Malindi town the date < br > was adopted as * * 25th July 2018 * * . Further , PAPs < br > were informed that only PAPs enumerated by the < br > agreed cut-off date will be eligible for compensation . | | * * Watamu Town Meeting * * | | | • < br > PAPs with semi-permanent < br > structures preferred valuation to < br > done for the entire structure rather < br > than only for the affected < br > encroaching section | The PAPs were informed that affected structures will < br > be valued at full replacement cost and also PAPs will < br > be allowed to salvage construction materials , they < br > were informed that valuation will take into < br > consideration various factors which include cases of < br > partial or total valuation of the structure depending < br > on nature of impact . | | • < br > Community members with < br > structures attached to encroaching < br > structures inquired whether they < br > will be facilitated also | PAPs were further clarified to , that valuation will be < br > done to only affected structures at full replacement < br > cost as discussed in response to issue in row ( 2 ) < br > above . Structures attached to the affected structures < br > and away from the road reserves will not be included < br > in the asset register . | | • < br > Community members inquired < br > whether they should continue < br > constructing along the road < br > reserves and only stop", "spans": [{"start": 1580, "end": 1594, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY * * THE WORLD BANK Washington , D . C . 20433 U . S . A . Office of Director-General Operations Evaluation December 26 , 1995 # # # # # # * * MEMORANDUM TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND THE PRESIDENT * * SUBJECT : * * Project Completion Report on Uganda Second Power Project ( Credit 1560-UG ) * * Attached is the Project Completion Report ( PCR ) on the UJganda : Second Power project ( Credit 1560-UG , approved in FY85 ) , prepared by the Africa Regional Office . The Borrower provided Part 11 . Comments by the co-financiers were considered in the PCR . The project ' s main objective was to assist Uganda ' s economic recovery initiated in the early 1980s by improving electricity supply from the Uganda Electricity Board ( UEB ) . Sector objectives were to rehabilitate UEB ' s power system and strengthen its operational capability and the government ' s energy planning capacity . The project rehabilitated part of the Owen Falls hydroelectric plant and refurbished the transmission and distribution network . In Kampala , the rehabilitation works went beyond the original project design . It also helped the Energy Department plan for a forest plantation inventory ( later done by the Ministry of Agriculture ) and conduct a household energy survey . Studies on tariffs , billing , generation and distribution planning were carried out and part of their recommendationis implemented . UEB was reorganized , its staff trained , and tariffs increased . But poor collection of bills , overstaffing and low productivity still mar its performance . The project cost is estimated at US $ I 13 . 4 million , including rehabilitation works to be completed by 1997 with financing from the Overseas Development Administration . IDA financed US $ 40 . 2 million and succeeded in mobilizing US $ 68 . 3 million from four co-financiers and suppliers credits . IDA ' s performance was satisfactory : frequent supervision missions , acceptance ofjustified clhaiges to project", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1197, "text": "forest plantation inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1281, "text": "household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The size of the gap between the two sources of data ( i . e . how far below the 45 degree line most of the observations in the graphs are ) illustrates how costly it would be not to try to strike a deal – and that assuming no deals are made does not , in fact , reflect what firms do . # * * III . Comparing Doing Business and Enterprise Surveys * * What is the connection between the DB indicators and the average value reported by the firms in the ES ? For each of the three indicators ( imports , operating license , and construction permit ) we provide scatter plots ( Figures 1a , 1b , 1c ) and regression results using a variety of functional forms ( Table 1 ) . All three indicators have roughly similar patterns that : 8", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 400, "text": "DB indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and sentiment are derived from Arabic tweets , and the measures are normalized to have unit variance . Trade openness is measured as the value of exports plus imports as a percentage of GDP . Institutional quality is the average of six measures from the World Governance Indicators database . Standard errors are clustered at the country level and papered in parentheses . < sup > * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 10 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 01 48", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 290, "text": "World Governance Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "400 , 000 | | * * Driving * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * operation of other * * < br > * * equipment * * | D < br >  < br > Road < br > traffic < br > accidents < br >  < br > Worker health and < br > safety hazards such < br > as < br > crushed < br > by < br > equipment , < br > entrapment etc < br >  < br > Increased < br > dust < br > emission . < br >  < br > Damage < br > to < br > community assets | isclo < br >  Ensure only qualified and < br > experienced plant operators < br > handle < br > machinery / < br > equipment ; < br >  Maintain < br > vehicles < br > and equipment in proper < br > working condition ; < br >  Control < br > access < br > around < br > construction sites ; < br >  Install all relevant traffic < br > signs and traffic safety < br > awareness posters < br >  Enforce and monitor a < br > speed limit of 20km / hr < br > within the construction area , < br > at the campsite etc ; < br >  Training and awareness to < br > workers and community | su < br >  Record of licensed < br > and approved drivers < br > and < br > equipment < br > operator ; < br >  Access < br > control < br > barriers , < br > management system , < br > signs ( danger signs , < br > hazard signs etc ) < br >  Security < br > provided < br > around construction < br > sites and excavations < br > sites ; < br >  Training records | < br >  Qualification < br > record < br > of < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1352, "end": 1368, "text": "Training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "materials in the control function . Distinct production functions are estimated for each treatment industry and all control industries in each case . When estimating the production function for control industries , fixed effects for each six-digit control industry are included in the control function . Total factor revenue productivity ( TFPR ) for each establishment _k_ in case _j_ in each year is measured by subtracting from ( the log of ) sales , ( the log of ) employment , ( the log of ) fixed capital assets , and ( the log of ) materials consumption where the three inputs are multiplied by their output elasticities in a Cobb-Douglas production function ( with unrestricted returns to scale ) . * * Effects of Antitrust on Revenue Productivity and Measured Misallocation * * Table 7 reports the results of the meta regression in Equation ( 2 ) where outcomes are changes in alternative measures of productivity and misallocation . In Column ( 1 ) the outcome is the annualized change in the average of the log of TFPR _jk_ within an industry , where the average is weighted by the market ( sales ) share of firm _j_ . The effect of sanctions here is > 17A match is not available between firms in the Economic Censuses of calendar years 1994 and 1999 . Therefore the production function estimation only makes use of the censuses between 2003 and 2018 . 30", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1229, "text": "Economic Censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 73 , 122 . 56 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-18 2022-12-28 2023-12-28 < br > utrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-54 / Contratac < br > ión de 12 Encuestador - Antropometrista ENDI para el operativo de campo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición I IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 178 , 386 . 35 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-23 2022-12-29 2023-12-29 < br > nfantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-55 / Contratac < br > ión de 44 Revisores de control de calidad ENDI para el operativo de campo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrició IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 402 , 174 . 08 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-23 2022-12-30 2023-12-28 < br > n Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-56 / Contratac < br > ión de 12 Supervisores de operativo de campo ENDI parael operativo de campo de laEncuesta Nacional de Desnut IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 187 , 740 . 59 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-22 2022-12-30 2023-12-28 < br > rición Infantil", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children ( P111545 ) # * * Results * * # # * * Project Development Objective Indicators * *  Additional number of OVC households receiving timely and predictable cash transfers ( as defined in the OM ) ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95970 | | Date | 31-Mar-2009 | 17-Nov-2015 | 29-Mar-2016 | 31-Dec-2016 | # # Comments Additional number of OVC households are 95 , 600 as planned for the IDA funding and the TF funding . However , beneficiary households have not received the payments since September , 2015 . The government is currently undertaking payments which are expected to be completed mid-April , 2016 .  Percent of NSNP Beneficiaries who conform to the program targeting criteria ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 30 % | Results from PIBS not < br > yet ready | Results from PIBS not < br > yet ready | 85 % | | Date | 31-Mar-2009 | 17-Nov-2015 | 29-Mar-2016 | 31-Dec-2016 | # # Comments The PIBS baseline survey has not yet been finalized , due to a number of comments that have not yet been addressed adequately in a revised baseline report . The government will however strengthen contract management function and the report is expected to be finalized by April , 2016 .  Proportion of OVC in beneficiary households aged 6 -", "spans": [{"start": 1264, "end": 1284, "text": "PIBS baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Strategy to address the Regional Data Gaps Reliable data on PoCs is a critical milestone in implementing the Global Compacts on Refugees ( GCR ) , protection interventions , and solutions . To this extent , data issues in the region remain an essential concern and require costeffective investments to ensure that issues related to mixed movements and other protection concerns are capped with appropriate technical solutions to help the region gathers reliable data for informed decision-making and coordination among the partners . To this extent , a registration data quality exercise was carried out from April to August to see the changes in connection with the verification exercise completed in Zambia . This analysis is done quarterly , and the next round is scheduled when the verification exercises in Malawi and Mozambique are completed . It is worth mentioning that is progress in data quality compared to the analysis carried out in April 2022 , but this effort should continue to enable the region to have quality data that will drive better programming and resource mobilization . The efforts are still required in the data collection on the areas below because indicators are still in the red , as outlined on the previous page : # # # # * * Where progress is made compared to April 2022 data * * - PoCs with the information on documentation : regionally , the percentage is 34 ; - PoCs with the information on working experience : regionally , the percentage is 29 ; and - PoCs with the information on the occupation : regionally , the percentage is 31 . # # # # * * Where efforts are required in the data collection compared to April 2022 data * * - PoC ’ s language recorded : regionally , the percentage is 16 ; - PoC ’ s training recorded : regionally , the percentage is 0 ; - PoC ’ s phone number recorded : regionally , the percentage is 9 ; and - PoCs with effective intention return data collection : regionally , the percentage is 8 . * * Population Data Analysis Regional Bureau for Southern Africa August", "spans": [{"start": 1297, "end": 1312, "text": "April 2022 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1650, "end": 1665, "text": "April 2022 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : Not Applicable Works : Not Applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . None * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accounts and a 3 percent APY on savings accounts at the time of the baseline . While SSP offered an attractive rate of return relative to NVRB ’ s other offerings , the real return on savings was still negative , since annual inflation ranged from 10-19 percent over the course of our study period ( Bank of Ghana , 2014 , 2017 ) . Half the sample in each overdrafter _ × _ branch _ × _ gender stratum was assigned to the treatment group , which was offered the opportunity to sign up for SSP . Appendix Table A1 confirms that baseline characteristics are balanced across treatment and control groups , both overall and when the sample is split by overdrafter status . Appendix Figure A2 illustrates the timeline of all study activities . SSP debits began in > 8 Overdraft scores were constructed for each person using their current account transaction records available at the time of the randomization . The score was calculated as the fraction of balance entries that were negative over the life of the account . The sample was sorted from lowest score ( never had a negative balance ) to highest ( negative balance 66 percent of the time ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 860, "text": "current account transaction records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Density per Km2 Km2 < br > < 1 < br > @ 1-1010-5010-50 < br > @ 50-100 < br > @ 100-500 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > conco < br > Le Density per Km2 Km2 < br > O @ bin fa < 1 < br > > DEM REP OF CONGO @ 1-1010-5010-50 < br > } mas A @ 50-100 < br > { @ 100-500 < br > ) NNf | \\ A ZAMBIA < br > Namibe \\ “ a { } “ | X < br > - NE inene \\ \\ Ss A < br > $ \\ SS \\ < br > \\ we = . < br > NAMIBIA Wa < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Elevation ( m ) < br > © 400-750100 = 400100 = 400 = 400 400 < br > @ 750-1000 < br > @ 1000 . 1500 1500 < br > @ 1500-2000 < br > @ > 2000 < br > unin River Basin < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > conco < br > Centr mt ; Coast ] Elevation ( m ) < br > p | DEM REP OF CONGO © 400-750100 = 400100 = 400 = 400 400 < br > - @ 750-1000 < br > @ 1000 . 1500 1500 < br > ” @ 1500-2000 < br > - ig @ > 2000 < br > 7 unin River Basin < br > z j Basi < br > Rr ZAMBIA < br > ek < < br > r | Nai mibe < br > ad NAMIBIA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2016b ) , we apply a lasso regression for feature selection . < sup > 22 < / sup > The lasso regression allows us to follow a data-driven approach when selecting the most relevant variables from the potential set of overlapping variables . We apply a 10-fold cross-validation ( CV ) procedure . The lasso estimation results in 7 out of 22 possible matching variables , which are households with pensioners , households with elderly , households with unemployed , a female-headed household , urban , its income category , and the number of household members with secondary education . The resulting out-of-sample R-squared is 0 . 151 , and the CV mean prediction error is 0 . 014 . * * In addition to the variables identified via feature selection , we include the variables that describe the underlying sample design in the set of matching variables . * * This is the variable that identifies the primary sampling unit ( census enumeration units in the case of the HBS ) . We denote this variable as psu1 in the rest of the paper . In an alternative model specification , we include the sample weights by running weighted regressions . Additionally , we explore empirical specifications , in which we abstract from weighting regressions by the given survey weights but include survey weights as an additional matching variable . # * * III . Results * * This section presents the results of the different imputation models applied in the paper and analyzes the quality of the resulting imputation . < sup > 23 < / sup > For all regressions , we apply 20 imputations and set the seed to 12345 to ensure the reproducibility of our results . 22 The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ( lasso ) forms part of penalized least square regressions . It was originally developed by Robert ( 1996 ) and performs both automatic variable selection and continuous shrinkage . For details on the lasso regression see Meinshausen and Bühlmann ( 2006 ) . 23 Before applying the different imputation models we prepare our data for the usage of the mi commands in Stata . We use the data in marginal long style ( mlong ) as it is more memory-efficient . We", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 968, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Vietnam recovered quickly . The rest of the paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 introduces the background of household businesses in Vietnam and the main data sets employed in this paper . Section 3 presents our methodology to estimate the impacts of COVID-19 on household business survival . Section 4 discusses the results and Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 Household Businesses in Vietnam * * In Vietnam , a household business ( HB ) is a firm run by a household or family that employs fewer than ten workers and operates in a fixed location ( usually at their own residential premises ) . All HBs must register with the Department of Taxation , which operates under the Ministry of Finance , for a tax identification ( tax ID ) and pay taxes if their annual revenue exceeds 100 million Vietnam dong ( VND ) , or approximately 4 , 300 USD . < sup > 6 < / sup > Household businesses do not face stringent financial oversight like enterprises which operate at a larger scale and are required to house an accountant as well as to prepare official accounting documents . Its annual lump-sum tax payment , usually remitted at the beginning of a fiscal year in January , is often calculated as a percentage of annual revenue , and comprises annual license tax , value added tax ( VAT ) , and personal income tax ( PIT ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > # # * * 2 . 1 Household business tax data * * We analyze a high-frequency tax census that comprises all tax-registered household businesses in Vietnam since January 2018 . We retrieved historical tax filing records of household businesses from the official online portal of the Department of Taxation . < sup > 8 < / sup > Pending reporting delays , this information from the Tax Department allows us to tabulate a complete set of tax filings in the country at the commune-month level , between January 2018 and August 2020 . < sup > 9 < / sup > Each household business is responsible to file and pay one annual lump-sum tax within a fiscal year . We use the ( change in ) tax filing", "spans": [{"start": 1402, "end": 1427, "text": "high-frequency tax census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 Data and Methodology * * # _3 . 1 Data_ Our primary data come from the 2007 / 08 National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment ( NRVA ) , conducted by the Afghanistan Central Statistics Organization and the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development . The frame used for drawing the sample was the 2003-05 national household listing – a listing of every house in the country ; the sample was selected following a stratified , multi-stage design . < sup > 20 < / sup > The survey was administered between August 2007 and September 2008 and covered 20 , 576 households ( about 150 , 000 individuals ) in 2 , 572 communities . < sup > 21 < / sup > A salient feature of the survey is its implicit stratification over time , which ensures that the samples for each quarter reflect the overall composition of the country . < sup > 22 < / sup > This aspect is essential to address the seasonality associated with household wellbeing . The yearlong fieldwork also allowed coverage of insecure / conflict areas . It is extremely difficult to obtain high quality household data in conflict countries . The NRVA was able to achieve this task through a process of informally securing permission from local leaders in insecure areas , as well as a flexible design for field work . In particular , when a primary sampling unit was considered too insecure to interview at the scheduled time , it would not be immediately replaced , but would be re-considered at a later date within the quarter . < sup > 23 < / sup > The NRVA consists of three components : household and community questionnaires and a district market price survey . The household questionnaire includes 20 sections – 6 administered by female interviewers to female household members and 14 administered by male interviewers to the male household head . < sup > 24 < / sup > A key component of the survey is the food > 20 The population frame was stratified into a total of 46 domains or strata . The 11 provinces with the most populous provincial centers were each stratified into urban and rural areas , producing 22 strata . Each of", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 131, "text": "2007 / 08 National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 309, "end": 343, "text": "2003-05 national household listing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1598, "end": 1626, "text": "district market price survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "magnitudes in question are much smaller . Last , in the first survey in Bangladesh ( 1993-94 ) the presence of primary , and primary and secondary schools , have positive and significant effects on the enrollment of boys but an insignificant effect on girls . Again the magnitudes in question are relatively small and , perhaps more importantly , had been wiped out by the time of the second survey ( 1996-97 ) . VII ) Conclusions This paper set out to document and analyze gender disparities in education . The results confirm prior studies that there are some countries where a female disadvantage in education outcomes is a major problem . This disadvantage appears to be less related to measures of a country ' s income level , income growth , or spending on primary education than to a fairly strict regional breakdown , although it is somewhat related to the level of income inequality within a country . The large female disadvantage exists in only few countries outside of the Western and Central Africa , North Africa , and South Asia regions . Moreover , the extent of the female disadvantage varies by the wealth of the household . Even in countries with a relatively small gender gap there might be large inequalities . In many of the countries with a very small female disadvantage ( or even with a small female advantage ) the gaps between outcomes for the rich and the poor can be very large . Moreover , in some countries wealth and gender interact to create a very large female disadvantage among the poorest in society ( for example in India ) . This study highlights the necessity to consider wealth and gender gaps simultaneously . regression instead of the wealth groups as derived from the asset index ( Annex Table lOa ) . 39", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 82, "text": "first survey in Bangladesh", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "afrique . com / 1662876 / politique / en-rdc-quelle-union-nationale-autour-de-felix-tshisekedi / _ _xii Rapport de situation 2 du 11 février 2025 de OCHA RDC sur l ’ intensification des violences dans les provinces du Nord Kivu et Sud Kivu . xiii Données du cluster santé , mars 2025_ _xiv https : / / www . rfi . fr / fr / podcasts / le-grand-invit % C3 % A9-afrique / 20250331-est-de-la-rdc-plus-de-900-corps-ont - % C3 % A9t % C3 % A9-enterr % C3 % A9s-par-lacroix-rouge-et-le-cicr_ _xv ACLED , Data Export Tool , accessed 13 February 2025 , https : / / acleddata . com / data-export-tool / . _ _xvi Flash update sur la situation de protection sur l ’ axe Masisi Bweremana – Période du 16 au 21 janvier 2025 , Intersos / HCR_ _xvii Note d ’ analyse de protection au Sud Kivu , janvier et février 2025 , Cluster protection Sud Kivu , 8 mars 2025_ _xviii https : / / reliefweb . int / report / democratic-republic-congo / republique-democratique-du-congo-personnes-deplacees-internes-et-retournees-decembre-2024 xix 12_DRC_Key_Figures_humanitarian_décembre_2024_fr . pdf_ _xx https : / / dtm . iom . int / reports / drc-rapid", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 271, "text": "Données du cluster santé", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "one of the poorest countries in the world with per capita income of less than US $ 180 in 2007 and 39 percent of the population estimated to live below the poverty line in 2004 / 05 . < sup > 1 < / sup > Ethiopia is ranked 169 out of 177 countries on the United Nations Development Program ’ s Human Development Index . Under the highly centralized Derg regime ( 1975 to 1991 ) , Ethiopia ’ s regional and woreda governments were marginalized . After the fall of the Derg , GOE adopted decentralization as the cornerstone for building a multi-ethnic democratic country . Combined with a commitment to fiscal decentralization , this signifies the Government ’ s intention to give local governments more direct and transparent control over public spending . * * _Ethiopia ’ s Development Strategy_ . * * Ethiopia is currently implementing its second poverty reduction strategy ( PRS ) , known as the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty ( PASDEP ) . The PASDEP shows a strong vertical coordination of sectoral strategies with the overall government strategy and is well integrated with the budget through the Macroeconomic and Fiscal Framework ( MEFF ) and the government / donor Joint Budget and Aid Review ( JBAR ) . The PASDEP ’ s strategic vision is one of rapid and sustained growth primarily through scaled up development assistance and large domestic investments targeted at eliminating the poverty traps that have hindered the development of the country . Strengthening human resource capacity and achievement of the MDGs , of which education is a key element , is a > 1 The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development ( MOFED ) ( 2006 ) . The Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty ( PASDEP ) ( 2006-2010 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Date | 29-Apr-2016 | 07-Dec-2018 | 07-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2021 | # # Improving labor market information < mark > IN00776765 < / mark > ► Number of and types of LMIS reports published by the LMIS unit ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | n . a . | n . a . | Fully functional LMIS < br > generating and < br > disseminating various | | | | | | LMI reports | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 | 07-Dec-2018 | 07-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2021 | 12 / 18 / 2019 Page 5 of 7", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 464, "text": "LMI reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", < br > MTR and End < br > of project | consulting < br > firms and the < br > project M & E < br > system | baseline , MTR and end < br > of project surveys and < br > project M & E system | independent firms and < br > PCUs | | | The indicator measures , in < br > hectares , the land area for | | | | | | Land area under sustainable landscape < br > management practices | which new and / or improved < br > sustainable landscape < br > management practices have < br > been introduced . Land is the < br > terrestrial biologically < br > productive system | Quarterly | Quarterly < br > progress < br > reports , | Routine data < br > collection / GEMS | PCUs | Page 57 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 620, "end": 632, "text": "Routine data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3681 # * * Productivity , Ownership and the Investment Climate : International Lessons for Priorities in Serbia * * # # * * Itzhak Goldberg , Branko Radulovic and Mark Schaffer * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > # # # _Abstract_ _This paper uses data on 27 , 000 firms from 50 countries , half of which are transition economies , together with the specific case of Serbia to examine the relationship between productivity , the investment climate and private ownership of firms . As government capacity to address the investment climate constraints is limited , the prioritization of the constraints is critical . Identification of the relative effects of various investment climate constraints and ownership on productivity should serve as a guide for such prioritization . _ _Although ownership has recently received less attention in policy decisions than previously , according to the econometric analysis of productivity reported in the paper , private ownership is an equally or more important determinant of productivity than other components of the investment climate . The importance of ownership shows that an unfinished privatization and restructuring agenda might have negative effects on productivity , in parallel to poor investment climate . Another important finding is that countries in which firms complain more about infrastructure tend to have less productive firms . _ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3681 , August 2005 > _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ 1", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 268, "text": "data on 27 , 000 firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "source is not suitable for analyzing effects by cause of death . The cause of death in the FEPB database is the official cause of death listed in their death certificate issued in the destination countries . The causes of death might have been tampered with to avoid insurance and other hassles ( legal hassle for employers , detailed medical procedure to determine the exact causes , delays in dead body repatriation for the family of the deceased ) . The prevalence and variance of ‘ natural ’ cause of death of adult young male across different destinations is an evidence of the dubious quality of information on the cause of death of Nepali migrant workers ( Figure 4 ) . Hence , I do not pursue any analysis on the cause of death . The data suggest very low and fairly constant mortality rate of Nepali workers abroad . I compute death rate by using the counts from the FEPB database and estimated migrant stock in each month in the destination countries . To estimate the migrant stock , I assume that migrants to the Persian Gulf countries return after 2 years and migrants to Malaysia return after 2 . 5 years . Using this rule in migrant outflow database from DoFE , I obtain net flow of migrants to each destination in each month . The census of 2011 provides a snapshot of the migrant stock for June of 2011 in each of these destinations . This , along with the net flow of migrants provides an estimate of the migrant stock in each destination for each month . < sup > 7 < / sup > The estimated overall two-year mortality rate is 1 . 3 per thousand migrant workers in 2013 , which is slightly higher than the rate of 1 . 16 per thousand worker in 2010 . < sup > 8 < / sup > Though the estimated magnitude of the rate is slightly higher in 2013 compared to 2010 , the plot of smoothened death rates suggests that migrant death rates remained fairly constant throughout the study period ( Figure 5 ) . The figure also shows that death rates in Malaysia and Saudi Arabia are slightly higher than death rates in Qatar and the UAE .", "spans": [{"start": 876, "end": 889, "text": "FEPB database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1140, "end": 1164, "text": "migrant outflow database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1247, "end": 1261, "text": "census of 2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Protection * * De l ’ analyse de la documentation d ’ Etat-Civil , près de 32 % des rapatriés ne sont pas enregistrés à l ’ Etat-Civil < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > par ignorance de l ’ importance du processus d ’ enregistrement à l ’ état-civil . Il est aussi vrai que bon nombre de jeunes gens sont nés en exil et que pour les autres , ils ne se sont jamais faits enregistrés à l ’ Etat-Civil avant l ’ exil . Par ailleurs , l ’ insuffisance de surface aménagée , le manque d ’ intrants agricoles sont les principaux problèmes qui grèvent à la production agricole chez les rapatriés . Concernant l ’ élevage , le nombre des ménages retournés et rapatriés qui déclare être en possession des animaux reste très infime ( 6 % ) . S ’ agissant des moyens de subsistance , la majorité des ménages rapatriés ont perdu leur autonomisation et vivent désormais d ’ aides et dons humanitaires ( 41 % ) , d ’ aides communautés et / ou de tierces personnes ( 17 % ) . De ce qui précède , on remarque que les personnes rapatriées dépendent fortement de l ’ assistance . Pour ce faire , d ’ autres secteurs d ’ activités doivent être créés dans l ’ objectif d ’ offrir de l ’ emploi à une partie de la main-d ’ œuvre agricole vers de nouvelles activités autres que l ’", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 74, "text": "documentation d ’ Etat-Civil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "meeting startups . As part of Vilcap ’ s normal training program , trainee investors then continue to evaluate startups three more times , using standardized criteria . In the second stage , we leveraged the panel dataset of trainee investors ’ investment decisions and tested the effect of an additional treatment , added to the first treatment . We prompted treated investors to inquire about startups ’ progress during the selection period . Using this panel dataset allowed assessment of whether gender disparities appeared at specific stages of the selection process ( e . g . , Botelho and Abraham 2017 , Bohren et al . 2019 ) . To conduct the two-stage field experiment , we worked with Vilcap in eight of its investment training programs ( two each in four regions – Africa , India , Middle East , and Latin America – allowing for one treatment and one control group in each region ) . Trainee and professional investors evaluated startups in these eight Vilcap programs . This resulted in a dataset of 31 , 714 evaluation scores . Our first stage leveraged the cross-section sample of 1 , 341 dyadic investor-startup decisions by investors made after the investor met a startup founder . This sample included both professional investors as well as trainee investors who were trained by Vilcap to allocate $ 320 , 000 to 16 out of 87 startups . The second stage leveraged the panel nature of the trainee investor dataset . We randomized investors into treatment and control groups , with a panel dataset of 1 , 530 decisions ( from 510 investor-startup dyads over three time periods after the initial analysis we observed in the first stage ) . Both stages of the field experiment were pre-registered . # * * < mark > 5 . First Stage : S < / mark > ystematizing Inquiry about Risk and Reward * * * * 5 . 1 . Setting and Design . * * We systematized how Vilcap prompted investors to inquire about risk and reward in their evaluation template and assessed the impact on reducing gender disparities in continuing due diligence ( H1 ) , and the consistency of investor inquiry across startups ( H2 ) . Trainee investors met startups in a", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 265, "text": "panel dataset of trainee investors ’ investment decisions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 456, "end": 469, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1404, "end": 1428, "text": "trainee investor dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _VII . A . The estimated impact of management practices on profits and productivity_ * * < u > Profits : Overall we estimate a total increase in profits of around $ 228 , 000 , with our < / u > calculations outlined in Table A5 . We could not obtain accounting data on these firms ’ profits and losses . Public accounts data are available only with a lag of 2-3 years at the firm level ( rather than plant , which is what we would want ) , and in our interviews with firm owners they told us they under-report profits to avoid tax and also move profits to years when they want a loan ( to have proof of income ) . When asked for their internal accounts the firms were evasive and would not provide them , beyond occasional comments that profits were in the range of $ 0 . 5m to $ 1m per year . < sup > 25 < / sup > So we estimated the changes from the quality , inventory and efficiency improvements . Our methodology is simple : for example , if an improvement in practices is estimated to reduce inventory stock by X tons of yarn , we map this into profits using conservative estimates of the cost of carrying X tons of yarn . Or if it reduces the numbers of hours required to mend defects we estimated this reduction in hours on the firm ’ s total wage bill . These estimates are medium-run because , for example , it takes a few months for the firms to reduce their mending manpower . These estimates for increases in profits are potentially biased . There is a downward bias because we take firms ’ initial capital , labor and product range as given . But in the long run the firms can re-optimize , for example , with more machines per weaver if quality improves ( as dealing with breakdowns is time consuming ) . Furthermore , many of the management practices are complementary , so they are much more effective when introduced jointly ( e . g . Milgrom and Roberts , 1990 ) . However , the intervention time-horizon was too short to change many of", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 271, "text": "accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 310, "end": 330, "text": "Public accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 10 . 4 | 13 . 5 | 20 . 2 | 33 . 9 | 39 . 3 | 36 . 2 | | 2 children | 3 . 05 | 3 . 28 | 3 . 25 | 3 . 24 | 17 . 2 | 12 . 2 | 12 . 7 | 16 . 0 | 21 . 9 | 36 . 3 | 33 . 7 | 35 . 8 | | 3 and more children | 3 . 03 | 3 . 17 | 3 . 28 | 3 . 20 | 23 . 1 | 17 . 5 | 12 . 5 | 15 . 1 | 23 . 1 | 32 . 8 | 33 . 5 | 32 . 9 | | singleparent | 3 . 11 | 3 . 37 | 3 . 36 | 3 . 43 | 14 . 9 | 11 . 6 | 13 . 0 | 9 . 2 | 24 . 1 | 41 . 6 | 39 . 8 | 42 . 3 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 32", "spans": [{"start": 475, "end": 483, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using this information , the park VR experiences for Treatment-1 ( T1 ) and Treatment-3 ( T3 ) were digitally enhanced with the following elements : ( i ) additional entry / exit to the park ; ( ii ) street lights ; ( iii ) tea kiosk ; ( iv ) emergency phone ; ( v ) group tables and benches ; ( vi ) signals promoting respect of others ; ( vii ) picnic area for families ; ( viii ) removal of trash ; ( ix ) garbage bins ; ( x ) shady trees and tall grass ; ( xi ) play fixtures for children ; and ( xii ) greener grass . < sup > 6 < / sup > To add social diversity to the park for Treatment-2 ( T2 ) and Treatment-3 ( T3 ) , 22 actors were hired to populate the park in the VR experience . The actors differed in sex ( men and women ) , age ( children , young adults and older adults ) and ethnicity ( Sindhi , Pashto and Muhajir ) . They were shown walking around and interacting with each other . Although the actors did not speak , their physical characteristics and clothes matched the visual traits of various ethnic groups in Karachi . < sup > 7 < / sup > These characteristics were wellnoticed by those who participated in the VR experience : 93 percent of those who were exposed to the diversity treatments ( T2 or T3 ) reported seeing men ; 92 percent reported seeing women ; 73 percent reported seeing Sindhis ; 72 percent reported seeing Pashtuns ; and 84 percent reported seeing Muhajirs . # * * _3 . 2 . Data_ * * The data used in this study were collected through a computer-assisted survey conducted right after the participants were exposed to the VR intervention . The survey included questions about the park and the people seen in the VR experience , as well as demographic information about the participants . In total , 2 , 010 respondents participated in the study by experiencing one of the four VR interventions and completing the follow-up survey . However , during data analysis , it became clear that some participants may", "spans": [{"start": 1482, "end": 1506, "text": "computer-assisted survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Brazil . The 262 sampled firms who reported getting a construction permit reported on average a time to get a construction permit of 85 days . For the 80 countries with both DB and ES results the average _excess_ of the DB days to get a construction permit versus the ES average is 177 days , almost three times larger than the firm reported average time of 64 days . Third , we examine the associated between DB and the firms who report very quick times ( the ― favored ‖ firms ) and those who report very slow times ( the ― disfavored ‖ firms ) . Using the 10 < sup > th < / sup > or 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of firm reported times we find that for these firms the DB numbers mean nothing at all . In every country the ― favored ‖ firms report very little delay in any of the three indicators ( clearing customs , getting construction permits , or operating licenses ) — and hence are _massively_ under-water . The median DB time to get a construction permit is 242 days , about eight _months . _ The median 10 < sup > th < / sup > and 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles are one _week_ and two _weeks_ respectively . For time to import goods the results are , if anything , more dramatic , the median DB time is 23 days , the 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile is 1 day , 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile is 2 days . Moreover , there is almost no variation across countries in the ES ― favored firm ‖ responses . The standard deviation across countries in ― favored firm ‖ ( 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ) time to get a permit was 12 days ( compared to a standard deviation of 119 days in the DB indicator ) . In contrast , there is a set of firms that do find regulations an obstacle , and the extent of delay for those firms does vary widely across countries . The ― disfavored ‖ firms —", "spans": [{"start": 1614, "end": 1626, "text": "DB indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 the Taylor expansion ) were rather muted : 2 . 3 % of the direct effect in Nicaragua , 3 . 5 % in Peru , 7 % in Honduras , and 12 . 5 % in Guatemala . < sup > 4 < / sup > The second shortcoming of the first-order approximation based on net food purchases is , according to Deaton ( 1997 ) , “ a more serious deficiency . . . its neglect of repercussions in the labor market . Changes in the price of the basic staple will affect both supply and demand for labor , and these effects can cause first-order modifications to the results . ” ( p . 187 ) . Estimates that attempt to incorporate simulated wage responses , based on behavioral models , are available for Bangladesh ( Ravallion , 1990 ) and for Indonesia ( Ravallion and van de Walle , 1991 ) , but we are not aware of studies of the recent 2007-2008 food price shock ( prior to ours ) that attempt to incorporate estimates of labor market effects . Labor market effects , as well as substitution effects , are absent , for example , from the influential study by Ivanic and Martin ( 2008 ) , which was based on pre-shock household survey data for ten low-income countries containing information on both purchases and sales of a few key staple commodities . Assuming 100 percent pass-through of international to domestic prices , they estimated the first-order effects of these price increases across the expenditure distributions . Even accounting for the existence of net food sellers among the poor , the authors conclude that poverty is likely to have increased in most countries in their sample . As the authors note , however , they had no access to data on the evolution of the domestic food prices actually faced by consumers in each of the countries they analyzed . Although the assumption of 100 percent pass-through is a sensible one under these circumstances , it is clearly strong . In a recent survey of commodity price impacts , Brambilla and Porto ( 2009 ) argue that the pass-through from international food prices is generally well short of 100 percent . In addition , spatial heterogeneity in", "spans": [{"start": 1072, "end": 1103, "text": "pre-shock household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1868, "end": 1901, "text": "survey of commodity price impacts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . ; Ligomeka , W . ( 2019 ) . Expensive to be a female trader : The reality of taxation of flea market traders in Zimbabwe . _ICTD Research in Brief 35_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . 125 Taxation exclusively of land is relatively uncommon , but exists , for example , in Kenya . In turn , in many other countries , valuations of improvements on land fail to capture their actual value , distorting tax liabilities . 126 Paler , L . , Prichard , W . , Sanchez de la Sierra , R . , & Samii , C . ( 2017 ) . Survey on total tax burden in the DRC , Final Report . Kinshasa : Department for International Development . > 127 Goodfellow , T . ( 2017 ) . Taxing property in the neo-developmental state : The politics of urban land value capture in Rwanda and Ethiopia . _African Affairs , _ 116 ( 475 ) : 549 – 572 _ . _ > 128 Kangave , J . , Nakato , S . , Waiswa , R . , & Lumala Zzimbe , P . ( 2016 ) . Boosting revenue collection through taxing high net worth individuals : The case of Uganda . _ICTD Working Paper 45_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . ; Prichard , W . ( 2009 ) . _Taxation and development in Ghana : Finance , equity and accountability_ . London : Tax Justice Network ; Fairfield , T . , & De Luis Jorrat , M . ( 2016 ) . Top income shares , business profits , and effective tax rates in contemporary Chile . _The Review of Income and Wealth_ , 62 ( S1 ) : S120-S144 ; Bird , R . , & Zolt , E . ( 2005 ) . Redistribution via taxation : The limited role of the personal income tax in developing countries . _International Tax Program Paper 0508_ . Toronto : Joseph L . Rotman School of Management . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Where we instrument the follow-up survey report of whether the firm had received a municipal inspection in the past year with assignment to the inspector treatment group . We estimate this equation using the follow-up survey data for the control group and inspector group only . We consider both ALF registration , which is the registration form most closely tied to municipal inspection , as well as our overall measure of formalizing . Table 8 displays the results . We see the point estimates range from 0 . 214 to 0 . 265 , so that receiving an inspection results in a 21 to 27 percentage point increase in the likelihood of formalizing . The statistical significance is greatest for ALF registration , where the p-value is 0 . 108 for definite registration , and 0 . 051 for definite or probable registration . This is the impact on the group of firms who answer the follow-up survey . It therefore removes firms which had closed or which cannot be found easily , but still includes some firms which were actually already formally registered . Our estimate is thus a lower bound for the impact that inspections would have on formalization of informal firms . The estimated cost of an inspection is R $ 64 . 34 , which is based on an estimated inspection taking 56 minutes per visit plus 17 minutes of travel time ( estimates provided by PBH ) . The inspectors visited 387 firms ( the rest being closed or not found ) , so the total cost of inspections is estimated at R $ 24 , 900 . Taking our estimated impact of 11 to 22 more firms formalizing , the cost per firm formalized is R $ 1132-2264 . Our IV estimates suggest that since many of these inspections would have occurred anyway , approximately four additional inspections are required to get one firm to register for an ALF license , so the estimated cost of formalizing one firm is approximately R $ 256 . Annual tax revenue is R $ 620 for a MEI , and based on 4 percent revenue tax on the average revenue of R $ 57 , 000 for newly formalized firms with an ALF , is R $ 2280 . Firms report", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 229, "text": "follow-up survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- CSA-156457-NC-RFB / < br > ICT Infrastructure < br > improvement including < br > Software for CSA . Improving < br > the CSA IT throughLicensing Windows Desktopand Laptop workstation ( via IDA / D2290 Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - OneEnvelope 350 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-02-28 2020-03-04 2020-04-15 2020-05-15 2020-06-19 2020-12-16 < br > volume licensing agreement < br > or Enterprise Agreement ) < br > and Capacity building for < br > staff members < br > ET-CSA-156246-NC-RFB / < br > Procurement of non - < br > consulting services ( Car < br > rental ) for the Agricultural < br > Census MethodologyImprovement - Cost for therental car services for the IDA / D2290 Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - OneEnvelope 165 , 672 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-02-28 2020-03-04 2020-04-15 2020-05-15 2020-06-19 2020-12-16 < br > Agricultural Census < br > Methodological Improvement < br > to Coordinate and facilitate < br > the Field Activities < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 % | 7 . 1 % | 3 . 9 % | 5 . 6 % | 8 . 8 % | | * * Small land * * | 13 . 3 % | 3 . 0 % | 28 . 8 % | 0 . 0 % | 22 . 7 % | 1 . 1 % | 0 . 0 % | 5 . 1 % | 10 . 7 % | 1 . 6 % | 13 . 0 % | 8 . 0 % | | * * Too Much Rain / Floods * * | 1 . 6 % | 0 . 4 % | 4 . 1 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | 1 . 5 % | 0 . 5 % | 0 . 7 % | 0 . 0 % | 3 . 7 % | 1 . 0 % | | * * Other ( Specify ) * * | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 9 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 6 % | 1 . 5 % | 0 . 5 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | 5 . 6 % | 0 . 5 % | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 78 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * household members was found to be limited in Kabul , and organisations involved in emergency responses now recognise that more needs to be done to meet the specific protection needs of the most vulnerable IDPs . A multidimensional approach to beneficiary selection that relies on a holistic set of targeting indicators may enable stakeholders to better tailor assistance packages to the specific protection needs of vulnerable outliers that exist within the larger target group . These supplementary packages of assistance can then be provided to specific IDPs after initial blanket distributions have taken place . # # * * On beneficiary preferences for CBIs * * # # # * * Vulnerable groups prefer a mix of cash and in-kind assistance * * When asked which type of assistance a respondent favoured , 53 % expressed a preference for cash , whilst 33 % favoured in-kind . However , over 10 % of respondents felt that a mix of in-kind assistance and direct cash would help them best meet their needs . The mix of modalities selected , and the clear rationale behind the selection , shows that many IDPs are keenly aware of local market dynamics and are able to distinguish which interventions are most suited to their specific needs at different times of the year . # # # * * Money doesn ’ t buy happiness , but … * * As part of the quantitative field survey respondents were asked how they perceived their general situation in the community changing over the next 12-months . Almost equal numbers of respondents ’ felt that their situation would either improve a little ( 39 % ) , or become a little worse ( 31 % ) . However , respondents who received an average assistance of $ 300 felt that their situation would improve a lot . # # # * * Beneficiaries are loyal to their cash modalities * * Focus group discussions and individual surveys revealed that IDPs who received one type of cash of voucher", "spans": [{"start": 1424, "end": 1449, "text": "quantitative field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thus , the total effects of tourism on income distribution and poverty reduction depend on more than just the level of spending by tourists on various commodities and services , and who receives the direct employment and incomes from these purchases . The overall impact of tourism also depends on the size of the multiplier effects on output of other sectors , and the distribution of the revenues from increased production to various factors ( labor and capital ) and ultimately to household groups ( poor and non-poor ) . These multiplier effects are particularly important for spreading the benefits of Panama ’ s tourism industry to the poor , since many of the poor do not have direct contact with tourists , themselves . The multiplier effects of tourism revenues ( and growth in outputs of other sectors ) can be estimated using a semi-input-output ( SIO ) model of Panama ’ s economy . In the SIO model , output of some sectors , typically those producing tradable goods , is assumed to be fixed ( completely inelastic ) , and does not expand in response to increases in demand . For these products , increased demand results in increased net imports . For elastically supplied products , however , increased demand is assumed to induce increases in output . < sup > 16 < / sup > The data base for the model is a Social Accounting Matrix ( SAM ) for Panama for 2003 which describes the input-output structure of production , the distribution of earnings of labor and capital to various household groups , and patterns of spending . In order to enable the simulation of distributional effects of policy , the SAM includes nine productive factors ( four types of labor , agricultural land , and four types of capital ) along with eight household groups ( urban poor and non-poor , rural poor and non-poor for each of four regions Panama City and Canal Zone , Bocas del Toro , Chiriqui and Other Panama ) defined using household survey data ( Table 5 ) . * * Table 5 : Panama : Size and Expenditures of Major Household Groups , 2005 * * | | * * Population * * < br > * * ( '", "spans": [{"start": 1322, "end": 1346, "text": "Social Accounting Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1925, "end": 1946, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) * * Figure 1 : Consumer Price Index of select commodity groups in Juba , South Sudan * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Bread & Cereals Meat Oils & Fats Vegetables < br > 3500 < br > 3000 < br > 2500 < br > 2000 < br > 1500 < br > 1000 < br > 500 < br > 0 < br > Consumer Price Index < br > Jan 2015 Feb 2015 Mar 2015 Apr 2015 May 2015 June 2015 July 2015 Aug 2015 Sep 2015 Oct 2015 Nov 2015 Dec 2015 Jan 2016 Feb 2016 Mar 2016 Apr 2016 May 2016 June 2016 July 2016 Aug 2016 Sep 2016 Oct 2016 Nov 2016 Dec 2016 Jan 2017 Feb 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : http : / / www . ssnbs . org / cpi / 8 . * * Continuing armed conflict has worsened the food security situation and destroyed agricultural assets and production in many parts of the country . * * The conflict initially primarily affected the Greater Upper Nile Region ( the states of Upper Nile , Unity and Jonglei ) , while leaving the Central Equatoria region largely untouched . Subsequently , however , in 2016 the conflict situation spread to other areas , particularly Western Equatoria and parts of Eastern Equatoria . Lakes State has also been affected by localized conflict related to cattle rustling . Western Equatoria State , perhaps the most productive state of the country , has witnessed a sharp decline in cultivated area and crop production as a result of being recently affected by insecurity . In addition , conflict has affected the supply of food commodities both directly through its impacts on market infrastructure and through disruption of trade flows into and within South Sudan . Market infrastructure factors mainly affect the conflict ‐ stricken areas of the Greater Upper Nile states , while the disruption of trade has a more general and widespread impact on", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 128, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 361, "end": 381, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Past decades have seen Malaysia experience a long period of rapid economic growth . GDP per capita grew from about MYR 7 , 000 in 1970 to MYR 43 , 000 in 2018 in constant Malaysian ringgit ( WDI 2020 ) . This is a more than sixfold increase . For the period studied in this paper , 2004 – 2016 , cumulative real GDP growth was about 77 percent , while real per capita incomes grew by around 46 percent ( WDI 2020 ) . Interestingly , and somewhat unusually compared to many other countries experiencing rapid economic growth , survey-based income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient fell from about 0 . 46 in 2004 to 0 . 41 in 2016 . These two forces have combined to all but eliminate extreme poverty at the international poverty line of USD 1 . 90 at 2011 PPPs . Malaysia introduced a new national poverty line in 2020 , which is roughly USD 10 per person per day at 2011 PPPs . Based on this new official poverty line , the poverty headcount fell from 7 . 6 percent in 2016 to 5 . 6 percent in 2019 ( DOSM , 2020 ) . While this reduction in the headline poverty rate is well-documented , not much is known about poverty dynamics in Malaysia – i . e . , statistics that capture the movements in and out of poverty of individuals or households over time . Studies of this kind have been published for other countries in the region , such as Indonesia and Vietnam ( Imai et al . ( 2011 ) , Justino et al . ( 2008 ) , Purwono et al . ( 2021 ) , Suryahadi et al . ( 2003 ) ) . On Malaysia , there have been studies based on retrospective data that investigate socio-economic intergenerational mobility ( Khalid 2018 , Hamid et al . 2019 ) . However , this study is the first to provide information on poverty dynamics in Malaysia based on official micro-level survey data . One particular feature of Malaysia ’ s development model concerns the preferential treatment of the Bumiputera ethnic groups , the population segment that was economically disadvantaged both before and after", "spans": [{"start": 1551, "end": 1569, "text": "retrospective data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1775, "end": 1798, "text": "micro-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are particularly low . This speaks to the clear need to improve the quality of vocational education in Jordan , as > 6 “ Using PISA to Understand the Determinants of Learning in the Middle-East and North Africa Region , ” HDNED . > 7 For whatever reason , the research has tended to focus on institutional aspects and components that , it is claimed , tentatively appear to hold promise for improving quality : Centralized exams , Accountability , Choice , School autonomy , Performance incentives , Supply side interventions , and Demand side interventions , teacher preparation and training , to name a few . Each of these strategies or policies may hold promise , but the evidence thus far is not universally compelling and in and of themselves they provide few useful insights for policymakers looking to design reforms likely to improve classroom practices that will improve learning . > 8 Note that one would normally do the comparison compared to illiterates ; however , the household survey did not capture any illiterates and thus we are unable to perform that comparison . Later , we consider the implications given our best guess as to what accurate data on wages for illiterates would tell us . 85", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 998, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The result would be that enforcing formalization may cause these firms to shut down , since they cannot afford to operate formally . Table 4 examines this possibility by looking at the impact of the different treatments on firm closure . Firm closure is measured by whether the firm is observed to be closed at the time of the followup survey , coupled with information obtained from neighboring businesses . Between 14 and 16 percent of the control group is verified as closed at follow-up , with none of the treatments having any sizeable or significant impact on this closure rate . In particular , it is not the case that firms which received enforcement through the inspector treatment are more likely to have closed down . # * * 5 . 4 . Impact on Formalization * * Table 7 turns to the main outcome of interest , whether or not the treatments succeeded in getting firms to formalize . We use the administrative data to measure formalization , since this offers impacts without attrition , and offers substantially larger samples to measure impacts , offering the most power . < sup > 12 < / sup > The first few columns compare the control firms to the free cost and communication firms . We see that assigning firms to the free cost treatment have a strongly significant negative impact on the likelihood of MEI registration ( p = 0 . 008 for definite matches , p = 0 . 010 for probable matches ) . One possible explanation for this is that the free cost and communication interventions explained how to register for SIMPLES , but not how to register as a MEI . The free cost treatment also emphasized the need to have an accountant if you formalize , which is not required for MEIs . The unexpected policy change right after we launched this intervention increased the revenue thresholds under which firms could register as MEIs . It is plausible that firms receiving the communication and free cost intervention were less aware of this policy change given the information about the need to register for SIMPLES and get an accountant that they were given in person , causing them to decide not to register at all . The point estimates", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 921, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - * * If * * the grievance is deemed ineligible it can be rejected . However , a full explanation as to the reasons for this must be given to the complainant and recorded in the Grievance Database . - * * If * * the grievance is eligible , determine its severity level . This will hefap pdetermine whether the grievance can be resolved immediately or requires further in i < sup > 4 < / sup > tigation and whether senior management will need to be informe * * f * * the grievance . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ~ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > I - ~ ge < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Mid-Day * *", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 198, "text": "Grievance Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the national urbanisation rate of 4 . 1 per cent ( [ CSA ] , 2015 ) . As a result , the population of Hawassa is projected to reach 1 , 204 , 098 by 2040 , adding nearly one million people within the coming 20 years ( LamsonHall et al . , 2015 ) . This suggests the need to expand amenities and utilities , of which supply of power is a key issue . Table 4 . 8 : Population Sizes by Region , Town and District | * * Ri / Cit * * | | * * Popu * * | * * lation * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * egony * * | | | | | | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | * * Total * * | | * * Regions * * | | | | | Sidama Region | 2 , 953 , 043 | 2 , 636 , 559 | 5 , 589 , 602 | | Oromia Region | 20 , 482 , 000 | 20 , 402 , 000 | 40 , 884 , 000 | | * * Total * * | * * _23 , 435 , 043_ * * | * * _23 , 038 , 559_ * * | * * _46 , 473 , 602_ * * | | * * Cities * * | | | | | Hawassa City | 287 , 734 | 289 , 341 | 577 , 075 | | Shashemene City | 109 , 293 | 109 , 704 | 218 , 997 | | * * Total * * | * * 397 , 027 * * | * * 399 , 045 * * | * * 796 , 072 * * | _Source : ( i ) Population Projection ( CSA , 2023 , July ) ; ( ii ) Woreda Administration Offices ( 2023 , November ) _ # # # # # # * * 4 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1063, "end": 1084, "text": "Population Projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CDR analysis can complement conventional research methods by enhancing the statistical strength of survey data and by extrapolating these data across time and space . The analysis presented above was limited to encrypted and aggregated CDR data from just five administrative departments in southwestern Guatemala , and the results suggest that expanding the sample size would allow for more robust and reliable poverty estimates . Policy makers in Guatemala could obtain more comprehensive datasets by working directly with MNOs . As analytical methodologies are further developed , CDR applications could extend well beyond poverty mapping . CDRs could enable policy makers to track patterns of crime , food insecurity , epidemic disease and other social and economic shocks in real time . Policy makers in Guatemala and other developing countries now have the ability to access a wealth of cellular data . Establishing strong partnerships with mobile operators will be the first step in harnessing the enormous potential of cellular data for socioeconomic research and policy analysis . * * 21 * *", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 110, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 236, "end": 244, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1026, "end": 1039, "text": "cellular data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 , 000m you climb ( or 3 . 5 ° F per 1 , 000 ft ) . Kenya ’ s daytime temperatures average between 20 ° C / 68 ° F and 28 ° C / 82 ° F , but it is warmer at the coast . The coast is hot and humid all year round . The dry and wet seasons are as follows : _Dry season_ – June – October — These are the coldest months and temperatures vary significantly per region and with their difference in altitude . Daytime temperatures are usually around 23 ° C / 73 ° F at higher altitudes , and 28 ° C / 82 ° F at lower altitudes , like the coastal areas ; and _Wet season_ - November to May — During the wet season daytime temperatures are between 24 ° C / 75 ° F and 27 ° C / 81 ° F at higher altitudes . At lower altitudes daytime temperatures are more consistent and hover at 30 ° C / 86 ° F . From December to April the humidity is intense in coastal areas . There are long ( March to May ) and short ( October to December ) rainy seasons interspersed with dry spells in the months of January to March and May to October . # # # _3 . 2 . 2 . 2 Climate Change_ Climate change has evolved from being simply an environmental problem to a major development challenge impacting all economic sectors . There is evidence from historical records that Kenya has experienced increased temperature over the last 50 years . The frequency of intense extreme weather events like droughts and floods has also increased . Future climatic predictions indicate a possible temperature increase of 1 ° C by 2020 and 2 . 3 ° C by 2050 . Rainfall pattern changes have also been noticed since the 1960s . Increased rainfall has been observed during the October to December rainfall season < sup > 27 < / sup > > 26 ( “ Cities in Kenya - Major Cities and Towns - Kenya Cities , ” 2018 ) > 27 Ongoma , V . , Chen , H . and", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1232, "text": "historical records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for estimating the probability of personal , household and community factors to have a significant association on the aspirations of youth aspirations for higher education ( complete university degree or post-graduate studies ) , working on STEM-related jobs and for migrating to seek better life opportunities . The core specification is estimated for the entire sample of youth aged 15-25 years old _i_ interviewed at time _t_ = 2021 . The specification includes covariates captured in the LSMS-ISA pre-COVID-19 surveys denoted by the sub-index _t_ - _1_ . A similar model is replicated for three different outcomes : educational aspirations ( m = 1 ) , career aspirations ( m = 2 ) , and migration aspirations ( m = 3 ) . The main specification is presented as Equation 1 . > 4 The sampling frame for these phone surveys was the most recent nationally representative LSMS-supported national longitudinal household survey . This enables a methodologically sound comparison with the pre-COVID-19 survey data . This paper uses data from the latest rounds of LSMS surveys from three countries : Ethiopia ( September / December 2018 and June / August 2019 ) , Malawi ( April 2019 to March 2020 ) , and Nigeria ( July / August 2018 and January / February 2019 ) . > 5 For details on reweighting techniques , please consult the World Bank Guidelines on Sampling Design available at < u > https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 742581588695955271 / pdf / Guidelines-on-Sampling-Design . pdf < / u > 7", "spans": [{"start": 492, "end": 521, "text": "LSMS-ISA pre-COVID-19 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 870, "end": 923, "text": "LSMS-supported national longitudinal household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 984, "end": 1008, "text": "pre-COVID-19 survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "28 % | 33 % | 36 % | 28 % | | % Primary or less | 49 % | 51 % | 46 % | 41 % | 42 % | 38 % | 32 % | 34 % | 30 % | | % Junior High | | | | | | | | | | | School | 20 % | 22 % | 18 % | 25 % | 26 % | 22 % | 29 % | 30 % | 26 % | | % High School | 17 % | 14 % | 22 % | 18 % | 16 % | 22 % | 21 % | 20 % | 23 % | | % College | 14 % | 13 % | 15 % | 16 % | 15 % | 18 % | 18 % | 16 % | 21 % | Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys . Each year uses information from all available quarters : 2000 uses quarters 2-4 , 2007 uses quarters 1-4 , 2014 uses quarters 1-2 . Full sample uses all individuals ages 23-65 , and working sample uses all individuals with positive hours of work ages 23-65 . Monthly earnings and hourly wages are restricted to full-time workers ( at least 30 weekly hours of work ) and are in constant Mexican Pesos of the first quarter of 2014 . Married includes cohabitation . Rural refers to individuals living in localities with less than 15 , 000 inhabitants . Primary or less refers to individuals with less than 9 years of schooling , Junior High School refers to individuals with at least 9 years but less than 12 years of schooling , High School refers to individuals with at least 12 but less than 16 years of schooling , and College refers to individuals with at least 16 years of schooling . # * * 3 . Results * * Our results can be summarized as follows . The Datt-Ravallion decomposition ( Table 2 ) shows that most of the change in the proportion of workers below the baseline wage is due to a shift in the distribution rather than to a change in its shape . The skewing towards the lower end", "spans": [{"start": 418, "end": 447, "text": "quarterly Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) < br > | < br > | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2020 | | Value | Operational guideline for < br > PFM Woreda < br > benchmarking has been < br > developed ; | Data not yet available . | Data not yet available . | Repeat PFM < br > benchmarking | | Date | - - | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Due date for results on the D | LI is November 1 , 2019 . | | | | ► DLI 17 DLI 9 Over | sight function of Regional Procureme | nt regulatory bodies has been i | mproved ( Outcome , 12 , 000 , 0 | 00 . 00 , 0 % ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2020 | | Value | N / A | Data not yet available . | This is DLR 9 . 6 : < br > Procurement performance < br > is reported by four regions < br > ( Amhara , Oromia , < br > SNNPR , Tigray ) based on < br > KPIs on three basic < br > sectors ( agriculture , < br > health , education ) < br > pertaining to analyzed < br > data for EFY 2009 . This is < br > achieved . | Oversight function < br > of Regional < br > Procurement < br > regulatory bodies < br > has been improved | 2 / 21 / 2020 Page 27 of 30", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 981, "text": "data for EFY 2009", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Vorld Bank Client Connection jill ? > Ml Portfolio > TF A2561 > Disbursements > Applications | _oan : _TF * * A2561 * * ( TF ) < br > Status : DisbursingCountry : Kenya < br > _project : _P152394-TransformingHealthSystemsforUniversalCare | | | Pt | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | LoanOverview < br > Disbursements < br > eForms < br > Applicatioris * * I * * Contracts | Designated / UNAccounts * * I * * CategoryScheduleI | MonthlyDisbu | rsementSumm | ary | | Showingresults * * I - I * * of * * I * * IPage * * 11 * * Showingsetsof * * 10 * * * * _50_100 * * Show * * Al * * | | | | | * * TransactionList ( * * ClickDownloadtoseemoreinformation ) | | | IF7 | | * * Jump * * < br > Filter < br > * * DA-A * * < br > t < br > * * By * * < br > Value < br > Date | Category | PaidSummary | | | Application < br > Category < br > w < br > TypeerCcy < br > Amount4 < br > Summary < br > Ccy $ Reference < br > Tye < br > Cy < br > Aon , | Paid < br > Amount | Date < br > Received < br > . | Value Date | | * * GFF * * WA1 < br > * * DA-A * * < br > * * USD * * < br > * * 2 , 500 , 000 . 00 * * < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 614, "text": "TransactionList", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption derived from these data frequently exclude large , once-in-a-lifetime , expenditures such as weddings and funerals as they tend to distort rankings of individuals , if not properly annuitized over the lifespan of the individual ( Deaton and Zaidi , 2002 ) . A related concern with GDP is that despite significant efforts to establish international standards for the compilation of national accounts , guided by the UN Statistical Division ’ s System of National Accounts ( SNA ) , there remain substantial heterogeneity in methods and standards across countries . This heterogeneity has recently been particularly pronounced in SubSaharan Africa , where several countries have revised their national accounts estimates to incorporate new methods and data sources in efforts to better capture more economic sectors and include emerging economic activities that were not previously captured . These methodological revisions to national accounts can produce significant breaks in comparability . For example , in 2017 , Senegal ’ s GDP increased by 29 percent when it changed its base year from 1999 to 2014 . In 2014 , Nigeria ’ s GDP nearly doubled when it rebased from 1990 to 2010 ( Angrist et al . , forthcoming ) . Similar revisions of more than 20 percent occurred in Ghana , Kenya , Senegal , and Zimbabwe ( see Kouame et al . , 2019 ) . In contrast to estimates from household surveys , the common practice is to revise the entire national accounts series , improving comparability over time within each country . < sup > 19 < / sup > Of potentially more consequence to cross-country comparability of GDP is the shifting of profits from one country to another by multi-national corporations . Paul Krugman coined the term _leprechaun economics_ in 2015 , when Ireland reported a 26 percent increase in GDP , which was mostly the result of an accounting maneuver by Apple to shift assets to Ireland on paper . This foreign direct investment in Ireland did not improve the well-being of the Irish in any meaningful way , nor did it increase economic activity , but was simply a tax-avoidance measure that resulted in distorting economic growth as measured by GDP . Damgaard et al . ( 2019 ) estimate that up to 40 percent of global", "spans": [{"start": 1385, "end": 1402, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1449, "end": 1473, "text": "national accounts series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) ICR DOCUMENT US $ 1 , 550 million leveraged robust fiduciary practices and safeguarded expenditures which amounted to over 15 times the IDA contribution . 35 . * * In education , ESPES led to significant improvements in equitable school enrollment and completion rates for girls , as well as an expansion of adult non-formal education . * * Education sector outcomes focused on equity aspects in school enrollment . In terms of geographic equity , net enrollment rates for grades 5-8 in the bottom 20 percent of woredas increased from a baseline of 17 percent in 2017 to 32 percent in 2019 . < sup > 5 < / sup > Over the same period , Grade 8 completion rates for girls in the bottom 20 percent of woredas almost doubled . The one DLI that was only partially achieved was the net attendance rate for students in the poorest quintile , with a 69 percent achievement . With school closures during COVID19 , the enrollment indicator was suspended . To promote the achievement of the education PDO indicators , intermediate results targeted improvements in the proportion of qualified teachers ( diploma level ) grade 1-4 in the lower performing regions of Afar , Somali , Southern Nations , Nationalities and Peoples ( SNNP ) and Oromia * * . * * The DLI target of 60 percent was surpassed at 72 percent . Water , sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools ( grades 1-8 ) was at only two percent when ESPES began in 2016 , rising to 27 by 2021 , with a target of 12 percent . Other nationwide indicators support these trends in better resourced schools . The national pupil-teacher ratio for grades 1-8 improved from 45 per pupil at the outset of ESPES , to closer to 35 pupils per teacher . To address labor market effects of COVID-19 , an additional 420 , 000 adults enrolled in non-formal education – more than four times", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the initial tariff and according to the Schwarz criterion the speci fi cation without it is preferred , we choose to focus on the latter , which follows our theoretical model more closely as well . < sup > 49 < / sup > The food products industry , SIC 311 , contains approximately half of all the products in our sample that do not enter the EU duty-free through preferential agreements . Although this category does not include primary agricultural products ( it includes processing of food related products ) it does share one important characteristic with agriculture : high protection . To the extent that this feature is timeinvariant , then it is immediately addressed by the fact that we estimate the equations in differences . If on the other hand the amount of the reduction depends on the initial tariff , which is on average higher for 311 than other industries , this could potentially affect the results because half of the products in 311 are non-PTA products and they represent a large share of all non-PTA products in the sample . However , this last concern should be addressed by including the initial tariff as a regressor , which , as we have just described , does not affect the results signi fi cantly . To study whether the stumbling block effect is merely driven by a cross-industry difference in the average tariff cut , we re-estimate the model by dropping the observations in 311 and obtain estimates that are qualitatively similar to those in table 2 in terms of the signs and signi fi cance of the coefficients . The point estimates of the relative growth effect in the basic speci fi cation are higher when we exclude products in 311 but the 95 % con fi dence intervals overlap with those of the corresponding speci fi cation in table 2 . < sup > 50 < / sup > A fi nal concern that we address is the potential measurement error in the production data for petroleum re fi neries ( sic 353 ) and miscellaneous petroleum and coal products ( sic 354 ) . Given that these are sensitive sectors , the production data for them can be inaccurate and is in some cases missing .", "spans": [{"start": 1868, "end": 1883, "text": "production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effects of land titling concentrate on either rural or urban households , this study builds on data collected in a peri-urban setting . That is , in the study location there is considerable competition among alternative land uses : agricultural , commercial and residential . The increasing rate of urbanization of our study location over the duration of the evaluation period – the study site is located on the outskirts of Accra , Ghana ’ s rapidly growing capital and commercial center – presents its inhabitants with changes to their local economy that challenge existing structures and institutions but also provides new opportunities in terms of income generation . Finally , the data set on which this study builds has genderdisaggregated information on plot ownership and thus identifies which plots are controlled by men or women in the study households . This allows us to examine the gender-disaggregated impacts of land titling on investment and credit . The remainder of this paper is organized into five sections . Section 2 presents background information on land tenure in the Ghanaian context and on the implementation arrangements of the MiDA Land Titling Project . In Section 3 , we present the theoretical framework that guides our empirical analysis . The program , our data and the regression model we use are explained in more detail in Section 4 . Section 5 discusses our estimates of the impact of the land titling project on tenure security , 4", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 133, "text": "data collected in a peri-urban setting", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 686, "end": 694, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Comments The indicator values are misleading due to computation issues as the data provided by KPLC are for total incidents reported by customers without any attempt to normalize the data i . e . the values are not true averages ( see below ) . Level 2 restructuring is proposed to recalculate the values . # # # #  4 . People provided with access to electricity in the project area ( CORE ) ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 728337 . 00 | 4785360 . 00 | 1425000 . 00 | | Date | - - | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Sep-2016 | # # Comments Target exceeded . # # # #  Rural offgrid conventional ( Number , Custom Breakdown ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 49 . 50 | | Date | 30-Jun-2010 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Sep-2016 | 6 / 29 / 2015 Page 6 of 17 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 103, "text": "data provided by KPLC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and self-administered instruments through phone messages . Finally , existing evidence documents heterogeneity in data quality obtained from different survey modes by some respondent characteristics ( Bardasi et al . , 2011 ; Beegle et al . , 2012 ; Gigliotti and Dietsch , 2014 ; LeFevre et al . , 2020 ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > For example , Bardasi et al . ( 2011 ) document that responses by proxy of employment rather than self-report have differential effects on employment rates by gender in Tanzania . Similarly , Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) experimentally test alternative survey designs in face-to-face surveys that measure household consumption . The authors find that under-reporting is particularly apparent for illiterate households and for urban respondents . We contribute to this literature by experimentally testing survey mode – instead of survey design – and variation in response rate by respondents ’ characteristics that are standard in the literature – gender and age – and by others that are novel and relevant due to the policy implications of the findings – phone availability and access of electronic-transfer technologies . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 describes the research design , including details on the recruitment process , and experimental design . Section 3 presents the data collected and our implementation process . In section 4 , we describe our main empirical approach . Section 5 summarizes the main results obtained from specifications presented in section 4 , and section 6 describes our robustness checks . Finally , in section 7 we briefly conclude . # * * 2 Research Design * * We embedded a survey-mode experiment in a midline survey of the impact evaluation of a positive-parenting and stress-management intervention for caregivers in El Salvador ( Amaral et al . , 2021 ) . The midline survey sought to assess if caregivers who received the intervention were incorporating its concepts . We took the opportunity of the survey to conduct the survey-mode experiment and generate evidence on the most convenient method ( CATI vs . self-completion ) to collect data on sensitive topics . We used the results of this > 8See De Weerdt et al . ( 2020 ) for a literature review", "spans": [{"start": 1698, "end": 1712, "text": "midline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Response to Displacement Impacts Project ( DRDIP-I ) was implemented in 2 woredas of the region , namely ; Aysaita & Berhale , and benefited 11 beneficiary kebeles . # # # # * * Aysaita woreda * * Aysaita is one of the Woredas in the Afar Region in Zone one Administration . Aysaita woreda is bordered on the south by Afambo , on the west by Dubti , then on the north by the Awash River which separates it from Elidar and on the east by Djibouti . Part of the shoreline of Lake Gargori is also lie within the boundaries of this Woreda . The major town , administrative center of the Woreda is Aysaita . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia , CSA this Woreda has a total population of 71 , 526 , of whom 37 , 924 are men and 33 , 602 women ; with an area of 1 , 678 . 28 square kilometers , Aysaita has a population density of 42 . 62 people per square kilometer . While 29 , 963 or 41 . 89 % are urban inhabitants , a further 41 , 563 or 58 . 11 % are pastoralists . In terms of religion of the population , 95 . 12 % are Muslim and 4 . 61 % are Orthodox Christians . Aysaita woreda has 13 Kebeles , of which 8 are pastoralists , 3 agro-pastoralists and the remaining 3 are considered as urban centers . Aysaita City Administration is newly structured as separate administration from the woreda and is targeted by DRDIP-II as City Administration . # # # # * * Berehale woreda * * Berhale woreda is another project target woreda of Afar Regional State . Geographically the wereda is found in Zone 2 of the region located from 39 . 79-40 . 43 < sup > 0 < / sup > east and 13", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 654, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unbanked to be households without access to savings accounts , the ACIM survey suggests that the unbanked in urban Colombia reach close to 70 % . A similar survey by the same company , in Mexico , reported findings of unbanked households at 85 % . 4 . The DANE survey , applied to a representative sample of 1 , 600 Bogotá households in 2002 , was sponsored by the World Bank , but designed and implemented by the Center for Economic and Development Studies in the University of Los Andes ( CEDE ) in conjunction with the National Administrative Statistics Department ( DANE ) ’ s program of Household Surveys ( ECH ) . 5 . In this study the term ‘ banked ’ refers to households and to individuals who maintain deposits ( savings , checking or CDT account ) in some formal sector financial institutions , including commercial and social interest banks , regulated cooperatives and credit unions ( these last 45", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 267, "text": "DANE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 581, "end": 609, "text": "program of Household Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of households that had their outstanding balance cancelled entirely declined by between Rs 24 , 000 ( US $ 470 ) and Rs 26 , 000 ( US $ 508 ) , or approximately 30 % of the pre-treatment mean of overall household debt . < sup > 18 < / sup > These estimates remain stable and statistically significant in alternative samples and are robust to the inclusion of additional controls and bank and district fixed effects . Given that households were surveyed approximately one and a-half years , or two > 18Note that if there is measurement error in recall data , this would likely lead to downward bias in estimates of the change of overall indebtedness , so that the true effect of debt relief may be larger than the reported point estimates . 18", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 555, "text": "recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also evident in the CSSPA data for 1988 / 89 , but the decline in the percentage of households growing cocoa in the 1988 in East Forest causes a decline in the survey regional sales index in 1988 . In contrast , the sharp decline in the West Forest survey data in sales per capita among cocoa-growing households and also in the regional sales index between 1986 and 1987 is not at all evident in the CSSPA production data . Another inconsistency between the survey and the CSSPA data concerns the distribution of production between the East and West Forest Regions . The survey data indicate that sales in East Forest far outstripped that in the West Forest , while the CSSPA data indicate that production in the West Forest was roughly equal to the East Forest in 1985 and then outstripped production in the East Forest . According to the survey data , cocoa sales per capita was roughly 36 percent higher in East Forest than in the West Forest in 1985 . Since the population of East Forest was 66 percent higher than West Forest ( based on the survey weights ) , overall cocoa production should have been 126 percent higher in East Forest than West Forest , extrapolating from the survey data . According to CSSPA data , however , cocoa production in East Forest equaled cocoa production in West Forest in 1984 / 85 . The disparity between the survey and CSSPA data widens in 1988 : according to the survey data , sales per capita in the East Forest were 91 percent higher than in the West Forest , with the East Forest having 53 percent more population . Thus , East Forest in principle would have produced 192 percent more cocoa than West Forest . The CSSPA regional production estimates , however , show that in 198 8 / 89 West Forest produced about 10 percent more cocoa than East Forest . A sharp break in coffee sales in West Forest between 1986 and 1987 is also clearly apparent in the survey data ( table 6 ) . The CSSPA data confirm that there was a fall in coffee production in the West Forest between 1985 / 85 and 1988 / 89 , though the decline is", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 30, "text": "CSSPA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 237, "end": 260, "text": "West Forest survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 400, "end": 421, "text": "CSSPA production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 840, "end": 851, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1656, "end": 1691, "text": "CSSPA regional production estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be exposed to the virus . ” Individuals who reduced income because of job or business losses to COVID-19 ” Those who answered they decreased income due to job loss or closure of business . “ Individuals who reduced income due to reduced working hours : ” Those who answered they decreased income due to reduction in working hours . By wave 2 , our projected sector estimates show a recovery for all sectors except _Garments_ ( see Table 5-12 ) , which remained by far the hardest hit . According to the Georgia High-Frequency Survey , conducted just after the CFUWBES2 , among private sector workers , however , the greatest rates of job loss occurred for those previously employed in restaurants and hotels , 55 percent of whom reported being unemployed due to 35", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 532, "text": "Georgia High-Frequency Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Russian economic agenda between mid-1995 and the meltdown , views stabilization as a strictly macroeconomic phenomenon , with enterprise reform interpreted largely as privatization . However , the accumulated experience with transition since 1990 makes two points about hard budget constraints for enterprises : 6 ( i ) they are an indispensable microeconomic complement to macroeconomic stabilization , as documented here ; ( ii ) they are necessary for the enterprise restructuring that supports the initial revival of growth , and for the credibility of reforms . 7 Later , the manner in which Russia pursued stabilization ( not by cutting fiscal deficits ) is discussed , while the rest of this section dwells on hard budget constraints . > 5 For Gazprom , ferrous metallurgy and petrochemicals have become main targets , while UES concentrates on penetrating non-ferrous metallurgy . > 6 This term was coined by Professor Janos Kornai . For the seminal article , see Komai ( 1986 ) . 7The earliest published evidence on the efficacy of hard budgets and competition for transition economies is contained in Pinto , Belka and Krajewski ( 1993 ) . This result has been confirmed most recently by a 3000-firm survey conducted by EBRD and reported in Carlin , et al . ( 1999 ) , and discussed in Chapter 7 of the EBRD Transition Report , 1999 .", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1238, "text": "3000-firm survey conducted by EBRD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gains and losses arising from higher food prices in such an economy ? Can income gains for agricultural workers offset their losses as net food buyers ? Are they sufficiently large and widespread to attenuate or reverse increases in poverty ? What is the overall effect on inequality ? Can government policy , through targeted cash transfers for example , help mitigate some of the negative shocks ? When all these effects are taken together , are the poorest hardest hit , as is often claimed ? This paper reports on a first attempt to address these questions for the case of Brazil , where food price inflation in the twelve months to July 2008 reached 18 % ( while overall inflation was 7 % ) . We combine monthly , regionally-disaggregated data on ( consumer-level ) food prices with household consumption expenditure and income information to estimate the net effect of the price shock at", "spans": [{"start": 709, "end": 748, "text": "monthly , regionally-disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and in country-years where and when political institutions are weak . In a theoretical contribution , Chang , Hevia and Loayza ( 2010 ) develop a model in which expropriations and privatizations reflect a tradeoff between more redistribution and better incentives for effort , and argue that this helps to explain why expropriations are more likely in resource-rich economies when commodity prices are high . The only other study we are aware of that looks at sovereign default and expropriation at the same time and the interrelationship between them is by Tomz and Wright ( 2010 ) . They find that , for the world as a whole , defaults and expropriations have occurred in alternating , rather than coincident waves . They suggest that one possible reason is that punishment spillover for failure to honor contracts across these two types of foreign investment is small . If - - to the contrary - - foreign investors and creditors cooperated fully in punishing countries for either form of sovereign theft , countries that defaulted would also have incentives to expropriate as well , since they have already incurred the full punishment for expropriation ( and vice versa ) . This would imply a coincidence of default and expropriation events which is not observed in the data . We expand on their analysis by documenting in more detail the patterns of association between the two types of events , and their correlates , at the country level . # * * 3 . Data on Sovereign Defaults and Expropriations * * Our main dataset on sovereign defaults and expropriations is taken from Tomz and Wright ( 2010 ) . This is a dataset of country-year observations spanning 191 countries since 1929 , which identifies country-years in which the two types of sovereign theft occurred . In their dataset , sovereign defaults occur when a country fails to make required payments to foreign private creditors within the required period . It therefore does not include defaults against foreign official creditors , such as bilateral official lenders and multilateral aid agencies . The data records each year that a country is in default , since default episodes often last for multiple years . In fact , the typical length of a default episode in their dataset is", "spans": [{"start": 1457, "end": 1502, "text": "Data on Sovereign Defaults and Expropriations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1516, "end": 1564, "text": "dataset on sovereign defaults and expropriations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Note : The coefficients measure the time fixed effects relative to 2007 : Q1 . The figures in italics are p-values for a test for whether there is a difference between the fixed effects between that year and the previous year . Values are shown in the prices of 2007 . Boldfaced numbers are statistically different from the previous year at the 5 % level ; yellow cells indicate lower real expenditure per capita in 2009 than in 2008 . # * * Robustness * * Our focus is on a monetary measure of wellbeing in the form of real consumption per capita . Could Thai households be maintaining their consumption levels by reducing investment – for instance , by pulling children out of school so they can work , or by delaying purchases of assets such as cars ? Figure 8 shows age-specific school enrollment rates for 2007-2010 , based on data from the socio-economic surveys . The pre-school rate refers to children 5 and younger , and subsequent age groups are associated with the relevant school level : 6-11 for primary education , 12-14 for lower secondary school , 15-17 for upper secondary school , and 18-22 for higher education . There was no perceptible drop in enrollment rates during the 2008-2009 recession – the period shown by the shaded areas in Figure 8 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 120 < br > Primary school < br > 100 < br > Lower secondary school < br > 80 < br > Upper secondary < br > school < br > 60 < br > Higher education < br > 40 < br > Pre-school < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 2007q1 2007q3 2008q1 2008q3 2009q1 2009q3 2010q1 2010q3 < br > Age specific enrollment rate , % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 8 . Age-Specific School Enrollment Rates , Thailand , 2007 : Q1 – 2010 : Q4 * * Source : Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . Shaded area marks period of recession . The results of a more formal test are shown in Table 6 : we regress", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 868, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1741, "end": 1772, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rajan , R . and Zingales , L . , 1998 . Financial Dependence and Growth , American Economic Review . < / mark > 88 ( 1998 ) : 559-586 Ru , H . , 2018 . Government Credit , a Double ‐ Edged Sword : Evidence from the China Development Bank . _The Journal of Finance_ , 73 ( 1 ) , pp . 275-316 . < mark > Sapienza , P . , 2004 . The effects of government ownership on bank lending . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of financial economics < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 72 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 2 ) , pp . 357-384 . < / mark > < mark > Sharpe , S . A . , 1990 . Asymmetric information , bank lending , and implicit contracts : A stylized model of customer relationships . < / mark > _ < mark > The journal of finance < / mark > _ < mark > , 45 ( 4 ) , pp . 1069-1087 . < / mark > < mark > Stiglitz , J . E . and Weiss , A . , 1981 . Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information . < / mark > _ < mark > The American Economic Review < / mark > _ < mark > , 71 ( 3 ) , pp . 393-410 . < / mark > < mark > Von Thadden , E . L . , 2004 . Asymmetric information , bank lending and implicit contracts : the winner ' s curse . < / mark > _ < mark > Finance Research Letters < / mark > _ < mark > , 1 ( 1 ) , pp . 11-23 . < / mark > < mark > Yasuda , A . , 2005 . Do bank relationships affect the firm ’ s underwriter choice in the corporate-bond underwriting market ? < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Finance < / mark > _ < mark > 60 , 1259-1292 . < / mark > 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| cation < br > ) < br > Estimate < br > Amount ( US $ ) < br > | ctua Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Process < br > Status | Drat Pre-quaiicatio < br > Documents < br > Planned < br > Actual | < br > Prequaiication < br > Evaluation Report < br > Document / < br > Justification < br > Speciic Proc < br > Notice / Inv < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned | urement < br > itation < br > Biing Do < br > Iss < br > Actual < br > Planned | cuments as < br > ued < br > Proposa Sumission / < br > Opening / Minutes < br > and Recomme < br > for Awa < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned | ndation < br > rd < br > Signed Con < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > | tract < br > Contract Completion < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | | KE-KIRINYAGA COUNTY - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 84270-NC-RFQ / Printing of < br > 3000 mother child booklets < br > , 2000 martenity files and < br > 2000 family planning files . | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 20 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2018-11-17 | | | 2018-12-08 | 2019-01 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sessions versus just business bank accounts . The decision to evaluate the combined effects of these interventions was based on the idea that firms may face information barriers in transforming business registration into increased access to formal credit markets . NBS Bank was interested in increasing its reach and saw this combined intervention as a potentially inexpensive mechanism for targeting potential clients ( as they would have the assistance in registering the business as well ) . Firms were invited to NBS Bank ’ s information sessions in the businesses ' area of operation . Each session included a maximum of 30 participants and was led by both NBS Bank representatives experienced in dealing with small business clients and a professional trainer in financial literacy . The information sessions comprised 20 hours of activities ( two days of eight hours each and a follow-up session one week later , lasting four hours ) , with information provided on the following modules : ( i ) formal and informal financial institutions , and the role of banks ; ( ii ) the benefits of bank accounts ; ( iii ) identifying the specific problems that businesses face , namely the intertwining of business and household responsibilities ; ( iv ) the benefits of separate business and household responsibilities ; ( v ) how business bank accounts allow for the mental and physical separation of household and business funds and ( vi ) practical examples of using bank accounts for business purposes . At the end of the second day , NBS Bank offered a recently launched business bank account , which had a lower minimum balance ( MWK 500 ) than previous products offered by the bank . This business bank account was available to all firms in Malawi with a BRC . # * * 3 . 7 Sources of Data for Measuring Impacts * * We use two sources of data for measuring the impacts of these interventions . The first are data from our administrative records of program take-up . This includes information on which firms we assisted to get business registration certificates and a TPIN , as well as information on attendance at the bank information sessions and on which firms signed up for business bank accounts at the conclusion of", "spans": [{"start": 1924, "end": 1965, "text": "administrative records of program take-up", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Graph 2 : Evolution of the SGBV cases among the refugees in Chad over 4 years ( 2013 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 ) _ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Minors < br > Adults < br > Year < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Incidents of SGBV among refugees have not necessarily changed over the past 4 years and despite intensified awareness campaigns to strengthen the identification and gradual improvement of denunciation rate , it is believed that the situation is and will remain underestimated given the refugees ' reluctance to report such cases . On the other hand , we observed several variations in the overall refugee statistics in Chad . There was an increase in the number of refugees in 2014 , including the influx of Nigerian refugees into the Lake area . This figure was revised downwards in 2015 at the end of the biometric registration exercise , which in turn explains the trends in the table below : | * * Year * * < br > * * Number of * * < br > * * refugees * * | * * Total SGBV * * < br > * * cases * * | * * Incident rate * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | # # # # # # 2 . Incidents of SGBV in 2016 by Office . Sub-Office Goré remains the one with the largest number of cases ( ie 42 % of all cases ) . The Ndjamena office recorded the smallest number of cases , accounting for 1 % of all identified cases . Ndjamena encounters great difficulty in mobilizing the urban refugee population , which is scattered among the Chadian population . 6", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 646, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _2 . 2 General equilibrium biofuel analyses_ * * General equilibrium analyses provide a more encompassing assessment of the biofuel emergence on the whole economy and food prices because these multiple linkages are explicit in the model . The disadvantages of many of these analyses are the aggregation of crops in a few sectors , the lack of realistic biofuel policy parameterization , and trade elasticities , which tend to dampen trade responses to changing relative agricultural prices . Taheripour et al . ( 2007 ) describe extensions of the GTAP 6 database to account for biofuel production and their linkages , upstream and downstream , calibrated to 2001 data . The impact from biofuel expansion on land is through reallocation of land into corn , sugar cane , and oilseeds sectors . Biodiesel is treated as crushing oilseeds and producing meal as a byproduct ( as DDGS are in the case of ethanol ) , < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Li Lj Ln < br > σ1 < br > L _ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 1 . Land allocation in the standard GTAP model a drastic assumption . Land supply is not explicitly described but presumably it follows the standard one level CET assumption incorporated in the GTAP model structure as shown in Figure 1 . Land adjusts sluggishly according to relative rents obtained in respective activities . All countries have a common cost structure . The trade matrix is rather limited . It analyzes several policy shocks such as the increase in crude oil prices , the phasing out of MTBE , and biofuel subsidies . Keeney and Hertel ( 2009 ) propose a model incorporating land , yield , and trade responses to the biofuel expansion . Land demand is derived from a constant-return-to-scale < ! - - Start of picture text - - > L1 Lj Lk Ln < br > σ2 = - 0 . 5 < br > L L L < br > forest & other pasture crops < br > σ1 = - 0 . 11 < br > L _ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 568, "text": "GTAP 6 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lAKE_ < br > VW APLCABLE | | | | | | J 0 7 9 5 - * * / a * * be group awr_ for each ladlao r * * are * * populazeon-alghted arithgstle _a0e . _Coerage_ of _e_cwntrtI owsg_ the idiCtor . depend . on avalabilty of data and La not Unifor . - lb _Qr1 . . _ otharvla noted . - . ga for _19-_ * * refer * * to _any_ yr bhetea 1959 and 1961 ; * * 0 . tt * * _for_ 1970betume 1969 An 1971 ; a \" date for * * Wobec * * _flcea_ lat ate betwe 190 and 1982 . - Ic FAD data dffer eonsub fru mUmmEry of lrLc . 1 : ure data ; / 4 1371 ; _fe_ 1975 ; / 1 1975 ; ! A 1978 ; _lb Mdli_ Aab . caly . / I as 10 _rs an_ aver ; 199 \" . - * * I / * * Estiuates differ from those in the text of the report since the Latter refLect the findings of the Latest economic mission . . = W . 19 \"", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 460, "text": "FAD data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A note of caution is warranted here : the principal components procedure normalizes the mean of the index to zero for each country . Therefore , when comparing the \" poor \" in Kenya to the \" poor \" in Turkey or India it is important to keep in mind that the measure is relative , and 40 percent of the individuals are defined as living in \" poor households \" in every country . This paper does not attempt to generate an absolute poverty measure based on the asset index approach . < sup > 9 < / sup > As a rough benchmark , Table 2 reports the percentage of the population living below the national poverty line , the dollar-a-day and the two-dollar-a-day poverty lines for the countries analyzed here as reported in the World Bank ' s World Development Indicators database ( World Bank , 1999 ) . The percent who live below a dollar a day clearly varies tremendously across countries , from below two percent in Morocco to almost 90 percent in Haiti . In an ( unweighted ) average across these countries the percentage living below this internationally comparable poverty line is about 40 percent - the percentage defined as the \" poorest group \" in the analysis in this paper . National poverty lines produce a much more stable proportion of each country defined as poor : again , the cross-country ( unweighted ) average is again about 40 percent . What to take from this ? Although using an asset index approach does not provide an internationally comparable cutoff ( in the sense thait a dollar-a-day day does ) it does identify a group of individuals in each country whose size is comparable to other breakdowns that are frequently made . In particular , using the 40 percent cutoff in this paper corresponds approximately to the percentage of people living below the national poverty line in many countries ( Cameroon , Bangladesh , India , Nepal , Kenya , Philippines ) or the percentage living under a dollar-a-day in Zimbabwe two-dollars-a-day in Brazil . 1 < sup > 0 < / sup > * * 9 * * An attemp * * t * * o do this would require benchmarking the index derived in", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 774, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "displaced persons [ IDPs ] have been in ‘ protected villages ’ for over a decade ( see International Displacement Monitoring Centre , www . internal-displacement . org , accessed 6 / 4 / 06 ) . > 6 Sudanese refugees that arrived in Uganda at this point were fleeing intensifying fighting between the Sudan People ’ s Liberation Army , and Sudanese government forces , as well as increasing conflicts within the Sudan People ’ s Liberation Army itself . > 7 Some urban refugees are counted in these official statistics as some refugees have been given permission to reside in Kampala if they can prove ‘ self-sufficiency ’ , but many of the refugees in Kampala are not counted in official refugee statistics as refugees are expected to live in rural settlements ( cf . Bernstein , 2005 ) . > 8 The LRA is a rebel army in Northern Uganda . See Doom and Vlassenroot , 1999 , for more on the conflict . 5", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 706, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characteristics are entered simultaneously . SSP had broad appeal , with few baseline characteristics predicting take-up and dropout . Strikingly , while heavy overdrafters were just as likely as light overdrafters to sign up for SSP , they were 12 percentage points more likely to drop out ( column 2 ) . This is consistent with the hypothesis that some heavy overdrafters are partially-naïve and underestimate their future desire to undo commitments . # * * 3 . 2 Direct Results from Administrative Data * * We now analyze how SSP impacted study participants ’ use of NVRB accounts . Here , we focus on use of overdrafts , overdraft fees paid , net deposits ( total deposits minus total debits , a measure of savings flow ) , and the average daily account balance ( a measure of savings stock ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > Our administrative data span the commitment period , the post-commitment period covered by follow-up surveys , and a post-commitment , post-survey period . We therefore estimate separate treatment effects for these three periods to understand how effects evolve over time . < sup > 12 < / sup > We use the following regression specification : Where _yit_ is the outcome of interest for account holder _i_ in month _t_ , _treati_ is a dummy variable equal to one if account holder _i_ is in the treatment group , _duringt_ identifies the commitment period , _after_ 1 _t_ identifies the post-commitment , follow-up survey period , _after_ 2 _t_ identifies the post-commitment , post-survey period , _γs_ are strata fixed effects , _δt_ are month fixed effects , and _yi_ 0 is the average outcome of interest , measured in the year before the survey . The first two columns of Table 2 show that during the commitment period SSP had no impact on overdrafts . After SSP savings were released , the share of accounts in overdraft declined by 6 percentage points ( 18 percent ) , while overdraft charges declined by GHS 3 . 77 ( 21 percent ) per month – both significant at the 10 percent level . In the longer run , however , participants slid back into debt cycles : we find no treatment effect on overdrafts", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 505, "text": "Administrative Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 824, "end": 843, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an added value within the exercise reported on below , results of which may have relevance both within Poland and other countries participating in the Regional Response Plan . < / mark > # # * * METHODS * * The Safety Assessment aimed to : * * 1 . * * Engage government entities , local women ’ s organizations as well as representatives from different humanitarian sectors , to improve the mainstreaming of GBV and ( where relevant ) SEA risk reduction and response across all sectors . > 1 Figures recorded as of February 28th 2023 . > 2 Based on 20 , 009 interviews conducted between October 2022 – February 2023 , up-to-date as of March 1st 2023 . > 3 Including difficulties walking , seeing , hearing , remembering , communicating , or in self-care . 2", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 568, "text": "20 , 009 interviews", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 Structural transformation in Japan : employment in manufacturing increased during 1920-1973 , followed by a slow decline as the services sector expanded * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > Services < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % Ag , forest & fisheries < br > 30 % < br > Min & Construction < br > 20 % < br > 10 % Manufacturing < br > 0 % < br > 1920 1935 1950 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Historical Statistics of Japan , shares of employment by sector . Detailed data by subsectors is available at http : / / www . stat . go . jp / english / data / chouki / index . htm 21", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 592, "text": "Historical Statistics of Japan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 < br > | 46 . 9 < br > | 37 . 4 < br > | 54 . 3 < br > | 43 . 6 < br > | 62 . 1 < br > | 41 . 6 | 71 . 7 | 46 . 6 | 63 | 65 . 5 | | Less : Interest < br > | 5 . 5 < br > | 5 . 5 < br > | 10 . 2 < br > | < br > 5 . 5 < br > | 16 . 8 < br > | 5 . 0 < br > | 22 . 1 < br > | 8 . 3 < br > | 25 . 3 | 13 . 9 | 25 . 3 | 16 . 6 | 25 . 5 | 14 . 9 | 15 . 4 | 15 . 6 | | Net Income b / | 19 . 6 | 21 . 8 | 21 . 4 | 29 . 1 | 22 . 6 | 32 . 7 | 24 . 8 | 29 . 1 | 29 . 0 | 29 . 7 | 36 . 8 | 25 . 0 | 46 . 2 | 31 . 7 | 47 . 9 | 49 . 9 | al FY92 data based on unaudited flnanclal statements . bI Capital charge payable to Govt . Is treated as distributlon of net Income .", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 536, "text": "FY92 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Mean | < br > < br > SD | Arithm . < br > Mean | Geom . < br > Mean | < br > < br > SD | < br > gov . < br > Bonds | < br > < br > < br > ao | | * * Full sample * * , 1815-2016 , yearly | 6 . 85 | 5 . 78 | 15 . 03 | < br > 7 . 99 | 7 . 13 | 13 . 69 | < br > 4 . 29 | 0 . 32 | | . . . without world wars | 6 . 99 | 5 . 99 | 14 . 50 | 7 . 69 | 6 . 87 | 13 . 21 | < br > 3 . 94 | 0 . 30 | | * * By era * * , yearly | | | | | | | | | | 1815-1869 | 7 . 10 | 5 . 66 | 17 . 28 | < br > 6 . 90 | 5 . 87 | 14 . 84 | < br > 2 . 96 | 0 . 23 | | 1870-1914 | 6 . 28 | 5 . 97 | 8 . 01 | 6 . 18 | 5 . 91 | 7 . 45 | < br > 3 . 70 | 0 . 48 | | 1915-1945 | 6 . 01 | 4 . 29 | 19 . 91 | < br > 7 . 12 | 6 . 00 | 16 . 19 | < br > 2 . 33 | 0 . 16 | | 1946-1973 | 5 . 85 | 4 . 91 | 14 . 52 | < br > 10 . 15 | 9 . 19 | 15 . 12 | < br > 8 . 07 | 0 . 52 | | 1995-2016 | 9 . 89 | 8 . 96 | 14 . 29 | < br > 12 . 40 | 11 . 41 | 14 . 97 | < br > 6 . 26 | 0 . 33 | | Monthly returns , full sample | 0 . 54 | 0 . 47 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 15 _-_ consumption . Here , we used real M2 ( inclusive of foreign currency deposits ) as a proxy for the stock of bank loans . We also add the capital account to our equation . Since capital flows are assumed to affect real variables indirectly through their effect on interest rates and the availability of credit , the inclusion of these variables in the regression would be expected to reduce the coefficient on capital flows . The basic equation we estimate is as follows : ( 1 ) C = Po + PGDP + P2rir + P3M2 + 4KA + E We estimate this equation for private and public consumption separately , using quarterly data for the period 1987-96 . The first column in Table 3 shows the estimated coefficients when the equation excludes real M2 . < sup > 5 < / sup > While real income and capital flows are very significant and positive , the real interest rate is found to negatively effect private consumption . The broad results are not significantly altered when real M2 is added to the equation , as seen in the second column . Real M2 enters the equation with a significant positive coefficient . When the availability of credit as proxied by real M2 is controlled for , the significance of the real interest rate declines , but not by a large extent . Interestingly , the results are altered considerably when public consumption is considered . While one would expect that easier financing due to capital inflows would increase public consumption , the effect of capital flows on public consumption are insignificant . The results are shown in the last two columns of Table 10 . The inclusion of real M2 does not alter this result . Although the real interest rate becomes significant along with real M2 , capital flows are sltill insignificant . We estimated error correction versions of the equations as well , and finally estimated a parsimonious version of the equations , removing insignificant explanatory variables . The results are broadly the same : private consumption is positively related to capital flows , but public consumption is not . The results are in Table 11 . 5 The estimation method used was maximum likelihood allowing for an", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 620, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "[ 0 . 003 ] | [ 0 . 003 ] | Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys . Each year uses information from all available quarters : 2000 uses quarters 2-4 , 2007 uses quarters 1-4 , 2014 uses quarters 1-2 . Sample restricted to individuals working full-time ( at least 30 weekly hours of work ) age 23-65 and college education . Log hourly wage in constant Mexican Pesos of the first quarter of 2014 . Standard errors in brackets . What does the evolution of wages and wage inequality by cohort and age group tell us ? Figure 4 shows that the wages of college-educated workers declined for all ages but they declined faster for the oldest group ( 51 + ) and slower for the youngest one ( 23-30 ) . This is more evident for males than for females . If the degraded tertiary hypothesis is the only channel to explain changes in wages , then we should expect a decline in wages for younger workers . However , as Figure 4 shows , this did not happen for Mexican workers . This is another piece of evidence against the degraded tertiary hypothesis . < sup > 7 < / sup > The observed pattern would be more consistent with the skillsobsolescence explanation . It could be that both hypothesis are playing a role in determining wages , but insofar as these results show , the degraded tertiary hypothesis has a secondary role in explaining large wage changes over the period for college educated workers . > 7 Figure A3 shows the wage returns by age . The figure illustrates how the wage declines are larger for older workers . 6", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 94, "text": "quarterly Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Project Manager for Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care * * - ( THS - UC * * Project ) Secretariat are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 , and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Principal Secretary for the Ministry of Health and the Project Manager for Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care * * - ( THS UC * * Project ) Secretariat further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Principal Secretary for the Ministry of Health and the Project Manager for Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care * * - ( THS - UC * * Project ) Secretariat confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . viii", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 580, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assume imports from different countries are imperfect substitutes , and that the importing country is a small country in world markets . These assumptions ensure that a change in tariff policy , whether it applies to all goods in a particular tariff line or only those from a particular source country , will have no effect on the world prices of any of the imported goods . The domestic production data is assumed to contain data on imports in IM product categories , which are used as intermediate inputs in domestic production and / or as consumption goods . The problem is to aggregate the NxH import values to IM composite imported goods . The aggregation problem for a particular product category i is illustrated in Figure 1 . The nodes at the top ( denoted by a I ) of the Figure represent the value of imports in industry i , denoted Mi , that are utilized as intermediate inputs or consumption goods in industry i in the domestic data . The entries at the bottom of the Figure correspond to the trade data , which is the value of imports by tariff line and source country . We will develop a quantity index , Z1 , and a price index , j , for each sector i such that Zioi = Mi . In addition , we will obtain an index of the average tariff rate , * * tj * * , such that tariff revenue for each sector i is ti Zi . The effect of tariff policy changes on 4 , and * * t , * * will then be utilized in the general equilibrium model to calculate the effect on domestic output , employment , and welfare . Nested CES aggregation is used to allow for different degrees of substitution within product categories than between product categories . First , we allow for the possibility that goods in the same industry group have a different degree of substitutability for each other than for goods in another industry group . In the example illustrated in Figure 1 , this is done by dividing each of the industry groups into J ; subgroups . Each tariff line is then classified into an industry and a sub-industry . This results", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 403, "text": "domestic production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 931, "end": 944, "text": "domestic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1005, "end": 1015, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3_ * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | | * * 1983191 * * | LIK | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 03 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | _0 . 00_ | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 , 03 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | | * * 2000 * * | * * Mabati * * | * * 4 . 50 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 4 . 50 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 4 . 50 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 4 . 50 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | | 2004 | * * Magadi SodaCo . * * | * * 22 , 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 4 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | | * * 1994196 * * | * * Panafrican * * | * * 15 , 58 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 15 . 58 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 00 * * | | * * 1972 * * | * * TPS ( Kenya ) * * | _0 . 00_ | * * 0 . 04 * * | _0 . 00_ | * * 0 . 00 * * | * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "id"}
{"text": "teaching and during which there is not a “ large group ” or “ all ” students — which per the Stallings manual is defined as 6 or more students — that are off-task , namely being “ disciplined by the teacher , ” who are involved in “ social interaction ” or who are “ uninvolved ; ” we call this Share of Time Teaching and Learning . The instrument also records the availability of materials in the classroom , infrastructure and the classroom environment , from which we create two aggregates : Availability of Materials and Classroom Infrastructure ( again , which we shorten to “ Materials and Infrastructure ” ) , and Classroom Environment ( see Box 3 ; more details are in Appendix 1 Table 2 ) . | * * Box 3 : Summary of variables derive * * | * * d from Stallings observation system * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Time-on-task ( Level 1 ) * * < br > | | | Share of Time Teaching | Share of 10 snapshot observations in which teacher is engaged in < br > teaching activity . | | Share of Time Teaching and Learning | Share of 10 snapshot observations in which teacher is engaged in < br > teaching activity and in which there are not 6 or more students who < br > are off-task . | | * * Teacher practices and classroom enviro * * | * * nment ( Level 1 ) * * | | Classroom Environment | Average of 2 0 / 1 variables capturing whether pupil work or other < br > materials are displayed on the walls . | | Availability of materials and Classroom < br > Infrastructure | Average of 5 0 / 1 variables capturing whether the classroom has a < br > blackboard and chalk ; whether there are reading books in the < br > classroom ; whether the classroom has electricity ; whether students < br > have textbooks / other printed material ; or whether students have a < br > notebook / writing material . | | Source : Authors and World Bank ( 2015 ) | | # * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reaction time and financial sector policy making activity , respectively . An in-depth analysis of temporary policy measures ( for example , the effectiveness and potential unintended consequences of policy interventions ) is left for future research . # _1 . 1 Overview of policy response surveillance initiatives_ Various surveillance efforts exist which track the policy responses to COVID-19 . Some take stock of a broad range of interventions , such as fiscal , monetary and prudential policies ( e . g . IMF Policy Tracker , COVID-19 Financial Response Tracker ( CFRT ) by the Yale Program on Financial Stability , IDB Summary of Policy Measures , and OECD Policy Tracker ) ; others focus exclusively on prudential regulatory measures ( e . g . Institute of International Finance ’ s Regulatory Measures ) or containment and economic support measures ( e . g . Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker ( OxCGRT ) ) . Compared to these projects , our database offers three distinctive features . First , it tracks the financial sector policy response with a focus on emerging markets and developing economies ( EMDEs ) , < sup > 2 < / sup > although it also covers several advanced economies . Second , the database adopts a tiered classification system which provides a typology of policy measures to facilitate analysis . Third , each measure is dated and accompanied by the relevant authority which implemented the measure . Where available , a link to the primary source is also provided as well as a termination or extension date , if applicable . Taken together , these features enhance the ability of both policy makers and researchers to comprehensively analyze and benchmark policy responses and their impacts at different stages of the pandemic . # _1 . 2 Related literature_ This paper contributes to a small , but burgeoning literature that explores the impact of COVID-19 on the financial sector , analyzes drivers of the policy response and evaluates policy effectiveness . * * Impact of COVID-19 on the financial sector . * * The financial sector has been put under strain by the COVID-19 crisis . Core markets became dislocated , EMDEs experienced massive capital outflows , and some borrowers faced liquidity and repayment challenges ( e . g", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 528, "text": "IMF Policy Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 621, "end": 651, "text": "IDB Summary of Policy Measures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 658, "end": 677, "text": "OECD Policy Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ISA ) data are representative at the national , regional , and urban / rural levels and serve as a baseline for our post-COVID-19 analysis . The HFPS are not nationally representative as participation requires that each household have ( 1 ) at least one member who owns a phone , ( 2 ) cell network coverage , and ( 3 ) access to electricity . These requirements may lead to selection bias in the survey sample . Additionally , the surveys may suffer from non-response bias if targeted households were not willing or able to participate . To address these challenges , we use survey weights provided in the HFPS data which include selection bias corrections and post-stratification adjustments . Several studies using the HFPS data have found that the use of survey weights and post-stratification adjustments substantially reduce the bias , though it does not fully eradicate the bias , and our results should be interpreted with this in mind ( Ambel et al . , 2021 ; Brubaker et al . , 2022 ; Gourlay et al . , 2021 ) . For a detailed description of the weight calculations used in this study , see Josephson et al . ( 2021 ) . The integration of data from the post-outbreak HFPS and pre-outbreak LSMS-ISA surveys allows us to capture the variation in the effects of the pandemic across a diverse set of Sub-Saharan Africa countries and over time . Importantly , the combined data afford us the opportunity to examine the effects of COVID-19 in relation to a pre-pandemic baseline , allowing us to establish a causal relationship between our variables of interest . The surveys feature cross-country comparable questionnaires on a range of topics including participation in income-generating activities and food insecurity . In total , over 9 , 000 households are included in this analysis . With baseline LSMS-ISA data in all three countries plus 10 rounds of HFPS data in Ethiopia and 11 in Malawi and Nigeria , our research draws from a total of over 34 , 000 observations . The average numbers of households in each round of data is : 2 , 784 in Ethiopia , 1 , 611 in Malawi , and 1 , 943 in Nigeria , though the actual number of", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 616, "text": "HFPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1199, "end": 1215, "text": "LSMS-ISA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1808, "end": 1821, "text": "LSMS-ISA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * What Does Debt Relief do for Development ? Supplemental Appendix * * # # * * A Data Appendix * * _Debt Relief_ : ’ Debt Relief ’ refers to the total amount of debt relief granted as a result of the program . ’ Eligible Amount ’ refers to the total outstanding balance to which the program rules were applied , denominated in Indian Rupees and published on bank beneficiary lists as of February 28 , 2008 . ’ Eligible Amount , Total ’ is the sum of ’ Eligible Amount , Principal ’ and ’ Eligible Amount , Interest ’ . _Landholdings : _ Land pledged as collateral at the time of loan origination ( a ) Bank recorded : land pledged as collateral at the time of loan origination from published beneficiary lists for 5 , 554 households within _ ± . _ 5 hectares of the program cutoff ( b ) Audited land records : printouts of electronic ( eDhara ) land records for a sub-sample of 2 , 064 surveyed households . _Investment : _ ’ Total investment ’ includes investment in irrigation , pesticides , non-organic fertilizer and plowing , averaged over one dry season and one monsoon season before the program ( pre-program investment ) and one dry season and one monsoon season after the program ( post-program investment ) , and winsorized at the 99th percentile . ’ Investment per Acre ’ is calculated as productivity per self reported acres of land prior to the program . _Productivity : _ Revenue from sale of crops , averaged over one dry season and one monsoon season prior to the program the program ( pre-program productivity ) and one dry season and one monsoon season after the program ( post-program productivity ) and winsorized at the 99th percentile . ’ Revenue per acre ’ is measured as total revenue per self-reported acres of land prior to the program . _Total Debt : _ Total Debt refers to self-reported debt from formal and informal sources , at the time of the survey and prior to the program . Formal credit includes loans from private and public banks . Informal credit includes loans from family and friends , moneylenders , traders and shopkeepers . _Sources of Credit", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 384, "text": "bank beneficiary lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 791, "end": 811, "text": "Audited land records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 - ( LCs ) , LCl to LC5 , that represent the various categories of the Ugandan population . All social and environmental concerns and mitigation measures will be discussed and agreed upon during these sessions # # * * _Vil . DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES_ * * # # * * Uganda disclosure requirements * * Uganda has regulations to ensure knowledge of as well as community participation in the EIA process ( see Attachment 4 ) . There are no specific requirements for disclosure of environmental assessment at the local level , but the proposed system outlined above is sufficiently participatory , open and transparent . # # * * World Bank disclosure requirements * * The World Bank requires that an Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet ( ISDS ) , with an accompanying Environmental and Social Environment Framework ( ESMF ) , be submitted to and approved by the Africa Safeguards Team and disclosed in the World Bank ' s Info Shop in Washington as well as in Uganda prior to appraisal . # # * * _IX . MONITORING AND EVALUATION ARRANGEMENTS_ * * A monitoring protocol , identifying simple monitorable indicators to be used by all actors including the community implementers , will be put in place as part of NUSAF MUs overall monitoring process , as part of their MIS . As well as individual sub-projects , cumulative impacts will also be monitored . Key performance indicators for NUSAF include - 1 ) The level of satisfaction of beneficiaries with community-level project outputs , as measured in beneficiary assessments ; - 2 ) responsiveness and accountability of civil societies , local and national Government and other key stakeholders involved in the decision making processes at all levels , as recorded in key documents such as minutes of meetings and supervision mission reports ; and - 3 ) employment and social indicators as reported by Government . Specific indicators for economic and social effects will be worked out during the pilot phase to be funded under a PPF , but may include - 1 ) Level of satisfaction", "spans": [{"start": 1807, "end": 1839, "text": "employment and social indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- information ( OECD , Eurostat , and WHO 2011 ) . In line with convention , the analysis discussed in this work only considers current spending estimates . - 2 ) * * Education * * : The database of education expenditures used for this analysis was curated by members of the World Bank ’ s Education Global Practice ( Al-Samarrai , Cerdan-Infantes , and Lehe 2018 ) . The data set combines estimates from the Unesco Institute of Statistics ( UIS ) ( Unesco 2019 ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , with the latter being used when UIS information was missing . < sup > 3 < / sup > The data include total government spending on all aspects of education , not distinguishing by level of educational attainment or per-student costs . Unlike for health , information for education spending is not disaggregated into capital and current spending . Even when available , the disaggregation is considered not reliable . For this reason , in the rest of the paper we will consider the sum of capital and current spending estimates . - 3 ) * * Social protection * * : Social protection spending includes conditional / unconditional cash transfers , fee waivers , in-kind , public works , school feeding , social pension ( non-contributory ) , and other social assistance . Notably , it excludes pensions and other contributory programs . < sup > 4 < / sup > This data source is the most limited ; it only has 124 observations ( 1 observation for each of the 124 countries ) , making it impossible to examine changes over time . The information has been curated by the Social Protection Global Practice at the World Bank and made available through the Atlas of Social Protection – Indicators of Resilience and Equity ( ASPIRE ) data set ( World Bank Group 2019 ) . ASPIRE only provides data on spending as a percent of GDP , not as a percent of total government expenditure , so this is also what we present here . Both current and capital spending are included in these values . While ASPIRE data have limitations , they are the most comprehensive set of social protection spending data for low-income", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 221, "text": "database of education expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1720, "end": 1726, "text": "ASPIRE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Specific monthly grant amounts range in 2003 from $ US9 . 50 ( $ 105 pesos ) in the third grade of primary to about $ US53 ( $ 580 pesos ) for boys and $ US60 ( $ 660 pesos ) for girls in the third year of senior high school ( grades 10-12 ) . By the senior year of high school , the grant amount represents about two-thirds of Mexico ’ s minimum wage . All monetary grants are given to the mother of the family , with the exception of scholarships for senior high school , which the youth can receive themselves subject to their mothers ’ authorization . The program is means tested , with both geographic and household-level targeting . The geographic targeting uses aggregate census indicators to select poor rural communities based on the marginality index . Table 1 : Monthly Amount of Schooling Grants , 1997 and 2003 | | 2 < sup > nd < / sup > semester | 1997 | 2 < sup > nd < / sup > semester | 2003 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | | Primary school | | | | | | 3 < sup > rd < / sup > year | 60 | 60 | 105 | 105 | | 4 < sup > th < / sup > year | 70 | 70 | 120 | 120 | | 5 < sup > th < / sup > year | 90 | 90 | 155 | 155 | | 6 < sup > th < / sup > year | 120 | 120 | 210 | 210 | | Secondary school | | | | | | 1 < sup > st < / sup > year | 175 | 185 | 305 | 320 | | 2 < sup > nd < / sup > year | 185 | 205 | 320 | 355 | | 3 < sup > rd < / sup > year | 195 | 225 | 335 | 390 | | High school | | | | | | 1 < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 696, "text": "aggregate census indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 1 . 5 1 . 5 < br > 1 1 < br > . 5 . 5 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Data source : KMS 2003 , 2013 The comparison group is the “ Non-migrants ” with composite index with mean centered at zero and standard deviation at 1 . 27", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 114, "text": "KMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A2 : Main employment treatment effects relative to control < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Work vs . Control < br > Psychosocial wellbeing < br > Psychosocial index | | < br > Phq − 9 | | < br > Cohen Stress Scale | | < br > Life satisfaction | | < br > Sociability | | < br > Self worth | | < br > Locus of control | | < br > Stability | | < br > Health < br > Days healthy | | < br > Preferences < br > Risk tolerance | | < br > Time preference | | < br > Cognitive performance < br > Cognitive index | | < br > Math score | | < br > Digit span | | < br > Gender < br > Household power index | | < br > Work rights index | | < br > Consumption < br > Savings | | < br > Loan repayment | | < br > Necessary goods | | < br > Luxury goods | | < br > − 0 . 4 − 0 . 2 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure plots the point estimates and 95 % confidence intervals for each outcome in the work treatment group relative to the control group . All outcomes are standardized . The scales for PHQ-9 and the Cohen Stress Scale are scaled such that positive values represent better outcomes . 58", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for each combustion power plant , we compute the count of the population 65 or older residing within 50 km by multiplying the all-age population counts , described in the data section , by the fraction of the population 65 or older . Information on the fraction comes from World Bank ( 2023a ) and is available at the country year level . Accordingly , this calculation assumes that the age distribution is uniform within countries . In the fourth step , we derive counts of premature deaths at the plant-month-year level by multiplying the variables described in steps one to three . For ease of presentation , we aggregate this count of premature deaths to the LAC by year level . Last , to account for uncertainty in our estimate of excess air pollution , in the first step , we draw our coefficient from a normal distribution with a mean equal to the estimated coefficient ( 1 . 55 ) and a standard deviation equal to the standard error ( 0 . 31 ) . We then repeat 1 , 000 times steps one to four , taking a new draw each time . < sup > 11 < / sup > Figure 6 plots the evolution of drought-induced premature deaths in LAC . The spread of the box plot displayed each year results from the uncertainty in our estimation of excess PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations and the observed FHD . The figure reveals the scale of the cost for LAC , with median premature deaths per year ranging from 3 , 681 to over 10 , 610 . In Figure A2 in the appendix , we show that using the CRFs from Liu et al . ( 2019 ) leads to median premature deaths per year that are in the order of 503 to 4 , 987 . The CRFs from Liu et al . ( 2019 ) have the advantage of being derived for Chile and Mexico but have the disadvantage of not being causal CRFs . Another important consideration is that our counts of premature deaths could underestimate the actual number of deaths if groups with lower socioeconomic status are disproportionately exposed and vulnerable to PM2 _ . _ 5 . There are several reasons why exposure", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 151, "text": "all-age population counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( weighted ) EU-SILC data , the Gini index equals only 0 . 2510 . Regarding the imputed tax income in the EU-SILC data set , the Gini index is nearly 50 % higher and equals 0 . 3699 . The underestimation of inequality is exceptionally high at the top . The top 10 % income share equals 30 . 3 % in the imputed EUSILC and only 20 . 67 % in the EU-SILC . The top 1 % income share increases from 2 . 9 % to 7 . 2 % . < sup > 14 < / sup > The income inequality using the imputed tax income in the EU-SILC is comparable but slightly lower than in the tax data . The slightly higher inequality in tax data may reflect a better representation of top-income earners ( having different characteristics than EU-SILC respondents ) in the tax dataset . These outcomes show that survey data severely underestimate Romania ' s true income inequality level . * * Table 4 . Income inequality in Romania ( gross labor income , only employees ) . * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Survey data * * < br > * * ( EU – SILC ) * * | * * Tax admin data * * < br > * * ( July 2020 * 12 ) * * | * * Imputed tax income * * < br > * * ( imputed EU-SILC ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Gini index * * | 0 . 2510 | 0 . 4321 | 0 . 3699 | | * * Theil index * * | 0 . 1010 | 0 . 3679 | 0 . 2728 | | * * Botom 50 % income share * * | 32 . 79 % | 21 . 87 % | 25 . 76 % | | * * Middle 40 % income share * * | 46 . 55 % | 45 . 38 % | 43 . 94 % | | * * Top 10 % income share * * | 20 . 66 % | 32 . 75 % |", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 25, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 106, "end": 122, "text": "EU-SILC data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 591, "end": 599, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 727, "end": 738, "text": "tax dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 766, "end": 777, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1010, "end": 1024, "text": "Tax admin data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "substantially cut the sample size . # * * 4 . Data * * Data used in this study come from several sources . The CO2 emissions and energy consumption data are from International Energy Agency ( IEA ) Fuel Combustion Statistics database and World Energy Statistics and Balances database , respectively . The databases report CO2 emissions and final energy consumption due to fuel combustion of transportation activities at the country level . The transportation sector is further divided into road , rail , domestic navigation , domestic aviation , and pipeline transport . The study period is from 1990 to 2018 . The full sample contains 145 countries for which data are available . In 2018 , the full sample of countries contributed to 84 percent of global transport carbon emissions . International aviation and marine bunkers account for the remaining 16 percent . The list of countries included in the study is presented in Table A1 in the appendix . We obtain PPP-based GDP ( based on 2015 PPP rates ) and population data from IEA . 9", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 152, "text": "CO2 emissions and energy consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 198, "end": 233, "text": "Fuel Combustion Statistics database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 238, "end": 283, "text": "World Energy Statistics and Balances database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1009, "end": 1033, "text": "population data from IEA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "évaluation des SAE , et de mettre en place et former des conseils régionaux de l ’ éducation et les CGDES . La gestion des SAE sera suivie sur la base de sondages avec l ’ aide d ’ organisations non gouvernementales ou d ’ autres agents indépendants . 61", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 162, "text": "sondages", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10494 # A Tale of Two Surveys Comparing the Outcomes of an In-Person and Web-Based Survey of Mental Health in the West Bank and Gaza _Arden Finn Jessica Anderson Alia Aghajanian_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice June 2023", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 136, "text": "In-Person and Web-Based Survey of Mental Health", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "On the other hand , when it comes to revenues , our linear specification might not appropriately capture the potential nonlinear nature of tax elasticities . Given that we are dealing with a large sample of diverse countries , it would be impossible to incorporate more precise specifications of tax elasticities for each country . Our approach mimics that of the academic literature that typically uses government expenditures or government consumption to measure volatility in fiscal policy ( see , for example , Fatás and Mihov 2013 ) . We start by examining the determinants of fiscal policy volatility . Table 2 displays a first set of exploratory results . We present three specifications each for primary expenditures ( columns ( 1 ) to ( 3 ) ) and government consumption ( columns ( 4 ) to ( 6 ) ) as our indicators of fiscal policy volatility . We start with the simplest possible specification in columns ( 1 ) and ( 4 ) . Results show that the dummy variables for EMDEs and commodity exporters are significant and explain as much as 30 percent of the cross-country volatility in fiscal policy . That is , even after controlling for EMDEs , commodity exporters by themselves display more volatility . This suggests that commodity dependence is a source of volatility by itself . Of course , these dummy variables represent a diverse > 15 The energy index is taken from the World Bank Commodities Prices Data . We also examined the extent to which fiscal policy volatility comoves with non-energy prices . Since the energy and non-energy indexes are highly correlated over the sample period , we chose to include only the energy index in Figure 6 for simplicity . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1383, "end": 1417, "text": "World Bank Commodities Prices Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") < br > 1 , 895 . 49 < br > 0 . 55 < br > 1 , 882 . 97 < br > ( 1 , 181 . 91 ) < br > ( 398 . 83 ) < br > Observations < br > 130 < br > 133 < br > Note : This table reports average amounts of fertilizers and costs and balance checks for the 678 farm < br > izers in 2014 by the control group ( SDs in parentheses ) . We regress each variable on our set of treat < br > Column 3 reports the average input recommendations and the corresponding input costs for farme < br > have received by reporting the p-values of an F-test analogous to those in column 2 . Columns 5 an < br > _T_3 and _T_4 . Column 7 compares the amounts of each fertilizer and costs self-reported by the contro < br > dummy that takes value of 1 for farmers in_T_1 . It reports the p-value of a t-test that_T_1 = 0 . Column < br > the sample of farmers in_T_1_ − T_4 and regressing each variable on a dummy that takes value of 1 for f < br > given to farmers ( and hypothetical recommendations to controls ) and Baseline survey data collected | 33", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1003, "text": "Baseline survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 : Educational Attainment and Growth With Quality Control * * Source : Hanushek and Wößmann ( 2007 ) Figure 3 : TIMSS Science Scores for Select Countries , 1999-2007 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TIMSS Science < br > 520 < br > Malaysia < br > 500 < br > Italy < br > 480 Israel Jordan < br > 460 Romania < br > Iran < br > 440 Cyprus < br > 420 < br > 400 < br > 1999 2003 2007 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 84", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 144, "text": "TIMSS Science Scores", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Attendance Sheets * * 159", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 27, "text": "Attendance Sheets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 percent a year — more than three times the rate indicated in international data sets . Using a new methodology to estimate income distribution , poverty rates , and inequality and welfare indexes for African countries in 1970 – 2006 , Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin ( 2010 ) conclude that African poverty is falling — and is falling rapidly . Moreover , they find that the growth spurt that began in 1995 appears to have reduced African income inequality rather than increased it . Radelet has identified 17 African countries that achieved annual per capita growth rates of 2 percent or more in 1996 – 2008 by putting behind them the conflict , stagnation , and dictatorships of the past and replacing them with steady economic growth , deepening democracy , improved governance , and decreased poverty ( see Radelet 2010 ) . Five fundamental changes are seen to be at work : more democratic and accountable governments , more sensible economic policies , the end of the debt crisis and > 25 The creation of manufacturing jobs , especially through foreign direct investment , generally leads to the creation of jobs in other sectors through backward and forward linkages ( see UNCTAD , _World Investment Report 2006_ ) and through multiplier effects as additional employment raises income levels . Backward linkages tend to be weaker in developing countries because it is often difficult to source local products . But forward linkages can have a substantial effect on employment . In Lesotho , for example , computable general equilibrium model simulations indicate that the employment of 56 , 000 workers in the garment sector , sustained by foreign direct investment flows , could have led to the creation of 77 , 000 additional nonmanufacturing jobs ( see World Bank 2005b ) . In India it is estimated that creating 2 . 5 million jobs in the information technology sector could lead to 8 . 3 million additional jobs ( NASSCOM 2011 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 86, "text": "international data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ own life or who is directly threatening the safety of others , in which case referrals to lifesaving services shall be sought ; b ) if the survivor is a child and there are concerns for the child ’ s health and safety . The survivors need to be informed about these exceptions . EEP will continue to work closely with representatives of the communities to run this grievance redress mechanism for the Subproject and to address PAHs ’ concerns and complaints . Combined with effective engagement , this grievance redress mechanism that is a joint effort between the Subproject and PAPs is expected to promote trust and enhance communication . # # # # # # * * 13 . 4 Grievance Management Processes * * To ensure that the basic rights and interests of PAPs are protected , that concerns are adequately addressed and that entitlements are delivered , a grievance procedure has been designed for the Subproject . The grievance resolution process as presented in PRIME-1 - SEP report involves the following main steps : - _Receipt of grievances : _ anyone from the PAPs or affected communities or believing to be affected by the subproject can submit a grievance ( written , verbal , telephone , etc . as chosen by the complainant ) . Anonymous complaints will also be accepted . - _Registering the complaint : _ Any comments or concerns can be brought to the attention of the Subproject verbally or in writing or by filling in a grievance form , including anonymously . The focal point ( to be assigned at each subproject site ) who received the complaint will use the GRM logbook for registering . Grievance information will be recorded in a grievance log . This information will include : - PAPs or other stakeholder name and contact details ; - Details of the nature of the grievance ; - Date received , responded to and closed out ; - How it was", "spans": [{"start": 1717, "end": 1728, "text": "GRM logbook", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > informal informal < br > a . By “ high-risk ” sectors b . By gender < br > 0 . 71 < br > 0 . 68 < br > 0 . 51 < br > 0 . 47 < br > 0 . 43 0 . 45 < br > 0 . 39 < br > 0 . 28 0 . 27 < br > 0 . 21 < br > IME Textile Transport Tourism Construction Commerce Agriculture Other masculin feminin < br > informal informal < br > . 8 . 8 < br > . 6 . 6 < br > . 4 . 4 < br > % informal jobs % informal jobs < br > . 2 . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > . 8 . 8 < br > . 6 . 6 < br > % informal jobs . 4 % informal jobs . 4 < br > . 2 . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s calculations based on EBCNV 2015 8", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 626, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for establishme < br > nt of Government Certificate < br > Authority - ECA < br > IDA / 68560 | 1 . Digital economy , enabling < br > legal and regulatory environ < br > ment | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pe < br > e | nding Impl < br > mentation | 2023-10-12 | | 2023-10-17 | | | 2023-12 - | 01 | | 2024-02-13 | | 2024-03-19 | | 2 | 024-11-14 | | ET-MINT-381332-GO-RFP / T < br > he Supply & Installation of IT < br > Equipment for Integrating th < br > e National Databases < br > IDA / 68560 | 2 . Digital government and c < br > onnectivity | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pe < br > e | nding Impl < br > mentation | 2023-10-15 | | 2023-10-20 | | | 2023-12 - | 04 | | 2024-02-16 | | 2024-03-22 | | 2 | 025-03-22 | | ET-MINT-381330-GO-RFP / S < br > upply , Delivery and Installati < br > on of IT Related Equipment f < br > or Federated System of Inter < br > IDA / 68560 | 2 . Digital government and c < br > onnectivity | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open -", "spans": [{"start": 560, "end": 578, "text": "National Databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Strong x 2021 | 0 . 138 | - 0 . 096 | 0 . 083 | - 0 . 015 | - 0 . 037 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 0 . 091 ) | ( 0 . 061 ) | ( 0 . 114 ) | ( 0 . 101 ) | ( 0 . 117 ) | | PSU dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Year dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Women controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Partner controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Observations | 2 , 024 | 1 , 990 | 1 , 233 | 1 , 583 | 1 , 894 | | R-squared | 0 . 221 | 0 . 149 | 0 . 283 | 0 . 196 | 0 . 136 | The dependent variables are the sub-indices of the female decision-making index ( FDI ) . Standard errors clustered at the district level . # b . Sensitivity checks Our baseline results have established that the female decision-making index has significantly improved in medium conflict districts relative to low conflict districts . To check the sensitivity of the results , we proceed with a series of robustness checks based on column 2 ( i . e . , full sample ) of the main results in Table 1 . < sup > 7 < / sup > We repeat the analysis reported in the main results while controlling for the intensity of conflict , controlling for children living in the household , excluding polygamous households , excluding women that were not privately interviewed , considering alternate measures of conflict intensity , excluding districts that saw extreme levels of conflict intensity , and excluding a district from the sample one-by-one . These checks , summarized in Table 4 , prove that the results reported in this paper are satisfactorily robust in the face of alternate specifications and conditions . _Table 4 : Sensitivity checks_ | | ( 1 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "internal auditors at regions and follow up and consolidate the quarterly internal audit reports of bureaus and woredas . Internal auditors at regional bureaus and woredas prepare annual audit plan and perform financial audit accordingly . Both submit monthly and quarter report to their office heads and to the internal audit and inspection department of BoFs respectively . Due to number of vacant posts and capacity problem , the internal auditors mostly focus on traditional audit-vouching , do not perform system and risk-based audit . The PEFA 2018 indicated that there was good internal audit coverage at the regional level , but the audit largely focuses on financial compliance with limited coverage on systemic audit . The PFM strategy being implemented at regional level should incorporate capacity building activities to improve the internal audit function at Woreda / sub national level . DLRs are also proposed to address the internal audit vacant posts . 42 . * * Governance and Anticorruption : * * There is robust legal framework for addressing F & C risks in Ethiopia . FEACC and REACCs in cooperation with the Federal Attorney General have adopted both preventive and curative approaches in combating corruption in the country . FEACC will concentrate on the preventive side on expanding and promoting ethics and anti-corruption education , while Federal Attorney General focuses on the curative side on prosecution of alleged corruption offences . FEACC has signed MOU with REACCs on April , 2012 and with the Federal Attorney General and Federal police on August 2019 which established closer relationship in carrying out mutual cooperation activities , building capacities and compiling country level reports on F & C that will be reported to the Bank ' s Integrity vice Presidency ( INT ) . Government ’ s determination in controlling F & C could be also being explained in structuring and the assigning of officers / focal representatives in many of the offices and enhancing of anti - corruption alliances / movements , preparation of training modules for officers and council members , provision of cascaded training and information sharing of the ESPES PforR fiduciary requirements", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 553, "text": "PEFA 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- McGuire , Joel , Caspar Kaiser , and Anders Bach-Mortensen . 2020 . “ The impact of cash transfers on subjective well-being and mental health in low - and middle - income countries : A systematic review and meta-analysis . ” Tech . rep . , SocArXiv . URL ` https : / / osf . io / preprints / socarxiv / ydr54 / ` . Type : article . - McKelway , Madeline . 2020 . “ Women ’ s Employment in India : Intra-Household and IntraPersonal Constraints . ” _Working Paper_ . - McKenzie , David . 2012 . “ Beyond baseline and follow-up : The case for more T in experiments . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 99 ( 2 ) : 210 – 221 . URL ` https : / / ideas . repec . org / a / eee / deveco / v99y2012i2p210-221 . html ` . Publisher : Elsevier . - Morse , Nancy C . and Robert S . Weiss . 1955 . “ The Function and Meaning of Work and the Job . ” _American Sociological Review_ 20 ( 2 ) : 191 – 198 . Publisher : [ American Sociological Association , Sage Publications , Inc . ] . - Mree , Himaloy Joseph and Karen Homer . 2019 . “ Cash-for-work programme empowers Rohingya refugee women . ” URL ` https : / / www . wvi . org / myanmar - % E2 % 80 % 93-bangladesh-refugee-crisis / article / cash-work-programme-empowers-rohingya-refugee-women ` . - Olesen , Sarah C . , Peter Butterworth , Liana S . Leach , Margaret Kelaher , and Jane Pirkis . 2013 . “ Mental health affects future employment as job loss affects mental health : findings from a longitudinal population study . ” _BMC Psychiatry_ 13 ( 1 ) : 144 . URL ` https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1186 / 1471-244X-13-144 ` . - Patel , Vikram , Benedict Weobong , Helen A . Weiss , Arpita Anand , Bhargav Bhat , Basavraj Katti , Sona Dimidjian , Ricardo Araya , Steve D . Hollon , Michael King , Lakshmi Vijayakumar , A . - La Park , David McDaid , Terry Wilson , Richard Velleman , Betty R . Kirkwood", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Pavoni ( 2020 ) ) . We expect positive effects of the policy on the labor force participation rate of mothers of children aged six years old . To estimate the impact of the reform , we apply a difference-in-difference estimation strategy and use mothers of three - to four-year-old children as our control group . We rely on data from the European Labor Force Survey ( EU-LFS ) , which contains information on labor market outcomes and allows us to identify the age of the youngest child in each household as well as the mother of each child in each household . We only have access to data from 2010 to 2019 , which limits our analysis of parallel trends . We find that the 2012 reform led to an increase in the maternal labor supply of affected children by 2 . 6 to 4 . 1 percentage points . Results from a triple difference-in-difference estimation strategy that relies on information on children ’ s average participation in pre ( primary ) classes are less stable than our difference-in-difference estimators , probably driven by low sample sizes . Women who previously experienced more severe restrictions to labor market opportunities , by living in rural areas , caring for additional children , being self-employed , or having greater economic safety due to the presence of a spouse or employed member in the household , report larger effects . Women living with an elderly person experience lower effects , but the difference is insignificant . We also show that the probability of working part-time increased among women affected by the reform . This result is not surprising given that preparatory classes only took place in the morning . Consequently , the reform only represents a partial substitution of the care responsibilities endured by the primary caregiver . Nevertheless , the average number of hours usually worked during the week slightly increased . So did the average gross employee cash or near cash income . Future research should disentangle if these income increases are mainly driven by mothers entering the workforce , or if there was also a parallel increase in existing earnings . Romania is an interesting setting for the underlying question , given that gender gaps in 2", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 370, "text": "European Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Project Appraisal Document Page 6 Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Health Sector Reform Project could begin immediately ( architectural plans and tender documents are either complete or being finalized ) . It is therefore expected that the first year facility rehabilitation program would include the rehabilitation of Al Bashir Hospital ( US $ 12 . 0 million ) ( preparation of masterplan for this hospital is being financed under the ongoing Health Management Project ) , and the second phase of rehabilitation of Princess Basma Hospital ( US $ 0 . 6 million - phase I of rehabilitation financed under the ongoing Health Management Project ) . In addition , RMS has requested retroactive financing of a laboratory currently under construction ( US $ 7 . 0 million ) . The legal framework ( the National Drug Policy ) for the pharmaceutical reform program has been adopted and detailed action plans for implementation prepared . Finally , all terms of reference for the technical assistance have been drafted in collaboration with the counterpart teams and are ready to be tendered . # # * * Block * * 2 : * * Project Rationale * * _5 . _ * * _CAS objectives supported by the project : _ * * Document number / date of last CAS discussion : 14999 , 10 / 24 / 95 - _Establishing the enabling environment for sustainable growth_ through targeted interventions for improved efficiency and effectiveness ( e . g . , the use of a comprehensive masterplan for defining investment priorities , rationalizing the use of pharmaceuticals , providing physicians with incentives for improved efficiency , etc . ) . - _Addressing human resource constraints_ by improving health services which will reduce loss of productivity due to morbidity . # # 6 . * * _Main sector issues and Government strategy_ * * Jordan is in the midst of the epidemiological transition with acute respiratory infections and perinatal diseases still causing a large loss of productive life while non-communicable diseases and illnesses are becoming increasingly prevalent . Infant and child mortality indicators ( e . g . , under 5 and infant mortality rates ) are favorable compared with other countries", "spans": [{"start": 2032, "end": 2069, "text": "Infant and child mortality indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to maintain comparability across countries , we use only the number of newly registered firms ( i . e . flow rather than stock ) . This exclusion prevents us from calculating entry rates ( new firms normalized by total firms ) or firm turnover ( new plus closed firms normalized by total firms ) . _c . Limited Liability Companies : _ Partnerships and sole proprietorships are not considered in our analysis as these types of entities differ substantially with respect to their definition and regulation worldwide . We therefore focus solely on limited liability companies . _d . Exclusion of off-shore financial centers_ : Data collected from countries categorized as offshore financial centers by the IMF < sup > 3 < / sup > are excluded from our analysis since registered entities may not fit our definition of “ entrepreneurship ” . The information provided by these countries likely reflects a nontrivial number of shell companies , defined as companies that are registered for tax purposes , but are not active businesses . The case of the British Virgin Islands provides a sharp illustration of the distorting effects of offshore financial centers . In 2007 , the country had 77 , 022 newly registered corporations , which translates to approximately four new firms for each working age individual . # * * _2 . 3 Data Sources_ * * Data were collected from official government sources around the world . Thus , our data are not based on surveys or estimations . In 70 percent of the countries , data were collected directly from the Registrar of Companies , which is generally the government entity responsible for recording and maintaining information on new and existing firms . Data for other countries were collected from national statistical offices and chambers of commerce . For two countries > 3 The complete list of excluded countries can be found at : http : / / www . imf . org / external / pubs / ft / wp / 2007 / wp0787 . pdf , Table 10 7", "spans": [{"start": 624, "end": 653, "text": "Data collected from countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 # # # # # * * Méthodologie * * Ce rapport narratif présente la situation de protection au Mali dans la période d ’ octobre à décembre 2024 ( trimestre 4 ) et de janvier à mars 2025 ( Trimestre 1 ) . Il s ’ est inspiré principalement de l ’ utilisation de la plateforme DEEP de DRC pour la revue des données secondaires , de l ’ identification des risques proéminents de protection aux niveaux sous-national et national , des travaux de groupes issus de l ’ atelier 16 avril 2025 , organisé avec l ’ appui du Global Protection Cluster ( GPC ) et du Bureau régional du HCR Dakar . Ces contributions ont été complétées par diverses ressources humanitaires telles que ACLED , OCHA , REACH , UNICEF , GBVIMS , rapports de monitoring de protection , évaluations rapides de protection ( ERP ) . . . La présente analyse des risques a été guidée par les lignes directrices du Protection Analytical Framework . Elle se fonde donc sur les directives du GPC en matière d ’ analyse des risques de protection . # # # # # * * Limites * * Le contexte opérationnel du Mali ne facilite pas la collecte d ’ informations , eu égard à la situation sécuritaire et des défis d ’ accès dans le pays . Dans le cadre de la présente analyse , les données collectées sur le terrain devraient être considérées comme une indication de la situation de protection dans le pays . De plus , les données du monitoring de protection sont limitées à certaines communes auxquelles", "spans": [{"start": 1244, "end": 1277, "text": "données collectées sur le terrain", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1385, "end": 1420, "text": "données du monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | | 64 . 00 < br > Jun / 2020 | 76 . 45 < br > 28-Jun-2024 | 80 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Cumulative public works projects for < br > which arrangements for operations < br > and maintenance are established – < br > Total ( Percentage ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator measures the cumulativ < br > clear arrangements for operations and < br > criteria . Data is based on the EFY 2015 P | e proportion of su < br > maintenance in pla < br > W & LH implementa | b-projects that have < br > ce , based on a set of < br > tion review report . | | Highlands ( Percentage ) | 72 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 76 < br > 28-Jun-2024 | 80 . 00 | May / 2025 | | Lowlands ( Percentage ) | 46 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 77 < br > 28-Jun-2024 | 80 . 00 | May / 2025 | | | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 0 < br > 28-Jun-2024 | 20 . 00 | May / 2025 | | Cumulative number of ECD centers in < br > PSNP Woredas ( Number ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator measures the cumulativ < br > ( ECD ) centers set up in PSNP woredas . < br > activities delayed due to conflict . | e number early chil < br > This is a recently re | dhood development < br > vised indicator with | | | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 0 < br", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 710, "text": "tion review report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic standing . This analysis uses the results from Filmer and Pritchett ( 1998 ) which argued that an index of housing characteristics and assets owned by the household members , which are collected in the DHS , is a good rneasure of a household ' s long run wealth in predicting educational outcomes . The particular goal here is to investigate the association between educational disparities and gender , household wealth , adult education , and \" access \" to schools . The analysis leads to four main findings . First , the extent of the female disadvantage in education varies enorrnously across countries . At one extreme there are some countries , primarily located in Western and Central Africa , North Africa , and South Asia where the gaps are large in all the measures used . For example , in India there is a 16 . 6 percentage point difference between the school enrollment of girls and boys aged 6 to 14 . In Benin , the enrollment rate of boys aged 6 to 14 is 63 percent higher than the enrollment rate of girls . At the other extreme there are countries , mostly in Latin America , where there is no female disadvantage in and in fact a small female _advantage_ in some of the measures used . In Colombia , the enrollment r ate of boys is 98 percent that of girls . Second , while gender gaps are large in a subset of countries , wealth gaps are large in almost all the countries studied . For example , in Senegal the enrollment of 6 to 14 year olds from the poorest households is 52 percentage points lower than for those from the richest households . In Zambia , there is a 36 percentage poilnt difference in the enrollment rate of children from the richest and poorest households . Disturbingly , in some countries where there is a high degree of female disadvantage in enrollment , wealth interacts with gender to exacerbate gaps in educational enrollment among the poor ( Niger , Egypt , Morocco , India , and Pakistan ) . The magnitude of this difference can be quite large . For example , in India there is a 2 . 5 percentage point difference in", "spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 214, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approved . The literature before us has examined the determinants of being a program beneficiary ( i . e . the final allocations ) in great detail , but we know of no studies that decompose targeting performance into applications and , conditional on application , selection . In this paper , we exploit a unique combination of datasets to examine the application and selection processes at the national and household levels . At the national level , we combine data on the universe of project applications and final funding allocations in Tanzania ‟ s Social Action Fund ( TASAF II ) with a poverty map , census data , and voting data at the ward level to distinguish determinants of applications from determinants of funding conditional of having 2", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 617, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 624, "end": 635, "text": "voting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Projectl _Titl : L . igiiåtal_ Enrpenusi Kenya _Grant_ Numberk : _IomLDer_ Grant _Na > _ TFUA3007 Annx _I_ * * _cr_ * * _he Priod 0l . Oce 20I6_ * * ' 0 / * * _to 31_ Deceb * * 20Y * * # # # * * Project ' s * * Equipient Purchase List | * * Date * * | u1ppic < br > _ | * * c * * < br > * * - - - * * < br > * * Category * * | * * - - - - - - - - * * < br > mount < br > ' _ * * k * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * ' . 0120 ] * * 7 < br > | * * h11 * * I \" sle < br > td < br > | Computer < br > & Equipment < br > - Cost | . 400 | | * * I * * < br > * * Iý * * 20I | _7_ < br > _Sp_SI * * I * * Storlid | Compliter_ & _Equi . pmen < br > - Cost | * * I * * < br > 40000 | | 0609 * * 20 * * | * * 1-Nýech * * Iimited | Compuer < br > _ & _ < br > LLipmel * * - * * Cost | 0000 | | * * 01 ' * * | * * 02 * * 7Pklrln . enues | Computer , & < br > quipiment - Cos | * * 7 * * 50000 | | 184 ) 1 *", "spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 234, "text": "Equipient Purchase List", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With an increase in the frequency of unforeseen extreme weather events that threaten seasonal crop production and thereby rural livelihoods ( McCarthy et al . , 2017 ) , cassava cultivation is garnering more attention , as also evident in the National Agricultural Policy ( MoAIWD , 2016 ) . The promotion of cassava production and value addition in Malawi requires a change in the approach to public spending on agriculture , of which an average of 50 percent was geared towards maize production during the period of 2006-2013 ( FAO , 2014 ) . To inform such process , one needs reliable time series data on cassava cultivated area , production and yields . Currently , there are at least two sources of annual , national-level cassava statistics in Malawi . P6F < sup > 7 < / sup > Agricultural Production Estimates Survey ( APES ) , which is conducted annually by the Ministry of Agriculture , Irrigation and Water Development ( MoAIWD ) , is the first source . APES approach to cassava yield estimation is based on crop cutting , although the operational documentation on the APES cassava crop cuts , specifically their supervision , timing and processing , is not available . The latest publicly available APES report for the 2015 / 16 season reports a national cassava yield of 17 , 564 kilograms per hectare ( kg / ha ) . The same report puts the figure for the 2014 / 15 season at 18 , 042 kg / ha . P7F < sup > 8 < / sup > FAOSTAT is the second source of cassava statistics in Malawi . Figure 1 shows the FAOSTAT national yield and harvested area estimates from 2005 to 2014 ( i . e . the latest year for which the estimates are available ) . The exact details on the computation of the FAOSTAT-based statistics are not available , and they are presumably at least in part a function of the information provided by the MoAIWD in response to the annual FAOSTAT questionnaire . If true , the increase in the national cassava yield from 14 , 300 kg / ha in 2005 to 22 , 504 kg / ha in 2014 , as well as the parallel surge in the", "spans": [{"start": 589, "end": 605, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 784, "end": 824, "text": "Agricultural Production Estimates Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of * * | | * * performance improvement plan * * < br > * * ( PIP ) [ DLI8 ] * * | | · * * Implementation and reporting * * < br > * * of actions as identified in the PIP * * | | * * [ DLI8 ] * * < br > · * * Measurement and reporting of * * < br > * * total losses [ DLI8 ] * * | # # # * * F . Program Economic Evaluation * * 51 . * * Program economic evaluation * * : The Bank team has carried out an economic analysis which is an update of the economic assessment conducted for the parent program and includes financing for Results Area 1 and Results Area 2 ( the cost benefit analysis also includes the restructuring ) . The rationale for additional public sector financing and Word Bank value added are presented through a quantitative assessment . 52 . * * Cost benefit analysis * * : Based on the analysis of available documentations ( power sector master plans , data from Ethiopia Electricity Utility , MTF survey , among others ) and technical working sessions with program ’ s stakeholders , an update to the economic analysis of the parent program was carried out for the economic evaluation ( or standard cost-benefit analysis ) under Results Area 1 which includes 878 , 008 grid connections ( includes the 17 , 008 connections and 4 PV / hybrid mini-grids under the restructuring ) and Results Area 2 which includes off-grid investment for 4 PV / diesel mini-grids . The results are presented to demonstrate the economic impacts , which total US $ 376 million in a three-year period 21", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 908, "text": "data from Ethiopia Electricity Utility", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 911, "end": 921, "text": "MTF survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "16 million people who had previously been under emergency programming . The increase in number of beneficiaries was responding to a more realistic estimate of the chronically food insecure population and it was possible as more donors committed multi-annual resources to the PSNP . In the case of the World Bank , funds were transferred from an existing emergency project and channeled into multi-annual , multi-donor funding arrangements . 3 . 3 _Recipient households lacked timely transfers which significantly undermined predictability under APL1 . _ Transfers were design to be delivered monthly between January and June . However , the project ICR recognized that by June 2005 , only 11 percent of transfers had been received by beneficiaries although monitoring , in particular the JRIS missions and Rapid Response Teams ( RRTs ) led to early identification of bottlenecks in the payment system that were then addressed swiftly ( World Bank 2010 : 68 , Table 4 ) . Timeliness was improved in 2006 as 53 % of transfers were completed by June . * * Table 3 . Food-Cash Distribution and Timeliness of Transfers , by Year * * | | * * _Percent of Value of_ * * | * * _Percent of Value of_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Year_ * * | * * _Transfers Received by_ * * | * * _Transfers Received by_ * * | | | * * _Beneficiaries by June_ * * | * * _Beneficiaries by October_ * * | | * * 2005 * * | * * 11 * * | * * 88 * * | | * * 2006 * * | * * 53 * * | * * 74 cash ; 87 food * * | _Source_ : FSCB Financial and Physical Report 2005 , Mid-Term Report 2006 , Information Center Reports cited in ICR 3 . 4 A study on the trends in PSNP", "spans": [{"start": 1496, "end": 1535, "text": "FSCB Financial and Physical Report 2005", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * MAT * * | * * ERIAL MEASURES AND ACTIONS * * | * * TIMEFRAME * * | * * RESPONSIBLE ENTITY * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | C | * * REGULAR REPORTING * * < br > Prepare and submit to the Association regular monitoring reports on the environmental , social , < br > health and safety ( E & S ) performance of the Project . The reports shall include : < br > • < br > Status of preparation and implementation of E & S documents required under the ESCP . < br > • < br > Summary of stakeholder engagement activities carried out as per the Stakeholder Engagement < br > Plan . < br > • < br > Complaints submitted to the grievance mechanism ( s ) , the grievance log , and progress made in < br > resolving them . < br > • < br > E & S performance of contractors and subcontractors as reported through quarterly contractors ’ < br > and supervision firms ’ reports . < br > • < br > Number and status of resolution of incidents and accidents reported under action D below . | Submit biannual reports to the < br > association throughout Project < br > implementation , commencing after < br > the Effective Date . Submit each < br > report to the Association no later < br > than 15 days after the end of each < br > reporting period . | CERP PIU and < br > implementing entities | | D | * * INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS * * < br > Notify the Association of any incident or accident relating to the project which has , or is likely to < br > have , a significant adverse effect on the environment , the affected communities , the public or < br > workers , including those resulting in death or significant injury to workers or the public ; acts of < br >", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 676, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > o = 93 93 < br > Es 75 < br > 70 6s < br > Ss 51 53 53 55 < br > 49 < br > So < br > x 27 < br > o 20 < br > N < br > o LIC LMIC UMIC . HIC < br > MM Public employment services ( PES ) < br > GEE National skills / training fund < br > MEE Incentives for training < br > So < br > So < br > wo < br > o < br > wv < br > $ as < br > a 84 < br > 8 \" “ < br > N < br > So < br > = 1 < br > ° LIC LMIC UMIC HIC < br > MEE Vacancy database MEN Job placement < br > 7 Counseling Training programs < br > EEE Mobility support ( EE Internship programs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > co3 < br > g < br > Ss ° < br > o < br > EAP ECA LAC MENA OECD-HIC SAR SSA < br > MQ Public employment services ( PES ) < br > EEE National skills / training fund < br > ME Incentives for training < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > So < br > So < br > o < br > 100 97 < br > 90 — > 88 Ei < br > o 67 64 < br > So < br > N < br > o EAP ECA LAC MENA OECD-HIC SAR SSA < br > MGB Vacancy database MEE Job placement < br > HEE Counseling Training programs < br > EEE Mobility support EEE Internship programs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| • Bi-annual meeting and progress of agreed < br > action by environment and social oversight < br > bodies organized by EFCCC ; | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Strengthen the Social Accountability Unit in < br > COPCD with fulltime Environment and Social | 2 < sup > nd < / sup > AF Year 1 | COPCD / MOF | | Safeguards Specialists to oversee E & S < br > implementation | | | # * * 6 . Consultation * * The Addendum to ESSA consultation workshop aimed at reviewing federal , regional and woreda findings and enriching the draft report was held virtually via Zoom meeting on April 1 , 2021 . The draft report was prepared based on assessments in the four regions using telephone interviews and email exchanges , desk review of relevant documents and related studies and consultation with relevant federal and regional sector bureaus . The key findings and conclusions of the report were presented during the virtual workshop with a view to solicit comments and inputs from the participants . Twelve participants drawn from the Ministry of Finance , EFCCC , and the basic sectors ministries attended the virtual meeting . The following were some of the questions and comments reflected during the meeting : - How much is the system is functioning from the federal down the woreda levels ? - Do we have communications between the different levels from federal to woreda ? - How is the awareness of decision makers regarding environmental and social system ? - How can the inadequacy of human resource be tackled and how can this be supported with planning and budget ? - Do we have coordination between oversight bodies ? In response to the above questions and comments , the following explanations were made : - Most of the questions related to human resources , coordination , and budget are still challenges . The ESPES is supporting in building capacities through training and provision of equipment under the IPF component . EFCCC and MOF have to explore on how to strengthen the ESM at", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In this context , the missing joint distribution , i . e . , the value for c , does not contain much of the information that is relevant to perform cross-regions well-being comparisons . Most of the relevant information is available in the two separate surveys . By ignoring one of the separate survey , the classical approach wastes relevant information and yields suboptimal well-being comparisons . Shockingly , “ making up ” ( overlap ) data improves well-being comparisons . The reason is that the “ made up ” data allows using more “ true ” data , i . e . , from both partial distributions . More generally , these results illustrate a sometimes overlooked point : when dealing with data constraint , the objective is not to approximate the ideal indicator we could construct in the absence of constraint . Rather , the objective is to construct an indicator that makes better well-being comparisons than the comparisons made by the alternative indicators that are currently used . In other words , what matters the most is not whether the value of H < sup > ˆˆ < / sup > is “ close enough ” to the value of H < sup > ˆ < / sup > . The relevant question to ask is whether the well-being comparisons by H < sup > ˆˆ < / sup > are better than the well-being comparisons by H < sup > ˆ < / sup > M ( and those by H < sup > ˆ < / sup > OD ) . The results presented in Table 2 are valid only for one context using one particular definition for H < sup > ˆ < / sup > and one way of quantifying the deviations from H < sup > ˆ < / sup > . < sup > 48 < / sup > They call for more research to check that the proposed method can reliably improve on the classical “ wasteful ” approach . In particular , it would be interesting to investigate the performance of the proposed method for a multidimensional poverty measure constructed from the data available in a typical LSMS survey and a typical DHS or MICS survey . This performance can be assessed", "spans": [{"start": 1865, "end": 1876, "text": "LSMS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1898, "end": 1909, "text": "MICS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 095 | 0 . 056 | 0 . 094 | 0 . 358 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 063 | 0 . 018 | Standard errors in parentheses Source : Authors ’ calculations # * * 3 . 3 . Price Volatility * * High price volatility , and in particular that of food products , is costly for the poor . It makes it difficult to plan ahead and to adjust to fluctuating market signals . Episodes of extreme volatility , especially when these imply food prices spikes are an important threat to food security in a country like South Sudan , in which the average share of food in total expenditures is 80 percent . The negative impact is exacerbated by little access to savings or credit that would allow households to smooth consumption decisions over time ( e . g . : by buying and storing food when prices are low to be consumed later when prices are high ) . As a consequence , in this context , food spikes result in hunger and malnutrition in the absence of other interventions , making it a crucial issue for policymakers . In addition to the spatial dimension of price differences discussed above , food and energy prices in South Sudan have fluctuated substantially within each state capital over time . Has price volatility increased after the imposition of trade restrictions with Sudan ? To answer this question , we first measure the volatility associated with the prices of each product in a given state capital by calculating the standard deviation of the monthly rates of change of prices for each product for the period pre-border closure , and post-border closure . Second , we test for a difference in the standard deviation of price changes before and after border closure . < sup > 14 < / sup > Figure 28 to Figure 34 show the pre and post border closure price volatility for those food products for which there was available price data spanning both sub-periods . We report the state capitals in which the differences in prices volatility were statistically significant . < sup > 15 < / sup > Whenever there was a significant change in price volatility after the border closure ,", "spans": [{"start": 1800, "end": 1810, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 1 . Background characteristics of the sample * * | | All | Control | Sequence | Coaches | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | sample | Group | Group | Group | | Number of schools | 70 | 24 | 23 | 23 | | Average students per school | 301 | 316 | 289 | 297 | | Number of class divisions in 7th grade | 136 | 50 | 44 | 42 | | Number of students in 7th grade | 2965 | 1086 | 917 | 962 | | Number of Science teachers in 7th grade | 99 | 36 | 32 | 31 | _Source : _ Author ' s analysis based on survey experimental data generated for this study _Note : _ Numbers refer to the schools , class divisions and students involved in the study . 40", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 534, "text": "survey experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "acquisition * * by * * the National Land Commission which occasioned additional co claims and extensions of time . It was however not clear why * * IDA * * approved the commencement of work knowi well that the compensation for land had not been completed . The Government therefore went at a loss of Kshs . 214 , 801 , 257 . 82 through payme claims . In the circumstances , the Project ' s objectives may not be achieved due to delay in proje completion resulting in increase in project costs and the value for money may not realized # # # # * * 2 . Interest on Late Payments * * The statement of Receipt and Payments showed Acquisition of Non-Financial Assets of Kshs . 1 , 398 , 366 , 928 . Included in this amount is Kshs . 697 , 327 , 832 paid for Construction and Civil Works as disclosed under Note * * 8 * * to the financial statement . Examination of records provided for audit revealed that * * by * * the end of the financial year under review , the project had made payments totalling Kshs . 70 , 072 , 392 . 32 as interest on late payments . The management stated that payments were not made on time due to late release of funding from the Government , lack of KFW budget and inadequate * * IDA * * budget during the financial year under review . In the circumstances , the Government has gone at a loss of Kshs . 70 , 072 , 392 . 32 through payment of interest to the contractor resulting to increase in project costs and the value for money may not be realized . # # # * * 3 . Cost Adjustments Due to Delay in Project Completion * * The statement of Receipt and Payments showed Acquisition of Non-Financial Assets of Kshs . 1 , 398 , 366 , 928 . Included in this amount is Kshs . 697 , 327 , 832 paid for Construction and Civil Works as disclosed under Note * * 8 * * to the financial statement . The contract", "spans": [{"start": 859, "end": 885, "text": "records provided for audit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". As a measure of parental education , we rely on the completed years of schooling of the father of a child in all our analysis , in keeping with a large literature on intergenerational educational mobility ( see the surveys by Torche ( 2019 ) , Iversen et al . ( 2019 ) , and Emran and Shilpi ( 2021 ) ) . All reported standard errors are clustered at the district level , following Du o ( 2001 ) . # ( 5 . 1 ) The E \u001b ects of Inpres Schools on Years of Schooling of Children Table 2 reports the estimates of the mobility equation when children ' s educational attainment is measured by their completed years of schooling which is standard in many studies > 33The placebo e \u001b ects are not signi cant at the 10 percent level also . > 34The corresponding event study graphs for years of schooling also support the plausibility of the DiD design . We also checked the event study graphs including earlier birth cohorts in the pre-Inpres period ( 1950-1956 ) and the evidence is consistent with the graphs reported in the online appendix . The details are available from the authors . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 7 . 2 < br > | 74 . 4 < br > | < br > 7 . 0 < br > < br > | - s0 < br > < br > * | | Imports of goods and services < br > Gross national product | 11 . 0 < br > 6 . 1 | 3 . 7 < br > - 5 . 5 | - 54 . 0 < br > 24 . 6 | < br > * * 1 . 3 * * < br > < br > 13 . 3 | * * - Exports * * < br > - Imports | Note : 1996 data are preliminary estimates . ' The diamonds show four key indicators in the country ( in bold ) compared with its income-group be incomplete . average . If data are rnissing , the diamond will 39", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 318, "text": "1996 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 13 . 2 External Monitoring Process * * External monitoring will be conducted by external agency e . g . independent entity / consultant . The program management structure will be envisaged to enable effective communication and distribution of responsibilities amongst different participants of the project at all different levels . The external evaluation process will be informed by internal monitoring reports . # # * * 13 . 2 . 1 Responsibility of the Authorities * * The role of the implementing authorities is critical in the operationalization of the Resettlement Policy Framework . The following are important points to observe : - i ) Ensure that there is trust between the PAPs and the authorities throughout the process by being transparent in every action and sharing information . - ii ) Being realistic with time frames and sequencing of related activities : - when registration will be completed , - when assessment will be completed , - when computation of entitlements will be carried out , - when payments will be made by whom and where , - when the acquired land will be vacated and when the contractor will move on site . - iii ) Adhering to the agreed and publicized timetable of delivery of compensation is critical . This calls for a deliberate effort to ensure funds for compensation are ready set aside and accessible when payment commences . # # * * < u > Table 11 : Institutions to be Involved in Project Monitoring < / u > * * | Institution | Monitoring role | | - - - | - - - | | ICTA | Preparation and Implementation of the RAP | | Ministry of Information Communication < br > Technology < br > and < br > Digital < br > Economy < br > ( MICT & DE ) | Review of RAP monitoring report and ensure < br > that the implementation meeting World Bank < br > ESF and ESSs | | National Land Commission | Support the RAP Implementation Process < br > Support in the dispute resolving mechanism | | Kenya Human Rights Commission | Support in the monitoring of resolution of < br >", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 419, "text": "internal monitoring reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-05-15 | 2023-05-20 | | 2023-07-01 | 2023-07-31 | 2023-09-04 | 2024-03-02 | | , < br > C2-MIES-INEC-77 / Adquisici < br > ón equipo informático , comp < br > utadoras para la implementa < br > ción del proyecto < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Bids | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 67 , 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-04-15 | 2023-04-20 | | 2023-06-01 | 2023-07-01 | 2023-08-05 | 2024-02-01 | | C2-MIES-INEC-73 / Adquisici < br > ón de insumos para las prueb < br > as de cloro e E-coli en agua d < br > entro de la Encuesta Naciona < br > l de Desnutrición Infantil ( bo < br > tellas de agua ) < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 3 , 360 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | | 2023-03-20 < br > 20 | 23-04-13 | | | 2023-05", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 753, "text": "Encuesta Naciona", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 | | 5 . < br > * * CONCLUSION * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 | | * * Figures & Tables * * | | Figure 1 . Displacement as of 1 January 2015 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 3 | | Figure 2 . Displacement as of 3 April 2015 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 3 | | Figure 3 . Total number of South Sudanese refugees in neighbouring countries … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 4 | | Figure 4 . Typesof GBV reported in the South Sudan GBV IMS … … … … … …", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on Finance Yearbook of China 2019 . _Note : _ The figure shows the composition of government revenue as a percentage of GDP , aggregated by income group . OECD countries form a separate group . Data by revenue type are from 2020 when available or the most recent available year back to 2015 . The sample includes 155 economies . CIT = corporate income tax ; GDP = gross domestic product ; HICs = high-income countries ; LICs = low-income countries ; LMICs = lower-middle-income countries ; OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ; PIT = personal income tax ; CSS = contribution to social security ; UMICs = upper-middle-income countries ; VAT = value added tax . Indirect taxes are generally regressive , as the burden of these taxes falls disproportionately on the lower deciles of the income distribution . Indirect taxes are applied on the level of consumption and , because poorer households spend a larger share of their income on consumption ( compared to richer ones ) , indirect taxes paid account for a greater share of their incomes too . Even though informality of purchases plausibly shields some of the lower income 23", "spans": [{"start": 3, "end": 33, "text": "Finance Yearbook of China 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 194, "end": 214, "text": "Data by revenue type", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # Annex 1 # # # # # # El Nino Emergency Road Repair Project # # # # # Project Design Summary | Narrative Summary | Key Performance Indicatorsl | Monitoring and Supervision | Critical Assumptions | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Sector-related * * CAS * * Goal * * | | | ( Goal to Bank Mission ) | | Public Investment in Infrastructure | Road Agency Formation Unit < br > ( RAFU ) operational by July 1 , 1998 < br > Creation of an autonomous Road < br > Agency by June 1 , 2000 | To be monitored and supervised < br > under the recently Board-approved < br > RSISTAP ( Report No . P-7116-UG ) < br > Same above | Recruitment of RAFU ' s Director and < br > key staff experiencing delays < br > Implementation of a performance - < br > based staff remuneration system in < br > the Agency may face difficulties in < br > view of the need to ensure resource < br > flows for its operation | | * * Project Development * * < br > * * Objectives * * | | | * * ( Objective to Goal ) * * | | Reduce infrastructure-related market < br > and distribution costs county-wide | Elimination of flood-related < br > congestion delays in restored < br > facilities | Engineering survey of riding < br > conditions upon completion of works | Effective completion of works and < br > non-recurrence within 10 years of < br > rainfall with the same level and < br > intensity | | Secure the timely delivery of social < br > services to the affected populations | Same above | Socio economic survey to be carried < br > out by RAFU during project < br > implementation | Same above | | Facil", "spans": [{"start": 1475, "end": 1496, "text": "Socio economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ceries < br > 1 < br > | | Others < br > 1 < br > | | * * Figure 6-3 : Photographs of PAPs “ KSP / KH / JN / 01 and KSP / KH / V / 003 ” whose business Structures * * < br > * * likely to be affected * * < br > * * 6 . 3 . 4 * * < br > * * PAPs losing tenancy in the Settlement * * < br > The census exercise conducted in the Settlement recorded a total of PAPs who are tenants as < br > summarized in table 6 . 5 below . < br > * * Table 6-5 : Affected Tenant PAP ’ s * * < br > * * Total Number of Tenants * * < br > * * Number of Female Tenants * * < br > * * Number of Male * * < br > * * Tenants * * < br > * * DISCLOSURE * * | | 7 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > * * 6 . 3 . 5 * * < br > * * Total number of Vulnerable PAPs * * < br > | The census identified that 3 PAPs are vulnerable comprising of 1 female PAPs and 2male PAPs . All te vulnerable PAPs are structure owners . Table 6 . 6 below summarizes the vulnerable PAPs : 6-4", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 308, "text": "census exercise", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 15 : Country at a Glance * * # # # # # * * KENYA : Kenya Agricultural Productivity Project ( KAPP ) * * | POVERTY d SOCIAL | | | * * Sub - * * < br > Saharan | | Low - | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | an | | Kenya | < br > Africa | i | < br > ncome | | | * * 2002 * * | | | | | | | | Population , mid-year ( millions ) | | * * 313 * * | * * 688 * * | | * * 2 , 495 * * | Life expectancy | | GNI per capita ( Atlas method , * * _US $ ) _ * * | | * * 360 * * | * * 450 * * | | * * 430 * * | < br > | | GNI ( Atlas method , US $ billions ) | | * * 113 * * | * * 306 * * | | * * 1072 * * | I < br > | | Average annual growth , * * 1996-02 * * | | | | | | < br > T | | Population ( % ) < br > | | * * 2 . 3 * * | * * 2 . 4 * * | | * * 19 * * | < br > | | Labor force ( % ) | | * * 2 . 9 * * | * * 2 . 5 * * | | * * 2 . 3 * * | GNI < br > Gross < br > er < br > rimar | | M o s t recent estimate ( latest year | available , * * 199 * * | * * 6-02 ) * * | | | | p < br > py < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Reporting should include gender and age-disaggregated data . - Reports should include statistics as well as status of cases being followed-up . - The principle of case confidentiality should be upheld in reporting . - There should be feedback from the branch office / HQ level to field-based teams on the reports received and action taken . # # # # # # * * 3 . Minimum Standards : Training and Capacity-Building * * - Ensure that all staff and partners ( implementing partners , government counterparts , refugees ) receive a basic sensitisation and awareness-raising on SGBV prevention and response , which should address : - Basic concepts of SGBV - Understanding of a rights-based approach - UNHCR ’ s protection mandate - Causes and consequences of SGBV - Referral processes in place - Strategies for prevention of SGBV - The SGBV Guidelines should serve as the main substantive tool to inform the content of training activities . - SGBV training activities should be followed-up consistently with clearly outlined programme monitoring and reporting strategies and targeted outputs . - SGBV focal points should be senior staff at branch office level , with ability to influence senior management decisions and coordinate SGBV programmes at a national level . # # # # # # * * 4 . Minimum Standards : Working with Men for SGBV Prevention and Working with Perpetrators * * # # # # # # _Prevention_ - In addition to joint training initiatives , ensure separate training on gender for male and female staff , partners , refugees . - Target 30 % male participation in all SGBV trainings . - Senior male staff in UNHCR should share accountability and responsibility for promoting SGBV prevention . - Each country programme should identify at least one implementing / operational partner with specialised capacity of working with men for SGBV prevention . - Each country operation should identify and build the capacity of one male staff to take the lead in facilitating SGBV training . - SGBV training workshops should use one", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 60, "text": "gender and age-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "invested increasing amounts in countries with whom they were already connected at the beginning of the sample . The value of investment in the North-to-South , South-to-North , and Southto-South blocks combined represented about 4 percent of world GDP for portfolio investment and > 1 The data on international reserves are not bilateral , but we estimate the destination of international reserve holdings at the country-to-region level . This limitation is not a serious problem because virtually all reserves are held in assets issued by a few countries in the North . 2", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 319, "text": "data on international reserves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Progressio , March 2017_ _ < u > https : / / www . progressio . org . uk / sites / progressio . org . uk / files / progressio_voter_registration_process_in_somaliland_final_170317 . pdf ; Anna C . Rader , < / u > _ > _ ‘ Politiques de la reconnaissance et de l ’ origine contrôlée : la construction du Somaliland à travers ses cartes d ’ électeurs ’ , Politique africaine 144 ( 2016 ) : 51 – 71 . _ UNHCR – December 2021 45", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "15 | | 5 | Gishita / ግሽጣ | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | | 6 | Kasmir / ካዝሚር | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | | * * Total * * | | * * 19 , 166 * * | * * 3 , 276 * * | * * 591 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 23 , 037 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January-March 2025_ # # # # # # * * 7 . 6 Impact on Eucalyptus Trees * * < mark > Impact on eucalyptus trees is another adverse impact caused by the proposed subproject . Based on the census result , the subproject components will affect a total of 31 , 139 eucalyptus trees having different sizes . This eucalyptus trees belong to 252 households . Of the total eucalyptus trees , 30 , 644 will be affected by the tower pads and ROW and the remaining 495 by the construction of the two substations ( 357 eucalyptus trees by Haromaya SS & the remaining 138 by Chelenko SS project ) . < / mark > Table 7 . 10 : Number of PAHs by Impacted Eucalyptus Trees and Woreda | * * Woreda / town * * | * * PAHs by loss of * * < br > * * Eucalyptus tree * * | * * % of PAHs * * | * * No . of eucalyptus * * < br > * * trees affected * * | * * % of Eucalyptus * * < br > * * trees impacted * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Adele SC | 75 | 29 . 8 | 4 , 519 | 14 . 5 | | Haromaya | 9 | 3 . 6 | 541 | 1 . 7 | | Kersa | 64 | 25 .", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 243, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 428, "end": 441, "text": "census result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gini in 2017 from 62 to 67 . < sup > 34 < / sup > Panel B of Figure 6 shows trends that are broadly similar for the adjusted and unadjusted surveys , showing a robust decline in global inequality since about year 2000 . The levels and patterns are in line with those of Lakner and Milanovic ( 2016 ) who use a different form of adjustment and aggregation , but only provide estimates until 2008 . For 2008 they estimate a global Gini of 67 . 0 using 2011 PPPs , while our estimates are 66 . 7 . < sup > 35 < / sup > Their topincome adjusted estimates are 2 . 9 to 6 . 3 percentage points higher for 2008 , within the same range as our top-adjusted estimate , which is 4 . 3 percentage points higher for 2008 . Using the unadjusted distributions with national accounts means instead of survey means , global inequality is lower and declining faster . This is expected from the pattern of national accounts measures , which are larger and growing faster than survey measures , especially in middle-income countries . Notably , global inequality has continued falling rapidly using all measures . Our survey-based estimates have fallen 6 to 7 percentage points since 2000 . Generally , the larger HHS - NAS gap among middle-income countries leads to relatively larger adjustments to inequality measures in these countries . These systematic differences along the income gradient of countries also lead to insights into the relationship between economic development and levels of inequality . Evidence of the cross-sectional Kuznets curve – the hypothesis that income inequality first increases and then declines with development – has recently been questioned . Palma ( 2011 , p . 87 ) suggests that the “ the ‘ upwards ’ side of the ‘ Inverted-U ’ between inequality and income per capita has evaporated . ” This is indeed true for the unadjusted Gini coefficients in our sample . However , Gini coefficients from the top-income adjusted data , suggest that there is an upwards sloping segment and firmly re-establish a Kuznets-like relationship between economic development and observed inequality , as seen in Figure 7 . The clearly inverted U-shaped curve results from the lowess regression", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 459, "text": "2011 PPPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rating was Moderate , which seemed appropriate given the successful implementation of the two previous projects and the capacity within the Government as well as the VMA to manage and implement the URHVP . For each of these risks , several mitigation measures were agreed between the Government and the World Bank and built into the project . First , on points ( a ) and ( b ) , it was determined that the MoH will not give special preference to public providers and will apply common selection criteria for all categories of service providers . The MoH was to also set up a team to support implementation of the voucher program , issue guidelines to regulate the provision of services and use of resources generated through the scheme by public providers , and ensure compliance through a robust quality assurance system . On point ( c ) , lessons and recommendations from the previous project guided the decision to rely on geographical targeting using detailed poverty maps from UBOS , supplemented by information on pregnancy-related morbidity patterns from the MoH . These points on selection criteria , guidelines , and targeting approaches were elaborated , and steps were clearly defined in the Operations Manual of the project . On point ( d ) , all partners were to sign a memorandum of understanding committing to work in a collaborative manner under the oversight of the MoH / Interagency Coordination Committee ( ICC ) . Finally , on point ( e ) , it was agreed that the design of the voucher be made much more secure , durable , and difficult to reproduce fraudulently , and that the claims processing systems be further refined to improve fraud detection and claims tracking and reporting . This would strengthen overall governance and accountability of the voucher scheme . # # * * B . KEY FACTORS DURING IMPLEMENTATION * * 54 . * * There were a number of factors that affected implementation . First , there were factors subject to government / implementing agency control . * * Building on the lessons from the previous projects , capacity and systems to manage a voucher program was improved", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 986, "text": "detailed poverty maps from UBOS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# IV . Earnings and decision-making roles # # Complementing missing data on earnings In surveys , earnings are measured through ( a ) individual wage / salary earnings ; ( b ) profit from the farm ( measured at the household or plot level ) ; and ( c ) profit from the nonfarm enterprise ( measured at the enterprise level , which if own-account could be assigned to an individual household member ) . The quality of rural earnings data can vary substantially across country surveys , often resulting in missing and outlier values for occupations where rural women also tend to be overrepresented . In wage employment , for example , this includes informal and seasonal jobs that can be paid out irregularly and / or in-kind ; and in self-employment , in family farms / businesses where the value of household members ’ labor is not recorded ( if , as is common in rural areas , multiple family members are involved ) . For individual wage / salary earnings , carefully collected community-level data on average wages or earnings for men and women , for formal / casual work across different sectors , could be useful as complementary data to understand expected labor market returns — particularly in contexts when many women are out of the labor force . For self-employment , within farming , several recent studies have discussed the use of individual-level data on productivity that is associated with farm income ( see , for example , studies from Sub-Saharan Africa including Doss , 2018 ; Kilic et al , 2015 ) . And as discussed in more detail below , for cases where income is pooled ( across individual earnings , and farm / non-farm enterprises ) the LSMS and other household surveys are exploring alternative questions about decision making over earnings to better understand individuals ’ control over income . A joint pilot study in Sri Lanka by the World Bank and ILO under the WWEP , to coordinate survey questions across the LFS and LSMS , will also test questions on decision making in agriculture ( Gaddis and Palacios-Lopez , 2018 , Walsh , 2018 ) . # # A closer look at decision making over earnings Questions on decision-making over wage earnings ,", "spans": [{"start": 417, "end": 436, "text": "rural earnings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 980, "end": 1000, "text": "community-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1344, "end": 1365, "text": "individual-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1661, "end": 1665, "text": "LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table A . 3 . 8 : Results of simulation 1 reported for the full sample with LAYS data and the subsample with PISA data * * | Changes in | Optimistic | Intermediate | Pessimistic | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Full sample ( 157 countries ) * * | | | | | Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling ( LAYS ) | - 0 . 3 | - 0 . 6 | - 0 . 9 | | Per student average earning loss in annual terms ( $ ) | - 355 | - 872 | - 1 , 408 | | Per student average lifetime earning loss at present value ( $ ) | - 6 , 472 | - 15 , 901 | - 25 , 680 | | Aggregate economic cost of foregone earnings at present value ( $ ) | - 4 . 3 T | - 10 . 0 T | - 15 . 9 T | | Aggregate economic cost as a share of total spending on basic < br > education | 6 . 7 % | 15 . 5 % | 24 . 7 % | | * * PISA subsample ( 92 countries ) * * | | | | | Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling ( LAYS ) | - 0 . 3 | - 0 . 6 | - 1 . 0 | | Per student average earning loss in annual terms ( $ ) | - 497 | - 1 , 269 | - 2 , 072 | | Per student average lifetime earning loss at present value ( $ ) | - 9 , 061 | - 23 , 156 | - 37 , 806 | | Aggregate economic cost of foregone earnings at present value ( $ ) | - 3 . 9 T | - 9 . 3 T | - 14 . 9 T | | Aggregate economic cost as a share of total spending on basic | | | | | education | 6 . 5 % | 15 . 2 % | 24 . 3 % | Source : Authors ’ calculation . Simulation 1 results based on", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 91, "text": "LAYS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 115, "end": 124, "text": "PISA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "micro , meso , or macro level , which each measure and define worker productivity in their own way . Micro studies focus on observed individual worker performance , output or wages as the left-hand side variable . < sup > xxxii < / sup > Studies at the sector or economy wide level typically consider output per worker , using an aggregate economic indicator such as output , value-added , or GDP , divided by reported number of workers employed . xxxiii Increased temperature generally has an adverse effect on labor productivity , and this seem to hold across settings , specifications , levels of observation , and types of output . This is confirmed by a recent review of a subset of studies ( Lai et al . , 2023 ) . Micro-level analysis in developing countries finds a negative relationship between productivity and temperature . In India ’ s manufacturing sector , a 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C increase on a hot day reduces labor productivity by 2 – 4 % ( Somanathan et al . , 2021 ) . For garment factories in India , productivity effects of relatively hot days are in the magnitude of - 2 pp / + 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C for temperatures above 27 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C-28 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C ( Adhvaryu et al . , 2020 ) . Workers ’ data from non-climate-controlled manufacturing firms in China suggest a U-shaped relationship : temperature is positively correlated with productivity up to 78 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > F ( ~ 25 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C ) , after which productivity declines with further warming ( Cai et al . , 2018 ) . Call center workers in India see a productivity decline of 1 . 8 % for a 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C rise over a temperature range from 21 _ . _ 9 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C to 28 _ . _ 5 < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1244, "end": 1258, "text": "Workers ’ data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms with higher shares of workers at home ( ) were better able to mitigate firms ’ sales shocks during COVID-19 or the resulting magnitude of job losses . < sup > 30 < / sup > EEIIssh On the supply side of the labor market , the ability to work from home ( ) , has been posited as an important determinant of jobs at risk , at least during mandatory firm closures ( e . g . , Hatayama et al . , 2020 ) . WWFFWW To test whether firms downsized less when their sector occupational structures were more conducive to working from home , we estimated the determinants of firms ’ share of workers working from home , . In particular , we examined the role of physical demands , face-to-face interaction , and level of ICT use in a job , as EEIIssh well as the share of workers with internet at home according to the latest labor force data , averaging across occupations by sector . < sup > 31 < / sup > Our results show that the ICT task index was statistically significantly related to firms ’ for both countries . However , the physical demands and in-person face to face indices of sector occupations were not significantly related to in either one . Measured internet use at home was EEIIssh insignificant for both as well , possibly in part because data on internet use was not sufficiently current . The EEIIssh index ( proposed by Hatayama et al . , 2020 ) was statistically significantly related to as well , due to the component ICT use . The physical demands and face to face components of the index have ( smaller , WWFFWW EEIIssh 30 In a small fraction of the specifications tried , the share of workers using ICT was negatively related to job loss , but this result was very sensitive to the inclusion of insignificant regressors . 31 Household internet usage was likely very high for PFPS workers by the time COVID hit . For the populations as a whole , 67 percent had internet access in Jordan in 2017 and 73 percent for Georgia in 2020 . 22", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 835, "text": "labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SOLUTIONS STRATEGY FOR AFGHAN REFUGEES 2018-2019 # 1 . Regional Overview : 40 Years of Protracted Displacement _Pakistan_ * * © * * UNHCR / SEBASTIAN RICH # # # # # * * Afghan refugees — the second largest refugee population in the world * * After nearly four decades of protracted displacement , Afghan refugees still constitute just over 13 per cent of the global refugee population < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > and one-fifth of the world ’ s protracted caseload , accounting for more than half of the 4 . 1 million refugees in protracted displacement of 20 years or longer . < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > With almost 2 . 6 million registered refugees , Afghanistan remains the second largest country of origin in the world . < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > While Afghan refugees are dispersed across more than 80 countries , an overwhelming 91 per cent of them continue to be hosted by just two countries — the Islamic Republics of Pakistan and Iran . Half of the Afghan refugee population are children below 18 years , underlining the vulnerability of the displaced communities and stressing the need for urgent , prioritized responses . In addition to registered Afghan refugees , according to the estimates of host governments , there are 1 . 5 to 2 million undocumented Afghans in the Islamic Republic of Iran and between 350 , 000 to 550 , 000 in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . In 2017 , both Governments initiated - * * 1 * * These statistics refer only to refugees under UNHCR ’ s mandate , and exclude Palestine refugees under the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) . Source : UNHCR , UNHCR Global Trends : Forced Displacement in 2017 , available at : http : / / www . unhcr . org / globaltrends2017 / - * * 2 * * UNHCR , UNHCR Global", "spans": [{"start": 1662, "end": 1681, "text": "UNHCR Global Trends", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These statements were in turn refuted by a senior official from Oxfam UK , who stated that on 20 November 1996 - three days _before_ the press conference took place - his staff had been shown the US military ’ s satellite and aerial photos , which “ confirmed , in considerable detail , the existence of over 500 , 000 people , distributed in three major and numerous minor agglomerations . ” “ On the basis of the quality and authority of the information received by Oxfam on 20 November , ” he concluded , “ we feel bound to conclude that as many as 400 , 000 refugees and unknown numbers of Zairean displaced persons have , in effect , been air-brushed from history . ” A UNHCR statement which was consistent with the Oxfam position was angrily rejected by the Rwandan authorities . According to one commentator , “ Kigali officials retorted that UNHCR had a habit of exaggerating its figures , so why would anyone want to believe them this time round . ” < sup > 28 < / sup > Third , the interest of donor states in refugee statistics can be strongly conditioned by the desire to limit their expenditure on refugee assistance programmes and to bring an early halt to longstanding humanitarian operations which have outlived their political usefulness . That was clearly the situation in Bosnia in 1996 , shortly after the conclusion of the war . As a WFP / UNHCR report on the Bosnian food distribution programme concluded : - “ Intensifying efforts to target more precisely became an issue almost immediately after the signing of the Dayton Peace Accord . The overriding factor was donor pressure , which was inspired by a strong desire to reduce rations . The simple logic was that peace should bring stability and economic recovery , and that people would return to their places of origin , and hence large reductions in food aid would be both possible and necessary . Further justifications for reductions of humanitarian assistance were offered , including the usual arguments about avoiding the creation of food aid dependency and disincentives to agricultural production . In any case ,", "spans": [{"start": 1020, "end": 1038, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lybbert , T . & Wydick , B . , 2018 . Poverty , Aspirations , and the Economics of Hope . _Economic Development and Cultural Change , _ Volume 66 , p . 709 – 753 . Macours , K . & Vakis , R . , 2014 . Changing Households ’ Investment Behaviour through Social Interactions with Local Leaders : Evidence from a randomized transfer program . _Economic Journal , _ p . 124 ( 576 ) : 607 – 633 . < mark > Malawi National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( Government of Malawi ) . Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey 2020-2024 ( HFPS-COVID-19 2020-2024 ) . Ref : MWI_2020-2024_HFPS_v18_M . Downloaded from https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3766 on January 2 , 2024 ; < / mark > Manski , C . , 2004 . Measuring expectations . _Econometrica , _ 72 ( 5 ) , pp . 1329-1376 . Marjoribanks , K . , 2003 . Family background , individual and environmental influences , aspirations and young adults ' educational attainment : A follow-up study . _Educational Studies , _ 29 ( 2-3 ) , pp . 233-242 . Mau , W . , Chen , S . - j . , Li , J . & Johnson , E . , 2020 . Gender Difference in STEM Career Aspiration and Social - Cognitive Factors in Collectivist and Individualist Cultures . _Administrative Issues Journal Education Practice and Research , _ pp . 10 . 30-46 . Mau , W . - C . & Li , J . , 2017 . Factors Influencing STEM Career Aspirations of Underrepresented High School Students . _The Career Development Quarterly , _ pp . 66 : 246-258 . Mickelson , R . A . , 1990 . The attitude – achievement paradox among black adolescents . Sociology of Education . 63 ( 1 ) , p . 44 – 61 . Migali , S . & Scipioni , M . , 2019 . Who ' s About to Leave ? A Global Survey of Aspirations and Intentions to Migrate . _International Migration . _ Mussa , E . C . , 2020 . Youth Aspirations , Perceptions of Farming , and", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 542, "text": "HFPS-COVID-19 2020-2024", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1669, "end": 1723, "text": "Global Survey of Aspirations and Intentions to Migrate", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 : Administrative Data – Impact on NVRB Balance by Month and Overdrafter Status < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Non-Overdrafters < br > 2014m1 2014m7 2015m1 2015m7 2016m1 2016m7 < br > Month < br > B . Overdrafters < br > 2014m1 2014m7 2015m1 2015m7 2016m1 2016m7 < br > Month < br > 1000 < br > 500 < br > 0 < br > - 500 < br > 1000 < br > 500 < br > 0 < br > - 500 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ Whiskers give 90 and 95 percent confidence intervals on estimates . Average monthly balance is top-coded at the 99 percent level by month . 21", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 30, "text": "Administrative Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activity . We also asked farmers to assess their spouse ’ s agricultural knowledge , after the knowledge portion of the intervention had been completed . The baseline and endline surveys both contain detailed plot and crop rosters , allowing us to compute number of plots , surface cultivated , production and yields separately by crop . For each plot , we also collect detailed information about the use of labor inputs ( number of workers from inside and outside the household by gender , which tasks they did , as well as the intensity of this work – allowing us to observe effort ) and nonlabor inputs ( phytosanitary products , fertilizer and hybrid seeds ) . We also collected information on the farmers ’ agricultural knowledge , their perception of their spouse ’ s knowledge , and several variables capturing women ’ s decision making in agricultural production and control over crop revenue and household savings . We also collected information on other income sources , household composition and other aspects related to the couple , such as relationship quality , and whether they still have the action plan two years later . The baseline survey was administered in June-July 2016 , while the endline was administered in June-July 2018 . # * * 3 Empirical Strategy and Sample * * # # * * 3 . 1 Empirical Strategy * * Our primary results specification in this paper is ANCOVA . Our results using survey data are estimated as follows : Yijs = α + βSeedlingSubsidyijs + δ CouplesTrainingijs + μYijs Where - Yijs is the outcome of interest for farmer i in village j in strata s , at follow-up . - 0 - • Yijs is the outcome of interest for farmer i in village j in strata s , at baseline . - SeedlingSubsidyijs equals one if farmer i in village j in strata s is assigned to receive a seedling subsidy and zero otherwise . - CouplesTrainingijs equals one if farmer i in village j in strata s is assigned to couple ’ s training and zero otherwise . - Xijs is a vector of covariates , containing all socio-demographic variables , such as age , education , marital status , household size , and farm characteristics", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1157, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1407, "end": 1418, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : World Bank Staff estimates using Escolano ( 2018 , Eq . 19 ) and forecasts of public and publicly guaranteed debt at the end of 2018 from the February 2019 World Bank database for the Regular Economic Report for the Western Balkans . * * Of course , these estimates depend crucially on the assumed growth rate * * . Nominal growth could well be higher than 5 percent a year , which would reduce the surpluses required to achieve the debt levels shown in Table 5 . For example , with annual inflation of 2 percent , the assumed real growth rate underlying Serbia ’ s deficit rule implies nominal growth of roughly 6 percent a year . On the other hand , in the five years ending in 2018 , none of the countries is expected to have achieved nominal growth as high as 5 percent . < sup > 12 < / sup > Estimated by the model , rates range from a low of 2 . 4 percent in Bosnia and Herzegovina to a high of 4 . 8 percent in Albania . This period was , of course , affected by the global financial crisis , and future growth may be faster . * * To take account of random shocks and feedback from fiscal policy to the state of the economy , we can turn to macroeconomic modeling * * . This modeling , developed by Jooste , Burns , and Song ( 2019 ) , is based on the World Bank ’ s macro-econometric models for each of the six countries of the Western Balkans . Added to these models are fiscal-reaction functions that specify how the government responds to fiscal outcomes in the presence of fiscal rules . The models project the fiscal deficit and public debt , as well as other economic variables such as output and inflation . The models can be used to estimate how the economy would respond to changes in fiscal rules or to changes in the strength of the government ’ s commitment to complying with the rules . The models allow for random shocks , and the generation of some of the results relies on Monte Carlo simulation . * * The additional element of the modeling", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 184, "text": "February 2019 World Bank database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conditional convergence in urban municipalities in the 1990s , at an annual rate of 2 percent . The conditional model shifts the convergence rates upward in most cases relative to the absolute model . The only exception is 2005 – 10 when the magnitude of income convergence remained virtually unchanged . A plausible explanation is that the coefficient of initial per capita public spending was negative during those years when the economy was hit by various adverse shocks . The expectation , confirmed in the remaining cases , is that the point estimate of the variable is positive and significant , > 9The focus is on total public spending only because no sizable differences in the rates of convergence appear if particular components of public spending or revenues are used instead , and this reduces the sample significantly because no disaggregated public finance data are available for all municipalities ( see tables 2 – 11 and 17 – 26 in the ancillary file ) . Moreover , to exploit the panel dataset of municipalities and control for time-invariant factors , conditional convergence is estimated using fixed effects models , which consistently confirm convergence , as in the standard ordinary least squares model . Random effects specifications also produce coefficients with the same signs . As extra robustness checks , 5-year and 10-year averages are used for the public spending variables and generalized method of moments ( GMM ) techniques . The results are again consistent ; that is , poor municipalities converge at a faster rate when compared to rich municipalities . 13", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 875, "text": "disaggregated public finance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 997, "end": 1010, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "almost 70 percent of Haiti population is less than 30 years old . The following section focuses on the labor income determinants in urban areas in 2007 and 2012 ; data limitations prevent the extension of the analysis to 2001 . < sup > 11 < / sup > - A . Labor Income Increased between 2007 and 2012 , but with Important Sectoral Disparities . Both monthly and hourly labor income increased by about 11 percent annually between 2007 and 2012 in urban areas . Monthly income in the Metropolitan area grew at an annualized rate of 11 percent while other urban areas saw an increase of 7 percent . A more uniform increase of 11 to 13 percent occurred across other urban areas in the case of hourly incomes . In those areas , this increase was most notable in the private informal sector , where 50 percent of the workforce is employed . In Metropolitan areas , a wage expansion of close to 60 percent hints at the role played by labor dynamics linked to the reconstruction . Hourly wages in the public and NGO sectors are higher than those in the private formal sector . The wage distribution in 2012 shows that average wages in the public and NGO sectors are significantly higher than > 10 The _Haiti Poverty Assessment_ ( World Bank , 2014a ) found that 52 percent of Haitians lived in a rural setting in 2012 , while UN data used by Glaeser ( 2013 ) refer to a 53 percent of the population as urban in 2011 , with urban areas overtaking rural ones around 2008 / 9 . > 11 In addition to the Haiti Poverty Assessment ( World Bank , 2014a ) , analysis focused on rural areas can be found in Coello , Oseni , Savrimootoo and Weiss , 2014 . 15", "spans": [{"start": 1317, "end": 1324, "text": "UN data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". _Review of Economics and Statistics 92_ ( 2 ) , 350 – 66 . - Blankespoor , B . , T . Croft , T . Dontamsetti , B . Mayala , and S . Murray ( 2021 ) . Spatial anonymization : Guidance note prepared for the Inter-Secretariat working group on household surveys . UN Inter-secretariat Working Group on Household Surveys Task Force on Spatial Anonymization in Public-Use Household Survey Datasets . https : / / unstats . un . org / iswghs / taskforces / documents / Spatial ~ ~ A ~ ~ nonymization ~ ~ R ~ ~ eport ~ ~ s ~ ~ ubmit01272021 ~ ~ I ~ ~ SWGHS . pdf . - Bosilovich , M . , R . Lucchesi , and M . Suarez ( 2016 ) . MERRA-2 : File specification . GMAO Office Note No . 9 ( Version 1 . 1 ) . ` http : / / gmao . gsfc . nasa . gov / pubs / office_notes ` . - Br ̈ uckner , M . and A . Ciccone ( 2011 ) . Rain and the democratic window of opportunity . _Econometrica 79_ ( 3 ) , 923 – 47 . - Carletto , C . , S . Gourlay , S . Murray , and A . Zezza ( 2017 ) . Cheaper , faster , and more than good enough : Is GPS the new gold standard in land area measurement . _Survey Research Methods 11_ ( 3 ) , 235 – 65 . - Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia ( CSA ) ( 2014 ) . Ethiopia Rural Socioeconomic Survey 20112012 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 011 ~ ~ E ~ ~ RSS ~ ~ v ~ ~ 01 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2053 ` on 6 September 2019 . - Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia ( CSA ) ( 2015 ) . Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey 20132014 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 013 ~ ~ E ~ ~ SS ~ ~ v ~ ~ 02 ~ ~ M ~ ~", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "across various sectors of the economy . For instance , in the case of part-time employees , who more frequently earn the minimum wage exclusively , the proportion of women slightly surpasses that of men , with figures of 20 . 4 % for women and 18 . 4 % for men . * * Minimum wage earners are overrepresented in the construction sector . * * Individuals who are taxpayers within the construction sector earn a higher minimum wage ( 3 , 000 RON ) . Consequently , the proportion of individuals earning the minimum wage within the construction sector exceeds that in other sectors of the economy by more than two-fold . Specifically , a substantial 54 . 6 % of employees eligible for fiscal benefits within the construction industry fall into the category of minimum wage earners . In contrast , among employees not employed in the construction sector , the percentage of minimum wage earners stands at 25 . 1 % . The generous tax incentives granted to the construction sector starting in 2019 could have contributed to reducing the informal economy . Still , ex-post analyses are needed to confirm this hypothesis , given the sector ' s high volatility and the growth recorded from 2019 , which follows three years of decline . > 22 This is based on total earnings from labor before tax deductions ( gross labor income ) , based on individual tax records . 28", "spans": [{"start": 1330, "end": 1352, "text": "individual tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is now required by subproject . < / sup > - ii . _Affected Household - _ a household < sup > is affectedif one or moreof its membersis < / sup > affected by project activities , < sup > either by loss of property , land , loss of access or < / sup > otherwise affected in any < sup > way by projectactivities . This provides for : < / sup > - a ) any members in the households , < sup > men , women , children , dependant < / sup > relatives and friends , tenants ; - b ) vulnerable individuals < sup > who may be too old or ill to farm along with the < / sup > others ; - c ) opposite-sex relatives who < sup > cannot reside together becauseof cultural < / sup > rules , but who depend on < sup > one another for their daily existence ; and < / sup > - d ) other vulnerable people < sup > who cannot participatefor physicalor cultural < / sup > reasons in production , consumption , < sup > or co-residence . < / sup > _5 . 2 PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING_ < sup > _PAPS_ < / sup > A census should be carried < sup > out to identify the persons who will be affected by the < / sup > project to determine who < sup > is eligiblefor assistanceand benefits , and to discourage < / sup > the inflow of ineligible people . < sup > It will be necessary to assess the level of asset loss < / sup > ( 1 ) World Bank . 2002 . Resettlement < sup > and Rehabilitation Guidebook . WashingtonDC . < / sup > MoEST , KENYA ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES < sup > MANAGEMENT < / sup > 17", "spans": [{"start": 979, "end": 985, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "plan , get approval from the head of the public body , and submit it to the respective regulatory agencies for follow up and audit . While procurement plans are being prepared by the federal , the regional and woreda level procuring entities , weaknesses were identified . More importantly , the procurement plans prepared by the regional procuring entities are not prepared using standard format , lacking method , estimates , and milestone dates . Some procuring entities do not submit their procurement plans within the specified time frame , creating difficulties on the regulatory agencies to follow up and plan Audits . In addition , entities do not send the revised plans to the regulatory authorities ; the procuring entities do not publish their procurement plan . For example , in Oromia , the Procurement plans do not include all activities such as pharmaceuticals and medical supplies , the procurement plan only indicates the recurrent budget procurement excluding the grant fund , while in Amhara the plan does not clearly mention whether it is prepared for all recurrent and grant funds and lack reference number which is critical for subsequent monitoring and reference . 29 . By and large , there is a need to improve the procurement planning system at MOH and REHBs , while maintaining the practice at EPSA . In all federal and regional project implementing agencies , procurement planning is not used as monitoring tools for proper monitoring of timeliness and efficiency of process as well as for early information for public and bidding community . Annual procurement plan with adequate information such as description of items , estimate , and process milestone dates , need to be prepared and posted for the public and the bidding community . 30 . * * _Procurement profile of the program_ – * * This PforR operation will join the SDG pool fund as did the predecessor project . Disbursement data of the SDG fund shared by the FMOH indicates that EPSA is no more the largest recipient of the fund . According to the disbursement data over the past three years covering EFY 2011 , EFY 2012 and EFY", "spans": [{"start": 1900, "end": 1933, "text": "Disbursement data of the SDG fund", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2037, "end": 2054, "text": "disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data collection in 2 visits that were 6 months apart ( R1 ) ; and ( 4 ) 12-month recall-based data collection in a single visit ( R2 ) – the current approach in Malawi and arguably the most cost effective practice for household and farm surveys collecting information on cassava production in low - and middle-income countries . Beyond the socio-economic and agricultural data collected on the sampled households , we leverage ( i ) the GPS-based areas of the cassava plots cultivated by the households , and ( ii ) the crop cutting data tied to a 5x5m sub-plot that was placed at random within a randomly-selected cassava plot of each household ( regardless of the survey treatment ) and that was harvested and weighed at the time of each household ’ s preference during the 12-month fieldwork . The contributions of this work are fourfold . First , the results from this study provide another point of empirical evidence regarding the relative accuracy and cost-effectiveness of recall-based methods vis-à-vis their diary-based counterparts for household-level annual cassava production estimation . The findings feed into the guidance we provide on survey design for data collection on > 5 The body of work investigating the accuracy of recall vis-a-vis diary extends beyond agricultural data . See , for instance , Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) ; Backiny-Yetna et al . ( 2017 ) ; Brzozowski et al . ( 2017 ) ; Friedman et al . ( 2017 ) ; and Troubat and Grunberger ( 2017 ) for the work on consumption data . Though less relevant for extended-harvest crops , Desiere and Jolliffe ( 2018 ) and Gourlay et al . ( 2017 ) document , in Uganda and Ethiopia , respectively , large ( upward ) biases in recall-based data on seasonal crop production and yield in comparison to crop cutting . 3", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 376, "text": "socio-economic and agricultural data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 520, "end": 537, "text": "crop cutting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1694, "end": 1711, "text": "recall-based data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% of the temporarily impacted households ’ are found in Kersa Woreda , followed by Meta Woreda ( 35 . 0 % ) and Adele SC ( 29 . 4 % ) ( See Tables 7 . 15 and 7 . 16 for details ) . Table 7 . 15 : Number of Temporarily Affected PAHs and Perennial Crops by Woreda | * * Wd * * | * * Number * * | * * Percent of * * | * * Pere * * | * * nnial crops I * * | * * mpacted ( in N * * | * * o ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * oreas * * | * * of PAHs * * | * * PAHs * * | * * Chat * * | * * Coffee * * | * * Banana * * | * * Total * * | | Haromaya SC | 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Adele SC | 186 | 29 . 4 | 8 , 081 | 0 | 10 | 8 , 091 | | Kersa | 225 | 35 . 6 | 6 , 803 | 77 | 118 | 6 , 998 | | Meta | 221 | 35 . 0 | 11 , 617 | 270 | 0 | 11 , 887 | | * * All * * | * * 632 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 26 , 501 * * | * * 347 * * | * * 128 * * | * * 26 , 976 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ Table 7 . 16 : Number of Temporarily Impacted Perennial Crops by Types and Size | * * Types of perennial * * < br > * * crops", "spans": [{"start": 904, "end": 951, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "دناه و يلخصال مكاسب من خالل لستثمارات األخرى أو * * ا * * خلقها تم النتائج . ، على افتراض أن الوظائف المؤقتة تستمر لمدة عام واحد من العمل بدوام كامل الجدول18 * * البناء المؤقتة حسب المؤشر المرتبط بالصرف ات ذ الصلة : وظائف الجدول18 * * | % < br > من المجموع | < sup > ال وظائف < / sup > < br > ال < br > مؤقتة | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 46 % | 5 , 318 | المؤشر1 : الشراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص | | 20 % | 2 , 359 | المؤشر4 : * * ا * * لنترنت الواسع النطاق < br > المؤشر6 : < br > المنطقة * * ا * * لقتصادية الخاصة في | | 34 % | 3 , 907 | < br > طرابلس | | | * * 11 , 584 * * | * * المجموع * * | ( البنك الدولي2013 ) البنية التحتية وخلق فرص العمل في منطقة الشرق األوسط وشمال أفريقيا . 49 117", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "> list of certified training service providers ; DLI 1 . 3 < br > Number of performance-based contracts signed < br > with training service providers ( TSPs ) | 9 , 500 , 000 . 00 < br > 1 . 2 : $ 3 . 5m , 1 . 3 : $ 6m | Page 55 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 46, "text": "list of certified training service providers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has explored all viable alternative project designs to avoid involuntary resettlement and , when it is not feasible to avoid such resettlement , to minimize the scale and impacts of resettlement ( for example , realignment of roads or reduction in dam height may reduce resettlement needs ) . Such alternative designs should be consistent with other Bank policies . 5 . Such actions may include , for example , developing procedures for establishing eligibility for resettlement assistance ; conducting socioeconomic surveys and legal analyses ; carrying out public consultation ; identifying resettlement sites ; evaluating options for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living ; or , in the case of highly risky or contentious projects , engaging a panel of independent , internationally recognized resettlement specialists . 6 . See < u > BP 17 . 50 , < / u > _Disclosure of Operational Information_ ( forthcoming ) for detailed disclosure procedures . 7 . For projects with impacts covered under para . 3 ( b ) of OP 4 . 12 , the analysis referred to in ( b ) and ( d ) above is carried out when the plan of action is furnished to the Bank ( see para . 15 of this BP ) . 74", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 524, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household ’ s investment decisio to motivate the empirical analysis . In section four , I outline the identification strategy . Section five describes the dataset and household survey . Section six presents the results and Section seven concludes . > 8See also Djankov , McLiesh and Shleifer ( 2007 ) who show that the protection of creditor rights has important effects on _ex-ante_ incentives for the provision of private credit . Visaria ( 2009 ) and von Lilienfeld-Toal , Mookherjee and Visaria ( 2012 ) provide empirical evidence on the effect of strengthening creditor rights using the introduction of debt recovery tribunals in India . 5", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 183, "text": "dataset and household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the tax / transfer . Theoretically , the Kakwani index can vary between - 1 to 1 ; the larger the index is , the more progressive is the expenditure or tax . The data for comparative analysis comes from the CEQ analyses for separate countries produced by country teams at the World Bank that were available at the time of writing : Armenia ( World_Bank 2016 ) , Belarus ( Bornukova , Shymanovich et al . 2017 ) , Georgia ( Cancho and Bondarenko 2017 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( Ismailakhunova , Shymanovich et al . 2019 ) , Moldova ( Cojocaru , Matytsin et al . 2019 ) , Russian Federation > a Wherever possible , the analysis relies on the results from the CEQ based on household surveys from respective countries . When estimates are unavailable from the CEQ results , the analysis depends on other sources , such as national accounts reported in publicly available sources . > b Size of taxes and social spending is derived either from CEQ results or from national accounts available from publicly available sources . 7", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 677, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 746, "end": 757, "text": "CEQ results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 808, "end": 825, "text": "national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR6560 The World Bank | Comments | DMO ' s are now legally and | | - - - | - - - | | | physically separate from ERA < br > as of July 2011 . | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 11-May-2012 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | < br > Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P091077 | IDA-43150 | Effective | 31-May-2007 | 08-Jun-2007 | 21-Aug-2007 | 30-Jun-2015 | 30-Jun-2015 | | P091077 | TF-56516 | Effective | 31-Dec-2007 | 31-Dec-2007 | 31-Dec-2007 | 31-Dec-2010 | 30-Jun-2012 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P091077 | IDA-43150 | Effective | USD | 225 . 00 < br > 225 . 00 | < br > 0 . 00 | < br > 122 . 28 | 108 . 04 | 54 . 00 | | P091077 | TF-56516 | Effective | USD | 1 . 54 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- GoY exaggeration of number of refugees in Yemen , even after the countrywide registration survey jointly carried out . GOY insists it hosts 10 times number of refugees actually registered . - Refugees fear registration may prolong their stay in Yemen and decrease chances for resettlement . # # # # # # * * Results to Date : * * - Seven hundred officials and media workers were trained on 1951 Refugee Convention and human rights during 2002 - 2004 . - The joint ( HCR-GoY ) registration team visited 11 Governorates / 12 Yemeni cities and registered 47 , 000 urban and camp-based Somali refugees and 600 Ethiopian refugees . - All refugees thus far registered ( 47 , 000 Somalis and 600 Ethiopian ) have received individual registration cards , including photo ID and blood type . - A joint plan has been prepared to register some 800 later arriving Ethiopian Oromo refugees . - Negotiations ongoing between UNHCR and NSCRA concerning : - 1 . Registration of non-Somali refugees and asylum-seekers of 15 nationalities and - 2 . Opening six permanent registration centres in six governorates . - A sharp reduction in number of arrests and detention of Somali refugees by Yemen security forces and an increase in the relative freedom of movement following the issuance of refugee ID cards . - By registering and obtaining a co-signed HCR-GoY refugee card , the registered refugee is protected by : - 1 . Obtaining legal status and documents recognized by GoY-UNHCR . - 2 . Reducing arrest and detention for illegal entry or lack of legal documents . - 3 . Legalizing individual and group movement inside Yemen . - 4 . Detecting refugees ’ irregular movements through neighbouring countries to better understand reasons of this movement and better address it in the future . - 5 . Easier access to social and economic rights , such as obtaining work permits , legalizing personal status in relation to marriages and newborn babies ’ documentation . - Obtaining refugee data helps identify immediate protection needs ( individual", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 98, "text": "countrywide registration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1961, "end": 1973, "text": "refugee data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Benincasa et al . ( 2024 ) find that extreme weather events erode balance sheets as firms that experience monetary losses from shocks become more leveraged and are seen as less credit worthy . The study also notes that firms affected by weather shocks are more likely to invest in fixed assets as they replenish damaged capital ( Benincasa et al . , 2024 ) . New investments can also lead to vintage effects where replenishment of capital means newer equipment with a lower environmental footprint . On the other hand , firms may become environmentally aware and therefore increase green investments or improve green management practices . A closely related study by Benincasa et al . ( 2024 ) covers European and MENA economies but relies on a self-reported measure of monetary damages from extreme weather events in contrast to the geocoded data on precipitation shocks used in this study . The study also tests whether some of the channels highlighted in the global literature also apply to the MENA region . Overall , we see that negative precipitation shocks decrease labor productivity . The channel could be through a change in the composition of workers - - negative precipitation shocks are found to increase the share of temporary workers , potentially explaining the drop in labor productivity . Negative precipitation shocks also increase losses from power outages with some indication of increases in water outages although the finding is not as robust . Negative precipitation shocks limit access to finance by decreasing the likelihood that firms use banks to finance working capital and have access to overdraft facilities . A new channel uncovered in this study is governance . The intensity of negative precipitation shocks increases the amount of time senior management spends dealing with regulations and expectations of bribe solicitations . For the cross-section of 2019 / 2020 MENA surveys , there is a green module included in the survey instrument that captures green investments and green management practices . This study finds negative precipitation shocks increase the likelihood of adopting water management , more climate friendly energy on site , and machinery and equipment upgrades , suggesting scope for adaptation . The study makes several policy recommendations . Firms in MENA economies are vulnerable to climate shocks . Building infrastructure", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 871, "text": "geocoded data on precipitation shocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "following independent verification of sustainable service delivery . Subsidies will be paid out upon verification of outputs as outlined below . The subsidy will be paid in two phases : - 50 % upon verification of a working sewerage and / or water supply connection - 50 % upon verification of 6 months satisfactory service deliver ( as evidenced from billing records ) Verification will be requested following connection of each additional 1 , 000 households . Once the connections are confirmed through verification of a sample set , funds will be disbursed to NCWSC from GPOBA on a semi-annual basis . It is expected that NCWSC will complete the 19", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 367, "text": "billing records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the right at work and the right to social security . Furthermore , Article 2 of the 2017 Decree stipulates that for the exercise of any commercial activity refugees and asylum-seekers are subject to the same conditions and formalities than nationals . Despite these legal provisions , challenges remain , such as high national unemployment rates and limited legal awareness among potential employers about asylum-seekers and refugees ’ right to work without a work permit . Furthermore , the identity documents issued to refugees are not yet issued by the Ministry of Interior and also do not contain the single national identifier number as per the 2019 Law governing the identification of physical persons , creation of national identification number and national register . Therefore , these documents issued to refugees may not be recognized as official identity documents equating to authorization to stay and work in Djibouti . Additionally , some refugees lack the necessary skills . Asylumseeker attestations may also not be recognized by employers , partly due to a lack of awareness . The government has implemented strategies to promote employment , especially among vulnerable groups , including refugees , and emphasizes skills development . Refugees can register their businesses efficiently through the \" Guichet Unique \" ( One-Stop Shop ) process . On a less positive note , refugees and asylum-seekers are still unable to obtain Djiboutian driving licenses , which remains a marketable skill . Ongoing discussions with the relevant Djiboutian authorities aim to address this issue and ensure they can enjoy access to driving licenses . In 2021 , in collaboration with UNHCR , the Ministry of Labor and affiliated institutions ( Employment National Agency , Labor Inspection , National Institution for Public Administration ) organized sensitization sessions in three refugee villages to inform refugees about their right to work and the right for potential refugee and asylum-seeker workforces to be registered in the National Agency for Employment , and Professional Trainings database . This aims to link refugees to potential employers . Refugees have also been informed about their right to contact and file complaints to the Labor Inspection for any abuses from their employers . # # # *", "spans": [{"start": 2035, "end": 2103, "text": "National Agency for Employment , and Professional Trainings database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– a mechanism for strategic partnership and collaboration between the Government of Jordan , donors , UN agencies and NGOs in response to the impact of the Syria crisis . The Government-run Jordan Information System for the Syria Crisis ( JORISS ) provides an overview of all relevant JRPrelated financial and programmatic data . The Government of Jordan is in the early stages of a decentralisation reform process . This is intended to move Jordan from a highly centralised model of political power and administration to one that encourages and facilitates greater participation at sub-national levels of government , allowing for a bottom-up approach to prioritising policy issues and service needs ( OECD , 2017b ) . The number of civil society organisations in Jordan has increased dramatically in the past seven years : from approximately 1 , 500 in 2008 to more than 4 , 600 in 2016 ( USAID , 2016 ) . These range from small Community-based Organisations ( CBOs ) to more established Royal NGOs ( RONGOs ) – created by royal decree and often headed by a member of the royal family ( USAID , 2016 ) . Larger national NGOs and RONGOs may be included in decision-making processes and coordination structures , but smaller CBOs are often excluded or choose to operate independently . Under the Ministry of Social Development , women ’ s organisations are restricted to a social welfare mandate that prevents any challenge to government action . A lack of leadership within women ’ s organisations ( Ferguson , 2017 ) , as well as a lack of common vision and coordinated strategy ( USAID , 2016 ) , further restrict their ability to influence political reforms that could enhance gender equality . * * 40 * *", "spans": [{"start": 190, "end": 236, "text": "Jordan Information System for the Syria Crisis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 285, "end": 327, "text": "JRPrelated financial and programmatic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "steadily , by 12 . 3 percent in pre-primary , 19 percent in basic and 17 percent in secondary , but remains below 10 percent of total enrolment in basic and secondary education . In the years between 1999 and 2007 , Jordan made significant gains on international surveys of student achievement , with a particularly impressive gain of almost 30 points on the science portion of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) over that period . While these gains cannot be attributed solely to the impact of the investment in the ERfKE program , they nonetheless suggest that Jordan has established significant positive momentum in student performance which continued investment should support . 7 . Key lessons learned from a review of ERfKE I include : ( i ) an imperative to focus on the school as the locus of change while continuing to support the enhancement of the institutional framework and capacity building at the central and field directorate level ; ( ii ) the need for a focus on teachers as the key agents of change ; ( iii ) the need for the ministry to serve as a facilitator of change as opposed to being an implementer of change , which was its predominant role during the first phase of the reform ; ( iv ) the need to direct capacity building at the district and school level ; and ( v ) the adoption of a more participatory approach to the reform program , as opposed to a directive approach . This review , together with a recognized need to ensure alignment with the National Agenda , the National Education Strategy , and the MoE Strategic Plan , has identified the following issues that specifically warrant closer attention during the next phase of the reform : - * * System Management : * * While efforts under ERfKE I focused heavily on management at the central level , the challenge in the next phase will be to move down to the school level in order to ensure that learning gains are achieved at the level of the school and the classroom . - * * Policy and Strategic Planning Capacity * * :", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 293, "text": "international surveys of student achievement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 435, "text": "Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "focus ( targeting poor pregnant women ) , which was a critical consideration given the known financial barriers this group of population faced in accessing safe delivery services . Its deliberate use of a combination of geographical targeting ( based on poverty mapping ) and a customized poverty grading tool to select eligible beneficiaries proved to be sufficiently effective in reaching the intended target population . The technical design was well grounded on solid understanding of the cultural context and learning from the previous projects on the strengths and weaknesses of the service delivery systems and claims processing systems . The learning from the previous projects also informed implementation arrangements . The Results Framework was largely well designed , with indicators aligned to the theory of change ( discussed under section IV . A ) . The deliberate selection of indicators from the National Health Management Information System and reliance on its reporting system contributed to enhanced use of data from the existing systems and the eventual and smooth transition to RBF under the URMCHSIP . 75 . * * The World Bank ’ s approach to risk assessment was thorough , experience based , consultative , and candid . * * Risks were identified and mitigation measures agreed in consultation with the Government during appraisal , which were built into the design . In particular , due considerations were given to FM matters ; the World Bank used the FM assessment at the time of appraisal to build into the design specific risk mitigation measures to overcome challenges foreseen in FM . # # * * Quality of Supervision * * 76 . * * The World Bank ’ s performance in terms of supervision was satisfactory . * * First , the World Bank enhanced a collaborative relationship with the Government and the VMA that had been built through the Page 28 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 958, "text": "National Health Management Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and more fodder grown on fields . The scheme would be built by a contractor and its off-farm components would be operated and maintained by a different private-sector entity contracted to MoWE for a period of 5 years . This organisation would be paid a fee for O & M . The GoE would write off the capital investment , and would subSidise the O & M costs at a reducing rate in accordance with the farmers ' increasing ability to pay . ANRS BoARD and private sector organisations would provide agricultural services and inputs as well as links to markets . > 26 The exact number will be determined only after the RAP study , now under implementation , and associated land reallocation exercise . * * _BRu_ * * _ , ' : lllrJ Sociall ! TlfJact_ As ~ : essrnent _of about 20 . 00 . 0_ / la _Df3I1ii : : l ( Jf : SclletrieS aT f1Aegecn PUrriP rat SerabaL ! : ' ; ; ihtJ ( 11 \" 1 ( 1_ An ~ ? e / _0 [ 1171 ESIA of F < ti ) ! ) SciJe , , ' \" _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Appendix 2 : Institutional environment indicators in the East Caribbean States_ < sup > _6 0_ < / sup > # * * Statistical Table 1 Rule credibility indicator and components ( East Caribbean ) * * | | Record < br > managemen | Internal < br > t audit | Performance < br > appraisal | < br > Project < br > evaluation | Rule < br > Credibility | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Antigua and Barbuda | 8 . 4 | 3 . 5 | 4 . 3 | 3 . 7 | _5 . 0_ | | Grenada | 8 . 8 | 3 . 6 | 9 . 3 | 6 . 1 | 6 . 9 | | St . Kitts and Nevis | 7 . 1 | 6 . 5 | 5 . 6 | _5 . 0_ | 6 . 1 | | St . Lucia | 8 . 6 | 5 . 5 | 8 . 1 | 4 . 1 | 6 . 6 | | St . Vincent And Grenadines | 8 . 9 | 6 . 9 | 4 . 2 | _5 . 1_ | 6 . 3 | | East Caribbean | 8 . 6 | 5 . 2 | 6 . 6 | 4 . 7 | 6 . 3 | # * * Statistical Table 2 Policy credibility indicator and components ( East Caribbean ) * * | | Consistency | Policy < br > coordination | Micro - < br > management | Policy < br > Credibility | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Antigua and Barbuda | 4 . 1 | _5 . 3_ | 4 . 2 | 4 . 5 | | Grenada | 3 . 7 | 5 . 4 | 3 . 8 | 4 . 3 | | St . Kitts andNevis | 7 . 3 | 6 . 9 | 3 . 3 | 5 . 8 | | St . Lucia | 6 . 0 | 6 . 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition , there was poor coordination among the multiple agencies required to report on the different indicators . This resulted in reporting inconsistent figures . Collecting youth-related data was particularly weak compared to women related data . According to the ICR ( p . 13 , para 20 ) , the Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) found it challenging to identify youth headed households . Data limitations were evident with the livestock yield index where only data on milk production was collected and no data was reported on other activities that were implemented under the project including : livestock fattening , meat production and beekeeping activities . A household survey covering 7 , 927 households was conducted . It used household and community-level questionnaires , and most of the indicators related to the results framework were collected . Revised indicators . The first outcome indicator agricultural yield target for youth-headed households was lowered . Intermediate outcome indicator 1 . 3 : the target for the number of beneficiaries with innovative best practices was lowered from 126 , 000 to 60 , 000 ; Intermediate outcome indicator 1 . 4 : the target for the number of sub-projects fully operational and sustainably managed 1 year after the initial project launch was lowered from 50 , 000 to 7 , 000 ; and Intermediate outcome indicator 2 . 1 : the targets for the number of farmers benefitting from irrigation investments was reduced from 72 , 000 to 42 , 000 . The ICR ( Annex 11 ) provided acceptable justifications for these revisions where most of them were based on recommendations by the MidTerm Review that better reflected realities on the ground . These revisions were carried out through a level 2 restructuring on September 3 , 2015 . New indicators . A requirement for accessing the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program ( GAFSP ) funds , approved on December 28 , 2011 , as additional financing , was the inclusion of 13 output level core Page 14 of 18", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 716, "text": "household survey covering 7 , 927 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9937 # * * Abstract * * This paper studies the distribution of credit during crisis times and its impact on firm indebtedness and macroeconomic risk . Whereas policies can help firms in need of financing , they can lead to adverse selection from riskier firms and higher default risk . The paper analyzes a largescale program of public credit guarantees in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic using unique transaction-level data on the demand and supply of credit , matched with administrative tax data , for the universe of banks and firms . Credit demand channels loans toward riskier firms , distributing 4 . 6 percent of gross domestic product and increasing firm leverage . Despite increased lending to riskier firms , macroeconomic risks remain small . Several factors mitigate aggregate risk : the small weight of riskier firms , the exclusion of the riskiest firms , bank screening , contained expected defaults , and the government absorption of tail risk . The empirical findings are confirmed with a model of heterogeneous firms and endogenous default . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at fhuneeus @ bcentral . cl , jkaboski @ nd . edu , mauricio . larrain @ uc . cl , sschmukler @ worldbank . org , and mavera @ cmfchile . cl . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 457, "text": "transaction-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 508, "end": 531, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * i * * * * 3 * * < sup > . < / sup > C * * 5 I * * * * 5 * * * * I * * . - s Rural < sup > Planning and andmanagementof biodiversity and biodiversity and anddevelDpment , < / sup > community < sup > sensitisation and mobilization and mobilization mobilizationthrough particip < ition , particip < ition , ition , < / sup > - s Rural < sup > Planning and andmanagementof biodiversity and biodiversity and anddevel < / sup > * community < sup > sensitisation and mobilization and mobilization mobilizationthrough particip < ition , particip < ition , ition , < / sup > - * project < sup > planning / management , monitoringand evaluation . < / sup > C Multi-disciplinary / integrated < sup > approaches to policy formula ion , < / sup > * - Report Advocacy < sup > writing and and extension to analyticalskills , influencepolicydecisionsonbothmicroandmacro < / sup > X - projects , Co-ordination < sup > of researchersin data collection , collationand analysis , < / sup > * - Effective < sup > communicationskills , < / sup > Interpretation < sup > of remotesensing dataand use of aerialrhotomapping , , < / sup > Leadership < sup > capabilitiesandanalysisofgenderissuasforconsiderationduring < / sup > * * * - oproject < sup > planning , < / sup > * Use < sup > of computing packages ( Word perfect , Lotus , D-bE se , windows ) Rational < / sup > - decision < sup > making , < / sup > # # # # * * U * *", "spans": [{"start": 1054, "end": 1075, "text": "remotesensing dataand", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Prasad and Rao , 1990 ) or by bootstrap techniques ( Gonzalez-Manteiga et al . , 2007 ) . In this paper the FH model is estimated using the Fayherriot Command in Stata ( Halbmeier et al , 2019 ) with no transformation . The routine works similarly to the way the FH model is estimated in the EMDI and Povmap packages ( Harmening et al . , 2023 ) in R . Transformed versions of the FH models , using for example the arcsin transformation , are also available and can be considered when modeling proportions . Transformed FH models can be also estimated by using the EMDI and Povmap R packages . # * * 3 . 1 Model selection and assessment * * The geospatial data listed in Table A1 were used to construct averages of zonal statistics both at the grid cell level and the target area level which are used as covariates in model ( 1 ) . In addition , we include dummy variables at the region level . For model selection we use Lasso to select a set of predictor variables while avoiding overfitting . Estimation of the Lasso penalty parameter is implemented by minimizing the Bayesian Information Criterion ( Zhang et al . , 2010 ) . The regional dummies are unpenalized and therefore are guaranteed to be selected in the model . Details are provided in Appendix B . Broadly , the signs and patterns of the coefficients of the unit context model reflect a positive association between population and building density , and a negative association between welfare and remoteness , as proxied by agricultural production and a high prevalence of grassland and shrubland . Fitting model ( 1 ) in the five countries under consideration leads to R < sup > 2 < / sup > values ranging from 0 . 19 in Chad to 0 . 32 in Niger . This range is consistent with similar applications in other contexts . In similar household-level models with aggregation of geospatial covariates at similar spatial scales , the R < sup > 2 < / sup > was 0 . 30 in Tanzania and 0 . 27 in Sri Lanka when predicting per capita consumption , and 0 . 13 in Mexico when", "spans": [{"start": 647, "end": 662, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Egypt : * * Extensive and effi cient COI research , a fast track for vulnerable cases and accelerated procedures with simplifi ed procedures for people from Darfur - * * India : * * Procedures tailored for specifi c populations and a separate appeals unit . - * * Indonesia : * * An expanded RSD capacity in 6 new locations outside Jakarta . - * * Jordan : * * All applicants receive an appointment for receipt of results at their fi rst interview and at that appointment an RSD team member explains results , and counsels applicants on the appeals process when applicable . - * * Kenya : * * Regular UNHCR contact with IPs , human rights organizations and diplomatic missions facilitates information exchange and identifi cation of cases requiring urgent follow-up . - * * Malaysia : * * Division of the RSD unit into smaller teams that focus on particular groups of refugees , share COI and review individual cases . A Global Survey – 2012 25", "spans": [{"start": 927, "end": 940, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the quality of the bidding documents and bid evaluation reports submitted , which led to several back and forth exchanges . 55 . Since EEPCo ’ s operations involved the procurement and administration of very large contracts , EEPCo ’ s institutional arrangements need to reflect procurement as a major strategic and professional activity and mainstream procurement activities accordingly . EEPCo has benefitted from the appointment of an internationally experienced Procurement Advisor to ensure the quality of procurement documents , provide on-the-job training for EEPCo staff , and help EEPCo adopt a procurement manual to streamline procurement activities . This advisor was financed under EAREP II . 56 . Following the split of EEPCo , the Bank is assisting EEP build up its procurement capacity . One improvement has been the creation of a Procurement Unit at the corporate level , which will help ensure consistency among PIUs and provide support to them . Improvements were also noticed in the timely forming of tender committees under EEP . 57 . * * Financial Management : * * EEPCo ’ s financial management system has been having difficulties for a long time . In 2006 , EEPCo introduced a computerized accounting and billing system but all consumer data was not imported properly into the system database . As a result , EEPCo had been unable to match its accounts and ledger and had to manually 16", "spans": [{"start": 1251, "end": 1264, "text": "consumer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P174041 ) | Date | 31-Aug-2021 < br > 17-May-2023 < br > 17-May-2023 < br > 31-Dec-2024 | | - - - | - - - | | | By Dec 2022 , MOH had received 6 , 907 , 200 doses of Johnson and Johnson vaccines and 2 , 060 , 400 < br > doses of Sinopharm vaccines under the project funding . The MoH does not anticipate procuring any more < br > doses of COVID-19 vaccines . Hence , this indicator is achieved given the remaining obligations were paid < br > for by Mastercard Foundation and MTN Foundation . All Project financed vaccines were procured through < br > COVAX ( Sinopharm ) and AVATT . Uganda has paid all its vaccine obligations . < br > The vaccination rates in refugee settlements and RHDs has been updated in this ISR . This is because the < br > earlier ( higher ) estimates counted other sources other thank Bank financing . Following a comprehensive < br > review of all subnational data , this has now been reduced to only what was funded by UCREPP . < br > Breakdown is provided below . < br > | | Comments * * : * * | For vaccination of refugees ( 18 , 890 ) : < br > - By Dec 31 , 2022 , 17 , 411 had been vaccinated using the single-dose J & J and Sinopharm double-dose < br > COVID-19vaccine procured with Bank funds ; < br > - 1 , 479 doses were administered following the WB ’ s funding of a Mass Covid-19 Vaccination Campaign in < br > Sept . 2022 < br > For vaccination in RHDs ( 119 , 170 ) : < br > - By Dec 31 , 2022 , 110 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1000, "end": 1016, "text": "subnational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 10 . According to theHumanitarian - * * | OHCHR reporting on human rights , reports from | | - - - | - - - | | * * Development Nexus , integrate information * * < br > * * on persons with disabilities from other * * < br > * * sources including development , human * * < br > * * rights reporting and peace building into * * < br > * * humanitarian action processes * * | the UN Special Rapporteur on Persons with < br > Disabilities , and data from Monitoring and < br > Reporting Mechanisms on grave violations < br > ( MRM ) and Monitoring , Analysis , and Reporting < br > Arrangements on Conflict-Related Sexual < br > Violence ( MARA ) , could also inform humanitarian < br > data for programming purposes . | | * * 11 . Continue to advocate for improvements in * * < br > * * disability disaggregated data in * * | Redraft the workshop background document to < br > incorporate inputs such as these | | * * humanitarian action * * | recommendations . | | | Strong engagement in key events , such as the < br > annualHumanitarian Networks and Partnership < br > Week and theGlobal Action on Disability ( GLAD ) < br > Network , as well as the upcoming Global < br > Disability Summit in July 2018 . | # # # # * * Conclusions and Next Steps * * The process that brought these different communities together for the first time was a critical first step . Much better understanding resulted about the wide range of humanitarian contexts , but also of the great potential for better disability disaggregated data to improve humanitarian action and make it more inclusive for the population with disabilities who face barriers and heightened risks in humanitarian contexts . The list of prioritized recommendations that the group developed can be seen as an “ agenda for action ” to improve the current situation . There is much work", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 818, "text": "disability disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1491, "end": 1520, "text": "disability disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With major hydropower projects coming on stream in the next few years , Bhutan ’ s macroeconomic environment is expected to change radically in a short period of time . This will potentially exacerbate the already existing imbalances between public and private sector . The three hydropower projects currently under construction in Bhutan together have a cost of 150 percent of the country ’ s GDP . Already today , hydropower contributes 30 percent of the Royal Government of Bhutan ’ s domestic revenues and this figure is expected to reach 56 percent by 2024 / 25 . While Bhutan ’ s hydropower developments are a huge opportunity for the country ’ s development , they also carry risks . In particular , they are expected to lead to an appreciation of real exchange rates through higher wages and land and real estate prices . This “ Dutch disease ” phenomenon will make it ever harder for the private sector to compete in the tradable sector . Furthermore , because the hydropower revenues will enter Bhutan through the government budget , the incentives to expand the size of the public sector and increase public sector pay and benefits are likely to rise . This might limit opportunities for the private sector even in the non-tradable part of the economy . # * * 3 . Data , Analytical Strategy and Econometric Model * * # * * 3 . 1 . Data * * The analysis relies on data from the 2014 edition of the Bhutan Labour Force Survey ( BLFS ) , described in detail in MoLHR ( 2015 ) . The BLFS is a household survey that is conducted annually by the Department of Employment of Bhutan ’ s Ministry of Labour and Human Resources ( MoLHR ) . The BLFS covers a nationally representative sample of around 6 , 000 households in all 20 _dzongkhags_ of Bhutan . As Bhutan ’ s urban residents are more heterogeneous than its rural population and economic activities in urban centers are more diverse , urban households are oversampled . In 2014 , the BLFS covered 1 , 479 rural and 4 , 440 urban households for a total sample of 5 , 919 households . On average , sampled households contained about four household", "spans": [{"start": 1408, "end": 1434, "text": "Bhutan Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of Syrian refugees . Moreover , UN agencies and international donor organizations contracted the majority of existing PHCCs for the delivery of care to Syrian refugees . As a result , the gap between increased demand and existing supply is deepening the vulnerability of the Lebanese in these areas as competition for health services and resources continues . 20 . * * The unprecedented rise in demand for PHC services associated with the limited supply is crowding Lebanese out of hospital services and is compromising access to affordable healthcare . * * Comparing the MoPH utilization data < sup > 11 < / sup > for the first six months in 2013 with that in 2014 , shows that while the number of Syrian patients attending PHCCs increased by 7 . 1 percent , the number of Lebanese patients attending the same PHCCs decreased by 16 . 6 percent . This is also the case with the number of visits to PHCCs , where the numbers increased by 33 percent for Syrians and decreased by 28 . 9 percent for Lebanese . There is an undocumented evidence to suggest that Lebanese are dissatisfied with the long waiting time and lack of financial support for PHC visits , similar to Syrian refugees . This situation is significantly compromising access of Lebanese citizens to healthcare , putting pressure on the delivery and quality of services . In the medium - to long-term , the impact of delayed healthcare for Lebanese , particularly for the vulnerable , could result in increased costs and overall levels of morbidity in the future . > 10 International Medical Corps Lebanon , Syrian Refugee Response , January-June , 2013 . > 11 Ministry of Public Health , Primary Care Department , September 2014 . 14", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 601, "text": "MoPH utilization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of observations | 28341 | 2139 | 10959 | 11124 | 4119 | | Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0 . 05 , | * * p < 0 . 01 , * * | * p < 0 . 001 | | | | > 5 While Defense Meteorological Satellite Program / Operational Linescan System ( DMSP-OLS ) was originally designed for military use , DMSP-OLS has been widely used in social science because of its low-light imaging capabilities to detect nighttime artificial lighting ( Elvidge et al . , 1997 ) . Henderson et al . ( 2012 ) empirically prove the concept of using an annual composite of DMSP-OLS as a proxy measurement of economic growth across the national and / or local level . Many studies extensively use nighttime lights to estimate the national and sub-national GDP . These estimates are critically useful for developing countries and / or conflict-affected areas where official statistics are unavailable or limited . > 6 Other possible specifications were considered but not reported in this note . A dynamic panel specification was considered but 3 years of data was not sufficient to report strong results for a dynamic panel . 17", "spans": [{"start": 520, "end": 548, "text": "annual composite of DMSP-OLS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* OVERVIEW OF SITUATION * * The acceptance of Taban Deng as the legitimate First Vice-President ( FVP ) now also means that the SPLM – IO , previously recognized as a legitimate political opposition , its members are now characterized as criminals or terrorists , and now outside the political process . < sup > 3 < / sup > The new approach by the government has partly led to the creation of new alliances of various rebel groups in the Equatoria region and in Western Bahr el Gazal with the former FVP Machar which has led to more conflict . There is an increased focus on ending the conflict through addressing it only as a security problem . There is less opportunity for meaningful political dialogue . Conflict is likely to continue and even increase causing people to continue to flee both inside and outside of the country . The political changes have given rise to debate amongst some humanitarians of whether or not the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan ( ARCSS ) signed by both in August 2015 is still valid . At the same time , there has been > 1 See previous reports at : www . humanitarianresponse . info / en / operations / south-sudan / protection > 2 To provide the most up to date report some information obtained in January is included . > 3 See Small Arms Survey report , December 2016 . > 4Increasingly the government has prevented UNMISS patrols , and humanitarian actors , including ICRC and MSF , to make assessments and provide assistance in IO controlled areas . The villages outside of Yei and Wau are two examples .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries . Almost all countries experience declines in aggregate demand for maize imports . However , since a country ’ s decision to import Tanzanian maize depends on both the substitution and the expansion effect in equation 1 , a key factor is the change in relative prices of maize from Tanzania versus other exporters . For example , in the case of Tanzanian maize exports to Latin America and the Caribbean – an extremely minor destination for Tanzanian maize exports in the benchmark database – the substitution effect is positive and dominates the demand effect , and Latin America increases its imports of Tanzanian maize . Let us now turn to the impacts of the Export Restriction Regime – reported in the second group of columns in Table 4 as well as the price effects reported in Table 5 . In the years when production is above trend and an export restriction is in place , the maize price may drop below the price that would have prevailed if there was no restriction . This can be seen in column III of Table 5 . In the case of the years with positive shocks to Tanzanian maize production ( Scenarios 1995 and 1971 ) , the domestic price of maize falls even more under the export restriction . With the export restriction in place , no increases in exports are possible ( columns VI and VII in Table 4 ) . In the case of Scenario 1982 , when Tanzanian maize production was below-trend , and maize exports decreased for all countries ( since the modeling of the restriction allows for decreases from 2001 benchmark flows ) . The intuition behind these results can be illustrated by Figure 1 , which considers the case of a simple net-trade model ( not modeled in this paper ) and the strong restriction of an export ban . In the base period , domestic grain demand and domestic grain supply are characterized by D and S0 . If the domestic price of grain is P0 then the quantity demanded is Q0 , with there being no imports or exports of grain . PM and PX are the import and export parity prices respectively , within which prices normally vary in an open economy . In a", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 500, "text": "benchmark database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # * * Acknowledgements * * This report was commissioned by the UNDP Sub-Regional Response Facility ( SRF ) ( Syria-related crisis ) in Amman , Jordan on behalf of the UNHCR-UNDP Regional Joint Secretariat for the 3RP . Primary research and writing was done by Charlotte Lattimer , with additional research on gender and localisation provided by Elsa Maarawi . The report greatly benefited from comments and feedback from Bastian Revel , Frances Guy , Fekadu Terefe , Jason Pronyk , Leontine Specker , Marco Stella , Miki Takahashi , Nathalie Milback Bouche and Rehka Das from UNDP ; Helen Hawkings , Katie Seaborne , Meryem Aslan and Philippe Clerc from Oxfam ; and Clare Askew from UNHCR . Thanks are also due to the many individuals who generously gave their time for interviews ( for a full list see Annex 1 ) , contributed valuable background documents and participated in the online survey . Support from the UNDP SRF team in Amman , Jordan for arranging interviews and facilitating feedback on the report is gratefully acknowledged . Overall support and guidance was provided by Michael Moroz for the UNHCR-UNDP Joint Secretariat , Jason Pronyk , UNDP Sub-regional Response Facility , Frances Guy , Gender Team Leader from the UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States , Amman , Jordan , and Ryan Marshall , Senior External Relations Officer , Office of the UNHCR MENA Director in Amman _The opinions reflected in this report are of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions of UNDP , UNHCR , or the Government of Switzerland . _ * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 956, "end": 969, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the financial history of more than 1 , 500 individual bonds at a monthly level , combining historical data on bond prices , coupon payments , and haircuts due to default . The result is the most ambitious dataset of sovereign debt to date , taking further the work of Lindert and Morton ( 1989 ) , Homer and Sylla ( 2005 ) , and Obstfeld and Taylor ( 2005 ) , among others . We are the first to quantify the returns on external sovereign bonds with long-run pricing data , despite the fact that this is one of the largest and oldest asset classes worldwide . < sup > 9 < / sup > The likely explanation is data limitations . Studies on long-run asset returns typically use annual data of representative benchmark bonds or aggregate indices ( e . g . , Dimson , Marsh , and Staunten 2001 ; Jordà et al . 2017 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > This standard > 6 Eaton and Gersovitz ( 1981 ) , among others , assume permanent exclusion after a sovereign default , which is at odds with the data ( see also Aguiar and Gopinath 2006 ; Panizza , Sturzenegger , and Zettelmeyer 2009 ; and Cruces and Trebesch 2013 ) . > 7 See Financial Times , June 22 , 2017 , “ The rush for Argentina ’ s 100-year bond points to an investment bubble . ” > 8 For surveys , see Panizza , Sturzenegger , and Zettelmeyer ( 2009 ) , Aguiar and Amador ( 2014 ) and Mitchener and Trebesch ( 2021 ) . > 9 Historically , bonds issued by foreign governments accounted for about 10 % of all financial assets trading in London ( Michie 2001 ) . Today , foreign-currency sovereign bonds continue to be a dominant asset class , especially for emerging markets . For 2017 , the BIS reports a stock of US $ 1 . 9 trillion of external sovereign bonds ( BIS 2018 ) , about the same as total German government debt or about 10 % of total gross US government debt . > 10 Dimson , Marsh , and Staunten ( 2001 ) gather annual data on equities , bonds , and", "spans": [{"start": 449, "end": 470, "text": "long-run pricing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 672, "end": 683, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Moving on to Figure 3 c , we illustrate the censored headcount ratio of each indicator as a function of the spillover rate . This analysis allows us to see how each poverty indicator ’ s censored headcount ratio changes as the spillover rate varies . Indicators with the lowest and highest values for the censored headcount ratio show the least susceptibility to changes in the spillover rate , indicating that their censored headcount ratio remains relatively stable even as varies . In contrast , indicators with intermediate levels of the censored headcount ratio appear the most susceptible , showing greater rr < sup > cc < / sup > fluctuations with changes in . rr < sup > cc < / sup > Figure 3 d provides a more detailed view by plotting a bar chart for the changes in the censored headcount ratio for each indicator under different spillover rates ( the indicators are ordered according to their CHR value in 2019 from lowest to highest ) . Indeed , three indicators with intermediate levels of CHR in 2019 ( Schooling , Drinking Water , and Assets ) display the largest change in CHR due to changes in the spillover rate . For lower spillover rates ( in this case 0 and 0 . 3 ) , Assets appears as the indicator with the largest decrease in CHR , whereas for higher spillover rates ( in our case 0 . 7 and 1 . 0 ) , Schooling becomes the indicator with the largest decrease in CHR . This result could be due to shifts in policy priorities driven by spillover effects . When higher spillover rates are present , resources and attention may be redistributed towards amplifying indicators , thereby changing the dynamics of multidimensional poverty within the country . This underscores the importance of spillover effects in the development of policy interventions aimed at reducing multidimensional poverty . By identifying which indicators are most responsive to these shifts , policy makers can better target their efforts to maximize the impact of resource allocation and intervention strategies , ensuring that critical areas receive the necessary support to reduce poverty effectively . Altogether , this analysis , based on Ethiopia ’ s data , demonstrates the potential of integrating the Poverty Space", "spans": [{"start": 2138, "end": 2155, "text": "Ethiopia ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "first three years of the 1990s based a comparison of Call Report data from 1989 : Q4 with 1992 : Q4 ( Berger , Kashyap , and Scalise , 1995 ) . Although some of the decline may be due to reduced credit demand , the massive size of the drop and the fact that it corresponds with a period of significant bank distress means that there was almost surely a credit crunch , or significant reduction in credit supply . The extent to which the credit crunch harmed the real economy depends in large part on alternative opportunities of the potential borrowers . Large businesses more often have alternative sources of external finance , while small businesses are more often bank-dependent and face financial constraints . Call Reports at that time reported no information on loan or firm size , but one study combines the Call Report data with information from the Federal Reserve ' s Survey of Terms of Bank Lending to Business ( STBL ) to try to differentiate the effects by firm size . The authors ’ estimates suggest much more severe credit cuts for small businesses – reductions of 38 . 5 % in loans to firms with less than $ 1 million in bank credit , and 45 . 2 % for small business borrowers with credit below $ 250 , 000 ( Berger , Kashyap , and Scalise , 1995 , Tables 8 , A2 , A8 , A10 ) . It seems very likely from these results that the credit crunch had significant negative real economic consequences and contributed to the recession . A significant amount of banking research focuses on whether the toughening of bank prudential policies helped cause the credit crunch . Some test the effects of implementation of the Basel I risk-based capital requirements ( e . g . , Haubrich and Wachtel 1993 , Berger and Udell 1994 , Hancock and Wilcox 1994 , Wagster 1999 ) , and some test the effects of higher explicit ( regulatory ) or implicit ( supervisory ) capital standards based on leverage ratios ( e . g . , Berger and Udell 1994 , Peek and Rosengren 1994 , 1995 , Hancock and Wilcox 1994 , Hancock , Laing , and Wilcox 1995 , Shrieves", "spans": [{"start": 816, "end": 832, "text": "Call Report data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 879, "end": 922, "text": "Survey of Terms of Bank Lending to Business", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Contents * * | 1 . Growing but Unhappy : Making Sense of the Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 | | - - - | | 2 . Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Perceptions of Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 | | 3 . Individual and National Level Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 | | 4 . Perceptions of Economic Mobility and Their Correlates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 | | a ) < br > What are the perceptions of economic", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fasani , F and J Mazza . 2020b . , “ Being on the Frontline ? Immigrant Workers in Europe and the < u > COVID-19 Pandemic , ” < / u > _IZA_ Discussion Papers 13963 . Friedberg , Rachel M . 2000 . “ You can ’ t take it with you ? Immigrant assimilation and the portability of human capital , ” _Journal of Labor Economics_ , 18 ( 2 ) : 221 – 51 . Foged , Mette and Giovanni Peri . 2016 . “ Immigrants ' Effect on Native Workers : New Analysis on Longitudinal Data , ” _American Economic Journal : Applied Economics_ , 8 ( 2 ) : 1-34 . Garrote Sanchez , Daniel , Nicolas Gomez Parra , Caglar Ozden , and Bob Rijkers . 2020 . “ Which jobs are most vulnerable to COVID-19 ? Analysis of the European Union , ” _World Bank Research & Policy Briefs_ No . 34 . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group _ . _ Giuntella , Osea , and Fabrizio Mazzonna . 2015 . “ Do immigrants improve the health of natives ? ” _Journal of Health Economics_ 43 : 140 – 53 . Goel , Deepti , and Kevin Lang . 2017 . “ Social Ties and the Job Search of Recent Immigrants , ” _ILR Review_ . Green , David A . 1999 . “ Immigrant Occupational Attainment : Assimilation and Mobility over Time , ” _Journal of Labor Economics_ 17 ( 1 ) : 49-79 . Hao , Lingxin . 2008 . “ Workplace Nonfatal Injuries Among Immigrants to the U . S . ” Mimeo , Johns Hopkins University Department of Sociology . Available online at < u > http : / / paa2008 . princeton . edu / download . aspx ? submissionId = 80386 . < / u > Hersch , Joni , and W . Kip Viscusi . 2010 . “ Immigrant Status and the Value of Statistical Life . ” _Journal of Human Resources_ 45 ( Summer ) : 749-771 . Hildebrandt , Nicole , and David J . McKenzie . 2005 . “ The Effects of Migration on Child Health in Mexico . ” _Economia_ 6 ( 1 ) : 257 – 89 . Juranek", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 462, "text": "Longitudinal Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "status . < sup > 13 < / sup > However , only women who were also interested to join RMGs entered the lucky draw and are captured in our sample as RMG-eligible . For simplicity and clarity of exposition , we may refer to this sample as village head selection , though formally speaking this implies village head selection conditional on self-selection . Overall , Table 1 suggests that the RMG program effectively targeted poorer households within villages . We next compare actual selection to a hypothetical selection based on PMT used by the Government of Lao PDR to identify the poor for participation in social programs . This PMT index was developed by the World Bank and Government of Lao PDR , following administration of LECS V in 2012-2013 ( Pimhidzai et al . 2014 ) . It relied on regression analysis of household consumption on surveyed household characteristics . The model aimed to accurately distinguish between poor and non-poor households . Nonsignificant characteristics were removed from the model ; characteristics that minimized misidentification of poor and non-poor households were kept . Index variables and weights were determined based on the regression outcomes . Households scoring below 64 were classified as poor . Table A2 in the Appendix provides the complete list of variables used in the PMT index ( World Bank forthcoming ) . When we compare village head selection with those selected through PMT , we find that , though both methodologies selected approximately the same number of beneficiary households , they disagree on which households should benefit in 44 % of cases . The magnitude of this disagreement holds true whether one considers the full sample of 1 , 888 study households ( Table 2 ) or only 1 , 245 households ranked in the village head targeting survey ( Table A3 in the Appendix ) . Although we expect differences in how PMT and village heads identify poor households , the consensus on population poverty rates and need for welfare support is striking . * * Table 2 : Village heads vs PMT – Full Sample of 1 , 888 Households * * | RMG-eligible | PMT b < br > No | elow 64 < br > Yes | Total | | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 735, "text": "LECS V", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1774, "end": 1803, "text": "village head targeting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "review of the survey results and FGDs shows that the most common form of housing consisted of lease agreements , most of which were in a verbal format without being registered at relevant municipalities . On the other hand , the FGDs showed that evictions were not very common among participants . When undertaken , such evictions were mostly initiated by private parties due mainly to unpaid rents . Nevertheless , recent reports ( e . g . UNHCR , 2018 ) showed that a large number of Syrian households were evicted by local authorities in certain regions ( notably in North Lebanon and the Bekaa region ) , citing security concerns . It is therefore in light of the above that both lease agreements and evictions will be tackled below . # # # # # # LEASE AGREEMENTS Lebanese laws distinguish between lease contracts regarding built real property ( i . e . real property upon which any form of building was erected , such as apartments ) and unbuilt real property ( e . g . ITSs ) . The latter were tackled in a previous report ( UN-Habitat and UNHCR , 2014 ) and are not covered here . Concerning lease contracts on built real property , another distinction should be made between contracts signed prior to 13 July 1992 ( more commonly referred to as “ old lease contracts ” ) < sup > 65 < / sup > and those signed after 13 July 1992 ( more commonly known as “ new lease contracts ” ) . < sup > 66 < / sup > Old lease contracts are automatically renewed every year by virtue of laws issued periodically by the Parliament . Security of 62 Article 4 ( 10 ) of Legislative Decree No . 52 , 5 August 1967 ( Declaration of a State of Emergency or Military Area ) . > 63 The CERD is a body of human rights experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the ICERD . > 64 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ’ s Gen . Rec . No . 30 : Discrimination Against Non-Citizens ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", or at least half of output intended to be sold ( b ) In Malawi , households were compared above and below the poverty line . In the Nigeria data , the poverty line variable was not available , so households in the bottom two quintiles of consumption expenditure were compared against other households . A few gender-related measurement issues need to be addressed with boundary questions . One is proxy response — in separate results from the Malawi survey , women who were proxies for other women / men reported significantly lower market activity on average , compared to individuals reporting for themselves . < sup > 3 < / sup > Women proxies might have less information about farm market activity ( similar patterns arise with estimates of hours worked , as discussed in Section III ) , but this requires further investigation across countries . Addressing seasonality is also important . Table 1 shows that in Nigeria , reported production that is only / mainly for sale is higher in the post-harvest as opposed to post-planting season , which would affect employment estimates ; significant gender differences also emerge post-harvest among poor respondents . Asking about intended use of production over the last 12 months in addition to the last 7 days may be one way to address seasonality ( similar to other wage / self-employment questions in the LSMSISA , and other household surveys ) . However , further testing may be needed to address recall issues , particularly for proxy respondents ( Gaddis et al , 2019 ) . Integrating boundary questions for each plot / agricultural activity within the survey ’ s agricultural module could also improve reporting precision , and provide a more detailed view of women ’ s farming roles along with agricultural module questions on production and decision-making / management ( GSARS , 2017 ) . Given the additional burden placed on > 3 Results available upon request . 7", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 146, "text": "Nigeria data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 445, "end": 458, "text": "Malawi survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1361, "end": 1368, "text": "LSMSISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1381, "end": 1398, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Filmer , Deon , and Lant Pritchett . 1999a . “ The Effect of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment : Evidence from 35 Countries . ” _Population and Development Review_ 25 ( 1 ) . - Filmer , Deon , and Lant Pritchett . 2001 . “ Estimating Wealth Effects without Expenditure Data – or Tears : With an Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India . ” _Demography_ 38 ( 1 ) : 115-132 . - Gertler , Paul J . and Jonathan Gruber . 2002 . “ Insuring Consumption Against Illness . ” _American Economic Review_ . 92 ( 1 ) : 51-70 . Gertler , Paul J . , Elaina Rose , and Paul Glewwe . 2000 . “ Health . ” In Margaret Grosh and Paul Glewwe , eds . , _Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries : Lessons from 15 Years of the Living Standards Measurement Study_ . Washington , D . C . : World Bank . - Hoogeveen , Johannes G . Forthcoming . “ Measuring Welfare for Small but Vulnerable Groups Poverty and Disability in Uganda . ” _Journal of African Economies_ . Advance Access available at http : / / jae . oxfordjournals . org / - Jones , Andrew , and Owen O ' Donnell . 1995 . “ Equivalence Scales and the Costs of Disability . ” _Journal of Public Economics_ 56 ( 2 ) : 273-289 . - Peters , Susan J . 2003 . “ Inclusive Education : Achieving Education for All by Including those with Disabilities and Special Needs . ” Prepared for the Disability Group , Human Development Network , The World Bank . http : / / siteresources . worldbank . org / DISABILITY / Resources / Education / Inclusive_Education_En . pdf - United Nations . 2001 . “ Guidelines and Principles for the Development of Disability Statistics . ” Statistics on Special Population Groups , Series Y , No . 10 , United Nations Statistics Division . - UNESCO . 2005 . _Education for All Monitoring Report 2005 : The Quality Imperative_ . Paris : UNESCO . - Wagstaff , Adam . 2000 . “ Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Mortality : Comparisons Across Nine Developing Countries . ” _Bulletin of the World Health Organization_ 78", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ❖ The district engineer must be involved to supervise works right from the < br > start . < br > ❖ Accommodation for students be considered . < br > ❖ After completion of the project , the school should be elevated to technical < br > institute or a college . < br > ❖ Need to support increase the enrolment through GBS campaigns . < br > ❖ Need to fight institution land encroachment . < br > ❖ Additional power backup system be installed to avoid interruptions of < br > lectures . < br > ❖ Recreation centre beput into consideration to support cocurricular activities . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Terego District : Omugo Technical Schools * * < br > | | | | 1 . Bwambale M . Jackson-Senior < br > Instructor | ❖ Since existing structures are going to be demolished to give way for the new < br > structures , there may arise a prolonged shortage of space and shades for | ❖ Final Construction designs to < br > be shared with stakeholders | | 2 . Onzima William-Student | continued instruction . | ❖ Code of conduct to be | | 3 . Etima Millian-Student | ❖ Need to give continuous feedback to school and community stakeholders on | reviewed and shared | | 4 . Ayiko Emmanuel-Student | the implementation status of the project | ❖ Accidents logs will be shared | | 5 . Ajobe Alfred-Student | ❖ Contactor ’ s workers should not be accommodated within the college . | ❖ Engagement on protection of | | 6 . Tamim Twaib-Student | ❖ Involvement of students and student leadership in the implementation to | learners on GBV , HIV , etc | | 7 . Luluga Richard-Instructor | concretize ownership | ❖ Collective monitoring of | | 8 . Atibuni Festous-Teachers | ❖ Project", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1259, "text": "Accidents logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is allocated for people to be involved in the decision-making process before key project decisions are made and impacts occur - c . * * Informed * * – people are fully informed about the project and its potential impacts and benefits , and the various perspectives regarding the project ( both positive and negative ) - d . * * Consultation * * – there are effective uses of consultation methods appropriate to the social and cultural values of the affected Indigenous Peoples ’ communities and their local conditions and , in designing these methods , gives special attention to the concerns of Indigenous women , youth , and children and their access to development opportunities and benefits . # # # * * 6 . 2 FPI-Consultation Tools * * KISIP will utilize an evidenced approach and tools to ensure FPIC is observed throughout the life of project . The proposed FPIC tools will include stakeholders ’ attendance lists , photographic evidences and minutes and / or back-to-office report . 39", "spans": [{"start": 888, "end": 919, "text": "stakeholders ’ attendance lists", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", although labor regulation comes out as a statistically significant influence on productivity in the GLS panel , this is not the case with power shortages . The GLS estimates suggest that a doubling of the percentage of managers complaining about labor regulation would be associated with a four-percentage point fall in labor productivity . This seems to be a plausible figure in the light of estimates provided in other studies . On the other hand , the estimate of the coefficient of the power shortage 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * How Resilient Was Trade to COVID19 ? * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > # # * * Maria Bas ( University of Paris 1 , CES ) * * # # * * Ana Fernandes ( World Bank ) * * # # * * Caroline Paunov ( OECD ) * * * * Keywords : * * exports , vulnerability , resilience , COVID-19 , shock , high-frequency data . * * JEL codes : * * F14 , F61 , D20 . * We thank Siddhesh Kaushik , Ganeshkumar Sathiyamoorthy , Mohammad Shahbazi , Sandra Topalovic and Maurice Nsabimana for helping us to access high-frequency trade data . We thank Roman Zarate Vasquez for obtaining data on road transportation times and Natalia Camelo , Bishakha Sharman , and Irene Iodice for excellent research assistance . Comments by Cristina Constantinescu and participants at the Paris-1 research-in-progress seminar ( March 2021 ) and the Empirical Trade Online Seminar ( ETOS ) ( April 2021 ) are gratefully acknowledged . This paper has benefited from support from the Umbrella Facility for Trade trust fund financed by the governments of the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD , the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the countries they represent . All errors are our responsibility .", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 512, "text": "high-frequency trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reflecting mainly the steady increase in the country ' s relative wealth ( especially since the early 1980s ) . In contrast , persistent current account deficits have resulted in an increasingly large debtor position for the * * U . S * * after the mid 1980s . # * * _5 . _ Conclusions * * This paper proposes to consider external sustainability from the perspective of equilibrium in net foreign asset positions . According to this approach , an external situation is sustainable if two conditions are met . First , in the long run , international and domestic investors achieve their desired portfolio allocation of assets across countries . And second , in the short run , the current and capital-account flows are consistent with the reallocation of international capital to achieve the investors ' desired stock positions . Based on a standard Markowitz-Tobin model of portfolio diversification , the paper develops a reduced-form model of net foreign asset positions . The model yields a long-run equilibrium condition in which the ratio of * * NFA * * to the total wealth of domestic residents is a negative function of investment returns in the country relative to the rest of the world , a positive function of investment risk in the country relative to the rest of the world , and an inverse function of the ratio of foreign-owned to domestic-owned wealth . This long-run equilibrium condition guides the empirical analysis of the paper . In order to estimate the equilibrium condition , the paper uses a newly constructed data set of foreign asset and liability stocks for a large group of industrial and developing countries spanning the period from the 1960s to the present ( see Kraay , Loayza , Serv6n , and Ventura * * 1999 . ) * * With these data and estimates for the total capital stock in each country , the paper obtains a measure of the wealth of domestic residents in a country . In addition , the paper develops summary _measures_ of country returns and risks . These are based on a comprehensive set of macroeconomic , policy , and institutional variables . The econometric methodology of the paper is an application of the Pooled Mean Group estimator recently proposed * *", "spans": [{"start": 1533, "end": 1579, "text": "data set of foreign asset and liability stocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 4 , 506 , 252 , 401 * * | - a . Staff debtors represent outstanding imprests , medical expenses recoverable and salary advances as at end of June 2020 . - * * b . 2009 * * census imprests were amounts advanced to the various District Census Committees , to facilitate various activities during the * * 2009 * * Population and Housing Census exercise , but still remains un-surrendered . The Bureau sought authority for write-off of these amounts , and this is still awaited . - c . * * 2019 * * KPHC imprest were funds advanced to the County Census Committees and whose process of surrender is ongoing . - * * d . * * Sundry debtors relate to an ERP development amount made to Mareba Computers , the subject of a court case per Note * * 25 . * * - The NIPFN Project owed * * Sh . 5 , 585 , 749 * * to the Bureau relating to May and June 2020 salary dues and * * Sh . 845 , 919 * * relating to furniture acquired during the period . - e . Prepayments represent the proportion of various insurance and service contracts paid in * * 2019 / 2020 , * * a proportion of which was for the period beginning * * 01 . 07 . 2020 . * * - Included in the prepayments is rent paid in advance for Headquarter Offices for the period between July and December 2020 . - * * f . * * Deposits are refundable amounts paid for rent deposit with Kenya Re for the * * KNBS * * Kisumu office . * * _52_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 342, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Lopez Acevedo 2002 ) . * * _Training is not a substitute for good schools . _ * * Firms overwhelmingly choose to train skilled ( secondary education or above ) workers . This is an exceptionally robust finding that is salient in cross-country household surveys , administrative databases , and firm panel data sets . Although the likelihood of training increases with all levels of education , the critical threshold seems to be completion of secondary education . . This most likely reflects the idea that investment in training requires a sufficient prior skill base in order to pay-off . This pattern is consistent with the pattern of returns to training . Overall , firms rarely invest into basic skills of a worker , rather focusing on specific job related skills . * * _The efficacy of training differs by provider and modality_ * * . Studies of programs in Mexico find that on-the-job training in Mexico is more effective than classroom training . Further , private training centers seem to out-perform public training centers in the Caribbean , Colombia and Brazil ( McArdler and Blom , forthcoming , Barrera and Higuera , 2004 and World Bank , 2004 ) . * * _The majority of firms in the LAC region receive training from private providers . _ * * In the LAC region , only 16 % of enterprises use public institutes for external training ( Batra , 2001b ) . Private sector providers – firms themselves , industry associations , buyers and equipment suppliers , and private training institutes and colleges – are more important than government-run training institutions as sources of training . Naturally , there exists a large variation within the region . In Chile and Uruguay , employers rely mostly on private external training sources , whereas firms in other countries , such as Belize , Ecuador , Nicaragua , and Trinidad and Tobago , involve public training suppliers to a larger extent ( Marquez , 2002 ; Cinterfor 2001 , and De Ferranti et al . , 2003 ) . In almost 35 See background note by Andreas Blom and Gladys López-Acevedo 36 Gill , Dar , and Fluitman ( 1998 ) and Tan and Batra ( 1995b ) , McArdler and Blom ( forthcoming )", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 262, "text": "cross-country household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 265, "end": 289, "text": "administrative databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 296, "end": 316, "text": "firm panel data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "developed a < br > mentation as evidence for achie | nd is being implemented bu < br > ving the result . | t the MOH has not yet | # # # # ► Health Centers reporting HMIS data in time ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 50 . 00 | 84 . 00 | | 84 . 00 | 86 . 00 | | Date | 30-Mar-2012 | 24-Apr-2019 | | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724975 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 2 < br > DQA and current dat | 012 HMIS Data Quality Assess < br > a from 2018 SARA report . | ment | ( DQA ) Report , previ | ous data from 2014 HMIS | # # # # ► Development and implementation of Annual Rapid Facility Assessment ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | 30-Mar-2012 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724976 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 2 < br > from 2016 SARA rep | 012 Services Availability and R < br > ort and current data from 2018 | eadiness Assessment ( SA < br > SARA report . | RA ) report , previous data | | ► Improved transparency of Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency ( PFSA ) procurement process ( Yes", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 175, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "d impacts across key project components — particularly in land administration , business registration , and MSME support — promoting inclusivity and equity in project outcomes . * * Regular progress report was instrumental in identifying areas most affected by the pandemic , such as tourism and small business operations , enabling timely adjustments * * . For instance , MSME support was adapted to address economic hardships by reallocating resources toward digital skills training and financial resilience programs . The M & E system remained highly responsive by actively incorporating beneficiary feedback , leveraging national data sources , including UBOS and sector reports . These measures ensured that the project-maintained momentum and achieved key outcomes despite unprecedented challenges . * * The June 2018 Medium-Term Review underpinned the 2020 Restructuring * * . While the ICR did not discuss the MTR phase , the MTR ’ s findings , recommendations , and follow-up actions provided significant information which underpinned the AF and subsequent restructurings . However , the four restructurings and associated RFs reflected difficulties of the M & E function . For instance , with the extended project implementation timelines , several original and revised PDO indicators and targets became obsolete and had to be changed . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * * * Data from the M & E system informed key decisions , including : ( i ) scaling up training in land administration and tourism , ( ii ) tailoring MSME support based on beneficiary feedback , and ( iii ) * * Page 21 of 26", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 646, "text": "national data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 659, "end": 663, "text": "UBOS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 668, "end": 682, "text": "sector reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1385, "end": 1411, "text": "Data from the M & E system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P151432 | IDA-57160 | Effective | USD | 600 . 00 | 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 597 . 66 | 5 . 92 | 99 % | | P151432 | IDA-61310 | Effective | USD | 600 . 00 | 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 580 . 29 | 19 . 11 | 97 % | | P151432 | IDA-68830 | Effective | USD | 250 . 00 | 250 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 59 . 81 | 176 . 80 | 25 % | | P151432 | IDA-D2290 | Effective | USD | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 71 . 63 | 28 . 03 | 72 % | | P151432 | TF-A7523 | Effective | USD | 7 . 67 | 7 . 67 | 0 . 00 | 7 . 67 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | P151432 | TF-A9293 | Effective | USD | 20 . 57 | 20 . 57 | 0 . 00 | 11 . 68 | 8 . 89 | 57 % | # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | O", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observed | Site < br > inspection ; < br > supervision < br > records | During operations | Contractors ; < br > Site < br > Supervisors | | * * Traffic * * < br > * * Incident * * < br > * * Management * * | Delayed < br > response to < br > accidents ; < br > recurrence of < br > incidents | Establish incident reporting < br > procedures ; < br > equip vehicles with first aid kits ; < br > ensure rapid reporting and < br > corrective action | Incidents recorded < br > and reported ; < br > corrective actions < br > implemented ; < br > response time < br > adequate | Incident < br > logs ; < br > supervision < br > reports ; < br > follow-up < br > records | Continuous ; < br > immediate post - < br > incident review | Contractors / < br > Drivers ; PIU < br > oversight | | * * Cross-Cutting * * < br > * * Traffic Safety * * < br > * * Management * * | Weak < br > enforcement < br > of safety < br > measures ; lack < br > of < br > coordination | Conduct routine supervision ; < br > maintain traffic management < br > logs ; < br > implement corrective actions for < br > non-compliance | Monitoring records < br > maintained ; < br > corrective actions < br > implemented ; < br > improved < br > compliance over < br > time | Monitoring < br > reports ; < br > supervision < br > checklists ; < br > audits | Regular and < br > periodic < br > ( weekly / monthly < br > reporting ) | PIU ; < br > Contractors ; < br > Supervisors | 74", "spans": [{"start": 1106, "end": 1124, "text": "Monitoring records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . 6 | 1 . 6 | - 1 . 1 | | Hong Kong | 3 . 9 | 4 . 9 | 5 . 3 | 7 . 0 | 6 . 6 | 5 . 2 | - 0 . 3 | 2 . 2 | 3 . 8 | | Singapore | 8 . 7 | 7 . 0 | 7 . 6 | 0 . 9 | 2 . 0 | 2 . 0 | 2 . 7 | 2 . 8 | 1 . 8 | | Taiwan | 6 . 0 | 5 . 7 | 6 . 9 | 4 . 6 | 2 . 5 | - 0 . 5 | 0 . 4 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 2 | | Japan | 1 . 5 | 3 . 9 | 0 . 9 | - 0 . 1 | 0 . 1 | 1 . 7 | - 3 . 6 | - 1 . 1 | - 0 . 2 | | USA | 2 . 0 | 2 . 8 | 3 . 8 | 2 . 8 | 2 . 9 | 2 . 3 | - 1 . 9 | - 1 . 1 | - 0 . 2 | _The Size of the Government ' s Implicit Liabilities_ We now discuss the impact of the banking crises on the governments ' potential liabilities . We proceed in two steps . First , we provide evidence based on estimates of loan default rates prior to the crises . Second , we discuss the size of government outlays in Korea , Thailand , Indonesia and Malaysia associated with efforts to reorganize their financial sectors . Corsetti , Pesenti and Roubini ( 1998a ) provide estimates on loan default rates in Asia prior to the crises . These are summarized in the first columns of Tables 6 and 7 . Note the sharp difference between default rates in the crisis and non-crisis countries . In the former they range from a low of 14 percent in the Philippines to a high of 19 percent in Thailand . In all of the non-crisis countries the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans is roughly 4 percent . Using these", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 702, "text": "loan default rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contributors account for approximately 25 percent of the total labor force . < sup > 14 < / sup > The participation rate has a negligible impact on the later calculations and is based on a historical mean value . Although a broad approach may limit the precision of calculations , the regressions in sections 5 and 6 show that the variable has a high explanatory power on growth . Moreover , as can be seen from Figure 3 , the estimated values give a more reasonable picture than the data from official sources . Notice that the _level_ of the economically active population , but not its growth rate , is basically in line with ILO or INE calculations . In 1980s , when the civil war had already taken genocide proportions , the labor force dropped dramatically by about 660 , 000 . < sup > 15 < / sup > For recent years , the estimate for the economically active population derived from IGSS statistics comes close to INE data . # * * 4 . 3 Physical Capital Stock * * Internationally , the Perpetual Inventory Method ( PIM ) is a common way to estimate capital stock , but there are uncertainties associated with the calculation . In general , due to the lack of information about the initial capital stock , questionable validity of assumptions about the rate of depreciation , and lack of information about the utilization of capital , estimates should be taken with care . With these reservations in mind , the PIM was used to construct the physical capital stock for Guatemala . The following paragraphs present two distinct calculations , one with aggregated and another with disaggregated investment data . # * * _Estimate with Aggregated Investment Data_ * * The physical capital stock that is used throughout the subsequent analyses is computed using the PIM with aggregated investment data . The procedure argues that the stock of capital is the accumulation of the stream of past investments : where _K_ is the capital stock , _I_ gross fixed capital formation , _δ K_ the annual depreciation rate of the capital stock , and _t_ an index for time . The initial value of the capital-output ratio for 1950 is taken from the", "spans": [{"start": 889, "end": 904, "text": "IGSS statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1583, "end": 1612, "text": "disaggregated investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1774, "end": 1800, "text": "aggregated investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stransactions during the financialyearended < / sup > June * * 30 , 2025 , * * and of the Project ' s < sup > financialpositionas at that date . < / sup > < sup > * * The Principal Secretaryfor the State * * < / sup > Department for Basic Education < sup > andthe < / sup > < sup > * * _ProjectCoordinator_ * * < / sup > < sup > _for_ < / sup > < sup > * * _KenyaPrimary EducationEquityin_ * * < / sup > * * _Learning Program_ * * further confirm the completeness of < sup > the accountingrecordsmaintainedforthe Project , < / sup > which have been relied upon in the preparation < sup > of the Project financialstatementsand the adequacyof flye < / sup > systems of internal financial control . The Principal Secretary for the State < sup > Department for Basic Education and the < / sup > < sup > * * _Program Coordinator_ * * < / sup > < sup > _for_ < / sup > * * _Kenya Primary Education Equity_ * * < sup > * * _in Learning Program_ * * confirmthat the Projecthascompliedfullywith < / sup > applicable Government Regulations < sup > andthe termsof externalfinancingcovenantsandthatProjectfunds < / sup > received during the financial year under audit were used for the eligible < sup > purposes for which they were intended < / sup > and were properly accounted for . xxvi", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 520, "text": "accountingrecordsmaintainedforthe Project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- When the Project Operational Manual ( POM ) for Sub-program C1 has been revised as a condition of effectiveness , the project procurement plan will be revised accordingly . - Woredas have been directly contracting Micro and Small Enterprises ( MSEs ) that are under development to implement LIG civil works . COPCU will by January 31 issue letters to regions clarifying procurement procedures to be followed under the project . Procurement Experts hired for each region under PBS II will follow up and report to BOFED on implementation of these procedures . BOFEDs will in turn report to MOFED . COPCU will also revise the procurement section of the PBS II POM to clarify procedures . - All training , including for procurement , financed under the project is required under the POM to be planned by the Government , and approved by the Bank annually . It has been agreed with the Government that based on the revised POM , the next annual training plans for both Regional and Federal procurement training activities will be submitted to the Bank for approval . # # # * * Reviews , Dialogue Structures and Sector Participation * * Progress on Program activities and inputs will be monitored through several reviews in the course of implementation . Each PBS Review will feature a Joint Review and Implementation Supervision ( JRIS ) mission as well as a Joint Budget and Aid Review ( JBAR ) . The JBARs will feature , among other things : ( i ) a full macro discussion ; ( ii ) analysis of monthly transfer data on block grants to woredas for at least Amhara , Oromiya , SNNP and Tigray Regions ( with 6-8 weeks lag ) ; ( iii ) analysis of expenditure data from all regions ( with 90 days lag ) ; ( iv ) confirmation and analysis of MEFF and draft / approved budgets depending on the specific quarter of the Ethiopian budget calendar ; and ( v ) a synthesis of findings from the continuous audits . The sector Ministries will take stock of the latest", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1529, "text": "monthly transfer data on block grants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1642, "end": 1675, "text": "expenditure data from all regions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regular monitoring of the situation is required to ensure that those households receiving less or no assistance , are continuously able to draw from and build on their own resources and capacities , able to withstand potential future shocks , including the impact of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic . This is particularly important given that refugee households ´ self-perceived ability to meet their basic needs was found to have weakened between December 2020 and September 2021 . About 19 percent considered themselves able to meet at least half if not all of their basic household needs which compares to 38 percent nine months prior . # # * * Inclusion and exclusion errors * * Quantifying inclusion and exclusion errors is key to validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the chosen targeting approach , to ensure the right provision of assistance to people in need , as well as to optimize the use of greatly limited resources . The analyses are based on the entire samples from December 2020 and September 2021 JPDM . For the purpose of this exercise , inclusion and exclusion errors will be defined following a twofold approach ( also illustrated in Figure 31 ) : - * * _Total_ inclusion and exclusion errors * * : to account for _all_ mismatches between the vulnerability classification and the package of assistance received . - * * _Excluding partial_ inclusion and exclusion errors * * : to account for cases in which households in the highly and moderately vulnerable groups are not fully in line with their respective assistance packages but still receiving some level of assistance , thus not being completely excluded .", "spans": [{"start": 1023, "end": 1027, "text": "JPDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has been sorely limited by lack of resources and the narrow focus on the health sector . The Government therefore decided to adopt a multi-sectoral approach in the fight against HIV / AIDS . A National AIDS Commission was created , placed in the Prime Minister ' s office , and its membership has been broadened . Twelve of 22 Ministries prepared action plans , and the Government finalized its national strategy for the fight against AIDS . Religious groups are increasingly involved in the fight against HIV / AIDS and are expected to participate actively in the implementation of the strategy . PLWHA associations are established and will be represented in the new institutional framework . Several studies were undertaken to identify high-risk groups and their behaviors . A capacity assessment of NGOs was undertaken by a large international NGO , and a NGO roster was established during project preparation , which will be updated regularly , as NGOs get training and can therefore satisfy the criteria - 5 -", "spans": [{"start": 859, "end": 869, "text": "NGO roster", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] | stakeholders < br > / areas | * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKU * * | * * RU COUNTY ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | _Extent_ < br > Site – 2 | | | Magnitude | * * Intensity * * < br > Medium-3 | | | | * * Duration * * < br > Medium term-3 | | | | * * Probability * * < br > Likely – 3 | | | Significance | * * Weighting * * < br > ( Extent + Intensity + Duration + < br > | Low | | | Probability ) x WF ( 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 ) x1 = 11 ( Low ) | | | D < br > * * . 2 . 2 . * * < br > * * Imp * * < br > he impacts tha < br > i ) < br > Destruct < br > ii ) Soil cont < br > iii ) Soil Ero < br > activitie < br > he assessment < br > s discussed in < br > * * able 7-2 : Impa * * < br > Impact < br > Sources < br > Nature < br > of < br > impact | isclosure Cop < br > * * acts on Soil Resources * * < br > t are likely to be triggered by the project activities in the settlem < br > ion of Soil Structure due to blasting or rock breaking < br > amination caused by oils and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Endogeneity concerns * * Extending the baseline model by including additional control variables controls for any omitted variable bias and accounts for potential endogeneity concerns . These additional control variables are formal and informal labor productivity , elevation and night lights emission . First , informal labor productivity denotes the productivity of informal businesses and strives to control for a potential endogeneity stemming from more productive businesses implementing more digital technologies ( see top rows in Table 4 ) . The effects of distance on different types of digital technologies are in line with the baseline results . In particular , the results indicate statistically significant negative effects of distance on the adoption of various digital technologies , suggesting that the baseline results are not driven by the potential common factor that more productive businesses are more likely to adopt digital technologies . The middle rows show results when formal labor productivity , which is the productivity of the closest formal firm , is included . Formal labor productivity controls for the fact that spillovers might be driven by informal businesses being close to very productive formal firms . The results remain robust to the baseline . * * Table 4 : Baseline Model with Labor Productivity * * | | ( 1 ) < br > PC | ( 2 ) < br > Tablet | ( 3 ) < br > Phone | ( 4 ) < br > MM | ( 5 ) < br > Website | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Distance of Informal to Closest Formal Firm | - 0 . 567 * | - 0 . 749 * * * | - 0 . 187 * * * | - 0 . 196 * * * | - 0 . 196 | | | ( 0 . 314 ) | ( 0 . 154 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 405 ) | | Informal Labor Productivity ( log ) | 0 . 056 | 0 . 093 | 0 . 174 * * * | 0 . 184 * * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR6227 The World Bank | Country | First Administrative Di | vision | Location | Planned | Actual | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ethiopia | SSNPR | | Southern Nations , < br > People ' s Regional | Nationalities , and < br > State | | | * * Results * * | | | | | | | * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * | | | | | | | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Community members satisfied with timeliness , | Percentage | Value | | 47 . 10 | 70 . 00 | | quantity and quality of disaster early response | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 10-Feb-2012 | 31-Dec-2013 | | | | Comments | | The data is from an MTR < br > survey conducted by an < br > independent consultant . | | | Community members satisfied with service | Percentage | Value | | 95 . 40 | 70 . 00 | | delivery through PCDP II-financed social < br > iftt | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 20-Jun-2011 | 31-Dec-2013 | | nrasrucure | | Comments | | The data is from an MTR < br > survey conducted by an < br > independent consultant . | | | Income of pastoral saving and credit loan | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | beneficiaries | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 20-Jun-2011 | 31-Dec-2013 | | | | Comments | Baseline for average income < br > of pastoral saving & credit < br > loan beneficiaries will be < br > determined once beneficairy < br >", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 700, "text": "MTR < br > survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS , PROTECTION RISKS AND NEEDS OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # # # * * Access to social protection * * According to UNHCR ’ s third intentions survey , 32 % of refugees from Ukraine reported social assistance as one of their income sources . However , many refugees do not have access to the full range of benefits available to citizens , including due to government capacity constraints and lack of permanent residence , which is a pre-condition to access certain social protection schemes in some countries . Among refugees who experienced challenges accessing social protection , the most commonly reported barrier is long waiting times , mainly due to cumbersome administrative processes . Barriers such as lack of information on available benefits and how to access them , complicated and lengthy administrative processes and language barriers also continue to hinder refugees access to social protection . Ukrainian refugees ’ access to social assistance in Moldova is unique amongst hosting countries . Until the activation of the Temporary Protection Regime on March 1 , 2023 , emergency laws were adopted to facilitate refugees ’ access to rights , but these laws did not provide access to social protection . Under the current temporary protection law , social assistance is only limited to certain groups of refugees and to a reduced number of government programmes compared to laws governing the asylum systems . Moreover , effective access requires system strengthening and additional resources . At the time of writing , therefore , vulnerable refugees in Moldova mostly rely on humanitarian cash assistance , subsidies , and other forms of in-kind assistance . # # # # # * * MAIN DIFFICULTIES ACCESSNG PUBLIC SOCIAL PROTECTION * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Waiting times 39 % < br > Lack of information 31 % < br > Language barrier 20 % < br > Not eligible 14 % < br > Lack of documents 11 % < br > Lack address 3 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Multiple responses were possible . So percentages can", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 164, "text": "third intentions survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": " Foul smell | < br >  Promote proper use of < br > sanitation < br > facilities < br > especially < br > toilet < br > and < br > latrines ; < br >  Promote < br > for < br > the < br > construction of sanitary < br > facilities < br > that < br > are < br > connected to the sewer < br > system . < br >  Promote < br > construction < br > of sanitary facilities that < br > curb pollution < br >  Attend to broken sewer < br > systems promptly | e < br >  Records of regular soil < br > and < br > water < br > quality < br > sampling and testing ; < br >  Maintenance of storm < br > drains < br > in < br > proper < br > working conditions ; < br >  Pollution sensitization < br > and < br > awareness < br > campaigns ; | Cop < br >  General < br > management < br > of < br > available sanitary < br > facilities < br >  No uncontrolled < br > discharge < br > of < br > sewer from the < br > sewer system | y < br > KACWASCO < br > SEC | Routine | Internal < br > Company < br > costs | | * * Unsustainable * * < br > * * Water * * < br > * * use * * < br > * * practices * * | < br >  Increased demand for < br > water with diminished < br > supply < br >  Point contamination < br > of water in supply < br >  Water use conflicts | Disclo < br >  Sensitization < br > and < br > awareness creation on < br > responsible < br > use < br > of < br > available resources ; < br >", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 487, "text": "Records of regular soil", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conception of privacy as a fundamental human right reflects its own history and cultural trajectory which other countries might not share . To ensure that the personal data of EU citizens is not abused abroad , data can be transferred out of the EU only under certain conditions . One is that the country meets the EU ’ s “ national adequacy ” requirement by enacting a national privacy law essentially equivalent to that of the EU . So far only five countries have received a positive national adequacy finding ( Argentina , Uruguay , Israel , New Zealand , and Canada ( commercial organizations ) ) . A national law imposes the same standard on all firms in the country , regardless of where they sell , at home or abroad . That could adversely affect poorer countries . Prematurely stringent privacy laws could hurt the development of markets by inhibiting the flow of information . For example , the reporting of personal credit histories is critical to consumer credit , and privacy laws could create significant asymmetries of information and affect the efficiency of markets ( Kitchenman , 1999 ) . If a country ’ s national law fails the EU adequacy test , as happened in the case of India , their firms will be required to use either Binding Corporate Rules ( BCRs ) , designed for multinational companies to move data globally , or Standard Contractual Clauses ( SCCs ) for each business deal . Both instruments require the levels of protection , oversight and access for individuals that would be offered in the EU . Both also require a data controller or processor , who can be held liable for breach , to be established in an EU Member State . Both routes are costly and time-consuming . The requirement of a presence in the EU increases costs and limits the benefits of seamless cross-border digital trade , especially for smaller firms . A survey in India of the impact of the earlier , less-stringent EU Data Protection Directive revealed that the BCR process took over six months , and 90 percent of the respondents used SCCs which also involved a complex process and took on average more than 3 months ( NASSCOM-DSCI , 2013 ) . As", "spans": [{"start": 1855, "end": 1870, "text": "survey in India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # Registered Incidents : October - December 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Denial of Recruitment < br > humanitarian & use of < br > access 50 % 182 children 20 % < br > total incidents < br > registered < br > Attacks on < br > schools < br > Injuring 3 % & hospitals 10 % < br > Abduction 4 % Killing 8 % < br > Sexual < br > violence 5 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # carrying other support roles . The UN also documented an increase in the number of attacks on hospitals and health facilities by armed forces and armed groups . Most of the incidents have been documented in the Equatorias . At the end of the year , the UN verified the military use of 55 schools throughout the country . On 26 October 2016 , a second release of children was carried out in Pibor , Jonglei , in which 120 children associated with the SSDA Cobra Faction and 25 associated with the SPLA-IO were released . This was the second release by the SSDA Cobra Faction ; the first took place in 2015 when 1 , 755 children associated with the armed group were released to the DDR Commission and reintegrated into their communities . All of the released children are benefiting from reintegration services , which includes family tracing and reunification , psychosocial support , education , vocational training and livelihood opportunities . In line with best practices and the Paris Principles , the released children will be assisted alongside other vulnerable children in their communities of return . | | Incidents of < br > | Grave Child Rights Violations ( cumulative ) < br > Mar2014 - Dec2016 | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No . of children affected | | | | | | No . of Incidents | | | 76 , 268 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , as noted , the sample size is substantially smaller , so these results also need to be interpreted with more care . Taken together , these findings call for future work to better understand the country determinants of the policy response . Further , the global database can support policy makers and researchers in evaluating policies in terms of their effectiveness and potential unintended consequences . For certain measures , authorities should continue to balance the relevant trade-offs between keeping temporary measures in place to support the real sector and maintaining prudent credit risk and liquidity management standards . As discussed in Section 2 , some countries , particularly low - and middle-income EMDEs , have resorted to policy measures ( e . g . , lowering certain risk weights without adequate public guarantees , relaxing the classification and treatment of non-performing loans ) that are not consistent with the principles that underpin international financial standards and recent guidance by standard-setting bodies and the IMF and the World Bank ( see for example IMF and World Bank ( 2020 ) ) . These countries have adopted such measures perhaps because they have fewer options at their disposal due to limited policy buffers , less diversified financial systems , weaker implementation capacity , and less sophisticated regulatory and supervisory frameworks ( e . g . , countercyclical capital buffer frameworks are typically not in place ) . This may have created some respite in the short term but may also generate new risks since such policies may weaken bank buffers , reduce bank balance sheet transparency , induce moral hazard , and contribute to market fragmentation . These risks could undermine the medium-term resilience and stability of the financial system and compound the economic impact of the pandemic . Furthermore , some of these measures may jeopardize hard-won gains in upgrading regulatory and supervisory frameworks to align them with global standards and longer-term policy credibility . Such risks should be weighed against the development of the global health crisis and the pace of the economic recovery , particularly if a timely economic rebound does not materialize and insolvency pressures surge . 27", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 279, "text": "global database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second , perceptions do not seem fixed , confirming the original intuition of Zaller ( 1992 ) . In fact , for some countries the shifts in perceptions are quite remarkable . For example , Poland and Portugal . < sup > 19 < / sup > Finally , there seems to be some correlation between the evolution of objective inequality and subjective perceptions ( more on this below ) . The ISSP surveys of 1992 , 1999 , and 2009 also provide data on the evolution of demand for redistribution . ‘ Net ’ demand for redistribution is defined as the difference between the share of individuals who strongly agree with the statement : “ it is the responsibility of the government to reduce income differences between people with high incomes and those with low incomes ” and those who strongly disagree with it . A negative value indicates that more individuals disagree with the statement than agreeing with it , while a positive value indicates the opposite . Figure 3 plots the evolution of demand for redistribution over time and across countries . As in the case of perceptions , some clear differences between countries are highlighted : European countries , both in the East and the West , have a stronger demand for redistribution than the rest of the world , particularly when compared to the United States , which is the only country in the sample that has a negative net demand for redistribution . This is not surprising given the differences in preferences between European and U . S . citizens well documented in the literature . Within Europe , Eastern European countries show a higher demand than most Western and Southern countries . Over time , demand for redistribution has also moved differently in the various countries , increasing from 1999 to 2009 in some countries ( e . g . , Hungary , Poland , and France ) , and decreasing in others ( e . g . , Bulgaria , Portugal , and Spain ) . > 19 Note that we do not use panel data , so the shift in share may simply be due to a cohort effect , i . e . people from younger cohorts may have different opinions and that may", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 390, "text": "ISSP surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . Introduction The world is rapidly losing biodiversity . Pimm et al . ( 2014 ) find that the current rate of species extinction is at least 1 , 000 times the background rate . Corroborating evidence is provided by the Living Planet Index ( LPI ) , an indicator of global biodiversity based on population trends for vertebrate species in terrestrial , The LPI informs the Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ) and its Conference of the Parties ( COP ) . In response to such indicators of rapid decline , 188 governments in the COP ratified the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework ( GBF ) at the COP 15 meeting in December 2022 . Among other measures , the Framework commits participants to protecting 30 percent of the planet by 2030 . Effective implementation of the Framework will require addressing two difficult questions : ( 1 ) What is the spatial distribution of global biodiversity that should be protected ? ( 2 ) How can protecting 30 % of the This paper attempts to contribute by revisiting the spatial distribution of global biodiversity with species occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility ( GBIF ) . During the past 15 years , the GBIF ’ s global reporting network has expanded to include occurrences for over 2 million species . During of these records include locational coordinates , the GBIF data can enable new estimates of spatial distributions for previously-unmapped species , as well as improved estimates for species with existing Species maps underpin spatial analyses of global biodiversity . If all species are treated equally , then a species ; ( 2 ) Overlay all chosen maps on a high-resolution global grid ; ( 3 ) Count the total species incidence in each grid cell . In practice , global biodiversity analyses can modify species counting in three dimensions . life ” that describes overall genetic variation in the global biome . Second , species may have different conservation priority weights because their vulnerability to human encroachment differs greatly . Third , species ’ distributions may be far from uniform in the spaces enclosed by their maps . If a species ’ spatial distribution density is known , its counting weight for each cell can be made proportional to", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 240, "text": "Living Planet Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1073, "end": 1099, "text": "species occurrence records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in relation to the : quality of education , ICT and Communication and School-community linkages . The full findings are presented in a separate annexe . # # # # # # * * _The Quality of Education_ * * In all regions , significant improvements in textbook availability were perceived , but in Oramia and SNPPR , it was observed that the increase did not meet the demand . There was also appreciation of the benefits of multi-grade teaching as it was felt this had improved standards . In Gambella and Afar , concerns were expressed about the lack of teachers able to teach in the local language , or adapt their 6 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the past the actual level of taxation exceeded the optimal level ( World Bank , 1994 ; Panagariya and Schiff , 1990 ) although the gap between the optimal and actual export tax may be narrowing at present . Unfortunately , the burden of taxation falls heavily on the poor as over a third of the export crop farmers who derive the majority of their revenue from cocoa are poor . And of course , there are also poor farmers who derive the majority of their income from coffee who also grow cocoa , as well as some poor food crop farmers who earn some revenue from cocoa . Even if the level of actual taxation were justified from the standpoint of maximizing CMte d ' Ivoire ' s earnings from cocoa , it is not at all clear that the use to which the tax revenue from cocoa is put has a significant impact on poverty reduction . As Demery et al . ( 1995 ) point out , social spending is not highly progressive . And the benefits that would come from an increase in public investment spending on infrastructure may not accrue to the rural poor in the short term , to the extent that spending takes place largely in urban areas . Clearly , a reexamination of cocoa taxation policies is an essential element of a poverty reduction strategy . Finally , the analysis of the data revealed a number of suspected biases which lead us to conclude that overall that in the short run , the results of the 1993 and 1995 surveys are probably biased in the direction of overestimating the incidence of poverty in 1995 relative to 1993 . The principal sources of suspected bias are the following . First , the sampling bias in 1993 which resulted in the oversampling of less mobile households is suspected to have resulted in an underestimation of poverty in 1993 in the non-Abidjan part of the sample . Second , the procedure used to correct the consumption of home production aggregate in 1993 may have resulted in an overestimate of home production in 1993 , and thus an underestimate of poverty . Third , the procedure used to calculate purchased food expenditure ( declared months multiplied by monthly expenditure", "spans": [{"start": 1393, "end": 1414, "text": "1993 and 1995 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enabled . The complaint should be related to the project activities and / or to its implementation and management . Any complaint not directly related to the Project will be referred to the relevant Traditional or Government Authority . The Project GM will involve the following main steps : - < u > Receipt of grievance : any stakeholder including people from the affected communities can submit < / u > a grievance ( written , verbal , text message , telephone , etc . as appropriate for the complainant ) . - < u > Registering the complaint : the complaint will be registered in the GM logbook . < / u > - < u > Referral and examination of complaints : a GM Committee shall be established ( comprising of < / u > members from representatives of implementing agencies , elders , community facilitators , etc . ) who will examine the complaint , resolve , or escalate the grievance as needed . - < u > Notifying the complainant : the decision / solution / action by the grievance committee shall be < / u > communicated to the complainant as per the stipulated timeline for feedback . - < u > Closing the complaint : where the decision / solution of the complaint is accepted by the < / u > complainant , or complaint that is not related to the project or any of its components , or a complaint that is being heard by the judiciary will be closed following the appropriate procedure based on the acknowledge and signed of complainant . # # * * The Grievance Mechanism Structure * * In case disputes arise between the implementing agencies and the beneficiaries / affected persons , the preferred way of settlement is through amicable means . This will save time and resources as opposed to taking the matter to court . Grievances can be submitted orally or in writing . This can be done via dedicated phone hotlines , grievance / suggestion boxes in the community , email , SMS , or face-to-face with the GRC or community liaison . Beneficiaries will be guided to identify the specific project activity , clearly state", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 596, "text": "GM logbook", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand plannin < br > g , blood and blood products f < br > orecasting , quantification an < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector | < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Limited | 270 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-12-21 | | | | | 2022-01-04 | | | | | 2022-02-03 | 2022-03-10 | | 2022-09-06 | | KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to gui < br > de community engagement a < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recover < br > yfrom COVID-19 in Kenya | < br > < br > < br > IDA / 65980 | Community discussion and i < br > nformation outreach | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Limited | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2022-01-12 | | | | | 2022-01-26 | | | | | 2022-02-25 | 2022-04-01 | | 2022-09-28 | | KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / Pr < br > ocurement of consultancy ser < br > vices to undertake recruitme < br > nt of 100 , 000 ( No . ) blood don < br > ors for", "spans": [{"start": 602, "end": 619, "text": "nationwide survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "weights given * * by * * the structure of intra-OECD FDI flows ; we set . at 4 percent . For portfolio equity liabilities * * EQYL , * * we set 6at * * 0 * * and measure * * _Q_ by * * the domestic stock market price index ( in * * US * * dollars ) , when one is available ; otherwise , we use the same valuation as for FDI liabilities . In turn , for portfolio assets * * - * * whose breakdown across debtors is unavailable * * - * * we take * * _Q_ * * to equal the Morgan-Stanley world stock market index . So far we have ignored the problem of mis-measurement of capital flows and stocks . To attempt to capture unrecorded ( net ) assets , we augment our measure * * of * * recorded non-equity assets * * _LA_ by * * adding to it the cumulative errors and omissions of the Balance of Payments , starting from the earliest date for which the information is available . ' Finally , we complement our information on foreign asset positions with data on wealth stocks . For each country and year in our sample , we define wealth as the sum ofthe country ' s net foreign asset position , plus its central bank ' s gold holdings and the value of its physical capital stock : * * _W ( j , t ) = NFA ( j , t ) + qK ( j , t ) + G ( j , t ) _ * * ( 3 . 4 ) where * * G * * and K respectively denote gold and capital stocks , and * * q * * is the unit value of the latter . To calculate these wealth stocks , we first construct estimates of each country ' s physical capital stock . In order to do this , we extrapolate in the time-series and cross-section dimensions the Summers-Heston PPP-based investment and * * GDP * * series , on the basis of available constantprice investment and per capita * * GDP * * data . We next construct initial capital stock estimates for those countries lacking", "spans": [{"start": 946, "end": 967, "text": "data on wealth stocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital Foundations Project ( P171034 ) vulnerabilities exacerbated by the continued expansion of SOE debt . The high domestic inflation and continuing foreign exchange shortages have also pushed the Government to adopt a comprehensive structural reform program which has the potential to boost the economy . * * 3 . The country has been one of the world ’ s fastest-growing economies over the past ten years , making important strides in poverty reduction ; but further progress is required . * * Gross domestic product ( GDP ) grew at an average annual rate of approximately 10 percent between 2007 and 2019 , and this strong growth translated into substantial poverty reduction , with the share of the population living in extreme poverty decreasing from 37 percent in 2005 to 23 . 5 percent in 2016 ( Ethiopia Household Consumption Expenditure Survey , HCES ) . Human development outcomes also improved from a low base . For example , between 2011 and 2016 , the net primary school enrollment rate increased from 64 percent to 74 percent , under-five mortality decreased from 88 ( per 1 , 000 live births ) to 67 , and the number of people with access to an improved water source increased from 54 percent to 65 percent < sup > 1 < / sup > . Average life expectancy has increased by about one year annually since 2000 and is now higher than the averages for both SubSaharan Africa ( SSA ) and low-income countries worldwide . However , despite the progress made , Ethiopia remains among the world ’ s poorest countries with an annual per capita income of US $ 740 in 2017 , with low human development , reflected in a score of 0 . 38 on the World Bank ’ s Human Capital Index . Moreover , Ethiopia ’ s large population of around 108 million ( 2018 ) with a forecast 2 . 3 percent annual net increase makes it the second most populous nation in Africa , after Nigeria , requiring strong growth in labor market demand to keep up with the increasing labor supply . * * 4 . In", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 886, "text": "Ethiopia Household Consumption Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 889, "end": 893, "text": "HCES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1692, "end": 1711, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are not currently readily quantifiable * * . Furthermore , each of the 63 The weighted average EIRR refers to 12 subprojects on a 20-year period . The cost of capital in Ethiopia is estimated at 7 percent as per World Bank data and a 10-year-period average 2 . 10 percent US $ inflation rate has been used in the analysis ( World Development Indicators ) . 64 Discounting Costs and Benefits in Economic Analysis of World Bank Projects , February 2016 . Page 39 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 227, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 324, "end": 352, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 smaller than those between urban and rural areas , but they may still matter , and we do report a robustness test with respect to cost-of-living differences in the only country in our sample for which data permits it , namely Brazil . Fourth , we do not test the robustness of our findings to variation in equivalence scales – which would matter if family sizes and composition varied systematically across city sizes . Fifth , we assess poverty in a fairly restrictive way : focusing on the share of the population with incomes or consumption levels below the poverty line . It is widely acknowledged that poverty can be viewed more broadly , reflecting multiple dimensions of wellbeing . We seek to mitigate this concern by reporting the association between city size and access to various publicly-provided services and , in one instance , by looking separately at a health outcome ( child malnutrition ) . Nevertheless , it should be acknowledged that the patterns observed in these spaces need not be repeated when other dimensions of poverty are considered . Each of the limitations of the analysis presented in this paper points to the need for additional research . This paper simply documents the existence of systematic differences in the intensity of poverty ( and access to services ) across city sizes in eight geographically diverse developing countries , and raises questions about the possibility that policies designed to reduce urban poverty may suffer from a metropolitan bias . The paper is structured as follows . Section 2 provides an overview of the poverty mapping methodology which was used in each of the six countries , in order to generate reliable poverty estimates for every urban area captured in the population census . Section 3 describes the data sources to which this method was applied , in each country . Section 4 presents the consumption poverty profiles by city size in each country . Section 5 turns to the evidence on access to publicly provided services across city sizes . Section 6 looks at differences in poverty ( and inequality ) within specific cities in Morocco , focusing in particular on poverty and inequality differences between slums and non-slum areas in larger towns . Section 7 subjects our findings to some", "spans": [{"start": 1734, "end": 1751, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 15 - job performance and offering no provision for feedback of the evaluation to the employee . 2 . 18 Training . The recently established Training Department ( para 2 . 08 ) proposed an ambitious in-house / in-country training program for 1980 , with 18 training sessions scheduled , covering an estimated 100 to 150 AFC employees . Of these sessions , eight are to be in-house and 12 in conjunction with other training institutes , including the Kenya Institute of Administration and the Kenya Institute of Management . AFC has also started an inventory of the training history of all AFC staff to identify more precisely AFC training needs . 2 . 19 AFC also has a limited overseas training program . Since 1976 , AFC has sent about 30 of its staff overseas for training , mainly to the U . S . Sixteen more employees were scheduled for such training in 1980 , with three seeking degrees in Agricultural Economics . While these training programs may be generally useful to the participating individuals , the programs have not been sufficiently geared to specific institutional objectives . AFC is now attempting to link both formal and informal training efforts to more systematically identified needs in specific operational functions . 2 . 20 AFC is an organization in transition . Since Independence in 1963 , its staff has increased five-fold to nearly 500 . At the same time , Government ' s direct involvement in agriculture through a host of development projects , general crop support schemes and extension services programs has stimulated credit demands and also complicated AFC ' s job of implementing Government policies within the financial and operating constraints of a credit institution . The present level of AFC ' s operations has clearly strained institutional resources to their limit . AFC ' s operating policies need to be more clearly defined , management needs greater depth and direction , and line staff need strengthening in credit and financial skills . D . Accounting and Management Information System # # Accounting System 2 . 21 On April 1 , 1980 , AFC introduced a new computerized accounting system developed with bilateral assistance from the Federal Republic of Germany . Improper", "spans": [{"start": 548, "end": 581, "text": "inventory of the training history", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", or equivalent . Any means of written communication shall < br > be in an easily understood language and be readily available to < br > exposed workers and first-aid personnel < br > o < br > Training workers in the use of the available information < br > ( such as MSDSs ) , safe work practices , and appropriate use of PPE < br > Mitigation Measures for Fire and Explosion Hazards < br > ● < br > Storing flammables away from ignition sources and < br > oxidizing materials . | | | | | 188", "spans": [{"start": 267, "end": 272, "text": "MSDSs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 07 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 34 | | Mean dep . var . control | 2 . 38 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 00 | | SD dep . var . control | 0 . 61 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 69 | 1 . 00 | | T1 : _βE_ + _βI_ + _βG_ = 0 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | T2 : _βE_ + _βG_ = 0 | 0 . 25 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | T3 : _βE_ + _βG_ + _βF_ = 0 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Note : this table reports results on the agricultural practices performed by the farmers in our study in the 2017 season . Using the full sample of 678 farmers , we run the following regression : _Yit_ = _β_ 0 + _βE Extensioni_ + _β I IndRecommi_ + _βG Granti_ + _βF Flexible_ + _αc_ + _εit_ , where _i_ corresponds to a farmer , _Y_ is the outcome of interest and _t_ is the time period . We include randomization strata fixed effects and compute robust standard errors . At the bottom of the table , we report the mean and the standard deviation of the outcome for the control group , the omitted category in our regression . We also report p-values of linear combinations of the estimates coefficients that map into the original study design . We use data from the Follow-up survey conducted in August 2015 . The dependent variable in column 1 is a sum of individual dummies . Each dummy takes value of 1 if the farmer performed one of the so-called existing agricultural practices . In column 2 , the dependent variable is the standardized index of the outcome in column 1 , computed by standardizing each dummy individually , adding them all and standardizing the sum . We use the mean and standard deviation of the control group as reference for the standardized index . In columns 3 and 4 , the dependent variables", "spans": [{"start": 1127, "end": 1143, "text": "Follow-up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characteristics and no clear comparison group , such as natural gas pipelines and commercial banks , or industries with rapid technological change over the study period , such as wired and wireless telecommunications . There are case studies of interventions in some of these industries ( Casta ̃ neda Sabido and Elbittar , 2013 ; Castellanos , Del Angel < sup > ́ < / sup > and Garza-Garc ́ ıa , 2016 ) . We cover a greater subset of investigated industries than several previous studies of antitrust enforcement , which faced the similar challenge of matching relevant markets to plausibly similar controls . In his analysis of the effects of United States antitrust indictments , Sproul ( 1993 ) identifies relevant market control prices for 25 of “ roughly 400 ” price-fixing indictments under the Sherman Act . In his analysis of United States antitrust decisions regarding horizontal mergers , Kwoka ( 2014 ) identifies 49 transactions for which rigorous retrospective studies of their effects are available . These transactions span the period 19762009 , and during the period 1996-2011 alone , the FTC investigated 264 horizontal mergers . * * The Economic Census * * Having defined treatment and control industries in each case , we construct a series of economic variables for these industries using the establishmentlevel micro-data of the quinquennial Economic Censuses covering the calendar years 1993 to 2018 . These censuses include every establishment in Mexico in every sector except agriculture , forestry , and hunting , and survey all physical establishments , including sole proprietorships and firms with so-called informal workers that do not contribute to the national social security scheme . The censuses are carried out by Mexico ’ s national statistics body INEGI ( _Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica , Geograf ́ ıa e Inform ́ atica_ ) , which provided us with access to the establishment-level microdata that we use to construct key variables : sales , employment , wages , operating profit margin , and total factor productivity ( TFP ) . Sales and employment are measured as totals for each industry and year . Wages are measured as total remuneration to employees divided by total employment for each industry and year . The operating profit margin is measured as value-added minus", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1381, "text": "quinquennial Economic Censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1906, "end": 1935, "text": "establishment-level microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "condoning the killing . Except for cases of rape of older women , I don ’ t find anyone taken to court … because it is old women they don ’ t worry . ” < sup > 100 < / sup > HelpAge International and local partners have called on the Burkina Faso government to end the abuse of older women as a result of witchcraft allegations in a submission to the Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) of the United Nations ’ Human Rights Council . Suspected witches face “ psychological trauma , physical harm , social exclusion , impoverishment through loss of property and assets , and ultimately banishment from their communities . ” < sup > 101 < / sup > The submission states that research conducted in 2006 shows that “ 90 % of banished women commit suicide , flee to neighbouring communities where they are unknown or die of starvation as they are unable to reach a town or a reception centre . ” < sup > 102 < / sup > These reception centres are not explained in further detail , except to indicate that 89 . 9 % of residents at 11 centres were there as a consequence of witchcraft accusations . < sup > 103 < / sup > Raw numbers were not provided , but 90 % were women , 97 . 2 % were illiterate , 82 % were of Mossi ethnicity , 75 % were over 50 years of age , and 69 . 9 % were first wives in polygamous marriages . < sup > 104 < / sup > Accusation of witchcraft appears to be a “ pretext to banish women no longer considered economically or biologically productive to the household . ” < sup > 105 < / sup > The HelpAge UPR submission recommends that the government prohibit the accusation of witchcraft and provide redress and protection to those accused . < sup > 106 < / sup > HelpAge International has also been active on behalf of older women accused of witchcraft in Mozambique , which can result in physical attack , psychological abuse", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 696, "text": "research conducted in 2006", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | 2024-02-27 | 2024-04-02 | | | 2024-05-07 < br > 2025-05-06 | | | SAFER / MSEA / C / 07 / 2023-202 < br > 4 / Consultancy to Conduct a < br > Baseline Survey of MSMEs in < br > Kenya < br > IDA / 70180 | Technical Assistance and Pro < br > ject Management | Prior < br > L < br > o | east Cost Selecti < br > n | Open - Internation < br > l | a | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Cancele | d | 2023-11-17 | 2023-12-08 | | 2024-01-21 | | | 2024-02-18 | | | 2024-03-19 | 2024-04-23 | | | 2024-05-28 < br > 2025-05-28 | | | SAFER / SASRA / C / 11 / 2023-24 < br > / Consultancy to Review ICT < br > Requirements & Co-Ordinate < br > Implementation for a SACCO < br > Shared Digital Services Platfo < br > rm for SACCO Societies Regu < br > latoryAuthority < br > IDA / 70180 | Technical Assistance and Pro < br > ject Management | Post < br > C < br > c | onsultant Qualifi < br > ation Selection | Open - National | | 300 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Cancele | d | 2024-01-08 < br > 20 | 23-12-21 < br > 2024-01-29 | | 2024-03-13 | | | | | | | 2024-04-12 | | | 2024-05-17 < br > 2025-11-08 | | |", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 171, "text": "Baseline Survey of MSMEs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". To address this problem , we ran a series of regression equations for which the dependent variable is always real per capita expenditure , and the independent variables include geographic and household variables , as well as dummy variables for each quarter ( with 2007 : Q1 being the reference period ) . This allows us to net out the effects of the recession ( or at least time ) per se , after controlling for other influences – such as education or family composition – that might change over time . Each observation represents a household included in a socioeconomic survey between 2007 and 2010 . Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 12", "spans": [{"start": 560, "end": 580, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Not Applicable * * * * Table 5 . 1 . Procurement Methods to Be Used in the Project * * Applicable for ‘ High ’ risk | * * Expenditur * * | * * Contract Value * * | * * Procurement * * | * * Contracts / * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * e Category * * | * * ( threshold ) * * | * * Method * * | * * Processes Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review * * | | | ≥ US $ 100 , 000 | Open International | All contracts over | | Goods | < US $ 100 , 000 | Open National | US $ 300 , 000 | | | ≤ US $ 25 , 000 | Quotation | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 19 , 619 . 60 | 21 , 912 . 80 < br > Signed | 2022-05-26 < br > 2022-06-17 < br > 2022-06-29 < br > 2022-0 | 7-23 < br > 2022-12-30 | | C2-MIES-INEC-21 / Servicio d < br > e impresión de material infor < br > mativo y de trabajo a ser dist < br > ribuido durante el levantamie < br > nto de la Encuesta Nacional < br > de Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 7 , 506 . 29 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-09-15 < br > 2022-10-24 < br > 2022-10-08 | 2022-11-08 | | C2-MIES-INEC-27 / Contratac < br > ión de 16 Supervisores de op < br > erativo de campo de Enlista < br > miento para el operativo de c < br > ampo de la Encuesta Nacion < br > al de Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "as such at endline . - The International Food Policy Institute ' s ( IFPRI ) endline evaluation report ( Productive Safety Net Program IV Endline Evaluation – Main Findings , p . 23 ) found that in the Highlands , targeting of the PSNP4 was implemented well , while in the Lowlands , targeting was assessed as poor at baseline , with efforts to improve targeting throughout the course of the project , including training , collaboration with kebele social workers and NGOs , and closer supervision , particularly to minimize the influence of kebele officials over the targeting committee . The evaluation report noted , however , that the absence of a major re-targeting exercise , together with the prohibition of Focus Group Discussions with community members due to COVID-19 made it challenging to assess perceptions of fairness and accuracy at endline . - According to the ICR ( p . 11 ) , progress was made towards improving targeting accuracy and inclusion of poor households in the beneficiary list . This approach represented a shift in earlier phases from a focus on food insecure households to poor households based on findings from the Ethiopia Poverty Assessment ( EPA , 2019 ) which noted the decreasing relevance of food insecurity as a defining characteristic of the poorest . Subjective measures showed that at baseline , 80 percent of PSNP households considered themselves to be among the poorer households in the village ( 76 percent at endline ) , compared to 58 percent of non-PSNP households ( 54 percent at endline ) . Only subjective measures were available for the lowlands ; at endline , 67 percent of PSNP households considered themselves poor compared to 63 percent of non-PSNP households . The 2019 EPA found that onethird of PSNP beneficiaries were found to be in the poorest 20 percent and 60 percent in the poorest 40 percent . # # # < u > Predictable and timely safety net transfers < / u > - Only 59 . 5 % of core safety net transfers were paid on time , as compared", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1174, "text": "Ethiopia Poverty Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "projects at different levels of abatement are calculated . < sup > 19 < / sup > In terms of average cost of mitigation , the relative attractiveness of different types of projects appears to be similar to that resulting from the estimation of net abatement cost as reported in table 5 . The structures of average cost curves for different project types are similar to those as depicted in figures 4 and 5 . We also estimate the project costs in Brazil , China , and India separately . Relative attractiveness of different types of project within each of these countries , as well as the comparative advantage of these countries for different types of projects appear to be similar to that of the full model ( i . e . , model IV in table 7 ) with little exceptions . # * * 5 Conclusions and Policy Implications * * In this paper , we look at the cost of producing emission reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism using project data . We control for the duration of the projects , the type of technology used in the project and the year in which the project began . In our preferred ( full ) model , we employ a complete set of fixed effects associated for each host country and for each technology type , but we also estimate versions of the model that use broader classifications of projects and regional dummies rather than hostcountry dummies . We repeat the analysis for China , India and Brazil , countries that host a large number of CDM projects , and for specific types of projects . Many of the projects generate CERs and simultaneously create additional power-generating capacity , so we consider a separable cost function based on an explicit disentanglement of costs and revenue . We also consider an alternative joint cost functions that is consistent with inseparable costs . In general , we find no evidence of increasing returns to scale . At mean levels , all calculated elasticities were less than one , although constant returns to scale could not be ruled out in some cases . We found significant variation in scale effects by type of projects ; for example , H / PFCs & N2O reduction", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 946, "text": "project data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional year of schooling increases income per worker by approximately 18 . 4 percent . < sup > 27 < / sup > This number suggests that the macro return to schooling in Guatemala is rather high , but it compares favorably with earlier microeconomic evidence . For example , the World Bank ( 1995 ) reports a private return to schooling of 14 . 9 percent for Guatemala . < sup > 28 < / sup > There is evidence for much lower returns in the informal sectors and for decreasing patterns over time , but the magnitude of the coefficient is echoed in Funkhouser ( 1997 ) . An estimate from Haeussler ( 1993 ) based on 1989 survey and Ministry of Education data suggests that , depending on the schooling level and underlying assumptions , the social return to schooling lies in a band between 13-19 percent . Finally , these results also confirm the cross-country evidence from Cohen and Soto ( 2001 ) . They essentially find that in macro and micro regressions the effect of education on income is of similar magnitude . # * * 6 . Robustness Check and Additional Explanatory Variables * * This section seeks to answer some basic questions . How much confidence should be placed on the previous results ? Evidently , given certain data restrictions and distortions caused by the civil war , a key issue is if the previous findings can be used to derive firm policy conclusions . In addition , another important aspect is considered : does the conditioning information set cause the schooling coefficients to change ? In order to answer these questions , the following paragraphs are organized as follows . Section 6 . 1 tests the stability of the variables . By comparing the results with alternative sources , section 6 . 2 includes time trends , and analyzes the reliability of the human and physical capital stock data . Section 6 . 3 , the bulk of the analysis , includes additional variables explaining growth . An overview of the alternative data is presented in Figure 7 . Additional variables are the quality of capital , trade openness , terms of trade , and imported capital goods . This section also examines the effect of", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 657, "text": "1989 survey and Ministry of Education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1781, "end": 1818, "text": "human and physical capital stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nonrenewable resources , Income Inequality and per Capita GDP : An Empirical Analysis Table 10 : Countries included in Resource-rich Sub-group , classified by Income Groups | | * * Absolute * * | * * Relative * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | High income | 5 | 16 . 7 % | | Upper middle income | 11 | 36 . 7 % | | Lower middle income | 10 | 33 . 3 % | | Low income | 4 | 13 . 3 % | | Total | 30 | 100 % | According to the IMF report , “ nations [ rich in nonrenewable natural resources ] produce 85 % of the world ’ s petroleum , 90 % of its diamonds and 80 % of its copper , generating trillions of dollars in annual profits . ” Table 11 summarizes the empirical results of the recursive model estimated for the subsample of resource-rich countries . These figures confirm the results of the full-sample model . The magnitude of the coefficient , as expected , slightly increases relative to the full-sample model , but the sign of the associations and their economic implications remain unchanged . Table 11 . Estimated Results from the Recursive Model Specification ( resource-rich subsample ) | | * * Fixed * * < br > | * * Effect * * < br > | * * SU * * < br > | * * RE * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Gini index * * | * * GDP * * | * * Gini index * * | * * GDP * * | | Nonrenewable resource dependence | - 0 . 067 * * | 0 . 008 | - 0 . 177 * * * | 0 . 122 | | Lower Income < br > | dropped | dropped | 6 . 090 * * | 57 . 336 * * * | | Lower income * Nonrenewable resource < br > Dependence | 0 . 078 | - 0 . 362 *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "done in the studies cited above , results in substantial gender differences , even after firm and manager characteristics have been controlled for . The finding that women operate smaller scale firms begs the question why . One possible explanation is that they sort into industries which have a lower optimal scale , although this only pushes the question another step backwards . Another salient explanation is that they lack access to finance . Evidence from developed countries on this issue is mixed . < sup > 6 < / sup > Furthermore , cultural norms may militate against women being in power or engaging in certain activities . Alternatively , successful female firms , which tend to be larger , may be more likely to be “ captured ” by husbands . Women entrepreneurs could also face different constraints . However , using investment climate survey data from Africa Bardasi and Sabarwal ( 2009 ) find little evidence for differences in self-reported constraints once firm characteristics are conditioned on . Since most of these studies are based on urban enterprises , it is not clear to what extent their conclusions generalize to rural areas , where firms tend to be smaller and firm performance is arguably more intimately intertwined with household - and farm events , and the investment climate is radically different ( see World Bank , 2004 , Deininger , Songqing and Sur , 2007 , Jin and Deininger , 2009 , Rijkers , Soderbom and Loening , 2010 ) . Despite their importance as a potential catalyst of growth and an absorber of growing rural labor supply , little is known about the determinants of the performance of non-farm firms and how these may vary with the gender of the manager . In addition , the existing evidence on gender differences in rural non-farm entrepreneurship is overwhelmingly based on household - and labor force surveys , which typically lack detailed information on firm characteristics and the investment climate . # * * ( b ) Country Context * * The countries in this study , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Ethiopia , and Indonesia , were selected to be part of the RICS pilot program because in all of them the non-farm economy is a potentially 5", "spans": [{"start": 830, "end": 872, "text": "investment climate survey data from Africa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1823, "end": 1858, "text": "household - and labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 6 : Have sales and employment increased after joining Chaldal ? < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 85 < br > 39 < br > 34 < br > Total sales revenue No . of full-time employees < br > No . of skilled employees < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > Percent of firms ( % ) < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Another potential consequence of platforms such as Chaldal is the facilitating of business formalization . This could be a side-effect of the growth experienced by platform sellers , since many business licensing and tax registration requirements start to apply after firms cross certain minimum size thresholds . Moreover , selling on a platform may entail becoming more visible to tax and regulatory authorities , increasing the risk of being penalized for regulatory non-compliance . More than 85 percent of the Chaldal survey respondents strongly agree or agree with the statements that joining a platform such as Chaldal increases the incentive to formally register the business , and that it increases the likelihood of being visible to tax authorities ( figure 7 ) . Note that Chaldal requires its suppliers to comply with requisite business licenses and tax registration , and also offers advisory assistance to promote compliance among its sellers . Some 26 percent of Chaldal sellers report having changed their legal structure or registration since joining Chaldal . 12", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 867, "text": "Chaldal survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "° ( ~ 5 . 5 km ) | | Output < br > information | 24-hour aggregation < br > since the beginning < br > of the forecast | mm / per unit of time | Z-values , monthly | WRSI per raster cell ; < br > current WRSI data give < br > range of 0 – 100 percent < br > of total | An index describing < br > the relation between < br > surface soil moisture < br > and profile soil < br > moisture as a function < br > of time ( percent ) | Vegetation density , < br > monthly | | Data set source | https : / / cds . climate . c < br > opernicus . eu / cdsapp < br > # ! / dataset / reanalysi | https : / / data . chc . ucsb . e < br > du / products / CHIRPS - < br > 2 . 0 / africa_dekad / tifs / | https : / / spei . csic . es / | https : / / edcftp . cr . usgs . g < br > ov / project / fews / dekad < br > al / | https : / / land . copernicu < br > s . eu / global / products / s < br > wi | https : / / lpdaac . usgs . g < br > ov / products / mod13c < br > 2v061 / | 38", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 213, "text": "WRSI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "n | 297 | 305 | 297 | | No . of countries | 30 | 30 | 30 | | RMSE | 4 . 29 | 4 . 02 | 3 . 85 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries with fuel > 25 percent of total exports . Country fixed effects are included in the regression . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 28", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 253, "text": "Annual data from 1996 – 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "management , and inventory and acceptance of deliverables ; ( 7 ) there is systematic coordination between the implementing agencies and the central procurement departments ( namely , the General Tendering Department ( GTD ) and the General Procurement Department ( GPD ) ) ; ( 8 ) a central agency ( for example , MOPIC ) coordinates and integrates the Program by a central agency ( for example , MOPIC ) , especially for RAs that include multiple agencies ; and ( 9 ) a procurement complaint log is maintained and published through the Jordan Online E-Procurement System ( JONEPS ) or agency websites . * * 51 . The implementing agencies will execute the activities in accordance with the World Bank ' s “ Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Program-for-Results Financing , ” dated February 1 , 2012 , and revised July 10 , 2015 . * * The Program will build on preventive tools recently introduced by the Jordan Integrity and Anti-Corruption Commission ( JIACC ) and its reporting on corruption cases to mitigate the risk of corruption . JIACC will report annually to the World Bank concerning identified corruption risks under the Program based on its investigations . # # # * * C . Environmental and Social Systems Aspects * * * * 52 . An environmental and social systems assessment ( ESSA ) has been prepared to assess the E & S systems at the Program level . * * The ESSA assessed the potential E & S effects of the PforR , including direct , indirect , induced , and cumulative , as relevant . It also assessed the borrower ’ s capacity ( including legal framework , regulatory authority , organizational capacity , and performance ) to manage those effects and ensure that they are in line with the core principles of the World Bank policy on PforR . An assessment was also done of identified measures to enhance both the E & S management systems and E & S outcomes during Program implementation . The E & S risks and impacts of the Program were", "spans": [{"start": 472, "end": 497, "text": "procurement complaint log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In 2018 , five key agencies – Eurostat , IOM , OECD , UNHCR and UNICEF – put forth a < u > Call to Action to address the < / u > poor availability and quality of data on children on the move through five strategic action points . These agencies took an important step forward for these children with the establishment of the < u > International Data Alliance for Children on the Move < / u > ( IDAC ) in 2020 . IDAC is a crosssectoral , global coalition working to improve statistics and data on migrant and displaced children , ensuring these children are not left out of the promise of the GCM and the 2030 Agenda . In the same spirit as the GCM , IDAC emphasizes a wholeof-government and whole-of-society approach , providing an open platform for Member States , international and regional organizations , NGOs , think tanks , academia and civil society to close the knowledge gaps on children on the move . Its efforts are informed by the Call to Action ’ s five strategic action points . # # # # # # IDAC : 3 KEY OBJECTIVES - * * ~ ~ STRENGTHEN ~ ~ national data systems and capacities to protect migrant and forcibly-displaced children * * * * ~ ~ PROMOTE ~ ~ and establish collaborative , innovative methods for child-specific data work * * * * ~ ~ IMPROVE ~ ~ data visibility , availability , accessibility and usability * * Four IDAC working groups are translating these objectives into concrete outputs for children on the move . They are * * identifying challenges related to child-specific migration and displacement data * * and * * generating practical solutions * * in the form of public goods ( e . g . , publications , guidance materials , capacity-building , strategic partnerships ) . IDAC ’ s work shows what can be achieved when we leverage expertise and know-how at local , national , regional and international levels to improve migration data for children . > 3", "spans": [{"start": 1852, "end": 1866, "text": "migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "picture text - - > # 4 . 3 . 2 . Productivity trends in agriculture , forestry , and fishing In contrast to trends in other segments of the economy , formal firms in agriculture , forestry , and fishing have actually experienced steady increases in labor productivity over the 2014-2021 period , driven by within-firm growth ( see Figure 23 ) . The divergence between the formal firms in the CIT dataset and broader agricultural trends in Zambia reflects how the firms in the CIT dataset are often large-scale commercialized farms . Such farms have a relatively greater ability to leverage Zambia ’ s strong resource 13", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 487, "text": "CIT dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to Nairobi and navigating the MoH bureaucracy for the necessary approvals . It was , therefore , agreed with both the MoH and Ministry of Finance and Planning ( MoFP ) during the pre-appraisal mission that the dozens of categories would be reduced to 9 for budgeting purposes , thus providing staff on the ground increased flexibility and discretion over the use of funds . This will be implemented first in the Phase I Decentralization districts ( see project description ) , and subsequently in all districts beginning in FY2001-2002 . Capacity building for equitable , transparent and efficient resource management will be supported as part of the Decentralization component . Training and supervision of the DHMBs and Health Facility Committees ( HFCs ) will go along with organizational restructuring and systems development . The findings from the Phase I Participatory Study highlighted an insufficient involvement of local communities in decision-making processes conceming health service management . Improved representation in the various Boards and Committees , with increased transparency through adequate reporting and feedback mechanisms , will be pursued , as well as improved information sharing on the purpose , process and contents of decentralization . The project will seek the active participation of communities to guide , monitor and evaluate service delivery . The efforts to involve NGOs , CBOs , religious organizations ( ROs ) and the private sector in the implementation of the STI Project have not resulted in a substantial and effective partnership between these organizations and the public sector . At the same time , it is clear that the public sector will not be able to provide the care and support needed , especially for those affected by the HIV / AIDS epidemic . In order to increase the capacity of the sector to respond to increasing demands , the project will encourage districts to seek opportunities and modalities to improve and expand the partnership with NGOs / CBOs / ROs . Within the context of the district workplans the financing of proposals from such partners related to HIV / AIDS as well as RH , will be facilitated under simplified", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * INTERIM FINANCIAL MONITORING REPORT ( IFMR ) . - FOR PERIOD ENDING … . . . . . . . . . . . . . CREDIT NUMBER … . . . . . . . . . . . . ENTITY - * * | Disbursement < br > Cat / Subcat . < br > ( col 1 ) | Name & < br > Address < br > of Contractor < br > Contract < br > Reference < br > Signing date < br > ( col 2 ) | Contract < br > Currency < br > and Value < br > ( col 3 ) | Invoiced < br > Amounts during the < br > quarter < br > Currency < br > ( col 4 ) | % < br > Financed < br > by < br > IDA < br > ( col 5 ) | Eligible for < br > Bank ` s < br > Financing < br > during the < br > quarter < br > ( US $ ) < br > ( col 6 ) < br > Grant < br > ( USD ) | Total < br > Amount < br > Paid from < br > DA during < br > the < br > quarter < br > ( US $ ) < br > ( col 7 ) < br > Total < br > ( USD ) | Balance < br > carried < br > forward < br > after the < br > quarter < br > ( col 8 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Works | | | | | | | | | Category . 1 : < br > Description | | | | | | | | | Category . 2 : < br > Description | | | | | | | | | Category . 3 : < br > Description |", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 39, "text": "INTERIM FINANCIAL MONITORING REPORT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Implementation of UNHCR ’ s Policy on Refugee Protection and Solutions in Urban Areas * * Global Survey – 2012 * * MaryBeth Morand , PDES Katherine Mahoney with Shaula Bellour and Janice Rabkin – Independent Consultants", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 114, "text": "Global Survey – 2012", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recorded in the file at the CNE . Refugees also continue to be issued with an official refugee certificate which is , in principle , issued at the same time as the refugee identity card The certificate lists all members of the household with photographs and biographical data . The certificate is valid for one year renewable and is issued jointly by the CNE and UNHCR . The presentation of the refugee certificate and refugee identity card enables refugees to access national public services . Recognized refugees can use their refugee certificate for accessing most services but , for other national public and private services , they need to present their refugee identity cards issued by CNE . This is the case to open a bank account , enrol undertake some formalities with the ANPE and Services d ’ Équivalence des Diplômes . The Asylum-seeker attestation allows access to some national services only . Over the past three years , there has been a significant increase of refugees issued with individual refugee identity cards by CNE . In 2020 , 117 , 775 refugees of 14 and above were issued with a refugee ID cards while , for the first half of 2023 , 131 , 347 refugees received ID cards . In mid-2023 and cumulative for the three years , 56 per cent of refugees eligible for ID cards have been issued with such an individual document . There remains an important gap to ensure that each refugee of 14 years and above receives the Government individual documentation . Those who have not yet received the refugee identity card continue to use the official refugee certificate issued at household level , which serves by default as proving their refugee status and identity in Niger . As of June 2023 , all registered refugee households have received such a refugee certificate . Additionally , considering the significant increase of asylum-seekers since June 2020 , up to 50 , 377 , there have been delays in the issuance of asylum-seekers attestations compounded by operational , security and accessibility limitations . They have however received a proof of registration at household level used mainly for humanitarian assistance", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 31, "text": "file at the CNE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 ) of Table 7 , we use the average value for a given industry-country pair . < sup > 24 < / sup > Throughout Table 7 , our main interaction term remains positive and significant . In - > 22 We are grateful to Christian Lundblad for suggesting this approach to us . > 23 Our approach builds upon previous literature that has used IFC data to construct liberalization intensity measures at the country level ( see , e . g . , Bekaert 1995 ; Edison and Warnock 2003 ; Bekaert , Harvey , and Lundbland 2005 ; De Jong and De Roon 2005 ; Bekaert et al . 2007 ) . > 24 We thus abstract from the time variation in the liberalization intensity due to the limited availability of publicly available IFC data at the industry-country level across the time dimension . The focus on the cross-sectional variation is also in line with previous literature using a country-level measure of liberalization intensity in the context of international trade ( Manova 2008 ; Defever and Suedekum 2014 ) . 24", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 698, "text": "IFC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > * * April 2019 * * is therefore the Cutoff date for all the PAPs in RAP 1b and which has been reinforced in the ongoing project consultations and communications . The cut-off dates were publicly disclosed in the project areas and to all the PAHs . The disclosure was undertaken by the RAP Consultant teams , local administration jointly with the KWSCRP team . The principle of the cut-off date was disclosed to the community prior to the field surveys . It was communicated to the affected communities during public meetings ( barazas ) and to individual PAHs during the RAP census fieldwork . They were clearly informed that persons moving to the project areas and those who may do further developments on their affected land after the cut-off dates would not be entitled for compensation and that persons settling in the project area after the cut-off dates may be subject to removal . The Asset register will be updated during RAP implementation as needed to reflect any additional information and justifiable changes and to correct any residual errors or omissions . 40", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 591, "text": "RAP census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 902, "end": 916, "text": "Asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | - - - | | | Number of < br > People | Percent of < br > All < br > Tourists | Total < br > Expenditures , < br > US $ ’ 000 | US $ / Trip | Percent of all < br > Tourists | US $ / Trip | | Recreation | 569 , 323 | 24 % | 409 , 947 | 720 | 63 % | 509 | | Business | 309 , 993 | 13 % | 151 , 859 | 490 | 21 % | 767 | | Transit ( indirect ) | 312 , 004 | 13 % | 54 , 598 | 175 | 6 % | 226 | | Transit ( direct ) | 1 , 140 , 430 | 48 % | 313 , 481 | 275 | na | na | | Other | 54 , 160 | 2 % | 30 , 182 | 557 | 10 % | 536 | | All tourists | 2 , 385 , 910 | | 960 , 067 | 402 | 100 % | 549 | _Note : _ Expenditures in the national accounts and the survey data in this table exclude the cost of international travel by air and land . _Source : _ Authors ’ estimates . National accounts data for 2006 are based on the extrapolation of historic trends ( not survey-based ) ; TSA data from tourism surveys ( 2007 – 08 ) . Data on tourists ’ expenditures from TSA surveys , which are based on a sample of 1 , 626 foreign tourists , are scaled up to the national level , taking the total number of foreign tourists — 1 , 245 , 480 tourists excluding direct transit visitors — as given ( Table 3 ) . On aggregate , the largest single expenditure items are lodging and hotel expenses and personal shopping , apart from the cost of international travel ( Appendix Table A6 ) . Total expenditures for foreign tourists from the survey data are allocated to each province using the information on the share of time ( the number of days ) each tourist spent at each destination . < sup > 15", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 909, "text": "TSA data from tourism surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1425, "end": 1436, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "& concentrates ; copper matte / cement | 2871 | 135642 | 0 . 3 | | | | | | _Source_ : Calculated using UN COMTRADE Database _Notes_ : A value of 0 . 0 represents less than US $ 100 in exports ; blanks represent zero exports . 31", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 123, "text": "UN COMTRADE Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 14 * * - g ) Hospital campus has several moveable retail kiosks ( owned by hospital staff ) which are easily accessible source of consumer goods for patients . These would not be displaced during project development due to large land space available at Mubende Hospital . It is possible that during reconstruction of the hospital , all kiosks would easily be moved to alternative locations within the campus hence no people will be displaced ( physically or economically ) during project implementation . A visual record of observations at Mubende Hospital is provided in Plate 2 ( a-h ) .", "spans": [{"start": 521, "end": 570, "text": "visual record of observations at Mubende Hospital", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : United Nations World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision . Note : EAP = East Asia and Pacific , ECA = Europe and Central Asia , LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean , MNA = Middle East and North Africa , SAR = South Asia , and SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa . A . The sample of each study differs from each other . Aiyar and Mody ( 2011 ) : Indian states , 1961-2001 ; Bloom and Williamson ( 1998 ) : 78 countries , 1965-90 ; Bloom and Canning ( 2004 ) : Over 70 countries , 1965-95 ; Bloom et al . ( 2000 ) : 70 countries , 1965-90 ; Amer and Cruz ( 2016 ) : 160 countries , 1960-2010 . B . C . Population weighted averages . The working-age population is defined as people aged 15-64 years . D . - F . GDP-weighted averages . Other factors include contribution from policy changes , cohort effects , changes in population growth , convergence-driven productivity growth , and investment . “ Contribution ” reflects percentage-point changes between the averages of 2003-07 and 2013-17 . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > > 23 In Bloom et al . ( 2019b ) , only four questions from the U . S . MOPS were selected for microenterprises . The correlation between the management score calculated with this subsample of questions and the overall management score for SMEs and large firms is 0 . 86 , indicating that this short score is a good measure of management practices . This result is similar to McKenzie and Woodruff ( 2017 ) who find an important role for management in micro-firms in developing countries . > 24 As annex table A . 6 shows , the overall explanatory power of firm characteristics in explaining the management score is still quite limited : the most complete specification ( column 8 ) explains only 21 % of the overall variation in the management score , implying that nearly 80 % of the variation in management practices is explained by idiosyncratic , firm-specific factors . 25", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 85, "text": "U . S . MOPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 19 % | 15 % | Oils | 60 % | 24 % | 16 % | | Meat | | 42 % | 18 % | 29 % | Meat | 38 % | 10 % | 20 % | | Sugar | | 78 % | 19 % | 12 % | Sugar | 53 % | 13 % | 12 % | | Food | | 53 % | 100 % | 100 % | Food | 48 % | 100 % | 100 % | _ < mark > Source < / mark > _ < mark > : Calculations using USDA data collected by C < / mark > ristina Savescu . Note : „ Oil exporters ‟ denotes the developing oil exporters . The impact on the import bill of these price increases in the MENA region is estimated at 0 . 6 percent of GDP , and 1 . 4 percent of international reserves , with grains making the largest contribution , followed by edible oils , sugar , and meat ( Table 2 ) . Oil importers are hardest hit by the increase in food prices . The increase in the import bill is estimated to be 1 . 2 percent of GDP , with half of the increase attributed to the impact of higher grain prices . This is consistent with the high share of grains in the import basket ( Table 1B ) . The expected increase in the import bill of the developing oil exporters as a result of higher food prices is estimated at 0 . 8 percent of GDP and 2 . 3 percent of international reserves . Increases in prices of edible oils and sugar account for more than half of the increase in the import bill . Dependency on imported edible oils and sugar is high ; therefore , despite smaller shares in the import basket , these two groups have a large effect on the import bill . The GCC countries are expected to be least impacted by the higher food prices at the macro level as they have small populations and high per capita incomes . The overall impact on the GCC is estimated to be 0 . 3 percent of GDP and 0 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 300, "text": "USDA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 9 . Performance Assessment * * A number of serious issues within the Murray-Darling River Basin have been identified , including water allocation ( consumptive and environmental flows ) , water quality degradation ( salinity and nutrients ) , and ecosystem health . These have been commonly recognized as interdependent , so a number of key programs have been adopted in interrelated fashion to address specific and general water resource problems . - The Natural Resources Management Strategy ( NRMS ) was developed as an umbrella strategy to address many complex natural resource degradation issues on an integrated catchment management basis . The NRMS focuses upon investigation and education to strengthen the knowledge and skill base . The Integrated Catchment Management Policy Statement is a commitment by the community and governments of the MDB to do all that needs to be done to manage and use the resources of the Basin in a way that is ecologically sustainable . It includes all resources , land , water , and riverine environment . - The Living Murray initiative discussed earlier involves a vision of a “ . . . healthy River Murray system , sustaining communities and preserving unique values . ” ( MDMBC 2002 , p . 5 ) This seven-year program features principles of adaptive management based around annual and detailed reviews of river health . The Sustainable Rivers Audit will serve as a regular assessment of river health and ecological condition . This audit also includes performance indicators for macroinvertebrates , fishes , water quality , hydrology , and physical habitat . - Steadily increasing diversions from the rivers of the Basin , raised concerns that basin water resources were allocated andthat current levels of water use were unsustainable . The MDB Ministerial Council commissioned an audit of water use , which provided the first comprehensive assessment of basin-wide water use on a consistent basis . This revealed that median flow to the sea had been reduced 79 percent from natural conditions by the high levels of diversions and that rates of growth in water diversions increased since 1988 . The Independent Audit Groups ’ s 2000-01 review of cap implementation ( MDMBC 2002 ) indicates that transparency in reporting concerning cap compliance is resulting in pressure upon communities", "spans": [{"start": 1371, "end": 1395, "text": "Sustainable Rivers Audit", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1830, "end": 1848, "text": "audit of water use", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 14 . Cumulative change in weighted average log labor productivity , 2014-2021 ( non-mining industry , constant 2010 prices ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 < br > - 0 . 1 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 3 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 5 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 7 < br > - 0 . 8 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Structural transformation < br > Entry * Exit * Total < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database Figure 16 . Cumulative change in weighted average log labor productivity , 2014-2021 ( manufacturing , constant 2010 prices ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 < br > - 0 . 1 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 3 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 5 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 7 < br > - 0 . 8 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Entry * Exit * Total < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database Figure 18 . Cumulative change in weighted average log labor productivity , 2014-2021 ( retail trade , constant 2010 prices ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 <", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 634, "text": "CIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "integrity ” ( p . 4 ) fails to take into consideration other traumatic events which do not involve threat to life or injury . Specifically , the DSM falls short in capturing the trauma that individuals experience in areas such as extreme emotional abuse , major losses or separation , degradation and humiliation , and coerced sexual experiences . Similar arguments are seen in Burstow ( 2003 ) who notes that “ a related but more general criticism raised about PTSD is that it does not describe the effects of repetitive violence and victimization . What is more fundamental , PTSD is a grab bag of symptoms with no context , divorced from the complexities of people ’ s lives and the social structures that give rise to them . As such , the diagnosis individualizes social problems and pathologizes traumatized people ” ( p . 4 ) . The above noted data relating to the discourse of trauma and PTSD highlights serious issues with the diagnostic category of PTSD . Utilizing this information we are able to develop a view into the complexities of refugee determination and the challenges which may exist in understanding and articulating traumatic experiences in the rigid confines of legal environments . We argue that in an environment such as the IRB the inability of decision makers to identify and understand other traumatic symptoms which fall short of a PTSD diagnosis may leave asylum seekers at an increased risk of a negative hearing outcome , deportation , continued persecution and subsequent mental health deterioration . After understanding the problematic nature of PTSD as a diagnostic category we must examine who has access to the PTSD diagnosis and who is privileged to apply this label ? How is PTSD being utilized in the IRB to determine credibility ? Burstow ( 2003 ) also questions the privilege and power rooted in psychiatry and the ability of medical and psychiatric institutions to not only construct labels of abnormality but also apply these labels to individuals through the tools of diagnosis . The author posits that “ mental disorders , whether they are called PTSD or anything else , in other words , are a function of the power of psychiatry mediated by the psychiatric text ”", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "below . * * Table 3 . 8 . Environmental Safeguards Policies * * | * * Safeguard Policy * * | * * Triggered ? * * | * * Explanation ( Optional ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Environmental Assessment OP / BP 4 . 01 | * * Yes * * | Triggered because the project will have < br > limited environmental and social impacts . < br > Even though the transmission line will , in < br > a limited manner , traverse parts of < br > swamps / wetlands , < br > forests < br > reserves , < br > crosses the river Nile and passes close by < br > the MFNP , no major ecosystems and < br > protected / conservation areas would be < br > adversely affected by the proposed < br > Transmission line . There are only four < br > areas on which minor impacts are < br > expected . These impacts have been < br > adequately < br > mitigated . < br > These < br > areas < br > include : ( a ) Anaka – Karuma section < br > which fringes on , but remains outside the < br > MFNP ( clearance has been obtained from < br > the Uganda Wildlife Authority ) , ( b ) Koch | > 18 The RAP identifies 3 , 281 PAPs across 180 villages of which 2 , 546 PAPs will be affected in their land . The RAP ’ s inventory also indicates that 1032 residential houses will be affected , along with 1115 graves , 14 shrines , 13 wells or boreholes , 7 churches , 7 schools , 1 health center and 6 commercial structures . 50", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1182, "text": "RAP ’ s inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evacuations , while returnees are reported reside in destroyed , unfinished or uninhabitable buildings mostly in Kharkivska , Khersonska and Kyivska oblasts . < sup > xxxvi < / sup > # # # * * Self-Imposed Confinement * * On 18 May 2024 a new law on mobilization entered into force in Ukraine , reducing the conscription age from 27 to 25 years old and the obligation to update military records of all citizens liable for military service . Household surveys show that male citizens reporting barriers to freedom of movement included fear of conscription as a significant obstacle ( 30 % ) . In Kharkiv and Donetsk oblasts , there is a clear trend of * * men of conscription age restricting their movements * * , particularly avoiding areas near checkpoints due to concerns of receiving summons to recruitment centres < sup > xxxvii < / sup > . In the community-level protection monitoring , fear of conscription was mentioned as a barrier to freedom of movement in Chernivetska , Odeska , Sumska and Kharkivska oblasts . < sup > xxxviii < / sup > The fear of conscription and consequent * * ‘ self-imposed confinement ’ * * contribute to distress experienced by men at risk of conscription and increase the potential for resorting to negative coping mechanisms , impacting both them and family members who may have remained with them . Restrictions on freedom of movement in this way may result in men facing barriers to accessing employment opportunities , humanitarian assistance as well as state services . This can also negatively impact women and other family members who may have to take on additional responsibilities outside of the household ( e . g . taking children to school , shopping , visiting family ) . # # # * * Evacuations * * * * Mandatory evacuation orders from border areas have resulted in the movements of civilians * * both within their own oblasts , and to other regions of the country . In Kharkivska and Sumska oblasts ,", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 458, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "outcome of the project implementation process . The cost and financing data in the annex should have been made consistent with those in the main body of the report . * * a . Quality of ICR Rating : * * Satisfactory", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 75, "text": "cost and financing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 4 | | | HCB | 1 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 4 | | | Dirt ( Soil ) | 93 . 3 | 86 . 7 | 78 . 3 | 93 . 3 | 100 . 0 | 89 . 3 | | * * Floor * * < br > * * Material * * | Cement | 6 . 7 | 11 . 7 | 21 . 7 | 6 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 10 . 4 | | | Ceramic | 0 . 0 | 1 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 4 | | | Separate Kitchen | 96 . 7 | 91 . 7 | 98 . 3 | 91 . 7 | 100 . 0 | 95 . 2 | | * * Type of * * < br > * * Kitchen * * | Inside Main House | 3 . 3 | 6 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 8 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 4 . 1 | | | Open Field | 0 . 0 | 1 . 7 | 1 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 7 | | | Private | 85 . 0 | 96 . 7 | 91 . 7 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 94 . 1 | | * * Type of * * < br > * * Toilet * * | Communal | 8 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 8 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 3 . 7 | | | Open Field | 6 . 7 | 3 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 2 . 2 | _Source : ESIA for Asela – Arsi Robe 132Kv Transmission line and Substation Subproject_ The ESIA study also reveals that the majority 77 . 8 % of households live in houses", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 897, "text": "ESIA study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to fix them ( ICR para 68 ) . * * Institutional risk * * . The project supported : ( a ) the development integrated development plans , ( b ) physical addressing systems ; and ( c ) the Nairobi County valuation roll . There is substantial risk that these will not be implemented : - At ICR preparation , Nairobi County was pursuing the implementation of the physical address system and the valuation roll . However , this encountered numerous stoppages . The TTL ( email dated 09 / 07 / 21 ) explained that the delays were caused by : ( a ) non-responsiveness of Nairobi county officials ; and ( b ) political tension between the Nairobi County and the national government from 20182020 , which led to the transitioning of planning functions ( under which these two systems were situated ) from the Nairobi City County to a newly established institution , the Nairobi Metropolitan Services ( NMS ) . This transition caused delays as the institution had to be staffed and then had to deliver on political mandates first . In the case of the valuation roll , additional challenges included : ( i ) receiving the full cadastre from the national Ministry of Lands ( took over a year ) ; ( ii ) reluctance by the County Assembly to implement this roll given that rates would go up . The rollout of the valuation roll has recently gathered momentum and the NMS gazetteed the roll in July 2021 . Complaints have been received and the NMS is currently setting up the valuation court to handle the complaints . - Regarding the implementation of integrated development plan , Nairobi County and the national government started taking steps to implement the Nairobi Railway Station Redevelopment Plan . The Page 13 of 19", "spans": [{"start": 186, "end": 215, "text": "Nairobi County valuation roll", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on project activities including inviting project affected persons for meetings . Where it might be difficult to deliver funds to the PAPs mobile money could be considered . The social assessment looked at the main telephone companies operating in the project area ; results from the survey in figure 25 below indicate that MTN is main telephone company in all the project areas - Kazirafumbi followed by Airtel . Page 35", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 308, "text": "survey in figure 25 below", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "16 Dec | < br > owners verified . 54 affected parcels within < br > Mwavumbo Group Ranch are neither | | | | | 2019 | adjudicated nor registered hence cannot be < br > searched from official land records but have < br > | | | | | | been verified by the Management < br > Committee | | |", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 203, "text": "land records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "generally narrow in countries that reported the presence of IRCs in these markets , with only three countries showing a gap of zero . Actual deposit rates are negative in a few economies with deposit rate ceilings . Finally , actual deposit rates paid by commercial banks unsurprisingly show a general convergence towards floors , with a few economies showing negative real floors and actual rates . - The degree of bindingness of lending IRCs is associated with other financial repression policies . Pairwise correlations suggest that the relative bindingness of real lending ceilings is associated with a higher share of state-owned commercial banks , which governments can use to direct credit , and more stringent _de jure_ capital controls , which can be used to influence the size and composition of capital flows . Correlations become stronger , including for other proxies of financial repression , when lending ceilings that are determined relative to a market benchmark are excluded from the sample . Further research is needed to advance knowledge on IRCs and investigate their effects on welfare . The hope is that our database on IRCs can contribute to generate renewed interest and additional research on the topic , which can help provide concrete policy prescriptions . It would be important to complement our effort with country level analysis at the bank-product level over time to ascertain whether legal limits to interest rates in a country are in fact binding and what are the welfare implications . In this context , it would also be important to include _de facto_ IRCs in the analysis , especially those introduced by subsidized government programs . It would also be interesting to collect data on other forms of financial repression , especially lending quotas on which there is very limited knowledge , and investigate the interactions among various forms of financial repression . It is likely that IRCs in a country are part of a wider toolkit of financial repression policies , as we have preliminarily shown in this paper , and interaction and complementarity of policies may have different welfare outcomes . Finally , given the prospect that IRCs might become an increasingly important feature of domestic financial systems in the post Covid-19 world , it would be important to closely monitor these developments", "spans": [{"start": 1131, "end": 1147, "text": "database on IRCs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We construct loans and deposits by converting all reported LBS data ( including restricted and confidential parts ) into a bilateral country-to-country format . The LBS data are collected in a format where banks in each reporting country record their loans to and deposits from every counterparty country ( all sectors ) . We transform this bank-to-country format into a country-to-country format by using mirror data available from the reported liabilities ( Brei and von Peter 2018 ) . In the latter format , deposits and loans from country _i_ to country _j_ need to include all sectors . The claims held by banks on country _i_ represent bank lending to all sectors ( banks and non-banks ) in every other country _j_ . In addition , what non-banks in country _i_ deposit with banks in country _j_ also represent claims of country _i_ on country _j_ and they can be inferred from liabilities that banks in country _j_ report owing to nonbanks in country _i_ . These mirror liabilities are reliable : banks know in which country the holders of bank deposits reside ( unlike for holders of traded securities ) . Note that interbank positions appear twice whenever source and destination are both reporting countries . In those instances , we select the larger of two reported values _ . _ < sup > 25 < / sup > The use of mirror data has the benefit of maximizing coverage . Loans and deposits are available whenever the source or destination country reports information ( recall the China example in subsection 2 . 2 in the main text ) . Despite the enhanced coverage thanks to mirror data , coverage remains incomplete when neither the source nor destination reports to the BIS . Incomplete coverage mainly afflicts the South-to-South block , although it has improved over time as more South countries have begun to report . The treatment of unreported values in the loans and deposits data set is handled as follows . Bilateral positions between any two non-reporting countries are unobserved and thus treated as > 25 Taking the maximum value addresses the general issue that incentives and reporting systems make underreporting more prevalent than overreporting . For instance , the set of reporting banks ( ‘ ‘ internationally active banks", "spans": [{"start": 1869, "end": 1896, "text": "loans and deposits data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Chaurey , R . , 2017 . Location-based tax incentives : Evidence from India . Journal of Public Economics , 156 , pp . 101-120 . - Chirinko , R . S . and Wilson , D . J . , 2008 . State investment tax incentives : A zero-sum game ? . Journal of Public Economics , 92 ( 12 ) , pp . 2362-2384 . - Diodato , D . , Neffke , F . and O ’ Clery , N . , 2018 . Why do industries coagglomerate ? How Marshallian externalities differ by industry and have evolved over time . Journal of Urban Economics , 106 , pp . 1-26 . - Duranton , G . , Gobillon , L . and Overman , H . G . , 2011 . Assessing the effects of local taxation using microgeographic data . The economic journal , 121 ( 555 ) , pp . 1017-1046 . - Duranton , G . , and A . J . Venables . 2018 . “ Place-Based Policies for Development . ” Policy Research Working Paper 8410 , World Bank , Washington , DC . - Ellison , G . , Glaeser , E . L . and Kerr , W . R . , 2010 . What causes industry agglomeration ? Evidence from coagglomeration patterns . American Economic Review , 100 ( 3 ) , pp . 1195-1213 . - Faggio , G . , Silva , O . and Strange , W . C . , 2017 . Heterogeneous agglomeration . Review of Economics and Statistics , 99 ( 1 ) , pp . 80-94 . - Fox , W . F . , 1986 . Tax structure and the location of economic activity along state borders . National Tax Journal ( 1986-1998 ) , 39 ( 4 ) , p . 387 . - Giroud , X . and Rauh , J . , 2019 . State taxation and the reallocation of business activity : Evidence from establishment-level data . Journal of Political Economy , 127 ( 3 ) , pp . 000-000 . - Glaeser , E . L . , and J . D . Gottlieb . 2008 . “ The Economics of Place-Making Policies . ” NBER Working Paper w14373", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * V . How to mitigate the procyclicality bias : Policy options budget composition , decentralization , and fiscal rules * * # * * _Top-down solution : Fiscal rules_ * * This section explores the correlation between the procyclical bias and the existence of fiscal rules and some of their features . < sup > 13 < / sup > National fiscal rules are generally recognized to be more effective than supranational fiscal rules ( Tapsoba , 2012 ) . Indeed , supranational rules generally suffer from a problem of insufficient enforcement and compliance . Fiscal rules ( FRs ) are often criticized to amplify the procyclical bias , < sup > 14 < / sup > but Guerguil et al . ( 2016 ) suggest that the design of the rules matters . Based on the fiscal rules data set from the Fiscal Affairs Department , we consider several characteristics of the national FRs , namely ( i ) if a fiscal council also exists ; ( ii ) the presence of effective monitoring mechanisms ; ( iii ) the presence of effective enforcement mechanisms ; ( iv ) the coverage of general government for the rules ; ( v ) the existence of a written legal basis for the rules ( statutory or constitutional ) ; ( vi ) the presence of escape clauses ; and ( vii ) the presence of other kind of flexibility - investment-friendly rules and cyclically-adjusted rules ( see Guerguil et al . , 2016 ) . The comparison of the procyclicality bias between countries with and without these features shows ( Table C . 1 and Figure C . 3 ) that countries with national FRs have a lower procyclical bias , though still positive . The other characteristics that show statistically significant differences are ( i ) fiscal councils ; ( ii ) monitoring mechanisms ; ( iii ) enforcement mechanisms ; ( iv ) a written legal basis ; ( v ) the presence of escape clauses , and ( vi ) flexibility features are associated with less procyclicality than non-FR countries , highlighting the relevance of adequate design of national FRs to mitigate procyclicality . # * * [ insert Table C . 1 and Figure C . 1 ]", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 759, "text": "fiscal rules data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 4 . 45 < br > ( 0 . 43 ) | | | | | Difference | 1 . 24 | 1 . 23 | - 0 . 01 | | | | | | ( 0 . 65 ) | ( 0 . 45 ) | ( 0 . 72 ) | | | | Notes : This table shows a the difference in cohort births between ages 15 and 19 per 100 ( Panel A ) , and between ages 25 and 29 per 100 ( Panel B ) . Sample includes municipalities with populations > 10 , 000 and < 500 , 000 . Estimates weighted by population size . _Treated municipalities_ received at least one new secondary school between 2000 and 2009 , _control municipalities_ did not receive a new school between 2000 and 2009 . Source : Authors ’ analysis based on school data from the 2002 wave of the Brazilian School Census ; official population estimates from the Brazilian Census Bureau ; births by age from Brazilian Vital Statistics . 31", "spans": [{"start": 651, "end": 674, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 761, "end": 787, "text": "Brazilian Vital Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District Information from the socio-economic survey and census guided the selection of the most appropriate compensation package . The package chosen was based on the basis that the Affected Household is neither physically nor economically displaced . This means in practice that the remaining land is deemed economically viable and no residential building has to be removed . * * In this case , cash compensation for crops and trees destroyed will be offered and not resettlement . * * Cash compensation will be at District compensation rates for crops , and trees , Given the nature of the development , this package is the most appropriate on the basis that although a 10 meter corridor is needed to set up the way leave , the land owner can continue to utilize land under the way leave for crops but not trees . No structures will be demolished . Rather , the line will be diverted in case there is any structure within the original route . Summary of considerations are shown in the table 20 below : * * Table 18 : Compensation Packages * * | * * S / N * * | * * Category Of PAPs * * | * * Entitlement * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Land Owners | Nil compensation since land take will not be needed in the < br > process of erecting power lines | | 2 | Land Tenants | Nil compensation since land take will not be needed in the < br > process of erecting power lines | | 3 | Land users | Entitled to compensation for perennial crops within the < br > power line corridor | | 4 | Owners < br > of < br > Temporary Buildings | Not considered since developments can coexist with the < br > power line | | 5 | Owners < br > of < br > Permanent buildings | Not considered since developments can coexist", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 195, "text": "socio-economic survey and census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3443 * * Improving Credit Information , Bank Regulation and Supervision : * * * * On the Role and Design of Public Credit Registries * * Andrew Powell , Nataliya Mylenko , Margaret Miller , and Giovanni Majnoni # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes how data in public credit registries can be used both to strengthen bank supervision and to improve the quality of credit analysis by financial institutions . Empirical tests using public credit registry data were performed in collaboration with the central banks in Argentina , Brazil and Mexico . The results of the empirical tests confirm the value of the data for credit risk evaluation and provide insights regarding its use in supervision , including in calculations of credit risk for capital and provisioning requirements or as a check on a bank ’ s internal ratings for the Basel II ’ s internal rating-based approach . We also define a set of critical design parameters and use the results to comment on appropriate public registry design . Finally , the paper includes a discussion of the relationship between the different objectives of a public credit registry and how they influence the registry ’ s design . # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3443 , November 2004 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ * * _______________ * * > * The authors are from the World Bank ( Giovanni Majnoni , Margaret Miller and Nataliya Mylenko ) and from the Universidad Torcuato Di Tella ( Andrew Powell ) . This paper has been completed as part of a project on “ Credit Information ,", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 461, "text": "public credit registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 2 : Ownership and Business Figure 3 : Domestic vs . Foreign < br > Constraints Ownership and Business Constraints < br > 60 % 60 . 0 < br > 50 % 50 . 0 < br > 40 % 40 . 0 < br > 30 % 30 . 0 < br > 20 % 20 . 0 < br > 10 % 10 . 0 < br > 0 % 0 . 0 < br > Cost of Financing Business licensing and S kills and educat ion of Tax admin . Cost of Electricity Transport Access t o < br > operat ing permits available workers Finance Land < br > DE NOVO P RIVATIZED S TATE / S OCIAL Domestic Foreign < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 4 : Exporters vs . Non-Exporters and < br > Business Constraints < br > 40 . 0 < br > 35 . 0 < br > 30 . 0 < br > 25 . 0 < br > 20 . 0 < br > 15 . 0 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Customs and Transport ation Access t o Land S kills and < br > trade regulations educat ion of < br > available workers < br > Exporter Non-Exporter < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * Business community perceptions * * While the analysis described above provides guidelines about the relative importance of ownership and perceptions of the investment climate based on their effects on productivity and other performance measures , this section provides an alternative approach based on the ranking of the same perceptions by the survey respondents . In the 2003 PICS survey , Serbian managers were invited to rate 18 dimensions of the investment climate in terms of whether they were important obstacles to doing business . These dimensions were rated from 0 ( factor is no problem at all ) to 4 ( factor is a major obstacle", "spans": [{"start": 1382, "end": 1398, "text": "2003 PICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6254 # * * Abstract * * This paper develops a framework for the quantitative analysis of individual income dynamics , mobility and welfare . Individual income is assumed to follow a stochastic process with two ( unobserved ) components , component representing measurement error or transitory income shocks and an Autoregressive ( AR ( 1 ) ) component representing persistent changes in income . The analysis uses a tractable consumption-saving model with labor income risk and incomplete markets to relate income dynamics to consumption and welfare , and derive analytical expressions for income mobility and welfare as a function of the various parameters of the underlying income process . The empirical application of the framework using data on individual incomes from Mexico provides striking results . Much of measured income mobility is driven by measurement error or transitory income shocks and therefore ( almost ) welfare-neutral . A smaller part of measured income mobility is due to either welfare-reducing income risk or welfare-enhancing catching-up of low-income individuals with high-income individuals , both of which have economically significant effects on social welfare . Decomposing mobility into its fundamental components is thus seen to be crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at Wmaloney @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 810, "text": "data on individual incomes from Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "springs serve as water sources for 11 . 1 % and 3 . 0 % of households respectively . The ESIA further reveals that access to safe drinking water varies significantly across subproject Woredas . All households in Hetosa Woreda report access to safe drinking water while the proportion Page 83 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 93, "text": "ESIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "uq district . The methodology prioritized field-based primary data collection through regular community consultations and direct observation , complemented by review of secondary data . The Protection Cluster carried out risk-based analysis through the Protection and Solutions Monitoring Network ( PSMN ) . All analytical processes strictly adhered to Global Protection Cluster standards .", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 183, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "security or pension beneficiaries . If the CPI does not reflect the true COL , some population groups are at risk of falling into poverty < u > ( Colavecchio et al . 2011 ) . Fritzer and Glatzer ( 2009 ) < / u > demonstrated that the interaction of household composition and income level defines the impact of inflation . In Austria , families with two or more adults or a single person with low to medium income and single parents with high income experienced an inflation 0 . 2 percentage points above the headline inflation rate . Brachinger ( 2008 ) finds that in the period of high inflation in 2007 in Germany , the inflation rates faced by families with more than three children were significantly higher than the official CPI inflation . Michael ( 1979 ) , using US data from 1967 and 1974 , finds that the relationship between household characteristics and true COL is not stable over time . In some periods , households with specific characteristics may face higher inflation than the average , but in other periods , these same households may face lower inflation . < u > Amble and Stuart ( 1994 ) argue that relatively higher inflation for the elderly is due to price < / u > increases for medical care that represent a larger proportion of older households ’ budgets . < u > Oldfield et al . ( 2018 ) < / u > document that pensioners in the UK spend a larger share of their budget on food and fuel and less on housing than non-pensioners and thus are more affected by food and fuel price inflation . < u > Kalwij et al . ( 2018 ) report higher inflation faced by households of pensioners than < / u > average households in the Netherlands . < u > Hobijn and Lagakos ( 2005 ) < / u > find similar results for the US during 1987-2001 . They show that inflation exceeds the official CPI inflation for the elderly , lowincome households , and households with children over 18 years old . In Ireland , inflation impacts more rural than urban households , followed by lower-income families and pensioners , because of differences in spending on", "spans": [{"start": 771, "end": 797, "text": "US data from 1967 and 1974", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > | * * 1 . 96 * * | * * 1 . 000 * * | | * * 1976 * * | 2 . 00 | 1 . 066 | | * * 1977 * * | 2 . 24 | 1 . 143 | | * * 1978 * * | * * 2 . 38 * * | 1 . 214 | It World Bank records * * U . S . * * Government KE thousands | | A | ctualCost | | Costs | Deflated | to * * 19 / * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Item | Local | Foreign | < br > Total | Local | Foreign | < br > Total | | MainCivilWorks | * * 8 , 139 * * | 14 , 605 | 22 , 744 | 6 , 954 | * * 13 , 260 * * | 20 , 214 | | Mis . Elec . * * & * * Mech . Contracts < br > andEngineering | 844 | * * 3 , 509 * * | 4 , 353 | * * 755 * * | * * 3 , 102 * * | * * 3 , 857 * * | | Gates , TurbinesandGenerators | * * 997 * * | * * 6 , 356 * * | * * 7 , 353 * * | * * 767 * * | * * 5 , 306 * * | * * 6 , 073 * * | | Transformers , Sub-stationsand < br > transmissionline | * * 833 * * | 4 , 214 | 5 , 047 | * * 666 * * | * * 3 , 685 * * | 4 , 351 | | Undistributedcharges | 6i210 | - | * * 6 . 210 * * | * * 5 . 520 * * | - | * * 5", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 181, "text": "It World Bank records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important note : < / u > _ * * * * In countries with more than one level in the procedure ( first instance , appeal , etc . ) , the figures for both procedures have been added up . As a result , appeal cases might have been counted more than once ( once at first instance and once on appeal ) . These data allow to monitor the number of decisions taken , but they are not indicative of the final outcome of the procedure of negative decisions . For instance , recognition rates for nationalities which tend to appeal a rejection are underestimated . * * | | Pend | ing | | | | | | | Pendi | ng | | Protect | ion indi | cators * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | start-2 | 006 | | | Deci | sions durin | g2006 | | end-2 | 006 | Recog | nition | | Change | pending | | | | _of which : _ | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | _of which : _ | rate | s | O / w . | cases | ( % ) | | Origin | Total | _UNHCR_ < br > _assisted_ | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 101, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Recognition of receipts Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program recognizes all receipts from various sources when an event occurs , and the related cash is received . # # # i ) Transfers from the Exchequer Transfers from the Exchequer are recognized in the books of accounts when cash is received . Cash is considered received when a payment instruction is issued to the bank and the receiving entity is notified . * * _5_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 285, "text": "books of accounts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that in Mexico each job is associated with $ 2 , 100 towards the business development services . There is little additional evidence on the effects solely from business development services . Additionally , as presented in the assumption discussion below , workers in these firms have earnings than the average earnings used elsewhere as all jobs counted here are in guaranteed to be in the more lucrative digital industries . * * 11 . Approach for curriculum reform : * * Component 1 . 2 ( enhancing digital skills competencies for public school students ) entails a curriculum reform for public schools to enhance and update digital skills competencies . Specifically , it is a national reform for the digital literacy and computer skills courses taken high school grades 7 to 9 . The benefits calculation for this component adopts a conventional methodology taken for interventions that increase access to education . The increase in income associated with various schooling levels ( e . g . high school completion , four-year university completion ) relative to no or lower levels of education are estimated through regression analysis ( in the form of Mincerian equations ) of individual-level survey data . Once earnings differentials denoted ∆ 𝑊 , are calculated , they are assumed to be realized each year from when the students enter the labor market until they are in retirement age , roughly 65 years old ( Jimenes and Patrinos 2007 ) . The education level of each individual largely determines the timing of labor market entry , with some entering right after completing high school , at age 18 , those attending university 4 years later , and so forth . The analysis here is an adjusted version of the conventional approach , using the differential is relative to no computer literacy courses < sup > 61 < / sup > rather than a different level of education . This presents a challenge since it is not possible to estimate the differential from the individual survey data available and there does not exist much evidence on it . Of the scarce literature , Bishop and Mane ( 2004 ) indicate that the increase in earnings is about 12 percent (", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1210, "text": "individual-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1961, "end": 1983, "text": "individual survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "population census conducted in 2018 in the Bwindi-Sarambwe area estimated Gorilla population at 496 . The Black rhinos also increased in captivity from 8 in 2004 to 22 in 2017 . The Grant ’ s gazelle , however , declined from 100 individuals in 1995 to 57 in 2017 . # # * * 4 . 2 . 5 Fisheries * * Generally , fish production in the country remains higher than it was 20 years ago . Total fish production in 2018 was 456 , 000MT . Although it was slightly less than in 2016 ( 467 . 500MT ) , it was higher than 2017 ( 451 , 900MT ) . Over fishing and use of illegal fishing gears have , however , led to a decline in fish productivity . For example , 4 , 222 new fishers entered the Lake Albert fishery , increasing the total number of fishers by 17 . 8 % since 2016 . Over the same period , illegal gillnets increased by 196 . 3 % . This was compounded by infestation of the Kariba weed ( Salvinia molesta ) . Other threats are cultivation of water body shoreline and aquatic plastic pollution . Establishment of the Fish Protection Unit in 2017 and promotion of cage aquaculture have led to reduction of illegal fishing activity and fishing pressure on the water bodies . More effort should be towards restoration of forests and wetlands in the water catchments , protection of water body buffer zones and promotion of sustainable agronomic practices in areas adjacent to water bodies . The main markets for Uganda ’ s fish are European Union ( EU ) , Japan , Hong Kong , Singapore , Australia , Dubai , Israel and the United States . Uganda earned 171 . 5 million US $ of revenue from the export of fish and fish products . This is the highest ever amount the country has earned from fishery-based exports . On the other hand , fish and related aquatic products import has also continued to increase . Aquatic products import increased from 70 million 2016 / 2017 financial year US $ to 90 . 9 million", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 17, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Note : _ Subsidy beneficiaries are households . All figures are calculated using sample weights . Total expenditure is total household expenditure in all categories . The distribution of expenditure refers to the countrywide distribution of expenditure per capita , i . e . , households are ranked according to their expenditure per capita . Presented in figure 4 , the results for Panama , Jamaica , and El Salvador have a similar pattern , demonstrating subsidies ’ regressivity . However , the degree of regressivity in Latin American countries is lower than in African countries . As shown in the next subsection , this is partly because both a greater number of poor households reside in service areas , and , conditional on this potential access , a greater percentage of poor households are connected to the network . The figures suggest that subsidy schemes in all three Latin American countries reduce inequality . * * Figure 4 . Distributional incidence of subsidies ( by decile ) in three Latin American countries * * _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . _Note : _ All figures are calculated using sample weights . Total expenditure is total household expenditure in all categories . The distribution of expenditure ( Jamaica ) or income ( El Salvador and Panama ) refers to the countrywide distribution of expenditure / income per capita , i . e . , households are ranked according to their expenditure / income per capita . Figure 5 shows the distribution of beneficiaries ( households that receive the subsidy ) across expenditure or income deciles for the three countries . As with the African countries , it complements the picture painted by the distributional incidence of the amount of subsidies . Richer deciles feature the largest share of total subsidy beneficiaries ( blue bars ) and the largest share of all households within each decile that are beneficiaries ( red bars ) , although in Panama the pattern is less pronounced . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1097, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1100, "end": 1105, "text": "IBNET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 No Hemocue 201 HB < br > meter < br > 4 . 55 No bottles HB 201 < br > cuvettes < br > 5 . 120 No bottle Uritrex < br > combur10 < br > KE-MANDERA COUNTY - < br > 137374-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of 1 hardtop < br > shortchassis utility vehicle 5 doorsforfor supervision and IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 95 , 033 . 02 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-05-01 2020-05-09 2020-06-08 < br > monitoring of < br > RMNCAH and primary health < br > care facilities in the county . < br > KE-MANDERA COUNTY - < br > 137489-GO-RFQ / SUPPLY < br > and delivery of 71 number for < br > each of the folowing revised < br > HMIS < br > reporting tools to ManderaCounty Government : . MOH204A , MOH204B , MOH209 , MOH240 , MOH 710 , MOH IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 39 , 547 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-04-30 2020-05-08 2020-06-07 < br > 705A , < br > MOH705B , MOH706 , MOH710 , < br > MOH711 , MOH717 , MOH701A < br > , MOH701B , MOH702 , MOH105 , < br > MOH734 & MOH410 . < br > KE-MANDERA COUNTY-192496-GO-RFQ / Procurement of 20 portableHemoglobin machines", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 701, "text": "HMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the status of bank lending to SMEs are particularly relevant for the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) region . As shown in Figures 1b and 1c , enterprise-level surveys conducted by the World Bank suggest that SMEs are particularly financially constrained in MENA countries – only 20 percent of SMEs in MENA have a loan or a line of credit , a lower share than any other region , and only 10 percent of their investment expenditures are financed by a bank loan , a share that is higher only to the one in Sub-Saharan Africa . These results have motivated the design and implementation of a survey of bank lending to SMEs in the MENA region that complements the information provided by enterprise surveys and provides further insights into the challenge of enhancing SME access to finance . The objective of this paper is to report the results of a joint survey of the Union of Arab Banks and the World Bank ( henceforth the MENA survey ) , including not only the bank responses but also the statistical analysis of the dataset . The MENA survey was conducted between December 2009 and April 2010 and secured a high response rate across the region . It draws on material from the two previous surveys conducted by the World Bank , thus allowing for comparisons with previous results . However , the MENA survey also contains new material , designed to address the specificities of the MENA region and provide more information and granularity to > 1 According to Ayyagari et al . , ( 2007 ) SMEs account for more than 60 % of manufacturing employment across 76 developed and developing economies . > 2 Schiffer and Weder ( 2001 ) , IADB ( 2004 ) and Beck et al . ( 2005 , 2006 and 2008 ) show SMEs perceive access to finance and cost of credit to be greater obstacles than large firms and these factors affect their growth .", "spans": [{"start": 148, "end": 172, "text": "enterprise-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 594, "end": 616, "text": "survey of bank lending", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 689, "end": 707, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 928, "end": 939, "text": "MENA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coarse ( 0 / 1 ) | 564 | 0 . 138 | 982 | 0 . 153 | - 0 . 014 | * * Notes : * * This table compares characteristics of control and treatment plots using information collected before the treatment . The last column provides mean differences across treatment and control group characteristics . < sup > * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 10 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 01 . Table 2 reports the distribution of plot sizes and measurement error in the post-planting and post-harvest interviews . We present these discrepancies across quartiles of \" true \" plot size ( based on GPS measurement ) and report differences in terms of biases relative to the true size . That is , for each quartile and survey round we compute , ( i ) R R R R = < sup > < u > ( XX � S < / u > < / sup > for the < sup > < u > P − XX � T ) ∗ 100 < / u > < / sup > post-planting , pre-treatment round and ( ii ) R R R R = < sup > < u > ( XX � S < / u > < / sup > bbR bb : P for the post-harvest , XX < sup > � < / sup > TT < sup > < u > P − XX � T ) ∗ 100 < / u > < / sup > post-treatment round . < sup > 10 < / sup > Although the overall relative bias ( at the sample mean ) in self-reported bbR bb : P XX < sup > � < / sup > TT plot size in the post-planting survey is just 18 percent , this disguises a strong , systematic pattern across the plot size distribution . Farmers overestimate the size of the smallest quintile of plots by > 10 S and S stand for average self-reported plot size in the post-planting and post-harvest interviews , respectively . stands for average true plot", "spans": [{"start": 1248, "end": 1268, "text": "post-planting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 5 : Post-Sanction Collaboration among Sanctioned Firms | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) < br > * * Aver * * | ( 3 ) < br > * * age Collabor * * < br > | ( 4 ) < br > * * ator per P * * | ( 5 ) < br > * * atent * * | ( 6 ) < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | U . S . | Euro + | Adv . Asia | U . S . | Euro + | Adv . Asia | | Treatment_ × _Post | - 0 . 115 * * * | - 0 . 041 * * * | 0 . 012 | 0 . 257 * * | - 0 . 070 * * | 0 . 305 * * * | | | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 091 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | ( 0 . 124 ) | | Treatment_ × _Post_ × _pre-US | | | | - 0 . 446 * * * | 0 . 035 * | - 0 . 351 * * | | | | | | ( 0 . 134 ) | ( 0 . 019 ) | ( 0 . 158 ) | | No . Obs . | 5 , 442 | 5 , 442 | 5 , 442 | 5 , 442 | 5 , 442 | 5 , 442 | | R-squared | 0 . 367 | 0 . 174 | 0 . 398 | 0 . 379 | 0 . 198 | 0 . 399 | | Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Sector-year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Note : We estimate the coefficients using OLS on a set of firms that had positive patenting . Robust standard errors clustered at the 2-digit ISIC sector level are", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # # * * A . Country context * * 1 . * * Mali is a semi-arid , landlocked and thinly populated * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * country in the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) * * . In the last decade , with the exception of 2012 , annual Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) growth averaged 5 percent , or 1 . 5 percent in per capita terms . Between 2001 and 2010 , the poverty rate declined from 55 . 6 to 43 . 6 percent < sup > 2 < / sup > and during those years Mali enjoyed pro-poor per capita economic growth , albeit at a very low rate . Inclusive growth in Mali results mainly from the fact that most poor derive most of their income from agriculture , and that between 2001 and 2010 , subsistence farming grew annually by 9 percent on average . Despite the decline in the poverty rate , the number of poor increased from about 6 . 1 to 6 . 6 million between 2001 and 2010 , and no human development related Millennium Development Goal ( MDG ) is expected to be achieved by 2015 . In 2012 , Mali ranked 182th ( out of 187 countries ) in the Human Development Index . 2 . * * Mali has been affected by multiple political and security crises during the past eighteen months * * < sup > 3 < / sup > . In the first half of 2012 , extremist groups seeking to impose the Sharia law on the Northern populations took control over a Tuareg rebel movement in the North , expelling the Malian security forces and civilian administration , and provoking the displacement of about 476 , 000 people . In March of the same year a military coup ousted the sitting President and engulfed the country in political instability and deteriorating governance . In January 2013 , in reaction to increased insecurity , a French military operation ( _Opération", "spans": [{"start": 1099, "end": 1122, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we find no statically significant difference in the pre-settlement population density and urbanization between municipalities with varying shares of refugees in 1928 , conditional on geographic features . Moreover , Figure A . 3 shows that , conditional on geographic characteristics and province fixed effects , there is no statistically significant correlation between pre-settlement population growth , i . e . , between 1907 / 1913 and 1920 , and the distribution of refugees across communities . < sup > 31 < / sup > While we cannot explore this question any further at the community level due to lack of data , we can leverage richer data at the province-level . Table A . 12 shows that provinces that hosted more refugees in 1928 were less developed in 1920 , conditional on region fixed effects and on the covariates displayed in Table A . 11 . The share of refugees in 1928 is correlated with a lower share of employment in the nonagricultural sector and in manufacturing and with a lower literacy rate in 1920 . We also examine pre-settlement trends in the literacy of the 1920 population . Figure A . 4 shows that the increase in literacy rates across cohorts born between 1861 and 1905 follows a very similar pattern between high - and low-refugee provinces . Reassuringly , a statistical test of parallel pre-trends cannot be rejected , which suggests that places of settlement were not growing faster prior to refugees ’ arrival . > 31Greece conducted a population census in 1907 in all of its territories at that time , which comprised Central Greece , Peloponnese , Thessaly , Ionian Islands , and Cyclades Islands . After the annexation of Macedonia , Epirus , Crete , and Aegean Islands in 1913 , an additional population census , similar to the one in 1907 , was conducted in these regions . Population data for 1907 / 1913 is not available for Thrace as it joined Greece only after WWI . 40", "spans": [{"start": 1729, "end": 1746, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effective and rapid mobilization of funds from other sources ( the Global Fund and PEPFAR ) ; ( iv ) providing funds to civil society through the LRF to , inter alia , sustain the Community Conversations ( an effective mechanism to spread prevention messages , and address stigma and discrimination ) and ensure that the program reached rural areas . 44 . The limitations of HIV prevalence as an indicator of program achievement are well recognized , and the PDO rightly focused on access to prevention services . However , it should be noted that ― [ a ] t the national level , the epidemiologic trend over the past eight years has been stable … [ and ] HIV prevalence appears to be declining in urban areas , according to analysis of data from ANC sites that collected data consistently for more than ten years ‖ < sup > 11 < / sup > . This would suggest that prevention related interventions are having a significant impact at the population level , given the significant increase in access to treatment ( which serves to maintain prevalence rates ) during the same period . The possibility remains that this positive national level trend is masking continued high transmission rates and increased prevalence in MARPs , underlying the need for careful monitoring of the epidemic and sustained prevention efforts . 45 . On the basis of the available evidence we conclude that the project has successfully achieved the targets set for the PDO indicators . The achievement of project development objectives is rated * * _Substantial_ . * * > 11 Report on progress towards implementation of the UN Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS 2010 ; Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , Federal HIV / AIDS Prevention and Control Office , March 2010 11", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 755, "text": "data from ANC sites", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of about 23 , 185 nationals ( host communities ) and 21 , 923 refugees each with around 10 % of patients in Mukondo HC being Ugandan nationals and 55 % at Bujubuli . AHA intervenes and supports awareness messages on HIV / AIDS , other communicable diseases , health promotion campaigns , and capacity building of Community Health Workers . As a result , there has been an improvement in ANC attendance , maternal child health and family planning response . All indicators in morbidity and mortality are also within accepted standard . Cases that need further management are referred to secondary and tertiary health facilities including Kyegegwa H / C IV , Fort portal district hospital and Mulago national referral hospital . # # # # * * Adjumani District * * Adjumani district hosts up to 67 , 000 refugees in 8 different camps as Nyumanzi , Mireyi , Alero 1 and 2 , Location and size Adjumani is one of the districts in the north-western region of Uganda . It is bordered by Moyo district in the North , Arua and Yumbe in the west , and Amuru District in the south and east . It has an average altitude of 1200m above sea level . Adjumani District headquarters are situated in Adjumani TC , Central Parish , Molokpoda village . Adjumani district has a total area of about 3128km < sup > 2 < / sup > of which land area is 3081 . 2km < sup > 2 < / sup > . # # # # * * _Population_ * * The 2014 Population and Housing Census established the total population of Adjumani District ( East Moyo county ) at 231 , 623 , of which 52 . 2 % were female and 47 . 8 % were male . This conforms to the country situation where there are more female than males . Pakele sub-county has the highest 105", "spans": [{"start": 1390, "end": 1424, "text": "2014 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The VLSS and VHLSS are representative of Vietnam for a given year provided that we use the appropriate sample weights . A multiple-stage sampling design was used , and within each geographic sample unit , households were randomly drawn from the official population registers . For every second round , additional households were sampled to compensate for attrition from the panel . Selection into the survey sample was a concern ; workers who had migrated to urban areas without a residency permit were not sampled . These workers were presumably employed in the private sector . Thus , the sample that we used may provide a biased view of the earnings distribution in that sector . To test for the representativeness of our sample , we compared the repartition of the workforce in the VLSS 1998 with the statistics published by the General Statistical Office based on the Labor and Job Survey of 1997 . The repartition across economic sectors was exactly the same : 65 percent in agriculture , 13 percent in industry , and 22 percent in services . The proportion of public workers was smaller in the VLSS , which conflicts with the hypothesis of a sampling bias for private sector jobs . < sup > 2 < / sup > The issue of selective attrition from the panel sample is also important . Workers who were surveyed on two successive dates and who were working for wages on both dates were likely to differ from those who were not . If we compare the individual characteristics of the workers in the panel sample to those of the workers in the crosssection , the only significant difference is the years of experience , as expected . In contrast , the repartition of the workforce by sector in the panel sample is clearly biased toward the more stable forms of employment , and public employees and white-collar workers are overrepresented . This overrepresentation implies that the attrition bias attenuates the differences between the public and the private sectors and , in general , works against our 6", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 274, "text": "official population registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 873, "end": 893, "text": "Labor and Job Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Urban Pollution Changes in Urban Pollution < br > Median Median < br > 25 % − 75 % Quar 25 % − 75 % Quar < br > 01 − 1999 07 − 2001 01 − 2004 07 − 2006 01 − 2009 07 − 2011 01 − 2014 01 − 2000 07 − 2002 01 − 2005 07 − 2007 01 − 2010 07 − 2012 < br > date date < br > Raw data Controlling for for Fixed Effects < br > Urban Bottom Expenditures Changes in Urban Bottom Expenditures < br > Median Median < br > 25 % − 75 % Quar 25 % − 75 % Quar < br > 01 − 1999 07 − 2001 01 − 2004 07 − 2006 01 − 2009 07 − 2011 01 − 2014 01 − 2000 07 − 2002 01 − 2005 07 − 2007 01 − 2010 07 − 2012 < br > date date < br > Raw data Controlling for for Fixed Effects < br > Urban Average Expenditures Changes in Urban Average Expenditures < br > Median Median < br > 25 % − 75 % Quar 25 % − 75 % Quar < br > 01 − 1999 07 − 2001 01 − 2004 07 − 2006 01 − 2009 07 − 2011 01 − 2014 01 − 2000 07 − 2002 01 − 2005 07 − 2007 01 − 2010 07 − 2012 < br > date date < br > Raw data Controlling for for Fixed Effects < br > 80 < br > 30 60 < br > 25 40 < br > 20 < br > PM25 20 Percent 0 < br > 15 − 20 < br > 10 < br > 5 − 60 < br > 40 < br > 5e + 05 20 < br > IR 0 < br > Percent < br > 3e + 05 < br > − 20 < br > 1e + 05 < br > − 40 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 1500000 4020 < br > IR < br > Percent 0 < br > 500000 < br > − 40", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to understand the impact of the subproject gender-wise , excluding absentee PAHs 64 of the 604 affected households are female headed households ( FHH ) . With regard to household population out of a total 3 , 064 people in 604 surveyed households , 46 . 9 % of the < / mark > members are female . < mark > Except the fact that , female headed households have relatively bigger size of average farmland holding than male headed households ( 1 . 0ha for FHH Vs 0 . 75ha for MHH ) , the FHH are facing shortage of household labour as the average family size for female headed households is low at 3 . 8 family members per household compared to 5 . 2 for Male headed < / mark > households . < mark > The figures from the census socio economic survey data clearly indicated how gender relations work adversely for women in the area as well as for Subproject affected female < / mark > Page 95", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 750, "text": "census socio economic survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * # * * | * * Issue / Comments * * | * * Responses * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | The NLC ; which is the legally mandated body will < br > conduct another asset inventory and do their own < br > valuation of the all the affected assets as provided for by < br > the NLC Act . | | 6 | What makes this process < br > unique from the 2014 one ? < br > How sure can we be that < br > implementation will be done < br > this time round ? | The government Kenya and the World Bank are < br > committed to ensuring that the project is implemented as < br > part of the set developmental goals . Funds have already < br > been secured and once the RAP study is complete and the < br > report approved , compensation will follow and dam < br > construction will commence . | | 7 | There are sacred places like < br > the < br > shrines < br > where < br > the < br > community < br > perform < br > traditional rites and these < br > will be affected by the < br > project . < br > Will < br > we < br > be < br > compensated ? | The dam design has taken cognizance of this and has tried < br > to avoid impacting on such cultural shrines . However , < br > where they will be impacted , the community will be < br > compensated in line with traditions and culture of the < br > community through the Kaya elders . | | 8 | < br > How < br > will < br > the < br > local < br > community benefit from the < br > project especially those not < br > directly affected hence will < br > not < br > get < br > any < br > direct < br > compensation < br > nor < br >", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 181, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As far as Puzhehei water quality project is concerned , only 7 % respondents have ever heard the project being proposed before . Thirty-nine percent of the households are currently living within the project domain , making them direct project beneficiaries . When responding why they perceive the project as important , income increase , lake view improvement , swimming condition improvement , environment protection , health benefit , tourism benefit , and next generation benefit are all frequently mentioned by the respondents ( 19 % , 36 % , 16 % , 36 % , 39 % , 36 % , and 46 % , respectively ) . A majority of respondents ( 87 % ) have confidence that the project would prevent lake water from further deterioration . 56 % of the interviews are conducted individually and the remaining 44 % of interviews are conducted in a group setting . # * * 5 . WTP Estimation * * # 5 . 1 Analytical Framework We followed the estimation strategy proposed in Wang and He ( 2010 ) to conduct the empirical analysis , which is summarized below . Suppose an individual i ’ s WTP is Vi , which is a random variable with a cumulative distribution function F ( t ) . The mean value of Vi is  i and the standard variance is  i . The WTP model can be written as , Vi = μi +  i ( 1 ) where  i is a random term with a mean of zero . Individual i knows his valuation distribution . When given a price tij , the probability for the person to say “ yes ” to the offer tij will be , Pij = Prob ( Vi > tij ) = 1-F ( tij ) ( 2 ) Once Pij , the probabilities for individual i to agree to the price tij , is known to a researcher , either by assigning numerical values to the verbal MBDC data or by directly asking individuals of their numerical likelihood information as did with the SPC approach , equation ( 2 ) can be estimated for each individual . The estimation model can be constructed as follows : Pij = 1-F ( tij ) + λi", "spans": [{"start": 1663, "end": 1672, "text": "MBDC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "73 . 820_ | 225 | 5 . 787 | - | - | - | 292 | 80 . 124 | | Rumanía | 2 . 182 | - | 2 . 182 | _164_ | 360 | - | - | - | 299 | - | 2 . 841 | | San Cristóbal y Nieves | 1 | - | 1 | _1_ | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | | San Martín ( parte < br > holandesa ) | 3 | - | 3 | _3_ | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | 8 | | San Vicente y las < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | Granadinas | - | - | - | _-_ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | Santa Lucía | 3 | - | 3 | _3_ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | | Santo Tomé y Príncipe < br > Senegal | - < br > 14 . 274 | - < br > - | - < br > 14 . 274 | _-_ < br > _14 . 274_ | - < br > 2 . 914 | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > 17 . 188 | * * . . . ⁄ . . . * * * * 46 * * ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 31 * * of * * 73 * * - Being near a service centre where the resettlement area imposes transport costs to get the service ; � # # # # # * * Method of property valuation * * There are at least two main methods for property valuation : cost replacement method and market value method . In the first method all assets are listed , materials of constructions are identified , current costs to replace those assets is then calculated based on a unit rate for the different components . Depreciation of the materials or assets may be considered in the calculation . The critical issue in replacement method is land value . Land of a similar size maybe replaced but the value of land is not only its size ; rather it is the location value . In private ownership of land location factor has to be considered in determining the location and size of the new plot ; whereas in cases of public ownership of land the principle is to replace land of a similar size or standard size for the category of use in an appropriate location . In the second method , the market value method , there are two approaches : Case 1 : Assets are inventoried , conditions are determined , current unit rate for the components is defined and applied , depreciation rate is applied to the cost of the cost of the construction , land value is determined based on value index as determined by land market inventory , value of good name for the trade is valuated based on market inventory . Therefore , the value of the property is the sum of the current value of the construction , the good name of the trade , and land value . Case2 : Value of property may be determined based on a research using broker ’ s data for the value of property in an area where the property is located ; or the property may be auctioned to determine its real market value . The principle used for property valuation in cases where the property is to be demolished is the cost replacement method . This method is used in", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1419, "text": "land market inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1476, "end": 1492, "text": "market inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1703, "end": 1718, "text": "broker ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) # # # * * VI . Subproject Approval * * 8 . In the event that a subproject involves acquisition against compensation , the PIU through the concerned implementing entity shall : - ( a ) not approve the subproject unless satisfactory compensation has been agreed between the affected person and the local community ; and - ( b ) not allow works to start until the compensation has been delivered in a satisfactory manner to the affected persons . # # # 7 . * * Complaints and Grievances * * 9 . Initially , all complaints should be registered by the PIU and the concerned implementing entity as the case maybe , which shall establish a register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes mechanism . The existence and conditions of access to this register ( where , when , how ) shall be widely disseminated within the community / town as part of the consultation undertaken for the sub ‐ project in general . A committee of knowledgeable persons , experienced in the subject area , shall be constituted at a local level as a Committee to handle first instance dispute / grievances . This group of mediators attempting amicable mediation / litigation in first instance will consist of the following members : ( a ) Head of District ; ( b ) Legal advisor ; ( c ) Local Representative within the elected Council ; ( d ) Head of Community Based Organization ; and ( e ) Community leaders . This mediation committee will be set up at local level by the implementation agency on an “ as ‐ needed ” ( that is , it will be established when a dispute arises in a given community ) . 10 . When a grievance / dispute is recorded according to above ‐ mentioned registration procedures , the mediation committee will be established , and mediation meetings will be organized with interested parties . Minutes of meetings will be recorded . The existence of this first instance mechanism will be widely disseminated to the affected people as part of the", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 778, "text": "register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes mechanism", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the difference declines somewhat at the higher income deciles . The average trip distance differences between men and women are also relatively consistent across travel modes as reported in the ENMODO 2018 household travel survey although are more distinct in the case of travel by car or by public transport than in the case of the non-motorized modes . Similarly , data from a survey implemented by the team in AMBA with current private motorized vehicle users broadly corroborates this pattern : 9 . 2 percent of women have commutes or other types of “ typical ” trips that last less than 10 minutes , compared to 5 . 2 percent of men . # * * Gender norms may play a role in women ’ s travel decisions in AMBA and , specifically , the distances * * * * traveled * * . Even if the analyzed data does not explicitly ask questions about intrahousehold resource allocation between women and men , from the ENMODO 2018 household travel survey it can be inferred that gender roles contribute to defining women ’ s decisions of when are how far to travel . The more family members there are in the household , the farther men seem to travel , possibly to access better economic opportunities , while for women with one family member the distance decreases once they add an additional one . * * Thirdly , public transport appears to serve more women than men , especially in northern AMBA . * * Women constitute the majority of public transport users , with the total number of daily public transport trips made by women ( 4 . 07 million ) in October 2021 being 13 percent higher than those made by men ( 3 . 59 million ) , and public transport represents a greater share in women ’ s overall mobility compared to men ’ s > 2 There are a total of 7 . 34 million men and 7 . 75 million women in AMBA . The largest difference in population size by gender is in the older age group ( 64 and older ) , with nearly 990 , 000 women but only about 650 , 000 men .", "spans": [{"start": 194, "end": 229, "text": "ENMODO 2018 household travel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", rather than only 5 , before acquiring citizenship . The refugee number in the USA has therefore been estimated based on the 10year cut-off period as signaled in last year ’ s Statistical Yearbook . This has resulted in an increase of 464 , 000 refugees in the national figure , for a total of 844 , 000 . > 8 See preceding footnote . * * _5_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 197, "text": "Statistical Yearbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "07 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 04 | | Offer letter | 0 . 16 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 03 | | Document from chief | 0 . 43 | 0 . 42 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 47 | 0 . 38 | | Other / no document | 0 . 17 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 18 | | * * Size and land allocation ( % of area ) * * < sup > b < / sup > | | | | | | | Farmer own estimation ( ha ) | 19 . 74 | 11 . 72 | 28 . 42 | 42 . 02 | 171 . 51 | | Mapped area ( ha ) | 26 . 22 | 10 . 19 | 30 . 98 | 67 . 62 | 441 . 35 | | Cultivated area ( ha ) | 9 . 71 | 7 . 08 | 13 . 19 | 18 . 06 | 51 . 47 | | Number of farms | 6 , 703 | 5 , 010 | 1 , 221 | 325 | 147 | _Source : _ Own computation from 2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey _Note : _ < sup > a < / sup > Information was collected only from owner respondents . Only 3 % of farms expanded their farm size ( via rental or sale ) after establishment and at 1 % of land acquired initially , the extent of such expansion remained limited . 19", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 681, "text": "2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSTP subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2023 < / mark > acceptable levels the adverse environmental and social impacts identified . It is prepared in such a way that it serves as a document that sets forth those practices , which will be implemented to prevent , control , and mitigate significant negative environmental and social impacts arising as a consequence of the implementation of the proposed project . Hence , the ESMP is directed at mitigating , minimizing , or controlling negative impacts arising throughout the different phases of the project . This ESMP defines the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders for ensuring smooth and wellintegrated implementation and monitoring of the project operations . It contains commitments that are binding on the proponent . It can be translated into project documentation and provide the basis for a legal contract that establishes responsibilities of the proponent . In turn , the proponent can use the ESMP to establish environmental and social performance standards and requirements for those carrying out the works or providing supplies . It can be also used to prepare an environmental and social management system for the operational phase of the project . # # # # * * ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN * * Environmental and Social Monitoring is an important component of environmental management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control . Monitoring will provide the information necessary for feedback into the environmental management process including feedback about the actual environmental and social impacts of a project and will assist in identifying where additional mitigation effort or where alteration to the adopted management approach may be required . The environmental and social monitoring plan is developed to provide a basis for evaluating the efficiency of the proposed mitigation measures and for updating the actions and impacts of baseline data . It also gives information for adoption of additional mitigation measures if the proposed measures are found insufficient . Thus , it avails information for management decisions taking in the different phases of the project . Monitoring should be performed during all stages of the", "spans": [{"start": 2011, "end": 2024, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "competition . As a result , the structure of production is expected to change according to relative comparative advantages — defined by both factors of production and institutional arrangements . This effect can either increase or decrease relative output in pollution-intensive sectors ( composition effects ) . Finally , changes in production technologies ( including pollution intensity by unit of output ) tend to follow trade liberalization ( technique effects ) . Technique effects can result from different forces : while trade facilitates the access to more efficient ( and cleaner ) technologies , stronger competition can trigger a race to the bottom of environmental standards , favoring the adoption of cheaper and dirtier technology in the short run . Nevertheless , as income grows , the demand for environmental quality tends to increase . By adopting both tighter environment policies and more advanced , cleaner technologies , countries can afford to reduce emissions after reaching a certain level of income . This inverted-U relationship between per capita income and pollution is known as the environmental Kuznets curve < sup > 2 < / sup > . Previous empirical studies on the relationship between trade and the environment have found varying results . For example , Dean ( 2002 ) uses province-level data on water pollution from China and finds support for the idea that trade liberalization has both a direct and an indirect effect on emissions growth > 2 Its proponents argue that environmental degradation is just a matter of ― growing pains ‖ that will disappear with prosperity . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1306, "end": 1355, "text": "province-level data on water pollution from China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using none of the negative coping strategies over the past month was highest in in Kiryandongo ( 80 . 5 % ) , Yumbe ( 76 . 2 % ) , Moyo ( 75 . 9 % ) and Kamwenge ( 73 . 5 % ) . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 63 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Sequence vs . Control | 0 . 574 * * * < br > ( 0 . 131 ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Low experience | - 0 . 301 | - 0 . 113 | - 0 . 752 * * * | | | ( 0 . 208 ) | ( 0 . 256 ) | ( 0 . 199 ) | | ( Sequence vs . Control ) * Low experience | - 0 . 333 < br > ( 0 . 282 ) | | | | Coaches vs . Control | | 0 . 570 * * * < br > ( 0 . 147 ) | | | ( Coaches vs . Control ) * Low experience | | 0 . 288 < br > ( 0 . 335 ) | | | Coaches vs . Sequence | | | - 0 . 175 < br > ( 0 . 141 ) | | ( Coaches vs . Sequence ) * Low experience | | | 0 . 824 * * < br > ( 0 . 333 ) | | Observations | 1 , 042 | 1 , 072 | 1 , 102 | _Source_ : Author ' s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . _Note_ : * * significant at 5 percent ; * * * significant at 1 percent . Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered at school level . Controls : ( a ) students ’ characteristics ( gender , age , nationality , parent ’ s education , if the student missed , at most , one class per month , if the student has internet in his / her home ) , ( b ) teacher characteristics ( gender , age , general teaching experience [ in years ] , if she / he has postgraduate certificates ) , and ( c ) school characteristics ( school size , seventh size , seventh repetition rate , FEPBA score in Language , school district , or location ) . Low experience represents a dummy variable equal to 1 if the teacher has less than two years of experience in teaching Science", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 680, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < sup > 15 < / sup > Based on the lists of registered beneficiaries , vouchers will be delivered every month at designated distribution sites by NGO partners with the necessary expertise , contracted by WFP . They will check the beneficiaries ’ photo registration cards < sup > 16 < / sup > against the list of beneficiaries . To limit the possibility of unauthorized reproduction and redemption , each voucher has a specific security code and hologram . 32 . WFP will use its extensive experience in managing these processes to work with government counterparts and establish agreements with a national bank , financial institutions , storekeepers , and traders to implement the voucher / food delivery system . Under its current emergency operation , WFP assists about 75 , 000 displaced individuals , including the 31 , 200 included under the proposed project . WFP intends to extend this operation through the end of 2014 , when a related WFP program ( a Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation ) will assume responsibility for assisting these individuals . World Bank funding will represent about 42 percent of the operation ’ s needs for 12 months . 33 . * * Component B : Agricultural Production and Livestock Stabilization ( US $ 11 million IDA ) . * * Component B aims to restore and maintain crop and livestock production capacity among the affected populations in a context where pressure on the natural resource base is increasing rapidly . Under this component , the proposed project will finance the purchase and distribution of > 13 They may choose among 14 food items that have been selected based on local eating habits and healthy diets . > 14 When food prices rise during the lean season , the value of the vouchers declines , so people cannot obtain as much food with the vouchers as before . Another drawback of using vouchers in the lean season is that they could trigger food price inflation , which would be detrimental to host populations and voucher recipients alike . For those reasons , the project will switch to direct food transfers during the four-month lean season . > 15 Informal refugees have not been profiled by", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 69, "text": "lists of registered beneficiaries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and MSMEs , assessment methodology , and preliminary assessment of PFIs ; ( iv ) design , establishment and cascading to PFIs of an ESMS and a framework for screening climate and disaster risks , tracking and assessing climate mitigation impacts of its financing ; ( v ) design and implementation of a monitoring , evaluation and learning system ; and ( vi ) capacity building and staff training , including on assessing the creditworthiness of PFIs , monitoring , evaluation and learning , E & S risk assessment , investor relations and fundraising activities . * * 42 . Both the existing emergency CGS and the Credit Guarantee Company will be open to all qualifying PFIs based on eligibility criteria ( to be outlined in the Project Operations Manual ( POM ) ) . * * In the short run , the focus of both schemes would be to encourage the provision of working capital loans , with the opportunity to encourage innovation on product and market expansion in the long run . The schemes will target MSMEs , whose loans could be conditioned on worker retention and / or job creation ( depending on the macroeconomic context at the time of effectiveness ) . Such conditions could be monitored through the firms ’ contributions to the National Social Security Fund or the National Health Insurance Fund as well as through surveys ( via phone and in-person ) . NT in collaboration with the CBK are also drafting a reporting template for the PFIs that will collect data points on the beneficiary MSMEs disaggregated by gender and sectors . The NT together with the World Bank will examine the data of both institutions and their suitability for monitoring . Added emphasis will be placed on targeting lending to women-owned enterprises < sup > 52 < / sup > and addressing some of the barriers to securing women ’ s access to loans , as well as raising awareness or providing incentives for enterprises to focus on climate change adaptation and / or mitigation . * * 43 . Subcomponent 3b : TA to Participating Financial Institutions ( PFIs ) ( US $", "spans": [{"start": 1585, "end": 1610, "text": "data of both institutions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Data * * The data required for the study can be divided into two groups : ( i ) data needed for the global CGE model and ( ii ) data needed for GIDD model . A detailed discussion on the data for the global CGE model is available in Timilsina et al . ( 2010 ) , so in this section we focus data required for GIDD model . The main sources of data in the GIDD model include : ( a ) the dataset assembled for the production of the World Bank World Development Report ( WDR ) for developing countries , which are drawn largely from the Living Standards and Measurement Study ( LSMS ) and the African Institute for Sustainability and Peace ( ISP ) - Poverty monitoring group ; ( b ) the Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) databank and the different World Bank sources for Eastern Europe countries , and ( c ) the Luxembourg Income Studies ( LIS ) database for most of the developed countries . There are two versions of the GIDD model . The original version includes data for the year 2000 , while the second includes updates for the year 2005 . In the original version , nationally representative household surveys of various countries nearest to 2000 were chosen . For household surveys of countries valued not in year 2000 , the following adjustments were applied in order to “ value ” them in 2000 . Local consumer price index ( CPI ) in the country was used to adjust income and consumption to 2000 domestic values . Furthermore , the values in the household surveys were converted to international dollars in year 2000 using the Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP ) factor obtained from the Penn World Tables . A correction factor was also applied to the population weights to make the population level consistent to year 2000 . In the updated GIDD model , the values for 2000 were updated to 2005 using updated population and 2005PPP factor . Also , the mean income at the country level was adjusted to match the latest poverty rates reported in POVCAL < sup > 3 < / sup > . Thus , the poverty rates at the country", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 468, "text": "World Bank World Development Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 537, "end": 575, "text": "Living Standards and Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 687, "end": 727, "text": "Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) databank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 810, "end": 852, "text": "Luxembourg Income Studies ( LIS ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1069, "end": 1112, "text": "nationally representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1589, "end": 1606, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1945, "end": 1951, "text": "POVCAL", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "employment by sector and region . This drives changes in poverty and income distribution . Using the POF ( the expenditure survey ) data mentioned below , we extend the CGE model to cover 270 different expenditure patterns , composed of 10 different income classes in 27 regions . In this way , all the expenditure side detail of our micro-simulation dataset is incorporated within the main CGE model . There are two main sources of information for the household micro-simulation model : the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domicílios – PNAD ( National Household Survey – IBGE , 2001 ) , and the Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - POF ( Household Expenditure Survey , IBGE , 1996 ) . The PNAD contains information about households and persons , and shows a total of 331 , 263 records . The main information extracted from PNAD were wage by industry and region , as well as other personal characteristics such as years of schooling , sex , age , position in the family , and other socio-economic characteristics . The POF , on the other hand , is an expenditure survey that covers 11 metropolitan regions in Brazil . It was undertaken during 1996 , and covered 16 , 014 households , with the purpose of updating the consumption bundle structure . The main information we drew from this survey was the expenditure patterns of 10 different income classes , for the 11 regions . We assigned one such pattern to each individual PNAD household , according to each income class . As for the regional dimension , the 11 POF regions were mapped to the larger set of 27 CGE regions . Here it must be stressed that the POF survey just brings information about urban areas ( the metropolitan areas of the main state capitals ) . # * * 2 . 1 Model running procedures and highlights * * As mentioned before , our model consists of two main parts : a Computable General Equilibrium model ( CGE ) and a Household Model ( MS ) . The models are run sequentially . To 8", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 104, "text": "POF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 492, "end": 545, "text": "Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domicílios – PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 600, "end": 639, "text": "Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - POF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 693, "end": 697, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSTP subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2023 < / mark > | LIST OF TABLES | | - - - | | * * Table 1 : Project Planning Horizons * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix | | * * Table 2 : List of concerned stakeholders * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 | | * * Table 3 : Comparison of Ethiopian policies & legislation and World Bank Policies * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 | | * * Table 4 : on site water quality test results * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 892, "text": "on site water quality test results", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two income groups , the monthly SHS cost is about 3 . 5 times the kerosene cost , while it is about 6 . 4 times the kerosene spending for the top two income groups . The comparison of SHS with grid-electricity shows that the average monthly cost of SHS is about 3 . 4 times the cost of grid-electricity . In reality , however , SHS is not directly comparable with grid-electricity because of significant differences in the quality of services provided from the two electrification technologies . > 8 The case study of the RERED project shows that poor households tended to purchase SHS of lower capacity while better-off households opted for larger capacity SHS . Among the 320 , 000 SHSs installed by 2009 , about 20 % households chose a SHS of 40 Wp , 45 % chose a SHS of 50 Wp , 20 % in the range of 60-65 Wp and only 9 % in the 85 Wp range . In estimating the monthly SHS cost , we assume that the bottom two deciles purchase only SHS of 2030 Wp ; the 3rd and 4th deciles purchase SHS of 40 Wp ; 5th to 7th purchase SHS of 50 Wp , 8th and 9th for SHS 6065 Wp and the top deciles purchase SHS of 85 Wp and above . Battery costs are assumed to range from Tk 3 , 200 to Tk 11 , 400 , depending on the size of the SHS ( RERED report ) . This amounts to about between 20-24 % of a SHS price accordingly , which will be factored in the SHS prices . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1232, "text": "RERED report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 broad categories of wetlands locustrine types around Lake Wamala in east and riverine . Mubende has 7 major drainage systems : Lake Wamala , Nabakazi , Katonga , Mayanja , Kato , Nkusi , Kuzizi and Kitumbi . 10 . % distribution by religion 45 . 5 Catholic , 31 . 0 % Protestant , 9 . 6 % Moslem , 6 . 8 % Pentecostal , 3 . 8 % SDA . 3 . 0 % 11 . 42 % of the rural population was more than 5km from a health centre and only 4 % of the urban population . 12 . 89 . 7 % used firewood as source of cooking materials . 8 . 6 % used Charcoal . 13 . 87 . 9 % use paraffin - wick candles for lighting . 5 . 4 % Use Paraffin for lighting and 3 . 4 % electricity . 14 . 77 % dwelling units permanent . 15 . 9 . 4 % had obtain drinking water more than 5 km from their homesteads . 16 . In 2002 , 31790 out of 244155 children had lost atleast one parent ( orphans ) . Orphanhood level 13 % as opposed to 6 % in the 1991 census . 17 . In Mubende 13 % of all children were disabled and 3 . 5 % of total Mubende population was disabled ( National figure is at 3 . 1 % ) _Source : http : / / www . kcfuganda . org / mubende . php_ # # # * * 2 . 1 . 1 . 2 Observations at Mubende Hospital * * - a ) There were no impact receptors such as water streams around the hospital . - b ) Erratic power supply where there is lack of alternative onsite supply such as a solar systems or standby power generator . - c ) Hospital lacked medical waste incineration facility : waste was burnt in open pit . - d ) X-ray services need improvement with provision of requisite radiation protection .", "spans": [{"start": 905, "end": 916, "text": "1991 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2007 ) . Since there still little data on asylum seekers with disabilities ( Ward _et al . _ 2008 ) and many will be reluctant to self-identify ( Refugee Council 2005 ) such needs often go unnoticed . Fourthly , the literature review points to a significant dearth of understanding disability as a cause of displacement . The few exceptions focus on the qualification of persons with disabilities for refugee status under membership of a particular social group ( Kanter and Dadey 2000 , Parekh [ Date Unknown ] ) or discuss non-refoulement to torture , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment ( Nowak and Suntinger 1995 ) . This lack of theoretical engagement with protection needs of persons with disabilities seems to reflect practice . Adopting a social and human rights based approach the Women ' s Refugee Commission ( 2008 : 32 ) found that ' almost without exception , all the refugees involved in the field studies mentioned discrimination , stigmatisation , harassment , neglect and exclusion of persons with disabilities as major protection concerns , both within their own communities and in the host communities . ' Finally , disability may interact with asylum in a way as to create multiple barriers . Research projects applying the social model have shown the cumulative disadvantage that may result from being disabled , belonging to a minority ethnic group and being an asylum seeker ( Harris 2003 : 393 ) . Barriers arising from communicating in a foreign language or xenophobia familiar to minority ethnic groups combine with social exclusion due to disability ( Wilding and Vic 2002 : 158 ; Vernon 1996 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 74, "text": "data on asylum seekers with disabilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "escalated to NECC and NEMA is required to participate during investigation . In cases where the resolution of complaints has not been achieved , the authority escalates the complaint to the ombudsman office . # # # # * * Key Recommendations * * - i . Representation of NEMA as member of the NPCT and CPCT / or the municipal teams project committee , at national and county levels respectively , - ii . Capacity building of E & S officers at county / cities / municipalities by NEMA on environment requirements . Environmental aspects include ; sustainable development of infrastructure , Environmental and Social Impact Assessments ( ESIAs ) , and monitoring and compliance reporting on sub-projects implementation . - iii . Collaboration and coordination with the NEMA nominated focal person at the national level , for consultation on all Program environmental matters . - iv . To enhance grievance management , a more synergized information sharing and coordinated approach can be applied between the SDHUD and NEMA . The SDHUD may consider sharing the complaints register with the authority for updating on NEMA incident database for linkage to issued licences of the sub-project and concurrence on remedial action taken . # # # * * 6 . 3 Kenya School of Government ( KSG ) * * 59 . The Kenya School of Government is an institution established by the Kenya School of Government Act ( No 9 of 2012 ) to build capacity of public service leadership by developing managerial and leadership competencies for quality public service . The institution provides capacity development Programs for the Public Service through training , research , consultancy , and policy advisory services . Established training departments within the institution include public service , finance , security management , environment , and climate change . The institution has experience in conducting training for clients implementing World Bank funded projects such as under the completed KDSP and Eastern Electricity Highway Project ( EEHP ) . In addition , under the FLLoCA , there is an ongoing training in counties with a pilot completed in early December 2022 . The ongoing training is leaning towards social risks management as", "spans": [{"start": 1111, "end": 1133, "text": "NEMA incident database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 | Rhyolites < br > ( predominantly < br > peralkaline in < br > composition ) | Rhyolitic volcanic centers , obsidian < br > pitchstone , pumice , ignimbrite , tuff , < br > subordinate trachytic flows . | 2 . 03 | 10 . 14 | | 3 | Dino Formation | Ignimbrite , tuff , course pumice , < br > waterlain pyroclastic rocks with rare < br > intercalations of lacustrine sediments . | 9 . 24 | 46 . 15 | | | | * * Total * * | * * _20 . 02_ * * | 100 | _Source : Geological Map of Ethiopia ( 1995 ) , Geological Survey of Ethiopia ( GSE ) _ Page 79", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 486, "text": "Geological Map of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the same dataset . In some cases it can be useful to define a separate dataset to describe the data in sufficient detail . For example , two measures of the same outcome , such as measures of crop productivity obtained through inperson audits and satellite imagery , may have large discrepancies in coverage and diverging numbers of observations . In cluster-randomized studies , data may be available both at the cluster and individual levels , and these datasets should be described separately if each contains primary outcome measures . Similarly , a full census in the study area followed by sampling a subset of the population for the interventions and endline data collection warrants defining separate datasets for each data collection round . For each dataset , contributors are asked to define a short description or _name_ , then provide information on the types and number of _observational units_ , first in total and then , further below , per arm . This information is collected at the dataset level in order to allow for multiple units of observation , for example outcomes measured at the teacher and the student levels . The per-arm fields are optional to allow description of data collected prior to treatment assignment ( e . g . a study population census ) . A unit counts as a _targeted_ observation unit if it was selected or intended for data collection . This may be an estimated number . A > 12Conversely , a data file may contain several datasets ( e . g . an excel file with several sheets ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1254, "end": 1277, "text": "study population census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 Introduction This paper investigates the link between inequality and demand for redistribution by looking at how individuals form their perceptions of inequality and how these determine demand for redistribution . Most of the literature focused on explaining demand for redistribution – or , more broadly , on political support for redistributive institutions such as the welfare state – identifies inequality as a key determinant . And , more importantly , it assumes that this inequality – usually represented by an inequality index calculated from a distribution of income of a household survey , which one could call _objective_ inequality – is common knowledge for all individuals , both in terms of what it exactly represents and its levels ( or changes ) . This literature , in other words , ignores the issue of how subjective perceptions of inequality are formed . This is clearly a problem if there is a gap between subjective perceptions of inequality , which influence actions and choices of individuals , and objective inequality , which is used to explain those same actions by the literature . Some authors dismiss this issue , in part because of a widespread wariness towards subjective data , < sup > 1 < / sup > and tend to characterize subjective assessment of inequality as individuals ’ _mis_ perceptions rather than as something we need to understand . Mismeasurement , misconception , or simple mistakes are likely a part of the reason behind the gap between objective and subjective inequality but , in this paper , we show that they are not the whole story . By presenting a simple model of the formation of perceptions we show its importance for demand for redistribution as well as the fact that perceptions are shaped not only by the objectively defined inequality measure ( Gini ) or by misperceptions , but they are also systematically correlated with other context ( aggregate ) and individual variables . We show that individuals ’ perceptions on inequality encompass a broader definition of inequality that correlates , for example , with poverty or unemployment , as well as with fairness or social mobility , own situation and ideology . In other words , perceptions depend on the objective situation of both , the country and the individual", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 601, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "31 go a long way toward creating new opportunities for employment and sustained growth in Africa . < sup > 25 < / sup > Clearly , the potential opportunities for Africa ‘ s labor-intensive economies , which today are exporting mostly minerals are enormous . The story for low-income countries elsewhere in the world is similar . In 2009 , with a total population of 846 million and 13 percent of their GDP coming from manufacturing , their employment in the sector likely amounted to no more than 10 million . Thus , just as for African countries , China ‘ s industrial upgrading would provide them a golden opportunity for dynamic manufacturing-led growth . But for developing countries everywhere , the ability to benefit from the opportunities depends on their quickly formulating and implementing credible economic development strategies that are consistent with their comparative advantage and the flying-geese paradigm . # * * _A Road Map for Seizing the Moment : The Growth Identification and Facilitation Framework_ * * The coming graduation of China and other middle-income growth poles from low-skilled manufacturing jobs is timely for low-income countries . But it is especially so for those in SubSaharan Africa . Despite the region ‘ s grim long-run performance and the potentially heavy economic and human cost of the recent global crisis , there is renewed optimism about its economic prospects : since the mid-1990s Africa has embarked on a new and higher growth trajectory . The main challenge facing African leaders is to avoid the policy mistakes of the past and instead implement the winning strategy . Africa may be on the verge of an economic takeoff , recent empirical work suggests . Young ( 2010 ) sees an ― African growth miracle ‖ in his analysis of such measures as real consumption , housing quality , and health and education . His results show that for the past two decades living standards in Sub-Saharan Africa have been rising by more than 3 percent a year — more than three times the rate indicated in international data sets . Using a new methodology to estimate income distribution , poverty rates , and inequality and welfare indexes for African countries in 1970 – 2006 , Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin ( 2010 ) conclude that", "spans": [{"start": 2037, "end": 2060, "text": "international data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "itigation * * < br > * * Associated * * < br > * * Costs * * < br > * * ( US $ , * * < br > * * millions ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 : Roads * * < br > * * Rehabilitation and * * < br > * * Maintenance * * | Drainage structures and culverts ; retaining < br > walls ; routine maintenance . | 184 . 6 | 50 | 0 | | * * 2 : Improving Road * * < br > * * Emergency * * < br > * * Response Capacity * * | Increased MPWT ’ s capacity to deal with road < br > emergency works ; purchase of necessary < br > equipment . | 7 . 5 | 7 . 5 | 0 | | * * 3 . 1 : Strengthen * * < br > * * Road Asset * * < br > * * Management * * | The creation of a road asset database for < br > Lebanon , and the revision of design and < br > maintenance standards to reflect changing < br > climate conditions . | 2 | 2 | 0 | | * * 3 . 2 : Support the * * < br > * * planning and * * < br > * * implementation of * * < br > * * road safety * * | n . a | 2 | 0 | 0 | | * * 3 . 3 : Support * * < br > * * Planning and Design * * < br > * * Studies * * | Finance necessary studies to produce < br > planning and design documents in the < br > transport sector , particularly public transport . | 2 | 0 | 2 | | * * 3 . 4 : Support training * * < br > * * for workers and * * < br > * *", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 684, "text": "road asset database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the labor market requires investments that will enable girls to complete at least 12 years of basic education . Literacy and school attendance rates are lower for refugee and host community women and girls in Kakuma refugee camp , compared to men . < sup > 7 < / sup > Gender-based violence , survival sex , and early marriages are also prevalent risks among the camp-based refugee communities . _Learning Outcomes are low in higher order competencies_ 12 . * * Kenya performs relatively well in learning outcomes compared to other Sub-Saharan Africa countries but needs to benchmark its education performance with the relevant UMIC countries such as Vietnam and Singapore * * . The variation in learning outcomes by wealth quintile ( Figure 6 ) , is likely contributing to dropout and low retention rates in some regions . > 7 < mark > UNHCR and World Bank , 2021 , Understanding the Socio-economic Conditions of Refugees in Kenya : Volume B : Results from the 2019 Kakuma Socioeconomic Survey . < / mark > Page 10 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 994, "text": "2019 Kakuma Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have begun . All the 47 county governments have signed participation agreements into the Program . The independent verification of counties ' eligibility to receive the institutional grants will be undertaken between November and December 2024 . Significant progress has been made in the rollout of the re-engineered payroll module to all the 47 counties which will be expected to assign unified payroll numbers to all county staff and upload cleaned payroll data into the system , including those of casual employees who are currently managed manually . Migration of data from the integrated personnel and payroll database into the new human resource management information system is ongoing . The Salaries and Page 1 of 13 Jun 01 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 463, "text": "payroll data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 623, "text": "integrated personnel and payroll database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis will focus separately on the pre - and post-2000 subperiods . # * * 3 . Latin American growth during the second half of the twentieth century * * LatAm ’ s growth performance after WWII and until the rise of China in the early 2000s was rather dismal when compared to that of Southern Europe and South East Asia ( Figure 2 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > LatAm ’ s per capita income fell steadily from being 50 percent above that of the world in 1950 to around 10 percent below by 2000 . Over the same period , Southern Europe ’ s per capita income , which was similar to that of LatAm in the early 1950s , rose to two-and-a-half times that of the world by 2000 . As strikingly , South East Asia ’ s per capita income , which was barely 40 percent of LatAm ’ s in the 1950s , rose rapidly starting in the 1970s to a level 60 percent higher than that of the region by 2000 . The 1950-2000 period was marked by the rise of the US , Western Europe , and Japan as the three major engines of world growth , against the background of a powerful post-WWII economic reconstruction momentum . From a trade perspective , therefore , LatAm ’ s poor growth performance reflects an inability to take advantage of its links to the US economic locomotive , in sharp contrast > 6 While cross-country data on GDP per capita start in 1950 , comparable export data become available no earlier than 1960 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1271, "end": 1307, "text": "cross-country data on GDP per capita", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2007 * * | * * 2008 * * | * * 2018 * * | | North | North | 88 . 9 % | 87 . 4 % | 88 . 9 % | 78 . 3 % | | North | South | 6 . 6 % | 6 . 5 % | 5 . 5 % | 11 . 5 % | | South | North | 3 . 4 % | 4 . 5 % | 4 . 2 % | 6 . 9 % | | South | South | 1 . 2 % | 1 . 5 % | 1 . 3 % | 3 . 4 % | Note : This table shows , for each block , the year-end value of international portfolio investment positions distinguishing between equity and debt . Panel A shows the value of international investment positions scaled by world gross domestic product ( GDP ) . For each investment type and year , world GDP includes the GDP of destination countries for which we have information for that year ( all source countries with information for a given year also have information as destination countries ) . Within each investment type and year , world GDP is the same across blocks . Panel B shows the share of international investment positions . For each investment type , the sum of North-to-North , North-to-South , South-to-North , and South-to-South shares in a given year is 100 percent . Bilateral data are aggregated for all countries within a source region to all countries within a destination region .", "spans": [{"start": 1069, "end": 1083, "text": "Bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12-19 | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-05-07 | 2019-10-29 | | KE-MOE-61968-NC-DIR / < br > Subscription to the Wood < br > Mackenzie global economic < br > model ( GEM ) database | TF / A3418 | | Prior | Direct Selection | Direct | | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Review | | 2018-06-07 | 2018-06-12 | | | | | 2018-07-17 | 2019-01-13 | | KE-MOE-88662-NC-RFB / < br > Implementation of Public < br > Information & Awareness < br > Campaign recommendations | IDA / 55260 | | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2019-01-04 | 2019-01-09 | | 2019-02-20 | | 2019-03-22 | 2019-04-26 | 2019-10-23 | | * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * S * * < br > < br > | | | | | < br > | | | < br > < br > | < br > | | < br > Co | mbined | Evaluation | | | | Description | Loan / Credit < br > No . < br > Co | mpone | nt < br > Review Type | Method | Market < br > Approach | Contract Type < br > Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > | Process Status < br > Terms of < br > Planned | Reference < br > Expression o < br > Notic < br > Actual < br > Plan", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 167, "text": "model ( GEM ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economy were then transmitted to the Brazil CGE model through tariffs and import prices changes , and shifts in the demand schedules for the Brazilian exports < sup > 18 < / sup > . An inspection of Table 7 and Table 8 can give an idea of the importance of these shocks combined with the importance of each commodity in Brazilian external trade . As can be seen , Brazilian exports are spread among many different commodities , with no specialized trend . Raw agricultural products have very small share in total exports , composed almost entirely of soybeans . Processed food and agricultural-based exports ( including wood and furniture , rubber , paper , textiles and apparel ) , however , account for a significant 0 . 369 share of total exports in the base year , highlighting the importance of Agriculture in the Brazilian economy . Imports as a share of each domestic production are concentrated in wheat , oil , machinery , electric materials and electronic equipment , and chemical products . In terms of total import shares , however , oil products ( raw and refined ) , machinery , electric materials and electronic equipment , and chemical products are the most important products . Table 7 also shows some relevant parameters and other production characteristics of the model . The Armington elasticities are borrowed from the GTAP database . The same is true for the export demand elasticities ( not shown in the table ) , made equal to the GTAP region-generic elasticity of substitution among imports in the Armington structure . The Agriculture sector is modeled as a multi-production sector , producing 11 commodities . Thus the capital / labor ratio ( ratio of values ) in Table 7 is the same for every agricultural product . The value of land is not included in the value of capital here . If land was included , the value of the capital / labor ratio in agriculture would rise to 0 . 99 . The value > 18 The shifts in the demand schedules for Brazilian exports were calculated using export price and quantity results from GTAP , together with export demand elasticities drawn from GTAP data . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1340, "end": 1353, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2003, "end": 2046, "text": "export price and quantity results from GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2101, "end": 2110, "text": "GTAP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "disposable income , inequality has widened in Europe and United States since the end of the 1980s . Figure 4 shows the evolution of the Gini index of per capita household income for the countries included in the ISSP survey and the evidence points to a slow but stable upward trend in income inequality . – < u > Figure 4 Evolution of income inequality , ISSP countries < / u > Source : own elaboration based on Branko Milanovic ’ s “ All the Ginis ” data set available in < u > https : / / www . gc . cuny . edu / Page-Elements / Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives / Centers-andInstitutes / Stone-Center-on-Socio-Economic-Inequality / Core-Faculty , - Team , - and-Affiliated-LISScholars / Branko-Milanovic / Datasets < / u > Note : the figure plots the Gini index of the per capita household income distribution of every country . Light gray lines indicate individual countries and the black solid line indicates the simple average for all countries in the sample . The average is plotted for years 1987-2012 ; remaining years have few data points to estimate a consistent average . Several authors have emphasized that the increase of inequality measured from household surveys may be an underestimate of the real inequality , as a large part of that increase occurred through a concentration of incomes at the top of the distribution and very rich people are normally not sampled in these surveys . Indeed , using administrative ( tax ) data , Piketty and Saez ( 2014 ) show that income inequality measured as the national income in the hands of the top 10 % decreased considerably from 1930 to 1970 , both in Europe and the United States , but it increased strongly in the United States after 1970 and to a less extent in Europe after 1980 ( see Figure 5 ) . While inequality is similar in both regions , current differences 17", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 223, "text": "ISSP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1167, "end": 1184, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1422, "end": 1449, "text": "administrative ( tax ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": improved < br > access to water < br > resources for < br > household < br > consumption | Ongoing - Sensitization is < br > ongoing as the communities are < br > waiting for the distribution of 5 - < br > 5000-liter water tanks < br > for Kapepepe settlement | 10 , 000 , 000 | December < br > 2025 to < br > March 2026 | Internally by < br > UWA | | Target 6 : improved < br > access to medicinal < br > plants for Batwa < br > community members | Establishment of medicinal < br > plants demonstration plot < br > in Semuliki ( Being undertaken < br > by Fight for the Forgotten < br > in Karambi in collaboration < br > with UWA ) | - - - - - | Until June < br > 2026 | Being done < br > by Fight for < br > the < br > Forgotten . | | | Establishment of medicinal < br > plants demonstration plot on < br > land procured by Cross Cultural < br > Foundation of Uganda ( CCFU ) < br > in Makere will be supported < br > by UWA ( Subject to < br > confirmation of availability of < br > land ) | 15 , 000 , 000 | | | | Target 7 : support < br > Batwa communities < br > in recording | Translate phase 1 of herbal < br > medicine inventory into Lubwisi < br > and Ruswa language spoken in | 15 , 000 , 000 | March 2026 | Service < br > Provider to | 33", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1141, "text": "medicine inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | re < br >  < br > All personnel shall be instructed < br > to dispose of all waste in a proper < br > manner < br >  < br > Recycling of construction material < br > shall be practiced where feasible < br > e . g . , containers and cartons < br >  < br > Earth spoils shall be disposed of in < br > pre identified sites | Co | | | | | | Liquid Wastes < br > Impacts | D < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 surveys launched ; < br > n policy produced , adopted and published ; < br > E ) survey microdata available on-line ; < br > ble on-line ; | | ( 6 . 4 ) KCHS 2017 microdata available on-line ; and 6 / 13 / 2016 Page 4 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 100, "text": "survey microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 156, "end": 175, "text": "KCHS 2017 microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , Soricomopha ( Shrews , moles ) and Rodentia ( Rodents ) . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 . 3 Avian Fauna * * Timed species counts ( TSC ) were used to assess the relative abundance of birds within the survey sites , a method that gives the researcher the opportunity to flush out all observable species . TSCs are good for quick assessment of species richness and abundance of an area and is thus good for inventorying during environmental assessments ( Pomeroy , 1992 ; Freeman _et al , _ 2003 ) . This method involved developing a species count list in which all species positively identified were listed in the order / rank of sight or call in a period of one hour ; and 30 minutes were used at each sample point . The observer walked around the survey point in a radius of 100 meters flushing out shy and cryptic 165", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 544, "text": "species count list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manufacturing sector survey have a graduate ( B . A . ) or higher degree , as opposed to 79 percent of the owners / managers of the businesses selling on Chaldal . More than 90 percent of the firms in the Bangladesh manufacturing sector survey are managed by the owner or their family , in comparison to 82 percent of Chaldal sellers . Thus , firms selling on Chaldal have higher levels of managerial education and a lower prevalence of family management than typical manufacturing firms in Bangladesh . Given the small average size of Daraz sellers , a recent representative survey of family business in India may be an appropriate comparison sample for the Daraz survey . < sup > 20 < / sup > In India , among family businesses with at least one hired worker , only 25 percent of the owners have tertiary ( above senior secondary ) education . In comparison , the majority of Daraz sellers have tertiary education . The average age of the owners of Indian family businesses is about 45 years , compared to 30 years in the case of Daraz sellers . Daraz sellers may be small , but they are a highly educated and youthful subset of small business owners in South Asia . # * * 6 Conclusion * * The quantitative case studies presented in this paper have contributed to the scant evidence base on the ways in which selling on e-commerce platforms impacts small firms in developing countries . The main channel of impact highlighted by the surveys is the greater access to product markets enabled by the reduction in transactions costs . This finding is significant in light of the growing evidence that there are important demand-side constraints to firm growth , such as the high costs of gaining initial market access ( Atkin and Osman ( 2017 ) ) and slowly building a customer base ( Foster and Syverson ( 2016 ) ) . The case studies also suggest that this easing of demand-side constraints to growth increases e-commerce sellers ’ incentives to formalize and undertake complementary changes to business practices and technologies . Strikingly , micro and small-sized firms from the informal sector report these benefits to the same extent as do medium to large-sized formal", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 27, "text": "manufacturing sector survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 205, "end": 243, "text": "Bangladesh manufacturing sector survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 561, "end": 610, "text": "representative survey of family business in India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 659, "end": 671, "text": "Daraz survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "class , on the other hand , are located in households from the 8 < sup > th < / sup > income class and above . We see , then , that the household income classes are highly positively correlated with the occupational wage earning classes . # * * 4 . The simulations * * This paper presents results for the central Doha scenario and for the full-liberalization scenario . # # * * 4 . 1 Model closure * * In choosing a model closure we aimed to mimic the GTAP model that generated the foreign price scenario . On the supply side , we fixed total national employment by occupation , with jobs moving freely between sectors and regions < sup > 13 < / sup > . The model allows substitution between occupations , driven by relative wages . Similarly capital is fixed nationally but is mobile between sectors and regions . The Land stock ( used just in the Agriculture activity ) is fixed < sup > 14 < / sup > . Since agriculture is an activity that produces 11 products , land is allocated to these competing products through relative prices , allowing the crop mix to change . On the demand side government and investment spending are fixed < sup > 15 < / sup > , and a fixed trade balance enforces the national budget balance , 13 There is a tension between our GTAP-like closure and Brazilian reality . The microdata show substantial unemployment of less-skilled groups in all regions . For the microsimulation we assumed that jobs created ( or lost ) in a region were allotted to ( or taken from ) households in that region . An alternate scenario , where fixed real wages replaced national labour constraints , yielded results similar to those reported here . 14 The factor market closure causes the model to generate percent changes in prices for 10 labour types , capital and land , ie , price changes are uniform across regions . Percent changes in demand for each of the 12 factors vary in addition by sector and region . Each adult in the PNAD microdata is identified by region and labour type ; those employed are also identified by sector . Changes", "spans": [{"start": 1303, "end": 1312, "text": "microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1942, "end": 1956, "text": "PNAD microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Feeding Programme | | UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | | UNICEF | United Nations Children ’ s Funds | | WASH | Water Sanitation and Hygiene | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 8 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 63 * * of * * 73 * * 12to participate in planning , implementing and monitoring resettlement . Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms are established for these groups . In new resettlement sites or host communities , infrastructure and public services are provided as necessary to improve , restore or maintain accessibility and levels of service for the displaced persons and host communities . Alternative or similar resources are provided to compensate for the loss of access to community resources ( such as fishing areas , grazing areas , fuel or fodder ) . ( c ) Patterns of community organization appropriate to the new circumstances are based on choices made by the displaced persons . To the extent possible , the existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and any host communities are preserved and resettlers ’ preferences with respect to relocating in pre-existing communities and groups are honored . # # # # # # * * IV . Eligibility for Benefits * * < sup > * * xviii * * < / sup > 14 . Upon identification of the need for involuntary resettlement in a project , the borrower carries out a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project ( see the Annex , para . 6 ( a ) ) , to determine who will be eligible for assistance and to discourage inflow of people ineligible for assistance . The borrower also develops a procedure , satisfactory to the Bank , for establishing the criteria by which displaced persons will be deemed eligible for compensation and other resettlement assistance . The procedure includes provisions for meaningful consultations with affected persons and communities , local authorities , and , as appropriate , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and it specifies grievance mechanisms . 15 . Criteria for Eligibility . Displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups : ( a ) those who have formal legal rights to land ( including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the country ) ; and ( b ) those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1171, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2132, "end": 2138, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project implementation are mixed , the consensus view is that the rains were slightly late for the 2009 main production season , but once they started , they were adequate arid evenly spread throughout the season . Parts of the country experienced marginal drought conditions , and ' for most of the country improved seed Was inshort supply . According to official data , however , the impact of these deficiencies on aggregate production appears minimal . - _Crop production . _ Official data from the Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) suggest an _increase_ in grain production of _5 . 2_ percerit during project implementation ( from 17 . 2 million tons to 18 . 4 million tons ) . In , contrast , estimates from the Food and Agriculture ' Organization ( FAO ) and the World Food Program ( WFP ) crop , and food security assessment mission suggest that there was a 4 . 7 percent _decrease_ in aggregate grain production . The well-known lack of consensus < sup > s < / sup > and concerns about the reliability of agricultural statistics in Ethiopia thus pose a challenge in assessing whether the fertilizer project achieved its broad development objective . Even so , F AO and WFP also report that based on the _five-year average_ production level , Ethiopia in 2009-10 recorded a 7 percent _increase ' ingrain_ production ( FAOIWFP 201 0 ) . Either way , the available data suggest that the project may have helped avoid a significant _decline_ in grain production ; 39 . The project ' s specific development objective was more than achieved . The specific objective was to _ \" contribute to the government ' s efforts to ensure aggregate availability of supply of chemical fertilizer for the 2009-10 crop season adequate to meet smallholder farmers ' priority demands . _ \" Given that global fertilizer prices had dropped significantly by the time the project was approved ( figure 1 ) , the reduced prices allowed Ethiopia to import a larger quantity offertilizer ( 510 , 000 tons versus", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 369, "text": "official data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 480, "end": 529, "text": "Official data from the Central Statistical Agency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1015, "end": 1038, "text": "agricultural statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in some specifications ) . Despite the consumption boom induced by demobilization cash transfers , we find that the DDR program had no significant indirect effect on shopkeepers . This surprising result may be due to an increasingly competitive environment following the return of demobilized combatants . Table S . 9 in the appendix indeed shows that shop ownership increased for FNL households between 2006 and 2010 , from 12 % to 45 % ( _p_ - value = . 12 ) . In contrast , we find that shop ownership of CNDD + households declined between 2006 and 2010 , from 56 % to 30 % ( _p_ - value = . 29 ) . These changes go in the direction consistent with our interpretation but are not significant at conventional levels . Increased competition could also explain why we observe a reduction in the price of bottled beers in collines characterized by a high density of demobilized FNL returns and a positive evolution in the price of bottled beers in collines with a high density of CNDD + returns ( table S . 8 in the appendix ) . Finally , the impact on public sector employees is striking and should be emphasized . The relative situation of public employees has sharply improved in collines with a high proportion of CNDD + returns . On the contrary , public employees living in collines with numerous FNL ex-combatants are relatively worse off . This is not surprising if we remember that the actual president of Burundi , Pierre Nkurunziza , is the former leader of the CNDD-FDD rebel group ; public employees working in collines with numerous CNDD + ex-combatants may have been favored following his election in 2005 . An alternative explanation for our findings could be that collines hosting FNLs and CNDD + ex-combatants were following different trends : a positive trend for FNL collines and a negative trend for CNDD + collines . This explanation is unlikely for a few reasons . First , there is no evidence of strategic relocation of ex-combatants . The registers include data on village of origin and return . Comparing these for each of the ex-combatants , we find that around 88 % have come back to their colline of origin , and 92", "spans": [{"start": 1981, "end": 2017, "text": "data on village of origin and return", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "temporarily in 2004 ; however , in 2006 it reached the 2003 level and continued to accelerate in 2007 – 2008 ( Chart 9 ) . * * Chart 9 . Net change of loans outstanding to households by currency breakdown * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > HUF Bn HUF Bn < br > 500 500 < br > 450 450 < br > 400 400 < br > 350 350 < br > 300 300 < br > 250 250 < br > 200 200 < br > 150 150 < br > 100 100 < br > 50 50 < br > 0 0 < br > - 50 - 50 < br > - 100 - 100 < br > Loans from banks - HUF Loans from banks - FX < br > Loans from financial enterprises - HUF Loans from financial enterprises - FX < br > Total lending < br > 2003Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2004Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2005Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2006Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2007Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2008Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : MNB . Note : ― Banks ‖ includes banks , branches , and cooperative credit institutions . A specificity of Hungarian foreign currency lending was the fact that loans to households were almost exclusively denominated in CHF ( Chart 10 ) . In an attempt to secure the largest possible market share , foreign-owned banks initially entered into cost-based competition , which was subsequently replaced by risk-based competition . CHF-denominated loans gained ground as a result of risk-based competition ( Banai et al . , 2010a ) . Looking at the data recorded before October 2008 ( the escalation of the crisis ) , the HUF / EUR exchange rate was only slightly less volatile than that of the Swiss franc . In contrast , Swiss interest rate levels were invariably lower than those prevailing in the euro area . Based on the former data , the lower initial installment amount associated with the lower interest rate appeared attractive even amid slightly higher exchange rate volatility . However , this ignores the fact that the Swiss franc had appreciated continuously since", "spans": [{"start": 1306, "end": 1339, "text": "data recorded before October 2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1583, "end": 1594, "text": "former data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 19 - agriculture to nonfarm activities ( Freeman and Norcliffe , 1985 ; Okelo , 1973 ; and Williams and McClintock , 1981 ) . Evidence from Kenya an4 Sierra Leone suggests that agricultural surpluses account for between 15 and 40 percent of nonfarm investment funds ( Child , 1977 ; Liedholm and Chuta 1976 ) . Surpluses generated in nonfarm activities likewise furnish funds for productivity enhancing investments in agriculture . Kitching ( 1977 ) , in a review of sixteen farm management surveys from East Africa , finds repeated evidence of nonfarm earnings playing a crucial role in farmer acquisition of productive agricultural assets , especially land . The positive impact of off-farm earnings on agricultural investment has also been observed in Kenya ( Collier and Lal , 1986 ; Haugerud , 1984 ) , Nalawi ( Cleave , 1974 ) , Nigeria ( Berry , 1975 ) Tanzania ( Cleave , 1971 ) and Uganda ( Nassel and Parnes , 1969 ) . B . LaboL FlwEl Monfarm labor usage moves contracyclically to demands of the agricultural calendar resulting in substantial seasonal labor flows between the rural farm and nonfarm sectors . We estimate that 20 to 40 percent of the rural labor force works in both farm and nonfarm activities , this range representing the sizeable magnitude of the labor flows moving back and forth between the rural farm and nonfarm sectors . 10 / C . Backward Linkages from Agriculture to Rural Input Suppliers Rural enterprises can supply some of the agricultural inputs required by farmers . For example , seasonal data from Sierra Leone indicate that blacksmithing activity reaches its peak during the height of the agricultural season because of the demand for repair services ( Liedholm and Chuta , 1976 ) . Of course , the type and magnitude of backward linkages varies depending on agricultural technology , size of holding , type of crop , and whether production is irrigated or rainfed .", "spans": [{"start": 477, "end": 517, "text": "farm management surveys from East Africa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1523, "end": 1554, "text": "seasonal data from Sierra Leone", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "populations exist in the Victoria Nile despite the presence of the Nalubaale dam for approximately the last 50 years . For species that require headwater habitats in which to spawn , it is likely that tributary streams flowing directly into the Victoria Nile are now more important , rather than tributaries flowing into Lake Victoria , which would have been accessible prior to construction of the Nalubaale dam . In 2001 , NEMA sought advice from FIRRI on the necessity for a fish ladder or similar structure to allow passage of fish from one side of the Bujagali dam to the other . FIRRI ' s advice ( Appendix G . 5 ) was that there is an existing barrier to fish migration at Owen Falls / Nalubaale , and that similar fish species assemblages are found on either side of this dam , indicating that the dam has had little adverse effect on fish populations . It concluded that a fish ladder was not scientifically justifiable , particularly because the existing dam is only 8 km upstream of Bujagali . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 4 . 4 Present Status of Victoria Nile Fish Populations * * Fish surveys of the Nile system in Uganda conducted since 1987 , indicate that the Victoria Nile is still dominated by many species that were once a major fishery of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga , prior to the introduction of Nile perch . Balirwa ( 1990 ) identified three types of fish ecosystems in the area , which favoured individual species . These comprised : R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A * * 10045 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1086, "end": 1117, "text": "Fish surveys of the Nile system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are particularly beneficial for struggling students who might have problems keeping pace with classroom instruction ( Duflo , Dupas , and Kremer 2015 ; Banerjee et al . 2016 ) , or even for more advanced students who might lose interest with a slower instructional pace . The second mechanism operates through the activation of social norms of reciprocity induced by the receipt of an expensive device provided in a school setting ( Akerloff 1982 , Fehr et al 1998 , Fehr and Gächter 2000 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > In this context , getting access to an expensive gadget and the implicit signaling of the importance of learning may prolong student interest in and engagement with learning materials , especially for students who have mastered foundational reading skills . > 1 For a discussion of issues in education service delivery in developing countries , see World Bank ( 2017 ) , Pritchett ( 2013 ) , and World Bank ( 2003 ) . > 2 While digital technologies can be used to support teacher preparation and instruction , in this paper we focus on technologies targeted directly at students . > 3 A survey covering 22 SSA countries found that , in 2010 , the “ median country ” had 1 . 4 students per textbook in both reading and math in primary education , ranging from about less than one pupil per book to 11 for reading and 13 for math . A 2008 study for secondary education found that in 18 of 19 SSA countries surveyed there was severe book shortage for most students ( Fredriksen , Brar , and Trucano 2015 ) . > 4 See Sobel ( 2005 ) for a discussion of theoretical models of reciprocity and Gneezy and List ( 2006 ) for a test of reciprocity in a set of field experiments . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1100, "end": 1132, "text": "survey covering 22 SSA countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "link between an establishment ’ s _average_ management score and its sales per worker . It also illustrates which other establishment characteristics are , _ceteris paribus_ , associated with higher labor productivity ; namely size ( bigger establishments have higher labor productivity ) , foreign ownership , exporting status , and less concentrated ownership structures ( relative to sole proprietorships , all other legal forms have higher average labor productivity ) _ . _ Table 6 also presents the results of the relationship between each of the individual practices and labor productivity . Column ( 2 ) of table 6 shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between the component of management practices that describes how establishments respond to problems and labor productivity . On the other hand , the survey data reveal no significant relationship between the number of performance metrics monitored ( column ( 3 ) ) , nor the difficulty of targets ( column ( 4 ) ) and labor 16", "spans": [{"start": 832, "end": 843, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of collaborative and non-confrontational approach of engaging government enhanced sharing of contract information with AFIC , which was a major challenge in the initial stages of the project . * * This was realized after the government increasingly trusted CSOs through regular dialogue with GoU and by CSOs providing feedback which GoU deemed to be adding value rather than fault finding as often happens in the relationship between CSOs and government . In addition , capacity building for key stakeholders enhanced disclosure since they got to know that citizens had rights to access information and that public officers were obliged to disclose public information . Engaging the media as well as building the capacity of the media personnel to cover stories on open contracting provided citizens with more information on contract monitoring which created a ripple down effect to other sub-counties and districts . This was done in collaboration with the Social Media Accountability Initiative , that facilitated the media training . 27 . * * The project utilized a multi-sectoral engagement strategy as a way of involving the public in contracting processes . * * This entailed engagement of technical and political officials as well as communities . Sensitization of communities and training of community monitors regarding their right to access to information and monitoring public projects led to increased awareness of their rights and increased active participation in monitoring public contracts . * * Key Expected Outcome 3 : * * Improved informed decision making by governments regarding monitored contracts and services in the agriculture , education and health sectors . * * This expected outcome was successfully achieved as evidenced by the PDO indicator # 3 . * * 28 . * * The project gave community monitors tools for monitoring contracts and provided technical support and supervision . In addition , the project held multi-stakeholder activities as a way of involving the public in contracting processes . * * The public further participated in district validation meetings where progress and challenges were discussed , and community monitors provided more feedback to the technical and political leadership . Total 32 recommendations / corrective measures were implemented to improve contracting procedures and performance", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between 2006 and 2011 , but corresponds to only one point in time , which does not allow for examination of city height evolution . As mentioned before , for each city , the data from the DLR provides average height of every pixel inside the defined urban extent , with a resolution of 90x90 meters . Table 3 provides summary statistics on building heights across cities at different income levels . These are average heights , covering the entire urban extent . * * Table 3 : City Heights Measures - Summary Statistics by Income Group * * | | * * Low * * < br > * * Income * * | * * Lower - * * < br > * * Middle * * < br > * * Income * * | * * Upper - * * < br > * * Middle * * < br > * * Income * * | * * High * * < br > * * Income * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ave Height ( in m ) | 2 . 37 | 2 . 34 | 3 . 58 | 3 . 34 | | | ( 0 . 53 ) | ( 0 . 77 ) | ( 1 . 32 ) | ( 1 . 14 ) | | Ave q90 ( in m ) | 3 . 63 | 3 . 72 | 6 . 24 | 5 . 93 | | | ( 1 . 21 ) | ( 1 . 56 ) | ( 2 . 73 ) | ( 2 . 62 ) | | Ave q95 ( in m ) | 4 . 26 | 4 . 35 | 7 . 56 | 7 . 69 | | | ( 1 . 58 ) | ( 2 . 00 ) | ( 3 . 43 ) | ( 3 . 88 ) | | Ave max ( in m ) | 10 . 52 | 13 . 26 | 25 . 12 | 31 . 78 | | | ( 6 . 65 ) | ( 12 . 26 ) |", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 191, "text": "data from the DLR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 8 : Direct and indirect labor content of exports across sectors , forward linkages , South Africa 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Trade and Transport Services < br > Other Private Services < br > Minerals nec < br > Metals nec < br > Ferrous Metals < br > Chemical , Rubber , Plastic Products < br > Machinery and Equipment nec < br > Metal Products < br > PubAdmin / Defence / Health / Educat < br > Transport Equipment < br > Agr , Forestry , Fisheries < br > Paper Products , Publishing < br > Electricity , Gas , Water < br > Energy Extraction < br > Processed Foods < br > Wood Products < br > Mineral Products nec < br > Textiles < br > Manufactures nec < br > Construction < br > Wearing Apparel < br > Beverages and Tobacco Products < br > Leather Products < br > Dwellings < br > 0 2 , 000 4 , 000 6 , 000 8 , 000 < br > US $ mil . < br > Direct LVAX Indirect LVAX < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . In line with other comparators , labor value added associated to exports tends to be biased towards unskilled workers . While the unskilled component of total labor content of exports is larger in most sectors , in public administration , defense , health and education and in other private services exports , the unskilled-skilled labor value added split is about even ( Figure 9 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > This is the case whether considering total value added computed through the backward or forward linkages method . At the other extreme , agriculture , forestry and fishing have the lowest shares of skilled labor contained in total exports . > 14 We use 2007 as the split for 2011 is not compatible with previous years . 16", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 987, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 . X . Cirera , D . A . Comin , M . Cruz , K . M . Lee , Anatomy of technology in the firm , _National Bureau of Economic Research , Working Paper , n . 28080_ . 18 . N . Bloom , J . Van Reenen , Why do management practices differ across firms and countries ? , _Journal of economic perspectives_ * * 24 * * , 203 ( 2010 ) . 19 . Google , Google covid-19 community mobility reports , _https : / / www . google . com / covid19 / mobility / _ ( 2020 ) . ( accessed 2020-Aug-07 ) . 20 . C . Buffington , _et al . _ , Measuring the effect of covid-19 on us small businesses : The small business pulse survey , _Working Paper CES-20-16 , U . S . Census Bureau , Center for Economic Studies_ , _Tech . rep . _ ( 2020 ) . 21 . M . Caliendo , S . Kopeinig , Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching , _Journal of economic surveys_ * * 22 * * , 31 ( 2008 ) . 22 . A . Abadie , G . W . Imbens , Bias-corrected matching estimators for average treatment effects , _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics_ * * 29 * * , 1 ( 2011 ) . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) TMSDG ( p . 11 ) . < sup > 19 < / sup > Only trials for which a proper intention-to-treat estimate can be obtained are included . Therefore , we require that the study ( or trial authors , through personal communication ) report outcomes for the population assigned to treatment and comparison groups , independent of whether they received treatment or not . When estimating the mean effect of MDA on weight , we report results both in the set of trials that take place in settings where the WHO recommends deworming ( i . e . , those where prevalence of either hookworm , whipworm , or roundworm is over 20 % , which is the threshold for annual MDA , or 50 % , which is the threshold for multiple annual MDA ) , and in the full sample ( for completeness and comparability to TMSDG ) . # * * 3 . 2 Search procedure * * We start with the sample of studies included in TMSDG , as a well-known and oft-cited systematic review , for their analysis of the impact of multiple-dose deworming treatment of “ all children living in an endemic area ” ( i . e . mass drug administration , or MDA ) at longest follow-up on child weight . We supplement this sample with additional studies we could identify that meet the trial inclusion criteria above . The Campbell Collaboration deworming team generously shared information on additional trials which they identified for use in their own forthcoming systematic review on the impacts of mass deworming . All studies we include were identified by the Campbell Collaboration and any study that they > hookworm ; hookworm infection is the third leading contributor to the global burden of anemia , whereas neither of the other two STH species rank among the top causes of anemia ( Kassebaum et al . , 2013 ; Smith and Brooker , 2010 ) . Of the 7 trials in the TMSDG meta-analysis of hemoglobin ( which produce 9 treatment estimates , since two are factorial ) , only one appears to have any significant hookworm prevalence ( Dossa and Ategbo , 2001 ) ; the other six either do not report", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 7 . 2 MSDTA Project category and Impact * * The MSDTA is designed to have both environmental and social positive impact as stated in the Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet ( World Bank 2002a ) . The main objectives of the project include - The expansion of socially and environmentally sound private investment in exploration and mining development ; - The institutional strengthening of Uganda ' s capacity for management of mineral-related environmental issues and social impacts ; and - The provision of extension services to improve social , welfare , health , safety and environmental conditions for artisanal workers . The project also contains strong environmental and social elements Component D has a primary objective to _ \" develop withln DGSM an environmental protection , preventative and monitonng unit for mineral activities and a social monitoring , safeguarding and development unit for mining areas and nearby communites impacted by mining_ \" ( World Bank 2002b ) . As described above for environmental issues , the project itself will not have direct social impacts . However , the project will provide assistance to develop tools , mechanisms and procedures to identify and mitigate negative social effects which could anse from the development of mining operations induced by the project itself . During pre appraisal , MSDTA has been categorised as a B project , using the guidelines of the World Bank OP 4 . 01 on Environmental Assessment . Discussions with World Bank safeguards policy specialists indicated that the project triggers the following Policies : Environmental Assessment Policy ( OP4 . 01 ) , Involuntary Resettlement ( OP . 4 . 12 ) , Cultural Property ( OP . 4 . 11 ) . Furthermore , the Indigenous People Policy ( OP . 4 . 20 ) may be tnggered should the project lead to Gold exploration in the Bwindi Forest , home of the Batwa pygmies or in the Northem Karamojong Mountains , home to the Ik , former hunter gatherer in he Kidepo Forest , now a national park It is to", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "imagery sources as described in panel B in Table 1 , district fixed effects , a binary indicator for urban villages , and log village-area . “ Low-resolution public ” indicators refer to the low-resolution and public indicators as defined in Table 1 . “ All public ” indicators refers to all the public imagery based indicators , including the high-resolution imagery based indicators described in Table 1 . “ Proprietary texture ” indicators include very high-resolution texture features based on Digital Globe from Engstrom et al . ( 2017 ) as defined in Table 1 . “ All ” imagery refers to all public and proprietary texture indicators , and object identifiers , such as cars , roofs etc . , as defined as in Table 1 . The out-of-sample _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > , Mean Absolute Error ( MAE ) , and Root Mean Squared Error ( RMSE ) for the LASSO based Poisson regression are from tables 8-10 . 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 8 . Sources of Funding * * As stated in the Constitution of Ethiopia , people affected by development projects have the right to be compensated and resettled . This forms the bottom line for the commitment of the Government towards compensation and resettlement / rehabilitation . Whereas the national government is the political source of funding , the operational source of funding of resettlement / compensation operations is the _woreda_ administration in agreement with kebele ( local ) and regional governments . The scope of potential resettlement / rehabilitation operations assessed and to be induced by the three components of the project ( Site Planning and Conservation , Inventory and Documentation Development and Artisanal craft Development ) , is within the budgetary framework of _woreda_ administrations . Should the costs for resettlement / rehabilitation at any project site exceed the budgetary capacity of the woreda administrations , additional financial resources will be covered by the regional administration or by the Federal government . The cost will be calculated on the basis of the estimates made in presumed household surveys , including the quantity and types of properties of the PAPs . Upon establishing the cost estimates , the budget including resettlement / rehabilitation will be submitted to the _kebele_ , PAPs and PCU compensation committee for review . Once the budget is approved , potential requests for additional funding will be sent by the _woreda_ and the PCU , to the relevant regional governments for funding . 27", "spans": [{"start": 1144, "end": 1170, "text": "presumed household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178478 ) | | disaggregated by < br > nationality < br > ( Syrian / Palestinian ) , < br > gender , age risk group , and < br > nationality , including host < br > communities , in < br > coordination with UNCHR . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of patients with COVID-19 and < br > other related conditions whose < br > treatments were supported by the project < br > ( total and disaggregated by sex ) | This indicator will measure < br > the number of COVID-19 < br > patients for whom the < br > hospital treatment bills are < br > covered by the project . < br > This indicator will be | 6 months | MOPH < br > reports | Administrative Data | PMU / MOPH | | * * ME PDO Table SPACE * * | disaggregated by gender | | | | | | | * * Monitoring & Evaluatio * * | * * n Plan : Inter * * | * * mediate Results I * * | * * ndicators * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * Methodology for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | Percentage of refugees pre-registered on < br > the national platform who are fully < br > vaccinated ( total", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 751, "text": "Administrative Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "φ is 83 % . Either at 60 % or 83 % , the value is much larger than those commonly used in the theoretical literature . Our empirical estimate of φ has been cited and used in recent theoretical literature on macro-prudential policy , for example , by Bianchi and Mendoza ( 2017 ) . In the second part of this paper , we run cross-section regressions to find associations between firm characteristics , bank characteristics and loan characteristics with collateral requirements . We focus on two questions : ( 1 ) whether an existing loan requires collateral ( i . e . the extensive margin ) , and ( 2 ) when the loan does require collateral , what is the collateral value relative to the loan value ( i . e . the intensive margin ) ? On the extensive margin , we find that foreign firms are less likely to pledge collateral when they borrow . This result is not new . Berger and Udel ( 1995 ) with U . S . data and Jimenez et al ( 2006 ) with Spanish data have similarly found that loans to low-risk borrowers are less likely to be collateralized . What is new and more interesting is that small firms are found to be significantly less likely to pledge collateral compared to medium and large firms . Loans from non-bank financial institutions are also more associated with no collateral . These two results are related , because small firms are significantly more > 3 Among 43 , 879 firms that provided valid answers to whether collateral was required , 22 , 263 firms have approval of loans within three years of the interview . These 22 , 263 firms form the sample for us to analyze the likelihood of collateral requirement . 3", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 954, "text": "Spanish data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by region — provided by the Famine Early Warning System Network ( FEWS NET ) of the United States Agency for Agricultural Development ( USAID ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > Ideally , one could argue that we should attribute to each migrantsending household only the average SPEI during the growing season months between the last wave and the month in which the individual migrated . However , this would imply that migration is an > anonymized survey datasets with publicly available remote-sensing weather products , since the current spatial resolution of geospatial data is not fine enough for spatial anonymization to result in mismeasurement of weather events that are experienced by sampled households . > 10 The SPEI data are based on gridded data produced by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia and can be downloaded here . The level of resolution is 0 . 5 x 0 . 5 degrees . > 11 The Nigeria FEWS NET crop calendar is available < u > here . < / u > 14", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 722, "text": "SPEI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 910, "end": 940, "text": "Nigeria FEWS NET crop calendar", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing * * such * * persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials * * ( SIDC ) * * and to deliver the Applications and * * supporting * * documents to the Association * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and-I Conditions_ * * _of Use of_ * * _Secure ientification Credentials in connection with ( he of Elecronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , * * / * * signed [ Position ] \" o * * 1 * * Instruction to Association staff ; please forward this letter to the Country Lawyer for further processing ( Borrower : please do not delete this note ) .", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 887, "text": "Association records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "them . The grid contains 7 GBFs : Business administration , production planning , sourcing and procurement , marketing , sales , payment methods , and quality control . Each function considers between 4 and 7 technologies . For example , an establishment can gather and analyze customer information for marketing purposes using face-to-face conversations , online chats via WhatsApp or the internet , structured customer surveys , customer relationship management ( CRM ) software to store contact information , interaction history , and communication preferences , or big data analytics and / or artificial intelligence to uncover trends and make informed marketing decisions . Figure 2 presents the grid for one sector-specific module , agriculture . The grid considers six SSBFs for agriculture which include land preparation , irrigation , weeding and pest management , harvesting , storage and packaging . For example , to prepare the land for cultivation , a farm can use manual labor with simple tools such as hand-held hoes , or rakes , animal-aided instruments such as ploughs , equipment manually operated such as tractors , motor tillers , or rotators , or equipment supported by digital technologies such as GPS , software or precision agriculture tools . Section A . 1 . 1 of the appendix reports the grids for all other SSBFs and the implementation manual precisely defines each of the technologies in the grid . # * * 2 . 3 Ranking of Technology Sophistication * * In addition to identifying key business functions and relevant technologies , industry experts ranked the technologies in each function based on their sophistication . More sophisticated technologies can perform a wider variety of tasks , more complex tasks , or perform tasks with greater accuracy and speed . The experts ’ deliberations and resulting sophistication rankings , shown on the grid , were produced before the survey administration . This approach to ranking technologies resembles the World Management Survey ( Bloom and Van Reenen , 2007 ) , which relies on experts to rank management practices according to their quality . Given the importance of the ranking for our analysis , we evaluated the coherence of the expert rankings through a three-stage validation process implemented in 14 of the 63 business functions on the grid including most of", "spans": [{"start": 1980, "end": 2003, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * Pla * * < br > | * * n * * < br > * * M * * | < br > * * ont * * | * * hs * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * . * * | | * * 1 * * < br > | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 7 * * | * * 8 * * | * * 9 * * | | * * 10 * * < br > | * * 11 * * | * * 12 * * < br > * * 13 * * | | * * 1 * * | * * Establish Project Level Resettlement Implementation Office * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 2 * * | * * Pre-Construction Preparation Phase * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 1 | Appointment of RAP Implementation Officer at RIU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 2 | Familiarization and Review of the RAP report by RIU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 3 | Training of RAP / RIU staffs in RAP implementation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 4 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 3 *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "institutional features that are central to developing countries such as part-time employment , unemployment with advanced education and vulnerable employment . Our final objective is to use our Skills Index to analyze the relationship between human capital , skills and economic growth and to provide estimates of what skills enhancement can mean for economic growth . Many studies have explored the relative contribution of human capital to cross-country income differences , but the results have been inconclusive . Angrist et al ( 2021 , p . 407 ) point out that _ “ The challenges in measuring quality have contributed to substantial variation in estimates of the role of human capital in cross-country differences in income , _ * * _ranging from nearly all to potentially none_ * * _ ” ( our emphasis ) . _ Part of the reason for this is due to the significant heterogeneity of the countries considered . Estimates indicate that while human capital accounts for 54 % of cross-country income differences in advanced economies , human capital accounts for only 4 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . In our paper , we focus on a similar group of developing countries in Asia . We develop a composite Asian Skills Index ( ASI ) for this group and then use the ASI as a proxy for human capital to study the link between skills development and economic growth . The ASI represents an extension of the effort initiated by the ESI to Asian countries . An important motivation for this effort is the concern that COVID may have on skills acquisition and the risk of large cohorts of children leaving school with few work-related skills . The index also may highlight the deleterious effects of COVID on the current operation of labor markets and the worsening imbalances of supply-demand mechanics in labor markets . We apply a clustering algorithm using “ K-means ” to identify a similar group of Asian developing countries . For this group , which includes countries like Sri Lanka and Pakistan , we 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analyses in high income countries , higher discount rates of 4 % and 5 % are more appropriate for upper-middle income and lower-middle income and low-income countries . However , we choose to use a consistent discount rate for all countries of 3 % so as not to penalize lower income countries in the global analysis . We estimate the economy wide affect by aggregating the per-student-present-value effect on earnings over all students currently enrolled in pre-primary , primary , and secondary , in alignment with the HCI . We adjust this aggregate by the expected survival rate of the student cohort , using the HCI adult survival rate , and for the share of work-life that this student cohort is expected to be in gainful employment , this component is also referred to as Human Capital Utilization ( Pennings , 2019 ) . All these factors are available at the country level . Ideally , we would like to rely on work-life tables for every country , unfortunately this is not available at a global scale . < sup > 95 < / sup > We also assume that the current expected earnings , which reflect the prevailing structure of the labor market , prices , and discrimination , is on average , a useful aggregate proxy . We do , however , have concerns , to what extent this assumption would hold if we were to disaggregate results by gender , since both expected earnings and labor force participation are significantly lower for women , given prevailing discrimination , both of which are likely to improve in the next 45 years . One important point is to how to best benchmark our returns to education assumption . This is critical since much of the literature on Mincerian regressions < sup > 96 < / sup > uses years of schooling , which are computed using a quality unadjusted measure of years of schooling . We are comfortable with our assumptions for two main reasons . First , one could argue that labor markets should be able to price years of education , taking into consideration their quality . And second , if not , a quality adjusted > 94 We have checked the robustness of this assumption using Patrinos et al (", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 638, "text": "HCI adult survival rate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 915, "end": 931, "text": "work-life tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "] that , singly or combined with all variation orders or amendments previously issued , increases the original contract amount by more than 15 percent ; and [ d ] the proposed termination of the contract . Complaints received in all prior review cases shall be sent to Bank for review and the response to the complaint in such cases , shall be cleared with the Bank . Complaints with allegations of fraud and corruption , shall be shared with Bank , irrespective of the thresholds . * * Disclosure of procurement information . * * The following documents shall be disclosed on the project / state websites : [ a ] Procurement Plan and its updates ; [ b ] an invitation for bids for procurement of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services ; [ c ] request for expression of interest for selection / hiring of consulting services ; [ d ] contract awards of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services procured following international and national procedures ; [ e ] a list of contracts / purchase orders placed following RFQ [ Request for Quotation ] procedures on a quarterly basis ; [ f ] a list of contracts following direct contracting [ DC ] on a quarterly basis ; [ g ] an annual financial and physical progress report of all contracts ; and [ h ] an action taken report on the complaints received on a quarterly basis . The following details shall be sent to the World Bank for publishing on the United Nations Development Business and the World Bank external website : [ a ] Specific Procurement Notice [ i . e . , invitation for bids ] for procurement of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services using open international procedures ; [ b ] Requests for Expression of Interests above US $ 800 , 000 ; [ c ] contract award details of all procurement of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services using open international procedure ; and [ d ] a list of contracts / purchase orders placed following DC procedures on a quarterly basis . Further , the implementing agency", "spans": [{"start": 1012, "end": 1047, "text": "list of contracts / purchase orders", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Nigeria has been steadily growing and was considered one of the fastest growing economies in the world in the decade surrounding the global financial crisis . At the same time home to the largest number of people living in extreme poverty . In 2018 , it surpassed India that had been leading this rank before . “ End poverty in all its forms everywhere ” by 2030 defined as the Sustainable Development Goal ( SDG ) 1 is thus an ambitious goal for Nigeria . Given the established consensus that children may suffer more and in different ways from poverty than adults ( Abuda and Delamonica , 2018 ) , it is important to study poverty distinguishing between these two groups . Along these lines , Newhouse et al . ( 2016 ) showed based on data from 2010 that Nigeria is facing one of the highest child poverty rates among a sample of 89 developing countries and that children are disproportionally more affected by poverty than adults . Considering that 44 percent of the Nigerian population is estimated to be below the age of 15 < sup > 1 < / sup > , reducing child poverty is therefore particularly important to achieve SDG 1 . While some may argue that economic growth will bring along poverty reduction , there is a concern that Nigeria ’ s strong economic growth has not been inclusive , as its effects on poverty remain unclear ( Ajakaiye et al . , 2016a , b ) . This view is supported by Dang and Dabalen ( 2019 ) and Ichoku et al . ( 2012 ) findings , that Nigeria has experienced non pro-poor growth . Moreover , World Bank ( 2016 ) showed that despite estimating a poverty growth elasticity of - 0 . 6 and a reduction in the share of the population considered poor , Nigeria nevertheless experiences an increase in the number of poor . This means that Nigeria ’ s population is growing at a higher rate , than the growth elasticity of poverty needed to result also in the reduction in the absolute number of poor people . However , the United Nations definition of poverty extends beyond monetary poverty that may be directly affected through growth", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 770, "text": "data from 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) by women in running their businesses include lack of business skills , limited value addition of products , low access to market information , and a lack of access to business networks . < sup > 17 < / sup > * * 6 . The impacts of COVID-19 on women entrepreneurs are substantial . * * Global evidence from past disease outbreaks generally shows that health emergencies accentuate existing gender inequalities . This is mainly through adverse effects on their health and well-being , food security and nutrition , livelihoods , and protection from violence . Early assessments of informal settlements in Nairobi showed that women compared to men are more likely to : ( a ) have completely lost their income due to the pandemic ; ( b ) have increased housework and face increased tensions at home ; ( c ) forgo health services ; and ( d ) skip meals . < sup > 18 < / sup > A recent Facebook business survey in Sub-Saharan Africa , including Kenya , shows that female-owned firms have been more likely to report having to temporarily close their business during COVID-19 . < sup > 19 < / sup > Given their smaller size and lower access to credit , women-owned firms are less equipped to cope with shocks . With the school closures during March-December 2020 and March-May 2021 and limitations on movements , a greater burden was placed on women to care for children and the elderly . The extra burden of care further affected women ’ s ability to take on paid work or business activities . Women-owned enterprises also form the highest proportion of businesses engaged in the sale of fresh food commodities that was affected by the COVID-19 measures such as border closures and restrictions on movement . < sup > 20 < / sup > * * 7 . Climate change is having and will continue to have a considerable negative", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 1010, "text": "Facebook business survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "en œuvre du TFD en 2011 , une réévaluation de la situation alimentaire et des moyens d ’ existence de ces groupes vulnérables soit opérée en vue de redéfinir le ciblage pour la seconde année ( 2012 ) . C ’ est pour répondre à cette exigence et évaluer la situation alimentaire des réfugiés qui ne bénéficient pas des DGV que la présente évaluation approfondie de l ’ assistance aux réfugiés centrafricains et tchadiens au Cameroun a été planifiée et effectuée par une mission conjointe PAM / UNHCR / Gouvernement ( MINEPAT et MINADER ) du 28 février au 10 mars 2012 dans les régions de l ’ Est , de l ’ Adamaoua et du Nord du Cameroun . > 1 Données fournies par le HCR > 2 Evaluation approfondie de la sécurité alimentaire et des conditions de vie des ménages des réfugiés centrafricains et de la population hôte des régions de l ’ Est et de l ’ Adamaoua ( MINEPAT , PAM , HCR , FAO , FICR , MINADER , partenaires ) > 3 ( i ) Enquête SMART sur la nutrition de juin 2010 ; ( ii ) évaluation décentralisée de l ’ EMOP 107350 de mars 2010 > 4 Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation > 5 Targeted Food Distribution 8", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 668, "text": "Données fournies par le HCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| | • < br > Develop a food and nutrition security plan tailored to Batwa needs . < br > • < br > Engage Fight for the Forgotten and UWA to obtain HIV prevalence data and < br > support targeted health interventions . < br > • < br > Share VMGP outcomes with district stakeholders during upcoming budget < br > conferences . | | - - - | - - - | | * * NGO - Fight * * < br > * * for the * * < br > * * Forgotten . * * < br > * * Karambi * * < br > * * Settlement * * | Settlement challenges : high temperatures , poor soils hindering agriculture , extreme < br > heat , and isolation from the park < br > Mobile settlement patterns : families move back and forth between Ntandi ( closer to < br > park ) and Karambi , making consistent service delivery challenging | | * * 13 : 45 27th * * < br > * * October * * | Poor road infrastructure limiting economic opportunities and market access < br > 42-acre site chosen because land is scarce and expensive in the region < br > Community fragmentation with some members permanently settled and others < br > moving between locations | | | Community appreciates Fight for the Forgotten ' s support including land purchase , < br > housing , goat revolving fund , vocational training , health services < br > Plans welcomed for cultural pavilion centre and greenhouse for medicinal herbs from < br > NGO support < br > Interest expressed by this NGO in collaboration with government agencies and < br > development projects < br > Despite training in various enterprises ( e . g . , mushroom growing , candle making , < br > perfume production ) , most Batwa lack capital to operationalize these skills . Bee < br > hives were distributed , but only a few remain active . < br > Suggested actions : | -", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 166, "text": "HIV prevalence data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * d Reporting * * < br > < br > Responsibility < br > for Data < br > Collection | DCT | Directorate of < br > Examination and < br > Testing ( DET ) | As will be < br > identified in the < br > M & E framework | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Collection an * * < br > < br > Data < br > Collection < br > Instruments | MoE Reports | MoE reports | Classroom < br > Observation < br > Studies | | * * Data * * < br > Frequency < br > and < br > Reports | Yrs 1 , 3 and < br > 5 | Mid-term < br > and Yr 6 | Mid-term < br > and Yr 5 | | YR6 | | Harmonized < br > examinations < br > in pace | 73 % | | YR5 | All subjects < br > for grades < br > 11-12 < br > reviewed < br > and fine - < br > tuned | | | | * * t Values * * < br > YR4 | All subjects < br > for grades < br > 9-10 < br > reviewed < br > and fine - < br > tuned | | | | * * Targe * * < br > YR3 | All subjects < br > for grades < br > 4-8 < br > reviewed < br > and fine - < br > tuned | Extent of < br > Progress at < br > mid-term | 70 % . | | YR2 | All subjects < br > for grades 1 - < br > 3 reviewed < br > and fine - < br > tuned | | | | YR1 | General < br > frame work < br > kg-12 < br > reviewed", "spans": [{"start": 333, "end": 344, "text": "MoE Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 347, "end": 358, "text": "MoE reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mani ( n = 311 ) * * | 84 . 2 % ( 79 . 8-87 . 9 ) | | * * Koboko ( n = 90 ) * * | 63 . 3 % ( 52 . 9-72 . 7 ) | | * * Moyo ( n = 79 ) * * | 93 . 7 % ( 85 . 6-97 . 4 ) | | * * Lamwo ( n = 211 ) * * | 76 . 8 % ( 70 . 6-82 . 0 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 261 ) * * | 37 . 5 % ( 31 . 9-43 . 6 ) | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Proportion of Households that say they are Satisfied with the Water < br > Supply < br > 48 . 6 % 33 . 7 % 14 . 1 % < br > Satisfied Not Satisfied Partially < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 18 : Proportion of Households that Say they Are Satisfied With The Water Supply , Host Community , October 2017 , Uganda . * * The main reasons for not satisfied were bad quality ( 42 . 9 % ) , followed by long distances ( 19 % ) and bad taste ( 12 . 4 % ) . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 81 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "women also reported reduced income due to job or business losses than women while more men did so due to reduced working hours than women . < sup > 52 < / sup > * * Age Group * * : Our method also projects , as in the case of Jordan , that the rate of job loss will be lower for prime age workers ( aged 25-45 ) than for youth and older workers ( and the survey-measured job loss projections were more even by age group as in the case of Jordan ) . Similarly , the GHFPS shows a 27 . 2 percent rate of private sector job losses for prime age workers relative to 44 . 1 percent for young workers aged below 25 ( Table 5-20 ) . Young workers also experienced greater rates of reduced income due to job or business losses . _Table 5-19 Georgia : High-Frequency Phone surveys . Labor Market Impacts of COVID-19 by Gender , Percent of Private Sector Employees in March 2020_ | | * * Lost jobs * * < br > * * because of job * * < br > * * or business * * < br > * * losses due to * * | * * Stopped * * < br > * * working to * * < br > * * avoid exposure * * < br > * * to the virus * * | * * Reduced income * * < br > * * because of job * * < br > * * or business * * < br > * * losses due to * * | * * Reduced income * * < br > * * due to reduced * * < br > * * working hours * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * COVID-19 * * | | * * COVID-19 * * | | | * * Male * * | 22 . 9 | 1 . 5 | 56 . 7 | 22 . 1 | | * * Female * * | 40 . 8 | 4 . 3 | 77", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 470, "text": "GHFPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 743, "end": 771, "text": "High-Frequency Phone surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Survey tools appendix * * Table A7 : Summary of Enrollment Sample | | | Mode of Data Collection < br > | | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Facebook | GlasswingCommunities | Tigo Clients | | | | | Female Caregiver | | | | | 45 | 9 | 259 | 313 | | | | Male Caregiver | | | | | 27 | 2 | 257 | 286 | | * * Total * * | 72 | 11 | 516 | 599 | _Notes : _ This table presents the distribution of caregivers in the survey-mode experiment sample by recruitment mode and participant ’ s gender . Almost the full sample ( 86 percent ) was recruited from the Tigo Clients dataset , 12 percent from Facebook , and only 2 percent from the NGO ’ s Communities program . 44", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 601, "text": "Tigo Clients dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # 4 ) Denial of resources , opportunity or service Cases of denial of resources are mostly observed in polygamous households , and in 2016 these accounted for 5 . 6 % of all SGBV cases and the victims were mostly female . Refugee women reported this violence that the spouses have prohibited from attending income employment . Some women have seen the confiscation of their corps by their husbands . # # # # # # 5 ) Sex of Survival and Sexual Exploitation This typology accounts for 6 . 7 % of the total SGBV reported in 2016 among refugees , affecting mainly women and girls while they seek to meet their basic needs . During the reporting period , at least 84 cases were identified , 98 . 8 % of which female refugees , minors representing 50 % or 42 cases . This represents an increase for the minors . It is acknowledged that statistical data are largely underestimated because of the challenges of data collection on this type of problem . Most women involved in survival sex or being sexually exploited do not denounce easily because the activity becomes a means of subsistence . The analysis shows also that negative effects of the reduction of the assistance package on the quality of refugee protection are already felt in some camps . The different results of the age , gender and diversity ( AGDM ) participatory assessment carried out with refugees and asylum-seekers over the last 3 years show that most refugees do not succeed in meeting their most basic needs such as food , decent housing , health and schooling , making it difficult for them to integrate socially and enjoy their human dignity . Because of the limitations and constraints of the national labor market , the national and international texts governing the right to work are either ignored or misinterpreted , leaving refugees with no choice but to remain in the informal sector , which in turn offers no guarantee or social security . This exposes them to different forms of abuse and exploitation by individual employers or municipal authorities . This type of violence was mainly reported among the newly arrived Sudanese refugees , ie", "spans": [{"start": 840, "end": 856, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * - Aghion , P . , Caroli , E . , & Garcia-Penalosa , C . ( 1999 ) . Inequality and economic growth : the perspective of the new growth theories . _Journal of Economic Literature_ , 37 ( 4 ) , 1615-1660 . - Arellano , M . , & Bond , S . ( 1991 ) . Some tests of specification for panel data : Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations . _Review of Economic Studies_ , 58 ( 2 ) , 277-297 . - Barro , R . J . ( 2012 ) . _Convergence and modernization revisited_ ( No . w18295 ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . - Barro , R . J . , Sala-i-Martin , X . , Blanchard , O . J . , & Hall , R . E . ( 1991 ) . Convergence across states and regions . _Brookings Papers on Economic Activity_ , 107-182 . - < mark > Baselgia , E . , & Foellmi , R . ( 2022 ) . Inequality and growth : a review on a great open debate in economics . < / mark > _ < mark > WIDER Working Paper Series < / mark > _ < mark > , ( wp-2022-5 ) . < / mark > - Benjamin , D . , Brandt , L . , & McCaig , B . ( 2017 ) . Growth with equity : income inequality in Vietnam , 2002 – 14 . _Journal of Economic Inequality_ , 15 ( 1 ) , 25-46 . - < mark > Berg , A . , Ostry , J . D . , Tsangarides , C . G . , & Yakhshilikov , Y . ( 2018 ) . Redistribution , inequality , and growth : new evidence . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Economic Growth < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 23 < / mark > _ < mark > , 259-305 . < / mark > - < mark > Bourguignon , F . ( 1979 ) . Decomposable income inequality measures . < / mark > _ <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "First , although ours is the first attempt to examine the differences between the Doing Business estimates of compliance times with the actual distribution of experienced times from firm surveys , our findings are building on earlier literatures about the heterogeneity of regulatory compliance in specific countries and sectors . A classic early contribution was Stone , Levy and Paredes ( 1996 ) which showed that a comparison of the formal regulations of registering a business in Chile versus Brazil would lead one to conclude that Chile as a much better place to do business as its formal regulations were stream-lined while the regulatory path to registering a firm in Brazil was ― tortuous . ‖ But , when they examined actual practice they found that in response to this difficulty of the formal regulations an industry of negotiating this on behalf of firms had emerged that made business registration ― a fairly affordable one-stop process . ‖ Pritchett and Sethi ( 1994 ) had many of the same findings for the collection of import tariffs . They showed that : ( a ) the collected _ad valorem_ tariff rates were much lower than the legal _ad valorem_ tariff ; ( b ) that collected tariff rates increased much less than one for one with legal tariffs ; and ( c ) huge heterogeneity in collected tariff rates across items with the exact same legal tariff . Similarly , Gauthier and Gersovitz ( 1997 ) use a survey of firms in Cameroon to show how tax exemptions and evasion at the firm specific level cause massive deviations between the hypothetical _de jure_ tax revenues if the tax code were applied and the actual revenues collected . A recent application of randomization investigated the granting of driver ‘ s licenses in Delhi India ( Bertrand , Djankov , Hanna , Mullainathan 2007 ) and found that individuals who hired a tout were effectively exempted from one element of regulatory compliance ( the driving exam ) while those who did not hire a tout did have to take the exam ( and often failed ) . Our findings confirm at a cross-national scale and for a number of indicators the commonly observed , but hard to document , fact that policy implementation often deviates from the", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 194, "text": "firm surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1414, "end": 1441, "text": "survey of firms in Cameroon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KAA-9396-CS-QCBS / < br > Development and < br > Implementation of Safety < br > Management Systems ( SMS ) at the Kenya Airports IDA / 54100 Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2017-03-08 2017-03-20 2017-05-10 2017-06-21 2017-07-21 2017-09-01 2017-10-06 2018-10-06 < br > Authority Head office and < br > Jomo Kenyatta International < br > Airport < br > KE-KENHA-11043-CS-QCBS < br > / Consultancy Services for < br > Road Reserve Survey and < br > Title Survey for Package 1 : < br > Sultan Hamud - MtitoAndei , Emali - Oloitokitok , IDA / 54100 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2017-03-31 2017-03-31 2017-03-31 2017-04-18 2017-05-18 2017-06-15 2017-07-20 2018-07-20 < br > Package 2 : Thuchi - Nkubu , < br > Meru - Maua , Package 3 : < br > Marua - Nanyuki , Nyeri - < br > Nyahururu . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Stakeholder Engagement : Ad hoc discussions and consultations with potentially affected persons to gather feedback and address emerging issues . - Data Review : analysis of any collected environmental data such as air quality , water quality , and noise levels . - Conducting water quality test , soil analysis , medical examination for workers engaging in the vaccine manufacturing . # # * * 9 . 2 Frequency for Monitoring * * Monitoring will be undertaken monthly over a year ' s construction period . Audits will be necessary both during construction and project operation . While construction audits will aim to verify compliance to impact mitigation requirements , post-construction audits are a regulatory requirement within 12 months and not more than 36 months after completion of construction . Post-construction audits can be conducted internally by MOH or by a consultant hired by MOH . # # * * 9 . 3 Reporting and Feedback : * * Monitoring results will be documented in regular reports and disseminated to relevant stakeholders . These reports will : - Summarize monitoring findings and identify any areas of non-compliance . - Recommend corrective actions to address identified issues . - Provide feedback to project proponents and contractors to improve environmental and social performance . Construction - and post - construction phase auditing should finish in reports that MOH shall share with interested stakeholders . Note that while MOH is under obligation to disclose construction phase audits , annual post-construction audits must be submitted to Addis Ababa City / Federal EPA as a guideline requirement as per EIA Proclamation , 299 / 2002 . 173", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 207, "text": "environmental data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "From Figure 5 , we can see that most small PICs perform better than or at similar levels to what would be expected , when their income and population size is taken into account . The extent to which these countries are disadvantaged by population size is clear , with a population “ penalty ” of more than one half of a score ( the difference between a “ C ” and a “ C + ” ) experienced by all countries except Fiji . < sup > 4 < / sup > Results presented above test for a constant relationship between population size and PEFA scores . The assumption of linearity of the marginal effect of population on PEFA scores may not be valid if only very small countries are disadvantaged or if only very large countries are advantaged . This indeed seems to be the case when we rerun our regression on subsamples of countries of different sizes . Results are presented in Table 2 . We find that the population effect is significant and largest for countries with populations of less than 500 , 000 , whereas it is insignificant and very close to zero for larger countries . The positive relationship between population and PEFA performance seems to be confined to small countries . We return to potential interpretations of these results in subsequent sections of this paper . * * Table 2 : Testing linearity of population effect on PEFA score * * | | ( 1 ) < br > Pop < 500k | ( 2 ) < br > 500k > pop > 10m | ( 3 ) < br > Pop > 10m | ( 4 ) < br > Full sample | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | LGDPit ( log income ) | 0 . 487 * | 0 . 575 * * * | 0 . 526 * * * | 0 . 391 * * * | | | _ ( 0 . 081 ) _ | _ ( 0 . 000 ) _ | _ ( 0 . 007 ) _ | _ ( 0 . 000 ) _ | | LPOPit ( log population", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "important information on the severity of malnutrition that is not always represented by headcount measures . Table 1 Changes in headcount and gap for child stunting , underweight and overweight | | Changes fr < br > 20 < br > | om 1993 to < br > 05 | Changes f < br > 20 < br > | rom 2000 - < br > 09 | Changes fr < br > 20 < br > | om 2005 to < br > 14 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Number | | Number | | Number | | | | < br > of < br > countries | % of < br > countries | < br > of < br > countries | % of < br > countries | < br > of < br > countries | % of < br > countries | | _Stunting_ | | | | | | | | < br > Headcount and gap < br > moving in same direction | 24 | 71 % | 29 | 83 % | 49 | 83 % | | < br > Headcount and gap < br > moving in different < br > direction | 10 | 29 % | 6 | 17 % | 10 | 17 % | | _Underweight_ < br > Headcount and gap < br > moving in same direction | 27 | 79 % | 29 | 83 % | 49 | 83 % | | < br > Headcount and gap < br > moving in different < br > direction | 7 | 21 % | 6 | 17 % | 10 | 17 % | | _Overweight_ | | | | | | | | < br > Headcount and gap < br > moving in same direction | 32 | 91 % | 31 | 89 % | 56 | 95 % | | < br > Headcount and gap < br > moving in different < br > direction | 2 | 6 % | 4 | 11 % | 3 | 5 % |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . Two factors for Google search terms related to labor : money , salary , LinkedIn , unemployment , employment 3 . Two factors for all Google mobility data 4 . One factor for food and assistance search terms : assistance , money , bread , milk , wheat 5 . One factor for education and sport search terms : school , student , exercise 6 . One factor for religion search terms : prayer , bible A key question in the regression results is what share of the total r-squared is attributable to different combinations of variables . To shed some light on this issue , following Shorrocks ( 1982 ) , we investigate the contribution of each group of real-time indicators to the overall goodness of fit of each regression , using Shorrocks – Shapley decomposition of r-squared . < sup > 8 < / sup > The resulting decomposed values of r-squared allow checking the fraction of the goodness-of-fit contributed separately by each group of real-time indicators and fixed effects , with the latter especially pertinent in the quarterly results where we include both quarter and country fixed effects . # 3 . Findings # 3 . 1 Satellite indicators - a . Nitrogen dioxide Figure 2 presents trends in median NO2 emissions across seven different geographic regions : East Asia and the Pacific , Europe and Central Asia , Latin America and the Caribbean , the Middle East and North Africa , South Asia , Sub-Saharan Africa , and North America . At first glance , there is a noticeable decrease in NO2 emissions in all regions – Latin America being a possible exception – with declines in Europe / Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa starting in February . Interestingly , the largest decrease is in Europe and Central Asia , and it began in February , even though the large changes in human behavior began in March . The decreases in the Middle East / North Africa , South Asia , and East Asia and the Pacific took place in March and generally did not recover until much later in the year . Trends in North America and East Asia and the Pacific are very comparable in the first quarter . However , North America faced a steeper", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 157, "text": "Google mobility data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "By contrast , negotiated land reform in South Africa has been adopted in the context of the national reconstruction program , in an environment in which productive small-scale agriculture was eradicated almost a century ago . This implies that , in its present form , the program bears many similarities to an urban settlement project and greater effort is required to establish the decentralized infrastructure necessary to implement land reform , to provide complementary services such as marketing and technical assistance , and to increase beneficiaries ' agricultural and entrepreneurial capacity . # 4 . 1 BRAZIL With a land distribution among the most unequal in the world , Brazil ' s situation is similar to Colombia ' s in a number of respects . There is a very large and vocal political demand for land reform ; a recent FAO study estimates the number of families who are potential candidates for land reform at 2 . 5 million . A land reform institute ( INCRA ) was established in 1969 , distributing 10 million hectares to 200 , 000 families and colonizing about 14 million hectares for about 75 , 000 beneficiary families since then . Land reform has recently acquired considerable political importance ; a federal Minister for Agrarian Reform was appointed in 1996 and the land reform budget tripled from US $ 0 . 4 billion in 1994 to $ 1 . 3 billion in 1995 with a further increase to $ 2 . 6 billion proposed in 1997 . The large majority of these federal funds will be spent according to the oldprocess which has been costly ( about $ 30 , 000 per beneficiary ) and bureaucratically cumbersome . However , state governments in the Northeast have been moving ahead and set up a decentralized market assisted pilot scheme . 32 This scheme ( supported by a 90 million $ external loan ) aims to speed up the land reform process , reduce costs , and provide the basis for a model that could eventually be adopted nation-wide . < sup > 33 < / sup > The main differences from the old mechanism are the following ( compare table 1 ) : - ( i ) Rather than relying on a lengthy process of expropriation , land is", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "documentation , regulations , directives , MoUs , and information about < br > the systems developed on its website , which is constantly being updated at https : / / id . gov . et / . < br > ● The website contains frequently asked questions that address the risks related to some < br > misconceptions . < br > ● NIDP organized a series of stakeholder consultations with civil society organizations , human and digital < br > rights groups , and legislative and executive wings of the Government among others during 2021 – 23 . < br > The program will be able to further expand these activities once the project is operational , notably < br > further engaging with communities and local leaders . < br > ● Based on the registrant ’ s request , all logs and audit trails of the user ’ s personal data and their < br > authentication history can be accessed and / or deleted . There are also facilities for the user to lock < br > their personal data so that it cannot be used for authentication . | Page 37 of 39", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "D | 0 . 65 | 1 . 24 | 1 . 52 | 2 . 41 | 0 . 95 | 1 . 75 | 0 . 78 | 1 . 30 | 0 . 67 | 1 . 23 | 0 . 63 | 0 . 95 | | 75 – 25 | 0 . 88 | 1 . 74 | 1 . 99 | 3 . 34 | 1 . 43 | 2 . 61 | 1 . 26 | 1 . 94 | 0 . 81 | 1 . 60 | 0 . 82 | 1 . 28 | | 90 – 10 | 1 . 99 | 3 . 25 | 3 . 94 | 5 . 67 | 2 . 89 | 4 . 47 | 2 . 56 | 3 . 67 | 1 . 60 | 3 . 11 | 1 . 59 | 2 . 44 | | Cov ( TFPQ , TFPR ) | 0 . 7 | 0 | 0 . | 85 | 0 . 6 | 9 | 0 . | 74 | | | | | | Reg . Coef | 0 . 4 | 2 | 0 . | 52 | 0 . 4 | 4 | 0 . | 53 | | | | | | N | 4146 | 4146 | 757 | 757 | 1151 | 1151 | 4012 | 4012 | 41 , 006 | 41 , 006 | 211 , 304 | 211 , 304 | Note : Log ( TFPR ) and Log ( TFPQ ) are demeaned by industry-specific average . Industries are weighted by their value-added shares . The statistics for Cˆote d ’ Ivoire are calculated by taking the average for the years 2003-2012 . The statistics for India and China are taken from Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) . We compute these statistics for India using the Prowess database and obtain similar values as in Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) . # * * 6 . 2 Calculating Counterfactual Productivity * * Next , we use our estimates to perform counterfactual liberalization experiments . Specifically , we assess the potential productivity gains associated with equalizing total factor revenue productivity ( TFPR ) across the existing set of", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 981, "text": "Prowess database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", por exemplo , aqueles que chegaram a Angola após a adopção da lei dos refugiados de 2015 ou aqueles que os perderam . < sup > 166 < / sup > Embora os estrangeiros com estatuto legal possam registar os seus filhos com os seus documentos de identificação nacionais , isto é impossível para os refugiados e requerentes de asilo indocumentados e particularmente para os migrantes estrangeiros em situação irregular que sistematicamente abstêm-se de registar os seus filhos devido ao risco de repatriamento quando descobertos . Na práctica , nem todos os agentes de registo parecem estar informados da Circular de 2019 . < sup > 167 < / sup > Nas suas observações finais sobre o 5º a 7º relatório periódico de Angola no âmbito da CDC / < sup > 168 < / sup > o Comité dos Direitos da Criança notou em 2018 com sérias preocupações que “ _a prevalência de obstáculos práticos para o registo de crianças nascidas de estrangeiros , incluindo refugiados e requerentes de asilo , devido à falta de uma orientação clara fornecida aos funcionários de registo de nascimento , é uma situação_ _que pode tornar essas crianças apátridas_ “ . O Comité dos Direitos Humanos em 2019 exprimiu preocupações semelhantes . < sup > 169 < / s", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "up in injury , whilst they are often focused on meetings their immediate needs such as food and shelter . Without the time or means to be able to prevent them , dangers get deprioritised which prompts a sense of fatalism and helplessness around the issue . Beyond the issue of landmines and UXO , humanitarian agencies are often also guilty of this fatalism . Focused on what are perceived to be the biggest concerns for children in emergencies such as communicable diseases or other protection concerns , data on injuries is often not collected or critically examined and acted upon - - even within agencies who are responsible for taking action on dangers and injuries in their work . This sense of ‘ tunnel vision ’ on other issues highlights the need for stronger evidence . To go beyond this , it was suggested by one survey respondent that limited accountability to affected populations , particularly around issues of safety , leave people unaware they can ask for , or expect that physical dangers are identified and risks addressed . It has recently been reported that child protection often underestimates its impact as a life saving intervention ; < sup > 269 < / sup > this can certainly be said about preventing physical dangers and injuries in children . In a number of child protection rapid assessments , environmental or physical dangers were highlighted the biggest risk that can lead to death or injury of children , yet subsequent strategies associated with the response either focus on landmines and UXO or did not include measures to address this or support children who have been > 269 Thompson H ( 2015 ) . A Matter of Life and Death : Child protection programming ’ s essential role in ensuring the wellbeing and survival during and after emergencies . 2015 75", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 522, "text": "data on injuries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Servén ( 2009 ) . Details are given in the Appendix . In brief , given the limited availability of survey-based poverty data , we construct the headcount ratio , P0 , the poverty gap , P1 , and the squared poverty gap , P2 , using a lognormal approximation on the basis of the observed per capita income levels and Gini coefficients , which are available much more widely ( López and Servén , 2006 ) . Similar approaches have been used by Dollar and Kraay ( 2002 ) , Sala-i-Martín ( 2006 ) or Pinkovsky and Sala-i-Martin ( 2013 ; 2014 ) . We experiment with alternative and widely-used poverty lines : US $ 1 . 25 , US $ 2 and US $ 4 per person and per day , in 2005 PPP US $ . Our final database is an unbalanced panel of non-overlapping five-year periods , containing 804 observations covering 158 countries and spanning the years 1960-2010 . This sample is fairly large > 14 Our sample mainly contains economies with headcount poverty rates between 0 . 10 and 0 . 60 , as well as rich economies with negligible poverty , as discussed in the next section . 9", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 124, "text": "survey-based poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of macroprudential policy is to minimize systemic risk by limiting boom-bust credit cycles . Several new instruments have been developed under the Basel III framework specifically to promote this objective , such as : countercyclical capital requirements and dynamic provisioning to build up capital or liquidity buffers during good times ; maximum leverage ratios to capture both on - and off-balance sheet exposures ; and capital surcharges on systemically important financial institutions . Macroprudential instruments have increasingly become an integral part of the toolkit of many central banks and other financial regulators since the crisis . Macroprudential indexes derived from a dataset for 36 advanced economies and 124 EMDEs suggest that all advanced economies , and about 70 percent of EMDEs , have used these instruments to strengthen the resilience of their financial systems ( Cerutti , Claessens , and Laeven 2017 ) . EMDEs have more * * — — * * actively used macroprudential instruments often on an ad - hoc or experimental basis partly reflecting the fact that they are more exposed to volatile capital flows and have less liberalized financial systems ( Claessens 2014 ) . These instruments have been used to reduce the growth of credit to nonfinancial corporations and households , and to help restrain asset price inflation , especially in the housing sector ( Budnik and Kleibl 2018 ; Kuttner and Shim 2013 , Vandenbussche , Vogel , and Detragiache 2015 ; Zhang and Zoli 2016 ) . In ECA , more than four-fifths of EMDEs have increased the use of macroprudential tools , while in SSA the share is only about one-half ( Figure 4 ) . The use of different tools has reflected different structural characteristics among countries . ECA has had relatively high financial integration internationally with a large presence of foreign banks slower lending in U . K . banks , and dynamic provisioning has been associated with smoother credit cycles in Spain ( Aiyar , Calomiris , and Wieladek 2016 ; Jiménez et al . 2017 ) . In contrast , foreign exchange and liquidity policies , such as limits on foreign currency loans and foreign exchange countercyclical reserve requirements , have been more often used in EMDEs in efforts to reduce exposures to volatile capital inflows ( Figure 4 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 737, "text": "dataset for 36 advanced economies and 124 EMDEs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "non-availability \\ of materials and events beyond t # e control of contractors . To meet , the situation , materials were imported . ~ which resulted in increwsing t proportion of foreign excbange component in . the Project . The operation and maintenance xO & M ) cost * _ \\ of-the irrigation system were much higher than those estimated at the appraisal . The standard of maintenance at the Project has remaited good pad other than some over , , staffing at PCC , the cost increases in ' the O & M activities resulted from heavy desilting / dredging operations to maintain tle irrigation network , as - a result of silt loads being washed into the - dl . ttibution system , far exceeding the appraital-estimate . s , # # # Disb rsement and Closing 3 . 14 The original closing datwas extended by 1 - 12 years until , March A1 , 1987 . , However disbursements were allowed for further nine ponths beyond the closiing date to permit the supply / importation of essential 0 t equipment Ponmitted before March 31 , 1987 . . ' The credit ' stood disbursed 89 percent by karc ' 31 , 1987 and 97 percent , by Dec . - 31 , 1987 . A total of US $ 0 . 67M - being the undisbursed balance under the IDA Credit was cancelled on Jan . 19 , 1988 . ( Annex-F ) Reporting , ? ; 3 . 15 Monthly and quarterly progress ' reports on implementation were overal . l setisfactory in contents and their quality improved after initial stages . The Project monitoring reports were prepared by the consultants and . DA ( AiP unit ) and were accurate in giving the physical ~ ; ogress and poi . nt g to the technical . problems that arose through the implementation period . However \" the reports either evaded orywere not c ' ler o institutional inefficiencies", "spans": [{"start": 1424, "end": 1450, "text": "Project monitoring reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Specific to this project , the Contractor shall prepare and submit monthly EHS performance reports to the Supervising Engineer ( SE ) which further reviewed by project Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialists . These reports must demonstrate compliance with the Environmental and Social Management Plan ( ESMP ) , the Contractor ’ s Environmental , Health and Safety Management Plan ( EHS-MP ) , and the project ’ s general EHS obligations . Each report shall include , but not be limited to , the following information : - EHS management actions and measures implemented during the reporting period , including any approvals or permits obtained from relevant authorities . - Summary of EHS incidents , non-conformances , and challenges encountered , including any delays or cost implications resulting from such events . - Instances of non-compliance with EHS contract requirements and corrective or preventive actions taken . - Changes or deviations in assumptions , conditions , work methods , or designs that have EHS implications . - Key observations , issues raised , and decisions made regarding EHS management during site inspections and coordination meetings . # # * * Significant Incident Notification * * All major or significant EHS incidents ( including accidents , near misses , environmental spills , or property damage ) must be reported to the SE immediately or as soon as practicable after occurrence . Each incident shall be documented through a stand-alone incident notification and a detailed follow-up report using the prescribed reporting templates ( ANNEX X ) . # # * * Record Keeping and Documentation * * The Contractor shall maintain a comprehensive register of all EHS-related records , including incident reports , health and safety statistics , accident logs , and property damage records . Summaries of these records , together with copies of incident reports , shall be appended to the Contractor ’ s bi-weekly progress reports * * . * * # # * * 11 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING * * Effective ESMP implementation and monitoring during the construction and operation phases require trained personnel . Capacity development will be achieved through technical support and training provided 254", "spans": [{"start": 1732, "end": 1748, "text": "incident reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1751, "end": 1779, "text": "health and safety statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1782, "end": 1795, "text": "accident logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1802, "end": 1825, "text": "property damage records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Actu | sals < br > Opening of Technical < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > al < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > 2017-05-17 | < br > Evaluation of < br > Technical Proposal < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > 2017-06-16 | Combined Evalu < br > Report and Dr < br > Negotiated Cont < br > Planned < br > Act < br > 2017-07-21 | ation < br > aft < br > ract < br > Signed Contr < br > ual < br > Planned < br > Ac < br > 2017-08-25 | act < br > Contract Completion < br > tual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > 2018-08-25 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-MOTI-6594-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy services for < br > socio economic surveys and < br > infrastructure upgrading pla < br > and engineering designs of < br > infrastructure in informal < br > settlements < br > MLHUD / KISIP / CS / 004A / 2013 < br > - 2014 | n < br > IDA / 48730 | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - National | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2017-02-13 | 2017-03-06 | 2017-04-19 | | | 2017-05-17 | 2017-06-16 | 2017-07-21 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and one floor on < br > NLIC ) < br > IDA / 65380 < br > Land Ad | ministra | tion Reform < br > Post | Direct Selection < br > | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2021-07-08 < br > 2021-09 - | 30 < br > 2021-07-18 < br > 2022-09-05 | 2021-09-21 < br > 20 | 22-10-28 < br > 2022-03-20 | | UG-MLHUD-235533-CS-CDS / < br > SLAAC Data Capture and Pro < br > cessing Software upgrade an < br > d Maintenance . The function < br > alities of the software to be u < br > pgraded should allow for mas < br > sive parcel geometry data ca < br > pture and titles certification . < br > IDA / 65380 < br > Land Ad | ministra | tion Reform < br > Post | Direct Selection < br > | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-07-08 < br > 2023-03 - | 21 < br > 2021-07-18 | 2021-09-21 | 2022-03-20 | | UG-MLHUD-226382-CS-CDS / < br > Engagement of the Project T < br > echnical Advisor ( TA ) who wil < br > l be responsible for providing < br > oversight and technical advic < br > e in all project activities as w < br > ell as providing quality contr < br > ol ensuring that Project objec < br > tives are met < br > IDA / 65380 < br > Land Ad | ministra | tion Reform < br > Post | Direct Selection < br > | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2021-07 -", "spans": [{"start": 504, "end": 524, "text": "parcel geometry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * - Abate , G . T . , A . de Brauw , K . Hirvonen , and A . Wolle ( 2023 ) . Measuring consumption over the phone : Evidence from a survey experiment in urban ethiopia . _Journal of Development Economics 161_ , 103026 . - Abay , K . A . ( 2020 ) . Measurement errors in agricultural data and their implications on marginal returns to modern agricultural inputs . _Agricultural Economics 51_ ( 3 ) , 323 – 41 . - Abay , K . A . , G . T . Abate , C . B . Barrett , and T . Bernard ( 2019 ) . Correlated non-classical measurement errors , ‘ second best ’ policy inference , and the inverse size-productivity relationship in agriculture . _Journal of Development Economics 139_ , 171 – 84 . - Abay , K . A . , L . E . Bevis , and C . B . Barrett ( 2021 ) . Measurement error mechanisms matter : Agricultural intensification with farmer misperceptions and misreporting . _American Journal of Agricultural Economics 103_ ( 2 ) , 498 – 522 . - Alix-Garcia , J . and D . L . Millimet ( 2023 ) . Remotely incorrect ? accounting for nonclassical measurement error in satellite data on deforestation . _Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resrouce Economists 10_ ( 5 ) , 1335 – 67 . - Arag ́ on , F . M . , F . Oteiza , and J . Pablo Rud ( 2021 ) . Climate change and agriculture : Subsistence farmers ’ response to extreme heat . _American Economic Journal : Economic Policy 13_ ( 1 ) , 1 – 35 . - Barrios , S . , L . Bertinelli , and E . Strobl ( 2010 ) . Trends in rainfall and economic growth in Africa : A neglected cause of the African growth tragedy . _Review of Economics and Statistics 92_ ( 2 ) , 350 – 66 . - Blankespoor , B . , T . Croft , T . Dontamsetti , B . Mayala , and S . Murray ( 2021 ) . Spatial anonymization : Guidance note prepared for the Inter-Secretariat", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix I . Sampling design of Taobao Village Survey * * In 2017 , 2 , 118 Taobao Villages were reported to exist in China . The Taobao Village Survey uses a stratified sampling design to obtain a nationally representative sample of 100 villages . The 2 , 118 villages are first ranked according to their annual sales , then divided into five strata , and within each stratum 20 villages were selected randomly . Specifically , the strata are defined as follows : - Stratum 1 includes the 20 Taobao Villages with the highest annual sales . All 20 villages in this stratum are selected with certainty . - Stratum 2 includes 80 villages that rank from the 21st to the 100th Taobao Villages in the annual sales ranking . Within these 80 villages , 20 villages are selected randomly . - Stratum 3 includes the next 200 villages in the annual sales ranking . Twenty villages are selected randomly , each with probability of 0 . 1 . - Stratum 4 includes the next 500 villages in the annual sales ranking . Twenty villages are selected randomly , each with probability of 0 . 04 . - Stratum 5 includes the remaining 1 , 318 villages . Twenty villages are selected , each with probability of 20 / 1318 . After the first round of listing , due to refusal of interviews and inability to get in contact , 14 villages ( 8 in stratum 2 , 3 in stratum 3 , 2 in stratum 4 , 1 in stratum 1 ) are further selected into the sample as replacements . At the end , 80 villages complete the interviews , 12 villages from stratum 1 , 18 from stratum 2 , 18 from stratum 3 , 14 from stratum 4 , and 18 from stratum 5 . The area of each selected village was then divided into a grid with equal sizes and estimated number of households within each grid . For large villages , we randomly select grids to do households listing . For small villages , all households are listed . Ten e-households and 10 none-households are randomly selected from the listing . Sampling weights are calculated as the inverse of the product of non-response rate", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 59, "text": "Taobao Village Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the ES using its own implied weights are expectedly larger . # * * 8 The Underlying Sources of Misallocation * * The results presented above clearly revealed that resource misallocation is quite large in our sample countries . Thus improving the allocation of resources is a critical element in order to boost manufacturing productivity in these countries . To offer specific suggestions on how these countries can improve their productivity by reducing allocative inefficiency , it is important to identify the specific factors that have contributed to the observed misallocation . Nevertheless , identifying the specific policies or institutions that may have contributed to such misallocation is notoriously difficult . In principle , many factors – observable and unobservable – may reasonably contribute to resource misallocation across firms . For example access to finance , tax rates and regulatory requirements may favor particular firms because of political connections or family ties . < sup > 22 < / sup > Identifying specific distortions is perhaps more difficult in Africa since the region is often characterized by a high cost of doing business . While our census data do not allow us to pin down the reasons behind the substantial level of resource misallocation in our sample countries , we believe that this pattern is associated to the heterogeneous business environment faced by firms . Our goal in this section is to uncover the potential underlying sources of misallocation by examining the role of different business environment bottlenecks experienced by firms . To this end we merge our data with the ES data , which provide various measures of business climate indicators . > 22Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) argue that the substantial domination of SOEs and cumbersome licensing requirements contribute to misallocation of resources in China and India , respectively . 26", "spans": [{"start": 1172, "end": 1183, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1626, "end": 1633, "text": "ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COVID-19 EMERGENCY * * RESPONSE * * # * * Risk Communication and Community Engagement in the Americas * * Since March , the COVID-19 UNHCR * * communication * * All operations support pandemic has impacted channels have been rapidly * * national authorities and * * operations and required a enhanced and enlarged to ensure * * WHO / PAHO * * efforts different approach to the continued provision of vital disseminating key messages in * * communication with * * health and protection information . various * * formats and communities . languages . * * # # # Operational Context - Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in the Americas in March 2020 , UNHCR and its partners , in coordination with key actors , are developing alternative means of communicating with communities , engaging and mobilizing them . - With rapidly changing dynamics in the field , UNHCR is continuously adapting its services and support to refugees , asylum seekers , internally displaced populations , stateless people and those that host them in the region . As part of a comprehensive response for the protection of populations of concern to UNHCR in the Americas , UNHCR approaches communities through creative and flexible mechanisms , aiming at an open and sustainable two-way communication . This is also critical to ensure timely analysis of risks , needs and gaps of the people most in need , and to ensure coordination with national authorities and humanitarian actors . - All operations actively disseminate WHO / PAHO and national authorities ’ key messages to widen impact and ensure the adequate information is provided . UNHCR offices have adapted these messages to different formats and languages that are more accessible to community groups , such as indigenous communities and children . All of this information is available in the UNHCR Americas * * < u > online repository < / u > * * created to track materials available in each country , share good practices and identify needs and gaps . www . unhcr . org 1", "spans": [{"start": 1820, "end": 1834, "text": "UNHCR Americas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_0 . 20_ | _0 . 28_ | _0 . 41_ | _0 . 46_ | _0 . 46_ | _0 . 45_ | _0 . 51_ | _0 . 49_ | _0 . 48_ | _0 . 30_ | | _Internet_ | _0 . 24_ | _0 . 07_ | _0 . 10_ | _0 . 13_ | _0 . 17_ | _0 . 22_ | _0 . 23_ | _0 . 25_ | _0 . 29_ | _0 . 31_ | _0 . 23_ | | _Long distances ( private line ) _ | _0 . 04_ | _0 . 04_ | _0 . 04_ | _0 . 04_ | _0 . 05_ | _0 . 06_ | _0 . 07_ | _0 . 06_ | _0 . 04_ | _0 . 04_ | _0 . 03_ | | _Public internet , public phone_ | _0 . 04_ | _0 . 21_ | _0 . 13_ | _0 . 11_ | _0 . 11_ | _0 . 07_ | _0 . 08_ | _0 . 05_ | _0 . 03_ | _0 . 02_ | _0 . 01_ | | _Install . of private line phone_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 03_ | _0 . 00_ | _0 . 03_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 02_ | _0 . 01_ | | _Publicphone_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 05_ | _0 . 03_ | _0 . 03_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 02_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 03_ | _0 . 01_ | _0 . 00_ | _Source : _ World Bank estimates using ENIGH 2014 . _Note_ : Deciles based on household expenditure per capita . # * * 4 . 2 . The market of corn products * * Competition in the food and agriculture markets is a key component in determining food security in developing economies . Market concentration in the food production chain has been growing , driven by retail chains , raising concerns of higher commodity prices for consumers ( McCorriston 2016 ) . Mexico is no exception to this trend , with high market concentration", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 911, "text": "ENIGH 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Increase coverage of health mobile team unit - Support vulnerable residents and pregnant mother with hospital transportation grants # # # * * 6 . ATTACHMENTS * * 1 . Safety Audit Checklist for Somalia 2 . Safety Audit Database Hargiesa , June 2019 3 . Safety Audit Snapshots Hargeisa June 2019 For more information on the Safety Audit for Baidoa and for the full list of attachments , please contact Ali Askar , CCCM Project Manager , at ali . askar @ acted . org and Elena Valentini , CCCM Technical Coordinator at elena . valentini @ acted . org . _Safety Audit , Hargeisa , June 2019_", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 237, "text": "Safety Audit Database Hargiesa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 254, "end": 285, "text": "Safety Audit Snapshots Hargeisa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > tors . | Statistics < br > egistrar of C < br > modern enter | Institute < br > ompanies < br > prise sec - | _Census_ of all registered frms . | 2003-2012 | Raw < br > 6 , 746 | data : | | Ethiopia | Central < br > ( CSA ) : < br > Scale < br > Electrici | Statistical < br > Large < br > and < br > Manufacturi < br > ty Industries | Agency < br > Medium < br > ng < br > and < br > Survey | _Census_ < br > of < br > frms < br > employing < br > more than 10 workers . | 2011 | Raw < br > 1 , 936 | data : | | | Central | Statistical | Agency | Survey of frms employing less | 2011 | Raw | data : | | | ( CSA ) : < br > turing In | Small-Scale < br > dustries Sur | Manufac - < br > vey | than 10 workers and use power - < br > driven machinery . | | 3 , 882 | | | Ghana | Ghanaia < br > ( GSS ) . < br > Census | n < br > Statistica < br > National < br > | l < br > Service < br > Industrial | Census of more than 10 work - < br > ers and representative sample < br > of establishments engaging less < br > than 10 workers . | 2003 | Raw < br > 3 , 302 | data : | | | | | | | | Continued | on next page | 34", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 582, "text": "Survey of frms employing less", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 presents a set of regression results for Argentina , Brazil , and Mexico . The model using only negative information performed as expected – the explanatory variables for past defaults and missed payments were highly significant and positively impact default for all three countries . The specification of the model with both positive and negative information also provides results which are broadly consistent across countries . More importantly , in each country we found that < u > positive information adds to the explanatory power of the model . If lenders can better identify < / u > risky borrowers , then they can reduce portfolio risk or extend more credit . We discuss this result in greater depth below . The positive information variables also performed consistently between countries in the sample . Longer credit histories were highly significant and negatively associated with default . In Mexico and Argentina where data on collateral were available , the relevant coefficient was statsitically significant and greater collateral anmounts were associated with lower default probabilities . Ratings data were also shown to be valuable predictors of default . For example , in the case of Brazil a loan with a rating of “ D ” was twice as likely to enter default as one rated “ C ” and almost five times more likely than one with a “ B ” rating . Borrowers with more open credit lines ( Argentina ) or those with accounts in several banks ( Brazil ) were found to be more risky . In the only country where data on interest rates were used - Mexico - we found a positive and significant relationship between the probability of default and the interest rate . In some cases , the behavior of explanatory variables was uneven across countries . For example , evidence on the effect of loan size on default probability was mixed . Loan size exhibits a strong negative impact on default in Brazil , as well as in Argentina where the coefficient is also negative but much weaker . In Mexico , however , loan size is shown to be positively linked to default , but only weakly significant . The simple credit scoring model similar to the one reported above was then used to define", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 958, "text": "data on collateral", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1114, "end": 1126, "text": "Ratings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1528, "end": 1550, "text": "data on interest rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 7 ( continued ) * * | Minera | 9 / 2 / 91 | Court action . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Vapores | 6 / 6 / 92 | Company is fined by government . | | Emos | 10 / 17 / 93 | Accident : drinking water contamination . | | Puerto | 7 / 23 / 92 * | Government complains about health hazard in the vicinity < br > of the company . | | Victoria | 12 / 2 / 93 | Government black list of air polluter . | | lansa | 5 / 29 / 93 | One of the plants ordered to shutdown . | | Coloso | 4 / 1 / 92 < br > 12 / 2 / 93 < br > 2 / 5 / 94 < br > 3 / 11 / 94 < br > 3 / 18 / 94 | Government action : fine . < br > Government action : company shutdown for few hours . < br > Court action : fine . < br > Government action : company shutdown . < br > Citizens complaint : accident . | | Iquique | 4 / 1 / 92 * < br > 12 / 21 / 93 < br > 2 / 5 / 94 < br > 3 / 10 / 94 < br > 3 / 11 / 94 | Government action : fine . < br > Government action : fine . < br > Court action : fine . < br > Government action ( Company closed for 72 hours ) . < br > Court action for bad smell problem . | | Lirquien | 7 / 15 / 92 | Government black list of air polluter . | | Chilectra | 7 / 11 / 92 | Citizens complain against company expansion . | | Molymet | 1 / 19 / 92 | 1Governnent complaint : company major air polluter . | | | | < br > * * PHILIPPINES * * | | Apex | 4 / 24 / 91 * | Government action . | | Ayala | 12 / 8 /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and complexity of gender issues in Ethiopia . Systemic Crises of Global Climate Change : Intersections of race , class and gender , pp . 314-326 . > 44 World Bank . 2019 . Ethiopia Gender Diagnostic Report : Priorities for Promoting Equity . > 45 World Bank , 2019 . Gender Data Portal : Ethiopia . https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / data / datatopics / gender / country / Ethiopia > 46 Cazabat et al , 2021 . Women and Girls in Internal Displacement . > 47 Joint Government-Humanitarian Response Plan , Ethiopia – 2020 Kiremt Season Floods . > 48 See Annex 6 for an overview of the gendered dimensions of DRM in Ethiopia . > 49 World Bank , 2021 . Ethiopia Gender Gap Profile . Gendered Dimensions of Disaster Risk Management > 50 NDRMC , 20212 . Guideline for Gender Mainstreaming in Disaster Risk Management . Page 13 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 267, "end": 296, "text": "Gender Data Portal : Ethiopia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "population and the average years of secondary education of the female population . Our third model ( M3 ) focuses on standard policy indicators ( Barro , 2000 ) . It includes the inflation rate ( GDP deflator ) as an indicator of macroeconomic stability , the adjusted ratio of the country ’ s volume of trade to its GDP as an indicator of the degree of openness of the economy , and the ratio of public consumption to GDP as an indicator of the burden imposed by the government on the economy . < sup > 22 < / sup > Lastly , the fourth model ( M4 ) is taken from López and Servén ( 2009 ) . It includes the inflation rate , the average years of secondary female education , and a lagged composite index of public infrastructure . < sup > 23 < / sup > # * * IV . Growth , poverty and inequality : Estimation results * * We turn to the estimation of ( 12 ) under alternative model specifications and using different econometric approaches . As summarized above , the GMM estimators of Arellano and Bover ( 1995 ) and Blundell and Bond ( 1998 ) attempt to deal with the endogeneity of regressors typical of dynamic panel data models like ( 12 ) using internal instruments . However , when the cross-sectional dimension of the sample is not large relative to its time dimension - - a common situation with macroeconomic panel data - - these GMM estimators can behave poorly ( Bun and Sarafidis , 2015 ) . In this setting , it is not obvious that GMM should be preferred to more conventional estimation methods , such as OLS with time and / or country dummies . For this reason , we report both sets of estimates , which helps also assess the robustness of the results . # * * IV . 1 . Pooled-OLS and Within-Group estimates * * Table 2 presents robust pooled-OLS and within-group ( WG ) estimates of the four models considered ( M1 , M2 , M3 and M4 ) . Time dummies are included in all models . As noted above , we use the headcount poverty rate ( with poverty line of US", "spans": [{"start": 1303, "end": 1327, "text": "macroeconomic panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2022 | 2023 | | * * Annual * * < br > 0 . 00 | 15 . 00 | 15 . 00 | 24 . 70 | | * * Cumulative * * < br > 0 . 00 | 15 . 00 | 30 . 00 | 54 . 70 | | * * INSTITUTIONAL DATA * * | | | | | * * Practice Area ( Lead ) * * < br > * * Contributing Practice Areas * * | | | | Page 3 of 85", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "association between the book value of machinery and equipment in KED and the establishment technology sophistication measures ( MOST and MAX ) from FAT , which will be explained in the next section . * * Internal validation . * * We conduct an additional validation exercise of the technology measures , by studying whether establishments with larger sales , employment and sales per worker are more likely to use top-tier technologies , which are the more sophisticated technologies in each BF and are marked in bold in Appendix A . 1 . Specifically , we estimate a linear probability model for each business function , where the dependent variable is binary and equal to 1 if the establishment uses one of the technologies classified as top-tier for the business function and 0 otherwise . The model includes a full set of country - and , for the GBFs , 2-digit sector fixed effects . The independent variables are either ( log ) sales , ( log ) employment or ( log ) sales per worker . We find that the coefficients for these variables are positive and significant in a large majority of business functions . < sup > 15 < / sup > These ex-post checks further reassure us about the soundness of the survey design , the data collection process , and the accuracy of responses . # * * 3 Measures of Technology Sophistication * * We next introduce measures of technology at the business function and establishment levels , constructed using information collected by the FAT survey . Before analyzing these measures , we illustrate the granularity of the grid and how these measures can characterize the sophistication of technology used by establishments , with examples from FAT . # # * * 3 . 1 Technology Measures * * We denote by _ANUMf , j_ the number of different technologies from the grid used in business function _f_ in establishment _j_ . When more than one technology is used in a business function , we explore whether the technologies used are contiguous in the sophistication ranking of the grid or , instead , there are sophistication gaps in the vector of technologies used . Formally , we define the sophistication gap of establishment _j_ in business function _f_", "spans": [{"start": 1469, "end": 1479, "text": "FAT survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 | | Citizens Score Card to measure service < br > dli ifi | | | Date | 07-May-2007 | 25-May-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | | every satsacton | | | Comments | | One Annual Citizen ' s Report < br > Card has been completed and < br > KCCA is utilizing the result to < br > inform its service delivery < br > strategy to thecitizens . The < br > second Citizen Report Card < br > study is on-going . | < br > Target will be achieve | | Comp 2 : Primary drainage channel expanded | | Text | Value | 0 | 0 | 3 . 6 kms | | and lined ( Kms ) | | | Date | 07-May-2007 | 25-May-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | | | | | Comments | | Activity dropped following < br > project restructuring . However < br > project efficiency and PDO < br > which is institutional < br > strengthening still holds . | < br > Dropped after restructuring . | | Comp 2 : Poor quality bitumen roads and | | Text | Value | 348 . 08 kms | 0 | 374 . 07 kms | | associated drains improved and strengthened < br > | | | Date | 07-May-2007 | 25-May-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | | ( Kms ) | | | Comments | | This activity has been < br > dropped during restructuring < br > of the project since all roads < br > maintenance in the country | Dropped after restructuring . | Page 4 of 6", "spans": [{"start": 8, "end": 27, "text": "Citizens Score Card", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interest gained on VRF . This has resulted in in annual increase in incomes of HHs by $ 472 . 32 . * * Economic analysis : * * The analysis of the economic rate of return uses the data on food and cash crop production , value-addition / agribusiness and non-agricultural / vocational enterprises . Crop enterprises include the main smallholder crops such as maize , sorghum , beans , cassava , Irish potatoes , field peas , plantain / banana , sim-sim , sunflower , onions , groundnuts and trees . The non-crop enterprises included : poultry ( meat and eggs ) , small ruminants , unprocessed honey , piggery and dairy . The non-agricultural enterprises include beauty salons , metal fabrication and welding , carpentry and joinery , tailoring and Page 37 of 50", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 217, "text": "data on food and cash crop production", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Support to Land and Mining Management Strengthening Project ( P169267 ) < mark > and girls . In addition , Burkina Faso has the fifth highest rate of child marriage in the world with 52 percent < / mark > < sup > 13 < / sup > < mark > of girls married before they are 18 . Sexual violence against girls in schools is a particular concern in Burkina Faso , as highlighted by the United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner in 2017 . Furthermore , 76 percent of women and girls aged 15 to 49 have undergone female circumcision , against a regional average of 45 . 8 percent < / mark > < sup > 14 < / sup > < mark > . Proxy indicators in Burkina Faso for social norms appear to legitimize and condone GBV , with wife beating justified by 42 . 5 percent < / mark > < sup > 15 < / sup > < mark > of women in the country . Burkina Faso does have a GBV law meant to prevent and respond to all forms of violence against women and girls , although implementation continues to be a challenge . Women are also disadvantaged in the education system and the labor market . They experience relatively more difficulties in accessing land and owning productive assets , and the recent growth in gold mining activities disproportionately affects women and children ’ s personal safety . < / mark > # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 7 . * * < mark > The Sahel RRA has identified tensions related to access to land and extractive resources as important factors contributing to conflict risks . < / mark > * * < mark > The combined impact of climate change , population growth , land degradation , and economic interests has exacerbated pressures on land and natural resources . Some of the factors that have contributed to these tensions include land speculation for agricultural and urban development , exclusion of traditional rights of use and access in the legal framework , the rapid expansion of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") in Kenya > 1 IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook , January 2021 . > 2 World Bank ’ s Africa Pulse , April 2020 . > 3 IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook , January 2021 . > 4 World Bank Kenya Economic Update , June 2021 . > 5 Central Bank of Kenya ( CBK ) Monetary Policy Committee , November 2020 > 6 The 2012 MSME Act in Kenya defines Micro and Small Enterprises based on the number of employees , sector of operation , and annual revenues . A micro enterprise employs less than 10 employees while a small enterprise employs between 10 and 50 , and medium enterprises employ between 50 and 99 employees . http : / / www . industrialization . go . ke / indec . php-micro-and-smallenterprises-act-2012 > 7 World Bank COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey , September 2020 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 738, "text": "World Bank COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the estimated hazard rate retrieved from the first stage . The two stages can also ( and more efficiently ) be estimated simultaneously by maximum-likelihood . < sup > 11 < / sup > The key issue is of course to find good instruments . We follow the approach suggested by Besley and Case ( 2001 ) and use political instruments taken from the World Bank ’ s worldwide governance database . Specifically , we use Kaufman ’ s governance index ( the WB - Worldwide Governance Indicators ( WGI ) project < sup > 12 < / sup > ) and its square , based on the idea that very corrupt and very honest governments would be reluctant to use inspection programs , the first because it would reduce corruption opportunities and the second because inspection would not be needed . This suggests that the probability of using an inspection program ( the dependent variable in the first-stage probit ) is a concave function of governance , something which can be captured by a second-degree polynomial . In some specifications , we also use IMF structural adjustment programs that were adopted simultaneously with PSI , as well as the official amount of OECD aid per country per year . When no good instruments are available , the alternative route consists of using the Generalized Method of Moments ( GMM ) , and in particular Blundell and Bond ’ s system-GMM ( Blundell and Bond 1998 ) . The system-GMM estimator runs two simultaneous equations , one in levels and one in first differences , in which endogenous RHS variables in levels are instrumented by their lagged first differences in the level equation , and by their lagged levels in the differenced equation . Suitable instruments can of course be added in the levels equation if available . The number of lags used as instruments is the experimenter ’ s choice , and it has been argued that this latitude sometimes makes results unstable . There is however a rule of thumb which states that the number of lags should not be larger than the number of individuals in the panel . In our case , this rule of thumb is of course not binding because the number of lags is anyway severely", "spans": [{"start": 360, "end": 389, "text": "worldwide governance database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 454, "end": 485, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". _ on MEXDIS I and of _27 bs . pis . _ on POLDIS . We can conclude that a 22 The only problem with this methodology is that an estimated VAR is underidentified : an additional restriction must be imposed on the two variable VAR system in order to identify the impulse responses and variance decomposition . The usual restriction is given by the assumption that one error has a contemporaneous effect on both variables , while the other one has a contemporaneous effect only on its own variable . This assumption is said to imply an _ordering_ of the variables . We assume that _E , _ * * _M , _ * * has a contemporaneous effect on both variables , while C p , does not . This is not an innocuous assumption : the correlation coefficient on the estimated residuals is above 0 . 7 , so the ordering matters . Our assumption is based on several considerations . The first one is that , at least for the first year of our sanple ( when the evidence of cointegration is stronger ) , all the relevant volatility was coming from the news on Mexico and not on Poland . Second , we regressed the residuals from the cointegration relation ( the \" long run \" residuals , LRER in figure 8 ) on the standard deviation of MEXDIS ( MSIG ) and on the standard deviation of POLDIS ( PSIG ) : not only MSIG is more significant than PSIG and with the right sign , but the negative sign of PSIG suggests that the volatility of MEXDIS dominates . Finally , and consistently with our belief that Mexico is a leader in the Brady market , the IMF ( 1995 ) finds evidence of Granger causality from Mexico to other countries using daily bond prices .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "category , respectively , it is not possible to explicitly separate total income earned by being a cadre from other incomes . < sup > 26 < / sup > Nonetheless , it is important to examine whether the income gap between cadre and non-cadre households is simply driven by an employment contract . To do this , we examine the difference in local wage income between cadre and non-cadre households by source . < sup > 27 < / sup > Specifically , given the design of the 1986-1991 waves of the RCRE survey , we are able to disaggregate local wage income into three components : ( a ) wage income from businesses and economic activities managed by villages , ( b ) subsidies , aid and fund from villages , and ( c ) wage income from the private sector . Component ( b ) includes compensation and subsidies for being a cadre along with aid and funds such as comfort funds to families of revolutionary martyrs , financial aid to families living in extreme 26 While we cannot explicitly calculate the wage income earned by cadres ( i . e . , the compensation and subsidies for being a cadre from both village coffers and government treasury ) , we are able to infer it under reasonable assumptions . Specifically , when comparing village subsidies , aid and funds between cadre and non-cadre households , we find that , on a per capita basis , cadre households earn an average of 60 Yuan per capita from this income component ( i . e . , 54 . 33 + 5 . 559 = 59 . 889 ) while non-cadre households earn about about six Yuan , which are aid and fund from villages and do not contain cadre compensation and subsidies ( Appendix Table 7 ) . Since there is no reason to believe that the village aid and fund are distributed systematically in favor of cadre households , we consider the difference of 54 yuan in village subsidies , aid and fund between cadre and non-cadre households to be the average compensation and subsidies for being a cadre from village coffers . Moreover , and again as we discussed above , the other part of compensation and subsidies for", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 500, "text": "RCRE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fluctuated wildly – in 2007 it stood roughly at the same level as in 2001 . These patterns are consistent with a volatile , but roughly constant relative demand for skilled labor over this period . The evolution of the high school-dropout wage premium and relative supply in Table 3 . 2 , in turn , signals the presence of substantial demand forces for this middle education group for the two decades , since despite large increases in the relative supply the wage differential fell relatively little . The evolution of supplies and premiums from Honduras reveal a great deal of volatility , in part due to changes in the underlying household survey . Table 3 . 1 shows that the relative supply for skilled labor increased over the two decades , with virtually no change in the wage skill premium in the 1990s indicating a relative demand for skilled labor growing at the same rate as its relative supply . In the 2000s , however , the fall in the wage premium is consistent with a slow or even decreasing relative demand for this factor . Table 3 . 2 , meanwhile , indicates that the high school-dropout wage differential fell by 1 . 8 percent per year over the decade of 1990 , with a small concurrent increase in its relative supply over the same period . For the decade of 2000 , the corresponding wage premium only exhibits a small increase , but with a substantially larger reduction in the relative supply of high school graduates . Both patterns are consistent with a decrease in the relative demand for this type of labor over the two periods . It should be noted that this fall in the relative supply of high school graduates is one of the few observed for the countries and periods under analysis . Table 3 . 1 and the evolution of the underlying variables ( see the Appendix below ) indicates that the wage premium increased substantially in Mexico in the late 1980s and early 1990s , even when ignoring the hike around 1995 ( the “ Tequila ” financial crisis ) . The fall in the wage premium that characterized most of the Latin American economies in the 2000s started in Mexico a few years earlier", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 649, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "310 , 000 , and eligibility expires after 3 years for incorporated companies or 4 years for other registered businesses . Firms in the construction , real estate , shipping , and airline services sectors are also subject to special final tax rates on their gross turnover , instead of the CIT . There is a statutory VAT rate of 11 percent . There are various exempted or zero-tax-rated categories , including essential food , health , education , financial services , and exports . Participation in the VAT regime is only compulsory for firms with gross annual revenues of at least US 310 , 000 , though smaller firms may voluntarily opt-in . There is considerable evidence that incomplete tax compliance by firms is pervasive in Indonesia . Previous studies have found that nine out of ten firms were not registered with the revenue authority ( Rothenberg et al . , 2016 ) , and that most registered firms reported zero net income and paid no income tax ( e . g . , Ikhsan et al . , 2005 ) . Audit data suggests that in some instances there is substantial misreporting between taxpayer self-declared liabilities and auditor-assessed liabilities among firms that do pay tax . < sup > 6 < / sup > Moreover , such noncompliance seems exceptionally high among professional services corporations ( Breuer et al . , 2018 ) . Recent World Bank ( 2024b ) research has estimated Indonesia ’ s combined CIT and VAT compliance gap at around 3 . 8 percent of GDP in lost revenues per year from 2016 to 2021 . This includes losses due to deliberate or unintentional underpayment of businesses ’ tax obligations , such as the type of tax evasion focused on in this paper . More generally , a few studies have also estimated Indonesia ’ s tax losses based on estimates of the informal economy . Tax losses are calculated by applying an average tax rate to this economic activity which is assumed to have remained outside the tax net . These studies have arrived at a wide range of tax-loss estimates , from 0 . 7 to 3 . 8 percent of GDP per annum ( see Tatariyanto , 2014 ; Mulyawan , 2017 ; Nizar and", "spans": [{"start": 993, "end": 1003, "text": "Audit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition to age and location , education plays a strong role in influencing women ’ s labor market participation . Although a larger share of men than women at every level of education participate in the labor market , the “ labor force participation – education nexus ” is stronger for women than for men ( figure 2 ) . In other words , as their level of education rises , female participation in the labor market increases substantially ( from 24 percent for those with intermediate education to 58 percent for those with university degrees ) . By contrast , there is no discernible trend for men . * * Figure 2 Labor force participation rate by gender , location , age , and education : Tunisia , 2014 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . Overall < br > Urban < br > Location < br > Rural < br > 15 – 24 < br > 25 – 34 < br > Age group 35 – 44 < br > 45 – 54 < br > 55 – 65 < br > Illiterate < br > Read and write < br > Under intermediate < br > Education level < br > Intermediate < br > Above intermediate < br > Univeristy and above < br > 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > Labor force participation rate ( % ) < br > Men Women < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Tunisian Labor Market Panel Survey ( TLMPS ) , 2014 , http : / / www . erfdataportal . com / index . php / catalog / 105 . The labor force participation – education nexus for women is important because in recent decades Tunisia has achieved major gains in educational attainment for women . For example , between 2003 and 2017 the gross tertiary enrollment for women increased from 30 percent to 42 percent , whereas for men the gross tertiary enrollment remained constant at 23 – 24 percent during the same 7", "spans": [{"start": 1186, "end": 1220, "text": "Tunisian Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1542, "text": "gross tertiary enrollment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Jobs and Economic Transformation ( KJET ) Project ( P179381 ) | | | | beneficiary clusters under Co < br > which new practices have bee < br > subsequent cohorts having ba < br > onboarded into the project . | mponent 2 . The first follow-up survey to mea < br > n adopted post-BDS is scheduled for July 20 < br > seline and follow-up survey data collected a | sure the degree to < br > 26 , with < br > s they are | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | of which women < br > ( Percentage ) | 0 | Oct / 2023 | 0 < br > 01-Dec-2025 | 0 < br > 15-Jun-2026 < br > 60 | Dec / 2028 | | | 0 | Oct / 2023 | 0 < br > 01-Dec-2025 | 0 < br > 15-Jun-2026 < br > 800 | Dec / 2028 | | No . of women receiving < br > dedicated BDS trainings < br > tailored to the specific needs < br > of women ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving target | s | The project will develop traini < br > indicator will track the numbe < br > sub-component 2 . 2 . The PIU < br > ( based on attendance reports | ngs specific for women ( e . g personal initiativ < br > r of cumulative women attending such tailor < br > will track this indicator through regular repor < br > ) . | e training ) . This < br > ed trainings under < br > ts from MSEA | # # * * Scaling Up Green Financing and Strengthening Climatic Resilience for", "spans": [{"start": 393, "end": 414, "text": "follow-up survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1044, "end": 1062, "text": "attendance reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nevertheless , this study , based on data from China , six major host African countries and 35 firm interviews , provides strong evidence that private Chinese investment in Africa is gathering momentum and starting to make an impact in some places . It reinforces what many have suggested , i . e . , China ’ s overall role in global cross-border investment is likely to continue to grow in the near future , and the role played by its private sector especially deserves focused attention . This phenomenon itself raises many more questions : Will private Chinese investment be a blessing or curse to Africa ? Will it contribute to Africa ’ s industrialization or will it kill native “ infant ” industries ? Will Chinese private businessmen provide valuable jobs for locals , or will they simply exploit the cheap labor ? What influence will this investment have on the local business environment , fostering healthy law and order and economic competition , or aggravating local corruption ? Finally , what impact will this new development have on China ? Answers to these questions have important policy implications for African host governments , as well as for China . Like any FDI , private Chinese OFDI carries not only new opportunities but also special challenges . How the host governments meet those challenges will determine the net impact of the investment for their economies . There are also implications for the home government as well as the involved Chinese firms . The following suggests several “ do ’ s and don ’ ts ” in terms of government policies , especially those for the host countries , that can influence the outcome of this investment . # 1 . Policy implications for host countries ’ industrialization First and foremost , the rising role of private Chinese investment appears to offer a great opportunity to African host countries , especially those which aspire to transform their traditionally resourced-based economies into more industrialized societies . Industrialization is a process involving many steps . The labor-intensity and relatively low technology associated with the current wave of Chinese firms relocating to Africa provides a desirable first step in this process . Such industries are easy for less developed host countries to absorb and adopt ;", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 52, "text": "data from China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This indicates a certain level of positive reallocation among workers who had found other formal jobs . The EIS data do not allow us to observe what happened to workers who were employed by firms that wound up existing , and who were no longer formally employed after the minimum wage increased . We do not know whether these workers transitioned into informal employment , became unemployed , or dropped out of the labor force . To provide indicative evidence on this question , we complement the EIS data with microdata from the Turkish Household Labor Force Survey ( HLFS ) published by the Turkish Statistical Institute , a nationally representative household survey that is available annually from 1998 to 2018 . The survey asks all employed individuals whether they are registered with social security institutions through their primary employment . This allows 26", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 116, "text": "EIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 531, "end": 567, "text": "Turkish Household Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Policy Research Working Paper Series * * | * * Title * * | * * Author * * | * * Date * * | * * Contact * * < br > * * for paper * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | WPS2442 A Firms ' s-Eye View of Policy and < br > Fiscal Reforms in Cameroon | Bernard Gauthier < br > Isidro Soloaga < br > James Tybout | September 2000 | L . Tabada < br > 36896 | | WPS2443 The Politics of Economic Policy < br > Reform in Developing Countries | Richard H . Adams Jr . | September 2000 | M . Coleridge-Taylor < br > 33704 | | WPS2444 Seize the State , Seize the Day : < br > State Capture , Corruption , and < br > Influence in Transition | Joel S . Hellman < br > Geraint Jones < br > Daniel Kaufmann | September 2000 | D . Billups < br > 35818 | | WPS2445 Subsidies in Chilean Public Utilities | Pablo Serra | September 2000 | G . Chenet-Smith < br > 36370 | | WPS2446 Forecasting the Demand for < br > Privatized Transport : What Economic < br > Regulators Should Know , and Why | Lourdes Trujillo < br > Emile Quinet < br > Antonio Estache | September 2000 | G . Chenet-Smith < br > 36370 | | WPS2447 Attrition in Longitudinal Household < br > Survey Data : Some Tests for Three < br > Developing-Country Samples | Harold Alderman < br > Jere R . Behrman < br > Hans-Peter Kohler < br > John A . Maluccio < br > Susan Cotts Watkins | September 2000 | P . Sader < br > 33902 | | WPS2448 On \" Good \" Politicians and \" Bad \" < br > Policies : Social Cohesion , < br > Institutions , and Growth | Jo Ritzen < br > William Easterly < br > Michael Woolcock | September 2000 | A . Kibutu < br > 34047 | | WPS2449 Pricing Irrigation Water : A Literature < br > Survey | Robert C", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". * * * , * * and * denote significance at the 1 , 5 and 10 percent levels , respectively . All equations include time period and group-specific dummies . Data for the transition economies refer only from 1997 onwards . All equations include time period and group-specific dummies . The estimations confirm our earlier results ; see Table 7 . In fact , the growth impact of foreign capital in the EU10 and EU candidate countries is even stronger ; the magnitude of the coefficient is about three times larger than the previous estimates . Two hypotheses are worth putting forward . First , the impact on growth is not a statistical artifact of the high , but unsustainable , growth episodes of the pre-crisis period among European transition countries . Second , the excesses of the pre-crisis period were not as supportive of medium-term growth . A more detailed assessment , however , is hampered by the small sample size . Still , we believe the evidence is sufficiently clear in that prospective EU membership has been a sound impetus for institutional and economic reforms in the EU10 and the EU candidate economies , and this has made it possible for them to strengthen their capacity to absorb effectively foreign capital . Of course the pre-crisis excesses were also not as supportive of medium-term growth and thus there is much to learn from the case of emerging European countries with more sustainable growth experiences . 20", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 188, "text": "Data for the transition economies", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that in Mexico each job is associated with $ 2 , 100 towards the business development services . There is little additional evidence on the effects solely from business development services . Additionally , as presented in the assumption discussion below , workers in these firms have earnings than the average earnings used elsewhere as all jobs counted here are in guaranteed to be in the more lucrative digital industries . * * 11 . Approach for curriculum reform : * * Component 1 . 2 ( enhancing digital skills competencies for public school students ) entails a curriculum reform for public schools to enhance and update digital skills competencies . Specifically , it is a national reform for the digital literacy and computer skills courses taken high school grades 7 to 9 . The benefits calculation for this component adopts a conventional methodology taken for interventions that increase access to education . The increase in income associated with various schooling levels ( e . g . high school completion , four-year university completion ) relative to no or lower levels of education are estimated through regression analysis ( in the form of Mincerian equations ) of individual-level survey data . Once earnings differentials denoted ∆ 𝑊 , are calculated , they are assumed to be realized each year from when the students enter the labor market until they are in retirement age , roughly 65 years old ( Jimenes and Patrinos 2007 ) . The education level of each individual largely determines the timing of labor market entry , with some entering right after completing high school , at age 18 , those attending university 4 years later , and so forth . The analysis here is an adjusted version of the conventional approach , using the differential is relative to no computer literacy courses < sup > 61 < / sup > rather than a different level of education . This presents a challenge since it is not possible to estimate the differential from the individual survey data available and there does not exist much evidence on it . Of the scarce literature , Bishop and Mane ( 2004 ) indicate that the increase in earnings is about 12 percent (", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1210, "text": "individual-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1961, "end": 1983, "text": "individual survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the past where cattle have grazed on trees plant by private farmers close to the Itojo area . # # # # # # Proposed Mitigation Measures Establishment of fire lines in addition to conducting fire campaigns and sensitization shall be conducted before the dry season to enlist community support in fire fighting and control . North Rwenzori forest reserve should procure a fire danger index which is based on average weather seasons . ix", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * PROTECTION ANALYSIS UPDATE – Q1 2022 * * # # # # * * < mark > d . Denial and / or inability to access existing services < / mark > * * < mark > Key informant interviews indicated that respondents had challenges to have access to services such as livelihood support ( 20 % ) , Health ( 17 % ) , Shelter ( 6 % ) , Psychosocial support ( 8 % ) Rehabilitation services for persons with disability ( 5 % ) , Rehabilitation services for children ( 5 % ) support for persons with specific needs ( 10 % ) , documentation ( 5 % ) WASH ( 3 % ) , education ( 9 % ) , legal aid ( 5 % ) and education at ( 8 % ) . The Household survey data indicates Samangan and Sar-e – pul as the highest rate of respondents who reported denial of access to services ( 52 % ) , followed by Wardak ( 48 % ) , Badghis ( 42 % ) , Hirat , Takhar and Badakhshan ( 38 % each ) , Balakh ( 32 % ) , ( 32Ghor ( 28 % ) , Nimroz ( 27 % ) , Takhar and Kandahar ( 12 % ) . 27 % of respondents reported that community members were unable to access existing services compared to 71 % who reported they are able to get access to services during household surveys . Existing services were denied in the community due to discrimination / exclusion ( 16 % ) , documentation was required to have access to services ( 20 % ) the assistance was not free ( 20 % ) and the assistance < / mark > was not what the community needed ( 29 % ) . < mark > The different groups that were unable to have access to the existing services were child-headed households , ( 16 % ) , children at risk headed households ( 10 % ) , Elderly person headed households ( 16 % ) , female-headed households ( 17 % ) , persons with disability", "spans": [{"start": 609, "end": 630, "text": "Household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1105, "end": 1122, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The European economic landscape has undergone major transformations since the early 1990s through international migration . During this recent period , the volume of migration in the European Union ( EU ) has more than doubled , with the number of foreign-born residents in EU countries reaching 60 million in 2019 . This represents 12 % of the EU resident population and over 23 % of the stock of global migrants , while the EU population accounts for only less than 7 % of the total world population . Among the current stock of the foreign born in the EU , more than 21 million individuals ( or 35 % of the total ) are migrants from other EU member countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > What motivates migration decisions ? Individual rational actors decide to migrate because a cost-benefit calculation leads them to expect a positive net return – both monetary and non-monetary – from movement ( Sjaastad 1962 , Schwartz 1973 , Todaro and Maruszko 1987 ) . In this microeconomic model of individual choice , where both push and pull constructs shape migration patterns , potential migrants move to where the expected discounted net returns are greatest ( Lee 1966 , Borjas 1987 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > Then , because of its large economic and social costs , corruption could be an important determinant affecting migration decisions . In particular , does a high level of corruption in a country promote emigration and deter immigration ? In order to make progress on this important question , in this paper we use a gravity model specification to investigate whether corruption could be identified as a push factor and / or as a pull factor shaping migration patterns . Using data on bilateral migration flows across EU28 and EFTA countries between 2008 and 2018 , we show that four different measures of corruption – both subjective and objective indicators – are strongly linked with migration flows . Across all the specifications considered in this paper , corruption is found to act both as push factor and as a pull factor for migration decisions . A 1-unit increase in the corruption level in the origin country is", "spans": [{"start": 1701, "end": 1734, "text": "data on bilateral migration flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SNA training instructions specify that greater effort should be directed at larger transactions . Deaton cites OECD ( 2002 , p . 179 ) where the SNA training instructions with respect to valuing home-production state that the time expended to collect this information should only be expended if the amount produced is sufficiently large with respect to the total supply in the nation of that particular item . In contrast , household budget surveys , and living standards surveys tend to focus on home production and more generally , include smaller transactions with greater probability than larger ones . The primary objectives of these surveys are typically to rank households , identify the poor , and measure consumption patterns . Conversely , estimates of 12", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 448, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 455, "end": 479, "text": "living standards surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5763 # * * Abstract * * In the past three decades , emerging countries have gone through extensive decentralization reforms . Yet , there are no studies assessing quantitatively the relative importance of various factors known to affect the success of decentralization . This paper builds on a comprehensive dataset the authors constructed for Peru , which merges municipal fiscal accounts with information about municipalities ’ characteristics such as population , poverty , education , and local politics . The paper then analyzes the leading factors affecting the ability of municipalities to execute the allocated budget using complementary methodologies , from least squares to quantile regression analyses . According to the existing literature and the Peruvian context , the analysis divides these factors into four categories : the _budget size and allocation process ; local capacity ; local needs ; _ and _political economy constraints . _ Although all four factors affect decentralization , the largest determinant of spending ability is the adequacy of the budget with respect to local capacity . The results confirm the need for decentralization to be implemented gradually over time in parallel with strong capacity building efforts . This paper is a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit , Latin America and the Caribbean Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at jrigolini @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 378, "text": "comprehensive dataset the authors constructed for Peru", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , the mechanisms we have proposed so far abstract from any within-firm adjustment across products . As NTMs impose fixed costs per product and firm , in countries with high NTMs multi-product firms may focus on their core product , i . e . the product in which they have the largest market share ; this implies that our results could be due to an extensive margin adjustment within firms , across products rather than within sectors , across firms . In Section C . 16 of the online appendix we show that our results are not purely driven by multi-product firms ’ ability to adjust their export portfolio . First , we show that controlling for the number of products exported by the firm leaves our results unchanged . Second , we show that our results still hold when focusing on a sample of single-product firms where such a channel of adjustment is _de facto_ absent . # * * 6 . 2 Role of import shares * * An alternative way to test the mechanisms underlying our theoretical predictions is to look at market shares . Since we do not have market-share data ( which is why we identify market power indirectly through pricing behavior in the first place ) , we attempt to proxy , albeit very imperfectly , the size of firms through their share of aggregate imports . Import shares are computed over destination _d_ ’ s total imports of product _p_ , obtained from the BACI database , with products defined at the 4-digit level , and are evaluated at the beginning of the period . < sup > 33 < / sup > Import shares are poor proxies for true market shares given that variations in the sales of domestic firms , which are key for the measurement of rent-shifting effects , are not observed . We try to go around the problem by instrumenting import shares with tariffs and NTMs . That is , our postulate is that the variation of import shares explained by the variation of tariffs and NTMs has something to do with the effect of trade policy on market structure . This exercise has its limitations . First , we cannot directly instrument a firm ’ s import share with trade-policy", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1066, "text": "market-share data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1376, "end": 1389, "text": "BACI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The search for political accountability based on the performance of a sector is not trivial , however ; Deininger and Mpuga ( 2005 ) show that such use of the term “ accountability ” is possible . Indeed , they find a positive correlation between the performance of public service delivery and political accountability . < sup > 11 < / sup > But the evidence suggests that the link is hard to achieve systematically . Users who are also voters may have a perception about political performance that deviates from actual performance . For example , there is evidence that infrastructure prices in some countries and sectors went down while quality and access increased as a result of energy reforms in Latin America during the 1990s ( see , for instance , McKenzie and Mookherjee 2003 ; Fay and Morrison 2006 ; Bonnet et al . 2009 ) . However , surveys on public perceptions showed discontent with the results of reform in infrastructure despite these improvements in sector performance ( see Straub and Martimort , 2005 ; Latino Barometro ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > A possible explanation could be that voters may not manage to unpack the implications of separate elements of reforms if the outcome for the overall economy is perceived to be negative and / or if reforms have led to high unemployment rates ( see , for instance , Huber , Pribble , and Stephens , 2009 ) . Clearly , democracy has many benefits , but it is not necessarily sufficiently effective to ensure accountability when it comes to the performance in a sector as complex as infrastructure — which has delayed and quite opaque payoffs on some dimensions , and high visibility in some others , such as access . A more transparent link between sector performance and policy choices is needed for accountability to be effective . Ultimately , the main message from this discussion of accountability specific to the infrastructure sector is a common one . The devil is in the details , and hence the details about the risks of political distortions need to be understood much better than they commonly are . They also need to be much more transparently handled if users and hence voters are", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 875, "text": "surveys on public perceptions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The results in this section are derived from micro-data in the Population and Housing Census ( RGPH ) 2014 and the National Survey of Budget , Consumption and Standard of Living of Households ( EBCNV ) of 2015 , which has the typical structure of HBSs . Details on the regressors included in the models are reported in INS ( 2020 ) . Mapping the poverty rates in Tunisia demonstrates that there is a high concentration of poverty in the North-West and Center-West landlocked regions . Poverty rates decrease moving towards the coastal North-East , Center-East and the Greater Tunis regions , although there are pockets of relatively high poverty rates there as well . Southern regions ( South West and South East ) are characterized by diverse levels of poverty . The performance of models is tested by comparing the poverty rates obtained with the poverty mapping method with the EBCNV 2015 survey estimates at the regional and governorate levels . This comparison is feasible because the EBCNV 2015 is representative at both regional and governorate levels . As shown in Table 1 , poverty rates estimated on the basis of a household survey are more precise at the national level only . In fact , at regional levels , estimates from poverty mapping ( Census 2014 ) show coefficients of variation ( in the range of 8 % - 19 ‰ ) that are lower compared to survey estimates ( EBCNV 2015 ) , with the coefficient of variation in the range of 24 % - 69 ‰ . * * Table 1 . Poverty rates * * * * < u > by region < / u > * * | * * Region * * | * * E * * < br > * * Poverty * * < br > * * rate * * | * * BCNV 2015 * * < br > * * Standard * * < br > * * error * * | * * cv * * | * * Pove * * < br > * * Poverty * * < br > * * rate * * | * * rty mappin * * < br > * * Standard * * < br > * * error *", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 92, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 881, "end": 898, "text": "EBCNV 2015 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 990, "end": 1000, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1125, "end": 1141, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1595, "end": 1604, "text": "BCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Understanding Children ’ s Work ( UCW ) project < sup > 6 < / sup > ( in international partner organizations and academic institutions ) to obtain information on further relevant impact evaluations . We make use of the UCW inventory and present the most relevant results of all peer-reviewed papers . Non-reviewed studies were considered if they apply a plausible and rigorous strategy to identify the impact of the program on child labor . < sup > 7 < / sup > The papers we discuss include randomized trials as well as regression discontinuity designs , natural experiments , and propensity score matching studies . < sup > 8 < / sup > Papers that do not explicitly evaluate the impacts of the intervention on child labor outcomes were excluded . As mentioned in the previous section , the concepts used to categorize children ’ s work and child labor are at times inconsistent in published statistics and research reports . Similarly , there is substantial variation in the productive activities covered by the impact evaluations discussed in this review . To achieve consistency , our discussion primarily focuses on impact estimates for children ’ s participation in economic activities conducted for pay and / or for the household ( i . e . excluding household chores ) and discuss , when available , the program impacts for different categories of economic activities or household chores . We present the impact on the extensive margin of child labor ( as this is the outcome that most studies examine ) and on the intensive margin of child labor . We focus on children aged 6 – 14 years , the cut-off is set as the minimum working legal age set in most countries . We refer the reader to the extensive literature on youth labor programs , defined as the population aged 15 to 24 ( see Behrman 1999 , Card et al . 2015 , Blattman and Ralston 2015 , among others ) . Our filters produce a final sample of 31 evaluations . It should be noted that impact evaluations around child labor tend to suffer from two limitations : ( i ) seldom is child labor the main outcome of interest of labor and social protections programs and (", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 236, "text": "UCW inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productivity and commercialization of eggs and honey . 62 . * * Project implementation in the emerging conflict and pandemic context . * * AGP2 demonstrated valuable adaptability in addressing unexpected challenges arising from conflicts and pandemics . It became the first agricultural sector project to pilot GEMS-supported supervision , enabling effective remote monitoring and supervision when physical field visits were not feasible due to active conflicts in Amhara , Oromia , and Tigray , as well as during the COVID19 pandemic . Through virtual missions , the project maintained its momentum and continued critical activities , such as updating infrastructure data for already mapped subprojects and completing the mapping of remaining subprojects , ensuring progress despite challenging circumstances . 63 . * * Continuous and systematic support to the sector . * * The project provided a strategic platform for the World Bank to continuously support agriculture in Ethiopia while also assisting , refining , and strengthening the Government ’ s long-term development approach for greater impact . The trio of AGP1 , AGP2 , and FSRP were strategically designed to complement each other , incorporating lessons learned and ensuring lasting agricultural development in the country . AGP2 remarkably demonstrated resilience during turbulent times , effectively addressing evolving needs and generating positive outcomes for the sector . Page 19", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 672, "text": "infrastructure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Judicial Performance Improvement Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2020_ * * # # # # # # * * * Compensation of employees * * Salaries and Wages , Allowances , Statutory Contribution for employees are recognized in the period when the compensation is paid . # # # # # # * * * Use * * of goods and services Goods and services are recognized as payments in the period when the goods / services are consumed and paid for . * * If * * not paid for during the period where goods / services are consumed , they shall be disclosed as pending bill # # # # # # * * * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # # * * * Acquisition of fixed assets * * The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # # c ) * * Cash and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , shortterm deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account", "spans": [{"start": 1349, "end": 1369, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Ethiopia Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project ( P174385 ) | | | PDO ) . Utilizing visible-red and near-infrared spectral bands , NDVI isne measure for detecting vegetation cover < br > and can be used to track changes in vegetation over time . This indicator is meant to add value when used in < br > combination with other indicators , and provides a benchmark for physical achievement under the operation and < br > can be computed using remote-sensed satellite imagery data . Progress under this indicator is tracked by < br > computing , at the pixel-level ( using a spatial resolution of 30mx30m ) , the change in annual average NDVI from < br > baseline , selecting pixels showing an improvement over the baseline after adjusting for external factors ( i . e . < br > seasonal or climatic variables ) . NDVI values are computed using medium resolution imagery ( i . e . LandSat 8 or < br > Sentinel-2 ) and incorporating a masking routine to exclude pixels that can result in unreliable estimates ( i . e . < br > containing clouds , shadows , water cover , etc . ) . The share of the project area showing an improvement in NDVI < br > is evaluated after an appropriate lag ( i . e . 1 or 2 years ) on areas where interventions have taken place ( PDO 1 ) . < br > Information on spatial location and timing of interventions in each of the project watersheds is required for < br > tracking this intervention . Assessing performance under this indicator measures change from the baseline and < br > compares this against any change that would have occurred without the intervention ( i . e . the counterfactual ) . < br > Given the lack of satisfaction with how remote-sensing based indicators have performed in te past , largely as a < br > result of failing to control for external factors , the methodology establishing the ' counterfactual", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 514, "text": "remote-sensed satellite imagery data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 914, "end": 923, "text": "LandSat 8", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 934, "end": 944, "text": "Sentinel-2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Remember the measurable objectives you set and data you gathered in Step 4 ? Your goals will not mean much if you do not measure the IPM program ’ s performance against them at least once a year . Detailed service records will be critical to these evaluations , so make sure your pest management professional or in-house program provides the following documentation : Detailed description of the parameters and service protocols of the IPM program ( i . e . , what are the ground rules ? ) Specific locations where pest management work was performed ; - Dates of service - Activity descriptions , e . g . , baiting , crack-and crevice treatment , trapping , structural repair . Log of any pesticide applications , including : - Target pest ( s ) - The brand names and active ingredients of any pesticides applied - Registration numbers of pesticides applied - Percentages of mix used in dilution - Volume of pesticides used expressed in pounds of active ingredient - Applicator ’ s name ( s ) and certification identity ( copy of original certification and recertification should be maintained . ) - Facility floor plan on which all pest control devices are mapped and numbered - Pest tracking logs ( sightings and trap counts ) - Action plans , including structural and sanitation plans , to correct any pest problems - Pest sighting memos for staff to use in reporting pest presence to the pest management provider Using these records , and assuming the goals of your IPM program are increased efficacy , lower costs and reduced pesticide use ( see Step 4 ) , you should see : Fewer pest sightings and client complaints . Lower monitoring-station counts over time . Lower costs after the first 12-18 months , once IPM ’ s efficacy advantage has had time to take effect . Downward trend in volume or frequency of pesticide usage . Report the program ’ s successes following each evaluation and encourage good practices by recognizing individuals who played a role . Remember , IPM is a team effort . Communicating the success of your program in reducing toxic chemical use and exposure", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 221, "text": "service records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1180, "end": 1198, "text": "Pest tracking logs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "emission that may attract compliance with this regulation therefore the need to mainstream this regulation in KCSA safeguards . Emission from Agriculture forms part of the GHG inventory for land and land use and Forest inventory . There is need for CSA to provide for GHG abatement . # # * * _Occupational Health and Safety Act , 2007_ * * 55 . This is an Act of Parliament that provides for the safety , health and welfare of workers and all persons lawfully present at workplaces , to provide for the establishment of the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health and for connected purposes . The Act has the following functions , among others : - i . Secures safety and health for people legally in all workplaces by minimization of exposure of workers to hazards ( gases , fumes & vapors , energies , dangerous machinery / equipment , temperatures , and biological agents ) at their workplaces . - ii . Prevents employment of children in workplaces where their safety and health is at risk . - iii . Encourages entrepreneurs to set achievable safety targets for their enterprises . iv . Promotes reporting of work-place accidents , dangerous occurrences and ill health with a view to finding out their causes and preventing of similar occurrences in future . - v . Promotes creation of a safety culture at workplaces through education and training in occupational safety and health . This will be achieved with reference to national occupational health and safety guidelines or the World Bank Genera EHS guideline limits , whichever is more stringent # # * * _The Water Act 2002 as amended The Water Act No 43 ( 2016 ) _ * * 56 . The Water Act 2016 provides for the regulation , management and development of water resources , water and sewerage services , and for other connected purposes . Water resources in Kenya are owned by the Government , subject to any right of the user , legally acquired . The control and right to use water is exercised by the Minister administering the Act , and such use can only be acquired under the provisions of the Act .", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 185, "text": "GHG inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 212, "end": 228, "text": "Forest inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or restrictions on land < br > use , especially where this would result in < br > physical or economic displacement . | National legislations do not specifically < br > mention alternative project designs to < br > avoid or minimize adverse E & S impacts . < br > However , infrastructure projects often < br > adopt alternative project designs in an < br > attempt to avoid or minimize adverse E & S < br > impacts . The current project with its < br > multiple bends alternative routing is a good < br > example of efforts made to minimize < br > impacts < br > through < br > exploring < br > alternative < br > project designs . | National legislations do not specifically < br > provide for the need to limit involuntary < br > land acquisition or land use access < br > restriction for project purposes nor do < br > they specify the time period for land-take . < br > Moreover , national legislations do not < br > specify the need to explore alternative < br > project designs to avoid or minimize land < br > acquisition or restrictions on land use . | Given it potential to avoid < br > or at least minimize land < br > acquisition and access < br > restriction < br > through < br > exploring < br > alternative < br > subproject designs , the < br > WB ’ s ESS 5 shall be < br > applied . | | Planning < br > and < br > Implementation | ▪ a census should be conducted to : < br > ▪ identify the persons who will be < br > affected by the project , < br > ▪ establish an inventory of land and < br > assets to be affected , < br > ▪ determine who will be eligible for < br > compensation and assistance , < br > ▪ discourage ineligible persons , such < br > as < br > opportunistic < br > settlers", "spans": [{"start": 1353, "end": 1359, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > < sup > _τ i_ < / sup > _t_ < sup > indicatethatfalling < / sup > trade costs are followed by an increase in the propensity to export as well as in the export value within industry-country-year bins . Interestingly , product standard harmonization seems to be more important than tariffs for the propensity to export . Henceforth , I make use of detail firm level data to show that the impact of harmonization on trade flows is due to the entry of new exporters — the extensive margin — rather than an increase in the export value of established exporters — the intensive margin . An issue to be addressed is the possible endogeneity of my measure of product standards harmonization ( _NHt_ < sup > _i_ ) duetoreversecausality : IfhigherU . S . exportvaluetotheEUtriggersharmo - < / sup > > 21Note that an increase in harmonization of standards — a reduction in an NTB to international trade — implies a reduction in _NHt_ < sup > _i_ . < / sup > > 22Helpman et al . ( 2008 ) estimate _Wjt i_ < sup > asapredictedcomponentfromaprobitregressiononthepropensityto < / sup > export . I compute it from the underlying firm level data . Details of the construction of the variables are in appendix 2 . > 23Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , and United Kingdom . > 24Year fixed effects control for observable and unobservable characteristics that change across years and are common to countries and industries ; like exchange rates and other type of European trade policy tool . Industry fixed effects control for characteristics that vary across industries but not across years or across countries . > 25The propensity to export is a dummy variable which is equal to one if there are positive export flows at the industry-country-year level . > 26The lagged decision to export is represented by a dummy variable that is equal to one if there were U . S . exports in industry _i_ to country _j_ in the preceding period . 14", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 374, "text": "firm level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply Another challenge , discovered post-implementation , was that for the most vulnerable households , paying even $ 3 for a cylinder refill was too difficult . Those households would have benefited from a smaller , 2 . 5-kg cylinder bottle , also available in Niger , instead of the 6-kg bottles that were distributed . UNHCR Niger realized that many of the 30 per cent of households that stopped using LPG after the SEED programme refills ran out did so because they were forced to sell their cylinders to pay for food . For these households , any offer of cash from non-beneficiaries to purchase their cylinder at a discounted rate provided critical income that they could use to buy food . One unintended consequence of the programme was an increase in charcoal production in the region . In some parts of the Diffa region , the price of charcoal is now comparable to that of gas . Moreno explained that this phenomenon is the result of LPG ’ s transformation of the market . When firewood sales decreased , wood sellers sought a competing fuel that was cheaper and easier to transport than firewood , and that could compete with gas in terms of ease of use . However , users surveyed by UNHCR still rated gas as their preferred fuel . # # # Potential for replication In the first 15 months alone , the full amount of EU funding for SEED ( around € 2 million ) was recovered in savings from fuel purchases by people living in the region . This income boost to Diffa supports other donor investments in livelihood-improvement activities . The programme has also drawn interest from other donors and NGOs , including the International Rescue Committee and Action Contre la Faim , which are now working with SONIHY to introduce the same model to other parts of Niger . The model has been established and fine-tuned through SEED and can be directly transferred to other regions of the country . Beyond Niger , Moreno explains that ‘ you can implement", "spans": [{"start": 1263, "end": 1286, "text": "users surveyed by UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > INDONESIA # Protection Brief in Graphics < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Total Population < br > 11 , 735 Individuals < br > ( 6 , 548 Cases ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # * * Population based on Country of Origin * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Afghanistan 5 , 395 < br > Myanmar 2 , 208 < br > Somalia 1 , 230 < br > Yemen 490 < br > Sudan 455 < br > Iraq 411 < br > Sri Lanka 393 < br > Pakistan 206 < br > Others 947 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Population based on Age and Gender < br > Male Female < br > * Children 29 % 52 % 48 % < br > Adult < br > 72 % 28 % < br > 69 % < br > * * Elderly 2 % 52 % 48 % < br > 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % < br > * Between 0-17 years old * * Above 60 years old < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Vulnerabilities * < br > Unaccompanied or < br > 161 < br > separated child < br > Woman at risk 136 < br > Single parent 403 < br > Child at Risk 40 < br > Disability 120 < br > Chronic Illness 124 < br > * One individual may have multiple specific needs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 , 288 < br > Rohingya Boat Arrivals in Indonesia < br > Pre-registration figures * < br > 669 < br > 574 < br > 392 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1293, "text": "Pre-registration figures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . 5 | 5 . 3 | 5 . 5 | | Aryankor < br > | INDEP | 5 . 6 | 5 . 2 | 4 . 9 | 6 . 4 | 7 . 0 | 7 . 0 | 6 . 8 | | Életút < br > | INDEP | 4 . 7 | 6 . 2 | 5 . 9 | 6 . 0 | 6 . 0 | 6 . 0 | 6 . 0 | | Évgyűrűk | INDEP | 7 . 0 | 6 . 3 | 6 . 6 | 7 . 7 | 8 . 0 | 7 . 6 | 7 . 1 | | Weighted Average | MKT | 5 . 6 | 5 . 7 | 5 . 5 | 6 . 4 | 6 . 8 | 6 . 8 | 6 . 5 | | Weighted Average | EMP | 6 . 1 | 5 . 9 | 5 . 8 | 6 . 4 | 6 . 6 | 6 . 6 | 6 . 6 | | Weighted Average | FIN | 5 . 5 | 5 . 6 | 5 . 5 | 6 . 4 | 6 . 7 | 6 . 7 | 6 . 5 | | Weighted Average | INDEP | 6 . 3 | 6 . 0 | 6 . 0 | 7 . 2 | 7 . 5 | 7 . 3 | 6 . 9 | Source : HFSA raw data 38 . Administration and record keeping account for the largest share of operational costs , as shown in Table 16 . This is followed by wages of MPF personnel , the supervisory fee paid to the HFSA , and the guarantee fee . In contrast to most systems in Latin America , the share of marketing-related costs in total costs has been extremely small , although it is possible that some marketing activities are performed by other companies in the same financial group ( i . e . , the asset manager or the insurance company ) and the associated costs are hidden in the asset management fee . It is also possible that the costs associated with contribution collection are not fully reflected in administration", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 623, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We supplement our entry density data with a panel of explanatory country-level variables . First , we include macroeconomic measures ( World Bank-World Development Indicators , 2010 ) : GDP per capita , constant US $ 2000 and domestic credit provided to the private sector as a percentage of GDP . We find a strong correlation between entrepreneurship and economic development ( Figure 4 ) . As predicted by earlier studies on the relationship between financial development and economic growth ( Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic , 2004 ; Rajan and Zinagles , 1998 ) , we also see that firm creation is higher in countries with greater financial sector development , as measured by bank credit to GDP . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 10 < br > 8 8 < br > 6 6 < br > 4 4 < br > 2 2 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 10 , 000 20 , 000 30 , 000 40 , 000 0 50 100 150 200 250 < br > GDP per capita Domestic Credit ( % GDP ) < br > Entry Density < br > Entry Density < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 4 : Entry Density and Economic and Financial Development * * Next , we include measures of the strength of the business environment and barriers to entry . We employ four Doing Business ( World Bank , 2010 ) indicators . < sup > 8 < / sup > The first indicator , Starting Costs , captures all official fees and additional fees for legal and professional services involved in incorporating a business , and is measured as a percentage of the economy ’ s income > 8 The complete Doing Business database and additional details on its methodology is available at : www . doingbusiness . org . 10", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 36, "text": "entry density data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 135, "end": 174, "text": "World Bank-World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1480, "end": 1503, "text": "Doing Business database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the average energy spending share observed in the HBS 2019 in Bulgaria is 13 . 1 percent . The largest energy spending component is on electricity ( 59 . 3 percent of all energy expenditure ) , followed by other solid fuels ( 27 . 5 percent ) and heat energy ( 9 . 3 percent ) . * * There are several definitions of energy poverty from a monetary perspective . * * One stream of literature defines the energy poor as all households that spend more than 10 percent of their total expenditure on energy ( Boardman , 1991 ) . Thema and Vondung ( 2020 ) explore two additional energy poverty indicators . The first one is based on the national median of the energy spending share ( often 15", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 58, "text": "HBS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the exclusion cost . It is worth mentioning that calculating _ECTB_ < sup > undertheobserved < / sup > transfer schedule is equivalent to calculating the optimal local reform ( based solely on the targeting trade-off ) . For example , if we observe a ratio greater than 1 , _EC_ < sup > _ < u > TB < / u > > _1 , this < / sup > suggests it is optimal to increase the CCT and decrease the UCT from their observed values . Likewise , if this ratio were less than 1 , this suggests it is optimal to decrease the CCT and increase the UCT from their observed values . Finally , the optimal CCT ( based on the targeting grounds alone ) satisfies _EC_ < sup > _ < u > TB < / u > _ ( < / sup > < sup > _t_ < / sup > _c_ < sup > _ ∗ , tu_ ( < / sup > < sup > _t ∗ _ < / sup > _c_ < sup > ) ) = < / sup > 1 , i . e . , the targeting benefit just offsets the exclusion cost . In order to determine the optimal CCT , we need to observe income and price effects at all values of the transfer schedule ( _tc , tu_ ) , not just at the observed schedule . # V Estimating Income and Price Effects in Rural Mexico at the time of Progresa The remainder of the paper will focus on estimating the importance of the targeting benefit in the context of Progresa , a large CCT program in rural Mexico . In this section , we will focus on estimating the quantities necessary to recover curvature of utility - the income and price effect schedules - using evaluation data from Progresa . We will assume that the utility function is CRRA ( _u_ ( _c_ ) = _ < u > c < / u > _ 1 < sup > 1 < / sup > _ − _ < sup > _ − _ < / sup > _γ_ < sup > _γ_ ) and , therefore , willusetheaverage < / sup > ratio of income", "spans": [{"start": 1433, "end": 1462, "text": "evaluation data from Progresa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- EMIS 2018 ( collected in October-November 2017 , and reflecting the dropout and repetition status at the end of the 2016 / 17 school year , prior to the allocation of teachers ) with - EMIS 2019 ( collected in October-November 2018 , and reflecting the dropout and repetition status at the end of the 2017 / 18 school year , following the first full year of school with the increased level of staffing and reduced PqTR ) . The COVID-19 pandemic led to the closure of all schools in Malawi for seven months during 2020 and appears to have led to significant dropout . < sup > 9 < / sup > As the EMIS data collected in October-November 2019 is the most recent available prior to the onset of the pandemic , we restrict our analysis to the 2017 and 2018 allocations of teachers for which lagged information is available prior to the pandemic . Tables 5 . 3-5 . 6 show DiD results . In each table : - The first column defines treated schools as those which received at least one additional teacher in 2017 and as a result whose PqTR was brought below 90 in that year . < sup > 10 < / sup > The regression compares the repetition or dropout rate in schools at the end of the 2016 / 17 year to those at the end of the 2017 / 18 school year , reflecting a full year of the increased staffing . - The second column defines treated schools as those which received at least one additional teacher in 2018 and as a result whose PqTR was brought below 90 in that year . < sup > 11 < / sup > The regression compares the repetition or dropout rate in schools at the end of the 2017 / 18 year to those at the end of the 2018 / 19 school year , reflecting a full year of the increased staffing . # * * Repetition * * Tables 5 . 3 and 5 . 4 show DiD results for repetition rates . * * Table 5 . 3 * * focuses on overall repetition across grades . We find that in schools treated in 2017 , repetition rates were significantly reduced", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 11, "text": "EMIS 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 187, "end": 196, "text": "EMIS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 596, "end": 605, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - Mulwa , C . K . and M . Visser ( 2020 ) . Farm diversification as an adaptation strategy to climatic shocks and implications for food security in northern Namibia . _World Development 129_ , 104906 . - National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) ( 2019 ) . Nigeria - General Household Survey , Panel 2018-2019 , Wave 4 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : NGA_2018_GHSP-W4_v03_M . Dataset downloaded from ` https : / / doi . org / 10 . 48529 / 1hgw-dq47 ` . - National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) ( 2022 ) . Nigeria - National Longitudinal Phone Survey ( NLPS ) 2021-2022 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : NGA_2020_NLPS_v12_M . Dataset downloaded from ` https : / / doi . org / 10 . 48529 / xeym-xv94 ` . - Neumark , D . ( 2001 ) . The employment effects of minimum wages : Evidence from a prespecified research design . _Industrial Relations 40_ ( 1 ) , 121 – 44 . - Olken , B . A . ( 2015 ) . Promises and perils of pre-analysis plans . _Journal of Economic Perspectives 29_ ( 3 ) , 61 – 80 . - Oskorouchi , H . R . and A . Sousa-Poza ( 2021 ) . Floods , food security , and coping strategies : Evidence from Afghanistan . _Agricultural Economics 52_ ( 1 ) , 123 – 140 . - Rahut , D . B . , J . P . Aryal , and P . Marenya ( 2021 , May ) . Understanding climate-risk coping strategies among farm households : Evidence from five countries in Eastern and Southern Africa . _Science of The Total Environment 769_ , 145236 . 22", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 543, "text": "National Longitudinal Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subject to substantial fluctuations , however , the following analysis aims at netting out the individual-specific component in how successfully each technology is operated by a given household . Moreover , we have to allow for the possibility of both individual and social learning when the new technology is used . Learning by doing implies that individual ’ s catches trend upwards after adoption as the individual learns how to use the new technology more efficiently over time . Social learning ( or learning from others ) , on the other hand , implies that an individual can use the expertise other individuals have acquired with the new technology to become more efficient himself . Quite generally , the latter implies that the “ learning curve ” of an individual , that is his success as a function of time since adoption , depends on the amount of information available at the time he adopts . More specifically , we expect the learning curve of later adopters to be flatter since they start out with relatively more information at the time of adoption . With monthly sales data from 43 fishermen who switched to a fibre boat before the date of the interview , a test for individual as well as social learning is thus facilitated by the regression specification _ysit_ denotes monthly sales ( in Rupees ) of fisherman _i_ in month _t_ who currently operates technology _s_ , where _s_ = _C_ for catamaran and _s_ = _F_ for a fibre boat . Also consistent with the notation in the previous section , _t_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _i_ < sup > denotesthetimeofadoptionbyindividual < / sup > < sup > _i_ , and < / sup > _τi_ denotes time since adoption , so that _t_ = _t_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + < / sup > < sup > _τi_ . Variable < / sup > < sup > _μsi_isanindividual-specific , < / sup > technology-dependent intercept term or fixed effect , while _δt_ is a month-specific dummy that picks up aggregate fishing conditions and shocks . Finally , _usit_ is an i . i . d . error term with _E_ [ _usit_ ]", "spans": [{"start": 1070, "end": 1088, "text": "monthly sales data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # * * Methodology * * This report draws on both primary and secondary research . A detailed mapping and review of existing literature on the topic of localisation , gender and related subjects provided a framework for further research . This included global-level reports and studies , as well as published reports and grey literature specifically related to the Syria crisis . An online survey in English and Arabic was conducted from 22 October to 10 November 2017 with 3RP partners and organisations involved in the response inside Syria . The survey aimed to gather factual data and information from 3RP stakeholders , including on the amount of funding reaching national and local actors indirectly through international organisations ; as well as perceptions on the extent to which national and local actors lead and fully participate in the response . 72 individuals responded to the survey , representing UN agencies , international and national NGOs , national governments and donors . Survey responses have been included within relevant sections of the report . In parallel to the survey , 54 face-to-face and remote interviews were conducted with 63 individuals representing different national and international institutions and organisations working in the sub-region and at the global level . A full list of interviewees is provided in Annex 1 . Two independent consultants carried out the research . The primary consultant – the main author of this report – kept a broad focus , covering all relevant stakeholders and issues in countries across the sub-region . The other consultant focused specifically on consulting with local and national organisations , particularly women ’ s organisations and other local actors with a gender focus working in Jordan , Lebanon and Turkey . This provides the basis for an analysis of the gender dimensions of localisation in the region . Results from both streams of research have been integrated into this report . Certain factors – such as the short timeframe for the research and its overlap with a busy period for 3RP partners , the broad scope of research questions in a diverse set of country contexts , and the", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 491, "text": "online survey in English and Arabic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; HCTpromotion ; Condom distribution | | Ethiopian Environmental Protection < br > Agency | HIV / AIDS work place policy ; Condoms promotion & distribution ; < br > IEC materials production ; Sensitization workshop ; Training on < br > mainstreamingfor HIV / AIDS Task Force ; HCTpromotion | | National Archives & LibraryAgency | IEC / BCC ; Peer education Trainings | | Transport Authority | IEC / BCC ; Condom promotion and distribution < br > HCTpromotion ; Impact assessment | | Ethiopian Electric Power Cooperation | IEC / BCC ; training on peer education ; mainstreaming & M & E ; < br > KAP survey ; Preparation ofguideline | | Ethiopian Rural Energy Development < br > and PromotionCenter | IEC / BCC ; Condom promotion | | Ministry of youth and Sports | IEC / BCC ; Developing policy and guideline ; Trainings and < br > advocacy ; Condom promotion and distribution ; youth centers < br > * * e * * stablished and equipped . | | Ethiopian Roads Authority | IEC / BCC ; Condom promotion and distribution < br > Trainings and advocacy ; | | Ministryof Mines & Energy | IEC / BCC ; Condompromotion and distribution | | Secretariat Office of the House of < br > People ' s Representatives | HIV impact assessment ; HIV / AIDS work place policy < br > HCT ; Trainings and advocacy | | Food , Medicine and Health < br > Administration and Control Authority | Condom Survey | | St . Peter ’ s TB Specialist Referral < br > Hospital | Completion of construction ( started during EMSAP1 ) | 23", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 604, "text": "KAP survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In terms of * * family composition * * , * * 58 % are women * * and * * girls * * , * * 42 % men * * and * * boys * * , while * * 6 % are people with disabilities * * and * * 17 % are older people * * . Among older people around 50 % are persons with disabilities which exacerbate the risks that this category of refugees faces . This briefing note aims to provide an overview of the situation of older refugees in Moldova and the gaps and needs they face , as well as the current efforts being made by humanitarian stakeholders to address these challenges . From the * * Socio-Economic Insights Survey * * ( SEIS ) conducted by the IMPACT Initiative in1 August 2024 , the following * * four main areas * * were identified as significantly impacting * * older refugees * * compared to other groups : * * Access to Information : * * Older refugees face significant challenges in accessing information compared to other refugee groups . Many lack the necessary devices to connect online , and the available information is often not presented in formats that accommodate their needs . * * Healthcare Access : * * Access to healthcare and to medicines emerged as urgent priorities for older refugees , with a significantly higher proportion identifying these needs as compared to younger refugee groups . * * Support Channels : * * Refugees aged 75 and above are less likely to have access to secure and private channels for seeking support , or reporting concerns , including sensitive community issues ( only 75 % reported access compared to an average of 95 % of other age groups ) . * * Social Assistance : * * Seventy percent ( 70 % ) of refugees aged 75 and above reported the need to have better access to social assistance services to improve their socio-economic situation in Moldova as compared to the other age groups which is less then 50 % . 1 . < u > https : / / reliefweb . int / report / moldova / socio -", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 602, "text": "Socio-Economic Insights Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Fi ure 3a : Shares of female ownershi b industr < u > g p y y < / u > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Female ownership of manufacturing in 2000 B . Female ownership of services in 2000 < br > 90 % 90 % < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 < br > - 10 % 0 % < br > 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 < br > - 20 % < br > Average industry wage in 2010 Average industry wage in 2010 < br > C . Growth in female ownership share of mfg . , 2001 - D . Growth of female ownership share of services , < br > 2010 2001-2010 < br > 25 % 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 20 % < br > 0 % < br > 15 % < br > 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 < br > - 10 % < br > 10 % < br > - 20 % < br > 5 % < br > - 30 % < br > 0 % < br > - 40 % < br > 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 < br > - 5 % - 50 % < br > - 10 % - 60 % < br > Average industry wage in 2010 Average industry wage in 2010 < br > Female-owned share of firms < br > Female-owned share of firms < br > ownership ownership < br > Growth in share of female Growth in share of female < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of open data , including maintenance , management and use . < / mark > < mark > PDO as stated in Legal Agreement ( if different from Project Paper ) The objective of the project is to enhance transparency through the implementation of actions and recommendations emanating from the country ’ s Open Data Readiness Assessment ( ODRA ) and the action plan . < / mark > Page 1 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 3, "end": 12, "text": "open data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– < u > Figure 8 Demand for redistribution and perceptions of equality , 2009 < / u > Source : own elaboration based on ISSP Social Inequality data set . Note : Net demand for redistribution is equal to the percentage of people strongly agreeing with the statement “ it is the responsibility of the government to reduce income differences between people with high incomes and those with low incomes ” minus the percentage strongly disagreeing with that statement . Net equality perception is equal to the percentage of people believing theirs is an equal society ( type D ) minus the percentage believing theirs is an unequal one ( type A ) . National weights used . Gini index estimated on per capita household income . The fact that demand for redistribution – which eventually feeds into each country ’ s political process – appears to be closely associated to perceptions of equality underlines the relevance that a theory on the formation of perceptions has . As a prior , we analyze in the four panels of Figure 9 the correlation between perceptions of equality and a set of variables that make up the economic context in which individuals form their opinion about inequality : unemployment rate , poverty headcount rate , and government expenditure on education and social protection . The latter two understood as broad proxies of the equalization of opportunities and mitigation of inequalities through government , respectively . 21", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 151, "text": "ISSP Social Inequality data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "convergence ) . The analysis of convergence in the mean per capita incomes of municipalities follows the framework proposed by Barro and Sala-i Martin ( 1991 ) . It aims at an understanding of whether poorer municipalities have been capturing the income gains resulting from modest growth and social spending and whether there has been a reduction in regional disparities . The analysis of convergence in poverty headcount ratios applies the poverty convergence decomposition by Ravallion ( 2012 ) to assess the effects of initial poverty on both the income growth process and the sensitivity of poverty reduction to income growth . While several studies have looked at short-term ( growth ) convergence in income among states in Mexico , this paper contributes by leveraging a unique data set on > 1All figures on GDP growth rates come from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators database . Official income-based poverty rates are from Mexico ’ s National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy ( CONEVAL ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 861, "end": 898, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "free trade agreements ( FTAs ) in other parts of the world , so far there has been little systematic work that could inform the continuing and expanding negotiations in South Asia . There have been several important studies of regional South Asian trade , some completed in the mid-1990s , prior to the recent drive toward SAFTA and the formation of bilateral FTAs within South Asia . < sup > 2 < / sup > There is a general lack of information about the structure of recent trends in trade and what they imply about the prospects for further regional integration . This paper is part of a larger study under “ South Asia ’ s Trade Integration : Policies and Prospects Program , ” a joint initiative of the trade team of the World Bank and PREM Sector Unit on South Asia ( SASPR ) . The main objective of this paper is to evaluate whether South Asia possesses certain fundamental conditions ( defined by empirical evidence ) to become a successful trading bloc . It should be noted , however , that this paper deals solely with static trade effects . Many economists have argued that the benefits of an FTA , such as SAFTA , stem from dynamic gains , such as increased foreign direct investment to smaller countries , greater political stability and cooperation , and / or enhanced credibility of reform efforts . These issues , however , are not under the purview of this paper . While this paper does not directly address the net welfare effect of trade creation and trade diversion , it relates to these effects as implied by the various conceptual propositions . It must be noted at the outset that official accounts of South Asia ’ s international trade statistics are flawed by the high incidence of informal trade between India and its neighbors . Available estimates ( for selected years ) suggest that informal trade is even higher than officially recorded bilateral trade between India and its neighbors . < sup > 3 < / sup > However , these estimates are based on surveys carried out prior to 1995 . It should be noted that it is likely that unilateral trade reforms > 2 Srinivasan and Canonero . ( 1994", "spans": [{"start": 1638, "end": 1668, "text": "international trade statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1974, "end": 2007, "text": "surveys carried out prior to 1995", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "first countries to establish public credit registries were in Western Europe – Germany in 1934 followed by France in 1946 . By the mid-1960s , three other European countries – Italy , Spain and Belgium – had also established PCRs . Early adopters included the former French > 5 This data is based on the 2002 survey of PCRs conducted jointly by the Credit Information Group in the Vice Presidency for Financial Services ( FSE ) and by the Doing Business Unit in the Vice Presidency for Private Sector ( PSD ) as well as from previous FSE surveys on this topic . Not all countries responded to the 2002 survey , especially in Africa and Asia , so the actual number of PCRs is likely to be slightly greater than 58 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 323, "text": "2002 survey of PCRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "then , the government has abandoned the idea of setting up a public ‐ private partnership in these two areas . This paper is part of a series of investigations to determine how pilot private sector transactions ( forming part of the overall water sector reform strategy ) could be designed in such a manner that they would benefit the poor . What is the best way to estimate demand for a good or a service ? The analyst usually will rely on people ’ s revealed preferences ( RP ) for the commodity or service , using behavioral data to 2", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 532, "text": "behavioral data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Considering strong existing national and local capacities in the region , the 3RP emphasises the importance of partnering with local respondents and using and reinforcing national and local systems . Global commitments on localisation have gathered pace in the run-up to and since the WHS . New initiatives and networks have been established to bring about greater recognition and support for the role of national and local actors , including the ‘ Grand Bargain ’ and its work stream to provide more support and funding to local and national responders . Despite global initiatives , there is no single , globally-agreed definition of localisation . Different individuals , organisations and groups use the term interchangeably to refer to a variety of related objectives . For the purposes of this research , a definition of localisation specific to the regional response to the Syria crisis has been developed . It covers four key areas of the response : 1 ) funding ; 2 ) partnerships ; 3 ) capacity ; and 4 ) policy influence and coordination . This definition was used to structure the research during the consultation period and is referenced throughout the report . Different categories of local and national actors are also provided and referenced throughout so as to avoid referring to # # # # # # * * Funding * * International organisations do dominate international humanitarian and development resources due to the nature of international financing , scale and credibility . National and local actors have less visibility , capacity to absorb , and have more difficulties establishing credibility and lack of knowledge to access funding from international donors , which may then limit their access to independent resources . Financial accountability is also an important aspect for many Donors . More could be done to ensure national and local actors are leading the response and fully participating in 3RP design and implementation . Available data in OCHA ’ s Financial Tracking Service ( FTS ) indicates that just 1 . 4 % of international humanitarian assistance to the Syria crisis went directly to national and local actors in 2016 . However , much more funding is passed on to national and local actors ; according to an online", "spans": [{"start": 1976, "end": 2002, "text": "Financial Tracking Service", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "highest among poorer households . This suggests that efforts to improve the accuracy in reported consumption of FAFH even among those households who do not consume much in absolute terms is critically important . # * * 6 . Discussion * * Three conclusions can be drawn from the results presented thus far : ( 1 ) One-line is not enough to collect information on FAFH ; ( 2 ) The bounding / salience arm performed the best at collection of FAFH consumption ; and ( 3 ) despite the fact that the individual recall arm was less accurate than the bounding / salience arm , it did perform significantly better than the one-line option . The different methods implemented present some significant trade-offs in terms of accuracy and cost of implementation . We explore further both of these aspects . # # 6 . 1 Accuracy From our analysis , we have a good understanding of the relative accuracy of each treatment arm . The next important question to answer is why certain variations outperformed others . Was it due to the respondent ( individual vs informant ) , partial collection of FAFH information ( particularly for the individual-level recall arm ) , bounding , or salience ? While we cannot empirically determine which of the components made the largest contribution to accuracy , we explore the trade-offs of each arm as well as examine some qualitative information collected from enumerators to give some indications of successful components . An evaluation of the trade-offs ( in terms of accuracy and cost ) and qualitative information combined with our empirical findings will allow us to provide guidance to survey practitioners on the most effective design of an FAFH consumption module . In terms of accuracy , the individual-level arm had the advantage of eliciting information from the best informant possible : the individual . However , it came at the cost of requiring interviewers to reach all adults in the household , which was only partially addressed by allowing phone interviews . Additionally , the arm was subject to the sources of measurement error affecting all recall surveys : informants were asked to make the cognitive effort of recalling the consumption over the last seven days , without any help in identifying the starting", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET-Promoting Basic Services Phase III ( P128891 ) In agriculture , access and quality were to be improved by emphasizing professional training and retention of extension staff , and improvements in agricultural data . Woreda spending on these activities from block grants equaled 18 percent of total woreda spending over the 2012-2018 period # # # * * Outputs * * - The number of farmers benefiting from extension services rose from a baseline of 9 . 4 million to 17 million in 2018 , against a target of 14 . 9 million . # # # * * Outcomes * * - Per hectare productivity of major food crops increased from 17 to 24 quintals over the 2012-2018 period ( quality ) , although this outcome may not be fully attributed to the project . - A remedial action plan was undertaken to improve the Agricultural Management Information System through system development , training , and technical assistance . The plan also included strengthening methodologies for agricultural sample surveys and a subsequent agricultural census ( quality ) . # # # * * d . Water supply and sanitation * * In water supply and sanitation , the aim was to increase access to complementary inputs and choice of appropriate technology , build capacity to implement and sustain the functionality of systems , and address the lack of a well-functioning M & E system . Woreda spending from block grants on water supply and sanitation was 4 percent of total woreda spending over the period 2012-2018 . # # # * * Outputs * * - Non-functioning water supply schemes due to underfunded repair and maintenance were reduced from a baseline of 26 percent in 2011 to 9 percent in 2018 , compared to a target of 10 percent . # # # * * Outcomes * * - Access to improved sources of drinking water increased from 42 to 57 percent of rural households between 2011 and 2018 ( access / quality ) . Improved sanitation", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1072, "text": "agricultural sample surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1090, "end": 1109, "text": "agricultural census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not applicable_ * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "types of programs was done randomly , they were quite comparable . In our conversations with the director of the SERP program as well as with the SERP facilitators , we found that they were keen to work on their own , but did not always speak the local language fluently . < sup > 23 < / sup > As a result , they were generally given strictly defined and narrow tasks to perform in a specific amount of time , with clear deliverables . # A Comparison of Facilitators ’ Characteristics We consistently find a distinct difference between the observable characteristics of external and internal facilitators . External facilitators were younger and more educated than local facilitators ( Table 3 , Panel A ) . They had fewer children , were less likely to own land and were less reliant on agriculture as a source of income ( Table 3 , Panel A ) . Our qualitative observations of these facilitators confirmed these patterns . We observed that the facilitators from Andhra Pradesh spoke up to three languages ( Hindi , Telugu and English ) and talked , freely and unprompted , about their own personal path out of poverty and their professional experiences . They presented themselves as a group of disciplined anti-poverty professionals whose best qualifications were their own personal journeys of transformation . In rural Rajasthan they stood out for their distinctive way of talking and dressing as well as for their confident demeanor . This was not seen in the case of the local facilitators , who appeared to fit in much more easily with the prevailing norms . In our survey data , however , we do not find an “ experience gap ” : both external and internal facilitators seemed to have similar number of years of experience ( Table 3 , Panel A ) . There were however , significant differences in reported income ( Table 3 , Panel A ) . According to official policy , external facilitators were paid Rs . 1 , 000 per day , and worked for 30 - 45 days at a stretch , earning more than Rs . 30 , 000 - Rs . 45 , 000 in a single rotation with the RRLP . They completed 4", "spans": [{"start": 1573, "end": 1584, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reports responsible . * * 9 . * * Ensure that any major * * ESHS * * or * * OHS * * incidents are reported to the client and the supervision engineer immediately . # # # * * Training * * * * 10 . * * The managers are responsible to : - i . Ensure that the * * OHS * * Management Plan is implemented , with suitable training required for all staff , including sub-contractors and suppliers ; and , - * * ii . * * Ensure that staff have a suitable understanding of the * * CESMP * * and are trained as appropriate to implement the * * CESMP * * requirements . * * 11 . All * * managers are required to attend an induction manager training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure that they are familiar with their roles and responsibilities in upholding the GBV and * * VAC * * elements of these Codes of Conduct . This training will be separate from the induction training course required of all employees and will provide managers with the necessary understanding and technical support needed to begin to develop the GBV and * * VAC * * Action Plan for addressing GBV and * * VAC * * issues . 12 . Managers are required to attend and assist with the project facilitated monthly training courses for all employees . Managers will be required to introduce the trainings and announce the self-evaluations , including collecting satisfaction surveys to evaluate training experiences and provide advice on improving the effectiveness of training . * * _13 . _ * * Ensure that time is provided during work hours and that staff prior to commencing work on site attend the mandatory project facilitated induction training on : - * * i . OHS * * and * * ESHS ; * * and , - * * ii . * * GBV and * * VAC * * required of all employees . - 14 . During civil works , ensure that staff attend ongoing * * OHS * * and * * ESH", "spans": [{"start": 1334, "end": 1354, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "deal with fertilizer sector issues . It gathers and analyses industry data , and brings together all major stakeholders through structured periodic meetings , including the popular annual fertilizer workshop . In order to consolidate these gains and position itself for future challenges , the agency will need further support and greater autonomy , particularly with regard to the recruitment of specialists from the open market . The regional input coordination units ( ICUs ) recommended by the project have become a key feature of industry coordination . These ICUs are now regarded as the epitome of effective inter-institutional coordination in the region , overseeing fertilizer demand estimation , fertilizer supply planning and positioning , credit and sales . In recognition of the usefulness of this new institution , regional governments have set up similar ICUs at the zonal and woreda ( district ) levels . _Improved Environmental Protection Awareness . _ There is now elevated awareness about the need for environmental conservation and to monitor the environmental impact of fertilizer use . With the involvement of the Environmental Protection Agency to periodically test the impact of fertilizer effluents on surface and ground water quality , there is clearly a greater appreciation for the need to protect the country ' s water resources from potential contamination from agricultural inputs . The setting up of an organic fertilizer manufacturing facility with private initiative ( from bones and other animal wastes ) , the heightened appreciation for and imminent exploitation of biofertilizers , and promotion of integrated plant nutrient systems - all these steps have contributed to institutionalizing environmental conservation and protection . _Improved Consumer Protection Awareness . _ Quality standards and their enforcement protect the consumer and facilitate trade , thus paving the way for a healthy fertilizer marketing system . The strengthened Ethiopian Quality and Standards Authority has been vigorously enforcing bagging , handling , storage and fertilizer quality standards , both at import level in Djibouti as well as within the country . _Better Foundation for Efficient Nutrient Management . _ The setting up of 17 rural soil testing laboratories , and their ownership and management by the regional governments is an important institutional development in efficient nutrient", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 74, "text": "industry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * PROTECTION ANALYSIS UPDATE – Q1 2022 * * < mark > overcome these challenges , the mine action sector continues to invest in building the capacity < / mark > of the sector in the clearance of abandoned improvised mines . < mark > Top ten provinces of high concern from mine action perspective : Kandahar , Hilmand , Zabul , Nangarhar , Ghor , Ghazni , Paktya , Balkh , Uruzgan , and Sari-i-Pul - as well as areas where districts < / mark > were not accessible in the past , such as Logar . # # # # * * Housing , Land & Property Concerns * * _Photo 3 : Earthquakes Northwest , Province of Badghis , Jan . 2022 - UNHCR_ < mark > 16 % of the respondents indicated their communities experience land-related issues during the reporting period mostly in Hilmand , Zabul , Nangarhar , Kabul , and Ghor provinces . The main HLP issues reported by household survey respondents arise from rental disputes , inheritance disputes , and issues with access to and use of land and property come after this . According to the Key Informant Interviews , rental disputes are partly due to the household ’ s inability to pay their rent on time , resulting in harassment and eviction from property owners . Some also mentioned abusive practices used by landlords - , such as – a sudden increase of rent or rent asked before the end of the month . Most households do not have rental agreements with landlords , hence increasing their vulnerabilities to eviction and abuse < / mark > < sup > 3 < / sup > < mark > . Households affected by displacement also mentioned the issue of land use and occupation ( government and private ) . Displaced persons and returnees commonly rent or live in makeshift settlements immediately after displacement and into prolonged periods of displacement and often without written agreements , placing them at increased risk of forced eviction and other abuses . An increasing trend", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 858, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Finally , there were two intermediate indicators on project management that contributed to the achievements of both parts of the PDO ( Table 2 ) . * * * * Table 2 . Summary of Intermediate Outcome Indicators * * | * * Intermediate Outcome Indicators * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Actuals * * | * * Target * * | * * Achievement * * < br > * * against Target ( % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage of claims reimbursed timely ( % ) | 0 | 60 | 80 | 75 | | Timely verification reports provided | 0 | 8 | 8 | 100 | | Percentage of voucher mothers satisfied with services ( % ) | 0 | 90 | 90 | 100 | 31 . * * The first indicator assessed the timeliness of claims being reimbursed . * * Claims were to be redeemed within 20 days of submission . The timely reimbursement of claims to contracted facilities was critical for the operation to effectively provide safe delivery services . Meeting the timeline was initially a challenge . Over the course of the project period , however , the percentage of claims reimbursed timely increased from 50 percent in the initial year to over 60 percent by the end of the project period ( against the end target of 80 percent ) . There were two factors that hindered timely reimbursement at the beginning . First , the initial withdrawal ceiling on the part of the World Bank was capped at US $ 800 , 000 , which affected liquidity . Second , the process of verifying claims was very slow and laborious in the beginning , and this delayed timely reimbursement . The second indicator related to the timeliness of verification reports provided . The IVEA reports were to be submitted within 50 days after the end of the six-month reporting period . Review of relevant project records did not provide evidence of any challenges with timely submission of verification reports by the IVEA", "spans": [{"start": 1727, "end": 1742, "text": "project records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Issuance of letters of allotment / offer to individual households or groups . - Surveying of individual plots and preparation of registry index maps . - Preparation , registration , and issuance of titles to individual households or to groups . 33 . * * Settlements are at different stages of tenure regularization . * * The MoL has been working on planning and tenure regularization of unplanned and poor settlements in various urban areas in the country . The project will support MoL in scaling up the process , and will assist with any of the steps to regularization , from community mobilization , to preparation of a part development plan , to surveying , to the registration and issuance of titles to individuals or groups . To the extent feasible , settlements benefiting from enhancements in tenure security will also benefit from infrastructure investments under component 3 . 34 . * * Tackling the land survey bottleneck by introducing bulk survey approaches . * * The MoL has been active in initiating tenure regularization projects in many urban informal settlements . A key insight emerging from this experience is that the regularization process often stalls after letters of offer or allotment have been issued . This is because plot surveys , conducted by licensed private surveyors , are often too expensive for residents of informal settlements . In addition , owners have to pay various fees to formally register and obtain their title . To tackle this problem , the project will support introduction of bulk survey approaches that entail simultaneous survey of all plots in a given settlement . This will help to significantly reduce unit costs . The project will also provide support to the MoL in simplifying the steps and reducing fees for title registration , including waiving fees for the urban poor . For more on Kenya ‘ s experience with land titling , see the appendix in annex 2 . 35 . * * Supporting improved systems and approaches for mapping and planning . * * The project will support enhancement of the systems and processes at the MoL for mapping and planning of informal settlements , an area that is", "spans": [{"start": 1247, "end": 1259, "text": "plot surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 95 < br > 0 . 26 < br > 0 . 17 | 70 | 87 | | 2004 | 639 < br > 25 < br > 96 < br > 0 . 28 < br > 0 . 17 | 87 | 92 | | 2005 | 711 < br > 23 < br > 94 < br > 0 . 29 < br > 0 . 17 | 140 | 138 | | 2006 | 764 < br > 23 < br > 95 < br > 0 . 33 < br > 0 . 17 | 147 | 133 | | 2007 | 836 < br > 22 < br > 96 < br > 0 . 33 < br > 0 . 19 | 148 | 110 | | _2008_ | _884_ < br > _22_ < br > _96_ < br > _0 . 39_ < br > _0 . 20_ | _202_ | _131_ | | Source : Deri < br > Note : Result < br > * * Figure 17 . * * < br > 140 < br > 160 < br > 180 < br > * * ues * * | ved from Briceño-Garmendia , Smits , and Foster 2009 . < br > s for 2008 based on preliminary data . < br > * * Hidden costs of Mali ’ s power utility are among the highest in West Africa * * | | | | 120 < br > < br > * * reven * * | | | | | 100 < br > * * of * * | | | | | 60 < br > 80 < br > * * tage * * | | | | | 40 < br > < br > * * cen * * | | | | | 0 < br > 20 < br > < br > * * Per * * | | | | | | Liberia < br > Niger < br > Mali < br > Ghana < br > Burkina Faso < br > Cote d ' Ivoi | re < br > Benin | | | | Collection Inefficiencies < br > Underpricing <", "spans": [{"start": 639, "end": 655, "text": "preliminary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- bidders / proposers shall be required to confirm acceptance at the bidding stage itself , that Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines including Bank ’ s inspection , audit and sanction rights , shall apply in the resulting contracts - appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities in the contracts ; - publication of contract award ; - rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities regardless of the review type ; - an effective complaints mechanism ; - maintenance of procurement records according to National requirements and in the Bank ’ s STEP system - There shall be no mandatory requirements for inclusion of local experts and firms for the consulting assignments ; - Use of reservation and preference schemes based on thresholds prescribed in the PPDA Act and its Regulation , BUBU Policy and any other policy that prohibits eligible bidders from bidding is not acceptable ; - Negotiations with the lowest evaluated bidder to reduce price in the case of goods , works and non-consulting services where competitive methods have been used shall not be allowed ; - The fixed budget method shall not be used for goods , works and non-consulting services ; - Established and approved procurement standards by the government may be used , provided that they are not restrictive When * * < u > other national procurement arrangements < / u > * * other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 4 ( c ) and 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals / request for quotations document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals / quotations present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 535, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from the community survey conducted in each rural district , and the time frame is one year . If there is evidence of a covariate shock in the community survey , we apply it to all households within that rural district . By defining shocks in this fashion , we avoid the reporting problems associated with the apprehension households feel at being identified as victims purposive targeted by armed groups . Because of the low prevalence of idiosyncratic shocks , as well as the potential report problem , we focus on covariate shocks . Table 4 displays the prevalence of covariate shocks in the sample , both in terms of the percentage of rural districts , as well as the percentage of households in our sample that belong to those districts and hence are affected by the shocks . The most prevalent type of shock is cattle theft — which affects 25 percent of rural districts and 31 percent of households — followed by murder and threats by armed groups . In addition to being a consequence of the violent conflict , cattle theft constitutes a direct economic shock . Land expropriations and kidnapping are less frequent . # [ Table 4 goes about here ] The correlation of shocks within the same municipality or region determines how concentrated they are , and how likely it is for nearby or neighboring rural districts to be affected by covariate shocks . The intra-class correlation of shocks within municipalities is 0 . 27 ; within regions it is 0 . 19 . This implies that shocks are to some extent correlated , yet the geographic spreading of conflict activities may be more complex . Idiosyncratic and covariate conflict shocks are not random . Violent shocks are presumably directed against municipalities and households with particular characteristics . Table 5 shows the differences in terms of who is targeted by violent shocks by status based on household income ; also disaggregated based on the source of income : whether derived from agricultural or livestock production , or generated in the labor market . Households affected by violent shocks are significantly wealthier than unaffected households . In particular , households affected by violent shocks report having over 1 . 4 times the total income and income derived from livestock", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 159, "text": "community survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- It can remove social and economic discrimination from the society , and While the conventional microfinance industry has been globally growing at 13 percent per annum since early 1990s , only very limited information is available on micro finance institutions ( MFI ’ s ) operating under QH . A relatively small number of interest-free loans are operating in Pakistan ( www . akhuwat . org . pk ) and there are some small-scale micro - / rural banks in Indonesia . However , no organized institutions are known to be operating on the basis of QH except in Iran where QH has been utilized effectively to provide finance for the needy and where these institutions are widespread throughout the country . Also QH funds have been operating in Iran since the Islamic Revolution they have enjoyed phenomenal growth and a successful track record . QH funds in Iran , by and large , provide small consumer and producer loans and , in some cases , engage in profit-sharing activities with small producers and firms , thus supplementing the fund ’ s capital . These funds are usually associated with local mosques or other religious organizations and sometimes with guilds or professional associations . The capital is contributed by the more well-to-do who are at liberty to withdraw their funds at any time . These funds operate with reasonably low administrative costs since most are managed on a voluntary basis by the people within the group . A recent survey on QH based finance that has been operating with the objective of helping low-income group through short-run credit in Iran shows that there exited 1 , 229 _Qard-al-Hassan_ Funds ( Kazem 2007 ) . Total loans amounted to $ 169 mln , and deposits totaled to $ 227 mln with 60 % of the total loans had been paid back ( please see table 1 for a comprehensive survey on literature ) . Conventional micro finance ( MF ) and Qard-al-Hassan Microfinance ( QHMF ) have both similarities and differences . MF charges interest , an abomination from an Islamic perspective , and MF schemes resort to collective punishments for defaulting , yet under QHMF , usually donors / subscribers introduce the borrowers and cosign for their loan , yet no collective punishment", "spans": [{"start": 1450, "end": 1476, "text": "survey on QH based finance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * For many children worldwide , particularly those from low-income family backgrounds , schooling represents the only avenue for escaping the intergenerational transmission of poverty . However , in the developing world , the common occurrence of aggregate income shocks threatens children ’ s pursuit of schooling , which their parents view as a costly investment . In these countries , evidence shows that aggregate income shocks increase children ’ s vulnerability to child labor or child marriage ( Corno and Voena ( 2016 ) , Corno et al . ( 2020 ) ) — two cultural practices known to undermine children ’ s schooling outcomes ( Canagarajah and Coulombe , 1999 ; Field and Ambrus , 2008 ) . It is therefore not surprising that , when in early 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic erupted , concerns immediately arose over possible setbacks in terms of progress achieved on education outcomes ( UNICEF , 2021b ) . The justification behind these concerns is that this outbreak led to the enactment of protracted economy-wide lockdown measures , with implications for household income and food security . However , since school closure was only temporary , and in some environments schoolchildren were allowed to maintain contact with their schools through distance learning , it is unclear whether such concerns were justified . This paper uses a unique data set from Nigeria to test the hypothesis that COVID-19 school lockdown measures undermine children ’ s school resilience by reducing the number of those who returned to school after these measures were lifted . The literature on the effect of COVID-19 on children ’ s learning outcomes is growing but still predominantly focused on developed countries where distance learning resources are more easily accessible during the pandemic . Yet , of the 142 million children predicted to fall into poverty due to COVID-19 , nearly two-thirds live in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia , < sup > 1 < / sup > where access to distance learning is already severely limited . Indeed , many children from lowincome backgrounds do not have internet access . < sup > 2 < / sup > Moreover , evidence from past covariate income shocks such as droughts shows that Sub-Saharan African countries , where risk-insurance markets", "spans": [{"start": 1362, "end": 1390, "text": "unique data set from Nigeria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) # * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # # * * A . Country Context * * 1 . * * South Sudan is a resource ‐ rich country and emerged from a prolonged civil war for independence in 2005 , but continues to face enormous challenges to sustainable peace , recovery , reconstruction and development . * * The civil war had crippling effects on the social fabric of the country including the disruption and forced displacement of entire families , communities and social systems . It is estimated for example , that at the end of hostilities in 2005 , about 50 percent of the population in South Sudan was internally displaced while another 25 percent had fled the country . The war also had a debilitating effect on productive infrastructure and on a range of production systems and led to isolation of entire communities from economic opportunities and services . In addition , the depreciation of human capital as a result of the war removed ‐ possibly forever ‐ a significant portion of adults and youth from skilled labor markets . 2 . * * Almost twelve years after gaining autonomy and then subsequent independence in 2011 , South Sudan is still struggling to break out of the conflict trap . * * Conflict resumed in December 2013 and , despite a brief period of optimism following the Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict signed in August 2015 , still continues . The conflict started in Juba and then was focused on the Greater Upper Nile Region ; however , recently this has changed and there has been organized violence in previously peaceful areas such as Central and Eastern Equatoria . The hostilities and unrest have led to massive displacement of people ( both because of the fighting itself as well as fear of the violence ) . Available statistics indicate that over 2 million persons are now internally displaced including over 200 , 000 civilians who have sought protection in the United Nations ( UN ) Protection of Civilian ( PoC ) sites across the country . Further , an estimated 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 1826, "end": 1846, "text": "Available statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , other constraints from the supply side related to higher reservation wages could explain the high unemployment rate for female job seekers . It is influenced by high opportunity costs , especially because of preferences for public sector employment , the working conditions in the private ( informal ) sectors , and other explanations presented in section 3 of this report . Female unemployment in Tunisia is thus a complex challenge and cannot be fully explained by one factor alone . Closing the gender gap in employment requires a comprehensive , multisectoral approach aimed at tackling binding constraints from both the demand side and the supply side . Policy implications : Addressing discrimination in the Tunisian labor market In the IT sector , where discrimination is widespread , it is important to undertake prevention measures . Enacting laws that prohibit any form of discrimination in employment is an important first step . Tunisia currently scores 75 on the World Bank ’ s Women , Business , and Law index , < sup > 18 < / sup > indicating that the country ’ s economy gives women only three-quarters of the legal rights of men . Although this average is significantly higher than the MENA average of 47 . 37 , there is room for improvement . Currently , Tunisia ’ s laws do not mandate equal remuneration for work of equal value , and women are not allowed to work in the same industries and same night hours as men . < sup > 19 < / sup > In addition , because this study finds that veiled women are 8 . 5 percentage points less likely than nonveiled women to receive a callback from employers , it is important to gradually influence the customs around inserting photos in applicants ’ resumes . More also needs to be done to ensure that women are not discriminated against at the interview stage or throughout their career progression based on their appearances , religious views , and family circumstances . In instances in which discrimination in the workplace appears to be the result of statistical discrimination ( for example , employers believe that female applicants are still , on average , less qualified or less productive than male applicants ) , Tunisia ’ s", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1033, "text": "Women , Business , and Law index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ET-MOLF-103206-CS-UN / T < br > chnical support on the follow < br > ng < br > • Livestock and Fisheries D < br > ata Analysis and Monitoring < br > ystem ( DAMS < br > • Animal identification and < br > traceability < br > • Strategy and approach f < br > r Extension Advisory System < br > ( EAS ) Good Animal Husband < br > y Practice GAHP < br > • Performance | e < br > i < br > < br > S < br > < br > o < br > < br > r < br > IDA / 61650 | Linking More Productive Far < br > mers to Markets < br > Pri | or | UN Agencies ( Dire < br > ct ) < br > Direct | 3 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | | | | | | 2019-05-11 | 2019-11-07 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ET-MOLF-103213-CS-UN / B < br > seline survey / by Internation < br > l Livestock Research institut < br > / | a < br > a < br > e < br > IDA / 61650 | Strengthening National Instit < br > utions and Programs < br > Po | st | Non-Profit Organiz < br > ations < br > Direct | 433 , 000 . 00 | 433 , 911 . 00 < br > Signed | 2019-03-14 < br > 2018-10-1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of their families would have an additional adult member in the coming one to two years as their children aged . In addition to seeking volunteering places , the initiatives included working with private skills trainers , council-based skills ’ units , further education colleges and local and national companies to prepare refugees for employment through work placements ( including shadowing ) , CV and interview preparation , and skills and qualification upgrading ( for example in trade-linked health and safety ) . In a very limited number of cases , construction companies who offered work placements were also providing English language programmes . Such initiatives are important in enabling refugees to gain valuable skills , to be awarded certificates for the knowledge they have acquired , and importantly to boost their sense of self-worth and belonging in the UK . While “ into work ” programmes for refugees were welcome , the scale was modest , and the participation rates quite low . LAs were generally working in isolation developing tailored programmes with a minimum of shared learning between LAs . # # # RECOMMENDATIONS While there is a general acceptance that priority should be given to English preparedness , LAs should also emphasise and direct resources at employment preparation at the earliest opportunity to ensure self-reliance and mitigate any risk of dependency . LAs should explore opportunities that encourage and enable refugees to take entry-level jobs , educating employers about the work entitlements of VPRS and other refugees , and encouraging employers to provide language training alongside employment or vocational training . It is recommended that central and local government better coordinate their programmes for employment preparedness , to learn from best practices across the UK , but also to learn from experiences in other countries where companies are more active in integration activities including language and vocational training . A skills audit of refugees , which is recommended , provides a basis for engagement with local and national employers . LAs should ensure information about equal opportunities in UK and access to work for women fully prepares families for the work environment in the UK with the expectation that both men and women may", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "grievance registers , sensitization material to assess their appropriateness , etc . - Semi-structured interviews with a sample of the PAPs from the various settlements covering all types / categories of PAPs , including the vulnerable , and those who have gone through the GRM process . - Resettlement sites and Livelihood observation . - Survey of a sample of PAPs to assess their socio-economic life against the baseline to check if lives / livelihoods improving , and to assess their satisfaction with the compensation / rehabilitation methods and entitlements , the timing of payments , etc . - Meet the various committees to assess their ability to do their work , note their challenges , and provision of necessary resources to facilitate effective work . - Key Informant Interviews ( KIIs ) enable a more in-depth process of inquiry among selected participants and other stakeholders . Overall , an external evaluation will assist the Coordination teams meet accountability and transparency thresholds . Evaluation , therefore , should be facilitated by an external and independent M & E specialist ( individual or firm ) for purposes of evaluating compensation and resettlement activities , and verification if undertaken according to the ARAP . 53", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 366, "text": "Survey of a sample of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Khersonska , and Mykolaivska oblasts . Awareness campaigns have been conducted to educate children on how to identify and respond to explosive hazards . However , the 2024 Child Protection Assessment conducted by REACH indicate , many respondents ( 23 % ) were still unsure whether such hazards were present in their areas . Over half of the households reported that their children knew how to identify and act upon finding explosive ordnance , with higher awareness in rural areas . The ongoing conflict continues to place children at risk of injury or death from these hazards . * * Attacks on schools and hospitals put children in grave danger and often severely impact their immediate and longer-term protection and well-being . * * Many educational and healthcare facilities have been damaged , destroyed , or repurposed for military use . In 2023 alone , UN verified a total of 335 attacks on schools ( 243 ) and hospitals ( 92 ) , mostly involving explosive weapons with wide area effects < sup > xlix < / sup > . Further reports from 2023 confirm continued repurposing of civilian facilities for military use , for example children ’ s health centres , schools , and maternity hospitals in Luhanska and Zaporizka . The constant threat of military hostilities has caused significant psychological stress , anxiety , and long-term mental health issues among children . In Mykolaivska and Zaporizka oblasts , there have been reported cases of children injured due to bombing and shelling . The lack of bomb shelters , especially in educational institutions , further exacerbates the risk and hinder in-person learning , often necessitating online education . This limits children ' s social interactions and learning opportunities , and impacts access to education as the online modality relies on internet connectivity , which is being impacted by power cuts , including due to attacks on energy infrastructure . * * Children living in institutions and without parental care face increased challenges due to the impact of the war , including access to social services . * * Providing vulnerable children , including those with", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 199, "text": "2024 Child Protection Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 harmonize , and report these flows following GoK procedures . Trend data on health expenditures show many discrepancies and deviations , mainly because of GoK accounting system ’ s inability to capture all relevant donor data . - While the recurrent budget is fairly comprehensive , the development budget – under which most donor projects are supposed to be reported – is not . Moreover , while the recurrent budget is relatively consistent in its accounting disaggregation , the development budget is not . - The budget coding system is inappropriate for performance evaluation . The distinction between curative , preventive , and rural health services is ambiguous , thus undermining the possibility of assessing the extent to which policy objectives have been met . The number of budget items could be reduced and re-organized into five major categories based on economic classifications ( personnel , drugs and supplies , utilities , transport maintenance and replacement , and grants and other expenditures ) . - The accounting system is overwhelmingly manual which inhibits facilitation and dissemination of financial information . It is tailored for control and audit functions rather than for planning and management . There is no comprehensive and consistent system of financial and performance reporting ( running from headquarters to provincial administrations to districts ) . 14 . Although it was not mentioned in the study , MoH staff also pointed to the heavily centralized nature of ministerial budgeting , with the districts barely involved in the process . The District Development Committees ( DDC ) , which are the mandated management structure in the districts , appear to be merely passive recipients of resources from the center under what one MoH staff described as a “ central supply system ” of funds . Districts ’ apparent lack of involvement is compounded by central HQ ’ s insufficient ability to provide solid budget ceilings to districts that they can work on . Being multisectoral , the DDCs report to the Office of the President and not to specific technical ministries , a bifurcation that may also have implications on performance accountability . 15 . The Budget Analysis study , Phase II was intended to link resource allocation with output performance ,", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 97, "text": "Trend data on health expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 217, "end": 227, "text": "donor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a conceptual discussion of alternative aggregation methods . 5 . Multidimensional poverty weights selected from information on preferences The “ equal-weights ” procedure is regularly used when designing national multidimensional poverty measures and always used for global measures . The use of this obviously ad-hoc procedure runs two risks . First , measures based on ad-hoc weights may yield implausible well-being comparisons in the sense that they would deviate too much from people ’ s views . Second , ad-hoc weights may reduce the perceived legitimacy of these measures . The paper should propose a conceptually sound method to select values for these weights that is consistent with information on preferences ( see section 3 . 6 ) . It should also study empirically the extent to which the obtained weights yield different well-being comparisons than “ equal-weights ” . The information can come from either subjective well-being data or from a one-off dedicated preference elicitation survey . 40", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 945, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 974, "end": 1003, "text": "preference elicitation survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on vulnerable groups of the population ( Bornukova , Chubrik , Shymanovich , 2017 ) . _Figure 6 : Inflation rates , % yoy_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > CPI food non-food < br > utilities other services < br > 2014m1 2014m4 2014m7 2014m10 2015m01 2015m04 2015m07 2015m10 2016m01 2016m04 2016m07 2016m10 2017m1 2017m4 2017m7 2017m10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own estimates based on Belstat data . # 3 . Cash Income and Poverty Dynamics # # 3 . 1 . Cash income As we noted in the previous section , the 2015 ‐ 2016 crisis was different from the previous 2009 and 2011 episodes . Inter alia , one of the key differences manifested itself in the fact that the latest recession affected the poorest deciles the most , while higher income households suffered welfare losses to a smaller degree , and later into the crisis . Figure 7 illustrates this point in more detail . It shows the evolution of real cash income ( which includes all types of cash incomes like earnings , dividends , government transfers and other sources ) 6", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 472, "text": "Belstat data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lower inequality levels ) . When we consider initial income and its square among the explanatory variables , the last column in table 6 would indicate that there appears to be an inverted-U relationship between the Gini value and income . In fact , this relationship would indicate that the Gini coefficient rises with GDP per capita values of less than US $ 2940 ( 1985 dollars ) and declines thereafter . We also find that including the initial level of GDP among the regressors does not significantly affect the estimates of the coefficients of the policy variables under consideration . We next consider these . The results for education would indicate that countries with better education ( as measured by secondary enrollment rates ) would be less unequal . The estimated coefficients are very similar in the three empirical models for inequality and of a similar order of magnitude to those in the growth model . These results are in line with those of Datt and Ravallion ( 2002 ) and Lundberg and Squire ( 2003 ) . Using 20 household surveys for India ’ s 15 major states , Datt and Ravallion ( 2002 ) also conclude that poor basic education is an impediment to the ability of the poor to participate in opportunities for economic growth . Lundberg and Squire ( 2003 ) also find that education is likely to be correlated with both faster growth and lower income inequality . The estimated coefficient for financial development is always significant and suggests that progress on this front would be associated with increases in inequality . Possible explanations for this finding are : ( i ) the more educated ( and likely richer ) are able to exploit the new opportunities better ; ( ii ) adoption of capital intensive technologies is likely to substitute for unskilled labor . Thus to some extent , our results would support the findings of Behrman , Birdsall and Szekely ( 2001 ) who used household data over more than two decades for 17 Latin American countries to estimate that the financial sector liberalization reforms that took place during the 1990s negatively affected income distribution . Within a cross-country framework , Dollar and Kraay ( 2002 ) also find that financial development negatively affects inequality .", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1049, "text": "20 household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1900, "end": 1914, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . 0 Introduction * * Prior to the liberalization periods in the 1980s and 1990s , many African markets were run on a public monopsony basis , whereby procurement relied heavily on marketing through producer cooperatives and public buying networks . Direct producer to buyer relationships or marketplace transactions had not been fully developed . Post liberalization , these buying networks were dismantled and many producers found themselves geographically isolated and distant from markets . Farm-gate buying became one of the most prevalent marketing arrangements as private buyers quickly set-up buying networks in rural villages . The liberalization of Tanzania ‟ s maize market took small farmers through a scenario very similar to the one described above . The cooperatives , which had been their main marketing channel , dissolved and itinerant buyers took their place . Since maize farmers ‟ choice of marketing channel depends largely on the way that the market in which they operate is structured < sup > 2 < / sup > , farm-gate buying became the main marketing institution for a large proportion of maize growers , and today only a small proportion of Tanzania ‟ s maize growers sell their output at a marketplace . Maize growers retain a proportion of their annual output for household consumption < sup > 3 < / sup > . The rest of their maize , the surplus , is sold mostly at the farm-gate to itinerant small maize buyers . In this paper , we study the transaction costs of farm-gate buying . Using household level data from the most recent Tanzania Household Budget Survey ( 2007 ) , we estimate the extent to which maize producers ‟ distance to market ( a measure of household remoteness or access to markets ) affects farm-gate prices . We observe that greater distance to market depresses farm-gate prices but that it is a relatively modest effect , and that this effect is pro-cyclical in that it is stronger during the harvest season when prices are lowest . We discuss the role of search costs as a part of this framework . We begin by describing maize traders and the farm-gate buying process in the first section . The second section presents our conceptual framework . It is followed", "spans": [{"start": 1522, "end": 1542, "text": "household level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1564, "end": 1596, "text": "Tanzania Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that had twice as many Venezuelan immigrants receiving a regular migratory status experienced an increase of 25 percent more crime reports . These effects are not explained by higher domestic violence caused by the PEP program . In fact , the improvements in economic and mental health conditions observed among PEP participants ( Ib ́ a ̃ nez et al . , 2024 ) are inconsistent with patterns typically associated with increased domestic violence . Additionally , the program did not disproportionately increase female income relative to male income . Particularly , a twofold increase in the number of Venezuelan migrants who received regular migratory status ( relative to population ) explains an increase of 40 percent and 70 percent in reports of sexual crimes and domestic violence , respectively . Given that the effects stem mostly from female Venezuelan migrant victims of crimes , it is plausible to conclude that these women felt more empowered to report such abuses without fear of deportation or other penalty . We support this hypothesis with data from a representative survey of Venezuelan refugees with and without the PEP that was collected as part of the Venezuelan Refugee Panel Study ( VenRePs ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > As we demonstrate , female migrants with the PEP increased the rate at which they filed complaints with the police and other institutions relative to their peers without the PEP . Additionally , and consistent with our main estimates , there was a mechanical increase in convictions and trials of male Venezuelan perpetrators of these crimes , who were likely partners of the victims . Second , the program led to a reduction in total crime reports by Colombian natives and a decline in crimes committed by Venezuelans , excluding domestic and sexual crimes ( which might be higher mechanically due to the increased reports ) . The results aligns with qualitative evidence from local officers suggesting that undocumented migrants were previously difficult to apprehend and prosecute due to legislative loopholes in the Colombian law . The regularization program addressed this gap , ensuring better enforcement of criminal laws . Moreover , documented increments in migrants ’ income and con5Ib ́ a ̃ nez et al . ( 2024 ) collected the data in 2021", "spans": [{"start": 1068, "end": 1112, "text": "representative survey of Venezuelan refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1172, "end": 1202, "text": "Venezuelan Refugee Panel Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1205, "end": 1212, "text": "VenRePs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , * * 2024 , and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Directors of * * ICT * * Authority and the Project Coordinator for _EARTTDF project_ further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Directors of * * ICT * * Authority and the Project Coordinator for _EARTTDF project_ confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . Xxiv", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 302, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > the census begins . | not specifically recognize < br > all users of the land to be < br > compensated . < br > The < br > constitution of Kenya on < br > the < br > other < br > hand < br > recognizes ‘ occupants of < br > land ’ who do not have < br > title and who the state < br > has an obligation to pay < br > in < br > good < br > faith < br > when < br > compulsory acquisition is < br > made . < br > Same as World Bank | Implement < br > cut-off < br > procedures as outlined in < br > the RPF and Kenyan < br > Law | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Measures | Legislation provides for land for < br > land compensation but the < br > Land Act 2012 does not state < br > whether preference should be < br > granted < br > to < br > land < br > to < br > land < br > compensation . < br > Land Act 2012 appears to prefer < br > mode of compensation by the < br > Government to the affected < br > population . < br > Land Act talks of prompt , just < br > compensation < br > before < br > the | Preference should be given < br > to land based resettlement < br > strategies < br > for < br > displaced < br > persons whose livelihoods < br > are land-based . Cash based < br > compensation should only < br > be made where ( a ) land < br > taken for the project is a < br > small < br > fraction < br > of < br > the < br > affected < br > asset < br > and < br > the < br > residual", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 15, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "presents the empirical strategy and how food assistance and food access changed following the 2017 IPC announcement ; section 6 discusses potential reasons why the increase in the share of households receiving assistance might not have had a larger or more immediate impact on food access ; and section 7 concludes . # * * 2 . The 2017 Integrated Food Security and Phase Classification in Yemen * * The official 2017 Integrated Food Security and Phase Classification ( IPC ) was released in March 2017 by the Yemen IPC Technical Working Group . The announcement classified each governorate and the municipality of the capital - 22 regions in total - on the IPC scale , which is a system that has been adopted by the United Nations and their humanitarian partners to identify food emergencies . To determine the classification , the technical committee combined information on food security , nutrition , and other indicators to best identify each region of the country on the IPC scale ( IPC 2017 ) . The classification differentiates between five progressively worse food insecurity phases - generally food secure ( IPC 1 ) , borderline food insecure ( IPC 2 ) , acute food and livelihood crisis ( IPC 3 ) , humanitarian emergency ( IPC 4 ) , and famine / humanitarian crisis ( IPC 5 ) . The classifications respectively correspond to more than 80 percent of households can meet their food needs in absence of coping strategies , at least 20 percent of households have consumption that is lessened but still adequate , at least 20 percent of households have significant intake shortfalls that cannot be met without irreversible coping strategies , at least 20 percent of households have 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coordination problems ) and , hence , foster structural change and spur growth . Aizenman and Lee ( 2007 ) , on the other hand , suggest that RER undervaluations may be used to internalize a learning-by-doing ( LBD ) externality in the traded sector if the LBD calls for subsidies to labor in tradables . This debate has led to a heated argument about the desirability of undervaluations and the likelihood to support them through economic policies . Official intervention on the foreign exchange market is one of the crucial issues in the subject of academics and policy-related literature . It has been suggested that intervention may tend to introduce a deviation of the exchange rate relative to its long run equilibrium . An abundant body of research has been conducted on the effectiveness of FOREX market intervention in stabilizing exchange rates . For instance , Taylor ( 2004 ) estimated a Markov-switching model to examine the effectiveness of intervention on the US $ - DM exchange rate ( from 1985 to 1998 ) and found that intervention increased the likelihood of stability when the real exchange rate is misaligned , and that this influence grew with the degree of misalignment . However , intervention can also generate greater instability . According to Sarno and Taylor ( 2001 ) overall , the evidence on the effectiveness of official intervention , through either the portfolio balance channel or the signaling channel , is still mixed on balance , although the more recent literature does suggest a significant effect of official intervention on both the level and the change of exchange rates . Doroodian and Caporale ( 2001 ) support the view of Friedman and Schwartz that exchange rate intervention destabilizes the foreign exchange market by introducing additional level of uncertainty . They test the effectiveness and the impact of Federal Reserve intervention on US dollar against German mark and Japanese yen of daily data from January 3 , 1985 to March 19 , 1997 . Their results from GARCH suggest that the intervention causes significant increase in the conditional variance of spot exchange rates . Why is this study of real exchange rate misalignments so relevant ? Real exchange rate misalignments help to signal distortions in relative prices . Measuring the misaligned currencies (", "spans": [{"start": 1939, "end": 1949, "text": "daily data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # # # complaints is outlined below : - ( i ) The GO will receive a complaint from the complainant . - ( ii ) The GO will ask the complainant questions in their local language , write the answers in English and enter them in English onto the grievance form . - ( iii ) The local leader ( representative of an independent local civil society organisation ) and the complainant both sign the grievance form after they have both confirmed the accuracy of the grievance . - ( iv ) The GO lodges the complaint in the Grievance Log . # # # # # # * * < u > Step 2 : Determination of Corrective Action < / u > * * If in their judgment , the grievance can be solved at this stage , the GO and SGRC will determine a corrective action in consultation with the aggrieved person . A description of the action , the time frame within which the action is to take place , and the party charged with implementing the action will be recorded in the grievance data base . Grievances will be resolved , and the status reported back to complainants within 30days . If more time is required , this will be clearly communicated in advance to the aggrieved person . In cases that are not resolved within the stipulated time , site investigations will be undertaken , and results discussed in the monthly meetings with the affected persons . In some instances , it may be appropriate to appoint independent third parties to undertake the investigations . # # # # # # * * < u > Step 3 : Meeting with the Complainant < / u > * * The proposed corrective action and the time frame in which it is to be implemented will be discussed with the complainant within 30 days of receipt", "spans": [{"start": 1186, "end": 1205, "text": "grievance data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A Tale of Two Surveys : Comparing the Outcomes of an In-Person and Web-Based Survey of Mental Health in the West Bank and Gaza < sup > 1 < / sup > Arden Finn < sup > 2 < / sup > Jessica Anderson Alia Aghajanian * * Keywords : * * Survey Methodology , Internet Survey , Selection Bias , Sensitivity Bias , Conflict , Mental Health , West Bank and Gaza JEL Classification : C81 , C83 > 1 * * Acknowledgments * * : This report was prepared under the overall guidance of Johannes Hoogeveen and Alan Fuchs . Minh Cong Nguyen and the MENA Data Lab provided valuable support in setting up the Facebook survey and in calculating survey weights . We are grateful to Hamza Mighri ( IMF ) and Jawad al-Saleh ( Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ) for helpful inputs and suggestions in the early stages of planning the Facebook survey . Reviewer comments were received from Ganesh Seshan , Sharad Tandon and Hugo Nepo , and we are very grateful to these colleagues for flagging some analytical gaps , and for greatly improving the report . > 2 Corresponding author : afinn1 @ worldbank . org", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 100, "text": "Survey of Mental Health", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and or house ownership ( Hentschel et al , 1998 ) . To complement findings from cross-country data , and to understand the importance of cross-cutting ties in reducing exclusion even in multi-racial , multiethnic industrialized countries , it is useful to examine within-country data . Sustainable economic development requires reciprocal on-going relationships and networks beyond narrow geographic , ethnic or political communities in order to ensure access to additional resources ( Portes and Sensebrenner , 1993 ) . Verba et al ( 1996 ) in _Voice and Equality : Civic Voluntarism and American Politics_ address the issue of inequality and the decline in civic engagement in the last three decades in the United States . They demonstrate that politicians listen primarily to those with college education and those who make contributions to political campaigns , which leads to selective hearing of interests of those who are educated , wealthy and organized . Their findings are based on a 25", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 98, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 264, "end": 283, "text": "within-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Capital Distortion vs Productivity Output Distortion vs Productivity < br > 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > Log TFPQ ( Percentile ) Log TFPQ ( Percentile ) < br > Cote d ’ Ivoire Ethiopia Cote d ’ Ivoire Ethiopia < br > Ghana Kenya Ghana Kenya < br > . 5 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > Capital Distortion − . 5 Output Distortion < br > − 1 < br > − 1 < br > − 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 5 : Distortions vs . Productivity # * * 6 . 4 Productivity and Distortions Over the Life Cycle * * Our analysis so far has focused on measuring the static effect of resource misallocation , but distortions are likely to also have important dynamic implications through the effect that greater misallocation has on firms ’ incentives to invest in technological upgrading . As already mentioned , the fact that more productive firms are “ taxed ” more could discourage firms from investing in productivity enhancing technologies , and as a result generate slower life cycle productivity growth , which in turn leads to slower employment growth . Hsieh and Klenow ( 2014 ) document a notable difference in the post-entry dynamics of firm performance between developing and advanced economies . Using comprehensive manufacturing census data , they find that while firms in the US grow by a factor of eight by the age of 40 , Mexican firms grow by a factor of two and such growth is much slower in India . The authors attempt to rationalize the flatter growth of productivity over firms ’ life-cycle in developing countries through an age-dependent component in the distribution of distortions across firms . Indeed , they find that firms get progressively more taxed as they age , and show quantitatively through a model of innovation that this age-dependent component of distortions undermines productivity growth . Furthermore , they show that the dynamic response in the underlying distribution of physical productivity magnifies the losses from misallocation that result from a", "spans": [{"start": 1259, "end": 1298, "text": "comprehensive manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix D : Robustness checks * * To further scrutinize the robustness of our results , we conduct a battery of sensitivity analyses . These include checks with using the linear FE and IV-FE models instead of the logit FE and IV-logit-FE models , analyzing the original non-standardized mental health scores , removing workers with zero incomes , addressing panel attrition , and examining potential endogeneity of some covariates , whether the impacts are mitigated by other health channels other than mental health , alternative and disaggregate measures of mental distress , a different modeling approach , considering previous work experience , as well as implementing various stress tests on the IV . First , we estimate the linear FE and IV-FE models for employment status and other binary outcomes variables instead of the logit FE and IV-logit-FE models and find qualitatively similar results . The results are presented in Table A3 ( Appendix A ) . Second , our findings remain consistent when using the original non-standardized mental health scores , as shown in Table A4 ( Appendix A ) . Third , for the labor income regressions in Table 1 , refugees who do not work are assumed to have zero incomes . Alternatively , we also analyze a subsample of workers that have positive incomes and find consistent effects of mental illness ( see Table A5 , Appendix A ) . Fourth , the panel attrition rate from wave 1 to wave 5 is approximately 22 % and relatively lower than those in other surveys in Australia such as the HILDA or the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children ( LSAC ) ( Department of Social Services , 2018 ) . To address panel attrition issues , we create a balanced sample and replicate our main analysis in Table 1 . The results confirm the negative impacts of mental illness on both employment status and labor income ; furthermore , the estimates are of similar magnitudes ( Appendix A , Table A6 ) . In addition , we also account for the survey ’ s stratified sampling design and nonresponse rates by using the longitudinal weights provided by BNLA . Again , the results of weighted regression reaffirm our previous findings , as shown in Table A7 ( Appendix", "spans": [{"start": 1546, "end": 1587, "text": "Longitudinal Study of Australian Children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * APPENDIX 2 : Result Tables for NCHS Growth Reference 1977 * * # # # * * Kiryandongo Host Community * * Prevalence of acute malnutrition based on weight-for-height z-scores ( and / or oedema ) and by sex , Kiryandongo Host Community | | * * All * * < br > * * n = 281 * * | * * Boys * * < br > * * n = 148 * * | * * Girls * * < br > * * n = 133 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Prevalence of global malnutrition * * < br > * * ( < - 2 z-score and / or oedema ) * * | ( 15 ) 5 . 3 % < br > ( 3 . 3 - 8 . 6 95 % < br > C . I . ) | ( 8 ) 5 . 4 % < br > ( 2 . 8 - 10 . 3 95 % < br > C . I . ) | ( 7 ) 5 . 3 % < br > ( 2 . 6 - 10 . 5 95 % < br > C . I . ) | | * * Prevalence of moderate malnutrition * * < br > * * ( < - 2 z-score and > = - 3 z-score , no * * < br > * * oedema ) * * | ( 15 ) 5 . 3 % < br > ( 3 . 3 - 8 . 6 95 % < br > C . I . ) | ( 8 ) 5 . 4 % < br > ( 2 . 8 - 10 . 3 95 % < br > C . I . ) | ( 7 ) 5 . 3 % < br > ( 2 . 6 - 10 . 5 95 % < br > C . I . ) | | * * Prevalence of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "probability curves . Section 6 offers some conclusions . # 2 . An Empirical Framework for an Ex Ante Assessment of the Welfare Costs of Drought A catastrophe risk modeling framework uses three components to generate an ex ante assessment of the costs of a catastrophe : hazard , exposure , and vulnerability function . Hazards capture data on the possible weather outcomes that may occur in a given place , such as possible tropical cyclones . Exposure captures what could be affected by the hazard in that location , such as the number and type of buildings . A vulnerability function provides an estimate of the cost of damage that will occur as a result of a given hazard and a given exposure . In the example of tropical cyclones and buildings , it would indicate the cost of damage for a given windspeed affecting a given type of building . Combining the three components allows development of a probabilistic impact curve , which indicates how the cost of hazard varies with the probability of the hazard for a specific place , given the expected hazards and the exposed assets . This section of the paper shows how this framework can be applied to generate a probabilistic impact curve for drought in SSA . For drought in SSA , the hazard is rainfall deficits during the growing season . As noted in the introduction , there are different ways of measuring this hazard , and the next section discusses the relevant data in more detail , including the time period for which historical data are available and use of the data to generate an estimate of the probability distribution of hazards in the near future . Exposure in the current case is not about physical infrastructure and its location and characteristics , but about households that may be impacted differently by rainfall deficits depending on their location and characteristics . The data on households are also described in more detail in the next section . The vulnerability function in this case is the income or welfare losses among households engaged in different livelihoods , which result from lower yields , lower demand for labor , and increased prices that may result from that . The rest of this section focuses on the estimation", "spans": [{"start": 1852, "end": 1870, "text": "data on households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . Refugee population and changes by country / territory of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntar < mark > y repatriation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often unknown . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | Region and | Population s | tart-2006 | | Incre | ases during | 2006 | | | | De | creases du | ring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | country / | | | Spont . a | rrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | territory < br > of | | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR -", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 104, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1043, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "given the mass of values at zero ( Bellemare and Wichman , 2019 ; Chen and Roth , 2022 ; Mullahy and Norton , 2022 ) . For these reasons , we report the ( non-transformed ) levels of hours worked in each activity in the main text but also provide the IHS-transformed results in the Appendix . The descriptive statistics appear in six panels . All panels are limited to individuals that appear in the data in the 2018-2019 round and in at least one prior GHS round , meaning the sample roughly corresponds to panel specifications with the inclusion of an individual-level fixed effect . The GHS documentation notes that there was a change in the covered enumeration areas with the addition of a refresher set of enumeration areas in the 2018-2019 round . By limiting this sample to individuals who appear in the 2018-2019 round and at least one prior GHS round , any sample attrition originates from individuals who dropped from the sample for reasons other than changes in the areas enumerated . < sup > 27 < / sup > The sample is also restricted to individuals who are at least 5 years old as of their first appearance in the data , as this is the age threshold for applying the labor module in the GHS . Panel A shows the descriptive statistics for the full sample in the post-planting round ; Panel B the same , but in the post-harvest GHS data . Likewise , Panel C and D show the same figures for men , in both post-planting and post-harvest periods , respectively . Panels E and F show the same for women . Some patterns are immediately evident . < sup > 28 < / sup > A larger proportion of men , compared to women , work in agricultural work , in both seasons . Both men and women are more likely to work in agricultural work in the post-planting season , compared to the post-harvest season . At the same time , a larger proportion of women work in self-employment or household-enterprise work ; and such work is comparatively lower in the post-harvest period ( though this is driven by the reductions in such work among women ) . Both men and women", "spans": [{"start": 1326, "end": 1347, "text": "post-harvest GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enabled the Program to function as a coherent multi-sector reform rather than a collection of parallel sector projects . Several constraints , however , affected implementation . The civil service hiring freeze limited staff recruitment under DLI 1 . 1 , resulting in a 20 percent disbursement penalty in one year and a final LG departmental staff fill rate of 68 percent against a 70 percent target . Procurement and contract management weaknesses , < sup > 11 < / sup > compounded by unclear construction oversight responsibilities between LGs and central government , slowed infrastructure delivery . Periodic delays in fund releases disrupted implementation sequencing , and land acquisition and titling challenges delayed construction at some sites and created long-term asset ownership risks . The creation of new sub-counties expanded the Program ' s geographic scope beyond its original design , requiring target revisions for secondary school sub-county coverage and contributing to the unmet water coverage PDO indicator , alongside a coordination gap between MoWE and other sector ministries . Details on implementation challenges per sector are presented in Annex 6 . 57 . * * Factors subject to the control of the World Bank . * * The Bank ' s supervision quality was a positive factor in UgIFT ' s performance . The 2020 AF and subsequent restructurings were timely and appropriate course corrections that preserved the Program ' s incentive structure and maintained disbursement momentum , and the 18-month closing date extension was well-justified in allowing the Program to complete key infrastructure and meet final-year DLI targets . During the AF , some PDO indicator targets were disrupted by the government ' s continuous administrative reorganization that repeatedly changed denominators , and baselines were unavailable for all indicators introduced under the new RAs . Two design features that the Bank could have addressed earlier , namely the complexity of the DLI 4 verification protocol and the water sector grant structure , constrained performance before being corrected in later restructurings . 58 . * * Factors outside the control of Government and implementing entities . * * The COVID", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 6 - This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association by electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( “ Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC ” ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ Yours truly , / signed / ______________", "spans": [{"start": 813, "end": 832, "text": "Association records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hoc committee members and neighbors of the absentee PAPs . Basic household information along with the registration of affected properties was collected with due diligence to ensure that all affected assets were properly registered . All PAPs from Arsi Robe , Diksis and Sude Woredas were presented during the survey and property registration . While 31 in Lote Hetosa and 1 HHH in Hetosa Woreda were absent . Generally , during the preparation of the RP , out of the total affected PAPs by the proposed subproject , 329 ( 91 . 1 % ) participated in the survey and enumeration process . Whereas 32 ( 8 . 9 % ) PAPs were absent mainly due to the aforementioned reasons . Table 7 . 2 : Number of Absentee V / S Presented PAPs | * * Woreda * * | * * No . of Presented * * < br > * * PAPs * * | * * No . of Absentee * * < br > * * PAPs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Arsi Robe | 55 | 0 | | Diksis | 57 | 0 | | Sude | 5 | 0 | | Hetosa | 74 | 1 | | Lode Hetosa | 138 | 31 | | * * Total * * | * * 329 * * | * * 32 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 & January 2025 ) _ This RAP has detailed the identification , valuation , and entitlement process for the absentee PAP ' s land , including compensation for land and crops . However , during implementation of this RAP , EEP and the WRC shall send formal written notifications to the addresses of registered landowners and document all attempts made to contact absentee PAPs to demonstrate due diligence and compliance with policy requirements . Page 86 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1072, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ good development ” increases resilience , especially if it reduces poverty and improves social safety nets . The comparison between Sweden and Malawi illustrates that our results are country ‐ specific : some factors are more important in some countries that in others . For instance , a low exposure is even more important in countries with a weak social protection system . Or a good post ‐ disaster support delivery mechanism matters only where the government has resources to distribute after a shock . This variability supports the choice of using a model to assess resilience , instead of a weighted average of sub ‐ indicators , such as most other indicators for vulnerability or resilience , in which the weights are global and cannot be adjusted to local circumstances . # 4 . 3 . Comparison with other indicators Several other indicators measure resilience and risk at the country and sub ‐ national level , work which our analysis has built on . Importantly , these indicators have different boundaries : some of them ( e . g . , InfoRM ) include fragility and conflicts . Others – such as ND ‐ GAIN – try to measure the ability to adapt to climate change , and thus include long ‐ term trends that may not materialize through natural hazards and disasters ( e . g . , increasing water scarcity ) . As a result , these indicators cannot be directly compared among each other or with the indicator proposed in this paper . However , all these indicators tend to measure similar socioeconomic “ capacities , ” namely the ability to avoid , resist and absorb shocks , and are thus closely related . In this sub ‐ section , we review existing indicators and compare our results on resilience and risk with three well ‐ known country ‐ level indicators , ND ‐ GAIN , InfoRM , and WRI , for which data are available online . 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "remoteness , and relatedly , dispersion . > 11 Part of the motivation for this work was a desire , for the purpose of empirical analysis , to apply a consistent approach to identifying ‘ remote ’ , outer islands in different PICs . It became clear that it is not immediately obvious how to empirically measure remoteness of a particular community , within the broader geographical context of a country as a whole . This was part of a broader task of analyzing socio-economic characteristics of Pacific Island communities from a spatial geography perspective , with a particular interest in describing living conditions for people living on more remote islands ( see World Bank , 2019 ) . World Bank , 2019 . ‘ Socio-economic analysis : A spatial analysis of population and housing census data ’ , a background paper prepared for _A Review of Spatial Development Issues in the Pacific Islands Countries_ ( P166346 ) . > 12 At the other extreme — where a country has no disaggregated data at all ( that is , data analogous to just one ‘ local area ’ ) — our indicators would be completely insensitive to its internal settlement patterns . 27", "spans": [{"start": 758, "end": 792, "text": "population and housing census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenyan Census » , _Ethnopolitics_ , Vol . 10 , No . 2 , 2011 , pp . 205-218 ) ; les Makondé ont été officiellement déclaré être la 43 < sup > ème < / sup > tribu au moment de leur enregistrement . On ne sait pas clairement quel est le statut juridique de la Proclamation présidentielle : voir Zarina Patel et Jill Ghai , « A tribe , a nation , a people – or just Kenyans ? » _The Star_ ( Nairobi ) , 14 août 2017 . UNHCR / Septembre 2018 59", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "services in their production , in response to increased product offerings in the service sectors . Summary statistics for all the variables are presented in Table 1 . To establish whether there exists a link between the performance of manufacturing firms and liberalization of upstream services sectors , we regress the TFP of a manufacturing firm _i_ operating in industry _j_ at time _t_ on the aggregated _Services_Indexjt-1_ lagged one period or disaggregated indices of services reform . We control for foreign ownership , trade liberalization , firm and year fixed effects . Our principal estimation equation has the following form : Services sectors were not the only item on the post-1991 reform agenda in India . Continued reductions in manufactured product tariff rates occurring during the same period may also have influenced manufacturing productivity . To control for changes in tariff rates , we include lagged output tariffs in the same manufacturing sector ( _Tariffjt-1_ ) and a weighted measure of input tariffs ( _Input tariffjt-1_ ) . The weights of the input tariffs are taken from the 1993 input-output matrix , while the aggregation of individual tariff lines to the 2-digit sector level is achieved using the 1990 import weights . The information on tariffs was obtained from the World Bank ‟ s WITS database . < sup > 17 < / sup > As many studies find that foreign affiliates tend to outperform domestic producers ( see for instance , Aitken and Harrison , 1999 ; Arnold and Javorcik , 2009 ) , we include an indicator for foreign-owned firms , equal to one if the foreign ownership share in firm _i_ is above 10 % at time _t_ ( _Foreignit_ ) . In an expanded specification , we will allow for differential effects of services reform on domestic and foreign firms by interacting _Foreignit_ with the _Services_Indexjt-1 . _ The dependent variable is firm-specific , but our variables of interest vary at the sector-year level , therefore , we cluster standard errors at the sector-year level . > 17 The authors are grateful to Rajesh Mehta for providing tariff data for the years in which the figures were missing from WITS . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1108, "end": 1132, "text": "1993 input-output matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1320, "end": 1333, "text": "WITS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2080, "end": 2091, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project were firmly identified ( spring 2004 ) , it took over a year to initiate the forensic audit ( June 2005 ) . Furthermore , the audit found that not enough was done during implementation to monitor actively the risks in financial management that has been identified during project preparation and to implement preventive measures . The DIR was handled without involving the task team . An environment of uncertainty was permitted to persist , constraining project implementation and undermining the relationship with the client . Overall , although problems were promptly identified , there was little progress made in resolving these problems . Also , there was little effort to obtain baseline data for project indicators and to track progress systematically ( with the exception of the 2003 Demographic and Health Survey ) . * * a . Ensuring Quality - at-Entry : * * Unsatisfactory * * b . Quality of Supervision : * * Unsatisfactory * * c . Overall Bank Performance : * * Unsatisfactory", "spans": [{"start": 795, "end": 829, "text": "2003 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bilaterally — involving engagements among multiple organized , armed factions , occasionally leading to collateral civilian harm — or unilaterally , wherein a group targets civilians deliberately . ” Furthermore , for the most precise depiction of areas severely affected by conflict , fatalities stemming from protests , riots , and strategic development ( as per ACLED data ) have been excluded , maintaining consistency with the WBG Classification of Fragility and Conflict Situation ’ s ( FCS ) objectives and the scope of this study . Our analysis focuses on conflict records categorized as ‘ Battles ’ , ‘ Explosions / Remote violence ’ , and ‘ Violence against civilians ’ . These types of conflicts are selected due to their violent nature . # _Settlement data_ To determine the urbanization level , we use the Global Human Settlement Layer ( GHSL ) which combines gridded population data estimated by CIESIN GPW v4 . 11 GHS-POP R2023 and built-up surface information from Landsat and Sentinel-2 data GHS-BUILT-S R2023 ( Schiavina et al . , 2023 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > The settlement data are available at the 1km resolution . We consider the data for the year 2020 , which is the closest available to the time period of interest for both countries . In case of Nigeria , we defined ‘ urban ’ areas as cells defined as high-density cluster , < sup > 6 < / sup > ‘ suburban ’ as moderate-density cluster , < sup > 7 < / sup > ‘ rural ’ as rural and low-density clusters < sup > 8 < / sup > and ‘ Uninhabited ’ as very low density rural and water covered areas ( Figure 1 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > > 5 - In Google Earth Engine , this Image collection is accessible through < u > https : / / developers . google . com / earth engine / datasets / catalog / JRC_GHSL_P2023A_GHS_SMOD . < / u > > 6 The ‘ urban ’ category includes the classes 30 : “ Urban Centre grid cell ” , 23 : “ Dense Urban Cluster grid cell ” . > 7 The ‘ suburban ’ category includes the classes 22 :", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 375, "text": "ACLED data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 819, "end": 848, "text": "Global Human Settlement Layer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 929, "end": 942, "text": "GHS-POP R2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1009, "end": 1026, "text": "GHS-BUILT-S R2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1082, "end": 1097, "text": "settlement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Meghir , C . , Mobarak , A . M . , Mommaerts , C . , & Morten , M . ( 2022 ) . Migration and Informal Insurance : Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial and a Structural Model . _The Review of Economic Studies_ , _89_ ( 1 ) , 452-480 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / restud / rdab021 Menezes-Filho , N . , Komatsu , B . K . , & Rosa , J . P . ( 2021 ) . Reducing Poverty and Inequality during the Coronavirus Outbreak : The Emergency Aid Transfers in Brazil . Policy Paper 54 , Institute of Education and Research ( Insper ) , Brazil . Mileti , D . S . , & Sorensen , J . H . ( 1990 ) . Communication of Emergency Public Warnings : a Social Science Perspective and State of-the-Art Assessment . Federal Emergency Management Agency ( No . Report ORNL-6609 ) . Oak Ridge , TN . Montgomery , L . E . , Kiely , J . L . , & Pappas , G . ( 1996 ) . The Effects of Poverty , Race , and Family Structure on US Chil ’ ren ' s Health : Data from the NHIS , 1978 through 1980 and 1989 through 1991 . _American Journal of Public Health_ , 86 ( 10 ) , 1401 – 1405 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 2105 / ajph . 86 . 10 . 1401 Morawczynski , O . , & Pickens , M . ( 2009 ) . Poor People Using Mobile Financial Services : Observations on Customer Usage and Impact from M-PESA . World Bank Publications - Reports 9492 . Washington , DC : World Bank . Muttarak , R . , & Lutz , W . ( 2014 ) . Is Education a Key to Reducing Vulnerability to Natural Disasters and hence Unavoidable Climate Change ? _Ecology and Society_ , _19_ ( 1 ) . < u > https : / / www . jstor . org / stable / 26269470 < / u > - Muttarak , R . , & Pothisiri , W . ( 2013 ) . The role of education", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts . Likewise , with respect to the empirical literature , numerous studies have been completed — some using sophisticated large-n experimental and quasi-experimental designs — however , few have been able to link Open Data , and OGD in particular , to changes in levels of government accountability or the provision and outcomes of health and education services . Rather , the literature available focuses mainly on the effects of other types of transparency and accountability initiatives — such as community score cards , participatory budgeting , and social audits — and not OGD itself . As is the case with such granular quantitative analysis , many studies focus on particular countries and regions at particular moments in time , which again , reduces their comparability to other contexts . # * * III . CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK * * In an attempt to answer the question posed above , this research will evaluate four different propositions — or premises — that can be extrapolated from the literature , including previous theoretical and empirical contributions on transparency , accountability , and service delivery . As described below , this research will also test the political economy “ conditions ” that are necessary and / or sufficient for the purported relationships to hold — including the role played by the larger information-availability environment ( i . e . “ publicity ” condition ) and formal citizen voice ( i . e . “ political agency ” condition ) as well as government capacity ( i . e . “ public sector management ” condition ) and informal social accountability channels ( i . e . “ client power ” condition ) . > 103 C . K . Carruthers & M . H . Wanamaker , \" Municipal Housekeeping : The Impact of Women ' s Suffrage on Public Education , \" Journal of Human Resources , vol 50 ( 4 ) ( 2015 ) p . 837-872 . > 104 T . Fujiwara , “ Voting Technology , Political Responsiveness , and Infant Health : Evidence from Brazil . ” Econometrica 83 ( 2 ) ( 2015 ) p . 423 – 64 . > 105 M . Kudamatsu , “ Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa ? Evidence from Micro Data", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "violence . Systematic variation in response patterns could also have contributed to the divergence . People experiencing severe outcomes that are seen as socially undesirable — aggressive tendencies or indicators of risk for mental health problems , for example — may have been more likely to have reported their experiences honestly in a self-administered online questionnaire than in an in-person interview . A different set of respondents , who were not themselves experiencing severe outcomes but perhaps had friends or relatives in difficult circumstances , may purposely have reported more severe outcomes than they experienced personally with the goal of influencing resource allocation toward the needs they observed . While the PPCS and Facebook survey were not designed to isolate the effects of these different mechanisms , we explore each of them further in the sections that follow . Were people who experienced more severe outcomes more likely to complete the Facebook survey ? The PPCS team secured high response and completion rates for the detailed adult individual interview , but the Facebook survey reflected the nonresponse and dropout challenges that are common to online questionnaires . Almost 96 percent of the adults selected for the PPCS individual interview agreed to participate , and virtually all of those adults completed the questionnaire . In contrast , about 12 percent of the people who clicked on the Facebook-advertised link ( themselves a fraction of the Facebook users for whom the advertisement appeared ) agreed to start the survey , and of those respondents only 54 percent remained to comprise the final sample . The Facebook and PPCS samples differ substantially in some observed characteristics ( further discussed below in the section on weighting strategies ) , and it is likely that they also differ in important unobserved characteristics given the high nonresponse rates of the Facebook survey . One plausible unobserved selection mechanism is interest in the survey topics . According to the introduction to the Facebook survey that preceded agreement to participate , the questionnaire was “ about the psychological conditions of Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza ” and the research team was “ trying to understand how people have been affected by the conflict that took place last May . ” Other topics mentioned include background information , employment status", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 989, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "29 # # # # # # Identification of UASC per month < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Belgrade area Border areas 23 % 24 % < br > 13 % 21 % 14 % < br > 12 % 10 % < br > 8 % < br > 6 % 12 % 6 % < br > 4 % 4 % 10 % 8 % < br > 2 % 2 % < br > 0 % 4 % 6 % 5 % 6 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The new Law on Asylum and Temporary Protection of the Republic of Serbia < sup > 26 < / sup > defines unaccompanied and separated children in the same manner . During 2018 , more than 2 , 800 UASC were identified in the Republic of Serbia , according to UNHCR . < sup > 27 < / sup > As in the previous years , quick and efficient identification and support to UASC remained one of the core activities , both in Belgrade and in border areas . Throughout 2018 , CRPC assisted and supported more than 2 , 000 unaccompanied and separated children , while HCIT worked with more than 400 UASC in border areas , who were mostly pushed-back from neighbouring countries after they had failed to continue their journey and leave Serbia . Children identified in Belgrade Children identified in border areas < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 28 % < br > 33 % < br > 67 % 72 % < br > Children with parental care UASC Children with parental care UASC < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > 26 Law on Asylum and Temporary Protection ( Official Gazette RS , No . 24 / 2018 ) Article 2 , paragraph 14 and 15 27 UNHCR , Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme , February 2019 , https : /", "spans": [{"start": 1476, "end": 1532, "text": "Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", E . , Pinchasik , D . R . , Amundsen , A . H . , & Hagman , R . ( 2021 ) . Facilitating adoption of electric buses through policy : Learnings from a trial in Norway . _Energy Policy_ , 155 , 112310 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . enpol . 2021 . 112310 Tiefenbeck , V . , Staake , T . , Roth , K . , & Sachs , O . ( 2013 ) . For better or for worse ? Empirical evidence of moral licensing in a behavioral energy conservation campaign . _Energy Policy_ , 57 , 160-171 . https : / / doi . org / https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . enpol . 2013 . 01 . 021 Timilsina , G . R . ( 2020 ) . _Demystifying the Costs of Electricity Generation Technologies_ . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , WPS9303 . Washington , DC : World Bank . Timilsina , G . R . ( 2021 ) . _Economics of Distributed Photovoltaics : An Illustration from Bangladesh_ . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , WPS9699 . Washington , DC : World Bank . Tugcu , C . T . , & Tiwari , A . K . ( 2016 ) . Does renewable and / or non-renewable energy consumption matter for total factor productivity ( TFP ) growth ? Evidence from the BRICS . _Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews_ , _65_ , 610-616 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . rser . 2016 . 07 . 016 Ugur , M . , Trushin , E . , Solomon , E . , & Guidi , F . ( 2016 ) . R & D and productivity in OECD firms and industries : A hierarchical meta-regression analysis . _Research Policy_ , 45 ( 10 ) , 20692086 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . respol . 2016 . 08 . 001 < / u > 54", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a . Los actores armados pueden llegar a retenerlos provisionalmente , en tanto verifican antecedentes . En algunas ocasiones las personas son calificadas como informantes , lo que podría llevar a la desaparición y otras situaciones que afectan su seguridad . La encuesta muestra que el 77 % opina que el proyecto ha facilitado la interacción con las comunidades que viven en zonas con problemas de orden público y el 35 % opina que el proyecto ha contribuido a disminuir el riesgo del desplazamiento de la población vulnerable . El 92 % de los encuestados estuvieron de acuerdo en que contar con un documento de identidad les ha facilitado la obtención de otros derechos . En particular , han podido acceder a servicios de salud , cupos en educación y a los subsidios y programas de formación técnica ofrecidos por el Estado . # # # # * * 4 . 2 . Eficiencia * * El mecanismo de visitas previas a las zonas donde se realizan las jornadas es un aspecto fundamental para garantizar el éxito de las mismas . Es la oportunidad de contactar de manera personal a las autoridades y a la población y explicarles en qué consiste el proceso que se va a desarrollar ; es estratégico acercar a las personas al proceso a 35", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 270, "text": "encuesta", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "% ) < sup > 5 < / sup > . Table 1 : Uganda ’ s health statistics | Gross national income per capita ( PPP international $ ) : | 880 | | - - - | - - - | | Life expectancy at birth male / female ( years ) : | 49 / 51 | | Probability of dying under five ( per 1 000 live births ) : | 134 | | Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m / f ( per 1 000 ) : | 518 / 474 | | Total expenditure on health per capita ( International $ , as of 2006 ) : | 143 | | Total expenditure on health as % of GDP ( year 2006 ) : | 7 . 2 | _Data are for 2006 . ( Source : World Health Statistics 2008 : www . who . int / whosis / en / index . html ) _ Uganda Government , through Ministry of Health ( MoH ) with funding from International Development Association ( IDA ) , intends to implement the _Uganda Health Systems Strengthening Project_ which ( under the “ _Health Infrastructure_ ” component ) seeks to improve functionality of existing healthcare infrastructure of 46 existing health facilities in various districts . These include 27 health center IV ( HCIV ) ; 17 general hospitals ( GHs ) and 2 regional referral hospitals ( RRH ) . Most of these healthcare facilities were built and equipped in early 1960s or 1970s and little or no maintenance has since been undertaken . Many buildings > 1 - National Health Policy : Republic of Uganda , Ministry of Health . September 1999 . > - National Planning Authority ( NPA ) of the Republic of Uganda : Vision 2035 , towards a modern , industrialized and knowledge based society : Working draft for national dialogue . June 2005 . > - Uganda Bureau of Statistics : Statistical Abstract June 2006 . > 2 National Planning Authority of the Republic of Uganda : Vision 2035 , towards a modern , industrialized and knowledge", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 582, "text": "World Health Statistics 2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing Ethiopia Electrification Program ( P178895 ) affordability constraints have not kept them from making new connections to date , they anticipate affordability may present a constraint in the medium-to-long term . Namely , as the grid reaches more remote areas , the cost of new connections is expected to rise ( with lower population density in unelectrified areas ) < sup > 8 < / sup > . Simultaneously , disposable income of potential customers in these areas will likely decrease as the grid reaches increasingly remote areas . These two factors combined are expected to present an affordability barrier and this requires further investigation to identify the capacity that potential customers will have to afford connections , as well as to identify ways to mitigate the potential impact through potential cross-subsidization of the connection fee . Given that recent and reliable data on affordability of connection costs does not exist , both EEU and the World Bank have recognized the need to conduct a connection cost affordability study to be conducted in the first year of the proposed operation . 24 . * * Despite the lack of utility data , a 2017 study on affordability * * < sup > * * 9 * * < / sup > * * can provide some approximate insight . * * This survey of 150 unelectrified towns across 4 regions studied the willingness to pay ( WTP ) for electricity services by households . The results of the survey indicate wide variability in WTP within towns as well as across town . Within towns , the figure below shows a steep decline in WTP after ~ 15 percent , followed by gradual decline thereafter . Similarly , the survey also found variability across towns . The study cites that a 30 percent benchmark is typically used in tariff setting for initial market penetration . At this 30 percent mark , WTP varied across the towns from US $ 1 . 93 / month to US $ 14 . 58 / month . These factors combined lend credence to the idea presented", "spans": [{"start": 1180, "end": 1192, "text": "utility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1309, "end": 1342, "text": "survey of 150 unelectrified towns", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that certain areas of banking have been hit harder than others . * * - Less profitable , capital-intensive projects are disproportionately affected , including infrastructure finance and loans to SMEs . As discussed , the most recent ECB SME lending survey suggests that SMEs are experiencing difficulties in accessing bank credit across Europe . High lending rates are also discouraging UK SMEs from borrowing from banks , which reportedly failed to meet their SME lending targets in late 2011 ( under ― Project Merlin ‖ ) . Access to credit is particularly difficult for SMEs in Central and Eastern Europe ( CEE ) and Central Asia . - Similarly , global trade financing volumes were down 6 percent in the first nine months of 2011 compared to 2010 . This decline was in part due to limited access to U . S . dollar funding by European banks , which account for about one-third of the trade financing market . < sup > 8 < / sup > Anecdotal information suggests that trade financing experienced a significant > 8 Large French banks , in particular , provide a significant share of trade financing in emerging Europe , Asia , Latin America , and West Africa ( figure 13 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 256, "text": "ECB SME lending survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Davoodi ( 1997 ) , Corruption , Public Investment and Growth ” , IMF Working Paper , No 97 / 139 , available at http : / / www . imf . org / external / pubs / ft / wp / wp97139 . pdf wb14570 N : \\ Antonio \\ tena2 \\ povnet \\ survey of infrastructure issues - WP version . doc September 29 , 2004 10 : 31 AM", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 255, "text": "survey of infrastructure issues", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". > 3 The gender analysis in this document has been adapted from “ Jordan : Improving Women Economic Opportunities - Select Entry Points for Policy Dialogue and Operational Interventions ” , World Bank ( June 2019 ) . > 4 World Development Indicators . Data retrieved in June 2019 Page 6 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 250, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Not Applicable_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not _Applicable_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Water and Sanitation Service Improvement Project ( WaSSIP ) * * Resettlement Action Plan for Ghetto Informal Settlement land use planning done on the Informal Settlement , by the Huruma Informal Settlements slum upgrading programme . This plan provides for public passageways with an overall objective of securing adequate services ( that include water pipelines and sewage lines ) to the settlement . The losses and disruptions anticipated are with respect to structures constructed on the public passageways identified to lay sewer lines . Where these losses and disruptions are inevitable , this RAP Report proposes mitigation measures to minimise the impact . # # # * * 2 ) BRIEF ON THE DISRUPTIONS AND LOSSES EXPECTED FROM IMPROVEMENT OF SANITATION SERVICES IN GHETTO EMBAKASI SETTLEMENT AND THE PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES * * On 25 < sup > th < / sup > and 26 < sup > th < / sup > January 2013 , a study was carried out in Ghetto Informal Settlement to identify the disruptions and losses anticipated toward effective implementation of the Proposed Project to lay sewer lines in the Settlement . The disruptions and losses it identified , as well as the proposed mitigation measures were as follows : * * a . Type of Affected Structures and the Mitigation Measures Proposed * * Structures for housing constitute the largest number of structures that would be affected on implementation of the Project . Other structures are two structures for commercial use , and two structures for religious use . Nearly all the structures are temporary in construction ( only one , a school kitchen , was identified as semi-permanent in construction ) . The affected floor dimension of the affected structures were ascertained to range from 1 . 25m < sup > 2 < / sup > to 18m < sup > 2 < / sup > , the average size being estimated as 5 . 4m < sup > 2 < / sup > . Informed during the field survey , all owners of the structures located on the planned public", "spans": [{"start": 1881, "end": 1893, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the implementation , monitoring , and evaluation of compensation payment and resettlement to achieve outcomes that are consistent with the objectives of this Framework . - e ) Supply of information and consultation with different stakeholders should be through a language and medium they are comfortable with . In certain cases , for example , the land acquisition process , where the information is not easily understood by the people , the Proponent should take responsibility for simplifying and ensuring that the whole process is understood by the project affected persons , using appropriate methods of communication . - f ) There should be a specific and transparent mechanism for the recording of grievances and their timely resolution . Every effort should be made to resolve grievances at the community level without impeding access to any judicial or administrative remedies that may be available . - g ) Where affected population do not have land titles , cadastral surveys may have to be carried out to establish the basis for compensation and procedures will be established to regularize and recognize claims to land , including claims that derive from customary law and traditional usage . - h ) Clear communication of responsibility and accountability procedures , personnel and resource availability for effective implementation of plan shall be put in place . 53", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 984, "text": "cadastral surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * and * * World Bank ( 1983 ) - - is to compute employment densities per 1 , 000 population . Because density reasures * * all * * surveyed activities against a coumon yardstick , population , this procedure allows comparison of absolute intensity levels for all activities enumerated , even if a survey ' s coverage is only partial . This approach is taken throughouw much of this paper , especially where we explore features of structural transformation using comparative data from studies with differing survey methodologies . The nonfarm employment densities in Table 3 provide tantalizing initial insights into differences in the Asian and African rural f - arm sec ors . The data in Panel B suggest that Asian rural nonfarm employment densities conaonly lie in the range of 80 to 140 per 1 , 000 population , while the African densities only reach this level in West Africa . Elsewhere they are much lower , more frequently on the order of 40 to 50 per 1 , 000 . Thus , initially , it appears that the Asian rural economy supports about double the nonfarm activity found in East , Central and Southern Africa . # D . Female Particigation Women account for a substantial proportion of both management and employment in African rural nonfarm enterprises . In rural Zambia , they own 60 percent of the nonfarn enterprises ( Hilimo and Fisseha , 1985 ) , while their share in nonfarm employment ranges between 25 and 54 percent in countries such as Benin , Ghana , Kertya , Nigeria and Zambia ( Dahomey , 1964 ; Steel , 1977 ; Freeman and Norcliffe , 1985 ; Mueller and Zevering , 1970 ; Milimo and Fisseha , 1985 ) . Social and religious norm vary considerably among countries and in some cases tightly shape the economic options available to women . This is clearly the case in Islamic countries , as the Chad data in Table 1 indicate . Even in non-Islamic countries , convention frequently dictates that women participate in activities that can be done in the home , with low", "spans": [{"start": 1811, "end": 1820, "text": "Chad data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * _Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities ; _ * * - * * _Application of Standstill period and Publication of contract award information ; _ * * - * * _Maintenance of records of the procurement process ; and_ * * - * * _The Bank has the right to review procurement documentation and activities . _ * * When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ * * of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * “ * * * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ * * of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ _ * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Domestic preference as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ * * of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan ; Works : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . None * *", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 749, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 | | Documented | | * * 0 . 00 * * | | OutstandingBalance | | 0 . 00 | | WaivedDocumentationAmount | | | | TransactionsinProcess | | * * 0 . 00 * * < br > * * 0 . 00 * * < br > 25000 . 00 | # # # # # # undefined Data as of < sup > 2 < / sup > 7-Sep-2017 * * 08 : 07 EST * * Disclaimer : Please note that in the case of any discrepancies between a translation and the English version , the English version prevails . * * 9 / 27 / 2017 , 3 : 07 * * pm", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 218, "text": "undefined Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Ln ( # of peple in | [ 0 . 015 ] | [ 0 . 004 ] | [ 0 . 006 ] | [ 0 . 003 ] | [ 0 . 006 ] | [ 0 . 006 ] | | HH ) | - 0 . 026 * * * | - 0 . 018 * * * | 0 . 004 * * | 0 . 003 * * * | 0 . 002 | 0 . 020 * * * | | | [ 0 . 004 ] | [ 0 . 001 ] | [ 0 . 002 ] | [ 0 . 001 ] | [ 0 . 002 ] | [ 0 . 002 ] | | Observations | 7 , 919 | 7 , 919 | 7 , 919 | 7 , 919 | 7 , 919 | 7 , 919 | | | | Fuel and | | Food and | Medical | | | Wald test | Food | lighting | Transportation | clothing | care | Education | | Theta = 0 | 934 . 7c | 108 . 5c | 484 . 5c | 129 . 1c | 51 . 7c | 644 . 1c | | Theta = 0 . 2 | 892 . 7c | 129 . 4c | 473 . 5c | 113 . 2c | 46 . 4c | 608 . 3c | | Theta = 0 . 4 | 963 . 8c | 139 . 2c | 467 . 6c | 82 . 2c | 45 . 6c | 743c | | Theta = 0 . 5 | 1067 . 8c | 104 . 6c | 485 . 6c | 99 . 6c | 55 . 1c | 859 . 5c | | Theta = 0 . 6 | 1095 . 6c | 84 . 3c | 496 . 3c | 118 . 5c | 60c | 872 . 5c | | Theta = 0 . 8 | 1081 . 8c | 75 . 9c | 501c | 132 . 9c | 61 . 6c | 835 . 6c | | Theta = 1 | 1065 . 9c | 76c | 501c | 136 . 8c | 61 . 3c | 809 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 < br > 0 | | * * characteristics and * * | Access to electricity ( % ) | 97 | 98 | | 98 | | 98 | 9 | 8 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 < br > 0 | | * * access to services * * | Accessto improved water ( % ) | 87 | 89 | | 89 | | 90 | 9 | 0 | 90 | 88 | 90 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 90 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 < br > 1 | Source : SEDLAC ( World Bank and CEDLAS ) . Note : Note : Since the numbers presented here are based on SEDLAC , a regional data harmonization effort that increases cross-country comparability , they may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national statistical offices . The LAC aggregate is based on 18 countries in the region for which microdata are available . In cases where data are unavailable for a given country in a given year , values have been interpolated using WDI data or using microsimulations to calculate regional measures . Type of employment and sector limited to working individuals ages 15 – 64 . 20", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 385, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 876, "text": "WDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well as more micro-level evidence confirm the poverty-reducing and growth-enhancing impact of a better distribution of productive assets . This apparent potential notwithstanding , actual experience with land reform has in many instances fallen short of expectations . Despite-or because-of this , land reform remains a hotly debated issue in a number of countries ( e . g . Zimbabwe , Malawi , South Africa , Guatemala , El Salvador , Brazil , Colombia ) some of which are spending considerable amounts of resources for this purpose . A mechanism to provide an efficiency - and equity-enhancing redistribution of assets that would increase overall investment at a cost that is comparable to other types of government interventions would be very desirable . This paper describes a new type of _negotiated_ land reform that relies on voluntary land transfers based on negotiation between buyers and sellers , where the government ' s role is restricted to establishing the necessary framework and making available a land purchase grant to eligible beneficiaries . Section two discusses the land reform experience in general , thus providing the historical background and conceptual basis for the subsequent argument . Section three is devoted to a more detailed description of negotiated land reform in Colombia , covering the reasons for choosing a negotiated approach , its principles , and its implementation in a number of pilot municipios . Section four compares the mechanisms utilized to those adopted in Brazil and South Africa and briefly highlights some of the implications for monitoring the new approach . Section five concludes . # * * 2 LAND * * REFORM : POTENTIAL * * AND * * HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE While land reform has long been the subject of policy debate , the motivation for addressing land issues has shifted considerably over time . Initial discussions were largely motivated by political considerations , supported by the notion of the inverse farm-size productivity relationship . This notion had received empirical support from cross-sectional studies across states ( Kutcher and Scandizzo , 1979 ) , countries ( Berry and Cline 1979 ) , or individual farms ( Barraclough , 1970 ) . 1 More recent contributions have emphasized the importance of asset ownership in situations characterized by incomplete contracting ( Bardhan et al . 1998 ) ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "once during the post-planting period ( at the time of the information treatment ) and once during the post-harvest period ( together with the control group households in the same EAs ) . This assumption seems reasonable , for at least two reasons . First , Wollburg et al . ( 2021 ) , studying earlier rounds of the same Malawi household survey , show that self-reported unconditional fertilizer quantity per plot is insignificantly associated with recall length and that self-reported farm labor activity ( e . g . , land preparation and planting , weeding and fertilizing ) per plot is inconsistently and only modestly associated with recall length . Second , when we regress post-harvest self-reported fertilizer inputs against postplanting self-reports of the same variable among the treated households , the resulting coefficient estimate ( 0 . 955 ) is not statistically significantly different from one and the simple bivariate relationships explains almost half of variation , indicating a close correspondence between reports of the same early season input use regardless of whether collected post-planting or post-harvest . 25", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 344, "text": "Malawi household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 620 | 0 | 2 , 284 | 0 | | | 1997 | 0 | * * 2 , 220 * * | 4 , 840 | o | 1 , 580 | 0 | | | ( 1998 ) . | < br > ( 0 ) | < br > ( o ) | < br > ( 0 ) | ( 0 ) | < br > ( - 17 , 070 ) | ( 0 ) | < br > * * 3 * * | | Econom | < br > ic Return = 3 | < br > 2 % | | | | | | - 1 / 32-ton tanker-trailer , with empty backhaul 2 / Additional storage 3 / For strengthening wagon couplings | Source : Mission estimates | | - - - | | May 1975 | | - - - | - 4 / For centralized traffic control . This is a serious underestimate if metal sleepers also have to be replaced by non-conducting sleepers simultaneously before they are due for renewal - 5 / Avoided investments in centralized traffic control and strengthening wagon couplings", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 404, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We contribute to that literature by being the first to evaluate the achievement effects of a large-scale tuition elimination policy for secondary education in Africa . The present study extends work by one of this study ’ s authors ( Gajigo 2014 ) , who used household survey data to find large enrollment gains from the same program . We use administrative data on the universe of standardized test scores in The Gambia from 1998 to 2012 ; we are the first researchers to obtain and analyze this data . We also contribute to the broader literature on efforts to close the gender gap in access and learning . Several other studies have evaluated similar programs targeting girls ( Kim et al . 1999a , 1999b , and Chaudhury and Parajuli 2010 for Pakistan ; Filmer and Schady 2008 for Cambodia ; Kremer et al . 2009 for Kenya ; Baird et al . 2011 for Malawi ; Begum et al . 2012 for Bangladesh ; and the previously mentioned Kazianga et al . 2013 and Muralidharan and Prakash 2013 for Burkina Faso and India , respectively ) , with a consensus finding that reducing the cost of attendance leads to gains in enrollment . Of these , however , only Baird et al . ( 2011 ) examines learning outcomes among secondary school students as we do , using a program more local in scope than our setting . In the next section , we describe the education system in The Gambia and the girls ’ scholarship program . Sections III – IV present the methodology and data we use for analysis . Section V presents results , and Section VI concludes . # I . EDUCATION IN THE GAMBIA AND THE GIRLS ’ SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM In the Gambian education system , the first 9 years are formally known as the Basic Cycle . This includes six years of primary school ( grades 1 – 6 ) and three years of Upper Basic School ( middle school , grades 7 – 9 ) . High school , known locally as Senior Secondary School , consists of grades 10 – 12 . The West African Senior School Certificate Examination ( WASSCE , hereafter the Grade 12 exam ) , instituted in 1998 , is", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 280, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 343, "end": 362, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capita . This was later matched by Japan in the middle of the twentieth century . The world economy was driven by several large Western European countries ( Germany , France , Italy , the United Kingdom ) and Anglophone ― offshoots ‖ ( Australia , New Zealand , the United States , and Canada ) , plus Japan . Many other countries , including the former Soviet Union , were able to rise to middle-income status and experience levels of average economic welfare that far surpassed prior centuries ; however , these standards of living still lagged badly behind the leading countries . In brief , the global economy was dominated by the so-called ― G7 . ‖ * * Figure 3 : Development since the Industrial Revolution * * ( Per capita GDP measured in 1990 Geary-Khamis PPP adjusted dollars ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 , 000 < br > 30 , 000 < br > W . Offshoots < br > 25 , 000 Japan < br > 130 years < br > W . Europe < br > 20 , 000 < br > E . Europe < br > 15 , 000 Ex USSR < br > Latin America < br > 10 , 000 < br > China < br > 5 , 000 India < br > Africa < br > 0 < br > 1820 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Maddison database One can see the significance of these few large economies both in terms of their shares of global economic output and in terms of their contribution to economic growth . During the twentieth century , the G7 maintained a large and fairly stable share of world gross domestic product ( Figure 4 ) that started and ended the century at about 45 percent . There was a slight rise to 51 percent during the first half the century that was reversed during the second half of the century . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1215, "end": 1232, "text": "Maddison database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > FIN < br > SVK < br > CHE ( 2008 ) Unclassified BEL < br > CZE DNK < br > NLD CHE ( 2008 ) < br > HUN < br > CZE < br > GRC ( 2007 ) < br > ITA CHL ( 2008 ) < br > POL FRA ( 2008 ) < br > TUR < br > AUT < br > CHN < br > ZAF ( 2008 ) NLD < br > CHL ( 2008 ) LUX < br > MEX ( 2007 ) DEU < br > 0 5 10 15 20 KOR ( 2008 ) < br > JPN < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % < br > Source : OECD , Main Science and Technology Indicators Database , June 2011 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 33", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 441, "text": "Science and Technology Indicators Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Per capita revenue after transfer | 75 | 75 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Per capita net income | 975 | 525 | | ( income + transfer ) | | | Case 2 : Region A Reduces Its Per Capita Tax Base to $ 900 | | Region A < br > ( $ ) | Region B < br > ( $ ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Per capita income | 900 | 500 | | Per capila local tax revenue | 90 | 50 | | Per capila transfer | - 20 | 20 | | Per capita revenue after transfer | 70 | 70 | | Per capita net income < br > ( income + transfer ) | 880 | 520 | # 3 . 4 . Sources of * * Data Required for Calculation * * ] [ n selecting formulas for equalization transfer , a major consideration is the availability of data . In many developing countries , data constraints force the central governmen * * t * * o adopt relatively simple models with fewr variables . This section briefly discusses the possible channels through which data could be collected for the purpose of calculating equalization transfers . ' The central government agency in charge equalization transfer can use a variety of data sources . In most countries , the easiest source is the statistics provided by the central government ' s statistical agency . In addition to the central statistical agency , line ministries can often provide more detailed statistics on need indicators such as demographic composition , land areas , student enrolment rates , health indicators , length and quality of roads , electricity consumption , number of policemen , etc . Data on local tax bases are often supplied by local tax authorities . 20 In cases where the central and local governments share the same tax bases and the center is responsible for tax collection , tax base data can be easily obtained from the central tax authorities . In cases where local tax bases differ from central tax bases , local tax authorities should be required to provide annual", "spans": [{"start": 1479, "end": 1502, "text": "Data on local tax bases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1677, "end": 1690, "text": "tax base data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . RegulatoRy enviRonment and goveRnanCe In parallel , refugees are gradually more included in government-led surveys , including data collection initiatives carried out by the National Institute of Statistics , however , without a specific breakdown of their legal status . Data on refugees and asylum-seekers are being collected as part of the National Health Information System ( NHIS ) and have been fully incorporated into the COVID government response plan . The situation of refugee and asylum-seeker students is also being increasingly integrated into the National Education Information Management System . # # # * * 2 . 4 Access to civil registration and documentation * * In line with Article 10 of the 1998 Refugee Decree , refugees of 14 years and above continue to be provided with a refugee card valid for three years issued by the Ministry of Interior through the CNE . This is still conducted thanks to the material and technical support of UNHCR . Refugees continue to access national public and private services , such as SIM cards and financial services as well as the national employment agency ( Agence Nationale pour la Promotion de l ’ Emploi , ANPE ) , by presenting the government-issued individual ID card . Therefore , refugees who have not yet been issued the refugee identity cards face issues to access such services . Key to note is that for nationals , the national Identity cards are issued by the police and are valid for a five-year period . Asylum-seekers continued to be issued with a temporary attestation by the CNE confirming their legal status while awaiting a decision on their application . The document has a limited validity of three months and is renewable . The attestation only contains information on the principal applicants while the family members are recorded in the file at the CNE . Refugees also continue to be issued with an official refugee certificate which is , in principle , issued at the same time as the refugee identity card The certificate lists all members of the household with photographs and biographical data .", "spans": [{"start": 276, "end": 311, "text": "Data on refugees and asylum-seekers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 347, "end": 381, "text": "National Health Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than 180 countries . For each round of the survey in the country , we gather government policy stringency data a day before the day that the survey was started . The final sample used in this study includes 16 , 038 firm-observations from 41 countries . # 3 . 2 . Variables # # 3 . 2 . 1 . Firm Performance and Channel Variables Firm performance during the COVID-19 pandemic is captured by two variables : firm closure and growth rate . Firm closure , _Survival , _ is a dummy variable that equals one for firms that had not temporarily or permanently closed and zero otherwise . Firm growth is measured by the changes in monthly sales between the latest month ( survey month ) and the same month a year ago , denoted as _Sales growth_ . We rely on four variables to gauge strategic responses for explaining firm performance during COVID-19 . They are four channels through which firms implement their strategies : stable demand , stable input supply , stable liquidity , and innovation . We use them as dependent variables to see how firm organizational resources and national characteristics affect strategic adjustments by firms , and how such adjustments explain firm performance . Specifically , _Stable demand_ is a dummy variable that equals one for firms that had not experienced decreased demand for production or service compared to a year ago and zero otherwise . _Stable input_ is a dummy variable that equals one for firms that had not experienced decreased supply of inputs compared to a year ago and zero otherwise . _Stable liquidity_ is a dummy variable that equals one for firms that had not experienced decreased liquidity or cash flow availability since the COVID-19 began and zero otherwise . _New products_ is a dummy variable that equals one for firms that have introduced new production or service in response to the COVID-19 and zero otherwise . The original question corresponding to _New Products_ has been added into the questionnaire since November 19 , 2020 , thus it is available mostly in second-round surveys . Since the pandemic tends to reduce product demand , disrupt input supply , and reduce liquidity access , firms ’ stability in demand , input supply , and liquidity represents", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 110, "text": "government policy stringency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on production . _ Estimates of the impact of increased fertilizer use on aggregate crop ( cereal ) production range from a low 0 . 05 up to - \" 0 . 35 , depending on growing conditions and availability of improved seed ( Yao 1996 ) . The availability of improved seed was reported to be a constraint during the crop season that the project was active , but recent ( 2008-09 ) household survey data from the International Food Policy Research Institute point towards a fertilizer production elasticity of above 0 . 2 in Ethiopia ( Rashid 2009 ) . This infonnation suggests that the use of fertilizer has a substantial impact on aggregate crop production . - _Complementary conditions . _ Besides fertilizer , a large number of factors have an impact on crop production , such as access to water , improved seed , credit , and extension services . Since most agriculture in Ethiopia is rainfed , rainfall is of particular importance : Under average rainfall patterns , fertilizer use is profitable , whereas bad rainfall patterns may result in heavy financial losses at the farm level ( Abrar , Morrissey , and Rayner 2004 ) . While reports about rainfall during - 10 -", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 397, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 3 Water Supply * * The main water sources in Kisumu are L . Victoria , shallow wells , unprotected springs , boreholes and roof catchment systems . During the dry season , some of the water sources run dry forcing people to take longer time to fetch water . Women and children specially spend more time in search of water than men and boys . Water supply and provision within the county is undertaken by 10 gazetted water suppliers , 15 Community water suppliers , 40 boreholes , 70 shallow wells and 7 water pans developed by the local authorities . In total the County has about 212 boreholes and 27 water pans . The water coverage for the county stands at 58 % and gazetted water supplies covering a total area of 956km < sup > 2 < / sup > who have a production capacity at 38 , 308 . 8m < sup > 3 < / sup > / day and directly reaching 25 , 000 residents ( CIDP 2018 - 2012 ) . Storage and reservoir capacity is estimated at 36 , 296m < sup > 3 < / sup > and an established 763 km of piped network . Each sub-county has a water service provider as well as community managed suppliers . As per the 2009 Population and Housing census , the mean distance to watering points is about 1km . about 47 % of the HH spend less than 5min , one way , to fetch drinking water . Storage and reservoir capacity is estimated at 36 , 296m < sup > 3 < / sup > and an established 763 km of piped network . Each sub-county has a water service provider as well as community managed suppliers . As per the 2009 Population and Housing census , the mean distance to watering points is about 1km", "spans": [{"start": 1317, "end": 1351, "text": "2009 Population and Housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . 1 Seclusion practices and mobility constraints Seclusion of women ( purdah ) is practiced widely and in varying degrees throughout rural Pakistan . As they enter puberty , girls usually experience increased enforcement of purdah norms and attendant restrictions on mobility and social interaction . Limits on mobility for young unmarried girls include prohibitions on traveling unaccompanied or the need to obtain permission to do so from a male family member . These mobility constraints stem from a desire to maintain family honor ( izzat ) , which , in a conservative society , is intimately bound up with female reputation and hence behavior , whether real or perceived . Unchaperoned travel outside the immediate confines of the village and , especially , the settlement can invite damage to a girl ’ s reputation . Among households living in close proximity with long standing familial , caste , or patronage ties , as would typically be the case within a settlement , there would tend to be less harassment of each others womenfolk than of those from other settlements . Support for this claim is found in the PRHS-II , where all married women age 15-40 were asked about their perception of safety within and outside their own settlement as well as their use of any type of veil or purdah in public . < sup > 4 < / sup > While 80 % of women report feeling “ safe ” alone inside their own settlement , only 27 % report feeling safe alone outside of it . Similarly , only 14 % of women report practicing full purdah ( coverage of whole body including face ) out in public within their own settlement compared to 31 % outside their settlement . Thus , settlement boundaries appear to matter as far as female reputational risk is concerned . Other data also point to mobility restrictions as a key constraint on schooling for girls . The nationally representative Pakistan Integrated Household Survey ( PIHS ) of 2001-02 shows that enrollment decisions for girls in rural areas are more responsive than those of boys to proximity to school ( see World Bank , 2005 ) , but this analysis does not account for settlement boundary-crossing . More suggestive evidence comes from the", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1130, "text": "PRHS-II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1873, "end": 1909, "text": "Pakistan Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "06 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 01 | | Dept . of Resettlement < br > 0 . 10 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 65 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 01 | | Ministry of Agriculture < br > 0 . 02 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 00 | 0 | | Local Government < br > 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | 0 | | Inherited < br > 0 . 21 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 45 | | Purchased < br > 0 . 06 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 12 | | Don ' t know < br > 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 02 | | Number of farms < br > 4 , 037 | 539 | 562 | 2 , 212 | 724 | _Source : _ Own computation from 2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey . Information from owner respondents only . _Note : _ There are 14 registered blocks with a total area of 231 , 758 ha sub-divided into 2 , 688 digitized parcels and 35 digitized isolated fragments with a total area of 43 , 866 ha . 20", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 579, "text": "2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Reproductive Health Voucher Project ( P144102 ) adjusted life year ( DALY ) averted . Since the ICER per DALY averted was less than half the annual GDP per capita in Uganda ( US $ 490 at that time ) , the URHVP was considered to be highly cost-effective . < sup > 25 < / sup > 37 . * * Using the assumptions from the economic analysis that was carried out during the preparation of the URHVP , a new economic analysis was undertaken to calculate the benefits and costs of the URHVP at closure ( annex 4 ) . * * The main outcome that was assessed was the reduction in maternal deaths for the 15 – 49 years age group as this is the most active childbearing age group in Uganda . It was assumed that increasing coverage and quality of health care for antenatal and facility-based deliveries through the project would lead to a reduction in maternal deaths . In addition , it was assumed that every maternal death averted accounted for 85 DALYs based on the World Health Organization ( WHO ) data for lowincome countries . The benefits and costs were discounted at 3 percent while a sensitivity analysis was also conducted to gauge the robustness of the results . The results show that the US $ 16 . 1 million in discounted spending under the URHVP yielded US $ 120 million in discounted benefits and a benefit-cost ratio of 7 . 5 : 1 . This implies that each US $ 1 that was invested in the URHVP yielded US $ 7 . 5 . The costeffectiveness ratio was estimated at US $ 98 per DALY averted , and based on three different thresholds or assessment criteria , the conclusion is that the URHVP was highly cost-effective . In particular , the costeffectiveness ratio of US $ 98 per DALY averted under the URHVP was lower than ( a ) the ICER of US $ 156 per DALY averted", "spans": [{"start": 984, "end": 1046, "text": "World Health Organization ( WHO ) data for lowincome countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Gavaza-Kiwenda | 1723 < br > 375 | | - - - | - - - | | Kiwenda-Zirobwe | 591 < br > 564 | | Zirobwe-Wobulenzi | < br > 783 < br > 1 , 493 | | Generated Traffic | IAssumptionsusedinthefeasibility havebeen < br > applied as follows : < br > nGenerated traffic at * * 5 % * * o f normal traffic ; < br > nDiverted traffic o f 20 vpd for Kampala - < br > Gayaza-Kiwenda road and 59 vpd for < br > Kiwenda-Wobulenzi road ( Not < br > * * applied ) ; * * < br > _o_Sensitivity analysis carried out at10 % and < br > 20 % reductioninnormal traffic aswellas < br > 10 % and 20 % increasein < br > constructiodrehabilitationcosts . | The traffic composition in percentage terms derived from the March 2007 traffic counts that were used in this analysis are as indicated in the table below : # # # # # * * 4 . Analytical Approaches * * Two analytical methods were used in this evaluation : - * * Analysis by Section : * * where individual road sections are analyzed separately based on bids returned for each ; - * * Analysis by Project : * * where the individual sections are analyzed together as a group making up the project . Using the above approaches , two scenarios were analyzed : - * * Scenario 1 : * * including Non - Motorized Transport ( NMT ) ; 28", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 713, "text": "March 2007 traffic counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "guaranteed credit and what determines the equilibrium outcome . Although we find adverse selection , as the existing literature does , we show that its contribution to aggregate risk can be contained . # * * 3 Data * * We use three administrative data sets from various sources in Chile , depending on what is appropriate for the type of analysis we perform at different points . These data sets cover the entire formal private sector in Chile in rich detail . Below we describe the data sources , sample selection , and key variables . First , we use granular confidential bank-to-firm information compiled by the Financial Market Commission ( the financial supervisory agency ) for all firms using the entire banking system . We have information on stocks and flows of credit . For stocks , we have data on the amount of debt each firm has with each bank in the system every month . We also know the number of days each loan in the system is past due . For flows , we have transaction-level data 6", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 256, "text": "administrative data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 975, "end": 997, "text": "transaction-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 900 | 60 , 000 | 211 , 900 | 0 . 7 | | Trade and service | 1 , 491 , 002 | 122 , 000 | 452 , 000 | 2 , 065 , 002 | 6 . 9 | | House Rent | 68 , 000 | 36 , 000 | 45 , 200 | 149 , 200 | 0 . 5 | | SafetyNet | 14 , 000 | 12 , 000 | 23 , 000 | 49 , 000 | 0 . 2 | | Remittance | - | 15 , 000 | 5 , 000 | 20 , 000 | 0 . 1 | | Other | 24 , 000 | 14 , 000 | 26 , 000 | 64 , 000 | 0 . 2 | | * * Total * * | * * 16 , 812 , 118 * * | * * 4 , 258 , 096 * * | * * 8 , 907 , 672 * * | * * 29 , 977 , 886 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 56 . 08 * * | * * 14 . 20 * * | * * 29 . 71 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Socioeconomic sample survey October 2024_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 2 Household Annual Expenditure * * The socioeconomic survey findings on household annual expenditure on the other hand revealed a total of 181 sampled households spent Etb 20 , 572 , 305 in the past 12 months preceding the survey in all household expenditure items . That means , on average the households spent about Etb 113 , 659 per household per year . The highest average annual expenditure of Etb 164 , 595 is reported among households in Haromaya , while the lowest Etb 49 , 895 annual expenditure is reported among households in Kersa Woreda . With regard to expenditure item of the households , almost half ( 49 . 8 % ) of the household annual expenditure is", "spans": [{"start": 618, "end": 645, "text": "Socioeconomic sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Eq . ( 11 ) captures the distortions in input choice relative to the optimal combination of factor input . More specifically , it states that a firm faces a high capital distortion ( larger _τk_ ) when the ratio of labor to capital compensation is high compared to the efficient allocation of input . It is worth emphasizing that _τk_ measures capital market distortion relative to labor market distortion . Thus high capital distortion ( larger _τk_ ) should be interpreted as a low labor distortions , and vice versa . Eq . ( 12 ) states that a firm faces a high ‘ output ’ distortion ( higher _τy_ ) when the labor compensation of the firm is low compared to what one would expect in a frictionless environment . The establishment-level productivity can be inferred as : < u > 1 < / u > where _κ_ = ( _PsYs_ ) < sup > _ − _ < / sup > _σ − _ 1 _ / Ps_ , which is normalized to 1 , as in HK . It is worth emphasizing that the HK framework allows to obtain physical output _Y_ using the CES demand relationship . < u > 1 < / u > The industry TFP would be _A_ < sup > ̄ < / sup > _s_ = _Mi_ = 1 _s_ < sup > _A_ < / sup > _si_ < sup > _σ − _1 < / sup > _σ − _ 1 , if marginal products were equalized across � � � establishments within industry . HK show that the ratio of the actual TFP in 9 to the efficient level of TFP < sup > 7 < / sup > : Eq . 13 shows how within industry misallocation of resources leads to a lower measured TFP . # * * 5 Data Description * * Our analysis exploits census data for manufacturing firms in each of the four SSA countries we study : Cˆote d ’ Ivoire ( 2003-2012 ) , Ethiopia ( 2011 ) , Ghana ( 2003 ) , and Kenya ( 2010 ) . These countries provide comprehensive and comparable census data . The censuses are nationally representative and both small and large firms in the formal sector", "spans": [{"start": 1486, "end": 1521, "text": "census data for manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1711, "end": 1722, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2020 ) made a point that consumers buy units , not kilos of manufactured goods , and thus the per-unit measure is more relevant from the perspective of trade models . The per-unit freight rates are available only in a handful of datasets : e . g . , the US Imports by Census and > 20They estimated the price elasticity of freight rate to be 0 . 6 . The elasticity consistent with the ad-valorem functional form would have to be equal to one . > 21Theoretically , remote in this case refers to the higher transportation costs to the destination markets . Due to the lack of transportation costs for many countries , the measure of remoteness is often based on the average distance or tradeweighted average distance . Lugovskyy and Skiba ( 2015 ) constructed the MQC ( Multilateral Quality Compensation ) index that combines the trade-weighted importer ’ s preferences for quality and the composition of transportation costs at the exporter-HS6 level and discusses their distribution ( see their Fig 1 ) . 24", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 276, "text": "US Imports by Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ted ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | N | N | N | Y | | Date | 21-Apr-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 30-Oct-2015 | 30-Jun-2020 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * 11 / 24 / 2015 Page 6 of 8 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "das . # # # # Component 4 . Project Management and Reporting ( Total : US $ 15 million of which US $ g million ( SDR6 . 4 million equivalent ) from lDA , US $ 1 million from MDTF , and US $ 5 million from GoE ) The objective of this component will ensure effective implementation and reporting on project activities with due diligence and integr : ity \" The component will finance the operational costs of the PCUs in MoALR and Regional State Bureaus of Agriculture and Natural Resources . These PCUs will carry out all fiduciary aspects of project implementation including financial management , procurement , environmental and social safeguards , as well as Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) and reporting . # 2 . ACCOUNTING POLICIES SLMP ll follows the government ' s accounting policy of modified cash basis of accounting system with double entry recording taking into account the decentralized accounting structure of the project . ln preparation and presentation of thefinancial statement , the project uses principal policies such as # # a ) lncome and expenditure recognition The income is recognized income is recognized is recognized recognized on the basis of actualthe basis of actualbasis of actualof actualactual recognition is on modified basis . is on modified basis . on modified basis . basis . The income is recognized income is recognized is recognized recognized on the basis of actualthe basis of actualbasis of actualof actualactual whereas expenditure recognition is on modified basis . is on modified basis . on modified basis . basis . ' $ - x ? ufir ' , \\ s 1 ( , Fixed assets f * ' ' Ch-trtered < sup > Csrtified < / sup > ) x Fixed asset acquired for the project are shown as it occurs and reported on memorandum records . # # b ) Fixed assets # c ) Foreign currency transactions .", "spans": [{"start": 1733, "end": 1751, "text": "memorandum records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 12 December 2001 Page 55 of 9 * * THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL * * Operational Policies * * - ( d ) the mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . 5 . _Objectives_ . The main objectives of the resettlement program . 6 . _Socioeconomic studies_ . The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including - ( a ) the results of a census survey covering - ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; - ( ii ) standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labor , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; - ( iii ) the magnitude of the expected loss — total or partial — of assets , and the extent of displacement , physical or economic ; - ( iv ) information on vulnerable groups or persons as provided for in OP 4 . 12 , para . 8 , for whom special provisions may have to be made ; and - ( v ) provisions to update information on the displaced people ’ s livelihoods and standards of living at regular intervals so that the latest information is available at the time of their displacement . - ( b ) Other studies describing the following - ( i ) land tenure and transfer systems , including an inventory of common property natural resources from which people derive their livelihoods and sustenance , non-title-based usufruct systems ( including fishing , grazing , or use of forest areas ) governed by local recognized land allocation mechanisms , and any issues raised by different tenure systems in the project area ; - ( ii", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 530, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1735, "end": 1781, "text": "inventory of common property natural resources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- fear that a creditor might seize the savings of a delinquent debtor ; - fear that a former spouse might seize the savings of an individual behind on his childsupport payments ; - fear that welfare eligibility would be threatened by a substantial account balance or by a history of deposits from under-the-table earnings ; - a desire to hide earnings from the tax authorities ; or - fear that a bank might report suspected illegal immigrants to the Immigration and Naturalization Service or that the INS could use bank records to discover their presence . - Interestingly , the least important reasons people give for being unbanked are the hours and locations of bank branches . The OCC survey was typical of other surveys in the way that it investigated why people did not to have bank accounts . In the OCC survey , if a person did not have an account , the surveyor read a list of possible reasons to explain the lack of an account and asked the respondent to choose the main reasons that applied to him or her . For our purposes , however , there are two problems with the data . First , the most common reasons found in other surveys – the person did not want an account because he or she had no savings – was not included as a possible choice . Second , the public data set excluded the responses of people who selected such reasons as : the bank would not let them open an account , their bank account could be frozen by a creditor , or they thought that they would need a Social Security card to open an account . Despite these shortcomings , the OCC data are still broadly consistent with the findings of other surveys . As shown in Table 8 , the two most common reasons that people cited from this list of possible reasons are the lack of money necessary to open an account and bank fees . But 58 percent of the unbanked indicated that none of the listed reasons were important to them . This is consistent with the finding from other surveys where the most common reason people give for not having an account is that they do not have", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 527, "text": "bank records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 685, "end": 695, "text": "OCC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1266, "end": 1281, "text": "public data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1557, "end": 1565, "text": "OCC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government digitalization across the board with a focus on human capital ( health and education ) and the refugee agenda . * * Accordingly , the Program boundary is delineated by three Result Areas ( RAs ) ( See figure 2 ) : - 1 ) Service delivery through digitalization - 2 ) Government effectiveness through digitalization - 3 ) Transparency and accountability through digitalization . Within each RA , entry points for support are mostly cross-sectoral and foundational to governance reform . They focus on the governance reforms that leverage government digitalization and directly impact the interaction of government with people , including non-Jordanians amongst whom refugees . The Program supports the adoption of digital identification and e-services , the digitalization of health services , the professionalization of the civil service , including through digital skills enhancement , the digitalization of student assessment in secondary education , e-information , and the availability of interactive statistical data . Within each cross-cutting RA , the Program supports digital transformation in two specific sectors that rank high on the government ’ s digital transformation and development agenda — education and health — in the expectation that it will lead to significant improvements in education and health outcomes . In the education sector , it focuses on the digitalization of the Tawjihi , in alignment with the World Bank ’ s support for education reforms and digitalization under two ongoing operations ( the Jordan Education Reform PforR and the YTJ ) . In the health sector , the Program supports the foundational stages of digital transformation to help improve the access to and quality of health services , as well as promote greater efficiency in public spending on public health . * * 18 . The Program also facilitates access for Syrian refugees to education and health e-services and supports their digital identification . * * Jordan hosts an estimated at over 1 . 3 million Syrians , of whom 673 , 238 are registered refugees with UNHCR . An estimated 82 percent of refugees live outside the camps and rely on existing infrastructure and service delivery systems , adding additional demand on those systems , including", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1031, "text": "interactive statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recovered very quickly afterwards . Moreover , enforcement became more stringent ( World Bank , forthcoming ) . In short , Indonesian labor markets during the Suharto areas were flexible but became more rigid post-crisis . In our empirical analysis we will explore the impact of such changing labor regulations on the reallocative process . Indonesia provides a very useful testing ground to examine the impact of crises on resource reallocation . The unexpected nature of the crisis facilitates identification of firm responses and Indonesia has a very detailed manufacturing level census , discussed in detail in section 4 , which allows us to measure productivity , entry and exit dynamics whilst controlling for a rich set of firm characteristics . Moreover , although the extent to which reallocation dynamics in developing countries resemble those in developed countries is an actively researched issue ( see e . g . Aw et al . ( 2002 ) and Eslava et al . ( 2004 ) for evidence of the importance of creative destruction in Taiwan , China and Colombia respectively ) , in their comparative analysis of harmonized firm-level data from 17 developing and developed countries Bartelsman et al ( 2004 ) conclude that reallocation dynamics in Indonesia are very similar to those operating in developed countries and other Asian economies . Thus , our findings are likely to be relevant for other countries . # * * 3 . Hypotheses and Approach * * # * * 3 . 1 Hypotheses * * The cleansing and scarring paradigms yield competing testable predictions at both the macro - and the micro-level . If the cleansing view is correct , one would expect crises to accelerate the weeding out of unproductive firms , resulting in a stronger association between productivity and survival at the micro-level ; in other words , unproductive firms would be disproportionately affected . Furthermore the correlation between firm ‟ productivity and employment growth would be expected to strengthen , as less productive firms should contract more in response to shocks . 8", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 589, "text": "manufacturing level census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1133, "text": "harmonized firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "corridor that suffer the consequence of land clearing for the implementation of the subproject . Therefore , no special mitigation measures or Biodiversity Management Plan will be required . - The subproject corridor is neither contiguous with , nor in close proximity with any of the nationally protected areas including Forest Priority Areas . - The current survey showed the presence of 43 bird species in the subproject area which is quiet low considering the species richness of the country , 864 species . Most of these existing population are categorized mainly as uncommon , resident and breeding , and Least concern in terms of IUCN ' s Red List , most are also listed as non-CITES Appendix species and few species in Appendix * * II . * * This analysis shows that the birds in the area are not among the protection concern species of the country . - None of the nationally designated Important Bird Areas ( IBAs ) are contiguous with , nor in close proximity with any of these IBAs . - The study also shows that there are no known and observable archaeological and cultural heritage sites within the subproject corridor . Nevertheless ibility exists for the discovery of buried archaeological remains during exo ' * * _-_ * * ' te clearance . * * If * * that happen , as part of the mitigation program , - the Authon Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage , ARCCH , will conduct additio surveys during the construction and quarrying to determine if any poteitWa-site * i t < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 \" Mcm . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Mid-D ) ay * *", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 654, "text": "IUCN ' s Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Training of RAP / RIU staffs in RAP implementation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 4 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 3 * * | * * Resettlement Committee Formation and Awareness Creation Phase * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 1 | Liaison with local administration and local government office | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 2 | Establish Woreda and Kebele Resettlement Committee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 3 | Organize Joint Visit to the Project Affected Areas for all Committee Members | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 4 | Provide Training to all Resettlement Committee Members | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 5 | Appoint Witness NGO / SCO for oversight | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 6 | Establish Grievance Redress Committee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 4 * * | * * Prepare Compensation Process * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 1 | Information disemination to Woreda and Kebele Resettlement Committee ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 2 | Verify names and start interaction with PAHs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 3 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 4 | Verify and update expropriated assets and properties database for PAHs | | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 126, "text": "Household Files from Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1117, "end": 1146, "text": "Household Files from Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1203, "end": 1246, "text": "expropriated assets and properties database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by each team respectively : # # # # * * Information provided by the social team * * - That the surveyor would demarcate the 33 kV Distribution Line on the ground ; - That the names picked by the surveyor would be the same names picked by the social team as well as the valuation team to ensure that all the data on PAPs is harmonised . - That it was planned later to administer a questionnaire capturing all information on the affected households . - That PAP should provide their views which the team would capture and would be used in the RAP . # # # # * * Information provided by the Survey Team * * The Land Surveyor explained to the PAPs the likely position of the 33 kV Distribution Line . The team further explained as follows : - - The Line will most likely be along the Road Reserve except in some cases where either the corners are very sharp or there too many structures to be affected . In this case the line will run through gardens and cultivated areas . - That once pegs and or mark stones are put in place , they are not to be removed for any purpose ; - That both customary and registered title owners would be asked to identify their land where the proposed 33 kV Distribution Line will pass ; # # # # * * Information provided by the Valuation Team * * The Valuation team briefed the PAPS and informed them as follows : - That the Valuation Survey Team was going to value all properties within the 33 kV Distribution Line ROW which property was mostly crops and trees ; - That while conducting the valuation , updated District Compensation Rates and Current market values would be used ; 72", "spans": [{"start": 307, "end": 319, "text": "data on PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 | 7 % | 20 . 4 | 120 % | 16 . 1 | 79 % | | Component 3 ‐ Irrigation Management | 13 . 3 | 0 . 9 | 0 . 9 | 7 % | 21 . 3 | 160 % | 17 . 1 | 80 % | | Component 4 ‐ Project Management | 4 . 0 | 1 . 4 | 1 . 2 | 30 % | 5 . 1 | 125 % | 4 . 0 | 79 % | | Project Preparation Advance | 0 . 7 | ‐ | 0 . 6 | 85 % | 0 . 6 | 85 % | 0 . 6 | 100 % | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 110 . 0 * * | * * 17 . 4 * * | * * 15 . 0 * * | * * 14 % * * | * * 173 . 6 * * | * * 158 % * * | * * 150 . 0 * * | * * 86 % * * | * As of January 10 , 2010 2 . The increase of Component 1 includes the increased cost estimate for initial construction of the two schemes , a provision for contingencies and small post-construction improvement works , and a significant increase of the budget allocated to the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan of the two schemes based on the detailed costing provided in the respective ESIA reports . The cost of construction supervision which was included in Component 1 has been removed as this activity is now included in the Management Services which is fully allocated to Subcomponent 3 . 1 . 3 . The cost increase related to component 3 results in fact from three factors : ( i ) incorporation into the Management Contract of activities that were previously incorporated under various components of the project ( like construction supervision under Component 1 ) ; ( ii ) increased cost of some activities which were not budgeted at adequate level , especially the cost of international expertise required to set up the O & M system from scratch ; and ( iii ) introduction of", "spans": [{"start": 893, "end": 905, "text": "ESIA reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These conclusions led us to propose the following policy recommendations : - General average dwell time objective at platform level , in a not congested context , should be dropped . The objectives to be set in relation to dwell time would need to be revisited with differentiated targets according shipper and shipment characteristics ( e . g . clearance in less than 4 days is a reasonable objective for some industrial companies ) , - Target shippers and C & F to encourage more efficient behaviors . Reforms would indeed only be useful if shippers and C & F agents share the common objective of making dwell time in ports minimum . They need to have incentives to do that and awareness campaigns on the potential impact of fast clearance on factory prices or customer service level should be organized . The calculation of full logistics cost should replace the evaluation of demurrage and parking costs currently used to assess port transit costs . The use of pre-arrival clearance or best practices in logistics management ( such as reduction of inventory level ) should be encouraged . - An alternative position is to adopt a demand-driven approach where short dwell time is no longer an objective as such but rather a mean to meet expectations of those shippers that want to keep cargo dwell time in ports minimal . Setting an overambitious and unattainable dwell time for all shippers seems indeed pointless and setting differentiated targets to maximize port user satisfaction appears a more sensible objective . Main industrial companies for example are more likely to adopt short dwell time objectives because of the high regularity of their imports ( same materials , fixed replenishment intervals ) while small commercial companies will probably need support to keep dwell time in ports minimal for the few containers they order every year . - Available statistical tools can help customs profile shippers ’ behaviors and help terminal operators improve yard productivity therefore delaying capacity investments . However , the latter is only possible if data on cargo characteristics is made available to terminal operating companies and used to segregate full containers according expected dwell time . In that respect this study has only used very partially the potential of data available in ASYCUDA and Cameroon", "spans": [{"start": 2069, "end": 2098, "text": "data on cargo characteristics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "policies against problem loans . Whatever the primary motivation , countries that have developed these tools have tended to find them useful for a wider variety of reasons that often go beyond their original thinking . This paper reviews many of the current uses and discuses the relationship between these competing roles and the design of PCRs . There are also potential pitfalls related to PCR design and management > 4 Not all countries replied to the World Bank survey that found PCRs in 58 countries . The actual number is then likely to be significantly more than 58 worldwide . 3", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 473, "text": "World Bank survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "year , on the number of births in period ( Panel A ) , and the growth rate in teen births over the previous 4 years ( Panel B ) . Coefficients are multiplied by 100 for display purposes . Growth in teen births calculated as the average annual percent change in cohort births between tt tt − 1 _t_ and _t-4_ . Estimates condition on lagged primary school enrolment , nursery and preschool classrooms , municipality expenditures , municipality and year fixed effects . Municipality-clustered standard errors are reported in parenthesis . Source : Authors ’ analysis based on school data from the 2002 wave of the Brazilian School Census ; official population estimates from the Brazilian Census Bureau ; births by age from Brazilian Vital Statistics . 34", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 634, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 721, "end": 747, "text": "Brazilian Vital Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * A * * as in the Community Innovation Survey , outlined below . - Product Innovation A product innovation is the introduction of a good or service that is new or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intended uses . This includes significant improvements in technical specifications , components and materials , incorporated software , user friendliness or other functional characteristics . Product innovations can utilize new knowledge or technologies , or can be based on new uses or combinations of existing knowledge or technologies . - proved production or delivery method . This includes significant changes in techniques , equipment and / or software . Process innovations can be intended to decrease unit costs of production or delivery , to increase quality , or to produce or deliver new or significantly improved products . In the questionnaire , process innovation is defined as one of the following : 1 . Automate manual processes , partially or fully 2 . Adapt a technology or method previously used by this establishment ? 3 . Introduce a new technology or method 4 . - Organizational Innovation 1 . Outsourcing tasks & changes in relations 2 . Changes in management structures , integrating departments / units 3 . Acquiring management systems for information & knowledge # * * B * * We product and process innovations based on their descriptions provided in the questionnaire in order to correct for missclassification . In some cases there was not enough information to validate an innovation , and in other cases innovations were misidentified between product and process innovations or process and marketing innovations . Below are some examples of how the re-classification was implemented . # # 1 . Delivery - improved delivery process ( additional , superior vehicles ) = process innovation - introduce delivery as new offering ( not core business ) = product innovation - introduce delivery - direct sales ( same core business ) = marketing 37", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 49, "text": "Community Innovation Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Decent Employment Creation for Vulnerable Lebanese Citizens and Syrian Refugees in Livestock Value Chains Relationship to CPF 10 . The activity is aligned with the _Lebanon - Country Partnership Framework for FY17-FY22 by contributing to the_ Focus Area 2 : Expand Economic Opportunities and Increase Human Capital , through improving access to finance , skills development , and strengthening safety nets for the poorest Lebanese farming households and Syrian refugees . It will help Lebanon mitigate the economic and social impact of the Syrian crisis , financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic , safeguard the country ’ s development gains , and enhance the prospects for stability and development in the coming years . # # * * References * * IFC , 2020 . Lebanon Agribusiness Deep Dive . Draft , IFC , 2020 . ILO and FAFO . 2020 . Rapid Impact Assessment of COVID-19 on vulnerable workers and small-scale enterprises in Lebanon . UNHCR , UNICEF and WFP . 2019 . VASYR 2019 - Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon . https : / / reliefweb . int / report / lebanon / vasyr-2019-vulnerability-assessment-syrian-refugees-lebanon World Bank , 2021 . World Bank Indicators https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator accessed 8 / 19 / 2021 FAO . 2021 . Country gender assessment of the agriculture and rural sector – Lebanon . Beirut . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 4060 / cb3025en Dal , E . , Díaz-González , A . M . , Morales-Opazo , C . & Vigani , M . 2021 . Agricultural sector review in Lebanon . FAO Agricultural Development Economics Technical Study No . 12 . Rome , FAO . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 4060 / cb5157en World Bank . 2020 . World Development Indicators . Washington , DC : World Bank Group . Accessed January 22 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1215, "text": "World Bank Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1690, "end": 1718, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "face-to-face ( F2F ) index to highlight geographical differences across communes in Vietnam . F2F is a continuous measure that captures the average intensity of human-to-human interaction required to conduct business in a commune based on its existing sectoral composition of household businesses . An array of empirical estimates find that household businesses in communes with a higher F2F index suffered higher suspension rates , higher closure rates , lower weekly working hours , and lower monthly incomes . This paper contributes to the literature in several ways . First , our analysis adds to a literature that studies the performance of informal businesses in developing countries by using high-frequency , tax-registration information covering all tax-registered Vietnamese household businesses . Previous work has relied on information from national household and labor force surveys . See , for example , Maloney ( 2004 ) ; Jayachandran ( 2020 ) ; Banerjee ( 2013 ) ; Banerjee et al . ( 2015 ) ; de Mel et al . ( 2019 ) ; Bruhn and McKenzie ( 2014 ) ; McKenzie and Woodruff ( 2013 ) ; McKenzie and Paffhausen ( 2019 ) ; Li and Rama ( 2015 ) . Specifically related to the business cycle dynamics of informal firms , McKenzie and Paffhausen ( 2019 ) examine the characteristics of , and motivations behind , small firm exit , using a 2", "spans": [{"start": 852, "end": 894, "text": "national household and labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Program for Strengthening Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( P180287 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | National government MDAs < br > migrated to TSA < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | ets | The TSA architecture has bee < br > next reporting period as plan | n approved . T < br > ned . | he indicator shou | ld start showing p | rogress in the | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Pipeline and active projects | 0 | Dec / 2023 | 0 < br > 06-Dec-2024 | 30 | 12-Jun-2025 | 95 | Dec / 2028 | | processed and monitored in < br > PIMIS ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | ets | On track | | | | | | National government MDAs | 0 | Dec / 2023 | 0 < br > 06-Dec-2024 | 0 | 12-Jun-2025 | 90 | Dec / 2028 | | using e-GP to manage the < br > public procurement cycle < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | ets | The e-GP has been piloted in < br > progress in the next reportin | selected MDA < br > g period as pla | s and counties . T < br > nned . | he indicator shoul | d start showing | | National government MDAs | 30 | Dec / 2023 | 30 < br > 06-Dec-2024 | 40 | 12-Jun-2025 | 90 | Dec / 2028 | | generating their payroll < br > through UHR ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ |", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 668, "text": "PIMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 case of developing countries ( whereas for high-income countries they are based on the much more thorough estimates of producer support estimates provided by OECD 2005a ) . Also , the GTAP database includes only a few export taxes ( see Table 1 ( b ) ) , yet there is evidence that others exist even if they are small in most cases ( Piermartini 2004 ) . In Argentina ’ s case some sizeable ones were re-introduced in 2002 ( OECD 2005b , Annex A ) . To see how much difference they could make to the effects of reform , we re-calibrated the model assuming not only that Argentina ’ s agricultural tariff protection in 2001 was zero but also that the country had export taxes of 20 percent for cereals , oilseeds and livestock products , 10 percent for other ( including nonagricultural ) primary products , and 5 percent for other processed food products and other manufacturing . < sup > 11 < / sup > From that new base we then re-estimated the effects of full unilateral reform . As shown in Table 6 , that database amendment makes a huge difference to the impact of unilateral reform on agricultural value added in Argentina . It also raises the estimated impact of reform on non-agricultural value added , mostly because of the boost it gives to food processing . Instead of having just a minor effect , the presence of these new export taxes mean that own-reform by Argentina would boost net incomes of its farmers by a dramatic one-third ; and global reform would boost them by more than one-half , instead of an estimated one-fifth as of 2001 before those export taxes were imposed . > 11 Based on the Ministry of Economy and Production ’ s resolutions 11 / 2002 , 35 / 2002 , and 532 / 2004 , kindly provided by Maximiliano Mendes-Parra .", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 200, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it so difficult for UNHCR and other elements of the international refugee regime to produce accurate and consistent figures in relation to displaced populations ? This section begins to answer that question by focusing on the definitional and operational obstacles to effective enumeration , while the following section looks at the way in which political considerations impinge upon refugee statistics . # # * * _Definitional problems_ * * Any form of enumeration exercise must be based upon a clearly defined unit of measurement if it is to produce reliable , usable and comparable data . In the case of refugee statistics , however , such clarity does not always exist . The word ‘ refugee ’ is itself subject to quite different definitions and interpretations . Under the terms of the 1951 UN Refugee Convention , the refugee concept is used to describe those people who are outside of their own country and unable to return to it because they have a “ well-founded fear of persecution ” there . That continues to be the definition used by the industrialized states . In less-developed regions such as Africa , Central and South America , however , the concept has been formally broadened ( through the Organization of African Unity Refugee Convention and the Cartagena Declaration ) to include people who have sought refuge in other countries as a result of aggression , occupation , generalized violence and events seriously disturbing public order . As a result of these different approaches , an individual who would be counted as a refugee in one part of the world might not qualify for that status in another . The USCR , which publishes an influential annual survey of refugee affairs , employs yet another approach , counting those refugees and asylum seekers who are deemed to be “ in need of protection and / or assistance . ” The distinguishing characteristic of such refugees , the USCR has explained , is “ their inability to repatriate due to continued fear of persecution in their - 5 UNHCR , Registration Guidelines , on Refworld CD-Rom , UNHCR , Geneva , 1998 , pp . 2-3 . - 6 G . Kibre", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 402, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1663, "end": 1695, "text": "annual survey of refugee affairs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "generated by stepwise selection – both approaches produce remarkably similar results in a simulation of a 40 % programme coverage simulation with data from Indonesia , despite relying on different mechanisms . Compared with a policy baseline PMT that requires 22 . 8 questions to achieve an EER of 26 . 44 % , truncation only needs 14 questions for a similar EER , and the early stopping method requires 18 . A combined method that leverages their respective advantages achieves a superior length-accuracy trade-off at any point , and requires a mere 8 . 9 questions for an equivalent EER . The methods presented here provide policymakers a choice on cost versus accuracy to suit their context and constraints . When selecting a point that maximizes incidence in a rudimentary simulation of an urban setting , a considerable improvement ( to [ 78 . 3 % ] incidence ) appears feasible over both current practice ( [ 65 . 6 % ] ) and a more streamlined approach based on 28", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 165, "text": "data from Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Moreover , we observe gender disparities in aspirations between male and female youths . Female youths aged 15-18 exhibit higher educational aspirations than their male peers . However , their aspirations decline and become lower than those of male youths when they reach 19-25 years old , irrespective of their activity . Conversely , male youths report higher career and migration aspirations than female youths across all ages and activities , except for young female students who demonstrate higher migration aspirations than young male students . This paper presents two significant contributions to the existing literature . Firstly , it provides a comprehensive assessment of youth aspirations , utilizing data from nationally representative multi-topic household surveys conducted in three SSA countries . Our study offers robust insights into youth aspirations as they relate to occupational demand in SSA , providing valuable information for policy making aimed at aligning youth skills and migration desires with labor market opportunities . Secondly , by employing high-frequency phone surveys ( HFPS ) based on pre-pandemic sampling frames derived from nationally representative face-to-face household surveys supported by the World Bank ’ s Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture ( LSMS-ISA ) , the analysis links youth aspirations to a rich array of demographic and socio-economic characteristics . The inclusion of an aspiration module in household surveys allows for the tracking of aspirations over time and facilitates a deeper understanding of the youth and their families . This is crucial for comprehending how aspirations shape the future of young individuals and identifying the appropriate age for intervention in shaping aspirations , among other considerations . The rest of the paper is organized as follows : section 2 presents a literature review that helps to conceptualize aspirations . Section 3 describes the data , survey instruments , sampling strategy and statistical analysis . Section 4 presents descriptive results , while section 5 examines the empirical results . Finally , section 6 sheds light on the policy implications of the study and concludes . # * * 2 . Conceptualizing Aspirations : A Literature Review * * The notion of aspiration , in its broadest sense , refers to the ambition of achieving something that may or may not be within the range of outcomes that the individual ’", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 778, "text": "nationally representative multi-topic household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1077, "end": 1105, "text": "high-frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1166, "end": 1222, "text": "nationally representative face-to-face household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * APPENDIX 01 : ATTENDANCE LISTS FOR THE MEETINGS HELD * * I", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 44, "text": "ATTENDANCE LISTS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Recommendations * * # # * * 5 . 1 Overarching Recommendation * * _ “ _ * * _We are part of the problem in terms of power , which is highlighted by the inadequate active engagement of refugees in response programming . The real challenge of the response is in how it can better connect to the agency of the Rohingya themselves in terms of understanding what their changed aspirations are and how they propose moving forward . There are thousands of FGDs taking place across the camps every week . But , by and large , the agendas are set by aid agencies and based on what agencies feel that the Rohingya need to know . We are setting the agenda . Already , there is quite a big power imbalance between the humanitarian community and refugees . We need to start with a blank sheet of paper and allow different social groups of Rohingya to be involved in setting the agenda of what is important to them , and the real issues that they have strong feelings and emotions about ( Key Informant , Donor Agency ) . _ * * This Gender and Intersectionality report should be updated and revised periodically as the crisis continues to unfold and shift from a humanitarian emergency to a protracted nature . Sex , Age and Diversity Disaggregated Data should form the basis for ongoing monitoring , evaluation and strengthening of humanitarian and development interventions . The Gender and Intersectionality analysis , assessment and research should be Institutionalised , systematised and integrated into policies and program cycles of all Sectors and ISCG . An up-to-date analysis of the changing dynamics of gender and intersectionality of the affected communities will help contextualising humanitarian and development interventions to plan , implement , monitor and evaluate considering the different vulnerabilities , challenges , needs , capacities and aspirations of women , men , girls , boys , people living with disabilities and within the gender diverse populations . A well-informed policy that places women and girls at the heart of the program can facilitate gender equality while also considering the", "spans": [{"start": 1206, "end": 1248, "text": "Sex , Age and Diversity Disaggregated Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The increase in CPS enrollment is fueled in large part by a large substitution from IPS to CPS ( IPS enrollment was 24 . 7 pp lower at midline and 20 . 2 pp lower at endline ) which was by design as the new CPS replaced the IPS ( Table 6 ) . There was also a more moderate reduction in SPS enrollment ( SPS enrollments were 5 . 6 pp lower at midline and 5 . 2 pp lower at endline ) . This reduction in SPS enrollment may affect how to interpret our estimates . First , since SPS are expected to outperform IPS , the substitution would have the effect of driving down the ITT estimates of the impact of the program on child development , particularly in T2 . Second , as detailed in Section 4 . 3 , the bounds exercise relies on the assumption that _LATEac ≥ _ 0 . The reduction could be driven by two mechanisms : first , parents actually switching to SPS as a response to the program ; second , the slight baseline imbalance in the availability of SPS ( significant only in T2 ) . Although we cannot empirically distinguish between these mechanisms , the consistency between the SPS availability and enrollment ( Table 5 and Table 6 ) suggests that it is the imbalance that explains the result . In addition , the fact that SPS have higher quality than CPS makes it less likely that parents would switch . Both mechanisms would have the effect of driving down the ITT estimates of the impact of the program on child development , especially in T2 . Using the preschool enrollment data , we can calculate the share of _h-_ and _acompliers_ ( _Sac_ in Section 4 . 2 ) . At midline , 52 % of the sample are compliers , and 28 % are _a-compliers_ . Therefore , the share of _a-compliers_ ( among the compliers ) is _Sac_ = 54 % ( = 28 / 52 ) at midline . At endline , the total share of compliers goes down to 32 % and is composed of a large majority of _a-compliers_ ( 81 % ) . In addition to enrollment on the day of the survey visit", "spans": [{"start": 1460, "end": 1485, "text": "preschool enrollment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * < u > CONSULTATION AT LANDS OFFICE KINANGO 13 < / u > * * < sup > * * TH * * < / sup > * * < u > JULY 2017 < / u > * * # # # # # # * * < u > PRESENT < / u > * * - # # # # # # * * < u > Agenda < / u > * * * * Agenda 01 : * * The meeting began at 10 : 38 am at Kinango lands office . * * Agenda 02 * * : Introductions . * * Agenda 03 * * : The team leader Mr . Obiero called the meeting to order and then gave a brief of the purpose of the meeting . He took the chance to explain to land adjudication officer Mrs Kache on the importance of the dam to the locals and the process of RAP and compensation issues . * * Agenda 04 : * * The land adjudication officer Mrs Kache welcomed the consultants and gave a brief knowledge of Mwache Dam project . She also gave approximate price of land at the project area , but the cadastral maps were not available . She also emphasized that in Mwache area the sale of land mostly is willing buyer willing seller . There is no standard set price . | Questions / Comments | Responses | | - - - | - - - | | How will the consultants know exactly the real < br > PAPs ? | There is a design and maps that have been < br > developed . The consultant will therefore use < br > the maps that have been developed to identify < br > the PAPs . | | What is the process of census survey , asset < br > identification and valuation ? | The RAP consultants have prepared survey < br > questionnaires that will be used to enumerate < br > the PAPs , undertake", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 845, "text": "cadastral maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1311, "end": 1324, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ heads and 4 . 9 % of the household population reported to engage in some kind of off-farming economic activities . # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 Household Cash Income and Expenditure * * During the preparation of the ESIA for the Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject , a socioeconomic survey was conducted to understand the current income and expenditure levels of households in Subproject influence corridor . This assessment was crucial for evaluating the overall economic well-being of the households that would be affected by the proposed Subproject . The survey delivered various aspects of the households ' financial situations , including their sources of income , spending patterns , and overall economic stability . By gathering detailed information on these factors , the assessment sought to provide a clear picture of the economic conditions prevailing in the affected communities . This understanding is essential for developing strategies that can mitigate the potential adverse impacts of the Subproject and ensure that the livelihoods of the affected households are supported and enhanced . The data collected is informative to develop targeted interventions and support measures , ensuring that the economic well-being of the affected households is considered and addressed throughout the implementation of the Subproject . # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 Household Annual Income * * One of the key objectives of the baseline study is to establish a validated and extensive baseline for measurements of future income impacts due to Subproject related activities . As such , heavy emphasis was placed on this topic to capture the true characteristics of a household ’ s annual sources of income . To capture the annual cash income of the households , the households were requested to indicate their annual households ’ cash income from all income sources in the past 12 months preceding the survey . Accordingly , the 181 sampled households earned a total of Etb 29", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 450, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> communities | Liaise with VMGFP to < br > document unreached < br > locations in selected VMG < br > communities < br > Undertake risk < br > communication in < br > unreached VMG locations < br > from selected counties | April 2021 < br > June , 2021 | < br > Those who indicated < br > in the matrix that < br > some locations have < br > not been reached < br > include : The < br > Ilchamus of Baringo , < br > Waayu and Yaaku of < br > Marsabit . ( The KAP < br > survey will collate < br > more information on < br > this ) | SS / VMGFP | | High < br > prevalence < br > of Early < br > pregnancies < br > and < br > GBV / SEA < br > within the < br > COVID-19 < br > period | Adopt an < br > integrated < br > approach to < br > GBV / SEA < br > interventions | Develop / update a < br > Directory of GBV / SEA in < br > supported counties for < br > placing in healthcare < br > facilities to promote victim < br > support pathways < br > Adopt an integrated < br > approach to GBV / SEA < br > interventions | To be < br > scheduled and < br > costed under < br > the < br > Department < br > responsible for < br > GBV / SEA < br > under < br > Component 8 | < br > There was a general < br > observation at < br > plenary but the listed < br > specified this gap in < br > the consultation < br > matrix : Watende and < br > Kaler of Migori , < br > Ogiek of Bungoma , < br > Turk", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 819, "text": "Directory of GBV / SEA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - * * 14 * * - * * # # * * SCHEDULE * * 2 # # Description of the Project The objectives of the Project are to assist the Borrower in reforming its civil service and in improving the performance of selected ministries * * by : * * ( a ) rationalization of staffing and improved staff control ; * * ( b ) * * introducing compensation reform ; ( c ) improving personnel management practices ; * * ( d ) * * improving opportunities for staff development ; and ( e ) ministerial rationalization . The Project consists of the following parts , subject to such modifications thereof as the Borrower and the Association may agree upon from time to time to achieve such objectives : Part * * A : * * Staffing Rationalization * * 1 . * * Improving the design of VERS , including carrying out a review of the costs and benefits of the system . 2 . Developing an overall structure for establishment and payroll control . * * 3 . * * Developing and implementing of a new Integrated Personnel and Payroll Database system . 4 . Strengthening the capacity of * * CSRS * * in managing the reform program . * * _5 . _ * * Acquisition of vehicles and computers for * * CSRS . * * Part B : Compensation Reforms * * 1 . * * Carrying out a comprehensive review of pay and benefits , grading policies and procedures and * * job * * evaluation techniques . 2 . Carrying out a study on civil servants ' housing scheme . * * 3 . * * Implementing a pilot program on performance-related pay system . # # Part * * C : * * Personnel Management * * 1 . * * Developing a human resource strategy and a training scheme in change management techniques .", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 1010, "text": "Integrated Personnel and Payroll Database system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development Project ( P146797 ) |  Direct project beneficiaries ( Number , Core ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 6040000 . 00 | | Date < br > 01-Jun-2015 | - - | 01-Feb-2016 | 31-Mar-2019 | # # # #  Female beneficiaries ( Percentage , Core Supplement ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | | 0 . 00 | | 40 . 00 | # # Overall Comments Implementation has just begun . Hence , progress on achievements of intermediate indicators will be due in another six months . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P146797 | TF-18863 | Effective | USD | 88 . 40 | 88 . 40 | 0 . 00 | 5 . 99 | 82 . 41 | 7 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "program , but it did not . Previously , KNBS relied on support from its development partners to finance critical projects . However , as such support cannot be guaranteed , it can cause delays in implementing essential activities such as the Demographic and Health Survey . * * _Social_ : * * The social risks to the Program outcome are low and likely to remain at this level . * * _Economic_ : * * The economic risk related to the sustainability of the program ’ s outcomes arises from how shocks can impact budget revenues available for KNBS ’ s operations . During Program implementation , shocks related to the general election and exogenous shocks associated with COVID-19 negatively impacted Kenya ’ s economy , depressing overall revenues , and squeezing the KNBS budget . The implementation of KNBS ’ s statistical activities was also affected . Unrelated to the economic risk , government borrowing on international capital markets creates an incentive for the government to continue collecting and disseminating quality data in a timely manner and to some extent , protects KNBS ’ s budget . * * _Political_ : * * The political risk to the sustainability of program outcome is substantial [ JC3 ] [ VC4 ] as it threatens the independence of the KNBS to pursue its data dissemination policy . The Statistics Act of 2006 established the KNBS as a semiautonomous government agency . The Fourth Schedule of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya stipulated that the KNBS is responsible for , among other things , developing and setting standards for official government statistics . However , a 2019 Amendment to the Statistics Act of 2006 that allows the executive to cancel or alter data poses a risk that the KNBS may delay producing reports and posting data online . The 2019 Amendment was introduced late in the deliberation process and towards the end of this program . As it threatens the sustainability of the development outcome , the Program team plans to mitigate the risk in the follow-up program with a DLR [ JC5 ] [ VC6 ] program which will", "spans": [{"start": 242, "end": 271, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "workers in psychological first aid ; ( ii ) establishing a national tele-psychiatry center ; and ( iii ) operationalization of a mental health toll-free helpline . - d . Establishment and operationalization of a National Public Health Institute ( NPHI ) : The NPHI , which will be established as a semi-autonomous government entity to coordinate public health functions and programs to prevent , detect , and respond to public health threats , including infectious and non-infectious diseases , and other health events . The AF will fill the resource gap by supporting : ( i ) the construction or renovation of a building to house the NPHI ; ( ii ) strengthening human resources capacity through training , learning exchange programs with a well-functioning equivalent institution , recruitment of personnel with specialized skills on contract basis to fill any skills gaps and provide mentorship to existing staff and facilitate knowledge transfer , ( iii ) procurement of office equipment ( iv ) Development of a costed strategic plan ; ( v ) development / updating of key platforms e . g . public health research and integrated disease surveillance platform ; and ( vi ) development and application of a dedicated Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) system which is linked to existing routine health information system among others . - e . Under the vaccine program , the AF will support : ( i ) building capacity of health workers in vaccine planning and deployment , which will include training of healthcare workers and other personnel responsible for the delivery , storage , handling , transportation , tracking and safety of vaccines ; and ( ii ) operationalization of the KCDC by providing additional resources to support operational costs of the KCDC for one year . 9 . * * Component 3 . Quarantine , Isolation and Treatment Centers : * * will strengthen the health systems capacity to effectively provide IPC and case management of COVID-19 cases . Key areas of support include construction / renovations and equipping of the following facilities : 3", "spans": [{"start": 1301, "end": 1334, "text": "routine health information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "d . | 2688 . 5 | n . d . | 3001 . 1 | n . d . | < br > 115 . 1 | n . d . | 3116 . 2 | n . d . | | University Teacher in Priv . School | 2546 . 6 | n . d . | 2592 . 2 | n . d . | 2680 . 6 | n . d . | 3055 . 0 | n . d . | < br > 71 . 8 | n . d . | 3126 . 8 | n . d . | | * * The mixed-skilled group * * | * * 684 . 3 * * | * * 261 . 7 * * | * * 759 . 5 * * | * * 317 . 0 * * | * * 1072 . 8 * * | * * 492 . 9 * * | * * 1224 . 6 * * | * * 560 . 1 * * | < br > * * 53 . 9 * * | * * 34 . 8 * * | * * 1278 . 9 * * | * * 595 . 4 * * | | The agricultural group | 177 . 5 | 91 . 5 | 184 . 1 | 92 . 6 | 744 . 8 | 270 . 9 | 817 . 9 | 323 . 1 | < br > 100 . 8 | 36 . 3 | 918 . 8 | 359 . 8 | | The low-skilled group | 330 . 8 | 235 . 5 | 375 . 7 | 247 . 1 | 568 . 8 | 358 . 2 | 677 . 1 | 434 . 0 | < br > 25 . 1 | 17 . 6 | 702 . 2 | 451 . 7 | n . d . : No data in the survey . Source : Own calculations based on ENIGH96 survey Tables 6 and 7 show real mean hourly salaries and mean hourly labor earnings , respectively , for total hours in main occupation , and total hours of main occupation plus secondary occupation . The hourly salary difference", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 912, "text": "ENIGH96 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ment ’ s Covid-19 policies and improve how citizens perceive the state ’ s capacity to implement these policies . We focus on two types of information : _ ( i ) _ information about past state success in managing crises , and _ ( ii ) _ information about non-state actors ’ support for state policy . Governments frequently deploy both strategies to spur citizens to support their policies or build citizens ’ trust in the state . All respondents received basic information about the government ’ s directives as part of the survey . We provided additional information to respondents assigned to a treatment group . Referring to truthful information about how the government successfully managed a large-scale dengue fever outbreak in 2011 , the first treatment informs respondents that the government selected the right policies to address a public health emergency in the past , and that it possessed the capacity to successfully implement these policies . The second treatment complements the first treatment . It emphasizes that , according to experts ’ assessments , the government successfully tackled the dengue outbreak because , in addition to the government identifying and undertaking appropriate actions , citizens substantially cooperated with the government ’ s policies . The third treatment represents an appeal to religious authority , a common strategy in Islamic countries ’ politics . The treatment provides information that religious authorities support the government ’ s policy . We informed respondents about a fatwa issued by Al – Azhar University in Egypt considered one of the highest authorities on Sunni Islamic – thought by many Muslims permitting a ban on congregational prayers and urging citizens to hold confidence in their respective government ’ s Covid-19 policy . Given concerns about potential experimenter demand effects in phone surveys , we include an additional treatment group that allows us to isolate experimenter demand effects from estimated treatment effects . This condition precludes misleading interpretations of estimated treatment We collected rich demographic data ( e . g . on partisanship , belief in conspiracy theories , religiosity and economic exposure to the Covid-19 crisis ) before sharing any information with the respondents . After providing respondents the respective informational treatments , we collected data on three sets of outcomes : support for the government", "spans": [{"start": 2102, "end": 2118, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In some countries , volumetric charges may be complemented by fixed load charges that differentiate according to the maximum capacity that the user draws from the system . These are relevant because capacity rather than energy is the major driver of fixed costs on the power system , making it relevant to structure tariffs around the amount of load that customers draw from the system . In almost all countries in which demand charges exist , these are linear load charges per kV . They are most prevalent in industrial tariff schedules , exist in approximately half of commercial tariff schedules , but are rare among residential tariffs . Finally , countries are increasingly considering time-of-use charges that apply multipliers to standard charges depending on whether consumption takes place during peak or off-peak periods . In reality , it is not so much total load that drives investment costs on the system , as the peak-hour load . Time-of-use tariffs are a means of reflecting this reality in customer charges . In most countries time-of-use tariffs act as linear rates that vary by time block . In the majority of countries , time-of-use blocks consist of peak and off-peak hour blocks . Less common are broader divisions into day and night times , followed by seasonal variation . Timeof-use tariffs are prevalent in 40 percent of industrial tariff schedules and can be found in a third of all commercial tariff structures . Residential users are rarely subject to time-of-use tariffs . For each customer category , the paper reports an average effective electricity tariff per kilowatt-hour , which allows for standardized price comparisons across a wide diversity of tariff designs . The average tariff is the price per kilowatt-hour of electricity consumed for a representative consumer once all charges — fixed , volumetric , load-based and time-of-use — have been fully incorporated ( Box 1 ) ( Briceno-Garmendia and Shkaratan , 2011 ) . This requires assumptions to be made regarding the average monthly electricity bill . For residential customers , the average electricity consumption is derived from the IEA energy balances by taking the total residential electricity consumption and dividing by the number of connected households . Since there are limited data on the distribution of electricity consumption within a given country ,", "spans": [{"start": 2128, "end": 2147, "text": "IEA energy balances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "By estimating production increases and related expenses , varying rates of overburden removal as required by mine development status and geological conditions were taken into account . All costs were calculated in present ( 1997 ) prices . They are assumed to reflect economic costs . Taxes were not considered . Personnel costs were assumed to be proportional to the amount of overburden and coal mined . The value of the coal mined and delivered to the power stations has been assumed to be 4 DM / GJ ( or 2 . 2 $ / GJ ) , equivalent to the estimated cost of delivering imported coal to the Federation ' s power plants . Although actual operating costs have been used as an input , a financial analysis of the two coal mining enterprises in the Federation has not been undertaken . All data shown in Table A4 . 5 are economic data . Costs exceeding 4 DM / GJ have been assumed to be equivalent to a subsidy . Such subsidies are presently not being paid by the Government to the mining companies , but indirectly ( e . g . , through inefficient barter , debt increase and other inefficiencies ) they are a charge on the economy and need to be gradually eliminated in the future . I A printout of the spreadsheets with the detailed calculations is available in the project files .", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 832, "text": "economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "projection . < sup > 13 < / sup > Moreover , the CDR model only partially reproduced the estimates of district-level average household wealth recorded by the household surveys . Although correlations of around 0 . 9 were reported at the district level — higher than in the Guatemala analysis — it appears that a few wealthy districts may have driven that result . # # * * _Combining CDR Data with Public Observable Data_ * * > 12 See Blumenstock et al . ( 2015 ) . 13 See Beegle ( 2016 ) . * * 17 * *", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 391, "text": "CDR Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consistency in our definition of industries , we had to aggregate some industries ( e . g . , see table C1 . 1 in online appendix C ) . 2 . * * Ensuring industry affiliation is time invariant . * * Firms are required to report their industry each year based on what products account for the majority of their sales . It is therefore possible for multiproduct firms to switch industries . Such switches are rare . We assign each firm to a unique industry based on the mode of the reported industry codes over time . In case of tie-breaks , we assign firms to the industry in which they started . 3 . * * Removing extreme ( and nonpersistent ) outliers . * * The Indonesia manufacturing census data are known to suffer from measurement error ( see , e . g . , Blalock et al . 2008 ) . To minimize the impact of measurement error , we identify nonpersistent outliers that are likely to be the product of data entry error as follows . An observation is classified as a nonpersistent outlier if ( a ) labor usage triples relative to the year before but the change does not persist ( i . e . , labor usage in the subsequent year is not more than twice what it was the year before ) and ( b ) real output , real output per worker , the ratio of real output to real inputs , the ratio of real output to real variable costs ( real input plus wages ) , wages , wages per worker , material input usage , or material input usage per worker reported increase by a factor of more than four relative to the year before but the change does not persist , in that the reported amount for the variable in question the subsequent year is less than twice the amount reported in the preceding year . If more than half of observations for a firm are outliers over its life span , we remove the firm from the sample . We treat other observations / outliers as missing values and linearly interpolate for them for relevant variables . 41", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 696, "text": "Indonesia manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9988 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines if and how deeper economic integration with high-income nations impacts industrial performance . It exploits Poland ’ s accession to the European Union in 2004 as a source of variation in the degree of market integration with Germany . Using data on Polish manufacturing firms over 1995 – 2013 , the paper finds that EU accession was followed by significant within-firm growth in output and productivity , notably in industries in which Germany was more specialized at the moment of accession . Increased flows of German investment to these sectors played an important role in shaping these effects . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at pbastos @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 350, "text": "data on Polish manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > activities of the County . | and Mara basins . This complex forms the largest closed < br > canopy forest in the country . Vegetation patterns range < br > amongst broad altitudinal zonation , lower montane forest , < br > thickets of bamboo Arundinaria alpina mixed with forest and < br > grassland , and finally to montane sclerophyllous forest near < br > the escarpment crest . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baringo | According to the Baringo ADP ( 2015-2016 ) , the County < br > consists of 29 . 9 % forest of which 6 . 7 % is gazetted forest and < br > 13 . 2 % is community forest . Natural vegetation in the < br > County comprises of several species of acacia and grasses , < br > characteristic of a dry savannah area . | According to the Baringo County Annual Development Plan < br > ( ADP ) 2015 - 2016 , the rainfall in Baringo varies from 1 , 000 < br > mm to 1 , 500 mm per annum in the highlands to 600 mm per < br > annum in the lowlands . The rainfall patterns follow those < br > for Nakuru County which is a bimodal rainfall pattern , with < br > short rains in October - December and the long rains falling < br > between March and May . Temperature in the County varies < br > between average of 15º C ( June to October ) to an average of < br > 35º C ( December to March ) . However , the average < br > temperature is about 28º C for most of the year . < br > The temperature and rainfall regimes near Lake Bogoria < br > National Reserve combine to give Lake Bogoria a hot , arid < br > to semi-arid climate ( Baringo ADP 2015-2016 ) . | Lake", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 465, "text": "Baringo ADP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figures Figure 1 : Secondary school density and teenage birthrate over time , Brazil < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 4 9 . 0 < br > 8 . 0 < br > 0 . 3 < br > 7 . 0 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 6 . 0 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 4 . 0 < br > 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 < br > Year < br > School density Teenage birthrate < br > Number of secondary schools ( per 100 ) < br > Children born to mothers aged 15-19 ( per 100 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : This figure shows the annual number of secondary schools and births for the period 1997 to 2009 per 100 females age 15 – 19 . Source : School data come from the 1997 – 2009 waves of the Brazilian School Census ; official population estimates from the Brazilian Census Bureau ; births by age of conception from Brazilian Vital Statistics .", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 699, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 800, "end": 826, "text": "Brazilian Vital Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and graduation . A central piece of the model , student effort , has a direct effect on the completion of classes and an indirect effect mitigating risks on class completion or college persistence . We have estimated the model using rich administrative data from Colombia . According to our estimates , effort has a much greater impact than ability on class completion . Failing to model effort as an input to class completion leads to overestimating the role of ability by two or three times , and to favoring policies that promote positive selection of new students instead of effort . We have used our parameter estimates to simulate multiple free college programs . According to our simulations , universal free college expands enrollment the most but has the highest per-graduate cost and does not raise graduation rates . Performance-based free college , in contrast , delivers a slightly lower enrollment expansion but has a greater graduation rate and a lower per-graduate cost . Performance-based free college faces students with greater risks than the current baseline or universal free college ; precisely for this reason it elicits greater > 30Notice that the initial share of 27 percent is higher than the initial fraction of high school graduates that finish college , equal to 14 . 5 in the baseline . The reason is that 27 percent includes graduates from all bachelor ’ s programs ( rather than only five-year programs ) as well as graduates from two-year programs . This is because the college premium is calculated for all higher education graduates , based on data that does not distinguish between graduates from bachelor ’ s and two-year programs . > 31We use the point estimates of 1 . 4 from Katz and Murphy ( 1992 ) and Heckman et al ( 1998 ) , 2 . 5 from Card and Lemieux ( 2001 ) , and include lower value of 1 . 2 . For each _ω_ value , the intercept has been adjusted to generate the same college premium for the year 2012 . > 32These results are consistent with Garriga and Keightley ( 2007 ) , who conduct a similar analysis for the U . S . in a model that endogenizes the college premium , government budget constraint ,", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 271, "text": "administrative data from Colombia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "set ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > These data fill an important gap in the toolbox of policy makers and researchers , because these types of household-survey-based data are not usually readily amenable to analyzing the impacts of trade-reforms and can be hard to access . The list of countries , household surveys , year of data collection and sample sizes are reported in Table 1 . > 1Household surveys are typically collected by national statistical agencies . 2", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 161, "text": "household-survey-based data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 289, "end": 306, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( c ) connect with specific MSMEs through use of digital platforms to sell specific products and offerings responding to COVID-19 ; < sup > 43 < / sup > ( d ) onboard MSMEs and set up accounts and products , managing relationships and potentially expanding services over time ; ( e ) work across product families and MSME customer types ; ( f ) manage assets and liabilities ; and ( g ) effectively target MSME segments that are difficult to reach in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic , such as women and youth . On-lending rates between the Apex Institution and PFIs will be determined by the NT and the Apex institution considering several factors , including the cost of IDA funding , the cost of swapping foreign currencies to local currency , prevailing market conditions , and other relevant factors . * * 31 . This component will have two windows : Window 1 ( US $ 30 million equivalent ) and Window 2 ( US $ 25 million equivalent ) . * * Window 1 will help drive innovation targeting informal and formal micro and small enterprises by leveraging digital channels to extend offering by PFIs to micro and small firms ( including women-owned businesses ) that would otherwise not be easily reached through traditional channels . The aim is to help drive digital transformation and provide a demonstration effect on innovation in banking micro and small firms . These arrangements will need to be endorsed by the regulators ( CBK and SASRA ) with a view to ensure responsible lending practices , product designs and pricing . The partnerships between the PFIs and MNOs will enable financial institutions to use MNO data in line with the Data Protection Act of 2019 to evaluate micro and small businesses ’ willingness and capacity to repay loans . The use of digital data would also facilitate the identification of struggling but viable firms that need > 41 A total of KES 604 . 4 billion ( 29 percent of the total banking sector loan book of KES2 . 9 trillion ) was restructured in July", "spans": [{"start": 1615, "end": 1623, "text": "MNO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1763, "end": 1775, "text": "digital data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were selected from all crosssections of the subproject affected communities , including a range of ages and genders . All meetings were held within the affected Kebeles . # # # # # # * * _Define eligibility and entitlement criteria_ * * The eligibility criteria for PAPs have been reviewed . The set criteria determine their eligibility for compensation , livelihood rehabilitation and other resettlement assistance . # # # # # * * 1 . 3 Contents and Organization of the Report * * This RP follows the report contents suggested in the Terms of Reference ( TOR ) and is organised as follows : Following the * * Executive Summary , Chapter 1 * * presents the introduction , and it shall indicate the purpose of the RP , present an overview of the proposed subproject to be assess , as well as the subproject ’ s purpose and needs . It should also briefly mention the contents of the RP Report and the methods adopted to complete the study . - Chapter 2 Presents * * _Scope and Objectives of the RP_ * * : The main objectives of the resettlement program and a summary of studies undertaken in support of resettlement planning / implementation , e . g . , census surveys , socio-economic studies , meetings , site selection studies , etc . - Chapter 3 * * _Description of the_ * * sub * * _project : _ * * General description of the subproject and identification of the subproject area . Official Use Only Page 19", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1166, "text": "census surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 18 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 71 | | Std Dev | 0 . 50 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 50 | | Sample | Techn . | Gener . | Techn . | Gener . | Techn . | Gener . | Techn . | Gener . | _Notes : _ Source : IMSS administrative data for formal employment and endline survey data for informal employment , June 2019-May 2021 . Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses . We control for demographic characteristics , socioeconomic status , work experience , time and school fixed effects . < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 10 , _ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 To analyze the effect of the wage incentive on job retention , we apply the AG extension of the Cox proportional hazards model for discrete recurrent events , such as losing employment . Figure 5 shows employment survival rates for work spells starting with permanent contracts ( Panel 5a ) and temporary contracts ( Panel 5b ) . While there is no discernible difference between treatment groups for work spells beginning with permanent contracts , treatment youths who start with temporary contracts face a lower risk of exiting employment . To formally test differences in retention , Appendix Table A3 reports hazard rates separately for the first six months of employment ( Panel A ) and over the full employment spell ( Panel B ) . There is no change in retention for permanent jobs during the first six months . By contrast , we observe a more than 50 % reduction in turnover for jobs with temporary contracts over this period ( Panel A , Col . 3 ) . For the full employment period , retention effects decrease . However , hazard rates for temporary jobs continue to be 26 . 1 % lower . < sup > 22 < / sup > This is partly ex - > 22It is also noteworthy that there", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 248, "text": "IMSS administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specific measures of de-licensing and FDI reform . < sup > 21 < / sup > We do not take into account the labor market reform , most of which occurred before the first year of our sample 1993 ( Ahsan and Pagés , 2009 ) . To capture the effects of the de-licensing reforms , we use information from Harrison et al . ( 2011 ) , who extended the data used by Aghion et al . ( 2008 ) to 2004 , on the basis of Press Notes from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . The de-licensing variable is a dummy that takes on a value of one if any products in a 3-digit industry have been de-licensed , and zero otherwise . Similarly , the measure of FDI reform was compiled by Harrison et al . ( 2011 ) also based on Press Notes from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . It takes on a value of one if any products in a 3-digit industry have been liberalized , and zero otherwise . < sup > 22 < / sup > In Table 6 , we present the results from the modified specification . We find a positive correlation between de-licensing and FDI reform and firm productivity . More importantly for the purposes of this paper , our results on services reform are barely affected by this change . < sup > 23 < / sup > # * * _Instrumenting the Services Liberalization Index_ * * In order to ensure that our finding of services reforms improving manufacturing performance is not driven by reverse causality , we instrument the index of services reform . The intuition behind our instrumental variables ( IV ) approach is that India will react to services liberalization undertaken by other countries , especially economies it views as its competitors , such as China and Indonesia . We measure services liberalization using the WTO commitments in a given sector . More specifically , we focus on the number of commitments made by a country expressed as a percentage of possible commitments . For the years prior to the first full year of the WTO membership of a given country ( e . g . 2002 for China ) , the number of commitments equals", "spans": [{"start": 1700, "end": 1715, "text": "WTO commitments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 11 . 6 Special Assistance for Vulnerable Groups * * Special assistance measures will provide vulnerable groups with a safety net . The special assistance measures do not substitute compensation and other income restoration measures to which vulnerable groups are entitled like all other PAPs . The special assistance measures are additional to these . The types of vulnerable groups identified based on the census data are female-headed households ( FHHs ) , elderly and chronically ill heads of households . FHHs are labour-short , because they have no husband / partner to support with farming tasks . The combined number of these vulnerable groups of PAHs is 135 . - 72 Elderly Male headed households ( MHH ) ( elderly people aged 65 and above ) - < mark > 41 Female Headed household ( FHH ) ( labour-short , i . e . no husband / partner to < / mark > support with farming tasks ) - 9 Elderly and Female headed households ( Vulnerable due both factors ) - < mark > 13 HHHs with physical disabilities and chronically ill household heads < / mark > When consulted PAPs were solicited to indicate how vulnerable groups in their households and wider communities could or shall be supported , they responded as below : - < mark > Cash support to cover food support / assistance ( for those who are elderly , Female < / mark > Household Heads sick and or physically impaired ) . - < mark > Cash support to cover medical cost ( for those who are sick and or physically < / mark > impaired ) . - Relocation and house construction assistance ( if required ) ; and - < mark > Project-related employment opportunities . < / mark > The types and number of vulnerable PAPs and the special assistance measures needed from EEP to overcome the challenges of", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 587, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 , 200 . 00 | 8 , 232 . 00 | 9 , 876 . 00 | 10 , 200 . 00 | | IN01368331 < br > ► IR 13 . Woredas w | ith functioning land administration i | nformation systems ( Number , | Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 95 . 00 | 110 . 00 | | Date | 02-Aug-2018 | 09-Dec-2020 | 30-Nov-2023 | 07-Jul-2024 | | IN01368334 < br > ► IR 16 . Participator < br > intervention areas ( N | y Local Land Use Plans ( PLUP ) lo < br > umber ) ( Number , Custom ) | cal level participatory land use | plans prepared at kebele lev | el within the project | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 545 . 00 | 545 . 00 | 1 , 140 . 00 | 1 , 141 . 00 | | Date | 26-Apr-2022 | 26-Apr-2022 | 30-Nov-2023 | 07-Jul-2024 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * | * * Data on Financial Performance * * | | - - - | # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163383 | IDA-63120 | Effective | USD | 100 . 00", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex I Page 6 of 6 * * 15 . The process of preparation of a management plan for MGNP is underway , with the community consultation , collection of baseline data and a recently completed study of the nature and status of species traditionally used by local communities ( to evaluate the potential for sustainable use / multiple use zones as in the BINP ) . UNP proposes to follow the same participatory approach as was used for the BINP plan . The process of development , consultation and approval of the MGNP plan is expected to benefit from the experience gained through the BINP plan and thus to move more quickly . The target date for completion of a draft plan is the end of December , 1994 . In the meantime , park management is directed and implemented by UNP , with extensive support and involvement of the GAPS-funded project . The park is effectively closed to tourism ( due to the security situation ) , and to all use by local communities with the important exception of highly controlled access to a few year-round water sources . It is likely that the CARE / DTC project will increase its activities in the MGNP area and play a greater role in influencing the park management approach in the future .", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 165, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment ( ESSA ) update Accelerating Sustainable and Clean Energy Access Transformation in Ethiopia < u > ( P506061 ) < / u > _ < u > Note < / u > _ - In the above EEU ESHS structure , all the positions are filled and maintained except for currently vacant ESHS positions at the regions that are coming with the new restructuring . Based on the established ESMS , it is expected that EEU shall maintain 1 E & S Specialist / Expert and 1 H & S Specialist / Expert at both corporate and regional levels . As can be seen from the above organization chart , EEU maintained at least 2 ESHS staff at both corporate and regional levels . As a result , the ESHS structure is fully maintained _ . _ Moreover as part of AF-ELEAP implementation , 53 internal safety audit have been conducted in five regions , compensation procedure is also imbedded under EEU ’ s guideline _ . _ On the other hand , the consulted federal as well as regional staffs of EEU mentioned if EEU could reconsider the dissolvement of E & S and H & S manager positions both at corporate and regional level structures . The role of this managerial positions in coordinating EHSS management activities , report consolidation and EHSS monitoring / supervision activities were immense which otherwise will undermine efficient execution of EHS management and monitoring of proposed ASCENT investments . # # # * * Environment Protection Authority ( EPA ) * * The EPA has restructured through Proclamation No . 1263 / 2021 as a federal government body having its own legal personality . Moreover , most recently EPA is made accountable to ministry of Plan and Development . EPA was not engaged during implementation of parent Program ( ELEAP ) as EPA previously delegated sector environmental units to review and clear environmental and social assessment reports prepared by the sectors including MoWE . However , EPA has recently rescinded this delegation and thus it will be responsible for review and approval of E & S assessment", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the physical , biological and socio-economic environment within the vicinity of the project site . Aspects observed included climate data , geological data and soils , hydrology , air and noise quality , among others , as detailed in section 3 of the report . This information was key in assessing impact identification and analysis of the proposed project on the existing environment . Comprehensive stakeholder engagement was carried out , and views of key stakeholders such as rangers , other UWA staff , the local leaders at different levels and district officials were obtained , and the details of these engagements are shown in appendix 3 . All proposed sites are located within MFNP , and stakeholder engagements were conducted . From the engagements , stakeholders were positive about the project , especially the rangers and local leaders . xii | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA MFNP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 140, "text": "climate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 143, "end": 158, "text": "geological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to include the impact of organizational innovation on employment to also affect the relative or trend efficiency term . since in β the impact of product and process innovation are confounded when both types of innovation are implemented simultaneously . In the following sections we propose an extension to Harrison et al . ( 2014 ) to further disentangle the impacts of product and process innovation on employment . The last extension is related to the impact of process innovation . The way process innovation is defined in most innovation surveys using Oslo-manual guidelines includes any improvements on production or delivery methods , which can range substantially in their impact on efficiency and employment . Following the literature emphasizing the impact of automation on employment , we extend the model and decompose process innovation between innovations that imply some degree of automation in the production process and other types of process innovation . # * * 3 . 1 * * One problem when estimating equation ( 4 ) is the simultaneity introduced by the impact of innovation on prices . In practice we do not have firm level prices and so our estimates are based on nominal output ( sales ) growth , where g1 = y1 + π1 and g2 = y2 + π2y2 . π1 measures the firm ’ s inflation rate for old products and π2 measures the price difference between the new product and the old product in period 1 . Consequently , our estimation equation becomes : where we have netted out gli . The new unobserved error term is u = − π1 − βπ2g2 + v . < sup > 3 < / sup > As a result , the sales growth rate due to new products , g2 , is correlated with the error term and leads to a downward bias in β < sup > � < / sup > OLS . > 3An improvement could be to approximate the firm ’ s inflation rate for old products using an industry measure , π ̃ 1 , in which case the error component would become E ( π1 − π ̃ 1 ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 532, "end": 550, "text": "innovation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2 | 7 | 20 . 6 | | Weeding | 17 , 300 | 0 . 4 | 12 | 35 . 3 | | Idir | 140 , 800 | 3 . 6 | 33 | 97 . 1 | | Ikub | 37 , 600 | 1 . 0 | 6 | 17 . 6 | | Land tax | 74 , 670 | 1 . 9 | 33 | 97 . 1 | | Loanpayment | 4 , 000 | 0 . 1 | 1 | 2 . 9 | | * * Total * * | * * 3 , 923 , 100 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * N / A * * | * * N / A * * | _ ( Source Socio-economic household survey , October 2023 ) _ # # # # # * * 6 . 4 Housing Ownership and Household Service and Facilities * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 1 Ownership of Residential House and Housing Condition * * With respect to residential house ownership , all the studied households were living in privately owned houses constructed from different construction materials . Reportedly , 94 . 1 % of the households live in corrugated iron sheet roof houses , while the remaining 5 . 9 % of the surveyed households reside on thatched roofing residential houses . Wood plastered with mud is the main construction materials used by all the surveyed households to construct the wall of their residential houses . The studied households also used different materials to construct the floor of their houses . 70 . 6 % of the surveyed households used mud or soil for flooring . Cement and ceramic tiles are reported to be used by 9 and 1 of the surveyed households respectively . The number of rooms of the households is also noted during the socio-economic survey and 50 % and 20 . 6 % of them reside in 3 and 4 roomed residential houses respectively . The proportion of households residing in single and double roomed houses is equal and combined accounted for 23 .", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 374, "text": "Socio-economic household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1380, "end": 1401, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "management and utilization of genetic resources , so as to contribute to the conservation of the biological resources of Uganda . The Uganda National Council for Science and Technology is designated as the competent authority for purposes of these Regulations . It shall , among other things , handle applications for access to genetic resources and establish and maintain a depository for all materials transfer agreements and associated accessory agreements . Where access to genetic resources is likely to have a significant impact on the environment , an environmental impact assessment shall be carried out . This regulation may be triggered as construction of the line in the sensitive areas could possibly affect rare animal and plant species or introduce alien species hence causing genetic modification ( to be confirmed ) . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 NATIONAL FOREST AND TREE PLANTING ACT , 2003 ( NO . 8 OF 2003 ) * * This Act makes provision for the conservation , management and development of forest resources in Uganda and establishes the National Forestry Authority and a fund for tree planting . The purposes of the Act include the creation of an integrated forest sector , conservation of biological diversity , the devolution of functions and powers in the forest sector and the sustainable development of that sector . Forests in Uganda are classified as : ( a ) central forest reserves ; ( b ) local forest reserves ; ( c ) community forests ; ( d ) private forests ; and ( e ) forest forming part of a wildlife conservation area declared under the Uganda Wildlife State , 1996 . The Act provides for the declaration and management of central forest reserves , local forest reserves and community forests . Private forests and forest plantations may be registered with the District Land Boards . Management plans shall be prepared for central forest reserves , local forest reserves and community forests . The Act further makes provision for , among other things : the protection and conservation of forest biological resources and the declaration of reserved or protected tree species ; protection of forest reserves against human activities ; inventory of forests ; tree planting and growing ; forestry licences", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Economic Inequality_ , _14_ , 141 – 172 . - Florczyk , A . J . , Corbane , C . , Ehrlich , D . , Freire , S . , Kemper , T . , Maffenini , L . , Melchiorri , M . , Pesaresi , M . , Politis , P . , Schiavina , M . , Sabo , F . , & Zanchetta , L . ( 2019 ) . GHSL data package 2019 , JRC Technical Report . - Gibson , J . , Datt , G . , Murgai , R . , & Ravallion , M . ( 2017 ) . For India ’ s rural poor , growing towns matter more than growing cities . _World Development_ , _98_ , 413 – 429 . - Gibson , J . , Jiang , Y . , & Susantono , B . ( 2023 ) . Revisiting the role of secondary towns : How different types of urban growth relate to poverty in Indonesia . _World Development_ , _169_ . - Glaeser , E . L . , & Gottlieb , J . D . ( 2009 ) . The wealth of cities : Agglomeration economies and spatial equilibrium in the United States . _Journal of Economic Literature_ , _47_ ( 4 ) , 983 – 1028 . - Gollin , D . , Jedwab , R . , & Vollrath , D . ( 2016 ) . Urbanization with and without industrialization . _Journal of Economic Growth_ , _21_ , 35 – 70 . - Gollin , D . , Kirchberger , M . , & Lagakos , D . ( 2021 ) . Do urban wage premia reflect lower amenities ? Evidence from Africa . _Journal of Urban Economics_ , _121_ . - Gollin , D . , Parente , S . , & Rogerson , R . ( 2002 ) . The role of agriculture in development . _American Economic Review_ , _92_ ( 2 ) , 160 – 164 . - Grover , A . , Lall , S . V . , & Timmis , J . ( 2021 ) . Agglomeration economies in developing countries , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 9730 . - Heinrigs , P", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This discussion should take into account three main issues concerning the implementation of a poverty mapping for improving the design of household surveys : i ) the capacities of National Statistical Offices to perform poverty mappings ; ii ) the problem of performing a poverty mapping when the census has been conducted too long ago ; and iii ) the variability affecting the mean per capita consumption per PSU in the poverty mapping exercise . Concerning issue i ) , the poverty mapping exercise was initially quite an intensive procedure , which needed high econometric capacity and , therefore , only highly skilled World Bank consultants were able to implement it . In order to apply the ELL approach , the World Bank research team has developed a user-friendly software that can easily be implemented inside National Statistical Offices . PovMap version 2 . 1 , the latest version as of 2015 , < sup > 3 < / sup > provides computational solutions to all stages of poverty mapping activities . However , the new methods mentioned earlier are developed only in a Stata module produced by a team of researchers at the World Bank . < sup > 4 < / sup > This software is valid for use when there is a recent census available and a recent Household Budget Survey ( or World Bank format of Living Standard Measurement Survey , LSMS ) also available . Concerning issue ii ) , often the question may be : “ What should be done when the poverty map is too old ? ” In some countries or cases , the poverty map may be too old or not updated enough in order to properly implement the methodology proposed in this paper . This may occur primarily because a census is usually conducted every 10 years . There are two possible solutions depending on the type of recent household survey that is available . In the case of a recent HBS or LSMS , the proposed methodology could take into account the so-called “ updated ” or “ further-updated ” poverty maps that are prepared with recent methodologies developed under World Bank projects . In particular , Dabalen and Ferrè ( 2008 ) have shown how to implement the Lemieux ( 2002 )", "spans": [{"start": 1240, "end": 1263, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1290, "end": 1324, "text": "Living Standard Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "those overlapping locations before the other three MNOs , we compared the coverage of MNO-4 with the coverage of the other operators in 2012 . This highlighted nine enumeration areas ( less than 1 % ) from the GHS data set that were covered only by MNO-4 . This is also likely to be an overestimate as MNO-4 will have had lower coverage in 2012 . These tests therefore give us confidence that the lack of data for MNO-4 has a small effect , if any , on the accuracy of our coverage data set . 5", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 222, "text": "GHS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * I . INTRODUCTION * * # # # # * * Overview of Somali Cross-Border Movements * * Encamped generations of Somali refugees have remained a constant in Dadaab since the first large-scale influx in the early 1990s . < sup > 1 < / sup > The numbers have fluctuated in the ensuing years , in tune with political , security and environmental conditions in Somalia and with return and repatriation efforts , but the protracted predicament continues to affect hundreds of thousands of individuals and families . < sup > 2 < / sup > Even so , the number of Somalis that arrived in 2011 was extraordinary . At the end of 2010 the registered Somali refugee population in the Dadaab camps was over 285 , 000 , but by the end of 2011 , the population had increased to almost 444 , 000 , and more than 519 , 000 in Kenya . < sup > 3 < / sup > For years , Kenya has hosted the largest population of Somali refugees . < sup > 4 < / sup > At 31 March 2018 , Kenya was home to over 272 , 000 Somali refugees and asylumseekers , hosted primarily within the four camps in Dadaab in north-eastern Kenya . < sup > 5 < / sup > A relatively small number of Somali refugees also live in the Kakuma camps ( approximately 34 , 000 ) , and in urban areas , such as Nairobi ( over 20 , 000 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > These figures do not capture the many Somali nationals who have devised formal and informal ways 1 In 1990 , there were 330 refugees in Kenya . UNHCR , “ UNHCR Population Statistics Database ” , available at : < u > http : / / popstats . unhcr . org / en / persons_of_concern , accessed between February and September 2018 . Since the 1990s , < / u > the numbers have", "spans": [{"start": 1448, "end": 1484, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lagged growth rates in the domestic exchange rate , , and allows studying asymmetric food price transmission : To facilitate a consistent interpretation across MENA countries , we derive estimates of the 6 and 12-month pass-through effects from cumulative impulse response functions . < sup > 15 < / sup > The coefficients show the models ‟ predicted adjustment of domestic food prices to changes in world food prices , controlling for the exchange rate and domestic factors . In most countries , the food price pass-through effects fade out after about one year . Our pass-through coefficients are , therefore , identical to those that can be directly obtained from equation ( 4 ) . When estimating the models , we use monthly data from December 1998 to mid-2011 for most countries , allowing for lags . The cumulative lag structure is chosen to minimize the Akaike Information Criterion ( AIC ) and by lag exclusion tests . The optimal lag length is found to be . In some country cases ( Lebanon , Djibouti , Yemen , Syria , Iraq , Oman , Qatar , and the UAE ) we use less lags because of the short time series . For these countries , the results are sensitive to outliers . Hence , we selectively employ impulse dummies to correct for extreme jumps in domestic food prices ( i . e . due to religious holidays , specific national events , or weather effects ) . We also use time trends when significant to capture other unknown exogenous factors on domestic prices . Because we estimate the model in annual growth rates , we explicitly control for seasonal factors . # * * 5 . Empirical Results * * # * * _Pass-Through Coefficients_ * * The dynamics and the magnitude of the food price pass-through largely vary by country ( Table 3 ) . International food price shocks are a risk for many Arab countries despite food subsidies that are widely believed to shield consumers from increases in > 15 Impulse response functions allow us to trace out the time path of the effect of structural food price shocks from the autoregressive model . A < mark > ccumulated impulse response functions compute the cumulative sum of the shock over time", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 732, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) We call the sample of 11 treatment effect estimates from 10 studies used in the TMSDG meta-analysis for the impact of MDA on child weight gain the “ TMSDG sample . ” See Table 1 for a list of these studies . Figure 1 verifies that our estimation procedure yields results similar to TMSDG when using this sample . In particular , this figure presents a forest plot with TMSDG estimates ; inserting the effect sizes , standard errors , and sample sizes reported for each of these studies in TMSDG ' s text and figures into the relevant formulas provided in Borenstein , Hedges and Rothstein ( 2007 ) using the R statistical software package replicates the TMSDG results . Using the data presented in TMSDG , the hypothesis of a common zero effect of deworming on child weight gain is rejected at the 10 % level ( p = 0 . 089 ) . Figure 1 shows the fixed effect estimate used to test this hypothesis . The null hypothesis of a common zero effect is more strongly rejected when applying either of two study classification approaches used in previous Cochrane Reviews ( prior to TMSDG ) . 1 . The first versions of the Cochrane Review ( Dickson et al . 2000 ; Dickson et al . 2007 ) did not create separate categories for test-and-treat ( i . e . treatment only of children who have been diagnosed with STH ) and MDA studies ( i . e . treatment of the whole population ) , but rather considered all the data together . At a minimum , reporting results with the full sample before turning to the subgroup analysis seems reasonable , since if deworming has a positive effect on infected individuals , and if there is no effect on uninfected individuals , then deworming must have a positive effect on weight in a population that includes infected individuals . In the case of the TMSDG dataset , using all of the multiple dose at longest follow-up studies 22", "spans": [{"start": 703, "end": 726, "text": "data presented in TMSDG", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1796, "end": 1809, "text": "TMSDG dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| UG-MAAIF-30690-CS-INDV / < br > Consultancy to develop < br > performance and management < br > frameworks for WUG / As | IDA / 56110 | Component 2 : Preparation for < br > Agricultural Water Management < br > Investment < br > P | ost | Individual Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 55 , 555 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2018-03-15 | 2018-05-03 | 2018-05-24 | 2018-06-28 | 2018-12-25 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | UG-MAAIF-30695-CS-INDV / < br > Consultancy to conduct < br > production , Market and < br > marketing surveys | IDA / 56110 | Component 3 : Market Linkages , < br > Post-Harvest Handling , Storage < br > and Value-Addition < br > P | ost | Individual Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 41 , 667 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2018-02-16 | 2018-04-06 | 2018-04-27 | 2018-06-01 | 2018-11-28 | | UG-MAAIF-30709-CS-INDV / < br > Consultancy to develop PMPs fo < br > the 5 different priority < br > commodities | r < br > IDA / 56110 | Component 4 : Project < br > Management , Policy , < br > Regulatory , and ICT functions of <", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 633, "text": "marketing surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 021 ) | ( 0 . 021 ) | ( 0 . 020 ) | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 021 ) | | Ethiopia-Nigeria | 0 . 007 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 003 | 0 . 838 | 0 . 218 | 0 . 000 | | Ethiopia-Uganda | 0 . 340 | 0 . 585 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 006 | | Nigeria-Uganda | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | Observations | 9 , 127 | 9 , 127 | 9 , 128 | 9 , 127 | 9 , 127 | 9 , 128 | | R-squared < br > _Note_ : Each column r | 0 . 006 < br > eports results from | 0 . 122 < br > a single regres | 0 . 078 < br > sion of a binary var | 0 . 160 < br > iable equal to 1 if | 0 . 067 < br > the respondent | 0 . 038 < br > was familiar with | _Note_ : Each column reports results from a single regression of a binary variable equal to 1 if the respondent was familiar with the action and 0 otherwise . The binary variable is then regressed on indicators for each country , with Malawi as the base case . The second panel reports p-values for Wald tests of the simple linear hypothesis that the coefficient on one country indicator equals the coefficient on an indicator for a different country . Data are only from the first phone survey round in each country . Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses ( * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 10 ) . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that received soil analyses and recommendations during the intervention ( arms _T_ 1 _ − T_ 4 ) and examines the take up of the precision drill during sowing ( column 1 ) , the two fertilizer packages ( columns 2 and 3 ) , attendance at AEW group meetings and the total number of AEW plot visits ( columns 5 and 6 ) . Column 7 uses as the dependent variable the sum of the dependent variables in columns 1-3 , 5 and 6 while column 8 uses a standardized index of the outcome in column 7 . The take up of these items was verified both from farmer reports as well as administrative data and as a result , mis-classification is not an important concern . The penultimate row of Table 5 also reports the mean of the dependent variable among farmers in _T_ 4 ( with the corresponding standard error ) . The control group is not included in these regressions as no intervention was offered to them . > 28Note that we can recover the overall impact of being in any treatment arm by combining the _β_ - coefficients . Thus , the test that _T_ 1 = 0 is equivalent to _βE_ + _β I_ + _βG_ = 0 , _T_ 2 = 0 is equivalent to _βE_ + _βG_ = 0 and _T_ 3 = 0 is equivalent to _βE_ + _βG_ + _βF_ = 0 . Finally , _T_ 4 = 0 is equivalent to _βE_ = 0 , which is already reported . 16", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 552, "text": "farmer reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 564, "end": 583, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7732 # * * Abstract * * This paper assesses the impact of the demobilization , reinsertion and reintegration program in post-war Burundi . Two major rebel groups benefited from cash and in-kind transfers , the CNDD-FDD from 2004 , and the FNL from 2010 . A panel data of households collected in 2006 and 2010 is combined with official records from the National Commission for Demobilization , Reinsertion and Reintegration . Regression analysis shows that the cash payments received by FNL demobilized households had a positive impact on consumption , nonfood spending and investments . The program also generated positive spillovers in the villages where FNL combatants returned . Ex-combatants indeed spent a large part of their allowance on consumption goods and clothing , thereby generating a short-run economic boom in villages . However , the long-run evolution of consumption indicators is negative for CNDD-FDD households , as well as for villages where CNDD-FDD combatants returned , suggesting that the direct impact and the spillovers of the program vanished in the long run . This paper is a product of the Operations and Strategy Team , Development Economics Vice Presidency . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at olivier . sterck @ economics . ox . ac . uk . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 311, "text": "panel data of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of additional schooling . Therefore , in order to capture the impact of education on growth better , a more complete picture will be presented by analyzing the role of primary , secondary and tertiary schooling . After making some modifications to account for the statistical circumstances in Guatemala , the following procedure for constructing estimates of the human capital stock is used , based on the attainment census method advocated by Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) . The use of a perpetual inventory method that employs census and survey information on educational attainment as benchmark figure can be seen as a major advantage over previous methodologies . The benchmarks are taken from various national censuses and surveys , see Table 3 . Guatemalan statistics report distributional attainment stratified by age and sex in five cases : no formal education , first cycle of primary , second cycle of primary , first cycle of secondary , second cycle of primary and tertiary education . The data has been summarized into 4 broad categories , that is , no school , some primary , some secondary and some tertiary education . The procedure starts to construct current flows of adult population , which are added to the initial benchmark stocks of the labor force ( taken for 1950 from the Barro and Lee 2001 data set ) . The formulas for the three levels of schooling for the labor force aged 15 and over are as follows : where - _HN j_ = number of the economically active population for whom j is the highest level of schooling attained ( j = 0 for no school , j = 1 for primary , j = 2 for secondary and j = 3 for higher education ) - _PRI_ = enrollment ratio for primary education - _SEC_ = enrollment ratio for secondary education - _TER_ = enrollment ratio for tertiary education - _L_ = number of the economically active population - _L15_ = number of persons aged 15 - _L20_ = number of persons aged 20 - 17 -", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 728, "text": "national censuses and surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1291, "end": 1318, "text": "Barro and Lee 2001 data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participation by the Bank in key areas of the NNP , in which ECD aspects are key . This would also help to strengthen the linkages with the education sector . Note that the IDA_supported Nutrition project will not cover all sub-components of the NNP ; it will provide funding for some of the NNP sub-components , as detailed below . The proposed IDA-financed Nutrition project has been included in the forthcoming Ethiopia CAS covering the period 2008-2010 . # # * * 1-4 Lessons Learned from Previous Nutrition Projects * * * * Good experience in previous projects with micronutrient and behavior change interventions ; both have very high-benefit cost ratios , but particularly the former . * * Previous nutrition projects have generally had good experience in improving indicators of access to micronutrients and related interventions ( such as deworming ) . When well designed , they have also achieved significant success in improving knowledge and practice of optimal nutrition behavior ( e . g . regarding breastfeeding and complimentary feeding ) , although there usually remains some gap between knowledge and practice . Regarding the latter , recent experience in Ethiopia , with the Essential Health Services project , has been very good in terms of promoting optimal breastfeeding behavior and handwashing ( according to midline survey results ) , and these intervention were determined to have benefit-cost ratios of 26 and 7 respectively ( using project-specific figures ) in the recent Ethiopia malnutrition ESW ( World Bank , 2007 ) . This same ESW calculated the benefit-cost ratios for micronutrient interventions in Ethiopia as even higher , exceeding 50 .", "spans": [{"start": 1332, "end": 1354, "text": "midline survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 3 . Economic and Financial Analysis * * # # * * A . Economic Analysis * * 1 . The economic benefits for the grid component are based on the number of consumers connected by the Project and the associated consumption levels . The analysis incorporates the planned connections that are expected to be realized over the subsequent period ( up to 2043 ) after the project closing date in the 365 villages and rural towns electrified during the project lifetime . The projections for number of consumers to be connected are based on the planning data provided by EEPCo for electrification of new villages / towns nationally in the next 25 years . 2 . _Connections . _ The original target of 213 , 000 households in 265 rural villages and towns was revised in the project restructuring ( RES12290 ) , approved on November 26 , 2013 . Although the activities were scaled up to connect an additional 100 villages and rural towns , the restructuring reduced the target households to 130 , 000 , given the connection backlog and the planned metered delivery schedule at the time . The revised projections on number of connections are based on EEPCo ’ s actual planning data and consequent annual growth rates and confirm that the revised target connections of 130 , 000 would be met by the end of 2017 as follows : 85 percent residential , 13 percent commercial , and 2 percent industrial at an annual growth rate of 4 percent . 3 . _Consumption . _ The analysis is based on actual consumption of metered customers , which is much higher than originally estimated ; the original projections were revised in accordance with realistic estimates of annual growth rate ( 4 percent ) : 74 kwh for residential , 100 kwh for commercial consumption , and 3 , 104 kwh for industrial consumption compared to 24 kwh , 176 kwh , and 222 kwh , respectively , as originally assumed . 4 . _Benefits_ . Benefits are measured as electricity consumption valued at consumers ’ willingness-to pay , originally assumed", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 577, "text": "planning data provided by EEPCo", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1164, "end": 1177, "text": "planning data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | * * RUSB * * | | | | | | | | | Vrtliste | 15 . 6 | _5 . 0_ | 10 . 6 | 8 . 1 | 70 | 21 | 30 | | Breza | _5 . 0_ | 2 . 0 | 3 . 0 | 0 | _55_ | < 0 | _55_ | | * * Total * * | * * 20 . 6 * * | 7 . 0 | * * 13 . 6 * * | * * 8 . 1 * * | * * 66 * * | * * 15 * * | * * 35 * * | # # # # # Main Assumptions Table A4 . 5 shows the summary results of detailed cash flow calculations for the years 1998 to 2002 ' . Actual cost data for the first half of 1997 were extrapolated . For each mine , the operating costs with and without the project were then projected , broken down into major cost categories . _Without_ the project , the output would increase in 1998 , and also partly in 1999 , as a result of the investments made under the Emergency Electric Power Reconstruction Project . Thereafter , production without the project is assumed to be stable , except for the Mramor underground mine , where a decline of production has been assumed due to increasing safety hazards in the absence of further investments . To project the operating cost , each cost category was broken down into a fixed and variable part , depending on the type of mine , and based on international experience . The production increase _with_ the project was estimated based on the type of mine and the investment proposed , resulting in an average increase of about 30 % . By estimating production increases and related expenses , varying rates of overburden removal as required by mine development status and geological conditions were taken into account . All costs were calculated in present ( 1997 ) prices . They are assumed to reflect economic costs . Taxes were not considered", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 422, "text": "Actual cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation process . Internal monitoring will be carried out during the resettlement compensation payment period and after that period ( post-compensation payment period ) . The relevant monitoring indicators against which to measure the RAP implementation effectiveness are presented in * * Table 6-3 * * below . * * Table 6-4 : Proposed Monitoring Indicators * * | * * Activity / Parameters * * | * * Indicators * * | | - - - | - - - | | Compensation < br > payments < br > to | Number of PAPs promptly paid | | PAPs | Number of PAPs not paid promptly and reasons < br > Amounts of money paid to PAPs | | Restoration of livelihoods and < br > assets | Number of PAPs with restored assets < br > Number of PAPs with livelihood levels restored ( based on < br > socio-baseline survey ) < br > Number of community facilities restored < br > Number of vulnerable PAPs assisted Type of assistance < br > provided to vulnerable PAPs < br > Number of vulnerable PAPs resettled < br > Number of PAPs without restored assets < br > Number of PAPS without restored livelihood enterprises < br > Number of communityfacilities not restored and reasons | 36", "spans": [{"start": 766, "end": 787, "text": "socio-baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assurance of continued progress . # # * * V . LESSONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS * * 71 . * * Formula-based allocation reform is politically achievable when anchored in strong government ownership and credible independent verification . * * At appraisal , less than 2 percent of non-wage recurrent grants to LGs were allocated by formula ; by Program close , that share had risen to 98 percent . The reform succeeded because it was embedded in an existing government agenda and championed by MoFPED , which had the budget authority , convening power , and institutional credibility to make rule-based allocation stick . MoFPED ' s ability to convene regular inter-ministerial meetings and enforce synchronized implementation timelines broke down longstanding coordination barriers , enabling UgIFT to function as a coherent multi-sector reform rather than a collection of parallel sector projects . Independent verification through a third-party agent was equally important , depoliticizing allocation decisions by producing credible , auditable performance data that reduced the scope for political contestation . The lesson is that intergovernmental fiscal reform of this nature is achievable when it is government-led , when Ministry of Finance ownership is secured by demonstrating that reform serves its own mandate for budget credibility and expenditure efficiency , and when independent verification is built in from the outset . 72 . * * DLI structures should be scalable to reward incremental progress , and verification protocols must be calibrated to what is operationally enforceable at entry . * * UgIFT ' s initial binary DLI structure created significant financial exposure : a complex simultaneous-compliance requirement for DLI 4 proved operationally unenforceable , resulting in a nearcomplete loss of disbursements in FY2021 / 22 . The 2020 AF corrected this by introducing scalable DLIs that rewarded proportional achievement , a reform-preserving intervention . The DLI 4 experience illustrates that disbursement failures in complex programs often reflect two compounding design flaws : binary all-or-nothing structures ill-suited to incremental institutional reform , and verification protocols that exceed the capacity", "spans": [{"start": 1039, "end": 1055, "text": "performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "née 2025 et face à la nouvelle vague de violences observées dans les provinces du Nord et du Sud Kivu , le Cluster Protection a révisé conjointement avec les domaines de responsabilité l ’ analyse des risques jugés prioritaires en fin 2024 . Sur base des alertes remontées par les membres du Cluster Protection et suite aux discussions menées en interne avec les acteurs clés du cluster , le Cluster Protection du niveau national a initié la rédaction du document en étroite collaboration avec les collègues des AoR tant du niveau national que provincial . Une consultation du Strategic Advisory Group ( SAG ) a été sollicitée afin d ’ avoir leur point de vue et ainsi affiner le document final . Les données d ’ analyse utilisées proviennent de différents clusters et autres acteurs clés tels que HCR , OIM , NRC , UNMAS , ACLED etc . # # # # * * Limites * * Les données de monitoring de protection du HCR se limitent principalement aux zones actuellement accessibles aux acteurs humanitaires . Si ces données ont été utilisées dans le cadre de l ’ analyse du niveau de sévérité des différents risques de protection , celles-ci n ’ étaient pas suffisantes et n ’ ont pas pu couvrir l ’ ensemble des zones . Des avis d ’ experts ont été sollicités au cours des ateliers provinciaux pour évaluer les risques de protection et leur niveau de gravité dans ces régions . Pour plus d ’ informations , veuillez contacter : * * Stève Ndikumwenayo * * - * * < u > ndikumwe @ unhcr", "spans": [{"start": 864, "end": 906, "text": "données de monitoring de protection du HCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| 30-Sep-2015 | | | | Comments | | | | | Users satisfied with the quality of market | Percentage | Value | 66 . 20 | | 76 . 00 | | infrastructure ( roads and markets ) . | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | Comments | | No further survey was < br > undertaken since ' rapid < br > baseline ' . | | | Market infrastructure ( roads and markets ) | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | | 80 . 00 | | sustainably managed one year after the < br > investment is completed . | | Date < br > Comments | 31-Mar-2010 | 15-Nov-2010 | 30-Sep-2015 | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 23-May-2012 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P113032 | IDA-47830 | Effective | 30-Sep-2010 | 19-Oct-2010 | 16-Feb-2011 | 30-Sep-2015 | 30-Sep-2015 | | P113032 | IDA-H6000 | Effective | 30-Sep-2010 | 19-Oct-2010 | 16-Feb-2011 | 30-Sep-2015 | 30-Sep-2015 | | P127507 | TF-11306 | Effective | 15-Feb-2012 | 15-Feb-2012 | 15-Feb-2012 | 30-Sep-2015 | 30-Sep-2015 | | P113032", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "forward interest rates for government debt securities denominated in the local currency , the foreign private holdings ratio _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 is measured as the foreign private holdings share of government debt securities denominated in the local currency . < sup > 15 < / sup > > 13The zero-coupon interest rate can be obtained from Bloomberg . To deflate the nominal interest rate into the real interest rate , we use two-year-ahead projections of inflation E _푡 휋푖 , 푡_ + 2 due to data availability . The robustness check examines the nominal interest rate as well . > 14Moreover , real-time vintages of data could affect long-term interest rates because fiscal data have been revised largely ( De Castro et al . ( 2013 ) ) . > 15While Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014b ) provide foreign holdings share of central government debt securities denominated in local currency for emerging markets , Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014a ) do not have the corresponding ratio in advanced economies but provide total general government debt securities , including debt denominated in both local and foreign currency . Hence , assuming that only foreign investors hold government debt securities denominated in foreign currency ( data that can be obtained from the Bank 11", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 666, "text": "fiscal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 4 . The Effect of Land Title on Investment : Instrumental Variable Regressions * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008 to 2017 . This table presents parameter estimates from the first and second stage of instrumental variable regression of investment on Titling Firm dummy variable . In Column ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , the results of the first stage estimate are presented . In Column ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) , the results of the second stage estimate are presented . The instrument we use in ( 3 ) is whether the Shenzhen government was the controlling shareholder of the firm when it was first established . The instrument we used in ( 4 ) were the shares of Shenzhen government as the percentage of total shares of the firm when the firm was first established . All variables are winsorised at the upper and lower 1-percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification . The _t-statistics_ are computed using standard errors that is White-corrected . The * , * * , * * * indicates significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | Titling < br > First sta < br > ( 1 ) | Firm < br > < br > ge OLS < br > ( 2 ) | < br > ∆ ( Investme < br > IV : Shenzhen < br > government as < br > controlling < br > shareholder when < br > established < br > ( 3 ) | nt / PP & E ) < br > IV : Shareholding < br > percentage of < br > Shenzhen < br > government when < br > established < br > ( 4 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Shenzhen gov ’ t", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 169, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 % | Source : Author ' s calculations based on data from Maddison ( 1995 ) . To implement the comparative-advantage-defying strategy , developing country governments had to protect numerous nonviable enterprises in the priority sectors . Administrative measures to which governments resorted to reduce the investment and operation costs of nonviable enterprises included granting those enterprises a market monopoly , suppressing interest rates , overvaluing domestic currency , and controlling prices for raw materials . Such interventions caused widespread shortages in funds , foreign exchange , and raw materials . Consequently , governments also had to allocate resources directly to these enterprises through administrative channels , including national planning in the socialist countries and credit rationing and investment and entry licensing in nonsocialist developing countries . For ease of implementation , many countries also relied on state-owned enterprises to develop the targeted industries . Protection also led to other types of costs . Prices of imports and of import-substituting goods increased relative to the world price , pushing the economy to consume the wrong mix of goods from the point of view of economic efficiency . Markets fragmented as the economy produced too many small-scale goods , again resulting in loss of efficiency . Protectionism also lessened competition from foreign firms and encouraged monopoly power among domestic firms whose owners were politically well connected . Moreover , it created opportunities for rents and corruption , which raised input and transaction costs . In some cases ( mainly in Eastern European and other socialist countries of the former Soviet Union ) the industrial development brought about by the comparative-advantage-defying strategy appeared to be successful at the beginning because large-scale investment through massive state mobilization of resources increased the growth rate and improved productivity indicators . But firms in the capital-intensive sectors depended for their survival on the government ‘ s subsidies and protection , and when the state could no longer mobilize resources for further investment , the economy became stagnant . Moreover , the investment in the capital-intensive sectors generated little employment . The labor force remained mostly in the rural sector .", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 66, "text": "data from Maddison", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "primary schools that are equipped with functional gender responsive Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene < br > ( WASH ) facilities , includingappropriate MHM infrastructure inprimary , supported bythe Program . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Infrastructure Improvement MonitoringReports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Count the number of refugeeprimary schools with functioning gender responsive WASH and MHM facilities provided or upgraded by the Program < br > according to EMIS data and cross-verified with infrastructure improvement monitoring reports . Data are verified through school WASH assessments and < br > infrastructure improvement monitoringreports . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * Share of targeted schools receiving the correct amount of schoolgrant on time ( Percentage ) * * < sup > * * DLI * * < / sup > | | Description | Tracks the share of public primary schools receiving the correct amount of school grant on time , according to a revised formula and School Improvement < br > Plan ( SIP ) . ( This includesschools in host community woredas and newly integrated refugee schools ) , The revised formula , to be developed in Year 1 , < br > addresses diverse needs , especiallyfor schools in underserved or remote areas and those servingstudents with special needs . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Financial Audit Reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The percentage is calculated by dividing the number of schools that received the correct amount of grant on time by the total number of targeted public < br > primaryschools . Data is cross-referenced with financial audit reports and SIP documentation . | | Responsibilityfor Data | Ministryof Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | Page 45", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 300, "text": "Infrastructure Improvement MonitoringReports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 504, "end": 513, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 538, "end": 583, "text": "infrastructure improvement monitoring reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proposals which could be funded at opportune times , in provinces deemed to be electorally important . Polls suggest that FONCODES projects are closely identified with the presidency and with President Fujimori himself ( Moncada , p . 62 ) . But FONCODES also appears to have had an important redistributive function . My results show that FONCODES funds flowed disproportionately towards poor provinces . Household survey data indicate that the infrastructure constructed by FONCODES reaches a larger fraction of households , especially poor households , than other programs in the Ministry of the Presidency ( Paxson and Schady , World Bank 1999 ) . Such success reaching the poor can in part ; be explained by the fact that FONCODES has been free of many of the restrictions , paperwork and inefficiencies that have given the public sector in Latin America a bad name . Was FONCODES , then , an effective poverty alleviation program or a brazen attempt to buy votes ? * * 28 * * Paxson and Schady present nonparanetric regressions and \" concentration curves \" for FONCODES expenditures on education projects , by year . The curves show that the cumulative fraction of resources flowing to poor districts was unambiguously higher in 1994 and 1995 than in 1992 and 1993 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 427, "text": "Household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 0 . 00 | Pending Imp < br > lementation | | | 2024-01-31 | | | | | | 2024-03-27 | | 2024-09-2 < br > 3 | | y Zonal Office ( MZO ) to acco < br > mmodate SLAAC Files | | | | | | | | | iti | ve | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * GOODS * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | | | | | | | < br > < br > | | < br > | < br > | < br > | | | | | Bid Evaluation Repor | t | | | | | | | < br > Description < br > UGMLHUD13942GODIR | Loan / Credit N < br > o . | Component | | Review Type | Method | Market < br > h | pproac < br > < br > Procurement Pro < br > cess < br > P | equalification < br > ( Y / N ) < br > | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > P | rocess St < br > atus < br > Draft Pre - < br > Docu < br > Planned | qualification < br > ments < br > Prequalification Evalu < br > ation Report < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | Draft Bidding Docum < br > ent / Justification < br > Planned < br > Actual | Specific Procurement < br > Notice / Invitation < br > Planned < br > Actual | Bidding Documents a < br > s Issued < br > Planned < br > Actual | Proposal Submission / < br > Opening / Minutes < br > Planned < br > Actual | < br > and Recommendatio < br > for Award < br", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 166, "text": "SLAAC Files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during the retail tariff year , its annual return from operating the electricity distribution concession will be equal to a contractually allowed return on its capital investments of 20 percent . This contractual return is set through the life of the concession . * * Table 6 : Utility Management index of utilities in Uganda and comparators , 2015 * * < sup > 16 < / sup > | | Kenya < br > Kenya Power | Senegal < br > SENELEC | Tanzania < br > TANESCO | Uganda < br > UMEME | International < br > benchmark | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Utility Management * * | * * 80 % * * | * * 56 % * * | * * 65 % * * | * * 76 % * * | 64 % | | _Financial Discipline_ | _76 % _ | _57 % _ | _64 % _ | _77 % _ | 59 % | | _Human Resource_ | _64 % _ | _57 % _ | _71 % _ | _71 % _ | 62 % | | _Information and Technology_ | _100 % _ | _53 % _ | _60 % _ | _80 % _ | 71 % | Note : Scores based on index developed for the Rethinking Power Sector Reform Project . For more details go to project website at http : / / www . esmap . org / rethinking_power_sector_reform Umeme ’ s human resource framework reflects and is in line with the 2006 Employment Act . There is a strong focus on staff development and the company runs a training school , the Umeme Academy in Jinja , which offers various programs through which employees can develop their professional skills . Umeme ’ s salary package is competitive in the industry and the company is a popular employment destination for University graduates and professionals . The company offers performance-based bonus plans , yearly salary increments , and employee stock schemes rewards . Umeme ’ s staff comprise a diversity of professions , including engineering , operations , finance , IT , HR ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "farm . One was sometimes assisted on humanitarian grounds . Since the adoption of the 2010 Constitution , changes made to land laws , and payments of the SGR compensation , the Duruma people and hence all the Mwache PAPs have become more enlighten and aware of their land rights to the extent that they do not want to observe or follow traditional land tenure practices to the full . They have begun the process of formalizing individual titles over the land they have farmed and when dispossessed of that land demand compensation for any loss of land or livelihood . This is , for example , why members of Group Ranches are calling for their dissolution and land parcels to be sub divided to be known by individual members . However , the RAP notes that not all PAHs can lay legal claim over the land they occupy and use . These PAHs are mainly adult sons of the registered owner who are still residing on land owned by their father within a homestead and who are yet to be formally transferred to the land that they occupy and use . This is the case where freehold land title has been issued to the registered owner without recognized user rights identified against those titles . This category of household therefore has claim over primary residential structures , crops and trees but remain constrained in legally claiming the land they occupy . They remain at the mercy of the legal title holders on whose land they reside and use through customary inheritance . The legal title holders are highly unlikely to disinherit them as the Duruma cultural traditions prohibit disinheritance . Care will be taken to ensure that legal title holders do not fail to move with their sons and families and anyone else who has interest in the land to the new relocation sites and not refuse to share land compensation funds with them and enable them purchase land on their own . These interests are reflected in the asset register and will be compensated as noted above . The RAP notes that this is complicated by the NLC Act which compensates persons who produce title deeds in their names .", "spans": [{"start": 1907, "end": 1921, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "53 . 1 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census enumeration January-March 2025_ * * Age Structure of HH Heads and HH Population * * The age structure of subproject affected household heads reveals that about 9 . 0 % of the heads are below 30 years old , while 78 . 1 % of the household heads are found to be between 30 and 64 years of age . On the other hand , about 11 . 5 % of the PAHs are older citizen whose age are 65 years old and above and the remaining 1 . 4 % of PAHs data is missing . Figure 6 . 1 : Proportions of HH Heads ( left ) and Population ( right ) by 5 Yrs Age Group With regard to the age distribution , about 42 . 5 % of the household population are below age 15 , while 55 . 1 % of the Subproject affected population are between 15 and 64 years of age and normally considered as economically active population and the remaining 2 . 4 % of the household population are reported to be over 64-year-old . The proportion of elderly household population is slightly higher in Meta Woreda with 2 . 9 % of the total Subproject Page 82", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 61, "text": "Census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 474, "end": 483, "text": "PAHs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We obtain the global conversion factor , as follows : The conversion factor , _gc_ , is dimensioned as tons of CO2 emissions per 1 part per billion of concentration anomaly . Fires CO2 emissions for each cell are drawn from Van der Werf et al . ( 2017 ) . These are gross emissions rather than estimated net emissions from land-use change that incorporate both carbon-emitting conversions ( e . g . , from forest to cropland ) and carbon-absorbing conversions ( e . g . , from pasture to forest ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > Using the econometric results in Table 1 , Figure 7 maps the predicted global distribution of CO2 emissions using grid cell sums of estimated industry-related emissions ( _gc_ * _ICO2i_ ) , population-related emissions ( _gc_ * _PCO2i_ ) , and fires emissions from Van der Werf et al . ( 2017 ) . The figure displays mean annual emissions for 2014 – 21 , highlighting the roles of the United States , Europe , China , and the forested regions of South America , Central Africa , and Southeast Asia . The map illustrates the potential of satellite-based observations for CO2 emissions monitoring at regional , national , and local scales . Until now , observation-based estimates of CO2 emissions by source from every location on the globe have simply not been available . # * * 6 . 2 Emissions from Functional Urban Areas * * Using the data described in Section 6 . 1 , we estimate emissions from urban areas by aggregating estimates for grid cells within each Functional Urban Area . These can be viewed as expected emissions values for FUAs , given their characteristics . In reality , the impacts of different policies , individual economic decisions and more fine-grained structural factors will cause FUAs to deviate from their expected values . These deviations should be reflected in the residual concentration anomalies from estimation of model ( 1 ) . We translate these residuals to emissions using the EDGAR global database of gridded CO2 emissions estimated from local activity measures and standard emissions parameters ( Crippa et al . 2020 ) . The current EDGAR database terminates in 2018 , so we perform the conversion using", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1387, "text": "data described in Section 6 . 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1933, "end": 1954, "text": "EDGAR global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2091, "end": 2105, "text": "EDGAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > or period ending 30th JUNE , 2025 < br > Account No . 1000742127 < br > Depository Bank CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > Address CBK < br > Related Loan KENYA WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency EUR < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2024 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account 0 . 00 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by Donor < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2025 1 , 490 , 59s . ao < br > AUTHORISED CENTRAL BANK REPRESENTATIVE OF KENYA SIGNATURE : 1t < br > DATE < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT TREASURY < br > DATE - c > < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * NOTEThe * * ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger as * * at * * 30th June , 2026 is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 414, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1105, "end": 1133, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 over time into changes due to growth and inequality ( Datt and Ravallion , 1992 ; Ravallion and Sen , 1996 ; Wodon , 1995 ; Essama-Nssah , 1997 ) . This is potentially more interesting , but it does rarely provide sufficient evidence for generalization since only a few observations are typically available using these decompositions ( N-1 observations at the country level for N surveys ) . Two of the rare countries for which time series data have been available for analyzing the relationships between growth , inequality , and poverty over time are the United States and India . Yet , panel data techniques could be used for many other countries with only a few surveys provided one is willing to carry the analysis at the regional rather than national level . This is shown in this paper using five cross-sectional surveys from Bangladesh spanning the years 1983 to 1996 . By constructing a regional panel of consumption , poverty and inequality measures for fourteen areas and the five survey years , we are able to analyze not only the impact of growth and inequality on poverty , but also the impact of growth on inequality . The results differ strikingly between urban and rural areas , and they can be used by policy makers to promote faster poverty reduction . Section 2 of the paper describes our method for estimating poverty lines and obtaining measures of consumption , poverty , and inequality in real rather than nominal terms . Section 3 shows the insights and limits of standard methods of analysis used for empirical work on single countries . Section 4 analyzes the relationships between growth , inequality , and poverty using a regional panel . By combining the panel estimates of section 4 with the output of a consistent macro-economic model , section _5_ gives simulations of the reduction in poverty which could be achieved under alternative sectoral growth patterns over the next ten years . A conclusion follows . # * * II Poverty lines and welfare measures * * # _I . 1 Regional poverty lines_ To analyze the relationship between growth , inequality , and poverty one needs first to obtain good measures of these variables . Poverty lines must be estimated for obtaining poverty", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 446, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 806, "end": 829, "text": "cross-sectional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 898, "end": 912, "text": "regional panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distribution arising from this design is : the percent of survey participants filling out a diary being : For example , in a recall survey _p_ ( _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ) = 0 at all values _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > . We are interested in the effects of the collection mode on functionals of the distribution of usual consumption _FY ∗ _ [ _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] . Possible choices for these functionals are quantiles , share below the poverty line , and the Gini coefficient . The difference : represents the distance between the true statistic , _ν_ ( _FY ∗ _ [ _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] ) , and the same statistic that would be computed under the assignment design described above , _ν_ ( _FY_ [ _y_ ] ) . In this section , we find the configuration of weights _p_ ( _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ) that minimizes the distance in ( 8 ) at any given choice for the value of _p_ ( the algorithm used to obtain the solution is described in the Appendix ) . In an effort to contain the computational burden , we use _FY d | Y ∗ _ [ _y | y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] , _FY r | Y ∗ _ [ _y | y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] and _FY ∗ _ [ _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] as if they were _known_ quantities and discard the additional variability arising from estimation errors . Distributions retrieved from a recall survey are closer to the underlying distribution of usual consumption than in a diary survey . This can be seen in Panel A of Figure 9 , where the statistic _ν_ represents the Kullback-Leibler distance ( KLD ) from the consumption distribution and _ν_ ( _FY ∗ _ [ _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] ) = 0 . The continuous line here shows the value", "spans": [{"start": 1313, "end": 1326, "text": "recall survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1400, "end": 1412, "text": "diary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "trade in a country case study by using more recent and more detailed trade data in a comprehensive analysis of trade for Indonesia , separating impacts of domestic and external lockdowns on trade . This is unlike other studies on Indonesia such as Eschachasthi ( 2022 ) , Ing and Vadila ( 2022 ) , and Olivia et al . ( 2020 ) . Also existing studies on Indonesia , we assess lockdowns in the context of trade by sea and air . Lockdowns disrupted both maritime shipping , which is the main mode 4", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 79, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Such computations , if done in the same way by all moral agents , should lead to formation of similar normative beliefs about social appropriateness and consequently to coordinated , cooperative behavior [ see also Rusch and Vostroknutov , 2023 ] . KV describe a specific moral psychology of norm formation in any context that is based on the idea of aggregating _dissatisfaction_ . Specifically , it is assumed that the social appropriateness of each given allocation is inversely proportional to the summed dissatisfactions of all agents in that allocation . The dissatisfaction of each agent in a given allocation is high when there are many other counterfactual allocations in the context that give the agent more consumption utility and low otherwise . Thus , dissatisfactions express personal grievances of agents in a given allocation , and the normative value of the allocation is formed by aggregating all these dissatisfactions . In other words , the allocation is considered more socially appropriate , the less aggregated dissatisfaction it evokes . This construction may seem overly complex and unnecessary . However , tests of existing experimental data have shown that the model of dissatisfaction-based norms can account for many puzzles in social behavior known to behavioral economists . < sup > 4 < / sup > Specifically , it resolves many issues pertaining to the existing models of social preferences and reciprocal kindness [ see Vostroknutov , 2020 , for discussion ] that are not context-dependent enough to accommodate certain stylized facts ( e . g . , radical context-dependence 4Experiments by Merguei et al . [ 2022 ] and Panizza et al . [ 2021 ] perform direct and rather stringent tests of KV ’ s model and find a very good fit with the data . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1154, "end": 1171, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Most interventions are focused on lifesaving and fail to go as far as ensuring the sustainability of these lifesaving interventions , often implemented on some form of HLP , and none adequately housing , land , or property rights concerns in an integral manner . For instance , the international community rarely even uses the term ‘ housing ’ , let alone ‘ housing rights ’ , and instead uses the terms ‘ shelter ’ or ‘ property ’ to describe responses to the daily living conditions and housing issues confronting displacement affected communities – which does not help . Housing rights concerns are far broader than shelter and hence the need to consider a rightsbased approach to HLP . Indeed , housing , land and property issues are extremely complex and often difficult to resolve but can be managed if well resourced . Some of the key factors that have affected the prioritization of HLP in humanitarian operations include ; a lack of staff with expertise on these issues within the sector ; the reluctance of local political elements with vested interests in housing or land to support such initiatives ; the perception that the HLP rights challenges facing them are simply too large to address ; the complexities , scale and historical nature of the problems involved ; the financial costs associated with systematically addressing these problems ; the perception that addressing these rights could potentially reignite the recently ended conflict ; the lack of major donor support for encompassing approaches to housing , land and property rights and many others . For instance , in Somalia , the HLP dilemma is extensive because of the massive scale of displacement , and because of the amount of land and assets involved . Secondly , it is complex because of the legal uncertainty which resulted , not only from the unlawful occupation of many homes by people without legal title ; but also , from the fracturing of the country post 1991 and the plural legal system as well as the widespread destruction or dispersal of many pre-war land title records . Moreover , HLP is also sensitive for several reasons , and yet displaced people forced to leave homes , villages ,", "spans": [{"start": 2045, "end": 2063, "text": "land title records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "high EDD / NEDD ratio countries , fall under the control of NEDDs . Rent extraction involving the passage of legislation , the abuse of parliamentary allowances , illicit payments to elected officials by lobbyists etc . are clearly the preserve of elected officials . Conversely , the demand for petty bribes to undertake routine administrative tasks , administrative malpractice ( at the local level ) etc . , are the preserve of bureaucrats who are , at least in high-income democracies , far removed from the direct oversight of elected officials < sup > 37 < / sup > . Of course , on the margin , many activities can be undertaken by either bureaucrats or elected officials . Thus , laws may be passed by the legislature but formulated primarily by elected officials or bureaucrats ( as determined by the EDD / NEDD ratio ) . Therefore , rents perceived to be associated with ‘ political life ’ ( broadly defined to include macro-level governance , e . g . the making of legislation or ‘ grand political corruption ’ ) should be determined by the EDD / NEDD ratio , since a greater control of these activities by elected versus unelected officials affects the magnitude of career concerned rent minimization . Conversely , even if oversight of the bureaucracy is substantial , many everyday occurrences of ‘ petty ’ ( family or personal ) rent extraction are only very indirectly associated with elected officials . It is , therefore , irrational to expect voters to attach much significance to the competency of elected officials if lower level bureaucrats , not directly or easily accountable to elected officials , are held responsible for the actions of such actors . Using the data from the Global Corruption Barometer ( Transparency International , 2011 ) it is possible to examine whether voters ’ perceptions of rent extraction in different policy domains does in fact conform to these predictions . The specific questions of interest are : ( 1 ) ‘ Corruption is a significant problem in political life ’ ( yes / no / don ’ t know ) and ( 2 ) ‘ Corruption is a significant problem in personal / family life ’ ( yes / no / don ’ t know", "spans": [{"start": 1700, "end": 1727, "text": "Global Corruption Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Status of Refugees and acceded to the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees ( together , Refugee Convention ) , but maintained reservations and the geographic limitation for many years . < sup > 10 < / sup > Roughly a decade before the turn of the century , with changes spurred by a return to civilian government , including the adoption of the prevailing Federal Constitution in 1988 , > 7 Cavalcanti et al . , supra note 1 , p . 196 . > 8 Ibid . , p . 193 . See also for detailed demographic breakdowns , qualification levels , work contracts and dismissals , geographic locations of Haitians employed , economic activities and average salaries . > 9 Secretaria Nacional de Justiça , “ Refúgio em Números , 2010 – 2016 ” , available at : > < u > http : / / www . justica . gov . br / news / brasil-tem-aumento-de-12-no-numero-de-refugiados-em-2016 / 20062017_refugio-emnumeros-2010-2016 . pdf / view , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > > 10 1960 and 1972 , respectively ; Jubilut and Apolinário , “ Refugee Status Determination in Brazil : A Tripartite Enterprise ” , _Refuge_ , Vol . 25 , No . 2 , 2008 . 168", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 718, "text": "Refúgio em Números", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : Transport Systems Improvement Project ( TRANSIP ) ( P151819 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 9 . 80 | 4 . 42 | 4 . 80 | 7 . 19 | | Date | 27-May-2016 | 22-Oct-2022 | 29-Mar-2023 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01273609 | The current value sh < br > the key contributing f < br > police commission c < br > expected when pede < br > and parking strategy | owed a slight increase from th < br > actors include Traffic law enfo < br > ontributing to the target improv < br > strian crossings are construct < br > and driver licensing & vehicle | e previous . However , it is b < br > rcement through equipmen < br > ement . Further impacts an < br > ed , the city ' s Traffic Manag < br > registration systems are im | elow the target value and < br > t procured for Addis Ababa < br > d target improvement are < br > ement Center is completed , < br > plemented . | | ► Passenger trips carried by Anbessa per day ( Number , 000 ) ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 396 . 00 | 638 . 00 | 551 . 00 | 682 . 00 | | Date | 27-May-2016 | 22-Oct-2022 | 29 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10234 # * * Abstract * * Formal sector entry-level jobs in Mexico offer low starting salaries but substantial wage growth . This paper experimentally tests whether a six-months wage incentive can increase formal employment among secondary school graduates . Combining survey and high-frequency social security data , the paper shows that the incentive increases formal employment among vocational school graduates by 4 . 2 percentage points ( 14 . 5 percent ) over the first two years driven by a 5 percentage point ( 25 percent ) increase in permanent formal jobs . These employment gains are due to both extensive and intensive margin effects . Treatment effects are concentrated among youths with binding reservation wages who also tend to underestimate formal wage growth . This paper is a product of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at m . abel @ bowdoin . edu ; ecarranza @ worldbank . org ; kgeronimo @ lampforum . org ; and mortegahesles @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 344, "text": "survey and high-frequency social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "investment outcomes are created or might be reduced . _What is the effect of investment organizations ’ evaluation practices on gender disparities in funding innovation ? _ < mark > Examining this question requires access to investment organizations ’ evaluation templates , investors ’ evaluation practices , and investment outcomes by gender . This research is d < / mark > ifficult to conduct at < mark > scale because most investment organizations prefer not to share their evaluation processes and outcomes publicly ( e . g . , Da Rin et al . 2013 ) . To examine this question , we employ unique data from Village Capital ( < / mark > Vilcap < mark > ) , a global investment organization that < / mark > selects qualified early-stage startups for consideration by its own investors , and introducing startups to a broader and more diverse set of potential follow-on investors . Typically , investment organizations evaluate startups using organization-level criteria over three months ( Tyebjee and Bruno 1984 , Fried and Hisrich 1994 , Cohen et al . 2019b , Gompers et al . 2020 ) . Investors receive information – i . e . , a pitch deck or overview , meet founders , and then make a decision on whether to continue to diligence ( or inquire about ) the startup . This process repeats as investors progress through deeper stages of diligence before making a decision to invest in a startup . Working with Vilcap , we < mark > designed a two-part intervention to reduce gender disparities in their investment outcomes by changing their evaluation templates that structured inquiry , specifically how Vilcap prompted individual investors to inquire about risk in stage one , and startup progress in stage two . We examined the effects on investors ’ evaluation , analyzing over 3 < / mark > 1 , 000 scores investors allotted to startups during the period of study . In the first stage of the field experiment , we used a cross-sectional design to assess the first stage of investment outcomes – an investor ’ s decision to conduct further diligence on a startup , or to exclude it from further consideration . We randomized a diverse set of 278 investors into a treatment", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 626, "text": "data from Village Capital", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income countries and mostly uses information on inequality backed out from distributional national accounts rather than from observed consumption vectors , which is less relevant for our purposes . In the appendix , we expand the scenario analysis by looking at different combinations of inequality changes and energy and carbon intensity , and we further vary other key modelling parameters : the population growth forecasts until 2050 and passthrough rates from GDP growth to consumption growth . Population scenarios are based on the low , medium , and high variant of the UN ’ s Population Prospects ( United Nation 2022 ) . For the passthrough rates from GDP growth to consumption growth , we use the 10 < sup > th < / sup > and 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of the distribution from Extended Figure 4 , Panel A for all countries . In total , we analyze 243 scenarios , which are outlined in Extended Table 4 . # * * Extended Table 4 . Parameters in different model scenarios * * | * * Parameter * * | | * * Interpretation * * | * * Value * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | High | 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of changes in < br > inequality ( increase ) | + 13 % in Gini in 2050 | | Inequality | Baseline | No change < br > | 0 % | | | Low | 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of changes in < br > inequality ( decline ) | - 17 % in Gini in 2050 | | | High | Less growth passes through to < br > consumption | 0 . 44 % < br > increase < br > in < br > consumption < br > for < br > 1 % < br > growth in GDP | | Passthrough rate of GDP < br > growth to consumption | Baseline < br > Low | Country-specific < br > estimate < br > of < br > passthrough rate < br > More growth passes through to", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 107, "text": "distributional national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 125, "end": 153, "text": "observed consumption vectors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through a group of independent peers ( when the research-awarding process is not captured by rent seekers ) . One advantage of this approach is that it allows coordination of research efforts with little or no excess duplication . With respect to dissemination , publicly-produced knowledge should generally be made freely available , which is socially desirable to ensure efficient use once produced . A key shortcoming of government-funded R & D is that , as research moves from basic to more applied phases , incentives are not strong to reflect information from markets about what consumers want and are willing to pay for . As highlighted in Section 1 , frontier green ( and non-green ) innovations that are dependent on significant formal R & D support have to-date largely been concentrated in high-income countries and a few more technologically advanced developing countries , with most developing countries having little such innovations as indicated by patent data . So there is likely a more limited role for formal R & D support for frontier innovations in most developing countries , to the extent that such spending reflects underlying technological capabilities . < sup > 20 < / sup > Box 3 illustrates one such area , the development of smart grids , where major direct government funding for R & D , typically in public-private partnership mode , is taking place in many more technologically-advanced countries , and where the benefits are expected to eventually be reaped by all countries as these technologies diffuse and are absorbed by a broader range of firms . # * * < u > Box 3 . Smart grid R & D and expected green benefits < / u > * * ̳ Smart grid ‘ means computerizing the electric utility grid , similar to the way today ‘ s ̳ smart phones ‘ have a computer inside . It includes adding two-way digital communication technology to all devices associated with the grid to ensure two-way flow of electricity and information between all power plants and consumers and all points in between , with sensors to gather data on incoming power from wind , solar and other renewable that have constantly varying power outputs , broken equipment and leakages , more intelligent management of generation outages ,", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 975, "text": "patent data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ón de equipos informáticos , dispositivos móviles para el levantamiento de informaciónde la Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 33 , 984 . 16 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-09-14 2022-10-14 2022-10-21 2022-11-25 < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-38 / Adquisici < br > ón de equipos informáticos c < br > on sus respectivos mantenimiento preventivos , necesariospara el personal que implem IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 42 , 560 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-09-21 2022-10-28 2022-11-18 < br > enta el proyecto para la Encu < br > esta Nacional de Desnutrició < br > n Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-41 / Adquisici < br > ón de suministros de oficinay papelería para el desarrollode las actividades de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrició IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 63 , 097 . 72 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-24 2022-12-30 2023-01-29 < br > n Infantil , fase de encuest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 1", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 116, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de D", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1027, "end": 1059, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrició", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "( 2017 ) : “ The Next 15 Million : Start and Improve Your Business Global Tracer Study 2011-2015 , ” International Labour Organization : Geneva . - Westfall , P . H . and S . S . Young ( 1993 ) : “ Resampling-based multiple testing : Examples and methods for p-value adjustment , ” John Wiley & Sons , vol . 279 . - World Bank Group ( 2019 ) : “ Doing Business 2019 . Economy Profile of Jamaica , ” Tech . rep . , The World Bank Group . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and transport reforms have an impact on other markets ( such as the labor market and investment savings market ) that matter to the poor . These feedback effects are potentially significant for poverty alleviation , and an economywide analysis is needed . This usually calls for a multiagent , multicommodity model . Computable general equilibrium ( CGE ) models are increasingly becoming a useful analytical response to these needs . CGE models simulate economic and social impacts of reforms and are based on the socioeconomic structure of a social accounting matrix ( SAM ) , with its multisectoral disaggregation . The basic idea behind a SAM is to identify the linkages in an economic system . The basic elements when constructing a SAM are input-output tables combined with government accounts and household surveys . The household surveys are crucial for performing impact analysis on welfare and poverty . How deep the analysis can go depends on data availability . The CGE literature on the effects of public infrastructure service reform is rather modest : Chisari and his colleagues ( 1999 , 2003 ) and Navajas ( 2000 ) for Argentina , Andersen and Faris ( 2002 ) for natural gas in Bolivia , and Logren and others ( 1997 ) for rural Morocco . Their main contribution is to show the importance of infrastructure for achieving the MDGs and , maybe most important , to show that good regulation is redistributive and progressive . These new results from theory and econometric analysis have generated intense international debates . In fact , analysis of poverty targeting to ensure access to affordable minimum infrastructure services for poor people and of associated regulatory needs is probably one of the two fastest growing “ business lines ” for international donors , think tanks , and NGOs working on > 23 See Foster and others ( 2000a , 2000b , 2003 , 2004 ) or Gomez-Lobo and Contreras ( 2003 ) for examples . 24 In addition , in developing countries the rules of thumb are that households should not spend more than 5 percent of their income on water and sanitation and more than 5 – 10 percent on energy ( depending on the region ) . 25 Estache , Foster , and Wodon ( 2002 )", "spans": [{"start": 804, "end": 821, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are cases of intimate partner violence . Women and girls are requesting legal protection , prosecution of the perpetrator / intimate partner , safe shelter and childcare and the procedures weren ’ t put in action due to the continued gaps in the legal services . # # * * _Access to services_ * * According to the data reported through the GBVIMS in the second quarter of 2022 , Security protection services and legal assistance services constitute the highest percentage of most declined referrals by GBV survivors , accounting to 42 percent and 41 percent respectively . The current compounded crisis that Lebanon is experiencing worsened the legal services more , with more judges being off duty because of the salaries and the limited functionality of courts due to several reasons including the fuel shortage . After several efforts to endorse the law 204 < sup > 6 < / sup > which is the law amending Law 293 on the protection of women and other family members from domestic violence in Lebanon , the law was endorsed in December 2020 with several enhancements : Expansion of the family circle , the method of implementing the protection order or restraining request , increasing the severity of the penalty for violating the protection order , the possibility of submission of a protection request by a minor / child , the criminalization of moral / psychological and economic violence and allocation of a penalty to the perpetrator and other areas . > 5 2022 . KAFA Internal reports on urgent cases of GBV in need for legal assistance . Accessed at : https : / / kafa . org . lb / en . > 6 2022 . KAFA analysis of women and girls ’ survivors of GBV access to justice services .", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 345, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "applies as for urban areas , and better cost data would have to confirm this finding before it could be used to support concrete interventions . Lastly , the rural results suggest that measures need be targeted to children above age 11 , at which point the probability to drop out of school begins to rise . To this needs to be added of course the targeting towards girls and towards all children in the Savannah region . 59", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 49, "text": "cost data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rounds of the COV-ES implemented in El Salvador and Georgia , along with the baseline ES . Consequently , the sample within each country is different from the samples we used in Section 5 . We use the fixed effect panel regression method to help identify the causal link between the government support policies and the outcome variables of interest . Recall that , in Round-2 data , the firms that received any government support since the onset of the pandemic , whether before Round-1 or after , are counted as having received government support . This effectively divides the firms that enter in our analysis into three sub-groups : ( i ) those that did not receive any support in either round of the survey , ( ii ) those that received support 22", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 380, "text": "Round-2 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project Reports and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2023_ * * The tender processing committees also commits themselves to the highest standards of ethical behaviour * * by * * signing declarations to ensure highest standards of ethical behaviour . * * c ) Regulatory impact assessment * * In carrying out the procurement process , the Authority is guided * * by * * the World Bank Procurement Regulations , 4th Edition of November , 2020 . The Regulations help Borrowers carry out their procurement with the aim of achieving value for money with integrity in delivering sustainable development , taking social factors and sustainable procurement in to account . # # # # * * 5 . Community Engagements * * KSEIP implementation incorporates Kenya-specific gender considerations . First , the project builds on the * * NSNP * * cash transfer programs which have demonstrated positive impact on gender outcomes . Program targeting of both the * * CT-OVC * * and * * HSNP * * recognizes the vulnerability of female-headed households : most recipients are women , although they are not explicitly targeted as the main beneficiaries . This has been reported to enable women to increase control of household budgets and participation in income-generating activities . Analysis of the * * HSNP * * has indicated spill over effects on more balanced household decision-making . Evaluations have found that the cash transfer programs reduced the likelihood of young women becoming pregnant and improved mental health outcomes , such as lower rates of depression , greater belief in self-agency and self-efficacy , and more positive views of the future . Second , the KSEIP supports positive gender outcomes through interventions specifically targeted to women . NICHE supports PLW and mothers to make better dietary decisions for their children and enhance existing impacts on household decision making through the provision of a top-up transfer . The KSEIP M & E framework includes gender-disaggregated indicators on proposed project beneficiaries . Project surveys", "spans": [{"start": 2107, "end": 2122, "text": "Project surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With regard to the calculation of household income , it is further worth mentioning that the value of farm output that is not sold and thus largely consumed ( or stored ) by the household is calculated at market prices and included as part of household income . Second , household incomes are deflated into 1986 prices , the first year of the RCRE survey , using the National Bureau of Statistics rural consumer price index for each province . * * _Rural Cadre Status_ * * _ . _ The measure of the political status used in our analyses is cadre status , which is constructed from a question of whether a member of the household was a township or village cadre ( _xiangcun ganbu_ ) . Despite the simplicity of the survey question , the question provides a signal as to which households in each village are politically powerful . * * _Covariates_ * * . All models estimated include the households ‘ weighted average years of education , share of laborers with special skills , productive assets per capita , arable land per capita , share of laborers and share of male laborers . Weighted average years of education and share of laborers with special skills help crudely to control for human capital . Share of laborers and share of male laborers are included in the regressions to control for household demographic characteristics that could affect household income . Finally , households ‘ Communist Party membership is also included in our regressions to control for another measure of political status in rural China that could affect household income . 15", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 354, "text": "RCRE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 397, "end": 423, "text": "rural consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * - The Contractor will be having workmen ’ s compensation cover . It should comply with Workmen ’ s Compensation Act , as well as other Ordinances , Regulations and Union Agreements . - Workers will always be sensitized on social issues such as drugs , alcohol , diseases etc . - Ensure trained personnel are employed to install solar panels and provide grid electricity connection to the respective sites . | |  | Provide appropriate safety wear during electrical installations to reduce the risks | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | of electrocution of the workers . | | * * Cumulativ * * < br > * * e Impact * * | Yes | | | * * Reversibil * * < br > * * ity * * | No | | # # # * * 8 . 3 . 3 . 3 Violence against Children ( VAC ) * * Violence against Children ( VAC ) is also very common case in Uganda . In the 2018 , Violence against Children Survey conducted by MGLSD reported that the most common cases of VAC included sexual abuse and exploitation child sacrifice , child labor , child marriage , child trafficking among others ( no district data is available so national data was used ) . It is , therefore , very possible that a construction project may attract underaged workers seeking employment and opportunities to earn a living . With the implementation of the suggested mitigation measures , the significance of the impact can be reduced from * * MODERATE NEGATIVE to LOW NEGATIVE . * * | * * IMPA * * | * * CT * * | * * MITIGA * * | * * TION * * < br > * * IMPACT * * < br > * * SIGNIFICANCE * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | * *", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 903, "text": "Violence against Children Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1090, "end": 1103, "text": "district data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1120, "end": 1133, "text": "national data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 | | 3 . 5 . 2 L | arge mammals survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 | | < br > 3 . 5 . 3 S | < br > mall Mammals Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- GO-RFQ / Purchaseof 10 No autoclaves IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 3 , 605 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-03-12 2021-05-07 2021-06-06 < br > NON CONSULTING SERVICES < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach ProcurementProcess Prequalification ( Y / N ) Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) ProcessStatus Draft Pre-qualificationDocuments Evaluation ReportPrequalification Draft BiddingDocument / Justification Specific ProcurementNotice / Invitation Bidding Documents asIssued Proposal Submission / Opening / Minutes and RecommendationBid Evaluation Reportfor Award Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > KE-KIRINYAGA COUNTY - < br > 84270-NC-RFQ / Printing of3000 mother child booklets , 2000 martenity files and IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 20 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2018-11-17 2018-12-08 2019-01-07 < br > 2000 family planning files . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 4", "spans": [{"start": 1008, "end": 1023, "text": "martenity files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1214, "end": 1235, "text": "family planning files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "37 # Table 2 : Top 10 publications according to teachers and citations | Rank | Teachers ‘ ranking in 2004 | Ranking based on citations in 2011 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Arrow ( 1963 ) | Acemoglu et al . ( 2001 ) | | 2 | Manning et al . ( 1987 ) | Arrow ( 1963 ) | | 3 | Torrance ( 1986 ) | Grossman ( 1972 ) | | 4 | Grossman ( 1972 ) | Becker et al . ( 1994 ) | | 5 | Newhouse ( 1996 ) | Rodrik et al . ( 2004 ) | | 6 | Pauly ( 1968 ) ( tied 5 < sup > th < / sup > ) | Therneau & Grambsch ( 2000 ) | | 7 | Buxton et al . ( 1997 ) ( tied 7 < sup > th < / sup > ) | DiMasi et al . ( 2003 ) | | 8 | Cutler & Reber ( 1998 ) ( tied 7 < sup > th < / sup > ) | Angrist et al . ( 1996 ) | | 9 | McGuire & Pauly ( 1991 ) ( tied 7 < sup > th < / sup > ) | Dasgupta ( 1993 ) | | 10 | Harris ( 1977 ) | Torrance ( 1986 ) | | 10 | Labelle et al . ( 1994 ) ( tied 10 < sup > th < / sup > ) | | Note : The teachers ‘ ranking was based on an interview of members of the International Health Economics Association as reported in Culyer ( 2006 ) . The starting point for the rankings based on citations in 2011 was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 .", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1154, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1180, "end": 1208, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "infrastructure broadly defined , to research that examines specific types of energy , digital and transportation literature , again primarily during the last decade ( Figure 1 ) . From 2010 the literature became more oriented towards micro-economic approaches , exploiting increasingly granular data that is often spatially explicit . In particular , the availability of satellite images , maps , and georeferenced surveys allows for a much higher degree of resolution in examining infrastructure and development linkages . This has allowed the literature to examine a broader range of development impact variables , with household welfare captured through expenditure , employment status , wages , human capital formation , or poverty and inequality , and firm performance captured through output , exports , or productivity . Moreover , spatially disaggregated data allows local output to be captured at the municipality , district , or city level . Nevertheless , just under half of the studies identified are still concerned with investigating the impact of broad infrastructure aggregates on macroeconomic measures of output . 5", "spans": [{"start": 401, "end": 422, "text": "georeferenced surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 839, "end": 867, "text": "spatially disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", electricity , transport , communications , postal services and the commercialization of basic or mass consumption products . The rest were financial and social institutions with programs in health , housing , education , culture , food and other products and services . SOEs still maintain control over important industries such as petroleum ( Pemex ) and electricity ( CFE and LFC ) that remain reserved areas for the State . _Source_ : _Regulating Market Activities by Public Sector , 01-February-2005 , Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development_ # * * B . Sectoral highlights * * 35 . Government ownership in existing infrastructure and financial sector entities continues to exist despite increasing emphasis on private sector participation over the past decade . # _Infrastructure_ 36 . Power utilities in nearly 85 developing countries - - or 55 percent of all developing countries in the PPI database - - are still owned and operated by the state . In a survey of 52 developing countries with generating capacity of between 29 megawatts ( the Gambia ) and 318 gigawatts ( China ) , almost 70 percent had not started or completed the process of brining private sector participation into the sector , and a further 18 percent had just begun the process ; by contrast , independent power providers had been established in 67 percent of the countries with", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 922, "text": "PPI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 976, "end": 1009, "text": "survey of 52 developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * # # # # Other Important Disclosures ( Continued ) # # # # * * 6 . * * Related Party Disclosures Related party disclosure is encouraged under non-mandatory section of the Cash Basis * * IPSAS . * * The comprise of related parties to the Project - i ) Key management personnel including the program director / manager ii ) The implementing entity / ministry / department iii ) Other Ministries and Departments . - iv ) The National Treasury # # # # # Related party transactions : | CompensationtoKeyManagement | | | - - - | - - - | | Compensationtotheprogrammanager / < sup > director < / sup > | * * - - * * | | KeyManagementCompensationothers ( specify ) | | | Total CompensationtoKeyManagement | | | Transferstorelatedparties | | | Transferstoother governmententities | | | TotalTransferstorelatedparties | | | Transfersfromrelatedparties | | | TransfersfromtheMinistry / department | * * - * * | | Paymentsmadeonbehalfoftheproject * * by * * othergovt . entities | * * - * * | | ( Insertanyothertransfersreceived ) | * * - * * | | Total Transfersfromrelatedparties | * * - * * | * * _7 . _ * * # # # # Contingent Liabilities | Courtcasexxxagainsttheproject | | - - - | | Bankguaranteesinfavourofother govt . < br > entities | | Contingentliabilities arisingfrom PPPs / | | donoragreements | | Total | * * _ ( Give details - Update ANNEX 8 Contingent liabilities register ) _ * * * * 39 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1486, "end": 1517, "text": "Contingent liabilities register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the items produced may be consumed . Many FDPs store wealth in jewelry or gold to carry these values with them , and it is unknown how much of this wealth is used for regular or occasional expenditures . These facts make the estimation of income for FDPs rather hard so that most often consumption-based measures are used . However , measuring consumption among FDPs has its own challenges , including misreporting and questionnaire fatigue . It relies on a list of all potential products consumed by a household . For each consumed item , the household needs to provide specific information on the consumed quantity . Usually , additional questions are asked about the amount that was purchased , including the outlet and price , to be able to estimate the monetary value of consumption . However , FDPs have a strong incentive for misreporting if they are aid-dependent and believe that their responses affect future aid . Kaplan , Walsh and Pape ( 2018 ) find in numerous rounds of data collection in Somalia and South Sudan that IDPs report significantly lower levels of consumption than non-IDP households . For example , 45 percent of Somalia IDP households report food consumption below subsistence levels and approximately 80 percent below recommended levels . While the data may be accurate , there are two reasons to suspect that it is not . Such high levels of below-subsistence consumption would be associated with high rates of mortality due to starvation , which is not borne out in mortality data . Kaplan , Walsh and Pape ( 2018 ) use a randomized experiment to test the effectiveness of a bundled nudge including a truth primer and more investigative reporting controls . They find that the bundled nudge induces higher reporting in lower quintiles of reported consumption . This treatment pattern is driven by aid reliant IDPs and vanishes when considering the comparison group of non-IDPs . This suggests that IDPs – and possibly more generally aid-dependent populations – are indeed misreporting . However , the study does not yield a ‘ true ’ estimate of consumption , which is needed to assess the overall level of misreporting and the different approaches that could be used to mitigate misreporting . Questionnaire fatigue is another important issue", "spans": [{"start": 1500, "end": 1514, "text": "mortality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tween segregation and test score gaps than with test score mean . A one standard deviation change in the level of segregation raises the locality mean test scores by . 78 points while it will increase the gap between the wealthiest and the poorest groups by 2 . 6 points , i . e . the change in the gap is three times as large as the change in average test scores . Similar effects are found using provincial data . The model of peer effects estimated in this paper is able to account for the observed pattern . Figure 2 : Segregation and school achievement < ! - - Start of picture text - - > by province < br > CFE < br > BUE TFG BUE CHU SFEGBA MENTUC < br > LPA CRBSGO RNG < br > LRI SJN ERI < br > SCR TFGLPA SJN CRBERICHUSLS SFEGBACFE MEN RNG SAL SCR CAT CHASLSJUJMISCOR SAL < br > MIS TUC < br > FOR JUJ < br > LRI CAT CHASGOCOR FOR < br > . 15 . 2 . 25 . 3 . 35 . 15 . 2 . 25 . 3 . 35 < br > Segregation index Segregation index < br > slope = 24 . 4 ( p-value = . 16 ) slope = 30 . 15 ( p-value = . 19 ) < br > by localities < br > 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 < br > Segregation index Segregation index < br > slope = 6 . 91 ( p-value = . 013 ) slope = 22 . 8 ( p-value = . 001 ) < br > 75 < br > 15 < br > 70 < br > 65 10 < br > Mean test score 60 < br > Gap in test scores < br > 55 5 < br > 100 40 < br > 80 20 < br > 60 0 < br > Mean test score 40 - 20 < br > Gap in test scores < br > 20 - 40 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : OLS regressions , with no controls . Standard", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 413, "text": "provincial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10314 # * * Abstract * * This study examines the relationship between food insecurity and trust using the 2014 – 17 waves of the Gallup World Poll and the Food and Agriculture Organization ’ s Food Insecurity Experience Scale . Trust improves public institutions , social capital , public health interventions , and economic development . Vertical trust is represented as an index of trust in national institutions , while horizontal trust is represented as a measure of trust in friends and family . The findings show that food insecurity is associated with a decrease in both measures of trust . The study further document heterogeneous effects of food insecurity across economic development rankings . The results suggest a need for governments to increase food security to bolster public trust , strengthen the social contract , and enhance the effectiveness of development efforts . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at wkassa1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 176, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expropriations . Of these , 65 episodes are identified using the Berne Union data on claims paid . # * * 4 . A First Look at the Data * * * * Figure 1 * * provides a first look at the distribution of default and expropriation events across countries . It reports the average number of defaults and expropriations per year , over the 7", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 81, "text": "Berne Union data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "our sample in the 1990s . The reemergence of an active sovereign bond market subsequently encouraged more and more emerging markets to start issuing foreign-currency bonds in London and New York . By the early 2000s , bonds had regained their once dominant position in international sovereign lending . As a result , our sample grows rapidly and reaches a second peak in 2016 , with more than 300 foreigncurrency sovereign bonds of 61 countries being actively traded . Further details on the sample and coverage are shown in Appendix B1 . Figure 4 : Sovereign bonds in default , 1815-2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 1815 1835 1855 1875 1895 1915 1935 1955 1975 1995 2015 < br > Bonds in default ( full or partial ) , share weighted by principal amounts < br > Not in default , share weighted by principal amounts < br > Share in default , in % < br > ( weighted by principal amounts ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 4 uses the full sample of bonds in the sample and combines it with the granular default data from Section 3 . To compute shares in default , we use the bond ’ s principal for weighting purposes ( issuance amount in USD ) . In line with Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) , we find several main sovereign default waves in the historical data , with more than 40 % of external bonds in default in the 1830s , the 1870s , and following the Great Depression . The default wave of the 1980s is not captured in the graph since it involved syndicated bank loans but not bonds . In the modern sample ( post-1994 ) , bond default ratios are low in historical comparison , with small peaks during the defaults of Russia in 1998 and Argentina in 2001 . From 2006 to 2016 , default rates remained close to zero , comparable to the pre-WW1 spell 190013 . # 4 . 2 . Measuring bond returns The ex-post nominal return", "spans": [{"start": 1073, "end": 1094, "text": "granular default data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) # ► Number of beneficiary households with complete information in the registry ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 2 , 200 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 10-Jun-2020 < br > 14-Oct-2022 | 08-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator will measure ( 1 ) the implementation o < br > the registration of new households in the new PSN < br > updating of the registry thereafter . The year 21 / 22 t < br > are covered by initial data collection . < br > Registry data has not been collected yet . | f the initial roll out of the r < br > P geographic expansion w < br > arget is that all beneficiary | egistry data collection ; ( 2 ) < br > oredas ; and ( 3 ) the ongoing < br > households ( * 2 . 2 million ) | < u > < mark > IN01255555 < / mark > < / u > # ► Strategy to fully update registry designed , developed and implemented ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | No | Yes [ Data collection < br > completed ] | | Date | 10-Jun-2020 | 14-Oct-2022 | 08-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : *", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 727, "text": "Registry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > According to this definition , and after hand collecting information on all 256 senators elected in 2000 and 2006 , we divide senators into three types , increasing in political importance . The type I includes all senators that did not chair any commission ; the second type includes all senators who have only chaired non-influential commissions ; while the third type includes all the remaining senators that have presided an influential committee . As shown in Table A3 , 44 percent of senators are type I , 42 percent of senators are type II , and the remaining 14 percent are type III . In this > 14 Recent studies show evidence that leakage of important macro-news and policies affects the distribution of private information in the financial market . ( e . g . Bernile , Hu and Tang , 2015 ; Agarwal , et al . , 2015b ) . 15 Senators can only preside one commission per legislature . > 16 This negotiation takes place through the _Junta de Coordinacion Politica_ , a group within the Senate formed by the senators leading each parliamentary group , as well as three additional senators : two from the largest parliamentary group and one from the smallest one . By law , the votes of the members of the _Junta_ are weighted by the number of senators that each parliamentary group has ( Articulo 81 , Ley Organica del Congreso General De los Estados Unidos Mexicanos ) . 17 With 60 permanent committees , the Mexican senate is the upper chamber with more committees worldwide ( Power , 2012 ; Morales , 2015 ) . 18 For each committee , Table A1 displays a brief description of its main areas of work as well as the state of its chairman per legislature . These committees can be further divided into ones that are related to specific economic sectors ( e . g . Energy ) and those that purview a more global agenda ( e . g . Treasury ) . In the last column of Table A1 we display the economic sectors that are directly related with the purview of a committee using the NAICS 2007 classification . > 19 Detailed data on all the bills received in the Senate", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KShs | | * * 2019 * * HousingandPopulation | | | | Census | * * 9 , 228 , 837 , 684 * * | * * 1 , 805 , 207 , 409 * * | | PrefeasibilityExpenses | * * 478 , 974 , 503 * * | 432 , 151 , 311 | | KCHBSurvey | * * 177 , 528 , 413 * * | 84 , 915 , 554 | | * * COVID - 19 * * Survey | * * 27 , 422 , 056 * * | | | KIBHSSurvey | * * - * * | * * 5 , 859 , 321 * * | | NationalStrategyforDvptof | | | | Statistics | 12 , 254 , 457 | 9 , 411 , 928 | | SystemSupportandData | | | | Dissemination | * * 103 , 788 , 285 * * | * * 106 , 035 , 453 * * | | StatisticsSwedeninterns | * * 2 , 301 , 948 * * | 2 , 159 , 400 | | * * NIPFN - EU * * Project | * * 52 , 266 , 925 * * | | | * * UNFPA * * Expenses | 4 , 320 | 4 , 260 | | UNICEFExpenses | 4 , 320 < br > * * 10 , 083 , 382 , 911 * * | * * 8 , 940 , 966 * * < br > * * 2 , 454 , 685 , 602 * * | 47", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 203, "text": "KCHBSurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 308, "end": 319, "text": "KIBHSSurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Asia : What Have We Learned ? | Rashid Faruqee < br > Kevin Carey | April 1997 | C . Anbiah < br > 81275 | | WPS1755 Survey Responses from Women < br > Workers in Indonesia ' s Textile , < br > Garment , and Footwear Industries | Mari Pangestu < br > Medelina K . Hendytio | April 1997 | J . Israel < br > 85117 | | WPS1756 World Crude Oil Resources : < br > Evidence from Estimating Supply < br > Functions for 41 Countries | G . C . Watkins < br > Shane Streifel | April 1997 | J . Jacobson < br > 33710 | | WPS1757 Using Economic Policy to Improve < br > Environmental protection in Pakistan | Rashid Faruqee < br > | April 1997 | C . Anbiah < br > 81275 | | WPS1758 The Restructuring of Large Firms < br > in Slovakia | Simeon Djankov < br > Gernard Pohl | April 1997 | F . Hatab < br > 35835 | | WPS1759 institutional Obstacles to Doing < br > Business : Region-by-Region Results < br > from a Worldwide Survey of the < br > Private Sector | Aymo Brunetti < br > Gregory Kisunko < br > Beatrice Weder | April 1997 | M . Geller < br > 31393 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reported are the location of IDP and / or refugee sites and road incidents caused by vehicles involved in responding to emergencies . < / mark > < sup > 28 < / sup > Illnesses and injuries may go untreate < mark > d when the coping capacities of families are affected and < / mark > health services are damaged , leading to the multiplication of victims and children at risk of secondary injuries , infection and lasting or permanent impairments or disabilities . < sup > 29 < / sup > < mark > Those who are naturally more vulnerable in emergencies such as separated children , refugees or children with existing disabilities can be at even greater risk of injury and harm from the world around them . < / mark > < sup > 30 < / sup > In many countries frequently affected by conflict or natural disasters , injury rates are already high . In the Democratic Republic of Congo , unintentional injuries are the second biggest killer of children between the ages of 5 and 14 , second only to diarrhoeal disease . Similarly , in Pakistan and the Philippines unintentional injuries are estimated to be the biggest killer of children between the ages of 5 and 14 years . < sup > 31 < / sup > In countries where children are already exposed to danger and harm causing significant levels of debilitating and fatal injuries , > 21 WHO ( 2016 ) , Injury-related disability and rehabilitation . Can be found at : > http : / / www . who . int / violence_injury_prevention / disability / en / . Accessed on 15th January 2016 > 22 IBID > 23 Adapted from WHO estimates death rates by cause , age and gender 2012 Taken from WHO , 2012 , Global Health Estimates ( GHE ) raw data : Deaths by age , sex and cause . Available from ‘ Global Summary Estimates ’ > http : / / www . who . int / healthinfo / global_burden_disease / estimates / en / index1 . html", "spans": [{"start": 1620, "end": 1643, "text": "Global Health Estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1712, "end": 1736, "text": "Global Summary Estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY # # # * * CHAPTER 7 : SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OFAFFECTED PERSONS IN THE SETTLEMENT * * # # # # # * * 7 . 1 Socio Economic Survey Context * * This section looks at the social characteristic of the 53 enumerated PAPs . It focuses on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of PAPs which will also serve as basis for monitoring and evaluation of the ARAP implementation . The data used to prepare this chapter status is primary data obtained from the socio-economic survey conducted under the consultancy . The consultant conducted a household survey which included 100 % census of the PAPs . The purpose of the census was to : This section looks at the social characteristic of the 53 enumerated PAPs . It focuses on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of PAPs which will also serve as basis for monitoring and evaluation of the ARAP implementation . The data used to prepare this chapter status is primary data obtained from the socio-economic survey conducted under the consultancy . The consultant conducted a household survey which included 100 % census of the PAPs . The purpose of the census was to : i . Enumerate and collect basic information on the affected persons ii . Identify affected assets and livelihoods for each PAP iii . Register the affected population iv . Establish a list of legitimate beneficiaries before the project ’ s onset that counters spurious claims from those moving into the project area solely in anticipation of benefits v . Establish socioeconomic baseline information for the purpose of establishing fair compensation rates vi . Provide a baseline for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement interventions A questionnaire ( annex 1 ) was used to collect PAP census information including household members by age , sex , relationship to head of household , education and occupation and housing conditions . The census also documented housing conditions ,", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 249, "text": "Socio Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 580, "end": 633, "text": "socio-economic survey conducted under the consultancy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 701, "end": 719, "text": "census of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1075, "end": 1128, "text": "socio-economic survey conducted under the consultancy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1196, "end": 1214, "text": "census of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1843, "end": 1865, "text": "PAP census information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where ‘ rest ’ is the _weighted_ restrictiveness index faced by manufacturing sector ‘ s ’ at time t , ‘ w ’ is the share of the input bill of manufacturing sector ‘ s ’ accounted for the service sector ‘ j ’ at time ‘ t ’ , and ‘ OECDr ’ is the OECD restrictiveness index of the service sector j at time t . The weights obtained from Indonesian input-output tables are available for 1995 , 2000 , and 2005 , disaggregated at the 2 digit level of the 3 < sup > rd < / sup > revision of the International Standard Industrial Classification ( a total of 18 sectors ) , while the service sector OECD restrictiveness indices used are available for 1997 , 2003 , 2006 , and 2010 , and for Electricity , Construction , Distribution , Transport , and Communications . < sup > 11 < / sup > To establish whether there exists a causal relationship between manufacturing firm performance in Indonesia , and how restrictive policies are toward FDI in the services sectors , in the second stage , we regress the productivity of manufacturing firms on the restrictiveness measure ‘ rest ’ as calculated above . < sup > 12 < / sup > Formally , we estimate equation ( 2 ) : > where ln _TFP_ is the average log TFP of firm ‘ i ’ over the years t + 1 , t + 2 and t + 3 , α _i_ are firm fixed effects , that capture unobserved heterogeneity , such as firm location , size , specificities related to products produced by the firm , and other time-invariant factors that may affect firms ’ > performance , α _t_ are year fixed effects , that capture economy-wide shocks such as technological advances , across-the-board business climate changes and other macro shocks that may affect firms ’ performance . < sup > 13 < / sup > > 11 Data availability constrains us to assume that the input cost shares of manufacturing sectors remain relatively stable around each data point we have available . Then , we match these shares in 1995 with the restrictiveness indicator in 1997 , the shares in 2000 with the restrictiveness indicators in", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 365, "text": "Indonesian input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 . Laws and regulations that control business activities are a great hindrance to entrepreneurs in the high-potential sectors of Ugandan economy , such as tourism , but this sector also faces other important constraints due to its specific nature . Uganda ’ s tourism is constrained by persistent gaps in policy and institutional framework , as well as by minimal marketing and promotion activities . The lack of training and , consequently , poor capabilities of tourism workers , have been repeatedly cited as a binding constraint for the industry , limiting the employment generation opportunities . The World Economic Forum ’ s ( WEF ) Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index ( TTCI ) rated Uganda 114 and 115 respectively ( out of 139 countries ) in education and training together with availability of qualified labor for this subsector . # # # * * Relationship to CAS * * 15 . The proposed project is included in the current CAS of 2010-2015 . CAS Outcome 1 . 1 on the improved conditions for private sector growth includes projected International Development Association ( IDA ) support to be provided for scaling up the land reform component and financing activities to increase tourism , youth employment and exports of non-traditional commodities . The project is also linked to CAS Outcome 1 . 3 , which deals with increased productivity and commercialization of agriculture , as support will be provided in an effort to increase exports of nontraditional commodities . Finally , the project is aligned well with two of the pillars of the approved World Bank Africa Strategy : ( i ) competitiveness and ( ii ) job creation . 21 . The proposed project complements several partnerships with various donors and World Bank financed projects . The World Bank currently chairs the Private Sector Donor Group which meets once a month to discuss and coordinate all private sector development activities in the country . The building of partnerships and leveraging resources is crucial for the successful design and implementation of this operation . A large number of donor programs , which are complementary to this project , are currently being implemented in the private sector of Uganda ( Annex 7 ) . For", "spans": [{"start": 642, "end": 682, "text": "Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "` ` ` and pesticide levels in receiving rivers ; ( d ) assembling of a database of agro-chemical use in the Lake Victoria Basin ; ( e ) establishing arrangements for dissemination of information ; and ( f ) providing training courses for extension services personnel on better use of agro-chemicals . ` ` ` ` ` ` 4 . Soil Conservation : Implementation in the catchments areas of the Simiyu , Nyando and Kagera rivers of soil conservation measures , including : ( a ) the quantification of soil erosion and nutrient loss , ( b ) designing of remedial measures and sustainable agricultural practices ; ( c ) develop - ment of systems to promote soil and water conservation ; and ( d ) establish - ment of demonstration units . ` ` ` ` ` ` 5 . Wetlands : Carrying out a wetlands pilot program in selected communities , to : ( a ) estimate economic benefits from wetlands products ; ( b ) develop management strategies for their sustainable use and for the rehabilitation of specific degraded wetlands ; ( c ) develop strategies for community participation in sustainable use and initiation of pilot activities to demonstrate this use ; and ( d ) strengthen capacity of local NGOs and community-based organizations to undertake activities . ` ` ` ` ` ` 6 . Afforestation : Protection of selected parts of the lake catchment area including planting trees . ` ` ` ` ` ` 7 . Acquisition of vehicles , boats , office , laboratory and field equip - ment , books and journals , laboratory chemicals and reagents , construction of rainguage stations , provision of training , workshops , and demonstra - tions , and technical advisory services , carrying out of ground and aerial survey work , and creation of forestry seedling nurseries and reserves to support the above activities . ` ` ` # ` Part F : Institutional Framework ` ` ` ` 1 . Strengthening the National Coordinating Secretariats in Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda . ` ` ` ` ` ` 2 . Strengthening facilities for environmental analyses and", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 100, "text": "database of agro-chemical use", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When the husband belongs to the surveyed household , I can identify mixed refugee-native couple as instances in which the wife is refugee and the husband is born in Greece . Theoretically , although native-born , the husband could still be the child of refugee parents , which would hardly correspond to a mixed couple . This is almost never the case in practice as husbands are typically older than their wife , and hence are born before refugees arrived in Greece for the first time . * * Second generation * * I use the European Social Survey ( ESS ) that provides information on parents ’ birthplace for a sample of individuals living in Greece in the 2000s . I identify second-generation refugees as individuals born in Greece with at least one parent born in Turkey . I focus on the cohorts born between 1923 and 1950 as they are the most likely to be the children of first-generation refugees . Table A . 2 in the appendix shows that the proportion of ESS respondents with parents born in Turkey is the highest for people born in the 1920s , the 1930s , and the 1940s . It dramatically drops for people born after 1950 . In contrast , the share of individuals with parents born outside of Turkey remains stable across birth cohorts , with a peak in the 1990s . This provides empirical support that I am able to identify second-generation refugees . The ESS does not only provide data on the socio-economic outcomes of second-generation refugees ( such as education or occupation ) > 19Minnesota Population Center . Integrated Public Use Microdata Series , International : Version 7 . 3 [ dataset ] . Minneapolis , MN : IPUMS , 2020 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 18128 / D020 . V7 . 3 12", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 545, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1522, "end": 1560, "text": "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "environmental and social concern are :  The NRMD , in which the Public Works Coordination Unit ( PWCU ) will be responsible for overseeing and supporting the Public Works sub-component , including the implementation of E & S Standards ; - The LCU in the FSCD , which will be responsible for overseeing and supporting the implementation of E & S Standards for the Livelihoods sub-component ; - MoLSA will be responsible for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of Social Standards at the community level ( child labor , OHS , and GBV / SEA ) The PSNP has in place several supervision mechanisms including third party spot-checks . While given the size of the program it is not realists to plan for full coverage of all subprojects , under SEASN the sample size of the third party spot-checks will be increased and will also cover the physical outputs of the program using technology ( GEMS ) . Entities responsible for the Public Works Sub-Component The PWCU of the NRMD has been responsible for environmental and social safeguards management for the Public Works sub-component since 2005 under the previous World Bank safeguards architecture , and will continue to take responsibility for meeting the Bank ’ s E & S Standards under Phase V . The PWCU currently includes two staff qualified in environmental risk management , which is being increased to three for PSNP5 . Under PSNP Phase IV safeguards compliance is currently rated Moderately Satisfactory , shortcomings being principally in : - ( a ) Varying quality of safeguards compliance monitoring , and - ( b ) frequently inadequate implementation of safeguards in Afar and Somali regions . It is expected that by the beginning of PSNP Phase V the monitoring of E & S Standards compliance by the Public Works sub-component will be greatly facilitated by the roll-out of the forthcoming Mapped Public Works Database System , and will thus improve . The mapped database system was developed during the course of PSNP4 and is about to", "spans": [{"start": 1854, "end": 1889, "text": "Mapped Public Works Database System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 | | Average duration outages ( hours ) | 3 . 3 | 5 . 3 | 4 . 6 | 12 . 6 | * * 3 . 9 * * | 2 . 9 | 0 . 5 | 8 . 2 | 6 . 2 | 6 . 6 | | Losses due to outages ( % of sales ) | 5 . 8 | 8 . 9 | 5 | 6 | * * 1 . 8 * * | 1 . 6 | 2 . 5 | 8 . 9 | 5 | 6 . 4 | | % of firms owning / sharing generator | 11 . 6 | 39 . 8 | 6 . 5 | 26 . 6 | * * 23 . 8 * * | 28 . 6 | 24 . 8 | 85 . 7 | 55 . 4 | 43 . 1 | | Electricity from generator ( % ) | 10 . 9 | 4 . 6 | 15 . 1 | 29 . 5 | * * 16 * * | 9 . 2 | 10 . 5 | 60 . 9 | 24 . 7 | 30 . 6 | Source : Enterprise Survey database available online at http : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org , year of the survey in brackets . Mali successfully introduced a rural electrification program in 2003 with the creation of AMADER < sup > 2 < / sup > . At the time , rural electrification was only about 3 percent of the population , and average household monthly spending on energy was as high as $ 4 to $ 10 . As of 2008 , the program had granted access to 36 , 277 households ( box 2 ) . However , AMADER has been hindered by insufficient and uncertain funding for providing capital cost grants , which are essential for the success of the program given the high cost of connections ( $ 776 ) . > 2 Agence Malienne pour le Développement de l ’ Énergie Domestique et l ’ Électrification Rurale , or Malian Agency for the Development of Domestic Energy and Rural Electrification 26", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 552, "text": "Enterprise Survey database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "28 We would like to follow up with some more questions about your general health over the last few weeks . Response options : 1 . No never 2 . Not more than usual 3 . More than usual 4 . Much more than usual Do you find it difficult to sleep because you are nervous or preoccupied ? < mark > Do you feel under continuous pressure ? Do you feel capable of overcoming < / mark > < u > < mark > your problems ? < / mark > < / u > < mark > Do you feel sad and that there is no way out ? Have you lost your self-confidence ? < / mark > The question “ Do you feel capable of overcoming your problems ? ” is negatively phrased in the PPCS ( “ Do you feel incapable of overcoming your problems ? ” ) . In analysis of the Facebook data , this item has been reverse coded so the higher end of the response scale indicates more severe outcomes , in alignment with the rest of the module . < mark > Do you see yourself as a useless person ? < / mark > # * * < mark > Depression < / mark > * * _ < mark > English text of Facebook questionnaire < / mark > _ 29 In the past two weeks , how often were the following statements true for you ? Response options : 0 . Never 1 . A little of the time ( rarely ) 2 . Slightly less than half the time 3 . More than half of the time 4 . More often 5 . Always < mark > You were happy with a good mood You were feeling calm and relaxed You were feeling energetic You woke up active and relaxed Your days were full of things you liked < / mark > _ < mark > Notes on comparability < / mark > _ | * * C * * < br > _English text of Facebookquestionnair_ | * * OVID-19 exp * * < br > _e_ | * * osure * * < br > _Notes on comparability_ | | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 627, "end": 631, "text": "PPCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 713, "end": 726, "text": "Facebook data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Development Economics . Oxford University Press . Joshi , R . , Kumar , S . ( 2019 ) . Structural Transformation in Rural Rajasthan : Evidence from Panel Data Analysis . Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics , 74 ( 3 ) , 347-361 . Kabeer , N . ( 2012 ) . Women ’ s economic empowerment and inclusive growth : labour markets and enterprise development . International Development Research Centre , 44 ( 10 ) , 1-70 . Klasen , S . ( 2019 ) . What Explains Uneven Female Labor Force Participation Levels and Trends in Developing Countries ? The World Bank Research Observer , 34 ( 2 ) , 161-197 . Kumar , A . , Sharma , P . ( 2020 ) . Construction Sector and Rural Employment in Rajasthan : A District-Level Analysis . Journal of Rural Development , 39 ( 2 ) , 256-278 . Lanjouw , P . , Murgai , R . ( 2009 ) . Poverty decline , agricultural wages , and nonfarm employment in rural India : 1983 – 2004 . Agricultural Economics , 40 ( 2 ) , 243-263 . Mansuri , G . , Rao , V . ( 2013 ) . Localizing Development : Does Participation Work ? World Bank Policy Research Report . Mathur , L . , Rathore , S . ( 2020 ) . Changing Patterns of Land Ownership in Rural Rajasthan : Implications for Agricultural Productivity . Agricultural Economics Research Review , 33 ( 1 ) , 61-72 . Mehrotra , S . , Parida , J . K . ( 2021 ) . India ’ s Employment Crisis : Rising Education Levels and Falling Non-agricultural Job Growth . Centre for Sustainable Employment Working Paper 39 , Azim Premji University . Rathore , N . , Singh , R . ( 2019 ) . Tourism and Rural Livelihoods in Rajasthan : A Study of Employment Generation . Tourism Management Perspectives , 31 , 174-183 . Sharma , M . , Kumar , R . ( 2021 ) . Urban Proximity and Rural Non-Farm Employment : Evidence from Rajasthan . Indian Journal of Labour Economics , 64 ( 2 ) , 367-382 . Sharma , R . , Singh , K . ( 2021 ) . Climate", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 # # # * * Employers and Work Permits * * * * The survey confirms the reluctance of employers in obtaining work permits for their Syrian refugees ’ workers . This reluctance was also indicated in the 2017 periodic analysis . * * 75 % of Syrian refugee workers state that their employers are not willing to proceed in issuing them work permits ( without elaborating on the reasons why ) , although 85 % of the respondents made it clear that they would want a work permit if the employers were willing to get a work permit form them . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 82 % < br > 66 % < br > 34 % < br > 18 % < br > Willing Not willing Willing Not willing < br > Group 1 Group 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Chart 11 : Refugee Workers Thoughts on Employer Willingness to Issue Work Permits for Their Workers_ The 15 % of those surveyed who do not wish to have a work permit explained that they either do not want to be tied to one employer , prefer to keep a low profile in terms of being exposed to formal databases , or are afraid of losing the opportunity to resettle in a third country . UNHCR policy on data confidentiality and resettlement as a durable solution were explained to respondents as needed , as approximately half of the interviewees seemed to be lacking understanding of work permits benefits and formal sector privileges . Enumerators urged respondents who had questions on work permits to contact the employment centers and also provided them with the center ’ s phone number in their respective place of residence . As indicated in the chart below on the reasons for not wishing to have a work permit , a relatively large group haven ’ t answered what the survey has expected them to answer . The expected answers to this questions were as below : - a . I am afraid of losing cash assistance ( Note : if this is the answer given , the enum", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "valid also after several years , that is , when the poverty mapping is further updated with a third , more recently updated HBS . Otherwise , if a more recent HBS or LSMS is not available but , instead , there is a recent survey not covering consumption expenditure information , the proposed methodology could be complemented by the two methods proposed by Azzarri _et al . _ ( 2006 ) , or Dang _et al . _ ( 2014 , 2017 ) . The third issue covered in this discussion consists in the fact that the per capita consumption expenditure estimated at PSU level from the poverty mapping exercise is affected by ( small ) standard errors . Such variability should be taken into account in order to refine the original contribution proposed in this paper . We aim to develop this piece of new theoretical research and present it in a future paper . # * * References * * Azzarri , C . , Carletto , G . , Davis , B . , Zezza , A . ( 2006 ) , Monitoring poverty without consumption data : An application using the Albania panel survey , _Eastern European Economics_ , * * 44 ( 1 ) * * , pp . 59-82 . - Battese , G . E . , Harter , R . M . , Fuller , W . A . ( 1988 ) , An error-components model for prediction of county crop areas using survey and satellite data , _Journal of the American Statistical Association_ , * * 83 ( 401 ) * * , pp . 28 – 36 . - Betti , G . , Bici , R . , Neri , L . , Thomo , L . , Sohnesen , T . P . ( 2018 ) , Local poverty and inequality in Albania , _Eastern European Economics_ , * * 56 ( 3 ) * * , pp . 223-245 . - Betti , G . , Dabalen , A . , Ferré , C . , Neri , L . ( 2013 ) , Updating poverty maps between Censuses : a case study of Albania , in Laderchi C . R . , Savastano S . ( eds . )", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1251, "text": "survey and satellite data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "show that tertiary-educated workers have an impact on productivity , but the pool is currently very small in Tanzania compared to its competitors . University-educated top managers are also associated with higher labor productivity . Because they recruit more skilled workers , they are most likely to rate education deficiencies as a big obstacle , possibly because they are aware of the gaps between what is available in Tanzania and the rest of the world . A significant finding is the heavy reliance on Dar es Salaam for tertiary educated workers , which raises costs for firms in other regions , pointing to the need for greater coverage of the country by institutions providing > 38 Poor learning outcomes at the primary level are well-documented in Tanzania through various learning assessments , such as UWEZO and the Early Grade Reading and Math Assessments . Learning assessments at the lower secondary level are not available . Examinations are not a reliable indicator of student learning , as one of their main aims is to regulate student flow to higher levels . Nevertheless , they provide some information on quality for employers and policy makers . According to the Government of Tanzania ’ s education national key results report , pass rates of the Certificate of Secondary Education Examination ( CSEE ) declined from 90 percent in 2007 to 35 percent in 2012 . These data show that Tanzania has a critical issue of quality in service delivery of education ( World Bank , 2014b ) . 46", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 866, "text": "Early Grade Reading and Math Assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 6_ - Net effects after taxation on processed and ultra-processed foods < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 16 . 00 % 14 . 61 % < br > 14 . 00 % < br > 12 . 00 % < br > 10 . 00 % < br > 8 . 20 % < br > 8 . 00 % < br > 5 . 70 % < br > 6 . 00 % < br > 4 . 43 % < br > 3 . 17 % < br > 4 . 00 % < br > 2 . 31 % < br > 1 . 48 % < br > 2 . 00 % 0 . 80 % < br > 0 . 49 % < br > 0 . 00 % < br > 0 . 00 % < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Consumption decile < br > Processed and ultra-processed foods < br > Net effect < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Estimates based on POF 2017 / 2018 ; Global Burden of Disease 2019 ; and SIH / SUS . Estimates assume a price shock of 20 % . 22", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 602, "text": "POF 2017 / 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 605, "end": 634, "text": "Global Burden of Disease 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 641, "end": 650, "text": "SIH / SUS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The Impact of Corruption on SMEs ’ Access to Finance : Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data from Developing Countries * * By : Mohammad Amin < sup > a < / sup > and Victor Motta < sup > b < / sup > Keywords : Corruption , Finance , SMEs , Bribery JEL Codes : D22 , D73 , G30 , O16 > a Corresponding author . Senior Economist , Enterprise Analysis Unit , DECEA , World Bank , Washington , DC . Email : mamin @ worldbank . org b Assistant Professor , Sao Paulo School of Business Administration , Fundação Getúlio Vargas . Email : victor . motta @ fgv . br The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . < mark > We would like to thank Jorge Luis Rodriguez Meza for providing useful comments . All remaining errors are our own . < / mark > < mark > We thank the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the Development Economics Global Indicators Department of the World Bank Group for making the data available . < / mark >", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 124, "text": "Firm-Level Survey Data from Developing Countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) chain implicit in the PAD , and in the 2019 Project Paper and discussed in the ICR , and by which the identified activities were to contribute to the project development objectives . Toward achieving the above-captioned PDO , the project focused on two major reform areas as follows : ( a ) land administration reforms and ( b ) Business Registration and Licensing Reform through streamlining and modernizing processes for registering and licensing businesses to improve the business environment . Three other components aimed to ( i ) provide support to the tourism sector through strengthening public and private sector stakeholders and their collaboration to develop a competitive tourism offering , ( ii ) provide Matching Grants to Matching Grant Beneficiaries for implementing business development services , and ( iii ) strengthen the capacity of the Private Sector Foundation Uganda ( PSFU ) and the capacity of the Ministry of Lands , Housing and Urban Development ( MLHUD ) for overall coordination and management of activities . Expected outputs included : ( i ) the number of communal Land Associations formalized & registered , ( ii ) URSB & other agencies staff trained , ( iii ) the number of land parcels with rights recorded , ( iv ) the population with rights recorded , ( v ) the land area with rights recorded ( Ha ) , ( vi ) the UHTTI accreditations acquired , and ( vii ) the registered businesses on which data have been entered into the online business register . Expected outcomes included the following : ( i ) the reduction of days to register a business , ( ii ) the reduction of cost to register a business , ( iii ) the rate of customer satisfaction with land registration services , ( iv ) the people directly employed in the tourism sector , ( v ) the increase in exports of non-traditional products , ( vi ) the cumulative direct project beneficiaries , ( vii ) the MoTW", "spans": [{"start": 1610, "end": 1634, "text": "online business register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "plan and regional durable solutions strategy provide coordinated action for humanitarian and development stakeholders to work together to unlock solutions to displacement through several key frameworks . # # # UNHCR Somalia | UNHCR 2015 P < br > ­ ‐ | lanning figures for Somalia < br > < br > | | - - - | - - - | | Returnee arrivals ( ex - ­ ‐ refugees ) < br > | < br > 40 , 000 < br > | | Internally displaced persons < br > ­ ‐ | < br > 800 , 000 < br > | | Returnee arrivals ( ex - ­ ‐ IDPs ) < br > | < br > 120 , 000 < br > | | Refugees and asylum seekers ( ETH , ERT , TAN ) < br > | < br > 19 , 100 < br > | | * * TotalPopulationofConcern * * | < br > * * 1 , 192 , 060 * * | 6", "spans": [{"start": 252, "end": 279, "text": "lanning figures for Somalia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distribution , and rail transport services . < sup > 2 < / sup > In line with many OECD countries , India has reformed its manufacturing sectors to allow for more FDI , but restrictions on foreign investments in services have remained relatively high compared to the OECD average ( OECD Service Trade Restrictiveness Index ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > The liberalization of trade and FDI increased the imports of services by the manufacturing sector . The import service intensity increased from around 5 percent in 1990 up to a high of 21 percent in 2017 . Imports became particularly important for the Automotive and Electronics sectors , as can be seen in the right panel of Figure 5 . In 2017 , imports constituted nearly one-third of all services used in the electronics industry and more than a quarter of all services used in the automobile industry . These two industries have driven a large part of the upward trend in service imports in manufacturing . In Europe , Transport equipment is also a high user of imported services , in addition to Textiles and Coke and Chemicals ( Veugelers , et al . 2017 ) . Textiles firms in India on the other hand , import relatively few services compared to other sectors . Figure 4 : Imports and Exports by Domestic Firms and Foreign owned Firms < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Import Share ( by Ownership Status ) < br > Export Share ( by Ownership status ) < br > mean median < br > mean median < br > 25 . 00 < br > 25 . 00 < br > 20 . 00 < br > 20 . 00 < br > 15 . 00 < br > 15 . 00 < br > 10 . 00 < br > 10 . 00 < br > 5 . 00 5 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 0 . 00 < br > domestic minority majority wholly domestic minority majority wholly < br > foreign foreign foreign foreign foreign foreign < br > owned owned < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Prowess ; Own calculations", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | | | | | | [ 0 . 5658 ] | | | | | | * * Log minimum wage * * < br > * * index ( 1995 + ) * * | | | | | | | | - 0 . 0396 < br > [ 0 . 0654 ] | | | | * * Constant * * | 0 . 9062 < br > [ 0 . 0215 ] * * * | 0 . 9551 < br > [ 0 . 0398 ] * * * | 0 . 8694 < br > [ 0 . 1892 ] * * * | 1 . 7065 < br > [ 0 . 1939 ] * * * | 1 . 7162 < br > [ 0 . 1816 ] * * * | 1 . 6855 < br > [ 0 . 1623 ] * * * | - 0 . 6757 < br > [ 1 . 5420 ] | 1 . 627 < br > [ 1 . 6355 ] | 1 . 9858 < br > [ 0 . 4587 ] * * * | 1 . 7083 < br > [ 0 . 2541 ] * * * | | * * Observations * * | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 178 | 186 | 141 | | * * R-squared * * | 0 . 03 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 52 | 0 . 58 | | * * Year effects * * | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | * * Country effects * * | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | * * Additional controls * * | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank )", "spans": [{"start": 1017, "end": 1023, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that nearly one-third of the firms report zero score , while the average for all firms is 0 . 28 ( standard deviation of 0 . 29 ) . _Energy Intensity_ . Energy intensity is the amount of energy used ( expenditure or physical quantity ) normalized by output , measured using last fiscal-year sales . Studies suggest large heterogeneity in energy intensity within narrowly defined sectors , and these variations are higher than that in other inputs ( Lyubich et al . , 2018 ) . This is larger than the productivity spread for relatively homogeneous industries , such as cement ( Syverson , 2004 ) . Energy intensity in expenditure ( and physical quantity ) is calculated by summing energy expenditure ( quantity ) for firms that report electricity use and at least one out of three possible primary fuel types . More than half of the firms in the ( _ > _ 20 , 000 firm ) sample report non-missing values for all fuel types . Summary statistics for both energy intensity and management measures are reported in Appendix Table A3 . For a description of data preparation and cleaning , as well as the components of the generic and energy-centric management practices , see Appendix Section A1 . # * * 3 . 2 Stylized Facts about Management Practices and Energy Use * * After cleaning data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys for 31 countries , our sample includes 14 , 713 firms reporting energy consumption in value terms and 8 , 272 firms reporting energy consumption in physical quantity terms . For 8 , 476 firms , the generic management score can be computed , contingent on firms responding to at least six of the eight aggregated questions from the management practices module . The energy-centric management score can be computed for 18 , 621 firms that answer at least eight of the nine energy management practice questions from the Green Economy module . Appendix Table A3 presents descriptive statistics for key variables included in our regression analysis . In this section , we highlight the main stylized facts on management practices and energy use that emerge in our data . < sup > 6 < / sup > > 6For our regression , we use data", "spans": [{"start": 1292, "end": 1321, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 26 | 0 . 42 | | * * _Firm Size_ * * | | | | | Small ( 5 - 19 ) | 0 . 54 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 49 | | Medium ( 20 - 99 ) | 0 . 68 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 53 | | Large ( 100 + ) | 0 . 70 | 0 . 24 | 0 . 52 | | * * _Region_ * * | | | | | Arusha | 0 . 73 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 71 | | Dar es Salaam | 0 . 61 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 49 | | Mbeya | 0 . 47 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 43 | | Mwanza | 0 . 36 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 24 | | Zanzibar | 0 . 73 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 69 | | * * _Total_ * * | 0 . 59 | 0 . 13 | 0 . 50 | | Source : 2015 Tanzania Enter < br > Note : The column “ High-Sk < br > Exporters , asInnovators oras | prise Skills Survey < br > ill firms ” includes fir < br > bothconcurrently . | ms that are de | fined either as | Table 2 presents unconditional pair-wise correlations ( and their statistical significance ) of selected key variables that will be the focus of the analyses . The correlations relate exporter and innovator status ( a proxy for skills demand ) , education and skills composition , in-service training , and summary measures of skill problems and job vacancies . These unconditional correlations reveal important relationships between different variables , as described below . These will be further 19", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 591, "text": "prise Skills Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "should be interpreted as a push factor or as a pull factor . On the other hand , the bilateral migration data included in Poprawe ( 2015 ) lack the time dimension , with information on 230 countries only for the year 2000 . < sup > 4 < / sup > Although this paper improves on the existing literature by having access to a panel dataset , it may potentially still suffer from reverse causality . Because of this , the analysis remains about correlation , and all the conclusions of this paper should not be interpreted as causal statements . Lastly , by controlling for many drivers besides corruption levels , this paper speaks to the large body of research interested in quantifying the role of the different determinants of migration flows . A key driver of migration found in the literature is the presence of networks of previous migrants of the same nationality in the destination country , with cultural distance affecting migration decisions ( Clark et al . 2007 , Bauernschuster et al . 2014 , Falck et al . 2012 , Falck et al . 2018 , Krieger et al . 2018 ) . Especially relevant for low-skill migration , these diasporas explain the majority of variation in migration flows ( Beine et al . 2011 ) . By sharing a common language and culture , the economic and psychological costs associated with migration are greatly reduced . Migrant networks provide an essential service to newer waves of migrants during their process of job search , improving labor market outcomes in the destination country ( Edin et al . 2003 , Munshi 2003 ) . From the perspective of the destination country , good education and health systems tend to attract migrants ( Geis et al . 2013 ) . This is in contrast with the significantly less clear role of social safety nets , which only seem to be salient for migrants from the least developed countries ( Pedersen et al . 2008 ) . From the perspective of sending regions , local amenities ( e . g . , security and public services ) play an important role in shaping the intentions to emigrate ( Dustmann and Okatenko 2014 ) . The remainder of the paper is", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 109, "text": "bilateral migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 322, "end": 335, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 8 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % Chinese owned < br > 8 % < br > 21 % < br > Joint venture with local < br > private firms < br > 71 % < br > Host government < br > contracts < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Shen and Zhai . _ The average project size of Chinese investment is about US $ 4 million , based on available data from six host countries . There is some notable diversity in project size among the participating host countries , which correlates largely with the different sectoral spreads in those countries . For instance , Nigeria , with a number of large capital-intensive projects in energy and infrastructural sectors , has the largest project size among the participating host countries , with an average $ 10 million per project . Following Nigeria , Rwanda shows an average project size of $ 5 million , Ethiopia $ 2 . 3 million , Liberia $ 1 . 2 million , and Zambia $ 0 . 9 million . Ghana , with nearly 60 % of the projects concentrated in the service sector , has the smallest project size , averaged at $ 163 , 000 . Most responding country investment authorities provided data that allow comparing Chinese investment with the overall FDI they attracted and with FDI from other major source countries . These data show that , in terms of size and sector , Chinese investment is similar to that from other emerging economies , notably India and South Africa , the two other top source countries mentioned by host countries IPAs . The data also show that investment originating from western countries is of relatively large size and more engaged in resource-extracting sectors . Figure 9 compares the project sizes of all major FDI source countries , with China being the smallest of all . * * Figure 9 : Average Size of Chinese Investment Projects Compared with that of Projects from Other Origins * * ( in", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 454, "text": "available data from six host countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cultural diversity of refugee-hosting classrooms while remaining aligned with the national curriculum . These guides include suggested activities for differentiated instruction , diagnostic assessment tools , and pedagogical support for teaching core subjects in multilingual contexts . The technical rationale rests on the fact that many teachers in these areas lack national curriculum materials that acknowledge multilingual realities or guide them in modifying instruction for multi ‑ lingual groups . - * * Continuous integration of refugee learners into national and regional assessment systems to improve instructional planning and strengthen accountability : * * To improve instructional planning and strengthen accountability , the AF ensures refugee learners are integrated into national and regional assessment systems with data disaggregated by refugee status . This integration ensures that learning outcomes for refugee children are monitored and gaps identified , providing accountability and enabling data-driven instructional adjustments . # # * * Results Area 2 : Transforming Schools into Effective Learning Centers * * 23 . Under the parent operation , Results Area 2 focuses on enhancing equitable access to better learning environments at the pre-primary and primary education levels . The AF will extend this support to refugee and host community schools by creating safe , supportive learning environments through the following key interventions : - * * REG : * * The REG ensures all targeted refugee schools do not close , and refugee children do not drop out of the education cycle as the humanitarian funding to refugee schools is discontinued and that the provision of basic education service with essential education inputs is financed in all 57 target refugee schools to enable delivery of services at levels consistent and aligned with those provided in host community schools through : ( i ) upgrading school infrastructure , including rehabilitation of classrooms to reduce overcrowding ; ( ii ) construction of WASH facilities including water supply systems , gender-segregated latrines meeting national standards , and handwashing stations ; ( iii ) provision of TLM , including textbooks , supplementary readers , mathematics manipulatives , and basic school furniture ; and ( iv ) supporting principal and teacher deployment support , training and certification , and school management capacity strengthening .", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 871, "text": "data disaggregated by refugee status", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is binary . The identifying assumption in ( 1 ) is that conditional on observable variables X � � and time fixed effects T � , and in the absence of economic shocks , the trend of the dependent variable would have been parallel between Afghan refugees and the host communities . For the LFS sample , we estimate ( 1 ) for all individuals in the data and control for age , household size , job experience , having insurance , education , occupation , and dummies for being household head , being married , and gender . We estimate ( 1 ) at the household level for the HEIS sample and control for household size and head ’ s characteristics , including age , gender , literacy , occupation , and being married . The second approach for estimation is based on a matching method . We match each Afghan household or individual with an Iranian counterpart as explained in section 4 . 1 . 1 and then compare the heterogeneous impact of economic shocks between the two groups by estimating ( 1 ) but without controlling for variables X � � and time fixed effects T � . The identifying assumption of this approach is that in the absence of shocks , the trend of Afghan refugees ’ outcomes would have been similar to the matched sample of Iranians . This approach is similar to matched difference-in-difference strategy , as described in Heckman et al . ( 1997 , 1998 ) . # * * 5 . Results * * In this section , we present our key findings . We first discuss the results regarding the heterogenous effect of economic shocks on the labor market , income , and consumption . Next , we present our findings on social cohesion measures . We then examine the asymmetric effect of negative and positive economic shocks on the outcomes . Finally , we study how inter-community and intra-community inequalities are affected by economic shocks in Iran . * * 5 . 1 . The unequal effect of economic shocks on the labor market * * Panel A of Table 3 presents the regression results of estimating ( 1 ) using outcome variables computed from LFS surveys . The coefficient of the Afghan", "spans": [{"start": 2018, "end": 2029, "text": "LFS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 27 Historias migratorias de venezolanos que vuelven al país * * tres dimensiones que hemos desarrollado en el marco teórico y que hemos mencionado antes , relacionadas en pocas palabras , con el trabajo , la familia y el país . Visto en perspectiva fue como si mediante la narración del viaje el narrador abriera una ventana para narrar los aspectos de su vida que causaron ( bajo su marco interpretativo y auto interpretativo ) la salida y la vuelta al país sin importar el tiempo . De esta manera se obtuvo mayor profundidad en lo relativo a las causas exploradas en los documentos de registro de la movilidad de ACNUR , derivada de la propia interpretación que el sujeto hizo de su experiencia de viaje y de su vida . Como hemos desarrollado en la justificación teórica , el sujeto narrador fue el protagonista de este estudio , en tanto que las explicaciones que ofreció de sus motivos fueron tomadas como las correctas . La forma como él narró su experiencia de viaje , bajo este enfoque de investigación estaba interconectada con todos los aspectos de su vida previa al segmento finito del viaje de vuelta ; su significación gravitó en torno a la significación que le dio a su vida en forma íntegra . El sujeto viajó para algo y este algo constituyó una justificación que se incluyó en un compendio de justificaciones existenciales . Podemos decir que no solo hizo una evaluación de los recursos con los que contaba para retornar ( tangibles , intangibles y de", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 615, "text": "registro de la movilidad", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # Table 8 . 7 : Summary of Consultation Records with Women Group | | | * * Summar * * < br > | * * y of Consultation Reco * * < br > * * Anticipated positive * * | * * rds with Women * * < br > * * Anticipated * * < br > | * * Mitigation Measures * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Stakeholders * * | * * Points of * * < br > * * discussion * * | * * Concerns raised by * * < br > * * stakeholders * * | < br > * * impacts identified * * < br > * * by stakeholders * * | * * adverse impacts * * < br > * * identified by * * < br > * * stakeholders * * | < br > * * recommended by * * < br > * * stakeholders * * | * * Responses provided by * * < br > * * ESIA Team * * | | Women Group |  Concerns / issu < br > es on the < br > subproject . < br >  Benefits of < br > implementatio < br > n of the < br > subproject . < br >  Adverse < br > impacts that < br > would result < br > from the < br > subproject . < br >  What < br > measures < br > would there < br > be taken < br > mitigate the < br > negative < br > impacts of the", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 273, "text": "Consultation Records with Women Group", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* # * | 0 . 10 | 0 . 15 | < br > - . 0544 * * | 0 . 09 | 0 . 12 | - . 025 * # * | 0 . 15 | - . 058 * * * | | Nepew | 041 | 0A2 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 39 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 45 | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 39 | 0 . 021 | | Tanzania ( LSMS ) | 0 . 28 | 030 \" | - . 025 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 39 | - . 111 * * * | 0 . 28 | 0 . 27 \" | 004 | 0 . 39 | - . 1 ] # # # | | < br > Uganda < br > | 0 . 66 < br > | 0 . 72 < br > | - . 058 * * * < br > < br > | 0 . 67 < br > < br > | 0 . 79 < br > | - . 126 * * * < br > | 0 . 66 < br > | 0 . 70 < br > | - 0 . 04 < br > | 0 . 79 | - . 13 * # * | | Notes : - stands for n < br > Source : Authors ’ calc | otavailbk . * < br > ulationsbase | , * * , and * < br > donthedat | * * indic * * a * * < br > th t < br > asetsmTable | te < br > the difference < br > 2 . 1 | 1s statisticall | y sipnificantat | the 10 % , 5 % and | 1 % levels re | spectively | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 6 - * * renewable resources ( solar or wind ) and thermal units < sup > runningon dieselundera < / sup > Public-Private-Partnership ( PPP ) approach ; and * * ( b ) * * construction < sup > ofnecessary < / sup > distribution infrastructure . # * * Part D : Technical Assistance and Capacity Building * * - 1 * * . * * Provision of technical advisory and consultancy < sup > services , feasibility studiesfor < / sup > new investments , training and selected activities , including : - ( a ) Preparation of a national electrification strategy < sup > toachieveuniversal < / sup > access to electricity services meeting applicable < sup > standardson qualityin a < / sup > sustainable manner in the shortest possible time < sup > andoptimizing < / sup > allocation of resources , and costs for the coordination < sup > of theProject . < / sup > - * * ( b ) * * Development of detailed national technical specifications and standardization , including technical and economic < sup > optimizationofthe < / sup > design and construction of electricity networks < sup > neededtosupplynew < / sup > users located in unserved areas , meeting applicable < sup > standardsonservice < / sup > quality . - * * ( c ) * * Drafting of regulations < sup > forenforcingqualityonelectricityservice < / sup > delivery , including assistance to ERC to < sup > implementaregimeonservice < / sup > quality , based on systematic monitoring of key < sup > parametersthroughdirect < / sup > access of the records of the information systems < sup > used < / sup > < sup > * * by * * KPLC . < / sup > - * * ( d ) *", "spans": [{"start": 1486, "end": 1520, "text": "records of the information systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "etc ) < br >  Security < br > provided < br > around construction < br > sites and excavations < br > sites ; < br >  Training records | < br >  Qualification < br > record < br > of < br > drivers < br > and < br > heavy < br > equipment < br > operators < br >  Display < br > of < br > warning < br > and < br > danger signs on < br > traffic safety | < br > Contractor < br > SEC < br > CPCT | Monthly for < br > training and < br > competence < br > records . < br > Daily < br > for < br > adherence to < br > traffic < br > management < br > protocol < br > in < br > place . | Internal Cost < br > Training and < br > awareness < br > cost < br > considered | xxxvi", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 136, "text": "Training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Beirut < br > Outside < br > camp | Bekaa < br > inside < br > camp | Bekaa < br > outside < br > camp | Saida < br > inside < br > camp | Saida < br > outside < br > camp | Tyre < br > inside < br > camp | Tyre < br > outside < br > camp | Average | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Average * * | 8 . 1 | 6 . 4 | 8 . 3 | 7 . 4 | 7 . 5 | 7 . 9 | 8 . 5 | 8 . 0 | 7 . 8 | | * * 4-5 food * * < br > * * groups * * | 0 % | 14 % | 0 % | 1 % | 0 % | 1 % | 0 % | 0 % | 1 % | | * * 5-7 food * * < br > * * groups * * | 8 % | 39 % | 9 % | 21 % | 22 % | 11 % | 2 % | 4 % | 14 . 7 % | | * * > = 7 food * * < br > * * groups * * | 92 % | 47 % | 91 % | 78 % | 77 % | 88 % | 98 % | 96 % | 84 % | UNWRA ‟ s October 2013 survey of registered PRS found that nearly all households surveyed ( 99 % ) had an acceptable food consumption score . The majority of households consumed vegetables ( 82 % ) on a daily basis , and fruits on one to five days per week ( 90 % ) . Also , most of the households ( 86 % ) consumed animal-source protein on a daily basis . Almost all of the households (", "spans": [{"start": 760, "end": 784, "text": "survey of registered PRS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figures 13 ( a ) - ( d ) : Sub-Saharan Africa in the New Multi-Polar Growth World * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( b ) Share of World Merchandise Exports < br > ( a ) Annual GDP Growth ( % ) < br > 8 ( % ) < br > 5 . 0 % < br > Sub-Saharan < br > Africa 4 . 5 % < br > 6 < br > World < br > 4 . 0 % < br > 3 . 5 % < br > 4 < br > 3 . 0 % < br > 2 2 . 5 % < br > 2 . 0 % < br > 0 < br > 1 . 5 % < br > 1 . 0 % < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > ( c ) Share of Merchandise Exports That Go to ( d ) FDI ( net inflows ) as a Share of GDP < br > Developing Countries in East Asia & Pacific ( % ) ( % ) < br > 6 5 < br > 4 . 5 < br > 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 . 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 3 2 . 5 < br > 2 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 1 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 < br > 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 < br > 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 < br > 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Development Indicators Technology is also part of the story . From both theory and practice , we expect developing countries to lag the high income countries in technology", "spans": [{"start": 1128, "end": 1156, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 4 Implementation fidelity * * We leverage data from the monitoring survey to establish that our experimental design successfully generated different levels of social and geographic decentralization of demonstration activities across arms as Figure 3 illustrates . We present descriptive statistics on the implementation of our experimental design in Table 1 . As discussed in Section 3 . 3 , promoted crops are balanced across control and treatment villages and range in number from 1 . 61 to 1 . 88 crops . However , no demonstration farmers were designated in control villages , and no demonstration plots were established . Table 1 : Demonstration descriptive statistics | | | | Demo in < br > | village < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Control | Regular | Shared | Decentralized | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | Farmer group | | | | | | # of promoted crops | 1 . 88 | 1 . 85 | 1 . 61 | 1 . 85 | | # of demo farmers | 0 . 00 | 1 . 52 | 4 . 11 | 8 . 52 | | Farmer group-crop | | | | | | # of demos | 0 . 00 | 0 . 82 | 2 . 58 | 4 . 62 | | # of demo plots | 0 . 00 | 0 . 82 | 1 . 11 | 4 . 62 | | Farmer-crop | | | | | | Demo | 0 . 000 | 0 . 042 | 0 . 129 | 0 . 223 | | # of connections to demo | 0 . 000 | 0 . 463 | 0 . 952 | 2 . 683 | _Notes : _ Sample averages of implementation variables by treatment arm across farmer group , farmer group-crop , and farmer-crop observations are presented in this table . In farmer groups assigned to the regular treatment arm , adhesion to treatment was high with on average 0 . 82 demonstration plots being set up for each promoted", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 83, "text": "monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respond , and women in households with more children display a less negative response ( although neither difference is statistically significant ) . Panel D does provide some evidence that the labor supply response to illness shocks among male workers is driven primarily by married workers . # * * 3 . 3 Evidence of the main mechanism : Workers earn more when they work more * * A key assumption behind the mechanism that workers increase labor supply to compensate for income losses due to the illness of other household members is that workers actually earn more when they work more hours . For self-employed workers , this assumption is a priori believable , and we can also check this in our data by regressing weekly earnings on hours of work , conditional on worker fixed effects . Table A12 confirms this relationship : a selfemployed worker earns 2 . 5 additional cedis for every hour that she or he works , compared to an average total earning of self-employed workers of 116 cedis . For wage workers , we must assume this relationship ; recall that section 2 . 4 explains that we did not directly ask wage workers their earnings in the high frequency survey . So , if wage workers earn a fixed salary regardless of their hours , the premise that they work more to make up the lost income from other workers would not apply . However , many wage workers are in customer-facing jobs – 65 % percent of wage workers are in services and 14 % of wage workers are in retail – where we believe it is plausible that they can work and earn more if they desire . Moreover , wage workers do work more in response to the illness of other workers in their household : the coefficient on Other Worker Ill � � � � � Self Employed � � � in table 6 is positive , but small in magnitude . If wage workers do not actually earn more when they work more , a key question is why they do actually work more . While we argue that the ability to increase takehome pay is the most plausible reason for increased labor supply among wage workers in 29", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1168, "text": "high frequency survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_PART I : Statistical Annexes_ # # # # * * Kenya Fourth Population Project * * * * TABLE 12 : BANK RESOURCES : ACTUAL STAFF INPUTS * * | Stage of project < br > cycle | Weeks | US $ 000 ' s | Weeks | US $ 000 ' s | Weeks | US $ 000 ' s | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Preparation < br > to < br > appraisal | N / P | N / P | N / P | N / P | 26 . 6 | 53 . 6 | | Appraisal | N / P | N / P | N / P | N / P | 16 . 9 | 35 . 0 | | Negotiations < br > through < br > Board < br > Approval | N / P | N / P | N / P | N / P | 8 . 4 | 19 . 2 | | Supervisionl | 134 . 1 | 273 . 8 | 176 . 9 | 313 . 8 | 187 . 0 | 309 . 6 | | Completion | 17 . 0 | 20 . 0 | 18 . 7 | 21 . 5 | 15 . 9 | 18 . 7 | | TOTAL | N / P | N / P | N / P | N / P | 254 . 8 | 436 . 1 | Source : FACT Cost Report run on February 10 , 1999 I Assumes FY1986-FY1995 actual expenditures were equal to planned ( and revised planned ) . The World Bank Information System did not retain the \" planned \" figures for those years . 25", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 948, "text": "World Bank Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 11 - 27 . In addition to fiscal policy , there are also other factors that may have contributed to the observed portfolio composition , particularly the high share of Government bonds . Firstly , alternative financial instruments have not been developed , with the exception of the very recent and promising development of the mortgage bond market . The lack of development of financial instruments such as corporate bonds , infrastructure bonds and private equity has been due in part to the expansion of lending by a very competitive banking sector , after a period of contraction in the 1990s due to restructuring and privatization . However , some residual regulatory obstacles may also have hindered the development of these markets , as discussed in Section VII . 28 . Secondly , asset managers may have become wary of equity investments , as a result of the very poor performance of equity markets in the early years of the reform . As shown in Figure 3 , the second pillar started operating in 1998 , the year when the Hungarian equity market ( measured by the BUX index ) was severely hit by the Russian crisis . Equity prices recovered in 1999 but declined sharply again in 2000 and 2001 , in line with the overall decline in international equity markets . During this whole period bond returns ( measured by the MAX index ) were higher and less volatile . The situation only reverted in 2003 , when equity prices initiated a steady recovery , and bond prices faltered due to an increase in interest rates ( Figure 4 ) . * * Figure 3 : Performance of Bonds and Stocks in Hungary , 1997 – 2004 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 . 2 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 8 < br > 1 . 6 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 1 . 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > BUX MAX VP ( 2-8 ) < br > Dec-97 Mar-98 Jun-98 Sep-98 Dec-98 Mar-99 Jun-99 Sep-99 Dec-99 Mar-00 Jun-00 Sep-00 Dec-00 Mar-01 Jun-01 Sep-01", "spans": [{"start": 1071, "end": 1080, "text": "BUX index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "most recent ( 2005-06 ) household consumption survey and will be updated using a new survey planned for 2011-12 . Poverty is higher in rural areas ( 50 percent ) compared to urban areas ( 34 percent ) and far higher among female-headed households . Overall , income inequality is high in Kenya : the Gini coefficient of 45 . 2 is similar to that of Rwanda and Uganda and above those of two of its other neighbors , Tanzania and Ethiopia ( 34 . 6 and 30 respectively ) . Poverty in Kenya is closely associated with poor infrastructure , low income diversification , lack of access to credit and inequality in access to land . The most important drivers for households falling into poverty are various forms of shocks , among them , food price inflation , droughts and floods , illness and death in the family , and death of livestock . Drivers out of poverty are access to key infrastructure such as roads , household income diversification , and access to financial services ( Poverty and Inequality Assessment , 2009 ) . # # * * II . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * Infrastructure has been consistently identified as a top constraint to growth and to doing business in Kenya . Recent estimatesindicate that annual per capita growth could be increased by three percentage points if the country ’ s infrastructure endowment could be brought to a middle income country ( MIC ) average . Having made significant progress in infrastructure through the mid-2000s , Kenya boasts infrastructure indicators that are higher than those of most low-income countries in Africa , but well below those of Africa ’ s MICs . The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic ( AICD ) report concludes that Kenya faces a large infrastructure deficit , which requires sustained expenditure of almost US $ 4 billion per year over the next decade ( about 20 percent of GDP ) . Kenyan businesses are particularly affected by the lack of infrastructure , identified as a top constraint for doing business ( see Investment Climate Assessments ( ICAs ) 2007 ) . Transport is the main infrastructure bottleneck affecting Kenyan", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 52, "text": "household consumption survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as diversify its exports to the region during the period 1990 – 98 . # * * Box 1 : The Impact of Trade Reforms * * Trade reforms in fact helped South Asia to increase regional and extra-regional trade between 1990 and 1998 . < sup > B1 < / sup > The reforms reduced the levels of protection , but stimulated only a moderate shift in the product > 13 Comparison based on SITC 4-digit exports . > 14 A further interesting observation is that India seems to be acquiring market share particularly in other developing countries beyond the South Asia region for this group of manufacturing products , conceivably emerging from typical demand attributes to suit those in the region . 22", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 390, "text": "SITC 4-digit exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "223 | 503 | | | Stab | ility | Household P | ower Index | Work Rig | hts Index | | | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | | Work | 0 . 241 | 0 . 284 | 0 . 323 | 0 . 019 | 0 . 349 | 0 . 086 | | | ( 0 . 140 ) | ( 0 . 087 ) | ( 0 . 129 ) | ( 0 . 093 ) | ( 0 . 104 ) | ( 0 . 094 ) | | Cash | 0 . 196 | 0 . 045 | 0 . 279 | 0 . 072 | 0 . 110 | 0 . 040 | | | ( 0 . 163 ) | ( 0 . 111 ) | ( 0 . 142 ) | ( 0 . 097 ) | ( 0 . 113 ) | ( 0 . 111 ) | | Test : Cash = Work | 0 . 724 | 0 . 018 | 0 . 745 | 0 . 532 | 0 . 011 | 0 . 600 | | Shrp . q-val Cash = Work | 1 . 000 | 0 . 026 | 1 . 000 | 0 . 271 | 0 . 146 | 0 . 280 | | Test : Male = Female | 0 . 174 | 0 . 174 | 0 . 674 | 0 . 674 | 0 . 195 | 0 . 195 | | Shrp . q-val Male = Female | 0 . 396 | 0 . 396 | 0 . 491 | 0 . 491 | 0 . 396 | 0 . 396 | | Observations | 223 | 503 | 223 | 503 | 223 | 503 | * * Notes : * * This table reports the treatment effect of the employment and cash arms on psychosocial outcomes separately for male and female participants . Each column shows the OLS estimates of Equation ( 1 ) including dummies for each treatment arm and controlling for the baseline measure of the dependent variable ( ANCOVA ) , camp and enumerator fixed effects , and sociodemographic controls as determined through a double-selection LASSO procedure ( Belloni", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the financial crisis at over 100 % of GDP ; it was over four times the ratio in Ireland . Portugal with 68 % was a distant second and Spain was closer to Ireland ( Figure 4 ) . These debt ratios are much higher than either the EZ or EU averages . In the 2009 recession , debt ratios rose even faster . * * Figure 5 . a : Current account balance Figure 5 . b : Real effective exchange rate as a share of GDP ( % ) ( index 2000 = 100 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 . 00 140 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 130 < br > ‐ 5 . 00 < br > 120 < br > ‐ 10 . 00 < br > 110 < br > ‐ 15 . 00 < br > ‐ 20 . 00 100 < br > 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 < br > Greece Ireland Portugal Spain Greece Ireland Portugal Spain < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Source : European Commission , Annual macro ‐ economic database Source : IMF , International Financial Statistics . _ < u > Worsening external accounts and rising external debt for all . < / u > _ The boom in aggregate demand led to strong import growth particularly in the two years immediately preceding the crisis ; net exports were at a huge deficit in GIS ( over 12 % of GDP in Greece ) and Ireland ’ s huge surplus halved , leading to substantial current account deterioration ( Figure 4a ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > By 2007 / 8 , _the level_ of the overall current account deficit was particularly high in Greece ( 15 % of GDP ) , followed by Portugal ( 9 . 7 / 12 . 1 % ) and Spain ( over 9 % ) , but _the deteriorations_ in Ireland and Spain were dramatic , the current account deficit worsening by over 100 % . In Ireland , a 2003 surplus changed to a", "spans": [{"start": 838, "end": 870, "text": "Annual macro ‐ economic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 886, "end": 920, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project * * Annex 4 : Template for the Collection of Socio-Economic data * * | * * Information on * * | * * Possible source of * * < br > * * information * * | * * Type of data / information * * | * * Remarks * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Information on illegal < br > settlers within the < br > ROW | Woreda < br > Administration Office | < br > - List of persons that have < br > already received < br > compensation < br > - List of illegal settlers | | | Population , < br > vulnerable groups , < br > Indigenous < br > population , ethnic < br > groups , customs and < br > religion | Zonal / woreda < br > Administration Office | Population size and density , < br > male female ratio , vulnerable < br > groups , Indigenous < br > population , ethnic groups , < br > customs and religion | | | Social infrastructure < br > and services | Zonal / woreda Offices < br > in charge of health , < br > education , water < br > supply , sanitation etc . | Availability of social < br > infrastructure and status of < br > the provision of health , < br > education , water supply and < br > sanitation | | | transport and < br > communication and < br > power | Zonal Offices < br > responsible for < br > providing power , < br > telecommunication , < br > transportation etc . | Provision of electricity , < br > telecommunication and < br > transport within the zone | | | economic activities < br > and investment | Zone Plan office | Major economic and < br >", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 585, "text": "List of illegal settlers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample bias . The source of data on India is the 1999 Rural Economic and Demographic Survey done by the National Council for Applied Economic Research , and the data on Bangladesh comes from the 1996 Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey ( MHSS ) . The Bangladesh survey collected information on household head and spouse ’ s all children ( including from past marriages ) irrespective of their residency status from 4538 households in Matlab thana of Chandpur district . < sup > 16 < / sup > The India survey also collected information on all of household head ’ s children from current marriage but not non-coresident mothers of children from earlier marriage ( s ) . We utilize these information to create data sets containing education and other personal characteristics of parents and children . Both of these surveys focus on rural areas in respective countries . An advantage of rural samples is that the bias from censoring due to possible non-completion of younger children may not be as important , because only few go on to have more than middle school ( or high school ) education . The children who go for more than high school education ( 10 years of schooling in Bangladesh and India ) are also the children who leave the village household , because the “ colleges ” ( for grades 11 and 12 ) and universities ( for three-four year undergraduate , and graduate study ) are not located in villages . Our estimation sample consists of household head and spouse , and their children , including those from other marriages in the case of Bangladesh . For the empirical analysis , we use alternative samples defined by different age ranges for the children . Our main results are based on a sample of children aged 13-60 years . To test the sensitivity of our conclusions with respect to the specific age cutoffs , we estimate the IGRC and IGC for a number of alternative age ranges ; 16-60 , 20-69 and 13-50 years . Table A . 1 reports the summary statistics of the relevant variables for both the Bangladesh and India data sets for our main estimation sample ( children in the age range 13-60 years ) . Several interesting observations and patterns", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 91, "text": "1999 Rural Economic and Demographic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 195, "end": 238, "text": "1996 Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education ( see summary statistics in Table A15 ) . Particularly , we estimate the following probit model for each quarter in the 2014q1 ‐ 2017q4 sample ( see Table A16 for the full regression output ) : Pr � officially poor � � 1 � � f � � residence � , age � , occupational status � , household type � , education � � where _f_ is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution . Estimation of the equation for each period separately allows certain factors to affect the probability of being ( officially ) poor differently each period . For example , if the crisis affected the population in rural areas more , the rural residence status would have a greater impact on the risk of poverty in crisis periods . After the probability function is estimated , we define vulnerability as having a probability of being poor in excess of 10 percent . _Figure 11 : Official poverty and vulnerability , by quarter , 2014 ‐ 2017 . _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 % < br > 29 . 4 % 29 . 2 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % 16 . 1 % < br > 15 % Official poverty < br > 10 % Vulnerability < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > 2014q1 2014q2 2014q3 2014q4 2015q1 2015q2 2015q3 2015q4 2016q1 2016q2 2016q3 2016q4 2017q1 2017q2 2017q3 2017q4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Cash income is measured in real 2014 roubles per capita and converted into an index with the 2014 level set to 100 . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS . The average vulnerability level , as defined above , during the period 2014q1 ‐ 2017q4 is 21 . 7 percent ( Figure 11 ) . Unlike the official poverty measure , vulnerability grows substantially during the crisis . Vulnerability starts growing at the onset of the crisis from 16 . 1 percent in the beginning of 2014 , and it almost doubles to the peak 29 . 4 percent in the fourth quarter of", "spans": [{"start": 1464, "end": 1477, "text": "quarterly HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In 1980 , Tanzania ’ s production was close to trend ( hence the column label : Tanzania 0 ) , while Uganda – a major source of maize imports into Tanzania – experienced a large negative production shock . Globally , many major maize producers and exporters experienced below-trend production in that same year . In contrast , Tanzania had below average production in 1982 and 1983 . In 1982 , major maize exporters had above-average production , putting downward pressure on prices . In contrast , in 1983 , some of those major exporters had below-average production pushing up global maize prices to the advantage of smaller maize exporters that had good harvests in that year . International maize trade in each of these scenarios could have had beneficial or detrimental impacts on Tanzania . However , an export ban on grains would have made it impossible for Tanzania to take advantage of higher world prices , especially in years like 1995 and 1971 , when it had aboveaverage production while other African countries and major global traders had low production . Analysis of FAOSTAT maize trade shows that there were 14 years when Tanzania did not officially export any maize < sup > 6 < / sup > . In six of these 14 years – 1976 , 1977 , 1981 , 1986 , 1996 , and 1996 – Tanzania had a positive maize production deviation from trend . In some of these cases , the world price of maize was also above trend , suggesting that the country was missing an opportunity to take advantage of the higher commodity prices . While import restrictions in partner countries surely played a role in limiting Tanzania ’ s exports , Tanzania has had a range of different initiatives in place that have also contributed to low levels of exports < sup > 7 < / sup > . For example , in 1995 , when Tanzania had higher-than-usual maize production , the world price of maize was 38 % above trend < sup > 8 < / sup > . However , there was an export ban in place which limited the country ’ s ability to capitalize on this market development . This was finally lifted at the end of 1996", "spans": [{"start": 1082, "end": 1101, "text": "FAOSTAT maize trade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to balance the government ' s budget constraint : 1 < sup > 4 < / sup > _-_ The term ( c * * _cT ) _ * * represents the adjustment in real balances that takes place at time T in response to the discontinuous decline in inflation to its new level , * * _Ai . _ * * It is evident from ( 3 . 14 ) that there is a continuum of _ ( MT , _ * * _j ) _ * * combinations that satisfy the government ' s budget constraint . If we fix _MT_ we can then solve for the values of c and y that simultaneously solve ( 2 . 4 ) and ( 3 . 2 ) . Proceeding analogously we can fix p and solve for c and _MT . _ Since it is not possible to carry out these steps analytically we now turn to calibrated versions of the model . # * * 4 . Numerical Experiments * * Here we study the determinants of speculative attacks in versions of our the model that have been calibrated using Korean and Thai data . # # * * 4 . 1 . Model Calibration * * Table 1 summarizes the parameter values of our benchmark models . Throughout we use 1996 as the baseline period for time series that are sampled at annual frequencies . In addition we normalize both output and the time 0 exchange rate , S , to be one . > \" < sup > 4 < / sup > The seignorage collected between time t * and time _T , ft . _ e-rt ( rit + 7rtmt ) dt was omitted from this equation because it is equal to zero . This follows from the fact that _Mt = _ O during this interval of time and from the cash in advance constraint , M * = _Stct . _ 16", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 873, "text": "Korean and Thai data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". , 2014 , 2017 ; Samir & Lutz , 2017 ) . Within each country , representative weights of the households are adjusted so that the population matches SSP projections in terms of population size and composition ( including for instance the number of children and education level of household members ) . Following previous work ( Rozenberg & Hallegatte , 2015 ; Hallegatte & Rozenberg , 2017 ) , we consider two socioeconomic scenarios : SSP4 and SSP5 . The SSP5 scenario is optimistic regarding economic growth and poverty reduction , with rapid growth , declining inequality , universal access to basic infrastructure services by 2030 , and relatively slow population growth . Due to these shifts , this scenario forecasts a rapid decrease in the number of people living below the extreme poverty line by 2030 . In the SSP4 scenario , by contrast , the population is growing faster with slow improvement in education levels , economic growth is also slower and more unequal . As a result , extreme poverty decreases much less and can even be stagnating ( or increasing in number of people , since population is growing fast ) . The SSP scenarios do not prescribe every dimension of future development , and our approach probes these unconstrained dimensions to understand the drivers of extreme poverty within countries and regions . Most importantly , the SSPs do not specify the relative sizes of the agriculture , services , and manufacturing sectors within each country ’ s economy . We allow these parameters to fluctuate randomly within a wide range of possible outcomes . Then , we adjust the income of each household based on assumption on future productivity gains in each of sectors , and for skilled and unskilled labor . Similarly , we adjust income for changes in social protection and pension systems , again allowing them to vary within bounds calibrated on historical values . In practice , we apply a numerical sampling approach where we pseudo-randomly generate the value of parameters within a range based on historical data . For instance , we look at the value and change in the share of employment in agriculture in the past 20 years to determine a range of possible change in agriculture employment in a", "spans": [{"start": 2028, "end": 2043, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * B . Appendix : Empirical calculations of wage premia * * # # * * _B1 . The SEDLAC dataset and sample_ * * The evidence is drawn from the analysis of microdata from a large set of household surveys that are part of the _Socioeconomic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean_ ( SEDLAC ) , jointly developed by CEDLAS at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata ( Argentina ) and the World Bank ’ s LAC poverty group ( LCSPP ) . This database contains information on more than 200 official household surveys in the region ( see _sedlac . econo . unlp . edu . ar_ ) . All variables in SEDLAC are constructed using consistent criteria across countries and years , subject to the constraint of the survey questionnaires , and identical programming routines . The document covers a set of 16 Latin American economies : Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , El Salvador , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Uruguay and Venezuela . Only Guatemala is missing among the continental Latin American countries . The sample represents 97 . 5 percent of the total Latin American population . In this study , the sample for each country includes all individuals aged 26-56 that have fully coherent answers about income and education in the corresponding household surveys . For the wage premia , and following Manacorda _et . al_ ( 2010 ) , the analysis attempts to control for the secular increase in female labor force participation by computing premiums from a sample of male workers only . # # * * _B2 . Construction of wage premia_ * * Skilled workers are defined as those with some college education ( complete or incomplete ) , and the unskilled as those up to complete secondary education – but without college . Unskilled labor is further divided into high school graduates and those without a high school diploma – also referred to as “ dropouts ” in the analysis . These wage premiums are estimated by means of a Mincer wage regression based on individual worker ’ s microdata . The Mincer equation consists of a regression of the logarithm of the", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 95, "text": "SEDLAC dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 494, "end": 511, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2005, "end": 2036, "text": "individual worker ’ s microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "varies by institution : KIRDI provided direct , innovation-proximate services ( training , incubation , access to Common Manufacturing Facilities ( CMFs ) and testing ) that led to market-ready products and Kenya Bureau of Standards ( KEBS ) certifications , while Kenya Industrial Estates ( KIE ) delivered upstream entrepreneurship training and industrial mapping / database services — valuable for capability and coordination but indirect for firm-specific innovations . < sup > 17 < / sup > 21 . * * Despite variation in attribution strength and data quality across tracks , the evidence base is sufficient to confirm achievement of PDO 1 . * * The evidence underpinning PDO 1 varies in depth across delivery streams but taken together it provides a credible basis for confirming achievement of the target . The KIEP 250 + subprogram alone contributed 103 attributable innovations , surpassing the revised PDO 1 target ( 60 ) independently . It is also likely that actual innovations exceeded those recorded : the PIU adopted a deliberately conservative approach , counting only cases it could comfortably validate and excluding outputs with any risk of double counting , thereby safeguarding the robustness of the Results Framework . Across all streams , triangulated evidence supports a credible causal link between KIEP support and the innovations recorded . While parallel COVID-recovery credit lines may have contributed advisory or liquidity support — explicitly acknowledged in 2023 planning documents as potential confounders — the weight of evidence points to KIEP financing and TA as the decisive factor . < sup > 18 < / sup > Beneficiary consultations consistently indicated that , without KIEP grants and advisory inputs , most innovations would have been delayed , scaled down , or not undertaken at all . Comparative data reinforces this inference : among the 178 firms that underwent diagnostics , those that did not sign grant agreements rarely generated innovations comparable to financed peers despite attempting partial upgrades . Timing evidence points in the same direction : prior to the May – June 2024 restart , the corporate results system recorded zero innovations , whereas once intermediaries ( SKIES", "spans": [{"start": 1823, "end": 1839, "text": "Comparative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We then turn to the third and final dimension of child development covered in this study : socioemotional and behavioral development . The survey included instruments based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( SDQ ) , in which mothers assess children ’ s behavioral and emotional problems along five dimensions : emotional symptoms , conduct problems , hyperactivity / inattention , peer relationship problems and prosocial behavior problems . < sup > 8 < / sup > While all five sub-scales are typically used when screening for disorders , broader subscales can be used for analytical purposes . This involves combining the emotional and peer subscales into an internalizing subscale and the conduct and hyperactivity subscales into an externalizing subscale ( Goodman , Lamping , & Ploubidis , 2010 ) . Internalizing behaviors are negative behaviors focused inward , and can include fearfulness , social withdrawal , and excessive thoughts , feelings and behaviors focusing on physical symptoms such as pain , weakness or shortness of breath ( somatic complaints ) . In contrast , an externalizing behavior is directed outward toward others . Bullying , vandalism , and arson are examples of externalizing behaviors . Studies have found the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( SDQ ) to be a good predictor of children ’ s scores on the same instrument one year later ( Hasan et al . , 2013 ) . Figure 4 relates the count of difficulties with maternal education ( completed years ) . In this case , there are some interesting differences in the strength of the gradient . Prosocial difficulties ( considerate of others people feelings ; sharing with other children ; helpful if someone is hurt , upset or ill ; kind to younger kids ; volunteering to help others ) are the most strongly associated with maternal education , followed by internalizing and externalizing difficulties , respectively . Illiterate mothers have kids with prosocial difficulties scores 0 . 23 standard-deviations ( s . d . ) higher than kids whose moms are literate . The corresponding numbers for internalizing and externalizing difficulties are 0 . 08 and - 0 . 02 s . d . , respectively . These scores were standardized using the age specific group within the full ECED sample . Appendix Table", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Participation and perceptions of empowerment are core elements of social cohesion . < sup > 3 < / sup > Jenson ( 1998 ) describes five dimensions of social cohesion : belonging / isolation , inclusion / exclusion , participation / non-involvement , recognition / rejection , and legitimacy / illegitimacy . The extent to which individuals feel empowered to participate in both the social and political life is – at least partially – a manifestation of all five dimensions of social cohesion . Especially in the context of displacement , where the sudden influx may cause a backlash effect among host populations towards displacees ( Dinas , Matakos , Xefteris & Hangartner 2019 , Marbach & Ropers 2018 , Hangartner , Dinas , Marbach , Matakos & Xefteris 2019 ) , the ability to participate and feel empowered is an important step to building more sustainable livelihoods and may help lessen tension between displaced and non-displaced communities . Promoting empowerment among displaced communities may also help alleviate some of the mental ( Pham , Fozouni , Al-Saiedi , Coughlin & Vinck 2021 ) , social ( Stevens 2016 ) , and political stress on these communities ( Carrillo 2009 ) . We examine when and why displacees become politically and socially engaged by analyzing a number of surveys of IDPs and relevant comparison groups in Iraq , the Philippines , and Uganda . < sup > 4 < / sup > We collected these surveys in a series of projects between 2005 and 2019 analyzing the political , social , and health consequences of large scale forced displacement crises within each case . By bringing these data together , we explore how IDPs behave in and perceive their environments across different political systems , time periods , and continents . Unifying these contextually specific surveys into a single project enables us to focus on which findings ( or do not ) translate across contexts while respecting the specifics of the displacement experience within each case . The insights from our surveys advance our understanding of the behavioral consequences of displacement in a number of ways . The overwhelming majority of existing research on the political and social ramifications of displacement focuses on refugees in the global North , < sup > 5 <", "spans": [{"start": 1287, "end": 1302, "text": "surveys of IDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 improvements to the budgeting system ( notably computerization ) and an extensive program of training . The services have been provided by technical assistance from the Harvard Institute for Intemational Development ( HHID ) as well as by local consultants . A whole range of systems has been introduced , but only partly adopted for lack of adequate numbers of trained staff . The local consultants were retained in order to provide technical back-up , continuity and training capacity to allow an adequate build up in numbers of staff to run the system . ( ii ) The Performance Reporting System component to provide for monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) has been largely implemented though its benefits are not yet apparent . Its eventual utility will depend on the success of merging the two systems into one which can be used by the Ministry as a whole . It appears that capacity exists both at ministry headquarters and in the districts to operationalize the system and this is to be supported under ASMP II . * * ( iii ) * * The project ' s program of training has been generally satisfactorily completed . Continued local training is required for staff in both budget management and Monitoring and Evaluation Inhouse training courses for staff to improve their policy analysis capability have been started . It is intended to continue these courses under ASMP II . ( iv ) Arrangements to set up a Management Information System ( MIS ) for fertilizers have been completed and the system is operational . However , recommendations on establishment of a regulatory framework by MOALDM for fertilizer quality control have not yet been finalized . - ( v ) ASAO II financed useful studies on the impact of the policy changes on vulnerable groups . It is proposed to carry out a follow-up survey to again examine the effect of policy changes on - vulnerable groups as part of the National Welfare Monitoring Survey undertaken by the Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) . The project also financed the development of a Food Security Action Plan and a Drought Contingency Action Plan , which remain relevant to", "spans": [{"start": 1885, "end": 1919, "text": "National Welfare Monitoring Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2015 | - - | 14-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2015 | |  4 . Percent ( % ) of annual audit recommendations impl | emented ( Percentage , Custo | m ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Mar-2015 | - - | 14-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2015 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * 12 / 21 / 2016 Page 8 of 10 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education to estimate access to human opportunities . Regarding the former , access to clean water , access to electricity and access to sewerage systems are consistent across time and countries . Regarding the latter , this analysis focuses on school enrollment and primary education completion . # * * 2 . 2 . Harmonized database on individual-level incomes * * This paper relies on the SEDLAC database as a primary source of comparable welfare aggregates among Latin American countries . SEDLAC is a database of harmonized household surveys of LAC countries compiled by the poverty group at the World Bank in partnership with the Center for Distributive , Labor , and Social Studies ( CEDLAS , for its acronym in Spanish ) at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata in Argentina . This database provides the most comparable socioeconomic measures across LAC countries , including almost 400 household surveys of 18 countries from the 1970s to the present . The SEDLAC project implements a few adjustments to the original microdata to enhance comparability across countries and over time . First , incoherent information is handled to avoid biases . An observation is considered incoherent when individuals first identify themselves as currently ( at the moment of the interview ) working in a paid job , but in subsequent questions regarding earnings from their main occupations they fail to declare any income or declare zero income . After identifying the household head , the project excludes those households where i ) the labor income of the household ’ s head is individually incoherent ; ii ) households with a single employed member whose income is incoherent ( whether he / she is the head of the household or not ) ; and iii ) households where the head is not employed and the income of the employed member with the highest educational attainment ( as a proxy for income level ) is individually incoherent . 6", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 404, "text": "SEDLAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 515, "end": 560, "text": "harmonized household surveys of LAC countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1021, "end": 1030, "text": "microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "03 < br > law < br > ET-CSA-156458-NC-RFB / < br > Selection and employment of < br > IT consulting firm thatdesigns and deploys anetwork operation control IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-11-13 2020-12-04 2021-01-17 2021-02-14 2021-03-16 2021-04-20 2021-05-25 2022-05-25 < br > system along with statistical < br > dash board System . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > ET-CSA-198429-CS-INDV / < br > Employment of individual < br > consultant for Price Statistics < br > - Consultancy Services onTechnical support ondeveloping application for IDA / D2290 Post IndividualConsultantSelection Direct 27 , 448 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-10-20 2020-10-30 2020-11-04 2020-11-14 2021-01-13 < br > price survey and transition < br > from CAPI to tablets and skill < br > transfer on price survey . < br > ET-CSA-198494-CS-QCBS / < br > Individual Consultant < br > Selection for Household < br > Consumption and Expenditure Individual < br > & WMS - Technical support on IDA", "spans": [{"start": 1251, "end": 1263, "text": "price survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1336, "end": 1348, "text": "price survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers . “ Not Applicable ” ” # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . “ None ” . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) # # * * < mark > ANNEX 6 . PROGRAM ACTION PLAN < / mark > * * | * * Action * * < br > * * Description * * | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timi * * | * * ng * * | * * Completion Measurement * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Undertake data < br > analysis in the < br > NEMIS platform < br > and publish annual < br > educational < br > statistical booklet . | Technical | | MoE | Recurrent | Yearly | Annual educational statistical < br > booklet published for core < br > education data , including < br > refugee children and learner < br > with special needs . | | Conduct policy < br > dialogue for < br > inclusion / mainstrea < br > ming of refugees in < br > the NEMIS . | Technical | | MoE | Other | Continuous | Data for refugee children < br > included in the NEMIS | | Training : < br > implementation of < br > the consolidated < br > three year capacity < br > building plan for < br > staff development < br > at MoE and the < br > Program ’ s < br > implementing < br > entities ( IEs ) . | Technical | | MoE | Recurrent | Yearly | Targets in the plan < br > implemented | | Technical expertise < br > to be engaged in < br > the areas of CBC < br > and formative < br > assessments | Technical | | MoE | Recurrent | Yearly | two international Partner", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 630, "text": "education data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RP Census Survey ( December 2024 ) _ _Note 1 : The rural electrification component of this project will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP project budget_ The cost for implementing the RP is considered as a financial requirement of the project . Until very recently ( Year 2024 ) , the national legislation ( Proclamation 1161 / 2019 ) payment of compensation and resettlement expenses were the responsibility of the project proponent payable through City or Woreda Administrations . As per the amended Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 , payment of compensation for assets and property , resettlement expenses , and related social and economic assistance to displaced persons is the duty of Regional Administrations where infrastructure or social service development projects take place . Therefore , resettlement and livelihood restoration activities are considered as components of the financial requirements of the Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power Subproject budget and will be funded by Regional Administrations . The rural electrification component of this subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP Subproject budget . However , EEP will raise the requirement with EEU to include these areas in their planning . # # # # # # * * 0 . 14 Monitoring , Evaluation and Reporting * * The main type of monitoring to be adopted for the purpose of this RP will be Internal Performance Monitoring ( IPM ) . Accordingly , EEP and the main units and institutions charged with the implementation of the RP will undertake continuous and systematic IPM of the RP . An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of RP / LRP implementation . # # # # # # * * _IPM Approach and Methodology_ * * The general approach for IPM include : - Maintain and regularly update a database with socio-economic baseline , displacement , and restoration data for PAHs as well as a stakeholder engagement log ; Official Use Only Page 14", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 16, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "covers urban adults aged 15-64 . < sup > 7 < / sup > To inform areas that surveys should cover on collecting data on different types of skills , and in turn how to evaluate outcomes from different types of employment-related programs , guidelines were developed during the 20 < sup > th < / sup > ICLS on the measurement of qualifications and skills mismatch — where skills span ( a ) jobspecific / technical skills , ( b ) basic skills such as literacy , numeracy and ICT skills , and ( c ) skills that can be transferred from one job to another , including cognitive as well as non-cognitive skills such as personal initiative and managerial acumen ) ( ILO , 2018e ) . In low-income , wage labor contexts , relevant job-specific and basic skills would typically be focused on physical / labor-intensive capacities , but would range more widely for those running their own business / farm operations where numeracy-related skills ( including financial acumen , for example ) are relevant . Better data on non-cognitive factors associated with employment are also highly relevant in low-income , rural contexts , where gender norms on employment opportunities tend to be highly entrenched — approaches used in psychology have also been introduced in the WEAI survey module to understand the extent to which respondents ’ economic actions are driven by self-motivation as opposed to others ’ preferences ( Malapit et al , 2017 ) . Similarly , the importance of personal initiative ( as opposed to acting out of necessity ) for women entrepreneurs has been raised by Campos et al ( 2017 ) and Buvinic and Furst-Nichols ( 2014 ) . > 6 Few studies are focused in rural areas , however ( see Calderon et al , 2013 for one exception from rural Mexico ) . > 7 See http : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / step / about for more details . 18", "spans": [{"start": 1254, "end": 1272, "text": "WEAI survey module", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Note that the commonly available household surveys in developing countries include a random sample of parents ( household head and spouse ) , and thus the estimate of the standard deviation of parental schooling is likely to be unbiased . We can put together the relations in inequality ( 4 ) , and equations ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) to derive the following approximate relation : Now observe that _ √ δ > δ_ , because _δ ∈ _ ( 0 _ , _ 1 ) , and as a result , the bias represented by the right hand side of approximation ( 10 ) is much smaller than the bias in approximation ( 4 ) . To give a sense of the magnitudes , _δ_ = 0 _ . _ 9 implies a value of _ √ δ_ = 0 _ . _ 949 , and _δ_ = 0 _ . _ 8 implies _ √ δ_ = 0 _ . _ 90 . Thus the IGC estimates from coresident sample suffer from much less bias when compared to the most widely used measure of intergenerational persistence : IGRC . If the bias in IGRC is 10 percent , the corresponding bias in IGC is half of that ( 5 percent ) , and when the IGRC estimate is biased downward by 20 percent , the corresponding bias in IGC is about 10 percent . An important implication of the above results is that , at high levels of coresidency rates ( _δ_ closer to 1 ) , the difference between the biases in IGRC and IGC will be smaller , which is consistent with the evidence that in India the differences in biases between IGRC and IGC is much smaller when compared to that in Bangladesh . The actual biases estimated in the data , however , also reflect sampling variability . < sup > 25 < / sup > From relations ( 4 ) and ( 10 ) above , we get the following approximate results on the slope of the bias in IGRC and IGC estimate with respect to the coresidency rate : The results in equation ( 11 ) above are important for cross-country and over time ( for 25Our evidence that in many cases , the", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 50, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 90 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 10-Mar-2020 | 15-Jun-2022 | 21-Nov-2022 | 31-Mar-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator will qu < br > receiving technical a < br > well as to ensure ade < br > Cumulative targets . . | antify the number of eligible be < br > ssistance provided in the cont < br > quate utilization of investmen | neficiaries participating in t < br > ext of the different phases o < br > ts received from the project | raining events and / or < br > f the subproject cycle , as < br > . Gender Indicator . | | IN01222897 < br >  Beneficiaries with ac < br > Supplement ) | cess to livelihood-related trainin | g and / or technical assistance | supported by the project / wo | men ( Number , Custom | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 22 , 000 . 00 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163980 | IDA-65400 | Effective | USD | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significantly . Following Uruguay ’ s loss of the investment grade , the spread on sovereign bonds as measured by the Uruguay Bond Index ( UBI ) jumped from less than 300 to almost 2 , 000 basis points by July 2002 . Similarly , the interest rate spread between peso and dollar time deposits almost doubled over the period , going from 2 , 310 to 4 , 520 basis points . Deposit withdrawals throughout July 2002 also reflected the resignation of the minister of economy on July 22 . On July 30 , 2002 , the government declared a four-day bank holiday , during which it negotiated financial support from the multilateral agencies ( for a total of 1 . 5 billion dollars ) to fund a program designed to avoid a general deposit freeze , such as the one imposed in Argentina six months earlier . On August 4 , 2002 , a law created a special purpose fund ( Fund for the Stabilization of the Banking System , or FESB in Spanish ) to provide full backing for dollar sight and savings deposits at state-owned banks and those financial institutions that had been suspended . The same law extended the maturities of all dollar time deposits held at state-owned banks . An amendment to this law was approved in December 2002 , with the purpose of further strengthening the banking system . < sup > 11 < / sup > # * * 3 . Systemic Risk and Depositor Responses * * To evaluate depositor responses to systemic risk , we follow two distinct approaches , using two different types of data for the recent crises in Argentina and Uruguay . We begin by running regressions similar to those in the traditional market discipline literature discussed in the introduction . For each country , we conduct panel regressions using monthly bank-level > 11 The amendment imposed reporting obligations on bank employees that acquire knowledge of irregularities , authorized bank regulators to fine state-owned banks , and created a public register for bank shareholders . The new law also provided the basis for the liquidation of the four private banks ( whose operations had been suspended during the bank holiday ) , expanded the powers of the central bank in connection", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 136, "text": "Uruguay Bond Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1703, "end": 1721, "text": "monthly bank-level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Other countries-products foreign export < br > Country-product-year world imports _ × _ # EPZ < br > Country-product-year world imports _ × _ # High-Tech zones < br > Control for Macro export < br > Control for Macro export lags < br > Control for domestic presence < br > Control for GDPs < br > Observations < br > Province-product ( HS4 ) - country fxed efects < br > Year fxed efects < br > Province-product-year fxed efects < br > Country-product-year fxed efects < br > Province-country-year fxed efects < br > R-squared ( % ) < br > F-test of excluded instruments < br > Kleibergen-Paap F-stat < br > Weak Cragg Donald F-test < br > Underid test Kleibergen-Paap < br > Hansen overid test < br > p-value < br > Endogeneity < br > p-value < br > Standard errors are clustered at the province level . < br > _a_ , _b_ and _c_ < br > instrument the product-country specifc spillovers indicator ( Sa < br > total import value with the number of EPZs and the number of | 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Tarabete | 21 | 45 , 000 | | X | | Subt | otalComponent 3 | 57 | 145 , 000 | | | | * * Mo * * | * * mbasa * * | | | | | | 12 | Mikanjuni | 14 . 5 | 4 , 500 | | X | | 13 | Ziwa la Ngombe | 52 . 3 | 37 , 500 | | X | | 14 | Likoni 203 | 8 . 5 | 20 , 000 | X | | | 15 | Shika Adabu | 13 | 15 , 000 | X | | | Subt | otal Component 3 | 66 . 8 | 42 , 000 | | | | * * Tota * * | * * l Component 3 * * | * * 732 * * | * * 417 , 000 * * | | | _Notes : _ The population figures are estimates and will be revised based on settlement-specific surveys . Mombasa and Nairobi settlements to be confirmed in April 2011 . 43", "spans": [{"start": 512, "end": 539, "text": "settlement-specific surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugees in Bangladesh . However , the capacity and time to use the Washington Group tools by humanitarian teams was an issue - Poor alignment of data collected by different agencies creates difficulties . Different agencies may define disability indicators in different ways , with different boundaries , which creates challenges to integrate data from different sources . - Concerns by agencies about how the data that is collected will be used may be a barrier for sharing data . Data confidentiality issues are real concerns , particularly in refugee situations where protection issues remain . - Competing priorities of responders may create a disincentive for agencies to take the extra time required to collect disability data . In addition humanitarian responders have very different capacities to collect data , process it , store it and subsequently analyze it meaningfully . Opportunities that may support or promote improved data collection processes : - Increased attention and demand for disability disaggregated data , especially by donors and their constituencies . - Methodologies for the collection of service point data , such as those used by UNHCR , allow a “ layering ” and revision of data based on subsequent contacts with persons of interest and later follow-up - Commitments by humanitarian actors to disaggregate data by sex , age and disability Acquiring better data is one dimension of the challenge , but the use of the data to improve operational response was equally important . Collecting data on persons with disabilities is not an end in itself ; humanitarian actors need to think carefully how this will impact different services and if these services are even available . Where no services exist , the data is useful to advocate for additional funding to provide those services to people in need . Humanitarian actors must translate pockets of good experience to influence system-wide change . # # # * * 3 . Challenges and Opportunities * * _What_ data are needed _when_ , and _how_ will it be used varies according to the context of the humanitarian event . Four humanitarian scenarios were used as a starting point for conversations in the meeting . They were chosen primarily to provide diversity in the", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 733, "text": "disability data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1031, "text": "disability disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1120, "end": 1138, "text": "service point data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "În ceea ce privește * * componența familiei , 58 % sunt femei * * și fete , * * 42 % bărbați * * și * * băieți * * , în timp ce * * 6 % ' sunt persoane cu dizabilitate * * și * * 17 % sunt persoane în vârstă * * . Dintre persoanele în vârstă , aproximativ 50 % sunt persoane cu dizabilități , ceea ce agravează riscurile cu care se confruntă această categorie de refugiați . Această notă informativă își propune să ofere o imagine de ansamblu a situației refugiaților în vârstă din Moldova , a lacunelor și nevoilor cu care se confruntă aceștia , precum și a eforturilor actuale depuse de părțile interesate din domeniul umanitar pentru a aborda aceste provocări . În urma * * Sondajului de Opinii Socio-Economice ( SEIS ) * * 1 realizat de inițiativa IMPACT în august 2024 , următoarele * * patru domenii principale * * au fost identificate ca având un impact semnificativ asupra * * refugiaților în vârstă * * în comparație cu alte grupuri : * * Accesul la informații : * * În comparație cu alte grupuri de refugiați , refugiații în vârstă se confruntă cu provocări semnific", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 713, "text": "Sondajului de Opinii Socio-Economice", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ro"}
{"text": "7 % of them reported having no formal education ( illiterate ) . Among the household heads with some level of formal education , a significant proportion ( 28 . 3 % ) attained the second cycle of elementary school ( Grades 5-8 ) , followed by the first cycle of elementary school ( Grades 1-4 ) , which constituted 10 . 3 % of the total household heads . * * _Health Status : _ * * The survey results indicate that the vast majority ( 88 % ) of household heads reported being in good health at the time of the survey . However , 8 . 5 % are elderly individuals aged 65 and above , making them more susceptible to age-related health concerns . Additionally , 2 . 4 % of household heads reported having chronic illnesses , while 0 . 3 % were identified as physically disabled . # # # # # # * * Key socio-economic characteristics * * Based on the Census and enumeration survey finding , the subproject will affect a total of 361 households . However , during the survey only 329 PAHs were present and the remaining 32 were absentee PAHs . Therefore , the socioeconomic section of this report presents the results from the 329 PAHs the impact is from the total 361 PAHs ( both interviewed & missing / absentee PAHs ) . See details in Section 7 . 2 . * * _Employment and Occupation : _ * * Based on the census enumeration result , the majority of household heads ( 85 . 7 % ) identified farming as their primary occupation . In contrast , 4 % of PAHs reported having a salary-based occupation , while 3 % indicated that trade or business is their primary source of income . Daily labor and Livestock Production were also reported as the primary occupation of household heads . * * _Landholding : _ * * Out of a total 329 project affected households , a significant majority ( 98 . 8 % ) of them own farmland . Concerning the farmland holding size of project", "spans": [{"start": 844, "end": 873, "text": "Census and enumeration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * # # # # # * * Explanation of main changes in UNHCR ' s Total population of concern from end-2005 to end-2006 * * | * * Source of main * * < br > * * changes * * | * * Country * * | * * Population * * < br > * * category * * | * * Change 2005-2006 * * | * * Main reason for inclusion in UNHCR statistics * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . New displacemen * * | * * t * * | | | | | | | | | Inclusion of 1 . 2 million refugees in Jordan , Lebanon and | | | Iraq | Refugees | + 1 . 2 million | the Syrian Arab Rep . ( end-2006 ) | | | Iraq | IDPs | + 660 , 000 < br > | Newdisplacement during the year < br > | | | Lebanon * < br > | IDPs and Returned < br > IDPs ( during2006 ) < br > | + 550 , 000 ( returned < br > IDPs ) , + 200 , 000 IDPs < br > ( end-year ) < br > | 750 , 000 Returned IDPs who returned during 2006 after < br > end of hostilities . Another 200 , 000 are still displaced < br > within Lebanon by the end of the year . < br > | | | Sri Lanka | IDPs | + 144 , 000 | Newdisplacement during the year | | | | IDPs and Returned | + 11 , 000 ( returned < br > IDPs ) ; + 155000 IDPs | | | | Timor-Leste * | < br > IDPs ( during2006 ) | , < br > ( end -", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 329, "text": "UNHCR statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Workers_ * * The Contractor is responsible for informing employees and subcontractors of their E & S obligations , and for ensuring that employees are adequately experienced and properly trained to conduct the works in a manner to minimize social & environment impact . Upon arrival on site , all new employees , including the Subproject Administrators , security personnel and subcontract personnel shall be given ESMP and ESHS induction training , carried out by ESHS Manager or his representative . Therefore , the Contractor shall : - Ensure employees are familiar with the ESHS requirements of the subproject ; - Develop and provide employees job safety training specific to their jobs ; - Ensure continuous development of its human resource through training and awareness ; - Develop and implement a mechanism for a continuous assessment of competence of the workforce ; and - Maintain all training records by the ESHS Office and produce respective reports on request . # # # # # # * * _Training and Capacity Building for Regulatory Bodies & Other Relevant Parties_ * * In an effort to strengthen institutional capacity and environmental awareness , seminar / workshop to be organized under this subproject shall also be open for individuals from concerned agencies such as Federal EPA , Oromia ’ s EPA , Sidama ’ s EPA and Woreda level Environment Protection Offices , etc . The objective of the seminar-workshop is to ensure environmental awareness , knowledge and skill for the implementation and monitoring of this ESIA . Page 13", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 912, "text": "training records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda Multisectoral Food Security and Nutrition Project ( P149286 ) | ► Number of primary | school children receiving dew < br > | orming tablets through pr < br > | imary schools in project ar < br > | eas ( Number , Custom ) < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 39 , 906 . 00 | 843 , 534 . 00 | 1 , 100 , 250 . 00 | 945 , 070 . 00 | | Date | 08-Mar-2016 | 10-Dec-2018 | 15-Mar-2019 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Baseline has been er < br > of Health ( MoH ) was < br > launch . < br > Indicator has already < br > underestimated at pr | roneously entered as 0 . 00 . < br > already providing dewormin < br > exceeded end project value < br > oject preparation . | There is a baseline value for t < br > g tablets to children in project < br > . Total number of primary sch | his indicator as the Ministry < br > areas prior to project < br > ool children was | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > O | riginal | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Annex 1 : Data Sources for the Worldwide Governance Indicators | * * WGI * * < br > * * Code * * | * * Organizaton * * | * * Data Source * * | * * Country Coverage * * * < br > * * ( most recentyear ) * * | * * Frequency * * * | * * Type * * * * | * * Methodology and Data Availability * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ADB | African < br > Development < br > Bank | Country < br > Performance < br > Assessments | 37 African Development < br > Bank client countries < br > eligible for concessional < br > fnance . | Every two years ; < br > used in WGI < br > since 2004 . | Expert / GOV | Expert assessment along 16 dimensions , scored by AfDB < br > country economists subject to centralized review . < br > Questonnaire and process are similar to the World Bank < br > Country Policy and Insttutonal Assessment ( PIA ) , the IFAD < br > Rural Sector Performance Assessment ( IFD ) and the Asian < br > Development Bank Country Performance Assessment ( ASD ) . < br > Link to methodologyhere . Data are publicly available only for < br > countries eligible for concessional fnance . | | AFR | Afrobarometer | Afrobarometer < br > Surveys | 35 African economies in < br > Round 9 . | Approximately < br > every 2-3 years ; < br > used in WGI < br > since 2002 | Survey / HH | Detailed descripton of survey instruments and sampling < br > methodology are availablehere . Record-level survey data is < br > publicly available . | | ASD | Asian < br > Development < br > Bank | Country < br > Performance < br > Assessment | 26 Asian Development < br > Bank client countries . | Every two years ; < br > used in WGI <", "spans": [{"start": 1405, "end": 1429, "text": "Record-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > Abstract : This paper examines the ways in which lower-income households obtain basic finan - < / u > cial services in urban communities in the United States and in Mexico . In addition , the paper discusses the efforts that private sector and government organizations are making to lower the cost or improve the quality of those services . It summarizes available information on these issues and assesses the rationale and challenges facing the strategies that both countries are employing to improve the financial services available to lower-income households , giving particular attention to “ unbanked ” households , meaning households that do not have deposit accounts with any regulated deposit-taking institution , and also to lower-income households in large urban areas . In comparing the experiences of the two countries the paper reviews the extent to which lower-income households are unbanked , their use of non-bank financial services , and strategies for improving financial services to the unbanked . The underlying differences between the countries ’ typical household incomes - national income per capita in Mexico in 2002 was U . S . $ 8 , 540 , compared with $ 35 , 060 in the United States ( World Bank , 2003 ) – may also influence the difference in percentage of unbanked - 9 . 1 percent of families in the U . S . compared to 76 . 4 found in a recent study in Mexico City . The paper surveys data on the urban unbanked in the U . S . It asks five questions . Who are the unbanked ? Where do the unbanked get basic financial services ? Why don ’ t the unbanked use banks ? What is the problem with being unbanked ? And , finally , what private-sector and government initiatives are underway to improve financial services for the unbanked ? It then addresses the same questions for Mexico . The answers to these questions are offered in a summary comparative form in the introduction . In both countries unbanked households are similarly characterized by low income and education levels although in Mexico the unbanked include persons well above the median income . The unbanked in both countries tend to rely on cash transactions and on services provided by commercial", "spans": [{"start": 1422, "end": 1448, "text": "data on the urban unbanked", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > 6 MONITORING AND EVALUATION < / mark > * * # # # * * 6 . 1 INTRODUCTION * * UNRA and through will maintain a database and activity file detailing all public consultations , disclosure information and grievances collected throughout the project which will be available on request . Monitoring of the stakeholder engagement activities is important for several reasons such as : - 1 ) Ascertaining whether planned stakeholder engagements and other related activities are progressing as planned - 2 ) Whether intended outputs are being realized - 3 ) For the effectiveness and efficiency of SEP to be evaluated , challenges to be identified and rectified in time . # # # * * 6 . 2 LEVEL OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION * * Two levels of monitoring are anticipated : - 1 ) Process monitoring during the RAP planning and ESIA assessment phase engagement activities : short-term monitoring of stakeholder engagement activities to ascertain whether SEP is being followed and expected outcomes are being realized ; necessary resources have been deployed and are being used efficiently ; routine reporting is being undertaken and report are being used to make improvements in the SEP and its implementation ; and whether necessary support supervision for the stakeholder engagement team is being realized . - 2 ) At the completion of all planned engagement activities after the RAP and ESIA implementation phase , a review of activities , outputs and outcomes to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the SEP . # # # * * 6 . 3 MONITORING AND EVALUATION RESPONSIBILITY * * It is advised that regular monitoring of stakeholder engagement activities will be undertaken by the client or appointed representative . It is also advised that an organization , independent of the client , will perform the outcome evaluation of the implementation of this SEP as part of the evaluation for end of assignment RAP and ESIA implementation process . # # # * * 6 . 4 MONITORING AND EVALUATION INDICATORS * * By identifying key performance indicators that reflect the objectives of the SEP and the specific engagement", "spans": [{"start": 122, "end": 148, "text": "database and activity file", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Revisions to * * | * * the Results Framework * * | * * Comments / * * < br > * * Rationale for Change * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Revised : * * | Growth and Transformation plan < br > | | Proportion of qualified < br > teachers at second cycle < br > primary school ( % ) . | Proportion of qualified primary school < br > teachers . | of the country proposed revisions < br > to the indicator . Targets are < br > provided only for the revised < br > indicator . | | Proportion of schools with < br > proper sanitation facilities < br > ( water and latrines ) < br > i ) % of schools with water ; < br > ii ) % of schools with latrines . | * * Dropped . * * | This indicator has been difficult to < br > correctly measure in the past . | | Number of health facilities < br > functional ( i . e . constructed , < br > renovated or equipped ) < br > ( Cumulative number ) < br > i ) Health posts < br > ii ) Health centers . | * * Dropped . * * | PBS2 provides no resources for < br > construction of facilities . | | Availability of essential drugs < br > at health facilities ( % ) | * * Dropped . * * | This indicator has been difficult to < br > correctly measure in the past / no < br > HMIS data . | | | * * New : * * < br > People with access to basic package of < br > health , nutrition , and population services < br > ( number ) | Bank core sector indicator added . | | Percentage of households in < br > malarious areas with two ITNs < br > ( % ) | * *", "spans": [{"start": 1208, "end": 1217, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Single Stage - Two Envelope 0 . 00 Canceled 2023-10-12 2024-01-31 2023-10-17 2024-02-02 2023-12-01 2024-03-26 2024-02-13 2024-03-19 2024-11-14 < br > nt of Government Certificate < br > Authority - ECA < br > ET-MINT-381332-GO-RFP / T < br > he Supply & Installation of ITEquipment for Integrating th IDA / 68560 2 . Digital government and connectivity Prior Request for Proposals Open - International Single Stage - Two Envelope 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-10-15 2024-06-17 2023-10-20 2024-06-21 2023-12-04 2024-02-16 2024-03-22 2025-03-22 < br > e National Databases < br > ET-MINT-381330-GO-RFP / S < br > upply , Delivery and Installation of IT Related Equipment for Federated System of Inter IDA / 68560 2 . Digital government and connectivity Prior Request for Proposals Open - International Single Stage - Two Envelope 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-10-05 2023-10-10 2023-11-21 2024-02-03 2024-03-09 2024-11-04 < br > net Exchange Points - Rebid < br > ET-MINT-387453-GO-RFP / D < br > evelopment , Supply and Configuration of Online Transaction System for different Ministr IDA / 68560 2 . Digital government and connectivity Prior Request for Proposals Open - International Single Stage - Two Envelope 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2023-10-31 2023-11-05 2023-12-17 2024-02-29 2024-04-04 2024-10-01 < br > ies and Agencies / Phase-One / < br > - MInT < br > ET", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 573, "text": "e National Databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . eConomiC oppoRtunities on a leasehold title , for a maximum of 99 years . The Lands Act , 2012 provides for three different land classifications : private land , public land and community land . Public land is vested in the government for the benefit of the people of Kenya and community land is held and managed by communities . The Act recognizes four land tenure systems : freehold ; leasehold ; other forms of partial interest as may be defined under the Act or other laws , including easements ; and customary land rights . Private land is land owned by an individual under freehold or leasehold tenure . A freehold title is the greatest interest a person can have on land as it gives the holder absolute ownership of the land for life , and for his descendants for as long as the family lineage exists . A freehold title generally has no restrictions as to use or occupation . A leasehold interest in land is for a specific period and is subject to payment of a fee or rent to the respective county government . Titles held under settlement schemes can only be transferred via succession . Though there is no policy denying refugees access to the purchase and ownership of land in Kenya , in 2021 the Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning rolled out the digitization of land systems and transactions through the National Lands Information Management System ( NLIMS ) in line with the Lands Act and the Land Registration ( Electronic Transactions ) Regulations , 2020 . This was intended to address the recurrent challenges of record management , though users have reported challenges accessing NLIMS as it verifies the identity of its users with the records maintained by the Registrar of Persons . Currently , the system locks out non-citizens who own property in Kenya , and thus refugees cannot access the platform to register their titles and any transactions . The digitization of the lands records and transactions has not been completed . Ensuring that refugees have better access to registration procedures , including through inclusion in NIIMS and issuance of a unique identifier , could be addressed in the Refugee Regulations", "spans": [{"start": 1902, "end": 1915, "text": "lands records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "kidnapping ou enlèvement des filles , les agressions émotionnelles et psychologiques . Toutes ces violences tirent leur origine des pesanteurs socio-culturelles des localités et de l ’ insécurité grandissante , selon les participants à la formation . Les mécanismes communautaires qui facilitent d ’ aborder les questions de VBG ne sont pas encore mis en place dans la région de l ’ Est . Des premiers échanges avec les agents de l ’ action sociale et lors des échanges de prise de contact avec avec les communautés , il est ressorti que certains types de VBG existaient bien avant la crise sécuritaire et que de nouvelles formes de VBG ont été induites par la crise . Les rapports des mois prochains mettront davantage en exergue cette thématique de protection pour la région de l ’ Est . # * * IV . PROTECTION DE L ’ ENFANCE * * La situation des enfants dans les zones couvertes par le Monitoring de protection n ’ a pas connu de changement . Les problèmes sont entre autres le stress psychosocial , la déscolarisation , le travail des enfants pour contribuer à supporter les charges de la famille , les agressions sexuelles ( Pour ce mois deux cas ont été identifiés et ont bénéficié de soutien psychologique , d ’ appui financier pour couvrir les soins de santé de la part de INTERSOS en partenariat avec le HCR ) dans le cadre de leurs activités notamment pour les filles qui font l ’ aide-ménagère de porte en porte et la pratique du sex", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "origin or nationality , birth registration can also help to lay the foundation for a safe and voluntary return to Syria , if and when conditions allow . # # # # At Risk of Statelessness Rasha and Lina , twin girls born in Jordan , risk becoming stateless . They were born to a Jordanian mother who had moved to Syria and married a Syrian national . Although they qualify for Syrian nationality on the basis of having a Syrian father , there is currently no way to prove this . The girls ’ father has been detained in Syria for refusing compulsory military service , and their mother — who fled to Jordan whilst pregnant — left Syria without any documents showing marriage registration . Consequently , the children have not been registered in Jordan . The nationality laws of Jordan and Syria do not permit women to confer nationality on children in most circumstances . In addition to being at risk of statelessness , these children are already facing other problems . Each was born with a hole in her heart , and one had both legs broken at birth . The related medical costs were borne out of pocket , as the babies were unregistered and therefore did not qualify for free assistance at public hospitals . While medical assistance can be provided in such cases , unregistered children often have difficulties accessing health care and other basic rights , in addition to facing the risk of statelessness . likely to then have a hard time proving their Syrian nationality , acquiring Syrian identity documents and accessing their rights . This could lead to statelessness and inhibit their ability to reintegrate into society and help to rebuild their country . The problems facing unregistered children can intensify as they grow older and need to prove their age and legal identity in different areas of life — to enrol in school , for example , or to access social services and find work . Children who are unregistered might have difficulty crossing the border legally . Once in Syria , they are 57", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _Sample_ < br > This table presents estimations country weights < br > country fixed effects . Country returns are from < br > zero otherwise . We exclude data when country < br > aggregated flow data by country . Data is from 2 < br > respectively . Source : MSCI , GEM World Bank , | _Fund Detail_ < br > on lagged countr < br > MSCI country ind < br > weight is equal t < br > 005-November 2 < br > Bloomberg , US Tr | _Fund Detail_ < br > y weights and cou < br > exes . Dummy crisi < br > o zero . Fund deta < br > 010 . Robust stand < br > easury , EPFR , Ba < br > * * Ta * * < br > * * Benchmarking * * | _Fund Detail_ < br > ntry returns for i < br > s is a binary varia < br > il indicates that w < br > ard errors in pare < br > rclays Capital , GE < br > * * ble 12 * * < br > * * in Mutual Fun * * | _Fund Detail_ < br > nternational mutu < br > ble that takes the < br > e use individual < br > ntheses . * , * * , an < br > M World Bank , I < br > * * ds * * | _Aggregated_ < br > al funds . All resu < br > value of 1 betwee < br > mutual fund data < br > d * * * denotes sig < br > MF IFS Statistics . | _Aggregated_ < br > lts are from panel < br > n March 2008 and < br > , and Aggregated < br > nificance at the 1 | _Aggregated_ < br > estimations with < br > March 2009 and < br > indicates we use < br > 0 , 5 and 1 % level | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 202, "text": "aggregated flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1050, "end": 1066, "text": "mutual fund data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "29 . On the other hand , such decentralization also raises concerns for equity by throwing regions and schools more at the mercy of their endowments . There is , for instance , some empirical evidence that wellfunctioning sub-national units can benefit from decentralization reforms while weaker , generally poorer , jurisdictions may not fare as well ( Galliani et al 2008 ) . Thus , significant support and capacity building for more poorly endowed jurisdictions and schools , combined with compensatory programs , are imperative for the long-term success of such reform strategies . 30 . Indeed there are considerable regional disparities in a range of important characteristic such as private household expenditure on education , access to higher education , and ( according to the economic analysis of the HERfKE PAD ) probably in quality of basic education and , thus , performance on the Tawjihi and other national assessments . On the other hand , the TIMSS results reported in World Bank ( 2007 ) show that the disparities between high performers and low performers in Jordan , while both significant and worse than the international average , are among the best in the MENA region . Nevertheless , inequities , always a concern , require re-doubled and in some cases new efforts to address in a decentralizing context , especially given that to date public educational expenditures in Jordan have been somewhat pro-poor and political participation ( given the nature of the state as a Kingdom ) is incipient . And after all Hanushek and Wößmann ( 2007 ) and others have shown that inequality of educational quality fosters income inequality , which may impede economic development . # # # * * Financial Sustainability and Viability of MoE Reform Agenda * * 31 . The overall program costs for ERfKE II ( US $ 430 million ) amount to approximately on average 8 % of the total MoE budget over the 6 years period ( Table 4 ) . The overall recurrent costs associated with the ERfKE II program are estimated to be less than 1 percent , and", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 973, "text": "TIMSS results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "istic and | Data science | Quarterly | | Information | Data management and business intelligence for the energysector | Quarterly | | Expert IV | Data miningand data collection | Semi-annual | | Environment | Establishingand maintainingESMS | Quarterly | | Impact | Electrificationplanning | Annual | | Assessment < br > Expert IV | Social and environment impact of electricity connections ( grid and mini - < br > grid ) | Quarterly | 44 . * * Implementation arrangements will align with the arrangements in the parent program . * * MoWE ( via EEILEO ) will be tasked with the overall coordination and reporting , EEU will report achievements of its tasked activities through the EEILEO . EEU ’ s Planning Department already monitors utility ’ s key performance indicators ( KPIs ) , while the Quality Control and Process Excellence Department monitors KPIs from each of its regional departments . EEU prepares quarterly and monthly reports for the Board and MoWE . The EEU also has a grievance handling mechanism in place and carries out routine customer satisfaction surveys . 45 . * * In line with the Bank ’ s policy for PforR , MOWE will retain independent verification agencies ( IVAs ) on terms of reference ( ToRs ) acceptable to the Bank to verify the achievement of DLI results . * * MOWE will continue to engage the Ethiopian Statistics Service ( ESS ) as independent verification agent to conduct surveys with an agreeable sample size for connections to be verified under DLI 1 and 2 . ESS will verify that connections comply with acceptable quality standards as established by EEU . An independent verification agent ) will be hired to verify the achievements of all remaining DLIs 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 . Verification will be carried out on an annual basis . DLI 3 will also further strengthen the verification capacity of the ESS , including by allowing for additional technical expertise needed to verify the quality of electricity", "spans": [{"start": 1048, "end": 1077, "text": "customer satisfaction surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Results * * This section presents the results , both from a country-pair and country-centric perspective . Our goal is to analyze the link between GVC participation and both the level ( for each country ) and the synchronization ( for each country-pair ) of inflation . # # * * GVC and the synchronization of inflation across country-pairs * * In table 1 , we use within country-pair variations and control for country-pair fixed effects as well as third country exposure to investigate the link between trade in intermediate inputs and the correlation of inflation for each pair of country . Results in column ( 1 ) show that the correlation of GDP deflator ( GDPD ) inflation increases when total trade proximity increases . This result is indicative that the determinants of GDPD inflation might not be domestic only , and that higher trade integration is associated with a link in the formation on prices . Moreover , we can dis-aggregate this results and separate total trade into trade in final goods and trade in intermediate inputs . Doing so , column ( 2 ) unveils an interesting insight about the specific role of Global Value Chains . While an increase in final good trade is _not_ associated with any significant change in inflation co-movement , the effect we observed through total trade is actually solely driven by trade in intermediate inputs . This result is not very surprising since GDP deflator is defined net of imports . While imported final goods for consumption are simply not taken into account in the construction of GDP deflators , the effect of imported input can still have an impact through the effect of cost shocks on the prices of other firms down the production chain . Overall , our results show that GVC integration as proxied by trade in intermediate inputs creates a link between inflation fluctuation between countries and confirms the view that in a world with production sharing across countries , the determinants of inflation are not purely domestic anymore . Following results presented in table 1 , in table 2 we extend the analysis by using value-added data for trade flows instead of gross trade flows . Doing so is important because , for example , gross", "spans": [{"start": 2096, "end": 2112, "text": "value-added data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2140, "end": 2157, "text": "gross trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "104 - Annex 14 Page 9 of 14 # # # UGANDA RAILWAYS CORPORATION 4 . Notes on Possible Balance Sheet Reconstruction 4 . 01 Write off any unresolved bank reconciliation discrepancies to orofit and loss and / or to suspense account . These discrepancies should be followed up by the Uganda Railways internal auditor who should submit quarterly reports on his progress . 4 . 02 Write off any unresolved discrepancies arising from examination of revenue accounts / station balance sheets . Some of these might be quickly apparent ; others may be disclosed by the follow-up operation of the internal auditor which has been suggested in Section 1 . 1 . The write offs would be to Profit and Loss and / or a Suspense Account , to be followed up by the internal auditor as suggested in 4 . 01 above . 4 . 03 Ideally , a physical inventory of stores stocks should be undertaken . All obsolete stock should be written off . Discrepancies between existing stores ' debt figures and accounting department ' s figures should be examined and unresolved differences written off as indicated above , to be followed up by the internal auditor . Existing useable stocks should ue valued at current prices , and stores department and accounting department figures adjusted to coincide . Verification of this should be part of a regular routine exercise which the internal auditor should undertake . 4 . 04 The above would form a separate exercise . In the meantime , a quick exercise could be undertaken in order to produce a balance sheet figure of stock of stores which would represent more accurately the current value of useable stocks on hand . The difference between this figure and the present balance sheet figure sho4ld be written off . - 4 . 05 Fixed assets : these should be adjusted to represent : - Current useable assets only . The balance should be written off ; - Current cost of written down value . The difference can be creditxd to reserves . - 4 . 06 Debtors : write off any bad or Irrecoverable debts . - 4 . 07 Uganda", "spans": [{"start": 809, "end": 844, "text": "physical inventory of stores stocks", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Why Infrastructure Financing Facilities Often Fall Short of Their Objectives_ _S_ hampered by regulatory restrictions ( e . i . are institutional funds allowed to invest also in non-investment grade securities ) . _9 . Adequate Design Features of Facility . _ The analysis presented also illustrates that the IFF ' s success was also adversely affected by micro-level issues relating to its design including inconsistent objectives , an inadequate institutional framework , and inadequate design parameters . 10 . _Develop Clear and Consistent Objectives . _ The cross country analysis suggests that public-sector counterparts should develop clear and consistent objectives on which to base the design of the facility as some objectives could work at cross purposes . For example , the Government may want to achieve such development objectives via the facility as expanding liquidity , lowering funding cost by offering credit enhancements , better allocating risk between the government and the private sector , developing the domestic capital market , improving the quality of service and increasing competition . However , governments will be unable to pursue all of these objectives at the same time . A better allocation of risk between the private and public sector may lead to higher risk exposure of the private sector , which in turn may reduce private resources flowing into infrastructure . < sup > 4 < / sup > In addition , government should avoid mixing commercial and developmental objectives as instruments for the latter may feature required pricing at levels that may not allow for a market return . Moreover , to provide effective and efficient support to private participation in infrastructure on a transitional basis , the design parameters of the IFF should be consistent with the policy environment . 11 . _Understand Investor Requirements . _ As experience presented in the paper further reveals , to ensure that the design of the facility is offering instruments that addresses the impediments to private participation in infrastructure , the government may want to conduct a thorough demand survey . A demand or broader market survey may also provide guidance to the government on the following issues : - to identify the nature and magnitude of the financing gap ; - the appropriateness of the fund as an instrument to support private investment", "spans": [{"start": 2112, "end": 2125, "text": "demand survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MFBs , could suddenly have access to better rates at commercial banks , while riskier SMEs were turned down by banks and had no other option but to apply for loans with MFBs , credit-only MFIs , and to a lesser extent , Saccos . This increased the risk-profile of MFB customers . The MFB industry > 27 World Bank Kenya Monthly Economic Data Update . > 28 Under the Kenya Financial Sector Support Project . ( P151816 ) . SAFER will provide additional support to CBK to build on the success of FSSP related to the CSD initiative . > 29 DT-Saccos are Saccos that mobilize both withdrawable and non-withdrawable deposits from their members and are . The withdrawable savings accounts they offer are similar to those offered by commercial banks . DT-Saccos are supervised by SASRA while the non-deposit taking Saccos are supervised by the Commissioner for Cooperatives under the Ministry of Industrialization , Trade , and Enterprise Development . > 30 SASRA , Annual Report 2018 . > 31 McKinsey 2020 . Survey of 422 MSME owners around the country on financial situation and need ( conducted on April 24-29 ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 347, "text": "World Bank Kenya Monthly Economic Data Update", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 998, "end": 1023, "text": "Survey of 422 MSME owners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# REFERENCES - Altinok , Nadir , Noam Angrist , and Harry A . Patrinos . _Global Dataset on Education Quality 19652015_ . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 8314 , 2018 . - - Barro , Robert J . , and Jong Wha Lee . “ International data on educational attainment : updates and implications . ” _Oxford Economic Papers_ 53 , no . 3 ( 2001 ) : 541-563 . - Barro , Robert J . , and Jong Wha Lee . “ A new data set of educational attainment in the world , 1950 – 2010 . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 104 ( 2013 ) : 184-198 . - Becker , Gary S . “ Investment in human capital : A theoretical analysis . ” _Journal of Political Economy_ 70 , no . 5 , Part 2 ( 1962 ) : 9-49 . - Campbell , Susanna G . , and Murat Üngör . 2020 . “ Revisiting human capital and aggregate income differences . ” _Economic Modelling_ . - Caselli , Francesco and Antonio Ciccone . “ The Human Capital Stock : A Generalized Approach . Comment . ” _American Economic Review_ , 109 , no . 3 ( 2019 ) : 1155-74 - Gennaioli , Nicola , Rafael La Porta , Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes , and Andrei Shleifer . “ Human capital and regional development . ” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 128 , no . 1 ( 2013 ) : 105164 . - Friedman , Joseph , Hunter York , Nicholas Graetz , Lauren Woyczynski , Joanna Whisnant , Simon I . Hay , and Emmanuela Gakidou . “ Measuring and forecasting progress towards the educationrelated SDG targets . ” _Nature_ ( 2020 ) : 1-4 . - Hanushek , Eric A . and Dennis D . Kimko . “ Schooling , Labor-force Quality , and the Growth of Nations . ” _American Economic Review_ 90 , no . 5 ( 2000 ) : 1184-1208 . - Hanushek , Eric A . , and Ludger Woessmann . “ Do Better Schools Lead to More Growth ? Cognitive Skills , Economic Outcomes , and Causation . ” _Journal of Economic Growth_ 17 , no . 4 ( 2012a ) : 267-321 . - Jones , Benjamin F", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 . 2 % | 5 . 3 % | 4 . 9 % | 1 . 9 % | _Source : Superintendencia Bancaria ; Encuesta de Calidad de Vida 2003_ 13 . * * Real interest rates for small savings amounts are frequently negative * * . The average interest rate paid by banks on savings accounts ranges from 2-7 % , depending on the bank and the type of service provided ( see Figure 2 . 3 ) . The majority of banks do not pay interest below a certain minimum balance . For example , BanColombia , the largest bank in the country , starts paying interest on savings accounts on a minimum balance of COP300 , 000 . Factoring in inflation of 7 % in 2003 , the real interest rate for small deposits is therefore negative . This provides limited incentives for savers to convert informal savings into savings with the formal banking sector . Focus groups confirmed that low income people generally do not trust formal financial institutions as they feel that they do not receive any remuneration on savings accounts , and fees are too high < sup > 31 < / sup > . > 31 Marulanda , 2004 . 36", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 105, "text": "Encuesta de Calidad de Vida", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table A17 : Impacts of mental health on labor outcomes – HILDA survey * * | Dependent variable : | Employment < br > status | Weekly labor income < br > ( $ 1 , 000 AUD ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | | Standardized mental health scores | - 0 . 034 * * * < br > ( 0 . 004 ) | - 0 . 030 * * * < br > ( 0 . 009 ) | | Standardized mental health scores * Migrants | - 0 . 005 < br > ( 0 . 008 ) | - 0 . 003 < br > ( 0 . 021 ) | | Dep . Mean | 0 . 804 | 1 . 556 | | Other controls | Yes | Yes | | Individual FE | Yes | Yes | | Survey wave FE | Yes | Yes | | Observations | 38 , 239 | 38 , 239 | | Numberof individuals | 4 , 500 | 4 , 500 | _Notes : _ * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . Column ( 1 ) shows results of Logit-FE model ( marginal effects ) . Column ( 2 ) shows results of FE model . Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the individual level . Data is taken from HILDA survey ( 2001 – 2019 ) . Control variables include age group dummy variables , marital status , education , and number of children . Mental health in the HILDA survey is measured using the five-item Mental Health Inventory ( MHI-5 ) scale , with a higher score indicating worse mental health . The scores are standardized to have a mean of zero and standard deviation of one . 49", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 75, "text": "HILDA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using a comparable data set of firms from France , Germany , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The authors find that product innovation has a positive impact on employment , but that process innovation has a displacing effect on employment . However , the positive impact of product innovation generating employment is larger than the displacement effect of process innovation , and , therefore , the net effect of innovation on employment tends to be positive . Using a similar methodology , Hall , Lotti , and Mairesse ( 2008 ) find a low but positive effect of product innovation on employment in Italy , and no displacement effect from process innovation . Similar studies are Dachs and Peters ( 2014 ) for European countries 5", "spans": [{"start": 8, "end": 36, "text": "comparable data set of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to assume that differences between public and private sector would be even more pronounced if data on benefit coverage were also collected for workers other than regular paid employees , casual paid employees and contract / piece paid workers in stateowned or private enterprises . # * * 4 . 2 . Selection Equation , Wage Regressions and Baseline Decomposition * * Turning to the initial step of the three-step procedure outlined above , Table 3 reports outputs from an empirical estimation of the sector selection equation ( 2 ) . These outputs provide insights into the determinants of self-selection into labor force participation and into public and private sector . Not directly reported in Table 3 but available upon request are the coefficients of the multinomial logit model used to estimate equation ( 2 ) . What is displayed in Table 3 are marginal effects on the likelihood of self-selection into the public sector , the private sector or inactivity . This is because marginal effects - 17 -", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 118, "text": "data on benefit coverage", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by Current Procedural Terminology ( CPT ) codes . For example , the facility fee for a toe deformity repair ( CPT 29290 ) performed on an outpatient basis is $ 1 , 525 , while that for a shoulder joint surgery ( CPT 23470 , 23472 ) averages $ 5 , 696 . See appendix 2 for details on hospital / facility payments for all our selected procedures . Physician payment rates were calculated from the Medicare physician fee schedule , which are listed by CPT code and setting ( facility or physician office ) for 92 different regions of the US . We used the national average across regions for each procedure in a facility setting to calculate the physician ’ s fees . For example , the national average physician ’ s fee for skin lesion removal ( CPT 11426 ) was $ 238 , while that for a cataract procedure ( CPT 66983 ) was $ 592 ( see appendices 2 and 3 ) . Medicare payment rates to providers are lower than those paid by private insurers , and much below what is paid by the uninsured ; in fact , Medicare operates _de facto_ as a large government administered PPO with a very aggressive rate structure for provider payments . In 2001 , Medicare physician payment rates were 83 percent of average private rates , having risen from 64 percent in the mid 1990s ( see e . g . , Medicare Payment Advisory Commission , 2001 ) . Anesthesiology fees are calculated based on the number of base units and time units ( one time unit is 15 minutes of time ) for a procedure , which is then multiplied by an anesthesia conversion factor that varies by region ( see Medicare Claims Processing Manual ) . We obtained the number of base units by anesthesia CPT code from the Medicare anesthetist fee schedule , assumed a uniform four time units for each procedure ( as suggested by the > 23 National Average Hospital Payment rate reported by the DRG Expert ( 2005 ) is calculated by multiplying the current relative weight of the DRG by the national average hospital Medicare base rate of $ 4 , 555 . 17", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 426, "text": "Medicare physician fee schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1659, "end": 1692, "text": "Medicare anesthetist fee schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; < br > | | � < br > _Crime_ : security costs , cost of crimes , and use and performance of police services ; < br > � < br > _Capacity , innovation , and learning_ : utilization , new products , planning horizon , sources of < br > technology , worker and management education , and experience ; and < br > � < br > _Productivity information_ : employment level , and balance sheet information ( including income , < br > main costs and assets ) . < br > The sample size was relatively large with 408 firms and includes a representative sample of the < br > composition of the Serbian economy . The PICS survey was undertaken in the aftermath of the < br > assassination of the Prime Minister at a time when the country was experiencing a great deal of < br > uncertainty , so the survey results must be viewed in this light . | | * * Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey ( EBRD and World Bank ) : * * The < br > BEEPS utilizes a standard survey instrument applied to nearly all countries in Eastern Europe and < br > Central Asia , thus ensuring comparability . BEEPS II is a follow-up of an earlier BEEPS effort . In < br > Serbia the BEEPS II survey had a sample size of approximately 230 firms in 2002 ( BEEPS I did not < br > cover Serbia ) . Generally , the sampling strategy in BEEPS II differs from that of the PICS , as the sample < br > design of the BEEPS is highly skewed toward smaller firms . | # * * Total Factor Productivity in the International Context * * Increases in the level of total factor productivity ( TFP ) of firms are an essential feature of economic growth : rich countries are countries with firms that are highly productive . This section demonstrates how TFP at the firm level is related to GDP per capita at the country level , and compares the level of TFP in Serbian firms with the levels in comparator countries . These comparisons use the large PICS-BEEPS dataset of about 27 , 000", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 612, "text": "PICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 837, "end": 891, "text": "Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1157, "end": 1172, "text": "BEEPS II survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1305, "end": 1313, "text": "BEEPS II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1903, "end": 1921, "text": "PICS-BEEPS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7672 # * * Abstract * * Inadequacies in Tanzania ’ s education and training systems compromise the quality of workforce skills , giving rise to skill shortages , and constraining the operations and growth of formal sector firms in the country . This study addressed these concerns using data from a unique Enterprise Skills Survey that asked Tanzanian employers about the education , training , and occupational mix of their workforce , the skill gaps in cognitive , noncognitive , and job-specific competencies affecting their operations , and the strategies they are using to overcome these skill gaps . The study investigates the consequences for firm productivity of employers ’ choices about their optimal skills mix , and their strategies to mitigate shortfalls in skills supply . Compared with noninnovators and firms primarily serving the domestic market , exporters and innovators face greater skill demand and suffer from skill shortages that are more likely to constrain their operations in such areas as quality assurance , use of new technology , and introducing new products and services . In analyzing firm performance and its relation to skill mix , the study found that firms with higher shares of tertiary-educated workers are more productive ; it found no impact , however , from secondary education and technical vocational education and training qualifications , possibly reflecting the universally acknowledged poor quality of secondary education in Tanzania . Employers use a range of strategies to address skill deficiencies , from hiring new workers , to training current workers in-house or externally , using high-skill expatriate workers , or outsourcing professional services . Almost all were associated with higher labor productivity . The exception , employer provided inhouse training , had no measurable impact on productivity . This paper is a product of the Education Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at sbashir @ worldbank . org and ntanaka1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 360, "text": "Enterprise Skills Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for growing teff and other crops . They are also used in threshing , and provide a variety of other products and services , especially milk , manure , and ( as a last resort ) acting as saleable assets . Cattle dominate the livestock of the project area , numbering 89 , 000 ( RIDP FS ) . The very high numbers are largely due to the need to maintain a herd of 8 - 16 cattle to ensure the availability of a pair of oxen , which make up some 26 % ) of the cattle population . Oxen work , on average , 90 120 days per year . At the end of their working life they are fattened for slaughter . Cattle breeds are traditional and include some Fogera cattle ( a local breed developed by cross-breeding the local Sanga types with Zebu cattle introduced after the great rinderpest epidemic in the 19 < sup > th < / sup > Century ) . When combined with other large animals ( sheep , goats , donkeys ) the livestock density of Fogera Woreda is estimated to be 17 . 7 tropical livestock units per ha ( TLU / ha ) , and for Libo Kemkem Woreda 20 . 3 TLU / ha . This indicates significant overstocking . The major sources of feed are natural pasture ( 31 % ) and crop residues ( 54 % : Photo 4-22 ) , with little or no supplementation or provision of hay ( use of salt , niger seed cake and straw treated with urea is reported from Libo Kemkem Woreda ( Akalu Teshome et _al . _ 2009 ) . 7 % of farmers reported cut and carry systems . _Photo_ 4-22 : _Feeding cattle with crop residues , April 2010_ In the dry season , in daytime cattle , sheep and goats are herded by boys on the seasonally flooded grasslands , which are reserved as communal grazing areas by the respective kebele administrations . At night livestock are returned to the homestead", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wage offers ( Schmieder et al . 2016 ) and in France it had no discernible impact on subsequent match quality or wages ( Le Barbanchon 2016 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > # * * 2 . 2 . ALMP and labor market outcomes * * The theoretical underpinnings of ALMP are multifaceted , as they encompass a wide range of programs and their effects cut through several economic and social areas . The main objective of ALMP is to increase labor supply and demand and improve labor market matching ; however , they also have effects on productivity , output , poverty , inequality , and social cohesion , among others . PES programs are the most commonly used ALMP globally , which include the provision of vacancy database and labor market information , training programs , job search assistance , job placement , internship programs , wage subsidies , public works , and national training funds ( Andersen et al . 2015 ) . In countries that have UB schemes , ALMP are also used as a condition to receive UB to prevent moral hazard . Therefore , both the design and implementation of ALMP play a critical role in their success , as well as the institutional , economic , and socioeconomic environments of their respective countries . Channels through which ALMP affect economic and social outcomes are covered widely in the literature . They help unemployed individuals find work by identifying their individual needs and goals through counseling ; increasing their skill sets through training and on the job learning ; facilitating job matching , and increasing competition . By enabling job seekers to develop human and social capital , they can also increase social inclusion and the productivity , output , and competitiveness of the labor force ( Boone and Van Ours 2004 ; Calmfors 1995 ) . However , ALMP can also have a negative impact on labor markets and the overall welfare of the economy if the jobs created by one program replace other jobs ( displacement effect ) or if they lead to the substitution of jobs in other sectors by changing the cost of wages through subsidies . Moreover , they may result in deadweight loss when the jobs they", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not yet evident on an economywide basis . The recession and losses from government debt exposures have taken a deep toll on the banking system , undermining financial stability . # * * Portugal * * 45 . The genesis of Portugal ‘ s crisis was different from that of the other countries in that it did not reflect the burst of a real estate bubble or fiscal profligacy , but mainly a broad deterioration of the business environment and competitiveness , seemingly accelerated by the country ‘ s accession to the Euro Zone . In the context of the recession brought about by the global financial crisis , this poor competitiveness resulted in unsustainable debt indicators and triggered the crisis of confidence . 46 . Prior to the crisis , Portugal had begun consolidating its finances ; in fact , between 2005 – 07 the government succeeded in reducing the structural balance by over 3 percentage points of > 17 Recent corrections of government statistics on the fiscal position showed that Greece had misreported the fiscal deficit prior to the adoption of the euro . 24", "spans": [{"start": 931, "end": 952, "text": "government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "x , EFDA , < br > KIP , AA < br > traffic < br > mngt agency | Every month | 5000 | | Public < br > Health < br > Impacts | * * Contamination by Adventitious Agents : * * < br > • < br > Stringent Raw Material Sourcing and Qualification < br > • < br > Multi-Barrier Advanced Sterilization and Inactivation < br > • < br > Comprehensive and State-of-the-Art Testing Regimen : < br > • < br > Reversion of Live Vaccines to Virulent Forms : < br > • < br > Prioritize the use of live-attenuated vaccine strains that < br > have been demonstrated to possess a high degree of < br > genetic stability and a low propensity for reversion based < br > on extensive research and post-market surveillance data . < br > Document the genetic characteristics and stability profiles < br > of the chosen strains . | Availability < br > of < br > training / education < br > attendance < br > related < br > to < br > HIV / AIDS , < br > Sexually < br > Transmitted < br > Diseases < br > and MOH declared threat < br > epidemic diseases . < br > Availability < br > of < br > wastewater and septic < br > system . | Akaki-Kaliti < br > subcity < br > Environmental < br > protection < br > office , < br > ShieldVax , EFDA , < br > KIP | ● < br > Every < br > month | 15 , 000 | 199", "spans": [{"start": 671, "end": 700, "text": "post-market surveillance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 37 * * Table 10 : EMC population by Division . | * * Division * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | * * Total * * | * * Percent * * < br > * * of total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Division A * * | * * 15 , 743 * * | * * 16 , 288 * * | * * 32 , 031 * * | * * 58 * * | | Central Ward | 9 , 932 | 10 , 839 | 20 , 771 | 38 | | Katabi | 5 , 811 | 5 , 449 | 11 , 260 | 20 | | * * Division B * * | * * 11 , 392 * * | * * 11 , 663 * * | * * 23 , 055 * * | * * 42 * * | | Kigungu | 2 , 348 | 2 , 178 | 4 , 526 | 8 | | Kiwafu | 9 , 044 | 9 , 485 | 18 , 529 | 34 | | * * Total * * | * * 27 , 135 * * | * * 27 , 951 * * | * * 55 , 086 * * | * * 100 * * | _Source : _ 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical report # # # * * b ) Social economic factors * * There are a number of livelihood groups that contribute to the social economic development of Entebbe Municipality and these include ; civil servants , contractors , casual laborers , pensioners , artisan , brick makers , sand mining , vehicle repairers , fishing communities , farmers , traders , hoteliers and aviation related occupations . Entebbe Municipality is one of the areas with low poverty levels in Uganda . According to the 1999 poverty mapping and the 2005 report released by Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) . # # # *", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 729, "text": "2002 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1227, "end": 1247, "text": "1999 poverty mapping", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measure the exposure of a given firm to the minimum wage as the proportional rise in the wage bill that is needed to bring the wages of all workers up to the new statutory minimum level ( Draca , Machin , and van Reenen , 2011 ) . We then implement a difference-in-differences estimation strategy whereby we measure and compare the change in exit rates among high-exposure firms ( the treatment group ) and low-exposure firms ( the control group ) before and after the minimum - wage increase . To ensure the validity of the identification strategy , we run several placebo tests in periods prior to the minimumwage increase . We also provide evidence that the estimated effects are unlikely to have been driven by other shocks that affected the Turkish economy . The paper is organized as follows : Section 2 provides background information on the minimum wage in Turkey , and on the increase that took effect in 2016 . Section 3 describes the employee-employerlinked dataset and the national labor force survey that we use for our estimations and reports descriptive statistics . Section 4 presents the identification strategy and provides supportive evidence for its validity . Section 5 reports the main results on the exit of formal firms and on formal employment destruction . It also explores the potential reallocation of workers from exiting firms . Section 6 concludes . # * * 2 . Background on the minimum wage in Turkey * * # # 2 . 1 . Institutional setting In 1974 , Turkey established a nationwide minimum wage , with no variations across regions , industries , or occupations ( Gürcihan and Yüncüler , 2016 ) . By law , the national minimum wage must be adjusted at least every two years , although it has been modified every year over the past decade . Following a series of weekly consultations , the new , monthly minimum wage is typically announced for each year in December prior to the year in which it will take effect . The minimum wage can be set either as a single minimum wage that will be implemented for the full year , or for a graduated wage that has one level for the first half of the year , followed", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 976, "text": "employee-employerlinked dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 985, "end": 1012, "text": "national labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 2020 than in 2019 : Q4 . The P90 for nonperforming loans is 1 . 42 percent in 2019 : Q4 , and is lower than that for every subsequent quarter except 2020 : Q2 , when it reaches 1 . 51 percent , which is only slightly larger . It is likely the case , as argued elsewhere ( e . g . , Beck and Keil , 2021 ) , that reported loan performance would have been significantly worse were it not the case that the bank portfolios included hundreds of billions of dollars of Paycheck Protection Program ( PPP ) loans . These loans are largely not intended to be paid back , so should contribute little to nothing to charge-offs and nonperforming loans . As discussed in more detail below , this suggests that part of the “ financial surprise ” of a lack of banking crisis or significant financial distress is likely due to government stimulus during COVID-19 in addition to prior fortification of the industry in response to the GFC . Some of the improvements may also be illusory due to the forbearance rules discussed above , but it is not possible to determine how much this may be the case . Nonetheless , it is reassuring that reported loan performance problems did not significantly worsen during the crisis . Checking next for insufficient loss allowances for the industry , this also does not appear to be problematic . The mean allowance of 0 . 81 percent in 2019 : Q4 is slightly exceeded in every quarter of 2020 , ranging between 0 . 82 and 0 . 84 percent . Similarly , the P10 values of the allowance also modestly exceed the 0 . 36 percent in 2019 : Q4 in 2020 , ranging between 0 . 37 and 0 . 38 percent . We cannot say whether the increase in allowances in 2020 are sufficient to cover the increased risks from the pandemic , but the banks at least made some effort to maintain slightly higher reserves to absorb these risks . Turning to the credit performance data for the G-SIBs , the story is much the same – no substantial problems . Mean charge-offs are low in 2020 , between 0 . 05 and", "spans": [{"start": 1850, "end": 1888, "text": "credit performance data for the G-SIBs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an Environmental and Social Management Plan ( ESMP ) , overseen by the World Bank Group biannually . The plant is managed by CGGC , a contractor required to comply with standard effluent quality for service payment . Influent and effluent , as well as sludge , are monitored daily by the operating company . The plant uses only two chemicals : sodium hypochlorite and sodium metabisulfite for chlorination and de-chlorination , respectively . As it has adopted a more natural approach , the plant has minimized its environmental impact . Furthermore , the wastewater treatment plant administration has established a grievance redress mechanism ( GRM ) , providing an effective system for handling complaints and grievances . * * Table 8 : The Kality Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Quality ( Source : Kality Wastewater Treatment Plant Administration Unit , June / 2023 ) * * | | | * * Year * * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * 2021 * * | | | * * 2022 * * | | | | * * Param * * | * * eters * * | * * Influent * * | * * Effluent * * | * * Plant Efficiency * * | * * Influent * * | * * Effluent * * | * * Plant Efficiency * * | | | * * Y-Average * * | 368 . 33 | 9 . 51 | 97 . 38 | 379 . 15 | 8 . 99 | 97 . 56 | | * * BOD * * | * * Y-Min * * | 208 . 67 | 5 . 75 | 96 . 85 | 245 . 58 | 5 . 00 | 97 . 73 | | | * * Y-Max * * | 541 . 67 | 13 . 83 | 97 . 45 | 580 . 00 |", "spans": [{"start": 743, "end": 793, "text": "Kality Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Quality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appearing in the data in each country . It is important to note that the respondents are categorizing the support they received or expected into these types , creating room for several complications . First , one support measure may be characterized as taking more than one form . For example , some respondents could potentially consider a grant to be access to new credit as well as a cash transfer ; or wage subsidy could also be interpreted as cash transfer depending on the details of its implementation . A further complication arises from the potential miscategorization of support measures . For example , we know that the Government of Georgia did not provide wage subsidies as an explicit form of support to businesses . Still , many firms in the Georgia survey reported receiving such support . We think that cash assistance provided to newly or temporarily unemployed was interpreted this way , but it is impossible to know exactly which support measure did each respondent mean when providing Yes / No responses to this battery . We thus urge readers to interpret our findings into the effectiveness of these types with additional caution . # * * 4 . 4 . Firm Characteristics Used for Matching Estimation * * Table 2 presents the summary statistics for a long list of variables from the baseline ES datasets that we use in matching estimation . For each country , means are reported separately for two subgroups of respondents : those that received government support as of the second round ( as defined above ) , the Support group , and those that did not , the No-Support group . The table also reports t-tests comparing means across the two sub-groups . In this subsection , we briefly describe each of these variables . The firm size is determined based on the total number of full-time equivalent permanent workers of firms as of the reference period used in the baseline ES ( i . e . , December 2015 in El Salvador and December 2018 in Georgia ) . Following the standard ES stratification categories , small firms are those employing 5-19 workers . Medium-sized firms employ 20-99 workers , and large firms employ 100 or more workers . The firm age shows the", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 771, "text": "Georgia survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1300, "end": 1320, "text": "baseline ES datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 * * Figure 7 . Population in Need of Food Aid , 1991 / 92 to 2009 / 10 * * Source : Arega 2010 based on MRMFSS data 3 . 18 _The PSNP contributed to improvements to household asset portfolios . _ Beneficiaries used income from cash transfers to invest in both farming inputs and livestock . Households participating in public works increased their livestock holdings by 0 . 28 Tropical Livestock Units ( TLUs ) ( Gilligan and others 2009 ) . This is equivalent to approximately three sheep . Ramakrishna and Demeke ( 2002 ) calculate that the impact of this increase on food security is about 7 percent .", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 118, "text": "MRMFSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning ( KPEEL ) Program Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * # # # # * * 5 . Statement of Project Management Responsibilities * * The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Teachers Service Commission are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ' s financial statements , which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Program for the financial year ended on June 30 , 2024 . This responsibility includes ( i ) Maintaining adequate financial management arrangement and ensuring that these continue to be effective throughout the reporting period , ( ii ) Maintaining proper accounting records , which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Program , ( iii ) Designing , implementing and maintaining internal controls relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statement , and ensuring that they are free from material misstatements , whether due to error or fraud , ( iv ) safeguarding the assets of the Program , ( v ) Selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies and ( vi ) Making accounting estimates that are reasonable in the circumstances . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Teachers Service Commission accepts responsibility for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ' s financial statements , which have been prepared on the Cash Basis Method of Financial Reporting , using appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program is of the opinion that the Program ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Program ' s transactions during the financial year ended June 30 , 2024 , and of the Program ' s financial position as at that date . The Commission Secretary and the Program Manager for the Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Program , which have been relied upon in the preparation of", "spans": [{"start": 2177, "end": 2195, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", similar to other countries , Brazilian law allows small purchases to be performed without competitive auctions ( Fazio , 2022 ) . We can also compute measures of competitiveness in tenders , such as the number of participants per tender - the average fluctuates between two and four across the municipalities in our sample . The dataset often contains unique identifiers for each supplier , which in Brazil vary if the supplier is an individual or a firm , allowing us to compute the share of suppliers identified as firms ( which vary substantially across states , from less than 60 % in CE and PB to over 80 % in MG ) . Statistics for the budget execution dataset are presented in Table 3 . Our budget execution dataset includes over 880 million observations - over 250 million commitments , around 300 million verifications and over 300 million payments . For all three stages of the budget execution , we present the total number of observations and the total number of _distinct_ events – in some cases , we are unable to assess whether two commitment observations , for example , refer to the same commitment or not . In those cases , we set our respective identifier variable to missing to flag to users that we are unsure whether these are unique events that can be tracked across datasets . Using the budget classification discussed previously , we estimate that between 25 % - 35 % of total budget commitment events are related to the procurement of > 17Municipalities that are in our sample are slightly richer and more educated than those that are not . In 2019 , the average GDP per capita ( literacy rate ) in our sample was 26 . 8 thousand BRL ( 87 . 7 % ) , while in the municipalities that are not in our sample it was 22 thousand BRL ( 82 . 5 % ) . Population size , however , does not differ across the samples ( 37 . 7 thousand inhabitants in both ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 667, "text": "budget execution dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "partners . Creating the space for reflection , sharing of experiences and learning from peers can be an equally effective way of encouraging and facilitating local-level capacity building . # # # # # * * Case study : Self-organised capacity building * * * * Lebanon Support , a local research organisation in Beirut , has initiated what it calls the ‘ Civil Society Incubator ’ . The project , implemented in partnership with the EU and the Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development ( ACTED ) , provides tailored support and mentorship for civil society actors in Lebanon . Capacity development is provided through an array of services such as provision of office space , coaching and mentoring on technical issues , management , administrative matters , research , advocacy and networking . There is no ready-made format for capacity building . Rather , programmes are designed and tailored to respond to the needs of different partners . Capacity building may take the form of a ‘ traditional ’ workshop for a group of individuals ; or a process of accompaniment – for example , supporting a particular organisation through the process of developing a project concept , applying for funding , building a project team , and so on . * * # # # # # # * * Funding for capacity development * * Quality funding directly impacts on the ability of local and national institutions and organisations to grow and develop . This is particularly pertinent for organisations that have quickly scaled up the size and scope of their operations to respond to the needs of new humanitarian caseloads ( Oxfam , 2017 ) . # # # # # # * * SURVEY FINDINGS : CAPACITY * * The online survey asked respondents to indicate whether their partnership agreements with national and local actors include a dedicated budget for capacity strengthening and organisational development . As Figure 8 shows , in the case of both government and civil society actors , the majority of partnership agreements either always or sometimes include funding for capacity strengthening . * * 26 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1660, "end": 1673, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the pending bills at 30 Lh June 2022 for the project However , these pending bills were included in the list of pending bills for the ministry . They were also verified and were found payable . * * _See attached_ * * _list_ * * _of pending bills 2021 / 2022_ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 128, "text": "list of pending bills", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 2 The Doing Business indicators were developed from collaborations with academics ( e . g . Djankov , La Porta , Lopez-De-Silanes and Shleifer , 2002 ; Djankov , La Porta , Lopez-de-Silanes and Shleifer , 2003 ; Botero , Djankov , La Porta , Lopez de Silanes and Shleifer 2004 ; Djankov , Simeon , Caralee McLiesh , and Andrei Shleifer 2007 . ) . The DB data , once developed , has then been used to examine the effect of labor regulations ( Micco and Pages 2006 ; ) , regulation of entry ( Bruhn , forthcoming ; Klapper , Laeven and Rajan . 2006 ) , or a wide set of regulations ( Loayza , Oviedo and Servén , 2006 ; Bolaky and Freund 2008 ; Eifert 2009 ) on cross-country outcomes of interest . 2", "spans": [{"start": 353, "end": 360, "text": "DB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 to aid interpretation . OLS results are - 0 . 36 * * ( 0 . 08 ) ; 0 . 14 * ( 0 . 07 ) ; 0 . 01 * * * ( 0 . 005 ) ; - 0 . 0031 ( 0 . 067 ) , 0 . 013 * ( 0 . 0068 ) ; for models ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) respectively . Additional controls : Ethno-linguistic fragmentation , income inequality , ( log ) population , size of extractive industries , democratization ( current ) , demographic dummy variables , economic openness ( current ) , religious make-up variables , regional dummies ( see Appendix A for details of variable descriptions ) . _Source : The Author_ However , while the results in Table 1 . 01 are consistent with the model ’ s theoretical expectations , they remain a relatively limited test of its robustness . Firstly , if the model is correct , it should be the case that ( 1 ) these three measures of the EDD / NEDD ratio are measuring the same underlying latent variable ( extensiveness of government ) ; and 2 ) while the most robust control variables were utilized , it is essential to include other control variables that may affect these results . Given the small sample size , it is not possible to introduce all the potential control variables using the OECD country sub-set alone ( due to the problem of model saturation / lack of degrees of freedom ) , and therefore it becomes essential to utilize a larger dataset . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Berhale woreda is another project target woreda of Afar Regional State . Geographically the wereda is found in Zone 2 of the region located from 39 . 79-40 . 43 < sup > 0 < / sup > east and 13 . 55 - 14 . 23 < sup > 0 < / sup > North . The woreda is bordered on the north by Dallol woreda , on the North West by koneba wereda and on the west by Tigray National Regional State . Berehale Town is the administrative center of the woreda . According to the 2017 CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia , the woreda has a total population of 91 , 919 of whom 52 , 281 are men and 39 , 638 are women . From the total population 82 , 366 ( 89 % ) are living in rural areas . Majority of the rural dwellers in this woreda are Muslim pastoralist . As per the information obtained from woreda Agricultural Office the average rainfall is estimated to be less than 200 mm / annum , with average temperature ranging from 27-45c and altitude of - 72 to 1500 meters above sea level 37", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 496, "text": "2017 CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > mber being in Shauri Yako at 13 . 9 % as p < br > ndents alluded to having a stable supply < br > * * f Fuel in the KISIP Sites * * < br > * * Charcoal * * < br > * * Firewood * * < br > * * Gas * * < br > 50 < br > 13 . 6 < br > 4 . 5 < br > 70 ( both C + F ) | e Co < br > n the county accountin < br > include charcoal ( 17 . 1 % < br > araffin dominates with < br > Rural Electrification P < br > e centers and schools < br > ve electricity while 17 d < br > other 34 are yet to be c < br > source of energy for c < br > informal settlements u < br > er the KISIP socio-eco < br > of both charcoal and fir < br > * * Comments * * | < br > g for about 60 % of < br > ) , Paraffin ( 6 . 9 % ) < br > its usage estimated < br > rogram , electricity < br > being continually < br > o not . 35 secondary < br > onnected ( Kisumu < br > ooking followed by < br > se gas for cooking < br > nomic survey . < br > ewood . | * * Source : KISIP Social economic survey Report * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 Energy * * Firewood is the main source of energy used for cooking in the county accounting for about 60 % of all energy forms . Other forms of energy used for cooking include charcoal ( 17 . 1 % ) , Paraffin ( 6 . 9 % ) , and Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) ( 2 . 5 % ) . For lighting , paraffin dominates with its usage estimated at", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 974, "text": "KISIP Social economic survey Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 3 . 1 Incidence of Conflict in Côte d ‟ Ivoire : 2001 to 2006 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Conflict events < br > 250 < br > 194 < br > 200 < br > 145 < br > 150 120 < br > 100 < br > 54 < br > 32 < br > 50 < br > 11 < br > 0 < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ‟ calculation based on the ACLED database In this study we use two main data sources . The data on local incidences of conflict are taken from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Database ( ACLED ) . The latter < sup > 1 < / sup > as described by Raleigh , Hegre , and Carlson ( 2009 ) compiles exact locations , dates , and additional characteristics of individual battle events in states affected by civil war . The conflict data for Côte d ‟ Ivoire are available for the period from 1997 to 2010 . The ACLED database on Côte d ‟ Ivoire reports a total number of 965 conflict events between 1998 and 2008 . It tracks rebel activity and distinguishes between territorial transfers of military control from governments to rebel groups and vice versa . The conflict events are disaggregated into six categories : ( i ) Battle - government regains territory , ( ii ) Battle - no change of territory , ( iii ) Battles - rebels overtake territory , ( iv ) Non-violent activity by a conflict actor , ( v ) riots / protests , and ( vi ) Violence against civilians . In Figure 3 . 1 , we show the total number of reported conflicts per year for the period starting from 2001 to 2006 . The conflict intensity reached its peak between 2002 and 2004 with a total of 459 conflict events . For empirical purposes , we disaggregate the conflict events into 50 departments , which are nested into 19 regions in Côte d ‟ Ivoire . To decipher the causes and consequences of conflict at the local level , many", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 376, "text": "ACLED database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 482, "end": 524, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 755, "end": 788, "text": "conflict data for Côte d ‟ Ivoire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Menon , Carlo , and Gianluca Tarasconi . “ Matching Crunchbase with patent data ” . _OECD Science , Technology and Industry Working Papers_ , vol . 2017 , no . 7 , 2017 , 0 1 – 21 . - Montobbio , Fabio , and Valerio Sterzi . “ The globalization of technology in emerging markets : a gravity model on the determinants of international patent collaborations ” . _World development_ , vol . 44 , 2013 , pp . 281 – 99 . - Rassenfosse , Ga ́ etan de , and Florian Seliger . “ Imputation of missing information in worldwide patent data ” . _Data in Brief_ , vol . 34 , 2021 , p . 106615 . - Reuters . “ Huawei unveils Harmony operating system , won ’ t ditch Android for smartphones ” . _Reuters_ , 19 Aug . 2019 . ` www . reuters . com / article / technology / huawei-unveils - ` 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > economic and living conditions of a sample of Syrian refugees living in the Al Azraq and Zaatari camps and refugees and Jordanian citizens living in the surrounding governorates . < / mark > < mark > I retrieved the following data from the survey : characteristics of the refugees ' household head , household income per capita , household dwelling , access to services such as electricity and water , assets accumulation , and overall life experience . The survey also has some < / mark > retrospectiv < mark > e information on pre-crisis characteristics , such as t < / mark > he household head ' s economic status in Syria , household earnings in 2010 before the crisis , household assets in Syria , and the number of years the household has been living in Jordan . The estimations in this paper use this information as control variables . # 4 . 2 . Identification strategy Using an immigration survey to evaluate causal impacts often faces identification threat ( Borjas , 2018 ) . In other words , refugees who are surveyed in camps may be different from refugees who are surveyed in the cities , leading to selection bias . I identify three reasons selection bias can arise in this research . Refugees may self-select to live outside of the camp because they : - ( a ) have social networks in the cities who can accommodate them . - ( b ) have more access to finance to pay for the rent , or - ( c ) because of their economic desire for access to jobs ( Malaeb & Wahba 2019 ) . I confront refugees ' self-selectivity by employing the difference-in-difference ( DiD ) method and the propensity score matching method . The DiD method is used to estimate the effect of a given instrument on a treatment group and a control group over time , attributing any differences to the effect of treatment membership ( Athey & Imbens , 2006 ; Lechner , 2010 ) . While the DiD controls for baseline differences in the outcome of interest , it holds a parallel trend assumption , for which it is difficult to account . This parallel trend assumption requires that the difference between", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 255, "text": "data from the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 895, "end": 913, "text": "immigration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Proposed Borehole at Akira Ngondu , Igembe , Meru County # # # # * * _4 . 2 . 5 Current water supply_ * * The local community gets their water supply from the following main sources : - From Diocese of Meru pipeline - From water trucking - Rain water harvesting Consequently , the local community is in dire need of a borehole to supply them with reliable , potable and adequate water supply for domestic uses . The community has applied to drill a borehole to meet its water requirements . # # # # * * _4 . 2 . 6 Vegetation_ * * The project area is densely populated caused by the immigrant communities who have bought small plots and settled . This has resulted in the original vegetation cover being destroyed to give way for the construction of houses and small scale cultivation . However this is being reversed with the planting of trees and flowers in the individual plots . # # # # * * 4 . 3 Socio-Economic setting * * A socio-economic baseline survey was undertaken during the design phase of the project . The objectives of the socio-economic survey was to determine the socio-economic characteristics of Akira Ngondu Water Project area , to assess the water consumption patterns and to draw up major conclusions that will be useful and relevant to the present planning and future development for the water supply system . Information on the socio-economic issues relevant to water and sanitation , including demography , education issues , economic activities , water sources , water use , sanitation levels , problems related to water and sanitation , willingness to pay for improved services , etc was obtained . # # # # * * _4 . 3 . 1 Target Population_ * * The estimated current population of the target area is 4 , 550 people with an annual growth rate of about 3 . 0 % as per the District Development Plan ( 2008 to 2012 ) . The current population of the schools is 4 , 250 . There is one", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 1010, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1089, "end": 1110, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goldin , Claudia . 1995 . “ The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History . ” In : Schultz , TP , _Investment in Women ’ s Human Capital and Economic Development_ . University of Chicago Press , pp . 61-90 . Holloway , Kyle , Zahra Niazi and Rebecca Rouse . 2017 . _Women ’ s Economic Empowerment Through Financial Inclusion : A Review of Existing Evidence and Remaining Knowledge Gaps . _ Innovations for Poverty Action , Financial Inclusion Program . Ibrahim , Kasirye , 2013 . \" Constraints to Agricultural Technology Adoption in Uganda : Evidence from the 2005 / 06-2009 / 10 Uganda National Panel Survey , \" Research Series 151979 , Economic Policy Research Centre ( EPRC ) . International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) . 2016 . _Investing in Women along Agribusiness Value Chains . _ World Bank . International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . 2018a . _Women and Men in the informal economy : A statistical picture ( 3_ < sup > _rd_ < / sup > _edition ) . _ Geneva . ILO . 2018b . _World Employment Social Outlook : Trends 2018 . _ Geneva . ILO . 2018c . _Data collection guidelines for ICSE-18 . _ 20th International Conference of Labour Statisticians , Room Document No . 4 . ILO . 2018d . “ Exploring Light Time-Use approaches for measuring productive activities . ” What Counts : Statistics on Work , Brief No . 1 , August . ILO . 2018e . “ Guidelines concerning measurement of qualifications and skills mismatches of persons in employment . ” ICLS / 20 / 2018 / Guidelines . ILO . 2013 . _Resolution I concerning statistics of work , employment and labour underutilization . _ 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians , Geneva . Jayachandran , Seema . 2015 . “ The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries . ” Annual Review of Economics 7 : 63-88 . Johnston , Deborah , Sara Stevanob , Hazel J . Malapit , Elizabeth Hulla , and Suneetha Kadiyala . 2018 . “ Time Use as an Explanation for the Agri-Nutrition Disconnect : Evidence from Rural Areas in Low and MiddleIncome Countries . ” _Food Policy_ 76 : 8-18 . Jones , Nicola", "spans": [{"start": 620, "end": 648, "text": "Uganda National Panel Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "chosen , because the KKZ rule of law index does not vary dramatically over time . < sup > 6 < / sup > # < u > D . Depositor Monitoring < / u > We use the level of deposit insurance to measure the intensity of depositor monitoring . More specifically , we compute , for each country _i_ , the inverse of the ratio of deposit insurance coverage to per capita GDP : > 5 KKZ data set and its description are available at http : / / www . worldbank . org / wbi / governance / data . html . See Haselmann et al . ( 2010 ) on the effects of alternative legal changes on bank lending in transition economies . 6 The correlation between the 2004 data and those from other years runs from . 91 to . 98 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 379, "text": "KKZ data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "probability _ψ_ , while a new entrepreneurial productivity is drawn with the complementary probability 1 _ − ψ_ . The remaining parameters to be calibrated are _α_ + _θ_ , _η_ , _ψ_ , _β_ and the collateral constraint _λ_ of the initial stationary equilibrium . To do so , we target the following moments in the US data : employment share of the top decile of establishments by size ( number of employees ) , the top 5 percent earnings share , the annual exit rate of establishments , the real interest rate , and the ratio of external finance to total non-financial assets of the non-financial business sector . | | US Data | Model | Parameter | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Top 10 % Employment Share | 0 . 69 | 0 . 69 | _η_ = 5_ . _25 | | Top 5 % Earnings Share | 0 . 30 | 0 . 30 | _α_ + _θ_ = 0_ . _79 | | Establishment Exit Rate ( Annual ) | 0 . 10 | 0 . 10 | _ψ_ = 0_ . _97 | | Real Interest Rate ( Annual ) | 0 . 04 | 0 . 04 | _β_ = 0_ . _98 | | Credit Market Instruments to Non-Financial Assets | 0 . 70 | 0 . 70 | _λ_ = 7_ . _5 | * * Table 1 : * * Calibration Table 1 shows the moments in the US data and their counterparts in the calibrated model . The decile of the largest establishments ( in terms of employment ) accounts for 69 percent of total employment in 2000 . The earnings share of the top 5 percentiles is 30 percent in 1998 . The annual establishment exit rate is 10 percent in the Business Dynamics Statistics from the US Census . We assume that the annual interest rate is 4 percent . Lastly , we target the ratio of credit market instruments to total non-financial fixed assets in the non-financial business sector of 0 . 7 , a level attained one year before the 2008 financial crisis . Although all parameters are jointly pinned down in the model equilibrium", "spans": [{"start": 1411, "end": 1439, "text": "Business Dynamics Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1449, "end": 1458, "text": "US Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ― Meso-scale modelling of runoff and water balances using remote sensing and other GIS data , ‖ _Hydrological Sciences - Journal - des Sciences Hydrologiques_ , 39 ( 2 ) : 121-142 . - Scipal , K . , C . Scheffler , and W . Wagner . 2005 . ― Soil moisture-runoff relation at the catchment scale as observed with coarse resolution microwave remote sensing , ‖ _Hydrological Earth System Science Discussion_ , 2 : 417 – 448 . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 448 | 2 , 546 | | Dushanbe – Khorog | 524 | 2 , 606 | _Source : _ International Finance Corporation and World Bank 2009 ; Ministry of Transport , Tajikistan . aData from _Doing Business_ 2009 . The Tajik government is considering upgrading or rehabilitating a couple of roads . The market accessibility index can provide a quick assessment of which of these projects may provide better market accessibility to domestic producers . Indeed , a road crossing settlements with better domestic market accessibility is more likely to induce more demand for transport services by local producers trying to connect to markets , thus unleashing the potential for cargo consolidation along the way . Given established increasing return to scale in transport services , such freight consolidation opportunity is vital for regional and global competitiveness of Tajikistan . Map 2 overlays some of these road projects with the market accessibility level of Tajik settlements . As highlighted by the low market accessibility of the settlements crossed in Map 2 , the following projects appear to be less urgent : the reconstruction of the Highway Aini-Panjakent-Uzbek border ; the reconstruction of the Highway Obburdon-Auchi-Gonchi ; and the reconstruction of the Highway KulyabKalai Khumb . However , the reconstruction of the highways Kofarnihon-Romit and Rudaki-Sultanabad - > 7 The index is calculated using the gravity-type relation , where Ai is the accessibility measure of settlement i , Wj is the activity to be reached in settlement j , cij is the generalized cost of reaching market j from i , g ( . ) is called the activity function , and f ( . ) the impedance function . We use the population of settlements for Wj and the travel time for cij to compute the market accessibility index for all settlements with an identified population . 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RAs ) will follow a specific framework for monitoring activities of Components 1 , 2 and 3 , working in close coordination with implementing agencies , and regional , _cercle_ and local government coordination mechanisms . The MODs will be responsible for data collection and monitoring of indicators . Dedicated staff within the PCU will assure the quality and timeliness of data and reporting . The Steering Committee will monitor the semi-annual reports , which will be disclosed to the public . Baseline data will be collected by MODs as part of project preparation . 43 . * * Community monitoring and public information dissemination will also be a key element of the project ’ s M & E * * . Community monitoring will be facilitated under Component 3 which seeks to ensure that the social and productive infrastructure rehabilitated under Components 1 and 2 respond to community needs and take into consideration conflict risks . Communities and PLGs will monitor the use of project resources at the grassroots level including the timeliness and quality of infrastructure rehabilitation , and the utilization of project inputs by associations and individual beneficiaries in jump-starting productive activities . Information will be made available at the community-level through multiple channels including periodic local meetings , notice boards , and vernacular radio . The feedback and grievance redress mechanism , to be set up and supported under Component 3 , will provide an independent avenue to address grievances relating to the project . 44 . In addition , the TPM will monitor project processes and describe impacts and results based on inputs from communities and other stakeholders . Should security deteriorate and 14", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 512, "text": "Baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition , as RCTs as a method mature , researchers have turned their attention to consolidating and systematizing the RCT-based evidence , as well as expanding and improving experimental methodology and econometric analysis methods . In short , many emerging areas of secondary research could benefit from improved access , systematic cataloging , and harmonized documentation of RCT data . Here we provide a brief overview of research that reuses RCT data and informed the development of the schema . _Combining evidence . _ Meta-analysis techniques such as Bayesian hierarchical models ( BHM ) can increase external validity and generalizability of experimental results . Recent examples include Bandiera et al . ( 2021 ) , who combine 16 laboratory and field experiments to estimate the impact of performance pay on women , and Meager ( 2019 ) , who estimates the impact of micro credit on income-generating activities and consumption . When available data is not catalogued , meta-studies run the risk of overlooking less prominent studies . < sup > 4 < / sup > _Assessing estimation and prediction methods . _ In seminal work , LaLonde ( 1986 ) used experiments as a benchmark to assess the bias in non-experimental estimation methods . The literature that followed ( Fraker and Maynard , 1987 ; Dehejia and Wahba , 1999 , 2002 ; Glazerman et al . , 2003 , and many more ) has matured to the point of being able to draw conclusions about the full distribution of bias ( e . g Chaplin et al . , 2018 ) . Researchers have also used experimental data for making out-of-sample predictions and evaluating external validity , e . g . by comparing different prediction methods or quantifying site selection bias ( e . g . Hotz et al . , 2005 ; Allcott , 2015 ; Gechter et al . , 2019 ) . _Measurement . _ Researchers use existing data to validate methods of measurement for important concept and indicators . Recent work has for example examined sources of measurement error in agricultural data ( e . g . Beegle et al . , 2012 ; Rosenzweig and Udry , 2019 ) and measurement methods for women ’ s agency ( e . g . Donald et al .", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 392, "text": "RCT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1980, "end": 1997, "text": "agricultural data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- iii - # # ETHIOPIA # # FAMILY HEALTH PROJECT # # Basic Data # # All figures apply to 1984 , the year of the most recent census , = 1ess otherwise indicated | Genorals | Area | 1 , 222 , 000 < br > sq . km . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Population < br > Population < br > Density | 42 m . < br > 35 / sq . km . | | | Rural population < br > as proportion < br > of total | | | | population | 892 | | | Crude birth rate | 47 / 1 , 000 | | | Crude death rate | 18 / 1 , 000 | | | Populati $ n growth rate | 29 % | | | Infant mortality < br > rate | 135 / 1l , OOO | | | Life expectancy < br > at birth | 43 years | | | Life expectancy < br > at birth ( female ) | 46 years | | | ODP per capita | US $ 110 | | Uealth | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Services | : < br > Population < br > per physician | 39 , 000 | | | Population < br > per trained nurse < br > Population < br > per hospital < br > bed < br > Population < br > within reach of modern health services < br > Population < br > with access to MCH services | 2 , 100 < br > 3 , 750 < br > < 402 < br > < 202 | | | Proportion < br > of children < br > immunized | 201 | | | Contraceptive < br > prevalence < br > rate ( modern < br > methods ) | 21 | | | Government < br > expenditure < br > on MOH as proportion < br > of | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for thirty minutes , and evaluate startups using a Vilcap survey where they decide if they wish to conduct due diligence , and ask for additional information > 1 Professional investors were invited by Vilcap and included other accelerator managers , investors from angel groups , and early-stage venture capital funders . 13", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 64, "text": "Vilcap survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5989 # * * Abstract * * This paper estimates how changes in China ’ s exchange rates would affect exports from competitor countries in third-country markets — in other words , the “ spillover effect . ” The authors use recent theory to develop an identification strategy , with a key role for the competition between China and its developing country competitors in specific products and export destinations . Using disaggregated trade data , they estimate the spillover effect by exploiting the variation across different exporters , importers , products , and time periods . They find a spillover effect that is statistically and quantitatively significant . Their estimates suggest that a 10-percent appreciation of China ’ s real exchange rate boosts a developing country ’ s exports of a typical four-digit Harmonized System product category to third markets by about 1 . 5 to 2 percent on average . The magnitude of the spillover effect varies systematically with the characteristics of products , such as the extent to which they are differentiated . This paper is a product of the Trade and Integration Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at amattoo @ worldbank . org , pmishra @ imf . org , and asubramanian @ piie . com . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 469, "text": "disaggregated trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 | * * Land & * * < br > * * Assets * * | * * Types of Impact * * | * * Person ( s ) Affected * * | * * Compensation / Entitlement / Benefits * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | ( assistance with job placement , skills < br > training ) | | | | Squatter / informal < br > dweller | Cash compensation for affected structures < br > without depreciation , taking into account < br > market rates for materials < br > Right to salvage materials without < br > deduction from compensation < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting + < br > assistance to find alternative secure < br > accommodation preferably in the < br > community of residence through < br > involvement of the program ) < br > Alternatively , assistance to find < br > accommodation in rental housing or in a < br > squatter settlement scheme , if available < br > Rehabilitation assistance if required < br > assistance with job placement , skills < br > training | | | | Street vendor < br > ( informal without < br > title or lease to the < br > stall or shop ) | Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 2 months net income based < br > on tax records for previous year ( or tax < br > records from comparable business , or < br > estimates ) , or the relocation allowance , < br > whichever is higher . < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting ) < br > Assistance to obtain alternative site to re - < br > establish the business . | | Standing < br > crops | Crops affected by < br > land acquisition or < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1192, "end": 1203, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for an additional 102 social cohesion and integration events at the regional and _woreda_ levels and 25 refugee consultation sessions . Around 5 , 100 participants ( 2 , 040 host community , 2 , 040 refugees and 1 , 020 other stakeholders ) will directly benefit from the interventions . To enhance the capacity of local leaders , training on conflict and dispute resolution will be conducted for 320 participants in both existing and new project areas ( 160 hosts and 160 refugees ) , focusing on joint host community-refugee committees . Data from the 2023 SocioEconomic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia ( SESRE ) and an earlier 2020 Social Assessment shows that social relations are generally positive between refugees and host communities . The situation is more complex , however , in areas hosting refugees from South Sudan . < sup > 4 < / sup > Accordingly , social cohesion activities will be intensified in those locations . > 3 The four new integrated settlements to be supported are : ( a ) Kumer Aftit , Metema woreda , Amhara region ; ( b ) Ura , Ura woreda , BenishangulGumuz ; ( c ) Lokdong , Makuey woreda , Gambella ; and ( d ) Mirqan , Bokh Woreda , Somali region . > 4 See World Bank , RRS and UNHCR ( 2023 ) _Socio-economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia ( SESRE ) _ at https : / / www . jointdatacenter . org / wp - < u > content / uploads / 2024 / 10 / SESRE_Ethiopia . pdf . See also World Bank ( 2020 ) < / u > _Impact of Refugees on Hosting Communities in Ethiopia : a Social Analysis_ . Washington DC : World Bank . Page 6", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 603, "text": "2023 SocioEconomic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 629, "end": 651, "text": "2020 Social Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Bujagali Energy Limited * * * * 75 * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 Daytime levels at Site B ( Kikubamutwe ) were typically in the low 40s dBLAeq , reducing to the mid 30s dBLAeq at night . The importance of the river and wildlife as the main noise sources is evident from the last column in Table 3 . 6 , as is the influence of local children . Site C ( outlying area of Malindi ) , overlooking and being influenced by the noise from the river , had levels approximating to the mid to upper 40s dBLAeq . These levels were effectively independent of the time of day . Site D ( area of Malindi more remote from the river , but closer to the main road ) had more variable noise levels due to human activities . Daytime levels varied from the low 40s to mid 50s dBLAeq , reducing at night to the low 40s dBLAeq . Noise levels at Site E ( Kyabirwa ) were influenced by the noise from the river , being about 40 dBLAeq . The noise effect of children playing is evident from Table 3 . 6 . Site F ( representative of scattered properties in Buloba ) noise levels were typically in the low to mid 40s dBLAeq , with the noise from the river and insects persisting into the night-time period . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 3 Air Quality * * The proposed dam does not involve an asphalt core , as was proposed by AESNP . Therefore , an asphalt batching plant shall not be needed . Thus , there will be no significant emissions of air pollutants , other than vehicle raised dust . Nonetheless , the following information on air quality is provided . There are no historic background air quality data available regarding the ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide , sulphur dioxide and particulate matter in the project area .", "spans": [{"start": 1611, "end": 1647, "text": "historic background air quality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "R ) and Agnes Nagayyi ( UNHCR ) . Ryan Anderson ( WFP ) , Siddharth Krishnaswamy ( WFP ) , Edgar Wabyona ( WFP ) , Beatrice Nabuzale ( WFP ) , Nelson Okao ( WFP ) , David Matseketse ( UNICEF ) , Cecilia De Bustos ( UNICEF ) , Brenda Kaijuka Muwanga ( UNICEF ) . Special thanks go to the Office of the Prime Minister – camp commandants in all Host Community who were instrumental in the coordination and mobilization . Finally , we sincerely thank the refugee population in South West , Mid-West and West Nile Host Community for their willingness to participate and allowed us to interview them and measure their children . * * Lucas Machibya Dr . Julius Kasozi UNHCR Kampala * * * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 2 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "North-West Syria : Protection Analysis Update June 2022 # # # # # A . COVERAGE AND ACCESS The NWS Protection Cluster ( Turkey ) was activated in 2015 following the passage of UNSCR 2165 ( 2014 ) . The Cluster includes : GBV , Child Protection & Mine Action Sub-Clusters ; Protection Monitoring Task Force ; and HLP & Inclusion Technical Working Groups , all of which are co-led by UN agencies & NGO partners . The Cluster coordinates the response of protection actors working inside northern Syria in areas accessible from Turkey and outside the control of the GoS . This includes territory in NWS controlled by non-state armed groups and related de-facto authorities , as well as areas under the effective control of the Government of Turkey , including Ras-al-Ayn and Tel Abyad . All coordination and technical support are provided remotely from Gaziantep , Turkey . Conflict-related dynamics have been a significant challenge for humanitarian access and have prevented UN agencies and international staff from NGOs from entering NWS . Humanitarian access allows protection actors to build trust with affected communities and vulnerable persons , thereby enabling reporting of violations by survivors , fosters reliability in sustained service provision , facilitates the Cluster to ensure adherence by partners to minimum standards of service provision , including with respect to data protection , and ultimately ensures safety of our clients and staff . # # # # # B . FUNDING DATA In 2021 , only 56 % of the NWS Protection Cluster ’ s funding requirements were met , which severely impacted our ability to prevent , mitigate and respond to protection threats , risks and needs . Despite the increase in needs on the ground , the funding gap for 2022 has become more severe . As of March , only 32 % of the Cluster ’ s funding requirements for 2022 have been met . Continued underfunding of protection activities will leave critical protection threats , risks and needs unaddressed , with civilians unable to access lifesaving assistance and increasingly resorting to negative coping strategies . This will have detrimental", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) | | for every additional 25 % point increase in ICT grade 7-12 teachers trained to deliver digital courses , up to $ 6 , 000 , 000 DLI < br > 3 . 5 : $ 6 , 000 , 000 by Closing Date Formula : from the baseline of 0 , $ 1 , 000 , 000 for every 10 % point increase in public schools < br > receivingdigital skills classes , upto $ 6 , 000 , 000 DLI 3 . 6 : $ 3 , 000 , 000 byClosingDate | | - - - | - - - | | * * Data source / Agency * * | MoE | | * * Verification Entity * * | DLI 3 . 1 : IVA ; DLI 3 . 2 : IVA ; DLI 3 . 3 : IVA ; DLI 3 . 4 : IVA ; DLI 3 . 5 : IVA | | * * Procedure * * | DLI 3 . 1 : IVA will verify that readiness assessment has been conducted in accordance with protocols agreed with the WB < br > DLI 3 . 2 : IVA will check the ministerial decree to adopt the action plan and will verify that the action plan includes sufficient < br > details ( as agreed with the WB ) of the following : < br > 1 . < br > Competency framework for digital skills for all grades < br > 2 . < br > Teacher training plan < br > 3 . < br > Roll-out plan for digital skills courses < br > 4 . < br > Draft budget < br > DLI 3 . 3 : IVA will check the ministerial decree that adopts the Digital skills curriculum for all grades < br > DLI 3 . 4 : IVA to check the training records of the G7-12 teachers and confirm the percentage", "spans": [{"start": 1341, "end": 1379, "text": "training records of the G7-12 teachers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > e transporte en camionetas c < br > on conductor , necesario para Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > el desarrollo del operativo d IBRD / 89460 stance for Capacity Building Post Direct Selection Direct - National 202 , 977 . 60 0 . 00 Canceled 2022-09-09 2022-09-13 2022-10-21 2022-12-31 < br > e campo de la Encuesta Naci & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > onal de Desnutrición Infantil , < br > periodo : octubre-diciembre 2 < br > 022 < br > C2-MIES-INEC-45 / Servicio d < br > e transporte en camionetas c < br > on conductor , necesario parael desarrollo del operativo decampo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición Infantil , pe IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Direct Selection Direct - National 53 , 155 . 20 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-10-11 2022-10-11 2022-10-15 2022-10-17 2022-11-10 2022-12-31 < br > riodo : octubre-diciembre 202 < br > 2 ( Planta Central - Quito - Enl < br > istamiento y Encuesta ) < br > C2-MIES-INEC-46 / Servicio d < br > e transporte en camionetas c < br > on conductor , necesario parael desarrollo del operativo decampo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición Infantil , pe IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Direct Selection Direct - National 23 , 049 . 60 0 . 00", "spans": [{"start": 596, "end": 638, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición Infantil", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "by country _d_ against Brazil for product _p_ . ( Threat ) kd , t − 1 is a binary indicator that takes a value of one if Brazil filed an AD investigation against country _d_ in the three-digit ISIC industry category _k_ in the previous year . We consider it plausible that firms in the same industry may be connected via unions , trade associations , and other business organizations . Thus , retaliation may be reflected at the industry level , although AD filings target a narrow product line . < sup > 8 , 9 < / sup > In addition , this variable is zero for countries that have not implemented an AD law because they have no capacity to retaliate . We treat the European Union countries as a single country because AD is a European Union-wide policy . < sup > 10 < / sup > # * * _ < < B > > _ * * _Other Considerations_ We include firm-product-destination fixed effects in our specifications to control for firm-level unobservables , such as managerial ability , to account for the heterogeneity in the quantities ’ units of measurement , which are used to create the unit export values and to control for time-invariant , country-specific factors , such as distance . < sup > 11 < / sup > Moreover , we use the total export revenues of the firm , which measure not only the size but also the market power in the international market . < sup > 12 < / sup > In addition , as stated in Verhoogen ( 2008 ) and Hallak and Sivadasan ( 2008 ) , larger and more productive firms pay higher wages and employ better inputs , resulting in higher quality in exports , which are sold for higher prices . Although we do not have information on domestic sales , we use the “ number of workers ” obtained from the linked employment data to represent the size of the firm . < sup > 13 < / sup > Recent literature ( including , but not limited to , Hallak 2006 , Kneller and Yu 2008 , Harrigan and Deng 2008 , Manova and Zhang 2009 , Bastos and Silva 2010 ) , on", "spans": [{"start": 1702, "end": 1724, "text": "linked employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "designing the rebased CPI and assessing steps necessary to meet SDDS criteria . Statistics Sweden assisted with producing the updated business register and the rebased PPI . Meetings with development partners and KNBS were held annually during ISMs to coordinate technical assistance and receive feedback from KNBS . [ JC1 ] [ VC2 ] Page 12 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 151, "text": "business register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _Expropriation of Land for Development in Kenya_ * * Expropriation in this context refers to the taking away of private land and landed property for public purpose by the government with or without the owners ’ consent subject to laws of eminent domain , which stipulates prompt and adequate compensation among other things . In Kenya “ Compulsory acquisition ” for all registered private lands are the terms commonly used . The detailed procedures for land acquisition are elaborated under the Land Act No . 3 of 2012 . The Land Registration Act No . 3 of 2012 and the National Land Commission Act No . 5 of 2012 and the Community Land Act , 2016 . # # * * _The Land Registration Act No . 3 of 2012_ * * Section 16 . ( 1 ) The office or authority responsible for the survey of land may rectify the line or position of any boundary shown on the cadastral map based on an approved subdivision plan , and such correction shall not be affected except on the instructions of the Registrar , in writing , in the prescribed form , and in accordance with any law relating to subdivision of land that is for the time being in force . Section 21 . ( 1 ) Any person who defaces , removes , injures or otherwise impairs a boundary feature or any part of it unless authorized to do so by the Registrar commits an offence and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand shillings or to both . Section 26 . ( 1 ) The certificate of title issued by the Registrar upon registration , or to a purchaser of land upon a transfer or transmission by the proprietor shall be taken by all courts as prima facie evidence that the person named as proprietor of the land is the absolute and indefeasible owner , subject to the encumbrances , easements , restrictions and conditions contained or endorsed in the certificate , and the title of that proprietor shall not be subject to challenge ,", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 866, "text": "cadastral map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "− 0 . 31 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 31 | | 1980 – 1984 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 03 | − 0 . 22 | − 0 . 29 | 0 . 38 | 0 . 28 | | 1985 – 1989 | 0 . 29 | 0 . 20 | − 0 . 06 | − 0 . 22 | 0 . 59 | 0 . 47 | | 1990 – 1994 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 18 | − 0 . 14 | − 0 . 23 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 37 | | 1995 – 1999 | 0 . 19 | 0 . 15 | − 0 . 13 | − 0 . 19 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 23 | | 2000 – 2005 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 16 | − 0 . 08 | − 0 . 20 | 0 . 26 | 0 . 21 | | _All years_ | _0 . 21_ | _0 . 11_ | _ − 0 . 15_ | _ − 0 . 26_ | _0 . 45_ | _0 . 31_ | | No . of < br > countries | 74 | 69 | 38 | 34 | 67 | 64 | _Source : _ Own calculations based on the data described in the text . _Notes : _ The figures report _NRA_ and _RRA_ averages for the full sample , autocracies , and democracies in different subperiods . The number of countries refers to the total number in each category in the 1955 – 2005 period and changes over time due to entry and exit . Although these statistics demonstrate that the average _NRA_ and _RRA_ values are much higher in democracies than in autocracies , they say nothing about the potential causal effect of democratization on agricultural policies . To obtain further insight on this issue , we examine the _NRA_ and _RRA_ values of countries in the data set that have experienced a political transition from autocracy to democracy . Specifically , figures 1 and 2 present the average _NRA_ and _RRA_ values in the predemocratization and postdemocratization periods for 23 countries that have experienced permanent democratization , as defined by Papaiannou", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 614, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "restrictions on internal movements ; and international travel controls . The stringency index is calculated as the mean score of the nine metrics , each taking a value between 0 and 100 . A higher score indicates a stricter regulatory regime . To match these daily data to each round of our data , we take the average daily score during each survey period . Figure 1 displays the average government stringency index in each country over time . # * * 2 . 2 Sample Selection and Surveys * * To examine the relationship between livelihood diversification and welfare outcomes , we use panel data from high-frequency phone surveys ( HFPS ) in Ethiopia , Malawi , and Nigeria ( WB , 2022 ; NSO , 2022 ; NBS , 2022 ) . In each country , interviewers conducted these surveys on a monthly basis with households for a period of at least 12 months following the outbreak of COVID-19 . < sup > 2 < / sup > The sample for the HFPS is drawn from households that had been interviewed during the most recent ( 2019 ) round of the national longitudinal household survey implemented by the respective national statistical office , with assistance from the World Bank ( CSA , 2019 ; NSO , 2020 ; NBS , 2019 ) . These pre-COVID-19 Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture ( LSMS - > 2The following agencies implement the monthly surveys with support from the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) : Laterite Ethiopia , the Malawi National Statistical Office , and the Nigeria Bureau of Statistics . 5", "spans": [{"start": 598, "end": 626, "text": "high-frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1015, "end": 1053, "text": "national longitudinal household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1212, "end": 1246, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Data collection * * Quantitative surveys were administered on tablets and paper questionnaires with all enrolled participants at two time points ( wave 1 , August 2018 - February 2019 and wave 3 , June 2021 - January 2022 ) . Surveys included questions on employment and income , client history , sexual behavior , HIV / STI risks , mental health , and gender-based violence . Surveys at the end of the study period included additional questions about changes in work and sexual activity related to COVID19 . An additional survey was administered via phone to a subset of participants in the control arm only ( wave 2 , July-October 2020 ) , and included a reduced set of survey questions focused on wealth and income , income shocks related to COVID-19 , food security , and sexual history . Qualitative interviews were conducted with a subset of 20 wave 3 participants using a semistructured interview guide to elicit views on the intervention and to understand the effects of COVID-19 on employment , income , client type , and work conditions . The interview guide was informed by preliminary findings from the wave 3 quantitative surveys which indicated that participants had been experiencing changes in income and work activity related to COVID-19 , thus the interviews served to gather additional perspectives and insights into the experiences of FSW during COVID-19 . Interviews were approximately 60 minutes in duration and audio recorded . All data were collected in Kiswahili by trained research assistants at Innovations for Poverty Action Tanzania . # * * Data analysis * * Quantitative data were analyzed in STATA version 15 . 1 . Descriptive statistics were generated to 1 ) assess the demographic characteristics of participants at enrollment ( wave 1 , 2018 ) and to compare the overall study population with those who were reached for phone surveys ( wave 2 , 2020 ) and at the end of the study period ( wave 3 , 2021 ) ; 2 ) examine self-reported data on employment and income before and during COVID-19 . Linear first difference regression with robust standard errors and chi-square tests were used to generate p-values for differences in total income , sex work income , price per client , and clients", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 46, "text": "Quantitative surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1121, "end": 1148, "text": "wave 3 quantitative surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1959, "end": 1977, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report county * * Table 6-2 : PAPs losing Structures * * | * * Structures * * | * * Partial Impact * * | * * Total Impact * * < br > * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Business Shed | 0 | 4 < br > 4 | | Livestock shed | 0 < br > | 1 < br > 1 < br > | | Poultryshed | 0 < br > | 1 < br > 1 < br > | | Pit latrine | 0 < br > | 1 < br > 1 < br > | | Residential structures | 8 < br > | 4 < br > 12 < br > | | Septic Tank | 0 < br > | 1 < br > 1 < br > | | Water Point | 0 < br > | 1 < br > 1 < br > | | * * Total * * | * * 8 * * < br > | * * 13 * * < br > * * 21 * * < br > | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Photographs below present sample of affected structures in the settlement < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # * * 6 . 3 . 5 PAPs Losing Livelihood * * The census exercise conducted in the settlement recorded that 3 PAPs will lose livelihood sources related to demolition of impact to small scale business structures . These PAPs include 1 PAP who is male and 2 PAPs who are female , this information is summarized in table 6-2 below while * * figure 6-3 * * presents sample photographs of the affected subsistence business . * * Table 6-3 : PAPs losing Livelihood * * | * * Loss of business Income", "spans": [{"start": 899, "end": 914, "text": "census exercise", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "function of household characteristics , such as asset ownership , housing quality , education levels , etc . , that produces a score used to rank households by their estimated level of welfare , when verifiable consumption or income data are not readily available and costly to obtain . Various methods exist for identifying and aggregating household characteristics to produce a PMT score ( Coady , Grosh , and Hoddinott 2002 ; Chen and Schreiner 2009 ) . However , it has become common to use statistical , regression-based methods to identify weights in the PMT from regression coefficients of household consumption or income using household survey data ( Brown , Ravallion , and Van de Walle 2018 ) . The PMT weights are then applied to information collected from program applicants to construct a household specific PMT score , which is an out-of-sample prediction of consumption expenditure or income , depending on the welfare variable the National Statistics Office measures . The resulting PMT score is thus an estimate of the household welfare variable , which national poverty and welfare measures are typically based . The PMT score is then used to determine household eligibility for social programs based on a predetermined cutoff ( i . e . , the PMT score cutoff , similar to a poverty line ) and may also be used to determine the level of benefit . While universal social protection programs that cover the entire population may be desired , they are often not feasible given limited budgets , particularly in developing countries . The use of a PMT to target social programs has been shown to improve targeting incidence and reduce the inclusion of people unintended for public program support , improving program efficiency ( Grosh , 1994 ) . Furthermore , because the PMT ranks households by their estimated welfare level , the same tool can be used for targeting various welfare programs . A common targeting approach for the various social programs , based on a single PMT score , can improve consistency across programs , reduce overlap and duplication of benefits , and promote future harmonization of public programs ( Sebastian et al . 2018 ) . Due to these benefits , PMTs are now widely used in administering various social programs in", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 656, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 . The average cost of un-met demand for existing Masaka area customers was based on the current split in consumption between residential and industrial / commercial customers given in Table 7 . 2 above ; the weighted average figure used in the analysis was 39 . 9 US cents / kWh . _MWh of Unmet Demand_ 7 . The number of MWh of unmet demand was based on outage statistics for the Kawanda Masaka line for 2009 . The without project case assumed that the line would be maintained at the current level of reliability , so the number of hours of outages was assumed to remain constant . In addition , in a supply constrained situation , it was assumed that existing customers in the Masaka area would not increase their demands . Hence , the total unmet demand was assumed to be constant over the period of evaluation , viz 7 . 3 GWh per year . _Net Benefit to Transmission Investments_ 8 . Because the benefit of the new transmission line was measure as the value of incremental electricity delivered to the customer , the economic cost of distribution and generation had to be deducted from the gross benefit in order to determine the benefit attributable to the transmission investment . The long run average economic cost of generation was assumed to be 12 . 5 US cents per kW , based on continued development of Uganda ‘ s large hydro resources . While the estimated cost of developing these resources is actually much lower ( in the order of 4 . 7 cents / kWh ) , there is considerable uncertainty about whether these would be public sector projects . Assuming that future large generation projects involve a significant degree of private sector participation , it is more likely that GoU / UETCL would be acquiring the power under a PPA at a tariff level which would include a risk-adjusted rate of return that would be substantially higher than that normally associated with a public sector project . The higher economic cost of generation reflects this expectation . The economic cost of distribution was assumed to be the current tariff", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 401, "text": "outage statistics for the Kawanda Masaka line", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( e ) introducing an experimental income enhancement / entrepreneurship development program for women ; and ( f ) promoting the adoption of sound cost recovery pol . cies and practices . 5 . Project Description . The proposed project , which would be the first IDA-supported of its kind in Ethiopia , includes : ( a ) construction of about 1 , 100 serviced plots and core and finished housing units with supporting infrastructure for the lower-income groups and levelopment officers of the Government ; ( b ) improvements to roads and drains , new roads and culverts , improvement of agricultural markets , power line extensions to service new housing areas , as needed , and provision of essential municipal vehicles and equipment ; ( c ) water supply improvement schemes , including major extensions and rehabilitation works ; and ( d ) employment generation / income enhancement programs , including credit lines and technical assistance to promote microand small-scale enterprise development . The proposed project also includes programs of institutional support , including consultancy services , studies , technical assistance , training , vehicles and equipment to strengthen management and maintenance systems , and assistance for project management and implementation , as appropriate for project agencies . The project , to be carried out over 6 years , has a total cost estimated at US $ 52 . 9 million equivalent , with a foreign exchange component of US $ 27 . 9 million ( 53 % ) . A breakdown of costs and the financing plan are shown in Schedule A . Amounts and methods of procurement and of disbursements , and the disbursement schedule are shown in Schedule B . A timetable of key project processing events and the status of Bank Group operations in Ethiopia are given in Schedules C and D , respectively . Location of the project towns is shown on Map IBRD No . 21835 . The Staff Appraisal Report , No . 8087-ET dated February 22 , . 1990 , is also attached .", "spans": [{"start": 1866, "end": 1885, "text": "Map IBRD No . 21835", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from across communities , such as large workers unions , large mining companies . This component will provide the resources for a wide spectrum of preventive and care-giving activities at the local level . At this time , ART , with its consequent and difficult management , is not expected to be undertaken at the local level . For a community to be eligible for financing by the MAP , it will have to meet some criteria such as ( a ) having designed its iHIV / AIDS prevention plan based on a participatory approach ; ( b ) cofinancing those activities for at least 10 % , in cash or kind ( more if the community is a \" for profit \" private sector ) ; ( c ) the activities cannot be those of the negative list as it appears in the Operational Manual . 2 . Since HIVIAIDS is not a subject about which many communities have strong felt needs , the MAP will finance awareness raising to stimulate demand through NGOs who will work with the communities and help them in their participatory diagnosis . This component will build upon the instruments developed in the Health Project ' s ( PPSG ) Social Fund component ( FAP ) , and the participatory approach used by the PACV project , both financed by IDA . Communities will be asked to set up a revolving fund in order to sustain their efforts . 3 . There are two main types of NGOs : those that will help local communities carry out their participatory diagnosis , and those that are specialized and will be hired to provide certain services . The latter type is considered under the \" Capacity Building \" component . For both types of NGOs , the ones which will be contracted will be those which are part of the register set up by the CNLS . This is an open register which identifies the capacities and specialty of NGOs and was set up during the NGO assessment undertaken during project preparation . This roster will be updated with new NGOs who want to be part of it , and an assessment of the capacity of that NGO will be", "spans": [{"start": 1661, "end": 1688, "text": "register set up by the CNLS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 . 5 | 6 . 5 | 7 . 3 | 7 . 6 | 7 . 3 | 7 . 6 | | Weighted Average | FIN | 6 . 1 | 7 . 2 | 7 . 3 | 8 . 8 | 9 . 7 | 9 . 7 | 10 . 0 | | Weighted Average | INDEP | 6 . 0 | 6 . 7 | 7 . 0 | 8 . 4 | 9 . 1 | 8 . 4 | 8 . 2 | Source : HFSA raw data 43 . Average total fees expressed as a share of assets have decreased significantly , from 13 percent in 1998 to 3 percent in 2004 . This sharp decrease is typical of young pension systems and reflects the rapid growth of assets relative to contributions . Again , total fees expressed as a share of assets were lower for the MPFs sponsored by employers ( 2 . 1 percent ) , followed by independent MPFs ( 2 . 6 percent ) and MPFs sponsored by financial", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 239, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As we discussed in the previous section and was summarised by the Kakwani coefficients , most fiscal interventions in Jordan are progressive when considered separately and with respect to the pre-fiscal income . But to assess whether an intervention increases or reduces inequality one must take the whole fiscal system into account , that is , whether it is progressive relative to the income generated with all the other fiscal interventions ( Inchauste and Lustig , 2017 ) . < sup > 51 < / sup > With this purpose we assess the marginal contributions to the changes in the Gini coefficient . In-kind health and education benefits reduce inequality by 3 . 1 points . After in-kind benefits , direct transfers are the most equalising spending ( reducing inequality by 1 . 2 points ) . The significantly large expenditures on water and electricity subsidies reduce inequality by a similar amount ( 1 . 4 points ) . On the revenue side , direct taxes ( PIT ) marginally decrease inequality ( 0 . 1 points ) while indirect taxes ( GST and SST ) increase inequality ( 0 . 5 points ) . Official poverty is measured using the household per capita consumption aggregate and results in a poverty rate for Jordanians of 15 . 7 percent . In the CEQ framework this is equivalent to disposable income . < sup > 52 < / sup > When measured with the national poverty line but based on market income , poverty is 18 . 2 percent . That is , the combination of direct taxes and direct transfers reduces poverty by 2 . 6 percentage points . When indirect subsidies and indirect taxes , which have a disproportionate burden on the poorest , are considered , poverty measured at consumable income would rise slightly to 15 . 8 percent . That is , while poorer households do pay indirect taxes ( 12 percent of market income for Decile 1 ) , this is compensated by the benefit from indirect subsidies ( equivalent to 17 percent of market income for Decile 1 ) . Nonetheless , there are a number of vulnerable households who live just above the poverty line , so the net impact on the cost of living from indirect taxes", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 274 . 00 | 56 , 203 , 661 . 64 | 2 , 080 , 697 . 75 | 24 . 47 | Source : CGAP financial access report data 2010 Note : The CGAP Financial Access Database covers questionnaires sent to 151 economies : 13 in East Asia and the Pacific , 27 in Europe and Central Asia , 20 in Latin America and the Caribbean , 14 in the Middle East and North Africa , 6 in South Asia , 40 in Sub - Saharan Africa , and 23 in the high-income OECD countries . Among them , 37 OIC countries are covered . Selected questions are presented in the first and second rows of the table . The row for OIC countries means the percentage of OIC countries that replied yes to the questions ( for Y / N questions ) , or means the average value for OIC countries . The same calculation applied to the groups of developing countries , OIC-GCC , and low incoming countries . OIC-GCC means OIC countries excluding the GCC countries covered by the CGAP database . 55", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 113, "text": "CGAP financial access report data 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 125, "end": 155, "text": "CGAP Financial Access Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 910, "end": 923, "text": "CGAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 20 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 10 < br > 5 0 < br > 0 - 10 < br > AFR China EAP LCR MNA ECA Developed Europe Other Developed < br > % , year-on-year % , year-on-year < br > Jan-06 May-06 Sep-06 Jan-07 May-07 Sep-07 Jan-08 May-08 Sep-08 Jan-09 May-09 Sep-09 Jan-10 May-10 Sep-10 Jan-11 May-11 Sep-11 Jan-06 May-06 Sep-06 Jan-07 May-07 Sep-07 Jan-08 May-08 Sep-08 Jan-09 May-09 Sep-09 Jan-10 May-10 Sep-10 Jan-11 May-11 Sep-11 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : IMF , International Financial Statistics . Note : AFR : Africa ; EAP : East Asia and Pacific ; LCR : Latin America and the Caribbean ; MNA : Middle East and North Africa ; ECA : Emerging Europe and Central Asia . # * * 2 . Regulators around the world responded to the crisis by launching extensive reforms to create more resilient financial systems . Banks responded by repairing their balance * * > 1 For an in-depth analysis of the global financial crisis , see , for example , Claessens , Dell ‘ Ariccia , Igan , and Laeven ( 2010 ) , Brunnermeier ( 2009 ) , Diamond , Douglas , and Rajan ( 2009 ) , and Adrias and Shin ( 2008 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 531, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "detailed implementation plans , as well as performance monitoring indicators , have been prepared . b . Project management : The Government has limited experience in implementing projects that involve several different executing agencies . Therefore , the PMU has been designed to provide the cross-sectoral support and to facilitate coordination and collaboration through the appointment of the Project Director . # # _17 . SocialAssessment_ Participation by the stakeholders was sought during project preparation . Counterpart teams included representatives of all sectors ( including the private sector ) , interest groups ( e . g . , the Private Hospital Association , the Jordan Medical Association , and the National Population Commission ) were briefed periodically , and working group sessions held with key staff to solicit their input . Feedback from the stakeholders has been taken into consideration in project design and their representatives continue to be involved in project preparation activities ( e . g . , a representative from the Pharmaceuticals Manufactures ' Association is a member of the National Drug Policy Committee ) . Finally , feedback from the stakeholders will be solicited during project implementation through , for example , patient surveys . It is expected that the project will have a positive social impact . The components of the project will support improved access to and quality of health services overall . In particular , the population will benefit from receiving care from better trained physicians with incentives to provide quality care in facilities which conform to norms and standards and are functionally efficient . The drugs used for their treatment will be better targeted to their actual needs , and they will likely spend less of their resources on purchasing drugs . Any resistance to the project would likely arise from those people with vested interests in the growth of the private sector , in particular the private pharmaceutical sector . Finally , one of the Government ' s goals is to introduce national health insurance which would potentially have significant benefits from a social perspective . This project would support this goal by improving the use of resources and quality of health delivery , necessary prerequisites to expanding coverage . # # _18 . Environmental Assessment", "spans": [{"start": 1262, "end": 1277, "text": "patient surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The teachers that participated in focus groups stated both positives and negatives from this . On the one hand : “ The repatriated children are encouraging [ the local ] children to study well . Their work is wonderful even if they have a cultural problem . They are more intelligent than residents ” . On the other hand : “ In Tanzania education is well treated and there is no problem of school materials but here it is not the same , so even if they are intelligent , they are declining ” . Returnees encourage the education of their peers , but their state of knowledge is declining . Overall , teachers felt that returnee children and local children did get along well in school . Education was also a key concern of both locals and returnees . Both groups felt that the quality of education offered to children needed to be improved . Another problem of education is that due to poverty parents cannot afford to buy uniforms and schoolbooks , and that children frequently go to school hungry and have a hard time concentrating . Recently , however , the minister of education has sent out a formal statement that students should not be refused because they have no uniform . Education is now primarily a development issue in Burundi . Although there were great initial language challenges , these have alleviated over time as students integrate further . _Networks and access to services_ Social networks can be an asset in the reintegration process . As the 1972 returnees were abroad for over thirty years they often did not return to a social network in Burundi . A few of the older returnees still knew their neighbours from prior to their flight ; however , the majority did not have any social connections . Furthermore , the IS Academy survey in Burundi found that more than 75 percent of returnees did not have any contact with family or friends in Burundi while they were abroad . Returnees have also found that legal reintegration is challenging due to their lack of social networks within the legal system . One returnee stated : There is a great difference between a resident and a repatriate", "spans": [{"start": 1738, "end": 1755, "text": "IS Academy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", credit facilities , training , or job opportunities , where available . - In cases where in-kind replacement is not the preferred option of the PAPs , then the cash compensation will be based on the replacement cost . For the purposes of this RPF , the use of replacement value , or market value , will mean the higher value of two options . # # * * 5 . 5 Compensation for vulnerable groups * * In addition to these entitlements , households who are found in difficult situations and are at greater risk of impoverishment ( i . e . orphaned children , those that are physically challenged , etc ) as identified by the census will be provided with appropriate assistance by the project . Assistance may be in form of food , temporary accommodation , medical subsidy , employment referrals or priority employment in project activities . Where possible , support in alleviating the respective vulnerability may be offered . This will include forwarding of names of e . g . elderly PAPs to the Local administration i . e . chiefs and relevant County Government departments of for consideration in other national and county level programmes . Elderly and People Living With Disabilities ( PLWD ) PAPs may also be considered for assistance in rebuilding their structures on a case by case basis . < sup > 6 < / sup > The assistance is meant to help them cope with the displacement caused by the project and as such the following considerations will be made when project sites are identified and PAP listed : - > 6 Restricted to cases the Community will highlight ( and verified by SEC and County ) during the RAP implementation as requiring such help . This may include identification of artisans , supervision and quality control by County KISIP team and / or SEC . 19", "spans": [{"start": 620, "end": 626, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 % ( 5 . 3 - 12 . 1 ) | ( 18 ) 7 . 2 % ( 4 . 6 - 11 . 1 ) | ( 2 ) 0 . 8 % ( 0 . 2 - 2 . 9 ) | | * * Lamwo ( n = 268 ) * * | ( 27 ) 10 . 1 % ( 7 . 0 - 14 . 3 ) | ( 25 ) 9 . 3 % ( 6 . 4 - 13 . 4 ) | ( 2 ) 0 . 7 % ( 0 . 2 - 2 . 7 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 309 ) * * | ( 30 ) 9 . 7 % ( 6 . 9 - 13 . 5 ) | ( 28 ) 9 . 1 % ( 6 . 3 - 12 . 8 ) | ( 2 ) 0 . 6 % ( 0 . 2 - 2 . 3 ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 44 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ation in coresidency rates compared to the IGRC estimates . Since coresidency rates can vary substantially across countries , over time , and across gender , the IGC estimates are likely to be more reliable for understanding the pattern and evolution of intergenerational mobility . The evidence shows that the IGRC estimates from coresident samples lead to the incorrect conclusion that intergenerational schooling persistence is virtually same in India and Bangladesh . In contrast , the IGC estimates from coresident samples yield the correct conclusion that persistence is higher in Bangladesh , and also provide a reliable estimate of the gap between the two countries . The evidence from both Bangladesh and India shows that coresidency rates are lower for girls , and thus the persistence estimates suffer from stronger downward bias , which may generate a false impression of lower gender gap . The evidence and analysis in this paper thus provide a strong rationale for focusing on IGC as a measure of intergenerational mobility in the context of developing countries . Perhaps , the most important implication of our analysis is that a large number of good quality household surveys in developing countries that use coresidency to define household membership ( for example , LSMS and HIES ) are not worthless in analyzing the strength , pattern and evolution of intergenerational economic persistence . Much progress could be made with the imperfect data if the researchers move away from the current emphasis on IGRC and use IGC as the appropriate measure instead . # * * References * * Arrow , K , S . Bowles , S . Durlauf ( 2000 ) . _Meritocracy and Economic Inequality_ , Princeton University Press . Atkinson , A . B . , A . K . Maynard , and C . G . Trinder ( 1983 ) . _Parents and Children : Incomes in Two Generations . _ London : Heinemann Educational Books . Bardhan , P ( 2014 ) , The State of Indian Economic Statistics : Data Quantity and Quality Issues , Mimeo , Berkeley , CA . Bardhan , P ( 2005 ) , “ Theory and Empirics in Development Economics ” , Economic and Political Weekly , August , 2005 . 30", "spans": [{"start": 1175, "end": 1192, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1285, "end": 1289, "text": "LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1294, "end": 1298, "text": "HIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 125 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 In spite of the declines in HIV prevalence , the infection rates are still high . There is need for more concerted efforts to further reduce the prevalence and incidence rates and improve on existing HIV prevention and control strategies with more innovations . Behavioural surveillance is increasingly becoming a major component of the surveillance systems for HIV / AIDS in the country , especially in the light of the declining HIV infection trends . Based on the baseline data included in the 1997 report and the subsequent reports made from population based KABP surveys it has been noted that there is a delay in age at which young people were engaging in sex , increase in condom use and reduction in non-regular ( casual ) sexual relationships . The government has conducted repeat population based KABP surveys in most of the districts . Significant observations from these surveys included : very high levels of awareness , increase in levels of knowledge of protection from HIV / AIDS , increase in condom use and condom use in non-regular partnerships , and the sustainability of the increased age at first sex . # # # # # * * Local HIVI AIDS Statistics * * Three major AIDS Service Organisations exist within the project area , namely : The AIDS Service Organisation ( TASO ) , AIDS Information Centre ( AIC ) and St Francis Health Care . These all network with the existing health units of Budondo health centre on the east bank and Wakisi health centre on the west bank . HIV / AIDS statistics for the project area are summarised in Tables 3 . 20 and 3 . 21 below . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 725, "text": "population based KABP surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1637, "end": 1658, "text": "HIV / AIDS statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "socio-economic baseline studies at selected mining districts , to serve as a basis for methodology and capacity development to assess and monitor social , cultural and economic impacts of mineral activities on the local communities , vi ) formulation and implementation of public consultation and participatory procedures ; and vii ) establishment of environmental and social management systems and related databases , with linkages to relevant environmental and social databases in other institutions and agencies , to enable efficient monitoring , administration and enforcement activity . * * E ) Project Coordination and Management . * * During project execution MEMD will establish and maintain a Project Coordination Unit ( PCU ) to coordinate project implementation and to manage : ( a ) procurement , including purchases of goods , works , and consulting services , for which it will make use of the existing procurement setup under the project coordination unit of the ongoing Fourth Power Project , which is being implemented by MEMD . This setup will be strengthened with a procurement officer engaged as full time staff , and with the assistance of international consultants on a case-by-case basis for addressing complex procurement issues ; ( b ) project monitoring , reporting and evaluation ; ( c ) contractual relationships with IDA and other co-financiers ; and ( d ) financial management and record keeping , accounts and disbursements , for which it will also make use of the existing setup under the project coordination unit of other ongoing projects being implemented by MEMD , which will also be strengthened further for procurement . The PCU will ensure efficient coordination among the different project participants , and with other main stakeholders , including , but not limited , to Ministries and agencies , associations , private enterprises , and NGOs . The CPU will also constitute the operational link to the IDA and other possible co-financiers on matters related to the implementation of the project . # * * 5 . Financing * * | | * * Total ( US $ m ) * * | | - - - | - - - | | BORROWER | $", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 479, "text": "environmental and social databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is no vacant land , _Monetary_ compensation shall be provided 15 times the price of the average yield of crops or perennial crops obtained from the land and added up the cost spent for land improvement . The average yield and the price is obtained from Woreda Agriculture Offices . _Valuation of Perennial Crops : _ There is no replaced land therefore cash compensation shall be paid . Monetary compensation shall be provided fifteen times the price of the average yield of crops obtained from the land , and added up the cost spend for land improvement . The crops which are on the affected land at the time of census survey have been valued based on the schedules prepared by the Woreda Office of Agriculture for various types of crops and age . _Valuation of Trees : _ The amount of compensation for trees shall be determined on the basis of various species , the level of growth of the trees and the current local price per per unit . The trees have been valued based on compensation schedules preposed by the Woreda Office of Agriculture . The Subproject will affect privately-owned farmlands , and trees and therefore compensation will be paid . According to results of the census enumeration and property registration , the Subproject will affect the following properties belong to a total of 613 households : - 4 . 374 ha of farmland ( 3 . 921 ha by substation ) - 111 housing structures belonging to 61 households - 72 , 834 eucalyptus trees - 7 , 386 indigenous trees - 32 , 015 fruit trees & perennial crops Page 9", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 625, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1180, "end": 1224, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in some cases female migrants do not converge completely to the employment outcomes of similar natives even after a decade . On the other hand , gender differences for skilled individuals have consistently been found to be smaller ( Lee et al . 2020 ; Bratsberg et al . 2014 ) . It is an empirical question whether our analysis will predict faster integration for refugee women than for men — given that women traditionally have larger employment gaps at arrival and several factors may affect their subsequent participation in the labor market — , but we expect to observe similar convergence speed for skilled refugees irrespective of 17 . The Global Attitudes Survey was carried out by the Pew Research Center in Spring 2018 . https : / / www . pewresearch . org / fact-tank / 2019 / 08 / 09 / people-around-the-world-express-more-support-for-taking-in-refugees-than-immigrants / 9", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 669, "text": "Global Attitudes Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "underreporting their income and receiving , on average , much more of their actual income as \" envelope wages \" or non-declared cash in addition to their official wage . This can lead to a spike in the minimum wage in the wage distribution and undermine the effectiveness of the minimum wage policy . Envelope wages remain an important problem in Central and Eastern European transition economies despite some improvements . Empirical research confirmed that the spike in the minimum wage is partially explained by the underreporting of income ( tax evaders are overrepresented among minimum wage workers ) in Hungary ( Tonin , 2011 ) , Latvia ( Gavoille & Zasova , 2023 ) , and Poland ( Kiełczewska et al . , 2021 ) . Therefore , assessing tax compliance and underreporting of income , particularly among minimum wage workers , is essential for promoting effective social policy and designing effective minimum wage policies . It can help ensure that the benefits of social programs are targeted to those eligible and promote greater equity in the tax system . It can also inform policy design by identifying the factors contributing to tax evasion and developing measures to reduce them , promoting a more effective and equitable fiscal system . * * The document is organized as follows . * * Section II explains the methodology and data sources used . Section III presents the main results of the study for Romania . Finally , Section IV concludes . # * * II . Methodology and Data * * * * Several methods assess tax evasion in the literature , each with advantages and limitations . To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the extent of tax evasion in Romania , it is essential to * * . * * understand which methods or combinations of these methods are more reliable * * * * One method compares tax returns and tax audit data , although it is important to note that audits are not always conducted randomly * * . Analyzing tax audit data can provide detailed information on noncompliance data . This information can be enriched by linking the audit data to population census data . However , this method is not always feasible , given the restrictions on access to", "spans": [{"start": 1823, "end": 1837, "text": "tax audit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2069, "end": 2091, "text": "population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * The main method of excavation to be used is trenching to accommodate the buildings ’ foundations / footing . The deep excavated soil material will be disposed off-site at designated sites , but the good topsoil will be used for revegetation around the park . No major rock obstruction was registered on sites to warrant use of explosives . Going by existing developments in the neighboring villages surrounding the park and existing park buildings and the soil samples that were analyzed , the load bearing capacity of the underlying soil is adequate and safe to support the foundations without additional stabilization . # # # * * 3 . 3 . 1 . 2 Construction inputs and equipment and the environment * * The major construction raw materials include sand , cement , stones , crushed rock ( including gravel / ballast ) , steel metals , roofing materials ( including iron sheets , timber ) , rain water harvesting materials ( tanks , pipes , gutters ) , solar system ( solar panels , batteries etc ) , painting materials , among others , will be obtained from neighboring communities where available . Construction labor force will comprise of both skilled and non-skilled workers . The contractor will be encouraged to get labourers from the neighboring community . Construction machinery , including trucks , concrete mixers , tools , and other relevant construction equipment will be used for the transportation of materials and the resulting construction debris . # # # * * 3 . 3 . 1 . 3 Concrete and reinforcement work * * These will include casting of reinforced concrete for the foundation ( Concrete slabs ) and beams . Concrete blocks will also be used during wall construction . Care should be taken to use prescribed tensile strength of iron bars and cast-iron beams and appropriate ratios of concrete to ensure that load bearing beams and columns will not be subjected to shearing or bending / breaking under pressure . The contractor is also advised to carry out concrete tests to ascertain its specified characteristic strength . # #", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 520, "text": "soil samples", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "results , 31 % of microenterprises employees and 12 % of employees in Poland receive envelope payments . Envelope payments equal 6 % of Poland ' s labor income and 1 . 6 % of the Polish GDP . * * Research done for other countries clearly shows that underreporting of top incomes in survey data significantly biases the true measure of income inequality downwards ; our analysis shows this is also the case in Romania * * . In Table 4 , we compare the measures of income inequality in the EU-SILC dataset , tax data , and imputed EU-SILC and find that this is also the case in Romania . Our reference income variable is gross labor income . We restrict our sample to employees because we do not have complete administrative tax data for self-employed . We measure income inequality on the individual level . Income inequality is significantly higher in tax and imputed tax data than in survey data . In the original 21", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 503, "text": "EU-SILC dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 529, "end": 536, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 708, "end": 731, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 885, "end": 896, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Nairobi Metropolitan Services ( P107314 ) # # * * 6 . Outcome * * * * Under the original outcome targets . * * With high relevance of objectives , substantial efficacy , with moderate shortcomings , and substantial efficiency , the overall rating is * * Moderately Satisfactory ( 4 ) * * . * * Under the first revised outcome targets * * . With high relevance , substantial efficiency and efficacy , the overall rating is * * Satisfactory ( 5 ) * * . * * Under the second revised outcome targets * * . With high relevance , substantial efficiency and efficacy , the overall rating is * * Satisfactory ( 5 ) * * . A * * double split rating * * is applied based on the disbursement shares before and after the project restructuring in 2017 and 2019 , when a disbursement share was at 32 . 7 % , 34 . 5 % , and 32 . 7 % respectively ( total financing was US $ 300 million ) . The overall outcome rating is * * Satisfactory , * * the weighted value is 4 . 7 ( 0 . 327 * 4 + 0 . 354 * 5 + 0 . 327 * 5 = 4 . 7 ) . - * * a . Outcome Rating * * Satisfactory # # * * 7 . Risk to Development Outcome * * * * Operational risk * * . The operational risk is assessed as substantial , given the weak capacity of the counties to carry out maintenance . The ICR reports the finding from beneficiary assessment which notes that some of the street and security lights were not working and the counties were not responding quickly to fix them ( ICR para 68 ) . * * Institutional risk * * . The project supported : ( a ) the development integrated development plans , ( b ) physical addressing systems ; and ( c ) the Nairobi County valuation roll . There is", "spans": [{"start": 1694, "end": 1723, "text": "Nairobi County valuation roll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZAMBIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE Zambia ’ s infrastructure situation is more hopeful than that of many other African countries . Infrastructure spending needs — though large — are not beyond the realm of possibility , and Zambia ’ s resource wealth and relatively well-off population provide a more solid financing basis than is available to many other countries . Zambia ’ s infrastructure funding gap — though substantial — can be dramatically reduced through measures to stem inefficiencies and lower costs . # The continental perspective The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic ( AICD ) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure in some 40 Sub-Saharan countries , including Zambia . The results have been presented in reports covering different areas of infrastructure — ICT , irrigation , power , transport , and WSS — and different policy areas , including investment needs , fiscal costs , and sector performance . This report presents the key AICD findings for Zambia , allowing the country ’ s infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers . Given that Zambia ’ s economy is dependent on mining , it will be benchmarked against other resource-rich economies in Africa , as well as against other African low-income countries . Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in the Southern Africa Development Community ( SADC ) . Several methodological issues should be borne in mind . First , because of the cross-country nature of data collection , a time lag is inevitable . The period covered by the AICD runs from 2001 to 2006 . Most technical data presented are for 2006 ( or the most recent year available ) , while financial data are typically averaged over the available period to smooth out the effect of short-term fluctuations . Second , in order to make comparisons across countries , we had to standardize the indicators and analysis so that everything was done on a consistent basis . This means that some of the indicators presented here may be slightly different from those that are routinely reported and discussed at the country level . # Why infrastructure matters During the five years 2003 – 07 , Zambia ’ s economic performance was relatively strong ; by 2007 it", "spans": [{"start": 1731, "end": 1745, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ own life or who is directly threatening the safety of others , in which case referrals to lifesaving services shall be sought ; b ) if the survivor is a child and there are concerns for the child ’ s health and safety . The survivors need to be informed about these exceptions . EEP will continue to work closely with representatives of the communities to run this grievance redress mechanism for the Subproject and to address PAHs ’ concerns and complaints . Combined with effective engagement , this grievance redress mechanism that is a joint effort between the Subproject and PAPs is expected to promote trust and enhance communication . # # # # # * * 13 . 4 Grievance Management Processes * * To ensure that the basic rights and interests of PAPs are protected , that concerns are adequately addressed and that entitlements are delivered , a grievance procedure has been designed for the Subproject . The grievance resolution process as presented in PRIME-1 - SEP report involves the following main steps : - _Receipt of grievances : _ anyone from the PAPs or affected communities or believing to be affected by the subproject can submit a grievance ( written , verbal , telephone , etc . as chosen by the complainant ) . Anonymous complaints will also be accepted . - _Registering the complaint : _ Any comments or concerns can be brought to the attention of the Subproject verbally or in writing or by filling in a grievance form , including anonymously . The focal point ( to be assigned at each subproject site ) who received the complaint will use the GRM logbook for registering . Grievance information will be recorded in a grievance log . This information will include : - PAPs or other stakeholder name and contact details ; - Details of the nature of the grievance ; - Date received , responded to and closed out ; - How it was", "spans": [{"start": 1716, "end": 1727, "text": "GRM logbook", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interviews , lasting on average 25 minutes . All three datasets of each country contain sampling weights . COVES data combines the information contained in the ES sampling weights with the information about firm closures obtained during the implementation of COV-ES survey and provides updated sampling weights . Since the panel estimation method requires time-invariant sampling weights , > 5 See details of the survey methodology here : www . enterprisesurveys . org / en / methodology . > 6 Although the unit of observation is an establishment in ES , we refer the establishments in ES as firms following the common convention in literature . 11", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 272, "text": "COV-ES survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction It is estimated that non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) cause over 70 % of deaths worldwide ( WHO , 2022 ) . Among these , an estimated 7 . 9 million deaths and 187 . 7 million disability-adjusted life-years ( DALYs ) were attributable to dietary risk factors in 2019 ( Qiao et al . , 2021 ) . Unhealthy diets - linked to leading NCDs like diabetes , heart disease , stroke , and cancer - are characterized by low consumption of whole grains , fruit , vegetables , nuts and seeds , fiber , polyunsaturated fatty acids , omega-3 oils , calcium , or milk , and / or high consumption of sodium , trans-fats , processed and red meat , and sugary drinks ( as classified by Global Burden of Disease studies ) ( PAHO , 2023 ) . Increased dietary risk has contributed to an unprecedented rise in overweight and obesity . The first report from the Lancet Commission on Obesity described this rise , together with undernutrition and climate change , as a “ Global Syndemic ” , a synergy of epidemics sharing common societal drivers including food and agriculture , transportation , urban design , and land use systems ( Swinburn et al . , 2019 ) . Due to factors such as limited political leadership , coordination , and public demand , and strong commercial lobbies , no country has managed to reverse the rise in obesity prevalence over the last four decades , despite three decades of World Health Assembly commitments and the UN designation of 2016-2025 as the “ Decade of Nutrition ” ( Swinburn et al . , 2019 ) . The Americas is the World Health Organization ( WHO ) region with the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity , estimated at 62 . 5 % and 28 % respectively in 2016 ( PAHO , 2023 ) . In addition to contributing to obesity and overweight ( which in turn increases NCD risk ) , ultra-processed foods have been independently linked to a range of negative health outcomes , informing policy efforts to reduce their consumption to promote healthy diets and reduce the burden of diet related NCDs , as recommended by the Framework for Action from the Second", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - Balakrishnan , Pulapre , K . Pushpangadan and M . Suresh Babu , “ Trade Liberalisation and Productivity Growth in Manufacturing : Evidence from Firm-level Panel Data , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 35 ( 41 ) , ( 2000 ) : 3679-3682 . > 13 Evaluating the impact of infrastructure investment on Russia ’ s peripheral regions , Brown et al . ( 2008 ) find that the firm-level industrial data for 1989 and 2004 highlights a ‘ death of distance . ’ Particularly , regional infrastructure is found to be a critical driver of productivity for new and for privately-owned firms . Further , simulations of their model show that the benefits of infrastructure improvements are highest in regions where economic activity is already concentrated . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significantly across firms even in the same sector because of differences in physical and intangible capital such as ICT use , modern management practices , accumulated knowledge , and other technical competencies . This perspective on technology and its associated demands for different kinds of complementary skills generates a rich menu of hypotheses for the analyses of skill deficits , skill strategies , and their impacts on firm performance , which are captured by the following four sets of equations . - _Skill share equations_ . Given this production function , cost minimization for a given level of output yields skills demand equations for the wage share of each labor type in total payroll . In this framework , the relative shares of each labor type are related to total output , the relative ( shadow ) wages of each labor type , and the technology used in the firm . Given the paucity of reliable wage data on the different skill groups , < sup > 24 < / sup > we use a closely related specification in which skills demand is expressed in terms of skill shares of the total workforce . In its empirical implementation , skill shares are related to a set of control variables for firm size ( a proxy for output ) , sector and region , and two kinds of technology measures : firm-specific productivity attributes mentioned earlier and indicator variables for export orientation and innovation . The analyses might distinguish skills by level of educational attainment or , alternatively , by broad occupational skill categories . The coefficients of these share equations provide insights into how firms ’ productivity attributes , export orientation , and innovation might affect their demand for these different types of skills . - _Skill deficit equations_ . At any point in time , firms ’ actual skills mix may diverge from their desired skills mix as reflected in the skill share equations . It may take time for actual skill mix to reach desired levels because employers have limited flexibility to replace incumbent workers with new hires who have the requisite skills . < sup > 25 < / sup > Temporary or even persistent skill gaps can arise with constraints in the local supply of certain skills and with technology", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 923, "text": "wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Climate disasters reverse gains and limit progress in efforts to reduce poverty . Global extreme poverty is increasingly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) where drought is a major risk , a risk that is increasing in many parts of the continent because of climate change . Investments to reduce the impact of drought on welfare are thus essential to poverty reduction efforts in the region . Quantifying the welfare needs that arise when climate shocks occur is an important part of targeting investments to reduce their impact ( Clarke and Dercon 2016 ) . This requires vulnerability or damage functions that relate losses in welfare to climate conditions ( Auffhammer 2018 ) . While these are widely available for the impact of floods and cyclones on buildings , this is not the case when it comes to quantifying the impact of drought on household consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa . This paper pilots a regional approach to estimating vulnerability functions for drought and consumption using methods widely employed in the microeconomic literature ( Dell , Jones , and Olken 2014 ) . The analysis uses survey data from close to 100 , 000 households across nine countries and five livelihood zones , allowing considerable variation in climatic conditions to be utilized in estimation . The result is stable estimates that are not driven by any one climate event . We find that consumption is reduced by 10-20 percent in the worst weather observations in our surveys ( corresponding to about a 1 in 10-year drought event ) . We use the estimated vulnerability functions and the full hazard distribution in each household location to calculate the risk drought poses to welfare outcomes . The results indicate that risk is large . Poverty is 1 – 12 percent higher under the worst weather conditions relative to the best conditions observed in the past 13 years . This amounts to an increase in the total national poverty gap that ranges from US $ 4 million to US $ 2 . 4 billion ( 2011 PPP ) across countries . To our knowledge , these are the first crosscountry estimates of the poverty impact of drought in Africa . There are several ways in which damage functions for rainfall deficits have been", "spans": [{"start": 1133, "end": 1144, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment Additional Financing-I Ethiopia Electrification < u > ( ESSA ) Addendum Program ( AF-ELEAP ) < / u > | * * Core Principle * * | * * Performance of Current System * * | * * Areas that Need Improvement * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | habitats and PCRs . Proper projects screening is expected to fill < br > thisgap . | | * * Core Principle 3 * * : Public and < br > Workers Safety | - EEU has its own policies and procedures on occupational < br > health safety which includes the_Safety Policy and_ < br > _Procedures for Distribution O & M_ . The document provides < br > detailed guidelines on work procedures and requirement . < br > - EEU has a strong commitment ( at the management level ) < br > on occupational health and safety . < br > - EEU has a better experience of distributing PPE to its < br > workers up to service center level . < br > - EEU keeps records of occupation and community accidents < br > and incidents . Further , the major accidents ( leading to < br > fatalities and injuries ) are investigated and compensated . < br > - Risk of child labor is limited since EEU and its contractors < br > hire TVET college trained workers . | - The awareness of workers in the implementing agencies ( EEU < br > and MoWE ) on occupational health and safety is not < br > satisfactory , often resulting in non-compliance . < br > - The capacity of ESHS staff in the implementing agencies to < br > enforce , supervise and monitor implementation of occupational < br > health and safety is limited . Further , efforts in this regard are < br > hindered by institutional capacities including staffing ( especially < br > at district levels ) , resources , and budgetary", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 959, "text": "records of occupation and community accidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > | * * Area provided with improved irrigation or drainage services ( Hectare ( Ha ) ) * * | | Description | Measures in hectares the total area of landprovided with improved irrigation or drainage services bytheproject . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Results Area | * * Project Management , Monitoring and Evaluation and Learning * * | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Host community members and refugees who believe their relationship has improved as a result of the project activities ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the percentage of project host and refuge beneficiaries who think / feel that their relationship has been improved as a result of the < br > project activities . The value of this indicator is measured / calculated by dividing the number of host and refugee beneficiaries that think their cohesion are < br > increased / improved to the total number of surveyed beneficiaries of the project multiplied by 100 % separately by hosts and refugees . This enables to < br > measure the extent to which both beneficiaries are thinking or believing social cohesion is improved because of the project intervention . Results will be < br > disaggregated by gender and byrefugee / host communitymember . | | Frequency | Baseline , mid-term and endline | Page 44", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 293, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 : 7 : A summary of initial feedback from consultations conducted * * | * * Stakeholders Met * * | * * Concern / Issues / views / opinions / expectation Raised * * | * * Responses and Comments * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Madi Okollo District : Inde Technical Scho * * | * * ols * * | | | 1 . Vencan Bosco Asea-BoG Member < br > 2 . Vulima Aliama Micheal - BOG < br > member | ❖ Sensitization of stakeholders and the general community before the project < br > commences . This can be through radio talk shows and direct community < br > dialogues . | ❖ Final Construction designs to < br > be shared with stakeholders < br > ❖ Code < br > of < br > conduct < br > to < br > be | | 3 . Akuma Godfrey-BOG Vice Chair < br > Person | ❖ Slots for local people to be employed during the construction stage . < br > ❖ Need to address GBV especially from constriction workers during the | reviewed and shared < br > ❖ Accidents logs will be shared | | 4 . Luggya Richard - Head Teacher | implementation stage . | ❖ Engagement on protection of | | 5 . Luke Moses - Teachers | ❖ Timely release funds for the project which translates into timely payment of | learners on GBV , HIV , etc | | 6 . Maturu Jesca-Teacher | staff and materials . This avoids strikes and construction delays . | ❖ Collective < br > monitoring < br > of | | 7 . Bileni Timothy – Head Laity | ❖ Materials which can be supplied by the community should be allowed so that | progress for ownership based | | 8 . Agandru Becon-TC chairperson < br > 9 . Adriko Denis", "spans": [{"start": 931, "end": 945, "text": "Accidents logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated many of the hardships faced by impoverished households . Due to their limited resources , households across Sub-Saharan Africa are particularly vulnerable to shocks , such as natural disasters and pandemics . While households cannot control their risk of exposure , they can employ _ex ante_ and _ex post_ coping strategies to mitigate the impact of realized risks and enhance their own resilience . For households in Sub-Saharan Africa , among whom formal insurance is uncommon , these coping strategies often involve reallocation of resources , monies , and labor within the family or household ( Ellis , 1998 ) . Households can diversify their incomes to bolster resilience to future shocks and uncertainty - an _ex ante_ coping behavior ( Welderufael , 2014 ; Arslan et al . , 2018 ; Khan and Morrissey , 2023 ) - or decide to diversify only after a shock exposes their vulnerability - an _ex post_ coping behavior ( Asfaw et al . , 2019 ; Mulwa and Visser , 2020 ; Cely-Santos and Hernández-Manrique , 2021 ) . We study the impact of livelihood diversification on mitigating food insecurity , a proxy for welfare , during the COVID-19 pandemic . To do this , we use household panel data collected by the World Bank , which combines face-to-face survey data collected in Ethiopia , Malawi , and Nigeria prior to the COVID-19 pandemic with monthly post-outbreak phone surveys . This allows us to establish causal relationships to understand how households coped with the impacts of the pandemic through livelihood diversification . Prior to the public release of the phone survey data , we prespecified our analysis and registered the pre-analysis plan with the Open Science Foundation ( OSF ) ( Furbush et al . , 2021 ) . We report on the results of two research questions . First , how has household income composition and livelihood diversification changed since the onset of the pandemic ? And second , how does household income composition and livelihood diversification impact household food insecurity amid the pandemic ? < sup > 1 < / sup > With respect to our first question , we interrogate the data and produce stylized facts regarding how livelihood diversification changes during", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1250, "text": "household panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1296, "end": 1320, "text": "face-to-face survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * AN UNCERTAIN RECOVERY * * _Box 9 . 2 continued_ could threaten financial stability , cloud the economic outlook , and exacerbate the impact of the pandemic . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure B9 . < br > 1 . Services and Manufacturing Purchasing 2 . Portfolio Outflows < br > Managers ’ Index < br > Index , 50 + = expansion Percent of GDP , accumulated weekly flows < br > 60 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > 50 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > 40 - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > 30 < br > - 0 . 8 < br > - 1 . 0 < br > 20 < br > - 1 . 2 < br > Services PMI Manufacturing PMI 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 < br > ▬ World ▬ Advanced economies ▬ EMDEs ▬ EMDEs ▬ ECA < br > 3 . Change in EMBI Bond Spreads since January 4 . ECA Central Bank Asset Purchases < br > 2 , 2020 < br > Basis points Percent of GDP < br > 350 6 < br > 300 5 < br > 250 < br > 4 < br > 200 < br > 3 < br > 150 < br > 2 < br > 100 < br > 50 1 < br > 0 0 < br > Belarus Georgia Turkey ECA EMDEs Hungary Poland Turkey Romania < br > … EMDE average < br > Jan-20 Mar-20 May-20 Aug-20 Jan-20 Mar-20 May-20 Aug-20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Haver Analytics ; Institute of International Finance ; J . P . Morgan ; World Bank . _Note : _ Purchasing Managers ’ Index ( PMI ) readings above ( below ) 50 indicate expansion ( contraction ) in", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 565, "text": "Services PMI Manufacturing PMI", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1212, "end": 1239, "text": "Purchasing Managers ’ Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey carried out by UCLG in 2009 shows that local capital expenditures have actually increased in some countries because municipalities have participated in national economic stimulus programs that have targeted local infrastructure projects ( United Cities and Local Governments 2009 ) . However , in a great variety of countries , including Bulgaria , Mexico , Nicaragua , Philippines , Russia , and Ukraine , municipalities have cut back on capital spending . In Senegal , the reduction in capital transfers to cities has led to a cutback in local investments since these transfers are used to fund the municipal matching share of specific projects for which financing is also received from a national fund supported by multinational institutions ( Paulais 2012 ) . # * * Reduced Financing Capacities * * As cities have struggled to regain stability after the crisis , so too have the various external sources of capital on which cities usually rely . Perhaps most importantly , the cost of borrowing has increased during recession , as creditors are wary of buying emerging-market bonds during bad times . This , in turn , prevents emerging-country governments from smoothing the cycle by borrowing , as their rich counterparts can often afford to do . Generally speaking , fiscal policy is procyclical in developing countries , in contrast to high-income countries where it is countercyclical . This is supported by strong evidence in Ilzetzki & Vegh ( 2008 ) and Kraay ( 2012 ) . This being said , even developed nations have been struggling . In the U . S . tightened credit markets have made it increasingly difficult for cities to maintain debt-funded projects , particularly for infrastructure , and have resulted in higher debt costs . Additionally , in many EU countries like Greece , Spain and Portugal , cities have had difficulties to borrow due to legal constraints ( including consolidated public sector limits arising from the Maastricht Treaty ) . The downturn has also reduced foreign direct investment in developing country cities . The ability to weather this crisis , as in previous crises , has been different for central and subnational governments . While the former can incur large deficits financed by debt , the latter ( outside of a number of generally federal or", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "survey carried out by UCLG in 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ * * Following the recorded displacement of over 777 , 000 people in 2021 , some 5 . 8 million people displaced by conflict and natural disasters since 2012 still need support in 2022 to find durable solutions where possible . # # # # # * * _Main driver of the humanitarian need : _ * * Increase in acute food insecurity , with almost * * 23 million people facing acute hunger * * , with 8 . 7 million people at emergency levels ( IPC4 ) . All * * 34 provinces * * are facing crisis or emergency levels of acute food insecurity # # # # # * * _Protection PIN / AoR PIN_ * * Overall Protection Cluster PIN : * * 16 . 2 M * * while * * 4 . 5M * * of people are targeted for protection services . CPiE PIN : * * 5 M * * GBV PIN : * * 9 M * * HLP PIN : * * 6 M * * MA PIN : * * 4 . 4 M * * # # # * * LIMITATIONS * * In the first quarter of 2022 , the humanitarian partners including those involved with protection delivery , diversify or update the modalities of implementing the humanitarian responses including protection monitoring data collection , and cases management due to the continued restriction and interference imposed by the De facto authority notably on female staff participation , use of mahram and access to female beneficiaries . This range of humanitarian access challenges and operational constraints that hinder meaningful access to affected persons , staff , project sites , and contractor selection , impeded the capacity of protection partners to collect high-quality data and deliver humanitarian assistance . Some protection interventions continued to be put on hold , shifted , or repackaged in other sectors while delivering live-saving responses . Data on human rights violations and ( but not limited to ) GBV incidents is a particular concern capable of putting both service providers and clients at risk . > 1 Identification of mine and other explosive devices 2", "spans": [{"start": 1009, "end": 1035, "text": "protection monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1674, "end": 1705, "text": "Data on human rights violations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A World Bank Financial Management Specialist will undertake a review once the systems are more developed and the PIU has been established . The objectives of the project ’ s financial management system are : - * * _0_ * * to ensure that h d s are used only for their intended purposes in an efficient and economical manner ; - * * _0_ * * to ensure that funds are properly managed and flow smoothly , adequately ? regularly and predictably in order to meet the objectives o f the project ; - * * _0_ * * to enable the preparation o f accurate and timely financial reports ; - * * _0_ * * to enable project management to monitor the efficient implementation . o f the project ; and - * * _0_ * * to safeguard the project assets and resources . Furthermore , the following are necessary features o f a strong financial management system : - * * _0_ * * the Project should have an adequate number and mix o f skilled and experienced financial management stafe - * * _8_ * * the internal control system should ensure the conduct o f an orderly and efficient procurement and payment process , and proper recording and safeguarding o f assets and resources ; - the accounting system should support the project ’ s requests for hding and meet its reporting obligations to the GOK and IDA ; - * * _8_ * * the system should be capable o f providing fmancial data to measure perifomance when linked to the output of the project ; and - * * _0_ * * an independent , qualified auditor should be appointed to periodically review the Project ’ s financial statements and internal controls . # # # # # * * Weaknesses and Mitigating Measures * * Weaknesses in financial management have been identified in the following areas : - * * 49 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the parameters have been calibrated using databases and models developed for high-income economies . Recently , the advent of satellite-based GHG measurement has greatly expanded the potential for empirical assessment . High-resolution observations of atmospheric GHG concentrations are now available from several platforms , including NASA ’ s OCO-2 and OCO-3 instruments , the European Space Agency ’ s METOP-A and TROPOMI ( Sentinel-5P ) platforms , and the Japan Space Exploration Agency ’ s GOSAT and GOSAT-2 . Detailed technical assessments of measures from these platforms have verified that they provide useful and comprehensive information for global carbon emissions analysis ( Pan et al . 2021 ; Wu et al . 2020 ; Labzovskii et al . 2019 ) . Along with research verification , the first global satellite-based GHG studies have begun to emerge for small samples of cities ( e . g . , Wu et al . 2020 ) . In this paper , we extend the domain for analysis with a panel of satellite-measured CO2 concentrations for 1 , 236 urban areas with populations greater than 500 , 000 . The database covers the period 2014-2020 and includes cities in 138 countries in Africa ( 41 ) , the Americas ( 22 ) , Asia ( 44 ) , Europe ( 29 ) and Oceania ( 2 ) . Second , we provide the first test of an Environmental Kuznets Curve ( EKC ) relationship for CO2 based on actual observations . We specify an econometric model of cities ’ atmospheric CO2 concentrations that incorporates a large set of georeferenced determinants . We find evidence for an EKC that reaches a peak near or above $ 40 , 000 per capita , which is at the 90th percentile internationally . We also explore the relationship between population density and urban CO2 emissions at different levels of economic development . 3", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 1017, "text": "satellite-measured CO2 concentrations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # PREFACE This report covers an audit of the accomplishments under < sup > IDA < / sup > credit 105-KE , amounting to * * US $ 3 . 6 * * million , which was signed in May * * 1967 * * and was closed , fully disbursed , in June * * 1973 . * * The report is based on information contained in the Project Completion Report ( PCR ) prepared * * by * * the Regional Mission in Eastern Africa , information obtained from Bank files , interviews with Bank staff in Washington and Nairobi who have been involved with the project , discussion with Kenyan officials concerned with project execution , and exercises carried out * * by * * researchers affiliated with the Institute for Development Studies at the University of Nairobi . The excellent assistance provided * * by * * officials of the Agricultural Finance Corporation and the Ministry of Agriculture , as well as * * by * * members of the Bank ' s staff in Nairobi , is gratefully acknowledged . * * A * * few significant differences between the conclusions of the audit , undertaken in January * * 1975 , * * and the PCR , dated July 1974 , emerged * * - * * principally with respect to financial benefits , the cause of the shift to livestock lending , and the Bank ' s proper response to breaches of covenants . In general , however , when the two documents deal with the same matters the arguments coincide . The audit was prepared as a self-contained report and the PCR is not attached . However , it does provide a more complete description of several aspects of this interesting project . Occasional reference to sections of the PCR are made in the following pages , and it is available on request .", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 431, "text": "Bank files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- [ 18 ] Harding , D . and A . R . Pagan ( 2002 ) . “ Dissecting the Cycle : A Methodological Investigation , ” Journal of Monetary Economics , 49 , 365-381 . - [ 19 ] Huidrom , R . , A . Kose , and F . Ohnsorge ( 2016 ) . “ Having Space and Using It : Fiscal Policy Challenges in Developing Economies , ” CEPR Working Paper forthcoming . - [ 20 ] Ilzetzki , E . O . , E . G . Mendoza , and C . A . Vegh ( 2013 ) . “ How Big ( Small ? ) Are Fiscal Multipliers ? ” Journal of Monetary Economics , 60 , 239-254 . - [ 21 ] Kraay , A . C . ( 2012 ) . “ How Large Is the Government Spending Multiplier ? Evidence from World Bank Lending , ” Quarterly Journal of Economics , 127 , 829-887 . - [ 22 ] Mineshima , A . , M . Poplawski-Ribeiro , and A . Weber ( 2014 ) . “ Size of Fiscal Multipliers , ” in Post-Crisis Fiscal Policy , ed . by C . Cottarelli , P . Gerson , and A . Senjadji , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 315-372 . - [ 23 ] Nickel , C . and A . Tudyka ( 2014 ) . “ Fiscal Stimulus in Times of High Debt : Reconsidering Multipliers and Twin Deficits , ” Journal of Money , Credit , and Banking , 46 ( 7 ) , 1313-1344 . - [ 24 ] Owyang , M . T . , V . A . Ramey , and S . Zubairy ( 2013 ) . “ Are Government Spending Multipliers Greater during Periods of Slack ? Evidence from Twentieth-Century Historical Data , ” American Economic Review , 103 , 129-134 . - [ 25 ] Perotti , R . ( 1999 ) . “ Fiscal Policy in Good Times and Bad , ” Quarterly Journal of Economics , 114 , 1399-1436 . - [ 26 ] – – — ( 2005 ) . “ Estimating the Effects of Fiscal Policy in OECD Countries , ” CEPR Discussion Paper 4842 . - [ 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Domestic official < br > 40 Domestic private 40 < br > Domestic official < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > 10 10 < br > 0 0 < br > 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 < br > ( % ) ( % ) < br > ( % ) ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Advanced economies excluding the euro area ( Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Japan , Korea , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom and United States ) and emerging markets ( Bulgaria , Columbia , China , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Malaysia , Mexico , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Thailand , Turkey and South Africa ) . Lines and shadow areas show the median and interquartile range within each country group , respectively . Calculations of share of governmet debt based on data from Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014a ) , Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014b ) and BIS Debt Securities Statistics ( See 2 . 4 Data for details ) . 27", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 916, "text": "BIS Debt Securities Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 6 | 2 . 9 | 3 . 4 | | | Privateconsumption < br > | . . | < br > 3 . 5 < br > | 1 . 7 < br > | 3 . 6 < br > | Os < br > 95a < br > 99 < br > | | General govemmentconsumption < br > | . . | 4 . 7 < br > | 3 . 3 < br > | 3 . 6 < br > | * 5 < br > < br > | | Gross domestic investment < br > Importsofgoodsandservices | . . < br > . . | 2 . 8 < br > 1 . 2 | 4 . 5 < br > - 0 . 5 | 5 . 6 < br > 9 . 0 | Exports < br > - Imports | Note : 2000 data are prellminary estimates . * The diamonds show four key indicators in the country ( In bold ) compared with its income-group average . It data are missing , the diamond will be Incomplete . - 59 -", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 444, "text": "2000 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specific to these countries . Specifically , we will include commodity prices as a control to understand whether the inclusion of these prices explains some of the volatility of fiscal policy . The idea is to test whether the fiscal volatility in commodity-exporting countries comes solely from commodity price volatility or not . # * * 3 . 2 Data * * We make use of annual data over the 1990-2021 period . The choice of our sample period is dictated by data availability . The data comprises 184 countries , with 148 EMDEs and 36 advanced economies . We classify countries into ‘ commodity exporters ’ and ‘ non-commodity exporters ’ by applying the classification criteria used in World Bank ( 2022 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > Based on this classification , our sample comprises a diverse set of 90 commodity-exporting EMDEs . ‘ Non-commodity exporting ’ EMDEs are simply the ones not classified as commodity exporters . We analyze three fiscal policy variables from the government budget : primary expenditure , government revenue , and primary balance ( Source : IMF World Economic Outlook ) . In addition , to understand whether different components of expenditures matter more than others , we also analyze government consumption as a measure of fiscal policy ( Source : World Bank World Development Indicators ) . Our data comes from multiple sources . For commodity exporters , we obtain data on natural resource rents ( as percent of GDP ) from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators . Fiscal rules are based on the IMF ’ s Fiscal Rules Dataset ( Davoodi et al . 2022 ) . Country-specific commodity terms of trade indices are obtained from the IMF . We use institutional and political variables from the International Country Risk Group ( ICRG ) and the Polity IV Database . We use the Chinn-Ito index as our measure of capital account openness . We provide details of the country coverage , variables included in the analysis , and data sources in Appendix 1 . # * * 4 . Measuring fiscal policy volatility * * # * * 4 . 1 Characterizing fiscal policy volatility * * We start by checking the cyclicality of each of the four", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 378, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1063, "end": 1089, "text": "IMF World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1284, "end": 1312, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1392, "end": 1422, "text": "data on natural resource rents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1538, "end": 1558, "text": "Fiscal Rules Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1768, "end": 1786, "text": "Polity IV Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poverty . The former were important as public social service delivery was where the largest share of donor funding went in the post-HIPC period . Human welfare outcomes such as school enrollment and infant mortality were regularly scrutinized as part of MDG monitoring , while employment outcomes were not . Indicators of poverty reduction ( as measured by household consumption ) were given attention as well , and still remain the ultimate goal of both SSA country development strategies and donor finance ( see a recent story on IDA results , 2000-2010 for an example < sup > 2 < / sup > ) . A second reason for the poor quality of data is that it is not easy to collect data on employment and earnings outcomes in low-income Sub-Saharan African countries ( hereafter , SSA ) . Survey research on the measurement of employment outcomes tends to take place in OECD countries , where most of the experts on the measurement of employment and earnings work . But the employment pattern in SSA is not at all similar to that found in OECD countries . In OECD countries , almost all employment takes the form of wage and salary employment , where employed labor force participants work for an unrelated individual according to an agreement covering the terms of the task and the remuneration . Job search involves entering the labor market and trying to find someone to hire you on acceptable terms . In SSA , employment takes the form of self and / or household employment , where a task is performed for family profit or gain ( including agriculture for home food consumption ) . Most labor force participants never even enter the labor market . Yet SSA statistics offices routinely adopt survey instruments or modules for collecting data on employment supplied by statistical agencies in OECD countries . They may modify the surveys to fit local context , but without the benefit of local survey research or knowledge on the best techniques to use when measuring household or self-employment . This results in employment and earnings data that lack relevance to the country setting , and mismeasure the key features of employment ( non-sampling error ) . Not surprisingly , in their detailed analysis of surveys from 23", "spans": [{"start": 2009, "end": 2037, "text": "employment and earnings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of origin . < sup > 21 < / sup > A Global IDP Project Survey in 2005 found that 20 % of the households surveyed in all of Burundi had a least one member displaced in the last two years and that there are more women in IDP sites than men . < sup > 21 < / sup > # # < u > HIV / AIDS Situation : < / u > Burundi ’ s adult HIV prevalence at the end of 2003 was 6 . 0 % , with a low estimate of 4 . 1 % and a high estimate of 8 . 8 % compared to 5 . 4 % in 2002 . < sup > 22 < / sup > AIDS is the primary cause of adult deaths and is an important cause of infant mortality . < sup > 23 < / sup > There are no HIV seroprevalence data for the IDP population . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > IDPs are mentioned in the country ’ s NSP 2002-06 , < sup > 24 < / sup > the World Bank ’ s MAP 200206 , < sup > 25 < / sup > and the Great Lakes Initiative on AIDS ( GLIA ) project ; < sup > 14 < / sup > however , they do not contain specific activities designed for IDPs . The GFATM round 1 approved proposal with an HIV component for 2003-04 does not mention IDPs ; < sup > 26 < / sup > however , IDPs are included in the most recent round 5 GFATM proposal and there are activities directed towards IDPs . < sup > 27 < / sup > It is important to note that the Burundian NSP states , without providing evidence , that the promiscuity in IDP camps and agglomerations is one of the principle causes of HIV / AIDS in the country . < sup > 24 < / sup > The Burundi", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 60, "text": "Global IDP Project Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 604, "end": 627, "text": "HIV seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STRP | < br > Scientific and Technical Review Panel | | T | Tesla | | TCS | Timed Species Count ( s ) | | TL | < br > TL | | UBOS | Uganda Bureau of Statistics | | UEB | < br > Uganda Electricity Board | | UEDCL | < br > Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited | | UEGCL | < br > Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited | | UETCL | < br > Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited | | UNFCC | < br > United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | | UNHS | < br > Uganda National Health Survey | | UPE | Universal Primary Education | | URED | Uganda Rural Electricity Department | | USD | United States Dollar | | USE | Uganda Securities Commission | vii * * | * * Page", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "providing access to development resources and project benefits , particularly in the case of those who may be disadvantaged or vulnerable ; ( iii ) Bank financed operations are implemented through their respective life cycles in a manner that is aligned with the inclusion and non-discrimination principles embedded in applicable Bank requirements including the Environmental and Social Standards in line with WB Policy paragraph 4 ( b ) ESF paragraph 28 ( b ) of ESS1 on Assessment and Management Environment and Social Risk and Impacts . Guidelines on the implementation of the provisions will be developed and widely disseminated . These will address World Bank enhanced implementation support and monitoring for inclusion and nondiscrimination that cover vulnerable or disadvantaged individuals or groups monitoring to ensure the implementation of the mitigations measures for their inclusion and non-discrimination . The Project Operational Manual ( POM ) will provide guidelines to facilitate the implementation of these provisions . The compliance with implementation of ESMF requirements and guidance will be monitored . The PIU at PSFU will establish a monitoring system involving coordination between their staff and respective local governments ( Municipalities and Districts , as well as community groups to ensure effective preparation and implementation of the subprojects instruments in line with the frameworks prepared ( ESMF , RPF , SEP , ESCP ) in order to address all activities that have potentially significant impacts on the environment , occupational health and safety , and social during implementation . In addition , environmental and social monitoring shall address all possible effects that the specific subprojects may have on the environment . The monitoring , therefore , shall encompass vegetation loss , effects on natural terrestrial and aquatic habitats , erosion , air and water quality , as well as social surveys , impacts on vulnerable groups , traffic safety and health , and other occupational health and safety issues . A set of monitoring indicators will be determined during ESMP implementation and will be guided by the indicators contained in the ESMF . Appropriate monitoring formats will be prepared for monitoring and reporting requirements . # # # * * _The ESMF M &", "spans": [{"start": 1937, "end": 1951, "text": "social surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nexus between ECD services and children ’ s cognitive and social-emotional development . At present , household surveys such as PSLM , MICS and National Nutrition Survey , along with administrative data on service uptake , allow for analyses of some ECD outcomes , such as nutritional status and ECE enrollment . However , these surveys do not lend themselves to a comprehensive analysis of holistic ECD that focuses on cognitive and social-emotional development for children across the birth to age 6 span . The current survey constitutes a first attempt to gather and analyze this information — albeit in an operating environment restricted by the pandemic . Comprehensive and regular survey data tracking children ’ s development and school readiness , based on ECE experience , socioeconomic status , location , gender , and other factors , can provide insights into which interventions work and for whom . Monitoring of inequities is crucial to assess if the most 32", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 132, "text": "PSLM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 135, "end": 139, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 144, "end": 169, "text": "National Nutrition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 183, "end": 202, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 687, "end": 698, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . Refugee population and changes by country / territory of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntar < mark > y repatriation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often unknown . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | Region and | Population | start-2006 | | Incre | ases during | 2006 | | | | D | ecreases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Reset | tlement | | | | | | | | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Total | _of which : _ < br >", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 104, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1043, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 443 , 222 . 94 < br > Signed | 2021-09-15 < br > 202 | 1-09-28 < br > 2021-09-20 | 2021-11-01 < br > 2021 | - 10-27 < br > 2021-12-01 < br > 2021 - | 11-12 < br > 2022-01-05 < br > 2021 - | 12-15 < br > 2022-07-0 | 4 | | UG-MOH-255270-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of Handheld < br > Devices for Capturing Birth < br > and Death Notification Data | IDA / 58970 | Component Three : < br > Strengthen Capacity to Scale - < br > up Delivery of Births and < br > Deaths Registration Services | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 62 , 979 . 18 < br > Signed | | 2021-10-05 < br > 2021-10-28 | | | 2021-11-30 < br > 2021 - | 12-15 < br > 2022-05-2 | 9 | | UG-MOH-262384-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 25 Projectors < br > for NIRA District Offices for < br > usage in undertaking < br > Training of Duty Bearers | IDA / 58970 | Component Three : < br > Strengthen Capacity to Scale - < br > up Delivery of Births and < br > Deaths Registration Services | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Impl", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 5 . 5 Composition of the innovation portfolio Product innovations in the South Asia region are mainly related to quality upgrading and new functions , while a small percentage of them is associated with the introduction of cheaper products ( except in Pakistan ) ( Table 13 ) . Indeed , more than 90 percent of the firms introducing new goods in Bangladesh , Nepal , and Pakistan increase the quality of their products . Innovations related to products that include different inputs , a new technology or design are relatively more important in countries such as Nepal and Pakistan . < u > Table 13 . How innovative are new products ? ( % of product innovation firms ) < / u > | * * Types of Innovation * * | * * Bangladesh * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * India * * | * * Nepal * * | * * ECA * * | * * Africa * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | New Function | 63 % | 95 % | 66 % | 76 % | 67 % | 64 % | | Cheaper | 40 % | 76 % | 22 % | 37 % | - | 42 % | | Better Quality | 94 % | 96 % | 74 % | 99 % | - | 89 % | | Different Inputs | 59 % | 77 % | 54 % | 70 % | 68 % | 58 % | | New Tech or Design | 46 % | 75 % | 41 % | 81 % | 54 % | 54 % | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) There is a lot of heterogeneity in the region in terms of the type of process innovation that firms conduct ( Table 14 ) . For example , in Bangladesh , most of the innovations are related to the introduction of a more efficient technology or the adaptation of a new technology ; while in India , they are geared to automate manual processes", "spans": [{"start": 1205, "end": 1222, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 # * * 1 ) Introduction . * * Measured by the Gini coefficient for the distribution of household income per capita , inequality in Brazil rose from 0 . 574 in 1981 to 0 . 625 in 1989 . After that five-point ( or 9 % ) increase during the 1980s , Brazil ’ s inequality was the second highest in the world , narrowly behind Sierra Leone ’ s Gini of 0 . 629 . From its peak of 0 . 625 in 1989 , Brazil ’ s Gini fell by six points , or roughly ten percent , to 0 . 564 in 2004 . These are not insubstantial changes . According to World Bank ( 2005 ) , the 2004 number would place Brazil as the tenth most unequal country in the world , behind Bolivia , Botswana , the Central African Republic , Guatemala , Haiti , Lesotho , Namibia , South Africa , and Zimbabwe . < sup > 1 < / sup > While Brazil ’ s inequality level continues to be very high by international standards , its inequality has been less stable than is sometimes argued . < sup > 2 < / sup > Large changes had also occurred in earlier periods , with the Gini coefficient for the distribution of ( adjusted ) household per capita incomes as measured by the decennial Censuses , rising from around 0 . 500 in 1960 to 0 . 565 in 1970 ( see Bonelli and Sedlacek , 1989 ) . Inequality rose further between 1970 and 1976 , reached a peak on that year , and then fell from 1977 to 1981 . See Bonelli and Sedlacek ( 1989 ) , Hoffman ( 1989 ) and Ramos ( 1993 ) . In this paper , we describe the evolution of inequality and poverty in Brazil from 1981 to 2004 , drawing on one the longest time-series of broadly comparable annual household surveys available anywhere in the developing world . Using standard decomposition techniques , we also seek to identify candidate determinants for both the levels and the changes that we observe in inequality and , to a lesser extent , poverty . The paper is mostly descriptive , and the purpose of the decomposition analyses", "spans": [{"start": 1118, "end": 1136, "text": "decennial Censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1576, "end": 1600, "text": "annual household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * A / AC . 96 / 74 / 3 * * # # # * * V . Право на гражданство * * 62 . В настоящее время , согласно данным по 97 странам , в них проживает 4 , 4 миллиона лиц без гражданства или лиц с неопределенным гражданством , что на 91 тысячу человек больше , чем в 2021 году . Миллионы людей без гражданства попрежнему лишены доступа к основным правам и услугам , что делает их уязвимыми для эксплуатации и злоупотреблений . Дискриминация в законах и политике в области гражданства по-прежнему является одной из основных причин безгражданства , при этом во многих странах практически не наблюдается политической воли к изменению таких законов и политики . Продолжающийся рост ксенофобии и этнонационализма угрожает возникновением новых ситуаций безгражданства в ряде регионов мира , а значительное увеличение числа вынужденных переселенцев ставит под угрозу безгражданства еще большее число людей . Конфликт на Украине ярко выс", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 122, "text": "данным по 97 странам", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ru"}
{"text": "WPS3843 # Regional Subsidies and Industrial Prospects of Lagging Regions by Alexandre Carvalho DIRUR , Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada ( IPEA ) < u > alexandre . ywata @ ipea . gov . br < / u > Somik V . Lall Development Research Group , The World Bank < u > slall1 @ worldbank . org < / u > Christopher Timmins Department of Economics , Duke University < u > timmins @ econ . duke . edu < / u > # # # * * ABSTRACT * * Large and sustained differences in economic performance across regions of developing countries have long provided motivation for fiscal incentives designed to encourage firm entry in lagging areas . Empirical evidence in support of these policies , however , has been weak at best . This paper undertakes a direct evaluation of the most prominent fiscal incentive policy in Brazil , the Fundos Constitucionais de Financiamento ( Constitutional Funds ) . In doing so , we exploit valuable features of the Brazilian Ministry of Labor ' s RAIS data set to address two important elements of firm location decisions that have the potential to bias an assessment of the Funds : ( i ) firm “ family structure ” ( in particular , proximity to headquarters for vertically integrated firms ) , and ( ii ) unobserved spatial heterogeneity ( with the potential to confound the effects of the Funds ) . We find that the pull of firm headquarters is very strong relative to the Constitutional Funds for vertically integrated firms , but that , with non-parametric controls for time invariant spatial heterogeneity , the Funds provide statistically and economically significant incentives for firms in many of the targeted industries . JEL Classification : L22 , R12 , R58 World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3843 , February 2006 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 977, "text": "RAIS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of social protection systems . * * _The informal sector comprises both workers preferring formal sector employment ( involuntarily informal ) and those preferring the qualities of unregulated entrepreneurship . _ * * In motivation surveys from Brazil and surveys of workers leaving formal employment in Mexico , 60-70 % report preferring informal self employment for reasons of independence and higher earnings . < sup > 6 < / sup > Though difficult to measure job characteristics make wage comparisons _faux amis_ for establishing segmentation , numerous studies have established higher earnings among informal workers , particularly the urban self employed . < sup > 7 < / sup > Recent studies for Brazil and Bolivia that attempt to control for selectivity into the sector find that predominantly informal salaried workers at the bottom of the salary scale within any skills set face a significant wage disadvantage vis-á-vis formal jobs . < sup > 8 < / sup > Attempts to compare welfare more directly find a premium to being informally self employed in Bolivia ( Arias and Sosa 2004 ) , consistent with the sociological evidence from Mexico finding self employment is often considered a step up from salaried work . As discussed below , women appear to > 5 See background papers by Maloney and Saavedra > 6 , Cunningham and Maloney ( 2002 ) , Maloney ( 2004 ) > 7 See Yamada ( 1996 ) , Marcouiller , Ruiz and Castilla and Woodruff ( 1997 ) , Maloney ( 1999 ) , Saavedra and Chong ( 1999 ) , Gong and van Soest ( 2002 ) . > 8 Tannuri and Pianto ( 2003 ) and Tannuri , Pianto and Arias ( 2004 ) . 5", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 250, "text": "motivation surveys from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 255, "end": 309, "text": "surveys of workers leaving formal employment in Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 18 : * * * * _Transmission Line Alignment from Wobulenzi to Masaka ( blue ) with Associated 2 km Buffer Zones_ * * The TL is located entirely within the Victoria Basin Forest-Savanna Ecoregion ( RESOLVE 2017 ) , which is characterized by a mixture of forest and savanna habitats within a landscape of rolling hills , plateaus , and marshes . The ecoregion is a biodiversity hotspot with diverse flora and fauna , including endemic species , and is classified under the Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands , Savannas and Shrublands biome . Based on the ecoregion , natural habitats can comprise both forest and savanna habitats . A habitat classification has been conducted within a 2 km buffer of the TL route . Habitats are characterized based on land cover data produced by the CCI Map of Africa 2016 land cover assessment ( 20 m resolution ) , 151", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 774, "text": "land cover data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 791, "end": 835, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016 land cover assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1982 downturn ( Leslie et al . 1988 ) . More recently , this effect was also present during the Latin American economic crisis of the mid 1990s in urban Argentina ( Cerutti 2000 ) . The only exception to this pattern in Latin America comes from Humphrey ’ s ( 1996 ) analysis of female labor force participation rates in Sao Paulo , Brazil during the debt crisis of the 1980s . Using data from Argentina , Pessino and Gill ( 1997 ) apply different measures of the business cycle and estimate the impact on women ’ s and men ’ s labor force participation . They find that all women ’ s labor force participation is countercyclical while among men , labor force participation is countercyclical only for those aged 20-49 . Analysis of household survey data from Mexico ’ s Peso crisis of the mid-1990s also shows evidence of a female added worker effect . Skoufias and Parker ( 2006 ) find that during the Peso crisis wives were 14 percent more likely to enter the labor force as a result of husband ’ s transition to unemployment . Parker and Skoufias ( 2006 ) analyze the impact of the male household head ’ s unemployment on the wife ’ s probability of entering the labor force during the economic boom or recovery period in Mexico and compare the impact to that obtained during a recession . They find that husband ’ s unemployment increases the wife ’ s probability of entering the labor force , during both economic crisis and economic prosperity , but this effect is larger during the crisis . There is also some evidence of rising female labor force participation in some countries during the East Asian crisis of 1997 . As male unemployment increased , female labor force participation rose in the Philippines ( Lim 2000 ) and Indonesia ( Smith , Thomas , Frankenberg , Beegle , and Teruel 2002 ) . Using household level data from Demographic Health Survey from 66 countries and across 21 years ( 1985-2006 ) , Bhalotra and Umana ( 2009 ) show that globally , on average , a 10 percent drop in country 8", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 403, "text": "data from Argentina", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 733, "end": 754, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1812, "end": 1832, "text": "household level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1838, "end": 1863, "text": "Demographic Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "product or without interacting with the buyers [ or sellers ] in person ” ( p . 37 ) . They refer to the challenges of connecting rural producers to e-commerce in China , but these transactional barriers are likely to be present for small informal firms in other countries and even in urban settings . In fact , in their study in China , they find that the expansion of e-commerce has had no effect on producers and the only positive effects have been for richer and younger consumers who benefited from access to lower priced goods and services . This is another example of the potential polarization from the digital economy . In sum , it is not obvious from the existing evidence whether the rise of e-commerce increases existing gaps between incumbent larger formal firms and informal ones , or it helps ‘ level the playing The new empirical evidence from Chaldal and Daraz sellers ’ data , the two case studies in this paper , is mildly positive . As reported by the firms selling on these platforms , the main reason for joining the platform is to access more customers . Most of these sellers report an expansion in their business after joining the platform . They also report an increase in their incentive to register their business and in their visibility to tax authorities . Other , less widespread channels of impact reported by firms include the adoption of new or improved business practices and technologies , better access to finance and greater flexibility in balancing home and work life . The businesses selling on these platforms range widely in terms of size and other characteristics , and many of them are micro , small and medium-sized . In general , the reported impacts do not vary significantly by firm size and degree of formalization , suggesting that even micro and small informal firms that have joined e-commerce platforms can benefit from the greater market access facilitated by the platforms . However , firms using e-commerce , even the small ones , are from a selected group : they are owned and managed by individuals who are more educated and younger than the owners and managers of more typical firms . The findings on the two case studies", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 892, "text": "Chaldal and Daraz sellers ’ data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hpa-An Environmental Scoping Report | | NEAT + | | October 2019 | 10 potential exacerbating risks posed by a project . The tool is intended to enhance project quality and improve the accountability of humanitarian programming . The NEAT + is a targeted response to an identified need for a tool that allows an effortless and rapid identification of key environmental issues by users with limited or no environmental expertise . It consists of various technical modules including environmental sensitivity , WASH , Shelter , and Food Security and Livelihoods . Data is collected in Kobo Toolbox or in Excel . The Joint Initiative ran from January 2017 to January 2019 and aimed to improve coordination between environment and humanitarian actors both before and after disasters , with a focus on updating and improving key humanitarian environmental assessment tools . It was a collaborative effort between USAID , UNHCR , WWF , JEU , NRC and the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency ( MSB ) . The project , through better dissemination of tools , resources and environmental data , supported efficient consideration of environment and climate knowledge in humanitarian assistance . The Joint Initiative produced various deliverables working towards the improved integration of environment in humanitarian action , including the NEAT + . The JEU is now the custodian of the NEAT + . # # Context : Myanmar and Hpa An Hpa An Township is in Kayin State , located in the southeast of Myanmar along the border with Thailand and the national states / regions of Kayah , Naypyidaw , Bago , and Mon . The state covers 30 , 385 km < sup > 2 < / sup > , and consists of 7 townships . Hpa-An is the capital city of Kayin State . The state ’ s population is 1 . 43 million ( 2011 HMIS data ) , or 47 people per square kilometre . 16 % of Kayin ’ s population lives in urban areas . < sup > 2 < / sup > Kayin has 5 , 600 displaced people in the", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1077, "text": "environmental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1765, "end": 1774, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electricity . This is particularly relevant in the context of Bangladesh where the government has determined to use SHS as one of the alternatives to the grid option in its efforts to achieve the target of a universal access to electricity by 2020 . The grid electrification as an alternative baseline for quantifying the carbon benefit of SHS is also proposed in Kaufman et al ( 2000 ) . Basically , the carbon benefits come from the comparison between two electrification options : grid connection using conventional fossil fuel and solar systems . It should be noted that the direct comparison can be problematic as there exists a substantial difference in the quality of electricity service received from the two options , with SHS providing much limited capacity . In quantifying the carbon avoided using grid-electrification as an alternative baseline , the average level of electricity consumption of grid-connected household is proposed as the benchmark to estimate electrification generation ( Kaufman et al , 2000 ) . The underlying assumption is that non-electrified households would consume electricity at the same rate as the grid-connected households if they were connected to a grid . The availability of the Bangladesh household survey data allows us to predict the electricity consumption of non-electrified households based on the electricity consumption model estimated using the grid-connected households , controlling for household characteristics , such as incomes , family size and location . The predicted average monthly electricity consumption among non-electrified households , based on this electricity model , is about 28 kwh per month when connected to a grid . The average consumption is about 26 kwh per month for the bottom two income groups and about 31kwh per month for the top two income groups . Using the grid-emission rate of 0 . 8 kg CO2 / kwh , the carbon emissions avoided from SHS is equivalent to about 269 kg CO2 per SHS per year . This estimate is about 3 . 5 times that estimated using the kerosene displacement baseline ( 76 kg CO2 per SHS per year ) . The scale of the carbon emissions avoided from SHS adoption can be better illustrated by putting these estimates in the national context of total number of households currently without electricity access in Bangladesh ( about 23", "spans": [{"start": 1224, "end": 1251, "text": "Bangladesh household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". May 2012 Addis Ababa UNESCO ( 2012 ) Ethiopia Education for All Profile , UNESCO , Dakar Senegal UNFPA ( 2010 ) Gender Equality and Women ’ s Empowerment . In-depth analysis of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2005 . Report prepared by the Ethiopian Society of Population Studies October 2008 Addis Ababa Ethiopia WB and WHO ( 2011 ) World Report on Disability Washington D . C . USA World Bank ( 2005 ) Operational Manual : OP 4 . 10 – Indigenous Peoples . July 2005 Washington USA Ward , D . and Ayalew , S . ( 2011 ) _Audience Survey Ethiopia 2011_ . Electoral Reform International Services ( ERIS ) , British Embassy in Ethiopia and DFID , UK . 33 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Summary * * Labor markets are key drivers of poverty reduction . In Latin America , labor markets have been the main channel through which growth reduced poverty with higher labor income accounting for 49 percent of the reduction in poverty in the region in 2008-2013 . Incidentally , understanding labor markets is critical to designing policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty . This is particularly true in a low-income fragile country such as Haiti . With close to close to 70 percent of the population under age 30 years , labor markets are bound to be central to defining Haiti ’ s future . Yet , labor analysis in Haiti has been constrained by the dearth of data and the focus on measuring the impact of the 2010 earthquake . However , while measuring the impact of the earthquake matters , over five years on , this question may be one more interesting to researchers than to inform policies and programs beyond the reconstruction . The present paper contributes to answering this need by providing an overview of Haiti ’ s labor markets and the determinants of labor income over a decade , focusing on growing urban areas . The paper also contributes to the research on Haiti in general , as well as labor markets in fragile countries such as Haiti in particular through an unprecedented effort by the authors to harmonize three household surveys conducted between 2001 and 2012 . Building on this exercise this paper provides new insights into the development of labor markets in a particularly turbulent decade for Haiti , one that was marked by the political crisis of 2004 and the earthquake of 2010 . In spite of the earthquake , the analysis shows that Haiti ’ s labor markets are characterized by continuity over the period . Somewhat surprisingly , its defining features remain overall unchanged in spite of the shock – pointing to heavy forces shaping economic and labor dynamics . Self-employment in low-productivity sectors such as commerce and construction remains the norm outside the farm sector . In a rapidly urbanizing Haiti , analysis of the determinants of labor income in urban settings echoes those findings , showing only modest improvement in workers ’ endowments ( such as education )", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1368, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| < br > * * ة بالصرف * * | * * المؤشر * * < br > * * ات المرتبط * * | * * المسؤولية عن * * | < br > | | | | * * اسم * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * قابلية توسع * * < br > * * المصروفات * * < br > * * / ( نعم * * < br > * * ك ) لا * * | * * المسؤولية عن التحقق من * * < br > * * البيانات * * | < br > * * جمع البيانات * * | * * منهجية * * < br > * * جمع البيانات * * | * * مصدر البيانات * * | * * ال * * < br > * * را تكر ية * * | * * ) الوصف ( تعريف واضح وما إلى ذلك * * | * * المؤش * * < br > * * ر ( # ) * * | | غ / م | غ / م | هيئة المنطقة < br > * * ا * * لقتصادية الخاصة < br > في طرابلس | التقارير من قبل < br > هيئة المنطقة < br > * * ا * * لقتصادية الخاصة في طرابلس | هيئة المنطقة < br > * * ا *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "key parameters underlying learning in Section 7 . # * * 3 . 3 Data * * We collected four rounds of detailed household surveys , complemented by monitoring data on demonstration plots , to support our analysis ; we now discuss these data and their application to our analysis . * * Household surveys * * Between 2012 and 2015 , we administered four rounds of household surveys of farmer group members across our experimental sample . Each survey round was timed to immediately follow the harvest of the dry season ; Figure 1 provides a detailed timeline of these survey rounds . Each survey round collected detailed records of agricultural production and technology adoption during the dry season , including adoption of the new flood-saline-resilient seeds promoted by the project . We leverage data from these surveys at the level of the village , household , household-survey wave , and household-crop-survey wave . Appendix A provides a detailed description of all variables used in our analysis and details their construction , and Appendix Table A6 shows how our sample size changes across survey waves and all sample restrictions used in our analysis . * * Baseline survey * * The baseline survey was administered on a sample of 1 , 407 IAPP farmer group members within 78 randomly selected villages of the 110 villages in our experimental sample . < sup > 14 < / sup > In addition to household characteristics , and the dry season agricultural data collected in each survey wave , the baseline survey included a module on social network linkages , in which we asked each household questions about their interactions with all other farmers in their farmer group ( sampled or not ) . In our analysis , we consider a household to be in another household ’ s social network if they report speaking to them , or were reported being spoken to by them , about farming in the last three months ; to ensure consistent measurement across households , for all regressions leveraging social network relationships we restrict our sample to farmers and villages surveyed at baseline . > 14The baseline survey covered 279 of the 386 eventual demonstrators , including 24 of 41 regular demonstrators , 81 of 115 shared demonstrators ,", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 125, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 144, "end": 182, "text": "monitoring data on demonstration plots", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1455, "text": "dry season agricultural data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2086, "end": 2101, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Project Appraisal Document * * Country : Uganda * * Page 21 * * Project Title : Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project # # _2 . CriticalRisks ( reflecting assumptions in the fourth column of Annex 1 ) : _ | * * Risk * * | * * Risk Rating * * | * * Risk Minimization Measure * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * From Outputs to Objective * * | | | | KCC ' s commitmen * * t * * o sustained efforts at < br > improving program management and delivery < br > capacity | M < br > _ _ < br > _ | * * * * * < br > Availability of the Core Team < br > * < br > Support for alternative basic service delivery < br > * * * * * < br > Critical review of organizational changes < br > * < br > Strict monitoring and evaluation | | KCC ' s ability provide the required counterpart < br > funds | N | * * * * * < br > A condition of credit effectiveness will be < br > submission to IDA of a duly-authorized < br > valuation list of KCC-owned staff houses , < br > proceeds of the sale of which will be used as < br > counterpart funds for the project , certified by < br > the Chief Government Valuer . < br > * < br > 3 Credit covenants | | KCC ' s ability to set aside the required funds for < br > O & M | N | . < br > 2 Credit covenants < br > * * * * * < br > Dedicating commercial revenues to O & M | | KCC ensuring adequate quality of civil works < br > construction : | N | . < br > Availability of a CSC < br > * * * * * < br > Availability of the Core", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 948, "text": "valuation list of KCC-owned staff houses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 mechanism , the change in estimated elasticities is smaller and not statistically significant ( although a qualification is that value added trade data are available for a shorter period and fewer countries ) . We try to assess the Smithian concern by focusing on the growth implication of a slowing pace of GVC growth . We do this in two steps . First , we report estimates from our related work ( Constantinescu , Mattoo and Ruta , 2016b ) of the impact of vertical specialization on productivity growth . These estimates indicate that increasing backward specialization has a positive impact on labor productivity growth , as predicted by the theory ( e . g . Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg , 2008 ) . Second , we use these estimates to quantify the growth in labor productivity due to the growth in backward vertical specialization . While this share is not large , as productivity growth is explained by many factors beyond vertical specialization , its contribution has decreased by half in recent years , suggesting that the trade slowdown is a contributing factor of the decrease in productivity growth . The rest of the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 reviews the evidence on the trade slowdown and its explanations ; Section 3 presents the evidence on the consequence of the trade slowdown , focusing on the demand and the supply channels separately ; Section 4 concludes . # * * 2 . Why is global trade slowing down ? * * World trade growth has been persistently sluggish since the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis . World trade ( total trade volumes ) grew at 2 . 8 percent in 2012 and 3 . 4 percent in both 2013 and 2014 . Data indicate a further slowdown in world trade in 2015 ( Constantinescu ,", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 153, "text": "value added trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sub-sectors from which they sourced inputs , and an index of restrictiveness toward FDI in those same service sub-sectors ( see Figure 9 , a formal description of the way in which the index is calculated is presented below ) . 4 . We then explored the link between these two indicators , controlling for sector specific effects . # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 . Services Reform and Manufacturing Productivity * * To assess the impact that restrictive policies towards foreign direct investment in the service sector may have on the performance of the manufacturing sector , we proceed in two stages . First , we use input-output tables to get a sense of the importance that each service sector has for the input costs of each manufacturing sector . The service restrictiveness ( rest ) that each sector in manufacturing faces is calculated as the weighted average of each service sector ’ s OECD restrictiveness index , where the weights are given by the share in the total input bill of a given manufacturing sector ‘ s ’ accounted for the service ‘ j ’ . Formally , we proceed as in equation ( 1 ) : 10", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 623, "text": "input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 welfare contributions of those industries ’ policies as well . Together these results suggest much of the welfare cost of protection globally could be removed if just a few agricultural markets were liberalized . # * * Conclusions and areas for further research * * The following are the key messages that emerge from our analysis : - The answer to the question in the title of the paper is yes , in the sense that full global liberalization of goods and services trade would raise net farm income in all six developing country regions , and more than it would raise non-agricultural value added ; - Global liberalization would not raise net farm incomes in each and every developing country , however , with our results suggesting that Bangladesh , India , the Philippines and Russia would be among the exceptions – but only because of their own high agricultural protection rates in the GTAP database ; - With that Version 6 GTAP database , our results are not inconsistent with those of Jensen , Robinson and Tarp ( 2002 ) in that for several large developing countries ( Bangladesh , China , India , Indonesia ) , own-country policies help rather than harm agricultural relative to non-agricultural value added , with the harm from own non-agricultural policies being more than offset by help from own agricultural and food policies ; and - Other countries ’ policies have the opposite effect , of depressing agricultural value added in developing countries , with high-income country policies", "spans": [{"start": 930, "end": 943, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and will assist with any of the steps to regularization , from community mobilization , to preparation of a part development plan , to surveying , to the registration and issuance of titles to individuals or groups . To the extent feasible , settlements benefiting from enhancements in tenure security will also benefit from infrastructure investments under component 3 . 10 . * * Tackling the land survey bottleneck by introducing bulk survey approaches . * * The MoL has been active in initiating tenure regularization projects in many urban informal settlements . A key insight emerging from this experience is that the regularization process often stalls after letters of offer or allotment have been issued . This is because plot surveys , conducted by licensed private surveyors , are often too expensive for residents of informal settlements . In addition , owners have to pay various fees to formally register and obtain their title . To tackle this problem , the project will support introduction of bulk survey approaches that entail simultaneous survey of all plots in a given settlement . This will help to significantly reduce unit costs . The project will also provide support to the MoL in simplifying the steps and reducing fees for title registration , including waiving fees for the urban poor . For more on Kenya ‘ s experience with land titling , see the appendix in annex 2 . 38", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 744, "text": "plot surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Chelsky , J . , Morel , C . , and Kabir , M . ( 2013 ) . Investment financing in the wake of the crisis : The role of multilateral development banks . _World Bank - Economic Premise_ , ( 121 ) . - Corsetti , G . , Guimaraes , B . , and Roubini , N . ( 2006 ) . International lending of last resort and moral hazard : A model of IMF ’ s catalytic finance . _Journal of Monetary Economics_ , 53 ( 3 ) : 441 – 471 . - Cortina , J . J . , Didier , T . , and Schmukler , S . ( 2018 ) . Corporate Borrowing and Debt Maturity : The Effects of Market Access and Crises . Discussion Paper 13008 , Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) . - Dasgupta , D . and Ratha , D . ( 2000 ) . What factors appear to drive private capital flows to developing countries ? and how does official lending respond ? Policy Research Working Paper Series 2392 , The World Bank . - Dobbs , R . , Pohl , H . , Lin , D . - Y . , Mischke , J . , Garemo , N . , Hexter , J . , Matzinger , S . , Palter , R . , and Nanavatty , R . ( 2013 ) . Infrastructure productivity : how to save 1 trillion a year . _McKinsey Global Institute_ , 88 . - Dreher , A . , Fuchs , A . , Parks , B . , Strange , A . M . , and Tierney , M . J . ( 2017 ) . Aid , China , and growth : Evidence from a new global development finance dataset . Working Paper 46 , AidData , Williamsburg , VA . - Dreher , A . , Fuchs , A . , Parks , B . , Strange , A . M . , and Tierney , M . J . ( 2018 ) . Apples and dragon fruits : the determinants of aid and other forms of state financing from China to Africa . _International Studies Quarterly_ , 62 ( 1 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK ) ( P161387 ) # # Strengthened Fiduciary Assurance and Transparency | ► IRI 6 . 1 : MDAs can access multi-year itemized & facility level budget & outturn data in IFMIS ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | 27-Apr-2018 | 30-Jun-2022 | | ► IRI 6 . 2 : UAT of on | line pub interface providing se | archable info on progs , proj | ects & transfers to SDU ( | Yes / No , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | 27-Apr-2018 | 30-Jun-2022 | | ► IRI 6 . 3 : Updated m | anuals & QA framework for IA | to strengthen assurance & | risk management are in | place ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | 27-Apr-2018 | 30-Jun-2022 | | ► IRI 6 . 4 : Complete | diasgnostic study of internal a | udit ( Yes / No , | Custom ) | | | | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 327, "end": 332, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 < / sup > . 2 . * * Ethiopia had a GDP of $ 126 billion in 2022 , and the economy has experienced strong , broad-based growth averaging 9 . 4 percent a year from 2010 / 11 to 2019 / 20 , and still the fastest growing economy in the region , with 5 . 3 percent growth in 2023 * * . Consistent high economic growth brought positive trends in poverty reduction . The population living below the national poverty line decreased from 30 percent in 2011 to 24 percent in 2016 . Poverty reduction is more pronounced in urban areas . However , despite this decrease in poverty and rapid economic growth , it is still one of the poorest countries in the world , with a per capita income of $ 1 , 212 . Ethiopia aims to reach lowermiddle-income status by 2025 . At the same time , Ethiopia faces significant challenges . The Coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) pandemic and internal conflict has slowed growth to 5 . 3 percent in 2022 . Chronic food insecurity < sup > 4 < / sup > , climate-related disasters ( droughts and floods ) , and internal conflict < sup > 5 < / sup > have undermined Ethiopia ’ s gains in poverty reduction and economic growth , putting additional pressure on humanitarian needs . An estimated 2 . 2 million people < sup > 6 < / sup > are displaced 1 United Nations Population Division . World Urbanization Prospects : 2018 . > 2 USAID . _https : / / urban-links . org / insight / ethiopias-rapid-urbanization-requires-innovative-municipal-finance / _ Accessed : February 18 , 2023 . > 3 Africapolis . 4 Ethiopia has been suffering from chronic food shortage . About 8 . 5 million people currently face high levels of food insecurity , driven by economic decline , COVID-19 measures , desert locust , as well as disaster and conflict-related displacement . 5 Ethiopia ’ s Tig", "spans": [{"start": 1295, "end": 1323, "text": "World Urbanization Prospects", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) Substantial ~ ~ PHREVDELTBL ~ ~ # # * * Rationale * * # # * * Overall Efficacy Rating * * # # * * 5 . Efficiency * * # # * * Efficiency Rating * * - a . If available , enter the Economic Rate of Return ( ERR ) and / or Financial Rate of Return ( FRR ) at appraisal and the re-estimated value at evaluation : | | * * Rate * * < br > * * Available ? * * | * * Point value ( % ) * * | * * * Coverage / Scope ( % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Appraisal | | 0 | 0 < br >  Not Applicable | | ICR Estimate | | 0 | 0 < br >  Not Applicable | - Refers to percent of total project cost for which ERR / FRR was calculated . # # * * 6 . Outcome * * The overall relevance of the objective is Substantial , and the efficacy of all objectives is also Substantial . The outcome rating is Satisfactory as there were only minor shortcomings in achieving the program ’ s objectives . The relevance of the program ’ s objectives continues to be high for the government , as evident from the widespread use of officially generated statistics in informing and monitoring policies and programs , especially for poverty reduction . While there remains room for further improvement , the institutional change related to KNBS ’ s policy on disseminating survey microdata is directly attributable to this program as the previous Bank project could not achieve this outcome . Page 8 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 1386, "end": 1402, "text": "survey microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SUDAN ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Figure 18a . Electricity is the largest obstacle to doing Figure 18b . High reliance on generators for power business in Sudan * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 120 < br > 60 100 < br > 50 80 < br > 40 60 < br > 30 40 < br > 20 20 < br > 10 0 < br > 0 < br > North river Nile Khartoum Gezira Nyala Red Sea < br > Kordofan < br > % of firms that own generator % of power from generator < br > Gazira Khartoum River Nile North Kordofan Red Sea Nyala < br > Perception that electricity is the biggest onstable to doing business ( % of firms ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Derived from World Bank ( 2009b ) . * * Figure 19 . A small share of Sudan ’ s power consumption is for industrial activities * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6000 < br > 5000 < br > 4000 < br > 3000 < br > 2000 < br > 1000 < br > 0 < br > 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 < br > Agriculture ( pumps ) consumption Industrial consumption < br > Government consumption Commerical consumption < br > Domestic consumption Electricity Generated < br > GWh < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Based on statistical handbooks produced by the Central Bureau of Statistics and on data reported by the NEC , which are assumed to reflect the situation in Sudan . Power prices are toward the lower-middle end of the range observed in Sub-Saharan Africa . At $ 0 . 09 per kilowatt-hour ( kWh ) , the price is close to the average of countries predominantly reliant on hydropower . Nevertheless , given that thermal power has been dominant until quite recently and continues to play a significant role , tariffs look low relative to historic costs of around $ 0 . 19 / kWh ( figure 20 ) . The", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1269, "text": "data reported by the NEC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indica | tors | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / | of | of | | Share | of age | groupi | n total | | | Pe | rcentag | e fema | leper a | gegro | up | a | t location , | Age / | Sex | | residence | location | location | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > | 12-17 | < 18 | 18-59 | 60 + > | 0-4 | 5-11 |", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "among poorer households . In order to mitigate differential educational decisions by socioeconomic status , it is likely important to understand parental perceptions of their child ’ s abilities before they start school . Future research should examine how caregiver perceptions of child intelligence and development vary across socioeconomic status and how these differential beliefs may affect investments in education and home environment in order to target behavior change messaging to caregivers with inaccurate perceptions and encourage educational investments for children early in life to prepare them for school . Some limitations of the current study warrant discussion . First , this study used crosssectional data to examine determinants of the discordance between caregiver-perceived child intelligence and child developmental abilities assessed with the ASQ-I ; therefore , we do not claim causality . Second , we captured caregiver-perceived child intelligence through one rank-based question with an open interpretation of intelligence . We acknowledge that caregiver perceptions of child intelligence and assessments of children ’ s developmental abilities are context-dependent . Indeed , Harkness et al emphasize the important link between culture and early child development , noting that settings , customs , and caretaker ethno theories , or parents ’ culturally constructed beliefs about child behaviors and development , operate together in a system that continually change and ultimately influence early child development ( Harkness , et al . , 2013 ) . Future work should incorporate qualitative methods to identify beliefs of child development and consider experimenting with vignettes to anchor the perceived ladder scale ( Ravallion , Himelein , & Beegle , 2016 ) . Third , we were unable to assess early child development through direct observation due to cost and time constraints and we acknowledge the potential for recall and social desirability bias in caregiver reports ; however , when we limited our analysis to the interviewer-observed items of the ASQ-I , our results did not substantially change . 22", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 725, "text": "crosssectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Lebanon Health Resilience Project ( P163476 ) - ii . For the purposes of this Loan , the said Additional Budget Lines could be opened in the budget of a specific year up until 31 January of the following year and those contracted or not contracted are carried forward per the request of the MoPH . 69 . * * Accounting system and financial reporting . * * The MoPH does not have an accounting information system to process accounting transactions . However , it has an information system for public health that connects to the PHCCs . In the EPHRP , each health center has been using the financial module of the HIS to record daily transactions and submit requests for payments . The connection has been installed in all centers , and training and follow-up are conducted by the PMU . For Component 1 , which scales up activities under the existing emergency project , the same financial module will be used by the expanded number of PHCCs to record daily transactions and account for the data on treated patients . # # # 70 . * * The system allows the MoPH to monitor and control expenditures made by the PHCCs in the context of the project . * * The flow of activity and expenditure cycle is as follows : - Any contract to be signed by the PHCCs with a third party is submitted in the system to the MoPH for clearance . - Once the contract is cleared by the MoPH and then signed , any subsequent payment on this contract will be through a “ payment request ” submitted by the PHCC in the system to the MoPH for review and clearance . - Once the payment request is cleared by MoPH , the FO prepares the payment ( check or bank transfer ) to be signed by the project coordinator and the Director General . - The funds are then transferred from the Designated Account to the PHCC ’ s bank account ( which is a segregated bank account opened exclusively for the project )", "spans": [{"start": 1011, "end": 1035, "text": "data on treated patients", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10587 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the pervasiveness of tax evasion among firms in Indonesia and the characteristics associated with higher levels of noncompliance . Tax evasion is estimated through a randomized , double-list experiment embedded in a nationally representative survey of 2 , 955 registered firms . This revealed whether firms pay all the taxes they owe without them having to disclose this directly . Across both list experiments , around a quarter of the firms indirectly reveal that they have evaded taxes . Firms that do not export , face intense competition from informal firms , and believe tax administration is a major obstacle to their business are the most likely to evade taxes . These findings help to inform the enforcement activities of tax authorities in middle-income countries , which face substantial challenges in estimating levels of tax evasion and identifying noncompliant taxpayers . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at choy @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TRANSPARENT < br > ANALYSIS < br > G < br > R E < br > N < br > S < br > I P < br > Y E < br > K A < br > C A < br > R P < br > LI R < br > O E < br > O C < br > W R < br > H < br > S < br > P < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 323, "text": "nationally representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "k ) = β ( k ) < sup > V [ g ( c ) ] < / sup > ~ ~ . ~ ~ However , V [ ĝ ( c ) ] because we know the margin of error of the estimate of governance based on the representative data V [ g ( c ) ] sources , we can use this to estimate the ratio and then use this to adjust the slope coefficient to V [ ĝ ( c ) ] obtain a consistent estimate β ̂ ̂ ( k ) = β ̂ ( k ) < sup > V [ g ( c ) ] < / sup > . Finally , with this adjusted estimate of β ( k ) in hand , V [ g ( c ) ] we can obtain estimates of α ( k ) and σ ( k ) as the mean and standard deviation of y ( c , k ) − β ̂ ̂ ( k ) ĝ ( c ) . These two steps give us estimates of the parameters of the UCM for all data sources . We then insert these estimates into Equations ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) to obtain our final estimates and standard deviations of governance for each country . These estimates by construction have a mean and standard deviation close to zero and one , respectively . For ease of interpretation , as a final step we standardize the indicators and standard errors so that the reported estimates of governance have exactly mean zero and standard deviation of one across countries in every time period . > 23 This is equivalent to maximum likelihood estimation of a principal components model . In fact , we implement the calculations in Stata using the command for estimation of principal components models . Details can be found in the reproducibility package for the WGI available here . 53", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 178, "text": "representative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > GDP and Manufacturing Value Added Growth Rates < br > World , 1993-2007 < br > mm < br > BR8 veARN < br > Ww gc < br > fs ] < br > 3 \" < br > x eazy # LVA # EST < br > 3 - # AGO < \\ NM < br > os a eet tun - # 5VK . < br > 4 NING 6 deste tie over < br > & | oats ullamera eo : < br > 5 { DLA RMR G8TON # 5 < br > ieoa Spee pol < br > - < br > - 100 0 100 200 300 < br > NVA growth rate < br > Source : World Development Indicators , World Bank < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > GDP and Manufacturing Value Added Growth Rates < br > Affica , 1993-2007 < br > wo < br > be aga < br > 5 < br > 0i < br > B - < br > crv uoz < br > ® @ TcD SOMUGA < br > ee wu | BE sere < br > e Sun , NAM < br > 6 ze WE < br > 5 i : ‘ ve < br > aza ELEo2ARchigny < br > wo < br > ~ 100 0 100 200 300 < br > MVA growth rate < br > Source : World Development Indicators , World Bank < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 437, "end": 465, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The welfare expressions ( 14 ) and ( 15 ) form the basis for our quantitative welfare analysis of trade reform . In order to conduct such an analysis , we need information about the income parameters _μ_ , _σε_ < sup > 2 , and ∆ < / sup > < sup > _σ_andthepreferencesparameters < / sup > < sup > _β_and < / sup > < sup > _γ_ . Ourempiricalanalysis < / sup > provides estimates of the income parameters . We estimate an average value of a quarterly variance , _σε_ < sup > 2 , ofof < / sup > < sup > _ . _008 ( averagedacrossindustriesandover time ) , andthisisalsothevalue < / sup > we use in all welfare calculations reported below . Similarly , we choose a quarterly growth rate _μ_ = _ . _ 005 to match the average growth rate in aggregate real income in Mexico over the relevant sample period . For the preference parameters , we choose a quarterly discount factor of _β_ = _ . _ 99 and a degree of risk aversion of _γ_ = 1 ( log-utility ) for the baseline economy . These values for the preference parameters are in line with the values used in the macroeconomic literature ( Cooley ( 1995 ) ) . However , we also report the welfare results for a higher degree of risk aversion ( _γ_ = 2 ) . We conduct the following exercises . Starting from a tariff level of _τ_ = _ . _ 10 , which is roughly the average tariff level in our data set , we consider the welfare consequences of reducing the tariff level to _τ_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > = _ . _ 05 . Our empirical analysis in section III suggests that this tariff reduction has two effects for industries with high import penetration . First , there is a short-run effect that leads to an increase in income risk for one year ( four quarters ) , and in this section we evaluate the welfare cost of this short-run effect . Second , there is an “ interaction effect ” , and we report the welfare cost corresponding to this effect as follows . We", "spans": [{"start": 1332, "end": 1340, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sectors ( protection , Shelter , WASH etc . ) to discuss and agree the proposed indicators in the score card for measuring access to services . - Finalize and test the household / individual score cards with partners . - Adjust UNHCR and partner data collection forms to incorporate the score cards . - Adjust RAIS to incorporate the household / individual score card - Train partners and UNHCR staff on the use of the score card and begin wide application of the approach . - Train partner staff on recording data in RAIS . - Ensure a feedback loop that enables partners to use the information generated from RAIS to inform their programming . - Review the approach to determine whether it is has proved effective in determining vulnerability and prioritizing assistance . - Implement a similar process in order to develop , finalize and implement a community / household level score card . > 11 For example the UNHCR Home Visit form data is recorded in RAIS . > 12 For further details please see the proposed Implementation Plan 8", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 939, "text": "UNHCR Home Visit form data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Public Trees managed by National Forestry Authority_ * * Power lines usually pass through planted forests by NFA and compensation will be for the trees destroyed . NFA will define areas where REA will support replanting of trees under the management of NFA based on the compensation for trees destroyed . # # # * * 7 . VALUATION AND COMPENSATION * * During the RAP study , valuation had two main components , one using the cadastre to establish size , tenure and ownership ; the other entailed the physical verification and recording of the affected crops and trees on the identified properties . Computations were based on district compensation rates for crops and trees approved by the Chief Government Valuer . # # # * * 7 . 1 . Key Valuation Methods * * In Uganda , values for compensation of assets are determined by the Chief Government Valuer . The process , however , normally takes consideration of depreciation and the market values . The World Bank policy of compensation at Replacement Cost without depreciation will have to be adopted whenever it is more advantageous to the PAPs for handling compensation . However , no land nd take and structures will be affected . Page 64", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 435, "text": "cadastre", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the rate of customer satisfaction with land registration services , ( iv ) the people directly employed in the tourism sector , ( v ) the increase in exports of non-traditional products , ( vi ) the cumulative direct project beneficiaries , ( vii ) the MoTWA staff trained in tourism issues , ( viii ) the new tourism MSMEs created , ( ix ) the increase in sales of firms supported ( matching grants ) , and ( x ) the number of Tourism arrivals . Overall , there was a logical chain linking the identified activities and expected outputs and outcomes , and there was a consistency between this theory of change and the Results Frameworks ( RFs ) developed to assess the performance of the project ' s efficacy . Below are the achieved results measured against the RF adopted during the March 2019 Project restructuring . # # # * * < u > Outputs < / u > * * - The target of the number of communal land Associations formalized and registered was exceeded ( 154 percent ) , reaching the number of 924 against the target of 600 . - The target for the number of URSB staff and other agencies trained in business registration and business licensing new procedures reached 232 . 00 , exceeding by 65 percent the target of 150 . - The target of 3 for the number of industry and educational bodies that UHTTI acquires accreditation from was partially achieved as two educational bodies provided accreditation as follows : ( i ) The National Council for Higher Education and ( ii ) International Hotel Institute of Salzburg Austria . - The target for the number of registered businesses on which data have been entered into the online business register was exceeded by 40 percent , reaching 209 , 539 against a target of 150 , 000 . - The target land area with use or ownership rights recorded as a result of project ( Hectare-Ha ) was partially achieved by 35 . 2 percent as it reached 200 , 956 . 40 Ha against a target of 571 , 000 Ha , and a baseline of 0 Ha", "spans": [{"start": 1618, "end": 1642, "text": "online business register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", another 2 , 549 , for a total of close to 3 , 000 over the two years . < sup > 178 < / sup > This number had passed 6 , 000 by the end of 2012 . < sup > 179 < / sup > Between 2010 and the end of 2014 , 34 , 770 Haitians > 173 Joint ministerial act by the Ministry of Labour , Employment and Social Security and the Ministry of Justice . Copy on file with the author . This action is also referenced and discussed in Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada , “ Brazil and Haiti : Situation of Haitians in Brazil , Including Rights and Obligations ; Permanent Resident Status ; Documents Issued to Haitians , Including Foreigner Identity Cards ( Cédula de Identidade de Estrangeiro , CIE ) ; Treatment of Haitians in Brazil , Including Access to Employment and Education , State Protection and Support Services ( 2010-June 2018 ) ” , 2018 , available at : < u > http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 5b615cfe4 . html , accessed : September < / u > 2018 . > 174 UNHCR request to Brazil ’ s Federal Police ; details shared with author . Figures as at 27 July 2018 . > 175 Cavalcanti et al . , supra note 169 , p . 196 . > 176 Ibid . , p . 193 . See also for detailed demographic breakdowns , qualification levels , work contracts and dismissals , geographic locations of Haitians employed , economic activities , and average salaries . > 177 Secretaria Nacional de Justiça , “ Refúgio em Números , 2010-2016 ” , available at : > < u > http : / / www . justica . gov . br / news / brasil-tem-aumento-de-12-no-numero-de-refugiados-em-2016 / 20062017_refugio-emnumeros-2010", "spans": [{"start": 1379, "end": 1397, "text": "Refúgio em Números", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "terms of location and development level . In each village , about same number of households , for instance , 15-20 households , will be surveyed . The household sample size will be approximately the same between the treatment and control groups . 9 . The surveys will collect both village - and household-level data . At the aggregate level , village characteristics , such as access to electricity and other infrastructure services ( e . g . , transport , water , telecommunications and irrigation ) and availability of social services ( e . g . , school and health facility ) , will be collected from all the villages in the sample . At the household level , social and welfare impact indicators , such as energy use , home appliance ownership and expenditure , will be collected . To control observable heterogeneity across households , the surveys will also cover general household information , such as housing , education , health , economic activities , employment , land and non-land assets , credit , savings , and access to other basic infrastructure services , such as electricity and water supply and sanitation . # # # * * D . Potential Risks * * 10 . One potential risk of the proposed IE is that it may fail to observe some long-term and indirect impacts of the intervention given the above timeframe . For instance , it is well known that rural electrification would not be likely to replace household use of traditional energy in the short run . Economic impacts on productive use in agriculture or cottage industry , employment , income and consumption may also be difficult to observe in the short run . To measure these longer-term impacts of the intervention , another round of follow-up survey may be carried out 105", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "priority weights because their vulnerability to human encroachment differs greatly . Third , species ’ distributions may be far from uniform in the spaces enclosed by their maps . If a species ’ spatial distribution density is known , its counting weight for each cell can be made proportional to its likelihood The scientific literature features plentiful examples of weighted species counting ( e . g . , Guo et al . 2022 ; genetic and environmental data , as well as expert analysis of their roles in the assignment of counting weights . These are inevitably time-consuming and intensive in technical resources that remain in short to 30 % global protection by 2030 . Global biodiversity could be assessed with expert-mapped , wellresearched species only , but this would ignore the huge population of other species with recorded GBIF occurrences . Unfortunately , policy makers cannot automatically assume that well-documented species adequately represent the larger population . For more detailed information , see ~ ~ hitps : / / www . livingplanetindex . org / latest_results ~ ~ https : / / www . gbif . org / analytics / global", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 456, "text": "genetic and environmental data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * While the argument that trade policy affects competition is an old one ( see e . g . de Melo and Urata , 1986 ) , there is to date little systematic evidence on how trade policy affects market power at the level of the firm and , in particular , how the effects of different trade-policy instruments play out . In a heterogeneous-firms setting , non-tariff measures ( NTMs ) — a widely used class of tradepolicy instruments including e . g . technical or sanitary regulations — affect market structure in ways that are not isomorphic to tariffs . Rather than merely shifting rents from foreign to domestic firms , they also change market structure by affecting firms differently depending on their size . For instance , a regulation may inadvertently create barriers to entry which generate a dominant position . Evidence of such effects of tariffs and NTMs is scarce , however , because assessing the market power of firms and how it relates to trade policy requires estimating indicators such as price-cost margins or market shares in well-identified markets . Both the identification of these measures and the definition of a market ( and its structure ) are problematic , which is why research has so far limited itself to specific sectors , countries , and trade policy instruments . This paper follows a different route and identifies market power and how it is affected by trade policy using insights from the pricing-to-market ( PTM ) literature . We rely on a growing literature that establishes , theoretically and empirically , that the extent of firm-level PTM relates to firm size , efficiency and , ultimately , market power . < sup > 2 < / sup > PTM implies that a firm faced with a cost shock will adjust its price differentially across destination markets , depending on the price elasticity of demand it perceives on each of them , which in turn depends on its market power . However , neither cost shocks nor market shares are observed directly at the firm level . < sup > 3 < / sup > Our identification strategy goes around this by relating firm-level export prices ( on which we have data ) to", "spans": [{"start": 2086, "end": 2110, "text": "firm-level export prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) skills training activities in the education system have enhanced market relevance . The Khidmat Watan Program will coordinate with the NSC-ICT for the delivery of ICT training for underserved youth participating in the program . * * 32 . * * This sub-component will include supporting the most vulnerable youth ( i . e . , those living under the poverty line ) , women , and those with lower education outcomes by enabling their participation in online training courses and providing them with financial assistance to purchase / upgrade digital hardware and software , stipends for transportation , and childcare support . The NSC-ICT , which will implement digital skills development activities , will receive initial funding from the project and leverage private sector contributions in subsequent years . * * 33 . * * The training will ensure inclusion of women , Syrian refugees , and vulnerable youth , including those identified through the National Aid Fund ( NAF ) database across project components . The project will include the design and implementation of targeted outreach and awareness-raising activities to identify and motivate targeted beneficiaries to register for trainings and to support applicants with the application process . The activities will adopt a consistent and tailored approach for different categories of target beneficiaries and regions and will include gender-sensitive approaches ( times , locations ) , while also engaging with families when appropriate . * * 34 . Sub-component 1 . 2 – Enhancing digital skills competencies for public school students ( US $ 33 million ) : * * This sub-component will introduce quality technology courses in public classrooms G7-12 . The activities under this subcomponent will aim to identify gaps in the existing information technology courses in schools and develop contextrelevant technology learning curriculum for G7-12 . The activities will include training teachers on the new courses and roll out in a systematic way across four grades ( G7-10 ) during the timeframe of the project in public classrooms .", "spans": [{"start": 1027, "end": 1061, "text": "National Aid Fund ( NAF ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9612 The World Bank | Timely disclosure of national road investment < br > programs . < br > National Construction Authority ( NCA ) | Text | Value | Partial and late release of < br > road investment programs . < br > NCA non existence | | Comprehensive and timely < br > disclosure of road investment < br > programs . NCA established < br > and operational | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | established . | | Date | 14-Nov-2008 | 02-Jul-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | | | | Comments | | | | | Roads in good and fair condition as a share of | Percentage | Value | | 70 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | total classified roads | | Date | | 30-Dec-2010 | 31-Dec-2012 | | | | Comments | | Refers to part of Northern < br > Corridor road in good < br > condition . IRI is less than 3 . 0 < br > for the four road sections < br > reconstructed . Construction < br > works for the other two road < br > sections nearing completion . < br > Contract awarded for two < br > more contracts , but progress < br > has been slow . Construction < br > on other two road contracts < br > has commenced . | 80 % of Northern Corridor in < br > good condition | | Roads rehabilitated , Non-rural | Kilometers | Value | 0 . 00 | 200 . 00 | 381 . 00 | | | | Date | 16-Dec-2004 | 09-Jul-2012 | 31-Dec-2013 | | | | Comments | | Over 220 km already < br > reconstructed and in use | | | Road users and local persons surveyed aware | Percent", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# ANNEX TABLE 1 . LABOR MARKET DATA FOR OLDER ADULTS | | * * Brazil * * | * * Chile * * | * * Colom - * * < br > * * bia * * | * * Costa * * < br > * * Rica * * | * * Mexico * * | * * Russian * * < br > * * Federati * * < br > * * on * * | * * South * * < br > * * Africa * * | * * EU27 * * | * * OECD * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Demographic situation * * | | | | | | | | | | | - - Old-age dependency ratio | 14 % | < br > 18 % | 13 % | 13 % | 11 % | 23 % | < br > 9 % | 31 % | < br > 64 % | | - - Effective labour force exit age ( years ) Men | 65 | < br > 68 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 63 | < br > 62 | 64 | < br > 66 | | Women | 62 | < br > 63 | 63 | 64 | 66 | 61 | < br > 57 | 63 | < br > 64 | | - - Gender gap in exit ( years ) | 3 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2 | < br > 5 | 1 | < br > 2 | | * * Employment * * | | | | | | | | | | | - - Employment rate , 50-74 ( % of the age group ) | 36 | < br > 49 | 51 | 45 | 50 | 38 | < br > 31 | 48 | < br > 51 | | _of which_50-54 | 62 | < br > 66 | 66", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and people 18 to 50 years with comorbidities . As of October 23 , 2021 , the country had received 8 , 891 , 410 doses of AstraZeneca , Pfizer , J & J , Moderna , SINOVAC and Sinopharm vaccines A total of 2 , 422 , 233 people had received at least one dose of the two dose vaccines , equivale to 5 . 6 percent of the total population . Government has advanced funds totaling US $ 15 . 5 million to the AU-AVATT mechanism to fast-track the delivery of nine million doses of the J & J vaccine ( the first batch of 196 , 800 of these arrived October 5 , 2021 ) , and US $ 14 million to procure 2 , 545 , 455 doses of the Sinopharm vaccine . 6 . The main bottlenecks for the vaccination program are financial and logistical and they include : The main bottlenecks for the vaccination program are financial and logistical and they include : inadequate and irregular supply of vaccines ; weak data collection and analysis on vaccine deployment statistics , gaps , challenges , and opportunities ; poor reporting of adverse events following vaccination ; limited staffing to deliver vaccines at scale and concurrently manage routine service delivery ; and inadequate operational funds for vaccine delivery and the overall COVID-19 response . These bottlenecks are further discussed below : - _Inadequate and irregular supply of vaccine doses_ . As of October 23 , 2021 , Uganda had received only 62 percent of the doses required to vaccinate 8 . 4 million people by the end of December 2021 . Furthermore , Uganda has not yet effectively engaged the private sector in financing the cost of vaccines and their deployment and is cautiously exploring mechanisms to do so , while engaging donor countries to provide additional resources for vaccine procurement and deployment . - _Post vaccination information management and adverse events surveillance weaknesses_ . Uganda relies on both paper-based and electronic information management tools to document and monitor the vaccination program , including AEFIs . Transmission and analysis of information as well as reporting on AE", "spans": [{"start": 918, "end": 947, "text": "vaccine deployment statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > PDO Level Results Data < br > Indicators Unit of Baseline Target Values Frequency Source / Methodology Responsibility for Data Collection < br > Measure < br > FY2018 / 19 FY2019 / 20 FY2020 / 21 FY2021 / 22 FY2022 / 23 < br > ies for FY the 8 target PDP the data-base physical < br > 2018 / 19 54 districts the documents ) and planning < br > developed target as well as 1 Systematic committees & < br > : 100 % municipal MLG Land political < br > allocation LG Adjudication leadership in 8 < br > based on & districts to < br > the plan Physical Certification implement the < br > Development ( SLAC ) for PDPs 56 M & E < br > Frameworks the refugees and Review of < br > completed in and host plan < br > 8 target communities implementatio < br > districts in 8 selected n . ( progress < br > ( 8 PPFs ) parishes report and < br > ( assessment completed & M & E report ) < br > report with certificates < br > framework ) . issued 55 < br > ( progress < br > report ) < br > Actuals < br > 13 . Absorption and grant % 0 60 % 70 % 75 % 80 % 90 % Annually < br > utilization within eligible Targets < br > expenditure of total Actuals < br > development grants < br > DLI < br > Core < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > 54 The plan , according to the POM , will contain a complete overview of all activities for the coming year under the DLI 8 . The plan will also specify the target areas , districts , urban centers and parishes , based on analysis of the needs and coverage . The plan will also specify the allocation formulas , based on quick assessment of the needs of the 7 target", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "f a coalition government in DRC offer the opportunity for the development o f a stable governance system . The key governance issues in DRC are summarized in the _ “ Contrat sur la_ * * _Gouvernance ” _ * * ( Governance Compact ) which i s part o f the Government program and provides the overall strategic framework for sector specific undertakings at the level o f specific actors . The Compact contains three areas o f sector reform : ( i ) state-owned enterprises , ( ii ) mining , and ( iii ) security . It also advances four cross cutting priorities : ( i ) enhancing transparency , ( ii ) decentralization , ( iii ) public financial management , and ( iv ) public service reform . These priorities form the basis o f the Common Assistance Framework ( CAF ) that has been agreed to between the Government and the donors . The priorities are also reflected in the World Bank Country Assistance Strategy ( CAS o f December 2007 ) , which presents a coherent approach to supporting specific aspects o f public sector management and capacity building in such areas as procurement and public enterprise reform and addresses cross-cutting priorities , in particular administrative decentralization under the Governance Capacity Enhancement Project , which was approved in May 2008 . The CAS also advocates a gradual change from multi-sector rehabilitation programs executed by stand-alone implementation units to policybased sectoral projects combining reform , investment , and capacity building . The Project exemplifies this transition for the forest sector , as detailed below . 4 . Two specific areas that provide opportunities for corruption and which are the target o f reforms and anti-corruption measures are procurement and financial management . The state o f the procurement system in DRC and its use in practice i s presented in Annex 8 . Following the finalization o f the Country Procurement Assessment Report in 2004 , the reform o f the procurement system in the country started with the drafting o f the Procurement Code , which has recently been approved by the Cabinet and i s now in", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 08 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 39 | 0 . 54 | | Std Dev | 0 . 45 | 0 . 45 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 49 | | Sample | Techn . | Gener . | Techn . | Gener . | Techn . | Gener . | Techn . | Gener . | _Notes : _ Source : IMSS administrative data for formal employment and endline survey data for informal employment , June 2019-May 2021 . Observations are at the person-month level . Standard errors , clustered at individual level , are reported in parentheses . We control for demographic characteristics , socioeconomic status , work experience , time and school fixed effects . < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 10 , < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 and 24 months , respectively ( Col . 3 ) . The share with temporary contracts is not affected ( Col . 5 ) . Results are very similar in magnitude and significance when we do not control for any covariates ( Appendix Table A2 ) . By contrast , we do not observe a change in formal employment or switching between employment types for graduates from general schools ( Col . 2 , 4 , 6 ) or those planning to continue their education . The fact that the wage incentive does not change decisions to enter the labor market for this group assuages concerns about unintended consequences of offering short-term monetary incentives for formal work . Our results further suggest that slightly less than half of these average formal employment gains come from a reduction in informal work ( Panel A and B , Col . 7 ) . One potential concern with the analysis of informal employment is that we rely on self-reported data from our endline survey . To test the reliability of this data , we take", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 262, "text": "IMSS administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1643, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1653, "end": 1667, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Refugee Policy Review Framework Country Summary as at 30 June 2020 * * # * * RWANDA * * In 2020 , Rwanda provided protection to 143 , 287 refugees and asylum-seekers from 10 countries , with most coming from the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) and Burundi . Most Congolese refugees in Rwanda have been in the country since 1996 , making it a particularly protracted situation . Most Burundian refugees in Rwanda arrived over the past five years due to election-related violence in Burundi , which has significantly increased the number of refugees by 70 , 000 . Many Rwandans have had their own experiences as refugees and the country has adopted an open refugee policy , offering opportunities for socioeconomic integration of refugees . This is reinforced by the fact that the economy in Rwanda has experienced strong growth in recent years , even though Rwanda is still classified as a low-income country . * * KEY POPULATION DATA * * * * 142 , 949 Refugees * * * * 338 Asylum-seekers * * * * 1 . 13 % of the country ’ s population ( 12 , 626 , 950 ) are refugees and asylum-seekers * * * * IDA 18 RSW / * * IDA 19 WHR * * ELIGIBILITY : NOVEMBER 2018 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Democratic Uganda < br > Republic of < br > the Congo < br > Northern < br > Province < br > Eastern < br > Province < br > United < br > Western < br > Province Kigali Republic of Tanzania < br > Rwanda < br > Southern < br > Province < br > Burundi < br > Most refugees live in six camps which are dispersed throughout < br > the country . A few refugees live in rental arrangements in urban < br > areas such as in Kigali , Nyamata and Huye areas . In 2020 , the < br > urban refugee population was estimated at 11 , 411", "spans": [{"start": 923, "end": 942, "text": "KEY POPULATION DATA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Female | | < br > * * Kibuye * * < br > 33 < br > 33 < br > 1 | < br > - | < br > 16 | < br > 17 | | < br > * * Manyatta A * * < br > 75 < br > 40 < br > 1 | < br > 7 | < br > 27 | < br > 28 | | < br > * * Manyatta B * * < br > 70 < br > 18 < br > - | < br > 4 | < br > 24 | < br > 24 | | < br > * * Nyawita * * < br > 77 < br > 16 < br > 4 | < br > 10 | < br > 25 | < br > 35 | | Disclosure < br > The consultant employed the use of questionnaires to gather < br > to determine the socio-economic status of the PAPs . The f < br > report : < br > • Bio-data of the PAPs . < br > • Household Demographic Data < br > • Income and Livelihoods < br > • Health < br > • Education < br > • Structure details . < br > • Utility details . < br > * * 1 . 6 * * < br > * * Objectives of the Assignment * * < br > The main objective of the assignment is to review and up < br > Action Plan ( ARAP ) to identify displacement impacts of t | < br > both qua < br > ollowing < br > date the < br > he infrast | < br > ntitative < br > topics < br > Abbrevi < br > ructure | < br > and qualitativ < br > were covered < br > ated Resettle < br > interventions | The consultant employed the use of questionnaires to gather both quantitative and qualitative data to determine the socio -", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 572, "text": "Bio-data of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 584, "end": 610, "text": "Household Demographic Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 81 | 0 . 38 | 0 . 86 | - 0 . 05 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 94 | - 0 . 53 | | Georgia | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Ghana | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 32 | - 0 . 34 | - 0 . 10 | 0 . 10 | - 0 . 20 | | Guatemala | 0 . 75 | 0 . 26 | 0 . 85 | - 0 . 10 | 1 . 09 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 68 | | Guinea | 0 . 54 | 0 . 21 | 1 . 07 | - 0 . 52 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 12 | | Guinea-Bissau | 1 . 92 | 0 . 70 | 1 . 97 | - 0 . 05 | 2 . 31 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 31 | | Indonesia | - 0 . 00 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 03 | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 03 | | Iraq | - 0 . 03 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 16 | - 0 . 20 | - 0 . 17 | 0 . 03 | - 0 . 20 | | Jordan | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Kenya | 0 . 26 | 0 . 59 | 2 . 23 | - 1 . 97 | - 0 . 28 | 0 . 55 | - 0 . 83 | | Kyrgyz Republic | 0 . 08 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 11 | - 0 . 03 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 07 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the ( country by country ) elimination", "spans": [{"start": 904, "end": 912, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Facilitate Movement of Traded Goods and Services * * Physical and digital connectivity and infrastructure and other measures facilitating trade flows at the border or behind help lower trade costs , thus facilitating the movement of traded goods and services and lowering effective distance to key markets . High transport costs remain key obstacles to GVC participation , according to surveys of developing country suppliers ( OECD and WTO , 2013 ) . Other findings suggest that unpredictable land transport hinders most Sub-Saharan African countries from participating in the electronics GVC ( Christ and Ferrantino , 2011 ) . Better infrastructure – including communication , electricity , roads , and power – and GVC participation in manufacturing are positively associated ( Cheng et al . , 2015 ) . Estimates of the ad valorem equivalent of transit delays highlight the huge potential for connectivity improvements to reduce trade costs . One day of delay in transit due to a different transport mode choice has an ad valorem equivalent of 0 . 6 to 2 . 1 percent , with trade in parts and components being the most sensitive ( Hummels and Schaur , 2013 ) . Similar magnitudes for the cost of a one-day delay in inland transit are suggested by Djankov , Freund , and Pham ( 2010 ) . Similarly , research finds that logistics performance matters more strongly for trade in parts and components than for trade in final goods ( Ansón et al . , 2017 ) . Improving trade facilitation by streamlining border procedures boosts trade integration by lowering trade costs . Estimates suggest that one third of the observed increase in GVC trade — which focuses on the role of intermediates — over the 2015 to 2019 period can be attributed to improvements in trade facilitation ( Shepherd 2022 ) . These improvements focused on increased implementation of the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation , emphasizing the potential to move forward on trade facilitation measures in order to promote access to imported intermediates . 22", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 425, "text": "surveys of developing country suppliers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sub-sector have been implemented in thr nast , the subsequent development and analysis of a household energy database has led to the overturning of irR - a . e preconceptions and false paradigms upon which these real actions had been based . For example , the * ed promotion of LPG as a charcoal substitute in Senegal for the last sixteen years has been based o . ssumptions that increased use of butane would lead to a commensurate reduction in charcoal use , and that cubsidies alone would lead to widespread adoption of the fuel . However , a 1987 survey indicated that , despite th . fact that 65 % of households in Dakar possess some type of LPG stove , only 2 % use the fuel exclusively and , of the 25 % of families which use both LPG and charcoal , their consumption of the latter fuel has not changed . In Niger , it was thought that wealthy residences would be the logical market for modern fuels due to their lifestyles and income levels . However , a 1986 study revealed that they were significant consumers of wood because they could afford to buy in bulk , thus making it the cheapest fuel . Also , family members did not have to suffer the negative health and other consequences of wood fires as servants did the cooking . These are just two instances of how , in the absence of accurate information , well-intentioned prejudgments concerning household energy use have or could lead to misdirected actions and investments . Thus , representative information on household energy plays a pivotal role for institutions which seek to : ( a ) identify problems and trends ; ( b ) prepare supply and demand projections ; ( c ) engage in energy sector planning , ( d ) conduct market research ; ( e ) develop effective policies and programs ; and ( f ) eval ? ate ongoing and completed projects . To create this resource , a variety of instruments can be employed . On the demand side , a set of information-gathering tools are briefly assessed and the most promising one - - the household energy survey - - is delineated in more detail . For this type of survey", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 117, "text": "household energy database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 546, "end": 557, "text": "1987 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1988, "end": 2011, "text": "household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18m < sup > 2 < / sup > , the average size being estimated as 5 . 4m < sup > 2 < / sup > . Informed during the field survey , all owners of the structures located on the planned public passageways will benefit from the Huruma Informal Settlements slum upgrading programme . Following , the proposal of this Report as regards the approach towards effective implementation of the Project , the Project should avoid to the extent possible moving or relocating households , especially outside the informal settlement . This should be considered only under very compelling reasons . Vis-à-vis , the mitigation measures the Project could consider , either in combination or singly , as is appropriate , are : 1 ) Mitigation 1 - Highly recommended : Work in tandem with the Huruma Informal Settlements slum upgrading programme . Respecting , the Project could get into an agreement with the slum upgrading programme to fast track its slum upgrading plans along the Project ’ s designated sewer pipeline routes . 2 ) Mitigation 2 – To be considered where Mitigation 1 is not enforced : As nearly all the affected structures are of temporary construction , the Project could reconstruct them to clear the path for laying the sewer pipelines . All reconstruction of affected structures should be completed by nightfall to minimise associated disruption to way of life of PAPs . This mitigation measure is recommended where the affected floor dimension of an affected housing or commercial structure is small . 3 ) Mitigation 3 – To be considered where Mitigation 1 is not enforced : Provide alternative residence for affected persons . This mitigation measure is recommended where the affected floor dimension of an affected housing or commercial structure is large . Affected persons under this mitigation can be categorised into two : i . Residential tenants : Should these be given alternative accommodation , the proposed mitigation measure is making cash compensation estimated at three months ’ rent ; ii . Structure owners , where mitigation measures can be grouped into two : a ) Should these be given alternative accommodation , the proposed mitigation can be categorised is making cash", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 123, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Draft ESMF for Additional Financing for Ethiopia COVID - 19 ERP recommended temperatures , and documented using your facility ' s vaccine inventory management process immediately after they arrive . Vaccine inventory accounting includes keeping stock records to determine the type and amount of COVID-19 vaccine your facility should stock to meet the needs of your patients . It also involves checking expiration dates regularly and rotating stock so that doses with the earliest expiration dates are placed in front of those with later dates . # # # * * a . Expired Vaccine * * Determining when a vaccine or diluent expires is a critical step in proper storage and handling . Expired vaccines and diluents must be removed immediately from storage units to avoid inadvertently administering them . Manufacturers may have specific guidance on how to handle expired or compromised vaccines . However , open or broken vials and vaccine predrawn by providers cannot be returned and must be discarded according to Ethiopia ’ s requirements . To help COVID-19 vaccination providers track expiration dates and beyond use dates ( BUDs ) , CDC has posted a COVID-19 Vaccine Expiration Date Tracking Tool on its website < u > ( https : / / www . cdc . gov / vaccines / covid-19 / info-by-product / pfizer / downloads / expiration-tracker . pdf . ) . < / u > # # # * * b . Vaccine Disposal * * Ethiopia ’ s immunization program shall provide guidance to ensure your vaccine disposal procedures comply with national regulations . Vaccine manufacturers should also provide guidance about proper disposal of their products , including any unused vaccine . In some instances , unused vaccine may be returned to the manufacturer . Empty vaccine vials are usually not considered hazardous or pharmaceutical waste and do not require disposal in a biomedical waste container . However , check and comply with Ethiopia ’ s requirements for disposal . # # # * * c . Vaccine Preparation * * Vaccine preparation is the final step in the cold chain before administration . Handling vaccines with", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") Monitoring the implementation of project activities as per the implementation work plan in a timely and high quality manner ; - b ) Monitoring the project performance with regard to achievement of project activities and if necessary , modify and / or redirect activities to maximize the potential impact of the project ; - c ) Establishing a basis for evaluating the project with regard to achievement of the overall development objective ; - d ) Establishing working partnerships with PHCCs , Prime Minister ’ s ( PM ) office responsible for the NPTP program , Hospitals ( OPD ) to gather and / or access the relevant data to optimize the M & E outputs for each component and sub-component under an integrated M & E plan ; - e ) Organizing data collection from different stakeholders and facilitating verification , analysis of the data / information received from various stakeholders ; - f ) Liaising with implementing agencies and partners required for implementation of key technical instruments ( i . e . facility surveys , beneficiary assessments etc . ) ; and 53", "spans": [{"start": 1013, "end": 1029, "text": "facility surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Feldman 1992 , Bargh 2006 ) . Impacts from priming can help keep a mental idea ( temporarily ) within reach ( Hopkins 2011 ) . If framing affects how people internalize their response to various experiences , this is also relevant as a potential policy tool for designing interventions . In social pyschology and other fields , research has linked priming to attitudes , perception , and preferences , as well as to measurement error and reporting ( particularly of sensitive data ) ( Epley and Gilovich 2001 , Rasinski , Visser et al . 2005 , Bargh 2006 , Steele and Ambady 2006 , Mazar , Amir et al . 2008 , Van de Walle and Van Ryzin 2011 ) . Priming has also shown impacts on political opinions and candidate preferences , and has been used as a tool in media , speeches , and elsewhere ( Druckman and Holmes 2004 , Althaus and Kim 2006 , Cassino and Erisen 2010 , Hopkins 2011 , Naoi and Kume 2011 ) . In an early lab experiment , Lerner and Keltner ( 2001 ) concluded that fearful recollections lead to an increase in risk-averse behavior and angry recollections to an increase in risk-seeking behavior . In our setting , one can imagine that recall of conflict could lead to either fear or anger , depending on the individual and the context . Meanwhile , Miranda and Persons ( 1988 ) suggest that cognitive vulnerability to depression can be triggered by experimental priming . Most studies report that prior experience modulates this connection , with depressed individuals being more influenced by negative primes ( Scher , Ingram et al . 2005 ) . However , the evidence is equivocal ( Brockmeyer et al . 2012 ; LeMoult et al . 2012 ) and , thus requires further testing . # 3 . Data and research design In 2015 and 2016 , the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics , with the support of the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) team , conducted the third wave of the General Household Survey Panel ( GHS-Panel ) with over 4 , 500 nationally-representative households . Data were collected on consumption , behavioral preferences , depressive symptoms , history of conflicts ( 5 years )", "spans": [{"start": 1887, "end": 1917, "text": "General Household Survey Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 . 93 | 23 . 23 | | 75-100 % | 380 | 1 . 09 | 1 . 22 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 1 . 14 | - 10 . 57 | - 6 . 30 | | Total | 1 , 546 | 0 . 62 | 0 . 53 | 0 . 64 | 18 . 27 | 21 . 10 | * * Notes : * * GPS stands for area measurement using handheld Global Positioning Systems , while SR stand for self-reported plot size in acres . PP stands for post planting visit while PH stands for post-harvest visit . These are quartile-specific mean and relative biases as a percent of ( mean ) GPS-measured plot size . < sup > * * * < / sup > Represents statistical test differences between GPS values and self-reported value in the post-planting survey . Figure 1 shows that rounding is a major source of measurement error in self-reported plot area . Moreover , Figure 1 shows that heaping at focal points remained pervasive even after the true plot areas and the extent of measurement error were shared with treatment group farmers . About half of the self-reported plot sizes assume either of the four rounded values ( 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 , 1 . 5 or 2 . 0 ) in the post-planting and post-harvest interviews . < sup > 11 < / sup > The slight differences in the distribution of plot sizes between the post-planting and post-harvest rounds appears to be only for those plots greater than 1 acre , where rounding at 1 . 5 and 2 acres slightly diminishes in the post-harvest survey . Appendix Table A2 reports Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for differences between each pair of distributions in Figure 1 . These non-parametric tests suggest that we cannot reject the null hypothesis of no significant differences between self-reported values across control and treatment groups , and between self-reported pre-treatment and post-treatment values within the treatment group . However , we can clearly detect statistically significant differences between self-reported > 11 The corresponding share associated with GPS-measured values is less than 3 percent . 9", "spans": [{"start": 618, "end": 638, "text": "post-planting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1340, "end": 1359, "text": "post-harvest survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 3 . Data as of 17 February 2025 > 4 . The International Classification of Violence against Children ( ICVAC ) ( p . 32-34 ) defines psychological violence as follows : “ Any deliberate , unwanted and non-essential act , verbal and non-verbal , that harms or has a high likelihood of harming the development of a child , including long-term physiological harm and mental health consequences ” . In line with the ICVAC , such acts include ‘ terrorizing a child ( e . g . , threat of abandonment , harm or danger against a child ) ; harassing , spurning and humiliating a child ( e . g . , repeatedly belittling , degrading , shaming or ridiculing a child ) ; exposure of a child to domestic violence or to other violent experiences ( e . g . , witnessing war crimes ) ; and other acts of psychological violence against a child not elsewhere classified ’ . * * 13 * *", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 33, "text": "Data as of 17 February 2025", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will be implemented first to ensure timely project implementation . Should any counties be deemed unfeasible , they will be replaced by ‘ replacement counties ’ on the long list . In some cases , certain _payams_ within selected counties will be inaccessible or difficult to access for a number of reasons . They may also be among the most deserving of project investments due to the vulnerability of their populations . In such cases , efforts will be made to adapt a participatory methodology for the circumstances at hand , to engage surrounding _payams_ and counties in investment and resolution strategies for such locations , or to defer investment until a later round when conditions improve . * * Figure 2 . 10 . Subproject Budget Allocation * * 8 . * * Use of community labor . * * The project will encourage contractors to use local labor in the infrastructure construction or rehabilitation to the extent possible . Emphasis will be given to the inclusion of various social groups facing marginalization or barriers to participation ( for example , women , youth , returnees , ethnic minority groups , and people with disabilities ) and ensuring their access to community infrastructure and daily wage labor opportunities . It will be especially important to include women in the > 80 Population figures for urban areas would be calculated based on a headcount or by complementing 2008 census with other data sources ( for example , DTM ) . Page 71 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 1392, "end": 1403, "text": "2008 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1444, "end": 1447, "text": "DTM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Venezolanos / as en Argentina . Un panorama dinámico ( 2014 – 2018 ) * * * * Capítulo 2 * * . Trayectorias de personas venezolanas arribadas a Argentina entre 2014 y 2018 ( Castles y Miller , 2004 ) . Sin dudas , lograr el efectivo cruce de la frontera interna � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � las personas migrantes . A ellos se suman otros ( tales como aprender el idioma , asegurar su salud , enviar remesas a sus familias en el país de origen , continuar su educación o formación , etc . ) que , junto con los primeros , muestran el estrecho vínculo entre migración y acceso a derechos . Efectivamente , sortear cada una de estas vallas implica haber accedido a un derecho ya sea en el país de origen ( los documentos de viaje , la salida ) , en el tránsito ( los cruces de frontera ) y en el país de destino . A partir de un corpus de 90 entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a personas venezolanas llegadas a Argentina entre enero de 2014 y julio de 2018 , este capítulo analiza ciertas dimensiones de sus trayectorias antes y después de la migración . La pauta de entrevista ( ver Anexo ) , estructurada en torno a tres grandes ejes , indagó sobre aspectos educativos , laborales y familiares previos a la migración , sobre el traslado ( motivos , información , gestión del viaje , pago de pasajes , documentos de viaje , itinerario y puntos de cruce de fronteras internacionales ) y sobre la vida en", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "The positive distributional consequences of targeted SHS programs from the simulation result mainly from the fact that the concentration of non-electrified households and the poverty rate are closely correlated across districts . In Figure 3 , the poverty map which is constructed based on household consumption per capita < sup > 11 < / sup > is contrasted with the map of concentration of nonelectrified households at the upzila level , which reveals the strong spatial overlap between the two indicators . Improving the efficiency and equity of SHS projects requires better project targeting as well as better integration of renewable energy projects with existing development projects on the ground . To this end , it useful to overlay the location choice indicators for SHS program delivery with the poverty map to target SHS programs . For example , SHS programs should be placed in localities where the affordability rate is sufficiently high and where there also exist poverty alleviation programs to avoid duplication while maximizing the impact through resource pooling and coordination . Yet , so far , many of the SHS programs have been implemented in isolation , with little attention being paid to the integration into the existing social program operated at the local level . With the rapid increase in carbon finance for climate mitigation projects in developing countries , the issue with regard to how renewable energy projects should be targeted and integrated with poverty programs should , therefore , be highlighted in the policy-making in order to maximize the carbon mitigation and development impact . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * Using the Bangladesh national household survey , this study provides three key findings . First , dissemination of SHS for rural electrification can generate substantial carbon benefit in the context of rural Bangladesh . The annual carbon avoided from kerosene displacement as a result of SHS installation would be equivalent to about 4 % of total annual carbon emissions in Bangladesh in 2007 if all households without electricity access were provided with SHS . This figure will go up to about 15 % if the grid-electricity generation is used as the energy baseline to estimate the carbon benefit from SHS . Second , under the assumption that the existing micro-credit scheme plus a cash subsidy", "spans": [{"start": 1663, "end": 1699, "text": "Bangladesh national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A3 : Balance on observables along exposure to death in Myanmar | | ( 1 ) < br > No Violence | ( 2 ) < br > Violence | ( 3 ) < br > No Vio . vs . < br > Vio . | ( 4 ) < br > No Vio . vs . < br > Vio . , Town FE | ( 5 ) < br > No Vio . vs . < br > Vio , Grid FE | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Married | 0 . 82 | 0 . 78 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 70 | 0 . 61 | | Age | 27 . 87 | 28 . 39 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 36 | 0 . 30 | | Household size | 5 . 11 | 5 . 13 | 0 . 67 | 0 . 89 | 0 . 78 | | Formal education | 0 . 43 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 31 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 15 | | Math ability ( index ) | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 28 | | Past Ag . Work | 0 . 58 | 0 . 66 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 15 | | Observations | 91 | 654 | | | | Columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) show the average value of the variable for respondents who did and did experience the death of a family or community member in Myanmar . All difference in means test control for gender because violence was targeted differently between men and women . Column ( 3 ) shows the p-value of the difference in means with no additional controls . Column ( 4 ) reports p-values while controlling for township fixed effects , while column ( 5 ) includes fixed effects using 55 by 55 kilometer grid cells for respondent location of origin in Myanmar . 48", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2014 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit & United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees # # * * 2 . Research Methodology * * A qualitative approach was employed in gathering data on the circumstances of unaccompanied children on the move in Afghanistan . Before data collection proper , a thorough literature review focusing on children departing from Afghanistan / Iran / Pakistan to Europe ( and Australia ) was conducted . The design of the study is post observation only comparison group design . _Table 1 : Post-Observation Only Comparison Group Design_ | Group 1 | X | O1 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( Study Cases ) | High Sending | Pashto-majority Community < br > O2 < br > Hazara-majority Community | | Group 2 | OX | O3 | | ( Control Cases ) | Low Sending | Pashto-majority Community < br > O4 < br > Hazara-majority Community | # # # # * * 2 . 1 Site Selection * * Both high-sending and low-sending areas with a Pashtun-majority and a Hazara-majority were included in order to allow comparative analysis of both groups . The Hazara and Pashtun ethnic groups appeared prominently in the UNICEF and UNHCR 2010 reports as amongst the most represented groups in child migration flows . The following table shows the sending areas chosen for this study , based on the UNHCR and UNICEF 2010 reports . _Table 2 : Identified sending areas_ | | Pashtun-majority | Hazara-majority | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TOP | Nangarhar ( UNHCR , UNICEF ) | Ghazni , Kabul ( UNHCR , UNICEF ) | | LOW | Paktya ( UNHCR ) | Bamiyan ( UNHCR ) | The two high-sending areas chosen were Ghazni / Kabul for the Hazara-majority and Nangarhar", "spans": [{"start": 1282, "end": 1311, "text": "UNHCR and UNICEF 2010 reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GBV are far-reaching on individuals and communities . * * Experience from conflict settings globally , including in the region such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo , Rwanda , and South Sudan highlight that the impacts of violence , if not addressed , can have long-term consequences , including on the economy , social structures , and basic services demand . In Ethiopia , a significant number of people require comprehensive care to manage impacts of conflict and GBV , in particular case management , medical care and MHPSS support , given the large-scale violence experienced > 1 IOM . 2021 . Ethiopia National Displacement Report 10 ( August-September 2021 ) , published December 13 , 2021 . > 2 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , 2022 , Ethiopia Damage and Needs Assessment , based on IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix . > 3 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , 2022 , Ethiopia Damage and Needs Assessment . > 4 UN Women . 2023 . “ In Ethiopia , a rapidly changing humanitarian crisis demonstrates the need for flexible response . ” > Published October 2 , 2023 . _ < u > https : / / africa . unwomen . org / en / stories / news / 2023 / 10 / in-ethiopia-a-rapidly-changinghumanitarian-crisis-demonstrates-the-need-for-a-flexible-response < / u > _ > 5 EHRC and OHCHR . 2021 . Report of the EHRC / OHCHR Joint Investigation into Alleged Violations of International Human Rights , Humanitarian and Refugee Law Committed by all Parties . Published November 3 , 2021 . > 6 UN-OCHA . 2024 . Ethiopia – Situation report . Published Feb 16 , 2024 . > 7 GBV Area of Responsibility and iMMAP . 2023 . Ethiopia Secondary Data Review : Assessment . Published February 2023 . Page 9 of 49 June 18 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 805, "end": 837, "text": "IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Visual Explanation of Accountability framework * * * * Goal : Equitable outcomes and gender equality for all persons of concern , regardless of sex , age and background * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Objective : An enabling organisational and operational environment that is conducive to achieving equitable outcomes for all UNHCR people of concern < br > Accountability for < br > What ? < br > Result : < br > Result : Result : < br > Result : UNHCR globally responds to < br > Enhanced protection of children Enhanced protection of women < br > All UNHCR staff in the country operation survivors of SGBV and works to < br > base their protection and programme of concern , including adolescents , of concern to UNHCR of all prevent SGBV through standard < br > through the application of multi - ages and backgrounds through < br > planning , design , implementation , operating procedures with an < br > sectoral child protection systems . the systematic application of Ex < br > monitoring , evaluation and follow up action Com resolutions and UN inter-agency , multi-sectoral < br > on participatory assessment with women , mechanism . < br > Security Council Resolution < br > men , girls and boys and on age , gender and < br > 1325 . < br > diversity analysis using a rights and < br > community based approach . < br > Mainstreaming Actions Actions to protect the rights Actions to protect the rights Actions to protect persons < br > Participatory Assessment of children and youth of women affected by / and or at risk of < br > Multi Functional Team Basic education Individual Registration and SGBV < br > Age gender and diversity analysis Registration Documentation Standard Operating Procedures < br > Rights and community based Tracing and re-unification Representation and meaningful Prevention < br > approach Monitoring of care participation Legal remedies < br > Actions for older persons and arrangements Implementation of UN SC Data collection < br > persons with disabilities .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 advance and enhance the reliability of a RAP but it would also help the project office to better prepare the relocation plan and compensation estimates . The first objective of the ESIA will be to determine whether the adverse impacts of project operations trigger involuntary resettlement and the preparation of a resettlement action plan ( RAP ) . Among the tasks to be considered in the TOR of the RAP are : the number of PAPs ; an analysis of host community ’ s willingness to accommodate PAPs ; an analysis of PAPs willingness to be relocated to identified areas ; an analysis of the capacity of the receiving area ( s ) to sustain additional population under the conditions introduced by the resettlement operations . One of the key activities to be conducted at this stage is a socio-economic survey that serves as a background for the RAP . A household census survey will be conducted , describing the extent of the social impacts , thus identifying villages and households affected by the project as well as preliminary identification of resettlement sites . The boundaries of land owned by the various groups affected should also be described . The household survey will contain general household data such as ; - List of all affected households ; - Information on family size , gender and age ; - Educational background ; - Occupation for each member of the household ; - Land ownership , tenure arrangements , inheritance regulations ; - Sources of income - Inventory of wealth indicators : Land size , house type / size , crop type / annual / perennial , number and type of livestock - Means and ownership of transportation ; - Distance to market places , work places , schools , and health facilities ; and - Network of social and religious institutions ; The survey would estimate the extent to which the affected families will experience loss of assets , including control over resources , as well as infrastructure and social services available and disturbed or affected by the project . The survey should further describe Woreda and Kebele level organizations and institutions , traditional village councils ,", "spans": [{"start": 838, "end": 859, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 904, "end": 927, "text": "household census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1212, "end": 1228, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 % ) , Koboko ( 20 . 4 % ) and Kiryandongo ( 14 . 7 % ) . 57 . 4 % of the households in Kamwenge had not harvested so could not estimate the produces . * * Figure 16 : Households Compared Amount of Food Produced in the 2016 / 2017 Farming Seasons , Host Community , October 2017 , Uganda * * Much less , harvests were reported in Kyegegwa ( 34 % ) , Lamwo ( 32 % ) , Kiryandongo ( 29 % ) , and Arua ( 19 % ) , households that reported to have harversted some greater than the previous season where higher in Lamwo ( 20 % ) , Isingiro ( 17 % ) , Kiryandongo ( 15 % ) , and Hoima ( 13 % ) , Adjumani ( 18 % ) and Isingiro ( 18 % ) . In Yumbe ( 74 % ) , Adjumani ( 70 % ) Kamwenge ( 68 % ) and Koboko ( 59 % ) had not harvested yet at the time of the survey . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 76 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "findings , and actions taken . - vi . Workers : number of workers , indication of origin ( expatriate , local , nonlocal nationals ) , gender , age with evidence that no child labor is involved , and skill level ( unskilled , skilled , supervisory , professional , management ) . - vii . Training on E & S issues : including dates , number of trainees , and topics . - viii . Footprint management : details of any work outside boundaries or major off-site impacts caused by ongoing construction — to include date , location , impacts , and actions taken . - ix . External stakeholder engagement : highlights , including formal and informal meetings , and information disclosure and dissemination — to include a breakdown of women and men consulted and themes coming from various stakeholder groups , including vulnerable groups ( e . g . , disabled , elderly , children , etc . ) . - x . Details of any security risks : details of risks the contractor may be exposed to while performing its work — the threats may come from third parties external to the project . - xi . Worker grievances : details including occurrence date , grievance , and date submitted ; actions taken and dates ; resolution ( if any ) and date ; and follow-up yet to be taken — grievances listed should include those received since the preceding report and those that were unresolved at the time of that report . - xii . External stakeholder grievances : grievance and date submitted , action ( s ) taken and date ( s ) , resolution ( if any ) and date , and follow-up yet to be taken — grievances listed should include those received since the preceding report and those that were unresolved at the time of that report . Grievance data should be gender-disaggregated . - xiii . Major changes to contractor ’ s environmental and social practices . - xiv . Deficiency and performance management : actions taken in response to previous notices of deficiency or observations regarding E & S performance", "spans": [{"start": 1695, "end": 1709, "text": "Grievance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 _κ_ Equation ( ) shows that it is possible to estimate , based on firm-level exports and imports data . In particular , if _DV Ait_ can be controlled nonparametrically by _Dit_ ( _ · _ ) , then ( 7 ) can be reformulated into a regression with a classical measurement error term , _εit_ : where the coefficient on imports , _κ_ , has a structural interpretation as the share of imported inputs used specifically for the export production . With an unbiased estimate of _κ_ , we can adjust firm-level imports to determine _DV ARit_ for the ordinary exporters : # * * 3 . 2 Econometric Specification * * The import coefficient has a structural interpretation as the share of imports used for exports , when regress firm ’ s exports on imports according to ( 8 ) . This is analogous to the production function estimation , where regressing firm ’ s output on inputs , resulting in the structural interpretations of the input coefficients as input shares or elasticities . Similar to the production function estimation which is subjected to simultaneity bias , estimation of _κ_ according to ( 8 ) could be inconsistent due to factors that affect both exports and imports of firms . One such factors is firm ’ s productivity : productivity increases could simultaneously raise both imports and exports , leading to an upward bias in the least squares estimate . In contrast , another factor could be currency depreciation , which might reduce imports while boosting exports , causing a downward bias . The net effect of these opposing forces is empirical and cannot be determined without further investigation . To control for the potential bias in the regression of ( 8 ) , firm-level exchange rate data can be constructed according to Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) and introduced directly in the regression . However , is unobserved and econometric to address . One firm productivity requires specific techniques way is to use an instrumental variable ( IV ) correlated with imports but unrelated to exports . Given that firm-level IVs are often difficult to identify , here we adopt the control function approach from Olley and Pakes ( 1996 ) ( OP ) to control for the unobserved", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 103, "text": "firm-level exports and imports data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "50 < br > VIX implied volatility < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 < br > Source : Datastream < br > ( c ) VIX market volatility index , 2007 – 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 1 : Three-month LIBOR-OIS and TED spreads ( top panel ) , five-year CDS spreads on U . S . banking sector index ( middle panel ) , and VIX implied volatility of S & P 500 index options ( bottom panel ) , January 2007 through December 2010 . The charts show , for both the initial ( light shaded area ) and acute ( dark shaded area ) phases of the crisis , that there was severe difficulty in obtaining liquidity ( interest rate spreads ) , significant concerns over bank solvency ( credit default swap spreads ) , and that the volatility of returns on asset markets was elevated relative to non-crisis periods ( market volatility index ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 198, "text": "VIX market volatility index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 894, "text": "market volatility index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assemble a balanced panel data set on annual gross inflows and outflows , drawing from the International Monetary Fund ’ s Balance of Payments Statistics ( BoP ) . The panel comprises 85 countries < sup > 10 < / sup > and spans the years 1979-2015 . We further group the sample countries into three categories : 19 advanced countries , 28 emerging countries , and 38 developing countries , as shown in Table A . 1 . > 10We start by constructing a balanced panel comprising all the countries with complete data from 1979 to 2015 . This yields a total of 98 countries . We exclude from this sample 13 very small countries with population fewer than 500 , 000 in 2005 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 34, "text": "balanced panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 123, "end": 153, "text": "Balance of Payments Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– < br > Lodwar | 50 | 72 , 000 , 000 | 83 , 880 , 487 | | | 195 . 5 | 36 . 5 | | Lodwar – Lokitaung ’ < br > Junction | 80 | 81 , 600 , 000 | 120 , 432 , 060 | 38 . 48 | 26 . 5 | 128 . 6 | 27 . 4 | | Lokitaung ’ Junction < br > – Kalobeiyei River | 80 | 92 , 800 , 000 | 114 , 874 , 090 | 30 . 16 | 21 . 0 | 41 . 7 | 19 . 1 | | Kalobeiyei River – < br > Nadapal / Nakodok | 88 | 80 , 850 , 000 | 93 , 211 , 608 | 23 . 43 | 28 . 1 | 14 . 3 | 15 . 1 | | Lokichar – < br > Nadapal / Nakodok | 338 | 384 , 850 , 000 | - | 288 . 1 | - | 436 . 7 | 26 . 1 | | Eldoret / Lesseru - < br > Nadapal / Nakodok | 608 | 761 , 542 , 000 | - | 504 . 5 | - | 516 . 1 | 25 . 7 | _Source of contract amounts data : August 2021 Monthly Progress Reports Exchange Rate : US $ 1 . 0 = KES 92 . 75 ( Rate used at Appraisal in 2015 ) _ _Initial contract sum is slightly different from the cost estimates at Appraisal stage_ - 16 - | P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 733, "text": "August 2021 Monthly Progress Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ESHS shortcomings , including the contractor ’ s noncompliance with safety procedures , inadequate remedial actions to the contractor ’ s non-compliance , lack of community engagement and awareness , weak supervision by the supervision consultants and the implementing agency ( Athi Water Services Board ) , delays in compensation , and serious defects in safeguards monitoring and reporting mechanism * * . * * It is noted that all fatalities were linked to the sewerage sites only . This observation calls for extra security on sewerage sites and ensure that access to the ponds is restricted and machinery are very well secured , given the open nature of sewer ponds and expensive nature of the machinery . Following these fatalities , the PCT started routinely utilizing accident-tracking logs at each active construction site , which were monitored by the Bank . 57 . The process of each sub-project preparation included screening , as per the ESMF procedures , followed by preparation of a site-specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessment , which was then disclosed by the Bank and by the project . The ESIA , with an Environment & Social ( E & S ) Management Plan , was then adopted by the contractor and supervising engineer consultant . 58 . By project closure , three of the eight SESAs required for the planning activities had been cleared by the Bank ( see paragraph 46 for background to this issue ) . The remaining five were not cleared by the Bank but guidance was provided on how to improve the assessments . As the SESA reports represent upstream support to the area planning activities and do not comprise part of the E & S due diligence for physical project activities ( which included site-specific ESIAs and RAPs ) , the Project remains compliant . 59 . Throughout project implementation , the PCT included environmental and social specialist as part of the core team , however , the capacity of the PCT on safeguards was improved starting from the fourth year of project implementation with close support from the Bank team . The contractors were required to hire and maintain environment , health and safety officers", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 797, "text": "accident-tracking logs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication , but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions . Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution , so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University . As explained in the text , only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating . The 50 most-cited publications for each of the listed institutions were then assigned either one of the 12 topics listed in the appendix or a ― topic not assigned ‖ code . The latter included publications that were too general ( some were actually textbooks ) some had no economic content despite being in EconLit , and some had no health content despite the JEL code .", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 39, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "National Health Account ( NHA ) exercises undertaken in 1995 / 96 , 1999 / 2000 and 2004 / 05 ; the Household Income Consumption Expenditure Survey ( HICES ) and Welfare Monitoring Survey ( WMS ) ; the country Status Report on Health and Poverty of July 2005 ; the Project Appraisal Document ( PAD ) for the Protection of Basic Services ( PBS ) Project ; the Health JBAR of October 2006 ; and on information derived from the HSDP joint reviews as well as other documents from the MOH and GOE . # # * * < u > Returns to Investments in the Health Sector < / u > * * 3 . There are no data available to assess what has happened as a result of HSDP . However , Annex 10 of the PAD for the PBS Project includes the following paragraphs on returns to investments in the health sector . 4 . Most primary and clinical health care in Ethiopia * * is * * provided by sub-national governments . The third Health Sector Development Plan III ( HSDP III ) calls for a significant scaling up of spending on this category of care , with a particular focus on increasing spending on the Health Services Extension Package ( HSEP ) . Additionally , Component 2 of the PBS will significantly increase financing made available for critical health commodities . 5 . An analysis was conducted on the impact on child ( or under-5 ) mortality of increased public spending on primary and clinical care , with a focus on the impact of reduced child mortality , although increased spending of this nature has many other benefits . Three different scenarios were analyzed , each assuming a principal focus on expanding access to HSEP services . In Scenario 1 , seventy percent of the increased spending was assumed to go towards HSEP services , with the rest going to clinical individual-oriented care . In Scenarios 2 and 3 , the percentage of the increased spending going to HSEP services was assumed to be eighty percent and ninety percent , respectively . 44", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "National Health Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 100, "end": 147, "text": "Household Income Consumption Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 162, "end": 187, "text": "Welfare Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 This decline in real spending should not be misinterpreted . It is estimated that Russian GDP dropped by 40 % over 1991-1995 . Thus , when measured as a percent of GDP , regional budget expenditures in 1995 were still above their 1991 level . And given the much higher rate of decline in federal budget expenditures , it is worth noting that in 1995 Russian regions controlled a higher share of the consolidated budget than in 1992 , which reflects a dramatic fiscal decentralization in Russia that took place over 1991-1994 ( World Bank , 1995a ) . ' < sup > 9 < / sup > The individual components of the national economy expenditures show widely varying trends over time . Food subsidies ( never a large percentage of the total ) were given by fewer and fewer regions from one year to the next , and for 1995 no food subsidy data were reported in the budget . The single largest category of expenditure , housing , dropped by 24 % , that is , less than overall national economy expenditures in the period 1993-95 ( thus , from 1993 to 1995 housing expenditures as a percentage of national economy expenditures increased from 56 % to 62 % . ) The 34 % decline in agricultural subsidies from 1993-95 matched the decline in overall national economy expenditures in that period , while transportation rose slightly from 1993 to 1995 ( albeit with a dip in 1994 ) , and the category ' bther ' representing mainly subsidies to industry , energy and construction , declined by 59 % from 1993 to 1995 ( recall , however , the qualification to the comparability of 1993 and 1994 data with those of 1995 . ) Per capita investment in the Russian Federation dropped on average by 33 % in real terms over the period 1992-1995 , while loans to enterprises remained basically unchanged , while constituting a relatively small part of overall expenditures . The relative declines in per capita total budget revenue were greater than for total budget expenditures . As a result , the regional budget surplus , which was quite large in 1992 , almost disappeared . From 1992-95 , pre-transfer revenue dropped by about 27 % on average", "spans": [{"start": 816, "end": 833, "text": "food subsidy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 878 | | Hareri | 10 , 399 , 776 | 30 , 411 , 825 | 15 , 729 , 617 | 56 , 541 , 219 | | Diredewa | 14 , 618 , 382 | 17 , 230 , 182 | 17 , 004 , 075 | 48 , 852 , 638 | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 2 , 401 , 544 , 121 * * | * * 2 , 319 , 277 , 874 * * | * * 1 , 315 , 743 , 569 * * | * * 6 , 036 , 565 , 564 * * | 31 . Even though the recent past trend of SDG disbursement shows increasing share of regional allocation , FMOH has informed that , going forward , the government plans to reverse the trend and will allocate significant share of the fund to EPSA as it did in the past . Given this commitment coupled with the critical function of EPSA as the country ’ s central procuring entity for pharmaceuticals , EPSA remains the most important agency for meeting project development objective . 32 . According to EPSA procurement records captured for all contracts using contract purchase order ( PO ) the procurement expenditure is divided into three major categories : ( i ) Pharmaceuticals , ( ii ) Medical equipment ; ( iii ) Chemical and reagents , and ( iv ) Medical supplies . The following table shows the share of each category and funding source for procurements during 2017 - , 2018 - , 2019 - and six-months data of 2020 . The top three funding sources are Revolving Drug Fund ( RDF ) , Global Fund ( GF ) and SDGPF respectively with average utilization share of 46 percent , 25 percent and 12 percent respectively . * * _Table 3 : Procurement Expenditure at EPSA by Source of Fund based on PO data_ * * | * * Funding Source * * | * * 2017 * * < br > * * [ USD ] * * | * * 2018 * * < br > * * [", "spans": [{"start": 814, "end": 838, "text": "EPSA procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and does not capture acute deprivations in health or education , as the OPHI MPI does . For example , a third of those experiencing multi-dimensional poverty are not captured by the monetary headcount ratio ( World Bank , 2020 ) . Hence , it is not surprising that efforts are underway to combine the advantage of both measures like the World Bank ’ s Multi-Dimensional Poverty Measure ( MPM ; Nguyen et al . , 2021 ) . In the case of FDPs , monetary and multi-dimensional measures of poverty are both indicated and , as it is often the case in other settings , they complement each other . In this respect , there is not much difference with other types of populations . However , the money metrics used for monetary indicators may be more challenging to estimate for FDPs than regular populations , and the composition of multi-dimensional indexes should be adapted to FDPs ’ characteristics . Moreover , especially in a context of very high deprivation , a poverty headcount might not be able to reveal the actual gravity of the situation and qualitative information should be sought to complement standard questionnaires and possibly inform the development of future questionnaires . Collection of socio-economic data is a passive process where respondents are asked pre-formulated questions . This constrains the respondents in sharing their own narratives and emphasizing what they feel is important . The implementation of household surveys can be seen as an opportunity to collect qualitative information and transform a one-sided narrative into one that provides voice to the poor . Pape ( 2020 ) , for example , describes how short , voluntary video testimonials with informed consent from people living in South Sudan and Somalia < sup > 9 < / sup > can be used to empower the poor in voicing their own needs . While this is a practice that can be developed in any context , it is particularly promising in contexts where measuring poverty is still relatively new and the specific challenges associated with this measurement are still little known , as in FDP contexts . # Poverty metrics Income , consumption or expenditure can be used as monetary metrics to estimate poverty . The correct measurement and classification of income can", "spans": [{"start": 1202, "end": 1221, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1430, "end": 1447, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "applied for a US $ 50 million IDA Credit ( the Kenya HIV / AIDS Disaster Response Project ) under the multi-country , multi-sectoral HIV / AIDS Project , which was approved in September 2000 . This Project will , in contrast to the HIV / AIDS component under the DARE Project , be implemented across various sectors and ministries and focus on the non-medical aspects of the response to the epidemic with a focus on the support to community driven initiatives . This horizontal approach is in contrast to the vertical approach taken by DARE , which focuses exclusively on the medical response to the epidemic by MoH in greater depth than would have been possible under the multi-sectoral operation . The two prjects will be complementary and be implemented in parallel . While some reproductive health indicators have declined along with general health indicators over the last decade , Kenya ' s population program has achieved significant impact which must be sustained . Since 1979 , - 5 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is Grade 12 exam score in English and Math , standardized by universe of scores in that year . Sample is students taking grade 12 exit exam in Regions 2-6 , 1998-2012 . Interaction with female based on individual student . Distant is dummy for above national median distance from school to main road . All other interactions are district characteristics from 1998 household survey . Low enrollment = below national median secondary-age ( 13-18 ) enrollment rate . Rural is above national median proportion of 1998 district population living in rural area . Wealthy = at or national above median household assets , by first principal component . “ Treatment effect with interaction ” is sum of program coefficient and coefficient on interaction term . All regressions include age , age squared , school and year fixed effects . Regression with both male and female students in sample also includes female dummy . Sample sizes differ across regressions because not all districts surveyed in 1998 . Standard errors in parentheses , clustered by region . p-values in brackets , calculated from 200 iterations of wild-t cluster bootstrap of Cameron et al ( 2008 ) with Webb ( 2013 ) 6-point distribution of weights . Starred significance levels are based on these p-values . * significant at 10 % ; * * significant at 5 % ; * * * significant at 1 % .", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 380, "text": "1998 household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the differences in practices when projects scale up , 2 ) demonstrating how incentives ‘ misalign , ’ and 3 ) explaining the variation in implementation between two phases of a project . # * * METHODOLOGY * * This qualitative analysis draws on a data set of almost 800 in-depth interviews and focus group discussions conducted from 2011 to 2015 in four villages in Bihar . The villages form two matched pairs — one each in Madhubani and Muzaffarpur districts — representing two Phase I villages ( where JEEViKA has been operating since 2006 ) and two Phase II villages ( where JEEViKA has been operating since 2011 ) . The Phase I villages were selected randomly from a larger quantitative sample in Muzaffarpur and Madhubani districts . These two villages were matched with a set of Phase II villages using propensity score matching methods ( Imbens and Rubin 2015 ) on the basis of village-level data on literacy , caste composition , landlessness , levels of outmigration , and availability of infrastructure from the 2001 government census . < sup > 2 < / sup > In order to improve the quality of the match , field investigators visited all the possible Phase II villages for a week , studying their geography and their economic , social and political structures to select the two best matches for each Phase I village ( see Table 1 ) . * * Table 1 : Sampling * * | | * * Madhubani * * | * * Muzaffarpur * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Phase I ( project from 2006 ) * * | Ramganj < sup > 3 < / sup > | Saifpur | | * * Phase II ( project from 2011 ) * * | Nauganj | Raipur | The quality of the match was good . All four villages are divided into segregated and caste-homogenous habitations or _tolas_ , and are very similar in caste composition . In Madhubani district , Brahmins and Bhumiars are a majority in both villages , and their tolas are located close to the main resources of the village — the temple , pond and school — while all the other", "spans": [{"start": 884, "end": 902, "text": "village-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1021, "end": 1043, "text": "2001 government census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "growth poles have led to a huge reduction in global poverty but not in the poorest region of the world * * | | China | India | SSA | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1980 - Incomeper capita , PPP ( constant 2005 International dollars ) | $ 524 | $ 895 | $ 1789 | | 2005 - Incomeper capita , , PPP ( constant 2005 International dollars ) | $ 4100 | $ 2300 | $ 1759 | | 1980 : % ofpopulation below $ 1 . 25 / day | 85 % | 65 % | 53 % | | 2005 : % ofpopulation below $ 1 . 25 / day | 16 % | 41 % | 51 % | | 1980 : Population belowpovertyline | 835 , 062 , 177 | 462 , 737 , 493 | 212 , 499 , 751 | | 2005 : Population belowpovertyline | 207 , 552 , 224 | 455 , 784 , 361 | 384 , 212 , 419 | | _Source : World Development Indicators , 2011_ . | | | | # * * Section 1 . 2 : Structural transformation and catch-up * * The path to prosperity in the developed countries was marked by a process of structural transformation reflected in the structure of employment and value-added in primary , secondary and tertiary industries . Long term economic trends from the pre-industrial stage of development in a large number of developed countries confirm that at the end of each episode of catch-up , the fast grower ‘ s economy had a structure which was closer to that of a developed as opposed to a low-income country ( Syrquin 1988 , page 206 ; Chenery 1979 , page xvi ; Abramowitz 1983 , page 6", "spans": [{"start": 703, "end": 731, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "growth , along with caveats and remaining issues . Lastly , a conclusion is presented in Section 5 . # * * 2 . Structural Shifts in Korean Manufacturing Industries * * # # * * 2 . 1 Shifts in Industries within Manufacturing : Changes in “ flagship ” industries * * One interesting pattern observed during the expansion of Korea ’ s manufacturing sector is that there was a dramatic shift between industries _within_ the manufacturing sector . Export-oriented industrialization and growth is an important characteristic of the Korean economy . While the Korean manufacturing sector has concentrated on a few key products , the composition of coreexport products has changed over time . For example , fabric clothes , apparel , and shoes were the major export products in the 1970s , but the share of these products in total exports has steadily declined . Ships , cars , and semiconductors have been the most important three exports since the early 1990s . < sup > 5 < / sup > We used the data from national accounts that were constructed by Bank of Korea for twodigit industries ( i . e . , in terms of GDP and GNI according to Economic Activities ) to examine the extent to which the value-added shares changed between 1970 and 2017 . Figure 2 shows the changes in value-added shares for selected manufacturing industries that experienced substantial changes during the sample period ( see Appendix Table A1 for all 13 two-digit KSIC industries ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > We focus on the following four industries . We consider textiles and leather products as a declining industry . Transportation equipment and electronic and electrical equipment represent two growing industries . The chemical products sector , which has maintained a steady value-added share , shows > 5 See Figure A1 in the Appendix for changes in export shares of major products . > 6 I acknowledge Frederic Warzinski for pointing out the dynamics in the value-added share changes in the selected industries . 6", "spans": [{"start": 988, "end": 1015, "text": "data from national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 people have been removed from food assistance through an ongoing verification and targeting process , which is expected to result in further reductions over the course of the year . Better assessment data has also allowed actors to introduce a gradual approach to targeting . In April 2015 , a tiered targeting approach was adopted in Jordan , which classified approximately 190 , 000 refugees as extremely vulnerable , enabling them to receive the full voucher value , and 240 , 000 refugees as vulnerable allowing them to receive a reduced voucher value . As of April 2015 , at least 1 . 6 million Syrian refugees and other affected people across the region received cash-based food assistance in the form of e-vouchers - the primary assistance modality in the region . The e-card modality reduced the printing , transportation and distribution processes per household each month , increasing the efficiency of normally lengthy manual interventions and reducing time and transaction costs for beneficiaries and operations for food sector actors . With funds automatically transferred each month , beneficiaries are no longer required to attend large-scale monthly voucher distributions , thereby reducing their associated transport costs . Moreover , it resulted in operational cost savings for food security actors . Vouchers and cash-based food assistance have injected more than USD 1 billion into local economies throughout the region since the 14", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 210, "text": "assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- bidders / proposers shall be required to confirm acceptance at the bidding stage itself , that Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines including Bank ’ s inspection , audit and sanction rights , shall apply in the resulting contracts - appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities in the contracts ; - publication of contract award ; - rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities regardless of the review type ; - an effective complaints mechanism ; - maintenance of procurement records according to National requirements and in the Bank ’ s STEP system - There shall be no mandatory requirements for inclusion of local experts and firms for the consulting assignments ; - Use of reservation and preference schemes based on thresholds prescribed in the PPDA Act and its Regulation , BUBU Policy and any other policy that prohibits eligible bidders from bidding is not acceptable ; - Negotiations with the lowest evaluated bidder to reduce price in the case of goods , works and non-consulting services where competitive methods have been used shall not be allowed ; - The fixed budget method shall not be used for goods , works and non-consulting services ; - Established and approved procurement standards by the government may be used , provided that they are not restrictive When * * < u > other national procurement arrangements < / u > * * other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 4 ( c ) and 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals / request for quotations document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals / quotations present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 535, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "crime surveys conducted in Germany and found that interviewers were accountable for 77 percent of the total clustered variance with interview areas only accounting for 23 percent . # _Overview of research_ These findings , which are typically not accounted for in survey designs , mean that surveys are likely underpowered . This paper sets out to quantify interviewer design effects in the context of a developing country household survey conducted with CAPI . To do this , we attempt to isolate the portion of the variance attributable to interviewers from the portion attributable to interview areas . We also control for interviewer – respondent interaction effects that may be associated with the gender of interviewer and respondents . We make recommendations for survey design and data analysis to mitigate the effect of interviewer design effects . The paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 describes the data , including sampling and the variables selected for this study . Section 3 describes our analytical approach , while section 4 presents and discusses the results . Finally , section 5 presents a brief conclusion and recommendations . # * * 2 . Data description * * The data used in this study is from the Agricultural Production Survey ( APS ) , a pilot survey conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Sudan in collaboration with the World Bank in March-April 2018 . The survey was conducted in Kassala State of Sudan . The APS questionnaire was designed largely based on the World Bank ’ s Living Standards Measurement StudyIntegrated Surveys on Agriculture ( LSMS-ISA ) . The questionnaire included four modules : ( 1 ) the household module , ( 2 ) the agricultural planting module , ( 3 ) the agricultural harvest module , and ( 4 ) the livestock module . For this study , we only use the household module because this was the only module completed for all households and therefore provides the largest sample size . The data was collected with tablets using the Survey Solutions CAPI program . # _Sampling_ The sample was drawn using a two-stage cluster design . First , the simple random sample size was calculated with the standard parameters of a 5 percent error margin , a 95 percent confidence level and a", "spans": [{"start": 1223, "end": 1253, "text": "Agricultural Production Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1584, "text": "Living Standards Measurement StudyIntegrated Surveys on Agriculture", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 . * * _Component 3 : Local Response Fund ( Appraisal estimate US $ 15 million ) _ * * : to support community and woreda-based initiatives delivering evidence-based HIV prevention and mitigation activities targeting specific key at-risk groups . Appropriate targeting was to be based on the epidemiological synthesis study published in April 2008 . Activities included : HIV / AIDS awareness creation ; behavioral change ( reduction of traditional harmful practices ; safer sexual behavior by both SWs and their clients ; delayed first sexual intercourse ; reduction in early marriage ; reduced sex with non-regular partners ) ; condom distribution ; and counseling and testing services . # # * * 1 . 6 Revised Components * * 14 . The original components were not revised . # # * * 1 . 7 Other significant changes * * 15 . The project was restructured twice : ( i ) $ 5 million of the total credit was cancelled in December 2008 . These funds were reallocated to the Food Crisis Response Program . This was in response to a request from Government in October 2008 , but also took note of the slow disbursement rate ; ( ii ) the closing date was extended , at no additional cost , from 07 / 02 / 2011 to 09 / 30 / 2011 , to allow for completion of an ongoing survey to assess the status of the PDO indicators ( necessary because of an unexpected delay in publication of the DHS results ) . Both restructurings were second level , and were approved by the Country Director . # # * * 2 . Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes * * # # * * 2 . 1 Project Preparation , Design and Quality at Entry * * # # * * Preparation * * 16 . A project identification mission in June 2006 undertook a detailed assessment of the epidemiological situation , critical response needs , contributions from other development partners , and the Bank ’ s comparative advantage . The mission team included a full range of development partners ( including the Donor Group Co-chair , UNAIDS and key", "spans": [{"start": 1375, "end": 1378, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "good practice ? < br > ii . < br > Do management systems include measures to avoid , restrict , or otherwise forbid the introduction of < br > exotic or invasive species that may threaten ecosystems or value ? < br > iii . < br > Are monitoring measures in place to determine the extent to which habitats are affected by the < br > Program ? < br > iv . < br > If Program activities affect protected areas are such activities consistent with approved and up-to - < br > date protected area management plans ? < br > v . < br > Have the relevant management authorities and other key stakeholders for such protected areas been < br > consulted or otherwise involved in decisions that may affect the legal status of habitat values of the < br > area ? < br > vi . < br > If the Program involves any support for establishing forest plantations or other forest management < br > activities for conservation , forest regeneration , or non-timber forest production purposes , does it do < br > so in a manner consistent with internationally recognized standards of responsible , sustainable forest < br > management and use ? | | Avoid significant conversion or degradation of < br > critical natural habitats ( modified habitats , natural < br > are defined as in ESS 5 in the Bank ’ s ESF ) | i . < br > Are arrangements in place to ensure that significant conversion or degradation of critical natural < br > habitats does not occur and that Program activities do not otherwise contravene international < br > environmental agreements relating to natural habitats or forests ? < br > ii . < br > When available data are insufficient to determine the extent or severity of biodiversity impacts , are < br > new biodiversity surveys or inventories , conducted by qualified individuals or organizations , < br > required as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment process ? < br > iii . < br > Are appropriate measures in place to ensure that incidents of non-compliance are dealt with in a < br", "spans": [{"start": 1706, "end": 1726, "text": "biodiversity surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "can be used to identify ( observed ) achievement vectors as poor or non-poor , i . e . , determine whether u ( z ) > u ( ˆxi ) . < sup > 68 < / sup > Ideally , the proposed method selects the parameter values ( w , k , z ) that best approximate the inter-personal well-being comparisons following from the information on preference u . Formally , for the AF identification method , which relies on dichotomous status vectors si , these parameter values solve the problem where Bias quantifies the deviations from < sup > 69 < / sup > In practice , some parameters value can be constrained by the data , which is typically the case for some cutoffs zj . An equivalent problem can be defined for PX identification when replacing status si by deprivation di . < sup > 70 < / sup > It could be interesting to develop such method so as to derive the weights of a global multidimensional poverty indicator from subjective well-being data and then compare the bias associated to the derived weights with the bias associated to equal-weights . The method outlined above readily extends to more general well-being indicators , which compare any two achievement vectors . < sup > 71 < / sup > One natural way of selecting the parameters defining the individual well-being indicator uˆ is to select them in a way that maximizes the correlation between uˆ ( ˆxi ) and u ( ˆxi ) , where u stands for the information on preference u ( see footnote 68 ) . thresholds z < sup > e < / sup > j < sup > . < / sup > 68 For instance , preference u can be assumed to be the preference that is most in line with the subjective well-being data , as is done in Decancq et al . ( 2019 ) , or with the preference elicitation survey data , as is done in Decancq and Nys ( 2021 ) . 69 Examples of how to quantify “ Bias ” are proposed at the end of Section 3 . 2 . > 70Observe that both AF and PX methods are linear identification methods . This linearity constrains the", "spans": [{"start": 905, "end": 931, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1675, "end": 1709, "text": "preference elicitation survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "48 HMICs covering mainly formal employment and a sample of 37 LMICs capturing both formal and informal employment ( for details , see Appendix 2 ) . In addition , the dataset of HMICs enables us to estimate both trade-employment and tradeincome elasticities and therefore examine which of these channels is stronger . < sup > 10 < / sup > We hypothesize that sectoral differences as well as countries ’ type of engagements in trade and GVCs could explain differences in labor markets outcomes . For instance , recent work found the export-toemployment elasticities for business services to be larger than for manufacturing in a sample of 43 mostly high-income countries using the WIOD database ( Goretti et al . 2019 ) . We run the model by broad sector ( agriculture , manufacturing , business services , other services ) and also at the disaggregated industry level to identify possible differences across sectors . We also assess the role of a country ’ s type of GVC specialization and categorize countries into four basic GVC groups ( World Bank 2020 ) , differentiating between countries specialized in ( 1 ) commodities , ( 2 ) limited manufacturing GVCs , ( 3 ) advanced manufacturing and services , and ( 4 ) innovative tasks ( for details , see Appendix 3 ) . Sections 3 and 4 use direct measures of employment and job activities in exports . We rely on the OECD Trade in Employment database for estimates of employment in exports for 45 goods and services sectors ( based on ISIC Rev . 4 sectors ) for over 50 countries for the period 1995-2018 . ( Appendix 4 describes the underlying computations in more detail ) . The novel database Job Activities in Exports adds the dimension of occupations and is thus able to provide estimates of jobs in exports for sector-occupation combinations which define the so-called activities in exports ( Appendix 5 describes the underlying computations for job activities in exports ) . Our paper is structured as follows . Section 2 estimates correlations between various types of trade and employment or labor income within sectors . Section 3 studies the role of job creation in supplying sectors versus export sectors , while section 4 examines job activities in exports", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 693, "text": "WIOD database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1368, "end": 1401, "text": "OECD Trade in Employment database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1647, "end": 1672, "text": "Job Activities in Exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "tables in STEP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Mind the Gap * * # # * * Disparities in Assessments of Living Standards Using National Accounts and Household Surveys * * Espen Beer Prydz < sup > aϯ < / sup > , Dean Jolliffe < sup > ab < / sup > , Umar Serajuddin < sup > a < / sup > _Keywords_ : National Accounts Systems , Household Income and Expenditure Surveys , Poverty , Inequality . _JEL Codes_ : I3 , I32 , E31 , F01 . _Acknowledgements : _ The authors appreciate the feedback from Daniel Mahler , Christoph Lakner , Marshall Reinsdorf and Xavier Mancero , as well as conference participants at the Special IARIW-World Bank Conference , Washington , DC November 7-8 , 2019 . The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the UK Government through the Knowledge for Change Program and the Data and Evidence for Tackling Extreme Poverty ( DEEP ) Research Program . They also thank for financial support the Republic of Korea , acting through the Korea Development Institute School of Public Policy and Management ( KDIS ) and its Knowledge Partnership with the World Bank . The analysis in this paper would not be possible without data from national accounts and household surveys , and publicly available compilations by international agencies made available from the World Development Indicators database , PovcalNet and others . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of any of the funders , author affiliations , or the World Bank Group and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . ϯ Corresponding author . Email addresses : eprydz @ worldbank . org ( E . B . Prydz ) , userajuddin @ worldbank . org ( U . Serajuddin ) , djolliffe @ worldbank . org ( D . ~ ~ Jolliffe ) ~ ~ a The World Bank , Development Economics Data Group ( DECDG ) b Other affiliations include , adjunct faculty at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , Research Fellow with the Institute for the Study of Labor ( IZA ) , and Fellow", "spans": [{"start": 282, "end": 322, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1117, "end": 1156, "text": "national accounts and household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1245, "end": 1282, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1285, "end": 1294, "text": "PovcalNet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply # * * Annex 5 : Method of Calculating the Proposed Price Cap for the Non-wood Cooking Concession * * To calculate the weighted average household cost of cooking energy ( to be used as the concession price cap ) , data from a household energy survey conducted by the MEI were used alongside the calculated levelized cost of energy ( LCOE ) within the context of the refugee camp . The household energy survey was completed in December 2016 by the MEI , covering 231 households within Kakuma I camp ( estimated population of 14 , 910 households , with an average of six members per household ) . The survey included a wide range of energy use questions covering areas such as type of cooking / lighting solutions used , quantity of fuel consumed , where fuel is sourced , typical cost per fuel source , other types of expenditure and amount , and so on . # # # Levelized cost of energy The levelized cost of energy ( LCOE ) is often taken as a proxy for the average price that a generating asset must receive in a market to break even over its operational lifetime . The LCOE was calculated for each of the available cooking stove technologies in Kakuma I to allow for a fair comparative cost to be shown . The LCOE was calculated based on the following factors : - An assessment of the range of energy outputs , in megajoules ( MJ ) , that households are currently using for cooking each day , as a baseline . This range was assessed to be from 1 MJ to 18 MJ < sup > 32 < / sup > per day . - The amount of fuel required per day ( kg / day ) for a given energy output ( in MJ ) – based on the calorific value of the fuel and efficiency of the stove . - The total fuel cost per day ( $ / day ) to produce a given energy output for each", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 341, "text": "household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 477, "end": 500, "text": "household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant emissions of air pollutants , other than vehicle raised dust . Nonetheless , the following information on air quality is provided . There are no historic background air quality data available regarding the ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide , sulphur dioxide and particulate matter in the project area . Agricultural activities such as tillage , can generate considerable quantities of particulate matter . The burning of wood for cooking and brick making , and the burning of crop residues contributes to ambient particulate and nitrogen dioxide concentrations . The levels of traffic currently in the area will also be a contribution to these background pollutant concentrations . The main source of sulphur dioxide is likely to be vehicles powered by diesel engines . Transport related dust in the air is likely to be greatest near the main road on the east bank , which is constructed with murram , than on the west bank where the main road is sealed , or near the local paths and trails where traffic is mainly via bicycles . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 3 . 1 Airborne Particulates * * Airborne particulate measurements were made in the area during December 2000 , using a TSI 8520 Dustrak direct reading light scattering monitor . Monitoring locations were the same as for noise measurements , with an additional site ( Site G ) * * R . J . * * Burnside International Limited * * I-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 193, "text": "historic background air quality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 : Matched ant species densities , Kass et al . ( 2022 ) vs . GBIF occurrence reports < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a ASN oe < br > SS . : ¢ < br > ° RF a : ¢ § < br > — 3 cre < br > Rank . PF 1 ee < br > Group11 ‘ / ¢ ye \\ < br > 2 “ — < br > 3 £ < br > 4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rank < br > ry ] Group11 < br > Pi 2 < br > | i 3 < br > i < br > | 5 < br > | ) < br > i7 < br > TM < br > Hi ] 9 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > i7 < br > TM , < br > 9 . ¥ Z 7 ” o > - > : < br > - 2 aw * 2 moa < br > 10 ai x . — ' Cd go 2 % < br > > S xn y / « / < br > mw 2 . € t < br > r s { ae oF < br > ss & < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 93, "text": "GBIF occurrence reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "civic behaviours . Refugees report to be more interested in politics than natives , and are more likely to engage in political activism ( boycott , petition , demonstration , etc . ) . They are also significantly more likely to participate in voluntary organisations , such as sport or cultural clubs , trade unions , or humanitarian organisations . Again , this pattern contrasts with Albanian immigrants , who are much less likely to engage in political or civic activities relative to Greek natives ( Table 3 ) . These findings are consistent with existing evidence ( Blattman , 2009 ; Bellows and Miguel , 2009 ) that exposure to violence and conflicts – such as the religious persecutions Greek refugees were victim from in Turkey – can lead victims to higher political and civic mobilization and engagement ( as a post-traumatic coping mechanism ) . < sup > 25 < / sup > An important body of work even suggests that individual exposure to war violence may increase social cooperation at the local level , including community participation and prosocial behavior ( for a review , see Bauer et al . ( 2016 ) ) . One question that remains is whether Albanians will gradually assimilated over time , and in particular whether the second generation of Albanian immigrants will be equally integrated as the 1923 refugees . Although it is probably too early to say ( as most Albanian arrived in Greece after 1991 ) , the ESS provides some suggestive evidence that Albanians have not yet experienced any progress in integration outcomes . Although the ESS sample contains ( almost ) no second generation Albanians , I can examine the integration outcomes of first generation migrants who arrived in Greece at different ages . If second generation migrants were to integrate better than the previous generation we would expect to detect such a trend already between migrants who arrived at a young and older age . Table A . 6 in the appendix shows that it is not the case : migrants who arrived at a young age ( _ < _ 24 ) are as likely as those who arrived later in life to report Greek as the first language spoken at home , to feel discriminated , to", "spans": [{"start": 1420, "end": 1423, "text": "ESS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| PRICES and GOVERNMENT FINANCE | | | | | _Ethiopia_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Dti i | 1984 | 1994 | 2003 | 2004 | Inflation ( % ) < br > I | | omesc prces < br > ( % change ) < br > Consumer prices | - 02 | 12 | 151 | 86 | * * 20 * * T < br > | | < br > Implicit GDP deflator | . < br > - 3 . 3 | . < br > 2 . 6 | . < br > 12 . 5 | . < br > 9 5 | | | Government finance | | | | | | | ( % _ofGDP , _includes current grants ) < br > Current revenue < br > | 20 . 2 < br > | 17 . 0 < br > | 26 . 0 < br > | 24 . 5 < br > | | | Current budget balance | 1 . 3 | 1 . 4 | 1 . 8 | 7 . 1 | GDPdflt < br > 0 ' C P l < br > * * I * * | | < br > Overall surplus / deflcit | - 6 . 5 | - 8 . 1 | - 10 . 7 | - 5 . 2 | eaor < br > - < br > | | TRADE | | | | | | | _ ( US $ _millions ) | 1984 | 1994 | 2003 | 2004 | Export and import levels * * ( US $ * * mill . ) | | < br > Total exports ( fob ) < br > | 448 < br > | 280 < br > | 483 < br > | 601 < br > | 3 , WO | | Coffee < br > Pulses and oilseeds | 285 < br > 23 | 158 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Instructional support materials , whether paper or < br > technology based , that are closely aligned with the curriculum < br > and that teachers will be trained on , will be introduced as < br > supplementary means for fostering improved teaching < br > practices . Successful completion of the training by the < br > awarding of a teacher certificate will serve as the verification < br > means . Data should be disaggregated by gender . | MOE Training and < br > certification records | Third Party | The verification agency will verify < br > training records for teachers ' < br > training and will check teacher < br > certification records . The < br > certification mechanism will need < br > to be compliant with the < br > requirements agreed upon with the < br > WB as specified in the Program < br > Operations Manual . | 38", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 492, "text": "certification records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 552, "end": 568, "text": "training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 630, "end": 651, "text": "certification records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 581 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Each wave includes two visits to each household during the autumn months ( post-planting ) and the spring months ( post-harvesting ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > Some important factors such as labor market outcomes , food consumption , and expenditures were collected during both visits . Total consumption includes all food consumption and purchases ( including meals outside home ) as well as non-food expenditure ( e . g . , education , housing rents , clothing , fuel , utilities , transportation , communication , reaction and other services ) . Total consumption is estimated using the mean of two visits for each of the three waves of the GHS . Poverty status of households is calculated based on international poverty lines of US $ 1 . 90 and US $ 3 . 20 per day ( 2011 PPP ) and after applying the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) to adjust for both spatial and temporal inflation . Table 1 provides summary statistics of key indicators derived from the GHS survey . > 4 Examples of such targets include : the UN Sustainable Development Goals ( SDG 9 includes Target 9c to “ _Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the internet in least developed countries by 2020_ ” ) ; the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development 2025 targets for “ Connecting the Other Half ” , and ; the World Bank ’ s Digital Economy for Africa ( DE4A ) , which aims to ensure that all Africans have universal and affordable access to ICT by no later than 2030 . > 5 More information on the GHS including design , survey instruments , datasets and methodology can be found in this link : http : / / surveys . worldbank . org / lsms / programs / integrated-surveys-agriculture-ISA / nigeria > 6 Given the panel nature of the survey , some households moved from one wave to the next and efforts were made to track these movers . > 7 All households were visited twice regardless of whether they participated in agricultural activities . 4", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 672, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 982, "end": 992, "text": "GHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other structures , perennial crops , < / mark > eucalyptus trees and indigenous trees occupied the remaining 0 . 92 ha of the land . < mark > Overall , the construction of the new Chelenko and Haromaya substations will affect a farmland belonging to 47 PAHs of which 28 PAHs by Haromaya SS and the remaining 19 < / mark > PAHs by Chelenko SS . < mark > The summary of affected farmland size and number of PAHs whose farmland is affected by < / mark > the 2 substations is presented in table 7 . 3 < mark > Table 7 . 3 : Number of PHAs , size of farmland affected by the two substations < / mark > | * * Woreda / SC * * | * * Substation * * | * * No . PAPs * * | * * Affected Farmland ( ha ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Meta | Chelenko | 19 | 3 . 935 | | Haromaya | Haromaya | 28 | 3 . 150 | | * * Both SSs * * | | * * 47 * * | * * 7 . 085 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Photo 1 : Partial View of Farmland within Haromaya Substation Site Page 95", "spans": [{"start": 869, "end": 916, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Acknowledgments * * This paper draws on contributions from sector specialists from the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Team ; notably , Daniel Camos , Anton Eberhard , Vivien Foster , Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee , Jean-Noel Gogua , Fatimata Ouedraogo , Orvika Rosnes , Haakon Vennemo , and Quentin Wodon . It is based on data collected by local consultants and benefited greatly from feedback provided by colleagues in Africa Energy Department : Fabrice Bertholet , Luiz Maurer , and Fanny Missfeldt-Ringius . 2", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 367, "text": "data collected by local consultants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inflation | MUI + MoF | First < br > tranche < br > ( Jan-Feb 28 , < br > 2025 ) < br > Second < br > tranche < br > ( April-May < br > 30 , 2025 ) | | | | Implement bi-annual monitoring < br > and reporting on output < br > indicators that relate to climate - < br > smart livelihoods and PWs | MUI + PCU | May 15 , < br > 2025 | | | | Ensure availability of Livelihoods < br > beneficiarydatabase and data | MUI + WB | Ongoing | 12", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 407, "text": "beneficiarydatabase and data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significantly behind such regional neighbors as Rwanda ( 8 ) , South Africa ( 53 ) , and Tanzania ( 113 ) . Forty-eight percent of surveyed micro-enterprises in Uganda noted that the financial cost of completing registration procedures was a serious barrier7 . - Business licensing is an additional encumbrance for businesses . The multiplicity and - overlap of business licenses , levies , fees and permits that exists at the national and sub-national government levels creates unnecessary costs and stymies business activities . Uganda ranks 113 in the DB Report 2013 on the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator , which represents a decline of 3 points in the ranking compared to the previous year . Uganda ranks significantly behind South Africa , Kenya , and Rwanda , which received ranks of 39 , 45 , and 98 , respectively in the DB Report 2013 . 14 . In order to avoid the high cost of compliance with the rules , a lot of firms choose to operate informally and , as the result , gain an unfair advantage over formal firms that bear all the cost . In 2009 , about 39 percent of surveyed MSMEs noted that competition from the informal sector was a serious constraint on doing business , and informality appears to have become a greater constraint since the earlier 2004 assessment . Easier registration and licensing processes could have a major impact on the reduction of transactions costs for firms operating formally and improvement of their competitiveness . It could also motivate firms in the informal sector to transition to the formal sector , thus leveling the field and also contributing to the increase in government revenues . Page 4 of 7", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 569, "text": "DB Report 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 842, "end": 856, "text": "DB Report 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lag ) ; ( iv ) confirmation and analysis of MEFF and draft / approved budgets depending on the specific quarter of the Ethiopian budget calendar ; and ( v ) a synthesis of findings from the continuous audits . The sector Ministries will take stock of the latest JBAR data and provide inputs to the JBAR on trends and emerging issues from a sector perspective . Key indicators for different groups will be monitored . The overall PBS Reviews including the JBARs will be organized by COPCU of MoFED . JBAR participants will include relevant Federal sector Ministries as listed above , represented by the Heads of Planning and Policy Departments and Bureaus , as well as Regional BoFEDs , relevant Regional sector Bureaus , PBS II financing partners , citizen representatives from the Parliament ’ s Budget and Public Finances Standing Committee , and Regional Councils ’ budget committees . These participants will also take part in the PBS sector Reviews focused around the “ Effectiveness ” part of the SAFE Framework . As a signal of its commitment to transparency , Government will also invite key donors who are not PBS II financing partners to participate as donor observers . 39", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 271, "text": "JBAR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - annum during 1978 / 79 and 1979 / 80 . Annual development campaigns ( or Zecetchas ) paved the way for this recovery through a target-setting and monitoring process , combined with increased budgetary allocations to agriculture and industry . Growth occurred mainly in agriculture , which benefited from good weather , and from industry , through a greater utilization of industrial capacity . The economy , however , vitnessed a set-back during the following three years ending 1982183 , with GDP growth declining to around 2 . 9 percent per annum ; the decline would have been more severe but for a moderate recovery in 1982 / 83 . The principal causes for this set-back were droughts which affected agriculture , and capacity constraints ( notably in industry ) , owing to low rates of investment in the past . The ratio of total investment to GDP has remained for many years below 11 percent , due largely to constraints on domestic as well as external resources . Domestic savings , which had averaged around 4 percent of GDP in the recent past , fell below 3 percent during 1981 / 82 and 1982 / 83 . In addition , inflows of official development assistance have remained low in recent years , averaging only around US $ 6 per capita as compared to over US $ 20 per capita for developing countries in Africa . 8 . Ethiopia also experienced a sharp deterioration in tne terms of trade in recent years . The terms of trade index ( 1979 / 80 base ) declined by about 27 percent during the three-year period ending 1982 / 83 , reflecting mainly the decline in coffee prices and increased import prices . The value of imports rose significantly in recent years while the value of exports declined ( see Annex I ) . Consequently , the current account deficit widened to about 7 percent of GDP in 1981 / 82 and 1982 / 83 . These external account deficits were financed by significant increases in long-term capital , reflecting in large part disbursements of concessional loans from various sources , and also by a moderate", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1437, "text": "terms of trade index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# مستقبل سوريا : أزمة األطفال الالجئني ISOLATED AND INSECURE 2 . were opposed to receiving more Syrian refugees Isolation and insecurity have become part of everyday life for many Syrian refugee children . Father Nour Al-Sahawneh , of the Christian and Missionary Alliance Church in Mafraq , Jordan , Some prefer to be alone ; others are kept at said that based on his interactions with the home by their parents , who fear for their safety local community , “ Jordanians are starting to . in unfamiliar surroundings “ . see this as a crisis for them as well Tensions within and between refugee and host Security issues and community tensions are particularly communities often intensify these fears . The home acute in Tripoli , northern Lebanon . UNHCR ’ s Senior environment is not always free of tensions either , Field Coordinator , Daniela Raiman , cited several given the stressful conditions under which many contributing factors , such as existing religious and Syrian refugees live . This can also jeopardize cultural differences between population groups , the . the safety and well-being of children proliferation of weapons and the pressures placed on the host community by a growing number of Tensions and Safety refugees . She said that conflicts within Lebanese communities are often resolved outside the formal legal system — by individuals themselves and The influx of Syrian refugees has had a major impact within Lebanon and Jordan , through traditional dispute resolution mechanisms , destabilizing local economies and putting . such as community elders or religious leaders . pressure on housing and infrastructure Refugees are sometimes caught up in conflicts in volatile areas A poll conducted in Lebanon in May 2013 with 900 such as Tripoli , and UNHCR regularly monitors their well-being . Lebanese adults found that 54 per cent agreed with When violence flares up , Raiman said , children are often afraid the statement that “ Lebanon should not receive more and cannot sleep because they are reminded of their experiences Syrian refugees . ” < sup > 1 < /", "spans": [{"start": 1703, "end": 1740, "text": "poll conducted in Lebanon in May 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were already in place prior to the project ’ s inception and continue to allow Batwa communities regularized access to and benefit from resources within the protected areas , including through Project livelihood support activities ( as further detailed in this VMGP ) . In addition , while the Project also provides some limited support to enhanced park management capacity , mainly through provision of few equipment and technical assistance , this was not expected to result ( and has not resulted ) in losses of livelihoods or increased restrictions to access park resources that could cause material harm to Batwa communities ’ subsistence or cultural heritage , as they continue to access them under CRM arrangements and on an hoc basis , as it was case since the 1990s . The Project does not support any activities involving the commercial development of Batwa communities ’ cultural heritage or traditional knowledge . It has also not imposed any restrictions on access to their cultural heritage , which continues to be safeguarded under existing CRM arrangements and park management plans . Importantly , the so called “ Batwa trail ” in Semuliki was established prior to this Project and is neither related to nor is supported by Project activities . In support of cultural preservation , and as requested by the Batwa communities during consultations , the Project has facilitated the documentation of Batwa traditional knowledge , including the development of an inventory of herbal medicines used by Batwa communities in Semuliki and other protected areas , with Batwa leadership . # 9 . Implementation Arrangements The implementation arrangements for the VMGP are aligned with the IFPA-CD implementation framework and collaborating institutions for implementation participate through a competitive process where needed . The main government bodies with responsibilities in VMGP implementation are UWA and the local government of Bundibugyo . UWA is tasked with procurement , contract management , direct implementation for some activities , and reporting on the activities agreed in this VMPG . The local 35", "spans": [{"start": 1475, "end": 1504, "text": "inventory of herbal medicines", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household welfare through capital gains due to changes in firm profits ( Outreville 2015 ) . The specialization of productive activities implies that , unlike the price channel that tends to affect all consumers , the other channels have localized impacts on a specific group of firms and workers belonging to the affected industry . Finally , competition reforms also might have dynamic effects by reallocating resources to more productive activities and higher growth industries ( World Bank 2016 ) . All these additional mechanisms have not yet been incorporated into the simulation approach . The application of the tool to Mexican data is not aimed at any specific discussion of regulatory reform , nor does it imply that the firms in the markets discussed in this paper have or are abusing their market power ( that is , that they are involved in anticompetitive practices ) . Instead , this paper focuses on the potential distributional impacts of abstract policy interventions or changes in market conditions affecting competition in specific markets , taking as a given the policies or behaviors under analysis . Similarly , this paper does not deal with the question of what type of behavior constitutes an abuse of market power or what the best policies are to remedy it ( see Motta 2004 ; Buccirossi 2008 for discussions on these topics ) , nor with firms that may behave outside the conventional norm established in the microeconomic literature , such as public monopolies that provide subsidized services . Users of WELCOM should be aware of public sector participation in certain industries , such as energy , as this can have significant implications in measuring welfare effects . Users should therefore focus on products and services that are not provided by public entities , specifically because redistributive policies that are channeled through public entities are currently outside the scope of study of WELCOM . # * * 6 . Conclusion * * The labor share of income has declined consistently across the world over recent decades . In advanced economies , this share reached its lowest point between 2007 and 2008 ( 49 . 9 percent ) , while , among emerging markets , it reached only 34 . 7 percent in 2006 ( IMF WEO 2017 ) . Data", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 640, "text": "Mexican data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Annex 2 : Assigning Questions to Governance Dimensions This annex provides summarize how the individual indicators from the WGI data sources are assigned to the six governance dimensions corresponding to the six aggregate WGI indicators in the most recent year in which they appear in the WGI dataset . For most data sources , this is 2023 ( the most recent year available in the 2024 WGI update ) . However , for a few discontinued data sources , the most recent year the source is used is earlier than 2023 ( see Table 1 ) . Note that many of the WGI data sources have changed over time , so the description provided here may not apply to all previous years . For a complete description of the assignment of individual indicators to aggregate clusters over time , please visit < u > www . govindicators . org , and consult the source data Excel files available on the documentation page of < / u > the WGI website here .", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 302, "text": "WGI dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 551, "end": 567, "text": "WGI data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Formal Employment Creation Project ( P171766 ) discussed by the review committee to bring about improvement in the targeting and effectiveness of project activities . 92 . * * The project mainly addresses three specific gender gaps . * * First , despite the rising levels of educational attainment among women in Turkey , high rates of low-skilled , informal , unpaid family workers prevail among women . The female labor force participation rate for people ages 15 – 64 is significantly lower than the OECD average in 2018 ( 64 . 6 percent for OECD ; 38 . 3 percent for Turkey ) . Second , the lack of skills is one of the main obstacles to low-skilled women ’ s participation in the labor market in Turkey . Evidence shows that training programs can be effective in boosting female employment and earnings . Job and business training programs can fill the skill gap for people who are out of the education system . Third , according to the gender analysis of the United Nations , only 15 percent of refugee women are engaged in income-generating jobs . < sup > 31 < / sup > The same assessment indicated that only a small number of women ( 7 percent ) have taken part in vocational training , and , when they do take part , the most popular areas of study are hairdressing ( 30 percent ) and needlework ( 27 percent ) , which are closely related to traditional gender roles and provide limited opportunity for formal employment . 93 . * * The project proposes several actions to improve gender outcomes . * * First , the project will encourage and prioritize both refugee and Turkish women to participate in the labor force . Second , the project will specifically encourage adequate women ’ s representation at the participatory activities implemented under the project components . Also , the project will ensure that women have equal opportunities in accessing trainings to increase their skills . These actions will be measured through the following indicators : ( a ) number of formal jobs created for women and ( b ) number of women", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # # * * 4 . 2 Biodiversity Survey Methods * * The first step in the study was a desk review of available literature on the flora , fauna and their conservation status in the proposed project area . This review , which was carried out before the field visit , aimed to identify priority species , sensitive habitats and provide an overview of the vegetation and habitats present within the study area . To achieve this , previous vegetation classifications were reviewed , and relevant literature sources such as Kalema ( 2005 ) , LangdaleBrown et al ( 1964 ) , IUCN ( 2021 ) , and Kalema & Beentje ( 2012 ) and QENP General Management Plan ( 2013-2023 ) were reviewed . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 Flora * * Floristic surveys were conducted using a combination of field observations , specimen collection , and identification . This involved moving randomly within a radius of 200m from the proposed site and recording all the plant species encountered . Taxonomic keys such as “ Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda ” ( Katende , Birnie , & Tengnäs , 2000 ) and “ Field Guide to the Forest Trees of Uganda ” ( James & Hamilton , 2020 ) and expert verification were used to identify the plant specimens to species level . For species that could not be identified in the field , voucher specimens were carefully collected , pressed , and dried , and then transported to the Makerere University Herbarium for identification . Site specific vegetation descriptions to determine habitat types were based on species dominance and floral features such as herbs , shrubs and trees along the proposed site . Plants were also categorized as Native and / or Invasive . The IUCN Red list of threatened species was used to assess the plants ' conservation status . The tree layers ranged from 3m + high . The Shrub layers ranged from 1 - 3 m , whereas the herb layer was from 0 -", "spans": [{"start": 1707, "end": 1742, "text": "IUCN Red list of threatened species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> d ’ Ivoire | Ghana | Togo | * * Total * * | | Burkina Faso | 757 | 4 , 042 | 1 , 400 | 1 , 868 | * * 8 , 067 * * | | Mali | 48 | 30 | 8 | 153 | * * 239 * * | | Niger | 26 | 4 | 1 | 18 | * * 49 * * | | * * Total * * | * * 831 * * | * * 4 , 076 * * | * * 1 , 409 * * | * * 2 , 039 * * | * * 8 , 355 * * | # * * Internal displacements * * < sup > * * 6 * * < / sup > For the first time , internal displacement was recorded in Togo . According to the IOM country office and the Togolese ANPC , during the period up to 31 July 2022 , 2 , 915 internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) fled attacks and incursions by non-state armed groups in the north of the country . These IDPs resided primarily in the regions of Cinkasse , Tone , West Kpendjal , and Kpendjal . > 4 Analysis and baseline data made available by UNHCR regional office . Data includes UNHCR registered and the UNHCR database . unregistered persons 6 Analysis and baseline data made available by the IOM regional office . 5 The number of refugees increased from 3 , 534 reported on May 30 , 2022 , to 3 , 903 on August 17 , 2022 , according to > 6 Analysis and baseline data made available by the IOM regional office . * * 3 * *", "spans": [{"start": 869, "end": 883, "text": "UNHCR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimating the _ex-post_ standard errors of poverty and inequality measures from HBSs , that is , _complex measures_ from _complex surveys_ . In this way , it allows the evaluation of the impact of the so-called _implicit stratification_ ( or _hidden_ ; Wolter , 1985 ) , which is present when PSUs are selected with systematic sampling from one or more lists that are ordered according to some variables correlated with the phenomenon under investigation . The present paper is composed of five sections . Following this introduction , Section 2 presents the theory behind the estimation of standard errors in complex surveys . Attention is paid to the two-stage stratified sampling design , where , in the first stage , selection of PSUs is performed with systematic sampling , i . e . , where implicit stratification is present . Since systematic sampling can be seen as a random selection of a single PSU from each implicit stratum , it is not possible to derive a consistent estimator of the sampling variance ( Wolter , 1985 ) . Therefore , recent replication methods have been developed and implemented for estimating the variance of complex measures from complex surveys . Among the most adopted methodologies are bootstrap , Taylor Linearisation , Jack-knife Repeated Replications ( JRR ) and Balanced Repeated Replications ( BRR ) . On this basis , the second part of Section 2 briefly presents the recent methodology of Verma and Betti ( 2011 ) for the implementation of a variant of JRR in the case of systematic selection of PSUs and the possibility of decomposition of the design effect in several components ( Kish , 1965 ; Verma , 1991 ; Liu _et al . _ , 2002 ) . The definition of these components is useful for highlighting the proposed implicit stratification . As previously mentioned , we aim to introduce a further implicit stratification by selecting the PSUs with a systematic sampling within each explicit stratum . PSUs are ordered by their relative ranking in terms of the per capita consumption expenditure obtained from the poverty mapping approach . Therefore , Section 3 is devoted to a brief presentation of the World Bank methodology . Since , in general , we believe that any new methodological proposal is useful", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 85, "text": "HBSs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1163, "end": 1178, "text": "complex surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decision maker ’ s choices ( or expectations over them ) . Obviously , if information is made available outside of a controlled experimental setting , more than one person per village can obtain it and demand complementarities or substitutabilities kick in . This makes the decision over the value of others ’ learning much more complex . While my experiment cannot speak to this by design , it also provides a scenario in which adoption is bounded from below and the valuation decision has high stakes . If none of the participants buys the training , no one in the village will adopt the techniques . # * * 5 . 2 Belief Update Intervention * * My willingness-to-pay elicitation survey included a belief update experiment to understand how concerns for _i ) _ knowledge externalities and _ii ) _ contagion externalities affect how much a farmer values training one other farmer . Knowledge externalities between two farmers depend on the probability that the two farmers share agricultural information with each other _p_ < sup > _L_ < / sup > ( I restrict my analysis to direct communication between farmers and exclude indirect communication that involves other members of the community ) . The enumerator induces the participant to update her belief over _p_ < sup > _L_ < / sup > by informing her that the research team would organize a meeting between the participant and that specific farmer after training had taken place , if the participant is the decision maker and their valuation for that specific farmer is selected by the choice lottery . I call this the “ meeting treatment ” . Contagion externalities between two farmers depend on the physical distance between their plots , because the pest spreads by proximity . The enumerator induces the participant to update her belief over _p_ < sup > _T_ < / sup > _ij_ < sup > followingatwo-stepprocedure . Firsttheenumeratorasks < / sup > the participant how long it would take to walk from her largest maize plot to the closest plot of a specific farmer _j_ , _d_ < sup > _P_ < / sup > _ij_ < sup > . Thentheenumeratorinformstheparticipant < / sup > < sup > _i_ofthe < / sup > true as-the-crow-flies walking distance", "spans": [{"start": 649, "end": 686, "text": "willingness-to-pay elicitation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bele < br > levels ) . | Dissemination < br > of < br > PRIME-1 < br > Project < br > details , < br > including < br > possible E & S impacts ( + / - ) and < br > mitigation < br > measures , < br > land < br > acquisition & resettlement / < br > LRP , separate consultations < br > with < br > HUCs , < br > GRM < br > & < br > Information < br > Disclosure , < br > including < br > PRIME-1 < br > E & S < br > instruments . | Dissemination of written Project < br > Information and notice boards , < br > Radio , < br > public < br > & < br > stakeholder < br > meetings , < br > FGDs , < br > one-on-one < br > interviews , Household survey , site < br > visits , use of social < br > Media < br > ( Facebook , < br > Telegram ) , < br > leaflets , posters , flyers & EEU / EEP < br > website information . | EEU , EEP PIUs , E & S < br > staff , < br > E & S < br > focal < br > persons , < br > & < br > consultants < br > to < br > be < br > engaged in the E & S < br > assessments . IPPs are < br > also required to apply < br > the FPIC procedure as < br > needed . | PRIME-1 at project < br > design & preparation < br > period . | | * * Pre-implementation * * < br > * * Phase : * * < br > Consolidate SE activities to < br > prepare < br > stakeholders < br >", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 645, "text": "Household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Figure 2 : _ * * _Civilians Casualties per Month Since February 2022 , ( OHCHR , June 2024 ) _ The impact of these attacks has been profound , with extensive damage to critical infrastructure , severely impacting people ’ s access to healthcare , social protection , education , power and other basic services , as well as limiting their freedom of movement . The Third Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment ( RDNA3 ) from February 2024 estimates that up to * * US $ 152 billion ( € 138 billion ) in direct damage to buildings and infrastructure * * has resulted from the past two years of war . The most impacted sectors are housing ( 37 % of total damage ) , transport ( 22 % ) , commerce and industry ( 10 % ) , energy ( 7 % ) , and agriculture ( 7 % ) , while social protection infrastructure such as residential care units or social service delivery centers have also been destroyed or damaged , impacting on access of vulnerable people to Government social services they require . Across all infrastructure sectors , the oblasts of Donetska , Kharkivska , Khersonska , Kyivska , Luhanska and Zaporizka , have sustained the greatest damage < sup > xv < / sup > . Since October 2022 , the energy sector has sustained continued attacks on its infrastructure . March and April of 2024 saw * * large-scale increase in attacks on energy infrastructure * * , amounting to 65 attacks in Government-controlled territory and a further 13 in the occupied territories , posing threats to Ukraine ’ s power and transportation systems and temporarily disrupting access to electricity , gas and water < sup > xvi < / sup > . With specific increase in attacks renewed during the first half of 2024 , these have deprived thousands of civilians of at least temporary access to electricity , water , heating and related essential services , posing additional risks for the winter season . < sup > xvii < / sup > . Over *", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 408, "text": "Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The principal caveat of the data sources used in this paper is that the universe of firms and workers corresponds to only formal economic activity and specifically the subset of formal firms and workers that pay into CIT and PAYE , respectively . Thus , informal firms and workers are necessarily excluded , as are formal firms and workers not meeting or complying with the filing thresholds for CIT . Given statutory thresholds for tax filing and firm - and worker-specific drivers of tax compliance , firms and workers in the CIT and PAYE databases are likely to be quite different from excluded firms and workers . However , the firms and workers in the datasets constitute an economically significant portion of the Zambian economy . For 2021 , the CIT dataset covers over 5 , 000 firms , which collectively account for ZMK 329 billion in sales , ZMK 118 billion in value added ( equivalent to 27 percent of GDP ) , and 527 , 000 estimated workers . For the same year , the PAYE dataset covers over 800 , 000 unique workers , filing over 6 . 3 million monthly returns . Beyond their collective size , formal firms , and workers — as proxied through these datasets — are especially critical to economic transformation as they are likely to constitute the most productive segment of the economy and most likely to export ( Amin , Ohnsorge and Okou 2019 ) . # 4 . Firm dynamics and productivity # # 4 . 1 . Methodology for productivity analyses Leveraging these data , productivity-related analyses in this paper focus on labor productivity ( LP ) rather than total factor productivity ( TFP ) . LP and TFP are two ways of computing firms ’ efficiency in converting inputs ( capital , labor , etc . ) to produce goods or services ( output ) . Conceptually , LP measures output per worker and therefore looks only at how labor is converted into output , while TFP incorporates adjustments in other production factors ( e . g . , capital stock and intermediate inputs ) as well as technology , innovation , management practices , and other ways of augmenting firm output with the same input endowment ( Syverson 2011 )", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 764, "text": "CIT dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 978, "end": 990, "text": "PAYE dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "one model of reform and the way in which reforms are implemented will vary depending on what works , it is possible to identify the basic necessities that need to be tackled to facilitate further development of the market in every developing country , regardless of its individual circumstances . These basic necessities apply to and will support all forms of primary market finance . # _1 . Create a supportive environment . _ - Put fiscal practices on solid ground . Unstable macroeconomic conditions make it hard to predict behavior . - Ensure that there are basic protections of property rights , and that data registries exist . These are the necessary foundations for disclosure and enforcement and to promote market confidence . > 73 P . Henry and P . Lorentzen , 2003 , p . 181 > 74 Demirguc-Kunt and Beck , February 2004 . _See , also , “ _ “ Other things have to go with it [ government to government assistance [ , including . . . improving the climate for the private sector , and we don ' t just mean the climate for foreign direct investment , but even more importantly to improve the climate for the indigenous private sector , which has proven over and over again to be the engine for growth in successful developing economies . Interview with Paul Wolfowitz before the G-8 Summit in Gleneagles , Scotland , July 2005 . > 75 Ladekarl and Zervos 2004 30", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 625, "text": "data registries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 3 . 9 During the project , grievance procedures were formalized to enable households to challenge targeting . Drawing on the 2008 survey , Gilligan and others ( 2010 ) found that nearly 70 percent of households in PSNP _woredas_ report that they were well-informed about how the PSNP worked but that less than half thought that the selection process was fair and only a third were given the opportunity to comment on the selection process ( in 2006 and 2008 ) . 3 . 10 _Outcomes on replacing food with grants were undermined by changing food prices . _ The logic for the setting of cash and food payments was based on the provision of a share ( 50 percent ) of the cereals component of the WFP daily food ration over a period of six months . Wage rates were then calculated based on an assessment of cereals prices . In the context of under-coverage , contingency funds were regularly used to increase caseload and so were not available to increase cash payments in areas where food prices increased . Despite the PSNP delivering a much higher proportion of transfers in cash than initially envisaged at appraisal ( Table 6 ) , changing food prices ( particularly but not only during APL2 ) resulted in a significant change in preferences for food and cash which undermined progress in the shift from food to cash transfers ( Figure 6 ) . Assessing early progress with the PSNP in 2005 Kebede ( 2006 ) found that shifting from food to cash transfers affected the availability and price of food in local markets , especially in remote , food deficit areas . * * Table 5 . Food-Cash Distribution and Timeliness of Transfers , by Year * * | * * _Year_ * * | * * _Food_ * * < br > * * _ ( % ) _ * * | * * _Cash_ * * < br > * * _ ( % ) _ * * | * * _Cash and Food_ * * < br > * * _ (", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 139, "text": "2008 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that focused on labor market outcomes . Akgündüz et al . ( 2015 ) study the influx of Syrian refugees in SouthEast Turkey and find a non-significant effect on employment whether employment is broken down by region , province or skill level . Del Carpio and Wagner ( 2015 ) using the Turkish Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) and an IV approach find a negative and significant impact on local employment in the informal sector but a positive and significant impact on the formal sector . Similarly , Ceritoglu et al . ( 2017 ) and Tumen ( 2016 ) find Syrian refugees to have a positive and significant effect on formal employment explained by the performance of older workers and a negative effect on informal employment explained by a negative performance of younger workers . Using a regional panel data set for the period 2004-2016 , Esen and Binatli ( 2017 ) is the only study that finds an increase in unemployment and a decrease not only in informal but also in formal employment as a result of the refugee influx . The results of Akgündüz and Torun ( 2018 ) suggest that the refugee inflow led to occupational upgrading of natives , as their task complexity increased , particularly for medium-skilled natives . Three studies on Turkey also looked at the impact on prices . Akgündüz et al . ( 2015 ) find a positive and significant effect on food and housing prices and a non-significant effect on hospitality prices . Balkan and Tumen ( 2016 ) find instead that prices have declined as a result of the refugee influx due to an increase in cheap labor supply particularly in the informal sector . Using a simple DD approach , Balkan et al . ( 2018 ) find that housing rents increased in the range of an additional 3 . 5-5 . 5 percent in refugee receiving regions in the short run ( 2012-2013 ) compared to control regions , as housing supply is inelastic in the short run . The effect is negative and statistically insignificant for below-median rents , but positive and statistically significant for high-rent housing . They interpret this as a sign of residential segregation , with natives moving out of lower-priced neighborhoods where refugees settled .", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 309, "text": "Turkish Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 778, "end": 801, "text": "regional panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") at woreda level , the service providers are women ’ s and children ’ s affairs office , social affairs office , police , justice office , courts , hospitals or health centers and stakeholders ’ platforms . Table 1 : Government Service Providers | * * Level * * | * * Administrative Unit * * | * * Role * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kebele | Kebele < br > Administration / manager | Receives complaints from the victims or their families < br > and facilitates necessary steps on behalf of the < br > survivor | | | Kebele women ’ s affairs | informs woreda service providers about the incident , < br > provides temporary shelter to the survivor , provides < br > psychosocial support | | | Health post | provides psychosocial support ; carries out diagnosis < br > for STDs andpregnancy ; provides medical treatment | | | Elders & religious leaders | Helps in resolving physical and emotional violences by < br > an intimatepartner and forced marriage | | Woreda | Women ’ s and children ’ s < br > office | Facilitates the transportation of the victim to woreda , < br > provides economic support including transportation < br > cost , food , etc . temporary shelter and psychosocial < br > support . reports the status of the of the cases , collects < br > data on GBV cases , raises awareness for the < br > communities on GBV | > 8 Ministry of Women , Children and Youth Affairs MoWCYA ) . National Strategy and Action Plan on Harmful Traditional Practices ( HTPs ) against Women and Children in Ethiopia . 1 – 61 ( 2013 ) > 9 CSA ( July 2017 ) The 2016 Demographic and Health Survey Addis Ababa Ethiopia Official Use Only 80", "spans": [{"start": 1266, "end": 1283, "text": "data on GBV cases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to South Africa although they have followed different trajectories since 2010 . Machinery exports declined by 40 % in nominal terms between 2010 and 2016 and the sector lost relative importance , dropping from accounting for about 55 % of exports to South Africa in 2010 to less than 15 % in 2016 . On the other hand , apparel exports increased five-fold in nominal terms during the same period and increased its share of exports from 20 % to 55 % . Lesotho has not taken steps to exploit potential services export expansion . Despite the sector ’ s growing importance to GDP and employment , Lesotho ’ s tourism sector continues to underperform , and has seen a decline . In 2015 , Lesotho was ranked 129 of 141 countries by the World Economic Forum ’ s Tourism Competitiveness Index ( WEF 2015 ) . Among comparator countries , Lesotho has the third lowest ratio of foreign to domestic spending on tourism , after two other landlocked countries , Eswatini and Malawi . Lesotho could differentiate itself from other Southern African countries , with mountain ranges , clear water and snow in winter . To capitalize on its tourism potential , Lesotho needs to take some steps to enhance its infrastructure and train its human resources . Of 82 accommodation enterprises surveyed by a group of World Bank economists ( Yiu and Saner 2015 ) , less than 40 % were considered “ market ready ” . # 4 . Impacts of potential future external trade policy changes # # 4 . 1 . Data , Modeling Framework and Scenarios The CGE analysis aims to assess potential impacts based on specific trade-related scenarios , incorporating Lesotho in the GTAP database for the first time . The core specification of LINKAGE replicates largely a standard global dynamic CGE mode ( van der Mensbrugghe , 2011 and 2013 ) . Production is specified as a series of nested constant elasticity of substitution ( CES ) functions for the various inputs – unskilled and skilled labor , capital , land , natural resources ( sector-specific ) , energy and other material inputs . LINKAGE uses a vintage structure of production that allows for putty-semi putty capital . In the labor market we assume full employment", "spans": [{"start": 755, "end": 784, "text": "Tourism Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1628, "end": 1641, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 200 Climate change < br > impacts < br > Low < br > 150 High < br > 131 . 5 < br > 100 < br > 67 . 7 < br > 50 42 . 0 < br > 32 . 2 < br > 0 < br > Pessimistic Optimistic < br > people living in extreme poverty < br > due to climate change ( million , 2030 ) < br > Additional < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 5 : Effect of socioeconomic development to the number of people falling into extreme poverty in 2030 # * * 4 Discussion and conclusion * * Building upon the methodology developed in ( Hallegatte et al . , 2015 ; Rozenberg & Hallegatte , 2015 ; Hallegatte & Rozenberg , 2017 ) , this study uses household survey data from the 2020 Global Monitoring Database to update climate-driven poverty projections for 2030 . Several similarities in results compared to projections from a previous study ( Hallegatte & Rozenberg , 2017 ) can be observed . For example , we find that health impacts are the dominant channel in most scenarios , pushing the largest number of people into extreme poverty . Impacts through increased food prices are the most uncertain ones ( i . e . , widest range of distribution ) , and could have an effect on poverty even bigger than health impacts in the most pessimistic cases . Under the high climate change impact scenarios , we find that climate-driven increase in prevalence of diseases on average leads to 44 million people falling into extreme poverty . This projection is slightly higher than the previous projection ( around 30 million people ) , although it is still within a similar order of magnitude . This analysis does more than updating previous results and provides further results . For instance , we explore the dominant climate change impact channel in each region . Health impacts are particularly important in relatively richer regions ( East Asia & Pacific and Latin America & Caribbean ) , while impacts of food prices dominate in poorer regions ( South Asia and Sub-Saharan", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 676, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 686, "end": 717, "text": "2020 Global Monitoring Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Types of program Implementation , monitoring and evaluation data * * Different types of data help humanitarian actors understand the situation of people living with disabilities and the progress of the response . 1 . Data at the * * individual level * * that identifies disability , needs , and barriers individuals may face as well as the capacities they may have . Individual data allows the population to be differentiated , providing an insight into size of the population of persons with disabilities that allows meaningful planning targets to be set and evaluations to occur . Individual data can be obtained in two ways : - Data that * * extrapolates for the whole population * * such as a national census or large-scale sample survey helps determine prevalence , and is useful to shape programmatic interventions . This type of individual data is better gathered in advance of the crisis , and where it exists this type of data provides an excellent baseline against which to assess the response during an evaluation . - * * Administrative processes * * where data from individuals is collected during the course of a humanitarian response can also be used effectively to understand how people with disabilities are being reached . Data such as collected by UNHCR when a refugee is registered that is entered into the “ ProGres ” database can be used by the humanitarian community to understand the prevalence of persons with disabilities . Administrative data of this type has limitations if it was improperly captured , if individuals were “ unregistered ” , or their disabilities were “ unidentified ” . 2 . * * Service level data * * on the availability of inclusive services ( or barriers to be addressed ) does not track individuals , but the proportion of services , facilities or activities in terms of accessibility to persons with disabilities . Data of this type can be used for program planning , setting targets , measuring progress and evaluations . During a humanitarian action , this kind of data may be easier to obtain . This kind of data looks at the proportion of WASH facilities are", "spans": [{"start": 709, "end": 724, "text": "national census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 728, "end": 753, "text": "large-scale sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1340, "end": 1347, "text": "ProGres", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1461, "end": 1480, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1653, "text": "Service level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "knowledge economy aspects of the national curriculum . It also conducted a series of more “ traditional ” national assessments of learning achievement in key subjects . Establishing and implementing these systems is a major stride forward in its own right and a significant achievement of the ERfKE I reform . However , these assessments have revealed that the majority of students still perform below desired achievement levels and that a significant number of students drop out of the system . The overall completion rate of secondary education is about 70 percent , with almost 30 percent of students dropping out after the 10th grade . The monitoring and evaluation processes established under ERfKE I are now beginning to relate this performance to a range of different education and non education variables to determine what mix of inputs and processes has yielded the greatest improvements in terms of quality learning outcomes . Quality remains a significant challenge for Jordan , but some mechanisms have been put in place to permit more systematic and rigorous evaluation of which investments are most likely to yield impact on learning outcomes . 22", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 150, "text": "national assessments of learning achievement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for disputed assets in < br > interest bearing escrow accounts pending the < br > resolution of a dispute . The RAP implementation < br > team and the local administration through the < br > office of the Chief shall work towards settling < br > disputes during RAP implementation . The PAPs < br > are advised to strive to resolve land disputes using < br > local / existing dispute resolution mechanism < br > before the census and asset inventory exercise . < br > Further , the RAP has provisions for dispute < br > resolution through the Grievance Redress and < br > Resettlement Committee ( GRRC ) to resolve < br > grievances . | | 11 . | Rate < br > of < br > Compensation for < br > graves and Shrines | The current amount < br > for < br > graves < br > and < br > shrines is set at 50k , < br > could this amount < br > be < br > increased < br > to < br > 150k ? | The Ksh 50 , 000 compensation per grave is a < br > standard rate set and used by NLC and its only < br > them who have the mandate to change this figure . < br > As for the shrines , different amounts are paid to < br > individual shrine owners or those owned by the < br > community , subject to justification of the claims < br > made by the shrine owners and confirmation by the < br > project . | xvii", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Mogstad , M . ( 2016 ) . Field of Study , Earnings , and Self-Selection . _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 131 ( 3 ) : 1057 – 1111 . - Kline , P . and Walters , C . R . ( 2016 ) . Evaluating Public Programs with Close Substitutes : The Case of Head Start . _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 131 ( 4 ) : 1795 – 1848 . - Leigh , D . E . and Gill , A . M . ( 2003 ) . Do community colleges really divert students from earning bachelor ’ s degrees ? _Economics of Education Review_ , 22 ( 1 ) : 23 – 30 . - Levesque , E . M . ( 2018 ) . Improving community college completion rates by addressing structural and motivational barriers . _The Brookings Institution_ . - Marcotte , D . E . ( 2019 ) . The Returns to Education at Community Colleges : New Evidence from the Education Longitudinal Survey . _Education Finance and Policy_ , 14 ( 4 ) : 523 – 547 . 22", "spans": [{"start": 779, "end": 808, "text": "Education Longitudinal Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 5 * * | * * 15 * * | 12 | * * 68 * * | * * 9 . 5 * * | | Sanitarian | * * - * * | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 0 . 1 | | HealthExtensionWorkers | * * 69 * * | * * 38 * * | * * 63 * * | 40 | 40 | * * 250 * * | 349 | | X-raytechnicians | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 0 . 1 * * | | Total | * * 191 * * | * * 109 * * | * * 150 * * | 145 | 122 | * * 717 * * | * * 100 * * | | Percent | * * 26 . 6 * * | * * 15 . 2 * * | * * 20 . 9 * * | 20 . 2 | * * 17 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Respective Subproject woredas health offices , December_ * * _2023 . _ * * In terms of health personnel educational qualification , health extension workers who basically stationed in health post was higher than other professionals * * by * * raking in to account ( 34 . 9 % ) of all health professionlas found in all Subproject impact woredas , followed * * by * * nurses * * ( 33 . 2 % ) . * * Based on this official health data the number of sanitarian and X-ray technician working in the heath facilities found in all Subproject impact woredas was very small while one Sanitarian was reported to work in Deksis woreda , whereas one X-ray technician was found in Hetosa woreda . c ) Top * * Ten", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 962, "text": "official health data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 6 International Remittances * * | | * * Percentage * * | | - - - | - - - | | Transferred money to someone living in an - < br > other country or in a U . S . territory within past < br > year | 20 . 0 | | * * Most frequent means used to transfer funds * * | | | Wire thefunds | 44 . 8 | | Mailamoney order | 23 . 8 | | Carry the cashpersonally | 4 . 5 | | Bank-to-banktransfer | 4 . 4 | | Maila check | 3 . 7 | | Use a courier | 2 . 9 | | Other | 4 . 6 | The households in the OCC survey reported using a variety of forms of consumer credit . As shown in Table 7 , 56 percent of individuals with bank accounts had a major credit card but only 8 percent of those without banks accounts did . When banked individuals looked for a loan , the largest percentage reported applying to a bank . In the case of the unbanked , the largest percentage turned to a family member . In terms of their use of nonbank forms of credit , 16 percent of the banked reported that they had obtained a credit card cash advance at some time in the previous 3 years , 10 percent had used a layaway plan to purchase a consumer good , and 5 percent had obtained a loan against their expected tax refund . In the case of the unbanked , 10 percent reported that they had used a layaway plan and 4 percent had obtained a tax refund loan . It is likely that the unbanked make much less use of bank loans and credit cards because they would not be able to pass traditional risk screening procedures . Interestingly , when the OCC survey asked if the respondents could borrow $ 500 for 3 months if the need arose , 68 percent of the banked were confident that they could do so as were 51 percent of the unbanked . This suggests that about a third of the banked and half of the unbanked in the survey are", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 499, "text": "OCC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Flood Management Project ( P176327 ) the country will also be prepared in time for project implementation , so that they can commence in the first year . _Component 2_ 66 . * * Although Ethiopia is still at a nascent stage of flood risk management , a risk - and evidencebased flood risk reduction investment planning was undertaken . * * The Priority Basins and Strategic Study Basins were selected based on historical evidence and available data on damages and losses from floods as well as the transboundary nature and other candidate sub-projects , and agreed with the GoE during project preparation . A probabilistic flood risk assessment was conducted with the support of a Bankexecuted technical assistance to identify key flood risk hotspots within these basins and align the subprojects to be selected and financed under this project with those hotspots . The probabilistic flood risk assessment utilized the latest available data on flood hazard and exposure and considered future population growth , future urban expansion , and climate change , to properly reflect the key drivers of risks in Ethiopia in the assessment . 67 . * * Extensive discussions were held with key ministries and agencies to determine a pipeline of potential basin-level sub-projects and critical technical assistance support on flood risk management . * * The GoE provided all available flood risk management scheme documents ( for example , basin plans , scheme concepts , feasibility studies , outline designs , and so on ) in the Priority Basins to develop a pipeline longlist . These potential schemes were reviewed , assessed , and screened for their feasibility and the readiness of funding under the project . Documentation gaps , and technical / environment and social aspects for further investigation were assessed and identified as activities to be funded under the project . In addition , a thorough review of the hydrological models in the existing feasibility studies of the flood risk reduction investments was conducted . Experience and status of the operations of relevant dams were also reviewed to understand the flood protection implications in the basins .", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 1000, "text": "data on flood hazard and exposure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 Conclusion * * How do regional trade agreements affect non-members ’ exports ? The conventional view is that RTAs , by lowering tariffs between members , increase trade policy discrimination faced by firms in third countries , leading to trade diversion . However , modern RTAs often go beyond traditional trade policy and can increase the similarity of export markets , possibly reducing entry costs and leading to higher exports . This paper builds on the recent literature on extended gravity and uses detailed firm-level data on exports from Costa Rica and information on the content of RTAs to shed new light on this question . We find that RTAs increase the probability of export and entry of non-member firms that previously exported to one of the member countries . The positive spillover effects are larger for deeper trade agreements and especially those that include nondiscriminatory ( MFN ) provisions and provisions on regulatory issues ( i . e . SPS / TBT measures ) . Moreover , the positive effects of deep RTAs are largely driven by products that are sensitive to regulations , suggesting that firms that already export to one of the members benefit from prior adaptation to the regulatory regime and face reduced entry costs to new destinations . These findings have important policy implications . While multilateral trade negotiations have been stalled in recent years , RTAs made much progress . This paper has an upbeat message , as its results indicate that the trade benefits of deep trade agreements could be substantially larger than what previous research indicates . Besides the direct effects through trade creation between members , this paper identifies a new source of positive externality for deep RTAs that facilitates exports and entry for firms in nonmember countries . It also points to the importance of properly designing the content of new trade agreements . The identified spillover effect is driven by provisions in deep trade agreements , such as SPS and TBT measures , that promote regulatory convergence . An important question left for future research is how to carefully craft these rules in RTAs to maximize the positive spillover effects on non-members . 21", "spans": [{"start": 522, "end": 564, "text": "firm-level data on exports from Costa Rica", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Based on the final synthetic dataset , we overlay monetary with energy poverty indicators and investigate energy poverty rates by income quintiles . * * These types of analyses are not possible without data fusion methods , given that reliable and detailed expenditure and income data are only generated separately in Bulgaria , like in most countries in the EU . By employing statistical matching techniques , we can generate valuable information on who the energy poor are . We find that more than one-third of the energy-poor individuals ( using the low-income high-cost measure ) are not considered at risk of poverty . As a result , efforts directed at offering financial assistance to individuals in poverty might not adequately reach this particular subgroup . Importantly , these findings vary significantly by the underlying definition of energy poverty . * * This paper makes an important contribution to the increasing body of literature exploring statistical * * * * matching techniques . * * Researchers and Statistical Offices have become increasingly interested in alternatives to record linkage to combine different data sources , and the number of papers in this area is growing . To the best of our knowledge , we are the first ones exploring the potential of statistical matching techniques in Bulgaria . We are also the first to apply data fusion methods to the area of energy poverty . Lastly , we make a methodological contribution by exploring several different imputation models and comparing their performance to each other . # * * Future research can take advantage of the generated dataset to study energy poverty in Bulgaria in * * * * more detail . * * Our generated dataset allows us to describe the energy poor in more detail . Based on the new dataset , it is possible to analyze if the energy poor have access to social protection programs , for example , or what could drive their energy poverty status . In addition , having energy expenditure information in the EU-SILC allows for microsimulations that study energy price increases or potential mitigation measures . * * To improve the possibilities for statistical matching between EU-SILC and HBS , policymakers could push for greater harmonization between both surveys and include expenditure-based questions in", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 40, "text": "final synthetic dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 261, "end": 288, "text": "expenditure and income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1603, "end": 1656, "text": "generated dataset to study energy poverty in Bulgaria", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1776, "end": 1787, "text": "new dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1964, "end": 1994, "text": "energy expenditure information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2002, "end": 2009, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ “ Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical , mental , intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others ” _ The Washington Group on Disability Statistics < sup > 6 < / sup > has developed a short question set to identify persons with disabilities , which reflects this conceptual model of disability . The question set was developed to support collection of internationally comparable disability data , and has been piloted globally . It is recommended that disability data collection processes are based on this question set , which is : - Do you have difficulty seeing , even if wearing glasses ? - Do you have difficulty hearing , even if using a hearing aid ? - Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps ? - Do you have difficulty remembering or concentrating ? - Do you have difficulty ( with self - care such as ) washing all over or dressing ? - Using your usual ( customary ) language , do you have difficulty communicating , for example understanding or being understood ? # # * * 3 . 2 . ACCESS TO WORK * * Financial pressure was the main concern raised by refugees and IDPs with disabilities and their families , alongside the related issue of accommodation . People spoke often about additional expenses faced by households where there is a person with a disability , including for medicines and private transport . A large majority of refugees and IDPs involved in consultations expressed a strong desire to work , including those with disabilities . Barriers to accessing work were identified as related both to disability and IDP / refugee status , including a lack of transport to access work in cities and negative attitudes about persons with disabilities and about IDPs / refugees . Refugees and IDPs with disabilities also spoke about the need for better access to small business grants and advice / training on entrepreneurship . < u > Recommendations < / u > Refugees and IDPs with disabilities identified access to information about job opportunities and advice on", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 0 % ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No < br > No | No | Yes | | Date | - - < br > 30-Jan-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Information regarding payments of schools have not b < br > information started between the Budget Department a < br > the budget process . An analytical repository has been < br > regarding service facilities , projects , and program perf < br > budget and the 2017 / 18 actuals data . | een obtained . Consultations < br > nd Sector Ministries , but prog < br > developed to incorporate dat < br > ormance . BOOST has been | regarding collecting this < br > ress has been delayed by < br > a and information < br > updated with the 2018 / 19 | 11 / 5 / 2020 Page 18 of 20", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 522, "text": "2017 / 18 actuals data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ibility * * | * * Schedule * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sho < br > dis < br > “ ch < br > this | uld a heritage site or archaeological site be uncovered or < br > covered during the construction phase of the project , the < br > ance finds ” procedure should be applied . The details of < br > procedure are highlighted below : | PIUs | Where < br > necessary | |  | If operating machinery or equipment : stop work . | Person < br > identifying | | |  < br >  < br >  | Identify the site with flag tape . < br > Determine GPS position if possible . < br > Report findings to foreman | archaeological < br > or < br > heritage material | | |  < br >  | Report findings , site location and actions taken to PIUS . < br > Cease any works in immediate vicinity . | Foreman | | |  | Visit site and determine whether work can proceed < br > without damage to findings . | PIUs | | |  < br >  | Determine and mark exclusion boundary . < br > Site location and details to be added to project GIS for < br > field confirmation by archaeologist | | | |  | Inspect site and confirm addition to project GIS . | Archaeologist | | 94", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1009, "text": "project GIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Core Results_ Table 2 reports regressions of changes in the $ 1 . 25 / day and $ 2 / day poverty headcounts against percentage changes in food prices using OLS and the IV GMM . For both regressors the standard errors are clustered at the country level , and , though not reported , both models include time dummies to control for generic international economic trends . The most striking feature of regressions 1 through 4 in table 2 is that all the coefficients are negative and significant at the 5 % level or higher , implying that increases in real food prices tend to reduce poverty rates at both the $ 1 . 25 / day and $ 2 / day poverty lines . The magnitude of the estimated coefficients is similar across the two poverty lines but very different across estimators . Specifically , the IV GMM estimates are several times larger than the robust regression estimates , suggesting that the OLS estimates might be biased upwards , perhaps because increases in domestic food prices are often driven by negative domestic shocks such as droughts or broader economic crises . < sup > 8 < / sup > Even so , the IV GMM point estimates also need to be interpreted cautiously . While the exclusion assumption is supported by the hypothesis tests in the bottom of table 2 , the KleibergenPaap rk Wald F statistic suggests that our instrument ( international food prices ) is relatively weak , which is to be expected since international price transmission into domestic markets is quite variable and since the basket of nine international prices is not always relevant to domestic consumption and production patterns . < sup > 9 < / sup > Consistent with a weak instrument problem , the standard errors on the IV GMM coefficient estimates are relatively large . This suggests we should be cautious in attaching too much importance to an economic interpretation of the magnitudes of these coefficients . Bearing that caveat in mind , the six percent food price increase in the median country from 2005 to 2008 would predict a 1 . 76 percentage point decline in $ 1 . 25 poverty in the average country based on the least squares regression result and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "external training practices for current employees . Employers also provided information on the main sources of skills supply from education and training institutions . Together , these variables provide detailed insights into skills demand and supply from the perspective of employers and rich data to investigate the relationships between skills , skill deficits , strategies to mitigate them , and their productivity outcomes . In common with other Enterprise Surveys , TESS elicited the following variables to characterize firms : - Indicator variables for eight sectors , five regions and three firm sizes - Firm attributes that research has suggested are related to ( often unobserved ) productivity attributes , including foreign ownership , female-owned firms , years in operation , and the educational attainment of the firm ’ s top manager - Domestic sales and sales to international markets , whether as a direct or indirect exporter - Engagement in innovative activities such as introduction of new products or services , quality control , R & D expenditure , and technology licensing - Key variables needed to estimate firm performance using a simple production function model . Besides total sales and employment in the last fiscal year , data was elicited on the value of intermediate inputs and fixed assets , separately for machinery and equipment and buildings . Skills encompass the broad set of cognitive , non-cognitive ( social and behavioral ) and technical competencies needed to perform effectively . Skills are acquired from education and training institutions , both before entering the labor market and while employed , in company-sponsored inservice programs . The TESS elicited information on the following skill dimensions : - Education attainment of the workforce by four levels of schooling : primary , lower secondary , upper secondary and tertiary education , and their distribution in the workforce . - The share of the workforce with formal pre-employment TVET qualifications as a separate category . - Skill composition by seven occupational categories : managers , professionals , technicians and associate professionals , clerical jobs , sales , production operators , and other unskilled production or service workers . Each occupational category distinguished between Tanzanian and expatriate employees . - Qualitative indicators of the adequacy of different workforce competencies ( as judged by employers ) , including a", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 469, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kakuma complex . However , during the MEI survey , no respondents listed a solar cooker as their primary or secondary stove . See ENERGYCoP ( 2017 ) , ‘ Solar Cooker Distribution ’ webpage , http : / / energycop . safefuelandenergy . org / web / energycop / projects / - / project / 48859 ? _it_polimi_metid_energycop_projtech_web_portlet_ProjectPortlet_ redirect = % 2Fweb % 2Fenergycop % 2Fprojects % 3Fzx % 3Dxvi6rmxqngnj ( accessed 15 Oct . 2018 ) . > 15 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit . > 16 GIZ Partnership Programme ( 2011 ) , _Piloting of ethanol stove in Kakuma refugee camp : Project report ( August – November 2011 ) _ . > 17 For more details , see Samsung Newsroom ( 2018 ) , ‘ Why Samsung Electronics Is Delivering Eco-Friendly Stoves to Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya ’ , 1 February 2018 , https : / / news . samsung . com / global / why-samsung-electronics-is-delivering-eco-friendly-stoves-to-kakuma-refugee-campin-kenya ( accessed 9 Jan . 2019 ) . > 18 Vianello ( 2016 ) , _A Review of Cooking Systems for Humanitarian Settings . _ > 19 The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) has promoted the uptake of sustainable charcoal in Kakuma . For more details , see FAO ( 2016 ) , _Building Economic Ties between Refugees and Kenyan Host Communities , _ http : / / www . fao . org / 3 / a-bt455e . pdf ( accessed 15 Oct . 2018 ) . > 20 Sanivation ( 2013 ) , ‘ Kakuma Refugee Camp Project ’ , 11 June 2013 , http : / / san", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 48, "text": "MEI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Davis , Lucas W . and Paul J . Gertler ( 2015 ) . “ Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming ” . _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ 112 , 5962 – 5967 . - De Haas , Ralph et al . ( 2021 ) . _Managerial and Financial Barriers to the Net-Zero Transition_ . SSRN Scholarly Paper . Rochester , NY . - Dechezlepr être , Antoine et al . ( 2011 ) . “ Invention and Transfer of Climate ChangeâMitigation Technologies : A Global Analysis ” . _Review of Environmental Economics and Policy_ 5 . Publisher : The University of Chicago Press , 109 – 130 . - Dechezleprêtre , Antoine , Matthieu Glachant , and Yann Ménière ( 2008 ) . “ The Clean Development Mechanism and the international diffusion of technologies : An empirical study ” . _Energy Policy_ 36 , 1273 – 1283 . - ( 2013 ) . “ What Drives the International Transfer of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies ? Empirical Evidence from Patent Data ” . _Environmental and Resource Economics_ 54 , 161 – 178 . - Dessaint , Olivier and Adrien Matray ( 2017 ) . “ Do managers overreact to salient risks ? Evidence from hurricane strikes ” . _Journal of Financial Economics_ 126 , 97 – 121 . - Dillender , Marcus ( 2021 ) . “ Climate Change and Occupational Health : Are There Limits to Our Ability to Adapt ? ” _Journal of Human Resources_ 56 . Publisher : University of Wisconsin Press Section : Articles , 184 – 224 . - Downey , Mitch , Nelson Lind , and Jeffrey G . Shrader ( 2023 ) . “ Adjusting to Rain Before It Falls ” . _Management Science_ . - Duflo , Esther et al . ( 2013 ) . “ Truth-telling by Third-party Auditors and the Response of Polluting Firms : Experimental Evidence from India * ” . _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 128 , 1499 – 1545 . - Dunne , John P . , Ronald J . Stouffer , and Jasmin G . John ( 2013 ) . “ Reductions in labour capacity from heat stress under climate warming ” . _Nature Climate Change_ 3 , 563 – 566", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Proximity without Productivity : * * # * * Agglomeration Effects with Plant-Level Output and Price Data * * Arti Grover and William F . Maloney < sup > 1 < / sup > # # * * JEL Classification : 018 , 040 , D24 , E24 * * * * Key words : agglomeration , productivity , cities structural transformation . * * > 1 World Bank . We thank Alvaro Garcia , Marcela Eslava , Kaleb Girma Abreha and Massimiliano Cali for graciously allowing access to micro datasets in Chile , Colombia , Ethiopia and Indonesia by running our Stata codes , with excellent research assistance from Nicolas Urdaneta Andrade ( Colombia ) and Bayu Agnimaruto ( Indonesia ) . We are also grateful to Angelos Theodorakopoulos for his work in the early phases of this project , including his contributions to the Stata codes and for sharing his insights on productivity estimations . Our research benefited greatly from thoughtful and constructive comments by Gilles Duranton , Somik Lall and Tony Venables .", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 459, "text": "micro datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strategies < br > 20 % < br > Stress coping strategies < br > 0 % Crisis coping strategies < br > emergencies coping strategies < br > Coping Strategies Categories < br > Beirut inside camp Beirut Outside camp Bekaa inside camp Bekaa outside camp Saida inside camp Saida outside camp Tyre inside camp Tyre outside camp Total < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : UNWRA ‟ s survey of registered PRS ( October 2013 ) > 18 * * Stress coping strategies : * * these mark the first stage of food insecurity where changes in the diet and frequency of daily meals consumed are observed . Spending savings , selling goods , and buying food on credit or debs are observed . > 19 * * Crisis coping strategies : * * these mark a state of moderate food insecurity and see the sales of productive assets . With the sale of all assets , current survival is ensured , but the future security of the livelihoods system of the household is at risk . > 20 * * Emergency strategies : * * these mark severe food insecurity and represents destitution . School children are often involved in income generating activities ; begging , and taking on high risk jobs are also observed . 38", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 411, "text": "survey of registered PRS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "likely to move from micro to small size * * . Estimates from various surveys suggest that 80 – 94 percent of all women-owned firms in Uganda > 5 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and the Office of the Prime Minister ( OPM ) . 2022 . Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Poral . > 6 Host community numbers are UNHCR and OPM figures based on projected UBOS 2020 census data for women aged 20-59 . > 7 World Bank . 2019 Informing the Refugee Policy Response in Uganda : Results from the Uganda Refugee and Host Communities 2018 Household Survey ( English ) . Washington , DC : World Bank . > 8 < mark > World Bank . 2021 . Monitoring Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Refugees in Uganda : Results from the High-Frequency Phone - Third Round . World Bank , Washington , DC . World Bank . < / mark > > 9 < mark > High-Frequency Phone Survey - Third Round . 2021 . < / mark > > 10 < mark > Understood as firms in which at least 51 percent of shares are owned by women . < / mark > > 11 < mark > 2021 . Rapid Profiling of the Socioeconomic Dimensions of Female Entrepreneurs in Uganda . GROW Preparation < / mark > , October 2021 . > 12 < mark > Financial inclusion and the growth of small medium enterprises in Uganda : empirical evidence from selected districts in Lango subregion . < / mark > _ < mark > J < / mark > _ < mark > Innov Entrep 10 , 23 ( 2021 ) . < / mark > Page 8 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 394, "text": "UBOS 2020 census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 507, "end": 564, "text": "Uganda Refugee and Host Communities 2018 Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 840, "end": 881, "text": "High-Frequency Phone Survey - Third Round", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from where Adrift enter the river , < sup > inordertogive < / sup > their clients more practice and familiarity on the raft and in the water < sup > beforethey < / sup > decide to proceed to the rapids . Like Adrift , they also offer a range < sup > of rafting options , < / sup > I day , 2 days , family trips etc . but once again it is the I day option < sup > whichaccounts < / sup > for the large majority of rafting trips . One-day rafting trips cost USD < sup > 95perperson , < / sup > the same as Adrift , although historically , NRE prices were lower than < sup > Adrift prices . < / sup > Estimates of the number of rafters handled during 2005 suggest < sup > a < / sup > figure < sup > of around < / sup > 5 , 000 , which would make NRE the leading rafting company with Adrift < sup > in second < / sup > place . NRE provided comprehensive statistics on customer numbers and expenditure < sup > forits < / sup > operations in 1999 , 2000 and 2006 but was unable to do so for its < sup > first2 yearsof < / sup > R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 850, "end": 896, "text": "statistics on customer numbers and expenditure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "auditor acceptable to the Bank . 12 . * * Audit : * * The team will continue its diligent attention to the timing of audit report preparations to ensure that the audit reports are prepared and submitted on schedule . External auditors are expected to identify any internal control deficiencies and accounting issues . The audit reports , audited financial statements and management letter will be delivered to the Bank within six months of the end of each fiscal year . 13 . * * Monitoring and evaluation * * : The M & E system will be based on the agreed Results Framework ( Annex 1 ) . The PCU will be the unit responsible for furnishing the required quarterly implementation progress status report as validated by the Steering Committee convened by the MEM for forwarding to the Ministry of Finance and the Bank . Finally , DGE will be responsible to undertake in a participatory way the process to elaborate an M & E manual that will guide the overall M & E activities . Project-specific data will be collected by SONABEL , FDE and DGE for the activities associated with each component . It is expected that the project will build the capacities of staff within DGE , FDE and SONABEL so that they can adequately lead M & E activities . * * Figure 5 . 1 : Implementation Support Plan * * | * * _Time_ * * | * * _Focus_ * * | * * _Skills Needed_ * * | * * _Resource_ * * < br > * * _Estimate_ * * | * * _Partner Role_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | First < br > twelve < br > months | Technical < br > review , < br > FM / Procurement < br > system | Technical and < br > FM / Procurement < br > expertise | $ 150 , 000 | Close coordination of < br > implementation activities", "spans": [{"start": 975, "end": 996, "text": "Project-specific data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Introduction Participatory governance mechanisms have been widely promoted to empower ordinary citizens , promote government transparency , and improve public service delivery in developing countries ( Speer 2012 ; World Bank 2017 ) . The use of information and communications technologies ( ICT ) , social media , and digital platforms have greatly enhanced the earlier patterns of public participation , creating a massive empirical ground for exploring the benefits of engaging citizens in the coproduction of local information and services . Enhanced by ICT infrastructure , cities are becoming increasingly “ smart , ” and local governments are working on involving citizens in shaping their urban environment , resolving urban problems , and monitoring policy implementation . These processes are underway in developed and developing countries ( Caragliu , Del Bo , and Nijkamp 2011 ; World Bank 2016 ) . The participatory mechanisms of governance enhanced by ICT and digital platforms have also blurred the boundaries between different political systems . Their use and extensions beyond classical Western democracies have attracted growing academic attention ( Chen , Pan , and Xu 2016 ; Distelhorst and Hou 2017 ; He and Warren 2011 ; Toepfl 2018 ; Truex 2017 ) . This study explores the political effects of ICT-powered digital public engagement in the context of local politics in the Russian Federation . Specifically , we examine the political effects of ordinary Russians engaging with state officials through the digital platforms designed to draw citizens into local governance in Russia ’ s capital city and the largest urban center , Moscow . We look at the interrelationship between the usage of online platforms that allow Moscovites to complain about the quality of local roads by reporting the potholes in Moscow and the support for the incumbent in mayoral elections in Moscow . We leverage the geocoded data from these platforms as an indicator of digital public engagement with the local government in the process of co-production and analyze the effects of this engagement on voting using a panel of precinct-level voting data for 2013 and 2018 . Our findings suggest that local digital participation on the issue of local roads is associated with ‘ political dividends ’ to the incumbent . Engagement with the city government through digital technologies ( measured in", "spans": [{"start": 1920, "end": 1954, "text": "geocoded data from these platforms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2128, "end": 2154, "text": "precinct-level voting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . 10 The multi-dimensional poverty proxy used for illustrative purposes in this study is based on a weighting of five variables demonstrated to have a strong correlation with poverty , namely : overcrowding ; inappropriate housing ; unsanitary conditions ; presence of infants ; and head of household education ( Table 7 ) . This proxy is used to estimate per capita household income and hence to predict whether a particular household is above or below the poverty ( or extreme poverty ) line . 5 . 11 The results of using this device indicate that errors of exclusion for the poverty proxy weighting all five indicators are substantially lower than the errors of exclusion associated with any one of the five indicators individually . Nevertheless , the poverty proxy performs substantially better at predicting poverty that at predicting extreme poverty , illustrating that this smaller second group is much more difficult to identify . * * Table 8 : Targeting * * * * < u > performance of the multi-dimensional poverty proxy < / u > * * | % | Overcrowding | < sup > Inappropriate < / sup > < br > housing | Unsanitary < br > conditions | Presence < br > infants | of < br > Head < br > household < br > education | of < br > < br > Multi - < br > dimensional < br > proxy | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Poverty * * | | | | | | | | Error of inclusion | 19 . 6 | 27 . 1 | 10 . 5 | 32 . 7 | 39 . 8 | 39 . 7 | | Error of exclusion | 90 . 7 | 96 . 1 | 91 . 1 | 67 . 2 | 85 . 1 | 36 . 3 | | * * Extreme poverty * * | | | | | | | | Error of inclusion | 42 . 2 | 77 . 0 | 42 . 1 | 73 . 3 | 65 . 7 | 36 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Annex 1 Explanatory variables_ * * * * < u > Table A1 . Explanatory variables used in the analysis – definitions and data sources < / u > * * | * * _Name_ * * | < br > * * _Abbreviation_ * * | < br > * * _Source_ * * < sup > c < / sup > | < br > * * _Description_ * * | * * _Scale_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Employment protection < br > legislation strictness | _EPL_2_ | OECD and Muravyev < br > ( 2010 ) . | Employment protection legislation index , < br > version 2 . | 0 to 6 , higher = < br > more rigid | | Government < br > Effectiveness < sup > b < / sup > | _GOV_EFFECT_ | World Governance < br > Indicators ( Kaufmann < br > et al . 2010 ; World Bank < br > 2010 ) | Captures perceptions of the quality of < br > public services , the quality of the civil < br > service and the degree of its independence < br > from political pressures , the quality of < br > policy formulation and implementation , < br > and the credibility of the government ' s < br > commitment to suchpolicies . | ‐ 2 . 5 to 2 . 5 , < br > higher = more < br > efficient | | Rule of Law < sup > b < / sup > | _RULE_LAW_ | World Governance < br > Indicators ( Kaufmann < br > et al . 2010 ; World Bank < br > 2010 ) | Captures perceptions of the extent to which < br > agents have confidence in and abide by the < br > rules of society , and in particular the quality < br > of contract enforcement , property rights , < br > the police , and the courts , as well as the < br > likelihood of crime and violence . | ‐ 2 . 5 to 2 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT COUNTY # # # # # * * 10 . 7 ARAP Implementation Schedule * * The implementation schedule for this ARAP covers the period from the preparation of the ARAP to the conclusion of the envisaged tenure regulation activities in the settlement . The ARAP Implementation Schedule defines the duration and timing of the key milestones and tasks and also indicates who is responsible for implementing the task provided . responsible for implementing the task provided . As part of ARAP implementation , disclosure of RAP will be a critical task , disclosure will be achieved through meetings will be organized at settlement level coordinated by the KISIP RIC , in the disclosure meeting , a summary of the main findings and recommendations , entitlements , and PAP register will be presented to the community . The disclosure will include the 10 PAPs from flood plain who will be relocating to ensure social harmony , needles to mention that the second RAP disclosure will in addition involve the host community . It is also recommended that titling process should be conducted concurrently so that all the beneficiaries get the titles at the same time . The process of disclosure will include more stakeholder involvement that includes the County Government of Mombasa and the National Land Commission among other relevant stakeholders . In addition , the ARAP will be made available on the Ministry of Transport , Infrastructure , Housing and Urban Development website and the World Bank ’ s Info shop . Copies of the report will also be made available to the SEC , Grievance Committees , and the County offices . This ARAP will also be translated appropriately to ensure all PAPs are aware of the ARAP implementation process . The process of ARAP implementation will also involve other tasks as summarized below ; i . Audit of PAP register and compensation package due to each PAP . ii . Resolution of emerging grievances . iii . Notification and sensitization of PAPs prior to the", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 877, "text": "PAP register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The progress report on ESRM will also cover status update of GM on the following : - Status of GRM implementation ( procedures , training , public awareness campaigns , budgeting etc . ) ; - Qualitative data on number of received grievances ( applications , suggestions , complaints , requests , positive feedback ) , highlighting those grievances related to the WB ESS 2 and 5 and number of resolved grievances ; - Quantitative data on the type of grievances and responses , issues provided and grievances that remain unresolved ; - Level of satisfaction by the measures ( response ) taken ; - Any correction measures taken . # # # # 7 . 4 Special Procedures to Address Issues Related to GBV Given the nature of the activities to be taken up under the CERP , a separate GM to address issues / incidents related to sexual exploitation and other forms of gender-based violence may not be necessary . The GRC focal points will be given training , and project will identify service providers across the country before GM is made functional and will tie up with them for specific cases . The Woreda level Women and Children Affairs Office head will be the focal person on issues related with sexual exploitation and other forms of gender-based violence . The following are the working procedures of the Woreda Women and Children Affairs Office to handle GBV in the project area . - The respective Woreda Women and Children Affairs Office should get the capacity building / Training on key principles of GBV / SEA / SH case management including confidentiality , non-judgmental , best interest of the survivor , services and referrals to the GRC focal ponts , - Establish a proper channel to receive reports or project-related risks of sexual harassment and GBV , i . e . , the risk factors that exacerbate or expose people to GBV ; - Conduct awareness raising campaign regarding the risks of GBV to both men and women in the project area ( to the extent possible ) ; and key principles of GBV / SEA case management", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 207, "text": "Qualitative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 416, "end": 433, "text": "Quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | - | 7 | | * * Total * * | * * 5 * * | * * 28 * * | * * 47 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 78 * * | _Source : Property Survey conducted by the ESIA Consultant ( November 2023 ) _ Expropriation of privately owned houses and other structures is very likely to take place , and the effects of this impact are anticipated to be _High_ . Therefore , the overall risk is considered to be _High . _ However , implementation of the proposed mitigation measure will reduce the risk rating to _Low_ , which is a social impact with limited consequences and less likely to occur . # # # # # # * * Necessary Mitigation Measures * * As a linear project , impact of the TL subproject on privately owned houses and land would be confined to the TL corridor and hence it is expected that the subproject affected households ( PAH ) whose shelter is affected would be left with residential land that is adequate to relocate their houses . Therefore , the following set of mitigation measures shall be applied to adequately compensate and properly rehabilitate the affected households : - Undertake detailed inventory of affected properties and census enumeration of PAPs for entitlements ; - Assessment of cash compensation for properties carried out in a wholly transparent manner by involving representatives of PAHs in Compensation Committees resulting in payments which truly reflect current rebuilding costs ; - All affected persons shall be freely allowed to salvage building materials , trees and other assets on affected land as additional compensation for displacement ; - All of these activities will have to be carefully planned and completed well in advance of actual construction to allow enough time for appropriate relocation of PAHs . So as to allow time for PAHs to orderly relocate and construct their new shelter ; - In case of any businesses ( mills and shops ) , the compensation payments shall be adjusted to take into account any anticipated loss of", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 130, "text": "Property Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and electric power prices in developing countries : An empirical analysis using international panel data . _Energy Economics_ , _31_ ( 3 ) , 463 – 472 . Peñasco , C . , Anadón , L . D . , & Verdolini , E . ( 2021 ) . Systematic review of the outcomes and trade-offs of ten types of decarbonization policy instruments . In _Nature Climate_ _Change_ ( Vol . 11 , Issue 3 , pp . 257 – 265 ) . Nature Research . 39", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank | * * 267 , 699 . 57 * * | | * * Total * * | * * 499 , 834 . 57 * * | The grant closure amount due to the World Bank amounting to < sup > * * USD267 , 699 . 57 * * wasrefundedbacktothe < / sup > grant on 24 May * * 2019 . * * After the refund , below is the final extract < sup > fromthe ' ClientConnection ' systemon < / sup > < sup > * * 6 * * < / sup > June * * 2019 . * * | * * 1 * * | Goods | * * 137 , 648 . 00 * * | * * 137 , 627 . 65 * * | * * 20 . 35 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 | ConsultantServices | * * 379 , 547 . 00 * * | 243 , 054 . 01 | * * 136 , 492 . 99 * * | | * * 3 * * | ManagementandCoordinationFees | * * 1 , 118 , 158 . 00 * * | * * 1 , 032 , 627 . 18 * * | * * 85 , 530 . 82 * * | | 4 | TrainingandWorkshops ( Inc . media ) | * * 251 , 621 . 00 * * | * * 173 , 024 . 90 * * | * * 78 , 596 . 10 * * | | * * 5 * * | GrantsforSub-projects | * * 1 , 058 , 983 . 00 * * | * * 939 , 649 . 07 * * | * * 119 , 333 . 93 * * | | * * DA-A * * | DesignatedAccount | * * 0 . 00 * * | 24 . 57 | - 24 . 57 | | | *", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 311, "text": "ClientConnection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Liu , Jing , Nico van Leeuwen , Tri Thanh Vo , Rod Tyers , and Thomas Hertel . 1998a . “ Disaggregating Labor Payments by Skill Level in GTAP , ” GTAP Technical Paper No . 11 , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana . Liu , Jing , Nico van Leeuwen , Tri Thanh Vo , Rod Tyers , and Thomas Hertel . 1998b . Aziz Elbehri , and Truong P . Truong . _Global Trade , Assistance and Protection : The GTAP 4 Data Base_ , Center for Global Trade Analysis , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana . McCallum , J . ( 1995 ) . National borders matter : Canada-US regional trade patterns . The American Economic Review , 85 ( 3 ) , 615-623 . OECD ( 2013 ) , “ Interconnected Economies : Benefiting from Global Value Chains ” , OECD Publishing , Paris . DOI : http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1787 / 9789264189560-en OECD ( 2015 ) “ Participation of developing countries in global value chains – implications for trade and trade-related policies ” . OECD ( 2015a ) , “ Contribution of Trade Facilitation Measures to the Operation of Supply Chains ” , forthcoming OECD Trade Policy Paper , < u > http : / / www . oecd-ilibrary . org / trade / oecd-trade-policyworkingpapers_18166873 < / u > OECD ( 2015b ) , “ Developing countries participation in global value chains and its implications for trade and trade related policies ” , OECD Trade Policy Papers , No . 179 , OECD Publishing , Paris . DOI : http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1787 / 5js33lfw0xxn-en Tacchella , A . , Cristelli , M . , Caldarelli , G . , Gabrielli , A . , & Pietronero , L . ( 2012 ) . A new metrics for countries ' fitness and products ' complexity . Scientific reports , 2 , 723 . Timmer et al . ( 2012 ) , The World Input-Output Database ( WIOD ) : Contents , Sources and Methods , WIOD Background document available at < u > www . wiod . org . < / u > Timmer , Marcel", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international food price increases for virtually most of the MENA countries . Only Algeria and Tunisia have low pass-through coefficients . To get a sense of robustness of our estimates , we use Monte Carlo simulation ( 1 , 000 iterations ) and bootstrap standard errors for the 6 and 12-month food price pass-through coefficients , shown in Table 3 . For many countries , including Bahrain , Kuwait , Qatar , UAE , Iraq , Syria , Egypt , Jordan , Morocco , and WBG , the estimated 12-month pass-through elasticities are statistically significant at the 5 percent level . For other countries , the pass-through coefficients are not significant , possibly due to limited price transmission ( i . e . policy interventions in the cases of Algeria and Tunisia ) or relatively short time-series rendering the coefficients insignificant ( i . e . Lebanon , Djibouti and Yemen ) . We also tested the robustness of the results to the choice of the food price index . We used the FAO world food price index , which is an alternative to the World Bank ‟ s food price index . Both indices are similar , but the FAO index shows higher peaks in 2011 . The main effect of using the FAO index is to increase the standard errors of the coefficients , while preserving the pass-through coefficients . Using disaggregated world price index data for cereal , from the FAO and World Bank , produces lower pass-through coefficients than those obtained from aggregated indices . This result is consistent with a lower share of cereal than total food consumption in household expenditures . The market exchange rates vis-à-vis the euro work best because even in oilproducing MENA countries , a significant share of food imports is denominated in euro . The nominal effective exchange rate , which is a trade-weighted average of the nominal exchange rate , might not be a good proxy for import prices because it also contains export data . Nevertheless , the type of exchange rate choice does not impact significantly the size of the pass-through coefficients . As it is visible in Table 3 , a decline in international food prices does not transmit into domestic food markets and virtually in all MENA countries prices", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 997, "text": "FAO world food price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1290, "end": 1337, "text": "disaggregated world price index data for cereal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1902, "end": 1913, "text": "export data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "International Monetary Fund . Trade liberalization dates come from Wacziarg and Welch ( 2008 ) who extended and refined the database of Sachs and Warner ( 1995 ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > The data on Legal System and Property Rights used in Section 6 come from the Economic Freedom Database by Fraser Institute . The index captures the degree of protection of property rights in the countries for the year 1980 . The index varies from 0 to 10 , with the lower number corresponding to a lower level of investor protection . Gwartney , Lawson , and Norton ( 2008 ) provide more details . The alternative measures of legal environment used in Online Appendix E ( Efficiency of Judicial System , Rule of Law , Risk of Expropriation , Repudiation of Contracts by Government , and Investor Protection - an average of the three previous measures ) are based on La Porta et al . ( 1998 ) . The original sources of data for these alternative measures are from Business International Corporation and International Country Risk Guide ( see La Porta et al . 1998 for details ) . # * * 3 . 4 Preliminary evidence and descriptive statistics * * Figure 1 and Figure 2 show Kaplan-Meier survival functions capturing the probability of a new export spell to survive after year 1 , 2 , etc . Given the annual frequency of the data , the survival probability in the first year is one by default . Both figures focus on the average export survival rate for products that are in the 25th and 75th percentile of distance to comparative advantage , i . e . products that are close versus far away from the comparative advantage of the exporting country . Only countries that did liberalize during the period 1980-1997 are included . For these countries , Figure 1 reports the survival rate before and Figure 2 the survival rate after the event of stock market liberalization . The comparison of Figure 1 and Figure 2 reveals that the overall export performance of countries improves after they allow foreign investors to acquire equity stakes in domestic companies - both survival functions move upwards . However , this effect is not uniform across products", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 152, "text": "database of Sachs and Warner", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 262, "end": 287, "text": "Economic Freedom Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 987, "end": 1019, "text": "International Country Risk Guide", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", plusieurs mesures restent à renforcer ou à initier . # # * * < mark > RISQUE 3 < / mark > Violence basée sur le genre * * Entre octobre 2024 et mars 2025 , * * 9 307 incidents de VBG * * ont été rapportés malgré la réduction drastique de la couverture humanitaire . Malheureusement , le nombre d ’ acteurs actifs dans les régions de Gao , Tombouctou et Mopti est passé de 92 à seulement 27 acteurs , suite à la suspension des financements en début d ’ année 2025 . La majorité des 65 structures ayant cessé leurs activités étaient engagées dans la prise en charge , la prévention et surtout la documentation des cas via le GBVIMS . Cela signifie que les données disponibles sous-estiment considérablement l ’ ampleur réelle des violences , particulièrement dans les zones dans lesquelles l ’ accès humanitaire ainsi que la disponibilité des services spécialisés VBG sont compromis . Entre octobre et décembre 2024 , * * 8 136 incidents de violences basées sur le genre ( VBG ) * * ont été rapportés via le GBVIMS , contre * * 7 340 cas à la même période en 2023 * * , soit une augmentation de 11 % . Cette tendance à la hausse est également observée par rapport au 3ᵉ trimestre 2024 ( 7 000 cas ) , indiquant un maintien de l ’ intensité des violences en fin d ’ année 2024 . Cependant * * , le premier trimestre 2025 * * , marque une rupture brutale dans la capacité de documentation des incidents", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 631, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1008, "end": 1014, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Consulting with the interested parties ; - Investigating the grievance , including drawing on the census enumeration and property registration survey data , GPS locational data , and photographic evidence ; - Achieving resolution of received complaints and grievances , including agreementmaking ; - Reporting back to the complainant ; - Sign-off / closeout ; - Follow up and monitoring ; and - Reporting on the grievance system as part of the overall Subproject monitoring and reporting . Grievances during implementation of the RP / LRP will be categorized based on validity and risk level by EEP / ESAO and their Community Liaison Officer ( CLO ) . Where investigations are required , the subproject staff and outside authorities as appropriate , will assist with the process . The CLO will collaborate with EEP / ESAO / Contractor to review the issue raised and to decide whether it is subproject related or whether it is more appropriately addressed by a relevant authority outside the subproject . Any comments or concerns can be brought to the attention of the Subproject Office verbally or in writing or by filling in a grievance form . Amharic Version of the form is presented in Table 13 . 1 and _Oromiffa_ in Annex 8 . The grievance form will be available at all affected Woreda and Kebele Administration Offices , at EEP ’ s Head Office and subproject Offices . Page 173", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 309, "text": "census enumeration and property registration survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 312, "end": 331, "text": "GPS locational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > xpenditures . The th < br > lumns 4 – 6 restrict t < br > ditionally restrict t < br > 5 , respectively . M < br > nificance at 1 % , 5 % < br > mary school in peri < br > ol classrooms a r | emales in periodton < br > mates in Columns 2 – < br > ird column of results < br > o municipalities with < br > o municipalities that < br > unicipality-clustered < br > and 10 % . < br > odt − 5in each < br > ox for re-school | ‡ _Pre-school room_ reflects the contemporaneous number of municipal pre-school classrooms , a proxy for pre-school availability . Source : Authors ’ analysis based on school data from the 2002 wave of the Brazilian School Census ; official population estimates from the Brazilian Census Bureau ; births by age from Brazilian Vital Statistics . 33", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 658, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 771, "text": "Brazilian Vital Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) ► DLI 11 PFSA submission of Backlog audit reports and timely quality audit reports thereafter ( New - DLI 9 ( 3 ) ) ( Process , 6 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Data Source : Audit | Services Corporation Report , Dece | mber 31 , 2018 | | ► DLI 12 Percent of children 6-59 months receiving Vitamin A supplements ( New - DLI - 10a ) ( Intermediate Outcome , 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 45 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 53 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 201 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 6 Ethiopia Demographic Healt | h Survey ( EDHS ) Report . Up | date to be provided by | ► DLI 13 Percent of Wordas in non-emerging Regions delivering Vitamin A Supplements to children through routine system – Health Facilities ( New - DLI-10b ) ( Process , 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current", "spans": [{"start": 959, "end": 972, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Flood Management Project ( P176327 ) | | training , and advocacy < br > activities under the Project . < br > This will be measured < br > through surveys . The < br > increase in the percentage < br > points from the baseline are < br > indicated as targets . The < br > baseline survey will identify < br > the needs and challenges < br > ( including those specific to < br > women , physically disabled , | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | and vulnerable groups ) and < br > assess risk perception of the < br > beneficiaries and inform the < br > design of activities under < br > Component 2 . | | | | | | | This indicator measures the < br > percentage of female < br > beneficiaries who feel they | | | | | | | are prepared to respond to | | Progress | | | | | floods . This will be | | report from | | | | IR Indicator 2 . 5a Increase in female < br > beneficiaries who feel they are better < br > prepared to respond to floods | measured through surveys . < br > The increase in the < br > percentage points from the < br > baseline are indicated as < br > targets . The design of the < br > survey will ensure gender < br > disaggregated data < br > collection , and make a < br > reference to global good < br > practices . | Baseline , < br > mid-term , < br > and end < br > evaluation | the MoWE < br > PMU with < br > inputs from < br > relevant < br > Implementin < br > g Agencies | User survey jointly < br > conducted by Mo", "spans": [{"start": 1461, "end": 1472, "text": "User survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Among other indicators , life expectancy at birth is 62 years , below the world average of 71 . 5 years and least developed countries average of 63 . 3 years . Further , food insecurity affects 75 percent of rural households , and 17 . 8 percent of children under five years suffer from global acute malnutrition . The Gini index increased from 40 percent in 2002 , to 44 percent in 2013 . 3 . * * Unlike many of its neighbors , Djibouti has remained relatively peaceful and stable in recent years * * . There has been little progress , however , in transforming public institutions to become more accountable in delivering better results to its citizenry . There are underlying tensions between communities that could be exacerbated by high unemployment and poverty , exclusion , a flow of refugees from Yemen and Somalia , and threats from Al-Shabaab . Furthermore , Djibouti is vulnerable to extreme events , such as droughts and floods . These disturbances are increasing in frequency , adversely affecting the population , food security , the drinking water supply and irrigation , public health systems , environmental management , and overall lifestyle . 4 . * * Significant improvements in governance and reforms to support a more inclusive and diversified private sector are key to unlocking the country ’ s developmental potential . * * As stated in the Government ’ s development strategy Vision Djibouti 2035 , < sup > 3 < / sup > such reforms are critical to ensuring that the country reaches its full potential and becomes a logistics and commercial hub for the whole of East Africa Horn . However , Worldwide Governance Indicators ( WGI ) point to weak institutions that are unable to uphold the rule of law , posing significant challenges to government accountability . A lack of inclusive > 1 Countries that have military or self-defense force bases include China , France , Italy , Japan , and the United States . > 2 Human Development Index 2016 > 3 Vision Djibouti 2035 targets a medium-term growth rate of 7 . 5 – 10 percent per year , tripling per capita income , and reducing", "spans": [{"start": 1614, "end": 1645, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1936, "end": 1964, "text": "Human Development Index 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Multiple registrations , the lack of consistency and uniformity * * in registration , the * * falsification of documents * * by refugees or host community members posing as refugees , and the * * non-registration of new arrivals * * also render initial registration data circumspect especially when using aggregate population data for the planning of assistance levels . Further , the * * registration of refugees by families instead of individually * * can have a negative impact on refugee women especially those who are later abandoned or abused by their spouses . Likewise , the misuse of food and non-food items has been noted in multiple locations when only distributed to registered males . * * Government reluctance or inability to issue identity documents * * can result in arrest , detention , and deportation of ‘ undocumented ’ refugees . Women also report harassment at checkpoints when they travel outside the camp when without their own registration documents . The refugee community , too , may present challenges and obstacles in registration ranging from * * illiteracy * * , * * lack of comprehension * * about its importance , * * manipulation * * of some refugees by others , * * multiple registrations * * for real or perceived access to additional material assistance , * * misunderstandings * * about the collection and use of the data , or * * unwillingness to cooperate * * with the registration process . Additional registration and documentation challenges include the * * lack of a proper de-registration * * for refugees who have repatriated ; the * * lack of photo documentation * * which makes verification difficult ; and , the selling and * * counterfeiting * * of ration cards by refugees . * * Birth , death and marriage certificates may also not be issued * * , severely complicating the implementation of durable solutions . In short , when the knowledge of the size , identity and profile of the population is limited , protection and assistance interventions cannot be reliably targeted or resources effectively managed . _75_", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 334, "text": "aggregate population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "technical team headed by the Procurement Director . The bids evaluation report is submitted to the agency ’ s Procurement Endorsing Committee ( PEC ) that is chaired by the Deputy General Director ( operation ) for approval . In some direct procurement method , the Director General provides final approval for the award recommendation . 73 . There is no comprehensive standard bid evaluation report template that provides all the required information consistently for all procurement operation , though there are standard tables that need to be filled for all evaluations . Currently , the contents of evaluation reports vary and depending on the capacity of the assigned procurement officer than the bids evaluation basic requirements for recommendation and decision of contracts awards . 74 . The EPSA has a practice of notifying bidders of the result of bid evaluations . The same notification letters request bidder to lodge any complaints on the bid result within five days . But there is no record that indicates suppliers are receiving the letters on time to be able to wage a complaint . 75 . Under the Health SDGs PforR EPSA is required to ensure World Bank debarred firms will not be awarded contracts . The assessment was unable to verify that the World Bank debarred lists are considered and checked when award decisions are made as documentary evidences for such systematic check were not kept . The team has , however , received verbal assurance from the Procurement Director that such checks are undertaken when utilizing SDGPF funds . 76 . In most of regions , works evaluations follow two envelop procedure and merit point system . Given the works involve construction activities of simple standard nature , use of merit point is identified as significant risk for the project . Mostly , merit points are assigned subjectively and the financial proposals of those contractors that are not given the minimum score will not get their financial proposals opened . There is risk that the unopened financial proposals are kept in non-secure locations with risk of tampering . The practice allows for unfair rejection of bids from an otherwise potential least price bidders who have the capacity to do the work .", "spans": [{"start": 1260, "end": 1285, "text": "World Bank debarred lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic services and infrastructure . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report / MIS | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Subproejct proposal templates | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU at Regional and Woreda levels | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Refugee beneficiaries ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator counts refugee beneficiaries , who will comprise approximately 30 % of the total number of people benefiting from access to social and < br > economic services and infrastructure . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Reports / MIS | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Subproject proposal templates | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU at regional and woreda levels | | Indicator Name | * * Beneficiaries who are female ( Percentage ) * * | Page 35", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 113, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report / MIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * _Absentee PAPs_ * * To ensure transparency and mitigate potential complaints related to property registration , the study team , in collaboration with the valuation committee , conducted the inventory of properties affected by the subproject in the presence of owners . Before commencing the inventory process , the study team and valuation committee requested that the Kebele administration notify property owners to participate in the registration process . During the census enumeration and registration of properties process , out of the total PAHs , 703 PAHs were present . However , only 10 PAHs were absent due to various reasons . Despite extensive efforts by the study team , valuation committee , and local officials , these individuals could not be reached during the survey period . However , the censuses identified all potential PAPs not physically present during the enumeration . The local leaders , community members and administrative authorities have validated ownership information . By integrating these measures , the RAP has ensured that the rights and entitlements of absentee PAPs are protected , even in their absence . According to information provided by Kebele administration officials and neighbors of the absentee PAPs , several reasons contributed to their absence . Some affected individuals perceived the impact on their properties as minimal and , therefore , did not consider their presence necessary . Others trusted the representatives from Kebele administrations to oversee the process and believed their attendance was not essential . Nevertheless , to ensure accuracy and completeness , the registration of affected assets proceeded with the participation of the ad-hoc committee members and neighbors of the absentee PAPs . Basic household information along with the registration of affected properties was collected with due diligence to ensure that all affected assets were properly registered . Absentee PAPs will be compensated . This RAP has detailed the identification , valuation , and entitlement process for the absentee PAP ' s land ,", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 986, "text": "censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * With a per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of US $ 449 ( 2014 ) , Madagascar is one of the five poorest countries in the world . To finance the country ’ s development , there must be a significant increase in the state budget . With this end in view , the tax revenue ratio , which is one of the lowest in Africa ( around 10 % of GDP ) , should increase . In order to increase domestic revenue mobilization , Madagascar revenue collection authorities ( i . e . , tax and customs administrations ) should notably combat fraud more effectively . The fight against tax evasion involves that revenue collection authorities should detect more to deter more . To this end , the analysis of discrepancies in international statistics may be very helpful . Zucman ( 2013 ) uses the differences between international assets and liabilities to evaluate the degree of tax evasion by households . Based on Bhagwati ( 1964 ) , Raballand et al . ( 2012 ) use discrepancies in trade statistics to identify and assess customs frauds . In a perfect scenario , < sup > 2 < / sup > any statistical anomaly — that is , any difference between the declared export value ( price , volume , weight ) and the declared import value for the same trade flow , is suspect . When exports are not taxed , the exporting company has no incentive to make a non-compliant declaration . In such a situation , assuming that the gap is due to the importer is therefore a reasonable assumption . Using original customs data , this paper aims to identify , in Madagascar , some high-risk products and high-risk operators ( importers and brokers ) . The proposed method is complementary to risk analysis methods based on compliance ( see e . g . Geourjon and Laporte ( 2012 ) ) . A two-step procedure is adopted . Based on discrepancies in trade statistics ( mirror statistics ) , the paper presents products or sectors in which customs fraud is deemed to be significant . A quantification exercise of customs losses is provided . Then , through the use of", "spans": [{"start": 735, "end": 759, "text": "international statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 995, "end": 1011, "text": "trade statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1505, "end": 1517, "text": "customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", been naturalized , been affected by cessation clauses , or have died . Although registration is a cornerstone of protection , it presents many challenges in actual implementation . It is a cumbersome , * * labour-intensive * * process that requires * * thoughtful planning * * and * * careful execution * * . The field faces numerous obstacles in registering refugees and in keeping that registration data current . The * * lack of resources * * often makes the individual registration of refugees very difficult and can hamper keeping the data up-to-date thereby making the initial registration data ineffective . * * Confidentiality * * of registration data is also a challenge for UNHCR and government counterparts . > 71 UNHCR _Handbook for Registration , _ p . 17 . > 72 Note Commitment # 2 of the High Commissioner ’ s Five Commitments to Refugee Women : 100 % individual registration and documentation of refugee women and men . > 73 Refer to Annex at the back of this Guide . > 74 Refer to the _Convention on the Rights of the Child_ : _Article 7_ > 1 . The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name , the right to acquire a nationality and . as far as possible , the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents . > 2 . States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field , in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless . > 75 UNHCR _Handbook for Registration : _ p . 31 . _74_", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 407, "text": "registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is a synthetic indicator of the strictness of regulation on the dismissal of workers on regular contracts and the hiring of workers on temporary contracts . It ranges from 0 to 6 , where 6 measures the strictest regulation . Then , a larger number indicates more job security . The OECD product market regulation measures the degree to which policies promote or inhibit competition in markets . It ranges from 0 to 6 , where 6 captures policies that most inhibit competition . The OECD social expenditure indicator is presented as a share of GDP , and it includes social expenditure on old age , survivors , incapacity-related benefits , health , family , active labor market programmes , unemployment , housing , and other social policy areas . When looking at 2010 data on migration policies from the Immigration Policies in Comparison ( IMPIC ) database ( Helbling et al . 2017 ) , the previous indicators correlate in the expected direction . For example , social expenditure tends to be higher in countries with less restrictive labor migration policies ( e . g . , on work permit validity , labor market tests , loss of employment , or age limits ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 762, "end": 793, "text": "2010 data on migration policies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 803, "end": 856, "text": "Immigration Policies in Comparison ( IMPIC ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Mortgage Refinance Company PLC 24 * * Annual Report 2020 developers also compressed their construction activities in order to preserve their money at a time when liquidity in the market was shrinking . Actual construction work was also disrupted by the social distancing requirements , hence slowing down the development of houses , and as a result limiting affordable housing supply to borrowers . Banks also constricted their lending and were offering fewer new home loans , further increasing the drop in mortgage uptake by consumers . A lot of individuals , due to loss of income and businesses or reduction in salaries , ended up defaulting on their mortgages . This decline in mortgage uptake by consumers significantly affected the extensiveness of refinancing by KMRC . The pandemic also affected the performance of the existing mortgage loans as financial institutions had to make provisions for the Non-Performing loans in their portfolio . According to data from the CBK , Kenyan banks restructured loans amounting to Kshs . 1 . 63 trillion , equivalent to 54 . 2 % of the total banking sector loan book by the end of December 2020 . This was in line with the emergency measures announced by CBK in March 2020 , to provide relief to borrowers affected by the pandemic . Arising from the provisioning , the available portfolio for refinancing reduced significantly as the restructured loans are ineligible for refinancing by KMRC . Loan restructuring resulted to change in the terms of the credit facilities , including one or a combination of suspending interest , principal , change of collateral or extension of the tenor . These measures have continued to provide the intended relief to borrowers but with a negative effect on the quality of the portfolio eligible for KMRC refinancing . Further , KMRC ’ s portfolio review exercise at the PML ’ s sites was slowed since most institutions were reluctant to allow physical visits to their offices in a bid to contain spread of the virus . In - person capacity building for PMLs could also not be done . KMRC mitigated the effects of COVID 19 by embracing technology through the online examination", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 991, "text": "data from the CBK", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report < ! - - Start of picture text - - > their details on the List of < br > Beneficiaries Database . < br > On whether tenants are also Their details are also required for < br > included in the process the socio-economic survey . < br > However , their names will not go in < br > the List of Beneficiaries database < br > as this only applies to Structure < br > owners and not tenants . < br > On whether the identifier plot The number given by the < br > number given by the consultant consultant would be simply for < br > would be the same one that reflects identification purposes in the < br > on the title deed . settlement for ease of data < br > collection and planning purposes . < br > The title deed is written differently < br > but it still reflects the name of the < br > beneficiary . < br > Min . 04 / 24 / 06 / 2019 : Closing Remarks & A . O . B < br >  The meeting concluded with closing remarks by the SEC Chairman , SEC < br > Harisson Charo . He urged the community to cooperate in the project < br > and participate fully in it . < br >  There being no other business , the meeting ended at 3 : 50 pm . < br > DISCLOSURE COPY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 71", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 355, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 413, "end": 443, "text": "List of Beneficiaries database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * TABLE 1 Global growth forecast * * * * _uncertainty_ weights * * | | * * V * * < br > | * * AR-based weigh * * < br > | * * ts * * < br > | | * * OLS-based * * < br > * * weights * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 6-months < br > ahead | 12 - months < br > ahead | 18-months < br > ahead | 24-months < br > ahead | ( All horizons ) | | S & P500 ( β1 ) | 0 . 25 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 23 | | Term spread ( β2 ) | 0 . 01 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 48 | | Oil price ( β3 ) | 0 . 01 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 42 | 0 . 27 | | Other factors ( βε ) | 0 . 73 | 0 . 58 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 30 | - | Source : World Bank staff estimates . Note : VAR-based results are variance decomposition weights derived from a VAR of oil prices , S & P500 , term spread and global growth — they are calculated as the share of variance of global growth explained by selected risk factors and other risk factors not included in the analysis . OLS-based weights are the absolute values of the coefficients obtained from an OLSregression of global growth on oil prices , S & P500 and global term spreads . Regressions use annual data for 1982-2014 . * * TABLE 2 Global growth forecast * * * * _skewness_ weights * * | | * * V * * < br > 6mnth | * * AR-based weights * * < br > 12 mnth | | * * OLS-based * * < br > * * weights * * | | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 1131, "end": 1142, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Rudin-Rush , L . , J . D . Michler , A . Josephson , and J . R . Bloem ( 2022 ) . Food insecurity during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in four African countries . _Food Policy 111_ , 102306 . - Sadish , D . , A . Adhvarya , and A . Nyshadham ( 2021 ) . ( Mis ) information and anxiety : Evidence from a randomized COVID-19 information campaign . _Journal of Development Economics 152_ , 102699 . - Smith , L . C . and T . R . Frankenberger ( 2018 , February ) . Does Resilience Capacity Reduce the Negative Impact of Shocks on Household Food Security ? Evidence from the 2014 Floods in Northern Bangladesh . _World Development 102_ , 358 – 376 . - Smith , M . , M . Rabbitt , and A . Coleman-Jensen ( 2017 ) . Who are the world ’ s food insecure ? new evidence from the food and agriculture organization ’ s food insecurity experience scale . _World Development 93_ , 402 – 12 . - Stevens , A . W . and J . Teal ( 2024 ) . Diversification and resilience of firms in the agrifood supply chain . _American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 106_ ( 2 ) , 739 – 78 . - Stoop , N . , S . Desbureaux , A . Kaota , E . Lunanga , and M . Verpoorten ( 2021 ) . COVID-19 vs . ebola : Impact on households and small businesses in North Kivu , Democratic Republic of Congo . _World Development 140_ , 105352 . - Welderufael , M . ( 2014 ) . Analysis of households vulnerability and food insecurity in Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia : Using value at risk analysis . _Ethiopian Journal of Economics 23_ ( 2 ) , 37 – 77 . - World Bank ( WB ) ( 2022 ) . Ethiopia - COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households 2020 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH_2020_HFPS_v08_M . Dataset downloaded from ` https : / / doi . org / 10 . 48529 / m9pb-0d05 ` . - Wossen , T . , T . Berger , M . G .", "spans": [{"start": 1565, "end": 1620, "text": "COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "basés sur les données les plus récentes , qui sont utilisées dans le scénario de base . Source : Calculs de l ’ auteur . 16 . Ces avantages seront renforcés par des interventions supplémentaires du projet axées sur l ’ alimentation scolaire et la scolarisation des filles . # * * _Sous-composante 1 . 2 : Éducation des filles_ * * 17 . Il existe encore des disparités entre les sexes en matière d ’ éducation au Niger , les filles affichant des taux de scolarisation et d ’ abandon scolaire plus élevés que les garçons . L ’ inégalité des sexes dans l ’ accès à l ’ éducation est plus prononcée dans les zones rurales que dans les zones urbaines , et le problème est particulièrement grave chez les filles pauvres vivant en milieu rural . La sous-composante 1 . 2 vise à réduire les disparités entre les sexes en encourageant la scolarisation des filles dans les zones où elles sont insuffisamment représentées , y compris par des activités de sensibilisation , le paiement des heures supplémentaires des enseignants pour les cours particuliers dispensés aux filles et des bourses d ’ études pour les filles . En plus d ’ améliorer l ’ accès et la rétention des filles dans le primaire , le projet devrait avoir des effets sociaux positifs pour les filles , par exemple en termes de mesures de santé améliorées liées à la", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 39, "text": "données les plus récentes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "index shows that a significantly higher proportion of voucher respondents compared with nonvoucher respondents were from the poorest 40 percent of households ( 52 percent vs . 37 percent ; _P_ < 0 . 01 ; see table 2 ) . No analysis was done to place voucher beneficiaries into a national poverty scale . The wealth quintiles reported here refer only to the study population . Table 2 Percentage Distribution of HealthyBaby Voucher and Nonvoucher Respondents , by Household Wealth Index | Household wealth index | Voucher < br > respondents | Nonvoucher < br > respondents | All women | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Poorest quintile | 28 . 3 | 18 . 8 | 20 . 8 | | Poorer quintile | 23 . 3 | 17 . 9 | 19 . 1 | | Middle quintile | 14 . 5 | 20 . 8 | 19 . 4 | | Richer quintile | 18 . 1 | 20 . 7 | 20 . 1 | | Richest quintile | 15 . 7 | 21 . 9 | 20 . 5 | | Number of respondents | 502 | 1 , 811 | 2 , 313 | _Source : _ Population Council , Household Survey 2010 – 11 . _Note : _ Percentages may not sum to 100 in some cases because of rounding . * * < < B > > * * Knowledge of Maternal Health Services and Conditions Awareness of the HealthyBaby voucher increased over time . In particular , among women who were interviewed in the 2008 household survey , 21 percent had heard about the HealthyBaby voucher , which was promoted on radio in late 2008 before voucher sales commenced and well before the first delivery using the voucher in late January 2009 . This more than tripled to 76 percent among women interviewed in the 2010 – 11 survey . The proportion of women who were from villages included in both the 2008 and 2010 – 11 surveys and who had heard about the HealthyBaby voucher also increased from 22 percent in 2008 to 75 percent in 2010 – 11 . In addition , 78 percent of those living in villages", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 958, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1234, "end": 1255, "text": "2008 household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1527, "end": 1543, "text": "2010 – 11 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) • _Public ( government ) accounts : _ The new Public Finance Management Act 2015 requires the Auditor General to present the GoU audit report to Parliament on the public accounts within six months of the fiscal year end and the OAG will submit a copy of the audited Consolidated financial statements of GOU . The June 2019 public accounts were presented to parliament in accordance with the new act . IDA has always had access to those audited accounts as publicly available on OAG website . - _BoU accounts . _ The annual entity financial statements of the BoU are publicly available . The latest report , - of June 30 , 2019 , was published in September 2019 . The recent report has a clean audit opinion and was issued in compliance with the law and a copy submitted to the World Bank annually . 94 . * * Public procurement in Uganda accounts for about 63 percent of the national budget * * . The first reforms during the 1990s culminated in the enactment of the Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets ( PPDA ) Act of 2003 that decentralized public procurement across Government agencies and created the PPDA as the principal regulator of public procurement in Uganda . In 2014 , the amendment to the PPDA law became effective . The amendment was to address concerns of the public and private sector on the noted gaps < sup > 45 < / sup > in the procurement processing . The PPDA annual audit reports for the last few years show that the level of satisfactory cases has improved from below 50 percent before the FY 2013 / 14 to 68 percent in FY 14 / 15 , 80 percent in FY 15 / 16 , 70 percent in FY 16 / 17 and 68 percent in FY 17 / 18 . The Local Government Performance Assessment Tool indicate that the greatest improvement was in Procurement and Contract Management , with an average score of 79 percent , up from 70 percent", "spans": [{"start": 1490, "end": 1515, "text": "PPDA annual audit reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # < mark > TABLE 10 < / mark > # # # # # # * * Applications submitted by country of asylum and origin * * | First quarter 2014 ( ctnd ) Top-20 ranking of countries based on applications lodged during the first quarter . An asterisk ( * ) denotes a value between 1 and 4 . | Origin | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Japan < sup > * * ( 1 ) * * < / sup > | Latvia | Liechtenstein | Lithuania | Luxembourg | Malta | Montenegro | Netherlands | New < br > Zealand | Norway | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Syrian Arab Rep . | 161 | 615 | - | 9 | 168 | - | * | - | - | 11 | 63 | 36 | 1 , 383 | * | 282 | | Iraq | 34 | 16 | * | 8 | 188 | * | * | - | - | * | * | - | 190 | * | 44 | | Afghanistan | 421 | 1 , 163 | * | 8 | 820 | * | - | * | - | * | - | 7 | 133 | * | 111 | | Serbia ( and Kosovo : < br > S / RES / 1244 ( 1999 ) ) | * | 136 | - | * | 62 | - | - | 5 | - | 31 | - | * | 68 | - | 45 | | Pakistan | 399 | 23 | - | 33 | 1 , 425 | 48 | - | - | * | * | * | * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Dima woreda and Kul 1 , Kul 2 , Terkedi and Nguenyiel refugee camps in Itang Special woeda . DRDIP-II will be implemented in five woredas ( Lare , Gambella , Itang Special woreda , Gog and Dima ) and 1 city administration ( Gambella City Administration ) and 66 kebeles of the region . Phase-I was implemented in 4 woredas of the region , namely ; Gambella , Itang Special woreda , Gog and Dima woredas and benefited 29 beneficiary kebeles . # # # # * * Itang special woreda * * Itang special woreda is one of the DRDIP-II target woredas in the Gambella region . The woreda is bordered in south and southeast by the Agnuwaha Zone , in the west by the Nuer Zone , in the northwest by South Sudan , and in the north by the Oromia Region . The terrain is mostly flat with the altitude ranges from 350 to 480 meters above sea level . According to the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy published by the CSA , around 10 % of the Woreda is forest . A notable landmark is the Gambella National Park , which embraces the Woreda south of the Baro River . 42", "spans": [{"start": 850, "end": 886, "text": "Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 | 0 . 18 | _Source : _ World Bank estimates using ENIGH 2014 . a . According to current income ( MX pesos of August of 2014 ) . b . The average impact on well-being ( moving from concentrated to competitive market ) c . The average absolute impact over the average income times 100 . Concerning the impact on poverty and inequality , Table 5 suggests that introducing reforms to enhance competition in the mobile telecommunication market could help reduce different measures of poverty such as the poverty headcount . The results show the upper-bound expected effects , equivalent to 0 . 39 percentage points of poverty reduction of simulating a movement from a concentrated market with four firms to a perfectively competitive market . The scenario of moving towards 12 firms yields a poverty reduction of 0 . 11 percentage point . However , the expected impact of entrance of new firms in the mobile communication market on inequality is negligible , even under the upper-bound scenario . This occurs partially due to a small share of expenditure on mobile telecommunication services and since the share of expenditure in mobile communication across the income distribution is relatively stable . In contrast , when the relative shares of expenditure in a specific good differ across the distribution , the relative impacts on inequality tend to be larger . * * Table 5 . Market concentration in mobile telecommunication , poverty , and inequality * * | | < br > Headcount | Poverty indicat < br > Poverty gap | ors < br > Squared < br > poverty gap | Gini | Inequality indic < br > Atkinson < br > ( epsilon = 0 . 5 ) | ators < br > Entropy < br > ( theta = 0 . 0 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | 53 . 35 | 21 . 09 | 11 . 01 | 0 . 497 | 0 . 2096 | 0 . 4328 | | Moving into competition | 53 . 24 | 21 . 03 | 10 . 97 | 0", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 63, "text": "ENIGH 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * # # Financial Sector Strengthening Project ( FSSP ) ( P171627 ) | Frequency | One time | | - - - | - - - | | Data source | Verificationprotocol for PBC | | Methodology for data < br > collection | Verification protocol for PBC 10 | | Responsibility for data < br > collection | DBE | | * * Component 4 : Implement * * | * * ation Support * * | | * * Grievances received are re * * | * * corded and addressed and used to improveproject interventions , as necessary * * | | Description | This indicator will trackpercentage of registeredgrievances that are addressed accordingto agreedprocedures . | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | PIU aggregate reporting ( NBE as lead implementingentity ) | | Methodology for data < br > collection | Monitoring via project website and other institutional grievance and complaints mechanisms | | Responsibility for data < br > collection | NBE , CBE , DBE | # # * * Verification Protocol : Performance-Based Conditions * * | * * PBC 1 : * * R * * isk-based sup * * | * * ervisory framework strengthened * * | | - - - | - - - | | Description | Revised risk-based supervisory framework developed and approved by NBE Board in line with international best < br > practice , namely ( a ) Internal Control and Risk Management Directive , ( b ) implementation of RAM , ( c ) a PCA < br > framework , and ( d ) a licensing framework updated and expanded to facilitate foreign investment in the banking < br > sector . Such a framework will applyto all banks includingCBE . | | Data source / agency | NBE | | Verification entity | NBE | | Procedure | Revised directives published", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 687, "text": "PIU aggregate reporting", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "description of our research methods , see the technical annex on the Skills Demand Model . ) The following four specifications are used in the model : - ( 1 ) In the baseline specification , which is the production function typically estimated from establishment census data , log labor productivity is regressed on the log of capital per employee , measures of education and skill composition of workers , and sector dummy variables . The estimated coefficients of capital per worker and skill shares provide estimates of the returns to capital and to different skill investments . - ( 2 ) A second specification adds a set of measures to capture the productivity differences across firms arising from skill deficits . Informed by the previous analyses of skill deficits , several drivers of skills demand are included : a set of firm attributes – education of top managers , foreign and female ownership , multi-firm organization , and young firms – and indicator variables for high-skill firms – their exporter and innovator status . - ( 3 ) The third specification replaces the set of firm attributes and demand-drivers in ( 2 ) with employers ’ responses to these skill deficits . Skill-deficit mitigating strategies include firm provision of in-house training , external training , employment of expatriate MPT workers , outsourcing of professional services , and hiring of new workers . Their estimated coefficients provide insights into the productivity impacts of these different skill mitigation strategies . - ( 4 ) The final specification adds back the firm attributes and demand-drivers to ( 3 ) . This specification provides insights into how much of the demand-driven productivity differences across firms are explained by skill-deficit mitigating strategies and whether different firm attributes and demand-drivers have residual productivity effects independent of their roles in employer decisions about skills and skill strategies . The results of this analysis are summarized in Table 4 . Before turning to the findings on skill deficits and skill strategies , consider the two estimated results of capital and skills composition in the baseline production function : - _Capital intensity is positive and statistically significant in most specifications_ , suggesting that workers are more productive ( by about 6 . 6 to 7 . 5 percent ) the higher the", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 274, "text": "establishment census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which are any data and information produced or commissioned by public bodies ; and ( ii ) Open Data , which are data that can be freely used , re-used and distributed by anyone , only subject to ( at the most ) the requirement that users attribute the data and that they make their work available to be shared ” . < sup > 11 < / sup > Common types of OGD include , but are not limited to , data on maps , land ownership , census , government budget , government spending , company registration , legislation , public transport , international trade , health , education , crime statistics , environment statistics , election results , and contracts . While there is considerable conjecture about the precise nature and categorization of public sector benefits that can be derived from these types of data , OGD has been tied to a number of positive public externalities . For its part , the World Bank has cited a number of benefit streams , including : ( i ) fostering economic growth and job creation ; ( ii ) improving the efficiency , effectiveness , and coverage of public services ; ( iii ) increasing government transparency , accountability , and citizen participation ; and ( iv ) facilitating better information sharing within government itself . < sup > 12 < / sup > Likewise , the OECD describes similar benefits , which include : ( i ) improving government accountability , transparency , responsiveness and democratic control ; ( ii ) promoting citizens ’ self-empowerment , social participation and engagement ; ( iii ) building the next generation of empowered civil servants ; and ( iv ) creating value for the wider economy . < sup > 1314 < / sup > Recognizing this potential , dozens of governments have created OGD platforms to support the proactive release of high-value data sets that can be used to improve government transparency , accountability , and performance . Notable examples include the United States and the United Kingdom , who pioneered the release of government data sets in an effort to make government more transparent through platforms such as _data . gov_ and _data . gov . uk_ . Since then , numerous", "spans": [{"start": 1988, "end": 2008, "text": "government data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and mothers to make better dietary decisions for their children and enhance existing impacts on household decision making through the provision of a top-up transfer . The KSEIP M & E framework includes gender-disaggregated indicators on proposed project beneficiaries . Project surveys would collect data on gender dimensions of program implementation and outcomes . Lastly , the SR would be leveraged to collect and monitor gender specific data . * * XV111 * *", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 285, "text": "Project surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 425, "end": 445, "text": "gender specific data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Rights and community based Tracing and re-unification Representation and meaningful Prevention < br > approach Monitoring of care participation Legal remedies < br > Actions for older persons and arrangements Implementation of UN SC Data collection < br > persons with disabilities . Targeted action for adolescents Resolution 1325 < br > Age , gender and diversity mainstreaming Targeted actions to address the discrimination of children , youth , women and persons affected < br > Accountability How ? through a rights and community based by / and or at risk of SGBV through application of a rights and community based approach < br > approach < br > Regional Bureau Directors < br > Whose < br > Country / People of concern < br > Accountability ? Asst High Commissioner : Operations Director Operational Support Regional < br > Services < br > Representative < br > High < br > Commissioner Asst High Commissioner : Protection Director Department of Protection < br > Services National < br > Governments < br > Deputy High Commissioner Director Department and IPs < br > External Relations < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_βt_ thus denotes the dynamic treatment effect of firms exposed to certain NTMs compared to firms that are not exposed on the outcome _Yit , pc_ in year-month _t_ compared to the baseline month March 2020 . We control for firm , HS-8 product , year-month , and partner country fixed effects . Standard errors are clustered at the 8-digit product level . The period of our analysis is February 2019-June 2021 and the frequency is monthly . The time period in our analysis is limited by the availability of high-frequency firm-level data from Panjiva . The omitted month is March 2020 , when the WHO characterized Covid-19 as a pandemic . We plot the _βt_ coefficients associated with the outcome variables for each month . # * * Fact 5 : Firms subject to Port of entry restrictions ( C3 ) saw a large fall in their export quantities and transactions following Covid-19 compared to those that did not face any restrictions ( Figures 27a and b ) . * * This is consistent with the evidence of major port congestion during Covid-19 , as the pandemic led to disruptions in maritime trade due to port terminal closures and transportation delays ( UNCTAD , 2022 ) . We show that the results hold even if we change the definition of treated firms and define the treated firms as firms that face above the median level of port of entry restrictions ( Figures A25 and A26 in appendix A2 ) . We do not find any systematic evidence that other NTMs negatively affected firms ’ ability to export during the pandemic . The disproportionately large effects of the port of entry restrictions NTM is therefore likely related to port congestion . These results are consistent with those of Majune and Montfaucon ( 2023 ) , who find that imports subject to port of entry restrictions and preshipment inspections were more negatively affected by Covid-19-related lockdown measures by trading partners . 22", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 548, "text": "high-frequency firm-level data from Panjiva", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 | | Retrospective Mortality Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 | | CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 | | APPENDIX 1 : Plausibility Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 | | APPENDIX 2 : Result Tables for NCHS Growth Reference 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10975 # * * Abstract * * This paper reports on the prevalence of three facets of mental health — depression , anxiety , and parenting stress — among mothers of children ages 0 – 6 years in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . Data from mother-child dyads were analyzed to examine differences in maternal mental health and early childhood development outcomes by maternal educational attainment , urban versus rural setting , and refugee versus non-refugee status . The analysis finds a higher prevalence of self-reported mental health concerns among refugee , less-educated , and rural mothers relative to non-refugee , more-educated , and urban mothers . Maternal mental health concerns are significantly associated with lower levels of early childhood development . This paper also analyzes how exposure to stressors such as food insecurity , financial insecurity , being impacted by flooding , community crime , discrimination , and domestic violence exacerbate both maternal mental health and child outcomes . The regression analyses indicate a significant and negative compounding interaction of maternal depression , anxiety , and parenting stress on early childhood development for younger ( 0 – 3 years ) and older ( 3 – 6 years ) children , even after controlling for stressors and other covariates . Policy improvements are needed that focus on at-risk communities , providing mental health services and reducing exposure to stressors within communities and households . This paper is a product of the Education Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at ahasan1 @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TRANSPARENT < br > ANALYSIS < br > G < br > R E < br > N < br > S < br > I P < br >", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 279, "text": "mother-child dyads", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of ISO 14001 at the Global Level ? A Panel-Data Analysis ” . _Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space_ 36 . Publisher : SAGE Publications Ltd , 823 – 839 . - Pan , An et al . ( 2023 ) . “ Can environmental information disclosure attract FDI ? Evidence from PITI project ” . _Journal of Cleaner Production_ 403 , 136861 . 48", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "engines like Google Dataset Search , increasing reach and accessibility . Since the CVs for this schema are under development , we recommend that early adopters use free text fields after “ other ” options to collect information for potential expansions or modifications to the CVs . < sup > 14 < / sup > Finally , _user accounts_ allow contributors to track and edit catalog entries after they have been posted , data owners to claim entries , and front-end users to save searches or individual records , while a _data review system_ contributes to ensuring data quality control and avoiding version control issues , duplication of entries , or so-called “ ghost entries ” . For this purpose , incomplete entries could be regularly flagged for purging . * * Back-end : * * The data entry interface for contributors should minimize the time and effort ( and hence potential for errors ) required to complete an entry to help maintain data quality . This includes making use of existing information where available . Especially for bulk entry of existing RCT data , a sophisticated implementation could draw on existing public records where available , such as the API interfaces of ClinicalTrials . gov and the World Bank Microdata Catalog , < sup > 15 < / sup > , or the downloadable AEA RCT Registry data . New catalog entries could also be partially pre-filled by scraping web data from external resources such as registry entries and academic articles . This could best be achieved by beginning the data entry with the links to ( some ) external resources ( which would also permit a duplication check within the catalog ) . Within a metadata entry , information filled early on can provide inputs to later fields , such as pre-filling the treatment arms that were recorded in the “ outcomes and interventions ” section ( III ) in the “ data ” section ( V ) . The catalog can also prompt contributors for information based on earlier inputs , such as suggesting entries for ethics documentation ( section VI ) or prior studies ( section IV ) in the “ external resources ” section VII . Automated cross-checks and data validation can additionally be applied to numeric and multiple-choice", "spans": [{"start": 1054, "end": 1062, "text": "RCT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1285, "end": 1306, "text": "AEA RCT Registry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda ( P176747 ) | | ( including women in RHDs < br > and refugees ) who have < br > improved access to non - < br > financial entrepreneur < br > services supported by the < br > project under components 1 < br > and 3 . | | specific to < br > each service . | service . | those specific to each < br > service . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Women in RHDs | | | | | | | Refugee women | | | | | | | | The indicator measures the | | | | | | Beneficiaries reached with financial < br > services | number of persons < br > benefited from financial < br > services in operations < br > supported by the Bank , and < br > the number of businesses < br > that benefited from < br > financial services . | Continuous | PFI data | The PFIs will maintain a < br > database of recipients < br > of grants linked to < br > loans . | PSFU to collect the data < br > from the PFIs , and < br > compile and report it . | | Women in RHDs | | | | | | | Refugee women | | | | | | | | Project beneficiaries are | | | People benefiting from | | | | women entrepreneurs who | | | the training will register | | | | derive benefits including the < br > ( a ) platforms and | | | with either the MGLSD < br > or the PSFU . The PFIs | The MGLSD will collect < br > | | Total project beneficiaries ( Number ) | < br > communication campaign , < br > ( b ) enterprises", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 841, "text": "PFI data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment Additional Financing-I Ethiopia Electrification < u > ( ESSA ) Addendum Program ( AF-ELEAP ) < / u > | * * Core Principle * * | * * Performance of Current System * * | * * Areas that Need Improvement * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | habitats and PCRs . Proper projects screening is expected to fill < br > thisgap . | | * * Core Principle 3 * * : Public and < br > Workers Safety | - EEU has its own policies and procedures on occupational < br > health safety which includes the_Safety Policy and_ < br > _Procedures for Distribution O & M_ . The document provides < br > detailed guidelines on work procedures and requirement . < br > - EEU has a strong commitment ( at the management level ) < br > on occupational health and safety . < br > - EEU has a better experience of distributing PPE to its < br > workers up to service center level . < br > - EEU keeps records of occupation and community accidents < br > and incidents . Further , the major accidents ( leading to < br > fatalities and injuries ) are investigated and compensated . < br > - Risk of child labor is limited since EEU and its contractors < br > hire TVET college trained workers . | - The awareness of workers in the implementing agencies ( EEU < br > and MoWE ) on occupational health and safety is not < br > satisfactory , often resulting in non-compliance . < br > - The capacity of ESHS staff in the implementing agencies to < br > enforce , supervise and monitor implementation of occupational < br > health and safety is limited . Further , efforts in this regard are < br > hindered by institutional capacities including staffing ( especially < br > at district levels ) , resources , and budgetary", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 959, "text": "records of occupation and community accidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "deployment of ( a ) a new IT system for tax administration , ( b ) an interoperable digital platform , ( c ) a Public Key Infrastructure ( PKI ) , and ( d ) an e-ID system . Consulting services will be related to feasibility studies , as well as training and the establishment of legal and regulatory frameworks that will underpin the e-government and various IT systems . # # * * C . Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design * * 52 . * * The project design reflects important global lessons on institutional development and governance * * as detailed in the 2017 World Development Report ( WDR ) , as well as lessons on the digital transformation process as identified in the 2016 WDR . The 2017 WDR on Governance and Law identifies commitment , coordination , and cooperation as the three core functions of institutions that are needed to ensure that rules and resources yield the desired outcomes . These three key ingredients are well reflected in the project design . The Government has demonstrated a strong commitment through its own funding of a first-class data center and ICT infrastructure , including its stated objective to provide e - services more broadly to the population . Coordination of all these efforts and initiatives is being conducted at the center of government by the General Secretariat of Government that reports directly to the President . Regarding the establishment of the e-ID , a great deal of coordination is taking place among key stakeholders ( Ministries of Interior , Social Affairs , Decentralization , and the Police ) to build consensus and avoid duplication . The National Security Fund has deployed biometric cards for 79 , 000 individuals and has taken biographic and some biometric data for 281 , 317 beneficiaries . The State Secretary of Social Solidarity is building a social registry tied to biometric information and has registered 33 , 000 beneficiaries Page 23 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 1829, "end": 1874, "text": "social registry tied to biometric information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "44 industrialized countries . With 21 , 300 Iraqi asylum claims lodged during the first half of 2014 , figures are 56 per cent higher than during the corresponding < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig . 5 Eritrean asylum claims lodged < br > in 44 industrialized countries | 1990 - 2014 < br > 24 , 000 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 16 , 000 < br > 12 , 000 < br > 8 , 000 < br > 4 , 000 < br > 0 < br > * First half 2014 < br > ‘ 90 ‘ 92 ‘ 94 ‘ 96 ‘ 98 ‘ 00 ‘ 02 ‘ 04 ‘ 06 ‘ 08 ‘ 10 ‘ 12 ‘ 14 * < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The number of eritrean asylumseekers reached unprecedented levels among the group of 44 industrialized countries . The figure was at its highest with close to 19 , 000 asylum applications registered during the first half of 2014 , more than three times more ( 14 ) In addition , Turkey registered about 2 , 500 Syrian asylum applications . This number covers only those who , for specific reasons , have been referred to UNHCR for further evaluation of their international protection needs . As of early September 2014 , there were some 832 , 000 registered Syrian refugees in Turkey covered by the Government ’ s Temporary Protection Regime . Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 15 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS * * | ACP | Analyse en Composantes Principales | | - - - | - - - | | CA | Cluster Analysis ou Analyse en Grappes | | CNS | Centre de Nutrition et de Supplémentation | | CNT | Centre de Nutrition Thérapeutique | | CR Camerounaise | Croix Rouge Camerounaise | | ECAM | Enquête Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages | | EDP | ( End Distribution Point ) Magasins avancés | | EDS | Enquête Démographique et de Santé | | EMOP | ( Emergency Operation ) Opération d ’ urgence < br > | | FICR | Fédération Internationale des sociétés de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant - < br > Rouge | | HCR | Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés | | IAM | Ménage en insécurité alimentaire modérée | | IAS | Ménage en insécurité alimentaire sévère | | IDH | Indice de Développement Humain | | IPRM | International Partnership for Reproductive Health | | IMC | International Medical Corps ( ONG Internationale et Humanitaire ) | | INS | Institut National de la Statistique | | IPSR | Intervention Prolongée de Secours et de Redressement | | IRD | International Relief and Development | | JAM | ( Joint Assessment Mission ) Mission d ’ Evaluation Conjointe PAM / HCR | | MICS | ( Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey ) Enquête à indicateurs multiples | | MINADER | Ministère de l ’ Agriculture et du Développement Rural | | MINATD | Ministère", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1228, "text": "Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "reduces the non-primate prefecture population by 1 . 7 percent but increases the primate prefecture population by 1 . 1 percent . Highways also affect patterns of specialization . Regional primates specialize more in manufacturing and services through better regional highways . On the other hand , peripheral areas lose manufacturing but gain in agriculture . Better access to international ports promotes greater population , GDP , and private sector wages on average , effects that are probably larger in the hinterland than in primate prefectures . These findings suggest that highways allow regions to specialize in their comparative advantage in China , meaning that centrally located prefectures focus on manufacturing while those in the hinterland concentrate on agriculture . Similarly , Roberts et al ( 2012 ) also analyze the spatial and national impacts of the construction of the Chinese National Expressway Network . The results indicate that aggregate Chinese real income was approximately 6 percent higher than it would have been in 2007 , had the expressway network not been built , although this estimation does not consider the opportunity costs associated with expenditure on the network . The construction not only enhanced intra-national trade , but also accelerated the development of the country ' s poorest inland regions with the aim of promoting their catch-up with the country ' s leading coastal areas . Cosar and Fajgelbaum ( 2016 ) introduce internal geography to the canonical model of international trade driven by comparative advantages to study the regional effects of external economic integration . Then they empirically test their model using industry level data from Chinese prefectures , proxying for industries ’ export orientation with national export-revenue ratios . The direct effect of distance on economic activity is sizable : moving inland by 275 miles ( the median distance from the coast across prefectures ) decreases industry employment by 17 percent for an industry with an average export-revenue ratio , and by 13 percent for an industry with average labor intensity . But this negative distance gradient is stronger for export-oriented industries : employment shrinks by 32 percent for an industry that has an export-revenue ratio 1 standard deviation higher than average , and by 21 percent for an industry that has labor intensity 1 standard deviation higher than average .", "spans": [{"start": 1681, "end": 1725, "text": "industry level data from Chinese prefectures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at $ 621 Million with the actual contribution amounting to $ 426 . 8 million ( ICR p . 2 ) * * Project dates * * : RPSNP was approved on September 14 , 2017 , became effective on October 23 , 2017 , and closed on 30 June 2022 . The original closing date of December 31 , 2020 was extended three times due to implementation delays following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 , including for the finalization of the second phase of MIS development , continued data collection for the beneficiary household registry , and close out of the end-line impact evaluation contracts ( ICR p . 10 ) . According to the first restructuring paper , at the time of the first restructuring , the IDA credit and trust funds commitments had been fully disbursed , but additional time was needed due to the reduced rate of implementation . The project was restructured three times to delay the closing date . In the first restructuring ( December 2020 ) , the project closing date was delayed to June 30 , 2021 , in the second restructuring ( June 2021 ) the delay was until December 31 , 2021 , and the third restructuring ( December 2021 ) delayed the project close for a final six months to 30 June 2022 . No other changes were made to the project design as part of the restructurings . # # * * 3 . Relevance of Objectives * * # # * * Rationale * * * * The project scope reflected over a decade of shared learning between the Bank and the GoE on the PSNP and other associated safety net programs in Ethiopia . * * While the previous Bank project supporting the PSNP , Ethiopia Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( P146883 ) , had the more restrictive aim of “ * * increasing access * * to effective safety net and disaster risk management systems , ” this project PDO aimed at “ * * improving the effectiveness and scalability * * of its rural safety net system . ” This change reflected a Page 3 of 23", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 524, "text": "beneficiary household registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s ethics < br > follow-upoffice . | July 7 , 2018 | MoWE , EEU | Officers assigned and < br > training completed | Completed | Carried over | | Introduce guidelines on the F & C control and grievance-handling < br > functional adjustment , relationship , and reporting arrangement from < br > the lower level to the EEU and MoWE . | July 7 , 2024 | MoWE , EEU | Guideline issued | Completed | Carried over | | Establish the entry / website for exchange of debarment lists and < br > disclosure of complaint handling and update data . | May 15 , 2018 | MoWE , EEU | Website established | Completed ; < br > EEU has < br > established a < br > website < br > www . eeu . gov . e < br > t / so that it will < br > be published on < br > websites . and < br > Same applies to < br > MoWE , < br > https : / / www . m < br > owe . gov . et / | Completed | 32", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 531, "text": "complaint handling and update data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "biases generally point in the direction of an overestimate of poverty in 1995 , there are still a number of unknowns - - particularly the small sample size and lack of region-specific price data - - that make it impossible to draw firm conclusions about the direction of the change in poverty between 1993 and 1995 . The deficiencies of the 1993 and 1995 household surveys lead to a number of recommendations to improve the reliability of the conclusions . First , more attention needs to be paid to assuring the comparability of the surveys as well as to developing region-specific consumer price indicators if one of the purposes of the household surveys is to monitor the change in poverty over time . A particularly important issue for surveys of the priority-type format is the reliability and comparability over time of the method used to estimate food expenditures . A second lesson is that the ability to explain the trends observed in the poverty data depends to a large part on being able to understand the trends in the various components of household income . This is a weak point of many household surveys , especially household priority surveys . A third recommendation would be to pursue some of the qualitative analysis once the results of the quantitative surveys are available to explore whether the trends reported in the data make sense on the ground . A fourth recommendation would be to give some thought to sample size so that region-specific cell sizes for the major socioeconomic groups are sufficiently large to make meaningful comparisons possible . For example , given the difference in pricing policies applied to cocoa and coffee , it would be interesting in future studies to examine the evolution of poverty between these two groups of farmers . A fifth recommendation would be to examine how well the socioeconomic classification used in the 1993 and 1995 surveys correlates with the primary source of income of the household . 33 A sixth recommendation would be to consider in greater detail whether the limited time frame of the priority survey will yield accurate estimates of expenditure given seasonality in expenditures . If a limited time frame is adopted , including questions on normative monthly food purchases would be a useful supplement to", "spans": [{"start": 355, "end": 372, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 948, "end": 960, "text": "poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1158, "text": "household priority surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Conduct the required social benefit analysis and financial analysis of the proposals ; 8 . In collaboration with District Environmental Officers from NEMA , undertake the first environmental screening , decide on the need for an Environmental Impact Analysis ( EIA ) , and to arrange for the EIA where needed ; 9 . Conduct local training of applicants on project management , record keeping requirements , procurement methods , sound financial management practices , etc . ; 10 . Conduct simple training of grant recipients on the need for linkages with the financial sector , be it through deposit or credit facilities , the terms and conditions of financial institutions operating in the area , and on approaches to apply for and repay loans ; 11 . Link applicants to other and similar grant services and facilities , and to business development services , technical support from govt . agencies , financial institutions , etc . , where appropriate and demanded by the applicants ; 12 . Arrange for exchange of information about recipients of and applicants for grants ; 13 . Maintain a data base on all applications , with the respective dates of all major steps and decisions along set regulations in prescribed format ; 14 . Conduct post-disbursement visits in the field to monitor project progress and provide , where appropriate and needed , guidance on project implementation ; 15 . Conduct verification visits to grant recipients to verify use of funds ; 16 . Monitor all on-going projects up to completion ; 17 . Report , along prescribed formats , on applications , the implementation process and the outcomes of projects ; 52", "spans": [{"start": 1089, "end": 1118, "text": "data base on all applications", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "differences are probably small enough to be explained by varying data coverage . * * Following the literature , we assume that employees report their total income in survey data , including envelope payments and income earned in the informal economy * * . The higher value of aggregate compensation of employees in the EU-SILC than in the tax data indicates that this is indeed a fact . Then , we compare the \" true income \" reported in the EU-SILC with the \" reported income , \" which is determined by the tax income imputed in the EU-SILC dataset based on common characteristics of individuals available in both data sources . The comparison outcomes indicate the possible degree of underreporting of income in tax data . 13", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 177, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 441, "end": 448, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 533, "end": 548, "text": "EU-SILC dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Third , the joint distribution between consumption and health outcomes is often missing because monetary and non-monetary outcomes are typically collected through separate surveys . The classical solution used by global multidimensional poverty measures is to ignore the data on one of these two key aspects of well-being . We identify three alternative methods to construct a hybrid index accounting for data coming from separate surveys . The first two methods consist in assuming a value for the missing joint distribution , while the last method assumes equal non-monetary outcomes at the local level . The first method assumes the overlap between the monetary and the non-monetary poverty head-count ratios . We show in one context that this method yields better wellbeing comparisons than the classical solution regardless of the exact value assumed for the ( unobserved ) overlap . Shockingly , “ making up ” overlap data can improve well-being comparisons . The reason is that it allows increasing the amount of data used . The second method consists in imputing consumption into the non-monetary survey . We argue that the relevant benchmark to evaluate the relevance of such imputation approach is not whether the joint distribution assumed is sufficiently correct but rather whether it improves well-being comparisons . The third method consists in constructing a “ total consumption ” variable that aggregates monetary consumption with monetary valuations of non-monetary outcomes , which are considered equally distributed at local level . We propose one way of constructing the “ total consumption ” variable that recognizes that each core dimension of well-being is essential . The second source of potential improvements relates to better filtering the data used . We identify two ways in which this could be done . The first is to move beyond the default procedure that assigns equal weights to all dimensions . This procedure has the advantage of being applicable without information on the relevant preference , but runs the risk of making implausible trade-offs . Some information on the relevant preference can be obtained from subjective well-being data or from dedicated preference elicitation surveys . We succinctly present a procedure to select the weights from these data sources . < sup > 3 < / sup > Importantly , this procedure accounts for the fact that the weights", "spans": [{"start": 1092, "end": 1111, "text": "non-monetary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2149, "end": 2175, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2184, "end": 2224, "text": "dedicated preference elicitation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the mid-1920s focusing on mobilizing peasants as the key political support base ( Ch ’ en , 1983 ) . When famines forced peasants to sell their meager land , this would only make them more prone to revolution propaganda . Mao ’ s assessment of the impact of economic hardship on support of Communism echoed the views of Lenin , who viewed the 1891-1892 Volga famine in Russia as fuel for revolutionary fervor . Lenin , as quoted by Vodovozov in Ellman ( 2005 ) , hailed the Russian famine as able to “ force the peasant to reflect on the bases of the capitalist system , demolish faith in the tsar and tsarism , and consequently in due course make the victory of the revolution easier . ” ( Ellman , 2005 , page 823 ) . We thus expect : _The famines-and-communism hypothesis_ : The regions experiencing warlord-era famines would be more likely to witness the spread of communism due to the appeal of Communist ideology as well as its policy of land redistribution and reduction in land inequality . # * * 3 . Data and Measurements * * In this section we discuss our data and our key measurements . # * * 3 . 1 Warlords and Border Ruggedness * * Information about warlords is from The Chronicles of Beiyang Government Officials , which contains details on the appointment and ranks of all government officials between 1912 and 1927 . In the post-1916 warlord era , there were 78 warlords that controlled the 289 prefectures in 18 provinces . A warlord ’ s rule was fragile and often short-lived . They were frequently replaced by other warlords , or could lose control of some of their territories due to military conflicts , or even assassination . In our sample , the average ruling period of the warlord in a prefecture was only four years . However , the overall scale and casualty-count of the wars during this period were relatively small ( Chi , 1976 ) . Most of the time , soldiers in the battlefield had little fighting spirit or loyalty to their generals , and wars usually served as a negotiation tool for a calculating warlord . The low casualty rate could also be the", "spans": [{"start": 1187, "end": 1229, "text": "Chronicles of Beiyang Government Officials", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Implications for Poverty * * What would be the welfare implications of modifying the relevant factors determining the price differentials in South Sudan ? To address this question , we match the expected price effect arising from changing a specific determinant with the only household survey data available , i . e . the 2009 National Baseline Household Survey ( NBHS ) . These need to be interpreted as partial equilibrium effects ( i . e . everything else equal ) . Among the possible factors , we consider road quality and diesel price as those are amenable to policy interventions and are significant determinants of price differentials in * * Error ! Reference source not found . * * . . Due to data limitations the estimation relies only on the welfare effects via consumption but not via production . < sup > 23 < / sup > The basic principle consists of applying the changes in prices faced by the household from modifying a specific factor to the overall household ’ s tradable expenditures . We start from the consideration that households minimize a household expenditure function C ( u , p ) , which finds the minimum cost to attain utility level u given prices p ( Deaton and Muellbauer , 1980 ; Friedman and Levinsohn , 2002 ) . Any changes in the vector of prices that the household is exposed to would have a direct impact on its consumption , which can be measured as ∆ � � � � ∆ � where q is a vector of quantities consumed and Δp is a vector of price changes . This expression approximates the compensating variation , i . e . the change in income required to restore the household to the pre-price change utility level . The expression can be re-formulated in terms of initial expenditures of household j introducing the distinction between goods produced and consumed : Where P is the purchase of household j of good i , S is the sale and Exp is the total initial expenditure of household j . Expression ( 3 ) defines the effects of price changes on the basis of whether the household is a net seller or buyer of good i . In the", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 307, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 332, "end": 371, "text": "2009 National Baseline Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Prices_ . The database includes 120 results on prices where prices refer to all types of prices from food and non-food items , to rents and services . Results in Table 7 show that 37-46 % of results are positive and significant , between 18 and 23 % are non-significant and between 36 and 39 % are negative and significant . As mentioned , there is no good or bad interpretation of these results as changes in prices benefit some hosts and damage others . An analysis of the positive results shows that these are almost entirely represented by food and rents prices whereas an analysis of the negative values shows that these are represented mostly by overall inflation , luxury goods , services , and labor-intensive products . Overall , a forced displacement crisis generates significant changes in prices . The probability of these changes to be positive or negative is approximately similar but associated to the type of product or service observed . Prices for food and rents tend to increase whereas prices for labor intensive products and services tend to decline . As compared to the basic theory illustrated at the outset of the paper , these results show that prices do not unequivocally increase . The main surprise and in contrast to popular views , in some cases prices decline . These findings remain working hypotheses based on very preliminary data and future research will need to be much more comprehensive in coverage of different products and countries . It will also be essential to expand research on price elasticities , including cross elasticities , and relate this research with the research on household well-being . # 4 . 2 . 2 Employment and Wages _Employment_ . The database on employment contains 334 observations where employment can be a rate , a status or a probability . In all these cases a positive value indicates that employment among host communities has improved as a result of forced displacement . Results in Table 7 show that between 12 and 14 % of results are positive and significant , between 65 and 67 % are non-significant and between 19 and 24 % are negative and significant . Therefore , the majority of results is non-significant , and this reaches 7681 % of", "spans": [{"start": 1697, "end": 1719, "text": "database on employment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Core * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Data Source / Methodology * * | < br > * * Responsibility for * * < br > * * Data Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | maintenance involve the patching of potholes , sealing cracks , cleaning vegetation , fixing signing among others . They are usually undertaken by local small contractors on newly rehabilitated roads . Roads in bad condition require rehabilitation and structural repairs first before routine maintenance is used / effective . | * * Name : * * Complete IRAP star < br > | Yes / No | N | Y < br > Bi ‐ Annual | IRAP star rating completed | CDR | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | rating for the primary , | | | | and available online and / or | | | secondary and tertiary road | | | | on software . | | | network | | | | | | Description : IRAP is a visual inspection methodology for rating the severity of road sections ' safety related risks and the associated fatality and injury hazards . IRAP allows the identification of priority road sections for road safety improvements and an indication on the type of the required improvements . | * * Name : * * Complete visual < br > | Yes / No | N | Y < br > Bi ‐ Annual | Visual survey available online | CDR | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 1411, "end": 1441, "text": "Visual survey available online", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with further increase the cost of service provision , < sup > 17 < / sup > making it more difficult to ascertain absence of competing claims to titled land . Together with foreclosure costs of 48 % of property value ( World Bank 2008 ) , this increases the cost of using land as collateral for any bank that would be interested in doing so . # * * 3 . Data and descriptive statistics * * To gain a better understanding of the size of Zambia ’ s medium and large farm sector and its temporal and spatial evolution , we combine a listing and mapping of large farms with digitized administrative records and a detailed large farm performance survey for the country ’ s Eastern Province . We find that at most 26 % of owned and 12 % of cultivated land is accounted for by large farms ; that formalized holdings are clustered in blocks with better soil quality and infrastructure access though neither yields nor profits are higher inside as compared to outside blocks . While titled land does not seem to enjoy a productivity advantage , there is considerable unsatisfied demand for title . # * * 3 . 1 Emergent farmer census * * To obtain a complete enumeration of all large farms in Eastern Province , a farm module was added to the mapping exercise for the 2020 population census conducted between January and March 2020 . Computer assisted personal interviewing was used to list all structures , their purpose , and for those that were inhabited , administer a short questionnaire to residents . At the end of this questionnaire , a question was added asking respondents to indicate if they owned , operated , or guarded an agricultural holding greater than 5 ha . For those answering in the affirmative , basic questions on the nature of the property were asked and boundaries of farms in the same district mapped using high resolution satellite imagery pre-loaded on enumerators ’ tablets as a base map . < sup > 18 < / sup > The listing identified 8 , 301 farms in 1 , 729 enumeration areas ( EAs ) of which 6 , 782 were mapped ( and 6 , 703 had a mapped", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 645, "text": "large farm performance survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1099, "end": 1121, "text": "Emergent farmer census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1256, "end": 1278, "text": "2020 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and vocational training education is identified to address the mismatch between skills required for labor markets and knowledge produced by training > 5 RHDs : Adjumani , Isingiro , Kampala , Kamwenge , Kikuube , Kiryandongo , Koboko , Kyegegwa , Lamwo , Madi Okollo & Terego , Obongi and Yumbe > 6 World Bank . 2019 . Informing the Refugee Policy Response in Uganda . Results from the Uganda Refugee and Host Communities . 2018 Household Survey . > 7 National Development Plan III 8 According to UBOS 2018 , subsistence agriculture workers spend an average of 28 hours a week at work . > 9 World Bank . 2019 10 Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) 2019 / 20 . UBOS Page 4 of 9 May 06 , 2023", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 445, "text": "Uganda Refugee and Host Communities . 2018 Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 612, "end": 644, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "h ) | 81 | 87 | 93 | 98 | 101 | 103 | 105 | 105 | 127 | 133 | 140 | 149 | 158 | 167 | 177 | 187 | _Source : Rapport Avant-Projet Sommaire Interconnexion RIS-RIN ; IED ; February 2020 . Étude du projet d ' interconnexion des réseaux électriques du Cameroun et du Tchad , Electrification Rurale ; HatchArtelia ; May 2017 ; Le Secteur de l ’ énergie au Tchad – Pistes de Solutions pour une Electricité Disponible et Accessible , Technidev , Octobre 2019 ; SNE Activity Report – 2017 ; / World Bank Power Sector Note for the Republic of Chad , June 2018_ _Note : _ The base case assumes firm imports of 50 MW ( 438 GWh / year ) to Chad from 2028 and 100 MW ( 876 GWh / year ) from 2030 . The loss percentage ( ~ 3 percent ) for the RIS-RIN interconnection is based on the Rapport Avant-Projet Sommaire Interconnexion RIS-RIN of IED _ . _ This analysis assumes the same loss percentage for the Cameroon-Chad interconnection . # # * * Table 3 . 10 : Base case energy demand - supply balance for Chad ’ s grid ( “ without project ” ) * * | | * * 2020 * * | * * 2021 * * | * * 2022 * * | * * 2023 * * | * * 2024 * * | * * 2025 * * | * * 2026 * * | * * 2027 * * | * * 2028 * * | * * 2029 * * | * * 2030 * * | * * 2031 * * | * * 2032 * * | * * 2033 * * | * * 2034 * * | * * 2035 * * | | - -", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 479, "text": "SNE Activity Report – 2017", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 768, "end": 820, "text": "Rapport Avant-Projet Sommaire Interconnexion RIS-RIN", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector ( Figure 22 ) . < sup > 74 < / sup > > 70 Betts et al . 2018 . > 71 Due to how the questionnaire was formulated , it is not possible to see the primary employer for volunteer positions . However , an ongoing socioeconomic assessment of the Kakuma refugee population ( to be published on the last quarter of year 2020 ) , will include this differentiation . > 72 Betts et al . ( 2018 ) estimate that 80 percent of those with a regular income source work as “ inventive workers ” acting as teachers , community mobilizers , and security guards . When asked to verify this finding , enumerators confirmed that incentive workers were correctly classified as employed , and indicated that they encountered numerous refugees who reported separate volunteering activities , often as a gateway to employment . # # # # # * * 3 . 1 Livelihood assets * * * * 50 . Nearly 1 in 10 refugee households received remittances in the last 12 months , while 13 percent have relatives in high-income countries . * * Moreover , 10 percent of households have at least one family connection outside of > 73 There are legal restrictions on the allowable monthly salary for incentive work ( Betts et al . 2018 ) . > 74 Betts et al . 2018 ; O ’ Callaghan and Sturge 2018 . > 20  Understanding the Socioeconomic Conditions of Refugees in Kenya", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This resulted in the emergence of a variety of initiatives to provide a credible „ fair trade ‟ signal in the marketplace – not as a unique product / brand but as label that could be adopted , in selected product markets , by producers and distributors that credibly commit to meet „ fair trade ‟ standards . In 1997 , these initiatives came together to form the umbrella Fair Trade Labeling Organization ( a member of the ISEAL Alliance ) . Sales growth of „ fairtrade ‟ labeled products has been rapid : - In 2000 , global sales amounted to about $ 300 million . In the subsequent seven years , global sales rose over ten-fold – an almost 50 percent average annual growth rate - - to reach $ 4 billion in 2008 , including 22 percent year-on-year growth for 2008 , despite the global economic crisis . - The market is overwhelmingly in North America and Western Europe , largest in the United States and the United Kingdom . The Japanese market , though still small , grew at 44 % in 2008 . - Coffee is the largest „ fairtrade ‟ labeled product , with 2008 sales amounting to $ 1 . 8 billion , Bananas ( at over $ 550 million , mostly in Europe ) , are the second largest fair-trade seller . Tea , cocoa , cotton , sugar and flower each had 2008 fair trade sales in excess of $ 250 million . The US fair-trade labeling organization recently has introduced a fair-trade labor standard for cotton garments , covering the conditions of both cotton production , and cut-and-trim sewing operations . - A recent large-scale survey found that the proportion of U . S . consumers reporting that they rewarded companies for being socially responsible has risen from 46 % in 1999 to 59 % in 2009 . _Sources : Global Fairtrade Foundation , “ _ Global Fairtrade sales increase by 22 % ” , press release , June 8 , 2009 . _Wikipedia , Transfair USA , _ “ Fair trade thriving in tough U . S . economy ” , < u > press release , April 16 , 2009 . < / u > 20", "spans": [{"start": 1507, "end": 1525, "text": "large-scale survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Urban Mobility Improvement Project ( P176725 ) 35 . * * Component 3 . Preparation of Urban Mobility Improvement for Secondary Cities . * * This component will support key secondary cities ( selected from Mombasa , Kisumu , Nakuru , and Eldoret ) to prepare necessary strategies , plans , and studies for low-carbon , gender-sensitive , safe , and climate-resilient urban mobility improvement which will be financed in the phase II project or by future projects . Proposed activities will include the development of a ) an integrated urban mobility plan to enhance public transport and / or the modernization of the para-transit system with NMT facilities , b ) traffic management and parking strategies , and c ) the design of a bus rapid transit system . Also , this component will support county governments to enhance county development plans , integrate transport and land use planning , and operationalize County Transport Safety Committees to manage better public transport . Details and finalization of activities , as well as the number of cities under this component , will be determined during the project preparation . Figure 2 . Thika Line to be financed | Legal Operational Policies | * * Triggered ? * * | | - - - | - - - | | Projects on International Waterways OP 7 . 50 | No | | Projects in Disputed Areas OP 7 . 60 | No | Summary of Screening of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ~ ~ < u > < mark > . < / mark > < / u > ~ ~ * * Note to Task Teams : * * This summary section is downloaded from the PCN data sheet and is editable . It should match the text provided by E & S specialist . If it is revised after the initial download the task team must manually update the summary in this section . * * _Please delete this note when finalizing the document . _ * * Page 12 of 15 Mar 17 , 2023", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ii . All the PAPs shall be fully sensitized < br > iii . The consultant shall move with security whenever < br > going to the field | | 11 | Katarangye < br > James A | RISO-Masaka < br > City | i . Ensure communication in time < br > ii . Always involve the required < br > stakeholders in time < br > iii . Always notify and move with < br > security when going to the field < br > given the sensitivity of land < br > issues | i . The consultant and client shall ensure timely < br > information sharing < br > ii . The proposed stakeholder mapping shall cater for all < br > the necessary stakeholders < br > iii . Security shall always be notified and moved with to the < br > field | | * * LOC * * < br > * * S / n * * | * * ATION : KYOTE * * < br > * * Name * * | * * RA DISTRICT * * < br > * * Designation * * | * * DATE : 25 / 05 / 2022 * * < br > * * Key Comment ( S ) * * | * * Response ( s ) * * | | 01 | Nakayote < br > Judith M | District Planner - < br > Kyotera | i . Consider involving the physical < br > planning committee | i . The consultant shall ensure involvement of all the < br > required technical and political district staffs | Page | 211", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2005 ; Subramanian and Jayaraj , 2015 ; Sundaram and Tendulkar , 2003 ) . The issue of diverging estimates from national accounts and household surveys is not limited to less wealthy countries . In the United States , per capita income from the two large national surveys , the Current Population Survey and the Consumer Expenditure Survey , are known to diverge from the national accounts ( see for example the recent assessment by Schündeln , 2018 ) . Nolan et al . ( 2019 ) recently reviewed gaps > 1 Survey data for this example come from World Bank , Global Database of Shared Prosperity ( GDSP ) circa 2013 - 2018 ( www . worldbank . org / en / topic / poverty / brief / global-database-of-shared-prosperity ) and national accounts data come from World Development Indicators , from latest data using the 2011 PPPs . 2 Estimates are from the 2009 to 2015 spell for Botswana in the Global Database of Shared Prosperity ( GDSP ) and growth is estimated in constant terms . The survey years are decimal years > ( 2009 . 25 and 2015 . 85 ) and national accounts growth is estimated for the same period using weighted annual data . 2", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 303, "text": "Current Population Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 312, "end": 339, "text": "Consumer Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 556, "end": 592, "text": "Global Database of Shared Prosperity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 811, "end": 820, "text": "2011 PPPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1110, "end": 1130, "text": "weighted annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > * * _ ( % ) _ * * | * * _Cash_ * * < br > * * _ ( % ) _ * * | * * _Cash and Food_ * * < br > * * _ ( % ) _ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 2005 * * | * * 34 * * | * * 46 * * | * * 20 * * | | * * 2006 * * | * * 38 * * | * * 44 * * | * * 18 * * | _Source : _ FSCB Financial and Physical Report 2005 , Mid-Term Report 2006 , Information Center Reports cited in ICR * * Figure 6 . Beneficiary Preferences for Types of Assistance from PSNP , 2006-2008 * * * * ( A ) 2006 ( B ) 2008 * * _Source : _ Devereux and others 2008 : 37", "spans": [{"start": 280, "end": 319, "text": "FSCB Financial and Physical Report 2005", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "absence of such data sources for Afghan refugees and Iranians , we focus on a specific dimension of social cohesion that can be measured using items in HEIS . In particular , we look into assistance received by Afghan households from other households as a measure of trust between two communities . Pham et al . ( 2021 ) use participatory research methods to identify the elements of the predominant understanding of social cohesion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Their study suggests that helping each other and sharing ( generosity and charity ) represent strong indicators of social cohesion . Accordingly , although our measure of social cohesion departs from its general definition , it captures one of the most important aspects of a broad concept . Having our definition of social cohesion in mind , we compute different variables using HEIS to measure trust between the communities . * * Aid * * is an unearned income item corresponding to aids received from NGOs and charity institutions . * * Transfer * * is another item in the unearned income table that comes from direct monetary transfers from other households . Moreover , in HEIS expenditure tables , in addition to the quantity and value of the items , their method of obtaining ( purchase , home production , from work , free ) is also inquired . Using this information , we compute * * free items * * as the sum of all expenditure items that their method of obtaining is mentioned as ‘ free ’ . Finally , we sum over household expenditure items for charitable giving and build variable * * donation * * that measures the transfers and contributions that are given to other households . According to rows ( 16 ) to ( 18 ) , the means of aid , transfer , and free items are significantly higher among Afghan households , and it raises above their monthly expenditure per capita . However , the share of Afghan households who receive aid , transfer , and free goods are respectively 3 . 2 % , 6 . 6 % , and 14 . 4 % , which is significantly lower than these shares for Iranians . # # * * 4 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1175, "text": "HEIS expenditure tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". org . np / WBSITE / EXTERNAL / COUNTRIES / SOUTHA SIAEXT / NEPALEXTN / 0 , menuPK : 286948 ~ pagePK : 141132 ~ piPK : 141105 ~ th eSitePK : 223555 , 00 . html ; last accessed Sept 28 , 2005 , 2005 . 18 . WHO . 2004 first national second generation HIV / AIDS / STI sentinel surveillance survey among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics , tuberculosis and STD patients in Central South , Puntland and Somaliland , 2004 . 19 . Sudan National AIDS Control Program . Situation Analysis : Behavioral & Epidemiological Surveys & Response Analysis : HIV Strategic Planning Process : Federal Ministry of Health , Nov 2002 . 43", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 295, "text": "HIV / AIDS / STI sentinel surveillance survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper proposes a novel approach to estimating firm-level DVAR , based on an export revenue function , which relies solely on customs transaction data and does not require matching with industrial census data , significantly expanding its applicability . The comparison with previous estimates of Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) using both customs data and industrial census data confirms the validity of our new approach . Our estimations based on China ’ s customs transaction provide micro-level evidence of China ’ s rising DVAR during 2000 and 2016 and the increase are mainly driven by processing exporters . HSR is the passenger-dedicated transportation infrastructure and mainly used for business purpose , which promotes the face-to-face communication between domestic buyers and sellers and reinforces domestic economic interactions and integration . To capture this IO linkages , this paper proposes a novel approach to measure firm-level IO linkages that only requires customs transaction data , by matching import product codes of exporting firms with export product codes of other domestic firms , implying that the latter can be viewed as the potential suppliers of the former . Empirical results based on this new measure of firm-level IO linkages , reveal that the rising DVAR can be attributed to HSR expansion , which enhances access to domestic materials by linking exporting firms with potential domestic suppliers . The effects of HSR connections are particularly significant for processing firms , foreign-invested firms , and firms in the electronics industry . Additionally , firms that import more homogeneous products and those connected to domestic suppliers over medium to long distances experience greater impacts from HSR . In addition , this paper presents a two-sector theoretical model illustrating how HSR expansion affects firm DVAR by increasing the likelihood that exporting firms access domestic suppliers at lower communication costs . As the HSR network more domestic become accessible to grows , suppliers exporting firms , facilitating greater access to domestic materials . This improved access encourages the substitution of domestic materials for imported ones , thereby increasing firm-level DVAR . The findings of this paper indicate that , in addition to trade and FDI liberalization — previously recognized as key drivers of China ’ s rising DVAR — enhancing domestic transportation infrastructure can also play a critical role in", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 154, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 190, "end": 212, "text": "industrial census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "involuntary resettlement impacts , the < br > project proponent shall retain competent < br > resettlement professionals to : < br > ` o ` monitor < br > the < br > implementation < br > of < br > resettlement plans , < br > ` o ` design < br > corrective < br > actions < br > as < br > necessary , < br > ` o ` provide advice on compliance with < br > this ESS and < br > ` o ` Produce < br > periodic < br > monitoring < br > reports . < br > ▪ Affected persons will be consulted < br > during the monitoring process . < br > ▪ Periodic monitoring reports will be < br > prepared and affected persons will be < br > informed about monitoring results in a < br > timely manner . < br > ▪ A < br > completion < br > audit < br > should < br > be < br > undertaken once displaced persons are < br > deemed to have had provided adequate < br > opportunity < br > and < br > assistance < br > to | The legislations entrust Woreda and < br > Urban < br > Administrations < br > with < br > the < br > responsibility to collect and maintain the < br > record of property located on the < br > expropriated land as well as records < br > and evidence relating to displaced < br > people . | National legislations do not specify < br > monitoring methods , schedule , reporting < br > requirements , and key performance < br > indicators ( KPIs ) to be monitored . It < br > remains < br > inadequate < br > to < br > effectively < br > monitor changes brought about by < br > project-related interventions including < br > RP & LRP measures . The legislation < br > does not provide for project evaluation < br > either . Neither do", "spans": [{"start": 1048, "end": 1066, "text": "record of property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the relationship between digital-tech-oriented firms and ethical practices across cultural dimensions . Therefore , we also add to the strand of literature examining the link between cultural dimensions and sustainability ( Sedita et al . , 2022 ; Kucharska and Kowalczyk , 2019 ; Lahuerta-Otero and González-Bravo , 2018 ; Parboteeah et al . , 2012 ; Onel and Mukherjee , 2014 ; Husted , 2005 ; Vachon , 2010 ; Gallego-Álvarez and Ortas , 2017 ) , as well as to studies focusing on the issue of regulation in sustainability ( Behera and Sethi , 2022 ; Li et al . , 2021 ) , since we examine how regulatory burdens and perceptions of courts as an obstacle to business activity are related to firms ’ ethical behavior . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . In section 2 , we describe the data and variables ; in section 3 we present our empirical approach ; in section 4 we discuss our results . Finally , section 5 concludes the paper . # * * 2 Data and Variables * * We collected data from various sources to analyze the correlation between firms ’ technology and ethical practices . First , we gathered firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) , covering 158 countries from 2006 to 2023 , for a total of 192 , 132 observations . < sup > 1 < / sup > We consider firms in the manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries as per the ISIC Code Revision 4 classification . < sup > 2 < / sup > In addition , > 1 The Enterprise Surveys are firm-level surveys of representative samples of the private sector around the world . Data is publicly available and can be retrieved at the following web-link : < u > https : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org < / u > ( last accessed : November 2024 ) . 2 The United Nations Statistical Commission produces a standard classification of economic activities : the International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic activities ( ISIC ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1149, "end": 1178, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 Data available from INTA ( 1998 ) for seven extension-providing companies indicates a range of cost of extension provision for 1997 / 98 that varies between $ 70 . 98 and $ 88 . 43 per producer , based on the company . The average cost for 1997 / 98 of $ 79 . 67 is significantly lower than that of 1996 / 97 ( $ 88 . 83 ) , and that of 1995 / 96 ( $ 101 . 18 ) . The cost effectiveness trend over the last three years of ATP2 operations is a reflection of both the experience gained by the private companies , and by the competition regulated by INTA . Table I 1 : Extensionists ' allocation time for extension in the 7 private companies of ATP2 as of 10 / 1996 | | Numberof | Working Days | | Distribut | ion of Tec | hnicians | ' Time am | ong Act | ivities | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Company | Technicians | per Month | Visits of | Producers | Technican | ' s Training | Office | Work | Mi | sc . | | | | | Days | % | Days | % | Days | % | Days | % | | I | 10 | 24 | 20 | 83 . 3 | 2 | 8 . 2 | 1 | 4 . 2 | 1 | 4 . 2 | | 2 | 7 | 24 | 20 | 83 . 3 | 2 | 8 . 3 | 2 | 8 . 3 | - | - | | 7 | 6 | 23 | 18 | 78 . 2 | 2 | 8 . 7 | 2 | 8 . 7 | 1 | 4 . 4 | | 6 | 8 | 24 | 20 | 83 . 3 | 3 | 12 . 5 | 1 | 4 . 1 | - | - | | 3 | 11 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 27, "text": "25 Data available from INTA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 Association by electronic means . The Association may rely upon such representations and warranties , including the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( “ Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC ” ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to the Agreement ( s ) referred to in the subject line of this Authorization . # # * * Signatory Details * * | * * Name * * | * * Position * * | * * Email ID * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ SignatoryName ] | [ Title ] | [ Email ] | # # * * Specimen Signatures * * | Signatory Name | Signature 1 | Signature2 | Signature3 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ User Name ] | | | | | [ User Name ] | | | | Yours truly , / signed / ______________ [ Position ] < sup > 1 < / sup > > 1 Instruction to Bank staff : please forward this letter to Country Lawyer for further processing ( Recipient : please do not delete this note ) .", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 602, "text": "Association records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "search assistance and training ( 140 ) . Conversely , public works reforms were the least common among all ALMP reforms , but they were the second-most popular reform in low middle - and low-income economies ( Figure 8a ) . * * Figure 7 . Number of UB policies during the Covid-19 pandemic * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . By policy and income b . By region < br > 44 Increase in the amount of UB 58 < br > 45 Increase in the coverage of UB 60 < br > 40 Increase in the duration of UB < br > 50 < br > 35 Change in the application process of UB < br > 40 < br > 30 25 30 29 < br > 25 22 30 24 < br > 20 17 20 < br > 9 9 < br > 15 10 9 10 10 < br > 10 < br > 3 4 4 3 4 3 0 < br > 5 1 0 < br > 0 < br > HIC UMIC LMIC < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank ' s Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory ( SPJPI ) . Data cover March 2020 – January 2022 . Note : LIC did not have any UB reforms captured by the SPJPI . * * Figure 8 . Number of ALMP programs during the Covid-19 pandemic * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . By program and income group b . By region < br > Adjustments in labor regulations < br > 177 < br > 180 Wage subsidies 250 233 < br > 160 Job search assistance and training < br > 141 < br > Public works 200 < br > 140 125 168 < br > 148 < br > 120 150 132 < br > 110 < br > 100 < br > 78 100 < br > 71 < br > 80 < br > 61 49 < br > 60 42 50 25 < br > 34 33 < br > 40 27 < br > 17 20 19 0", "spans": [{"start": 791, "end": 834, "text": "Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using high resolution DEM maps , we downscale and prepare the flood inundation map ( i . e . flood fraction 0 to 1 . 0 ) for each AOGCM ( spatial resolutions : 2 . 5 min x 2 . 5 min ) ( Hu _et al . _ , 2015 ) . From these outcomes , we extract the flood extent for return periods greater than 1 in 100 years , 1 in 50 years and 1 in 30 years and produce the mean flood inundation map for 2016 – 2035 and 2036 – 2055 at RCP4 . 5 and RCP8 . 5 respectively . We selected these return periods because the flood protection standard for Chinese infrastructures typically ranges between 1 in 10 years to 1 in 100 years , as required by the law . With the above outcomes , we evaluate the extent of changing flooding probability , calculating the difference between two selected subsequent periods . Here we subtract the inundation value for each grid ( spatial resolutions : 2 . 5 min x 2 . 5 min ) and estimate the total flooded area between period 1 as defined by the difference between 1986 – 2005 and 2016 – 2035 , and period 2 as defined by the difference between 1986 – 2005 and 2036 – 2055 , for both pathways RCP4 . 5 and RCP8 . 5 . This difference indicates how specified grids in China would face different levels of changing flood probabilities – increasing , decreasing or a continuation of the status quo . # * * 2 . 2 . 2 . Estimating impact on WWTP * * To demonstrate how Chinese wastewater treatment plants may be exposed to the changing probability of flooding , we identify those wastewater plants that face increasing , decreasing or non ‐ changing flooding hazard by intersecting them with inundation cells , as estimated above . We subsequently calculate the net change , as defined by the difference between the number of assets facing increasing hazard and those that face decreasing hazard . We also calculate the number of users each wastewater plant serves , as described in Section 2 . 1 , as well as the those that face increasing / decreasing flood hazards . Below", "spans": [{"start": 363, "end": 383, "text": "flood inundation map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Second Kenya Urban Support Program ( P177048 ) # Second Kenya Urban Support Program ( P177048 ) EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA | Kenya | Urban , Resilience and Land Global Practice | Requesting Unit : AECE2 | Responsible Unit : SAEU3 IBRD / IDA | Program-for-Results Financing | FY 2023 | Team Leader ( s ) : Beatriz Eraso Puig , James Muli Sinah Seq No : 3 | ARCHIVED on 16-Apr-2024 | ISR60292 | Created by : Carlos Ivan Mejia Rosario on 14-Mar-2024 | Modified by : Carlos Ivan Mejia Rosario on 11-Apr-2024 # * * Program Development Objectives * * Program Development Objective ( from Program Appraisal Document ) To strengthen the capacities of urban institutions to : ( i ) improve the delivery and resilience of urban infrastructure and services ; ( ii ) enhance the private sector engagement in urban planning ; and ( iii ) support the transition of refugee camps into integrated host community and refugee settlements # * * Overall Ratings * * | Name | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Progress towards achievement of PDO |  Satisfactory |  Satisfactory | | Overall Implementation Progress ( IP ) |  Satisfactory |  Satisfactory | # * * Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * The finance and grant agreements were declared effective on March 14 , 2024 . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 1364, "end": 1393, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effect than big city effect is apparent in the test statistics reported at the foot of Table 3 , especially for the poverty gap index and in the indirect and total effects . These differences between big city effects and smaller town effects are not an artefact of less brightly lit fringe areas of big cities being counted as part of the smaller , more dimly lit , towns . If a fixed mask approach is used that excludes areas that ultimately become part of the big city from being ever counted as part of small towns , the results are largely the same ( columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) ) . The elasticities have slightly smaller magnitude than under the variable mask approach in columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) but the dominance of small town over big city effects is just as apparent . Another sensitivity analysis is to use the sum of lights approach , by multiplying lit area by the average DN within that area and the results in columns ( 5 ) to ( 8 ) confirm significantly larger secondary town effects . The results also hold if the distinction between smaller towns and rural areas is based on a 30 % luminosity threshold rather than the 20 % threshold used in Table 3 ( Appendix Table 2 has these sensitivity analyses ) . It might be argued that the “ town effect ” we identify may be in large part an indirect “ city effect , ” i . e . , that city growth drives town growth , which then helps drive rural poverty reduction . Table 4 takes this argument seriously by providing analogous results to Table 3 but dropping the variables for towns and only reporting results for H since the results have similar patterns to those for PG . ( For balance , the table also gives the results when we drop the city lights variables . ) We find a total effect of the area of city lights of - 0 . 715 . Combined with the results of Table 3 , this suggests that 87 % of the total big city effect is via induced town growth , and 13 % is direct . However , it", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the spot market rates — the fact which has not been explored in the trade literature . In practice , importers closely watch annual contract rates as they determine their trade volumes for the entire year . < sup > 31 < / sup > Third , if annual-contract markets dominate containerized shipping , the within-route price dispersion should be detectable in the transaction-level datasets , conditional on them reporting freight rates . Two papers have recently conducted this type of analysis : Holmes and Singer ( 2018 ) and Ardelean and Lugovskyy ( 2021 ) . * * Stylized Fact 20 . * * _There are two types of containerized shipping markets : long-term contract market and spot market . The rates may differ significantly between the two . _ Both document rate and link it to the and papers pronounced freight dispersion firm shipment sizes : larger firms and larger shipments face lower freight rates . The papers use different datasets and provide different interpretations of these findings . Holmes and Singer ( 2018 ) use Bills of lading filed with the U . S . Department of Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) . They attribute the lower freight rates faced by larger trading firms to the container indivisibility and the ability of larger firms to pack shipments fuller than smaller companies . < sup > 32 < / sup > Ardelean and Lugovskyy ( 2021 ) use Chilean Imports reported by Panjiva . They explicitly model price-discriminating carriers with trading firms getting quotes from carriers , where each quote is subject to a fixed cost of processing . Larger firms have greater bargaining power in this setting as they have greater incentives to obtain more quotes . This advantage disappears if the number of carriers is limited so that all firms , large and small , obtain the same number of quotes . Empirically , they find that the 90 < sup > _th_ < / sup > percentile importing firms pay up to 23 % lower freight rates than the 10 < sup > _th_ < / sup > percentile firms . In line with their theoretical predictions , they also find that price discrimination disappears in the thin markets — i . e . , in markets", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 385, "text": "transaction-level datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "32 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3 00 < br > + 250 . < br > + ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 200 . < br > C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < br > 1150 < br > + ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 50 + < br > 1 + < br > 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 260 300 < br > Pro-crisis Volatiliy Pe-crisis Volatiity < br > Figure 19 Figure 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ii ) Similarly , figures 21 and 22 below show that also the second implication holds : the mean and the volatility of the risk premium have a positive relation . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 300 o 350 < br > 250 < br > 300 < br > # 200 24 < br > 200 < br > ~ 100 + < br > + ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < br > 50 . 4 L4 150 < br > isPsi Men + ssMa < br > 0 o 500 1000 1500 2000 10 500 _ _ _ 1000 _ _ _ _ 1500 _ _ _ _ _ 2000 _ _ _ _ 2500 < br > Pre-crisis Mean Cdlas Mean < br > Figure 21 Figure 22 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Figure 22_ iii ) Finally , we try the following experiment to look for evidence supporting the third implication . For both periods - pre-crisis and crisis - we rank the countries according to the _probability of default_ ( 1 - * * i * * ) - proxied by the pre-crisis mean of the risk premium - and then we plot the volatility on this rank . For the pre-crisis period the ranking is ( from the most likely to the less likely to default ) : Nigeria , Venezuela , Bulgaria , Ecuador , Argentina , Brazil , Poland , Philippines and Mexico . For the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sub-Program . Part A1 Basic Services Block Grant ( ( IDA USD580 million equivalent ; DFID USD331 . 2 million equivalent ; AFDB USD165 million equivalent , EC USD68 . 2 million equivalent , Spain USD14 . 2 million equivalent , KfW USD49 . 8 million equivalent , Ireland USD50 . 5 million equivalent , Austria USD11 . 4 million equivalent ; GoE USD2 , 535 . 8 million . PBS I included ( i ) education , ( ii ) health , ( iii ) agricultural extension , and ( iv ) water supply / sanitation services delivered by sub-national governments as the basic service sectors . It has been agreed by Government and the Development Partners that in PBS II rural roads will also be included as a basic service sector . As a result of this expanded scope of basic services , the JBAR data and analysis will include all ( recurrent and capital ) spending allocated to rural roads as well as the other four services at sub-national levels , particularly woreda level . Results indicators will be identified to cover this revised scope , and the Roads Sector will be expected to participate in PBS Reviews to discuss issues related to the financing and delivery of rural roads .", "spans": [{"start": 763, "end": 772, "text": "JBAR data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant burden on women as the head of household and breadwinner to large families . Physical impediments and disability caused by EO accidents significantly limits the survivors ’ as well as family members ’ opportunities to engage in socio-economic development and community life and puts an < / mark > additional burden on an already overstretched health system . _Photo 2 - Coping mechanism , Jan . 2022_ # # # # * * < mark > Presence of Mine and Explosive Hazards < / mark > * * < mark > There are still 4 , 104 hazardous areas in the country , affecting at least 1 , 522 communities and posing a threat to vulnerable populations such as internally displaced persons , returnees , refugees , and conflict-affected non-displaced civilians . The presence of explosive ordnance ( EO ) in Afghanistan , particularly improvised mines from more recent armed clashes and Explosive Remnants of War ( ERW ) , continues to be a top humanitarian priority . Explosive ordnance continues to claim lives and maim the local population , but their wider impact is farreaching : the presence - or perceived presence - of EO causes psychological distress , blocks access to natural resources and basic services , impedes safe humanitarian access , and hinders infrastructure development , amongst others . Following the cessation of hostilities in most < / mark > < mark > A total of 76 casualties were recorded from January to March 2022 in the national mine action database , though systematic victim data collection remains disrupted due to the fluid and evolving situation after the Taliban ’ s takeover . While explosive hazards kill and maim indiscriminately , children , particularly boys are at high risk of death or injuries from EO accidents in Afghanistan - 31 children ( including 26 boys and five girls ) were reported to have died and nine ( including five boys and four girls ) injured from three EO explosions during the reporting period . Data collected in 2021 shows that improvised mines are the leading cause of civilian casualty accounting for 72 % of the total civilian casualties followed by ERW which accounts for", "spans": [{"start": 1437, "end": 1466, "text": "national mine action database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1947, "end": 1969, "text": "Data collected in 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Coefficent < br > Unconditional Conditional < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ The reported coefficient is from a regression of log sales on management score < sup > 16 < / sup > , with the conditional regression including controls on sector of activity , city and firm ' s age . The coefficients should be interpreted as log percentages . The management score is been normalized for each country separately . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 > 15 Besides Mozambique , the Enterprise Survey includes questions on the adoption of management practices in the following countries : Argentina , Belarus , Bolivia , Colombia , Cyprus , Ecuador , Gambia , Greece , Kenya , Lao PDR , Paraguay , Peru , Suriname , Uruguay and West Bank & Gaza . > 16 The management scores were calculated with a subset of questions that are common for all countries . Some questions asked in Mozambique were not asked in other countries , leading to a slightly different management score for Mozambique ( and therefore a slightly different coefficient than found in Column 1 of Table 6 ) . 29", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 528, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10995 # * * Abstract * * This paper estimates the differentiated economic impact of natural hazard-related disasters ( the specific disasters and climate shocks studied here being floods ) when they occur in conflict versus non-conflict affected areas . Existing literature shows that disasters and climate shocks can cause significant distress to countries and people on an institutional and household level . However , assumptions are made that their impact tends to be larger in conflict-affected areas , with little evidence available on the differentiated extent of these damages . This paper investigates whether , and to what extent , the presence of conflicts has amplified the impacts of floods on economic activity and people , and hampered recovery . The paper applies a “ top-down ” approach to estimating the differential impacts of disasters and climate shocks between conflict and non-conflict affected areas using satellite-derived imagery of nightlight radiance as a proxy for economic activity , along with geospatial footprints of floods . The analysis considers two case studies : the 2019 tropical cyclones Idai and Kenneth and subsequent floods in Mozambique , and the July 2022 floods in Nigeria . Using difference-in-difference estimations , the analysis finds that there are significant differences in disaster and climate shock impacts and recovery between conflict and non-conflict affected areas . Particularly , there is a greater decline in economic activity and a longer recovery time in conflict affected areas , as proxied by the greater change in the intensity of nightlight radiance . This paper is a product of the Urban , Disaster Risk Management , Resilience and Land Global Department . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at kbenbih @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 1008, "text": "satellite-derived imagery of nightlight radiance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Objective 9 : * * Ensuring access to education , healthcare & other services Almost all UNHCR operations ( 23 ) report that urban refugees technically have access to primary and secondary education provided by the host government and to primary health care at government clinics . However , most operations also note practical barriers that complicate and limit refugees ’ ability to fully use those services . The additional costs associated with these “ free ” services deter access — for example the cost of books , uniforms and registration fees necessary to go to school . Other signifi cant deterrents include discrimination , language barriers , insuffi cient documentation , logistics and a lack of awareness among refugees that the services exist . _ “ When I was in Somalia , my mother said that when we got to a safe place I could study . Now we are here , but I still don ’ t have my dream [ to study ] . It is like a jail for me [ sitting at home all day ] , ” _ Somali girl , Amman # # # # # * * Urban refugees access to education * * | * * Graph 15 : * * Urban refugees ’ acc < br > Private < br > tertiary education < br > Host government < br > tertiary education < br > Community-based < br > secondary education | ess to education | | - - - | - - - | | UNHCR subsidized < br > secondary education < br > Community-based < br > primary education < br > Private < br > secondary education < br > Private < br > primary education < br > Host government < br > secondary education < br > UNHCR supported < br > primary education < br > Host government < br > primary education < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces | 0 < br > 5 < br > 10 < br > 15 < br > 20 < br > 25 | A Global Survey – 2012 37", "spans": [{"start": 1693, "end": 1706, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s proposed plan for establishing LPG distribution in Kakuma and Kalobeyei included establishing a storage facility on site ; this would be managed by NOCK ’ s local distribution partner , which already has a presence in the complex . NOCK would also set up 50 to 60 local retail shops ( operated by a mix of refugees and members of the host community ) , which would maintain a continuous stock of at least 15 to 20 cylinders that customers could exchange for their empty cylinders . Cylinders would be refilled in the city of Eldoret , approximately 500 km away . The local distribution partner would manage the initial distribution of LPG kits , which would include a grill , burner and associated accessories , along with an initial 6-kg cylinder of LPG . The partner would also help to identify and register beneficiaries of the concession . Beneficiaries would be assigned unique ID numbers , and all hardware would have serial numbers . The proposed pricing scheme included an initial payment of KES 5 , 225 ( approximately $ 52 ) for the LPG kit , with refills priced at KES 1 , 425 each ( for 6 kg of LPG ) . Using the MEI estimates of an average of 9 . 05 MJ of energy required for cooking each day , and a conversion rate of 1 MJ to 0 . 02 kg of LPG , NOCK anticipated the average household would require one 6-kg cylinder per month . That would require a subsidy of KES 855 per month per household , with households paying KES 570 per month ( KES 19 per day for 30 days ) . The distribution partner would collect stock and sales data from the retail locations daily , and invoice monthly for subsidy repayment based on verified sales . Usage monitoring would be conducted through regular refill monitoring as well as quarterly user surveys and random data accuracy checks . The local distributor and retailer would each make a margin of KES 18 per kilogramme of LPG sold . 16 movingenergy . earth", "spans": [{"start": 1526, "end": 1546, "text": "stock and sales data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1730, "end": 1752, "text": "quarterly user surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 39 - for exports requires only part of the transport supply derived from the larger import volume and hence return freight trucking charges were relatively low . Also , the transport costs over the Mwanza-Dar es Salaam route are higher than those over the Kisumu-Mombasa route . The IDA projections for modal mix in 1992 foresee an increase of the railways share to 16 percent of total transport which is mainly due to a projected relatively rapid import growth . This modal mix assumes that the Government directive to the public sector to utilize the railways will remain in force , while URC improves its efficiency . In the medium term the Government will have to closely monitor whether URC can keep up with expanding transport demand and if necessary adjust the directive to avoid creating artificial transport bottlenecks . 5 . 05 The economic costs and benefits of the 333 kms Kampala-Kasese railway line rehabilitation were calculated first for a base case ( see annex 15 ) . This case assumes that transport demand will exceed supply especially in the first three years due mainly to a successful Government drive to increase production of cash crops including maize and beans in Western Uganda . This is projected to create a total agricultural transport demand of about 60 , 000 tonnes in 1991 for transport to other parts of Uganda . This production for import substitution could later turn into regular and barter trade exports given the appropriate government policies . Non-agricultural products would amount to about 20 , 000 tonnes , of which about half is cement and limestone . It is assumed that transit trade will not revert back to the railways in the period under consideration . Costs attributed to the Kampala-Kasese line are US $ 6 . 0 million ( base costs in end of 1988 prices plus physical contingency ) . Benefits in the first approach consist of ( i ) user savings due to diversion to the rail , ( ii ) savings on highway maintenance derived from traffic diversion , and ( iii ) full market value of generated traffic , which refers to agricultural output which would", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 314, "text": "IDA projections for modal mix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 6 | 1 . 2 | 0 . 9 | 0 . 9 | 0 . 8 | | Portfolio Investment | 0 . 9 | 1 . 6 | 2 . 4 | 1 . 0 | 1 . 4 | 3 . 2 | 19 . 5 | 7 . 5 | 3 . 3 | 2 . 8 | | Other Long-term Flows | - 2 . 6 | - 10 . 8 | - 4 . 3 | - 1 . 8 | 1 . 3 | - 1 . 9 | - 30 . 9 | 1 . 8 | 0 . 4 | * * 6 . 2 * * | | Other Short-term Flows | - 4 . 1 | 0 . 7 | - 1 . 2 | 2 . 2 | 2 . 0 | - 0 . 8 | 2 . 9 | 0 . 8 | 3 . 2 | 5 . 6 | | Net Error & Omissions | 2 . 0 | - 6 . 8 | 3 . 2 | - 2 . 4 | - 2 . 3 | 5 . 5 | 1 . 8 | - 2 . 0 | - 2 . 1 | - 15 . 5 | Source : Own calculation based on monthly central bank balance of payments statistics .", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 589, "text": "monthly central bank balance of payments statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 50 % Q4 50 % Q4 < br > Q3 Q3 < br > 40 % 40 % < br > Q2 Q2 < br > 30 % 30 % < br > Q1 ( Poorest 20 % ) Q1 ( Poorest 20 % ) < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 21 % 2 % 10 % 22 % < br > 7 % 7 % 1 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Basic High Tertiary Basic High Tertiary < br > Scenario 1 Scenario 2 < br > Source : LCMS VI < br > Note : Poorest quintile represents the lowest consumption level ; richest quintile captures the part of the distribution < br > with the largest consumption per capita . < br > Total and Basic Education ( thousands ) < br > High School and Tertiary Education ( thousands ) High School and Tertiary Education ( thousands ) < br > Quintile participation < br > Total and Basic Education ( thousands ) < br > Quintile participation < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * 5 . 1 . 2 . Healthcare Services * * Those individuals who reported being ill or injured during the 15 days before the survey follow a uniform distribution across socioeconomic groups . ( See ― Injured or Ill ‖ in Figure 4 . ) The same distribution is observed both for those who did not report visiting any public facility and among those visiting a public 23", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 311, "text": "LCMS VI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Wk | C ≥ 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach and Direct < br > Contracting | ` All contracts at or above USD 10 ` < br > ` million are subject to international ` < br > ` advertising and the use of the Bank ’ s ` < br > ` SPDs ( or other documents agreed with ` < br > ` the Bank ) , as well as", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Devereux ( 2011 ) , Bjorklund and Salvanes ( 2011 ) , and Corak ( 2013 ) . A partial list of the contributions includes Bowles ( 1972 ) , Becker and Tomes ( 1979 ) , Atkinson et al . ( 1983 ) , Solon ( 1992 ) , Mulligan ( 1997 ) , Arrow et al . ( 2000 ) , Black et al . ( 2005 ) , Bjorklund et al . ( 2006 ) , Chetty et al . ( 2014 ) , Lefgren et al . ( 2014 ) , Black et al . ( 2015 ) , Becker et al . ( 2015 ) . > 3Coresidency restriction results in a truncated sample , as the surveys do not gather any information on the family members who do not satisfy the coresidency criteria . > 4Some of the children of the household head may not be part of the household at the time of the survey for a variety of reasons such as higher eduction , job , marriage and household partition . > 5This is true even for a country such as India where there is a long tradition of high quality household survey data collection . Bardhan ( 2005 ) identifies intergenerational mobility as one of the under-researched areas of economic research in India . 1", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 901, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > 6 < / sup > The 2022 Global Findex Survey < sup > 7 < / sup > found > 1 International Monetary Fund , 2023 . Website , accessed November 14th : imf . org / en / Countries / ETH # featured > 2 Drought is the most destructive climate-related natural hazard . Through 2100 , there is a likely 20 percent increase in extreme high rainfall events . Flash floods and seasonal river floods are becoming more frequent and widespread . World Bank , 2021 , Ethiopia Climate Risk Profile . > 3 This is particularly due to dependence on key sectors that are highly affected by climate change such as agriculture , water , tourism , and forestry ( World Food Programme . Ethiopia Annual Country Report 2022 ) . > 4 Ethiopia Country Climate Development Report , 2023 , draft , World Bank . > 5 World Bank , 2021 , Ethiopia Climate Risk Profile . > 6 World Economic Forum . 2022 . Global Gender Gap Report , published July 2022 . URL : https : / / www3 . weforum . org / docs / WEF_GGGR_2022 . pdf . > 7 World Bank . 2022 . The Global Findex Database 2021 : Financial Inclusion , Digital Payments , and Resilience in the age of COVID-19 . https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / publication / globalfindex # sec1 . Page 1 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 47, "text": "2022 Global Findex Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1026, "end": 1046, "text": "Findex Database 2021", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We offer a simple model to motivate our empirical strategy . The model demonstrates how some reforms could be classified as small or large depending on the relative magnitude of the costs and benefits of registration . Our results imply that in countries with high initial registration costs , the benefits of registration are significantly below the costs of registration , likely because of limited access to finance or rigid labor markets . This is consistent with Djankov et al . ( 2002 ) who show that high registration costs do not serve public interest , but only benefit politicians and bureaucrats . < sup > 3 < / sup > The results in our paper suggest non-trivial economic magnitudes on the number of newly registered businesses . For example , we find that across OECD countries in our sample , on average , a reduction of 50 percent or more in the number of procedures , days or costs leads to an average increase in the number of new registrations of 14 , 19 and 30 percent , respectively . These results are remarkably consistent with previous studies of registration reforms in two different OECD countries . A reform in Mexico that decreased the number of procedures by about 60 percent resulted in a 5 percent increase in the total number of firms , which translates to a 24 percent increase in new registrations in the municipality of Guadalajara ( Bruhn , 2008 ) . A reform in Portugal that reduced costs and days by 50 percent or more resulted in an increase in firm startups of about 17 percent , mostly among “ marginal ” firms that would have been most deterred by burdensome regulations , such as small firms in low-tech sectors ( Branstetter , et al . , 2010 ) . Our analysis is motivated by earlier studies that find that new firms are the ones most likely to grow ( Lingelbach , et al . , 2005 ; Johnson , et al . , 2000 ) and to create new jobs ( Audretsch , et al . , 2006 ; McMillan and Woodruff . 2002 ) . For example , studies using longitudinal data sets on > 3 Our results are also consistent with de Mel , et al", "spans": [{"start": 1965, "end": 1987, "text": "longitudinal data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7-11 years old due to almost full enrollment in urban areas ( Acción Social , 2010a ) . Like the _Oportunidades_ program , the transfers are specifically given to mothers , a mechanism designed to ensure that the money is invested in children and as an incentive for empowering women within their communities . Within each municipality FA targets the poorest households based on a proxy-means test system constructed with information from a census of poor people ( known as _Sisben_ ) . In Colombia , all households surveyed by _Sisben_ are assigned to one of six brackets of a poverty index score called _Sisben_ that is used to identify the most vulnerable population . The index runs from 0 to 100 , and it is a function of a set of household characteristics and variables related to the consumption of durable goods , human capital endowments , and current income to calculate a score that indicates the household economic well-being . The first level includes households that are extremely poor . While many social programs target the population with scores falling in the first two brackets , FA is only offered to households in the first bracket . Municipal governments are responsible for ensuring adequate coordination with schools and health centers working with the FA program to ensure its successful local implementation . < sup > 9 < / sup > Local banks deliver the cash transfers to beneficiaries every two months . It was estimated that the annual costs of the program in 2009 were going to be equivalent to 0 . 27 percent of GDP in that year ( World Bank , 2008 ) . The program FA expanded over the years to reach national coverage in 2010 . Initially , the program was targeted geographically . Only municipalities that were not departmental capitals , with fewer than 100 , 000 inhabitants , with at least one bank branch working in the municipality , and had access to facilities that allowed for the implementation of the program were eligible ( 691 out of the 1 , 024 municipalities ) . Within these communities , a total of 340 , 000 households in 622 municipalities were registered to participate ( Attanasio et al . , 2006 ) . In 2005 , the", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 462, "text": "census of poor people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "among those found within mixed migratory movements who require a differentiated and focused response from states , international organizations and other actors . Others requiring special protection and assistance include victims of gender-based violence and other types of violence , the sick and elderly and people with disabilities . The extent and nature of child migration from the Horn of Africa and Great Lakes region through East and Southern Africa is difficult to quantify or analyse as little empirical evidence exists in relation to this issue . It seems likely that most refugee and migrant children in Southern Africa originate from within the SADC region itself . UNICEF , for example , estimates that there are around 20 , 000 child migrants in South Africa , the majority of whom are from Zimbabwe . The TMTF survey of migrants detained in Tanzania found 144 Somali detainees under 18 years of age ( some 37 per cent of the total number of Somalis surveyed ) , 64 of whom were under 15 ( 16 per cent ) . Such figures ( although they are not fully consistent ) suggest that the movement of children across international borders in Southern Africa is a significant issue . If it is to be addressed in an effective and equitable manner , adequate training and resources will be required so as to ensure that the authorities can undertake a thorough Best 19", "spans": [{"start": 820, "end": 864, "text": "TMTF survey of migrants detained in Tanzania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Federal Chartered City | | Bahir Dar , Dessie , Gondar and Kombolcha | Amhara Regional State | | Harar | Harari Regional State | | Adama , Bishoftu , Jimma and Shashemene | Oromia Regional State | | Awassa , Arba Minch , Dila and Sodo | Southern Nations Nationalities < br > & Peoples ’ Regional State | | Mekele , Adigrat , Axum and Shire < br > Endasellassie | Tigray Regional State | The 19 cities contain a population of approximately 5 . 5 million comprising about 43 % of Ethiopia ’ s total urban population < sup > 2 < / sup > . These 19 cities have been selected for two main reasons : a ) it is important to focus on large sized investments so that substantial impact can be achieved – so as to avoid a large number of small investments that have little real impact ; and b ) to focus the ULGDP investment in those 18 cities that have already received substantial capacity building support through the CBDSD project , including development of 5 year capital investment plans , plus the capital city , Addis Ababa . In this document these cities are referred to as “ _urban local governments_ ” ( ULGs ) . > 1 Regional BWUDs will work in close consultation with Regional Urban Planning Institutes . > 2 This data is based on the 1995 census estimates for July 2007 . These will be updated with the May 2007 census data once this is released in 2008 . Page 6 Urban Local Government Development Project", "spans": [{"start": 1239, "end": 1260, "text": "1995 census estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1308, "end": 1328, "text": "May 2007 census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agricultural extension service . Promotion was administered by sub-Assistant Agricultural Officers , whom we refer to as extension agents . Each extension agent works in a single sub-district ( _Union_ ) , spanning on average 9 villages . To limit the potential for our demonstration interventions to displace extension agents ’ attention away from farmers in control and non-experimental villages , our experimental sample consists of 2 randomly selected villages in 55 Unions of the Barisal district , yielding a study sample of 110 villages across the district . < sup > 4 < / sup > One of the primary activities for extension agents under IAPP was to form farmer field groups of approximately 25 farmers in each of the project village . These farmers were self-designated during a village meeting with the extension agent ; the only requirement was for these farmers to manifest a high level of interest in learning about new agricultural technologies and attend regular group meetings . The farmer field groups discussed a range of agricultural practices and technologies , including the adoption and properties of the new flood-saline-resilient seeds demonstrated in our experiment . They met monthly , on average , during the dry season . # * * 2 . 2 Dry season agriculture in Barisal * * Agriculture comprises two main growing seasons in Barisal : the monsoon season ( _kharif_ season ) spans roughly from April to October , while the dry season ( _rabi_ season ) runs roughly from November to March . Rice is the traditional staple crop in Bangladesh , and is well-suited to cultivation in the kharif season . While productive , rice cultivation in the rabi season ( _boro_ rice ) requires heavy irrigation which is primarily provided by groundwater . < sup > 5 < / sup > Heavy reliance on groundwater irrigation poses economic and environmental challenges : at the time of this study , heavy energy subsidies were in place to ensure the profitability of boro rice cultivation , and associated groundwater extraction was drawing down the water table . We present basic descriptive statistics on dry season production of pulses and boro rice in Barisal in Appendix Table A5 ; our household survey data used to construct this table is described in Section 3 .", "spans": [{"start": 2188, "end": 2209, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex V : Stamp Tax Revenue Data Across States * * Andhra Pradesh Figure 1a : Annual Percentage Change in Stamp Duty Revenues and Rates Figure 1b : Stamp Duty Revenues and Rates < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Andhra Pradesh < br > 45 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Year < br > Tax Revenue Stamp Tax Rate < br > Figure 2a : Annual Percentage Change < br > in Stamp Duty Revenues and Rates < br > Delhi < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > - 20 < br > - 40 < br > - 60 < br > Year < br > Tax Rev Stamp Rate < br > 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 < br > 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 < br > % change annually < br > Annual % Change < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Andhra Pradesh < br > 90000 10 . 1 % < br > 80000 10 . 0 % < br > 70000 9 . 9 % < br > 60000 9 . 8 % < br > 50000 9 . 7 % < br > 40000 9 . 6 % < br > 30000 9 . 5 % < br > 20000 9 . 4 % < br > 10000 9 . 3 % < br > 0 9 . 2 % < br > Year < br > Tax Revenue Stamp Rate < br > Figure 2b : Stamp Duty Revenues < br > and Rates < br > Delhi < br > 45000 14 . 0 % < br > 40000 12 . 0 % < br > 35000 < br > 10 . 0 % < br > 30000 < br > 25000 8 . 0 % < br > 20000 6 . 0 %", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 38, "text": "Stamp Tax Revenue Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> facilityorpublic toilet ) | 256 / 479 | 53 . 4 % ( 49 . 0-57 . 9 ) | 279 / 319 | 87 . 5 ( 83 . 3-90 . 7 ) | | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 12 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# TABLE 6 # OUTSTANDING BANK CREDIT : TOTAL ECONOMY , AGRICULTURE , INDUSTRY ( Selected years , end of year balances in real values ) | | In Pe | rcent of | 1969 credit | In percent of | total credit | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Year | total < br > credit | credit < br > agricult | to < br > credit to < br > ure < br > industry < br > . . . | credit to < br > agriculture < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | credit to < br > - < br > industry < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __ - - - | | 1970 | 138 | 136 | < br > 124 | 10 | 32 | | 1974 | 236 | 209 | < br > 219 | 9 | 33 | | 1979 | 351 | 335 | < br > 327 | 10 | 33 | | 1984 | 427 | 491 | < br > 352 | 12 | 29 | | 19137 | 535 | 655 | < br > 402 | 13 | 27 | SoLrce : Annual Bank Statistics , various issues . # TABLE 7 - RATIO OF OUTSTANDING DEBT TO GROSS PRODUCT AND NET CAPITAL ( Selected years , end of year data , real values ) | Year < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | total < br > credit , < br > % of gnp < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -", "spans": [{"start": 800, "end": 822, "text": "Annual Bank Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 932, "end": 948, "text": "end of year data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "50 . 41 | ( 4 . 38 ) | 46 . 97 | ( 4 . 07 ) | 49 . 18 | ( 3 . 15 ) | 50 . 61 | ( 4 . 16 ) | | Mean household size | 5 . 79 | ( 1 . 13 ) | 5 . 61 | ( 1 . 14 ) | 5 . 55 | ( 0 . 95 ) | 5 . 95 | ( 1 . 14 ) | 5 . 69 | ( 1 . 13 ) | | Female head | 0 . 06 | ( 0 . 06 ) | 0 . 07 | ( 0 . 08 ) | 0 . 07 | ( 0 . 08 ) | 0 . 06 | ( 0 . 05 ) | 0 . 06 | ( 0 . 07 ) | | Mean education level | 4 . 77 | ( 2 . 23 ) | 3 . 70 | ( 2 . 05 ) | 2 . 77 | ( 2 . 10 ) | 4 . 58 | ( 2 . 02 ) | 5 . 97 | ( 1 . 94 ) | | Observations | 4405 | | 511 | | 381 | | 2085 | | 1428 | | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research . _Note_ : The table reports the mean for each variable . Standard deviations are in parentheses . The first column reports the mean for the full sample . Columns 2 to 4 divide the sample into castes groups . SC stands for “ Scheduled Castes , ” ST for “ Scheduled Tribes , ” OBC for “ Other Backward Classes . ” at neighbors with farming as their main activity , neighbors are really similar to the sample of farmers . The only difference is on the education level , which is lower for the sample of farmers . This may be due to the fact that the definition of farmers is different in the _sample_ and in the _listing_ . In the sample a farmer is", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 692, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Land is not rated as a major obstacle in large part because the respondents are managers of going concerns . Yet , in the regression analysis , < sup > 22 < / sup > we find that lack of access to land has a negative effect on TFP and the other performance indicators . The entrepreneurs who want to set up firms but cannot because they cannot get access to land are not covered in the survey . Taxes are rated by managers as a major business obstacles , but their responses would be different if the question also identified what public services would have to be cut ( or what the level of inflation would rise to ) as a consequence of tax cuts . Indeed , in surveys such as PICS and BEEPS , taxes are usually identified by managers as a major obstacle to doing business , whatever the country . Interestingly , infrastructure , which was found to have a strong negative effect on productivity in the regression analysis , ranks last in the results of the factor analysis in Figure 6 . A possible explanation is that although infrastructure constraints indeed have a negative impact on performance , we know that the better performing firms complain more about infrastructure . Since the highly productive firms are in the minority in a simple count of companies , their complaints about infrastructure weigh less in comparison to the complaints of lesser performing firms which complain more about lack of financing and taxation . ( see Figure 6 ) . In contrast , the regression analysis presented above , shows the importance of infrastructure in enhancing productivity and is more relevant to policy than the ranking of perceptions . We argue therefore that for prioritisation of policy measures , the effects of investment climate constraints on performance or productivity in a regression analysis – and not the ranking shown in this section - should be the guide . * * Figure 6 : Combined investment climate measures * * Source : BEEPS II , PICS 2003 Serbia # * * Policy implications for entry , privatization and exit * * As presented above , the results from the international survey show that privately-owned firms , whether privatized or new private ,", "spans": [{"start": 2071, "end": 2091, "text": "international survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT GRANT / CREDIT NO 6598-KE - MINISTRY OF HEALTH_ * * * * _Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2022_ * * # # # # # * * 12 . OTHER IMPORTANT DISCLOSURES * * * * 1 . Pcnding Accounts Payable ( See Annex 1 ) * * | | * * Balanceb / f * * < br > * * FY * * < br > * * 2020 / 2021 * * | * * Additions * * < br > * * fortheyear * * | * * Pending * * < br > * * bills2021 - * * < br > * * 2022 * * | * * Paidduring * * < br > * * theyear * * | * * Balancec / f * * < br > * * 2021 / 2022 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Description | Kshs | | Kshs | Kshs | Kshs | | * * Pendingbills * * 2021 / 2022 | * * 2 , 750 , 000 * * | * * 208 , 425 , 681 * * | * * 187 , 481 , 808 * * | * * ( 211 , 175 , 681 ) * * | * * 187 , 481 , 808 * * | | * * Total * * | | | | | | The additions for the year amounting to Ksh * * 208 , 425 , 681 * * were erroneously left out during compilation and submission of the pending bills at 30 Lh June 2022 for the project However , these pending bills were included in the list of pending bills for the ministry . They were also verified and were found payable . * * _See attached_ * * _list_", "spans": [{"start": 1102, "end": 1123, "text": "list of pending bills", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Only with panel data can one investigate the effects of policy interventions and the process of economic growth . Consider , for example , the > ' See Blank and Grosh ( 1999 ) for a complementary paper on household surveys . They suggest that political will , appropriate resources and careful planning are key requirements for developing analytical capacity . With these prerequisites in place , policy-makers must concentrate on four areas to strengthen the analytical capacity of their country : appropriate training of policy analysts ; use of external technical assistance to work closely with local counterparts ; establishment of fully staffed policy analysis units ; and direct participation of staff members in the development and implementation of the research agenda . Our paper builds on Blank and Grosh by assuming the will and resources are in place , and discusses the best methods for gathering the data . 3", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 226, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 kgs of cereals and 4 kgs of pulses or its cash equivalent ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 < br > 30-Apr-2020 < br > 30-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Data source : Dec . 2019 Consumer Price Index data from CSA < br > In EFY 2012 the wage rate was increased by 16 % on average < br > Data source : June 2020 Consumer Price Index data from CSA < br > In EFY 2012 the wage rate was increased by 16 % on average < br > Based on analysis of CPI data from CSA , despite the wage rate adjustments , n < br > purchase a full 15kg of cereals with the existing wage rate . The existing wage < br > about 9 . 4 kg of cereals . | one of the transfers can < br > can purchase in average | 1 / 14 / 2021 Page 6 of 11", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 406, "text": "Dec . 2019 Consumer Price Index data from CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 494, "end": 538, "text": "June 2020 Consumer Price Index data from CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 633, "end": 650, "text": "CPI data from CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "due to any reason . We describe this method and our implementation in more detail in Appendix 1 , Part B . # * * 4 . 2 . Data Description and Construction of Variables * * We bring together various data sources for the empirical analysis . Our main data set is the Rural-Urban Migration in China ( RUMiC ) survey , which consists of three independent modules : a migrant household module , an urban household module , and a rural household module . It collects rich data on the socioeconomic characteristics of rural-urban migrants and their left-behind children , including information on co-residence status , schooling status , and household expenditures on various types of school fees for their children . We restrict our sample to households that have at least one school-age child ( age 6-16 ) as we focus on the impacts of school fees on child migration . This leaves us with a working sample of 1 , 349 households . We provide a more detailed description of this survey and other data sources in Appendix 2 . While we analyze two rounds of the RUMiC data set , we focus in this paper on the 2008 ( first ) round for two main reasons . First , as discussed earlier , local governments typically relied on raising revenues through school fees before 2008 to compensate for the lack of funding transfer from the central government to pay for the education of migrant children . The abolition of school fees in 2008 resulted in local governments being no longer able to collect revenues this way , at least in theory . Thus there could be ( almost ) no correlation between schools fees and budget deficits , which violates the relevance condition of our IV for 2009 . Second , the linkage between shocks to public education spending and school fees is also likely to be weakened during an economic crisis . This is because local governments would typically be constrained by competing spending priorities in such times , thus would unlikely have total discretion over their education budget . For example , they might not be able to spend the surplus from the education budget generated in the previous year on education in the following year ,", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 312, "text": "Rural-Urban Migration in China ( RUMiC ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1053, "end": 1067, "text": "RUMiC data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 13 . 2 Explaining Social Norms – Males only sample * * | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * PNB Index - * * < br > * * HH Roles * * | * * PNB Index - * * < br > * * Public Space * * | * * SNE Index - * * < br > * * HH Roles * * | * * SNE Index - * * < br > * * Public Space * * | * * Sanctions * * < br > * * Index * * | | Respondent ’ s age in years , | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 00 * | - 0 . 00 | | squared | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | | Years of education , derived from | - 0 . 00 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 02 * ( 0 . 01 ) | - 0 . 05 | | education level | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | Indicator for respondent having | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 10 * ( 0 . 06 ) | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 40 | | childyounger than 5years | ( 0 . 02 ) | | ( 0 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 06 ) | ( 0 . 33 ) | | Respondent lives in urban area | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 09 | - 0 . 06 | - 0 . 96 * | | | ( 0 . 05 ) | (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 1981 ) , hereafter the HT estimator , and the Amemyia and MaCurdy ( 1989 ) , hereafter the AM estimator . These are discussed below . _The Within Estimator : _ To simplify notation , rewrite equation ( 6 ) as : where * * xi , * * is a _K_ x I vector collecting all the time-variant explanatory variables in equation ( 7 ) , z , is a G x 1 vector collecting all the time-invariant explanatory variables , and * * it1 * * and * * it 2 * * are conformably dimensioned parameter vectors . We assume that the disturbances * * si , * * are _iid N ( 0 , a6_ < sup > _2_ < / sup > _ ) _ and the individual effects * * m1 * * are _iid_ N ( O , u , , < sup > 2 < / sup > ) . The time and household-variant component * * 6 , , * * are assumed to be orthogonal to both the explanatory variables and the individual effects , whilerli may be correlated with parts of x and z . Combining all _NT_ observations we can write ( 8 ) as : where y and _ £ _ are _NT x_ 1 , x _is NT x K , _ z is _NT x_ G , and V is an _NT x N_ matrix of individualspecific dummy variables . Now define the matrix Pv _ = V ( V ' V ) - ' V_ as the projection onto the column space of V . Thus , _Pv_ is a matrix that transforms a vector of observation into a vector of individual means across time : i . e . , _Pvy , , _ = _ ( = I_ ) zyi , _ yi . Then , Qv _ = _ * * _I_ * * - _Pv_ is defined as the projection onto the null space of _V , _ i . e . , Q , produces a vector of deviations from individual means : i . e . , _Pvy , = yj , - yp . _ The within estimator is computed by projecting ( 9 ) onto the null space", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 ) double that among Lebanese ( 15 . 8 per 100 , 000 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > 11 . * * Lebanon also faces epidemiological risks , the reemergence of some diseases that had been controlled before the Syrian crisis , and a growing need for mental health services . * * Despite intensive vaccination campaigns , outbreaks of measles , mumps , and waterborne diarrheas are increasing , mainly in areas with high concentrations of refugees . While the vulnerable population in Lebanon shares a common disease burden , especially from chronic illnesses , the disease burden among displaced Syrians is largely concentrated around maternal and child health , communicable diseases , and mental health . The majority of displaced Syrians visit providers for infections and communicable diseases ( 40 percent ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > There is also a significant demand for antenatal care . According to an assessment conducted in 2015 , 20 percent of displaced Syrian households have either a pregnant or a lactating woman , compared to 6 . 5 percent among Palestinian refugees from Syria . < sup > 7 < / sup > There is also a growing need for specialized mental health services for both Lebanese and displaced Syrians . A research study conducted in 2016 reported a clear increase in mental health disorders among the displaced Syrian youth and adult population . < sup > 8 < / sup > Prevalence rates of depression were found to be 16 . 8 percent among displaced Syrians and 13 . 3 percent among Lebanese . Similarly , prevalence rates for anxiety were found to be 56 percent among displaced Syrians and 50 . 7 percent among Lebanese . 12 . * * Since the onset of the crisis , the MoPH has used an integrated approach to service delivery by embedding displaced Syrians ’ health care in the national health system . * * This integration of public service is a result of displaced Syrians settling in Lebanese communities rather than in camps . Like Lebanese , displaced Syrians access PHC services through the MoPH network of 204 primary health care centers (", "spans": [{"start": 897, "end": 925, "text": "assessment conducted in 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2009 * * * * Table 6 . Asylum a * * * * < mark > pplications lodged in Central Europe * by origin , first quarter 2007 to second quarter 2009 < / mark > * * * See Table 1 for countries included . Ranking of countries based on applications lodged during second quarter of 2009 . | | | 200 | 7 | | | 20 | 08 | | 20 | 09 | First se | mester c | hange | ' 09 - ' 08 < br > Q3Q4 / | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | ' 08 - ' 07 | ' 09 - ' 08 | ' 09 - ' 07 | Q1Q2 | | Russian Federation | 697 | 721 | 1 , 496 | 4 , 162 | 1 , 480 | 1 , 481 | 1 , 982 | 2 , 087 | 1 , 088 | 1 , 191 | 109 % | - 23 % | 61 % | - 44 % | | Georgia | 68 | 104 | 94 | 87 | 57 | 110 | 145 | 132 | 63 | 1 , 043 | - 3 % | 562 % | 543 % | 299 % | | Serbia * * | 159 | 281 | 581 | 266 | 243 | 228 | 498 | 830 | 956 | 545 | 7 % | 219 % | 241 % | 13 % | | Afghanistan | 48 | 46 | 65 | 65 | 47 | 57 | 97 | 104 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 16 : Factors behind well ‐ being improvement , vulnerable and non ‐ vulnerable groups , % of respondents_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 % < br > 18 % < br > 16 % other < br > 14 % loan < br > 12 % change in hh composition < br > 10 % < br > additional income < br > 8 % < br > pension < br > 6 % < br > addittional work < br > 4 % < br > 2 % higher salary < br > 0 % employment < br > vulnerable average vulnerable average vulnerable average vulnerable average < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . If we aggregate the responses on well ‐ being improvement and worsening related to employment and wages , we can see that the effect of employment during the crisis was quite small , while wage dynamics contributed much to the deterioration of well ‐ being of the population ( Figure 17 ) . Furthermore , it appears that those below the poverty threshold , as well as those who are vulnerable to poverty , suffered from falling nominal wages more than the population on average . Among the poor , according to the official definition , there was also a shift towards a more negative assessment of changes in the employment status . The majority of the differences highlighted above are related to the specifics of regional economic development , and the way the crisis affected different sectors . Industrial and construction sectors suffered most from the crisis , leading to the fall in in economic activities in large cities . While labor market in Minsk is more flexible and reacted through employment reduction , in other cities employers , often state owned enterprises , tended to reduce wages more . In small cities and rural area labor demand was weak prior to crisis therefore it did not affect employment income in these areas that much ( Figure 18 ) . _Figure 17 : Balance of responses on the positive and negative role of employment and", "spans": [{"start": 584, "end": 592, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Procurement of a Consultancy < br > Services to Develop the < br > Organisational and Functional < br > Structures of the < br > Pharmaceutical Functional in < br > the Health Sector and Costing < br > of the Developed plan | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 31 , 574 . 31 | Signed | 2020-03-10 | 2020-02-27 | 2020-03-20 < br > 2 | 020-01-0 | 3 | | 2020-05-24 | 2020-05 | - 04 < br > 2020-11-20 | | UG-MOH-184104-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Conduct Client < br > Satisfaction Survey 2020 for < br > the Health Sector | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 94 , 561 . 87 | Signed | 2020-07-17 | 2020-04-30 | 2020-07-27 < br > 2 | 020-09-1 | 6 | | 2020-09-30 | 2020-12 | - 08 < br > 2021-03-29 | | UG-MOH-185039-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Develop a Data < br > Management System for RBF < br > Digitalization | IDA / 58970 | Component 1 : Results-Based < br > Financing for Primary Health < br > Care Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 | Under < br > Implementation | 2020-07-27 | 2019-05-03 | 2020-08", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the technology could affect product weight as it may allow to design new structures that are lighter and use less material . With these caveats in mind , Figure 11 presents the results on the impact of 3D printing on exports and imports as a function of product weight . Panel A shows that the impact of 3D printing on exports decreases with product weight . Exports of lighter products such as spectacles increased the most after the technology became available while the impact becomes insignificant for heavier product such as aircraft and spacecraft parts . Results in Panel B suggest that the availability of 3D printing led to a statistically significant decrease in import of heavy printable products , mainly machineries . The results suggest that 3D printing is more likely to lead to fragmented production for products that are light and , hence , cheaper to trade . On the other hand , there is some evidence that the technology could be used to produce goods closer to consumers for products subject to high transport costs . 18 We calculate unit weights with HS 6-digit data , instead of SITC 4-digit , as the information is provided on a more detailed degree of disaggregation .", "spans": [{"start": 1072, "end": 1087, "text": "HS 6-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SOURCE * * | | - 10 % < br > Monitoring < br > de < br > protection | + 21 % | GBVIMS | - 50 % < br > ACLED | + 14 % | DTM | + 20 % < br > Cluster < br > Education | Entre octobre 2024 et mars 2025 , le nord et le centre du Mali ont continué à être le théâtre de violences et de violations des droits humains , provoquant des déplacements forcés et des difficultés d ’ accès aux services sociaux de base . Le centre du pays reste la zone la plus volatile avec des attaques régulières contre les forces armées et les civils . Les régions du nord connaissent une insécurité liée aux attaques des groupes armés et aux opérations militaires contre ces groupes . La partie sud du pays , relativement stable , connait depuis plusieurs mois , une dynamique préoccupante d ’ expansion des groupes armés . Ces incidents traduisent un climat d ’ insécurité et mettent en lumière la complexité des menaces qui pèsent sur les populations civiles . # # # # * * UN CONTEXTE POLITIQUE , SÉCURITAIRE ET SOCIOÉCONOMIQUE EVOLUTIF * * La situation sécuritaire dans certaines parties du Mali affecte la résilience des populations et les expose à divers chocs . Malgré les efforts considérables déployés par le Gouvernement malien , les populations civiles continuent de subir de nombreuses exactions les forçant à se déplacer , notamment dans le nord et le centre du pays . Le contexte", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 89, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 106, "end": 111, "text": "ACLED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 123, "end": 126, "text": "DTM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "The capital of the woreda is Homasha which is 36 km away from the regional capital Assosa . The woreda has 15 administration kebeles of which 13 kebeles are found under the intervention area of the DRDIP-I . Based on the CSA 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia , the woreda has a total population of 27 , 616 , of whom 14 , 215 are men and 13 , 401 are women ; 1 , 900 or 6 . 88 % of its population are urban dwellers and the other 25 , 716 or 93 . 12 % are lives in the rural areas of the woreda . The majority of the inhabitants belong to Muslim religion , with 69 . 28 % of the population , while 19 . 03 % of the populations are Protestant , 7 . 03 % are Catholic and 4 . 39 % practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity . The largest ethnic group living in Homesha woreda is the Berta with 99 . 5 % of the population ; an equal share spoke Berta ( 99 . 5 % ) . The total area coverage of the woreda is 708 . 42km < sup > 2 < / sup > with predominant soil type of silt loam and sandy loam soil . The land use / land cover of the woreda indicated that 19 , 624 ha of land are covered with forest predominantly open woodland , with grass land and bamboo forest . Moreover 15 , 000 ha of land are cultivable of which 7 , 650ha of land is cultivated with different crops . Crops predominantly produced in the woreda are sorghum , maize , sesame , and okra bean and soybean grounded among others . The woreda has also favorable agro climatic condition for the production of many crops including plusses , oil crops , vegetables etc . # # # # * * Mao and Komo Special woreda * * Mao-Komo is one of the Woredas in the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State , is", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 263, "text": "CSA 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Minimum wages are relatively high in CEE and low in CIS * * Virtually all transition countries have in place minimum wages , although their “ bite ” measured by the ration of the minimum wage to the average wage differs considerably across country groups . In he European transition economies minimum wages are pitched at a relatively high level , on average around 40 percent of the average wage ( Figure 13 ) . The minimum ranges from about one-third of the average wage in Bulgaria and Romania , to over 50 percent of the average wage in Slovakia to two-thirds of the average wage in Slovenia . These minimum wage / average wage ratios are well within the OECD range , although in Europe the ratio is usually higher than in non-EU OECD members . # * * Figure 13 The “ bite ” of the minimum wage varies across ECA countries * * * * Minimum Wage as Percentage of the Average Wage 2002 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 . 00 < br > 60 . 00 < br > 50 . 00 < br > 40 . 00 < br > 30 . 00 < br > 20 . 00 < br > 10 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > AzerbaijanBelarus Russia CIS-7MoldovaArmenia BRUEstoniaBulgariaRomania Poland Czech RepublicLatvia Slovakia CEEHungaryUkraineLithuaniaSlovenia < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : UNICEF TransMONEE database ; Bank staff calculations . In SEE in most cases there is no national minimum wage . However , minimum wages are fixed at the industry level by collective agreements between trade unions and employer representatives . In addition , these countries apply the minimum social security contribution threshold , which tends to be substituted for the minimum wage . < sup > 14 < / sup > In the CIS national minimum wages are pitched at a much lower proportion of the average wage , with the notable exception of Ukraine , where currently ( 2002 ) the minimum wage accounts for 44 percent of the average wage , which is in the upper end of the CEE range .", "spans": [{"start": 1259, "end": 1285, "text": "UNICEF TransMONEE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in this study includes the following : - ( a ) KeNHA Economic Re-Evaluation Report ( dated May 2021 ) - ( b ) Monthly Progress Reports for August 2021 - ( c ) Project Appraisal Document , PAD ( dated May 2015 ) - ( d ) KRB customized and calibrated HDM-4 workspace for Kenya - 30 - | P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 82, "text": "KeNHA Economic Re-Evaluation Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 110, "end": 150, "text": "Monthly Progress Reports for August 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 7 Page 4 - ( f ) Marketing and Processing Expert : Responsible for off-farm credit requirements for agricultural development . He should be experienced in marketing , processing , or storage enterprises , and familiar with credit needs of such enterprises . - ( g ) Auditor-Accountant ; Responsible for review of financial statements of banks and cost accounting ( in connection with lending operations and raising resources ) . - ( h ) Statistician : Responsible for analyzing data and of preparing tables and graphs . - ( i ) Four or five Interviewers for farmer surveys . - ( j ) Five clerical and secretarial personnel . It is anticipated that the personnel required for ( a ) , ( b ) , ( c ) , ( e ) , ( f ) , ( g ) , and ( h ) would be recruited internationally and the other personnel would be found in Kenya . Reports 4 . The reports would include an interim report after six months to be reviewed by the steering committee and IBRD and a final report acceptable to the steering committee and IBRD . The report would include specific recommendations including detailed proposals for the realization of these recommendations . The interim report should , if possible , identify projects which could be the subject of immediate preparation . Reports would be made in English and 25 copies would be printed .", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 578, "text": "farmer surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mode of data collection for inequality and poverty . The use of surveys with both diary and recall interviews can yield improved measurements because these two collection modes work best for eliciting consumption in different segments of the distribution . Nevertheless , our calculations have shown that a fully fledged recall survey can yield inequality measurements that are not too different from those that would be obtained from the optimal mix of diary and recall interviews . The first implication of our research is that the loss in accuracy from using recall questions is minimal compared to the higher costs of using diaries . This finding provides an empirical justification for considering a transition to recall modules in household surveys in developing countries . However , more research is needed to assess what makes a good recall module , given that the length of the recall list will affect the propensity of respondents to engage in the survey . The answer to this question could be given , for example , by randomizing households to recall modules of different length and using our research design . The decision between using diaries or recall modules is not confined to developing economies . For example , the problems associated with the Consumer Expenditure Surveys in the United States have intensified the call for a redesign of the survey , which is underway following the recommendations of a specially appointed panel ( the Gemini project ) . Diary surveys should collect information on the purchasing behavior of households to correct for the unwelcome effects of infrequent purchases on inequality measurement – which is the second implication > 17Allocation based on proxies of _Y ∗ _ , such as income or residence in areas with homogeneous compositions of household demographics , falls between this case and the one above . 28", "spans": [{"start": 1265, "end": 1293, "text": "Consumer Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "500 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2018-12-15 | 2019-02-09 | 2019-06-10 | | KE-VIHIGA COUNTY-85172-G < br > O-RFQ / Print 3000 No . of eac < br > h of the following health data < br > reporting tools for all 94 Heal < br > th Facilities MPDSR , EPI REG , A < br > NC REG , MATERNITY REG , MO < br > THER TO CHILD BOOKLETS < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health Ca < br > re Results < br > | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imite | d < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 16 , 500 . 00 | 25 , 755 . 64 < br > Signed | 2018-11-14 < br > 2 | 021-05-28 < br > 2019-01-09 < br > 2021-0 | 8-30 < br > 2019-03-10 | | KE-VIHIGA COUNTY-137213 - < br > GO-RFQ / Procure two ( 2 ) Ve < br > hicles : Project utility vehicle f < br > or RMNCAH supervision and < br > a 4 wheel drive double cabin < br > pick up for distribution of EPI < br > logistics < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health Ca < br > re Results < br > | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imite | d < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 161 , 013 . 40 | 55 , 413 . 75 < br > Signed | 2020-01-11 < br > 2 | 020-02 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "worker upskilling and alternative models for revenue sharing in the economy ( Guellec and Paunov , 2019 ; Autor et al . , 2020 ) . The main contribution of our study relative to the growing literature on the pandemic ’ s effects on trade is the emphasis on the role of product resilience . We provide empirical evidence to inform two debates : whether reliance on inputs from abroad , and China in particular , caused more vulnerabilities and how social distancing measures affected global production and exports . Thereby , our paper adds to the studies of the impacts of COVID-19 on trade and GVCs ( e . g . , Bonadio et al . 2021 ; Cerdeiro and Komaromi , 2020 ; Crozet et al . 2021 ; Demir and Javorcik 2020 ; Espitia et al . 2022 ; Fujiy , et al . , 2021 ; Lachitew and Socrates , 2020 ) . Using cross-country-productmonth level data , Berthou and Stumpner ( 2021 ) show that lockdown measures implemented by exporter and importer countries impacted trade . Bricongne et al . ( 2021 ) , Pimenta et al . ( 2021 ) , and Lucio et al . ( 2021 ) also show that lockdown stringency in destination markets reduced , respectively , French , Portuguese , and Spanish firms ’ exports at the onset of the COVID-19 crisis . Closer to our work , Liu et al . ( 2021 ) show better performance in the early phases of the pandemic of Chinese exports of medical products , products with a high share of work from home , high contract intensity , and capital goods , while Lafrogne-Joussier et al . ( 2021 ) look into one production vulnerability , the reliance on inputs from China , showing that French firms with higher such reliance suffered more input shortages that translated into a decline in their exports through input-output linkages . These two papers differ from ours in that they focus on single countries ’ exports ( China and France ) and single or few specific dimensions of how production was affected by COVID-19 , while our analysis covers exports by all countries to the 29 largest markets and an encompassing set of product vulnerability dimensions . Differently from", "spans": [{"start": 801, "end": 838, "text": "cross-country-productmonth level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 % 29 % 50 % line < br > - 10 % 20 % < br > - 6 % 28 % < br > - 7 % 27 % - 20 % 0 % < br > KHM BGD ALB ARM GEO < br > Baseline BRI Debt to GDP ratio including BRI Baseline BRI Debt to GDP ratio including BRI < br > In percent of GDP In percent of GDP < br > Debt to GDP at end-2030 Debt to GDP at end-2030 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : WEO , WIND Database , LIC DSF DSAs and de Sources : WEO , WIND Database , LIC DSF DSAs and de Soyres ( 2019 ) . Soyres ( 2019 ) . In a second scenario , we have hardened the budget constraint of some countries by setting real interest rates to be the maximum between one percent and the value under the baseline ( Figure 18 ) . Under this scenario , four countries would accumulate a debt-to-GDP ratios above 50 percent by 2030 as a result of BRI . Also in this scenario all but three countries would face a negative interest rate growth differential , but this differential would reduce from a median of - 7 percent in the base case to a median of - 3 percent in this scenario . < sup > 47 < / sup > This increase would be consistent with a number of plausible outcomes that could be realized in the medium and long-term : ( i ) normalization of monetary policy in advanced economies ; ( ii ) 47 The authors also developed a stress test which would assume that the real interest rate would be not smaller than baseline growth , implying that all countries would face a positive interest-growth differential in a no-BRI scenario . Under this scenario a total of six countries would end up with a debt to GDP ratio that would increase above 50 percent by 2030 . However , this scenario would be too extreme , as many countries would face an increase of real interest rates of more than 10 percentage points compared to the base case . 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ≥ 50 % of basic NFIs are < br > sometimes available in < br > the markets . | ≥ 30 % of basic NFIs are < br > alw ays or sometimes < br > available in the markets . | < 30 % NFIs are alw ays < br > or sometimes available < br > in the markets . | > 1 Based on data collected from assessed communities > 2 IDP task force > 3 Protection conflict and OCHA HTR combined average > 4 Sectoral assessments – Q2 in multi-sectoral questionnaire > 5 Sectoral assessments – Q4 in multi-sectoral questionnaire 1", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 302, "text": "data collected from assessed communities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Horn , Reinhart and Trebesch ( 2021 ) warn that Chinese loans to developing countries collateralized against natural resource revenues have the potential to become a threat to debt sustainability due to the size of such deals and their lack of transparency . The lack of transparency is highlighted by the authors ’ estimate that 50 % percent of Chinese lending ( overall , not just RBLs ) is missing from official statistics . Some studies have focused on the role of China . Brautigam and Gallagher ( 2014 ) provide a systematic empirical overview of Chinese commodity-backed loans ( with data on loans until 2011 ) and discuss some key features of these loans . Sanderson and Forsythe ( 2012 ) analyze these deals from the perspective of China ’ s development banks . Meidan ( 2016 ) analyzes their importance in terms of China ’ s access to oil resources . Another group of relevant studies focus on the resolution of debt repayment problems in cases where there is collateralized lending ; and two papers look at the outcome of renegotiating collateralized debt extended by China . In the case of Gardner et al . ( 2020 ) the borrower is the Republic of Congo , while Acker et al . ( 2020 ) look at loans taken by Angola and Chad . Both papers contrast collateralized loans with uncollateralized loans . There has been very little work on the socio-economic impact of projects financed via RBLs . Fieldwork by Tang and Shen in Ghana found that the Bui Hydropower Project in Ghana , financed via an RBL backed by cocoa proceeds , “ has improved local urban households ’ access to electricity and increased their ownership of electric appliances ” ( Tang & Shen , 2020 ) . The World Bank and IMF , among other international financial institutions , have analyzed collateralized loans in order to formulate their own recommendations . The IMF-WB ( 2020 ) concludes that collateralized transactions “ can be beneficial to a developing country borrower under a range of circumstances ” , but also points to risks and discourages this practice when the proceeds are not spent on assets which can be used to repay the loans , when loans are excessively large and when the", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 615, "text": "data on loans until 2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through two stress tests , described below . These stress tests do not include any feedback effect on growth and the primary deficit . Their outcome can be considered a lower bound of possible realizations , which would be amplified by lower real growth and a higher primary balance , resulting , for example , from lower revenue . A scenario analysis which increases the real cost of financing by two percentage points for all countries results in two countries increasing their debt-to GDP ratio above 50 percent by 2030 . Figure 17 introduces an external permanent increase to the real interest rates by 2 percentage points compared to their historic average . In this scenario , all but three countries in our sample still maintain a negative real interest-growth differential . While higher interest rates would lead to a deterioration in debt dynamics in all countries , Cambodia and Bangladesh , among LDICs , and Albania , Armenia and Georgia , among EMs are projected to face an increase of public debt to GDP ratio , which would increase above 50 percent of GDP in Albania and Armenia and would remain narrowly below the 50 percent level for Georgia . Figure 17 . Scenario 1 : Interest Rates are Two Percentage Points Higher ( Change in debt-to - GDP ratio , 2016-30 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > LIDCs EMs < br > 3 % 36 % 40 % 120 % < br > 2 % 35 % < br > 30 % 100 % < br > 1 % 34 % < br > 0 % < br > 33 % 20 % 80 % < br > - 1 % < br > 32 % < br > - 2 % 10 % 60 % < br > 31 % < br > - 3 % < br > 30 % 0 % 40 % < br > - 4 % < br > - 5 % 29 % 50 % line < br > - 10 % 20 % < br > - 6 % 28 % < br > - 7 % 27 % - 20 % 0 % < br > KHM BGD ALB ARM GEO < br > Baseline BRI Debt", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Pogge , T . and Wisor , S . ( 2016 ) . ‘ Measuring Poverty : A Proposal ’ , In : M . Adler and M . Fleurbaey ( eds . ) , _The Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy_ . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - Roelen , K . ( 2018 ) . ‘ Poor children in rich households and vice versa : A blurred picture or hidden realities ? ’ , _European Journal of Development Research_ , 30 , pp . 320 – 341 . - Roelen , K . , Gassmann , F . , and de Neubourg , C . ( 2010 ) . ‘ Child poverty in Vietnam : Providing insights using a country-specific and multidimensional model ’ , _Social Indicators Research_ , 98 ( 1 ) , pp . 129 – 145 . - Rogan , M . ( 2016 ) . Gender and Multidimensional Poverty in South Africa : Applying the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) . _Social Indicators Research , _ 126 : p . 987-1006 . - Scott , J . , Crompton , R . and Lyonnette C . ( eds ) ( 2010 ) . _Gender Inequalities in the 21st Century_ . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar . Sen , A . ( 2009 ) . _The Idea of Justice_ . Cambridge , Mass . : Belknap . - South African Human Rights Commission ( SAHRC ) and UNICEF . ( 2014 ) . _Poverty Traps and Social Exclusion among Children in South Africa 2014_ . Pretoria : SAHRC and UNICEF . - Trani , J . - F . and Cannings , T . I . ( 2013 ) . ‘ Child poverty in an emergency and conflict context : A multidimensional profile and an identification of the poorest children in Western Darfur ’ , _World Development_ , 48 ( C ) , pp . 48 – 70 . - UNDP . ( 2014 ) . _UNDP ’ s Multidimensional Poverty Index : 2014 Specifications_ . New York : Human Development Report Office . - UNHCR . ( 2020 ) . Ethiopia country refugee response . Retrieved from https : / / reliefweb . int / report / ethiopia / ethiopia-country-refugee-response-plan2020-2021 . - Ura ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 6 < br > . 8 < br > 1 < br > Specialization Index < br > Malawi | | | | | Given the level of detail provided in the pre-COVID < br > | 0 < br > 1 < br > 2 < br > 3 < br > 4 < br > Density < br > Ethiopia | 0 < br > 1 < br > 2 < br > 3 < br > 4 < br > Malawi | | HHI < br > | Yes < br > | Pre - < br > COVID - < br > 19 < br > | survey data , we are able to generate an HHI to capture < br > household income diversity more precisely . For this < br > index , we use the same 12 income categories used in < br > the simple fraction index but consider the amount < br > earned from each source . < br > | 0 < br > . 2 < br > . 4 < br > . 6 < br > . 8 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 1 < br > 2 < br > 3 < br > 4 < br > Density < br > 0 < br > . 2 < br > . 4 < br > . 6 < br > . 8 < br > 1 < br > Specialization Index < br > Nigeria < br > | 0 < br > . 2 < br > . 4 < br > . 6 < br > . 8 < br > 1 < br > Specialization Index < br > | _Note_ : The table summarizes the two livelihood diversification indices used in the main analysis . Higher index values indicate more household specialization ( less income diversification ) . Appendix A contains similar summary information regarding the other four indices we pre-specified .", "spans": [{"start": 330, "end": 341, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) # # * * Implementation Support * * 13 . The implementation support strategy for the ECRP considers ( a ) the project ’ s high-risk nature , ( b ) the relative complexity of implementation requiring coordination at multiple levels engaging multiple project stakeholders in a volatile operating environment , and ( c ) the geographic focus on some of the most vulnerable counties in South Sudan with high levels of insecurity and lower capacities . 14 . The project will be implemented in phases . Implementation will start with ‘ quick wins ’ in relatively more stable areas among the selected vulnerable areas . The project will then roll out in clusters in the new , more conflict-affected counties , incorporating lessons learned from the ‘ quick wins ’ . Further , given the regional variation in terms of the capacity of county governments and communities , the engagement will start with county-level social and conflict assessment which includes some basic functionality assessment to tailor the interventions . 15 . In addition , the implementation support strategy is built to support the decentralized nature of the project , where transactions will be small , numerous , and highly dispersed throughout hundreds of _bomas_ and _payams_ in around 21 counties across the country . The project design builds in a robust implementation and oversight mechanism by UNOPS and IOM , a strong M & E mechanism with georeferenced monitoring system , engagement of a TPM to provide independent monitoring and a strong GRM . The implementation support plan is further complemented by the World Bank ’ s implementation support including supervision missions once every four months . The task team will undertake continual social and conflict monitoring to identify any negative repercussions on the local dynamics and adjust the project approach . Further , the project may engage an agency to undertake periodic studies and analyses relating to specific areas of interest or concern such as HLP issues or intercommunal tensions to help shed light on the project implementation . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1522, "end": 1553, "text": "georeferenced monitoring system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Cultural Trade Index_ Page | * * 4 * * of * * 14 * * interpretation , and practical usability . < sup > 7 < / sup > If you dig deeper you can find numbers ( on cultural data ) here and there — and one huge step forward would be to simply update the Standard Industrial Classification and the Standard Occupational Classification to truly account for services and culture . While the CTI will not solve the major challenges in cultural calculus — especially since it would mostly be concerned with curating and ranking information — it could become a useful research portal , one that compliments other resources concerned with patterns of global cultural trade . Ultimately , the CTI could play an important role as the ‘ to go place ’ for cultural trade analysis , thereby inducing the need to allocate research funds for cultural data . It could even fuel the impetus for countries to develop their cultural statistical accounts . - 4 ) To fuel competition : To return to the cultural tourism example above , country Y might be inclined to improve its rank in cultural tourism as it competes to beat country X for the first spot . But let us consider another example : arts education . If country A is the leading destination for enrolling international students in dance , this might make countries B and C ask what they can do to attract more dance students . This kind of competition is also not new , and it can be a good thing , even as Adam Smith noted . < sup > 8 < / sup > - 5 ) To help provide information that could be useful to advocate for fair pay for artists : Except for some exceptions , ordinary artists rarely make the money ; it is the superstars and the companies such as those in today ’ s digital space . < sup > 9 < / sup > The CTI could help advocates for artists ’ fair pay gather trade information and how this relates to artists ’ compensation . Let us say country A is leading in music exports . The information on why country A is doing well in music exports", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 178, "text": "cultural data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "casualties in columns 3 and 4 of Table 9 , with the magnitudes very similar to the baseline results in Table 8 . This suggests that although nationalist sentiment associated with Japanese invasion may help to explain the CCP ’ s mobilization ability , it alone could not fully explain peasants ’ support of the communist military forces . * * 6 . 6 . Famines , Land Ownership , and Communism * * Land has been the key asset in agrarian societies , and inequality in land ownership has always been a key trigger of violence and rebellion in ancient times ( Scheidel 2017 ) . In the Late Roman Republic , Tiberius Gracchus gained popular support by proposing land reforms which attempted to “ stem the numerical decline of the free peasantry from which the armies of the Republic were traditionally recruited ” ( De Ligt and Northwood , 2008 , page 1 ) . His assassination marked the beginning of a long period of chaos which ended the Republic . Likewise , the CCP ’ s advocation for redistribution of land served as a powerful catalyst to recruit peasants with little or no land ( Hsiao 1969 ) . Indeed , ever since its military insurrection , the CCP was keen to carry out land reforms to attract the support of peasants in areas under its control by redistributing land from landowners to peasants , and would later call its revolution the Land Revolution . Fully aware that their distributed land would be gone if the CPP failed , a large number of peasants joined the CCP army , providing the CPP with a large fighting force . To further our understanding of the underlying mechanism of our previous findings , we collect land ownership data from the Agri-business Statistics of the Republic of China ( 19181921 ) . This data set was compiled from land surveys in 152 prefectures conducted by the then Ministry of Agri-business . Because of the unstable political environment during the warlord period , some prefectures dropped out of the survey , resulting in an unbalanced panel . The data set contains information on the fraction of rural households being tenants , that is , being landless , which is a reasonable measure of rural inequality", "spans": [{"start": 1655, "end": 1704, "text": "Agri-business Statistics of the Republic of China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1752, "end": 1783, "text": "land surveys in 152 prefectures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # * * 12 Resettlement Sites for Affected Farmlands * * Based on findings of the census survey conducted with PAPs , “ cash for land ” is the preferred option for compensation payment to be made to all households whose farmland and trees will be affected by the Subproject components . One of the main reasons for preference of cash for land as primary compensation modality by PAPs is the inclusion of subproject impact Kebele into Woliso town master plan . This new urban master pan of Woliso town created a huge concern and discomfort to PAHs and other farmland holders in the subproject Kebele , because the community members are speculating that the town administration may take their farmland in the future without adequate compensation payment . Therefore , they preferred to give their land with fair compensation to the Subproject rather than taking any unknown risks from the town Administration . Moreover , the subproject-affected Woreda officials also clearly confirmed that even if “ _land for land_ ” compensation was preferred by the PAPs , it would be hard to find suitable unoccupied farmland in the subproject affected Kebele that would be given as a replacement to the PAP ’ s who wished to receive replacement land for loss of farmland to the subproject . Therefore , social and environmental issues related to relocation farmland sites and impacts on host communities is not applicable . Official Use Only Page 142", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 256, "text": "census survey conducted with PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10770 # * * Abstract * * Although access to reliable electricity enables manufacturing companies to increase their output , there have been few studies of the distribution of output growth between export and domestic markets . Although some papers have examined the impact of electricity reliability on exports ( in volume terms or dummy terms ) , little is known about the way electricity reliability can push existing manufacturing firms more into the export market . Using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys , this paper examines a sample of 13 , 025 manufacturing firms surveyed in 39 Sub-Saharan African countries between 2006 and 2022 . The paper employs the entropy balancing approach to examine how access to reliable electricity affects the distribution of manufacturing firms ’ sales between export and domestic markets . The results show that for medium-sized manufacturing firms , electricity access increases the share of exports in total sales at the expense of the share of domestic sales . However , the results for small and large manufacturing companies are not statistically significant . Among medium-sized manufacturing enterprises , domestic companies improve their exports relative to domestic sales when they have access to electricity , with mixed results for foreign companies . Even in resource-intensive countries , electricity access enhances the share of exports relative to domestic sales . The intra-sectoral structural change induced by power access is not limited to medium-sized companies in the manufacturing sector ; the same pattern is observed in the service sector with mixed findings . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at kkaba1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 539, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "50 ( 4 ) : 987 – 1008 . - Erdem , F . P . and I . Ünalmıs ( 2016 ) . “ Revisiting Super-Cycles in Commodity Crises . ” _Central Bank Review_ , 16 : 137-142 . - Erten , B . and J . A . Ocampo ( 2021 ) . “ The Future of Commodity Prices and the Pandemicdriven Global Recession : Evidence from 150 Years of Data . ” _World Development_ , 137 : 105164 . - Erten , B . and J . A . Ocampo ( 2013 ) . “ Super Cycles of Commodity Prices since the Midnineteenth Century . ” _World Development_ , 44 : 14-30 . - Fernández , A . , A . González , and D . Rodriguez ( 2018 ) . “ Sharing a Ride on the Commodities Roller Coaster : Common Factors in Business Cycles of Emerging Economies . ” _Journal of International Economics_ , 111 : 99-121 . - Fernández , A . , S . Schmitt-Grohé , and M . Uribe ( 2017 ) . “ World Shocks , World Prices , and Business Cycles : An Empirical Investigation . ” _Journal of International Economics_ , 108 : S2-S14 . - Fernández , A . , S . Schmitt-Grohé , and M . Uribe ( 2020 ) . “ Does the Commodity Super Cycle Matter ? ” NBER Working Paper 27589 . Cambridge , MA : National Bureau of Economic Research . - Galbraith , J . K . and J . D . Black ( 1938 ) . “ The Maintenance of Agricultural Production During Depression : The Explanations Reviewed . ” _Journal of Political Economy_ , 46 ( 3 ) : 305 – _ — 29 — _", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 11 . 1 % ( 7 . 8-15 . 5 ) | | | < 15 lpppd | 34 / 79 | 43 . 0 % ( 32 . 5-54 . 2 ) | 29 / 211 | 13 . 7 % ( 9 . 7-19 . 1 ) | 151 / 261 | 57 . 9 % 1 ( 51 . 8-63 . 7 ) | | | * * Satisfaction with drinking water * * < br > * * supply * * | | | | | | | | | Proportion of households that say < br > they are satisfied with drinking water | 74 / 79 | 93 . 7 % ( 85 . 6-97 . 4 ) | 162 / 211 | 76 . 8 % ( 70 . 6-82 . 0 ) | 98 / 261 | 37 . 5 % ( 31 . 9-43 . 6 ) | | | < br > supply | | | | | | | | | * * Safe excreta disposal * * | | | | | | | | | * * Proportion of households that use : * * | | | | | | | | | An improved excreta disposal facility < br > ( improved toilet facility , 1 household ) | 27 / 79 | 34 . 2 % ( 24 . 5-45 . 3 ) | 66 / 211 | 31 . 3 % ( 25 . 4-37 . 9 ) | 33 / 261 | 12 . 6 % ( 9 . 1-17 . 3 ) | | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 21 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 123 | 403 | | other | 3 , 037 | 3 , 095 | 3 , 237 | 9 , 369 | | * * total * * | * * 35 , \u0003 478 * * | * * 38 , \u0003 927 * * | * * 40 , \u0003 938 * * | * * 115 , \u0003 343 * * | # # # # # # Notes ( 1 ) Serbia ( and Kosovo : S / RES / 1244 ( 1999 ) ) . ( 2 ) The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . * * 34 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "market includes two major private operators ( MTN and Airtel ) that control market shares ( in terms of mobile subscriptions ) at 37 percent and 45 percent , respectively , and other mobile operators , such as Uganda Telecom and Africell , with market shares below 10 percent each . < sup > 22 < / sup > The increased access to mobile phones and mobile services in Uganda has enabled the take-up of related services such as mobile banking , demonstrated by the latest available 2017 > 18 Uganda Digital Economy for Africa ( DE4A ) Report , Country Diagnostic , 2020 . > 19 Uganda Digital Economy for Africa ( DE4A ) Report , Country Diagnostic , 2020 . > 20 World Bank . 2020 . Uganda Economic Update , 15th Edition _D_ igital Solutions in a Time of Crisis _ : Uganda Economic Update , 15th Edition , July 2020_ . > 21 NITA-U ( National Information Technology Authority of Uganda ) . 2018 . National Information Technology Survey 2017 / 18 Report . NITA Uganda , March 2018 > 22 NITA-U ( National Information Technology Authority of Uganda ) . 2018 . National Information Technology Survey 2017 / 18 Report . NITA Uganda , March 2018 . Page 3 of 76", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > report on CE and < br > gender < br > - Customer < br > satisfaction < br > survey | - Staffing for both a women ’ s employment expert and < br > a citizen engagement expert for the remaining project < br > timeline < br > - Costs associated with roll-out of gender equality and < br > citizen engagement program e . g . running childcare < br > centers , internship program scholarships , consumer < br > education , training . Costs can include hire of experts , < br > consultants , equipment and materials and travel . < br > - Citizen engagement survey costs associated with hire < br > of independent firm | 3 | | * * DLI 8 : * * Strengthen < br > operational and < br > financial < br > performance of < br > the utility | - Definition and < br > adoption of < br > operational < br > procedures < br > ( allowing for prior < br > results ) < br > - Implementation < br > and reporting of < br > actions as < br > identified in the < br > operational < br > procedures < br > - Implementation < br > and reporting of < br > actions as < br > identified in the < br > operational < br > procedures | - Consultancy services < br > - Design , supply , installation , testing , commissioning < br > and support for prepayment electricity metering < br > system and procurement of STS compliant meters < br > - Supply & installation of meter mounting box , current < br > Transformer with GPRS three-phase energy meter < br > - Supply and adoption of software tools ( HES & MDMS ) < br > and Integration with existing EEU system < br > - Supply and installation of IT infrastructure ( hardware < br > and software ) and associated training < br > - Installation of transformer metering and monitoring < br > system , as well as procurement", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 564, "text": "Citizen engagement survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "captured and accounted for in line with acceptable accounting practices . The accountants of the project use the Sun Accounting software to record and maintain accounting information . Relevant accounting manuals are in place and finance officers are internally trained to use the system . MEMD uses the IFMS which has the donor project module expected to be used for this project . Information required for preparation of financial reports submitted to the Bank is extracted from the accounting system and manually prepared per required formats . The Chart of Accounts is adequate to capture the Project ’ s expenditure in a meaningful manner . 12 . * * Staffing . * * The finance offices of MEMD and UETCL are adequately staffed to manage project work . Project Accountants are adequately experienced , qualified , and familiar with the Project systems . The principal project accountant has attended training on Bank FM guidelines and FM implementation issues . 13 . * * Internal controls . * * Generally , approval and authorization controls exist at the project office and are followed . Segregation of roles is evidenced by the separation of initiation requests , approval , execution , recording , and custodial roles . Significant payments made under the project relate to contractual work which is paid for in accordance with certificates raised . All payments are reviewed by the Project Accountants and Project Manager before they are effected . Contract ledgers are in place to monitor contracts versus cumulative payments made . Regular monthly bank reconciliations are prepared and certified . 14 . * * Internal audit . * * MEMD and UETCL have an Internal Audit department which carry out project audits . An assessment of the Internal Audit Department at UETCL revealed that it has 38", "spans": [{"start": 1457, "end": 1473, "text": "Contract ledgers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expensive and most strictly enforced class of informal debt . < sup > 21 < / sup > Could the observed shift towards informal sources of financing be driven by changes in the supply of credit ? Evidence from new loan applications after the program suggests that this is unlikely to be the case . To verify that there was in fact no differential discrimination against beneficiary households applying for new loans , Table D . 6 , Panel A , presents summary statistics on new loan applications after the program . Despite the fact that all households in the 100 % relief category qualified for new bank credit , only 376 of the 1 , 181 households in the treatment group applied for new loan after the program . However , at 2 . 5 % versus 1 . 92 % , households in the treatment group were not significantly more likely to be denied credit than households in the control group . The regression results in Table D . 6 , Panel B , confirm this finding : beneficiary households were no more likely to be turned down for a loan and , conditional on a loan being approved , interest rates did not differ between treatment and control . While the statistical power of the test is limited by the relatively small number of new loan applications after the program , the results provide strong suggestive evidence that the documented shift in the composition of borrowing is not driven by changes in the supply of credit or differential discrimination against debt relief recipients . # * * 6 . 3 Debt Relief , Investment and Productivity * * An important economic argument in favor of large-scale debt relief programs is their potential to increase productivity by reducing disincentives for investment arising from high levels of pre-existing debt . The testable implications of this debt overhang argument are two-fold : _First_ , debt relief should lead to an increase in investment expenditures because households , once freed of their debts , are now the residual claimants of their investment returns . _Second_ , debt relief should reduce investments in risky production technologies , since the risk of project failure is no longer borne by debt holders . As I show in this", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 228, "text": "new loan applications", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * LANDMINES AND EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > © Rocco N / UNHCR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Types of Hazards as of September 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 734 < br > total types of < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � hazard UXO * Spot , 29 % < br > Stockpile , 7 % < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > MRE * Audiences : April - September 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Men , 17 % Women , 20 % < br > 194 , 095 < br > total audiences < br > Girls , 30 % Boys , 34 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The explosive legacy of confl ict in South Sudan means that nearly eight million people live in counties which are impacted by explosive hazards , with 92 million square metres of land contaminated by such hazards recorded in the Mine Action database . The map below illustrates the spread of known explosive hazards across all of South Sudan . The full extent of contamination from landmines and unexploded ordnance ( UXO ) remains unknown , as the Greater Upper Nile region ( including Unity , Upper Nile , and Jonglei ) has not yet been comprehensively surveyed and the impact of armed violence in the region remains to be quantifi ed . assistance , and support human rights monitoring and reporting . During this period , 817 Hazardous Areas were newly reported and 871 were cleared . The strong clearance outputs during this quarter are partly attributable to the late rains and the fact that UNMAS retained a larger number of teams on operations in the month of June , which is the start of the stand down period for Mine Action . April commenced with the tragic killing of two deminers", "spans": [{"start": 850, "end": 870, "text": "Mine Action database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51 ) | ( 3 . 35 ) | ( 3 . 41 ) | | Time trend | - 0 . 0097 | 0 . 0231 | 0 . 0377 * | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( - 0 . 50 ) | ( 1 . 27 ) | ( 1 . 75 ) | | n | 1 , 342 | 1 , 358 | 1 , 344 | | R-squared | 0 . 423 | 0 . 846 | 0 . 874 | | RMSE | 3 . 88 | 3 . 76 | 3 . 21 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 26", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 403, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "projects like e . g . Chepngaan Water and Sanitation project etc . which has failed to take off on ethnicity grounds despite having Survey and Design documents ready just because of the same said political and tribal reasons . 3 . The * * Damages * * and * * Harm * * we have Suffered and which are now * * getting Intensified * * are : * * i ) The Cherangany indigenous peoples do not feature in the CRA * * * * < u > ( Commission on Revenue Allocation ) list < / u > * * of marginalized groups in Kenya and are missing in the * * Equalization Fund Document * * prepared by the Commission on Revenue Allocation as per the Constitution of Kenya hence missing out for being allocated any such financial resource otherwise supposed to target them because of lack of * * recognition * * and * * identity * * of Cherangany IPs as a community . ii ) * * Identity Crisis * * : Caused by * * < u > World Bank ’ s funded weird Social Assessment Report < / u > * * * * < u > ( SA ) that we now seek for ways of resolving as it is the major source of all the sufferings brought about by lack of IDENTITY and RECOGNITION of Cherangany as a distinct minority indigenous community by both government levels . < / u > * * During the resent * * headcount of government employees , * * Cherangany employees in the * * Civil Service * * and * * the Forces employment * * failed to be registered biometrically as their ethnicity is not in the list of tribes in Kenya since * * Cherangany is NOT listed as a tribe * * or an ethnic community which has caused a lot of bitterness to the Cherangany Community members as those in government employment are forced to be listed as other tribes or listed as belonging to other ethnic communities * * for the sake", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1263, "text": "headcount of government employees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of approvals ) ; School attendance rates ; and Teacher attendance rates . > 122 Importantly , in order to reduce the chance for a distorted correlation between OGD and accountability , three sub-indicators that are particularly endogenous were removed and the index was recalculated ( see annex 2 for details ) . . 23", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 40, "text": "School attendance rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 47, "end": 71, "text": "Teacher attendance rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 to decline , from 4 . 1 percent in December to 3 . 7 percent in June . * * Financing of the current account deficit ( CAD ) has become a concern , as the external debt started to rise in 2020 . * * Even though in H1 2020 the CAD in euro terms was 11 percent lower than a year earlier , as a share of GDP it had reached 2 . 9 percent . The trade deficit continued to widen , up by 4 . 5 percent in H1 to € 2 . 6 billion . Exports of goods dropped by 9 . 4 percent and imports by 6 . 7 percent . The surplus in trade in services increased as import of services dropped by 11 percent . The deficit in primary income went down by 37 percent and the secondary income surplus by 16 percent , mainly because remittances plunged by some 27 percent . Financing the CAD is not a problem , however , although net FDI was down 19 percent in H1 and within that foreign equity inflows dropped by 44 percent . However , external debt increased - 61 . 9 percent of GDP at the end of 2019 , to 69 . 9 percent at the end of June 2020 . # # # # # * * _Outlook and Risks_ * * * * Based on the latest data , in the baseline scenario Serbian GDP will drop by 3 percent in 2020 — slightly less than in the rest of the region . * * The baseline assumes that the number infected by the coronavirus will be kept under control and , despite likely pressure on the health care system , there will not be major effects on the economy , as seen in Q2 , since new lockdowns are not expected . However , business travel , exports of services , remittances , and FDI will be affected . The recovery in H2 will also be slower since last year the economy expanded significantly due to Serbia ’ s one-off investment in the new gas", "spans": [{"start": 1129, "end": 1140, "text": "latest data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "grounding refugee claims . < sup > 257 < / sup > They opined that in general , a ‘ natural ’ disaster _per se_ could not ground claims in refugee status , but acknowledged that in principle , the impacts and consequences of a disaster may do so , including , and perhaps particularly , based on broader refugee criteria . In this context , and with respect to the conditions in Haiti , informants mentioned the nature of the chaos and social disruption following the earthquake . They also referenced the significantly limited capacity of the government and key institutions in Haiti to protect > 255 Cantor , supra note 190 , p . 18 . Based on correspondence with UNHCR Mexico Office , it seems that information on file with civil society at Ibero-American University in Mexico City also suggests that at least two Haitians were recognized in 2011 on the grounds of “ other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order ” . > 256 On psycosocial needs of Haitians , see e . g . Sin Fronteras , “ Haitianos en México Tras El Terremoto de 2010 : Una Experiencia de Trabajo Psicosocial en Situaciones de Emergencia ” , supra note 233 . > 257 Discussion with former representatives of COMAR and representative of INM . 82", "spans": [{"start": 701, "end": 739, "text": "information on file with civil society", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thematic report | 28 December 2023 # # # Map 2 . Number of households evicted outside IDP sites by district , January – October 2023 Source : UNHCR ( unpublished ) Data from NPC responders showed that household eviction numbers outside IDP sites in 2023 were highest in Amran , At Ta ’ iziyah ( Ta ’ iz governorate ) , Dhamar City ( Dhamar ) , Sa ’ dah , ( Sa ’ dah ) and Sanhan wa Bani Bahlul ( Sana ’ a ) . # # # Figure 3 . Districts with the highest number of households evicted outside IDP sites , January – October 2023 # # * * KEY FINDINGS * * - There is an increasing trend of private landowners requesting IDPs to vacate their land for their own use and purposes , often owing to property speculations . - Similarly , in light of the prospects of peace and economic recovery , the authorities are increasingly claiming back land and reinstating services in public buildings , such as the schools and health centres that IDPs are using as collective centres . - Many IDPs not living in IDP sites but renting flats or houses are being evicted because of their inability to pay rent . This trend is worsening with increasing inflation , unemployment , and livelihood losses ( Consultation session with NPC responders 29 / 08 / 2023 ) . - Forced evictions in Yemen overall have increased by an estimated 10 % in 2023 compared to 2022 . From January – October 2023 , the NPC and CCCM responders recorded the eviction of or eviction threats to close to 61 , 400 individuals . The data showed the highest numbers in Ma ’ rib and Ta ’ iz in the areas under the control of the Internationally Recognized Government of Yemen ( IRG ) . In the areas controlled by the de-facto authority ( DFA ) in the north of Yemen ( also known as the Houthis ) , the highest numbers were in Ad Dali , Al Bayda , Al Hodeidah , Al Jawf , Amanat Al Asimah ,", "spans": [{"start": 164, "end": 188, "text": "Data from NPC responders", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 Livelihood Restoration Strategies * * Based on core principles and underlying assumptions described above , two sets of livelihood restoration and improvement strategies are outlined in the proceeding section . The main strategies is Agriculture Based Strategies . An income restoration and livelihood improvement plan can include both types depending , among other things , on the nature and severity of impact of the Subproject and the objective conditions ( needs , constraints , preferences , resources and capabilities / skills ) of an individual PAP or groups of PAPs in consideration . Based on the analysis and findings of sample surveys , census enumeration and public consultation meetings as well as the objective conditions of different categories of PAPs ( experiences , opportunities and capabilities in terms of resources and skills for income generating activities , needs and constraints in the case of vulnerable groups ) we have categorized the PAPs in to four broad categories for the purpose of targeting different types of livelihood restoration and income improvement strategies . - ( a ) Severely affected PAPs ( 5 ) - ( b ) Significantly affected PAPs ( 1 ) - ( c ) Moderately affected PAPs ( 2 ) and - ( d ) Limited Impact ( 181 ) There shall be no misunderstanding that the main purpose of the above categorization of PAHs is to rationalize provision of resources to various categories of PAHs ; and in a manner that is not only equitable but also effective in restoring PAHs livelihoods . In particular , agriculture based or crop production improvement livelihood restoration strategies apply to 8 PAHs . The categorization of these PAHs is also meant to justify the provision of public resources in the form of additional special assistance to those who are considered to be more vulnerable to adverse Subproject impacts than others . # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 1 Agriculture", "spans": [{"start": 805, "end": 819, "text": "sample surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 822, "end": 840, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3909 # * * Trading on Time * * Simeon Djankov Caroline Freund Cong S . Pham * * * Abstract : * * We determine how time delays affect international trade , using newlycollected World Bank data on the days it takes to move standard cargo from the factory gate to the ship in 126 countries . We estimate a modified gravity equation , controlling for endogeneity and remoteness . On average , each additional day that a product is delayed prior to being shipped reduces trade by at least 1 percent . Put differently , each day is equivalent to a country distancing itself from its trade partners by 70 km on average . Delays have an even greater impact on developing country exports and exports of timesensitive goods , such as perishable agricultural products . In particular , a day ’ s delay reduces a country ’ s relative exports of time-sensitive to time-insensitive agricultural goods by 6 percent . _JEL codes : F13 , F14 and F15_ _Keywords : trade facilitation , time costs , gravity models_ # # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3909 , May 2006 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ _____________________________ * The authors are from the World Bank . Corresponding author : Caroline Freund , World Bank , Mailstop MC3-301 , 1818 H Street , NW , Washington , D . C . 20433 , ph : ( 202 ) 333-1351 , email : < u > cfreund @ worldbank . org . We thank Mary Amiti , James Harrigan , Bernard Hoekman , Alan < / u > Winters and", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 194, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not statistically significant ( see the Appendix for more details ) . We focus on this panel dataset to assess the change in learning from 2019 to 2021 and to identify student and teacher characteristics associated with the change in learning outcomes . The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mathematics achievements of children were estimated using a simple difference in average learning outcomes in 2019 ( pre-COVID ) and 2021 . We compare this average change to the benchmark for annual progress as obtained from the literature review to assess the extent to which students learned over time during COVID as compared to non-COVID years . As different schools were closed for different time periods due to COVID-19 and for other nonpandemic-related reasons , we add a variable for the duration of school closure Zi to analyze the effect of duration of school closure on learning trends and test our second hypothesis ( H2 ) . Furthermore , we add a set of student characteristics Xi to test the effect of student characteristics on learning progression and test H3 to H6 . The overall empirical equation is represented by : 2021 2019 Where ∆ yij = yij - yij is change in learning outcomes of an individual student ( i ) in school ( j ) from 2019 to 2021 and εij is an error term clustered at the school level . The constant α captures the average change in learning due to the pandemic . In this setup , we add one variable at a time to assess heterogeneity in the trend in learning outcomes by each student characteristic ; Xi includes student sex , parental education , index of student access to and usage of digital resources including internet , index of student-level information on learning continuity during COVID-19 induced school closures , indices of student-reported teachers ’ pedagogical and classroom management skills and family support in learning . At the end , we include all variables together to evaluate the strength of the different factors on trends in learning outcomes . # _Benchmarks for Annual Progress_ As we have data for only two time periods , we compare the learning trend observed from 2019 to 2021 for students in Uzbekistan to the average expected rate of learning per year", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 100, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "import prices and import values for the United States and India , respectively . < sup > 2 < / sup > Bown and Crowley ( 2006 ) show that imposition of AD duties also affects the prices of the targeted countries ’ products in alternative destinations . Studies examining the pricing effect of AD duties also consider the impact of events ( filing , decision , and termination ) during the determination period of AD investigations into the pricing decisions of foreign firms ( Staiger and Wolak 1994 ; Krupp and Polard 1996 ) . Moreover , Prusa ( 1992 ) focuses on how AD cases might lead to collusion between domestic and foreign firms . We contribute to this literature through the innovative use of four-dimensional customs data ( firms , products , destinations , and years ) to determine the effects of AD duties and the threat of their enforcement on export prices . Our retaliation analysis broadly fits into the literature that investigates retaliatory incentives in AD activity . Many existing studies propose a number of political and strategic considerations to explain the proliferation of AD duties even though the ideal AD case aims to hinder unfair competition in the international market . One proposed explanation is that countries tend to retaliate against countries by which they were previously targeted in AD investigations ( Miranda et al . 1998 ; Prusa and Skeath 2002 ; Francois and Niels 2004 ; Feinberg and Reynolds 2006 ) . These studies suggest that this tit-for-tat strategy in AD actions has created an “ AD club , ” which consists of countries that have implemented and actively utilize AD law . Blonigen and Bown ( 2003 ) , however , provide another perspective on the debate . They suggest that the worldwide spread of AD regimes may dampen AD activity because countries become able to retaliate when they begin enforcing these laws . Concentrating on AD activity in the United States , these authors show that the risk of a potential reaction from the target country decreases the probability of an AD petition from U . S . industries as well as decreasing the likelihood of an affirmative AD decision from the U . S . AD agency . Whether retaliation encourages or dampens", "spans": [{"start": 701, "end": 730, "text": "four-dimensional customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "foundation for improving household electricity access and development of income generating and productive use activities . # * * II . PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES * * # * * A . PDO * * 27 . The project development objective ( PDO ) is to increase availability and efficiency of bulk electricity supply in the project areas . 28 . Progress toward achieving the PDO will be measured by the following indicators : - Transmission lines constructed under the project ( km ) ; - Increased bulk supply capacity in the project areas ( MW ) ; - Reduction in technical losses in the project area ( percentage ) ; and - Direct project beneficiaries ( number ) , of which female ( percentage ) . 29 . The full results framework is provided in annex 1 . # * * B . Project Beneficiaries * * 30 . The primary beneficiaries of the project are the current and future electricity consumers in the project areas ( Northern and West Nile regions ) , who will benefit from the increased availability of electricity supply . The proposed project will benefit existing grid connected consumers , including residential , commercial , and industrial consumers , by meeting their suppressed demand and improving efficiency of supply . Increased transmission capacity and the resultant increase in the availability of bulk electricity will ease supply constraints to enable more end-user connections to the grid and increase overall electricity access in the project area . Improved electricity availability may also spur development of productive uses of electricity to generate income and jobs . The number of beneficiaries is conservatively quantified as the populations of Gulu , Nebbi and Arua districts – approximately 1 . 6 million people ( from the 2014 census ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > 31 . LDCs ( service providers [ SPs ] ) in the project area will also benefit from the project as they will have a more efficient supply of electricity to increase access / connections and expand their revenue base . 32 . UETCL and MEMD , as recipients of the technical assistance , will benefit from the support provided to strengthen", "spans": [{"start": 1732, "end": 1743, "text": "2014 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ` o ` < br > Provide transport facilitation for beneficiaries to < br > attend engagement sessions as applicable . | | No . of consultation < br > sessions < br > carried < br > out with VMGs < br > and some of the < br > issues discussed | A total of 10 barazas and 29 < br > FGDs were held with the VMGs . | Challenges cited include : < br > ` o ` < br > Fear of being excluded from the project benefits and < br > opportunities as they are located in remote areas < br > with poor communication . < br > ` o ` < br > Inadequate < br > engagement < br > in < br > a < br > language < br > understandable to them . < br > ` o ` < br > Discrimination . < br > ` o ` < br > Lack of representation in decision-making organs . < br > ` o ` < br > In some Counties - dislocation due to insecurity < br > issues . < br > ` o ` < br > Climate extremes that often wipes out their < br > livelihoods . | 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unavailable # # # # Kenya * * Fourth Population Project * * TABLE 9 : PROJECT FINANCING ( US $ Millions ) | IDA < br > | | 35 . 0 < br > | | 28 . 9l | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | FINNIDA < br > | | 0 . 0 < br > | | 1 . 0l | | USAID < br > | | 2 . 2 < br > | | N / Al | | Government < br > of Kenya < br > | | 4 . 1 < br > | | 3 . 2l | | TOTAL < br > l | 41 . 3 | 33 . 1l | Source : SAR and Ministry of Health Note : Expenditure Data from USAID was not available . 21", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 443, "text": "Expenditure Data from USAID", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the organization also undertakes periodic registration exercises in all field operations where refugees are provided with material assistance . # # * * Conclusion * * As this paper has attempted to demonstrate , the collection of accurate and consistent refugee statistics is an extremely difficult task . A wide range of practical obstacles stand in the way of effective registration and enumeration . At the same time , because of the way they impinge upon the interests of host countries , countries of origin , humanitarian agencies and other actors , refugee statistics will always be a source of controversy and dispute . Recognizing these - 35 R . Stephenson , ‘ Refugee enumeration and statistics : a review of UNHCR policies and practices ’ , UNHCR , Geneva , 1993 , pp . 1-2 .", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 274, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recentered influence function ( RIF ) regression method was used as proposed by Firpo , Fortin , and Lemieux ( 2018 ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > This technique allowed re-creation of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition at different wage levels . Figures 5 and 6 summarize the results graphically . # * * Figure 5 Coefficient effect of gender wage gap by industry * * > 15 While the TLMPS includes information on number of hours worked , converting monthly wages to hourly wages adds more noise to the data . Therefore , the results are presented using monthly wage data . > 16 The results of the RIF regressions were calculated for every five percentiles between 2 and 95 . To avoid noise from specific outliers , the results presented take those calculations and filter them using a locally weighted regression . By doing so , the trends displayed are more robust to variations in individual values . 36", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 380, "text": "TLMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 545, "end": 562, "text": "monthly wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | 0 . 24 | 0 . 42 | 0 | 1 | 10 , 432 | | Agricultural work ( Y = 1 ) | 0 . 22 | 0 . 41 | 0 | 1 | 10 , 432 | | Work outside the home ( Y = 1 ) | 0 . 05 | 0 . 22 | 0 | 1 | 10 , 432 | | Hrs . total worked | 11 . 57 | 19 . 34 | 0 | 105 | 6 , 611 | | Hrs . own-account HH-enterprise work | 6 . 31 | 15 . 63 | 0 | 105 | 6 , 611 | | Hrs . agricultural work | 3 . 53 | 9 . 93 | 0 | 70 | 6 , 611 | | Hrs . work outside the home | 1 . 74 | 8 . 40 | 0 | 96 | 6 , 611 | _Source_ : Authors ’ tabulations of individual-level GHS data . All panels include observations that are observed in the 2018-2019 GHS round and also at least one previous round ; the sample is restricted to those that were at least 5 years old as of their first appearance in the data ( when the labor module is first applicable ) . Borno state is excluded . 26", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 521, "text": "individual-level GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to conduct projects of this complexity and scope ; ( b ) NITA-U staff and partner agencies not familiar with Procurement Regulations ( July 2016 , revised January 2020 ) ; ( c ) underestimation of the cost of contracts ; ( d ) NITA-U has a vacancy rate of 58 percent , resulting in gaps in technical staff to support the project ; ( e ) inadequate storage space for procurement records ; ( f ) delays in commencement of procurement processing due to late preparation of E & S safeguards studies ; ( g ) gaps in the bidding documents leading to many inquiries from bidders prolonging the bidding process ; ( h ) heavy workload on Procurement Unit resulting in delays in procurement processing ; ( i ) inadequate stakeholder engagements in project area resulting in delays in contract execution ; ( j ) delayed site handover to contractors for construction due to delays in implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) ; ( k ) bid tampering during project implementation ; ( l ) forgery of documentation and misrepresentation of qualification requirements in the bids ; and ( m ) delays in implementation at different stages of the procurement cycle . * * 84 . Preliminary risk mitigation measures : * * These will include , ( a ) wider dissemination of bidding opportunities to reach international and regional markets to elicit participation from the capable providers ; ( b ) trainings for staff on World Bank Procurement Regulations ; ( c ) prepare and disseminate the Procurement Manual to all project implementation staff ; ( d ) conduct a market survey before procurement processing and update the cost estimate in the Procurement Plan if needed ; ( e ) hiring of individual consultants to fill staffing gaps to ensure sufficient inhouse technical capacity ( in skills and numbers ) ; ( f ) purchase lockable cabinets and lockable cupboards for storage of both active and archived records ; ( g ) E & S safeguards studies to commence timely ; ( h ) an internal Quality Assurance Team shall review all UDAP-GovNet bidding documents to ensure completeness ; ( i ) hire a Procurement Specialist", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 6 : Differences between the 12 months and 7 day recall main employment activity among the working * * * * < u > population in Uganda , 2009 / 10 < / u > * * | | * * Gend * * < br > Female | * * er * * < br > Male | Uganda | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Different 12 month and 7 day recall primary activity_ * * | 9 . 0 | 10 . 7 | 9 . 8 | | * * _Same 12 month and 7 day recall activities_ * * | 90 . 0 | 89 . 3 | 89 . 2 | _Source : Author calculations based on the UNHS 2009 / 10 . Note : Based on a direct question on whether the 7 day main activity is the same as the main activity in the past 12 months for ages 15 to 65 . _ Our first finding is that in a 12 month survey ( such as an LSMS ) , recall period does not affect the aggregate indicator on structure of primary employment . As Table 7 shows , the structure of employment calculated from primary employment status data shows that at an aggregated level , and when the data were collected over a 12 month period , the individual differences between activity reported during the 7 day recall and the 12 month recall wash out . _Thus , for macro analyses , using aggregates , the difference can be ignored_ . Note that the UNHS is collected in a 12 month period thereby minimizing the effects of seasonality , and the country has a largely bimodal rainfall season which shortens the duration between agriculture seasons . In other country settings and with surveys of shorter duration , the result might be different . For example , in the case of a Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) which typically is _not_ conducted over 12 months , these differences could matter even in the aggregate . For this reason , it is extremely important for LFS and other surveys not carried out over 12 months to include", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 502, "text": "UNHS 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 711, "end": 715, "text": "LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 874, "end": 904, "text": "primary employment status data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1533, "end": 1551, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of responses by interviewers can in fact lead to larger design effects than area clustering . This finding is consistent with the findings of Schnell and Kreuter in Germany ( 2005 ) . This paper provides evidence that simpler questions lead to smaller interviewer design effects . This finding reinforces the intuition that time invested in designing , testing and refining questions to make them as simple as possible is likely to yield data quality improvements . In general , good survey implementation practices can contribute to lower interviewer design effects . These include recruiting qualified interviewers ; budgeting adequate time for questionnaire design , review and programming for tablets ; conducting a high-quality training using a close to finalized questionnaire ; budgeting adequate time for piloting and finalizing the questionnaire ; and managing survey implementation well , including early identification of reoccurring interviewer-level issues that might affect data quality . Another recommendation emerging from these findings is that interviewer identifiers should always be included in all survey data . Interviewer identifications in data allow for multi-way cluster robust standard errors by both area cluster and interviewer ( Cameron _et al . _ , 2011 ) . Given the evidence of interviewer design effects in survey data collected in developed countries and 10", "spans": [{"start": 1342, "end": 1353, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "debt swaps ( for climate / nature / loss and damage ) ; ii ) insurance-based approaches to cover debt repayments while handling shocks ; and iii ) disaster clauses in borrowing terms to allow SIDS to prioritize recovery and defer debt servicing ( principal and interest ) to a later date ( also called pause clauses ) . There are also proposals for parametric risk insurance to cover sovereign debt service payments in the event of a natural disaster , facilitated by a Global Fund to enable SIDS to pool risks as well as financing investments to strengthen their resilience ( Bharadwaj , Mitchell and Karthikeyan , 2023 ) . This paper evaluates the challenges SIDS face , focusing on the nexus between vulnerability to climate change , requirements for investments in adaptation and public debt , and the implications for public policy . Vulnerability to climate change and public debt are clearly linked ; one of the main reasons why many SIDS are assessed as being at high risk of debt distress in their most recent DSA is their vulnerability to large climate related negative shocks . However , that does not axiomatically mean that debt relief measures are optimal policy instruments to generate the fiscal space required to strengthen the resilience of the SIDS . The organization of the rest of this paper is as follows : Section two examines the main climaterelated vulnerabilities of SIDS , using data from the international Disasters Database ( EMDAT ) . It also provides an event study analysis of the macro-fiscal impact of some recent large cyclone disasters which struck SIDS in the Caribbean and Oceania . Section three discusses the investment requirements of the SIDS for adaptation to climate change , drawing on existing literature . Section four examines current levels of public debt in the SIDS and their risks of public debt distress , drawing on the assessments and data in their most recent DSAs . It also briefly examines the composition of public debt , differentiating between SIDS with higher and lower debt-to-GDP ratios . Section five discusses what type of external assistance most SIDS need to help them strengthen their resilience to climate change , and whether debt relief measures offer feasible and optimal instruments to deliver this objective .", "spans": [{"start": 1420, "end": 1452, "text": "international Disasters Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1916, "end": 1920, "text": "DSAs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "skew an understanding of demand for technology . Direct questions on reasons for / against adoption that have been documented in more focused country-level studies are lacking in broader socioeconomic surveys , including skills / knowledge ( Udry , 2018 ) ; information networks ( Munshi , 2004 ; Moser and Barrett , 2006 ) ; other economic activities farmers may be involved in ( Ibrahim , 2013 ) ; credit and other liquidity constraints ( de Janvry et al , 2016 ) ; and other factors such as individuals ’ desire to minimize volatility in expected profits ( Zhu , 2019 ) . # Constraints to economic opportunity Along with data on migration , access to skills and technology , socioeconomic surveys need to better capture constraints that rural individuals often face in seeking these economic opportunities . Some surveys have introduced questions on whether women need permission to leave the house for work ( as in the DHS ) , as well as safety and commuting time to work ; these are important for understanding mobility constraints for wage workers , but are less relevant for home-based workers or farmers . Asking about a wider range of constraints in surveys is also in line with Kabeer ( 2012 ) , who presents a research agenda on specific barriers and alleviating factors to women ’ s economic mobility . Survey questions in this area would essentially be qualitative / subjective in nature , but if asked carefully ( and honed through cognitive testing to account for language and local context ) could be helpful in understanding where policy might be more effectively targeted . Respondents could choose from multiple options affecting their economic mobility , including ( a ) time / distance to work , as well as markets and other institutions ( financial , administrative , etc . ) ; ( b ) social and work-related norms affecting the ability to work , work longer hours , and / or advance in one ’ s position — including discrimination in hiring and advancement , and the risk of harassment ; ( c ) unpaid work burdens at home affecting available time , including childcare ; and ( d ) lack of skills in that field ( specifying which skills are needed )", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 208, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 923, "end": 926, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and girls < br > Number of people in < br > Ethiopia < br > who < br > have < br > received a Fayda ID , < br > number of whom are < br > refugees or individuals < br > living in refugee host < br > communities | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Lack of sex-disaggregated ID data . * * The < br > current Kebele ID system does not produce < br > any aggregated data about ID ownership , and < br > sex-disaggregated data are not collected . The < br > lack of data , and especially of sex - < br > disaggregated data , inhibits the GoE ’ s ability < br > to design evidence-based and gender - < br > responsive ID policy and programming . It also < br > limits policy makers ’ ability to track progress < br > over time . | * * Component 5 * * < br > Ensure the collection of sex-disaggregated data on ID < br > enrolment and use , including through ; < br > ● Training on M & E with a gender lens , including for < br > the M & E officer housed within the Digital ID < br > Institution to enable the collection of data < br > concerning the enrolment and usage of ID by < br > women and girls and < br > ● Collection of gender-disaggregated data as part < br > of the project-level M & E . | The proportion of < br > population satisfied < br > with Fayda services | Page 39 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 278, "text": "sex-disaggregated ID data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to Develop the < br > Organisational and Functional < br > Structures of the < br > Pharmaceutical Functional in < br > the Health Sector and Costing < br > of the Developed plan | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services < br > | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 30 , 268 . 00 | 31 , 574 . 31 | Signed | 2020-03-10 < br > | 2020-02-2 | 7 < br > 2020-03-20 < br > 202 | 0-0 | 1-03 | | 2020-05-24 < br > 2020 | - 05-04 < br > 2020-11-20 | | UG-MOH-184104-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Conduct Client < br > Satisfaction Survey 2020 for < br > the Health Sector | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services < br > | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 101 , 762 . 16 | 0 . 00 | Under < br > Implementation | 2020-07-17 < br > | 2020-04-3 | 0 < br > 2020-07-27 | | | | 2020-09-30 | 2021-03-29 | | UG-MOH-185039-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Develop a Data < br > Management System for RBF < br > Digitalization | IDA / 58970 | Component 1 : Results-Based < br > Financing for Primary Health < br > Care Services < br > | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 217 , 277 . 30 | 0 . 00 | Under < br > Implementation |", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 618, "text": "Satisfaction Survey 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fabricated Metal Products Manufacturing < br > Chemical Material Manufacturing < br > Computers , Electronic and Optical Products . . . < br > Electrical Equipment Manufacturing < br > Basic Metal Manufacturing < br > Non-metallic Mineral Products Manufacturing < br > Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing < br > Plastic Products Manufacturing < br > Electronic Parts and Components Manufacturing High Value Added < br > Wholesale and Retail Trade Service sector < br > - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > Source : Rosen and Zhi Wang , 2011 . Page 35 based on data from the MOEA , Taiwan ( China ) , approved direct < br > investment to mainland China - rapid growth of service sectors . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In sum , in this section we have argued that industrialization failed in many parts of the world for various reasons . Import substitution and protectionism in the 1970s and 1980s played an 41", "spans": [{"start": 609, "end": 627, "text": "data from the MOEA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Third , we use the results to estimate the expected CO2 concentration for each city , given its geographic , demographic and economic characteristics . We explore the implications using regression residuals as performance indicators that identify cities whose CO2 emissions are less than or greater than model-based expectations . This provides the first empirical scorecard of city performance in CO2 emissions management . Fourth , we use the econometric results to address a critical policy question on the role of public investment as a supplement to Pigouvian policy in mitigating CO2 emissions . Economists generally support emissions reduction via emissions taxation or permit trading ( Stiglitz and Stern 2021 ; Jacobs and van der Ploeg 2019 ; King et al . 2019 ; Klenert et al . 2018 ) . Many policy analysts who support Pigouvian pricing also argue for a non-Pigouvian supplement : coordinated public investment in low-carbon land development , energy and transport that will accelerate the transition to low-carbon economies ( van der Ploeg and Venables 2020 ) . Investments in subway systems provide an interesting test case for the non-Pigouvian approach . Reduced motor vehicle emissions and energy efficiencies associated with higher-density development are frequently cited as carbon-saving advantages of mass transit systems . By implication , cities with subways should have followed lowercarbon development paths , other things equal . We explore this proposition with our regression residuals , drawing on a recent global survey of subway systems ( Turner and Gonzalez-Navarro 2018 ) . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 introduces the econometric model , while Section 3 describes the data . Section 4 performs an exploratory analysis of the data and the econometric results are presented in Section 5 . Section 6 explores the implications , Section 7 offers a prospectus for future research , and Section 8 summarizes and concludes the paper . # * * 2 . Modeling Urban CO2 Concentrations * * An extensive empirical literature has explored the determinants of CO2 emissions growth . Most of the attention has focused on drivers of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production ( e . g . Raupach et al . , 2007 ; Jotzo et al . , 2012 ) . Land-use change also produces", "spans": [{"start": 1535, "end": 1566, "text": "global survey of subway systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during the harvest season when prices are lowest . We discuss the role of search costs as a part of this framework . We begin by describing maize traders and the farm-gate buying process in the first section . The second section presents our conceptual framework . It is followed by sections presenting the data used and a quantitative analysis using household budget survey data < sup > 4 < / sup > , before briefly concluding . > 2 Proximity of markets , formal and informal rules governing buying and marketplaces and transaction costs such as search and transport all affect this choice . > 3 Field interviews with farmers and mills owners revealed that this maize is stored throughout the year , and milled into flour at the local “ _posho_ ” mill at a high cost : approximately 15 to 30 percent of the value of the maize > 4 As a part of the research for this paper , field work was conducted in two major maize producing regions in Tanzania , namely Iringa ( Southern ) and Arusha ( Northern ) and in Dar es Salaam , the major urban trading centre for 2", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 379, "text": "household budget survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor-market outcomes across age , education , and poverty ranks have been similarly observed for the youth population . The 2012 Mongolian Labor Survey shows , after controlling for a rich set of observable covariates , that young individuals with university education earned on average 50 to 60 percent more than individuals with secondary education , while individuals with a primary education earned between 18 and 23 percent less than people with secondary education . Likewise , individuals aged 25-29 reported 53 percent more earnings than individuals aged 15-19 , while the NEET rates by poverty status ranged from 40 percent ( poor ) to 11 percent ( non-poor ) ( Shatz et al . 2015 ) . It would have been extremely difficult for a short-term program like ours to change these structural labor-market gaps . Furthermore , because bias toward optimism has been reported to be particularly striking among the unemployed in other settings ( e . g . , Spinnewijn , 2015 ) , treatment-effect heterogeneity by subjective beliefs regarding job prospects is also assessed . Measuring at baseline a subjective belief in finding a job within the successive six months , a median of eighty points is recorded in the sample ( on a scale of 0 to 100 ) , while around 70 percent of the sample self-reported being “ very optimistic ” about getting a job when answering a categorical-type similar baseline question . Compared to the actual number of employed individuals ( 46 percent ) six months following the baseline , the sample of youth unemployed seems to show indeed over-optimistic beliefs regarding their job prospects . Point estimates for the vocational treatment variable interacted with the dummy variable “ very optimistic beliefs ” is depicted in the bottom of Tables 5A and 5B . In the shortrun , positive differential effects emerge for individuals who are optimistic about their labor market prospects relative to individuals with lower expectations . These differential effects are statistically significant for employment and earnings . In the medium-term , positive 25", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 152, "text": "2012 Mongolian Labor Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # # * * Marital Status of HH Heads and HH population * * Based on marital status survey result , 80 . 1 % of the PAHs were married and 6 . 4 % never married . The proportion of subproject affected household heads without partnership or spouse constituted 12 . 1 % of the total household heads of which the proportion of widowed household heads were 9 . 0 % , 2 . 9 % divorced , and 0 . 2 % separated and the remaining 1 . 5 % are absentees PAHs . Figure 6 . 2 : Proportions of HH Heads Marital Status by Subproject Woreda # # # # # # * * Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation * * The ethnic affiliations of subproject affected household heads indicate 88 . 3 % of HH heads belong to Oromo ethnic group and 8 . 8 % of the HH heads belong to Amhara ethnic group . 0 . 7 % HH heads belong to Wolayita and Yem and the remaining 2 . 2 % belong to other ethnic groups . Similar to Oromo dominance in terms of ethnic composition of subproject affected households , the religious affiliation of the PAHs is also dominated by Muslim religion . Based on the census survey finding 81 . 7 % of project affected HH heads are affiliated with Muslim religion , followed by Orthodox Christianity ( 16 . 0 % of HH Heads ) . Across subproject impact Woredas and towns , while all the PAHs in Jima town and Kersa Woreda are affiliated with Muslim religion , whereas the proportion of non-Muslim household heads is relatively higher in Limu Kosa Woreda . # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 1 Education level of Household Heads and Population * * With regard to educational level , 34 . 9 % of", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 256, "text": "marital status survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1208, "end": 1221, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Up to this point , the disaggregated analysis of the poverty impacts has been based on sectoral affiliation and thus it has been possible to link it directly to the sectoral results generated by the CGE model . However , additional policy relevant criteria can be used to identify other groups of households and to evaluate their specific trade induced poverty effects . In particular , we conduct impact analyses for rural and urban areas , by regions , by land ownership , by educational level and by occupation . Obviously , all these criteria are somehow correlated to basic categories included in the CGE model , for example the educational level is linked to the skilled / unskilled factor types , or the region to the prevalence of agricultural employment , but strict correlation should not limit the micro analysis . Using the full household survey information provides maximum flexibility and allows extracting ex-post additional information . Instead of roughly inferring the poverty impact on certain groups from correlations between the rigidly CGE embedded categories and micro characteristics , the generated counterfactual income distributions contain all the information needed and hence directly provide a quantitative assessment of the poverty impact on specific groups . _ < u > Table 18 : Poverty and inequality impact of trade , urban and rural < / u > _ | | 2001 levels < sup > BaU < / sup > < br > 15 c | < sup > 2001 - < / sup > < br > hanges < br > Urb | Doha % of < br > BaU < br > change < br > an | Full % of < br > BaU < br > change | 2001 levels | < sup > BaU 2001 - < / sup > < br > 15 changes < br > Ru | Doha % of < br > BaU < br > change < br > ral | Full % of < br > BaU < br > change | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P0 | 19 .", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 869, "text": "household survey information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "permanent and assign economic values to them . To effectively do this the survey will undertake asset inventory survey for PAPs . This will be done through interviews , group discussions and review of existing documentary evidence ( such as permits and licenses ) for assets to be lost in the project . There will be a review of whether the asset is individually owned or belongs to a group . The involuntary taking of land results in : Relocation or loss of shelter , loss of assets or access to assets or loss of income sources or means of livelihood , whether or not the PAPs must move to another location or not . Therefore meaningful consultations with the affected persons ( directly and through representatives ) , local authorities and appropriate NGOs allows for establishing the criteria by which displaced persons will be deemed eligible for compensation and other resettlement assistance . Eligibility criteria will also be determined by the status of development up to when the study starts and will further be determined by other development approval as issued by both central and local government offices . The key local authorities to be interviewed by the consultants will include District , Divisional and location government officials such as the District / divisional agricultural officer , the District officers , chiefs and sub-chiefs . Other persons include : identified large and small-scale farmers , businessmen and businesswomen , women leaders and other leaders of social groups . Displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups : - a . Those who have formal legal rights to land ( including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of Kenya ) . - b . Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claims to such land or assets - provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through an identified process . - c . Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying . The process will involve review of tenure documents owned by occupants , interviews with households and groups in the affected area", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 118, "text": "asset inventory survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and with the expectation that it could be extended to a larger territory upon availability of additional funding . In an effort to identify the most affected areas in Lebanon , UNHCR , UNICEF and the Government have prepared a list of the most vulnerable municipalities based on municipal level data collected by UNHCR during their refugee registration process , in combination with the estimated number of Lebanese and the level of poverty . To further target unions within this list , additional criteria and filters were added including : ( i ) the relative share and absolute number of refugees to the host population ; ( ii ) security conditions sufficiently stable for Project implementation ; ( iii ) absence of similar donor interventions to avoid duplication ; and ( iv ) readiness of counterpart agencies and subprojects at the local level . This resulted in the identification of the following eleven unions that will be initially targeted for Project support : | Union | Number of < br > Municipalities in < br > the union | Region | Registered < br > Lebanese < br > population | Number of Syrians < br > registered with < br > UNHCR * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Union of Al Buhaira < br > Municipalities | 19 | West Bekaa | 99 , 100 | 15 , 801 | | Union of Municipalities of < br > Sahel | 12 | West Bekaa | 68 , 760 | 38 , 144 | | Union of Kalaat el Estiklal | 10 | Rachaya | 24 , 671 | 5 , 856 | | Union of Jabal El Sheikh | 14 | Rachaya | 41 , 460 | 3 , 917 | | Union of Municipalities of < br > Central Bekaa | 7 | Central Bekaa | 116 , 070 | 67 , 517 | | Union of Municipalities of < br > Zahle Caza | 7 | Zahle | 84 , 800 | 28 , 171", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 318, "text": "municipal level data collected by UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "turn , these axes revolve around three intervention pillars that are : Identification , Prevention and Response . Chad has a total of 393 , 161 refugees . By nationality there are : some 312 , 000 Sudanese in the East ( 79 . 4 % ) , 71 , 000 Central Africans in the South ( 17 . 9 % ) , 8 , 600 Nigerians in the Lake Region ( 2 . 1 % ) , The analysis of the incidents of SGBV reported in 2016 indicates that despite the UNHCR ' s five-year strategy and the existence of a strategy to combat sexual and gender-based violence , their non-effective implementation contributes to aggravating gender inequalities and the attendant violence within communities , including refugees . Other major determinants of the persistence of certain sexual and gender-based violence incidents are the socio-economic conditions , cultural norms and taboos and the misinterpretation of certain religious and legal texts in Chad . Promiscuity , unemployment and the dearth of education opportunities , drug and alcohol consumption , all have exacerbated the protection risks of the refugee population in Chad . This report will be elaborating systematically on : ( i ) The SGBV trend emerging from the analysis of monthly statistical reports of refugee camps ; ( ii ) The level of achieved performance indicators in 2016 contrasted with the results framework used ; ( iii ) Basic performance indicators for the 2017 prevention and response program and those for the 2018 planning ; and ( iv ) Strategic approaches for improving the quality of available services . 2 The 2016 Annual Report On SGBV Incidents Among Refugees In Chad", "spans": [{"start": 1193, "end": 1237, "text": "monthly statistical reports of refugee camps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "only partially addressed by allowing phone interviews . Additionally , the arm was subject to the sources of measurement error affecting all recall surveys : informants were asked to make the cognitive effort of recalling the consumption over the last seven days , without any help in identifying the starting of the recall period or the tracking of consumption throughout the reference period . In contrast , the bounding / salience arm had the advantage of following traditional practices of interviewing only one person , but at the cost of eliciting the information from a less well-informed individual . To minimize the measurement error associated with relying on the report of one informant , a second visit was introduced . This allowed : a ) giving the informant the opportunity to know what information was going to be asked and to collect the necessary information from other household members , 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "key mechanism for allowing entry in services is the license . < sup > 5 < / sup > The license is defined broadly to cover any decisions or administrative actions , including authorizations or approvals , which allow a service provider to enter the market and provide a service . In this broad sense , virtually every service provider in virtually every country needs a license to operate – from an accountant and an architect to a bank and a builder . While licenses are almost always required , they are almost never issued in a non-discretionary manner . The limited evidence available from the World Bank Services Trade Restrictions Database suggests that licensing criteria are usually made public , reasons for denial are often provided , but the fulfillment of publicly stated criteria does not automatically lead to a license being issued ( Figure 3 ) . Figure 3 : Transparency , accountability and predictability > 5 GATS Article XXVIII defines a “ measure ” to be “ any measure by a Member , whether in the form of a law , regulation , rule , procedure , decision , administrative action , or any other form . ” It is convenient to distinguish , as the GATS does , between “ measures of general application ” and other measures . Measures of general application include laws , regulations and rules ( which inhabit the GATS schedules ) as well as standard administrative procedures . Other measures include decisions and administrative actions , which are one-off acts implementing measures of general application . 8", "spans": [{"start": 597, "end": 644, "text": "World Bank Services Trade Restrictions Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Scales . * * For calculating the value of the consumption basket for families other than the reference < br > one , higher equivalence scales than those used by the OECD and the European Commission were used , leading < br > to a potential overestimation of the consumption basket . < br > * * Significant discrepancies exist between this estimate and the estimate presented in this paper . * * The reason < br > for the discrepancy is probably the fact that the “ decent ” wage is more than the “ living ” wage . The basket estimated < br > by FES includes , for example , savings close to 10 % of total income , vacation , and relatively high spending on < br > clothing , education , and culture . While these estimates may measure a “ decent life , ” this basket offers a significantly < br > higher standard of living than the usual living wage definition . In our case , the estimate of the corresponding < br > minimum wage is also inflated by the fact that only one of two adults works full-time . | * * Our main finding , indicating a positive gap between the net statutory minimum wages and the living wage estimate , aligns with earlier assessments . * * Fabo and Belli ( 2017 ) show that the minimum wage adequately encompasses the living wage in the core EU countries when using data from the Wage Indicator Foundation ( WI ) . However , this does not apply to Eastern European countries ( Visegrad countries , Bulgaria , and Romania ) , where the minimum wage falls 10 % – 60 % short of covering even the lower living wage threshold . Further assessments are needed to understand the drivers of this gap . * * Finally , the consumption basket can also serve as a baseline to evaluate the adequacy of other social benefits and pensions in addition to the minimum wage . * * Beyond its primary role in determining the living costs to produce a benchmark for minimum wage settings , the consumption basket can also be a reference point for assessing the adequacy of various social benefits and pensions . By", "spans": [{"start": 1292, "end": 1331, "text": "data from the Wage Indicator Foundation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- NANDI COUNTY-198729 - < br > GO-RFQ / Printing of revised < br > MOH toolsPrinting of the < br > following revised MOH tools < br > for use in 200 health facilities1 . 100 ANC registers2 . 100 Maternity registers IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 25 , 800 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-06-12 2021-08-07 2022-02-03 < br > 3 . 100 Postnatal registers < br > 4 . 100 Laboratory registers < br > 5 . 100 CWC registers < br > 6 . 10660 Mother ba < br > KE-NANDI COUNTY-198328-GO-RFQ / Purchase of 10baby digital weighing scales IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 700 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-06-10 2021-08-05 2022-02-01 < br > KE-NANDI COUNTY-198346-GO-RFQ / Purchase of 10suction machines IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 12 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-06-10 2021-08-05 2022-02-01 < br > KE-NANDI COUNTY-85865 - < br > GO-RFQ / Procurement and < br > distribution of RMNCAH MOH < br > reporting tools to 195facilities . FPCDRR ( FamilyPlanning Consumption DataRequest Report ) - 195 IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 20 , 952 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-06-12 2021-08-07 2022-02-03", "spans": [{"start": 1198, "end": 1243, "text": "FamilyPlanning Consumption DataRequest Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specifications . Third , we evaluate candidate models ’ out-of-sample predictions across different PMT cutoff scores using several evaluation metrics . Finally , we explore the performance of hypothetical targeting methods and transfer schemes using the final PMT . # # _Data and Variables_ That data used to develop the Sudan PMT comes from the National Household Budget and Poverty Survey ( NHBPS 2014 / 2015 ) conducted by the Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics . < sup > 9 < / sup > The survey includes modules on consumption , household characteristics , education , employment , housing , and asset ownership . The survey , representative at the national level , as well as states and rural and urban areas , includes 11 , 953 households . > 9 This is the most recent household survey data available at the time of this study . 7", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 390, "text": "National Household Budget and Poverty Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | * * Procedure * * < br > * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * | IVA verifies approved SIPs and implementation of at least three priorities in the SIP as per the POM . For the SIPs , the IVA < br > will conduct a desk review based on the reports submitted and guidelines for the SIP as outlined in the manual . The IVA will < br > sample at least 50 % of the submitted for review based on the guidelines in the POM . < br > For the second tranche , the IVA will conduct field visits to at least a sample of 50 % of the reported schools < br > having implemented at least three of the five priority areas in the approved SIP . < br > Disbursement will be : < br > - US $ 4 , 000 per Target Primary School with an approved SIP . < br > - Second tranche of US $ 3 , 000per Target PrimarySchool that has completed at least three of the five PriorityAreas | | - - - | - - - | | * * DLI 2 * * | Number of Vulnerable Learners who are provided with school meals during each School Calendar Year | | * * Description * * | The value number represented target students annually . Percentage of students in target schools , including the 50 camp < br > based refugee primary schools , having at least one hot meal for at least 151 learning days in a year . The targeted schools < br > are in semi-arid , arid and informal settlements in urban areas . The target learners in these schools include learners in pre - < br > school ( within these schools ) who will benefit from a fortified meal asper the school health and nutritionpolicy guidelines . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | MoE , School Meals Unit reports | | * *", "spans": [{"start": 1651, "end": 1676, "text": "School Meals Unit reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 8 : Distribution of share of local suppliers , by population size < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 25 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 < br > Share of same-municipality suppliers < br > ( Population above median ) < br > 0 . 18 < br > 120 < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 < br > Share of same-municipality suppliers < br > ( Population below median ) < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the distribution of the percentage of firms located within the same municipality where the tender process occurs , regardless of whether it is a headquarters or a branch . The distribution is disaggregated by municipalities above and below the median population of 2018 . Data is drawn from the tender-participant table and includes only suppliers who won the tender process and whose identifier has 14 digits . We match this data with the _Cadastro Nacional de Pessoas Jurídicas_ ( CNPJ ) , a dataset provided by the Ministry of the Economy that contains information on every firm registered in Brazil . Red dotted line marks the average value of the distribution . The temporal coverage of the data ranges from 2014 to 2021 . See Table 1 for more details . 28", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 949, "text": "tender-participant table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "occurred in and around the CFS or on the way to and from it and also to refer more serious cases to the clinics in the camp and town . < sup > 244 < / sup > . Important considerations for the integration of first aid into child protection activities include : a ) having all adult and youth first responders trained in the preparedness phase ; b ) including first aid in outreach services in the response phase ; c ) providing first aid services as part of programme activities for children , especially in large group events . < sup > 245 < / sup > # # # # Case management and referral services Case management and referral systems are an integral component of many CPiE programmes , and many ( 63 % ) respondents had used them for children who have been injured in emergencies . There was limited documented practice on how best to support severely injured children through case management in the context of emergencies . Most of the findings from this section are taken from key informant interviews and the results of the survey , which asked participants about the availability and quality of services for survivors of injury . < sup > 246 < / sup > Of course , no definitive conclusions can be drawn from the data below on services globally , but broad trends can be observed : - In many places services are available but poor quality ; this is particularly true of emergency medical care , support for economic inclusion , accessible education , accessible housing , accessible water and sanitation , information on available services and training for service providers . - In many places services are not available ; this is particularly true of continuing and preventative healthcare , physical rehabilitation , ortho-prosthesis / assistance devices , legal support , support for economic inclusion . - For many services between 30 % and 50 % of respondents did not know or were unsure what quality and availability was like ; perhaps this also points to knowledge gaps within humanitarian staff on key service delivery mechanisms for seriously injured and disabled children . - For all but one", "spans": [{"start": 1215, "end": 1246, "text": "data below on services globally", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We first confirm the literature ’ s findings of high elasticities of wages and revenue total factor productivity ( TFPR ) in the poorer countries : Our wage elasticity estimates using plant-level data for Ethiopia of . 052 , and for Indonesia of . 057 are not as high as those for China , India and Africa estimated using the labor surveys mentioned above , but they are three times our estimate for the richest country in our sample , Chile ( . 017 ) which is close to the estimates for more advanced countries . However , we then show that these measured benefits largely disappear once the concomitant rise in prices is accounted for – efficiency gains measured as the elasticity of physical total factor productivity ( TFPQ ) with respect to density show negative point estimates for the three lower income countries and significantly so in some specifications for Ethiopia and Colombia . Rather , we find that the elasticity of marginal cost is strongly positive for these countries , suggesting that the costs of operating in developing country cities increase sharply with population , and this pushes up prices and hence wages . Our estimates suggest that the TFPQ elasticity , in fact , increases with development , while the marginal cost elasticity decreases . The net benefit to firms of operating in a city rises steeply with development , with the elasticity of gains in productivity exceeding that of increasing costs likely occurring only at middle income . These findings raise the question about why firms and workers would move to the city in the first place if they are not getting productivity enhancing benefits . It first bears noticing that the equation of urbanization with industrialization and even increased productivity is historically a recent one . Bairoch ( 1988 ) reminds that urbanization began with the emergence of surplus arising from sedentary agriculture and cities served as a provider of services and distribution of rents long before the arrival of industrialization . In his most negative account , he sees Rome , the largest city in the ancient world , as an exactor of tribute , a “ parasitic ” city that had little in the way of industry , and sees many developing country cities as “", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 200, "text": "plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 326, "end": 339, "text": "labor surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | Prior < br > R | equest for Bids | Open - Internationa < br > l | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | 0 . 0 | 0 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | | | 2017-06-12 | | 2017-06-17 | | 2017-07-29 | 2017-08-28 | 2017-10-02 | 2018-03-31 | | KE-KPLC-189577-NC-DIR / Pr < br > ocurement of non-consulting < br > services for network data coll < br > ection and clean up . < br > * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | IDA / 55870 < br > * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N | Component A : Improvement < br > in Service Delivery and Relia < br > bility . < br > | Prior < br > D | irect Selection | Direct < br > Market Approac | Contract Te < br > | Estimated Amo < br > | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 < br > ctual Amount | | | 0 . 0 | 0 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | Expression o | f Interest < br > Short List a | 2020-11-26 < br > 2020 < br > nd Draft R < br > Req | - 12-0 < br > est | 1 < br > 2020-12-01 < br > for Proposals | 2021-05-18 < br > Opening of Technical < br > | Evaluation of Technic | Combined Evaluation | 2021-01-05 | 2021-07-04 | | Description | < br > o . | < br > Component | Review Type | Method | < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "c ) Those who have interest , or < br > some claim in the land such < br > pastoralist or who use the land < br > for their livelihood . | Both will be adopted , and all < br > users of the proposed way < br > leaves will receive < br > compensation as per the < br > entitlement matrix . However , < br > compensation for land is < br > excluded as this is public land < br > while the aim of the project is < br > to transfer ownership to the < br > beneficiaries . | | O . P 4 . 12 describes the cut-off < br > date as the date of completion < br > of the socio-economic < br > survey / census and asset < br > inventory of PAPs . Persons < br > enteringand / or occupyingland | The Land Act , 2012 is not < br > specific on the cut-off date but < br > proposes a final survey of land < br > to be acquired before < br > compensation is paid . | Adopt World Bank OP 4 . 12 < br > policy | * * MIBP * * * * 4-4 * *", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 631, "text": "inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Islamic Republic of Iran is among the few middle-income countries availing LFS data collected since the start of the pandemic . The analysis presented in this paper uses LFS data covering the period from March 2019 to February 2021 , corresponding to Persian years 1398 and 1399 , the latter being the first full year of the COVID-19 pandemic . < sup > 7 < / sup > # The Impact of COVID-19 on the Iranian Labor Market The Iranian labor market has historically been characterized by marked differences based on gender . Similar to what has been observed in other countries in the MENA region , women in the Islamic Republic of Iran tend to have significantly lower participation rates and higher levels of unemployment comparted to men . Over the last decade , despite the progressive increase in female labor force participation and decline in female unemployment , the gender gap in labor market outcomes has remained substantial ( Table 1 ) . Differentials in labor market outcomes based on gender add to other labor market asymmetries based on area of residence ( urban vs rural ) and age . In particular , the labor market in Iranian cities is characterized by lower participation rates and higher unemployment , the latter being particularly high among youth and , even more , among young women . * * _Table 1 : Trends in labor market indicators , 2011-2019_ * * | | | * * _Participa_ * * | * * _tion rat_ * * | * * _e_ * * < br > | | * * _Unemplo_ * * | * * _yment ra_ * * | * * _te_ * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * overall * * | * * female * * | * * male * * | * * gap ( f / m ) * * | * * overall * * | * * female * * | * * male * * | * * gap ( f / m )", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 182, "text": "LFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by all countries to these major markets – that represented half of global GDP and 28 % of global imports pre-COVID-19 – as the pandemic unfolded . All the data sets include the country ’ s import flows from all partner countries for each product at the HS 6-digit or 8-digit level providing information on import value ( in US dollars ) and quantity or weight . We aggregate the data to the importing country-HS4 product-partner country-monthyear level concording product codes to the HS 2007 revision for comparability across countries , computational feasibility and to mirror the product resilience categories we rely on . Using mirror import data to capture export flows has two advantages . First , import flows are better recorded than export flows , especially by high-income low-corruption countries such as our major markets ( e . g . , Javorcik and Narciso , 2017 ) . Second , import flows are reported and made public quickly by those high-income countries while high-frequency export flows from all countries are reported with long delays to UN COMTRADE . # * * COVID-19 incidence data * * For COVID-19 incidence , we use the total number of reported COVID-19 deaths per capita per month in each country from the World Health Organization ( WHO ) Global Health Observatory Repository from December 2019 onward . < sup > 1 < / sup > In robustness tests , we consider alternative measures of COVID-19 incidence . The number of COVID-19 cases per capita , also from the WHO , and a measure of stay-at-home requirements imposed by each country each month from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker are used in other research on COVID-19 impacts ( e . g . , Bonadio et al . , 2021 ; Chen et al . , 2020 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > > 1 See https : / / github . com / owid / COVID-19-data / tree / master / public / data . > 2 See https : / / www . bsg . ox . ac . uk / research / research-projects / coronavirus-government-response-tracker # data . 9", "spans": [{"start": 632, "end": 650, "text": "mirror import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1074, "end": 1097, "text": "COVID-19 incidence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1259, "end": 1295, "text": "Global Health Observatory Repository", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1572, "end": 1615, "text": "Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and women to the latter . Increased access for rural groups to skills training was , however , an ubiquitous secondary justification : it was mentioned in connection with at least one ( but not necessarily each ) component in each country in the sample . Access for women figured prominently in the justification of seven of the 76 projects ; most of these were in the EMENA region ( Jordan , Turkey , Egypt , Pakistan , YAR , Barbados ) . # Planning 3 . 10 Virtually all of the sampled component investments were planned or . the basis of projected manpower requirements . In the majority of cases these were forecast from admittedly inadequate data , with appropriate caveats regarding the indicative nature of the estimates . Such estimates were then compared with the output of existing training systems and investments rationalized as ( usually partially ) closing the gap . In a majority of projects these estimates were made by Bank staff or UNESCO consultants . 3 . 11 In a number of cases manpower requirements were derived not from global forecasts , but from enterprise surveys ( Ecuador I , Uruguay I , Cameroon II ) , and other indicators of employment needs . In this", "spans": [{"start": 1070, "end": 1088, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specific design guidance < br > for parks in Kenya , the Street Design < br > Manual for urban areas in Kenya and < br > the Draft National building code set < br > out some useful design parameters < br > for access , lighting / safety , < br > landscaping , furniture . | | | * * Disaster R * * | * * isk Manage * * | * * ment * * | | Fire stations | | See buildin | gdesign and structural design . | | Fire hydrant < br > system design | Chapter 7 . 8 1 . Ministry of < br > Water and Irrigation < br > Practice Manual for < br > Water Supply Services in < br > Kenya ( October 2005 ) | | Published by Ministry of Water and < br > Irrigation , 2005 | # # # * * 3 . 2 Incorporating climate projections into design * * This section provides guidance on how to estimate and include climate change into design calculations . This is essential because significant increases , in sea level , extreme ( design ) rainfall and temperature , are expected in Kenya and will have an effect on municipal infrastructure . # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 1 Background * * The projections of climate indicators presented in this document are extracted from the World Bank ' s Climate < u > Change Knowledge Portal ( CCKP ) < / u > < sup > 9 < / sup > and from the < u > NASA Sea level projection tool . The CCKP models a range of < / u > climate indicators for a range of future ‘ Shared # # * * Summary * * - Increase design rainfall and temperature in your design calculations to account for climate change - • Use this Section ( 3 . 2 ) and Appendix A and B to obtain the percentage increases Socioeconomic Pathways ’ ( SSPs ) . SSPs provide insight into future climates based on defined emissions , development , and carbon reduction efforts . To ensure", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1190, "text": "Change Knowledge Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1247, "end": 1277, "text": "NASA Sea level projection tool", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Baltimore , Kleinert and Spies ( 2011 ) use shipping prices from the UPS . These data are not generally available and focus on the cost of shipping for standardized units of cargo instead of the cost of shipping specific products . # * * 3 . 4 Other Useful Data Sources * * In studying the determinants of shipping costs to the U . S . and port efficiency , Clark et al . ( 2004 ) used quality of port infrastructure and port handling costs from the Global Competitiveness Report . The Global Competitiveness Report , published annually by the World Economic Forum , provides the quality of port infrastructure index for 140 countries between 2007 and 2017 . The index measures business executives ’ perception of their country ’ s port facilities in terms of development and accessibility . These data are collected through online surveys or in-person interviews . The Service Trade Restrictiveness Index developed by the OECD measures 44 countries ’ restrictions on service sectors , including maritime transportation , from 2014 to 2020 ( the value of the index has little variation over time ) . This index allows researchers to study the cross-country variation in maritime sector policy restrictions and their impact on transport costs ( Bertho et al . , 2016 ) . Using data from surveys of logistic professionals , the World Bank provides The Logistic Performance Index ( LPI ) that ranks countries on six dimensions of trade . The index includes information on customs infrastructure and timeliness of The LPI is more use - performance , quality , shipments . ful for a cross-country comparison in trade facilitation . It does not allow researchers to identify the international transport aspects of trade separately from the domestic infrastructure . 1 . We end this section by providing basic facts about selected datasets in Table 21", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 72, "text": "shipping prices from the UPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 450, "end": 479, "text": "Global Competitiveness Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 580, "end": 616, "text": "quality of port infrastructure index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 870, "end": 905, "text": "Service Trade Restrictiveness Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1286, "end": 1319, "text": "surveys of logistic professionals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 10 - revenues from road transport - fuel taxes , vehicle import duties , licenses - have risen substantially as a share of total revenues in recent years , such increases have not been directed for maintenance to kept pace with both the current and deferred needs . GOK is currently attempting to bring down a large budget deficit , and is in a difficult position to substantially increase road maintenance funding from its present revenues . The result is that without a new source of revenue , road maintenance would continue to be under-funded and much of the road network , including nearly all urban roads , would drop into the more costly rehabilitation and reconstruction categories . Nor would there be any scope for increasing the capacity of the road network through new investments to meet rising traffic demands . # # # E . Road Maintenance Levy Fund 2 . 11 Against this difficult setting , GOK has taken a very positive step which holds out the promise of a sustainable solution to the national and urban road maintenance problems . In late 1993 , and amended in May 1994 , it enacted a Road Maintenance Levy Fund ( RMLF ) . The RMLF will derive most of its revenue from a levy on the sales of petroleum fuels and , to a lesser extent , from the toll charges levied on vehicles transiting through Kenya . Once the RMLF is operating , the system of domestic road tolls , which currently generates some of the funds for the periodic maintenance of the main paved road network , will be removed . The initial level of the levy is expected to yield approximately K Sh 1 , 500 million during FY95 . Even with this promising start , the initial K Sh 1 , 500 million in RMLF resources in FY95 is not likely to be adequate for meeting the minimum maintenance requirements of the country ' s road network . In the absence of reliable technical data , overall funding requirement for maintenance can not be estimated at present with any degree of accuracy . However , a realistic ( within budget and technical constraints ) minimum maintenance", "spans": [{"start": 1840, "end": 1854, "text": "technical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "informative sampling design . Implementing this methodology with the data from the focus countries is a useful area for future research . The EBP works by repeatedly simulating synthetic populations l r under model ( 1 ) using the expected value of what is unobserved given what is observed in the sample . Under the assumed rrh YY linear mixed model , this expectation has a closed form . Having fit model ( 1 ) , the expected log household per capita consumption for each household in the population is computed as follows : l r r 1 r 2 3 r , ( ll ) ( ll ) ( ll ) rrh rr rr rr rr rrh where is the random effect predicted with the sample data , YY = XX ββ ̂ + XX ββ ̂ + DD ββ ̂ + νν ̂ + vv + εε is generated from , ( ll = 1 , . . , LL ) ( 1 − ( ll ) ) ) , r rr is drawn from ) and is the area-specific shrinkage factor that depends on the rr vv2 νν ̂ vv NN ( 0 , σσ � ( ll ) estimated variance components and the area sample sizes ( Molina and Rao , 2010 ) . For each rr rrh εε < sup > 2 < / sup > rr γγ � εε NN ( 0 , σσ � γγ � simulated synthetic population , the target area-specific parameter , the headcount poverty rate , is computed using the simulated values of the welfare variable ( per capita consumption ) and the official national poverty lines for each country . This procedure is repeated L = 100 times and the final estimated poverty rates for each area correspond to the average across the 100 simulations . In this paper we implement a version of the EBP that calculates the expected value of headcount poverty given the estimated model parameters , for each population unit ( which in this case is a grid ) . Under the assumed linear mixed model , this expectation has a closed form . Having fit model ( 1 ) , the expected poverty rate for each grid is computed as follows : ( 1 ) , the", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 98, "text": "data from the focus countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 632, "end": 643, "text": "sample data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ benchmark and similar offers in the area . - Counsel PAPs regarding title deed issues and procedures ( e . g . transfer of title deed from deceased parents to PAP ’ s name etc . ) as an offer to PAPs independent from and in addition to the counseling offered by the Resettlement Unit . - The independent monitor will report findings ( satisfaction of the PAPs wit expropriation values offered , discrepancies in offers noted by the monitor , etc . ) to the Resettlement Unit . The costs for the independent monitor will be borne by the projects external monitoring budget . The independent monitor can use a number of tools to gather information on adequacy of the grievance redress mechanism . The independent monitor could use a selection of the following tools and techniques : - Random sampling - Informal interviews that will involve casual but indepth conversations between the interviewer and interviewee . These will be to probe for information in a more relaxed manner that will help respondents - open up - Statistical data - Performance monitoring outcomes reports - Random sampling , with randomly selected 10 % of the households ’ categories defined in entitlement matrix . - Phone interviews with 10 % of the PAPs will be conducted - Field Observations : Periodic observations by the resettlement unit will be conducted in order to get information regarding the expropriation , construction and resettlement activities as well as potential environment and social impacts . - Grievance and Grievance Closeout forms : throughout the project lifeline , all incoming grievances regarding the project are recorded in the grievance forms and finalized in grievance closeout forms . These forms are an effective means of data collection for monitoring the appropriateness of RAP implementations to construction , land acquisition , resettlement programs and objectives . Project progress reports : prepared by the resettlement unit will be utilized to monitor the effectiveness and the timing of RAP activities . # # # * * 10 . IMPLEMENTATION PLAN * * The", "spans": [{"start": 1103, "end": 1119, "text": "Statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR by origin , end-2006 * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . | Origin < sup > 1 < / sup > | Refugees < sup > 2 < / sup > | _Of whom_ < br > _assisted by_ < br > _UNHCR_ | Asylum - < br > seekers < br > ( pending < br > cases ) < sup > 3 < / sup > | Returned < br > refugees < sup > 4 < / sup > | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted by < br > UNHCR < sup > 5 < / sup > | Returned < br > IDPs < sup > 6 < / sup > | Stateless < br > persons < sup > 7 < / sup > | Various < sup > 8 < / sup > | Total < br > population of < br > concern | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Faeroe Islands < br > Fiji | - < br > 1 , 685 | _-_ < br > _-_ | - < br > 255 | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > 1 , 940 | | Finland < br > | 6 < br > | _-_ | 2 < br > | -", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 209, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "signals and the target variable , in this case the poverty rate , could change over time . * * 3 . Spatial extrapolation . * * This is the most ambitious potential application of CDR data . In countries or regions in which no recent survey data are available , such as conflict-affected areas or countries that have experienced severe political instability , estimates can be generated by using survey data and CDRs for a similar location and then applying this model to CDR data from the target location . This approach requires significant assumptions , but it may be useful in cases where no stronger data source exists . To date , research into the practical applications of spatial extrapolation has been limited . # * * _Evaluating the Model_ * * One major liability of machine-learning models is a phenomenon known as “ overfitting . ” Training data always reflect both meaningful “ signal ” and random “ noise . ” Overfitting occurs when the model being fit has so many free parameters that it fits to both the signal and the noise . In such a case , the model will appear to be an excellent fit for the input data , with high R < sup > 2 < / sup > and similar values , but it will perform poorly when applied to previously unobserved data . * * 13 * *", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 187, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 395, "end": 406, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 843, "end": 856, "text": "Training data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the program closing ( July 2023 ) , benefiting over 4 . 6 million people . EEU has also completed mini grids for the electrification of 10 rural towns / villages providing connections to close to 17 , 000 people . In addition , MoWE and EEU have continued to undertake and maintain significant measures to strengthen their planning , monitoring , and fiduciary capacity . Some of the key measures include MoWE establishing and maintaining operational the Directorate of Electrification ( DoE ) , as the main body in the Ministry tasked with implementation and oversight of the national electrification agenda and the ELEAP program . On the other hand , EEU set-up a Program Management Office ( PMO ) to strengthen managerial level oversight . Considering the success of ELEAP so far , the Government of Ethiopia ( GoE ) has requested an Additional Financing ( AF ) to the ELEAP PforR in the amount of US $ 250 million to scale up the Program ’ s development impact on the ground . The proposed AF and restructuring are informed by the results of the Mid-Term Review ( MTR ) carried out in May 2021 as well as by follow-up discussions with the implementing entities and assessments by the Bank team following the MTR . During the Program ’ s MTR , the GoE requested additional financing to ( i ) increase grid connections in support of the universal access to electricity target , ( ii ) include activities targeted at improving EEU ’ s financial performance , for example the installment of smart meters in support of reducing the utility ’ s non-technical losses and enhancing revenue collection ; ( iii ) extension of the timeline reflecting additional activities ; as well as ( iv ) some small adjustments to existing Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLIs ) based on the implementation experience . The AF acknowledges the successes of the program and the need to continue building on these successes in order to further support the objectives of the government program NEP . The scope of changes that will be introduced", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 00 | 195 . 00 | 300 . 00 | | | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 20-Jun-2011 | 31-Dec-2013 | | | | Comments | | Out of the 300 PA-SACCOs < br > 195 have opened bank < br > accounts . | | | % active micro-savings accounts held by | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 63 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | women | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 20-Jun-2011 | 31-Dec-2013 | | py | | Comments | | The number of active < br > accounts held by women is < br > similar to the actual number of < br > beneficiaries . | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 24-Jan-2012 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P108932 | IDA-44580 | Effective | 29-May-2008 | 13-Jun-2008 | 09-Oct-2008 | 31-Dec-2013 | | P108932 | IDA-H3950 | Effective | 29-May-2008 | 13-Jun-2008 | 09-Oct-2008 | 31-Dec-2013 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * Page 8 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 485, "end": 514, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > receivedin the year under the Statement of Receiptsand Payments . < / sup > SDecial Deposit < sup > AccountsMovementSchedule < / sup > | Description | 2024 / 2025 | P ' July2024 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * EURO * * | * * EURO * * | | ( i ) < br > * * A / C * * Name [ A / c 10007409491 | | | | Opening balance | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | Totalamount depositedintheaccount | * * 735 , 300 * * | * * 0 * * | | Totalamount withdrawn | * * 660 , 6005 * * | * * 0 * * | | Closingbalance_ ( asper_ * * _SDA_ * * _bank_ < sup > _accountreconciliation attached ) _ < / sup > | | | | ( ii ) A / cName [ A / cNo10007408841 | | | | Openingbalance_ ( as_perthe * * SDA * * < sup > reconciliation ) < / sup > | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | Totalamount depositedintheaccount | 2 , 000 , 000 | * * 0 * * | | Totalamount withdrawn | * * 1 , 990 , 005 * * | * * 0 * * | | Closingbalance ( asper * * SDA * * bankaccount < sup > reconciliationattached ) < / sup > | | U | 24 M CamScanner", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 130, "text": "AccountsMovementSchedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "50 Table 8 : Topical distribution of the most-cited 50 publications of the United States ‘ top-5 institutions and Europe ‘ s top institution | | Harvard U | World Bank | MIT | U CA , Berkeley | Chicago U | U York | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Health and its value | 2 | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | | Efficiency and equity | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | | Determinants of health and ill-health | 6 | 14 | 5 | 11 | 14 | 3 | | Public health | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | | | Health and the economy | 5 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 5 | | Health statistics and econometrics | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | | Demand for health and health care | | 3 | 3 | 3 | | 2 | | Medical insurance | 5 | | 11 | 2 | 4 | | | Supply of health services | 7 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 3 | | Human resources | 6 | 3 | 7 | | 2 | | | Markets in health care | 1 | | 1 | | | 4 | | Economic evaluation | 2 | | 1 | 4 | 1 | 19 | | Total | 46 | 43 | 48 | 40 | 43 | 50 | | Normalized Herfindahl index | 0 . 089 | 0 . 176 | 0 . 118 | 0 . 160 | 0 . 156 | 0 . 181 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication , but only the first institution was credited where an author", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1091, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1117, "end": 1145, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "elicitation exercise measures _wii_ and _wij_ , while the belief update interventions identify the impact of _p_ < sup > _l_ < / sup > _ij_ < sup > and < / sup > < sup > _pt_ < / sup > _ij_ < sup > on < / sup > < sup > _wij_ . < / sup > Finally , it is important to notice that ( 9 ) embeds a selfish assumption : agents are only willing to pay for others to acquire the technology as long as it benefits them . I interpret a participants ’ willingness-to-pay for another farmer as the total value to the participant of the externalities produced by the other farmer ; as a result , the selfish assumption is crucial to identify spillovers . If participants had altruistic preferences , their willingnessto-pay would also include the value a participant attaches to providing the technology to others . I will further discuss the selfish assumption in the results section to provide evidence in its favor . # * * 4 Data and Sample * * The sample includes 780 farmers from 103 villages located in the districts of Manafa , Mbale , and Tororo in Eastern Uganda . This sample had been selected for a field experiment carried out in previous years by a research team that included the author ( Burchardi et al . , 2022 ) . The three contiguous districts were selected for their high suitability to maize cultivation according to the FAO GAEZ data . < sup > 10 < / sup > The 103 villages < sup > 11 < / sup > were selected by a randomization algorithm from the pool of villages in the 2010 national census with a population density lower than 100 households per square kilometer ( to ensure they were in rural areas ) , stratifying by population density . In each village , we enlisted all residing households through a researcher-run census survey . We selected six to nine research participants ( maximum one per enlisted household , always the head of the household ) according to the following criteria : _i ) _ engaging in commercial farming ; _ii ) _ having cultivated or planning to cultivate maize ; _iii ) _ reporting land", "spans": [{"start": 1329, "end": 1342, "text": "FAO GAEZ data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1480, "end": 1500, "text": "2010 national census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1715, "end": 1743, "text": "researcher-run census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WB . The detailed guidelines on KCSAP ESMPs preparations are provided see Annex10 . ESMP in general include the following components : ( i ) mitigation plans , ( ii ) monitoring plans , ( iii ) institutional arrangements , ( iv ) capacity building , and ( v ) associated costs . The ESMP will also cover a set of social issues , as applicable : ( i ) Listing the potential social and gender impacts ; ( ii ) Identifying adequate mitigation or enhancement measures for each impact ( direct or indirect ; permanent or temporary ; physical or economic , residual and cumulative ) ; ( iii ) Assigning responsibility for the implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures ; ( iv ) Assigning time and cost estimates for implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures ( v ) Defining indicators with gender disaggregated data for Monitoring and Evaluation of implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures ( Annex 9 ) . 125 . * * Resettlement Action Plans and Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( aRAP ) : * * It is anticipated that KCSAP will not result into large scale land take and therefore physical or economic displacement may be minimal or on a lower side . The Resettlement Policy Framework has been prepared for this Project setting out the requirements to develop a Resettlement Action Plan , should economic or physical displacement occur as a result of a sub-project . The RFP also includes a protocol for community land donation . The A RAP is designed to ensure impacts arising from land acquisition , displacement and 50", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 831, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "angul-Ggumuz 4 , Gambella 2 and Somali 3 ) 7 focus group discussions with woreda and town administration officials and stakeholders ( Bambasi and Homosha woredas from Benishangul-Ggumuz region , Gambella woreda and Gambell City Administration from Gambella region and Kebribeyah woreda , Kebribeyah City Administration and Awubere woreda from Somali region ) and 3 group discussions with RPCU have been conducted . A total of 279 people were participated in the consultation process . Secondary data was collected from DRDIP-I documents ( project baseline survey and midterm impact assessment reports ) and from federal and regional project performance quarterly and annual reports . While collecting data from primary and secondary sources , sufficient information was collected regarding the presence of vulnerable groups and historically underserved people and the special 3", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 536, "text": "DRDIP-I documents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 612, "end": 681, "text": "federal and regional project performance quarterly and annual reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Local-area level remoteness and socio-economic characteristics The degree of a community ’ s remoteness within a country context is correlated with its socio-economic characteristics . For example , people living in more central parts of a country are more likely to be employed in paid work , or to have wages or salaries as a main source of income ( Figure 4 ) . In particular , the local areas with the highest proportion of people or households in paid work , or with wages or salaries as a main source of income , tend to be among the very least remote , according to our indicator . < sup > 8 < / sup > However , there is variation around this general pattern across the case-study PICs , consistent with variation in the PICs ’ respective geographies . The relationship is less clear in FSM , where the population is particularly widely dispersed , and where there are several key population hubs some distance apart . The link between remoteness and a variety of socio-economic characteristics is explored comprehensively in a companion piece < sup > 9 < / sup > to this work , though that piece focuses on related but alternative definitions of remoteness defined more explicitly according to areas ’ distance from defined population hubs ( e . g . the measures discussed in Appendix C ) . > 8 These same local areas also tend to be the most populous . For most of the case-study countries , the negative relationship between local-area remoteness and the respective employment indicator is only statistically significant when the data are population-weighted . > 9 World Bank , 2019 . ‘ Socio-economic analysis : A spatial analysis of population and housing census data ’ , a background paper prepared for _A Review of Spatial Development Issues in the Pacific Islands Countries_ ( P166346 ) . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1647, "end": 1681, "text": "population and housing census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 ) annual progress achievement evaluated at workshop in Jimma . The findings were taken as input for inputs for EFY 2015 ( FY 23 ) capital investment planning by ULGs - Capacity building training provided for 18 ULGS . The training benefited regions with special needs . - Technical supports were provided for EFY 2015 annual Capital Investment Planning . - Annual budget was transferred to regions and ULGs as per the 4th round APA result . - Technical and capacity building trainings were provided for regions and ULGs on community consultation and gender development - A ) Annual planning of capital projects - 3593 capital projects were approved in EFY 2015 ( FY 23 ) . The total budget is ETB 17 , 388 , 354 , 540 . - B ) Environment and Social safeguard - 1939 projects were screened in the budget year . The remaining projects screening is under progress . The delay was due to site plan preparation and canceling of the schedule one projects due to various considerations . - Out of the screened projects , 21 were identified as schedule I and 8 have EIAs , 1264 were identified as schedule II , and review reports were compiled . The remaining sub projects were schedule III - C ) Procurement progress - 878 projects were planned to be procured as works , Goods , and consultancy . - 23 ( 2 . 3 % ) projects were not advertised , 26 ( 2 . 96 % ) projects under process of evaluation , 597 ( 68 % ) projects signed but not completed , 233 ( 26 . 54 % ) projects signed and completed project . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * Project Loan / Credit / TF Status Currency Original Revised Cancelled Disbursed Undisbursed % Disbursed 4 / 7 / 2023 Page 1 of 19", "spans": [{"start": 1509, "end": 1538, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > - - | 30-Jun-2021 | # # Overall Comments Updated data will be provided only after at least 6 months of implementation . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P152394 | IDA-58360 | Effective | USD | 150 . 00 | 150 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 13 . 00 | 130 . 25 | 9 % | | P152394 | TF-A2561 | Effective | USD | 40 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 30 | 35 . 70 | 11 % | 3 / 17 / 2017 Page 6 of 7 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "maximization objective and the strategy of choosing locations based on local comparative advantages . In sum , the literature finds that China ’ s ODI tends to be attracted to larger markets and rich resource areas just like other countries ’ ODI . What differentiates Chinese investors is that they are more willing to invest in risky environments . At the firm level , evidence shows that more productive firms and less financially constrained firms are more likely to invest abroad . Investing abroad also makes investing firms more productive and grow faster . While studies on the determinants of China ’ s ODI are extensive , relatively little work has been done to evaluate the impacts of Chinese ODI . # 2 . 4 Reports on BRI Existing economic analysis of the BRI is very limited . Most of the available discussions are descriptive reports . For example , Johnson ’ s ( 2016 ) CSIS report provides a general assessment of the BRI and discusses the benefits of BRI to China . It also documents the responses from participating and non-participating countries . The Economist ( 2016 ) published a report on BRI countries using data from InfraPPP and Competitiveness Group / Long-term Asset Infrastructure to provide a general outlook of the ongoing infrastructure projects in each BRI country . American Enterprise Institute ’ s Scissors et al ( 2017 ) also provides a descriptive summary of China ’ s outward investment since the introduction of the BRI and argues that China ’ s increasing construction projects in BRI could become costly for recipient countries to maintain . Similar concerns have been expressed by Dollar ( 2017 ) , who observes that most of China ’ s ODI still flows to rich developed countries . He also points out that Chinese investors ’ willingness to take risk will benefit BRI countries . A similar point is made in another report by the Economist ( 2017 ) which characterized BRI countries as high opportunities but also high risk countries . UNDP China et al ( 2017 ) suggests that the initiative can help BRI countries achieve industrial diversification and economic growth and discussed the conditions for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals . # 3 . Data and Stylized Facts In this section ,", "spans": [{"start": 1132, "end": 1150, "text": "data from InfraPPP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > * * Score * * | * * High * * < br > * * Score * * | * * ommens * * < br > * * from * * < br > * * individual ( s ) * * < br > * * completing the * * < br > * * form * * | | * * Section A : Country Context * * < br > * * Country-level violence background * * | | | | | | | | | | * * 1 * * < br > Prevalence intimate partner violence < br > ( select the country then in the ‘ Common Indicators ’ tab < br > and scroll to “ Physical or sexual violence by a < br > husband / partner ) | | | | Higher Risk is having IPV prevalence < br > above regional average per DHS < br > data ( see next tab ) . < br > Lower Risk is having IPV prevalence < br > below the regional average per DHS < br > data ( see next tab ) . | | | | | | * * 2 * * < br > Prevalence of any form of sexual violence < br > ( select the country then in the ‘ Complete List ’ tab and < br > click the “ Domestic Violence ” tab . Select the “ Experience < br > of sexual violence ” option , then select “ Women who < br > ever experience sexual violence ” option ) | | | | Higher Risk is having a sexual < br > violence prevalence above regional < br > average per DHS data . < br > Lower Risk is having a sexual < br > violence prevalence below the < br > regional average per DHS data ( see < br > next tab ) . | | | | | | * * 3 * * < br > State Department Trafficking in Persons report ( Tier 1-3 , < br > with one low and 3 high risk ) | | | | Higher", "spans": [{"start": 1137, "end": 1145, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1314, "end": 1360, "text": "State Department Trafficking in Persons report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or slightly below - in both states three-quarters of deviations are in the range [ - 0 . 5 % , 5 % ] , but with more mass for larger absolute deviations in some municipality-years . We also present the same deviations but considering total committed amounts at the municipality-year-function level , where one observation is , for example , the total amount committed by one city for the Health function in 2020 . We present these results in Figure A . 1 , again documenting that our measures of aggregate commitments closely follow those available at SICONFI . We also provide the distribution of deviations from SICONFI in verification and payment amounts in Figure 4 and Figure 5 , respectively . Here our concordance with SICONFI is less precise – while PB and SP show very small deviations , in the remaining states we systematically _overestimate_ total amounts of verification and payments . The distributions of deviations are somewhat similar across states , centered at around 5 % - 8 % and with some mass up to 15 % 20 % in some municipality-years – meaning that the aggregate amount in our data exceeds that in SICONFI by that amount . As reported in Figure A . 4 for the states of MG and PR , these deviations do not seem to be driven by specific municipalities or to be systematically different across years , suggesting that there are consistent differences between our measures of verification and payments and those of SICONFI . While we are unable to precisely explain those differences , we expect they are partly driven by amounts carried over across fiscal years , the > 20We note that SICONFI contains self-reported information and as a result can also contain errors . Moreover , some differences may arise due to different aggregation methods and the inclusion of government entities besides the municipal executive branch , such as state-owned companies . > 21We use the SICONFI dataset available on the Data Basis ( _Base dos Dados_ ) platform at https : / / basedosdados . org / dataset / 5a3dec52-8740-460e-b31d-0e0347979da0 . > 22We are only able to compute these indicators for municipality-year observations available both in our dataset and SICONFI . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1896, "end": 1911, "text": "SICONFI dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". _Review of Essential Health Services in Pakistan Based on DPC3 . _ > 52 World Bank . 2009 . _Protecting Pro ‐ Poor Health Services during Financial Crises . Lessons from Experience . _ > 53 World Bank . 2018 . _Health Financing Systems Assessment Pakistan using WHO Data . _ > 54 Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training . 2018 . _National Education Policy Framework . _ > 55 ASER Pakistan . 2018 . _Annual Status of Education Report ‐ National . _ Page 23 of 47", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from our administrative records of program take-up . This includes information on which firms we assisted to get business registration certificates and a TPIN , as well as information on attendance at the bank information sessions and on which firms signed up for business bank accounts at the conclusion of these sessions . The second source of data is the baseline and four rounds of follow-up surveys . The interventions took place from June to September 2012 . Four rounds of follow-up surveys were conducted after the interventions . The first follow-up survey took place between November 2012 and March 2013 , on average 4 months after the interventions . The second follow-up survey took place between November 2013 and March 2014 , on average 16 months after the interventions . The third follow14", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 50, "text": "administrative records of program take-up", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 386, "end": 403, "text": "follow-up surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Cash Transfer for OVC ( FY09 ) ( P111545 ) The ICR ( p . 28 ) stated that in July 2016 the project conducted a Social Safeguards Review for the NSNP that found no evidence for minority groups systematically being excluded . According to the ICR , the project ’ s safeguard rating was Moderately Satisfactory or Satisfactory throughout project implementation . # # * * b . Fiduciary Compliance Financial Management * * According to the ICR ( p . 29 ) , the project used the country ’ s financial management system , which resulted in its strengthening . Planning and budgeting followed the government ’ s procedures . Budget implementation was monitored by the government ’ s Integrated Financial Management Information System on a monthly basis . In addition , bi-monthly beneficiary payment cycle reports and reconciliations and quarterly interim financial reports were issued . The ICR ( p . 29 ) stated that several project-conducted reviews of the CT-OVC MIS and payroll identified irregularities in the beneficiary enrollment and payment system , including payment of beneficiaries without names and ID numbers . The Bank and SAU addressed these issues by developing and implementing an action plan . Also , a Financial Management Policies and Procedures Manual was developed to introduce more comprehensive internal control procedures . According to the ICR ( p . 30 ) , the Office of the Auditor General expressed a qualified opinion for the year ending June 30 , 2018 . The audit found several shortcomings : ( i ) non-financial assets procured during the year and lack of a complete fixed asset registry on asset management ; ( ii ) funds transferred from a closed IDA counterpart project account and some assets procured in its lifetime not disclosed ; ( iii ) failure to provide CT reconciliation reports by the Payment Service Providers ( PSPs ) ; ( iv ) continuation of payments for some deceased beneficiaries , beneficiaries that were over 18 years , or households that did not", "spans": [{"start": 1688, "end": 1708, "text": "fixed asset registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 012 * < br > _0 . 091_ | - 0 . 004 < br > _0 . 617_ | 0 . 0382 * * < br > _0 . 027_ | - 0 . 019 < br > _0 . 192_ | | S & P Returns * US Absolute Flows | | | | | | | | | | US Absolute Flows | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 . 8549 * * * | 0 . 8549 * * * | 1 . 080 * * * | 0 . 7516 * * * | 1 . 201 * * * | | S & P returns | | | | _0 . 000_ | _0 . 000_ | _0 . 000_ | _0 . 000_ | _0 . 000_ | | R-squared | 0 . 558 | 0 . 682 | 0 . 467 | 0 . 347 | 0 . 347 | 0 . 554 | 0 . 274 | 0 . 504 | | Observations | 1539 | 651 | 802 | 1628 | 1628 | 682 | 858 | 273 | | Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | | Countries | 74 | 31 | 39 | 74 | 74 | 31 | 39 | 21 | This table presents stress tests to estimations in Didier et al . , 2010 . First three columns presents data from Didier et al . , and their methodology . Returns are normal local returns , ar outliers out , and US Holdings are normalized by substracting its sample average and dividing it by its sample standard deviation . Additionally their crisis period are defined as 6 / 2 opposed to the 03 / 2008-03 / 2009 crisis period used in this paper . In turn , columns 4-10 are presented for the same data but with our methodology . Returns are dlog ( stock_index ) a any local stock market returns . * , * * , * * * Denote significance at the 1 % , 5 % , and 10 % levels , respectively . In italics appears the correspondent the p-value . Source", "spans": [{"start": 766, "end": 790, "text": "data from Didier et al .", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or close contacts on whether the individual in our sample was currently operating a business . This enables us to have data on survival status for 99 . 3 percent of the sample at one year , and 97 . 2 percent at three years . There is no significant difference in data availability with treatment status at the three-year horizon , although those assigned to treatment are 1 to 2 percentage points more likely to have data available at the one year horizon . In addition to the survey data , we have two other sources of information that aid in assessing impact . The first are photos of the inventories of the businesses , which were taken at the time of the baseline survey and in rounds 2 and 4 . We had two independent field staff value these inventories based on the market prices of the different items , and average these values to get a 10", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 489, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 578, "end": 621, "text": "photos of the inventories of the businesses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Associated Substation . May 2025 . Final Report prepared by NEK Consultants , submitted to UETCL . - IBAT PS6 & ESS6 Reports . Generated for each section of the transmission line . Reports generated under license 6354-89568 from the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool on 23 July 2025 . IBAT Online link . IUCN Key Biodiversity Areas . Online Link . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species website . Online link . - Lundeberg , S . ( Oregon State University ) . ( 2020 ) Research suggests a better way to keep birds from hitting power lines . PhysOrg Website , visited 26-Aug-2025 . Online Link - Potapov , P . ; Li , X . ; Hernandez-Serna , A . ; Tyukavina , A . ; Hansen , M . C . ; Kommareddy , A . ; Pickens , A . ; Turubanova , S . ; Tang , H . ; Edibaldo Silva , C . ; Armston , J . ; Dubayah , R , ; Blair , J . B . and Hofton , M . ( 2021 ) Mapping global forest canopy height through integration of GEDI and Landsat data , Remote Sensing of Environment , Volume 253 , 2021 , 112165 , ISSN 0034-4257 . Online Link - PLP ( Preformed Line Products ) 2024 . PLP releases world ' s first self-service drone kit for installing bird diverters on overhead power lines . Online Link . Visited 29-Aug-2025 . - Red List of Threatened Species of Uganda 2018 , Ministry of Wildlife , Tourism and Antiquities ( MTWA ) Kampala . Available in pdf format . Online Link - Renewables Grid Initiative ( 2024 ) Avian-Power Line Collision Overview of Risk Factors & Effectiveness of Wire Markers . Available in pdf ( 91 pages ) : < u > Online Link < / u > ( Recent European grid guidance that provides practical , up-to-date wire-marker methodology", "spans": [{"start": 1209, "end": 1254, "text": "Red List of Threatened Species of Uganda 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We focus on the symmetric Cournot equilibrium , for which existence and uniqueness are discussed in Amir and Lambson ( 2000 ) for the oligopoly case . We adapt these sufficient conditions for the oligopsony case in Online Appendix B . 1 . In a symmetric equilibrium , * * _L_ * * _mi_ = _L × Nmi_ . The number of active firms is determined endogenously by the free-entry condition : where _χi_ represents a fixed entry cost that entrant firms need to pay to produce and sell their product in the respective product market . Online Appendix B . 2 shows that a sufficient ( but not necessary ) condition for the profit function to be monotonically decreasing in _Nmi_ is _Wm_ < sup > _ ′ ′ _ ( < / sup > < sup > * * _L_ * * < / sup > < sup > _mi_ ) < / sup > < sup > _ ≥ _0 . Assumingthat < / sup > condition to hold and denoting by Π ( < sup > ̃ < / sup > _ · _ ) the inverse profit function , Equation ( 3 ) can be written as : If _Wm_ ( _ · _ ) is a constant elasticity of substitution function ( CES ) , then _εm_ is constant and the impact of product market regulation on markdowns is unambiguously positive . < sup > 9 < / sup > # * * 3 Data * * We test empirically the insights of the model on Indonesian manufacturing plants . To that end we exploit two main sources of data : an extensive panel of manufacturing plants and data on product market regulation over time , which we manually code . # # * * 3 . 1 Manufacturing Data * * Plant-level data are taken from the Indonesian survey of manufacturing plants with at least 20 employees ( _Statistik Industri_ , SI ) administered by the _Indonesian Statistical Office_ > 9 The impact of product market regulation on markdown is ambiguous in the model extension with homogeneous labor within a commuting zone , as shown in Online Appendix E . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1330, "end": 1363, "text": "data on product market regulation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1474, "end": 1515, "text": "Indonesian survey of manufacturing plants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - | 96 , 653 | 10 % | 90 % | | Zambia | 64 , 690 | 5 , 778 | 50 , 000 | - | 120 , 468 | 54 % | 5 % | | Zimbabwe | 2 , 149 | 1 , 370 | - | - | 3 , 519 | 61 % | 39 % | | * * Total * * | * * 3 , 711 , 662 * * | * * 5 , 075 , 946 * * | * * 4 , 566 , 223 * * | * * 12 , 458 , 687 * * | * * 25 , 812 , 517 * * | * * 14 % * * | * * 20 % * * | 1 According to the Government of Algeria , there are an estimated 165 , 000 Sahrawi refugees in the Tindouf camps . 2 UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . According to a 2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan and subsequent voluntary repatriation during the year , there are an additional 1 . 5 million Afghans living outside camps , some of whom may be refugees . Those Afghans living outside camps receive no UNHCR assistance except access to UNHCR-facilitated voluntary repatriation . These figures are currently under review as result of the registration of Afghans which took place in Pakistan from October 2006 to February 2007 .", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 608, "text": "2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 946, "end": 969, "text": "registration of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # # # # * * 8th District – Nasaji Bagrami : * * _ “ Yes , there are problems between people who received assistance those who didn ’ t . Those who didn ’ t receive fight in the community and say that they are poor too , so why are they are not assisted ” _ – Abas , 45 , Male IDP # # # # # * * 5th District – Regreshan : * * _ “ Security was good in this area , but it ’ s getting worse because of unemployment . Unemployment is causing people to become addicted to drugs , which they need money to buy . They will then steal money from other people . These are all the factors for insecurity in this area ” _ – Gulnar 31 , Female IDP # # # * * 3 . 3 Access to basic services * * All of the cash-based interventions researched as part of this study focused on enabling beneficiaries to meet at least some of their basic needs . It is therefore important to understand what vulnerable groups see as their most pressing protection issues so that CBIs can be better tailored to meet these needs . With this in mind , the quantitative survey asked respondents to assess their households ’ ability to access food , clean drinking water and healthcare , as well as their feelings of personal security in the community and ability to access adequate shelter . Access to food healthcare and shelter were cited most as being bad or very bad , with access to clean drinking water and physical security rated considerably higher as either good or very good . # # # # # * * Perceptions of access to basic services * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Feel access to shelter < br > 47 % < br > is bad or very bad < br > Have bad or very bad < br > 30 %", "spans": [{"start": 1114, "end": 1133, "text": "quantitative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project - Additional Financing 1 ( P181168 ) * * women engaged in income-generating activities including potential small-scale individual business development grants or in-kind contributions in the form of seeds , tools , and other inputs for business activities . Provision of mobile phones is also considered * * . These activities will be carried out through the existing government structure whereby the woreda finance offices will be responsible for providing the cash and / or in-kind support . Hence , the project ’ s POM should be updated , as a disbursement condition , to include i ) how distribution of goods , such as mobile phones , will be executed ; and ii ) the process of targeting woman for business development grants and in-kind contributions and the controls should such support be provided . The project ’ s external audit should review these activities and the auditors will be required to provide a special opinion on this . Based on the current design , VSLAs will not receive funds for lending from the project but will rely on contributions from community participants . Additional support provided to VSLAs , group enterprises / collectives formed from VSLAs through technical assistance and provision of materials / kits , and / or enabling VSLAs to use digital financial services require articulation of details in the POM regarding design , implementation and fiduciary oversight . Inclusion of such information in the POM is a disbursement condition . Necessary assessments should also be conducted to ensure eligibility , readiness , and monitoring requirements . The arrangements should then be agreed between the Bank and the government . The project should include , in the VSLA guidelines and POM , types of materials to be provided and the controls to be in place to ensure the kits are delivered to the VSLAs and then provided to the members as intended . Data on this should be captured in the MIS and updates provided in the progress reports . The activity should be reviewed", "spans": [{"start": 2036, "end": 2039, "text": "MIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "table on page 15 . Attention is however drawn to the fact that there have been changes in the way in which UNHCR statistics have been reported in 2006 which have had an impact on the overall figures . In the first instance , the _Annual Statistical Report_ < sup > _2_ < / sup > was substantially revised to reflect > 1 This report has been prepared by the Field Information and Coordination Support Section ( FICSS ) , Division of Operational Services ( DOS ) at UNHCR Headquarters in Geneva . Any questions concerning the report should be addressed to FICSS at stats @ unhcr . org . For other 2006 UNHCR statistics , see UNHCR ’ s newly-launched * * Statistical Online Population Database * * at < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / statistics . html . For detailed statistics on global internal displacement , < / u > see the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre ( IDMC ) website of the Norwegian Refugee Council ( NRC ) at < u > http : / / www . internaldisplacement . org . < / u > > 2 The Annual Statistical Report is the official data collection form completed in by all UNHCR country operations . * * _2_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 652, "end": 690, "text": "Statistical Online Population Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other countries difficult . Bratsberg and Terrel ( 2002 ) , CIEN ( 2002 ) and the World Bank ( 1995c ) argue that the quality of the education system in Guatemala is rather low , and may not have shown much improvement over time . _ ( 3 ) Aggregation bias . _ Average years of schooling raise human capital by an equal amount regardless of whether a person is enrolled in a primary , secondary or tertiary school . This is an important point because by defining human capital by average years of schooling , one implicitly gives the same weight to any year of schooling acquired by a person . This completely disregards the findings of the microeconomic literature on wage differentials . For example , Psacharopoulos and Patrinos ( 2002 ) suggest that the rates of return to education could be decreasing with the acquisition > 12 The use of labor force instead of total population data is due to problems regarding the Guatemalan population data for the 1980s . By contrast , the labor force proxy used here is assumed to take into account some of the effects of the civil war , i . e . migration and displacement . - 16 -", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 887, "text": "total population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 921, "end": 947, "text": "Guatemalan population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 6000 80000 < br > 60000 < br > 4000 < br > 40000 < br > 2000 < br > 20000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PB PR < br > 10000 20000 < br > 7500 15000 < br > 5000 10000 < br > 2500 5000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > RS SP < br > 30000 60000 < br > 20000 40000 < br > 10000 20000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > % difference from SICONFI data % difference from SICONFI data < br > Frequency < br > Frequency Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage difference of payment data from the budget execution dataset in relation to data on paid expenses from SICONFI , as described in Section 3 . 37", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 887, "text": "data on paid expenses from SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ staff and officials involved , that emergency relief shipments , at least of bulk commodities such as wheat , are likely to take weeks rather than days , leads officials to further generous overestimates of numbers . For example , one official declared that he usually doubled the figures that he had estimated , in the knowledge that by the time deliveries were made , there might well be a shortfall in quantities delivered and a significant increase in the grand total seeking relief as inaccurately assessed numbers of daily arrivals continued to accumulate . In a sense , this may be described as contingency planning … ” < sup > 25 < / sup > A final explanation - and to some extent a justification - for the inflation of refugee statistics in developing countries is to be found in the functioning of the international refugee regime . It is well known that in many emergency situations , the initial assistance provided to the refugees comes not from UNHCR or WFP , but from the local population and authorities . It has also been established ( although more research remains to be done on this matter ) that the local population , particularly its poorer members , may be adversely affected by the sudden arrival and continued presence of a large-scale refugee population . And yet the needs of local residents are frequently neglected or accorded a relatively low priority in the design and implementation of refugee assistance programmes . In such circumstances , it is not really surprising that some citizens of the asylum country should register as refugees , or that government officials should seek to gain some kind of compensation for the areas they administer by exaggerating the figures on which internationally-funded refugee assistance programmes are ( theoretically ) based . # # * * _Donor states : western Europe , eastern Zaire and post-Dayton Bosnia_ * * As suggested in the preceding section , asylum countries in the developing world have traditionally come off worst in discussions of the politics of refugee numbers . It is therefore of some importance to identify some of the ways in which the donor states bring their own", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 748, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "communication problems ( due to rise in the level of reservoir water back flow ) , livelihood restoration and resettlement issues are recognized to get solutions . # # # * * _7 . Eligibility criteria_ * * The eligibility criterion has not changed from the original RAP in 2009 , 2011 and 2014 . The PAPs are eligible for communal land loss , crop production loss on rain fed and irrigable land for Ribb Dam and Reservoir due to the change in design and scope of the project from the original RAP . # # # * * _8 . Entitlements of PAPs under the RAP Addendum_ * * Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) are entitled per the original 2012 Resettlement Action Plan entitlement principles . Thus , the PAPs are eligible for communal land loss , crop production loss on rain fed and irrigable land for Ribb Dam and Reservoir due to the change in design and scope of the project from the original RAP . # # # * * _9 . Inventory ( census ) of the PAPs property for the RAP Addendum_ * * The woreda compensation committee in the presence of the PAPs conducted land measurement and property inventory . The landholder has agreed and signed on the registration form during the inventory . | * * Rib Dam * * < br > * * Communa * * < br > * * Woreda * * | * * Construction Pr * * < br > * * lGrazing Land * * < br > * * Kebele * * | * * oject * * < br > * * Compe * * < br > * * Year * * | * * nsation * * < br > * * Com * * | * * munal lands * * | * * Remark * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | * * # of plots", "spans": [{"start": 1046, "end": 1085, "text": "land measurement and property inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * AN UNCERTAIN RECOVERY * * unemployment bureau . The largest employment losses were in services , manufacturing and energy ; in ICT , construction , and the financial sector employment grew . But both employment and participation rate gains from 2019 were wiped out . * * At the height of the crisis , a severe demand shock and falling oil prices brought inflation * * * * down to negative territory . * * By August , however , consumer price inflation averaged 0 . 8 percent ; it is expected to increase slightly by yearend because of stronger demand and electricity prices that have gone up 7 . 4 percent . Producer prices have recovered less , standing at 0 . 6 percent . Despite the severe recession , real wages increased by 7 . 3 percent , led by rises in public sector and minimum wages . * * So far , the banking sector has withstood the crisis well . * * The capital adequacy ratio is 17 percent , double the mandatory 8 percent . < sup > * * 10 * * < / sup > Liquid assets represent 29 . 5 percent of all banking sector assets , supporting credit through the peak of the crisis . In Q2 the liquid assets increased , with Treasury securities and cash and deposits in the Central Bank having the largest contribution in the quarterly growth . This has given banks space for more lending , which by June was up by 6 . 6 percent y-o-y — and by 2 . 6 percent compared to Q1 . More important is that the increase is the result of higher lending to both businesses and households . In Q2 total deposits increased by 8 . 4 percent , with private corporate deposits up 13 . 7 percent and household deposits up 8 . 7 percent . Nonperforming loans held steady at 4 . 6 percent . While the loan repayment moratorium granted by banks could be extended through March > 10 In August one small bank declared bankruptcy procedure , as it did not manage to resolve issues with its capital adequacy for over a year", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to its mandate and against the background of its own guidelines and advisories , including on the eligibility and / or non-return of claimants fleeing specific situations . # # # # * * Recognition of Somalis * * During their protracted refuge in Kenya , Somali refugees have been recognized on the basis of a group-based approach and through an individual approach , the latter approach particularly relevant to urban settings . UNHCR ’ s data indicate that prior to 2011 , the vast majority of Somali refugees in Dadaab were recognized under the OAU Convention ’ s broader refugee criteria ( close to 346 , 000 ) , while close to 1 , 000 were recognized under the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria , and a little over 500 were recognized under UNHCR ’ s mandate definitions . < sup > 53 < / sup > At the time of the escalation in movements of Somali asylum-seekers in early 2011 , Somalis from southern or central Somalia were eligible to be recognized through a group-based approach . < sup > 54 < / sup > In Dadaab , as a procedural matter , this meant that Somalis arriving in Dadaab were first “ screened ” by the DRA , which included the collection of photographs , fingerprints and basic bio data and then referred to UNHCR for registration . It appears that the DRA process included efforts to identify Kenyan Somalis and individuals who presented security threats . UNHCR was unable to register without a government referral slip . Following the DRA screening , UNHCR conducted a separate registration , at level two , which included gathering information on reasons for flight and fear of return . < sup > 55 < / sup > Absent the need for an individual approach , Somalis were recognized as refugees and provided with a ration card , which entitled them to the assistance and protection available in the camps . Access to rations and other services provided in Dadaab was conditional upon UNHCR registration . Until then , asylum-seekers could obtain temporary food and assistance . Recognized", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 443, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) building power and voice through women ’ s identification of water and sanitation infrastructure needs . This activity will be measured at the component level with the indicator : proportion of women in WASH infrastructure / O & M groups . Progress on supporting the closing of the gender gaps through these efforts will be measured through gender-disaggregated data in the M & E framework . 81 . * * Citizen Engagement * * . Citizen engagement is an essential element of the project , which is based on a community-driven development approach , to improve community resilience and social cohesion . The project mainstreams citizen engagement throughout the project cycle . Measures built in include : establishment and strengthening of inclusive community institutions ; a strong participatory planning process ; inclusion of local communities in project implementation ; community-based monitoring ; training on community-led O & M ; a robust communication and outreach to communities ; and a strong grievance redress mechanism to close the feedback loop . This will ensure community ownership of the project , adaptation of subprojects on local needs , efficient use of resources , and enhanced sustainability by including the communities in subproject O & M . Citizen engagement is also an essential tool for social risk management , including a functioning grievance redress mechanism , meaningful consultations in line with ESF / ESS10 , prevention of elite capture , and inclusion of the most vulnerable . Implementing partners of this project have considerable experience on citizen engagement in South Sudan , essential for effective citizen engagement in the complex and diverse situations in different parts of the country . # # * * B . Fiduciary * * # # * * ( i ) Financial Management * * 82 . The overall fiduciary responsibility will be with UNOPS through the PMU with key staff responsible for providing effective FM oversight . Since IOM will participate in the implementation of Components 1 and 2 ( and possibly some of Component 3 activities ) , IOM will establish similar FM arrangements", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 473, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that predictions from imported atmospheric transport models are spatially correlated with gridded observations on local pollution . Urban air quality modelers in developing countries have generally adopted more modest approaches tailored to limitations in data availability , technical resources and institutional constraints . Some of the more sophisticated statistical exercises in this domain have been applied in Nepal ( Giri et al . 2008 ) ; Egypt ( Elminir 2005 ) ; China ( Zhang et al . 2015 ) ; Mexico ( Csavina et al . 2014 ) ; Turkey ( Ocak and Turalioglu 2008 ) ; Vietnam ( Hien et al . 2002 ) ; the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Hosseinibalam and Azadeh 2012 ) ; and India ( Punithavathy et al . 2015 ) . These studies relate air pollution near ground monitoring stations to actual and estimated emissions from nearby sources , with meteorological controls drawn from available measures of temperature , pressure , precipitation , wind speed and wind direction . However , air pollution data are typically drawn from a few ground monitoring stations that are located where pollution is expected to be highest . In addition , technical problems often create random , lengthy gaps in observations from individual monitoring stations . Appropriate spatial econometric panel estimators are difficult or impossible to apply under these conditions . In addition , the concentration of ground monitors in areas where pollution is expected to be high creates a severely-truncated sample of citywide air pollution . 4", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 1000, "text": "air pollution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional variables to capture the government ’ s ability to enforce and facilitate tax collection as well as local economic and political conditions that could influence tax outcomes . We then use matching to isolate the remaining variation to better estimate our treatments ’ impact on tax outcomes after accounting for local tax facilitation and enforcement capabilities , economic conditions , and other confounding variables . All dependent variables are in constant , 2010 Brazilian _reais_ . We also present the results of hypothesis tests using various lags between the participatory institutional treatment and tax outcomes . For example , we know when PB programs began , with many emerging during the timeframe of the study . We can therefore assess different arguments surrounding when tax outcomes might be expected to appear , if they are indeed connected to PB . We begin with one-year lags , but also develop models using two and five-year lags of our dependent variables as well as a three-year moving average of tax outcomes . Unfortunately , we do not know when municipalities adopted policy councils and therefore estimate their relationship with tax outcomes based on the councils ’ presence , with no lag in terms of potential impact . # * * Dependent Variables * * _Local Tax Share of Municipal Revenue_ We collect data on the local tax share of municipal revenue as our first indicator of tax compliance . The local tax share of revenue reflects the community ’ s willingness to fund the government as well as the municipal government ’ s ability to collect tax revenue . The tax share of municipal revenue is distinct from federal transfers , which comprise a large percentage of local budgets in Brazil . The measure has a mean of 5 % and a standard deviation of 5 . # _Per Capita Local Tax Revenue_ This indicator provides a broad view of the local tax environment . Annual , per capita , local tax revenue also reflects the relative willingness of municipal residents and firms to fund the local government and the municipal government ’ s ability to collect revenue . We use the base 10 logarithm of this indicator , whose mean is 3 . 80 with a standard deviation of 1 . 13 . #", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Conducted evaluations of demographic data , economic activities , and the provision of services within the community . - Examined existing waste management facilities operated by KIP and local municipalities to understand current capacities and practices . - Identified other factors , including legacy issues , that would be necessary for the successful implementation of the project . 12", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 43, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Review of national policies and laws / regulations ; 2 . Measurement of dust was undertaken with Diyeeni Air Quality Tester , HT9600 Air Quality Monitor whereas air quality was measured using the MX6 Ibrid Multi-gas detector 3 . Randomly selected points were selected for the air quality baseline survey at the proposed sites and took note of the receptors . 40 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 305, "text": "air quality baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * Compensation for land will aim at providing compensation for land , labour and crop loss . The Valuer will adopt legally acceptable valuation procedures accepted by both the Government of Kenya and as described in OP 4 . 12 for purposes of fairness and consistency . Valuation for land will be based on market rates while that of other assets will adopt either Schedule of rates from GOK agencies such as Ministry of Lands , Ministry of Agriculture or Rates from Contractors , or a mixt of both depending on the context . A top-up equivalent to 15 % of the compensation package will be paid to cater for involuntary acquisition . # # * * Negotiations on modalities for compensation * * : Upon assembly of the final register , all the PAPs in the informal settlement may be brought together to form a PAP Committee to spearhead their interests and undertake negotiation on their behalf where applicable . This committee will also be useful during compensation or relocation assistance . # # * * Finalisation of the RAP * * : The final RAPs will have to be approved by the County governments and KISIP respectively . The final RAPs will also be submitted to the World Bank for review and clearance . Once cleared , the RAPs will be disclosed and implemented . They will also be submitted to NEMA to support the application for an EIA license . # # * * Disclosure : * * Before the final RAP , the final draft RAP report will be disclosed to the communities and other stakeholders . Disclosure will in the form of : - a ) Public disclosure meeting organized in the settlement - b ) The RAP will be posted on the Ministry of Lands , Housing and Urban Development website - c ) The RAP will be available at the KISIP offices ( National and County ) and a copy with the SEC During public disclosure , a summary of the main findings and recommendations , entitlements , and PAP register will be presented in a language and manner", "spans": [{"start": 1930, "end": 1942, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and mother ' s education and employment affects girls the most In the model , we include the number of years of education of each parent , and an interaction variable with the gender of the child . The nature of parents ' employment also matters-if the parents have no or irregular employment , it creates the need for additional income sources to be provided by children . Due to sample size limitations , the employment aspect in the model below is captured only by a categorical variable indicating whether the parent is employed as wage earner or self-employed ( i . e . excluding unpaid family workers ) . This variable is also interacted with the gender of the child . < sup > 4 < / sup > _Household characteristics . _ Several demographic and economic features of the household as a unit affect the supply of child labor . ' On the demographic side , household size and composition are of foremost importance . Ceteris paribus , the more children there are in the household , the more likely it is that one of them will work . The literature has clearly established that larger household size reduces children ' s educational participation and reduces parental investment in schooling ( Lloyd , 1994 ) . A larger household size decreases income per capita and increases the dependency ratio , and both factors increase the likelihood that a child will need to generate income ( in cash or in kind ) to maintain the household ' s level of living . However , each child does not have the > 4 If the parent is not a member of the household , we selected the education and employment characteristics of the oldest male or female person in the household . > _5_ Cultural household characteristics could also be relevant in the child labor decision , e . g . religion . This type of information is not available in the CILSS . 28", "spans": [{"start": 1820, "end": 1825, "text": "CILSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 100 < br > 0 0 < br > Dec - Dec - Dec - Dec - Mar - Jun - Sep - Dec - Mar - Jun - Sep - Dec - Mar - Jun - Sep - Dec - Mar - Jun - Sep - Dec - < br > 97 98 99 00 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 < br > Assets ( HUF bln ) Contributions ( HUF bln ) Members ( thousand ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : HFSA 17 . In order to gain further insights into the causes of the slow growth of assets , the changes in the ratio of pension assets of GDP were tracked by estimating each of its four components : the flow of contributions , asset returns , fees charged , and the growth of GDP . The first two components increase the ratio by increasing the stock of assets , while the third and fourth components decrease the ratio by decreasing the stock of assets and increasing the denominator , respectively . Appendix A describes the methodology used for estimating these components in the absence of flow of funds data . > 5 Reform reversals also affected the PAYG component of the pension system . The rate of contribution to the PAYG is 4 . 5 percentage points lower than the levels envisaged by the reform and may be lowered further by 2 percentage points in 2007 and 2009 . The government also granted a 13 < sup > th < / sup > monthly pension to retirees to compensate for the Swiss indexation introduced with the reform ( Orbán and Palotai , 2005 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 931, "end": 949, "text": "flow of funds data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "policy adopted by the Swedish government over 1985 – 1991 which placed refugees to initial hosting municipalities independent of individual characteristics . Using the Sweden Longitudinal Individual Data , the authors find substantive evidence of sorting across locations . Conditional on sorting , they find that less skilled migrants benefit from living in enclaves . An increase of one standard deviation in ethnic concentration results in a 13 percent increase in earnings . A second important result is related to the quality of the enclave . According to their findings , high-income ethnic groups gain more when living in enclaves compared to low-income ethnic groups . Using a similar methodology , Damm ( 2009 ) analyzes the effects of the ethnic enclave size on labor market outcomes of migrants in Denmark . The identification strategy relies on the spatial dispersal policy adopted by the Danish government over 1986 – 1998 , which consisted of a random allocation of refugees across locations . The dataset is extracted from the administrative records for migrants in Denmark between 1984 and 2000 . The author documents strong evidence of self-selection into ethnic enclaves of refugees with unfavorable unobserved characteristics . Compared to Edin et al . ( 2003 ) , Damm ( 2009 ) finds that one standard deviation increase in the size of the enclave results in a 18 percent increase in earnings , but regardless of the skills level . Furthermore , the author documents that ethnic networks disseminate job information , which translates into higher hourly earnings due to better matching . Murard ( 2021 ) studies the long-term effects of the mass refugee inflow into Greece after the GreekTurkish war of 1919-1922 . The author combines different census and survey data from various source with information at different levels of geographic aggregation . The results show higher inter-generational mobility among refugees than natives , as shown by the “ catching-up ” of second-generation refugees , who currently have levels of educational attainment , occupations and income similar to natives . The empirical findings related to the effects on the social cohesion of the host communities , with the analysis of indicators such as refugees ’ political values , trust and civic engagement , suggest that a larger concentration of refugees in co-ethnic enclaves can", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 203, "text": "Sweden Longitudinal Individual Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1042, "end": 1088, "text": "administrative records for migrants in Denmark", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1764, "end": 1786, "text": "census and survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "From the panel perspective , growth in Egypt was pro-poor . Whether in urban or rural areas , panel GICs demonstrate a clear and statistically significant negative slope - those who were among the poorest in 2005 have experienced fastest growth . Figure 3 suggests that the welfare of an average person who was poor in 2005 increased by 9 . 7 percent per year between 2005 and 2008 , which was sufficient to move the household out of poverty . As documented in the Poverty Assessment Update ( World Bank , 2007 ) , an average poor person has a deficit of about 20 percent of consumption to reach the poverty line . Growth of about 10 percent per year accumulated over three years would fill in this poverty deficit . A simple comparison of the magnitude of changes between cross-section ( Figure 2 ) and panel data ( Figure 3 ) is also quite informative . While in GIC growth rates by percentile lie within a narrow interval around the means and do not exceed 10 percent per year , the panel data show both larger changes ( up to 20 percent per year ) and much wider confidence intervals . With 95 percent certainty , however , it is the poorest 20 percent who have experienced positive growth over and above the growth rate of the mean . Growth incidence curves for panel data are remarkably similar across urban and rural areas , unlike on Figure 2 . In both locations we find a similar pattern and magnitude of gains for the poor . The difference for rural areas is particularly dramatic . 14", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 996, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "block 1 residential | 0 . 92 | | 2 . 0 | | Mali | social tariff | n . a . | 50 | 13 . 2 | | | | | 100 | 20 . 3 | | | | | 200 | 23 . 9 | | | | | > 200 | 27 . 7 | | Mozambique | block 1 residential | n . a . | | 4 . 0 | | Namibia | n . a . | n . a . | | n . a . | | Niger | — | — | | — | | Nigeria | pensioners ’ tariff | 0 . 23 | | 3 . 0 | | Rwanda | — | — | | — | | Senegal | tranche 1 residential | n . a . | 150 | 0 . 24 | | South Africa | block 1 residential | n . a . | | — | | Sudan | — | — | | — | | Tanzania | n . a . | n . a . | | 3 . 0 | | Uganda | block 1 residential | 1 . 09 | | 3 . 4 | | Zambia | block 1 residential | 1 . 31 | | 1 . 6 | | Zimbabwe | tranche 1 residential | n . a . | | 0 . 6 | _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database _Note : _ For details see annex 13 . n . a . Not applicable . — Not available . Another important aspect of social policy in the power sector has been the growing use of prepayment meters . These have dual advantages . On the one hand , they help low income customers to control their expenditures on electricity by spreading them out into small frequent payments that they can more readily afford . On the other hand , they eliminate the commercial risk to the utility of serving low income 9", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 782, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopian Mapping Agency and Woreda and Kebele boundary maps prepared by Central Statistical Authority were used to identify and delineate villages , resources and facilities that could potentially be affected when the proposed scheme is realized . The following base maps were prepared : - Location of the Proposed TL and SS Subproject - Administration map along the proposed TL and SS Subproject influence areas - Location of the proposed substations # # # # # # * * 1 . 2 . 2 Quantitative Methods of Data Collection * * # # # # # # * * _Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets_ * * The Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets survey was carried out between 23 December 2024 - January 25 , 2025 in all parts of Subproject impacted Kebeles and Woredas . _Sensitisation and Familiarisation Stage : _ A team of experts visited the Subproject area to meet with PAPs and local government officials . This mission helped not only to familiarise the study team with the Subproject area but also to adapt various survey forms and instruments to local conditions . This was then followed by finalisation of the survey instrument . Official Use Only Page 17", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 641, "text": "Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 An estimated number of persons who entered Serbia exceeds 16 , 000 . < sup > 17 < / sup > According to SCRM , more than 18 , 000 of new accommodations were provided into asylum and reception centres in the same period . < sup > 18 < / sup > On the other hand , the number of refugees , migrants and asylum seekers in Serbia in accommodation centres and improvised shelters , hostels and similar , monthly ranged from approximately 3 , 0004 , 000 persons ( 4 , 500 in December 2018 ) < sup > 19 < / sup > , many staying in Serbia for prolonged period , some over two years . With the coming of spring , the number of new arrivals increased steadily and peaked during the summer . Influx of Pakistani men travelling from Greece , who had stayed a considerable time in this EU country , arrived in Serbia through North Macedonia . During the second part of the year , a significant influx of unaccompanied children was observed , entering from the direction of Bulgaria and North Macedonia . It is estimated that less than a third of this population remained in the country by the end of 2018 . < sup > 20 < / sup > Among the observed new arrivals HCIT identified , every third child at exit points was UASC . Rest after arrival , Belgrade , June 2018 . Photo : CRPC Throughout the year , CRPC and HCIT , in coordination with UNHCR , observed and focused on new arrivals who had entered Serbia during the past few days or during the past month . The new arrivals were counselled and interviewed , some were assisted on the spot and referred in accordance with their needs and inquiries to service providers – both state institutions and specialized civil society organizations . > 17 Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme , February 2019 , https : / / reliefweb . int / sites / > reliefweb . int / files / resources / 67961 . pdf > 18 Migration Open House in O", "spans": [{"start": 1684, "end": 1740, "text": "Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Look up the relevant region in Appendix A - Find the relevant graph for the region in Appendix B - Look up the percentage change using the line for average for temperature and the design lifetime of the project . In the absence of a design lifetime , 50 years should be used as default . Need * * current isotherms of maximum temperature ? * * Contact the Kenya Meteorological Department ( KMD ) - Increase current temperatures by this percentage to obtain a new design temperature . # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 4 . 1 Example of maximum temperature in design : Structural design * * Eurocodes 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-5 : General actions – Thermal actions [ EN 1991-1-5 ] gives the principles and rules for calculating thermal actions on buildings , bridges and other structures , including their structural elements . Thermal actions on a structure ( or a structural element ) are those actions that arise from the changes of temperature fields within a specified time interval . EN 1991-1-5 requires the application of maximum shade air temperature through the use of maps of isotherms of national maximum shade air temperatures . # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 4 . 2 Example of maximum air temperature in design : Material specification * * Material specification should consider maximum temperatures , this could be in specifying materials , particularly plastics for public furniture or for waste management , but is most pertinent to pavement design for roads . The _Road Design Manual for Roads and Bridges : Part 3 - Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads , 2009 ( DRAFT ) _ outlines the methodology for designing road pavement and specifying materials for road surfacing with various calculations including temperature ( e . g . bitumen binders for asphalt concrete ) . Although climate change is not in the manual , it can be included using the method in Section 3 . 2 . 4 and applying the new temperatures in the calculations . # # # * * 3 .", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 339, "text": "current isotherms of maximum temperature", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1078, "end": 1138, "text": "maps of isotherms of national maximum shade air temperatures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to respond the survey . < sup > 37 < / sup > For Senegal , we explore whether after controlling for observable characteristics , there are significant differences in average technology sophistication in GBFs between firms that required a larger number of attempts to be contacted ( top quartile ) and those that did not . Table A . 19 shows that there are no statistically significant differences in technology sophistication between the two groups . Table A . 19 : Comparison of technology sophistication between high and low number of attempts | VARIABLES | Senegal | Senegal | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Top quartile of attempts ( 4 or more ) | - 0 . 021 < br > ( 0 . 020 ) | - 0 . 027 < br > ( 0 . 019 ) | | Observations | 1 , 753 | 1 , 666 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 377 | 0 . 437 | | Controls : | | | | Sector FE | Y | Y | | Size-group FE | Y | Y | | Region FE | Y | Y | | Age | | Y | | Exporter | | Y | | Foreign owned | | Y | Note : * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . Data are from the Senegal FAT survey with information on the number of attempts to complete interview at the firm level . Technology sophistication is regressed on a dummy for the top quartile of the number of attempts ( 4 or more ) with controls for the stratification ( sectors , size groups , and regions ) and / or firm characteristics ( age groups , exporter , and foreign owned ) . Robust standard errors in parenthesis . Third , we compare firms that were in the first sample list provided to enumerators and those in subsequent lists . Table A . 20 show that there are no statistically significant differences between the two groups . In each of these exercises ,", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1047, "text": "Senegal FAT survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "System - The main canal , 21 l1u long , would take water directly from the weir . Delivery to the irrigated area would be by gravity through earth canals . The capacity of the main canal will be large enough also to serve the Bolhamo and Angelele Plains when they are brough-t under irrigation in the second stage of development . 17 . Drainage Network - The main drains 47 * * km * * in total length and an open drainage network would remove excess rain and irrigation water from the area . Drainage waters would flow by gravity to the Cadda Billen Swamp . 18 . On the basis of present knowledge of ground water levels and soil permeability , it is possible that , after about five years of irrigation , tile drainage for water table control may have to be installed . The timing and area to be served by tile drains wouldi be determined by drainage investigations and water table monitoring initiated under the project . The cost involved would be about US $ 3 . 3 million ( at 1972 prices ) and it has", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial aspects of health services ) rather than the discipline ( viz . economics ) characteristically applied to understanding and explaining phenomena in health and health care ( Culyer , 1981 ; Williams , 1979 ) . Our EconLit metadata include author , title , journal , the year of publication , author ‘ s institution , country of focus , keyword , and three-digit JEL code . EconLit does not include any citation data ; for 78 percent of records in our dataset we were able to obtain citation data from Google Scholar . In addition to getting at influence through citations , we also want to say something about the topics that health economists work on . The JEL sub-categories are not", "spans": [{"start": 491, "end": 504, "text": "citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0061 * | | ( 0 to 100 ) | ( 3 . 58 ) | ( - 0 . 89 ) | ( 1 . 64 ) | | Time trend | 0 . 0316 * | 0 . 0007 | 0 . 0042 | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( 1 . 69 ) | ( 0 . 07 ) | ( 0 . 60 ) | | n | 1 , 244 | 1 , 186 | 1 , 082 | | R-squared | 0 . 915 | 0 . 812 | 0 . 903 | | RMSE | 2 . 64 | 1 . 74 | 0 . 982 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 27", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 434, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- it had a record of bankruptcy or liens files on its property due to payment delinquencies . As shown in Table 10 , by these criteria a substantially higher percentage of lower-income households have bad credit records that would likely exclude them from prime loans than do higher-income households . In addition , substantially higher percentages of African-American and Hispanic respondents had bad credit records than did white respondents . * * Table 10 Incidences of Impaired Credit Records * * | * * Family characteristic * * | * * Percentage * * < br > * * with \" bad \" * * < br > * * credit * * < br > * * Record * * | * * Percentage * * < br > * * with \" good \" credit * * < br > * * record * * | * * Percentage * * < br > * * with * * < br > * * insufficient informa * * < br > * * tion * * < br > * * to classify * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | All families | 30 | 57 | 13 | | _Income ( 1998 dollars ) _ | | | | | Less than 25 , 000 | 36 | No data reported | No data reported | | 25 , 000-49 , 999 | 33 | No data reported | No data reported | | 50 , 000-64 , 999 | 25 | No data reported | No data reported | | 65 , 000-75 , 000 | 22 | No data reported | No data reported | | _Race or ethnicity of respondent_ | | | | | African-American | 48 | 36 | 16 | | Hispanic | 34 | 51 | 15 | | White | 27 | 61 | 12 | Source : Freddie Mac Corporation ( 1999 ) In a national household survey conducted in 2001 , the Federal Reserve found a similar pattern linking household incomes to indicators of credit risk . As shown in Table 11 , lower-income households were much more likely to have such indicators than were higher", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1401, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Actual < br > 2017-02-20 | Planned < br > Ac < br > 2017-04-10 | tual < br > Planned < br > 2017-05-01 | Actual < br > Planned < br > Actu < br > 2017-08-07 < br > 2017-06-05 < br > 2017-0 | al < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > 9-14 < br > 2017-09-03 | | | | | UG-PSFU-7998-CS-INDV / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR < br > CONDUCTING A BASELINE < br > SURVEY FOR UGANDA < br > REGISTRATION SERVICES < br > BUREAU ( URSB ) | IDA / 52690 | Business Registration and < br > Business Licensing Reforms < br > | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 0 . 00 < br > P < br > I | ending < br > mplementation | 2016-09-08 | 2016-10-27 | 2016-11-17 | 2016-12-22 | 2017-03-22 | | | | | UG-PSFU-8755-CS-INDV / < br > Recruitment of an < br > Administrative Officer | IDA / 52690 | Project Implementation < br > | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 0 . 00 < br > P < br > I | ending < br > mplementation | 2016-12-05 | 2017-04-21 | 2017-05-12 | 2017-06-16 | 2019-03-31 | | | | | UG-PSFU-9320-CS-QBS / < br > Recruitment of an Office < br > Attendant |", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 376, "text": "SURVEY FOR UGANDA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Action Description * * | Establishment of | complaints and reporting sy | stem at the PFMR Secretariat | | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Technical | | PFMR , WB | Recurrent < br > Continuous | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Within 6 months | of effectiveness | | | | * * Comments * * | Framework for PF | MR complaints and reporti | ng system set out in the PFMR Strategy POM | | | * * Action Description * * | Implementing age < br > prevention indicat | ncies publish annual perfor < br > ors ” under the Performance | mance against the “ resolution of public complaints < br > Contacting system . | ” and “ corruption | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Technical | | PFMR , NT , MoPGA < br > and OAG | Recurrent < br > Yearly | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Resolution of Pub | lic Complaints | | | | * * Comments * * | NT and State De < br > Sensitization of im | partment of Public Service r < br > plementing agencies on th | eceived their compliance certificates issued by the < br > e complaints handling requirements is being carrie | Ombudsman . < br > d out . | | * * Action Description * * | • Establish and m < br > • Reporting on rec | aintain risk register for", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "examine the effect of household wealth and student academic ability on the type of school attended , we use the junior secondary school sample to estimate a multinomial logit regression of school type attendance . The dependent variable is an indicator of whether the student attended public school , private secular school , private Muslimaffiliated school , private Madrassah , or a private non-Muslim religious school . < sup > 9 < / sup > There are few students attending private non-Muslim religious schools ; these schools include Christian and Catholic private schools that are considered to be of comparable quality to public schools . < sup > 10 < / sup > Therefore , we focus on the determinants of attendance at private secular , Muslim-affiliated private schools , and Madrassahs . The entire set of household and student characteristics listed in the data section are included as control variables , but we report only the results from indicators of household wealth , the student ’ s prior academic achievement and parental education . Table 1 reports the marginal effects of each variable on the probability of attending a particular type of school , and whether the variable was statistically significant in the multinomial logit model . For dummy variables , the marginal effect is the sample average of the difference in the predicted probabilities when the dummy variable is set to one or zero . For the test score and consumption variables , we report the average of each observation ’ s marginal effects of the variable and its square . For these variables , the significance of the variable and its square were tested jointly . > 8 The coefficients on the province dummies are as high as one standard deviation . These substantial provincial differences , which we do not attempt to explain , may be the topic of future research . > 9 In this analysis , public Madrassahs are grouped with public secular schools for brevity . Only 7 % of public school students attend public Madrassahs . > 10 Three percent of the full sample and ten percent of the private-school attendees attend non-Muslim religious schools . Of these schools , about 60 percent of this category are Catholic schools , while the remaining 40 percent are", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the MoL , and MoHESR , are still at a relatively early stage in their development . The commitment of the GoJ , however , to two Bank-financed projects supporting these ministries ’ reform efforts attests to the Government ’ s vision of a more coherent , relevant and articulated approach to technical education and vocational training . This suggests the need for significant realignment of MoE vocational programs to be undertaken based on input from the employer community and deeper analysis of labor market information derived from Al Manar and similar initiatives , in a way that aligns them with the reforms initiated by the other two reform programs . 24", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 523, "text": "labor market information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _ < mark > ( 3 ) Connectivity to global knowledge . < / mark > _ * * < mark > A range of activities related to participation in international markets may have beneficial impacts on firm outcomes , especially those related to international buyers / suppliers that bestow knowledge spillovers from commercial interaction ( learning by exporting / importing ) or firm-specific abilities to access and utilize knowledge flows and best practices via global connectivity through the internet or technology licenses . Sutton ( 2007 ) argues that developing economies benefit through the vertical transfer of capabilities from foreign to domestic firms . Gorodnichenko , Svejnar and Terrell ( 2010 ) explore whether firms that supply a larger share of sales to MNCs innovate more than firms that sell more to the domestic market , and find that these vertical relationships induce innovation by domestic firms . As part of exploring the range of vertical capability transfers between domestic and foreign firms , they also simultaneously include export and import indicator variables , as well as market competition indicator variables . We relate the following knowledge-related indicators to outcomes : < / mark > - * * < mark > Access to knowledge and learning through trade < / mark > * * < mark > : Firms can acquire more advanced technologies and learning capabilities by exporting to technologically more advanced markets and engaging with customers in those markets , with foreign buyers often providing their local subcontractors with technology , capital equipment and training so that the latter can produce to higher specifications and standards . While the traditional evidence has been inconclusive ( see Wagner 2007 for a review of the literature on exports and TFP ) , Kraay ( 2006 ) finds evidence that past export experience helps explain current TFP for Chinese firms , and Lederman ( 2009 ) finds that a firm ' s export status is positively correlated with the probability of innovating . For India based on plant-level data for over 20 , 000 firms over 1989-2008 , Mukim ( 2010 ) finds that exporting improves firm performance , though Tabrizy and Trofimenko ( 2010 ) do not ( they find that self-selection of more productive firms into exporting explains the productivity", "spans": [{"start": 2024, "end": 2040, "text": "plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 4 % not effective | | Safety advice to parent / carers through | 8 % very effective | | group sessions | 79 % effective | | | 13 % unsure | | Providing safe spaces for children | 8 % very effective | | without additional injury prevention | 25 % effective | | strategies | 33 % unsure | | | 25 % not effective < br > | | Providing leaflets or written materials | 8 % not at all effective < br > 46 % unsure | | without additional advice | 46 % ineffective < br > 4 % not at all effective | 210 Linnan , M . ( 2015 ) Water Safety and Child Drowning in Vietnam A report for Save the Children Vietnam The surveys examined all causes of death ( CD , NCD and injury ) and non-fatal injury to show the proportional burden of injury compared to CD and NCD . The first survey , done in Vietnam in 2001 was called the Vietnam Multi-Centre Injury Survey ( VMIS 2001 ) . Subsequent surveys were done in Bangladesh , Cambodia , China ( Jiangxi Province , Beijing Capital Region ) , Philippines and Thailand . 211 Key informant interview 20 212 IBID 50", "spans": [{"start": 811, "end": 845, "text": "Vietnam Multi-Centre Injury Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 848, "end": 857, "text": "VMIS 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 contributing most to that finding notwithstanding the tariff preferences provided to numerous low-income countries . These results suggest that a multilateral move to global free trade would be good for developing country farmers . Whether that would be true too for a unilateral reform by any particular developing country depends heavily on the extent to which that country ’ s own policies effectively assist or harm that economy ’ s farm sector relative to its other sectors . Our measures of those effects depend very much on the levels of distortion in the GTAP database we use , as is clear from the sensitivity analysis of results reported above in Table 6 . The agricultural distortions for highincome countries are reasonably reliable , thanks in large part to the carefully compiled protection estimates by the OECD ( 2005a and earlier ) . Currently available estimates of ( particularly agricultural ) trade distortions and subsidies in developing countries are less reliable , however . Nor are estimates provided in the GTAP database for all export taxes or tax equivalents of quantitative restrictions and bans on exports by developing countries . A new project at the World Bank is seeking to provide better estimates of that sort , building on the earlier work of Krueger , Schiff and Valdes ( 1988 ) and the OECD ’ s comprehensive PSE methodology and improved methods for measuring of exchange rate misalignment ( Hinkle and Montiel 1999 ) . Distortions to factor markets , particularly labor , may also have an important influence on the results for some countries if they were to be included in the model . Even more challenging is the task of improving estimates of distortions to services trade and foreign direct investment . These are the next frontiers in improving our understanding of the impact of policies on agricultural and other sectors ’ production , trade and value added . Only then will it be", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 579, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # * * 1 . 3 Contents and Organization of the Report * * This RP follows the report contents suggested in the Terms of Reference ( TOR ) and is organised as follows : Following the * * Executive Summary , Chapter 1 * * presents the introduction , and it shall indicate the purpose of the RP , present an overview of the proposed Subproject to be assess , as well as the Subproject ’ s purpose and needs . It should also briefly mention the contents of the RP Report and the methods adopted to complete the study . - Chapter 2 Presents * * _Scope and Objectives of the RP_ * * : The main objectives of the resettlement program and a summary of studies undertaken in support of resettlement planning / implementation , e . g . , census surveys , socio-economic studies , meetings , site selection studies , etc . - Chapter 3 * * _Description of the Subproject : _ * * General description of the Subproject . - Chapter 4 * * Regulatory framework * * : Relevant laws of Ethiopia , relevant policies and procedures , WB Operational Policies . - Chapter 5 * * Institutional framework * * : Political structure , NGOs . - Chapter 6 * * Socioeconomic characteristics * * : The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of Subproject preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including results of household and census survey , information on vulnerable groups , information on livelihoods and standards of living , land tenure and transfer systems , use of natural resources , patterns of social interaction , social services and public infrastructure . - Chapter 7 summarises the * * Potential impacts and magnitude of displacement * * : Identification of Subproject related impacts , chiefly to land acquisition and restriction to land use . Summary of the numbers of persons , households", "spans": [{"start": 888, "end": 902, "text": "census surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1506, "end": 1533, "text": "household and census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2020 ) find evidence that credit supplies by small banks may have aided the “ surprise ” at the margin with countercyclical funding to small firms that improved employment relative to what it otherwise might have been . There is also some limited evidence on the supply of credit card debt . Examining Y-14M 59", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 310, "text": "Y-14M 59", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for example , only 5 percent of the workforce worked in a different regency than their residence . < sup > 11 < / sup > Second , regencies hold significant administrative powers following the 1999 decentralization reform in Indonesia . Those include also the minimum wage setting . We use the pre-decentralization reform division in 292 regencies to ensure the consistency of the analysis over time . In our sample , 34 % of plants change product market over the sample and 5 % of plants change commuting zone . To ensure consistency over the years , we drop all such plants . However , our results are robust to just dropping observations after plants change product or location , or to not dropping them at all . After cleaning the data and keeping observations with non-missing values for all the dependent variables considered , we end up with an unbalanced panel of 14 , 142 plants between 2009 and 2014 — including 346 product markets ( 5-digit industries ) and 274 commuting zones ( regencies ) . We take the census year 2006 as our base year to maximize representativeness . Online Appendix Table A1 presents summary statistics of all variables used in the empirical analysis . # * * 3 . 2 Measuring Product Market Regulation * * Bringing the insights of the model in Section 2 to the data requires identifying a suitable measure of entry costs and an exogenous source of variation . To that end , we collect granular data on investment restrictions across Indonesian product-markets and exploit two consecutive Indonesian Presidential Decrees — _Daftar Negatif Investasi_ , or Negative Investment List ( NIL ) . The concept of a NIL was introduced in Indonesia in 2000 through the Presidential Decree 96 / 2000 , which aimed to create a single repository of the many existing sectoral restrictions on investments at the central government-level . In fact , it was not until 2008 that the NIL approach was properly enforced , as the Investment Law No . 25 / 2007 replaced the old Investment Law ( No . 1 / 1967 ) , which used a _positive_ list approach to restrictions , i . e . whatever market is not included in the regulations is to be considered", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1457, "text": "granular data on investment restrictions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "particular country by computing the ratio of net total imports over total food consumption of the four food groups . Dependency ratios across country groupings are then aggregated using simple averages . The analysis looks at the most important food products for MENA countries which are grains , edible oils , sugar , beef , and poultry . In all developing MENA countries , except Lebanon , grains account for the largest share in total food consumption , while in high-income GCC meat has the highest weight in the consumption basket ( Table 1A ) . Dependence on food imports in general is high across MENA except in Iran , and nearly complete ( around or above 90 percent ) in all GCC economies , except Saudi Arabia where it is 80 percent . Thus , in the absence of policies to soften the impact of world food price fluctuations , the passthrough effects from world to domestic prices should be largest in the GCC economies , as well as in some other countries , such as Yemen , Iraq , and Jordan . To gauge the first-round effects of a sharp increase in key food prices we also compute the corresponding increase in the import bill as a share of the 2010 GDP and as a share of international reserves , excluding gold . < sup > 9 < / sup > The analysis relies on USDA data for supply and demand of individual food commodities , World Bank international commodity prices , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) data on international reserves , and World Bank data for the 2010 GDP estimates by country . The assessment of vulnerability considers increases in international grains , oils , meat , and sugar prices from June 2010 to July 2011 relative to the same period in the previous year . Over this period wheat prices surged nearly 30 percent , corn prices surged 53 percent , sorghum rose 32 percent , and barley prices rose 27 percent . The increase in rice prices was more modest , at 7 percent . The increase in edible oil prices was also significant , with sunflower seed oil prices up 54 percent , rapeseed oil prices up 50 percent , soybean oil prices up 40 percent ,", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1276, "text": "USDA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1332, "end": 1373, "text": "World Bank international commodity prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1449, "end": 1464, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya Coastal Development Project ( P094692 ) Implementation Status & Results Report Baseline : 0 End Target : 3 # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Number of vessels licensed to fish in the Kenyan wat | ers with VMS installed ( Num | ber , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | Date < br > 01-Jun-2011 | 30-Apr-2015 | 30-Apr-2015 | 29-Oct-2016 | |  Number of species w | ith Fishery Management plans d | eveloped ( Number , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2011 | 30-Apr-2015 | 30-Apr-2015 | 29-Oct-2016 | |  Number of key exploited species with stock status established ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2011 | 30-Apr-2015 | 30-Apr-2015 | 29-Oct-2016 | |  Target areas with annually updated geo-referenced biodiversity data ( Hectare ( Ha", "spans": [{"start": 1216, "end": 1248, "text": "geo-referenced biodiversity data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5444 # * * Abstract * * The authors use panel data on the number of new firm registrations in 95 countries to study the impact of the business environment and 2008 financial crisis on new firm registration . The data show that more dynamic formal business creation occurs in countries that provide entrepreneurs with a stable legal and regulatory regime , fast and inexpensive business registration process , more flexible employment regulations , and low corporate taxes . The data also show that nearly all countries experienced a sharp drop in business entry during the crisis . This drop is more pronounced in countries with higher levels of financial development and countries more affected by the crisis . This paper — a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Team , Development Research Group — is part of a larger effort in the department to study Entrepreneurship and Growth . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at lklapper @ worldbank . org and ilove @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 80, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Data_ . * * Using annual data , the sample includes 155 EMDEs for 1970-2018 . This includes 36 EMDEs that are energy exporting ( oil , gas , or coal ) , defined as in Appendix 1 , and 120 other EMDEs . Data on output , investment , consumption , and productivity are drawn from the World Bank _World Development Indicators_ . The exchange rate classification follows the IMF ’ s _Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Restrictions_ . High ( low ) public debt is above ( below ) 70 percent of GDP for high-income EMDEs and 30 percent of GDP for upper-middle-income , lowermiddle-income , and low-income EMDEs . # * * 4 . 3 Empirical results from the local projections model * * * * _Demand-driven versus supply-driven oil price plunges . _ * * EMDE output evolved differently in demand-driven and supply-driven oil price plunges . In the first year of both supply - and demanddriven oil price plunges , EMDE output fell by about 0 . 5 and 0 . 3 percent , respectively ( Figure 5 ) . The recovery , however , differed : output recovered after demand-driven oil price plunges and , three years later , had returned to the baseline ; after supply-driven oil price plunges , EMDE output did not recover and remained below the baseline three years later . < sup > 12 < / sup > * * _Demand-driven plunges . _ * * The impact on energy exporters and importers were similar for demanddriven plunges . Previous demand-driven oil price plunges were associated with global recessions or slowdowns , which tended to be associated with an initial output decline in EMDEs ( 0 . 3 percent ) in the year of the plunge that was recouped within three years . Output , investment , and consumption in energy exporters and other EMDEs recovered together with oil prices . * * _Supply-driven plunges . _ * * The impact from supply-driven oil price plunges left a lasting impact on EMDE energy exporters . Supply-driven oil price plunges were associated with initial output losses in energy exporters of somewhat larger magnitude than those associated with demand-driven plunges ( 0 . 5 percent in the first year ) . Almost", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 34, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "all the models , CDR analysis consistently predicted poverty rates at the _municipio_ level , though their predictive value was limited under certain experimental settings . The best models predicted total poverty levels in 2006 with an R < sup > 2 < / sup > of 0 . 76 , implying that approximately 76 percent of the variation in _municipio_ - level poverty rates could be explained by 2013 cell phone data , and with F1 scores of up to 0 . 84 for the classification models , indicating that 84 percent of _municipios_ were classified according to the correct category when three separate categories ( low , medium and high poverty rates ) were considered . On the other hand , the prediction rates for urban data in 2006 showed R < sup > 2 < / sup > values of 0 . 69 for regression techniques and 0 . 73 for classification , indicating weaker predictive value . The lowest prediction rates were for rural data in 2011 , with R < sup > 2 < / sup > results of 0 . 46 and 0 . 59 for regression and classification models , respectively . Classification results were slightly better than regression results across all models due to the fact that classifying poverty rates into three classes is a simpler prediction problem than attempting to approximate real values . Experimentally , as more classes were included , predictive accuracies for classification decreased * * 14 * *", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 406, "text": "cell phone data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 703, "end": 713, "text": "urban data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 910, "text": "rural data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Decent Employment Creation for Vulnerable Lebanese Citizens and Syrian Refugees in Livestock Value Chains merchandise exports from 1998 – 2017 ( World Bank , 2021 ) . The production of animal products , such as cow ’ s milk , poultry , sheep and goats and eggs , is one of the main activities in rural Lebanon , particularly in the northern areas . In these areas , the poorest in the country , the majority of farmers depend on dairy products as their primary means of subsistence ( Abdallah _et al_ . , 2018 ) . The 2016 production survey indicated that the number of cattle heads reached 86 265 , of which 62 percent were dairy cows , accounting for 82 percent of the total value of milk production ( FAO , 2021 ) . 5 . * * In smallholder and family farming households , women play a prominent role in animal production , but major constraints impede female work in the livestock value chain . * * According to an FAO review ( 2021 ) , in homesteads , women take care of poultry ( with an average of 10 – 50 backyard chicken ) , sheep , goats and cattle . They are responsible for all aspects of animal husbandry , especially on farms with less than 3 cows . The tasks include milking , feeding , providing water , fodder collection , preparing feed rations , and feed and care for the animals , particularly small ruminants , rabbits and poultry . Women also clean stables and poultry houses , as well as ensure egg collection and processing of milk into butter , cheese , yogurt , labneh , and other dairy products ( in many cases , the processing and marketing activities are done through cooperatives ) . Marketing tasks performed by women include selling fresh milk , eggs and processed dairy products to people coming to their doorsteps from within their same villages or nearby villages or to middlemen coming to their doors . Female training needs in animal production include capacity building in the areas of animal nutrition and feed ration mix , disease diagnosis and treatment , dairy product processing", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 563, "text": "2016 production survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 Scholar . Modifying the harvesting tool to aggregate across these variants would be very hard , because one needs to know which records are indeed variants of a single publication and which are simply similarly named publications . Finally , we should note that our citation data are discipline-blind . We do not — and could not — impose the requirement that the citing author be an economist . Doing so would necessitate working manually through each document citing each of the 33 , 000 records in or database and establishing the discipline of the citing author . In any case , it is not clear whether such an exercise make sense ; we are , after all , interested in the overall impact of each item in our database . We should also point out that we do not eliminate self-citations . Doing so would necessitate another manual check all documents citing each of our 33 , 000 publications . This would have the advantage of eliminating gratuitous self-citation . But insofar as an author is citing his or her previous work in taking the idea forward in a new publication , a self-citation is no different from a citation by anyone else . So even if it were feasible to eliminate self-citations in our citation data , it is not clear we would want to . # * * Topic classification * * Beyond influence measured through citations we are also interested in the topics covered by the more influential of our 33 , 000 publications , and how the topic mix has varied over time and varies across the more influential institutions . The JEL system used by EconLit does have subcodes , but as the article by Rubin and Chang ( 2003 ) makes clear , it is not a very informative one . Alternative classifications exist that we could have used to apply a topic code to the EconLit records . The first was developed by Cooper and Culyer ( 1973 ) . At that time , the subject was relatively undeveloped and the literature sparse . They used four categories : ― economic efficiency ‖ , ― improving decisions ‖ , ― hospitals ‖ , and ― the value of human lives ‖ , revealing a British", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 282, "text": "citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1763, "end": 1778, "text": "EconLit records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 5 | 0 | 14 | 0 . 5 | | 5 | Banana / ሙዝ | 4 | 39 | 20 | 0 | 63 | 2 . 1 | | 6 | Guava / ዘይቱን | 25 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 40 | 1 . 3 | | 7 | Papaya / ፓፓያ | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 . 2 | | 8 | Kasmir / ካዝሚር | 59 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 71 | 2 . 4 | | 9 | Gishita / ግሽጣ | 26 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 36 | 1 . 2 | | 10 | Strawberry / ኢንጆሪ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 0 | | | * * Total * * | * * 2 , 779 * * | * * 133 * * | * * 86 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 2 , 998 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January-March 2025_ # # # # # # * * Impact due to Construction of the 2 new Substations * * The construction of Chelenko and Haromaya new Substations will also affect 23 , 037 fruit trees and perennial crops and these belong to 36 households . Of the total perennial crops and fruit trees affected by the proposed substations , 17 , 749 ( 77 . 0 % ) will be affected by the construction of Chelenko Substation , while the remaining 5 , 288 ( 23 . 0 % ) by Haromaya substation . Page 98", "spans": [{"start": 458, "end": 500, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > Bils , Klenow , and Ruane < / mark > ( 2020 ) ( henceforth BKR ) propose a methodology that exploits the panel structure of the data to correct for potential measurement error . The authors build on the HK approach and allow for additive < sup > 5 < / sup > measurement error in revenues and intermediate inputs . When measurement error is additive but _i . i . d_ . over time , the levels and first differences of revenue relative to inputs provide independent signals of the true dispersion in marginal revenue products . Hence , by taking the covariance between first differences and levels of average revenue products , one could estimate the variance of the true marginal products , which captures resource misallocation within a narrowly defined industry . We apply both HK and BKR frameworks , highlighting the differences in estimation driven by accounting for measurement error . We rely on firm-level data available from three developing Southeast Asian countries : Indonesia , Malaysia , and Vietnam . These three large and diverse economies are considered to have good panel firm-level data . Yet , results indicate that measurement error may play an important role , and accounting for it can substantially affect the extent of estimated misallocation in these economies . > 4As acknowledged by HK , their approach relies on restrictive assumptions such as CES aggregation of differentiated products within a narrowly defined sector ( allowing to derive TFPQ from revenue data in the absence of information on input and output quantities ) , and hence constant mark-ups within the same sectors . Under these conditions , any variation in TFPR is attributable to resource misallocation . > 5 Assuming additive rather than multiplicative measurement error yields more conservative estimates . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1111, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- iii . Grievance Resolution Committee ( first stage ) ; - iv . Implementing agencies ’ resolution at central level ( second stage ) ; - v . Closure of grievances ; - vi . Grievance records and documentation . These steps are described hereafter . # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 Receipt of Grievances * * Anyone from the affected communities or anyone believing they are affected by the Project can submit a grievance : By completing a written grievance registration form that will be available at Liaison centers , districts , construction sites , project ’ s website and in implementing agencies offices An example of a grievance log will be provided in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan . The Project ’ s Community Development Officer or Grievance Officer of each district will review the received grievances and record them in a Grievance Register . To promote the principle of accessibility a variety of grievance log in channels will be used such as a dedicated phone number , web sites , e-mails , in-person , anonymous , suggestion box among others . Grievances received be written down by the Community Development Officer on the grievance registration form and logged into the Grievance Register . A copy of the logged grievance will be signed by aggrieved person and Community Development Officer The Community Development Officers will explain the possibilities and ways to raise a grievance to local communities during meetings organised in each affected area at the time of RAP preparation . The GRM procedures will be disclosed through the Project ’ s website and will also be advertised on billboards / posters in each community and at the entrance of the contractor ’ s yard . Information material on the GRM will also be made available at the information desks in districts traversed by the project . In order to ensure that all grievances are captured , the implementing agency will explain how the grievances received by district GRC members may be channelled through the Project ’ s GRM . Training will be conducted for all GRC members on their roles and responsibilities and the implementing agency shall regularly monitor to ensure no grievances are missed . # #", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 836, "text": "Grievance Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - # # * * ARTICLE IV — REMEDIES OF THE ASSOCIATION * * - 4 . 01 . The Additional Event of Suspension consists of the following : - ( a ) A situation shall have arisen which shall make it improbable that the Program or a significant part thereof will be carried out . # # * * ARTICLE V — EFFECTIVENESS ; TERMINATION * * - 5 . 01 . The Additional Conditions of Effectiveness consist of the following : - ( a ) The Recipient has established the Regional Public Works Management Focal Units in Amhara , Tigray , Oromiya and SNNP , each in the corresponding Natural Resources Department of the Region ; identified core staff in the said units and in FPWFU ; and made appropriate budget allocations for the units , all satisfactory to the Association . - ( b ) The Participating Regions have issued directives to all Woredas in the Project Area to reinforce the grievances and redress system for the PSNP Program at Kebele and Woreda levels , by instituting adequate documentation and follow-up , as well as reporting to the Regional level . - ( c ) The Recipient has furnished to the Association a satisfactory final report in respect of the 2005 PSNP annual audit , together with a remedial action plan , if needed , both satisfactory to the Association . - 5 . 02 . The Effectiveness Deadline is the date ninety ( 90 ) days after the date of this Agreement . - 5 . 03 . For purposes of Section 8 . 05 ( b ) of the General Conditions , the date on which the obligations of the Recipient under Articles IV and V of the General Conditions and Schedule 2 of this Agreement shall terminate is 5 years after the date of this Agreement .", "spans": [{"start": 1141, "end": 1163, "text": "2005 PSNP annual audit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 The World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys is a firm-level survey , conducted in over 110 economies , that provides useful insights on firm perceptions and experiences . It is important to note that most of the MENA Enterprise Surveys do not have weights , and the survey statistics cannot be extrapolated to be representative at the country or sector level . The exceptions are Iraq 2011 and Yemen 2010 surveys , which do follow the Enterprise Surveys Global sampling methodology . Note also that the surveys in the MENA region were conducted in different years . > 9 Institutional quality factors include weighted components of the size of government , legal system property rights , sound money , freedom to trade internationally , and regulation . 3", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 231, "text": "MENA Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 499, "end": 525, "text": "surveys in the MENA region", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 25 : Education profile of Temporary employees . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Georgia Kyrgyzstan Turkey Armenia < br > Without Instruction ( SP ) Without Instruction ( EP ) Primary ( SP ) < br > Primary ( EP ) Secondary ( SP ) Secondary ( EP ) < br > Tertiary ( SP ) Tertiary ( EP ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys Note : SP indicates the starting point of the analysis and EP states de ending point . It should be noted , however , that , like in the case of Latin American countries , the improvement in the educational profile of workers is a generalized trend in the countries considered and cannot be considered a specific characteristic of non-standard employment since it is also observed in standard wage employment and self-employed workers . Statistics regarding the educational profile of standard employees are included in the Annex of the paper . When we analyze what has happened at the salary level in the period of consideration ( Figure 26 ) , two important conclusions emerge . On the one hand , a shift to the right of the wage distribution is observed in all the countries analyzed , indicating an increase in their average . This growth in wages is simply a consequence of the economic growth experienced by the economies . Note that this average wage increase is also observed in the counterpart of standard employment in all cases . 10 > 10As mentioned above , standard employment is calculated as the total number of employees who do not identify with any of the non-standard categories ( temporary or part-time ) . However , since there are non-standard forms of employment not identified in the database , our standard employment category could , in fact , incorporate non-standard", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 536, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 . 0 < br > Ars A ' . d Iro ~ C5z , d j7k All < br > Sddir 8 . 3 9 0 91 7 983 IC 1 . 0 93 . 0 < br > 11 kulb 50 5L L7 41 < br > Re I , , . , us asuc r i . 7 / 1 1 1 50 . 0 5 < br > n 93 . 3 93 . 3 70 , D 9 0 90 . 6 < br > a idk a LzL Rc & , ou aJ Sociaton a Cooperafrm < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Lack of interest , challenge with membership fee , being busy to take part and unaware * * of * * the existence in the neighborhood are the major reasons for survey households failed to not participate in some community-based organization . Culture and cultural heritages are reflections of peoples ' identity and object of their pride . The whole idea of culture , besides encompassing innumerable societal values , has tremendous economic value , both at national and regional levels . Cultural , historical , and natural heritage sites survey has been conducted along the proposed Arsi Robe * * SS * * and the associated 59 . 0km long * * 132kV * * TL corridor . The survey also focused on identifying both tangible and intangible cultural heritage sites . The analysis of the cultural , historical and natural heritage sites survey demonstrates that during the survey , no visible sites of cultural or known tangible and intangible cultural heritage sites , historical or natural heritage sites were identified , either within the proposed substation boundary or along the 26m transmission corridor ( i . e . right-of-way ) and its environs . Therefore , there will be no impact on tangible and intangible cultural heritage sites * * by * * the proposed subproject . Enquiries to residents in the", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 893, "text": "Cultural , historical , and natural heritage sites survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1183, "text": "cultural , historical and natural heritage sites survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 01 | Bukomansimbi North | 04 | 18 | 143 | | 02 | Bukomansimbi South | 02 | 11 | 111 | _Source : Planning Department 2019_ * * _Kalungu : _ * * There is one administrative subregion in Kalungu District ( i . e . , Kalungu County ) , with five municipalities ( Bukulula , Kalungu , Kalungu Town Council , Kyamuliibwa , and Lukaya Town Council ) . * * _Gomba : _ Table 32 * * provides a breakdown of Gomba District LGs and administrative units . * * Table 32 : * * * * _Administrative units in Gomba District_ * * | * * No . * * | * * County * * | * * Sub County ( T / C ) * * | * * Paris * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 01 | Gomba East | Kanoni Town Council | 03 | | | | Ttaba-Bbinzi | 04 | | | | Kyegonza | 09 | | | | Mpenja | 08 | | 02 | Gomba West | Kabulasoke | 7 | | | | Maddu Sub-County | 5 | | | | Maddu Town Council | 4 | | | | Kifampa | 4 | | | | Kyayi | 5 | | | * * Total * * | | * * 49 * * | _ < mark > Source ; Gomba District Statistical Abstract . < / mark > _ * * _Butambala : _ * * Butambala District has five sub-counties , 31 parishes and 87 villages . Butambala district is one of the newest districts in Uganda , created by an act of parliament .", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 1002, "text": "Gomba District Statistical Abstract", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "too many matching variables could result in unnecessary noise ( Donatiello et al . , > 21 This approach is in line with Donatiello et al . ( 2016b ) who argue that , based on income being measured in both the HBS and EU-SILC , income is a strong auxiliary variable as households who belong to lower income categories in the HBS likely coincide with those in the EU-SILC . 23", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 327, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 362, "end": 369, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", _21Amex A T , . ble 1 . 1 I Key Economic Indicators ( Fiscal Years July 8 to July . 7 ) | | 79 / 80 | SO / S | 81181 | 82183 | _83 / 84_ | 84A85 | 82 / 86 | ' | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 . G < br > _rowth - _ < br > . . . < br > p . . ) | _ ' . _ < br > * * OO5 * * | 3 . 4 | 1 . 1 | 54I ' i | 3 . z < br > * * 1 ? * * | 6 . 5 | 11 . 3 | | | 4 . Domestic < br > Saving - . < br > ' GD ? ( 2 ) < br > - 3 . 1 | 4 . 8G ' | | 2 . 2 | 2 . , 7 | < br > 2 . 8 | 0 . 6 | < br > n . a . | | | _S . _External < br > Curreztz < br > AccountDefi Li / < br > GDP_ ; Z ) _ | _4 . _ | . < br > _5 . _ | _ . _ < br > _ - . 2 _ | - 6 . 9 | _-_ 8 . 0 | < br > 8 . | 6 . 8 | | | 6 . Net < br > oreign < br > Assets ( in months < br > of imports ) | - < br > 2 . 8 | ' 1 . 9 | 2 . 5 | 1 . 5 | 0 . 8 | 1 . 7 | < br > 4 . 0 | | | 7 . Debt Service < br > '", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 53, "text": "Key Economic Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Duclos , Jean-Yves , Abdelkrim Araar and John Giles . 2010 . “ Chronic and Transient Poverty : Measurement and Estimation , with Evidence from China , ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 91 ( 2 ) : 266-77 . - Du , Yang , Albert Park and Sangui Wang . 2005 . “ Migration and Rural Poverty in China , ” _Journal of Comparative Economics_ , 33 ( 4 ) ( December 2005 ) : 688-709 . - Flaherty , Joseph H . 2009 . “ Nursing Homes in China ? ” _Journal of the American Medical Directors Association_ , 10 ( 7 ) : 453-455 . - Flaherty , Joseph H . 2007 . “ China : The Aging Giant , ” _Journal of the American Geriatrics Society_ , 55 ( 8 ) : 1295-1300 . - Giles , John . 2006 . \" Is Life More Risky in the Open ? Household Risk-Coping and the Opening of China ’ s Labor Markets , \" _Journal of Development Economics_ 81 ( 1 ) ( October 2006 ) : 25-60 . - Giles , John and Ren Mu . 2007 . “ Elderly Parent Health and the Migration Decision of Adult Children : Evidence from Rural China , ” Demography 44 ( 2 ) ( May 2007 ) : 265-288 . - Giles , John and Kyeongwon Yoo . 2007 . \" Precautionary Behavior , Migrant Networks and Household Consumption Decisions : An Empirical Analysis Using Household Panel Data from Rural China , \" _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ , 89 ( 3 ) ( August 2007 ) : 534-551 . - Green , Samuel . 2010 . “ The Rural Life and Times of China ’ s Aging Population , Part III : Institutional Problems , ” _Asia Healthcare Blog_ ( January 27 , 2010 ) . ( http : / / www . asiahealthcareblog . com / 2010 / 01 / 27 / the-rural-life-and-times-of-chinas-aging - < u > population-part-iii-institutional-problems / ) < / u > - Jalan , Jyotsna and Martin Ravallion . 1999 . “ China ’ s Lagging Poor Areas , ” _American Economic Review_ 89 ( 2 ) : 301-305 . Jalan , Jyotsna and Martin Ravallion . 2002 . \" Geographic Poverty Traps ? A Micro", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 2 . 0 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Power ICT Transport Water < br > % GDP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ PPI Project Database . ( http : / / ppi . worldbank . org ) , in current $ millions . Adopting lower-cost technologies could substantially reduce the cost of meeting the posited infrastructure targets , and help make the funding gap manageable . Meeting the MDGs for water supply and sanitation with lower-cost technologies than previously used ( such as stand posts , boreholes , and improved latrines ) , could reduce the associated price tag from $ 1 , 701 million to $ 889 million each year . Similarly , meeting transport connectivity standards using lower-cost road-surfacing technologies ( such as single-surface treatment ) together with a rural policy that narrows its focus exclusively to provide 100 percent accessibility currently active ( as opposed to potential ) agricultural land postponing , could reduce > < sup > 45 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 199, "text": "PPI Project Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wealth of wood products essential to the surrounding conununities ( woodfuel , building materials , plant stakes , \" beer boats , \" etc . ) . CARE / DTC , the Forest Department and ICRAF / AFRENA have been working with communities in the area for a number of years to encourage on-farm wood production . The TAU and LCSC will draw upon this experience in their evaluation of project proposals and will coordinate with these organizations to ensure that MBIFCT funding is complementary , rather than duplicative or competitive . - ( 3 ) MEDICINAL PLANTS AND OTHER NON-TIMBER PRODUCTS : One of the greatest values of the forests to local communities is as a source of medicinal plants , vines for basketry , fruits , etc . While UNP and conservation NGOs are carrying out studies of the potential for sustainable harvesting of some of these plants , it is very unlikely in most cases that the demand can be met in this way . There is therefore great potential for development of cultivation of many species outside the forest , with technical and financial assistance from the Trust . - ( 4 ) DAIRY : Surveys carried out before and during project preparation identified dairy production as a major area of interest among local communities . The TAU would consult on dairy proposals with CARE / DTC and Heifer International , which are active in this field in the Trust area . Dairy projects ( like horticulture )", "spans": [{"start": 1099, "end": 1156, "text": "Surveys carried out before and during project preparation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income , official poverty would be on average 2 . 8 percentage points higher , and for rural residents – 5 . 9 percentage points higher . _Figure 21 : In ‐ kind income , in real terms , 2014 set to 100_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 140 < br > 135 < br > 130 < br > 125 < br > 120 Minsk < br > 115 Large cities < br > 110 Small cities < br > 105 Rural < br > 100 < br > 95 < br > 90 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : In ‐ kind income is measured in real 2014 roubles per capita and converted into the index with the 2014 level set to 100 Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS . In ‐ kind income was particularly important for the vulnerable groups during the crisis : residents of small cities and rural areas , non ‐ employed and retirees increased their in ‐ kind income by more than 20 percent during the crisis . Only Minsk residents did not increase their in ‐ kind income during the recession , while other socio ‐ economic groups , including the residents of large cities , relied on in ‐ kind incomes to smooth income fluctuations during the crisis . Households with children increased their in ‐ kind income to a limited extent ( the increase is lower than average ) ; this might have to do with lower availability of spare time among these households . # 5 . 2 . Consumption Households reported reducing expenditures as the main instrument of adjustment to the crisis environment . There are differences across social groups in what types of expenditures households cut . Better off households adjust through reducing their savings and purchases of durable goods , while less wealthy households have to cut their consumption . Household micro data support this view . The structure of household expenditure does not differ significantly across the population , highlighting the low level of inequality in Belarus ( Figure 22 ) . Only the richest 10 < sup > th < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 639, "text": "quarterly HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1701, "end": 1721, "text": "Household micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 3 , 994 < br > 2 / 23 ) : < br > 4 BG – 237 , 778 , < br > 2 , 773 < br > * * se 1 schools ( by * * | lation projections < br > the reliability of th < br > mbers show a 27 < br > Somali - 889 , 443 < br > Somali – 1 , 226 , 99 < br > * * gender ) * * | are based on < br > e denominato < br > % increase acro < br > 1 | the Census datin < br > r in the Gross En < br > ss all target reg | g back to < br > rollment Rate < br > ions , indicating | | | Base | line | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( Cu | rrent ) | Closing | Period | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Average % of students in | 25 | Jun / 2018 | 23 | 01-Aug-2024 | 18 . 30 | 04-Apr-2025 | 25 | Jul / 2023 | | Grade 2 who can read at < br > functional fluency level or < br > above in Mother Tongue | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Target not ac < br > Results for p < br > Source : EGR | hieved . < br > hase 1 schools < br > 2023 | | | | | | ( Text ) < br > * * Improvement in Grade 8 learn * * | * * ing outcomes in * * | * * English and Ma * * | < br > * * th in Phase 1 sc * * | < br > * * hools ( by gender * * | * * ) * * | | | | | | Base | line | Actual (", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 344, "text": "Census datin", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Based on the socioeconomic baseline survey results , close to half of the surveyed households , 48 . 9 % reported residing in residential houses with three rooms . This is followed by 28 . 5 % of households living in houses with two rooms . 14 . 1 % of households reside in four-room houses . Additionally , 4 . 8 % of households live in houses with five rooms or more while 3 . 7 % reside in one-room houses . Table 6 . 6 : House Ownership , Construction Materials & Other facilities by Woreda | * * Features * * < br > * * of Houses * * | * * Details * * | * * Arsi * * < br > * * Robe * * | * * Diksis * * | * * Hetosa * * | * * Lode * * < br > * * Hetosa * * | * * Sude * * | * * All * * < br > * * Woredas * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Private | 93 . 3 | 98 . 3 | 93 . 3 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 96 . 7 | | * * Ownership * * | Rented | 6 . 7 | 1 . 7 | 1 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 2 . 2 | | | Rent free | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 5 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 1 | | | One | 0 . 0 | 5 . 0 | 8 . 3 | 3 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 3 . 7 | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as verified by SARA < br > 2018 . However , the 2017 target , < br > DLR13 . 1 ( a ) : By December 31 , 2017 < br > Develop Quality Standards for PHC < br > facilities , was not achieved as the report < br > was not sent to the Bank timely due to < br > MOH leadership changes and the < br > reorganization of the Directorate that < br > caused communication gaps in the MOH . < br > This DLR will be replaced with a new one < br > with a new timeline ( December 2021 ) | DLR13 . 1a : will be modified < br > with “ Endorse the Health < br > Center Clinical Audit Tool < br > to expedite the < br > implementation of health < br > sector transformation < br > quality standard . | SDR 1 , 470 , 000 < br > reallocate to the < br > modified DLR and < br > extend the end target < br > year ( December 31 , < br > 2021 ) | | 13 . 3 | Improve quality < br > of adolescent < br > health services | * * Partially achieved : * * 2017 , 18 and 19 were < br > achieved and verified and disbursement < br > was made accordingly . Target 2020 / < br > DLR13 . 3 ( d ) : Increase PHC facilities < br > providing adolescent health services from < br > 60 % to 75 % is not achieved as this DLR is < br > dependent on SARA / SPA survey report . < br > However , since the SPA survey will not be < br > undertaken before November 2021 , this < br > DLR will be replaced with a new indicator < br > and timeline ( December 2021 ) . | DLR 13 . 3d will be modified < br > with “ Conduct National < br > assessment on the < br > Integration of Youth < br > Friendly", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1228, "text": "SARA / SPA survey report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1268, "text": "SPA survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * ANNEX 6 : Results and Monitoring * * The overall responsibility for monitoring and verification lies with NCWSC . NCWSC will use key performance indicators to monitor specific areas of interest . In addition , the following information would be used as a guideline for Results and Monitoring of the GPOBA Project . Figures presented are merely illustrative . | | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2014 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Year | | P1 | P2 | P1 | P2 | P1 | P2 | | Number of connections | Planned | | | | | | | | Disbursements ( US $ million ) | Actual | | | | | | | Table 1 : Static data ( to be provided at the beginning of the project and updated when necessary ) | s | Definition of outputs | Water & Sewer connection to poor households in < br > informal settlements | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Output | Disbursement milestones | Approximately 50 % at verification of connection and < br > the remainder at verification of operational connection < br > six months later . | | Access | Number of people per household in < br > project area | To insert as appropriate | | ng | Targeting | | | Targeti | Average household expenditure on < br > alternative service provision | | | y | Actual unit subsidy | | | icienc | Comparator information from output < br > or input-basedprojects | | | id Eff | Time ( months ) to design OBA < br > scheme | | | A | Cost ofproject development ( TA ) | | | ro < br > id | Description of serviceprovider | | | P < br > v | Type", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 636, "text": "Static data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characteristics as efficiency of end-use devices , the natural resource stock and income or expenditure level ; and - they are one-shot affairs which don ' t allow for comparison of results over time , especially regarding seasonality of fuel use . So , micro-surveys are generally not appropriate for yielding a database that will allow for understanding and addressing energy problems at the national level . If carefully designed , they can be useful for assessing the situation in a pre-defined area and , as such , may have important applications in regions which have special problems . # Additional Techniques for GQthering Specific Household Energy Information Specialized investigatory techniques can be used to get important , detailed information on particular < sup > subjects , < / sup > e . g . cooking efficiency , household decisionmaking and precise biomass fuel consumption . Laboratory and < sup > field < / sup > tests should be conducted to determine theoretical and actual energy efficiencies of cookstoves and ovens . < sup > This < / sup > will be essential for calculating the cost of useful energy in cooking . Sociological studies can be made < sup > to < / sup > document how family decisionmaking occurs regarding inter alia purchase of fuel , ccioking practices and procurement of cooking equipment . For fuel consumption , a small , representative sample of households < sup > can be < / sup > chosen for intensive investigation . Surveyors can visit residences on a daily basis over a period of several weeks to determine exact amounts of fuel used through weighing , volumetric measurements and detailed questioning . For example , FAO has been undertaking countrywide wood consumption surveys since the 1950s . These < sup > attempt < / sup > to measure use of all types of wood products such as woodfiel , poles , sawnwood , panel products < sup > and paper . < / sup > This has resulted in estimates of wood consumption for several countries , e . g . Sudan ( 1958 ) , East < sup > Africa ( 1960 ) , < / sup > Tanzania ( 1970 ) , Thailand ( 1970 ) and Zambia ( 1986 ) . All", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 267, "text": "micro-surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1690, "end": 1726, "text": "countrywide wood consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Data for the model stem from three sources : ( a ) the structure of income and expenditures at the regional level calculated from the 2003 Living Standards Measurement Survey for Panama , ( b ) visitation and expenditures by domestic and foreign tourists at the regional level calculated from the tourism survey carried out between 2006 and 2007 by the _Contraloría_ for the Tourism Satellite Accounts ( TSA ) , < sup > 12 < / sup > and ( c ) I-O and aggregated SAM tables that represent the structure of the Panamanian economy at the national level . A SAM multiplier model is estimated using these data sources as inputs . These data sources are sufficient to estimate the magnitude of the impacts on income and employment at the province level for different categories of households . The SAM model shows the overall direct and indirect impacts and impacts on income and employment disaggregated by province and by household type . Four province archetypes have been selected for the analysis : Panama Province , Bocas del Toro , Chiriqui , and the rest of Panama . Showing disaggregated results for the _comarcas_ was not possible because of the lack of statistical significance of these results , as very few foreign tourists in the tourism survey sample report visiting the _comarcas_ . Modeling results are disaggregated for the following social strata : urban poor , urban nonpoor , rural poor , rural nonpoor , indigenous , nonidgenous poor , and nonindigenous nonpoor . This analysis of growth linkages of tourism industry in Panama uses a variant of the fixed-price , linear input-output ( IO ) model , the semi-input-output ( SIO ) model . < sup > 13 < / sup > The SIO model uses fixed coefficients to simulate inter-industry production and consumption linkages , assuming fixed prices in all sectors . To simulate real-world supply rigidities , the model disaggregates sectors into those which are either supply-constrained ( Z1 ) or perfectly elastic in supply ( Z2 ) ( Bell and Hazell 1980 ) . In supply-constrained sectors ( Z1 ) , firms operate at full capacity , and output cannot increase without additional capital investment or introduction of new , more productive technology . Total supply in each sector", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 174, "text": "2003 Living Standards Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 297, "end": 311, "text": "tourism survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 443, "end": 472, "text": "I-O and aggregated SAM tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 17 - # VI . EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 42 . In this section , we apply the above model to evaluate fiscal performance in three countries : Zambia , India and Argentina . These countries have different income levels and are located in three different continents . We compare the derived fiscal indicators with conventional fiscal indicators and show that the proposed indicators are both richer in a normative and positive sense to conventional indicators . The three countries are selected on the basis of formal fiscal analyses which were based on the above model of solvency and sustainability or equivalent and whose results have been presented in World Bank economic reportsl < sup > 4 < / sup > . These countries also cover a range of different stages of economic development , as well as fiscal problems commonly seen in developing countries . In all cases the empirical results have been discussed with Government officials so that no policy surprises are expected . Before reviewing the empirical results , issues concerning data and interpretation are summarized below . # * * Data Problems and Issues * * 43 . * * Problems in estimating public sector activities . * * Ultimately , any model is as good as the data it applies to and this model is no exception . As discussed earlier , a correct measurement of fiscal activities is a necessary condition for good fiscal analysis . A country ' s fiscal problems can be easily hidden if a comprehensive measure of fiscal activities is not available . But comprehensive information on accounts of the non-financial public sector - other than that of the central government-such as local government , extra-budgetary funds , state-owned enterprises , and government guarantees are often hard to get and if available , are often not up-to-date . The losses of state-owned enterprises ( SOEs ) often created a huge implicit liability to the government . In order to finance its operating losses , SOEs usually rely on issuing short-term debt with credit on inventory and future sales of output . Ultimately , these losses will be borne by the public sector , either because the debt will be taken over by the Government or because public assets will be depleted at the time of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 20 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR , 1997-2006 * * * * Source : ASRs . Data for 2006 are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > This table includes revised estimates for years prior to 2006 . See Table 1 for definition of population categories . * * # # # # # * * _Absolute values_ * * | End of < br > year | Refugees | Asylum - < br > seekers < sup > 1 < / sup > | Returned < br > refugees | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted | Returned < br > IDPs | Stateless < br > persons < sup > 2 < / sup > | Others of < br > concern < sup > 2 < / sup > | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1997 | 12 , 015 , 400 | 1 , 028 , 200 | 926 , 600 | 4 , 573 , 100 | 100 , 300 | . . | 1 , 404 , 100 | 20 , 047 , 700 | | 1998 | 11 , 480 , 900 | 977 , 800 | 1 , 016 , 400 | 5 , 063 , 900 | 207 , 200 | . . | 1 , 378 , 500 | 20 , 124 , 700 | | 1999 | 11 , 687 , 200 | 1 , 027 , 400 | 1 , 599 , 100 | 3 , 968 , 600 | 1 , 048 , 400 | . . | 1 , 491", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 209, "text": "ASRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE and TiVA data , covering 48 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Note : Trade-employment ( trade-income , resp . ) elasticities at the country-sector level have been estimated using employment ( labor income , resp . ) ( in natural logs ) as dependent variable and the instrumented trade variables ( in levels and natural logs ) as independent variable . For more information on the instruments , see Appendix 1 . The panel data regressions control for country-sector , country-time , and sector-time fixed effects . Only results significant at the 10 % level and above the critical value for the Kleibergen-Paap test statistic are reported . The average intermediate import-employment elasticity is 0 . 42 percent , while final imports show an elasticity of 0 . 18 percent – less than half that size ( Figure 1 , left panel ) . Intermediate goods and services can be used in domestic production destined either for final consumption or exports and in both cases support job growth . The lower correlation between final imports of goods and services and employment in a sector implies that they also compete with domestic production and therefore employment . Comparing trade-employment with trade-income elasticities suggests that the income channel is stronger , especially for imports . A 10 percent increase in exports is associated with a 3 . 9 percent increase in labor incomes over the full period 1995-2018 . This implies that while exports have the potential to expand the number of jobs within a sector , they raise incomes more strongly . One explanation could be the productivity gains associated with exports which increase the average wage rate and thus total labor value added . More strikingly , a 10 percent increase in intermediate imports is on average correlated with > 11 We use the Kleibergen-Paap test statistic and reject the hypothesis of weak instruments if the test statistic exceeds 10 , following the rule of thumb by Staiger and Stock ( 1997 ) . 12 Importantly , this only takes into account direct employment effects within sectors but does not consider indirect effects through job creation in supplying sectors , implying", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 62, "text": "OECD TiE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 67, "end": 71, "text": "TiVA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gender Capacity Advisor and the Sector Gender Focal Points Network , the SGBV SWG identified engaging with men & boys as one of the priorities for 2015 and this is reflected in the 2015 SGBV SWG Work Plan as one of the specific objectives . For the SGBV SWG , it is important to ensure that SGBV service providers are aware of tools and strategies to effectively include and engage men and boys to : - Deepen understanding about the importance of engaging men and boys in SGBV prevention work and meet the needs of male survivors in SGBV response ; - Share strategies and tools for inclusion of men and boys in SGBV response and prevention activities . - Identify actions to enhance the engagement of men and boys in SGBV programming at organizational and working group levels . # * * Summary of the Workshop * * In discussions about gender roles and cultural contexts , workshop participants discussed the following questions : 1 Evidence for the need for this workshop comes from two primary sources : Regular sex and age disaggregated data collection and analysis of provision of services through the UNHCR Refugee Coordination Portal ( ActivityInfo ) and the GBVIMS End of Year Report 2014 including data from SGBV case management . * * < mark > Workshop : Engaging Men and Boys in Sexual and Gender - < / mark > ­ ‐ * * * * < mark > Based Violence ( SGBV ) programming < / mark > * *", "spans": [{"start": 1012, "end": 1042, "text": "sex and age disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1104, "end": 1137, "text": "UNHCR Refugee Coordination Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1163, "end": 1193, "text": "GBVIMS End of Year Report 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1204, "end": 1234, "text": "data from SGBV case management", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is important to appreciate that the coresident sample bias common in the household surveys in developing countries is best modeled as a truncation , not censoring . The most common problem in the context of household surveys in developing countries is that there is no information ( on both dependent and independent variables ) for the the non-resident children resulting in truncation of the sample . The evidence presented above suggests that the non-resident children are not randomly distributed , both in Bangladesh and India : they come mostly from the tails of the schooling distribution . 21", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 90, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "question includes an evaluation of corruption ( Question J ) . We present the exact wording of this questions and potential responses in the Appendix . * * Table 2 : Evaluations of Impact of Corruption on Business Activity * * | | Number | Percent | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Verynegative | 37 | 2 . 61 % | | Moderatelynegative | 370 | 26 . 11 % | | No impact | 865 | 61 . 04 % | | Moderately positive | 127 | 8 . 96 % | | Very positive | 18 | 1 . 27 % | | Total | 1 , 417 | 100 % | As presented in Table 2 , the majority of firms respond that corruption has no impact on their business . Unfortunately , the collection of the survey data doesn ’ t allow us to differentiate “ No impact ” from the responses providing nonresponses and are thus coded as no impact . The sizeable minority of firms claiming corruption has a moderately negative impact ( 26 . 11 % ) is important , and has clear policy relevance . But do these levels of corruption distort investment decisions and ultimately have a negative impact on economic performance ? Unfortunately , these two corruption questions presented may suffer from a number of problems . The first question asks a general subjective assessment of the level of corruption , while the second asks a specific question on how corruption affects the business environment . Broad questions on corruption may not inform us about firm experiences with corruption , with firm specific question on experiences with corruption may lead managers to use nonresponse and false responses to minimize any legal or political repercussions ( Jensen , Li , and Rahman 2010 ) . Our approach is to utilize a series of questions based on a “ coin flip ” method of randomization of questions , often called a randomized response technique ( RRT ) that we 10", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 640, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 22 - * * Annex * * I * * Page 3 of 6 # # # # # * * DOMITIONS * * OF SOCIAL INDICATORS Nut Altough khe da ae drawn from nmmai gmeyJ the - audintatmm ndtab . it shoud ao he Dod that thes y atno e uuemaually comptaral boom of the lack of standarda d & dona and cormp sd by dIllr cine im cmlleting th dat . The dt amr ohe . usul ot dcibe aonm _rm_ atude . indicae trends and _taactenre mcrta_ uor dilMa bans . countri . The reeqnc roue drc ( it the mm cOmtfl group of the sbect country and ( 2D a couny roup with somewhat hbr averg ime than the countrv Irop ofdie subect cotry gecept ror High IncomeOd Exponm goup whag Middle [ am North Afhrri and Middlc Eis choe . becue _of_ straer soo-cultural altiti . In the refence group da th averar are popuaa weaighti . antluec mat rfr eas idatr and shown onbl when niaont ! othe coutries in tmrnip bu dat for that Widloatot Sies the overag ofrcoin amog thea Indimss dends on th avaiblhyIt ofdat and ms not niform caution must be r medieing averages atone indiator toanote Thee avragear only ueul In sapafig the value fone idcator alta tm amomag the", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 159, "text": "audintatmm ndtab", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "border , they can enter into conflict . < mark > For example , < / mark > results obtained from previous public consultations , < mark > reviewing of DRDIP-I baseline survey and mid-term report , i < / mark > ndicated that during the dry season , when grass is scarce , mobility is common in Afar , Somali and Gambella regions to a far distance in search of pasture and water for animal feeds , which leads them in conflict between the same or different clan and also border or boundary conflicts with these ethnic groups . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 Livelihood Activities * * Results obtained from previous public consultations conducted with the community and project affected peoples during planning process , < mark > desk reviewing of secondary documents , reviewing of DRDIP-I baseline survey and mid-term report , as well as < / mark > from federal and regional project performance quarterly and annual reports , the main livelihood activities of lowland communities ( Afar , Benishangul Gumuz , Gambella , and Somali ) depend on livestock production and a limited 53", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 173, "text": "DRDIP-I baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MAWASCO Project Coordinating Office . # # # # # # * * < u > Table 8 . 1 : Role of a Grievance Officer < / u > * * A Grievance Officer ( GO ) , who will be a member of the Sub Location Committee ( SGRC ) appointed by members of the committee . Principal responsibilities of the GO will include : - Recording the grievances in the grievance log , both written and oral , of the affected people , categorising and prioritising them and providing solutions within a specified time period . - Discussing grievances on a regular basis with the SGRC and coming up with decisions / actions regarding issues that can be resolved at that level . - Informing the SGRC of serious cases within an appropriate time frame . - Reporting to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and the decisions of the SGRC and mediation committee . - Providing inputs into the monitoring and evaluation process . The grievance team will hold meetings at site level , Grievances are normally received by a contact person who would then hand over the received complaints to the GO , for entering into the grievance log . The Grievance Log * * ( Appendix 4 ) * * will indicate grievances , date opened / lodged , actions taken to address or reasons why the grievance was not acted upon ( e . g . the grievance was not related to the resettlement process ) , information provided to complainant and date < sup > 6 < / sup > on which the grievance was closed . Grievances can be lodged at any time directly to the GO . The process of lodging > 6 The grievance logs will be shared with the Ministry of Water , Irrigation and Sanitation and the World Bank on a quarterly basis . * * 8-1 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 1544, "end": 1558, "text": "grievance logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are coeducational , 28 % are exclusively for boys and 21 % exclusively for girls . Public elementary schools are far more likely to be single-sex ( 62 % ) compared to private ones ( 13 % ) . We consider all children who were age 9-15 in the survey year ; practically all of the children who ever enroll in school have already done so by the age of nine . Married girls , which constitute just one percent of females in this age range , are > 2Given the difficulty in identifying all schools to which children in a village may have access , the school census was conducted in two stages . In the first stage , all schools inside the village , as well as all schools within a 2 km radius of each settlement , were visually identified and a school list was drawn up . This list was provided to all survey teams conducting the household survey . During the household survey , any non-listed schools identified by sample households were added to the initial list . Likewise , any additional schools identified during the community focus group exercise were incorporated into the final school census list . 3", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 869, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the Town WSSA had conducted environmental and social screening . Accordingly , the sub project is put under category B and require a lesser level of environmental investigations . # # # # 2 . 2 . 3 Scoping The consulting team conducted scoping for the subprojects through following key actions - identifing key environmental and socio-economic issues ; - physical inspection of the site and surrounding areas ; - Identifing possible environmental and socio-economic impacts through public participation and and stakeholder consultation . - Impact prediction and ratings , Summary of scoping is presented in appendix 12 # # # # 2 . 2 . 4 Field Surveys and Data Collection Following an extensive review of existing documents related to the proposed project , field investigation and collection of detailed data on the social and natural environment were carried out at the project area . The aim of the survey was to collect socio-environmental baseline data for the project influence area and to identify sensitive environmental components that are likely would have a significant effect due to the implementation and operation of the envisaged sanitation projects . Data collection was carried out using a ESIA Report 6", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 958, "text": "socio-environmental baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * EASTERNAFRICAREGIONALTRANSPORT , TRADE & DEVELOPMENT FACILITATION PROJECT * * * * _Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2022_ * * # # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) * * # # # # * * v ) Acquisition of fixed assets * * The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a nonexchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # * * 1o . 6 In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # # * * 10 . 7 Cash and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account balances include amounts held at the National Bank of Kenya at the end of the financial year . For the", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 740, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5677 # * * Abstract * * As free trade areas have proliferated and statutory tariffs have been dramatically reduced in recent decades , nontariff barriers ( NTBs ) to international trade have risen in importance . Destination-specific product standards are one of the major types of NTBs as they impose additional costs on exporters and increase the time required to bring a product to market . This paper examines the response of U . S . manufacturing firms to a reduction of this NTB by looking at the harmonization of European product standards to international norms in the electronics sector . Using a highly detailed dataset that links U . S . international trade transactions to U . S . firms and a new industry-level database of EU product standards , the author finds that harmonization increases U . S . exports to the EU and that this increase is due to more U . S . firms entering the EU market — the extensive margin of trade . New entrants to the EU region are drawn mainly from the most productive set of firms already exporting to developing markets before harmonization - the extensive margin of trade composition . These firms are characterized by being smaller and less productive than the firms that were already exporting to the EU before harmonization . Furthermore , harmonization decreases export sales at existing exporters - the intensive margin of trade . These findings are consistent with a model featuring the role of product standards heterogeneity across market destinations and productivity heterogeneity across firms . These results suggest that working toward a harmonization of product rules across markets could be a supportive policy to encourage small and medium size firms ’ ability to enter new export markets . This paper is a product of the International Trade Department , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at jreyes2 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 786, "text": "industry-level database of EU product standards", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gender disaggregated data < br > for MDG and ISG < br > beneficiaries , is being used < br > ( Yes / No ) < br > * * Results Area 2 : Increased acce * * | No < br > Jan / 2022 < br > * * ss to infrastructure and services * * | No | 20-Feb-2024 | Yes | 30-Jun-2024 | Yes | Dec / 2027 | | | Baseline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Indicator Name | Value < br > Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | Page 11 of 17 May 26 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 25, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The underlying mechanism they suggest is the lower incentives to invest in human capital among those with a larger initial network . Another aspect related to initial conditions , which has been understudied , is the role of local attitudes towards refugees . The two existing studies , both focusing on Germany , have used self-reported measures of attitudes extracted from existing surveys , and they have examined the role of general attitudes towards migrants , and used it as a proxy for attitudes towards refugees . Aksoy et al . ( 2020 ) measure attitudes with cross-sectional state-level data from the European Social Survey . They find that positive attitudes towards migrants at the time of arrival , have a positive effect on refugees ’ economic 8", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 634, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "domestic ones , implying that the intensive margin effect dominates and in net tariffs reduce the market shares of exporters and thus their incentive to engage in PTM . In the empirics , we will verify that this is indeed the case using our large dataset of developing and emerging countries . # * * 2 . 3 Discussion * * Note that our assumption is that NTMs increase fixed compliance costs , however in principle NTMs could also affect variable costs , for instance if firms need to pay a higher price for their inputs . In that case the effect becomes similar to that of a tariff . This would decrease both the number of firms and their size . However , contrary to tariffs , because NTMs are non-discriminatory , the extensive effect might dominate and market power might increase for non-exiting firms – we would observe in this case more PTM . NTMs could also take the form of per unit costs , for instance if firms need to pay inspection costs per unit sold in the destination country . In that case , assuming as in Corsetti and Dedola ( 2005 ) that these additional per unit costs are paid in the currency of destination 2 , the presence of NTMs would now also reduce the firms ’ perceived elasticity of demand in market 2 . The extensive margin effect together with the effect on the elasticity of demand may likely dominate , leading to more PTM for non-exiters . In both cases , because NTMs increase _variable_ costs , they should affect market power and PTM through the intensive margin of trade . However , in Section 6 , we will verify that NTMs are mostly associated with changes at the extensive margin of trade . 7", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 291, "text": "large dataset of developing and emerging countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 : Indices of Inequality for Consumption , by Urban and Rural Areas ( 2005-2008 ) * * | | * * Lower H * * < br > * * Distri * * | * * alf of the * * < br > * * bution * * | * * Upper H * * < br > * * Distri * * | * * alf of the * * < br > * * bution * * | * * Tails * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * p25 / p10 * * | * * p50 / p25 * * | * * p75 / p50 * * | * * p90 / p50 * * | * * p90 / p10 * * | * * Gini * * | | * * Total * * | | | | | | | | 2005 | 1 . 26 | 1 . 33 | 1 . 36 | 1 . 95 | 3 . 27 | 28 . 67 | | 2008 | 1 . 32 | 1 . 33 | 1 . 38 | 1 . 98 | 3 . 48 | 30 . 46 | | * * Urban * * | | | | | | | | 2005 | 1 . 33 | 1 . 41 | 1 . 38 | 2 . 04 | 3 . 84 | 30 . 23 | | 2008 | 1 . 33 | 1 . 37 | 1 . 42 | 2 . 13 | 3 . 87 | 32 . 34 | | * * Rural * * | | | | | | | | 2005 | 1 . 23 | 1 . 27 | 1 . 26 | 1 . 56 | 2 . 42 | 20 . 43 | | 2008 | 1 . 29 | 1 . 31 | 1 . 28 | 1 . 59 | 2 . 68 | 21 . 99 | _Source : own estimates based on panel HIECPS survey 2005-2008 . _ The widening", "spans": [{"start": 975, "end": 988, "text": "HIECPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) they work , as such a significant number of them walk to and from their work places . Where there are some improvements , roads have been graveled . # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 16 Gender Assessment * * As per the Gender analysis conducted for KISIP 2 in May 2022 , the findings were that : - Most men lived longer in the settlements compared to women . - Most inhabitants were tenants . - 71 % of men as opposed to 66 % of females have access to water within the house or compound . - Both Gender is nearly uniform at 67 % and 66 % respectively accessing health services . - Both males and females have access to transportation services at 91 % and 90 % respectively . - Both Genders have access to childcare facilities in similar proportions . Both Genders have access to childcare facilities in similar proportions . Men tend to earn more than women . More males are employed as casual workers and while women are more in petty trading than men . More men ( 65 % ) than women ( 62 % ) indicated that they were able to spend the money earn without consulting partners . More men were considered head of household at 91 % . 54 % of respondents indicated that domestic violence happens irregularly while 29 % though it happens regularly . Most of the households earn a monthly income of over kshs . 12000 with more male headed household earning 12000 compared to female headed household . From the GAP analysis conducted its proper to deduce that despite the vulnerability of the settlement population , more women or female headed households are more vulnerable compared to the male headed households . Kenya Demographic Health survey ( KDHS 2022 ) , Kisumu County 36 % of women reported of having experience physical violence since age15 . Most settlements are in urban centers where sexual violence was reported by 12 . 8 % of the respondents", "spans": [{"start": 1792, "end": 1823, "text": "Kenya Demographic Health survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1826, "end": 1835, "text": "KDHS 2022", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > Project Development Objective Indicators < / mark > * * | Indicator Name | Core < br > Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage increase in real income of < br > households in project intervention areas . | Text | Value | Household and Community < br > Baseline Survey for the < br > project areas | | 25 % increase in real income | | | | Date | 27-Mar-2007 | 30-Oct-2009 | 30-Jun-2015 | | | | Comments | | | | Page 2 of 5", "spans": [{"start": 338, "end": 353, "text": "Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Furthermore , we allow for the errors to be correlated through clustering within each industry for which the production data is used to ensure the estimation is also robust to arbitrary within-industry correlation . < sup > 38 < / sup > The variable I < sup > any0 < / sup > in table 2 takes the value one for goods imported at a duty-free preferential rate > 37 The share of between-industry variation relative to total variation in the MFN tariff rates for EU is twice as high as in the US for instance . This is the case both in levels ( 0 . 62-0 . 69 ) and in changes ( 0 . 34 ) . This might be partly due to the fact that the original CET in 1968 was an average of the tariffs of the founding members . When the averaging is done for each product across countries , the within variation for any given industry falls relative to what it was for any individual country . Thus , the share of the variation between industries after the averaging tends to increase relative to what it was for any given country . Moreover , from a political economy perspective , it is easier to build consensus for tariffs at the industry level ( most countries are likely to produce some product in any given industry ) rather than at the product level ( some countries do not produce some products and would clearly loose when the CET on it is raised ) . In effect , the consumers are relatively organized in a CU because each government is likely to represent them when the country is a net importer . Producers from different countries that join for EU-wide lobbying on trade policy are more likely to maintain their coalition together if they focus on a level of protection that is similar for all of them , that is a level of protection with little within industry variation . A similar effect arises when ministers from different countries representing a given sector , say agriculture , must agree on an EU-wide policy . Each demand protection for some products and will support protection favored by other countries in other products , if they expect this to increase", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 126, "text": "production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) of the CERC . Implementation modality and eligible activities to be financed under the CERC will be described in the Project Implementation Manual ( PIM ) . 43 . * * Climate Co-benefits . * * The investments under the project will provide substantial climate cobenefits because ( a ) better access to community infrastructure and services will help improve the wellbeing for some of the most vulnerable people , strengthening their ability to cope with climate-induced stresses , and ( b ) the subprojects will be designed and constructed in a climate change resilient manner . Geographic targeting will include a criterion that focuses on areas highly exposed to climate-sensitive natural hazards such as flooding and extreme heat . Investments in community infrastructure will be hazard informed based on available flood and drought data , while public infrastructure will be developed to climate-resilient standards . Building types and construction materials will be adapted to local climate conditions , for example , to ensure air circulation and cooling in heat-prone areas or to prevent damages in flood-prone areas by building facilities on stilts . Where possible public infrastructure will be equipped with renewable energy sources ( solar panels ) to mitigate carbon emissions and enhance energy selfsufficiency . Building on the World Bank toolkit for CDD in DRM , < sup > 58 < / sup > the project aims to ( a ) improve the communities ’ capacity to identify , analyze , address , and monitor natural hazard risks and climate-related livelihood impacts through a combination of technical and indigenous knowledge and experiences ; ( b ) assist targeted communities in developing context-specific DRM strategies which include emergency response and contingency plans ; and ( c ) build links between communities and the local government for a broader DRM ( see annex 5 for more details . ) # # * * C . Project Cost and Financing * * 44 . The project will be implemented over a period of three years", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 946, "text": "flood and drought data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of biannual and annual ESHS compliance monitoring reports . - j . Template for carrying out annual environmental and social audits - k . To avoid exacerbating social conflict , especially in fragile areas or areas subject to territorial dispute 10 . On land management : - a . Guidelines on preparation of Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans ( ARAPs ) that aligns with national regulatory provisions and PforR Core Principles outlining the potential risks and impacts which the affected persons may be subjected to ; descriptions of the socio-economic survey , consultations with the affected and host populations , livelihood-improvement options 80", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 560, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "80 percent ( CBO , 2006 ) . Under this scenario , it estimated that demand for healthcare services would rise by 15 percent , and that no major consumption changes would occur in other sectors , such as utilities , professional activities , financial and ICT services , public administration and education . # 3 . Data Sources The primary data source used throughout the paper is the European Labor Force Survey ( EU-LFS ) , which is constructed by harmonizing nationally representative labor force surveys in all of the 27 member countries of the European Union , in addition to Norway , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The total sample size ranges between 4 . 5 million and 5 . 2 million observations , depending on the year . The dataset annually compiles detailed information on labor-market outcomes of the working-age population and their demographic characteristics , such as gender , age , and educational attainment . We focus on the survey results from 2018 , prior to the COVID19 pandemic as well as from 2020 , the first year of the pandemic . The dataset provides information on whether the individuals were born in the country in which they currently reside . We do not observe the specific country of birth or citizenship status of the migrant workers , but we see nine world regions . These are ( i ) the high-income EU-15 countries 6 OECD ( 2021 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 411, "text": "European Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "research was supported by funding from 3ie , the Center for Economic Policy Research , the International Growth Center , USAID , the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab , the University of Virginia , the University of British Columbia , New York University Abu Dhabi , and the World Bank Jobs Umbrella Trust Fund which is supported by the Department for International Development / UK AID , and the Governments of Norway , Germany , Austria , the Austrian Development Agency , and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency . This paper was partly written while Mbiti was visiting the Department of Economics and the Population Studies and Training Center at Brown University . The research protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Innovations for Poverty Action , Southern Methodist University , NYU-Abu Dhabi , the University of British Columbia , and the University of Virginia . The project is registered under the AEA RCT Registry ( AEARCTR-0001948 ) . The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the the position of any agency or funder . - NYU - Abu Dhabi ; morgan . hardy @ nyu . edu > _ ‡ _ University of Virginia , J-PAL , IZA ; imbiti @ virginia . edu - _ § _ University of British Columbia ; jamie . mccasland @ ubc . ca - New York University ; isabelle . salcher @ nyu . edu", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 3 . 3 . 1 Financial Performance * * 50 . In order to ensure the financial viability of the power sector , the following financial targets were required : ( i ) Debt service coverage of 1 . 0 times in 2001 and 1 . 3 times from 2002 onwards of net operating revenues ; and ( ii ) A current ratio of 1 . 0 times in 2001 and 1 . 2 times from 2002 onwards . 51 . The key annual operational and financial performance indicators of the power sector covering the period 2000 to 2008 , together with forecasts in the PAD , are set out in tables 1 and 2 in Annex 3 . The financial performance of the power sector during the implementation of the project can be separated into three distinct periods : - ( i ) 2000 to March 2001 : Prior to the unbundling of UEB . - ( ii ) April 2001 to February 2005 : Unbundled power sector and prior the concessioning of generation and distribution businesses to the private sector . - ( iii ) March 2005 to date : Since the commencement of private operators in generation and distribution and the onset of the power crisis . 52 . * * _2000 to March 2001 : Prior to the unbundling of UEB_ * * < u > . < / u > The GoU had set in motion various measures in preparation for the unbundling of UEB and other power sector reforms . Following the appointment of new management in April 1999 , the operational and financial performance of UEB had improved considerably in 2000 . UEB ’ s cash collection increased by about 40 % , administration and overheads were reduced , 1 , 100 staff were retrenched between 1998 and 2000 , and UEB increased its debt service payments to the GoU from USh1 . 5 billion to USh7 . 4 billion in 2000 . In spite of these improvements , however , UEB faced considerable challenges , such as : ( i ) reducing high network losses (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 % 100 . 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 4 : At least one-income earners at household level , October 2017 , Uganda * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % 0 . 4 % 0 . 7 % 0 . 3 % 0 . 2 % 0 . 9 % 0 . 0 % 0 . 0 % 0 . 0 % 0 . 8 % 0 . 0 % 0 . 0 % 0 . 3 % < br > 90 % 26 . 0 % < br > 80 % 70 % 39 . 7 % 39 . 5 % 61 . 1 % 41 . 8 % 52 . 6 % 39 . 8 % 41 . 2 % 38 . 9 % 56 . 3 % < br > 60 % 93 . 0 % 89 . 8 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % 73 . 0 % < br > 30 % 20 % 59 . 9 % 60 . 1 % 38 . 9 % 58 . 2 % 47 . 4 % 59 . 4 % 58 . 8 % 61 . 1 % 43 . 3 % < br > 10 % 6 . 3 % 10 . 0 % < br > 0 % < br > No Income Earners One-Four Income Earners Above Four Income Earners < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 : More than 1 income earners at household levels , October 2017 , Uganda * * * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 69 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "average female LFP of 21 . 5 percent during 2015-2019 , these decreases are larger at around 18-40 percent decreases . The results are shown more clearly when we look at female LFP for each quarter . Starting from quarter 1 of 2020 up to quarter 3 of 2022 , the declines with female LFP were steady and strongly statistically significant . However , these decreases become not statistically significant from quarter 4 of 2022 . Consistent with the descriptive analysis discussed above ( Section 3 ) , Tables 3 and 4 also show that individuals with more education were more likely to participate in the labor market . Compared to married individuals , divorcees were more likely to work while those that were widowed or never married were less likely to work . However , it is also puzzling and requires more investigation that female LFP started declining from 2019 . # * * 6 . Concluding remarks * * The pandemic was a large shock to the economies of the MENA region , especially for its labor markets . Even before the pandemic , women ’ s LFP in the region , and the Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception , appeared far too low given their education and fertility . In this paper we ask how the shocks of the pandemic affected this already fragile type of employment . We employ extensive survey data to show that women ’ s employment was indeed harder hit than that of men . The Iranian case is complicated by the fact that its labor markets have been negatively affected by U . S . sanctions before and during COVID-19 ( Fardoust , 2020 ; Salehi-Isfahani , 2023 ) . This necessitates adding more identifying variation than the timing of COVID-19 . Lacking reliable data on lockdowns as a well-known mechanism for the transmission of the pandemic ’ s shock to labor 18", "spans": [{"start": 1295, "end": 1306, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9088 Can Medium-Resolution Satellite Imagery Measure Economic Activity at Small Geographies ? Evidence from Landsat in Vietnam _Ran Goldblatt Kilian Heilmann Yonatan Vaizman_ Development Economics Knowledge and Strategy Team December 2019", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - 1 . 4 . Approach and Methodology The methodology used to implement the Social Assessment included a literature review as well as qualitative data collection at selected field sites and stakeholder consultations . The literature reviewed included the following : - Literature on social , economic and cultural dynamics in the Project areas - E & S documents of similar projects in the region financed by the WB ; - Ethiopia ’ s policies , laws , procedures , regulatory and administrative frameworks to determine the relevant legal requirements for the project ; - ESSs of the WB in order to determine their applicability to the project ; - Existing documents related to the project , such as the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan - ESCP , Stakeholder Engagement Plan - SEP , the Concept Stage ESRS , and the Project Appraisal Document ( PAD ) ; - The following Good Practice Notes : Addressing sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment ( SEA / SH ) in investment projects financing involving in major civil works , 2020 ; Addressing Gender-Based Violence in Investment Project Financing involving major civil works , 2018 ; Gender , 2019 ; Road safety , 2019 ; Assessing and managing the risks and impacts of the use * * 11 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consuming legal process . Should the grievance procedure fail to provide a settlement , complainants can still seek legal redress since the constitution allows a right of access to the courts of law by any person who has an interest or complaint . Grievance / Complaints Register shall be kept on site for any reference to ensure provision of appropriate response mechanism . Also in order to enhance accessibily to the GRCs , a dedicated phone contact shall be availed to the PAPs to air out their grievances . When any grievance is received , the mechanism for dealing with it shall be as follows : 1 . Grievance received ; The GRC will interrogate the PAP in the local language and complete a Grievance Form which will be signed by the Chairperson of the GRC and the PAP / complainant . 2 . Grievance recorded in the Grievance / complaints Register ; 3 . For an immediate action to satisfy the complaint , the complainant will be informed of corrective action within seven days of filing the complaint ; 4 . Implement corrective action , record the date and close case ; 5 . For a long corrective action , the complainant will be informed of proposed action ; and 6 . Implement corrective action , record the date and close case . * * 11 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 279, "text": "Grievance / Complaints Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B . 7 : Number of municipalities : commitment < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 180 840 < br > 175 820 < br > 170 < br > 800 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > PB PR < br > 223 400 < br > 221 395 < br > 219 < br > 390 < br > 216 < br > 385 < br > 213 < br > 380 < br > 210 375 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > RS SP < br > 500 645 < br > 400 640 < br > 635 < br > 300 < br > 630 < br > 200 < br > 625 < br > 100 < br > 620 < br > 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 < br > Year Year < br > Municipalities from our data Municipalities from Siconfi < br > Municipalities < br > Municipalities < br > Municipalities < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure compares the number of municipalities in our dataset and the number of municipalities in SICONFI in commitment data . 54", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 958, "text": "commitment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Two areas of analysis were considered for the biodiversity assessment , as follows : - A 2 km buffer around the TL route was applied for assessment of habitat loss ( * * Figure 22 * * ) . This extent was selected because land cover data is not sufficiently detailed to limit the assessment to the DIZ and , therefore , a broad 2 km buffer is needed ; and - The CHA AoA is based on a 50 km buffer around the TL route . This AoA follows the IBAT approach that applies a 50 km buffer ( * * Figure 24 * * and * * Figure 25 * * ) for identifying protected areas and potential species presence . The large 50 km buffer is applied due to the inherently low accuracy of most species ’ distribution maps used by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , which is a key underlying source for data provided by IBAT . 150", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 236, "text": "land cover data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 707, "end": 742, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "under the budget to enable < sup > the efficient < / sup > operation of the farm . Preparation of Second Phase Investment Project 5 . 07 Aerial Photography and Photomosaics . As part of the < sup > United < / sup > Kingdom ' s technical assistance to Ethiopia , an area of 800 , 000 < sup > ha in the < / sup > northwestern lowlands region of Ethiopia would be photographed < sup > in color < / sup > on a scale of 1 : 20 , 000 in order to facilitate preparation < sup > of a second < / sup > stage project . Ground control data for site location < sup > and the preparation < / sup > of 1 : 20 , 000 photomosaics with a maximum error of 2 % < sup > in horizontal measure - < / sup > ment , would be provided under the project by consultants . 5 . 08 Because aerial photography is an essential prerequisite < sup > to < / sup > further planning , it would be a condition of effectiveness < sup > of this loan < / sup > that photographs of a quality satisfactory to the Association had been obtained , to permit preparation of accurate photomosaics . 5 . 09 Soil Survey and Land Use Classification . Details of all land suitable for cultivation within the project area < sup > would be surveyed . Soil < / sup > profiles would be described ; samples subjected to laboratory < sup > analysis ; < / sup > vegetation , topographical and land use features recorded ; and < sup > land clas - < / sup > sification maps prepared . 5 . 10 Agro-Economic Survey . Basic technical , economic , and < sup > social < / sup > data of the people and farming systems in the project area would be surveyed . Data obtained would enable rational recommendations to be made for the future development of", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 528, "text": "Ground control data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1430, "end": 1450, "text": "Agro-Economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) to higher transportation costs ; and ( c ) needs are greater in more vulnerable , conflict-affected areas . The proposed allocation allows the project to support approximately 11 counties that have vulnerability scores higher than 50 ( out of 100 ) . However , the number and the list of target counties will change as the vulnerability index and its underlying data sets will be updated . There will be two rounds of allocation per county to maximize communities ’ learning-by-doing . Counties will need to meet a set of basic performance indicators to be eligible for the second allocation . These include ( a ) participation rate of women , youths , IDPs , and returnees ; ( b ) timely implementation of the subprojects ; ( c ) formation of O & M committees and development of sustainable O & M measures , among others . All _payams_ and _bomas_ within the target counties will be eligible for subproject budget allocation . Allocations to the _payam_ level will follow the Government ’ s fiscal transfer formula of 60 percent equal allocation and 40 percent based on population ( utilizing IOM ’ s DTM projections ) < sup > 80 < / sup > whereas all _bomas_ within target _payams_ will receive equal amount of funding as there are no population data available . Each _payam_ within the same county as well as all _bomas_ within the same _payam_ will receive equal amounts as there are no reliable data on their population sizes . About 65 percent of county allocations will be made available in round one , and more complex projects will be implemented first to ensure timely project implementation . Should any counties be deemed unfeasible , they will be replaced by ‘ replacement counties ’ on the long list . In some cases , certain _payams_ within selected counties will be inaccessible or difficult to", "spans": [{"start": 1201, "end": 1224, "text": "IOM ’ s DTM projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1344, "end": 1359, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it examines multiple maternal mental health outcomes for caregivers at the same time ; ( ii ) it differentiates between maternal mental health outcomes for hosts and refugees ; ( iii ) it assesses the severity of various maternal mental health conditions , not just the onset of the condition itself ; ( iv ) it documents differences in child outcomes – both from caregiver reports and from a direct assessment of children ; ( v ) it examines outcomes separately for children between 0-35 months of age and those aged 36-72 months . To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to assess the compounding association of multiple maternal mental health conditions on child development for children 0-72 months in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . # < mark > Methods < / mark > # # < mark > Research Design and Data Collection Strategy < / mark > This household survey was commissioned by The World Bank and carried out by the Center for Evaluation and Development between December 2023 and February 2024 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . Households were selected based on being located in the catchment area of one of 200 public schools across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( excluding newly merged districts ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > In most cases , the boundaries of a catchment area represented a maximum of a 30-minute walk from the proximate school . Households living in a given catchment area who had at least one child under the age of 72 months ( for either of the 0-35-month or 36-72-month age groups ) available to be > 2 < mark > The sample of 200 public schools was drawn for a different World Bank survey in 2022 . These 200 schools are a representative sample of public schools across all districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( excluding newly merged districts ) . The households in question are thus representative of those in the catchment area of a representative sample of schools . < / mark > 4", "spans": [{"start": 855, "end": 871, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1593, "end": 1610, "text": "World Bank survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both emergency assistance and food consumption scores . We find no significant impact of this variable , neither on assistance nor on food consumption score . This is an important result since it proves that households seem to succeed in coping with this shock . Besides , food assistance appears to have no effect on household food consumption score in non-directly affected areas . Female headed families have lower food consumption score , while agricultural producers are less food insecure . # * * 6 . Cash and Food-for-Work Programs * * Before the earthquake , the labor market in Haiti was already a major issue . According to CNSA ( 2008 ) , in rural Haiti , half of the population was inactive ( with a higher concentration in the North ) and the dependency rate ( i . e . the number of inactive persons over active ones ) appears to be particularly high with about 103 inactive persons for 100 employed persons . In response to these very restrictive conditions on the labor market , and in addition to food assistance programs , cash-for-work ( CfW ) programs provide immediate cash support to the unemployed . In general , CfW are short-term interventions ( normally 2-3 months ) which provide temporary employment in public projects ( such as repairing roads , cleansing irrigation channels or re-building infrastructure ) to the most vulnerable segments of the population or in areas directly affected by natural disasters . After the earthquake , CNSA ( 2010a ) reported that many people interviewed in focus groups expressed a preference for activities where their skills and capabilities could be used , such as the cash and food-for-work ( C / FfW ) programs which allow people living in directly affected areas to keep their dignity and self-esteem . # _ ( a ) Main results_ Tables 14a and 14b present descriptive statistics by pre-earthquake wealth . First , Tables present variables describing household vulnerability such as employment status , death of workers , housing damage and asset losses after the earthquake . Second , variables such as the household ’ s main income source , participation in cash and food-for-work programs as well as the benefice derived from other transfers from relatives or friends are presented before", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 7 . 0 CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT * * To ensure sound and time-bound project implementation , NITA-U utilizes a number of specialists . This call is for sound contractor management be realized through proper agreement signing , agreement on key performance indicators and ensuring that worker related aspects of the project are embedded in contract . Contractors will be selected through an open competitive bidding process . Management of labor issues including occupational health and safety as guided by ESS 2 and the approved LMP shall form part of the contract awarded to the best evaluated bidder . There should be : - Scrutiny of Information in public records , for example , corporate registers and public documents relating to violations of applicable labor law , including reports from labor inspectorates and other enforcement bodies . - Business licenses , registrations , permits , and approvals ; Documents relating to a labor management system , including OHS issues , for example , labor management procedures . - Identification of labor management , safety , and health personnel , their qualifications , and certifications . - Workers ’ certifications / permits / training to perform required work . - Records of safety and health violations , and responses . - Accident and fatality records and notifications to authorities . - Records of legally required worker benefits and proof of workers ’ enrolment in the related programs . - Worker payroll records , including hours worked and pay received . - Identification of safety committee members and records of meetings ; and - Copies of previous contracts with contractors and suppliers , showing inclusion of provisions and terms NITA-U shall have full access to all project information collected by the contractor and project focal persons . The project manager with support from the Independent Supervisor shall be tasked to monitor and ensure compliance by the Contractor to ESS 2 . All contractors shall have clear SOPs , closure dates and competent action parties . Continuous monitoring shall be carried out throughout the project life cycle including but not limited to anomaly sighting campaigns amongst staff , periodic audits , inspections , and / or spot checks of project locations or", "spans": [{"start": 1284, "end": 1313, "text": "Accident and fatality records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1456, "end": 1478, "text": "Worker payroll records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 10 Regional Flyway Population data for various large migratory birds known to be seasonally abundant in southern Uganda ( source : WPE online database ) | * * Bird Species and Threatened * * < br > * * Status * * | * * Regional Flyway identified by * * < br > * * Wetland International * * | * * Regional Flyway * * < br > * * Population Size * * | * * 1 % Threshold * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | White Stork ( _Ciconia ciconia_ ) LC | _ciconia_ , Central & Eastern < br > Europe / Sub-Saharan Africa | 550 , 000 – 620 , 000 | 5 , 800 birds | | Abdim ’ s Stork ( _Ciconia abdimii_ ) LC | Sub-Saharan < br > Africa < br > & < br > SW < br > Arabia | 300 , 000 – 600 , 000 | 4 , 200 birds | | African < br > Openbill < br > ( _Anastomus_ < br > _lamelligerus_ ) LC | _lamelligerus_ , < br > Sub-Saharan < br > Africa | 300 , 000 – 500 , 000 | 3 , 900 birds | | Goliath Heron ( _Ardea goliath_ ) LC | Sub-Saharan Africa | 10 , 000 – 100 , 000 | 1 , 000 birds | | Great White Egret ( _Ardea alba_ ) LC | _melanorhynchos_ , Sub-Saharan < br > Africa & Madagascar | 100 , 000 – 500 , 000 | 2 , 200 birds | # # # 6 . 3 . 4 Analysis of Unique Ecosystems ( Criterion ( d ) ) Lake Victoria is a vast and unique aquatic ecosystem that once supported an exceptionally rich diversity of fish . The", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 40, "text": "Regional Flyway Population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 137, "end": 156, "text": "WPE online database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "price per unit . The trees have been valued based on compensation schedules proposed by the Woreda Office of Agriculture . The Subproject will affect privately-owned farmlands , and trees and therefore cash compensation will be paid . According to results of the census enumeration and property registration , the Subproject will affect the following properties belong to a total of 361 households . - 5 . 2974ha of farmland ( 4 . 6757 ha by substation ) - 0 . 057 ha of grazing land - 20 residential houses and related structures ( 14 main residential house ) - 47 , 084 eucalyptus trees - 497 indigenous trees - 530 fruit trees & perennial crops ( permanent impact ) - * * 0 . 9 Livelihoods Restoration Plan * * # # # # # # * * _Asset Losses Resulting from Land Acquisition_ * * To enable PAPs not only to restore their income but also to improve their standard of living , EEP is committed to supporting and providing resources for the implementation of various income restoration and community development schemes for the project affected communities . Based on the analysis and findings of sample surveys , census enumeration and public consultation meetings as well as the objective conditions of different categories of PAPs ( experiences , opportunities and capabilities in terms of resources and skills for income generating activities , needs and constraints in the case of vulnerable groups ) we have categorized the PAPs in to four broad categories for the purpose of targeting different types of livelihood restoration and income improvement strategies . Official Use Only Page 9", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 307, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1095, "end": 1109, "text": "sample surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1112, "end": 1130, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "literature review , community and stakeholder consultation , and a valuation of the affected assets . In addition , this ARAP report has been prepared in line with KISIP ’ s Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , World Bank Operational Policy ( OP 4 . 12 ) on Involuntary Resettlement , which primarily guides the KISIP RPF and National Legal Framework . The Abbreviated Resettlement action plan applies to the project as the number of the affected persons / persons identified are less than 200 . * * Project Impacts * * The positive impacts by far outweigh the negative impacts . Improved infrastructure will attract more services into the settlements while improving accessibility . Improved water and sanitation have an impact on health and hygiene , while the set-up of security masts / lights in strategic places , as informed by the crime mapping , will , in the long run , improve the overall security status of the settlements . Targeted informal settlements in Kisumu County under the improving infrastructure component in this project are situated in the following sub-counties : Kisumu Central ( Manyatta A , Nyawita , Migosi , and Kibuye ) ; Kisumu East ( Manyatta B ) ; Kisumu West ( Bandani ) and Muhoroni ( Bondeni , Shauri Moyo , Shauri Yako , Swahili / Sangoro ) . These planned infrastructure upgrades will impact some assets and livelihoods , which may result in long-term impacts for affected people without proper planning and management . A census was conducted to identify and document the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) and impacts , resulting in a PAP and Asset register . The methodology used included a census and socioeconomic survey of the PAPs , a literature review , community and stakeholder consultation , and a valuation of the affected assets . In addition , this ARAP report has been prepared in line with KISIP ’ s Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , World Bank Operational Policy ( OP 4 . 12 ) on Involuntary Resettlement , which primarily guides the KI", "spans": [{"start": 1578, "end": 1600, "text": "PAP and Asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1678, "text": "census and socioeconomic survey of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ministry of Finance , Planning and Economic Development ( from the IFMS implementation ) to support the procurement and contract management for the IPPS . - ( iv ) The procurement staff supporting the project shall attend relevant refresher courses in Project Procurement in GIMPA or ESAMI within twelve ( 12 ) months of Credit Effectiveness . 32 . The overall project risk for procurement is rated HIGH . This rating will be reviewed annually during the annual Procurement Post Review ( PPR ) . The risks for the other agencies do not apply anymore since they will not be doing procurement under the project . # * * C . Procurement Plan * * 33 . The Borrower , at appraisal , prepared and has now revised the draft procurement plan for project implementation . The Procurement Plan will also be available in the project ’ s database and in the Bank ’ s external website . The Procurement Plan will be updated in agreement with IDA annually or as required to reflect the actual project", "spans": [{"start": 813, "end": 833, "text": "project ’ s database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well as from reciprocity . Similarly , evidence for Romania shows that incumbents gained political support through a program aimed at helping poor families purchase a computer ( Pop-Eleches and Pop-Eleches , 2009 ) . Using administrative data at the municipality level , analysis of Mexico ’ s _Oportunidades_ CCT suggests that turnout and incumbent vote share increased in villages that were randomly assigned to receive the program ( De La O , 2009 ) . Previous work for Colombia ’ s _Familias en Acci ́ on_ ( Nupia 2012 ) point to results in the same direction . The larger beneficiary rates in regions where Uribe won by more than 50 % of the vote in 2002 are associated with an increase in the proportion of votes that go to the incumbent governing coalition ; there is no statistically significant effect for swing regions . < sup > 3 < / sup > Conditional and unconditional correlation analysis for Brazil suggests that the coverage of _Bolsa Familia_ , a large scale CCT program , is associated with Lula ’ s vote share when he sought a second term ( Zucco , 2008 ) . Addressing causality between social policy and political participation and preferences is empirically challenging as it requires an exogenous source of variation in social transfer receipt and rich data on voting behavior . This paper exploits discontinuities in program eligibility and variation in participation across voting booths to estimate the effect of enrollment in _Familias en Acci ́ on_ ( FA ) , a Colombian CCT program , on the intent to vote , turn out and on electoral choice during the 2010 Colombian presidential election . The use of detailed data at the individual and voting booth levels together with the identification strategies ( discussed in more detailed below ) allow us to control for possible confounders such as policy endogeneity , individual selection in the take-up and reverse causality . Additionally , unlike other studies we use actual voting outcome data , as opposed to self-reported data which could suffer from reporting bias . We provide evidence that relative to non-participants , FA beneficiaries of voting age are 1 . 6-2 . 5 percentage > 3This paper relies on variation at the municipality level . However , there", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 242, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1942, "end": 1968, "text": "actual voting outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education , and sector of employment have been shown to be highly predictive of household welfare . Estimates based on recent census data are expected to be more accurate and precise than estimates based on geospatial data , which is often only available at an aggregated level ( see for example Corral et al . , 2021 ) . In this paper , however , we avoid using household-level predictors in the model because information for the same predictors from a recent census is not available . Using old census data can be problematic because it is not guaranteed to capture developments since the last census , especially in countries impacted by rapid changes . Interpreting the estimates as if these arise from the census year requires that the distribution of the census predictors , as well as their relationship to poverty , has not changed over time . This is a particular concern in countries such as these under study in this paper , which have among the highest fertility rates in the world and , in addition , have suffered from recent conflict and climate shocks which likely affected the geographic distribution of poverty and the geographic distribution of the population . Alternative sources of administrative data , such as health , land , or other administrative records , can also be useful sources of auxiliary data for small area estimation . However , these were not possible to obtain , and would not necessarily be commonly available for all four countries . We therefore decided to use publicly available , up-to-date geospatial data as covariates in small area models . The full list of candidate geospatial covariates , as well as a brief description of each of them are included in Table A1 in Appendix A . To estimate the model , we use survey data from the 2018 EHCVM surveys in the focus countries . The process of integrating the geospatial covariates with the survey data in each", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 222, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1759, "end": 1770, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1798, "text": "2018 EHCVM surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The major tasks of STWG include : ( a ) provide advice and support on the coordination of safeguards and risk management activities among the Government and DPs ; ( b ) provide advice on building capacity on environmental and social management at local level , particularly in the basic sectors ; ( c ) provide advice and support in monitoring the progress of the implementation of agreed actions for safeguards and risk management ; ( d ) support the institutionalization and mainstreaming of environmental and social issues in the basic sectors ; ( e ) share lessons and best practices ; and ( f ) share information and coordinate with other TWGs in the basic sectors , as appropriate . It was agreed to meet quarterly , but the meetings were discontinued in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . * * 4 . Findings from Rapid Assessment of Environmental and Social Management ( Federal , Regional and Woreda Sectoral Offices ) * * - * * 4 . 1 . Structural Setups , Policy and Legal Framework for Environmental and Social Management ( ESM ) at Federal level and sampled Regions ( Gambella , Oromia , Somali and SNNP ) * * # * * a . Federal Level * * * * _Environment , Forest and Climate Change Commission ( EFCCC ) _ * * EFCCC was established by proclamation No . 916 / 2015 and re-established by proclamation No . 1097 / 2018 . All rights , duties and responsibility of environment components of its predecessors EPA , MoEF and MoEFCC have been transferred to this new Commission . The Proclamation gives the mandate of regulating the environmental and social issues in Ethiopia to EFCCC . The EFCCC is responsible for ensuring the realization of the environmental rights , goals , objectives , and basic principles enshrined in the Constitution . Previously , ESIA review was delegated to six ministries : Mines and petroleum ; Agriculture ; Water , Irrigation and Energy ; Urban Development and Construction ; Transport ; and Trade and Industry . Now , the delegation is revoked , and responsibility", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provided by the consortium of commercial banks . An estimated schedule of IDA disbursements is given in Table 3 ; it is based on the disbursement profile for agricultural projects in Kenya which have been supported by the Bank Group . # # # G . Accounts and Audits 3 . 27 CLSMB , the cooperative societies and unions involved in Project activities , and CBK would open and administer separate Project accounts and would keep records consistent with sound accounting practice , adequate to reflect their operational and financial situation ; these records should permit proper identification of all the receipts and payments in respect of the Project as well as the assets and liabilities created by Project transactions . CLSMB ' s accounts are up-to-date and audited by an independent accounting firm acceptable to IDA . This arrangement is expected to continue during the Project implementation period . CLSMB would also make arrangements , satisfactory to IDA , for the independent audit of expenditures under the Project for disbursements made on the basis of statements of expenditure . Such expenditures would consist of incremental operating expenses and incremental CLSMB working capital costs . The auditor ' s opinion would certify that ( i ) goods or services had been received or work performed ; ( ii ) payments had been made ; and ( iii ) goods and services had been used solely for the purposes of the Project . It would also furnish to IDA any other information concerning the accounts and financial statements of CLSMB , and the audit thereof , as IDA might reasonably request . CBK ' s accounts are in good order and are audited regularly by independent auditors acceptable to IDA . The responsibility of auditing Government ministries rests with the Controller and Auditor General . For parastatals , including CLSMB , an independent audit must be carried out and the report submitted to the Controller and Auditor General and to the Inspector of Statutory Boards in the Ministry of Finance . These arrangements have been reviewed and are satisfactory . The accounts of cooperative societies and unions are audited by the Audit and Accounts Division", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 188, "text": "disbursement profile for agricultural projects in Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE from 34 percent in 1999 to 37 percent in 2005 , conceals a major contraction in the use of stand posts , from 10 to 5 percent over the same period . In fact , 0 . 8 percent of the population per year lost access to standposts and around 0 . 3 percent of the population each year has been gaining access to wells and boreholes , a lower-quality form of water supply ( figure 8a ) . * * Figure 8 . While access to improved water supply has kept pace with population growth , sanitation levels lag ( annualized growth ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Population gaining access per year , 1999 – 05 < br > a . Water b . Sanitation < br > 2 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 1 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > National Urban Rural < br > National Urban Rural < br > - 0 . 5 < br > - 0 . 5 < br > - 1 < br > - 1 < br > - 2 < br > - 2 < br > Piped Water Standposts Flush Toilets Improved Latrines < br > Wells / Boreholes Surface Water Traditional Latrines Open Defecation < br > Annualized Growth Annualized Growth < br > Population gaining access per year ( % ) < br > Population gaining access per year ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ WHO 2010 , from the 1999 and 2005 Demographic and Health Surveys . Access to improved water is highly inequitable , with the poorest quintiles of the population not connected to piped water . Access to improved water in urban areas — where most of the better-off population lives — is 99 percent versus 67 percent in poorer rural areas ( figure 9a ) , according to the 2005 Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) . The main", "spans": [{"start": 1292, "end": 1322, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1627, "end": 1661, "text": "2005 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- MoARD ( Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ) . 201 Ob . Project Completion Report for the Fertilizer Support Component , Africa Food Crisis Response Program , November 2010 . Addis Ababa . Processed . - Rashid S . and G . Ayele 2009 . Fertilizer in Ethiopia : Macro-dimensions and farm-level profitability . Paper prepared for the World Bank Fertilizer Seminar , April . 2009 . Addis Ababa . Processed . - Rashid , S . 2009 . Fertilizer in Ethiopia : Policies , Achievements , and Constraints . Presentation for the Fertilizer Policy Symposium of the Agricultural Market Program , Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , June 2009 , Livingstone . - Rashid , S . 2010 . Staple Food Prices in Ethiopia . Paper prepared for the Policy Food Prices Variability Symposium of the Africa Agricultural Market Program , Common Market for Eastern and ' Southern Africa , JanuaTY 20 HI . Maputo . - Stepanek , J . 1999 . Lessons from Ethiopia ' s high-input technology promotion program : how the organization of the fertilizer subsector affects maize productivity . Ph . D dissertation , Michigan Stare University . - World Bank . 2006 . Ethiopia : Policies for Pro-POOl ' Agricultura ! Growth . Agricuiture and Rural Development Unit , Washington , DC , unpublished . - World Bank . 2008 . Ethiopia : Emergency Program Paper for the Food Crisis Response Program . Africa Region , Agriculture and Rural Development and Human Development Units , Report 46658-ET . Washington , DC . - World Bank . 2009 . Draft Analysis of the FertHizer Sample Woreda Data Sample of the Fertilizer Support Project Addis Ababa . Processed . - World Bank . 2009-2010 . Various Supervision Mission Aide-memoirs and hnpiementation Starns Reports for the Ethiopia Fertilizer Support Project Africa Region , Agricuiture and Rural Development Un1t , Washington , DC . Processed . - World Bank . 20lO . Ethiopia : Restructuring Paper for the Fertilizer Support Project Africa Region ,", "spans": [{"start": 1535, "end": 1570, "text": "FertHizer Sample Woreda Data Sample", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . 1 . b Gender * * As discussed in a recent survey on IGM in developing countries ( see Torche , 2019 ) , gender gaps in education have been disappearing or even moving in favor of women . I examine whether these patterns hold in this novel data set by estimating IGM for males and females separately and documenting how the gap between these populations has evolved across birth cohorts . I estimate upward and downward mobility < sup > 17 < / sup > by country , birth decade of the “ children ” and gender . I do not find systematic differences by gender for older birth cohorts but it appears that there is a trend towards higher upward mobility for women as they have 3 percentage points higher upward mobility in the 1980s birth cohort ( see Figure 8 ) while the gap in downward mobility move around similar values ( the gap in favor of women is approximately 3 percentage points for 1980s birth cohort ) with a flatter trend . Figure A16 and Figure A17 in the Appendix show estimates by sub-population rather than the gap between them for countries with data for at least 4 decades , suggesting that the gap has been increasing in favor of women because of an increase ( decrease ) more than proportional for them in upward ( downward ) mobility . # * * III . 1 . c Evolution over time * * As mentioned in the data section , the coverage over time is unbalanced with some countries spanning more years than others . This limits the analysis of trends over time and the conclusions that can be derived from comparisons between them at given points in time or for a given cohort . Nevertheless , I document estimates of mobility by country for the different birth cohorts that are available . Figure 9 reports these estimates . It is clear how the level of upward mobility has been increasing at the same time that downward mobility has been falling . This is not surprising given the fact that educational attainment has increased in 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor income from January to November 2020 * * . * * Additionally , variations in the number of employees throughout the year , peaking in the summer and dropping in the winter , impact data matching . The characteristics of employees also undergo seasonal changes , making the evolving employee pool more significant in our context than fluctuations in median / mean labor income values . When estimating the gap between median \" true \" and median \" reported income \" based on tax data for February 2020 , we observed an increase in average tax compliance to 96 % , while tax compliance at the median decreased to 85 % . Considering these factors , we assert that July provides the most representative proxy for annual income , and therefore , we maintain our main estimate based on this month as the baseline . * * Bendek & Lelkes ( 2011 ) compare the “ true income ” reported in the household budget survey and “ reported income ” from the sample of tax declarations in Hungary and find that the average rate of underreporting of income in tax data is 9 % – 13 % . * * The degree of underreporting is higher among selfemployed than among employees . The underreporting is highest at the bottom and the top of the income distribution . The underreporting of true income in tax data reduces the tax system ' s progressivity . Paulus ( 2015 ) compares the \" true income \" reported in labor force survey data and income reported in tax declarations in Estonia . The study found that about 12 % of total employment income is not reported to the tax authority , primarily due to the partial underreporting of income ( envelope payments ) . Kiełczewska et al . ( 2021 ) compare the \" true income \" reported in the household budget survey and \" reported income \" from tax declarations in Poland . According to their results , 31 % of microenterprises employees and 12 % of employees in Poland receive envelope payments . Envelope payments equal 6 % of Poland ' s labor income and 1 . 6 % of the Polish GDP . * * Research done for other countries clearly shows that underreporting", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 486, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 886, "end": 909, "text": "household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1384, "end": 1407, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "way to strengthen their recognition and reporting of safety issues to camp authorities and relevant service providers . # # # # Support for survivors of explosive weapons Children who are injured and left disabled by landmines , ERW and other explosive weapons have specific needs and require complex rehabilitation , healthcare and psychosocial support that must take into consideration their age , growth and development . Education and economic strengthening activities are vitally important for the healthy recovery of children from the impact of explosive weapons , but they may need adapting to ensure children ’ s full access to services , such as the provision of transport , physical accessibility , and support for social inclusion . Furthermore , children who have family members killed or injured face additional physical , social and economic burdens which can hasten their withdrawal from school and increase their vulnerability to exploitation and abuse . < sup > 235 < / sup > Regardless of these critical needs , support is far too often unavailable and victim assistance continues to stand out as a key area of weakness in mine action programming . The majority of mine action assistance and funding is dedicated to clearance activities : in 2010 85 % of global mine action funds were allocated to clearance , with only 9 % going to victim assistance interventions . Moreover , the age-sensitive activities that are conducted remain focused on collecting disaggregated data , rather than on actions designed to address the specific needs of children . < sup > 236 < / sup > In 2009 a Handicap International survey of more than 1 , 600 survivors from 25 affected countries , found that almost two thirds of respondents reported that services for child survivors of landmines and ERW were “ never ” or “ almost never ” adapted to address their specific needs or ensure that services were age appropriate , < sup > 237 < / sup > hardly surprising when global action to improve victim assistance makes little reference to the specific needs of child victims , < sup > 238 < / sup > and the International Mine Action Standards address clearance , ERW / mine risk education", "spans": [{"start": 1473, "end": 1491, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1602, "end": 1631, "text": "Handicap International survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Supervision and < br > Management Consultant for t < br > he Construction of the four st < br > orey BSL 3 Laboratory , Office < br > Complex and ancillary buildin < br > gs , andparkingfor ZNPHI / RC | < br > < br > < br > < br > IDA / 65030 | Public Health Assets | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open < br > l | - Inte | rnationa | 3 , 800 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2020-12-01 < br > 2020-12-22 | 2021-02-04 | | 2021-03-04 < br > 2021-04-03 | | 2021-05-08 | 2021-06-12 | 2 | 022-0 | 6-12 | | ZM-MOH-139349-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services for the D < br > evelopment of a Legal Frame < br > work | IDA / 65040 | Governance , Advocacy , and < br > Operational Frameworks | < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Open | - Nati | onal | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2021-05-03 < br > 2021-05-24 | 2021-07-07 | | | | 2021-08-06 | 2021-09-10 | 2 | 022-0 | 3-09 | | ZM-MOH-259373-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy Services for the D < br > evelopment of Surveillance S < br > ystem DHIS2 Tracker | < br > IDA / 65030 | Public Health Assets | Post | Consultant Qualifi", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1064, "text": "DHIS2 Tracker", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "access to specialised GBV services , including lack of awareness caused by massive displacement , damaged infrastructure and reduced capacity of state services to provide quality support , including for sexual reproductive health . 8 % of households report concerns about sexual violence , physical abuse , or verbal harassment or economic violence against women , with two-thirds unaware of where to seek assistance and 27 % of households in the most war affected Eastern regions reporting non-availability of GBV services . Women and girls living in CSs face unique risks given the communal living environment . These include lack of privacy in accommodation in sleeping spaces that are not partitioned , degrading and insecure WASH facilities that are not gender segregated and lack adequate sources of lighting . GBV safety audits conducted in CSs revealed that IDPs and those managing CSs have limited awareness of GBV prevention and response , including to SEA and trafficking , as well as what services may be available at a CS for humanitarian assistance , < sup > xx < / sup > where to seek help when exposed to GBV and how to safely and confidentially report SEA allegations through the Community-Based Complaints Mechanisms ( CBCM ) . Instances of CRSV in areas under the temporary military control of the Russian Federation or closer to the frontline have been raised . From February 2022 to January 2023 , OHCHR confirmed 133 cases of CRSV , 109 of which occurred in locations under the temporary military control and 24 of which took place in Government of Ukraine controlled territories . Survivors included 90 men , 45 women and 3 girls , with most persons impacted being male Prisoners of War ( POW ) , although some male civilians were affected . High levels of interaction between civilian populations and armed groups continue to pose large risks for CRSV . The capacities of state healthcare services have been severely strained by the war . Transport for persons in rural areas or in locations experiencing conflict and / or close to the frontline to reach towns and cities with available sexual and reproductive health services remains", "spans": [{"start": 817, "end": 834, "text": "GBV safety audits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services for the Detailed Design of the VKE International ( Ply ) Ltd Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nirnule Road Resettlement Action Plan Contract No . RDPIHWIS018 July 2009 The results from the Topographical survey were used to map out the proposed designed centerline using a total station , in the process the road corridor was pegged out 15m either side from the design centerline . Computations and drawings were prepared using Excel Spreadsheets , AUTOCAD and CIVILCAD softwares for mapping out the property boundaries within the road corridor . The public was constantly was made aware of the survey conducted through the LC1 chairmen , MEGA FM radio station announcement and the Consultative meetings that were being conducted by the Social survey team as observed in Appendix C . # # # # # 4 . 2 Minimization of Resettlement Impacts : The Gulu-Atiak-Nimule road alignment upgrading follows the existing road corridor and optimizes the separate demands of engineering design standards and social impact limitation . The horizontal alignment was consistent with the standards specified in the MOWHC Road Design Manual for the appropriate road class design speed , and at trading centers , in villages and through town ships , the horizontal and vertical alignment design was typically determined to reduce cut / fill depths and reduce the degree of shift between the existing and design road centerlines there by limiting social impact effects in terms of resettlement and property access . The design limits the level of social impacts and resettlement . The approach to resettlement and the linked issues of compensation for demolition of buildings and cutting of crop , as well as of land acquisition , is outlined below . It is an approach , which was consistent with the recent recommendations made by the World Bank . The main principles underlying the proposed approach to minimizing the adverse effects of resettlement and crop compensation are : . - Demolition of buildings is limited to the buildings encroaching on the road structure ( refer below ) . All other existing buildings not encroaching within the", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 235, "text": "Topographical survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the estimation that uses the two year average data , trade openness enters with a negative ( but not statistically significant ) sign in the lower growth and lower vulnerability ( L ) cluster . Thus , trade openness reduces the likelihood of being in this cluster relative to the reference cluster V ( i . e . , relative to the lower growth and higher vulnerability cluster ) . In contrast , trade openness enters with a positive ( and statistically significant ) sign in the higher growth and higher vulnerability cluster ( H ) , which indicates that it increases the likelihood of being in > 7 The simple two year average is performed for each of the variables ; the first two-year average covers the period 1999-2000 and the last two-year average the period 2007-08 . CA is performed on these average values . 9", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 50, "text": "two year average data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We followed the same procedure as in Section 5 . 2 . 1 and plot the results in Figure 12 . As with above , we fit a linear regression model with the given empowerment variable as the outcome and treatment status and the covariates as additive predictors and included the full matching weights in the estimation . We include the same set of control variables as Figure 4 and we again use clustered standard errors with matching stratum membership as the clustering variable . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Trust G < br > ControlOverLife G < br > Contribute Events in municipality G < br > Contribute Events in Mindanao G < br > Contribute Events in Barangay G < br > Attend Meetings G < br > − 0 . 50 − 0 . 25 0 . 00 0 . 25 0 . 50 < br > Estimate < br > Displacement G Urban < br > Variable Philippines < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 5 : Matching Within the Displaced Population in the Philippines In Figure 12 , we find that among IDPs , urban respondents have higher levels of trust ( ATT = 12 . 7 % ) and improved perceptions of self-agency ( ATT = 11 . 1 % ) . In contrast , we find that urban IDPs are less likely to perceive themselves as able to contribute to events in Mindanao ( ATT = 8 . 7 % ) or in the Barangay ( ATT = 12 . 9 % ) . We do not find significant changes in attending meetings or the ability to contribute to events in the municipality . # * * 5 . 3 Iraq * * Finally , we analyze survey responses collected in Mosul , Iraq , in the wake of the defeat of ISIS . As with the other surveys , our survey sampled IDPs and non-displaced persons . We use differences 21", "spans": [{"start": 1426, "end": 1468, "text": "survey responses collected in Mosul , Iraq", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schooling gradient . < sup > 3 < / sup > Figure 1 shows , however , that the gradient in enrollment and attendance has essentially disappeared among scholarship recipients . This is consistent with larger program effects among girls with the lowest SES , a point we examine more carefully below . # * * 3 . Empirical strategy * * The empirical strategy in this paper is based on comparisons between scholarship recipients ( the “ treatment ” group ) and non-recipients ( the “ control ” group ) . The analysis begins with OLS regressions of a dummy variable that takes on the value of one if girl i is enrolled in school at the time of the followup survey ( in the enrollment regressions ) or attending school ( in the attendance regressions ) , Yit , on a set > 2 Comparisons for the full sample of girls , not just those with completed applications , also suggest that scholarship recipients were more likely to be enrolled and attending school : In the full sample , the difference in the probability of enrollment at a JFPR school is 22 . 1 percentage points ; the difference in the probability of attending is 21 . 9 percentage ; and the difference in the probability of enrollment at any school , not just a JFPR school , is 12 . 1 percentage points . All these differences are significant at the 1 percent level or better . > 3 The exact list of socioeconomic variables in the DHS is not identical to that on the JFPR application form . We derive the index of socioeconomic status in the DHS from variables describing : the ownership of a bicycle , cart , boat , motorbike , car , truck , radio , television ; the conditions of the dwelling such as hard roofing and finished flooring ; the availability of electric lighting ; the main source of drinking water ; the type of toilet facilities ; and the main type of cooking fuel used . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1384, "end": 1387, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * This study examines the contribution of human capital to economic growth in Guatemala over the past 50 years . < sup > 2 < / sup > The interest is twofold . First , for the country itself there are very few studies that thoroughly analyze past growth patterns , and there are no studies that empirically appraise the direct impact of education on growth . In general , evidence on human capital and growth comes almost entirely from crosscountry analysis . Single-country studies , however , may be more illuminating since they overcome the heterogeneity problem and take into account the unique historical information for each country . Indeed , the original motivation of studying economic growth focuses on the time-series dynamics of macroeconomic variables . Moreover , the cross-section focus may be inadequate if returns to education or the quality of education differ substantially across countries . Second , this study focuses on the contribution of different levels of education to growth . This is an important aspect regarding the problems associated with measuring _average_ years of schooling . Looking at education in a disaggregated way also proves more fruitful to the policy-maker since it indicates how resources should be divided between different education levels . Finally , the empirical analysis is based on an error-correction methodology , deals with endogeneity , and explores several data construction and robustness issues . All this may be relevant for future case studies as well . This study , probably for the first time , constructs a reliable data set that accounts for the determinants of long-run growth in Guatemala . In terms of data availability , the country constitutes a most precarious case . Despite these caveats , however , satisfactory and coherent time series data were obtained . The results based on a production function augmented for human capital reveal that a better-educated labor force has a significant positive impact on long-run growth . Consistent with crosscountry evidence , primary and secondary education appear to be most important for productivity growth , followed by tertiary schooling . These findings are in agreement with the micro evidence for Guatemala . Interestingly , the results also suggest that the effect of education in both micro and macro", "spans": [{"start": 1825, "end": 1841, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 4 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 3 | 2 . 9 | | UK | 47 . 8 | 20 . 6 | 7 . 9 | 117 . 1 | 51 . 4 | 65 . 5 | 310 . 4 | | Hungary | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | Ireland | 0 . 1 | 1 . 6 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 6 | 2 . 6 | | Luxembourg / | | | | | | | | | 1 | 2 . 5 | 22 . 4 | 4 . 4 | 3 . 2 | 2 . 0 | 10 . 5 | 45 . 0 | | Malta | 0 . 0 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 7 | | Total < br > ( € billion ) | 125 . 47 | 528 . 70 | 99 . 08 | 241 . 11 | 132 . 75 | 519 . 08 | 1646 . 19 | | Percent | 7 . 6 | 32 . 1 | 6 . 0 | 14 . 6 | 8 . 1 | 31 . 5 | 100 . 0 | Source : ECB Consolidated Bank Statistics ; IMF , Financial Soundness Indicators ; Authors ‘ calculations . * * 37 . Given that European bank leverage ratios remain high , deleveraging will likely continue , with an additional impact on EMDE credit . * * European bank assets are still around 18 to 20 times equity , which is high internationally and may need to come down ( to , say , 12 times equity ) . A further decline in leverage could happen through capital increases , but asset reduction may also be needed to reach a desired level . In a worse-case scenario ( Scenario 1 ) , banks would deleverage fully through loan reduction , in which case the impact on EMDE credit could amount to € 978 billion , or", "spans": [{"start": 589, "end": 621, "text": "ECB Consolidated Bank Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 630, "end": 660, "text": "Financial Soundness Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < mark > Gieseman , Raymond ( 1987 ) . \" The Consumer Expenditure Survey : quality control by comparative analysis . \" < / mark > _ < mark > Monthly Lab . Rev . < / mark > _ < mark > 110 : 8 . < / mark > - < mark > Goldenberg , Adam and Safir , Karen L . ( 2008 ) . \" Mode Effects in a Survey of Consumer Expenditures October 2008 . \" < / mark > < mark > Hurd , Michael D . , and Susann Rohwedder ( 2013 ) . \" Expectations and Household Spending . \" < / mark > - < mark > Kilic , T . and Sohnesen , T . P . ( 2017 ) . “ Same Question But Different Answer : Experimental Evidence on Questionnaire Design ' s Impact on Poverty Measured by Proxies ” . < / mark > _ < mark > Review of Income and Wealth < / mark > _ < mark > , doi : 10 . 1111 / roiw . 12343 < / mark > - < mark > Neter , J . , & Waksberg , J . ( 1964 ) . “ A study of response errors in expenditures data from household interviews . ” < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of the American Statistical Association < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 59 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 305 ) , 18-55 . < / mark > - < mark > Pradhan , Menno ( 2009 ) . \" Welfare analysis with a proxy consumption measure : evidence from a repeated experiment in Indonesia . \" < / mark > _ < mark > Fiscal Studies < / mark > _ < mark > 30 . 3 ‐ 4 : 391-417 . < / mark > - < mark > Rolstad , S . , Adler , J . , & Rydén , A . ( 2011 ) . “ Response burden and questionnaire length : is shorter better ? A review and meta-analysis . ” < / mark > _ < mark > Value in Health < /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "push infrastructure investments affect welfare through an exogenous positive TFP shock in Ethiopia in a spatial general equilibrium model . Vanden Eynde and Wren-Lewis ( 2021 ) and Abbasi et al . ( 2022 ) use a reduced-form econometric approach and find evidence of strong economic complementarities for roads and electricity in the context of rural India and the SubSaharan Africa region , respectively . None of these papers study the optimality of government infrastructure investment policies and their implications . Another strand of related literature endogenizes infrastructure investment in quantitative spatial economic models . Fajgelbaum and Schaal ( 2020 ) study transport networks to assess optimal investments and inefficiencies in the road networks of European countries . Santamaria ( 2020 ) assesses how governments can adjust transportation infrastructure to unexpected economic changes . Both studies , however , exclusively focus on the transportation infrastructure . < sup > 3 < / sup > Arkolakis and Walsh ( 2023 ) provide a spatial theory in which a planner affects the production and demand of electricity by choosing the electricity price at each node , and apply it to assess the global impact of the rise of renewable energy . Their framework likewise does not account for investments in other infrastructure types . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the expansion of the roads and electricity networks in Brazil and the relationship between infrastructure quality and structural change . Section 3 develops the model . Section 4 discusses its calibration . Section 5 shows the quantitative results and main counterfactuals . Section 6 investigates the relationship between optimal infrastructure and political preferences . Section 7 concludes . # * * 2 Background and Data * * This section quantitatively describes the road and electricity network expansion in Brazil and the spatial structural transformation process that accompanied the increased infrastructure availability . Our data comes from several sources . The sectoral employment shares and electricity access come from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series ( IPUMS-I , 2019 ) , comprising four waves of individual and household survey data from 1980-2010 . We complement these data with the information from Brazil ’ s national electricity regulatory authority , ANEEL ( _Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica_ ) , and from", "spans": [{"start": 2155, "end": 2193, "text": "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2240, "end": 2276, "text": "individual and household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * AN UNCERTAIN RECOVERY * * # # # # # # _Box 2 . 1 continued_ operating licenses to speed up processes to gain an edge over competitors . A significant share of firms in the Western Balkans report bribes as a common practice but the types of regulation requiring these “ top-ups ” differ by country . In line with the burdensome process of tax inspections , 35 percent of firms in Albania report bribery as a common practice in dealing with tax officials , as do 23 percent in Montenegro , far above the developing country average of 13 percent . Firms in North Macedonia , in turn , more often reported paying bribes to secure government contracts ( 17 percent ) , bribes to obtain construction permits were more common in Montenegro , Serbia , and Albania as were bribes for operating licenses in Montenegro and Serbia . Speeding up processes through illegal payments can help some firms to secure lucrative advantages over their competitors without having to invest in the risky process of innovation . * * Figure B2 . 1 . 3 . * * A significant share of firms report that bribery is a common practice in the western Balkans . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent of all firms < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Corruption Bribes in Bribes for Bribes for Bribes for < br > major constraint public procurement tax officials construction permits operating license < br > J SRB J BIH J MKD J ALB J KOS J MNE ▬ ECA average … WBES average < br > Source : 2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey findings ; World Bank staff calculations . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > 2 . COvID-19 hAs CAUsED DEEP RECEssIONs IN ThE wEsTERN BALkAN", "spans": [{"start": 1502, "end": 1544, "text": "2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-MOH-268646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand planning , blood and blood products forecasting , quantification an IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 270 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2021-12-21 2022-01-04 < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector < br > KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to guide community engagement a IDA / 65980 Community discussion and information outreach Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 100 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-01-12 2022-01-26 < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recove < br > ry from COVID-19 in Kenya < br > KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / Pr < br > ocurement of consultancy se < br > rvices to undertake recruitment of 100 , 000 ( No . ) blood do IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-05-09 2022-05-23 < br > nors for the Kenya National B < br > lood Transfusion Services ( K < br > NBTTS ) < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / Credit No . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Estimated Amount ( US $ ) Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference d / Selected ConsultantInvitation to Identifie Draft Negotiated Contract Signed Contract", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by 15 . 3 percent , in part because of reduced compliance . There was also a severe contraction on the demand side as private consumption plunged by 5 . 6 percent and gross investment by 11 . 3 percent ; exports , 80 percent of which was related to foreign investments , fell by 18 . 8 percent . The related drop in imports alleviated pressure on the > 7 This Country Note reflects the data available as of September 30 ; therefore , it excludes recent changes to the 2020 budget and the historical national accounts and balance of payments account data . Implications that these changes might have for projections have not been taken into account . > 8 All comparisons are year-on-year unless otherwise stated . trade balance , which was largely unchanged from 2019 . High frequency and sentiment indicators suggest the recovery of trade will be very slow ; industrial production is still down some 9 percent . * * Although government support cushioned the impact of the crisis on the labor market , for the first time since 2011 the unemployment rate increased , to 16 . 7 percent . * * By June , 17 , 690 people had lost their jobs since March < sup > * * 9 * * < / sup > . Most of these losses were because short-term contracts were discontinued . Bigger job losses were prevented by an emergency subsidy scheme to retain jobs by covering minimum salary and social contribution payments in the most affected sectors . At the peak of the crisis in April , subsidies saved some 128 , 000 jobs . By June the number had declined only slightly , to over 101 , 000 , for which government spent 0 . 7 percent of GDP . Male employees were more affected than female because they are more active in the labor market . Since peaking in Q1 2020 the male employment rate dropped by 1 . 5 percentage points ( pp ) ; most remained inactive rather than registering with the > 9 According to the Labor Force Survey . 70 | < sup > NORTh MACEDONIA < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 553, "text": "national accounts and balance of payments account data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1883, "end": 1901, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > | * * 2012 * * < sup > 58 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Broader refugee criteria ( group-based ) | 121 , 345 | 18 , 621 | | Refugee Convention criteria ( group-based ) | 52 | 72 | | UNHCR mandate definitions ( group-based ) | 7 | 4 | | Broader refugee criteria ( individual ) | 129 | 10 | | Refugee Convention criteria ( individual ) | 42 | 23 | | UNHCR mandate definitions ( individual ) | 10 | 6 | Data collected by UNHCR during registration processes suggest that for 2011 , the four primary reasons recorded regarding reasons for flight of Somalis related to the > 56 The statistics included in this paragraph , the below paragraph and the below table were taken in 2018 rather than in 2011 or 2012 . Since that time , there may have been changes related to deaths , births , returns , possible data errors and other factors . Therefore , these statistics may not reflect a completely accurate picture of the numbers for 2011 or 2012 . Nonetheless , these statistics are included to highlight , in broad terms , the way recognition was referenced in 2011 and 2012 in UNHCR ’ s data and provide a sense of the differences in numbers . > 57 Figures do not include Somalis who were provided legal status on other grounds . > 58 Figures do not include Somalis who were provided legal status on other grounds . 136", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 469, "text": "Data collected by UNHCR during registration processes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1087, "end": 1101, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": _ The most important information and data for external monitoring include : - Location - Gender of household head - Housing type - Land type and uses - Income and sources of income - Agricultural production data - Values of assets , compensation and resettlement entitlement - ii ) _Restoration of living standards_ basic indicators include : - Compensation for houses as per the guidelines and laws ; - Fair resettlement for PAHs and vulnerable groups , and achievement of the objectives of the RP ; and - Noting unintended impacts of the RP implementation and of the Subproject ? - iii ) _Restoration of livelihood_ includes issues : - Whether compensation payments were sufficient to replace lost assets ; - Whether transfer and relocation payments were sufficient to cover the costs ; - Whether vulnerable groups have been provided with income earning mechanisms ; and Page 197", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 213, "text": "Agricultural production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 796 | 8 . 7 | | Turkmenistan | 36 . 2 | 6712 | 5 . 4 | | Uzbekistan | 67 . 8 | 2128 | 31 . 9 | Table 2 : Sectoral shares of GDP ( percent ) | | Primary | Manufacturing | Non ‐ tradables | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | China ‐ 3 | 14 . 7 | 40 . 7 | 44 . 7 | | Kazakhstan | 20 . 5 | 34 . 7 | 44 . 8 | | Kyrgyzstan | 17 . 3 | 19 . 0 | 63 . 7 | | Pakistan | 29 . 5 | 24 . 9 | 45 . 6 | | Tajikistan | 29 . 4 | 23 . 3 | 47 . 3 | | Turkmenistan | 37 . 0 | 28 . 0 | 35 . 0 | | Uzbekistan | 21 . 8 | 33 . 2 | 45 . 0 | * * _Trade : _ * * Trade values are reported on a country to country basis , using value data from the BACI database of CEPII , 2016 , www . cepii . fr ( Gaulier and Zignago 2010 ) . These data are split by sector into agricultural and mining trade ( primary production ) and manufacturing and services trade . For the countries we consider , the trade data report the value of total trade in business services to be just 1 . 4 % of the value of total trade in manufacturing , and we combine this trade and business services 10", "spans": [{"start": 620, "end": 633, "text": "BACI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 864, "end": 874, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attending school ) . * * Appendix Figure A3 * * describes the composition of the different household wealth measures used . As described in Alix-Garcia et al . ( 2018 ) , our social capital measures included elements generally considered to be relevant both globally ( Grootaert , 2004 ) and locally ( Merino and Martinez , 2014 ) . We included actions that indicate cooperation ( participation ) , investments that benefit the whole community ( infrastructure ) , and attitudes demonstrating the foundations of social capital ( trust or functions ) . We also measured institutional structures that support social capital , including the range of decisions made by the community assembly ( governance ) , and whether a wide variety of community members participated in decisions ( inclusion ) . * * Appendix Figure A4 * * describes the composition of the social capital indices . The full survey instruments are published as part of the supplemental information in Alix-Garcia et al . ( 2018 ) . To reduce dimensionality and multiple-hypothesis testing concerns due to the large number of outcomes , we aggregated into indices the land-cover management activities , the household-level socio-economic measures , and the community-level social capital measures . We used a variety of methods , including simple summation of the presence or absence of particular characteristics , principal components , polychoric principal components ( which takes into account categorical variables ) , and inverse proportion weighting ( which applies higher weight to rare items ) . The results were similar across different aggregating methods . We report the results of simple aggregation , but other results are available upon request . This paper also explores impact heterogeneity for a series of time-invariant covariates where theory suggests there may be differential impacts . In particular , we expect greater program impact where there is higher deforestation risk . Risk may also be ( but is not necessarily ) indicative of higher participation costs and hence lower economic gains . We also test for differential impacts across regions for similar reasons . # _Comparison between Study Samples and Universe of Applicants_ A key concern for external validity is the extent to which the studied samples are representative of the population from which they were drawn . In", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bootstrapping . As a robustness test we also present results _controlling_ for the total reports of crimes in that city and period . The idea behind including this control is that we want to estimate the effects of the program on the _crime report by migrants_ , keeping constant the _overall number of crime reports_ . Reassuringly our results remain robust with and without this control . # * * IV . A Addressing potential dynamic endogeneity * * The validity of the main estimates described in equation 1 rests on the parallel dynamic behavior on the outcomes we examine for municipalities that had higher and lower PEP program take-up . Although evidence on the validity of this assumption will be illustrated in the next section , we also estimate a specification that was robust to dynamic individual responses to the program as a robustness test . For this purpose , we follow our approach in Bahar et al . ( 2021 ) . In particular , we employ an instrumental variable approach and estimate specification ( 1 ) through two-stages least squares ( 2SLS ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > Our instrument is the average number of days undocumented Venezuelan migrants had to register for the PEP program in the last quarter of 2018 . The number of days was defined randomly at the individual level by the form number of the registration in the RAMV survey . According to the government officials who oversaw this process , the local registration point gave this number to migrants in the order they arrived and registered . More importantly for us , the numbers did not correspond to any particular geographic or socioeconomic characteristics of the municipalities . The officials said they took this approach to scatter the applications to manage the administrative load and distribute it more evenly across locations . Based on the individual numbers for all PEP holders at the time of registration in a given municipality , we estimate the average registration days per municipality as : Reg . Days _c_ = � RAMV registrants assigned to time window j _ < u > c < / u > × _ [ Days in time window j ] ( 2 ) _jεK_ Total RAMV registrants _c_ >", "spans": [{"start": 1337, "end": 1348, "text": "RAMV survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 agencies announced a 6-month moratorium on credit repayment ( since extended to the end of the year ) . Both entities rebalanced their budgets : FBiH allocated about KM 1 billion ( 3 percent of GDP ) to ( 1 ) set up a special fund to stabilize the economy ( KM 500 million ) and ( 2 ) establish a KM 20 million Guarantee Fund to supplement the KM 80 million already allocated through the Development Bank . The RS government put in place a temporary credit guarantee scheme tasked to provide up to KM 50 million through the RS Guarantee Fund . * * As the economy has fallen into recession and oil prices stay low , deflation has returned . * * In April , consumer prices in BiH dipped into negative territory , with the consumer price index down by 0 . 6 percent in H1 ( January – June 2020 ) . The main source of the decrease was energy . * * Even in the pandemic , the financial sector has been stable . * * On average , banks are sufficiently capitalized and liquid , but their profitability is eroding . Nonperforming loans reached 6 . 7 percent of the total loan portfolio in Q2 , up from 6 . 6 percent y-o-y in Q1 , but still appear to be sufficiently provisioned by most banks . The capital-to-assets ratio reached 12 . 6 percent , just slightly down from 12 . 8 percent at yearend 2019 . However , in H1 net profit of the banking sector fell 38 percent y-o-y — the worst result since 2014 . In 2020 Q2 the average return on equity was 7 . 3 percent ; it was 10 . 4 percent at the end of 2019 . * * BiH ’ s fiscal outlook has deteriorated sharply this year ; it may undo much of the work the government has done recently on fiscal consolidation . * * Higher public spending on crisis-related measures and the", "spans": [{"start": 776, "end": 796, "text": "consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "showed some sign of physical damage ( 51 percent of which was damage to the screen ) . Analyzing usage data from 86 functioning devices stored on the cloud , we find that average number of books read - in the 6-8 months duration of treatment - was 4 . 6 . Only 6 percent of devices with extracted data showed no book read . There were no systematic differences across treatment groups in the average number of books read . Just over 85 percent of devices with extracted data had at least one highlight ; 56 percent had at least one note . # * * 5 . Impacts of eReader treatment * * The results of estimating specifications ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ( described above ) are presented in * * Tables 5-9 * * . The first pair of columns in each table correspond to specification ( 1 ) with and without controls . Controls are drawn from a set of baseline student characteristics < sup > 15 < / sup > as well as baseline student performance in reading and average school performance at baseline ( de Ree et al . 2017 ) . The coefficients of interest capture contrasts between adjacent treatments ( T1 vs control , T2 vs T1 , T3 vs T2 ) . We then present results of estimating specification ( 2 ) where the overlapping treatment indicators are interacted with three student-level attributes : student having above median reading at baseline , student owned a paper textbook at baseline , student had aspirations for high level of education at baseline . All specifications cluster standard errors at the school level . > 14 Oliver Twist was the most frequently cited book , followed by students ’ English textbook , Five Little Friends , and students ’ math textbook . > 15 Age , educational attainment of mother and father , household wealth , access to electricity , mobile phones , and proxies for frequency of paper-textbook use . 9", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 107, "text": "usage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental Impact Statement_ _Mutundwe Thermal Power Plant_ # # # # # # 1 . 3 . 1 * * Specific Objectives of the Study * * Outlined below , are the specific < sup > objectivesfor theEISfor theproposed50 MW Kiira < / sup > thermal-power plant : - establish an appropriate baseline < sup > forenvironmental , social , healthand < / sup > safety issues . Establish among < sup > othersabaselinefor airquality and noise < / sup > levels and assess impacts < sup > of airpollutionand noisein the project areaand < / sup > develop a simple air quality < sup > monitoringprogram ; < / sup > - establish an inventory of GHGs < sup > and abatement plan ; < / sup > - prepare an oil spill emergency < sup > plan ; < / sup > - identify environmental , health < sup > ( e . g . HIV / AIDS ) andsafetyimpactsof the < / sup > new investments during construction < sup > and operationalphases ; < / sup > - prepare analysis of alternatives , < sup > e . g . varioussitesfornewthermal-power < / sup > - plant , including the \" no project \" < sup > alternative . Theselectedsiteshould take < / sup > into account economic , technical , < sup > social and environmentalparameters ; < / sup > - * identify any hazardous materials < sup > usedduring construction andoperation ; < / sup > - develop draft environmental < sup > regulations fortheelectricity sector ( ifnot < / sup > existing ) , including _inter alia , _ < sup > themonitoringandmitigationof emissions < / sup > ( e . g . air ) , noise as", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * June , * * 2019 * * reflects an amount of Kshs . 85 , 576 , 025 < sup > asprior year < / sup > adjustment . Management has explained < sup > that theamountrelatestocash issuedtothe < / sup > Project ' s staff who undertook various activities < sup > duringthe previousfinancialyearsbut < / sup > which was accounted for during the current < sup > year . However , nodetails of theactivities or < / sup > the persons who were issued with the imprests < sup > wasprovided for audit . < / sup > In the circumstances , the legality , accuracy , < sup > completeness andpresentation of prior year < / sup > adjustment totalling to Kshs . 85 , 576 , 025 < sup > as at < / sup > < sup > * * 30 * * June , < / sup > < sup > * * 2019 * * cannotbe confirmed . < / sup > # # # # # * * 3 . Long Outstanding and Irregular Issuance * * < sup > * * of Imprests * * < / sup > As disclosed under Note * * 8 . 8 * * to the financial < sup > statements , the statement of financialassets < / sup > reflects imprest and advances balance amounting < sup > toKshs . 48 , 304 , 199 whichoughtto < / sup > have been surrendered on or before * * 30 * * June , * * 2019 * * with some dating back to October , * * 2018 . A * * review of imprest records revealed < sup > thatatotalofKshs . 497 , 000waspaidin < / sup > _Report of the Auditor-General on Judicial Performance_ < sup > _Improvement", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1229, "text": "imprest records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity ( P163050 ) | IR Indicator 7 . 1 : Use of unique school < br > IDs by EMIS , NLA , EGRA , and < br > Inspection ( Yes / No ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | Target achieved . | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IR Indicator 7 . 2 : Timely availability of | No | Jul / 2016 | Yes | 04-Apr-2025 | Yes | Jul / 2023 | | EGRA and NLA scores ( Text ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | Target achieved . | | | | | IR Indicator 7 . 4 : Joint report by EMIS , | No | Nov / 2020 | Yes | 04-Apr-2025 | Yes | Jul / 2023 | | GEID and NEAEA on learning gaps < br > coveringemergingregions ( Text ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | Target achieved . | | | | | IR Indicator 7 . 5 EMIS digital data | No | Nov / 2020 | Yes | 04-Apr-2025 | Yes | Jun / 2024 | | collection pilot and scaled-up at the < br > national level ( Text ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | Target achieved . | | | | | Indicator 7 . 6 National minimum | No | Nov / 2020 | Yes | 04-Apr-2025 | Yes | Jun / 2024 | | infrastructure standards ( Text ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | Target achieved . | | | | | Indicator 77 Back-to-school | Schools are closed due < br > to COVID-19 | Aug / 2020 | Periodic mobilization <", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 853, "text": "EMIS digital data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These policies could be implemented by furloughing workers , who then receive unemployment insurance benefits , or transferring resources to firms so that they pay the wages of employees who are “ unemployed ” within the firm . This sort of policies were adopted by New Zealand and the United States , among other countries . For example , the Small Business Pulse Survey conducted by the US Census Bureau reports that over 70 % of small businesses received assistance from the PPP and other programs . During the shutdown , their cash-on-hand increased and the arrears in servicing loans and other costs decreased . The cross-country differences in the speed of recovery could be the result of weaker balance sheet support policies , longer lockdowns , or reallocation shocks . In our interpretation , the slow recovery of employment and output in the United States relative to New Zealand is the consequence of a more prolonged lockdown , which could also have induced a reallocation shock that would not have materialized under a shorter lockdown . Concerning the latter , there is mounting evidence in the US that this is indeed the case . Barrero et al . ( 2020 ) report evidence on reallocation from an online survey of businesses , showing that excess job and sales reallocation across firms rose sharply since the pandemic struck . The Business Formation Statistics ( BFS ) reported in Figure 3 and Dinlersoz et al . ( 2021 ) also suggest a reallocation shock , manifested by a surge in new business applications , following a temporary contraction in the first weeks of the pandemic . < sup > 8 < / sup > We assess the implications of a reallocation shock in our model in Section 5 . # * * 3 Modeling the Great Shutdown * * Building on Buera et al . ( 2015 ) , we model an economy with entrepreneurial production subject to financial and labor market frictions . There is a continuum of individuals , who are heterogeneous in their entrepreneurial productivity , employment opportunity , and wealth . Furthermore , an unanticipated shock can shut down a fraction of them temporarily , but since it is completely unanticipated , it has no impact on peoples ’ behavior ex", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 371, "text": "Small Business Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1209, "end": 1236, "text": "online survey of businesses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1344, "end": 1373, "text": "Business Formation Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2020 < br > 30-Jun-2020 < br > 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : 2018 IFPRI < br > Source : 2018 IFPRI < br > Targeting using one < br > the HFA Baseline re < br > and HFA , while in Lo < br > Note that the endline < br > COVID-19 , all data c | HFA Baseline Report . pg 38 / 39 < br > HFA Baseline Report . pg 38 / 39 < br > committee structure is more prevalent in Lowlands compared to Highlands based on < br > port . In Highlands , 40 % of kebeles ( 4 out of 10 ) used one committee to target PSNP < br > wlands 87 . 5 % ( 7 out of 8 ) of kebeles targeted using one committee structure . < br > for the PSNP IE was planned for March 2020 however due to the onset of the < br > ollection activities have been suspended until March 2021 . | | IN00936014 < br > ► % of rural safety net < br > Custom ) | woredas where all payrolls for PS | NP core beneficiaries are adm | inistered by WOFED usin | g PASS ( Percentage , | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 75 . 00 | 93 . 00 | 93 . 00 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Apr-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : FSCD | | | | # < u > < mark > IN00936017 < / mark > < / u > ► % of", "spans": [{"start": 258, "end": 277, "text": "HFA Baseline Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 2 < / sup > MGNP represents the Ugandan part of the Virungas volcanoes range . Both are believed to represent Pleistocene refugia , that is areas which escaped glaciation and therefore experienced an unbroken evolutionary history . As a result of ecotypical diversity and history , the BINP in particular is one of the richest areas in Africa for mammalian diversity , containing at least 120 species including 10 primates , most notably half of the entire world population of approximately 600 Mountain Gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla beren , zei ) ( the remainder are in the Virungas range ) . The BINP is the richest forest in Uganda in montane birds , being home to at least 330 species including one endemic subspecies and seven species listed in the International Council for Bird Preservation ' s Red Data Book . It is also probably the richest forest in East Africa in butterflies , containing more than 84 percent of Uganda ' s butterfly fauna and well over 200 species , including eight endemic to the Albertine Rift and two World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) Red Data Book species . Other vertebrate and invertebrate species have been little studied to date but the indications are that they are also rich ; for example at least 28 species of reptiles and 27 amphibians are found in the BINP . Knowledge of the flora is also incomplete , but the BINP is believed to be the richest in Uganda in terms of trees , with over 190 species identified ( including 10 endemics and 16 with highly restricted distributions ) . The BINP is also unique in Uganda in containing almost no plots of exotic tree species . 3 . These two forest areas also serve as critical water catchments and as sources of forest products which are greatly valued by local communities . The water catchment function was the original reason for gazetting the present BINP as a Reserve in the 1930s : it has been estimated that the BINP protects about 6 percent of Uganda ' s total water catchment area . Traditionally", "spans": [{"start": 807, "end": 820, "text": "Red Data Book", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1072, "end": 1085, "text": "Red Data Book", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The attendance register < br > shall be maintained to < br > record time of arrival and < br > departure from work . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Workers ’ < br > rights | < br > Kenyan < br > Employment < br > Act < br > provides provisions < br > for regular leaves < br > and benefits . < br > Employer < br > must < br > also < br > provide < br > reasons < br > for < br > termination | ESS-2 requires < br > full respect of < br > workers ’ rights . | Both < br > recognize the < br > rights < br > of < br > workers | The NYOTA program < br > will be implemented in < br > accordance with Kenyan < br > Laws . < br > An effective grievance < br > mechanism will be put in < br > place to help workers < br > raise their concerns . | | Minimum age | . < br > Thirteen years and < br > above | Fourteen years < br > and above | Disparity < br > in < br > age < br > of < br > engagement | Children under 18 years < br > old will not be permitted < br > to work on NYOTA < br > program . < br > Evidence < br > like < br > birth < br > certificates < br > will < br > be < br > required < br > to < br > certify < br > workers ’ ages | | Prevents use < br > of all forms of < br > forced labor | The < br > Constitution < br > and < br > Employment < br > Act < br > prohibit < br > all < br > forms of forced or < br > compulsory labour . | All <", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 23, "text": "attendance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 17 . Major voluntary repatriation / returnee movements , 2006 * * * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . This table includes voluntary repatriation / returnee movements per origin and country of < / u > asylum of 500 refugees or more . Figures are based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . All figures are rounded to the closest 10 . * * | * * Origin * * < br > ( TO ) | * * Country of asylum * * < br > ( FROM ) | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Afghanistan | Islamic Rep . of Iran | 243 , 650 | 5 , 280 | | Afghanistan | Pakistan | 143 , 020 | 133 , 340 | | Afghanistan | United Kingdom | 520 | 520 | | Angola | Congo | 520 | 520 | | Angola | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | 24 , 440 | 24 , 440 | | Angola | Zambia | 21 , 940 | 21 , 940 | | Burundi | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | 1 , 280 | 1 , 000 | | Burundi | Rwanda | 620 | 620 | | Burundi | United Rep . of Tanzania | 42 , 770 | 42 , 770 | | Burundi | Various / unknown | 3 , 210 | - | | Congo | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | 4 , 410 | - | | Croatia | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 , 190 | 970 | | Croatia | Serbia | 3 , 420 | 410 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Burundi | 1 , 100 | 1 , 100 |", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 105, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 355, "end": 402, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "because of a number of reasons . The revenue is expected to be lower because of following reasons : - ( a ) Government ' s failure to pay for services rendered ; - * * ( b ) * * Over-estimation of revenues to be accrued from the completed external cable networks for Kampala , Jinja and Entebbe . The completion was delayed * * by 16 * * months and the connection rate has not been as high as expected due to UPTC ' s lack of capacity and lack of exchange of capacity * * - * * the exchanges at Jinja and Entebbe are * * full ; * * - ( c ) internal control weaknesses in revenue billing and collection : and - * * ( d ) * * inadequate marketing for available services . Many would be customers are not coming forward to apply for service because they think that the service is either not available or too expensive . The * * UPTC * * has proposed , and the mission agrees that a market survey / research should be carried out in order for the corporation to keep abreast with", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Notes de fin * * _i https : / / medialibrary . uantwerpen . be / oldcontent / container2143 / files / Publications / Annuaire / 2000-2001 / 07-Havenne . pdf_ _ii https : / / dtm . iom . int / reports / drc-rapid-displacement-analysis-north-kivu-and-south-kivu-3-11-march-2025 iii https : / / dtm . iom . int / reports / drc-rapid-displacement-analysis-north-kivu-and-south-kivu-3-11-march-2025_ _iv Données basées sur les mécanismes de suivi de la réponse VBG . _ _v https : / / www . ebuteli . org / publications / rapports / rapport-la-resurgence-du-m23-rivalites-regionales-politique-des-donateurs-et-blocage-du-processus-depaix_ _vi Données du cluster santé , mars 2025_ _vii PAM RDC Rapport de situation 2025 - # 2 . pdf viii https : / / docs . un . org / en / S / RES / 2773 ( 2025 ) ix https : / / x . com / France24_fr / status / 1902017491670639094_ _x https : / / x . com / MofaQatar_FR / status / 1902063892769206319_ _xi https : / / www . jeuneafrique . com / 1662876 / politique / en-rdc-quelle-union-nationale-autour-de-felix-tshisekedi / _ _xii Rapport de situation 2 du 11 février", "spans": [{"start": 647, "end": 671, "text": "Données du cluster santé", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Based Violence have not been fully implemented and lack operational efficiency , which affects implementation . Coordination mechanisms and service delivery guidelines and protocols need strengthening . - < sup > GBV data collection , analysis and reporting is still fragmented by different stakeholders , resulting in < / sup > duplication , incomprehensive collection and analysis and lack of data sharing mechanisms . Refugee related data cannot be analysed from the current data management system , though the development of a National GBV information management system that will include refugee data is under discussion . - < sup > Emerging issues such as cyber and online bullying are not covered in the current policy framework . < / sup > 12 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > * * K E N YA * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other response patterns overwhelms variance in responses that is driven by the latent traits that are intended to be measured . Clearly a factor analysis that is driven by phrasing rather than actual content is of little interest to the researchers , hence the prior correction for the acquiescence bias is fundamental . Although far from making it perfect , the correction improves the items ’ ability to capture a somewhat coherent factor structure . The findings in this paper hence suggest it is advisable to first correct for acquiescence bias , and systematically analyze the latent factor structure through exploratory factor analysis when using noncognitive skills data . Naïve interpretation of item aggregation following pre-existing constructs without such analysis is likely to lead to erroneous conclusions regarding noncognitive skills . # * * 4 . 7 Explaining the noise in the measure of technical skill * * As the technical skills questions attempt to measure knowledge , one would expect them to be less affected by systematic response biases . They require respondents to choose between a series of answers that do not have a clear ranking , or to give open answers , and while respondents certainly can ( and do ) guess , systematic bias of all questions in a certain direction is less likely . The results in this paper indicate however that random measurement error is much more important for technical than for cognitive skills . This can be inferred from the low test-retest statistics , low Cronbach ’ s alpha , and the gains in precision and predictive power when using means of test and retest , or the gains in precision from using factor analysis . As discussed above , respondents ’ difficulties in understanding the technical knowledge questions may partly explain the measurement error . Insights from the qualitative field work provide some additional insights for why the technical measure is noisy . To effectively assess a skill , a question needs to have only one correct answer and have enough variation in the responses to be informative of the respondents ’ knowledge . However , after working with agronomists to identify the most fundamental knowledge that can affect the farmer ’ s productivity and piloting the questions , we found that most of them fell", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 677, "text": "noncognitive skills data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We implement our preferred methods for all countries to estimate global poverty , benchmarking the results against poverty estimates published by the World Bank . We find that the models track poverty rates relatively well in general but with notable exceptions . We show that these errors are in part due to poverty estimates not being comparable across countries and within countries over time but surely also due to modeling errors . On average , our preferred models predict income or consumption off by around 30 % . While this is a large error , it is important to assess it against an appropriate benchmark . A random forest on all 1 , 000 + possible predictors does not lead to any gains in the out-of-sample error , suggesting that much of the remaining error is likely irreducible . Furthermore , at a global scale , a 30 % error is small in comparison with the large observed income differences : The median welfare of the richest country in our sample is more than 100 times that of the poorest country , and the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of medians is 5 times greater than the 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile . A long-standing literature has tried to overcome data gaps and predict distributions when limited information was available . Survey-to-survey imputations can be used when survey data on welfare is unavailable at a desired point in time , but data on correlates of households ’ wellbeing is available together with welfare data from a prior household survey ( Stifel and Christiansen 2007 , Roy and Van Der Weide 2024 ) . Alternatively , national accounts data can be used to extrapolate older welfare vectors forward in time ( Mahler et al . 2022 ; Angrist et al . 2021 ) . Others have estimated full distributions when grouped data or summary statistics are available ( Chen 2018 ; Chotikapanich et al . 2012 , Eckernkemper and Gribisch 2021 , Jorda and Niño-Zarazúa 2019 ; Hajargasht et al . 2012 ) . Wealth indices have been used to predict full distributions for individual countries that lack consumption or income data but have a Demographic and Health Survey ( Filmer and Prichett 2001 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1451, "end": 1493, "text": "welfare data from a prior household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1574, "end": 1596, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2073, "end": 2102, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Focusing on the other ones , reach _ × _ effectiveness is 27 % for online platforms , 53 % for the television , and 79 % for take-home packages . We could roughly assume _c × e_ = 50 % on average . However , the estimates are provided by ministries of education that may have imperfect information , or incentives to over-estimate the effectiveness of their preferred modalities . For a few countries in late 2020 , ( pre-college ) teacher surveys show much lower reach _ × _ effectiveness rates . For seven HICs with a large population , McKinsey ( 2020 ) finds an average rate of 4 . 2 out of 10 , hence 42 % . Given an effective closure rate of 44 % in year 1 in the HICs , _ν_ = 0 . 44 ( 1-0 . 42 ) = 0 . 26 , or a loss of 26 % . Likewise , McKinsey explains that pre-college students were two months behind by November 2020 , suggesting a 29 % loss . Were we to use the ministries ’ estimate , we would have 0 . 44 ( 1-0 . 75 ) = 0 . 11 , hence a 11 % loss only . Thus , we assume that reach _ × _ effectiveness = 40 % in year 1 and 45 % in year 2 , thus allowing for improvement over time . > 39Azevedo et al . ( 2020 ) writes : “ While mitigation strategies in the time of COVID-19 are often referred to as remote learning [ . . . ] in reality what many school systems rolled out was emergency response teaching . ” 40Take-home packages are less than 50 % efficient in LICs given their lack of resources .", "spans": [{"start": 432, "end": 447, "text": "teacher surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 . 1 The specific tasks of the SA will include : 1 . Review of the legal and institutional framework applicable to VMGs . This will include but not limited to : - i . The international agreements that Kenya has signed and ratified that relate to VMGs ; - ii . The Constitution of Kenya , 2010 , especially its provisions on VMGs whether they are recognized as a distinct group ; - iii . Other national and county laws and regulations applicable to VMGs , e . g . whether they have any special rights or protections in law , e . g . in relation to their language , culture etc . ; - iv . How the legal and institutional frameworks practically impact on these groups . - v . Comparison between Kenyan laws and OP4 . 10 and recommendations on how to address any gaps between the Kenyan laws and the World Bank policy 2 . Gathering and analyzing baseline information including social , cultural , economic and institutional contexts of the project in relation to VMGs : - i . Social : Are VMGs integrated into the larger society ? Are they separate ? If separate , is it voluntary or involuntary isolation ? How are they vulnerable or marginalized ? Do they have access to social services ? ) - ii . Cultural : Do VMGs maintain own cultural practices ? Is there any conflict with the Government about cultural heritage / practices ? Is their culture / language at risk of dying out due to assimilation ? Is assimilation acceptable to them ? ) Do VMGs along the road project have any tangible and / or intangible cultural heritage ( structures , historical sites , sacred sites , artifacts , music , story-telling , poetry ) that may be affected ( positively or negatively by the project ? - iii . Economic : population / demographic statics of the VMGs in each site ; education levels of the VMGs ; the VMGs livelihood strategies ? Whether their livelihoods are dependent on land and", "spans": [{"start": 1707, "end": 1739, "text": "population / demographic statics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transactions . In particular , the use of livestock as bride wealth creates social networks , with reciprocal assistance in times of hardship . Whereas agro-pastoralism from a mainstream economic perspective is associated with the ownership of at least three Tropical Livestock Units ( TLU ) per capita , equivalent to about four cattle or 30 sheep or goats per person , South Sudan ’ s Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring indicators assess the average livestock ownership in South Sudan in the recent past at only to 0 . 87 TLUs per capita . This low level of livestock ownership is broadly consistent with the recent categorization of 6 . 83 million people ( 55 % of the population ) in South Sudan as severely food insecure ( Integrated Phase Classification 3 , 4 and 5 ) . An estimated 55 , 000 people were classified in Catastrophe ( IPC Phase 5 ) in Fangak , Canal Pigi , and Uror counties in Jonglei State ; Pibor County in Greater Pibor Administration Area ; Tambura County in Western Equatoria State ; and Leer and Mayendit counties in Unity State . < sup > 12 < / sup > The cattle culture mixes with traditional rivalries , exposing families to the most direct forms of daily and continuous violence . Raiding cattle , burning villages and shelters , kidnapping children for recruitment and girls for forced marriages , are some of the most common hallmarks of inter-tribal violence . Consequently , endemic cattle raiding creates dynamics that are easily cooped by the military and political objectives and quickly mobilise along ethnic lines significantly exacerbating the political conflict and posing threats to civilian wellbeing . < sup > 13 < / sup > Fighting factions ( both signatories and non-signatories of the peace agreement ) at the state and county levels recur and lead to forced recruitment , including the recruitment of children - a gross human rights violation against civilians and further runs counter to the parties ’ commitments under Article 2 . 1 . 8 . of the R-ARCSS . > 12 < u >", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 436, "text": "Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | Chamnel Islards | Mar86 | 136 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 | | Chile | Apr 82 | 11330 F | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | China ( excl . < br > Taiwan ) | Jul 82 | 1031883 F | Bank projection < br > from official < br > 1984 est . using official < br > grouth rate of 1 . 08X | Bank est . | Bank est . | | Colarbia | Oct 85 | 27867 J | Official < br > est . | Bank est . | Bank est . | | Camoros | Sep 80 | 335 F | Bank projection from census , < br > excluding Mayotte Island < br > ( population 50 . 74 thousand ) | Bank sector report | Bank sxctor report | | Congo , People ' s < br > Rep . of the | Jan 85 | 1854 F | Bank projection from census | Bank est . | Bank est . | | Cook Islands | Dec 81 | 18 F | USBOC < br > 1985 | | | | Costa Rica | Jun 84 | 2417 J | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | 1980-85 , Celade printout < br > 2 / 87 ; 1985-90 , Bank < br > projection | | C6te dlvoire | Apr 75 | 6710 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | 1980-85 , U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) ; < br > 1985-90 , Bank < br > projection | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | CLba | Sep 81 | 9724 F |", "spans": [{"start": 815, "end": 842, "text": "Bank projection from census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also highlight that the initial period of resettlement and return after prolonged displacement is likely a fruitful period for the international community to engage IDPs by capitalizing on their improved perceptions of empowerment . In the Philippines and Iraq , we find that the settings of displacement have different effects on engagement and participation among IDPs . Based on the matching models , we show that campbased displacement is in general negatively related to personal empowerment when compared to observationally similar urban displaced populations . But we should caution that city-based displacement is not a panacea : in the Philippines , we find mixed relationships between urban status and perceptions of empowerment when comparing urban IDPs to rural IDPs using matched samples . Again , inconsistencies of relationships across displacement settings highlight the importance of understanding and responding to nuances of the specific case . Survey data suggests that varying 25", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 975, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Section B . 2 we provide additional descriptive statistics on our trade policy measures . Table A . 1 shows the ( unweighted ) average levels of bilateral applied tariffs and NTMs AVEs for the 45 countries covered by both tariff and NTM data . The lowest levels of tariffs are observed in developed countries ( e . g . 0 . 8 percent in Japan ) . NTM AVEs also differ across countries , China having the highest ( 25 percent ) , which seems in accordance with anecdotal evidence of traderestrictive application of regulatory measures . Countries with similar regulations ( e . g . members of the European Union ) may nevertheless have different AVEs if they enforce them differently , which is the case for some of the Eastern European members ( e . g . Hungary vs . the Czech Republic ) . Note that while some countries are characterized by high levels of both NTMs and tariffs , the overall correlation between the two is not statistically significant at common confidence levels . The online appendix discusses other features of the NTMs and tariffs data . We show for instance that tariffs and NTMs data are observed in all 2-digit HS sections , with a larger coverage for tariffs ( Table A . 2 ) . Different types of NTMs affect different sectors : SPS measures mostly impact animal , vegetable and processed food products , while TBT measures mostly affect > 18These include for e . g . trade-related investment measures or intellectual property , although data on those is very scant . For more information on the MAST nomenclature , see : http : / / unctad . org / en / PublicationsLibrary / ditctab20122 ~ ~ e ~ ~ n . pdf . 10", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 241, "text": "tariff and NTM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1035, "end": 1056, "text": "NTMs and tariffs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ designated or protected areas of terrestrial ecological interest will be affected by the subproject construction activities . Construction of the proposed substation and tower foundation will involve removal of several remnant or secondary growth indigenous trees as well as planted trees dominantly exotic tree species . In addition , a considerable number of taller indigenous trees as well as abundant plantation trees will need to be removed from the right-of-way of the transmission line to prevent them from touching the electric cables and for avoidance of increased risk of power outages through contact of trees with electric wires . The present ecological survey confirms that no locally , regionally or globally endangered species will be affected as a result of the proposed subproject activities . However , there is one ( 1 ) tree species , J _acaranda mimosifolia , _ in the corridor of the TL route which is classified as _Vulnerable_ species as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Nevertheless , subproject impact on this tree species would be minor as it is not found at the tower locations and the substation where complete removal of trees and other vegetation would take place . Only a few trees would be lost due to clearance of taller trees from the right-of-way of the transmission line . There is no any protected area or critical habitat that will be impacted by the subproject . In the present study three ( 3 ) herbaceous plants including one grass species and two sedge plants couldn ’ t be identified to species level . Considering the limited footprint of the the subproject in the habitats of these plants and extensive area coverage of their habitats , the sproject activities are not expected to cause significant impacts on the plant species . It was observed that the plants are widely distributed in the permanent and seasonal wetland habitats along the Tikur", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 871, "text": "ecological survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 4 ) For the avoidance of doubt the provisions in this section shall not apply to unregistered community land held in trust by county governments on behalf of communities under Article 63 ( 3 ) of the Constitution . # # # # # # * * < u > Relevance < / u > * * These provisions are essential throughout the RAP process including the verification of land ownership for Mwavumbo Group Ranch which is registered as Kwale / Mwavumbo / 1 and when fully dissolved whether within the timelines of the RAP or later , each PAP will have their allocated portions of land registered in their names and title deeds issued to them as proof of ownership of the land . The conversion of the Group Ranch into individually registered land will follow the provisions laid down in the Community Land Act above # # # # # # * * 6 . 5 . 1 Dissolution of Mwavumbo Group Ranch & Registration of Land to Individual Members * * Mwavumbo Group Ranch is within the Mwavumbo Registration Section ( registration section as defined by the Land Registration Act ) . Although the Ranch has many members , it is already registered under one Title Deed , Kwale / Mwavumbo / 1 ( * * Refer to Annex 8 * * ) . The Group Ranch membership register is in the custody of the Kwale Adjudication Office ( County Land Management Co-ordinator ) , Ministry of Land and Physical Planning ( MoLPP ) . Dissolution of the Ranch involves the surveying and subdivision of the entire land in the Ranch and issuing individual title deeds to each of the member and hence closing / cancelling the original title deed as done in all other registration sections in Kenya when similar subdivision of registered land happens . One of the documents that are submitted to the MoLPP so as to register a land subdivision is a MUTATION FORM that is signed by a registered private surveyor who has undertaken the subdivision . Kwale County Government ( KCG ) has supported the members", "spans": [{"start": 1176, "end": 1207, "text": "Group Ranch membership register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * * * Table 5 . Asylum a * * * * < mark > pplications lodged in the Nordic region * by origin , first quarter 2006 to second quarter 2008 < / mark > * * < mark > * See Table 1 for countries included . Top-40 ranking of countries based on applications lodged during second quarter of 2008 . < / mark > | | | 200 | 6 | | | 200 | 7 | | 200 | 8 | First se | mester c | hange < br > | ' 08 - ' 07 < br > Q3Q4 / | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | ' 07 - ' 06 | ' 08 - ' 07 | ' 08 - ' 06 | Q1Q2 | | Iraq | 1 , 589 | 1 , 572 | 2 , 926 | 4 , 601 | 5 , 438 | 4 , 934 | 5 , 268 | 5 , 154 | 3 , 433 | 2 , 213 | 228 % | - 46 % | 79 % | - 46 % | | Somalia | 435 | 420 | 554 | 437 | 828 | 790 | 1 , 002 | 1 , 032 | 1 , 032 | 1 , 210 | 89 % | 39 % | 162 % | 10 % | | Eritrea | 196 | 157 | 280 | 298 | 312 | 258 | 470 | 634 | 559 | 591 | 61 % | 102 % | 226", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 158, "text": "pplications lodged in the Nordic region", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 9 . 0 * * | * * 4 . 5 * * | | The agricultural group | 4 . 8 | 4 . 0 | 4 . 2 | 5 . 6 | 6 . 0 | 4 . 2 | 6 . 1 | 6 . 0 | 4 . 5 | | The low-skilled group | 6 . 2 | 6 . 0 | 3 . 6 | 6 . 6 | 6 . 0 | 3 . 7 | 6 . 9 | 6 . 0 | 3 . 7 | Source : Own calculations based on ENEU survey 7", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 277, "text": "ENEU survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * While crises are periods of intensified adjustment , firm-level evidence on the impact of crises on resource allocation is limited . Moreover , their impact is theoretically uncertain . The idea that crises may accelerate the Schumpetarian ( 1939 ) process of creative destruction by “ cleansing ” out unproductive arrangements and freeing up resources for more productive uses features prominently in macro-models ( see e . g . Hall , 1995 , Caballero & Hammour , 1994 , 1999 and Gomes et al . , 1997 ) . On the other hand , some recent papers suggest that , rather than being cleansing , crises “ scar ” the economy and undermine long-run productivity growth by exacerbating market imperfections and destroying productive firms ( see Barlevy , 2002 , and Ouyang , 2009 ) . Which view is correct matters for policy , since at issue is whether or not there is a tradeoff between minimizing the short-term impact of crises and maximizing long-run growth prospects ; if crises are cleansing policies to dampen short-term impacts may obstruct long-run recovery and be not only costly , but also counterproductive . By contrast , if crises are scarring , policies to minimize short-term impacts are consistent with maximizing long-run growth prospects ( see Paci et al . , forthcoming ) . Given the critical role of the reallocative process in facilitating recovery and growth , and the paucity of available firm-level studies on the impact of crises on resource allocation , empirically discriminating between these competing paradigms is important . This paper uses plant-level manufacturing census data from Indonesia to examine the impact of the East Asian crisis on the process of creative destruction . Aggregate productivity growth decompositions help assess macro-level trends in the contributions of entry , exit and reallocation to productivity growth during and after the crisis . These decompositions are a prelude to firm-level analysis of exit and employment growth patterns , which assesses whether and how firm dynamics during the crisis were different from those operating in pre - and postcrisis periods . Thus , we examine both the impact of the crisis on resource allocation and the reallocative process itself . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1591, "end": 1643, "text": "plant-level manufacturing census data from Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Bibliography * * < mark > Alene , A . D . , Manyong , V . M . , Omanya , G . O . , Mignouna , H . D . , Bokanga , M . and Odhiambo , G . D . , 2008 . Economic efficiency and supply response of women as farm managers : Comparative evidence from Western Kenya . < / mark > _ < mark > World Development < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 36 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 7 ) , pp . 1247-1260 . < / mark > < mark > Blinder , A . S . , 1973 . Wage discrimination : reduced form and structure estimates . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Human resources < / mark > _ < mark > , pp . 436-455 . < / mark > < mark > Carletto , C . , Jolliffe , D . and Banerjee , R . , 2013 . The Emperor has no data ! Agricultural statistics in SubSaharan Africa . < / mark > _ < mark > World Bank Working Paper < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > Carranza , E . , Donald , A . , Jones , R . and Rouanet , L . , 2017 . Time and Money : A Study of Labor Constraints for Female Cotton Producers in Cote d ' Ivoire . Brief No . 27951 . The World Bank . Chauvin . N . D . . Mulangu . F . and Porto . G . . 2012 . Food Production and Consumption Trends in SubSaharan Africa : Prospects for the Transformation of the Agricultural Sector . UNDP Working Paper 2012011 . Chayanov , A . V . 1926 in : D . Thorner et al . , eds . , The theory of peasant economy ( Irwin , Homewood , IL ) . < mark > Firpo , S . , Fortin , N . M . and Lemieux , T . , 2009 . Unconditional quantile regressions . < / mark > _ < mark > Econometrica <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Africa and the Middle East . > 10 UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . There are an additional 1 . 3 million Afghans living outside the camps , some of whom may be refugees . They do not receive UNHCR material assistance , but may benefit from the Organization ’ s programmes for voluntary repatriation . As of the time of publication of this report , the number of Afghan citizens in Pakistan was under review as a result of a comprehensive registration exercise implemented between October 2006 and February 2007 . > 11 With the introduction of the new Immigration Act in 2005 , the Central Aliens Register now encompasses new residence categories and simultaneously refines previous ones , allowing for a better differentiation of the figures . As a consequence , the 2006 refugee estimate for Germany cannot be compared to previous ones , and should be considered as provisional pending further details . * * _6_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 640, "end": 663, "text": "Central Aliens Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EDUCATION ON HOLD # # * * Refugee parents should receive 3 . detailed information about education options available to children and youth to allow them to make informed decisions * * States , regions or other education authorities should reach out to refugee populations and ensure * * parents receive accurate information on education options * * available for their children . Information provided should explain all benefits and disadvantages of each option in formats and languages that are easily accessible for refugees . The effectiveness of information campaigns should ideally be measurable and involve communitybased approaches . While information campaigns should be * * targeted at maximizing enrolment * * of refugee in the national education system of the host country , information should also be provided on options to retain a * * link with the Ukrainian education system * * , which learning options are available , and how these can be graded and certified . This requires close cooperation , ideally at the regional level , between refugee hosting countries in Europe and the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science . # # * * Relevant authorities in Ukraine 4 . and in host countries should coordinate closely to maximize the quality of all educational options available to refugees * * Given the possible fluidity of refugee movements in and from Ukraine , many refugee parents prefer for their children to retain a link with the education system of Ukraine . Many also seek to keep the option open to return to the Ukrainian education system after having spent some time abroad . Host countries in * * Europe and relevant authorities in Ukraine should coordinate closely * * to make both longer term stays in host countries and return to the Ukrainian education system as easy as possible , and to maximize the quality and compatibility of education in host countries and the country of origin . This can be achieved by putting in place * * affordable and swift procedures for mutual recognition of grades * * , certificates and diplomas obtained by displaced learners , * * sharing data * * on academic performance and mobility of displaced learners and by putting in place * * uniform laws and directives *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "above . Lacking a census of businesses and a representative survey of households , we asked Experts SARL to sort municipalities into one of three categories for these variables – high , medium , and low . Our hope was to derive coarse , > 22 Unfortunately , we were only able to categorize agents ’ businesses as providing either services or manufactured goods . A finer delineation of the types of goods and services that agents sell might have produced better insights into the types of businesses that are best suited to accommodate and foster agent transactions . > 23 Population figures are taken from the most recent census , which occurred in 2004 . 14", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 38, "text": "census of businesses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 45, "end": 80, "text": "representative survey of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "t along the proposed transmission line * * A * * field survey of the avifauna along the Arsi-Robe transmission line corridor and the substation Subproject sites was conducted for six days from December * * 6 * * to * * 11 / 2023 * * to understand bird habitat interaction and distribution in relation to the proposed development , Surveys were undertaken along the 59km transmission line route from Asela Wind Farm * * SS * * to the proposed Arsi Robe substation . Data was collected early in the morning from * * 6 : 00 * * to * * 10 : 00 * * am and late in the afternoon from * * 3 : 00 * * to * * 6 . 30 * * pm when birds are more active ( Bibby et al . , 2000 ) . During the survey , bird species observed , the number of individuals , time of observation , vegetation ( habitat ) characteristics of perching trees , and behavioural activities of birds were carefully recorded . To do the survey vantage point watches and transect surveys were conducted . Elevated points were used as vantage watch points to provide good visibility in all directions while surveying different habitats , topographic features , and portions of the study area without overlap . Sample transects were systematically laid in the different representative habitat types . In the Subproject area , riverine forest , settlements , bush land , and farm land and grassland habitats were identified as representative habitats . Birds were surveyed * * by * * using calls , observations and scanning the habitats with the aid of field binoculars and using field identification books for the region ( Redman et al . , * * 2016 ) . * * Plumage patterns , size , shape , colour , songs , and calls were used for bird identification ( Sutherland et al . , * * 2007 ) . * * Furthermore , photographs and videos were taken to identify species difficult to confirm in the field # # # # # Data Analysis Species diversity of the Subproject", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 77, "text": "field survey of the avifauna", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix Table 3 : Definition and Sources of variables used in Regression Analysis * * | * * Variable * * | * * Definition * * | * * Source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | SME Loans | Total SME loans for a bank expressed as a percentage of total loans | UAB and World Bank SME Survey | | Investment Loans | Total SME loans for investment purposes expressed as percentage of total SME loans | UAB and World Bank SME Survey | | Log Total Loans | Logarithm of total loans for a bank | UAB and World Bank SME Survey < br > and Bankscope Database | | GCC Dummy | Dummy variable that takes value 1 if a bank is in GCC region and 0 otherwise | World Bank | | State Ownership Dummy | Dummy that takes value 1 if a bank is owned by government and 0 otherwise | UAB and World Bank SME Survey | | Log Number of Branches | Logarithm of total number of branches for a bank | UAB and World Bank SME Survey < br > and Bankscope Database | | Separate Unit for SME Clients | Dummy variable that takes value 1 if a bank has a separate unit for SMEs and 0 otherwise | UAB and World Bank SME Survey | | Maximum Coverage Registry < br > or Bureau | Highest coverage ratio of either the public registry or the private bureau and includes the < br > number of individuals and firms listed with information on their borrowing history from past < br > fiveyears | World Bank ‟ s Doing Business | | Legal Rights Index | The degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders < br > and thus facilitate lending . The index ranges from 0 to 10 , with higher scores indicating better < br > protection | World Bank ‟ s Doing Business | | Time to Register Property | Number of days that property lawyers , notaries or registry officials indicate is necessary to < br > complete aprocedure . | World Bank ‟ s Doing Business | | Time", "spans": [{"start": 531, "end": 549, "text": "Bankscope Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1381, "end": 1399, "text": "Legal Rights Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 3 : Aggregate Headcount Poverty Rates – GHS ( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) a ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Aggregate Poverty Rates - GHS ( 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > child 0-4 child 5-9 child 10-14 child 15-17 adult 18-59 adult 60above adult child < br > Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > b ) # * * A G G R E G ATE P OV E R TY R A TE S - G HS ( 1 . 90 $ INTE R NA TIONA L P OV E R TY LINE ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > adult child child north child south child rural child urban < br > W A V E 1 W A VE 2 W A V E 3 < br > 69 % < br > 57 % 56 % 59 % 60 % 63 % < br > 45 % 48 % 50 % < br > 33 % 28 % 24 % 35 % 31 % 24 % 36 % 24 % < br > 18 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimations based on GHS Wave 1-3 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Figure 4 a ) : Rural - Urban Headcount Poverty Rates ( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) Figure 4 b ) : North-South Headcount Poverty Rates ( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural-Urban Poverty Rates - GHS North-South Poverty Rates - GHS < br > ( 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) ( 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < br", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 926, "text": "GHS Wave 1-3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > Children 0-17 Children 0-17 Children 0-17 < br > Benue FCT Abuja Kogi Kwara Adamawa Bauchi Borno Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina < br > Nasarawa Niger Plateau Gombe Taraba Yobe Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara < br > d ) e ) f ) < br > Protected Water Deprivation - Protected Water Deprivation - by Protected Water Deprivation - by < br > by State in South East - MICS State in South South MICS State in North West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > Children 0-17 Children 0-17 Children 0-17 < br > Abia Anambra Ebonyi Enugu Imo Akwa IbomDelta BayelsaEdo Cross RiverRivers Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina < br > Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . 65", "spans": [{"start": 1032, "end": 1036, "text": "MICS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this role . In most cases where there are sub-projects with land acquisition and resettlement issues , the matters are handled by the National Land Commission ( NLC ) . The new Social Risk Management ( SRM ) unit under department of social security and protection will be very instrumental in management of social issues and NEMA will collaborate with the department during the ESIA process . 56 . There is inter-agency collaboration with other MDA ’ s . NEMA has a department responsible for lead agencies coordination and also coordinates the National and County government . The main challenge in management of the department is on resource mobilisation and partnership . In the EIA process , based on the sub-project type , all the relevant lead agencies are involved in the review process before NEMA approves and licence a sub-project . On the other hand , The Ministry of Environment , Climate Change and Forestry plays a key role to coordinate on policy formulation issues . 57 . To enhance environmental compliance and enforcement the authority has digitized / automated the licencing process , promote self-compliance audit / reporting by the agencies and has a functional environmental incident management and response system . The environment compliance and enforcement department is currently under review and expected to have two separate departments compliance and enforcement department to enhance their performance . The authority is currently recruiting the enforcement officers to be deployed at the county level . 58 . The NEMA has an environmental incident management unit ( equivalent to the grievance redress department ) that reports to the Deputy Director in charge of enforcement under the Director , compliance , enforcement , and field operation . An incident management framework exists and guides the system in place . The environment incident reporting system has defined uptake channels such as email address and incident hot line contacts with an elaborate database on incidents reported . The system has established a network with the county governments where the central data base has contacts of environmental officers in each county . The most common reported cases in the urban areas include ; illegal discharges of untreated sewer , impacts associated with construction in", "spans": [{"start": 1980, "end": 2020, "text": "elaborate database on incidents reported", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey reports | * < br > Political stability and good < br > govemance are maintained < br > * < br > Favorable macro-economic < br > environment exist in country < br > * < br > Good institutional infrastructure < br > at farm level to support uptake of < br > technology < br > * < br > Favorable climate for < br > agricultural production exists in < br > project areas < br > * < br > Adequate funds for research and < br > technology transfer are provided | | * * II . Project Development Objectives * * < br > * < br > Increase efficiency and productivity < br > of dominant crops , livestock , < br > fisheries , and agroforestry systems < br > through improved technologies . < br > * < br > Increased farm household incomes < br > and improved family welfare < br > * < br > Improved management of natural < br > resources and protection of < br > environment | * < br > 20 % adoption rate of new technologies < br > by farmers in specific locations by mid - < br > term and 50 % by end of project . < br > * < br > 15 % increase in household income and < br > improved welfare in specific locations by < br > mid-term and 30 % by end of project < br > * < br > 20 % increase in environment-friendly < br > technologies developed and promoted by < br > NARO and 40 % adopted by farmers by < br > mid-term to end of project | * < br > Baseline surveys ; farm < br > surveys ; technology adoption < br > studies ; case studies of < br > successful examples ; impact < br > studies < br > * < br > Household surveys ; farmers < br > and focus group interviews < br > * < br > Fann surveys ; adoption rate <", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "survey reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1344, "end": 1360, "text": "Baseline surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1505, "end": 1522, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1583, "end": 1595, "text": "Fann surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "price and FX puzzles in many EMEs . We first confirm that a standard VAR model controlling for commodity prices as well as global demand and supply shocks produces the price and FX puzzles in EMEs ( but not in advanced economies ) . Alternative variable orderings , identification via highfrequency external instruments , and a factor-augmented VAR , do not resolve these puzzles . Our key result is that the puzzles disappear or are mitigated when we include forward-looking variables . When we incorporate survey-based expectations from professional forecasters , consumers , and firms ( as proxies for central bank forecasts ) into the model , the empirical results align with theoretical predictions of monetary policy transmission in EMEs . The critical role of expectations is confirmed through proxy VAR models , which use instrumental variables for monetary policy shocks based on single-equation policy reaction functions . Our results point to an _omitted variable_ problem : standard VAR models fail to capture future inflation developments , reflecting the high volatility of macroeconomic and financial variables in EMEs ( Castelnuovo and Surico 2010 ) . In addition , the opposite directional responses of output and inflation to monetary policy shocks ( based on the mis-specified models ) suggest that the omitted variables may mainly reflect the supply-driven shocks , which are more prevalent in EMEs . < sup > 6 < / sup > Based on estimation of a model augmented with the survey data — to identify “ true ” monetary policy shocks in EMEs — a one percentage point contractionary monetary policy shock is followed by declines in output and prices ( of around 0 . 9 and 0 . 3 percent , respectively ) , along with an increase in short-term interest rates ( roughly 0 . 5-0 . 6 percentage point ) , currency appreciation ( 0 . 6 percent ) , and a fall in stock prices ( nearly 2 percent ) . The significant transmission of monetary policy shocks into different financial markets ( bond , stock , and currency ) and macroeconomic outcomes ( output and prices ) are observed in a majority of EMEs . We also find that , in many EMEs , the price puzzle disappears when the FX channel is controlled using sign", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 533, "text": "survey-based expectations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1491, "end": 1502, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 6 - for 1996 and 1997 have been estimated with \" shuttle trade \" already being taken into account in merchandise exports . Therefore there could be substantial amount of short-term flows which were captured by the official statistics on \" short-term \" capital inflows . In terms of the volatility of the flows , it is noteworthy that , during 1989-1997 , foreign direct investments had the lowest volatility in all category of flows , whereas net errors and omissions had the highest volatility . Loans , deposits and trade credits were more volatile than portfolio investments , but most interestingly , there was no substantial difference in volatility between short-term loans and deposits and long-term loans and deposits . * * Table 4 * * | | * * Turk * * | * * ey : Vol * * < br > ( Coe | * * atility of * * < br > fficient | * * New C * * < br > of Varia | * * apital Fl * * < br > tion ) | * * ows * * | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 89-97 | | Capital Account Balance | 4 . 2 | 0 . 5 | - 1 . 6 | 1 . 0 | 1 . 0 | - 1 . 8 | 1 . 9 | 0 . 9 | 0 . 9 | 2 . 1 | | Foreign Direct Investment | 0 . 6 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 6 | 0 . 6 | 1 . 2 | 0 . 9 | 0 . 9 | 0 . 8 | | Portfolio Investment | 0 . 9 | 1 . 6 | 2 . 4 | 1 . 0 | 1 . 4 | 3 . 2 | 19 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 269, "text": "official statistics on \" short-term \" capital inflows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 60 3 . 80 3 . 60 4 . 00 3 . 00 < br > - < br > Sep-25 Oct-25 Nov-25 Dec-25 Jan-26 Feb-26 Mar-26 Apr-26 May-26 Jun-26 < br > Monthly Physical Plan ( % ) Cumlative Physical Plan ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 15 . ERA emphasized the following factors to enhance project progress under Lot 3 : the contractor ’ s site establishment ; the presence of 142 items of machinery and equipment on site for the remaining works , with fully - 17 Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Payday loans are only available to banked individuals since , in a traditional payday loan , a customer writes a personal check made out to the lender . The lender agrees to hold the check for about two weeks before depositing it . In exchange , the payday lender advances a cash payment to the customer that is somewhat less than the amount of the check . The difference , which is the “ finance charge , ” in combination with the maturity of the loan determines the annualized interest rate . In the states where payday lending thrives , lenders typically charge $ 15 to $ 25 for each $ 100 that they advance . That is , in a typical transaction , a borrower might write a check for $ 235 that the lender agrees to hold for two weeks and the lender would provide the borrower with a $ 200 cash advance . The annualized interest rate on such a loan is 455 percent . Prior to the maturity of the loan , the borrower can pay the lender the face value of the check in cash , extinguishing the debt and concluding the transaction . If the borrower does not repay the loan by its maturity , the lender may deposit the check . Assuming that the check clears , the loan is fully repaid and the transaction is complete . If a borrower does not want to repay a loan at maturity , or cannot , a lender will frequently allow the borrower to renew the loan by “ rolling it over ” . In a rollover , the borrower pays the lender the finance charge due at maturity and the lender agrees to hold the check for another specified period of time . Survey data ( Caskey 2002 ) indicate that most payday loan customers are not officially poor . Rather they belong to moderate-income households , with incomes between $ 18 , 000 and $ 50 , 000 , but they struggle to pay their bills on time . The vast majority of payday loan customers do not have access to convenient lower-cost credit from mainstream lenders because they have severely impaired credit histories or because they have reached the limit of the credit lines these lenders", "spans": [{"start": 1530, "end": 1541, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be registered with the District Land Boards . Management plans shall be prepared for central forest reserves , local forest reserves and community forests . The Act further makes provision for , among other things : the protection and conservation of forest biological resources and the declaration of reserved or protected tree species ; protection of forest reserves against human activities ; inventory of forests ; tree planting and growing ; forestry licences ; trade in forest produce ; administration of forest resources ; the establishment of the National Forestry Authority as a body corporate and regulation-making powers of the Minister . Section 38 provides that a person intending to undertake a project or an activity which may , or is likely to , have significant impact on forests shall undertake an ESIA . * * This Act will be triggered on account that areas of gazetted National Forest Reserve will be affected by the proposed TL * * # # * * 2 . 3 . 15 Prohibition of the Burning of Grass Act ( Cap . 33 ) * * The Act stipulates that , notwithstanding the Local Governments Act or any other written law to the contrary , the burning of grass by any person is prohibited in all areas of Uganda , except under authority and under the supervision of specified public officers . The exception is clearing of farm land and other burning for specified purposes , which is allowed . The Act also requires able-bodied men to * * 57 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 396, "end": 416, "text": "inventory of forests", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "important . Second , since 2014 there have been several policy changes whose impacts can be picked up in the updated analysis , though in some cases this will be confounded by the fact that this paper also introduces some methodological upgrades . For example , Lustig and Yang ( 2020 ) treated all income from pensions as government transfers . This paper will depart from this assumption and attempt to treat contributory pensions which have characteristics of deferred income differently than pensions through the resident ’ s system , which are more transfer-like . Following standard practices of fiscal incidence analysis , the study combines information from administrative sources on government revenues and spending with household survey data . This allows us to identify how much households pay in taxes and receive in transfers and subsidies , across the income distribution . The analysis includes fiscal elements such as personal income tax , contributions to social insurance , value-added tax , consumption tax , cash transfers , contributory pensions , and spending on education and health and accounts for 63 percent of total revenues and around 43 percent of total government spending . Several potentially important components of taxes and spending are not included in the analysis . These include , for example , corporate income taxes and non-tax elements on the revenue side and spending on infrastructure on the spending side . Both instruments can have sizeable redistributive impacts both in the short and medium run , but there is no satisfactory way of determining the incidence of these taxes on individual households . This practice is standard in fiscal analysis exercises and acknowledged as a caveat of the methodology . First , consistent with previous studies , this paper finds that fiscal policy achieves a sizeable inequality reduction ( 10 . 3 Gini points ) in China . However , China places around the median of upper-middle-income country peers on > 2 Lustig , Nora and Yang Wang 2020 . \" The Impact of Taxes and Transfers on Income Inequality , Poverty , and the Urban-Rural and Regional Income Gaps in China , \" Commitment to Equity ( CEQ ) Working Paper Series 93 , Tulane University , Department of Economics . > 3 The Commitment to Equity approach refers to", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 751, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > MaterialSafetyDataSheets ( MSDS ) ; and < / sup > - after safely containing and < sup > controlling the spill , notifythelocation Manger < / sup > immediately with the following < sup > information : < / sup > - The name of the person reporting < sup > the spilland telephone numberat which < / sup > he / she can be reached if further < sup > information is needed . < / sup > - Time and date of the spill occurrence < sup > or was observed . < / sup > - Duration of spill . - Location of the spill . - Approximate a mount and type < sup > of spillmaterial . < / sup > - The source of the spill and action < sup > take to control thespill . < / sup > - Weather conditions ( Wind , < sup > precaution , etc . ) . < / sup > - Direction of movement . - Suggestion for additional action . The Location Manager shall < sup > completethespill Reporting Form withallinformation < / sup > pertinent to the spill . Only < sup > approvedremediation contractorsshould be called for clean up < / sup > and decontamination of the area . < sup > Allspillmaterialsshould be properlydisposed of . The < / sup > EHS guidebook should be consulted < sup > forproper disposal . < / sup > 30 _Ema Consult Limited_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specific to many communities in India – a prime example of group-specific public goods . These goods are often provided through voluntary contributions from community members for the benefit of their particular religious , linguistic , or ethnic group . We argue that in the perceptions of their economic standing , individuals assess the benefits they derive from these groupspecific public goods . Hence , household nominal income alone is an inaccurate barometer for an individual when forming their beliefs about economic inequality and their demands for redistribution . As the local ( within community ) supply of religious and social goods increases , do households feel richer on average ? Using data on expenditures on social and religious obligations as a proxy for the district-level supply of social and religious goods , we find that as district-level spending on social and religious obligations increases , the perceived household decile rises significantly on average . This result remains valid even after controlling for household income and household spending on religious and social obligations , along with other covariates . The magnitude of the relationship is substantial . Moving from a district below the median in terms of spending on religious and social goods to a district above the median is comparable to the change in perceived decile that would result if the household ’ s income-based position rose by one decile . In sum , the benefits from these group-specific public goods are included in the perceptions of relative economic standing , and therefore these perceptions – rather than the position in the distribution of nominal incomes – are what matters for demands for redistribution . In a community with widespread community-specific public goods , inequality gauged solely on the distribution of nominal incomes is not expected to motivate demands for redistribution and providing information about the correct position in the distribution of _nominal_ incomes does not necessarily change the subjective perceptions of economic standing . Thus , such informational intervention is not expected to change demands for redistribution . 4", "spans": [{"start": 704, "end": 760, "text": "data on expenditures on social and religious obligations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "due to security concerns , the 10 districts are broadly representative of Afghanistan ‘ s ethno-linguistic diversity , with five predominantly Tajik districts , four predominantly Pashtun districts , one predominantly Hazara district , and two districts with significant populations of Uzbek and Turkmen minorities . The basic characteristics of households in the sample appear generally comparable with the population of rural Afghanistan , with households in the study sample being slightly poorer , having worse access to medical services , and experiencing slightly better access to electricity ( Beath et . al . , 2010 ) . > 5 In each of the ten districts , 50 villages were selected for inclusion in the study , with 25 of the 50 assigned NSP according to a matched-pair cluster randomization . These villages received NSP following the administration of a baseline survey in September 2007 , with the remaining 250 control villages assigned to receive NSP in spring 2012 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 863, "end": 878, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "included to capture the impact of the changes in the terms of external finance ( or the combined impact of the balance sheet and lending channel effects ) on economic activity ( see Box 2 ) . It should be noted that the variable SPR understates the actual magnitude of this effect since the average lending rate would not entirely capture the increase in cost to the typical bank borrower , as fewer borrowers qualifv for this rate during tight money episodes . The VARs are estimated using monthly data from 1992 : 01 to 1998 : 12 , including 12 lags of the relevant quantitative variables . < sup > 2 8 < / sup > The estimated VAR coefficients are not in themselves very interesting and thus are not reported here . Instead , the impulse response functions and the variance decompositions are reported . In order to assess the overall quantitative impact of a monetary tightening and the credit channel effects on production of SMIs relative to LMFs , Figures 16 and 17 plot the impulse response functions of * * ySME * * and yL with respect to innovations in the interest rate and the spread residuals over a horizon of 36 months ( Appendix 2 reports the overall results of this exercise ) . Standard errors are calculated by the Monte Carlo method , with 1000 repetitions and standard error bands ( of ± 2 standard deviations ) are also included . < sup > 29 < / sup > - 28 All data are obtained from the Central Bank , Department of Statistics , and JP Morgan . In terms of lag selection , a sequence of ( likelihood ratio ) exclusions tests favored 12 lags against 10 and 8 lags . > 29 The Monte Carlo standard errors are computed as follows . At each repetition , a random sample from the asymptotic distribution of the VAR coefficients is drawn . The asymptotic distribution of the VAR coefficients is given in Hamilton ( 1994 ) . From these simulated coefficients , the impulse response functions are computed . After repeating this process 1000 times , the 95 % confidence interval , by the percentile method , is constructed . The standard errors reported are the standard deviations", "spans": [{"start": 491, "end": 503, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [{"start": 258, "end": 281, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Women Entrepreneurship Development Project ( P122764 ) | Political and Governance |  - - |  Moderate |  Moderate | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Macroeconomic |  - - |  Low |  Low | | Sector Strategies and Policies |  - - |  Substantial |  Substantial | | Technical Design of Project or Program |  - - |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Institutional Capacity for Implementation and < br > Sustainability |  - - |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Fiduciary |  - - |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Environment and Social |  - - |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Stakeholders |  - - |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Other |  - - |  Low |  Low | | Overall |  - - |  Moderate |  Moderate | # * * Results * * # # * * Project Development Objective Indicators * *  Increase in number of hours of worked for the MSE per week ( paid and unpaid ) ( Hours , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 179 . 00 | 216 . 00 | 295 . 00 | 232 . 00 | | Date | 31-Oct-2012 | 02-Nov-2016 | 04-May-2017 | 31-Dec-2017 | # # Comments Data derived from baseline ( November 2013 ) and midline ( November 2016 ) surveys of 2 , 398 WEDP enterprises in six cities , including enterprises that had accessed WEDP services and those that had not . Actual ( Current ) figures represent data from midline survey ( Nov 2016 )", "spans": [{"start": 1270, "end": 1305, "text": "surveys of 2 , 398 WEDP enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1448, "end": 1462, "text": "midline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "projected that by 2035 Uganda ’ s population will be 68 million and 30 % ( 20 million people ) will be in urban areas . This is putting pressure on demand for land , housing , water , health , education , jobs , and municipal services as well as expected impacts on the environment . 5 . * * _The urban sector is important for the structural transformation of the Ugandan economy_ * * . Urban areas are centers for major economic activities ( industry , services , and commerce ) . Already it accounts for about 72 % of manufacturing output and over 55 % of the national GDP . It has high per capita consumption ( average US $ 1 , 533 per annum with annual growth rate of about 4 . 9 % ) compared to national rural average ( only US $ 344 per annum with annual growth of 3 % ) . It is therefore important that it is managed efficiently and effectively to contribute to growth . A failure to address the needs and requirements of such locations will lead to the creation of critical negative externalities for the country ’ s economy as a whole . Efficiency of Uganda ’ s spatial transformation will determine the pace and nature of the overall structural transformation of the economy . The urban sector is therefore key for the structural transformation of Uganda into middle income country 6 * * _ . The Intergovernmental system and relationship is characterized by decentralization through devolution_ * * – The decentralization policy announced by Government in 1992 , embedded in the Constitution and further elaborated in the LG Act , 1997 Cap 243 , devolved substantial powers and functions to Local Governments ( LGs ) . The policy redefined the intergovernmental > 1 Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBoS ) 2002 - Housing and population census , > 2 Uganda has one city ( Kampala ) – 1 . 5 million people , 13 municipalities ( secondary cities ) – average population of 76 , 000 people ( ranging from 38 , 000 people in Moroto municipality to 146 , 500 people in Gulu municipality ) and 96 Towns – 2 .", "spans": [{"start": 1720, "end": 1749, "text": "Housing and population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Household total expenditure ( Rs . ) | 37769 | 37807 | 37755 | 0 . 04 | | Household consumption ( Rs . ) | 9274 | 9367 | 9239 | 0 . 45 | | No . of observations | 4 , 275 | 1 , 191 | 3 , 084 | | Note : Distance to railway station , bus stand , post office , telephone office , weekly market , and all the other schemes between the reserved and unreserved groups are not statistically significant . The column „ test for equality ‟ reports the | t | - statistic for the test of equality of means . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country ’ s provinces ( National Control Centre for COVID-19 , 2021 ) . The bulk of vaccination sites are located in hospitals or local health centers . Although vaccination sites are located across the country , Papua New Guinea ’ s geography is such that accessibility is less than ideal . By the end of July , around 61 , 000 of the people who had been vaccinated were either health or other essential workers , with the remaining around 25 , 000 people being from the broader population . # < u > 3 . 2 Existing evidence about vaccine hesitancy in PNG < / u > The limited existing evidence on attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines in Papua New Guinea points to very high vaccine hesitancy rates by international standards . A nationwide study of health care workers conducted in 2021 found that only 56 percent were willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19 . When the same survey was extended to a convenience sample drawn from the public , it found only 39 percent of people were willing to take the vaccine ( Pogo et al . , 2021 , p . 17 ) . Among both survey groups combined ( data are not provided in which health care workers are separated ) , concerns about vaccine safety were very prevalent ( Pogo et al . , 2021 , p . 18 ) . Social media was found to be the most common source of information on the vaccine , although local health authorities and health workers were the most trusted ( Pogo et al . , 2021 , p . 23 ) . Belief in vaccine misinformation and misunderstandings were common , even among health care workers ( Pogo et al . , 2021 , p . 20 ) . The role of social media as a source of information , and misinformation , on COVID-19 , has been noted by health care practitioners and journalists working in PNG as a major concern , with high-profile examples of existing misinformation being spread by social media ( Ahearn , 2021 ) . Similar findings have emerged from the other two surveys conducted on attitudes to COVID-19 in Papua New Guinea thus far . A survey of 281 University of Papua New Guinea", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> nformal Settlements in Nyam < br > ira County . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CONSULTING FIRMS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / Credit No . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Estimated Amount ( US $ ) Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Short List and Draft Request for Proposals Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Evaluation of Technical Proposal Report and Draft NegCombined Evaluationotiated Contract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > KE-MOTI-214040-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Service for Mapping and Preparation of Natio IDA / 67590 Institutional capacity development for slum upgrading Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2021-02-10 2021-03-03 2021-04-16 2021-05-14 2021-06-13 2021-07-18 2021-08-22 2022-08-22 < br > nal Geodatabase for Slums / I < br > nformal settlements < br > KE-MOTI-215295-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to unde < br > rtake Physical Planning , Cadastral Survey and detailed Topographical Survey of 10 selec IDA / 67590 Integrated settlement upgrading Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 1 , 300 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2021-02-08 2021-05-12 2021-03-01 2021-04-14 2021-05-12 2021-06-11 2021-07-16 2021-08-20 2022-08-20 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1106, "end": 1131, "text": "nal Geodatabase for Slums", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Additional Financing for Energy Access Project , Resettlement / Rehabilitation Framework - DRAFT March 2010 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – # # # # • Network of social and religious institutions ; The survey would estimate the extent to which the affected families will experience loss of assets , including control over resources , as well as infrastructure and social services available and disturbed or affected by the project . The survey should further describe Woreda and Kebele level organizations and institutions , traditional village councils , religious groups , etc . , that could later participate in the planning and implementation of the resettlement options . Expected changes in demography and health impacts should also be addressed . At this stage , all PAPs will be listed in order to avoid an influx of people trying to take advantage of the compensation and rehabilitation . A cut off date will be proclaimed . That means , a date from which eligibility for compensation will be terminated . New inhabitants coming to the project affected areas will not be considered for compensation . The household census survey and the preparation of a RAP for Bank funded projects will be carried out by independent professionals ( consultants ) . The TOR for the preparation of the RAP will be drafted by EEPCo ’ s PSP , and its focus will be on the following : - Technical design alternatives to avoid resettlement - Land tenure , household survey ; socio-economic baseline study ; - Selection of resettlement area and provision for alternative sites - Organizational structures ; - Participation of both resettled and host communities , including also community institutions or organizations from both groups and NGOs", "spans": [{"start": 1271, "end": 1294, "text": "household census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "intuition is here that different stages of technological transition require distinct policy priorities . A sufficient coverage _and_ quality of primary education are regarded as the minimum prerequisite to adopt technologies . By contrast , in countries where basic skill requirements are fulfilled and firms are making significant adaptations or innovations , the creation of more specialized skills ought to be the priority . In addition , the results here partially confirm the earlier micro-level evidence for Guatemala . < sup > 25 < / sup > - 24 In principle , the inclusion of a time trend for 1999 and an interaction term for secondary and tertiary schooling would allow incorporating all three levels of education at a time . Tentatively , such an exercise yields similar qualitative results on the impact of each level of education on growth — albeit primary schooling becomes insignificant . In addition , due to the multicollinearity problem , this specification was found to be rather sensitive and performs less well than the results displayed in Table 6 . - 25 For Guatemala , Psacharopoulos and others have extensively investigated the returns to schooling , sometimes by level of education . Such exercises are summarized in Psacharopoulos and Patrinos ( 2002 ) , Haeussler ( 1993 ) and World Bank ( 1995 ) . The studies generally report high private returns to primary schooling , but are merely based on ENS ( 1989 ) or earlier data , and typically do not care about sample selection bias . - 35 -", "spans": [{"start": 1423, "end": 1426, "text": "ENS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "le nombre de violations des droits des enfants a lui augmenté de 97 % par rapport au dernier trimestre 2024 et 28 % par rapport au 1er trimestre 2024 selon le monitoring de protection . Au regard de ces situations et du jugement des experts , les risques de protection prioritaires identifiés dans la période d ’ octobre 2024 à mars 2025 et nécessitant une attention immédiate sont les suivants : * * 1 . Attaques contre des civils et autres homicides illégaux , et attaques contre des biens de caractère civil . * * * * 2 . Entraves ou restrictions illégales à la liberté de circulation , siège et déplacement forcé . * * * * 3 . Violence basée sur le genre . * * * * 4 . Présence de mines et autres engins explosifs . * * * * 5 . Enlèvement , séquestration , disparition forcée , arrestation et / ou détention arbitraire ou illégale . * * # # # # * * ACTIONS URGENTES * * Malgré la réduction des incidents sécuritaires dans le pays , la situation de protection reste toujours préoccupante avec l ’ exposition des populations civiles à la menace et leur recours à des stratégies d ’ adaptation négatives , en raison des conflits armés , de la violence , des chocs climatiques , des déplacements forcés et autres conséquences liées à tous ces facteurs . Il est de la plus haute importance de : - Respecter et protéger les droits des civils , les biens civils , y compris l ’ accès aux services de base", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 183, "text": "monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "women have equal access to the scheme , when they need it ? Again , we cannot give a direct answer from the survey data . However , the patterns in the inter-state data are suggestive . We observe a negative correlation between the female share of work and the overall rationing rate ( Figure 8 ) . It might be conjectured that this correlation actually reflects differences in the extent of poverty . Women may well be less aware of their rights and less empowered to demand work in poorer states . For example , when other work is scarce , they may get crowded out by men . However , the negative correlation between the female share of work and the rationing rate persists when we control for the poverty rate , as can be seen in Table 7 , which gives regressions for the female share of employment on MGNREGS against both the rationing rate and the > obvious reason to question their veracity for measuring the gender composition of the work provided . 28 We estimate that the share of women in the total person days of casual labor in 2009 / 10 was 23 . 3 % , based on the 2009 / 10 NSS . 16", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 119, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 152, "end": 168, "text": "inter-state data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1088, "end": 1091, "text": "NSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19-related labor market shocks by pushing them into occupations that are more amenable to working from home . The literature on the labor market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has grown exponentially over a very short period . As these papers all show , the impact of COVID-19 on labor markets has been very profound , with asymmetric effects across occupations and population groups ( see for example , Adam-Prassl et al . 2020 ; Beland , Brodeur and Wright , 2020 ; or Coibilion , Gorodnichenko , and Weber , 2020 ) . Several studies indicate that the employment risks associated with COVID-19 disproportionately affect workers who were already exposed to wage and job uncertainties prior to emergence of the pandemic ( Casarico and Lattanzio 2020 ; Rio Chanona et al . , 2020 ; Mongey , Pilossoph , and Weinberg , 2020 ; Papanikolaou and Schmidt , 2020 ; Yasenov , 2020 ) . Similarly , Garrote-Sanchez et al . ( 2020 ) show that COVID-19 is likely to exacerbate inequality between workers – especially in richer countries , where better paid and better educated workers with secure jobs are more insulated from the shock . Using monthly data in the US for 2020 , Montenovo et al . ( 2020 ) , Liu and Mai ( 2020 ) and Cajner et al . ( 2020 ) show occupations that require greater physical proximity and less suitability for teleworking exhibited larger employment losses . By focusing on another category of vulnerable workers – immigrants – our paper contributes to the recent literature on the occupational exposure to COVID-19 related risks . The handful of papers specifically comparing the COVID-19 exposure of immigrant and native workers finds that immigrant workers are typically more exposed to both economic and health shocks associated with the pandemic ( Basso et al . , 2020 ; Fasani and Mazza , 2020a and 2020b ; Yasenov , 2020 ) . Among the reasons proposed by Borjas and Cassidy ( 2020 ) is the higher concentration of migrants in jobs with lower potential to be performed remotely . Yasenov ( 2020 ) finds that only 30 percent of the migrants in the United States have jobs suitable for telework , compared to 45 percent of natives . While these", "spans": [{"start": 1133, "end": 1164, "text": "monthly data in the US for 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report Kihuyo Informal Settlement in Nyeri County of joint titling for spouses as a means to advancing women rights to owning land as well as allow for changes to the title beneficiary list before final printing of the titles . The Land Control Board ( LCB ) will also play an important role in regulating land transactions with an aim of safeguarding women rights to land ownership . This regulation makes it harder for one spouse to sell land without the consent of the other even when only one spouse ’ s name appear on the title . After Implementation of ARAP , the National Land Commission as the custodian of public Land will officially transfer the land from public to individual beneficiaries through issuance of titles as per Kenyan Land Laws . # # # # # * * < u > Tenure Regularization Impacts < / u > * * The total number of PAPs in the settlement is 28 PAPs . Among the total number , 19 PAPs are male with 1 elderly vulnerable PAPs while 7 PAPs are female with 3 elderly and widowed vulnerable PAPs among them . The remaining 2 PAPs are institutional namely Kihuyo Secondary School and African Inland Church ( Kihuyo ) . The PAPs will lose a total of ( 79 ) structures which include fences and residential structures encroaching into the roads reserves and Kihuyo Dispensary Land . The resettlement impact is triggered because of expansion of land for Kihuyo dispensary where 18 PAPs are affected , the remaining 4 PAPs are affected because of expansion of roads within the settlement . ARAP field activities identified that at the time of enumeration of PAPs on 2 < sup > nd < / sup > and 3 < sup > rd < / sup > February 2018 , 14 PAPs had already relocated encroaching structures at their own cost while 14 PAPs were yet to relocate their structures . * * < u > Approach and Methodology < / u >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 . Minimum-to-median and minimum-to-mean wage ratio , Romania and selected OECD countries a . Romania , 2007-2023 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 < br > MW , as % of Mean MW , as % of Median < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * b . OECD countries and selected non-OECD countries , 2023 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > MW as a % of mean wage MW as a of median wage < br > Percent < br > Colombia Costa Rica Chile Mexico Portugal New Zealand Türkiye Slovenia France Korea United Kingdom Luxembourg Romania Australia Poland Spain Germany Slovak Republic Israel Canada Bulgaria Greece Netherlands Belgium Ireland Hungary Lithuania Japan Croatia Czechia Estonia Latvia United States < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Own estimates based on OECD data , available here : OECD data explorer Note : This indicator represents the_ _ < mark > ratio < / mark > _ < mark > of < / mark > _ < mark > minimum wages in relation to the me < / mark > an and_ _ < mark > median earnings of full-time employees . Using median earnings , as opposed to mean earnings , offers a more accurate basis for international comparisons by accounting for variations in earnings dispersion across different countries . The median is also less affected by extreme values ( outliers ) in the data compared to the mean . Outliers , which can be unusually high or low values ,", "spans": [{"start": 1079, "end": 1088, "text": "OECD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * NO * * | * * AGENDA * * | * * RESOLUTIONS * * | * * TIME * * < br > * * FRAME * * | * * RESPONSIBLE * * < br > * * TEAMS * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | by the 3 institutions by Monday 31 < sup > st < / sup > August < br > 2020 | | | | | | • NLC to write to the Kwale Lands Registrar , < br > requesting for official land searches for the < br > authenticated < br > in < br > Mazeras < br > and < br > Chigato < br > Registration Sections | 28 < sup > th < / sup > August < br > 2020 | NLC | | | | • PMU & RIC to examine Mazeras and Chigato < br > Registration Sections land data received from < br > the Land Registrar and categorize PAPs into < br > those who might have lost or gained acreages < br > after the authentication exercise . This will be < br > followed by sensitization of PAPs in their < br > separate categories / groups based on how they < br > were affected by the changes in acreages < br > giving priority to parcels in P1 | 31 < sup > st < / sup > August < br > 2020 | RIC , PMU | | | | • Kwale Land Registrar is to process official < br > land searches for affected parcels in the two < br > registration sections and give original to NLC < br > and to PMU to deliver to the PAPs through the < br > RIC . This will happen alongside the amending < br > of the green cards which is expected to take < br > long to complete while the", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 608, "text": "Registration Sections land data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) While the ongoing LVSWATSAN Project will also go a long way in increasing access to sewer services in the settlement . There shall still be a gap in Lolwe area and the Kenya RE estate . Migosi had a population of 23 , 892 as per the 2019 population census . This translates to a population density of 12 , 876 person per Km2 . There are several existing and ongoing sewerage project in the settlement . The gap identified were two primary sewer lines and four lateral lines , these two cover an area of 0 . 2km2 translating to an initial population of 2606 for the initial year of 2024 and 3861 for the ultimate year 2054 . With the existing sewerage network and the ongoing Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Program ( LVWATSAN ) , KISIP 2 project intervention , a primary sewer line , Lateral Lines and individual connections have been proposed . - Primary sewer Line – DN 200 – 300mm DWC Pipe 1200m Long - Laterals sewer Lines – DN 200mm DWC Pipes - Individual Connections – 40 Nr The 300mm Sewer line 1700m long sewer line will run from upstream of Lolwe stadium through Kenya RE estate and discharge into the proposed line 3 trunk being undertaken under the LVSWATSAN Project . * * Figure 2 . 21 : Migosi proposed sewer design layout plan * * # # # # # # * * 2 . 9 . 1 . 2 Status of sewerage connectivity in Manyatta B * * While Manyatta A has existing sewerage network and is also benefitting from the ongoing LVSWATSAN project , Manyatta B as over the years been neglected as far as sewerage services are Primary sewer Line – DN 200 – 300mm DWC Pipe 1200m Long Laterals sewer Lines – DN 200mm DWC Pipes Individual Connections – 40 Nr The 300mm", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 448, "text": "2019 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "based on MICS 2016 / 17 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . Figure 20 displays a further breakdown of the state level estimates by gender and sector . While evidence from Bangladesh and India ( see Khatun et al . 2004 ; Pande , 2003 ) as well as different development programs suggests that girls are disadvantaged compared to boys in terms of nutrition , the estimates based on the 2016 / 2017 MICS show that only in certain states , such as urban Borno and Kebbi and rural Lagos such hypothesis is found to be in line with Bangladesh and India . But in most cases , evidence for the opposite is found . The finding that boys are in many states more likely to be food deprived than girls is though consistent with results of girls and boys overall based on the National Nutrition and Health Survey 2018 data discussed in NBS ( 2018 ) . This finding is also consistent with findings from a meta-analysis using DHS data from 10 Sub-Saharan African countries by Wamani et al . ( 2007 ) . Also , there are sizeable differences between urban and rural findings within states in the north , which may call for further research . These estimates should however be treated with caution since a detailed breakdown has severely reduced sample sizes . 32", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 13, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 844, "end": 890, "text": "National Nutrition and Health Survey 2018 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 992, "end": 1038, "text": "DHS data from 10 Sub-Saharan African countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". See , however , Hazans ( 2011a ; 2011b ) for a simultaneous analysis of informal dependent employment , informal self-employment , unemployment and inactivity . In Eastern Europe ( but not elsewhere ) , workers who are return migrants are more likely to be employed informally . This is consistent with the idea that a substantial part ( although not necessarily a majority ) of return migrants might be ― negatively selected ‖ out of homecountry ‘ s labor force , and their return is an evidence of not being successful abroad as well . It is enough if the proportion of such low-productivity workers among return migrants would be substantially higher than the informality rate among stayers , which is about 5 % in the Eastern Europe , and such a situation is quite a likely outcome ; Hazans ( 2008 ) shows that about 25 % of return migrants are negatively selected . > 26 This result does not apply to Hungary , Romania , and Slovenia . However , at least for the former two countries , this might be due to data limitations : It is well documented ( see e . g . Kahanec et al . , 2010 ; Kahanec and Zimmermann , 2011 ) , that informal employment is common among Roma population across Eastern Europe . Yet this minority group is severely under-represented in ESS samples for Hungary and Romania . 42", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > The Uganda Reproductive , Maternal and Child Health Services Improvement Project Financial Statements for 12 Months Ended 30 June 2020 < / mark > * * The national MPDSR committee has finalized the training manual which will help to standardize the trainings . The Project is supporting the printing of the revised MPDSR tools ( Review and Notifications ) . The procurement was initiated and delivery of the copies is now awaited . The department of RMCH is interrogating the weekly death reports to identify key gaps that need urgent fixing . Upcoming activities include onsite MPDSR mentorship and coaching . # # # * * International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) * * Following the National Training of Trainers on ICD Coding and Medical Certification of Cause of Death held in June 2019 in Jinja by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and a national rollout plan agreed , the priorities over the last 6 months have been to : harmonize the death reporting tools , conduct customization of the death reporting module in DHIS2 , update DHIS2 from version 2 . 26 - 2 . 33 and enable the Start-up mortality list ( SMoL ) to run in DHIS2 , and integration of ICD 11 in the Electronic Health Management Information System ( EHMIS ) . DHIS2 has been upgraded , and the SMOL has been enabled . A baseline assessment of the information technology environment and infrastructure for Electronic Medical Records ( EMR ) required to accommodate ICD 11 was completed and a draft report is available . Harmonization of death related data tools for death reporting and development of civil registration and vital statistics ( CRVS ) data management plan and Standard Operating Procedures ( SoPs ) were completed . One of the critical tools harmonized was the medical certification of cause of death form and the Death notification form developed by NIRA . The harmonization will allow the health system to notify deaths and also certify deaths in one form which will be accessed by NIRA to complete her death registration mandate . The harmonized death", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 508, "text": "weekly death reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5545 # * * Abstract * * Scaling-up adoption of renewable energy technology , such as solar home systems , to expand electricity access in developing countries can accelerate the transition to low-carbon economic development . Using a purposely collected national household survey , this study quantifies the carbon and distributional benefits of solar home system programs in Bangladesh . Three key findings are generated from the study . First , dissemination of solar home systems brings about significant carbon benefits : the total carbon emissions avoided from replacing kerosene use for lighting by solar home systems in nonelectrified rural households was equivalent to about 4 percent of total annual carbon emissions in Bangladesh in 2007 . This figure increases to about 15 percent if the grid-electricity generation is used as the energy baseline to estimate the carbon avoided from the installation of solar home systems . Second , solar home system subsidies in rural Bangladesh are progressive when the program is geographically targeted . Third , there exists a market potential for solar home systems in many rural areas if micro-credit schemes are made available and the propensity to install solar home systems is very responsive to income , with a 1-percent increase in per capita income increasing the probability of installing solar home systems by 12 percent , controlling for other factors . This paper is a product of the Environment Department . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at lwang1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 309, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 Then in the third section the two systems of paid-extension in Nicaragua are described . Section four applies the analytical framework to available data from two private extension programs in Nicaragua . The paper is concluded with suggestions for policy and directions of future research . # A * * Conceptual Framework for Comparing Paid-Extension Performance * * In evaluating the performance of paid-extension , two comparisons have to be addressed . First , a comparison between paid-extension and public extension performances and second , a comparison among alternative paid-extension programs . Although the analysis should not be detached from the objectives for which paid-extension was initiated on the first place , there are several basic economic rules that should always hold . Extension inputs and outcomes of public extension services can be measured in many ways . They can be measured in monetary terms such as expenditures on fuel , salaries , and training , and in physical terms , such as number of extensionists or extensionist man-hour employed in the program . Extension output also can be measured in a variety of ways , including the number of farmers contacted by extensionists , farmers ' participation in extension activities , changes in agricultural practices due to the provision of extension , improved farm-level physical performance ( yields , crop varieties , inputs ) , and increased farm-level profitability . In the case of private extension , there is also a need to compare between private and public expenditures on extension . We distinguish among four categories of analysis : individual producer level analysis , agency-level analysis , government-level analysis , and social-level analysis . In the following sections we provide a detailed analytical framework for each category , which in turn is the basis for measuring the cost and some performance indicators of paid-extension in Nicaragua . # * * Individual producers * * The impact of paid-extension on individual producers can be estimated in several ways , compared to performance at the no-extension or at the public extension stage . First , by improving technical efficiency , where increase in profit at any given combination of other inputs Xi and X2 is observed ( Figure 1 ) . Second , by improving allocative efficiency , where at a given technical", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 203, "text": "data from two private extension programs in Nicaragua", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through engagement in economic activities to meet the basic needs of their families from shelter to food to basic non-food items such as winterization kits . There are close linkages between basic needs and livelihoods sectors , where women and girls started gaining more roles and contributions in economic activities , especially in agriculture in Jordan to support increasing the income of their families and thus addressing their basic needs . . Generally speaking , women and girls face specific vulnerabilities during flight as a result of forced displacement due to the wars and conflicts . Some of which includes ; Increased risk of sexual and gender based violence and lack of gender sensitive services and humanitarian assistance . The changes in the roles among men and women have had an impact on the relations among the couples at households and it may lead to some problems due to the changes in the power dynamics , mainly the gender based violence . However , none of the women participated in the FGDs expressed that they have suffered from GBV or any kind of domestic violence due to their enrollment in economic activities outside their homes . The FGDs did not really cover the subject of GBV and if it was faced by the targeted women . Inadequate assistance may result in women prioritizing the needs of their husbands and children to the detriment of their health and well-being < sup > 12 < / sup > . Difficulties in providing support to populations in camps and transit areas : lack of clear information , lack of time and privacy to build trust with women may hamper women and girls from accessing basic services and leaves them more vulnerable . Restricted access to livelihoods due to the war and the displacement of Syrian refugees have opened windows to make shifts in gender roles and acceptance for the participation of women in social and economic life . The length and nature of the conflict itself enforced families to switch from their traditional thinking and accept for women to have more access to services such as education , markets and jobs . ACTED , a key WASH actor in Zaatari could", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which the marginal product is very high at low levels but declines very rapidly . In this case one would expect to see a very high marginal product for that input , but also observe that the input was rarely in range of low use , and hence the empirical finding is of limited usefulness . For instance , Glewwe ( 1996 ) conducts a study of the determinants of school quality in Ghana using a large scale data set and the _only_ statistically significant school level effects on math and reading test scores are from the fraction of classrooms that have blackboards , and the fraction of classrooms that cannot be used when it rains . However , even in Ghana , 90 percent of schools have blackboards and only 15 percent of middle schools have leaking classrooms . # * * _ ) _ * * Direct evidence The 10 to 100 fold divergences in marginal product per dollar across inputs , and that these are in a consistent pattern across inputs , rule out both the simple and uncertainty optimizing models . However , one could still return to the multiple output model and conjecture that the observed pattern of marginal products in producing scores corresponds to the inverse pattern in the marginal products in producing some other output . In this section we first say why we think this objection is unfounded , and then show additional evidence that bears directly on the difference between the multiple schooling output and our model , and which leans in favor of a positive model with teacher influence . results suggest that for score on reading test the degree of significance of the effect of an input is significantly negatively related to the mean value of the input . For the score on the math test , the estimated magnitude of the effect is significantly positively related to its standard deviation . 27", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 412, "text": "large scale data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 10 . The Effect of Titling Firms ’ Political Connections on Investment * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008 to 2017 . This table presents parameter estimates from OLS regression of investment on Titling Firm dummy variable and firms ’ political connections , measured by either the total number of local bureaucrats on the firms ’ boards or the ratio of Communist Party members as the percentage of total employees . The independent variable is the averaged investment between 2013 and 2017 net of investment between 2010 and 2012 . _Bureaucrats on Boards_ is the total number of board members of the firms with experience of serving in the government . The _Party Member Ratio_ is the ratio of the total number of employees with communist party membership divided by the number of total employees . All variables are winsorised at the upper and lower 1-percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification . The _t-statistics_ are computed using standard errors that are White-corrected . The * , * * , * * * indicates significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | | ∆ ( Investm < br > | ent / PP & E ) < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Bureaucrat | s on boards | Party Mem | ber Ratio | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | Titling Firm | 0 . 186 * * * | | 0 . 211 * * * | | | | ( 2 . 682 ) | | ( 3 . 093 ) | | | Bureaucrats on boards | - 0 . 035 | - 0 . 035 | | | | | ( - 1 . 251 ) | (", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 161, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Jordan also moved into the Start-2006 1 . 0 top 10 asylum countries , hosting an estimated 500 , 000 Iraqi refugees . Among this group of major 0 . 8 End-2006 hosting countries , in the United Republic of 0 . 6 Tanzania , the refugee population dropped from 0 . 4 549 , 000 to 485 , 000 ( some 14 % ) due to the voluntary 0 . 2 repatriation of 43 , 000 Burundian and 24 , 000 - Congolese refugees respectively . PAK * IRN USA * SYR GER JOR TAN UK * CHI CHD < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig 3 : Major refugee hosting < br > ( M ln ) countries , 2006 < br > 1 . 2 < br > Start-2006 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 8 End-2006 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > - < br > PAK * IRN USA * SYR GER JOR TAN UK * CHI CHD < br > * UNHCR estimate < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Afghanistan continued to be the leading country of origin of refugees . As of the end of 2006 , there were 2 . 1 million refugees from that country in 71 different asylum countries , or 21 per cent of the global refugee population . Iraqis were the second largest group , with 1 . 5 million having sought refugee mainly in neighbouring countries ( 1 . 2 million in Jordan and the Syrian Arab > 9 This acronym refers to one of the geographical designations according to which UNHCR ’ s global operational management is structured . It includes Central Asia , South West Asia , North Africa and the Middle East . > 10 UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . There are an additional 1 . 3 million Afghans living outside the camps , some of whom may be refugees . They do not receive UNHCR", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 745, "text": "UNHCR estimate", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1403, "end": 1429, "text": "UNHCR figures for Pakistan", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SubInterventions / Key Activities I component * * N S # # # * * 1 . 4 Geographical Targeting * * The Project will use the watershed approach as the unit for integrated planning and management of ecosystems within the project-selected areas . The overarching factors used to identify the project area are the gazetted water towers , the major rivers originating from water towers and the downstream flows of these rivers . To ensure that the project area reflects the potential amount of financing proceeds and effective consolidation of interventions within the watersheds , additional information on land degradation and Sustainable Land and Water Management ( SLWM ) cost-benefit considerations were used to identify a smaller number of watersheds to ensure the limited resources can generate measurable outcomes . The initial screening to identify focal regions from which to select KEWASIP community watersheds involved a government-led , multi-faceted process where priority was given to catchments experiencing significant land degradation , deforestation , soil erosion , and flood risk , impacting local populations and livelihoods and areas at risk of climate change . These GIS datasets were combined using importance weights to derive a representative score for each potential project site . The selection process was anchored on the importance of water towers as key intervention areas and the desire to intervene across connected catchments with a range of ecosystem types from forests through to agricultural landscapes and rangelands . The five focal regions cover Marsabit , Marmanet , Nyambene , Chyulu Hills , and Shimba Hills ( See figure 1 ) . Figure 1 : Map oftheprojectsites 18", "spans": [{"start": 1188, "end": 1200, "text": "GIS datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ # * * 3 . 7 ARE THE UNBANKED BANKABLE ? * * 31 . Given their different socio-economic characteristics , the question has been raised whether the unbanked have “ bankable characteristics ” . Home ownership rates by the unbanked above 60 % , with minimal differences to the level of the banked , illustrate that the unbanked have asset building capacity . Access to formal financial services would therefore provide the unbanked with the opportunity to build financial assets through savings and increase their asset base through access to credit services . 32 . The DANE survey shows a high correlation between educational levels and likelihood of being banked or unbanked . At the same time , it is noteworthy that approximately 15 % and 25 % of the group with less than elementary and elementary school only respectively do have bank accounts in formal sector institutions . This suggests that while 60", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 44, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 618, "end": 629, "text": "DANE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * ( 2 ) * * | * * ( 3 ) * * | * * ( 4 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * ANC * * | * * OVA * * | * * Poo * * | * * led * * | | | * * 5 weeks * * < br > * * PHQ ‐ ADS score * * | * * 3 months * * < br > * * PHQ ‐ ADS score * * | * * Pooled * * < br > * * PHQ ‐ ADS score * * | * * Clustered SEs * * < br > * * PHQ ‐ ADS score * * | | Treatment | ‐ 0 . 736 | ‐ 1 . 358 * | ‐ 1 . 070 * | ‐ 1 . 070 | | | ( 0 . 801 ) | ( 0 . 788 ) | ( 0 . 560 ) | ( 0 . 672 ) | | Baseline score | 0 . 434 * * * | 0 . 429 * * * | 0 . 432 * * * | 0 . 432 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0460 ) | ( 0 . 0457 ) | ( 0 . 0323 ) | ( 0 . 0591 ) | | Round ‐ ERKF | 1 . 249 | ‐ 0 . 714 | 0 . 309 | 0 . 309 | | | ( 0 . 826 ) | ( 0 . 830 ) | ( 0 . 583 ) | ( 0 . 635 ) | | Age | ‐ 0 . 00995 | ‐ 0 . 0197 | ‐ 0 . 0153 | ‐ 0 . 0153 | | | ( 0 . 0383 ) | ( 0 . 0374 ) | ( 0 . 0267 ) | ( 0 . 0308 ) | | Education | 0 . 0326 | 0 . 00303 | 0 . 0164 | 0 . 0164 | | | ( 0 . 0991 ) | ( 0 . 0984 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in both Russia and elsewhere shows that when implemented poorly , i . e . , as a new source of discretionary authority , competition policy can do great harm . While Russian competition law is , for the most part , up to par with international standards , the institutional regime for its implementation and enforcement responsibilities is extremely weak and subject to excessive discretion , especially in light of the power and involvement of sub-federal governments in promoting regional industrial policy . Several steps could be taken . The Government at the very highest levels should review the mission of the current MAPSE , with a view towards developing , in consultation with renowned international experts , recommendations to introduce a rulesbased competition policy institutional regime at the federal and sub-federal level of government . To institutionally strengthen MAPSE , the agency should be twinned with competition authorities in OECD countries to carry out a series of sectoral appraisals . Consideration should also be given to promoting the establishment of a non-governmental \" foundation for competition \" whose role is primarily educational initially ; in time , it could serve as an ombudsman . _Conduct_ * * _Comprehensive Empirical Assessment_ * * _of_ * * _Horizontal and Vertical Structures . _ * * The task of de-monopolization or dis-integration in the industrial sector is a complex one and should be part of the medium term agenda . A prerequisite for any proactive competitive restructuring is comprehensive empirical investigation examining current horizontal and vertical concentration in key product and geographic markets . Efforts here can build on existing Goskomstat data . The investigation should assess the competitive impact of emerging economic agglomerates , including FIGs , in priority sectors . # * * Policies to Foster * * New * * Entry * * * * _Implement Rules-Based Streamlined Business Licensing at the Federal and Local Levels . _ * * In January 1998 new initiatives were discussed at a Government meeting on the problems of SMEs , including changes in issuing of licenses . But the measures do not address the problem that the setting of license fees is subject to the discretion of local authorities , which results in price discrimination and 11", "spans": [{"start": 1703, "end": 1718, "text": "Goskomstat data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "build confidence . Spatial and temporal inconsistencies can be checked , and in rare cases overlapping surveys can be crosschecked . As a result , well-established survey programs such as the Demographic and Health Surveys and Living Standards Measurement Study are often treated as close to the ground truth . Validation is more difficult for big data research in general and for CDR models in particular . These data are not specifically collected for socioeconomic analysis , so inspection may not be useful and pre-testing is often not possible . Moreover , CDR models are usually designed to interpolate between conventional survey models in either time or space , so direct validation against a survey is not possible . > 14 See < u > http : / / www . worldpop . org . uk / < / u > > 15 These maps are built by combining census data with physical covariates , such as climate , elevation , slope and water bodies , and human covariates , such as urban sprawl , based on satellite imagery , known settlements , roads , and points of interest under a Bayesian framework . > 16 The World Bank Innovation Lab is presently sponsoring additional CDR analysis work with Flowminder / Worldpop in Haiti , which is expected to provide deeper insight into their methods . > 17 Letouzé and Vinck ( 2015 ) . * * 18 * *", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 838, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mark > We relate measures of crime and disorder — specifically , the percentage of sales lost due to crime , theft and disorder — to measures of productivity based on the hypothesis that areas with higher levels of crime and conflict may experience lower productivity through a misallocation of either entrepreneurial talent or other resources . In South Asia , conflict - and crime-prone areas also typically have lower infrastructural stocks , higher levels of corruption , worse health outcomes , and a greater incidence of poverty ( Ghani 2010 , and Ghani and Iyer 2010 ) . < / mark > # * * _ < mark > ( 2 ) Access to skills < / mark > _ * * < mark > . < / mark > - * * < mark > Worker training < / mark > * * < mark > . Studies show that firms ' capacity to absorb and benefit from new technology depends on management and worker training ( see Bell and Pavitt 1992 ) . < / mark > - * * < mark > Education and skills of the top manager / owner . < / mark > * * < mark > de Mel , McKenzie and Woodruff ( 2010 ) show the importance of firm owner characteristics such as ability , motivation and competitive attitudes to risk as a primary drivers of growth , based on a series of surveys of own account workers and owners of enterprises in Sri Lanka . Based on a follow-on representative survey of over 2 , 800 micro , small and medium privately-owned firms in Sri Lanka in 2008 , de Mel , McKenzie and Woodruff ( 2009 ) show that owner ability ( more educated individuals , higher logical ability ) , conditioning on firm size and other firm characteristics , has a significant and substantial impact on the likelihood of a firm innovating and higher profitability . We use measures of both education and business training to assess the relationship between education , skills and innovation . < / mark > 10", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1212, "text": "surveys of own account workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P174041 ) ► Number of health care workers and community stakeholders trained in managing GBV cases and psychosocial support countrywide ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 300 . 00 | | Date | 31-Aug-2021 | 17-May-2023 | 17-May-2023 | 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01353878 < br >  Number of health < br > ( Number , Custom S | No activities have b < br > care workers and community stak < br > upplement ) | een implemented to date . < br > eholders trained in managing | GBV cases and psychosoci | al support in RHDs | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 200 . 00 |  Number of health care workers and community stakeholders trained in managing GBV cases and psychosocial support in RHDs ( Number , Custom Supplement ) # Component 3 : Project Management , Monitoring and Evaluation # < u > < mark > IN01353855 < / mark > < / u > ► Proportion of Grievances captured in the Complaints Register for UCREPP that have been “ CLOSED OUT ” in accordance with GRM under the Project ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1248, "text": "Complaints Register for UCREPP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 | 13 . 1 | | Increasing | 453 | 58 . 5 | 57 . 1 | # * * 6 . 2 Sectoral Results * * Table 11 explores the sectoral distribution of results weighted by EDGAR emissions . Soils and Livestock exhibit enormous disparities between Increasing and Decreasing cases ( 90 . 2 % vs . 0 . 6 % for the former ; 63 . 6 % vs . 4 . 6 % for the latter ) . The fuels sectors reveal striking differences , with a huge imbalance toward Increasing for Coal ( 66 . 7 % vs . 5 . 1 % ) while Gas and Oil are both dominated by Decreasing ( 44 . 7 % vs . 25 . 3 % for the former ; 23 . 8 % vs . 10 . 6 % for the latter ) . The two waste sectors have large imbalances toward Increasing ( 52 . 4 % vs . 18 . 0 % for Landfills ; 61 . 0 % vs . 18 . 3 % for Wastewater ) . In summary , Oil and Gas exhibit more Decreasing results but the two sectors only account for 27 . 2 % of EDGAR emissions . The remaining sectors all exhibit huge dominance for Increasing results . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _None . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Many Burundians who are part of this repatriation ‘ residual ’ do not want to go home , and international organizations are now articulating their concerns about the future of this group , especially the 1972 cohort who did not apply for naturalization . The Burundian refugees are reluctant to return mainly due to the stories of the reintegration challenges that are faced by the ones that did return ( Hovil & Kweko , 2009 ) . # # * * From repatriation to reintegration in Burundi * * Now that the majority of Burundian refugees have returned the focus of the actors involved has shifted from repatriation to reintegration . A handful of studies have been completed to evaluate repatriation and the current state of reintegration in Burundi . The first was commissioned by the United States Department of State in 2008 and concludes that reintegration has been achieved . This study finds that the welfare of returnees is on par with the welfare of stayees and that the health of children that returned is better than the health of other children ( Terra Group , 2008 ) . It is important to note that repatriation of the 1972 returnees took place in 2008 and 2009 . The research conducted for this report was done in early 2008 , thus largely excluding the experiences of the 1972 returnees . Three additional studies on reintegration in Burundi are forthcoming in early 2012 . First , a survey conducted by the Norwegian Refugee Council ( NRC ) revealed a similar result to that of Terra Group in that returnees were successfully reintegrated and on par with the local population . Due to this result , NRC decided to close its office in Burundi . < sup > 4 < / sup > In reaction to the preliminary findings of this report , Rema Ministeries , a local NGO in Burundi , conducted its own study on reintegration ( Rema Ministries , 2012 ) . Rema Ministeries utilized a semi-structured interview approach and completed over 200 interviews in areas of high return . They found that returnees still experience challenges of discrimination , language barriers , employment", "spans": [{"start": 1391, "end": 1440, "text": "survey conducted by the Norwegian Refugee Council", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries that lack recent census data should be interpreted with great caution and are likely to change when the next round of census-based estimates becomes available . # * * 5 . Assessment of experimental SAE estimates of head count poverty in Burkina Faso , Chad , Guinea , Mali and Niger * * 16", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 38, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "= 28 . For comparison purposes , I used the actual transfer figures in 1994 to run the same regression . The resulting a , is statistically insignificant and the R-square is only 0 . 0002 , showing not even a slight correlation between per capita transfers and per capita GDP levels . This suggests that the current transfer system has not effectively achieved any redistributive goal . The regression results are as follows : Regression V : PCTi = 206 . 46 - 0 . 97 PCGDPi ( 1 . 10 ) ( - 0 . 075 ) R-square = 0 . 0002 , No . of observations = 30 , Degrees of freedom = 28 . The same regression is also conducted using the per capita transfer figures generated by the \" partial equalization \" transfer schemes proposed in the previous section . Table 2 compares the regression results of four systems : actual transfers in 1994 , 20 % equalization , 50 % equalization , and full equalization . The results show that the full equalization and _50 % _ equalization schemes have statistically significant equalization effect ( the slope coefficients are significantly negative ) . The 20 % equalization schemes do 57", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 75, "text": "actual transfer figures in 1994", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 resources are provided to compensate for the loss of access to community resources ( such as fishing areas , grazing areas , fuel , or fodder ) . - ( c ) Patterns of community organization appropriate to the new circumstances are based on choices made by the displaced persons . To the extent possible , the existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and any host communities are preserved and resettlers ' preferences with respect to relocating in preexisting communities and groups are honored . # # # * * Eligibility for Benefits * * 14 . Upon identification of the need for involuntary resettlement in a project , the borrower carries out a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project ( see the < u > Annex A , para . 6 ( a ) ) , to determine who will be eligible for assistance , and to < / u > discourage inflow of people ineligible for assistance . The borrower also develops a procedure , satisfactory to the Bank , for establishing the criteria by which displaced persons will be deemed eligible for compensation and other resettlement assistance . The procedure includes provisions for meaningful consultations with affected persons and communities , local authorities , and , as appropriate , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and it specifies grievance mechanisms . 15 . _Criteria for Eligibility_ . Displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups : - ( a ) those who have formal legal rights to land ( including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the country ) ; - ( b ) those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets — provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan ( see Annex A , para . 7 ( f ) ) ; and - ( c ) those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying .", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 717, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1698, "end": 1704, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of characteristics obtained from the interviewed sample closely match those from the full representative survey sample . Provided the characteristics included in the calibration are closely associated with nonresponse , the calibration will serve to counteract the nonresponse bias . There are many complex calibration models that could be used ( and are beyond the scope of this paper ) , but most are subject to an algorithm that minimizes the distance between the uncalibrated and calibrated weights and therefore might result in a lower increase in variation of the adjusted weights compared to the propensity modeling approach . # 3 . Data and Methods # # < mark > 3 . 1 High Frequency Phone Surveys – Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria , & Uganda < / mark > In order to examine bias in phone surveys and effectiveness of bias adjustment methods , this study utilizes four recent high frequency phone surveys ( HFPS ) in Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria , and Uganda . These four surveys were implemented as part of a broader initiative by the World Bank to support implementation of high frequency phone surveys in several developing countries to monitor the socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic . The baseline rounds of the Ethiopia and Nigeria HFPS were conducted in April shortly after the rapid spread of the pandemic and safety protocols and restrictions put in place . The baseline rounds of Malawi and Uganda were implemented shortly thereafter in May and June . The four HFPSs contacted households drawn from the most recent round of Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture ( LSMS-ISA ) . The LSMS-ISA are longitudinal , face-to-face , representative surveys conducted in partnership with National Statistics Offices in the respective countries . In Ethiopia , the fourth round of the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey ( ESS ) conducted in 2018 / 19 served as the frame for the HFPS . The fifth round of the Integrated Household Panel Survey ( IHPS ) 5", "spans": [{"start": 878, "end": 906, "text": "high frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1582, "end": 1615, "text": "Integrated Surveys on Agriculture", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1643, "text": "LSMS-ISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1827, "end": 1856, "text": "Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1946, "end": 1979, "text": "Integrated Household Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "I do in case I lost my < br > national Id ? | Records kept by surveyors shall be followed < br > Advised to start on process of getting another one since there ’ s < br > still time . | | What about the load shading ? | Regarding load shading , members were informed that this was < br > beyond REA ’ s mandate . The service provider for that area < br > would be invited during further sensitizations to answer all < br > questions regarding operation and maintenance of the line . | | Is the electricity only for trading < br > centres , and if not , how do we get < br > it to the inside villages ? | The facilitator explained that although the line was mainly < br > designed along the main road the project scope was much < br > wider than just the main roads . There would be extensions into < br > the villages as will be seen during the construction stage . < br > Members were advised not to rush into trying to bribe the < br > contactors to extend power because only those on the line route < br > would get power . Whoever is not would not be given power as < br > all the required materials are budgeted for . | | Min08 / Nov / 2017 : Closure | The meeting was closed with a prayer said by the chairman . | | * * MINUTES * * < br > * * OF * * < br > * * THE * * | | - - - | | * * SENSITISATION * * < br > * * MEETING * * | | * * HELD AT MOOYA TRADING * * | | * * CENTER 24 / 11 / 2017 . * * | | * * Present * * < br > Tom | | The < br > LC1 < br > Muwanga | | Chairman < br > Immaculate | | Members", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 71, "text": "Records kept by surveyors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ As per the Bank policy , the eligibility and entitlement matrix shall consider : - ( i ) all categories of affected people ; - ( ii ) all types of loss associated with each category ; and - ( iii ) All options for the types of compensation and resettlement assistance to which each category is entitled . The Subproject entitlement matrix was developed based on the FDRE ’ s standards and as per the WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements . The compensation will be paid according to the regulations as presented in Table 9 . 1 . Prior to the finalization of the RP , the entitlements matrix shall be disclosed to the affected community and consulted on . Where relevant , changes shall be made to the entitlements matrix to reflect the articulated views and concerns of the affected community , expressed during the entitlements matrix disclosure and consultation process . # # # # # # * * 9 . 4 Cut-Off Date * * The cut-off date is the time when the PAHs and their properties are assessed . No person will be eligible for houses built and crops sown in the Subproject area after the census and inventory of assets . The establishment of a cut-off date is required to prevent opportunistic invasions / rush migration into the chosen land areas thereby posing a risk . Therefore , establishment of a cut-off date is of critical importance . This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . For this Subproject , different cut-off dates are adopted and these are presented below : Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on January 14 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for all Subproject components ( the new substation , TL tower pad and Ro", "spans": [{"start": 1223, "end": 1253, "text": "census and inventory of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1609, "end": 1643, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1795, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries have accepted targets for limiting or reducing emissions . These targets are expressed as levels of allowed emissions , or “ assigned amounts , ” over the 2008-2012 commitment period . The allowed emissions are divided into “ assigned amount units ” ( AAUs ) . > 2 The JI and CDM are also intended to attract the private sector to contribute to mitigation efforts . According to the JI and CDM pipeline database , most of the projects are private initiatives ( UNEP Risoe CDM / JI Pipeline Analysis and Database , 01 November 2008 ) . > 3 As set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol , Annex B countries with fewer emissions than permitted are allowed to sell the excess AAUs to the countries with more emissions than permitted . 2", "spans": [{"start": 393, "end": 421, "text": "JI and CDM pipeline database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CÔTE D ’ IVOIRE ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE A much more detailed study of irrigation potential in Côte d ’ Ivoire was conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2005 and used to develop the country ’ s national irrigation plan . The plan provides for the rehabilitation of around 3000 hectares of irrigated areas and the creation of 139 , 000 hectares of new irrigated areas . The total investment cost amounts to $ 1 , 657 million with an average investment cost per hectare of $ 11 , 600 . Interestingly , the extent of irrigated area falls within the range that is identified in the AICD simulations , even if the assumption for the unit cost of irrigation development is several times larger . Nevertheless , the study notes that the benefits of the future irrigation investments depend on the development of the feeder road network . # Information and communication technologies # # * * Achievements * * Like many African countries , Côte d ’ Ivoire has gone through an ICT revolution during the last decade . By 2005 , the country had established a partially competitive mobile market with two operators of roughly equal size and mobile phone penetration had reached9 percent , which was fairly typical for the peer group ( table 15 ) . Between 2006 and 2009 , the government awarded four more mobile licenses . As a result , competition intensified , and mobile penetration had reached 51 percent by 2008 . Nevertheless , the price of a representative basket of mobile services remains comparatively high by both regional and global standards at around $ 15 per month . * * Table 15 Benchmarking ICT indicators * * | | Unit | Low - < br > incomefragile < br > countries | * * Côte d ’ Ivo * * | * * ire * * | Middle-income countries | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Mid 2000s | * * 2005 * * | * * 2008 * * | Mid 2000s | | GSM coverage | % population | 62 . 6 | * * 55", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "currency-based approaches to estimate the growth of domestic vis-à-vis international bond issuances . The results are robust to using these two alternative measures . For some parts of the analysis we use equity and syndicated loan data , which also come from SDC . The equity data include 43 , 196 issuances by 13 , 860 firms ( Table 1 , Panel B ) . We classify equity issuances into domestic and international using the residence-based approach . We use syndicated loans because , unlike typical bank loans , they are available for all economies . Moreover , syndicated loan markets capture a sizable share of bank financing and are the most relevant comparison to capital markets in terms of transaction size ( amount raised per issuance ) and terms of financing , such as debt maturity ( Ivashina and Scharfstein , 2010 ; Cerutti et al . , 2015 ) . The syndicated loan data include 25 , 493 issuances by 9 , 606 firms ( Table 1 , Panel C ) . To distinguish between domestic and international ( crossborder ) syndicated loans , we compare the nationality of the lead bank that arranges the deal with the residence of the issuing firm . Domestic loans are those in which only domestic banks lead the syndication , whereas international syndicated loans entail the participation of at least one foreign bank acting as a lead arranger . # _2 . 3 . Firm Size Measure and Firm-level Data_ To study the types of firms issuing in domestic and international markets , we focus on size . We follow the literature that typically uses firm size or collateral to measure access to debt across markets , firms , and over time ( Pagano et al . , 2002 ; Beck and Dermirguc-Kunt , 2006 ; Claessens and Schmukler , 2007 ; Beck et al . , 2008 ; Campello and Larrain , 2016 ; de la Torre et al . , 2017 ) . The literature on firms ’ issuance activity tends to study the size of issuers through balance sheet data using , for example , firms ’ assets . < sup > 5 < / sup > The downside of this approach is that balance sheet data > 5 See , for", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 236, "text": "equity and syndicated loan data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 877, "text": "syndicated loan data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1878, "end": 1896, "text": "balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of a database with a slum inventory . 5 . * * Institutional strengthening for MoL . * * To strengthen the capacity of the MoL and selected land institutions to perform their current and future responsibilities , component 1 will support activities that include : - Identification and implementation of measures to improve the speed and efficiency of mapping , planning , survey , and land registration . 6 . * * Institutional strengthening for municipalities . * * Support will assist local authorities to effectively play their important role in improving living conditions in informal settlements . Specifically , component 1 will support activities that include : - Development and implementation of settlement upgrading plans ( including the facilitation of increased interaction of community development officers with communities and civil society organizations ) . - Development of city-specific slum upgrading investment plans . - Development and implementation of plans for financing infrastructure operations and maintenance and start-up costs . 37", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 35, "text": "slum inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Burundi , Sudan and Uganda are involved in two sets of GFATM rounds . Data from the most recent rounds ( Burundi 5 , Sudan 4 and Uganda 3 ) were used in the totalling the results of the five rounds . Note that in Burundi and Sudan ’ s case , IDPs are not mentioned in the earlier rounds ( round 1 and 3 , respectively ) but are mentioned in the later ones ( round 5 and 4 , respectively ) . In contrast , Uganda mentioned IDPs in round 1 but not in 3 . Consequently , Burundi and Sudan ’ s inclusion of IDPs are evolving while Uganda ’ s is not . The figures below show that the GFATM proposals have include more HIV / AIDS activities for IDPs in the 8 countries than the World Bank and governments . However , the overall poor track record highlights and heightens the need for IDP-centred HIV / AIDS outreach programmes . * * Figure 2 : HIV / AIDS GFATM Proposals and their Inclusion of Refugees and IDPs * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Global Fund Rounds on HIV / AIDS that mention Global Fund Rounds on HIV / AIDS with Specific < br > Refugees ( N = 8 ) Activities for Refugees ( N = 8 ) < br > 38 % < br > yes 50 % 50 % < br > no 62 % < br > Global Fund Rounds on HIV / AIDS that mention Global Fund Rounds on HIV / AIDS with Specific < br > IDPs ( N = 8 ) Activities for IDPs ( N = 8 ) < br > 25 % < br > 38 % < br > 62 % < br > 75 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 21", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 102, "text": "Data from the most recent rounds", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 presents data for 2020 across the same regions as in Figure 1 . All regions are increasing from January to February , and most at similar rates . However , in March , all regions show a marked change , with four of the six decreasing coincident with the start of the crisis . South Asia shows a dip in May and June , before rebounding in July and August . Four regions continue decreasing over the few months following the onset of the crisis , while Sub-Saharan Africa seems to recover and even increase rather substantially in the last several months of the year . Finally , consistent with the NO2 results shown in Figure 2 , North America shows a steep increase in the second quarter of the year followed by a steady decrease in the next three months . A rebound is observed only in the last quarter of the year . . When we disaggregate by country income in Figure 5 , we see a similar dip in March in three of the four categories , but these dips are relatively small . The only category that appears to have a sustained decrease is lower middle income ; nightlights decrease in March , April , and May , before showing a brief increase in the following months . None of the categories shows consistent decreases from the previous year . In fact , high-income countries show the lowest increases but are right at zero for the entire year . The other three categories are above zero in almost all months and sometimes substantially above zero . Overall , NO2 appears to correlate with the onset of the crisis in upper-middle-income and highincome countries , but nightlights do not seem to exhibit a consistent pattern . # 3 . 2 Google data a . Mobility Figure 6 presents the Google mobility data for all the countries in our sample . The baseline for most areas is February , which is why we see all of the trends clustered around zero ( i . e . no change from the baseline ) in that month . Visits to all locations outside residences decreased markedly in March , bottoming out in April , with the largest relative decreases in transit stations", "spans": [{"start": 1642, "end": 1653, "text": "Google data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1689, "end": 1709, "text": "Google mobility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 1 : Overlap of Monetary Poverty ( USD 1 . 90 $ a day ) and Deprivations in the NE in GHS Wave 3 | Monetary | Individual Lev < br > Health D | el Child Depriv < br > eprived | ations < br > Food De | prived | Education | Deprived | Not in Scho | ol Deprived | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Poverty | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | | non-poor | 34 % | 15 % | 24 % | 8 % | 31 % | 4 % | 27 % | 8 % | | Poor | 39 % | 12 % | 52 % | 16 % | 44 % | 21 % | 40 % | 25 % | | | Household Le < br > | vel Child Depri < br > | vations < br > | | | | | | | | Sanitation | Deprived | Shelter D | eprived | Water D | eprived | Informatio | n Deprived | | Monetary | | | | | | | | | | Poverty | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | | non-poor | 33 % | 2 % | 27 % | 8 % | 20 % | 16 % | 33 % | 2 % | | Poor | 50 % | 15 % | 31 % | 34 % | 28 % | 37 % | 56 % | 9 % | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Waves 3 for the North East . 67", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1056, "text": "GHS Waves 3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > F are suppressed for parsimony but all regressions include the full set of temperature bins and the full set of precipitation bins . 100 _ × _ the coefficient estimates indicate the percent change in the impact of a day in each temperature bin on arrests relative to a day in the omitted bin after 2016 relative to pre-2016 . “ Gun charges ” refers to all charges that we categorize as involving guns based on there National Crime Information Center ( NCIC ) and Texas Uniform Offense Classification codes . “ Narrow gun charges ” refer to those charges that are specifically related to possessing , discharging , or displaying a gun . Assault and aggravated assault charges are categorized based on their NCIC and Texas Uniform Offense Classification codes . 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "esquemas anteriores e viviam em condições precárias desde então . Este novo programa , se for aplicado de maneira abrangente , poderá ser uma protecção bem-vinda contra a apatridia para a maioria dos ex-refugiados angolanos na África do Sul . # # 1 . INTRODUÇÃO # # # 1 . 1 . Metodologia e agradecimentos # # # # # # * * Impacto da apatridia * * A apatridia pode dificultar o acesso à educação , formação profissional , exames , empregos formais , possivelmente assistência médica , propriedade , etc . , ou , de forma mais geral , pode dificultar o gozo de direitos civis , políticos , económicos , sociais e culturais básicos . Os requerentes de asilo e refugiados indocumentados também têm vindo a queixar-se de tais barreiras . Contudo , a situação dos migrantes irregulares é ainda pior . # # # # # # * * Principais recomendações * * Para melhores acções de prevenção e erradicação da apatridia devem ser priorizadas as seguintes : - Revisão da Lei da Nacionalidade de modo a eliminar os riscos de apatridia e criar o estatuto de apatridia e o procedimento para determinar a apatridia ; - Assegurar o registo de nascimento de todas as crianças nascidas em Angola , de pais angolanos ou estrangeiros , e completar o reg", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "| * * Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * definition etc . ) * * | | * * Indicator One * * : Direct Project < br > Beneficiaries of which , < br > Female project beneficiaries ( % ) | | Number < br > Percentage | 0 < br > 0 % | 5 000 < br > 51 . 7 % | 127 804 < br > 51 . 7 % | 145 829 < br > 51 . 7 % | 158 791 < br > 51 . 7 % | 168 291 < br > 51 . 7 % | Annual | Agencies < br > involved in < br > project < br > implementation | DGE-PCU < br > in close < br > coordinatio < br > n with < br > implementa < br > tion < br > agencies | Includes the < br > populations of Fada < br > and Ouahigouya , an < br > estimation of the < br > population in the 40 < br > pre-identified < br > communities , the < br > beneficiaries of < br > solar lamps ( three < br > rotations ) and DGE , < br > FDE and < br > SONABEL . The < br > percentage of < br > female is 51 . 7 % per < br > the 2008 census . | | * * Indicator Two * * : Peak demand < br > met in each city when standing < br > alone ( islanding ) < br > Fada < br > Ouahigouya | | % | 15 . 4 < br > 33 . 5 | 14 . 4 < br > 31 . 3 | 95 . 5 < br > 30 | 91 . 1 < br > 85 . 6 | 85 . 2 < br > 83 . 2 | 79 . 6 < br > 77 . 8 |", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 898, "text": "2008 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * PROCUREMENT PLAN ( Textual Part ) * * * * Project information : [ Ethiopia * * _ ~ ~ < u > country < / u > ~ ~ _ * * ] [ Program for Results Enhancing Shared Prosperity * * * * < u > Through Equitable Services ( ESPES ) < / u > * * _ < u > Project name < / u > _ * * ] [ * * _P151432_ _ ~ ~ - number ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ ] ] ~ ~ * * * * Project Implementation agency : [ Channel One Programs Coordinating Directorate * * * * < u > ( COPCD ) < / u > * * _ ~ ~ < u > insert legal name < / u > ~ ~ _ * * ] * * * * Date of the Procurement Plan : [ 24 / 02 / 201 * * * * ~ ~ < u > 9 < / u > ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ insert date ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ ] ~ ~ * * * * Period covered by this Procurement Plan * * : * * [ 24 / 02 / 2019 * * _ ~ ~ < u > insert from < / u > ~ ~ – 31 / 05 / 202_ _ ~ ~ < u > 3to period < / u > ~ ~ _ * * ] * * # # * * Preamble * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 9 of the “ World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers ” ( July 2016 ) ( “ Procurement Regulations ” ) the Bank ’ s Systematic Tracking and Exchanges in Procurement ( STEP ) system will be used to prepare , clear and update Procurement Plans and conduct all procurement transactions for the Project . This textual part along with the Procurement Plan tables in STEP constitute the Procurement Plan for the Project . The following conditions apply to all procurement activities in the Procurement Plan . The other elements of the Procurement Plan as required", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sampling , ordering PSUs by the average household size and prevalent economic status of households , as described in a document from the previous survey ( INS , 2010 ) . Moreover , it has been verified _ex-post_ that further implicit stratification was also introduced by ordering PSUs , at the minimum , by delegation , thus forming a sort of geographic serpentine . These three factors contributed to better implement the design and the resulting errors became smaller than those expected when planning the design . Taking into account such implicit stratification , Betti and Pavelesku ( 2019 ) have estimated the real design effect of the EBCNV 2015 and the relative standard errors for estimates of mean per capita consumption expenditures at the governorate level . These results are reported in Table 4 . Since the aim of the EBCNV 2015 was to reach significative estimates at the governorate level , sub-sample sizes were planned to be as proportional as possible to sub-population sizes . This fact has resulted in homogenous post-stratification or calibration weights and small Kish effects , mostly well below 1 . 10 . Moreover , the maximum errors estimated _ex-post_ have been very small ; even for the Governorates of Manouba and Mahdia have not been higher than 7 % , well below the planned maximum percentage error of 10 % . * * Table 4 . Per capita consumption expenditure , standard error and its * * * * < u > components < / u > * * | * * Gov * * | * * Domain * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * per capita * * | * * Standard * * < br > * * error * * | * * Cv % * * | * * Kish * * | * * Deft * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Tunis | 5 , 810 . 12 | 296 . 78 | 5 . 11 % | 1 . 03 | 1 . 73 | | 2 | Ariana | 5 , 461 . 10", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 653, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 . At the County level , where MoE / TSC have offices , the assessment notes that funds are sent to their county approved local bank as per the approved AIEs / approved activities to be implemented . When the funds are expended , the support documents are sent to headquarters for review and posting to the IFMIS system . As the system at the county offices are manual reporting of the expenditures are only done when support documents are received and posted in the system . _15 . _ * * _Key potential risk and action_ * * _ : Reporting of the expenditures at the county offices are manual and prone to manipulation and b ) monitoring of funds disbursed for activities at the_ county _level is not on timely basis given the manual nature of reporting expenditures . strengthen the financial reporting and_ monitoring _at the county level by automating operations . _ # # * * 6 . 5 Internal Controls and Internal Audit arrangements * * 16 . MoE , JKF and TSC have adequate internal controls and internal audit arrangements in place . Finance & Accounting / Accounting policy & procedures manual in existence in MoE , JKF and TSC . The manuals provide guidelines on expenditure processing , authorization , and payment procedures among others . Also , the Project Operations Manual ( POM ) that guides on project operations shall be prepared and regularly updated with emerging issues . The assessment further noted that there is adequate segregation of duties at MoE , JKF and TSC . Authorization , recording , and custody responsibilities are performed by different units or persons . Also controls exists in payment processing that require that all payments must be duly supported with appropriate / sufficient support documents . On fixed asset , the assessment notes that there is no automated fixed asset register . 17 . Further the assessment notes that internal audit functions are in place in MoE , JKF and TSC with qualified and experienced staff . Though MoE has 11 officers , the audit universe is equally wide . So , follow ups", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 321, "text": "IFMIS system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( or status as a post-Soviet state ) from various sources . * * Income and pollution in the United Stats – * * To assess the correlation between income and ambient pollution in the United States we utilize census tract level median income from the American Community Survey 5-year estimate 2016-2020 . Ambient pollution comes from the same PM2 _ . _ 5 data used in the global analysis but averaged to the census tract level . # * * 4 . 2 Methods * * To measure correlation between wealth and ambient concentrations of pollution we estimate fixed effects regressions of the form : where _PMg_ is the measure of pollution at RWI grid-cell _g_ aggregated over our time period in one of the three ways described in the Data section . _RWIg_ is the RWI value at that grid-cell . _ψc_ is a country fixed effect that we include in the pooled regressions ( these are omitted in the country specific regressions ) . We employ various weighting schemes , weighting by : grid-cell population , the inverse of the reported RWI estimation error , the grid-cell population multiplied by the inverse of the error , the population of the country containing the grid-cell , and the inverse of the error times the population of the country containing the error . In a separate analysis we compare the share of pollution in urban and rural areas coming from dust and sea salt to the share coming from other sources . To do this we first measure the average levels of exposure in rural and urban areas using the total PM2 _ . _ 5 pollution data . We then repeat this calculation using the dust and sea salt removed measures of PM2 _ . _ 5 . We attribute the difference in these averages to dust and sea salt . To assess heterogeneity we use several different approaches . To examine heterogeneity based on primary emissions sources , level of per capita income , or colonization history we simply stratify the sample by the relevant measure of heterogeneity and re-estimate equation 1 ( omitting the fixed effects ) within each country ( or city ) within each strata . To assess the role that elevation plays in driving heterogeneity across cities", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 273, "text": "American Community Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1492, "end": 1524, "text": "total PM2 _ . _ 5 pollution data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Ménages * * | | | * * Total * * | | | | | | * * Total * * | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | DIOUNGANI | 402 | 323 | 436 | 759 | 321 | 307 | 628 | 44 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "aggregate using arguably more “ correct ” data , this would not be possible in other contexts in which census data is missing or out of date . For this reason , we drop any AGEBs with an estimated population of zero . Only 0 . 6 percent of AGEBs are dropped . > 10 For some policy contexts , it may be desirable to give greater weight to more populous municipalities when evaluating the accuracy of estimates , but in this analysis , we limit consideration to the case where each municipal estimate is given equal weight when evaluating the performance of the estimates as a whole . 11 We construct the sampling weight as the inverse of the probability of selection , using the formula for sampling with replacement , as an approximation for the actual probability of sampling based on our sampling strategy . In P s particular , the probability of selection is approximated as i = 1 − � 1 − P PPt ss ~ ~ � ~ ~ NN , where popsma = population of AGEB a , poptotal = total national population and ππ s PP ttsstt 9 ss < sup > ) , the number of individuals in the sample . < / sup > NN = m mm ( 40 , P PP", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 114, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Domestic preference * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 of the Procurement Regulations * * ( Goods and Works ) * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * # # * * Not Applicable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") PFIs ’ willingness to be part of a specific loan program and their business orientation and operational capacity . The TKYB will assume the credit risk of PFIs and therefore has a strong incentive to assess their financial health and operational capabilities . The PFI selection is also subject to a ‘ no objection ’ process by the World Bank team , while subsidiary loan agreement covenants between the TKYB and PFIs require compliance with local regulations . 33 . * * The TKYB has recently carried out a cross-sectoral market research to assess the potential demand for loans among firms planning to expand business and their workforce with very positive prospects . * * The TKYB will use its marketing tools to target and inform potential beneficiary firms and solicit them to apply . A multipurpose targeting mechanism will be used for outreach . * * Component 2 : Grants targeting firms conditional on job creation ( € 70 million , US $ 76 . 9 million equivalent ) * * > 23 Ineligible sectors and subprojects include commercial activities involving habitats and products prohibited within the framework of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ; the release of genetically modified organisms into the wild ; the production , distribution , or sale of pesticides that fall under the World Health Organization ’ s Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard Classes 1a ( extremely hazardous ) and 1b ( highly hazardous ) or annexes A and B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants or that are restricted by the Government of Turkey , or herbicides ; trawl fishing ; radioactive products ; hazardous waste storage , processing , and disposal ; the production of equipment and materials containing chlorofluorocarbons or other substances regulated under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ; the manufacture of electrical equipment containing more than 0 . 005 percent polychlorinated biphenyls by weight ; the manufacture of products containing asbestos ; nuclear reactors and parts ; processed or unprocessed tobacco and tobacco processing machinery ; the significant", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a crucial starting point for further research into local integration , and its future role in international refugee policy . # # * * Defining local integration * * Local integration as a durable solution combines three dimensions . Firstly , it is a legal process , whereby refugees attain a wider range of rights in the host state . Secondly , it is an economic process of establishing sustainable livelihoods and a standard of living comparable to the host community . Thirdly , it is a social and cultural process of adaptation and acceptance that enables the refugees to contribute to the social life of the host country and live without fear of discrimination . < sup > 5 < / sup > Using a narrow conception of local integration , it could be argued that the process becomes a durable solution only at the point when a refugee becomes a naturalized citizen of his or her asylum country . < sup > 6 < / sup > The broader , multi-dimensional definition , > 1 For example , ExCom Conclusions No . 79 ( XLVII ) 1996 , No . 81 ( XLVIII ) 1997 , No . 87 ( L ) 1999 , No . 89 ( LI ) 2000 , No . 90 ( LII ) 2001 , No . 95 ( LIV ) 2003 . > 2 Since 1990 , 1 . 7 million refugees were naturalized , 1 . 3 million in the USA alone ( 76 % ) . In many countries , in particular Europe , it is not possible to find out how many refugees actually obtained citizenship simply because refugees are not distinguished in national statistics from other foreigners . > 3 Jacobsen , K . , ( 2001 ) . ‘ The forgotten solution : local integration for refugees in developing countries ’ , _New Issues in Refugee Research_ , Working Paper No . 45 , ( UNHCR : Geneva ) . > 4 “ Although local integration is always listed among the three durable solutions , in fact it is rarely used in cases of mass influx and has , in that context , almost", "spans": [{"start": 1406, "end": 1425, "text": "national statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "etc . ) , which can be challenging and time-consuming for private-sector firms . This is where partnerships come in , as organizations already operating in displacement settings can provide private-sector firms with support in navigating camp systems and establishing a commercial foothold , particularly in areas such as community engagement , selection of beneficiaries / retailers and logistics . However , conflicts may arise as a result of differences in objectives and working style between one party and the other ( the private sector typically emphasizes commercial objectives , whereas for humanitarian organizations protection is the priority ) . The private sector could benefit from partnering with local organizations that can take a similar commercial view ( potentially earning a profit from their role ) while promoting the concept of ‘ do no harm ’ . Support may be required ( by the MEI or others ) in forming these relationships . Since alternatives to firewood and charcoal are relatively new in displacement settings , and data on willingness to pay are limited , it is likely that any intervention would need some period of market verification and dedicated funds for market creation and awareness-raising . Several of the financial plans for the concession were based heavily on assumptions that were untested , particularly in respect of demand-side factors . This is not to suggest that standalone pilot schemes should be encouraged , but it emphasizes the imperative of ensuring that scale-up of an intervention can quickly take place following market verification . Market verification may also be necessary before the private sector is willing to make significant investments of its own . In Tanzania ( see Annex 4 ) , a willingness-to-pay study provided assurances to relevant stakeholders that LPG use could be scaled up . 20 movingenergy . earth", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1070, "text": "data on willingness to pay", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STC data set . Then , we expand the data set so that each firm-product that exported at least once is combined with every destination and year . There are 12 , 918 firms exporting 1 , 197 HS4-products to 115 destinations , and there are 102 , 295 firm-product combinations that are exported at least once . < sup > 12 < / sup > This expanded panel data set allows us to include a rich set of fixed effects and exploit firms ’ previous export experience to estimate the effect of RTAs on non-member country firms . Using this data set , we construct two dependent variables : firm export participation and entry dummies . The export participation dummy is equal to 1 if firm _i_ exports to destination _j_ in year _t_ , and equal to 0 otherwise . The export entry dummy is equal to > 10On average , 27 % of exporting firms each year are new entrants . Appendix Table A . 3 provides yearly statistics on exporting firms and the share of new entrants . > 11The distribution across industries of products subject to FDA prior notice is reported in Appendix Table A . 5 . Products are listed at the HS10-level which we aggregate up to HS4-level to be consistent with the level of disaggregation in the WTO STC data set . The list of products that require prior notice to the FDA were downloaded , in June 2018 , from https : / / wayback . archive-it . org / 7993 / 20170721215512 / https : / / www . fda . gov / Food / GuidanceRegulation / GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation / ImportsExports / ucm170031 . htm . > 12This means that we have 12 _ , _ 918 _ × _ 115 _ × _ 15 = 22 _ , _ 283 _ , _ 550 observations in the expanded firm-level data set and 102 _ , _ 295 _ × _ 115 _ × _ 15 = 176 _ , _ 458 _ , _ 875 observations in the expanded firm-product-level data set . Note that the vast majority of these observations are filled with zero trade flows , but are needed for the 5", "spans": [{"start": 1616, "end": 1644, "text": "expanded firm-level data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries , heterogeneity across households , heterogeneity across goods , and heterogeneity across sources of gains ( namely , consumption and income effects ) . We illustrate these varying forms of heterogeneity by slicing the results from our simulations in different ways . To begin , Table 2 shows that the aggregate gains are highly heterogeneous across countries . While the gains can exceed 5 % of real household income , as in Zambia ( 6 . 93 % ) , Bhutan ( 6 . 53 % ) , Jordan ( 6 . 55 % ) , Cameroon ( 6 . 25 % ) , and Ecuador ( 5 . 05 % ) , there are two countries with income losses , namely Burundi ( - 3 . 23 % ) and Ghana ( - 0 . 50 % ) and a few other countries with small gains ( e . g . , Cambodia , 0 . 17 % ) . Figure 7 clearly illustrates the cross-country heterogeneity with a map of the relative magnitudes of the gains from trade . We can also use these data to show an interesting result : there is a positive correlation between the aggregate gains from trade and the log of per capita GDP ( Figure 8 ) . Roughly speaking , this suggests that richer countries stand to gain more from unilateral agricultural liberalization than the poorest ones . Second , we examine household heterogeneity and explore distributional impacts , which is one of the main advantages of the Household Impact of Tariffs database . There is a burgeoning literature on this topic , including Porto ( 2006 ) and more recent contributions from Fajgelbaum and Khandelwal ( 2015 ) , Atkin , Faber and Gonzalez-Navarro ( 2018 ) , Faber ( 2014 ) and Atkin and Donaldson ( 2015 ) , Antras , de Gortari and Itskhoki ( 2018 ) , and Galle , Rodriguez-Clare , and Yi ( 2017 ) , and Artuc , Porto and Rijkers ( 2019 ) . We start by plotting the developing world distribution of the gains from trade to show how HIT data can be used to analyze global implications of trade with a specific focus on farm households . < sup > 8 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1298, "end": 1334, "text": "Household Impact of Tariffs database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1803, "end": 1811, "text": "HIT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) | | for every additional 25 % point increase in ICT grade 7-12 teachers trained to deliver digital courses , up to $ 6 , 000 , 000 DLI < br > 3 . 5 : $ 6 , 000 , 000 by Closing Date Formula : from the baseline of 0 , $ 1 , 000 , 000 for every 10 % point increase in public schools < br > receivingdigital skills classes , upto $ 6 , 000 , 000 DLI 3 . 6 : $ 3 , 000 , 000 byClosingDate | | - - - | - - - | | * * Data source / Agency * * | MoE | | * * Verification Entity * * | DLI 3 . 1 : IVA ; DLI 3 . 2 : IVA ; DLI 3 . 3 : IVA ; DLI 3 . 4 : IVA ; DLI 3 . 5 : IVA | | * * Procedure * * | DLI 3 . 1 : IVA will verify that readiness assessment has been conducted in accordance with protocols agreed with the WB < br > DLI 3 . 2 : IVA will check the ministerial decree to adopt the action plan and will verify that the action plan includes sufficient < br > details ( as agreed with the WB ) of the following : < br > 1 . < br > Competency framework for digital skills for all grades < br > 2 . < br > Teacher training plan < br > 3 . < br > Roll-out plan for digital skills courses < br > 4 . < br > Draft budget < br > DLI 3 . 3 : IVA will check the ministerial decree that adopts the Digital skills curriculum for all grades < br > DLI 3 . 4 : IVA to check the training records of the G7-12 teachers and confirm the percentage", "spans": [{"start": 1341, "end": 1379, "text": "training records of the G7-12 teachers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Several consultation meetings that were held in 2020 in an effort to address the issues that were raised by PAPs concerning compensation for affected assets and related resettlement activities and benefits that the PAP community could derive from the dam project . The meetings included joint consultation with NLC , Mwavumbo Group Management Committee members and MoWSI officers and relevant stakeholders representing the PAPs communities . The stakeholders included the community elected leaders and the officers from KCG and National Government officers ( MoLPP and local administrators ) whose aim was to address the various issues that were raised by the PAPs . Refer to * * Annex 13 . * * * * < u > Table 10 : Summary of Concerns raised by the Project Affected Persons . < / u > * * | * * # * * < br > | * * Issue / Comments * * < br > | * * Responses * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . | How will the consultants < br > know < br > exactly < br > the < br > real < br > PAHs ? | There is a project design and related map that have been < br > developed . The Consultants could therefore use these < br > design maps to identify the affected area and hence the < br > PAHs . Further , the census has generated a full and < br > completed list of those affected by categories of impacts . | | 2 | Will the project compensate < br > group ranch management < br > committee or all individuals < br > who will be affected will be < br > compensated ? | < br > Consultations for the dissolution of the ranch is < br > underway . It is the hope of the project that this process < br > will be completed so that land adjudication and < br > subdivision can also be done . Once these processes are all < br > done with and each", "spans": [{"start": 1205, "end": 1211, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of service industries . Due to past policy biases , the service sector in China is very underdeveloped for a country of its GDP per capita level ( figure 5 ) . In 2001 , China ’ s share of services in GDP ( 33 . 6 ) is even lower than that of Bangladesh ( 51 . 7 ) , Kenya ( 62 . 9 ) , Ethiopia ( 36 . 6 ) , and Tanzania ( 39 . 4 ) , not to mention the developed countries , and made almost no progress from the 1991 level of 33 . 4 percent . Although China has an impressive FDI ( foreign direct investment ) stock , most of it ( 66 . 6 % ) is concentrated in manufacturing and related industries , with only 31 . 6 % in services in 2000 . Furthermore , the bulk of this investment ( 23 . 6 % of total FDI ) goes to the real estate business , leaving only 8 % in other service industries . 43 This unbalanced structure is mainly due to the policy constraints imposed on foreign participation in services . * * Figure 5 Underdeveloped Service Sector in China * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Service as % of GDP ( 2001 ) * < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > China < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 0 1 2 3 4 5 < br > Per capita GDP ( Constant 1995 US $ , log ) < br > * For some countries , data are from 2000 . < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank SIMA database . In the short and medium terms , the underdeveloped service sector will be the major source for economic development and job creation . It is generally believed among Chinese scholars that a 1 % increase in GNP would create either 800 , 000 jobs in secondary industry or 1 . 3 million", "spans": [{"start": 1322, "end": 1346, "text": "World Bank SIMA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APATRIDIE ET NATIONALITE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE DE L ’ AFRQUE DE L ’ EST # # # # * * Les lacunes de l ’ administration de la nationalité * * - * * Des systèmes de l ’ état-civil fragiles * * L ’ enregistrement des naissances constitue le fondement de l ’ administration de la nationalité , mais trois des six pays de la CAE ont des taux d ’ enregistrement des naissances inférieurs à 50 % pour les moins de cinq ans , et aucun ne dépasse 85 % . Les enfants plus âgés et les adultes tendent à avoir des taux d ’ enregistrement plus faibles . - * * Le besoin essentiel de procédures de traitement équitable , à la fois en ce qui concerne l ’ examen administratif et judiciaire , et l ’ appel * * Les documents attestant de la nationalité sont plus importants que jamais pour l ’ accès des personnes aux autres droits . Il est donc essentiel que les décisions prises par les agents de la fonction publique de rejeter ou de refuser le renouvellement d ’ un document soient soumises à l ’ examen et l ’ appel non seulement d ’ autres agents de la fonction publique , mais également des tribunaux . Comme l ’ a affirmé la Charte africain des droits de l ’ homme et des peuples dans sa décision _Anudo_ , pour toute personne ayant été traitée par le passé en tant que ressortissant , notamment en possession de documents attestant de sa nationalité , la charge de la preuve incombera à", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1999 ) find what they term „ the market stealing effect ‟ of foreign direct investment which swamps the positive effect of technology transfer on firm productivity in Venezuela . Javorcik ( 2004 ) explicitly distinguishes between intra - and inter-industry effects of foreign direct investment using firm level data from Lithuania and finds that foreign direct investment has a positive productivity effect on supplier industries but no significant effect on local competitors in the same industry . Javorcik and Li ( 2008 ) show that entry of foreign retail chains boosts the productivity of the supplying industries in Romania . 6", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 330, "text": "firm level data from Lithuania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hood , Christopher . \" A Public Management for All Seasons ? \" _Public Administration_ Vol . 69 ( 1991 ) : 3-19 . Joshi , A . “ Background Paper on Service Delivery : Review of Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives , ” Institute of Development Studies , Brighton , UK ( 2013 ) . Kariuki , Maureen . “ Open Governance Partnership — Africa in the OGP : Why 2015 Is a Big Year ” ( March 20 , 2015 ) . Kendall , Chad , Tommaso Nannicini , and Francesco Trebbi . “ How Do Voters Respond to Information ? Evidence from a Randomized Campaign . ” _American Economic Review_ 105 ( 1 ) ( 2015 ) : 322 – 53 . Khokhar , Tariq . “ Financing Investments in Data Innovations : Issues Paper for Data Revolution Consultation , ” World Bank ( January 15 , 2015 ) . Kosack , Stephen and Fung , Archon , Does Transparency Improve Governance ? ( May 2014 ) . Annual Review of Political Science , Vol . 17 , pp . 65-87 , 2014 . Kudamatsu , Masayuki . “ Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa ? Evidence from Micro Data . ” _Journal of the European Economic Association_ 10 ( 6 ) ( 2012 ) : 1294 – 317 . Larreguy , Haracio A . , John Marshall and James M . Snyder , Jr . \" Revealing Malfeasance : How Local Media Facilitates Electoral Sanctioning of Mayors in Mexico . \" NBER Working Paper No . 20697 ( 2014 ) . Lathrop , Daniel , and Laurel Ruma ( eds . ) . “ Open Government : Transparency , Collaboration and Participation in Practice , ” O ' Reilly Media ( February 2010 ) . Little , Eric , and Carolyn Logan . “ The Quality of Democracy and Governance in Africa : New Results for AfroBarometer Round 4 , ” Working Paper 108 , AfroBarometer Network ( 2008 ) . McKinney , James , Stephane Guidoin , and Paulina Marczak . “ OGD Standards Inventory : Open Government Partnership OGD Working Group Standards Stream , ” Open North ( 2015 ) . Myles , J . , and J . Quagagno . “ Political", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to register for and / or receive vaccines may well undermine the effectiveness of vaccination programs . Alternative arrangements therefore need to be considered for those who lack proof of legal identity . The lack of documentation also makes it harder for authorities to reach these populations as they typically do not appear in civil registers or national population registers ; their lack of legal identity documents has effectively made them invisible to the authorities . * * Lack of awareness . * * The majority of known stateless people and those at risk of statelessness belong to minority groups and many live in remote , hard-to-reach locations . They may not speak the dominant national language and may or may not be literate . For a variety of reasons , they thus may not be aware of the possibility to get vaccinated and may face difficulties in obtaining information on how to access vaccines , especially where this requires navigating administrative systems . Information may not be provided in a language they speak or may be transmitted through a means of communication that they do not have access to . Due to a general lack of data on stateless populations , regular outreach efforts are likely to overlook these groups . * * Fear of coming forward for vaccination . * * Many stateless persons do not have legal status in the country where they live and are therefore generally reluctant to approach the authorities lest they be subject to arrest or detention . Registering and coming forward for vaccination is likely to be perceived as posing similar risks . * * Prohibitive cost of vaccination . * * Many stateless persons do not have access to healthcare insurance due to lack of legal identity and legal status , which can make accessing vaccination prohibitively costly . While vaccination in many countries is free of charge for nationals , in many countries this will not be the case for non-nationals without legal status . * * Discriminatory and inconsistent vaccination distribution practices . * * While most governments are developing vaccine distribution plans at a national level , implementation is often managed locally by a host of different actors .", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 347, "text": "civil registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 351, "end": 380, "text": "national population registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "based supervision . Third , the project will develop a technical library for insurance supervision , through advisory technical assistance and some investment in equipment . Finally , the project will upgrade IT capability o f the Insurance Supervision Department , involving the deployment of advisory technical assistance and investment in hardware and software to meet identified needs . A computer literacy program will be implemented to complement the IT upgrade effort . _ ( c ) Strengthening Economic Research , Policy Formulation and Implementation_ Conducting economic research and providing input into policy formulation and implementation are critical functions o f modem central banks around the world . M E ’ S Economic Research and Monetary Policy Directorate ( ERMPD ) i s charged with providing economic advice to the government on topics such as monetary policy , exchange rate management , interest rate management and fiscal policy . At present , ERMPD i s unable to perform its functions effectively due to lack o f research and analytical skills , high staff turnover , inadequate information technology , and poor quality o f its economic database . The project will therefore use a combination o f _advisory technical services , training and exposure programs_ to strengthen ERMPD in the following areas : i ) monetary policy and liquidity forecasting ; ii ) financial market development ; iii ) balance o f payment analysis ; iv ) macroeconomic modeling and analysis . In addition to the foregoing , the project will upgrade available information technology in the ERMPD , including hardware , relevant software for research and modeling . Given the fact that ERMPD utilizes key balance o f payments and foreign trade data , the project will also provide support to the Banking and Foreign Exchange Directorate in the areas o f compilation and monitoring o f such data along with support in the reserve management area . In addition to the above core areas , the project will also provide carefully targeted support to the functional areas o f Internal Audit , Finance and Information Systems , Legal , Human Resource Management and Administrative Services , and Bank Modernization , considered critical to the sustainability o f the capacity developed under the", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1169, "text": "economic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1703, "end": 1746, "text": "balance o f payments and foreign trade data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ 17 . 6 % did not own livestock during the survey . Based on the socioeconomic survey , Subproject affected households on average own 12 . 8 livestock per household which looks decent number . * * _Household Income and Expenditure : _ * * Based on a comparative analysis of average annual household income and expenditure obtained from the survey results , households in project Kebele earn , on average , ETB 127 , 150 cash income per annum . Average cash expenditure among the households was ETB 115 , 385 per household per annum . Based on annual cash income and expenditure information , households in the Subproject impacted areas could potentially be saving close to ETB 11 , 765 annually . * * _Access to Water Supply : _ * * Main sources of potable water for the surveyed households and their communities included public hand pump ( Bono ) , protected well , private piped tape water and protected spring . This means all the surveyed households have access to clean and safe drinking water . However , among the surveyed household ’ s 50 % of them reported that protected well is the primary source of potable water for their household , followed by public hand pump ( Bono ) which is reported to be a source of drinking water for 23 . 5 % of the households . * * _Educational Status : _ * * The result of the census survey shows 29 . 2 % of the Subproject affected household heads had no formal education , while 70 . 8 % of them reported to had at least some kind of formal education of which 33 . 3 % of them had primary school education ( grade 1 to 8 ) * * _Health Status : _ * * In terms of physical and mental well-being ( health ) of the household heads , 13 HHs are reported to be healthy , whereas 12 HHs are elderly whose age are", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 225, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 683, "end": 729, "text": "annual cash income and expenditure information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1459, "end": 1472, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "much attention has been given to those countries in which refugee statistics appear to have been inflated , far less attention has been devoted to those situations in which the ‘ politics of numbers ’ leads host country governments to report artificially low refugee statistics . As Yash Tandon pointed out in an article 15 years ago , according to official statistics , there were some 2 , 000 Ugandan refugees living in Kenya in October 1983 . But , he continues , “ any Ugandan in Kenya would argue that there are at least five times that number . ” Reflecting upon this glaring discrepancy , Tandon observes that “ in a situation where two countries are reasonably friendly , or wish to avoid antagonizing each other , it is in the interests of both to play down the numbers … This is the case with Uganda and Kenya . Official figures have to take into account these niceties of diplomacy . ” < sup > 21 < / sup > Similar arrangements were reported in the 1980s with respect to Somali refugees in Djibouti and refugees in Gabon from several states in Central Africa . During the same period , a number of the front-line states are known to have under-reported the number of South African exiles on their territory , for the eminently reasonable reason of discouraging military reprisals from the country of origin . < sup > 22 < / sup > Even if African officials and governments have reported refugee statistics which appear to be inflated , their reasons for doing so might in some situations not be so reprehensible as they appear to the external observer . First , as noted in an earlier section of the paper , the constraints to effective registration are such that considerable numbers of legitimate beneficiaries may actually be excluded from the statistics collected by UNHCR and other humanitarian organizations . Such was the case in the Ethiopian camp of Hartisheik in 1990 , when a hard-hitting television documentary revealed that refugees from Somalia had been denied the assistance to which they were entitled because of a long delay in the implementation of a UNHCR", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 76, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 259, "end": 277, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 349, "end": 368, "text": "official statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51 % 50 % < br > services < br > Agriculture , hunting , < br > forestry , and fishing < br > 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations with data from Sakernas . * * Merchandise trade was , and continued to be , dominated by manufacturing . * * Mining and quarrying account for about 20 percent of total exports value with the primary agriculture sector counting for less than 10 percent of the total value of exports . Some of the most important export products are coal briquettes ( 10 . 9 % of total value ) , palm oil ( 8 . 21 % ) , petroleum gas ( 4 . 48 % ) , gold ( 2 . 16 % ) , and rubber ( 2 . 07 % ) . * * Indonesia ’ s six largest trade partners have persistently accounted for at least 60 percent of total exports value . * * However , the relative relevance of each partner has changed substantially over time . Japan accounted for nearly one-third of exports by value in the beginning of the period and less than 10 percent by the end . Conversely , China grew in relative relevance from less than 5 percent to more than 15 percent of export values . 4", "spans": [{"start": 282, "end": 300, "text": "data from Sakernas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ESSA – Financing Locally-Led Climate Action Program ( FLLCA ) or before the taking of possession of the land , open a special account into which the Commission shall pay interest on the amount awarded at the rate prevailing bank rates from the time of taking possession until the time of payment . # # # * * _Transfer of Possession and Ownership to the State_ * * 203 . Once first offer payment has been awarded , the NLC serves notice to all persons with interest in the property indicating the date the Government will take possession . Upon taking possession of the land , the commission shall ensure payment of just compensation in full . When this has been done , NLC removes the ownership of private land from the register of private ownership and the land is vested in the national or County Government as public land free from any encumbrances . # # # * * _Temporary Possession_ * * 204 . The Commission has also the power to obtain temporary occupation of land . However , the commission shall as soon as is practicable , before taking possession , pay full and just compensation to all persons interested in the land . # # # * * _Opportunity for Appeal_ * * 205 . The Kenya Constitution establishes the Environment and Land Court . Article 162 of the constitution provides for the creation of specialized courts to handle all matters on land and the environment . Such a court will have the status and powers of a High Court in every respect . Article 159 on the principles of judicial authority , indicates that courts will endeavor to encourage the application of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms , including traditional ones , so long as they are consistent with the constitution . Section 20 , of the _Environment and Land Court Act , 2011_ empowers the Environment and Land Court , on its motion , or on the application of the parties to a dispute , to direct the application of Alternative Dispute Resolution ( ADR ) , including traditional dispute resolution mechanisms . 206 . Any person whose land has been compulsorily", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 749, "text": "register of private ownership", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * V . SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE & AUTOSUFFISANCE * * L ’ analyse de la sécurité alimentaire est effectuée à travers les trois piliers de la consommation ; de l ’ accessibilité et de l ’ utilisation . Pour se conformer aux seuils de consommation alimentaire ( 21-35 ) plus adaptés pour le Cameroun ( donc aux réfugiés centrafricains et tchadiens vivant au Cameroun ) et tels que recommandés lors de la dernière CFSVA < sup > 10 < / sup > de 2011 , la présente enquête rompt avec les anciens seuils ( 28-42 ) jusque-là utilisés . Par conséquent , pour les besoins de comparaisons dans le temps , ces seuils de consommation alimentaires seront appliqués aux données des anciennes études sur les réfugiés centrafricains et tchadiens . # # # # * * 5 . 1 . Consommation alimentaire * * # # # # * * a ) Réfugiés centrafricains * * De façon générale , les ménages de réfugiés centrafricains prennent en moyenne deux repas par jour , indépendamment du sexe et de l ’ âge des personnes qui les composent . Ils consomment des céréales ou des tubercules tous les jours de la semaine ( avec une préférence pour le manioc et les autres tubercules consommés 5 jours sur 7 et parfois en leur substituant du riz ou du maïs pendant 2 jours sur 7 ) qu ’ ils accompagnent de", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 684, "text": "données des anciennes études", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * # # < u > Local integration < / u > In some countries , refugees have the opportunity to integrate locally because they have access to land or the labour market . In others , they may remain confined to camps where they depend on international relief assistance . The acquisition of the citizenship of the country of asylum would be the most crucial step in obtaining the full legal and protection rights of the host country as foreseen by Article 34 of the 1951 Convention . However , national laws in many countries do not permit refugees to become naturalized . Even in those cases where refugees acquire the citizenship of the asylum country through naturalization , statistical data is usually very limited as the countries concerned generally do not distinguish between refugees and other categories in the relevant data . Their naturalization is thus both restricted as such but also under-reported . For 2006 , UNHCR was informed of refugees being granted citizenship in the United States of America ( 98 , 500 ) , Belgium ( 2 , 500 ) , Armenia ( 1 , 200 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 600 ) , and the Russian Federation ( 420 ) . # # * * Sex and age * * UNHCR ’ s policy priorities on gender equality , children , including adolescents , and older refugees require that its data on persons of concern should be disaggregated by , among others , age and sex . However , demographic information on the populations of concern is not available for all countries , or tends to be very variable . The coverage tends to be high for refugees and returnees and low for stateless persons and returned IDPs , even if the overall populations of concern in these last two groups has increased in absolute terms . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig 6 : Demographic characteristics available < br > ( Mln . ) on UNHCR ' s population of concern < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 714, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1391, "end": 1414, "text": "demographic information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other matters connected therewith . The definition and objects included by the terms used above are specified in section 1 of this act . Section 8 specifies the actions that are prohibited . Section 11 stipulates that any discoveries of the objects made that are considered to be of importance according to this act shall be reported to the Conservator of Antiquities or District Commissioner or the Curator of the Museum within fourteen days . Any person who contravenes any of the conditions issued under this act commits an offence which is to be fined as stipulated in Section 19 of this act . Excavations that will be carried out during preparation of foundation for pylons may affect monuments or cultural property where they exist . If the situation arises the work will be suspended and appropriate authorities contacted to supervise appropriate measures to be taken . * * This act will be triggered since some archaeology sites , cultural site and historical sites have been identified during the ESIA study . Other cultural properties of this nature , if found , will need to be protected according to the Act . * * A chance find procedure will be adopted and followed during construction so that any encounters are adequately addressed . # # # * * 2 . 4 . 39 Occupational Safety and Health Act , 2006 * * This is a two-way act that : ( 1 ) requires employers to protect their workers ; and ( 2 ) charges employees with taking responsibility for their safety while at work . The Act is concerned with not only the work area but also its immediate environment . According to Section 13 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Act , it is the responsibility of an employer to take all measures for the protection of his or her workers and the general public from the dangerous aspects of the employer ’ s undertaking as far as reasonably < u > practicable , at his or her own cost . Section 19 ( 2 ) further spells out that it shall be the < / u > 71 * * | * * Page", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Introduction * * There is a learning crisis ( World Bank 2017 ) . It existed before COVID-19 ( Angrist et al . 2021 , 2022 ) and it is global . It has been exacerbated since the school closures began in March 2020 ( McKinsey 2022 ) . COVID-19 caused significant disruption to the global education system . Early in the pandemic , the World Bank ( Azevedo et al . 2021 ) presented simulations of the potential effect of school closures on learning outcomes . It forecast significant declines in the global level of schooling and learning outcomes . School closures could result in a loss of 0 . 3-1 . 1 years of schooling and students from the current cohort could , on average , face a reduction of $ 366 to $ 1 , 776 in yearly earnings . Globally , a school shutdown of 5 months could generate learning losses that have a present value of $ 10 trillion . Early reviews of the first wave of lockdowns and school closures suggested significant learning loss in a few countries ( see , for example , Engzell et al 2021 ; Haelermans et al . 2022 ; Jack et al . 2022 ; Maldonado and De Witte 2022 ) . More recent and thorough analyses of recorded learning losses documented since the beginning of the school closures in March 2020 find even more evidence of learning loss ( Donnelly and Patrinos 2021 ) . Robust studies suggest learning losses on average amounting to 0 . 17 of a standard deviation , or at least one-third of a year ' s worth of learning ( Betthäuser et al . 2023 ; Hammerstein et al . 2021 ; Patrinos et al . 2023 ; Zierer 2021 ) . Most studies observe increases in inequality where certain demographics of students experienced learning losses that were more significant than others . But there are also outliers , countries that managed to limit the amount of loss . The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study ( PIRLS ) is the largest international test of 4 < sup > th < / sup > - grade students ’ reading achievement . It is the largest international assessment of reading skills at the primary", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , this section opts for a more specific focus on the federal government budget balance for two noteworthy reasons . Firstly , in Argentina ́ s context , the trajectory of the general government fiscal accounts is predominantly influenced by the federal government ́ s accounts . With the exception of a brief period in the late-1990s , sub-national administrations ( i . e . , provinces ) have generally maintained balanced or slightly deficit-ridden public accounts ( * * Figure 18 * * ) . Secondly , in accordance with Musgrave ' s seminal work in 1959 , the stabilizing function is typically entrusted to the central government . * * Figure 18 . National and Subnational fiscal balances ( 1961-2022 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > - 6 < br > - 8 < br > - 10 < br > - 12 < br > - 14 < br > - 16 < br > Federal Government Provinces < br > Percent of GDP < br > 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Ministry of Economy . Conforming to the literature , we categorize taxes into four distinct groups , each exhibiting different elasticities to the economic cycle . Notably , considering that the federal government retains roughly 42 percent of the receipts for various tax categories in Argentina , this study simplifies its analysis by relying on the resulting share of resources officially recorded as central government revenue , an estimation based on data published by the Ministry of Economy ( * * Figure 19 * * ) . < sup > 2021 < / sup > These categories are as follows : i ) Personal Income Tax ( PIT ) , averaging 2 . 3 percent of GDP over the past decade , with nearly 1 . 1 percent of GDP allocated to the Federal", "spans": [{"start": 1598, "end": 1639, "text": "data published by the Ministry of Economy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goldberg , P . and N . Pavcnik . 2007 . Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries . Journal of Economic Literature , 45 ( 1 ) : 39-82 . Goldberg , P . and N . Pavcnik . 2005 . Trade , Wages , and the Political Economy of Trade Protection : Evidence from the Colombian Trade Reforms . Journal of International Economics 66 ( 1 ) : 75 – 105 . Ghani , E . , A . Goswami and W . Kerr . 2016a . Highway to Success in India : The Impact of the Golden Quadrilateral Project for the Location and Performance of Manufacturing . The Economic Journal , 126 ( 591 ) : 317-357 . Ghani , E . , A . Goswami and W . Kerr . 2016b . Highways and Spatial Location within Cities : Evidence from India . World Bank Economic Review , forthcoming . Ghani , E . , A . Goswami , and W . Kerr . 2013 . The Golden Quadrilateral Highway Project and Urban / Rural Manufacturing in India . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper # 6620 . Ghani , E . , W . Kerr , and S . O ' Connell . 2013 . Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship in India . Journal of Economic Geography , 13 ( 6 ) : 929-964 . Ghani , E . , W . Kerr , and S . O ' Connell . 2014 . Political Reservations and Women ’ s Entrepreneurship in India . Journal of Development Economics , 108 ( C ) : 138-153 . Ghani , E . , A . Mani , and S . O ' Connell . 2013 . Can Political Empowerment Help Economic Empowerment ? Women Leaders and Female Labor Force Participation in India . World Bank mimeo . Ghani , E . , W . Kerr , and C . Stanton . 2014 . Diasporas and Outsourcing : Evidence from oDesk and India . Management Science , 60 ( 7 ) : 1677-1697 . Government of India ( GOI ) . 1997 . Report of the Expert Committee on Small Enterprises . New Delhi . Available at : < u > http : / / www . isedonline . org / uploads", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Notes * * : This table presents the descriptive statistics from the budget execution dataset . The variables “ Distinct commitments ” , “ Distinct verifications ” and “ Distinct payments ” are simply the count of the identifiers that uniquely identify each table - _empenho_ , _liquidacao_ , _pagamento_ . In the states of CE , PB and PE we can not count the number of distinct verifications because we were unable to build a unique identifier for this table . Likewise for distinct commitments and distinct payments in the case of PE . The variables “ Has verification information ” and “ Has payment information ” refer to the percentage of commitment identifiers with any verification or payment information , respectively , in the current year or later . This means that they can be followed throughout the execution process . The state of PB has a low percentage of commitments with verification information due to different temporal coverage of those two tables - while the first starts on 2003 , the later starts on 2008 . The commitments related to procurement restricts the data to three categories : consumption material ( code 30 ) , material for free distribution ( code 32 ) and , equipment and permanent material ( code 52 ) . Also , the number of distinct sellers is missing for PE because we don ’ t have information about suppliers in the payment table . The variable “ Total amount of payments ” is in 2021 prices . 33", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 96, "text": "budget execution dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 % | 3 % | - | 8 % | | | Per Employee | 52 . 04 | 492 | 39 . 40 | 205 . 43 | 197 . 21 | - | 151 . 56 | a Intensity for firms doing R & D b For Pakistan only 23 firms with information available Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) Investments in equipment appear as the most important investment in knowledge capital ( except for Pakistan ) . Leaders do more training than laggards , with nearly half of Indian firms providing training to their workers and spending an amount per employee that doubles that of the laggard group . However , all countries in the region have spent less money on training per worker than on R & D . Few firms in the SAR acquired new licenses . The pattern of R & D is very heterogeneous when considering firm characteristics , both within and across country groups ( Table 3 ) . In India , small , non-exporters , national and very young firms are more R & D intensive , while in Bangladesh , the pattern is slightly different , with large , exporters , foreign and old firms as more R & D intensive . < sup > 5 < / sup > More importantly , In Pakistan there is a very large concentration of R & D activity in an extremely low number of firms . > 4 Details upon request . > 5 These findings were statistically significant . 9", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 248, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Item Update * * - c Friday 25 < sup > th < / sup > October 2019 * * Morning * * : Visit Moyo District leadership and Technical Planning Team * * Afternoon : * * Visit Sub-county leader ship ( LC 3 and Sub-county chiefs ) where road traverses in Moyo District The team agreed that that these stakeholders need to be communicated ahead of time by UNRA and followed up by JBN Mgt . # # # d ) * * Meeting with UNHCR and OPM : * * It was noted that third day the team shall have to separate to have meetings with OPM and UNHCR . However , to have these engagement , an introductory letter needs to come from UNRA ratified by the OPM Kampala office . Therefore , management should inform the client early enough so that by Friday engagements are smooth . - 4 . 2 * * Tools required : * * - a Letter of introduction from client - b Background Information Document ( BID ) - Draft developed and shared - c Matrix for inputting or mapping stakeholders ( already shared ) - d Matrix for stakeholder engagement schedule ( already shared ) - 4 . 3 * * What the team needs from District leadership and other stakeholders for the inception visit * * - Being an initial visit , the team will give a brief introduction and project background - Explain and inform them about the upcoming detailed assessments for RAP and ESIA - Share the schedule with the respective district leadership for the next meetings planned for 11 < sup > th < / sup > to 24 < sup > th < / sup > of November 2019 - Get initial input on key issues / concerns , expectations and fears to take care of in the detailed assessment . - Get initial input from the district team on which relevant stakeholders we should include and target for detailed assessments - Get relevant information for the preliminary assessment such as DDPs and any relevant documents such as statistical abstracts , District Environmental Reports ,", "spans": [{"start": 1791, "end": 1795, "text": "DDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "|  High | | * * Results * * | | | | # * * PDO Indicators by Objectives / Outcomes * * Raise on-farm productivity , production , and marketable volumes of selected agricultural commodities < u > < mark > IN00926880 < / mark > < / u > ► Yields of ( MT / ha ) of selected commodities ( maize , rice , beans , cassava , and coffee ) for the participating households ( Metric ton , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 1 . 00 < br > 1 . 10 | 1 . 10 | 1 . 60 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 < br > 16-Dec-2019 | 16-Dec-2019 | 31-Mar-2022 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator is disaggregated by crop and the val < br > PAD have been updated with the UBOS Annual Ag < br > will be updated at MTR . | ues are presented below . Th < br > riculture Survey ( 2018 ) . The | e baseline values from the < br > end targets from the PAD | < u >  Rice ( Metric ton , Custom Breakdown ) < / u > 6 / 10 / 2021 Page 2 of 12", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 745, "text": "UBOS Annual Ag", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 816, "end": 832, "text": "riculture Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "land and livelihood lowered the standard of living for everyone ” . < sup > 5 < / sup > The refugees ’ distinct identity was further cemented by clear allegiances to opposing political parties during the interwar period , with refugees actively supporting the liberals and natives standing behind the conservatives . Has the refugees ’ initial economic hardship upon arrival turned into persistent social marginalization ? Has the historical strife between refugees and natives cemented into deep-seated mistrust and oppositional identities ? Has social cohesion – understood as “ a sense of shared purpose and trust [ . . . ] and willingness to engage and cooperate ” among members of a same society ( Kim , Sheely and Schmidt , 2020 ) – been eroded by major inter-group cleavages ? Or , to the contrary , have the League of Nations ’ resettlement efforts proved sufficient to prevent refugee ’ s exclusion and foster their integration into the Greek society ? To address these questions , I use Murard and Sakalli ( 2018 ) ’ s geocoded dataset of refugee settlements in 1928 , which I combine with several indicators of social cohesion at the local level in the 2000s and 2010s . I also use various Greek population censuses from 1928 to 2001 to examine refugees ’ social integration , and the European Social Survey to look at the second-generation refugees ’ political values , trust , and civic engagement . The first important result is that refugees experienced a successful social integration in the host society . By 2001 refugees display a high rate of intermarriage , with close to 50 percent of refugee women being married with a Greek native . Second generation refugees also report levels of trust in others and in institutions similar to natives , do not perceive to be discriminated against , and are more likely than natives to engage in political activism and to participate in voluntary associations . I also find no persistent inter-group inequalities between refugees and natives in terms of educational attainment or occupation . Furthermore , the civic engagement of refugees appears to have contributed to higher involvement in voluntary associations at the community level . I find that , among small communities ( bellow 1 , 100 inhabitants", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1076, "text": "geocoded dataset of refugee settlements in 1928", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1201, "end": 1244, "text": "Greek population censuses from 1928 to 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1296, "end": 1318, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - for one year , trees are planted in the second year , and the cultivator continues to grow crops until the growth of the trees seriously affects crop yields . This system controls weed growth in the early years , and hence reduces or obviates weeding costs . The growth of the tree crops has oEten been spectacular . Recently , the shamba system has begun to break down because salaries have greatly improved and there is therefore less willingness on the part of persons employed in the forest to rent shambas for the production of crops . However , trees still form an integral part of farming in most of Kenya ' s highlands , as the landscape in the densely populated areas north-west of Nairobi shows . # # Fuelwood Consumption 1 . 07 The population of Kenya consumes a great deal of fuelwood for its domestic needs . Fuelwood provides , directly or indirectly ( through chiarcoal ) , at least 80-90 % of all the domestic energy consumed in the country but the average consumption per head of fuelwood ( including charcoal ) is not known with any de ree of reliability . The most accurate figure is likely to be about 0 . 8 m per head p . a . , but a 1979-80 survey carried out by the Mini stry of Environment and Natural Resources ( MENR ) came up with a figure of 1 . 5 in , one of the highest in Africa . Even if the lower estimaSe is used it would represent an annual consumption of at least 13 million m for fuelwood and charcoal , which is at least 15 times the total annual consumption of industrial wood in Kenya now . It is not clear where all this fuelwood is coming from , but a substantial amount must come from forest land , whether gazetted or not ; the rest must come from scrubland , farmland , scattered trees and shrubs . Since annual consumption far outstrips wood regeneration , fuelwood consumptiDn is clearly leading to significant", "spans": [{"start": 1161, "end": 1175, "text": "1979-80 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is highly unlikely that farn households would be able to undertake this number of improved practices at one time , as adoption of these practices involves significantly higher incremental input costs , and farnmers assess to credit is a major constraint to adoption . This is indicated by the very low percentage of farmers using purchased inputs . On this basis the expected incremental farm household retums would be inadequate to generate an IRR for the AEP to break even . # # # # 7 . * * Other Benefits * * The benefits from the improved human resource skills developed with the project training and the strengthening of the local institutional capacity have not been assessed quantitatively . The project training to FEWs , extension staff , subject matter specialists and headquarter MAAIF staff in technical and management areas will have improved skills and potential productivity . The training of FEWs , village groups and farmer contact groups at the local level has strengthened local institutional capacities . Both the human resource skills and institutional capacity will generate benefits when used in other economic and non-economic activities . # # # # * * 8 . Conclusion * * Both the project statistical analysis on project impact points , and the sector program analysis and assessment at the farm household level indicate that AEP did not have a significant impact on improving productivity . While at the farm household level awareness and adoption of improved technologies and practices did improve returns the incremental increase was inadequate for the project to generate an IRR of 15 per cent which would result in the project breaking even . Further , the national agricultural production statistics do not indicate any improvement in productivity . While a number of other factors influence productivity and yield ( i . e . climatic , retums ) and the aggregate totals may mask some intra-regional or project and non-project effects , very limited if any quantitative evidence is available to indicate improved yields . 44", "spans": [{"start": 1688, "end": 1731, "text": "national agricultural production statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CBN data , < br > FMOH | Source : Routine CBN data , < br > FMOH | | Percentage of infants 0-5 months exclusively | | Percentage | Value | 51 . 00 | 52 . 00 | 56 . 00 | | breast fed ( source DHS survey , project < br > | | | Date | 01-Oct-2009 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | baseline and endline surveys ; baseline from < br > 2005 DHS ) | | | Comments | Source : National Nutrition < br > Survey ( NNS ) 2009 | Source : EDHS 2011 | Source : NNS 2013 | | Percentage of pregnant women receiving iron | | Percentage | Value | 17 . 00 | 17 . 00 | 25 . 00 | | and folate supplementation | | | Date | 01-Oct-2009 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | | | | Comments | Source : National Nutrition < br > Survey ( NNS ) 2009 ( baseline < br > value and data source revised | Source : EDHS 2011 | Source : NNS 2013 | | Number of people with access to a basic | | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 29750000 . 00 | 44125000 . 00 | | package of nutrition services ( CBN ) | | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | | | | Comments | Source : Routine CBN data , < br > FMOH < br > ( revised indicator definition , < br > baseline value and data < br > source ) | Source : Routine CBN data , < br > FMOH | Routine CBN data , FMOH | | Number of children 6-59 months receiving a | | Number | Value | 10200000 . 00 | 1070000000 . 00 | 11300000 . 00 | | dose of Vitamin A every", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 201, "text": "DHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > for Financial Aid in the Business World < / u > * * Posted on September 10 , 2023 by Napier Shantel [ image ] In today ’ s digital age , social media has become more than just a platform for sharing personal experiences and connecting with friends ; it has evolved into a powerful tool for businesses to access financial aid resources and opportunities . In this article , we will delve into the world of social media views like TikTok views ( get TikTok views from Famoid . com ) , exploring how these platforms can provide vital financial aid to entrepreneurs and small businesses in finance . * * The Power of Social Media * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Agr , Forestry , Fisheries < br > Beverages and Tobacco Products < br > Chemical , Rubber , Plastic Products < br > Construction < br > Dwellings < br > Electricity , Gas , Water < br > Energy Extraction < br > Ferrous Metals < br > Leather Products < br > Machinery and Equipment nec < br > Manufactures nec < br > Metal Products < br > Metals nec < br > Mineral Products nec < br > Minerals nec < br > Other Private Services < br > Paper Products , Publishing < br > Processed Foods < br > PubAdmin / Defence / Health / Educat < br > Textiles < br > Trade and Transport Services < br > Transport Equipment < br > Wearing Apparel < br > Wood Products < br > 0 20 40 60 80 < br > Total LVAX share ( % ) < br > ZAF COL CHL PER THA TUR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . Minerals have a relatively high share of labor in exports even vis-à-vis other sectors . Exports of the minerals sector in South Africa are the most labor intensive among any of its comparators . In Figure 6 we observed that labor value added contained in South Africa ’ s minerals exports was primarily direct labor content with weak backward linkages , and in Figure 14 we assess whether this over performance is due to direct value added or indirect value added via backward linkages . Figure 14 repeats Figure 13 except for the direct LVAX shares across sectors and countries . The direct LVAX share continues to be above all other countries for minerals as well as for ferrous metals . In other sectors , however , the direct LVAX share is no longer higher than other non-BRIC comparators , implying that South Africa ’ s high LVAX share relative to other countries is due to backward linkages , rather than the direct content . Adding this result to the below finding that the number of jobs supported by exports of minerals is limited", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 859, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Trade_ * * Goods and services move within and across countries . Within each country , these flows are determined by the relative demand and supply of goods in each cell together with iceberg trade costs . � From the network data we derive iceberg trade cost factors τ � � , i . e . the cost of shipping goods from sector s across the transport network from origin cell i to destination j . The experiment we study is a � change in these costs . Internationally , in addition to network trade costs τ � � , there are country origin ‐ destination shift parameters , A � � � , which are sector specific , and capture national preferences for goods from other countries . For origins and destinations i , j both in the same country these take value unity . Between countries they may differ from unity but take a common value , A � � � , for trade between all origin cells i in one country and destination cells j all in one other ; i . e . for each sector s this is a block matrix , with values of A � � � the same for any particular bilateral international trade . 3 The parameter applies both for final consumption and intermediate usage of such goods . These shift parameters are calibrated such that international trade flows match the trade flows in the data . They apply only to international flows , since we only have trade data internationally , and they calibrated on top of the trade barriers created by the transport network . The initial international trade flows are defined by the data , in which national trade balances are non ‐ zero . We assume that net imports are paid for by remittances from migrants or other capital flows ; the base levels of remittances / capital flows do not change with the experiments , and neither therefore do national trade balances . # * * _Equilibrium and calibration_ * * Given the transport network , endowments of labor and land , and parameters of the model ( including � productivity parameters z � � and country origin ‐ destination shift parameters A � � ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 236, "text": "network data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1331, "end": 1341, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to corporate income tax . The authors conclude that the creation of these MTOs - whose objective was to simultaneously expand enforcement reach and facilitate compliance ( through customer service ) through increased local staff - led to sustainable , long-term impacts on tax filing and payment behavior , and they estimate that MTOs more than doubled revenue collection in the nine-year study period . On the deployment side , a study in Peru ( Kapon et al . 2022 ) finds that Prioritized Iterative Enforcement ( PIE ) - where small groups of high risk tax payers are targeted in batches - can improve property tax collection by as much as 10 percent . Other studies look at how the assignment of tax officers to jurisdictions can improve compliance ( Bergeron et al . 2023 ) . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows ; section 2 will discuss the Tanzanian context in greater detail ; section 3 will discuss the study design ; section 4 will summarize the experimental impacts from the intervention ( identified through the survey and administrative data , with validation from a follow-up survey ) ; and section 5 concludes with a discussion on policy implications . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1037, "end": 1067, "text": "survey and administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stand up for them . - vi ) < u > Child workers : Numerous orphaned children will be encountered in Kenyan urban areas < / u > where they engage in any form of economic activity to provide for themselves and their siblings . Core occupation include activities such as manual work at open air markets , transporting loads for short distances , scavenging for waste paper and metals and other exploitative employment . Compensation for these orphans and street children , if they are affected by the projects in a way which requires their physical relocation , would take the form of paying for their rehabilitation and training to acquire useful vocational skills . # # * * Proclamation of a cut-off date : * * A cut-off date from which eligibility for compensation will be terminated will be proclaimed and new inhabitants coming to the project affected areas will not be considered for compensation . The effective cut-off date will be the date when the census begins or when the project area is delineated . The cut-off date will be officially published and communicated to all PAPs . For the purposes of this RPF , at the conclusion of the census survey but before disclosure of the RAP , a meeting will be called to confirm and validate the PAP register . The meeting will seek to inquire whether any potential PAP has been left out . The cut-off date will be announced to the community during this meeting . The county government will take appropriate and suitable measures to prevent further encroachments after the cut-off date . # # * * Valuation Methods : * * Upon completion of field work and compilation of Asset Registers , the RAP Team will embark on instituting valuation of the assets so as to determine the payments due to PAPs in the form of compensation and assistance . Valuation will be undertaken by an independent Registered Valuer who will be part of the RAP Team . KISIP may undertake an independent valuation of the affected assets for accountability reasons . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1155, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1244, "end": 1256, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "post-harvest . The trends for the post-planting ( rainy season ) and post-harvest ( dry season ) rounds are separated for agricultural , ( e . g . , farming ) activity . While there is no notable trend for the post-harvest / dry season , there is a distinctly upward trend for the post-planting / rainy season . This is consistent with either a larger proportion of workers engaged in agricultural activity or , also , a greater number of engagements later and into the dry season , as cited in several accounts of the herder-farmer conflict . We also observe a notable peak in self-employment between 2016 and 2018 , which corresponds to the intensification of herder-involved conflict events documented in Figure 1 . The role of informal work , in relation to economic development in general , and more specifically as a means to a ‘ safety net ’ in response to adverse shocks remains an open debate among researchers and policymakers . Specifically , while some argue that the informal sector is the result of competitive market forces , others contend that informal work is the result of market segmentation , and more recently , some argue that the informal sector offers either attractive employment opportunities or a coping strategy of last resort ( Gunther and Launov , 2012 ) . Although the extent to which informal work acts as a ‘ safety net ’ is an empirical question , existing work demonstrates the potential of informal work to buffer individuals from the consequences of adverse shocks ( Loayza and Rigolini , 2011 ) , such as exposure to conflict . # * * 3 Empirical Framework * * This section includes four sub-sections . First , we introduce the two primary sets of data we use to construct an individual-level panel data set of exposure to violent conflict events and labor allocation . Second , we discuss some descriptive statistics which characterize our study sample . Third , we specify our core identification strategy and discuss the interpretation of our preferred estimates . Finally , we discuss the potential consequences of sample attrition and discuss how we address these concerns . # # * * 3 . 1 Data * * We combine two detailed panel datasets . The", "spans": [{"start": 1714, "end": 1745, "text": "individual-level panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 - # # # C . Financial Forecast 5 . 10 The financial projections do not include inflation and have been prepared using a fixed monetary unit ( 1979 ) for all revenue and expense items with the exception of provision for depreciation . Capital items included in the project are stated at their expected market costs at date of acquisition and to this extent the provision for depreciation contains an element of inflation . The following assumptions were used in the Projections : - ( a ) goods revenues and passenger traffic are based on the traffic forecasts in Chapter 4 ; - ( b ) steam locomotives phased out by the end of 1981 and all expenses relevant to steam traction terminated at that date ; - ( c ) salaries and wages increased at an annual ra e of 3 % to reflect a real increase in the wage levels unassociated with inflation ; - ( d ) the cost of diesel fuel increased annually to reflect the anticipated price increase in real terms ; - ( e ) water transport held constant as the future of this service has not been determined to date ; - ( f ) the remainder of the working expenses broken down in detail as to fixed and variable components . The variable items have been increased on the basis of net tonnekilometers or passenger-kilometers , as the case may be ; - ( g ) as further investments will be required beyond the project period to sustain KR , these have been included in the years 1984-90 in the total amount of K Sh 1 , 331 . 5 million ( US $ 177 . 5 million equivalent ) ; - ( h ) the project costs are included at the expected market cost at date of acquisition of the assets . These include the following allowances for inflation : | | Local | Foreign | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1981 | 10 % | 9 % | | 1982 | 10 % | 8 % | | 1983 | 7 % | 7 % | - ( i ) the foreign costs of", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 574, "text": "traffic forecasts in Chapter 4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quality and affordable drug supply to all levels . According to the ARM 2006 Report , FMOH has conducted an assessment of the Health Commodities Supply System ( HCSS ) , and has developed a Master Plan ( MP ) for HCSS . A “ Drug Revolving Fund ” has been selected as the best option , and design of the system is under way . _Health and Management Information System ( HMIS ) & Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) _ 31 . The objective of the HMIS is to produce timely health information for planning , management and decision-making . It is strictly linked to the Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) , although they are two separate components of the HSDP ( components 6 & 7 ) . 32 . Health and Health Related Indicators ( HHRI ) booklets have been published and disseminated every year by the FMOH / PPD . Despite their limitations , the reports have provided the information base for a unique trend analysis over the last eight years or so , being important for planning and evaluation purposes . 33 . HMIS has improved over time , but the system is fragile and data collection and reporting could be improved . There is a need to develop an HMIS system based on a common set of indicators , standardized procedures , and enhanced information use for decision-making . According to the ARM 2006 report , this is precisely the objective of the national HMIS reform that has been launched recently . An assessment has been conducted and an HMIS strategy is being developed based on selected core indicators for the different levels . # # * * C . Financing of the Sector * * 38", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 720, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commodity markets , this phenomenon arguably poses significant future challenges . Government interventions including food price subsidies and controls , along with political insecurity in the region , may have contributed to a sluggish market response to downward movements in world food prices . However , this paper does not identify systematically the causes of the asymmetric food price transmission process . They are complex and should be an area for future research . Following next is section 2 which documents the sources for the MENA food time-series price data and presents statistics that explore MENA ‟ s potential exposure to food price shocks , including dependency ratios by food commodity . Section 3 reviews the empirical literature on food price pass-through effects , with the aim of establishing benchmarks and informing the empirical methodology . Section 4 details the econometric approach , while section 5 presents pass-through coefficients for 18 MENA countries . It shows also food price transmission dynamics and decompositions of pass-through estimates into approximate sources . Section 6 concludes with a summary . # * * 2 . What Do the Data Tell Us ? * * Historic and current price data for MENA are scarce and for most countries not readily available . For the 18 individual countries , monthly food consumer price data are compiled from various sources . The primary data sources are the national statistical offices , either directly , or collected over time by World Bank country economists . The food consumer price data are complemented with historical information from the International Labor Organization ( ILO ) and several updates provided by national statistical offices themselves . Efforts were made to ensure data accuracy . Specifically , we compared trend and annual growth consistency of different time-series from 1998 – 2011 . The data were further corroborated with general market information from various press releases , field documentation from USDA , and country updates by World Bank economists . In some cases , such as Djibouti , Jordan , Lebanon , and Tunisia , the level data in different series show small divergences from original series due to rebasing , yet the effects on annual growth rates are negligible . A small number of missing monthly observations were interpolated for the Gulf Cooperation Council (", "spans": [{"start": 540, "end": 572, "text": "MENA food time-series price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1321, "end": 1353, "text": "monthly food consumer price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international ( 12 percent ) . Slightly over half the firms are in the service sector ( 53 percent ) , followed by manufacturing ( 27 percent ) and retail ( 20 percent ) . The ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys ask firms about changes in performance during the crisis , as well as expectations for the next months . Table 3 Panel B presents the summary statistics of firm performance by Round 3 . Firms reported that their sales remained an average of 2 percent lower compared to the same month a year earlier . Round 3 surveys were typically conducted in mid-2021 ( see Table A . 1 ) , meaning that firms reported their change in sales compared to mid-2020 , a time when firms typically experienced steep declines in sales compared to pre-COVID-19 ( Apedo-Amah and others 2020 ; Bruhn , Demirguc-Kunt , and Singer , forthcoming ) . Table A . 1 also shows drops in sales reported in Round 1 and Round 2 , which are all relative to the same month one year earlier . Taken together , the numbers suggest that , in mid-2021 , sales of the average firm were still about 21 percent lower than before COVID-19 . Unlike sales , employment outcomes in all rounds are measured compared to December 2019 . The Round 3 data in Table 2 Panel B shows that the number of permanent full-time workers remained 15 percent lower compared to pre-COVID-19 , with almost half of firms ( 47 percent ) having decreased their number of workers . About 21 percent reported that they anticipated falling into arrears on outstanding liabilities in the next six months . # * * 2 . 3 How are government support and firm characteristics correlated ? * * Table 4 presents the correlation coefficients between firms that received government support and firm characteristics . Overall , not many firm characteristics are consistently or significantly correlated with having received government support across different rounds of government support . While many firm characteristics are significantly correlated with having received government support in Round 1 or 2 , many of these correlations turn insignificant when we unbundle government support into Round 1 versus Round 2 support . Large firms , and those with foreign ownership are", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 205, "text": "ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1195, "end": 1207, "text": "Round 3 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 – and examine data from Indonesia over the period 1997-2009 . Indonesia offers an interesting case . First , Indonesia is one of the largest economies in Asia , currently the world ’ s most dynamic growth pole . Its rapid rate of economic growth achieved during the last ten years suggests that the services sector will continue to grow in importance . Second , while Indonesia is relatively open in terms of trade in goods , restrictions on foreign participation in the services sector ( either through trade or through FDI ) are pervasive . Third , over the period of our analysis , changes in policy restrictiveness toward FDI in the services sector have been largely driven by commitments that the Government of Indonesia made to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) during the East Asian Crisis in 1997-8 , and by other commitments to the WTO and ASEAN . This provides some comfort in the assumption we make in our empirical approach that the policy changes are not a consequence of the performance of manufacturers , but a cause . In other words , that policy changes are largely exogenously determined . To gauge the effect of restrictiveness toward FDI in services , we combine manufacturing firmlevel data , from which we obtain a measure of total factor productivity , with the OECD indicator of policy restrictiveness toward FDI in the services sector weighted by the respective manufacturing sector ’ s reliance on inputs from each services sector , the latter piece of information being gleaned from Indonesian input-output tables . We include a comprehensive set of controls for other channels that may link reforms conducive to liberalization with manufacturing productivity , such as policy restrictiveness toward FDI in the manufacturing sector itself , tariffs on imported intermediate inputs , tariff protection on the same manufacturing sector and the share of output in the sector produced by foreign firms , plus firm-level fixed effects aiming at controlling for unobserved firm heterogeneity , and at capturing time-invariant effects specific to the industry and province wherein which the firms operate . Our main finding is that , in Indonesia , relaxing policies toward FDI in the service sector was associated with improvements in perceived performance of the service sector ,", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 37, "text": "data from Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1193, "end": 1221, "text": "manufacturing firmlevel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1520, "end": 1550, "text": "Indonesian input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Armenia . No cuenta con cédula de identidad por motivo de robo . Viajó solo . * * S2 . * * Mujer . Edad : 24 años . Registrada en : Santa Bárbara de Barinas . Retorna de : Colombia , Ibagué . Viajó de ida a Colombia en transporte , junto a sus tres hijos para encontrarse con su pareja que había migrado antes . Viajó de vuelta embarazada con su pareja y sus hijos ( tres ) y un grupo de conocidos ( 38 personas ) ; lo hizo caminando . El trayecto duró nueve días . Antes del viaje de ida era residente de : Barinas ( capital ) . Viaje de ida : 2019 . Fecha de vuelta o llegada a Venezuela : dos años antes de la entrevista ( 24-10-2022 ) . Educación : Bachillerato incompleto en Barinas ( no culminó el quinto año > fluida , la muestra arrojó el contenido suficiente para realizar el análisis . La batería de preguntas funcionó como una guía no exhaustiva . Se realizaron preguntas no contenidas en la guía , de acuerdo con los casos específicos y se obviaron otras de las inicialmente diseñadas . > 3 Las encuestas S13 , S12 , S15 son complementarias . Se han numerado de la misma manera como se numeraron las grabaciones y las transcripciones de las entrevistas . Por ello en los documentos analíticos se produce un salto entre los sujetos numerados 11 y 14 . La numeración se hizo", "spans": [{"start": 1009, "end": 1034, "text": "encuestas S13 , S12 , S15", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "- 10 - - ( g ) continuous improvement in the percentage of Accounting Officers with Audit Committees after the new Finance Bill comes into effect ; and - ( h ) number of Internal Auditors with professional accounting qualifications in the Central Government . 3 . Improved availability of statistical data and information to monitor development performance , public service delivery and impact of public expenditure on poverty as determined by : - ( a ) more timely publicity of statistical survey results measured by reducing period between end of work to dissemination ; and - ( b ) increased access to statistical data by users measured by increasing numbers of channels for statistical dissemination . 4 . Improved cost effectiveness of capacity building efforts through sustained use of distance learning center programs as determined by : - ( a ) utilization rate ; and - ( b ) generation of Revenue from Operation of the Center as a percentage of Operating Costs .", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 305, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 605, "end": 621, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a change in the policy environment , which then leads to changes in tax compliance . Torgler conducted a field experiment among ordinary citizens in Costa Rica to side-step the criticism that too many lab experiments rely on college students . Torgler found evidence that participants were influenced by the decisions of other participants . “ It is interesting to notice that taxpayers do not behave as free-riders , but are willing to comply . Thus , it seems that _tax morale_ is important for a satisfactory explanation of tax paying behaviour ” ( Torgler 2003 : 43 ) . This finding suggests that citizens look to their fellow citizens for cues regarding the extent to which they should comply with the existing tax regime . Casal et al . ( 2016 ) also found that the “ availability of voice reduces the frequency of the implementation of the exit option ” in a similar lab experiment . Feld and Tyran argue that “ ( d ) irect voter participation in the political decision making process in the form of referenda might be a beneficial condition increasing tax compliance by citizens ” ( Feld and Tyran 2002 : 218 ) . Lamberton , De Neve , and Norton also find that providing individuals with the ability to express policy preferences makes them much less likely to underpay their taxes or to use a questionable loophole in another experiment ( 2014 ) . Wahl et al . find that giving respondents greater voice in the decision-making process leads to a greater willingness to support higher cooperation and taxation ( 2010 ) . Finally , in an online survey experiment spanning 50-countries , Sjoberg et al . ( 2019 ) finds sizeable improvements in tax morale when the salience of anti-corruption efforts is increased and when citizens are able to state their expenditure preferences to the government . Several recent studies , including RCTs , provide support for the idea of reciprocity in tax 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # Transmission and Distribution World Reference Base ( WRB ) . * * 2006 . * * World reference base for soil resources * * 2006 . * * 2nd edition World Soil Resources Reports No . * * 103 . FAO , * * Rome , < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Page 283 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Mid-Day * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Household head or spouse < br > 0 . 73 | 0 . 76 | * * | | Log household size < br > 1 . 61 | 1 . 52 | * * * | | Dependency ratio < br > 0 . 89 | 0 . 93 | | | Wealth index < br > 0 . 10 | 0 . 16 | | | Observations < br > 4 , 377 < br > * * Notes : * * IHPS = individual interviews ; IHS4 = | 17 , 433 < br > business-as-usual | survey | * * < u > Notes : < / u > * * IHPS = individual interviews ; IHS4 = business-as-usual survey approach . Significant differences are indicated with * ( p < 0 . 1 ) , * * ( p < 0 . 05 ) and * * * ( p < 0 . 01 ) . Estimates are weighted with the response weight . Table 2 presents the descriptive statistics for labor market outcomes of interest , by gender . The estimates are coupled with the results from the tests of mean differences across the two surveys . identifying females ; a series of dichotomous variables on educational attainment ; dichotomous variables identifying whether the individual is currently married , and separately , whether he / she is head / spouse of head ; and individual ’ s number of months living away from the household over the past year ; and ( iii ) household covariates , including household size , dependency ratio , and wealth index . The latter is a factor analysis-based index that is composed of ( i ) a series of dichotomous variables that capture the ownership of mortar , bed , table , chair , fan , air conditioner , radio , radio with flash drive / micro CD , TV , VCR , sewing machine , kerosene / paraffin stove , electric / gas stove , refrigerator , washing machine , bicycle , motorcycle , car , minibus , lorry , beer-brewing drum , sofa , coffee table , cupboard / drawers , lantern , desk , clock , iron , computer , satellite dish , solar panel and generator , and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "explain the global inflation synchronization . Trade linkages increase the exposure of domestic inflation to foreign shocks and may lower import prices . Auer et al . ( 2017a ) find that the expansion of GVCs has not only been an important contributor to the change in inflation dynamics , and it has become a key channel through which global economic slack influences domestic inflation , by making domestic inflation more sensitive to the global output gap . There is strong evidence of the existence of international inflation spillovers that generates inflation synchronization through trade linkages . Auer and Mehrotra ( 2014 ) , in the analysis most closely related to ours , find that both headline inflation rates and producer prices move more closely together between Asian-Pacific region economies that trade more with one another . < sup > 3 < / sup > They show that in closely integrated supply chains , any shock to domestic production costs or exchange rates could be easily passed through to economies in the supply chain , affecting intermediate prices in other economies . More recently , Auer et al . ( 2017b ) show that input-output linkages account for half of the global component of producer price inflation and that this synchronization across countries is driven primarily by common sectoral shocks and input-output linkages amplify the co-movement by propagating those shocks . Andrews et al . ( 2018 ) use data for 22 OECD countries over the period 1995 to 2014 to provide evidence that rising participation in GVCs has placed downward pressure on producer price inflation , by increasing the ability of firms to substitute domestic inputs with cheaper foreign equivalents . The mechanism at work is a downward pressures on unit labour costs ( raising productivity and reducing wages ) in the importing country . Regarding the the policy relevance of inflation synchronization across countries , monetary policy is the most concerned . As supply chains represent a direct link between foreign marginal costs and domestic production costs , their prevalence has a significant effect on the extent to which optimal monetary policy is inward-looking ( Auer et al . , 2017b ) . In other words , this rise the question of to what extent central banks control domestic inflation dynamics (", "spans": [{"start": 1433, "end": 1459, "text": "data for 22 OECD countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Demo | graphi | c indica | tors | | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / | of | of | | Share o | f ageg | roupin | total | | | Pe | rcentag | e fema | leper a | gegro | up | | a | t location , | Age / | Sex | | residence | location | location | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > | 2-17 | < 18 < br > | 18-59 < br", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # # # # * * APPENDIX IX : TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR A RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN * * The scope and level of detail of the resettlement plan vary with the magnitude and complexity of resettlement . The plan is based on up-to-date and reliable information about ( a ) the proposed resettlement and its impacts on the displaced persons and other adversely affected groups , and ( b ) the legal issues involved in resettlement . The resettlement plan covers the elements below , as relevant . When any element is not relevant to project circumstances , it should be noted in the resettlement plan . _1 . Description of the project_ . General description of the project and identification of the project area . _2 . Potential impacts_ . Identification of ( a ) the project component or activities that give rise to resettlement ; ( b ) the zone of impact of such component or activities ; ( c ) the alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement ; and ( d ) the mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . . The main objectives of the resettlement program . _Census Survey_ . The findings of the census survey to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; ( ii ) standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labor , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; ( iii ) the magnitude of the expected loss - - total", "spans": [{"start": 1357, "end": 1370, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The overall project management and coordination will be strengthened and carried out through a decentralized management system . The project management will oversee implementation of the interventions to ensure continuous follow up and support of the implementation progress . # # # # * * _Subcomponent 4 ( b ) : Monitoring & Evaluation and learning_ * * The objective of this sub component is to support information gathering and analysis for the project management to improve quality of project implementation and facilitate appropriate and timely project decisions , institutionalize a learning mechanism and set up social accountability and assess the outcomes and impact of the project toward achieving its objectives . The Monitoring and Evaluation function will be guided by the project result framework and integrate the project ’ s reporting to assess impact of implemented activities . Project monitoring and evaluation will assess and document the timely progress towards achieving outputs , outcomes , and intermediate results as agreed in the annual work plans ; identify implementation gaps and challenges for proactive corrective actions ; and document and incorporate lessons learned into project implementation . The system will generate , aggregate and systematically record information / data from various levels ( regions , woredas , kebeles and sub-kebeles as well as qualitative and quantitative surveys ) related to project outcome indicators / results , implementation progress and performance . # # # # * * Component V : Contingent Emergency Response Component * * Under the Contingent Emergency Response Component , in the event of an eligible crisis or emergency , funds may be reallocated from other components of the project . The objective of this component is to finance rapid response measures and early recovery activities to address disaster , emergency and / or catastrophic events at the community level . Procedures for this would be described in a special project Contingent Emergency Response Manual . Applicable national and World Bank emergency response procedures for procurement and disbursements would be applied . # # # * * 2 . 3 . Project Target Areas and Beneficiaries * * < mark > DRDIP II directly benefit both the refugee and host communities in 29 woredas and city administration", "spans": [{"start": 1389, "end": 1425, "text": "qualitative and quantitative surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "328 , 964 | 168 , 509 | 160 , 455 | 221 , 328 | 107 , 636 | | 9 . | Wakiso | 1 , 997 , 418 | 962 , 121 | 1 , 035 , 297 | 814 , 517 | 1 , 182 , 901 | | 10 . | Nakaseke | 197 , 369 | 107 , 607 | 89 , 762 | 157 , 969 | 39 , 400 | | 11 . | Luwero | 456 , 958 | 230 , 451 | 226 , 507 | 361 , 284 | 95 , 674 | | * * Total * * | | * * 4 , 398 , 621 * * | * * 2 , 183 , 260 * * | * * 2 , 215 , 361 * * | * * 2 , 710 , 831 * * | * * 1 , 687 , 790 * * | _Source : 2014 National Housing and Population Census Report_ * * _Household Size and Population Growth Rate : _ * * Age is one of the most important factors to consider when devising policies and plans . Dependency and intergenerational differences play a big role in mitigating impacts . A relatively younger population may have substantially different demands than the older population . * * Table 35 * * provides data on the number of households , average household size and the rate of population growth by district over a 12-year period from 2002 to 2014 . * * Table 35 : * * * * _Average Household Size and Population Growth Rates by District_ * * | * * No . * * | * * District * * | * * Popn . * * < br > * * 2002 * * | * * Popn . * * < br > * * 2014 * * | * * No . of * * < br > * * households * * | * * Growth * * < br > * * Rate * * < br > * * ( % ) * * < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 505, "text": "2014 National Housing and Population Census Report_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relationship between the WTP to avoid power outages and GDP per capita , but the WTP is consistently much larger than electricity tariffs ( Figure 4 ) . In addition to the small number of studies , the wide range of results might come from fundamental differences in experience design and different frequency and duration of considered outages . Most of the papers – listed in Appendix ( Table 4 ) – are applied to advanced economies where dependency on electricity is high and power outages are infrequent . In poorer countries , the cost of electricity outages will fall on those with access and relatively high dependence on electricity – for example those whose livelihood depends on it ( Pasha & Saleem , 2013 ) . * * Figure 4 : Distribution of willingness to pay for avoiding power outages * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1200 < br > US , 1988 < br > 1000 < br > 800 < br > 600 < br > Canada , 1989 < br > 400 Italy , 2005 < br > Spain , 2013 Austria , 2013 < br > 200 Pakistan , 2004 < br > US , 2004 < br > Mexico , 1999 < br > Turkey , 2016 Sweden , 2008 < br > 0 < br > 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 < br > GDP per capita , ppp ( USD ) < br > Choice Experiment Macroeconomics Contingent valuation < br > ( % of hourly GDP per capita ) < br > Willingness to pay per hour of electricity unserved < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : authors based on World Bank data and estimates from the literature . A country-year is matched to the closest nonmissing value of GDP per capita . _ The global cost of power outages for households cannot be accurately estimated . Assessments fall between 0 . 002 and 0 . 15 % of GDP ( in purchasing power parity ) per year , which corresponds to a range of 2 . 3 to 190 billion in 2018 USD < sup > 4 < / sup > .", "spans": [{"start": 1411, "end": 1426, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Log minimum wage * * < br > * * index ( 1995 + ) * * | | | | | | | | 0 . 0304 < br > [ 0 . 0432 ] | | | | * * Constant * * | 0 . 4214 < br > [ 0 . 0264 ] * * * | 0 . 2975 < br > [ 0 . 0402 ] * * * | 0 . 4813 < br > [ 0 . 0739 ] * * * | 0 . 7559 < br > [ 0 . 2620 ] * * | 0 . 7601 < br > [ 0 . 2569 ] * * * | 0 . 7377 < br > [ 0 . 2484 ] * * * | - 0 . 2807 < br > [ 1 . 0656 ] | - 1 . 0093 < br > [ 1 . 2676 ] | 1 . 0445 < br > [ 0 . 3181 ] * * * | 0 . 7386 < br > [ 0 . 3106 ] * * | | * * Observations * * | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 209 | 178 | 186 | 141 | | * * R-squared * * | 0 . 03 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 52 | 0 . 58 | | * * Year effects * * | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | * * Country effects * * | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | * * Additional controls * * | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) and WDI ( World Bank ) . Notes : Robust standard errors in brackets , clustered at the country level for", "spans": [{"start": 973, "end": 979, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1010, "end": 1013, "text": "WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A key underlying requirement for successful fiscal decentralization is a uniform structure of subnational government accounts that are regularly and properly audited . There are problems with the availability of such a comprehensive data system in most developing countries . A census of government finances , reporting the actual financial outcomes for every subnational government , is essential information if the performance of the intergovernmental system is to be monitored . Yet , it is not common in developing countries to have an up-to-date information system that describes the finances of subnational governments in detail . Rarer yet is a fiscal analysis model that is used to track the performance of local government finances ( Bahl , 1999b ) . # * * 7 . Breaches in Sequencing : Causes and Risks * * The primary question we raise in this paper is whether sequencing matters in developing and implementing a fiscal decentralization policy . Our answer is that it does , and that mistakes in sequencing can lead to significant resource costs and possibly to a loss in confidence in the decentralization initiative . We also raise two secondary questions in this paper . First , we ask whether there is something akin to an optimal sequencing for decentralization policies and implementation . Our answer is that there is , and that following these sequencing rules might minimize the costs and the risks of implementing fiscal decentralization . Second , we ask about the extent to which countries follow these optimal sequencing rules . The answer would appear to be that in general , they do not . What to make of this gap between theory and practice ? One might consider a couple of conjectures . First , sequencing does not matter . Second , there is a lack of information or there are institutional and political constraints . In this section , we address in more depth these two possibilities . # _7 . 1 . Sequencing Does Not Matter ? _ One might argue that the order of introducing decentralization policy does not matter , that sooner or later the structure of decentralization in a country will end up at the same place no matter how one goes about it . Look for example at the U . S .", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 307, "text": "census of government finances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Vehicles for monitorin < br > g , maintenance and sustaina < br > bility of hydrological telemet < br > er stations of MoWE , includin < br > g the Basins Development Of < br > fices ( BDOs ) < br > IDA / E1240 | Component 2 : Accelerating f < br > lood risk management < br > P | ost | Request for Bids < br > < br > | Open - Internationa < br > l | Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | | 2026-05-29 | | 2026-06-08 | | 2026-07-23 | 2026-09-30 | 2026-10-29 | 2027-04-27 | | ET-MOWE-520337-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Mobile devic < br > e and application software an < br > d installation for mobiles use < br > IDA / E1240 | Component 2 : Accelerating f < br > lood risk management < br > P | ost | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 70 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | | 2026-04-27 | | 2026-05-04 | | 2026-06-03 | 2026-06-13 | 2026-07-02 | 2026-08-01 | | d for hydrological data collec < br > tions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * NON CONSULTING SERVICES * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_permanent_ effects on the rate of economic growth . Empirically , however , neither in the United States nor in other OECD countries does economic growth seem to exhibit such an effect . Incidentally , albeit for different reasons than in the OECD countries , these stationarity properties seem to be equally true for schooling and income growth in the Guatemalan data , as demonstrated in the Augmented Dickey-Fuller ( ADF ) tests in the Appendix . # * * 3 . 3 More Evidence on Education and Growth * * Empirical studies usually take the form of regression analysis and typically look at many more explanatory variables than human capital . A large number of papers have found one or more variables that correlate with growth . In fact , their number is very large and the question arises which combinations of these variables are actually robust . In the context of the present study , some of these findings will be outlined next . # * * _Weak Correlations_ * * While there is strong theoretical support for a key role of human capital in growth , Sala-i-Martin ( 2002 ) , Easterly ( 2001 ) and in particularly Pritchett ( 2001 ) argue that the empirical relationship between education and growth is weak . < sup > 9 < / sup > However , more specifically , Temple ( 2001 ) points out that fragile correlation in cross-country data may be due to measurement error and influential exceptions . Also , some kinds of relationships are more robust that others . For example , what is less clear and weak is the relationship of educational _growth rates_ on output growth , the role of different education levels , and differences in effects of female and male education on growth . By contrast , some measures of health seem to be positively correlated with growth . In addition to human capital , many other factors have been found to be important for growth . Following Barro ( 2001 ) , these include institutions , such as free markets , secure property rights and the rule of law . Similarly , more open economies and countries with lower initial inequality appear to experience higher growth . # * * _Conditional Convergence_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1334, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "another by intimidation , violence , fraud , or any other unlawful means to accept employment or conditions of employment is punishable , upon complaint , with simple imprisonment at least three ( 3 ) months , or fine . The _anti-trafficking legislation_ also prohibits trafficking in persons for exploitation at the pretext of domestic or overseas employment . The definition for exploitation includes labor exploitation , forced labor , or servitude . It is a punishable offense with rigorous imprisonment ranging from 15 to 25 years and with a fine from 150 , 000 to 300 , 000 Eth . Birr . The Project will apply the following process , before the employment or engagement of an applicant for work on the project , to verify the person ' s age . - The CERP PIU will ensure that each contractor / subcontractor provides the PIU with written confirmation that each worker they employ or engage with the project is at least the minimum age of 18 years . Where there is reasonable doubt as to the age of the applicant , requesting and reviewing available documents to verify age ( such as a birth certificate , national identification card , medical or school record , or other document or community verification demonstrating age ) . - If a person under the minimum age of 18 years is found working in the project , the PIU will take measures to terminate the employment or engagement of that person in a responsible manner , considering the best interest of that person . 37", "spans": [{"start": 1141, "end": 1165, "text": "medical or school record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper analyzes key linkages between competition , innovation , productivity and inclusive growth , both conceptually and empirically , using firm-level data across OECD and developing countries . The paper ‘ s principal empirical finding is that innovation and the resulting increases in productivity do lead , when spurred by a competitive business environment , to more inclusive growth . While much of our policy focus here is on the ramifications for vulnerable young firms of a competitive business environment , we also find empirical indications of the efficacy of the policy agenda in support of innovation that includes encouragement of skills and > 1 Although the concept of ̳ inclusive growth ‘ has received considerable attention in the economics literature , there is no widely accepted definition for it . Because of increasing concerns about rising income inequalities and claims that the poor in many parts of the world have not been benefitting much from economic growth , the term inclusive growth is often used interchangeably with a host of other terms , including ̳ broad-based growth , ‘ ̳ shared growth , ‘ and ̳ pro-poor growth . ‘ For some of the pertinent definitional issues see Tang ( 2008 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 161, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 22 , \u0003 916 * * | * * 25 , \u0003 701 * * | * * - 15 % * * | * * 27 % * * | * * 8 % * * | * * 20 % * * | Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 25 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Concerns about consistency in such cross-country databases focus on whether the source surveys are income or consumption surveys ( such as Atkinson and Brandolini , 2001 , and Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin , 2009 ) , and the comprehensiveness of the consumption measure ( Chen and Ravallion , 2008 ) , but not on the implications of variation in consumption survey design . Although we do not attempt a complete inventory of the consumption surveys in this database , for the data of six African countries ( chosen on the basis of our past experience or access to survey materials : Côte d ` Ivoire , Ghana , Malawi , South Africa , Tanzania , and Zambia ) > 1 Conceptual and practical reasons favoring consumption expenditures over income as a welfare measure are discussed in Deaton ( 1997 ) . Empirically , statistics offices in a majority of the developing countries , with metadata in the United Nations Handbook of Poverty Statistics ( UN 2005 ) , use either consumption expenditures solely or in combination with income as their welfare measure . The only region with a high reliance on income surveys is Latin America , although even there increased use is made of expenditure surveys for poverty measurement . > 2 In addition , the large and growing gaps between micro and aggregate estimates of household consumption hinder assessments of global progress in poverty reduction and the effect of economic growth on that process ( Ravallion , 2003 ; Deaton , 2005 ) . The extent to which possible measurement flaws in survey design format may contribute to this gap is unknown . 2", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 130, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 895, "end": 940, "text": "United Nations Handbook of Poverty Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1174, "end": 1193, "text": "expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "planning to work but did not . That is , a series of several consecutive days off would only appear if each day after the original illness shock , the individual was planning to go back to work but still could not . As a result , the rate at which respondents report seven consecutive days of illness shocks in the tri-weekly data ( 0 . 52 % of weeks ) is considerably lower than the rate at which they report a week of missed work due to illness in the weekly data ( 4 . 3 % of weeks ) . This result further supports our primary focus in the empirical analysis on the respondents surveyed weekly . > 8 More than half ( 58 % ) of the respondents are female . This does not appear to reflect differential response rates by gender in the high-frequency survey , since a very similar percentage ( 57 % ) of adults in the household roster for the 2013 Labor Force survey from which the sample was drawn are female . The Ghana Statistical Service ( 2014 ) also reports that the 2010 Population and Housing Census found more females than males in Accra . 11", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 330, "text": "tri-weekly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 454, "end": 465, "text": "weekly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 736, "end": 757, "text": "high-frequency survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 843, "end": 866, "text": "2013 Labor Force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 1007, "text": "2010 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NK ATLAS < br > | | < br > | < br > COMBIN | < br > EDVWITH | < br > PPI9A8Y | < br > | < br > E1 = 1374 | | | | < br > R : MIJ | GO < br > NISTRY 36 | T . ONLY < br > F EDUCATI | ON IMOF | ONLY | | 2 < br > | R 18RD < br > | MISSIONS < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | O 14 I | 880 MIS | SIONS | | | 106E | RE6IEW | | | F 1975 | | | | S-MOE | AND ST A | TE G091 | ONLY | | | | | | | | | | | | G = 1976 | | | | < br > T-EXC < br > UxrPU < br > V-INC < br > X-INC | < br > LU1DING C < br > BLIC ONLY < br > LUDING P < br > UDING O | . < br > ENTRAL G < br > < br > RIVATe E < br > VETAGED | < br > OVT . < br > XPENOITU < br > STUDENTS | RE | | A < br > S < br > Y | D / OR U < br > TATISTI < br > EARBOOK | NESCO < br > CAL | | | | | | | | | | | < br > Y-UNE | < br > SCD SOJR | < br > CES | | | | | | | - - - - - - - … - - … - - CDMPARkATISE : EDUCATION DATA ARE IISIFUL IN THE EVALUATION 36 VARIOUS EDUCATION SYSTEMS AND", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 867, "text": "EDUCATION DATA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": "maximum population densities and different drone technologies_ | * * Max density served * * < br > * * ( Population / km2 ) * * | * * Share of isolated rural * * < br > * * population served ( percent ) * * | * * Total annual cost in milli * * < br > * * 3 000 $ Drones * * | * * on $ ( average over 5 years ) * * < br > * * 50 000 $ Drones * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 150 | 69 | 5 | 9 | | 100 | 51 | 4 | 7 | | 75 | 37 | 3 | 5 | Based on the most conservative assumptions in this analysis for Sierra Leone , bringing weekly supplies to remote areas by drone costs 3 times less every year than increasing rural accessibility from 30 to 31 percent ; and 22 times less than increasing accessibility from 69 to 70 percent . Moreover , these costs are likely to go down quickly , as drone markets mature , and the number of service providers increases . Thus , at least in the short term , drone delivery could help increase social integration in remote rural areas . # * * 4 . Conclusion * * This study presented first estimates of global road access in rural areas , combined with road upgrade cost and strategies to explore how rural access can be increased . To do so , we used the latest state-of-the-art publicly available data sets : road network data from OpenStreetMap and global population estimates from WorldPop . The results showed that for some countries , universal access to paved roads is not a realistic goal in the short to medium term . We thus reversed the question and asked how much incremental access can be achieved if countries spend 1 % of their GDP annually on the upgrade of rural roads , beginning with those that have the highest impact . We found that , under optimistic assumptions on GDP growth , rural accessibility would only increase from 39 to 52 percent by 2030 across", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1286, "text": "road network data from OpenStreetMap", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1291, "end": 1332, "text": "global population estimates from WorldPop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | | | | Multilateral < br > debt | Official < br > bilateral debt | Private < br > and < br > other < br > external debt | Domestic < br > debt | | * * _Full sample_ * * < br > * * _ ( 21 ) _ * * | 65 | 38 | 20 | 8 | 34 | | * * _PPG_ * * < br > * * _debt_ * * < br > * * _above_ * * < br > * * _60 % _ * * < br > * * _of GDP ( 11 ) _ * * | 99 | 31 | 12 | 15 | 43 | | * * _PPG_ * * < br > * * _debt_ * * < br > * * _below_ * * < br > * * _60 % _ * * < br > * * _of GDP ( 10 ) _ * * | 28 | 46 | 28 | 1 | 25 | _All data are means . _ _ < u > Source : DSAs < / u > _ For external debt , there are only data in the DSAs on the breakdown by type of creditor for 21 SIDS . Table 6 shows the breakdown of public debt into external and domestic and , for external debt , by type of creditor , for these SIDS . These countries are divided into two categories in the > 19 Data from the IMF World Economic Outlook database , April 2023 . The average for the SIDS excludes Palau because there are no data on this indicator for Palau in the WEO database . The PPG debt shown in table 5 ( which is taken from IMF country reports ) is slightly higher than general government debt because it includes government guarantees . The average PPG debt to GDP in 2022 for the 34 SIDS shown in table 5 was 67 percent . There are no data on PPG debt to GDP in the WEO database . 20", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 916, "text": "IMF World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1033, "end": 1045, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1100, "end": 1119, "text": "IMF country reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", minimize displacement by exploring alternative project designs . ” This includes minimizing economic displacement due to land take . Efforts to minimize land take will have been documented , including consultation of affected people on land use and alternatives . _Identify economic impacts systematically : _ Economic impacts on local people have been determined systematically through on ‐ the ‐ ground studies , including detailed surveys and Official Use Only Page 129", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 443, "text": "detailed surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "occurred , as our methodology does ( and as the CMMHH permits ) . Finally , the high-frequency phone surveys do not contain the needed level of detail on work arrangements — employer types and contractual arrangement — to distinguish pre-COVID PFPS workers in the core sectors from other private sector employees . Notwithstanding these limitations , we attempt to learn what we can by comparing outcomes for private sector wage workers to our projections . # 5 . 3 Aggregate Projection Results # * * 5 . 3 . 1 Jordan * * As shown in Table 5-1 , using our methodology , for wave 1 ( summer of 2020 ) we project the aggregate net rate of PFPS job losses in the core WBES sectors to have been 15 . 8 percent relative to the December 2019 baseline , which includes | _Table 5-1 : Jordan : Job Loss Projections_ < br > _Levels , CFUWBES Waves 1 and 2 and_ | _PFPS Jobs as_ < br > _CMMHH , 2021_ < br > As of Wave 1 | _a Percent of P_ < br > < br > Cumulative < br > Wave 2 | _re-COVID_ < br > CMMHH 2021 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Modeled Job Losses : Percent of PFPS < br > jobs lost ( relative to Dec 2019 ) as < br > projected | 15 . 8 | 25 . 2 | N / A | | _Of which_ : Due to Permanent closures | 7 . 1 | 9 . 4 | N / A | | Survey-measured job losses : Percent of < br > PFPS Jobs Lost ( relative to Dec 2019 ) | 16 . 8 | 25 . 5 | 23 . 3 | | Source : Author estimates . | | | | losses due to permanent firm closure of approximately 7 . 1 percent . _Table 5-2 Jordan : Selected Potential Jobs at Risk Influence Variables , Means from CFUWBES_ | Variable | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Temporarily closed due to COVID ( weeks of closure ) *", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 108, "text": "high-frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the WBES is that it includes not only a module measuring management practices of firms but an additional “ Green Economy ” module that solicits responses on firms ’ energy use , type of pollution emissions , and ( a limited set of ) practices relating to energy conservation ( e . g . , energy target-setting , monitoring , and external audits ) . Our analysis advances the literature on the energy-management nexus in the following ways . _First_ , we characterize the variation in energy intensity with respect to generic management practices as well as energy-centric management practices . _Second_ , the WBES Green Economy Module provides information on the physical quantity of energy used , which allows us to measure the association of management practices with a close proxy for environmental impact . _Third_ , the presence of information on both general and energy-specific management practices within the same survey allows us to consider their separate and combined influence , since either could be an omitted variable when examining relationship with energy intensity . _Fourth_ , our data allows us to explore the relationship of generic and energy-centric management practices and firm outcomes in services , a sector that remains largely ignored in such discussions . _Finally_ , of the sample of 31 countries in WBES dataset , eight are in the “ Lower Middle ” or “ Low ” income categories . This enables us to also explore the similarities and differences in the relationship between management practices and energy intensity in advanced and developing economies . We report four main findings . _First_ , while generic management practices negatively correlate with energy expenditure , they bear either a positive or no relationship to physical energy use , suggesting that management can help firms save energy costs without significantly reducing environmental impacts . _Second_ , among the structured management practices examined , target-setting practices are most strongly associated with reduced output-indexed energy expenditure . In both cases , these results are mainly driven by manufacturing firms , while the relationship between management practices and energy intensity is weaker in services . < sup > 4 < / sup > _Third_ , general management practices are correlated with greater discipline around > 4The coefficient on target-setting practices was negative but insignificant", "spans": [{"start": 1331, "end": 1343, "text": "WBES dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "l * * l * * * * l 1 * * | * * No . * * | * * Item * * < br > * * Description * * | * * Expected * * < br > * * Output * * | * * Progress * * | • * * Next * * < br > * * Steps * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 | Database < br > Management < br > for < br > connections | Up-to-date < br > connections < br > database < br > thatwillbe < br > used < br > for < br > reporting < br > and < br > duplicate < br > checks . | * * CurrentStatus * * < br > • Data < br > management < br > tool ; < br > user < br > requirements < br > reviewed < br > by < br > IT < br > resource < br > • Meetingwiththeserviceterritory < br > teamheldon19 < sup > 1 < / sup > hApril , 2024 . < br > MeetingagreedtohavetheEASPto < br > accesstheconnectionsdatabase < br > underSTCandtoaswell collect < br > connectionsdatafromtheSPs . < br > • Accessedthecustomerdatabase < br > undertheSTC division , preliminary < br > dataanalysisdone < br > * * Challenges * * < br > • Delaysincompletenesstestonthe < br > customerdatabaseundertheSTC < br > division . < br > • Absenceofadatabasemanagement < br > tool . < br > • Absenceofadatabaseforuseunder < br > EASP . < br > * * InterventiontoChallenges * * < br >", "spans": [{"start": 800, "end": 825, "text": "connectionsdatafromtheSPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Mar2014 - Mar2017 < br > 15 , 370 < br > unaccompanied , missing < br > and separated children < br > 11 , 599 < br > Reuni � ed children < br > 6 , 920 < br > 1 , 727 4 , 856 < br > 3 , 480 < br > 642 < br > Mar Dec Dec Mar < br > 2014 2014 2015 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Family Tracing and Reunifi cation database .", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 346, "text": "Family Tracing and Reunifi cation database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Change ? < / mark > - < mark > c ) Is the proposed new DLI 8 clear and implementable ? This DLI is in response to priorities for Kenya by the GPE on sector coordination and data utilization matters . The third attachment is the Kenya GPE ITAP report . < / mark > < mark > 5 . The team would appreciate if written comments can be sent by < / mark > * * < mark > Monday , August 15 , 2022 by COB Nairobi time . < / mark > * * < mark > Please email your written comments to Keith E . Hansen ( Country Director , AECE2 ) , Camille Lampart Nuamah ( Manager , Operation , AECE2 ) , Anne Margreth Bakilana ( Program Leader , HAEDR ) , Muna Salih Meky ( Practice Manager , HAEE2 ) , Pedro Cerdan-Infantes ( Senior Economist , HAEE2 ) , Ruth Charo ( Senior Education Specialist , TTL , HAEE2 ) , Judith Kinya Bariu ( Team Assistant , AECE2 ) , and Elif Yonca < / mark > Yukseker ( Program Assistant , HAWE3 ) . < mark > 6 . A concept review decision note will be circulated . < / mark > * * _ * _ * * _Portal processes for the PCN will be regularized once safeguards ratings , for the PCN , are completed in the portal . _", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 249, "text": "Kenya GPE ITAP report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "changes in the labor market outcomes by quarter for rural and urban areas at the province level . The master sample is based on the latest three population censuses for 2006 , 2011 and 2016 . # * * 3 . Country background and COVID-19 3 . 1 . Iranian context * * As in other MENA countries , the employment and labor force participation rate of Iranian women is low , about one-fourth that of men . This occurs despite high education and below replacement fertility , a combination that Assaad _et al . _ ( 2020 ) call the MENA paradox . The sharp contrast between male and female LFP rates for prime age men and women ( 25-54 ) since 2005 is shown in the left panel in Figure 1 . This figure draws on data from all rounds of LFS since 2005 . During the period 2005-2022 , participation rates for women fluctuated between 15 % to 25 % , while men ’ s participation rates stayed above 85 % . The impacts of COVID-19 on participation of both men and women are noticeable in this graph after the winter quarter of 2020 ( 2020_q1 ) . The right panel of the figure brings the divergent effects on men and women into sharper focus and shows a more dramatic decrease in women ’ s participation . In this graph , participation is measured as change relative to winter 2019 ( 2019_q1 ) . A few months after the first COVID-19 cases were reported in the Islamic Republic of Iran , women ’ s participation rate fell by about 15 % in spring 2020 and by more than 20 % in 2021 . In contrast , men ’ s participation rates fell by 3 % only . < sup > 3 < / sup > Personal characteristics like age and education that affect the participation of women in the labor market could also have influenced the severity of COVID-19 ’ s impacts on labor market outcomes . In MENA , marital status is perhaps the most important determinant of employment . > 3 Plotting the changes in employment produces a figure that mirrors those in labor force participation ( not shown ) . Women ’ s employment rates are lower than", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 164, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Actual | 6 / 25 / 10 | NA | 7 / 26 / 10 | 8 / 27 / 10 | 8 / 27 / 10 | NA | 9 / 1 / 10 | 9 / 30 / 10 | | Education Service Provision Assesement : < br > School Facility Survey | COPCU / < br > C29 / 09 | QCBS | LS | 150 | post < br > Plan ( 1st < br > Revision ) | 9 / 8 / 10 | NA | 9 / 22 / 10 | 10 / 22 / 10 | 10 / 25 / 10 | NA | 11 / 1 / 10 | 11 / 29 / 10 | | | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | Education MIS Peforma * * nce * * Module < br > Development | COPCU / < br > C30 / 09 | QCBS | LS | 198 | post < br > Plan ( 1st < br > Revision ) | 10 / 11 / 10 | NA | 10 / 26 / 10 | 11 / 22 / 10 | 11 / 23 / 10 | NA | 11 / 30 / 10 | 12 / 28 / 10 | | | | | | | Plan ( 2nd < br > revision ) | 8 / 10 / 11 | | 8 / 25 / 11 | 9 / 9 / 11 | 9 / 24 / 11 | | 10 / 9 / 11 | 11 / 13 / 11 | | | | | | | Plan ( 3rd < br > revision ) | 8 / 10 / 11 | | 8 / 25 / 11 | 9 / 9 / 11 | 9 / 24 / 11 | NA | 2 / 29 / 12 | 3 / 30 / 12 | | | | | | | Actual | 08 / 18 / 11 | | 10 / 22 / 11 | 11 / 06 / 11 | 12 / 13 / 11 | NA |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A3 : Food Insecurity Experience Scale ( FIES ) Questions in Malawi | | Pre-COVID-19 Surveys | | COVID-19 Surveys | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | FIES | Question | Recall | Question | Recall | | FS1 | Did you worry that your household would not have < br > enough food ? | 7 day | You or any other adult in your household were < br > worried about not having enough food to eat be - < br > cause of lack of money or other resources ? | 30 day | | FS2 | How many days have you or someone in your < br > household had to rely on less preferred and / or less < br > expensive foods ? | 7 day | You , or any other adult in your household , were < br > unable to eat healthy and nutritious / preferred < br > foods because of a lack of money or other re - < br > sources ? | 30 day | | FS3 | | 7 day | You , or any other adult in your household , ate only < br > a few kinds of foods because of a lack of money or | 30 day | | | | | other resources ? | | | FS4 < br > 40 | How many days have you or someone in your < br > household had to reduce number of meals eaten < br > in a day ? | 7 day | You , or any other adult in your household , had to < br > skip a meal because there was not enough money < br > or other resources to get food ? | 30 day | | FS5 | How many days have you or someone in your < br > household had to limit portion size at meal-times ? | 7 day | You , or any other adult in your household , ate less < br > than you thought you should because of a lack of < br > money or other resources ? | 30 day |", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 97, "text": "Pre-COVID-19 Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 102, "end": 118, "text": "COVID-19 Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Due to the nature of the basement rocks , the aquifers have limited hydrological connectivity and rely on positive recharge from rainfall . The surface soils are reasonably well-drained although during heavy rains , the soil becomes saturated and local ponding occurs . Although seasonal rainfall is relatively high , the groundwater levels are generally depressed with water surfaces close to the relatively impermeable bedrock , which is approximately at river level ( Knight Piesold , 1998 ) . Higher groundwater levels are encountered locally which is probably related to perched water tables associated with locally well-developed lateritic soils , unusually shallow fresh rock or lenses of more clayey residual soils . # # # # * * 3 . 4 . 3 Water Quality * * Consultations with NEMA , the Directorate of Water Development , Makerere University and the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute ( NAFIRRI ) in Jinja indicated that no routine monitoring or research programmes exist from which long-term baseline water quality data for the Bujagali area may be obtained . FIRRI carried out quarterly baseline surveys of water quality , aquatic ecology and fisheries in the Upper Victoria Nile in 2000 and one further survey in April 2006 . Surveys were carried out at four sites : 6 km upstream , and 1 , 24 and 65 km downstream of Dumbbell Island . Summary data from the 2000 surveys are included R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 1364, "end": 1398, "text": "Summary data from the 2000 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "le droit à la vie et à l ’ intégrité physique , ainsi que le droit à la propriété . En outre , l ’ intensification des combats et l ’ occupation des capitales provinciales du Nord et Sud Kivu ont plongé le système bancaire dans une paralysie inquiétante , complexifiant les possibilités d ’ une réponse humanitaire efficace , notamment via les transferts monétaires . Cette situation a également entrainé une grave crise économique dans les zones occupées , aggravant les besoins humanitaires . La prise des aéroports de Goma et Kavumu et leur non-réouverture viennent aggraver la situation , limitant les possibilités de réponse humanitaire et la reprise de la vie économique . Selon une enquête du Programme Alimentaire Mondial ( PAM ) réalisée en février 2025 , près de 75 % des personnes déplacées ont un régime alimentaire inadéquat . La proportion de ménages ayant une consommation alimentaire insuffisante a explosé depuis décembre 2024 , passant de 13 % à 71 % après la prise de Goma par le M23 < sup > vii < / sup > . Enfin , la présence des autorités de facto et des services administratifs parallèles , nécessite également une nouvelle communication coordonnée de la part des acteurs humanitaires . * * COMPLEXITE D ’ ACCES ET D ’ INTERVENTIONS HUMANITAIRES DANS UNE ZONE CONTROLEE PAR UNE AUTORITE DE FACTO * * Avec la prise des capitales provinciales et pôles", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 729, "text": "enquête du Programme Alimentaire Mondial", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "favour of men . The only exception to this is female-headed households who , by their nature , take most decisions alone . In the absence of a male head of household , other relatives were left with the responsibility of deciding how to spend family resources . > 33 OPHI ( 2015 ) , Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2015 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by an unskilled operative at a non-exporting firm . From the detailed employment records of the ENIA , we define the following production activities or tasks : management ( directors ) , administrative services ( accountants , lawyers ) , production services ( engineers , blue-collar workers ) , and general maintenance services ( unskilled non-production workers ) . We define skills according to formal education . We assume that directors , accountants , lawyers , engineers comprise skilled labor ( because these workers need to obtain a college degree ) . To enrich the analysis , we also define a highly-skilled group , which includes managers and engineers . Unskilled workers are blue-collar , non-specialized and general maintenance workers ( assuming these type of workers typically have lower formal educational levels ) . Finally , we let production workers include engineers and blue-collar operatives , while non-production workers include managers , administrative workers and maintenance workers . Table 1 presents some key summary statistics . We report the unconditional averages as well as averages for exporting firms and non-exporting firms . On average , 39 % of workers in Chilean firms are skilled workers and 61 % are unskilled workers . As expected , exporters utilize a higher share of skilled workers ( 41 % ) than non-exporters ( 39 % ) . Exporters are much larger and they hire , on average , more workers in all skilled and unskilled categories than non-exporters . Production workers account for 73 % of employment of all Chilean firms , but 70 % of the employment of exporters . In addition , exporters employ more managers , engineers and administrative services workers than non-exporters . Employment of unskilled blue-collar workers is less , while maintenance employees are slightly more , among exporters . Finally , the average exporter ships around 32 % of its sales abroad . Among all firms , exports accounts for only 5 % of total firm sales . # * * 2 . 1 Regression Analysis * * We begin our empirical analysis with the following regression model where _i_ indices firms , _t_ , time , and _j_ , an industry . Outcomes are denoted by _yijt_ and export intensity ( the ratio of exports to total sales ) is", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 100, "text": "detailed employment records of the ENIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "constraint | 32 | 27 | n . a . | 18 | | _Source : _AICD Road Sector Datab < br > a . Total network includes the clas < br > b . Main network for most countrie | ase on 40 Sub-Saharan African countries . < br > sified and estimates of unclassified and urban netw < br > s is defined as result of adding the primary and sec | orks . < br > ondary networks . | | | | c . Rural network is generally defined as the tertiary network and does not include the unclassified roads d . _Source : _ World Bank — IFC Enterprise Surveys on 32 Sub-Saharan African countries . AADT = average annual daily traffic ; GIS = geographic information system . n . a . = Not applicable . * * Table 10 . Quality of classified roads in Zimbabwe , 2010 * * | | Paved / s | ealed | Gra | vel | E | arth | To | tal | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | km | % | km | % | km | % | km | % | | Very good | 705 | 7 | 39 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 750 | 4 | | Good | 1 , 512 | 15 | 298 | 4 | 90 | 12 | 1 , 900 | 10 | | Fair | 2 , 720 | 28 | 706 | 9 | 56 | 7 | 3 , 482 | 19 | | Poor | 4 , 857 | 50 | 6 , 670 | 86 | 612 | 80 | 12 , 141 | 66 | | Total | 9 , 793 | 100 | 7 , 713 | 100 | 764 | 100 | 18 , 273 | 100 | _Source : _ 2010 Zimbabwe Road Condition Survey . Based on the physical configuration and condition of Zimbabwe ‘ s infrastructure network , it is possible to estimate the resources that would be needed to clear", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 522, "text": "IFC Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1219, "end": 1254, "text": "2010 Zimbabwe Road Condition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measure and the volatility measure are included . In ( _R7_ ) , growth and inflation are measured on a quarter-on-quarter basis instead of year-on-year . Specification ( _R8_ ) adds depreciation of the local currency against the U . S . dollar to the set of control variables . As discussed in Section 3 . 1 , the term “ liquidity ” can have more than one meaning . Since we are concerned with the availability of funding liquidity to banks , as opposed to the degree of liquidity of a market which is better captured by traditional measures such as the spread between on-the-run and off-the-run securities or the bid-ask spread , the Libor-OIS spread is our preferred measure . However , disentangling a pure liquidity component from a counterparty risk component is not straightforward , since availability of credit depends crucially on credit risk , and more than one approach is worth considering . One alternative measure in the literature has been the spread between Libor and the rate on CDs , since purchasers of CDs do not necessarily face the liquidity constraints that banks do during a financial crisis ( Taylor & Williams 2009 ) . Furthermore , since CDs are typically only insured up to a limit , CD rates may rise along with > 15 We use quarter-on-quarter ( QoQ ) inflation and growth data to better capture sharp , short-run changes that may be important during a crisis , as well as for consistency with the overall frequency of the dataset . However , QoQ data for inflation may result in extreme outliers , which we ameliorate by taking logarithms . Dropping these cases would potentially bias the results , since we lose valuable information from those observations . In any case , the results reported here remain robust to either artificially limiting the inflation rate in these cases to 1 , 000 percent , or dropping these observations entirely . > 16The measure of loan demand is from the Fed ’ s Senior Loan Officer Survey . The ECB collects comparable data on loan demand faced by European banks , but we use the U . S . measure since U . S . banks lend less in developing countries . 13", "spans": [{"start": 1253, "end": 1305, "text": "quarter-on-quarter ( QoQ ) inflation and growth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1923, "end": 1949, "text": "Senior Loan Officer Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda Project ( P176747 ) # * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # # * * A . Country Context * * 1 . * * Uganda has made significant progress towards socioeconomic transformation over the last three decades . The country registered an average annual Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) growth above 5 percent during the 2002 - 2012 period . * * However , the country ’ s growth trajectory remains volatile , following a leveling off of growth and the continuing impacts of the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 ( COVID-19 ) . GDP growth decelerated to around 5 percent during 2013 – 2019 and the economy contracted by 1 . 1 percent in 2020 because of the Government of Uganda ( GoU ) strict COVID-19 containment measures and disruptions in global supply chains , which prompted a tightening of public investment and a drop in consumption . With the loosening of containment measures , real GDP growth rebounded by over 13 percent in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021 , as restrictions to contain COVID-19 were relaxed . Consumption , public investment , and services all recovered strongly . However , new waves of infection in late 2021 and early 2022 led to the imposition of new lockdown measures , disrupting the nascent economic recovery . The medium-term outlook remains uncertain . Under a baseline scenario , real GDP is expected to grow by around 3 . 5-4 . 0 percent in fiscal 2022 and about 5 . 5 percent in fiscal 2023 . Considering large global and domestic uncertainties , such as oil and food price shocks exacerbated by the war in Ukraine , the recovery could be slower . 2 . * * The COVID-19 shock has been accompanied by increases in poverty and unemployment * * . According to the latest Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) , although overall poverty in 2019 / 20 ( 20 . 3 percent ) was slightly lower than in 2016 / 17 ( 21 .", "spans": [{"start": 1784, "end": 1816, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . Related literature Prior research has documented numerous challenges with respect to aggregate productivity and the private sector in Zambia . World Bank ( 2019b ) and the first chapter of World Bank ( 2024 ) < sup > 2 < / sup > detail Zambia ’ s recent economic performance . They document how Zambia ’ s real GDP growth of 7 . 7 percent per year between 2001 and 2010 was mostly driven by mining . However , growth slowed significantly in the 2010s , with GDP growth falling despite increased public investment . On an economy-wide basis , labor productivity growth averaged 3 . 7 per year in the 2000s but reversed in the 2010s , remaining negative for most years over the 2011-2020 period . Since 2000 , within-sector productivity gains were negligible in most sectors , with any productivity gains that did occur mostly coming from inter-sectoral reallocation of resources from less to more productive sectors ( World Bank 2024 ) . At the firm level , Hoy , et al . ( 2022 ) leverage firm-level tax data to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on formal firms in Zambia , documenting large declines in sales and employment in formal firms at the outset of the pandemic , followed by a rapid recovery in sales but less robust recovery in employment . Merotto ( 2017 ) analyzes trends in labor supply in Zambia through Labour Force Survey data , finding evidence of growing underemployment in Zambia . He shows how , despite the share of working-age workers employed in waged jobs increasing from 17 to 29 percent between 2008 and 2014 , the bulk of new job creation continues to be informal , with wide wage gaps between the formal and informal sectors , between rural and urban workers , between men and women , and between unskilled and skilled workers . He further leverages data from Zambia ’ s 2012 Economic Census to analyze labor demand , finding low rates of micro firm survival and low productivity in manufacturing sectors . This paper seeks to fill gaps in the literature with respect to recent firm-level productivity dynamics in Zambia . Research on productivity in Zambia tends to focus on macroeconomic data ( World Bank", "spans": [{"start": 995, "end": 1014, "text": "firm-level tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1335, "end": 1359, "text": "Labour Force Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1816, "end": 1836, "text": "2012 Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2121, "end": 2139, "text": "macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > . Overall < br > 15 – 24 < br > 25 – 34 < br > Age group 35 – 44 < br > 45 – 54 < br > 55 – 65 < br > Illiterate < br > Read and write < br > Under intermediate < br > Education level < br > Intermediate < br > Above intermediate < br > Univeristy and above < br > 0 20 40 60 < br > Unemployment rate ( % ) < br > Men Women < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Tunisian Labor Market Panel Survey ( TLMPS ) , 2014 , http : / / www . erfdataportal . com / index . php / catalog / 105 . # 3 . Constraints to employment among educated women in Tunisia This paper focuses on the barriers faced by highly educated women in the Tunisian labor market . This is an important and puzzling group because , as described earlier , although female and male Tunisian university graduates exhibit similar labor participation rates , female unemployment is persistently higher than male unemployment in this highly educated cohort . But any further discussion of the role of gender-based discrimination in producing this gap must be prefaced by a brief description of the other important constraints and challenges facing educated women in the labor market . In recent years , the Tunisian labor market has been characterized by two trends : an increasing supply of highly skilled labor and yet a stagnant economy that has been unable to increase its demand for labor at the same rate as the increase in supply . From 1994 to 2004 , the number of university graduates from public institutions in Tunisia grew at an annual rate of 12 percent — a rate five times higher than the growth rate of the working-age population ( Assaad , Ghazouani , and Krafft 2017 ) . This dramatic shift in the educational composition of new labor market entrants in Tunisia was coupled with the continued growth of 9", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 446, "text": "Tunisian Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "booklets < br > KE-LAMU COUNTY-219253-GO-RFQ / procure 200grievance redress mechanismregisters IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 2 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-03-02 2021-04-27 2021-06-25 < br > KE-LAMU COUNTY-192899-GO-DIR / Procure 5Biochemistry analyzers - fujidry chem IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Direct Selection Direct 95 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-03-01 2021-03-06 2021-04-10 2021-06-28 < br > KE-LAMU COUNTY-192886-GO-DIR / Procure of 5 pieceslaboratory hematology - medonic 5 parts IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Direct Selection Direct 45 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-02-25 2021-03-02 2021-06-04 2021-06-28 < br > NON CONSULTING SERVICES < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach ProcurementProcess Prequalification ( Y / N ) Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) ProcessStatus Draft Pre-qualificationDocuments Evaluation ReportPrequalification Draft BiddingDocument / Justification Specific ProcurementNotice / Invitation Bidding Documents asIssued Proposal Submission / Opening / Minutes and RecommendationBid Evaluation Reportfor Award Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > KE-LAMU COUNTY-137492 - < br > NC-RFQ / Hire of one motor < br > vehicle 13 seater van to carrycounty health managementteam to Patte island andkiunga for RBF Data IDA", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "facilities . Therefore , the outcome studied is the standardized deviation from the mean frequency of visits in the health facility of the considered observation . A positive number means that the patient visited the facility less often than average . We merged the biomedical records with the living standards survey to regress the frequency of visits on welfare and nutritional status measures . The equation estimated using OLS is : 15", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 317, "text": "living standards survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 . 4 Percentage of the population who are acting as hosts * * Respondents were asked what percentage of the population in their community was hosting others . Answers were categorized in the following groupings : * None * ≤ 10 % * 11-20 % * 21-30 % * 31-40 % * 41-50 % * over 50 % Source : Syria , Gaziantep hubs and XB NFI sector members , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community profile , 266 SDs reporting - More than 40 % of the population are hosting others in 103 sub-districts ( 40 % of the total no . of sub-districts reporting ) - 58 sub-districts are not hosting others - Governorates with high proportions of host populations include Ar-Raqqa , Quneitra , Dar ’ a and Al-Hasakeh # # # # * * 2 . 4 . 1 Map showing percentage of population who are acting as hosts * * # # # # * * 2 . 4 . 2 Population hosting others by Governorate ( no . of sub-districts ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Tartous 8 2 8 3 6 < br > Rural Damascus 9 2 14 7 4 < br > Quneitra 21 3 < br > Lattakia 5 8 4 5 < br > DNA < br > Idleb 1 18 2 5 < br > Homs 3 4 9 1 3 3 Not hosting < br > Hama 6 7 3 12 3 > = 10 % - < = 20 % < br > Deir-ez-Zor 7 7 > 20 % - < = 30 % < br > Dar ' a 2 3 2 2 8 > 30 % - < = 40 % < br > Damascus 1 > 40 % - 50 % < br > As-Sweida 7 1 4 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 422, "text": "Urban Community profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # * * 18 Annexes * * Annex 1 : Baseline Socio-Economic HH Survey and Census Questionnaire # # # # # * * < mark > Census Enumeration and Property Registration Survey Questionnaire for Transmission Line and Substation Subproject < / mark > * * Date of Interview _______________________________________________ | Name of Enumerator | | - - - | | Name of Supervisor | # # # # # # * * 1 . Address * * | 1 . 1 | Region | | - - - | - - - | | 1 . 2 . | Zone | | 1 . 3 . | Woreda | | 1 . 4 . | Kebele | | 1 . 5 . | Village | # # # # # # * * 2 . Respondent Details * * | 2 . 1 | Name of Respondent | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 . 2 | Responsibility | | | | 2 . 3 | Family Size | Male ______ | __ < br > Female ________ | | 2 . 4 | Name of Household Head | | | Official Use Only Page 172", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "crisis that has the largest number of empirical studies in Sub-Saharan Africa thanks to the considerable number of household surveys that have been conducted in the affected region over the years . Alix-Garcia and Saah ( 2009 ) was one of the first studies that looked at the impact of the Burundian and Rwandan refugees in Tanzania using a mix of USAID , WFP and DHS data sets on food aid , prices and household assets . They find positive effects on prices of non-aid foods and smaller but positive effects on aid-related food items . This is one of the few studies that looked at both aid and refugee effects separately finding that the aid effect is considerably smaller than the refugee effect . The authors also find a positive 59", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 132, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 364, "end": 377, "text": "DHS data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In spite of the consultant ' s success in introducing the pilot schemes , implementation of the road maintenance rating , planning and cost accounting systems was not continued after the consultants ' departure because ( a ) the Government did not provide counterpart staff to be trained to carry out tasks upon departure of consultants ; and * * ( b ) * * the system was too complex and required the use of a computer and a computer specialist which were promised during negotiations but were never made available to MOW * * by * * Government . Slow progress was made in the road inventory due to an insufficient number of road inventory teams . Only five of the recommended ten teams under the Inspectorate Section were actually established . About * * 13 , 000 * * km of roads were inventoried * * by * * the end of * * 1972 * * and only about 31 , 400 km or * * 62 % * * of the classified network was coverd * * by 1976 , * * when the work was discontinued due to lack of funds and vehicles . * * 3 . 27 * * Government engaged the second consultant to assist in the prequalification and evaluation of bids for equipment purchases . In * * 1971 , * * the the consultant satisfactorily prepared bid invitations , tender documents , prequalification and bid evaluations with their recommendations . MOW reviewed the consultants ' bid analysis report - - which it found very detailed and * * highly * * technical - - and considered it satisfactory . * * 3 . 28 * * The third consultant was hired to train mechanics and mechanical instructors ( para * * 3 . 11 ) * * from March * * 1971 * * to December * * 1976 . * * Although the", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 590, "text": "road inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 624, "end": 638, "text": "road inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "placements after the completion of the program . Although these job agreements were not legally binding , the institutional change created an important slowdown in registration and enrollment , which in turn affected the program ’ s take-up rates as shown in Section 5 . # * * A Complementary Treatment Design * * Because no information exists regarding the effectiveness of this ALMP , or any similar intervention in Mongolia , the average participant might not be aware of the labor-market benefits of completing training . Indeed , administrative data showed that dropout rates were particularly high for the MVTP . This lack of information about the benefits of vocational training is even more important in the context of Mongolia ’ s very rapid transition from a state-controlled to a market-based economy . Less than 20 percent of unemployed Mongolian youth in Ulaanbaatar indicated they were aware of public-information sources regarding employment , while less than 5 percent made use of them in 2014 ( Shatz et al . , 2015 ) . Thus , inspired by the work of Jensen ( 2010 ) in the context of educational interventions , an information treatment is added to the study ’ s evaluation framework . Participants are randomly selected to receive weekly newsletters with information about labor-market outcomes among skilled and unskilled workers in Mongolia . < sup > 5 < / sup > The newsletters stated market wages for occupations in sectors that were similar to those of the trainees and compared wages for jobs filled by unskilled workers . This information was estimated based on the 2012 Mongolian Household Survey . Figure S1 . 1 in the supplementary appendix available with this article at The World Bank Economic Review website shows a typical newsletter submitted to trainees . > 5 In the context of formal schooling in the Dominican Republic , Jensen ( 2010 ) showed that students tended to underestimate the returns to formal schooling . When they were correctly informed , however , both enrollment in the subsequent year and the average length of formal schooling increased . 11", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 554, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1592, "end": 1623, "text": "2012 Mongolian Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "400 , 000 | - | 70 , 000 | - | 470 , 000 | 1 . 3 | | Total Expense | 2 , 413 , 800 | 5 , 626 , 308 | 15 , 050 , 408 | 5 , 815 , 624 | 6 , 746 , 300 | 35 , 652 , 440 | 100 . 0 | | Average Annual < br > Income | 80 , 460 | 187 , 544 | 167 , 227 | 193 , 854 | 74 , 959 | 132 , 046 | | _ < mark > Source : ESIA for Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Transmission line and Substation Subproject < / mark > _ # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 2 Household Annual Expenditure * * Finding of the sample socioeconomic survey on annual household expenditure revealed that a total of 270 sampled households spent _Etb_ 25 , 068 , 627 over the past 12 months preceding the socioeconomic survey in all household expenditure items . That means , the studied households spent on average Etb 92 , 847 per household per year . However , highest average annual expenditure of _ETB_ 140 , 911 is reported among sampled households in Limu Seqa Woreda , while the lowest average annual expenditure ( _Etb_ 53 , 852 ) is reported among sampled households in Jima . Households from higher average annual income areas like Limu Seqa and Limu Genet have also the highest consumption expenditure , similarly surveyed households from low annual income areas like Jima town and Mana Woreda have also lower annual expenditure . With regard to household annual expenditure items , the share of food stuff is 36 . 7 % and it is much higher than the second expenditure item on the household annual expenditure listclothing ( 11 . 5 % ) . The other major annual expenditure items of the households include health related expense which constituted about 6 . 9 % of the all-household annual expenditure item . Unexpectedly , about 6 . 5 % and 5 .", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 528, "text": "socioeconomic survey on annual household expenditure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 642, "end": 662, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 1 Education level of Household Heads and Population * * In light of education levels of Subproject-affected heads of households , the result of the census survey shows 29 . 2 % of the heads had no formal education or illiterate , while 70 . 8 % of them reported to had at least some kind of formal education of which 33 . 3 % of them had primary school education ( grade 1 to 8 ) , while 20 . 8 % of the household heads had reached high school ( grade 9 to 12 ) . On the other hand , 3 of Subproject affected household heads claimed to obtain degree educational level , the remaining 1 household head had Diploma . As far as the educational level of Subproject affected household population is concerned , the census survey questionnaire applied to those household members whose age are 7 years old and above . Accordingly , about 10 . 5 % of the household population reported to be illiterate , while 1 . 0 % of them were only able to read and write . In contrast , 39 . 0 % of the household members had primary educational status ( grade 1 to 8 ) , whereas 38 . 1 % of the household members attained secondary educational level ( grade 9 to 12 ) . The proportion of household members who had tertiary education levels constituted 11 . 4 % of the total household population of which 7 . 6 % of them were degree holders , while 2 . 9 % of the household population had Diploma educational level and the remaining 1 . 0 % had TVET certificate . The census survey also revealed that 64 . 8 % of the household population aged 7 and older still continuing in their education . Figure 6 . 4 : Proportions of HH Heads and HH Population by Educational Level # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 326, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Informants suggested that the government had engaged in discussions with multiple actors on implementing a mechanism that could provide _in situ_ aid , including food and water , within ‘ safe zones ’ just inside the border within Somalia , where humanitarian actors could use Ethiopian territory to transport and deliver assistance . Further information on this initiative has not materialized . # # # # * * Pre-registration , Registration , Screening and Recognition * * Some insights can also be gained from better understanding the ways in which the above-mentioned policy framework was implemented on the ground . For this reason , implementation is discussed very briefly here . At the time of the 2011 – influx , Somali asylum-seekers from southern or central Somalia were subject to a three-step process on their path to recognition through a group-based approach . The first step , and a key hurdle , involved “ pre-registration ” at border posts , carried out solely by ARRA officials . Statistics and reasons concerning those who failed to pass this step were not shared with UNHCR . In general , UNHCR could not undertake registration ( step two below ) if ARRA had not conducted pre-registration . Although the process was , to a large extent , a mechanism to obtain biographic and family composition data and unearth Ethiopian Somalis , some informants referred to this hurdle as a “ security screening ” , in which asylum-seekers who were suspected as posing security threats were identified for further scrutiny . Notably , it seems that cases of exclusion have not been identified in the Dollo Ado camps , or for that matter , in the Jijiga camps , the two primary areas where Somalis are hosted in Ethiopia . < sup > 43 < / sup > Questions arise as to whether Somalis representing national security threats were identified early in the process and before they were able to access UNHCR ’ s registration process , potentially hindering access to international protection . Following transfer to the transit and registration centre in Dollo Ado ,", "spans": [{"start": 1280, "end": 1318, "text": "biographic and family composition data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Ad * * | * * ulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | GOUNZOUREYE | 2231 | 2345 | 2187 | 4532 | 1980 | 991 | 2971 | 181 | 140 | 321 | 4506 | 3318 | 7824 | | SONI ALI BER | 202 | 180 | 147 | 327 | 178 | 100 | 278 | 16 | 9 | 25 | 374 | 256 | 630 | | N ' TILLIT | 415 | 452 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "2019 according to the list of all schools in the country with students in grade 5 . The same schools were surveyed in 2021 . The sample frame was not renewed due to no major changes in the sampling frame over the two years . This identification strategy allows us to compare the performance of grade five cohorts in 2019 and 2021 and assess the trends in system-level student outcomes . The caveat with this identification strategy is that it ignores the changes in student composition or other factors that change from one year to the next and thereby may affect cohort-level learning outcomes . Our second identification strategy allows us to control for the student population and use data from students who appeared for mathematics assessment both in 2019 when they were in grade five and in 2021 when they were in grade seven . This allows us to control for time-invariant student-level characteristics and analyze the change in student-level learning outcomes . Though the attrition rate was high , we compare the learning outcome of students in 2019 who appeared for the 2021 assessment and those who did not and find that the difference between the student populations is 3", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 746, "text": "data from students who appeared for mathematics assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | non camp based refugee schools and | number of students in | Year ( Each | meals Unit | collect data from the | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | non host communities , who are | target schools , non refugee | school | | targeted schools | | | provided with school meals during < br > each School Calendar Year . | and non host , having at < br > least one hot meal during < br > each school calendar year . < br > The targeted schools are in < br > semi-arid , arid and < br > informal settlements in < br > urban areas . The target < br > learners in these schools < br > include learners in pre - < br > school ( within these < br > schools ) who will benefit < br > from a fortified meal as per < br > the school health and < br > nutritionpolicy guidelines . | term ) | | Independent third party < br > will conduct verification . < br > The verify will < br > sample at least 50 % of < br > the target schools and < br > will conduct verification < br > virtually . | | | | | | | TSC county offices will | | | New teachers deployed to primary < br > schools with the highest teacher shortage | TSC deploys teachers to < br > primary schools with the < br > highest teacher shortage . < br > Camp based refugee < br > schools recruit contract < br > teachers through the < br > SIPs / school grants . | Annual | TSC , TSC < br > county offices < br > Independent < br > Verification < br > Reports | collect data from schools < br > for submission to the < br > TSC for compilation of < br > annual reports on", "spans": [{"start": 1515, "end": 1532, "text": "data from schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mark > > 6 < mark > World Bank . 2021 . < / mark > _ < mark > Monitoring Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Refugees in Uganda : Results from the HighFrequency Phone - Third Round . < / mark > _ < mark > Washington , DC : World Bank . < / mark > > 7 While the GoU made commitments for enough vaccines to inoculate 19 percent of its population by December 31 , 2021 , the unpredictable delivery schedules for the vaccines , coupled with the limited number of vaccines currently available in country has necessitated a more modest goal of 4 . 8 million . > 8 Office of the Prime Minister / UNHCR . 2021 . Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal . https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / uga . > 9 < mark > World Bank . 2021 . < / mark > _ < mark > Monitoring Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Refugees in Uganda : Results from the HighFrequency Phone Survey ( Round 1 , 2 , 3 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > World Bank , Washington , DC . © World Bank . < / mark > 12", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 655, "text": "Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 860, "end": 886, "text": "HighFrequency Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 | | < br > Table 60 : Mosquito Net Coverage Sampling Information , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 | | Table 61 : Household Mosquito Net Ownership , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 5 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cooperatives , and ( f ) strengthen the skills in handling climate change and natural disasters risks in refugee hosting areas , improve contingency planning and the climate resilience of local communities by enhancement of early warning systems , and update of the Road Design Manuals and Specifications for civil works to account for climate change parameters . Several of the associated procurement activities under this component are now under implementation except for two . Additional details are presented in the procurement section . # # * * Component 3 : Road Safety ( Total : US $ 2 million , fully financed by IDA ) * * 1 . This component supports UNRA in ( a ) completion of development and operationalization of a Road Accident Database Management System disaggregated by gender , refugee , and host community , and ( b ) training and awareness campaigns to school children , motorbike drivers , truck drivers , and refugee and host population in the Page 2 of 12 Oct 24 , 2024", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER | | check these figures against the EMIS or other portal , in consultation with MoE . The VA will sample a reasonable and nationally representative number of schools < br > listed in each report and undertake classroom observations , via field visits – to ensure the figure reported in the EMIS portal for the selected period corresponds < br > to what is seen from the school documents . The allocated amount available for disbursement is scalable , and the achievements are not time-bound ( i . e . , this < br > DLR can be partially or fully paid before the year in which it appears ) . < br > For the AF DLR , verification procedure will include a sample from the newly integrated refugee and host community schools . This will be reflected in the < br > methodologyfor third-partyverification of the disbursement-linked results . | | - - - | - - - | | DLI Indicator Name | * * REVISED * * * * 4 : * * * * Enrolment in public pre-primary education in selected non-conflict affected Regions with enrolment below the national average ( Percentage ) * * | | Formula | * * DLR 4 . 1 : Target * * : Percentage increase in enrolment in public pre-primary education in selected non-conflict affected Regions with enrolment below the < br > national average from a baseline of 0 % up to a maximum of 15 % . * * Formula * * : Scalable - $ 2 , 671 , 167 for each 1 % increase above baseline up to the end target < br > * * For AF DLRs : * * < br > * * DLR 4 . 1 : Target * * : Percentage increase in enrolment in public pre-primary education in newly integrated refugee schools from a baseline of 0 % up to a < br >", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 157, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Di Tella , R . and R . MacCulloch , 2005 . “ The Consequences of Labor Market Flexibility : Panel Evidence Based on Survey Data . ” _European Economic Review_ , 49 ( 5 ) : 1225 – 1259 . - Gimpelson , V . E . , R . Kapeliushnikov and A . Lukiyanova , 2010 . “ Employment Protection Legislation in Russia : Regional Enforcement and Labor Market Outcomes . ” _Comparative Economic Studies_ , 52 ( 4 ) : 611 – 36 . - Gimpelson V . and R . Kapeliushnikov , 2008 . “ Applying Labor Law in Russia : Role of Judiciary . ” CLMS ‐ HSE , ( mimeo ) - Hallward ‐ Driemeier , M . and L . Pritchett , 2011 . “ How Business is Done and the ‘ Doing Business ’ < u > Indicators : The Investment Climate When Firms Have Climate Control . ” Policy Research Working < / u > Paper Series 5563 , The World Bank . Haltiwanger , J . C . , S . Scarpetta , and H . Schweiger , 2010 . “ Cross ‐ county Differences in Job Reallocation : < u > The Role of Industry , Firm Size and Regulations . ” EBRD Working Paper No . 116 . < / u > Hamermesh , D . 1993 . Labor Demand , Princeton University Press , Princeton NJ . Helpman , E . , O . Itskhoki and S . Redding , 2011 . “ Trade and Labor Market Outcomes . ” in D . Acemoğlu , M . Arellano and E . Dekel ( eds . ) , Advances in Economics and Econometrics : Theory and Applications , Tenth World Congress of the Econometric Society . - Hsieh , Chang ‐ Tai , and Benjamin A . Olken 2014 . \" The Missing ‘ Missing Middle ’ . \" _The Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , 28 ( 3 ) : 89 ‐ 108 . - Hsieh , Chang ‐ Tai , and Peter J . Klenow 2014 . \" The Life Cycle of Plants in India and Mexico . \" _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 129 ( 3 ) : 1035 ‐ 1084 . - Hsieh , C ‐ T", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s apatrides nés sur son territoire , ces procédures sont généralement très difficiles d ' accès , ce qui rend d ' autres moyens d ' acquisition essentiels . La naturalisation devrait être fondée sur des critères objectifs et décidée dans le cadre d ’ une procédure juste et transparente , plutôt que de dépendre de la décision personnelle d ' un Ministre ou du Président . Les raisons du refus devraient être notifiées et des options devraient être disponibles pour contester une décision , si on affirme que la personne ne remplit pas les conditions établies par la loi . Les obligations d ' un État de faciliter la naturalisation au titre de la Convention de 1951 relative au statut des réfugiés ( Article 34 ) et celle de 1954 relative au statut des apatrides ( Article 32 ) devraient être prises en compte - par exemple , avec des frais réduits dans de telles circonstances , comme la mise en œuvre par le Kenya dans le cas des personnes d ’ origine Makondé ou en Tanzanie pour les réfugiés burundais de longue durée . Bien qu ' il n ' y ait pas de couverture de tous les pays de région , des sondages d ’ opinion publique au Kenya et en Ouganda concernant l ' acquisition de la nationalité pour les réfugiés et leurs enfants nés dans le pays suggèrent une relative ouverture en faveur d ’ une réforme juridique pour élargir l ' accès à la nationalité aux individus d ' origine étrang", "spans": [{"start": 1097, "end": 1126, "text": "sondages d ’ opinion publique", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "in the sense that it in some respects extends well beyond currently accepted standards for measuring carbon footprints of air travel , by making them more precise . The WBG could , by its approach to measuring its own footprint , lead the way in establishing more accurate such measures . Aside from how much to offset – an issue with philosophical and political as well as economic and environmental dimensions – a second consideration is how to offset . A relevant current issue in this regard is that the European Union , from 2012 on , has embedded all flight activity within and to and from the EU countries in the EU-ETS , which requires all airlines to hold quotas to cover the respective assessed emissions . Appropriately embedding the WBG ’ s flight activity to and from the EU area in the EU-ETS would be one way for the WBG to mitigate its air travel emissions , as distinct from only purchasing offsets for this activity . The ultimate status of this EU initiative is currently uncertain , however , and we are currently awaiting initiatives > 29 For an overview of the WBG ’ s carbon footprint and how this is currently measured , see : < u > http : / / crinfo . worldbank . org / wbcrinfo / node / 23 # MeasuringGHG . For a presentation of the WBG ’ s more general < / u > offsetting policy in the context of corporate responsibility , see http : / / crinfo . worldbank . org / wbcrinfo / node / 7 . 30 For extensive information on these issues , see the WBG ’ s corporate responsibility website : < u > http : / / crinfo . worldbank . org / wbcrinfo / . < / u > 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "product to the same country the year before . As indicated in Table A-1 in the Appendix , the proportion is 69 . 8 % when considering foreign exports of the same product to other countries and 88 . 6 % when considering foreign exports of other products to the same country . The geographic and sectoral distributions of the new trade linkages established by Chinese domestic firms over the period are described in Table 3 . The export starts are quite diversified in terms of destinations . The US is the main destination for new trade linkages over the period , but it only represents 1 . 8 % of overall export starts , followed by Hong Kong , South Korea , and Japan , with between 1 . 6 % and 1 . 7 % of all export starts . However , new transactions are more concentrated in terms of the province of origin , the most dynamic exporters being , not surprisingly , Guangdong ( 8 . 5 % ) and Zhejiang ( 7 . 5 % ) . The export starts are also more concentrated from a sectoral viewpoint : “ Nuclear reactors , machinery etc . ” account for 10 . 5 % of new transactions over the period in comparison with 6 . 6 % for “ Electrical machinery etc . ” and 4 . 4 % for “ Articles of iron and steel ” . Table 3 : Summary Statistics on Domestic Starts : Share in Total Export Starts Over the Period | Destinations | | | - - - | - - - | | USA | 1 . 8 % | | Hong-Kong | 1 . 7 % | | South-Korea | 1 . 7 % | | Japan | 1 . 6 % | | Malaysia | 1 . 5 % | | Provinces | | | Guangdong | 8 . 5 % | | Zhejiang | 7 . 5 % | | Shanghai | 7 . 0 % | | Jiangsu | 7 . 0 % | | Beijing | 6 . 7 % | | Sectors ( HS2 ) | | | Nuclear reactors , machinery et al . | 10 . 5 % | | Elect machinery et al . |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "declining trend , in particular among the EU candidate and EU neighborhood countries , and in both of these groups a decline in national savings ensued . The case of emerging Europe also appears to be consistent with what economic theory would predict : capital flows to high-growth countries ( Figure 3 ; left chart ) . Hence , the allocation puzzle — that , paradoxically , capital flows to low-growth countries instead of high-growth countries — does not appear true in Europe either . These figures also suggest that the underlying strength of the link between foreign savings and growth might vary across groups . Still , an increase in current account deficits ( i . e . , capital inflows that happen to be absorbed ) and an increase in growth are common among two of these country groups in emerging Europe ( Figure 3 ; right chart ) . The opposite is the case , however , among emerging markets outside Europe — that is , high growth in incomes occurs jointly with an increase in current account surpluses ( i . e . , the allocation puzzle holds ) . * * Figure 3 . Current Account Balances ( % GDP ) and Growth in Emerging Economies * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > - 5 < br > - 40 - 20 0 20 40 - 40 - 20 0 20 40 < br > Current Account Balance , % of GDP < br > Non-European EME Emerging Europe EU10 EU Candidates EU Neighborhood < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations based on World Bank and IMF data ( 2011 ) . Note : Period 1997-2008 . In terms of the composition , capital flows take the form of FDI , portfolio , and banking ( or other ) flows . Clearly , FDI in emerging Europe played a key role ; it is particularly large across all three groups of emerging European countries and is positively correlated with growth ( Figure 4 ) . This is even more evident in", "spans": [{"start": 1475, "end": 1498, "text": "World Bank and IMF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "types of paid-extension . > The debate on public vs . private extension continues to rage among experts in the field . The debate includes issues such as should extension be publicly funded ? Who should pay and how much should be paid for extension services , and which segments in the farming population can afford to pay for extension ? ( See Cary , 1993 ; Schwartz , 1994 ; and Rivera , 1996a , b ) . Although significant , this debate is beyond the scope of this paper . > 2The purpose of this paper is not to evaluate the paid-extension performance in Nicaragua but rather to illustrate , using available data from Nicaragua , the application of the indicators developed in the paper .", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 629, "text": "available data from Nicaragua", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * How does an individual ’ s perception of their position on the income distribution influence their beliefs about inequality and their demand for redistribution ? What shapes this perception of one ’ s relative position in the first place ? A growing literature examines these questions ( Alesina , Glaeser , and Sacerdote 2001 ; Alesina , Stantcheva , and Teso 2018 ; Benabou and Ok 2001 ; Benabou and Tirole 2006 ; Bussolo , Ferrer-i-Carbonell , Giolbas and Torre 2021 ; Iversen and Soskice 2020 ; Mo and Conn 2018 ) . However , existing research has studied them mainly in high income countries . India remains surprisingly understudied , considering that it is a populous democracy that harbors a deeply unequal society . We present results from the first nationwide study of perceptions of the income distribution in India . Our data comes from a survey of 116 , 061 households , spanning all major states of India . We examine people ’ s beliefs about which decile their household occupies on the income distribution , and compare this to the household ’ s actual position based on income data collected on a monthly basis over nearly two years . We find that the difference between perceived and income-based decile in India is large , exceeding two deciles on average . Moreover , over 70 % of the sample perceive themselves as poorer than they are based on income . While the presence of misperceptions has been widely documented across contexts ( Cansunar 2021 ; Cruces , Perez-Truglia , and Tetaz 2013 ; Gimpelson and Treisman 2018 ; Hoy and Mager 2020 ) , the magnitude we observe is striking , as is the widespread underestimation of one ’ s position . We find that household nominal income ( the _objective_ position of the household in the income distribution ) does not predict support for reducing inequality in India . Rather , where people believe their household stands on the income distribution ( the _subjective_ perception of the position ) is a significant predictor of the belief that the government should narrow the gap between the rich and the poor . Given this finding and the highlighted large differences between 2", "spans": [{"start": 878, "end": 908, "text": "survey of 116 , 061 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1114, "end": 1125, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 8 : Comparing naïve and floor area adjusted population densities ( FAPD ) across 400 global cities * * Figure a . Population density and city income , 2015 . ( population per km2 of built-up area , log scale ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 150000 < br > 100000 < br > Mumbai < br > 50000 < br > Kinshasa Karachi Hong Kong < br > Dhaka < br > Lagos Beijing < br > 10000 Shanghai < br > Tokyo < br > London < br > 5000 < br > 2000 Dallas < br > City income in 2015 , log scale < br > Density ( population per sq . km of built-up ) , log scale < br > 500 1000 5000 10000 40000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure b . Floor Area Adjusted Population Density ( FAPD ) and city income , 2015 ( population per km2 of floor space , log scale ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 150000 < br > 100000 < br > 30000 < br > Kinshasa < br > Karachi < br > Mumbai < br > 10000 Dhaka < br > Lagos LondonHong Kong < br > 5000 < br > Tokyo < br > ShanghaiBeijing < br > 2000 < br > City income in 2015 , log scale < br > Density ( population per sq . km of floor space ) , log scale < br > 500 1000 5000 10000 20000 40000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Analysis based on DLR WSF 3D data set The FAPD in Figure 8b is a reasonable indicator of livability . Hong Kong ’ s FAPD is in line with that of a highincome city like London or Tokyo . FAPDs for low-income cities such as Kinshasa and Mumbai are also lower than their naïve population densities , with the correction making more of a difference for specific neighborhoods that have taller structures . While the FAPD makes intuitive sense , more work is needed to get better estimates of building heights", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1223, "text": "DLR WSF 3D data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 maximum maturity difference for the Mexican Brady bonds is slightly more than 5 years ( with the last Brady , Ecuador ) over a period of 24 years . The effect of a different maturity is important for short maturities and it is a much less relevant factor over such a long time horizon . # * * 4 . Mexico and Poland * * It is our opinion that the case of Mexico and Poland is the most suitable for the analysis of spillover effects in the Brady bond market : Mexico at the time of the crisis was a relatively stable country ; Poland was stabilizing and had a relatively short record of economic reforms . The December 94 shock was substantial , but truly originating from the Mexican economy and in this sense it was exogenous to the Poland economy . This can be thought as a good approximation of an experiment : the Mexican fundamentals were dramatically changed while Poland ' s were not . We will concentrate on the discount bonds : discount bonds are 30 years maturity floating market interest rate , issued at a discount to the original face value of the previously rescheduled loans . Because they are floating market interest rate , discount bonds do not involve market risk ( the risk of a change in the interest rate ) , so that the measure of country risk given by the stripped spread on discount bonds is more accurate than the one given by the stripped spread on the Par bonds . # 4 . 1 * * Univariate time series description * * In this section we report the time series analysis on the variable MEXDIS ( the stripped spread on the Mexican discount bonds ( series A , B , C , D ) ) , and on the variable POLDIS ( the stripped spread on the Poland discount bonds ) . The goal is to have a preliminary understanding of the behavior of the stripped spread , that is the measure that traders use for the risk premium on a sovereign country bond . The main finding is that we cannot reject the null hypothesis of unit root for both variables , even if also a different ( and stationary )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nearly half of all foreign tourists are in direct transit and a quarter visits Panama for recreation . Average expenditures differ significantly across tourist types . According to the national accounts , they range from around US $ 200 per person per trip for transit tourists to more than three times that amount for recreation tourists ( Table 3 and Appendix Table A7 ) . Recent data from TSA surveys are broadly consistent with the national accounts . Average expenditures per tourist are on average US $ 549 per person per trip compared to the slightly lower average from the national accounts . The latest round of TSA data for tourists in direct transit is not yet available , so the TSA data are representative of recreation , business and other types of tourism and not of direct and indirect transit passengers . Since survey results are regarded as a more accurate measure of tourist expenditures , these findings suggest that the national accounts may overestimate expenditures by recreation tourists and underestimate business tourists ’ expenditures . | * * Table 3 . Foreign * * | * * Tourists in Pa * * < br > * * Data fr * * < br > | * * nama : Num * * < br > * * om the Natio * * < br > | * * ber of Visitors * * < br > * * nal Accounts ( 20 * * < br > | * * and Expen * * < br > * * 06 ) * * < br > | * * ditures in 2006 * * < br > * * Estimates fr * * < br > * * Tourism S * * < br > | * * om TSA * * < br > * * urveys * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Number of < br > People | Percent of < br > All < br > Tourists | Total < br > Expenditures , < br > US $ ’ 000 | US $ / Trip |", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 403, "text": "TSA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10816 # * * Abstract * * This study explores the factors shaping the aspirations of youths in Ethiopia , Malawi , and Nigeria , specifically focusing on their academic goals ; science , technology , engineering , or mathematics career interests ; and migration intentions . The study draws on a robust dataset comprising 2 , 725 youth respondents aged 15 – 25 years , collected through high-frequency phone surveys conducted as part of the World Bank ’ s Living Standards Measurement Study . Exploring the aspirations of youths in Sub-Saharan Africa is crucial , particularly given that by 2050 , half of the region ’ s population is expected to be younger than 25 years . The findings highlight significant gender and age disparities across youths , with female youths aged 15 – 18 showing higher educational aspirations than their male peers . However , female youths ’ aspirations decline and become lower than those of male youths when they reach 19 – 25 years old . Conversely , male youths aged 15 – 18 and 19 – 25 report higher career and migration aspirations than their female peers . Additionally , educational background emerges as a pivotal factor influencing aspirations . The analysis shows that youths without formal education degrees are less inclined to aspire to higher educational , career aspirations , or migration . Moreover , family and community role models , along with individual attitudes , may contribute to shaping the aspirations of youths in these three countries . In conclusion , building on the findings , the paper formulates a comprehensive set of policy recommendations . These recommendations aim to align the skills and aspirations of youths with the prevailing labor market opportunities , ultimately working toward the reduction of youth unemployment and underemployment rates across these countries . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at vcosta @", "spans": [{"start": 485, "end": 519, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 6 . Develop effective European systems for allocating responsibility for asylum-seekers in the mid-term * * The willingness of Member States to make binding commitments will be critical to the EU ’ s efforts in controlling its borders and managing refugee and migrant movements effectively both now and in the future . A new approach is needed to ensure that Member States located at the external borders of the EU will not continue to bear a disproportionate burden in addressing immediate reception needs . The solidarity now essential for Greece and Italy may also be required for other States in the future , depending on the evolution of displacement situations . Building on the relocation schemes , the hotspot approach , and the reform of the Dublin Regulation , UNHCR proposes the development of reinforced European systems for the registration and distribution of asylum-seekers that would : - * * Establish European Registration Centres * * ( ERCs ) in the main countries of arrival . All EU Member States would also operate at least one ERC to process asylum-seekers arriving directly and to manage any instances of secondary movement within the EU . At the ERCs , with EASO possibly playing a role , arrivals would be identified , registered , fingerprinted , checked against security databases , and given the opportunity to make an asylum application in line with EU standards , or be identified as not in need of protection . - * * Distribute asylum-seekers among the Member States according to a distribution key * * setting out the percentage of asylum-seekers each Member State must take . There would be no quota or upper limit . Factors such as family links , work or study links in a Member State , or knowledge of a language would be taken into account . - * * Permit those granted protection in the Member State of distribution to establish themselves in another EU Member State * * after six months subject to certain conditions , including the ability to support themselves . This could be achieved by amendment of the Long-Term Residence Directive . < sup > 7", "spans": [{"start": 1293, "end": 1311, "text": "security databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( GCC ) countries , and government support . However , critical gaps remain , including the mismatch between the workforce and job market requirements , the size of the domestic market , restricted access to export opportunities , and limited access to funding for business development and expansion . * * 9 . Although Jordan is well known for its growing number of university graduates in computer science , math and engineering fields , it remains ill-equipped with specialized skills to thrive in a digital economy . * * The findings of a 2016 Labor Market Study conducted by the ICT Association of Jordan ( Intaj ) revealed five core weaknesses underlying the skills mismatch : ( i ) an outdated university curriculum ; ( ii ) lack of soft skills ; ( iii ) lack of awareness of and experience with global technology trends ; ( iv ) little to no practical hands-on experience ; and ( v ) brain drain to neighboring countries . A recent research of a leading TVET ( Technical and Vocational Education and Training ) provider in Jordan , Luminous , revealed that a mix of essential technical , English , and soft skills is needed to better equip youth for future jobs . Technical skills carry more importance and include Python programming , artificial intelligence , Internet of Things , and cloud computing , among others ; and soft skills include accountability , adaptability , communications , and creative thinking among others . A two-pronged approach is required to address the gaps in the supply of digital skills : ( i ) immediate attention to the stock of educated youth with skills gaps ; and ( ii ) a systematic focus on foundational issues in the education system that result in a flow of unprepared students . Innovative rapid skills enhancement models to train a few hundred graduates every year on skills for future jobs have been piloted by the Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship ( MoDEE ) and have produced promising preliminary results . These models represent a nimble approach to closing the skills gap among the stock of youth in the job market and will be part of the ongoing offering of skills", "spans": [{"start": 542, "end": 565, "text": "2016 Labor Market Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "global findings with novel descriptive statistics from the Sahel , demonstrating just how rapid urban growth over the last three decades has been . Our results point to a number of implications for domestic and international policy makers . First and foremost , there is a need for better sharing of information between international , national , and local actors . Despite remarkable progress on the effects of climate change within expert literature , some of the most vulnerable communities on the frontlines of the changing climate are poorly informed about both looming disasters and slow-onset changes that will nevertheless impact everyday life . Early warning systems that alert local communities about impending climate events remain in short supply . Second , policy responses to climate change in many developing countries remain overly fragmented at a time when a coordinated approach that works across space and time is needed . For instance , the arrival of climate migrants in urban areas puts pressure on local land markets , many of which continue to be characterized by unregistered property rights . In this context , local attempts to facilitate registration of plots sometimes clash with national-level initiatives , clearly evidencing the need for better coordination . While global in its scale , our work leaves important related questions to future research . For one , we do not know with sufficient precision how exactly drought-induced urban growth looks . Our data from the Sahel that we discuss in section 2 suggests that climate migrants first settle at the outskirts of growing cities , building informal settlements that likely become formalized over subsequent decades . Whether this speculation is correct and whether it generalizes beyond the Sahel remains a task for future research . Second , although extant literature makes it hard to gainsay the fact that slow-onset events cause population movement , the data limitations inherent in the global scope of our study do not allow us to show it directly . In addition , we still know far too little about how drought-induced migration differentially affects individual households and their members . In the same vein , wide gaps remain in our understanding of how climate migrants adjust to their new conditions once they arrive in rapidly growing cities , what coping mechanisms they", "spans": [{"start": 1489, "end": 1508, "text": "data from the Sahel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Chapter 11 * * UNFPA – Civility in the Workplace * *    AUDIENCE : TIME : OBJECTIVE : All staff 1 . 5 hours   OBJECTIVE : METHOD : To promote a holistic approach to culture change Interactive across the organization where inclusion and civility are online at the center of shifting workplace culture away from dialogue behaviours and attitudes that give rise to misconduct , including sexual misconduct . Recognizing that changing individual attitudes and behaviour are pillars in the organizational culture change necessary to eliminate sexual misconduct , UNFPA has taken a multipronged approach to tackling underlying factors such as a culture of discrimination and privilege based on gender and power inequalities . This effort has been structured around a series of initiatives designed to build on and complement the organization ’ s broader work around the area of abuse and misconduct . The initiatives focus on structural investment in institutional frameworks , strengthening capacity , increasing resources , and on specific thematic areas , including on leadership , compliance , awareness raising , outreach and communication , and victim support . Emphasis on transparency and openness , providing access for dialogue on difficult topics , and reinforcing inclusion and civility have been central in demonstrating and driving forward a zerotolerance approach to sexual misconduct . Following a 2019 UN Safe Space Survey on Sexual Harassment , UNFPA noted a key observation that identified incivility and exclusion as tantamount to a permissive environment increasing the likelihood of sexual harassment . In recognition of the fact that issues of sexual misconduct cannot be treated in isolation , an initiative to tackle all forms of workplace abuses and broader forms of incivility was established as part of the organization ’ s holistic culture change approach . With the leadership of the Change Management Secretariat , the Protection from Sexual Exploitation , Abuse , and Harassment Coordinator , and the Director of DHR , a series of sessions on Civility in the Workplace was developed to introduce and reinforce general concepts of civility and engage staff in active dialogue . The sessions are intended to address the root causes of abusive work", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1463, "text": "2019 UN Safe Space Survey on Sexual Harassment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1711 # Summary findings C6te d ' Ivoire is one of the few cotntries in Sub-Saharan Africa that conducted household surveys between I _985_ and 1995 . These surveys make it possible to trace changes in urban and rural poverty and changes in poverty arnong different socioeconomic groups . During the decade surveyed , the country experienced a major recession . Economic recovery began only with the devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 . Poverty increased substantially during the recession and did not diminish in the year after devaluation , in part because rnuch of the increase in export crop prices , especially for cocoa , was taxed away . Moreover , the effects of the recession and devaluation were not uniform . Between 1988 and 1993 , urban poverty increased faster than rural poverty did , though mean expenditures in urban areas remained substantially , ibove mean expenditures in rural areas . And food crop farmers apparently suffered more than export crop farmers . These trends persisted after devaluation . But exploring poverty trends across regions and socioeconomic groups raises questions about the patterns of change and the reliability of the data and the methods used to derive poverty estimates . Secondary data cast some doubt on certain survey findings , suggesting that they may be more an artifact of the survey data than a reflection of real economic trends . These problems are not unique to C6te d ' Ivoire . Results from surveys in Uganda and to a lesser extent Ghana have also raised issues of comparability . The ability to draw reliable conclusions from time series data is crucial for our understanding of how policy reform affects poverty . Far more attention must be paid to comparison issues in designing surveys and analyzing data . Attention must also be paid to developing better regional and temporal price indices , if reliable time series data are to be generated for Sub-Saharan Africa . - - This paper a product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Division , Policy Research Department is part of a larger effort in the department to understand the link between economic policy change and poverty . Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank , 1818 H Street NW", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 152, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1628, "end": 1644, "text": "time series data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 | 25 . 6 | 24 . 6 | 25 . 4 | 26 . 0 | 24 . 6 | 23 . 1 | 17 . 6 | | Relative impact < sup > c < / sup > | 0 . 66 | 2 . 89 | 2 . 25 | 1 . 90 | 1 . 57 | 1 . 24 | 1 . 06 | 0 . 89 | 0 . 65 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 13 | _Source : _ World Bank estimates using ENIGH 2014 . a . According to current income ( MX pesos of August of 2014 ) . b . The average impact on well-being ( moving from concentrated to competitive market ) c . The average absolute impact over the average income ( in % ) . Regarding the impact of reducing concentration on poverty and inequality , Table 8 shows that moving from a concentrated to a more competitive market ( and the price changes derived from this change ) reduces the poverty headcount by 0 . 66 percentage points and the poverty gap by 0 . 53 percentage points . As shown in Figure 8 , short-run estimates — corresponding to the first step of the stepwise simulation — suggest that the poverty headcount falls by 0 . 45 percentage points as the market share of incumbent firms decreases by 50 percent . The extreme case of perfect competition estimates an upper bound reduction of 0 . 88 percentage points . Inequality will also decline since households at the lower end of the income distribution have larger expenditure shares in corn products than those at the higher end of the distribution . Finally , the improvements in inequality are modest relative to the gains in poverty reduction . * * Table 8 . Estimated effects on poverty and inequality of changes in competition in corn products * * | | * * Pov * * | * * erty indic * * | * * ators * * | * * Ine * * | * * quality indicators * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 255, "text": "ENIGH 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 # # # # * * LA PROTECTION DES POPULATIONS CIVILES , ENJEU MAJEUR DE LA CRISE MALIENNE * * Du 1 < sup > er < / sup > octobre 2024 au 31 mars 2025 , les forces de défense et de sécurité maliennes ont continué à intensifier les opérations et les patrouilles militaires dans les zones en conflits . Les activités des groupes armés se sont aussi poursuivies à travers les attaques , les menaces et la pose des engins explosifs improvisés . En réponse à ces menaces , les forces armées maliennes , souvent en collaboration avec des partenaires internationaux , ont mené plusieurs opérations militaires contre les groupes armés afin de rétablir la sécurité dans les zones en conflit . On note à cet effet , à travers les données du monitoring de protection , que * * 14 171 violations de droits humains * * ont été rapportées durant la période sous revue ( octobre 2024-mars 2025 ) contre * * 15 815 violations d ’ octobre 2023 à mars 2024 * * soit une réduction de 10 % entre les deux périodes comparatives . Malgré ces efforts , la situation sécuritaire et de protection reste encore fragile et les mêmes catégories de violations continuent à être rapportées notamment les atteintes au droit à la vie , les atteintes à l ’ intégrité physique et / ou psychique , les mouvements forcés de population et les atteintes au droit à la propriété .", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 773, "text": "données du monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "ii ) raising the ration ofnon-salary < br > to salary operatmg expenditures m key agricultural < br > activities , and ( iii ) regulating student enrolment in < br > MOA and MOLD trainmg institutions ; l | Proposals developed wider ASAO 11 are likely to < br > be implemented wider the Second Agricultural < br > Sector Management Project ( ASMP I ) . | | ( d ) < br > | | SOON | 11 / 91 | 9 / / 96 | evaluated performance of improved budget and < br > payment system as it relates to MOA and MOLD and < br > exchang view with the Association ; and | As part of the preparation of the proposed < br > Agricukural Sector Investment Program | | ( e ) | | SOON | 11 / 91 | | adopted and implemented an action plan for improving < br > the collection of user charges from farmers . | To be implemented under ASMP 11 . | | Schedule 3 < br > | | | | | Vulnerable Groups | | | 4 < br > | | | | | | | | ( a ) < br > | | SOON | 11 / 91 | - | The Borrower has finalised and started to implement < br > action plans , satisfactory to the Association , on ( a ) | To be iruplemeited under the And Land < br > Resources Management Project ( ALRMP ) . . | | ( b ) < br > | | SOON | 11 / 91 | - | drought contigency measures , ( b ) food / nutrition , ( c ) < br > possible negative impacts of the present grain | | | ( c ) | | SOON | 11 / 91 | - | marketing system , and ( d ) household welfare < br > monitoring survey . | | | ( d ) | | SOON | 11 / 91 |", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1405, "text": "monitoring survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "547 cases were not available from AFC ' s Legal Department during appraisal , management reported that the owners paid for the farms . In several communities , particularly in parts of western Kenya , there is strong social pressure to boycott public land auctions . The members of those communities hold the traditional belief that only certain families and ethnic groups have a right to own land in certain locations and any outsider who \" buys in \" is considered an intruder . # Accounting Policies 2 . 40 A number of problems have been identified related to AFC ' s accounting policies . AFC-s balance sheet for the fiscal year ending March 31 , 1979 , showed K Sh 900 , 000 as having been spent on the acquisition of 11 farms . However , AFC auditors were given a list from the Legal Department indicating that there were about 90 farms which the Corporation had acquired by the year end . The balances relating to the extra farms were included in the ordinary loan account balances . Farm properties in possession were valued at the total of principal and interest due at the date of foreclosure , less subsequent recoveries . In respect of the acquired properties , no provision for a loss of value on these assets was made , as AFC management believes that the security would realize more than the outstanding loan balances . In order to exercise control over all acquired properties and also to have ready information at all times , the auditors recommended that the Legal Department maintain a memorandum register in which all acquired farms are entered with details such as date acquired , reference number , description of properties acquired , amount due at the time of acquisition , location of the property , and date of sale . It was also recommended that this register should be reconciled regularly with the list in the computer printouts on acquired properties and that each such", "spans": [{"start": 1504, "end": 1523, "text": "memorandum register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1838, "end": 1879, "text": "computer printouts on acquired properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 0 . 15 * * | * * 0 . 93 * * | * * 0 . 61 * * | * * 0 . 44 * * | * * 0 . 32 * * | * * 0 . 25 * * | * * 0 . 21 * * | * * 0 . 17 * * | * * 0 . 14 * * | * * 0 . 09 * * | * * 0 . 04 * * | | * * OTHER * * | * * 0 . 18 * * | * * 0 . 36 * * | * * 0 . 34 * * | * * 0 . 26 * * | * * 0 . 28 * * | * * 0 . 26 * * | * * 0 . 23 * * | * * 0 . 2 * * | * * 0 . 18 * * | * * 0 . 18 * * | * * 0 . 13 * * | _Source : _ World Bank estimates using ENIGH 2014 . _Note_ : Deciles based on household expenditure per capita . 14", "spans": [{"start": 428, "end": 438, "text": "ENIGH 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "advanced < br > analytics on pooled customer data on customers ’ usage patterns , segmentation , and preferences , < br > they can identify target customer segments and potential opportunities to deploy new products < br > and services . < br >  Technological advances are placing sophisticated competitive market structures within reach < br > of emerging markets by providing solutions to the traditional constraints that make this < br > structure difficult to manage under weak regulations , a lower income customer base , and high < br > transaction costs . | 33", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 49, "text": "pooled customer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will also be available . Withdrawal applications for such payments will be accompanied by relevant supporting documents such as copies o f the contract , suppliers ’ invoices and appropriate certifications . Detailed disbursement procedures are available in the disbursement handbook ( October 2005 ) and the disbursement guidelines issued by the World Bank in M a y 2006 . # # # # # # * * Special account * * To facilitate project implementation and reduce the volume o f withdrawal applications , one Special Account in USD will be opened in the NBE . The initial deposit will cover six months estimated eligible expenditures . To the extent possible , all o f the Bank ’ s share of expenditures should be paid through the special accounts . The Special Account will be replenished through the submission o f withdrawal applications on a quarterly along with the FMRs and other reports indicated above . 52", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 869, "text": "FMRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Figure 6 . 6 : Proportion of HHs by Land Ownership Certificate and by Woreda # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 4 Crop production * * < mark > The subproject area is characterized by a tropical highland climate with heavy rainfall , warm temperatures and a long-wet period with fertile soil . Hence , the affected households and other farming households within Subproject impacted Woredas grow several types of annual and perennial crops . According to information collected from respective agricultural offices of the Subproject impact Woredas , cereal crops such as maize , teff , sorghum , finger millets , and root crops are among major annual crops grown by farming households in Subproject influence Woredas . On the other hand , coffee is important and widely grown perennial and cash crop in the area , while chat , fruit trees like mango , Avocado , and Guava and eucalyptus trees are also widely grown by the local farmers . Subproject affected households and other farming households in the area grow annual crops mainly for household subsistence , while they grow perennial crops more importantly , coffee for market < / mark > purpose . < mark > Subproject affected households also grow several types of annual and perennial crops . Based on socioeconomic sample survey , 94 . 1 % and 90 . 0 % of the surveyed households reported that they grow coffee and corn respectively , followed by fruits and vegetables which reported to be grown by 87 . 8 % of the households . Other crops grown by households < / mark > include chat ( 65 . 9 % ) , teff ( 41 . 1 % ) , sorghum ( 14 . 8 % ) , enset ( 8 . 5 % ) and wheat crop ( 4 . 4 % ) . < mark > During the census survey it was also identified that among Subproject affected households", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1425, "text": "socioeconomic sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1806, "end": 1819, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 5 . Beneficiary Survey Results * * Not applicable . 43", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "divisions within the household and its members ’ labor choices . In addition to the household questionnaire , we collected information at the rural district level on issues affecting the community as a group . This community survey was collected for each rural district , and includes information about social and public infrastructure , incidences of land conflict and the presence of illegal armed groups . It also generated the necessary information for creating a conflict time line . # * * 3 . 2 Colombia : 50 years of conflict * * Since the 20 < sup > th < / sup > century , Colombia has been confronted by two major internal conflicts . The first , known as _La Violencia_ , started in the middle of the 1940s , and intensified with the assassination of the populist leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in 1948 . The conflict emerged from the political struggles between the two major , traditional political parties in Colombia , the Liberals and Conservatives . Regional land disputes and power struggles that had been latent for decades combined with political disputes to fuel the conflict in rural areas as well ( Oquist 1980 ) . In 1958 , Liberals and Conservatives negotiated a power-sharing agreement that paved the way for a peace deal and halted armed confrontations . The power-sharing agreement effectively eliminated political violence , yet land disputes and regional power struggles remained dormant . By the end of the 1960s , guerrilla movements promoting agrarian land reform emerged in the rural areas of the country . The presence of rebel groups was confined to isolated rural regions of the countries , and actions were occasional and limited to attacking government forces . The dynamics of the conflict changed dramatically with the appearance of the illegal drug trade at the end of the 1980s . Resources from illicit drug trading provided massive funds with which rebel groups were able to operate . These groups soon began launching attacks on large land-owners and drug barons in order to extract additional resources . Kidnapping , extortions , the taxation of cocaine production , mining and cattle ranching provided additional sources of financing . These attacks and the flow of resources from illegal drug trading contributed to the creation of right-wing", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 231, "text": "community survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the home can ease the constraint on their ability to undertake economic activity . Childcare may also improve children ’ s developmental , health and nutrition outcomes , particularly important in Ethiopia where thirty-eight percent of children under-five are stunted . Ethiopia developed the National Early Childhood Care and Education Policy ( ECCE ) in 2010 and is currently in the process of revising it . There is some pre-primary service provision including private-sector led kindergartens , Government led 0-classes , and some small-scale Child-to-Child and Accelerated School Readiness interventions financed by development partners . However , even where such programs are in place there is a gap in service provision between children supported through the health sector ( up to the age of two ) and children served by the above provisions ( from the age of six ) . This gap spreads over a critical period for cognitive brain development in children . 7 . * * Although the extent of the impact is unclear , the current COVID-19 pandemic will have implications for the Government of Ethiopia ’ s fiscal space and the livelihoods of poor households living in urban and rural Ethiopia . * * The 9 percent projected economic growth for FY2021 declined to 6 percent because of the pandemic * * . * * A reduction in Government revenue will put pressure on its provision of social services during and after the economic downturn . Government spending and investment has been an important engine of poverty reduction in the past and reduced spending resulting from decreased government revenue and foreign exchange may have detrimental long-term effects on the poor . < sup > 6 < / sup > Though less likely to be affected directly by government containment measures than urban areas , rural areas will also be economically affected by COVID-19 . Anecdotal evidence suggests that they are already feeling the effects of slowing demand for food items , particularly vegetables . Data from Ethiopia ’ s recent poverty assessment also highlights the fact that a high proportion of the population is clustered just above the poverty line", "spans": [{"start": 1989, "end": 2027, "text": "Ethiopia ’ s recent poverty assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to finance , as emphasized by the G20 Principle for Financial Inclusion _ . _ Household and enterprise-level survey questions can provide governments and regulators with the data they need for designing reforms and then monitoring the effectiveness of those reform measures . For example , OIC governments can encourage Islamic banks to launch financially inclusive accounts , shifting G2P payments ( increased transaction volume ) through such accounts to enhance their viability . # * * V . 3 . Policy Recommendation III - Ensure a Level Playing Field for Islamic Microfinance , SME , and Micro * * * * _Takaful_ * * * * The lack of * * * * _Shariah_ - compliant micro-finance services is constraining financial inclusion to a proportion of the population . * * The growth of Islamic microfinance will depend to a large degree on whether financial institutions can develop sufficiently attractive financial products and services , which are competitive with conventional products in terms of pricing , transparency , processing time , and burden on the client . This will be determined in part by their capacity and systems , but regulators can also provide a more level playing field for Islamic microfinance . This extends beyond financial sector regulation to the tax code , as Islamic financing that involves additional transactions such as passing on a property title , may have tax implications such as capital gains tax , which are not applicable in conventional deals . OIC governments should also extend access to a broader range of financial services through existing branch networks of Islamic banks , which can offer a unique network of existing outlets as a delivery mechanism for _Shariah_ - compliant financial services . * * When designing the financial inclusion reform plan , OIC governments should take three points into their consideration specifically * * i ) allowing banks to expand access through agents and use of technology ( e . g . mobile phones ) , ii ) providing a _Shariah_ - compliant finance company model for microfinance and microinsurance , and iii ) removing interest rate caps for microcredit and strengthen customer protection laws . * * Competition policy can also contribute to further SME lending . * * ( Rocha 2010 ) suggests that private", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT FTEs — they affect comparability but not the underlying integrity of verified entries . Similarly , excluding firms that declined to share payroll data reduces the risk of over-reporting but may understate ( not overstate ) achievement , also biasing results downward ( not upward ) . Taken together , the documentary evidence chain provides sufficient assurance that reported productivity gains are genuine and accurately recorded . 27 . * * Attribution for the verified productivity gains is anchored in the documented PIP-to-result chain and reinforced by the contractor ’ s qualitative assessment of causality . * * Each verified case shows a traceable sequence from diagnostic recommendations to an SME-owned Performance Improvement Plan ( PIP ) , to milestone-linked financing of specific upgrades ( e . g . , process redesign or automation , certification and quality systems , digital integration , targeted skills ) , and then to a postintervention increase in revenue per FTE recorded in firm files . The implementing contractor reviewed the evidence for each case and qualitatively assessed case by case to determine whether the observed revenue increase was plausibly linked to the financed intervention ( for example , a certification that unlocked a buyer , a line upgrade that raised throughput , or a digital system that shortened order-to-cash ) . In parallel , the PIU , working through the Contract Implementation Team ( CIT ) , undertook an additional layer of review — checking completeness and consistency of evidence packages and validating the contractor ’ s linkage assessments before inclusion in the PMIS . This approach was deliberately conservative : cases where the linkage was weak , unsubstantiated , or insufficiently documented were not counted . It remains sensible to acknowledge external influences e . g . , post-COVID recovery , exchange-rate movements , inflation , and overlapping SME-finance or advisory programs , may have affected overall firm performance ; likewise , firms may have experienced idiosyncratic , firm-specific revenue drivers unrelated to the intervention . However", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 235, "text": "payroll data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "K NTRAL BANK OF KENYA * * - RECONCILIATION * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > STATEMENTAS AT : 30 . 06 . 2016 < br > G . LA / C NO : 1000172746 / ' < br > OFF-SHORE A / C NO : 1136321365 KCB-PPF INFR . FINANCE & PUB . PRIVAT < br > DETAILS CURRENCY AMOUNTS REMARKS ACTION TAKEN < br > 1 . BALANCE AS PER OFFSHORE STATEM USD 2 , 654 , 375 . 36 < br > 2 . ADD DEBITS NOT IN NRB < br > 3 . LESS CREDITS NOT IN NRB < br > 20 . 06 . 2016 - 411 , 883 . 57 DPC INTL EP 11 . 07 . 2016 < br > 30 . 06 . 2016 - 1 , 032 , 536 . 20 DPC INTL EP 11 . 07 . 2016 < br > 4 . ADD DEBITS NOT IN OFFSHORE < br > 5 . LESS CREDITS NOT IN OFFSHORE < br > 6 . BALANCE AS PER CBK LEDGER - 1 , 209 , 955 . 59 1 , 209 , 955 . 59 < br > Prepared By : Shelmith Checked by : _IIit , Approved By : 7 < br > Date : 11 . 07 . 2016 Date : 1 IDate : te < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 30 * *", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 666, "text": "CBK LEDGER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and , then , intervention in the FOREX market , _Int2_ , is computed as the average of the monthly change in the ratio of reserves to broad money , _R2_ , Note that _Int2_ is positive whenever reserve accumulation exceeds the increase in monetary aggregates — thus , implying a strong degree of intervention in the foreign exchange market . We also consider trade and financial openness as determinants of RER misalignments . _Trade openness_ is proxied as the ratio of real value of exports and imports ( that is , total trade ) to real GDP , and the data is obtained from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( WDI ) . Measuring _financial openness_ involves data on foreign assets and liabilities from Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2001 , 2007 ) . We construct the ratio of foreign liabilities as a percentage of GDP ( which include stocks of liabilities in portfolio equity , foreign direct investment , debt and financial derivatives ) and , for robustness purposes , the ratio of foreign assets and liabilities to GDP . We also assess the role played by the composition of capital flows in affecting the ability of the government to sustain RER undervaluations . Hence , we decompose our measure of financial openness into equity - and loan-related foreign liabilities . While the former includes the foreign liability position in foreign direct investment and portfolio equity , the latter includes only the debt liability position ( _i . e . _ portfolio debt and other investments ) . The same calculation is performed for the ratio of foreign assets and liabilities to GDP . _Liability dollarization_ is measured as the ratio of foreign liabilities of the financial sector to money . The data is taken from the IFS — more specifically , lines 26C and 34 for foreign liabilities of the financial sector and broad money , respectively . Although this is not a direct measure of the extent to which a country ’ s balance sheet present currency mismatches in assets and liabilities , there is a wide availability across countries and over time which is attractive for panel data analysis . For robustness 11", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 621, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 672, "end": 710, "text": "data on foreign assets and liabilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2081, "end": 2091, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exchange rate between the origin and destination currencies in year _t_ , and let _e_ < sup > _US_ < / sup > _odt_ < sup > betheaverage < / sup > real exchange rate between the destination and the USD in year _t_ . Our bilateral exchange rate variables in logs are defined as follows : Finally , GDP data are from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( WDI ) . # * * 3 . 3 Trade policy variables * * We use data on both tariffs and non-tariff measures . For tariffs , we use data on Most Favored Nation ( MFN ) and preferential tariffs at the HS6 level from TRAINS . For each origindestination-product-year ( _odpt_ ) quadruplet , we compute the bilateral applied tariff . As we are mostly interested in the role played by differences in trade policy across markets , rather than in the effect of variations in trade policy in a given market over time , we also compute the average bilateral applied tariff over the period . This allows us to smooth out missing values without much loss of information . In the empirical analysis we will show that our results are robust to using time-varying bilateral tariffs . For non-tariff measures we use ad-valorem equivalents ( AVEs ) at the destination countryproduct level estimated in Cadot and Gourdon ( 2014 , 2016 ) . The Ad-valorem equivalents were computed for 45 countries and three types of measures , type-A measures ( SPS ) , type-B measures ( TBT ) , and “ other ” measures ( essentially quantitative restrictions ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > The bulk of the variations in NTM AVEs ( more than 80 percent ) is attributable to the application of SPS and TBT regulations . Section B . 1 of the online appendix provides more information on the NTM source data and how they were converted into estimated AVEs . In Section B . 2 we provide additional descriptive statistics on our trade policy measures . Table A . 1 shows the ( unweighted ) average levels of bilateral applied tariffs and NTMs AVEs for the 45 countries covered by both tariff and NTM data . The lowest levels of tariffs", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 304, "text": "GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 333, "end": 361, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1702, "end": 1717, "text": "NTM source data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1993, "end": 2012, "text": "tariff and NTM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 3 . Coordination and implementation Structure_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ministry of Water and Environment Ministry of Tourism , < br > Wildlife and Antiquities < br > Uganda Wildlife Authority District Local Government < br > Semuliki National Park < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # 10 < mark > . Monitoring and Evaluation < / mark > < mark > The monitoring of this revised VMGP shall continue being part of the overall M & E Framework for the IFPA-CD project . The MWE has the overall responsibility for coordinating M & E and ensuring that data and information are produced on time and of the necessary quality , including reporting on Project performance and results . Monitoring data will be collected at field and agency level by UWA staff and forwarded to UWA and the Project Coordinating Unit ( PCU ) for consolidated reporting . Implementing Agencies ( MWE and UWA ) will host and participate in any field monitoring visits . < / mark > < mark > Alongside the M & E Framework , project reporting formats and feedback mechanisms have been developed for use by UWA , DLGs and the TSPs . UWA field staff has received training on stakeholder engagement and reporting templates . Available feedback mechanisms also include the GRCs and suggestions boxes installed around SNP . < / mark > < mark > In the case of the implementing agent for the Batwa or the TSP , the reporting formats will be appended to the Service Contracts . This revised VMGP already highlights key targets and indicators in section 7 above that shall inform the design of data collection tools for effective monitoring of this VMGP . < / mark > < mark > Monitoring will be the main mechanism through which the implementers of this revised VMGP will get feedback and alerts on any delays and problems . The monitoring framework will help the implementers to measure the pace of implementation of activities . It enables", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 715, "text": "Monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . The Severity of the Pandemic * * While the virus has spread rapidly and extensively , the reported death toll remains surprisingly concentrated in just a few geographies . As of May 23 , the cut-off date for all data in this paper , the death toll has risen to about 340 , 000 people . That is roughly 2 . 2 times the number of deaths that we would expect to occur on an average day prior to the pandemic . As Figure 1 shows , five countries — the United States , Italy , the United Kingdom , Spain and France — account the bulk of the global death toll . While they only represent 7 . 5 percent of the world ’ s population , these five countries claim 65 percent of the total number of fatalities . The widening distance in the figure between the world and the top five also implies that the death toll in the rest of the world is now growing more quickly . Figure 1 . COVID-19 Death Toll : World and Top Five Countries < ! - - Start of picture text - - > World < br > 300 < br > Top 5 : US , UK , Italy , Spain , France < br > 200 Top 4 : US , UK , Italy , Spain < br > Top 3 : US , UK , Italy < br > 100 Top 2 : US , UK < br > Top 1 : US < br > 0 < br > Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 < br > Number of COVID − 19 deaths ( thousands ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Johns Hopkins University . # # * * A New Indicator of Relative Severity * * In what follows , we will examine the unequal distribution and progression of the pandemic through the lens of the ‘ relative severity ratio ’ . This indicator is defined as the ratio of ( 1 ) the total deaths attributed to COVID-19 over a given period to ( 2 ) the expected total deaths from all causes under the counterfactual assumption that the pandemic", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 119, "text": "death toll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sparsity . < sup > 11 < / sup > In empirical analyses in practice , local-area level remoteness is often characterized through the urban-rural dichotomy , which is rather blunt . Alternatively , the size or density of a particular settlement can potentially provide a more nuanced indication of a resident population ’ s centrality or remoteness . However , this approach rests critically on the delineation of boundaries for any particular settlement , which is empirically fraught ( for example , due to clustering of towns ) . At the same time , one open question , which would be a fruitful direction for future work to refine our new indicators , relates to the ways in which the delineation of local areas affects the measures . Intuition suggests that the most precise and informative measures of remoteness and dispersion would be based on data geo-coded at the individual household level . < sup > 12 < / sup > In practice , for the Pacific Island countries , our calculations center around data for local-area communities . These are based on exogenously defined local-area ( administrative , or survey catchment area ) boundaries . The implications of these boundary definitions on the remoteness and dispersion measures is , we suspect , an empirical question , dependent on interior settlement patterns , and the boundaries themselves . One immediate direction for further refinement would be to re-estimate and compare the indicators using a range of geographical areas — from the finer to the coarser . As a final note , it is worth highlighting that none of the measures we present in this paper explicitly accounts for the island-nature of PIC ’ s geography . However , they do reflect uninhabited areas of ocean in an implicit sense . Areas of uninhabited ocean lead to large measures of distance between communities ( including between communities on outer islands and the national capital ) . This uninhabited distance results in high measures of remoteness , and relatedly , dispersion . > 11 Part of the motivation for this work was a desire , for the purpose of empirical analysis , to apply a consistent approach to identifying ‘ remote ’ , outer islands in different PICs . It became clear that it is", "spans": [{"start": 848, "end": 896, "text": "data geo-coded at the individual household level", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1000, "end": 1031, "text": "data for local-area communities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "change and its impact on both surface and groundwater sources requires the collection and analysis of water resource data , better forecasting of weather and long-run climate change impacts , increasing stakeholder involvement through education , and the establishment of early warning systems . > 5 World Bank , _Maintaining the Momentum While Addressing Service Quality and Equity : A Diagnostic of Water Supply , Sanitation , Hygiene , and Poverty in Ethiopia_ ( Washington , DC : World Bank , 2018 ) , 1 . > 6As per the GTP-2 water supply service level standard , it is required to provide safe water in minimum 25 l / c / day within a distance of 1 km for rural areas while in urban areas it is required to provide safe water in minimum 100 l / c / day for category 1 towns / cities ( with a population < 1 million ) , 80 l / c / day for category 2 towns / cities ( population < 100 , 000-1million ) , 60 l / c / day for category 3 towns / cities ( population 50 , 000 - 100 , 000 ) , 50 l / c / day for category 4 towns / cities ( population 20 , 000-50 , 000 ) up to the premises , and 40 l / c / day for category-5 towns / cities ( population < 20 , 000 ) within a distance of 250m . > 7 As per JMP 2022 report , 39 % of urban population have access to safely managed , 76 % have the service accessible on premises , 68 % have water supply available when needed and 39 % free from contamination . > 8 GFDRR ( Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery ) , “ Climate Change Country Profile for Ethiopia , ” GFDRRR , 2016 . Page 4", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 121, "text": "water resource data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1203, "end": 1218, "text": "JMP 2022 report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . REGULaTORY ENVIRONMENT aNd GOVERNaNCE The status and treatment of refugees in Burundi is governed by Law No 1 / 32 of 13 November 2008 on Asylum and Protection of refugees ( the 2008 Asylum Law ) and two ministerial implementing orders : No < u > 530-442 on asylum application procedures and No 530-443 on the composition , organization and functioning of the Advisory Commission for Foreigners and Refugees and the Appeals Committee . The < / u > two ministerial orders date from April 2009 . Despite reservations declared upon accession to the 1967 Protocol , the 2008 Asylum Law incorporates the basic principles and standards of protection including refugees ’ right to work ( Articles 65 and 66 ) , access to public education ( primary education ) and health care on a par with Burundian nationals ( Article 67 ) , as well as freedom of movement and residence ( Article 74 ) . However , refugees ’ full realization and enjoyment of their rights is at times impeded by the country ’ s overall development challenges , as well as political and security constraints . The 2008 Asylum Law provides for a Refugee Status Determination ( RSD ) process on an individual and group basis . ONPRA receives asylum-seekers and registers them in the refugee database supported by UNHCR . It carries out RSD and presents its recommendations to the sub-committee of the Consultative Commission for Foreigners and Refugees , which reaches a first-instance decision . A rejected asylumseeker has the right to appeal before the Appeal Committee . Asylum-seekers have the right to avail themselves of the assistance of the lawyer or legal counsellor of their choice at first instance and appeal . UNHCR is an observer with an advisory role at both first-instance and appeal . In practice , UNHCR participates as an observer in the sub-committee sessions to which it can provide verbal observations and where scheduled , in the Appeal Committee . The 2008 Asylum Law also lays down specific provisions applicable in the event of a massive inflow of persons fleeing a situation of generalized", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1280, "text": "refugee database supported by UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TABLE 10 # # KENYA # # MOMBASA-NAIROBI OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE PROJECT # # Economic Return Sensitivity Analysis | | Parameters | Return ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . | Most probable return | 37 | | 2 . | Construction costover-run of_15 % _ | 30 | | 3 . | Operating costover-run of 25 % | 36 | | 4 . | . Benefit increase of 25 % | 44 | | 5 . | Benefit decrease of_25 % _ | 28 | | 6 . | Benefits confined to Kenya traffic | 26 | | 7 . | With \" rail only \" alternative | 31 | | 8 . | tt market prices | 46 | - Based on shadow pricing foreign exchange at 130 % of official rate and labor costs at 75 % of actual wages Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 631, "end": 648, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > KIBALE NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # * * REFERENCES * * Environment Impact Assessment Regulations , 1998 < mark > IUCN , S . ( 2021 ) . Amphibian Specialist Group ( 2020 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > Tylototriton yangi < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > < mark > Kalema , J . and Beentje , H . , 2012 . < / mark > _ < mark > Conservation checklist of the trees of Uganda < / mark > _ < mark > . Kew : Royal Botanic Gardens . < / mark > NEMA April 2004 , Environmental Legislation of Uganda VOL 1 , National Environment Management Authority , Uganda . The constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995 , Kampala-Uganda The Employment Act , 2006 , Kampala Uganda The Land Act , Cap 227 , Kampala Uganda The National Environment ( Waste Management ) Regulations , No . 49 of 2020 The National Environment Act , No . 5 of 2019 The National Environment Management policy , 1994 , Ministry of Natural Resources , Kampala-Uganda . The National Gender Policy 1997 , Ministry of Gender Labour and social Development , Kampala Uganda . The National HIV / AIDS Policy , 2004 Kampala , Uganda . The National Water Policy 1999 , Kampala Uganda Tushabe , H . , Kalema , J . , Byaruhange , A . , Asasira , J . , Ssegawa , P . , Balmford , A . , Davenport , T . , Feldså , J . , Friis , I . B . , Pain , D . , Pomeroy , D . , Williams , P . and Williams , C . ( 2006 ) A nationwide assessment of the biodiversity value of Uganda ' s Important Bird Areas network . Conserv . Biol . 20 : 85 – 99 . Howard , P . C . and Davenport , T . R .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the remaining analysis , however , we will maintain the focus on German influence given the greater incidence of German FDI with respect to other major partner countries . # # [ Figure 2 about here . ] The positive effect of German ownership on employment is also confirmed when using our second approach ( given by equation ( 2 ) ) . This approach reflects the actual timing of acquisitions and , therefore , allows us to compare the effects of early and late acquisitions . The results are reported in Table 2 , while Figure A . 7 shows the event study associated to the double robust estimation and confirms the absence of pre-trends in employment . This approach provides more conservative estimates , yet the effects remain large and indicate that the effect of German acquisition on firm-level employment is between 7 . 5 % and 11 % . The estimates by treatment year show that the effects are larger for later acquisitions , which are associated with an increase of more than 14 % in employment from 2010 onwards . Overall , both set of results point towards substantial positive effects of German acquisition on firm size . # # [ Table 2 about here . ] # * * 5 . 2 Differential effects of EU accession on German acquisitions across sectors * * Figure 3 shows the results of the event study , which are obtained by estimating equation ( 3 ) . The results confirm our descriptive evidence and show an increase in foreign acquisitions by German shareholders in the post-accession period . Overall difference in differences results are shown in Table A . 5 and are consistent across different measures of German influence . They indicate that a 10 % increase in Germany ’ s export share is associated with a 8 % increase in German ownership ( 0 . 04 percentage points over the average ownership of 0 . 5 % ) . We do not find evidence of border regions receiving more FDI from Germany ( Figure A . 8 of the Appendix ) . As a falsification experiment , we employ the same specification on similar data for Romanian firms , also from the Orbis database . Since Romania acceded the EU in", "spans": [{"start": 1990, "end": 2021, "text": "similar data for Romanian firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2038, "end": 2052, "text": "Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "migrants have similar education levels . Low-skilled workers tend to have lower language fluency , which tends to limit them to a greater degree to jobs that involve manual labor , rather than interactive tasks , as Peri and Sparber ( 2009 ) show . As a result , migrants concentrate in manual labor , while natives have a comparative advantage in finding occupations that involve more complex communication tasks ( D ’ Amuri and Peri , 2014 ; Foged and Peri , 2016 ) . Similarly , Peri and Sparber ( 2011 ) find occupational differences between migrants and native-born workers even if they are highly educated . Among workers with tertiary education , immigrants are concentrated in occupations that involve more quantitative and analytical tasks ; by contrast , native-born workers tend to be in jobs that require more intense communication skills . Thus , we want to examine whether language ability shapes the sorting of migrants into occupations with different skill requirements in the EU – and , as a result , the exposure to the different risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic . We begin by using the O * NET survey to identify the intensity of the host-country language requirement per occupation . In particular , the knowledge questionnaire includes the question “ What level of English language knowledge is needed to perform your current job ? ” with answers ranging from one to seven . We transform this measure available for each occupation in the US to ISCO three-digit occupations and create a standardized index of intensity of the host-country language requirement with mean of zero and standard deviation of one . Our analysis shows that immigrant workers in Western European countries are disproportionately concentrated in occupations that require lower levels of host-country language fluency ( Figure 4 , Panel A ) . Across the EU labor markets , immigrants work in occupations in which language skill requirements are 0 . 2 standard deviations below the mean ( Figure 4 , Panel B ) . This difference is statistically significant at the 1 percent level . However , the difference in occupational choices between migrants and natives varies with migrants ’ fluency in the host-country language . Migrants with advanced or above-average levels of fluency have occupations with", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1130, "text": "O * NET survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) not based on data collected but rather is an estimate by government as “ there has been no update to this indicator since December 2019 ( ICR p . 30 ) \" The estimate was based on a proxy measuring the percentage of cash transferred to clients out of the total cash transferred to woredas , which varied year-on-year and between food and cash . A study of timeliness ( 2018 / 19 ) commissioned by the World Bank highlighted delays in submitting completed PW attendance sheets which is a precondition for release of cash payments . Several adjustments were made over the course of implementation to improve transfer timeliness , including the introduction of e-payments for cash transfers . In 2020 , it was estimated that 60 percent of cash transfers and 67 . 5 percent of food transfers , on average , were delivered on time ( ICR p . 12 ) . - The IFPRI Endline Evaluation found that in both the highlands and the lowlands , payments were “ not timely or predictable ” with only 44 percent of PSNP clients receiving five or six payments ( p . 16 ) , however , the report noted more positively that that delivery of payments was maintained even after the onset of the pandemic ( p . 63 ) . - The Government of Ethiopia ’ s Project ICR for PSNP 4 and RPSNP ( p . 40 ) found that timeliness of cash transfers to beneficiaries in the highlands exhibited “ significant improvement ” over the life of the PSNP 4 program , with the best performance in 2020 , although lagging afterwards somewhat . Data reported in the Government ICR suggests gradual improvement in the timeliness of cash transfers , with more uneven results for timeliness of food aid . - Both the Government ICR and the IFPRI Endline Evaluation found that clients did not receive their complete entitlement . According to the Government ICR ( p . 42", "spans": [{"start": 1632, "end": 1667, "text": "Data reported in the Government ICR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in non-conflict affected regions for the six months following the event , which gives an indication that these floods prolonged the recovery period for conflict-affected populations . In conclusion , despite existing methodological constraints , our study demonstrates that the impacts of disasters are significantly more pronounced in conflict settings compared to non-conflict areas . In the next phase of our analysis , we aim to supplement the current ' top-down ' approach of assessing disaster impacts through satellite imagery with a ' bottom-up ' approach using panel household survey data . By combining both approaches , we will gain insights into household-level impacts and 29", "spans": [{"start": 570, "end": 597, "text": "panel household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CFUWBES2 | _d Survey-Measured ( _ < br > ( Cumulative ) | _including jobs lost_ < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Modeled | Model-predicted | Survey-measured | CMMHH | | By gender | | | | | | Female | 13 . 1 | 19 . 0 | 21 . 3 | 17 . 3 | | Male | 16 . 2 | 26 . 0 | 26 . 1 | 24 . 8 | | By age group † | | | | | | below 25 | 15 . 5 / 15 . 3 | 25 . 6 / 26 . 9 | 24 . 6 / 24 . 9 | 23 . 1 | | 25-45 | 16 . 5 / 16 . 3 | 25 . 2 / 24 . 9 | 26 . 3 / 25 . 6 | 20 . 6 | | above 45 | 11 . 1 / 14 . 3 | 21 . 3 / 24 . 3 | 23 . 9 / 25 . 9 | 38 . 3 | | By nationality | | | | | | Jordanian | 14 . 7 | 23 . 8 | 24 . 2 | 21 . 2 | | Syrian | 14 . 1 | 21 . 4 | 25 . 1 | 6 . 8 * | | Palestinian | 13 . 1 | 28 . 2 | 20 . 7 | 40 . 5 | | Other | 22 . 6 | 32 . 2 | 33 . 5 | - | | Total < br > Notes : The cumulative jobs lo < br > the modeled incremental jobs < br > * May be unreliable due to sm < br > † Age group results are shown < br > between 2016 and 2020 . | 15 . 8 < br > st by the time of CFUWB < br > lost from R1 to R2 . < br > all sample size . < br > assuming the same wor | 25 . 2 < br > ES2 is predicted by aggreg < br > kers aged /", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 186, "text": "CMMHH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 6 . The Investment Dynamics * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008 to 2017 . This table presents parameter estimates from OLS regression of investment on Titling Firm dummy variable for various post-event periods . The independent variable is the averaged investment ( capital expenditure divided by PP & E ) for a subsample period between 2013 and 2017 net of investment between 2010 and 2012 . Column ( 1 ) presents parameter estimates associated with the average investment between 2013 and 2014 . Column ( 2 ) presents parameter estimates associated with the average investment between 2015 and 2016 . Column ( 3 ) presents parameter estimates associated with the average investment of 2017 . Titling Firm is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm has allocated land before the land title scheme in 2012 and 0 if otherwise . All variables are winsorised at the upper and lower 1-percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification . The _t-statistics_ are computed using standard errors that are White-corrected . The * , * * , * * * indicates significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | ∆ < br > | ( Investment / PP & E ) < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Year 2013 / 2014 | Year 2015 / 2016 | Year 2017 | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | Titling Firm | 0 . 130 * | 0 . 262 * * * | 0 . 304 * * * | | | ( 1 . 888 ) | ( 3 . 395 ) | ( 3 . 443 ) | | ROA | 0 . 002 * * | 0 . 001 | 0 . 002 * | | | ( 1", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 118, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attitudes towards gender equality and perceived community norms ( particularly on the role of women in - and outside of the household ) , opinions on marriage , hope and aspirations for the future , as well as their answers to a strengths and difficulties questionnaire ( SDQ ) . < sup > 31 < / sup > Adolescents were also asked to provide information on the quality of the relationship with their parents , time use , and their involvement in household chores . Parents were asked about their own marriage history , decision-making power and attitude towards intimate partner violence ( IPV ) , gender attitudes and perceived norms , behavioral characteristics ( conformity , risk preferences ) , aspirations for their children , and opinions on FGM and early marriage . < sup > 32 < / sup > The midline and endline questionnaires were very similar to the baseline but collected additional information 29The COVID-19 pandemic reached Somalia in March 2020 and the country went into lockdown for several months . In July 2020 most of the government restrictions in Somalia had been lifted and schools reopened in August 2020 . The lockdown also explains the relatively long survey period as survey teams tried to match the timing of surveys to the timing of the rollout of the intervention in each of the 6 districts . > 30The respondent for the adult module was typically one or both parents or guardians . Enumerators were instructed to survey the mother and whenever possible , the father too . The baseline sample consists of 57 % of households with one female respondent , 9 % with one male respondent and 34 % with both a female and a male respondent . Data is representative of mothers for all rounds of the survey . However , data from fathers should be considered a more selective sample as it was difficult to track and survey fathers for all rounds . > 31Scales to measure attitudes and mental health outcomes were changed from a 3-point Likert scale at baseline to agree / disagree options in the follow-up surveys to make it easier for adolescents to respond accurately . In the Appendix we detail the individual statements in the attitudes index and present the Cronbach ’", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the open advertisement for consultants the invitation is made for Consultants of Grade-4 & 5 . 6 . During the works tender some bidders have submitted fake documents and the entity has reported to the regional procurement regulatory authority for measures to be taken . And the regional authority is reviewing the cases . 7 . The mission visited the office and looked at some of the procurement documents including the contracts signed . The procurement progress made by Somali Region and some of the regions is encouraging . Regarding assigning procurement experts , it is reported that the regional Bureaus has assigned competent procurement staff . The mission recommends the following : - The First DLI considers the following aspects of procurement : - The regional entities have assigned procurement staff - ( with required Qualification , experience in works procurement ) and prepared procurement plans , bidding documents including designs for 10 % of km of road to be ready , posted open advertisement for all eligible national bidders , conducted bid evaluations based on standard templates and signed contracts with all procurement steps appropriately recorded - Accordingly , each region shall ensure the fulfilment of these requirements as soon as possible . One of the procurement PAP actions is Establishment of contract management and monitoring system and this is considered critical considering importance of proper contract administration of works contracts already signed and those to be signed . It is necessary to meet and keep track of the PAP actions in the PAD including the following : - To ensure application of competitive procurement procedures under the program ; and apply appropriate disclosure and post-qualification criteria to award of multiple contracts to non-qualified contractors . This is to be confirmed by Annual procurement performance reports . - Assignment of adequate number of qualified Procurement , and Contract Management staff by each regional Bureau 20", "spans": [{"start": 1852, "end": 1890, "text": "Annual procurement performance reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 0 20 40 60 < br > Analysis time < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * D . Country income classification * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Average number of years of delay < br > 16 < br > 14 < br > 12 < br > 10 < br > 8 < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > Low Income Middle Income High Income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank , MINEX Consulting , World Bank staff estimates A , B . Copper = 1 indicates copper mines , copper = 0 indicators gold mines . C . Low inflation is below 10 % while low government debt is below 40 % of GDP . Credit boom is defined as periods when percent of private credit out of GDP is at least 0 . 5 times standard deviation above mean . * Indicates statistical significant of the log-rank test of the difference at the 5 percent level . - D . Country income classification are defined by the World Bank , based on GDP per capita cumulative hazard rate , for instance , for gold discoveries increases at an accelerating rate and then begins to taper off . Next , we examine the Kaplan-Meier survivor functions based on policy , institutional or governance variables . From ( 1 ) , using the sample with or without the characteristic of interest , we calculate the expected duration of non-development , captured in the Kaplan-Meier survivor 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * consultants * * | > = 0 . 5 | Les justifications pour < br > l ’ entente directe devront < br > | | * * Entente * * < br > * * directe / Consultants * * < br > * * individuel * * | > = 0 . 2 | être jointes et approuvées < br > avec le PPM | | * * Méthode Compétitive * * < br > * * ( Comparaison de CVs ) / * * < br > * * Consultants individuels * * | > = 0 . 2 | | * * 2 . Liste restreinte composée entièrement de firmes nationales : * * La liste restreinte de consultants pour les prestations d ’ études d ’ ingénierie , de contrôle et de surveillance estimées à moins de 300 , 000 US $ par contrat , et pour tout autre type de prestations , estimées à moins de 100 000 US $ par contrat , peut comporter entièrement de consultants nationaux en conformité avec les dispositions des Règlements de Passation des marchés . , et l ’ Emprunteur ne procède pas à une publication dans UNDB * * 3 . Autre arrangement spécial de Sélection de consultants : Le seuil pour l ’ utilisation * * de la méthode de sélection de consultant fondée sur les qualifications des consultants est déterminé au cas par cas en tenant compte de la nature et de la complexité de la mission ; cependant , ce seuil ne devrait pas dépasser la contre-valeur de USD 300 , 000 sauf dans des cas exceptionnels telles des situations d ’ urgence en conformité au R", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "annual interest of LIBOR + 2 . 8 percent , there is also a requirement to pay a flat management fee of 0 . 7 percent , a commitment fee of 0 . 5 percent per annum and a one-time China Export and Credit Insurance Corporation ( Sinosure ) premium of 7 percent . The loan in Guinea [ # 16 ] attracts a management fee of 0 . 5 % while that in Niger [ # 17 ] of 0 . 25 % . The Glencore-Chad loan involved fees for a total of USD37 million plus 0 . 75 % annual fee on any outstanding amount , later lowered to USD 0 . 6 million [ # 7 ] & [ # 8 ] . We analyze how the rates of these loans compare to traditional loans in section 5 / c . Given that data on fees is not systematic , these are not analyzed . # g . Repayment schedules In seven cases we observe RBLs with repayments set to yearly , quarterly or a daily volume of commodities used to service the loan . These repayment volumes are converted into their monetary value based on market prices and deducted from the total outstanding loan amounts . In some cases , the annual repayments change , with less to be repaid in earlier years . Some set a range of volumes ( e . g . , 150 , 000 to 200 , 000 barrels per day or up to up to 40 , 000 metric tons of cocoa ) . Some of these RBLs may require higher volumes within the set range to be shipped when prices are low , but still effectively cap the repayment value . In some cases ( especially RDA deals ) the loan is to be repaid from a designated commodity income stream ( or a percentage of it ) and repayment speed depends on how much revenue is generated by that income stream . Examples of such earmarks include the Sicomines copper and cobalt mine in the DRC ( 85 % of mine profits ) , the Agadem revenues in Niger ( the government ’ s share of oil revenues ) and the Badoit project in Chad ( a fraction of profit oil and", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 653, "text": "data on fees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| NE-FRSP-NE-306238-NC-DIR < br > / Fourniture et installation du | IDA / 69980 | Project Management | Post < br > | Direct Selection | Direct - National | | 17 , 422 . 00 < br > 0 . | Planned < br > 00 < br > Signed | Actual < br > Plann | ed < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > 2022-08-30 | Actual < br > Pla < br > 2022-09-09 < br > 202 | nned < br > Actual < br > < br > 2-09-04 < br > 2022-10-07 | Planned < br > Actual < br > Pl | anned < br > Actual < br > Pla | nned | Actual < br > Plann < br > 2022-0 | ed < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > 9-23 < br > 2023-09-23 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | logiciel informatique et comp < br > table TOM2PRO < br > * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description < br > | * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N < br > o . | < br > Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approac < br > h < br > Contra | ct Type < br > Estimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > A |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Water Supply and Sanitation Project - Resettlement Policy Framework_ _Rev . 2_ # * * 8 . MONITORING AND EVALUATION * * # # # * * GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF EVALUATION AND MONITORING * * - 8 . 1 Evaluation and monitoring are key components of the Resettlement Policy Framework . They have the following general objectives : - Monitoring of specific situations or difficulties arising from the implementation , and of the compliance of the implementation with objectives and methods as set out in this Resettlement Policy Framework ; - Evaluation of the mid - and long-term impacts of the Resettlement and Relocation Action Plan on affected households ' livelihood , environment , local capacities , on economic development and settlement ; - 8 . 2 Monitoring aims to correct implementation methods during the course of the Project , as required , while evaluation is intended at checking whether policies have been complied with and providing lessons learnt for amending strategies and implementation in a longer term perspective . Monitoring will be internal and evaluation external . # # # * * MONITORING * * # # # * * Scope and Content * * - 8 . 3 Monitoring will be directed at the following aspects : - Social and economic monitoring : follow-up of the status of displacees / resettlers , cost of housing in the displacement area , re-establishment of livelihoods including agriculture and other activities ; - Technical monitoring : supervision of infrastructure and housing construction where relevant , commissioning and testing of the technical components of the resettlement housing ; - Grievances and grievance management system ; - Assistance in livelihood restoration : agriculture and business re-establishment and assistance . - 8 . 4 The WSS Project will keep the following statistics on an annual basis : - Numbers of households and individuals affected by Project activities , - Numbers of households and individuals relocated as a result of Project activities and their destinations , - Amounts of compensation paid , - Number of grievances registered , - Construction : indicators relevant to the works being carried out .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "median , maximum or quantiles by region ) . These aggregates are used to build an area-level predictive model calculated for each area ( e . g . poverty headcount ) . A relatively small sample size ( for example , Guatemala ’ s 338 _municipios_ ) means that internal validation , such as cross-validation or hidden test data , is difficult , and some external validation may be required . Poverty rates were calculated for each _municipio_ . Aggregate rural , urban and overall poverty rates were available for 2006 , but only rural poverty rates were available for 2011 . < sup > 8 < / sup > The study used aggregated and encrypted CDR data for August 2013 , which overlaps with the ENCOVI survey period . In 2013 Guatemala had 140 cellular accounts for every 100 people . < sup > 9 < / sup > The model tested two types of prediction : ( i ) same-survey prediction , such as predicting the 2006 urban poverty rates based on a model of the relationship between the 2006 ENCOVI data and the 2013 CDRs ; and ( ii ) different-survey prediction , such as predicting the 2011 rural poverty rates based on a model of the relationship between the 2006 ENCOVI data and the 2013 CDRs . Same-survey > 7 See Elbers , Lanjouw and Lanjouw ( 2003 ) . > 8 These data come from a 2011 census of rural areas designed to gather information for social-protection programs . No national census was conducted that year . > 9 World Development Indicators , 2016 . This reflects multiple accounts per person . While this does not indicate that every person has a cell phone , it suggests that cell phone use is relatively high . * * 8 * *", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 641, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 684, "end": 697, "text": "ENCOVI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1145, "end": 1156, "text": "ENCOVI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1264, "end": 1290, "text": "2011 census of rural areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Prevention and * * < br > * * Management * * | ESS3 is relevant for the project because sub-project activities are expected to cause < br > pollutions from e-waste and solid wastes to be generated from data warehouse < br > construction , and other wastes from disposal materials , demolitions during hardware < br > installations , etc . The national laws equally sufficiently address the risk and its < br > management . | | * * 4 . Community * * < br > * * Health and * * < br > * * Safety * * | ESS4 relevant because the sub-project activities may increase community exposure < br > to risks and impacts such as communicable diseases , contaminations , health risks < br > related to pollution of water systems from e-waste , risks of accidents , which are < br > likely to cause adverse health and safety risks . The ESS4 broadly addresses the < br > community health risks with detailed requirements to be adhered to . Hence , the < br > ESS4provisions are upheld in thisproject . | | 5 . * * Land * * < br > * * Acquisition , * * < br > * * Restrictions on * * < br > * * Land Use and * * < br > * * voluntary * * < br > * * Resettlement * * | The GMEESD project may not require land acquisition at this stage . The project < br > involves construction of tax data warehouses , and the construction is going to be < br > conducted in the premises of the MoR . | 21", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1286, "text": "tax data warehouses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "third establishment receives “ 0003 ” , and so on . Some of the companies are composed by a single establishment , which receives the 4-digit code “ 0001 ” . < sup > 3 < / sup > The last two digits of the CNPJ correspond to the establishment economic sector , and they work more as a confirmation code . Therefore , we use the first 12 digits of the CNPJ to extract the establishment composition of each company . To summarize , there are three reasons why the RAIS data set is particularly useful for the analysis . These are : - ( i ) It identifies entry behavior each year , allowing us to build a panel of entry data that we use to control for spatial fixed effects . - ( ii ) It provides spatial detail on entry decisions ( necessary for discussion of policies to promote entry into lagging regions ) . - ( iii ) It describes firm family structure ( i . e . , identifies parent or headquarters , which we find to be a particularly important determinant of entry ) . To model spatial entry decisions , we had to select an appropriate geographic unit . Using municipalities creates several problems : ( i ) there are a large number of municipalities ( 5 , 506 in the year 2000 ) , which would significantly increase the computational burden in estimating the location decision model ; ( ii ) many municipalities are very small ( i . e . , with fewer than 5 , 000 inhabitants ) and / or in rural areas with very few establishments in the formal sector ; ( iii ) because of the continuous creation of new municipalities in Brazil , it is necessary to coordinate different municipality maps across the > 2 Refer to Table 5 for a list of the industries included in the analysis . > 3 The establishment with digits “ 0001 ” in positions 9 to 12 is the initial headquarters of the company . However , should the headquarters be transferred to another municipality and the previous establishment be maintained , the new headquarters may receive a four-digit sequence different from “ 0001 ” while the previous establishment retains the “", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 474, "text": "RAIS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-MOTI-382540-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to Und < br > ertake Physical Planning , Cad < br > astral Survey and Detailed T < br > opographical Survey of 10 Se < br > lected Informal Settlements i < br > n Baringo and Turkana Count < br > ies ; Lot VII – Cluster 2 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2023-09-20 | 2023 - | 09-27 < br > 2023-10-11 < br > 2023-0 | 9-29 < br > 2023-11-24 < br > 2024-01-15 | 2023-12-22 < br > 2024-0 | 3-05 < br > 2024-01-21 < br > 2024-0 | 6-10 < br > 2024-02-25 < br > 2024-0 | 8-19 < br > 2024-03-31 | 2024-0 | 9-30 < br > 2025-03-31 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-MOTI-382541-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to Und < br > ertake Physical Planning , Cad < br > astral Survey and Detailed T < br > opographical Survey of 8 Sel < br > ected Informal Settlements i < br > n Tana River County", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> after the development < br > of the construction < br > camp , < br > and < br > before < br > construction begins | | < br > * * Initial and Annual * * < br > * * Environmental * * < br > * * audit of the Project * * | scl < br > Environmental < br > ( Impact Assessment < br > and < br > Audit ) < br > Regulations , 2003 | < br > Environmental Audit < br > report developed by < br > authorized expert | < br > NEMA | < br > Within the first 12 < br > months < br > of < br > commencement of the < br > project . | | D < br > * * Engagement * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Workers * * | < br > Work Injury Benefit < br > Act ( WIBA ) 2007 | < br > Acquire < br > WIBA < br > insurance < br > cover < br > to < br > cover all employees < br > that will be engaged in < br > the project . | < br > Directorate for < br > Occupational < br > Safety < br > and < br > Health Services | < br > Before < br > the < br > commencement of the < br > project . | # # # # # # * * Environment and Social Baseline Information * * Environmental and social baseline information were updated given that the previous data was collected in 2017 . The baseline information was updated to suit the current environmental and social situation within the project area . From the updated data , the consultant did not identify significant changes in the bio-physical environment . However changes in the socio-economic data was identified given the increase in population . These included increase in the number of businesses , vehicles , structures . This was updated in order to give policy makers more", "spans": [{"start": 1386, "end": 1405, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * NATIONAL URBAN TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT REPORTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 , 2017 * * # # # # # # * * NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ( Continued ) * * # # # # # # * * 8 . 7B Special Deposit Account * * The balances in the Project ' s Special Deposit Account as at 3 0 < sup > th < / sup > June * * 2017 * * is not included < sup > in the < / sup > Statement of Financial Assets since it is below the line items and are yet to be drawn into < sup > the < / sup > Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule which shows the < sup > flow of funds that < / sup > were voted in the year . These funds have been reported as loans / grants received < sup > in theyear underthe < / sup > Statement of Receipts and Payments . # # # # # # * * Special Deposit Account Movement Schedule * * | | * * 2016 / 17 * * | * * 2015 / 16 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * KShs * * | * * KShs * * | | * * ( i ) * * < br > * * NUTRIP-PRJ-B ( MOR ) - MAIN [ A / cNo69685000191 * * | | | | Opening balance | 169 , 124 | | | Totalamount depositedintheaccount | * * 12 , 428 , 873 * * | | | Totalamount withdrawn ( asperStatementofReceipts * * & * * Payments ) | ( 12 , 403 , 710 ) | | | * * Closingbalance * * _ ( asper_ *", "spans": [{"start": 848, "end": 889, "text": "Special Deposit Account Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "surveys . We do nonetheless examine these simulations in part as a point of comparison with existing literature and , also as a point of contrast with our main simulation . For the second simulation , we assume that the HHS - NAS gap is mainly a result of the incomes and consumption of better-off households being inadequately captured in survey data ( primarily in terms of item nonresponse and underreporting ) . This simulation draws on the empirical evidence discussed in Section 3 , that measurement error in surveys disproportionately comes from underestimating the top tail of the distribution . Our approach is informed by the work of Lakner and Milanovic ( 2016 ) and closely follows Chandy and Seidel ( 2017a , 2017b ) who adjust the top tail of each survey distribution , in proportion to the HHS - NAS gap . Both fit a Pareto distribution to allocate the HHS - NAS gap to the richest household of the survey distribution . Their methods build on an approach suggested by Atkinson ( 2007 ) who uses a Pareto imputation to “ elongate ” the upper part of the distribution . Lakner and Milanovic add the full HHS - NAS gap to the top decile of the distribution in their data ( though with an upper bound ) . We follow the approach of Chandy and Seidel ( 2017b ) , who add a top segment to the Lorenz curve from the survey distribution , with income corresponding to _half_ the HHS - NAS gap , fitted with the pareto distribution from the top survey decile . In this method , the elongation of the distribution is a function of both the size of the gap and the observed inequality of the top survey decile . # * * _Poverty_ * * Several researchers have proposed uniformly scaling up survey data to match national accounts . Bhalla ( 2002 ) scales up survey means to match HFCE from national accounts to estimate global poverty and inequality . Bourguignon and Morrisson ( 2002 ) , Sala-i-Martin ( 2006 ) , Sala-i-Martin and Pinkovskiy take a similar approach but scale up to match per capita GDP . Chen and Ravallion ( 2010 ) offer a more measured approach to scaling up survey distributions", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 351, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ There are no disadvantaged or marginalized groups of people in and around the Subproject area whose traditional lifestyles could become compromised through the development of the proposed Power TL Subproject . All PAHs consist of the ethic group Oromo , which is the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia . # # # # # # * * 7 . 15 Compensation for Temporary Losses * * Construction of the proposed Haromay - Chelenko 132 power TL and SS Subproject will also have temporary impact mainly as result of access road and stringing of transmission wire during the construction phase . All perennial crops and fruit trees regardless of their height expected to be temporarily affected . Therefore , the RP team counted all perennial crops and fruit trees within the 4-meter corridor and not included or counted as project impact within 26-meter corridor or ROW because of their height ( i . e . less than 8 meter ) . That means , perennial crops and fruit trees within the 26-meter corridor that reaches 8 meter and above was already counted as permanent impact , but the temporary impact is only for fruit trees and perennial crops having less than 8-meter height and located within the project 4-meter corridor planned for the construction of access road . Accordingly , based on the census and enumeration result a total of 632 households will face temporary impact due to implementation of the Subproject . Among temporarily affected households , about 71 % of them are also permanently impacted by the ROW and tower pads , while 39 % of the households are only temporarily impacted . Across the Subproject Woredas , 35 . 6 % of the temporarily impacted households ’ are found in Kersa Woreda , followed by Meta Woreda ( 35 . 0 % ) and Adele SC ( 29 . 4 % ) ( See Tables 7 . 15 and 7 . 16 for details ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1426, "end": 1455, "text": "census and enumeration result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "leur équilibre émotionnel , leur bien-être et les exposent à des risques tels que l ’ exploitations ( travail forcé ) et le recrutement dans les groupes armes . # # # # # * * c ) Risques liés aux engins explosifs ( EEI / REG ) * * Selon les derniers chiffres publiés par UNMAS en juillet 2023 , il y a eu 114 incidents d ’ engins explosifs et 351 victimes , désignant Ségou ( ancien découpage administratif ) comme la région la plus affectée ( 37 % des incidents entre janvier à juillet 2023 ) . La proportion de victimes civiles a considérablement augmenté , passant de 25 % en 2021 à presque la moitié ́ de la totalité ́ des victimes en 2023 ( 44 % ) . La cartographie d ’ accès humanitaire d ’ OCHA a signalé 97 contraintes d ’ accès en 2023 dans la région de Ségou , dont 58 liées aux engins explosifs . Au premier trimestre 2024 , un total de 66 incidents d ’ engins explosifs a été enregistré dans le pays , dont 47 au Centre ( Ségou et Mopti ) . La hausse de l ’ utilisation des engins explosifs , en particulier les engins explosifs improvisés ( EEI ) , ciblant les opérations militaires , associée à une dispersion plus large de ces dispositifs sur des axes routiers , augmente les risques d ’ accidents pour les populations civiles . La menace explosive affecte gravement la mobilité des populations , et limite leur accès", "spans": [{"start": 658, "end": 692, "text": "cartographie d ’ accès humanitaire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "arabica , herbal hibiscus , Jatropha carcus and these could be inventoried and sustainably exploited for purposes of alternative livelihoods and diversification . # Proposed BMP and BMTs for NMR issues : * A rapid appraisal of environmental status and monitoring of trends in land resource # management ; - Development of a checklist of key biodiversity loss , medicinal plants and other flora and fauna ; * Appropriate grazing and livestock production systems ( e . g . reseeding of grazing lands and destocking ) to reduce the negative effects of livestock on soil erosion and compaction and the disruption of hydrological flows ; - Alternative livelihoods such as apiculture , Jojopa , herbal hibiscus , honey , hides and skins etc . to reduce pressures on pasture land ; - Land resources inventory ; - Introduction herbaceous vegetation to cover the soil during the dry seasons in order to reduce soil erosion and the siltation of waterways . c ) Taita Hills Catchment : Taita hills are situated in Taita Taveta District , Coast Province . The Taita hills are important rain catchment areas , feeding rivers that flow down to the dry lowlands . The catchment areas are threatened as agricultural land expands through encroachment of the new areas and clearing the natural vegetation . Though there is a highland-lowland interrelationship , less water is flowing to the lowlands because of the negative impacts of these", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 801, "text": "Land resources inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent price discount compared to other areas , and that this discount can be five times higher in areas of higher flood risk and less resilience . ́ Alvarez and Resosudarmo ( 2019 ) measure the correlation between the water level of floods in Jakarta in 2007 and housing rental prices and find that a 10 percent increase in the flood depth is associated with 1 . 24 percent lower rents . Using the same data sources as this study , Erman et al . ( 2020 ) and ( WB , 2017 ) assess the relationship between rents and reported flood exposure in Accra , Ghana and Antananarivo , Madagascar respectively . Erman et al . ( 2020 ) identify a 27 percent price discount on rent among flood-affected households in Accra and ( WB , 2017 ) find that flood-affected households pay 15 percent lower rents in Antananarivo , Madagascar . Most of the literature uses hazard maps to identify flood plains or high-risk locations . For instance , Bin and Polasky ( 2004 ) look at both location within a floodplain and location outside a floodplain in Pitt County , North Carolina , US which was severely impacted by the major floods that followed hurricane Floyd in 1999 . They find that properties located in floodplains were cheaper than equivalent properties located in other areas , and that the price discount in floodplains was significantly larger after the hurricane . This study uses self-reported data from household surveys to assess the willingness to pay to avoid floods . The analysis relies on four household surveys conducted between 2016 and 2018 in four SSA cities that are the most economically and politically relevant in their countries : Accra , Antananarivo , Dar es Salaam , and Addis Ababa . Flood risk is captured in two ways : by having reported being affected by a flood in recent years and respondents ’ perceived risk of future flooding . The use of household survey data provides an opportunity to expand the use of the hedonic pricing approach to evaluate the benefits of urban resilience and infrastructure investment in countries that rely heavily on household survey data and where hazard risk and property value data may not be readily available . The household survey data", "spans": [{"start": 1375, "end": 1416, "text": "self-reported data from household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1496, "end": 1513, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2067, "end": 2088, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * What Do 50 Years of Census Records and Household Survey Data Tell Us * * * * about Human Opportunities and Welfare in Latin America ? * * Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez German D . Caruso R . Andres Castaneda Aguilar Eduardo A . Malasquez The World Bank , Poverty and Equity Global Practice _Keywords_ : Inequality ; Human Opportunities ; Latin America JEL Classification : I12 , J13 , O12", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 66, "text": "Census Records and Household Survey Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2017-18 * * | * * 2018-19 * * | * * 2019-20 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Treatment | 902 | 710 | 468 | | Control | 412 | 296 | 330 | Both control and treatment schools experienced changes in PqTR , repetition rate , and dropout rate year-on-year . To capture the differential dynamics between treated and control schools , we employ difference-in-difference ( DiD ) analysis . * * Table 5 . 2 * * ( in Section 8 , Tables ) presents DiD estimates for the impact of treatment on PqTRs . As expected given the definitions of treatment and control , treated schools experienced decline in PqTR compared to control schools in each year – an substantial decline of 41 pupils per qualified teacher . * * Lagged effects for dropout and repetition . * * Because dropout and repetition rates are determined by schools at the end of a school year , there is an expected ‘ lag ’ in impacts for an improvement in school staffing . Recall that new teachers are typically deployed to schools at the start of the new school year in September , with the EMIS data collection taking place around two months later in OctoberNovember . In order to allow time for the impacts of new teachers to be felt and measured , we report lagged effects for these indicators from the following year ’ s EMIS data . For example , to evaluate the impact of teachers allocated in August / September 2017 , we compare : 17", "spans": [{"start": 1288, "end": 1297, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "instance , Esquivel ( 1999 ) shows that , while the pace of convergence across states was relatively fast over 1940 – 60 , it halted and started to reverse over the next 35 years . This divergence was confirmed by subsequent studies focused on 1985 – 2000 ( Chiquiar 2005 ; Garc ́ ıa-Verd ́ u 2005 ; Rodr ́ ıguez-Oreggia 2007 ; Rodr ́ ıguez-Pose and S ́ anchez-Reaza 2005 ) . In general , regional divergence during these years was linked to trade liberalization and the entry into force of the North American Free Trade Agreement , which bolstered the emergence of club convergence in the states that had benefited the most from these reforms given their initial endowment of relatively high-skilled labor and better public infrastructure . Empirical evidence on convergence at a higher level of geographical disaggregation , namely , municipalities , has been scarce in Mexico . This is primarily because of the lack of a sample with robust income information and statistical power at that level . A couple of studies have reported dramatic disparities among municipalities in income and poverty in 2000 ( L ́ opez-Calva et al . 2008 ; Sz ́ ekely et al . 2007 ) by applying small area estimation techniques to impute incomes from the main household income survey to the population census . Using this technique and logistic regressions , Mexico ’ s National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy ( CONEVAL ) has computed rates of and changes in income poverty between 2000 and 2005 and multidimensional poverty between 2010 and 2015 across municipalities . This paper provides the first long-run assessment of regional disparities and paths in income , poverty , and inequality , based on comparable data on municipalities . < sup > 2 < / sup > # * * 3 Mapping income , poverty , and inequality in municipalities * * Capturing long-run trends in income , poverty , and inequality among municipalities requires a dataset of intertemporally comparable indicators of well-being that are statistically representative of the population in each municipality . The availability of such a dataset , however , may entail a trade-off between relatively high precision in the measurement of , say , household income and significant geographical detail", "spans": [{"start": 1241, "end": 1264, "text": "household income survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1272, "end": 1289, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1709, "end": 1742, "text": "comparable data on municipalities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two-step conditional maximum likelihood and a falsification test in columns ( 1 ) to ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) to ( 4 ) respectively . All estimates include all individual characteristics described before and country fixed effects . All estimates use the weights . Robust standard errors clustered at the country level in parenthesis . * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; * * _p < _ 0 . 05 ; * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 . that did not experience the slave trade . To assess the validity of the identification strategy , I present in this section a falsification test . The latter consist of estimating the impact of trust on tax morale using a sample of countries that did not experience the slave trade . The sample comes from the same wave of the WVS 2010-14 excluding African countries . The sample has the advantage of having the identical questions for all countries and includes 43 them in four continents . < sup > 15 < / sup > As both trust in public institutions and the neighborhood are endogenous , I employ the same identification strategy as previously , except the intensity of the slave trade that is not used here as an instrumental variable . The two last columns of Table 5 report the reduced form estimates of the relationship between trust and tax morale . As it can be seen , there is no evidence that both trust in public institutions and the neighborhood and affect attitude toward taxes . The regression coefficients are highly insignificant . The F-statistic of the excluded instruments from the first stage regression is largely above the usual threshold . > 15Azerbaijan , Australia , Armenia , Belarus , Chile , China , Taiwan , China , Colombia , Cyprus , Ecuador , Estonia , West Bank and Gaza , Germany , Iraq , Japan , Kazakhstan , Jordan , Republic of Korea , Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan , Lebanon , Malaysia , Mexico , Netherlands , New Zealand , Pakistan , Peru , Philippines , Poland , Qatar , Romania , Russian Federation , Singapore , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , Trinidad , Turkey , Ukraine , United States , Uruguay , Uzbekistan , and", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 723, "text": "WVS 2010-14", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "control variables at the firm and country level . Finally , as recalled by Chauvet and Ehrhart ( 2018 ) , the statistical bias resulting from the attempt to measure the effect of macro variables on micro-units was underlined by Moulton ( 1990 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > Therefore , as in Chauvet and Ehrhart ( 2018 ) and Bambe et al . ( 2022 ) , the standard errors are clustered at the country level ( as we have country level control variables such as economic growth , bank concentration , inflation , etc . ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > # * * 4 . 2 Data and variables * * In this analysis , we consider 31 , 406 manufacturing firms in 84 developing countries from 2006 to 2019 , 30 of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa ( AFR ) , 8 in East Asia and Pacific ( EAP ) , 14 in Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) , 20 in Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) , 6 in the Middle East and North Africa ( MNA ) , and 6 in South Asia ( SAR ) . # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 Firm-level data * * We mainly use the World Bank Enterprise Survey ( WBES ) data in this analysis . The strata of the enterprise surveys are firm size , industry and geographical region within a country . The firm size levels are 5-19 ( small ) , 20-99 ( medium ) , and 100 + employees ( large ) . It is important to note , however , that these surveys > 5In the regression step , we additionally control for the covariates used in the first step . This is equivalent to including control variables in a randomized experiment to increase the efficiency of the estimation . > 6We also include region and income group fixed effects in our econometric specification . > 7Random disturbances in the correlated regression within the groupings that are used to merge the aggregate data with the micro data can lead to a downward bias in the ordinary least squares standard errors ( Moulton , 1990 ) . > 8Clustering the standard errors", "spans": [{"start": 981, "end": 1009, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - * * 12 - in Article * * 8 * * of the Regulations of the Sistema , such functions to include , inter alia : * * ( 1 ) * * proposing to the Sistema the investment programs and projects to be carried out in the field of land transportation ; ( 2 ) participating in interministerial working groups on project identification , preparation , appraisal , promotion and implementation ; and * * ( 3 ) * * cooperating with * * JUNAPLA * * and with other sectoral planning units in other aspects of the overall coordination of public investment programs ; * * ( b ) * * establish , not later than two years after the date of this Agreement or such other date as shall be agreed between the Borrower and the Bank , and thereafter to maintain and operate , an adequately staffed agency of the Borrower to be responsible for the planning and coordination of all modes of transport within the territories of the Borrower with such organization and functions as shall be required for the purpose ; and ( c ) establish not later than one year after the date of this Agreement or such other date as shall be agreed between the Borrower and the Bank , and maintain thereafter an adequately staffed unit within MOP to be responsible for the collection of highway traffic data , and the carrying out and supervision of road planning , programming and preinvestment studies .", "spans": [{"start": 1242, "end": 1262, "text": "highway traffic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data sources : the IMF ’ s CDIS data , available from 2009 onward , has a broader coverage of South countries than the UNCTAD data used before 2009 . A mitigating factor is that countries with large FDI positions report data for the entire sample period . Moreover , whereas the tables and figures report the raw data , we account for these changes in country reporting coverage in the regression analyses in sections 3 and 4 . A second concern is that bilateral international investment data contain missing observations and it is difficult to distinguish between missing data points and zeros . This distinction is not trivial . Zero values are meaningful for the analysis of international connectedness along the intensive and extensive margins ( Helpman , Melitz , and Rubinstein 2008 ) . Incorrectly assuming that a missing observation is zero could lead to an overestimation of the growth in the value of investment between individual country pairs and the number of active links . In the appendix , we explain the methodology we use for each investment type to determine whether missing values are treated as unreported or zero observations . < sup > 8 < / sup > In practice , the treatment of missing values is less consequential for the analysis of the value of investment ( section 3 ) than for that of the number of active links ( section 4 ) . Any aggregation of values implicitly treats missing values as zero . Moreover , our regressions at the country-to-country level show that new links explain little of the strong growth in the value of South investment and , thus , the treatment of new links is not of first-order importance ( section 3 . 3 ) . In the analysis of the number of links , the distinction between zeros and missing values can be more consequential . In section 4 , we describe how we partially control for changes in bilateral reporting coverage . > 8 For robustness , we conducted the analyses in the paper by simply assuming that all missing values were actually zerovalued observations . The results were qualitatively similar to the ones reported in the paper . 11", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 36, "text": "CDIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 119, "end": 130, "text": "UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 453, "end": 492, "text": "bilateral international investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Kazakhstan < br > Honduras < br > Armenia < br > Moldova < br > United Arab Emirates < br > Colombia < br > France < br > Korea , Rep . < br > Lebanon < br > Malaysia < br > Indonesia < br > Kyrgyz Republic < br > Mexico < br > Vietnam < br > Tanzania < br > Kenya < br > 0 200 400 600 800 1 , 000 1 , 200 < br > De minimis threshold ( US $ ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Digital Business Indicators . _Note : _ Bangladesh , Burkina Faso , Pakistan , Senegal , and Tunisia do not have a de minimis threshold in place . Kazakhstan ’ s threshold is only applicable to member countries of the Eurasian Customs Union . When comparing thresholds , it is important to keep in mind that the number of international parcels being received and thus the need to establish a de minimis threshold vary significantly across countries . Also , different conditions apply to application of the de minimis threshold in different countries — for example , in terms of product types included , the calculation of value ( such as free on board [ FOB ] , duty payable , per shipment or per day ) , intended use ( commercial or individual use ) , mode of transport ( air , sea , road ) , trading partner ( such as within a regional economic community ) , and type of shipping ( postal or express ) . International organizations have begun discussions on updating customs regulations in response to the rising cross-border e-commerce . The World Customs Organization amended its Immediate Release Guidelines in 2014 and most recently in June 2018 . De minimis is recognized as one of the 15 key components under the Cross-Border E-Commerce Framework of Standards . It has been suggested that the threshold be based on a cost-benefit analysis of the number of imported low-value packages , clearance times , revenue collected , cost of revenue collection , capacity of customs authority , and required trade controls", "spans": [{"start": 432, "end": 459, "text": "Digital Business Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Given the role of the experience of working itself , we next consider what features of the work may alter one ’ s psychosocial state . We first examine how working makes one feel : the self-worth imparted by working ( through the sense of purpose experienced by the job ) vis - ` a-vis the family and the community , and the sociability facilitated by the job . We then consider features that impact how the work shapes one ’ s day : the structure imposed by a work schedule and the occupation of time . Third , we consider how working shapes consumption choices , as what is consumed from wages may differ from what is consumed from a cash transfer . Because we lack experimental variation along most of these margins , we cannot definitively rule in or out singular channels . Our evidence suggests that the role of employment in conferring self-worth , upon an individual within the eyes of their family , may be particularly impactful . Finally , we investigate how different workers gain from working , where we consider their gender , baseline exposure to violence , depression and extroversion . # * * 5 . 7 . 1 How working makes one feel * * * * Self-worth vis - ` a-vis the family * * We document a significant non-pecuniary impact of employment on self-worth . Our self-worth index asks the following question separately for one ’ s family and one ’ s community : “ Think of the individual you most respect and who brings greatest value to your family ( community ) . If they are ranked 10 , where would you rank yourself ? ” We find that baseline mental health is highly correlated with how one ranks themselves within their family at baseline ( Appendix Table A6 ) . Consistent with this , the non-pecuniary impact of the employment treatment on family-rank is large , at 0 . 17 SDs ( _q_ = 0 _ . _ 01 ) greater than the cash arm ( Column 1 of Table 6 . Notably , this is a combination of a 0 . 11 SD increase in ranking among the work group and a 0 . 06 SD _decrease_ ( though imprecise )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Such area characteristics can directly affect outcomes of interest , such as employment , income and poverty indicators , and the probability of electricity presence in the village . Because this survey covers villages with and without electricity , it allows for identifying an > 4 The 2005 IHDS findings are comparable to those of the 2004 – 05 National Sample Survey , 2005 – 06 National Family Health Survey ( NFHS-3 ) , and the 2001 Census . 9", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 371, "text": "2004 – 05 National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 384, "end": 413, "text": "National Family Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 435, "end": 446, "text": "2001 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > - Bangladesh : Education < br > Se < br > 53 < br > 0 < br > 5 < br > 2 < br > me } 5 . 3 < br > 7 < br > co < br > ) < br > o < br > ns ] < br > eT < br > Wl < br > 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 < br > Year of birth < br > + — — Quintile2 + — — Quintile 3 < br > + — — Quintile4 + — — — Quintile 5 < br > Generated by regressing years of education on wealth , urban , higher education and interactions with < br > year-of-birth and state fixed effects . Standard errors clustered by state . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - India : Education < br > Se < br > % < br > om < br > rs < br > Sy < br > 223 ) < br > a < br > = < br > co < br > ° < br > 5 ] < br > B . . < br > Ti < br > 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 < br > Year of birth < br > + — Quintile2 t - — — Quintile 3 < br > - — — Quintile4 H — — Quintile 5 < br > Generated by regressing years of education on wealth , urban , higher education and interactions with < br > year-of-birth and state fixed effects . Standard errors clustered by state . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 . Nepal : EducationP < br > Ss < br > Be < br > re ) c < br > ER < br > a . o = ee ae oe ee < br > 3 . < br > =", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "diary , effectively blurring the line between consumption data collected by diary and by recall interview . This mediation by interviewers is especially likely since most diary surveys instruct interviewers to return every few days to update the diary in cases where it may not be completed by household members , such as in households with no literate adults . While well-implemented diary surveys might be expected to yield higher ( and presumably closer to actual ) levels of consumption , experimental evidence for this from developing countries is fragmentary . In urban Papua New Guinea , Gibson ( 1999 ) found that mean total expenditure per capita was 14 percent higher ( and food consumption 26 percent higher ) using a diary rather than a recall survey . However , preliminary comparisons of consumption from the Bosnia and Herzegovina LSMS ( recall ) survey with the household budget survey ( diary ) in 2004 show levels to be similar ( World Bank , 2006 ) . These studies pertain to household-level diaries and thus do not address an important source of mis-measurement – the difficulty of a sole respondent to perfectly capture total household consumption . Personal diaries are generally considered better for obtaining complete household expenditure or consumption data because it is unusual , in most societies , for any one household member to know the expenditure / consumption of every other member , especially on items such as alcohol , tobacco , daily travel , personal toiletries , daily newspapers / magazines , and meals ( especially snacks and lunches ) eaten outside the home . In Russia , as part of an effort to study the reliability of the Household Budget Survey , a random sample of households in the 3 < sup > rd < / sup > quarter of 2003 were assigned personal diaries rather than the household diary . The personal diary yielded expenditure levels which were 6-11 percent higher than a household diary ( World Bank , 2005 ) . However , the personal diary was plagued with non-respondent problems in this experiment ; about 54 percent of households assigned the personal diary did not complete it . Personal diaries also create the possibility of inadvertent double-counting of items consumed in common but reported separately by", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 850, "text": "LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 878, "end": 901, "text": "household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1670, "end": 1693, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 6 . Individual-level regressions of norm items within the HH roles index predicting women ’ s work outcomes * * | | * * Full * * | * * Sample * * | * * Fema * * | * * les Only * * | * * Mal * * | * * es Only * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) < br > Paid work | ( 2 ) < br > Paid work | ( 3 ) < br > Paid work | ( 4 ) < br > Paid work | ( 5 ) < br > Paid work | ( 6 ) < br > Paid work | | PNB – Female caregiver | - 0 . 13 * | | - 0 . 17 * * | | - 0 . 07 | | | | ( 0 . 06 ) | | ( 0 . 06 ) | | ( 0 . 10 ) | | | SNE – Female caregiver | - 0 . 07 | | - 0 . 09 | | - 0 . 05 | | | | ( 0 . 10 ) | | ( 0 . 12 ) | | ( 0 . 12 ) | | | PNB – Male breadwinner | | - 0 . 18 * * | | - 0 . 15 | | - 0 . 23 * * | | | | ( 0 . 08 ) | | ( 0 . 09 ) | | ( 0 . 09 ) | | SNE – Male breadwinner | | - 0 . 07 | | - 0 . 18 * | | 0 . 08 | | | | ( 0 . 10 ) | | ( 0 . 10 ) | | ( 0 . 12 ) | | Constant | - 0 . 06 | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 00 | - 0 . 11 | - 0 . 09 | | | ( 0 . 26 ) |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 3 Page 2 of 3 improvements . The works in Nairobi have been costed and shown separately as supervision of contracts , in this case , would be performed by Nairobi City Council engineering staff as Engineer ' s Representative , whereas supervision of all other work contracts would be performed by construction supervision consultants . SSATP pilot works and investments , specifically targeted to address the issue of mobility of the urban poor through an integrated network approach , separate from and in addition to the construction and / or improvement of new or existing bicycle-paths and foot-paths , including related drainage improvements , designed and included as a part of periodic maintenance and road rehabilitation works , above . NMT works would also include pilot traffic management and infrastructure interventions in Nairobi and Eldoret ( see * * ANNEX 4 * * for more details on SSATP ) . # # 2 . * * Institutional Capacity Building Program * * Establishing the Maintenance Management and Works Inspectorate within the TMU , for the purpose of verifying , with assistance from contracted , maintenance and works management consultants , the adequacy of routine and periodic maintenance works , by or for local authorities , throughout Kenya ; Consulting technical assistance services to the TMU in Maintenance Planning and Contract Management , to establish a comprehensive maintenance management system which would include technical reviews of design standards and safety aspects as well as rigorous contract management systems . Consulting technical assistance services to the TMU in Traffic Management and Coordination , comprising traffic engineering and transport planning . The services would cover short-term traffic management improvements including traffic control systems , parking , public transport facilities , road safety measures and traffic modeling . They would also include advice and assistance on long-term land use and environmental matters . Trainina and Staff Development for MLG / TM-U and local authority staff , in maintenance planning and management , including maintenance contract management , comprised of seminars , workshops and overseas training ; and Road Inventory and Condition Survey by specialized firms , to up-date", "spans": [{"start": 2209, "end": 2244, "text": "Road Inventory and Condition Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # CONGO , DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF FOREST AND NATURE CONSERVATION PROJECT PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT AFRICA # # # # # # AFTEN Date : March 3 , 2009 Team Leader : Giuseppe Topa Country Director : Marie Francoise MarieSectors : Forestry ( 60 % ) ; General agriculture , Nelly fishing and forestry sector ( 40 % ) Sector ManagerAIirector : Marjory-Anne Themes : Other environment and natural Bromhead resources management ( P ) ; Biodiversity Project ID : P100620 ( S ) ; Environmental policies and institutions Environmental Assessment : Full Assessment ( S ) ; Indigenous peoples * * ( S ) * * Lending Instrument : Specific Investment Loan Global Supplemental ID : P 1 1 162 1 Team Leader : Giuseppe Topa Lending Instrument : Specific Investment Loan Sectors : Forestry ( 80 % ) ; General agriculture , Focal Area : B-Biodiversity fishing and forestry sector ( 20 % ) Environmental Assessment : Full Assessment Themes : Biodiversity ( P ) ; Environmental Supplement Fully Blended ? : Yes policies and institutions ( S ) ; Land administration and management ( S ) ; Rural policies and institutions ( S ) ; Other rural development * * ( S ) * * * * < mark > Project Financing Data < / mark > * * [ ] Loan [ ] Credit [ XI Grant [ ] Guarantee [ < u > 3 < / u > Other : For Loans / Credits / Others : Total Bank financing ( US $ m . ) : 70 . 00 ProDosed terms : IDA Grant 41 . 0 23 . 0 64 . 0 Total : * * 45 . 8 . * * 24 . 2 70 . 0 * * Borrower : Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo * * * * Responsible Agency : Ministry of Forest , Nature Conservation and Tourism * * V l l l . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Table 7 . 17 : Number of Temporarily Impacted Perennial Crops by Types and Size | * * Types of perennial * * < br > * * crops * * | * * Big * * | * * Medium * * | * * Small * * | * * Seedling * * | * * Total * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Coffee | 3 , 152 | 9 , 584 | 4 , 287 | 601 | 17 , 624 | 85 . 4 | | Chat | 404 | 520 | 850 | - | 1 , 774 | 8 . 6 | | Banana | 126 | 232 | 142 | 52 | 552 | 2 . 7 | | Sugarcane | 183 | 167 | 89 | - | 439 | 2 . 1 | | Enset | 75 | 4 | 150 | - | 229 | 1 . 1 | | Pineapple | 5 | 7 | - | - | 12 | 0 . 1 | | Guava | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | 0 . 0 | | All | 3 , 945 | 10 , 516 | 5 , 518 | 653 | 20 , 632 | 100 . 0 | | Percent | 19 . 1 | 51 . 0 | 26 . 7 | 3 . 2 | 100 . 0 | | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ # # # # # * * 7 . 16 Gender Considerations * * The Constitution , while affirming gender equality and prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex , reflects customary principles in that the right of married women to land is based on their husbands ’ claim as", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 963, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "variation in unemployment rates , and also leads the small area estimation procedure to underestimate the variance of the municipal random effect , which in turn gives these inaccurate predictions more weight relative to the survey data in generating the estimates . Therefore , the small area estimates for unemployment suffer from high levels of relative bias and are more weakly correlated with the census values than the direct estimates . While a non-linear estimation model might improve these estimates , a natural question is whether larger samples might improve the small area estimates for unemployment . This ties into a larger question about the potential benefits of expanding the second stage of samples when combining survey data with alternative data sources . To shed some light on this question , we repeat the small area estimation exercise after simulating a sample in which every household in selected AGEBs is included in the sample . This will reduce measurement error in the dependent variable , which substantially improves the quality of the predictions ( Lobell et al . , 2021 , Engstrom et al . , 2021 ) . The exercise in intended to provide an upper bound estimate of the impact of expanding the second stage of the sample . But since listing exercises are common parts of household surveys in many developing countries , it may be possible to include selected questions as part of the listing exercise . The full enumeration results also shed light on the potential benefits of expanding the second stage of samples when combining survey data with alternative data sources . < u > Table 7 - Sample of sampled AGEBs vs . full enumeration of sampled AGEBs < / u > | | ( 1 ) < br > Male LFP | ( 2 ) < br > Female LFP | ( 3 ) < br > Male < br > Unemp | ( 4 ) < br > Female < br > Unemp | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Panel A : All m * * | * * unicipalities * * | | | | * * Average estimated mean * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 733, "end": 744, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| proceeding will be documented and shared < br > to the participants by the EFCCC ) < br > • Bi-annual meeting and progress of agreed < br > action by environment and social oversight < br > bodies organized by EFCCC ; | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Strengthen the Social Accountability Unit in | 2 < sup > nd < / sup > AF Year 1 | COPCD / MOF | | COPCD with fulltime Environment and Social | | | | Safeguards Specialists to oversee E & S < br > implementation | | | # * * 6 . Consultation * * The Second Incremental ESSA consultation workshop aimed at reviewing federal , regional and woreda findings and enriching the draft report was held virtually via Zoom meeting on April 1 , 2021 . The draft report was prepared based on assessments in the four regions using telephone interviews and email exchanges , desk review of relevant documents and related studies and consultation with relevant federal and regional sector bureaus . The key findings and conclusions of the report were presented during the virtual workshop with a view to solicit comments and inputs from the participants . Twelve participants drawn from the Ministry of Finance , EFCCC , and the basic sectors ministries attended the virtual meeting . The following were some of the questions and comments reflected during the meeting : - How much is the system is functioning from the federal down the woreda levels ? - Do we have communications between the different levels from federal to woreda ? - How is the awareness of decision makers regarding environmental and social system ? - How can the inadequacy of human resource be tackled and how can this be supported with planning and budget ? - Do we have coordination between oversight bodies ? In response to the above questions and comments , the following explanations were made : - Most of the questions related to human resources , coordination , and budget are still challenges . The ESPES is supporting in building capacities through training and provision", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > Lightsact < / u > Annual per capita growth = In | ? oma ~ ~ < u > n < / u > Lightsact — 1 ~ ~ Populationgct-1 t y dc t > Spatial Gini = ~ ~ — — * ~ ~ n-1 ~ ~ n ( oe ) f ( 2i-n — - 1 ) * y ; ~ ~ n2y l n n Vi x in ~ ~ ( eae ) Lightsqct ~ ~ Theilil - = ~ ~ ~ — ~ ~ Nju1 ~ ~ % m ~ ~ < u > 5 < / u > In ( ~ ~ ( ) z ~ ~ Yi ; y N MLD = _ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ nfe In ( % * ~ ~ Vi ~ ~ )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| IRR | Internal Rate of Return | | - - - | - - - | | IT | Information Technology | | M & E | Monitoring and Evaluation | | NPV | Net Present Value | | PCU | Project Coordination Unit | | PDO | Project Development Objective | | PKI | Public Key Infrastructure | | PLR | Performance and Learning Review | | PFS | Project Financial Statement | | PP | Procurement Plan | | PPA | Project Preparation Advance | | PPSD | Project Procurement Strategy for Development | | POM | Project Operational Manual | | OGP | Open Government Partnership | | RF | Results Framework | | SAI | Supreme Audit Institution | | SOE | Statement of Expenditure | | TA | Technical Assistance | | TIC | Internal Consumption Tax ( _Taxe Intérieure de Consommation_ ) | | ToR | Terms of Reference | | UIN | Unique Identifier Number | | VAT | Value Added Tax | | WDR | World Development Report | | WGI | Worldwide Governance Indicators | Regional Vice President : Hafez Ghanem Country Director : Asad Alam Senior Global Practice Director : Deborah L . Wetzel Practice Manager : Renaud Seligmann Task Team Leader ( s ) : Robert A . Yungu , Axel Rifon Perez", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 902, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 37 . Assessment of PDO achievements has been made difficult because of unforeseen and continued delays in availability of the full DHS report . The Task Team took appropriate steps to fill the information gaps , by supporting FHAPCO to commission a dedicated survey < sup > 9 < / sup > . A preliminary DHS report has recently been made available , providing some of the required information ( on young women and men ’ s knowledge of transmission and use of condoms in high-risk settings ) . # # * * Access to prevention services * * 38 . The preliminary DHS report provides good evidence that levels of knowledge of sexual transmission of HIV have been maintained or increased amongst young people : the proportion of women aged 15-24 who state that HIV infection can be prevented by using condoms has increased by over a third during the project period ( from 47 % to 62 % ) ; 81 % of young men are aware of this ( up from 66 % in 2005 ) ; the percentages who know that infection can be prevented by remaining faithful to one uninfected partner have not changed significantly ( for young women an increase from 66 % to 68 % ; for young men a small > 9 Survey on the Status of Sexual Behavior , Knowledge about HIV / AIDS and Condom Utilization in Thirty-Five Woredas , FHAPCO , Government of Ethiopia , 2011 9", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1196, "text": "Survey on the Status of Sexual Behavior", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "made available to refugees by the Government and access to primary health care and education are free of charge , refugees are expected to become self-sufficient within a year from their arrival – and thereby reduce donor dependency . The main form of external support is cash handouts ( corresponding to the Government social cash transfer for vulnerable families ) followed by education sponsorship of children at different levels of the educational system . Among those that are currently on external support , the level and depth of dependency is highest in Mayukwayukwa , followed by Lusaka . In terms of nationality , the Congolese are the largest recipients of external support . In terms of the support they would wish for , financial assistance tops the list , followed by business livelihood-related support , and then education for their children . For Meheba , third country resettlement is the top priority for support being sought . On food aid , Mayukwayukwa has the highest requests , followed by Meheba . * * Refugee economies and livelihood challenges : * * We present data on the top livelihood activities by site and refugee nationality . For the rural settlements , farming and livestock rearing ; small shops / vending ; petty trading ; carpentry and brick-laying are the main livelihood activities . For Lusaka , grocery and liquor stores ; selling of second hand clothes and wrappers ( vitenge ) ; restaurants and kiosks ; and petty trading are the main livelihood activities . For the settlement refugees , while the Congolese are generally into trading and selling they have , in the recent past , diversified into farming ( especially market gardening ) ; Angolans into farming and Burundi into farming and livestock husbandry as well as small shops . In Lusaka urban , Congolese are largely still in selling of clothing and general merchandising ; Somalis into restaurants , butcheries , medium and large shops , supermarkets and wholesale shops , and factory workers . < sup > 2 < / sup > Rwandese are into medium and large grocery , super-markets and", "spans": [{"start": 1087, "end": 1124, "text": "data on the top livelihood activities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF Employers of all categories of workers should comply with the OHS requirements provided in the Ethiopian Labor Proclamation No . 1156 / 2019 . In particular , Article 92 of the Proclamation sets out the obligations that apply to the employers of direct , contracted , and primary supply workers alike . Accordingly , an employer shall take the necessary measures to safeguard adequately the health and safety of workers ; it shall in particular : - Comply with the OHS requirements provided for in the Proclamation . - Take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed and notified concerning the hazards of their respective occupations , assign a safety officer , and establish an occupational health and safety committee . - Provide workers with protective equipment , clothing , and other materials and instruct them on their use . - Ensure that the workplace and premises of the undertaking do not pose threats to the health and safety of workers . - Take appropriate precautions to ensure that all the processes of work in the undertaking shall not be a source or cause of physical , chemical , biological , ergonomic , or psychological hazards to the health and safety of the workers . - Implement the OHS instructions given by the appropriate authority . Likewise , the Proclamation includes provisions that require employers ' records of occupational incidents and cooperation for monitoring the implementation of OHS instructions . The provision in Article 95 ( Subarticle 4 ) stipulates requires employers to register occupational accidents ( including fatal injuries and death ) and occupational diseases and report the same to the labor inspection service . As per Article 178 ( Sub-article 1 ) , the Ministry of Work and Labor Skill or the appropriate Authority compliance with the provisions in the Proclamation shall assign labor inspectors who are authorized to carry out the responsibilities of follow-up and supervision of the OHS . The employers should provide the necessary information and cooperate with the labor inspectors in due process . # # # # # # * * 7 . AGE OF EMPLOYMENT * * Given the nature of", "spans": [{"start": 1442, "end": 1475, "text": "records of occupational incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( e . g . the Institutional Profiles Database and the Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Database ) , or because the methodology of the data source has changed so that it no longer meets the criteria for inclusion in the WGI ( e . g . selected components of the Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom , or the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Indictors , see footnote 7 ) . We do however continue to use these dropped data sources in the WGI for the years for which they were available and suitable for the WGI ( see Table 1 ) . We assign variables from the 35 data sources described above to each of these six governance dimensions . For example , an assessment of the quality of the bureaucracy would be assigned to Government Effectiveness , a question about confidence in the police or the courts would be assigned to Rule of Law , and a question about the perceived likelihood of having to pay a bribe would be assigned to Control of Corruption . In some cases , a single data source will have multiple questions that can be assigned to the same dimension . In this case , we use the average across all relevant questions from that data source . < sup > 13 < / sup > Finally , we only assign each question from each data source to only one of the six governance dimensions , selecting the dimension that best matches the content of the question . Annex 2 in this paper provides a complete list of all the questions from each of the data sources assigned to the six aggregate indicators in the most recent year that the source appears in the WGI . As the specific questions available in each data source may vary over time , we also report the full list of questions assigned to each of the six governance dimensions over time at www . govindicators . org . Naturally , the process of assigning questions to governance dimensions involves some judgment , including on whether the question – or even the data source itself – should be used at all , and if so , to which of the six governance dimensions it should be assigned . The", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 45, "text": "Institutional Profiles Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 54, "end": 96, "text": "Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 261, "end": 306, "text": "Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > | | | | Bsk Credit to Other Sectors | | 1 , 937 | 2 , 885 | 3 , 221 | 3 , 658 | 5 , 849 | 11 , 500 | | | | | | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 d / | | | | | | | ( | Percentage | or Index | Numbers ) | | | | | ) Dxy as Z of AP | | 17 . 0 | 10 . 6 | 10 . 1 | 9 . 0 | 5 . 9 | 8 . 5 | | | | General Price Irdex ( 1966 - 10 | 0 ) c / | 601 | 1 , 133 | 1 , 546 | 4 , 894 | 5 , 474 | 10 , 058 | | | | Aninal percentage charges in | | | | | | | | | | | General Prire Index | | 46 . 6 | 88 . 5 | 36 . 5 | 216 . 6 | 11 . 9 | 83 . 7 | | | | Biak Credit to Public Sector | | 32 . 9 . | 15 . 3 | 30 . 4 | 27 . 8 | 61 . 4 | 97 . 3 | | | | Bank CredittoPrivate Sector | | 14 , 3 | 48 . 9 | 11 . 6 | 13 . 6 | 59 . 9 | 96 . 6 | | | M - Ite Per Ca : pita _C ? estimate is calculated br the se conversion techmiw as the World Baric Atlas ( adlustirc for the oer valued ecea-ge rate buc mt for my underrecordirg of - magendo ' transactions ) . The C > e at current prices in LB dollars is derived by - iltiplying tne per capita figure by population . Tne gross investrEnt rate is assuc ) si to be the same as in the Ugadain shiliz", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 319, "text": "General Price Irdex", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 10 * * # # 2 Site Profiles and Existing Situation Knowledge of existing population , infrastructure ( such as roads and waste management facilities ) , available healthcare services and prevalent diseases , socio-economic profile and literacy levels of the project area is essential to understanding likely size of beneficiary population , potential project benefits to recipient communities and challenges likely to be met during project development and operation . For each HCF location , these aspects are briefly discussed in sections below . # # # * * 2 . 1 Profiles of Project Areas and Sites * * # # # * * 2 . 1 . 1 Mubende Hospital * * # # # * * 2 . 1 . 1 . 1 General district profile * * Mubende District is in the central region of Uganda . Mubende is surrounded by Mpigi , Mityana in the East , Kiboga in the North , Sembabule , Masaka in the South , Kabalore , Kibaale in the West . The district headquarters is 157 km west of Kampala . # # # * * a ) Population * * According to national population census of 2002 , the total population of the District is 436 , 493 persons : 219 , 460 ( 50 . 3 % ) males and 217 , 033 ( 59 . 7 % ) females . < sup > 1 < / sup > Table 4 : Population by sub-county , sex , households , and average household size | County < br > Sub County | Households | Male < br > Population | Female < br > Population | Total | Average < br > Household Size | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Buwekula 49 * * | * * 49 , 583 * * | * * 111 , 567 * * | * * 110 , 803 * * | * * 222 , 370 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1005, "end": 1031, "text": "national population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | in planning for the monthly < br > hydropowergeneration . < sup > 14 < / sup > | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 7 . A plan for the development of < br > geothermal resources defined . | No geothermal development < br > plan < br > 01 / 01 / 2005 | 14 shallow wells drilled in < br > two areas ( Kibiro and < br > Katwe ) and gradient < br > temperatures measured ; < br > Preliminary geological < br > geochemical investigations < br > completed in 25 areas < br > including collection of < br > geothermalwatersamples . | 03 / 31 / 08 | Surface geothermal < br > investigations completed in < br > two areas and temperature < br > gradient measured in 5-10 < br > wells . Geothermal < br > development plan prepared < br > based on the results of the < br > geothermal investigations < br > ( achieved ) | 11 / 30 / 07 | | 8 . Guidelines established and < br > implemented for petroleum industry < br > monitoring with regard to quality , < br > safety , and pricing by end-2005 . | None | Operational guidelines for < br > the petroleum sector < br > presented to the TPC for < br > endorsement . | 03 / 31 / 2008 | Operational guidelines for < br > petroleum sector established < br > ( achieved ) | < br > 12 / 31 / 2002 | | 9 . Percent of fuel stations monitored < br > based on agreed sampling < br > framework . | None | Petroleum laboratories < br > installed . < br > Fuel stations being < br > monitored . | 03 / 31 / 2008 | At least 20 Petrol stations < br > inspect", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper investigates whether the negative association between secondary school availability and teenage childbearing is based on a causal relationship . We do this by looking at the effect of a large secondary school expansion across 4 , 884 Brazilian municipalities on teenage childbearing . Conditioning on municipal fixed effects and other determinants of school introductions , this expansion provides a plausibly exogenous source of variation in school availability . Our main results show that , on average , one additional secondary school per 100 females in the age cohort decreases teenage childbearing by between 0 . 250 and 0 . 563 births per 100 females . While being smaller than the effects that we measure using casual observation in Figures 1 and 2 , our main estimates are statistically significant and economically relevant . Our estimates rely on the assumption that the secondary school expansion is orthogonal to levels and trends in municipal teenage childbearing . The paper provides an analysis of the expansion and find that , controlling for variables reflecting school supply and demand , where and when a school is introduced is independent of variation in teenage childbearing . We also find no evidence of pre-trends in childbearing prior to school introductions . Our main estimates are robust to a number of different specifications and robustness checks , including estimates identified only from variation in the timing of school introductions across municipalities of similar size . Brazil is particularly well suited for studying our research question . The school expansion that we examine constitutes one of the largest expansions of secondary schools on record . We use information from 13 waves of the annual Brazilian school census , containing detailed information on the universe of Brazilian schools , to create a new dataset reflecting the availability of secondary schools in every Brazilian municipality between 1997 and 2009 . We combine this information with vital statistics data from Brazil capturing the universe of live births including information on the age of mothers at date of conception over the same period , creating a rich and unique dataset . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1752, "end": 1775, "text": "Brazilian school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2011, "end": 2044, "text": "vital statistics data from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the infrequently visited household diary , it will lie between US $ 280 and US $ 334 . Clearly the diary approach , especially the benchmark of a personal diary , is a much more resource intensive form of consumption measurement , roughly six to ten times the cost of administering a recall survey to the same household . The cost-savings from a frequently supervised household diary is a relatively modest 25 percent of total personal diary costs . Given the performance of the household diary , especially in urban areas , these resource savings may not be worth the trade-off in terms of downward biases in consumption measurement . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * In most developing countries , consumption expenditures measured by household survey is the empirical basis for studying poverty and inequality . Yet there is substantial variation both within and across countries in the design of consumption modules . These differences result in challenges to the cross-population comparisons of poverty and living standards as well as efforts to study changes in poverty over time . This study explores the implications of alternative consumption modules design in Tanzania . We designed and fielded eight alternative surveys , selected to capture the most common designs in practice . We benchmark our comparisons to frequently-supervised personal diaries , which we assume come closest to measuring actual consumption by accounting for personal outside-the-house consumption as well as minimizing recall and telescoping error due to the frequent supervision . This method is , however , impractical for large-scale survey work due to high costs – we estimate that it will cost roughly 6 to 10 times as much as a recall format , and roughly twice as much as infrequently supervised household diaries . With regard to diaries , the quality of reporting in household diaries did not vary a great deal with the frequency of field staff visits designed to minimize recall and telescoping error . This is true for all consumption categories ( although food consumption was marginally higher ( 6 percent higher ) in the infrequent diary ) . One notable exception is the literacy of the household . The diary method will dramatically underestimate consumption if the household is illiterate and receives infrequent supervision . For other households", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 746, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be initiated in a small number of field directorates and associated schools in year 1 ( 3 Field Directorates and 207 schools ) . Subsequent phasing will be guided by lessons learned in that process . By the end of the program , all public schools and field directorates in the Kingdom will be involved . # # # * * Component 2 : Monitoring & Evaluation and Organizational Development * * ( * * _US $ 13 . 6 million total cost , of which US $ 3 . 0 million will be financed from the loan_ * * ) 19 . The objective of Component 2 is to build upon ERfKE I investments related to policy , planning and M & E , and to ensure that outputs from these activities fully support and inform the adoption of a school centered approach to the delivery of education services . The component has two sub-components : ( i ) Policy Development , Strategic Planning , Monitoring and Evaluation ; and ( ii ) Organizational Development . 20 . * * Sub-component 2 . 1 : Policy Development , Strategic Planning , Monitoring and Evaluation * * will include : ( i ) establishment in the MoE of institutional capacity for policy , strategic planning and monitoring and evaluation ; ( ii ) final implementation of the School Information System ( SIS ) ; ( iii ) linking the EMIS with the GIS and external databases ; ( iv ) developing robust data architecture and integration of ministry systems ; ( v ) development and implementation of innovative approaches to school-based teaching and learning activities ( Innovation Fund < sup > 1 < / sup > ) ; and ; ( vi ) development and implementation of a Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) Framework for the program that will have an internal element , managed from within the MoE , and an external element , managed by the NCHRD with capacity-building and qualityassurance support through a partnership with an internationally renowned institution . 21 . * * Sub-component 2 . 2 : Organizational Development * *", "spans": [{"start": 1261, "end": 1287, "text": "GIS and external databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "services in Jordan - US $ 93 million * * - Sub-component 2 . 1 : Expanding access to market for digital firms - US $ 15 million - Sub-component 2 . 2 : Supporting digital transformation of service delivery to citizens and businesses ( DLI 4 ) - US $ 72 million - Sub-component 2 . 3 : Digitization of government payments - US $ 6 million * * Component 3 - Project management and implementation support - US $ 5 million * * # # * * < mark > Component 1 : Increasing the supply of digitally skilled youth in Jordan ( US $ 102 million ) < / mark > * * * * 27 . * * Component 1 aims to increase the supply of high-quality human capital to cater to the increasing demand for digital skills in Jordan , covering both employment and freelancing jobs . A two-pronged approach is required to address the gaps in supply of digital skills : ( i ) immediate attention to the stock of youth that is currently in the job market with inadequate digital skills , complemented by : ( ii ) institutionalizing a link between emerging skills needs in the digital sector and the design of curricula in the education system and complementary rapid response programs to improve the preparedness of the flow of job-seekers in the digital sector . The project will support creating a Customer Relationship Management System ( CRM ) to maintain a database of all trainees / graduates to ensure that they are plugged into relevant offline and online job matching activities ( e . g . , employment matchmaking platforms , job fairs , etc . ) . The project will leverage a local job-matching platform that was launched by the Ministry of Labor recently < sup > 25 < / sup > to support connections between supply and demand . * * 28 . * * Component 1 will address the five core weaknesses identified in the Intaj ’ s study < sup > 26 < / sup > underlying the skills mismatch directly and indirectly by developing a strong alignment", "spans": [{"start": 1321, "end": 1357, "text": "database of all trainees / graduates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher education , driven largely by the private sector . Progression from secondary to tertiary education is available through two routes : enrollments in universities / colleges administered by the Tanzania Commission of Universities ( TCU ) and in nonuniversity technical education institutions regulated by the National Council of Technical Education ( NACTE ) . The total number of students enrolled in degree programs in universities almost doubled from 81 , 782 in 2008 / 09 to 162 , 510 in 2012 / 13 . < sup > 15 < / sup > Enrollments in technical education institutions under NACTE more than tripled , from 36 , 586 in 2007 / 2008 to 112 , 447 in > 14 3 . 7 percent ( UIS 2012 data ) > 15 TCU-administered universities and colleges also enroll students ( about 20 percent of total enrollments in 2012 / 2013 ) in certificate and diploma programs . 7", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 690, "text": "UIS 2012 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "limited to the construction of a tax data warehouse within the MoR and the ensuing SEA risk is not significant as such . Yet , the employees of the implementing agencies , particularly in Historically Underserved Regions , may have sexual relationships with underage children and women members of HUCs . Based on the assessment of the ESMF , the overall risks of SEA / SH for the project are rated as * * _substantial . _ * * # # # # # * * 3 . Risk Management Systems ( status / proposed interventions ) * * Given the assessment of the risks of SEA / SH for the project highlighted before , appropriate risk management systems are proposed below . - _Borrower Policies on SEA / SH : _ The project implementing agencies are responsible for preparing the SEA / SH Action Plan which outlines : how the project will put in place the necessary awareness-raising strategies , protocols , and mechanisms to address the SEA / SH risks ; and how to address any SEA / SH allegations that may arise . - _Code of Conduct ( CoC ) : _ Behavioral standards , CoC , and disciplinary measures that explicitly prohibit SEA / SH are recommended . Explicit provisions that prohibit and define SEA / SH in line with international standards , including a prohibition on sexual activity with anyone under the age of 18 , and define mandatory consequences elevate awareness of SEA / SH risks and provide a clear path of accountability for violations . - _Referral Pathways for Survivor Care and Support : _ The GBV service provider provides the necessary support to the survivor until it is no longer . Ideally , the survivor care and support include case management support , health services , psychosocial support , police support and security , access to legal services , and shelter , if needed . However , often , GBV service providers offer one or two services , but not the whole range of applicable services . To maximize access to all appropriate services a survivor might need , a service provider should be able to actively", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 51, "text": "tax data warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 . 2 Number of cashed checks per person in Colombia * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 4 < br > 3 . 0 < br > 3 < br > 3 2 . 4 < br > 2 . 0 < br > 2 1 . 8 < br > 1 . 6 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 < br > No . of cashed checks < br > Source : Superintendencia Bancaria < br > No . of cashed checks per capita < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 7 . * * Proposed tax refunds will only be available to people with bank accounts . * * In an economy with a low savings rate such as Colombia , tax returns contribute to the savings capacity of low income people . This is supported by evidence from income tax returns in the United States . Recently introduced legislation in Colombia intends to return 2 % of the 10 % sales tax charged on purchases with debit and credit cards as a tax rebate < sup > 28 < / sup > . The purpose of this law is to foster payments with cards , which makes evading VAT more difficult . The amount will be refunded through financial institutions by crediting the bank account of the purchaser . The tax refund is therefore only available to buyers who have a bank account . While the measure encourages the use of lower cost non-cash transactions among the banked , it precludes people without a bank account from access to an additional source of savings . 8 . * * Under the current regulation , no obligation exists for banks to open accounts for low income clients . * * In view of their higher risk and cost of serving such clients , banks are often reluctant to provide such services . Recognizing the importance of access to basic financial services , other countries have introduced measures to make basic account services available to all clients with limited costs . These vary from government guidelines on basic", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 692, "text": "income tax returns in the United States", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | | | | | 1993 | 25590 | 6391 | 63 . 3 | 11882 | 5090 | 50 . 4 | 21771 | 206 | 2 . 0 | | 1995 | 31693 | 440 | 50 . 6 | 35894 | 306 | 35 . 2 | 64075 | 55 | 6 . 3 | | Savannah | | | | | | | | | | | 1993 | 15257 | 1026 | 10 . 2 | 8728 | 1434 | 14 . 3 | 26965 | 2729 | 27 . 1 | | 1995 | 7599 | 111 | 11 . 2 | 9758 | 127 | 12 . 8 | 32460 | 164 | 16 . 5 | It is highly unlikely that there would be no growth in cocoa revenues in the region of West Forest as a whole , in view of the fact that there was about a 10 percent increase in the real producer price of cocoa , and a 30 percent increase in cocoa production West Forest according to the CSSPA data . Thus , we conclude that cocoa-growing households are likely to have been undersampled in the West Forest . < sup > 3 < / sup > ' If in fact cocoa-growing households were undersampled , it is likely that the households producing as much or more cocoa than the mean that were undersampled , since the increase in mean cocoa revenues among cocoa-growing households seems if anything understated , given the reported increase in production and producer prices . Even if cocoa growing households were undersampled in the West Forest , however , it would not explain the drop in food shares , controlling for total expenditure , within the population of cocoagrowing households ( and other export crop - growing households ) that were sampled . Thus , it is an unresolved question as to why food shares dropped so significantly among this group . The drop in food shares seems to result from an underestimation of consumption of home production , leading to a downward bias in total expenditure . If so , then the incidence of poverty as indicated by the survey results would be biased upwards . However , we do", "spans": [{"start": 648, "end": 658, "text": "CSSPA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey data . To ensure that our model works well for data deprived countries , we check if our model selection and performance are robust to using only the countries with at most three poverty estimates , which reflects the 25 % most data deprived countries for which we have some data . These countries tend to be more authoritarian and conflict-ridden but also include a couple of wealthy countries which simply do not share much data ( Table A . 1 ) . With respect to _coherence_ , we mean that we are willing to tolerate marginal increases in errors if doing so results in a model that is easier to rationalize . This is in part why we are restricting ourselves to predictions consistent with the log-logistic distribution , but it also matters for the covariates we will select . For example , if we find that a model using GDP per capita in 2011 PPPs performs slightly better than a model using GDP per capita in 2017 PPPs , we will favor the latter as the welfare distributions are expressed in 2017 PPPs , and hence makes for a more consistent model . The use of these three principles in addition to the error of the model means that , at times , value judgments are needed to assess when an increase in the error may be merited by a greater adherence to the three principles . This complicates the model selection somewhat in contrast to a sole reliance on the model error . As a robustness check , we use machine learning to select a model guided exclusively on model performance as a test of how much accuracy we give up by including these three additional principles ( section 5 . 2 ) . # 4 Results Our first objective is to select the main variable to use for the tier 1 model . To that end , we run separate quantile regressions following equation ( 4 ) using one candidate covariate at a time , replacing ) in the equation . We evaluate the fit in-sample for reasons of efficiency , since evaluating all models out-of-sample is too computationally intensive . Given that all models are llGG ( GGl identical and simple , overfitting is unlikely to be an", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 11, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # * * 7 . 11 Monitoring and Evaluation * * # # # # * * I . Brief on What is Monitoring and Evaluation * * Monitoring focuses on what is happening . It is a routine process of collecting and managing project data that provides feedback as pertains to the progress of a project . The process involves measuring , assessing , recording , and analysing the project information on a continuous basis , and communicating the same to those concerned < sup > 24 < / sup > . On the other hand , evaluation focuses on what has happened . It is an episodic process that determines the impact of an intervention . The process involves reviewing both actions and assumptions behind an intervention , to determine as systematically and objectively as possible , the relevance , effectiveness , and impact in light of their objectives < sup > 25 < / sup > . And , the relationship between monitoring and evaluation can be summarised as follows < sup > 26 < / sup > : | * * ITE * * | * * M * * | * * MONITORING * * | * * EVALUATION * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | a ) | * * Frequency * * | Periodic , regular | * Episodic < br > ( usually < br > performed < br > at < br > the < br > beginning , mid and end of an intervention < br > cycle ) | | b ) | * * Main action * * | Keeping track or overview | Assessment | | c ) | * * Basic purpose * * | Improve efficiency , adjust work < br > plans | Improve effectiveness , impact , informed < br > future programming | | d ) | * * Focus * * | Inputs , outputs , process outcomes , <", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 355, "text": "project data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) rate at appraisal of UGX 2 , 560 to the dollar , which had increased to around UGX 3 , 700 around the time of completion . The exchange rates fluctuations not only affected the output indicator target increases in own source revenue , but also caused the foreign exchange losses to the project between the Special Drawing Rights ( XDR ) and United States Dollar of approximately US $ 17 million . # # * * IV . BANK PERFORMANCE , COMPLIANCE ISSUES , AND RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME * * * * A . QUALITY OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ( M & E ) * * # # # * * M & E Design * * 53 . * * The monitoring and design framework included several indicators to track the outputs and outcomes of the project during implementation * * . The PAD outlined five PDO-level indicators , including one related to gender equality among beneficiaries , and another that was designed as a proxy measure to reflect KCCA ’ s institutional capacity . The PAD further listed eight intermediate results indicators which represented both components . It also discussed the responsibilities of KCCA in monitoring progress . 54 . * * While the M & E framework was robust and it addressed the challenges at the time of project design , some outcome and intermediate indicators could have been introduced to measure effectively the PDO outcomes indicators . * * For example , drainage improvements lacked effective outcome indicator . The increase in number of primary drainage channels constructed was more suitable as an intermediate indicator . Furthermore , more intermediate indicators could have been introduced to measure performance under Component 2 . For example , support to the Directorate of Physical Planning resulted in more than 370 , 000 properties being entered into a city database , more than 7 , 000 roads being named , more than 12 , 500 house number plates being installed , and more than 3 , 000 street signages being installed . The new house numbers , road", "spans": [{"start": 1855, "end": 1868, "text": "city database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 4 . 0 | 96 | 622 | - | 9e4 | 1480 | - 2064 | | 1991 | _aoo_ | 120 | 420 | 6 . 0 | $ 2 . 0 | 4 . 0 | 91 | 760 | - | 963 | 1720 | * 1309 | | 1m | | | | * * SU . 0 * * | * * 6S . 0 * * | - | 92 | 006 | 182 | - | 987 | 987 | | 1993 | | | | * * \" . 0 * * | 68 . 0 | - | 9O | 685 | 132 | - | 967 | 987 | | 1994 | | | | 16 . 0 | 16 . 0 | < br > - | 94 | 28J | 62 | - | 232 | 282 | ERR 1 4 * * bereont * * 1 . Shadow exchange rate UShe 260 * * USJ 1 . 6 * * 2 . Volume transported In base yer 1908 : 24 , 060 tonn 8 . Saving , en diverted traffic : 1989 - 1991 road transpert cost * * S o . 092 * * per tonne km - variable call * * costs * * 0 . 0184 a 0 . 079 , * * S * * 23 . 74 for 802 km . . journey 1992 and follow . road costs I _0 . 061_ per tonnek - warlable rail costo 6 . 6184 * 6 . 9478 , * * S * * 14 . 1SIper 302 km . journey 4 . Benefits on generated traffic Border price maize 1938 I 269 / tonne . World Bank projections for suboequent years . 6 . Ng6hway * aintenanc - cost soving * I 3 , 246 / thousend tonnes * * : 1 * * * * Source : * * World Sank mission", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 929, "text": "World Bank projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda ( P176747 ) | | training , disaggregated by < br > age and disability status . | | | completion to the < br > MGLSD or the PSFU . | each month . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Women in RHDs | | | | | | | Refugee women | | | | | | | Beneficiaries supported by the project < br > stating that their involvement in decision - < br > making over household expenditures has < br > increased | Number of women that are < br > empowered in the < br > household sphere . < br > Beneficiaries are the women < br > entrepreneurs that benefit < br > from at least two services < br > supported by the project . | Baseline < br > data when < br > enterprises < br > start , < br > annual < br > surveys < br > from year < br > 2 . | Surveys of a < br > panel of < br > women < br > entrepreneur < br > s benefiting < br > from the < br > project . | This will be calculated < br > through annual surveys < br > of enterprises < br > participating in the < br > project . | MGLSD to administer the < br > surveys , and compile and < br > report the data . | | Women in RHD | | | | | | | Refugee women | | | | | | | | The number of women - | | | The PFIs will maintain < br > databases of the | The MGLSD to collect the | | Women microenterprises accessing credit | owned microenterprises | Continuous | PFI d | enterprises to", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1015, "text": "annual surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Access to improved drinking water sources_ . Figure 2 shows that access to improved drinking water also rose notably across all three countries during this period . In Ghana and Nigeria , access at the MV intervention site rose more quickly than the surrounding area , but areas outside the intervention site also experienced substantial gains . ( Again , MVP 2010c does not report this statistic for the MV in Kenya . ) _Measles immunization_ . The fraction of children immunized against measles rose in all three countries during the period ( Figure 3 ) . In Ghana , vaccination rates rose at the MV intervention site less than in the surrounding area . In Kenya and Nigeria , vaccination rates rose at the MV intervention site more than they rose in the surrounding area . _Births delivered by skilled personnel_ . Figure 4 shows that the fraction of live births in the previous 2 years delivered by a doctor , nurse , or community health worker rose in Kenya and Ghana , while showing little change in Nigeria . At the MV intervention site in Kenya , skilled birth attendance fell while it was rising in the surrounding region . In Ghana , skilled birth attendance rose at the MV site more than in the surrounding region . In Nigeria , it increased only slightly at the MV intervention site relative to the surrounding area , despite the construction of a new , doctor-staffed , $ 174 , 000 clinic within Pampaida locality ( Boyd et al . 2009 ) . _HIV testing_ . Figure 5 shows that HIV testing rates rose greatly across Kenya and Ghana during this period and fell in Nigeria . In Kenya and Ghana , HIV testing at the MV intervention sites rose more than in the surrounding areas . In Nigeria , HIV testing at the MV site rose while falling in the surrounding area . Kenya faces a major HIV epidemic while HIV is present but much less prevalent in Ghana and Nigeria . _Bednet usage_ . Figure 6 reveals that insecticide-treated bednet usage by small children increased enormously across Kenya and Ghana and by a small amount across Nigeria during the period . At the MV intervention sites in Kenya and Ghana , bednet", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > in the same period . The PRSCs also supported a national trade policy to maintain a liberalized trading environment , a Medium-term Competitiveness Strategy and a Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture ( PMA ) among other initiatives . A key achievement under this objective was the establishment of the Credit Reference Bureau ( CRB ) , which provides borrower credit histories to banks , thus , greatly facilitating the lending process . Prior to the CRB it was very difficult for banks to establish the creditworthiness of individuals . Another highlight was the Mortgage Act , passed in 2009 , which > 8 Both figures based on the old national accounts GDP series . 14", "spans": [{"start": 647, "end": 675, "text": "national accounts GDP series", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in freight rates across destinations . It stems from the fact that trade in commodities is highly imbalanced . As a result , countries with large net imports face much higher ‘ incoming ’ than ‘ outcoming ’ freight rates , with many ‘ outcoming ’ vessels traveling without a cargo , i . e . , ballast traveling ( Brancaccio et al . , 2021 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Leveraging the Clarksons SIN spot freight rates , we demonstrate this fact with Table 3 ( Column 5 ) and summarize it as follows . * * Stylized Fact 8 . * * _There is a pronounced dispersion in the normalized dry-bulk freight rates across destinations . _ Using Clarksons Research data from 2010 to 2016 , Brancaccio et al . ( 2020 ) demonstrated that the asymmetry and endogeneity in dry-bulk freight rates have important implications for international trade and beyond . First , it weakens the strength of comparative advantage and reallocates production from exporters to importers . Second , there is a network effect which can be demonstrated as follows . If one of the large importers experiences a slow-down in its imports , some ships reallocate to other countries and regions , thus reducing their freight rates and increasing trade in those regions . Over time , the freight rates are affected by the demand volatility and uncertainty and by the sluggish response in supply due to time to build and convex operating costs ( Kalouptsidi , 2014 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > To construct the trend of dry-bulk freight rates , we utilize Jacks and Stuermer ( 2021 ) data and estimates , who draw on a bevy of historical sources to construct an impressive 170 year-long time series ( see Appendix A in their paper for specifics ) . We present the resulting trend in Figure 8 . When explaining the long-run trend in real dry-bulk freight rates , the authors appeal to Harley ( 1988 ) , Mohammed and Williamson ( 2004 ) , and Tenold ( 2019 ) who suggested the long-run productivity gains as the major contributing factors . < sup > 12 < / sup > Instead , for the short-run variation ,", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 649, "text": "Clarksons Research data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1621, "end": 1646, "text": "170 year-long time series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # # # # # * * Targeted capacity building * * There can often be a mismatch between the expressed capacity needs of national and local actors and the types of capacity building opportunities available . Indeed , many of the capacity building initiatives provided to local and national actors involved in the Syria crisis response appear to be focused on training local partners to work with international organisations and meet their own internationally-imposed standards for project design and implementation . This was described by one interviewee as “ supporting local actors to be part of ‘ the system ’ rather than investing in local capacity for its own sake ” . # # # # # * * Case study : Capacity mapping * * * * In Iraq , the Education Cluster conducted a capacity mapping exercise with its members . Through an online survey , cluster coordinators consulted with its membership , including many local organisations , on their self-identified capacity building needs . Based on inputs from cluster members , the coordinators then designed a targeted capacity development programme , mobilising and utilising in-house resources . * * * * The training sessions being rolled out as a result are practical and specific to the needs of cluster members . For example , training on proposal writing included inputs from donors and an OCHA representative to cover the process of accessing funding from the Iraq Country-based Pooled Fund . Future capacity building sessions are planned , covering both project management skills and technical aspects of responding effectively to the education-related needs of affected populations in Iraq . * * Capacity-building need not imply a transfer of knowledge and skills from international to local and national organisations ; though there are some positive examples of international NGOs coaching and mentoring their national partners . Creating the space for reflection , sharing of experiences and learning from peers can be an equally effective way of encouraging and facilitating local-level capacity building . # # # # # * * Case study : Self-organised capacity building * * * *", "spans": [{"start": 895, "end": 908, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "social impacts within the projects and monitor and document the implementation process of RAP . The Project office is responsible for the identification of towns in the project component i . e . , the Intensification of Connection in Urban and Rural Towns . It is also responsible for conducting a household census of Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) , establishing compensation committees , assessing and establishing compensation rates , providing compensation payment for PAPs and carrying out resettlement or relocation of PAPs as per the RAP . Woredas and Urban Administrations ( or Municipalities ) will facilitate land acquisition required for the project as per proclamation No . 455 / 2005 , Part Two , article 3 . _ “ A Woreda or an urban administration shall , upon payment in advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation , have the power to expropriate rural or urban landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to be carried out by public entities , private investors , cooperative societies or other organs , or where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal organ for the same purpose . ” _ # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . Project Identification * * At project identification phase , Social Screening / Social Impact Assessment ( SIA ) of the project will be conducted with the aim of determining whether or not a project ( s ) would require detailed Resettlement Action Plans ( RAP ) as specified in the World Bank ( WB ) Operational Policies . According to the WB guidelines , the Energy Access Project is classified – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – EEPCO , Power System Planning 14", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 342, "text": "household census of Project Affected Persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * English Name ( * * * * _Species Name_ ) * * | * * Threat * * | * * en . Status * * | * * Comment on Likelihood of Occurrence * * | * * TL Section * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * IUCN * * | * * National * * | | * * relevance * * | | Mountain Reedbuck ( _Reduncafulvorufula_ ) | VU | EN | OoR | OoR | | Bohor Reedbuck ( _Redunca redunca_ ) | LC | EN | In wildlifeprotected areas | Both | | Lesser Kudu ( _Tragelaphus imberbis_ ) | NT | CR | OoR | OoR | | Common Eland ( _Tragelaphus oryx_ ) | LC | EN | In wildlifeprotected areas , LMNP | Mas-Mut | | Greater Kudu ( _Tragelaphus strepsiceros_ ) | LC | CR | OoR | OoR | | Ssesse Island Sitatunga ( _Tragelaphus sylvestris_ ) | - | CR | OoR | OoR | | Persian Trident Bat ( _Triaenops persicus_ ) | LC | CR | OoR | OoR | | * * Birds * * | | | | | | Basra Reed-warbler ( _Acrocephalusgriseldis_ ) | EN | - | OoR | Wob-Mas | | African Black Duck ( _Anas sparsa_ ) | LC | EN | Unlikely ( eBird , U . Red List ) LMNP | Both | | Karamoja Apalis ( _Apalis", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 965, "text": "eBird", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Review_ , _14_ , 693 – 709 . - OECD / SWAC . ( 2020 ) . _Africa ’ s urbanisation dynamics 2020 : Africapolis , mapping a new urban geography_ . West African Studies , OECD Publishing , Paris . - OECD / UN ECA / AfDB . ( 2022 ) . _Africa ’ s urbanisation dynamics 2022 : The economic power of Africa ’ s cities_ . West African Studies , OECD Publishing , Paris . - Ravallion , M . ( 2018 ) . An exploration of the changes in the international comparison program ’ s global economic landscape . _World Development_ , _105_ , 201 – 216 . - Ravallion , M . , Chen , S . , & Sangraula , P . ( 2007 ) . New evidence on the urbanization of global poverty . _Population and Development Review_ , _33_ ( 4 ) , 667 – 701 . - Ravallion , M . , Datt , G . , & van de Walle , D . ( 1991 ) . Quantifying absolute poverty in the developing world . _Review of Income and Wealth_ , _37_ , 345 – 361 . - Ravallion , M . , & Bidani , B . ( 1994 ) . How robust is a poverty profile ? _The World Bank Economic Review_ , _8_ ( 1 ) , 75 – 102 . - Roberts , M . , Blankespoor , B . , Deuskar , C . , & Stewart , B . ( 2017 ) . Urbanization and development : Is Latin America and the Caribbean different from the rest of the world ? , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8019 . - Satterthwaite , D . ( 2007 ) . _The transition to a predominantly urban world and its underpinnings_ . London : International Institute for Environment and Development ( IIED ) . - Stevens , F . R . , Gaughan , A . E . , Linard , C . , & Tatem , A . J . ( 2015 ) . Disaggregating census data for population mapping using random forests with remotely sensed and ancillary data . _PLOS ONE_ , _10_ ( 2 ) , e0107042 . - Uchida , H . , & Nelson ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "diet quality and inadequate nutrient intake . < sup > 47 < / sup > And micronutrient deficiencies have been linked to multiple negative outcomes for children , as well as adults ; these include impaired cognitive development , physical and mental disabilities , child and maternal deaths , and lower productivity ( UNICEF , 2004 ) . Additionally , young children , lactating and pregnant women and the chronically ill are particularly susceptible to decreases in nutrient intakes due to their high nutrient requirements . < sup > 48 < / sup > The quality-quantity trade-off observed at the national level is also observed at the sub-national level , when we look at differences across rural and urban areas . Rural households experience small declines in calorie intake , whereas urban households are able to buffer the shock to calories by reducing the diversity of their diets . We also explore the possibility that access to agricultural land and producing wheat ( since net sellers of wheat can benefit from higher prices ) can help to buffer the shock of higher prices . We find that these two groups of households are in fact better able to buffer the shock of increasing food prices with respect to their food consumption and dietary diversity ; though , with respect to calorie intake , they are unable to buffer as well as their counterparts . Finally , we find evidence that among certain subpopulations , the demand for wheat products is upward sloping ( i . e . , Giffen good ) ; specifically , among urban households , large decreases in purchasing power brought about by the spike in staple food prices caused per capita consumption of wheat products to increase as the income effect of the price change dominated the substitution effect . These new survey data provide a unique opportunity to calculate indicators of socioeconomic development and to analyze changes in these outcomes over time . < sup > 49 < / sup > Such analysis is particularly crucial in conflict areas , which may be most susceptible to shocks , but which usually have little quantitative data . Our findings inform current policy discussions within Afghanistan and , more generally , within the international development community . They > 47 See", "spans": [{"start": 1764, "end": 1775, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tvty eerence o . / < br > Description | Loan / Credit No . | Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approach | Contract Type | Estimated < br > Amount ( US $ ) < br > Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > | Process Statu | s < br > Terms of Reference | nvtaton to < br > Identified / Selected < br > Consultant | Dra | ft Ne < br > Con | gotiated < br > tract < br > Signed | Contract < br > Contract Co | mpletion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Planned < br > Actual | Planned < br > Actual | Plann | ed | Actual < br > Planned | Actual < br > Planned | Actual | | | | | | ET-MANR-20230-CS-CDS / < br > Panel survey | IDA / 55400 | Productive safety nets and link < br > to livelihoods services | s < br > Prior < br > D | irect Selection | Direct | | 1 , 700 , 000 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > P < br > I | ending < br > mplementation | 2017-07-31 | 2017-08-10 | | | 2017-10-14 | 2018-04-12 | | | | | | Page 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 | 80 . 00 | | masters level in nutrition ( of a target of 30 ) | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 08-May-2013 | | | | | Comments | FMOH Administration reports | FMOH Administration reports | FMOH Administration reports , < br > NP Report | | Zinc registered as essential drug and included | Text | Value | Not yet achieved | Achieved | Achieved | | in Health Post package | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 08-May-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | | | Comments | FMOH Administration reports | FMOH Administration reports | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 22-May-2013 ) * * | * * Financial Agre * * | * * ement ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised | Closing Date | | P106228 | IDA-H3760 | Effective | 29-Apr-2008 | 13-Jun-2008 | 10-Sep-2008 | 07-Jan-2014 | 07-Jan-2 | 014 | | P106228 | TF-10247 | Closed | 11-Aug-2011 | 16-Aug-2011 | 16-Aug-2011 | 30-Sep-2012 | 30-Sep - | 2012 | | P106228 | TF-93946 | Effective | 16-Jun-2009 | 14-Aug-2009 | 14-Aug-2009 | 14-Aug-2013 | 14-Aug - | 2013 | | * * Dis", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 9 % and 8 % respectively ) _Figure [ 20 ] : Food-related coping strategies among PRS by type_ # # * * Food-related coping strategies of PRS * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 77 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % 54 % < br > 50 % < br > 39 % 39 % 39 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 20 % < br > 9 % 8 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Relied on less Reduce Borrowed Reduced Restrict Spent Saving Selling Goods Send hhs Restrict < br > preferred portion size food number of consumption menbers eat consumption < br > food meals of adult elsewhere of female < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : UNWRA ‟ s survey of registered PRS ( October 2013 ) 37", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 674, "text": "survey of registered PRS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "par * * | * * cel of land * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Rent Paid Per * * < br > * * Month ( Ksh ) * * | * * month ( Ksh ) * * | * * Property * * < br > * * owner * * | * * Residential * * < br > * * tenant * * | * * Business * * < br > * * tenant * * | * * ( Count ) * * | | * * Up to 2000 * * | 1376 . 33 | 3 | 0 | 223 | * * 226 * * | | * * 2 , 001 to 5 , 000 * * | 3531 . 25 | 125 | 1 | 146 | * * 272 * * | | * * 5001 to 10 , 000 * * | 6360 | 40 | 2 | 37 | * * 106 * * | | * * Over 10 , 000 * * | Actual Amount : 15000 | 0 | 0 | 1 | * * 1 * * | | Total ( Count ) | | * * 168 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 407 * * | * * 578 * * | Source : Field Survey # # # # * * b ) Loss of Land and Proposed Mitigation Measures * * The project design is deliberately conceptualised to avoid compulsory acquisition of privately owned land . Towards effective implementation of the Project , the project design proposes , to the extent possible , utilisation of public land ( to improve on the roads , storm water drainage , street and security lighting , and solid and liquid waste management ) . In specific it proposes , to the extent possible , utilisation of existing roads , access road reserves and public passageways . From the survey there is land the Project design proposes it be utilised towards", "spans": [{"start": 681, "end": 693, "text": "Field Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "opportunity , the project will include results indicators on skills development ( such as increased confidence , or other personal or social outcomes ) . The project monitoring reports will contain , at a minimum , summary data on overall performance against project targets , implementation challenges experienced , and feedback received from project beneficiaries . < sup > 38 < / sup > * * 70 . * * The World Bank will review the Results Framework submitted by the PMU as part of implementation support . The World Bank experts will discuss the progress and deviations with the PMU to identify any areas where additional help from the World Bank is needed . The PMU and the World Bank will also use results data to build awareness of project results among key beneficiaries and counterparts . Beneficiary feedback will also feed into regular monitoring . The M & E framework will leverage data collection activities undertaken by the independent verification agency ( IVA ) for DLIs . * * 71 . * * The project will conduct rigorous impact evaluations to identify the absolute impact of the interventions prescribed by the project design on key outcomes and provide feedback on the relative efficacy of alternate design modalities to enable course corrections . < sup > 39 < / sup > A consultation process to prioritize and select the questions and methodologies for the impact evaluations will take place between country stakeholders and researchers when project activities are being further defined . The impact evaluations would focus on the following knowledge gaps : - For Sub-component 1 . 1 , it will be important to assess the impact of skills trainings activities on the command > 38 To the extent possible , any data gathered on Syrian refugees will be disaggregated by sex to identify specific gender gaps that need to be addressed . > 39 Rigorous impact evaluations assess causality by identifying a counterfactual with experimental or quasi-experimental methodologies . Page 30 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 702, "end": 714, "text": "results data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1724, "end": 1756, "text": "data gathered on Syrian refugees", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private operator . To conduct the pilot project , coordination between ECSIN and ECSSD ( social assessment group , irrigation project ) has already started . The project is likely to reduce poverty , although the project is not especially targeting the poor . An assessment on poverty and household welfare conducted in Albania in 1996 shows that the poorest quintile of households is three times less likely to have piped water supply than the wealthiest quintile of households . It can therefore be assumed that the poor will benefit more from a project which provides piped water supply . In addition , the improved economic activity as result of the project should increase employment , and the reduction in operation and maintenance cost and increase in revenues through additional water sales should reduce the need for the Government to subsidize the operation and maintenance cost . The budget savings could be used for poverty alleviation . The project will not provide documented and unambiguous information about its impact on poverty , but the following Municipal Water and Wastewater Project should attempt to address this issue in the project preparation by providing for social assessment specialists to monitor the project ' s impact on poverty alleviation during implementation . * * 6 . Environmental assessment : * * Environment Category : B The project would finance repair and rehabilitation of components of water supply systems . No new structure of significant size is envisaged to be constructed under the project . Given the nature of the rehabilitation work to be financed under this project , the project has been classified as Environmental Category \" B \" . During project preparation , an environmental assessment and environmental management plan were prepared by the environmental specialist of the project team . The detailed EMP has been incorporated into the Project Implementation Plan . The environmental assessment identified the following potential negative impacts of the project : ( i ) - 21 -", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 306, "text": "assessment on poverty and household welfare", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 Econometric Modeling We will adopt a reduced form approach encompassing a variety of saving determinants identi . . . ed in the saving literature instead of deriving a narrow model of consumption / saving decisions from . . . rst principles . This approach is followed by several papers in the cross country saving literature such as Edwards ( 1996 ) , Masson , Bayoumi and Samiei ( 1998 ) , and Loayza , Schmidt Hebbel and Serven ( 2000 ) . However , our main focus will not be on all saving determinants but on pension saving . The dependent variable will be the national saving rate , nsr . The determinant of our interest is the pension saving rate , psr . An important remark has to do with the choice of our dependent variable , the national saving rate . We could have chosen the private saving rate instead and also include the government saving rate as one of the private saving determinants . Nevertheless , following that path would have been associated with several measurement problems . For example , private saving is usually overestimated in the national accounts because it is not adjusted for the in ‡ ation tax su ¤ ered by money and nominal bond holders ; the opposite happens with government saving measures . Another important measurement problem is that available government statistics do not correspond to the same level of government for each of the countries . Depending on the country , The Government Financial Statistics publishes data corresponding to the general government , the consolidated central government , or the budgetary central government . These problems do not appear when we work with the national saving rate . As clearly explained by Loayza , Schmidt Hebbel and Serven ( 2000 ) , when 22", "spans": [{"start": 1291, "end": 1312, "text": "government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2002 , which provided benefits through a combination of mandatory individual insurance accounts fully funded by individual contributions and solidarity funding . The first tier would minimize disincentive and moral hazard and the second tier , funded by general tax , would protect vulnerable population without impeding formal jobs ( Duval and Loungani , 2019 ) . Other developing countries , such as Brazil , Colombia , Jordan , and Mauritius followed the suit . In Chile , the evaluation of the program revealed that an extension of UB period led to a longer duration of unemployment for beneficiaries utilizing the solidarity fund . However , for those dependent on selffunded individual insurance , there was no change in the duration of unemployment , suggesting the absence of moral hazard in the latter group ( Hartley et al . 2010 ; Sehnbruch et al . 2022 ) . The impact of UB scheme on productivity and re-employment wages is mixed and the analyses focus on developed countries . On one hand a longer UB duration raises reservation wage as it gives UB recipients more time to search for better jobs and to receive training , on the other hand it lowers wages offered by employers . Research by Soltes ( 2017 ) using data from 16 developed countries suggests that a one-indexpoint increase in the UB generosity index is associated with about a one-percentage-point increase in total factor productivity ( TFP ) growth . In the United States , longer UB duration encouraged workers to seek higher productivity jobs , particularly for those with lower education levels , and promoted job creation ( Acemoglu and Shimer 2000 ; Centeno and Novo 2006 ) . In Austria , there was a 0 . 5 percent increase in reemployment wage ( Nekoei and Weber 2017 ) , while in Germany there was a 0 . 8 percent reduction in 6", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1258, "text": "data from 16 developed countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "___ * * ( 2009 ) UNHCR policy on refugee protection and solutions in urban areas . Geneva : UNHCR . - * * _____ * * ( 2011a ) Encouraging Self-Reliance . Geneva : UNHCR . - * * _____ * * ( 2011b ) _Promoting Livelihoods and Self-reliance : Operational Guidance on Refugee Protection and Solutions . _ Geneva : UNHCR . - * * _____ * * ( 2011c ) Investing in Solutions : A Practical Guide for the Use of Micro-finance in UNHCR Operations . Geneva : UNHCR . - * * _____ * * ( 2012a ) _Livelihoods Programming in UNHCR : Operational Guidelines_ . Geneva : UNHCR . - _____ ( 2012b ) Uganda statistics by settlements , Kampala . Geneva : UNHCR . 30", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 620, "text": "Uganda statistics by settlements , Kampala", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Data source | Electronic Health Solution ( EHS ) . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Data extracted from myHakeem to measure the number of active users . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MOH and EHS . | | * * Result Area 2 on enhan * * | * * cedgovernment effectiveness through Digitalization * * | | * * Increased student trust * * | * * in the fairness of the * * * * _Tawjihi_ exam . * * | | Description | Increasedpercentage of students expressingtrust in the fairness of the_Tawjihi_exam . | | Frequency | Once , at Program closure . | | Data source | Public opinion poll by the Centre for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan on_Tawjihi , _Universities and the < br > Unified Admission System . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Polling of a national representative sample of high school students covering all governorates , and regions . Question < br > asked : “ Do you believe that the_Tawjihi_exam constitutes a fair educational and academic evaluation for students ? ” < br > This would include a representative sub-sample of refugee students . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Centre for Strategic Studies . | | * * Increased representatio * * < br > * * recruitment . * * | * * n of women in leadership positions in the civil service as a result of competency-based promotions and competitive * * | | Description | Percentage of women appointed to leadership positions in the civil service . | | Frequency | Once , byProgram closure . | | Data source | Annual report on civil service from the SPAC . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Leadership positions are defined by Article 16 of the 2020 Civil", "spans": [{"start": 116, "end": 124, "text": "myHakeem", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 583, "end": 602, "text": "Public opinion poll", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1527, "end": 1571, "text": "Annual report on civil service from the SPAC", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Areas of Pakistan . World Bank : Washington , D . C . - Söderbacka , T . , l . Nyholm , and L . Fagerström . Workplace interventions that support older employees ’ health and work ability - a scoping review . BMC Health Serv Res 20 ( 472 ) . - Staubli , S . and J . Zweimüller . 2013 . Does raising the early retirement age increase employment of older workers ? Journal of Public Economics , 108 ( C ) : 17-32 . - Staudinger , U . M . , R . Finkelstein , E . Calvo , and K . Sivaramakrishnan . 2016 . A Global View on the Effects of Work on Health in Later Life . Gerontologist , 56 ( S2 ) : 281 – 292 - Thanapop , S . and C . Thanapop . 2021 . Work ability of Thai older Workers in Southern Thailand : a comparison of formal and informal sectors . BMC Public Health 21 : 1218 . ( 2021 ) . - Thomas , Michael S . C . ; Knowland , Victoria C . P . ; Rogers , Cathy . 2020 . The Science of Adult Literacy . Social Protection and Jobs Discussion Paper Series , no . 2001 . World Bank : Washington , D . C . - UNESCO . 2022 . Global Review of Training Funds : Spotlight on levy-schemes in 75 countries . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization : Paris . - UNFPA . 2012 . Ageing in the Twenty-First Century : A Celebration and A Challenge . United Nations Population Fund Sexual & Reproductive Health Agency : New York : - UN . 2007 . World Economic and Social Survey 2007 : Development in an Ageing World . Department of Social Affairs . United Nations : New York . - UN . 2019 . World Population Aging 2019 : Highlights . United Nations : New York . 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA report for the Proposed Borehole at Shikulu Primary School May 2014_ * * # # # # # * * 5 . 7 Geological risks * * # # # # # * * 5 . 7 . 1 Assessment * * The ubiquitous drilling and digging of the ground soil for water , weakens the soil surface with an enhanced porosity as its ultimate result . With such vulnerability and lesser soil cohesion , the ephemeral soil might trigger erosion in the underground . Due to this , boreholes have may cause negative environmental effects on ground water with high tendency of land subsidence ( collapse ) which may affect structures and infrastructure . Boreholes could lead to potential landmines , earthquakes or tremor . # # # # # * * 5 . 7 . 2 Mitigation * * The following mitigation options should be adopted ; - i . The proponent will be advised to carry out a hydrogeologist survey to determine the suitability of the area for the drilling of a borehole - ii . Temporary casings may also be installed during drilling in case they notice the soil strata is weak to prevent the borehole walls from collapsing which should be replaced by stronger casings - iii . Drilling be done in the presence and supervision of a hydro-geologist # # # # # * * 5 . 8 Solid Wastes * * # # # # # * * 5 . 8 . 1 Assessment * * The major solid waste will be the drilled cuttings . There will be some solid containers such as cement , bentonite and gravel bags and other packets with materials and equipment to be used during implementation of the project . Other solid waste will be generated from the composite housing of the drilling crew . At the time of assessment the church had not secured a solid waste collection point . # # # # # * * 5 . 8 . 2 Mitigation * * The following mitigation options can be adopted ; - i . Any remaining waste ( paper or polythene containers , cement , bentonine and gravel bags , excavation", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "topographies , which have evolved primarily to meet visual challenges associated with foraging , may render certain bird species particularly vulnerable to collisions that extend into the otherwise open airspace above their preferred habitats . The concentration of water birds inside wetlands could increase the impacts on their populations . Proposed mitigation measures should help to reduce the risk of collision and electrocution . However , the success of mitigation measures could be highly variable from species to species . A proper bird and bat mortality monitoring program should be developed and implemented to identify areas and species that are more impacted . For birds , collisions are thought to be more common during migratory movements , which suggests that a better understanding of impacts during migration as well as other critical periods is needed . On the basis of a monitoring program , specific mitigation measures should be proposed . Collision mitigation may need to vary substantially for different collision prone species , taking species specific behaviours , habitat and foraging preferences into account , since an effective all-purpose marking device is probably not realistic if some birds do not see the obstacle at all . # # # # * * Mitigation Measures * * The following mitigation measures should be applied : - Place bird deflectors / diverters at appropriate intervals on the top ( ground / shield ) wire as well as main conductors to make the lines more visible to birds , in particular inside 287 * * | * * Page", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The eastbankroad < / sup > links Jinja with Kamuli , passing through Ivunamba . < sup > The west bank roadlinksJinja < / sup > with Kayunga via Njeru and Kikubamutwe . Settlements < sup > straddlethese roadsat < / sup > intermittent intervals . These roads intersect with the Kampala to Nairobi road < sup > at twomajor junctions . The < / sup > intersection on the east bank is a four arm roundabout , < sup > whilst thaton thewest bankis < / sup > a large gyrator on which priority rules ( ' right of way ' ) < sup > apply , theKampalato Nairobi < / sup > route being the major arm . A public transport stop / taxi rank < sup > issituated withinthe < / sup > junction . Other vehicles also park in the vicinity . Access to the Kampala to Nairobi trunk road can also be achieved < sup > at alarge < / sup > roundabout some two km to the east of the Jinja Roundabout . This < sup > junctionalso < / sup > serves the rail terminal and depots at Jinja . # # # # # * * Existing Road and Traffic Conditions * * The existing road conditions , traffic flow and speed estimates < sup > onthemainroad < / sup > network are summarised in Table 3 . 29 and 3 . 30 below . Table 3 . 29 < sup > includespeak < / sup > traffic flow data collected during July 2006 . Full traffic count < sup > dataarepresentedin < / sup > Appendix C . 5 . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * IA * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 1207, "end": 1224, "text": "traffic flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gender , to evade forced conscription or because the war has prevented them from having access to basic needs such as food , medical services , healthcare and livelihoods . Most Somali refugees cross first from Somalia into Kenya , where the overwhelming majority are hosted in crowded conditions in the Dadaab refugee camps . Some move , either via Dadaab or directly , to the Kenyan capital of Nairobi , where there is a large Somali community and where it is possible to save or borrow enough money to pay for an onward journey , usually through Tanzania , Malawi and Mozambique . Economic , educational and family considerations play a significant role in shaping the southward movement of Somalis , even if the initial trigger for movement is to escape from violence . The movement of people from Eritrea and Ethiopia would appear to more complex in nature . On the one hand , these countries are not affected by the kind of violence and displacement that currently characterizes Somalia . There is also evidence that in Ethiopia , young men in poor rural areas are actively targeted by smuggling networks , lured by the promise of better livelihoods opportunities in South Africa . On the other hand , UNHCR statistics demonstrate that significant numbers of Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees are still to be found in neighbouring countries and further a field . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1208, "end": 1224, "text": "UNHCR statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The sample is therefore nationally representative for grade 3 and 4 teachers in public Frenchspeaking schools in Guinea . Out of this sample , 140 schools were randomly assigned to each of the two treatment arms — recognition or in-kind performance rewards — and 140 schools were randomly assigned to the control . Random assignment was carried out publicly in the context of a program launching workshop , after the baseline data collection . Names of schools were put in bowls ( per strata ) and picked ( blindly ) by young children to be assigned to one of the groups . The public nature of the randomization process aimed at maximizing trust in the transparent and impartial nature of the allocation process . # * * 2 . 3 Data * * Data were collected on schools , teachers , and students using the following survey instruments : ( i ) a questionnaire administered to the school ’ s principal , ( ii ) a teacher questionnaire administered to targeted teachers ( grade 3 and 4 ) , ( iii ) a Math test and French test ( with different parallel booklets ) administered to students in the targeted teachers ’ classrooms , and ( iv ) an inspection bulletin administered to targeted teachers in the context of two lessons , one in French and one in Math . Table A . 4 presents a more detailed description of the various instruments . All grade 2 and 3 students in the sampled schools were assessed at baseline ( May 2012 ) , and all students in grades 2 to 4 were assessed at midline ( May 2013 ) . Because of budget constraints , a random sample of up to 25 students were assessed from each class in grades 3 and 4 at endline ( May 2014 ) . The surveys reached a varying number of schools across the different rounds ( Table A . 5 ) . For example , we have student assessment data for 408 , 417 , and 391 schools for baseline , midline , and endline rounds of data collection , respectively . It is unclear the source of the variation in number of schools ; however , it is likely that , at least for the endline", "spans": [{"start": 1755, "end": 1778, "text": "student assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "� � _μFi_ . Notice that , for those fishermen who adopted before _t_ 0 + 5 , _γ_ 1 _Di_ ( 5 ) has been added � to _μFi_ . The diagram thus gives the long-run expected gains from technology adoption , which will also be used throughout the rest of this paper . The straight line depicts the 45 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > line . According to these results , three fishermen suffered a loss in sales of more than 1 % , 2 experienced virtually no change ( less than 1 % change ) , while 20 enjoyed increases in average sales between 3 . 5 and 158 % . The average change equals 40 . 2 % with a standard deviation of 46 . 8 % . # * * 5 . 2 Determinants of the Timing of Adoption * * Since adoption in the context of this study can be interpreted as a one-time transition from one state , catamaran fishing , to another state , fibre boat fishing , the timing of the individual adoption decision is most suitably modelled using methods from the statistical analysis of survival data . In typical applications of these methods , the outcome variable is the time of a ” failure ” , e . g . of a light bulb , conditional on certain characteristics of the item considered ( e . g . the manufacturer of the bulb ) . In our application the ” failure ” event is the adoption of the new technology . In cases where the technology is divisible , like the adoption of new seeds in agriculture , the farmer with several plots can choose on how many of them to try the new technology . In contrast , a fishing boat is by nature an indivisible productive asset for a household . Moreover , switching technologies is expensive , while in agriculture , a farmer can return to the old crop variety in subsequent growing cycles without incurring a cost from switching back . To summarize , in the context of adoption of new crop varieties in agriculture , the adoption decision is typically both divisible and reversible , while in the present setup , neither of these", "spans": [{"start": 959, "end": 972, "text": "survival data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * PROTECTION ANALYSIS UPDATE – Q1 2022 * * < mark > show a high number of queries from former government officials , social activists , and journalists requesting support for evacuation due to alleged threats and fear due to their profiles , in addition to queries from individuals who have fled to neighboring countries who fear deportation back to Afghanistan . Requests for assistance have also been received from persons in Afghanistan who are destitute , lacking shelter and financial resources , and in need of immediate humanitarian assistance who consequently may be forced into harmful coping mechanisms and thereby exposed to a variety of protection risks . In the first quarter of 2022 , queries have been received from individuals indicating that they are opting to leave the country < / mark > due to the lack of livelihoods and basic services , as well as the ban on girls ’ education . # # # # * * < mark > Discriminatory and Punitive Gender Norms < / mark > * * _Photo 1 - March 2022_ < mark > Despite continued promises of reopening secondary education for girls in the new year , the Taliban did not fulfill this commitment to girls above 6th grade and denied access to schools when the school year re-started on March 23 < / mark > < sup > rd < / sup > < mark > . While officials of the Education Ministry were unable to provide an immediate explanation for the reversal of the decision , subsequently on the same day the Taliban announced that secondary schools for girls will remain closed until further notice . The development sparked strong reactions from the international community in relation to the fate of girls ’ education in Afghanistan but also to the overall rights of women and girls in the country . < / mark > < mark > These findings are buttressed by protection monitoring data which highlights the continued worrying trends in the worsening situation for women and girls across Afghanistan . Freedom of movement by women is severely affected by the requirement of mahram which was officially announced by the Ministry of Promotion of", "spans": [{"start": 1790, "end": 1816, "text": "protection monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report National Safety Net Program for Results ( P131305 ) The DLI has been modified as it was difficult under the original DLI to capture the desired outcomes ( targeting conformity ) , as : ( i ) massive expansion took place before the baseline survey meant to measure the DLI was conducted , ( ii ) the survey reported a baseline much higher than was originally estimated ; and ( iii ) Government does not plan to undertake a massive expansion in the future . As such , measuring recertification of existing beneficiaries is more appropriate at this stage of the Program . # # #  DLI 3 - Single Registry is fully operational with program MISs using agreed standards for internal payroll controls ( Yes / No ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Y | Y | Y | | Date | - - | 28-Nov-2014 | 29-Sep-2017 | | Comments | | - - - | This DLI has been achieved . # # #  DLI 4 - Percent of NSNP payments made electroincally using two-factor authentication ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 40 . 00 | - - | | 60 . 00 | | Date | - - | - - | | 31-Jul-2015 | Comments This DLI has been achieved . # # #  DLI 5 - Percent of payments disbursed to Payment Service Providers on time ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 331, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This Authorization also confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials * * ( SIDC ) * * and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to < sup > the < / sup > Association * * by * * electronic means . The Association may rely upon such representations and warranties , including the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terims and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the < sup > Association records < / sup > with respect to the Agreement ( s ) referred to in the subject line of this Authorization . # Signatory Details | Name | Position | Email * * ID * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ SignatoryName ] | [ Title ] | [ Email ] | # Specimen Signatures | Signatory Name | Signature1 | Signature2 | Signature * * _3_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ UserName ] | | | | | [ User Name ] | | | | # Yours truly , * * / * * signed [ Position ] ' Instruction to Bank staff : please forward this letter to Country Lawyer for further processing ( Recipient : please do not delete this note ) .", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 856, "text": "Association records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Checklist Unaccompanied and separated children * * - ✓ Establish a mechanism to prevent separation of families and preserve family unity ( also between siblings ) - ✓ Ensure services are in place to identify , register ( see Annex 6 ( d ) of the UNHCR Handbook for Registration for the inter-agency registration form ) and document unaccompanied and separated children , girls and boys - ✓ Ensure adequate child placement services are available to assess care needs and facilitate appropriate temporary care arrangements - ✓ Ensure that the care and placement arrangements are adequately and regularly monitored to assess the welfare and treatment of unaccompanied and separated children and that follow-up action is taken when required . Include in the monitoring the school attendance , access to health care and the meeting of development needs , which should be documented in the child ’ s personal file - ✓ Work with the refugee community to develop criteria for foster families and identify and train foster families - ✓ Establish and implement arrangements to appoint a guardian – either an adult or - organization designated with the responsibility for ensuring that a child ’ s best interests are fully represented - ✓ Establish and implement an effective and efficient family tracing programme in cooperation with the ICRC and NGOs - ✓ Pursue family reunification while putting in place a process to establish the validity of family relationships and confirming the willingness of the child and the family member to be reunited . Conduct an assessment to verify that family reunification is in the best interests of the child - ✓ Provide appropriate social services support to facilitate family reunion and the well-being of children - ✓ Ensure the provision of psycho-social support when necessary - ✓ Conduct formal best interests determinations for all unaccompanied and separated children - before durable solutions are pursued - ✓ Ensure that records of unaccompanied and separated girls and boys are complete , protected and stored . A copy of the unaccompanied and separated child ’ s file should always travel with him / her _97_", "spans": [{"start": 1972, "end": 2025, "text": "records of unaccompanied and separated girls and boys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Climate features of each of the districts through which the TL will be constructed are described below . Average temperature and precipation data for the region are shown in * * Figure 19 * * . * * Figure 15 : * * * * _Average Temperature and Precipitation for Central Region_ * * Source : https : / / meteoblue . com * * _Lwengo : _ * * The climate of the district is tropical in nature being modified by relief and nearness to Lake Victoria . The region witnesses long droughts between May and August , and January to March making the annual pattern of precipitation bimodal . The two wet season periods that experience downpours happen in the long stretches of March and April , and September to December . Chiefly , the region lies in dry-cattle passage with low dampness levels which supports the project implementation . * * _Masaka and Kalungu Districts : _ * * The districts experience a tropical climate that is influenced by its relief and proximity to Lake Victoria . The average annual rainfall is about 1 , 100 mm to 1 , 250 mm with 100 days to 110 rainy days . The type of rainfall is mainly convectional due to the influence of Lake Victoria . It receives bimodal pattern with peaks in March to April ( principal peak ) and September to November ( minor peak ) punctuated by two dry spells in January to February and June to July respectively . The maximum temperature recorded is about 30 ° C while the lowest is 10 ° C , with almost equal length of day and night throughout the year . The humidity level is generally low throughout the district , with the exception of lakeshore areas , where it tends to rise as a result of changes in temperature of the lake surface . 123", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 145, "text": "Average temperature and precipation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 . 1 . 2 Livestock Production Improvement Sub-Component * * Livestock , particularly cattle and small ruminants ( sheep and goats ) is an important part of the local economy among affected communities . Although the techniques and technologies remain largely traditional and productivity very low , the proposed Subproject area is known for its bee keeping and honey production and supply to the central market . According to a socio-economic baseline survey conducted by EEP in July 2024 ( ESIA 2024 ) , close to 2 . 85 million livestock was owned in four Subproject Woredas including Jima town . Limu Seqa and Limu Kosa Woredas owned the majority of the livestock ( 85 % together ) . < mark > The crucial role of livestock in the local economy , and among PAHs in particular , can be demonstrated in several ways . These include the following : < / mark > - a ) As part of a mixed farming system , livestock is a perfect complement to the farming system ( nutrition – milk and meat , traction power , natural fertilizer , cash income from sales ) . - b ) The overall size of livestock owned by households in the Subproject Woredas is substantial . The majority of households ( over 80 % ) owned livestock ; and the average number of cattle ( 3 ) and shoats ( 6 ) owned by the households is more than significant . - c ) Livestock / dairy production and cattle fattening are among top three choices made by the majority of PAHs as a key livelihood restoration strategy they would like to engage in . In fact , about one in four PAHs indicated cattle fattening and dairy farming as their most preferred option for livelihood restoration . - d ) The majority of PAHs indicated that they possess accumulated knowledge", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 634, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 667, "end": 676, "text": "ESIA 2024", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "face barriers to starting and growing businesses , compared to refugee men and to Ugandan nationals but also represent an underutilized source of economic resilience and entrepreneurship . * * Lack of local language proficiency ; unregulated informal labor environments ; limited access to arable land , inputs , and information for farming or to support climate resilient agriculture ; and insufficient and unsuitable education and work experience all create barriers to refugees ’ integration into the labor market . < sup > 29 < / sup > Ownership and use of a bank account in Uganda in 2017 stood at 66 . 1 percent for men and 52 . 7 percent for women . < sup > 30 < / sup > by contrast , access to financial services for refugees is limited , particularly in the West Nile region , where only one in five refugee households have a loan and less > 26 Uganda Enterprise Survey . 2014 . > 27 Oxfam ( 2016 ) , Factors and Norms Influencing Unpaid Care Work : Household Survey Evidence from Five Rural Communities in Colombia , Ethiopia , the Philippines , Uganda , and Zimbabwe . > 28 Government of Uganda ( 2020 ) , National Child Policy , p 19 . > 29 World Bank . 2020 . Uganda Market Solutions for Forced Displacement . Economic Opportunities for Host Communities and Refugees . > 30 Global Findex indicators , 2017 . Page 11 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 878, "text": "Uganda Enterprise Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1294, "end": 1311, "text": "Findex indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Expenditure Individual < br > & WMS - Technical support on IDA / D2290 Post Consultant Open 201 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-11-11 2021-02-17 2020-12-30 2021-01-20 2021-02-24 2021-08-23 < br > data processing and analysis , Selection < br > report writing , estimation < br > procedures and skill transfer < br > for the HCE and WMS experts < br > ET-CSA-198429-CS-INDV / < br > Employment of individual < br > consultant for Price Statistics < br > - Consultancy Services on Individual < br > Technical support on IDA / D2290 Post Consultant Direct 27 , 448 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-10-20 2020-10-30 2020-11-04 2020-11-14 2021-01-13 < br > developing application for Selection < br > price survey and transition < br > from CAPI to tablets and skill < br > transfer on price survey . < br > ET-CSA-270667-CS-INDV / < br > Selection & employment of < br > Individual Consultant forConstruction Price Index - Technical issues of estimationand analytical procedures for IDA / D2290 Post IndividualConsultantSelection Open 60 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-12-31 2022-02-10 2022-02-18 2022-03-19 2022-09-15 < br > the compilation of < br > Construction Price Index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 % , and population growth was rapid at 2 . 9 % per annum . Quality of services was also low . Many existing facilities were in an advanced state of disrepair . A survey of facilities found that 47 percent of hospitals , 33 percent of health centers , and 47 percent of health stations require major repair or complete replacement . Only 65 percent of surveyed hospitals , 28 percent of health centers and 57 percent of health stations had at least 75 percent of the recommended supplies of basic drugs on hand . Forty-eight percent of respondents 11", "spans": [{"start": 164, "end": 184, "text": "survey of facilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 11004 # * * Abstract * * The Middle East and North Africa is the most water scarce region in the world . Although studies have explored the effect of extreme weather events on agriculture , much less is known about the effect on businesses . Using geocoded firm-level data from the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys across the Middle East and North Africa region , this study analyzes the effects of precipitation shocks on firm performance . The findings show that firms in areas that experience negative precipitation shocks have lower sales , labor productivity , and investment . The study tests a number of channels identified in the literature . Poor infrastructure , such as water and electricity outages , and lower access to finance that occur as a result of negative precipitation shocks are found to be key channels . Negative precipitation increases the share of temporary workers , possibly explaining the drop in labor productivity . A new channel of governance is also uncovered — negative precipitation shocks increase the time spent by senior management in dealing with regulations and expectations of solicitations of bribes . The results also show that firms respond to precipitation shocks by adopting greener practices , suggesting scope for adaptation in the region . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Middle East and North Africa Region and the Office of the Chief Economist , Planet Vice Presidency . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at aislam @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 302, "text": "geocoded firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "plugs etc . ) | 7721 | 44611 | 0 . 6 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 2 | | | Mineral or chemical fertilizers , nitrogenous | 5621 | 44419 | 0 . 6 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | | Tinned sheets and plates , of steel | 6747 | 43542 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 9 | 4 . 9 | | 0 . 1 | | | Otherparts & accessories of motor vehicles | 7849 | 43273 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 105 . 5 | | Cyclic hydrocarbons | 5112 | 42935 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 1 | | | | | Parts of and accessories suitable for 751 . 2 - | 7599 | 42698 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 0 | | | Other tyres , tyre cases , inner tubes | 6259 | 40622 | 0 . 5 | 7 . 8 | 1 . 1 | | 18 . 2 | | | Engines & motors , such as water turbines etc . | 7188 | 40298 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 1 | | 0 . 0 | | | Iron ore agglomerates ( sinters , pellets etc ) | 2816 | 40079 | 0 . 5 | 37 . 4 | 2 . 2 | | | | | Other non-electric parts & accessories of machines | < br > 7499 | 13017 | 0 . 2 | 1 . 8 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | _Source_ : Calculated using UN COMTRADE Database _Notes_ : A value of 0 . 0 represents less than US $ 100 in exports ; blanks represent zero exports . . 32", "spans": [{"start": 1004, "end": 1024, "text": "UN COMTRADE Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "demand-pull policies stimulated non-incremental ( radical ) change in the California wind power industry in the 1975-1991 period also finds no evidence that demand-side policies alone encouraged more radical frontier-type technical change ( Nemet , 2009 ) . * * Figure 9 . Motivation of firms introducing environmental innovations , 2006-08 * * * * ( * * * * _Firms citing factors as motivations , percentage of innovative firms ) _ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > HUN < br > CZE < br > SVK < br > ISR < br > PRT Current or expected < br > IRL market demand < br > POL < br > EST < br > Existing < br > FRA environmental < br > ITA regulations or taxes < br > on pollution < br > DEU < br > Fiscal incentives < br > BEL < br > FIN < br > NLD < br > LUX < br > SWE < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : OECD , based on Eurostat ( CIS-2008 ) and national data sources , June 2011 . Note : The Community Innovation Survey ( CIS-2008 ) was the first to introduce a voluntary module on environmental innovation . An ̳ environmental innovation ‘ is defined as an innovation that leads to more environmental benefits than alternatives . The environmental benefits can be the primary objective or the result of other innovation objectives . ̳ Innovative firms ‘ refers to firms with any of the four types of innovation ( product , < u > process , organizational and marketing ) . < / u > However , for technologies that are more mature , a greater emphasis on demand-side policies may be more effective in spurring firms to introduce more incremental innovations . Based on firm responses in 16 countries as part of the 2008 EU Community Innovation Surveys , Figure 9 shows that existing or future environmental regulations , followed by market demand from customers , are identified by firms in most countries as the main driver of introducing environmental innovations . The availability", "spans": [{"start": 874, "end": 882, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 921, "text": "national data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 947, "end": 974, "text": "Community Innovation Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1668, "end": 1704, "text": "2008 EU Community Innovation Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "members from < br > local elders , beneficiaries ( Women and Men ) , < br > Woreda / Kebele EEP & EEU representative , < br > Woreda Women Youth and children officer , | throughout PRIME - < br > 1 < br > implementation < br > period . | EEP & EEU < br > assigned < br > experts < br > and < br > other < br > relevant sector staff . < br > Contact address of the | | | or any relevant actor . | | responsible < br > GRM < br > personnel < br > or < br > committee < br > member < br > will be disclosed to < br > stakeholders , < br > Name , < br > Telephone < br > no . , < br > an < br > Email address ; | | * * Identification of * * < br > * * grievance * * | ▪ Face to face ; telephone ; letter ; mail ; e-mail ; < br > website ; recorded during public / community < br > interaction ; others . < br > ▪ The grievance can also be passed through < br > other parties , such as the Regional / Woreda < br > level EEP & EEU offices , if the public is more < br > conversant with this unit . | 1 Day | | | * * Grievance * * < br > * * assessed and * * | ▪ Significance assessed and grievance recorded < br > or logged ( i . e . , in a logbook ) . | 3-6 Days | Proposed significance < br > criteria : | | * * logged * * | ▪ Each site and EEP / EEU PIU to have a < br > grievance record book where the grievances < br > are recorded for follow up . < br > ▪ Grievances concerning sexual exploitation < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1290, "text": "grievance record book", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "they lack clear goals and responsibilities and tend to be uncosted or unrealistically costed . It recommends that future NSPs concentrate on developing HIV / AIDS strategies based on available epidemiological information , and should assign specific responsibilities to actors that can then be held accountable for project implementation . < sup > 6 < / sup > The second grouping consists of bilateral donors , who work together on specific HIV / AIDS projects . The two largest contributors are the United States ’ ( US ) PEPFAR < sup > 7 < / sup > and the United Kingdom ’ s ( UK ) Department for International Development ( DFID ) . PEPFAR is a five year US $ 15 billion global initiative that combats HIV / AIDS in fifteen countries : Botswana , Ivory Coast , Ethiopia , Guyana , Haiti , Kenya , Mozambique , Namibia , Nigeria , Rwanda , South Africa , Tanzania , Uganda , Vietnam and Zambia . < sup > 7 < / sup > By contrast , DFID focuses on poverty alleviation and manages Britain ’ s aid to poor countries worldwide . < sup > 8 < / sup > Of the 8 countries discussed in this paper , Burundi , Sudan and Uganda have received British financial support for HIV / AIDS programmes . After the US , the UK is the second biggest bilateral donor on HIV / AIDS ; it spent more than ₤ 270 million pounds in 2002-03 . < sup > 9 < / sup > The third grouping is comprised of private foundations , the largest being the GFATM and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . GFATM was created in 2001 to facilitate and expand the partnership between governments , civil society , the private sector and affected communities . Its mandate is to attract , manage and disburse funds to fight HIV / AIDS , tuberculosis and malaria , but not to implement the projects directly . < sup > 10 < / sup > The Gates Foundation was established in 2000 , and currently has an endowment of US", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 220, "text": "epidemiological information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ensure consistent measurement across households , for all regressions leveraging social network relationships we restrict our sample to farmers and villages surveyed at baseline . > 14The baseline survey covered 279 of the 386 eventual demonstrators , including 24 of 41 regular demonstrators , 81 of 115 shared demonstrators , and 174 of 230 decentralized demonstrators . 17", "spans": [{"start": 188, "end": 203, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "roughly 50 percent of the base . We do not have detailed information on how these loans were backed . But presumably , if the quality of the assets of these banks had been high , there would have been no banking crisis to start with and no need for central bank lending . This observation suggests that these loans represent , to a large extent , subsidies to the financial sector . # _Were the Banking Crises a Surprise ? _ We now consider whether private agents anticipated the state of the banking system prior to the currency crises . Corsetti , Pesenti and Roubini ( 1998a ) , IMF ( 1998 ) and Lane et al ( 1999 ) discuss the fragile state of the financial sectors in the crisis countries prior to the recent speculative attacks . In addition they provide several example of bank failures and reorganizations that occurred prior to the crises . While their discussion is very informative , it leaves open the question of how markets aggregated the information contained in the episodes that Corsetti , Pesenti and Roubini ( 1998a ) , IMF ( 1998 ) and Lane et al ( 1999 ) discuss . To investigate this issue we obtained daily data on stock market indices of the value of the banking or financial sectors and the industrial or commercial sectors in the crisis countries . We then constructed monthly indices of the market value of the financial sectors in these countries as well indices of nonfinancial sectors . < sup > 2 5 < / sup > These are presented in Figure 6 and summarized in Table 10 . Note that in Korea , Thailand and to a lesser extent the Philippines and Malaysia , the value of the financial sectors had been declining well before the currency crises . > 25We used the following Bloomberg series to construct our monthly banking / financial sector indices : Indonesia-JAKFIN , Korea-KOSPBANK , Malaysia-KLFIN , Philippines-PFINC , Thailand-SETFIN , Hong Kong-AOF , Singapore-SESFIN , Taiwan Province-TWSEBKI . The Bloomberg series used to construct monthly industrial or commercial sector indices were : Indonesia-JAKMANU , Korea-KOSPMAN , Malaysia-KLPRO , Philippines-PCOM , ThailandSETCOM , Hong Kong-AON , Singapore-SESIND , Taiwan Province-TWSESTEE . 36", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1158, "text": "daily data on stock market indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the European Social Survey ( ESS ) . # Table A . 7 : Robustness check : Sport clubs and share of refugees in 1923 | Dep . var : | | Presence o | f at least o | ne sport clu | b | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | Share of refugees in 1923 | 0 . 066 | 0 . 120 * | 0 . 078 | - 0 . 015 | 0 . 039 | 0 . 023 | | | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 062 ) | ( 0 . 070 ) | ( 0 . 049 ) | ( 0 . 068 ) | ( 0 . 075 ) | | Share of refugees in 1923 * small community | | | | 0 . 266 * * * < br > ( 0 . 100 ) | 0 . 265 * * * < br > ( 0 . 097 ) | 0 . 187 * < br > ( 0 . 100 ) | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 288 | 0 . 295 | 0 . 327 | 0 . 288 | 0 . 295 | 0 . 328 | | Observations | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | | Average outcome | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | | Geography controls | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Population 1991 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Socio-Economic Development 1991 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Region FE | | Y |", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 65, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income losses and increased food insecurity . According to the Kenya Economic Update , June 2021 , COVID-19 has removed the last decade of progress on poverty reduction , increasing poverty by 8 percentage points , or an additional 3 . 5 million poor . The pandemic resulted in large losses of employment , from 71 percent of the working-age ( 18-64 ) population employed in Q4 2019 , to only 50 percent in May-June 2020 . Moreover , over a third of Kenyans are classified as vulnerable and more than half of Kenya ’ s urban population ( 56 percent ) live in informal settlements . One of the main drivers of the services sector contraction in 2020 was education ( Figure 1 ) , reflecting the impact of the closure of most education institutions from March to December 2020 . In 2021 , economic activity rebounded , albeit with considerable variation across sectors . The economy is expected to continue to recover and return to an annual growth of about 5 percent . * * Figure 1 : Effects of COVID-19 on the services sector , including education * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > All other services Education < br > Transport & Storage Accommodation & food < br > Wholesale & retail trade Total of services < br > 10 . 0 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > - 5 . 0 < br > Source : World Bank calculations based on KNBS data < br > ( year-on-year , percentage points ) < br > Contribution to change in real output < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 3 . Accelerated investment in human capital is critical for Kenya ’ s growth trajectory and its stated objective of being an inclusive Upper-Middle-Income Country ( UMIC ) . While Kenya has made impressive gains in building human capital , more remains to be done to reach its aspirational UMIC peers ( see Figure 2 ) . Kenya is also well Page 6 of", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1327, "text": "KNBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 5 : Potential TFP Gains with Different Industrial Weights | | Cen | sus | | Enterprise | Surveys | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Partial | ES | Full Census | Partial Census | | Ghana | 75 . 7 | 71 . 1 | 146 . 6 | 32 . 8 | 54 . 3 | | Kenya | 162 . 6 | 184 . 2 | 86 . 5 | 16 . 7 | 51 . 4 | Note : The TFP gains are calculated based on different industrial weights . The TFP gains under the column ‘ Partial ’ are calculated by restricting to the subset of industries that overlap with the ES . The columns “ Full Census ” and “ Partial Census ” refer to TFP gains across firms in the ES where industries are weighted based on the full and partial censuses , respectively . Finally , table 5 reports the counterfactual gains in aggregate manufacturing resulting from reversing distortions in the the three types of data that we have been comparing : census , ES with census weights , and ES with survey weights . In the case of the Census , we report the baseline results introduced above together with the gains corresponding to the case where we restrict to the subset of industries that overlap with the industries in the ES . The table conveys a clear message : once industries are weighted as in the census , and hence once we correct for biases in the sectoral distribution of production in the survey , gains from withdrawing distortions are significantly muted ( column 4 vs column 2 ) . They are less than half the census-based gains in the case of Kenya , and are reduced by 25 % in the case of Ghana . The gains from the ES using its own implied weights are expectedly larger . # * * 8 The Underlying Sources of Misallocation * * The results presented above clearly revealed that resource misallocation is quite large in our sample countries . Thus improving the allocation of resources is a critical element in", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 196, "text": "Full Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 199, "end": 213, "text": "Partial Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 905, "end": 911, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Flood Management Project ( P176327 ) | IR Indicator 231 Sub-roject sites | 0 . 00 | Jan / 2022 | 0 . 00 | 29-Mar-2024 | 0 . 00 | 29-Mar-2024 | 9 . 00 | Nov / 2027 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | . . p < br > where community-level flood < br > preparedness activities are < br > conducted ( Number ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | This indicator m < br > as participatory < br > institutionalizing < br > relevant activiti | easures number of sub < br > design of physical inve < br > flood early warning di < br > es , are conducted . | - project sites w < br > stments for floo < br > ssemination , ev | here community-level < br > d risk reduction , local < br > acuation planning , trai | flood preparedn < br > flood hazard / ex < br > ning , exercise , d | ess activities , such < br > posure mapping , < br > rills , and other | | IR Indicator 2 . 3 . 2 Flood hazard maps | 0 . 00 | Jan / 2022 | 0 . 00 | 29-Mar-2024 | 0 . 00 | 29-Mar-2024 | 9 . 00 | Nov / 2022 | | < br > produced through community < br > participation ( Number ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | This indicator m < br > with support of | easures number of floo < br > relevantgovernment e | d hazard maps < br > ntities . | which are produced th | rough communi | ty participation | | IR", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "over time . Ducruet and Notteboom ( 2012 ) tackle the evolution of shipping networks using Lloyd ’ s Marine Intelligence Unit data from 1996 and 2006 . They argue that , over time , the shipping network converges to a structure with densely concentrated and connected neighborhoods of ports . These neighborhoods are distant from one another and are connected via hubs ( see Appendix 6 . 1 for more details ) . Hoffmann and Hoffmann ( 2020 ) compare the global 2020 network structure of ports to that of 2006 . One of their main findings is that the network center has shifted from Europe to Asia with the major shifts being associated with Chinese ports ( e . g . , Nansha , Ningbo , and Shekou ) . The amount of market power affects the freight rates in two ways . First , the markup over the marginal cost of transportation increases in market power : According to Hummels et al . ( 2009 ) it is lower on thick routes with more carriers and greater traffic . Second , larger traffic prompts carriers to use larger vessels , which minimizes the average cost of transportation ( Asturias , 2020 ; Ganapati et al . , 2020 ) . Both effects work in the same direction lowering the observed freight rates on thicker routes with larger traffic . Potentially , over-reliance on larger ports may increase the risk of the lack of resilience of global transportation system to various shocks , which should become a topic of future research explorations . Containerized maritime transportation is very concentrated . In 2018 , the top 9 carriers ( Maersk , MSC , Cosco-OOCL , GMA CGM , Evergreen , Hapag-Lloyd , ONE , and Yang Ming ) organized in three alliances controlled 80 % of the market ( Merk et al . , 2018 ) . Furthermore , there are many “ thin ” routes , i . e . , routes served by either a single or very few carriers . Hummels et al . ( 2009 ) reported a high degree of the within-route concentration , with the majority of importer-exporter pairs served by three or fewer ships , often owned by a single carrier . Using BlueWater Research data", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 130, "text": "Lloyd ’ s Marine Intelligence Unit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2026, "end": 2049, "text": "BlueWater Research data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_δ h , t_ = mortality rate of the human capital stock . The mortality rate for the economically active population aged 15 and over is estimated from : and assumes that the mortality rate ( which also includes the exit of the economically active population due to retirement or inactivity ) is independent of the level of schooling attained , which is not entirely correct . The term _Lt – L15t_ describes the number of survivals from the previous period , which are subtracted from _Lt-1_ in order to estimate the total number of missing persons . Equation ( 5 ) as such describes the proportion of the labor force which did not survive from the previous period . The formulas can be rearranged to create the final equations that were used to generate the attainment ratios , _hrj_ , for the four broad levels of schooling for the economically active population aged 15 and over : The procedure requires school enrollment ratios that are crucial for exact calculations , but the proper accounting for Guatemala is not easy . Even though net enrollment ratios would be more precise for estimating the accumulation of human capital , gross enrollment ratios are used , as only this data is available . As reported in the Appendix , the ratios are taken from various yearbooks of the Guatemalan Ministry of Education ( MINEDUC ) for the 1990s , the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for earlier periods , and other sources available for Guatemala . The data for primary , secondary and tertiary enrollment ratios have been found consistent over time . Interpolation techniques were used to fill gaps in the data , but the use of this approach was kept to a minimum . The tertiary enrollment time series were more difficult to compile and required greater use of interpolated estimates . - 18 -", "spans": [{"start": 1711, "end": 1742, "text": "tertiary enrollment time series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) modified / updated to reflect the mitigation measures that the relevant agencies , including the Ministry of Defense and Veterans ’ Affairs will undertake to manage any new associated E & S risks and to align with the ESF . As part of this AF , the ESMF of the parent project will be updated to incorporate core principles for managing potential security risks . * * 70 . The authorities have confirmed that the Army Construction Brigade will not be involved in civil works under this AF . * * On July 1 , 2021 , H . E . the President issued a directive to Ministries of Education and Health to the effect that construction of Schools and Health facilities be undertaken by the Army Construction Brigade . On October 11 , 2021 , the Ministry of Finance advised that the directive not be applied to activities supported by development partners and be limited to projects financed 100 percent by GoU until a mutual agreement has been reached with Development Partners . Further , the President in a letter to the Minister of Education and Sports dated November 1 , 2021 exempted Development Partner supported projects from this Directive . * * 71 . Citizen Engagement . * * The Project will engage citizens during implementation through supported interventions , such as hotlines and community sensitization on COVID-19 risks , as well as tracking the use of the Project-embedded grievance redress mechanism through the following _indicator in the results framework : “ Proportion of Grievances captured in the Complaints Register for UCREPP that have been “ CLOSED OUT ” in accordance with GRM under the Project . _ ” At the time of processing the AF , the parent Project ’ s GRM had not been rolled out due to delayed effectiveness of the main ( credit ) component of the project that would have supported preparatory GRM activities . Accordingly , no grievances have been registered or addressed to date . * * 72 . Gender inequalities and norms", "spans": [{"start": 1628, "end": 1658, "text": "Complaints Register for UCREPP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 2 – Detailed Findings : Procurement , FM , Safeguards * * # * * Procurement * * 1 . * * Progress of the planned activities . * * The mission reviewed the progress of the planned activities , status of the last mission agreed actions and procurement staffing . The mission noted that 2 procurement specialists ( based in MoWE and EDRMC ) are recruited for the project . The three implementing agencies planned 70 activities from each category with an estimated amount of $ 36 . 8 million . The mission noted that 6 % completed , contracts sieged for 34 % , 40 % are under implementation and 13 % of the planned activities are not yet initiated . The total committed amount for the signed and completed contracts is $ 7 . 72 million . The procurement process is initiated for the contract with a total value of $ 22 . 22 million . Some of the key achievements include ( i ) contracts signed for 3 civil works for dredging of Awash River and supervision consultants for supervising the dredging / widening and related works , ( ii ) procurement process for the procurement of different vehicles , Mounted cranes , AWS equipment , firefighting trucks , Supply and Installation of EMI computer networking upgrading , etc . initiated , ( iii ) the selection of various consultancy services initiated , ( iv ) procurement office equipment and furniture for PIU ’ s completed ( v ) recruitment of key PIU staff completed . However , the mission noted significant disparity on the performance extracted from STEP and reported by the PIU . This is because of not regularly updating STEP for all initiated contracts . The mission noted that agreed actions of last mission are also implemented substantially . The mission also identified some challenges which require improvements . 2 . * * Staffing * * : The mission noted that the existing procurement staffs one in the MoWE and one in EDRMC are not adequate to properly implement the procurement activities of the project . They have also limited knowledge and skill of the governing procurement", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Indicator 2 . 4 : Teacher feedback on training and < br > certification system monitored , analyzed , and < br > included in the annual monitoring and progress < br > reports developed by ETC | | No | Yes / No | No | Yes | Annually | MOE | Teacher surveys | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Reformed < br > student < br > assessment and | < br > Indicator 3 . 1 : Grade 3 diagnostic test on early grade < br > reading and math implemented | 7 . 2 | No | Yes / No | No | Yes | Annually | MOE | Assessments records for a < br > sample of schools | | certification < br > system | Indicator 3 . 2 : Legal framework for the_Tawjihi_exam < br > has been adopted so that its secondary graduation < br > and certification function is separated from its < br > function as a screening mechanism for university < br > entrance | 7 . 4 | No | Yes / No | No | Yes | Annually | MOE | | | | Indicator 3 . 3 : Student and Teacher Feedback on first < br > phase_Tawjihi_reform inform the_Tawjihi_reform < br > rollout plan | | No | Yes / No | No | Yes | Annually | MOE | Student and teacher feedback < br > surveys | | Strengthened < br > management of < br > education < br > system | < br > Indicator 4 . 1 : Geographical Information System ( GIS ) < br > and Open EMIS produce accurate and timely < br > disaggregated data needed for program monitoring < br > and evaluation | 8 . 1 |", "spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 259, "text": "Teacher surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1347, "end": 1365, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of GDP ) * * 40 * * Figure 15 . Selected tax rates ( 1990-2022 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 34 . 1 40 < br > 35 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 30 29 . 1 Unconventional 35 < br > Taxes < br > 9 . 5 30 < br > 25 9 . 1 Social Security < br > 25 < br > 20 . 6 < br > 20 2 . 5 20 < br > 9 . 8 VAT & Excise < br > 5 . 2 < br > 15 4 . 3 15 < br > 10 8 . 5 8 . 0 Income & 10 < br > Property < br > 13 . 4 5 < br > 5 < br > 6 . 3 5 . 8 0 < br > 0 < br > OECD ARG LAC VAT CIT PIT Export Duties Financial Transaction < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Ministry of Economy and OECD stats . _Note : LAC excludes Argentina . Unconventional taxes in Argentina are represented by the turnover tax ( ingresos brutos ) , financial transaction tax , export duties , tax on FX purchase , among others . Data refers to 2021 or closest . _ _Source : _ Ministry of Economy . Note : Grey areas denote economic recessions . In recent decades , Argentina has experienced limited changes in its top statutory income and value-added tax rates , while \" emergency \" taxes have become more prevalent and unstable . While VAT , CIT , and PIT top statutory rates have remained relatively stable since the 1990s ( * * Figure 15 * * ) , it is important to note that the current tax rate database may not fully capture all policy changes . For instance , modifications in income brackets , income tax floors , and lower marginal tax rates are not reflected", "spans": [{"start": 1439, "end": 1456, "text": "tax rate database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where C0A = I0 − ∑ pn0 tEEte − rt + ∑ cn0 tAe − rt and where ctA are the variable costs associated with abatement . In the next section , we focus our attention on the non-joint costs function given by equation ( 6 ) . However , we also consider as an alternative the joint cost function given by equation ( 4 ) . As it turns out , there are few practical consequences from choosing version of the applied model over the other . # * * 2 . 2 The Empirical Emissions Abatement Cost Function * * Assuming fixed input prices , the basic expressions for the log-log and log-quadratic functional forms of the abatement cost for project _i_ can be given by : where C is the net present value of total abatement costs , A is total emissions abatement , and q is a vector of control variables ( e . g . , project duration , project types , and location ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > Equation 7 is nested in 8 and the two are indistinguishable when γ is indistinguishable from zero . Given the parameter estimates , the marginal cost of abatement can be computed for different types of CDM projects corresponding to The vector of input prices , w , associated with the cost functions is not always observed ; however , for a given time period and a given location , the prices of the inputs are likely the same . Thus , dummy variables for different project types , location , and time periods can be used as a proxy for the missing input price vector . Said more formally , let xm be the vector of inputs associated with a specific mitigation methodology , for example generating solar power . The associated vector of prices can vary by time ( t ) and > 8 In the current setting , we suppress the time subscript assuming that the equilibrium level of abatement would be the same in each year . This restriction is consistent with the CDM pipeline dataset in which expected emissions abatement and investments are annualized based on the PDDs . We expect to relax this assumption in future work when data on", "spans": [{"start": 1820, "end": 1840, "text": "CDM pipeline dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1923, "end": 1927, "text": "PDDs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "addition , having energy expenditure information in the EU-SILC allows for microsimulations that study energy price increases or potential mitigation measures . * * To improve the possibilities for statistical matching between EU-SILC and HBS , policymakers could push for greater harmonization between both surveys and include expenditure-based questions in a subsample of the EU-SILC . * * In line with previous recommendations at the EU level ( see Serafino and Tokin , 2017 ) , we recommend better harmonization of surveys . In addition , including a roster of expenditure patterns for a subsample of the EU-SILC would increase the reliability of imputation and 32", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 48, "text": "energy expenditure information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 56, "end": 63, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productivity . Exploring the first channel , Mattoo , Rathindran and Subramanian ( 2006 ) look at whether the impact of liberalization of services sectors on output growth is different from that of liberalization of trade in goods . The authors found that countries with open financial and telecom sectors grew faster than other countries . Eschenbach and Hoekman ( 2006b ) used an index of quality of policy for different services sectors in 20 transition economies and found that policy improvements attract FDI , and are associated with the post-1990 growth performance in these economies . Previously , Robinson , Wang and Martin ( 2002 ) had used a ten region , eleven sector CGE model to evaluate the impact of service sector liberalization on the world economy , finding that the effects were not only directly on increased services production and trade , but also indirect , by affecting production in other sectors of the economy . Exploring the second channel , Fink , Mattoo and Rathindran ( 2003 ) use data for 86 developing countries during the period 1985-1999 and find that privatization and competition improved performance in the services sectors . Comprehensive reforms , they claim , bring the largest gains , and the sequence of reforms matters . In particular , their results suggest that competition policies should be incorporated simultaneously with privatization . Fink , Mattoo and Neagu ( 2005 ) and Francois , Manchin and Pelkmans Balaoing ( 2009 ) focused on the effects of service sector reform on manufacturers ’ export competitiveness , in particular 4", "spans": [{"start": 1014, "end": 1046, "text": "data for 86 developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "directly affected households in the direct impact zone . Equally the Livelihood Restoration Programs shall focus on this area , while community development activities will focus on the Indirect Impact Zone . # # # * * 1 . 8 Study Limitations * * This ESIA study relied upon the application of scientific methods as well as professional judgment to ascertain facts with resultant subjective interpretations . Professional judgments expressed here-in are based on the facts currently available within the limits of the scope of work , information provided by the client or its representative , prevailing secondary data , budget and schedule . To the extent that more definitive conclusions are desired by the approving authority and concerned lead agencies than are warranted by the currently available facts , the conclusions and recommendations stated herein are intended as guidance and not necessarily a firm course of action except where explicitly stated as such . Therefore , additional subject directed studies may be required at the discretion of the concerned agencies in consultation with UETC . NEK Consults Ltd makes no warranties , express or implied , including , without limitation , warranties as to merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose . In addition , the information provided to the Client in this report is not to be construed as legal advice . # # * * 1 . 9 ESIA Report Structure * * This ESIA report is structured as follows : - _Executive Summary : _ Summarizes critical facts , significant findings , and recommended actions ; - • _Section 1 - Introduction : _ Introduces the proposed project , components , report purpose and approach to ESIA preparation ; - _Section 2 - Policy , Legal , and Administrative Framework_ : Discusses Uganda ’ s and World Bank ’ s ESF , Environmental and Social Impact Assessment legal and institutional frameworks ; and the permitting process for construction of TLs in Uganda ; - _Section 3 – Project Description : _ Describes the Project type , rationale , location , cost , budget and implementation schedule , workforce requirements ; and presents detailed component descriptions ; - _Section 4 - Description of the", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 617, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cimiento ( Berger y Luckmann , 1986 ) . Lo traemos a colación porque un hecho como el migratorio tiene una alta significancia en esta línea de la vida , ya que representa la ruptura de una cotidianidad asumida y subjetivada como normal . No se viaja de ida o de vuelta al país todos los días , y por ello su significado está asociado a un plan más general . Mediante el proceso de la subjetivación el sujeto ha normalizado la necesidad de cambio , justamente para poder continuar la biografía imaginada , ante una especie de sustitución de tablero y / o reglas de juego . El sujeto social es capaz de proyectar su > 7 Para aportar a este conocimiento de base es útil revisar la profusa información que comprende datos socioeconómicos y de condiciones de vida del venezolano en Colombia . Ejemplo de esto es el Observatorio de del Proyecto Migración Venezuela , la Encuesta Pulso de la Migración , El Observatorio Venezolano de Migración ( OVMUCAB ) . Así como planteamos cierto vacío teórico en la región , sobre la subjetividad de migrantes vulnerables en general , rescatamos que existe un sustantivo bagaje de información empírica , demográfica y socioeconómica que es fundamental para la comprensión del fenómeno de la migración y retorno de venezolanos .", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 733, "text": "datos socioeconómicos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 864, "end": 894, "text": "Encuesta Pulso de la Migración", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Delivery Manual by the PMO ) and supports the strengthening of statistical information under the Jordan Growth MDTF . * * 43 . Background analysis and international benchmarks inform the scope and design of the Program across its RAs , including its focus on health and education . * * - World Bank diagnostics and international benchmarks warrant the leveraging of government digitalization under the Program , including for service delivery . Although Jordan ranks among the best performers across the world ( in group A under both the 2022 World Bank GovTech Maturity Index and the UN E-Government Development Index ) in terms of its scoring and ranking on government digitalization , there is room for improvement on modernization and interoperability of core systems , monitoring of the use and performance of digital platforms , and digital citizen engagement . Under the UN ’ s E-Government Development Index , Jordan ’ s score on e-services shows a significant improvement , rising from a score of 0 . 36 in 2020 to 0 . 66 in 2022 , while still lagging the best regional performer . Page | 17", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 576, "text": "2022 World Bank GovTech Maturity Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 585, "end": 618, "text": "UN E-Government Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 885, "end": 915, "text": "E-Government Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fact , generally allows for the violation of the exclusion restriction to occur > 28 Social protection spending is defined in the China City Statistical Yearbooks as being composed of social security benefits , employment subsidies , and unemployment grants . 29 This result is consistent with the fact that migrant workers generally have no access to other social welfare benefits — which are closely tied with residence status — such as social security , housing , transportation , and medical benefits ( Wang and Zuo , 1999 ; Wong et al . , 2007 ; Song et al . , 2008 ; World Bank and DRC , 2014 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 162, "text": "China City Statistical Yearbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "involves comparing two groups over time . Due to their distinct characteristics , we expect differences in outcomes between the groups . However , the evolution of these differing outcomes over time , while holding group characteristics constant , should follow a similar trend ( i . e . , the common trend assumption ) until an exogenous shock occurs . The presence of this parallel trend is crucial for establishing causal evidence of impact . The difference-in-differences research design is particularly suitable for ‘ event ’ studies and the quantification of the impact of unexpected shocks on economic outcomes . This method has been extensively employed in the reviewed literature ( Card & Krueger , 2000 ; Galiani et al . , 2005 ) . In our case studies , we are using the canonical difference in difference , which means two groups and two time periods ( before and after ) . The difference-in-difference regression is specified as follows : = T T T 1 + P P 2 + Treatment 3 4 ( 1 ) YYwhere ii , tt is the average log of nightlights data for each flooded pixelTTiiββ PPTT PPT TTttββ ii , ttββ + ccPPccT PPT TTPPii , tt _i_ ββat time + εεiitt _t . _ The use of remote sensing data allows us to explore immediate to short term impact of the flood over our two groups . ii , tt T T T YY is a dummy variable equal to 1 for flooded pixel _i_ located within the conflict buffer zone _i_ before the flood event , and to 0 for flooded pixel located in a non-conflict affected area before the ii flood eventTT _ . _ P P is a dummy variable that represents the period after the exogeneous shock . < sup > 10 < / sup > T T T T is the treatment variable , i . e . , the variable of interest in a difference-intt PPTT PPT TT difference specification which accounts for the interaction of the treated and Post period variable ; iitt TT is the set of additional explanatory variable suspected to impact the level of nightlights radiance ; and is an independent and identically distributed error term , clustered at the iitt administrative level 2 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1045, "text": "nightlights data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1168, "end": 1187, "text": "remote sensing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and debt repayment . But size , complexity , and organizational remoteness create some fundamental control problems which in the context of the moshav association were practically negligible but attain significant proportions in higher order cooperatives . # 2 . Roles of Regional Cooperatives At the time of their establishment , the goal of the regional supply cooperatives was to pool together the purchasing power of several moshav associations in order to strengthen their bargaining position in the markets and to ensure reliable provision of farm inputs and household goods . Relying on mutual liabilities of their members , the supply cooperatives soon became major instruments for raising credit - - initially it was chiefly factor suppliers ' credit , then the government began channeling directed short term loans through the regionals , and as the apparent stability of the regionals was established , commercial banks were also willing and eager to offer credit . Financial intermediation thus expanded over the years . Serving as a focal point for regional activity with an improved access to credit , the supply cooperatives assumed a leading role in setting up and operating the regional enterprises and other cooperative ventures . In addition , the supply cooperative became a center for political , particularly lobbying , activity and , as a result , regional public service became the route to political involvement at the national level . The economic and the political roles of the supply cooperatives reinforce each other ; economics provides a firm basis for political operation , and political lobbying promotes the economic interests of the moshavim and their regional activity . # 3 . Financial Structure Like the moshav balance sheet , that of the supply cooperative also ' reflects its role as a financial intermediary . In Table 3 , 60 . 9 percent of * * thE3 * * assets of the regional organization is members ' debt and an additional 18 . 3 percent is debt incurred by regional service and production e-aterprises . The sources of short term credit are commercial bankE , suppliers , and gray market lenders ( Section D ) . 13", "spans": [{"start": 1742, "end": 1762, "text": "moshav balance sheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* which draws on the findings of the VRAF / VIRAT 2 . 0 assessment and gap analysis . The NVDP was developed , in line with WHO guidance and recommendations of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization ( SAGE ) . The NVDP was endorsed on February 9 , 2021 but is intended to be routinely updated to reflect changes in the national plan / approach / priorities . Refugees are fully integrated into the plan consistent with Uganda ’ s policy of integrating refugees ’ health and other social services into the routine government service delivery systems . * * 28 . Uganda with support from WHO and partners conducted Intra-action Review of the first phase of COVID-19 vaccination in July 2021 . * * Key lessons learned relate to stakeholder engagement and risk communication , access to immunization points , monitoring , evaluation and data management , and risk communication . From the outset , the MoH involved a wide range of stakeholders in the vaccination program planning ; however , the private sector , community leaders and Village Health Teams ( VHTs ) were not adequately engaged . While the MoH had invested substantially in risk communication , there remained a need to intensify ongoing efforts , especially to enhance vaccine uptake and address misinformation . At the initial stages , there were only five vaccination points per district , and this greatly affected access . To address this problem , Uganda has now increased the number of vaccination centers including level III health facilities , outreaches sites , and special campaign sites . Collaboration with the , VHTs has also been enhanced . Uganda also has a major vaccination data backlog due to use of a paperbased data collection system at service delivery points that need to be upload onto the electronic information systems ( DHIS-2 ) . Measures to address these challenges have been incorporated into the Project design . In particular , the AF provides up to US $ 20 . 12 million for deployment which includes measures to address the identified challenges . * * 29 . Policy and Oversight : *", "spans": [{"start": 1824, "end": 1830, "text": "DHIS-2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * AFRICA FREEDOM OF INFORMATION CENTRE ( AFIC ) * * * * Annual Financial Statements for the year ended 31st December 2017 * * # # # # * * Accounting Policies * * # # # # * * 2 . 2 Property , Plant and Equipment * * * * These are expensed * * in * * full at * * the date of purchase . Disclosure of the cost of assets acquired and expensed during tne * * year is made * * in the financial statements * * A * * separate assets register is maintained to show specific details of tnese * * assets and assets stock * * acquired over the years . The Assets of * * AFIC * * shaill be recorded at their historical costs fo purposes of financial statements . Capital Expenditures . * * All * * purchases of items that are capital in nature shall be capitalized upon payment This means that the organisation shall maintain a fixed assets account , in addition , a register of the capital items ( fixed assets ) shall be kept separately for items of a capital nature and shall be updated with every purchase and disposal of assets Gains or losses on disposal of property , plant and Equipment are determined * * by * * reference to their carrying amounts and are taken into account in determining the results for the year # # # * * 2 . 3 Employee Benefits * * The organisation makes contribution to statutory scheme . National Social Security Fund * * ( NSSF ) . * * Contribution towards * * NSSF * * is determined * * by * * the Local Statute and are share between the employer and employee . The organisations contribution is * * 10 % * * on the employee gross emoluments charged to the statements * * of * * receipts and payments The cost of short-term employee benefits ( those payable within 12 months after the service is rendered such as paid vocation leave and sick leave , bonuses and non-monetary benefits", "spans": [{"start": 428, "end": 443, "text": "assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 864, "end": 893, "text": "register of the capital items", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "derived from the standard normal cumulative density function , with estimated expectation and variance of h and h respectively . ΦΦ ( . ) We apply this method primarily to derive aggregate income thresholds that separate the XX ββ ̂ XX θθ < sup > � < / sup > We apply this method primarily to derive aggregate income thresholds that separate the following three groups : the poor and vulnerable , the aspiring middle class , and the middle and upper class . < sup > 12 < / sup > Note that the grouping in this scenario differs considerably from the classification in the previous scenario . Let us call the threshold between the first two groups in this scenario the Chaudhuri vulnerability line , and the line dividing the last two groups the middle class line . The Chaudhuri vulnerability line is the average predicted per capita income of the group of households that have a certain probability of being poor in the future , 10 percent in our application . Building on this , the middle class line is the average predicted income of households with a certain probability of being vulnerable , again 10 percent in our application . Households are then classified into the three groups according to these two lines . # 2 . 4 . Relative mobility limitation of such absolute mobility analysis is that what happens once households move comfortably beyond such thresholds is out of our analytical scope . Analyzing relative mobility across the five quintiles of the income distribution enables us to take a broader view and to consider movements along the entire income spectrum . Quintile thresholds are determined based on the cross-sectional income distribution in a given year , so they differ from year to year . The synthetic panel is then employed to estimate the probability that a household has made a particular transition from one quintile to another over adjacent survey rounds . We obtain a 5 x 5 transition matrix once estimates are aggregated . For the point estimates of relative mobility , we apply the method as described above , substituting the quintile thresholds for the poverty lines in the bivariate standard normal cumulative distribution function above . For the bounds , we take a different approach", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) # # # * * ANNEX 5 . RESULTS OF PUBLIC SATISFACTION SURVEY * * # # # * * Results of satisfaction survey ( 2023 ) – roads and junctions * * | * * Roads and junctions * * | * * To * * | * * tal * * | * * Roads andjunctions * * | * * Total * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 2017 * * | * * 2023 * * | | * * 2017 * * | * * 2023 * * | | | < br > * * ( Scal * * | * * CSI * * < br > * * e : 0-5 ) * * * | | * * ( Scal * * | * * CSI * * < br > * * e : 0-5 ) * * * | | * * A . Batch 1 Roads * * | | | * * B . Batch 2 Roads ( * * * * _Cont . _ ) * * | | | | Bakuli-Nakulabye-Kasubi | 3 . 1 | 3 . 5 | Bulabira Road | | 3 . 7 | | Bwaise Junction | 4 . 0 | 3 . 5 | Doctors ’ Lane | | 4 . 0 | | Fairway junction | 4 . 0 | 3 . 9 | Gava Road | | 3 . 9 | | Kira Road Police Junction-Kabira | 4 . 0 | 3 . 9 | Kasubi Junction | | 3 . 9 | | Makerere Hill Road | 3 . 5 | 3 . 7 | Kayemba and Mobutujunctions | | 3 . 2 | | Mambule Road | 3 .", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 160, "text": "PUBLIC SATISFACTION SURVEY", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 186, "end": 205, "text": "satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "informal . In the bottom half of the distribution , imputed tax income ( “ reported income ” ) is significantly lower than survey income ( “ true income ” ) . This probably reflects the underreporting of income in the tax data . At the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of the distribution , the income value is approximately equal in all three data sources . In the top quarter of the distribution , tax income and imputed tax income are significantly higher than survey income . This may reflect the underreporting of top incomes in survey data or the systematic undercoverage of richer households ( e . g . , Brzeziński et al . , 2020 ; Flaichere et al . , 2022 ) . The survey might completely miss respondents from the extreme right tail of the income distribution either because the survey design does not target high-income earners or because the wealthiest individuals refuse to participate . * * Figure 1 . The distribution of observed gross labor income in the EU-SILC . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 20000 40000 60000 < br > EU-SILC Imputed tax income < br > . 25 < br > . 2 < br > . 15 < br > Fraction < br > . 1 < br > . 05 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : The first red line indicates the annual minimum wage for employees without higher education , and the second red line indicates the annual minimum wage for employees in the construction sector . Both distributions are censored at the 99th percentile to keep the graph readable . _ _Source : Own estimation based on tax data , EU-SILC , and imputation methods . _ This * * Our calculation of annual tax income relies on the tax income reported in July multiplied by 12 . * * decision is informed by the fact that , in July , the mean income closely aligns with the annual mean income . Notably , despite the challenges posed by COVID-19 , Romania witnessed a 4 % increase in mean 20", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 136, "text": "survey income", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 218, "end": 226, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 536, "end": 547, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". For < br > example , national legislations do not only < br > deny the rights of informal landholders , < br > but they also require them to evacuate < br > such land without claiming compensation < br > when expropriated for public purposes . | It is recommended that the < br > WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements < br > are applied to the proposed < br > project . | | Cut-off date | ESS 5 requires that In conjunction with the < br > census , a cutoff date for eligibility shall be < br > established . Information regarding the cut - < br > off date shall be well documented and will < br > be disseminated throughout the project < br > area at regular intervals in written and ( as < br > appropriate non-written forms and in < br > relevant local languages . | Both the Constitution and Proclamation < br > No . 1161 / 2019 imply ( e . g . declaration of < br > public purpose , written notification [ one < br > year in advance ] to landholders whose < br > landholdings would be expropriated for < br > public < br > purpose ) . < br > The < br > Proclamation < br > requires tocollect landholding rights and < br > conduct inventory , amount and size of all < br > compensable properties from displaced < br > people or their legal representatives whose | The national legislation require the < br > expropriation order / notification to be < br > issued prior to the expropriation . The < br > WB ’ s ESS 5 also requires information < br > regarding the cut-off date will be well < br > documented and will be disseminated < br > throughout the project area at regular < br > intervals in written and ( as appropriate ) < br > non-written forms and in relevant local < br > languages . | The < br > Ethiopia", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 436, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 2 : Average value of 1 % capital in $ US million * * The values are calculated using the 2018 values of the Changing Wealth of Nations dataset . These are expressed in constant 2018 $ US million . | | | T | otal capital | | | Natural capital | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Issuer | Hu | man capital | Natural capital | Produced capital | Non-re | newables | Renewables | | All | | 182 , 179 . 8 | 15 , 203 . 8 | 88 , 338 . 3 | | 3 , 378 . 6 | 11 , 825 . 2 | | A-rated | | 266 , 865 . 3 | 16 , 690 . 8 | 122 , 465 . 6 | | 2 , 977 . 1 | 13 , 713 . 7 | | B-rated | | 57 , 974 . 3 | 13 , 022 . 9 | 38 , 285 . 0 | | 3 , 967 . 6 | 9 , 055 . 4 | | | | Renewables | | Forests | | Agricultu | ral land | | Issuer | Forests | Agricultural land | Protected areas | Non-timber | Timber | Cropland | Pastureland | | All | 6 , 535 . 2 | 4 , 380 . 3 | 769 . 5 | 6 , 073 . 9 | 461 . 3 | 3 , 170 . 4 | 1 , 209 . 8 | | A-rated | 8 , 629 . 0 | 4 , 261 . 4 | 656 . 5 | 8 , 203 . 5 | 425 . 5 | 3 , 202 . 0 | 1 , 059 . 4 | | B-rated | 3 , 464 . 2 | 4 , 554 . 6 | 935 . 3 | 2 , 950 . 5 | 513 . 7 | 3 , 124 . 1 | 1 , 430 . 5 | variable , along with other time-invariant characteristics , by subtracting the country-average", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 154, "text": "Changing Wealth of Nations dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2008 . Excluding Italy , where no pre-2008 monthly data is available , the EU-26 recorded more than 96 , 300 new claims during the first semester of 2008 , 11 per cent less than during the second half of 2007 , and 3 per cent less compared to the first half of 2007 . With 6 , 600 asylum claims registered during the first half of 2008 , countries in * * Central Europe * * witnessed a 12 per cent increase compared to the corresponding period of 2007 . The 2008 figure , however , was 43 per cent below the one registered during the second half of 2007 . > 4 See notes in Table 1 for a list of countries included under each regional grouping . * * _3_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 55, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 5 Page 2 f } - - m rec ¢ e 1-20 , 000 colored aerial photographs of the _r-a ! on . _ The photographs should also be used to iI_ drainaee lines , differences in topography , and vee-_ , t 4 * * u . * * - ( b ) _A_ reconnaissance soil survey of the areas suitable for agricultural development is required . Because sofis are genera ; i . y uniform a sampling clensity of 1 soil prof-le description per 400 ha will probably be sufficient . hlowel7er , the final , density of soil sampling should be determined by the survey team after an inspection of tho aerial photographs , and a consideration of soil surveys carried out in similar areas elsewhere . - ( c ) Profile descri . ptions will normally be by auger borings to a deptlh of 2 m . However , about 250 soil profile pi , s z m deep , sh-uid be dug throughout the project area , and fifty of the . s shiould supply samples from at least 3 horizons for l . brorazory : i . . alysis . | H ) < br > TF . e play - . lcai < br > andchemical < br > analysis < br > collected < br > from < br > the < br > representative | of < br > the soilsaT4 < br > t & s < br > soil pits , will cover : | | - - - | - - - | | ' Niechanica ! analys is : | Chemical < br > analysis : | | Asto-ne < br > 1 gravel | p . 11 . | | coaise sand | soluble salts w - . . . . < br > and cations ) | | I . luAe < br > sa < br > nU | organic N | | | F", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 246, "text": "reconnaissance soil survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 604, "end": 616, "text": "soil surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # * * _Purpose of the ESIA Study_ * * The consultancy service is required to prepare ESIA for Hawassa – Shashemene 230kV power TL subproject with its related substation . The main objectives of the consultancy for the ESIA include : - To address all E & S risks and impacts that are likely to arise during the preconstruction , construction , operation , and decommissioning phases while taking into account national laws and regulations as well as the World Bank ’ s E & S Framework ( ESF ) , the relevant Environmental and Social Standards ( ESSs ) and gap analysis between Ethiopian laws and ESF to close the gap . - Identify baseline data on the physical and biological environment , as well as the social , gender issues , cultural heritages including if any tangible and intangible cultural heritage sites , demographic , and economic characteristics of the population in and around the transmission line corridor and substation area . - Identified potential environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with transmission line and substation areas during pre-construction , construction , operation , and decommissioning phases and to make sure these impacts do not outweigh the expected positive E & S benefits . - Conduct participatory consultation and engagements with different level of stakeholders . This Executive Summary is aimed at the executive decision makers who require key information without the background detail and technical details . # # # # # # * * _Approach and Methodology_ * * The approach and methodology adopted for this ESIA follows the established pattern for infrastructure project including Hawassa – Shashemene 230kV high voltage transmission line subproject meets the requirements of Environmental Protection Authority ( EPA ' s ) guideline ( EPA , 2000 ) and World Bank ’ s ( WB ’ s ) Environmental and Social Standards ( ESS", "spans": [{"start": 838, "end": 851, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "clearinghouse ” function to connect employers with female jobseekers * * . Such a function can allow women to share information about their skills , and for employers to share information about opportunities , and can help women build professional networks . For example , Malaysia built a database of women who wish to return to the labor force to connect them with potential employers ( see Country Example 4 ) . < sup > 100 < / sup > - * * Public information or education campaigns to raise awareness and reduce bias * * among firms and investors about women ’ s skills and abilities . Australia has a Workplace Gender Equality Agency that disseminates information to employers and the public laying out the business case for gender equality . < sup > 101 < / sup > - * * Certification or qualification programs * * that allow women to take advantage of standardized accreditation to signal to employers their competencies . In India , a network of government ‐ run vocational training programs has been established to provide skills ‐ based training and stimulate employment opportunities among women . < sup > 102 < / sup > > 98 Jaumotte , “ Female Labour Force Participation : Past Trends and Main Determinants in OECD Countries . ” > 99 Elborgh ‐ Woytek et al . , “ Women , Work , and the Economy : Macroeconomic Gains From Gender Equity . ” 100 “ PM Announces New Measures To Optimise On Malaysian Graduate And Women Talent . ” > 101 _Workplace Gender Equality Agency ( Australian Government ) , September 2016 , _ > _https : / / www . wgea . gov . au / sites / default / files / wgea ‐ business ‐ case ‐ for ‐ gender ‐ equality . pdf . _ > 102 “ Overview : Directorate General of Training ( DGT ) , ” January 12 , 2015 , http : / / dget . nic . in / content / institute / overview ‐ wt . php . 31", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 307, "text": "database of women", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "background on the position of village heads . Section 3 presents the study ’ s data . Section 4 analyzes whether the village heads indeed selected poorer households in the village . Section 5 explores what village heads prioritize when making selections . Section 6 analyzes what information they use . Section 7 explores the question of acceptability of the village heads ’ selection for other community members . Section 8 concludes . # 2 . Road Maintenance Groups Program and Beneficiary Selection In rural Lao PDR , remote villages are connected to laterite highways via dirt access roads . Access roads are built by government-hired contractors but typically fall into extreme disrepair and often become unusable within a couple years due to a harsh rainy season . The Road Maintenance Group ( RMG ) program is a pilot program set up by Lao PDR Poverty Reduction Fund ( PRF ) < sup > 4 < / sup > with the dual objectives of providing an income-earning opportunity to in-need households and extending the lives of the access roads . The RMG program trains participants to carry out road maintenance activities that do not require heavy machinery and subsequently employs them to provide basic road maintenance services throughout the year . PRF designed the program to be part-time . In order to support women ’ s empowerment , PRF only hires women to work in RMGs . The villages participating in the RMG program are poor and have few opportunities for wage work . Compared to rural households in the nationally representative sample in the Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey ( LECS ) V , collected in 2013 , RMG villages were poorer across a range of indicators including housing composition , ownership of durables , and nutrition . < sup > 5 < / sup > Only 17 % of working-age individuals in these villages had paid work outside the household at the start of the program . The RMG jobs were therefore highly attractive to populations living in these villages , but the program aimed to allocate the RMG spots to the poorest households in the villages . The village heads played an important role in this allocation . First , the village heads were responsible for publicizing the program and inviting", "spans": [{"start": 1545, "end": 1583, "text": "Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) high school ( relative to the other students ) . Given that a digital curriculum requires updating periodically , we count the estimated the benefits for the first 4 cohorts of students that are exposed to the curriculum . Thus , we take the number of students enrolled in grades 6 , 7 , 8 , and 9 at 2 years after program starts and calculate the proportion of each that would be going directly into the job market after high school , after 2-year technical schools , and after 4-year universities . Since someone at grade 7 graduates high school 5 years later , the benefit streams from the curriculum begins seven years after beginning of project and , following the literature , counted for the next roughly 45 years . * * 12 . Assumptions and parameters in the analysis : * * Below in table 1 we present the set of values used when to estimate the costs and benefits to each of the above listed approaches and components . The assumptions are mainly based on evidence from the literature , labor force survey data ( JLMPS 2016 ) , or our expectations of outputs for the program from different components , which are described in other section of this PAD . Below we list all amounts is USD and refer to annual earnings as wages to keep constant terminology with the models above . In all cases , once there is a job created or a beneficiary placed in a job , the effect wanes over time using a decay rate of 5 percent for skills training components and 10 % for components directly supporting firms ( as pointed out above , for gig economic employment we use a decay rate of 25 percent ) . Note that all statistics from labor force date ( wages and employment rates ) are taken for the population of 18 to 30 years old . * * Table 1 . Summary of assumptions * * * * C 1 . 1 : Digital skills training and related services * * < ! - - Start", "spans": [{"start": 1075, "end": 1098, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1101, "end": 1111, "text": "JLMPS 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1705, "end": 1721, "text": "labor force date", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interactions at the commune-level , i . e . , the F2F index . The F2F index is interacted with time fixed-effects under a difference-in-differences ( DiD ) framework to estimate the differential effect of COVID-19 across communes . The DiD model to estimate post-lockdown aggregate impact is as follows : Likewise , the corresponding model to estimate impact observed in each month is > 19All of our results are robust to using the raw reported income from LFS . 8", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 460, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Proportion of HHs owned Land Ownership Certitcate < br > a < br > ptcb < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Based on the survey finding majority * * ( 73 . 0 % ) * * of the households reported that they have official land ownership certificate for their land holding , while the remaining * * 27 . 0 % * * of the households did not have land ownership certificate . Across Subproject woredas , vast majority * * ( 88 . 3 % ) * * of the households in Lude Hetosa owned land ownership certificate . On the other hand , ownership of land certificate is the lowest in Hetosa woreda * * ( 58 . 3 % ) * * perhaps due to its peri-urban nature of the sample Kebeles in Hetosa woreda The survey households cultivate various types of crops in their farmland based on the survey finding great proportion * * ( 83 . 2 % ) * * of the households reported to grow wheat crop , followed * * by * * lentils crop that cultivated * * by ( 66 . 5 % ) * * of the surveyed households and teff * * ( 55 . 2 % ) . * * Barely is also among major crop that grown * * by * * significant proportion * * ( 38 . 7 % ) * * of the households . Other crops cultivated * * by * * the survey households include Corn * * ( 9 . 8 % ) , * * Niger seed ( 10 . 2 % ) , vegetables * * ( 10 . 7 % ) * * and other crops ( 2 . 4 % ) . Across Subproject woredas , while all farmland owning households in Hetosa woreda reported to cultivate wheat crop , whereas the proportion of wheat crop growing households in Diksis woreda is lower than other Subproject woreda * * by", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 175, "text": "survey finding", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 801, "end": 815, "text": "survey finding", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the public eye perform better under PMT . For example , livestock and durables ownership are negative and significant for both methodologies , but the difference in means is greater under RMG-eligible selection . Conversely , nutrition and income , the status of which might be known only to household members , perform better under PMT ; the difference in the nutrition composite z-score t-test is negative and significant only for PMT , and the difference in means for income is significantly larger under PMT . The village-level results suggest that when organizing beneficiary selection to meet the needs of the local context , the village heads selection was effective through leveraging the heads ’ familiarity with the households . This familiarity , however , was limited when it came to assessing more obscure or private household characteristics . In such cases , the rigorous PMT methodology based on detailed survey data performed better . We must also note that less-poor households ( ranked ‘ Middle-income ’ or ‘ Better-off ’ ) were included in the RMG-eligible list in some villages in order to satisfy village quotas for the program . We would expect the inclusion of these non-poor households to worsen the average performance of the village heads selection . In a setting where the quotas for road maintenance were satisfied by the households from the > 14 Comparison of RMG eligible observations and random sample using this restricted selection of variables provides results similar to those shown in Table 1 . See Table A5 in the Appendix for all comparisons . > 15 Please note , income per household member is shown as z-scores in Figure 1 in order to display the measure along with the other indicators in the graph , but the actual difference for the RMG-eligible vs . RS is - 0 . 1426 ( p < 0 . 01 ) and , for PMT poor vs . nonpoor , - 0 . 8213 ( p < 0 . 01 ) . > 16 Income per household member is again shown as a z-score to aid the graph . Actual difference between RMGeligible and RS is - 0 . 2160 ( p < 0 . 01 ) . Between PMT poor and nonpoor , the difference is -", "spans": [{"start": 915, "end": 935, "text": "detailed survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "physical output . It is possible to invert a constant elasticity of substitution ( CES ) demand function and recover from revenues , up to a constant , a counterfactual measure of TFPQ _j_ equal to the value of industry productivity if marginal products for all factors were equalized across establishments . This approach requires only an assumption about demand and profit maximization and does not assume anything about the structure of factor markets . < sup > 18 < / sup > Columns ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) show this measure of TFPQ _j_ for alternative values of the elasticity of substitution parameter . The effects of financial sanctions are positive and statistically significant in both columns , indicating that in addition to raising average TFPR , sanctions increase industry-wide TFPQ , with _τ_ 1 < sup > _TFPR_ < / sup > = 0 _ . _ 076 ( 0 _ . _ 030 ) in Column ( 5 ) which assumes a relatively low substitution parameter _σ_ = 3 , and _τ_ 1 < sup > _TFPR_ < / sup > = 0 _ . _ 108 ( 0 _ . _ 061 ) in Column ( 6 ) which assumes _σ_ = 5 . These results confirm that the mechanism behind the effects of antitrust on aggregate productivity is largely improvements in TFPQ at all firms rather than a reduction in the dispersion of TFPR . Further they suggest that in the absence of misallocation , effects of antitrust on productivity could be higher . * * Aggregation of Effects on Productivity * * How much could the Commission ’ s contribution to aggregate productivity growth in the status quo be , without additional reforms to reduce misallocation ? GDP is simply the sum of value added in the Economic Census , plus some adjustments , and GDP grows at the growth rate of total factor productivity in the steady state . Roughly , as shown in Figure 1 the Commission has investigated 40 percent of output over 25 years , implying it can investigate about 1 . 6 percent of output per year . In our sample , 40 percent of investigations lead to trial . Taking the estimate from Column ( 1 ) of Table 10", "spans": [{"start": 1600, "end": 1615, "text": "Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When it comes to estimating business outcomes , a key issue is how to handle businesses which are closed . Our approach is to code the outcomes for these firms as zero . < sup > 19 < / sup > That is , a business which is closed is assumed no longer to have a formal license , a business bank account , or other such outcomes . For several savings outcomes for which it is possible that individuals are saving even without operating a business , we use the sample of firms still in business since we lack data on these outcomes for those whose businesses have closed . Appendix Table 2 shows there is no impact of any of the different treatments on business closure rates . In addition , we follow the methodology of Kling et al . ( 2007 ) to test the significance of families of outcomes in a single aggregate . For each family of outcomes , we convert all outcomes so that the signs of all the variables in a family go in the same direction ; calculate the z-score of each variable by subtracting the control group mean and dividing by the control group standard deviation ; and take an average of the z-scores in the family . When considering the heterogeneity of outcomes , we follow Fink et al . ( 2014 ) and use the Benjamini and Hochberg ( 1995 ) method for limiting the false discovery rate ( FDR ) . # * * 4 . 2 Impacts on Formalization * * Table 4 reports the impacts of our different treatments on the three key dimensions of formality . These measures are self-reported by business owners from the four follow-up surveys . < sup > 20 < / sup > Although we asked the business owners to show the certificates for each of the dimensions of formality , a significant number of them – including of those that we have delivered business registration certificates – said they had them in a secure place like at home . Hence , reporting only on certificates shown to enumerators would underestimate the impacts on these measures . We see that obtaining a business registration certificate is rare in the absence of our treatment – only", "spans": [{"start": 1514, "end": 1531, "text": "follow-up surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 7 ) years before the survey and between 16 and 27 ( 21 and 27 ) years before the 1984 census in the first ( second ) case . We do not find large differences by year of migration . The average migrant household migrated between 2000 and 2011 has a 78 percent higher consumption level relative to the average non-migrant one , and the estimated effect is slightly larger ( + 80 percent ) among households who migrated between 2005 and 2011 . Separating out migration from Coastal and Inland Ghana does not change the findings of the main sample : the estimated coefficient is statistically significant only among households originally from Inland Ghana and the effect is about 8 percentage points larger among most recent migrants ( 100 . 8 versus 108 . 5 percent ) . Table 6 reports heterogeneous effects by gender of the household head . The effect of migration on current consumption levels is statistically significant only among migrant households headed by a male , both overall and among households moving from Inland Ghana . The point estimates , 0 . 612 on average and 0 . 714 among households from Inland Ghana , implies that consumption is about 84 and 104 percent higher than among non-migrant households , respectively . Finally , we also look at the existence of heterogeneity by educational attainment of the household head ( Table 7 ) . Because of the relatively small sample size and distribution of individuals by educational level , we use > 16 We perform a robustness check to rule out the concern that lack of common support drives the results . The coefficients in the consumption equations estimated via OLS and with the correction for selection bias are identified from the sample of migrant and non-migrant households that , as described above , have different characteristics . Therefore , we construct a common support and re-run the analysis on the sample of households within the common support . Our estimates are not affected by such restriction . Moreover , we experiment with a number of matching estimators . It is well known that matching techniques allows comparison of observably similar ( or identical ) observations and come with less binding functional form assumptions . On the other", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 94, "text": "1984 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in educational and health facilities and services ; and ( b ) less likely to believe that refugees are being supported by NGOs and the government at the expense of host communities . 58 . * * DRDIP II will continue the approach pursued under Phase I , while giving more prominence to cohesion and inclusion through a new sub-component . * * The introduction of the new sub-component recognizes that with the project now directly supporting refugees , greater efforts will be required to promote constructive partnerships between refugees and host communities and to manage perceptions of inequity that can arise in contexts of forced displacement . The most recent UNHCR protection assessment ( March 2022 ) also noted heightened tensions between > 51 World Bank & UNHCR ( 2015 ) < mark > Forced displacement and mixed migration in the Horn of Africa . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < / mark > Page 25 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 692, "text": "UNHCR protection assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ological monitoring system developed and < br > operational | | 1 . 3 | Water resources datasets and maps < br > produced and enhanced use of WRM < br > data for climate resilient WSS < br > designs ( Yes / No ) | # | - | Yes | No | No | 0 | 0 % | | | 2 | Improved < br > climate < br > resilient < br > community piped water supply < br > schemes constructed / rehabilitated < br > under the Program | # | - | 18 | 1 | 2 | 1 | * * 11 % * * | 2 CR WaSH Projects ( Ongogi in Gambella and Dalifagi in Afar < br > region ) have been completed . 2 projects ( Sankura - 94 . 5 % and Asaita < br > Afambo - 74 . 8 % are under construction , 7 projects ( Guradamole , < br > Ayun , Hawasa Zuria , Agamber , Bursa , Worki and Burji ) are under < br > procurement process for civil works , 3 Projects are under detail design < br > ( Hamer Bena , T / Abergele and Zala ) and remaining 4 projects are < br > under water source development ( Eliwaya , Wachale , Daru Lebu and < br > Siraro ) Following the Mid-term review and review of costs for CR < br > WaSH Projects , the NWSC has reduced the number of CR WaSH < br > Projects from 41 to 18 . | | 3 | Proportion of Program Woredas that < br > have prepared / approved Woreda < br > WASH < br > Strategic < br > Plans < br > and < br > established WWTs , | # | - | 100 % | | 100 % | 100 % | * * 100 % * * | < br >", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 105, "text": "Water resources datasets and maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Expenditure framework * * . 11 . * * Based on the development partners resource mapping , the expenditure under the SDG PF is projected to be US $ 620 million from 2019 / 20 – 2024 / 25 . * * As stated in the country IHP + Compact , the SDG PF is one of the Government ’ s preferred modalities for providing support to the sector , the others being sector budget support and the block grant system . SDG PF contributors commit resources on a three-year timeframe and support Maternal and Child Health priority gaps under the HSTP framework , upholding the principles of equity and quality . The Joint Consultative Forum ( JCF ) agrees on key priorities within wider sector planning discussions between MOH and partners . This multi-stakeholder platform also allows key stakeholders ( Government , bilateral and multi-lateral financial agencies , foundations , civil society , private sector , etc . ) to be involved in the discussions . The JCF is the highest governing body and serves as a joint forum for dialogue on sector policy and reform issues between the Government and key stakeholders and to oversee the implementation of the SDG PF , and other donor-supported projects . The Forum is chaired by the Minister of Health and co-chaired by the Chair of Health Nutrition and Population ( HNP ) Partners . 12 . The number of DPs contributing to the SDG PF has increased to 12 with the inclusion of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ( BMGF ) and Korea International Cooperation Agency ( KOICA ) . In June 2021 , the contributing DPs , Ministry of Finance , and MOH has jointly revised the Joint Financing Arrangement ( JFA ) to reflect the changing sector , country and global dynamics and attract more development partners to the pool fund . Accordingly , it is agreed that majority of the resources from the pool fund to focus on RMNCH service delivery at primary health care units , quality and equity in health service delivery and health system strengthening activities . During the HST", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 97, "text": "development partners resource mapping", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s international competitiveness , and – when operating efficiently – able to compensate substantially for the effect of geographical distance . The exponential expansion of the academic literature on the development impacts of infrastructure has been fueled by the availability of much richer sources of microeconomic data on firms and households , often with geospatial characteristics , as well as the associated analytical techniques . Compared to the earlier literature that focused primarily on cross-country panel data econometrics based on crude high-level measures of infrastructure , the new body of work provides a much richer and more granular understanding of the specific channels through which different kinds of infrastructure data can contribute to development overall . While the results can sometimes be mixed , and methodological controversies remain , the overwhelming balance of evidence suggests that improvements in infrastructure play a vital role in supporting the development process . 44", "spans": [{"start": 306, "end": 324, "text": "microeconomic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 502, "end": 526, "text": "cross-country panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "according to the margination index produced by CONAPO ( Consejo Nacional de Poblacion ) and then turn to the sample of sixth graders enrolled in indigenous schools in 2007-2008 . Note that we follow sixth graders to whatever school they attend after sixth grade ; the secondary and high schools that students attend thus are not restricted to be in marginalized areas . Tables 6a to 6c presents the effects of PROSPERA on enrollment in seventh grade , ninth grade and twelfth grade . As described earlier , we measure enrollment using attendance the day of the ENLACE test application . One advantage of this measure is that it may have less biases than selfreported data on children ’ s enrollment reported by parents in household surveys , which has been the usual source of data for previous evaluation studies . Tables 6a and 6b show state fixed effects models and school fixed effects models . The results indicate that the impact of PROSPERA on enrollment in secondary school is about 8 percentage points for seventh grade , 9 to10 percentage points for ninth grade and decreases to about 5 percentage points for twelfth grade . The results based on propensity score matching ( Table 6c ) are similar but about 1 percentage point smaller for enrollment in seventh and ninth grade . Table 6a : Impacts of PROSPERA on School Enrollment All 6th Graders in Medium , High and Very Highly Marginalized Communities 2008 State Fixed Effects | | 7th grade | 9th grade | 12th grade | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Variables | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | PROSPERA beneficiary < br > 2008 | 0 . 081 * * * | 0 . 101 * * * | 0 . 045 * * * | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | | Female beneficiary | 0 . 005 | 0 | 0 . 002 | | | ( 0 . 007 ) | ( 0 . 007 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | | Female | - 0 . 014 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 671, "text": "selfreported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> st allocated for supporting this | ch will define a specific quota < br > rticipation in internship progra < br > activity will target women . | for women engineers , < br > ms , and a minimum 30 | < u > < mark > IN01169450 < / mark > < / u > ► Citizen Engagement , Share of target beneficiaries with rating ‘ Satisfied ’ or above on project interventions ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 60 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2020 < br > 15-Feb-2022 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-Jun-2028 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator estimates demand-side social accoun < br > and the extent to which project activities and outcom < br > on a perception survey administered on a represent < br > communities / beneficiaries including Vulnerable and < br > management of social and environmental risks and i < br > process of the selected local social infrastructure , an < br > Survey results will be disaggregated by gender . | tability through engageme < br > es are meeting beneficiar < br > ative sample to representa < br > Marginalized Groups ( VM < br > mpacts , management of s < br > d quality of construction o | nt with project beneficiaries < br > ies ’ demands . This is based < br > tive local < br > Gs ) and focus on the < br > ecurity forces , the selection < br > f the social infrastructure . | * * Performance-Based Conditions * * 9 / 13 / 2022 Page 8 of 10", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 778, "text": "perception survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by trade ministries in industrialized countries . Table 2 lists the United States ’ trading partners that have been cited in annual reports devoted to assessing discriminatory foreign procurement practices . No least developed countries ( LDCs ) are listed in table 2 ; only a few of the larger developing countries appear to attract the attention of the United States Trade Representative ( USTR ) — although one must be open to the possibility that the USTR used the ( unfulfilled ) threat of “ naming ” a country in these reports to induce changes in other countries ’ procurement practices . Even so , there appears little to suggest that the state procurement markets of much of the developing world are large enough to attract much attention from the trade officials in leading industrialized countries . * * Table 2 : Public procurement practices of countries cited as concerns in USTR * * * * < u > annual reports on discriminatory trade practices < / u > * * | Date < br > or < br > year < br > the | Countries mentioned in the Uni < br > _G_ | ted States ’ _Annual Report on Discrimination in Foreign_ < br > _overnment Procurement_ . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | report was < br > published . | “ Identified ” cases of < br > discrimination . | “ Issues of Particular Concern That Do Not Meet the < br > Criteriafor Identification . ” | | 1992 . | European Union : < br > government-owned < br > telecommunications in < br > selectedmemberstates . | | | 30 April < br > 1996 . | Germany : Heavy electrical < br > equipment . | Japan : Public works . < br > Japan : Supercomputers . < br > Japan : Computers . < br > Australia : Pre-selection criteria for bidders . < br > Brazil : Expanded discriminatory procedures in 1994 . < br > China : Non-transparent , closed , and uncompetitive < br > procedures . | | 30 April < br > 1999 . | None . | Korea : Construction of Inchon International Airport . <", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 955, "text": "annual reports on discriminatory trade practices", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF # 8 – MIXED AND ONWARD MOVEMENTS > * * BULGARIA * * # # Operational Context By a decision of the European Council on 4 December 2024 , Bulgaria fully acceded to the Schengen zone as an EU Member State positioned on its external borders , lifting internal land borders with Romania . The evolving political and socio-economic landscape in Bulgaria , with a coalition government established in in January 2025 , poses challenges for asylum seekers and refugees from Syria , Afghanistan and from countries in the Middle East and North Africa . In 2024 , Bulgaria received 12 , 250 applications for asylum compared to 22 , 518 in 2023 , representing a 45 . 6 % decrease . The largest group of asylum-seekers were Syrian nationals ( 7 , 646 or 62 . 42 % ) followed by Afghanistan and Morocco . Pushback practices , which involve forcing asylum-seekers to return to another country without considering their protection needs , remain an important concern . While Bulgaria reported almost 180 , 000 instances of prevented entry through its borders in 2023 , this was slightly more than 55 , 000 in 2024 , representing 69 . 35 % decrease . This coincides with a 78 % decrease in the number of persons involved in mixed movements in the Western Balkan route , primarily through Greece . < sup > 1 < / sup > In this context , to better understand the profiles , needs and experiences of refugees , asylum seekers and others involved in mixed movements , UNHCR Bulgaria and its partner Bulgarian Helsinki Committee ( BHC ) have participated in the < u > Regional Protection Monitoring < / u > through 2024 . < sup > 2 < / sup > From February to December 2024 , 1 , 756 interviews were conducted in Bulgaria , mainly in reception and detention centres . < sup > . < / sup > This brief presents the main findings of these interviews . # # Key figures > 1 Frontex , < u > Irregular border crossings into EU drop sharply in 2024 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1560, "end": 1590, "text": "Regional Protection Monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recommendations for modification to existing rehabilitation measures and other processes ( e . g . grievance ) . This will allow modifications to the process and design packages that would help improve the effectiveness of REA in implementing the RAP . Considering that socio-economic baseline information is included in this report , a socio-economic survey during the external evaluation is necessary in order to assess the impact of the project . # # # # * * 14 . 9 RAP completion Report * * During RAP implementation the Implementation Unit will produce quarterly progress reports . After completion of construction , a final report will be produced prior to preparation of the project implementation report . The report shall indicate effectiveness of project implementation and disbursement of compensation payments , effectiveness of public consultations and socio-economic impacts of the project . This report will give overall assessment of the RAP process indicating activities undertaken , success of mitigation measures and monitoring and well as useful lessons learnt . # * * 15 . COSTS AND BUDGET * * The costs for implementation of this RAP are as well as the compensation packages are presented in the Table 24 . 91", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 358, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 5 - - For financing eligible expenditures under this category , the Recipient has furnished evidence satisfactory to the Association that ( i ) Eligible PBC expenditures have been made and verified in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Financing Agreement Section III . B and that ( ii ) the relevant PBCs have been achieved and in accordance with the verification protocol - For documentation of such eligible expenditure , the Lesser of ( i ) Eligible PBC expenditures reported in the IFR or ( ii ) the amounts confirmed by the Association based on the report issued pertaining to PBCs which have been achieved , and verified in accordance with the PBC Manual , and documented in the ‘ Summary of PBCs reported and achieved & PBC related eligible expenditure ’ ( on cumulative basis ) . - Duly completed summary of PBCs reported and achieved and PBC-related eligible expenditure ( Attachment 2 of the DFIL ) - Note that if advances are used to finance PBC expenditures , upon achievement of the PBC , there will not be a reimbursement , but only a documentation in Client Connection - In case PBC expenditures are pre-financed by the Recipient , upon achievement of the PBC , the lesser of the PBC value and the underlying expenditure will be reimbursed # # # # # * * < u > < mark > Other < / mark > < / u > * * Funds from the designated US dollar account will be further transferred into pooled Birr accounts to be opened at the Federal and regional woreda level < u > implementing entities . < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 504, "text": "IFR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ | * * Theme * * | * * Relevant Sections * * | | - - - | - - - | | Declaration of public < br > utility | Article 1463 requires that the project which renders expropriation < br > necessary shall first < br > be declared to serve the public interest by the < br > competent authorities and a notice to this effect shall be published in < br > accordance with Article 44 of the Constitution . | | | Article 1466 determines land subject to expropriation : < br > ( l ) Where it has been declared that a project serves the public interest , | | Determination of < br > project impact zones < br > and affected < br > communities | the competent authorities shall determine which immovable is required < br > to be expropriated to enable the carrying out of the project . < br > The owners , bare owners and usufructuaries shall be personally notified < br > of the contemplated expropriation . < br > They shall be required to express within a reasonable time fixed by the < br > authorities their views on the necessityof such expropriation . | | Notification of affected < br > communities | Article 1468 outlines the service of an order : < br > ( l ) An expropriation order shall be served on the owner concerned and < br > on any person whose rights on the expropriated immovable have been < br > entered in the register of immovable . < br > ( 2 ) It shall be served on any person whom the owner designates to the < br > competent authorities as havinga right on the immovable . | | Partial expropriation | Article 1469 refers to partial expropriation : < br > ( I ) Where part of a building is expropriated , the owner may demand", "spans": [{"start": 1466, "end": 1487, "text": "register of immovable", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "El siguiente código categorizado como identitario tiene que ver con la autodefinición que el sujeto hace de su procedencia ; soy de Yaracuy , de Cocorote , del centro de Cocorote < sup > 42 < / sup > . Entonces el narrador hace una primera revelación que conecta los códigos relativos a un aspecto identitario relacionado con la razón para migrar solo y uno relativo a su viaje : su gusto por la soledad . El entrevistador pregunta por qué viajó solo y la respuesta del narrador fue : _ “ No porque … . Mis hermanos ya estaban viejos , y esos no se iban a venir conmigo … . ” _ Más adelante hace una confesión : _ “ No , porque … Yo le digo , yo soy un tipo de persona que yo muy poco comparto con las personas … ¿ si me entiende ? . . . Obvio había otras personas que me decían : “ No chamo , ven con nosotros ” y tal , yo primero lo analizaba y decía no ” _ La razón de migrar para el narrador queda clara desde un principio : 42 Se refiere a una localidad del estado Yaracuy con 52 . 000 habitantes ( según INE - 2016 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1010, "end": 1020, "text": "INE - 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . METHODOLOGY * * Tanzania ’ s response to the type of global maize production heterogeneity delineated in the five case-study years must be understood through mechanisms that can control for the substantial year-toyear changes in the global economy , and the frequent changes in Tanzanian maize trade policy that have occurred over the 1971-2001 period . In order to understand the poverty implications of the Tanzania ’ s responses , the mechanism must also account for the changes in prices and factor incomes that will occur across multiple markets , and other general equilibrium ( GE ) effects . For example , the Tanzanian maize sector employs about 30 % of agricultural labor , or 13 % of all workers in the economy . Shocks that affect the demand for labor in the maize sector thus have implications for all industries . Since we are interested in the sensitivity of poverty changes to climate volatility under the different maize trade regimes , we also need to track the impact on non-farm earnings as well as the consumption of goods and services . These variables will be affected directly by the shocks to the maize sector . However , given the importance of maize in the economy , they will also be affected indirectly through changes in other commodity prices and on the changes in wages , all determined in general equilibrium . A computable GE simulation approach is thus necessary , and we employ a modified version of the GTAP simulation model . In addition to allowing us to estimate the changes in consumer prices and earnings stemming from changes to agricultural productivity due to climate effects , this approach also allows us to examine the additional sensitivity of Tanzania ’ s economic responses to the historical maize production heterogeneity under alternative trade regimes , without including the additional uncertainties of a forecasting approach . # * * 3 . 1 MODEL DESCRIPTION * * We begin with the GTAP Database Version 6 ( Dimaranan , 2006 ) and use this with a modified version of the standard GTAP model ( Hertel , 1997 ) . Maize is included in the GTAP database and model parameters as a component of the ‘ Coarse Grains ’ composite commodity group .", "spans": [{"start": 1945, "end": 1968, "text": "GTAP Database Version 6", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2099, "end": 2112, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor market consequences of school construction in Indonesia : Evidence from an unusual policy experiment . _American Economic Review_ , _91_ ( 4 ) , 795 – 813 . - Engle , P . L . , Black , M . M . , Behrman , J . R . , De Mello , M . C . , Gertler , P . J . , Kapiriri , L . , . . . others ( 2007 ) . Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world . _The Lancet_ , _369_ ( 9557 ) , 229 – 242 . - Fischer , M . , Karlsson , M . , Nilsson , T . , & Schwarz , N . ( 2019 ) . The long-term effects of long terms – Compulsory schooling reforms in Sweden . _Journal of the European Economic Association_ , _jvz071_ . - Gershoff , E . T . , & Grogan-Kaylor , A . ( 2016 ) . Spanking and child outcomes : Old controversies and new meta-analyses . _Journal of Family Psychology_ , _30_ ( 4 ) , 453 . - Giles , J . , Satriawan , E . , & Witoelar , F . ( 2020 ) . Early childhood nutrition , availability of health service providers and life outcomes as young adults : Evidence from Indonesia . _Working Paper_ . - Goodman , A . , Lamping , D . L . , & Ploubidis , G . B . ( 2010 ) . When to use broader internalising and externalising subscales instead of the hypothesised five subscales on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( SDQ ) : Data from British parents , teachers and children . _Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology_ , _38_ ( 8 ) , 1179 – 1191 . - Hasan , A . , Hyson , M . , & Chang , M . C . ( 2013 ) . _Early childhood education and development in poor villages of Indonesia : Strong foundations , later success_ . The World Bank . - Haveman , R . , & Wolfe , B . ( 1995 ) . The determinants of children ’ s attainments : A review of methods and findings", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "four language regions with a total population of about 8 . 5 million individuals . < sup > 4 < / sup > Moreover , Switzerland is one of the three countries in the world with the largest share of foreign-born population : about 30 percent of the total population is foreign-born , < sup > 5 < / sup > and about 38 percent of its permanent residents aged 15 or older have a migrant background . < sup > 6 < / sup > The multicultural context in Switzerland goes along with a long humanitarian tradition . Table 1 shows the top 10 European countries in terms of number of refugees hosted . It is possible to observe that Switzerland , in spite of being a relatively small country ( in terms of population ) , ranks number four in terms of share of hosted refugees . Only Sweden , Austria , and Germany host a higher share of refugees in the most recent year , 2019 . This prominent role in hosting refugees is not a recent phenomenon . Figure 2 shows that over the past 60 years Switzerland has always been among the top four receiving countries , and before 1983 Switzerland ranked first in Europe in terms of share of hosted refugees . Switzerland has been part of an international process of convergence in sheltering refugees , resulting in new models of integration ( Probst et al . 2019 ) . # # * * 2 . 2 History of the Forced Displacement Context * * The Swiss Confederation in its current form adopted a federal constitution in 1848 . Individual cantons have long had the tradition of hosting refugees , and even today play a key role . Piguet ( 2019 ) documents the history of asylum on the Swiss territory as going back to the Roman age when Scandinavians fled famine . During the Middle Ages cities in Switzerland followed the trend of most European cities hosting > 3 . World Bank Population Data on Population and Refugees : https : / / data . worldbank . org / . [ Data accessed on April 17 , 2021 ] . > 4 . World Bank Population Data : https : / / data . worldbank . org", "spans": [{"start": 1778, "end": 1804, "text": "World Bank Population Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 % < br > 1 . 6 % < br > 1 . 4 % 1 . 2 % < br > 1 . 2 % 1 . 0 % < br > 1 . 0 % 0 . 8 % < br > 0 . 8 % < br > 0 . 6 % < br > 0 . 4 % < br > 0 . 2 % < br > 0 . 0 % < br > Beirut & Mt Bekaa North South < br > Lebanon < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # * * Key findings * * 1 . 2 % Mortality ( unchanged from 2015 ) . 869 of * * 73 , 951 * * referrals died before discharge . Another * * 186 * * deaths were recorded related to deliveries , mainly attributed to stillbirths . 52 % of the * * 869 * * deaths were children under one , mainly in the perinatal period of which * * 26 % * * were attributed to prematurity . 19 % of deaths were due to cardiovascular disease . 5 * maternal deaths in UNHCR supported deliveries . * The Vital Data Observatory of the Ministry of Public Health has recorded 13 maternal deaths of about 42 , 000 deliveries in Syrians", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 758, "text": "Vital Data Observatory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Ensure first aid facilities and personal protective equipment ( PPE ) for workers at the sites - Provide orientation to workers before start of the subproject activities - Warn the workers of any imminent or deteriorating risk situation that could result in an accident , and instruct when it is safe to proceed - Ensure restrain from undertaking any other tasks that may distract the workers focus on the work , mainly , work on or near live overhead conductors , work on transmission and communication towers - Stop the work , if necessary safety would not be ensured - Pause the work while the safety observer changes position - Ensure special safety during elevated work platform work or crane operations on or near live conductors - Ensure proper collection and disposal of solid wastes within the construction site - Ensure proper infrastructure facilities , water supply and sanitation facilities for all workers The contractor will prepare a monitoring report on environment and safety for each subproject at every month during the construction / rehabilitation of transmission line or substation . # # # # * * _Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan_ * * Prior to starting construction , the contractor must prepare and submit a Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan ( CESMP ) to the supervision engineer ( representing KETRACO ) for acceptance . The CESMP should provide a detailed explanation of how the contractor will comply with the project ’ s safeguard documents , such as the ESMP , and demonstrate that sufficient funds are budgeted for that purpose . The CESMP must include specific mitigation measures based on the ESMP , the final design , the proposed work method statements , the nature of the project site , etc . It is recommended that it include specific management plans for : ( i ) work activities ; ( ii ) traffic management ; ( iii occupational health and safety ; ( iv ) environmental management ; ( v ) social management ; and ( vi ) labour influx . # # # # * * _Gender based Violence_ * * The contractor must address the risk of gender-based violence , through :", "spans": [{"start": 952, "end": 995, "text": "monitoring report on environment and safety", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* - * * VII . * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable . * * - * * VIII . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . - ( a ) Goods : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * . - ( b ) Works : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * - * * IX . Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations : * * If requested by the Recipient , the World Bank will provide procurement hands-on expanded implementation support ( HEIS ) to help expedite preparation of bidding documents . * * # # # # # * * X . Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project ( P164654 ) Date 31-Dec-2018 27-Oct-2020 15-Apr-2021 29-Dec-2023 The strategy update is yet to be approved by the NDMA Board . Comments * * : * * # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IN00988493 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ► PBC 1 Number of counties where the roll out of enhanced Single Registry covers at least 75 percent of targeted households ( Text , Outcome , 57 , 900 , 000 . 00 , 0 . 00 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | December 2023 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | An SR , linked to the MIS of < br > four cash transfer < br > programs , is functional with < br > links to the IPRS | The roll-out of the < br > Enhanced Single < br > Registry has not started < br > yet . | Not yet achieved | - - | | Date | - - | 27-Oct-2020 | 15-Apr-2021 | - - | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IN00988494 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ► PBC 2 IRI 1 : Percentage of beneficiaries receiving payments through the new Inua Jamii Payment Mechanism for the Consolidated Cash Transfer Program ( Percentage , Intermediate Outcome , 14 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 . 00 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | December 2023 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 793, "end": 797, "text": "IPRS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Trade Logistics Project ( P156590 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | | | The data in July 2024 is a nine months data , and will be updated once the FY22 is completed . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | The data in January31 , 2025 is a six months report . < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > | | | 0 . 00 < br > Feb / 2022 | 5 . 00 < br > 12-Jul-2024 < br > 2 . 00 < br > 31-Jan-2025 < br > 10 . 00 < br > Jul / 2025 | | | Comments on < br > achieving targets | On the nineth month of FY 22 , there are 5 private operators working in the dry port . These < br > are : | | | | - DHL Ethiopia | | | | - Bollore | | Number of private sector < br > operators at Modjo logistics < br > hub ( Number ) | | - MACCFA < br > - PAN AFRIC Global and | | | | - Freighters | | | | ( This is a nine months data of FY22 ) | | | | However , in the last six months until Jan 31 , 2025 , three have left the dry port due to lack of < br > business related to monopolistic behavior of ESL . | Page 6 of 11 Mar 20 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 125, "text": "data in July 2024", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 817, "end": 841, "text": "nine months data of FY22", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNOS KENYA NATIONAL E OFS * * # # # # # Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - National launch of the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey < sup > ( KDHS ) < / sup > main report was done in January * * 2016 . * * - Data collection for * * 2015 * * Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey < sup > wasdonein August < / sup > * * 2015 . * * - Implementation of both National Tuberculosis < sup > ( TB ) PrevalenceSurveyand < / sup > STEPs Survey of non-communicable diseases < sup > risk factor . Bothwere funded < / sup > * * by * * the Ministry of Health . - Development of Draft reports for all the 47 counties . - * * A * * total of * * 1 , 569 * * clusters in * * NASSEP * * V were upgraded < sup > and < / sup > < sup > * * 859 * * newclusters < / sup > developed . - Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises * * ( MSME ) * * survey < sup > preparation , pilot and < / sup > fieldwork were undertaken during * * 2015 / 16 . * * - Long rains agriculture data validation : This was < sup > undertakenwithandaimof < / sup > improving agriculture and livestock data < sup > collectionandanalysis < / sup > - Consumer Price Index and inflation rates were < sup > releasedonmonthlybasis < / sup > during the * * 2015 / 16 . * * - Monthly Leading Economic Indicators were < sup > producedanddisseminatedon < / sup > timely basis - The Producer Price Index for manufacturing sector was < sup > produced onquarterly < / sup > basis . - Weekly retail market prices data collection < sup > wasdone", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 145, "text": "2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 255, "end": 285, "text": "Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 428, "end": 469, "text": "STEPs Survey of non-communicable diseases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1221, "end": 1256, "text": "Monthly Leading Economic Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1325, "end": 1370, "text": "Producer Price Index for manufacturing sector", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1424, "end": 1467, "text": "Weekly retail market prices data collection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lebanon . * * - * * Political and governance risks * * include : ( i ) possible delays in Parliament approval of the proposed loan which may significantly delay its effectiveness ; ( ii ) political differences regarding priority roads ’ selection ; and ( iii ) security risks affecting the timely completion of works . Risk mitigation measures : Lebanese politicians at the highest level have committed to the donor community and the World Bank their readiness to expedite and facilitate the approval process of development projects , especially those linked to the CFF . Regarding road rehabilitation priorities , the selection of the first year ’ s road sections for the project is primarily based on priority road sections already approved by the Council of Ministers in February 2016 . The rest of the program ’ s priority sections will be selected based on the visual survey of the network being undertaken by CDR and selection criteria described above in section III of this document . It should be noted that the visual survey ’ s results and associated priority road sections will be available in February 2017 , hence in time for the Page 32 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 894, "text": "visual survey of the network", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households or use of resident interviewers versus mobile field teams ( see , for instance , the analysis of Kilic et al . , 2017 ) . In view of these challenges , in this section , we combine ( a ) the paradata on total time spent on the administration of household and individual questionnaires with ( b ) the information on survey implementation costs to create the estimated unit cost for a minute of faceto-face multi-topic survey data collection in Cambodia , Ethiopia and Tanzania . This approach enhances the precision with which country-specific unit costs can be compared . These estimates , and comparable measures from other countries , can also be paired with interview - , module - or question-specific average duration measures to create more precise estimates of the costs associated with specific types of data collection in future surveys . To estimate the unit cost for a minute of survey data collection , one can divide the total survey budget with the total interview length of the survey . The total adjusted interview length has been cleaned to include only key aspects of the interview process ( i . e . , certain events are excluded in the time calculation process , see earlier section for how the data was cleaned ) . The disaggregated survey budgets that we have access to are comparable in terms of the main budget categories , including household listing , piloting , recruitment of staff , training and field practice , fieldwork implementation ( including renumeration and transportation costs ) , and purchases of equipment and office materials . Table 6 reports our cost estimates . In Cambodia , the cost of a minute of survey data collection is estimated at $ 0 . 87 , while the comparable figure is $ 1 . 71 in Ethiopia , and $ 3 . 94 in Tanzania . With the estimated unit cost , we are able to calculate the average cost of a household interview , which is $ 71 in Cambodia , $ 131 in Ethiopia . $ 472 in Tanzania . Each additional individual interview per household , on average , costs $ 22 in Cambodia , $ 23 in Ethiopia , and $ 80 in Tanzania . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "since the emissions implications will always remain very limited ( at least if the energy - and carbonintensities are as good as historical standards ) . Therefore , our results show that the challenge to align the world ’ s development and climate objectives is not in reconciling extreme poverty alleviation with climate objectives _but in providing middle-income standards of living while decarbonizing the world economy_ . Our analysis faces important limitations . The modeling framework is deliberately simple to allow transparently comparing the emissions associated with different growth and income distribution scenarios consistent with poverty eradication . It is designed to explore scenarios , not to provide forecasts or predictions of future economic growth or carbon emissions . Moreover , the model draws on historical data , which by construction constrains the range of modeled pathways to what has been observed in the past and makes the results overly pessimistic by ignoring the recent progress in green technologies and solutions . Indeed , new technologies and circumstances create new possibilities for future pathways that did not exist in the past . < sup > 32 < / sup > For instance , new evidence shows that renewable energy sources , rather than fossil fuels , present the most cost-effective way to meet growing electricity demand in many low - and middle-income countries , suggesting that the carbon content of economic growth will be much lower in the future than historically . < sup > 31 < / sup > Particularly relevant for extreme poverty alleviation is the potential from small-scale solar mini-grid in rural areas . < sup > 33 < / sup > Also , there is growing evidence of the potential from energy efficiency measures to generate energy savings and economic benefits , especially linked to electrification of heat ( e . g . , with heat pumps ) and transportation ( from electric bikes to electric buses ) . < sup > 34 < / sup > When low-energy and low-carbon options become more competitive than alternatives , trade-offs between climate and development objectives disappear , even though higher upfront costs and investment needs can represent a major financial challenge . 10", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 839, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the fuel vs . food demand for agricultural commodities , land reallocation , and land rent . To assess the distributional and poverty impacts , we feed the CGE results to a Global Income Distribution Dynamics ( GIDD ) model , a model that is based on detailed household surveys , regularly carried out by the World Bank . We find that large-scale expansion of biofuels would improve wages for unskilled labor and land rent . However , it would also increase food prices , especially in low-income countries where food share in overall household expenditure is higher . The effects on poverty are negative ( i . e . , increase in poverty ) in some countries , while positive in others . Globally , these differences balanced out to a slight increase in poverty . 3", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 277, "text": "detailed household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * ‘ 000 * * < br > * * Ha * * | * * % * * | * * ‘ 000 * * < br > * * quintals * * | * * Yield * * < br > * * ( Q / Ha ) * * | | Oromiya | 51 | 964 , 945 | 3 , 613 | 44 % | 43 , 720 | 12 . 1 | | Amhara | 52 | 1 , 572 , 442 | 3 , 074 | 37 % | 28 , 807 | 9 . 4 | | SNNPR | 50 | 760 , 450 | 696 | 9 % | 7 , 388 | 10 . 6 | | Tigray | 30 | 850 , 304 | 561 | 7 % | 6 , 227 | 11 . 1 | | Somali | 48 | 682 , 945 | 48 | 1 % | 225 | 4 . 7 | | Afar | 29 | 250 , 087 | 19 | < 1 % | 246 | 13 . 0 | | Harar ( rural ) | 1 | 13 , 579 | 7 | < 1 % | 58 | 8 . 9 | | DireDawa ( rural ) | 1 | 41 , 546 | 6 | < 1 % | 61 | 10 . 0 | > 4 Area Planted by Region in 2000 , _Food Security Strategy_ , March , 2002 , p . 34 . > 5 Production by Region in 2000 , _Food Security Strategy_ , March , 2002 , p . 33 . Includes cereals , pulses and others .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Uganda Multisectoral Food Security and Nutrition Project ( P149286 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P149286 | TF-18896 | Effective | USD | 27 . 64 | 27 . 64 | 0 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 22 . 64 | 18 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P149286 | TF-18896 | Effective | 07-Jan-2015 | 27-Ma | y-2015 | 07-Dec-2015 | 31-De | c-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | # # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * # * * Restructuring History * * There has been no restructuring to date . # * * Related Project ( s ) * * 4 / 28 / 2017 Page 6 of 7 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 189, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and 9 means Excellent . We then aggregate these individual ( rescaled ) grades to obtain an aggregate grade point ranging from 5 to 45 , with grades 5 and 45 representing the lowest and highest grades respectively . We also compute the total grade points for STEM ( mathematics and science ) and non-STEM ( social studies , Kinyarwanda , and English ) subjects . It is important to emphasize that the grading system was unchanged during the study period , thus ensuring comparability of the grades across years . Nonetheless , for ease of interpretation and to ensure consistency with the test scores of the individual subjects , we standardized the grade points for the aggregate , STEM , and non-STEM subjects . Finally , using the geo-location of all primary schools in the country and data on the location and year of establishment of coffee mills , we spatially match each school to the nearest coffee mill . # # * * 3 . 2 DHS Data * * To explore potential mechanisms , we use data from the Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) to understand the potential mechanisms . The DHS data is a nationally representative survey and covers a wide range of issues including , but not limited to , health , education , and household assets . For the purposes of this study , we focused on anthropometric measures ( wasting and underweight ) of children under five years , school attendance , and household wealth . The main advantage of the DHS over the other surveys such as the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey ( EICV ) is that it is geocoded , allowing us to spatially match survey locations with the coffee mills datasets to determine treated and control households . # # * * 3 . 3 Complementary Data * * We complement our analysis with extensive data on coffee intensity at baseline from Guariso and Verpoorten ( 2018 ) . Coffee intensity is measured as the number of coffee trees per sq km in 1999 , compiled from the Rwanda coffee census . We also include data on road density at the municipality level , average annual temperature , total precipitation , and coffee suitability . # * * 4 Empirical Strategy", "spans": [{"start": 734, "end": 769, "text": "geo-location of all primary schools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1026, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1476, "end": 1521, "text": "Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1933, "end": 1953, "text": "Rwanda coffee census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "right-censoring patterns < sup > 30 < / sup > ) . Such methods have not been successful however at this stage . Univariate analysis shows for example that standard parametric distributions ( Gamma , Lognormal , and Weibull ) are not fitting the dwell time data well . Data is processed to try and attempt to reduce some discrete patterns but neither seasonality nor simple stratification improves distribution fit . We also fit a Cox Proportional Hazard ( PH ) model ( refer to Hosmer , Lemeshow 1999 for details ) - a semi-parametric model – to Cargo Dwell Time ( CDT ) with help of covariates identified in earlier sections ( e . g . fiscal regime , full-container-load , density of value , cargo type , C & F agents > 30 Survival techniques enable the consistent analysis of expected time before occurrence of a discrete event such as illness , death or in our case , exit from port terminal . They have not been use yet to our knowledge for the analysis of cargo dwell time in ports and further research would be very useful to make use of the powerful scope of analysis . In particular , survival theory copes with biases attached to right or left censoring . In the case of cargo dwell time right censoring is needed since many containers in the sample are not cleared before cut-off date but have to be included in the modeling structure . 24", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 260, "text": "dwell time data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- How large errors am I willing to tolerate ? - How pervasive is missing data in my indicators of interest ? - Is the probability of a country not having data likely correlated with the indicator of interest ? - [ If producing time series ] How much do the global statistics change from year to year and do the same countries consistently have missing values ? - [ If missing data is imputed ] How confident am I in the precision of the imputations ? - [ If producing sub-global statistics ] How large are the groups and how much of the variation happens between subgroups rather than within subgroups ? Jointly answering these questions should afford an approximate slope of the error as a function of the population coverage , as well as a ceiling on how large an error one is willing to tolerate . Judging from the table comparing standard deviations with original units , our ( admittedly , subjective ) take is that errors should never on expectation exceed 0 . 25 standard deviation . Even in the less optimistic cases we presented , this roughly corresponds to not publishing statistics when data for less than half of the relevant population is available . For certain purposes , such as comparing statistics over time , it is likely that much lower errors are needed . A corollary of these recommendations is that it is always optimal to use the share of the global population covered rather than the share of countries covered as the coverage threshold . A corollary of this is that rather than conditioning on data being present for populous countries , it would be better to increase the coverage threshold . # References < mark > Dang , Hai-Anh H . , Dean Jolliffe , and Calogero Carletto ( 2019 ) : \" Data gaps , data incomparability , and data imputation : A review of poverty measurement methods for data-scarce environments . \" < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Economic Surveys < / mark > _ < mark > 33 ( 3 ) : 757-797 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1111 / joes . 12307 < / mark > < mark > Dang ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "empirical analysis using data for 21 emerging market economies and a panel vector autoregression approach . The aforementioned studies have focused on different aspects of the impact of exchange rate regimes on macroeconomic dynamics in recipient economies , none of which directly addresses the economic growth consequences , although their results do carry some implications for that . Thus , the focus of this study is to examine directly , how exchange rate flexibility influences the way remittances affect economic growth . Notably , it departs from studies by Guliano and Ruiz-Arranz ( 2009 ) and Lartey ( 2013 ) which focus on the impact of remittances on economic growth without consideration for the role of exchange rate regimes . The next section explores the data and considers an empirical examination of the extent to which exchange rate flexibility affects the relationship between remittances and economic growth . Section 4 discusses the results and the policy implications thereof , and section 5 presents some concluding remarks . # 3 Data and Methodology # # 3 . 1 Characteristics of the data The data set used constitutes annual observations that span the period , 1970-2007 , for 135 developing and transition countries . < sup > 2 < / sup > The data for exchange rate regimes is based on the Reinhart and Rogoff de-facto exchange rate regime ( COARSE ) classification , whereas the data for remittances and all other variables are from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( WDI ) database . Table 2 presents a description of the exchange rate regime classification scheme . Table 3 provides some basic descriptive statistics for the data on the main variables used in the analysis . The exchange rate regime varies between categories 1 and 5 , with an increase indicating a movement towards a more flexible exchange rate regime . GDP per capita growth rate is highly variable across countries over the sample period , ranging between about - 50 percent to about 91 . 7 percent , with a mean of about 7 percent . Remittances are characterized by a low of US $ 9 , 980 and a high of US $ 37 . 2 billion , with an average of US $ 687 million . When expressed as", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 62, "text": "data for 21 emerging market economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1479, "end": 1524, "text": "World Development Indicators ( WDI ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7023 The World Bank | HC IVs and Hospitals with functioning minimum | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 58 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Essentail Equipment | | Date | 04-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | Comments | | Pending Assessment | | | Health workers receiving a salary within two < br > | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 30 . 00 | | months from reporting to work | | Date | 04-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2010 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | Comments | | Still awaiting collection of data | | | Approved positions filled by qualified health | Percentage | Value | 56 . 00 | 56 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | workers | | Date | 30-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | Comments | Baseline | Source : 2010 / 2011 AHSPR . < br > There has been no change as < br > the wage budget was not < br > increased . | | | Health facilities constructed , renovated , and / or | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 46 . 00 | | equipped ( number ) | | Date | 04-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | Comments | Baseline | Equipment under < br > procurement and renovations < br > not yet started . | | | Health personnel receiving training ( number ) | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 75 . 00 | | | | Date | 04-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 762, "text": "AHSPR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ilient Community Infrastructure , aims to improve > 8 World Bank . 2020 . _Inclusive Development in Local Areas of Violence and IDP Hosting Areas : Risks and Opportunities . _ Washington , D . C . See also Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project . 2021 . 2021 Conflict Dimensions in Ethiopia ; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , 2020 , Ethiopia ’ s Transition : Implications for the Horn of Africa and Red Sea Region , SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security No . 2020 / 5 . Stockholm : SIPRI . > 9 Vivo . 2023 . _Assessment for MHPSS Needs , Service Provision , and Training Needs of Service Providers . _ Draft needs assessment conducted in December 2023 . Report Forthcoming . > 10 World Bank , the Global Women ’ s Institute , and IDB . 2014 . _Violence Against Women and Girls Resource Guide . _ World Bank , Washington , DC . Economy-wide cost estimates of GBV were conducted in Nicaragua , Chile , Colombia , Vietnam , Bangladesh , Peru , United Kingdom and Australia . > 11 UN Women Ethiopia . 2022 . Economic Costs of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Ethiopia Page 10 of 49 June 18 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 252, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Exports and Job Training < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > Paulo Bastos < sup > _ † _ < / sup > Joana Silva < sup > _ ‡ _ < / sup > Rafael Proen ̧ ca < sup > _ § _ < / sup > _Keywords_ : Export participation , skill upgrading , job training , wages , linked employer-employee data . _JEL Codes_ : F12 , F14 , F16 , F66 , J24 , J31 , J38 , O14 . > _ ∗ _ We are grateful to Aguinaldo Maciente , Alejandra Martinez , Carlos Silva dos Santos , Daniel Lederman , Herlon Brand ̃ ao , Laura Chioda , Renata Gukovas , Renato da Fonseca , Rita Almeida and participants at the Festchrift Conference in Honor of Professor Sir David Greenaway at the University of Nottingham for helpful comments and discussions . We are also grateful to the Ministry of Labor , the Ministry of Development , Industry and Foreign Trade and the National Confederation of Industry ( CNI ) for providing the administrative data used in the paper . Research for this paper has been supported in part by the World Bank ’ s Multidonor Trust Fund for Trade and Development and through the Strategic Research Partnership on Economic Development . We remain responsible for any errors . - The World Bank . E-mail : pbastos @ worldbank . org . - Corresponding author : The World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Mail Stop I9-900 , Washington DC , United - States . E-mail : jsilva @ worldbank . org . - _ § _ The World Bank . E-mail : rproenca @ worldbank . org .", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 272, "text": "linked employer-employee data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 887, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "al . , 2010 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > LASSO models were fitted separately to four dependent variables . These are the transformed versions of the four labor market outcomes , AGEB male or female labor force participation and unemployment rates , using the arcsine transformation . The candidate predictors included in the LASSO model include all of the AGEB and municipal level geospatial auxiliary data described in the last section , as well as dummy variables for states . The state dummies were included with no penalty , and were included to both improve the model and to prioritize the selection of variables that predict variation in the labor market outcomes within states . # * * d . Model estimation * * We begin by constructing two separate estimates of LFP and unemployment in Mexico : 1 . Direct estimates using only the pseudo survey of sampled AGEBs , which can only be constructed for in-sample municipalities . 2 . Small area estimates using the pseudo survey of sampled AGEBs and the auxiliary geospatial data , which can be constructed for all municipalities , both in and out of sample . These estimates are compared with the full census results along several different dimensions to assess their accuracy , as discussed below . To generate the small area estimates for municipalities , we utilize a standard nested error model at the AGEB level ( Battese , Harter , and Fuller , 1988 , Jiang and Lahiri , 2006 , Molina and Rao , 2010 ) . The transformed version of the labor market outcome at the AGEB level is modeled as a linear function of geospatial auxiliary variables . The dependent variable was transformed using an arcsine transformation , a common transformation for proportions bounded between zero and one . The model used to generate municipal estimates is specified as follows : ( 1 ) s s 1 < sup > + XX < / sup > s 2 < sup > + XX < / sup > 3 < sup > + υυ < / sup > s s ss < sup > ) = XX < / sup > ss < sup > ββββ < / sup > ss < sup > ββ < /", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 401, "text": "AGEB and municipal level geospatial auxiliary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 832, "end": 862, "text": "pseudo survey of sampled AGEBs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1000, "end": 1025, "text": "auxiliary geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and total CERs to be generated by the end of the first commitment period by each major project type and methodology . As can be seen from table 1 , about 62 percent of the projects in the CDM pipeline are renewable resource based power generating projects accounting for 43 . 65 percent and 37 . 67 percent of the annual and total abatement during the first commitment period , respectively . Methane avoidance , coal bed / mine and cement is the second largest category in terms of number ( 17 . 04 percent ) and annual abatement ( 18 . 32 percent ) , but HFCs , PFCs , and N2O reduction is the second largest category in terms of 2012 abatement ( 22 . 61 percent ) . Transport is the smallest and forestation is the second smallest category in terms of both number of projects and abatement . Large scale methodologies ( AM ) are applied to 6 . 87 percent of the projects , which account for 27 . 11 percent of the total annual abatement by the projects in the pipeline . Large scale consolidated ( ACM ) and small scale ( AMS ) methodologies are applied to 45 . 97 and 46 . 18 percent of the projects that account for 62 . 16 and 10 . 09 percent of annual abatement , respectively . Following UNEP Risoe Center , the expected issuance of CERs for each individual project in each year over the life of the project is calculated by adjusting the annual average emissions abatement with an increment or decrement as reported in the database . < sup > 10 < / sup > The crediting period is either 20 or 30 years for the afforestation and reforestation projects and either 7 or 10 years for all other types of projects . We consider the number of credit years as the duration of the project . In addition to CERs , some projects generate additional electricity output ( in addition to the capacity of the baseline ) . The pipeline database reports the additional electricity generation capacity and expected hours of operation for individual projects . Using this data , the expected electricity output measured in megawatt hours ( MWh ) are calculated for each", "spans": [{"start": 1819, "end": 1836, "text": "pipeline database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ET-MOST-37071-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service for the < br > development and installation < br > of software for online < br > accreditation application and < br > accreditation solution of < br > ENAO | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 180 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-11-16 < br > 2018-01-01 < br > 2017-12-07 < br > 2018-01-03 < br > 2018-01-20 < br > 2018-02-10 < br > 2018-02-19 | 2018-03-26 | 2018-09-22 | | ET-MOST-27862-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of local < br > consultants for standards < br > need assessment survey | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | 30 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-09-30 < br > 2017-10-12 < br > 2017-10-21 < br > 2017-11-02 < br > 2017-12-04 < br > 2018-01-31 < br > 2018-01-03 | 2018-02-07 | 2018-08-06 | | ET-MOST-69935-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of a consulting < br > firm to develop a long-term < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 2 : * * * * < u > CHERP Stakeholder Engagement Register as of 2 < / u > * * < sup > * * nd * * < / sup > * * March , 2021 * * | * * Summary of st * * < br > * * Stakeholder * * < br > * * Category * * | * * akeholder engage * * < br > * * Specific * * < br > * * Stakeholder * * < br > * * ( s ) * * | * * ment * * < br > * * Stakeholder * * < br > * * attributes and * * < br > * * responsibilities * * | * * Object of * * < br > * * Engagement * * | * * Stakeholder * * < br > * * contribution to the * * < br > * * Project * * | * * Engagement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Date of * * < br > * * engageme * * < br > * * nt * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Healthcare < br > facility | NMS , Mama < br > Lucy & < br > Infectious < br > Disease < br > consultant ( 6 < br > participants ) | NMS < br > management , < br > Beneficiary < br > healthcare facility < br > and technical < br > input respectively | Consult with the < br > NMS and Mama < br > Lucy staff on the < br > renovation of the < br > new wing to < br > COVID-19 < br > Isolation facility | • Technical input to < br > inform refurbishment < br >", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 65, "text": "CHERP Stakeholder Engagement Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | Based on AA < br > women . For < br > managemen | WSA ’ s report , 39 o < br > SCs , based on the < br > t positions are fille | ut of the 144 management posi < br > utility survey report ( 2022 ) , on a < br > d with women . | tions in AAWSA < br > verage about 14 | are filled by < br > . 2 % of | Page 8 of 11 Jun 02 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 246, "text": "utility survey report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * NO * * | < br > * * AGENDA * * | * * RESOLUTIONS * * | * * TIME * * < br > * * FRAME * * | * * RESPONSIBLE * * < br > * * TEAMS * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | • PMU to provide Mr . Njenga with the land data < br > and registered owner details for 25 parcels < br > affected < br > and < br > inspected < br > in < br > Mnyenzeni < br > Adjudication < br > Section < br > in < br > P1 < br > for < br > his < br > confirmation in the ongoing field exercise < br > before publication of the P1 Gazette Notice . | 27 < sup > th < / sup > August < br > 2020 | PMU | | | | • Mr . Njenga to provide the land data and < br > registered owner details for 25 parcels in < br > Mnyenzeni in P1 to his team of surveyors for < br > reverification in the ongoing field activity . This < br > will be prioritized . | 27 < sup > th < / sup > August < br > 2020 | MoL & P . P . | | 3 | Update on < br > adjudication < br > sections – | • Mr . Njenga to write to MoWSI copying the < br > NLC , County Government of Kwale & County < br > Commissioner < br > providing < br > the < br > confirmed < br > computations done for 25 parcels to enable < br > publication of gazette notice | 31 < sup > st < / sup > August < br > 2020 | MoL & P", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 235, "text": "land data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "insecurity situation and highly constrained humanitarian access , humanitarian response has not been able to meet populations ’ growing needs , especially in terms of food exacerbating levels of poverty and hunger . In most IDP centers in Tigray there has not been food distribution for prolonged period and deaths caused by starvation have been reported by protection partners and health centres . Humanitarian food assistance needs of 79 . 4 % of populations has not been met , in April 2022 . For example , an inter-agency assessment at the end of March in Eastern zone , identified that IDPs from Erob residing in their communities and others in Adigrat are in 6 ACAPS ( April 2022 ) . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Consultant < br > importance of both SEC and community sensitization . She explained < br > in detail the objectives and aims of the project , the donors of the project < br > and more importantly , the four KISIP project components , namely : < br > o Component 1 : Strengthening institutions and project < br > management ; < br > o Component 2 : Enhancing tenure security ; < br > o Component 3 : Investing in infrastructure and service delivery ; < br > o Component 4 : Planning for urban growth ; < br >  Based on these 4 components , she elaborated on the aspects of < br > Component 2 on tenure security , as this was where the stage was at . < br >  She also insisted that the SEC members should get to understand the < br > projects and its ’ aspects fully since they would be the ones who would < br > further sensitize and engage their fellow community members on the < br > project and it was imperative , they do so well , so as to foster co - < br > operation in the project . < br >  Salma also highlighted how the program for the next few days would < br > in regard to data collection would flow . She highlighted that as the < br > consultant , the planning process would involve : collection of structure < br > owner details , the socio-economic survey to gauge the livelihood of < br > DISCLOSURE COPY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 64", "spans": [{"start": 1259, "end": 1280, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bigger loans , and the remaining indicated \" more justice , \" \" more transparency , \" \" longer loan terms , \" or \" more loans . \" _ ( d ) Client Satisfaction and Program Impact . _ Over 80 percent of respondents believe that the VCF program has had a positive impact on the village ( a general improvement in living conditions , improved livestock , improved agriculture , or improved trade ) . According to the respondents , the advantages of VCF loans were : ( i ) low interest rate ; ( ii ) simple procedures ; and ( iii ) fast disbursement . However , 30 percent of respondents indicated that the loans were not large enough . _Urban Microcredit Beneficiary Assessment . _ In September and October 1998 , client surveys , indepth interviews , and focus group discussions were carried out at all seven urban microcredit branches ( Elbasan , Berat , Kavaje , Puka , Shijak . Shkodra , and Tirana ) . The client survey included 375 borrowers and applicants , representing one-fifth of the total ADF urban credit borrowers ( 1 , 757 ) at the time . The main findings were : ( a ) _Characteristics of Borrowers . _ In terms of gender and age of borrower and type of business , ADF urban microcredit clients are representative of the general business community . The average borrower ' s age is about 40 , with substantial education ( 62 percent have completed high school and 21 percent have completed the university ) . About one-third of the sample had been unemployed before receiving the ADF loan . About half of the businesses in the sample comprise self-employed individuals ; the other half comprise microenterprises with one to five employees ( usually family members ) . ( b ) _Financing . _ The main source of financing for borrowers was family savings or informal borrowing with no interest rate from family or friends . Few borrowers had received loans from banks or other sources , citing impossible collateral requirements , bureaucratic loan processing ,", "spans": [{"start": 709, "end": 723, "text": "client surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 906, "end": 919, "text": "client survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > * * million ) * * | * * EIRR ( % ) * * | | Lokichar - < br > Loichangamatak | 40 | 68 , 265 , 480 | 68 , 265 , 480 | 196 | 24 . 7 | 56 . 7 | 29 . 6 | | Loichanagamatak - < br > Lodwar | 50 | 83 , 880 , 487 | 83 , 880 , 487 | | | 195 . 5 | 36 . 5 | | Lodwar – Lokitaung ’ < br > Junction | 80 | 97 , 926 , 328 | 120 , 432 , 060 | 38 . 48 | 26 . 5 | 128 . 6 | 27 . 4 | | Lokitaung ’ Junction < br > – Kalobeiyei River | 80 | 100 , 379 , 747 | 114 , 874 , 090 | 30 . 16 | 21 . 0 | 41 . 7 | 19 . 1 | | Kalobeiyei River – < br > Nadapal / Nakodok | 77 | 93 , 211 , 608 | 93 , 211 , 608 | 23 . 43 | 28 . 1 | 14 . 3 | 15 . 1 | | Lokichar – < br > Nadapal / Nakodok | 327 | | | 288 . 1 | - | 436 . 7 | 26 . 1 | _Source of contract amounts data : August 2021 Monthly Progress Reports_ _Exchange Rate : US $ 1 . 0 = KES 92 . 75 ( Rate used at Appraisal in 2015 ) _ _Initial contract sum is slightly different from the cost estimates at Appraisal stage_ 18 . The results show that all the road sections are still economically viable given the positive NPVs and EIRRs greater than the 12 percent planning discount rate . Loichangamatak - Lodwar road section has the best returns while Kalobeyei - Lokichogio - Nakodo", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 784, "text": "August 2021 Monthly Progress Reports_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "destroyed by the violent attacks in 1999 . The TLSS 2001 contains also useful retrospective information on school attendance and grade attained across three different academic years : 1998 / 99 , 1999 / 00 and 2000 / 01 . We are > 7 Commission for Reception , Truth and Reconciliation & Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group . ― Human Rights Violations Database . ‖ 9 February , 2006 . Website : http : / / www . hrdag . org / resources / timor-leste_data . shtml . 8 There may be potential sample biases in the statement taking procedure given the voluntary nature of the process . It is possible that those living in more remote or mountainous areas , those living far away from the areas where the statements were taken , the sick , old and disabled and those with no access to the media or means of mass communication have a lower probability of being part of the sample . By contrast , those more active in local communities are more likely to have provided a testimony . In order to address these potential sample biases , the CAVR supplemented its documentation with reports produced by Amnesty International and Fokupers ( a local NGO ) . The information contained in these reports was then included into the HRVD database . > 9 Note that we do not analyse school completion in 2001 because most children that were of school age in 1999 were still in school in 2001 . > 10 The questions we used are ― Was [ NAME ] displaced outside E . Timor in 1999 ? ‖ , and ― Was the [ BUILDING ] damaged in the violence of 1999 ? ‖ . 14 % of the whole sample surveyed in 2001 report having been displaced , while 26 % report that their house was destroyed . Within our sample of school age children , these figures are 16 % and 25 % , respectively . We have made sure that buildings that are reported to having been destroyed were used for living purposes only . 13", "spans": [{"start": 333, "end": 365, "text": "Human Rights Violations Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1221, "end": 1234, "text": "HRVD database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _National Value Chain Development Project ( NA VCDP ) Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2023_ * * # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) * * * * iii ) Interest on borrowing * * Borrowing costs that include interest are recognized as payment in the < sup > periodinwhichtheyincurred < / sup > and paid for . # # # * * iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized < sup > as < / sup > payment < sup > intheperiodinwhichthe < / sup > repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed < sup > asanannexuretotheconsolidatedfinancial < / sup > statements . # # # * * v ) Acquisition of fixed * * assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment < sup > itemsisnot capitalized . Thecostof < / sup > acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated < sup > aspaymentsandreceiptsitems < / sup > respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction < sup > fornilor nominalconsideration < / sup > and the fair value of the asset can * * be * * reliably established , a contra transaction < sup > isrecordedasreceiptand < / sup > as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary < sup > providedforpurposesof < / sup > consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated < sup > financialstatements . < / sup > # # # e ) * * In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in < s", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1246, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "seem to be the case . The event study plots in Figure 7 confirm this ( top and bottom plots in third column ) . For both the plots , I cannot reject the null that all effects before the > 9This estimate is half of the net earnings ( net of migration fees ) inexperienced potential migrants expect to make from a migration episode lasting 2 . 21 years ( Shrestha , 2017 ) . I take half of the earnings to account for two major effects : misinformation and cost of living abroad that is not factored into the net earnings . In Shrestha ( 2017 ) , I show that misinformation is at least 26 percent . In The World Bank ( 2011 ) , returnees from these destinations mentioned that they saved 75 percent of their earnings . Hence , half of the net earnings is a conservative estimate of migrant income . > 10Author ’ s calculations from the Nepal Living Standards Survey-III , of 2010 . > 11GDP figures taken from The World Bank . 10", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 867, "text": "Nepal Living Standards Survey-III", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # # # # # * * Annex 10 . SEA / SH Prevention and Response Action Plan * * # # # # # * * 1 . Contextual SEA and SH Risks * * Identifying and understanding the project-related SEA / SH risk factors as they interact with other contextual risk factors is critical for developing appropriate prevention and mitigation measures . Multiple GBV risk factors may contribute to the risks of SEA / SH and the influence manifests at the national , regional , community , family , and individual levels . - _In the national context , _ low capacity for GBV service provision for survivors , legal barriers , and weak implementation of the existing GBV legislation and policy frameworks can contribute to the risks of SEA / SH . Also , as reported in the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey ( EDHS ) , in Ethiopia , violence against women and girls continues to be a major challenge and a threat to women ’ s empowerment . Women and girls face physical , emotional , and sexual abuses that undermine their health and ability to earn a living and disrupt their social systems and relationships . - _In the regional context_ , many of the Regional Bureaus of the target Ministerial Organizations are located in the regions with FCV situations or active conflicts . In such fragile or conflict-affected environments , the social fabric may have broken down and the rule of law may be difficult to enforce . This increases the vulnerability of Women / girls in general and female employees in the target Regional Bureaus in particular for GBV . This contributes to the risks of SEA , actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature such as rape . - _In the community context , _ among others , the cultural norms that justify or condone the use of violence against women and girls as a normal disciplinary measure , the patriarchal systems or gender norms that perpetuate the power differentials ( control over the social participation and economic", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 874, "text": "Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pixel < / mark > _ < mark > i < / mark > _ < mark > within a certain country ( e . g . Country X ) except the crop value for that pixel . < / mark > _ < mark > AgGDP < / mark > _ i < mark > is the agricultural GDP allocated to pixel < / mark > _ < mark > i < / mark > _ < mark > in Country X while < / mark > _ < mark > TotalAgGDP < / mark > _ < mark > is the total agricultural GDP for that country . Therefore : < / mark > < mark > Let < / mark > _ < mark > PreAlloc < / mark > i_ < mark > be the prior allocation of AgGDP share from our best guess . One possibility for the first approximation is from pixel level components of AgGDP where we have gridded data sets : < / mark > PreAgGDP � � Crop � � Livestock � � Forestry � � Hunting � � Fishing � < mark > As we have the major components of AgGDP , and the sum of these component should be close to the official value . At least , we make sure that the official AgGDP value ( < / mark > _ < mark > TotalAgGDP ) < / mark > _ < mark > should be no less than the sum of all five components of agricultural GDP . Therefore , we first sum them up < / mark > 7 We select GHS Settlement grid as an example of a geospatial definition of urban population to exclude from the model . The definition of urban is an active topic of research ( e . g . Dijkstra and Poelmann 2014 ; Roberts et al . 2017 ; Angel et al . 2018 ; Bosker et al . 2018 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 651, "end": 668, "text": "gridded data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1121, "end": 1140, "text": "GHS Settlement grid", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This version : 15 Feb 2024 56 Victor , Peter . 2019 . “ Chapter 10 : The disappointments of economic growth ” . In : _Managing without Growth_ . Edward Elgar Publishing . < mark > World Bank . 1993 . < / mark > _ < mark > East Asian miracle : Economic growth and public policy < / mark > _ < mark > . Washington , DC : Oxford University Press . - < / mark > < u > < mark > http : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 975081468244550798 / pdf / multi page . pdf < / mark > < / u > < mark > World Bank . 2019 . < / mark > _ < mark > Making Ends Meet < / mark > _ < mark > . Malaysia Economic Monitor . World Bank , Kuala Lumpur . < / mark > < mark > World Bank . 2020 . < / mark > _ < mark > Aspirations Unfulfilled : Malaysia ’ s Cost of Living Challenges < / mark > _ < mark > . World Bank , Kuala Lumpur . < / mark > < mark > World Bank . 2023 . < / mark > _ < mark > Raising the Tide , Lifting All Boats < / mark > _ < mark > . Malaysia Economic Monitor . World Bank , Kuala Lumpur . < / mark > World Bank . 2024 . Poverty and Inequality Platform ( version 20230919_2017_01_02_PROD ) [ data set ] . pip . worldbank . org . Accessed on February 16 , 2024 . 56", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Un dixième des ménages tchadiens a un chef de ménages malade chronique ou handicapé ( 11 , 2 % ) . # # # # * * Recommandations - Accès à l ’ eau , l ’ éducation , la santé et aux marchés * * < mark > 6 . Cibler la meilleure période possible pour la réalisation des points d ’ eau ( en saison sèche lorsque la nappe phréatique se situe au plus bas niveau ) . < / mark > < mark > 7 . Poursuivre la sensibilisation pour une scolarisation équitable des garçons et des filles . < / mark > < mark > 8 . Multiplier des champs fourragers non loin des sites dans l ’ optique de limiter les transhumances qui empêchent les enfants de fréquenter les écoles au second trimestre . < / mark > # # # # * * 4 . 4 . Assistance alimentaire * * Depuis le début de l ’ intervention de secours et de redressement ( PRRO ) en janvier 2011 , respectivement 12 et 8 distributions de vivres ont été faites au profit des réfugiés tchadiens et centrafricains . En guise de rappel , cette intervention est venue remplacer l ’ opération d ’ urgence ( EMOP 107350 ) au cours de laquelle les réfugiés centrafricains et tchadiens ont tous bénéficié entre 2007 et 2010 , sur la base des informations de recensement de UNHCR , d ’ une assistance alimentaire du PAM à travers des distributions générales de vivres , l ’ objectif général étant de sauver leurs vies en urgence . Les ré", "spans": [{"start": 1154, "end": 1190, "text": "informations de recensement de UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "O An Environmental and Social Management Framework * * ( ESMF ) * * that includes an Environmental and Social Management Plan * * ( ESMP ) * * will be prepared for the Project before appraisal to ensure proper assessment and mitigation of potential adverse environmental and social impacts . The * * ESMF * * will ( i ) outline the steps to be followed * * by * * the borrower in mitigating potential adverse environmental impacts associated with the Project and ( ii ) include the refinement of the existing Health Care Waste Management Plan and generic Environmental and Social Impact Assessment * * ( ESIA ) * * terms of reference to be applied in the event that the screening results indicate the need for a separate site specific * * ESIA * * and / or * * ESMP * * for a sub project investment . The * * ESMF * * will be prepared , consulted upon , and disclosed locally and in the info shop before appraisal . The VMPPs existing for the ongoing health project ( P074091 ) will be reviewed and updated , as needed , to reflect the full scope of the target population . # # * * IV . APPROVALS * * | TaskTeamLeader ( s ) : | Name : | Yi-KyoungLee | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _ApprovedBy : _ * * | | | | | Safeguards Advisor : | Name : | JohannavanTilburg * * ( SA ) * * | Date : 13-May-2015 | | Practice Manager / | Name : | Abdo * * S . * * Yazbeck ( PMGR ) | Date : 15-May-2015 | | Manager : | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 5 STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTING OFFICER RESPONSIBILITY * * 1he Financing Agrecnent requires the recipient to * * have its * * Financial statemlents l > r the 1 > roject to * * be * * audited in accordance * * \\ w * * itlh the provisions * * o1 * * section * * 2 . 07 ( b * * ) * * 1f * * the standard conditions . Therel > re . annual financial reporting of ' * * IDA * * linanced activities require management to * * prepare * * financial statCentICUs whkich gi \\ e tIrue und luair ' vie \\ of ' the sources * * and * * application * * of lunds * * flr * * the * * financial period in accordance \\ itlh the Project accounting policies . Minagement accepts * * the * * responsibility or Ile lilnancial statemlents . which * * ha \\ e * * been prepared using apprpriute acconinting pulicies < sup > inconlärmity \\ \\ iththie1-inancingAgreement < / sup > and in the manner required * * by * * the \\ Wold Bank uidelines > r linnaneiul reportiing and auditing * * of * * IDA linanced activities . Management also accepts the responsibility lor salguarding the assets of the project against * * 1 , raud and other * * irregularities . \\ 1nagmcilcnt lurther * * accepts * * the respnsifbilbity lr the maintenance of accounting records w \\ hich * * have * * been * * used * * in the preparation * * el ' * * the financial statement * * as well as * * adequate * * sy , steis * * of internal ffinancial control . Nothing", "spans": [{"start": 1205, "end": 1223, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is important to remember that the 1995 survey was carried out in the early part of 1995 , before the economic recovery had taken hold . The 1995 survey thus provides a picture only of the short-run impact of the devaluation and accompanying policy measures . In aggregate , one would expect that poverty would have begun to fall in 1996 , given the strong economic turnaround observed in 1995 and 1996 . The strong growth in the secondary and tertiary sector of the economy is likely to have a positive impact on reducing urban poverty . While agricultural growth is positive , it would appear to be somewhat selective . To the extent that it bypasses many of the food crop and only partially touches cocoa farmers , its impact will be limited . Since food crop farmers account for roughly a quarter of CMte d ' Ivoire ' s population , and are the poorest socioeconomic group , whether or not they benefit from growth in aggregate demand will have a large bearing on what happens to overall rates of poverty . The rate at which poverty declines among this group of farmers may depend more on the fortunes of the export crop sector and what happens in the rural labor market , assuming that real producer price of the main staple food crops continues to decline . Heavy taxation of export crop farmers has repercussions not only on export crop farm households but also on food crop farm households . While taxation of export crop farmers ( as a share of the world price ) has decreased since the devaluation , export crop farmers , especially cocoa farmers , are still being taxed . The tax is often justified on the grounds that Cote d ' Ivoire has an important share of the cocoa market , and that restricting supply by taxing cocoa producers raises world prices and increases the gains to Cote d ' Ivoire . Analysis suggests that in the past the actual level of taxation exceeded the optimal level ( World Bank , 1994 ; Panagariya and Schiff , 1990 ) although the gap between the optimal and actual export tax may be narrowing at present . Unfortunately , the burden of taxation falls heavily on the", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 48, "text": "1995 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 300 , 000 25 % < br > 250 , 000 < br > 20 % < br > 200 , 000 < br > 150 , 000 15 % < br > 100 , 000 10 % < br > 50 , 000 5 % < br > - 0 % < br > Income % income sufficient < br > ( SYP ) < br > Average household income < br > sufficient to satisfy needs < br > % household reporting income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Bank staff calculations , based on HNAP June2021 Demographic and WASH survey data Overall , the fact that the income metric used in the HNAP report is solely based on labor income and that it does not include in-kind income receipts leads to the conclusion that the 98 percent extreme poverty estimate is significantly over-estimated . > 15 Due to data limitation , a basic food spatial deflator was constructed using the cost of the WFP basic food basket at the governorate level .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * EVALUATION APPROFONDIE DU PROGRAMME D ’ ASSISTANCE AUX REFUGIES TCHADIENS DE LANGUI ( NORD ) ET CENTRAFRICAINS DANS LES REGIONS DE L ’ EST ET DE L ’ ADAMAOUA DU CAMEROUN * * # * * RAPPORT FINAL * * * * Mai 2012 * * * * Données collectées du 28 février au 9 mars 2012 * *", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 270, "text": "Données collectées du 28 février au 9 mars 2012", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ". Subway installation has been motivated by the belief that it will shorten commuting times , reduce traffic congestion and vehicular emissions , and promote higher-density residential development near subway stations . Reduced vehicle emissions and energy efficiencies associated with higher-density development are frequently cited as carbon-saving advantages of mass transit systems . From this perspective , subway cities should have had lower-carbon development paths , other things equal . We explore this proposition with our regression residuals , drawing on a recent global survey of subway systems by Turner and Gonzalez-Navarro ( 2018 ) . Subways provide an excellent test of the non-Pigouvian supplement to carbon pricing for several reasons : They exemplify massive directed infrastructure investment ; they are numerous but far from universal in most world regions ; and their histories vary from over a century to less than a decade . If directed public investments can make a significant contribution to low-carbon development , the effect should register in a large sample that includes cities that have installed subway systems and cities that have not . Our econometric results in Table 2 are very similar for all three urban radii , so we present the median case ( 40 km ) . We have residuals for 1 , 236 cities with populations greater than 500 , 000 . The Turner / Gonzalez-Navarro survey identifies 132 of these as cities with subway systems . We divide the residuals into deciles , with the largest negative outliers in Decile 1 . These are the cities whose measured CO2 concentrations are far lower than their predicted concentrations . In counterpoint , the cities in Decile 10 have measured concentrations far higher than their predictions . We count the number of cities with subways in each decile and present the results in Table 5 . Figure 13 graphs the results with a regression line for easier interpretation . The results provide striking evidence of a negative relationship , with a decline of about 2 subway cities per decile . There are 23 subway cities", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 607, "text": "global survey of subway systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1378, "end": 1410, "text": "Turner / Gonzalez-Navarro survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "77 , \u0003 677 * * | * * 100 , \u0003 372 * * | * * 113 , \u0003 898 * * | * * 96 , \u0003 137 * * | * * 116 , \u0003 056 * * | * * 133 , \u0003 036 * * | * * 137 , \u0003 585 * * | * * 120 , \u0003 883 * * | * * 143 , \u0003 160 * * | * * 38 % * * | * * 24 % * * | * * 72 % * * | * * - 2 % * * | * * 20 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 20 . 0 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 3 . 5 < br > 7 . 7 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Percent < br > 0 . 0 < br > HH Head < br > Never married Married < br > Married Divorced Widowed Divorced Widowed < br > Figure 6 . 2 : HH Heads by Marital Status Figure 6 . 3 : HH Populations by Marital Status < br > ( N = 26 ) ( N = 88 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : RP Census Enumeration ( December 2024 ) _ # # # # # # * * Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation * * The ethnicity profile of Subproject affected household heads and household population is dominated by Oromo ethnic group , all 100 % of the household heads and household population affected by the proposed Subproject belong to Oromo ethnic group . As regards to religious affiliation , 58 . 3 % of HH heads and 63 . 9 % of HH population reported that they are affiliated to Protestant religion , while 41 . 7 % of the HH heads and 35 . 3 % of the HH population found to be followers of Orthodox Christianity . On the other hand , only one household member is reported to follow traditional Oromo religion / Waqefeta . Therefore , the Subproject affected household heads , and their family members belong to Oromo ethnic group and affiliated with Protestant and Orthodox Christianity . Page 68 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 398, "text": "RP Census Enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 83 | 1 . 34 | 1 . 21 | | Aryankor | INDEP | 0 . 34 | 0 . 59 | 0 . 62 | 1 . 05 | 1 . 19 | 0 . 58 | 0 . 57 | | Életút | INDEP | 0 . 00 | 0 . 53 | 0 . 74 | 0 . 25 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 29 | | Évgyűrűk | INDEP | 0 . 16 | 1 . 15 | 0 . 58 | 0 . 65 | 0 . 54 | 0 . 57 | 0 . 50 | | Weighted Average | MKT | 1 . 13 | 1 . 42 | 1 . 06 | 1 . 03 | 0 . 95 | 0 . 92 | 0 . 97 | | Weighted Average | EMP | 0 . 05 | 0 . 62 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 28 | | Weighted Average | FIN | 1 . 29 | 1 . 51 | 1 . 14 | 1 . 09 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 05 | | Weighted Average | INDEP | 0 . 21 | 0 . 94 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 81 | 0 . 84 | 0 . 57 | 0 . 53 | Source : HFSA raw data 40 . This segmentation in asset management fees can be ascribed to the governance structure of MPFs and weak transparency provisions in the regulation of the second pillar . As previously mentioned , MPF boards are _de facto_ controlled by their sponsors , which define the fees that will be charged by the service providers within the group . Members do not _de facto_ vote with their voices , as they typically do not go to general assemblies and vote for the boards , but could “ vote with their feet ” , i . e . , switch to the funds generating higher rates of return and charging lower fees . However , the lack of information on critical data on rates of returns and fees have limited competition and promoted the", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 659, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( rather than general aggregate variation ) , and _statesharei , t − _ 4 is based on the eligibility rules for each speci c policy change ( rather than average transfer shares ) . Combined , this means that ∆ _tri , t_ re ects actual changes in transfers to di \u001b erent states very accurately for example , in an IV speci cation rststage coe cients are close to one and F-stats are above 500 \u0015 rather than being an instrument correlated with transfer changes . For the 2001 transfers and the 2008 middle-income tax refund the aggregate size of the payments ∆ _trUS , t_ in Equation 1 are taken from JPS and Parker et al . ( 2013 ) respectively ( subtracting the size of the low income rebate from BEA ( 2009 ) in the latter case ) . Each state ' s share ( _statesharei , t − _ 4 ) is calculated using IRS state-level data on individual tax returns for the previous tax year ( 2000 and 2007 respectively ) , using eligibility rules for each speci c payment . Eligibility for the 2001 and 2008 stimulus payments largely depended on income in 2000 and 2007 , as full-year income was not known in 2001Q3 or 2008Q2 when the rst payments were made . The cross-state distribution of one-o \u001b transfers is plotted below in Figure 1 . For permanent Social Security bene t increases , the aggregate transfer change ∆ _trUS , t_ is taken from Table 1 of Romer and Romer ( 2016 ) over 1952 \u0015 1974 . < sup > 6 < / sup > I allocate the exogenous increase in aggregate Social Security payments across states in proportion to that state ' s share of Social Security payments a year before , _statesharei , t − _ 4 as in Equation 1 ( see Appendix 1 for details ) . As the policy change essentially involves scaling up existing Social Security transfers , Equation 1 is exact using a contemporaneous _stateshare_ . In practice _statesharei_ is almost unchanged year-to-year , so Equation 1 is likely to be very accurate ( see Appendix Figures 1 . 1 and 3 . 1B ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > >", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 834, "text": "calculated using IRS state-level data on individual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which is quite low . . KOIKA , UNICEF and Gov ’ t of Finland have disbursement is more than 90 % but the disbursements from FCDO , Saudi fund , and Gov ’ t of Netherland were low at 45 . 23 % , 69 . 23 % , and 23 . 53 % respectively . Disbursement from IDA and British Embassy could improve , as the advance request of quarter ended July 7 , 2024 , is approved . But in general , the project , should continue to intensify its efforts to improve execution by timely identifying and addressing bottlenecks for implementation and thereby utilize resources in time . - ( b ) _UN Advance Financed by IDA : _ The mission notes of outstanding UN advance ( of US $ 4 . 72 million ) paid for purchase of vehicles and motorcycles . We noted that the amounts were reported as expenditure of EFY 2014 , but the advance is still outstanding on the client connection . The disclosure on the most recent IFR ( for quarter ended July 7 , 2024 ) has indicated that additional vehicles have been procured with the unutilized amount and the vehicles have arrived at port of Djibouti . The status has further indicated that once the vehicles are received and inspected , the final settlement will be submitted to the Bank . The MoF / MoWE should expedite the process and inform the Bank officially of the final invoice collected from the UNOPS which then needs to be cleared by the Bank and reflected on client connection . Any unutilized funds need to be refunded to the Bank . - ( c ) _Long outstanding Advances and Payables-_ We note of significant advance and payables . IFRs have continued providing analysis of advances and payables . Both the advance and liability balances , as at the end of the quarter ended July 7 , 2024 , have increased to ETB 1 , 628 . 60 million and ETB 298 . 73 million respectively from previous quarter advance ETB 1 , 503 . 84 million and liability balance of", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 893, "text": "IFR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "close to the lower-end of the HSDP target but not good enough to influence the Maternal Mortality rate . A comparison of the 2000 and 2005 DHS ( Annex 11 ) shows improved nutrition , and slightly improved immunization and birth spacing , all of which must have contributed to the observed improvement in health status . On the other hand , the improvement cannot be explained by the trends in antenatal and postnatal care according to the DHS . The percentage of pregnant women who received ante natal care from health professionals barely increased from 26 . 7 % in 2000 to 27 . 6 % in 2005 . The percentage of women who received postnatal care within the crucial first two days of delivery decrease from 7 . 8 % in 2000 to 4 . 6 % in 2005 , and the percentage of women giving birth who received no postnatal health check up increased from 89 . 5 % in 2000 to 93 . 7 % in 2005 . According to the HHRI - 1997 EC , the life expectancy at birth was only 48 years in 2004 / 05 ( 1997 EC ) . The reasons for the variations in life expectancy at birth ( an increase from 52 in 1997 / 98 to 54 in 2001 / 02 and then a decrease to 48 in 2004 / 05 ) over the last seven years are not clear . 19", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 142, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 439, "end": 442, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 897, "end": 911, "text": "HHRI - 1997 EC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ed from the area . The destruction is depicted by satellite photography . < sup > 5 < / sup > At the time of this report , there is increasing confl ict reported in all the above mentioned areas and in central Jonglei the SPLA has taken control of Yuai and Waat causing the mainly Nuer population to fl ee in all directions . At present so far over 6 , 000 people people moving towards Akobo and the Ethiopian border , many stuck in locations unable to move for fear of attacks along the main route and without food and water . The Western Upper Nile is now an active confl ict area as SPLA forces have reportedly taken Tonga , previously controlled by the mainly Shilluk opposition ( IO ) authorities . Thousands of people have been fl eeing north towards through Fashoda county congregating in and around Aburoc and many people are also crossing to Sudan . < sup > 6 < / sup > The SPLA have taken over Kodok that has swelled the population in Aburoc as people are fl eeing . There are an estimated 30 , 000 IDPs in the area without adequate food , water or shelter . Those that can afford the 3 , 000 SSP travel to the border are waiting for the few commercial trucks that have provided transport to Sudan . At the time of 1 See previous reports at : www . humanitarianresponse . info / en / operations / south-sudan / protection 2 To provide the most up to date report some information obtained in April is included . > 3 On 14 January , Mr . Kiir issued a decree creating four additional states in greater Upper Nile and Western Equatoria and rearranging state administrative boundaries . The decree now brings the total number of states to 32 from the 28 created by a Presidential decree ( Security Council Report , 16 March 2017 ) . 4Information quoted from March 2017 SG report . 5 UNITAR - UNOSAT identifi ed a total of", "spans": [{"start": 1764, "end": 1784, "text": "March 2017 SG report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5764 # * * Abstract * * Thousands of Moldovans emigrated for work abroad over the last few years following nearly a decade of economic stagnation in their home country . At about 30 percent of the labor force , Moldova ’ s emigrant population is in relative terms among the largest in the world . This study uses a unique household survey to examine the impact of emigration on wages in Moldova . The authors find a positive and significant impact of emigration on wages and the result is robust to the use of alternative samples and specifications . The size of the emigration coefficient varies depending on the sample and model specification , but the baseline result suggests that , on average , a 10 percent increase in the emigration rate is associated with 3 . 2 percent increase in wages . At the same time , there is evidence of significant differences across economic sectors in the estimated effect of emigration on wages . The authors speculate and provide some evidence that offsetting changes in labor demand , as revealed by information on employment growth by sector , may help explain some of the heterogeneity . This paper is a product of thePoverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit , Europe and Central Asia Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at LBouton @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 368, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 75 % | | 67 % | 67 % | 89 % | Out of 292 Rural Pipe systems and Urban Water supply projects < br > ( 224 RPSs , 50 Urban WS and 18 multi village water supply < br > schemes ) 75 % are targeted to use water resource information system < br > during designs ( 219 ) . Of this 196 have used designs using Water < br > Resource Information System | | 6 | Percentage of functional rural water < br > supply schemes in Program Woredas | % | 88 % | 95 % | | 82 % | 82 % | 86 % | < br > From the total of 5 , 8487 schemes in the Program woredas 47866 < br > schemes are functional . Data from Oromia , Central Ethiopia and < br > Southwest Ethiopia regions will be further verified in the next < br > quarter report | | 7 | Proportion of urban water service < br > providers < br > under < br > the < br > Program | % | 0 % | 80 % | | 38 % | 38 % | 48 % | Out of 50 Program towns , 19 towns cover their operation costs . Data < br > from Oromia , central Ethiopia and southwest Ethiopia region is | | | covering their operational costs | | | | | | | | agreed to be further verified during the next quarter report | | * * Inter * * | * * mediate Indicators * * | | | | | | | | | | A | * * Rural * * | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Improved community water supply < br > schemes constructed / rehabilitated < br > under the Program | | - | 3724 | 1 , 936 | 2 , 566 | 630 | * * 69 % * * | Calculated based on the completed 2566 rural water supply schemes < br > ( 2099 new on spot schemes , 118 Rural", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 614, "text": "Data from Oromia , Central Ethiopia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P payments reduces poverty by about seven percent . 86 . The four PW Impact Assessments ( PWIA ) conducted since the beginning of the PSNP < sup > 18 < / sup > found significant improvements in the overwhelming majority of watersheds in land cover , range of plant species , increased production of forage and medicinal plants , increased groundwater and improved spring yields , reduced run-off and soil-loss , reduced flooding on private croplands , and increased cropping land through land reclamation . To date , some 1 . 2 million hectares have been treated through soil & water conservation ( SWC ) activities within closed areas , and while the most immediate impacts of area closure were typically increased income for community groups adopting new livelihoods activities such as bee-keeping , medium term impacts have included increased crop yields . The 2015 PWIA estimated that on average a 9 . 1 percent increase in crop yields could be attributed to the impact of PW SWC measures . Since crop yields actually fell in some cases due to drought , this figure was considerably higher in many of the watersheds . In November 2015 , an Outcome Evaluation Report of the PSNP Climate-Smart Initiative ( CSI ) found that public works activities are making a very significant contribution to climate resilience in Ethiopia , and soil samples from PSNP public works sites by Cornell University have identified up to 300 percent increase in carbon sequestration rates , together with markedly improved soil fertility . 87 . PSNP public works have also increased access to social services , including education and healthcare , both directly through the construction of infrastructure to house these services and indirectly through better transport networks . Since the beginning of the PSNP more than 6 , 000 primary schools have been built or expanded by the PW program ; the majority of PWIA respondents now report that they have access to a PSNP PW-supported school , and that the average travel time to the school has fallen by about 50 percent . More than 1 , 000 health posts have also been supported", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 28 ANNEX I Page 1 of 5 4 TABLE 3A UGANDA - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET | AREA ( THOUSAND SQ . KM . ) < br > < br > | | UGANDA < br > | | REFERENCE GROUPS < br > - MOST RECE < br > | ( WEIGHTED AVERAGES < br > NT ESTIMATE ) - a < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TOTAL < br > 236 . 0 < br > AGRICULTURAL < br > 106 . 1 | 1960 < br > / b | < br > < br > 1970 / b | MOST RECENT < br > ESTIMATE / b | LOW INCOME < br > AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHA | MIDDLE INCOME < br > RA AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA | | GNP PER CAPITA ( US $ ) | 140 . 0 | 230 . 0 | 300 . 0 | 250 . 8 | 1053 . 2 | | ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA < br > ( KILOGRAMS OF COAL EQUIVALENT ) | 38 . 7 | 84 . 9 | 38 . 7 | 66 . 5 | 610 . 1 | | POPULATIONANDVITAL STATISTICS < br > POPULATION , MID-YEAR ( THOUSANDS ) < br > URBAN POPULATION ( PERCENTOFTOTA | 7286 . 0 < br > L ) < br > 5 . 2 | 9758 . 0 < br > 8 . 0 | 12630 . 0 < br > 8 . 7 | 17 . 8 | 28 . 3 | | POPULATION PROJECTIONS < br > POPULATION IN YEAR 2000 < br > ( MILLION | S ) | | 24 . 3 | | | | < br > STATION", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 73, "text": "SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OECD . * * 2022 _b_ . “ Employment and Labour Market Statistics . ” ` https : / / www . oecd-ilibrary . org / employment / data / oecd-employment-and-labour-market-statistics_lfs-data-en ` . - * * OECD . * * 2022 _c_ . “ Enterprises by Business Size . ” ` https : / / data . oecd . org / entrepreneur / enterprises-by-business-size . htm ` . * * Paradisi , Matteo . * * 2021 . “ Firms and Policy Incidence . ” _Mimeo_ . - * * Pissarides , Christopher A . * * 1985 . “ Taxes , Subsidies and Equilibrium Unemployment . ” _Review of Economic Studies_ , 52 ( 1 ) : 121 – 133 . - * * Postel-Vinay , Fabien , and Jean-Marc Robin . * * 2002 . “ Equilibrium Wage Dispersion With Worker and Employer Heterogeneity . ” _Econometrica_ , 70 ( 6 ) : 2295 – 2350 . - * * Rodrik , Dani , and Charles F Sabel . * * 2022 . “ Building a Good Jobs Economy . ” In _A Political Economy of Justice_ . , ed . Danielle Allen , Yochai Benkler , Leah Downey , Rebecca Henderson and Josh Simons , 61 – 95 . University of Chicago Press . - * * Rodrik , Dani , and Stefanie Stantcheva . * * 2021 . “ Fixing Capitalism ’ s Good Jobs Problem . ” _Oxford Review of Economic Policy_ , 37 ( 4 ) : 824 – 837 . - * * Rothstein , Jesse . * * 2010 . “ Is the EITC as Good as an NIT ? Conditional Cash Transfers and Tax Incidence . ” _American Economic Journal : Economic Policy_ , 2 ( 1 ) : 177 – 208 . - * * Rovigatti , Gabriele , and Vincenzo Mollisi . * * 2020 . “ PRODEST : Stata Module for Production Function Estimation Based on the Control Function Approach . ” Boston College Department of Economics Statistical Software Components S458239 . - * * Saez , Emmanuel , Benjamin Schoefer , and David Seim . * * 2019 . “ Payroll Taxes , Firm Behavior , and Rent Sharing : Evidence from a Young Workers ’ Tax Cut in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was predicated on the assumption that countries could accelerate their performance to that of the 80 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of countries in their respective regions ( Figure 12 ) . Even if we were to assume that countries could accelerate their performance to this level as they re-open schools and address the challenges created by COVID-19 , it would mean that the world will not halve Learning Poverty by 2030 – it will at best reach the learning poverty target by 2034 . 83 Rogers and Sabarwal ( 2020 ) . 84 For additional details please see World Bank ( 2020 ) available online at < u > http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 531681585957264427 / Guidance-Note-on-Remote-Learning-andCOVID-19 . < / u > > 85 See for instance the policy response options described in Rogers and Sabarwal ( 2020 ) . > 86 Al Tuwaijri et al . ( 2020 ) . > 87 UNESCO-UNICEF-World Bank are working on a joint Survey on National education responses to COVID-19 . The first round has already been collected , and the team is moving to the second round . For more information please see < u > http : / / uis . unesco . org / en / news / survey-national-education-responses-covid-19-school-closures-due-12-june-2020 < / u > 88 Building on past experiences , such as the Listening to LAC , Listening to Africa , and Listening to Tajikistan , the World Bank is scaling up efforts to collect high frequency phone surveys of households in over 100 countries across all developing world to supports countries ’ policy responses to COVID-19 ( for more information see < u > https : / / blogs . worldbank . org / opendata / high-frequency-monitoring-covid-19-impacts ) . < / u > 89 In March 2020 , the World Bank in partnership with DFID , launched a specific windows of the Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund ( SIEF ) intended to generate experimental and quasi-experimental evidence that would be immediately useful for countries ’ education systems as they deal with the Covid-19 pandemic ( for more information please see < u > https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / programs / sief-trust-fund / brief /", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 966, "text": "Survey on National education responses to COVID-19", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1392, "end": 1434, "text": "high frequency phone surveys of households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KDC wishes to report for disclosure purposes , that there were no activities to report on the below annexes . These annexes are ; Annex * * 1 : * * Prior Year Auditor-General ' s Recommendations Annex * * 3 : * * Fixed Asset Register Annex 4 ( i ) : Signed confirmations from beneficiaries in Transfers to Other Government Entities Annex 4 ( iii ) : Board of Survey Report 24", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 233, "text": "Fixed Asset Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The relationship between corruption and business activity has long been a contentious area of research . Corruption can impose a tax on business , which is not only costly to individuals and firms — it can be arbitrary and unpredictable . It can also affect the incentives of firms and investors , increasing rent seeking activity . Yet , corruption can also increase economic efficiency , where it greases the wheels of business , either as a collusion between public officials and firms , or simply a mechanism that increases the efficiency of business by using informal mechanisms to overcome formal barriers to economic activities . In this paper we examine the extent of business corruption in a survey of firms in Bangladesh . Isolating our study to a single country allows us to sidestep many of the difficult cross-national comparisons of individual responses to survey questions . Yet our research project is confronted with the same empirical research design issue as literally decades of scholarship : the measurement of corruption . The most serious problem with corruption research is the ability to directly measure corruption . Corruption often entails illegal and unethical activities where one or all parties have incentives to conceal corrupt acts . Thus one response to this measurement problem is to rely on the opinions of experts on the levels of corruption . Unfortunately , this fails to uncover the vast differences in experiences with corruption across firms , and still suffers from the same measurement problem . If these experts aren ’ t directly observing “ corruption ” what information are they using to evaluate the level of corruption ? 2", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 757, "text": "survey of firms in Bangladesh", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the shapefiles to the World Bank before actual planting starts on the ground in June / July . # # # * * 3 . Implement the technical consultancies : * * a ) . finalize the recruitment of the M & E specialist ; b ) . hire a firm that will implement the Land Use Plan ; c ) . finalize the strategic action plan for engaging private sector ; d ) . finalize the consultancy for Forest Tenure Assessment & Facilitation of dialogue ; e ) . hire consultant for Kit preparation and communication need assessment ; and f ) . finalize the Emission Reduction Program Document . * * 4 . Progress towards the Emission Reduction Payment Agreement ( ERPA ) negotiation is also delayed * * . Three critical elements are needed before the ERPA is signed : a ) . Finalization of the Emission Reduction Program Document ( government has hired a consultant to support the preparation of this document , and first draft is expected by June ) ; b ) . preparation of the Benefit Sharing Mechanism ( a report was prepared by the consultant , but significant work on the Benefit Sharing Plan is still needed . The task team will work closely with the client and the consultant on the preparation of this document and receive the advanced version ) ; c ) . legal clarity / opinion on who owns the Emission Reductions in Ethiopia and which institution has the capacity to transfer those titles to the BioCarbon Fund ISFL is needed . It was agreed that this would clarified through a legal opinion by the Federal Attorney General and it is expected to be received in June 2018 . # * * Risks * * # # * * Systematic Operations Risk-rating Tool * * | Risk Category | Rating at Approval | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Political and Governance |  High |  High |  Substantial | | Macroeconomic |  Moderate |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Sector Strategies and Policies |", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 14, "text": "shapefiles", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of NESSP implementation . The CPPMU works closely with the Kenya Bureau of Statistics ( KNBS ) . The CPPMU , in collaboration with the KNBS team , develops and publishes educational statistical booklets . The MoE ’ s DPCAD oversees day-to day implementation of key donor funded projects , including the ongoing education projects . 65 . The Operation results monitoring will build on the existing databases used by the CPPMU that comprise the online - based NEMIS platform . The NEMIS , hosted by MoE , is being revamped to ensure data credibility and data security . The NEMIS contains up-to-date key education data , including for primary education , and has been used to generate the annual educational statistical booklets . KNEC hosts the platform for data on learning assessments , including the school specific learning assessments reports . The Directorate of Quality Assurance and Standards , and the Directorate of School Audit at MoE conduct regular visits to schools and submit their data and reports to MoE management and relevant IEs for action . The ongoing revamping of NEMIS will enable the platform to also capture data from these Directorates . MoE will be responsible for monitoring overall results for the Operation , including the IPF Component and commitments in the PAP . 66 . The existing National PCU at MoE will be directly responsible for tracking all the Program results through program participating entities . The PCU will obtain information on various indicators and DLIs from the PCTs at the IEs . MoE ’ s CPPMU are responsible for overall coordination and monitoring of the NESSP and therefore are expected to cross check data collected by the PCU . The IPF Component includes resources to support better data management . 67 . In addition to monitoring by the PCU , results framework indicators which are also DLIs will be subject to third party verification by an independent verifier . As part of program review , at least two joint implementation support missions will be carried out each year to track", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 846, "text": "school specific learning assessments reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well , there is a huge gap in psychosocial support for the adult population of South Sudan . | | Family T i < br > | racing and Reunifi cation ( cumulative ) < br > Mar2014 - Sep2016 | � � � � � � | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � | | | | | � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � | | | | | � � � � � | � � � � � | | � � � � � � | | � � � | � � � | | � � � < br > � � � | | � � � � | � � � � | | � � � � < br > � � � � | Source : Family Tracing and Reunifi cation database .", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 567, "text": "Family Tracing and Reunifi cation database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hospitals that undertake high volumes of relevant procedures are likely to be stronger candidates for accreditation , as studies have shown that surgical complications and mortality rates are inversely related to the volume of procedures ( see , e . g . , Birkmeyer et al . , 2002 and Katz et al . , 2002 ) . JCI accredited hospitals are responsible for renewing their accreditation every three years , and have to collect and report outcomes data on services rendered as well as quality indicators . Studies have found a positive association between hospital performance reporting and hospital quality improvement efforts ( see , e . g . , Hibbard et al . , 2003 ) . < sup > 31 < / sup > The receipt of JCI accreditation by foreign hospitals could be used as the basis for selection to join the provider network of an industrial country insurer . < sup > 32 < / sup > Foreign hospitals could also signal quality by establishing affiliations with reputed hospitals in industrial countries and mirroring their procedural standards , guidelines and clinical pathways . Foreign investment in the health care sector , sometimes inhibited by developing country restrictions , could also be a powerful vehicle for improvements in technology , managements and overall standards . # _7 . 2 Accreditation of foreign medical professionals_ The second proposal is for doctors and nurses in export-oriented health care organizations to credibly signal quality by passing , respectively , the United States Medical Licensing Exam ( USMLE ) and the US National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses ( NCLEX-RN ) . < sup > 33 < / sup > Since foreign medical graduates that practice medicine in the US are obliged to pass these examinations , a natural extension from a trade in health care perspective would be to institute a similar requirement for foreign physicians in exportoriented health care organizations abroad . It is also possible that as part of the residency program for physicians , foreign medical boards could form partnerships with medical centers in developed countries involving an exchange of medical experts , for example , as in the partnership between the Methodist Health care System of San Antonio and Mexico ( see Albro and Norton , 1997 )", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 447, "text": "outcomes data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project ( ENREP ) ( P119893 ) | Value | 0 . 00 | 8 . 50 | 8 . 50 | 5 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 15-Jun-2021 | 15-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Modernization Support < br > ~ ~ IN01235426 ~ ~ | | | | | | ► Number of gender informe | d awareness events held ( | Number , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 7 . 00 | 7 . 00 | 9 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 15-Jun-2021 | 15-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | ~ ~ IN01235429 ~ ~ | | | | | | ► EEP publishes annual rep | ort on citizen engagement | ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 28-Jan-2016 | 15-Jun-2021 | 15-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | EEU published a rep | ort on gender and citizen enga | gement | | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | %", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2020 < br > Account No . 1000308637 < br > Depository Bank CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > Address CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > Related Loan TRANSFOR . H . SYSTEMS-GR B TFA02561 < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency USD < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2019 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account 3 , 220 , 824 . 56 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank 13 , 086 , 622 . 51 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > 12 , 849 , 399 . 83 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2020 3 , 458 , 047 . 24 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > DATE < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2020 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 435, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1137, "end": 1173, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 12 - | * * Category * * < br > * * ( including * * < br > * * Disbursement * * < br > * * Linked * * < br > * * Indicator as * * < br > * * applicable ) * * | * * Disbursement Linked * * < br > * * Result ( as applicable ) * * * | * * Amount of * * < br > * * the Financing * * < br > * * Allocated * * < br > * * ( expressed in * * < br > * * USD ) * * | * * Formula and * * < br > * * Amount of the * * < br > * * Financing * * < br > * * Allocated * * < br > * * ( expressed in USD ) * * | * * Percentage of * * < br > * * Expenditures * * < br > * * to be * * < br > * * Financed * * < br > * * ( inclusive of * * < br > * * Taxes ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | DLR 1 . 2 ( Year 2 ) : < br > ( i ) Up to 80 % of domestic < br > development commitments < br > ( for externally and < br > domestically funded < br > projects , excluding arrears ) < br > reported in the MYCS are < br > reflected in the annual < br > budget and MTEF ceilings ; < br > and < br > ( ii ) Information on multi - < br > year commitments to be < br > made available from MDAs < br > to MoFPED and MoFPED < br > publishes < br > the < br > MYCS < br > alongside", "spans": [{"start": 897, "end": 901, "text": "MYCS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1144, "end": 1148, "text": "MYCS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 76 - ANNEX 4 Page 13 # 10 . Staff Development Specialist A Staff Development Specialist will be recruited for ( three ) months to assist the Personnel Department in identifying key managerial , supervisory and professional positions within AFC and in planning for their adequate staffing . # Job Description Using job analysis data collected by the Training Advisor , supplemented by interviews as appropriate , the consultant will : - prepare and submit to the Corporate Planning Department Head a replacement planning and career development system , including the preparation of the required forms , policies and procedures ; - design and conduct a series of workshops to coach senior and middle managers in the understanding and use of the career developing planning system ; and - assist the Training Department in preparing a series of specialized courses addressing staff development needs .", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 333, "text": "job analysis data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "candidate covariate at a time , replacing ) in the equation . We evaluate the fit in-sample for reasons of efficiency , since evaluating all models out-of-sample is too computationally intensive . Given that all models are llGG ( GGl identical and simple , overfitting is unlikely to be an issue . The left panel of Figure 3 plots the error from these regressions against the availability of each indicator from 1991-2020 for the 218 economies considered by the World Bank . We exclude variables with less than 50 % availability given that they have too much missingness to be useful for our application . We are primarily interested in variables for which no other variable has a lower error and lower missingness . When using the full sample ( panel a ) , this concerns national accounts variables and under-five mortality . The national accounts variables on the frontier are GDP , Household Final Consumption Expenditure ( HFCE ) , and Gross National Income ( GNI ) ( the national accounts variables are expressed in logs and per capita terms throughout ) . We use versions of these variables expressed in 2017 PPP-adjusted USD even though at times non-PPP adjusted versions perform slightly better ( see the unlabeled orange dots in Figure 3 ) . These variables have the advantage of being highly correlated with welfare but the drawback of not always being available . For example , GNI per capita is available only for 58 % of the country-year observations . Hence , national accounts data can only offer a partial solution to predict the distribution of welfare . To the contrary , under-five mortality is universally available due to modeling done by the UN Population Division . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1474, "end": 1496, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * - Akresh , R . , Halim , D . , & Kleemans , M . ( 2018 ) . Long-term and intergenerational effects of education : Evidence from school construction in Indonesia . _NBER Working Paper Series_ . - Alderman , H . , Hoddinott , J . , & Kinsey , B . ( 2006 ) . Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition . _Oxford Economic Papers_ , _58_ ( 3 ) , 450 – 474 . - Andrabi , T . , Das , J . , & Khwaja , A . I . ( 2012 ) . What did you do all day ? Maternal education and child outcomes . _Journal of Human Resources_ , _47_ ( 4 ) , 873 – 912 . - Attanasio , O . , Cattan , S . , Fitzsimons , E . , Meghir , C . , & Rubio-Codina , M . ( 2020 ) . Estimating the production function for human capital : Results from a randomized controlled trial in Colombia . _American Economic Review_ , _110_ ( 1 ) , 48 – 85 . - Baumrind , D . ( 1991 ) . The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use . _The Journal of Early Adolescence_ , _11_ ( 1 ) , 56 – 95 . - Bayer , J . K . , Ukoumunne , O . C . , Lucas , N . , Wake , M . , Scalzo , K . , & Nicholson , J . M . ( 2011 ) . Risk factors for childhood mental health symptoms : National longitudinal study of Australian children . _Pediatrics_ , _128_ ( 4 ) , e865 – e879 . - Black , M . M . , Walker , S . P . , Fernald , L . C . , Andersen , C . T . , DiGirolamo , A . M . , Lu , C . , . . . others ( 2017 ) . Early childhood development coming of age : Science through the life course . _The Lancet_ , _389_ ( 10064 ) , 77 – 90 . - Black , S . E . , Devereux , P .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "method was used to search for Herptiles in the study area from 14 . 04 . 2023-16 . 04 . 2023 . To increase the chances of finding animals and cover a wider survey area , a random search was conducted . This method involved a researcher moving slowly through the habitat , carefully watching the foliage above the ground , turning logs or stones , inspecting retreats , and watching out for surface-active species . In addition to VES , interviews were conducted with local leadership near the park as well as UWA rangers , who were asked about physical signs of herptiles presence in the area such as skin shades and prints , bones , and fecal samples . Herptiles were sampled along the study area with a sampling radius of 200m from either side of the center line , as herptiles are highly mobile animals . The sampling interval was determined by the spatial distribution of the chosen habitats . The species encountered were assessed against the IUCN Red list to determine their conservation status . 38 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA MFNP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 948, "end": 961, "text": "IUCN Red list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS . The recovery in 2017 had a different dynamic : incomes of the lower ‐ income groups were recovering faster . There is a negative relationship between real income growth rates in 2017 and real income level in 2016 ( Figure 9 ) . The higher ‐ income groups like those with high education levels or residents of Minsk continued to experience income declines in 2017 . The lower ‐ income groups , like households with 2 children , single ‐ adult households with children , or residents of rural areas and small cities enjoyed recovering incomes in 2017 . The only exception here is households with three and more children that continued to experience income declines even in 2017 . _Figure 9 : Real income change during recovery in 2017 for major socio ‐ economic groups negatively depends on initial level of income_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 16 . 0 % < br > 14 . 0 % Single-adult hh with < br > 12 . 0 % Hh with 2 ch children < br > 10 . 0 % < br > Small cities < br > 8 . 0 % Rural < br > 6 . 0 % Secondary spec edu < br > 4 . 0 % < br > 2 . 0 % Minsk < br > 0 . 0 % < br > - 2 . 0 % 150 200 250 300 350 400 < br > - 4 . 0 % Hh with 3 and more ch Retiree hh < br > Higher education < br > - 6 . 0 % < br > Cash income in 2016 < br > Real cash income change 2016-2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Cash income and change in cash income are measured in real 2014 roubles per capita . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS . # 3 . 2 . Absolute and moderate poverty The crisis of 2015 ‐ 2016 had a substantial effect on the well ‐ being of the low ‐ income population , but it was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 54, "text": "quarterly HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Trade Policies and Sea and Air freight : The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Imports and Exports < sup > ∗ < / sup > Socrates Majune < sup > † < / sup > and Angella Faith Montfaucon < sup > ‡ < / sup > _JEL Classification_ : F10 , F13 , F14 , O53 _Keywords_ : Lockdown policies , Indonesia , COVID-19 , Sea cargo , Air cargo , Non-tariff Measures > ∗ The authors would like to thank Devaki Ghose and Csilla Lakatos for helpful comments , Bayu Agnimaruto for updating the Indonesia non-tariff measures data and Bradley Robert Larson for the COVID-19 data update . This paper has partially benefited from financial support from the Umbrella Facility for Trade trust fund , financed by the governments of the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors or the countries they represent . All errors are our responsibility . > † World Trade Organization and University of Nairobi skmajune @ uonbi . ac . ke > ‡ World Bank amontfaucon @ worldbank . org , corresponding author", "spans": [{"start": 473, "end": 507, "text": "Indonesia non-tariff measures data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( ii ) through the Cabinet < br > Secretary of the National Treasury and Planning , < br > adopted a governance framework through which < br > tax exemptions are granted to avoid the creep in < br > tax exemptions and arrest the decline in tax < br > revenues . | * * PA12 : * * The Recipient has through its Cabinet < br > approved for submission to Parliament , the < br > Income Tax Bill 2019 , which streamlines tax < br > exemptions by reducing the number of exemptions < br > offered . | | * * PA13 : * * The Recipient has ( i ) signed a < br > memorandum of understanding ( MoU ) between < br > the Competition Authority of Kenya ( CAK ) and the < br > Public Procurement Regulatory Authority ( PPRA ) < br > that allows for information sharing to help carry out < br > effective investigations on collusive behavior in < br > public procurement ; and ( ii ) through its National < br > Treasury and Planning , verified and reconciled its < br > external debt records to improve upon the < br > accuracy of its electronic debt registry . | < br > < br > * * PA14 : * * The Recipient has ( i ) published in a publicly < br > available online portal details of contracts and < br > tenders ; including tender documents ; details on < br > companies that were awarded the tender ; and the < br > names of the directors of the company ; ( ii ) through < br > its Cabinet approved the Public Procurement and < br > Asset Disposal Regulations which will allow for < br > revision of standard bidding documents to provide < br > greater details on bidders to enhance < br > transparency ; and ( iii ) through its Parliament < br > enacted the Competition Amendment Act that < br > include specific penalties on collusive behavior in < br > public procurement < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 953, "end": 974, "text": "external debt records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1018, "end": 1042, "text": "electronic debt registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pirals dtvided by tbr n * * e * * ther e of beds . pOPUlATION AND VITAL STATISTICS h Total Populotuto , gid-Yrar ( th . ouands ) - As of Jnly 1 ; 1960 . 1970 , apd 1990 _dOU91SG_ data . Average Sieu of gassehold ( persons per household ) - total , se_nb , and rurolUeban PPulatiou ditferet detinitiont ( perenot of ucrba of t . otl ) ocean nay - Eatti affect uorfurbao corparability ttotal popnlat-in ; of data A hontehold and their mial souls . couolstn of a group of A bhadedr or lodger lodtirdunle ty who share or my net be tecluded livIng qna , tert it aosog countries ; 1960 , 1970 , and 1990 dact . the hcusehold for statirtical purposen . Pupulation Projectiens Average nusber of perons per teentotal , nrban . , and rural - oaerage out Populattun total populatiuo In I ear 2000 - by ege Current aud em and their populatoln projectens _nrealIty and fertiitty are bahed e roten . 1980 ber of pernon deellicgn , respectively . per teen in Dvellicnsexclude nll urban , sad rural con-peranret occupied conventional etrornaren and Projectiot parteotern for tprtality ratet coprine of three levels sumpuateocupled partt . i1g life level , and female lift e on tpectaccy expeccancy birth Lcreasing ntobilioicg vi", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 183, "text": "_dOU91SG_ data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IBRD 47748 | MARCH 2024 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Breadwinner Norm : Expenses are a man ’ s responsibility even if his wife can help him < br > Misperception of the norm : Perceived Community Norms - Personal Beliefs ( 9 ) < br > F a < br > rey € aa \\ < br > | | rte > < br > t bees é 8 < br > we } ire : | < br > — < br > Wi 20-25 aor : wy 4 < br > Mi 15-20 eel < br > mmmm 5-1010-15 at rs . 4 < br > my 0-5 < br > my - 5-0 < br > mm - 10 - - 5 < br > - 15 - - 10 4 < br > No data < br > a . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Misperception is determined by the disparity between the Community perceived norm ( on a 0-100 scale ) and the Aggregate Level ofAgreement with the norm within the country ( on a 0-100 scale ) . Here we present the actual values of the misperception — some countries havea positive value ( overestimation ) andsome a negative value ( underestimation ) suggesting varying degrees of misperception . Darker shades ofthe map suggest an overestimation of the male breadwinnernorm — individuals think their community is more gender conservative or stereotypical than actual beliefs in that country . Lighter shades ofthe map suggest an underestimation of the male breadwinner norm — individuals think their community is more gender progressive or counter-stereotypical than actual beliefs in that country . Source : Gender Equality at Home Data , 2020 .", "spans": [{"start": 1355, "end": 1383, "text": "Gender Equality at Home Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observable data about the following events : < ! - - Start of picture text - - > significant financial < br > difficulty of the debtor < br > 01 < br > a breach of contract < br > it is probable that the < br > debtor will enter < br > 02 < br > bankruptcy < br > the disappearance of < br > an active market for the < br > financial asset because 03 < br > of financial difficulties . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 15, "text": "observable data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WGI data available online , we also report the 90 percent confidence interval in percentile rank terms , i . e . we report the percentile rank ( among all country estimates of governance ) of the upper and lower bounds of the 90 percent confidence interval for each country . For illustrative purposes , we have labeled a selection of countries equally spaced throughout the distribution of governance scores for both indicators . The length of the confidence intervals varies across countries , for two reasons : ( a ) the intervals are smaller for countries where the estimate of governance is based on more data sources , and ( b ) the intervals are smaller if the data sources for the country are more precise , in the sense of having a smaller estimated variance of measurement error , σ < sup > 2 < / sup > ( k ) . For many countries , these confidence intervals are substantial . This means that in many cases , pairwise comparisons of governance estimates between > 15 The units of the estimates of governance are those of a standard normal distribution . This means that roughly 99 percent of estimates will fall within the range - 2 . 5 to 2 . 5 . It is however possible to see more extreme values in rare cases . Looking across all six aggregate indicators for all 25 years covered in the WGI , just 77 out of 30 , 974 , or 0 . 2 percent of observations , fall outside this range . 16", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "WGI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * None .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District - b ) Legal reports and documentation : including number of legal issues resolved and identification of gaps in policy and legal framework that have to be addressed in the future . - c ) Compensation management report : highlighting the challenges and opportunities in implementing the resettlement action plan , issues of eligibility and documentation of new PAPs for approval to the CGV . # * * 14 . MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK * * The purpose of monitoring and evaluation for this RAP will be to report about the effectiveness of the implementation of the RAP , covering disbursement of compensation and effectiveness of public involvement , amongst others . Monitoring will also entail evaluation of effectiveness of the grievance management process . The monitoring Framework proposed in this RAP includes a review of financial disbursements , compensation complaints and grievance redress , adherence to compensation payment schedule , support of vulnerable PAPs . The Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) mechanism provides a basis to assess overall success and effectiveness of various resettlement processes and measures . This mechanism is based on two components : - a ) _Internal monitoring_ – undertaken by the Implementation Unit - b ) _External evaluations_ – by development partners , community development officers and / or environmental focal persons at district level and other national stakeholders . # # # # * * 14 . 1 Internal monitoring process * * The specific objectives and tasks of the internal monitoring process include : a . ) identification of suitable indicators ; b . ) Measurement of indicators at appropriate intervals ; c . ) creation of a mechanism to analyse M & E data against a preresettlement baseline ; and d . ) Setting up a system to regularly respond to M & E findings by adapting existing measures or by modifying implementation processes . This monitoring process will be used to analyse progress and change at regular intervals . It shall be linked to the various stages of", "spans": [{"start": 1846, "end": 1856, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( i . e . , the role of the landlord ) , then when she does not own it ( i . e . the role of the tenant ) . This would suggest that the second version of the question ( WTP ) , may mitigate the possibility of misreporting due to sentimental attachment to the property . In the selected surveys , we observe both types of self-assessed rent questions previously discussed . In particular , in the case of Albania and Peru , the questionnaire uses the first version : ( a ) “ _Assume that you want to rent [ out ] this dwelling what would be a monthly rent you will be able [ to ] ask for ? If you rented out this dwelling , how much do you think you would make ? _ ” , respectively . In the case of Iraq , the instrument uses the second version : ( b ) “ _How much would you pay if you were to rent a dwelling similar to the one you are currently living in ? _ ” < sup > 11 < / sup > For the reason explained above , we expect that the question as it is asked in Iraq is likely to mitigate the possibility of misreporting due to sentimental attachment to the property , while in Albania and Peru selfassessment might be inflated . Table 2 reports questions asked in each country and year . As noted by Deaton and Zaidi ( 2002 , 37 ) , rental value from self-assessment _must be treated with caution and carefully inspected prior to use_ , as home-owners might not have a precise idea of the market value of their dwelling . The scope of this analysis is to illustrate whether and to what extent different methods can lead to different poverty and inequality estimates . Therefore , we do not ascertain the accuracy of self-reported rental values by homeowners and non-market tenants . Ceriani , Olivieri and Ranzani ( 2019 ) test the accuracy of home-owners ’ selfassessed rental value in an application to Peruvian data . # * * 4 . Results * * In this section , we analyze the distributional impact of including the flow of services from dwellings", "spans": [{"start": 1806, "end": 1819, "text": "Peruvian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the following web-link : https : / / databank . worldbank . org / source / world-development-indicators ( last accessed : November 2024 ) . > 4 See : Dimension data matrix , version 2015 12 08 0-100 , available at the following link : < u > https : / / geerthofstede . com / research-andvsm / dimension-data-matrix / ( last accessed : June 2024 ) . In our database , cultural data begin in 2015 . < / u > > 5 CO2 emissions monitoring data is available for the years 2020-2023 for 49 countries . > 6 See : Galindo-Rueda and Verger ( 2016 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 171, "text": "Dimension data matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ - consult relevant stakeholders , including potentially affected persons to identify and address people ’ s concerns well before the project is implemented ; - identify , assess and recommend mitigations to socio-economic impacts created by implementation of the project ; - continually engage with PAPs during RAP implementation to prevent future conflicts ; - peg the different areas to be affected by the distribution line i . e . fix the distribution line on the ground ; and - determine appropriate valuation and / or compensation packages for the affected persons ; # # # * * 1 . 10 . Guiding principles of the RAP * * In order to ensure that the RAP complies with international best practices as regards resettlement , the principle implementing agency , REA shall bind itself to the following guiding principles : # # # * * Principle 1 : Resettlement must be avoided or minimized * * * * Action : * * To comply with the principle , REA has demonstrated that the proposed resettlement is both necessary and viable , and that its scope and extent cannot be lessened . REA has shown that the project has been designed to cause the least possible displacement and / or disruption hence the various options of utilizing the road reserve as much as possible are being considered by the design group . # # # * * Principle 2 : Genuine consultation must take place * * * * Action : * * Given its focus on resettlement , the primary concern is to take seriously the rights and interests of the PAPs . For this to take place , their voices need to be made clear through local level consultative forum . These structures have been coordinated at the community level by REA personnel and the current consulting teams that have been contracted to prepare the RAP . # # # * * Principle 3 : Establishment of a pre-resettlement baseline data * * * * Action : * *", "spans": [{"start": 1888, "end": 1918, "text": "pre-resettlement baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Arid Lands . The KCDP can be seen as an environmental management project as it sets out to pilot a process that encourages environmentally and socially sustainable rural development . The draft PAD will be disclosed for public comments and consultations , and its summary , along with the 1 : 150 , 000 land capability map , will serve as an EMP . The spatial planning process , during implementation , will start in the pilot districts and move to the other districts in the Coast Province after assessment of success is undertaken of the Spatial Plans in the pilot areas . Spatial Planning will be GIS-based and consists of \" technical layers \" over a base map ( based on existing 1 : 50 , 000 topographical maps ) . Land capability is one of these layers and will define what is possible given the FAO capability rating for the specific land area . There will be other overlays including cultural , social , infrastructure , MSME location / density / type , protected and environmentally sensitive sites , to mention a few . Spatial Planning takes what is present and makes a decision regarding \" restrictions on use \" through a process of local stakeholder involvement , awareness and feedback . This is a process that moves from what can be done in a particular area to what stakeholder consensus says should be done in that area . Rehabilitation , legal / physical protection , and improved management of important cultural and social sites ( such as “ social forests ” ) willbe supported under the KCDP . A feedback mechanism to judge effectiveness of the project at generating rural economic growth , and managing the cumulative impact of that growth , will be developed as part of project preparation . This will involve use of NGO ’ s that access local stakeholders on a weekly or", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 322, "text": "1 : 150 , 000 land capability map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 683, "end": 714, "text": "1 : 50 , 000 topographical maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "can construct a variable    = proportion of households in village  residing in settlement  . Given this school allocation mechanism , we expect    (         |   )  0  The validity of excluding    from equation ( 5 ) depends on the extent of intra-village mobility . If those households with a relatively strong demand for education tend to relocate to settlements already having schools or set up new settlements next to existing schools , then settlement population shares could reflect schooling preferences , rendering them inadmissible as instruments . While the establishment of new settlements is far-fetched in our context given long-standing land ownership patterns , the possibility of intra-village migration in response to school availability cannot be as easily dismissed . < sup > 9 < / sup > However , in our analysis of village census data in the Appendix , we fail to find evidence of increased migration into settlements with newly established primary schools . This result supports our strategy of treating settlement population shares within a village as exogenous with respect to school availability . To facilitate IV estimation and comparability across estimators we employ the linear probability model with standard errors clustered at the settlement , the lowestlevel sampling unit in the household survey . < sup > 10 < / sup > However , for the final results in the paper we present the corresponding probit estimates as well . # 4 . 2 Results To investigate the endogeneity of school location , as just discussed , the first four specifications in Table 3 exclude distance to school . In the first column , we see that , conditional only on village fixed effects and child age , the presence of a school in the settlement increases girls ’ enrollment rate by 18 . 6 percentage points , which is very close to the conditional gender gap in school enrollment . In other words , girls with a school in their settlement have practically the same enrollment rate as boys . > 9Andrabi , et al . 2007 , follow a related strategy of using information on village population in rural Pakistan to instrument the availability of", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 877, "text": "village census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1336, "end": 1352, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2096, "end": 2132, "text": "village population in rural Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9533 The World Bank Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ( RWSS ) : Implementation of the rural component is almost complete except for a few ongoing rural piped systems , which are expected to be completed before project closing date . So far from the joint DFID-IDA support , 3 . 85 million rural people have benefited from improved water supply services through capacity building in 224 Woredas and construction of 9 , 548 rural water supply schemes . All households benefiting from new water supply schemes financed by the WSSP have been covered by complementary awareness creation interventions on the benefits of constructing house hold latrine and healthy hygienic practices . However , reporting on the physical activities as well as on fund utilized by education and health sectors has not been adequate . Cumulative data on hygiene and Sanitation interventions financed by the project is not compiled both in terms of coverage ( only few regions reported ) , intervention types ( only institutional latrine is reported ) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ( RWSS ) : In terms of the urban component , so far about 900 , 000 urban residents have obtained access to improved water supply services from increased production through “ Immediate Service Improvement ” interventions . Progress in the remaining towns is at an advanced stage of completion with supply and installation of electro mechanical equipment , supply of large DCI pipes and connection to the national power grid remaining in some towns . So far cumulative disbursement from all sources has reached US $ 272 . 8 million , which is 98 % of the total revised allocation ( US $ 278 . 2 million ) of which US $ 214 million was spent and documented . The remaining unsettled balance ( US $ 60 . 8 million ) is the balance in the regions either in cash or in document or in the form of advance at all levels ( amount transferred but not settled ) . Regions and implementing agencies with large amount of unsettled balance include Oromiya , Tigray , Somali and MoWE . Federal and regional project implementing bodies have been advised ( i )", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 882, "text": "Cumulative data on hygiene and Sanitation interventions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent , 52 percent , and 41 percent , respectively . These numbers suggest that domestic migrants typically come from the upper range of the education distribution , while international migrants tend to originate from the middle part of the distribution . Within the same three migration categories , I primarily used the 1998 KMS data set to derive the household characteristics shown in Table 1 . These can be viewed as baseline or pre-migration variables . The exceptions — which I obtained from the 2003 KMS data set — are the number of dependents ( e . g . , children and spouse ) who moved overseas and within India between survey rounds , the number of returning migrants after 1998 , and the change in the number of employed household members in Kerala between 1998 and 2003 . < sup > 20 < / sup > Over this five-year period , households with one or more overseas migrants saw a larger decline in the average number of working members living in Kerala than households with one or more domestic migrants . This suggests that these internationalmigrant households became increasingly reliant on remittance income . Households with one or more members who migrated overseas after 1998 were also more likely to have a member who was already working abroad in 1998 : 40 percent of such households were recorded as having at least one member in a foreign workforce . Similarly , 27 percent of households with one or more individuals who departed after 1998 for work within India already had a family member in another state ’ s labor force as of 1998 . Overseas migrants tended to emerge from larger households ( mean of 6 . 4 members ) , while domestic migrants came from households similar in size to non-migrant families ( mean of 5 . 2 ) . Households with members leaving to work abroad over the five-year interval also had more male members between the prime ages of 19 and 40 years ( mean of 2 . 3 ) than households with domestic migrants ( mean of 1 . 9 ) and non-migrant families ( mean of 1 . 6 ) . Nearly 50 percent of the migrants > 20 Only 5 percent of households with members moving", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 341, "text": "1998 KMS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 505, "end": 522, "text": "2003 KMS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Women Entrepreneurship Development Project ( P122764 ) The project has made strong progress since inception and has exceeded most of its initial objectives and targets . In addition to fully disbursing the line of credit component well ahead of schedule , strong progress has also been made against the PDO indicators of increasing incomes and employment of women-owned firms . An impact evaluation end line survey of WEDP clients was completed in August 2019 , and shows that over the past five years , WEDP clients have grown incomes by 67 . 89 % ( compared to an end-of-project target of 50 % ) and employment in their firms by 58 . 60 % ( compared to an-end-of-project of 30 % ) , with further growth anticipated in the years ahead . The WEDP Implementation Support Mission is scheduled for November 11-15 , 2019 . The Mission will liaise with officials from the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing , the Federal Urban Job Creation and Food Security Agency ( FUJCFSA ) , Development Bank of Ethiopia ( DBE ) , Federal TVET Agency ( FTVET ) , the UK Department for International Development ( DFID ) - funded Private Enterprise Program for Ethiopia ( EP / WEDP ) , the National Bank of Ethiopia ( NBE ) , Italian Agency for Development Cooperation ( AICS ) , and European Investment Bank ( EIB ) and will focus on scaling and future directions for WEDP , including an analysis of the viability of a continued or follow-up operation . # * * Risks * * # # # * * Systematic Operations Risk-rating Tool * * | Risk Category < br > Rating at Approval | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Political and Governance < br > - - | ► Moderate | ► Moderate | | Macroeconomic < br > - - |", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 501, "text": "impact evaluation end line survey of WEDP clients", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a home or an automobile , to smooth consumer purchases over time , or to finance small business activities . The cost of credit outside the formal banking system is high , as the data in Box 1 , below . Finally , all Mexicans may pay a price as a result of such a large percentage of the population being outside of the banking system , as informal savings are often not channeled to productive activities , lowering the potential rate of growth of the economy . Box 2 , on the following page , estimates the costs of being unbanked to a median income couple in Mexico City at 15 % of total income . The individuals who are unbanked bear most of these costs . | * * Box 1 Non-bank cred * * < br > * * _Origin_ * * | * * it terms are expensive * * < br > * * _Purpose_ * * | < br > * * _Monthly_ * * < br > * * _Interest_ * * < br > * * _Rate_ * * | * * _Payments_ * * | * * _Loan size_ * * | * * _Loan term_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Grocery Store_ * * | Food | 30 % | Daily | US $ 5 to < br > US $ 15 | Weekly and < br > Bi-weekly | | * * _Stores offering ‘ lay-_ * * < br > * * _away ’ plans_ * * | * clothes < br > * home furnishings < br > * sports goods | 30 % | Weekly | US $ 10 to < br > US $ 50 | One to three < br > months | | * * _Chain_ * * < br > * * _Stores_ * * < br > * * _consumer loans_ * * | Consumer durables < br > Electro-domestic items , < br > Building materials | 15 % | Weekly | US $ 150 to < br > US $ 1000 | Six months | | *", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 192, "text": "data in Box 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "verify and maintain accountability of the project ' s assets . Appropriate accounting policies supported * * by * * reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates , are applied on a consistent basis . These systems and controls include the proper delegation of responsibilities within a clearly defined framework , effective accounting procedures and adequate segregation of duties . Management of the Project accept responsibility for statement of receipts and expenditure , statement of financial position and special account activity statement which has been prepared using appropriate accounting policies supported * * by * * reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates . The management of the project are of the opinion that the statement of comprehensive income , statement of financial position and Special account activity statement gives a true and fair view of the state of the financial affairs of the project and of the results of its activities . The management of the project further accepts responsibility for the maintenance of accounting records which may be relied upon in the preparation of the financial statements of the project , as well as adequate systems of internal financial control . The financial statements set out on pages * * 11 * * to * * 19 , * * which have been prepared on the going concern basis , were approved on / _I_ * * UETCL * * Manager Project Im plem entation * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * # # # * * UETCL * * Chief Executive Officer . * * . . * * * * 7 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1067, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ * * _Compensation for Loss of Farmland , Houses , other Structures , Fruit Trees and Eucalyptus and Indigenous Trees . _ * * The following methodologies have been adopted for the affected assets as hereunder : _Valuation of Structures using Replacement Cost Approach : _ The valuation basis adopted for valuing the affected structures ( housing etc … ) is on the land taken for compensation is the current replacement cost with the objective to reinstate the owner to build similar structures on another site . In obtaining the unit cost for reinstatement , the cost of construction rates recommended by the affected Woreda Administration Offices was considered . _Valuation of Farmland : _ Since there is no vacant land , _Monetary_ compensation shall be provided 15 times the price of the average yield of crops or perennial crops obtained from the land and added up the cost spent for land improvement . The average yield and the price is obtained from Woreda Agriculture Offices . _Valuation of Perennial Crops : _ There is no replaced land therefore cash compensation shall be paid . Monetary compensation shall be provided fifteen times the price of the average yield of crops obtained from the land and added up the cost spend for land improvement . The crops which are on the affected land at the time of census survey have been valued based on the schedules prepared by the Woreda Office of Agriculture for various types of crops and age . _Valuation of Trees : _ The amount of compensation for trees shall be determined on the basis of various species , the level of growth of the trees and the current local price per unit . The trees have been valued based on compensation schedules proposed by the Woreda Office of Agriculture . The Subproject will affect privately-owned farmlands , and trees and therefore cash compensation will be paid . According to results of the census enumeration", "spans": [{"start": 1464, "end": 1477, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2033, "end": 2051, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In fast evolving conflict situations , accurate data is hard to obtain . Whatever situation may have existed _pre-crisis_ will have changed as a result of the conflict . Even if very accurate data had been collected , as affected people move and seek safety , statistical profiles of communities become inaccurate . Camps housing refugees or the internally displaced offer more stable possibilities for data collection . In contrast in chronic or protracted crisis settings , that often involve a variety of humanitarian risk factors , is where major data challenges exist . In these settings , there might be security issues that limit access to humanitarian actors , as well as large displaced populations who are hard to count accurately because of their mobility . Despite large-scale humanitarian action in several protracted crisis settings that have been ongoing for years or even decades , the international system needs to develop its capacity to collect better data , and more inclusive data . Protection and access to assistance should be the main focus when collecting data on persons with disabilities . However , an important barrier affecting appropriate and effective humanitarian action , no matter the context , is the lack of awareness of disability and its implications , especially how it intersects with programming . A need was identified to build a common understanding across the humanitarian sector – irrespective of the type of emergency – about how disability is defined and understood . For external actors involved in data collection the local socio-cultural understanding and implications of disability may not be understood , or respondents may be reluctant to share information that may have an associated social stigma . An issue that cuts across the use of disability data in humanitarian situations relates to the capacity of actors responsible for collecting , analyzing and using it . Current data collection tools in the humanitarian system tend to be over-simplified binary indicators , identifying an individual as “ disabled or not ” , rather than capturing the multi-dimensional and continuous nature of disability . One remedy is rather than focusing on the medical perspective , which is more related to an impairment , to use instead activity limitations ( difficult", "spans": [{"start": 1792, "end": 1807, "text": "disability data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 16 | | * * 3 . Main data sources * * | * * 18 * * | | 3 . 1 Review of main data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 18 | | 3 . 1 . 1 Population Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 18 | | 3 . 1 . 2 Administrative data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > Table 1 : Descriptive statistics from farm census and digitization < / u > * * | | < br > * * Total * * | < br > * * 5-20 ha * * | * * 20-50 ha * * | * * 50-100 ha * * | * * > 100 ha * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Type of respondent * * | | | | | | | Farm owner | 0 . 94 | 0 . 94 | 0 . 94 | 0 . 96 | 0 . 93 | | All operated by owner | 0 . 87 | 0 . 88 | 0 . 85 | 0 . 82 | 0 . 74 | | Part operated by owner < br > | 0 . 12 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 26 | | If part or none : operated by a renter | 0 . 08 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 11 | | * * Time of land acquisition * * < sup > a < / sup > | | | | | | | Before 1995 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 52 | | 1996-2000 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 18 | | 2001-2005 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 10 | | 2006-2010 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 07 | | 2011-2015 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 10 | | 2016-2020 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 04 | | No . of years possessed | 25 .", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 76, "text": "farm census and digitization", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Carlos , Brück , and Sottsas . 2010 . A survey of the global economic costs of conflict . _Defense and Peace Economics 21_ ( 2 ) , pp . 165-176 . Mimeo . > 9 World Bank / GFDRR ( Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery ) . 2019 . _Ethiopia Disaster Risk Profile_ . > 10 The request letter , with the subject header “ Support towards the recent Flooding Events in Ethiopia ” , was submitted by the State Minister to the World Bank on October 6 , 2020 . > 11 EM-DAT , 2021 . The International Database . Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters . Page 7 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 477, "text": "EM-DAT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| IN01086868 < br > ► % of clients with busi | ness plans developed ( Percenta < br > | ge , Custom ) < br > | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 72 . 66 | 72 . 66 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31-May-2021 | 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Source : EFY 2012 F | SCD 2nd Quarter Report | | | | IN01086869 < br > ► % of client HHs recei | ving livelihoods transfers ( cumu | lative ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 11 . 61 | 11 . 61 | 27 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2015 | 31-May-2021 | 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | 55 , 692 client house < br > Budget for livelihood | holds of an estimated 1 , 135 , 065 h < br > s transfer has yet to be disbursed | ouseholds . < br > to clients for EFY 2012 . . | | | IN01086870 < br > ► % of clients receiving | wage employment related skills | training ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 16 . 41 | 16 . 41 | 30 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 416, "text": "SCD 2nd Quarter Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Site location * * | < br > * * Yes / No * * | < br > * * Description * * | < br > * * GoK / WB Policies * * < br > * * applicable * * | < br > * * Proposed * * < br > * * Mitigations * * < br > * * or * * < br > * * Enhancements * * | | < br > Site of ecological importance as described < br > in environment screening checklist | < br > No | e < br > Sites located within < br > human < br > urban < br > settlements | < br > Applicable < br > as < br > discussed in chapter < br > ( 4 ) | < br > As discussed in sub chapter < br > ( 7 . 4 ) | | < br > Are there vulnerable or endangered < br > species ( terrestrial or aquatic ) in the area ? | < br > No | ur < br > Sites located within < br > human < br > urban < br > settlements | < br > Applicable < br > as < br > discussed in chapter < br > ( 4 ) | < br > As discussed in sub chapter < br > ( 7 . 4 ) | | < br > Are there natural habitats in the site ? Or < br > in its proximity | < br > No | os < br > Sites located within < br > human < br > urban < br > settlements | < br > Applicable < br > as < br > discussed in chapter < br > ( 4 ) | < br > As discussed in sub chapter < br > ( 7 . 4 ) | | < br > If there are natural habitats , are they < br > fragile , unique , limited in size ? Are these < br > world heritage / Ramsar sites |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We further adjust the green dictionary so that it reflects the South African context . We reviewed the South African literature and policy reports for occupations that are expected to reduce the human-induced negative impact on the environment and climate change . We found discussion of industries that will adapt due to the greening of the economy - energy generation , resource efficiency , emissions control , and natural resource management – and industries that are most vulnerable to job loss – mining , petrochemical , electricity , agriculture , and tourism sectors ( PCC 2021 ; ILO 2018 ; McLean 2018 ; Montmasson-Clair 2012 ; Maia et al . 2011 ; Rutovitz 2010 ; Nhamo 2010 ) . None of these studies , however , takes an occupational approach , i . e . , looks at the actual activities or tasks individuals do in jobs that could affect the human-induced impact on the environment . The only list of green occupations that we found was compiled by the Department of Higher Education and Training ( DHET ) through their organizing framework for occupations ( OFO ) . < sup > 20 < / sup > We use the DHET list to adjust the Granata and Posadas ( 2024 ) green dictionary . We follow a three-step process to adapt the green dictionary for the South African context and connect it to the PALMS database . First , we adjusted a few terms in the green dictionary based on the DHET list of green occupations : _heat pump_ , _biotechno_ , _chemistry_ , _geograph_ and _geophysics . _ These were in the Granata and Posadas ( 2024 ) green dictionary but were not identified as strict green terms . However , they should be classified as strict in the South African context since the OFO list includes occupations with those root terms : geophysicist , biotechnologist , geophysical technician , and heat pump installer ( DHET 2013 ) . After this adjustment , we ended up with 321 strict green terms and 37 additional terms for the broad green list . Second , we use the South Africa-adjusted green dictionary and follow the method used by Vona ( 2019 ) to calculate the GTI scores for each occupation as per Equation 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 1292, "end": 1306, "text": "PALMS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # # # # * * Figure 5 . 2 : Daily average temperatures in Kisumu County * * * * Source : Weather spark https : / / weatherspark . com / y / 98112 / Average-Weather-in-Kisumu-Kenya-Year-Round * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 1 . 2 Geology and Soils * * The principal rock types of the escarpments enclosing the basin are primarily volcanic rocks . At the edges of the sedimentary basin to the north and to the south , granites and granodiorites are the main rock types while the eastern and north-western edges were dominated by phonolites ( Mutiso B . 2015 ) . The oldest rocks in the region are the Archean rocks and are represented mainly by both basic and acidic volcanic namely : granites , granodiorites , basalts , andesites and rhyolites . Also present clastic rocks showing horizons of acid lava overlying the volcanics ; characterized by sandstones , quartzites and greywackes . They are the most dominant rocks along the escarpments enclosing the Nyanza basin ; granites are most to the north while granodiorites dominate the southern escarpment ( Mutiso B . 2015 ) . These are three parallel faults trending north-east to south-west and are responsible for the scarp near Kisumu Township . The geological composition allows the project area to have several options to access material for the construction of the project . Currently , there exists several quarries such as the Kisumu Concrete Products / Ndugu , Adhiambo , Lake Quarry , Homa Hill , and Raroki among others . Soils in the County are generally characterized by lake sediments mainly consisting of clay and sand . Kano plains which cover an expansive part of", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 267, "text": "Daily average temperatures in Kisumu County", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as the proxy for expected net gain in absolute terms . When ∆ _yi_ is included as a regressor in the vector * * x * * _i_ , one potentially faces the problem of a contaminated regressor . The applicable explanatory variable is expected net gain while the variable used is a noisy realization of it . We are thus facing a problem analogous to the one of errors in variables in a linear regression model . The extent of the estimation bias induced by this problem depends of course on how accurate individual expectations are . If individuals can perfectly predict the actual income change , the use of ∆ _yi_ as explanatory variable is valid . The wider realized gains are distributed around expected gains , the more severe the bias introduced by using ∆ _yi_ . There is yet another reason for why ∆ _yi_ is only a noisy measure of the expected income change . Individual shocks may not be i . i . d . in each month , but rather be correlated . For example , if a fisherman falls unexpectedly sick for an extended period of time right after purchasing a fibre boat and this reduces his ability to go fishing , ∆ _yi_ underestimates his expected gains . For both of these reasons , we will experiment with two specifications in the empirical analysis . One where ∆ _yi_ is included in the * * x * * _i_ vector without modification and one where , in the spirit of the two stage least squares model , ∆ _yi_ is first regressed on a vector of instruments and its predicted values ∆ < sup > � < / sup > _yi_ say , are used instead . Indirect evidence for the “ noisiness ” of ∆ _yi_ is provided by the fact that our estimates of ∆ _yi_ are negative for one fifth of those households for which both catamaran and fibre sales data are available . For these households , individual rationality seems to be violated as they adopt although they expect smaller profits from the new technology . To give an idea of how income change and adoption time are empirically related , Figure 2 plots _t_ < sup > _ ∗ _", "spans": [{"start": 1708, "end": 1724, "text": "fibre sales data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* The sociologist s from RAP and ESIA shall be in charge . | | d | * * SEP : * * < br > * * Agreed : * * RAP team leader will be in charge of narrative of the SEP . | | e | * * Contact person on behalf of the team from JBN and to liaise with our contacts in the field : * * In < br > charge to pick all data from the district and other stakeholders . Agreed that * * Aisha Zawedde * * will < br > be responsible . | | f | For data collection and analysis , the social team should get information on Population data for < br > ruralgrowth centres and town which have to come out clearlyand is required in the inception . | | g | Risk Assessment Matrix : Agreed that one of the members from the ESIA team should be in charge | | * * 5 * * | * * Documentation * * | | | * * _The following were pointed out : _ * * | | a | The Clients promised to share documents such as LARMS , ESMS , socio economic tools . Follow up < br > should be made to get the required documents | | b | JBN management should confirm with client on : Developing one RAP report as opposed to 3 RAPs . < br > The ToRs mention 3 RAPs . | | * * 6 * * | * * Key pointers for the Preliminary Studies * * | 64", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 514, "text": "Population data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The analysis suggests that , purely on account of demography , the share of HICs could reach 31 percent , which is almost three times lower than the present estimate . Conversely , the share of UMICs could more than double to 39 percent , whereas that of LMICs and LICs could rise , respectively , to 27 percent ( by a factor of 9 ) and 4 percent ( by a factor of 22 ) . These estimates are subject to the influence of other factors , but these in our view do not offer a convincing explanation of the stark discrepancies between rich and poor countries . In fact , collectively , they may well serve the raise the share of the developing world relative to the baseline . The third part of the paper speculates on the likely path going forward . It concludes that the observed disconnect between the reported and estimated data entails a grim prediction for the future mortality toll of COVID-19 in the developing world . It entertains the possibility that the current skew towards HICs may be partly the result of inequality in data quality but deems that the first-order reason for the present dichotomy between rich and poor countries is because the pandemic has not yet run its full course through the age distributions of the different parts of the world . Whether this grim prediction will be realized will depend importantly on measures governments and individuals will undertake to mitigate and slow the pace of infection . It is true that the generally younger age distributions of the developing world will offer a measure of protection against the virus as younger people are exponentially less vulnerable keeping all else constant . But we should not forget that the developing world , as a whole , counts in absolute terms many more people in the vulnerable age cohorts than the HICs combined : its 60 + population is 2 . 4 times larger and the 70 + population 1 . 8 times . The fact that these vulnerable groups in developing countries represent a smaller share in their own populations compared to HICs should not diminish our focus on mitigating the impact of pandemic in the developing world . # * * 2 . Context", "spans": [{"start": 1792, "end": 1796, "text": "HICs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . 2 Results by type of visa provisions * * In Table 5 we show the effect of specific migration-related provisions in RTAs . < sup > 26 < / sup > Visa provisions having legal enforceability _via_ a dedicated dispute settlement mechanism ( column 1 ) , and those easing of administrative procedures for migration ( column 4 ) are the most effective in boosting bilateral migration . In particular , the inclusion of a dispute settlement mechanism in visa provision as well as provisions aimed at reducing the administrative burden for migration increase the bilateral stock of migrants by 11 . 8 % . Provisions _calling_ for the free movement of persons have a significant effect but smaller in magnitude ( i . e . 7 . 2 % ) . # # – Table 5 about here – The bilateral stock of migrants may also be affected by the presence of Job Posting related provisions . Under the General Agreement on Trade in Services ( GATS ) , posting is defined as one of the four ways to supply services across borders . Simply put , it allows workers to perform a task ( i . e . service ) in a foreign country establishment while staying formally employed in its firm ’ s country of origin . In our case , Posting provisions refers to clauses in RTAs that facilitate the entry of professionals and / or investors among the member countries of an RTA . While we have a provision in our Visa-and-Asylum database that concerns the international mobility of investors , additional Job Posting related provisions may be found in other chapters of an RTA . Indeed , the database on the Investment chapter of Deep Trade Agreements contains a provision dealing with the movement of professionals within the boundary of a multi-national enterprise , which fits even better with the very definition of Job Posting . In Table 6 we estimate the effect of job posting related provisions on bilateral migration . Namely , in columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) we show the effect of provisions within the Investment chapter of RTAs that aim at easing the movement of business persons ( column 1 ) and professionals ( column 2", "spans": [{"start": 1369, "end": 1393, "text": "Visa-and-Asylum database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1548, "end": 1582, "text": "database on the Investment chapter", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "could become compromised through the development of the Subproject . _Agriculture and Livestock : _ Based on the results of the baseline survey , the majority of household heads ( 90 . 4 % ) and household population * * ( 63 . 1 % ) * * reported that farming is their primary occupation . while trade and daily labor is the primary occupation of < sup > sixpercent of < / sup > the household heads , whereas salary employment is reported to be the primary occupation of 4 household heads Furthermore , Petty trade is the primary occupation of * * ( 3 . 9 % ) * * of the HH members , daily labor * * ( 3 . 0 % ) , * * salary employment * * ( 0 . 9 % ) , * * handcraft * * ( 0 . 3 % ) , * * weaver ( 0 . 2 % ) and builder * * ( 0 . 1 % ) . * * survey . Unfortunately , about ( 24 . 1 % ) of the HH population aged * * 15 * * years and older reported to be \" unemployed \" , while the remaining ( 4 . 4 % ) of HH members in this lge cate bn reported to be student at the time of at the survey _Energy : _ In relation to sources refiergy for Ilghting , results of the baseli * * _6_ * * rvey reealed that about half * * ( 51 . 7 % ) * * of trWhouseholds reported that they use solar < sup > * * I * * < / sup > rr4 A * * Mid-Day Ing ~ ynmI-age * * * * _ ' opia_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 143, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 3 . 3 Transmission Line Pre-Construction and Construction Activities * * A contractor will be competitively selected for the Project . Thus , the information provided in this section may change once the preferred contractor has been selected . Any such changes will be incorporated into the ESMP for the Project . The first task ( engineering ) involves the design and specification of all TL components . The remaining tasks involve the actual procurement of these components , and the logistics of transportation to the site . Detailed engineering will include completion of geotechnical and engineering surveys to provide detailed information needed for placement of towers , design of foundations , and design of towers . The proposed construction of the planned TL will involve , among other , the following activities : acquisition of the RoW for the power line ; survey and mapping of the routes which will involve detailed line route survey ( Line profiling , soil studies , pegging and tower spotting ) . # # # * * 3 . 3 . 1 Transmission Line Pre-Construction Activities * * It is important to note that before the project construction activities begin , there are important preconstruction activities such as materials sourcing . Such pre-construction activities may have significant impacts on the environment . For example ; extraction of stone products ( aggregates , hard core etc . ) , and marram , all have direct impacts associated with them . The following activities form part of the pre-construction phase of the Project : - Walkover survey to identify the corridor ; - Detailed survey for fixing the alignment ( marked with wooden stakes / pegs ) ; and - Soil investigation of important tower locations to ascertain the type of foundation to be adopted . # # # * * 3 . 3 . 2 Transmission Line Construction Activities * * All construction activities will be undertaken within the RoW for the safe operation of the TL , considering minimum clearances as indicated in GoU Regulations . The TL route will be marked by wooden pegs within the ground in accordance with the line design", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 623, "text": "geotechnical and engineering surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during heavy wind or rain . < br > * * Electric and Magnetic Fields * * < br >  Identification of potential exposure levels in the workplace , including < br > surveys of exposure levels and the use of personal monitors during < br > working activities . < br >  Training of workers in the identification of occupational EMF levels and < br > hazards . < br >  Establishment and identification of safety zones to differentiate between < br > work areas with expected elevated EMF levels compared to those < br > acceptable for public exposure , limiting access to properly trained < br > workers . < br >  Implementation of action plans to address potential or confirmed < br > exposure levels that exceed reference occupational exposure levels < br > developed by international organizations such as the International < br > Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ( ICNIRP ) , and the < br > Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) . Personal < br > exposure monitoring equipment should be set to warn of exposure levels < br > that are below occupational exposure reference levels ( e . g . , 50 percent ) . < br > Action plans to address occupational exposure may include limiting < br > exposure time through work rotation , increasing the distance between < br > the source and theworker , when feasible , orthe use ofshielding | | | | | Page 193", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 187, "text": "surveys of exposure levels", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measuring the quality of management practices across 18 dimensions related to operations , planning , monitoring , and human resources , covering thousands of firms in many countries . Similar to FAT , data on management practices is collected via firm surveys . Experts rank practices based on their quality , and an establishment-level score is constructed to study the drivers of management practices and their association with productivity . We perform a similar analysis for technology sophistication . Beyond the similarities in measurement methods , Bloom , Sadun and Reenen ( 2012 ) have hypothesized that technology sophistication and management practices are complementary . We explore the complementarity of technology and management in the context of productivity regression across establishments , finding supporting evidence . The rest of this paper is organized as follows . Section 2 introduces the FAT survey , and describes various validation exercises of the sophistication rankings , and the data collected . Section 3 presents the technology sophistication measures and illustrates key insights with examples from specific establishments , and sectors in FAT . Section 4 explores the use of technology at the business function level . Section 5 studies technology sophistication across establishments . Section 6 investigates the relationship between technology sophistication and productivity across establishments . Section 7 concludes . # * * 2 The Survey * * The FAT survey ( henceforth , “ the survey \" ) collects detailed information for nationally representative samples of establishments in agriculture , manufacturing , and services about the technologies each establishment uses to perform key business functions necessary to operate in its respective sector . In the following sub-sections , we describe the survey design and implementation , relegating further details to section A in the Appendix . # # * * 2 . 1 Structure * * The survey is composed of five modules . Module A collects information on the general characteristics of the establishment . < sup > 3 < / sup > Modules B and C cover the technologies used . Module D focuses on barriers to , and drivers of , technology adoption , while Module E gathers information about the establishment ’ s financial statements and employment . > 3The survey is designed , implemented , and weighted at the establishment", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 260, "text": "firm surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 915, "end": 925, "text": "FAT survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reports that it analyzes big data via either of the following methods : the enterprise ’ s own data collected with smart devices or sensors , data gathered from geolocation data from the use of portable devices , generated from social media , and data collected from other external sources . < sup > 22 < / sup > The E-commerce survey includes information on two separate measures of AI technologies , notably machine learning and natural language processing . Similar to the construction of the other technology variables , we create a binary variable equal to 1 for firms using AI in either of these forms and zero otherwise . The matched employer-employee data comes from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings , provided by the ONS , and comprises panel data on the wages of 1 % of UK workers . Since the data is a sample of workers , this prevents us aggregating to the firm-level , and limits us to worker-level analysis . We examine the demand for workers that perform data analytics ( or business intelligence ) tasks , those that perform other data tasks ( specifically , database , data stores or software creation ) and those that do not perform data tasks , using occupation information on time use from Corrado et al . ( 2022 ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > Details on the Annual Investment Allowance policy over time are provided by UK Tax Authority ( HMRC ) . This data contains information on investment thresholds of the allowance , eligible investment , when the policy was introduced ( 2008 ) and details on changes in the thresholds over time up to 2019 . Measures of IT capital investment , as well as historic ( pre-AIA ) total investment in plant and machinery and the date of each firm ’ s financial – – year end which we use to identify our set of treated firms are taken from the Annual Business Survey ( provided by the ONS ) . Finally , data on firm control variables , age , multi – establishment status and foreign ownership are sourced from the UK business registry the annual Business Structure Database . > 22The E-commerce survey defines big data and big data", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 177, "text": "geolocation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 317, "end": 334, "text": "E-commerce survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 679, "end": 714, "text": "Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 753, "end": 763, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1800, "end": 1822, "text": "Annual Business Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1859, "end": 1879, "text": "data on firm control", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1995, "end": 2029, "text": "annual Business Structure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Finance * * | Ensure suitable accounting < br > system for regional and woreda < br > levels is established ; collect , < br > aggregate , and report on all < br > financial data from < br > BOLSA / BoWCSA , BOA , < br > woredas | | High | | * * EW and * * < br > * * Response * * < br > * * Directorate * * | Transfer EW data to the federal < br > level on a monthly basis , < br > coordinate humanitarian < br > interventions | | High | | * * BoWCSA * * | Oversee gender , children , and < br > youth issues mainstreaming in < br > the project planning and < br > implementation | Need to be familiar with program objectives < br > and activities , as well as safeguards . Has not < br > previously engaged with PSNP . | High | | * * BoH * * | Technically responsible for < br > mainstreaming of program ’ s < br > health and nutrition component . | | High | 13", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 182, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 323, "end": 330, "text": "EW data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ | Ker < br > o < br > sen < br > e | Dry < br > Cell < br > s | Sol < br > ar | Fire < br > woo < br > d | Cha < br > rcoa < br > l | Eng < br > ine | Gen < br > - set | Man < br > ual | Batt < br > ery | Dry < br > Cell < br > s | Sol < br > ar | Gen < br > - set | Sol < br > ar | Batt < br > ery | Dry < br > Cell < br > s | Sol < br > ar | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 67 | | 31 | | 29 | 23 | 26 | | | 77 | | | | | 2 % | 62 | | % | 6 % | % | 82 % | % | % | % | 2 % | 1 % | % | 9 % | 2 % | 8 % | 2 % | | % | # # # * * 3 . 1 . 12 . 1 . Source of Energy used for Lighting * * The survey shows that households in the project area rely on various sources of energy for lighting , cooking and appliances . 67 % of households use paraffin / kerosene as their main source of energy for lighting . This is followed by 5 % who use battery cells and 31 % who use solar . Apart from the high cost associated with kerosene ( now selling between U", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 776, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2019 < br > Account No . 0810260885749 < br > Depository Bank EQUITY BANK < br > Address < br > Related Loan EQUITY-JUD . PERFORM . IMPROV . PRJ < br > Credit Agreement 5181-KE < br > Currency USD < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2018 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account < br > 4 , 327 , 621 . 53 < br > Add : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank < br > 7 , 845 , 589 . 00 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > 12 , 170 , 664 . 00 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > - < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2019 < br > 2 , 546 . 53 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > DATE < br > > - L . A < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES < br > SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE 27 b9 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2019 have been", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 420, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1242, "end": 1278, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ivoire Ghana Togo < br > 15 < br > 12 < br > 9 < br > 6 < br > 3 < br > 0 Jan-21 Jan-22 Jul-22 < br > violent incidents < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > April - May 2022 < br > Benin < br > Togo < br > Ghana < br > Côte d ’ Ivoire < br > Violent episodes < br > Social unrest < br > février - mars 2022 Regions bordering < br > Burkina Faso < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 1 The source for all figures related to security incidents shown in the report is ACLED . 2 https : / / www . africanews . com / 2022 / 05 / 11 / eight-soldiers-killed-in-togo-terrorist-attack-government / / < ! - - Start of picture text - - > June - July 2022 < br > Violent episodes < br > Social unrest < br > février - mars 2022 Regions bordering < br > Burkina Faso < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 3 This includes the following regions : Alibori , Atacora in Benin ; Savanes , Zanzan in Côte d ’ Ivoire ; Upper East , Upper West in Ghana ; Savanes in Togo . * * 1 * *", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 513, "text": "ACLED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Tl * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * ota * * < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | TOGUERE-COUMBE | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | | DIONDIORI | 77 | 61 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * 79 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * _Morus ; Dombeya ; Warburgia ; _ and _Blighia . _ In the 1998 survey , no trees of these genera were represented . It is most probable that they were destroyed during clearance for cultivation . The 2006 vegetation survey results are presented in full in Appendix C . 3 . This survey identified 298 species in total . The most common tree species recorded included _Markhamia lutea , Albizia grandibracteata , Broussonetia papyrifera , Maesopsis eminii_ and _Milicia excelsa . _ These species occurred in at least eight of the ten sites surveyed . _M . excelsa_ ( Mvule ) is categorised as Low Risk / Near Threatened by the IUCN ( 2004 ) . Other restricted range species include _Ficus cordata_ and _Ficus ottonifolia . _ These have been recorded in only one floral region out of the four that occur in Uganda . Twenty exotic ( non-native ) species were recorded of which the notoriously invasive _B . papyrifera_ ( paper mulberry ) and _Lantana camara_ were most common . These species have a high light demand and their abundance reflects the general absence of tree cover in the project area . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * I-A 10045 * *", "spans": [{"start": 202, "end": 213, "text": "1998 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 344, "end": 374, "text": "2006 vegetation survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . Identification and Profile of Minimum Wage Workers * * Data and methodology to identify minimum wage workers * * This research is based on administrative tax data from the Romanian Ministry of Finance * * . The monthly microeconomic datasets encompass all employees who paid income tax based on their labor income during 2020-2021 , comprising the full formal-sector universe . The income tax is deducted monthly from employee salaries by employers . The dataset comprises all salaried employees , excluding self-employed individuals . Our unit of observation is the taxpayer , but details about the employer ( firm ) are also available . The monthly count of taxpayers ranges from 6 . 9 million to 7 . 4 million . The dataset provides comprehensive information from the entire tax form , allowing observation of various characteristics of both employees and firms . * * There are several advantages of using tax administrative data instead of household survey data for labor market analysis . * * The mandatory requirement to participate in administrative data programs is a notable advantage compared to voluntary survey participation . This legal obligation helps mitigate challenges related to non-response , as identified by UNECE ( 2011 ) and minimizes concerns about sample selection and nonrandom attrition . Unlike survey data , administrative records are less prone to selective underreporting , particularly among high-income individuals . Additionally , administrative records offer more detailed and frequent information than census data . While survey data may encounter problems like misreporting and misunderstanding of questions , leading to measurement errors , these issues can also impact administrative data . * * However , since the administrative tax data does not include individuals engaged in informal sector employment , this poses a significant challenge in understanding the entirety of the labor market landscape . * * Not being able to identify informal sector workers from the administrative tax data creates a void in our understanding of a substantial and often economically significant workforce segment . The absence of their representation in the administrative tax data limits our ability to capture this sector ' s dynamics , challenges , and contributions . Information to identify informal sector workers is available in the EU SILC data ; however , the small", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 174, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 253, "text": "monthly microeconomic datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 921, "end": 944, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 956, "end": 977, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2378, "end": 2390, "text": "EU SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to that the flip side of the coin , the primarily nonfarm workers who work seasonally in agriculture , to arrive at the total share of the rural labor force moving seasonally between farm and nonfarm activities . Given that as much as 75 percent of rural nonfarm workers may participate in agriculture ( Mbithi and Chege , 1973 ) , this results in an additional 7 . 5 to 15 percent of the rural laborforce ( . 75 x 10 to 20 percent primarily engaged in nonfarm activity ) . Thus the total flow lies between about 15 ( 7 . + 7 . 5 ) and 57 percent ( 42 + 15 ) . Within this interval , we believe that 20 to 40 percent represents the most likely norm . Considerable evidence indicates that 60 percent of rural consumption involves cash purchases , while the remaining 40 percent derives from own consumption of home-produced food ( see Section V . A ) . Combining this with rural consumption data from Sierra Leone ( King and Byerlee , 1977 ) and Nigeria ( Hazell and Roell , 1983 ) results in the following stylized disaggregation of rural consumption : 40 percent non-marketed , home-produced food ; 30 percent purchases of locally produced food ; 5 percent imported foods ; and 25 percent nonfood goods and services . Given these parameters , the share of locally produced food in total rural cash expenditure stands at 50 percent [ 30 / , 30 + 5 + 25 ) ] . Specific computation for Sierra Leone results in a 40 percent estimate . while use of the Gusau , Nigeria data leads to an estimate of 58", "spans": [{"start": 872, "end": 894, "text": "rural consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1449, "end": 1469, "text": "Gusau , Nigeria data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "positive , statistically significant , and larger than for OECD countries . In the case of India , the coefficient is positive but not statistically significant . Results for innovation-induced sales are mixed . While in the case of India , the coefficient is positive and statistically significant , the results are not significant for Nepal , and show a negative sign for Bangladesh . Finally , one additional important finding is that the degree of novelty does not introduce any additional effect on productivity , and the returns are the same as for imitation . Thus , the evidence suggests that there are positive returns to imitation in South Asia , mostly coming from very incremental innovations in Bangladesh and India . But radical innovations do not increase firm performance above what imitation can make a firm gain . The results discussed so far are robust to alternative methodologies . < sup > 11 < / sup > < u > Table 24 Innovation and productivity estimates in Nepal < / u > | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Log ( L ) | 0 . 3769 * * * | 0 . 3586 * * * | 0 . 5314 * * * | 0 . 5333 * * * | | | ( 0 . 065 ) | ( 0 . 065 ) | ( 0 . 054 ) | ( 0 . 054 ) | | Log ( K / L ) | 0 . 2369 * * * | 0 . 2421 * * * | 0 . 1816 * * * | 0 . 1816 * * * | | | ( 0 . 045 ) | ( 0 . 046 ) | ( 0 . 045 ) | ( 0 . 045 ) | | Prod & / or process | 1 . 3959 * * * | 1 . 5707 * * * | | | | | ( 0 . 339 ) | ( 0 . 297 ) | | | | Prod & proc * national | | 0 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSTP subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2023 < / mark > - Identification and analysis of the national and the World Bank environmental safeguard policies and regulations that will be triggered by the project activities ; - Describe the views and concerns of the public & stakeholders towards implementation of the project ; - Establish baseline features of biophysical , socio-economic and cultural attributes of the project area ; - Identify and evaluate the significant impacts ( both beneficial and adverse ) associated with project implementation and subsequent operation ; - Propose specific mitigation for inclusion in the project detail design and management plan to reduce or avoid significant adverse environmental and social impacts ; and - Prepare Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans for the recommended measures that will minimize adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts during the planning , construction , operation as well as the decommissioning of the proposed sub project . # # # # * * METHODOLOGY * * The ESIA methodology adopted screening to determine the extent of the project and desktop data search and analysis for the baseline biophysical and social environmental parameters of the project area . In addition , the consultant worked with the project design group and was briefed and obtained design approaches to be used , which informed the requirements of the environmental reporting process and for which excerpts have been obtained on salient design information . The Consultant engaged on multi-faceted stakeholder ’ s consultation process , social and environmental surveys using structured questionnaires duly analyzed and key informant interviews to institutions and lead agencies and public consultation meetings . Based on these findings and expert judgment , the consultant has compiled the projected social and environmental impacts ( positive and negative ) likely to emanate from proposed project activities . The ESMP and Monitoring Plans ( MP ) provided information on how negative effects and risks will be mitigated or avoided as well as who will be responsible for doing so . The ESIA study , in this case , is aimed to contribute to the environmental and social safeguards of the", "spans": [{"start": 1635, "end": 1667, "text": "social and environmental surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "same as in equation [ 1 ] . Specification [ 5 ] is an OLS regression run only for SLBs with step-up penalties following specification [ 2 ] . Specification [ 6 ] is a logistic regression run for all SLBs for which CO2 emission data is available . * * < u > Table 7 : Bond-Level Regression Analysis for Target Period with CO2 Emissions < / u > * * | | ( 1 ) < br > Model 1 | ( 2 ) < br > Model 2 | ( 3 ) < br > Model 3 | ( 4 ) < br > Model 4 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | CO2Emissions ( tens of < br > millions tonnes ) | 0 . 005 * * * | 0 . 007 * * * | 0 . 008 * * * | 0 . 013 * * * | | | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | | Investment grade dummy | | 0 . 120 * * | | 0 . 163 * * * | | | | ( 0 . 050 ) | | ( 0 . 052 ) | | Amount issued ( US $ billions ) | | 0 . 094 | | 0 . 117 | | | | ( 0 . 086 ) | | ( 0 . 088 ) | | Tenor ( years ) | | - 0 . 005 | | - 0 . 001 | | | | ( 0 . 008 ) | | ( 0 . 007 ) | | Total assets ( US $ billions ) | | | - 0 . 001 | - 0 . 002 * * * | | | | | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | | Leverage ( % ) | | | - 0 . 221 | - 0 . 064 | | | | | ( 0 . 156 ) | ( 0 . 165 ) | | Public organization dummy | | | -", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 231, "text": "CO2 emission data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "established to reduce administrative discretion and corruption , increase transparency and predictability and enhance incentives for accountability . # * * II . * * STRUCTURAL DOMINANCE AMONG INCUMBENT * * FIRMS * * At the national level , the degree of concentration of industrial output in Russia suggests an absence of a structural competitive problem . The average 4-firm concentration ratio ( the sum of the market shares of the top four producers ) is about 60 % . For many industries , Russia and the United States have similar 4-firm concentration ratios , and the largest Russian manufacturing enterprises ( measured by number of employees ) are not unusually large compared to US firms . Indeed what is noteworthy is the lack of _small firms_ in Russia . ' However , this aggregate-level analysis masks three underlying attributes of Russia ' s industrial landscape . # # 1 . * * Horizontal * * Dominance First , large Russian enterprises tend to be configured as single integrated multi-plant establishments , often located in or near a single city . In contrast , in industrialized economies a given enterprise usually has multiple establishments and they are located across domestic regions and often abroad . In Russia , products as diverse as trolley buses , potato-harvesters , motor scooters , and coal-cutting and tunneling machines - - to mention only a few of hundreds - - are manufactured only in a single enterprise in the whole of the country . On an establishment basis , the largest Russian enterprises are significantly _larger_ than their counterparts in other countries , including the United States . Reliance on conventional measures of national market share and concentration thus likely understate the true extent of horizontal dominance in many Russian markets . Data on 328 firms in a 1997 World Bank-Russian Academy of Science ( WB-RAS ) survey < sup > 6 < / sup > reveal that the average market share at the oblast level is 43 % . Recent data on concentration indicate that at the oblast level , the average 4-firm concentration ratio is above 95 % . In large part , the existing level of horizontal dominance in Russian manufacturing markets is a legacy of Soviet centralized planning . Horizontal integration is also increasing", "spans": [{"start": 1796, "end": 1813, "text": "Data on 328 firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1967, "end": 1995, "text": "Recent data on concentration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Effectiveness | MoFPED , < br > MoLG | Guidance for establishment ad functioning of grievance redress in LGs including : < br > - A grievance handling system < br > - Grievance Redress committees to handle grievances and disputes at each LG and at implementing < br > agencies ( MoES , MoH , MAAIF and MWE and co-opting MoFPED , PPDA , MoPS and MoGLSD as may < br > be required ) in line with Public Service Negotiating , Consultative , and Dispute Settlement Machinery . < br > - Functional Grievance Redress Committees in place and communities aware of the GRM mechanisms . < br > - Establishing a complaints log with clear information and reference for onward action ( a clear complaints < br > referral path ) ; in addition , all contractors will be required to a workers ’ complaints mechanism at the Site ; | 48", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 621, "text": "complaints log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and confidence should be built by the authorities , including with better information . # # # # * * Main recommendations * * - This Return Intention Survey ( RIS ) represents the start of a process of close engagement with the Bara IDPs . Continuous consultations in areas of return will be of paramount importance . Authorities should continue to grant and enhance humanitarian access in areas of return to allow for an unhindered process of return and protection monitoring and consultations with the affected population . - To inform the decision-making process , concrete action plans for the return process should be prepared and presented by the authorities . In the case of Bara , authorities should systematically highlight how they intend to support the dignified and sustainable character of the return . This is particularly relevant when considering the expected needs for rehabilitation activities . - Authorities ’ plans should include an analytical report on the current situation in areas of return ( security situation , status of infrastructures , available services , names of the villages of return etc . ) as well as the concrete reconstruction / rehabilitation plans of the Government for the return areas , including indications on the interventions that the authorities consider as priority to be possibly supported by the humanitarian community . - Authorities , supported by HComms and HRT , should make available detailed information to IDPs before the return process , in particular on the security situation in areas of return , on the presence of the Military , on the status of available services , on the reconstruction / rehabilitation plans of the authorities , on the housing compensation process , on the process of return and the assistance offered . - The process of housing compensation to returning IDPs who had their shelter partially or completely destroyed by the military operation should be strengthened , including with more information to the IDPs . - When the conditions of voluntary and safe character of the return process are satisfactorily assessed , the humanitarian community should continue to support the return process as the most preferred durable 12", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 155, "text": "Return Intention Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as they have been built to answer different questions about risk . Such simulated hazard event sets focus upon a primary damage discriminator , such as wind speed for storm or ground shaking for earthquake , which is subsequently translated into impact on exposure through damage functions describing vulnerability . A criticism of catastrophe models is that they are not forward looking regarding climate change . < sup > 9 < / sup > Since the consequences of climate change are already present , however , any recent historical record for atmosphericrelated natural hazards comprises a climate change signal , alongside other potential modalities , such as the El Niño – Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) . Model sensitivity to these climate aspects can be explored in a catastrophe modeling environment and considered as another dimension of uncertainty . In recent years , “ climate conditioning ” of catastrophe models for differing time horizons and emissions scenarios ( such as in Bates [ 2023 ] ) has received much attention and is an active research frontier , attracting many new entrants to natural hazard risk modeling ( see Fielder et al . 2021 ) . Model adjustment can range from a simple shifting of event frequencies in stochastic hazard tables to much fuller incorporation of and alignment with GCM approaches . It must be remembered that there may be considerable uncertainty around future climate patterns ( such as rainfall across the Sahel ) , and it may be challenging to adequately parameterize them without suggesting inappropriate levels of exactitude . Scenario modeling is one typical approach under high uncertainty . Additionally , exposure and vulnerability components of risk ( such as urbanization , informal settlements , and flooding ) can change much faster than climate trends . Since this work increasingly falls under financial regulation and disclosure regimes ( e . g . , NGFS 2022 ) , explicit climate modeling for catastrophic risks will see much growth in the near future , with translation of approaches to low-income regions through use of underlying global data sets . This paper ’ s analysis focuses on past and current weather patterns and does not include an estimation of future changes due to global warming . # 3 . Data on Hazards and Welfare # #", "spans": [{"start": 2093, "end": 2109, "text": "global data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # * * A . Country Context * * 1 . Chad is a large , land-locked country with a population of 12 . 5 million . It ranks 184 < sup > th < / sup > out of 187 countries in the Human Development Index < sup > 1 < / sup > and 73 < sup > rd < / sup > out of 78 countries in the Global Hunger Index . < sup > 2 < / sup > The population is highly vulnerable to shocks and exposed to crises and disasters . Chad ’ s rural areas have 78 percent of the national population ; 80 percent of rural people support themselves through subsistence farming and livestock activities . 2 . Chad ’ s location in an unstable geopolitical neighborhood makes it vulnerable to the effects of crises erupting across its borders . Since independence in 1960 , Chad has suffered from instability and conflict arising from tensions between religious and ethnic factions , further fuelled by interference from neighboring states . The severe humanitarian crises in neighboring Sudan and Central African Republic ( CAR ) have driven hundreds of thousands of refugees across the border into Chad , compounding the internal displacement of native Chadians and further draining the country ’ s fiscal and economic resources . Conflicts in Darfur beginning in 2003 and the 2012 military coup in CAR have sent 450 , 000 refugees to eastern and southern Chad , heightening pressure on the limited resources of an already highly vulnerable local population . 3 . Petroleum exploration has profoundly altered the structure of production and exports in the Chadian economy . Until 2004 , the agricultural sector , including subsistence and commercial agriculture , livestock , hunting , fishing , and forestry , accounted for about 40 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Since 2004 , agricultural GDP has broadly accounted for about 25 percent of national GDP . Between 2003 and 2012 , the agricultural sector , mainly cotton , accounted for 45 percent of non-oil export earnings . Given that oil resources are limited", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 227, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 303, "end": 322, "text": "Global Hunger Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor supply ( Odozi and Oyelere , 2021 ) . Our paper differs from these existing studies in that , although we use a similar research design with similar data , we take advantage of the highly-granular nature of the geo-location data to define exposure to conflict within a very narrow window ( as close as 10 km . ) , where earlier studies using a similar estimation approach have relied on exposure to violence at the level of the local governance area ( LGA ) . Our approach allows us to narrowly define a set of comparison individuals and to test for sensitivity to the definition of treatment . Additionally , we provide more specific results that take into account the seasonality of herder-related violence and characterize how individuals respond to exposure throughout the agricultural season . Lastly , our results complement these studies by focusing on an additional dimension , the informal sector , which has previously received little attention . This study makes three core contributions . First , we add to the literature on coping mechanisms in low - and middle-income countries . In the absence of adequately functioning markets for savings , credit , and insurance ( Burgess and Pande , 2005 ; Cole _et al . _ , 2013 ; Dupas and Robinson , 2013 ; Karlan _et al . _ , 2014 ) , informal coping mechanisms in the form of , for example , intra-household transfers ( Townsend , 1994 ) , temporary migration ( Bryan _et al . _ , 2014 ; Morten , 2019 ) , and selling assets such as livestock ( Lange and Reimers , 2020 ) persist . Specifically , we add to a subset of this literature on coping mechanisms for households exposed violence and conflict ( Verpoorten , 2009 ) , and show that work in the informal sector can act as a safety net for individuals exposed to herder-related violence , specifically for those under a so-called “ shadow of violence ” that may heighten reactions to violence exposure . Second , we add to the literature on the role of the informal sector in the process of economic development . This literature finds that the informal sector plays an important counter-cyclical role amid macroeconomic dynamics ( Fiess", "spans": [{"start": 217, "end": 234, "text": "geo-location data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "If the number of cross-sections available for the same country is large enough , and their time span covers a sufficient number of years , one could interpret them as a pseudo-panel , in order to get as close as possible to model ( 3 ) . In such a case the relevant model becomes where Y � � � is the income of individual i born in year τ and sampled in survey t . In such a case , EOp can be repeatedly measured along three dimensions : in a specific year of survey t , repeated observations refer to different birth cohorts τ ’ s ; for a specific birth cohort τ , repeated observations refer to different dates of survey t ’ s ; for a specific age cohort � t � τ � , repeated observations refer to different life cycles . Section 2 . 2 initially adopts the approach described by model ( 5 ) . It uses repeated cross-section surveys of the population of a specific country and estimates , for each year , the relevant parameters of the model . An extension which uses the cohort structure of model ( 6 ) is also considered . Both these _dynamic_ approaches provide interesting and distinct insights on the evolution of EOp . # * * 2 . 2 Our empirical model * * This section presents a decomposition of measured inequality of opportunity into its constituting components in the same vein as what Solon ( 2004 ) did for intergenerational mobility of incomes . In the empirical literature ( Ferreira and Peragine 2015 ) , circumstances have included gender , age , ethnicity , region of birth , parental background ( in terms of educational attainment and occupational status ) . For simplicity of exposition , let us consider circumstances as consisting of a single variable , parental education , indicated with E � � � where θ denote generations . < sup > 4 < / sup > We assume that parental background affects the income opportunity of the child through two main channels : _educational investment_ and _family networking_ . < sup > 5 < / sup > The first channel can be simply described by the intergenerational persistence of educational attainment ( Black and", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 362, "text": "survey t", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 812, "end": 833, "text": "cross-section surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 | Grievances Implementation Budget | 1 , 000 , 000 | | | * * Sub-Total ( 5 ) * * | * * 4 , 500 , 000 * * | | | * * Grand Total ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ) * * | * * 523 , 657 , 896 * * | | * * 6 * * | Administration Cost DuringImplementation ( 3 % ) | 15 , 709 , 737 | | * * 7 * * | Contingency ( 15 % ) | 78 , 548 , 684 | | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 617 , 916 , 317 * * | _Source : RP Census Survey ( January 2025 ) Note 1 . The rural electrification component of this Subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP project budget_ Page 195", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 397, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* b ) Réfugiés tchadiens de Langui * * Les réfugiés tchadiens du Camp de Langui sont tous enregistrés par l ’ UNHCR . Etant reconnu ‘ Prima Facie ’ , cette population n ’ a évolué que par le phénomène naturel de croissance ( naissance , décès , départs spontanés et rapatriement librement consenti ) . Les mises à jour de la base de données statistiques de la population réfugiée du camp se font de manière régulière et immédiatement après constat d ’ un évènement particulier . # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 . Rapport avec les populations autochtones * * Dans l ’ ensemble , une cohabitation pacifique existe entre les réfugiés et les populations locales . Cependant , la mauvaise gestion des conflits récurrents entre les agriculteurs et les éleveurs par les comités locaux dans les régions de l ’ Adamaoua et de l ’ Est , pourrait compromettre cette paix entre les deux communautés . Les agriculteurs ( populations hôtes en majorité ) sortiraient généralement perdants dans l ’ arbitrage de ces conflits . # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 . Protection physique * * Les documents de protection ( Carte d ’ identification et Attestation de composition familiale ) de certains réfugiés centrafricains délivrés par l ’ UNHCR sont arrivés à expiration . Ce qui pourrait exposer ces derniers à des interpellations , arrestations ou abus de toutes sortes . Une mise à jour des documents d ’ identification", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 353, "text": "base de données statistiques", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "; deferrals of utility payments ; and other supports for simplification of procedures for MSMEs . The Georgian government also implemented support policies , with some targeting of the tourism sector ( loosely defined as hotels and restaurants ) and small firms . The support measures in Georgia included fiscal relief ; subsidies , guarantees , or other forms of assistance for loans ; deferral of payments ; and micro-grant programs for new business projects . Appendixes A . 1 . and A . 2 . provide details of government support policies during the > 4 - The Map is available here : https : / / dataviz . worldbank . org / views / SME < u > COVID19 / Overview ? % 3Aembed = y & % 3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal = y & % 3Adisplay_count = n & % 3AshowAp pBanner = false & % 3Aorigin = viz_share_link & % 3AshowVizHome = n . < / u > See also the IMF policy tracker , < u > https : / / www . imf . org / en / Topics / imf-and-covid19 / Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19 . < / u > 7", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 864, "text": "IMF policy tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hazard measures generated are in levels as well as standardized anomalies ( z-scores ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > The latter assume that differences in the level of the hazard from the historic average ( i . e . , level changes ) matter not in an absolute sense but in proportion to an area ’ s usual variation . Welfare measures are only partly affected by the relation between hazards and crop yields and are the outcome of various ex ante and ex post risk-coping strategies developed by households over the years for the purpose of reducing income fluctuations and / or protecting their level of welfare ( e . g . , consumption ) . Hence the extent to which the experienced hazard deviates from what households expect ( i . e . , the historic mean value of the hazard ) appears to be a better specification than the actual level of the hazard . Thus it is anticipated that the specification of shocks as standardized anomalies ( in standard deviation units or z - scores ) is likely to yield more sensible welfare impact estimates than those obtained using the level of the hazard ( i . e . , rainfall in millimeters ) . In the case of droughts , a positive anomaly means the hazard experienced was less severe than the historical mean , and a negative anomaly means it was more severe . When analysis of the specification of the hazard level as a level includes enough years of welfare data , controlling for fixed effects at some spatial level ( e . g . , district level ) transforms the hazard and all other control variables as deviations from the mean ( Dell , Jones , and Olken 2014 ) . In cases such as ours , where the sample of welfare data contains a limited number of observations over time , this is not the case , and it is preferable to use a full time series of hazard data prior to regression analysis to generate a standardized anomaly . < sup > 14 < / sup > 13 Some hazard measures such as the WRSI cannot be expressed as a standardized anomaly because by construction they are top coded (", "spans": [{"start": 1636, "end": 1648, "text": "welfare data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "co-hosted by UNHCR and the Government of Switzerland : _Solutions Strategy for Afghan Refugees to Support Voluntary Repatriation , Sustainable Reintegration and Assistance to Host Countries_ . < sup > 240 < / sup > UNHCR ’ s Global Appeals ( 2001-2012 / 13 and the 2013 Update ) < sup > 241 < / sup > also set out a range of related goals , with the corresponding results in the respective Global Reports ( 2001-2011 ) . < sup > 242 < / sup > While the story of Afghan refugees in Pakistan < sup > 243 < / sup > can be traced back in UNHCR ’ s archives to 1975 , UNHCR signed an Assistance Agreement with the Government of Pakistan ( GOP ) in > 235 http : / / www . unhcr . org / cgi-bin / texis / vtx / page ? page = 49e487016 & submit = GO > 236 http : / / www . worldbank . org / en / country / pakistan > 237 http : / / www - > wds . worldbank . org / external / default / WDSContentServer / WDSP / IB / 2010 / 08 / 05 / 000350881_20100805114134 / Rendered / PDF / 535530CAS0CORR1IC0disclosed08141101 . pdf > 238 http : / / www . undg . org / docs / 10244 / undaf . pdf > 239 http : / / unportal . un . org . pk / sites / UNPakistan / Reports / OPR - % 202011 % 2027-08-012-FINAL . pdf > 240 http : / / www . unhcr . org / afghanistan / solutions-strategy . pdf > 241 The most recent appeal is that of 2012 / 2013 found at : http : / / www . unhcr . org /", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 552, "text": "UNHCR ’ s archives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 10 % ) , and the * * United Kingdom * * ( 4 , 780 children , 5 % ) . Greece remains the country with the highest number of first-time applicants relative to its population , while Spain has marked the sharpest increase in child asylum claims over the first six months of 2019 ( double compared to the same period in 2018 ) . # # # Decisions on Child Asylum Applications between January and June 2019 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > country with the highest number of first-time applicants relative REJECTED ASYLUM APPLICATIONS SUBSIDIARY PROTECTION < br > to its population , while Spain has marked the sharpest increase < br > in child asylum claims over the first six months of 2019 ( double REFUGEE STATUS HUMANITARIAN STATUS < br > compared to the same period in 2018 ) . < br > 6 % 3 % < br > Asylum Applications Lodged by Children , including 20 % 34 % 68 % 10 % 83 % < br > Unaccompanied and Separated Children between January 22 % 4 % < br > and June 2019 - by Country of Asylum * * < br > Afghan Pakistani Moroccan < br > Children Children Children < br > 4 % < br > CHILDREN UASC 33 % 13 % < br > 2 % 9 % 4 % 5 % < br > Germany 36 , 590 18 % < br > 20 % < br > France 11 , 560 Syrian 4 % Bangladeshi 40 % Guinean 50 % < br > Children Children Children < br > Spain 10 , 120 69 % 74 % < br > 5 % < br > Greece 9 , 314 1 , 291 5 % 5 % 7 % < br > United Kingdom 4 , 780 23 % < br > 42 % < br > Iraqi Tunisian Malian < br > 45 % Children Children Children < br > Belgium 3 , 140 59 % < br > 11 % < br > 95 % <", "spans": [{"start": 804, "end": 842, "text": "Asylum Applications Lodged by Children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Survey questions on skills acquired ( or needed ) , as well as questions on economic mobility ( including , relevant to women , information on respondents looking to move to paid work in the formal sector , and those transitioning from home and subsistence production into market work ) , are still rare and need further exploration in socioeconomic surveys . - In addition to asking about desire to work , to better inform programs to improve economic mobility in rural areas , questions on constraints to seeking economic opportunities — questions relevant to both wage and self-employment , across safety , market access , and time-related constraints — should be included regularly in surveys . These outcomes are also tied to non-cognitive factors affecting employment , an important area to examine as well . As with constraints to seeking economic opportunities , understanding constraints to using technology are also important , given inequalities faced by women in areas such as mobile phone ownership and access to improved agricultural inputs and extension services . # VI . Conclusions Policies can be better targeted with more accurate counting of rural women ’ s employment , as well as other important factors that affect their decisions to work and seek better economic opportunities . Shifts in international standards for data collection and measurement have also brought many work - and employment-related issues faced by rural women to the forefront — including underreporting of their 22", "spans": [{"start": 338, "end": 359, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _2 . 3 Other explanatory variables_ We control for several firm-level and country-level variables . The degree of crime a firm faces may depend on its size , the sector it belongs to , and its locale ( Amin , 2009 ; Glaeser and Sacerdote , 1999 ) . Big cities tend to provide higher pecuniary benefits for criminals and also criminal activity may involve lower costs due to a high probability of anonymity and low likelihood of arrest . We control for firm size using dummies for small and medium firms . A small firm is defined as a firm with less than 20 employees , while a medium firm has workers between 20 and 99 . We also capture the economic sector of the firm by using a dummy variable for manufacturing firms . A priori it is not clear whether a manufacturing firm should have higher crime losses with respect to other sectors . We also include a city size dummy variable which takes the value of 1 if the city has a population of 250 , 000 of greater , or is a capital city , and 0 otherwise . There is also evidence that female-owned households as well as female-owned firms have a positive association with higher crime rates ( Glaeser and Sacerdote , 1999 ; Islam , 2013 ; Kelly 2000 ) . We thus include a dummy variable for whether a firm has at least one female owner . All these variables are from the Enterprise Surveys data set . At the country level , we control for real GDP per capita growth , real GNI per capita , and the Gini index , given their prominence in the literature ( Rogers 1989 ; Fajnzylber et al . , 2002 ; Soares , 2004 ; Demombynes and Ozler , 2005 ; Dahlberg and Gustavsson , 2008 ) . Increasing inequality typically increases the rewards of engaging in criminal activity due to a presence of well off potential victims and also increases the proportion of poor who may engage in criminal activity . For cases where the GINI index or GNI per capita information is missing for the year corresponding to the enterprise surveys data , we use the estimate of the most recent year available .", "spans": [{"start": 1321, "end": 1348, "text": "Enterprise Surveys data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1862, "end": 1872, "text": "GINI index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1948, "end": 1971, "text": "enterprise surveys data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 * * Figure 11 : State-owned banks are still holding on especially in India and MENA * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > India MENA EAP ECA LAC Developed < br > 1985 1995 2003 < br > private commercial banks < br > Percentage of bank assets at < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Development Report 2005 # _Energy_ 41 . In energy , political issues surrounding private and in particular foreign investment are paramount in sectors such as oil and gas and thus many such companies remain either fully or majority state-owned . Some inroads are being made : in Mexico , for example , the need to inject funds into heavily indebted Pemex , the state-owned oil company accounting for 36 percent of government revenues , has recently led policy-makers to consider a “ new model ” for the company , including the removal of an explicit prohibition on private investment and possible share offering of shares on the domestic stock market . 42 . In short , the above analysis suggests that despite a long track record of privatization over more than a decade , government ownership still appears to be prevalent in many regions and sectors . 43 . The costs of not reforming state enterprises are high : the productivity of state enterprises is typically two to three times lower than private firms , and in some cases significantly lower ; they continue to remain a fiscal burden ; lack of investment capital has led to poor service delivery in critical sectors that impact the economy as a whole . A high percentage of subSaharan African and South Asian firms identify poor infrastructure services in telecommunications and electricity as major or very severe obstacles to private sector development and growth ( World Bank Investment Climate Database ) . Thus the longer governments wait to address these issues , the greater the economic and financial burden and the greater the barriers to achieving economic growth . # * * IV . EMERGING ISSUES * * 44 .", "spans": [{"start": 1792, "end": 1830, "text": "World Bank Investment Climate Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_For my friends , anything ; for my enemies , the law . _ _Oscar Benavides , Former President of Peru_ # * * I . Introduction * * Over the last decade there have been two major initiatives to measure the ― investment climate ‖ that private sector firms face in developing countries , both with the goal of discovering and promoting those government policies and actions that could accelerate ( broad based ) economic growth . Far and away the most famous of these has been the Doing Business ( DB ) indicators supported by the World Bank . DB assesses 10 elements of a country ‘ s policies that relate to private firms ( e . g . starting a business , hiring workers , trading across borders , dealing with construction permits ) . DB provides ̳ league tables ‘ on each of these 10 regulatory areas separately , as well as providing a widely cited overall ― Ease of Doing Business ‖ ranking ( e . g . in the 2010 ranking , Singapore as ranked number one and Central African Republic at 183 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > The DB exercise assesses the country ‘ s ― investment climate ‖ with experts that examine the relevant laws and procedures to assess the time and cost of compliance with the variety of governmental regulations , as well as the ease with which a variety of contracts between private parties can be entered into and enforced . < sup > 2 < / sup > A parallel effort , also carried out by the World Bank , has surveyed firms in developing countries . This questionnaire includes modules that ask about the firm and its operations , what the firms perceive as obstacles to their own business and about their interactions with > 1 A Google search on ― ease of doing business ‖ and ― world bank ‖ produces half a million hits . > 2 The Doing Business indicators were developed from collaborations with academics ( e . g . Djankov , La Porta , Lopez-De-Silanes and Shleifer , 2002 ; Djankov , La Porta , Lopez-de-Silanes and Shleifer , 2003 ; Botero , Djankov , La Porta , Lopez de Silanes and", "spans": [{"start": 477, "end": 509, "text": "Doing Business ( DB ) indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The fifth slope type , which is a moderately steep slope land , has a slope of above 30-45 % which covers only 0 . 3km km of the route . The last slope type in the Subproject corridor is steep slope land which is insignificant in terms of coverage and covers only about 0 . 2 km * * ( 0 . 3 % ) * * of the Subproject route in the corridor . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > * Lodl , * KUDnaAN H < br > . - be . K-1dam . . G . l . ; < br > KEWYA ! f < br > Slope Clss < br > 0-15 < br > 15 30 < br > V \" r 1 imdaDik . Us 310 - 45 < br > oonT * ABW Genda * Gwebt 45-65 < br > Map Information < br > W * reda CaPi1al < br > Othe town < br > ~ ~ ~ . . Ad-wi . 4 . L B-dvyOa < br > Arsi Robe 132KV PoNNerTransmission Project < br > SLOPE MAP < br > Ma . Elev = 2859 . 44 m s - vd . < br > 2 , 400 - < br > 2 , 00 < br > Min Elev = - 195354 m < br > 2 , C00I < br > 5 , 000 10 . 010 15 . 000 20 , 0C \" 25 , 000 30 / 100 35 , 000 40 . 00 45 , jK0 50 , 000 S5 . 0o < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The characteristics of climate in Ethiopia are mainly caused * * by * * the topography and the movements of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) during the year . *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is confirmed when we add to the estimations firm _ × _ product _ × _ year . In our dataset , we can classify NTMs in three categories : SPS , TBT and others , which include Pre-Shipment Inspection , Contingent Measures and Quality Controls . While NTMs and tariffs have starkly different effects on market structure , there are fewer reasons to expect different effects across NTMs categories ( in terms of sign ) . Still , in columns ( 4 ) and ( 8 ) we examine whether the effect on firm PTM varies across types of NTMs by including separately an interaction term between our exchange rate and these three categories . We find stronger impact of SPS regulations in column ( 4 ) , but the difference across types of NTMs is much less clear in column ( 8 ) . In Section C . 4 of the online appendix , we further explore the heterogeneity of the effect of NTMs across industries . Given the set of fixed effects used in our estimations , repeating the analysis by HS2digit categories is not feasible due to the limited degrees of freedom . Table A . 11 reports the results for three HS sections with the largest number of non-missing NTM data in our sample ( HS sections 2 , 4 and 11 ) . Our results suggest that fresh products are mostly affected by SPS standards , such as for example pests control or pesticide usage regulations , while processed food products are more affected by TBT standards , including for example regulations on residues limits or packaging requirements . Table 4 : Non-tariff measures and pricing-to-market : Baseline | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Dep . var . | | | | ln unit | values | | | | | Sample Split | | NTM | AVE | | | NTM", "spans": [{"start": 1132, "end": 1140, "text": "NTM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- IPA , P & R . 2020 . “ Compiled List of Forced Displacement Impact Evaluations . ” Tech . rep . , Innovations for Poverty Action ’ s Peace & Recovery Program . - Islam , Asad , Tanvir Ahmed Mozumder , Tabassum Rahman , Tanvir Shatil , and Abu Siddique . 2021 . “ Forced Displacement , Mental Health , and Child Development : Evidence from the Rohingya Refugees . ” _Working Paper_ . - ISSP . 2017 . “ International Social Survey Programme : Work Orientations IV - ISSP 2015 . ” Published : GESIS Datenarchiv , K ̈ oln . ZA6770 Datenfile Version 2 . 1 . 0 , https : / / doi . org / 10 . 4232 / 1 . 12848 . - Jahoda , Marie . 1981 . “ Work , employment , and unemployment : Values , theories , and approaches in social research . ” _American Psychologist_ 36 ( 2 ) : 184 – 191 . Publisher : American Psychological Association tex . address : US . - Jahoda , Marie , Paul Lazarsfeld , and Hans Zeisel . 1971 . “ Marienthal : The Sociography of an unemployed community . ” _Social Forces_ 50 ( 4 ) : 550 – 551 . Publisher : Oxford Academic . - Kabeer , Naila . 2015 . “ Gender , poverty , and inequality : A brief history of feminist contributions in the field of international development . ” _Gender & Development_ 23 ( 2 ) : 189 – 205 . Publisher : Routledge . - Kessler , Ronald C . , J . Blake Turner , and James S . House . 1988 . “ Effects of Unemployment on Health in a Community Survey : Main , Modifying , and Mediating Effects . ” _Journal of Social Issues_ 44 ( 4 ) : 69 – 85 . Tex . copyright : 1988 The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues . - Kuhn , Andreas , Rafael Lalive , and Josef Zweim ̈ uller . 2009 . “ The public health costs of job loss . ” _Journal of Health Economics_ 28 ( 6 ) : 1099 – 1115 . URL ` https : / / www . sciencedirect . com / science", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "machinery , after receiving the notice of intention to acquire the land under section 107 ( 5 ) , and not later than fifteen days before the inquiry appointed under section 112 ( 1 ) . Section 111 states that just compensation should be paid promptly and in full to all persons whose interest in the Land , that are to be compulsorily acquired , have been determined and the commission shall make rules to regulate assessment of just competition . # # * * _The National Land Commission Act No . 5 of 2012_ * * The Act provided for the establishment of National Land Commission whose functions include : ( a ) to manage public land on behalf of the national and county governments ; ( b ) to recommend a national land policy to the national government ; ( c ) to advise the national government on a comprehensive programme for the registration of title in land throughout Kenya ; ( d ) to conduct research related to land and the use of natural resources , and make recommendations to appropriate authorities ; ( e ) to initiate investigations , on its own initiative . or on a complaint , into present or historical land injustices , and recommend appropriate redress ; ( f ) to encourage the application of traditional dispute resolution mechanisms in land conflicts ; ( g ) to assess tax on land and premiums on immovable property in any area designated by law ; and ( h ) to monitor and have oversight responsibilities over land use planning throughout the country . ( 2 ) In addition to the functions set out in subsection ( 1 ) , the Commission shall , in accordance with Article 67 ( 3 ) of the Constitution — ( a ) on behalf of , and with the consent of the national and county governments , alienate public land ; ( b ) monitor the registration of all rights and interests in land ; ( c ) ensure that public land and land under the management of designated state agencies are sustainably managed for their intended purpose and for future generations ; ( d ) develop and maintain an effective land information management system at national", "spans": [{"start": 2000, "end": 2034, "text": "land information management system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > * * 2 * * < br > * * 3 * * < br > * * 1 * * < br > * * 1 * * | C < br > Partially affected . < br > Fully affected . < br > Fully affected . < br > Fully affected | < br > * * 7 * * | < br > * * 1 * * | | D < br > MANYATTA B < br > * * Source : Field Data * * < br > * * 4 . 3 . 2 Access * * < br > Similar to the acce < br > the impact on all t < br > or reducing the w < br > | i < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > * * to So * * < br > ssibili < br > he so < br > idth o < br > | sclo < br > Posho mill < br > houses < br > pit latrines < br > container shop < br > well < br > iron sheet fence < br > live fence < br > barbed < br > wire < br > fence < br > * * cial Facilities * * < br > ty to productive < br > cial services wh < br > f the road to b < br > | su < br > * * 1 * * < br > * * 6 * * < br > * * 2 * * < br > * * 1 * * < br > * * 1 * * < br > * * 2 * * < br > * * 1 * * < br > * * 1 * * < br > sources , < br > enever p < br > e constr < br > | re < br > Fully affected . < br >", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 260, "text": "Field Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR1940 The World Bank | Indicator | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Value | Value | Value | | Wereda Travel and Transport Plans prepared as part of Wereda < br > | 0 . 00 | 36 . 00 | 40 . 00 | | Integrated Development Plans | Date | Date | Date | | | 01-Jul-2004 | 30-Jun-2010 | 30-Jun-2012 | | Type < br > Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator < br > Number | | Out of 44 weredas , 36 weredas < br > WIDP studies have been < br > completed . | | | Indicator | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Indicator Name | Value | Value | Value | | Roads rehabilitated , Non-rural | 0 . 00 | 360 . 90 | 526 . 00 | | | Date | Date | Date | | | 30-Jun-2004 | 30-Jun-2010 | 30-Jun-2012 | | Type < br > Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Core Indicator < br > Kilometers | | Federal Link Roads | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 30-Nov-2010 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P082998 | IDA-39890 | Effective | 22-Sep-2004 | 10-Mar-2005 | 08-Jun-2005 | 30-Jun-2012 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 6 . Conclusions and Recommendations Fertilizer subsidies account for a large share of the support that the GoI provides to the agriculture sector , and in 2008 they were almost double the entire budget for the Ministry of Agriculture . Although there are circumstances under which subsidies can lead to efficient outcomes , by addressing market constraints , we argue that this is not the case in Indonesia . In addition , in light of limited fiscal resources , there is a trade-off between providing subsidies for private inputs and the provision of public goods and services . As such , the Government of Indonesia is spending large amounts on fertilizer subsidies at the expense of providing support in other areas that may matter more to farmers and the agriculture sector in general ( extension services , R & D , irrigation ) . The findings from the two rural household surveys in 2003 and 2007 show there was no targeting of benefits for the fertilizer subsidy program . Thus , most rice producers benefit from subsidized fertilizer regardless of whether they had small / large paddies or their level of wealth . The effect of this policy is regressive and the 40 percent largest farmers capture up to 60 percent of the total subsidy . Fertilizer shortages also mean that very few farmers ( less than 10 percent in 2007 ) pay the maximum price as stipulated by the Ministry of Agriculture . The subsidies contribute to an increased use of urea , which in some cases has resulted in an overuse that has a negative impact on yields . Thus , overall the relationship between fertilizer use and rice yields is best described as an inverted U-relationship , supporting the existence of an optimum level of fertilizer use , beyond which additional consumption has an adverse effect on output . The maximum level of urea use , at which the relationship with yields reverses from positive to negative , is in line to that recommended by the MoA . However , most farmers report that they use higher than recommended levels of fertilizer . Finally , the findings of this paper suggest that the costs associated with the fertilizer subsidy program , both fiscal and economic , outweigh the benefits from", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 885, "text": "rural household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 | 22 . 4 * * | | < br > # of competitors | 14 . 6 | 35 . 0 | 15 . 0 | 14 . 1 | 0 . 9 | | * * Individual Characteristics * * | | | | | | | Owner age | 33 . 5 | 9 . 0 | 33 . 4 | 33 . 6 | - 0 . 2 | | < br > Married / Living with someone | 80 . 1 | 39 . 9 | 86 . 1 | 71 . 0 | 15 . 1 * * * | | < br > HH decision making index ( 0-100 ) | 84 . 2 | 19 . 8 | 86 . 7 | 80 . 4 | 6 . 3 * * * | | < br > Main provider of income to household | 76 . 9 | 42 . 2 | 94 . 9 | 49 . 6 | 45 . 3 * * * | | < br > Literate | < br > 91 . 5 | < br > 27 . 9 | < br > 92 . 9 | < br > 89 . 3 | < br > 3 . 6 * * * | | Primary school completed is max education | 35 . 6 | 47 . 9 | 36 . 6 | 34 . 2 | 2 . 4 | | < br > Secondary school completed is max education | 24 . 3 | 42 . 9 | 23 . 9 | 25 . 0 | - 1 . 2 | | Higher education completed | 53 | 224 | 45 | 65 | - 20 * * | | < br > High capture | . < br > 36 . 2 | . < br > 48 . 1 | . < br > 35 . 8 | . < br > 37 . 0 | . < br > - 1 . 2 | | < br > Financial Literacy knowledge ( 0-1 ) | 0 . 43 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 42 | 0 . 0 * * * | | < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6095 # * * Abstract * * This paper applies an econometric analysis to estimate the average and distribution benefits of rural electrification using rich household survey data from India . The results support that rural electrification helps to reduce time allocated to fuelwood collection by household members and increases time allocated to studying by boys and girls . Rural electrification also increases the labor supply of men and women , schooling of boys and girls , and household per capita income and expenditure . Electrification also helps reduce poverty . But the larger share of benefits accrues to wealthier rural households , with poorer ones having more limited use of electricity . The analysis also shows that restricted supply of electricity , due to frequent power outages , negatively affects both household electricity connection and its consumption , thereby reducing the expected benefits of rural electrification . This paper is a product of the Agriculture and Rural Development Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at skhandker @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 215, "text": "household survey data from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Supported school enrolment and attendance of refugee children , including UASC of school age , assisted in adapting to formal school environment , homework , attending schools . Also , both refugee parents and teachers and school staff were supported as well , through various programmes ( Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / documents / download / 67961 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 346, "text": "Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "01-06 | 2024-02-05 | 2024-03-11 | 2024-04-15 | 2025-04-15 | | , < br > KE-MOTI-238027-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R MAPPING AND DEVELOPME < br > NT OF A NATIONAL GEO DAT < br > ABASE OF SLUMS AND INFOR < br > MAL SETTLEMENTS IN KENYA < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum upgrading < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-06-11 | 2022-07-2 | 9 < br > 2021-07-02 < br > 2022 - | 10-15 < br > 2021-08-15 | 2021-09-12 | 2021-10-12 | 2021-11-16 | 2021-12-21 | 2022-04-20 | | KE-MOTI-382313-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R AN OPERATOR / CONSORTIU < br > M TO IMPLEMENT SETTLEME < br > NT LEVEL COMMUNITY DEVEL < br > OPMENT PLANS ( PHASE 1 ) IN < br > 8 SELECTED INFORMAL SETT < br > LEMENTS IN NAIROBI AND KI < br > LIFI COUNTIES < br > IDA / 67590 | Socio-economic inclusion pla < br > nning < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 500 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2023 -", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 189, "text": "NATIONAL GEO DAT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from local or national authorities , and if they have not , they are asked about the reasons why . < sup > 5 < / sup > The data set then offers a unique window into the private sector to assess both the need for policy and the availability of public support during the COVID-19 shock . Given the variation in country samples and timing of the surveys , we follow Apedo-Amah et al . ( 2020 ) and introduce different controls in the analysis . Unless stated otherwise , we usually include in the analysis dummies for size , sector ( i . e . 10 sectors ) , country , and the timing of the survey in terms of weeks relative to the peak of the COVID-19 shock . < sup > 6 < / sup > To control for differences in the number of observations in each country sample , we weight our results using the inverse of the number of observations in each country , that is , in the spirit of traditional cross-country analysis , each country has the same weight in our analysis . # * * 3 . The Supply of and access to policy support * * To respond to the economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic , countries around the world have enacted a large suite of stabilization and recovery measures . According to the World Bank , governments across the world have implemented 1 , 607 measures directly aimed at supporting firms in 135 countries . More than three-quarters of these measures are concentrated in three categories : debt finance support , employment cost support , and tax support . < sup > 7 < / sup > Debt finance support has been the most common , accounting for more than a third of all policy measures adopted . Within this category , new lending under concessional terms accounts for 43 % , followed by the deferral , restructuring or rescheduling of payments ( 26 % ) and credit guarantees ( 13 % ) . Employment support constitutes roughly one-quarter of all measures that have been announced , with wage subsidies ( 38 % ) and support to self-employed individuals ( 26 % ) being the most common within this group .", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 131, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > issue * * of * * quality education and skills mix . At this < sup > stageofdevelopmentof Uganda , while < / sup > supporting more MSc and PhD graduates and entrepreneurial < sup > skills in general , itisimportant < / sup > to train different levels of technicians , as well < sup > asimprovethequalityof instructorsfor these < / sup > technicians in an environment where advanced equipment < sup > isavailablefor hands-on training . < / sup > * * UIRI , * * which now boasts several of these facilities , can < sup > playakeyrole < / sup > < sup > * * in * * supportingother < / sup > technical institutes to significantly increase the number of < sup > technicians andtrainersof < / sup > technicians which would be a major boon to Ugandan industrial < sup > development . < / sup > 40 . The client satisfaction survey on UIRI performed < sup > as < / sup > part < sup > ofPDO4underlinesthe < / sup > greater visibility of and satisfaction with the services of UIRI . 14", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 833, "text": "client satisfaction survey on UIRI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "show that a transfer recipient ’ s _perception_ of a donor ’ s wealth affects the value of the transfer between them , conditional on the donor ’ s actual wealth . Social pressure is clearly a factor in determining patterns of redistribution , and buying small quantities may be a useful way to deter requests from one ’ s social network . A particular feature of the data allows us to estimate a proxy for household-specific social tax rates and test whether buying in bulk is associated with higher social taxes . In addition to recording purchases , diary keepers also recorded the item description , quantity , unit , and estimated value of items sold or given away . < sup > 21 < / sup > These disposal events are recorded on the household ’ s daily transaction log , in the same manner as the purchases . To estimate a proxy for the household-level social tax rate , we sum the total value of items outgoing over the two-week study period , and divide by the total value of items incoming . Because we are calculating a proxy for a household-level variable , we use every row of the transaction diaries for this calculation , not just the rows associated with the 19 items that are the focus of the rest of this paper . To our knowledge , this is the first accounting measure of social taxes — one based on diary records from a large sample of households — in the literature . Table 10 shows descriptive statistics for the social tax estimates . The uppermost panel shows the value of resources outgoing in the form of sales or gifts , divided into subcategories . The most important group is “ meals and snacks , ” which accounts for 40 % of outgoing resource flows . The largest share of entries under “ meals and snacks ” are those for “ full meals ” — guests at the household table ( see Appendix section S6 for details about the item categorization ) . The lower part of the table shows the value of incoming resources . The mean tax rate is 14 . 4 % ( s . d . = 26 . 5 % ) . <", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 770, "text": "daily transaction log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1089, "end": 1108, "text": "transaction diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1313, "end": 1326, "text": "diary records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "kind of ' climate migration Kuznets curve ' — we do not observe it , most likely because even relatively richer Nigerian farming households are still poor . In terms of policy prescriptions , our findings suggest that , in this and similar contexts , any onesize-fits-all approach for the management of climate migration is doomed to fail . The different groups we identify call for targeted measures and group-specific programs and adaptation policies able to tackle the complex challenges stemming from climate-mobility interactions at multiple levels . We propose a methodology for group decomposition and threshold identification which is based on public , nationally-representative microdata available to policy makers and that can be easily tailored to different contexts . As such , this type of empirical approach for detecting 28", "spans": [{"start": 652, "end": 696, "text": "public , nationally-representative microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "status group . To the extent that the latter group dominates the community ( cf . , Anderson , 2011 ) , it may be able ( and willing ) to exclude the former group from accessing local public services . Thus , for low-caste households , sending a child , male or female , to a school dominated by higher castes is more costly than sending him or her to a caste-concordant school . We examine these issues using a novel data-set that explicitly recognizes the geographic structure of villages and the social structure of their constituent settlements . Our evidence shows that , controlling for distance to school , the odds of ever enrolling are substantially lower for girls who would need to cross settlement boundaries to attend , an effect not present for boys and one that does not appear to be an artifact of school allocation decisions . Once we distinguish children by their caste , however , the crossing-boundary effect remains relevant only for highstatus girls ; among low-castes , neither boys nor girls benefit from having a school located within their own settlement . This phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that many low-caste children reside in high-caste dominant settlements , where their families originally settled to provide services to the landowning class . In these settlements , low caste children are stigmatized and face high psychic costs of attending school . But , when the most convenient school happens to be in a low-caste dominant settlement , we find low-caste children are much more likely to enroll . Experiments conducted in India by Hoff and Pandey ( 2006 ) suggest that castebased stigma plays a powerful and early role in human capital formation . Low-caste children perform poorly on cognitive tests when in the presence of their high-caste counterparts , but only if their caste status is made public ; if caste is kept private , both groups do equally well . Munshi and Rosenzweig ( 2006 ) , meanwhile , argue that low-caste households , who tend to have looser ties to ancestral kin networks , perceive a greater return to education ( see also Luke and Munshi , 2007 ) . Our findings imply that once the playing field is level — i .", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 426, "text": "novel data-set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 97 | | ( Bertazzi , < br > Fumagalli , & < br > Lo Schiavo , < br > 2005 ) | | Austria , < br > 2013 | Contingent < br > valuation | EUR 2 . 5 per < br > kWh | 3 , 25 | 8 , 33 | | ( Reichl , < br > Schmidthaler , < br > & Schneider , < br > 2013 ) | _Source : authors based on World Bank data and estimates of the WTP found in the literature . _ _Conversions are computed in three steps : ( 1 ) Computation of the WTP per kWh ( hour unserved ) in the national currency . ( 2 ) Conversion in USD in the year of the study . ( 3 ) Conversion into 2018 USD . Hourly electricity consumption data are retrieved from the World Bank Microdata portal . https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / EG . USE . ELEC . KH . PC_ # # * * Table 5 - List of studies focused on the health impact of water provision interruption and dysfunction * * * 29", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 294, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ” US < br > Geological Survey Data < br > Series 832 , ftp : / / chg - < br > ftpout . geog . ucsb . edu / < br > pub / org / chg / products / < br > CHIRPS - < br > 2 . 0 / docs / USGS - < br > DS832 . CHIRPS . pdf . | Sergio M . Vicente - < br > Serrano , Instituto < br > Pirenaico de Ecología , < br > Zaragoza , Spain . < br > Santiago Beguería , < br > Estación Experimental < br > de Aula Dei , Zaragoza , < br > Spain . | Verdin , J . , and R . Klaver . < br > 2002 . “ Grid-cell-based < br > Crop Water Accounting < br > for the Famine Early < br > Warning System . ” < br > _Hydrological Processes_ < br > 16 ( 8 ) : 1617 – 30 . DOI : < br > 10 . 1002 / hyp . 1025 . | Copernicus Service < br > information 2018 . | Didan , K . 2021 . < br > MODIS / Terra < br > Vegetation Indices < br > Monthly L3 Global < br > 0 . 05Deg CMG V061 < br > [ data set ] . NASA < br > EOSDIS Land < br > Processes DAAC . < br > Accessed 2021-06-24 < br > from < br > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 50 < br > 67 / MODIS / MOD13C2 . < br > 061 . | | Additional < br > information / < br > notes | | | | Range of WRSI values : < br > < 50 : Failure < br > 50 – 60 : Poor < br > 60 – 80 : Mediocre < br > 80 – 95 : Average < br > 95 – 99 : Good < br > 99 – 100 : Very Good < br > 0 : N / A < br > The following values < br > are flags ( and not < br > specific WRSI values in <", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 36, "text": "Geological Survey Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# I . Introduction There is a long-standing debate among policy makers and scholars on whether increasing financial resources can improve health and education outcomes . The question has been and remains equally relevant both in developed and developing countries . While a recent strand of literature ( Lafortune , Rothstein , and Schanzenbach 2018 ; Jackson , Johnson , and Persico 2015 ) provides very rigorous evidence of a strong positive causal relationship between school spending and student outcomes for the United States , there is no clear sense of whether this relationship can be generalized to other countries and to other important dimensions of human capital beyond learning . The Human Capital Index ( HCI ) , as a cross-country metric that benchmarks human capital outcomes for the next generation , one of the key pillars of the Human Capital Project ( HCP ) ( World Bank Group 2018a ) , has highlighted how differences in human capital , as proxied by a combination of education and health indicators , are associated with large productivity differences across countries . Countries in the bottom 10 percent of the HCI ranking are losing at least 60 percent of the productivity that they could have achieved if they had full health and full education . For countries in the top 10 percent , the lost potential is equivalent to 20 percent of what they could have obtained by achieving their full human capital potential . Such large differences in outcomes naturally raise the question of whether countries at the bottom of the HCI ranking are investing enough resources to close the human capital gap . Answering this question is complex for a variety of reasons . First , the human capital outcomes that we observe today are the result of investments that countries made in the past and there is no clear evidence on how long it takes for these investments to materialize into better outcomes . Second , since the HCI puts emphasis on the _quality_ as well as on the _quantity_ of human capital ( Kraay 2018 ) , the nature of spending might be as relevant as the amount of spending . For instance , there is well-established evidence that high-quality pre-school programs that target the most disadvantaged children are an effective", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 716, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "networks that took them mostly to the Bekaa area ( Zahle ) . FGDs further demonstrated the importance of historical or current kinship ties connecting individuals and families across the Lebanon – Syria border . Participants reported that they had followed a parent who had arrived in the destination area before them ( FGDs in Tripoli ) , or had numerous relatives in the area ( FGDs in Tripoli and Akkar ) . Several participants counted men who were married to Lebanese women from Tripoli or Zahle ( FGDs in Tripoli and Zahle ) . < mark > 18 < / mark >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "samples . The next section ( section ( 5 ) ) reports evidence from a number of alternative samples , for different age ranges of children . Section ( 6 ) provides an explanation for the findings that the coresident sample bias in the IGC estimates is small , often ignorable , especially when compared to the bias in the IGRC estimates . The following section ( section ( 7 ) ) discusses the implications of the results for sorting out the conflicting evidence from the existing studies on intergenerational mobility in developing countries . The paper concludes with a summary of the results and their implications for the emerging literature on intergenerational mobility in developing countries . # * * 2 . Related Literature * * The literature on intergenerational economic mobility in developed countries is vast , but the corresponding literature on developing countries is limited at best . The economics literature on intergenerational mobility in developed countries has focused on intergenerational income correlations , with an emphasis on the link between fathers and sons ( see , for example , Solon ( 1992 , 1999 ) , Mazumder ( 2005 ) , Corak and Heisz ( 1999 ) , Bowles et al . ( 2005 ) ) . The relative neglect of research on developing countries is evident from the fact that , in his survey for the handbook of labor economics , Solon ( 1999 ) cites only two papers : Lam and Schoeni ( 1993 ) on Brazil , and Lillard and Kilburn ( 1995 ) on Malaysia . Research on intergenerational economic persistence in developing countries has been constrained primarily by two types of data limitations . First , the income data on parents and children are not available for more than a few years to allow reliable estimation of permanent income across generations . As shown by a substantial body of literature on developed countries , it is necessary to have good quality income data over a period of more than a decade to address the attenuation bias in the estimate of income persistence ( Solon ( 1992 ) , Mazumder ( 2005 ) ) . The household surveys available in developing countries usually provide income information only for a single year , and estimating individual income", "spans": [{"start": 1623, "end": 1634, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2043, "end": 2060, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implausible jump for 1980 . The Cohen and Soto ( 2002 ) estimate provides the closest approximation . Additionally , not shown by Figure 2 , the average years of schooling estimates here come close to values obtained from census and survey data . For example , Psacharopoulos and Arriagada ( 1986 ) report that mean education in the labor force was in the order of 1 . 7 for 1964 . Edwards ( 2002 ) reports a value of 4 . 3 years for 2000 . According to the estimate here , average years of schooling was in the order of 1 . 9 years in 1964 and 4 . 4 years in 2000 . A closer look at Figure 2 yields two important descriptive outcomes . First , the data suggest that mean education evident in the labor force slightly declined during the early 1990s . This outcome is associated with the disastrous effect of the civil war on the country ’ s human capital base . Those disadvantaged cohorts from the 1980s entered later into the labor force . Second , there has been substantial increase in the average years of schooling within the economically active population since 1998 . This can be attributed to improvements within the education system and increased attention to education after the signing of the 1996 Peace Accords . Even so , as it can be appreciated from Figure 2 , this increased attention to education only has compensated for the loss of educational capital caused by civil strife . Consequently , recent educational progress does not represent a major improvement regarding the long-run growth of the country ’ s human capital base . In this context , it is worth recalling that educational attainment in Guatemala remains lowest compared to other Latin American countries . # * * 4 . 2 Labor Force * * The measure of labor quantity here is the economically active population . For Guatemala there are several estimates . The National Statistic Institute ( INE ) provides calculations different from those of the Ministry of Work , both of which date back to 1980 . Based on census and survey data , estimates for selected years have also been provided by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) for", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 244, "text": "census and survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Data for the transition economies clearly show the role of market forces in shaping firm dynamics ( Figure 2 ) . At the beginning of their transition to a market economy , both gross and net firm flows were large compared to industrial and other emerging economies : in some of the transition economies a large fraction of firms were closed down and replaced by new small ventures , and this process accounted for more than 10 percent of total employment . As the transition moved forward gross and especially net flows declined to reach , at the end of the 1990s , values fairly close to those observed in other countries . * * Figure 2 : The evolution of gross and net firm flows in transition economies , business sector Panel A : Gross firm flows * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Slovenia Hungary < br > 50 . 00 50 . 00 < br > 45 . 00 45 . 00 < br > 40 . 00 40 . 00 < br > 35 . 00 35 . 00 < br > 30 . 00 30 . 00 < br > 25 . 00 25 . 00 < br > 20 . 00 20 . 00 < br > 15 . 00 15 . 00 < br > 10 . 00 10 . 00 < br > 5 . 00 5 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 0 . 00 < br > 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 94 95 96 97 98 99 < br > Gross firm flows Net firm flows Gross firm flows Net firm flows < br > Latvia Romania < br > 50 . 00 50 . 00 < br > 45 . 00 45 . 00 < br > 40 . 00 40 . 00 < br > 35 . 00 35 . 00 < br > 30 . 00 30 . 00 < br > 25 . 00 25 . 00 < br > 20 . 00 20 . 00 < br > 15 . 00 15 . 00 < br > 10 . 00 10 . 00 < br > 5 . 00 5 . 00 < br > 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 33, "text": "Data for the transition economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 19 - - ( a ) Aerial photographs of a quality satisfactory to the Association had been obtained for an area of approximately 800 , 000 ha in the northwestern lowlands region of Ethiopia ( paras . 5 . 07 , 5 . 08 ) . - ( b ) The manager of the Project Farm , and the Project Coordinator had been appointed ( paras . 6 . 01 , 6 . 07 ) . - 8 . 03 With the indicated assurances , the project would be suitable for a Development Credit of US $ 3 . 1 million , on standard terms .", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 33, "text": "Aerial photographs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lacking , a variety of organizations provide vocational and < u > < mark > business < / mark > < / u > training programs in the camp and town . Although the exact number of refugees trained and organizations providing training is unclear , the labor pool available to potential employers may be more skilled than the education figures suggest . < sup > 59 < / sup > * * Figure 4 . 2 * * Education level in camp and town < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Respondent education level < br > “ What is the highest level of education you personally have achieved ? ” < br > - 1 , 417 interviews , in % - < br > 1 , 417 311 1 , 106 < br > 33 % < br > A < br > 47 % 51 % < br > 22 % < br > 25 % < br > 26 % < br > 30 % < br > 21 % < br > 19 % < br > 7 % < br > 3 % 4 % 7 % 2 % 3 % < br > Total K-Town K-Camp < br > A B < br > No schooling Vocation / Technical < br > Primary school University degree < br > High school < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 70 * * KAKUMA AS A MARKETPLACE", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pre-requisite for planning and evidence-based decision making in any community . Such data are collected through population Censuses , demographic and socio-economic surveys , civil registration systems and other administrative records . In Uganda , the population census remains the main source of demographic and socioeconomic data . The most recent population census was conducted in 2014 . The population make-up of the project-affected districts is discussed below . # # # * * 4 . 3 . 3 . 1 Population and Age Profile * * * * _Population : _ * * The population distribution by project-affected district is shown in * * Table 34 * * . 176", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 132, "text": "population Censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 135, "end": 173, "text": "demographic and socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 176, "end": 202, "text": "civil registration systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 213, "end": 235, "text": "administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 254, "end": 271, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 352, "end": 369, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * ent * * | * * Ac * * | * * tion P * * | * * Months * * < br > * * lan * * | | | | | | | | * * No . * * | * * Activities * * | * * 1 * * < br > * * 2 * * < br > * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 7 * * < br > * * 8 * * | * * 9 * * < br > * * 10 * * | * * 11 * * < br > * * 12 * * < br > | * * 13 * * | * * 14 * * | * * 15 * * | * * 16 * * | * * 17 * * < br > * * 18 * * | | * * 1 * * | * * Establish Project Level Resettlement Implementation Office * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 2 * * | * * Pre-Construction Preparation Phase * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 1 | Appointment of RAP Implementation Officer at RIU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 2 | Familiarization and Review of the RAP report by RIU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 3 | Training of RAP / RIU staffs in RAP implementation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 4 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 3 * * | * * Resettlement Committee Formation and Awareness Creation Phase * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 .", "spans": [{"start": 864, "end": 893, "text": "Household Files from Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project ( P504218 ) | Impact evaluations with < br > baseline data collection < br > completed ( Number ) | 0 | Jun / 2025 | 0 < br > 12-Sep-2025 < br > 0 < br > 31-Mar-2026 < br > 2 | Dec / 2030 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 | Jun / 2025 | 0 < br > 12-Sep-2025 < br > 1 < br > 31-Mar-2026 < br > 3 | Dec / 2030 | | Policy regulations or policy < br > frameworks developed < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving target | s | The Social Protection Act was approved in July 2025 , which mandates the use < br > Enhanced Single Registry ( ESR ) , as the national targeting system for all povert < br > transfer and social sector programs at both national and county levels ; as wel < br > indexation of cash transfer benefit values for regular adjustment ( “ indexation < br > transfer benefits in line with inflation and changing economic conditions . | of the < br > y-targeted cash < br > l as the < br > ” ) of cash | Official Use Only Apr 15 , 2026 Page 9 of 11", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 668, "text": "Enhanced Single Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 22 , 667 | 22 , 667 | 22 , 967 | 22 , 735 | 22 , 735 | | R-squared | 0 . 229 | 0 . 272 | 0 . 272 | 0 . 233 | 0 . 274 | 0 . 274 | * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . Note : The standard errors are adjusted for emigration cohort clustering . The independent variables include marital status , gender , education , experience , and experience-squared . They also include occupation and sector fixed effects , as indicated . Another concern is the possibility of reverse causality . As explained in Mishra ( 2007 ) , if lower wages promote emigration , then this biases the estimated coefficient of emigration . Our use of individual data on wages from 2006 combined with emigration data on workers who mostly left during the _preceding_ years avoids the possibility of reverse causality due to contemporaneous changes in emigration and wages , though this still leaves the possibility of reverse causality due to _persistent_ changes in wages . However , if reverse causality is an issue , it means that if anything , we likely underestimate the impact of emigration on wages . The results here could then be treated as lower bound estimates . # _Differences across Economic Sectors_ There are a few other reasons why the baseline results should be interpreted with caution . Equation ( 1 ) assumes the emigration of labor force is exogenous to the variation in monthly wages . Second , the emigration-induced labor shock is assumed to be a national 13", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 669, "text": "data on wages from 2006", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 684, "end": 699, "text": "emigration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Khemani , Stuti . 2016 . _Making Politics Work for Development : Harnessing Transparency and Citizen Engagement_ . World Bank Policy Research Report . McKinsey Global Institute . “ OGD : Unlocking Innovation and Performance with Liquid Information . ” McKinsey Center for Government ( October 2013 ) . Misra , V . “ Pilot Study 1 , Andhra Pradesh , India : Improving Health Services through Community Score Cards : Learning Notes , ” Social Accountability Series , World Bank , Washington , DC ( 2007 ) . Mungiu-Pippidi , Alina . 2014 . “ Quantitative Report on Causes of Performance and Stagnation in the Global Fight against Corruption . ” Anti-Corruption Policies Revisited . ANTICORRP . Pillar 4 , WP3 . ODAC ( Open Democracy Advice Centre ) . “ The Right to Know , the Right to Live : Turning the Right to Information into a Living Reality , ” Cape Town ( 2010 ) . OGD Institute . “ Benchmarking OGD Automatically , ” Technical Report 000 ( 2015 ) . — — — . “ OGD in Government : How to Bring About Change , ” White Paper 001 ( 2015 ) . - — — — . “ Supporting Sustainable Development with OGD , ” White Paper 000 ( 2015 ) . OSJI ( Open Society Justice Initiative ) . _Transparency and Silence : A Survey of Access to Information Laws and Practices in 14 Countries_ , Open Society Institute , New York ( 2006 ) . Peixoto , Tiago and Jonathan Fox . 2016 . “ When does ICT-Enabled Citizen Voice Lead to Government Responsiveness , ” Institute of Development Studies , Vol . 47 , Issue 1 . Taylor , Frederick Winslow . _The Principles of Scientific Management_ , New York and London : Harper & Brothers ( 1911 ) . Tinholt , Dinand . _Characterization Study of the Infomediary Sector_ , Capgemini , Spanish Open Data Portal Annual Report ( 2013 ) . United Nations . “ A World that Counts : Mobilizing the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development , ” Independent Expert Advisory Group on Data Revolution for Sustainable Development ( November 2014 ) . United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs . “ United Nations E-Government Survey E - Government for", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the country in January 2020 . Panel B further shows the temporal breakdown of the event-study estimates , for the months between February and September . Three key findings emerge . First , the greatest detrimental effects took place in April and May , the period during and immediately following the national lockdowns . < sup > 21 < / sup > On average , the average business suspensions in a commune surged to 30 firms in April 2020 ( over four times the pre-pandemic mean ) , while the average number of business closures was 1 . 6 firms ( 3 . 2 times the pre-pandemic mean ) . Further , household business workers reported a 13 hour loss in weekly work hours and 1 . 9 million VND in monthly earnings in April . < sup > 22 < / sup > Second , even though of lesser magnitude , the significant labor-market impacts of the pandemic were observed as soon as the first cases were reported in the country , i . e . , from February onward . This evidence coincides with the gradual increase in February and March in the stringency of government lockdown index ( Figure A . 3 ) and the respective mobility reduction reported by the Google Mobility Index ( Figure A . 4 ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > Finally , despite the sharp decline in business activities and earnings in April and May 2020 , household businesses rebounded quickly . Both the average numbers of suspensions and closures reduced by over 50 percent in June 2020 and remained stable in the subsequent months . Similarly , HB work hours had made almost a full recovery by September 2020 . Nevertheless , income stayed stagnantly below baseline , with the average monthly earnings of a household business worker 13 percent less than the average predicted level . Overall , while the dramatic impacts observed almost immediately after the economy-wide lockdown suggest the financial fragility of many household businesses , < sup > 24 < / sup > the observed rapid recovery indicates the resilience of this sector . More broadly , the result also speaks to the success of the Vietnamese government ’ s containment strategy in introducing early and effective", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1056, "text": "government lockdown index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1149, "text": "Google Mobility Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DS developed and published . # # #  DLI 6 : Improve access to official survey microdata ( Text ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Microdata files not available < br > on-line and not freely < br > obtainable < br > - - | DLR 6 . 0 was achieved , verified < br > and disbursement against . DLR < br > 6 . 1 ( “ Revised microdata < br > dissemination policy produced , < br > adopted , and published ” ) : The < br > revised dissemination policy was < br > produced and shared with < br > stakeholders for comments < br > during the implementation < br > support mission . Following < br > incorporation of stakeholders ’ < br > comments , the policy will be < br > submitted to the board for < br > approval after which it will be < br > published on-line . Achievement < br > and verification of this result is < br > anticipated during Q1 of FY17 . | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 < br > - - | 01-Jun-2016 | | Comments < br > The 6 DLRs under DLI 6 are : < br > ( 6 . 0 ) Kenya National Data Archive ( K < br > ( 6 . 1 ) Revised microdata disseminatio < br > ( 6 . 2 ) Micro and Small Enterprise ( MS < br > ( 6 . 3 ) KIHBS 2015 / 16 microdata availa | eNADA ) with microdata from at least 30 surveys launched ; < br > n policy produced , adopted and published ; < br > E ) survey microdata available on-line ; < br > ble on-line ; | | ( 6 . 4 ) KCHS 2017 microdata available on", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 88, "text": "survey microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1177, "end": 1202, "text": "KIHBS 2015 / 16 microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1333, "end": 1349, "text": "survey microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1424, "text": "KCHS 2017 microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report ET Competitiveness and Job Creation Proj ( P143302 ) # # # #  Of which are local suppliers supported by the linkage Fund ( Number , Custom Supplement ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | 20 . 00 | # # # #  Number of trained trainees , of which are women ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 7500 . 00 | | Date | 11-Aug-2014 | 19-Jun-2015 | 30-Nov-2015 | 30-Jun-2020 | # # # #  Of which women ( Percentage , Custom Supplement ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | 60 . 00 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Black-lored Babbler , LC . | Mas-Mut | | Lake Kachila KBA | KBA is recognized for two fish species : _Haplochromis ampullarostratus , _ < br > VU and_Haplochromis commutabilis , _VU . | Mas-Mut | | Lake Mburo < br > National Park IBA | Recognized for eight bird species : Northern Brown-throated Weaver , < br > LC ; Carruthers ' s Cisticola , LC ; Red-chested Sunbird , LC ; Red-faced < br > Barbet , VU * ; Sharpe ' s Pied-babbler , LC ; Shoebill , EN * ; Papyrus Gonolek , < br > VU * ; and White-winged Swamp-warbler , LC . | Mas-Mut | | Musambwa Islands < br > IBA | Small islands within Lake Victoria not indicated on * * Error ! Reference s * * < br > * * ource not found . * * , but recognized for two bird species ( both LC ) : Grey - < br > headed Gull and Long-tailed Cormorant . | Mas-Mut | | Sango Bay Area IBA | Recognized for 45 bird species , including one VU , one NT and 43 LC < br > species . | Mas-Mut | | Minziro Forest < br > Reserve IBA | Located in Tanzania as an extension of the Sango Bay IBA . | Mas-Mut | * Denotes species where the Uganda National Red List provides the highest threatened status The TL route avoids all of the internationally recognized areas listed in * * Table 22 * * . All species listed in * * Table 22 * * have been considered in the assessment of critical habitat , with the exception of _Dracaena newtoniana_ for which there is no data available", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * _Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities ; _ * * - * * _Application of Standstill period and Publication of contract award information ; _ * * - * * _Maintenance of records of the procurement process ; and_ * * - * * _The Bank has the right to review procurement documentation and activities . _ * * When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ * * of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * “ * * * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ * * of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ _ * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Domestic preference as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ * * of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan ; Works : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . None * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "line with UBOs data and National planning statistics < br > Planning unit to oversee monitoring and Evaluation activities . For knowledge < br > management , learning , visibility and replication of innovations and good < br > practices < br > Intensify communication for development and with a focus on beneficiaries < br > who are direct project stakeholders ( use of social media , radios , TV shows ) < br > where these categories go speak on behalf of the project < br > Create a technical working group for this team to manage and dissemination of < br > results systematically and accurately in various products to the project < br > stakeholders | 82", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 19, "text": "UBOs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 24, "end": 52, "text": "National planning statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Subproject , - Identification of subproject affected population , - The scope and scale of land acquisition and impacts on structures and other fixed assets , - Any subproject-imposed restrictions on use of , or access to , land or natural resources , - Alternatives considered to avoid or minimize land acquisition impacts , - Definition of displaced HHs and criteria for determining their eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance , including relevant cut-off dates , - The methodology to be used in valuing losses to determine their full replacement cost and a description of the proposed types and levels of compensation for land , natural resources , and other assets under Ethiopian law and such supplementary measures as are necessary to achieve replacement cost for them , - Undertake and document stakeholders and community participation , required to attain active involvement of Subproject affected persons . Special focus shall be given in materializing the participation of vulnerable groups in the Subproject affected sites . - Census survey and baseline socioeconomic studies . The findings of a householdlevel census identifying and enumerating PAHs , and , with the involvement of PAHs , surveying land , structures , and other fixed assets to be affected by the respective Subproject Component / activity . The census survey also serves other essential functions . Such would include : - a ) Identifying characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labour , and household organization ; and baseline Page 98 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1067, "end": 1080, "text": "Census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1136, "end": 1157, "text": "householdlevel census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1354, "end": 1367, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nov-2014 | 07-Jan-2018 | |  Development of Ethiopia Road Authority Management Infor | mation System ( Text , | Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > No web based < br > Management Information < br > system | 0 Regions | 0 Regions | 8 Regions | | Date < br > 30-Dec-2011 | 12-May-2014 | 12-Nov-2014 | 07-Jan-2018 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 10 / 9 / 2015 Page 10 of 12 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 464, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 1 : Summary statistics , estimation sample , 1995-2013 | | 1995-2013 | 1995-2004 | 2005-2013 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TFPR ( log ) | 4 . 496 < br > ( 0 . 889 ) | 4 . 586 < br > ( 0 . 882 ) | 4 . 812 < br > ( 0 . 883 ) | | Employment | 169 . 452 | 218 . 992 | 147 . 329 | | | ( 381 . 65 ) | ( 468 . 696 ) | ( 333 . 21 ) | | Revenues ( in 000 ) | 56 . 145 < br > ( 283 . 240 ) | 44 . 482 < br > ( 199 . 495 ) | 61 . 354 < br > ( 313 . 353 ) | | Export participation | 0 . 667 | 0 . 650 | 0 . 675 | | | ( 0 . 471 ) | ( 0 . 477 ) | ( 0 . 468 ) | | Share of foreign owned | 0 . 179 < br > ( 0 . 383 ) | 0 . 159 < br > ( 0 . 366 ) | 0 . 188 < br > ( 0 . 391 ) | | N ( obs . ) | 135189 | 41420 | 92754 | | N ( frms ) | 18355 | 13712 | 15674 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . The table reports means and standard deviations ( in parentheses ) for the estimation sample of manufacturing firms with more than 10 employees over the period 1995-2013 ( except 2000-2002 ) . A firm is foreign owned if foreign investors hold at least 50 % of capital . Monetary variables are in 2010 prices . TFPR is estimated using the method in Levinsohn and Petrin ( 2003 ) . 21", "spans": [{"start": 795, "end": 806, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 Land Tenure_ As stated in the RIDP FS , the Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation ( Proclamation No . 456 / 2005 ) defines the state ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant , including rights to \" property produced on his land \" , rights of inter-generational tenure transfer , and rights of exchange land and limited leasing rights . Provisions are made for the registration and certification of tenure rights . Part Three of the Proclamation presents regulations relating to the use of rural land , particularly as it relates to soil and water conservation and watershed management . The rural land administration and land use laws are to be implemented by the regional states . _Eu , ! iroprnental un ( i SOCIE ; ' ! nq ' 8ct ASSeSSf71 \" , \" ; t cf A / y ( ) uf_ ? O _ ( ) OO_ / 18 BR ~ _IlnC / atil ) ! , nn ' ! O ! : : f ' , ' i8q ( > Setlernes nt PI : ln / , ' , \" , ' jl / : ) , r ; ' : ; hh_ 0 ' ) ( } _Anger OZtrn_ _ES ! A_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are constructed . If credit growth in asset class _i_ of bank _j_ is less than the average credit growth , then the probability of default in asset class _i_ of bank _j_ is equal to the aggregate PD , that is , _PDi_ < sup > S < / sup > , _j_ < sup > = < / sup > < sup > _PD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > S . 28If , however , credit growth for bank < / sup > < sup > _j_is greater than the average < / sup > credit growth , then the probability of default under scenario S is scaled up by an amount that depends upon how much larger credit growth was for this bank in a given asset class , relative to the median credit growth in the entire system . Due to the restriction of a zero weight when _CGi_ , _j < _ median ( _CGi_ ) , the scaling term [ _CGi_ , _j − _ median ( _CGi_ ) ] / [ max ( _CGi_ ) _ − _ median ( _CGi_ ] is bounded between 0 and 1 . This implies that the maximum amount by which the PD for bank _j_ in asset class _i_ can increase over the aggregate TTC PD due to the penalty is given by the size of the scaling parameter _κ_ . The effective bounds on _PDi_ < sup > S < / sup > , _j_ < sup > are thus given by [ < / sup > < sup > _PD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > S , < / sup > < sup > _PD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > S + < / sup > < sup > _κ_ ] . Should it be the case < / sup > that no annual credit growth data at the individual bank level are available , then the _κ_ parameter can be set to 0 . The consequence of this is that each _PDi_ < sup > S < / sup > , _j_ < sup > then collapses to < / sup > < sup > _PD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > S . < /", "spans": [{"start": 1288, "end": 1313, "text": "annual credit growth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# < mark > 3 . 1 . 1 Survey Sample < / mark > The selection of the HFPS sample of households proceeded differently in the four countries . In Nigeria , 3 , 000 households were selected from the frame of 4 , 934 GHS-Panel households with contact details . The target number of successfully interviewed households to produce nationally representative estimates with reasonable precision was 1 , 800 . Given the large amount of auxiliary information available in the GHS-Panel for these households , a balanced sampling approach using the cube method ( Tille , 2006 ) was adopted for the selection of the 3 , 000 households for the HFPS . < sup > 8 < / sup > For the first-round of the Nigeria HFPS , all the 3 , 000 sampled households were contacted and 69 percent of them were successfully reached by the interviewers ( 2 , 057 households ) . Of those contacted , 94 percent or 1 , 950 households were successfully interviewed . This yielded an overall crude response rate < sup > 9 < / sup > for the sample of 65 percent . Figure 3 . 2 : Phone Ownership Share of Households Who Own a Phone < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 . 0 < br > 88 . 7 88 . 0 < br > 90 . 0 < br > 80 . 0 73 . 3 76 . 0 75 . 7 < br > 70 . 5 < br > 68 . 8 < br > 70 . 0 65 . 6 < br > 58 . 9 < br > 60 . 0 < br > 51 . 8 National < br > 47 . 9 < br > 50 . 0 < br > Urban < br > 40 . 0 35 . 7 < br > Rural < br > 30 . 0 < br > 20 . 0 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Uganda < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations from the ESS 2018 / 19 , IHPS 2019 , GHS-Panel 2018", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 473, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1570, "end": 1579, "text": "IHPS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# < u > Concerning areas that did not receive a shock : < / u > 1 . Correct exclusion , non-poor district is defined as a dummy equal to 1 when aid distribution rates are zero , and the 2010 district poverty rate is less than or equal to 50 percent . 2 . Correct exclusion , poor district is defined as a dummy equal to 1 when aid distribution rates are zero , and the district poverty rate is less than or equal to 50 percent . 3 . Incorrect inclusion , poor district is defined as a dummy equal to 1 when aid distribution rates are greater than zero , and the 2010 district poverty rate is greater than 50 percent . 4 . Incorrect inclusion , non-poor district is defined as a dummy equal to 1 when aid distribution rates are greater than zero , and the 2010 district poverty rate is less than or equal to 50 percent . We expect that households in non-poor districts that neither received weather shocks nor any aid distribution would be least likely to receive aid . Thus , the expectation is that households in the other three categories would be more likely to receive aid , particularly in poor districts . Table 3 gives the percentage of households falling into each of these categories for the IHPS and FIAS samples in 2016 , for the subset of households falling into each category . Looking at the IHPS sample for when a shock occurred , the highest percentage of households were located in “ correctly ” targeted poor districts that received a shock ( 35 percent ) , but 19 percent of households facing a shock in poor districts only received limited aid , capturing potential geographic errors of exclusion . Looking at areas where shocks did not occur , we note that most households were located in districts with positive distribution rates despite no shock occurring , and in fact 16 percent were located in non-poor districts with positive distribution rates , capturing geographic errors of inclusion . Looking at the FIAS sample , results suggest somewhat lower errors of exclusion ( 11 percent ) but higher errors of inclusion ( 19 percent ) . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # _Training Content and Duration_ The content of trainings depends on the trainer ’ s background and affiliated organisation . Trainings offered through FRC , IRC , and InterAid are based on separate , formal curricula , and teachers largely work through set modules with accompanying manuals and workbooks . Refugees who work independently at refugee-run organisations , as well as trainers at JRS , self-design trainings and generate content based on their own experience and knowledge . The duration of trainings vary , but are generally three to six months , with classes held three to five times a week . Some , such as hairdressing and tailoring , are twelve-month programmes , although participants with existing skills are trained for shorter amounts of time . Additionally , some trainings such as the business trainings offered by FRC were shortened from six to four months , due to participants needing to ‘ work to survive ’ and not having enough time to attend long trainings . < sup > 60 < / sup > HOCW has adapted to participants ’ need to work by offering 2-hour long trainings only a few times a week . However , many trainings at YARID , JRS , and those offered through InterAid are at least five hours long for five days a week . # # # _Employment After Training_ Organisations were only able to offer general figures on participants ’ ability to become employed or self-employed after training . This represented a major barrier in the research , and was openly discussed by organisations such as JRS as being an important and currently missing component of demonstrating training ‘ impact ’ . JRS recently started a database of training participants , but is just beginning the tracking process . Refugee-run organisations also have only anecdotal evidence of employment success . However , all organisations cited hairdressing and tailoring as having a high employment success rate , as well as mushroom-growing from organisations that offer it . One explanation for this success is the practical applicability of", "spans": [{"start": 1641, "end": 1674, "text": "database of training participants", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for those farmers whose dwellings had a “ primitive roof ” . The beneficiary survey ( ICR , p . 52 ) indicated that the program had scored its highest success rate in terms of raising income of the poorest group surveyed ; however , the second best success rate was scored for the richest group , ahead of the middle asset class . The ICR states ( p . 52 ) that “ the fact that the richest beneficiaries benefited more than those in the middle asset class underlies the importance of households ’ capacity to acquire the improved technologies and advisory services being promoted", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 83, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # # # # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # # # # # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 | 344 | 405 | 749 | 16183 | | MOPTI | 1063 | 1067 | 2130 | 1131 | 953 | 2084 | 133 | 156 | 289 | 4503 | | SEGOU | 315 | 281 | 596 | 326 | 253 | 579 | 36 | 39 | 75 | 1250 | | TOMBOUCTOU | 8600 | 8565 | 17165 | 9710 | 8033 | 17743 | 1279 | 1420 | 2699 | 37607 | | * * Grand Total * * | 19586 | 19894 | 39480 | 21793 | 18066 | 39859 | 2487 | 2823 | 5310 | 84649 | La population rapatriée est constituée de 52 % de femmes et 48 % d ’ hommes . Par ailleurs , 47 % des personnes rapatriées sont des enfants ( âgés de 0 à 17 ans ) , et les 18 ans et plus représentent 53 % de la population rapatriée . Graphique 29 : Répartition des Rapatriés par sexe au 31 décembre 2020 * * < mark > 52 % 48 % < / mark > * * La population rapatriée est constituée de 52 % de femmes et 48 % d ’ hommes . Par ailleurs , 47 % des personnes rapatriées sont des enfants ( âgés de 0 à 17 ans ) , les adultes ( 18 à 59 ans ) représentent 47 % et les personnes âgées représentent 6 % de la population rapatriée . # # # * * Protection * * De l ’ analyse de la documentation d ’ Etat-Civil , près de 32 % des rapatriés ne sont pas enregistrés à l ’ Etat-Civil < sup > * *", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1059, "text": "documentation d ’ Etat-Civil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "ció < br > n Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 122 , 871 . 47 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-09-13 < br > 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | | < br > C2-MIES-INEC-32 / Contratac < br > ión de 12 Supervisores de op < br > erativo de campo ENDI para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 56 , 783 . 10 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-09-13 < br > 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | | C2-MIES-INEC-33 / Contratac < br > ión de 24 Encuestadores END < br > I para el operativo de campo < br > de la Encuesta Nacional de D < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "make the budget constraint variable . These technical features are further described in the following sections , which describe IPF step ‐ by ‐ step . # _Constructing the IPF Indices_ The first step of IPF is to identify the set of indicators that will be combined to construct the social ‐ environmental and financial ‐ economic indices . The selection of variables – or project comparison indicators – may differ amongst application contexts based on government policy goals ( e . g . , particular sectoral , economic , social , and environmental aims ) and stakeholder consultation . For explanatory purposes , however , we will discuss the IPF index construction as performed in the first conceptualization of IPF in Vietnam and initial pilot test in Panama . < sup > 10 < / sup > The selection of variables seeks to preserve the principle of parsimony . Accordingly , this methodology relies on and requires a minimum level of relevant information to compare expected outcomes of alternative infrastructure investments . Multiple variables are selected to reflect different aspects of expected performance in two composite indicators , the Social and Environmental Index ( SEI ) and the Financial and Economic Index ( FEI ) , each built on quantitative and transformed qualitative variables combined via an additive model . < sup > 11 < / sup > To condense dissimilar data types and scales of measurement into indices , three data transformations are required . One must ( a ) transform qualitative data and ordinal quantitative data into usable scalar data , wherein the intervals between values reflect degrees of difference ; ( b ) standardize criteria measurements to a common scale ; and ( c ) establish weights for each criterion in the additive model . The transformation of categorical and ordinal qualitative and quantitative data into usable numerical data may be done using the Alternating Least Squares Optimal Scaling ( ALSOS ) algorithm , a widely accepted transformation approach . Within a quantified categorical variable , the numbers assigned by the ALSOS algorithm to each category reflect the distance _between_ categories , revealing the implicit metric of the variable ( Perreault & Young , 1976 ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > Numerical values are thereafter standardized", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1508, "text": "qualitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1513, "end": 1538, "text": "ordinal quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The most well known examples of using ‘ edutainment ’ for gender-based violence prevention are Sexto Sentido , carried out by Puntos de Encuentro in Nicaragua , and Soul City , carried out by the Institute for Health and Development Community in South Africa and eight other Sub-Saharan countries in Africa . Both have used prime time television soap operas , radio programs , school-based work , and other media to address violence against women , gender , sexuality and rights . Some research suggests that Sexto Sentido has had a positive impact ( Abaunza , 2002 ; UNFPA , 2002 ; Berliner , 2002 ) , but little quantitative evidence of effectiveness has been published or disseminated . However , an ambitious qualitative and quantitative evaluation is underway involving a three-year panel / cohort study among more than 4500 young respondents and at least three rounds of data collection - - in 2003 , 2004 , and 2005 ( Guedes , 2004 ) . This study will measure the program ’ s success in changing attitudes and behavior around gender , stigma , HIV / AIDS and gender-based violence . Soul City has already conducted extensive population-based impact studies of Series 4 , which addressed gender-based violence for the first time in 1999 ( Scheepers , 2001 ; Scheepers and Cristophides , 2001 ; Soul City , 2001 ; UNFPA , 2002 ; Singhal et al . , 2004 ) . That research found that the series reached 82 % of the population in South Africa and had a positive impact on both awareness and knowledge about violence against women . The impact on attitudes appeared to be mixed . Certain attitudes about violence improved slightly ( such as whether violence is a private affair ) , but some stayed the same or deteriorated . For example , there were no changes in the levels of those who believed that men have the right to beat their wives , or in the belief that such beatings are socially acceptable . The evaluation focused on intermediate outcomes such as knowledge , attitudes , and intentions , but not on how these related to outcomes such as levels of actual violence . The program measured a greater impact on HIV / AIDS attitudes and behaviors", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- primary , 19 percent in basic and 17 percent in secondary , but remains below 10 percent of total enrolment in basic and secondary education . In the years between 1999 and 2007 , Jordan made significant gains on international surveys of student achievement , with a particularly impressive gain of almost 30 points on the science portion of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) over that period . While these gains cannot be attributed solely to the impact of the investment in the ERfKE program , they nonetheless suggest that Jordan has established significant positive momentum in student performance which continued investment should support . 7 . Despite this positive progress , the education system still needs to continue to accelerate the pace of reform of basic and secondary education in order to support the Government ’ s aspirations for employment creation , stimulation of economic diversification , income generation and reduction of poverty through increased regional and global competitiveness . While very significant strides have been made with regard to developing and implementing systemic reforms of the curriculum , learning materials , learning assessment , and introduction of information and communication technologies into both learning and management , there is not sufficient evidence yet of impact of many of the most important innovations at the level of the school and the classroom . In addition , the institutional framework and capacity to manage the reforms needs to be further strengthened to sustain the gains made in ERfKE I , and embed the reforms into the system at every level down to the school and classroom . Measures taken in governance and decentralization need to be consolidated by further clarifying the roles and responsibilities of various actors and by enhancing the capacity of the field directorates to effectively support the decentralization process . Furthermore , taking into account the initiatives that are on-going at the field directorate and the school level to modernize the overall administration and establish a performance-based management system , there is a need to increase accountability in school management , to empower communities , and to create more effective partnerships with civil society . 8 . In February 2008 , workshops were held", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 259, "text": "international surveys of student achievement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 348, "end": 401, "text": "Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", et al . , 2000 ) and to create new jobs ( Audretsch , et al . , 2006 ; McMillan and Woodruff . 2002 ) . For example , studies using longitudinal data sets on > 3 Our results are also consistent with de Mel , et al . ( 2012 ) who find that firms in Sri Lanka rationally refrain from formalizing , since they see few benefits from doing so – while a few firms seem to be suboptimally informal . Furthermore , their results suggest that a relatively modest increase in the net benefits to firms of formalizing could dramatically increase the rate of formalization . 4", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 156, "text": "longitudinal data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "index for this case will be 4 ( 01 ' 2 ) = 1 ° * * _ + _ * * z * * 2 ) , * * where a 0 superscript denotes the initial tariff rate . Note in particular that for given initial tariff rates this index depends only on the import-weighted average value of the new tariffs ( denoted X ) , and not on the variance of the rates . The average tariff rate will be t ( Tl , T 2 ) = 01 ) + . Since r / _ ( l + r ) _ is a concave function of * * _T7 , _ * * it follows from Jensen ' s inequality that * * _t ( T 1_ * * , * * _r ) _ * * _ < _ t ( s , r ) . This shows that the value calculated using the actual tariff data will be lower than that calculated using the trade-weighted average tariff when the tariff cut is not uniform , which means that the measure t depends on the variance of tariff rates even when the elasticity of substitution is 0 . For cases in which a > 0 this comparison becomes more complicated , because 0 is no longer linear in * * _T . _ * * However , the calculations above suggests that the direction of the bias continues to hold for Chile in this case as well . This highlights the fact that calculation of the price index for imports is not sufficient for calculating the average tariff rate when tariffs are not uniform . It also suggests that the failure to use the tariff line data could result of overestimates of average tariff rates , if these average tariffs are estimated using the average price reduction on imported goods resulting from a tariff cut . Two general conclusions emerge from the values of the O , and ti calculated for Chile . First , the effect of eliminating tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries is more significant than the effect of eliminating tariffs on MERCOSUR countries . Second , the effect of these reductions was more 12", "spans": [{"start": 598, "end": 609, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1288, "end": 1304, "text": "tariff line data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A . 10 : Event study : effects on TFPR ( binary measure of Germany ’ s specialization ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . 25 < br > . 15 < br > . 05 < br > - . 05 < br > Year # Dummy above median < br > - . 15 < br > - . 25 < br > 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . The plot is created by regressing the firm-level TFPR on a full set of time indicators interacted with a binary measure of Germany ’ s specialization that assigned 1 to sectors that have above median levels of output share or export share and controlling for firm and year fixed effects . Estimates are based on sample of firms with more than 50 employees . The omitted baseline is the last pre-treatment year , 2003 . The estimation includes only firms established before 2004 . The vertical bars indicates 95 % confidence interval . 31", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 424, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Note : Children can carry out more than one type of work . Wage work captures children working for income in the past seven days across three sectors ; household chores captures cooking , cleaning , taking care of household members , and so on in the past seven days ; household production captures farm work , fetching water , collecting wood , and so on for the family ; unpaid family work captures unpaid help in a business owned by a household member ; any work captures children doing any of these types of work and / or chores . Source : authors ’ estimates using LFS 2015_ Table 1 shows that there are gender differences across all the different types of work carried out . Although the wage work participation rates for girls and boys are similar , with slightly more boys than girls ( 0 . 6 percentage points difference ) , girls are more likely to be employed in the agriculture and service sectors and boys in the industry sector . Girls are disproportionately more engaged ( ~ 9 percentage points ) in household chores than boys , with girls outnumbering boys in every single chore . Even though girls are more engaged than boys in agriculture , when looking at wage work , boys actually carry out more farming activities for the household ( 0 . 7 percentage point difference ) than girls . However , overall , 1 percent more girls than boys are busy with household production tasks including fetching water , doing craftwork and collecting wood . Overall , more girls ( 42 . 2 percent ) than boys ( 36 . 6 percent ) are engaged in some form of work or chores . The above data should be interpreted with caution , however . Importantly , there are significant time differences across activities . Wage work is more time consuming than other occupations , with children working on average 53 hours per 6-day week in this type of work compared to 9 or 10 hours in household production or chores during a typical week . Further , household chores are more likely to be done at weekends or after school and do not seem to be a barrier to school attendance . Overall ,", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 574, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 000 | | Contacts a local political party official ( 1 = Yes ) | 1 , 923 < br > , | 0 . 22 | 0 . 38 | 0 . 000 | | Index of formal authority contact | 1 , 923 | - 0 . 10 | 0 . 34 | 0 . 000 | | Contacts a religious leader ( 1 = Yes ) | 1 , 923 | 0 . 66 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 000 | | Contacts a traditional ruler ( 1 = Yes ) | 1 , 923 | 0 . 45 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 000 | | Index of informal authoritycontact < br > | 1 , 921 < br > | 0 . 12 < br > | - 0 . 30 < br > | 0 . 000 < br > | ~ ~ Note : Data come from follow-up survey . Male refers to head of household while female to their ~ ~ spouse . P-values were calculated from a regressions of each variable on a gender dummy . The regression included village fixed effects and standard errors were clustered at the geographical cluster level .", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 516, "text": "follow-up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "clearing or due to seasonal increases in dust storms . Using this approach yields results that are qualitatively similar to using the average across the full sample but the magnitudes of the correlation are larger in the maximum approach ( Table SI-1 ) . Comparing the country specific estimates of the correlation between wealth and pollution exposure , Figure SI-4 , indicates broad agreement in the estimated correlation when exposure is measured as median or average levels of pollution . Most countries fall on or near the 45 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > line . There is less agreement between the maximum measure and the average measure however . At the extremes the qualitative patterns seem to persist - Nigeria for example has a negative correlation with both measures and has the strongest negative correlation in the sample . The notable exception is India and Pakistan ( which are treated as a single unit in the RWI data , a choice we preserve ) , which has a substantially higher positive correlation using the maximum measure rather than the average measure . This is likely driven by very high levels of pollution in some North Indian cities during December . One possible explanation for these somewhat divergent results using the maximum measure rather than the average measure is that the 23", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 928, "text": "RWI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Recent literature has primarily focused on income taxes ( personal and corporate - PIT and CIT , respectively ) and value-added tax ( VAT ) rates due to their significant contribution to tax revenue in most countries ( Vegh and Vuletin 2012 ; Vegh , et al 2017 ) . These studies have made valuable contributions by constructing a comprehensive cross-country database that tracks the historical series of the top statutory tax rates for CIT , PIT , and VAT . Building upon these contributions and using this database , our analysis will concentrate on a sample of 33 countries , including 18 advanced economies and 15 developing economies , spanning a period of 40 years from 1980 to 2020 . Additionally , we will extend the analysis to include other taxes , specifically focusing on the case of Argentina and updating the data whenever possible . However , it is crucial to interpret these results cautiously within the specific context of Argentina . Argentina ' s tax structure deviates from international standards and theoretical recommendations , relying heavily on unconventional tax components that are more regressive and distortive . By 2021 , Argentina ' s tax burden accounted for 29 . 1 percent of GDP ( * * Figure 14 * * ) , with nearly one-third ( around 9 . 1 percent of GDP ) coming from unconventional taxes , including financial transaction taxes , turnover taxes , taxes on foreign exchange purchases , and export duties . < sup > 17 < / sup > In contrast to developing and advanced economies where VAT , CIT , and PIT make up a substantial portion of total tax revenue , in Argentina , they represent only 40 percent of the total tax revenue . Therefore , conducting standard tax rate cyclical tests on PIT , CIT , and VAT in Argentina may not provide as representative insights as in most other countries . * * Figure 14 . Tax burden ( as percent of GDP ) * * 40 * * Figure 15 . Selected tax rates ( 1990-2022 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 34 . 1 40 < br > 35 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 30 29", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 366, "text": "cross-country database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_PSNP Phase II ESMF 30 October 2006_ 33 The WFSDs are responsible for coordination of Safety Net activities and are technically accountable to the RFSCOs . Their duties include : - Act as Secretary for the Woreda FSTF and for the Early Warning Committee , and as a focal point for all Safety Net issues in the woreda ; - Ensure that a pipeline of projects is prepared ( including those to be implemented during the annual programme cycle and those to be implemented in case of emergency ) in consultation with the Kebele Food Security Task Force ; - Mobilise technical assistance as needed from woreda sectoral offices ; - Undertake regular monitoring and evaluation in coordination with woreda sectoral offices ; - Hold quarterly technical review meeting with implementing agencies ; - Submit monthly progress reports to the Woreda Rural Development Office ; - Maintain accurate records of kebele Safety Net activities and list of beneficiaries ; and - Provide information on target areas and selected beneficiaries to sectoral offices and other agencies involved in planning and implementing Safety Net activities . _v ) Woreda Sectoral Offices ( Line Offices ) _ These include woreda offices and desks of Agriculture , Rural Roads , Water , Natural Resource Management , Education , Health , Cooperative Promotion and Women ’ s Affairs . The responsibilities of these agencies include : - Incorporate PSNP activities in their yearly programmes / action-plans based upon the specific opportunities PSNP resources represent in terms of labour-based activities , capacity building and availability of supplementary non-wage costs . - Provide technical assistance and training to technical personnel and Kebele staff in planning and implementation of Safety Net activities ; - Consolidate and compile the proposals of the Kebele Food Security Task Force to incorporate into the woreda Safety Net plan ; - Undertake project screening in accordance with the Environment and Social Management Framework - Prepare activity implementation plans and request budget for implementation ; - Implement safety net activities at kebele and community levels ; - Conduct monitoring and evaluation of activities", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 919, "text": "records of kebele Safety Net activities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "designated as controls , which contaminated the original evaluation design . Nonetheless , a followup survey was carried out in late 2010 and early 2011 in the six districts ( Bushenyi , Ibanda , Isingiro , Kamwenge , Kiruhura , and Mbarara ) where the SD voucher service had first been launched . Both baseline and follow-up surveys used a two-stage cluster sample design . First , geographic data obtained from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) were used to identify parishes within six to ten kilometers of 13 facilities that had been contracted to provide services to voucher clients and within three kilometers of a major road . Parishes were then randomly selected from among those within the stipulated distance to the facilities . In the second stage , villages were randomly selected from the sampled parishes . At baseline , 58 parishes were randomly selected for inclusion in the study . There were 231 villages within these parishes with populations ranging from 75 to 1 , 803 inhabitants , giving a total of 102 , 260 persons , according to the 2002 census . A total of 94 villages were randomly selected for inclusion in the baseline survey study . In the follow-up survey , 75 parishes were randomly sampled , and 133 villages from these parishes were selected for inclusion in the study . Of the sampled villages , 68 had been included in the 2008 survey , and 65 were sampled from within five kilometers of the contracted facilities to maximize the possibility of contacting respondents likely to have used the vouchers . This approach was adopted because the 2010 voucher claims data showed a very high concentration of clients in parishes within five kilometers of contracted facilities . Of the 94 baseline and 133 endline villages , none of the baseline and 26 of the endline villages were within five kilometers , and all 94 of the baseline and 68 of the endline villages were within six to ten kilometers . Besides the population surveys , cross-sectional health facility assessment ( HFA ) data were collected in 2010 through a number of techniques , including observations of client-provider interactions ( CPIs ) during consultations , client exit interviews , interviews with SPs , record reviews , facility", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 398, "text": "geographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1065, "end": 1076, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1584, "end": 1608, "text": "2010 voucher claims data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "universal , flat transfer ( column 4 ) . Finally , under a proportional loss shock , using an indicator of which households suffered a shock ( columns 7-10 ) does not deliver any additional impacts as all households are affected : when income ranks do not change because of a shock , the best responses continue to be to support households according to their pre-shock poverty status . < sup > 22 < / sup > _Table 8 : Moldova – Proportional loss shock_ | * * Targeting → * * | | | | * * Pr * * | * * oportiona * * < br > * * Hous * * < br > * * Eligibi * * | * * l Loss Sho * * < br > * * ehold * * < br > * * lity ↓ * * | * * ck * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * Means * * | * * Means * * | | | | | | * * PMT Ex - * * | * * PMT Post * * | | * * Budget ↓ * * | * * Original * * < br > * * Beneficiaries * * | * * Testing * * < br > * * ( Ex - * * < br > * * Ante * * < br > * * Poor ) * * | * * Testing * * < br > * * ( Post * * < br > * * Shock * * < br > * * Poor ) * * | * * Universal * * | * * PMT Ex - * * < br > * * ante * * | * * PMT * * < br > * * Post * * < br > * * Shock * * | * * Perfect * * < br > * * Loss * * < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care ( P152394 ) # * * The World Bank * * # # # #  Facilities submitting complete DHIS data in a timely manner ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 76 . 00 | - - | 65 . 90 | 85 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | - - | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2021 | # # Comments The PMT supported by the task team will work closely with county governments to ensure that health facilities are reporting complete data into DHIS in a timely manner . Additionally , the Project is supporting capacity building of county health officials on DHIS2 . # # # #  Registration of births ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 67 . 80 | - - | 65 . 90 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | - - | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2021 | # # Comments The baseline was changed from 60 . 0 to 67 . 8 due to re-calculation of 2014 coverage rates using ASFRs derived from the 2014 KDHS report . Civil Registration Services ( CRS ) 2017 . _Kenya Vital Statistics Report 2016_ Civil Registration Services , Statistics Division . Government of Kenya . Nairobi , Kenya . The PMT will work closely with the Civil Registration Department to ensure effective implementation of Project activities aimed at improving coverage of birth registration , namely capacity building in the MCH strategy , piloting mobile registration clinic in hard to", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 196, "text": "DHIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1142, "end": 1158, "text": "2014 KDHS report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "slight evidence of increased impact with greater duration . In particular , there is a 10 percent increase in the prevalence of positive coefficients between exposure of 4-12 months to 13 + months and an increase from 0 . 60 to 0 . 70 standard deviations of the outcomes with the same increase in exposure . On the other hand , the summary in the last two columns of Table 10 indicates substantial concentration of significant positive program impacts among younger children : 64 percent ( or 41 of 64 ) of these impacts are for children two - or three-years old at the time of Round 3 . The average magnitude of the impacts is 0 . 90 standard deviations for two-year olds and 0 . 49 standard deviations for three-year old , but only in the 0 . 24-0 . 29 range for children older than three . # * * 5 . Conclusion * * We analyze the effects of an important ECD initiative in a developing country setting . The individual parts of the package of services delivered by the program in the Philippines are generally not new , but the program has changed the country ’ s approach to ECD by linking sectoral policies that affect young children and by integrating interventions that include center-based and home-based programs . We use rich and detailed longitudinal information on children , their families and communities , as well as data on the program itself , to estimate treatment effects . The difference-in-difference propensity score matching methods we use allow impacts to vary by both exposure to the program and the ages of children while controlling for observed characteristics and unobserved characteristics that are fixed and display common trends between program and non-program areas . Our results provide important insights on the effectiveness of ECD interventions in this low income setting . The findings suggest that the ECD program is benefiting children in important respects . We find significant positive intent-to-treat impacts on the majority of the indicators of child development that we consider , particularly those related to child cognitive , social , motor skills and language development as well as short-term nutritional status . The incorporation of information about the variation of program exposure and child age is valuable because", "spans": [{"start": 1248, "end": 1272, "text": "longitudinal information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1331, "end": 1350, "text": "data on the program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "demeaned on a country-by-country basis , which effectively controls for country fixed effects in the regressions . We also employ another database that is an unbalanced panel with the same cross sectional and time series coverage as before but at the annual frequency . This includes the conditioning variables that are not explicitly required for the identification scheme to be valid in the VAR model but are necessary to estimate the interaction terms . These are government debt and fiscal balances as percentage of GDP which are drawn from the IMF ’ s WEO ( October 2014 ) database ; and government consumption-to-GDP ratios which we obtain from the World Bank ’ s WDI database . # 3 Results # # 3 . 1 Unconditional Multipliers To establish a benchmark , we first report estimates of the unconditional multiplier from a standard panel SVAR . For that , we suppress the law of motion for the coeffi cients in Equation ( 2 ) . This renders the coeffi cient matrices Al in Equation ( 1 ) invariant across countries and time . Figure 1 presents the unconditional multipliers for the select horizons : on impact , 1 year , 2 years , and long run ( 5 years ) . Barring only a few periods in the impulse horizon , the unconditional impulse responses of output due to a positive fiscal shock are either negative or insignificant . < sup > 14 < / sup > Indeed , > 13 The list of countries is presented in Table A1 in the Appendix . Our developing-country coverage comprises primarily emerging and frontier market economies that have some ability to tap into international financial markets , which renders the fiscal solvency risks that underpin our nonlinear crowding-out mechanisms relevant . We exclude low-income countries not only because of data reliability issues , but also because they primarily rely on concessional finance for government expenditure , which would not reflect the crowding-out mechanisms . > 14 When we split our sample into advanced and developing economies , our estimates of the unconditional multiplier are very similar to the ones reported in Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) . See Figure A2 in the Appendix . 7", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 586, "text": "WEO ( October 2014 ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 670, "end": 682, "text": "WDI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "healthy financial intermediation among the low - and middle-income groups . BANSEFI is a descendent of the “ _Patronato del Ahorro Nacional_ ” , commonly identified by its main product the “ _Bonos del Ahorro Nacional_ ” which collected savings but did not make private-sector loans . BANSEFI continues to provide this savings service , but as noted above it also functions as a development bank , or “ second floor ” bank , to assist and support programs that could help popular banks to increase their income , reduce costs , improve their management , and broaden the services that popular intermediaries could provide to their members . One of the first tasks of BANSEFI was to develop a database on all popular banking institutions . For this purpose in 2002 BANSEFI conducted a census of the entities ( _Entidades de Ahorro y Crédito Popular_ ) , < sup > 18 < / sup > including those financial institutions that were not recognized officially by the financial authorities . Table 26 presents an overview of the results from this census . As shown in the table , the cooperatives with the largest membership are the savings and loan associations ( _Sociedades de Ahorro y Préstamo_ ) , which are formally regulated , and the non-regulated savings and loan cooperatives ( _Cooperativas de Ahorro y Prestámo_ ) . The third largest membership is that of the _Cajas Solidarias_ . These were originally rural savings institutions which were instituted in a number of > 17 It continues playing its old role of enhancing the savings culture through its deposit instruments , but does not make privatesector loans as all of its funds are channeled to the public sector . To enhance its ability to collect funds and increase savings , the institution can offer tax-exempt interest and / or premiums in order to increase savings . > 18 BANSEFI Diagnóstico de la Situación Financiera , Equipamiento Tecnológico y censo de las Entidades de Ahorro y Crédito Popular ( EACP ) Informe Versión Pública Junio de 2002 . 50", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 736, "text": "database on all popular banking institutions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 784, "end": 806, "text": "census of the entities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "there is no strong evidence of convergence in agriculture and services . More importantly , their results show that the rate of convergence in manufacturing and mining has been strong enough to lead aggregate convergence across regions , albeit at a slower pace because of high employment shares of agriculture and services . < sup > 8 < / sup > In the case of Brazil , Azzoni and Castro ( 2023 ) examined regional disparities from 2002 to 2019 . Their findings indicate a general increase in _σ_ - convergence in per capita income across regions . Moreover , periods of economic crisis , such as the Great Recession of 2008 and the economic crisis of 2014 , were linked to more pronounced convergence . The study also reveals evidence of conditional convergence in regional per capita income and wages ( serving as a proxy for labor productivity ) during these crisis periods . Overall , this observed ( or lack thereof ) convergence and its speed call for further evidence that accounts for the drivers of factor accumulation , sectoral composition , technology diffusion , and production externalities within and across regions and countries . # * * 3 Empirical approach * * # # * * 3 . 1 Data * * Given data availability , we focus on the period from 2002 to 2018 . The main dataset comes from the Relação Anual de Informações Sociais ( RAIS ) , which is a matched employer-employee dataset put together by the Ministry of Labor and Employment ( Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego ) . RAIS covers all registered firms and formal employees in which a firm is identified by its registration number ( CNPJ ) and a worker by its identification number ( PIS ) . Most importantly , both the PIS and CNPJ do not change over time , even when a worker stops to work in the formal sector . These unique features allow us to track workers and firms over time . The dataset contains detailed information on firms ’ geographic location , economic classification ( CNAE 5-digit ) , employment size , and personnel records such as monthly wage , age , gender , and education , among others . < sup > 9 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1302, "end": 1338, "text": "Relação Anual de Informações Sociais", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1361, "end": 1394, "text": "matched employer-employee dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1487, "end": 1491, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "only mixed evidence . In the case of China for instance , Knight , Song and Huaibin ( 1999 ) find that migrants of rural origin hold jobs that non-migrants shun . On the other hand , Roberts ( 2001 ) mentions the issue of local workers in Shanghai being laid-off by state enterprises and competing with migrant laborers in the formal sector . # * * The effect of migration on poverty at the place of destination * * Finally , the effect of internal migration on urban areas is not limited to an impact on wages and employment . In a country such as South Africa , migration from poor rural areas is often viewed as contributing to a strengthening of residential segregation , an increase in the number of poor , and a costly burden on local public services . These issues have seldom been studied empirically , probably due to the lack of adequate micro-data . < sup > 33 < / sup > One exception is Mohtadi ( 1986 ) who uses cross sectional data of cities and rural regions from Iranian censuses in order to assess how migration from rural areas affects urban inequality . Not surprisingly , the finding is that inequality in urban areas tends to increase with migration when migrants are from a poorer , landless group , and to decrease when they are from a better off , landed group . < sup > 34 < / sup > * * Policy implications * * - - The considerations above suggest that the inflow of migrants to cities can be problematic if not accommodated properly . Accommodationist policies cover programs designed to assist migrants upon their arrival in urban areas in order to reduce the economic and social costs of migration and to maximize its gains . The idea is to provide rural migrants with an environment that ‘ allows them to make use of their energy and skills ’ ( Skeldon , 1997 ) . Measures can be as diverse as the creation of reception centers for migrants , helping them access essential public goods , or helping them acquire affordable housing ( such as the programs launched by the South African > 33 There is a real need to measure the characteristics", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 973, "text": "cross sectional data of cities and rural regions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 995, "text": "Iranian censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Agriculture Cluster Development Project ( P145037 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 56 . 40 | 90 . 00 | | Date < br > | 30-Jun-2016 | 16-Dec-2019 | 30-Apr-2020 | 31-Mar-2022 | | IN00829436 < br > ► % of district / nation | al technical and financial reports ti | mely and adequate ( Percentage , | Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 4 . 00 | 53 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date < br > | 30-Jun-2016 | 16-Dec-2019 | 30-Apr-2020 | 31-Mar-2022 | | IN00829439 < br > ► Percent ( % ) of ann | ual audit recommendations imple | mented ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date < br > | 30-Jun-2016 | 16-Dec-2019 | 16-Dec-2019 | 31-Mar-2022 | | IN00829441 < br > ► Percent ( % ) of res | ult monitoring indicators reported | on time as outlined in the M & E pl | an ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 61 . 70 | 71", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey was conducted by making car transect and foot surveys and no Burial Sites were identified and documented during the archaeological / cultural heritage survey along the TL corridor and the SS works . Therefore , no compensation will be required . # # # # # # * * 7 . 13 Impact on Vulnerable Groups * * < mark > Security or vulnerability of households ’ livelihoods vary between households depending on their relative endowment with and / or access to a range of assets ( natural , physical , human , social and financial ) . The more a household owns or have access to different assets , the less vulnerable it is likely to be . Ownership of or access to assets is dictated by an interplay of historical , social , economic , cultural , political and environmental processes that work favourably for some groups of households and unfavourably for others . In effect , social groups with less asset-endowments become more vulnerable to shocks ( adverse impacts of the proposed Subproject on farmland ) than those with relatively generous asset - < / mark > endowments . < mark > Households headed by the elderly , females , the chronically ill , physical disabilities and mental illness are generally more vulnerable than others . Vulnerable households find it difficult to withstand shocks ( e . g . land take by the proposed project ) , bounce back quickly and re-establish their livelihoods unless their livelihoods are cushioned with some sort of < / mark > targeted special assistance . Page 102", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 164, "text": "archaeological / cultural heritage survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) newly recruited cohorts of staff . Scaling up these models in a sustainable manner remains a challenge but also presents an opportunity for development as well as an opportunity to learn and inform the content of university curricula . * * 10 . The passage of the Vocational and Technical Skills Development Law in July 2019 has created the institutional framework for sector-specific skills development , including in the digital or ICT sector . * * The law approved the establishment of the Vocational and Technical Skills Development Commission ( VTSDC ) , which is mandated to set standards and foundations for the formation of sectoral councils and will lead the development of vocational and technical education and training , governed by a bylaw that will be issued by the Council of Ministers by March 2020 . The government established a National Skills Council for ICT ( NSC-ICT ) as an advisory body for the VTSDC in February 2019 . Most of the council members come from the private sector , and it includes representatives from the government , employers and relevant employee associations . * * 11 . The private sector has expressed interest in contributing to a sustainable mechanism that supports building youth competencies and talents to support growth . * * A World Bank ( WB ) survey of digital firms in Jordan in January 2019 suggested that 48 percent of firms perceive finding technical talent an obstacle in the local market . The recent experience of Injaz in rolling out financial literacy in Jordanian public schools by using allocated funds from commercial banks ( 0 . 5 percent of profits on annual basis ) suggests a good model to replicate in digital skills development . Preliminary discussions with telecom operators in Jordan confirmed that interest , with the condition of putting in place an efficient digital skills development model that produces graduates of high employability . Leading domestic and foreign ICT firms in Jordan would participate in such a mechanism to ensure that their demand for specific talents informs the design of training provided . * * 12 . The Jordanian", "spans": [{"start": 1375, "end": 1408, "text": "survey of digital firms in Jordan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We find that skewness and kurtosis of returns are similar between global and simulated global funds . For example , according to the largest number of funds ( longest time series ) simulations , the skewness of global fund returns is - 0 . 69 ( - 0 . 81 ) whereas that of the simulated global funds is - 0 . 84 ( - 0 . 94 ) or - 0 . 70 ( - 0 . 74 ) , depending on whether the variance is minimized or expected returns are maximized . The kurtosis of global funds is 10 . 69 for the largest number of funds simulation and 12 . 85 for the longest available sample simulation . The kurtosis of the simulated global funds is 10 . 04 ( 11 . 96 ) when the variance is minimized and 7 . 74 ( 8 . 60 ) when expected returns are maximized , using the largest number of funds ( longest available sample ) simulations . Overall , the evidence suggests that , despite the differences in the mean and variances reported above , higher moments of the distribution of returns are not considerably different across global funds and simulated global funds . If anything , the kurtosis estimates are lower for the simulated global funds than for global funds , indicating that global funds do not appear to be robust portfolios as their distribution of returns has fatter tails . We now consider the ability of global funds to move away from turbulence-hit countries or regions , and thus actually avoid realized risks . Given the limited information on portfolio holdings at a high frequency , we focus the analysis on the incidence of negative returns during turbulent times . For instance , conditional on large negative returns on the MSCI Emerging Market Index ( our proxy for turmoil periods ) , we compare the realized returns of both actual global funds and simulated global funds . < sup > 38 < / sup > The results reported in Table 16 show that their performances are typically not statistically different from each other . For example , the average return of global funds is - 3 . 42 % per week ( p . w . ) when the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conducted by Beck , Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria ( 2008 ) , macroeconomic factors and competition in the SME segment were also identified as the major obstacles , not the legal and contractual environment . The greater concern expressed by MENA banks about the quality of financial infrastructure is not surprising , considering that the region fares very poorly in this area . As shown in Table 6 , the region has the lowest legal rights index among all the regions . Moreover , while the credit information index has improved in recent years , but the coverage of credit reporting systems is still very limited . < sup > 5 < / sup > In order to obtain more detailed information on the weaknesses of collateral regimes in MENA – an area where the region fares very poorly – the survey included questions on the problems faced by banks on the different elements of the secured lending chain – especially the registration , enforcement , and final sale of the seized collateral . Moreover , the questions were broken down by fixed and movable collateral . The answers are reported in Figures 8a-8b and 8c-8d , for GCC and non-GCC countries and for state and private banks . As shown in Figures 8a-8d , there are significant problems in the registration , enforcement , and selling of collateral , especially movable collateral . While a relative low share of banks reports serious problems with the registration of fixed collateral , a high share of banks reports that registries of movables remain very deficient . Enforcement of collateral is an even bigger problem , especially for movables , but also for fixed collateral in the case of non-GCC banks . Finally , an even larger share of banks reports problems in selling the seized collateral . Again , > 5 Maddedu ( 2010 ) provides a detailed analysis of the quality of credit information systems in MENA , while Alvarez de la Campa ( 2010 ) and Uttamchandani ( 2010 ) examine the effectiveness of collateral and insolvency regimes .", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 518, "text": "credit information index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "260 USD ) per month in 2015 to 1300 TL ( about 350 USD ) in net terms . < sup > 10 < / sup > With an inflation rate of 8 . 8 percent in 2015 , the increase represented a rise of about 24 percent in real terms . By contrast , the minimum-wage increases in previous years had ranged from 5 percent to 8 percent annually in nominal terms , levels that were roughly aligned with consumer expectations and realizations about inflation ( Figure 2 ) . To alleviate possible negative employment effects of the 2016 minimum-wage increase , the government introduced a subsidy of 100TL of employers ’ social security contributions for employees whose wages were at a level below twice the minimum wage of 2015 . As a result , the cost of minimum wage to employers increased by about 26 percent in January 2016 . The increase in the minimum wage was largely politically motivated and driven by < mark > the electoral competition in 2015 ( Akgunduz et al . , 2019 ) . A < / mark > ll political parties promised a sharp increase in the minimum wage in their campaigns before the November 2015 elections , and they competed with one another over the magnitude of the raise promised . The ruling Justice and Development Party ( AK Party ) , which was re-elected , promised a net minimum wage of 1300 TL . Consequently , the new minimum wage was set at this level on January 1 < sup > st < / sup > , 2016 . The political process that led to the new minimum wage suggests that the change was largely < mark > exogenous to the internal dynamics of the economy , and instead was mainly driven by the exogenous political competition . < / mark > The 2016 minimum wage thus appears to constitute a valid experiment to study the causal effects of the minimum-wage increase on firms and employment . < sup > 11 < / sup > # * * 3 . Data * * # # 3 . 1 . The Turkish Enterprise Information System The primary data source used in this paper is the Turkish Enterprise Information System ( EIS ) , an", "spans": [{"start": 1833, "end": 1870, "text": "Turkish Enterprise Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manage grievances . This will provide the MoPH with timely access to grievance data to address grievances . 51 . * * The WB will conduct regular implementation support missions * * during which implementation progress , outputs , and work plan updates will be assessed , and adjustments made as necessary . On the basis of these missions , regular implementation status and results reports will be prepared . # # # * * D . Sustainability * * # # # 52 . * * The project ’ s sustainability is reinforced through three elements . * * - ( a ) * * Alignment with GoL priorities and the national health sector strategy . * * This alignment will be achieved as follows : ( i ) short-term stabilization by addressing the immediate health needs of poor Lebanese and displaced Syrians through an expanded package of services and improved staff and physical capacities at the PHC and hospital levels ; ( ii ) medium-term resilience of the system to ensure sustainability by laying the ground for a more effective PHC model focusing on prevention and outpatient case management ; and ( iii ) long-term support to the MoPH strategy for UHC . - ( b ) * * Ownership . * * The project was conceived , planned , and designed by MoPH , and all levels of the ministry have demonstrated steadfast commitment and ownership . MoPH will have an overall responsibility for project implementation and oversight . - ( c ) * * Strengthened MoPH management capacity . * * The project supports MoPH management capacity in critical areas such as contracting , financial management , M & E , procurement , and grievance redress mechanisms . Page 26 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 83, "text": "grievance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey format where the scope ( in terms of question complexity ) and length ( in terms of interview time ) are much reduced compared to a typical F2F surveys . For example , it is not feasible to collect all information necessary to construct an aggregate measure of household consumption expenditures , the prevailing welfare measure in many developing countries . Phone surveys utilizing existing representative surveys as a frame have much more scope for effective bias adjustments through reweighting as a result of the rich set of information available for the representative sample that serves as a frame . There are a variety of approaches to counteract the biases present in phone surveys utilizing the detailed information from the representative F2F survey , though three prominent methods are explored here . The first is through * * weighting class adjustments , * * whereby the phone survey sample is divided into cells that represent different “ classes ” of respondents ( Little , 1986 ) . These cells are typically constructed by crossing several characteristics that may be correlated with the likelihood of nonresponse ( e . g . gender , age , education , location , etc . ) . The phone survey response rate is then calculated for each of these cells and the weights for interviewed households in the cell increased by the inverse of the response rate . > 5 See Himelein et al ( 2020 ) for a more complete comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of these three sampling approaches . 6 One disadvantage of using a representative F2F survey as a frame ( compared to RDD and list-based frames ) is that F2F surveys are often a two-stage clustered design with census enumeration areas typically serving as the clusters from which households / respondents are selected . This clustered design introduces design effects that reduces the effective sample size and increases the size of the overall sample required to achieve the desired level of precision ( relative to a simple random sample ) . These design effects are at least partially retained in a phone sample drawn from the clustered F2F survey sample . These imported design effects imply that a larger sample is required to achieve the same level of precision for a phone", "spans": [{"start": 742, "end": 767, "text": "representative F2F survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * All * * Subproject woredas are characterized * * by * * low level of social and economic services and infrastructures . Particularly the rural kebeles of the Subproject impact woredas where more than * * 80 * * percent of the woredas population estimated to live is underserved as far as basic social services and infrastructures is concerened . n the subsequent sub-sections , availability and quality of socio-economic services and infrastructures including education , health , potable water , electricity , road and communication within the Subproject impact woreda is presented . a ) Health Services and Facilities Access to health care services and facilities is key to promote and maintain the wellbeing of the society . Understanding available types of health facilities , locations , types of health service treatment , available professionals providing health care service and common types of illness in Subproject influnce woreda is very essential in the assessment and establishment of baseline health condition of the Subproject impact woredas . Based on official data gathered from respective health bureau of the Subproject woredas , a total of * * 262 * * health institutions ranging from health post to referral hospitals were found in all Subproject woredas in 2021 Among the existing health institutions found in Subproject impact woredas only one hospital , owned * * by * * government was is found Arsi Robe woreda . In terms of number , the Subproject woredas was dominated * * by * * health post facilities that constituted ( 46 . 6 % ) of all health facilities found in Subproject woredas , followed * * by * * Clinics accounted for * * ( 30 . 2 % ) * * of all the health facilities found in Subproject woredas and mainly owned * * by * * private individulas . The other health institutions that found in Subproject woreda was health centers that constituted * * ( 9 . 5 % ) * * of all the health facilities . Even though health centres and health", "spans": [{"start": 1072, "end": 1124, "text": "official data gathered from respective health bureau", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exhibit considerable heterogeneity in their preference for both private taps and mini-grids . The poor tend to value private taps significantly less than other households . # * * 5 . Concluding Remarks * * In this paper we used conjoint analysis to research the preferences of the poor and non-poor regarding alternative WSS programs . The data from the Sri Lanka study demonstrates how conjoint analysis can provide information to aid in the design and evaluation of WSS programs . Findings from our research in Sri Lanka suggest that consumers are interested in attributes other than costs and that demand for services will be reflected in their provision ; that poor and non-poor households place similar values on water 16", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 369, "text": "data from the Sri Lanka study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the NAADS program . - The ICR cites evidence of “ elite capture ” after the President of Uganda ’ s suspension of the program in 2007 ( pages 9 , 11 and 41 ) . The 2010 IFPRI publication quoted above reported that NAADS was subject to elite capture even before 2007 , and that poorer farmers were less likely to benefit from NAADS technologies . It mentioned , for example , one early ( 2004 ) study which concluded that the mobilization of groups through local government leaders “ appealed to the progressive , wealthier elite while the poorer sections of the population … were perceived to be excluded . Another study * found that by 2006 , “ the program had introduced a number of short term approaches that systematically rewarded wealthier and more connected farmers ” - The availability and access to physical infrastructure were generally better in NAADS sub - counties compared to non-NAADS sub-counties which not only enhanced the impact of the NAADS programs in the former areas , but also suggests that they may have been wealthier . - S . Parkinson , 2008 , Learning participation in rural development : A study of Uganda ’ s National Agricultural - Advisory Services . Guelph , Ontario : University of Guelph , - * * D . Improved sustainability of farming operations * * ( * * negligible * * ) : - Only limited information is available in the ICR on the achievement of this sub - objective , and much of what there is raises concerns that sustainability of farm operations may be worsening rather than improving : - Poor reporting on environmental safeguard compliance leading to a downgrading in 2008 ( ICR , pages 9-10 ) . - o Limited availability of technical support from private sector providers ( ICR , page 27 ) . - The statement in the Beneficiary Survey ( ICR , p . 50 ) that “ participation in the NAADS program seems to have lowered the probability to demand soil fertility and agro - forestry practices , suggesting low capacity of farmers", "spans": [{"start": 1761, "end": 1779, "text": "Beneficiary Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To construct our synthetic panel we use six rounds of cross-sectional data from the Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey ( HIS ) collected by the Department of Statistics Malaysia . The data are for the years 2004 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 and 2016 . When Malaysia ’ s national poverty line was updated in 2020 , the value of the line was only recalculated for the 2016 and 2019 surveys , and not for the earlier surveys . Hence , we employ our own poverty line , which corresponds to the income level of the 40th percentile in the first year of our analysis , 2004 . This line is then kept constant in real terms for the subsequent years . It is close to the new official poverty line . < sup > 5 < / sup > In addition , we study income mobility in a broader sense by drawing on the vulnerability analysis proposed by Dang and Lanjouw ( 2017 ) . This allows us to define three income groups : the poor , the vulnerable ( those non-poor who face a heightened risk of falling into poverty ) and the economically secure . From these , upward mobility is defined as moving up one or two categories , downward mobility as moving down one or two groups . We note that this is a somewhat narrow definition of mobility that does not describe intergenerational mobility or mobility within the middle and higher reaches of the income distribution . The main contribution of the present study is that it provides the first evidence on poverty and income dynamics in Malaysia based on official micro-level survey data . In comparison to synthetic panel studies carried out in other countries , our addition is that we are able to use six rounds of high-quality data , rather than only two or three . Moreover , each round has a large number of observations , which facilitates within - and between-group analyses . This means that we are able to present results on a variety of dimensions , with this paper focusing on chronic poverty , upward mobility and downward mobility , also taking into account differences between population groups . We present three headline results . The first", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 127, "text": "Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1492, "end": 1515, "text": "micro-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income returns to cadre households shown in the paper . Unfortunately , since the RCRE survey was conducted at the household level and did not collect data on each family member and track each family member , we are not able to examine how being a cadre affects the incomes of other family members . However , to the extent that the family member does not move out and form his / her own household , any of the impacts of being a cadre on his / her incomes will be contained in per capita income of the cadre household . 28", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 93, "text": "RCRE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or GFATM round 2 approved proposal with an HIV component 2004-05 . < sup > 60 < / sup > # # * * 6 . * * * * < u > Somalia : < / u > * * # # < u > IDP Situation : < / u > Somalia population estimates range from 7 to 9 million people ; it is difficult to quantify the precise number since the majority are nomadic livestock herders and subsistence farmers . The exact number of IDPs is also difficult to estimate as nearly all Somalis have been displaced by violence at least once in their lifetime . < sup > 61 < / sup > There are multiple causes of displacement : outbreak of civil war in 1988 , human rights abuses in Aideed-controlled areas during the late 1990s , clan-based competition over resources as well as a combination of conflict and climatic extremes . At the height of the conflict it was estimated that there were over 2 million IDPs ; the latest estimate by the Global IDP Project is between 370 , 000 to 400 , 000 people internally displaced . The origin of most IDPs is the southern part of country , particularly inter-reverie areas ( Bay , lower / middle Shabele , Bakol and Gado regions ) . The largest IDP communities , approximately 250 , 000 people , are situated in Mogadishu area and other southern urban centres . People tend to flee the urban areas to main towns , and IDPs often flee northwards where there is greater stability and security . < sup > 62 < / sup > # # < u > HIV / AIDS Situation : < / u > Reliable information on HIV prevalence in Somalia has been lacking due to the absence of a strong central government with a capable ministry of health to compile epidemiological data . The progression of HIV / AIDS cannot be effectively monitored without baseline data , and a lack of data hamper countrywide HIV activities . UNAIDS / WHO was unable to provide", "spans": [{"start": 1596, "end": 1616, "text": "epidemiological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "women ’ s access to finance . The influence of gender norms on intra-household dynamics such as access and control of income and expenditure may also play a role . As a result , women may exhibit – voluntarily or involuntarily – a lower demand for financial services than men ( Johnson , 2004 ) . Research in rural Paraguay shows that women are more knowledgeable about financial institutions and loan requirements when they control a larger share of family assets and when their husbands do not oppose them taking out loans ( Fletschner and Mesbah , 2011 ) . While a growing literature examines household finance and especially households ’ borrowing and savings decisions , < sup > 2 < / sup > systematic data on household and individual use of financial services remains limited . The absence of such data contributes to the scarcity of empirical literature investigating the link between access to finance and gender at the individual level . One exception is the paper by Aterido , Beck , and Iacovone ( 2011 ) that uses individual-level survey data from FinMark Trust ( Finscope ) for nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to examine the gender gap in financial services . They find that the lower use of formal financial services by women in nine Sub-Saharan Africa countries can be explained by gender differences in education and income levels , formal employment , and being the head of household . The evidence on a gender gap in the use of informal financial services is more mixed ; the study finds that while in some countries women are more likely to use informal services , the reverse is true in other countries . One shortcoming of the FinMark data , however , is that surveys were carried out over a span of six years , 2004 to 2009 , and may not be appropriate for cross-country comparisons . Much of the literature on the gender gap in access to financial services has focused on access to credit in the context of financing entrepreneurial activities , rather than on household > 2 For a detailed literature review , see Beck , et al . ( 2008a ) and references therein . Campbell ( 2006 ) also provides an overview of the household finance", "spans": [{"start": 1026, "end": 1054, "text": "individual-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1076, "end": 1084, "text": "Finscope", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where F ( zt ) is a dummy variable on various fiscal policy and business cycle variables ( zt ) where 1 is defined as an adverse outcome . For example , the impact of climate shocks may differ in economies with high levels of government debt , those in recession , or those that generally implement procyclical policy ( government spending tends to rise in good times and fall in bad times ) . # 3 . 2 . Data We focus on natural disasters ( such as floods , drought , earthquakes , etc . ) from the EM-DAT database . While natural disasters are only a subset of broader climate shocks and are not always directly related to climate change , they are nonetheless informative on some aspects of the process of climate change as the frequency of many of these natural disasters increase ( most clearly droughts and extreme temperature ) . Floods stand out as one of the most recurrent natural calamities worldwide . In recent years , the incidence of such disasters has surged . Among the regions most impacted , East Asia and Pacific ( EAP ) bears the brunt , closely trailed by Sub-Saharan Africa . However , it is not solely the frequency that alarms but also the severity . The proportion of the population affected annually has notably escalated , averaging around 3 percent ( Figure 1 . A ) . Particularly concerning is the EAP region , where an average of about 6 percent of the population faces the consequences of natural disasters each year ( Figure 1 . B . ) . EM-DAT compiles data on total persons affected , total deaths , and total economic damages of natural disasters from various sources , including UN agencies , non-governmental organizations , reinsurance companies , research institutes , and press agencies . It records human and economic losses at the country level for disasters meeting at least one of the following criteria : 10 fatalities , 100 affected people , a declaration of a state of emergency , or a call for international assistance . In reviewing event-specific data , we note a decreasing prevalence of missing values ( as a fraction of events reported ) over time . Missing observations for total", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 514, "text": "EM-DAT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1469, "end": 1475, "text": "EM-DAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1981, "end": 2000, "text": "event-specific data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 11 * * | Youthfulpopulation ( 18-30yrs ) | 18 . 9 | | - - - | - - - | | Economicallyactive ( 15-64yrs ) | 47 . 0 | | Voting population 18 + yrs | 44 . 9 | | Reproductivepopulation ( 15-49yrs ) | 20 . 0 | | Elderly population 65 + yrs | 4 . 0 | | * * Basepopulation 436 , 493 * * | | _Source : _ UBOS , 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census _ . _ This age structure is typical of a rural area in a developing country : about 60 % of the population is below the age of 20 years . # # # * * c ) Social economic factors * * Agriculture is the prime activity in the district , 70 % of the population depend on subsistence farming as the main source of livelihood . The major cash crops are : coffee , Cotton , Tea , Tobacco , Maize , Beans , potatoes , pineapples , tomatoes and passion fruits . Major food crops are Cassava , Bananas , Sweet potatoes , tomatoes , millet and Yams . Livestock is the second most important agricultural activity in the district . Currently the population of cattle is 140 , 000 . Other domestic animals and birds kept are goats , sheep , rabbits , pigs , poultry , ducks and turkey . The main types of livestock activities undertaken in the district are : - Ranching and Pastoralism – especially in Buwekula and Kassanda counties - Dairy Farming – Mityana and Busujju counties - Poultry mostly in urban area There are 8 milk-collecting centers in the district . 2 are in Mityana town , 1 in Mubende town , 1 in Kiganda . Three other coolers have been installed in Kasambya , Myanzi and Bukuya sub counties . Mubende is also a renowned coffee growing area and home to Kaweri Coffee Plantations", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 357, "text": "Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", a 36 percent response rate representing six of the seven journals contacted . # * * Methods * * The team employed a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods to answer the research questions . We applied : - Qualitative methods to separately analyze responses from the 33 structured and semistructured interviews ; the 16 responses to the journal editor survey ; and the set of 30 World Bank impact evaluations that contained a value for money analysis . - Statistical methods to separately analyze the sample of 236 impact evaluations drawn from 3ie ’ s repository ; the 30 World Bank impact evaluations that contained a value for money analysis ; and the 497 responses to the policymaker survey . 8", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 364, "text": "journal editor survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 682, "end": 700, "text": "policymaker survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . Data & estimation # # 2 . 1 Data The sample is a panel including 179 importing countries and 170 exporting countries over 1980-2005 , or a notional total of 791 , 180 one-way trade observations , of which 321 , 348 have positive trade ( 41 % ) . The dependent variable is the aggregate one-way trade value reported in the IMF ’ s Direction of Trade Statistics ( DOTS ) . It is customary in trade-volume studies to “ mirror ” export statistics , i . e . to disregard direct export statistics from the exporting country and instead to use import data from its partners . The reason is that customs typically monitor imports ( on which duties are based ) better than exports ( rarely taxed ) . However our study purports to measure only the trade-facilitation effect of PSI , not its effect on the capacity of customs to record imports correctly . Mirrored import data would confound these two effects and would thus potentially bias results upward , generating a statistical illusion of increased volumes . In order to avoid this source of bias , we use direct export statistics , at the cost of having noisier data than if we had used mirroring . Standard gravity regressors include GDPs in constant 1995 dollars , taken from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ; “ great-circle ” distances between the main industrial agglomerations of countries in the sample , taken from CEPII , < sup > 9 < / sup > and dummy variables for common land borders , common official languages , and formal colonial ties . The “ treatment variable ” is equal to one when an inspection program is in force in the importing country _j_ of a pair ( _i , j_ ) at time _t_ . It covers programs run by the largest four firms in the industry , Société Générale de Surveillance ( SGS ) and Cotecna Inspection SA , both based in Geneva ; BIVAC International ( a subsidiary of Paris-based Bureau Veritas ) , and Intertek , based in London . The list of programs is given in Appendix 1 . Table 1 shows descriptive statistics . For dummy variables , the mean is the", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 365, "text": "Direction of Trade Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 543, "end": 554, "text": "import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 851, "end": 871, "text": "Mirrored import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1058, "end": 1082, "text": "direct export statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1250, "end": 1278, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1391, "end": 1396, "text": "CEPII", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Jon ( 2012 ) , Market-based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper WPS 5950 . Washington DC : The World Bank , January 2012 . > 31 The EU ’ s enforcement of its inclusion of non-EU airlines in the EU-ETS has currently been put on hold , until the end of 2013 , awaiting ICAO ’ s decision on a possible global scheme for handling airlines ’ carbon emissions . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Ethiopia ( FDRE ) . The national legislative and institutional framework , policies , procedures , guidelines etc . have also been reviewed ( See References ) . The World Bank ’ s ESF and ESSs were also reviewed . The following PRIME-1 E & S instruments are applicable to the subproject and EEP and the Contractor are required to review and adopt these plans as appropriate : - i ) Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) - ii ) Resettlement Framework ( RF ) - iii ) Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ( ESCP ) - iv ) Stakeholder Engagement Plan ( SEP ) * * _Maps and Images : _ * * Topographic maps prepared by Ethiopian Mapping Agency and Central Statistical Authority were also used to identify and delineate villages , resources and facilities that could potentially be affected when the proposed scheme is realized . The current national and regional conservation area map issued by the Federal Government of Ethiopia is also used . Satellite images have also been used to assess the land use , vegetation cover , infrastructure , settlements and other socio-economic activities within the TL corridor and substation . * * _Field Investigation_ * * : Members of the ESIA Team carried out site investigations between November 10 - 23 , 2023 . Site surveys and baseline data collection together with stakeholder consultations were undertaken over two weeks . During the field investigations , information on physical resources , ecological resources , socio-economic aspects , health , cultural and other values in the Subproject Area has been collected . Various quantitative and qualitative data collection and information gathering techniques were used in this assessment . * * _Stakeholder Consultations : _ * * The field investigation also included extensive consultations with local authorities , local community members and different other stakeholders in the subproject-affected area along the proposed Transmission Line corridor and Substation . The consultations were carried out to obtain the views of the subproject affected communities on various aspects of the subproject , background information relevant to Page 19", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 901, "text": "national and regional conservation area map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 1 : * * Data transparency and country sovereign spreads : * * Basic Statistics , 1995-2018 * * _ ( Annual data ) _ | | * * 1 * * | * * 995-2008 * * | * * Non-SSA * * | * * 2 * * | * * 009-2018 * * | * * Non-SSA * * | * * 2 * * | * * 014-2018 * * | * * Non-SSA * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * EMDEs * * | * * SSA * * | * * EMDEs * * | * * EMDEs * * | * * SSA * * | * * EMDEs * * | * * EMDEs * * | * * SSA * * | * * EMDEs * * | | Sovereign Spreads ( in bps ) | 561 | 999 | 504 | 418 | 506 | 402 | 413 | 561 | 380 | | Sovereign Bond Return Index | 295 | 327 | 294 | 443 | 282 | 466 | 416 | 266 | 439 | | Statistical Capacity Index ( SCI ) | 73 . 7 | 62 . 6 | 76 . 3 | 75 . 3 | 63 . 1 | 78 . 1 | 75 . 4 | 63 . 0 | 78 . 3 | | - Methodology Indicator | 64 . 1 | 47 . 5 | 68 . 0 | 67 . 2 | 50 . 2 | 71 . 2 | 68 . 2 | 50 . 8 | 72 . 3 | | - Source Data Indicator | 84 . 9 | 81 . 6 | 85 . 6 | 85 . 3 | 82 . 1 | 86 . 1 | 84 . 7 | 80 . 9 | 85 . 6 | | - Periodicity and Timeliness Indicator | 72 . 2 | 58 . 7 | 75 . 4 | 85 . 3 | 82 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * SPECIAL ACCOUNT * * < sup > * * STATEMENT * * < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2022 < br > Account No . 1000487698 < br > Depository Bank CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > Address CBK < br > Related Loan SECOND INFRML STTLMT IMPRVT PRJ-CG < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency EUR < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2021 0 . 00 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account . . . . . - . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank . 0 . . . - 0 . . . 0 . - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 < br > - . - < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure - . - . . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > Deduct : < br > 0 . 00 < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn . . - - - - < br > . . . 0 . 00 < br > Ending balance on 3 . 0th June , 2022 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERN", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 461, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < mark > Figure 11 < / mark > * * Monetary Poverty in Argentina and Chile : Total , Permanent Income , and Redistribution < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Panel A . Argentina < br > 50 < br > 45 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Poverty Poverty ( Permanent Income ) Poverty ( Permanent Income and Redistribution ) < br > Panel B . Chile < br > 50 < br > 45 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Poverty Poverty ( Permanent Income ) Poverty ( Permanent Income and Redistribution ) < br > Notes : Poverty line of 5 . 50 dollars per person a day ( 2011 PPP ) . See Appendix B for details . < br > Sources : Authors ’ estimations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) and WEO ( October 2018 ) . < br > Headcount Ratio < br > 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > Headcount Ratio < br > 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "th . . . . . . . . < br > o . . . . . < br > o . . . . < br > . . . . < br > o . . . . . . . . . | 15 | | VI . | Mag | nitude of the Farm-Nonfarm < br > Linkages . nkae * * eOg * Oe < br > s * * * * | O * 0 < br > 18 | | | A . | < br > Capitalflo . s < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > . < br > | 18 | | | B . | < br > Laborflos . | 19 | | | C . | < br > Backward ln < br > k < br > a < br > g < br > es . . . . . . . . < br > . . . < br > 0 . . . . . . . . . < br > . . . . . . < br > . . . . . . | < br > 19 | | | D . | < br > Forward li < br > n < br > k < br > a < br > g < br > es . . . . . < br > < br > | 20 | | | E . < br > | < br > Consumption < br > lns21 < br > < br > | | | | _Fe_ | Ca . t < br > ion | 23 | | VII . | Pro < br > | bable Magnitude of the Agricultural Growth < br > | | | | Mu | tipliers . . . . . . < br > . . . . . . < br > . . . . < br > . . . . . . . . . < br > . . . . . < br > . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "32 BETWEEN CLOSED BORDERS 2018 In some of the centres , child protection capacities were supported with guardians . By the end of June , 90 % of children staying in government-run facilities were appointed with a guardian . < sup > 29 < / sup > This percentage dropped to 50 % during the period July – September because of the increased numbers of newly arrived UASC and the guardians were appointed with larger number of beneficiaries under their care . Although such a system provided support through an individualised approach to the care and protection of UASC children , < sup > 30 < / sup > organized relocations of minors from Obrenovac RTC to Krnjaca AC and from Krnjaca to Sjenica AC later in the year ( after Sjenica became the designated centre for UASC ) challenged the system most notably in terms of follow-up of identified UASC . On the other hand , an increased fluctuation of UASC in accommodation centres , influenced provision of services and protection on a local level . < sup > 31 < / sup > Another issue occurred as a result of UASC referral to Sjenica AC . Starting from October 2018 , Krnjaca AC was getting overcrowded , so authorities began sending UASC older than 14 to Sjenica AC . Many children refused this accommodation and left Belgrade attempting another irregular border crossing . For example , almost all UASC that HCIT identified in border areas , especially in Sid , were previously accommodated in Krnjaca AC , but refused accommodation in Sjenica . As it can be seen in the graph representing monthly statistics of identified UASC in border areas , following relocation to Sjenica AC in October , newly arrived UASC continued toward borders in larger numbers , often avoiding Belgrade in an attempt to bypass identification and referral to Sjenica . Moreover , in order to avoid accommodation in remote Sjenica AC and trying to get accommodated in RTC O", "spans": [{"start": 1534, "end": 1571, "text": "monthly statistics of identified UASC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Electricite < br > du Laos | Lao PDR | Energy | | 2100 | Source : China Global Investment Tracker . # 3 . 2 Transportation Cost To measure transportation costs , we construct detailed transportation cost data by the mode of transportation . First , we measure air distance using the population-weighted great-circle distance from the CEPII GeoDist data set . Second , we measure sea distance using data from Feyrer ( 2009 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Lastly , we construct road distance and driving time data using Google Maps Distance Matrix API . < sup > 11 < / sup > > 10 We thank Jim Feyrer for kindly sharing the data . > 11 In a related project , Baniya et al . ( 2018 ) examine the role of BRI in international trade by estimating the effects of driving time reductions . We thank Michele Ruta for the valuable suggestion of looking at driving time as a measure of transportation cost . 16", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 358, "text": "CEPII GeoDist data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 400, "end": 416, "text": "data from Feyrer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sometime during this period , CONARE closed and archived many of its files on Haitian claimants . In the course of these processes , informants also suggested that the files and details of somewhere around 6 , 000 – 8 , 000 Haitians who claimed refugee status have fallen through the ‘ cracks ’ , and were never transferred to CNIg nor analysed by CONARE . Informants indicated that verification exercises are being undertaken to address this oversight . < sup > 201 < / sup > A comprehensive review of the extent to which the application of broader refugee criteria in Brazil ’ s refugee law was considered has proved challenging , given the inability to review CONARE ’ s deliberations . Informants suggested that the applicability of broader refugee criteria to Haitians was quickly dismissed . CONARE ’ s past practice indicates that circumstances in which the broader refugee criteria have grounded individual claims for refugee status related only to situations of conflict . Informants confirm this understanding . < sup > 202 < / sup > For example , claimants from Syria , Libya , Nigeria , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ukraine , and Sudan , are among those who have been recognized on the basis of the broader refugee criteria . CONARE has not developed specific formal guidance on how to apply the broader refugee criteria in the domestic refugee law , although internal discussions on the necessity for such guidance have taken root recently and informants suggested that efforts are underway to develop guidance . Some insight on consideration of the broader refugee criteria is also available from a judicial decision . Around the time CONARE stopped accepting Haitian claims for refugee status , in January 2012 , Acre ' s Federal Public Ministry filed a civil claim ( ‘ tutela ’ ) against the Federal Government , relating to the period from mid-2010 to mid2011 . < sup > 203 < / sup > Acre ’ s Federal Public Ministry requested : - i . To recognize the refugee status of all Haitians who are in Brazil or coming to Brazil ; ii", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 95, "text": "files on Haitian claimants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will be undertaken by MEMD . Any land acquisition needs resulting out of the community support projects will be addressed through the application of the Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) prepared and disclosed in-country and at the Bank ‘ s Infoshop in December 2010 . This RPF will guide the preparation of any resettlement instruments for other future investments in the sector . # # * * F . Environment ( including safeguards ) * * 53 . The Project is a Category A , given the magnitude of the land acquisition / involuntary resettlement . . The proposed 137 km 220 kV Kawanda – Masaka Transmission Line , will connect the Kawanda Substation ( under construction as a component of the Bujagali Interconnection Project ( BIP ) and for which an ESIA and RAP are under implementation < sup > 12 < / sup > ) , to the Masaka Substation , which will be built adjacent to the existing substation at Masaka . The Borrower has prepared an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) Report , which includes an analysis of alternatives and the specific and broader environmental and social impacts of construction of the transmission line , the upgrading of the sub-stations at Kawanda and Mbarara ( for these upgrading activities there are no resettlement issues , as they are on existing premises ) and construction of a new substation at Masaka that will be built adjacent to the existing one . Necessary land has already been acquired . The transmission line will pass through the fringes of nine ( 9 ) degraded forest reserves of which in total 35 hectares ( ha ) will be affected by the transmission line corridor , 12 plantations of which 12 . 2 ha will need to be cut and 10 wetlands of which 49 . 2 ha will be affected . Adequate mitigation measures to protect the remaining part of the forest reserves have been included in the Environment and Social management Plan ( ESMP ) . A biodiversity inventory was prepared and as far as it is known the affected natural habitats are not", "spans": [{"start": 1895, "end": 1917, "text": "biodiversity inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public facility | 31 | 35 | 32 | 48 | − 12 | 1 . 5 < br > ( 0 . 7 – < br > 3 . 3 ) | | Public or < br > private < br > facility | 59 | 74 | 45 | 69 | − 9 | 0 . 9 < br > ( 0 . 5 – < br > 2 . 0 ) | | PNC | 45 | 59 | 51 | 52 | 13 | 0 . 5 | | | ( _N_ = | ( _N_ = | ( _N_ = 82 ) | ( _N_ = | | ( 0 . 3 – | | | 397 ) | 573 ) | | 216 ) | | 1 . 1 ) | _ < mark > Source : < / mark > _ < mark > Population Council , Household Survey 2010 – 11 . < / mark > a Based on differences in the proportions of poor and nonpoor women who used the health services in villages with and without a voucher client : a negative sign means the difference between the poor and nonpoor was greater in the comparison group . 29", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 421, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "namely * * by * * taking * * q * * in ( 3 . 4 ) to equal the replacement cost of capital . 12 * * In * * turn , we value physical gold stocks ( taken from the IMFs * * IFS ) * * at current market ( London ) prices . * * 13 * * Using these estimated wealth stocks , we construct the foreign wealth * * / * * domestic wealth ratios of country _i_ as the sum of wealth across all sample countries other than _i_ divided * * by * * the wealth of country _i . _ # * * 3 . 2 * * Measures of return and risk Apart from wealth ratios , the two key explanatory variables in our model of net foreign asset positions are the measures of anticipated risk and return for each country . In practice , these likely depend on a large variety of variables reflecting relative prices , profitability , transaction costs , property rights , tax regimes and so on . However , degrees-of-freedom considerations prevent us from including a large number of variables in the empirical estimation . In order to reconcile the need to consider all relevant variables with the requirement to maintain a sensible number of degrees of freedom , we summarize the information provided * * by * * pertinent variables in a few indices . These indices correspond to the categories introduced in equation * * ( 2 . 6 ) . * * That is we construct , respectively , indices for expected returns _ ( REl ) _ and perceived risks _ ( RIiy ) . _ We construct each index as a weighted average of the principal components of its respective underlying indicators , where the weights are given * * by * * the share of the indicators ' overall variance explained * * by * * each principal component . The principal components are derived from the indicators data pooled for all countries in the sample . The resulting index for each country would then be relative to the world and time sample average . The underlying indicators for each index are listed below . ' < sup > 4 < /", "spans": [{"start": 1699, "end": 1714, "text": "indicators data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capital base to over $ 100 billion by 2030 . As the decarbonization process will continue over a period of two , three or four decades – this pace will need to be sustained potentially over 3-4 decades . Transmission investment numbers are likely be in the order of multiple billions per year – a volume of investment that is unprecedented . This begs the first question as to where would these dollars come from ? Even for a massive entity like the Powergrid that has strong financials , sustaining a double-digit growth rate on its capital base over even a single decade is a significant challenge . The question over capital availability looms larger for the state transmission companies for the other half of the investment . Transmission , notwithstanding all the efforts to attract private investment , obstinately remains in the domain of public financing . To put this in perspective , the cumulative total private in transmission _across all developing countries_ was reported as $ 11 billion in 2015 ( ESMAP , 2015 ) . Reliance on public financing is a common story , and yet with the exception of Africa and probably the odd exception like Türkiye , the recent focus of the MDBs have been more on cutting edge renewables , storage , hydrogen , etc . , rather than grid strengthening projects . This trend is beginning to change , as we discuss later in this section , and may be a part of the solution to scale up transmission . Pivoting to a different example of an emerging market , it is clear that in countries like Indonesia RE at grand scale cannot happen without high-capacity AC / DC lines including inter-island cables being laid out first for islands like Sumatra to support the major load centers in the Java-Bali system . IEA ’ s Net Zero by 2050 roadmap ( IEA , 2021 ) shows the extent of grid expansion needed globally to meet net zero which will require over 4 million km of transmission lines and over 4 TW of substation capacity to be built _each year_ over this decade and the number will increase to over 6 million km and 6 TW , over the next decade ( Figure 2 ) . This will", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 938, "text": "cumulative total private in transmission", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ “ They believed that women who weren ’ t wearing face masks were not only at high risk but also insensible . So we had to wear face masks not only to protect ourselves but also to attract clients . ” _ # * * Shifts in work landscape * * # * * _Place of work_ * * Interviewees shared that they were required to seek work in new locations during the initial phase of the pandemic . With bars closed and gatherings prohibited in March 2020 , many resorted to connecting and arranging to meet with clients via phone . _ “ We were often chased away from our working places because the government had prohibited gatherings and the nature of our work had us standing in groups beside the road to wait for clients . So it became difficult for us to continue working in this environment . Not only that , but also sitting in bars was prohibited too . We therefore had to work through the phone , as in waiting for the client to contact us through the phone which made work become difficult . ” _ _ “ At first , we used to go to bars to find clients , but during the pandemic it was really challenging because gatherings were prohibited . There were few people at the bars . Some bars were closed . So , if you met a client you exchanged numbers . ” _ Survey data reveal significant changes in the place of work from 2018 to 2021 and suggest that the ways of meeting clients may have shifted despite many venues having reopened . Seeking work in bars decreased from 40 . 9 % in 2018 to 34 . 7 % in 2021 and in brothels from 33 . 1 % to 28 . 0 % ( Table 2 ) . Participants were more likely to meet clients on the street ( 6 . 7 % to 12 . 4 % ) and in “ other locations ” ( 19 . 3 % to 24 . 9 % ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1244, "end": 1255, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * < br > * * DLI 6 * * | Number of new classrooms constructed in existing schools as per the needs-based school infrastructure investment plan < br > ( SIIP ) | | - - - | - - - | | * * Description * * | Number of classrooms constructed as per the needs-based 2021 school infrastructure investment plan , and the established < br > standards for classroom construction , attached to the POM . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | MoE | | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | | IVA will obtain data from MoE on the target classrooms constructed and completed . Classroom constructed completed | | * * Procedure * * | means a certificate of completion issues by the Ministry of Public Works . IVA will sample the data and conduct at least 50 % < br > of field visits to verifyconstruction of target new classrooms and their utilization . | | * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * < br > * * DLI 6 . 1 * * | Number of new classrooms constructed in refugee host communities existing schools as per the needs-based school < br > infrastructure investmentplan | | * * Description * * | Number of classrooms constructed as per the needs-based 2021 school infrastructure investment plan , and the established < br > standards for classroom construction . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | MoE | | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | | IVA will obtain data from MoE on the target classrooms constructed and completed . Classroom constructed completed | | * * Procedure * * | means a certificate of completion issues by the Ministry of Public Works . IVA will sample the data and conduct at least 50 % < br >", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 613, "text": "data from MoE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1444, "end": 1457, "text": "data from MoE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "no impact on weight . > 13 For the expected effect on infected children , we use TMSDG ’ s random effects estimate of 0 . 75 kg ( 95 % CI : 0 . 24 , 1 . 26 ) . Note that these calculations use estimated prevalence for two studies in TMSDG ' s sample that do not report prevalence within their study – Alderman et al . ( 2006 ) and Awasthi et al . ( 2008 ) . See Section 4 for more details . 14 In particular , suppose that our beliefs about the average treatment effect on infected children are informed by TMSDG ’ s results and are characterized by ) . Under the assumptions of this exercise , in an MDA setting with prevalence , our beliefs about the MDA treatment effect would be characterized by ) . The hypothetical data we consider , then , are NNP NNSSNN ( 0 . 75 , 0 . 26 < sup > 2 < / sup > consistent with our beliefs about MDA treatment effects . Results we obtain using these hypothetical pp data are results that we consider reasonable to expect given TMSDG ’ s results on infected children . NNP NNSSNN ( 0 . 75pp , 0 . 26 < sup > 2 < / sup > pp < sup > 2 < / sup > 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "suggests that the commodity boom may have translated into earnings growth among workers in rural areas who were specialized in the tradable sectors ( including primary activities , mining , and manufacturing ) . These countries , plus Costa Rica , El Salvador , Nicaragua , and Panama , showed the largest narrowing in the urbanrural wage gap after 2003 ( figure 12 , panel b ) . Figure 14 . The average gender and urban-rural wage gaps , Latin America , 1993 – 2013 a . Gender labor earnings gap b . Urban-rural labor earnings gap _Source : _ Seventeen Latin American countries : SEDLAC database ; Russia : the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey ; Post Apartheid Labor Market Series : South Africa ; Turkey : I2D2-LFS ; the United States : I2D2-IPUMS . See annexes A . 1 and A . 2 for details . _Note : _ The underlying data represent the change in wage inequality and the change in the earnings premiums for each country and circa period . The years selected for each country-circa combination may be different depending on the survey availability and to assure , to the extent possible , within country comparability for each period ; see annex B . 1 for details . In the case of the y-axis , the growth rate of the gender and area of residence gap is plotted . For the x-axis , the growth rate of the labor income Gini is plotted . The reference category of the gender gap is a woman , and the reference category of the residence earnings gap is rural areas . See section 3 and equation 1 for details . The sample covers full-time , wage , and self-employed workers 15 – 64 years of age . The values of the 1st and 100th percentiles of the earnings distribution were trimmed by each gender-education cell . The size of the bubbles represent the population of the country . # * * Summary and correlations : Earnings inequality and observed labor market structure * * Table 1 presents a summary of the main findings on the dynamics of labor market returns in Latin America over the last two decades . We can conclude that the four measures of earnings gaps that we have analyzed", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 596, "text": "SEDLAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 612, "end": 649, "text": "Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 652, "end": 686, "text": "Post Apartheid Labor Market Series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 713, "end": 721, "text": "I2D2-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 744, "end": 754, "text": "I2D2-IPUMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Monitoring and evaluation arrangements : * * Based on the experience of CDP I and II , existing tools and strategies for monitoring and evaluating project activities would be continued , but communities would be expected to play a greater role in monitoring and evaluation . Social and other imnpacts would be assessed more stringently , and the implementing partners on the Coordination Committee would be expected to transform lessons learned into ICDP program improvements . Communities would be responsible for identifying microproject impact indicators in consultation with the Community Development Coordinator and monitoring designated indicators for several years after the initial microproject investment phase . For example , the development impact of a school microproject may be gauged by looking at enrollment levels or attendance records . A water microproject may be gauged by hours of supply , quality and cost recovery . Telecenters may keep records of usage patterns . Indicators would be relevant to the problems and needs of the community , identified by them , specified in the Microproject Agreement , and monitored by the community \" before \" and \" after \" a microproject . The objective is to better document _impacts_ of ICDP investments ( rather than inputs ) and transform lessons into better program design and administration . LGUs would be required to submit an annual status report to the Coordinating Committee recording impact indicators as well as status of their maintenance plan . To assist LGUs in fulfilling these roles , LGU members would be trained and assisted in developing impact indicators and maintenance planning . Learning and feedback also would be pursued at the macro level . The Coordinating Committees would authorize studies by independent and qualified consultants , including annual Beneficiary Impact Assessments ( BIAs ) , Procurement Reviews , Technical Reviews and evaluations of telecenters , with recommendations for improving ICDP design and administration . A Targeting Effectiveness Study would also be undertaken to look at how well ICDP reaches poor and marginalized comnmunities , and semi-annual Environmental Reviews would be undertaken . The Bank", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 861, "text": "attendance records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 969, "end": 994, "text": "records of usage patterns", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SUDAN ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE boreholes , while 12 percent of the wealthiest quintile of households rely on water from wells and boreholes . Lower-income Sudanese use lower-end sanitation technologies . Around 54 percent of the poorest quintile of the population defecates in the open compared to 13 percent of the richest quintile . While none of the poorest quintile of the population uses flush toilets , almost 20 percent of the richest quintile do so . The most dominant sanitation technology across the board is pit toilets . Disparities are less glaring in the use of pit toilets — around 42 percent of the poorest quintile of the population and 56 percent of the richest quintile of the population use them . The KWC ’ s poor performance , particularly due to inadequate collection of bills and network losses , also holds back service expansion . The * * Figure 15 . Sanitation access is largely bimodal * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Urban Rural < br > % population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Access figures calculated by AICD using data 2009 DHS data . KWC fares poorly when its performance is compared to regional benchmarks . Nonrevenue water , at 40 percent of production , is twice that of a well-performing utility . At 90 connections per employee , labor productivity is less than half the average productivity of a utility in middle-income countries , which is 200 connections per employee . On average , Sudan ’ s water utilities recover only 62 percent of the total billing , which is comparable to the revenue collection of utilities in resource-rich countries , but is a very poor track record in absolute terms . Finally , cost-recovery tariffs are not in place , creating a constant financial drain . The poor performance can be quantified as a percentage of revenue , giving a sense of the", "spans": [{"start": 1221, "end": 1229, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 30 ) , the Bank worked closely with the government and other development partners during project preparation . The design of the project was based on analytical and operational work conducted by the Bank in Kenya , Asia , and Latin America . The Bank team identified relevant risks at appraisal , such as an inadequate governance environment including fiduciary risks , challenging technical and design issues , limited implementation capacity , and challenges with development partner coordination / harmonization . According to the Bank team ( October 10 , 2019 ) , the Bank mitigated these risks by making substantial investments into systems to strengthen the technical design and fiduciary aspects of the project . These included strengthening the MIS of the program and establishing the Single Registry ; strengthening fiduciary systems , including development , implementation , and monitoring of financial management and procurement action plans ; introducing the two-factor authentication electronic payment mechanism ; and strengthening the grievance and case management system . In response to the implementation capacity risk , considerable support was provided for training of program officers , and also for engagement of temporary staff for certain intense periods of expansion as well as the development of a consolidation strategy and its implementation . External reviews , such as a project implementation and beneficiary satisfaction survey , were introduced to provide important guidance to program management ; concrete actions were taken in program implementation as a result . The project ’ s M & E was designed adequately ( see Section 9a ) . # # * * Quality-at-Entry Rating * * Satisfactory Page 10 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 1404, "end": 1462, "text": "project implementation and beneficiary satisfaction survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The proposed project activities are largely implemented at the ministerial and line regional bureaus . This means that the project locations are Addis Ababa , Dire Dawa , and other regional capitals . As Per the findings of the 2021 ELFMS , the formal and informal labor forces in the major towns comprise an overwhelming percentage of migrant workers , people who have migrated from one part of the country to another for employment . Based on this fact , it is likely that the national migrant workers compose the majority of the project workers for all categories . As described earlier , the types of work for direct workers and contracted workers demand people with high educational or technical competency . As assessed in the 2020 Ethiopian Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey , these are the types of occupations dominated by male workers . Hence , it is likely that the composition of direct workers and contracted workers will be largely male . On the other hand , the labor workers and the types of labor requirements for Primary Supply workers are likely to compose vulnerable individuals including children under the age of 14 , migrant females , uneducated youth , unemployed , IDPs , and college graduates ) . Also , Primary Suppliers are likely to employ adolescents below the age of 18 . # # # # # # * * 1 . 3 Timing of Labor Requirements * * The recruitment of direct workers will be required in two terms . The key expertise ( project managers , environmental and Social Safeguards specialists , financial management specialists , and procurement specialists ) for the PIUs in the respective implementing agencies need to be on board at least a quarter before the commencement of sub-project activities . The recruitment of environmental and social safeguards focal persons in the MoH , MoA , and line Regional Bureaus will be required in the first six months after implementation . The services of contracted workers for the supportive infrastructure and functional , technical , and software designs in the MoF , CSC , and MoR will be required right after the project implementation launched and will continue at the line regional", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 240, "text": "2021 ELFMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 735, "end": 790, "text": "2020 Ethiopian Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 0 . 027 | 0 . 021 | 0 . 069 | 0 . 048 * * * | | | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 020 ) | ( 0 . 026 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 021 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | | N | 693 | 121 | 814 | 944 | 143 | 1 , 087 | * * Notes * * This table shows the average literacy and education of refugees and Greek natives in different dataset . In Panel A , the sample consists of individuals born in 1858-1907 , i . e . , 16-65 adults in 1923 . In Panel B , the sample consists of individuals born in1908-1922 , i . e . , 0-15 children in 1923 . In Panel C , the sample consists of secondgeneration refugees and natives ’ offspring born in 1923-1950 . Standard errors in parentheses . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the 1928 and 2001 Greek population censuses and European Social Survey ( ESS ) . 29", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 781, "text": "Greek population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 808, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * TRAUMA-RELATED DIFFICULTIES * * Post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) is a mental health condition which occurs as a result of exposure to extreme stress i . e . following one or multiple traumatic events . Responses to trauma vary significantly across survivors and depend on many personal and social factors , thus one cannot expect everybody that went through a traumatic experience to develop PTSD . The symptomatology of PTSD includes intrusive and reoccurring involuntary memories of traumatic events , high reactivity to the triggers that are in some way associated with the traumatic experience , thus the tendency to avoid places and situations which in resemble the context of the traumatic event . In addition to that , trauma-related difficulties may include a wide range of negative cognitions and emotions as well as the inability to recall and accurately present some segments of the traumatic experience or the events that directly preceded trauma . The results of mental health screening indicate that one in five refugees have prominent trauma-related difficulties ( Table 2 ) . Table 2 . Incidence of trauma-related psychological difficulties | The person has intrusive memories or < br > a feeling of reliving the trauma | * * 27 . 2 % * * | | - - - | - - - | | The person expresses pronounced < br > physical reactions ( e . g . sweating , < br > quick hart rate ) when faced with or < br > thinking about some aspects of the < br > trauma | * * 32 . 3 % * * | | The person has a feeling of emotional < br > emptiness or numbness ( e . g . she / he < br > feels sad but cannot cry ) | * * 26 . 8 % * * | | The person shows increased arousal < br > and reactiveness ( i . e . fearfulness , < br > irritability ) | * * 21 . 3 % * * | < ! - - Start of picture text", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MALI ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE and 2001 but fell by 0 . 5 percent of population per year between 2001 and 2006 , during which the use of wells and boreholes increased by 2 . 4 percent of population per year . * * Table 8 . Expansion of safest water and sanitation technologies * * | a . Water | Population g < br > ( per y | aining access < br > ear , % ) | b . Sanitation | Population < br > ( per | gaining access < br > year , % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1996 – 2001 | 2001 – 2006 | | 1996 – 2001 | 2001 – 2006 | | Piped water | 0 . 79 | 0 . 55 | Flush toilets | 1 . 04 | – 0 . 57 | | Standposts | 2 . 05 | – 0 . 51 | Improved latrines | 1 . 36 | 2 . 28 | | Wells / boreholes | – 1 . 20 | 2 . 34 | Traditional latrines | 0 . 50 | 0 . 25 | | Surface water | 0 . 24 | – 0 . 05 | Open defecation | – 1 . 18 | 0 . 32 | Source : WHO – Joint Monitoring Programme 2010 , from Demographic and Health Surveys for 1987 , 1996 , 2001 and 2006 Between late 1900s and early 2000s , the patterns from providing access to sanitation modalities have shifted from flush toilets to improved latrines . Population gaining access to flush toilets increased by 1 percent per year between 1996 – 2001 while during 2001 – 06 fell by – 0 . 6 percent . During the same periods , the percentage of the population gaining access to improved latrines each year increased by 60 percent from 1 . 4 to 2 . 2 percent ( table 8b ) . Although population using open defecation decreased at a 1 . 2 percent per year during 1996 – 01 , for 2001 – 06 every year 0 . 3 percent", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 955, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Overview of Education and School Fees * * Confucian values that strongly encourage education have historically played a key role in Chinese parents ’ decision to enroll children in schools . The advent in 1986 of the ‘ Law of Compulsory Education ’ made school enrollment mandatory for all children age 6 and above and required all children to attend school for a minimum of 9 years . Grassroots enforcement and monitoring of this law by urban resident committees or rural village councils ( the smallest administrative units in China ) has helped rank the country among those with the highest school enrollment rates . The gross enrollment rate at the primary and secondary school levels reached 108 percent and 96 percent respectively in 2013 ( UNESCO , 2016 ) . Universal compulsory education , however , does not fully alleviate the burden of school fees for families . The education system ’ s finance is highly decentralized in China , leading to subnational governments bearing most of the costs of public education spending ( approximately 95 percent ) and the central government funding the rest ( World Bank and DRC , 2014 ) . These challenges gave rise to school fees as an important source of revenue for local governments ’ public education budget . These school fees are often collected by the local government ( through schools ) and then transferred back to each school , with the specific amounts being determined in negotiations between the former and the latter . Notably , migrant households are often asked to pay extra school fees , the exact amounts of which vary from city to city ( see , e . g . , Yuan , ( 2010 ) ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > No official data exist on school fees , but these can be estimated from household education expenditures . The Rural-Urban Migration in China ( RUMiC ) data set ( discussed in more detail > 6 Despite the repeated calls to give migrant children equal treatment , many public schools in China continue to impose higher tuition fees or other fees on migrant children , often with local government approval ( World Bank and DRC , 2014 ) . There are", "spans": [{"start": 1784, "end": 1814, "text": "Rural-Urban Migration in China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ticas y contenidos ) sedimentadas y mantenidas , que se derivan de las tipificaciones construidas socialmente en la dimensión que aquí hemos denominado intersubjetiva . Las explicaciones o justificaciones suscitadas en el relato con relación a las instituciones serían consideradas como legitimaciones , es decir como aspectos subjetivos que explicarían el orden social más amplio . Esto es lo que denominamos dimensión sociopolítica . Si bien en la dimensión anterior hablábamos de elementos de significado común , naturales y rutinarios , en esta dimensión lo hacemos sobre los elementos de significado con mayores y más abstractas estructuras de relevancia . Antes era la familia ( en lo intersubjetivo íntimo ) , y ahora se trata — por ejemplo — del país . Podríamos decir también en términos más operativos , que aquí se incluían aspectos de la cultura política del sujeto . Estas fueron las tres dimensiones teóricas que orientaron el análisis de las entrevistas narrativas obtenidas en el trabajo de campo . Su construcción obedeció a un ejercicio teórico y abductivo o si se quiere de una intuición controlada ( Durand ) que contempla la presunción de la vivencia de la crisis en los venezolanos , que toman la decisión de migrar cruzando las fronteras terrestres del país . En fin , el conocimiento de la crisis y de las condiciones de vida del venezolano , comprobado por la ENCOVI ( en diferentes años de aplicación ) nos han", "spans": [{"start": 957, "end": 979, "text": "entrevistas narrativas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | KORO | 1941 | 2171 | 1918 | 4089 | 1886 | 741 | 2627 | 132 | 137 | 269 | 4189 | 2796 | 6985 | | MADOUGOU | 35 | 45 | 39 | 84 | 28 | 7 | 35 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 80 | 46 | 126 | | PEL MAOUDE | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey ( World Bank , 2013 ) , less than 3 percent of Mongolian firms reported labor-market legislation as a constraint on labor demand . Yet , a quarter of sampled firms stated that the main obstacle to hiring was the inadequacy of skills in the workforce and mismatching between prospective employees ’ skills and market needs . If such mismatching exists , it is important to assess the effectiveness of training programs tailored toward providing the vocational skills that are in demand in the market . One potential barrier for such investments could be the existence of compressed salary scales — typical under centrally planned economies — because firms might be unable to reward applicants who have additional skills . The evidence is , however , not clear in this regard . In 2012 , large and increasing labor-market returns were observed for each additional year of schooling . < sup > 3 < / sup > Nonetheless , firm-level data showed that only 22 . 6 percent of Mongolian enterprises had a performance-based wage system and only 7 . 9 percent had skill-based wage systems ( Research Institute of Labor and Social Protection , 2017 ) . Furthermore , although there is no legislation that prevents firms from adopting new screening technologies in the labor markets , the awareness and utilization rate of government employment services is very low ( less than 20 % of idle youth in Ulaanbaatar indicated they were aware of employment websites , electronic job boards , and other types of public support ; see Shatz et al . , 2015 ) . # * * 3 . The Mongolian Vocational-Training Program ( MVTP ) * * The MVTP was introduced in 2003 to counteract high levels of unemployment and idleness . Its primary goal was to help those who were poor , unemployed , or vulnerable to unemployment find jobs through a combination of vocational-skills training and internships in business firms , and it remains the oldest and most extensive labor-market policy in effect > 3 The annual rate of return for an additional year of schooling ranges from 7 to 10 percent ( Batchuluun and Dalkhjav , 2019 ; Shatz et al . 2015 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 28, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 945, "end": 960, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 96 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * Bujagali and Kalagala based on _Barbus_ and the Nile perch ( FIRRI , 2000 ) , though this was not confirmed during the 1999-2000 field surveys undertaken by FIRRI , when no sport fishing was recorded at any of the survey sites . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 4 . 3 Present Status of Barriers to Fish * * It should be noted that a barrier to upstream fish migration between the Victoria Nile and Lake Victoria currently exists in the form of the Nalubaale dam . Presently , the only open connection is between the fisheries of Lake Kyoga and the Victoria Nile . Although there are anecdotal reports that Ripon Falls represented a barrier to fish migration prior to construction of the Nalubaale dam , there are no published reports of this being the case . The photograph in Figure 3 . 7 , taken prior to construction of the Nalubaale Dam , indicates a series of relatively small rapids ( in the context of the larger rapids downstream ) existed in the uppermost 2 km of the Victoria Nile , but these are unlikely to have represented a barrier to downstream fish migration . The studies on the fisheries of the Upper Victoria Nile carried out by the FIRRI have identified that some species of migratory fish exist in the river . However , there is no evidence from the FIRRI studies , or from other published sources , that these populations are obligatorily migratory ( i . e . are required to migrate for breeding or other purposes ) . This is borne out by the fact that viable populations exist in the Victoria Nile despite the presence of the Nalubaale dam for approximately the last 50 years . For species that require headwater habitats in which to spawn , it is likely that tributary streams flowing directly into the Victoria Nile are now more important", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 287, "text": "1999-2000 field surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _Reduce tensions in hosting communities through interventions targeting whole communities rather than nationalities . _ The Project is expected to contribute to the reduction of tensions at the local level through several elements : providing immediate stress relief through emergency services to targeted unions focusing on quick impact interventions ; ensuring the preparation for a protracted displacement scenario by investing in critical infrastructure ; strengthening community cohesion through social initiatives and programs that allow interaction and collaboration ; and maximizing relevance and social resilience through community engagement and participation in the identification of priorities . - _Promote a decentralized approach to emergency response to increase relevance . _ The Project will embed a decentralized approach to decision making , whereby municipalities through their unions and in collaboration with their constituencies , will identify and prioritize the most urgent needs and corresponding actions . As needs far outweigh the available funding , the benefits of the Project will be distributed in a manner that reflects the unique understanding and existing capacities within the affected areas , hence increasing relevance . As the local authorities will be leading the process , the Project will empower mayors and municipal and union councils as key drivers of local development and well-being . - _Leverage existing implementation capacity for the delivery of rapid results_ . While decisionmaking will have a decentralized approach , harmonized procurement by a single implementing entity will allow for economy of scale and the delivery of timely results on the ground . Heeding consistent lessons from previous Bank emergency projects , the Project will use tested implementation mechanisms and entities to safeguard the emergency character of the Project and ensure visible and high-quality benefits in participating municipalities and unions from the early stages of the Project . 8 . Given its limited financial envelope , Project implementation will begin in a restricted number of unions of municipalities for meaningful impact and with the expectation that it could be extended to a larger territory upon availability of additional funding . In an effort to identify the most affected areas in Lebanon , UNHCR , UNICEF and the Government have prepared a list of the most vulnerable municipalities based on municipal level", "spans": [{"start": 2402, "end": 2444, "text": "list of the most vulnerable municipalities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 19Sep-19Oct-19Nov-19Dec-19Jan Feb-20Mar-20Apr-20May-20Jun-20Jul-20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Central banks , Eurostat and World Bank staff calculations . _Note : _ Food and energy prices are included in headline but not core price indexes . Data for Western Balkans and EU28 are weighted averages . 24 | < sup > 6 . INFLATION FELL MARkEDLy BECAUsE OF ThE PANDEMIC < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 303, "text": "Data for Western Balkans and EU28", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_32_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Civil Service Pension Program < br > Projected Fund Size < br > 10 1 . 50 % < br > 1 00 % < br > 6 < br > . . . . . Fund Size as % o O 0 . 50 % < br > 0 0 . 00 % < br > 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Left axis is in trillion of Rupiah ; Right axis is in percent of GDP . Sources : Staff calculations based on Taspen ' s data . # * * Options for Reform * * Unless corrective measures are taken now , the resulting budgetary burden would be difficult to manage . Among the options to be considered are : First , Taspen needs to produce better investment results , which could be accomplished by resisting political pressures and using external investment advisors . Second , limits on administrative expenses incurred by Taspen ( relative to contributions and assets ) need to be established , monitored and disclosed . These limits should be set on the basis of international experience . Third , the civil service pension plan should provide the same vesting and portability of benefits as is required of approved private pensions . This consistency would facilitate labor mobility between the private and public sectors . Fourth , pension benefits should be based on the average salary for the final three to five years of service , not on the salary of the final month . Fifth , the cost-of-living adjustment should be done yearly to protect the purchasing power of the retirees . The adjustment should be restricted to the change in a price index , and not to wages . The current practice of indexing pensions to wages is not fiscally sustainable . Sixth , as with other plans , the retirement age should be raised to at least 60 .", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 438, "text": "Taspen ' s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * * in preparation * * < br > * * of Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage Project * * | | DURRES < br > 220 , 000 < br > 2-6 | | FIER < br > 93 , 000 < br > 2-3 | | LEZHE < br > 22 , 000 < br > 24 | | SARANDA < br > 25 , 000 < br > 1-2 | | * * Other Cities * * | | ELBASAN < br > 120 , 000 < br > 3-4 | | GJIROKASTER < br > 33 , 000 < br > 1-2 | | KORCE < br > 80 , 000 < br > 2-4 | | KUKES < br > 24 , 000 < br > 24 | | SHKODER < br > 100 , 000 < br > 3-4 | | TIRANE < br > 500 , 000 < br > 4-6 | | VLORE < br > 110 , 000 < br > 34 | The state of disrepair of the water and sewerage systems in Albania has become even more apparent during the recent refugee crisis . While supply capacities are generally adequate , lack of system maintenance and repairs , poor quality of construction and materials , and lack of metering and operational controls have resulted in excessive water losses , estimated to be greater than 50 % in all cities . As a result , water supply service is intermittent with most urban areas receiving less than 4 hours of service per day . However , the average quantity of water delivered per customer is in most cities still sufficient , with the exception of Durres city , where in average only 55 lIc * d are provided . These average figures are hiding the fact , that an unknown number of customers are getting less water or no water at all ( reliable data are not available at present ) . Service coverage and quality are falling as a result of rapid", "spans": [{"start": 1372, "end": 1385, "text": "reliable data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for FY 2017 / 18 for 26 MDAs hav < br > Disbursement associated with the DLI ready for withd | btained from IFMIS and verifie < br > e been uploaded on the NT w < br > rawal . | d by IVA . Extracts of < br > ebsite for public access . | ► DLI 18 DLR 5 . 2a : Approval of audit codes that classify risk clusters to enable efficient targeting of audit resources ( Output , 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Date | - - | 30-Jan-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | - - | | * * Comments * * | The OAG has issue < br > DLI has been verifie | a new set of audit codes consiste < br > d and the associated disburseme | nt with international standards . < br > nt is ready for withdrawal . | The achievement of this | The OAG has issue a new set of audit codes consistent with international standards . The achievement of this DLI has been verified and the associated disbursement is ready for withdrawal . 11 / 5 / 2020 Page 17 of 20", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 113, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > RMNCAH / THS-UC files at on < br > the kapenguria County < br > reffereral office < br > KE-EMBU COUNTY-84646 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 1 Backupcompressor for the cold roomwith an alarm system tobe used in Embu County IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-12 2018-12-02 2019-03-02 < br > Refferal Hospital < br > KE-SIAYA COUNTY-84638 - < br > GO-RFQ / Procurement of20 , 000 REVISED motherbaby booklet packed in aplastic pocket bag for IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-19 2019-02-12 2019-03-05 < br > distribution in all facilities . < br > KE-THARAKA NITHI < br > COUNTY-84656-GO-RFQ / < br > Procure one utility vehiclefor CHMT Supportsupervision and distribution IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-02-11 2019-03-20 2019-06-18 < br > of RMNCAH Commodities < br > and Vaccines . < br > KE-EMBU COUNTY-84665 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 16manual blood mixer forEmbu county Refferal IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-12 2018-12-06 2019-03-06 < br > Hospital < br > KE-KERICHO COUNTY - < br > 846", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 26, "text": "THS-UC files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "trimmed to the geographical areas that were covered in both decades . This substantially affects Argentina and Uruguay , which thus become representative of the main urban areas , < sup > 18 < / sup > and excludes less well populated areas in Brazil and Colombia . < sup > 19 < / sup > The latter rule reduces the share of each of these countries in population-weighted regional averages , but not in the unweighted averages . The following analysis also offers benchmarking of Latin American countries using a set of middle - and high-income countries and data of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) Global Wage Report Gini database ( for more than 30 European and middle-income countries ) . We also conduct our analysis of the changes in returns using data from the World Bank International Income Distribution Dataset ( I2D2 ) , consisting of harmonized microdata available for a subset of countries , including the United States and Turkey . Finally , we also incorporate analysis from South Africa built from the Post Apartheid Labor Market Series – v2 . 0 and the Russian Federation based on the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey . The trends in labor income inequality found in these countries are similar to those discussed in the literature . < sup > 20 < / sup > These countries are used as reference points in the study rather than as points of interest . Thus , harmonization , the control of comparability , and the validation of trends over time have been limited to guarantee a rough estimate of differences with respect to relations and trends in the Latin America and Caribbean region ( see annex A . 2 ) . The variable of interest is the labor income after taxes associated with the main occupation of workers during the month previous to the survey . The survey question is asked of all employees and of the selfemployed . The objective is to use this variable to approximate the labor earnings structure . As Székely and Hilgert ( 2007 ) point out , the cross-country comparison of labor income inequality is meaningful and shows a > 16 The countries in which the effect was present and in which it was feasible to control for the", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 643, "text": "Global Wage Report Gini database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 779, "end": 831, "text": "World Bank International Income Distribution Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1113, "end": 1150, "text": "Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# WPS3493 # # The Clash of Liberalizations : # # Preferential versus Multilateral Trade Liberalization in the European Union < sup > ∗ < / sup > Baybars Karacaoval ı < sup > † < / sup > Nuno Limão < sup > ‡ < / sup > University of Maryland # # # Abstract There has been an explosion in the number of preferential trade agreements ( PTAs ) in the last decade . PTAs are characterized by liberalization with respect to only a few partners and thus they can potentially clash with and retard multilateral trade liberalization ( MTL ) . Despite this important concern with PTAs , there is almost no systematic evidence on whether they actually affect MTL . We model the effect of PTAs on MTL and show that PTAs slow down MTL unless they have a common external tariff and allow for internal transfers . Next , we use detailed data on product-level tariffs negotiated by the European Union in the last two multilateral trade rounds to structurally estimate our model . We con fi rm the main prediction — the European Union ’ s PTAs have clashed with its MTL – and fi nd that the effect is quantitatively signi fi cant . Moreover , we also con fi rm several auxiliary predictions of the model and provide new evidence on the political economy determinants of multilateral liberalization in the European Union . JEL Classi fi cation : D78 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 . Keywords : Preferential trade agreements ; customs unions ; multilateral trade negotiations ; MFN tariff concessions ; reciprocity . > ∗ We thank , without implying , Stephanie Aaronson , Kishore Gawande , Bernard Hoekman , Patricia Tovar-Rodriguez and Alan Winters for helpful discussions and comments and Marcelo Olarreaga and John Romalis for generously sharing some data . The views expressed here are those of the authors . > † University of Maryland , Department of Economics , MD 20742 . E-mail : karacaov @ econ . umd . edu . > ‡ Corresponding Author : limao @ econ . umd . edu . University of Maryland , Department of Economics , MD 20742 . I acknowledge the fi nancial support of the World Bank Research Group which hosted me", "spans": [{"start": 812, "end": 850, "text": "detailed data on product-level tariffs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ES 4 . 2 . 3 Modified , Natural and Critical Habitats and Protected Areas * * Land cover analysis with ground truthing has revealed that the Wobulenzi-Masaka TL is dominated by modified habitats with approximately 24 . 6 ha of natural habitats existing within the 60 m wide RoW as small fragmented patches in a degraded ecological state , of which 4 . 3 ha will be lost due to vegetation clearing of the 10 m wide cleared strip . The majority of the natural habitat is represented by wetlands , many of which are dominated by _Papyrus_ . Ground-truthing has revealed that the nonwetland areas of natural habitat are highly fragmented and in a degraded state due to livestock grazing . These non-wetland natural habitats do not sustain effective ecological functions . Therefore , loss of natural habitat is considered not significant and does not trigger No Net Loss requirements . Sensitivity of the project area was assessed to establish species among the records of the respective species that are potentially critically endangered ( CR ) and / or endangered ( EN ) , endemic and / or restricted habitat range species as per the international and national red lists ( IUCN 2018 , WCS 2016 ) . Four waterbird species of critical importance were identified as being seasonally present using eBird data for Western Uganda . Due to their critical nature , these species qualify as critical habitat species . Shoebill and Gray Crowned Crane are the highest priority waterbirds for reducing impacts and show a year-round presence , but with reduced abundance from mid-May to September . Malagasy Pond Herons are erratic visitors and not present during their breeding season , while White-backed Night Herons have a reduced abundance . Numerous legally protected areas occur in southern Uganda . The TL route avoids these areas , with the exception of two plantation Forest Reserves ( Luwawa and Wabinyomo ) where natural forest has been converted to cropland . These two areas are not considered ecologically sensitive . An IBAT (", "spans": [{"start": 1296, "end": 1306, "text": "eBird data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * GEQIP-E ( P163050 ) # # * * Rating * * Modest # * * < mark > OVERALL EFFICACY < / mark > * * # # * * < mark > Rationale < / mark > * * Under Objective 1 ( internal efficiency in general education ) , the Grade 2 – to – Grade 1 enrollment ratio increased from 76 to 88 . 6 percent , while the survival rate to Grade 5 remained unchanged at 56 . 6 percent . For Objective 2 , the girls-to-boys ratio in Grade 8 exceeded the slightly increased target of 71 percent , but the gross enrollment ratio in Grades 1 – 8 in the target regions remained below the reduced target of 93 percent , despite a 27 percent increase in absolute enrollment , indicating that access expanded in practice but was not fully captured by the indicator due to measurement limitations . Under Objective 3 ( improved quality of general education ) , the Grade 2 mother-tongue reading proficiency in Phase 1 schools declined from 25 to 18 . 3 percent . Grade 8 English and mathematics proficiency achieved or exceeded revised targets . The program contributed meaningfully to education system strengthening by improving instructional leadership , teacher support , learning resources , service delivery and data systems , and it enhanced system resilience by sustaining progress under conflict , refugee inflows , and COVID-19 disruptions . Textbook availability increased ( 58 % to 73 % ) through a national tracking system , while EMIS and digital tools ( including 4 , 790 tablets ) strengthened data use for decision-making by enabling real-time collection and digitization of school - and classroom-level data , and supporting classroom observation , continuous assessment , and reporting by teachers , key teachers , and supervisors , enabling improved timeliness , accuracy , and use of data for instructional support , school monitoring , and system oversight . Investments in ICT ( e-cloud infrastructure in 300 secondary schools", "spans": [{"start": 1644, "end": 1677, "text": "school - and classroom-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2011 – 2012 , Yemen experienced a substantial increase in Somali arrivals . A group-based approach was used for status determination and recognition was based on criteria in the Refugee Convention . In 2011 , over 27 , 000 Somalis arrived in Yemen , and the government registered over 24 , 000 . In 2012 , over 23 , 000 Somalis arrived in Yemen , and over 13 , 000 were registered . # # # # * * _Djibouti_ * * Djibouti is a party to the Refugee Convention , but has only signed the OAU Convention . However , since the signing of the OAU Convention , Djibouti has , in practice , applied the broader refugee criteria . In 2011 , over 6 , 000 Somalis arrived in Djibouti , close to double the figures for the previous year ( over 3 , 300 ) . In 2012 , new arrivals reduced to a little over 3 , 000 . All new arrivals in 2011 and 2012 were recognized as refugees through a group-based approach , and pursuant to the broader refugee criteria in the OAU Convention . The questionnaire response highlighted general insecurity , disturbance to public order , drought and famine as relevant considerations in applying the regional refugee definition . The Ministry of Interior was a key actor in the decision to grant international protection . Recognition of refugee status on the same basis has continued to be granted to Somalis since 2012 , including approximately 377 claimants in 2017 . The practice of recognizing refugees based on the application of the broader refugee criteria in the OAU Convention has been formalized in national legislation promulgated in January 2017 . < sup > 145 < / sup > # # # # * * _Uganda_ * * Uganda is a party to the Refugee Convention and the OAU Convention and has a 2006 domestic refugee law , which governed recognition of status during 2011 – 2012 . < sup > 146 < / sup > Based on statistics compiled from UNHCR Yearbooks and Uganda ’ s government database , which is", "spans": [{"start": 1842, "end": 1857, "text": "UNHCR Yearbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1862, "end": 1892, "text": "Uganda ’ s government database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| # Violent episodes . | 2 . Security incidents | Protection | ACLED | Côte d ’ Ivoire ; < br > Benin ; Togo ; < br > Ghana | Abduction / forced disappearance ; Air / < br > drone strike ; Armed confrontation ; < br > Attack ; Disrupted use of weapons ; < br > Grenade ; Remote explosive / landmine < br > IED ; Shell / artillery / missile attack ; < br > Wartime sexual violence ; Suicide < br > attack ; Looting / destruction of property | / < br > . < br > N / A | | External violence | | # medical centres attacked | < sup > 3 . a Availability – accessibility of < / sup > < br > basic services | Health | National health < br > services | | | Humanitarian Indicator < br > Registry | P-2 | This indicator monitors the number of health centres < br > targeted , to better capture trends in violence | | # affected medical centres . | < sup > 3 . a Availability – accessibility of < / sup > < br > basic services | Health | National health < br > services | | | N / A | | This indicator monitors the reduction in activity of health < br > services for conflict-related reasons ( e . g . personnel < br > fled , lackof medication ) | | # ( non ) functional schools < br > as a result of insecurity | 3 . b Availability – accessibility of < br > basic services | Education | National database – < br > EiE assessments | | | | | | | # inaccessible water points < br > because of insecurity | 3 . c Availability – accessibility of < br > basic services | WASH | WASH assessment | | | | | | | # inaccessible WASH < br > structures and sanitation < br > infrastructure because of < br > insecurity | 3 .", "spans": [{"start": 1303, "end": 1318, "text": "EiE assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ In this RAP the following procedure was used ; - Inspection for assessment was carried out at the same time with the survey - The construction of the power line imposes restrictions on the use of land within the 10 meters way leaves corridor including planting of trees and construction of buildings and structures . - Wetlands , Road Reserves and Forest Reserves were considered to be Government Land . However in areas where economic activities were being carried out by claimants , assessment for compensation of damaged crops and trees was made . - Where community lands were identified , the crops and trees on the land were assessed and the whole compensation amount will be paid for those assets . Working with local leaders , every effort will be made to identify the PAPs who were cultivating the land at the time of the census . Payments will be made directly to the beneficiary entity . - Seasonal crops were not considered in the assessments since people would be given time to harvest their crops - The assessment covered only trees and some perennial crops # # # * * 3 . CENSUS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY * * This section presents the socio-economic status of the main target groups in the project areas for rural electrification and gives an assessment of the Social economic baseline information and project impacts detailing the project affected people by household , background characteristics their losses and impact electric power supply will have on the different groups . The current socioeconomic situation was formed through a combination of primary survey data , secondary data and stakeholder consultation . The key target groups are household heads , household members , men , women and children . The project was clearly known ; therefore a census of all the affected PAPs was carried out . It was however not easy to find all the households heads / property owners of the projects areas . Despite this efforts were made to interact with the entire affected let alone the", "spans": [{"start": 1651, "end": 1670, "text": "primary survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1673, "end": 1687, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1854, "end": 1885, "text": "census of all the affected PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Based on UNHCR ’ s data , it appears that more than 121 , 000 Somalis who arrived in Dadaab in 2011 were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria , through a group-based approach . Similarly , over 50 Somalis were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention and fewer than 10 on the basis of UNHCR ' s mandate definitions . With respect to Somalis who arrived in 2012 in Dadaab , more than 18 , 000 were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria , through a group-based approach , while over 70 were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention and fewer than 5 under UNHCR ' s mandate definitions . < sup > 56 < / sup > In Dadaab , some Somalis also underwent an individual approach to RSD . The data suggest that almost 130 Somalis who arrived in the Dadaab camps in 2011 were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria , following an individual approach to status determination . Similarly , over 40 Somalis were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention and about 10 on the basis of UNHCR ' s mandate definitions . With respect to Somalis who arrived in 2012 in Dadaab , approximately 10 were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria through an individual approach , while over 20 were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention and about 6 under UNHCR ' s mandate definitions . This information is summarized in the table below . * * < mark > Table 1 : Legal Bases Recorded for Recognition of Somalis ( Arrived in Dadaab in 2011 and 2012 ) < / mark > * * | * * Legal Basis for Refugee Status * * | * * 2011 * * < sup > 57 < / sup > | * * 2012 * * < sup > 58 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Broader refugee criteria ( group-based ) | 121 , 345 | 18 ,", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 23, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RURAL | . . | . . | 87 . 0 / d | 60 . 4 < br > 203 . 6 | | ESTIMATED POPULATION BELOW ABSOLUT | E | | | | | POVERTY INCOME LEVEL ( PERCENT ) | | | | | | < br > URBAN < br > | . . | . . | . . | 39 . 3 < br > 690 | | RURAL | . . | . . | . . | . | | Not available | | | | | | Not applicable . | | | | | # # # NOTES - / a The group averages for each indicator are population-weighted arithmetic means . Coverage of countries among the indicators depends on availability of data and is not uniform . - / b Unless otherwise noted , data for 1960 refer to any year between 1959 and 1961 ; for 1970 , between 1969 and 1971 ; and for Most Recent Estimate , between 1978 and 1980 . - / c 1975 ; / d 1977 ; / e Registered , not all practicing in the country ; / f Government establishments only ; / g 1962T / h 197rT / i 1963 . May 1982", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 539, "text": "data for 1960", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Tackling Non-Communicable Disease Challenges in Kenya ( P164301 ) Trans-Nzoia county has a population of nearly 957 , 000 , a poverty rate of over 50 percent , and is predominantly agricultural . Based on community screenings the prevalence of elevated blood pressure and diabetes is 27 and 2 percent , respectively . * * The main focus of the pilots would be on establishing / expanding basic NCD services at the community and primary health care levels using the Chronic Care Model * * . This would include raising awareness , early screening , diagnosis , linkage to a health facility for initial treatment of basic , cost effective interventions with referral to specialized facilities . In addition , a number of the sub-counties will benefit from the Expanded Chronic Care Model that includes community empowerment activities and enrollment of beneficiaries in the NHIF , as these aspects are critical to sustainability . An important aspect of the pilot will be to sensitize communities in participating counties on the importance of health insurance , the NHIF benefit package , payment rates and payment options and how to access services . Sensitization will be conducted jointly with the NHIF during the community meetings and NCD screening exercises , and will also include registration of beneficiaries . To increase retention rates , AMPATH will collaborate with the NHIF to monitor registration of beneficiaries and send monthly reminders through mobile phones to remind registered beneficiaries of their monthly payments . The interventions to be supported are expected to generate lessons on what is feasible ; what impediments arise ; what remedial actions are taken ; how much it cost ; and what is the scale up strategy . The pilots would be evaluated to draw lessons for potential scale up to other counties in Kenya . In addition to an impact evaluation ( before and after study ) a small qualitative process evaluation would be conducted to document the implementation process ( i . e . What worked ? What did not and why ? ) . All necessary ethical clearances would be obtained prior to launching the pilots", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 248, "text": "community screenings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "medical facilities supported by skilled assistance , 93 . 4 % of women do not receive PNC , and 85 % of children miss all basic vaccination . # # # # # # * * 3 . 3 Benishangul-Gumuz Region * * < u > The Benishangul-Gumuz regional state is located in the western frontier of Ethiopia . The region has a total < / u > surface of 50 . 380 km < sup > 2 . < / sup > < u > It shares borders with Sudan in the northwest , South Sudan in the west , the Amhara regional state in the east , and the Oromia region in the south . The region is organized into three < / u > administrative zones ( Metekel , Assosa , and Kemashi ) that have 20 Woredas altogether . According to the < u > CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia for all Regions at Wereda Level ( 2017 ) , the total population of the < / u > region is 1 , 066 , 001 ( 541 , 002 male and 524 , 999 female ) . Out of the total population , 230 , 000 ( 117 , 000 male and 113 , 000 female ) are urban residents and the remaining 836 , 000 ( 424 , 000 male and 412 , 000 female ) are living in rural areas . One of the key features of the socio-cultural composition in the region is that the Constitution of the Benishangul-Gumuz regional state differentiates between indigenous and other peoples living in the region . As per the provision in _Article 2_ of the Constitution , the Berta , Gumuz , Shinasha , Mao , and Komo are classified as the indigenous people . However , none of these five ethnic groups has a numerical majority . The Berta ( 25 . 9 % ) , the Gumuz ( 23 . 3 % ) , and the Shinasha ( 7 . 6 % ) are among the", "spans": [{"start": 674, "end": 711, "text": "CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "80 < br > Micro ( 0-4 ) Small ( 5-19 ) Medium ( 20-99 ) Large ( 100 + ) Micro ( 0-4 ) Small ( 5-19 ) Medium ( 20-99 ) Large ( 100 + ) < br > SAR Rest of the world SAR Rest of the world < br > Change in sales ( % ) < br > Probability of being open ( % ) < br > Change in sales < br > Predicted probability of being open ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Panel ( b ) : Comparison by firm size The observed variation within size-sector groupings can be associated with the transmission channel of COVID-19 , that is , the type of shocks suffered by firms . Unreported analysis suggests that COVIDinduced demand shocks have the largest effect on South Asian firms relative to shocks pertaining to disruption in production chains and finance . This is in contrast to the rest of the world where disruptions in supply chains and finance shocks had a large and comparable impact relative to demand shocks . Globally , two-thirds of the within-country change in sales can be attributed to the nature of shock firms experienced , while size and sector explain only 20 % ( right panel , Figure 2 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > This implies that firm size and sector are imprecise targets for designing firm support programs . 6Shapley values are computed to assess the relative power of size , sector , exporter status , and shocks suffered in explaining the change in sales for firms in SAR . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Matching SIMPLES_ Firms registering for SIMPLES provided ( i ) their street name and number , ( ii ) their fantasy name , and ( iii ) their activity , as well as a phone number ( which could be that of their accountant or a personal phone number instead of the business phone number ) . We therefore matched on ( i ) to ( iii ) , using the phone number where available in both data sets as an additional check . We consider it to be a * * definite match * * if the listing data match the administrative data on all three criteria , or if they match on street and number plus activity and there is no fantasy name , or if ( ii ) and ( iii ) match and the street is the same and street number is only different by one digit . We consider it a * * definite or probable match * * if it is a definite match , or if it matches on street and number and the listing omits the fantasy name and activity , or if it matches on two criteria but the third is different . In this case , we only consider a match on fantasy name if it is unique and not generally descriptive ( e . g . we would not consider the fantasy name “ bar ” as grounds for a match ) and there is only one occurrence of that fantasy name in the entire administrative data . # _Matching MEIs_ Firms which register as a MEI do not provide a fantasy name in their registration , so the matching could only be on street name and number , and activity ( and sometimes phone number ) . A * * definite match * * matched on both these . A * * definite or probable match * * is a definite match , or any one of the following : a match on street name and number , with a very similar activity ( e . g . “ bar ” and “ comercio varejista de bebidas ” ) ; an exact match on street name and number , with no name or activity data in the listing ; or a", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1232, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regression specification , weighting grid-cells jointly by country population and the inverse of the error on our wealth measure , indicate that a 1 standard deviation increase in the wealth index is associated with a 0 . 04 standard deviation increase in ambient PM2 _ . _ 5 . This result is robust to a variety of alternative weighting schemes ( Table SI-1 ) and the relationship is further strengthened by trimming our wealth data at the 5 < sup > _th_ < / sup > and 95 < sup > _th_ < / sup > percentile ( Table SI-2 ) . This positive correlation appears to be driven by urban-rural differences in both income and pollution . The shading in Figure 1b-c highlights that both grid-cells with the highest pollution levels and grid cells with the highest wealth levels are the most urban in our sample . More generally , being in or near larger urban areas is associated with higher levels of wealth ( Figure SI-2 ) . Wealth increases with urbanization both within and across categories ( urban , peri-urban , rural ) and the differences are stark enough that on average the wealthiest rural areas are poorer than the poorest urban areas . Exposure to ambient air pollution follows similar patterns albeit less dramatically ( Figure 1c ) . Nonetheless , average pollution in urban areas is 12 % ( _t-stat : _ 47 . 7 ) higher than in peri-urban areas and 50 % ( _t-stat : > _ 100 ) higher than in rural areas . Our pooled estimate hides substantial heterogeneity across countries . Country specific estimates indicate that ambient pollution increases with wealth in the majority of LMICs . However , a substantial minority of countries demonstrate the opposite relationship . While wealthier individuals live in more polluted locations in countries like Nepal , pollution decreases strongly with wealth in other countries like Nigeria ( Figure 2a ) . When we map the country level relationship ( Figure 2b-c ) one immediate pattern becomes clear : countries with strong negative correlations between ambient pollution and wealth are highly concentrated in West or Central Africa . In most of the rest of the world , particularly Asia , wealthier areas have higher ambient pollution . One reason", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 433, "text": "wealth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project ( P168185 ) | RIS-RIN substations | This indicator measures the < br > number of substations for < br > the RIS-RIN interconnector < br > financed under theproject . | Annual | SONATREL | SONATREL PIU < br > reporting | SONATREL PIU | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Cameroon-Chad Interconnector HV < br > transmission line | This indicator measures the < br > length of the 225kV cross - < br > border interconnector < br > financed under theproject . < br > This indicator measures the | Annual | SONATREL < br > and SNE | PIUs reporting | Joint SONATREL-SNE < br > technical committee | | HV substations in Chad | number of substations in < br > Chad for the cross-border < br > interconnector financed < br > under theproject . | Annual | SNE | SNE reporting | SNE PIU | | | This indicator measures the < br > number of meters installed < br > by SNE in N ’ Djamena , | | | | | | Meters installed in N ’ Djamena | financed by the project , for < br > both ( i ) existing customers < br > with malfunctioning or < br > without meters , ( ii ) new < br > customers . | Annual | SNE reports | SNE PIU reporting | SNE PIU | | Total losses in N ’ Djamena | This indicators measures < br > total losses ( both technical < br > and non-technical ) on < br > N ' Djamena networks , < br > measured as total billed < br > electricity ( in kWh ) divided <", "spans": [{"start": 1183, "end": 1200, "text": "SNE PIU reporting", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s ont été difficiles d ' accès en début 2025 . Des entretiens menés séparément avec des ONG nationales , des ONG internationales et des Agences des Nations Unies ont permis d ' obtenir la perception des contraintes d ' accès humanitaire dans les trois régions concernées . Alors que les ONG nationales et les agences onusiennes ont émis des avis couvrant l ' ensemble des communes , les ONG internationales ont laissé de côté certaines communes ( 28 sur 108 ) où elles n ' avaient pas d ' expérience récente . Neuf contraintes d ' accès ont touché la plupart de ces trois régions . Les engins explosifs et les hostilités entre forces armées et acteurs armés sont les plus fréquentes . < sup > xvi < / sup > Au Mali , le Cluster Protection participe activement aux espaces de coordination sur l ’ accès à la fois au plan national que sousnational . Il contribue notamment en termes d ’ analyse et de plaidoyer , utilisant les données du monitoring de protection , et l ’ engagement communautaire pour approfondir l ' analyse des tendances en matière de contraintes d ' accès , et porter des messages conjoints auprès de l ’ EHP . # # # # * * LACUNES CRITIQUES DANS LE FINANCEMENT ET LA POPULATION TOUCHÉE * * Au premier trimestre 2025 , la suspension des fonds américains illustre la fragilité du financement de l ’ aide internationale , en particulier en Afrique ,", "spans": [{"start": 936, "end": 960, "text": "monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "earners in Romania to be 13 % for men and 18 % for women . Based on the Structure of Earnings Survey 2018 , Eurostat estimated the share of minimum wage earners to be 13 % . < sup > 18 < / sup > > 17 The higher share of part-time workers in tax data may be driven by COVID-related reductions in working time , which are not recorded in the EU-SILC . > 18 https : / / ec . europa . eu / eurostat / statistics - < u > explained / index . php ? ttle = File : Proporton_of_employees_earning_less_than_105_ % 25_of_the_minimum_wage , _2018_ ( < / u > > < u > % 25 ) . png < / u > 30", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 105, "text": "Structure of Earnings Survey 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 , 356 * * | | The agricultural group | 878 | 486 | 1 , 549 | 1 , 139 | 641 | 2 , 682 | 911 | 440 | 3 , 616 | | The low-skilledgroup | 835 | 656 | 2 , 018 | 817 | 641 | 1 , 979 | 589 | 440 | 641 | Source : Own calculations based on ENEU survey Tables 9 and 10 present the teachers ’ hourly labor earnings ( mean monthly labor earnings divided by the total number of hours-worked per month , non adjusted and adjusted respectively ) . In both tables , teachers ’ hourly earnings are higher in primary public schools than they are in primary private schools . At the lower secondary school level the difference is small . Interestingly , teachers hourly labor earnings and adjusted hourly labor earnings ( taking into account two months vacation ) are substantially above other worker ’ s hourly labor earnings but slightly below other _Professionals with B . A in Education not teaching_ . In 1999 , median hourly earnings for primary public school teachers was above median earnings of all comparable groups . 15", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 244, "text": "ENEU survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Income Measurement for the Assessment of Public Policies ” ( Sutherland et al . , 2009 ) with the objective , among others , of understanding the distributional impact of the inclusion of rents in income aggregates . Törmälehto and Sauli ( 2010 and 2013 ) analyze the implications of including rents in the income aggregate for official poverty and inequality estimates published by Eurostat and conclude that “ _the present data quality does not support adding this component to disposable income concept without major improvements in the comparability of the data between countries and within countries across time ” _ ( Törmälehto and Sauli 2013 , 39 ) . By contrast , in order to guarantee meaningful international and inter-temporal comparability of countries ’ welfare , observed and imputed rental prices are included in National Accounts according to internationally agreed recommendations ( SNA 2008 ) . In a sample of OECD countries , for instance , the share of observed and imputed rents in households ’ total consumption expenditures range from 6 . 5 percent in Poland to 25 percent in Finland , according to the latest available National Accounts data ( OECD 2018 ) . For the same countries , this share may vary sensitively over time , even within a short period . For instance , in Ireland the share almost doubled from 11 percent in 1996 to 20 percent in 2016 , in Spain it increased from 10 percent in 1996 to 16 percent in 2016 . In some other countries the share decreased : over the period 1996-2016 , in Sweden it declined from 25 to 20 percent and in Mexico from 19 to 14 percent . It is clear then that the exclusion of this large component of household consumption from National Accounts would distort country-rankings in terms of Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The World Bank has recently started collecting information for understanding the key elements of national methodologies used to produce official poverty estimates . Preliminary results shed light on a sample of 69 country-year observations of recent poverty estimates . Only for 28 observations is it possible to understand whether the welfare aggregate included observed and imputed rents ( World Bank , 2015 ) . Nonetheless , when housing is included , researchers", "spans": [{"start": 1143, "end": 1165, "text": "National Accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "methods have been applied . If a rock is massive , with few joints or faults , the volume of water available is often inadequate . Aquifer simulation is done when the aquifer does not yield enough water after development procedures have been applied . It can also increase the yields far beyond those obtained through typical well development . Explosives are sometimes used in an attempt to develop greater specific capacity . Good results can be obtained if blasting procedures are appropriate for the rock type and the size and depth of the well . # # # # * * 4 . 8 . 3 . 1 . 2 Pumping test data * * Pumping tests are conducted to determine the performance characteristics of a well , the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer and the specific yield of a particular aquifer or several aquifers during the course of drilling . # # # # * * 4 . 8 . 3 . 1 . 3 Multiple wells . * * There are two types of aquifer tests : constant-rate test and step-draw down test . In the constant-rate test , the well is pumped for a significant length of time at one rate . In the step draw down test , the well is pumped at successively greater discharges for relatively short periods . 21", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 598, "text": "Pumping test data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have < / sup > been prepared using appropriate accounting policies supported < sup > * * by * * reasonableand < / sup > prudent judgements and estimates , in conformity with International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( IPSAS ) , and in the manner required * * by * * the PFM Act ( 2012 ) and the Statistics Act * * ( 2006 ) . * * The Directors are of the opinion that the Bureau ' s < sup > financial < / sup > statements give a true and fair view of the state of its transactions during < sup > the financial < / sup > year ended June * * 30 , 2016 , * * and of its financial position as at that date . The Directors further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained < sup > * * by * * theBureau , < / sup > which have been relied upon in the preparation of these financial statements < sup > as < / sup > well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . Nothing has come to the attention of the Directors to indicate that the Bureau < sup > willnot < / sup > remain a going concern for at least the next twelve months < sup > fromthedateofthis < / sup > statement . # # # # # * * Approval of the financial statements * * Board < sup > on27th < / sup > < sup > * * S * * < / sup > tember , * * 2016 Prof . Terry Ryan Chairman * * The Bureau ' s financial statements were approved * * by * * the Board < sup > on27th < / sup > < sup > * * S * * < / sup > an s * * d * * n its behalf * * by : * * * * Zachary Mwangi Director General * * * * Date2", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 682, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "under the coefficient in parentheses . Sharpened q-values that correct p-values for the false discovery rate ( FDR ) are in square brackets . A sharpened q-value of 1 . 00 indicates the null hypothesis is not rejected at any level of FDR . ( 4 ) Outcomes : Gender Equitable Index is a standardized index of 14 gender-progressive statements the respondent agrees with ( index standardized as per method from Kling et al . 2007 ) . Higher scores indicate more gender-equitable attitudes . The education sub-index , women ' s role sub-index , and masculinity norms sub-index are constructed from ( mutually exclusive ) statements in the Gender Equitable Index . 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approach . < sup > 3 < / sup > Their basic idea is that allocative efficiency is maximized when firms within a narrowly defined industry can access resources until their marginal revenue products are equalized . This occurs as more productive firms grow until the decrease in their prices matches their higher total factor productivity . Under the HK framework , large dispersions in marginal revenue products among firms operating within a narrowly defined industry imply misallocation of resources in that industry . Specifically , HK consider an economy where each firm produces according to a standard Cobb-Douglas function ( with sector-specific factor shares ) and outputs can be aggregated through a CES function for each industry . The firmspecific output and capital / labor may be subject to distortions ( or wedges / taxes , in the language of the authors ) . Bringing their framework to the data allows to compute two measures of aggregate productivity : the “ actual ” one where distortions are present and the “ potential ” one where these wedges are eliminated . Comparing these two measures allows to quantify the potential productivity gains by increasing the efficient allocation of resources . This methodology does not > 2 There is a large literature on each of these potential sources of misallocation ; the suggested references rely on data from Southeast Asia , the region at the center of this paper . Interestingly , although not surprisingly , none of the individual channels by itself is able to explain the magnitude of misallocation estimated using the indirect approach discussed later . A given economy may suffer from multiple sources of misallocation at once . > 3 HK measures misallocation without precisely identifying the sources of misallocation . They broadly classified the sources of distortions as capital and output market related distortions . The essence of their findings is that resource misallocation affects productive firms ’ access to sufficient resources ( in terms of capital and labor ) needed for expansion , and this results in lower aggregate productivity . Therefore , reallocation of resources through the elimination of distortions in the markets is productivity enhancing as this allows productive firms to grow larger , and the less productive ones to either contract their operations or exit from", "spans": [{"start": 1358, "end": 1382, "text": "data from Southeast Asia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 < br > S ; < br > © ° < br > 2 < br > as < br > Q - < br > a < br > N < br > 3 < br > Oo < br > 0 50 400 450 < br > School Closure ( days ) < br > Note : author ' s calculation using UNESCO data on school closure for 211 countries . School closure as of June 8th 2020 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > [ oe ] < br > r = ) < br > S < br > © < br > ro ) Ss < br > = < br > as < br > 5 ° < br > a < br > nN < br > 8 < br > oO < br > 0 100 200 300 < br > School Closure ( days ) < br > Peees TEN I PESTSTEI DET TESTS BSI TET < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 250, "text": "UNESCO data on school closure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) The 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census ( KPHC ) delayed the release of certain KNBS staff needed for Program implementation , which , in turn , delayed the program . To compensate , the task team and the KNBS designed an action plan to ensure that it completed the remaining DLRs on time by breaking them down into smaller time-bound tasks required for their completion . The task team and KNBS monitored progress on a bimonthly basis . Toward the end of the program , the COVID-19 pandemic delayed Program activities as in-person meetings could not occur . The action plan , designed to ensure that KNBS closely monitored outstanding DLRs and completed all sub-tasks , averted the need for a Program extension . The task team conducted regular supervision missions to assess progress and coordinate assistance by switching to virtual meetings after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic . ISRs and Aide-Memoires were candid and well-targeted . During Implementation and Support Missions ( ISMs ) , the task team would receive requests for technical assistance and feedback on ongoing assistance . The team coordinated responses to these requests in donor partner meetings during ISMs . * * Quality of Supervision Rating * * Satisfactory * * Overall Bank Performance Rating * * Satisfactory # # * * 9 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization * * # # * * a . M & E Design * * Although the Program Appraisal Document ( PAD ) did not refer explicitly to a Theory of Change ( ToC ) , it did articulate a methodology for achieving the PDOs . The ICR used the information in the PAD and the Results Framework to present a ToC . The ToC called for the generation of “ better ” data through a program of integrated surveys ( of households and enterprises ) . The microdata produced", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 186, "text": "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1848, "end": 1866, "text": "integrated surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 - 56 . Transport Management . The proposed project will provide facilitieR for transport maintenance , including tools , initial spare parts and equipmer . t to be located at the new EHPDA site , plus about three staff-years of specialis ' ; services and five staff-years of fellowships to promote improved management and technical performance . The Government has prepared a plan , satisfactory to the Association , to improve the management and operations of the MOE vehicle fleet . 57 . MOE Planning Service . Assistance to the Planning Service of the MOE will be included under the proposed project for implementation of a computerized data system . A feasibility study for the transition from manual to electronic data processing of raw data on educational statistics has already been carried out with assistance from UNESCO , and a detailed strategy for its implementation has been prepared . The proposed project will finance equipment ( hardware , software , calculators , instructional materials ) , fellowships and in-country training ( about 47 staff-months ) , and the services of a systems analyst for two years . # Cost Estimates and Financing 58 . The total cost of the project is estimated at about US $ 109 . 6 million equivalent , including customs duties and taxes estimated at about US $ 11 . 9 million . The foreign exchange component , including contingencies , is estimated at US $ 55 . 7 million , or 57 percent of the total project cost , net of taxes and duties , of US $ 97 . 7 million . A detailed breakdown of costs is given in the Credit and Project Summary . 59 . The cost estimates are based on mid-1983 prices adjusted to May 1984 , and have been derived from recent contracts awarded under the Fifth Education Project and under other government education projects . Physical contingencies averaging about 9 percent have been applied to the base cost . Price contingencies total about 20 percent of the base cost plus physical contingencies . Price contingencies for local costs have been estimated at 8 percent for 1984 , 9 percent for 1985 , and 10 percent for", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 775, "text": "educational statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Contact of trees with power cables has the potential to cause increased risk of power outages and safety risks for the transmission line . < sup > Theaverage < / sup > tower height is 40 m and the minimum distance of trees and other vegetation < sup > from the power < / sup > line is 15m ( the latter figure is based on Energy < sup > DirectiveNo . < / sup > < sup > * * EEA / 1 / 2005 ) . * * Therefore , taller < / sup > trees need to be removed permanently from the safe < sup > clearance zone . < / sup > However , there are no significant areas of natural < sup > or semi-naturalforest inandaroundthe < / sup > Subproject corridor ( i . e . ROW ) , and no designated < sup > orprotectedareasofterrestrial < / sup > ecological interest will be affected * * by * * the < sup > proposedconstruction activities . < / sup > * * A * * terrestrial vegetation survey done in the course of the field < sup > investigation confirms that no < / sup > locally or regionally endangered species will be affected < sup > asaresultoftheproposedTL < / sup > Subproject and the access road construction . < sup > Thereis nocriticalhabitatthatwillbe < / sup > impacted * * by * * the Subproject . The impact on flora / vegetation during the < sup > constructionandoperationphases < / sup > < sup > * * of * * the < / sup > Subproject is rated as minor and localized but permanent . Necessary Mitigation Measures Therefore , the Contractor shall implement the following mitigation < sup > measures tominimise the < / sup > destruction of vegetation cover along the < sup > TL", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 866, "text": "terrestrial vegetation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to plan and prepare for their departure may have all their documents together and they may move to a location with better economic opportunities and denser social network . Contrast that to households with little time for preparation because their property was damaged or destroyed . They might lose access to the PDS because of missing documents , and at the same time have fewer options to work or informal support network . Families ’ choice of destination itself , therefore , can have important implications in having access to the PDS . A household ’ s ration card is linked to a specific local ration agent . When moving to a new location , the household is required to establish an official residency , and only then can it start the process of transferring the linkage to a new agent in a new location and start receiving the assistance . A household that values the PDS highly may choose a destination where it is easy to establish a residency , and which has uninterrupted supply of rations . To control for both the observed and unobserved geography-specific association with PDS accessibility , we modify equation 1 as follows : where , subscripts i , j , and m index a household i , resident in census block j and district m . The SWIFT survey covered 106 qhadas ( districts ) , which are added as fixed-effects , ηm , to account for qhada-level variation in the availability of ration and other characteristics that influence households ’ welfare and the PDS accessibility . Census blocks ( EA ) served as the primary sampling units for the survey which were selected with a probability proportional to size . The standard errors , hence , are clustered at this level to allow for the correlation among error terms within these blocks . < sup > 10 < / sup > Equation 2 teases out the confounding factors between the PDS and outcomes of interest at the specified geographic level . The non-random assignment of the treatment , however , entails that the heterogeneity in a household ’ s selection into the PDS program within qhadas , if present , will bias the coefficient estimates . We try to overcome such biases by employing the propensity", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1257, "text": "SWIFT survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) _ Rev . 2023 7 . In case of significant find the National Museums of Kenya ( NMK ) should be informed immediately and in writing within 7 days from the find . 8 . The onsite archaeologist provides the NMK with photos , other information as relevant for identification and assessment of the significance of heritage items . 9 . The NMK must investigate the fact within 2 weeks from the date of notification and provide response in writing . 10 . Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities . This could include changes in the layout ( such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archaeological importance ) conservation , preservation , restoration and salvage ; 11 . Construction works could resume only after permission is granted from the responsible authorities . 12 . In case no response received within the 2 weeks ’ period mentioned above , this is considered as authorization to proceed with suspended construction works . One of the main requirements of the procedure is record keeping . All finds must be registered . Photo log , copies of communication with decision making authorities , conclusions and recommendations / guidance , implementation reports - kept . # # # # # * * 5 . Additional information * * # # # # # * * Management options for archaeological site * * - a ) * * Site avoidance . * * If the boundaries of the site have been delineated attempt must be made to redesign the proposed development to avoid the site . ( The fastest and most cost-effective management option ) - b ) * * Mitigation . * * If it is not feasible to avoid the site through redesign , it will be necessary to sample it using data collection program prior to its loss . This could include surface collection and / or excavation . ( The most expensive and time-consuming management option . ) - c ) * * Site Protection . * * It may be possible to protect the site through the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of people remain out of work , even with COVID-19 restrictions being relaxed < sup > 5 < / sup > . Socio-economically depressed districts , such as those hosting refugees are expected to be particularly negatively impacted . The poorest quintiles and vulnerable communities , including refugees , are already showing significant income reductions and increased food insecurity . # # * * 1 . 24 Commercial Banking and Microfinance * * As of April 2018 , Uganda had 26 licensed commercial banks , with about 544 branches and 5 . 5 million accounts . The commercial banks hold about 80 percent of the total assets of the financial system and the National Social Security Fund ( NSSF ) holds the remaining 20 % SACCOs and MFIs are still experiencing weaknesses in regard to their sustainability , due to the low mobilization of savings from the public , over dependence on Government through the Uganda Micro Finance Support Centre , lack of regulation and also the fraudulent activities that are a vice to the people ’ s savings . Combined with the high costs of financial transactions in Uganda , real interest rates charged by the banks are very high . It is quite common for commercial banks to charge interest rates in the range of 19 to 23 percent for investment projects . # # * * 1 . 25 Access to Credit * * Uganda Census of Agricultural survey data shows that at national level , only 11 . 3 percent of total 3 . 9 million agricultural household ’ s accessed credit . Of these , 61 % accessed credit through informal , 29 % semi-informal and 10 % formal financial institutions . Access to agricultural credit by smallholder farmers remain low . This is because of supply factors include weak institutional framework , policy inconsistencies on agricultural financing , high interest rates , and limited financial literacy . And demand side factors such as lack of collateral , lack of bankable projects and high risk of agricultural credit to farmers . Regional data shows that , Western Uganda had the highest proportion of households reporting access to financial institutions at about 16", "spans": [{"start": 1320, "end": 1361, "text": "Uganda Census of Agricultural survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1966, "end": 1979, "text": "Regional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tons in 1985 to 32 . 3 tons in . 987 . It is assumed that this level of loading will be maintained . Based on available data for loaded wagons forwarded and assuming that wagon availability currently at 72Z has been constant over the last few years the wagon turnaround between loads has deteriorated from 20 days in 1985 to 34 days in 1987 . It is assumed that the wagon", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 152, "text": "data for loaded wagons forwarded", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Potential impacts of the US-Vietnam FTA and loss of AGOA preferences on trade , growth and welfare were estimated using a global dynamic computable general equilibrium ( CGE ) model . This modeling framework allows for the incorporation of complex interactions between producers , consumers and the government . It captures productivity differences at the country , sector and factor levels , shifts in demand as income rises , as well changes in comparative advantage and trade flows following trade liberalization . The analysis includes 17 sectors and 35 trading partners ( see Table 2 ) and simulates the impacts of policy changes up to 2030 , including reductions in tariffs , NTMs , and regulatory barriers in trade in services . For this analysis the 2010 social accounting matrix ( SAM ) for Lesotho has been updated to 2011 and incorporated into the Global Trade Analysis Project ( GTAP ) database < sup > 7 < / sup > version 9 . 2 , benchmarked to 2011 . < sup > 8 < / sup > The key macroeconomic variables and trade flows were then updated to the most recent data available for Lesotho ( primarily form 2015 ) . * * Table 2 : Sectors and countries / regions included in the global CGE model . * * | * * Sectors * * | * * Countries / Regions * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Agriculture * * | Australia | | * * Natural resources / mining * * | Brunei Darussalam | | * * Food , beverages , tobacco * * | Canada | | * * Textiles * * | Chile | | * * Wearing apparel and leather * * | Japan | | * * Chemical , rubber , plasticproducts * * | Malaysia | | * * Metals * * | Mexico | | * * Transport equipment * * | New Zealand | | * * Electronic equipment * * | Peru | | * * Machinery and equipment * * | Singapore | | * * Other manufacturing * * | United States | | * * Utilities * * | Vietnam | | * * Construction * * | Brazil | |", "spans": [{"start": 758, "end": 787, "text": "2010 social accounting matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 859, "end": 906, "text": "Global Trade Analysis Project ( GTAP ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Box 2 : Examples of how organizations and structures involved in community responses have been categorized * * The DFID ‐ funded program Strengthening the HIV / AIDS Response in Zambia , which has supported civil society participation in the national response , categorizes organizations as ( 1 ) grassroots and community organizations ; ( 2 ) national and international non ‐ governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , faith ‐ based organizations ( FBOs ) , and other more formalized civil society structures ; ( 3 ) civil society networks , umbrella bodies , and associations ; and ( 4 ) civil society platforms and forums . Around 75 percent of civil society organizations fall into the first two categories ; over 22 percent have a religious affiliation ( Collins , Simwanza and Mumbi 2009 ) . An analysis of the National HIV / AIDS Database in South Africa found that 162 of the 1 , 582 entries identified themselves as FBOs , which were categorised as ( 1 ) networks or coalitions ( associations of churches or FBOs that facilitate coordination and communication among members ) ; ( 2 ) national or provincial structures ( for example , dioceses ) ; ( 3 ) social services agencies ( welfare and charitable wings ) ; ( 4 ) faith ‐ based NGOs ( NGOs with a religious orientation ) ; ( 5 ) congregations ; and ( 6 ) projects ( initiatives such as children ’ s homes ) ( Birdsall 2005 ) . A large number of different typologies and nomenclature have been used in the literature to describe _types_ of civil society organizations and initiatives . The _type_ of entity often informs the basis for research and evaluation processes – and has resulted in a varied body of information that makes cross ‐ analysis and comparison difficult . Differing classifications of type thus remains a challenge to any systematic analysis of community response which seeks to be inclusive of both formal organizational response ( such as that by non ‐ governmental organizations who are named in national databases ) , as well as informal community _initiatives_ which might not have any organizational ( or physical ) structure and be significantly more fluid in nature . A first useful distinction", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 846, "text": "National HIV / AIDS Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1982, "end": 2000, "text": "national databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to incentivize firms to provide training to their employees ( 67 percent of economies ) , followed by subsidies ( 53 . 4 percent ) , and cost reimbursement ( 46 . 6 percent ) . # * * 3 . 2 . Patterns of UB and ALMP across income groups and regions * * Among the 91 economies with UB schemes , only 8 percent , all of which are HIC , require unemployed persons to meet all six criteria , and 5 percent require just one criterion . The most commonly used number of eligibility conditions is four , followed by three , five , and two ( 30 , 22 , 19 , and 16 percent , respectively ) . According to the Jaccard index of similarity , < sup > 9 < / sup > periodic reporting on active job search and participating in training offered by PES are most likely to be used together ( with a Jaccard similarity index of 81 percent ) , followed by registration with PES and periodic reporting on active job search ( 68 percent ) , and registration with PES and participation in training offered by PES being used together ( 61 percent ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Regarding the six services provided by PES reported in Table 1 , training , vacancy database , and job placement are the most commonly used services . Among the 156 economies that have PES , 29 percent offer all six services , 27 percent offer five services , and about an equal percentage of countries , at about 13 percent , offer 4 , 3 , and 2 employment services . Only 0 . 4 percent of economies offer just one employment service . The highest percentage of countries offering all six services are from HIC , at 42 percent of HIC , compared to 26 , 22 , and 13 percent of UMIC , lower-middle-income countries ( LMIC ) , and low-income countries ( LIC ) , respectively . Interestingly , the largest share of economies offering five services are from LMIC ( at 31 percent of LMIC ) followed by HIC ( 27 percent ) and UMIC ( 26 percent ) , and the majority of countries with", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is shown below : where _DF_ is the design effect , _c_ is the size of the cluster and ρ the ICC . In the case of interviewer effects , _c_ is the number of respondents per interviewer . To correct for clustering of responses and the consequent increase in variance , the design effect is multiplied by the sample size requirement obtained through simple random sampling . In their seminal work on interviewer design effects , O ’ Muircheartaigh and Campanelli ( 1998 ) used an interpenetrated design , randomly assigning interviewers to respondents in a household survey in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . They calculated interviewer ICCs for 820 variables and found median interviewer design effects of 1 . 8 with a maximum of 5 , implying an 80 percent and 400 percent increase in the sample size required to maintain the same variance . Brunton-Smith et al . ( 2016 ) found evidence of interviewer design effects in UK Household Longitudinal Survey data ranging between 2 . 5 and 3 . 3 . Schnell and Kreuter ( 2005 ) analyzed face-to-face and mail-in 3", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 570, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 915, "end": 952, "text": "UK Household Longitudinal Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to be adopted ( as appropriate ) to reach out to these groups under PRIME-1 Project will include : - ( a ) Making Project-related documentation accessible for people with sensory disabilities , for instance , through engaging a sign language interpreter at a consultation meeting , as appropriate . - ( b ) In cases where stakeholder ’ s literacy levels are low such as Project-affected HUCs in pastoral areas , additional formats like location sketches , physical models , and video presentations may be useful to communicate relevant Project information . EEP & EEU shall help the Project-affected communities with low literacy level to understand technical documents , for instance , through the publication of simplified summaries ( integrated Project information document ) , and nontechnical background explanations , or access . - ( c ) Identify leaders of vulnerable and marginalized groups to reach-out to these groups . - ( d ) Through the existing associations , maintain a database of marginalized groups , e . g . , Federation of Disabled Persons in particular Project locations . The SA developed for PRIME-1 will also support in availing database and local information on vulnerable groups and HUCs and their representative organizations . - ( e ) Engage community leaders , CSOs and NGOs working with vulnerable groups and HUCs . - ( f ) Organize face-to-face focus group discussions with these populations . - ( g ) Women focused groups ( at site specific level ) : The Project and sub-Project will facilitate formation of a focus group for women , which will be led by a female facilitator , and will provide a platform to discuss any issues and concerns that the women may have regarding the Project development . This will particularly ensure that female Project workers have the opportunities to participate in and benefit from the Project . The Project and sub-Project teams will put maximum efforts to address the genuine concerns of the women group . * * 21 * *", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 1016, "text": "database of marginalized groups", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 9 Awareness , Attitude and Perception of Respondents about TL * * The household survey also included knowledge and information about the project and attitude towards the project impact both beneficial and adverse . The primary objective of this survey was to find out the extent to which households within the project influence area are aware about the proposed project . Because , this is what determines both their level of awareness about and attitude towards the project . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 9 . 1 Knowledge and Information about the Project * * The household survey results concerning their awareness about the TL project indicated that 40 % of the respondents had heard of the TL project , whereas the majority 60 % of them had no information about the project . The two main sources of information for those households heard about the project were the previous study ( 52 . 8 % ) ( i . e . from EEP Team during the site selection and Feasibility Study phase ) and friend / relative ( 44 . 4 % ) . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 9 . 2 Expected Positive Impact * * The overwhelming majority ( 90 % ) of the surveyed households reported that they would expect positive impacts from the implementation of the proposed transmission line project , while the rest ( 10 % ) of the households will not expect benefits from the implementation of the project . Among the anticipated benefits expressed by the respondents , access to electricity service is reported by 98 . 8 % of the respondents , followed by expansion of services ( 53 . 1 % ) , solving the existing power shortage ( 48 . 1 % ) , and job opportunity ( 39 . 5 % ) . Across project woredas all the survey households in Bulchana and Haw", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 309, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 25 . 00 | | IN01171047 < br > ► Proportion of Village Health Teams in at least twenty < br > homebased care , and other essential health services ( P | ( 20 ) COVID-19 hotspot district < br > ercentage , Custom ) | s equipped to provide COV | ID-19 prevention , | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 60 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Aug-2021 | 10-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | | IN01171049 < br > ► Units of whole blood issued to health facilities nationa | lly in a year ( Number , Custom | ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 253 , 000 . 00 | 25 , 300 . 00 | 504 , 356 . 00 | 260 , 693 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Aug-2021 | 10-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * < br > The reported data fo < br > ( Arua , F / Portal , Gulu < br > however , the MoH-P < br > support . < br > IN01171051 < br > ► Percentage of facilities that had over 95 % availability | r this indicator is from the natio < br > , Mbale , Masaka , Mbarara , Na < br > IU is working with the Uganda < br > of a basket of 41 commodities | nal database and covers a < br > kasero and UBTS", "spans": [{"start": 1217, "end": 1229, "text": "nal database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 11 - # _Table 4 Regression Results for Transition Rate , 1992_ # Dependent Variable = Transition rate , 1992 | | _Primary_ | _Junior Secondary_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Right hand_ < br > _side variables_ | _to_ < br > _Secondary_ | _to_ < br > _Senior Secondary_ | | constant | - 86 . 4 * | - 0 . 17 | | | ( - 9 . 23 ) | ( - 0 . 77 ) | | log Income per capita | 12 . 91 * < br > ( 2 . 02 ) | - 0 . 571 * < br > ( - 2 . 49 ) | | log Expenditure per pupil | 10 . 33 * < br > ( 3 . 05 ) | - 0 . 077 < br > ( - 0 . 56 ) | | log Agricultural income | 1 . 69 < br > ( 0 . 95 ) | - 0 . 106 < br > ( - 1 . 74 ) | | Deviation of Grade 6 Achievement Score | 0 . 112 * | - NA - | | From National Mean | ( 2 . 55 ) | | | N | 29 | 29 | | Adj . R | 0 . 655 | 0 . 305 | # Note : The T-statistics are in parenthesis . ( * ) Significant at 5 % level . * * ( b ) * * External * * Efficiency . * * Ascertaining a closer match between the education system ' s future output and the demand for educated labor requires rate of return analysis . Such analysis also assesses whether educational investment had any impact on household welfare , and where should resources be allocated in the sector so as to make it more externally efficient ? A summary of economic rates of return to three levels of education , based on \" elaborate \" or \" complete \" method with the data from 1993 Labor Survey by the Ministry of Labor , is presented in Table 5 . Both the private and social returns to each level of education were high in", "spans": [{"start": 1362, "end": 1379, "text": "1993 Labor Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO ETHIOPIA FOR A PETROLEUM EXPLORATION PROMOTION AND GEOTHERMAL RECONNAISSANCE PROJECT # 1 . I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to Ethiopia for the equivalent of SDR 6 . 5 million ( US $ 7 . 0 million equivalent ) on standard IDA terms to help finance a petroleum exploration promotion and geothermal reconnaissance project . The United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) will also assist the project with a grant of about US $ 1 . 3 million equivalent . PART I - THE ECONOMY 2 . The last economic report on Ethiopia ( No . 35526-ET , Economic Memorandum on Ethiopia ) was circulated to the Executive Directors on December 15 , 1981 . Since then , a Bank economic mission visited Ethiopia in March 1983 , and its findings are reflected in the following paragraphs . A summary of social and economic data is included in Annex I . # Government Structure and Objectives 3 . Since the revolution in 1974 , Ethiopia has been ruled by a Military Administrative Council . A Central Planning Supreme Council , chaired by the Head of State , and on which government ministers , peasant associations , urban dwellers and trade unions are represented , is responsible for the preparation , approval , and oversight of economic plans and policies . In parallel with this body , a Council of Ministers is responsible for implementation . The Government ' s general objectives emphasize raising the living standard of all Ethiopians , especially the poor , through central planning and control of the major industries , the financial system and foreign trade , and increasing production . Emphasis is being given to the provision of free and more widespread education , improved health services and greater employment opportunities . # Economic and Social Reforms 4 . Since 1974 , a number of specific reforms have been introduced in line with the goals set out above . Of most direct importance to the majority of Ethiopians was the 1975", "spans": [{"start": 958, "end": 982, "text": "social and economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Dropped | 0 . 051 < br > ( 0 . 278 ) | | 0 . 452 < br > ( 4 . 873 ) | * | | Constant | 1 . 2715 < br > ( 3 . 831 ) | * | 0 . 709 < br > ( 0 . 812 ) | - 0 . 561 < br > ( - 2 . 049 ) | * | - 1 . 543 < br > ( - 7 . 349 ) | * | Source : Authors ' estimates based on ENIGH 1996 survey . * Significant at the 5 % level T-stat in parenthesis . 19", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 279, "text": "ENIGH 1996 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10607 # * * Abstract * * Violent conflict between nomadic herders and settled — mostly agricultural — communities in Nigeria occurs as both groups clash over the use of land and resources , in part , due to a changing climate . This paper uses panel data from 2010 through 2019 to study the labor responses of individuals to exposure to herder-related violence during the post-planting and post-harvest seasons . Specifically , it considers a “ shadow of violence ” channel , where recent exposure to a violent event alters labor-related responses to a subsequent event . Results find that in the post-planting season , exposure to a herder-related violent event leads to an increase in informal work for both men and women , a decrease in agricultural work for men , and an increase in total hours worked for women among households that have previously been exposed to herder-related violence in the preceding six months . The paper also considers two other specific forms for a “ shadow of violence ” channel — namely , raised tensions over open-grazing bans enacted in 2016 and 2017 within three states and a drastic peak in violence in the first half of 2018 — and find similar results . Lastly , findings show how household exposure to violence can have so-called knock-on effects . Households exposed to herder-related violence in the previous post-planting season shift consumption and crop selling patterns in the post-harvest season . These findings highlight the gender-specific labor response to violence and document the role of the informal sector as a partial safety net for individuals in the presence of adverse shocks . This paper is a product of the Global Indicators Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at dfrancis @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 284, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Looking first at the graphical results , direct taxes appear progressive in each country as average tax rates increase at higher income deciles , though to differing degrees . < sup > 23 < / sup > That said , Honduras appears arguably only slightly progressive as even the top deciles pay very little tax . More generally , the graphs highlight clearly two points about the PIT in many developing countries : the PIT is paid predominantly by high income households , and the overall levels of taxation are low . For example , in Uganda , only the top three income deciles pay any significant amount of tax . The overall low levels of taxation are evident when compared to the United States , where average tax rates are significantly higher right across the income distribution , and even lower decile household pay significant levels of tax . While the graphs provide a broad indication that direct taxes in these countries are progressive , the Kakwani index enables the degree of progressivity in each country to be assessed and compared . Among the IDA countries , Tanzania and Uganda are shown to have the highest degrees of progressivity , driven by the substantially higher tax burdens on the top decile and minimal tax burdens elsewhere . The lowest degree of progressivity amongst IDA countries is in Honduras where the top six deciles pay very low levels of tax , and the bottom four deciles pay virtually no tax . Interestingly , though , the degree of progressivity in Honduras is still slightly higher than in the United States . The Reynolds-Smolensky index results provide further insight . While direct taxes in the United States exhibit less progressivity than in the IDA countries , they achieve significantly more redistribution . The reason for this is shown clearly by the average tax rate in the United States which is vastly greater than in any IDA country . In contrast , Uganda , which has the second most progressive tax system , achieves the lowest degree of redistribution because the average tax rate is extremely low . More generally , the decomposition of the redistributive effect into its progressivity and average tax rate components shows that a highly progressive system on its own is not", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ET-CSA-156235-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Trade in Service Survey - < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues ofquestionnaire development , IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 308 , 674 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > testing , sample design , < br > methodological soundness < br > and estimation procedures < br > for Trade in service < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method ApproachMarket Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Amount ( US $ ) Actual Process Status Terms of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > The Uganda Reproductive , Maternal and Child Health Services Improvement Project Financial Statements for 12 Months Ended 30 June 2020 < / mark > * * # # # * * 3 . 1 Effect of COVID-19 on Project Implementation * * On March 18 , 2020 , the Government of Uganda declared a nationwide lockdown in an effort to control the spread of COVID-19 by restricting movement of persons and outlawing public meetings . The lockdown is now being lifted in a phased process . At a project level , due to the restriction in movement , several activities especially those implemented from the Ministry of Health headquarters and thereby requiring travel upcountry and meetings were put on hold . Similarly , following the guidance of the Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Authority ( PPDA ) all procurements that had been advertised by 18 March 2019 were to have their submission timeliness differed until a time when the lockdown is lifted . This has directly affected procurements . For example , the Ministry had on March 09 , 2020 advertised for civil works to construct 81 maternity units and the date for returning bids was April 24 , 2020 and this was differed . There are several other such examples . Similarly , there were other procurements requests that were due for advertising for example the procurement of medical equipment under the Project which were delayed . In essence , the pace of project implementation was halted but suffices to say that following the gradual lifting of the COVID-19 lockdown , the pace of implementation has picked in earnest . From a review of data taking the results-based financing program as an example , there are clear patterns of a decline in the performance of several RMNCAH indicators especially when data for the last 6 months up to and including April 2020 is analyzed . Selected indicators were analyzed from 79 districts under Phase I and Phase II covering the period October 2019 to April 2020 and it shows a negative trend in utilization of services targeting pregnant women . The most affected services were early attendance", "spans": [{"start": 1731, "end": 1748, "text": "RMNCAH indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1765, "end": 1791, "text": "data for the last 6 months", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption . The National Urban Employment Survey ( _Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano_ , ENEU ) is also a microleveled data set collected by INEGI . It contains quarterly wage and employment data of the last twelve years ( 1987-1999 ) . Currently , the data is representative of the 41 largest urban areas in Mexico . It covers 61 percent of the urban population ( 2500 inhabitants or more ) and 92 percent of the metropolitan population ( 100 , 000 or more inhabitants ) . The data is from household surveys , which fully describe family composition , human-capital acquisition and experience in the labor market . The variables contain information about social household characteristics , activity condition , position in occupation , unemployment , main occupation , hours-worked , earnings , benefits , secondary occupation , and job search . The sampling design was stratified into several stages ( where the final selection unit is the household ) with proportional probability to size . This statistical construction allows us to compare different years . # * * 4 . TEACHER ’ S PROFILE WITH RESPECT TO OTHER OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS — A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS * * # * * _Definitions_ * * “ Teacher ” refers to all individuals whose main occupation is public or private instruction . A combination of descriptive statistics is used to examine the income structure and professional profile of basic school teachers with respect to other occupational groups . In this paper , teachers were divided by the level they taught by urban-rural location , and by public-private school status . Following other authors , several occupational groups were chosen in order to provide a yardstick for comparing teachers ’ salary structure and professional profile . From the ENIGH survey , occupational groups included people employed in agriculture , fishing and forestry ( _the agricultural_ group ) , and people employed in low-skilled activities such as street vendors and servants ( _the low-skilled_ group ) . The _mixed-skilled_ group includes professionals ; technicians ; artists , and sportsmen ; managers and directors in the public as well as in the private sector ; managers and workers in the > 5 Federal , State plus Autonomous schools teachers . 6", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 50, "text": "National Urban Employment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 494, "end": 511, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1763, "end": 1775, "text": "ENIGH survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "VASyR ) . The food consumption score identified during the VASyR was closely related to the types of food regularly consumed . Among the households with an acceptable food consumption score , around 40 % consumed animal protein almost on a daily basis , while 94 % of households with a poor score did not consume animal protein at all . A similar difference was noted for the consumption of pulses and dairy . Oil / fat consumption , however , did not significantly change . The VASyR pointed out that although most households surveyed showed acceptable food consumption and diet diversity , the food groups most consumed were bread , condiments and sugar , which are characterised by their low nutrient value . More than 60 % of the households did not consume any vitamin A-rich vegetables or fruit during the week prior to the survey , and nearly 40 % of households did not consume iron-rich food groups such as meat or fish . The main source of vitamin A is milk , followed by eggs . The VASyR report noted that this food consumption pattern implies a risk of micronutrient deficiencies , especially for iron deficiency anaemia . This risk applies in particular to children and pregnant women , for whom it is recommended to have a daily intake of vitamin-A rich fruit , vegetables , and meat or fish . The food consumption pattern was significantly different among strata . The longer the households were registered the more diverse their food pattern . The main differences were found in meat and milk consumption ( sources of iron and vitamin A-rich food groups ) . Differences were also found in the consumption of cereal tubers , pulses , vitamin-A rich fruit , sugar , fats and condiments . Through monthly monitoring , WFP found that the food security situation of Syrian refugees receiving food assistance remained fairly stable over the last months , with 76 % of refugees having acceptable food consumption scores , and an acceptable average daily diet diversity ( _Syrian Refugee Response : Lebanon InterAgency Update_ , UNHCR , February 2014 ) . However , the", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 5, "text": "VASyR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 59, "end": 64, "text": "VASyR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "there are inconsistencies in the reference period for food insecurity questions in the pre-outbreak data . < sup > 6 < / sup > In Ethiopia and Malawi , the reference period in the pre-outbreak data is the last seven days while in the post-outbreak period it is 30 days . In Nigeria , the reference period is consistent ( 30 days ) both pre - and post-outbreak . Finally , in Malawi , only six of the eight questions were included in the pre-outbreak survey . > 6Online Appendix A includes a the exact wording of each question ( including reference periods ) in each country both before and after the pandemic began . 9", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 104, "text": "pre-outbreak data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * _ ( v ) _ A * * comprehensive procurement training program would be organized for staff that would be involved in the procurement decision making process including key staff from the beneficiary institutions and tender committee members . # # # # # * * Procurement Plan * * The Recipient , at appraisal , developed a procurement plan for project implementation which provides the basis for the procurement methods . This plan was agreed at negotiations and i s available from M E . It will also be available in the project ’ s database and in the Bank ’ s external website . The Procurement Plan will be updated in agreement with the Project Team annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvements in institutional capacity . # # # # # * * Frequency of Procurement Supervision * * In addition to the prior review supervision to be carried out from Bank offices , the capacity assessment o f the Implementing Agency has recommended annual supervision missions to carry out post review o f procurement actions . 56", "spans": [{"start": 521, "end": 541, "text": "project ’ s database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Rolstad , S . , Adler , J . , & Rydén , A . ( 2011 ) . “ Response burden and questionnaire length : is shorter better ? A review and meta-analysis . ” < / mark > _ < mark > Value in Health < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 14 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 8 ) , 1101-1108 . < / mark > - < mark > Silberstein , Adriana ( 1990 ) . “ First wave effects in the U . S . Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey . ” < / mark > _ < mark > Survey Methodology < / mark > _ < mark > 16 : 293-304 . < / mark > - Silberstein , A . R . , and C . A . Jacob . ( 1989 ) . “ Symptoms of Repeated Interview Effects in the Consumer Expenditure Survey . ” In Panel Surveys , ed . D . Kasprzyk , G . Duncan , G . Kalton , and M . P . < mark > Singh , < / mark > 289 – 303 . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . - < mark > Smith , L . C . , Dupriez , O . , & Troubat , N . ( 2014 ) . “ Assessment of the reliability and relevance of the food data collected in national household consumption and expenditure surveys . ” < / mark > _ < mark > International Household Survey Network < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > - < mark > Smith , L . C . ( 2015 ) . “ The great Indian calorie debate : Explaining rising undernourishment during India ’ s rapid economic growth . ” < / mark > _ < mark > Food Policy < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 50 < / mark > _ < mark > , 53-67 . < / mark > - < mark > Sudman , S . , Bradburn , N . M . , Schwarz , N . , & Gullickson , T .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", together with a follow-up attack outside the Al-Thawra hospital gates , was reported to have resulted in 55 civilian fatalities and 170 civilian injuries . Since the ceasefire entered into force , airstrikes are reported to have hit 5 fishing boats , killing 9 fishermen and injuring 6 . On the whole , the introduction of the cease � re resulted in a decrease in incidents impacting on civilian infrastructure in Al-Hudaydah . In the 12 months prior to the cease � re , 139 incidents impacted on civilian infrastructure , while in the 12 months after , this almost halved , dropping to 73 . The most frequently impacted types of infrastructure are shown in the chart below by number of incidents . The 2 infrastructure types to have seen an increase in the past 12 months were education and food , explained in case study 1 , to the left . 50 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 ■ 12 MONTHS PRIOR ■ 12 MONTHS AFTER < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > AidEducation FoodGovernment HealthProtected SiteTransport Water < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The Civilian Impact Monitoring Project is a service under the United Nations Protection Cluster for the collection , analysis and dissemination of open source data on the civilian impact from armed violence in Yemen , to inform and complement protection programming . For further information , please visit www . civilianimpactmonitoring . org . * * < mark > 3 < / mark > * *", "spans": [{"start": 1219, "end": 1235, "text": "open source data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Inclusive Growth and Fiscal DPO ( P168204 ) KES 28 billion per year ( 0 . 3 percent of GDP ) . Prior to the implementation of this PA , while the CAK had the ability to investigate collusive behavior in public procurement and to impose sanctions on bid riggers , it did not have the mandate to obtain bidding documents which were held by the PPRA . Moreover , the PPRA did not have sufficient capacity to investigate or impose sanctions on bid riggers . Through PA13 ( i ) , the standard tender documents were amended to better capture information to detect bid rigging , and to increase the fines on bid riggers through amendments to the Competition Subsidiary Rules . The PA effectively supported the implementation of Executive Order No . 2 which was passed in 2018 . This was expected to deter bid rigging in the public procurement of goods and services . - * * PA13 ( ii ) * * aimed to improve the accuracy of Kenya ' s electronic debt registry by verifying and reconciling external debt records by transitioning from the manual recording of external debt to an electronic system . The electronic debt registry system allowed the National Treasury to be notified of upcoming payment , debt amortizations , and principals due to specific countries , which is a more reliable system to the paper-based system . - * * PA14 * * ( DPO2 ) followed on the reforms implemented under * * PA13 ( i ) * * ( first DPO series ) by seeking to reduce collusive bidding on government contracts by publishing tender documents on an online portal , and to impose penalties for collusive behavior . - * * PA14 ( i ) * * led to the online publishing of tender documents , along with the details of the companies that were awarded the tenders and the names of the directors of the companies . - * * PA14 ( ii * * ) allowed the approval", "spans": [{"start": 1018, "end": 1042, "text": "electronic debt registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1072, "end": 1093, "text": "external debt records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10510 # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes the effects of power outages and constraints on manufacturing firms ’ revenue-based total factor productivity in developing countries . The empirical analysis is based on the World Bank Enterprise Surveys dataset for 84 countries over 2006 – 2019 . The paper starts by showing statistically that firms facing power outages differ and operate in very different environments compared to firms not facing power outages , underlining a potential nonrandom issue of the treatment variable . The matching-based approach ( entropy balancing ) is designed to contain this type of bias . It shows that power outages negatively and significantly affect firm-level revenue-based total factor productivity , with a 9 percent lower unconditional average productivity for exposed firms compared to nonexposed firms . Moreover , the estimates suggest a connection between the severity of self-reported power constraints or obstacles by firms and the magnitude of revenue-based total factor productivity loss . The results also indicate that the effect of power outages on firm-level revenue-based total factor productivity could be influenced by the stage of economic development ( low-income countries , lower-middle-income countries , upper-middle-income countries ) , and the ability of firms to engage in research and development and purchase backup generators . These findings suggest that to ensure economic development , the government should provide a stable power supply that can mitigate the negative shocks faced by manufacturing firms and enhance their productivity and competitiveness , allowing them to drive economic growth . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at aly6 @ worldbank . org or aapeti @ ifc . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 287, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 INTRODUCTION * * # # * * 1 . 1 Background * * A World Bank digital economy diagnostic study , conducted in 2019 < sup > 1 < / sup > , revealed gaps in digital infrastructure and access to broadband , especially in rural areas , gaps and a lack of integration in government infrastructure for digital service delivery , and in its platforms and practices . While there are pockets of excellence , nevertheless the study also found wide disparities in digital skills and barriers to scaling up digitally enabled firms and employment opportunities . Sustaining Kenya ’ s digital leadership will require significant private and public investments and forward looking policies to close the broadband connectivity divide . It will also require focused efforts to improve accessibility , uptake and user experience for e-government services . Likewise , the growing privacy and security risks of the digital era will need to be mitigated to boost trust and uptake of digital transactions and services . Key challenges to be tackled are : 1 . Need to expand access to broadband ; - a . Broadband network coverage remains insufficient , particularly in rural and underserved areas where over 70 percent of the population resides ; - b . Last mile connectivity remains low , hindering delivery of key public services such as education , health , and judicial services ; and - c . Limited government support to reduce the costs of broadband infrastructure deployment and operations in rural areas is limiting further private sector investment . 2 . Need to enhance government institutions and infrastructure for improved service delivery ; - a . A lack of secure and seamless connectivity within the Government Common Core Network ( GCCN ) is affecting efficient digitization of government operations ; - b . Capacity gaps in government communication infrastructure are holding back gains in productivity and threaten continuity of operations ; and - c . Government digitization and e-services expansion have created a need for better data protection and an opportunity to harness data-driven insights to enhance public service quality ; and 3 . Need to boost digital capabilities to fuel the digital economy and creative industries ; -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requests for Reimbursement and for reporting expenditures paid from the Designated_ * * < sup > * * _Account : _ * * < / sup > - Records evidencing eligible expenditures ( e . g . , copies of receipts , supplier invoices ) for payments against contracts requiring the Bank ' s prior review as well as all contracts exceeding * * USD 500 , 000 * * for goods and works ; * * USD * * 200 , 000 for consulting firms and * * USD 100 , 000 * * for individual consultants . - List of payments against contracts that are subject to the Association ' s prior review , in the form attached ( Attachment * * _5 ) . _ * * - Statement of Expenditure in the form attached ( Attachment 4 ) for all expenditures . - * * _For requests for Direct Payment : _ * * records evidencing eligible expenditures , e . g . , copies of receipts , supplier invoices . - * * _For requests for Special Commitment Issuance : _ * * Letter of Credit and Pro-Forma Invoice", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 169, "text": "Records evidencing eligible expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 785, "text": "records evidencing eligible expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) | | Against DLR 9 . 2 : US $ 1 million for each core micro-data set made availablevia an online portalto users in < br > adherence with the access protocols for up to a total of US $ 8 million . < br > Against DLR 9 . 3 : An additional US $ 400 , 000 for every core micro-data set made available with indicators for < br > gender , disability and residency status , for up to 5 micro data sets and in the limit of US $ 2 million . | | - - - | - - - | | Description | The DLI supports the operationalization of an interactive statistical interface by DOS to allow users to query < br > key statistical indicators ( such as unemployment , labor force participation , and so on ) . This can be done < br > according to user-defined cross tabulations , including gender , age , education-level , nationality and < br > governorate . The DLI also supports the integration of administrative data on the platform from key line < br > ministries to allow for a ‘ one-stop shop ’ , with incentives for each additional line Ministry that is integrated . < br > It consists of one prior result and three DLRs : < br > DLR 9 . 0 : COM submits the draft National Statistics Law to Parliament with selected provisions on the role of < br > the department of statistics in accessing and validating administrative data as well as on public access to < br > micro-data ( prior result ) < br > DLR 9 . 1 . DOS launches and publishes a statistical interface with key DOS and administrative indicators < br > DLR 9 . 2 & 3 . Access to selected anonymized micro-data for selected policy analysis and researchers , in line < br > with the statistical law andgovernmentpolicy | |", "spans": [{"start": 966, "end": 985, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Hillson , R . , Alejandre , J . D . , Jacobsen , K . H . , Ansumana , R . , Bockarie , A . S . , Bangura , U . , Lamin , J . M . , Malanoski , A . P . , and Stenger , D . A . ( 2014 ) . Methods for determining the uncertainty of population estimates derived from satellite imagery and limited survey data : a case study of bo city , sierra leone . _PloS one_ , 9 ( 11 ) : e112241 . - Horvitz , D . G . and Thompson , D . J . ( 1952 ) . A generalization of sampling without replacement from a finite universe . _Journal of the American statistical Association_ , 47 ( 260 ) : 663 – 685 . - Jean , N . , Burke , M . , Xie , M . , Davis , W . M . , Lobell , D . B . , and Ermon , S . ( 2016 ) . Combining satellite imagery and machine learning to predict poverty . _Science_ , 353 ( 6301 ) : 790 – 794 . - Li , G . and Weng , Q . ( 2005 ) . Using landsat etm + imagery to measure population density in indianapolis , indiana , usa . _Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing_ , 71 ( 8 ) : 947 – 958 . - McBride , L . and Nichols , A . ( 2016 ) . Retooling poverty targeting using out-of-sample validation and machine learning . _The World Bank Economic Review_ . - Mullainathan , S . and Spiess , J . ( 2017 ) . Machine learning : an applied econometric approach . _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , 31 ( 2 ) : 87 – 106 . - Oakridge National Laboratory ( 2018 ) . Documentation page of the landscan . Retrieved from https : / / landscan . ornl . gov / documentation on August 3rd 2018 . - Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center ( 2018 ) . Gridded Population of the World ( GPW ) . Retrieved from http : / / sedac . ciesin . columbia . edu / data / collection /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 1 : Real Commodity Price Indices * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Index , constant terms , 2010 = 100 < br > 160 < br > Agriculture < br > 120 < br > 80 < br > Metals < br > 40 < br > Energy < br > ‐ < br > 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 < br > Source : World Bank < br > Note : Prices have been deflated by the Manufacture Unit Value index . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * Figure 2 : Nominal Commodity Price Indices * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Index , nominal terms , 2010 = 100 < br > 180 < br > Energy < br > 140 < br > 100 < br > Metals < br > 60 Agriculture < br > 20 < br > Jan ‐ 00 Jul ‐ 01 Jan ‐ 03 Jul ‐ 04 Jan ‐ 06 Jul ‐ 07 Jan ‐ 09 Jul ‐ 10 Jan ‐ 12 Jul ‐ 13 Jan ‐ 15 < br > Source : World Bank < br > Note : Last observation is December 2015 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _14_", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 389, "text": "Manufacture Unit Value index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 15 Page 1 of 9 # # ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FIRST PHASE INVESTMENTS # # BACKGROUND The major part of the civil works component of KUTIP can be classified into four types : - ( a ) routine maintenance comprising carriageway repair , drain cleaning etc . ; - ( b ) periodic maintenance comprising surface treatments or thin overlays on sealed roads and regravelling of unsealed roads ; - ( c ) rehabilitation of badly deteriorated pavements by means of structural overlays or addition of granular base with surface treatment or asphalt wearing course ; - ( d ) improvement of existing gravel or earth pavements to sealed standards ; - ( e ) capacity improvement by means of dualling and / or redesign ofjunctions . Operations ( a ) through ( c ) will take place in all 26 project towns , ( d ) in most smaller towns and , ( e ) mainly in Nairobi and Mombasa . The civil works , apart from routine maintenance , will be executed by contracts awarded in two tranches . Design for most of the first tranche works , spanning project years I - 3 , has been completed by local consultants who also supplied the data needed to make rudimentary economic evaluations of the works in ( b ) through ( e ) above . The analyses of periodic maintenance , rehabilitation and improvement works used a simplified model derived from HDM-I and compared 20 year costs with the project and subsequent periodic maintenance against a minimum maintenance scenario , with road user savings being the main quantified benefit . By including future maintenance , the analyses incorporate the future benefits from the institutionalization of adequate capacity and funding for road maintenance and not just the immediate benefits from project funded civil works . Separate analyses were made for the capacity improvements where increased travel speed was the main quantified benefit . # # # PERIOD MAINTENANCE , REHABILITATION AND CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT # # ROAD DATABASE Data on the existing road conditions was collected as part of the design process and included : road length and width existing surface type pavement strength expressed as modified structural", "spans": [{"start": 1926, "end": 1939, "text": "ROAD DATABASE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 69 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 7 | | Price of an inter-Africa call per mi | nute | US $ | | 0 . 42 | 1 . 16 | 0 . 94 | 1 . 06 | 0 . 99 | _Source : _ Adapted from Minges and others 2009 using data from the Central Bureau of Statistics , Sudatel , Zain , and World Bank ICT At-aGlance . _Source : _ Data for landline subscribers is for 2005 taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics , South Sudan ; Mobile phone subscriptions based on World Bank staff estimates for 2011 ; _Note : _ Landline and mobile subscriber data are based on information from Sudan ; the others are based on Sudan aggregates . These are representative of Sudan because until recently South Sudan did not have access to adequate ICT services . Most of the ICT connectivity existed only in Sudan . Analysis of 2006 data for all parts of Sudan suggests that almost 98 percent of the population could access mobile telephony on a commercially viable basis ( figure 26 ) . This result is based on the assumption that 4 percent of local income in each area could be captured as revenue for voice telephony > 7 Global system for mobile communications . > < sup > 35 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 224, "text": "data from the Central Bureau of Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 288, "end": 317, "text": "Data for landline subscribers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 772, "end": 804, "text": "2006 data for all parts of Sudan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Indicator * * | * * Source of * * < br > * * Information * * | * * Frequency * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of cameras , mobile phones , photocopiers , < br > scanning machines , modems , survey equipment | Count | Quarterly | | Number of PAPs by categories ( consistent with categories < br > in the entitlement matrix ) | Census and asset < br > inventory survey < br > ( continuous checks ) | Quarterly | | * * _Output Indicators_ * * | | | | Number of people who received cash compensation in the < br > period indicated , by compensation type | Data management < br > system | Monthly | | Number of individual compensation agreements signed in < br > the period ( i . e . successful negotiations and as such “ willing < br > seller-willing buyer ” – which will reduce the number of < br > resettlement cases | Data management < br > system | Monthly | * * Table 81 : * * * * _KPIs for monitoring Output of Grievance and Compensation Process_ * * | * * Indicator / Issue * * | * * Measured Through * * | * * Frequency * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Grievances_ * * | | | | Average time to process and < br > close a grievance | Measure the time interval between grievance < br > registration and closure and the time between < br > grievance registration and the first < br > acknowledgment of receipt | Quarterly | | Number of open grievances < br > overtime | Data Management System | Quarterly | | Number of grievances opened < br > in each quarter and over time | Data Management System | Quarterly | | Number of grievances closed < br > in each", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 380, "text": "inventory survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as well as standard measures related to participation in the labor market : occupation , hours worked , employment conditions , search and earnings . Importantly , the ENEU is constructed as a rotating panel , where individuals are surveyed every quarter for a total of five quarters . < sup > 16 < / sup > Worker earnings include overall earnings in the individual ’ s principal occupation from fixed salary payments , hourly or daily wages , piece-meal work , commissions , tips and self employment earnings . The ENEU , in its modern form , has employed a consistent survey instrument from 1987 to 2004 ; it is thus one of very few long-running surveys with a panel dimension in the developing world . In our study , we are able to use this 18 year span comprising a total of 72 quarters of data . < sup > 17 < / sup > We note that while the ENEU survey records employment information on all members of the household above 12 years old , for younger workers employment is generally transient and time is often divided among schooling , unpaid support to the household and paid work . Similarly , much later in life , work again becomes more transient . In our analysis , we focus on individuals between the ages 20 and 65 . # V . Results As discussed in the previous section , our estimation methodology proceeds in two steps . As in Carroll and Samwick ( 1997 ) , we first use individual data to estimate a Mincer earnings regression . In a second step , the residuals from the Mincer regression are used to estimate income mobility parameters using ( 4 ’ ) and ( 6 ’ ) . Table 2 reports the estimates from the first stage earnings regression using the ENEU data described in the preceding section . Our estimates are consistent with earlier findings in the literature . Specifically , earnings increase , but at a decreasing rate , with education . Further , earnings increase with potential experience ( age ) up until the age of 44 after which they decrease again . Males appear to earn 31 percent more than women , conditional on the other covariates . <", "spans": [{"start": 845, "end": 856, "text": "ENEU survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1657, "end": 1666, "text": "ENEU data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In this section , we pursue our two objectives with three cases that compare our GBIF species maps with expert maps from recently-published research . Our comparisons identify thousands of species with GBIF The first case retains the traditional focus on vertebrates in a comparison with mammal range maps estimated by Marsh et al . ( 2022 ) . The second extends the comparison to invertebrates , whose huge numbers are greatly underrepresented by existing expert maps ( Kass et al . 2022 ) . As Table 1 shows , our exercise provides more ample representation by estimating maps for 213 , 268 Arthropods . In this section , vascular plants , for which we have estimated 232 , 693 maps . Our comparison focuses on the more limited 3 . 3 The Global Distribution of Mammals Marsh et al . ( 2022 — henceforth Marsh ) map the native ranges of global mammals using the authoritative In our GBIF occurrence maps database , we identify 3 , 530 mammals that are also mapped by Marsh . We rasterize both sets of maps using a global grid with 0 . 05 degree ( 5 km ) resolution . densities by cellwise addition across 3 , 530 rasters for each set . Figure 2 provides comparisons of cell Where the two patterns diverge , the technical explanation seems clear . The Marsh maps estimate Marsh ranks have many species with reported occurrences beyond their estimated native ranges ; regions with lower GBIF ranks have occurrence reports clustered in subareas within native ranges . This difference could reflect underreporting for GBIF species in lower-ranked areas , although many higher-ranked areas seem similarly-disadvantaged for species observation . The alternative , and in our view more plausible , explanation is that lower-ranked regions are populated by many species whose ranges have contracted over time . Continuing accumulation of GBIF occurrence reports should help resolve this question . For each species map , rasterization assigns a value of 1 to grid cells that overlap with the map and 0 to the other", "spans": [{"start": 884, "end": 913, "text": "GBIF occurrence maps database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1831, "end": 1854, "text": "GBIF occurrence reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # # # * * Social Risk on Spread of Covid - 19 Amongst Community Members During Consultations * * < mark > During implementation of the RAP , various consultative activities will be undertaken . For efficient and meaningful engagement , a wide range of individual participants , groups in the local community and other stakeholders will be involved . The consultations will involve verification of PAPs covering the occupants of the affected area and vulnerable persons and groups ; awareness raising , sensitization of PAPs and gauging attitude to the project ; training and capacity building for livelihoods restoration , grievance redress , execution of site - specific surveys among others . The activities will lead to close interaction between the proponent and the community members leading to a high risk of spreading COVID19 amongst community members during the consultation process . < / mark > < mark > To minimize the risk of spread of COVID-19 amongst community members , measures will be required to ensure social distancing and appropriate communication measures . The mitigation measures will be supervised by a social and environmental safeguards expert in the project proponent ’ s team . < / mark > # # # # # # * * E . 8 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PAPS * * The Socio-Economic Information of the PAPs gathered will be used during monitoring , evaluation and implementation of the RAP . A standard Questionnaire and Asset Register was used to conduct the census ; they covered five main categories including ; Demographic Data of PAPS ( Age , Gender , Marital Status ) , Education Level , Income Sources of PAPS , Water and Sanitation Facilities and Health and Hygiene Levels of PAPS After analysis , majority of PAPs were between 36 to 45 years of age , representing 34", "spans": [{"start": 1781, "end": 1805, "text": "Demographic Data of PAPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . Literature review on links between child labor and educational outcomes The literature mostly suggests that child work has a negative effect on educational achievement ( Bezerra , Kassouf and Arends-Kuenning 2009 ; Edmonds 2007 ; Ray 2003 ) . In Brazil , Bezerra and co-authors ( 2009 ) study the impact of child labor on school achievement ( grades of different subjects ) looking at the effects of work intensity and different types of work , either within or outside the home . They find that children and adolescents who do not work perform better at school than those who work . In addition , intensity seems to matter as the educational performance of children working fewer than two hours a day is not affected whereas that of children working more than two hours a day is . When comparing child work within and outside the home , working outside the household significantly negatively affects test scores more than working within the household . Similarly , when looking beyond the simple act of being enrolled and focusing on learning outcomes , the consensus is that there is a negative relationship between child labor and educational attainment ( Emerson , Ponczek and Souza 2014 ; Heady 2003 ; Akabayashi and Psacharopoulos 1999 ) . Using panel data from Brazil , Emerson and colleagues show that child work , while still at school , has a strong adverse effect on test scores in math and Portuguese ; the average effect on proficiency scores of transitioning to work while in school is equivalent to between one-quarter and an entire year of learning ( Emerson , Ponczek and Souza 2014 ) . At the same time , some research studies report little or no relationship between enrollment and child labor , suggesting that the two activities are not mutually exclusive ( No , Sam and Hirakaw 2012 ; Ravallion and Wodon 2000 ) . In their study on primary school dropout in Cambodia , No and co-authors find that child labor is not a major predictor of whether or not child workers will attend school , but family and school factors are . Putnick and Bornstein ( 2015 ) , analyzing data from almost 200 , 000 families with children aged between 7 and 14", "spans": [{"start": 1258, "end": 1280, "text": "panel data from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2094, "end": 2129, "text": "data from almost 200 , 000 families", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own * * < u > National Open Competitive Procurement < / u > * * aarrangements as set forth in _The Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act , 2003 , and the PPDA Regulations , 2014_ , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 3 and 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : - open advertising at the national level ; - open to all eligible firms from any country ; 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and assets that will be affected . The aim is to ensure that the identity of each of them and an inventory of their affected assets are documented . The census will consolidate information that - ( i ) provides initial information on the scale of resettlement to be undertaken ; - ( ii ) gives an indication of further socio-economic research / asset survey needed to quantify losses to be compensated and , if required , to design appropriate development interventions ; and establishes indicators that can be measured at a later date during monitoring and evaluation . Baseline data for sub-project RAPs will include number of persons ; number , type , and area of the houses to be affected ; number , category and area of residential plots and agricultural land and crops to be affected ; and productive assets to be affected as a percentage of total productive assets . The census will be combined with an inventory of assets which takes stock of all assets , their size , status , value , ownership and use . Following this exercise , the ownership of assets shall be verified using records such as title deeds , allotment letters , and so on where possible but also through consultations with community members and local administration . After this survey , valuation of assets shall be undertaken and detailed compensation for each project affected person or entity worked out . 17", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 929, "text": "inventory of assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "obtained . Using the available data , initial investment and operation and maintenance costs per unit of KtCO2e abatement are calculated . Average per unit capital costs and operation and maintenance cost of abatement across the CDM projects categorized by project types are calculated and then used as proxies for the projects for which such data were not available . The present value of emissions abatement costs for each project are calculated as described in equation ( 6 ) . The operation and maintenance costs are discounted using real interest rates for the year of fixed capital investment ( i . e . , the prior year of credit start period ) . Real interest rates in the host countries are used for unilateral projects , while the rates in the partner countries are used for bi - and multi-lateral projects . Real interest rates for the host and partner countries are obtained from the World Bank ( WDI 2010 ) . For the electricity generating CDM projects , the net present value of emissions abatement costs are calculated by subtracting the sum of the discounted flow of electricity sales revenue from the present value of total costs . Wholesale electricity tariffs in different host countries obtained from the PDDs are used to calculate the flow of revenues from electricity sales . Real interest rates are used to discount those revenues . As implied by duality , the abatement cost function includes the sum of the discounted-weighted flows of CERs and electricity outputs . Real interest rates as mentioned above are used to discount those streams of outputs . Table 3 presents the categorical means and standard deviations of the ( discounted ) total amount of emissions abatement and electricity outputs over the life of the projects and net present value of total abatement costs of the projects , for which all information are available . Wholesale electricity tariffs in some of the host countries were not available , leaving 6 , 326 observations for use in the empirical analyses . # * * 4 Estimation Results and Discussions * * The log-transformed net present values of the total cost of mitigation by each individual CDM project are plotted against corresponding total abatement and presented in figure 2 . < sup > 11 <", "spans": [{"start": 1224, "end": 1228, "text": "PDDs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "integrated urban infrastructure and services in refugee-hosting ULGs . RA 3 will be financed under DLIs ( 9-10 ) at the refugeehosting ULGs under the WHR . 15 . * * The proposed Program aims to facilitate the transition towards climate smart urban development , in alignment with the priority actions for urban areas defined in Ethiopia ’ s NDC * * < sup > 27 < / sup > . Climate smart infrastructure are public investments in urban infrastructure that consider current and expected future changes in climate conditions with the aim to mitigate GHG emission ( i . e . facilitate low carbon urban development ) and / or reduce the impact of climate related hazards , such as floods or extreme heat . < sup > 28 < / sup > Using the incentive structure of the PforR instrument , the UIIDP-II will leverage a combination of ” hard ” ( i . e . infrastructure ) and ” soft ” ( i . e . planning ) investments at scale across the UIIDP-II ULGs : - i . _Climate Smart Urban Infrastructure_ : The Program will incentivize public investments in urban infrastructure that consider current and expected future changes in climate conditions . These will be selected by the ULGs from an investment menu , which includes investments that support climate mitigation and non-motorized mobility ( e . g . , bicycle lanes , walkways , and urban green spaces ) as well as climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction ( e . g . , side drainage , retention walls , including nature-based and combined grey-green solutions ) . - ii . _Climate Smart Local Development Plans_ : The Program will support ULGs in developing Local Development Plans and ensuring they are sensitive to disaster risks ( by incorporating hazard / disaster risk information ) and support low carbon > 23 World Bank / GFDRR . 2019 . Ethiopia Disaster Risk Profile . > 24 World Bank / GFDRR , 2017 .", "spans": [{"start": 1784, "end": 1814, "text": "Ethiopia Disaster Risk Profile", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PUBLIC | * * Components * * | * * Sub-components * * | * * Salient steps planned for * * < br > * * implementation * * | * * Status as of June 2014 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | demonstration activities . < br > e . Database for ongoing REDD + < br > programmes / projects inUganda . | | | | 2c . Implementation < br > Framework | | | | | 2d . Social and < br > Environmental Impacts | ToRs prepared | ToRs prepared | | 3 . Reference < br > Emissions < br > Level / Reference < br > Levels | | a . Capacity for developing national < br > Reference < br > Scenario < br > among < br > technical staff . < br > b . Plan < br > for < br > designing < br > national < br > Reference levels . < br > c . Documentation of historical data < br > for < br > use < br > in < br > REL . RLS < br > development . < br > d . Tools and capacity for use of tools < br > for linking and harmonizing < br > various national databases . < br > e . Remote Sensing data . < br > f . Preliminary inventory work . < br > g . Equipment ( hard and soft ) for < br > processing , storing and archiving < br > remote sensing data . < br > h . Tools and equipment for field < br > inventory work . | | | 4 . Monitoring < br > Systems for Forests < br > and Safeguards | 4a . National Forest < br > Monitoring System | a . Defining and agreeing on process < br > for developing forest monitoring < br > system and reporting on REDD + . | T . o . Rs under", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 966, "text": "Remote Sensing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1101, "end": 1120, "text": "remote sensing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electronics and machinery sectors , while it is lowest in labor-intensive forestry , fishing , agriculture and food production . To assess the durability of products we calculate the sector ’ s share of durable consumer products , semidurable consumer products and cars and transport equipment ( _durablek_ ) . Durable , semi-durable and transport products at the HS6-digit level are identified based on the UN BEC classification . < sup > 18 < / sup > Durability measures the percentage of HS-6 products that are classified in each of these three non-overlapping categories within an ISIC Rev . 3 4-digit sector . If an ISIC Rev . 3 4-digit does not contain any products classified as durable , semi-durable or transport products , the share takes the value of 0 . In an extension , we examine the role of durable consumer products ( _cons_durk_ ) , semi-durable consumer products ( _cons_semik_ ) and transport products ( _transpk_ ) separately and also include a measure that combines the share of both durable and semi-durable consumer products only ( _consk_ ) . > 17 Following del Rio-Chanona et al . ( 2020 ) . > 18 Durable consumer products correspond to BEC sector 61 , semi-durable consumer products correspond to BEC sector 62 , and transport products correspond to BEC sectors 51 and 522 . 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KNA * * SO . . \" * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements < sup > for theYear endedJune < / sup > < sup > * * 30 , * * 2020 < / sup > # # # # * * 14 . Receivables * * These are made up * * of : * * | | * * 2019 / 2020 * * | * * 2018 / 2019 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * KSh . * * | * * KSh . * * | | StaffDebtors | * * 265 , 780 , 908 * * | * * 493 , 856 , 282 * * | | * * 2009 * * Census Imprests | 4 , 438 , 906 | 4 , 438 , 906 | | * * 2019 * * KPHCImprest | * * 1 , 538 , 563 , 613 * * | * * 64 , 799 , 799 * * | | SundryDebtors | * * 29 , 895 , 541 * * | * * 23 , 855 , 025 * * | | Prepayments | * * 89 , 864 , 190 * * | * * 3 , 918 , 028 , 025 * * | | Deposits | 164 , 240 | 344 , 241 | | | * * 1 , 928 , 707 , 398 * * | * * 4 , 505 , 322 , 278 * * | | InterestIncome | - | * * 930 , 123 * * | | * * TOTALRECEIVABLES * * | * * 1 , 928 , 707 , 398 * * | * * 4 , 506 , 252 , 401 * * | - a . Staff debtors represent outstanding imprests , medical expenses recoverable and salary advances as at end of June 2020 . - * * b . 2009 * * census imprests were amounts advanced", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with an analysis of declaration patterns is useful to identify and target some high-risk economic operators . Third , in order to assess the compliance of a declaration , investigators should use all sources of available information , whether internal or external . < sup > 38 < / sup > Abnormal statistics ( inconsistent unit values , etc . ) suggest fraud . The use of the internal information , that is , using declaration patterns of \" competing importers \" , can help identify non-compliance . Similarly , the use of external sources of information , such as information gleaned from sources other than customs databases , can also reveal bad practices . For instance , based on a comparison of declared unit values with international market prices , we have highlighted probable misclassifications for fertilizers . Fourth , only effective inspections have a deterrence effect . As highlighted for rice imports , non-compliance may be frequent despite an inspection rate close to 100 percent . > 38 See Chalendard ( 2015 ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 625, "text": "customs databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Australia had the highest stringency indices by the end of August 2021 , respectively . # * * 2 . 2 Trade data * * Our export and import data is a monthly product-country data series obtained from the Indonesia Statistics Authority ( BPS _Badan Pusat Statistik_ ) . The data ranges from May 2018 to August 2021 . Products are classified at the 8-digit Harmonized System ( HS ) level . 6", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 141, "text": "export and import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # Aims and Objectives # # # # # # 2 . 1 . Main objective / Aim The overall objective of this analytical report is to improve the management of data and information on the treatment of SGBV cases among refugees in the UNHCR operation in Chad . # # # # # # 2 . 2 . Specific objectives - To illustrate trends in incident cases of SGBVs in 2016 ; - To provide an analysis of data of SGBV victims / survivors , disaggregated by age , sex and nationality as well as the typology of violence ; - To show the level of UNHCR and partners ' interventions in the areas of : identification , response and prevention , and how these align with its five-year strategy ; - To make recommendations for the improvement of the SGBV programme among refugees in Chad for the near future . # # # Methodology The data collected come from the various UNHCR partners in 2016 and are in accordance with clearly established and assigned responsibilities in the camps and these follow the established standard operational procedures ( SOPs ) . This data collection is carried out using the incident file and the standard monthly SGBV / UNHCR report form ( 2003 ) in all refugee camps and in the Ndjamena urban environment . Data management is an essential component in the implementation of the prevention and response strategy . The monthly report form allows the collection and recording of SGBV incidents slightly disaggregated by age , sex , as well as data on legal , sanitary , psychosocial and security protection response . It also facilitates the collection of actions by community groups , the involvement of communities in prevention , the availability of SOPs and the capacity building activities of the various actors . The data collected are entered in the form and then analyzed through Microsoft Excel software . The completed form is centralized in UNHCR offices in the field and compiled before sending to the Representation in Ndjamena for quality control , overall analysis and report writing . 3 The 2016 Annual Report On SGBV Incident", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 407, "text": "data of SGBV victims / survivors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Joan , Martin < br > Wanjiku - NCPWD | There is lack of VMG representation in facility management < br > committees , which affect s VMP participation . < br > Limited involvement in facilitymanagement committees | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | The project should engage the Community in fully decision < br > making , implementation and evaluation unlike in THS , < br > The Focalpersons should work closelywith communities | | | | There are fears of delays in overall start of the project and < br > disbursement like experienced in THS , | | | | The concern on disposal of medical waste especially in < br > levels1-3 facilities should be addressed | | | | There are concerns on potential exclusion of some < br > stakeholders especially at county level , this may affect access < br > to the services / benefits < br > Small communities not represented at countylevel | | | | Enhance capacity of focal persons , Focal persons need < br > facilitation and motivation to work | | | | Key stakeholders to engage in the project include < br > Community Focal Persons , VMG leaders , women leadership , < br > Youth , Health Facility Committee , Organization of PWDs , < br > Council of Elders , Religious leaders , health staff unions , < br > opinion leaders , business community | | | | Do we have current statistics / data of PWDs , PWDs in < br > different areas need to be integrated in the project < br > Need to harmonize patient data on HIS with that of the Social < br > protection departments | | SEA-SH | Ramadhan | Major challenge in Tana river is FGM and should be < br > considered byensuringadequate budget allocation | | | | The whole country is in tears because of NHIF but the new < br > programme will be better", "spans": [{"start": 1435, "end": 1454, "text": "patient data on HIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In contrast , highly persistent or permanent income shocks have a substantial effect on the present value of future earnings , and therefore lead to significant changes in consumption even if workers can borrow or have own savings ( Constantinides and Duffie ( 1996 ) and Krebs ( 2003a and 2004 ) ) . Thus , from a welfare point of view , persistent income shocks matter the most , and we therefore focus on the relationship between trade policy and the persistent component of income risk . < sup > 7 < / sup > More specifically , after obtaining the estimates of the persistent component of income risk for each year and industry , we use these estimates in conjunction with tariff data ( as a proxy for trade policy ) to study empirically the effect of trade policy on income risk . In addition to the empirical analysis of the relationship between trade policy and income risk , this paper also provides a quantitative evaluation of the welfare consequences of any changes in income risk that are brought about by changes in trade policy . If insurance markets and other institutional arrangements for sharing individual income risk are missing ( incomplete markets ) , then changes in income risk will alter consumption volatility and therefore workers ’ welfare . To find out how income risk is linked to consumption volatility and welfare , we use a dynamic general equilibrium model with incomplete markets in which the consumption / saving choice of workers in the presence of idiosyncratic income risk is explicitly modeled . As is well known , general versions of such models are difficult to solve , and most work in the literature has therefore been computationally intensive ( Aiyagari ( 1994 ) , Huggett ( 1993 ) , Krusell and Smith ( 1998 ) , Rios-Rull ( 1996 ) ) . In contrast to this literature , we rely upon an extended version of the incomplete-markets model recently developed and analyzed by Constantinides and Duffie ( 1996 ) and Krebs ( 2004 ) that is highly tractable , > 7To see the importance of this distinction more clearly , consider the example of a worker who loses his job due to plant closure or any other “ exogenous ”", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 688, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use of the full sample of countries , i . e without the NTM data restriction . Taken together our results suggest no significant differences across categories of goods . < sup > 31 < / sup > Finally , when including a full set of origin , destination group and sector interactions ( columns ( 5 ) and ( 10 ) ) , although the coefficient on tariffs decreases in size and loses significance , the results are globally consistent with our baseline . * * Endogeneous trade policy . * * A second potential concern is that trade policy may be endogenous to market structure . That is , importing countries might decide to set their levels of NTMs or tariffs depending on the market power of the foreign firms serving their markets . While this concern is mitigated by the fact that we are looking at trade policy in the destination countries , where firms from the set of developing countries in our sample are typically small players , we still provide two robustness checks to ensure that endogenous trade policy does not affect our results . We show that we obtain similar results when we drop from the sample exporting countries with high market shares in their destination-product ( i . e . exporters that could affect foreign trade policy ) . Our results are also similar when we use an instrumental variable approach in which NTMs and tariffs in a product-destination are instrumented by the level of NTMs / tariffs set by the same destination on other products . These results are reported and discussed in Section C . 6 of the online appendix . * * Further robustness . * * The online appendix Sections C . 7 to C . 13 contain additional robustness exercises . These show that the results of Tables 4 to 6 are robust to : ( i ) the use of an alternative cleaning method of unit values ( Section C . 7 ) ; ( ii ) using export-currency denominated specifications ( Section C . 8 ) ; ( iii ) using alternative clustering strategies ( Section C . 9 ) ; ( iv ) boot - > 31While this might appear surprising at first , these results are consistent with", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 64, "text": "NTM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX I Page 2 of 5 29 - TABLE 3A UGANDA - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET | | U | GANDA | | REFERENCE GROUPS ( WEIGHTED AVERAGES < br > - < br > MOST RECENT ESTIMATE ) - | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | MOST RECENT | < br > LOW INCOME < br > MIDDLE INCOME | | | 1960 < br > / b | < br > 1970 / b | < br > ESTIMATE / b | AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA | | EDUCATION | | | | | | ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIOS < br > < br > | | | | < br > | | PRIMARY : < br > TOTAL < br > MALE | 49 . 0 < br > 65 . 0 | 39 . 0 < br > 48 . 0 | 50 . 0 < br > 58 . 0 | 63 . 2 < br > 83 . 3 < br > 72 . 7 < br > 96 . 1 | | FEMALE | 32 . 0 | 31 . 0 | 41 . 0 | 50 . 3 < br > 80 . 4 | | SECONDARY : < br > TOTAL < br > MALE | 3 . 0 < br > 4 . 0 | 4 . 0 < br > 6 . 0 | 5 . 0 < br > 7 . 0 | 10 . 2 < br > 15 . 3 < br > 13 . 2 < br > 19 . 4 | | FEMALE | 1 . 0 | 2 . 0 | 3 . 0 | 6 . 6 < br > 11 . 3 | | VOCATIONAL ENROL . ( X OF SECONDARY ) | 11 . 6 | 7 . 4 | 5 . 4 / d | 7", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 71, "text": "SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "da"}
{"text": "the Kenya Affordable Housing Finance Project ( P165034 ) , established the Kenya Mortgage Refinance Company ( KMRC ) . The KMRC would mobilize private investment from institutional investors and provide long-term loans to financial institutions , including financial co-operatives , which would in turn provide loans to households across all income groups . PA3 empowered the CBK ( through the amendment of the _Central Bank of Kenya Act ) _ to license and supervise mortgage refinance companies and complete the regulatory framework for their operationalization and its relevance is therefore rated Satisfactory * * ( relevance of PA3 = S ) . * * # # # * * Relevance of Prior Actions for Objective 2 - Enhance farmer incomes and food security * * * * PA4 * * sought to enhance farmers ' income through the proposed Warehouse Receipt System ( WRS ) Bill , which provided the legal framework for the establishment of a warehouse receipt system . Prior to the implementation of the programmatic series , Kenya ’ s agricultural supply chain was limited by inadequate postharvest storage and handling infrastructures , which led to about a third of agricultural products being lost , adversely impacting farmer profitability and food security . The country was estimated to have lost 1 . 9 million tons of agricultural products valued at KES 150 billion ( US $ 1 . 5 billion ) in 2017 largely as a result of postharvest losses . Moreover , this PA addressed the challenge of food insecurity , with Kenya ranking 77th out of 119 countries assessed as part of the Global Hunger Index in 2018 . The National Cereals and Produce Board ( NCPB ) and the Eastern Africa Grain Council were in the process of piloting systems for certifying warehouses that receive grain deposits and issuing tradable and transferable warehouse receipts . However , the pilot systems were challenged by the lack of a legal and regulatory framework to provide an enabling trading environment for warehouse receipts . PA4 sought to address this constraint , with the implementation of the WRS allowing farmers to store their", "spans": [{"start": 1558, "end": 1577, "text": "Global Hunger Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( iii ) the issu < br > ndicator are cumulative . | s issued in non-rangeland < br > U ; ( ii ) the entry of the SLLC < br > ance of the certificate to th | areas of Ethiopia . Issuance < br > by the WoLAU into the land < br > e land-holder . The annual | | ~ ~ IN01234403 ~ ~ | | - - - | ► Program woredas covered by operational National Rural Land Administration Information System ( NRLAIS ) with Second Level Land Holding Certificates ( SLLCs ) digitized ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 | 196 . 00 | 284 . 00 | 280 . 00 | | Date | 27-Mar-2019 | 23-May-2022 | 16-Dec-2022 | 07-Jul-2024 | | | This indicator measu | res the number of woredas eac | h year in which NRLAIS is | operational , with all SLLCs | | Comments | issued in the woreda < br > by the ability of a me | digitized and registered in NRL < br > mber of the WoLAU to perform | AIS . The operationality of < br > selected operations in NR | NRLAIS will be determined < br > LAIS that will be defined in | 1 / 20 / 2023 Page 10 of 12", "spans": [{"start": 330, "end": 383, "text": "National Rural Land Administration Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and demolition of a few houses and fences . During the preparation of the projects , socio-economic surveys will be conducted in order to establish : detailed information about categories of PAPs , the extent of impacts , provides the basis for determining eligibility and for estimating resettlement / rehabilitation costs and establishing baseline information for monitoring and evaluation . # # # * * 5 . 2 . Socio - Cultural Affiliations * * Culture is defined as a reflection of the socio-economic condition of a particular society / community . Different cultural practices and forms could influence the socioeconomic development of a society in either a positive or negative way . Religion is also another important social activity that plays an important role in the life of a given community / society . In Ethiopia , Christianity and Islam are the two major religions that are practiced widely . Both religions play a significant role in the life of the population . Other religions include traditional religion , animism , and Judaism . Ethnically , the country is divided into several different ethnic groups that are estimated to number over 80 . The major ethnic groups include : the Oromo , Amhara , Sidama , Wolayta , Somali , Gurage , Kembata , Hadiya , and Tigrawie . The Oromo and Amhara are estimated to comprise more than 50 % of the country ’ s total population . Language-wise , Amharic is the most widely spoken language , followed by Oromifa . Amharic , which has its own script , is also the official language of the country . Similar to the – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – EEPCO , Power System Planning 19 19", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 107, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Zhou , 2013 ) . Using the RUMiC survey , we estimate that migrant households received a school fee reduction of approximately 20 percent , but not 100 percent , in 2008 ( Appendix 3 , Table 3 . 4 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > > 7 Unless stated otherwise , school fees are calculated from the sample of migrants with at least one child enrolled in a school in the city . One yuan was approximately equal to 0 . 14 US dollars in 2008 ( World Bank , 2016 ) . 8 This correlation is somewhat stronger at - 0 . 44 for the mean school fees . We describe how we construct different measures of school fees in section 4 . 2 . > 9 Our estimates using the most recent household survey from China in 2012 ( i . e . , the China Family Panel Studies implemented by Peking University ) also indicate that , four ( six ) years after the official abolition of school fees in urban ( rural ) areas , both urban and rural households still paid various school-related fees . See Figures 3 . 1a and 3 . 1b in Appendix 3 for more details . 6", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 42, "text": "RUMiC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 655, "end": 690, "text": "household survey from China in 2012", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 707, "end": 733, "text": "China Family Panel Studies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Engage with affected people and stakeholders and provides opportunities for affected people to express their concerns , preferences , and views regarding the resettlement process . The study ensures that consultations are conducted in an inclusive and culturally appropriate manner , allowing affected people to contribute to decision-making processes . - Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the implementation framework to track the implementation of the resettlement measures . It establishes indicators , targets , and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement process . - Identify clear institutional arrangements and responsibilities for the implementation of the resettlement measures including the livelihood restoration measures . It defines the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders at national regional , Woreda and Kebele levels . - Establishment of a functional grievance mechanism for the Subproject affected persons to address concerns raised by displaced persons or other stakeholders regarding compensation , relocation , or livelihood restoration measures . # # # # # # * * 2 . 2 Scope of the RP * * The scope of this consultancy service basically includes overall detailed study of RPs in the target Subproject areas . Therefore , the resettlement plan involves conducting census of the affected persons and assessing socioeconomic conditions , identifying the vulnerable groups including special assistance they require , examining the legal framework , evaluating impact on land and natural resources ( both private and public ) , assess the scope of displacement ( economic and physical ) and involuntary resettlement , conducting stakeholder analysis , conducting community consultations , developing livelihood restoration measures , establishing a functional grievance redress mechanism , and designing a monitoring and evaluation framework . # # # # # # * * Detailed Tasks of Resettlement Plan * * As part of RP studies , the following important tasks were undertaken : - Engage and consulted the affected communities , communities ’ leaders and vulnerable groups , as well as relevant stakeholders such as government sectors , civil society organizations , and non-governmental organizations .", "spans": [{"start": 1493, "end": 1523, "text": "census of the affected persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Empirical Strategy * * I identify the causal effect of debt relief using a regression discontinuity design based on the program eligibility criteria and data from a household survey of 2 , 897 debt relief beneficiaries . The identification strategy exploits the fact that , unlike previous debt relief initiatives , eligibility for debt relief under the program depended on the amount of land pledged as collateral at the time a loan was disbursed . This creates a discontinuity in the amount of debt relief around the eligibility threshold of two hectares and induces quasi-random variation in debt relief status : households below the two hectare threshold received 100 % unconditional debt relief , while those above the cutoff qualified for 25 % of relief conditional on settling the remainder of their outstanding balance . Presuming that banks followed the rules of the debt relief program faithfully , the causal effect of debt relief can be estimated using a _sharp_ regression discontinuity design ( Imbens and Lemieux , 2008a ; Hahn , Todd and Van der Klaauw , 2001 ) that compares households in the immediate vicinity of the program cutoff . Identification using the sharp regression discontinuity design rests on the assumption that treatment status is determined by a cutoff score _ < u > x < / u > _ along a forcing variable _xi_ and therefore quasirandomly assigned . In the setting studied here , the forcing variable is the amount of land pledged as collateral at the time the loan was disbursed . Without loss of generality , I rescale this variable so that the program eligibility cutoff is centered at zero and use “ hectares from cutoff ” as the assignment variable throughout the analysis . Because assignment to treatment ( _Ti_ = 1 ) or control ( _Ti_ = 0 ) follows the known rule _Ti_ = * * 1 * * _ { xi > _ _ < u > x < / u > _ _ ~ ~ } ~ ~ ∀ i_ , treatment effect of debt relief , _τRD_ on an outcome _yi_ can be estimated as the difference between the regression functions at the discontinuity _ < u > x < / u > _ . Intuitively , if", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 189, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 4 . Environmental and Social Management Framework Methodology * * The methodology used to prepare this ESMF was based on the following : - 1 . 4 . 1 . Review of Literature The following literature was reviewed : - Existing Policies and Legislation of Government of Uganda , - World Bank Environmental and Social Framework , - The Country Partnership Framework ( CPF ) for 2016-2021 , the Uganda Water CAS ( UWCAS ) , the Country Environmental Analysis ( Oct 2011 ) and similar environmental and social assessments and frameworks undertaken for related initiatives such as the Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project ( DRDIP , P152822 ) , especially with regards to improving environmental management in refugee-hosting districts , - The World Bank ’ s Assessment of Uganda ’ s Country Systems for Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Throughout the Project Cycle - The Gender Analysis Report , - The Process Framework Draft Report , - Analysis of relevant national policies and legislation that are likely to have an impact on the implementation of the Project , - Analysis of Baseline Environmental and Social Economic Data , - District Development Plans of the Project implementing Districts . # # # 1 . 4 . 2 . Stakeholder Consultations The framework benefited from and made references to environment and social issues that were raised in the various stakeholder engagements carried out during project identification and preparation . Extensive consultations were conducted as part of the preparation of the Forest Investment Plan ( which identified this landscape-level intervention ) and for the REDD + strategy ( for which this is a REDD + strategy implementation project ) . Over 30 stakeholder engagement reports were reviewed , pertinent issues identified , summarized as documented in chapter 9 of this report . Table 10 in chapter 9 shows the lists of stakeholder engagement reports reviewed . A summary of issues raised by each stakeholder , date and place of engagement are appended to this report as Annex 6 also lists of persons consulted are attached to this report as Annex 7 . All stakeholder views are further consolidated , summarized and", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1171, "text": "Baseline Environmental and Social Economic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important note : < / u > _ * * * * In countries with more than one level in the procedure ( first instance , appeal , etc . ) , the figures for both procedures have been added up . As a result , appeal cases might have been counted more than once ( once at first instance and once on appeal ) . These data allow to monitor the number of decisions taken , but they are not indicative of the final outcome of the procedure of negative decisions . For instance , recognition rates for nationalities which tend to appeal a rejection are underestimated . * * | | Pendi < br > start-2 | ng < br > 006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pendi < br > end-20 | ng < br > 06 | Recog | Protec < br > nition | tion indic | ators * < br > Change p | ending | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | _of which : _ | Applied | Positi | ve | | | | | _of which : _ | rat | es | O / w . | cases | ( % ) | | Origin | Total | _UNHCR_ < br > _assisted_ | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | Rejected | Other", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 101, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "food insecurity and trust-related behavior . Consequently , the estimates may be biased and inconsistent . Following recent research ( Ruyssen and Salomone , 2018 ; Smith and Floro , 2020 ) , we address potential endogeneity issues using a matched sample of food secure and food insecure respondents with identical variable distributions . Entropy matching methods enable us to compare individuals such that , after matching , the only difference between the two subsamples is their food insecurity status . Given the strong correlation between observable and unobservable characteristics , matching on observable characteristics implies at least some matching on unobservable characteristics ( Stuart et al . , 2010 ; Ferraro and Miranda , 2014 ; Ruyssen and Salomone , 2018 ) . Matching produces an unbiased measure of the influence of food insecurity on trust if the entropy algorithm captures all relevant differences between individuals who are food insecure and those who are food secure ( see Appendix A for more details ) . # * * _2 . 2 . Data_ * * The data for the study draws from the 2014-17 waves of the Gallup World Poll , including FAO ’ s FIES . The GWP collects information on individuals ’ labor force participation , income , educational attainment , future aspirations , subjective well-being , demographic characteristics , and countryidentifiers . In most countries , the GWP interviews 1 , 000 individuals and is nationally representative . Researchers use a random route procedure to select sample households within each country and select the respondent randomly within each household using a Kish grid method ( Gallup , 2016 ) . Observations for respondents without valid food insecurity responses or who failed to provide valid information on one or more questions used to construct the control variables were dropped from the sample . The final sample is 387 , 385 individuals aged 15 years and older in 134 countries . # * * _2 . 3 . Measures of Vertical and Horizontal Trust_ * * Trust is defined as holding a positive perception about the actions of an individual or an organization ( OECD , 2013 ) . Generally , trust has two components : 1 ) vertical ( political ) trust , citizens ’ faith in government and its institutions", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1133, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1154, "end": 1158, "text": "FIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kshs . 4 , 840 , 049 . * * This relates to receipts from proceeds from the disposal of assets and sale of tender documents and refund of insurance claims . These are recognised in the financial statements at the time associated cash is received . # # # # # # * * a ) Recognition of payments * * The office recognises all payments when the event occurs , and the related cash has been paid out . - i ) * * Compensation of Employees * * Salaries and wages , allowances , and statutory contribution for employees are recognized in the period when the compensation is paid . # # # # # # ii ) * * Use of Goods and Services * * Goods and services are recognized as payments in the period when the goods / services are paid for . The office made payments for the goods / services consumed amounting to * * Kshs . 219 , 587 , 742 . * * During the period under review , the office consumed goods and services amounting to * * Kshs . 2 , 053 , 999 * * whose payments were not made and hence disclosed as pending bills # # # # # # iii ) * * Acquisition of Fixed Assets ( Non-Financial ) * * The payment on the acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . A fixed asset register is maintained and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . _This summary is disclosed as an annexure 1 to the financial statements . _ # # # # # # iv ) * * Acquisition of Assets - Financial ( Domestic Lending and On Lending ) * * The office received exchequer amounting to Kshs . 29 , 918", "spans": [{"start": 1515, "end": 1535, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > o < br > = a ! 7 < br > seo = | + < br > i = rt ! [ \\ N - or < br > 5 A A | k < br > De = V AN < br > a = : + H = et 1 ' 1 myTr if Vyy < br > 2 + i 1 \\ < br > ge | A I it < br > XOSe 1 I | < br > = aa - 141 < br > oyoK 1 fi < br > a 1 Y < br > = bod < br > & ! < br > ge 1 | < br > BS AWPTOQORLMPorAc aANYyHOERn Gor Ac aANntHENe | < br > a23 BHABAGDRBADBEEESSCSSCSCSOCOCSCEeeeFErFEreErreecEeEecEcEEEErETEEEEEEEEEEEr eee He DAVGDNNAANANWANASSOAANANAAANEEC ee eee eee < br > BE2 SSSSSooorAANAAAAANSSOAAAAAAAAANSSOOAANAAAAAAAANNeT SSSSSSOSSOANASSSSSOSOSONNN < br > > Year-Month < br > = Data Source : panjiva < br > Ss < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > o < br > En ! < br > fo ' < br > i = T ! < br > S A 1 < br > on T ' < br > ai = | h + ! x 7 < br > 2 y _ | rt A < br > Sotf aN AN pN = < br > Pyx NY i y Y h A < br > = E ! 1 1 v < br > aroH i fI \\ y p ¥ L * < br > a 1 < br > = ! < br > & ! < br > ga \\ < br > BS WPTQORMMPorAc aAgyHOER Gor Ac aNntHENe | < br > 323BE2 BHABAGBDABADBEEESSCSSCSCSOCOCSCESererSSSSSooorAAAAAAAANSSOAAAAAAAAANSSOOAAAAAAAAAFErFErErreecEeEEceEcEErEErFETEEEEEEEEEEErere Tr B ® ANQNRVRARANNAANSSCSCOANANANAAANANAeT SSOSSSSOSSOANASSSSSOSOOSONNNEEC ee eee eee < br > > Year-Month < br > = _ Data Source : panjiva < br > Ss < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 634, "end": 641, "text": "panjiva", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income they have to purchase traditional cooking fuels ( i . e . firewood and charcoal ) . On a global scale , however , private-sector investment in the supply of alternative fuels to these markets has been limited to date . There are several reasons for this , including in most cases a large degree of uncertainty surrounding refugees ’ legal status and unclear government policies regarding their economic integration . For the Kakuma complex , the MEI decided to engage with the private sector directly . It asked firms to propose creative solutions for overcoming the obstacles to private investment in alternative fuels for refugee and host-community populations . This research paper records that process , and reviews lessons from the MEI ’ s experience in Kenya . It also includes relevant examples from other countries , to provide insights and lessons for future private-sector engagement in refugee cooking energy markets . The results of the MEI ’ s 2016 survey of households in Kakuma I camp in Kenya < sup > 4 < / sup > showed a gap between user demand and ability to pay for cleaner alternative fuels . Based on these results , the MEI set out to establish a concession system that would subsidize the provision of alternative fuels to the consumer , with prices capped at a level deemed affordable to a majority of households in the overall Kakuma complex . The MEI requested expressions of interest ( EOIs ) from local private-sector companies for expanding sales and distribution of fuels in the camp complex through the concession . One of the parameters was that the difference > 2 In-kind firewood refers to the distribution of firewood itself , as opposed to the distribution of cash for the purchase of firewood . > 3 Kakuma refugee camp consists of four sub-camps or zones ( Kakuma I – IV ) . In the context of this paper , the term ‘ Kakuma complex ’ also includes the nearby Kalobeyei integrated settlement . > 4 Corbyn , D . and Vianello , M . ( 2018 )", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 989, "text": "2016 survey of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", using quotations from The Economist and Financial Times from 1930 to 1980 . For illustration , Figure B1 shows an example of how this source looks like . The bond price data from the NYSE was coded from the “ Bank and Quotation Section ” of the Commercial Financial Chronicle ( from 1905 to 1927 and 1954 to 1978 ) and from the Bank and Quotation Record ( from 1927 to 1954 ) . Our baseline is to use price data of the last trading or business day of the month . We deviate from this rule only for a few dozen bonds before 1850 , when markets were not as developed and liquid . For that period , we use the last available price of a month and , rare occasions , also the average between low and high prices of a month . Beyond prices , we draw on additional sources to collect the financial and legal characteristics of each bond , in particular amount issued , issue date , maturity , coupon rates , coupon frequency , repayment schedule , guarantees or type of issuer . These are taken from bond manuals such as Fenn ’ s Compendium of the English and Foreign Funds ( 1837-1838 , 1855 , 1857 , 1863 , 1867 , 1869 , 1874 , 1876 , 1883 , 1889 , 1893 ) ; Fortune ’ s Epitome of the Stock and Public Funds ( 1800 , 1810 , 1820 , 1824 , 1826 , 1833 , 18381839 , 1850-1851 , 1856 ) ; Kimber ' s Records on Government Debts and other Foreign Securities ( 1918 , 1919 , 1922 , 1934 ) , Moody ' s Manuals on Foreign and American Government Securities ( yearly 1920196ex0 ) , and the London Stock Exchange Yearbooks ( 1877-1878 , 1880-1881 , 1883-1888 , 1890 , 1894A4", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 189, "text": "bond price data from the NYSE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 330, "end": 355, "text": "Bank and Quotation Record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to macroeconomic volatility and reliance on donor aid flows . We carry out analysis at the most disaggregated level , using all 65 separate dimensions included in each assessment , rather than relying on the 25 high level performance indicators that aggregate some of the dimensions that have been used in previous analyses . Missing data is categorized by PEFA assessors as “ NA ” ( not applicable ) , “ NU ” ( not used for the assessment ) , or “ NR ” ( not rated due to insufficient information ) . Our treatment of missing data is in line with suggested practice ( PEFA Secretariat 2009 ) . We treat NA and NU scores as missing and exclude them from the analysis , but code NR as a 0 score , since in most cases NR will correspond to a function that is either not being carried out at all , or is being completed to such a poor standard that it would not achieve a D score . This approach avoids a systematic upwards bias in the scores of countries with poorer PFM systems , such as those we are primarily interested in . Given the limited range of values , we follow the literature on similar constructed , ordinal data ( Elbadawi and Randa , 2003 ; Bates , 2006 ) in testing for the presence of censoring . As described by Rigobon and Stoker ( 2006 ) , the presence of censoring can be tested for using a simple Chow test on the stability of the coefficient estimates between a sub-sample of possibly censored data 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Vocational training and rehabilitation of < br > persons with disabilities . | Manage and train Vocational < br > centers for PWDs | Rehabilitation | # # # * * The State Department for Social Protection in the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection * * 268 . Development policy , sectoral oversight , and management , of all matters concerning the elderly and the social protection policy , and policy and programs for older persons . The department also has oversight and management , of all matters concerning persons with disabilities . Protection and advocacy of needs of persons with disabilities , policy , and programs for persons with disabilities and vocational training and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities . In February 2020 the National Development Implementation Technical Committee ( NDITC ) confirmed that the Ministry ’ s mandate to lead on matters related to the management of social risks is established through Executive Order No . 1 of 2018 . # # # * * National Council for Persons with Disabilities ( NCPD ) * * 269 . Oversight of all matters concerning persons with disability with the statutory responsibility for facilitation of disability mainstreaming programs , formulating and developing measures and policies designed to achieve equal opportunities for PWDs , cooperating with the government during the National Census to ensure that accurate figures of PWDs are obtained ; issuing orders requiring the adjustment of buildings that are unfriendly for use by PWDs , recommending measures to prevent discrimination against PWDs , encouraging and securing the rehabilitation 44", "spans": [{"start": 1349, "end": 1364, "text": "National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Q / S < br > afety field materials for NPCU < br > staff ( First aid kit , Raincoat , s < br > afety shoes , sleeping bag , et < br > c . ) < br > TF / B8450 | Project Management and Re < br > porting | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limited - | National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 7 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | | | | 2025-07-26 < br > 20 | 25-07-23 | | | | | | 2025-08-23 | 2025-08 | - 01 < br > 2025-09 - | 13 < br > 2 | 025-08-05 | | ET-MOA-516267-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > ocurement of 150 tablets for < br > 47 RLLP-II woredas data colle < br > ction purpose based on the a < br > pproved AWBP component 2 . < br > TF / B5341 | Investing in Institutions and I < br > nformation for Resilience | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limited - | National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 95 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | | | | 2025-12-02 | | | | | | | 2026-01-13 | | 2026-02 - | 12 | | | ET-MOA-523272-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > inting service for land restora < br > tion manual < br > TF / B8450 | Investing in Institutions and I < br > nformation for Resilience | Post | Request for Quota < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _A . 2 . School Enrollment-Income elasticities_ * * We estimate the income elasticity to schooling using data from 130 household surveys , using the latest available Global Monitoring Database ( GMD ) for all available countries . We estimate this relationship by welfare quintile , which has the advantage of allowing for non-linearities . We estimate non-parametrically the following relationship , O . . . qq = 1 , aa , cc qq = 1 , cc � O OO × WW where , qq = 5 , aa , cc qq = 5 , cc OO × WW O , is the share of out-of-school by welfare quintile _q_ , for age group * * _a_ * * , in country * * _c_ * * ( see figure 3 for the out of school variation across welfare quintile , per country income group ) OO W , is the share of children in welfare quintile * * _q_ * * , in country * * _c_ * * We apply the income shock to all children by multiplying the per capita welfare of all children by the available macro projections of contraction in 2020 . In our reported estimates , we use the latest published Macro Poverty Outlook ( MPO ) projections for GDP per capita growth , with the regional average imputed if no country value was available . Preserving the baseline cutoff values for each welfare quintile , we observe how this shock changes the distribution of children across the original quintiles . The total out of school children is obtained by reweighting the number of children on each welfare quintile , and assigning them the observed shared of out of school children ( _OoSq , ac_ ) . O . . . qq = 1 , aa , cc qq = 1 , cc O OO × WW ′ � where , qq = 5 , aa , cc qq = 5 , cc OO × WW ′ where , O , is the share of out-of-school by welfare quintile _q_ , for age group * * _a_ * * , in country * * _c_ * * ( see figure 3 for the out of school variation across welfare quintile , per country income", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 142, "text": "data from 130 household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 172, "end": 198, "text": "Global Monitoring Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is a National Forest Priority Area , namely Munessa-Shashemene NFPA , which is located at over 10 . 5km east of the TL route . There is an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) , namely Lake Hawassa , which is located at a minimum areal distance of 5km at downstream of the TL . # # # # # # * * Necessary Mitigation Measures * * Possible impacts on the L . Hawassa IBA will be mitigated through the mitigation measures specified in sections 5 . 3 . 5 . 1 and 5 . 3 . 5 . 2 . Therefore , no additional mitigation measures are necessary . # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 6 Impacts on Cultural Heritage ( ESS8 ) * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 6 . 1 Destruction of Cultural Heritage through Chance Finds * * Cultural heritage , archaeological , written and oral information survey has been conducted along the TL corridor and the new Shashemene-II substation . The analysis demonstrates that : - During the site survey , no visible archaeological evidences and cultural heritage have been unearthed in the subproject affected areas . Therefore , the subproject activities are not expected to have impact on archaeological and cultural heritage sites ; and - Consultations with local officials and local communities also reveal that there are no known tangible cultural heritage sites within the proposed subproject direct impact zone . Also , there is no intangible cultural heritage in the subproject area of influence which will be adversely affected by subproject activities . # # # # # # * * Necessary Mitigation Measures * * Although no direct and specific mitigation is necessary , the following protective measures are necessary : - Although no know protected cultural , historical or archaeological sites were identified in and around the subproject corridor , it is necessary for the construction contract to Page 163", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 755, "text": "Cultural heritage , archaeological , written and oral information survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use of locally / own produced seeds and broadcasting , and minimal use of fertilizer . 17 . It was estimated that the average yields by crop recorded at national ( and regional ) levels by the Central Statistics Agency fairly represented the current \" without project \" situation of AGP2 smallholders and are same to those used at the design stage . The crop models for “ with project ” scenario were developed using data provided by Page 40", "spans": [{"start": 417, "end": 441, "text": "data provided by Page 40", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") rains and seyetal local food shortages : / . \" , ' . . ' . . 2 . Stable or increasing food production was perceiveclas : oritical to avoid further escalation offood prices and reduce thtdlkelihood ofamajorcropfailure in 200 ~ 10 . Successful growth in agricultural productioIroverthe pastfiveyears ' ( llveraging about 10 percent according to official data ) was partly explained by greater use and adoption of imported chemical fertilizer . 111ere was a significant risk thilt substantial reductions in fertiIlzer use in 2009 ~ 1 ( lwould haveredUceEi ' yields , leading tolncreased poverty · and food insecurity among the approximately & - - 7 million smallholder households that regularly applied fertilizer . Such an eventuality would ' Mve ' fUrther exacerbated food price inflation , ' and giyep the shortage of forei ~ exchange ; wouldnoi have been well addressed through copmierci8 . litriports of grain . The impact on ' . the poor ' antfonsocial stability would have been sharp an & rtega . tive . . ' . . . . , ; ' . \" . . , , ~ , . , 3 . Oiventhis sjtuation ; the ; Govel ' lUtl . eht of Ethiopia sought urgent assIstance from the , World Bank . The Bank responded by engaging in the desi ~ of Ethiopia \" s Emergency Food Crisis Response Program under the Global FoodCrisis Response Program , in accordance with OPIBP8 . 00 . The Emergency Food Crisis Response Program had two parts \" Fitst , addiiional financing ofUSS 2 ? million to ~ e Ptoauct ! ve SafetrNetsProgram contnbuted to government efforts to sustain thechromcally food Insecure . Second , US $ 250 million financed the Fertilizer Support Project ( FSP ) , the subject of", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 358, "text": "official data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CITIZENSHIP AND STATELESSNESS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Van der Beken , Christophe . ‘ Ethiopia : Constitutional Protection of Ethnic Minorities at the Regional Level ’ . _Afrika Focus_ 20 , no . 1 ( 2007 ) : 105 – 51 . Van Lehman , Daniel J . , and Estelle M . McKee . ‘ Removals to Somalia in Light of the Convention against Torture : Recent Evidence from Somali Bantu Deportees ’ . _Georgetown Immigration Law Journal_ 19 , no . 3 ( 2019 ) : 357 – 97 . Van Lehman , Daniel J . , and Risa S . Proehl . ‘ Population Estimates of Somali Bantu with East African Slave Ancestry ’ . _Journal of Somali Studies_ 2 , no . 1 & 2 ( 2015 ) : 47 – 66 . Waas , Laura van . _Nationality Matters : Statelessness under International Law_ . Antwerp ; Portland : Intersentia , 2008 . Weis , Paul . _Nationality and Statelessness in International Law_ . 2nd ed . Leiden : Brill , 1979 . Weitzberg , Keren . _We Do Not Have Borders : Greater Somalia and the Predicaments of Belonging in Kenya_ . Athens , OH : Ohio University Press , 2017 . World Bank . ‘ Identification for Development ( ID4D ) Global Dataset ’ . Identification for Development Initiative . Washington , D . C . , June 2018 . https : / / id4d . worldbank . org / global-dataset . Wubneh , Mulatu . ‘ This Land Is My Land : The Ethio-Sudan Boundary and the Need to Rectify Arbitrary Colonial Boundaries ’ . _Journal of Contemporary African Studies_ 33 , no . 4 ( 2015 ) : 441 – 66 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1080 / 02589001 . 2016 . 1143602 . Yasin , Yasin Mohammed . ‘ Political History of the A", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For refugees and host communities , digital support can facilitate self-reliance and promote Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises ( MSMEs ) solutions to foster a postCOVID-19 recovery . < sup > 17 < / sup > > 9 Uganda Bureau of Statistics and World Bank . ( July 2020 ) ) . Uganda National COVID-19 Phone Survey Brief . > 10 World Bank . 2020 . _Digital Solutions in a Time of Crisis : Uganda Economic Update , 15th Edition , July 2020_ . > 11 World Bank . 2020 . Uganda Economic Update , Strengthening Social Protection to Reduce Vulnerability and Promote Inclusive Growth , 2020 . World Bank . > 12 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and Government of Uganda ( GoU ) , Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal , November 2020 , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / uga > 13 UNHCR and GoU , Uganda - Refugee Statistics October 2020 , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / documents / details / 82807 > 14 http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 571081569598919068 / Informing-the-Refugee-Policy-Response-in-Uganda-Results-fromthe-Uganda-Refugee-and-Host-Communities-2018-Household-Survey > 15 http : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 571081569598919068 / pdf / Informing-the-Refugee-Policy-Response-in-Uganda-Resultsfrom-the-Uganda-Refugee-and-Host-Communities-2018-Household-Survey . pdf > 16 http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 571081569598919068 / In", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "keyword search . 6 Even though many papers analyzed longitudinal data on maternal work , we excluded studies that only controlled for observables . One exception is the lagged dependent variable approach , which controls for the baseline value of the outcome variable . Although the lagged outcome variable is an observable , including it accounts for unobserved maternal or child characteristics that affected the earlier outcome , which reduces selection bias due to unmeasured child and family characteristics . However , if the study had controls for child development measures at baseline and these were from the same realm as the outcome variable , even if not exactly the same measure , we 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of avoiding “ wasting ” part of the data available in separate surveys , like LSMS and DHS . Sections 3 . 3 and 3 . 4 . 1 list solutions for the construction of hybrid multidimensional indices . They may thus help improve cross-regions well-being comparisons as well as a region ’ s well-being trend . The paper should study how to apply this kind of solutions in practice and quantify their impact on well-being comparisons . 39", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 82, "text": "LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 87, "end": 90, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF be filed should be in line with the project components and / or to its implementation and management . The GMEESD project grievance resolution process will involve the following main steps : - ✓ _Receipt of grievances_ : anyone from the affected communities or believing they are affected by the Project can submit a grievance ( written , verbal , text message , telephone , etc . as appropriate for the complainant ) . - ✓ _Registering the complaint_ : the GRC secretariat / focal person who received the complaint will use the GRM logbook for registering . - ✓ _Referral and examination of complaints_ : the GRC will examine the complaint , resolve , or refer to the appropriate body such as next higher body ( PSC ) or formal courts . - ✓ _Notifying the complainant_ : the decision / solution / action by the grievance committee shall be communicated to the complainant as per the stipulated timeline for feedback . - ✓ _Closing the complaint_ : where the decision / solution of the complaint is accepted by the complainant , or complaint that is not related to the project or any of its components , or a complaint that is being heard by the judiciary will be closed following the appropriate procedure based on the acknowledge and signed off by the complainant . There should be clear complaints raising channels such as a dedicated phone number for call , a number for SMS / text message , an email address and a focal point and physical address to register complaints . This must be well circulated to beneficiaries . Posters and other dissemination materials must be made visible . The steps and timelines of the redress process is described below . Table 11 . Steps in the Grievance Redress Process | * * Steps * * | < br > * * Process * * | * * Description * * | * * Completion * * < br > * * time frame * * | * * Responsible Body *", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 627, "text": "GRM logbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 | | Date | 30-May-2014 | 18-Dec-2017 | 15-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2019 |  Indicator 4 : Percentage of users who are satisfied with the accessibility of official statistics as determined by the user satisfaction survey ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 88 . 00 | 88 . 00 | 94 . 00 | | Date | 30-May-2014 | 18-Dec-2017 | 15-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2019 | Overall Comments 6 / 25 / 2018 Page 5 of 11 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 217, "text": "user satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Electricity generation capacity additions that are either planned or are under construction between 2018 and 2035 are presented in Table 2 . Of the total planned capacity additions , more than half will be natural gas based . Renewable sources of electricity ( solar , wind and hydro ) will share more than 10 % of the total planned or committed capacity in the region . Note that the addition of new power plants also replaces retiring capacities . * * < u > Table 2 . Planned / Under Construction Capacity by 2035 ( MW ) < / u > * * | * * Economy * * | * * GT * * | * * CC * * | * * ST * * | * * DG * * | * * Hydro * * | * * Nuclear * * | * * Coal * * | * * Wind * * | * * PV * * | * * CSP * * | * * IGCC * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Algeria | 10 , 800 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 70 | 200 | - | < br > - | * * 11 , 070 * * | | Bahrain | 4 , 125 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 105 | - | < br > - | < br > * * 4 , 231 * * | | Egypt , Arab < br > Rep . | 2 , 430 | 7 , 940 | 10 , 550 | - | 32 | 2 , 400 | 1 , 950 | 160 | 179 | - | < br > - | * * 25 , 641 * * | | Iraq | 15 , 000 | 2 , 500 | 13 , 000 | - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commences < br > and also carry out awareness programs like fire outbreak among the < br > workers especially on aspects of what to do in case of an emergency . < br > • < br > Contractors to have a human resource policy and Labour force < br > management plans to guide the recruitment and terms of < br > employment / contracts for all workers on the project . < br > • < br > Undertake risk assessment of all tasks before commencement . < br > • < br > Maintain an incidents / accidents log / register and undertake reporting of < br > serious / severe cases to PSFU , MGLSD and World Bank within 24 hours of < br > occurrence . < br > • < br > Undertake root cause analysis ( RCA ) of all incidents / accidents within 10 < br > days after occurrence , develop and implement safeguards corrective action < br > plan ( SCAP ) to avoid or minimize repeat . | | Traffic Impacts | • < br > The contractors should develop a traffic management plan for the < br > transportation within and around the construction site . < br > • < br > Determine the main access and exit points for the sites throughout the < br > project duration , along with scheduled changes in these accesses and exit < br > points , if applicable . < br > • < br > Prepare a plan for communication with residents and businesses < br > surrounding the construction site . Effective communication with local < br > stakeholders is essential to minimize the grievances and inconvenience to < br > the surrounding community . < br > • < br > The Contractor ’ s vehicles and equipment must be in proper working < br > condition and have registration plates , and numbering . < br > • < br > The project drivers and Operators shall ensure proper driving discipline by < br > through signing of a Special Code of Conduct for Drivers and Operators , and < br > san", "spans": [{"start": 468, "end": 504, "text": "incidents / accidents log / register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : * * Comparative country level data : economic indicators | | Afghanistan | Bangladesh | Bhutan | India | Maldives | Nepal | Pakistan | Sri Lanka | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Land area ( sq km ) | 652 , 860 | 130 , 170 | 38 , 117 | 2 , 973 , 190 | 300 | 143 , 350 | 770 , 880 | 62 , 710 | | Agricultural land as of 2012 < br > [ % ] | 58 . 1 | 70 . 1 | 13 . 6 | 60 . 3 | 23 . 3 | 28 . 7 | 35 . 1 | 42 . 9 | | Arable land as of 2012 [ % ] | 11 . 9 | 59 . 0 | 2 . 6 | 52 . 5 | 10 . 0 | 14 . 8 | 27 . 5 | 19 . 9 | | Forest as of 2012 [ % ] | 2 . 1 | 11 | 85 . 8 | 23 . 1 | 3 . 0 | 25 . 4 | 2 . 1 | 29 . 2 | | Population as of 2014 [ millions ] | 31 . 28 | 158 . 51 | 0 . 77 | 1 , 267 . 40 | 0 . 35 | 28 . 12 | 185 . 13 | 21 . 33 | | Rural populationas of 2014 [ % ] | 74 | 66 | 62 | 68 | 56 | 82 | 62 | 82 | | Population density as of 2013 < br > [ people per sq km ] | 47 | 1 , 203 | 20 | 421 | 1 , 150 | 194 | 236 | 327 | | GDP in $ as of 2013 [ billions ] | 20 . 31 | 149 . 99 | 1 . 78 | 1 , 876 . 80 | 2 . 30 | 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ # # # # # * * 4 . Provision of humanitarian assistance * * _Vision : Refugees ’ basic needs are met through access to quality public services within national service systems . _ # # # # # # * * Key challenges * * Approximately 1 . 2 million refugees are estimated to be in need of humanitarian assistance in Sudan . < sup > 11 < / sup > Sudan ’ s economic situation has increased food insecurity among refugee communities , with just 1 % of refugees able to afford the local food basket , according to WFP . A lack of livelihood programming and access to work permits limits the capacity for self-reliance of some refugee groups and renders them dependent on humanitarian assistance provided by UNHCR and inter-agency partners . This is especially true for newly-arrived South Sudanese refugees and Eritrean refugees living in camps . Free access to public primary health services and education for refugees and other persons of concern is only granted for certain nationalities , including Syrian , Yemeni and Palestinian refugees . However , the absorption capacity of public health facilities is limited and populations granted access are still required to pay nominal fees , which can deter refugees from accessing public services . In some locations , health , education and psycho-social services for refugees and asylum-seekers are provided through parallel service providers , usually through COR or non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . Nutrition status remains a concern for refugees in Sudan , with global acute malnutrition ( GAM ) and severe acute malnutrition ( SAM ) rates above emergency thresholds across all camps and informal settlements . Notably among South Sudanese refugees , results from the Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey ( SENS ) in White Nile camps , and out-of-camp locations in South Kordofan ( El Leri settlement ) and West Kordofan ( El Meiram and Kharasana ) indicate critical GAM and SAM rates . While food insecurity remains a", "spans": [{"start": 1796, "end": 1834, "text": "Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- line as well as a mid-term and end of project survey . It will also contract specific operational research as need arises . Technical assistance by some specialized NGOs already working in Guinea and whose services are satisfactory , will permit a certain quality control , a rapid expansion of some activities , and capacity building . This professionalization of the fight against AIDS is important for its sustainability . It ' s anticipated that five such contracts will be signed on a sole-source basis : with GTZ , University of Montreal , and AGBEF . * * The contract with GTZ will include the main following activities : * * Working with the MOH to : - support laboratories for HIV / AIDS ; - support sentinel surveillance for HIV / AIDS ; - give technical assistance on the Reference Guides for Counselling for Testing and for Treatment of pediatric cases of HIV / AIDS ; - support to develop a training curriculum for psychological support ; - give technical assistance to design quality control protocols for counselling , psychological support , testing , care of pediatric cases ; - give technical assistance for training of trainers in counselling , testing , PMTCT , care of pediatric cases . Working with the Ministry of Social Affairs to : - 35 -", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 54, "text": "mid-term and end of project survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ha will be affected . Adequate mitigation measures to protect the remaining part of the forest reserves have been included in the Environment and Social management Plan ( ESMP ) . A biodiversity inventory was prepared and as far as it is known the affected natural habitats are not critical natural habitat as defined under OP4 . 04 . 54 . The ESIA has provided detailed information on potential impacts of the transmission line and mitigation measures for such impacts . The ESIA also includes impact mitigation of the peri-urban electrification and street and market place lighting at Masaka Township . This includes measures for Natural Habitats ( OP / BP 4 . 04 ) , Physical Cultural Resources ( OP / BP 4 . 11 ) and Forests ( OP / BP 4 . 36 ) . The social sections above ( paras 47-51 ) have addressed the trigger for OP / BP 4 . 12 Involuntary Resettlement and the mitigation measures adopted . 55 . The initial line route was identified in 2006 by a team of the Feasibility Consultants and the ESIA Consultants . The losses in forest reserves which cannot be avoided will be compensated . It is being proposed that these compensation funds be used to strengthen the management of the remaining forest reserves . Additional biodiversity surveys were carried out > 12 Since the power to be transported through the Kawanda – Masaka transmission line will need to be supplied from the BHPP through the Bujagali-Kawanda section of the BIP , this section is considered associated to the proposed Project . Resolution of RoW issues of the BIP has been a major problem that has delayed completion of construction works by more than a year . Through concerted efforts of the GoU , these are now gradually getting resolved and the total number of disputed cases has come down from 79 as of November 2010 to 24 as of March 2011 . Of this , total number of unresolved issues on the Bujagali-Kawanda section is eight ; this includes two on tower spots . Since the Kawanda – Mas", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 204, "text": "biodiversity inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1230, "end": 1250, "text": "biodiversity surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- sections above are to be provided with compensation for loss of assets other than land . Consequently , this policy advocates for assistance to all affected persons , including illegal occupants / squatters and encroachers , that is , irrespective of whether they have formal titles , legal rights or not . Therefore , it is clear that all affected persons irrespective of their status or whether they have formal titles , legal rights or not , are eligible for assistance if they occupied the land before the entitlement cut-off date . The entitlement cut-off date refers to the time when the census of persons and their property in the project area begins , i . e . the first day of the census . Thereafter , namely after the cut-off date no new cases of affected people will be considered . Persons who encroach the area after the cut-off date are not eligible for compensation or any form of resettlement assistance . A general template of entitlement matrix is provided in Annex 3 for guidance in the development of RAPs . # # * * 6 . 2 Method to Determine Cut-Off Dates * * Cut-off dates are essential in the process of drawing up lists to ensure that ineligible persons do not take the opportunity to claim eligibility . The establishment of a cut-off date is required to prevent opportunistic invasions / rush migration into the earmarked land , thereby posing costly risks arising out of speculative tendencies to the subproject . The cut-off date will be the first date of the 23", "spans": [{"start": 596, "end": 632, "text": "census of persons and their property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , there is not just one definition of multi-dimensional poverty or one set of multi-dimensional poverty indicators . Gordon et al . ( 2003a ) distinguishes between eight severe deprivations related to food , health , education , water , sanitation , shelter , information and access to basic services . Others have only analyzed poverty among a subset of these deprivations , imposed stricter deprivation criteria , following the MDG and SDG indicators , requiring for instance a child to have access to improved sanitation , rather than just any sanitation facility in order to count it as non-deprived of sanitation or added other dimensions , such as energy deprivation ( Poppola and Adetola , 2016 ; Ajakaiye et al . , 2016 ) . Over time , there has been a convergence to a core set of child poverty dimensions ; namely , Health , Nutrition , Education , Information , Water , Sanitation , and Housing as discussed in Abdu and Delamonica ( 2018 ) . These are also the dimensions , which were adopted in a 2006 resolution by the UN general assembly defining child poverty as multi-dimensional ( UN , 2007 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > While some studied one or several poverty dimensions in isolation , others have mapped the poverty incidence probability combining various dimensions using a first order dominance approach ( Arndt et al . , 2012 ) , whereas others have constructed multi-dimensional poverty indices of several dimensions whereby the latter have sometimes attempted to attach weights to the different dimensions , such as Alkire and Foster ( 2011 ) . Considering however that all dimensions are also one of the child ’ s rights as defined in the Convention of the Child , a child being deprived of any right is thus poor . Therefore , it is argued that the dimensions should not be weighted when constructing indexes ( see Abdu and Delamonica ( 2018 ) ) . # 2 . 2 Poverty in Nigeria There exists limited evidence on aggregate poverty and child poverty in Nigeria . As in the literature in general , there is a lack of evidence on child poverty that connects the findings of studies focusing on specific poverty indicators and or", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 460, "text": "SDG indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and safety risks of the program . During the assessment , it was observed that the environmental , social , and safety structure available at federal and regional levels is not sufficient for projects management , particularly for close follow-up and supervision of measures implementation . It is to be noted that the on-grid projects are planned and implemented at EEU districts level even though there is no ESHS staff at this level . Although the ESHS staff at federal and regional levels support the districts , effective implementation of E & S requirements cannot be achieved without assigning relevant staff at district level . To cater for this gap , it is recommended that the environmental , social , and safety structure should be extended to districts level through assigning trained focal persons from existing district staff . Further , following the change in scope of the proposed Program and to fill the gaps in implementation of the parent Program , it is recommended to revise the ESMSG and RSG , focusing on greater risk on-grid projects . Also , projects pre-screening shall be done at Program management , PPMD , level using maps and data to identify natural habitats and PCRs potentially affected by Program activities . E & S performance , including strengthening GRM , should be a district prioritization / readiness criterion . Capacity building trainings were provided for the ESHS staff in the implementing agencies at different times . However , given the background skills of some of the ESHS staff and the need to enhance the environmental and social management capacity of the same to achieve Program objectives , further , substantive capacity building and technical assistance program shall be designed and implemented on environmental , social and safety assessment and management practices through providing effective training packages . To achieve this , it is recommended to adopt a Third Party Monitoring ( TPM ) system which incorporates capacity building trainings , monitoring , and score cards . The TPM system will be managed by PPMD and applies to the Program across the board until the E & S structure at all levels builds capacity on", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1161, "text": "maps and data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "le plus élevé . La zone de santé avait en 2018 , une prévalence de 1 , 7 % de la MAS associée aux facteurs aggravants notamment des inondations qui ont permis à l ’ ONG PUI de mener une intervention en 2019 et qui a pris fin en Mars 2020 . Après le désengagement du partenaire , pour le deuxième trimestriel de l ’ année en cours les données de DHIS2 indiquent que la zone a enregistré Plus de * * 6990 * * cas de malnutrition après trois mois du désengagement du partenaire , considérant le nombre de cas dépistés et admis pour certains , nous sommes posées la question sur la cause de l ’ augmentation du nombre de cas de malnutrition ce malgré l ’ appui du partenaire dans la zone . # # * * Objectif de la mission * * < mark > Cette mission nous a permis de collecter les informations nutritionnelles et d ’ autres secteurs sensibles à la nutrition qui constituent les facteurs aggravants dans la survenue de la malnutrition dans la zone à ce jour . < / mark > # # * * Les cibles de la mission * * Ces acteurs nous ont permis de collecter les informations , il s ’ agit des : - < mark > Autorités locales , < / mark > - < mark > L ’ équipe cadre des zones de santé de Kabalo ; < / mark > - < mark > Acteurs de CONCERN , CARITAS KONGOLO Antenne de KABALO , < / mark > - < mark > FAO , et les IT des 3 aires de santé de KASU , MPONGO , LUKUNDULA et KASINGE", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 350, "text": "données de DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "area , store-rooms and vehicle parking areas . The number and location of camps are yet to be determined , but will be guided by this CHA and Environmental and Social Management Plans ( ESMP ) , including those developed by contractors . # 3 AREA OF ANALYSIS The Project ESIAs describe a Direct Impact Zone ( DIZ ) defined by the 60 m wide RoW , and an Indirect impact zone defined for social impacts . The following two areas of analysis are considered for the biodiversity assessment . - A 2 km buffer around the TL route is applied for assessment of habitat loss ( Figure 2 ) . This extent has been selected because land cover data is not sufficiently detailed to limit the assessment to the DIZ and a broad 2 km buffer is needed . - The CHA Area of Analysis ( AoA ) will be based on a 50 km buffer around the TL route . This AoA follows the IBAT approach that applies a 50 km buffer ( Figure 6 and Figure 8 ) for identifying protected areas and potential species presence . The large 50 km buffer is applied due to the inherently low accuracy of most species distribution maps used by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , which is a key underlying source for data provided by IBAT . 11", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 634, "text": "land cover data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1093, "end": 1128, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 . 8 Average duration of stay in unfinished buildings , collective centres , formal and informal camps and in open areas * * Respondents were asked how long on average people stayed in these types of housing . These types were listed because they are substandard housing options , associated with inadequate protection or unsafe conditions and with increased levels of vulnerability . Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile 140 sub-districts reporting - Around a third of people utilize these substandard housing options for a month or less . More than a quarter utilize them for more than 6 months . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 . 8 . 1 Ave duration of stay in unfinished buildings , collective centres , formal and informal camps and in open areas : < br > frequency of responses < br > 27 . 86 % < br > 22 . 86 % < br > 17 . 86 % < br > 10 . 00 % 12 . 14 % 7 . 86 % < br > 0 . 71 % 0 . 71 % < br > 6 + months 3-6 months 2-3 months One month or less One week or less Not applicable No answer Do not know < br > 2 . 9 Different types of collective shelters used by population in need < br > Respondents were asked to select one or more answers from a list of collective shelter types < br > Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile 55 sub-districts reporting < br > - 30 % of collective shelters are in school buildings < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # * * 2 . 9 . 1 Different types of collective shelters used by population in need : frequency of responses * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > School < br > 45 % Warehouse < br > Municipal", "spans": [{"start": 470, "end": 493, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1990 , . . . 2013 } using the following equations : * ( Eq 2 ) _Physicians per 1000 populationt_ = _α_ 0 + _α_ 1 _yeart_ + _εt_ * ( Eq 3 ) _Nurses / midwives per 1000 populationt_ = _β_ 0 + _β_ 1 _yeart_ + _εt_ where _εt_ is the random disturbance term and α0 , β0 , α1 and β1 are unknown parameters , with the last two parameters representing the linear growth rates to be estimated from the model . For countries where more than two historical data points are available for physician and nurse / midwife density , the future projections of worker density are predicted based on the model parameter estimates . More than two historical data points were available for physician and nurse / midwife density for 136 and 81 countries , respectively , out of the total of 165 countries in our sample . For countries with insufficient historical data points or where linear regression prediction yielded implausible values , several alternative approaches were used to estimate future supply ( see Annex A for details ) . Briefly , for 72 and 118 countries , respectively , for physicians and 7", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 457, "text": "historical data points", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 2 . Grievance Registry * * | N < br > o < br > Date < br > incomi < br > ng < br > letter / < br > form < br > receive < br > d | Griev < br > ance < br > Refer < br > ence < br > Num < br > ber | Name < br > / < br > Surna < br > me < br > of < br > grievan < br > ce | Gen < br > der | Type < br > of < br > grieva < br > nce | Detail < br > s of < br > grieva < br > nce | Medium < br > of < br > communi < br > cation | Name < br > of staff < br > respons < br > ible < br > for < br > managi < br > ng | Date of < br > grievan < br > ce < br > acknowl < br > edge - < br > ment | Date < br > of < br > feedba < br > ck < br > provisi < br > on / < br > refere | Pres < br > ent < br > stat < br > us | Remar < br > k s | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | # *", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 32, "text": "Grievance Registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "da"}
{"text": "367 * * | | | | | | | | EquIty Investments Transferredto | | | | | | | | | Government < br > . | 67 , 404 | * * 2 , 891 * * | | | | | | | UndisbursedLoanCommitments | * * 33 , 560 * * < br > | * * 28 , 854 * * | | | | | | | Total ResourcesUsed | * * 290 , * * < sup > * * 9 0 * * < / sup > * * 0 * * | * * 88 , 705 * * | | | | | | | UncommitedResourcesSurplus | * * 31 , 273 * * | * * - * * | | | | | | - * * 1 / * * Consists of Birr . * * 2 , 676 , 000 * * from Minimum < sup > PackageProject , Birr . 400 , 000from CoffeeWashing Projectand Birr . < / sup > < sup > * * 300 , 000 * * from < / sup > Diary Project . * * 2 / * * JnclUddiuagJtr , 5 . 5 , 3R1 , Q0Q in short-term borrowings . 3 / Repayments dovetailed to subloans coTlections . 4 / Including provisions of Birr . * * 11 , 689 , 000 * * on equity investments transferred to Government . , * * 5 / * * Including short-term loan ! .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care ( P152394 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  RMNCAH related op | erations research completed to in | form policy / strategy ( Numbe | r , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | - - | 3 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | - - | - - | 30-Jun-2021 | |  A benefit package d | eveloped , costed , and dissemina | ted ( Number , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | - - | 1 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | - - | - - | 30-Jun-2021 | |  Implementing entiti | es submitting the annual FM and t | echnical report on time ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - < br > - - | 80 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | - - < br > - - | 30-Jun-2021 | # # Overall Comments Updated data will be provided only after at least 6 months of implementation . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan )", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital Foundations Project ( P171034 ) environment is also weak as Ethiopia ranks 159 < sup > th < / sup > out of 190 economies in the WBG ’ s _Doing Business_ rankings ( 2020 ) < sup > 16 < / sup > . The _Commercial Code of Ethiopia_ , which was enacted in the 1960s , is not tailored to new digital technology-driven realities . The _Investment Proclamation_ sets high minimum investment requirements for foreign investors for all sectors including digital entrepreneurship and digital financial services ( a minimum of US $ 150 , 000 for investing in Joint Ventures and US $ 200 , 000 for outright ownership ) . This discourages angel investors , equity financers and other forms of foreign investment in the digital entrepreneurship sector . In addition , there is inadequate protection of intellectual property rights ( IPR ) < sup > 17 < / sup > . Tech hubs and incubation centers in Ethiopia can help in overcoming barriers to digital entrepreneurship , but their operations are largely unsustainable , being heavily dependent on donor funding , and very few digital start-ups that have graduated from those centers are operating successfully . * * 15 . The GoE recognizes that the job creation potential of improved digitalization can spread to the population through digital businesses in Ethiopia . * * The latest draft of the _National Plan for Job Creation_ from the Job Creation Commission ( JCC ) under the Prime Minister ’ s Office shows that in 2018 there were 78 , 000 ICT jobs in Ethiopia . It further predicts that by 2025 , there will be 24 , 000 new direct ICT and 242 , 000 indirect ICT-enabled jobs added . This translates to a total of 368 , 000 ICT or ICT-enabled jobs by 2025 - almost a five-fold increase . To this end , MInT published a _Framework for Digital Transformation_ , identifying digital entrepreneurship as a key pillar . In addition , the Ministry of Trade", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 201, "text": "WBG ’ s _Doing Business_ rankings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * VI . Conclusions * * This paper uses nationwide information on ENLACE achievement tests to test whether the PROSPERA program , which has been shown in numerous evaluation studies to increase school enrollment , leads to significant increases in learning . We construct a panel of sixth graders and follow their achievement up through twelfth grade , comparing achievement of beneficiaries to non-beneficiaries . The data set we construct also allows us to estimate impacts of PROSPERA on enrollment and on the type of school in which PROSPERA beneficiaries enroll . We study impacts by gender for the entire sample of sixth graders in schools in medium to very high poverty communities and for the subsample of sixth graders in indigenous schools , which we use as a proxy to measure impacts for the indigenous . Estimated enrollment effects confirm large effects of participating in the PROSPERA program . Although positive effects have been documented before , our results are innovative in that they are based on administrative rather than parental self-reported information on children ’ s school attendance . The results are however quite similar to previous studies based on parental reports , showing important and significant effects on enrollment both in secondary and high school , for girls and boys and for the indigenous and non-indigenous . The analysis of type of school enrolled showed that , for secondary schools , the program increases the probability of enrolling in a tele-secondary school but does not affect the probability of enrolling in a general school . At the high school level , the probability of attending a general school increases relative to the probability of attending a technical school . To estimate effects on achievement , we use specifications where the outcome measure is the difference in test scores . These differenced models essentially allow for individual fixed effects , which are assumed to be sufficient to control for selectivity in test-taking . Such control is necessary because some children are induced to take the achievement tests by the PROSPERA program . Our results indicate increases in achievement on the order of 0 . 03 to 0 . 1 standard deviations both for boys and girls in the sample of children in marginalized areas and on the order of 0", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1083, "text": "parental self-reported information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Annex 7 : Financial Management * * # # # # # * * KENYA : Kenya Agricultural Productivity Project ( KAPP ) * * # # # # * * A : Financial Management Arrangements * * # # # # # * * Country issues * * The results o f the latest Kenya Country Financial Accountability Assessment ( CFAA ) dated April , 2001 indicated that “ _ . . . fi duciary risk in public spending is assessed as high . while a lack of compliance with established financial and procurement regulations have completely rendered many initiatives aimed at strengthening the control environment ineffective , issues of limited execution , inadequate monitoring , insufficient capacity and lack of enforcement also need to be resolved . _ * * ’ I * * There are high financial management risks due to a weak control and low capacity environment . Government accounts are regularly late and incomplete . Inter-agency reporting i s slow and sometimes difficult to achieve , where hierarchical lines are blurred or are foreign to the day-today structures and management o f the institution . Accountability chains are weak , and penalties are extremely light or nonexistent . # # # # # * * Mitigating measures * * * * A * * new Government i s now in place with a commitment to ensuring compliance with legislation , strengthening regulatory institutions and fighting corruption . With the support o f a number o f donor assisted initiatives , including the IDA-hnded Public Sector Management Technical Assistance ( PSMTA ) project , Government is seeking to rapidly enhance the financial accountability framework in order to : - Mitigate fiduciary risk in public expenditure management - Achieve economy , efficiency and effectiveness in the use o f public funds - Enhance transparency and accountability Enhance staff capacity in public financial management * * A * * number o f project-specific risk mitigation arrangements have been proposed in order to address noted country concerns : - a ) * * _An_ * * Inter-ministerial Steering Committee has been", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "negative for the intensive margin of trade : the change in the value of U . S . goods that are already exported to the EU within surviving trade relationships , e . g . , the same firm exporting the same product to Europe throughout the time span . Overall , the impact at the extensive margin outweighs the impact at the intensive margin . The empirical findings suggest that EU product standards harmonization to international norms contributes significantly to explain the export entry patterns observed in my sample of U . S . manufacturing firms . These results have an important policy implication . The U . S . National Export Initiative laid down in 2010 seeks to double exports over the next five years by enhancing small and medium sized firms ’ ability to enter export markets and by actively reducing barriers to trade . The results obtained in this paper suggest that working towards a reduction in the differences of product requirements across markets could be a supportive policy to encourage firm entry into export markets . The remainder of the paper is structured as follows . The next section develops the theoretical model . Section 3 describes the data set and presents summary statistics . Section 4 presents the empirical strategy and report results from testing the main theoretical results . Concluding remarks are offered in section 5 . Finally , appendix 1 contains theoretical derivations and appendix 2 presents details of the data set . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1178, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "per capita _Yit_ = ( _WL_ ) < sup > _pc_ < / sup > _i , t_ < sup > ( equivalent to the wage bill ) , which is available < / sup > for the whole sample , or quarterly GDP per capita _Yit_ = _GDP_ < sup > _pc_ < / sup > _i , t_ < sup > from2005 . 13 < / sup > All variables are de ated by the national quarterly Personal Consumption > 12For example , a speci cation of GDP growth rates regressed on the change in expenditure as share of GDP ( or similar ) is used in Barro and Redlick ( 2011 ) , Nakamura and Steinsson ( 2014 ) , Miyamoto , Nguyen , and Sergeyev ( 2018 ) , Kraay ( 2014 ) , among others . ∆ _tri , t / Yi , t − _ 1 is equivalent to the change in transfers per capita as a share of income per capita . > 13Labor income data come from the Bureau of Economic Analysis ( BEA ) under the o cial title \u0010 Earnings by place of work \u0011 and mostly consist of wage and salary disbursements ( 70 % ) . Labor income excludes income from transfers and is before income taxes . I focus on these dependent variables as other potential outcome variables are missing at the state level ( consumption ) , are not available quarterly ( GDP before 2005 ) , are not seasonally adjusted , or are not available for both temporary and permanent transfer samples . 12", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 330, "text": "national quarterly Personal Consumption", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Appendix table 1 : Number and area of re * * | * * gistered large farms at district level ( 2000-2017 ) * * < br > < br > | | - - - | - - - | | | * * No . of farms > 20 ha * * < br > * * Area cultivated by these * * | | Post-2008 | 0 . 191 * < br > 0 . 374 * | | | ( 0 . 101 ) < br > ( 0 . 193 ) | | Eastern province | - 0 . 451 < br > 0 . 521 | | | ( 0 . 284 ) < br > ( 0 . 545 ) | | Post-2008 * Eastern province | - 0 . 0160 < br > - 0 . 768 | | | ( 0 . 369 ) < br > ( 0 . 706 ) | | Constant | 0 . 934 * * * < br > 6 . 390 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0836 ) < br > ( 0 . 160 ) | | Number of observations | 514 < br > 514 | | Mean of dep . var . | 1 . 034 < br > 6 . 650 | | R-squared | 0 . 0209 < br > 0 . 00800 | _Source : _ Raw data extracted from Zambia Integrated Land Management Information System ( ZILMIS ) in 2018 . _Notes : _ Dependent variables are in logs . ZILMIS includes information on year of establishment for 2 , 858 farms ( 77 of which located in Eastern province ) that were established in the 2000-2017 period . Standard errors in parentheses . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 010 . 29", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 800, "text": "Zambia Integrated Land Management Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 867, "end": 873, "text": "ZILMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * Allen , Franklin and Douglas Gale ( 2007 ) _Understanding Financial Crises_ ( New York : Oxford University Press ) . Asonuma , Tamon and H . Joo . ( 2020 ) . Sovereign Debt Restructurings : Delays in Renegotiations and Risk Averse Creditors . _Journal of the European Economic Association_ , 18 ( 5 ) : 2394 – 2440 . < mark > Asonuma , Tamon and Christoph Trebesch ( 2016 ) . Sovereign Debt Restructurings : Preemptive or Post-Default , ” < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of European Economic Association < / mark > _ < mark > Vol . 1 ( 1 ) , February , 175-216 . < / mark > Barro , Robert J . and Jose Ursua , ( 2008 ) . “ Macroeconomic Crises Since 1870 , ” _Brookings Papers on Economic Activity_ Spring , Vol . 39 ( 1 ) 255-350 . Barron , Matthew , Emil Verner , and Wei Xion ( 2021 ) . “ Banking Crises Without Panics , ” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , Volume 136 , Issue 1 , February 2021 , Pages 51 – . Barry , John M . ( 2009 ) . _The Great Influenza : The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History_ . Penguin Books . Beers , David , Elliot Jones , and John Walsh ( 2020 ) . BoC-BoE : Sovereign Default Database : What is New in 2020 , ” Staff Analytical Note . Benjamin , D . and Wright , M . ( 2009 ) . “ Recovery Before Redemption : A Theory of Delays in Sovereign Debt Renegotiations ” April . Bernanke , Ben S . and James , Harold , ( 1991 ) . “ The Gold Standard , Deflation , and Financial in the Great Depression : An International Comparison . ” In G . Hubbard ( ed . ) _Financial Markets and Financial Crises_ ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press for the NBER ) . Bordo , Michael , Barry Eichengreen , Daniela Klingebiel , and Maria Soledad Martinez-Peria ( 2001 ) . “ Is the Crisis Problem Growing More Severe ? ” _Economic Policy_ 16 , April , 51 – 82 . Bordo , Michael", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1146, "text": "BoC-BoE : Sovereign Default Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 | 50 . 9 | 46 . 1 | 47 . 1 | 47 . 2 | | 1 child | 18 . 2 | 16 . 8 | 19 . 0 | 18 . 1 | 23 . 9 | 25 . 5 | 24 . 3 | 26 . 5 | 32 . 7 | 34 . 6 | 37 . 6 | 39 . 3 | 41 . 7 | 35 . 7 | 38 . 3 | 38 . 2 | | 2 children | 41 . 8 | 35 . 7 | 35 . 4 | 35 . 5 | 48 . 0 | 43 . 8 | 46 . 1 | 44 . 2 | 54 . 6 | 56 . 1 | 54 . 6 | 58 . 6 | 61 . 5 | 58 . 7 | 56 . 9 | 57 . 6 | | 3 and more | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | children | 59 . 5 | 65 . 9 | 53 . 2 | 56 . 5 | 64 . 5 | 64 . 1 | 66 . 3 | 65 . 9 | 77 . 0 | 69 . 8 | 76 . 8 | 77 . 4 | 79 . 7 | 76 . 1 | 74 . 6 | 76 . 8 | | singleparent | 34 . 5 | 32 . 9 | 36 . 1 | 36 . 8 | 36 . 0 | 36 . 7 | 36 . 9 | 39 . 2 | 46 . 0 | 43 . 9 | 47 . 1 | 52 . 7 | 51 . 0 | 50 . 3 | 45 . 9 | 47 . 0 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 30", "spans": [{"start": 758, "end": 766, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regions ( 5 % or less ) . < sup > 137 < / sup > Birth registration of children has improved in recent years , but as of 2020 was still estimated to reach less than 20 percent of births of children under one year old . < sup > 138 < / sup > There remain challenges with the legal framework and its implementation , including the continuing requirement for both parents to present themselves as declarants for birth registration ( despite the provision in the law < sup > 139 < / sup > ) , and for registration to be carried out in the usual place of residence ( ie the kebele where the parents are registered , even if the birth does not take place in that kebele ) . These conditions exclude parents who cannot fulfil these requirements – among them asylum-seekers and refugees , the internally displaced , the urban poor , pastoralists , and single parents . Fees for issue of certificates also exclude poor households . The failure to provide for the role of churches and mosques in relation to baptism and confirmation of names means that this route to confirmation of identity is not given any legal recognition . In addition , the directive > _132 Proclamation No . 760 / 2012 , arts . 24 – 29 . _ > _133 Vital Events Registration and National Identity Card Proclamation ( Amendment ) Proclamation No . 1049 / 2017 . _ > _134 “ In a historic first , Ethiopia begins civil registration for refugees ” , UNHCR , 27 October 2017_ _ < u > https : / / www . unhcr . org / news / briefing / 2017 / 10 / 59f2f4757 / historic-first-ethiopia-begins-civil-registration-refugees . html ; Diana Diaz , “ New Ethiopia policy < / u > helps refugees legally document life events ” , UNHCR , 3 November 2017 https : / / www . unhcr . org / news / latest / 2017 / 11 /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household head is constructed fr | 453 < br > om the answers t | 620 < br > o hypothetical survey q | 1073 < br > uestions that ask | Note : Risk preference of the household head is constructed from the answers to hypothetical survey questions that ask people to choose between receiving an amount of cash for certainty versus playing a game with uncertainty . The seven survey questions are formulated as the following : “ Would you like to receive X yuan for certainty or receiving 2000 yuan with 50 % possibility and zero yuan with 50 % possibility ? ” Value X takes values 400 , 600 , 800 , 1000 , 1200 , 1400 , and 1600 . We construct a binary variable for each of these seven questions , which takes value one if the answer is to receive with certainty , and zero if the answer is to play the game . We calculate a proxy of risk premium from each question . For example , when X is 400 , and the person would like to receive 400 yuan with certainty . This means that the person would like to pay at least 600 yuan to avoid playing the game with uncertainty , which further means that the risk premium in this case is at least 600 yuan . We then add up all positive and negative “ risk premiums ” from the seven questions and normalize it to a range from 0 to 1 , with 0 being the most risk-loving and 1 being the most risk-averse . * p-value < 0 . 1 * * p-value < 0 . 05 * * * p-value < 0 . 01 # * * 3 . Research methodology * * This section presents the methodology to examine the role of e-commerce participation in household income growth and the distributional aspects of the benefits of e-commerce participation . The descriptive statistics show the average income per capita of e-commerce households is higher than that of non-e-commerce households . Empirically , we aim to answer two questions : 1 ) Are more-wealthy / better-endowed households more likely to participate in e-commerce than less wealthy households ? and 2 ) Do more-wealthy / better-endowed households benefit more from", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | - 1 . 323 * * * | - 1 . 354 * * * | | | ( 0 . 039 ) | ( 0 . 040 ) | ( 0 . 182 ) | ( 0 . 185 ) | | Observations | 4072 | 4072 | 2142 | 2142 | | Wald_F | | 0 . 159 | | 1 . 883 | | Wald_p | | 0 . 691 | | 0 . 173 | Coefficients and standard errors from linear models of the primary outcomes on intervention group , fixed effects for randomization strata , fixed effects for child sex , and intervention-by-sex interaction terms . Standard errors are clustered by cluster ( group of villages ) . There were 121 clusters in total . The WASH institutions index was calculated by rescaling each variable in the index ( e . g . , presence of WASH committee ) so that higher values imply better outcomes , then standardizing relative to the control group , following Kling _et al_ . Effects are in standard deviation units . The Wald F is a test statistic for the null hypothesis that all of the interaction term coefficients are zero . * p < . 1 , * * p < . 05 , * * * p < . 01 \"", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * ENHANCING CONNECTIVITY AND RESILIENCE IN THE FAR NORTH OF CAMEROON FOR INCLUSIVENESS PROJECT ( P178207 ) * * Component 3 : Transport Sector Institutional Strengthening . * * This project component will strengthen the skills of the MINTP and local authorities in handling climate change and natural disasters in the refugee hosting areas , and the climate resilience of local communities . It will also strengthen the capacity of the MINT and other public road safety stakeholders in road safety management . Key contributions will include : building capacity for the inclusion of climate resilience in the planning and management of road infrastructure ; supporting the main public engineering universities on climate adaptation , civil engineering , transportation planning , and digital technology ; developing and operationalizing a road accident database management system ; undertaking training and awareness campaigns on road safety in the project area ; and setting up an internship program for students to work within the project , with a focus on females . 3 . * * The project is estimated to reduce GHG emissions and in this way contribute to the country ’ s climate mitigation objectives . * * Reduced travel time and reduced congestion are expected to lower carbon emissions . Road improvement works will help to increase vehicle speed and enhance fuel efficiency , which will in turn reduce carbon emissions . The road planning tool HDM-4 was used to carry out the project economic analysis . Overall , based on current and future traffic forecasts , the GHG emission assessment shows that upgrading of the MDK road corridor is expected to reduce GHG emissions by 106 , 485 tons of CO2e during 20 years of operation . Furthermore , tree planting activities are expected to further contribute to mitigation objectives through carbon capture and sequestration . Page 82 of 82", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Bara Tehsil / KHYBER AGENCY * * # * * IDP RETURN INTENTION SURVEY * * * * Tribes : Shalobar , Aka Khel , Kamar Khel , Malik Din Khel , Stori Khel * * * * December 2014 * * 1", "spans": [{"start": 42, "end": 69, "text": "IDP RETURN INTENTION SURVEY", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "id"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity ( P163050 ) | * * Responsibility * * | * * Recurrent * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Due Date * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Status * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MoE | No | | 06-Jul-2018 | | Completed | | * * Comments * * | | | | | | | * * Action Description * * | 2 . 2 . < br > Align prepa < br > timely ; and monitor b | ration of AWPB with the < br > udget utilization through | government ’ s budget c < br > quarterly IFRs and ann | alendar ; submit supplement < br > ual re-planning sessions | ary budget request | | * * Responsibility * * | * * Recurrent * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Due Date * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Status * * | | MoE | Yes | Yearly | | | In Progress | | * * Comments * * | | | | | | | * * Action Description * * | 2 . 3 . < br > Monitor sc < br > allocating adequate | hool grant utilization by ( i ) < br > budget to woreda internal | providing SIP committ < br > audit units to monitor | ees with simplified checklist < br > schools | for monitoring ; and ( ii ) | | * * Responsibility * * | * * Recurrent * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Due Date * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Status * * | |", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 577, "text": "quarterly IFRs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of refugees is hampered by the Government ’ s encampment policy and resulting lack of free movement , along with resource concerns , delays in status determination , and limited options for engaging in the labour market ( and therefore pay into contributory systems ) . Presently , refugees are not included in the Kenya National Safety Net Programme , and support to those in need continues to be delivered through parallel systems and aligned assistance programmes . For instance , UNHCR is working with the State Department for Social Security and Protection on a small pilot cash transfer programme targeting 70 + refugees in urban areas , which is aligned to the Government ’ s Inua Jamii 70 + programme . Forums for social protection and humanitarian activities still remain fairly separate . However , the Cash Working Group is working to address this at national level . The group is chaired by the Kenya Red Cross and the National Drought Management Authority , and the State Department of Social Protection attends from time to time . As part of the drought response , efforts have been made to encourage partners to utilize the data in the Enhanced Single Registry ( ESR ) , which includes social registry data for several drought affected counties , though the refugee population is not yet included in the system . The collaborative work with the State Department for Social Security and Protection and relevant line ministries is key to the inclusion of refugees in national social protection programmes . The Government has agreed to the inclusion of refugees in the ESR , which is a gateway for eligible refugees to access a range of national social protection programmes . A roadmap for inclusion has been agreed between the Government and UNHCR , though significant investment will be required to support the process . The Sector Group for Social Protection is a key coordination forum for development partners and government counterparts that engage in policy - and programming-related discussions . The group includes the Government of Kenya , the World Bank , the UK ’ s Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office , 18 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W", "spans": [{"start": 1151, "end": 1175, "text": "Enhanced Single Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1201, "end": 1221, "text": "social registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Fischer , Stanley . 1994 . \" The Role of Macroeconomic Factors in Growth . \" National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 4565 . Cambridge , Mass . - Frisvold , George . 1994 . \" Does Supervision Matter ? Some Hypothesis Tests Using Indian Farm Level Data . \" _Joumal of Development Economics_ 43 ( 2 ) : 217-38 . - Gardner , Bruce L . 1987 . \" Causes Of U . S . Farm Commodity Programs . \" _Joumal of Political Economy_ 95 , _ ( 2 ) : _ 290-309 . - _ . _ 1985 . Forthcoming . \" Policy Reform in Agriculture : an Assessment of the - Results in Eight Countries . \" World Bank Discussion Papers . Washington , D . C . - Goldstone , Jack , A . 1991 . _Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modem World . _ Berkeley : University of California Press . - Grabowski , Richard . 1994 . \" The Successful Developmental State : Where Does It Come From ? \" _World Development_ 22 ( 3 ) : 413-22 . - Gradstein , Mark , and Moshe Justman . 1996 . ' The Political Kuznets Curve . \" Paper presented at the American Economic Association annual meetings , in San Francisco . - Graham , Douglas H . , Gautier , Howard , and de Barros , Jose Roberto Mendonca . 1987 . \" Thirty Years of Agricultural Growth in Brazil : Crop Performance , Regional Profile , and Recent Policy Review _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ 36 ( 1 ) : 1-34 . - Greif , Avner . 1994 . \" On the Political Foundations of the Late Medieval Commercial Revolution : Genoa During the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries . \" _Joumal of Economic History 54_ ( 2 ) : 271-87 . - Grossman , Herschel I . 1994 . \" Production , Appropriation , and Land Reform . \" _American Economic Review_ 84 ( 3 ) : 705-12 . - Haggard , Stephan and Robert Kaufman ( eds . ) 1992 . _The Politics Of Economic Adjustment : International Constraints , Distributive Conflicts , and The State . _ Princeton : Princeton University Press . - Haggard , Stephan and Steven Webb . 1994", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Guinea < br > Philippines < br > Rwanda ( Census ) < br > Rwanda ( LFS ) < br > South Africa ( Census ) < br > South Africa ( GHS ) < br > Tanzania ( Census ) < br > Tanzania ( LSMS ) < br > Uganda < br > Vanuatu < br > Vietnam < br > 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles greater than 20 in the North Central and Central provinces . These numbers are likely an understatement of the actual firm-level dispersion in productivity , given that they are based on averages across firms within a given location , sector and size group . In principle , large dispersions in productivity for the same product highlight the enormous potential for catch-up productivity upgrading or exit by the less productive firms . # * * Methodology and empirical model * * The empirical specification to estimate the effects of business environment on productivity is given by : where ln ( X / L ) i , j , kis a generic productivity measure ( in this case , output per worker ) for an industrial cluster of firms in province _i , _ sector _j , _ of size class _k_ . _A_ is a vector of industry and location fixed effects to control for unobservable heterogeneity across clusters that varies by industry ( due to , among others , different levels of technology and relative capital / labor intensity ) or location ( differential access to international markets , interaction density / information in cities , or location relative to conflict areas ) . εi , j , k is a randomly distributed disturbance term . < sup > 11 < / sup > > 10 The indicators listed in Table 3 , except for foreign ownership and share of sales on credit , are used to construct the cluster averages that are then matched into the 2003 Census data . > 11 We note that several existing studies argue for the exogeneity of cluster averages ( as constructed ) to firm-level outcomes such as employment growth or productivity . We expect this is also , if not more , the case when relating 14", "spans": [{"start": 1451, "end": 1467, "text": "2003 Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between survey incomes and national accounts incomes in 27 OECD countries , finding discrepancies in annual growth rates of 0 . 32 percentage points in the United States and 0 . 55 percentage points in Germany . A number of studies have systematically reviewed the discrepancies between survey and national accounts data . The most complete reviews were conducted by Ravallion ( 2003 ) , Karshenas ( 2001 , 2003 ) and Deaton ( 2005 ) , who all assess the discrepancies globally with a sample of household surveys and national accounts data from 1980s and 1990s . They document significant HHS - NAS gaps , but their estimates varied substantially from each other and they were limited by relatively small samples of matched NAS and HHS data . Since these global assessments , the availability of household survey data in poorer countries have expanded considerably and many countries have revised both their survey and national accounts data and methods . We now also have better metadata on the types of household surveys and their comparability , which can help us better understand discrepancies . The main contributions of this paper are threefold . We compile a data set of 2 , 095 household survey means from 166 countries matched to corresponding national accounts aggregates . Using this much larger compilation of matched NAS and HHS data , with broader geographic coverage and with temporal coverage stretching from 1965 to 2019 , we revisit the HHS - NAS gaps and update the findings of Ravallion ( 2003 ) , Karshenas ( 2003 ) and Deaton ( 2005 ) . Second , we overcome the heterogeneity often seen in household surveys by extending the analysis to a subsample of the data containing only comparable spells , which is particularly important for understanding the discrepancies in estimates of growth . Third , we illustrate how the discrepancies in levels can lead to divergent representations of how living standards , poverty , and inequality differ across countries and over time . Our findings suggest that disparities in income and consumption measures between surveys and national accounts are much larger than found by both Ravallion ( 2003 ) and Deaton ( 2005 ) . On average , across all countries , we find that per capita consumption means", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 539, "text": "household surveys and national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 796, "end": 817, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1323, "end": 1347, "text": "matched NAS and HHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > No Move Returnee IDP Economic < br > Migrant < br > PERCENT < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 * * Figure 9 Poverty rate by households ’ migration status * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 < br > 45 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > No Move Returnee IDP Economic < br > Migrant < br > Notes : Vertical bar indicates the 95 % confidence interval < br > Sources : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 < br > PERCENT < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Poverty and vulnerability are widespread in Afghanistan . * * Mobility — irrespective of its forced and / or economic motives — is associated with a lower risk of poverty * * ( Figure 9 ) ; returnee households have a significantly lower poverty risk compared to non-mobile households < sup > 14 < / sup > . The poverty rate among returnee households is 29 . 4 percent compared to 40 . 5 percent among non-mobile households . This lower poverty risk , however , is entirely explained by differences in literacy and in urbanization , with refugee households being more likely to have a literate household head and to live in an urban area compared to non-mobile households . 6", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 205, "text": "ALCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1 _ ∼ _ 1 , 000 per month on transportation and the remaining spent more than | 1 , 000 . Of users , both new and continuous , 55 % did not spend any money on transportation , including buses , per month in the period after the scheme ’ s launch . The remaining 45 % spent between | 1 and | 1 , 000 on transportation . Specifically , among new bus users ( see Figure C2 ) , 82 % spent more than | 1 , 000 per month on transportation before the scheme , but this percentage decreased dramatically to 1 % after the scheme was implemented . This 81 % difference is also statistically significant at a 1 % level . Furthermore , while none of the new bus users reported any spending on transportation before the scheme ( the | 0 category in Figure C2 ) , the proportion increased to > 10The survey inquires about the monthly travel expenditures of all respondents after the launch of the _Pink Slip Program_ in Delhi . However , it only asks new bus users about their monthly travel expenditures before the program ’ s launch , that is , only for the new bus users the survey records expenditures before and after the scheme . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement interventions A questionnaire ( annex 1 ) was used to collect PAP census information including household members by age , sex , relationship to head of household , education and occupation and housing conditions . The census also documented housing conditions , health conditions economic activities . This information was used ( i ) to establish a list of PAPs ; ( ii ) to establish a socio-economic profile of PAPs based on existing conditions ; and , ( iii ) to provide a baseline for displacement monitoring and evaluation . * * 7 . 2 Demography of Project Affected Persons 7 . 2 . 1 Family Size of PAPs * * Family size is a significant socio economic variable in analyzing the level of living conditions of Project Affected Persons . For instance , large family sizes are highly likely to fall into vulnerability if impacted by the project that family sizes with few dependents . However , in Kwahakatsa informal settlement , majority of families consisted of 5people at 23 % of PAPS , 1 person Family at 7 . 8 % while family with above 10 people had 3 . 9 % . * * Figure7-1 * * presents a chart on family size in the settlement . 7-1", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 134, "text": "PAP census information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 Wetland map of Uganda showing the Transmission Line Route ( imagery by the European Space Agency ) 16", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 30, "text": "Wetland map of Uganda", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial distress in the near future in the U . S . There are plenty of economic dislocations , inflationary fears , and frothy financial markets that resulted from the crisis and some of the policies to deal with it , that have the potential to create near-term banking problems . Nonetheless , the facts that the year 2020 went by without any significant financial distress reflected in the regulatory accounting data in the U . S . banking industry , that the limited information on stock market values suggest that the industry is now more valuable than before the crisis , and that systemic risk is measured as lower than before the pandemic qualifies as a favorable “ financial surprise ” in our view . After our presentation of the accounting data in Section 4 . 1 , we provide a few additional statistics that do not depend on accounting data to bolster our claims in Section 4 . 2 . We briefly offer some more sobering thoughts for banking conditions in the remainder of the world in Section 4 . 3 , and provide some suggestions for future research in Section 4 . 4 . # * * 4 . 1 U . S . Banking Data from 2019 : Q4 to 2020 : Q4 * * Table 1 provides quarter-by-quarter snapshots of the U . S . banking system from 2019 : Q4 to 2020 : Q4 from the regulatory Call Reports , showing several dimensions of bank performance . Thus , we cover the industry from the quarter before COVID-19 struck in the U . S . in 2019 : Q4 , to the quarter containing the economic peak in 2020 : Q1 , to the quarter with the recession trough of 2020 : Q2 , to the two subsequent quarters of recovery , 2020 : Q3 and 2020 : Q4 . For each quarter , we show summary statistics for eight ratios of various ratios to Gross Total Assets ( GTA ) , expressed in percent terms . < sup > 14 < / sup > These ratios cover dimensions of bank condition ( capital and liquidity ratios , based on equity and cash , due from , and securities , > 14 GTA equals total assets plus the", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 420, "text": "regulatory accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1090, "end": 1110, "text": "U . S . Banking Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The aftermath of the 2008-09 Great Recession triggered renewed interest on the impact of fiscal policy changes on the economy . In response to the global recession , countries typically implemented a two-phase approach to fiscal policy . First , the sudden economic collapse led fiscal authorities in many advanced economies , including Canada , to introduce stimulus packages to revive their economies . Following the stimulus , fiscal authorities shifted gears , adopting adjustment plans to reduce public debt and ensure long-term fiscal sustainability and sustained growth . Stimulus measures in Canada , introduced through Canada ’ s Economic Action Plan , were projected at 3 . 2 percent of GDP in the 2009 federal budget while the ARRA was estimated at 7 percent of GDP . As a result , the federal net debt-to-GDP ratio was expected to increase from 28 . 6 percent in the 2008-09 fiscal year to 32 . 1 percent by 2010-11 . As the economy started to recover , the Canadian government introduced adjustment plans to tackle high deficits and increased public debt . The federal expenditures-to-GDP ratio , which rose from about 13 percent before the crisis to 16 percent in 2009-10 , declined to 14 percent in 2011 and was projected in the 2012 budget to return to the pre-crisis level by 2014-15 . The 2012 budget also projected that adjustment measures would bring the federal net debt-to-GDP ratio back to the pre-crisis level by 2014-15 , while the consolidated net debt-to-GDP ratio ( including federal , provincial and local administrations ) was projected to fall to 36 . 3 percent of GDP ( IMF Fiscal Monitor , April 2013 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > Therefore , examining the size of the fiscal multiplier is important to informing the effectiveness of such policy measures in reviving or not economic activity . While extensive analysis has been conducted on the U . S . economy , only a few studies ( Perotti ( 2004 ) , Corsetti and Müller ( 2006 ) , Ravn et al . ( 2007 ) and Monacelli and Perotti ( 2010 ) ) have investigated the impact of fiscal policy changes in Canada . One challenge when studying the", "spans": [{"start": 1627, "end": 1645, "text": "IMF Fiscal Monitor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": cattle , buffaloes , horses , sheep , goats , pigs , chickens and ducks in each land pixel at a spatial resolution of 1 / 12 degree degrees ( approximately 10 sq km at the equator ) . Missing values in the crop production dataset are specifically distinguished from crops that are not grown in a particular area . Crops not grown in an area are coded as zero , while crop data that is not available is coded as a missing value . This distinction is important as it helps to differentiate between areas where crops are not grown and areas where data is simply not available ( Yu et al . , 2020 ) . _Table 3 . Baseline values for crop production and livestock production_ | | * * Global * * | * * Africa * * | * * EAP * * | * * ECA * * | * * LCR * * | * * MENA * * | * * SOA * * | * * Other * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Food crops 2010 * * | | | | | | | | | | * * , , * * < br > * * metric tons ( mt ) * * | 7 , 510 . 9 | 575 . 0 | 2 , 263 . 5 | 636 . 7 | 1 , 435 . 5 | 226 . 6 | 1 , 049 . 9 | 1 , 323 . 7 | | _Fruits and Vegetables_ | 1 , 611 . 6 | 102 . 2 | 742 . 8 | 120 . 3 | 150 . 3 | 102 . 3 | 195 . 7 | 197 . 8 | | _Cereals and roots_ | 3 , 207 . 0 | 350 . 9 | 948 . 9 | 385 . 7 | 232 . 3 | 82 | 430 . 9 | 776 . 4 | | _Sugars and oils_ | 2 , 625 . 0 | 108", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 231, "text": "crop production dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Post_ × _pre-US | - 0 . 650 * * * | - 0 . 173 * * * | - 0 . 698 * * * | - 0 . 267 * * | - 0 . 432 * * * | - 0 . 296 * * * | | | ( 0 . 153 ) | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 145 ) | ( 0 . 104 ) | ( 0 . 104 ) | ( 0 . 075 ) | | No . Obs | 6 , 334 | 6 , 334 | 6 , 334 | 5 , 442 | 2 , 040 | 3 , 690 | | R-squared | 0 . 631 | 0 . 611 | 0 . 647 | 0 . 653 | 0 . 516 | 0 . 610 | | Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Sector-year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Note : We estimate the coefficients using OLS . columns ( 4 ) to ( 6 ) are on a set of firms with positive patenting * at _t_ . Standard errors clustered at the 2-digit ISIC sector level are in parentheses . * * * , * * , and indicate significance at levels 1 percent , 5 percent , and 10 percent , respectively . 39", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A . 15 . Differences by household migration status in association between social norms indices * * * * and women ’ s paid work outcomes * * | | * * HH Roles * * | * * Public Space * * | * * Both themes * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * ( 1 ) * * | * * ( 2 ) * * | * * ( 3 ) * * | | | * * Paid work * * | * * Paid work * * | * * Paid work * * | | PNB Index_HH Roles # migrant < br > HH * * ( * * β ) | - 0 . 08 < br > ( 0 . 08 ) | | - 0 . 07 < br > ( 0 . 08 ) | | PNB Index_HH Roles * * ( * * α ) | - 0 . 07 * ( 0 . 04 ) | | - 0 . 06 < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | SNE Index_HH Roles # migrant < br > HH * * ( * * β ) | - 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 09 ) | | - 0 . 00 < br > ( 0 . 09 ) | | SNE Index_HH Roles * * ( * * α ) | - 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | | - 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | | PNB Index_Public Space # < br > migrant HH * * ( * * β ) | | 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | | PNB Index_ Public Space * * ( * * α ) | | - 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | - 0 . 02 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | SNE Index_ Public Space # < br > migrant HH * * ( *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "standard errors clustered at the country-industry level in columns . For the sample used in this table , we choose those 26 countries that having been interviewed in two rounds , then construct a panel dataset by appending the two rounds ’ data . _2_ < sup > _nd_ < / sup > _Round i , t_ here indicates period for same firm in the panel data , which is different from the one used in the cross-sectional dataset in which _it_ indicates the period of survey wave for different firms . The question related to _New products i , t_ is asked mostly in second-round surveys , and there are too few observations in the first-round survey data , thus we do not consider it here . 31", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 209, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 388, "end": 411, "text": "cross-sectional dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * # # * * Inventory / Census of PAPs to prepare Asset Registers : * * Following sensitisation meetings , each PAP will be visited systematically and all assets recorded in a sheet . The inventory team will work with the SECs for purposes of establishing the authenticity of potential PAPs . To improve the integrity of the PAP register , full-proof form of identification will be used including GPS coordinates and photographs of the PAPs and assets to be lost . The following categories of people will be recognised for eligibility for assistance : - - Those who have formal rights to land including customary / communal land recognized under Kenyan Law . - Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of Kenya or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan . - Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying , using or getting their livelihood from the affected assets . - People with temporary claim to the land either for trading , worship , and recreation purposes . As part of the inventory , tenure status will be reviewed to determine whether the asset is individually owned or belongs to a group . This is essential towards fine-tuning the final register of PAPs who will henceforth be negotiated with . The asset register will be signed by the RAP Team and countersigned by the PAP who will retain a copy . At this time , the grievance procedure will also be explained to the affected person . A sample form for PAP registration including asset inventory is provided in * * Appendix 7 * * . The RAP team will use the services of a surveyor to mark way leaves and road reserves as shown on the approved PDPs or Registry Index maps ( RIMs ) . The affected or encroached assets will be clearly marked . The process of marking the", "spans": [{"start": 1878, "end": 1897, "text": "Registry Index maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household i , ( i . e . , ) , in survey round with sample size , jj yy and i be a vector of household head characteristics observed for household i in survey round j . These ii = 1 , . . . , NN jj NN household head characteristics , observed in both survey years , can include time-invariant variables ( e . g . , XX household head ’ s gender , ethnicity , place of birth , etc . ) , deterministic variables ( e . g . , such as age , education , literacy , etc . ) , and retrospective questions collected in round 2 about round 1 such as assets ( Cruces et al , 2015 ; Dang and Lanjouw , 2018 ) . Changes in household composition can help identify matching errors , which could lead to spurious measures of change . To avoid this , the estimation samples are constrained to household heads ’ age : 25 to 65 in the first cross-section and adjust this age range accordingly in the second cross-section . The linear model where - th household ’ s log per capita income < sup > 7 < / sup > i is explained solely by household head characteristics i for each survey round is given by : ii yy XX i i i ( 1 ) TT where i is an error term and yy = ααii + ββi is a vector of ii XX + εε _K_ regressors , and jj = 1 , 2 is the intercept . In this context , + i would represent the portion of log income explained exclusively by deterministic and time-ii ii εε XX αα αα invariant household head characteristics . TT ii ββ XX > 5 Lucchetti et al ( 2020 ) use 36 panels from Argentina , Chile , Peru , and Nicaragua to validate their estimates of mobility using harmonized variables frequently used in many regional and global studies . After the validation exercises , the authors implemented the LASSO-PMM method in 43 countries worldwide . > 6 The donor survey is the one that contains the actual income data from the first-round survey . The receiver is the second-round survey where the income is imputed", "spans": [{"start": 1735, "end": 1747, "text": "donor survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- How the firm sets its prices ( e . g . , based on production costs , competitors ' prices , the target profit level , or willingness-to-pay by the consumers ) and how it adjusts price for inflation ( e . g . , an index based on inflation , own costs , or dollars and exchange rates ) . # * * E . Transaction Environment * * According to transaction costs economics ( Williamson 1989 , 1993 ) , incomplete information and the potential for opportunistic behavior prevent contracts from specifying outcomes under every uncertain contingency . Firms thus establish various types of relationships - including using contracts-with suppliers , dealers and customers . Maintaining many types of relationships entails distinct benefits and costs for firms . These myriad relationships require time and productive resources , but allow degrees of specialization and different levels of investments . Researchers therefore must study contractual arrangements that facilitate adaptation and dispute settlement such as the legal system , arbitration , long-term contract , and vertical integration . Transaction cost economics suggest that to better understand the impact of these costs on firm ' s performance we should have at least the following information about the principal characteristics of firm ' s exchanges ( Williamson 1989 ) : ( 1 ) The frequency with which they occur , ( 2 ) The degree and type of uncertainty to which they are subject , and ( 3 ) The condition of asset specificity . When asselt specificity is important , theory suggests that the transacting parties will arrange transaction structures-for instance , vertical integration , merger , long-term contracts-to economize transaction costs . Existing surveys pay only limited attention to such transaction characteristics . Future Bank surveys may become more valuable when this typie of information is collected . An important determinant of transaction costs is the business and legal environment in which the firn operates . This set of considerations is especially important for transition economies and developing countries , where the legal and business environment is in flux and may seriously impact the firm ' s decisions . To investigate these issues , surveys should collect detailed information on the firns ' exchanges . For example , what are the costs of establishing", "spans": [{"start": 1800, "end": 1812, "text": "Bank surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Despite the small share of firms with more than 50 employees , formal employment is concentrated in large firms . Firms with more than 50 employees represent fewer than 3 percent of formal firms , but employ more than 50 percent of formal workers . Medium firms ( 10 – 49 workers ) account for close to one-fourth of total employment ; small firms employ 21 percent of formal workers . The distribution of formal workers across firms by size , and the greater exposure of small firms to the minimum wage have implications for the potential employment effects of the minimum wage . Table 1 also shows that the minimum wage is strongly binding for formal firms in Turkey . In the quarter before the 2016 minimum-wage increase , more than half of the formal workers in formal firms received a wage roughly equal to the formal minimum wage . There is a clear relationship between the size of firms and the wages of workers . Microenterprises and small firms pay the lowest wages in the formal sector , and they employ a large share of workers at the minimum wage . Shortly before the 2016 increase , 93 percent of formal workers in microenterprises earned the minimum wage . By comparison , about 70 percent of workers in medium firms earned the minimum wage , and 40 percent of workers in large firms earned the minimum wage . Thus , any increase in the minimum wage thus results in sizable labor cost expansions among formal firms , but particularly within small firms . Figure 3 reports the total number of formal firms in the EIS administrative dataset by quarter in 2012 – 16 . The number of formal firms in Turkey rose steadily from the first quarter of 2012 to the last quarter of 2015 . The number of formal firms then dropped during the first quarter of 2016 , right after the new minimum wage , and this number then continued to decline in the following quarters . Similarly , the growth rate in formal employment fell during the quarter immediately after the minimum wage rose ; formal employment then continued to decline in absolute terms in the following quarters ( Figure 4 ) . This paper investigates whether the relationship", "spans": [{"start": 1526, "end": 1552, "text": "EIS administrative dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( e . g . temporary job creation and budgetary support to maintain minimal service levels ) to avoid a total collapse of the Palestinian economy . The Bank Group medium to long-term strategy , outlined in \" Replenishing the Trust Fund for the West Bank and Gaza \" of April 1998 , specifically stresses the need for sustained growth and increased job opportunities through an equitable development process . Restoration and further development of economic and social infrastructure in poor communities , reducing inequalities in service access and supporting good governance are critical components of this strategy as well . # # # * * 2 . Main sector issues and Government strategy : * * A summary of sector issues and the Palestinian Authority ' s ( PA ) national development and poverty reduction strategy is presented below . # # # _Poverty_ After two years of economic growth and measurable decline in poverty and unemployment , the solid economic recovery that began in WBG in 1998 came to an abrupt halt with the start of the second intifada in September 2000 , and the subsequent imposition of tight closure by Israel . Per capita real income declined by 12 percent for 2000 and an estimated 19 percent in 2001 . In fact , per capita real income is now below what it was when the Oslo accords were signed in 1993 . The share of the population living below the poverty line ( US $ 2 per person per day ) has reached almost 40 percent , up from a quarter before the current intifada . ( Poverty data taken from \" One Year of Intifada - The Palestinian Economy in Crisis , \" October 2001 . See also \" Poverty in the West Bank and Gaza , Summary , \" The World Bank , May 2001 ) . The present crisis is accentuating poverty patterns . Poverty is deepening particularly in isolated communities according to a recent assessment by the international community ( see \" One Year of Intifada , \" October 2001 ) . Palestinian economic decline in the last two years has been driven by unemployment due to Israeli border closures and the resultant collapse", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1504, "text": "Poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Conservation and management strategies were prepared for Coral Reef and Seagrass < br > Beds , for turtles and for Sable Antelopes < br > 5 . A Biodiversity Information System for the coastal region was developed and installed < br > 6 . Relevant biodiversity conservation infrastructure supported by the project included the < br > Sheldrick Falls nature trail and the Lukore fence at Shimba Hills , the Shimoni jetty at Kisite - < br > Mpunguti Marine Area , and boundary demarcation buoys in five priority sites | Page 42 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 175, "text": "Biodiversity Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "number of low value transactions routed through the FMIS is revealing . If , as was the case in Cambodia , these are few in number it raises the question of how these are actually executed . Large project or program advances routed through the FMIS will still give expenditure control at the aggregate level , but the FMIS does not provide for the integrity in expenditure data it otherwise would and cannot guarantee funds were actually spent according to appropriations . Pakistan and Cambodia do not appear to be isolated cases . Low budget capture was also identified as a problem in Bangladesh and Ghana , and the issue relating to advances in Somalia and Sierra Leone . _Table 9 Transactions Data for a Select Group of Countries_ | * * Country * * | * * Transaction * * < br > * * type * * | * * Threshold * * | * * Share of * * < br > * * Transactions * * | * * Share of the * * < br > * * Budget * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | China , Central | High value | > US $ 78 , 250 | 2 . 1 % | 69 . 0 % | | Government ( 2015 ) | Low value | < US $ 1 , 564 | 69 . 0 % | 2 . 7 % | | Vietnam ( 2015 ) | High value | > US $ 43 , 800 | 1 . 8 % | 75 . 0 % | | | Low value | < US $ 2 , 190 | 78 . 5 % | 4 . 3 % | | Philippines ( 2017 ) | High value | > US $ 10 , 000 | 7 . 8 % | 93 . 0 % | | | Low value | < US $ 2 , 000 | 79 . 8 % | 2 . 2 % | | Afghanistan ( 2017 ) | High value | > US $ 25 , 000 | 8 . 6 % | 86 . 0 % | | | Low", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "including vulnerable groups ( e . g . , disabled , elderly , children , etc . ) . - ( x ) Details of any security risks : details of risks the contractor may be exposed to while performing its work — the threats may come from third parties external to the project . - ( xi ) Worker grievances : details including occurrence date , grievance , and date submitted ; actions taken and dates ; resolution ( if any ) and date ; and follow-up yet to be taken — grievances listed should include those received since the preceding report and those that were unresolved at the time of that report . - ( xii ) External stakeholder grievances : grievance and date submitted , action ( s ) taken and date ( s ) , resolution ( if any ) and date , and follow-up yet to be taken — grievances listed should include those received since the preceding report and those that were unresolved at the time of that report . Grievance data should be genderdisaggregated . - ( xiii ) Major changes to contractor ’ s environmental and social practices . - ( xiv ) Deficiency and performance management : actions taken in response to previous notices of deficiency or observations regarding E & S performance and / or plans for actions to be taken — these should continue to be reported until KETRACO determines the issue is resolved satisfactorily . # # # * * 3 . Environmental and Social Liabilities of Contractors * * Contractors will be legally and financially accountable for any environmental or social damage or prejudice caused by their staff , and thus are excepted to put in place controls and procedures to manage their environmental and social performance . A breakdown for the cost of noncompliance for each mitigation measure will be enclosed in bidding documents . These will include : - Mitigation measures to be included in the contract will be specified in the subproject ESMP - Deductions for environmental noncompliance will be added as a clause in the Bill of Quantities ( BOQ ) section - Environmental penalties shall", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 915, "text": "Grievance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In both Moldova and North Macedonia , covering the pre-shock poor either through perfect means testing or using a PMT indicator ( columns 2 and 5 ) becomes a suboptimal response ( again , using the poverty gap squared as a metric ) . If the post-shock poor could be perfectly identified ( column 3 ) covering them would still remain an optimal response , but now the use of a PMT delivers poor impacts because the PMT cannot identify well the new poor who fell into poverty as a consequence of the shock . In contrast , in both countries the use of an indicator of who suffered losses ( either perfect or imperfect , columns 7 and 8 ) provides now greater poverty impacts than the use of a PMT ; in fact , mixing the use of a loss indicator with the PMT does provide slightly lower impacts than using just the loss indicator , reflecting the fact that households affected by the random shock loss lose all their labor income and fall into deeper poverty than the average for the ex-ante poor . Using a flat , universal transfer remains , again , among the options delivering the lowest impacts . Results for Albania , while overall similar , present some subtle differences . Using a loss indicator delivers slightly better impacts than using the PMT , but differences remain small . This is consistent with the fact that , if one would distribute the emergency budget to the exante poor ( column 2 ) , one would still achieve the second-highest impacts among all design alternatives – something that does not hold for Moldova and North Macedonia . A contributing factor is that labor income as reported in the survey is only one source of income for many Albanian households , and despite many households losing all their labor income from the random shock , there are still many households in extreme poverty that remain poorer than the average household affected by the shock . 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of different lenders . Workers ’ Compensation Funds < sup > 50 < / sup > associated with large scale employers show the highest approval rates , while their funding is restricted in purpose and amount per client . The second best option is borrowing from a friend or relative . While the formal institutions ( banks , finance corporations and cooperatives ) offer lower active interest rates , they are also much more selective , turning down three out of four loan requests . As figure 3 . 13 shows , the banked population is far more likely to get a bank loan approved than the unbanked population . Higher loan approval rates in the informal sector therefore drive the unbanked towards borrowing at higher interest rates , reflecting a significant cost of being unbanked . * * Table 3 . 5 Loan approval rates by different credit providers * * | | Commercial < br > Bank | Finance < br > Corporation | Cooperative | Friend or < br > Relative | Prestamista < sup > 51 < / sup > | Store | Workers ’ < br > Compensation < br > Fund | Informal < br > Saving | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Approval Rate | 21 % | 23 % | 25 % | 95 % | 87 % | 87 % | 100 % | 80 % | | Annual Int . Rate | 15 % | 16 % | 13 % | N / A | 150 % | 150 % | 15 % | N / A | _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ * * Figure 3 . 13 Loan approval rates of banked and unbanked individuals * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 77 . 4 % < br > 80 % 72 . 1 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 51 . 0 % < br > 50 % 43 .", "spans": [{"start": 1299, "end": 1329, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 12 . Population of concern to UNHCR by type of location , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ * * * * The population by location type does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no location information ( primarily industrialized countries ) are not included . * * | Region and < br > country / < br > territory < br > of | | | Location type < br > Rural / | | | Percen | tage | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum < br > | Camps | Urban | dispersed | Unknown | Total | Camps | Urban | | India | 69 , 609 | 12 , 241 | - | - | 81 , 850 | 85 % | 15 % | | Indonesia < br > | - | 473 | 93 | - | 566 | 0 % | 84 % | | Iraq | 19 , 769 | 21 , 050 | 865 | 2 , 139 , 270 | 2 , 180 , 954 | 1 % | 1 % | | Islamic Rep . of Iran | 31 , 502 | 936 , 868 | - | 1 , 019 | 969 , 389 | 3 % | 97 % | | Israel | - | 1 , 890 | - | - | 1 , 890 | 0 % | 100 % | | Japan | - | 2 , 951 | - | - | 2 , 951 | 0 % | 100 % | | Jordan | - | 20 , 185 | - | - | 20 , 185 | 0 % | 100 % | | Kazakhstan | - | 5 , 957 | 44 ,", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 94, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5-15 . 1 ) | 17 . 2 % < br > ( 13 . 1-22 . 3 ) | 14 . 9 % < br > ( 11 . 1-19 . 8 ) | 9 . 6 % < br > ( 6 . 5-13 . 8 ) | Proportion of households reporting using none of the coping strategies over the past 7 days of above discussed 5 negative coping mechanisms was highest in Hoima ( 64 . 8 % ) , followed by Kiryandongo ( 62 . 8 % ) , Yumbe ( 62 . 1 % ) and Arua 58 . 3 % . The lowest proportion of households reporting using none of the coping strategies over the past 7 days was recorded in Lamwo ( 15 . 2 % ) . Isingiro ( 19 . 0 % ) district had also the second lower rate of households reporting not using any of the negative coping mechanism discussed . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 62 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 # # * * Profil des Rapatriés * * # # # Démographie Tableau V : Nombre de rapatriés enregistrés regroupés par sexe et par tranches d ’ âges au 31 octobre 2020 | Réi | En | fant ( < 18 | ans ) | Adult | e ( 18 - 59 an | s ) | Personne | âgée ( > 5 | 9 ans ) | Grand | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | gon | Fille | Garçon | Total | Femme | Homme | Total | Femme | Homme | Total | Total | | BAMAKO | 106 | 92 | 198 | 168 | 155 | 323 | 21 | 22 | 43 | 564 | | GAO | 5015 | 5140 | 10155 | 5962 | 4757 | 10719 | 607 | 726 | 1333 | 22207 | | KIDAL | 292 | 272 | 564 | 644 | 745 | 1389 | 58 | 42 | 100 | 2053 | | KOULIKORO | 21 | 30 | 51 | 73 | 70 | 143 | 9 | 12 | 21 | 215 | | MENAKA | 4160 | 4421 | 8581 | 3766 | 3087 | 6853 | 344 | 405 | 749 | 16183 | | MOPTI | 1063 | 1067 | 2130 | 1131 | 953 | 2084 | 133 | 156 | 289 | 4503 | | SEGOU | 315 | 281 | 596 | 326 | 253 | 579 | 36 | 39 | 75 | 1250 | | TOMBOUCTOU | 8573 | 8542", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ # # # * * 2 . 4 . 1 . Cadastral Surveys * * The way leaves corridor was surveyed and mapped to establish to rightful demarcation of the land and determination of affected crops and trees plus recording the owners of affected properties and strip maps produced . Survey ribbons were placed along the line way leave to enable easy identification later . Based on this , the number of crops and trees affected were calculated and a Valuer determined the commensurate compensation values for each affected property . # # # * * 2 . 4 . 2 . Census and Valuation Methodology * * In the presence of the LC I Chairperson or representative , the Valuer carefully counted all crops and trees , measured buildings / structures while the owner / affected person verified the count . A “ Compensation Assessment Form ” was filled to record properties affected . The LC I Chairperson , property owner and Valuer verified the contents and signed the form . The Chairperson signed as witness to the count . The affected person retained a copy and the valuer kept the original . Approaches used to derive compensation rates for land and buildings are described below : * * _i ) Land_ * * Land in the way leaves is not acquired but since its use is restricted , it is orphaned land ” and valued at a proportion of the market value reflecting this restriction . Plantation crops such as tea in way leaves that are shorter than 1 . 8 m are allowed beneath the line or in the way leaves and are not compensated . However allowance was made in the valuation exercise for their compensation if damaged during power line construction . Although REA does not completely prohibit human activities within the way leave , it restricts certain uses and heights in there . For example no buildings are allowed and crops therein grown must not exceed 1 . 8 meters in height . Compensation for land arising out of", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 125, "text": "Cadastral Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1997 ) . See Figure 10 , Appendix , for a visual example of this procedure . # * * 2 . 3 * * To control for effects due to short-term growth variables , we include monthly GDP growth and consumer price index ( CPI ) growth , to capture the most important macroeconomic factors Ludvigson et al . ( 2009 ) identified as determinants of bond returns . We use quarterly GDP data and monthly CPI data from the IMF International Financial Statistics database . To obtain monthly GDP figures , we first calculate quarterly growth rates , Δ _퐺퐷푃푡_ < sup > _푄_ / < / sup > < sup > _퐺퐷푃_ < / sup > _푡_ < sup > _푄_ < / sup > − 1 < sup > and then use the bench - < / sup > marking method of Denton ( 1971 ) , as advocated by the IMF ( Di Fonzo et al . , 2012 ; Marini , 2016 ) . See Figure 12 , Appendix for an example of this benchmarking method . For inflation figures , we calculate the monthly percentage change as Δ _퐶푃퐼푡_ < sup > _푀_ / < / sup > < sup > _퐶푃퐼_ < / sup > _푡_ < sup > _푀_ < / sup > − 1 < sup > . We restrict our attention to these two < / sup > variables due to limited data availability of other country-specific indicators . Further , we include debt-to-GDP ratios to account for a country ’ s fiscal deficit and reserves-toGDP ratios to account for its liquidity in foreign reserves . Both indicators are obtained from the 9", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 395, "text": "quarterly GDP data and monthly CPI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 405, "end": 452, "text": "IMF International Financial Statistics database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Similarly , during the brief occupation of some parts of Amhara region by the Tigrayan forces in November 2021 , schools , universities and medical facilities lack essential equipment due to attacks , looting , and vandalizing of public infrastructures perpetrated by the Tigrayan forces . As a result , most of the facilities have stopped functioning , preventing civilians from accessing basic services . The incidents in Amhara region are shown in _Figure 2_ below . _Figure 2_ : _Incidents affecting civilian population and attacks on civilian infrastructure in Amhara region : Source : _ ACCLED ( 2022 ) The incidents recorded by ACCLED are corroborated by reports of humanitarian actors indicating that from 22 June 2021 to date , airstrikes and drone attacks in Tigray and Afar regions have resulted in over 1 , 070 civilian casualties , among them 387 deaths . According to humanitarian reports , 57 children ( 15 % ) are among those killed and 80 children ( 12 % ) are among the wounded in Tigray and Afar as a result of drone attacks and airstrikes . This situation was exacerbated by limited access to medical facilities caused by the damage and looting of health facilities in the two regions as well as limited medical supplies . Among the reported incidents by humanitarian actors , is the killing or injury of over 244 civilians by airstrikes in Tigray in June 2021 , while 12 civilian casualties were recorded in July . It is reported that the month of October 2021 saw an increase in the number of airstrikes and drone attacks in Tigray with a total of 10 incidents , resulting in 64 deaths or injuries . December 2021 saw a significant increase in civilian casualties , with 250 civilian deaths and _Figure3_ : _Incidents affecting civilian population and attacks on civilian Infrastructure in Afar region : Source : _ ACCLED ( 2022 ) injuries reported in Tigray . During this period , two deadly incidents occurred in Alamata area , leading to death or injury of 153 civilians , 49 of them being children .", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 641, "text": "ACCLED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Infrastructure < br > and Operations | Provide < br > eco-friendly < br > energy < br > sources such as solar for the < br > facilities . |  The < br > presence < br > of < br > sustainable < br > and < br > eco - < br > friendly equipment at the < br > sites . | Training on the < br > need for and use < br > of < br > eco-friendly < br > equipment . | Quarterly | UWA Rangers | 4000000 | | Employment < br > opportunities |  Timely payment . < br >  Having formal contracts for < br > the workers . < br >  The < br > contractor < br > should < br > involve local leaders in the < br > recruitment < br > process < br > to < br > ensure < br > full < br > and < br > fair < br > participation < br > of < br > local |  Employment records of < br > workers in adherence to < br > the law < br >  41 % < br > of < br > contractor < br > workers . sourced from the < br > local communities | Hire of skilled < br > and < br > unskilled < br > labour . | Quarterly < br > reports | Contractor , < br > UWA , < br > local < br > leaders . | 200 , 000 , 000 | 93 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA MFNP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 745, "text": "Employment records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Nitrite-nitrogen | 0 . 00 | 0 . 006 | 3 . 0 | | Orthophosphate | 1 . 10 | 1 . 0 | | | Alkalinity | 104 | 376 | | | Conductivity ( mS / m ) | 480 . 0 | 832 . 0 | | | Turbidity ( NTU ) | 35 . 0 | 2 . 0 | 10 . 0 | | Hardness ( asCaCO3 ) | 164 . 6 | 282 . 84 | 500 | Data collected during RUWASA project ; supplied by DWD Entebbe and NEMA Concentrations in mg / l unless stated . * * R . J . * * Burnside International Limited * * l-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 301, "text": "Data collected during RUWASA project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "63 business functions : seven general business functions ( GBF ) relevant to all sectors , and 56 sector-specific business functions ( SSBF ) across 12 sectors ( agriculture , livestock , food processing , apparel , leather goods , automotive , pharmaceutical , other manufacturing , wholesale and retail , financial services , land transport services , and health services ) . In total , the grid spans 305 technologies . The grid has three properties . First , it is comprehensive both in terms of the business functions and of the technologies considered in each business function . Second , it is relevant for any establishment and country , regardless of its level of development . Third , the technologies in each business function are ranked according to their sophistication , from the simplest to the most complex which represents the world technology frontier . We implement the grid in the Firm Adoption of Technology ( FAT ) survey , administered to over 21 , 000 establishments that constitute representative samples in 15 countries : South Korea , Poland , Croatia , Chile , the Brazilian state of Ceará , Georgia , Vietnam , the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat and Maharashtra , Ghana , Bangladesh , Kenya , Cambodia , Senegal , Ethiopia , and Burkina Faso . FAT collects three types of information . First , it gathers establishment-level data on sales , inputs , education of the workers and the managers , management practices , etc . Second , it records whether each sector-specific business function is conducted in-house . Third , and most relevant , FAT documents the technologies from the grid used by each establishment in each business function and , of these , which one is the most widely used technology . Using the information from FAT , we develop two measures of technology sophistication at the business function-establishment level : ‘ MOST ’ for the most widely used technology , and ‘ MAX ’ for the most advanced technology available . We use these measures to study three topics : the use of technology at the business function level , the cross-establishment variation in technology sophistication , and the relationship between technology sophistication and productivity across establishments . At the", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 943, "text": "Firm Adoption of Technology ( FAT ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1783, "end": 1786, "text": "FAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 113 ) | ( 0 . 095 ) | ( 0 . 074 ) | ( 0 . 084 ) | ( 0 . 220 ) | | Baseline Food Security ( FS ) | 0 . 287 * * * | 0 . 152 * * | 0 . 103 | 0 . 148 * * * | 0 . 176 | 0 . 075 | 0 . 018 | 0 . 189 * | 0 . 072 | 0 . 108 | 0 . 311 | | | ( 0 . 085 ) | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 084 ) | ( 0 . 031 ) | ( 0 . 117 ) | ( 0 . 053 ) | ( 0 . 076 ) | ( 0 . 074 ) | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 066 ) | ( 0 . 164 ) | | Observations | 14 , 506 | 14 , 506 | 14 , 506 | 14 , 506 | 14 , 370 | 14 , 370 | 14 , 370 | 5 , 335 | 5 , 335 | 5 , 335 | 5 , 335 | _Note_ : The table displays regression results from our ANCOVA specification with round and regioncontrols ( see Equation 3 . 3 ) . HHI stands for HerfindahlHirschman Index while FS stands for our standardized index of food insecurity . Note that in the Malawi baseline data no respondent reported being severely food insecure and so we cannot estimate the ANCOVA specification for severe food insecurity in Malawi . Standard errors , clustered at the household , are reported in parentheses ( * * * p _ < _ 0 . 001 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * p _ < _ 0 . 05 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 774, "end": 794, "text": "Malawi baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> RR αα treatment measurement error . Similarly , 5 captures heterogenous information impacts based on a farmer ' s prior misperception ( measurement error ) , holding constant plot size . Finally , 7 reflects αα the interactive effect of plot size and pre-treatment measurement error . Before we discuss αα estimation results , we note that farmers ’ response and adjustment to new information may not represent “ learning ” if farmers just change reporting behavior without updating their beliefs . This seems unlikely ; thus , we interpret these changes as learning . Table 7 reports results using continuous and bidirectional indicator of measurement error in self-reported plot size , both in the pre-treatment and post-treatment surveys . The dependent variable in Table 7 is given as log-transformed differences between self-reported and GPS values in the post-treatment round . Table 8 reports censored estimation results . The dependent variable in the first three columns in Table 8 is the post-treatment overestimation percentage , while the dependent variable in the last three columns is the underestimation percentage . Our preferred > 17 Because the post planting survey was only administered for treatment group plots , we use the ( no treatment ) postharvest measurement error for the control group plots . 20", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1185, "text": "post planting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "internet access and connectivity as a driver of poverty reduction and economic prosperity . < sup > 4 < / sup > By showing that mobile broadband coverage can in fact reduce poverty and improve consumer welfare , this study provides important evidence on the benefits of connectivity that policy makers can consider when seeking to achieve universal internet access . The rest of this paper is structured as follows . Section 2 describes the data sources while section 3 presents the estimation strategy . Section 4 presents the results , and section 5 concludes . # * * 2 . Data * * Our analysis relies on the overlap of two data sets for Nigeria : the General Household Survey ( GHS ) and the geographical coverage of mobile networks . Linking the location and the chronology in these datasets allows us to determine the treatment of interest for our analysis i . e . the availability of mobile broadband at the exact household ’ s location . # General Household Survey Data Our analysis uses three waves of the General Household Survey ( GHS ) of Nigeria ( 2010 / 11 , 2012 / 13 , and 2015 / 16 ) which is a nationally representative longitudinal survey . < sup > 5 < / sup > The GHS is a dedicated living standards survey which provides detailed information on households ’ consumption as well as other key demographic and socio-economic indicators of their members including education , labor market outcomes and access to the internet . The GHS also includes a community survey which provides data on prices from local markets as well as on community characteristics . In the initial round of the GHS survey ( 2010 / 11 ) 4 , 916 households completed interviews . The GHS had minimum attrition as most households interviewed in wave 1 were re-interviewed in the second wave ( _N_ = 4 , 851 ) and the third wave ( _N_ = 4 , 581 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Each wave includes two visits to each household during the autumn months ( post-planting ) and the spring months ( post-harvesting ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > Some important factors such as labor market", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 677, "text": "General Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 694, "end": 734, "text": "geographical coverage of mobile networks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 946, "end": 975, "text": "General Household Survey Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as the Madad Fund , that go beyond humanitarian objectives , should also be supported by donors . However , it is important to ensure that all such instruments are genuinely accessible to local actors and that their governance mechanisms are inclusive of national and local voices . bilateral donors confidence to partner directly with local organisations that have already demonstrated their professionalism and reliability . - Make multi-year funding for the Syria response the norm rather than the exception . Simultaneously align development funding with humanitarian assistance to ensure longer-term support for resilience-building activities that span the humanitarian-development divide . Ensure that multi-annual funding , be it humanitarian or development , is passed on to national and local actors in order to progressively build their capacity to lead and fully participate in the response . - Invest in nationally-driven financial tracking systems , such as JORISS in Jordan , that provide transparency for funding going directly and indirectly to national and local institutions and organisations . National governments must have visibility of available funding if they are to effectively lead the response . In turn , this data should be made publicly available to ensure accountability to affected populations and allow all actors – local , national and international – to know how much funding is available and where are the gaps . Reporting contributions to common , global platforms such as UN OCHA ’ s FTS is important , as is the use of standardised publishing formats such as the International Aid Transparency Initiative ( IATI ) . It is equally if not more important , however , to ensure that information is reported to government-led platforms . If done well , using standardised terminology and classifications , nationally-reported data can automatically feed global reporting platforms and publishing standards . - Use existing donor coordination groups in countries in the region to discuss and agree on priority actions for donors to encourage and facilitate greater localisation within the Syria crisis response . This may include ways to pool and share risk ; taking steps to mitigate the negative impact of counterterrorism legislation ; and increasing flexible , multi -", "spans": [{"start": 1845, "end": 1869, "text": "nationally-reported data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Number of schools in 1921 per 1000 children | 7 . 335 | 3 . 184 | - 4 . 151 * * * | | | ( 0 . 213 ) | ( 0 . 382 ) | ( 0 . 456 ) | | Number of schools in 1927 per 1000 children | 9 . 149 | 6 . 807 | - 2 . 342 * * * | | | ( 0 . 284 ) | ( 0 . 533 ) | ( 0 . 602 ) | | Number of schools built betw . 1921 and 19727 | 6 . 111 | 26 . 000 | 19 . 889 * * * | | | ( 0 . 600 ) | ( 3 . 732 ) | ( 2 . 277 ) | | Number of schools built betw . 1921-19727 per 1000 children | 1 . 814 | 3 . 694 | 1 . 880 * * * | | | ( 0 . 123 ) | ( 0 . 517 ) | ( 0 . 357 ) | | N | 108 | 31 | 139 | * * Notes * * The table presents the average number of schools by provinces . Standard errors in parentheses . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on yearly statistical yearbook of Greece , 1926-1927 . 34", "spans": [{"start": 774, "end": 811, "text": "yearly statistical yearbook of Greece", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) 16 . * * The agricultural potential is huge but largely unrealized . * * Favorable soil , water , and climatic conditions render more than 70 percent of South Sudan ’ s total land area suitable for crop production and 60 percent of the country ’ s population already lives in high to medium potential areas . However , less than 4 percent of the total land area is currently cultivated , and at 0 . 8 ‐ 0 . 9 tons per ha ( FAO / WFP , 2011 ) , average cereal yields are lower than those in Uganda ( 1 . 6 tons per ha ) , Kenya ( 2 tons per ha ) and Ethiopia ( 3 tons per ha ) . 17 . * * Years of conflict and displacement have destroyed household capacity as well as productive relationships , traditional markets , infrastructure , and social and economic institutions that support the sector . * * As a result , most agriculture in the country is now subsistence and is characterized by limited use of productivity enhancing measures , limited acreage ( 0 . 32 ha per capita against a per capita land holding of 13 ha ) , high costs of production < sup > 6 < / sup > , and low output per hectare . Most farmers produce less food than they require for subsistence and nearly 75 percent of all farming households experience food shortages ( hunger gap ) for at least three months a year . National level data shows that despite some increase in area cropped under cereals , total production has been on the decline since 2005 and that production generally lags consumption by an average of 30 percent . IPC analyses show that populations in Phases 2 ( Stressed ) , 3 ( Crisis ) and 4 ( Emergency ) have been increasing steadily over time ( Figure 3 ) . The country thus faces recurrent episodes of acute food insecurity and continues to rely on food aid to bridge the perennial food deficits . * * Figure 3 : Population", "spans": [{"start": 1382, "end": 1401, "text": "National level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) national District Health Information System ( DHIS2 ) , ( ii ) phone calls from the EPI to the districts , and ( iii ) provision of computers and tablets to districts and health facilities . Despite these actions , which are being supported by various parties including the National Information Technology Agency Uganda ( NITA-U ) , uptake of electronic tools is still low , and this is compounded by low internet connectivity in some remote areas . Further , delayed data entry and validation is hampered by inadequate HR ( Human Resource ) numbers and skills , as well as equipment . There are ongoing discussions at the Bank to help strengthen data collection and use , through enhanced interventions supported by the pipeline AF to the Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project . - _Delayed data entry and validation_ . This was caused by inadequate HR numbers and skills , as well as equipment . This will be addressed through training and equipping of data entrants . • _AEFI monitoring_ is being addressed by ensuring that each client receiving COVID-19 vaccination remains at the site for at least 30 minutes for close observation and monitoring . Once discharged , they are encouraged to report any adverse or unusual event to the health facility mainly through telephone call or SMS or physical visit to the health facility . Cases of AEFIs are documented and transmitted to the MoH as part of the routine reports on the immunization activity . The reports reach the MoH through the DHIS2 e-tracker or phone call to the National Drug Authority ( NDA ) , which enters the client and AEFIs particulars in a VIGIBASE database . Each serious AEFI case is investigated by a national investigation team with regional presence . A national causality assessment committee is in place to assess the potential causes of the AEFIs . However , the AEFI Reporting rate has been", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 162, "text": "national District Health Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1630, "end": 1645, "text": "DHIS2 e-tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1752, "end": 1769, "text": "VIGIBASE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cost of capital ( including the reduction of profit margins and interest-rate spreads ) in the domestic financial system . These indicators are discussed in the section above . The second group of outcome indicators refers directly to international financial integration . Some of the most important indicators are , first , an increase in the participation of foreign banks and other financial institutions in the domestic market , measured for instance by the ratio of foreign to total number of banks or the market share of foreign-owned banks . _Bankscope_ is the premier data source about banks around the world . The second indicator is an expansion in the stock of domestic assets held by foreigners , and likewise , an increase in foreign asset holding by domestic residents , with the resulting rise of gross capital flows in the balance of payments . It is not clear , however , what type of asset should increase the most as result of financial globalization , whether gross foreign direct investment ( FDI ) , portfolio investment , or debt . This should be determined by their relative scarcities in the portfolio of assets . In recent reform experiences , FDI has been the predominant form of foreign assets . The most important source for data on capital flows is _Balance of Payments Statistics_ published annually by the International Monetary Fund . For foreign asset stock data , see Lane and MilesiFerreti ( 1999 ) and Kraay et al . ( 2000 ) . Finally , measures of external vulnerability can represent outcome indicators of the government ’ s failure to provide for adequate supervision , to ensure macroeconomic equilibrium , or to eliminate implicit insurance or guarantees for speculative flows . Some of them are , high black-market premium on foreign exchange , substantial real exchange rate misalignment ( which , particularly in the case of overvaluation , might indicate the need for a drastic adjustment ) , large domestic-foreign interest rate spreads ( which , after accounting for risk premia , may indicate the presence of controls ) , and the classic indicators of high levels of external debt ( particularly of short duration ) relative to GDP , exports , or foreign reserves . For a discussion of leading indicators on", "spans": [{"start": 1372, "end": 1396, "text": "foreign asset stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 . The effect of food insecurity on vertical and horizontal trust by economic development . | | | Econom < br > | ic development < br > Lower-middle - < br > | rankings ( GNI pe < br > Upper-middle - < br > | r capita ) < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | World sample | Low-income | income | income | High-income | | Trust in national institutions | | | | | | | Food insecurity | - 0 . 027 * * * | - 0 . 020 * * * | - 0 . 019 * * * | - 0 . 035 * * * | - 0 . 067 * * * | | | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 007 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | | Trust in friends and family | | | | | | | Food insecurity | - 0 . 117 * * * | - 0 . 120 * * * | - 0 . 109 * * * | - 0 . 111 * * * | - 0 . 129 * * * | | | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | | Controls | _yes_ | _yes_ | _yes_ | _yes_ | _yes_ | | Number of observations | 388 , 602 | 69 , 101 | 106 , 410 | 100 , 728 | 112 , 363 | _Notes : _ Models estimated using unweighted individual-level data from the 2014-17 Gallup World Poll . Standard errors are in parentheses and clustered by country and robust to heteroskedasticity . References categories are single or never married , elementary education , employed full-time , poorest quintile , rural area or farm , and the year 2014 . Each model includes country and years fixed effects . Low-income countries are defined as those with a gross national income", "spans": [{"start": 1028, "end": 1045, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Clean Cooking Supply Chain Expansion Project ( P153679 ) # # # * * III . KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME * * # # # * * A . KEY FACTORS DURING PREPARATION * * 47 . In 2014 , discussions were held between the GoU and IDA regarding the project design . In November 2015 , a WTP assessment and Consumer Acceptance Assessment for clean cooking in Uganda was carried out to inform the design and implementation of a competitive support scheme to help Ugandan distributors enhance consumer access to high performance clean cookstoves made locally and internationally . The results of the assessment showed that many local consumers preferred industrially produced stove models that were not readily available in the Ugandan market and a price range that they were prepared to pay for them . It also showed differentiation in product preferences that played a role in the weighing of the product evaluations for admission to the program . # # # * * B . KEY FACTORS DURING IMPLEMENTATION * * 48 . Although project effectiveness was declared on October 28 , 2016 , the project ’ s actual implementation began mid-June 2017 . The following are the key challenges faced during implementation : - At the outset , implementation faced challenges due to delays in contracting the IVA , a first disbursement condition , that emanated from contracting and clearance requisites pertaining to the bid document by the contracts committee and subsequent protracted negotiations period between the vendor and PSFU . - Other factors for slow initial implementation include reorganization and reconfiguration of the project consortia , which typically take some time to form and mature into full-fledged partnerships . It is typical for implementation of grant facilities to start slowly because facilitation of partnerships in the sector and building trust for those partnerships to flourish over time is one of the key factors . To this effect , the withdrawal of a key distributor ( Up Energy ) from the program also presented a setback for several manufacturers who", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enrollment and attendance in the developing world . The idea underlying such claim is that educated parents by and large understand the importance of achieving basic education and therefore feel responsible to send their kids to school . The reverse is true for non-educated parents who started to work at an early age . This is evident in Wahba [ 28 ] that shows that Egyptian parents , who were child laborers themselves , would most likely send their children to work . In other words , for those parents education may not necessarily be considered as an investment . Some studies also consider cultural aspects such as gender issues that may influence some disparities in enrollment and attendance . Tansel [ 25 ] points to gender as one characteristic that should not be neglected when analyzing the determinants of education . He noted that the effect of income on the schooling of girls was larger than that of boys . Al-Samarrai and Peasgood [ 2 ] find that household characteristics such as parental education may have a totally different impact on the education of females and males in Tanzania . Using some descriptive statistics , Bonifaz and Ochoa [ 8 ] find that Bolivia does not present a significant gender gap in terms of total school attendance , even though minor differences emerge when considering the socioeconomic status and the living area . > 9 See Basu [ 5 ] for an analytical survey . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reinterviewed over time , producing a panel component . This study exploits this panel component of about 14 , 000 unique forms in 57 economies between 2006 and 2019 . The panel data allow for the empirical estimations to include firm-level fixed effects , thereby accounting for time-invariant firm-specific omitted variables . Section 2 discusses the data in much more detail . 4", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 182, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10844 # * * Abstract * * Teachers are one of the most important inputs for learning , but in many low-income countries they are poorly distributed between schools . This paper discusses the case of Malawi , which has introduced new evidence-based policies and procedures to improve the equity and efficiency of the allocation of teachers to schools . The analysis finds that adherence to these policies has been highly variable between the country ’ s districts , with the most successful deploying 75 percent of teachers according to the rules and the least successful just 22 percent . Using administrative data , the paper identifies the impacts on student repetition rates of reductions in pupil – qualified teacher ratios as a result of the new teachers . The findings show that schools that moved from having more than 90 pupils per qualified teacher to a lower ratio experienced reductions in lower primary school repetition rates of 2 – 3 percentage points . However , similar impacts on dropout are not observed . This paper is a product of the Education Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at sasim @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 624, "end": 643, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 8 Percentage of Providers Observed during Consultation from Voucher and Nonvoucher Facilities That Performed Various Clinical Examinations in 2010 | Clinical examination | A | NC | P | NC | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Voucher < br > facilities < br > ( _N_ = 95 ) | Comparison < br > facilities < br > ( _N_ = 51 ) | Voucher < br > facilities < br > ( _N_ = 59 ) | Comparison < br > facilities < br > ( _N_ = 24 ) | | Weight | 70 | 55 | n . a . | n . a . | | Height | 21 | 4 * * | n . a . | n . a . | | Temperature | 19 | 6 * | 10 | 4 | | Blood pressure | 80 | 51 * * | 34 | 4 * * | | Anemia check | 66 | 59 | 39 | 4 * * | | Breasts / nipples exam | n . a . | n . a . | 20 | 0 * | _Source : _ Population Council , Health Facility Survey 2010 – 11 . _Note : _ Differences between voucher and nonvoucher facilities are significant at * _P_ < 0 . 05 , * * _P_ < 0 . 01 . Abbreviation n . a . = not applicable . Among women who participated in the 2010 – 11 household survey , nearly all ( 98 percent ) of those who had ever used the HealthyBaby voucher indicated they would recommend its use to a friend . Their most commonly cited reasons included the fact that ( 1 ) it offers free , cheap , or affordable services , ( 2 ) it is good for or helps poor pregnant women access relevant services , and ( 3 ) it enables women to receive good quality or prompt service . Among the 2 percent who indicated they would not recommend the use of a voucher to a friend , the major reasons were ( 1 ) poor quality services , including rude , untrained ,", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 760, "text": "Health Facility Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 968, "end": 994, "text": "2010 – 11 household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the destination country . Therefore , part of the variation in unit export values can be explained by these country-specific covariates . In this regard , we use country-year dummies to control for all time-varying destination market aggregates , such as GDP and exchange rate . Further , Manova and Zhang ( 2009 ) demonstrated a positive relationship between the revenue exporters earn and the prices that they charge in the export market . For this consideration , we also include the total revenue that the firm earns in the export destination . < sup > 14 < / sup > Another concern in estimating ( 2 ) is that export revenues and quantities may suffer from measurement error . To remedy this concern , we removed outliers , firm-product-destination combinations with export values below the 1 < sup > st < / sup > percentile or above the 99 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of the distribution , to reduce the bias associated with measurement error . The extensive fixed effects in our specifications also attenuate measurement error concerns . < sup > 15 < / sup > # * * _ < < A > > _ RESULTS * * After removing all observations lacking quantity or export value information , roughly 450 , 000 observations remain . < sup > 16 < / sup > All of the regression results are derived from a panel-data fixed effect estimation in which the panel is a firm-product-destination triplet . All of the specifications include country-year dummies to control for aggregate variation in the export market . Table 5 contains the main results derived from estimating equation ( 2 ) . In column ( 1 ) , we report our estimates without controls . We include our controls in the remaining specifications . The variable log ( exportrevenue ) fdt denotes the total revenue that firm _f_ earns in market _d_ , log ( exportrevenue ) ft denotes the total export revenue of the firm , log ( m ) pdt is the average unit import value of the six-digit HS product _p_ in a particular destination , and log ( employment ) ft is the number of workers that firm _f_ employs . The availability of employment data determines", "spans": [{"start": 2068, "end": 2083, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PUBLIC The following are steps and approaches envisaged under the SESA implementation process : # # * * Step # 1 : Scoping * * This step will encompass Stakeholder gap analysis . It builds on the consultations carried out during the R - PP formulation . The SESA process will conduct a stakeholder gap analysis to identify any relevant stakeholders that might not have been considered during the R-PP formulation phase . Important among them would be community-level representatives , forest dependent Indigenous Peoples , traditional leaders , associations of tree growers , the private sector , firewood and charcoal producers , women ’ s organizations and forest concessionaires . The SESA Consultant shall assist the SESA , C & P Task force to prepare a comprehensive set of consultation and participation activities for the SESA ( draft SESA Work plan and budget ) . This undertaking will seek to coordinate with the Policy Taskforce which will be in charge of preparing the REDD + strategy options in order to avoid duplications and ensure consistency of timelines in particular for consultation activities . The output of this step is a draft SESA process work plan and budget for Uganda . # # * * Step # 2 : Launching the SESA Work plan * * The SESA Consultant together with the SESA , C & P Taskforce will present the draft SESA work plan and budget to a broader stakeholder validation in a national workshop in order to define the legitimacy of the work plan and all subsequent stakeholder consultation and participation processes . Views , comments and consensus from the validation workshop shall be integrated into the draft work plan before preparing final SESA work plan which shall be publicly disclosed through appropriate means or platforms . The output of this step is a validated SESA work plan and budget . # # * * Step # 3 : Identification of key environmental and social issues * * This step aims at generating primary data on key environmental and social issues in forestry sector in Uganda to inform the selection of environmental and social priorities , using a variety of analytical tools", "spans": [{"start": 1934, "end": 1946, "text": "primary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10324 # * * Abstract * * An increasing number of regional trade agreements contains provisions that ease access to visas among member countries , which reduces the administrative cost of crossing the border . Combining United Nations data on bilateral stocks of immigrants in the period 1990 – 2020 with World Bank data on the content of 279 regional trade agreements , this paper presents robust evidence of a positive effect of visa provisions in regional trade agreements on bilateral migration : the presence of visa provisions in regional trade agreements increases the bilateral stock of immigrants by 5 . 9 percent . This result is robust to an instrumental variable strategy addressing the endogeneity problem . The effect of the inclusion of visa provisions in regional trade agreements is particularly effective among country pairs with different income levels ( such as North-South ) . For this type of country pairs , the presence of visa provisions in regional trade agreements increases the bilateral stock of immigrants by 13 percent . Finally , the paper shows that the effectiveness of visa provisions in regional trade agreements reduces with the anti-immigration sentiment of voters in the destination . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics and the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at anthonin . levelu @ dauphine . psl . eu , amm223 @ georgetown . ed , and gianluca . orefice @ dauphine . psl . eu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 302, "text": "United Nations data on bilateral stocks of immigrants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "perception of the need to continue humanitarian support for NFIs * * Respondents were asked whether or not there is a continued need for humanitarian support for NFIs Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community profile : 133 sub-districts reporting - There is near consensus on the need for continued humanitarian NFI support . # # # # # # 98 % < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Yes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 2 % No 14", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 191, "text": "Syria hub", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 241, "end": 264, "text": "Urban Community profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of asylumseekers in the 44 industrialized countries during the first half of 2014 were albania ( 8 , 400 claims ) , the Islamic republic of Iran ( 8 , 000 ) , Mali ( 6 , 500 ) , and Mexico ( 6 , 300 ) . In total , 27 of the top 40 countries of origin showed an increase in applications from the first semester of 2013 to the first semester of 2014 . The highest relative increase was recorded for ukrainians , whose asylum claims increased from 700 to 4 , 100 , reflecting the outbreak of conflict in that country . Indeed , the first half of 2014 saw more ukrainians lodging asylum claims than during the three preceding years together . about 820 ukrainians lodged asylum applications in p \u0003 oland during the reporting period , while the united states of america and Italy recorded 520 and 350 applications , respectively . * * 16 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # * * SUMMARY * * # # # # * * 1 . INTRODUCTION * * Kenya , through its long-term development blue print , _Kenya Vision 2030_ , aims at “ providing the country ’ s population with adequate and decent housing in a suitable environment ” by 2030 . For this to be a reality , the blueprint document six challenges that need addressing . One challenge of particular interest to this report is “ insufficient serviced land ” . Against this challenge , a specific goal of the country by _Kenya Vision 2030_ is to improve livelihoods of slum dwellers through a Flagship Project , “ Install physical and social infrastructure in slums in 20 urban areas to formalise slums , permit construction of permanent houses , and attract private investment ” . Vis-à-vis , the Government of the Republic of Kenya is implementing a number of slum upgrading projects , one of which is “ The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project ( KISIP ) ” . KISIP , [ which is funded by the Government of Kenya ( GoK ) , together with the World Bank ( WB ) , the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency ( SIDA ) , and the French Development Agency ( AFD ) ] , has an overall objective of “ improving living conditions in informal settlements in selected Kenyan municipalities . It is designed with four components . The component related to this report is , “ _Investing in infrastructure and service delivery ” , _ which is designed to support investment in settlement infrastructure and , where necessary , extension of trunk infrastructure to settlements . A core design feature of KISIP is that proposed interventions are community targeted , and at a scale that allows for local operation and maintenance . KISIP has contracted CAS Consultants Ltd . to undertake consultancy services for socioeconomic surveys , infrastructure upgrading plans , and detailed engineering designs in selected informal settlements in Nairobi , Machakos", "spans": [{"start": 1924, "end": 1945, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APPENDIX bonds with a much longer maturity , since average maturities were much longer then . From 1942 on , we rely on the 10-year government total bond return series provided by the CRSP database , which builds on a comprehensive collection of US Treasury bond prices . # # < u > UK government bonds , monthly , since 1815 < / u > The return index on long-term UK government bonds is from GFD and was compiled from Neal ( 1990 ) for 1815-1823 , from The Times ( 1824-1844 ) , from the periodical The Banker ’ s Magazine ( 1844-1852 ) , and from the Central Statistical Office of the British government ( 1853 onwards ) . Whenever possible , we use an index of 10-year bonds , but in the 19 < sup > th < / sup > century , the available indices also contain bonds with a much longer maturity , since average maturities were much longer compared to today . # # < u > S & P US Stocks Total Return Index , monthly , since 1815 < / u > From 1815 to June 1962 , we use the US stock market returns index provided by Schwert ( 1990 ) . From July 1962 onwards , we use the S & P US Stocks Total Return Index from Standard & Poor ’ s retrieved from GFD . # # < u > FTSE UK Stocks Total Return Index , monthly , since 1815 < / u > This index is from GFD and compiled from the following sources : Rostow and Schwartz ( 1953 ) which contains data on Bank of England Shares and the East Indies Company from 1815 to 1850 , Hayek ( 1935 ) from 1851-1867 , and Smith and Horne ( 1934 ) from 1874 to 1922 . Additional sources are the periodical Banker ’ s Magazine ( 1907-1933 ) , The Economist ( 1933-1962 ) , and The Financial Times from 1950 onwards . For more recent decades , the data comes from the Central Statistical Office of the British government for the years 1939-1988 and from Eurostat from 1989 until today . # # < u > UK inflation / CPI series , monthly < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 997, "text": "US stock market returns index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1065, "end": 1099, "text": "S & P US Stocks Total Return Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1156, "end": 1189, "text": "FTSE UK Stocks Total Return Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "levels of productivity . However , these productivity gains are somewhat offset by a lack of worker reallocation into more-productive firms , at least in the short run . One year after the minimum-wage increase , a minority of workers from exiting firms were employed in formal firms , and indicative evidence suggests that most had exited the labor force or were unemployed . The paper also shades new light on the long-standing debate on the employment effects of the minimum wage . To the best of our knowledge , this is the first paper to explicitly distinguish between employment effects originating from employment cuts made by surviving firms ( the intensive margin ) , > 3 To the best of our knowledge , recent exceptions are Mayneris , Poncet , and Zhang ( 2018 ) , who focus on the impact of a minimum wage increase on value added , productivity , and profits in China . Hau , Huang , and Wang ( 2016 ) also examine the substitution of labor for capital by Chinese firms in response to the minimum wage . > 4 To the best of our knowledge , the only recent paper using employer-employee linked dataset to look at the impacts of the minimum wage in the context of a developing economy is Engbom and Moser ( 2021 ) , although their dataset does not include detailed information on firm outcomes as in this paper . In the context of an advanced economy , Dustmann et al . ( 2020 ) also look at the joint effects of the minimum wage on firms and workers . > 5 Prior contributions looking at the minimum-wage impacts on firm exits are restricted to the restaurant industry in the US ( Aaronson et al . , 2018 ; Luca and Luca , 2019 ; Ashenfelter and Jurajda , 2021 ) . > 6 Dustmann et al . ( 2020 ) have recently looked at this question in the context of Germany . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1078, "end": 1110, "text": "employer-employee linked dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > iformationon ( i ) < br > total number < br > fpotentialclientsinthecivil < br > ervice marketlproject target < br > roup ( with DPM ) ; ( ii ) numbei < br > iho showed interest from < br > revious market study but did < br > ot apply ; ( iii ) < br > number of < br > onparticipants who have < br > pproached the DLC ; and ( iv ) < br > ample survey to obtain reasons < br > srnon-enrollment | Enrollment records < br > larket StudyITraining < br > Ieeds | Resultso fthe analysis by < br > DLC onanannual basis < br > will be used to improve < br > marketing design and < br > client strategy with DPM < br > assistance and feedback < br > from the Board and < br > consultative meetings . < br > Results of the analysis and < br > the change process should < br > be documentedin < br > progress reportshusiness < br > plans and Minuteso fthe < br > Board and the < br > consultative meetings . < br > Information requiredfor < br > the supervision mission , < br > mid-term review and < br > end-project evaluation | - 48 -", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 418, "text": "Enrollment records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Unity , but humanitarians have not been granted suffi cient access to mount a multi-sector protection response for survivors . The Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism on the Violation of the Rights of the Child in Armed Confl ict ( MRM ) recorded 37 incidents of sexual violence affecting 137 girls from January to September 2016 . The reported incidents represent only the tip of the iceberg of GBV prevalence , due to the stigma and violence often associated with reporting acts of GBV and survivors ’ limited access to reporting mechanisms and services . The GBVIMS was rolled out in South Sudan in 2014 . It currently includes 15 member organizations . GBVIMS data that is shared is only from reported cases in areas where the data-gathering organizations are providing services , and is in no way representative of the total incidence or prevalence of GBV in South Sudan . These statistical trends are generated exclusively by GBV service providers who use the GBVIMS for data collection in the implementation of GBV response activities in a limited number of locations across South Sudan and with the consent of survivors .", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 567, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 656, "end": 667, "text": "GBVIMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 965, "end": 971, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This “ aggregate ” finding across the four main categories of trade policy actions is unpacked in Table 3 , which reports results for seven different types of instruments that are most frequently observed in the GTA data set . This more disaggregated focus reveals large countries focused more on import tariffs as well as export bans and export licensing requirements . < sup > 18 < / sup > Distance to markets is positively associated with restrictive export measures and inversely correlated with liberalizing export measures on medical products ; the former finding driven by measures still in force ( see Table 2 , column 4 ) . Conversely , if the focus is on measures that were removed during the period , this variable is strongly correlated with re-imposition of import restrictions , with a coefficient estimate that is statistically significant at the 1 % level ( Table 2 , column 6 ) . Distance has a very similar pattern as country size does on the export side ( Table 3 ) . Government effectiveness is positively correlated with all categories of trade policy measures , especially export licensing requirements ( Table 3 ) , except for imposition of import barriers , especially when it comes to measures still in force at the end of the sample period ( Table 2 ) . Higher initial tariffs are positively correlated with liberalization of imports ( Table 1 ) , which is expected as the higher the pre-crisis tariffs the greater the expected impact of removal of the tax on prices ( or more realistically , attenuation of price rises for essential products ) . The result seems driven by liberalization of domestic taxation on imported medical products ( Table 3 ) . Conversely , when it comes to measures that are removed during the sample period , pre-crisis tariffs are strongly associated with re-imposition of import barriers – which may reflect a return to the initial level of protection for the products concerned ( Table 2 , column 6 ) . This can also be inferred from the large positive correlation between pre-crisis tariff levels and the duration of import policy measures imposed on medical products ( Table 4 ) . Supply-side capacity ( proxied by a revealed comparative advantage in exporting medical", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 224, "text": "GTA data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rescued Rohingya and Bangladeshis receive medical treatment and a place to rest at a temporary shelter < br > in Aceh , Indonesia , in May 2015 . AFP / Chaideer Mahyuddin < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # * * Status of May-July 2015 Disembarkations * * | Country of < br > disembarkation < br > Offic < br > disem < br > Rohingya | fiially < br > barked < br > Bangladeshi | Rem < br > ( deta < br > Rohingya | aining < br > ined ) < br > Bangladeshi | Bangladeshis < br > repatriated | Rohingya < br > movement | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0 < br > Myanmar | 134 | - | - | - | - | | 216 < br > ( at least 700 additional < br > Rohingya disembarked unofficially ) < br > Bangladesh | 846 | 0 | 0 | 777 | 195 < br > returned home to Rakhine State | | Thailand < br > 59 | 52 | 44 ( 40 ) | 52 ( 52 ) | 0 | 15 < br > escaped | | Malaysia < br > 375 | 735 | 375 ( 375 ) | 116 ( 116 ) | 622 | ~ 200 < br > confirmed to have arrived < br > from Indonesia | | Rohingya f < br > Indonesia < br > 999 | and Banglades f < br > 821 | his stranded of < br > 310 | ff the coast of A < br > 26 | f ceh , Indonesia , < br > 743 | ~ 700 < br > believed to have left Indonesia | 15", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 297, "text": "May-July 2015 Disembarkations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of grades , diplomas and certificates were in place before the start of the full-scale war , see among other < u > Agreement between UKR and Romania ; Agreement between UKR and Hungary ; Agreement < / u > between UKR and Slovakia < u > https : / / zakon . rada . gov . ua / laws / show / 703_097 # Text ; Agreement < / u > between UKR and Poland < u > https : / / zakon . rada . gov . ua / laws / show / 616_067 # Text ; Agreement < / u > between URK and Bulgaria < u > https : / / zakon . rada . gov . ua / laws / show / 100_029 # Text < / u > - note that on 15 May 2023 , the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science also issued an Order with methodological guidance on mutual recognition of grades and certificates for secondary education < u > https : / / mon . gov . ua / ua / npa / pro-zatverdzhennyametodichnih-rekomendacij-shodo-okremih-pitanzdobuttya-osviti-v-zakladah-zagalnoyi-serednoyiosviti-v-umovah-voyennogo-stanu-v-ukrayini < / u > - 46 In the OECD study quoted above ( cf . footnote 44 ) , 32 % of participating countries cite teacher shortages as contributing to barriers in enrolment ; see also < u > https : / / www . euronews . com / my-europe / 2022 / 11 / 30 / teacher-shortages-worrycountries-across-europe # < / u > - 47 For an overview of the different models of preparatory classes or programmes implemented in Europe since the onset of the Ukraine war , see < u > https : / / eury", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : FSCD | | | | # < u > < mark > IN00936017 < / mark > < / u > ► % of rural safety net woredas in which food management makes use of core CMPM formats ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 38 . 00 | 71 . 00 | 71 . 30 | 75 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Apr-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Source : FSCD Report , | | | | | IN00936018 < br > ► % of rural safety net wore < br > ( Percentage , Custom ) | das where payrolls for humanita | rian food assistance client | s are administered by WOF | ED using PASS | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | 1 / 14 / 2021 Page 6 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 510, "text": "FSCD Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Uganda ( vertical bars = presence ; orange shading – breeding season ) . . . . . . . 35 | | Figure 15 | View of the 200kv Kawanda-Masaka Transmission Line not fitted with Bird Flight Diverters < br > as it crosses the Katonga wetland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 | | * * List of Tab * * | * * les * * | | - - - | - - - | | Table 1 | ESS6 Definitions of Modified and Natural Habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 | | Table 2 | Calculation of modified and natural habitat extent along the Wobulenzi-Masaka TL route < br > based on CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 meter resolution ) and ground truthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 | | Table 3 | Calculation of modified and natural habitat extent along the Masaka-Mutukula TL route < br > based on CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 meter resolution ) and ground truthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 | | Table 4 | Estimation of natural habitat loss resulting from clearing the Transmission Line RoW . . . 18 | | Table", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 786, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Name : * * Complete visual < br > | Yes / No | N | Y < br > Bi ‐ Annual | Visual survey available online | CDR | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | survey of road condition for | | | | and / or on software . | | | the primary , secondary , and | | | | | | | tertiary road network | | | | | | Description : The visual survey involves camera recording of road network condition , in addition to other visual measures . The collected data will then be decoded in accordance of a road inspection manual that associates various aspects of the recording with a rating of the quality and condition of the network . | * * Name : * * Number of wheel < br > | < br > Number | 0 . 00 | 15 . 00 | Bi ‐ Annual | Progress report compiled by | CDR | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | loaders purchased | | | | | CDR . Bank implementation | | | | | | | | support mission . | | Description : Necessary equipment for emergency road repairs . Page 46 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 93, "text": "Visual survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "supervisors were recruited locally and received training on basic interviewing techniques . Enumerators were closely supervised and supported by members of the study team . - The second step was formation of an ad-hoc committee comprised of Woreda and Kebele officials . This committee is important in the identification of PAPs and for approving the legality of ownership of affected property by its claimant . - The third and the last step during this stage was the supervision and administration of the actual field work . A complete census enumeration of all PAPs was carried out side by side with registration of affected property including land and other privatelyowned structures that will be affected by the Subproject . Structured questionnaires were administered to the affected households and detailed quantitative information on the socio-economic characteristics of the households was collected . The baseline survey captured PAHs ’ demographic and socio-economic and livelihood data . This data included PAHs ’ age , sex , education level , income level , household size , type of household , occupation , and availability of basic service providing infrastructures like schools , health centres , electricity , etc . Sample census questionnaire is presented in Annex 1 . # # # # # # * * _Data Management and Analysis_ * * In order to capture all the necessary information pertinent to resettlement , a set of questionnaires was designed and applied to all affected households . The questionnaire captured information that assisted the computation of appropriate compensation and design resettlement schemes . This information included : - Location identification ; - Characteristics of the members of the households ; Page 30", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 567, "text": "census enumeration of all PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * ation of * * | * * Requ * * | * * est for * * | * * Sh * * | * * ort * * | * * Con * * | * * sultant * * | | * * Proposal * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * r Proposals * * | * * E * * | * * OI * * | * * L * * | * * ist * * | * * Pro * * | * * posals * * | | * * Technical ( T ) & * * | | * * No-objection * * < br > * * Date * * | * * On-line UNDB * * < br > * * Gateway * * < br > * * Nat Press * * | * * Lead-time before * * < br > * * shortlist * * | * * Submission * * < br > * * Date * * | * * No-objection * * < br > * * Date * * | * * Invitation * * < br > * * Date * * | * * Submission / * * < br > * * Opening * * < br > * * Date * * | * * Submission * * < br > * * Evaluation * * < br > * * Report ( T ) * * | * * No-objection * * < br > * * Evaluation * * < br > * * Report ( T ) * * | | * * 1-2 wks * * | * * 1 - 1 . 5 wks * * | * * 2 wks * * | | * * 1 - 2 wks * * < br > | * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the following questions ( the information given regarding the accident should be enough to conduct the Bank ’ s ESIRT internal procedures ) : - _What was the incident ? What happened ? To what or to whom ? _ - _Where and when did the incident occur ? _ - _What is the information source ? How did you find out about the incident ? _ - _Are the basic facts of the incident clear and uncontested , or are there conflicting versions ? _ - _What were the conditions or circumstances under which the incident occurred ? _ - _Is the incident still ongoing or is it contained ? _ - _Is loss of life or severe harm involved ? _ - _How serious was the incident ? How is it being addressed ? How is the response ? _ - _What , if any , additional follow up action is required , and what are the associated timelines ? _ With respect to SEA / SH , the Project Manager will confirm if an investigation of SEA / SH misconduct will be carried out , after considering whether it will be safe to investigate and whether the employer ’ s misconduct ( accountability and response framework ) investigation process is appropriate for undertaking the investigation in a survivor-centric manner . The Bank will not request or be given an investigation report from the employer but will use the records available from the Project Manager for the ESIRT process . 53", "spans": [{"start": 1272, "end": 1314, "text": "records available from the Project Manager", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that includes motor skills , problem solving , socio-emotional skills , language and cognitive capacity . Given that the Malagasy use of the term ‘ intelligence ’ encompasses similar constructs as the ASQ-I , our objectives were to 1 ) compare caregiver-perceived child intelligence in relation to other children in the community with how children scored on the ASQ-I , and 2 ) explore what child , caregiver , and household factors were associated with discordance between the two measures . # 2 . DATA # 2 . 1 . Study Setting and Design Given that specific developmental domains of cognition , language , vision , and hearing largely occur in the early years of life ( Thompson & Nelson , 2001 ) , we focus on children under four years of age . Cross-sectional data of rural women and children aged 16-42 months were collected as part of a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Madagascar ( Fernald , et al . , 2016 ) . The sample represents five regions of the country , which were selected because they have some of the highest rates of stunting and food insecurity in Madagascar : Amoron ’ i Mania , Androy , Atsimo Atsinanana , Haute Matsiatra , and Vatovavy-Fitovinany . The study tested the value added of intensive nutrition counseling , lipid-based supplementation , or a home visit parenting program on child growth and development . All pregnant women and women with age-eligible children for the intervention were eligible to participate in the trial . A total of 3 , 560 caregivers and children were interviewed and assessed at endline . The measure of ECD , ASQ-I , was complete for 3 , 533 children . Missing values for caregiver age , caregiver education , and child birth order were imputed using data from other rounds . After imputation , complete data on child - , caregiver - , and household-level characteristics were available for 3 , 361 children . 5", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 767, "text": "Cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commodity prices has been well established by numerous authors . See , for example , Lamm ( 1980 ) , Gardner ( 1981 ) , and Baffes and Dennis ( 2015 ) for agriculture and Gilbert ( 1989 ) , Baffes ( 1997 ) , and Akram ( 2009 ) for metals . Among the sectoral fundamentals , the effect of a rise in the _stock ‐ to ‐ use ratio_ is , as expected , negative and highly significant , with a panel estimate of ‐ 0 . 37 . The estimates are remarkably similar to findings reported elsewhere . For example , Bobenrieth , Wright , and Zeng ( 2012 ) estimated correlation coefficients between stock ‐ to ‐ use ratios and real de ‐ trended prices for wheat , maize , and rice of ‐ 0 . 40 , ‐ 0 . 50 , and ‐ 0 . 17 , respectively ( compared to ‐ 0 . 46 , ‐ 0 . 48 , and ‐ 0 . 49 in the present study ) . Similarly , FAO ( 2008 , p . 6 ) reported corre ‐ lation coefficients between the cereals price index and various measures of stock ‐ to ‐ use ratios , ranging from ‐ 0 . 47 and ‐ 0 . 65 . Likewise , the effect of a rise in the _real oil price_ is found to be significantly different from zero for all six commodities . The panel estimate at 0 . 15 implies that a 10 percent in ‐ crease in oil prices is associated with a 1 . 5 percent increase in agricultural prices . The strong relationship between energy and non ‐ energy commodity prices was established in the lit ‐ erature long before the post ‐ 2004 price boom . Gilbert ( 1989 ) , for example , using quarterly data from 1965 ‐ 86 , estimated the transmission elasticity from energy to non ‐ energy com ‐ modities at 0 . 12 and that from energy to food commodities at 0 . 25 . Hanson and others ( 1993 ) , based on a general equilibrium model , found a significant effect of oil price changes on agricultural producer prices in the United States . Borensztein and Reinhart (", "spans": [{"start": 1452, "end": 1466, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As of today , however , few public registries are using their data in these more sophisticated ways . Only six of the 60 public registries surveyed indicated that the main use of PCR data in supervision was for provisioning < sup > 24 < / sup > and even then , it was in the context of ensuring that problem loans were identified so that adequate provisions could be assigned , not for forward looking risk mitigation . An important observation is that the typical structure of a PCR does not match Basel II ’ s minimum requirements for data for the IRB approach . Basel II suggests that there should be at least two dimensions for such data ( i ) on the risk of the borrower and ( ii ) on the instrument . Regarding the risk of the borrower , there should be at least 7 rating buckets or grades for loans that are not in default and at least one grade for loans in default . The proposals state that , “ a borrower grade should be defined as an assessment of borrower risk on the basis of a specified and distinct set of rating criteria , from which PD ( probability of default ) estimates are derived . ” Banks with loans concentrated in one a particular market segment should define rating grades such that loans are not unduly concentrated in a particular grade . The description of the ratings grades should be sufficiently detailed and clear to ensure loans of similar risks are classified in the same grades and that a third party can understand the assignment of borrower ratings . Rather than countries ’ rushing to adapt their PCRs to this standardized description , we suggest here that PCRs may play two useful distinct and roles in terms of Basel II implementation . First , and as suggested in a companion paper , for those countries applying the simpler Basel II approaches , the databases may be used to enhance forward looking provisioning such that capital plus provisions reflect an overall estimated Value at Risk . This implies setting capital requirements equal to , say , those given by the Standardized Approach ( SA ) and then setting provisions to equal the Value at Risk minus", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 187, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report ETHIOPIA CLIMATE ACTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR RESULTS ( P170384 ) ToR for this assignment have been agreed , and COPCD will expedite the process of Comments contracting an independent consultant for the review and audit of the ESMS , with EFCCC involved in the selection process . | Action Description | E7 : Establish | Social AccountabilityU | nit in MoF . | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | Environmental and < br > Social Systems | NA | MoF | Due Date | 31-Dec-2019 | Completed | | Completion < br > Measurement | Social Accou < br > Program . | ntability Unit establishe | d as agreed for the E | thiopia Social Accou | ntability | | Comments | The Social Ac < br > temporaryst | countability Unit has b < br > aff - dedicated staff ar | een established as an < br > eyet to be assigned . | approved element | of COPCD with | | Action Description | E8 : Inclusion < br > complaints re | in six-monthly and ann < br > ceived through the na | ual Program reports o < br > tional GRM . | f data on Program - | related | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | Environmental and < br > Social Systems | NA | MoA | Recurrent | Semi-Annually | Completed | | Completion < br > Measurement | Program Rep < br > GRM . | orts include data on Pr", "spans": [{"start": 1454, "end": 1464, "text": "data on Pr", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the scope of the ESIA , it will help the ESM to consider the issue of this core principle . - In addition , the ten years agricultural plan - mentions that natural resources will be developed taking into consideration the different agro-ecologies and watersheds . - Regions differ on the kind of attention given and knowledge they have about natural resources , including relevance of ESIA for natural resources management . Regions with pastoral community and vast stretch of lands give less attention to natural resource management compared to the other ones . In addition , accessibility is a challenge to develop the natural resource due to the size of the pastoralist regions coupled with inadequate road network . - In order to carry out the identification / inventory of natural habitat and cultural resources including pastoralist cultures , it would be good to build skill and knowledge . - As most of the natural resources sites are scattered and inaccessible , developing information database and early warning system to protect them would be useful . # * * Core principle 3 : Public and Worker Safety * * # * * Current system * * - < mark > The health and health related regulatory function has different structures in different regions . In some regions , it is a separate authority and in others , it is structured under the health bureau . The institutional arrangement , which is under the regional health bureau , has made it to be less stringent when it comes to supervision of public health and health related facilities . < / mark > # * * Area for Strengthening system * * - Explain and convince leadership to understand the need to separate implementation and regulatory offices . - ` o ` Awareness creation should refocus on the public and leadership and include all sectors ; - Skill and knowledge development to proactively guide practices ; # * * Core principle 4 : Land Acquisition Current system * * - Though there is no direct project intervention - - through the support of ESPES , there could be land acquisition related to Program interventions that derives from involvement of the sectors supported by ESPES basic sectors", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1003, "text": "information database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Recommendations * * The GBVIMS Steering Committee and the Gender-Based Violence Task Force offer the following recommendations for safeguarding at-risk populations and responding to survivors ’ needs based on the data reported through the GBVIMS during the second quarter of 2022 : - Strengthen the collaboration between GBV sector and Ministry of Social Affairs , the Lebanese National Commission of Women to introduce the GBV services and improve Lebanese women and girls ’ access to GBV services . - Strengthen the advocacy efforts with the ministry of justice to explore alternative actions and arrangements to respond to the needs of women and girls ’ requesting justice services . - Adapt the complaints and feedback mechanisms to barriers women face , to be able to capture the challenges faced by women and girls in accessing services . - Strengthen and increase the gender-sensitive discussions and provide systematic and ongoing training for legal professionals and other justice actors on women ’ s rights , refugee rights , existing GBV laws , Lebanon ’ s international obligations under human rights frameworks , referral mechanisms , gendered experiences of justice , and the needs of survivors . - Facilitate community dialogues and sessions on women ’ s rights , access to justice in response to GBV , and legal protections . Emphasize women ’ s right to seek legal services in response to both family and non-family violence . - Strengthen community-based approaches such as outreach and scale up the work with community volunteers and committees to ensure improved access to services and information for women and girls . - Scale - up programming that engages men and boys in women ’ s protection and empowerment , including religious and community leaders , to prevent and respond to GBV and ultimately change harmful male behaviors and attitudes . - Enhance the quality of empowerment activities targeting women and girls and capacitate them to make informed decisions when seeking justice services in their communities . - Increase < sup > 8 < / sup > women ’ s participation and representation in community justice mechanisms due to the", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 255, "text": "data reported through the GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10022 Displacement and Social Empowerment Evidence from Surveys of IDPs in Iraq , the Philippines , and Uganda _Patrick Vinck Thomas O ’ Mealia Carol Wei Abdulrazzaq al-Saiedi Muslih Irwani Phuong N . Pham_ Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice April 2022", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 101, "text": "Surveys of IDPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". S . * * market returns during each of these three crises . Given the proximity * * to * * Mexico , and the importance of economic links between the two countries , it is not surprising that the link between Latin-American portfolios and * * U . S . * * returns is strongest during the Mexican crisis . Interestingly , the contagion trading statistic is negative , and is significant at both the manager and investor levels . This suggests that , during the Mexican crisis , managers and investors tended to sell Latin American equities when * * U . S . * * returns were high , and vice versa . One interpretation is that strong * * U . S . * * returns in the face of Mexico ' s crisis bodes well for Mexican equities , which induces a portfolio shift away from the rest of Latin America . In closing this section on contagion trading , it is worthwhile re-emphasizing the qualitative difference between the results above and the existing contagion literature . The difference is that we measure quantities , as well as prices , and address their joint behavior , whereas much of the literature focuses on correlation in prices only . * * 18 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "show a strong relationship between pre-displacement trauma and post-displacement mental health ( Fazel et al . , 2012 ) and that trauma-related mental illness tends to diminish over time ( Steel et al . , 2002 ; Moya , 2018 ) . > 2 We use the term humanitarian migrants and refugees interchangeably in this paper given most respondents of the BNLA survey are refugees ( more than 70 % ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 354, "text": "BNLA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . Data * * This paper uses harmonized cross-section microdata for 15 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean ( i . e . , Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Costa Rica , Chile , Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Ecuador , Honduras , Mexico , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , and Uruguay ) for the series starting in 2010 and ending in 2019 . < sup > 11 < / sup > These data are from the Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean ( SEDLAC ) , a joint effort of the World Bank and the Center for Distributive , Labor , and Social Studies ( CEDLAS ) at the National University of La Plata in Argentina . < sup > 12 < / sup > The selection of these countries is based on the availability of at least two comparable data points between 2010 and 2019 within a two-year interval and on the accessibility of the necessary variables to conduct the estimation . More than 85 synthetic panels were constructed for the selected countries with a two-year length following Balcazar et al ( 2018 ) . Table 1 summarizes the countries , initial and end years , household-survey names in SEDLAC , and the total number of synthetic panels . This study considers information for small and large economies in the region ; lower-middle , upper-middle , and high-income countries , and represents 94 percent of the LAC population . The countries excluded from the exercise are those whose data is non-existent or not available circa the end year of the interval . Table 1 : Available cross-section surveys | Country | Years | Survey | Total # < br > SP | Classification | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Argentina | 2010 , 2011 , < br > 2012 , < br > 2013 , < br > 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 | Encuesta Permanente de < br > Hogares - Continua | 6 | H | | Bolivia | 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , < br > 2016 , 2017 , 2018", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 71, "text": "harmonized cross-section microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 403, "end": 462, "text": "Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > 19 . The mission reviewed progress against PBC targets since the December 2023 JRIS and the status of disbursements . The mission noted that since the last JRIS two further disbursements have been made relating to the PBC 2 ( percentage of payments made to core beneficiaries according to the program ’ s standard for timeliness ) EFY 2014 target and PBC 6 . 2b ( Annual Drought Assistance Plan ) . The mission also noted that the GoE has provided reporting and requested no objection in relation to two further targets related to PBC 2 EFY 2015 target and PBC 3 ( number of core beneficiary households receiving their benefits in electronic accounts ) EFY 2015 achievements . The World Bank will issue notification letters regarding these achievements by June 30 , 2024 . The mission noted that several reports on results for PBC 6 ( key shock responsive systems established and operational ) achievement in EFY 2014 and 2015 are overdue . The GoE committed to clearing the report backlogs before June 30 , 2024 . FSCO and EDRMC will need to work together to compile and provide the necessary information regarding the results related to the Early Warning Dashboard . < / mark > < mark > 20 . The mission confirmed that a number of PBC targets are due by the end of EFY 2017 . For PBC 1 ( GoE contribution to the PSNP ) the nine-month report indicates that the GoE had disbursed USD 77 . 9 million against the EFY target of USD130 million . The mission however noted that the GoE contribution is typically largest in the fourth quarter of the year but agreed that close attention is needed to ensure the target is reached before the close of the EFY . With regards to PBC 2 and PBC 3 , the GoE is on track to meet the relevant targets and reporting , and a request for No Objection is expected by September 2024 . The mission noted that although there is no time-bound target for PBC 7 ( number of woredas using MIS for key", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1175, "text": "Early Warning Dashboard", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "others they differ sharply ( e . g . Rio de Janeiro ) . In general the URCA designated boundaries we use align well with boundaries drawn using other gridded products ( e . g . Global Human Settlement Layer and the World Settlement Layer ) . How these boundaries are defined is both somewhat arbitrary and , as the changing signs in the cases of Lagos and Rio de Janeiro show , important for the estimation of correlations . This is true , at least in part , because a more geographically expansive definition of a city ’ s boundaries is more likely to capture differences in ambient pollution levels driven by the gradient in pollution and wealth between urban and peri-urban / rural that we highlight in our country level results . # # * * SI-1 . 5 Kuznets curves discussion * * Taking advantage of the granularity of our data we examine whether they provide evidence for the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curves ( EKC ) within the countries in our sample . We do not find compelling evidence that the relationship between pollution exposure and wealth fits the hypothesized inverted U pattern either across the full sample or within individual countries . Figure SI-15 plots the average level of pollution for all grid-cells within various RWI bands across all the countries in our sample . In Figure SI-16 we plot the same for the ten most populous countries in our sample . Lighter grey point represent the relationship at the most dis-aggregated level of RWI while green and blue dots indicate results averaging within larger bandwidths of RWI . In all cases we fail to see strong evidence of an inverted U . The relationships that we do observe vary across countries , consistent with our previous results . This variation includes countries in which pollution levels are higher at higher wealth levels to those with flat to declining or declining pollution levels moving up the wealth distribution depending on the country . # * * SI-2 Supplementary Tables * * 25", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 206, "text": "Global Human Settlement Layer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 215, "end": 237, "text": "World Settlement Layer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 13 - Among a limited but fairly representative sample of 26 utilities , only 10 ( or under 40 % ) evidenced good supply quality based on thelr record of load shedding , sudden blackouts , brownouts , and voltage and frequency fluctuations . Even more serious Is the finding that about 25 % of these 26 power companies continued to have poor service quality after over 10 years ( at least three projects ) of Bank Involvement In the sector . The loss levels also exhibited quite similar characteristics . # Cost of Supplv and Prices The average cost of service based on such financial data as operating costs shows little change during the study period , although Inflation and exchange rate changes have made It difficult to make comparisons across countrles or over time . The economic costs are likely to be higher because assets have not been revalued In all cases and the opportunity costs of resources tend to be greater than the corresponding market values ( e . g . , the financial , rates of return on assets are low compared with the opportunity cost of capital ) . In real terms , tariffs have not kept up with financial costs even In financial terms . The steady deterloration In the average operating ratio over the past two decades from 0 . 65 In the 1966-73 period to 0 . 80 during 1980-85 , provides supporting , but not necessarily conclusive , evidence . Despite much emphasis by the Bank on - economic efficiency pricing , relatively modest progress has been made on a global basis except In the cases of specific countries where marginal cost-based tariff studies have been partially or fully Implemented . A lack of data , however , prevents a general comparison of tariffs with marginal costs .", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 590, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "importance for the species under ESS6 Criterion ( a ) , ( b ) or ( c ) . Each project is encouraged to develop its own measurement of significance . For this CHA , the presence ( or likely presence ) of ± 1 % of the global or national population within the AoA is considered an appropriate level of significance considering the extent of the Project AoA . - ( v ) ESS6 Criterion ( b ) can additionally be achieved for range-restricted species where the full extent of the AoA overlaps a significant proportion of a species ’ distribution range ( ± 1 % is considered an appropriate level of significance for this CHA ) . For terrestrial species , restricted range status is recognized for an Extent of Occurrence ( EoO ) of approx . 50 , 000 km² . - ( vi ) ESS6 Criteria ( d ) and ( e ) must be assessed on a case-by-case basis using reliable data sources with consideration given to the presence of conservation initiatives , legally protected areas and internationally recognized areas of high biodiversity value and the reasons for which they are designated . # # # # * * Step 4 - Identify Critical Habitat Features of Relevance to the Project * * This final step of the CHA assesses the relevance of critical habitat features to the Project . ESS6 requires the project ’ s mitigation strategy to achieve net gains of the biodiversity values for which a critical habitat is designated . Those features that are not impacted by a project do not present a risk that the project will fail to meet ESS6 requirements . For critical habitat features that are potentially impacted , the CHA needs to demonstrate how net gain requirements will be addressed , and feasibility thereof needs to be investigated . ESS6 also requires an appropriately designed , long-term biodiversity monitoring and evaluation program aimed at assessing the status of the critical habitat , and effectiveness of mitigation to conserve those species . The emphasis of this CHA is therefore on Step 4 . # # 6 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 854, "text": "reliable data sources", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this oversubscribed list . Selection into the training group was based on a “ vulnerability score ” that gave priority to younger , female and unemployed individuals . Despite this approach , intake was “ fuzzy ” - participants were ordered by their vulnerability score , with the most vulnerable entering up until capacity . In some intakes , individuals with comparatively high scores were not taken into the program . In others , individuals with comparatively low scores were included . We construct our treatment and control groups from these intake decisions . Data were collected from members of the host and refugee communities in each country . < sup > 4 < / sup > In both Jordan and Lebanon , the intervention was implemented on a rolling basis . As soon as one training cycle was completed , another would begin . Data were collected in three waves during each training cycle . First , during an “ outreach ” phase , where data were collected in order to assign treatment status . Second , at “ baseline ” , which occurred before the training had begun but after treatment assignment was known . Third , data were collected at “ endline ” , immediately following the end of the training . Data collection for those assigned to the treatment and control followed the same pattern . < sup > 5 < / sup > Outreach and baseline data collection took place less than a week apart and were collected between July 2018 and September 2019 . Between outreach and baseline , one full survey round was collected due to potential survey fatigue and on the understanding that nothing of importance would likely change in such a short period . Basic demographic information , such as age , gender , marital status and employment status were collected at outreach . At baseline , additional indicators were collected , relating to the behavior , attitudes , opinions and personalities of the participants . The only exception to this is data on optimism , which were collected at both outreach and endline . This allowed us to test whether or not the intake decision had effects , even before the training began . Endline data were collected between July 2018 and November 2019", "spans": [{"start": 1931, "end": 1947, "text": "data on optimism", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "social , economic , and security impacts that could further destabilize the country . The Government of Lebanon ’ s ( GOL ) strategy is to rapidly increase its public investments in key sectors , particularly the infrastructure sectors , to stimulate the economy and create jobs while also meeting its longer ‐ term development needs therefore ensuring the sustainability of these investments . The GOL has therefore put in place a priority investment program of about US $ 2 . 5 billion primarily focused on the infrastructure sectors , especially energy and transport . The transport sector ’ s share of the program is about US $ 1 billion , of which about US $ 510 million for improving the main road network given its bad condition and its high importance for the development of regions and local economies , and for the rapid creation of jobs . # # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 9 . * * The road network in Lebanon is generally in poor condition due to years of underinvestment and inefficient spending . * * The Lebanese road network consists of a total of about 21 , 705 km of roads . The main ( or national ) road network consists of about 6 , 380 km of mostly paved roads classified as : ( a ) International Roads ( 529 km ) , ( b ) Primary Roads ( 1 , 673 km ) , ( c ) Secondary Roads ( 1 , 367 km ) , and ( d ) Internal Roads ( 2 , 811 km ) . Municipal and other local roads are also mostly paved and represent the remaining 15 , 325 km of the Lebanese road network . While there is no accurate survey of road conditions ( the last survey was done in 2000 ) the Ministry of Public Works and Transport ( MPWT ) estimates that about 15 percent of the main network is in good condition , 50 percent in fair condition , and 35 percent in poor condition . The condition of the road network is hindering local economic development particularly in rural and lagging regions where the condition of the main network is worse than the", "spans": [{"start": 1525, "end": 1550, "text": "survey of road conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the household heads reporting to have had no formal education ( illiterate ) , Reportedly among household heads having some kind of formal education , substantial proportion * * ( 34 . 85 ) * * of them have attained second cycle elementary school ( grade * * 5-8 ) , * * followed * * by * * first cycle elementary School ( grade * * 1 * * to 4 ) which constituted * * ( 21 . 5 % ) * * of the total household heads . The overall proportion of household heads claimed to reach high school is about * * ( 18 . 1 % ) * * that is * * 15 . 5 % * * attended ( grade * * 9 * * to * * 10 ) * * and * * ( 2 . 6 % ) * * had educational back ground of high school ( grade * * 11 * * tol2 ) . Surprisingly only * * 1 . 8 % * * of the household heads reported that they have some sort of tertiary educational level . Literacy rates in the Subproject Woredas appear to be highest among sample household heads in Hetosa and Sude woreda with * * ( 83 . 3 % ) * * of each and lowest rate of literacy on the other hand , found among surveyed households in Diksis woreda with * * 73 . 3 * * percent . Moreover , the proportion of household heads having tertiary level of education is relatively highest among surveyed households in Arsi-Robe woreda * * by * * constituting ( 6 . 6 % ) of the total sample household heads of the woreda . Despite the huge success that has been attained in universal education , there is a significant and consistent gap in educationalait ' hkjm , n between male and female household heads , According to the survey result , the propoID of illiterate household heads are disproportionately higher am g Female Heade Households * * ( 63 . 6 % ) , * * while", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1533, "text": "survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "made using a random sample of the cabin class configurations of aircraft used for the relevant flights . By using detailed information from several websites where such data are available , a fairly accurate match between the flights and the configuration of the aircraft used by the specific airline was made . < sup > 24 < / sup > Of 1 , 219 airline / aircraft combinations , 304 could be directly verified , covering 123 , 972 flights . Estimates were made by counting the number of seats occupied in the same sized space between classes , which meant that multiples based on economy seats could be established for business and first class seats , reflecting not only the dimensions of the seats themselves , but also isle width and row spacing . From the 304 verified configurations , assumptions were made regarding the remaining 915 airline / aircraft configurations , making a total of 157 , 297 flights usable for analysis . These were then matched with known fuel consumption factors with tables provided by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) . In this phase of the calculations a single industry standard load factor of 71 percent ( corresponding to the overall industry average for 2009 ) was applied for the carbon footprint calculations . < sup > 25 < / sup > > 24 The information sources included seatguru . com and seatmaestro . com . > 25 The “ load factor ” corresponds to the share of available seats that is actually occupied on any given flight . Load factors can vary widely , by travel route and not least by flight class . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Industry & Entrepreneurship Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2022_ * * # # # # Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) # # # # ii ) Use of goods and services Goods and services are recognized as payments in the period when the goods / services are consumed and paid for . * * If * * not paid for during the period where goods / services are consumed , < sup > theyshallbedisclosedas < / sup > pending bills . iii ) Interest on borrowing Borrowing costs that include interest are recognized as payment in the period in which they incur and paid for . iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment < sup > intheperiodinwhichthe < / sup > repayment is made . The stock * * of * * debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . * * v ) * * Acquisition of fixed assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . < sup > Thecostof < / sup > acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and < sup > receiptsitems < / sup > respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for < sup > nilor nominal consideration < / sup > and the fair value * * of * * the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction < sup > isrecordedas receipt and as < / sup > a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * KIEP and a summary provided for purposes < sup > * * of * * consolidation . This < / sup > summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # * * 10 . 6 * * In-kind donations In-kind", "spans": [{"start": 1441, "end": 1461, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an internship who find a job or are self-employed after at least six months ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 55 . 00 | 77 . 00 | 77 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 | 26-May-2021 | 29-Nov-2021 | 30-Dec-2022 | | Comments * * : * * | The percentage is a < br > results based on res < br > beneficiaries , where < br > of participants in cyc < br > January / February 2 | weighted average of cycle 1 Tr < br > ponses from 7 , 721 respondents < br > the weight is the percentage of < br > les 1-3 . The Tracer study for cy < br > 022s for update of these results | acer results with preliminar < br > to a survey that targeted < br > participants in each cycle < br > cle 2 and 3 is expected to < br > and deeper analysis . | y routine SMS survey < br > all cycles 2 and 3 < br > divided by the total number < br > be conducted in | | IN01073391 < br > ► Percentage of youth | employed , including self-employ | ed , at least 6 months after rece | iving a startup grant and / or | BDS ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 55 . 00 | 93 . 00 | 93 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 | 26-May-2021 | 29-Nov-2021 | 30-Dec-2022 | | Comments * * : * *", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 861, "text": "y routine SMS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "According to CSA ( 2013 ) projection , Somali region has a population of 5 . 3 million with average household size of 6 . 6 . The region consists of 11 zonal administration , 93 districts , 6 town administrations and 1 , 224 _Kebeles_ . People are primarily dependent on pastoralism . Livestock in the region is both considered as social prestige and means of wealth accumulation . Thus , the region has livestock population of 30 , 536 , 000 million heads , encompassing ( 24 % ) of cattle , ( 36 . 5 % ) of sheep , ( 32 . 2 % ) of goat , ( 7 . 2 % ) of camel and ( 1 % ) of equines ( CSA , 2014 ) . The region has 17 rural livelihood zones , generally classified as pastoral , agro-pastoral , riverine sedentary farming , etc . Livestock are the main pillar of livelihoods in Somali region supporting about 86 % of the people . It supplies milk and meat for home consumption , and live animals for sale . # * * 3 . 2 . 2 . Benishangul Gumuz Regional State * * The Benishangul-Gumuz Region is located in the western part of Ethiopia . The Amhara , Oromia and Gambella Regional States are bordering the region in the north , east and south respectively . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA , the Benishangul Gumuz Region has a total population of 1 , 066 , 001 ( 541 , 002 men and 524 , 999 women ) . 836 , 000 ( 78 . 40 percent ) of the population inhabits in the rural parts of the region whereas 230 , 000 ( 21 . 60 % ) population live in the town ( Assosa town ) . With an estimated area of 50 , 699 square kilometers , the region has an estimated density of 21 . 03 people per square kilometer . The historically underserved population of Benishangul - Gumuz region consists of 5 ethnic groups , Berta", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 36, "text": "CSA ( 2013 ) projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1168, "end": 1210, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the National Institute of Statistics , Economic , and Demographic Studies ( INSEED ) . Survey estimates are based on the subsample of households with valid GPS coordinates . Typically , small area estimation applications combine survey data with covariates from census ( or other population ) data . However , except for Burkina Faso , the last time a census was conducted in these countries was between 2009 and 2014 . Using out-of-date census data to update small area estimates can lead to biased estimates for example , if the distribution of the census covariates used for prediction has changed over time . This is an issue that is often not discussed in applied poverty mapping work . Literature on approaches to update poverty estimates in the intercensal period includes Isidro et al . ( 2016 ) , Koebe et al . ( 2022 ) and AriasSalazar ( 2023 ) . In this paper we rely on using contemporaneous geospatial covariates , as first illustrated by Battese et al . ( 1988 ) ( see also Nguyen , 2012 ) , to produce small area poverty estimates in countries that lack recent census data . Advances in processing of geospatial data and the richness of geospatial data sources make their use as auxiliary information in small area models appealing . Newhouse et al . ( 2023 ) summarize recent literature on the use of geospatial data for small area estimation of wealth and poverty . Jean et al . ( 2016 ) , Yeh et al . ( 2020 ) , and Chi et al . ( 2022 ) show that satellite data are predictive of wealth indices . The present paper utilizes a method commonly used in small area estimation based on the empirical best predictor ( EBP ) under a nested error regression model ( also referred to as mixed model ) ( Molina and Rao , 2010 ) . When applied to predicting headcount poverty rates using geospatial covariates , this method has yielded predictions that are highly correlated with up-to-date census-based estimates in Mexico , Sri Lanka , and Tanzania ( Masaki et al . , 2022 ; Newhouse et al . , 2022 ) . The methodology we use in this paper deviates from the official approach endorsed", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 240, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 438, "end": 449, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "35delivery sets for 3dispensaries and 32health centers IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-18 2018-11-25 2018-12-09 < br > KE-BUNGOMA COUNTY-85047-GO-RFQ / Procure63 FP Examinationcouches for 36 facilities IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-12-18 2019-02-12 2019-08-11 < br > KE-NAKURU COUNTY-85053-GO-RFQ / Procureone number Heavy Duty3 in 1 printer . IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-12 2019-03-09 2019-04-30 < br > KE-KITUI COUNTY-85059-GO-RFQ / Procuretwo utility vehicles IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-24 2018-12-01 2019-03-01 < br > KE-NAKURU COUNTY-85061-GO-RFQ / Purchaseof 13 Laptops foruploading RMNCAH dataand reports submission IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-12 2019-03-09 2019-04-30 < br > KE-WAJIR COUNTY-85066-GO-RFQ / procurement of 2 laptopsfor program officers : Project focal prson andHRIO . IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-02-05 2019-02-23 2019-08", "spans": [{"start": 917, "end": 931, "text": "RMNCAH dataand", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 22 < / sup > UNHCR highlights some protection risks , notably the Government ’ s announcement to close Kenya ’ s refugee camps by June 2022 , high rates of GBV , and limited and > 19 _https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 363661540826242921 / pdf / The-Human-Capital-Project . pdf_ 10 governments are targeted for the Accelerator Program namely Brazil ( state of Ceará ) , Ecuador , Kenya , Morocco , Mozambique , Niger , Nigeria ( Edo State ) , Pakistan , Rwanda , and Sierra Leone . > 20 The Accelerator Program responds to the learning poverty challenge by providing focused technical and financial support to country task teams and governments committed to reducing learning poverty and improving foundational learning through : ( i ) setting and monitoring clear foundational learning targets ; ( ii ) identifying appropriate ( context-suited ) evidence-based interventions for improving foundational skills as well as the funding needs to implement them , and ( iii ) strengthening local capacity to implement these programs . For the Kenyan context , the setting and monitoring of foundation learning targets ( literacy ) , and implementation of evidence-based interventions , is being implemented under the upcoming MoE-USAID early reading interventions . > 21 Based on the Kenya Refugee Protection Assessment Update 2 – 14 February 2022 . > 22 Including the Nairobi Declaration on Durable Solutions for Somali Refugees ( 2017 ) ; the Djibouti Declaration on Refugee Education ( 2017 ) ; and the Kampala Declaration on Jobs , Livelihoods and Self-reliance for Refugees and Host Communities ( 2019 ) . Page 16 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1346, "text": "Kenya Refugee Protection Assessment Update", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that has been delivered and has significant implications for the operations of all banks , particularly the CBE . These directives will be complemented by four additional directives as part of the FSSP . 23 . * * The NBE ’ s revised Corporate Governance directive of June 2024 promises to address gender underrepresentation by requiring banks to include at least two women on their BoD * * . < sup > 17 < / sup > On top of identified gender imbalances , supply-side gender data are severely limited , which constrains further informed interventions in the financial sector . NBE does not systematically collect and utilize gender-disaggregated data on critical indicators such as account ownership , credit provision , or organizational governance . CBE and DBE similarly do not disaggregate data by gender in their public reporting . This not only leaves Ethiopia out of step with regional peers but also restricts its ability to develop evidence-based policies aimed at closing gender gaps . 24 . * * The NBE is enhancing its supervisory and regulatory framework and significant progress has been made with the provision of World Bank TA in more than 12 workstreams , * * including : ( a ) risk-based supervision ( RBS ) ; ( b ) a review of the draft amendments to the Banking Business Proclamation to allow for the opening of the banking sector to foreign investments ; ( c ) support for the revision of the bank resolution framework ; ( d ) a review of the licensing regime ; ( e ) support for the development of a PCA framework ; ( f ) support for the operationalization of EDIF ; ( g ) support for the establishment of a new independent insurance supervisor ; ( h ) support for revising the draft capital goods leasing proclamation ; and ( i ) Shari ’ ah-compliant financial services . # # * * C . Relevance to Higher Level Objectives * * 25 . * * The activities under this project are closely aligned with the World Bank ’ s mission to end extreme poverty", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 477, "text": "supply-side gender data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 623, "end": 648, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Number of household members , the adult equivalent , number of children , number of pensioners , number of female members , number of unemployed members , number of selfemployed members , number of members working in the primary sector , number of members in part-time employment , number of members with primary , secondary , and tertiary education , number of members attending an educational facility , number of foreign citizens in the household * * When combining the harmonized variables of both datasets , some significant differences between * * * * both surveys become evident . * * Table 3 compares the harmonized variables of both datasets to each other . The table reveals that there are some slight deviations in most of the variables and some more important ones in the case of several of the household characteristics , which is expected given that the underlying sampling designs differ from each other . < sup > 19 < / sup > While both datasets should be representative of the underlying population in Bulgaria by design , the table demonstrates how difficult it is to achieve this in practical applications . The differences in the harmonized variables could also be related to the fact that a full harmonization between both datasets is challenging , given that some variables rely on different underlying classifications , such as in the case of the educational variable , for example . We also compare the similarity in the distribution of potential matching variables across surveys . To this end , we plot histograms and compare them to each other . < sup > 20 < / sup > Appendix 3 presents the resulting graphs , which confirm that there are some important differences . The systematic differences in household characteristics between both datasets are an important caveat in the analysis to come . 19 First , the EU-SILC consists of a significantly larger sample than the HBS . Moreover , the time dimension of both surveys differs . In addition , the survey design of the HBS consists of strata and primary sampling units while the one of the EU-SILC consists of primary and secondary sampling units . 20 While some researchers propose additional methods , such as calculating the Hellinger Distance ( HD", "spans": [{"start": 1840, "end": 1847, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1899, "end": 1902, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . 44 | - 25 . 91 | 14 . 01 | 31406 | | GDP per capita ( constant 2015 USD ) | 3976 . 76 | 3208 . 01 | 302 . 07 | 14086 . 02 | 31406 | | _Panel C : Outages related variables_ | | | | | | | Outages frequency ( occurrences per month ) | 7 . 31 | 8 . 69 | 0 . 00 | 31 . 00 | 16821 | | Outages intensity ( hours per occurrence ) | 4 . 45 | 6 . 98 | 0 . 00 | 96 . 00 | 16416 | | _Panel D : Performance related variables_ | | | | | | | Log revenue-based TFP ( TFPR ) | 2 . 46 | 1 . 50 | - 3 . 23 | 8 . 83 | 31406 | | Cost of inputs per unit of sales ( 2009 USD ) | 0 . 40 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 99 | 31406 | | Sales per labor cost ( 2009 USD ) | 11 . 71 | 21 . 32 | 0 . 11 | 646 . 50 | 31406 | | Capacity Utilization ( % ) | 73 . 48 | 21 . 12 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 30714 | | Losses due to Outages ( % of annual Sales ) | 8 . 12 | 11 . 85 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 12813 | Asiedu et al . ( 2021 ) find that the probability of facing power constraints is lower for state-owned firms with majority ownership . However , a high level of private participation in a firm could reveal significant levels of firm attractiveness or performance . Further details on the firm-level variables can be found in the Appendix ( Table 16 ) . # * * 4 . 2 . 2 Country-level data * * At the country level , we control the quality of regulation , financial development , bank concentration , foreign aid , inflation , economic growth , and the level of wealth . Indeed , Agostino et al . ( 2020 ) establish strong evidence that better", "spans": [{"start": 1233, "end": 1251, "text": "Country-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", health and nutrition status as part of the < br > national nutrition reporting system | | * * Third Par * * < br > * * Implementer ( * * | * * ty * * < br > * * TPI ) * * | The implementation of program activities including the SEP in < br > Tigray / conflicted affected areas | | * * Third Par * * < br > * * Monitoring ( T * * | * * ty * * < br > * * PM ) * * < br > < br > | Monitor activities implementation by the TPI < br > Report the monitoring result to the MoA and the WB | | | | * * Regional level * * | | * * BoA-FSCD * * | | • Inform FSCD of any issues related to their engagement with stakeholders ; < br > • < br > Monitoring and reporting on gender and social development performance to < br > federal FSCD < br > • < br > Transmit and resolve complaints caused by the project interventions in close < br > collaboration with and as directed by FSCD < br > • < br > Assigns GRM focal person to monitor the management , resolution , and < br > reporting of grievances . This focal person will be responsible for receiving < br > the list of appeals and resolutions from the woreda level and transmitting < br > them to the federal GRM focal person . < br > • The gender desk in regional BoA will be monitoring issues related to GBV < br > and reported to the program GRM , to report to FS bureau |", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 87, "text": "national nutrition reporting system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conflict event , where estimates using the alternative weights are higher and therefore farther away from the PPCS estimates . < sup > 12 < / sup > # # An unweighted approach As an alternative way to try to control the distribution of observable characteristics , we sequentially restrict both survey samples to three groups that are overrepresented in the full Facebook sample : people with secondary or higher education , men , and people who report working in the past week . We then reestimate the main indicators from Table 2 using each pair of restricted samples , now without weights . We compare these estimates to those generated using the full ( unweighted ) samples for each survey . None of the three sample restrictions significantly alter the between-survey differences estimated for the main indicators using the full ( unweighted ) samples . Estimates of the between-survey differences in the main indicators for all four specifications are included in Appendix C . # Conclusion Given the opportunity to compare a Facebook survey to an in-person survey covering conflict exposure and potentially associated socio-economic and mental health outcomes in the West Bank and Gaza over a similar time period , we found that the Facebook survey consistently estimated more severe outcomes for a variety of indicators . Multiple mechanisms may have contributed to this difference in estimates , including overrepresentation in the Facebook sample of respondents who were interested in the survey topics , reduced sensitivity bias in the context of a self-administered online questionnaire , and reporting more severe outcomes than personally experienced to encourage resource flows to perceived needs . Estimates were more similar between the surveys in Gaza , where the population is more homogeneous in relevant characteristics and more likely to be interested in responding to a survey on the effects of the May 2021 violence . The overall pattern of more severe outcomes estimated from the Facebook survey is robust to different ways of controlling the distribution of observable characteristics . # # # * * To what extent might these results generalize to other internet surveys ? * * Most internet surveys are likely to produce results that differ meaningfully from those estimated by an inperson survey . Most are also likely to find that their", "spans": [{"start": 2002, "end": 2017, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 . 3 IDPs as a percentage of population * * Population and IDP data used to find the percentage of population in each sub-district who are displaced . This data was used as one of two indicators to determine the magnitude of shelter-related issues , and as such contributed to the overall severity scale rankings . Source : OCHA IDP and Population Task Force Data , October 2016 # # # # * * 2 . 3 . 1 Map showing number of IDPs as a percentage of total population at sub-district level * * - * * 2 . 3 . 2 IDPs as proportion of total population by Governorate * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IDPs Non-IDPs < br > Quneitra < br > As-Sweida < br > Dar ' a < br > Ar-Raqqa < br > Tartous < br > Deir-ez-Zor < br > Al-Hasakeh < br > Idleb < br > Lattakia < br > Hama < br > Homs < br > Rural Damascus < br > Aleppo < br > Damascus < br > - 1 , 000 2 , 000 3 , 000 4 , 000 < br > Thousands < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 18", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 78, "text": "Population and IDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 335, "end": 374, "text": "OCHA IDP and Population Task Force Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mobility ? 1 And can governments steer away from stand-alone , introverted responses , and find ways of engaging based on solidarity and partnership , which address the broader drivers of population flows ? # * * 2 . Current trends * * - ( i ) Mixed population movements continue by land and sea . Movements by land to Greece from Turkey , from Mali to Mauritania and from Chad / Sudan / Niger to Libya have reduced , but not stopped . After a significant reduction of the flows along the central and western Mediterranean Sea routes in 2019 , movements by sea increased by 13 % in the first quarter of 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 , with significant variations along the three routes . 2 The overall number of people embarking on journeys across the Mediterranean remains quite small and should be manageable . Yet , the number of individuals departing from Libya between January and April 2020 increased by 290 % over the same period last year , with 6 , 629 departures , and by 156 % from Tunisia with 1 , 227 departures . While sea movements to the Spanish peninsula decreased , movements to the Canary Islands went up by 735 % with 1 , 995 arrivals between January and April 2020 , including from “ new ” locations such as the western Sahara territory and Senegal . While the majority of those trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea are adult men , women and children continued to form a notable proportion that should be considered in the response . 3 The fear of the pandemic and the economic slowdown also led to unquantified “ reverse ” regular and irregular migration ” from Spain to Morocco . 4 The drivers of onward refugee and migrant flows from host and transit countries are in certain respects intensifying and continue to outweigh concerns regarding mobility due to fear of the virus . As a result , movements continue , where practically possible considering widespread border closures5 , even if the people concerned now have greater uncertainty as to final destinations and the duration of journeys . Securing quantitative data on mixed movements has been complicated by the", "spans": [{"start": 2044, "end": 2061, "text": "quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ciones de cooperación internacional como PLAN INTERNACIONAL INC , y de entidades del Estado como Acción Social , Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar ICBF y Ministerio de Educación Nacional , entre otros . El Programa de Fortalecimiento de la RNEC desarrollado con el apoyo de ACNUR y otros socios ha permitido brindar soluciones en materia de documentos de identidad ( Registro Civil de Nacimiento , Tarjeta de Identidad y Cédula de Ciudadanía ) a cerca de un millón de personas entre población campesina , indígena y afro descendiente , con especial énfasis en la atención de niños , niñas y mujeres . Los problemas de indocumentación no son únicos de la sociedad colombiana , aunque se ven agravados por la persistencia de un conflicto armado interno . El presente documento busca compartir una experiencia de cooperación humanitaria exitosa , con diferentes lecciones aprendidas que pueden ofrecer alternativas de solución tanto a agencias humanitarias como a entidades de otros países que padecen problemas similares . La sistematización de la experiencia se realizó a través de la revisión de fuentes documentales ( documentos disponibles del proyecto redactados por ACNUR y por la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil , informes de proyecto ) , trabajo de campo en Bogotá y otras ciudades ( entrevistas con funcionarios de ACNUR , Delegados 9", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 404, "text": "Registro Civil de Nacimiento", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "| Socio-economic inclusion pla < br > nning < br > Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 590 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2023-10-05 | 2023-10-26 | 2023-12-09 | 2024-01-06 | 2024-02-05 | 2024-03-11 | 2024-04-15 | 2025-04-15 | | KE-MOTI-238027-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R MAPPING AND DEVELOPME < br > NT OF A NATIONAL GEO DAT < br > ABASE OF SLUMS AND INFOR < br > MAL SETTLEMENTS IN KENYA < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum upgrading < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-06-11 < br > 2022 - | 07-29 < br > 2021-07-02 < br > 2022 | - 10-15 < br > 2021-08-15 | 2021-09-12 | 2021-10-12 | 2021-11-16 | 2021-12-21 | 2022-04-20 | | KE-MOTI-382313-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R AN OPERATOR / CONSORTIU < br > M TO IMPLEMENT SETTLEME < br > NT LEVEL COMMUNITY DEVEL < br > OPMENT PLANS ( PHASE 1 ) IN < br > 8 SELECTED INFORMAL SETT < br > LEMENTS IN NAIROBI AND KI <", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 404, "text": "NATIONAL GEO DAT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specification of the type for the learning outcome of student _i_ in subject _b_ , stream _k_ , school _s_ , and round _r_ . We define _j_ = _j_ ( _bksr_ ) as an identifier for the teacher assigned to that subjectstream-school-round . The variable _Ij_ is an indicator for whether the teacher is an incumbent , and the index _q_ = _q_ ( _j_ ) denotes the qualification type of teacher _j_ if that teacher is a recruit ( and is undefined if the teacher is an incumbent , so that _Tqd_ < sup > _A_is < / sup > always zero for incumbents ) . Drawing on the pseudo-panel of student outcomes , the variable ̄ _zks , r − _ 1 denotes the vector of average outcomes in the once-lagged assessment among students placed in that stream , and its coefficient , _ρbr_ , is subject - and round - > 28Here we follow Dal B ́ o et al . ( 2013 ) who measure the risk preferences and Big Five personality traits of applicants for civil service jobs in Mexico , and Callen et al . ( 2018 ) who study the relevance of Big Five personality traits for the performance of health workers in Pakistan . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are of little use in understanding intergenerational economic mobility ? < sup > 6 < / sup > Are the different measures of intergenerational persistence affected by coresidency bias to the same degree , or are some measures more robust than others with relatively small bias ? This paper makes progress on these questions , providing evidence , analysis , and guidance for working with coresident samples that have wide ranging implications for research on intergenerational economic mobility . To understand the implications of the coresidency restriction , the challenge is to find surveys that ( i ) include all of the children and the parents irrespective of their residency status , and ( ii ) identify the subset of individuals coresident in a household at the time of the survey . We take advantage of two high quality household surveys in villages of India and Bangladesh , and estimate the two most widely used measures of intergenerational persistence in the literature : intergenerational regression coefficient ( henceforth IGRC ) and intergenerational correlation ( henceforth IGC ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > The evidence on intergenerational schooling persistence presented below in this paper shows that IGRC , the most widely used measure of intergenerational persistence , suffers from large downward bias because of truncation due to coresidency . < sup > 8 < / sup > In contrast , the downward bias in the estimated IGC in coresident samples is much smaller ; in many cases , less than one-third of the bias in the corresponding IGRC estimate . In the sample of 13-60 years age range , the average bias in IGRC estimates is 29 . 7 percent in the case of Bangladesh , while the corresponding bias in IGC estimates is only 8 . 7 percent . The extent of truncation bias in India is smaller because of higher coresidency rates observed in the data . However , the IGRC estimates in India are also substantially biased downward ; the > 6The prevailing view , in fact , holds that the estimates from coresident samples are not useful , and it is partly driven by the fact that the researchers do not know the direction of bias . > 7IGRC shows how a one year of higher schooling", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 843, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "oil price hike experienced recently has raised a great concern to GOE as well as to funding agencies . Conventional cost estimation practice of superimposing cost data ( e . g . , applying unit rates of recent works of similar type and under similar environment , and updating those applying inflation factors ) appears not fully capture the rapid change in price hike or not useful enough in analyzing the reasonability / appropriateness of assumptions made in estimating the unit rates and / or evaluating the estimated costs . As a result , not only the GOE , but also the funding agencies have encountered funding problems . The lesson learned from these experiences is the need to establish a system of monitoring construction costs - along with contractors / consultants performance monitoring . Thus would ensure that the Govt maintains in-house , the necessary and independently measured / surveyed cost data as a basis for evaluating consultant engineers ’ cost estimates , and ultimately the bid price . This cost monitoring system , together with the contractors / consultants performance monitoring system , are expected to function as a powerful governance tool to identify unreasonably high or low cost estimates and bid prices and to function as a deterrent and / or correction mechanism against wrong practices and / or mistakes . ( 5 ) _Other lessons_ . Lessons drawn from RSDP I and RSDP II project designs and implementation include the need to : - increase resources for road design and strengthen contract road design review capacity in ERA and other implementing agencies ; - implement measures to attract more international firms from many countries to increase competition and control artificial increases in contract prices ; and", "spans": [{"start": 158, "end": 167, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 907, "end": 916, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * * * _ < u > gaps < / u > _ * * * * < u > to generate “ better ” data < / u > * * * * Rationale : * * Before the Program , Kenya ’ s poverty statistics , socioeconomic indicators , and National Accounts were mostly outdated ( last produced in 2005 / 06 ) or missing . The capacity to monitor poverty at least once every three years was insufficient . The program comprised integrated household and economic ( enterprise ) surveys . Through the generation of new data , these surveys ( outputs ) filled critical source data gaps ( IRA1 ) and contributed to the outcome of “ better ” poverty and National Accounts data . The implementation of surveys also strengthened KNBS ’ s capacity to produce “ better ” data , which facilitated regular and accurate measurement and monitoring of poverty , labor , other socioeconomic indicators , and the general economy . * * _A1 . Filling poverty data gaps through an integrated program of household surveys_ * * OUTPUTS i * * . * * Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2015 / 16 conducted , and a progress report was produced and made available online ( Target achieved ) . ii * * . * * Updated benchmark ( 2015 / 16 ) poverty measures produced and disseminated ( Target achieved ) . iii * * . * * Poverty monitoring data was collected by Continuous Household Survey ( KCHS ) ( Target achieved ) . Page 4 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 154, "text": "poverty statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 975, "end": 1015, "text": "Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1286, "end": 1313, "text": "Continuous Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * as * * % * * of < br > Univ < br > enrolments * * ( % ) * * < br > Doctoral * * ( % ) * * < br > Masters * * ( % ) * * < br > Bachelors * * ( % ) * * < br > Managed * * by * * < br > * * S & E * * graduates < br > * * ( % ) * * < br > Employing * * S & E * * < br > graduates < br > ( including < br > interns ) * * ( % ) * * | 18 , 401 ( 22 % ) < br > * * 91 ( 0 . 1 % ) * * < br > * * 5 , 155 ( 6 , 2 % ) * * < br > * * 78 , 310 * * < br > * * ( 93 . 7 % ) * * < br > 43 < br > * * 10 * * | 20 , 249 ( 22 . 4 % ) < br > * * _51 ( 0 . 1 % ) _ * * < br > 5 , 044 * * _ ( 5 . 6 % ) _ * * < br > * * 85 , 301 * * ( 94 . 3 % ) < br > n / a < br > n / a | * * 33 % * * < br > * * _53 . 7_ * * < br > * * 12 . 5 * * | | | PDOIndicator4 : < br > Surveyofclients < sup > shows < / sup > | * * UNCST * * | | | | Publications in internationally < sup > referred journals < / sup > > * * 2 * * Publications in internationally non-referred journals Publications in national referred journals Publications in non-referred / non-academic journals 1", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 759, "text": "Surveyofclients", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cost than conventional household surveys . CDR analysis can play a vital role by filling the spatial and temporal gaps left by traditional research methods . By making inferences based on cellular network usage , CDR analysis can reliably project the evolution of poverty dynamics over a specific timeframe . Unlike censuses and household surveys , CDR analysis is quick and relatively inexpensive and can be performed by a small team of statisticians using records that are already collected by Mobile Network Operators ( MNOs ) . Guatemala offers a prime example of the limits of traditional data collection . The country ’ s most recent Population and Housing Census , dates from 2002 , and all national poverty data are derived from just four household surveys conducted over the past 25 years . For example , the most recent 2014 household survey ( _Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida_ , ENCOVI ) covered * * 3 * *", "spans": [{"start": 640, "end": 669, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 698, "end": 719, "text": "national poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 830, "end": 851, "text": "2014 household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ privatesector / ic / . > 20The survey questionnaires also included some country speci fi c questions . For our purposes , the relevant survey questions relate to the workforce , technology and innovation , production and costs , ownership structure , trade and manager characteristics . > 21In Brazil , the sampling frame consisted of the listings of manufacturing establishments provided by IBGE ( the national statistical office ) . The states covered in Brazil are : Amazonas , Bahia , Ceará , Goiás , Maranhão , Mato Grosso , Minas Gerais , Paraíba , Paraná , Rio de Janeiro , Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina and São Paulo . In China , the sampling frame consisted of an electronic list of fi rms in each of the cities covered : Beijing , Chengdu , Guangzhou , Shanghai and Tianjin . > 22Size groups are de fi ned according to a plant ’ s total number of permanent employees . 10", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 381, "text": "listings of manufacturing establishments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 680, "end": 705, "text": "electronic list of fi rms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 19 * * of * * 73 * * * * Table 1 . 1 * * < u > . < / u > Material of construction | Component | Description of material | No . of houses | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Wall | Enchet ( mud and wattle ) | 140 | | | Stone | 118 | | Roof | Corrugated iron sheet | 143 | | | Thatch | 115 | | | No data | none | | | Total | 258 | # # # # # # * * Table 1 . 2 * * Range < u > of areas of houses and plots < / u > | | Houses | | | | | | No . o | fplots in | the range | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Range of areas in m < sup > 2 < / sup > | Below 15 | 16-25 | 26-40 | 41-70 | 71-100 | > 100 | < 50 | 51-100 | 101-150 | 151-250 | > 250 | | No . of houses | 26 | 70 | 40 | 58 | 34 | 30 | 62 | 33 | 54 | 53 | 56 | | Total no . of houses | | | 258 | | | | | | 258 | | | According to data from the municipal office , the majority of houses are privately held ( 75 % ) while the kebele holding accounts for only 25 % of the houses ( 62 houses ) . Table 1 also shows that the plot area in the category below 50 m < sup > 2 < / sup > dominates the holding . It is also to", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 913, "text": "data from the municipal office", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Of action progress , _ < br > _and / or indicators_ ) | * * Assumptions * * < br > ( _pre-conditions_ < br > _that have to be met_ < br > _to obtain the_ < br > _expected results on_ < br > _schedule_ ) | * * Difficulties or * * < br > * * obstacles * * < br > _ ( in the way of_ < br > _delivering the_ < br > _expected output ) _ | * * Addressing the * * < br > * * difficulties or * * < br > * * obstacles * * < br > ( _How difficulty or_ < br > _obstacle has been_ < br > _addressed to deliver on_ < br > _output ) _ | * * Comments * * | | * * 1 . Midterm * * < br > * * evaluation * * < br > * * ( optional ) * * | RIC , External < br > evaluator | A midterm < br > evaluation has not < br > been done | A midterm evaluation < br > has been done | No . of reports | Middle of the < br > resettlement < br > implementation < br > cycle | Survey report , RIC , < br > PAPs | | | | | | * * 2 . End * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * resettlement * * < br > * * implementation evaluation * * | RIC , External < br > evaluator | No end of < br > resettlement < br > implementation < br > evaluation has been < br > done | End of resettlement < br > implementation < br > evaluation has been < br > done | No . of reports | At the end of the < br > resettlement < br > implementation", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 855, "text": "Survey report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affected by extreme weather events and natural disasters , including the recent desert locust invasion . Historical records show a large year-to-year variability in precipitation , but droughts have become more frequent and widespread since the 1960s . < sup > 3 < / sup > The seasonality and intensity of the rainy season are also changing , resulting in more frequent and extreme flooding in many parts of the country . More intense and variable weather events are predicted for the future . < sup > 4 < / sup > The consequences of climate volatility are intensifying intercommunal conflict over natural resources , ongoing population displacement , and worsening food insecurity . The 2019 exceptionally intense seasonal flood , with 900 , 000 people affected and an estimated 420 , 000 displaced , illustrates the country ’ s extreme climate vulnerability . The current desert locust crisis — the worst to hit the Horn of Africa in over 25 years — represents an unprecedented threat to food security and livelihoods in the region and could lead to further suffering , displacement , and potential conflict . According to the most recent FAO desert locust situation update , < sup > 5 < / sup > some of the swarms in Kenya are expected to migrate northwards across South Sudan to the summer breeding areas in Sudan . The expanding swarms could affect more than 2 . 7 million people , many living in areas with severe food insecurity and in need of humanitarian assistance . < sup > 6 < / sup > > 1 UNOCHA ( United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ) . 2020 . _Humanitarian Needs Overview 2020_ , p . 3 > 2 Germanwatch . 2019 . _Global Climate Risk Index 2020_ , p . 42 . > 3 United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) ( 2019 _ ) , South Sudan Climate Vulnerability Profile_ , p . 2 . > 4 ThinkHazard ( 2019 ) . South Sudan . > 5 FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ) . Desert", "spans": [{"start": 1141, "end": 1175, "text": "FAO desert locust situation update", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "How Much Teachers Know and How Much It Matters in Class : Analyzing Three Rounds of Subject-Specific Test Score Data of Indonesian Students and Teachers Joppe de Ree < sup > _ ∗ † _ < / sup > # _JEL Classification_ : I21 , I25 , H42 , O15 _Keywords_ : Education , value-added modeling , teachers , subject matter knowledge , Indonesia > _ ∗ _ World Bank , email : joppederee @ gmail . com > _ † _ The research presented in this paper was generously supported by the Dutch Education Support Program ( DESP ) funded by the Government of the Kingdom of The Netherlands . Special thanks go to Dedy Junaedi ( and his teams of field workers , data managers , etc . ) , Susiana Iskandar , Titie Hadiyati ( and team ) , Amanda Beatty ( and team ) , Halsey Rogers , Menno Pradhan , Karthik Muralidharan , Andy Ragatz , Samer Al-Samarrai , Ai Li Ang , Husnul Rizal , Laura Wijaya , and other colleagues at the World Bank office in Jakarta , as well as to colleagues at the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture , such as Yendri Wirda Burhan , Simon Silisabon ( and the team at _puslitjak_ ) , Rahmawati , Yani Sumarno ( and the team at _puspendik_ ) . 1", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 116, "text": "Subject-Specific Test Score Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * _Health_ * * Gulu Municipality has three hospitals namely ; Gulu regional referral hospital , St . Mary ’ s hospital Lacor and Gulu Independent Hospital . Gulu Municipal Council has one small clinic with very limited facilities . This is a general outpatient treatment with no laboratory services , no necessary equipment and immunization kits . It is located in Pece Division , Labour Lines Parish . There are about 32 private clinics and drug shops operating in the Municipality , most of them concentrated in the city center and in the local shopping centers of Bardege , Layibi and Pece . Most of them are operated by registered / Enrolled Nurses or Nursing aids and in some cases , midwives . HIV / AIDS is both a health problem and a development problem because of the fact that it has caused deaths to mainly the middle aged residents of the Municipality who are the main engine of development in any Locality in the World . This has led to slashed life expectancy , large numbers of orphans , destroyed whole families and therefore lead to increased dependency , declined human development , declined Socio-economic development and therefore increased poverty # # # # * * _Energy_ * * Electricity is available except like water supply , its distribution is still limited due to expensiveness of buying poles . The Municipality is served by hydroelectric power from Jinja and is reliable in most parts of the town . This power covers about 40 % of the Municipal area and serves nearly 48 % of our population . It is supplied by UMEME Company . The distribution has been fairly regular as opposed to the periods when there was a rampant load-shedding exercise across the Country # # # # * * d ) Urban poverty * * Most of the populations in the Municipality are generally leaving below the poverty line although there is limited availability of household data for the review period . Their living conditions are undoubtedly below standard and they are not able to contribute to urban productivity in officially recognized", "spans": [{"start": 1862, "end": 1876, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 86 . 1 | 95 . 1 | 97 . 0 | 100 . 0 | | 1 child | 100 | 109 . 3 | 108 . 2 | 110 . 7 | 96 . 9 | 101 . 9 | 100 . 9 | 101 . 8 | 86 . 8 | 92 . 4 | 93 . 9 | 94 . 8 | 84 . 6 | 93 . 4 | 95 . 3 | 97 . 1 | | 2 children < br > 3 and more | 100 | 105 . 9 | 108 . 6 | 109 . 8 | 99 . 1 | 104 . 4 | 105 . 6 | 105 . 4 | 87 . 3 | 95 . 2 | 98 . 5 | 94 . 3 | 87 . 8 | 98 . 2 | 99 . 3 | 104 . 3 | | children | 100 | 110 . 8 | 118 . 6 | 113 . 3 | 89 . 0 | 100 . 4 | 95 . 2 | 93 . 2 | 91 . 9 | 99 . 8 | 96 . 9 | 94 . 5 | 83 . 7 | 89 . 2 | 95 . 1 | 100 . 0 | | singleparent | 100 | 99 . 9 | 98 . 0 | 102 . 4 | 93 . 4 | 97 . 4 | 93 . 8 | 100 . 9 | 83 . 9 | 92 . 3 | 84 . 6 | 86 . 4 | 83 . 7 | 93 . 1 | 95 . 2 | 98 . 1 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 39", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 744, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "united in their common struggle to bargain for lower production quotas . < sup > 8 < / sup > Consequently workers made no claims against property rights distinct from managers . Together , workers and managers constituted a pressure group , which dedicated itself towards ensuring that enterprise insiders received the numerous privileges that ultimately , made their way into the Russian MPP . As Gaidar himself later conceded , \" Beginning in May and June [ of 1992 ] it was impossible to stand up to the pressure of the industrial lobby . \" < sup > 9 < / sup > Thus it is that the designers of the Russian MPP confronted the following political reality : pre-existing institutional arrangements that distort free markets cannot be wiped clean by governmental fiat . The scope and results of the MPP are well known and require little summary . A central difference between the MPP in Russia and similar programs in the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and in Poland was in the tradability of Russian vouchers . Under the three variants of the Russian program , insiders could purchase up to _51 % _ of enterprise shares . The tradability of vouchers , on the other hand , allowed insiders to purchase additional shares-65 % on average . ' < sup > 0 < / sup > Tradable vouchers , then , may have turned out to be an instrument of insider control , rather than the intended means of consolidating outsider ownership . Despite conflicting evidence on managerial turnover in thle past year , there is general agreement that managers and salaried employees continue to hold approximately 50-60 % of shares in privatized enterprises . \" Estimates of ownership structure have varied across different enterprise surveys , which are difficult to compare over time . We present estimate ranges for stock ownership in privatized Russian enterprises below . It is interesting to note that the greatest variation tends to be for empLoyees and managers as owners , perhaps reflecting the empirical ( as well as theoretical ) difficulties in separating the two . Nevertheless , one of the critical shortcomings of the Russian MPP is that it did not enable an institutional concentration of ownership through fiLnancial intermediaries such as investment", "spans": [{"start": 1696, "end": 1714, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Population Data Analysis – August 2022 # # Overview As of the end of August 2022 , Southern Africa hosts around * * 8 . 6 million persons of concern ( PoCs ) to UNHCR * * . This includes 1 . 1 million refugees and asylum-seekers and 6 . 9 million internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , as well as others of concern , refugee returnees and IDP returnees . * * The Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) represents 77 per cent of the regional data . * * # # Refugees , Asylum-Seekers and Others of concern The region hosts * * 782 , 000 refugees , 279 , 000 asylum - * * * * seekers and 36 , 000 others of concern * * . Among those 1 . 1 million PoCs , 74 per cent of them are from the countries outside of the Southern Africa region . < sup > 1 < / sup > The top five countries of origin are Central African Republic ( 243 , 000 ) , Rwanda ( 242 , 000 ) , DRC ( 220 , 000 ) , Burundi ( 83 , 000 ) and Ethiopia ( 61 , 000 ) . # # Internally Displaced Persons ( IDPs ) In Southern Africa , there are * * 6 . 9 million internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) * * . Most of them are conflictinduced , 6 . 4 million , but there are also natural disasterinduced IDPs , 0 . 5 million . The data on IDPs are reported in DRC , Congo , Mozambique and Zimbabwe ( see Figure 1 ) . Figure 1 . Number of IDPs in RBSA by Cause as of 31 August 2022 # # Movements of Persons of Concern The total number of forced movements captured in the IOM Flow Monitoring Registry ( FMR ) shows 7 , 092 individuals since January 2022 ( see Figure 2 ( a ) ) . In the same period , UNHCR tracked 19 , 081 movements across borders through the internal registration system , PRIMES , mainly (", "spans": [{"start": 1179, "end": 1191, "text": "data on IDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1418, "end": 1446, "text": "IOM Flow Monitoring Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "By contrast , transfers from central government — often a vital component of municipal revenues — have had mixed outcomes following the crisis . While local governments in some nations have experienced a drop in transfers , others have seen a higher flow of capital as central governments take measures to combat declining economic output . European municipal associations illustrate these mixed outcomes , with a slight majority of 55 % of respondents to an URBACT study indicating lower intergovernmental transfers from the national budget . The case of Flanders , Belgium demonstrates that real cuts in transfers also may take place in other forms . There , nominal transfers for police services have increased but they finance a lower share of costs than previously because of the rate of growth of wage costs . On the other hand , transfers to municipalities in several countries ( Australia , Canada , Denmark , Finland , Norway , Spain , the USA , Colombia , Chile , Brazil , Mexico , etc ) , have increased to compensate for lower own tax revenues or additional resources have been made available as part of economic stimulus packages . Finally , many governments lost streams of revenue derived from capital holdings and other assets . For example , Belgian municipalities experienced major losses from the bankruptcy of Dexia bank , in which they owned shares ( because Dexia was originally a bank providing governments and local public finance operators with banking and other financial services ) . Local governments in a number of other European countries , including Iceland , the UK and the Netherlands , lost substantial assets deposited in banks that failed during the crisis . # * * Impact on Municipal Expenditures * * Municipalities in many countries have been forced to reduce current expenditures not only for maintenance and operation but also for some categories that have been relatively unaffected in past crises , such as public sector employment and social services . Making matters worse , these cutbacks are of course not without social and political repercussions . For example , Argentine President Cristina Fernandez has recently made severe cuts to Buenos Aires ’ budget , impacting spending on everything from public transportation to hospitals to the electricity system . As a", "spans": [{"start": 459, "end": 471, "text": "URBACT study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( 0 . 0315 ) | ( 0 . 0289 ) | | Under 35 years | - 0 . 00586 | - 0 . 0175 | - 0 . 0260 | - 0 . 0247 | - 0 . 0308 | - 0 . 00270 | | | ( 0 . 0221 ) | ( 0 . 0226 ) | ( 0 . 0240 ) | ( 0 . 0239 ) | ( 0 . 0241 ) | ( 0 . 0221 ) | | Rural | - 0 . 00892 | 0 . 00578 | - 0 . 00602 | - 0 . 0100 | - 0 . 00703 | - 0 . 00331 | | | ( 0 . 0358 ) | ( 0 . 0368 ) | ( 0 . 0391 ) | ( 0 . 0388 ) | ( 0 . 0389 ) | ( 0 . 0357 ) | | Complete Secondary School | 0 . 00731 | 0 . 0182 | 0 . 0264 | 0 . 0278 | 0 . 0237 | 0 . 00906 | | | ( 0 . 0230 ) | ( 0 . 0235 ) | ( 0 . 0249 ) | ( 0 . 0249 ) | ( 0 . 0250 ) | ( 0 . 0229 ) | | Richest 20 % | 0 . 0171 | - < br > 0 . 0000312 | - 0 . 00815 | - 0 . 00658 | - 0 . 0139 | 0 . 0182 | | | ( 0 . 0284 ) | ( 0 . 0290 ) | ( 0 . 0308 ) | ( 0 . 0307 ) | ( 0 . 0309 ) | ( 0 . 0284 ) | | Constant | 0 . 621 * * * | 0 . 626 * * * | 0 . 560 * * * | 0 . 610 * * * | 0 . 569 * * * | 0 . 656 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0454 ) | ( 0 . 0466 ) | ( 0 . 0548 ) | ( 0 . 0507 ) | ( 0 . 0491 ) | ( 0 . 0510 ) | | Observations | 1843", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and strategies for improving financial services to the unbanked . Most importantly , there is a substantial difference in typical household incomes across the two countries . On a purchasing power parity basis , national income per capita in Mexico in 2002 was U . S . $ 8 , 540 p . a . , while it was $ 35 , 060 p . a . in the United States ( World Bank , 2003 ) . This difference means that what we consider to be a lower-income household in the U . S . would often qualify as a middle-income household in Mexico . The difference in typical household incomes between Mexico and the U . S . also creates a substantial difference in the percentage of households who are unbanked . Based on 1992 data , the research division of the US Federal Reserve concluded in 1997 that 151 percent of families in the U . S . do not have any type of transaction accounts . In Mexico City , a recent survey found that 76 . 4 percent of households in the same situation . Numerous other distinguishing features of the two countries contribute to differences in the percentage of unbanked households and ways that they obtain financial services . Here we mention three . First , banking in Mexico is much more concentrated than in the U . S . In 2004 , the year of the World Bank study , Mexico had fewer than 20 commercial banks and a similar number of registered cooperatives and credit unions in Mexico City < sup > 2 < / sup > . The five largest banks hold 82 percent of all deposits . The United States , in contrast , has over 10 , 000 banks , without counting > 2 The number of registered cooperatives and credit unions has since grown significantly , but mostly outside of Mexico City . 6", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 699, "text": "1992 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 < br > 8 pe < br > 2 oy _meeeeeEe Rate < br > 8 be ‘ zero < br > aeg i - Bos5-10 < br > 0 < br > 1980 # 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _Not Applicable . _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Not Applicable . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "employment . Descriptive analysis of the KMS data during this period revealed that among adults participating in the labor force , international migrants from Kerala were drawn from the middle of the education distribution , while domestic migrants were mainly selected from the upper range of the educational spectrum . < sup > 7 < / sup > This fact , coupled with the empirical findings , suggests that for the less educated Keralite migrants moving overseas , there is a wage premium over non-migrants that generates asset gains to the origin household comparable to the gains that the more highly educated individuals moving for employment within India are able to produce . In order to maximize the gains from migration , households in Kerala appear to be behaving strategically when deciding who , and where to send their family members for employment . In the next section , I present background on migration from Kerala . Section 3 lays out several theoretical considerations . In Section 4 , I describe the data and estimation strategy . Section 5 presents the results . I discuss those results in Section 6 , with the aim of explaining the key finding that asset gains to households from the two migration pathways are actually similar . Section 7 provides a brief conclusion . # * * 2 . Background : An Overview of Labor Migration in Kerala * * India ’ s experience with migration is noteworthy , making it an excellent setting for a study of the welfare gains generated by labor migration . With the remittances sent back to the country from abroad reaching nearly US $ 78 . 6 billion in 2018 , India receives more money through this channel than any other nation in the world . < sup > 8 < / sup > According to the Reserve Bank of India , the state of Kerala received an estimated 19 percent of India ’ s total overseas remittances in 2017 . > 7 One sees similar selection patterns with Mexican migrants . Kaestner and Malamud ( 2014 ) , and the literature they review in that paper , find that Mexican migrants to the United States are drawn from the middle of the Mexican education distribution . Aguayo-Téllez and Martínez-Navarro ( 2013", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 49, "text": "KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Impact * * | * * Impact Mitigation / Enhancement Commitments * * | | - - - | - - - | | Invasive Species | • < br > Invasive Species Management Plan , which should be developed and < br > implemented in consultation with authorities , including appropriate < br > eradication measures for different species / groups of species . < br > • < br > Staff training and awareness raising in communities . < br > • < br > No introduction of exotic species ( e . g . for site rehabilitation ) without < br > specialist vettingandgovernment approval . | | Water Resource < br > use | • < br > Water study prior to any abstraction , to inform a Sustainable Water < br > Management Plan . < br > • < br > No abstraction without prior approval of relevant authorities at all < br > locations . < br > • < br > Promotion of water efficiency ( including leak detection , preventative < br > maintenance of equipment ) and water recycling . | | Impacts on Physical < br > Cultural Resources | • < br > Careful site selection and siting of all project components , taking account of < br > community consultation / specialist surveys . < br > • < br > Development of a Cultural Heritage Management Plan covering tangible < br > and intangible ( e . g . local traditions and practices ) cultural heritage . < br > • < br > Preparation and Implementation of a “ Chance Finds ” procedure during < br > construction . < br > • < br > Monitoring for all ground disturbing activities shall be undertaken by the < br > environment and social safeguards team . < br > • < br > The contractor shall halt construction activities if earthworks encounter < br > PCR . < br > • < br > include “ chance finds ” / archaeological features on toolbox talks for < br > workers . | | | • < br > Avoid", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1122, "text": "specialist surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the case of those who agree that men should have more right to a job , according to data from the World Values Survey combined with other demographic characteristics from the LFS , we find that men ’ s labor force status is not very sensitive to any of the covariates , relative to the effect on women ’ s , which we interpret as male labor force supply being inelastic . The effect of the number of children in the household is found counterintuitive and positively related with FLFP ( maybe due to the need of more income ) when using LFS , but negative when using the World Values Survey , which reinforces the self-reported reason of childcare as a cause to remain out of the labor force but is not conclusive on our analysis . Finally , and in line with the literature on the topic , higher educational attainment in women increases their probability to participate in the labor force . 37", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 121, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 541, "end": 544, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Determining individual woredas ’ allocations for LIG ( as per MoFED guidelines ) and informing WoFEDs of these LIG allocations ; - Reporting to MoFED , by pilot LIG woredas , LIG region to woredas disbursement data and total capital spending aggregated for Pilot LIG woredas in eligible sectors ( based on the expenditure reports they receive from WoFEDs ) ; - Follow up on any audit findings and submit responses to MOFED for consolidation of action plans . - In collaboration with Regional Bureaus of Civil Service , coordinating , managing , and monitoring the implementation of Subprogram C FTA at subnational levels ; - Contribute to enhancing public financial transparency and social accountability activities at the regional and woreda levels ; - Implementing FTA activities including the regional contextualization and implementation of the FTA tools , and all other FTA associated activities ; - Overseeing , liaising with , and supporting , woreda administrations ’ ( WoFEDs ) in their efforts to implement the FTA activities at the woreda and kebele levels ; and - When the need arises , and subject to the effectiveness and capacity of government and administrative structures , relevant stakeholders ( e . g . community associations ) will be used to support implementation and monitoring use of the FTA tools . Such collaboration could take the form of contractual agreements with BoFEDs / WoFEDs to deliver particular services . At local level , the woreda Finance and Economic Development Offices ( WoFED ) and Urban Administration Offices of Finance will have similar responsibilities as those of the BoFEDs but at the local level , and they will also be in charge of : - Undertaking regular M & E and coordination with woreda sector offices ; - Operational tasks such as planning , supervision , and financial management ; - Submitting consolidated monthly reports , including monthly reconciliation of expenditures to BoFED ; - Including LIG resources on woredas ’ budgets ( to be approved by", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 216, "text": "woredas disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Sub-indicator | Host communityschools , refugee schools | | Indicator Name | * * REVISED * * * * Schools meeting minimum TLM standards ( Number ) DLI * * | | Description | Measures the number of schools in targeted regions , including 100 % of schools in host community schools and newly integrated refugee schools , meeting < br > the minimum Teaching and Learning Materials ( TLM ) standards for pre-primary and primary education in key subjects , supported by the Program . This < br > includes the availability of play materials for pre-primary classrooms , curriculum-aligned textbooks , teachers ’ guides , and supplementary reading and < br > numeracymaterials for early primary grades in targeted regions . This also includes availabilityof digital formats for TLM . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , School Inspection report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Count the number of schools that meet the TLM standards as reported in EMIS and School Inspection report | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Sub-indicator | Newlyintegrated Refugee schools | | * * Result Area 2 : Transforming * * | * * schools into effective learning centers * * | | Indicator Name | * * Students enrolled inpre-primary schools withpre-primary facilitiesprovided by the Program ( Number ) * * | | Description | Tracks the increase in the number of students enrolled in schools with constructedpre-primaryclassrooms . This indicator includes schools that have added | Page 44", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 910, "text": "EMIS , School Inspection report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1027, "end": 1060, "text": "EMIS and School Inspection report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * * - * * _The request for bids / Proposal documents shall require that bidders / proposers submitting Bids / Proposal present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of and compliance with the Bank ’ s AntiCorruption Guidelines , including without limitation the bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit right ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "development with associated changing natural environment . This would be approached through conducting environmental impact assessment ( EIAs ) in selected areas where ecosystem stability is threatened using known techniques such as reference to old land use maps from GIS and remote sensing in relation to current demographic changes . This approach would assist in the development and promotion of priority interventions for the country . Soil erosion control : Reducing the amount and concentration of sediments containing nutrients and toxic materials being washed from crop lands into water sources ( thereby contaminating both domestic and international water ways ) will result in community access to cleaner water for both domestic use and irrigation and will ensure the continued functioning of watersheds and riparian systems . Water harvesting : Three quarters of the country is classified as arid and semi arid , yet people have migrated to these areas and are practising farming with poor results . To empower these farmers , water harvesting and storage should be encouraged both for domestic and livestock uses . Reseeding of denuded pastures and de-stocking : The drier areas are characterised by low quality fodder species during the rainy season which quickly dry up during the hot spells . It has been shown in previous studies in Kiboko through Agricultural Research Support Programme ( ARSP II ) activities funded by the EC that such pastures can be greatly improved by a deliberate reseeding process using selected indigenous grasses and legumes . Furthermore , higher production on reseeded pastures allows for harvesting of grass seeds for expanded reseeding as well as harvesting of better quality hay for livestock . Community interest in improving pasture through such measures is increasing and the demand for better quality grass seeds is also rising giving a potential for commercialisation and expanded reseeding scheme . It would be expected that there will be higher carrying capacity as well as reduced rate in resource degradation . There is need to continue collection of forage germplasm in the ASAL to provide study materials for future breeding and improvement of indigenous fodder species . Sustainable management of wetlands : The role of water in human habitation cannot be overemphasized . Unfortunately", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 263, "text": "old land use maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "947 ) | | Number of observations | 632 | 262 | 553 | 223 | 643 | 264 | 632 | 261 | | r2_w | 0 . 328 | 0 . 376 | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 032 | 0 . 007 | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 011 | 0 . 025 | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 760 | 0 . 835 | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the El Salvador COV-ES data . Columns 3 through 8 report marginal effects from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6 for more details . 45", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 357, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quality ” . Identical analysis performed in the 1990s found that roughly 70 percent met the “ acceptable ” or “ good ” quality standard ( IEG , 2010 ) . Even so , there are recent examples of influential projects that sought to integrate impact evaluation results with cost-effectiveness analysis to collectively set policy priorities , as with the Disease Control Priorities Project ( Jamison et al . 2006 ) . Arguably , as impact evaluation methods continue to mature in sectors like Education , Governance , Agriculture , and Health and Nutrition , evaluators may consider how to re-institutionalize VFM practices . A major goal of IE studies is to provide scientific evidence on the policies and programs that do and do not work to improve development outcomes . However , if IEs do not include program or policy cost information , resource-constrained policymakers will have limited evidence to guide their selection of efficient programs and policies , or to consider the cost implications of scaling , replicating or reproducing programs and policies found to be effective . Cost-benefit analysis ( CBA ) and cost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) would be useful for ( i ) identifying whether social benefits exceed social costs of a single intervention ; ( ii ) comparing worth of interventions with different ( monetizable ) outcomes ; and ( iii ) comparing the relative worth of interventions that share common outcome ( s ) . CEA and CBA help identify which intervention produces a given amount of outcomes for the least cost . Including VFM analysis may help policymakers understand and use evidence from the growing number of IE field studies in their program decisions by identifying which interventions produce the most outcome for a given cost ( White 2014 ; Dhaliwal et al . 2013 ; McEwan 2012 ) . Such evidence can provide insight that is “ counter to common sense , popular appeal , and traditional ideas ” ( Levin 2001 ) . Including VFM directly in IEs yields at least two advantages over producing them separately . First , collecting cost data at the time of the intervention and data collection on the IE outcomes is likely to be less onerous in terms of expense and time than reconstructing program costs ex post", "spans": [{"start": 2054, "end": 2063, "text": "cost data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has shown that a reasonable de minimis threshold can be vital for small business firms that depend on cross-border sales . < sup > 86 < / sup > Among the 21 countries covered under Digital Business Indicators project , Bangladesh , Burkina Faso , Pakistan , Senegal , and Tunisia do not have a de minimis threshold in place . Thresholds are often set based on the value of the consignment , ranging from zero up to € 1 , 000 ( figure 10 ) . Kenya and Tanzania set a low consignment value threshold of less than US $ 5 . In member countries of the Eurasian Customs Union ( ECU ) , the threshold is also based on the weight of the consignment . < sup > 87 < / sup > * * Figure 10 . Countries set different levels of a de minimis threshold for customs procedures * * 22", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 216, "text": "Digital Business Indicators project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ine Ramstad . NRC Kenya assisted with identifying interviewees in Dadaab . The agency has no role in status determination or resettlement decisions , but their participation could be problematic since they are among the service providers in the refugee camps . We also chose to have an NRC representative present during most interviews in Dadaab . This was due to interpretation needs , NRC Kenya ’ s ability to provide experience-based comments along the way and to ensure that critical issues that were raised by interviewees could be noted and addressed by NRC or another agency . The interviews took place in NRC offices in the camps . Although movement was severely restricted due to security concerns , there were some visits in the camps and a certain level of participatory observations . In Egypt , the Arab Network for Environment and Development ( RAED ) and the Psycho-Social Training Institute in Cairo ( PSTIC ) provided support . The group discussion took place in the offices of RAED due to security concerns . In addition interviewing the displaced Somalis , a short desk-study and other key stakeholder interviews were undertaken . Interviewees included NRC , UNHCR and other humanitarian and development agency staff in Kenya and Egypt as well as government officials . We also had one discussion group ( 10 people ) in Dadaab consisting of people belonging to the host community . The information from the interviews with the displaced people informed the desk-study and these other interviews and vice versa so there was a constant dynamic between the different methods and data sources used . The study also draws on some existing quantitative data ( Enghoff et al . , 2010 ; Refugee Consortium of Kenya , 2012 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1653, "end": 1670, "text": "quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA project report for the Proposed St . Marys Mon Sec . School Borehole-Marakwet East July 2014_ * * # # * * 5 . 0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES * * The environmental baseline information collected and the project description discussed form the basis for impact identification and evaluation . The impacts that are expected to arise from the project could either be termed as positive or negative , direct or indirect , short-term or long-term , temporary or permanent depending on their nature , area of coverage and their duration in the environment and have been identified in all the phases of the proposed project cycle namely ; construction , operational and decommissioning . # # # # * * 5 . 1 Soil compaction * * # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 1 Assessment * * As machines and people move on ground the soil is compacted . Compaction has the undesired effect of hindering air and water penetration beneath the soil surface and thus limiting aerobic activities of soil dwelling organisms . This may have negative consequences on soil productivity on a localized scale . Compaction also enhances run-off during the rainy season resulting into soil erosion . # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 Mitigation * * - a ) Strictly control construction vehicles to ensure that they operate judiciously and over designated areas to reduce soil compaction . - b ) Rip off any compacted areas after construction to allow aeration of soil and ease infiltration of water into the soil . # # # # * * 5 . 2 Groundwater pollution * * # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 1 Assessment * * Water , especially for domestic use should be of high quality and wholesome . Poor water quality could be of great concern to human and animal health . The water that seeps into the ground may be contaminated to some degree and eventually affects the quality of the groundwater and indeed , borehole water . Percolation of water from sanitary systems I . e . toilets", "spans": [{"start": 175, "end": 209, "text": "environmental baseline information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COVID-19 . Job losses remained stark as well in _Wholesale and retail trade_ , which lost jobs for approximately35 . 6 percent of workers , compared to 10 . 1 percent in the construction sector . 5 . 5 Projected Job Losses by Demographic Group Next , we examine the rate of projected PFPS job loss by the demographic characteristics of pre-COVID job holders . Because our method can only reflect how shocks at the firm - , sector - , and production / nonproduction worker levels play out in terms of jobs lost ( or at risk ) , our demographic projections would not capture any effects of differential individual or firm behavior that may result in divergent outcomes by gender , age , or nationality . As such , a comparison of our projections with actual outcomes provides a sense of the degree to which pre-pandemic employment patterns alone would produce demographic differences and how much of those differences reflect behavioral factors . # * * 5 . 5 . 1 Jordan * * * * Gender * * : In both waves of the CFUWBES , our model projects a higher percentage loss of PFPS jobs for men than for women ( see Table 5-14 ) . For wave 2 , the rate is 26 percent for men versus 19 percent for women . The survey-measured projection yields a more equal gender distribution of job losses than the model-based projection . However , the modeled prediction more closely aligns with the CMMHH data , which shows a 17 . 3 percent rate of job loss for females and 24 . 8 percent for men . Female PFPS job losses were lower because in | _Table 5-14 Jordan : Co_ < br > _due to firm closures ) , _ | _mparison of PFPS J_ < br > _by Demographic Gro_ < br > CFUWBES1 < br > | _ob Losses , Modeled , an_ < br > _up_ < br > CFUWBES2 | _d Survey-Measured ( _ < br > ( Cumulative ) | _including jobs lost_ < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Modeled | Model-predicted | Survey-measured | CMMHH", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1386, "text": "CMMHH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1886, "end": 1891, "text": "CMMHH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) # # * * ANNEX 8 : Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Co-Benefits * * # # * * ( A ) Adaptation Co-Benefits : * * # # * * Jordan climate change vulnerability context : * * * * 1 . * * Jordan has population of 10 . 5 million ( 2018 estimate ) , and population density of approximately 110 individuals per km < sup > 2 < / sup > . Of those , nearly 2 million have resettled from abroad , and 755 , 050 have registered under refugee status prior to May 2019 < sup > 62 < / sup > . The refugees represent 57 nationalities , major share is comprised by the refugees from Syria ( 664 , 226 ) . Refugees are vulnerable to climate change effects because of their living conditions and lack of financial resources . Also , it has been historically observed in several other countries , that psychological shock from forced resettlement is too taxing for individuals , and “ weakens ” their abilities to withstand any other / additional environmental risks and hazards . * * 2 . * * Median age of population in Jordan is 22 . 8 < sup > 63 < / sup > years , compared to 24 . 3 ( Egypt ) , 30 . 5 ( Lebanon ) , and 30 . 2 ( Israel ) – Jordan ’ s neighboring countries . 34 . 14 % of country residents are between 0 and 14 years old . Children in this group are the most vulnerable to flashfloods , and to a lesser degree – to heat waves . As shown by statistics of floods and flashfloods around the world , children , disabled and elderly are the most likely victims because they lack either physical ability or skills to escape the disaster . Adult women also fall into the vulnerable category because they often are de facto responsible for evacuation of children and disabled or elderly relatives , or lack physical strength for", "spans": [{"start": 1423, "end": 1459, "text": "statistics of floods and flashfloods", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 equivalent per contract , up to an aggregate amount not to exceed US $ 0 . 15 million equivalent , may be procured under contracts awarded on the basis of National Shopping ( NS ) procedures in accordance with the Bank ' s Guidelines . 2 . All three Elektroprivredas have qualified staff to carry out most of the engineering work and the preparation of specifications . From the experience gained in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Elektroprivredas , assisted by the Norwegian Power Expert Group ( for EPBiH ) and Canadian Power Expert Group ( for EPRS and EPM ) , are expected to be able to carry out procurement efficiently . 3 . All procurement of equipment and materials financed by the UK and Canada will be undertaken through Crown Agents ; and a Japanese Trading House will undertake procurement of goods and materials financed by Japanese funds . Procurement of goods and services financed by other donors would follow procedures set out by each donor ' s governmentrespectively . 4 . The site preparation , civil works construction and installation of auxiliary electro-mechanical equipment are well within the capability of the local contractors and manufacturers . These will be financed by the Elektroprivredasand procured following local competitivebidding procedures . Installation of major equipment will be supervised by the manufacturers ( suppliers ) . The Project Costs by Procurement Arrangements are summmarized in Table A . The Procurement Plan and Implementation Schedule are presented in Table A . 1 . Thresholds for ProcurementMethods and Prior Review are shown in Table B . # # # # * * Disbursement * * _Allocation of loan proceeds_ 1 . Table C shows the allocation of loan proceeds . The estimated annual disbursement schedule by IDA fiscal year is shown in the Project Financing Data on page 1 . The Credit is expected to be disbursed over a period of about two years . The project completion date would be December 31 , 1999 , and the closing date would be June 30 , 2000 .", "spans": [{"start": 1810, "end": 1832, "text": "Project Financing Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capacity for and performance on policy issues and specific operational aspects relevant to managing the Program risks . Regarding assessment methods , desk review , Key Informant Interviews , email and telephone exchanges , and stakeholder consultations were conducted . In addition to federal level offices , data was collected from six regions ( three from the highland areas : Oromia , Amhara and SNNP and the other from lowland areas Gambella , Somali and Benishangul Gumuz region ) and five HCP pilot woredas ( Moyale , Yabello , Aware , Kemba , Ebinat ) .", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 345, "text": "data was collected from six regions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > specialist species and < br > species of conservation < br > interest < br > x | | | Only excavate the lower third of ditches during draina < br > ditch maintenance in order to maintain ditch slope stabilit | ge < br > y ; < br > Troughout < br > the < br > operation < br > phase | UETCL | n / a < br > ( UETCL < br > operating budget ) | Ditch maintenance conducted as required . | | | Potential introduction of < br > invasive alien species < br > ( IAS ) < br > x | | | Implement an IAS monitoring program following proj < br > construction in sensitive areas such as wetlands a < br > shorelines , following construction and site re-vegetatio < br > Consider conduction along with ROW maintenance . | ect < br > nd < br > n . < br > Troughout < br > the < br > operation < br > phase | UETCL | 10 000 $ | IAS monitoring program ready at the beginning of < br > operational phase . < br > Monitoring conducted at least every 5 years | | Avifauna , | Bat electrocution and < br > collisions < br > x | | | Implement a bird and bat mortality monitoring progra < br > including : | m , < br > Troughout < br > the < br > operation < br > phase < br > | UETCL | 100 000 $ | Bird and Bat mortality monitoring program ready at < br > the beginning of operational phase . | | Terrestrial fauna | Bird electrocutions and < br > collisions | | | - data monitoring of bird and bat mortality ( in partnership < br > with local communities ) ; < br > - rewiew of mitigation measures efficiency . | < br > 2 times / year in first 5 years <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Additional Information Instructions * * * * DA-A * * is to be handled * * by * * MoE ( Ministry of Education ) and will * * be * * shared between the * * IDA * * Credit and IDA Grant DA-B is to be handled * * by TSC * * ( Teachers Service Commission ) and will be shared between * * IDA * * Credit and * * IDA * * Grant Note that all expenditure will be apportioned at the rate of IDA Credit * * 38 . 5 % * * and * * IDA * * Grant * * 16 . 5 % , * * for all WA ' s . Both DA ' s are linked to Category * * 8 . * * # # # # * * Other * * The Designated Accounts shall have project accounts in Local Currency open in the same Financial Institution of the * * DA , * * and transfers to the project accounts should be done on a need basis to avoid any exchange rates losses . Funds may be transferred to the MOE and * * TSC * * county offices ' local bank accounts at the duly approved bank based on approved AlEs / approved activities . Drawing of the funds is strictly for the purpose as detailed in instructions . On spending , the support documents are sent to * * MOE / TSC * * headquarters where they are reviewed and posted in the * * tFMIS . * * * * _ * * _ * * _Sections and subsections relate to the \" Disbursement Guidelines fbr Investment Project Financing \" , dated February_ * * _2017 . _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1149, "end": 1154, "text": "tFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2 . 5 RECOMMENDED OPTION * * Considering the information mentioned above and line route option comparative evaluation results , WSP < u > hereby recommends the selection of line route option 1 for linking the Gulu substation to Olwiyo . < / u > # # # # # # 3 . 4 . 3 OLWIYO – NILE CROSSING LINE ROUTE OPTIONS ’ COMPARISON Table 3-3 below provides a comparison of line route options 1 , 2 and 3 based on the VESCs described above , for the project ’ s Olwiyo – Nile crossing section .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "02 < br > 2019-1 | 2-23 < br > 2019-07-11 | | KE-KENHA-77220-CS-QCBS < br > / Consultancy Services for < br > Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) < br > and Prevention of Sexual < br > Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA ) < br > for Isiolo - Modogashe < br > ( 190Km ) & Wajir - Elwak < br > ( 175Km ) | IDA / V0630 | Component A : Improving < br > Movement of People , Goods , < br > and Digital Connectivity < br > Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > | Open - National | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2018-09-21 < br > 2018-10-0 | 5 < br > 2018-10-12 < br > 2018 | - 10-23 < br > 2018-11-25 | | 2018-12-23 | | 2019-01-22 | 2019-02-26 | 2019-04-02 | 2022-04-01 | | KE-KENHA-133667-CS-QCBS < br > / Consultancy services for < br > Community Outreach and < br > Social Communication , < br > Security Perception Survey , < br > Implementation of the Project < br > GRM , Mitigation Against GBV < br > and Prevention of SEA < br > Lot 1 : Isiolo County < br > Lot 2 : Wajir County < br > Lot 3 : Mandera County | IDA / V0630 | Component A : Improving < br > Movement of People , Goods , < br > and Digital Connectivity < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > | Open - International | 0 . 00 < br > Under <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": Republic of Serbia , Republican Statistical Office , Labor Force Survey 2002 ( October ) , Bank staff calculations For example , in Poland youth unemployment rate is above 40 percent . In Bulgaria and Slovakia it is between 35 and 37 percent . On average , the youth unemployment rate in CEE is close to 25 percent . This is almost twice as high as the average youth unemployment rate for the OECD countries . Unemployment rates of such magnitude are likely lead to social tension . The disproportionately high youth unemployment rates largely reflect higher levels of labor turnover among young workers , who tend to change jobs more often than older workers , presumably looking for the best worker-job match . However , they may also be associated with labor market rigidities and barriers created by stringent employment protection legislation , which favors insiders ( workers with secure jobs ) at the cost of outsiders ( the unemployed , contingent workers ) . For example , an extremely high fraction of young labor market entrants among the unemployed in FYR Macedonia can be at least partly attributed to high degree of job protection granted to incumbent workers ( World Bank , 1998 ) . Another possible source of high youth unemployment is the minimum wage set at above market clearing level . For example , in economically depressed , high unemployment regions of Poland the minimum wage accounted 27", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 78, "text": "Labor Force Survey 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | KOULA | 11 | 21 | 19 | 40 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 0 | 1 < br > 1 | 30 | 26 | 56 | | * * BARAOUELI * * | * * 20 * * | * * 19 * * | * * 16 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "7 - because many expenditure categories are covered , the level of d : tail is unsatisfactory , often , importnt variables such as price , fuel availability and end-use equipment are not included ; - typically , no time series data are generated by these exercises because they are undertaken infrequently and / or do not use the same methodology , including questions , for each iteration ; and - because these surveys mostly concentrate on cash purchases , collected fuels ( wood , twigs , agricultural and animal residues ) are not reflected in final consumption figures . Still , there is room for improvement whereby t i - hehold energy module can be incorporated in the family budget survey to generate useful information for pi ning and implemenitation purposes An example < sup > of such < / sup > a module , which was added to the 1987-88 Family Budget Survcy in the Yemen Arab Republic , is < sup > presented in < / sup > Annex 1 . # Micro-survy These data collection ex ' rcises are aimed at understanding the social and microeconomic aspects < sup > of < / sup > household energy demand in a limited geographical area . Generally , they can involve a sample of up to < sup > several < / sup > hundred households , may cover several villages and could rely on re-surveying . They are attractive because : ( a ) micro-surveys are usually inexpensive ; ( b ) because of their small sample size , they can be undertaken and analyzed relatively rapidly , and ( c ) because of their smali size and limited geographical focus , they are easily managed . On the negative side , - their specific focus is also a limitation as one can rarely extrapolate results from the sample to the national , or even regional , population ; - in practice , they often don ' t measure such important characteristics as efficiency of end-use devices , the natural resource stock and income or expenditure level ; and - they are one-shot affairs which don ' t allow for comparison of results over time , especially regarding seasonality of fuel use . So , micro-surveys are generally not appropriate for", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 231, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 676, "end": 696, "text": "family budget survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2042, "end": 2055, "text": "micro-surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > country to participate in UNHCR ’ s asylum data monitoring system . In order to ensure comparability over time , UNHCR ’ s database has been updated retroactively by incorporating monthly asylum statistics for the first six new countries since at least 2005 . Monthly data for Italy , however , is available only from 2008 . As a result of this expansion , previous UNHCR reports analysing monthly asylum trends may differ from the current one in terms of scope and data availability , and are thus not necessarily comparable . To the extent possible , the statistics presented in this document reflect the number of asylumseekers lodging an application for the first time . However , it appears that a significant number of countries included in this report cannot distinguish new asylum applications from reopened or repeat claims in their statistical systems . As a consequence , some of the numbers reported to UNHCR are likely to include repeat applications , and therefore do not necessarily reflect the actual number of new asylum-seekers . Moreover , although asylum-seekers are counted only once in each country , the regional numbers are proportionately higher because some individuals seek asylum in more than one country . The data in this report is based on information available as at 9 October 2008 , unless otherwise indicated . * * All figures based on monthly statistics should be considered as provisional and subject to change . * * Due to retroactive changes and adjustments , some of the data included in this publication may differ slightly from those reported in previous UNHCR documents , or from the official annual figures published by States . This is the case , for instance , for Germany ( see the notes in Table 1 for more information ) . All of the data in this document refer to the number of individuals , with the exception of the United States of America and Belgium . Only the number of cases ( which can include several > 1 This report has been prepared by the Field Information and Coordination Support Section ( FICSS ) , Division of Operational Services at UNHCR Headquarters in Geneva . Any questions concerning this document", "spans": [{"start": 190, "end": 215, "text": "monthly asylum statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1380, "end": 1398, "text": "monthly statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ILO LFS pilot study also found that in some contexts words like “ business ” were interpreted mostly as formal enterprises , and so respondents ( often women ) would be less likely to report their work as a business if they were self-employed in informal settings and / or had unpaid supporting roles in the family farm or business . Women in contributing family roles are also considered employed , since it contributes to household profit , but are also often less likely to be identified ( or self-identify ) in this form of employment . The ILO LFS pilot study found that women in contributing family work often tend to identify themselves first as engaged only in domestic work , because of social and cultural norms that diminish the economic value of contributing family work , and since this work is also often conducted with domestic activity . As a result , follow-up or “ recovery ” questions were needed to hone in on this as well as other economic activity ( also see Benes and Walsh , 2018a ; Data2X , 2017 ) . Women respondents in the cognitive testing stage , for example , often said they helped with stocking , storing , and other activities on the farm , but they had to be prompted specifically to report these activities . Figure 3 also shows , based on recent analysis of the ILO pilot data ( Koolwal , 2018 ) , that recovery questions on contributing family work re-classifies substantial shares of men and women — with the greatest effects for rural women — back into employment . Figure 3 . ILO LFS pilot countries : share of men and women re-classified as employed , through recovery questions on contributing family work < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural Urban < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < u > Notes : Similar patterns observed for recovery questions on paid work in agriculture , and to a lesser extent on small / secondary jobs . < / u > Source : Koolwal ( 2018 ) , based on ILO LFS pilot study data accessed at ILO . Careful attention to wording choice , adapted to local context", "spans": [{"start": 1298, "end": 1312, "text": "ILO pilot data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1926, "end": 1950, "text": "ILO LFS pilot study data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 . 10 Accessibility of housing : Proportion of renters who can afford market rent * * Respondents were asked what percentage of people who rent accommodation can afford to pay market rates . Answers were categorized into the following groups : * All * ≥ 75 % * < 75 % Sources : Syria , Gaziantep hubs and XB NFI sector members , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community profile , 266 SDs reporting - 51 sub-districts have less than 75 % of the population who can afford rent . Tartous , Rural Damascus , Homs and Al-Hasakeh - Rent levels are affordable for all in 155 sub-districts ( 60 % of reporting sub-districts ) , including all of Idleb , Damascus and almost all sub-districts in Deir-ez-Zor # # # # * * 2 . 10 . 1 Percentage of renters that can afford market rent , by Governorate ( no . of sub-districts ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 < br > < 75 % < br > 35 1 ≥ 75 % < br > All can Afford < br > 30 9 < br > 8 < br > 25 < br > 20 5 14 < br > 7 < br > 8 < br > 15 3 11 < br > 1 26 < br > 25 < br > 3 < br > 10 8 < br > 6 17 6 < br > 2 14 15 < br > 13 < br > 5 1 9 9 < br > 6 6 1 6 < br > 5 < br > 3 < br > 0 1 < br > Aleppo Al-Hasakeh Ar-Raqqa As-Sweida Damascus Dar ' a Deir-ez-Zor Hama Homs Idleb Lattakia Quneitra Rural Damascus Tartous < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 410, "text": "Urban Community profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Page 22 # # # * * Tajikistan : Education Reform Project ( LIL ) * * # # # * * Annex 1 : Project Design Summary * * | * * Sector-related CAS Goal : * * | * * Sector Indicators : * * | * * Sector / Country Reports : * * | ( from * * Goal to Bank Mission ) * * < br > _ll Gl_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Enhancing critical social services < br > ( Performance of primary education < br > improved ) | . < br > Number of students completing < br > primary education < br > * * * * * < br > number of children attending < br > primary school < br > . < br > satisfactory levels of < br > achievement in mathematics , < br > civics and reading | . < br > Annual statistics / report < br > * * * * * < br > Annual statistics / report < br > . < br > Reports on student < br > achievement testing | _ ( foow up to oa ) _ < br > Successful conclusion of peace < br > process < br > Parents can afford to send their < br > children to school | | _Follow-on operation : _ < br > New teaching methodologies applied < br > nationwide in an institutional way | * * _ * _ * * < br > % of schools using more active < br > teaching techniques < br > . < br > \" active learning \" included in < br > the new curriculum | * * * * * < br > Survey / report < br > * * * * * < br > Analysis of the new curriculum | | | Project Development * * Objective : * * | * * Outcome * * / Impact Indicators : | * * Project Reports : * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 685, "text": "Annual statistics / report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 710, "end": 736, "text": "Annual statistics / report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mission visited Kenya in February 1974 to review the economy ' s prospects and aid requirements in the light cf the changes in commodity prices including increased oil prices . Country data sheets are attached in Annex I . 3 . Kenya has recently celebrated the end of the first decade of Independence . In looking back over the period , Kenya ' s achievements are notable . On taking power at the end of 1963 , the Government inherited a difficult challenge . While Kenya was already rather more developed than many newly independent African nations , the dualistic nature of the economy , which concentrated much of the wealth within the European and Asian communities , tended to overshadow the underlying poverty of the mass of the African people . In 1963 the per capita income in Kenya was around L30 or $ 85 a year . But the per capita income of the African population was probably no more than $ 50 a year , and poverty in the rural areas , where 90 percent of the population lived , was as serious in Kenya as in most African countries . 4 . In terms of overall growth , Kenyals economic performance since Independence has been impressive in almost all respects . During the period since 1964 , GDP has grown at an average rate of about 7 % in real terms , which has allowed significant gains in per capita income despite the high population growth rate . Average per capita income in 1972 had risen to $ 170 , which is about the median for African countries . This growth rate has been triggered by a high and growing rate of investment in both the private", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 196, "text": "Country data sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international remittances is potentially high , given the impermanent nature of overseas migration to the Gulf . A mitigating factor , however , is that a > 10 Migrant households must typically cover the costs of an airline ticket , visa , commission to the recruitment agency , and even bribes ( KMS , 1998 ) . > 11 Investing in assets should provide a return to justify giving up immediate consumption . This need not be financial gains — for example , housing improvements would offer a stream of future utility to the intended beneficiaries , as would durable goods , such as a vehicle , refrigerator , etc . > 12 For example in Qatar , a minimum monthly income of approximately US $ 2 , 192 is required to bring dependents into the country . > 13 Recent data from a 2013 survey of workers residing in dormitory-style accommodations in Qatar show that nearly 60 percent of a worker ’ s annual income is remitted back home . Most of the low and unskilled migrants in the country live in this sort of dwelling . 7", "spans": [{"start": 771, "end": 793, "text": "2013 survey of workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6003 # * * Abstract * * In 2005 India introduced an ambitious national antipoverty program , now called the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme . The program offers up to 100 days of unskilled manual labor per year on public works projects for any rural household member who wants such work at the stipulated minimum wage rate . The aim is to dramatically reduce poverty by providing extra earnings for poor families , as well as empowerment and insurance . If the program worked in practice the way it is designed , then anyone who wanted work on the scheme would get it . However , analysis of data from India ’ s National Sample Survey for 2009 / 10 reveals considerable un-met demand for work in all states . The authors confirm expectations that poorer families tend to have more demand for work on the scheme , and that ( despite the un-met demand ) the self-targeting mechanism allows it to reach relatively poor families and backward castes . The extent of the un-met demand is greater in the poorest states — ironically where the scheme is needed most . Labor-market responses to the scheme are likely to be weak . The scheme is attracting poor women into the workforce , although the local-level rationing processes favor men . This paper is a joint product of the Director ’ s Office , Development Research Group ; South Asia Social Protection Unit ; South Asia Economic Policy and Poverty Unit ; Social Protection and Labor Unit , Human Development Network . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at mravallion @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the", "spans": [{"start": 658, "end": 690, "text": "India ’ s National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in total ) did not come under very serious scrutiny from the donor states until the Soviets had withdrawn and the strategic importance of the Afghan exiles had diminished . As the final section of this paper will suggest , the end of the Cold War has in certain respects facilitated the collection and dissemination of accurate refugee statistics , relieving UNHCR of some of the political pressures to which it was subjected during that period . Even so , events in eastern Zaire in 1996 seemed to demonstrate that the geopolitical interests of the USA and its allies can still impinge very directly upon the question of refugee numbers . In November 1996 , after more than two years in exile , around half a million Rwandans trekked out of eastern Zaire and returned to their country of origin . Within a matter of days , the mass repatriation was over , encouraging some commentators ( including representatives of the US government and the Rwandan authorities ) to declare that the refugee crisis in the Great Lakes region of Africa had effectively been resolved . It soon became clear , however , that the story of the repatriation was less straightforward - and a great deal more tragic - than it first appeared . Contrary to the claim that all of the Rwandans had gone home , there was evidence to suggest that between 500 , 000 and 700 , 000 remained in eastern Zaire , where they were being hunted down and killed by the rebel forces linked to the government in Kigali . At a press conference in Kigali on 23 November 1996 , the US military dismissed such suggestions , claiming that their satellite photos had located only one significant cluster of Rwandans in eastern Zaire . That group , moreover , consisted not of _bona fide_ refugees , but of soldiers and militia members who had been responsible for the 1994 genocide in Rwanda . The political advisor to the Rwandan president adopted a similar position , stating , “ we challenge the UNHCR to give us proof of where those refugees are . Nowhere do the American satellite photographs show up any significant refugee concentrations . ” < sup > 27 <", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 346, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "surveyed , however , unlike for refugees , there were no data for IDPs . < sup > 19 < / sup > A 2003 population-based HIV sero-behavioural survey undertaken in post-conflict areas of Yei and Rumbek in Southern Sudan provides rare data on the region which has a high density of IDPs . The sample population came from the general population aged 15-49 years in Yei town and Rumbek town . Twenty-seven clusters from Yei and 30 clusters from Rumbek were selected and 1034 blood samples from Yei and 962 from Rumbek were tested for HIV . The HIV prevalence in Rumbek town was 0 . 4 % while in Yei it was 2 . 7 % ; the HIV prevalence was significantly higher in Yei town ( 4 . 2 % ) than in rural areas outside of Yei town ( 0 . 7 % ) or in Rumbek town . Using a form of ANC sentinel surveillance in addition to the population-based survey , the HIV prevalence was found to be 2 . 3 % among pregnant women _both_ in the towns of Rumbek and Yei . The area was heavily affected by conflict in the late 1990s , when the Sudan People ’ s Liberation Army succeeded in recapturing both towns in March 1997 . Consequently , at one point in time , 20 % of the population in Rumbek and 45 % of the population in Yei had been internally displaced within Southern Sudan due to the war . < sup > 70 < / sup > However , the sample size was too small to calculate the HIV prevalence for IDPs , and target groups selected for further testing were comprised only of pregnant women and STI patients in Yei and soldiers in both towns . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > The NSP 2003-07 mentions IDPs but has no activities for them . < sup > 71 < /", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 145, "text": "HIV sero-behavioural survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 810, "end": 833, "text": "population-based survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2018 ) ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > We assume that females and males have identical human capital , which is a reasonable assumption in most countries , but we relax this assumption in the next section . Our analysis focuses on the _difference_ between the estimated growth path with and without higher female employment , and hence the specifics of the calibration for each country are differenced out . * * Results . * * The increase in GDP per capita ( GDPPC ) from closing the gender employment gap in MENA countries by 2050 averages around 31 % ( median 34 % ) and as is in between the short run and long run GEGIs in Figure 2 ( green bars ) . The relative sizes of the effects are shown in Figure 3 . < sup > 18 < / sup > The boost to growth is about similar in the long-run GEGI and 2050 LTGM in countries with the smallest gains like Qatar , but are around 30ppts larger in the countries with the largest gaps like Yemen . Across all countries , the gains are about 50 % ( not 50ppts ) larger in the basic 15For the commodity sector : Capital shares in oil and natural gas sectors are set according to GTAP 2004-14 averages ( the other factor is reserves , which generate rents ) . Initial gross exports come from UN Comtrade , initial reserves come from BP Energy ( most recent observation ) , discoveries are set to a historic average from BP-Energy data ) and export prices are set constant , based on World Bank Commodity forecasts from 2021 . > 16The cross-country average is based on potential for future structural transformation based on current share of employment in agriculture : 0 _ . _ 2 % + 5 _ × AgEmpShare_ ( to a maximum of 1 . 5 % ) . > 17Specifically , human capital is based on Learning-adjusted years of schooling and health ( stunting and adult survival rates ) . Human capital embedded in each age cohort , but only boosts productivity for cohorts of working age . Human capital data is taken from the components of the World Bank Human Capital Index , with", "spans": [{"start": 1346, "end": 1360, "text": "BP-Energy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Daily . new confirmed COVID-19 cases per millionwe people - < br > Shown is the rolling 7-day average . The number of confirmed cases is lower than the number of actual cases ; the = < br > main reason for that is limited testing . < br > 1 , 200 < br > 1 , 000 < br > 800 < br > 600 < br > Georgia < br > 400 < br > 200 < br > dordan < br > 0 < br > Mar2 , 2020 Aug 8 , 2020 Nov 16 , 2020 Feb 24 , 2021 Sep 12 , 2021 < br > Source : Johns Hopkins University CSSE COVID-19 Data CC BY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Median age vs . children per woman < br > Theabovemedian the medianage divides as there arethe population with agesin belowtwo parts the median . of equal size : Fertilitythatrateis , representsthere are as themany numberpersons of childrenwith agesthat < br > would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance < br > with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year . < br > Asia < br > 40 years ( Georgia < br > 30 years < br > & Jordan < br > f ( C ] < br > 5 20 years < br > 2 < br > 10 years < br > 0 years xSH $ \\ p > s4j > $ s $ > 4 + $ $ a $ < br > 2 3Children per woman4 5 6 < br > Source : UN Population Division ( 2019 ) ; World Bank OurWorldinData . orgage-structure « CC BY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 513, "text": "CSSE COVID-19 Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Table 4 : * * Regression Discontinuity * * – First Stage This table reports evidence on the program-induced discontinuity in debt relief , based on bank data . The table additionally reports placebo tests using total eligible amount , eligible principal amount and eligible overdue interest . _Debt Relief_ refers to the net amount of debt relief granted . _Eligible Amount , Total_ ( rupees ) refers to the total exante overdue balance to which the program criteria were applied and is the sum of _Eligible Amount , Principal_ and _Eligible Amount , Interest_ . Coefficient estimates are obtained from regressions on treatment status and a local linear control function , using the sample of all surveyed households . Robust standard errors , in brackets , are clustered by bank and district . + p _ < _ 0 . 10 * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 | | Coeffcient | _SE_ | _N_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Implemented Debt Relief | | | | | All Banks | 37 , 156 * * * | [ 1 , 858 ] | 2 , 897 | | Commercial Banks | 44 , 037 * * * | [ 3 , 455 ] | 1 , 475 | | Cooperative Banks | 34 , 339 * * * | [ 1 , 925 ] | 1 , 422 | | Eligible Amount , Total | | | | | All Banks | - 2 , 939 . 7 | [ 3 , 843 ] | 2 , 442 | | Commercial Banks | - 5 , 599 . 5 | [ 5 , 603 ] | 1 , 348 | | Cooperative Banks | 4 , 186 . 5 | [ 4 , 285 ] | 1 , 094 | | Eligible Amount , Principal | | | | | All Banks | - 4 , 517 . 2 | [ 3 , 225 ] | 2 , 443 | | Commercial Banks | - 4 , 850 . 4 | [ 4 , 996 ] | 1 , 349 | | Cooperative Banks |", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 159, "text": "bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of picture text - - > Source : ECB and Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis . Weekly data . FED : FED , Federal funds ( effective ) rate ECB : ECB , Main refinancing operations interest rate BoJ : Bank of Japan , Basic discount rate and basic loan rate BoE : Bank of England , Official bank rate Source : FED , ECB , BoJ , BoE . # * * Lesson 7 : Monetary policy is only as good as the transmission mechanism . * * _ < u > As growth recovery struggled , debates surrounding the effectiveness of different types of monetary instruments and the desired < / u > “ looseness ” of policy abounded . Over time , the ECB ’ s policies_ _ < u > became looser , but were hindered from having a commensurate effect because of structural features of financial markets and / or incomplete restructuring of balance sheets among firms , households and banks . < / u > _ Monetary policy is transmitted through the financial system to borrowers and thus its ability to stimulate demand and manage inflation depends on the structure and incentives in the financial system as well as in the economy at large ( firms and households ) . Structural factors in the financial system include the degree of market competition , the extent of information asymmetries present , volatility and uncertainty , credit risk in the economy , or on the consumer side , costs for bank switching . < sup > 55 < / sup > They also include changes in household preferences or the financial health of borrowers , expectations of global demand and government finances . For example , in a study of interest rate pass through in Portugal , Rocha ( 2012 ) finds that there is incomplete long run pass ‐ through from interbank rates ( an indicator of the monetary policy stance ) to corporate lending rates in the long run . The ECB , studying the four largest euro area countries , France , Germany , Italy and Spain , has also found that policy rate cuts since late 2011 have broadly lowered interest rates to NFCs in France and Germany , but the pass ‐ through", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 87, "text": "Weekly data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project ( P167814 ) # # * * The World Bank * * | Reword the target ‘ Vulnerable people linked to social safety < br > net programs of which at least 25 % were female ’ to ‘ Number < br > of vulnerable people identified for social safety net programs < br > of which at least 50 % are female ’ | To track and measure activities within the remit and control of the project . | | - - - | - - - | | Reword target on ‘ Community Development Plans socio - < br > economic inclusion plans prepared ’ to Number of Community < br > Development Plansprepared and change target from 20 to 30 | To correctly reflect the overall composite plan prepared and not just one of the sub - < br > plans . | | Add new indicator on ‘ Community investment sub-projects in < br > the CDPs co-implemented by communities and counties_ ’ _with < br > a target of 25 | This is new target to measure labour-based community investments initiated | | Add new indicator on ‘ Youth engaged in public works ( Digital < br > Public Works ( DPW ) and LICW ) of which at least 50 % are < br > women ’ with a target of 16 , 000 | This is new target to measure the socio-economic impact of the public works in terms < br > of job creation | | * * Institutional capacity development for slum upgrading * * | | | Add an indicator on ‘ Operational GIS-based Housing and Urban < br > Development Information Hub ’ with a target of 2 | To capture GIS labs that will assist in the management of slum / informal settlement data < br > based at the national level and CoG | | Add an indicator on ‘ Informal settlements / slums mapped under < br > the Project ’ with a target of 500 | Mapping is a significant outcome of the project", "spans": [{"start": 1496, "end": 1527, "text": "slum / informal settlement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "spending on other essentials like education . Handicap International ‟ s Livelihoods assessment ( August 2013 ) < sup > 14 < / sup > also reported that one of the main expenditures for Syrian refugee families is food . On average , food costs USD 227 per month . The VASyR found that the average monthly expenditure per household was approximately USD 774 , half of which was spent on purchasing food . Rent accounted for USD 200 . Oxfam ‟ s Winterisation Baseline ( February 2014 ) study across Lebanon reported that households spend USD 151 to USD 200 on food . > 14 The average family expenditure is difficult to compile ; each NGO uses a different way to calculate it , some NGO will relate on MEB ( Minimum Expenditures Basket ) but the items monitored will vary from one NGO to another . HI has chosen to relate on an average expenditures to the main type of expenditures such as rent , food , HEI , health , transportation , clothes , education and other ( which include communication , water , electricity ) . 26", "spans": [{"start": 267, "end": 272, "text": "VASyR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 442, "end": 464, "text": "Winterisation Baseline", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and increased output . The first two are consistent with the idea of skill-biased technological change embodied in new investment yet they account for only a small fraction of the acceleration in skill-upgrading between the 1980s and 1990s . The increase in output alone predicts almost half of that acceleration , which is really a surprise . Fast growing industries are upgrading their skill mix faster than slow-growing or stable industries . To put the estimated capital-skill complementarity coefficients in context , compare them with U . S . estimates . For U . S . manufacturing the comparable capital-skill complementarity coefficient ( estimated in a similar regression ) in 1959-86 is 0 . 038 ( see Berman , Bound and Griliches , 1994 ) , and for the 1979-86 period is 0 . 064 . Thus , these estimates indicate that capitalskill complementarity in Indian manufacturing increased from an estimated zero in the 1980s to a level in the 1990s comparable to the U . S . level for the 1960s and 1970s . We interpret this as evidence of skill-biased technological change for technology embodied in _new_ capital . Is increased capital-skill complementarity in Indian manufacturing related to the pattern of skill-biased technological change evident in the manufacturing sectors of OECD and middle income countries ? One way to look at this is to ask whether the same industries upgrade skills in different countries at the same time . This cross-country correlation approach has shown consistent patterns of skill upgrading in many industries across countries in the OECD in the 1980s ( Berman , Bound and Machin , 1998 ) . Those same industries generally underwent skillupgrading in middle-income countries in the 1980s as well ( Berman and Machin , 2000 ) . Table 9 reports the result of a similar exercise for our Indian data , in which we ask if skill upgrading in Indian industries in the 1990s is predicted by upgrading in the same industries in previous decades in the U . S . , after accounting for the effects of capital-skill complementarity and increased output . 26", "spans": [{"start": 1821, "end": 1832, "text": "Indian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shock has been accompanied by increases in poverty and unemployment * * . According to the latest Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) , although overall poverty in 2019 / 20 ( 20 . 3 percent ) was slightly lower than in 2016 / 17 ( 21 . 4 percent ) , poverty in the COVID-19 period was significantly higher than in the pre-COVID-19 period . < sup > 1 < / sup > It increased to 21 . 9 percent during the first COVID-19 wave . Rising unemployment and work stoppages have pushed many Ugandans , especially women , back into subsistence agriculture , setting back achievement of the country ’ s development goal of reducing the share of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture as a main source of livelihood from 69 to 55 percent between 2020 / 21 and 2024 / 25 . < sup > 2 < / sup > 3 . * * Uganda is experiencing accelerating impacts from climate change that affect livelihoods in key sectors . * * Rising temperatures and variability in rainfall is producing more intense and longer lasting droughts as well as more frequent , heavy precipitation events leading to flooding and landslides . These vulnerabilities are heightened given the economy ’ s strong reliance on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture and tourism . While women are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change , given their reliance on subsistence agriculture , they are also active in safeguarding resources such as water , giving them important roles in protecting the environment . 4 . * * Supporting women ’ s entrepreneurship holds a critical place in Uganda ’ s efforts to revive its economy . * * Currently , women are less likely than men to be paid employees ( 13 percent of women compared with 23 percent of men ) , and more likely to be self-employed ( 80 percent compared to men ’ s 70 percent ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > In this context , promoting ways for women to grow and expand their businesses is a good option", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 130, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 Human capital accumulation can occur through learning in school and learning at work ( Lagakos et al . , 2018b , a ; World Bank , 2018 ; Rossi , 2020 ; Jedwab et al . , 2021c ) . Macroeconomic events such as downturns affect the accumulation of human capital at work , with potentially persistent consequences . However , _downturns due to pandemics are different_ . Pandemic mitigation measures include not just workplace closures but also school closures . As a result , they _disrupt human capital accumulation not just at work but also at school_ , with potentially severe long-term consequences beyond those of a typical downturn . More generally , national school closures are rare . We explore the potential long-term economic scars from pandemic-induced disruptions to human capital accumulation at school and at work through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic , as both workplaces and schools were shut down around the world . Significant declines in employment occurred as a result of the initial lockdowns , and continued due to behavioral changes . Given that future pandemics are likely to be similarly disruptive , the COVID-19 experience is useful for calibrating the aggregate impact of different pandemic scenarios . In addition , given that the returns to education and experience are known to vary around the world , and given that the COVID-19 shocks to schooling and employment may have affected men and women differently , such an exploration would ideally distinguish between countries at different levels of development , and also study the impact on male and female workers independently . We quantify the aggregate impact of pandemics through a development accounting framework that tracks the accumulation of human capital in the population over time . We calibrate the framework using returns to experience and returns to education by college status and gender that are consistently estimated using 1 , 084 household surveys across 145 countries ( 1990-2016 ) . Finally , we use the framework to compute the short and long term losses from disruptions to human capital accumulation due to pandemic shocks for countries at different income levels , and for men and women separately . We initially treat countries as though they were _symmetrically_ affected . We find that the long-term impact of", "spans": [{"start": 1936, "end": 1953, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the chemical products industry was very different from that of the entire manufacturing sector . There was a substantial drop during the 1991 — 1995 period because of a massive expansion of production capacity in the 1980s , which was not met with an increase in demand . < sup > 17 < / sup > The net entry effect was also small , mostly due to the relatively lower entry and exit rates for the industry . Productivity growth was much higher in the electronic and electrical equipment industry for most of the period examined . While the within effect was the most important factor in this industry ’ s productivity growth , the net-entry effect also made a sizable contribution . Moreover , the between effect played an important role in the 1991 — 1995 and 2001 — 2006 periods , accounting for about 20 percent of productivity growth . The productivity growth rate was also high in transportation . Similar to the other industries , the within effect explained most of the productivity growth , with a relatively small role on the part of net entry and between-plant reallocations . # * * 3 . 5 Alternative Decomposition : Dynamic Olley * * – * * Pakes Method and Results * * Melitz and Polanec ( 2015 ) extend the Olley and Pakes ( 1996 ) productivity decomposition methods to include the contributions of entering and exiting firms to aggregate productivity growth . Using Slovenian manufacturing data , Melitz and Polanec ( 2015 ) showed that other decomposition methods , such as FHK , may overstate the contribution of entry and exit due to differences in the reference ( or benchmark ) productivity . Although we do not find substantial net-entry effects from the FHK decomposition method , we apply the Dynamic Olley Pakes decomposition method ( DOPD ) as an alternative method . Using a similar notation to the FHK in equation ( 2 ) , the > 17 The production capacity of petroleum and chemical products doubled in the 1980s , from 505 , 000 tons in the late 1970s to 1 . 16 million tons ( in terms of ethylene production ) in 1989 . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1377, "end": 1405, "text": "Slovenian manufacturing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "‘ Distance to Policy Frontier ’ implies being farther away from policy best practices . GCI data are from 2007 to 2017 due to data constraints from WEF ’ s GCI database ( the GCI scores are only methodically consistent and comparable across years during this period ) . # III . Population ’ s Engagement and Support for Economic Reforms : Insights from Social Media Drawing insights from social media , this section examines the people ' s engagement and support for current economic reforms in the GCC . As demonstrated by the long-lasting consequences of the Arab Spring , this aspect is critical for the long-term sustainability of economic reforms . Our thesis is that social media can reflect the population ’ s true sentiment toward economic reforms . To our best knowledge , this paper is the first systematic effort to shed light on the general attitude towards economic reforms in the GCC countries . 6", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 168, "text": "GCI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "all restrictions in five priority sectors – air transport , eASEAN , Healthcare , tourism and logistics . By 2015 , ASEAN investors should be allowed to hold up to 70 % of the equity in Indonesian firms in these sectors . These targets are subject to some flexibility ( 15 % ) in the case of sub-sectors of national sensitivity . Implementation of these targets , moreover , requires domestic legislation , including amendments to both the Negative Investment List and relevant sectoral legislation . This Negative Investment List ( NIL ) is probably the most important reference for prospective foreign investors outside Indonesia . It details those sectors from which foreign investment is proscribed , and those sectors that are open , but carry certain restrictions such as location , company size , special permits and foreign equity limits . This list has undergone a number of incarnations . Both before ( 1994 ) and after ( 2000 ) the East Asian crisis the Negative Investment Lists lacked sufficient meaningful detail . With the landmark Investment Law of 2007 , a new List was developed which was supposed to be the single , comprehensive reference point for > 4 A recent study by Borchert , Gootiiz and Matoo ( 2012 ) reveals that the higher the GDP per capita of a country , the lower the services trade restrictions they impose . . Interestingly , when the set of countries is restricted to those in the East Asia Pacific region , the relationship is inverted : countries with higher GDP per capita tend to impose higher restrictions in services trade . . > 5 Instead , at GATS it remains less active . The World Bank ’ s GATS Restrictiveness Index , that measures the extent of GATS commitments toward liberalization of a given country , shows Indonesia with a score of 9 . 52 , while the average for East Asia-Pacific is 22 . 08 ( 0 indicates no commitments , 100 indicates fully liberalized ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1635, "end": 1661, "text": "GATS Restrictiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 479 * * | * * 28 , 400 * * | * * 27 , 683 * * | * * 94 , 717 * * | * * 104 , 019 * * | * * 402 , 666 * * | * * 1 , 340 , 411 * * | * * 9 , 877 , 707 * * | * * 4 , 474 , 092 * * | 1 According to the Government of Algeria , there are an estimated 165 , 000 Sahrawi refugees in the Tindouf camps . 2 With the introduction of the new Immigration Act in 2005 , the Central Aliens Register now encompasses new residence categories and simultaneously refines previous ones , allowing for a better differentiation of refugee statistics . The refugee data included in this table is an estimate . 3 UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . According to a 2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan and subsequent voluntary repatriation during the year , there are an additional 1 . 3 million Afghans living outside camps , some of whom may be refugees . Those Afghans living outside camps receive no UNHCR assistance except UNHCR-facilitated voluntary repatriation . These figures are currently under review as result of the registration of Afghans which took place in Pakistan from October 2006 to February 2007 .", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 385, "text": "Central Aliens Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 536, "end": 548, "text": "refugee data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 698, "end": 743, "text": "2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1071, "end": 1094, "text": "registration of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Clinton was ignorant of the facts on the ground or chose to disregard them , her implication that China has been extracting Africa ’ s wealth for itself is utterly wide of the truth . ” < sup > 26 < / sup > This study uses data gathered from the home and host countries as well as individual companies to suggest that neither the US Secretary of State nor China ’ s Xinhua News Agency were correct in their statements . The fact is that Chinese investment in Africa is far from monolithic and is growing increasingly diverse and dynamic . The study shows an underlying factor behind this evolution : the rising role played by the private sector . Whereas large SOEs continue to be important players in areas of infrastructure and resource-based activities , the private sector has indisputably led the way by contributing to the non-traditional manufacturing sector in many parts of Africa . This diverse trend has had a wide-ranging impact on Africa ’ s development . The injection of private capital , technology and entrepreneurial ideas offers host countries significant economic opportunities , especially in early industrialization and job creation . For these reasons , they are particularly welcome by African host countries . Nevertheless , private Chinese firms invest in Africa based on pure self-interest , i . e . , seeking profits . This is what fundamentally distinguishes them from official aid or many investment projects led by their SOE compatriots . However , profit-driven investment does not bring one-sided benefits only . Well utilized , it can generate significant economic benefits for host countries – the reason one sees countries around the world competing for foreign direct investment . An interesting finding of this study is that not only the motives but also the basic behavior of private Chinese investors are similar to those of other international investors . They make decisions on where to invest by pretty much the same determinants , i . e . , market gain , production cost saving , resource and raw materials access , and risks perceived , including those imbedded in the investment environment . In fact , one may argue that the surge in private Chinese investment overseas reflects less the rising economic power of China", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 269, "text": "data gathered from the home and host countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "performance . Institutions from Eastern Europe and Central Asia and those from South Asia out-performed those from other regions in terms of financial self-sufficiency . An institution ’ s age and size are significantly positively linked to financial performance across all three indicators . < sup > 14 < / sup > Finally , neither the indicator for being constituted formally as a for-profit bank nor the average loan size variable are strongly linked to the financial performance indicators . The latter result shows that , even after controlling for region and other covariates , institutions that make smaller loans are not less profitable on average . < sup > 15 < / sup > Given the maximum and minimum values for our variables in Table 1 , there is some concern that outliers partly drive the results . We therefore use a robust estimation technique that weights observations based on the absolute value of their residuals , in which observations with large residuals are assigned smaller weights ( Appendix B Table 1 ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > Those results are similar to the base results , although there are a few minor differences . First , the coefficient on the portfolio yield is no longer significant in the OSS specifications , which could be because outliers were driving that result in Table 7 . This also could be an indication of the importance of the adjustments to the raw data made by the MIX . That is , the unadjusted OSS data might have included outliers that drove a spurious positive correlation with yields . In any event , the yield coefficient in the FSS and ROA regressions remains positive and significant . The coefficients and significance levels for the costs variables are also similar to the base specifications , as are the > 14 In addition to controlling for age in the base regressions , we also ran models on subsets of MFIs of similar vintage ( 5-20 years old ) . Because the performance indicators for young MFIs are widely dispersed , our results are at least as strong when we restrict the sample in this way . See Appendix A for reasons why data from young MFIs might be most in need of adjustment .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( i . e . , the native population ) and an out-group ( i . e . , the refugees ) reduces prejudice if the following features characterise the contact situation : firstly , _equal status_ of the groups in the situation , which means that the two groups are equally engaged in the relationship and ideally have similar backgrounds and characteristics . Secondly , the groups work together on _common goals_ , which should not be achieved in competition but rather in _intergroup cooperation_ . Thirdly , _personal interaction_ with cross-group members . Lastly , _support of authorities_ , law , or custom . This paper contributes to this extensive literature by highlighting the important role of resettlement policies in creating favourable conditions for positive intergroup contact . By providing refugees with farmland and making the self-sufficient , the League of Nations reduced the competition with natives in the labor market . By opening new schools , constructing new roads and dispensaries , the Leagues ’ public utility program further helped mitigate the risk of congestion and overcrowding caused by the sudden refugee inflow . Granting the citizenship also contributed to equal status between the newcomers and the locals . # * * 4 Research Design * * # # * * 4 . 1 Data * * # # # * * 4 . 1 . 1 Historical data on the refugees * * The primary data source to identify the spatial distribution of the refugee inflow is the 1928 population census . < sup > 15 < / sup > This dataset provides information on the number of refugees for reach of the 140 provinces and 5 , 042 municipalities that existed in Greece in 1928 . While the main variable of interest is the population share of refugees in 1928 , I also draw on the 1923 refugee census at the municipality level to check the robustness of the analysis to using the distribution of refugees in 1923 . < sup > 16 < / sup > The 1928 census provides a rich set of information on the socio-economic characteristics , e . g . , literacy rate by age and professions , of the total Greek population and of the refugees separately . It also tabulates the characteristics", "spans": [{"start": 1435, "end": 1457, "text": "1928 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1733, "end": 1752, "text": "1923 refugee census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1892, "end": 1903, "text": "1928 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8811 # * * Abstract * * E-commerce has developed rapidly in China , and Taobao Villages , which are villages significantly engaged in e-commerce , are prospering in rural areas . E-commerce is fostering entrepreneurship and creating flexible and inclusive employment opportunities , including for women and youth . This paper examines the role of e-commerce participation in household income growth , drawing from a survey of representative Taobao Villages in 2017 . The paper presents three main findings . First , e-commerce participation is not random : participation is higher among the households with younger household heads , with secondary education , particularly those with technical and vocational education , urban work experience , and knowledge of e-commerce . Second , e-commerce participation is associated with higher household income , with some indications that participation has a strong positive effect on household incomes . Third , e-commerce appears to yield benefits that are broadly shared among participants in an equitable way in Taobao Villages . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at xluo @ worldbank . org and cniu @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 486, "text": "survey of representative Taobao Villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* refugee settlements * * | 5 . Established municipalities which include refugee camps and settlements , and < br > host community areas ( Number ) | # # * * E . Disbursement Linked Indicators and Verification Protocols * * 56 . * * DLIs are specific to each of the grant types ( Table 10 ) * * . All are annual and scalable , based on APA results . DLI 1 will trigger disbursements based on APA results for the UIG , and it will be annual and scalable , triggering disbursements that are multipliers of the number of counties that comply with UIG MCs . DLIs 2 to 5 will trigger disbursements based on APA results with respect to the number of urban boards that meet the PSs for accessing UDGs , around the four RAs . DLIs 2 to 5 will be annual and scalable , triggering disbursements that vary as a function of urban board performance . DLIs 6 and 7 will be applicable to qualifying refugee hosting counties and urban boards . DLI 6 will be disbursed based on the scores met by counties on the WHR UIG MCs while DLI7 will be based on scores achieved on WHR UDG MCs and PSs . * * Table 10 . Disbursement Linked Indicators * * | * * DLI * * | * * Grant * * < br > * * MC / PS * * | * * Amount ( US $ ) * * | * * GCRF Pillar * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | DLI 1 : Participating counties have developed and are < br > implementinga climate resilient CUIDS | UIG MC | 24 , 750 , 000 | Strengthening Policies , | | DLI 2 : Participating urban boards have strengthened < br > their institutional performance for inclusive and < br > resilient service delivery and have adequate staffing < br > and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specific sub-components of generic management scores and energy intensity in value and quantity terms , we find that the practices that matter most seem to differ for manufacturing and services sectors . These practices also influence energy intensity in expenditure and physical units differently . Specifications ( 1 ) - ( 3 ) in Table 4 show the relationship between management sub-scores ( target-setting , monitoring , operations and incentives ) and energy intensity in value terms . While target-setting practices matter for reducing energy intensity ( expenditure ) in manufacturing , these practices have statistically insignificant correlation for energy use in services . None of the other management practices seem to matter for energy use in services . Our results differ from Boyd and Curtis ( 2014 ) for the United States , who document that effective monitoring , incentive structures and particularly lean manufacturing operations are associated with a reduction in energy use , while the implementation of production targets ( conditional on other practices ) is found to increase energy consumption . The reason may be due to the fact that the World Management Survey , which was used to measure management practices in the United States in Boyd and Curtis ( 2014 ) , refers to production targets , whereas the WBES definition is broader and explicitly includes examples such as “ production volume , quality , efficiency , waste , or on-time delivery ” in the question on target-setting practices . Appendix Table A10 , columns ( 1 ) - ( 5 ) , reveals that the target-setting practices matter especially for moderate and low energy intensive firms . < sup > 15 < / sup > Specifications ( 4 ) - ( 6 ) in Table 4 show that there is a positive relationship in manufacturing firms between monitoring practices and energy intensity in physical quantity terms . While target-setting improves energy efficiency in value terms , monitoring production and performance of firms is actually associated with a worsening of the physical energy intensity in manufacturing , perhaps because more energy-intensive firms are more motivated to invest in monitoring capabilities . As for services , we do not find evidence of association of management with energy efficiency , both in value and in physical unit terms . >", "spans": [{"start": 1163, "end": 1186, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 29 - # # * * VI . * * PROJECT JUSTIFICATION # # * * A . Benefits and Beneficiaries * * 6 . 01 The main project benefits would accrue to the Kenyan economy as a whole . The quantified benefits , used in the economic analyses , were road user cost savings for periodic maintenance , road rehabilitation and road improvements . However , in the case of major capacity improvement works in Nairobi , time savings of road users , including passengers , provide the main source of quantifiable benefits . Unquantified benefits would also accrue as a result of reduced traffic congestion ( less air and noise pollution ) , better traffic management ( less vehicle accidents and increased safety for bicycles and pedestrians ) , street lighting maintenance and improvements ( better security ) , improvement of bus stations and footpath / bicycle-path improvements ( better service and increased traffic safety ) . Indirect benefits would result from improved access to the workplace and to living areas of the poor ( only partially quantified by the economic value of time-savings ) and improved drainage ( facilitating malaria control ) . The impact of institutional strengthening , dissemination of the technical expertise and improved management procedures could benefit planning and execution of similar improvements throughout the country . Finally , the project would support and improve capacity of the local authorities to better manage their service delivery and development programs . 6 . 02 The primary direct beneficiaries would be motorized road users and the non-motorized road users ( pedestrians and cyclists , among whom are numbered predominantly lower income groups , including the urban poor ) . Among the former , less directly , would be the passengers using public transport ( again , substantial numbers of poor ) . Analysis of traffic data , for roads included in the first phase rehabilitation and periodic maintenance works , showed that around 75 % of passenger trips were by bus or light goods vehicles and only 25 % by car . Improved roads will lead to improved bus services . In addition , a number of road improvements are specifically targeted at the", "spans": [{"start": 1847, "end": 1859, "text": "traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "after Peru had received a low-interest rate IMF-loan ( Hudson , 1993 : 174 ) , while Robert Mugabe ’ s behavior first deteriorated during the 1980s - a decade in which his government was well-funded thanks to large aid inflows . < sup > 29 < / sup > These aid inflows were meant to reward Mugabe for his benevolent behavior . Paradoxically , our model however implies that through this reward-system , Mugabe ’ s promising start may actually have contributed to his subsequent derailment ( also see Meredith ( 2009 : 81 ) who recounts how Mugabe abused aid donations for purposes of repression ) . At the same time , Daniel arap Moi ’ s rule of Kenya became less repressive after the US reduced their aid flows to Moi ’ s regime once it had become of less strategic interest following the collapse of the USSR . < sup > 30 < / sup > This suggests that policies aimed at limiting the amount of fungible resources available to a non-accountable ruler can be useful . The reason is > 29From 1979 to 1984 , foreign aid to Zimbabwe increased by a factor 32 ( measured in 2011 dollars , it went from 26 to 849 million dollars according to World Bank data ) . Over the same five year period , aid to neighboring and similarly-populated Angola only doubled ( it went from 120 to 285 million dollars ) . > 30According to World Bank data , aid to Kenya fell from 2 billion dollars in 1989 to 442 million in 1999 ( all measured in 2011 dollars ) - a reduction of more than 75 percent . 26", "spans": [{"start": 1133, "end": 1148, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) # # # * * C . Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements * * * * 67 . The Project will build on significant advances already made by the GoK in supporting women entrepreneurs . * * Certain products will be developed that will cater to women entrepreneurs , such as those using digital platforms . The Project will rigorously measure any differential impacts on male and female owned MSMEs . Gender disaggregated data ( in addition to the RF indicators ) will be collected for all firmlevel indicators , namely the number of MSMEs receiving loans and the number of MSMEs receiving technical assistance . In addition to monitoring the number and proportion of male-owned and femaleowned MSMEs accessing services , a potential impact evaluation will focus on understanding any differences in business growth for male and female-owned enterprises that participate in the Project . * * 68 . An M & E strategy will be developed within 90 days after project effectiveness and implemented throughout the Project to measure the results of interventions under the Project . * * This strategy will ensure that key information is regularly collected and tracked so that implementing agencies can measure the progress towards the Project objectives . The Project will also fund an independent monitoring agent ( to be hired within 6 months after project effectiveness ) to provide an added layer of physically monitoring the flow and use of project funds , including for Component 1 and 2 . The Project will also include a set of additional indicators to monitor its advancement . The progress of these indicators will be measured periodically and reported as part of the semiannual progress reports . A midterm review will be conducted mid-way through the Project , and an Implementation Completion and Results Report will be prepared within six months of project completion . * * 69 . The M & E strategy will be supported by a communication plan that will be implemented during the life of the Project . * * As part of the communication strategy ,", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 526, "text": "Gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ The baseline survey further indicated availability and utilization of a range of household amenities including cooking space and toilets used by households . Accordingly , 91 . 7 % of the surveyed households use a separate kitchen for cooking , 5 . 5 % cook inside a living room , and 2 . 8 % in open space . Regarding toilets , 89 . 5 % of the sampled households use a private toilet ( pit latrine ) , while 10 . 5 % of them still use open fields . # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 2 Household Energy Sources * * Based on the socioeconomic survey , households in the Subproject influence area use a combination of different lighting sources due to limited coverage and lack of reliable grid system . 64 . 1 % of the sampled households confirmed that electricity is the primary lighting source for their household . The households within the Subproject influence area access electricity service through hook-up from neighbours . Solar lanterns are the second most important source of household lighting for 35 . 4 % of the studied households . Kerosene Lamp and flashlight are also among household lighting source for the surveyed households in Subproject influence area With respect to cooking fuels , firewood is the single most important cooking fuel used in 99 . 4 % of the households surveyed . The other important cooking fuel source for the households is crops residue which is reported by 56 . 4 % of the sample households . The proportion of households using charcoal and dung for cooking purposes is only 1 . 2 % of the households . # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 3 Access to Potable Water * * Improved access to potable water sources is very vital for the wellbeing of human beings . With the regard to household access to potable water sources , about 95 . 0 % of the surveyed households reported to have and the", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 172, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 671, "end": 691, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 2 < br > Adjusted Weekly Hours Worked , 1996 < br > 50 . 0 < br > 45 . 0 < br > 40 . 0 < br > 35 . 0 < br > 30 . 0 < br > 25 . 0 < br > 20 . 0 < br > 15 . 0 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Primary Primary L-Secon . L-Secon . U-Secon . U-Secon . The Mix - The The Low - < br > Teacher Pub . Teacher Priv . Teacher Pub . Teacher Priv . Teacher Pub . Teacher Priv . Skilled Group Agricultural Skilled Group < br > Sch Sch Sch . Sch Sch Sch Group < br > Urban Rural < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own estimates based on ENIGH survey # _Secondary Occupation_ As mentioned above , teachers work fewer hours than the other occupational groups . It is relevant to examine how many hours on average teachers devote to their secondary occupation . Table 4 shows the secondary occupation shares by occupational categories , or the percentage of people that have a secondary occupation . On the whole , for all occupational groups the secondary occupation share is larger in the rural areas than the share of a secondary occupation is for the urban areas , excepting upper secondary teachers in public schools . In particular , note that the secondary occupation share for teachers in basic public schools is significantly larger than the secondary occupation share for the teachers in basic private schools . Yet if one compares the secondary occupation share for the teachers in basic public schools with regards to the upper secondary teachers occupation share , the pattern is the opposite , especially in the urban areas . In addition , one can compare the teacher secondary occupation shares and the hours-worked in secondary occupation relative to _the mixed-skilled_ group . The table below shows that the secondary occupation shares of teachers in public schools are larger than the shares of secondary occupation for _the mixed-skilled_ group", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 605, "text": "ENIGH survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rate was 3 . 2 % between 1991 and 2002 , Bulisa ’ s population grew at a rate of 2 . 7 % . The population growth rate in Bulisa is explained by the high fertility levels ( about five children per mother ) and migrants from West Nile and Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) . # # # * * b ) Household characteristics * * There is no access to grid electricity in entire District and the majority of households in rural settings use paraffin or candles for lighting while 98 % of households use wood for cooking . Domestic water is obtained from boreholes , protected springs and the lake . More than two-thirds of households have adequate clothing ( at least two sets per person ) . Less than one half of the households take sugar daily and 45 % have a separate blanket for every child less than 18 years of age < sup > 2 < / sup > . The 2002 census further revealed that only 19 % of dwelling units were made of permanent roofing , floor and wall materials . Most dwellings in rural areas are built in mud and wattle . Only 42 % of households have pit latrines hence sanitation related diseases are prevalent . Salient social baseline aspects identified in the project area are : - High prevalence of HIV / AIDs ( typical to lakeshore / fishfolk communities ) > 1 _ibid , _ p . 15 . > _2 UBOS ( 2002 ) . Uganda Population and Housing Census , Uganda Bureau of Statistics , Kampala Uganda_", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 848, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1304, "end": 1340, "text": "Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "each year , increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration by about 2 ppm . The city concentration anomalies in Figure 2 have the same order of magnitude , thus highlighting the global significance of inter-city variation . Methods for direct conversion of city residuals to CO2 emissions are still in the research phase . Several recent studies ( e . g . Ye et al . 2020 ; Wu et al . 2020 ) compare OCO-2-based city concentration anomalies ( ∆ CO2OCO2 ) with anomalies ( ∆ CO2E ) estimated by combining atmospheric transport models with city-level data from global emissions inventories ( principally ODIAC ( Oda , Maksyutov and Andres 2018 ) ) . For the scaling factor [ R = ∆ CO2OCO2 / ∆ CO2E ] , Ye et al . ( 2020 ) find values of 1 . 6-1 . 9 for Riyadh , 2 . 4-2 . 9 for Cairo , and 2 . 9-3 . 2 for Los Angeles . In all three cases , city concentration anomalies calculated from standard emissions inventories significantly underestimate the anomalies in OCO-2 observations . These discrepancies may incorporate errors in sector-level activity data or emissions parameters employed by emissions inventories , as well as exclusion of some sectors from the inventories . For each city studied , a mid-range R-factor could be used to adjust its inventory-based emissions estimate . Over time , accurate estimation of R-factors for more cities may permit larger-scale adjustment of urban CO2 emissions inventory estimates . The research reported in this paper contributes by quantifying the incremental contributions of multiple sectors to city-level OCO-2 concentration anomalies . Follow-on research could construct sector-level R-factors for adjusting emissions inventories at the sector level . Longer-term , R-factor research may succeed in dropping its current dependence on emissions inventories and produce methods for direct estimation of CO2 emissions 10", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 585, "text": "global emissions inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 600, "end": 605, "text": "ODIAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1801, "text": "emissions inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . * * * * < u > Data < / u > * * # ( a ) < u > Students ’ census evaluation < / u > The experiment was designed to assess the impact of the ‘ GYM package ’ using results from the annual students ’ census evaluation ( _Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes_ , ECE ) administered by MINEDU . The strategy of asking teachers from grades seven and eight to implement the ‘ GYM session ’ generated two separate evaluation cohorts : the eighth-grade cohort assessed in the ECE 2015 , and the seventh-grade cohort assessed in the ECE 2016 . First introduced at the secondary education level in 2015 , the ECE administers _Mathematics_ and _Reading Comprehension_ tests to all students enrolled in grade eight . < sup > 17 < / sup > In 2016 , the evaluation included a _History , Geography and Economics_ test . These are our key outcomes measures . The ECE in 2015 and 2016 were administered in mid-November . All pupils were requested to sit their exams on the same dates throughout the entire Peruvian geography . Test content and marking were carried out centrally by MINEDU , while the administration of the tests was under the supervision of a bespoke team of enumerators . The ECE data set provides individual test scores for all participating students . Based on these scores , students are classified into four groups according to their level of learning : ‘ Before beginning ’ , ‘ Beginning ’ , ‘ In process ’ and ‘ Satisfactory ’ . Only those in the ‘ Satisfactory ’ group have achieved a learning level consistent with their current grade . In 2015 , this accounted for 9 . 5 % in _Mathematics_ and 14 . 7 % in _Reading Comprehension_ for all the student populations in the eighth grade . Apart from test scores , the ECE also collects pupil background data via a self-administered questionnaire , which includes standard modules on household , parental and student socioeconomic characteristics , one question on education expectations ( ¿ What is the highest education level you expect to achieve ? ) and , in the ECE 2015 only , two Likert scales to measure students", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 83, "text": "Students ’ census evaluation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1179, "end": 1191, "text": "ECE data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1743, "end": 1764, "text": "pupil background data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Contribution Country * * | * * Liberia * * | * * Ethiopia * * | * * Rwanda * * | * * Nigeria * * | * * Zambia * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Localjob creation ? | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | Local industrialization ? | X | √ | √ | √ | X | | Technology transfer ? | X | X | X | X | X | | Overall | n / a | √ | √ | √ | √ | _Source : Shen and Zai . _ Several host countries provided specific data on jobs generated by Chinese investment projects . In Nigeria , 600 or so Chinese businesses generated approximately 69 , 000 jobs by 2011 ; in Ethiopia , 290 Chinese firms provided 35 , 000 regular jobs and nearly 40 , 000 seasonal jobs by the same time . In Liberia and Rwanda , where employment data are also available , over 3 , 000 jobs were reported in each case . Responding host governments also gave their specific concerns regarding Chinese investment . As seen in Table 2 , there are a number of concerns shared by host countries , with “ increased competition hurting local industries ” at the top . “ Poor labor standards ” are also commonly mentioned . Further , three out of the five countries found it difficult to communicate with Chinese firms due to “ language and cultural barriers . ” Finally , two countries expressed concerns about “ poor environment standards ” and one expressed concerns about “ immigration . ” * * Table 2 : Concerns of African Governments about Chinese Investment * * | * * Concern Country * * | * * Liberia * * | * * Ethiopia * * | * * Rwanda * * | * * Nigeria * * | * * Zambia * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | *", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 723, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were generally conducted in environments where such a contract was embedded in enduring family and patron-client relationships or where effort was easily monitored . Even within households , imperfections in land and labor markets , together with the inability to commit , may prevent individuals from achieving an optimal allocation of productive factors . For plot level panel data from Burkina Faso , Udry ( 1995 ) finds that reallocation of factors from male to female controlled plots within the same household could increase output by 6 % - less than half of the estimated output loss from imperfect allocation of productive factors at the village level ( 13 % ) , but still significant . One interpretation is that , by \" renting \" out land to their husband , women would risk losing these rights . In the absence of other assets that could be transferred from the husband to the wife to provide assurance , they fail to do so , despite the productivity increases that this might entail . All this implies that , although land rental markets can not completely eliminate structural impediments and bring about a fully efficient allocation of land in an economy , they can go a long way in bringing the operational distribution of holdings closer to the optimum . However , in quite a few countries , the extent of land rental markets has been greatly diminished by large landowners reluctance to engage tenants due to concern for potential challenges to their property rights . Furthermore , rental markets ' potential to increase overall welfare was not well understood by governments . Consequently , the static productivity loss entailed in sharecropping tended to induce interventions that have limited the extent of rental transactions , thus causing a larger inefficiency in resource allocation . We turn now to discuss these and other policy issues related to land markets . # * * 4 POLICY ISSUES * * This section draws the main policy conclusions from our earlier discussion , focusing on clarification and adjudication of property rights , ways to improve the functioning of land sales and rental markets , and redistributive land reform . These three steps form somewhat of a sequence , in the sense that it is difficult to improve the functioning", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 401, "text": "plot level panel data from Burkina Faso", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER # * * The World Bank * * | | established in host communityschools . | | - - - | - - - | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Health and Rehabilitation Service Reports , Progress Reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The number is calculated by calculating the number of newly established IERCs by the Program . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) , Inclusive Education resource centers | | Indicator Name | New * * Refugee Primary schools integrated into the national education system ( Number ) DLI * * | | | This indicator measures the number of refugee primary schools , with annexed pre-primary education , located in refugee-hosting regions ( Afar , Amhara , < br > Benishangul-Gumuz , Gambella , and Somali ) that have been fully integrated into the national education system . This indicator will also measure the number < br > ofrefugee schools implementing the REG components at a minimum level < br > Integration is defined based on the following criteria : < br >  < br > Registration in EMIS | | Description |  < br > Governance Structures : Alignment with national administrative structures ; Establishment of functional governance structures ( e . g . , Parent – < br > Teacher – Student Associations ) , < br >  < br > Inclusion in government financing / budget mechanisms and school grant access < br >  < br > Deployment of MoE – compliant staffing ( reasonably available staffing in the host-region ) < br >  < br > National Curriculum and Assessment : Use of the national curriculum and TLMs and Participation in national assessment systems < br >  < br > Supervision and", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 269, "text": "Health and Rehabilitation Service Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | | Urban | 35 . 5 % | 22 . 6 % | 32 . 5 % | | Rural | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 4 % | 0 . 7 % | | N ' Djamena | 51 . 0 % | 43 . 8 % | 49 . 6 % | _Source : Chad DHS ( 2015 ) and author ' s calculations_ 7 . The gap in electricity access is also visible when looking at quintiles of wealth , although it only becomes sizable when the highest quintile is considered . Among all male-headed households in the top quintile , 40 . 9 percent have access to electricity while the rate lowers to 29 . 79 percent for female-headed households . * * Table 5 . 3 : Households with access to electricity , by sex of head and wealth quintile * * | * * Location * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | * * All * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | poorest | 0 . 01 % | 0 . 03 % | 0 . 01 % | | poorer | 0 . 22 % | 0 . 01 % | 0 . 18 % | | middle | 0 . 54 % | 0 . 05 % | 0 . 46 % | | richer | 1 . 52 % | 1 . 52 % | 1 . 52 % | | richest | 40 . 86 % | 29 . 79 % | 38 . 50 % | _Source : Chad DHS ( 2015 ) and author ' s calculations_ 8 . * * Access to electricity for cooking : * * Most households in Chad rely on wood for cooking ( 87 . 8 percent ) followed by charcoal ( 6 . 5 percent of all households ) . Only 2 . 9 percent of households use either electricity , LPG , or natural gas as their main fuel for cooking . 3 . 1 percent of male-headed households", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 154, "text": "Chad DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper investigates and compares the evidence of the drivers of job loss from two countries . It provides an evidence base for quantifying further risk of job loss and econometric results to inform the construction of a risk index . Our methodology holds the promise to be applied in a broader set of countries as well . Our comparative findings suggest some degree of generalizability of risk factors – and in particular the importance of closures , customer infection risk ( especially when cases and transmission are high ) , supply chain disruptions , and other sector-specific shocks to consumer demand . Despite Jordan and Georgia ’ s having different macroeconomic contexts and labor market structures , we find that they shared similar main drivers of job loss at the firm level , and the magnitudes of impact of those drivers was very similar for each . Feasible approaches for broadening the application of our methodology and findings are likely to vary according to countries ’ data availability . Where sufficient firm-level and labor force data exist , analysts can follow the same steps to derive and utilize country-specific coefficients , considering all possible risk factors observed at the firm or occupation level . Alternatively , analysts can assign a job loss risk value based on a rescaled index using our coefficient estimates . Although it is never perfectly safe to assume external validity , in the absence of other country-specific evidence or data , where our coefficient estimates are similar for the two countries , it may be justified to use them for other middle-income countries . Where firm or other data on initial shocks to sales ( or its drivers , such as closures ) exist , but data on other variables do not , the estimated effect of sales shocks can be linked to jobs in the latest labor force survey . We propose improvements to future firm surveys that would facilitate the ex-ante assessment and empirical understanding of jobs impacts , not only of future crises , but also of key labor market dynamics in non-crisis times . The rapid evolution of COVID-19 has highlighted the need for more detailed firm-level data ( from formal and informal firms , ideally , with more than one employee ) on their", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1062, "text": "firm-level and labor force data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1829, "end": 1847, "text": "labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1877, "end": 1896, "text": "future firm surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expert assessments of the quality of policies and institutions produced by the African Development Bank ( Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ) , Asian Development Bank ( Country Performance Assessment ) , World Bank ( Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ) , and the International Fund for Agriculture and Development ( Rural Sector Performance Assessment ) . These assessments all cover a similar set of topics relating to policy and institutional performance and are scored by staff of these organizations , often located in the countries they assess , using a structured methodology and clear scoring benchmarks . All four organizations use > 6 See Kraay and Murrell ( 2016 ) for a discussion of respondent reticence and ways to measure it . > 7 For example , we do not use data from the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index because it simply is a compilation of existing data sources , in the same way that the WGI are . In addition , we have over time dropped specific questions and specific data sources from the WGI when their methodologies have changed to rely explicitly on other data sources . This includes selected dimensions of the Heritage Foundation ’ s Index of Economic Freedom , as well as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Index . 7", "spans": [{"start": 807, "end": 862, "text": "Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1247, "end": 1312, "text": "European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _None . _", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 365, "end": 388, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "38 . _As shown in the Box below , in recent years , anti-corruption efforts have become more high-profile and visible . _ This is demonstrated by Cabinet reshuffles , several high-profile arrests and arraignments in court , property reclaimed , assets recovered , and illegal structures destroyed . There has been increased funding to select anti-corruption agencies . The World Bank through various projects and programs continues to support some of these efforts . While much remains to be done , these measures appear to be achieving results . For example , Kenya has improved its ranking in the most recent Transparency International Corruption Perception Index ( 2020 ) by 13 places ( to 124th / 179 ) ; as recently as 2018 , Kenya ranked 144th . Recent Anti-Corruption Efforts : - Adopting a new digital platform for public sector procurement and attendant regulations , to improve transparency and the accountability of public spending ( supported by the Kenya DPO series ) . - Strengthening institutions that are mandated to fight corruption , such as the Attorney General ’ s Office , the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission , the Department of Criminal Investigations , and the Office of the Director of Public Prosecution . The GoK has established a Multi-Agency Team on Corruption to enhance coordinated investigation and prosecution . The intensification of the fight against corruption has led to unprecedented arrests of several senior politicians and government officials , and the return of embezzled funds . - Increasing funding for anti-corruption institutions : for instance , between FY 2014 / 15 and FY 2018 / 19 , allocations to the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission increased by 67 percent and 153 percent respectively . - Issuing executive orders to ensure public servants ’ compliance with rules on ethics ( Executive Order No . 6 , 2016 ) and on public procurement ( Executive Order No2 of 2018 ) . - Vetting all Procurement Heads and Heads of Accounts of government agencies to screen out corrupt officials ; and conducting of lifestyle audits on public officers", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 665, "text": "Transparency International Corruption Perception Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References : * * Anós Casero , P . and Seshan , G . ( 2006 ) , “ Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials and Returns to Education in Djibouti ” , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3923 . Blinder , A . ( 1973 ) , “ Wage Discrimination : Reduced Form and Structural Estimates ” , _Journal of Human Resources_ , 8 ( 4 ) : 436 – 55 . Blinder , A . ( 1976 ) , \" On Dogmatism in Human Capital Theory \" , _Journal of Human Resources_ , 11 ( 1 ) : 8 – 22 . Blomquist , S . ( 1978 ) , \" Wage Rates and Personal Characteristics \" , Vancouver , B . C . : Department of Economics , University of British Columbia , Discussion Paper 78 – 20 . Gibson , J . ( 2009 ) , “ The Public Sector Pay Premium , Compensating Differentials and Unions : Propensity Score Matching Evidence from Australia , Canada , Great Britain and the United States ” , _Economics Bulletin_ , 29 ( 3 ) : 2325 – 32 . Gregory , R . and Borland , J . ( 1999 ) , “ Recent Development in Public Sector Labor Markets ” in Handbook of Labor Economics , edited by O . Ashenfelter and D . Layard . Amsterdam , North Holland . Heckman , J . ( 1979 ) , “ Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error ” , _Econometrica_ , 47 ( 1 ) : 153 — 162 . Heitmueller , A . ( 2006 ) , “ Public-Private Sector Pay Differentials in a Devolved Scotland ” , _Journal of Applied Economics_ , 9 ( 2 ) : 295 – 323 . Holmlund , B . ( 1993 ) , “ Wage Setting in Private and Public Sectors in a Model with Endogenous Government Behavior ” , _European Journal of Political Economy_ , 9 ( 2 ) : 149 – 62 . Jann , B . ( 2008 ) , “ The Blinder – Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models ” , _The Stata Journal_ , 8 ( 4 ) : 453 – 479 . Lee , L . - F . ( 1978 ) , “ Unionism", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > WPS3440 < / mark > # * * Market Discipline under Systemic Risk : Evidence from Bank Runs in Emerging Economies * * Eduardo Levy-Yeyati Maria Soledad Martinez Peria Sergio L . Schmukler < sup > ∗ < / sup > # # * * Abstract * * This paper shows that systemic risk exerts a significant impact on the behavior of depositors , sometimes overshadowing their responses to standard bank fundamentals . Systemic risk can affect market discipline both regardless of and through bank fundamentals . First , worsening systemic conditions can directly threaten the value of deposits via dual agency problems . Second , to the extent that banks are exposed to systemic risk , systemic shocks lead to a future deterioration of fundamentals not captured by their current values . Using data from the recent banking crises in Argentina and Uruguay , we show that market discipline is indeed quite robust once systemic risk is factored in . As the latter increases , the informational content of past fundamentals declines . These episodes also illustrate how few systemic shocks can trigger a run irrespective of ex-ante fundamentals . Overall , the evidence suggests that , in emerging economies , the notion of market discipline needs to account for systemic risk . # # * * JEL classification codes : * * F30 , F41 , G14 , G21 , G28 * * Keywords : * * market discipline , idiosyncratic risk , systemic risk , emerging markets , depositor behavior , bank run , banking crises > ∗ Eduardo Levy-Yeyati is professor at the Universidad Torcuato Di Tella . Maria Soledad Martinez Peria and Sergio Schmukler are both senior economists in the Development Research Group of the World Bank . For useful comments and suggestions we thank David Llewellyn , Roberto Rigobón , and participants at the BIS and Chicago Federal Reserve Bank sponsored conference on “ Market Discipline : The Evidence across Industries and Countries ” , the BIS and Journal of Financial Intermediation conference on “ Accounting , Transparency and Bank Stability ” , and the 2004 Latin American Econometric Society annual conference . We are grateful to Juan Miguel Crivelli , Federico Droller , Marina Halac , and , particularly , Juan Carlos Gozzi Valdez", "spans": [{"start": 779, "end": 814, "text": "data from the recent banking crises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", to which fourth variables were added one at a time , and so on . This process was stopped when no addition of an independent variable resulted in significant results for that variable . * * 25 * * For some of the independent variables in the Table 14 regressions data were not available for all regions , leading to the drop in both the number of observation ( N ) and the adjusted R < sup > 2 < / sup > in 1993 in the Table 14 regressions relative to Table 9 .", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 269, "text": "regressions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provides opportunities for lifelong learning . 9 . * * Cameroon has made good progress in expanding primary education though it still faces challenges in terms of providing quality education , particularly at the secondary level - both in terms of general education and skills development programs . * * < sup > 15 < / sup > The primary gross enrollment rate ( GER ) increased from 74 . 7 percent to 103 . 4 percent between 1996 and 2018 < sup > 16 < / sup > and the primary education system enrolled 4 . 2 million students in the 2017 – 18 academic year . < sup > 17 < / sup > However , in 2018 , the primary completion rate was only 67 percent and < mark > only 48 percent of students from primary schools enrolled in secondary education . < / mark > < sup > 18 < / sup > After completion of primary school , students are expected to enroll in secondary school . The secondary education offers youth two paths ( see details in annex 2 ) : ( a ) an academic track which prepares students to enter university through general secondary education and ( b ) a TVET track which equips students with job-relevant skills through skills development programs . < mark > Despite the fact that overall enrollment in secondary education more than doubled from under 700 , 000 in 2000 to 1 . 8 million in 2018 , < / mark > the GER < mark > in secondary education was only 50 percent . Professional and vocational training opportunities offered outside of secondary school are limited , enrolling only 4 < / mark > 0 , 400 trainees ( accounting for only 0 . 6 percent of the education system enrollment ) in 2018 . > 14 In this document , the terms technical and vocational education and training ( TVET ) and skills development programs will be used interchangeably . > 15 The education system in Cameroon consists of preschool ( two – three years of education from the age of 3 – 4 years ) ; primary education ( compulsory six", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Disability status is a continuum , and you must categorize that continuum . The Washington Group ’ s efforts have been focused on developing tools that capture this complexity . # # # # * * Reaction * * These three perspectives provided the group with an excellent starting point for discussion and analysis of the issues at stake . It was clear that there is considerable political interest and support from many sides that support develop better data collection processes to help identify and address barriers faced by persons with disabilities in humanitarian situations . At the same time , the state of the art in humanitarian needs assessment , planning , performance monitoring and evaluation generally ( even without considering disability disaggregated data ) is not yet at the level the international community desires . Advances by the Washington Group are encouraging , but during the discussion some participants were skeptical about where tools like the Short Set are most appropriately used in humanitarian action . Many participants stressed that “ good enough ” data was the goal ; to acquire useful information upon which decisions and actions can be taken are the priority , even if the results of these exercises do not measure up to “ scientific ” standards . The group could conclude from this starting point that an ideal would be to know more about patterns of disability before the crisis : what was the prevalence of disabilities ? In a crisis , humanitarian responders need to know how this has changed . Meeting participants , including the data specialists and the disability inclusion advocates with less experience in humanitarian action , could recognize the particular challenges of collecting data in disaster zones , but as well could recognize its importance to promote inclusion for people with disabilities . # # # * * 2 . Experiences with Disability Data in Humanitarian Action * * In order to ground the analysis in field realities , a panel < sup > 6 < / sup > highlighted real world experiences with disability disaggregated data questions . Insights from academia , the INGO sector , DPOs , a donor agency , as well as an operational UN agency provided different perspectives and contexts establishing a", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 766, "text": "disability disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6336 # * * Abstract * * This paper studies the effect of political regime transitions on public policy using a new data set on global agricultural and food policies over a 50-year period ( including data from 74 developing and developed countries over the 1955 – 2005 period ) . The authors find evidence that democratization leads to a reduction of agricultural taxation , an increase in agricultural subsidization , or both . The empirical findings are consistent with the predictions of the median voter model because political transitions occurred primarily in countries with a majority of farmers . The results are robust to different specifications , estimation approaches , and variable definitions . This paper is a product of the Partnerships , Capacity Building Unit , Development Economics Vice Presidency . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at alessandro . olper @ unimi . it , jfalkowski @ wne . uw . edu . pl , and Jo . Swinnen @ econ . kuleuven . be . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 276, "text": "data from 74 developing and developed countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KNBS implemented an establishment census and produced an online report ( target achieved ) . iii * * . * * KNBS implemented an integrated survey of services ( ISS ) and produced an online report ( target achieved ) . iv * * . * * KNBS implemented the 2018 Survey of Industrial Production ( SIP ) and produced an online report ( target achieved ) . v * * . * * KNBS achieved all four targets . # # # OUTCOME 1 * * . * * KNBS filled data gaps in the National Accounts series and updated the National Accounts series resulting in “ better ” National Accounts data for Kenya . 2 * * . * * Kenya ’ s Overall Statistical Capacity Score ( SCI ) improved from 54 in 2015 to 57 . 80 in 2020 . However , as this score from 2020 does not include the updated score for the rebased CPI completed in 2020 , the final SCI score must be higher . 3 * * . * * KNBS strengthened its capacity by implementing the integrated program of economic surveys . # # # * * < u > B . Improving “ quality ” of essential official statistical products and processes to generate “ better ” data < / u > * * Page 5 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 156, "text": "integrated survey of services", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 251, "end": 287, "text": "2018 Survey of Industrial Production", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 448, "end": 472, "text": "National Accounts series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 489, "end": 513, "text": "National Accounts series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms over time . The dataset contains detailed information on firms ’ geographic location , economic classification ( CNAE 5-digit ) , employment size , and personnel records such as monthly wage , age , gender , and education , among others . < sup > 9 < / sup > This dataset is used to compute the key variable of interest : labor productivity at the sectoral and industry levels . Another data source is derived from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios ( PNAD ) . > 8 They also report lack of convergence in poverty rates across regions because of limited labor mobility toward converging sectors and high employment of the poor in sectors exhibiting weak convergence . > 9 National Classification of Economic Activities ( CANE ) is Brazil ’ s system of economic activity classification in the production and dissemination of economic statistics . 8", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 468, "text": "Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Introduction * * The explosive growth of telecommunication networks in developing countries is yielding an unprecedented wealth of highly granular real-time data , and governments have only begun to leverage the enormous potential of this new information source . This paper explores analytic methodologies for using aggregated and encrypted cell phone call data to map the distribution of poverty in Guatemala . To estimate poverty rates , Guatemala , like many other developing countries , relies on conducting and analyzing household surveys and population censuses that are both expensive and administratively demanding . By contrast , analyses based on cell phone data and machine-learning technology have the potential to generate reliable and timely information on the spatial distribution of household poverty at a far lower cost than traditional household surveys or population censuses . # # * * _Poverty in Guatemala_ * * Poverty rates in Guatemala are higher than in other comparable middle-income countries , and the distribution of poverty reflects a set of overlapping regional , rural / urban and ethnic dimensions . Contrary to the trend observed in other Latin American countries , poverty rates in Guatemala have increased in recent years . The poverty rate < sup > 2 < / sup > rose from 55 percent in 2001 to 60 percent in 2014 , as the number of people living below the poverty line increased by 2 . 8 million . Poverty rates vary dramatically by administrative department . In 2014 , Guatemala ’ s poorest department , Alta Verapaz , had a poverty rate of 83 percent and an extreme poverty rate < sup > 3 < / sup > of 54 percent . Meanwhile , the poverty and extreme poverty rates in the country ’ s wealthiest department , where the capital of Guatemala City is located , were far lower at 33 percent and 5 percent , respectively . Moreover , while urban areas are now home to a majority of the country ’ s poor , poverty rates remain substantially higher in rural areas . In 2014 , 35 percent of the rural population was living in extreme poverty , compared with 11 percent of the urban population . Poverty rates are also significantly higher among Guatemala ’ s indigenous population .", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 368, "text": "cell phone call data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 861, "end": 878, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 882, "end": 901, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Bibliography * * African Union ( 2003 ) . Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa . https : / / au . int / en / treaties / protocol-african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights-rights-women-africa CARE , Guidance for Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) Monitoring and Mitigation within Non-GBV Focused Sectoral Programming , 2014 Development response to Displacement impacts project Implementation Manual ( 2016 ) , MoANR , Addis Ababa-Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project ( DRDIP ) In the Horn of Africa ( P152822 ) , Social Assessment Report , 2016 , . MOANR , Addis Ababa-Ethiopia . Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase onee ( DRDIP I ) In the Horn of Africa ( P152822 ) ( 2021 ) Social Assessment Report . MOA , Addis Ababa-Ethiopia . Ethiopia-International Justice Resource Center ( 2017 ) . Available from https : / / ijrcenter . org / wpcontent / uploads / 2017 / 11 / Ethiopia . pdf , : Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey September 2016 Parkes et al ( 2017 ) . Addressing SRGBV in Ethiopia : A policy and practice scoping study to reduce genderbased violence in and around schools UCL Institute of Education . UNHCR Ethiopia ( 2018 ) . Sexual & Gender-Based Violence Fact Sheet https : / / reliefweb . int / report / ethiopia / unhcr-ethiopia-sexual-gender-based-violence-fact-sheet-december-2018 Ethiopia National Refugee Strategy for Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender based Violence 20172019 UN women , Causes , protective and risk factors . Available from https : / / www . endvawnow . org / en / articles / 300 - < u > causes-protective-and -", "spans": [{"start": 1053, "end": 1091, "text": "Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant differences across groups . Montenegro and Pages ( 2004 ) find that higher protection in Chile is associated with lower employment rates among young workers , women , and unskilled workers . Marquez ( 1998 ) finds that more stringent regulation coincides with a larger percentage of self employed workers , a finding confirmed by Maloney ( 2001 ) , although the estimated impact was small compared to other education , productivity , or demographic variables . # * * _Theoretically , restrictions should reduce productivity growth although at present the evidence is_ * * * * _sketchy : _ * * The literature on the impact on productivity growth is thin at the international level and thinner still in Latin America . Hopenhayn and Rogerson ( 1993 ) , using a general equilibrium model for job creation and destruction , find that policies that interfere with the natural process of job creation / destruction at the firm level are quite costly in terms of average productivity and , more generally , in terms of aggregate welfare . < sup > 14 < / sup > Parente and Prescott ( 1991 , 2000 ) argue that TFP differences dominant differences in per capita GDP and that firing costs are one of the policies that increase the power of inside labor in a number of industries to resist changes in work practices and adoption of new technologies . Capelli ( 2000 ) and Hobjin and Jovanovic ( 2001-HJ ) also show that stringent hiring and firing restrictions raise the cost of labor adjustments , which is often required after innovation occurs . A more recent analysis provided by Scarpetta and Tressel ( 2004 ) , using firm OECD data , finds an impact of firing regulations on productivity and technological _via_ its impact on the incentives to innovate and to adopt new technologies . < sup > 15 < / sup > For Latin America , the results are very preliminary : Forthcoming research by Gracia and Santamaría ( 2004 ) find that at the aggregate level ( national TFP ) , the substantial reduction of firing costs that occurred in 1990 in Colombia had a positive effect on the evolution of productivity growth . There is also a yet unexplored potential that poorly", "spans": [{"start": 1623, "end": 1637, "text": "firm OECD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may have both formal and informal employees . We define one formal full-time equivalent worker ( FTE ) as 12 monthly returns to account for seasonal labor . Wages are annualized and deflated by the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) to align real wages to spending power . > 10 The slight difference in trend between the two measures stems from the convexity of natural log function . 11 Analyses of mining sector performance are based on interviews with Zambia Revenue Authority staff and the annual reports of relevant mining companies in Zambia . Due to the sensitive nature of the firm-level tax data , further details on the specific firms cannot be disclosed . 15", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 598, "text": "firm-level tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . 2 Philippines * * We next analyze our survey in Central Mindanao , Philippines . < sup > 17 < / sup > The Philippines data enables us to evaluate two aspects of our theory of IDP perceptions of engagement : first , we compare IDPs and those who are not displaced in Central Mindanao in Section 5 . 2 . 1 , second , we analyze variation within IDPs in Section 5 . 2 . 2 . # # * * 5 . 2 . 1 Displacement and Empowerment * * To analyze whether experiences with displacement change perceptions of empowerment , we compare IDPs in our sample to respondents do not have a history of displacement . Because these categories are unlikely randomly distributed , we used propensity score matching to estimate the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated ( ATT ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > Matching enables us to approximate the causal effect of displacement on perceptions within the case by maximizing the suitability of the comparisons we use in our data . We create two matched samples based on displacement status : one using current displacement as our treatment and the other using previous history of displacement as the treatment . The propensity score was estimated using a probit regression of the treatment on the covariates . We used full matching on the propensity score , which yielded adequate balance , as indicated in the Appendix , Section E . Using these matched samples , we run a series of regressions . We fit a linear regression model with the given empowerment variable as the outcome and treatment status and the covariates as additive predictors and included the full matching weights in the estimation . The coefficient on the treatment ( displacement status ) was taken to be the estimate of the treatment effect of being an IDP . We create matches with the following controls : age , gender , education , violence witnessed , and Province . Models based on the matched sample control for the same variables . We use clustered standard errors with matching stratum membership as the clustering variable . We plot the results from these models in Figure 4 , with the estimates using", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 88, "text": "survey in Central Mindanao , Philippines", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 116, "end": 132, "text": "Philippines data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities ( P151831 ) # # * * ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS * * | AGPO | Access to Government Procurement Opportunities | | - - - | - - - | | BDS | Business Development Services | | BPC | Business Plan Competition | | EBSS | Enterprise Based Skills Survey | | FY | Fiscal Year | | GRM | Grievance Redress Mechanism | | IA | Implementing Agencies | | IDA | International Development Association | | IP | Implementation Progress | | ISR | Implementation Status Results Report | | ISSOS | Informal Service Sector Occupational Survey | | JSST | Job Specific Skills Training | | KLMIS | Kenya Labor Market Information System | | KNOCS | Kenyan National Occupational Classification | | KYEOP | Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities Project | | LMI | Labor market information | | LMO | Labor Market Observatory | | MTR | Mid-Term Review | | MU | Moderately Unsatisfactory | | M & E | Monitoring and Evaluation | | PCU | Project Coordination Unit | | PDO | Project Development Objective | | PITC | Project Implementation Technical Committee | | SDL | State Department for Labour | | SDY | State Department for Youth | | SDR | Special Drawing Rights |", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 580, "text": "Informal Service Sector Occupational Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 : Export-employment ( upper ) and export-income elasticities ( lower panel ) , by disaggregated sector * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 49 0 . 47 < br > 0 . 42 < br > 0 . 35 0 . 31 < br > 0 . 21 0 . 18 0 . 15 0 . 11 0 . 11 < br > - 0 . 11 - 0 . 13 - 0 . 16 < br > - 0 . 23 < br > - 0 . 30 - 0 . 33 < br > 1 . 36 < br > 0 . 78 0 . 75 0 . 72 0 . 71 0 . 68 0 . 64 0 . 63 0 . 63 < br > 0 . 56 0 . 53 0 . 48 < br > 0 . 38 0 . 36 0 . 35 0 . 33 0 . 32 0 . 31 0 . 28 < br > 0 . 16 < br > - 0 . 25 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE and TiVA data , covering 48 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Note : Trade-employment ( trade-income , resp . ) elasticities at the country-sector level have been estimated using employment ( labor income , resp . ) ( in natural logs ) as dependent variable and the instrumented trade variables ( in levels and natural logs ) as independent variable . For more information on the instruments , see Appendix 1 . The panel data regressions controls for country and sector fixed effects . Only results significant at the 10 % level and above the critical value for the Kleibergen-Paap test statistic are reported . In sharp contrast to manufacturing , aggregate business services exports show no significant association with within-sector employment creation , while their potential to generate labor income is much higher . Across the sample of 45 disaggregated sectors , only wholesale and retail trade , land transport , and professional services exports are positively associated with employment growth in these sectors", "spans": [{"start": 589, "end": 611, "text": "OECD TiE and TiVA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Do such breaks in the time series characteristics of these variables reflect fundamental changes in the government budget process ? Was this change necessitated by the unsustainable nature of fiscal policy prior to the \" data break ? \" Or is the change in the time series properties of the data merely reflecting changes in short-run dynamics rather than longrun relationships among fiscal variables ? When there are data breaks , we should presumably focus on the more recent government budget process instead of the government budget process over the whole period if we want to assess the sustainability of current fiscal policy . The entire data sample would be used in assessing the sustainability of fiscal policy , past and present , allowing for shifts in policies over time ( perhaps caused by the desire to insure sustainability ) . Ahmed and Roger ' s ( 1995 ) analysis of sustainability of fiscal and current accounts in the United States and the United Kingdom includes annual data from 1792 and 1692 , respectively . The U . S . sample , therefore , includes major wars such as the civil war , World War I and World War II . The U . K . sample includes the wars of Spanish Succession , Austrian Succession , the Seven Years ' War , American Independence , wars with France , the Crimean and Boer wars , and World Wars I and II . The authors carry out a thorough analysis of the cointegration relationship implying sustainability taking into account the above-mentioned break points . While the U . K . results are somewhat inconclusive , they conclude that : \" despite the recent U . S . twin deficits problem , the currently expected future course of fiscal policy might plausibly be regarded as sustainable . However , it is clear that to formally conclude this with any substantial degree of confidence - - given the nature of the tests involved and the need for a long span of data that we have argued for - - must await the availability of much more data \" ( p . 18 ) . In the LDC context , of course , the econometrician Oliver Twist would certainly be chastised for calling out \" More ,", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 1012, "text": "annual data from 1792 and 1692", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for those with less education and with lower pre-COVID wage levels . These predictions are not always borne out in the observed data , however . Overall , we find that the model predicts the level of further job losses fairly well . It predicts the distributional impacts by gender , nationality , and educational attainment , but it fails to predict the observed differences by age group and wage level . This is likely in part due to the lack of more detailed and specific data at the firm level on employment and employment losses by occupation . Results also align with observed high-frequency phone data from Georgia by age group and educational attainment , but the phone survey is not sufficiently comparable to reach conclusions on the methodology ’ s accuracy for that country . In addition , sector-level predictions are difficult to verify given definitional mismatches in the data , but the rates of job loss generally rank similarly to those observed . Overall , because our projections rely only on sector - , firm - , and broad occupational - class level shocks , we attribute the divergence between observed and projected outcomes at least in part to unobservable behavioral differences on the part of employers and workers that are correlated with gender , age , and unobserved skills or productivity , in addition to firm data limitations . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . The next section summarizes the relevant literature on the jobs impacts of COVID-19 . Section 3 presents the context in Jordan and Georgia , describes the data we use , and presents our methodology . Section 4 presents our econometric results for both countries . Section 5 presents the methodology for projecting job losses onto the labor force , projection results , and a comparison of projected future job losses with survey-measured future ones . It also presents PFPS job losses in the context > 4 Although financial difficulties were correlated with permanent closures , there was no clear way to address possible simultaneity between these two outcomes . 4", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 621, "text": "high-frequency phone data from Georgia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 672, "end": 684, "text": "phone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia ( CSA ) ( 2017 ) . Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey 20152016 , Wave 3 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 015 ~ ~ E ~ ~ SS ~ ~ v ~ ~ 02 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2783 ` on 6 September 2019 . - Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia ( CSA ) ( 2020 ) . Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey 20182019 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 018 ~ ~ E ~ ~ SS ~ ~ v ~ ~ 03 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3823 ` on 9 February 2024 . - Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia ( CSA ) ( 2024 ) . Ethiopia Socio-Economic Panel Survey 2021-2022 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 021 ~ ~ E ~ ~ SPS-W5 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 03 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 6161 ` on 15 January 2024 . - Chen , J . J . , V . Mueller , Y . Jia , and S . K . - H . Tseng ( 2017 ) . Validating migration responses to flooding using satellite and vital registration data . _American Economic Review 107_ ( 5 ) , 441 – 45 . - Chen , M . , W . Shi , P . Xie , V . B . Silva , V . E . Kousky , R . W . Higgins , and J . E . Janowiak ( 2008 ) . Assessing objective techniques for gauge-based analyses of global daily precipitation . _Journal of Geophysical Research 113_ , D04110 . - Corno , L . , N . Hildebrandt , and A . Voena ( 2020 ) . Age of marriage , weather shocks , and the direction of marriage payments . _Econometrica 88_ ( 3 ) , 879 – 915", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "thirds of the country ’ s districts . In parallel , more than 100 major violent events are identified and geocoded based on the Global Terrorism Database ( GTD ) . The study builds its understanding of the formal sector response to conflict by analyzing the dynamic of mobile phone traffic and casualties during the 2015 Taliban attack on Kunduz , Afghanistan ’ s fifth largest city . It then estimates a dynamic specification linking the number of firms active in district and month to the number of major violent events in that district , over a 12-month period spanning a quarter YY < sup > FF < / sup > ii before the event and three quarters afterward : tt CC The specification includes fixed effects for districts ( ) and months ( ) as well as a quadratic time trend at the district level . It does not include other control variables . ii tt δδ ττ The results show no impact in the three months preceding the violent event . The number of active firms falls by 4 . 9 percent in the month of the event , with the decline growing to 6 percent in the following month and persisting for up to five months . Six months after the event the impact becomes statistically insignificant . A more disaggregated analysis shows that larger firms are more responsive to violence . As for illicit activities , Lind et al . ( 2014 ) explore how the intensity of conflict in Afghanistan changes the incentives faced by farmers and spurs opium production . Poppies are more drought-resistant than wheat , the main alternative crop . They also take little space relative to their value and can easily be transported off roads . The destruction or disabling of irrigation and transportation networks resulting from conflict therefore makes poppies relatively more profitable than wheat . Data are from 329 Afghan districts from 2001 to 2007 . The study notes that there are no available data on the amount of fighting during this period . One possible alternative was to rely on the number of combat activities by year , but information on such events was scarce and mostly based on media coverage . For this reason , the study bases its measure of", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 153, "text": "Global Terrorism Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | Sample Design in Morocco < br > Banoladesh Village Energy Survey | 10 < br > 13 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TABLES | | | | | 2 . 1 : Ethiopia National Energy Balance ( 1982 ) | 6 | | | 3 . 1 : Analytical & Statistical Issues for the Policymaker | 11 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "logarithm of city size for each country . Here again , it is least visible in Kenya and Sri Lanka . In Morocco , as we have seen , the negative relationship is driven by markedly lower poverty in Casablanca . With the exception of Kenya and Mexico , metropolitan poverty incidence is less than half of the average urban poverty in every country in our sample that has at least one metropolitan area . To investigate the robustness of the inverse poverty-city size relationship with respect to variations in the poverty line , we plotted the cumulative distribution function > 11 These regression coefficients are presented as illustrative of correlations only . City size is clearly endogenous , and there are evidently many omitted variables , so no inference of causality is possible . Some countries do not display the full set of regressions for lack of data ( the Kenyan census for instance being very short , no information is available on infrastructure access ) .", "spans": [{"start": 869, "end": 882, "text": "Kenyan census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Date | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Jan-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | 30-Jun-2022 | | Comments | Refer to DLR3c for in | formation on progress . | | | | PDO Indicator 4 : Consolidated Staff Data < br > ~ ~ IN00901086 ~ ~ | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ► MDAs whose payroll data has been uploaded to G | HRIS and are up to date ( Number , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 11 / 5 / 2020 Page 7 of 20", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 259, "text": "payroll data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * _3 . Aim of the Addendum_ * * The aim of the Addendum is to update the scope of impact on communal land loss , crop production loss on rain fed and irrigable land acquired for Ribb Dam and Reservoir . The PAPs are affected due to change in project design and scope from the original RAP prepared by GoE , approved and disclosed in 2009 , 2011 and 2014 . # # # * * _4 . Original RAP Reference_ * * The RAP Addendum for Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project ( Funded by The World Bank ) Ribb Reservoir Scheme is prepared based on the following 2012 prepared , approved and publicly disclosed RAPs : 1 . Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project ( Funded by The World Bank ) Ribb Reservoir Scheme Resettlement Action Plan Final Report _September 2014 ; _ Public Discloser RP526 V7 . 2 . Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project Task One Report for The Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan for Ribb Dam Project January 2011 , Public Discloser Rp526 V3 . 3 . Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project Task One Report for The Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan for Ribb Dam Project April 2009 , Public Discloser RP526 Vol . 2 . # # # * * _5 . Legal Policy and Administrative Framework_ * * Legal frameworks of the Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia and Amhara National Regional State relevant proclamations , regulations , guidelines , have been considered in the 2012 RAP and are relevant for this addendum . The RAP Addendum is prepared based on the references made to the WB Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement OP 4 . 12 . There are no changes in the legal frameworks , regulations , and guidelines . # # # * * _6 . Public Consultations in Preparation of the Addendum_ * * The discussion is a continuous activity through updating the land measurement and property inventory . The resettlement committee , the Project Coordination Offices ( National and Regional Coordination Offices ) in collaboration with", "spans": [{"start": 1787, "end": 1826, "text": "land measurement and property inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "JRIS , Audit and FM reviews . 43 . Fixed Asset Management . The Government confirmed that deVelopment of a fixed asset management register for all Programme assets , both those procured by development partners and by the Government , was at an advanced stage . The procurement of a firm to provide the tagging equipment has been completed and the tagging of all programme assets is scheduled to start on March 25 , 2012 . comprehensive inventory of all programme assets has been completed by the Secretariat to guide this process . Once the tagging process has been completed , the fixed asset management register will be uploaded to the financial management system , which contains a module for asset management . 44 . Fuel Management System . A review of the robustness of the Government fuel management system was undertaken following the May JRIS Mission in 2012 . The analysis shows that the government has clear guidelines for fuel management . The CT-OVC has since sent a circular to the districts re-emphasising the critical need to adhere to these guidelines . 45 . World Bank Financial Management Review . The World Bank is in the process of undertaking a six monthly financial management review . Preliminary findings of the review were discussed during the Mission . A key issue relating to segregation of duties in the preparation and reconciliation of the payroll was highlighted . Currently these functions are completed by the same people within the Secretariat . It was agreed that action in this area will be a priority going forward . The review will be concluded in the coming weeks and an action plan to address the issues identified will be agreed with Government . 46 . Procurement Plan . The Mission reviewed the Procurement Plan for IDA-financed activities and noted that some contracts contained in the updated Procurement Plan have been 3 Some ofthese weaknesses had also been recorded by the External Audit completed by KENAO for the period ended June 30 , 2011 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 469, "text": "comprehensive inventory of all programme assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 613, "text": "fixed asset management register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Czechia | 1 , 218 | 1 , 215 | | Estonia | - | 600 | | Hungary | 682 | 801 | | Latvia | - | 600 | | Lithuania | - | 638 | | * * COUNTRY * * | * * SAMPLE SIZE 2023 * * | * * SAMPLE SIZE 2024 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Moldova | 890 | 622 | | Poland | 5 , 645 | 1 , 290 | | Romania | 1 , 222 | 1 , 008 | | Slovakia | 819 | 874 | | * * Total * * | * * 11 , 530 * * | * * 8 , 720 * * | Each country adopted a unique sampling approach , dependent on factors such as the availability of sampling frames and information regarding population distribution by geographic area and accommodation type . A combination of different sampling methods was used , typically incorporating multiple stages and blending convenience sampling , cluster random sampling , and simple random sampling ( the latter being exclusive to Romania ) . It is important to highlight that Hungary and Moldova modified their sampling approach , which limits the comparability of its results across years . For the regional analysis , population weights were applied based on the most up-to-date refugee population figures for each country , ensuring the findings accurately represented the broader regional refugee population . To maintain comparability , the figures for 2023 presented in this report were also re-estimated using survey weights . This report utilises the criteria of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics Short Set on Functioning ( WG-SS ) < sup > 6 < / sup > . The assessment included a comprehensive set of questions covering mobility , vision , hearing , cognition , self-care , and communication . For the purpose of this report , disability is defined as level 3 and above , indicating significant limitations in functioning ( ‘ a lot of difficulty ’ or ‘ cannot do at all ’ ) . For", "spans": [{"start": 1064, "end": 1090, "text": "refugee population figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reference cluster . The variables and their sources are described in Appendix 2 . The regressors fall into three broad categories : * * Figure 2 : Correlations between Growth and the Sources of Vulnerability * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Private Sector Credit Growth ( % ) Fiscal Deficit ( % of GDP ) < br > 150 20 < br > 100 10 < br > 50 0 < br > 0 - 10 < br > - 50 - 20 < br > - 10 0 10 20 30 - 10 0 10 20 30 < br > Loan-to-Deposit Ratio ( % ) REER Overvaluation < br > 600 . 2 < br > 400 0 < br > 200 - . 2 < br > 0 - . 4 < br > - 10 0 10 20 30 - 10 0 10 20 30 < br > External Debt ( % of GDP ) Short-term Debt ( % of Foreign Reserves ) < br > 150 < br > 600 < br > 100 < br > 400 < br > 50 200 < br > 0 0 < br > - 10 0 10 20 30 - 10 0 10 20 30 < br > Real GDP Growth ( % ) < br > Cluster L Cluster V Cluster G Cluster H < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook database and authors ’ calculations . Notes : The lower growth and lower vulnerability is identified by L , the lower growth and higher vulnerability is identified by V , the higher growth and lower vulnerability is identified by G , and the higher growth and higher vulnerability is identified by H . The absence of higher growth , higher vulnerability data in 2000 and 2008 reflects the lack of countries in such cluster . - < u > Initial conditions . These comprise measures that may be susceptible to policies and institutional < / u > changes over a relatively long period . This category includes measures that reflect a country ’ s economic development and its economic structure , as well as the degree to which", "spans": [{"start": 893, "end": 924, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household units . Likewise , we stratified the population according to the gender of the household head as there may be gender differences in preferences and attitudes toward child labor . However , more than 90 % of heads of households are males since we did not oversample female heads of households to keep the same observed male-female head of household ratio as in the population . Our representative sample is comprised of 1203 households . One-third of the sample is randomly allocated to the self-response survey design group , while the remaining two-thirds to the proxy-response survey design group . The selection of the proxy respondent is limited to the household head or the spouse thereof to reflect the common practice of interviewing an informed household member . This statistical design yields 401 and 802 household units in the self-reported and proxy-reported groups , respectively . A statistical power analysis of a two-sample mean difference based on a two-sided 5 percent-level test and an effect size of 10 points shows a statistical power above the conventional threshold of 80 percent . < sup > 5 < / sup > # * * 2 . 2 Survey Design and Questionnaire * * To investigate the effects of survey design on child labor statistics , we apply the same survey instrument to randomly selected respondents : children answer the questions themselves in the selfreported group and heads of households or spouses in the proxy group . Field surveyors ask the randomly selected respondent a specific labor-market module about child labor activities in the last 30 days before the survey ( a child is defined as 6-14 years of age ) . There is no distinction in the wording nor in the sequencing of the questions across groups to avoid the possibility of bias in the way information is elicited . We ask the same questions in three agricultural seasons and make sure that the selected respondent in each group does not change over time . The overall compliance 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Baalbek-Hermel governorates < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 655 Informal Settlements , hosting 74 , 450 of < br > registered Syrian refugees < br > 2 . 5 % refugees living in collective shelters < br > 124 public schools . Second shift programs are < br > supported in 20 schools in Central Bekaa , West Bekaa < br > and Rashaya < br > 16 public hospitals ; 9 are supported < br > 6 % unemployment rate ( MICS 2009 ) < br > 15 SDCs < br > 88 Municipalities / 5 Union of municipalities < br > $ 4 , 480 , 854 multipurpose cash distributed < br > ( Jan-May ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # * * CHANGES IN CONTEXT JANUARY TO JUNE * * Security trends in Bekaa were shaped by the intensifying conflict on the border between Islamist Armed Opposition Groups ( I / AOGs ) and other actors . The Lebanese Armed Forces ( LAF ) scaled up search and arrest operations , particularly in areas associated with I / AOG support networks including informal tented settlements and collective shelters . Heavy shelling of the border region by LAF was accompanied by a reinforcement of state and non-state security forces . Inside Aarsal , Lebanese and Syrian nationals were increasingly abducted for ransom or information , while violent criminal incidents became more frequent . The LAF have implemented evictions policy focused on settlements located within the vicinity of LAF facilities and assets , along vital supply lines and in border areas . Over 7 , 000 individuals have had to relocate since January and a further 4 , 400 have been notified to vacate their sites . Restrictions on access were formalized in January with the imposition of specific entry criteria . In addition , the Government of Lebanon requested the suspension of registration of Syrian refugees conducted by UNHCR . As a result , the number of new arrivals substantially diminished and the number of registered refugees has remained", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 422, "text": "MICS 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "often thought . Alexandratos ( 2008 ) concluded that China ’ s and India ’ s combined average annual increase in grain consumption was smaller in 2002 ‐ 08 than in 1995 ‐ 2001 . Similar findings have been reported by the European Commission ( 2015 ) , Alexandratos and Bru ‐ insma ( 2012 ) , Baffes and Haniotis ( 2010 ) , Sarris ( 2010 ) , the Food and Agriculture Organiza ‐ tion of the United Nations ( 2009 ) , FAO ( 2008 ) , Lustig ( 2008 ) . Deaton and Drèze ( 2008 ) noted that in India , despite growing incomes , caloric intake has followed a downward trend since the early 1990s . < sup > * * 10 * * < / sup > The impact of a rise in the _real interest rate_ is found to be negative but small on the prices of individual commodities , ranging from ‐ 0 . 02 for maize to ‐ 0 . 06 for soybeans , wheat , and palm oil , and the parameter estimate from the panel regression , ‐ 0 . 01 , is not statistically different from zero ( t ‐ statistic = ‐ 1 . 25 ) . A weak relationship between interest rates and com ‐ modity prices is a common finding in the empirical literature . Gilbert ( 1989 ) used an error ‐ correction model to conclude that high interest rates negatively affect the metal price in ‐ dex , though with considerable lags . Baffes ( 1997 ) , who used a reduced form price model for five metals , estimated an effect that was mostly negative but not significantly different from zero elasticities . Frankel and Rose ( 2010 ) , based on annual data for a number of commodi ‐ ties , found little support for the argument that easy monetary policy and low real interest rates are an important source of upward pressure on real commodity prices . Their finding was confirmed by a subsequent paper ( Frankel 2014 ) . Some other studies ( e . g . , Anzuini and others 2010 , Akram 2009 ) found that interest rates had a moderate effect . Baffes and Savescu ( 2014 ) found a", "spans": [{"start": 1457, "end": 1468, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 020 | | R-squared | 0 . 221 | 0 . 225 | 0 . 237 | 0 . 237 | | Department FE | N | N | Y | Y | _Source_ : REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 . _Notes_ : Standard errors clustered at the department level in parentheses . * _p < _ 0 . 10 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 . that if the transmission of education by ancestry would continue as observed in the two generations we study , the distribution of education of Natives and non-Natives would not converge to be the same — a large difference would persist . 15", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 142, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "broaden the tax base and improve tax administration the Recipient , through the National Treasury and Economic Planning issued : ( i ) Income Tax ( Financial Derivatives ) Regulations ( 2023 ) ; ( ii ) Value Added Tax ( Electronic , Internet and Digital Marketplace Supply ) Regulations ( 2023 ) ; and ( iii ) Excise Duty < u > ( Amendment ) Regulations ( 2023 ) . < / u > 43 . * * Rationale . * * To maintain the momentum and remain on-track for achieving the target of a tax revenue to GDP ratio of 25 percent by 2030 , GoK plans to operationalize its Medium-Term Revenue Strategy , which among other measures aims to tax activities such as trafiding in financial derivatives , an area that is steadily growing as an integral part of the financial market . The Nairobi Derivatives Market ( NEXT ) was launched in July 2019 , and trades in equity index futures based on the NSE 25 share index and single stock futures based on the most liquid companies at the NSE . Attention is also required in the implementation of the Excisable Goods Management System ( EGMS ) to close the loopholes and inefficiencies such as undercharging excise stamp fees leading to non-recovery of the full cost of stamps from taxpayers and the absence of fair administrative actions . Higher revenue generation will also require addressing compliance issues within the VAT regime and streamlining implementation of the VAT Act ( 2013 ) . 44 . * * Substance of the reform . * * The proposed operation supports GoK to widen the tax base by implementing the provisions of the Finance Act 2022 related to financial derivatives and adopt strengthened EGMS and VAT regulations . To implement the provisions of the Act , which introduced a 15 percent withholding tax on gains earned by non-resident persons from financial derivatives , GoK has issued regulations to clarify the interpretation of terms , the scope of gains , realization of gain or loss , recording and characterization of income , and payment of taxes , on financial derivatives transactions . GoK", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 893, "text": "NSE 25 share index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IDA ) : | 474 . 56 < br > 1 , 628 . 49 | | 2 , 103 . 05 | | | | | of which h | as been repaid : | 0 . 00 < br > 291 . 01 | | 291 . 01 | | | | Tot | al now hel | d by IBRD and IDA : | 1 , 015 . 82 < br > 1 , 261 . 22 | | 2 , 277 . 04 | | | | Am | ount sold | | 0 . 00 < br > 25 . 82 | | 25 . 82 | | | | O | f which rep | aid | 0 . 00 < br > 25 . 82 | | 25 . 82 | | | | Tot | al Undisbur | sed | 526 . 94 < br > 3 . 80 | | 530 . 74 | | | a . Intended disbursements to date minus actual disbursements to date as projected at appraisal . b . Rating of 1-4 : see OD 13 . 05 . Annex D2 . Preparation of Implementation Summary ( Form 590 ) . Following the FY94 Annual Review of Portfolio performance ( ARPP ) , a letter based system will be used ( HS = highly Satisfactory , S = satisfactory , U = unsatisfactory , E - = highly unsatisfactory ) : see proposed Improvements in Project and Portfolio Performance Rating Methodology ( SecM94-901 ) , August 23 , 1994 . Note : Disbursement data is updated at the end ofthe frst week ofthe month .", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 982, "text": "Disbursement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project ( P168185 ) # # * * Financial Management and Disbursement Arrangements * * 14 . In line with the use of the country national system , the project FM arrangements will rely on the existing country FM arrangements put in place to manage donor-funded projects . These arrangements are centered on two main institutions : ( i ) the CAA , equipped with dedicated tools developed by the World Bank IDF ; and ( ii ) the MINMAP in charge of ex-ante control of all suppliers ’ invoices associated with a contract before any payment is executed by CAA . 15 . * * Staffing * * . The PIU will be responsible for the day-to-day implementation of FM activities and will be staffed with a qualified FM team comprised of an FM Specialist and an Accountant . Staff will be recruited based on ToRs acceptable to the World Bank . The team will be supported by SONATREL ’ s internal audit unit as soon as this becomes operational . The team will ensure the transmission of financial data , archiving of financial data , and additional controls in order to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the project financial data , including guaranteeing that every transaction is duly authorized and properly recorded and that assets are safeguarded . 16 . * * Budgeting . * * The overall responsibility for preparing an annual work plan and related budget will lie with the PIU . The different steps of budget management ( preparation , revision , adoption , and execution ) will be detailed in the FM procedures section of the PIM . The annual work plan and budget will be prepared yearly , submitted to the World Bank early enough to have them approved before the end of December of the previous year ( or one month after the effective date of the first year of the Project ) , and then approved by the Steering Committee . A budget execution report will be included in a quarterly interim financial report to enable monitoring of project ’", "spans": [{"start": 1022, "end": 1036, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1052, "end": 1066, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1149, "end": 1171, "text": "project financial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Gambela * * | * * Abobo * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Woreda level consultation | 1 | 1 | | Community consultation | | | |  In-school Boys | 1 | - | |  Out of school Boys | - | 1 | |  In-school girls | 1 | 1 | |  Out of school girls | 1 | 1 | |  Active PTA members | - | 1 | |  Non active Community members | 1 | - | In these community consultation 9 women , 27 girls , 18 men and 14 boys had participated . Detailed breakdown the FGD participants by gender , ethnicity and age is attached as Annex . # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 Limitation of the SA * * The first limitation we encountered was the high Bureaucracy in the Gambella region to get permission to do the study . The time limitation was another issue the short time given for the collection of data 50 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > - 20 Men < br > - 30 < br > - 40 < br > - 50 < br > - 60 < br > - 70 < br > - 80 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Similarly , a statistical model developed using the collected survey data suggests that the odds of becoming a * * * * _new_ user of private motorized vehicles just since the onset of pandemic were significantly higher for women – by about 31 percent compared to men * * . The estimated odds of being a new user of a car / van or motorcycle are also higher for people with at least some university education and people who had at least some type of change in their occupation status ( e . g . , work becoming remote or hybrid ) . The odds decrease with the person ’ s age , meaning that the older the respondent , the more likely he or she was already using the private motorized vehicle already before the pandemic as opposed to becoming a new user . The odds of recently switching to private motorized modes are also higher if the start of the trip is in CABA rather than in PBA , likely explained by the higher financial ability of households residing in CABA . As people already before the pandemic relied disproportionately more on private motorized modes to go on trips for ad-hoc reasons such as recreation or to see a doctor , the odds of _switching_ to those modes since the start of the pandemic were lower compared to other ( more regular ) types of trips such as to work or school . The results are also intuitive regarding the statistical association with the person ’ s stated most important travel attributes : the odds of becoming a new user of private motorized modes are", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 206, "text": "collected survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Muhwezi L _et al_ . , 2014 : Health Care Waste Management in Uganda : A Case Study of Soroti Regional Referral Hospital . International Journal of Waste Management and Technology Vol . 2 , No . 2 , April 2014 , PP : 1 - 12 , ISSN : 2327 - 8757 8 . BMAU BRIEFING PAPER ( 18 / 19 ) May 2019 : Can Uganda achieve SDG 6 on Water and Sanitation ? Budget Monitoring and Accountability Unit ( Ministry of Finance , Planning and Economic Development ) . 9 . Gillwald . A . , et al , 2019 : The state Of ICT in Uganda . Research ICT Africa , Cape Town 10 . Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2017 , The National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Education in the Thematic Report Series , Kampala , Uganda . 11 . PwC 2018 : Uganda Economic Outlook , p5 . 12 . Uganda Bureau of Statistics and the International Livestock Research Institute ( ILRI ) 2004 : Where are the Poor ? Mapping Patterns of Well-Being in Uganda . 13 . WHO 2018 : Uganda Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance . 14 . The Uganda Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment ( UPHIA ) , a household-based national survey 2017 . 15 . UBOS , World Bank , UNICEF 2018 : Poverty Maps of Uganda Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Poor Households Based on Data from the 2012 / 13 Uganda National Household Survey and the 2014 National Housing and Population Census Technical Report . 16 . FEWS NET , 2019 : Uganda food security outlook update . 17 . Uganda Police Force 2018 : Annual Crime Report . 18 . UNHCR , 2021 : Refugees and Asylum-Seekers in Uganda ( https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / documents Accessed 30 Nov 2021 ) 19 . MOH 2015 : Uganda ’ s Standard Operating Procedures and Guidelines for Responding to Ebola / Marburg Virus Disease Outbreaks in Uganda . A Guide for National Response . 20 . WHO 2015 : Rapid Guidance on the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 < br > 2021-11-10 | 2021-10-14 < br > 2021-11-13 | 2021-12-18 | 2022-06-16 | | UG-MOH-259789-CS-CQS / < br > Provision of Consultancy < br > Services to Conduct the Civil < br > Registration & Vital Statistics < br > ( CRVS ) Data Analytical Survey | IDA / 58970 | Component Three : < br > Strengthen Capacity to Scale - < br > up Delivery of Births and < br > Deaths Registration Services | Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Limited | 0 . 0 | 0 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2021-10-29 < br > 2021-11-18 | 2021-11-12 < br > 2021-12-12 | 2022-01-16 | 2022-07-15 | * * < mark > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < / mark > * * Page 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may be somewhat arbitrary , and thus poverty researchers go to considerable lengths to use objective basis on which to develop a poverty line . Summarizing the general approach to estimating a nutritionbased poverty lines , the analyst must first estimate the cost of the underlying food requirements for the basket of foods that might be available for someone near poverty are first estimated . To this cost , costs of other durables and housing for someone near poverty are then added to the nutrition cost , and this value is used to determine the poverty line . Researchers working in the poverty field have thought very carefully about the objective calculation of poverty lines and a useful introduction may be found in Ravallion ( 1996 ) . We use the nutrition-based poverty line calculated for rural China over the period of the study by Ravallion and Chen ( 2007 ) , who have long experience working with China ’ s National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) to develop objective , nutrition-based poverty lines for rural and urban China . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Chronic poverty Non-poor in both rounds < br > ~ a < br > © 9 < br > nN ~ z < br > ; ar < br > I SE © < br > 7 ~ . < br > Pa ak ne ae Pad q } Pi ik ab 2 A ) Fis < br > es § HM € £ a € ee gSaf £ ¢ £ a £ € a Bgee * ay oy < br > Moving out of poverty Moving into poverty < br > at < br > ACa < br > eS ey < br > o — OO — — — — — E — _ — V o Eee < br > - s a - * £ a os sca2 * Csa # os # ay ¢ # + a2 # be # C ] 2 = CJth < br > _ — _ Bounds ® Point estimate a + / - two standard deviations < br > Shares are based on synthetic panel estimates for household heads aged between 25 and 60 in the first round of each interval . < br > The poverty line used is RM 527 : note that the vertical axis scales vary across graphs . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( November 2013 ) and midline ( November 2016 ) surveys of 2 , 398 WEDP enterprises in six cities , including enterprises that had accessed WEDP services and those that had not . Actual ( Current ) figures represent data from midline survey ( Nov 2016 ) . Baseline figures have been updated slightly in order to match the same firms measured in the midline , since some firms which hadn ' t accessed WEDP services at the time of the baseline have now accessed services and need to be included in the baseline figure .  Increase in numbers of full-time and part-time employees ( paid and unpaid ) ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 1 . 86 | 2 . 27 | 2 . 90 | 2 . 42 | | Date | 31-Oct-2012 | 02-Nov-2016 | 04-May-2017 | 31-Dec-2017 | # # Comments 5 / 25 / 2017 Page 3 of 10 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 240, "text": "midline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the female employment rate in all transition economies . < sup > 2 < / sup > This is due to the difference in the labor force participation rate , which is much lower for women , rather than the unemployment rate which tends to be similar for men and women ( Figure 3 ) . * * Figure 3 Labor force indicators by gender , 2002 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Employment / populaion Ratio , 2002 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > Men < br > 50 < br > Women < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > CEE EU15 < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > 2 This statement is based on data for CEE countries and Russia . However , it is highly unlikely that the common pattern of higher male than female employment rate does not apply to other ECA countries . 9", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 324, "text": "Labor force indicators by gender , 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 621, "end": 654, "text": "data for CEE countries and Russia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "war < br > before December 2018 . Henc < br > ts . | is still in < br > eness and < br > e there is no evidence | | IN00544320 < br > ► Implementing entiti | es submitting the annual FM | and technical report on time | ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | 29-Dec-2017 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Dis | bursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P152394 | IDA-58360 | Effective | USD | 150 . 00 | 150 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 27 . 42 | 120 . 22 | | 19 % | | P152394 | TF-A2561 | Effective | USD | 40 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 11 . 80 | 28 . 20 | | 30 % | | P152394 | TF-A2792 | Effective | USD | 1 . 10 | 1 . 10 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 73 | | 33 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Loans and IDA Credit and Grants by World Bank Borrowers , ” dated January , 2011 , and the provisions stipulated in the Legal Agreement . Contract awards will also be published in UNDB , in accordance with the Bank ’ s Procurement Guidelines ( paragraph 2 . 60 ) and Consultants Guidelines ( paragraph 2 . 31 ) . Project activities will also be implemented following “ Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants , ” dated October 15 , 2006 and revised in January 2011 . As an emergency operation , this project is entitled to the specificity and the flexibility described in paragraph 11 of OP 10 . 00 on Investment Project Financing . 68 . * * _Procurement Plan_ . * * A Simplified Procurement Plan was reviewed , discussed and agreed upon by the Borrower and the project team during negotiations . It will be available in the project ’ s database , and a summary will be disclosed on the Bank ’ s external website once the proposed project is approved by the Board . The Procurement Plan will be updated in agreement with the Project Team annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvements in institutional capacity . # * * E . Social and Environmental ( including Safeguards ) * * 69 . From an environmental and social safeguards standpoint , the project is a * * Category B * * . The environmental and social impacts will be local and limited , as the project ’ s activities will focus on targeted refugees ’ and returnees ’ camps . Specific mitigation measures will be designed . The proposed interventions will include : ( i ) supplying food ; ( ii ) supplying seed , animal feed , and 18", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 927, "text": "project ’ s database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it in the context of the high pace of turnover . In general , it is difficult to interpret differences across countries in the magnitude of the gap between entering and exiting businesses . For example , it might reflect fundamentals driving market selection with new businesses adopting the latest business practices ( or in transition economies , new businesses adopting market business practices relative to incumbents ) or it might reflect a very high entry barrier so that only very productive new businesses enter . However , the latter explanation might suggest that firm turnover rates should be reduced which does not appear to be the case for the transition economies . Still , for the transition economies the contribution of net entry is far from proportionate suggesting that there is substantial churning of businesses via entry and exit that is not productivity enhancing in transition economies . It is also interesting to note that the entry of new firms has variable effects on overall productivity growth in OECD countries . On the whole , data for European countries show that new firms typically make a positive contribution to overall productivity growth , although the effect is generally of small magnitude . By contrast , entries make a negative contribution in the United States for most industries and a stronger than average contribution tends to come from the exit of low productivity firms . Interpreting these findings without more information is difficult . The weak performance of entrants in the U . S . might reflect greater experimentation in the U . S . so that for each entering cohort of entrants there is more selection and potentially more learning by doing . Some evidence in favor of this interpretation is provided in Haltiwanger , Jarmin and Schank ( 2003 ) , Foster , Haltiwanger and Krizan ( 2001 , 2002 ) and Bartelsman and Scarpetta ( 2004 ) . The former paper provides evidence of greater market experimentation in the U . S . relative to Germany . The latter shows that in the U . S . that as the horizon lengthens in the U . S . , the contribution of net entry rises disproportionately . Moreover , Foster et . al . show that the increased contribution of net", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1086, "text": "data for European countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GVCs by strengthening IO linkages and fostering business interactions . Second , this paper connects to emerging research on firm IO linkages and their effects on sourcing decisions . Most studies have relied on industry IO tables to measure these linkages . Amiti and Koning ( 2007 ) , using Indonesia ’ s industry IO table , demonstrate that lowering upstream input tariffs leads downstream firms to increase imports and boost productivity . Similarly , Javorcik ( 2004 ) , drawing on Lithuania ’ s IO data , find that downstream FDI generates significant positive spillovers for upstream domestic firms . More recent work , leverages granular data to trace firm-to-firm connections . Amiti and Weinstein ( 2011 ) use a unique dataset to link Japanese firms to their banks to study the effects of the health of banks providing trade finance and growth in a firm ’ s exports relative to its domestic sales . Kee ( 2015 ) identifies firm IO linkages between downstream exporters and local suppliers by matching names and addresses . The study reveals significant positive horizontal spillovers , known as sharedsupplier spillovers , when both FDI and domestic firms rely on common local input suppliers . AlfaroUreña et al . ( 2022 ) match tax IDs of firms in Costa Rica and show that domestic firms experience significant performance gains when they become suppliers to FDI firms . Alfaro et al . ( 2024 ) match shipment-level import data with the U . S . credit register to obtain information on importer-supplier relations at the firm level and credit relationships at the bank-firm level . Arnarson et al . ( 2024 ) analyze labor division along the supply chain for generating scale economies and productivity growth , by linking buyers and suppliers in Denmark and Sweden . Finally , a closely related study by Bernard et al . ( 2019 ) examines how HSR promotes domestic outsourcing among Japanese firms , using a detailed dataset of supplier-customer links across 800 , 000 firms . Complementing existing approaches , this paper introduces a straightforward method to capture firm-level IO linkages by connecting exporters to potential domestic suppliers . Moreover , the simple two-sector model provides an easy theoretical treatment of firm IO linkages through relative input prices . This", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 230, "text": "industry IO tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 293, "end": 324, "text": "Indonesia ’ s industry IO table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 487, "end": 508, "text": "Lithuania ’ s IO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1449, "end": 1472, "text": "U . S . credit register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1928, "end": 1962, "text": "dataset of supplier-customer links", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( 2017 ) . Malawi Fourth Integrated Household Survey 2016-2017 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : MWI 2016 ~ ~ I ~ ~ HS-IV ~ ~ v ~ ~ 04 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2936 ` on 6 September 2019 . - National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( 2020a ) . Malawi Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : MWI ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 019 ~ ~ I ~ ~ HS-V ~ ~ v ~ ~ 06 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3818 ` on 9 February 2024 . - National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( 2020b ) . Malawi Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010-20132016-2019 ( long-term panel , 102 EAs ) . Public Use Dataset . Ref : MWI ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 010-2019 ~ ~ I ~ ~ HPS ~ ~ v ~ ~ 06 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3819 ` on 21 May 2024 . - Novella , N . S . and W . M . Thiaw ( 2013 ) . African rainfall climatology version 2 for famine early warning systems . _Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52_ ( 3 ) , 588 – 606 . - Parker , W . S . ( 2016 ) . Reanalyses and observations : What ’ s the difference ? _Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97_ ( 9 ) , 1565 – 72 . - Ritchie , J . and D . NeSmith ( 1991 ) . Temperature and crop development . In R . J . Hanks and J . T . Ritchie ( Eds . ) , _Modeling Plant and Soil Systems_ , pp . 5 – 29 . American Society of Agronomy , Crop Science Society of America , Soil Science Society of America . - Sarsons , H . ( 2015 ) . Rainfall and conflict : A", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "either > 7 In PPP terms , Jordan ’ s per capita GDP in 2019 was $ 10 , 497 . 00 , substantially lower than Georgia ’ s level of $ 15 , 623 . 00 . 8 National estimate , 2019 . ILO models predict 14 . 6 percent in 2019 . > 9 National estimate , 2019 . > 10 To delineate formal from informal employment in the respective labor force surveys , which are available in the original micro datasets from the respective countries . Appendix Table 2 in the longer version of this paper explains how we define \" permanency \" in CFUWBES ( Jordan and Georgia ) , LMPS ( Jordan ) , LFS ( Georgia ) , and CMMHHS ( Jordan ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 390, "text": "micro datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 517, "end": 524, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 550, "end": 554, "text": "LMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 568, "end": 571, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 590, "end": 596, "text": "CMMHHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) | | | June 18 , 2024 | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Off-farm ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 5 , 461 | | 39 , 545 . 00 | | | Female ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 10 , 912 | | 79 , 090 . 00 | | | | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 5 , 703 | 28-Jun-2024 | 34 , 800 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | Youth clients with business plans < br > financed or enrolled in the wage < br > employment pathway ( Number ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator inclu < br > business plan finan < br > pathway . Regional | des the number of < br > ced and those yout < br > data compiled by F | youth ( < 30 years ) clients < br > h enrolled in the wage e < br > SCO up to June 18 , 2024 | with a < br > mployment < br > | | | 0 . 00 | 2 , 151 | | 12 , 240 . 00 | | | Youth who received livelihood < br > grant ( Number ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator meas < br > livelihood grant Re | ures the number of < br > gional data compil | youth ( < 30 years ) that < br > d by FSCO up to June 18 | have received a < br > 2024 | | * * Improve Shock Responsiveness of the * * | * * Rural Safety Net * * | . | | | , | | Indicator Name | Baseline | Actual ( C | urrent ) | ClosingPer | iod | | | Value <", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 698, "text": "data compiled by F", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We assume a flexible exchange rate with fixed foreign savings . This is a common specification in real trade models . It is assumed that any changes in the trade balance are determined by macroeconomic forces working mostly in asset markets which are not included in the model . # * * 4 . The Data * * The South Africa SAM is based on 2001 data including : - SSA IO 1971-1993 - SSA SUT 1993-1998 - SAM 1998 - SARB published and unpublished data 1970-2001 - SSA industry censuses and surveys - 1970-1996 population census - OHS 1994-1999 - LFS 2000-2002 - HH Income and expenditure survey 2000 - McGregor BFA 1970-2001 - ASSA 2000 Demographic model - RSA Standardized Industry Database developed by Quantec . < sup > 11 < / sup > The SAM consists of 49 commodities at industry level as well as 49 activities . The government produces six of the 49 activities . There are four factors of production , capital , high-skilled , semiskilled and unskilled labor . The households are divided into the 10 income deciles . Due to the magnitude of the 10 < sup > th < / sup > decile it is further divided into 95 percent , 96 . 25 percent , 97 . 5 percent and 98 . 75 percent . < sup > 12 < / sup > Elasticities used in the model are from Gibson ( 2003 ) , Van Heerden and Van der Merwe ( 1997 ) , the CGE model of Lewis ( 2001 ) and Thurlow and Van Seventer ( 2002 ) . From the data in the SAM , we compute effective tax rates . These are the tax rates that change when we evaluate tax reforms . In South Africa , there are indirect taxes levied on either products or production and direct taxes levied on households and firms . Indirect taxes on products include value added tax , fuel levies , excise duties , and tariffs , while indirect on production would include payroll taxes . # * * 5 . Simulations and Results * * First , we evaluate the current tax structure . We remove the VAT and consider the following revenue neutral tax changes : ( 1 ) a", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 365, "text": "SSA IO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 378, "end": 385, "text": "SSA SUT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 409, "end": 444, "text": "SARB published and unpublished data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 457, "end": 490, "text": "SSA industry censuses and surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 493, "end": 520, "text": "1970-1996 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 539, "end": 552, "text": "LFS 2000-2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 555, "end": 592, "text": "HH Income and expenditure survey 2000", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 595, "end": 617, "text": "McGregor BFA 1970-2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 620, "end": 647, "text": "ASSA 2000 Demographic model", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 650, "end": 684, "text": "RSA Standardized Industry Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1369, "end": 1384, "text": "data in the SAM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "informality trap ) is to create samples of formal and informal firms that are “ similar ” and compare the performance variables across these otherwise similar samples . The propensity score inverse probability weighting ( IPW ) estimator is used to assess the degree to which the performance gaps may be due to informality itself . The procedure first estimates a probit model where covariates are used to predict informality and the predicted probability ( the propensity score ) is used to weight observations to make them similar . < sup > 14 < / sup > Then , the weighted samples of formal and informal firms are used to calculate the mean difference in the performance variables . The covariates used in the probit model are similar to the ones used in the discussion of correlates of informality below ( see section 4 . 2 ) . Log productivity is both a key performance variable as well as a key driver of selection into formality , as emphasized by Ulyssea . The use of an outcome variable in constructing a propensity score is clearly problematic in cross section data . Since the purpose here is exploratory , two models are used to predict propensity scores . In the first model , log productivity is not > deviation of 1 , which facilitates comparison across different explanatory variables . As such , they measure how many standard deviations the left-hand side variable changes in response to a standard deviation change in a right-hand side variable . 13 The magnitude of the reduction is assessed in the following way : The coefficient on the informality variable is equal to the difference in the means of log productivity of formal and informal firms . The exponentiated value of the coefficient in turn is equal to the ratio of the geometric means of productivity in formal and informal firms . This means that without any controls , the ( unconditional ) ratio of the geometric mean of productivity among formal firms to that of informal firms is 3 . 63 ( exp ( 1 . 289 ) = 3 . 63 ) . Once controls A are introduced , the ( conditional ) ratio of geometric means for the two groups is reduced to 1 . 65", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ERT III Baseline Survey | e < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 30 , 000 . 00 | 26 , 914 . 05 < br > Signed | | 2017-06-06 < br > 2017-07-14 | | | 2017-07-29 < br > 2017 | - 07-17 < br > 2017-09-10 | | UG-REA-14619-GO-RFB / < br > Supply of ( 02 ) Double Cabin Pick < br > ups and ( 01 ) Station Wagon for < br > REA and ( 01 ) Double Cabin Pick < br > up for UNBS | < br > - < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Prior | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 244 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-09-11 | 2017-10-16 | 2017-11-15 | 2017-11-29 | 2018-01-10 | 2018-03-26 | | UG-REA-8728-GO-RFB / Suppl < br > of a Double Cabin Pick-up for < br > UNBS | y < br > IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access < br > Contingency < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "because there are different valid sales measures that firms could present when applying . Also , reported annual sales might be different from the administrative data we use in this paper . Despite these considerations , being larger than the eligibility cutoff significantly decreases the likelihood of a firm participating in the credit program by 14 % . Panel B shows the effect of being at either side of the cutoff on leverage variation , measured as the change in ( net ) debt during 2020 relative to 2019 sales . Unreported RDD estimations show that crossing the size threshold and thus causally limiting the use of the credit guarantee program reduces the change in leverage by 4 % , a result that is statistically different from zero . Next , we decompose the change in indebtedness into the change in public guaranteed debt and non-guaranteed debt . By construction , public guaranteed debt needs to increase for firms participating in the program . We find that indebtedness coming from public guaranteed debt increases by 13 . 9 and 11 . 8 percentage points for banked and unbanked firms , respectively ( Table 8 , Columns 1 and 2 ) . On the other hand , participating in the credit program could lead to higher or lower non-guaranteed debt . We find that indebtedness coming from nonguaranteed debt also increases , although the magnitude of the effect is significantly smaller ( Columns 3 and 4 ) . In other words , guaranteed and non-guaranteed debt are to some extent complementary to each other during the pandemic . Having shown that the increase in debt occurs mostly through participating in the credit program , we next study how risk is related to the accumulation of this type of debt . We find that , within credit program users , riskier firms end up with more public guaranteed debt than safer firms , and this holds for both banked and unbanked firms ( Table 9 , Columns 1 and 2 ) . The selection results from the previous section show that riskier firms are more likely to participate in the credit program ( an expansion of the extensive margin ) . The results in this section show that , conditional on participating in the credit program", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 166, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# ABSTRACT Representative information on household energy is essential for organizations and individuals seeking to : ( a ) identify residential energy proMlems and trends ; ( b ) prepare supply and demand projections ; ( c ) engage in energy sector planning , ( d ) conduct market research ; ( e ) develop effective policies and programs as part of household energy strategies ; and ( f ) evaluate ongoing and completed projects . Without comprehensive knowledge of how households acquire and use energy , attempts to deveiop activities and policies which purportedly seek to improve domestic welfare and / or protect the environment can be futile and even counterproductive . In fact , recent efforts to develop household energy databases have led to the overturning of inaccurate preconceptions and false paradigms upon which past actions and policies had been based . Typically , information relating to residential energy consumption has been dealt with through country energy balances , national budget surveys and micro-studies . Edch c ' lhese has certain advantages which , however , are outweighed by their drawbacks . Instead , a dedicated , nationwide household energy survey can be the most effective means of generating relevant data for plaraiers , policymakers and evaluators . This database , combined with the results of more specialized studies , can then be used to understand and improve on the complex systems that are part of household energy consumption . For household energy surveyin % , this paper offers some lessons and caveats from recent experience concerning : - overall survey Jesign ; - sample design ; - questionnaire preparation ; - survey fieldwork and logistics ; - data processing and analysis ; and - costs and timing . Finally , a quick checklist is provided to assist practitioners in the preparation of household energy survey work .", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 740, "text": "household energy databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 967, "end": 990, "text": "country energy balances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1016, "text": "national budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "AF compiled and published for 3 macro-economic datasets ; ( 4 . 4 ) DQAF compiled and published for 4 macro-economic datasets ; and ( 4 . 5 ) DQAF compiled and published for 5 macro-economic datasets . 6 / 13 / 2016 Page 3 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 55, "text": "macro-economic datasets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ < u > Not Applicable < / u > _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ < u > Not Applicable < / u > _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : Not Applicable Works : < u > Not Applicable < / u > # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _The Project is an emergency response operation and the procedures on Procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraint shall apply_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Acronyms * * ANA National Water Agency ( _Agência Nacional de Águas_ ) ASSEMAE National Association of Municipal Water and Sanitation Services ( _Associação Nacional dos Serviços Municipais de Saneamento_ ) BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CETESB São Paulo State Environment Agency ( _Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental_ ) COD Chemical Oxygen Demand COPPE / UFRJ Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute – Graduate School and Research in Engineering / Federal University of Rio de Janeiro _ ( Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro ) _ CORHI São Paulo Coordinating Committee for the State Water Resources Plan ( _Comitê Coordenador do Plano Estadual de Recursos Hídricos_ ) CPMF Brazilian national tax on financial transactions ( _Contribuição Provisória sobre Movimentação ou Transmissão de Valores e de Créditos e Direitos de Natureza Financeira_ ) CRH São Paulo State Water Resources Council _ ( Conselho Estadual de Recursos Hídricos ) _ DAEE State Water Resources Management Agency of São Paulo ( _Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica_ ) EMAE São Paulo Metropolitan Water and Energy Company ( _Empresa Metropolitana de Água e Energia S . A . ) _ EMPLASA São Paulo State Agency for Metropolitan Development and Planning ( _Empresa Paulista de Desenvolvimento Metropolitano ) _ FEHIDRO São Paulo State Water Resources Fund ( _Fundo Estadual de Recursos Hídricos_ ) FAESP São Paulo State Agricultors Federation _ ( Federação dos Agricultores do Estado de São Paulo ) _ FIESP São Paulo State Industries Federation ( _Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo ) _ FUSP University of São Paulo Foundation _ ( Fundação Universidade de São Paulo ) _ IBGE Brazilian National Statistical Agency ( _Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística_ ) RMSP Metropolitan Region of São Paulo ( _Região Metropolitana de São Paulo_ ) . SABESP State Water and Sanitation Company of São Paulo ( _Companhia de Água e Esgoto do estado de São Paulo_ ) - 45 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # * * 8 . 9 Summary of Concerns Raised by the Subproject-affected Community and Response by RP Team * * Table 8 . 5 : Summary of Concerns Raised by local Authorities and Community members and Response Given by RP Team | * * Question Raised by Participants * * | * * Question / * * < br > * * Concern / * * < br > * * Expectation * * | * * Response Given by the RP Team * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | When will the subproject start construction ? | Question | Now we are conducting the final RP study which include census enumeration of properties < br > affected by the Subproject to estimate compensation cost for payment . After completion of the < br > present study , the compensation payment process will start , and once the compensation payment < br > is implemented , the land acquisition process will follow and only then the Subproject can start < br > construction activities . < br > At this stage of the Subproject , we don ’ t know the schedule for the construction . | | Will the PAHs get compensation before the < br > commencement of the Subproject ? | Concern | Normally , construction will not commence before payment of full compensation . However , < br > sometimes when the number of PAHs is large , the Subproject construction activities and < br > compensation payment may go parallel . < br > For this Subproject , the number of PAHs is very small and compensation payment will be < br > completed before construction starts . | | Will EEP pay the full compensation amount at < br > once orphase by phase ( byinstalment ) ? | Concern | Compensation will be paid in full at once and not by", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 684, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development Project ( P146797 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 5 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 29-Jul-2016 | 12-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2019 | # # Comments The EGM baseline study report is being finalized this month . The main study was completed in December 2016 . The mid line study is planned for November 2017 .  Number of participating schools completing top two priorities in the School Improvement Plans ( Number ( Thousand ) , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2015 | 29-Jul-2016 | 12-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2019 | # # Comments Development of SIPs was completed in December 2016 . County education teams and MoE are reviewing and clearing the SIPs prior to actual SIP grant disbursement in February 2017 .  EMIS data for primary education published annually from 2016 ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | Y | Y | Y | | Date | 01-Jun-2015 | 29-Jul-2016 | 12-Dec-2016 | 31", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1127, "text": "EMIS data for primary education", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 5 Choosing the right instruments * * The validity of the conditional LATE approach — and to a lesser extend of the narrow bounds approach — crucially depends on the choice of instruments . We adopt two strategies for this choice . First , we use an _ad hoc_ strategy in which we select a number of variables at the village and at the household level likely to affect the share of _a-compliers_ ( within the group of compliers ) . For instance , we include the province fixed effects under the expectation that some provinces may have provided , before the beginning of the intervention , better preschool infrastructure than others without necessarily affecting the treatment effects . Using the same logic we include population size and land area of the villages < sup > 35 < / sup > and whether the village has a primary and / or a secondary school . In a second specification within this same strategy , we add caregiver level variables ( education and poverty level as well as caregiver cognitive test scores ) . In a second strategy , we improve the transparency of the variable selection by implementing a machine learning algorithm to determine which variables should be included in equation ( 10 ) as X instruments to predict ASP attendance . We leverage the large baseline dataset composed of variables at the province , village , household , caregiver and child levels . Our objective is to predict the probability that a child will be enrolled in an ASP using baseline variables following the procedure implemented in Belloni et al . ( 2013 ) and Chernozhukov et al . ( 2018 ) . We start the procedure by selecting all covariates available at baseline ( 1354 in our case ) . We exclude free-text variables , variables with very low response rate , < sup > 36 < / sup > and variables without variation , which results in 224 eligible variables . We then create dummy indicators for categorical variables , compute the square of each covariate , and then remove perfectly collinear variables . < sup > 37 < / sup > We use the resulting 493 baseline variables to predict ASP enrollment status at follow-up", "spans": [{"start": 1277, "end": 1299, "text": "large baseline dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lay Adiyabo Woreda ; part of the northern border with Eritrea is delineated by the Mareb River . The northernmost point of this woreda is the northernmost point of Ethiopia . Towns in this woreda include Addi Awuala , Addi Hageray , and Badme . The administrative center of the woreda is Shiraro and is newly targeted by DRDIP-II separately from the woreda as City Administration . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA , the woreda has a total population of 103 , 310 , of whom 52 , 090 are male and 51 , 220 female ; 10 , 547 are urban inhabitants and 92 , 763 are lives in rural areas . With an area of 3 , 841 . 51 square kilometers , Tahtay Adiyabo has a population density of 26 . 89 people per square kilometer . 95 . 59 % of the inhabitants are Orthodox Christians while 3 . 15 % of the populations are Muslim . The dominant ethnic living in this woreda is the Tigrayan and Tigrigna is spoken as a first language next to Kunama . Agriculture and livestock rearing constitute the major economic activities in 49", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 437, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * UNHCR / Helpcode GBV Safety Audit * * Lyanda Site , Mueda , August 2023 # # # # * * 2 . ) FGDs * * | * * AREA * * | * * FINDINGS * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * GBV risks * * | ● GBV risks identified when carrying out firewood and water collection activities < br > ( distance and time of collection ) ; those moments outside the centers are also < br > vulnerable to receiving threats from the host community due to their presence < br > in the area ; < br > ● The risk of child marriage is increased by the economic needs of families < br > living in poverty ; < br > ● High alcohol consumption , lack of work and the stress of not being able to < br > support one ' s family continue to be related as the strongest GBV risks factors < br > by women ; < br > ● Despite the presence of risks of physical and sexual violations and threats < br > perceived by women , the violence most recognized by women is economic < br > denial of resources against women and children because the assistance they < br > manage to receive ends up being sold in order to buy other products that < br > won ' t be used to support the family ; < br > ● The women highlighted the risks of violence due to the conditions of the < br > houses - lack of doors / locks - and the time it takes to build the houses for the < br > new arrivals-living together with other families in the same space for a while . | | * * Access to * * < br > * * services ( legal , * * < br > * * physical / mental * * < br > * * health , safety and * * < br > * * others ) * * | < br > < br > < br >", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 98, "text": "FGDs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 # # # * * ANNEXES * * # # # # # # Annexe I : Situation des PDIs par regions , cercles et communes à la date du 31 décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | * * BAMAKO * * | * * 923 * * | * * 1090 * * | * * 898 * * | * * 1988 * * | * * 840 * * | * * 457 *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "six-yearold boy , to drown and four others ( three of whom were children ) to go missing . In August , an Afghan national was shot dead allegedly accidentally by a hunter after irregularly crossing to Serbia from Bulgaria . As winter set in , the body of an 18-year-old Afghan man was found in November in a pump house where he had sought shelter near Bulgaria ’ s border with Serbia . In early December , a group arriving in # # # # MONTHLY SEA ARRIVALS IN GREECE BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN - 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 , 000 < br > Syrian Arab Republic < br > 30 , 000 1 , 400 < br > 1 , 200 < br > Syrian Arab Republic < br > 25 , 000 1 , 000 < br > 800 < br > Afghanistan < br > 20 , 000 Iraq 600 + < br > 400 < br > Afghanistan < br > 15 , 000 200 < br > Iraq < br > 10 , 000 < br > 5 , 000 < br > SEE ABOVE < br > - Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 - < br > Syrian Arab Republic 30 , 309 29 , 412 14 , 399 1 , 268 525 459 510 1 , 112 866 1 , 021 610 258 < br > Afghanistan 18 , 846 13 , 943 6 , 133 580 270 215 201 324 479 410 254 170 < br > Iraq 11 , 964 9 , 134 2 , 515 381 162 183 104 327 497 541 220 110 < br > Pakistan 2 , 243 1 , 539 1 , 880 637 231 233 345 737 513 105 69 261 < br > Other 1 , 860 1 , 445 1 , 370 711 469 413 687 824 570 677 768 836 < br > Iran 2 , 193 1 , 593 674 73 64", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 485, "text": "MONTHLY SEA ARRIVALS IN GREECE BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during construction of tower < br > foundation , access roads and all other facility sites upon completion of < br > the construction works . | During construction < br > phase | Contractor | RE / ESI / ESAO | Included in < br > Contract with < br > Contractor cost | | Avifauna mortalities |  < br > Use of insulated and twisted conductors to ensure that the risk of < br > collision and electrocution is very low , simply due to the presence of a < br > single , very visible element . < br >  < br > If the TL would have the neutral cable high above the conductor cables , < br > it should be made clearly visible by suitable markers because most bird < br > collisionaccidents occurat the thin neutralcable . | During Design and < br > contraction phases | Contractor | RE | Included in < br > Contract with < br > Contractor cost | Page 206", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 10 : Bangladesh ’ s Increased Exports * * * * < u > to India – Three Scenarios < / u > * * | | | _Bangladesh has duty-_ < br > _free market access in_ < br > _India with no sensitive_ < br > _list_ | * * Scenarios * * < br > _Bangladesh has duty-_ < br > _free market access in_ < br > _India keeping India ’ s_ < br > _sensitive list of 480_ < br > _productsfor LDCs_ | _Bangladesh has duty-_ < br > _free market access in_ < br > _India keeping India ’ s_ < br > _sensitive list of 46_ < br > _productsfor LDCs_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Rise in * * < br > * * exports to * * < br > * * base ( % ) * * | * * Bangladesh * * < br > * * India , from * * | 133 . 53 | 19 . 12 | 85 . 09 | _Source_ : GTAP simulation results . The increase in exports is calculated with reference to the baseline . The static export potential could be considered as an increase in exports of 134 percent ( the first scenario above ) , i . e . , with no sensitive list ( Table 10 ) . Other simulation results show that India ‘ s maintaining of the sensitive list of 480 products would only see an export increase of about 19 percent , much less than the first scenario . It should be noted , however , that Bangladesh ‘ s major export items – – readymade garments ( RMGs , HS codes 61 and 62 ) – – have a very limited export base in India , so the GTAP model would always show a small rise in these product exports , even under a ― no sensitive list ‖ scenario . Initially , India was wary of allowing Bangladesh ‘ s garments into its market . But after the September 2011 prime ministerial agreement , India has allowed Bangladesh ‘ s RMGs into its", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 firms ( 8 new entrants ) . The final step assumes the impact of moving to perfect competition in the long run ( although , in the mobile telecommunication market , the number of firms tends to be rather small ) . For the price elasticity of demand , the simulation relies on the empirical estimations reported in Hausman and Ros ( 2013 ) for mobile telecommunication services ( η � � 0 . 476 ) . * * Table 3 . Estimated price change and related parameters * * | * * Oligopoly ( Nash ) * * < br > * * market * * | * * Step 1 * * | * * Step 2 * * | * * Step 3 * * | * * Competitive market * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Firms � 4 | Firms � 6 | Firms � 8 | Firms � 12 | Firms � ∞ | | η � � 0 . 476 | η � � 0 . 377 | η � � 0 . 328 | η � � 0 . 279 | η < sup > ∗ < / sup > � � 0 . 1808 | | p1 � 1 . 344 | p � � 1 . 306 | p � � 1 . 275 | p � � 1 . 229 | p � � 1 . 0000 | _Source : _ World Bank estimates using ENIGH 2014 ; Hausman and Ros 2013 . _Note : _ Changes in elasticity occur due to the simulation of a large price drop in the item of interest , resulting in a quantity demanded of larger magnitude and decreasing the absolute value of the elasticity . Table 3 shows illustrates the WELCOM prediction that market concentration increases prices in the mobile communication market in Mexico by about 34 . 4 percent with respect to a scenario of perfect > 24 In this section the term telecommunications and communications will be used to refer to mobile communications services . > 25 The rule that WELCOM follows is to multiply the original number of firms by 1 . 5 in", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 935, "text": "ENIGH 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 . 2 ( continued ) : Sample representativeness in Nigeria HFPS * * | | * * Nigeria ( * * | * * GHS-Panel ) * * < br > | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * All * * | * * With * * < br > * * Contact info * * | * * HFPS * * | * * Sample * * < br > _Difference † _ | | | _Mean_ | _Mean_ | _Mean_ | < br > _ ( 3 ) - ( 2 ) _ | | * * Characteristic * * | _ ( 1 ) _ | _ ( 2 ) _ | _ ( 3 ) _ | _ ( 4 ) _ | | * * _Housing_ * * | | | | | | Improved roof | 0 . 886 | 0 . 887 | 0 . 884 | 0 . 002 | | Improved floor | 0 . 776 | 0 . 780 | 0 . 777 | - 0 . 001 | | Improved toilet | 0 . 602 | 0 . 603 | 0 . 609 | - 0 . 007 | | Improved water source | 0 . 765 | 0 . 766 | 0 . 764 | 0 . 001 | | Access to electricity | 0 . 554 | 0 . 558 | 0 . 565 | - 0 . 010 | | * * _Asset ownership_ * * | | | | | | Solar | | | | | | Generator | 0 . 246 | 0 . 247 | 0 . 237 | 0 . 009 | | TV | 0 . 451 | 0 . 454 | 0 . 462 | - 0 . 011 | | Refrigerator | 0 . 173 | 0 . 174 | 0 . 178 | - 0 . 005 | | Bicycle | 0 . 157 | 0 . 157 | 0 . 151 | 0 . 006 | | Motorbike | 0 . 306 | 0 . 305 | 0 . 310 | - 0 . 004", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 115, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the lack of telecommunication on households is rarely documented in the literature , some studies put in evidence consequences on emergency systems and public health structure . In the aftermath of hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico , Kishore et al . ( 2018 ) report that 8 . 8 % of the surveyed population in the most remote areas of the island were not able to reach emergency services . Beatty et al . ( 2006 ) point out the need of improvement of communication during an electricity outage in a hospital setting . Kile et al . ( 2005 ) reach the same conclusion after conducting semi-structured interviews on the impact of a power outage in 2003 in the Midwest and Northeast of the US . Respondents underlined the fact that communication was limited , and that public health surveillance was affected along with emergency responses . # 1 . 2 . The economic cost of electricity outages to households is high The cost of electricity outages depends on length and timing . Carlsson & Martinsson ( 2008 ) provide evidence that the willingness to pay ( WTP ) to avoid unplanned power outages varies depending on the time of the week and the season . The 2 , 400 households who responded to their choice experiment survey in Sweden reported being more affected by outages occurring during a weekend and during the winter . Households also place more value on the reduction of long electricity service interruptions . Equivalent studies based on survey methods in other developed countries reach the same conclusion about the nonlinear impact of outage durations on WTP and costs , and therefore on well-being . Estimates of the WTP to avoid power outage yield very different results across countries and methodologies ( Figure 4 ) < sup > 3 < / sup > . According to the referenced studies , the average cost revealed by contingent valuation and choice experiments surveys are USD 11 . 9 and USD 0 . 74 per unserved hour respectively . This difference is coherent with theory : in contingent valuations , people tend to overstate their WTP as they think it will have an impact on the problem while not being directly charged to them . There is no clear >", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1228, "text": "choice experiment survey in Sweden", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 10 % . 19 . Although it is difficult to judge the optimal curative-preventive combination , the move towards prevention from curative services is in line with the government ’ s health sector policy and health care financing strategy . Increasing allocation to preventative / promotive services would enhance efficiency of resource utilization by allowing the introduction or expansion of inexpensive interventions as well as allowing greater emphasis on household care and community-based services . 20 . According to NHA 3 , donors ( the rest of the world ) contribute the lion share ( 80 % ) of the total expenditure on prevention and public health services , while the Government contributes 19 % . On the other hand , curative care expenditure is mainly financed by the Government ( 58 % ) , followed by the private sector ( 39 % ) . The private sector ( which consists of households / out-ofpocket , private for profit and private for non-profit organizations ) is the single most financer of Pharmaceuticals ( 98 % ) . With regard to capital formation , as it is the case in prevention and public health service , the rest of the world is the major contributor ( 67 % ) followed by government ( 32 % ) . It is in the interest of government that the rest of the world ( donors ) is contributing to the capital formation which has an impact in strengthening the health system . As expected the government took the burden of health administrative cost covering 83 % of it . 21 . The distribution of funds to functions by source also shades light on the priorities given by each financer . In this regard , Government expended 41 % of its resources on curative services while it allocated 20 % , 16 % , 15 % and 5 % to health administration , capital formation , prevention and public health and other health related services , respectively . On the other hand , the private sector allocated all its resources to curative and pharmaceuticals . The rest of the world ( donors ) significantly allocated its resources to prevention and public health (", "spans": [{"start": 522, "end": 527, "text": "NHA 3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "files / fra_uploads / 1692-SEPAC-comparative-report_EN . pdf > . Eurostat . “ Asylum applicants considered to be unaccompanied minors by citizenship , age and sex Annual data ” Retrieved 10 August 2014 from < http : / / appsso . eurostat . ec . europa . eu / nui / show . do ? dataset = migr_asyunaa & lang = en > . France Terre D ’ Asile . “ Right to Asylum for Unaccompanied minors in the European Union Comparative Study in the 27 EU Countries ” , 2012 , Retrieved 7 March 2013 from < http : / / tdh-childprotection . org / documents / right-to-asylum-for-unaccompanied-minors-in-the-european-union > . Hancilova , Blanka and Knauder , Bernadette . “ Unaccompanied Minor Asylum Seekers : Overview of Protection , Assistance and Promising Practices ” , IOM , Budapest , 2011 . Ganesh , Lina et al . “ Women ’ s Economic Empowerment in Afghanistan , 2002-2012 ” , Kabul , AREU , 2013 . Gladwell , Catherine and Hannah Elwyn . “ Broken Futures : Former Unaccompanied Minors With No Leave to Remain in the UK _ ” New Issues in Refugee Research , No 246_ , UNHCR Policy Development and Evaluation Service , October 2012 . 34 AREU & UNHCR", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 299, "text": "migr_asyunaa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entially impacts perceptions of empowerment . In particular , we expect urban based displacement to be especially conducive to empowerment , while we expect camp-based displacement is especially harmful to IDP empowerment . # * * 4 Research Design * * To evaluate our hypotheses , we analyze original cross-section surveys we conducted that sample IDPs and similarly at-risk but not displaced populations in Iraq ( 2019 ) and the Philippines ( 2010 ) . To explore temporal change within a single case , we additionally analyze a repeated cross-sectional survey in northern Uganda ( in 2007 ( n = 1404 ) and 2010 ( n = 2498 ) ) that also captures IDPs and similarly at risk populations . We restrict the analysis of the Uganda repeated cross-sectional waves just to Acholi , the main site of displacement within northern Uganda and the region for which we have consistent and comparable coverage across the two survey waves . Figure 2 plots the spatial distribution of our samples in the Philippines ( Figure 2a ) , Iraq ( Figure 2b ) , and Uganda ( the 2010 wave , Figure 2c ) . Combined , these surveys provide 11 , 170 unique responses that capture the IDP experience across three different continents , regimes , and conflict zones . An additional case contributing to our reflection , Colombia , is presented in appendix because of significant methodological differences . Each survey was collected independently as part of our broader research agenda to understand the consequences of forced displacement . As a result , the survey samples and instruments are not identical across cases . < sup > 12 < / sup > Each survey was designed to capture and respect the particularities of the local context . We bring these surveys together precisely because they enable us to examine the experience of IDPs across contexts while prioritizing the internal validity of each case . The three surveys presented in this paper provide the best balance of consistency in questions , similarity of populations sampled , and analytically fruitful contextual differences between cases in our broader research agenda and data gathering efforts on the topic . < sup > 13 < / sup > Although specific design decisions vary by country , consistency across the", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 322, "text": "cross-section surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 529, "end": 579, "text": "repeated cross-sectional survey in northern Uganda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Covenants * * . The October 2010 Dated Covenants to undertake an Independent Procurement Audit and Environmental Sustainability Study for LIG have not been met . The mission reached agreement with Government on a revised time-table for completing the Independent Procurement Audit by May 15 , 2011 and the Environmental Sustainability Study for the LIG Component , also by May 15 , 2011 . Finally , for the April 2011 dated covenant related to monitoring transparency and accountability , it was agreed to clarify that the analysis of these issues would be based on the already-collected Woreda City Benchmarking data , filling in analysis where necessary . - * * Strengthening Financial Reporting Capacity . * * As foreseen during PBS 2 Appraisal , financial reporting for the PBS program has been delayed and is often of low quality . IDA and Government reached agreement on a Financial Management Improvement Plan for the operation , summarized below . - * * Retroactive Financing . * * The Bank agreed to provide retroactive financing of up to 20 % of the IDA Credit / Grant ( US $ 84 million equivalent ) to cover payments for eligible expenditures for the Basic Service Block Grant Sub-program A1 incurred after July 8 , 2010 but before the signing date of the Financing Agreement . 15", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 617, "text": "Woreda City Benchmarking data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Republic of Uganda Avian and Human Influenza Preparedness and Response Project Annex 2 : Outputs by Component * * # * * < u > Component 1 : Animal Health < / u > * * # * * _Part I : Preparedness and Prevention_ * * 77 . All the 112 districts in the country now report on veterinary services through E-reporting procedures . Standard Operating Procedures for reporting between MAAIF and other line ministries were developed and the curricula for the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and ParaVeterinary reviewed . Eight sero-prevalence surveys covering HPAI and other zoonotic diseases and non-zoonotic priority diseases ( Pestes des Petits Ruminants , Foot and Mouth Disease , Anthrax , Contagious Caprine Pleuro-Pneumonia , Rift Valley Fever , and Brucellosis ) were undertaken compared to the four surveys that were envisaged at appraisal . The project operationalized four quarantine centers and forty checkpoints in support of strengthened National Veterinary Service quarantine capacity . 78 . A compensation policy for HPAI for induced death or culling of poultry was drafted and now awaits cabinet approval . All districts in the country were linked to the National Veterinary Service incident command system for management of logistics and a central command at MAAIF coordinating the District Rapid Response Teams for Avian Influenza and other Transboundary Animal Diseases was set up . Significant progress towards attaining full diagnostic competency for HPAI has been registered after the recently completed BSL-3 laboratory at National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Center becomes fully functional . # * * _Part II : Response and Recovery_ * * 79 . Funding for response and recovery was intended to provide support for containment and control of HPAI in case of an eventual outbreak . The project would support immediate reaction to the outbreak , implementation of sanitary measures , quarantine and movement control and compensation . However , there was no HPAI outbreak in the country and funding under this activity was re-allocated to other project components", "spans": [{"start": 522, "end": 545, "text": "sero-prevalence surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 7 * * | | | Very good < br > | * * 86 . 7 * * | * * 85 . 0 * * | * * 58 . 3 * * | * * 88 . 3 * * | * * 90 . 0 * * | * * 80 . 7 * * | | Currenthealth < br > situation * * ( N = 270 ) * * | Good | * * 13 . 3 * * | * * 15 . 0 * * | 40 . 0 | * * 10 . 0 * * | * * 10 . 0 * * | * * 18 . 5 * * | | | Notsogood | 00 | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 17 * * | * * 1 . 7 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 7 * * | The surveyed households were also enquired about the current health status of their family members . Accordingly , about * * ( 80 . 7 % ) * * of the households assessed their current health status of their household as \" Very good \" , while * * ( 18 . 5 % ) * * rated as \" Good \" and the remaining * * ( 0 . 7 % ) * * of the households reported \" Not So Good \" . The result of the survey about the access to financial service illustrates , only * * 26 * * or * * ( 9 . 6 % ) * * of the households have had access ( borrowed cash ) from different sources in the past 12 months preceding the survey . The proportion of households took loan is relatively higher in Lode Hetosa woreda and lowest in Hetosa woreda . Among * * 26 * * households who had had access to financial services in the past 12 months , majority * * ( 11 * * HHs ) reported to take loan from Micro Finance Institution ( MFl ) operating", "spans": [{"start": 788, "end": 832, "text": "survey about the access to financial service", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * FOR * * OFFICIAL USE ONLY ETHIOPIA Petroleum Exploration Promotion and < sup > Geothermal Reconnaissance < / sup > Project # Credit and Project Summary Borrower : Ethiopia | Amount : | SDR 6 . 5 million ( US $ 7 . 0 million < sup > equivalent ) < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | | Implementing Agency : | Ministry of Mines and Energy | | Terms : | Standard | | Project Description : | The proposed project will support < sup > the efforts of < / sup > < br > the Ethiopian Ministry of Mines < sup > and Energy to < / sup > < br > attract renewed exploration efforts < sup > by < / sup > < br > international oil companies and < sup > to establish the < / sup > < br > feasibility of geothermal energy < sup > development . The < / sup > < br > project consists of two components : < br > ( a ) An exploration promotion component < sup > consisting < / sup > < br > of : | | | ( i ) technical assistance to the < sup > Ministry of < / sup > < br > Mines and Energy in promoting < sup > Ethiopia ' s < / sup > < br > petroleum potential , assisting < sup > in the < / sup > < br > negotiation of exploration contracts < sup > with < / sup > < br > oil companies , and monitoring < sup > the < / sup > < br > activities of operating companies ; | | | ( ii ) acquisition of about 800 line-km < sup > of < / sup > < br > offshore seismic data and the < br > reprocessing of about 3 , 000 line-km < sup > of < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1337, "text": "offshore seismic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which should be the case under UCSATP otherwise these groups tend to miss out from programs where they are included in the overall project interventions ; - UCSATP in its PMU should amongst its staffing include a VMG Specialist who is to ensure information regarding the project is accordingly packaged and delivered to and from VMGs for their effective and meaningful involvement in UCSATP ; and - Improvement of information disclosure , more support to vulnerable or marginalized individuals or groups , and community training on safety awareness and discrimination . # # < mark > 4 . 5 MEASURES TO IMPROVE STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT < / mark > - To improve its stakeholder engagement methodology , integrating it within its management systems and meeting the international standards required by the World Bank , the following will be introduced : Review of existing stakeholder database and identification records to include consideration of stakeholders ’ - rights and / or duties as well as their capacity to engage meaningfully with UCSATP ( i . e . factors such vulnerability , literacy , traditional lifestyle and decision-making via village elders , etc . ) . Records will be reviewed and updated to reflect any notable changes in stakeholder status or circumstances ; - A Commitments Register is introduced to collate and track all new environmental and social commitments made by the project to its various stakeholders over the life of the project and ensure timely follow-through on its promises . This is an essential tool for building trust and establishing good working relationships with stakeholders and will sit alongside the Framework ESMP and its Consolidated Register of ESIA Obligations ; - Implement a Stakeholder categorization to facilitate the prioritization of both “ affected communities , groups and individuals ” and “ other interested parties ” in order to ensure the effective of planned engagement and liaison activities . A stakeholder mapping process is being added to help define appropriate levels and types of engagement required for each defined stakeholder category , facilitating due attention to vulnerable or marginalized individuals or groups ; - Key Stakeholder Profiles will be maintained for both designated key informants and those affected", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 912, "text": "stakeholder database and identification records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 1 . 4 1 . 2 . 9 < br > 1 . 3 1 . 3 1 . 1 . 8 < br > 1 . 21 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 7 < br > 1 1 . 1 . 9 . 6 < br > Wage Premium , Skilled-Unskilled < br > 1 < br > 1 . 3 1 . 1 . 9 < br > 1 . 2 . 9 . 8 < br > 1 . 1 1 . 8 < br > 1 . 7 . 7 < br > . 9 . 9 . 6 . 6 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 48", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 334, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 0 . 00 < br > domestic minority majority wholly domestic minority majority wholly < br > foreign foreign foreign foreign foreign foreign < br > owned owned < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Prowess ; Own calculations The general trend across the world is that GVC trade increased rapidly until 2008 and has been declining since ( World Bank 2020 ; Boris and Mancini 2019 ) . Several macroeconomic reasons have been put forward to explain this . such as , lower output growth across the world , a plateau effect of the extent to which production chains can be broken up , the decelerating impact of China and Eastern European countries for > 2 However , foreign entry is also limited by other measures which affect foreign investors . For example , there are limits / conditions to the proportion of shares that can be acquired by foreign investors in publicly controlled firms . Also , there are specific requirements for cross-border merger conditions in several sectors . Moreover , in several sectors , there are residency requirements for at least one member of the board and the manager . > 3 As per the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index , India is relatively restricted in services trade compared to other OECD and emerging economies . FDI restrictions in services in India are mainly related to equity restrictions , particularly for professional and business services , such as legal services , accounting services , real estate services , and insurance services . Several other services sectors still have some equity restrictions in place , such as retail , media services , as well as engineering and financial services . For all the services sectors in India , limitations on foreign entry , remain significantly higher than the OECD average . The sectors for which foreign entry is still somewhat burdensome include accounting , architecture ; legal services ; telecommunication ; all types of transport services ; logistics services ; courier ( due to postal services limitations ) ; commercial banking ; and insurance . Transparency-related barriers in services are the third most important category that explain India ’ s relatively high STRIs . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . DATA * * # * * ( a ) The Rural Investment Climate Pilot Surveys * * The World Bank ’ s Rural Investment Climate Pilot Surveys conducted in Bangladesh , Ethiopia , Indonesia and Sri Lanka are matched household-enterprise-community surveys that collect information on both enterprise and non-enterprise owning households , the non-farm enterprises they operate , and the local investment climate in the communities in which they are located . For the purpose of these surveys , a rural nonfarm enterprise was defined as any income generating activity ( trade , production , or service ) not related to primary production of crops , livestock or fisheries undertaken either within the household or in any nonhousing units . Moreover , any value addition to primary production ( i . e . processing ) was considered to be a rural nonfarm activity . < sup > 7 < / sup > The matched nature of the data is a key advantage . The surveys constitute an improvement over traditional household surveys by collecting very detailed information on enterprise characteristics , inputs and outputs , the local economic environment and various dimensions of performance . For example , by virtue of containing information on the capital stock and inputs they enable us to estimate production functions and assess how productively labor is employed in these off-farm firms . Conversely , they complement the existing investment climate surveys , which are typically urban-based , focused on relatively large manufacturing firms , and lack information on the household characteristics of firm managers . They also allow for an analysis of labor force participation patterns since they contain information on activities , age and education of all household members . Since the surveys were very similar , they facilitate a cross-country comparison . However , data coverage , variable definitions , and sampling frames can vary from country to country . For example , labor input in Sri Lanka was measured in terms of number of workers only , whereas in Ethiopia it was measured in terms of days worked per employee , while in Indonesia and Bangladesh 8", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 73, "text": "Rural Investment Climate Pilot Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 981, "end": 998, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1407, "end": 1433, "text": "investment climate surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "away ? evidence from indonesia . World Development , 31 ( 6 ) : 1065 \u0015 1084 . - Lockheed , M . E . , Verspoor , A . M . , et al . ( 1991 ) . Improving primary education in developing countries . Oxford University Press for World Bank . - Lou , J . and Li , J . ( 2022 ) . Export expansion and intergenerational education mobility : Evidence from china . China Economic Review , 73 : 101797 . - Maasoumi , E . , Wang , L . , and Zhang , D . ( 2022 ) . Generalized intergenerational mobility regressions . Working paper , Emory University . - Maccini , S . and Yang , D . ( 2009 ) . Under the weather : Health , schooling , and economic consequences of early-life rainfall . American Economic Review , 99 ( 3 ) : 1006 \u0015 26 . - Martinez-Bravo , M . ( 2017 ) . The Local Political Economy E \u001b ects of School Construction in Indonesia . American Economic Journal : Applied Economics , 9 ( 2 ) : 256 \u0015 289 . - Mazumder , B . ( 2005 ) . Fortunate Sons : New Estimates of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States Using Social Security Earnings Data . The Review of Economics and Statistics , 87 ( 2 ) : 235 \u0015 255 . - Mazumder , B . , Rosales-Rueda , M . , and Triyana , M . ( 2019 ) . Intergenerational Human Capital Spillovers : Indonesia ' s School Construction and Its E \u001b ects on the Next Generation . AEA Papers and Proceedings , 109 : 243 \u0015 249 . - Mogstad , M . and Torsvik , G . ( 2021 ) . Family Background , Neighborhoods and Intergenerational Mobility . NBER Working Papers 28874 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Inc . - Neidhofer , G . , Serrano , J . , and Gasparini , L . ( 2018 ) . Educational inequality and intergenerational mobility in Latin America : A new database . Journal of Development Economics , 134 ( C ) : 329 \u0015 349 . - Neilson , C . and Zimmerman , S .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Uganda has one of the most rapidly growing populations in the world , which is creating pressure on public service delivery and infrastructure * * . The country ’ s average population growth rate , according to the 2014 census , was three percent per year between 2002 > 1 Uganda Systematic Country Diagnostic , World Bank Group , 2015 > 2 Uganda Poverty Status Report , Ministry of Finance , Planning and Economic Development , 2014 1", "spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 230, "text": "2014 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 . Successful land administration reform could dramatically improve attractiveness of Uganda for investors while protecting the land rights of local communities : - Agricultural Development . Sound land policies can facilitate growth in agricultural - productivity via secure land tenure , which enhances opportunities for investment . - Industry Development . Significant opportunities could open up for the development of a - number of sectors , for example , manufacturing . Currently manufacturing firms in Uganda lack access to serviced industrial land . With improved access to land , manufacturing firms in Uganda would be able to construct warehouses , showrooms and houses for workers , which would give a significant momentum for the industry - Increased Employment . New investments and productivity sparked by increased and secure - access to land would mean new jobs , and these are critical , especially for Ugandan youth , who have a high unemployment rate - Improved Access to Finance . Improved access to land would enable firms in the private - sector to secure loans using land as collateral - Enhanced Stability . Security of property rights and the ability to draw on local or national - authorities to enforce those rights would be central to preserving livelihoods and maintaining social stability in Uganda . Enhanced social stability would make Uganda more attractive for potential investors 13 . Another major problem for Ugandan firms relates to high transaction costs from operating legally : • Business registration , which is inefficient , slow and a significant barrier for entering the Ugandan market , continues to be a burden for enterprises . Poor business registration practices repeatedly appear on the list of complaints both locally and internationally . According to the DB Report 2013 , starting a business in Uganda requires 15 procedural steps and takes 33 days , with a cost amounting to 76 . 7 percent of income per capita : this ranks Uganda number 144 among 183 economies analyzed on this indicator , significantly behind such regional neighbors as Rwanda ( 8 ) , South Africa ( 53 ) , and Tanzania ( 113 ) . Forty-eight percent of surveyed micro-enterprises in Uganda noted that the financial cost of completing registration procedures was a serious barrier7 .", "spans": [{"start": 1813, "end": 1827, "text": "DB Report 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "86 | 0 . 49 | | N | 948 | 948 | 943 | 921 | | Log Likelihood | - 1080 . 04 | - 1072 . 31 | - 1059 . 94 | - 1166 . 18 | | Akaike Information Criterion | 2180 . 09 | 2168 . 61 | 2145 . 88 | 2358 . 36 | Note : P-values are given below coefficient estimates . < sup > † < / sup > indicates statistical significance at 15 % , * at 10 % , * * at 5 % , * * * at 1 % . The Pagan-Harding measure of commodity prices is based on the Pagan-Harding algorithm ( 2002 ) which identifies turning points in a times series as local minima and maxima . These are used to identify up-cycles ( when gold and copper prices are rising ) . Higher values of the Corruption indicator correspond to better outcomes ( i . e . lower corruption ) as do higher values of the ICRG Quality of Government indicator . As interaction terms are nonlinear , the combined impact of these is shown separately . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > * * CHAD * * # # # # * * Individual biometric registration ( Gaga camp ) * * # # # # * * Age and gender breakdown of registered persons * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Male Female < br > 43 % 57 % < br > 7 , 031 < br > 1 , 854 < br > Registered Households 1 % 60 + 3 % < br > 90 % 9 % 18-59 23 % < br > 23 % < br > registered are 6 % 12-17 7 % < br > registered have < br > women & children specific needs 15 % 5-11 15 % < br > 12 % 0-4 10 % < br > Registered persons with specific < br > needs < br > en t ris 513 < br > in e rent < br > er ers n < br > hi t ris 38 , 100 * * * 93 % < br > e r te hi Returnees are < br > ers n ith is bi it Migrants Returnees women & children < br > e i n i ns arrivals ( Estimated ) < br > rture sur i rs < br > ur i rs i en e < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # * * Registered persons with specific needs * * * Source : Refugee Response Plan * * Source of estimation : Government , UNHCR ~ ~ b ~ ~ ased on influx alerts received from the field * * * Source of estimation : OIM / DTM , Chad – Suda ~ ~ n ~ ~ crisis response : Flash update 8 ( 30 June 2023 ) # # Protection risks Since the onset of the crisis in Sudan , UNHCR staff has been present in areas of arrival to consult the arriving population and detect their main protection issues and risks . A systematic monitoring is currently undertaken through the interagency and cross", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 77, "text": "Individual biometric registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Re | ference < br > Expression of Interest < br > Notice < br > Short List and Draft R < br > equest for Proposals < br > Reque | st f < br > as I | or Pr < br > ssue | oposals < br > d < br > Opening of Technical < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > Ev | alua < br > al | tion < br > Pro | of T < br > posa | ech < br > l | nic < br > | < br > Report and < br > otiated C | < br > Draft Ne < br > ontract | < br > g < br > Si | gne | d Contra | ct < br > C | ontract | Comple | tion | | KEMOWI7909CSCS C | | | | | | | Planned | Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Plann | ed | | Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Pla | nne | d | A | ctua | l | Planned | Actual | Pla | nne | d < br > Act | ual < br > | Planned | Act | ual | | - - - - Q / o < br > nsulting services to Conduct < br > Baseline Survey for Impact E < br > valuation for Lower Nzoia Irri < br > gation Project - Phase 1 < br > IDA / 52680 | C1 : Water Resources Dev < br > pment | elo < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Open - National | 0 . 00 | Signed < br > 2 | 017-02-21 < br > | 2016-09-15 < br > 2017-03-14 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ii . lack of reconciliations of key balances e . g . , Kenya Primary Education Development project , _proceeds_ from domestic and foreign grants totaled Kshs 576 , 810 , 278 while the identical account balance in the special account statement as at 30 June 2020 amounted to Kshs 540 , 540 , 216072 resulting to a variance of Kshs 36 , 594 , 206 which had not been reconciled at the time of the audit - iii . Multiple imprests and imprest not surrendered within due dates . E . g . , Secondary Education Quality _Improvement_ Project multiple imprests totaling Kshs 1 , 169 , 618 during the year 2019 / 2020 and imprest totaling 220 , 858 past due dates - iv . unresolved prior year matters with no progress indicated as required by the Public Sector Accounting Standard Board ( PSASB ) . Secondary Education Quality Improvement Project the audit for the year ended 30 June 2019 highlighted differences of Kshs 5 , 259 , 898 between balances in the financial statements and those reflected in the IFMIS . Contrary to reporting requirements set by PSASB , management had not reported on the progress in resolving the differences , and - v . delays in exchequer releases . Releases by exchequer totaling Kshs 540 , 406 , 486 were received by the _State_ Department during the month of June 2020 when the FY was closing . 52 . The Management of the Implementing agencies should strive to ensure that audit recommendations are fully implemented , and any prior year matters are resolved forthwith . 53 . The office of the Auditor General is reasonably independent and is resourced to carry out their work by GOK . It is important for adequate resources to be allocated to OAG to ensure that the program is adequately audit . Incremental audit costs are provided in IPF audits especially where projects coverage is wide but for PforR , the GoK should ensure the resources are adequately provided . # # * * 3 . 5 Fiduciary Capacity * *", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1003, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pansion of international bandwidth and a similar drop in mobile broadband price . In Tunisia , the arrival of a submarine cable in 2014 ( Didon ) was associated with a percentage drop in the price of mobile broadband . Telecom sector research and industrial organization theories suggest two main channels through which SMCs can affect Internet access prices in the short run . First , the deployment of SMCs can result in cost savings on international connectivity for telecom operators through ( i ) economies of scale brought by increased international Internet bandwidth ; ( ii ) a drop in data ( re ) routing cost supported by greater connectedness enabled by new SMCs ; and ( iii ) a drop in network maintenance cost due to stronger resilience induced by the duplication of SMCs routes . Depending on the intensity of competition along the local broadband ( BB ) value chain , part of these cost savings can be passed onto end-users in terms of reduced price . Second , deploying SMCs can reduce barriers to entry into broadband markets , especially when the new infrastructure is shared under an open and non-discriminatory basis among retail broadband operators . In both cases , regulation can enhance these effects . These effects pertain to the short term , i . e . , assuming no change in the availability and quality of connectivity for end-users . In the long run , changes in availability and quality of connectivity stemming from investment in middle and last-mile infrastructure may exert upward pressure on price . In this paper , we assembled a dataset on SMCs to investigate their impact on price and the role of competition and regulation , controlling for several confounding factors , including the availability and quality of connectivity and market size . In particular , we sought to assess the impact of SMCs on price ; how it evolves ; regional heterogeneity ; the biggest drivers of the impact , especially the relative influence of cost savings versus competition ; and how this depends on the regulatory environment . Our dataset covers more than 150 countries across all regions over 12 years ( 2008-2020 ) and includes detailed information on the capacity of SMCs , measured by the amount of international", "spans": [{"start": 1564, "end": 1579, "text": "dataset on SMCs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Data * * 19 advanced economies are included in the sample . Country coverage is defined by data availability , especially data on debt structure . < sup > 5 < / sup > Macro variables over 2018-22 , such as b � , s � , g � , and π � are drawn from the IMF WEO Projection ( April 2018 ) to construct the baseline scenarios . π � is the GDP deflator so that the nominal GDP growth can be decomposed into g � and π � . Share of short-term and medium and long-term debt at the start of the simulation comes from SNA data on short / long debt ratio ( assumed to be constant ) . The rollover ratio that controls the trajectory of the medium-to-long-term debt comes from the April 2018 Fiscal Monitor for 2018-20 . For 202122 , the rollover ratio is assumed to be identical to 2020 . We consider a temporary , 1 percentage point shock to inflation in 2018 only , to be comparable with the impulse response function estimated in section IV . < sup > 6 < / sup > # * * B . Responses to temporary inflation shock * * # * * Benchmark case * * Results are shown in Figure 1 . It shows the percentage deviations of the debt-to-GDP ratio from the baseline levels in response to a temporary 1 percentage point shock to inflation , or a one-time shift in price level . Deviation is the largest for Japan , about 2 percentage points , and the smallest for Czech Republic . On average , the deviation is about 0 . 7 percentage points . Reflecting the temporary nature of the shock , the debt reduction effect is concentrated in the first year . # * * Differences across countries * * The difference in the size of the initial debt reduction across countries is mostly explained by the initial debt level , as the debt reduction is measured in terms of percent of GDP ( Figure 2 ) . Most of the variation in the size of debt reduction disappears when the initial level of debt-to - GDP ratio is set at 84 percent , average for the sample (", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 275, "text": "IMF WEO Projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 513, "end": 548, "text": "SNA data on short / long debt ratio", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 673, "end": 698, "text": "April 2018 Fiscal Monitor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international prices ( terms of trade ) . An expansion of an unskilled-intensive industry may act as a positive factor demand shifter for unskilled labor . In terms of employment , these trends should be reflected in an increase in the use of unskilled labor and a shift towards sectors employing unskilled workers most intensively . The previous section showed that terms of trade can explain part of the observed evolution of changes in skill wage premia ( just for tertiary workers ) , potentially operating through changes in the structure of production . The second explanation is related to technological change . Information and communication technology may have required sophisticated skills to operate them in the 1990s and thus could have initially been more complementary to high-skill workers ( see Acosta and Gasparini , 2007 , for the case of Argentina ) , but technological diffusion to a larger population group may in part explain the trend reversal in the demand for skilled labor . If this is the case , firms would no longer pay a high premium for technology-related knowledge . The evidence for some countries in the region indicated a generalized increase of the use of skilled labor within all sectors in the 1990s , which can be interpreted as a manifestation of skill biased technological change ( see for instance Gasparini and Cruces , 2010 , for Argentina ) . Finally , it is also possible that skill mismatches in the labor market are playing a role as well . The limited progress achieved in terms of school results as measured by standardized tests in Latin America suggests that the fall in returns to education may be related to deficient educational quality ( as measured by international test scores such as PISA ) ( World Bank , 2011 ) . This would imply that additional years of education did not necessarily improve workers ’ general knowledge and skills . Alternatively , the skills provided in the formal education sector may be of relatively good quality but may not be those most needed in the labor market . Employers ’ surveys in the region already identify 17", "spans": [{"start": 1743, "end": 1747, "text": "PISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2051, "end": 2070, "text": "Employers ’ surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Grand Total * * | * * 244 , 845 , 412 * * | _Source : RP Census Survey ( December 2024 ) _ _Note 1 . The rural electrification component of this subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP Subproject budget_ # # # # # * * 16 . 2 Funding Mechanism * * The total funding needed for identified activities is presented in Table 16 . 1 . Until very recently ( Year 2024 ) , the national legislation ( Proclamation 1161 / 2019 ) payment of compensation and resettlement expenses were the responsibility of the project proponent payable through City or Woreda Administrations . As per the amended Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 , payment of compensation for assets and property , resettlement expenses , and related social and economic assistance to displaced persons is the duty of Regional Administrations where infrastructure or social service development projects take place . Therefore , the resettlement and livelihood restoration activities are considered as Official Use Only Page 164", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 70, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "standards for timeliness ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 78 . 00 | 65 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2020 | 14-Oct-2022 | 29-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | The performance st < br > responsive transfer < br > refining the reportin < br > response beneficiari | andard is within 45 days of the < br > was planned according to the q < br > g but preliminary numbers for J < br > es were paid on time . | Ethiopian calendar month o < br > uarterly updated DRAPs . F < br > anuary 2023 transfers sugg | f when the shock - < br > SCO is still working on < br > est that 78 % of shock | # Improve well-being of extreme poor and vulnerable # < u > < mark > IN01255538 < / mark > < / u > ► Average number of months that PSNP households report experiencing food shortages in the past 12 months ( Months , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 1 . 80 | 1 . 80 | 1 . 80 | 1 . 30 | | Date | 05-Jun-2020 | 14-Oct-2022 | 31-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | Average number of < br > months . < br > There is no data on | months that PSNP households < br >", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 600, "text": "DRAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "56 # Table III . 6 Source of Contraceptives , by Vomenrs Education , for Selected Countriesa | | | Source of Co | ntraceptives | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country < br > Education | Government < br > ( Percent ) | Commercialb < br > ( Percent ) | < br > NGO < br > ( Percent ) | Otherc < br > < br > ( Percent ) | | Colombia ( 1986 ) | | | | | | None | 64 . 6 | 15 . 4 | 16 . 9 | 3 . 1 | | < Primary | 44 . 5 | 34 . 5 | 19 . 9 | 1 . 1 | | Primary Comp . < br > | 36 . 6 < br > | 34 . 4 | 27 . 2 | 1 . 8 | | Secondary + | 19 . 2 | 57 . 6 | 22 . 0 | 1 . 2 | | Egypt ( 1984 ) | | | | | | None < br > | 32 . 2 | 65 . 5 | 1 . 2 | 1 . 0 | | < Primary < br > | 32 . 6 | 64 . 7 | 1 . 5 | 1 . 3 | | Primary Comp . < br > | 24 . 7 < br > | 72 . 2 | 1 . 3 | 1 . 9 | | Secondary + | 15 . 7 | 82 . 2 | 1 . 4 | 0 . 7 | | Jamaica ( 1984 ) | | | | | | < Primary < br > | 90 . 0 | 10 . 0 | - - | - - | | Primary < br > Comp . | 59 . 3 | 27 . 3 | __ | 9 < sup > . < / sup > 4 < sup > d < / sup > | | Secondary | 50 . 0 | . 50 . 0 | __ | __ | | College | 53 . 9 | 46 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "similar as possible ( i . e . high intra-class similarity ) whereas objects from other clusters are as dissimilar as possible ( i . e . high inter-class dissimilarity ) . The clustering algorithm uses Euclidean distance D ( x , y ) to measure the degree of similarity between two variables , x and y over N dimensions such that : This resulted in a list of 3 clusters which are reported in Table 2 . < sup > 15 < / sup > Even a cursory examination of Table 2 is sufficient to establish that the clusters , whether based on GDP per capita or HCI ranking , are essentially similar . Cluster 1 countries have HCI scores around . 80 , Cluster 2 countries generally have scores above . 60 and Cluster 3 countries have scores below . 60 . There are , however , some anomalies . Vietnam is clearly a striking anomaly . Vietnam ’ s per capita GDP places it in Cluster 3 but its HCI score of . 69 should easily place it in Cluster 2 . The reason for Vietnam ’ s high HCI score has to do with its superior performance on harmonized test scores and LAYS . Vietnam ’ s harmonized test score of 519 and LAYS score of 10 . 70 places it just below Cluster 1 countries . Uzbekistan also has a HCI score of . 62 due to its test scores but its per capita GDP places it among lower middle-income countries . Among the clusters , Cluster 3 contains the largest sample of similar countries . In the remainder of the paper , we focus on this cluster . > 15 It is interesting to note that countries in Cluster 1 held the top positions in the HCI 2020 index . Singapore ( 1 ) , Korea , Rep . ( 2 ) , Japan ( 3 ) and Hong Kong SAR , China ( 4 ) . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s . Basic household information along with the registration of affected properties was collected with due diligence to ensure that all affected assets were properly registered . This RAP has detailed the identification , valuation , and entitlement process for the absentee PAP ' s land , including compensation for land and crops . However , during implementation of this RAP , EEP and the WRC shall send formal written notifications to the addresses of registered landowners and document all attempts made to contact absentee PAPs to demonstrate due diligence and compliance with policy requirements . # # # # # * * 7 . 3 Expropriation of Privately Owned Farmland * * # # # # # # * * 7 . 3 . 1 Impact on Farmlands due to Construction of Transmission Line * * A total of 169 tower pads will be installed by the proposed Jima II – Limu Genet 132 kV transmission line and substation subproject . A single tower requires 36m < sup > 2 < / sup > of land . The construction of the proposed new Limu Genet substation and the transmission line Subproject will affect an estimated 4 . 374ha farmland owned by 121 smallholder farm households ( i . e . 109 HHs by tower pads and 11 by the SS and 1 HH by both SS and access road ) . The total farmland affected by tower pads across all Woredas is 0 . 387 ha . Page 82", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 82, "text": "registration of affected properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 0 % 5 % < br > 0 % < br > 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 < br > Japan India South Korea India South Korea Singapore < br > Singapore Taiwan , China China Taiwan , China China Japan < br > employment ( % ) < br > AShare of agricultural employment in total Share of Manufacturing employment in total employment < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : After 2002 . The employment statistics for China is not comparable with earlier years because the NBS stopped publishing data for rural employment . Source : ILO , UNIDO and UNCTAD In general , the factors that powered structural transformation in the Western , East Asian and emerging market countries have been elusive in Sub-Saharan Africa ( excluding South Africa ) , and suggest that there are no shortcuts to catching up ( Figure 1 . 6 ) . As an example , with the 9", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 411, "text": "employment statistics for China", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 484, "end": 509, "text": "data for rural employment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Bibliography : General * * Arestoff , Florence & Hurlin , Christophe , 2006 . \" Estimates of government net capital stocks for 26 developing countries , 1970-2002 , _Policy Research Working Paper Series_ , No 3858 , The World Bank . - Chao , Kang ( 1974 ) , _Capital Formation in Mainland China_ , University of California Press , Berkeley . Chen , Nai - _Ruenn_ ( 1966 ) , _Chinese Economic Statistics_ , Edinburgh University Press . - Chow , Gregory C . ( 1993 ) , “ Capital Formation and Economic Growth in China ” , _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , Vol . 108 , No 3 , pp 809-842 . - Denison E . F ( 1961 ) , “ Measurement of Labor Input : Some Questions of Definition and the Adequacy of Data ” , in _Output , Input , and Productivity Measurement , _ Conference on Research in Income and Wealth , Princeton University Press . - Eckstein O . , W . Galenson and Ta-chung Liu ( 1968 ) , _Economic Trends in Communist China , _ Social Science Research council , Aldine Publishing . - Feenstra , Robert C . , Robert Inklaar and Marcel P . Timmer ( 2015a ) , \" The Next Generation of the Penn World Table \" , _American Economic Review_ , 105 ( 10 ) , 3150-3182 . - Feenstra , Robert C . , Robert Inklaar and Marcel P . Timmer ( 2015b ) , “ User Guide to PWT 9 . 0 data files ” , www . rug . nl / ggdc / docs / user_guide_to_pwt90_data_files . pdf - Hamilton J . D . ( 2017 ) , “ Why You Should Never Use the Hodrick-Prescott Filter ” , _Review of Economics and Statistics , _ doi : _10 . 1162 / REST_a_00706_ - Herd , Richard , Vincent Koen , Xiao Wang and Thomas Chalaux , ( 2013 ) . “ Policies for Inclusive Urbanisation in China ” , OECD Working Paper , Paris . - Jorgenson D . W . ( 1991 ) , “ Productivity and Economic Growth ” , in ( eds ) Berndt E . and J . E . Triplett , _Fifty Years of Economic Measurement :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "error in ( 14 ) does not present second-order serial correlation . We rely on two main sources of data . Inequality data come from Dollar and Kraay ’ s database on inequality . This database expands the inequality data used in their 2002 paper and contains 953 observations of the Gini coefficient for 137 countries . We acknowledge that the Gini coefficient is less than perfect and that other measures , such as the income > 11 Clearly , equation ( 6 ) would also be subject to a similar transformation . - 10 -", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 120, "text": "Inequality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 131, "end": 174, "text": "Dollar and Kraay ’ s database on inequality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bounded away from total inequality unless the maximum group size becomes sufficiently small . This implies that although the expected value of between group inequality might increase as the number of groups increases ( Shorrocks and Wan ( 2004 ) , proposition 3 ) , this value may be well below total inequality if one of the groups remains very large . For example , with a lognormal ( 0 , 1 ) distribution and one group occupying 70 % of the population while every other individual constitutes a separate group ( implying effectively an infinite number of groups ) , the maximum possible between group inequality ( measured by GE ( 0 ) ) would be 0 . 373 – well below the inequality level of 0 . 5 in this distribution . For related results , see Davies and Shorrocks ( 1989 ) and Shorrocks and Wan ( 2004 ) . > 18 Starting from a BGI-maximizing group order , split-up a group in such a way that mean incomes in the new groups are equal to the old parent group . BGI among these groups is equal to the old BGI . Obviously , if the incomes of the two new groups are non-overlapping , then BGI will increase . Hence a refinement of a particular grouping will generally lead to an increase in BGI . See also Shorrocks and Wan ( 2004 ) , proposition 2 . > 19 Ordering population groups by their mean incomes using , say , a household survey would introduce a possible difficulty due to sampling variability . In other words , our ability to order groups by mean income ( or consumption ) could be limited by the fact that some of the group means are statistically indistinguishable from each other . For the time being , we ignore the standard errors associated with the observed group means . 15", "spans": [{"start": 1322, "end": 1338, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project area better and portray the existing socio-economic and demographic profiles of local population , settlements , livelihood strategies , availability of and access to social services , and the local economy at large . In addition , an extensive review of applicable national Environmental and Social * * ( E & S ) * * policies and legislations as well as international * * E & S * * safeguards , standards and policy instruments * * - * * specifically the World Bank ( WB ) * * E & S * * Framework * * ( ESF ) - * * was conducted to establish an * * E & S * * baseline conditions for the proposed Subproject ( for a complete list of documents reviewed see ' Annex * * 1 : * * References ' at the end of this report ) . The following PRIME-1 * * E & S * * instruments are applicable * * EEP * * and the Contractor are required to reviewe and adopt < sup > theseplansasappropriate : < / sup > - i ) * * E & S * * Management Framework * * ( ESMF ) * * - ii ) Resettlement Framework ( RF ) - iii ) * * E & S * * Commitment Plan * * ( ESCP ) * * - iv ) Stakeholder Engagement Plan * * ( SEP ) * * _Key Informant Interviews : _ Key Informant Interviews ( KIls ) were conducted with relevant experts and officials in all Subproject Woredas , municipal / urban and Kebele levels . The purpose of the KIs was to collect qualitative information and ' expert opinion about the socioeconomic and environmental situation in the Subproject Woredas and rural Kebles . Information obtained through Klls provided a perspective from below and were corroborated and triangulated with quantitative findings from the household surveys . _Secondary Data ( Administrative Reports ) ; _ Local Administrations particularly sector Offices of Woreda Administrations regularly generate and maintain a great deal of", "spans": [{"start": 1604, "end": 1621, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya : Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ( KACCAL ) ( P091979 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  Community adaptati | on micro-projects developed and | implemented ( Number , Cus | tom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2012 | 31-Mar-2013 | 12-May-2015 | 31-Oct-2016 | |  Direct project beneficiaries ( Number , Core ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 10000 . 00 | | Date < br > 30-Jun-2012 | 30-Dec-2012 | 12-May-2015 | 31-Oct-2016 | |  Female beneficiaries ( Percentage , Core Supplement ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date < br > 30-Jun-2012 | 30-Dec-2012 | 12-May-2015 | 31-Oct-2016 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # * * 4 . DATA ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE * * # # * * 4 . 1 Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IDA-70670 | Effective | 140 . 00 | 142 . 36 | 0 . 00 | 90 . 90 | 44 . 82 | 66 . 98 % | | IDA-D9910 | Effective | 60 . 00 | 58 . 45 | 0 . 00 | 47 . 07 | 9 . 73 | 82 . 86 % | | TF-C0307 | Effective | 3 . 80 | 3 . 80 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 51 | 2 . 29 | 39 . 65 % | | TF-C0306 | Effective | 112 . 80 | 112 . 80 | 0 . 00 | 90 . 31 | 22 . 49 | 80 . 06 % | # # * * 4 . 2 Key Dates ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval | Signing | Effectiveness | Orig . Closing | Rev . Closing | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IDA-70670 | Effective | 31-Mar-2022 | 14-Apr-2022 | 05-Aug-2022 | 31-Dec-2026 | 31-Dec-2026 | | IDA-D9910 | Effective | 31-Mar-2022 | 14-Apr -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rollout . To overcome vaccine hesitancy , misinformation , < sup > 47 < / sup > and conflicting information surrounding COVID-19 in RHDs and refugee settlements , the Project will draw on U-LEARN COVID-19 surveys < sup > 48 < / sup > in RHDs and use a diversified set of communication channels , adopting a range of different information channels to address the diversity of people ’ s needs and personal preferences . Within this , the use of community radio , and mobile loudspeakers will be prioritized in RHDs . The AF will also ensure communications are provided in refugee local languages to address these potential barriers identified by the MoH . MoH will work through VHTs , home-based care volunteers , religious leaders , refugees , and other community structures as important and trusted information-sharers on COVID-19 messaging . # # # * * Focus of the AF : * * 9 . The AF will support activities for RHDs and refugee settlements across all 5 components , with a focus on disease surveillance , vaccination , as well as continuity of essential health services . Interventions financed by the WHR and accompanying IDA grant will be solely focused on the 12 RHDs ( minus Kampala ) approved by the OPM , as well as refugee settlements in selected transit districts — as agreed with UNHCR — with high traffic of refugees , as agreed with UNHCR . # # # * * Coordination of host community and refugee related aspect of the Project * * > 47 U-LEARN . 2021 . COVID-19 Rumour Tracking Bulletin . https : / / ulearn-uganda . org / download / covid-19-rumour-tracking-bulletin5 / . > 48 U-LEARN . 2020 . Policy Brief : Maximizing the impact of COVID-19 communication with refugees : What can we do better ? https : / / ulearn-uganda . org /", "spans": [{"start": 188, "end": 212, "text": "U-LEARN COVID-19 surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "variation from national repatriation inflows , and ii ) municipal variation on birth municipality of individuals repatriated in the period 1995-2002 . Based on our 2010-2018 sample , we document that deported individuals overwhelmingly go back to their birth municipalities . Individuals who were repatriated between 1995 and 2002 came back to El Salvador before the United States drastically strengthened and changed its migration enforcement in response to the terrorist attacks of 2001 . The changes in the United States ’ migration policies not only included a sudden increment in the number of repatriations , they also modified the strategies of deportations . < sup > 2 < / sup > We document that repatriation inflows have a negative impact on average wages in the formal sector . An increase of 0 . 04 percentage point in the inflow of returnees reduces the average monthly salary paid by formal firms by approximately 9 . 4 percent . These effects are predominantly driven by men ’ s salaries . The wage impacts are larger among formal firms in sectors that face more intense competition from informal ones . In the case of employment , while we do not find any aggregate impacts from repatriation inflows , the effects are negative and statistically significant among formal firms in sectors that are predominantly informal . When looking at other outcomes related to labor demand , such as firm entry and number of firms , we do not find any significant impacts . These findings are consistent with deportees representing a labor supply shock in the informal sector which tends to reduce wages , even among formal firms in typically informal sectors . At the same time , the reduction in formal employment among the latter is consistent with repatriation inflows inducing negative effects on formal firms and weakening their demand for labor as they face increased unfair competition from their informal peers , as documented by Rozo and Winkler ( 2019 ) . Our paper contributes to the growing literature that examines the effects of forced migration . The impacts of large international forced migration inflows in hosting countries have been largely centered around studying the impacts of forced migrants on the local workers ; < sup > 3 < / sup > with a smaller >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nature and Source of Agglomeration Economies . _Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics_ , 4 : 2119 – 2171 . Rothenberg , A . D . , Gaduh , A . , Burger , N . E . , Chazali , C . , Tjandraningsih , I . , Radikun , R . , Sutera , C . , Weilant , S . ( 2016 ) . Rethinking Indonesia ’ s informal sector . _World Development_ , 80 : 96 – 113 . < mark > Rozo , S . , and Winkler , H . J . ( 2019 ) . Is Informality Good for Business ? The Impacts of IDP Inflows on Formal Firms . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Human Resources < / mark > _ < mark > , forthcoming . < / mark > Sabarwal , S . , & Terrell , K . ( 2008 ) . _Does gender matter for firm performance ? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia_ : The World Bank . Syverson , C . ( 2011 ) . What determines productivity ? _Journal of Economic literature , 49_ ( 2 ) , 326365 . < mark > Tokman , Victor E . , ( 1978 ) , Competition between the informal and formal sectors in retailing : The case of Santiago , < / mark > _ < mark > World Development < / mark > _ < mark > , 6 , issue 9-10 , p . 1187-1198 . < / mark > Wagner , J . ( 2007 ) . Exports and productivity : A survey of the evidence from firm ‐ level data . _World Economy , 30_ ( 1 ) , 60-82 . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 67 * * This approach would necessitate appropriate policy and regulatory framework to induce private sector involvement . _Source : ( WBG EHS Guidelines , April 2007 , pg16 ) _ Figure 2 : Recommended stack design for small combustion sources # # # * * 4 . 4 . 1 . 2 WBG EHS Guidelines : “ Waste management ” * * # # # * * _a ) General approach_ * * These guidelines apply to both non-hazardous and hazardous waste . They advocate for waste management planning where waste should be characterized according to : composition , source , types , and generation rates . This is essential for healthcare facilities comprised in this project since most of them neither expended effort to segregate medical from domestic waste nor maintain generation records . These guidelines call for implementation of a waste management hierarchy that comprises prevention , recycling / reuse ; treatment and disposal . The guidelines require segregation of _conventional_ waste from _hazardous waste_ streams and if generation of hazardous waste cannot be prevented ( as is the case at healthcare facilities ) , its management should focus on prevention of harm to health , safety , and environment , according to the following principles : - Understanding potential impacts and risks associated with management of any generated hazardous waste during its complete lifecycle . - Ensuring that people handling , treating and disposing of hazardous waste are reputable and legitimate enterprises , licensed by the relevant regulatory agencies and following good industry practice . - Ensuring compliance with applicable regulations .", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 764, "text": "generation records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Annex 2 Page 4 of 1_ # # Issues Health information systems are necessary because currently it is impossible to perform the proper epidemiological and public health analysis on a national level . It is also impossible to have significant decentralization of management authority without appropriate information infrastructure . No systems are in place at the hospital level which would support efforts to run hospitals more efficiently by measuring their efficiency ( patient flow management , inventory management , cost effectiveness and quality of physicians , as well as utilization ) . If the Government intends to decentralize decision making and to hold organizations responsible for their budget , then information systems are needed . The few existing management information systems are managed and operated independently , with no data sharing across institutions , except for the minimal data set submitted to the MOH at periodic intervals , usually on paper . The network and database systems to be introduced under the project will encourage data sharing and reduction of duplicate resources . # # Project Inputs Financing would be provided for equipment , technical assistance , software developmentlpurchase , and training . Specifically , the project will support the collection , analysis , distribution , and storage of epidemiological data ; equip hospital managers with tools for improving quality , efficiency , and physician effectiveness , and provide an infrastructure that will support decentralization . Databases will be introduced at the central MOH and directorate level to support the national information database , simple information systems developed at the facility level for the collection of epidemiological , cost , quality , utilization , and efficiency data , and a network established for distributing this data . These activities are closely linked with those being completed under the ongoing Health Management Project ( Ln . 3574-JO ) , namely computerizing the administration of the central MOH and its directorates . The project will be implemented in phases . The first phase is an extensive pilot project , which will test the design of these national health information systems , namely the functioning and interaction of its main components : databases , networks , and data collection systems . This pilot", "spans": [{"start": 1338, "end": 1358, "text": "epidemiological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1615, "end": 1644, "text": "national information database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "est 2nd 3rd 4th Richest Poorest 2nd 3rd 4th Richest < br > Consumption < br > Share of Total Electricity < br > the < br > Poverty Headcount < br > Percentage Point Increase in < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 82 : Share of Electricity Users by Old and New Lifeline Threshold * * _Source : _ World Bank staff calculations on 2015 / 16 KIHBS _Notes_ : The poverty impact of prices changes to electricity is simulated by adjusting the value of expenditure by a range of percentages ( 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , and 25 percent ) . The increase in expenditure is then subtracted from a household ’ s consumption and poverty is recalculated . The baseline for the simulation is 2021 , which is produced from the COVID-19 microsimulations . Page 41", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 359, "text": "KIHBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accounting system will be classified by component , reflect the sources of funds , and be broken down into different types of expenditures for the project . Further , it will provide information on the receipt and use of funds , and will be able to produce financial reports comparing budget with actual expenditures at any given time . The system will be capable of providing financial data to measure performance when linked to the outputs of the project . The PIU will maintain consolidated accounts for the project and will ensure appropriate accounting of the funds provided . The PIU will be responsible for preparing Project Management Reports ( PMR ) on a quarterly basis , and furnish to IDA not later than 45 days after the end of each calendar quarter , a PMR for such period , which : ( i ) sets forth actual sources and application of funds for the project , both cumulatively and for the period covered by the report , and projected sources and applications of funds for the project for the six-month period following the period covered by the report ; ( ii ) shows separately expenditures financed out of the proceeds of the credit during the period covered by the report and expenditures proposed to be financed out of the proceeds of the", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 391, "text": "financial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 % | 13 % | 13 % | | | All | 53 % | 61 % | 83 % | 55 % | 82 % | | India | Domestic | 53 % | 61 % | 83 % | 55 % | 82 % | | | Foreign | 53 % | 61 % | 95 % | 42 % | 81 % | | | All | 12 % | 10 % | 21 % | 37 % | 87 % | | Nepal | Domestic | 12 % | 10 % | 21 % | 37 % | 87 % | | | Foreign | 28 % | 28 % | 28 % | 55 % | 100 % | | | All | 19 % | 13 % | 26 % | 53 % | - | | ECA | Domestic | 18 % | 12 % | 25 % | 52 % | - | | | Foreign | 26 % | 15 % | 34 % | 65 % | - | | | All | 26 % | 31 % | 45 % | 43 % | - | | Africa | Domestic | 27 % | 31 % | 45 % | 43 % | - | | | Foreign | 21 % | 31 % | 41 % | 41 % | - | | i | All | 21 % | 17 % | 28 % | 68 % | - | | Russan < br > Federation | Domestic | 19 % | 17 % | 26 % | 64 % | - | | | Foreign | 50 % | 22 % | 71 % | 96 % | - | | | All | 5 % | 6 % | 9 % | 63 % | - | | Turkey | Domestic | 4 % | 5 % | 7 % | 57 % | - | | | Foreign | 32 % | 32 % | 33 % | 98 % | - | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) < u > Differences across sectors : Indian and Bangladeshi firms located in the food , apparel , automobile , and <", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 954, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enterprise census compiled by the national statistical agency ( _Instituto Nacional de Estatistica_ ) , stratifying by region ( Cabo Delgado , Nampula , Zambézia , Tete , Manica , Sofala and Greater Maputo ) , firm size ( 5-19 , 20-99 , 100 + ) and industry ( mining and quarrying , food and beverages , metals / machinery / computers / electronics , other manufacturing , tourism , retail and other services ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > # _Measuring management and organizational practices_ In addition to the regular Enterprise Survey questions ( see Appendix 1 for full set of modules used in the Enterprise Surveys ) , entrepreneurs were asked several questions on management practices , based on the _Management and Organizational Practices Survey ( MOPS ) _ . The MOPS , which was designed by the US Census Bureau to be used as part of the Annual Survey of Manufacturers ( ASM ) , has been used in a number of developing countries to measure business practices , including outside of manufacturing . The MOPS is a closed question questionnaire consisting of 16 questions ( Bloom et al . , forthcoming ) . The survey scores firms across four broad areas : operations ( e . g . improvement of production process ) , monitoring ( e . g . measurement and tracking within the production process ) , target setting and people management ( e . g . the use of incentives , promotion and reward strategies ) . Examples of the closed questions are “ how many key performance indicators were monitored at this establishment ? ” ( with answers varying between “ 1-2 key indicators ” and “ 10 or more indicators ” ) and “ who was aware of the production targets at this establishment ? ” ( with answers varying between “ only senior managers ” and “ all managers and most production workers ” ) . For the Mozambique survey , a subset of 11 MOPS-based questions were included ( see Table 1 ) . The management scores of the MOPS have been shown to be strongly correlated with scores given by the _World Management Survey ( WMS ) _ , developed by Bloom & Van Reenen ( 2007 )", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 871, "text": "Annual Survey of Manufacturers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1793, "end": 1810, "text": "Mozambique survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ( KARLO , KMD , KEPHIS , NEMA , among others ) * * . These institutions will benefit from the technical and institutional capacity building interventions under the project . 10 . * * It is envisaged that KCSAP will be implemented in 24 selected counties listed in Table 2 . * * Participating counties were selected using the following guiding principles and criteria . * * _Principles : _ * * The key principles guiding the selection of participating counties were : ( i ) _regional balance_ – to ensure equitable sharing of the project benefits across the country ; ( ii ) _clustering_ – to reduce the operations and maintenance costs of project implementation ; ( iii ) _security_ – to guarantee enabling operating environment , supervision and monitoring of project activities ; and ( iv ) _data and facts_ – to ensure that selection is based on available socio-economic data ( e . g . , production , population density , poverty rates , malnutrition levels , and vulnerabilities ) . * * _Criteria : _ * * The following criteria for selecting participating counties were adopted : ( i ) vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events ( ASAL counties being the most adversely impacted by droughts ) ; ( ii ) volatility in agricultural production and presence of fragile ecosystems ( ASALs natural resources are highly degraded ) ; ( iii ) poverty indices ( poverty incidence and poverty rates , whereby ASALs have highest poverty rates ) ; ( iv ) availability of County Climate Risk Profiles – fifteen were under preparation , of which 11 are in ASALs and the remaining is non-ASAL counties ; ( v ) excluding 21 counties that are under the National Agricultural and Rural Inclusive Growth Project ( NARIGP ) ; and ( vi ) excluding city counties – Nairobi and Mombasa . * * Table 2 : Selected 24 KCSAP participating counties * * | | * * Arid Counties * * | | * * Semi-Arid Counties", "spans": [{"start": 863, "end": 882, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poverty * * Most of the populations in the Municipality are generally leaving below the poverty line although there is limited availability of household data for the review period . Their living conditions are undoubtedly below standard and they are not able to contribute to urban productivity in officially recognized ways . Infrastructure and public utilities are totally inadequate not only to meet the needs of the majority but also to support the growth of urban productivity , which is essential for overall development . # # # # * * < u > HOIMA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL < / u > * * Hoima Municipal was created and became a Municipality in 2010 through the Act of Parliament . The Municipality was curved out of Hoima Town Council , Busiisi Sub County , some parts of Buhanika , Kitoba and Bugambe sub counties . Hoima Municipal council is located in Hoima District in Mid western Uganda , about 200km Northwest of Kampala city . It ’ s also the headquarters of the district . It is bordered by other Local Governments namely Buhanika Sub-county in the east , Kitoba in the west , Buhimba in the North and Kyabigambire in the South . Hoima Municipal council is composed of four Divisions which are further subdivided into sixteen wards . Characteristics of the municipal council are described below . # # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * The Municipal council has a total area of 50 sq km and a population of 102 , 300 , with a rtio of man to women of 100 : 114 , population growth rate of 3 . 2 % . With the oil industry taking root the economic landscape has changed to adapt to the emerging business demands like accommodation , foods and beverages , transport and poultry and are engaged in small-scale production activities . # # # # * * b ) Land use * * Hoima ’ s total land size is 50 Square Kilometers . Human settlement in Hoima Municipal Municipality is exhibited in three forms", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 157, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "baseline and multiple follow-ups , than by doing a single baseline and single follow-up . For example , when ρ = 0 . 25 , power is greater doing one baseline and two follow-ups with _n = 333_ , than doing a single baseline and single follow-up with _n = 500_ , but also greater than doing one baseline and three follow-ups with _n = 250 . _ As a final illustration , consider the power to detect an impact of microfinance on business profits . Banerjee et al . ( 2010 ) report a mean of 550 and standard deviation of 46604 for business profits . With such noisy data , the treatment and control group sample sizes required to detect a 10 % increase in profits with 90 percent power using a single baseline and follow-up are over 15 million ! Suppose then that they were able to consider a more homogeneous set of firms and measure profits more accurately < sup > 8 < / sup > , reducing the standard deviation to 550 . Then assuming an autocorrelation of profits of 0 . 25 , with their sample of approximately 1150 treatment and 1150 control , the power for detecting a 10 % increase in profits would be 0 . 669 with a single crosssection post-treatment , 0 . 697 with a baseline and single follow-up , 0 . 892 for a baseline and two follow-ups , and 0 . 952 with a baseline and three follow-ups . < sup > 9 < / sup > Likewise , taking the example of Karlan and Zinman ( 2010 ) , who have a control group mean of 17 , 000 , if the standard deviation were the same as the mean , the power to detect a 10 % increase in profits would rise from 0 . 68 with a single post-treatment survey as they have to 0 . 902 for a baseline and two follow-ups and 0 . 958 with a baseline and three follow-ups . In both cases then , assuming the standard deviation of profits can be kept or reduced to a reasonable level , the choice of a second or third posttreatment measure would allow them to detect a treatment effect of interest with considerably more power", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . 8 . Robustness check : Impact of PqTR reduction on repetition rate ( PqTR 100 ) * * | | * * Overall * * | * * Lower Primary * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Control in 2018 | 0 . 268 * * * | 0 . 277 * * * | | | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | | Time ( year = 2019 ) | - 0 . 017 | - 0 . 016 | | | ( 0 . 018 ) | ( 0 . 020 ) | | Lagged Treatment | - 0 . 002 | 0 . 005 | | | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | Lagged Treatment ( DiD ) | - 0 . 026 < br > ( 0 . 020 ) | - 0 . 033 < br > ( 0 . 023 ) | | Control ( N ) | 73 | 73 | | Treatment ( N ) | 253 | 253 | | r2 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 04 | _Data Source : EMIS 2018 and 2019 Note : Robust standard errors in parentheses . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 Compares rates at end 2017 / 18 and end 2018 / 19 . Treated schools are those where PqTR brought below 100 in 2018 . _ 28", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 605, "text": "EMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "options and other support for durable solutions . In this regard , the Ministry of Social Policy is working on initiating the state rental subsidy scheme , which can contribute to alleviating these challenges . From May 2023 , under Law No . 2932-IX , the * * Government of Ukraine compensation mechanism for damaged and destroyed housing ( eVidnovlennia - eRecovery ) has been operational and more than 100 , 000 Ukrainian families have applied for compensation * * . 54 , 000 families have received funds to repair their damaged homes . 7 , 000 families were issued housing certificates for their destroyed homes and 3 , 000 families have used those certificates to purchase new homes . The total amount of disbursed compensation funds exceeded UAH 11 billion ( USD 275 million ) . Most applications for compensation for damaged and destroyed housing come from residents of Kharkivska , Kyivska , Donetska , Mykolaivska , Chernihivska and Khersonska oblasts < sup > lxiii < / sup > . Despite the positive results of the E-Recovery programme , many Ukrainians with damaged and destroyed housing cannot participate due to lack of necessary documents . Most notably , persons who own property that is not registered in the State Register of Real Property Rights cannot apply for compensation . In some cases , registration is possible based on available technical documentation or other records , however the process is long and costly . In other cases , the property archives that could prove ownership – and thus eligibility to apply for compensation – have been destroyed or are otherwise inaccessible . Judicial procedure still could be used , but fees are high , and effectiveness of intervention depends on provision of qualified legal aid . HLP legal assistance partners have recommended a streamlining of the procedure to officially register properties and have highlighted other procedures ( e . g . , longer filing periods for compensation ) that should be adopted . Shelter assistance actors – humanitarian , development , and private organizations – can and * * support light , medium and some heavy repairs to", "spans": [{"start": 1222, "end": 1260, "text": "State Register of Real Property Rights", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1458, "end": 1475, "text": "property archives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to better understand the characteristics of Haiti ’ s labor markets from the household and individual perspective , a current gap in the literature . This paper has two main sections . First , it provides an overview of labor market development in Haiti during the last decade thanks to an unprecedented harmonization of three different surveys , including the latest 2012 ECVMAS household survey . This first section presents the main trends in employment and participation in Haiti and explores more in-depth the characteristics of non-farm jobs in Haiti . In the paper ’ s second part , the analysis focuses on the determinants of labor income in the country . # # * * Box 1 : Of data and surveys in Haiti * * This paper relies on data from three surveys conducted in Haiti between 2001 and 2012 : the 2001 _Enquête des Conditions de Vie des Menages ( ECVH ) , _ or Survey on Households ’ Living Conditions ; the 2007 _Enquête sur L ` Emploi et l ` Economie Informelle ( EEEI ) , _ or Survey on Employment and Informal Economy ; and the most recent _Enquête sur les conditions de Vie des Ménages Aprés Seisme ( ECVMAS ) , _ or Survey on Households ’ Living Conditions after the Earthquake . The 2001 ECVH is a household survey covering 7 , 186 households and including modules on health , mortality , migration , education , labor , and income . ECVH income data have been previously used to estimate poverty rates in Haiti ( Sletten and Egset , 2004 ) and are , to some degree , comparable to ECVMAS ’ income data . The 2007 EEEI is a labor survey comprising 6 , 620 households with some information at the household level and more detailed data on labor relations , as well as labor and nonlabor income . Finally , the 2012 ECVMAS is a household survey including both income and expenditure information for 4 , 930 households , detailed data at the household and individual level , and a labor module that encompasses separate sections on agriculture and non-agriculture enterprises for company owners and self-employed workers . It should be noted that the three surveys do not use an exactly similar questionnaire ,", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 396, "text": "2012 ECVMAS household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 841, "end": 852, "text": "des Menages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1349, "end": 1365, "text": "ECVH income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1724, "end": 1735, "text": "2012 ECVMAS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey is even greater , 93 percent behind Croatia ( 0 . 61 + 0 . 32 = 0 . 93 ) . The TFP gaps with other leading East European countries are as big or bigger . In column 2 of Table 1 we show an estimation of the production function which uses the same PICS-BEEPS dataset as the country-averages estimation but with dummy variables included for each country . The coefficients of the country dummies capture countryaverage TFP . This approach is known in econometrics as the “ within approach ” : < sup > 8 < / sup > while the dummy variables are estimates of average firm TFP in a country , the coefficients of labor , capital , ownership and the investment climate variables explain the variation of productivity “ within ” the countries . The estimated difference in TFP levels between Serbian manufacturing firms in the BEEPS 2002 survey and Croatian firms is 80 percent < sup > 9 < / sup > , and 108 percent using the 2003 Serbia PICS survey . These differences are statistically highly significant . < sup > 10 < / sup > These cross-country differences in TFP partly reflect the differences in GDP per capita between the countries , as is apparent in the figure . But lower TFP cannot be blamed on having too little capital : holding capital and labor constant , Serbia is generating much lower output than Croatia , Slovenia , or the other East European countries that have joined the EU . Serbia will need to invest in new fixed capital . However , to catch up with these countries , it will also need to invest in improving the investment climate , and in changing incentives for firms — including privatizing those that are still socially - or state-owned . < sup > 11 < / sup > * * Figure 1 : GDP per capita and TFP , country-survey-averages regression * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 < br > Bulgaria2002Latvia2002Peru2002 Lithuania2002Estonia2002 Slovenia2002 < br > Poland2003 < br > 5 Moldova2002 Indonesia2003 Morocco2000Turkey2002 Brazil2003Slovakia2002Hungary2002 < br > Ecuador2003 < br > Croatia2002 < br > 0 Kyrgyzstan2002 Zambia2002 Uzbekistan2002 Bangladesh2002 India2000 Azerbaijan2002 India2002Pakistan2002Armenia2002Georgia2002 Bolivia2000 Philippines2003Belarus2002Algeria2002Romania2002Poland2002 Czech2002", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 271, "text": "PICS-BEEPS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 824, "end": 841, "text": "BEEPS 2002 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 923, "end": 946, "text": "2003 Serbia PICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Q1 2020 the male employment rate dropped by 1 . 5 percentage points ( pp ) ; most remained inactive rather than registering with the > 9 According to the Labor Force Survey . 70 | < sup > NORTh MACEDONIA < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 172, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "makers can better target their efforts to maximize the impact of resource allocation and intervention strategies , ensuring that critical areas receive the necessary support to reduce poverty effectively . Altogether , this analysis , based on Ethiopia ’ s data , demonstrates the potential of integrating the Poverty Space with PPI for understanding the dynamics of multidimensional poverty and informing policy interventions . By identifying the optimal spillover rate and analyzing how changes in the Poverty Space could affect the dynamics the censored headcount ratio , this analysis could provide a nuanced understanding of how interconnected factors might influence poverty reduction . It is important to note that our approach , while demonstrated with Ethiopia , is adaptable and can be applied to other countries with relevant Poverty Space data to tailor effective policy strategies . 29", "spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 261, "text": "Ethiopia ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A . 2 . 1 : Transition Matrix Before and After Economic Shock by Welfare Quintile * * | * * Quintile Pre \\ * * | | * * Transition * * | * * Matrix * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Post * * | * * Q1 * * | * * Q2 * * | * * Q3 * * | * * Q4 * * | * * Q5 * * | | * * Q1 - poorest * * | 19 . 8 % | 0 . 2 % | | | | | * * Q2 - poor * * | 1 . 7 % | 18 . 0 % | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 0 % | | | * * Q3 - middle * * | | 2 . 3 % | 17 . 5 % | 0 . 2 % | | | * * Q4 - rich * * | | | 2 . 2 % | 17 . 7 % | 0 . 1 % | | * * Q5 - richest * * | | | | 1 . 4 % | 18 . 6 % | Source : Authors ’ calculations using 130 harmonized household surveys ( GMD ) and Macro Poverty Outlook June 8th 2020 update ( https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / publication / macro-poverty-outlook ) , with the regional average imputed if no country value was available . 44", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 654, "text": "harmonized household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 667, "end": 688, "text": "Macro Poverty Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effective operational capacity . Capacity building support has already been provided to the Puntland Ministry of Interior and to the Somaliland Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Resettlement , Rehabilitation & Reconstruction . 6 . Assessment of civil registration and documents : in April 2014 , UNHCR led an inter - ­ ‐ agency assessment in Puntland , resulting in the development of a Civil Registration and Documentation Programme for Puntland . A similar process will be initiated in South Central Somalia in 2015 . UNHCR works on short - ­ ‐ term , mid - ­ ‐ term and long - ­ ‐ term approaches targeting IDPs and returnees . - * * Pillar 4 ( IDP programme ) * * : Focuses on establishing accurate IDP population data , providing stakeholders with the evidence - ­ ‐ base to implement policies , inform the development of a comprehensive solution . Return monitoring , local integration and protection are key foundations of UNHCR ’ s work under Pillar 4 – with the support to IDP voluntary returns through the UNHCR - ­ ‐ led Somalia Return Consortium ( since August 2012 ) . - * * Pillar 3 ( Returnee programme ) : * * Covers cross - ­ ‐ border movements through reintegration projects . UNHCR has developed a “ Framework for Reintegration ” for a consultative multi - ­ ‐ stakeholder process , engaging Government , UN and NGO partners , donors , civil society , and returnees themselves , to elaborate a shared strategy to support sustainable reintegration in Somalia . Within this framework , UNHCR implemented in 2014 six community - ­ ‐ based projects targeting both community infrastructure improvement and household livelihoods in Luuq , Baidoa and Kismayo , the three pilot locations included in the Pilot Project on the voluntary return of Somali refugees from Kenya . The reintegration projects include : - Fishery training in Kismayo - Rehabilitation of primary schools in Kismayo - Improvement of water and sanitation services in Kismayo - Rehabilitation of small community infrastructures such as market place and slaughter house in Luuq - Support to micro - ­ ‐ small enterprises in", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 725, "text": "IDP population data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANGOLA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE Rosnes , Orvika , and Haakon Vennemo . 2009 . ― Powering Up : Costing Power Infrastructure Spending Needs in Sub-Saharan Africa . ‖ AICD Background Paper 5 , Africa Region , World Bank , Washington , DC . - Briceño-Garmendia , Cecilia and Shkaratan , Maria . 2010 . ― Power Tariffs : Caught between Cost-Recovery and Affordability . ‖ Policy Research Working Paper forthcoming , World Bank , Washington DC - World Bank . 2010a . _Angola : Electricity Dialogue_ . Back to the Office Report , World Bank , Washington , DC , March 15 – 26 . # — — — . 2010b . _Angola Enterprise Surveys 2010_ . - www . enterprisesurveys . org / ExploreEconomies / ? economyid = 142 & year = 2009 . - — — — . 2010c . ― Getting Electricity : A Pilot Indicator Set from the Doing Business Project . ‖ < u > http : / / doingbusiness . org / data / exploretopics / getting-electricity . < / u > # Transport - Bofinger , Heinrich C . 2009 . ― An Unsteady Course : Growth and Challenges in Africa ’ s Air Transport Industry . ‖ AICD Background Paper 16 , Africa Region , World Bank , Washington , DC . - Bullock , Richard . 2009 . ― Off Track : Sub-Saharan African Railways . ‖ AICD Background Paper 17 , Africa Region , World Bank , Washington , DC . - Carruthers , Robin , Ranga Rajan Krishnamani , and Siobhan Murray . 2009 . ― Improving Connectivity : Investing in Transport Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa . ‖ AICD Background Paper 7 , Africa Region , World Bank , Washington , DC . - Curtis , Barney . 2009 . ― The Chirundu Border Post : Detailed Monitoring of Transit Times . ‖ SSATP Discussion Paper No . 10 , Regional Integration and Transport — RIT Series , Africa Region , World Bank , Washington , DC . - Gwilliam , Ken , Vivien Foster , Rodrigo Archondo-Callao , Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia , Alberto Nogales , and Kavita Sethi . 2008 . ― The Burden of Maintenance : Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa . ‖ AICD Background Paper 14 , Africa", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to become what LSMS has become for household surveys ( that is , an excellent source of data useful for answering a range of questions across countries ) , it may be worthwhile to take into account the observations made in this paper about data and measurement issues . Many questions about collecting firm data remain unresolved : How do we check for data quality ? How do we know whether the numbers come from a false accounting book ? What are the best ways to ask questions ? How important is survivor bias and recollection errors ? Should we pay interviewees based on the percentage of missing information ( Philipson , 1997 ) ? Our analysis however offers a few important lessons : 1 . Data issues and hypothesis testing : - If possible , use panel data . - Have enough information on productivity to estimate a production funct ' ion . - 3 Avoid the paradigm of \" list the severity of the obstacle / problem on a scale of 1 to 5 . \" Instead , ask for data on specific dimensions of the problem that will shed light on alternative hypotheses and policy recommendations . - Pick particular disaggregated industries , and sample those industries in each survey . - Identify the most important policy interventions of interest , and consider how you will empirically identify that change by picking useful instruments . 2 . Questionnaire Design : - Include only one idea or dimension per question . Do not ask in one question about , for example , the \" quality , integrity , and efficiency \" of services . - Consider the costs and benefits of numeric versus adjectival scales . Scales in which each point is labeled may be more precise than numeric scales in which only the endpoints are labeled . On the other hand , responses are very sensitive to the exact adjective chosen , and it may be impossible to translate adjectives precisely across languages , making it impossible to compare responses across countries . - Recognize that the share of respondents expressing opinions will be biased upwards if the survey does not include a middle ( i . e . , \" indifferent \" or \" don ' t know \" )", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 759, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < mark > Mainstream GBV in the Child Protection sub-sector activities by integrating the < / mark > < u > < mark > Thematic Area Guide ( TAG ) , < / mark > < / u > < mark > excerpted from the comprehensive IASC ’ s < / mark > _ < mark > Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action < / mark > _ < mark > ( IASC , 2015 ) , aimed at assisting child protection actors and communities affected by humanitarian emergencies to coordinate , plan , implement , monitor and evaluate essential actions for the prevention and mitigation of gender-based violence ( GBV ) across the child protection sub-sector . < / mark > - < mark > Aim at training all frontline staff , including protection monitors , data collectors , enumerators , etc . on how to safely handle SEA disclosures and how to report to their PSEA focal points . < / mark > - * * To CSOs working with People with Disabilities : * * - Establish dedicated groups and adapted activities for children with disabilities . - < mark > Aim at training frontline staff , including protection monitors , data collectors , enumerators , etc . on how safely handle GBV disclosure and refer to available GBV services . < / mark > | | * * PRIVATE ACCOMMODATION * * < br > * * To the Polish Government and Public Authorities : * * < br > ▪ < br > Create a centralised and pre-screened database with landlords willing to rent to < br > Ukrainians and committing to hosting standards , based on ‘ European Union Agency for < br > Asylum ( EUAA ) practical recommendations on provision of emergency placement in < br > private accommodation for persons displaced from Ukraine ’ , as well as codes of < br > conduct ; options for indicating whether hosts can accept / accommodate pets and / or <", "spans": [{"start": 1338, "end": 1375, "text": "centralised and pre-screened database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "delays . Most often , trucks are stuck in long lines . Weighbridges should normally require 3 minutes for transit . According to the East African Business Council survey , however , trucks on average spend 92 minutes and some weighbridges actually require up to five hours . There are also frequent unwarranted roadblocks and checkpoints . Inspections are notorious for their lack of procedural transparency . Officials regularly deviate from the commonly-agreed inspection procedures and drivers are subjected to administrative harassment and outright extortion . The key problems that plague border crossings have been extensively documented and include : excessive documentary requirements and anachronistic official procedures ; insufficient use of ICT systems ; questionable due process - - lack of transparency , predictability and consistency in customs activities and determinations ; unclear demarcation of responsibilities and lack of efficient cooperation among customs and other governmental agencies . Customs authorities and procedures in East Africa , like those in other parts of the continent , are opaque and unpredictable . Firms have to spend considerable time searching for information and frequently have to pay bribes , penalties , and fees for administrative or judicial appeals . All of these 18", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 169, "text": "East African Business Council survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "otherwise , the estimated coefficient of the RTA variable combines the NTB effect and the tariff effect . However , as shown by Teti ( 2020 ) , tariffs from standard sources , such as the World Bank ’ s World Integrated Trade Solutions ( WITS ) , suffer from substantial measurement error . As deep RTAs also feature the most comprehensive tariff cuts , it is impossible to say if the RTA effect identified in a gravity equation measures the NTB reduction caused by the new RTA or instead only captures mismeasured tariff reductions . This paper uses a new database containing carefully cleaned tariff data to apply the indirect approach . Do RTAs really lower NTBs , and if yes , by how much and through which provisions ? Or is all the talk about NTBs only distracting from the lowering or elimination of tariffs ? We proceed in two steps . First , we estimate the average effect of RTAs on NTBs across many agreements using the newly available Global Tariff Data ( new GTD ) provided by Teti ( 2020 ) that deals with measurement error . In this exercise , we highlight the important role of general globalization trends . Omitting these overstates the role of NTBs . The second part of the paper sheds light on the heterogeneity between RTAs and on the role of specific provisions implemented in those deals . Following Baier , Yotov , et al . ( 2019 ) , we estimate a separate coefficient 2", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 606, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 947, "end": 965, "text": "Global Tariff Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 10 : Impacts of Heat Exposure on Stream Choice | | Fraction of Students in Science | | - - - | - - - | | Lag 2 : T_ > _33C | _ − _0_ . _0001 < br > ( 0_ . _0001 ) | | Lag 2 : T 30-33C | _ − _0_ . _0004 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0_ . _0001 ) | | Lag 2 : T 27-30C | _ − _0_ . _0001 < br > ( 0_ . _0001 ) | | Lag 2 : T 24-27C | 0_ . _00002 < br > ( 0_ . _0001 ) | | Lag 2 : T 21-24C | _ − _0_ . _0003 < br > ( 0_ . _0002 ) | | Outcome Mean : | 0 . 63 | | Female Share Control < br > * * Fixed Effects * * | X | | Year | X | | Region | X | | Observations | 9 , 616 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 322 | Notes . Estimates are from linear regressions using panel fixed effects run at the school level . The dependent variable is the fraction of students in each school who enroll in the science stream . All regressors include the number of days in the temperature bin during the time when these students were in their 10th grade . All regressions control for the number of days in the precipitation bins during the time that the current cohort of students were in their 10th grade . Errors are clustered at the region level . * p _ < _ 0 . 1 * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Photo 1 : Partial View of Farmland within Woliso Substation Site and along the TL # # # # # * * 7 . 4 Impact on Residential Houses and Related Structures * * Over much of the length of the TL route , the towers can be accommodated without the need for expropriation of residential houses and related housing structure . Therefore , no residential houses and related structure will be affected by the proposed TL Subproject component . * * Impact due to the Construction of the new Woliso Substation * * Similarly , no privately owned residential housing or other structures will be affected by the construction of the proposed new Woliso Substation . - * * 7 . 5 Impact on Fruit Trees and Homesteads . * * During the census and enumeration survey of Subproject impact properties no fruit trees and perennial crops is found that will be affected by the Subproject components . Therefore , there is no impact of fruit trees and perennial crops due to construction of Woliso substation and associated transmission line and hence no compensation payment will be required . # # # # # * * 7 . 6 Impact on Eucalyptus and Bamboo Trees * * Impact on eucalyptus trees is another adverse impact of the proposed substation and transmission line subproject that was identified during census enumeration and registration . Based on the census enumeration and registration a total of 1 , 506 eucalyptus trees belonging to 2 PAHs will be affected by the proposed SS and ROW . Out of a total affected eucalyptus trees , 856 are affected by the SS and the remaining 650 are affected by ROW . In addition to eucalyptus trees , 2 , 400 are Bamboo trees belonging to 2 PAHs will be affected by the ROW . The number and size of eucalyptus trees affected by the Subproject components is presented in the table 7 . 6 below . Page 80 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 919, "text": "census and enumeration survey of Subproject impact properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1412, "end": 1447, "text": "census enumeration and registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1463, "end": 1498, "text": "census enumeration and registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than producers of loan and deposit account services . Banks produce intermediation services through the collection of deposits and other liabilities and the transfer of these funds to interest-earning assets . Deposits are included as a third input along with capital and labour . As a result , operating costs , as well as interest cost , are taken into account in the production process . In this study we will use the intermediation approach . However , as Mester ( 1996 ) points out , both approaches have the disadvantage that they do not take into account risk factors . Also , both concepts assume that all banks produce the same output quality . It is likely , however , that there are unmeasured differences in quality , because banking data do not fully capture the heterogeneity in bank output . Berger and Mester ( 1997 ) try to alleviate this problem 3", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 750, "text": "banking data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Moreover , the same way that GVCs generate spillover effects and amplify those effects , global inflation synchronization might require more coordinated international policies ( IMF , 2018 ) . Finally , beyond inflation synchronization , GVCs also create strong interdependence of GDP fluctuation at business cycle frequency ( de Soyres and Gaillard ( 2019 ) , Gunnella et al . ( 2019 ) ) . Moreover , the segmentation of production across countries has a significant impact on trade elasticities ( Amiti et al . ( 2014 ) , de Soyres et al . ( 2018 ) ) . GVCs also impact the extent to which regional trade agreement divert trade flows with the rest of the world ( de Soyres et al . ( 2019 ) ) . # * * 3 Data Sources * * The analysis is based on annual inflation data for more than 126 countries depending on the specifications , for the period 1970-2017 . # # * * 3 . 1 * * Inflation is measured at the annual frequency and the analysis are performed using two different measures : Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) and Gross Domestic Product Deflator ( GDPD ) . There are key differences between those two indices . On the one hand , CPI includes all goods bought by consumers including foreign goods if the country imports final goods . As such , it is an interesting measure of price changes when one wants to focus the analysis on consumers only . On the other hand , GDP deflator measures price changes in goods and services produced in an economy , but not those imported . Moreover , the two measures have different shares of tradable goods , being higher for the CPI . Importantly , since there are production linkages between importers and non importers within each country , GDP deflator has an _indirect_ exposure to imported inputs . However , GDP deflator has no exposure to imported final goods that are simply consumed by households . When building the data set on which we perform our analysis , we are particularly interested in covering as many countries and as many low income countries as possible . The use of CPI and GDPD allows to have two ( _very_ )", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 767, "text": "annual inflation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": " * * TABLE 5 : * * Consumption shares of items in the optional module groups | * * Module groups * * | * * Core * * | * * Module 1 * * | * * Module 2 * * | * * Module 3 * * | * * Total * * | * * KIHBS * * < br > * * 2015 / 16 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Food * * | | | | | | | | National democratic share | 90 . 8 % | 2 . 8 % | 2 . 8 % | 2 . 6 % | 99 . 0 % | 100 % | | Number of items | 78 | 26 | 27 | 29 | 160 | 218 | | * * Nonfood * * | | | | | | | | National democratic share | 86 . 9 % | 3 . 5 % | 3 . 5 % | 3 . 5 % | 97 . 4 % | 100 % | | Number of items | 87 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 208 | 271 | _Source : _ Authors ’ calculations . nutrition indicator of the health , so the weights have been adjusted accordingly . Data are also missing on cooking fuel ; however , the weight of this indicator is low and it is usually highly correlated with other indicators in the living standards dimension . Weights within the dimension were adjusted to compensate for the missing indicator ( Table 6 ) . For the assets indicator , the standard MPI methodology requires the number of assets owned , not just yes / no . However , the weight of this indicator is low and the basic idea behind the asset indicator remains captured in our data . Therefore , the basic principle of the MPI approach remains valid despite the partially missing data ( with the above caveats ) . # # # # # #  * * TABLE", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # # * * ANNEX 7 . SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS * * - AGP2 Baseline Survey Report , October 2017 . - AGP2 Midterm Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation Reports , September 2019 . - AGP2 Endline Impact Evaluation Report , October 2024 . - AGP2 Completion Report by the Ministry of Agriculture , July 2024 . - AGP2 Project Appraisal Document , March 5 , 2015 . - AGP2 Additional Financing Project Paper , August 19 , 2020 . - AGP2 Additional Financing Project Paper , June 25 , 2021 . - AGP2 Restructuring Papers . - AGP2 Project Progress Reports . - World Bank Aide Memoires of Preparation and Implementation Review and Support Missions , 2015 – 2024 . - World Bank AGP2 Implementation Status and Results Reports ( ISRs ) , 2015 – 2024 . - _Ethiopia - Country partnership framework for the period FY18 - FY22 ( English ) . _ Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . - _Ethiopia - Country partnership strategy ( FY2013-FY2016 ) ( English ) . _ Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . - Job Creation in AGP2 , Power Point Presentation , June 2022 . # # # * * Blogs and Other Online Project Featured Materials : * * < u > https : / / agri-training-et . org / cdsf-impact / < / u > * * Funded by Global Affairs Canada and implemented by Alinea International , CDSF supported the implementation of Ethiopia ’ s second Agricultural Growth Program ( AGP2 ) between 2016 and 2021 . Impacts / Results , success stories * * < u > In Ethiopia , the Second Agricultural Growth Project is Improving Nutrition Outcomes < / u > # # # * * Feature Story on World Bank Website * * < u > ( 20 + ) agriculture growth program - Search Results | Facebook https :", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 157, "text": "AGP2 Baseline Survey Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 % _ | _Yes_ | | _in which : _ | | | | | | _Medical Assistance_ | 47 | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 1 % | Yes | | _Social Insurance , Social Assistance & Labor_ | _2701_ | _12 . 2 % _ | _3 . 0 % _ | | | _in which : _ | | | | | | _Dibao Transfers_ | 146 | 0 . 7 % | 0 . 2 % | Yes | | _Tekun Transfers_ | 30 | 0 . 1 % | 0 . 0 % | Yes | | _Temporary Relief_ | 16 | 0 . 1 % | 0 . 0 % | Yes | | _Natural Disaster Relief_ | 13 | 0 . 1 % | 0 . 0 % | Yes | | _Complements for Basic Pension_ < br > _Insurances_ | 827 | 3 . 7 % | 0 . 9 % | Yes | | _Pension for Admin . Institutions Staffs_ | 853 | 3 . 9 % | 0 . 9 % | Yes | | _Housing Assistance_ | _681_ | _3 . 1 % _ | _0 . 8 % _ | _No_ | | * * Non-Social Expenditure * * | * * 13183 * * | * * 59 . 7 % * * | * * 14 . 6 % * * | * * No * * | | * * _Debt Servicing_ * * | 746 | 3 . 4 % | 0 . 8 % | No | _Source_ : Statistical Yearbook for China 2019 , National Bureau of Statistics 2019 ; Financia Yearbook of China 2019 , Ministry of Financ3 , 2019 Compared to other upper-middle-income countries , China ’ s social spending is relatively low , especially on direct transfers . China ’ s spending on direct transfers amounts to 0 . 5 percent of GDP , which is the lowest share among several upper-middle-income countries and below the average of some lower-middle-income countries . ( Figure 2 ) . China ’ s health expenditure as a share of GDP is also one of the lowest among several upper-middle-income countries . However , its expenditures on education and on contributory pensions are closer", "spans": [{"start": 840, "end": 875, "text": "Statistical Yearbook for China 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 915, "end": 946, "text": "Financia Yearbook of China 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 25 - 5 . 04 It should be noted , however , that the figures on the total volume of water produced and the incremental contributions from the project , as shown in Annex 6 , are only estimates based on pump performance characteristics and operating records , but they should be reliable within 5 % . More reliable performance data should be available beginning in FY84 when installation of flow measuring equipment provided in the project has been completed . On the other hand , no data on actual volumes of water sold are available since CPWB ' s computerized billing system has yet to produce usable consolidated data on sales volumes . 5 . 05 CPWB has had problems about tampering with air valves on the transmission mains by the considerable population which has settled along the pipeline road ( originally constructed for installation of the pipeline and now kept up for pipeline maintenance purposes ) and which can get water through those valves . CPWB has started to rectify the problem by installing water kiosks along the lines ; a total of about 80 are planned . Also , connections have been provided at intervals , from which small branch mains can be taken to serve small local communities in the vicinity , and some of these branches have been made . # # # Operating Covenants 5 . 06 Two commitments in the Loan Agreement relate to operation of the project . Since the project could be affected adversely by substantial changes in upstream water use and waste discharges , the Government agreed tc take any control steps required to assure minimum flows of water of acceptable quality in the Sabaki River at the Baricho intake . By the time the project was completed , no specific action on this had been taken , other than sampling river water at the intake , and no problems had developed . River monitoring initiated after 1983 ( para . 5 . 07 ) may satisfy the objectives of this commitment . 5 . 07 The secoad agreement relating to operations was that MWD would monitor river water quality downstream of the treatment plant to observe the effects of discharges", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Firm capabilities are key drivers of productivity . Firm capabilities include both managerial and organizational practices , as well as innovation competencies . They include the skills that workers and managers bring to the firm . They are elements of the production process that cannot be bought “ off the shelf ” ( Sutton 2012 ) . There is widespread evidence from across low , medium and high-income countries that firm capabilities are associated with higher productivity . Better worker skills increase productivity as well as generate productivity spillovers ( Syverson 2011 , Moretti 2004 ) ; firms that are better managed can leverage their technology , capital and workforce more effectively and achieve higher levels of production ( Bloom & Van Reenen 2007 , Bloom et al . 2014 ) . Bloom , Sadun & Van Reenen ( 2016 ) argue that about a third of the observed differences in GDP across countries are related to differences in management practices . Mozambique has seen two decades of continued positive GDP growth , mostly driven by gains in productivity . However , little of this growth in productivity was due to firms becoming more productive . Decompositions of labor productivity show that most of the gain in aggregate productivity in the last decade was due to on-going structural transformation , the movement of workers and factors of production from agriculture to higher value-added manufacturing and especially to services activities ( World Bank 2018 ) . Productivity improvements ( also called “ within ” productivity growth , see Olley & Pakes 1996 , Melitz & Polanec 2015 ) contributed to only a tenth of aggregate productivity growth in the manufacturing sector in Mozambique . In the services sector , the average firm productivity even declined in the period , contributing negatively to overall productivity growth ( World Bank 2018 ) . Mozambique , just like many other developing countries , experiences a high degree of heterogeneity in productivity . The 2018 Enterprise Survey data shows that a formal firm ( with five or more employees ) in the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of productivity is between 6 to 12 times more productive – as measured by sales per employee – than a", "spans": [{"start": 2015, "end": 2042, "text": "2018 Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "— all of which hinder efficient concentration and raise costs ( Lall , Lebrand , and Soppelsa 2021 ) . Further , if Glaeser and Resseger ( 2010 ) found that areas in the US with below average human capital showed no agglomeration benefits because of limited benefits of pooling differentiated labor and knowledge spillovers , we might expect even fewer benefits in skillpoor developing countries . This paper contributes to a resolution of this puzzle . It first conceptually disaggregates the canonical wage elasticity into component parts and shows that increasing productivity is only one possible driver – rising urban costs are as well – but also that the data employed to date is not capable of distinguishing between them . We then study four countries ranging across regions and the development spectrum – in order of income , Ethiopia , Indonesia , Colombia and Chile – four of the very few countries whose nationally representative establishment level databases permit separating plant prices from physical output , linkable to a standard set of geographical covariates , which have substantial subnational variation , and which are available for use . This allows estimating physical productivity or efficiency ( TFPQ ) , which should capture the effects of better matching and externalities , and marginal costs , thereby showing how they contribute to the counterintuitive wage elasticity estimates . 2", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 971, "text": "nationally representative establishment level databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 492 | | * * Totallocalcurrencybalances * * | * * 55860 , 817 * * | * * _96 , 050 , 492_ * * | | * * Totalbankaccountbalances * * | * * 559860 , 817 * * | * * 96050492 * * | # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts * * The balances in the Project ' s Special < sup > Deposit Accountasat < / sup > * * 3 0 * * < sup > * * tJune2021arenotincludedinthe * * < / sup > Statement of Financial Assets since they < sup > arebelowthelineitemsandareyettobedrawn intothe < / sup > Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * < sup > movementschedule , which showstheflowof fundsthat < / sup > were voted in the year . These funds have < sup > beenreported asloans receivedin the yearunder theStatement < / sup > of Receipts and Payments . 14", "spans": [{"start": 569, "end": 585, "text": "movementschedule", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ # # # * * Principle 4 : Assistance in relocation must be made available * * * * Action : * * REA will guarantee the provision of any necessary compensation for the people whose land will be disturbed to make way for the power line adjustments or any other disturbances of productive land associated with the project in proportion to their loss . # # # * * Principle 5 : A fair and equitable set of compensation options must be negotiated * * * * Action : * * Compensation will be paid for crops and trees that are disturbed according to set Chief Government Valuer ’ s rates derived from market values of the specific districts . # # # * * Principle 6 : Resettlement must take place as a development that ensures that PAPs benefit * * * * Action : * * Where practical , the employment and sub-contracting opportunities that arise from the project will be made available to the affected population . # # # * * Principle 7 : Vulnerable social groups must be specifically catered for * * * * Action : * * Members of vulnerable groups are often not able to make their voice heard effectively ; they are often physically weaker , and may need special help in the relocation / disturbance phase . In particular , female-headed households may lose out to more powerful male-headed households when assets will be demolished to make way for the projects . An account of this has been taken during the consultation and planning processes , as well as in establishing grievance procedures . REA will ensure that the pre - resettlement database specifically identifies vulnerable social groups and makes provision for them to be included in consultative forum . REA will further ensure that these vulnerable groups are given the necessary protection to ensure that they receive equitable access to replacement resources . In addition , REA will make specific reference to vulnerable", "spans": [{"start": 1591, "end": 1618, "text": "pre - resettlement database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and thus more or less likely to be also later acquired by foreign investors . < sup > 5 < / sup > The impact of these spillovers and externalities is presumably substantial , given that the measured effects of financial liberalization often differ depending on the aggregation level of the used data . For example , foreign investors seem to have strong impact on the productivity measured both at the firm level ( Varela 2018 ) and at the country level ( Bonfiglioli 2008 ; Bekaert , Harvey and Lundblad 2011 ; Chari , Henry and Sasson 2012 ) , while at the industry level there might be no productivity effects at all ( Levchenko , Ranci ` ere , and Thoenig 2009 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > The effects of financial liberalization on investment and economic activity also seem to be stronger when measured at a more disaggregated level ( Henry 2007 ; Bekaert et al 2011 ) . It is thus important to distinguish between the impact of financial liberalization on firms attracting foreign investors and the overall net effect on the recipient economy ( Mitton 2006 , p . 646 ) . In our paper , we sidestep the issue of economic externalities and examine the full structural impact of financial liberalization with the help of product-level data covering countries ’ complete export portfolios . Furthermore , the Heckscher-Ohlin framework of international trade allows us to look beyond the usual focus on the misallocation of physical capital and consider also other factors of production like labor , land , and human capital . Second , we contribute to the literature examining the disciplining impact of foreign investors . Foreign investors might act more forcefully as external monitors because they lack business relations with local firms and thus do not feel loyal to the local management ( e . g . , Gillan and Starks 2003 ; Ferreira and Matos 2008 ; Aggarwal et al . 2011 ; Bena et al . 2017 ; Luong et al . 2017 ) . This disciplining impact can also extend beyond the firms where foreign investors ultimately acquire equity stakes . For instance , foreign-owned firms can generate substantial spillovers in terms of improved corporate governance to > 5", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1238, "text": "product-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the session UNHCR was encouraged to continue implementing plans to have youth councils advise CRRF implementation . Additionally , all participants were encouraged to continue implementing and advocating for the Seven Core Actions for Youth . < sup > 51 < / sup > # # # # # * * Refugee Voices in the global compact * * The New York declaration makes explicit reference to the participation of refugees in the multi-stakeholder comprehensive refugee response . < sup > 52 < / sup > As affirmed by the Director of the Division for International Protection , in the opening of the session , UNHCR is committed to working with partners to ensure that the global compact is developed with refugees and not about refugees . The session explored the avenues and mechanisms necessary to fulfil this commitment based on a series of refugee consultations in Ethiopia , Australia , Lebanon and Germany . Additional refugee consultations are planned in eight countries between August and midNovember 2017 . Outcomes of these consultations will also feed into development of the global compact and will be presented as official documentation for the High Commissioner ’ s Dialogue in December 2017 . Refugees have expressed their readiness and desire to be part of this process . They have a strong willingness to be meaningfully engaged in decisions that affect their lives – from the community to international levels . This can be done through local decision making bodies , self-representation , work on data collection and research to develop policies . Existing good practices include the active participation of refugee youth in the Global Refugee Youth Consultations ( GRYC ) , which provided the space and opportunity for refugee and host country youth to develop solutions to the challenges that their communities face . A number of GRYC representatives > 51 The Seven Core Actions for Youth were published in 2016 and are available here < u > http : / / www . agendaforhumanity . org / sites / default / files / We % 20Believe % 20in % 20Youth_4 . pdf < / u > 52 New York Declaration , Appendix", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 847, "text": "refugee consultations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the early grades , and also English , science , and mathematics in grade 7 , and use the findings to facilitate remedial learning for lagging learners . The State of Ceara in Brazil is a role model for reducing learning poverty . Each target school will set a target to improve literacy and numeracy scores in grade 3 as well as targets to improve scores in English , math , and sciences in grade 7 . The school grants / SIP operational manual will include templates for tools / instruments that can help the target schools to set learning targets and monitor progress . The KNEC ’ s school specific analysis for the learning assessments and examinations conducted in 2020 and 2021 , and for the school reentry learning assessments conducted in January 2021 after the prolonged school closure , will be used to set the baseline and targets in the SIP for improving learning outcomes . - < u > Learners school attendance : target schools will conduct regular < / u > parent / community meetings and relevant mobilization activities to ensure regular school attendance and specifically monitor retention of girls in grades 6 to 8 and allow reentry for teenage mothers in primary in line with the National reentry guidelines . Target schools are expected to closely track student ’ s attendance by gender and grade and submit attendance data on NEMIS . Subcounty-based education teams from the MoE , will be expected to visit target schools once a month to monitor school attendance , identify learners at risk of dropping out and agree on remedial actions with the school management . - < u > School management and accountability : target schools will be supported to comply with MoE ’ s < / u > requirements for accountability < sup > 30 < / sup > in management of the student capitation grants ( as well as the proposed school grant ) and facilitate teachers to participate in the monthly SBTS cluster meetings . School heads , their deputies , and the senior teacher , will be expected to complete the school instructional leadership module which the TSC plans to develop and deliver through", "spans": [{"start": 1326, "end": 1350, "text": "attendance data on NEMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Since sparsity , rather than density , is the focus of the current body of work relating to the PICs , we focus on analyzing the inverse of this density measure : a dispersion-adjusted measure of population sparsity . It is defined as : The examples in Table 1 demonstrate ways in which the value of this indicator varies in different empirical settlings . Dispersion-adjusted density is higher in panel B than panel A , reflecting the greater concentration of the population in the most highly populated ( dark blue ) node . In contrast , a straightforward density estimate would not differentiate between these two settings ( since their overall population , and overall area of terrain , is the same ) . Consider now Panel A and Panel E . The pattern of population distribution is the same across these two settings , and this is reflected in their common geographical scale of dispersion . However , dispersion-adjusted density is twice as high in panel E as in panel A , reflecting panel E ’ s larger population . # 2 . Evaluation for the PICs In evaluating our indicators of local-area level remoteness , the geographical scale of dispersion , and dispersion-adjusted density for the PICs , we rely upon data from population and housing censuses , collected by country National Statistics Offices and made available through the Pacific Community ( SPC ) PopGIS platform ( see Appendix A for detail ) . We access data for Fiji ( 2007 , < sup > 6 < / sup > by Tikina ) , Solomon Islands ( 2009 , by Constituency ) , Vanuatu ( 2009 , by Area Council ) , Kiribati ( 2010 , by island / atoll grouping ) , FSM ( 2010 , by Municipality ) , Tonga ( 2016 , by District ) , RMI ( 2011 , by atoll grouping ) and Tuvalu ( 2012 , by village ) . Note that some of these census data are quite dated , so the results ( which reflect the distribution of the population at a particular point in time ) presented in this paper should be interpreted accordingly . The distribution of local-area remoteness measures , and the country-level geographical scale of dispersion are illustrated for each", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1251, "text": "population and housing censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1762, "end": 1773, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 percent ) and lowest in Warrap State ( 4 . 9 percent ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > In addition , there are limited income-generating opportunities for women . When women do generate income , decisions on how to use this income are often made by other family members and > 16 International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) , Displacement Tracking Matrix ( DTM ) , Round 6 ( op cit . ) > 17 Checchi , F . , et . al . 2018 . _Estimates of Crisis-attributable Mortality in South Sudan , December 2013 – April 2018 : A Statistical Analysis . _ London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine . > 18 IPC = Integrated Food Security Phase Classification . > 19 IPC . 2019 . _ < mark > South Sudan : Acute Food Insecurity and Acute Malnutrition Situation ( August 2019 – April 2020 ) . < / mark > _ > 20 Johns Hopkins University and Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center : https : / / coronavirus . jhu . edu / map . html _ . _ > 21 HDI ’ s life-course gender gap compiles 12 indicators that analyze gender gaps in choices and opportunities across the lifespan including > education , labor and work , political representation , time use , and social protection . HDI ’ s women ’ s empowerment dashboard compiles 13 woman-specific empowerment indicators in three categories : reproductive health and family planning , violence against women and girls , and socioeconomic empowerment . > 22 UNDP . 2018 . _Human Development Indices and Indicators : 2018 Statistical Update - South Sudan . _ > 23 Kenwill International Limited . 2015 _ . Fortifying Equality and Economic Diversification ( FEED ) : Improved Livelihoods in South Sudan . _ Gender Assessment Report , World Vision , July 2015 . Page 11 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 351, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the system for cash distribution , a document ( encashment sheet , copies of the VRF , de-registration form ) are generally used as “ vouchers ” to receive the cash grants . For example , refugees first sign a Voluntary Repatriation Form ( VRF ) and are then de-registered from the UNHCR database . In Afghanistan ( 1990-93 ) refugees had to hand in their passbooks and ration cards in return for their VRF and “ encashment sheet ” , making them eligible for a cash grant . In the ongoing Afghan repatriation operation , only registered Afghans currently receive repatriation assistance . In the case of Iran , a pre-existing refugee registration system facilitated this process . In Pakistan , until the registration process was completed in early 2007 ( a total of 2 . 16 million Afghans were issued with Proof of Registration ( POR ) cards ) , all Afghans living in Pakistan were entitled to opt for voluntary repatriation and receive the assistance package ( including the cash grant ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 299, "text": "UNHCR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda : Roads and Bridges in the Refugee Hosting Districts Project ( P171339 ) Assessments that proposes specific measures to support eligible PAPs during RAP implementation was prepared , consulted upon , and disclosed in country and on the Bank ’ s external website on July 17 , 2020 ) . Based on cadastral survey estimations available from the RAP , the total aonal land take of the proposed KobokoYumbe-Moyo road project is 889 . 274 acres . There is a total of 3 , 347 registered project affected property owners , with most of these in Yumbe ( 2 , 270 ) District , followed by Moyo District ( 624 ) and least in Koboko District ( 453 ) . It is anticipated that a total of 2 , 508 households will be affected ( 305 in Koboko District , 423 in Moyo District and 1 , 780 in Yumbe District ) . There are 741 structures located in the proposed RoW ; They include permanent / semi-permanent buildings and others such as gates , soak pits , pit latrines , fences and perimeter walls etc . It is also estimated that about 266 households will be physically displaced as a result of the Project while another 2002 PAPs across the three districts will be economically displaced . Taking into account that project preparation timelines have been relatively short , there has been particular attention to ensure adequate quality of the Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) especially in terms of ( i ) designing Livelihood Restoration Plans , ( ii ) appropriate measures to support PAPs from vulnerable groups and those with disabilities , and ( iii ) carrying out a comprehensive census . Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) will continue to be engaged throughout the RAP processes and particularly during its implementation to address any issues that might have been missed out in earlier studies . Additional measures may include thorough screening at project preparation , the project proponent ’ s commitment to monitoring , implementing agreed measures and institutional strengthening measures . All affected properties will be subjected", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 374, "text": "cadastral survey estimations available from the RAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1580, "end": 1600, "text": "comprehensive census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > 16 < / u > * * Following the migration flows , unaccompanied and separated children entered Serbia mostly through direction of North Macedonia ( more than half of observed UASC in Belgrade area ) and Bulgaria ( more than a third ) . Children made 9 % of all newly arrived persons identified in border areas , with more than a half children travelling without parents and caregivers ( UASC ) . The vast majority of UASC on both areas were boys from Afghanistan and Pakistan , but with more diversified structure at border areas , where children who were travelling with their parents and close family members , originated mostly from Iraq and Syria . More than 90 % of newly arrived UASC in Belgrade and border areas were between 15 to 17 years old . CRPC identified 2 , 606 UASC ( including 12 boys that voluntarily returned from Bosnia and Herzegovina ) , and HCIT – 194 UASC . Such numbers show an increase", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to FA translates into actual votes . Considering that voting is not compulsory , this point is of major importance in light of the large historical differences in registration and turnout rates in Colombia . For instance , 44 . 3 % of the population registered in the electoral census casted a ballot in the 2010 Presidential elections < sup > 17 < / sup > . Given the absence of voting records at the individual level , we exploit > 16The average registration rate for women in the sample of analysis is 95 . 5 percent . > 17Source : IDEA , website : ` http : / / www . idea . int / vt / country_view . cfm ? id = 48 # pres ` 16", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 284, "text": "electoral census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 26 - * * - * * ( 5 ) * * IBRD has played a major rol1 in development schemes for the pastoral areas in Kenya , below the * * _25 ? _ * * rainfall isohyet , and _these_ schemes have important credit elements ( Credit 109-KE ) . - * * ( 6 ) * * At the time the project _was_ appraised , issues of access and security were not accorded the importance that they have subsequently ss-med in . k policy orientation , 6 . 51 The issue was pursued further < sup > Lodeterminewhetherwithinthe < / sup > project area funds were distributed broadly or concentrated in a few favored locations . This formulation hints at an issue that has bothered some observers , that is , that conside-ations of equity are allegedly being badly rilated by t r ienyan power structure . Such manipulation is possible , since * * AFC * * has no quota system for the allocation of loans between different Districts or other adninistrative units , wisely < sup > main - < / sup > taining flexibility to meet each proposal on its merits . 4 . 52 Por the purpose of this audit < sup > projectdatawere examinedto < / sup > ascertain whether the hypothesis that political manipulation played < sup > a < / sup > role in determining the allocation of smallnolder loans between different project districts could be supported . * * A * * comparison of loans per thousand registered holdings for each of the project < sup > Districts , shown in Annex < / sup > < sup > * * 1 , * * persuades us < / sup > to reject the hypothesis . Districts < sup > which might have been expected underthe < / sup > political theory to have < sup > contained a disproportionatelyhigh numberof loans < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1056, "end": 1071, "text": "projectdatawere", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Lebanon Health Resilience Project ( P163476 ) # # * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # # # * * A . Country Context * * 1 . * * Six years into the Syrian conflict , Lebanon , a small country of 4 million people , hosts the highest per capita concentration of refugees in the world . * * The latest Government of Lebanon ( GoL ) estimates are that the country hosts 1 . 5 million displaced Syrians , along with 31 , 502 Palestinian refugees from Syria , and a preexisting population of more than 277 , 985 Palestinian refugees . < sup > 1 < / sup > Accordingly , the population of Lebanon has grown by around 30 percent in just six years . This influx has put enormous pressure on the country ' s already scarce resources , stretched its public services , and contributed to rising tensions in a nation vulnerable to conflict and instability . 2 . * * Lebanon faces stark economic and social challenges due to the impact of the prolonged Syrian conflict * * . According to the Economic and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) carried out by the World Bank ( WB ) < sup > 2 < / sup > , the fiscal costs related to the Syrian crisis have amounted to an estimated US $ 2 . 6 billion over 2012-2014 . The ESIA also highlighted the large negative impact on access to and quality of public services that is due to the substantial increase in demand for these services . In 2014 , it was estimated that the dire economic situation has added 170 , 000 Lebanese to the 1 . 5 million nationals living below the poverty line . Along with the displaced Syrians and Palestinian refugees , the total vulnerable population in Lebanon today is estimated to be more than 3 . 3 million , representing around 55 percent of the overall population . Lebanon also faces considerable unemployment , which is estimated to have increased from 11 percent before the crisis to around 35 percent , with the highest rates among", "spans": [{"start": 993, "end": 1030, "text": "Economic and Social Impact Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to remain in the informal sector , which in turn offers no guarantee or social security . This exposes them to different forms of abuse and exploitation by individual employers or municipal authorities . This type of violence was mainly reported among the newly arrived Sudanese refugees , ie 51 . 1 % with a particular predominance in the Iriba camps . This again demonstrates the need to develop tailormade programmess that channel refugees towards positive coping mechanisms . # # # # # # 6 ) Rape and Sexual Assault Rape and sexual assault accounted for 8 . 1 % of all incidents in 2016 , most of them on refugee women and girls . This represents an increase of 0 . 6 % compared to 2015 . Refugee girls are mostly raped , while women over the age of 18 are rather sexually assaulted and in most of these situations , the stigma , discrimination , family and community rejection follow invariably , making the victim suffered doubly and hence over time reinforcing the reluctance of the victim to denouncing violence . # # # # # # 7 ) Female Genital Mutilation ( FGM ) Statistical analysis shows that 100 % of reported female genital mutilation among refugees in 2016 ( 17 cases ) relates to girls under the age of 18 . All of the cases of FGM reported among the refugees in 2016 ( 17 cases ) affect persons under 18 years of age . UNHCR estimated the incidence rate of FGM at 0 . 01 % ( out of 112 , 977 female refugees under 18 at 31 / 12 / 2016 ) . FGM reported is generally practiced outside the camps . These incidents were mostly observed in the Iriba SubOffice , with a peak in March 2016 . Already , the 2010 MICS survey ( Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ) showed that in Chad , 12 . 1 % of children in the 0-14 years bracket had undergone FGM in one form or another . Still , the data collected by UNHCR and partners remain underestimated and underreported because of the socio-cultural taboos among the refugees , especially the", "spans": [{"start": 1615, "end": 1631, "text": "2010 MICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1634, "end": 1667, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Letters_ 8 ( 2 ) : 024015 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1088 / 1748 ‐ 9326 / 8 / 2 / 024015 . - Samad , Hussain A . , and Fan Zhang . 2016 . “ Benefits of Electrification and the Role of Reliability : Evidence from India . ” WPS7889 . The World Bank . - http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 980911479147772730 / Benefits ‐ of ‐ electrification ‐ and ‐ the ‐ role ‐ of ‐ reliability ‐ evidence ‐ from ‐ India . - Schmidt , Tobias S . 2014 . “ Low ‐ Carbon Investment Risks and de ‐ Risking . ” _Nature Climate Change_ 4 ( 4 ) : 237 . - “ The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 . ” 2018 . United Nations . United Nations . 2015 . “ United Nations Energy Statistics Yearbook . ” New York : United Nations . : United Nations . - The World Bank . 2018 . “ Tracking SDG7 : The Energy Progress Report 2018 . ” 126026 . The World Bank . http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 495461525783464109 / Tracking ‐ SDG7 ‐ the ‐ energy ‐ progress ‐ report ‐ 2018 . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * C Details on outcome measures * * # # Outcome Variable Descriptions # # # * * Psychological Well-being * * | PHQ9 | The standardized total score of 9 questions from the Patient Health < br > Questionnaire-9 ( PHQ9 ) | | - - - | - - - | | Life Satisfaction Index | A standardized average of survey responses to four questions from Di - < br > ener ’ s standardized scale , responses made along a seven-point Likert < br > scale . | | Stress Index | The standardized total score from three elements of adapted from the < br > Cohen Stress scale . “ How many of the last 7 days have you [ been able < br > to fall asleep peacefully / felt nervous / felt frustrated ] ? ” | | Sociability ( Total ) | The total number of conversations in the past day with adults . | | Sociability ( Positive ) | The total number of conversations in the past day with adults that the < br > respondent felt were positive . | | Self-Worth Index | The standardized total score from the responses on a scale from 1 to 10 < br > to two questions : “ Think of a person you know who you most respect < br > and who brings greatest value to your [ family / community ] . If that < br > person is a 10 , where would you put yourself ? ” | | Locus of Control | The standardized total score from responses to four locus of control < br > questions . “ In the last 7 days , how many days did you feel that to a < br > great extent your life is controlled by accidental / chance happenings . . . ” | | Allocation Decision Game | Indicator ( yes / no ) for response to an ofer to participate an allocation < br > committee to decide how money is spent . Participants are ofered the < br > opportunity to make a resource allocation decision for their community < br > or have another individual ( an NGO worker , an “ expert ” , or", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "psychological or emotional abuse were the most commonly reported types of GBV incidents , accounting for * * 36 percent * * and * * 34 percent * * of incidents , respectively . Sexual abuse remains a risk with devastating consequences on women and girls . However , it remains underreported because of the stigma associated with it . Rape and sexual assault constitute a 17 percent of all reported incidents according to GBVIMS report for Q2 2022 . Home remains not a safe space for survivors of GBV . According to the GBVIMS report covering the second quarter of 2022 , 27 percent of the GBV incidents reported took place in the perpetrators home , while 56 percent of incidents took place in the client ’ s home . These high percentages are linked to the high percentage of intimate partner violence incidents reported in the same quarter , with 57 percent of the cases and marking a 2 percent increase compared to the first quarter of 2022 . # # # * * _Intimate Partner Violence_ * * Intimate partner violence reporting continued to increase in 2022 , with 2 percent increase compared to the first quarter of 2022 , accounting for * * 57 percent * * in the second quarter of 2022 , according to the GBVIMS . Data extracted from the GBVIMS indicate that both adults and children are subjected to intimate partner violence , with * * 7 percent * * of female children reporting being subjected to intimate partner violence as well in the context of early marriage . According to KAFA internal reports < sup > 5 < / sup > on urgent cases of women and girls ’ reporting different incidents of gender-based violence in Bekaa , Beirut and Mount Lebanon and the South , the majority of cases requesting legal assistance are cases of intimate partner violence . Women and girls are requesting legal protection , prosecution of the perpetrator / intimate partner , safe shelter and childcare and the procedures weren ’ t put in action due to the continued gaps in the legal services . # # * *", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 434, "text": "GBVIMS report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1235, "end": 1241, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the country series for those indicators that are more sensitive to the specific change . The large majority of the studies that are not country specific do not mention how they deal with the effect that the changes in the survey features have on the comparability of their estimates . We break with this tradition and work on four different areas , which are described below . First , we use unique information about the comparability of surveys on the same country in terms of income aggregates ( see table A . 1 ) to define circa years ( see table B . 1 ) that minimize the measurement error of > 14 For more information , see the SEDLAC Project webpage , at http : / / sedlac . econo . unlp . edu . ar / eng / . > 15 The SEDLAC dataset allows cross-country comparisons of household welfare . The data cover 17 countries , which account for 90 percent of the population in the region . The countries are Argentina ( urban only ) , Bolivia , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , and Uruguay ( urban only ) . See annex A for more details on the specific combination of country-year surveys included in the analysis . See SEDLAC ( SocioEconomic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean ) , Center for Distributive , Labor , and Social Studies , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina and World Bank , Washington , DC , http : / / sedlac . econo . unlp . edu . ar / eng / statistics . php . 4", "spans": [{"start": 724, "end": 738, "text": "SEDLAC dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the terms-of-trade theory across a number of different empirical contexts . They examine tariff variation for a number of WTO _non-member_ countries and conclude that market power helps to explain applied tariffs for countries unconstrained by trade agreements . < sup > 16 < / sup > An alternative theoretical explanation for cross-sectoral variation in applied tariffs is political economy , for which the Grossman and Helpman ( 1994 ) structural model of lobbying and endogenous import protection provides a rich set of empirically testable preduictions . However , much of the literature seeking to empirically test the Grossman-Helpman model has focused on the sector-level variation in _non-tariff_ policies - of the sort that we introduce and describe in Section 3 . < sup > 17 < / sup > > 15Some countries have used this flexibility to make relatively high frequency - e . g . , weekly , monthly , etc . - changes within years ( and thus potentially not captured in the annual data ) to applied MFN tariffs on agricultural products , perhaps in light of both political economy concerns and the uncertainty of yields due to weather-related shocks and growing seasons . Recent WTO disputes challenging such policies imposed by Chile and Peru are described in Bagwell and Sykes ( 2005a ) and Saggi and Wu ( 2016 ) , respectively . On agricultural tariffs more generally , see Hoekman , Ng , and Olarreaga ( 2002 , 2004 ) . > 16Other research exploring the empirical relevance of the terms-of-trade theory for negotiated trade agreements using applied and bound tariffs includes Bagwell and Staiger ( 2011 ) , Ludema and Mayda ( 2013 ) , Nicita , Olarreaga , and Silva ( 2014 ) , and Beshkar , Bond and Rho ( 2015 ) . Bown ( 2015 ) provides both a survey of these papers and an empirical assessment of some of their implications for the applied and bound tariffs of developing countries . > 17This literature is surveyed in McLaren ( forthcoming ) . Exceptions for research providing estimates of the Grossman-Helpman model on _tariff_ policies include Mitra , Thomakos , and Ulubasoglu ( 2002 ) for Turkey , Bown and Tovar ( 2011 ) for India , and Gawande , Krisha , and", "spans": [{"start": 981, "end": 992, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Establishment of chains of command from _sungu-sungus_ ( refugee security volunteers ) to Tanzanian police to UNHCR Field Safety Advisors . - Appointment of UNHCR Field Safety Advisors as focal points for other actors , with a fulltime monitoring role . - Ensuring the presence and participation of female police officers . # # # # # # * * Challenges in Implementation : * * - The ‘ Package ’ continues to raise expectations and demands from the Government , for example , for increasing in the daily subsistence allowance to police and the quantity of fuel provided . - The Package is heavily weighted towards the police ( in lieu of other actors ) although there is overwhelming recognition that the _sungu-sungus_ play a major role in maintaining camp security . - Field Safety Advisors must be present and responsible for implementing and monitoring the Package . - Pre-deployment training for police officers has been weak – more intensive training preassignment is needed . - The Package creates dependency amongst under-funded local structures in a country without the adequate resources to compensate personnel fairly . - Female officer participation and gender balance on the police force , has been difficult . - There were reports of policemen on the Package sexually exploiting refugees . To address this problem , all the police officers in the Package received training on SGBV and sexual exploitation , are now required to wear nametags for easy identification and a photo registry was put in place with the photos of all police officers and accessible to the refugees for identification purposes . - Language barrier remains between local police and the refugees . # # # # # # * * Results to Date : * * - The Package is preserving law and order in and around the camps . - The Package has introduced local police officers to the principles of refugee protection and community policing . - The Package has improved police morale and operational effectiveness . - The presence of police has limited the overt politicization and militarization of the camps . - The security of humanitarian personnel has been reinforced", "spans": [{"start": 1484, "end": 1498, "text": "photo registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; and could have reported the harvest condition as fresh or dry – following the prevailing practices in household and farm surveys and the approach as part of the Malawi IHS . Consequently , the recall respondents reported production for 74 percent of cassava plots in 50-kilogram bags ; 19 percent in kilograms ; and 3 percent in 70-kilogram bags . The production on the remaining plots were recorded in pails and pieces ( each differentiated as small , medium or large ) , and in _gondolos_ ( non-standard , cylindrical baskets that can vary in size and that are often attached to bicycles to carry produce ) . To convert these non-standard units to kilograms , we used the regional conversion factors readily available from the Malawi IHS > 23 The harvest that was weighed could have also been expressed in terms of non-standard measurement units used in the recall arms , as such the kilogram equivalences obtained for the non-standard measurement units for fresh cassava harvest could have been used as ancillary data for gauging the sensitivity of the recall-based production estimates that would have been reported in non-standard units . In the end , most of the cassava harvests in the diaries ended up being expressed in 50-kilogram bags ( alongside their objective weights in kilograms ) , as the diary households relied on the sacks that were distributed to them . > 24 To address any potential for differences arising from the diary reporting at the household-level and recall reporting at the plot-level , the analysis was run on the subsample of households cultivating only one cassava plot and the relationships between the four treatment arms remained the same . 12", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 173, "text": "Malawi IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2019 < br > Account No . 0810260885749 < br > Depository Bank EQUITY BANK < br > Address < br > Related Loan EQUITY-JUD . PERFORM . IMPROV . PRJ < br > Credit Agreement 5181-KE < br > Currency USD < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2018 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account 4 , 327 , 621 . 53 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank . - 7 , 845 , 589 . 00 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > 12 , 170 , 664 . 00 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2019 < br > 2 , 546 . 53 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA r < br > DATE - - < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE 27 b - 0 l < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2019 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 413, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1136, "end": 1172, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "allow the supervisor to easily aggregate ratings and default experience to back-test the mapping from the rating buckets to the default probabilities . - The system would ensure a consistent treatment of capital and loan loss reserves . This is of course a vital component of Pillar 2 and Basel Core Principle 8 . - Favor the development of a risk based capacity within the banking system independently from each country decision to officially remain in Basel I or to adopt the different options of Basel II . • The homogeneity of bank classification schemes would provide the system of an important additional property : individual banks data could be aggregated at a country level generating an important , so far mostly missing , information about the cyclical developments of credit quality . It would also make possible to monitor the effect of structural reforms ( legal , regulatory , dissemination of credit information ) on the quality of credit and on the cost of credit . Current Basel II arrangements under the IRB preclude such developments and have not considered the important public good element represented by this information externality ) . # * * 5 . Conclusions * * In this paper we have discussed a simple methodology for the integrated estimation of expected and unexpected losses for countries that have a source of centralized credit information , such as a credit register , and we have shown how these estimates can provide the basis for a simplified risk based bank solvency regulation that is compatible with Basel II and could be used by countries that are not yet ready to adopt the IRB approach . 19", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 643, "text": "individual banks data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1382, "end": 1397, "text": "credit register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- v ) Number of impacted locals employed by the civil works contractors vi ) General relations between the project and the local communities . These will be determined through the following activities : - i ) Questionnaire data will be entered into a database for comparative analysis ii ) Each individual will have a compensation dossier recording his or her initial situation , all subsequent project use of assets / improvements , and compensation agreed upon and received - iii ) ICTA will maintain a complete database on every individual impacted by the subproject land use requirements including iv ) Relocation / resettlement and compensation , land impacts or damages ; and ICTA should prepare Resettlement Completion Reports for each RAP , in addition to other regular monitoring reports . # # * * 13 . 1 . 3 Indicators to Monitor and Evaluate Implementation of RAPs * * Financial records will be maintained by the Local Governments and the executing agencies to permit calculation of the final cost of resettlement and compensation per individual or household . Each individual receiving compensation will have a record containing : - Individual bio-data information , - Number of people s / he claims as household dependents • Amount of land available to the individual or household when the dossier is opened . Additional information will be acquired for individuals eligible for resettlement / compensation : - Level of income and of production - Inventory of material assets and improvements in land , and • Debts . # # * * 13 . 1 . 4 RAP Implementation Completion Report * * RAP Implementation Completion Report should be prepared and submitted to the Bank 6 months after the end of compensation payment by project implementing agency or before the Implementation Completion Report by the Bank , whichever comes first . The RAP implementation report should include ( but not be limited to ) the following information : i ) Background of the RAP preparation including a description of the project activities , scope of impacts , number of affected persons , and estimate budget . ii ) Update of its implementation with actual numbers of displaced persons by segments , compensation paid , issues / complaints", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 227, "text": "Questionnaire data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > Tax compliance also can influence how firms react to minimum wage policies < / mark > * * < mark > . When income underreporting is prevalent around the minimum wage levels , non-compliant firms may convert some of their undeclared wages into official wages to comply with the new minimum wage policy , thereby staying off the tax authorities ' radar . This could be important for employment impacts , as unreported wages can serve as a cushion to mitigate the impact of minimum wage increases ( Tonin , 2011 ) . Empirical findings for Latvia ( Gavoille & Zasova , 2023 ) indicate that in firms significantly affected by the minimum wage reform , the employment response can be three times greater for compliant firms compared to those evading taxes in the year following the minimum wage increase . While there are some estimates of tax compliance gap across sectors for Romania ( Robayo-Abril , Balaban & Wronski ) , there are no estimates of employment elasticities for compliant and noncompliant firms . Therefore , we did not consider tax compliance status in our simulations . < / mark > * * < mark > The aggregate and distributional impacts may depend on whether dismissed workers transition to unemployment or inactivity vs . other formal or informal sector jobs < / mark > * * < mark > . For example , if dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivity , the earning losses are at the highest . If they move to other job opportunities with some higher or lower wages than the initial wage , the earning losses are of lower magnitude . As there is no panel or retrospective labor market information in household surveys or the tax administrative data to estimate these labor market transitions , we work with different scenarios that give us upper and lowerbound estimates of the losses . < / mark > # * * Then , we use the following algorithm for the microsimulation : * * - Estimate an expected wage increase ( in percentage ) for the employed population , age groups , and employees affected by the minimum wage increase . - Use the different elasticity values and wage increases estimated in ( 1 )", "spans": [{"start": 1627, "end": 1644, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1652, "end": 1675, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "set of indicators in the Results Framework in the Project Appraising Document , including an environmebnt and socio-economic profile of the settlement ( using data from the socio-economic survey and the preliminary settlement upgrading plan ) ; and , f ) preparing a draft Settlement Upgrading Plan ( SUP ) in close consultation with the community . * * Phase 2 : * * a ) Developing a detailed engineering design of prioritised infrastructure ; b ) preparing a phasing plan for implementation in each municipality ; c ) preparing an Evironmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) report for approval by NEMA ; d ) developing an Environmetal Management Plan ( EMP ) , and guidelines , where applicable , to manage identified impacts ; e ) preparing a Resettlement Action Plan in accordance with the Environment and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) and the Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) ; f ) preparing an operations and maintenance manual of the facilities , 10 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 194, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annexe 1 : Afar Regional Report * * # # # # # # * * Prepared by Alemakef Tassew * * * * June 2013 * * # # # # # # * * 1 . Introduction * * The social assessment of the impact of the proposed interventions in GEQIP II on vulnerable and disadvantaged groups , ( in particular the Pastoralists . agro-pastoralists and underserved groups ) in Ethiopia , comprise three components : - Review , analysis and synthesis of existing data sources in relation to the key social and institutional issues affecting poor , vulnerable and underserved girls and boys broadly and children from Pastoralists , agropastoralists and underserved groups specifically ; - Participatory stakeholder consultations in 4 emerging regions and selected woredas and - Operational guidance and recommendations to support GEQIP fulfill its access , equity and overall social objectives . This regional level report addresses the objectives , methodology , field sites and sample size selection in relation to carrying out component 2 : the stakeholder consultations . The stakeholder consultation was rapid participatory and qualitative process aimed at capturing stakeholder perceptions and opinions . They were not comprehensive survey of the issues affecting equity in , and access to , quality education . The social factors affecting equity and access to quality education are considered well – documented in the existing literature ( e . g . the 2011 social assessment ( SA ) and subsequent surveys ; the UNICEF out of school study – 2012 and the GEQIP phase 1 Comprehensive evaluation study ) . The stakeholder consultations at woreda level were carried from June 03-07 , 2013 . Two woredas , one very remote and the other relatively accessible woreda namely Bure Mudayitu and Awash Fentale woreda were selected . Bure Mudayitu woreda is the remote woreda where infrastructures are very poor . # # # # # # * * 2 . Purpose and Objectives of the Stakeholder Consultations * * * * _ : _ * * The purpose of the stakeholder", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "following Bloom et al . ( 2019a ) . Survey data on managerial practices , mark-ups , technology adoption and innovation are merged with other firm performance data such as profits , sales per employee and TFP from the FINA database . One objective of this survey is to provide robust evidence on the link between management and firm performance in Croatia and in Eastern Croatia ( or Slavonia ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > The overall analysis may not allow to causally relate management capabilities to performance of firms but provides support for specific interventions aimed at improving firm productivity and for piloting policies and programs . For example , our analysis helps benchmark management capabilities in Eastern Croatia and in Croatia overall compared to other countries , the types of management practices that seem more relevant for firms , and the characteristics of enterprises whose management capabilities help explain further differences in performance . We present some stylized facts for firms in Eastern Croatia and compare them with other regions in Croatia . We find that , _first , _ when benchmarking management scores in Slavonia and in Croatia against the United States , it is noteworthy that the average management score , just like TFP , is higher in the United States than it is in Croatia , and even higher than in Slavonia ( Tables 1a and 1b ) . The average manufacturing firm in Eastern Croatia scores 0 . 532 in adopting advanced management practices , a value very similar to that in the rest of Croatia ( 0 . 542 ) but behind the one in the United States ( 0 . 615 , Bloom et al . , 2019a ) . Comparing Croatia ’ s management practices with those in Russia ( Grover and Torre , 2019 ) and Mexico ( Bloom et al . , 2019b ) , other countries for which comparable data are available , we find that an average manufacturing firm in Croatia is better managed than its counterparts in Russia ( average score , 0 . 43 ) and Mexico ( average score , 0 . 39 ) . < sup > 4 , 5 < / sup > _Second , _ weaknesses in management practices particularly relating", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 47, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 142, "end": 163, "text": "firm performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 218, "end": 231, "text": "FINA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "uvi . Pia , watatoa usaidizi wa kiufundi unapotakikana kupitia juhudi za kuboresha ujuzi wa wafanyakazi , ambazo zitajumuisha huduma za mafunzo . Utekelezaji wa shughuli katika kipengee hiki kidogo utaanza kwa kutathmini kiwango cha uwakilishaji wa makundi ya VMG , kwa wanaume au wanawake katika BMU . Uendelezaji wa uwekezaji katika uvuvi wa baharini utahitaji pia juhudi za kuboresha ujuzi wa wafanyakazi kwa lengo la kubadilisha mitazamo ya jamii za VMG ili kuchukulia shughuli za uvuvi kama uwekezaji huku wakitarajia kupata faida ikilinganishwa na mtazamo wa sasa wa jamii ambapo shughuli za uvuvi katika fuo za pwani zinafanywa na jamii za VMG kama njia ya kupata riziki tu . SME-DS itabaini pia matatizo au hatari za kimfumo ambazo zinazuia kutelelezwa kwa miradi inayotarajiwa na itapendekeza hatua za kusuluhisha zinazotakikana ili kuondoa au kupunguza athari za hatari hizo . Tutachukua tahadhari ili kuhakikisha kuwa tathmini za matatizo au hatari za kimfumo za kuzuia utekelezaji wa mradi inafanyika katika njia inayofaa tamaduni ya wanajamii wa VMG bila kupoteza utambulisho wao wa kitamad", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "sw"}
{"text": "renegotiation . 46 The country ’ s president also threatened to give Glencore ’ s monopoly trading rights to ExxonMobil . Glencore ’ s upstream interests may have also made the company more amenable to renegotiate . 47 In 2018 , as part of its IMF program , Chad completed its debt restructuring with Glencore , which lengthened the maturities on the debt , lowered interest rates and made the debt more counter-cyclical by including contingencies which adjust repayment depending on oil price . The pandemic has accentuated the already sharp debt sustainability challenges in a number of developing countries . In response , the G-20 has agreed to an initiative which enables the temporary suspension of debt servicing ( DSSI ) for the world ’ s poorest countries . However , most RBLs were outside its scope , mostly because only official lenders participated and not commercial lenders or commodity traders . 48 Further consideration should be given to how international financial institutions may be able to assist RBL borrowers to help restructure their debt effectively ( in a way that also ensures inter-lender equity ) in the eventuality of debt burdens becoming unsustainable . # 6 . Conclusions In this paper we analyze the main features and the impact of resource-backed loans on borrowing countries . While our review was restricted to publicly disclosed information about borrowings by central governments or SOEs in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 2004-2018 period , our conclusions are relevant to developing countries in general and may also be applicable to other forms of collateralized borrowing . We found that while RBLs have limited use in a handful of countries , they represent a sizable proportion of debt in many of them . The countries that rely most on this form of borrowing are generally less transparent in their debt reporting , especially with regards to SOE debt , and collateralization is not disclosed in public debt records . Within our analysis sample , we found wide variations in how favorable RBL borrowing rates were . While a few RBLs extended by bilateral lenders ( Korea , China ) have outstandingly low rates , most come with rates well above the median . This is markedly the case for the few RBLs extended by commercial commodity traders .", "spans": [{"start": 1939, "end": 1958, "text": "public debt records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implemented many strategies to address low compliance by firms . Identification of unregistered firms includes drawing on data from business registries , licensing regimes , and banking systems . To identify tax evasion among registered firms , DGT takes steps to determine the accuracy of tax returns , including implementing a compliance risk management model that predicts the likelihood of non-compliance . These predictions are partly based on tax audit results covering around 2 percent of registered firms each year . However , there is no public reporting on the scale of misreporting identified by these audits , nor any estimates of total tax losses if rates of identified misreporting were to be extrapolated . # * * 3 Data * * The data used in this analysis comes from the 2023 WBES in Indonesia , which interviewed the top managers or owners of 2 , 955 firms . This sample was nationally representative of firms possessing a Company Registration Certificate ( TDP ) or Business Identification Number ( NIB ) with five or more employees with at least 1 percent of private ownership and who do not have legal status as cooperatives . Firms are selected through stratified random sampling from the 2016 Economic Census conducted by the Central Agency of Statistics of Indonesia . Stratification is based on sector , firm size ( employment ) , < sup > 7 < / sup > and location . The sectoral distribution covers firms from the manufacturing and major services sectors . The survey covers all 38 provinces of Indonesia , though some are aggregated , resulting in a total of 22 regional strata . The sample design ensures no more than 7 . 5 percent margins of error and 90 percent confidence intervals at each of the stratification levels : size , sector , and region . All interviews were conducted face-to-face with top managers or business owners in Bahasa Indonesian through Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews ( CAPI ) using tablets and Survey Solutions as the software for data collection . Data collection started in December 2022 and concluded in September 2023 , achieving a response rate of 41 . 2 percent , similar > 7The stratification by firm size is defined using the number of employees in the firm . The definitions are", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 794, "text": "2023 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1208, "end": 1228, "text": "2016 Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 7 . 3 . 2 Impact on Farmland due to Construction of the new Arsi Robe Substation * * < mark > The construction of the new Arsi Robe substation requires a total of 4 . 6757 ha of land . According to the census and registration of affected properties results , the entire affected land is farmland and is owned by 9 smallholder farm households in Arsi Robe Woreda . The number of households affected by the substation as well as the average loss of farmland is < / mark > presented in Table 7 . 4 . < mark > Table 7 . 4 : Number of PHAs , size of farmland affected by the Arsi Robe substation < / mark > | * * Description * * | | | - - - | - - - | | No . of PAHs | 9 | | Affected Farmland ( in ha ) | 4 . 6757 | | Average Affected Farmland ( in ha / HH ) | 0 . 52 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Photo 2 : Partial View of Farmland within Arsi Robe Substation Site # # # # # # * * 7 . 3 . 3 Impact on Farmlands due to Construction of Access Road * * An access road connecting the new substation to the nearby existing road will be constructed as part of the subproject . The survey results revealed ( as per the preliminary alignment along the TL corridor ) that due to the proximity of the existing road to the proposed substation site , only 0 . 0205 Ha of farmland will be expropriated for the access road . This component of the subproject will affect only one household in Arsi Robe Woreda . # # # # # # * * 7", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 415, "text": "census and registration of affected properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 941, "end": 988, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ | _35 % _ | _11 % _ | _22 % _ | 294 | 245 | 75 | 156 | 695 | | | _Top 10 % _ < br > _consumption_ | _Not Monetary_ < br > _Poor_ | _36 % _ | _44 % _ | _16 % _ | _19 % _ | 505 | 618 | 221 | 266 | 1 , 389 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-3 Note : For each age group the respective maximum number of deprivations is considered . If a child is not deprived along any dimension , it is considered not deprived , if it is deprived along one or more dimensions it is considered deprived , irrespective of missing information on some other dimensions . If a child is for instance not deprived along four out of possible five dimensions applicable in its age category with missing information on one deprivation , it is excluded , as it is unknown whether the child is indeed not deprived of any dimension or is in fact deprived in the dimension where the information is missing . 68", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 257, "text": "GHS Wave 1-3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This linkage between corruption , weak institutions , and offshores was also confirmed in a crossnational study of petroleum rents . Andersen et al . ( 2016 ) found that petroleum rents originating in countries with weak institutions ( mostly autocracies ) have a much higher probability of ending up in tax havens than those originating in non-autocracies . The authors suggest that “ unanticipated increases in petroleum rents are partly captured by political elites and transferred to private bank accounts in havens , either directly or through sham corporations based in other havens ” ( Andersen et al . 2016 , 28 ) . They find a similar pattern at work in these polities in the face of political instability : elites transfer part of their domestic wealth to tax havens prior to elections and coups d ’ etat ( Ibid . ) . Besides petroleum rents , offshores enable laundering the proceeds from other types of corruption and illicitly obtained wealth . Another recent study by Andersen et al . ( 2020 ) reveals that foreign aid disbursements from the World Bank and the Bank for International Settlements to poor countries coincide with significant increases in the value of bank deposits in secrecy jurisdictions . This study suggests that foreign aid might be diverted by economic and political elites into privately held accounts in jurisdictions that enable anonymity and non-transparency , specifically places like Zurich , a wellknown center for private wealth management ( Ibid . , 3 ) . The link between political instability and capital flight to secrecy jurisdictions is confirmed by the study of the patterns of financial flows in Ukraine . Earle et al . ( 2019 ) reveal that the Ukrainian oligarchs who are better connected politically tend to be more secure about their assets relative to those less connected ( or associated with the competing political group ) . Their perception of the security of their assets is demonstrated by the wealth-hiding patterns : those less politically connected tend to use secrecy jurisdictions to a greater degree than the rest of the oligarchs . Ukraine ’ s 2004 Orange Revolution that resulted in the competing political group coming to power provided a context approximating a natural experiment that enabled this team of researchers to trace the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 11 . 1 ) | 11 / 90 | 12 . 2 % ( 6 . 9-20 . 8 ) | | | < 15 lpppd | 91 / 311 | 29 . 3 % ( 24 . 5-34 . 6 ) | 146 / 252 | 57 . 9 % ( 51 . 7-63 . 9 ) | 55 / 90 | 61 . 1 % ( 50 . 6-70 . 6 ) | | | * * Satisfaction with drinking water * * < br > * * supply * * | | | | | | | | | Proportion of households that say they < br > are satisfied with drinkingwater supply | 262 / 311 | 84 . 2 % ( 79 . 8-87 . 9 ) | 111 / 252 | 44 . 0 % ( 38 . 0-50 . 3 ) | 57 / 90 | 63 . 3 % ( 52 . 9-72 . 7 ) | | | * * Safe excreta disposal * * | | | | | | | | | * * Proportion of households that use : * * | | | | | | | | | An improved excreta disposal facility < br > ( improved toilet facility , 1 household ) | 207 / 311 | 66 . 6 % ( 61 . 1-71 . 6 ) | 81 / 252 | 32 . 1 % ( 26 . 7-38 . 2 ) | 33 / 90 | 36 . 7 % ( 27 . 3-47 . 1 ) | | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 18 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 4 Model Results * * Our econometric results are presented in Table 1 . The table includes results for alternative estimators that incorporate different assumptions about the structure of the stochastic error term ( Ɛit ) in the model . These techniques produce the same point estimates for model parameters , but their differing estimates of standard errors ( and the accompanying t-statistics ) may lead to very different inferences about the statistical significance of model variables . We replicate the point estimates in columns ( 1 ) – ( 3 ) to aid interpretation of the t-statistics . We include results for standard nonlinear ( NL ) regression , NL with robust standard errors ( SE ) and NL with SE adjusted for 3 , 074 clusters defined by level-1 administrative units ( states , provinces , etc . ) for the 190 countries in the regression database . As the table shows , all results have the expected signs . The mean anomaly for satellite-observed CO2 concentrations in a 25-km grid cell is positively related to direct emissions from industry and fires ; wind-displaced emissions from industry and fires in neighboring areas ; and population-related emissions . The marginal impact of population is positively related to heating needs ( heating degree days ) , cooling needs ( cooling degree days ) and income per capita , and declines with the interaction of subway length and scale . All variables meet classical significance tests in all three regressions , with the exception of cooling degree days in the cluster-adjusted regression . # * * 3 . Alternative Templates for CO2 Emissions Tracking * * As noted in the introduction , recent research indicates that satellite-based observations can support an objective , spatially-referenced system for tracking CO2 trends in local areas and regions . Prefiltering by the method of Hakkarainen et al . ( 2019 ) or similar methods enables measurement of CO2 concentration anomalies - - the locally determined components of atmospheric concentrations . Temporal considerations are also important because satellite-based measurements , like observations from ground-based monitors , include random components that hinder short-period trend identification . At the present state of the art , trend estimates for periods shorter than a year seem problematic . 7", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 866, "text": "regression database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 | 2 . 5 | 3 . 5 | 3 . 5 | | UNIQA | FIN | | 5 . 9 | 5 . 4 | 4 . 8 | 3 . 8 | 3 . 3 | 2 . 9 | | Aryankor | INDEP | 11 . 0 | 5 . 8 | 3 . 8 | 3 . 6 | 3 . 4 | 2 . 9 | 2 . 7 | | Életút | INDEP | 9 . 0 | 5 . 7 | 3 . 7 | 2 . 4 | 1 . 8 | 1 . 9 | 1 . 8 | | Évgyűrűk | INDEP | 11 . 3 | 8 . 7 | 5 . 1 | 4 . 3 | 3 . 3 | 3 . 1 | 2 . 6 | | Weighted Average | MKT | 12 . 7 | 7 . 0 | 4 . 5 | 3 . 8 | 3 . 2 | 3 . 1 | 2 . 9 | | Weighted Average | EMP | 12 . 5 | 6 . 1 | 3 . 8 | 3 . 0 | 2 . 4 | 2 . 3 | 2 . 1 | | Weighted Average | FIN | 12 . 9 | 7 . 0 | 4 . 6 | 3 . 9 | 3 . 2 | 3 . 2 | 2 . 9 | | Weighted Average | INDEP | 11 . 1 | 7 . 6 | 4 . 6 | 3 . 9 | 3 . 3 | 3 . 0 | 2 . 6 | Source : HFSA raw data 44 . Total fees in the Hungarian second pillar still compare favorably with most other systems with the same period of implementation , especially when expressed as a share of contributions . As shown in Figure 5 , the ratio of total fees to contributions has increased but is still one of the lowest , with the exception of Bolivia . < sup > 14 < / sup > The ratio of total fees to assets is roughly equal to the average of other reforming countries , as shown in Figure 6 . The difference between the two results", "spans": [{"start": 674, "end": 687, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "each contract not governed by paragraph 2 of this Part , the procedures set forth in paragraph 4 of Appendix 1 to the Consultant Guidelines shall apply . ` ` ` # ` SCHEDULE 4 ` # ` Implementation Program ` ` ` ` Project Coordination ` ` ` ` ` ` 1 . The Project shall be managed , coordinated and carried out by the FPMU , established and maintained by MOLSA , and reporting to MEDaC . The FPMU shall be responsible for the demobilization of Veterans , and for coordinating and monitoring the performance of regional Project Management Units charged with the provision of reinsertion and reintegration support to Veterans . The FPMU shall have the following key staff ( FPMU manager , procurement specialist and financial manager ) , satisfactory to the Association . ` ` ` ` ` ` 2 . The Borrower shall carry out Parts A and B of the Project in accordance with the PIP , and shall not amend or waive any provision thereof which in the opinion of the Association shall materially or adversely impact the implementation of the Project . The process of identification and reconfirmation of the Veterans , verification of the benefit packages , flow of funds to the Veterans and verification of the use of the funds for the purposes intended shall be in accordance with the provisions of the PIP . ` ` ` ` ` ` 3 . The Borrower shall , within six months of the Effectiveness Date , and semiannually thereafter , furnish to the Association : ( a ) a list of Veterans , identifying the amount of the funds for each ; ( b ) verification that a random sample of a minimum of 2 % of the Veterans have received their payments in accordance with the certified list ; and ( c ) verification that a random sample of a minimum of 2 % of the Veterans have acquired the goods and services intended . ` ` ` ` ` ` Monitoring and Evaluation ` ` ` ` 4 . The Borrower shall : `", "spans": [{"start": 1443, "end": 1459, "text": "list of Veterans", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Haddad , Lawrence , John Hoddinott , and Harold Alderman , eds . 1997 . _Intrahousehold resource allocation in developing countries : models , methods , andpolicy . _ Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . King , Elizabeth M . and Anne M . Hill , 1993 . _Women s education in developing countries : barriers , benefits , and policies . _ Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press . Lavy , Victor . 1997 . \" School supply constraints and children ' s educational outcomes in rural Ghana , \" _Journal of Development Economics , _ 51 : [ 291 ] - 314 . Mingat , Alain , and Jee-Peng Tan , 1999 . \" Analyzing Problems in the Structure of Student Flow , \" mimeo . Institut de Recherche sur l ' Economie de l ' Education , Universite de Bourgogne and Human Development Network , The World Bank . Montgomery , Mark , Kathleen Burke , Edmundo Paredes , and Salman Zaidi , 1997 . \" Measuring Living Standards with DHS Data : Any Reason to Worry ? \" mimeo , Research Division , The Population Council . New York , NY . Nehru , Vikram , Eric Swanson and Ashutosh Dubey , 1993 . \" New Database on Human Capital Stock in Developing and Industrial Countries : Sources , Methodology , and Results , \" Journal of Development Economics , 46 : 379-401 Oxfam International , 1999 . _Education Now . _ Oxfam International : London . Pitt , Mark , 1995 . \" Women ' s Schooling , the Selectivity of Fertility , and Child Mortality in SubSaharan Africa \" LSMS working paper , 0253-4517 ; no . 119 . The World Bank , Washington . Rutstein , Shea , 1999 . \" Health Nutrition , and Population Fact Sheets . \" Macro International . Calverton , MD . Mimeo . Schultz , T . Paul , 1993 . \" Investments in the Schooling and Health of Women and Men , \" _The Journal of Human Resources_ 28 ( 4 ) : 689-734 . Stecklov , Guy , Antoine Bommier , and Ties Boerma , 1999 . \" Trends in Equity in Child Survival in Developing Countries : A Illustrative Example using Ugandan Data . \" MEASURE _Evaluation_", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 918, "text": "DHS Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1932, "end": 1944, "text": "Ugandan Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", a vision care research firm , provided estimates on the annual number of cataract procedures . See appendix 3 for the detailed list of sources from which outpatient volume data was estimated . # _Foreign prices_ Vanbreda International , a Belgium-based employee benefits consulting and administration firm , whose clients include about 124 international organizations with operations in 185 countries , provided the data on international prices for the selected procedures in 21 countries from their own claims ( see appendix 4 for details ) . In order to make a meaningful comparison between US and international prices from a trade standpoint , we added the cost of round-trip airfare to these countries from the US to the international prices . Since the psychological costs of going abroad are hard to quantify , and our focus is on the monetary gains from trade , we do not include the former in our cost comparison . Further , since there can be a lot of intra-procedural variation in prices , we used the average of the three lowest foreign country prices for each procedure as the benchmark foreign price ( Column 5 , Table 4 ) . This minimizes any price bias arising from the paucity of claims data in certain countries . > 24 The number of time units can be larger than 4 for a major surgery , while only one time unit may be charged for a minor procedure . 18", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 178, "text": "outpatient volume data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 418, "end": 446, "text": "data on international prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1198, "end": 1209, "text": "claims data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ( staff * * weeks ) * * | * * _StageofProject Cycle_ * * | * * _ActuaL ' Zatest Estimate_ * * | * * _StageofProject Cycle_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * No . Staffweeks * * | * * US $ ( ' 000 ) * * | | Identificatioflreparation | 65 * | 374 * | | Appraisal | nla | nla | | Negotiations | nla | nla | | Supervision | d a | nla | | Other | * * 5 * * | 16 | | Total | _70_ | _390_ | * These figures reflect the total time and cost o f the project . # # # # # # * * Other Project Data * * BorrowerExecuting Agency : # # # # # # * * FOLLOW-ON OPERATIONS * * | * * _Operation_ * * | * * _Credit no . _ * * | * * _Amount_ * * | * * _Board date_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * _ ( US $ million ) _ * * | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "150 , 041 | | * * Households * * | 22 , 596 | 32 , 131 | * 39 , 444 | Note : where the total population is given as 156 , 377 14 Central Bureau of Statistics . Kenya Population Census 1989 . > Central Bureau of Statistics . 1999 . Population and Housing Census : Volume II – Population Distribution by Administrative Areas And Urban Centres Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . 2010 . 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census > 15 _ibid_ * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * * 5 March 2014", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 183, "text": "Kenya Population Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 231, "end": 260, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 391, "end": 426, "text": "Kenya Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The z � � are calibrated to match observed employment levels in each sector ‐ cell and per capita income levels across countries . A � � � are calibrated to match the international trade data . The calibration proceeds in three main steps . First , we calibrate relative z � � within each country , so that equilibrium employment in each sector and cell matches the employment data . Second , the absolute levels of z � � in each country are scaled to match income per capita at a country level . Finally , we calibrate preference parameters A � � � such that the share of country _i_ output being sold in country _j_ is consistent with international trade data . # * * _Simulations_ * * The calibrated model is ‘ shocked ’ with new transport time matrices , and firms and households adjust their decisions to optimally respond to the new connectivity of the region . We look at four different levels of economic response ( 1 ) The direct trade value of the transport cost reduction . We take the base value of exports of each cell according to the destination and calculate the reduction in costs in shipping the same amount of goods and services that results from the decreased travel times . No demand or supply response occurs . ( 2 ) Armington assumption ; the number of firms / varieties of products produced in each cell is held constant . Output per firm adjusts , as do equilibrium prices and demands . ( 3 ) Monopolistic competition in manufacturing production , where the number of firms in each cell in sectors 2 and 3 adjusts in response to profit opportunities until equilibrium is restored ( 4 ) Monopolistic competition with increasing returns to scale in manufacturing ( localization economies ) and some intra ‐ country labor mobility . In setting ( 4 ) , under increasing returns , z � � , the calibrated productivity of sector s in cell i is composed of two elements . First , a base productivity of sector ‐ cell , z ̅ � � , and second , an additional component which represents potential increasing returns to as a function of the density of firms in", "spans": [{"start": 639, "end": 663, "text": "international trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Performance , Non-communicable diseases ( NCD ) in Uganda . < sup > 26 < / sup > # # # # # # * * 4 . 3 COVID-19 Situation in Uganda * * # # # # # # * * 4 . 3 . 1 COVID-19 Cases * * Uganda reported the first case of COVID-19 on March 20 , 2020 , signaling the beginning of the first wave of the epidemic . This was initially dominated by imported cases especially along the border districts and cargo truck routes from neighboring countries , but gradually transitioned to sustained community transmission . It was further compounded by the election process for national and sub-national leaders . As of December 21 , 2021 , Uganda had registered 129 , 676 cases , 3274 deaths , and 98 , 079 recoveries from all the 136 districts , 27 translating into a case fatality rate of 2 . 5 percent . On 7 < sup > th < / sup > December 2021 , the Ugandan Health Ministry announced the first cases ( seven in total ) of Omicron variant had been detected in the country . < sup > 28 < / sup > > 26 http : / / library . health . go . ug / publications / performance-management / annual-health-sector-performance-reportfinancial-year-202021 > 27 WHO . COVID-19 Daily Situational Report Uganda 05 September 2021 . > 28 \" Uganda detects first Covid-19 Omicron variant cases \" . _The Citizen_ . 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 8 December 2021 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Recommendations * * Beneficiaries are satisfied with the CDD approach and also the capacity building and empowerment that enabled them to identify , select and implement projects according to their priorities and to manage their own development . However , there are cases in which sub-projects failed because they were selected and implemented without the consent of beneficiaries . Apart from the need to create adequate awareness in all beneficiaries in order to develop a clear understanding of the role , proper attention should be given to the training and capacity building of the CDC members . As a result , beneficiaries will be more empowered to resist any intervention against their interest during the selection and implementation of sub-projects and also to avoid the misuse and / or mismanagement of project funds by local authorities . Women and marginalized groups have had a relatively passive role in the decision making of pastoral community activities . Therefore , these groups have to be given the chance to voice and select projects without being dictated by other members . Despite the orientation and awareness creation provided by the PCDP staff , the priorities of these groups have been overlooked during the identification and selection of PCDP financed sub-projects . For example , it was noted from the key informants and FGD that men often dictated discussion and prioritization of sub-projects . As the priorities of men and women could differ , the selection / financing of sub-projects should take into account the extent to which priorities of the poor and women have been targeted , and they are able to select projects of their own choices . In some of the sub-project implementation arrangements ( bid processing , procurement and supervision , and construction contract negotiation and inspection ) , the role of beneficiaries and also the CDC members was passive . These weaknesses were partly due to the vested interest of local 50", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 any effects of COVID-19 on child labor as argued by ILO and UNICEF ( 2021 ) . In addition , even if child labor increases during a pandemic , the evidence suggests that child labor only marginally contributes to total earnings . More precisely , using the I2D2 data for the world , we first show that the employment rate is much lower for children than for adults ( Web Appx . Fig . A . 8 ) . While more than two thirds of 1867 year-olds work across all countries regardless of the development level , only 3 . 9 , 7 . 7 and 21 . 9 % of 5-17 year-olds work in the HICs , MICs and LICs , respectively . Children who work work few hours and for low wages ( Jedwab et al . , 2021b ) . 5-17 year-olds thus only contribute 0 . 2 , 3 . 1 and 1 . 9 % of total wages in HICs , MICs and LICs , respectively . As such , ignoring the impact of child labor experience during a pandemic is likely to be inconsequential . Furthermore , allowing for increased work experience due to child labor during a pandemic to mitigate the negative effects of reduced schooling would if anything lower the losses for poorer nations , which would again reinforce our results . Finally , children that attend school rarely work at the same time . Indeed , using I2D2 data for the world , we show in Web Appx . Fig . A . 10 that children attending school on average work far fewer hours than children not attending school ( note that these numbers include zeroes for children who do not work at all ) . Thus , we do not allow children to simultaneously accumulate human capital from education _and_ work . * * Cohort Effects , Measurement , and Selection . * * We include decadal cohort FE or important events FE . We then exclude self-employed individuals . Furthermore , we use parameters estimated for men only . Lastly , estimates could be sensitive to the extent of non-employment , which varies across countries and by level of development . This could be because workers with certain characteristics might be more", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 268, "text": "I2D2 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Final_ * * _TG Consultancy PLC_ | | workplace < br > chemical < br > hazards . | ` o ` # < br > of < br > training < br > sessions < br > held | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | E-Waste < br > generation < br > and < br > waste-generation < br > from discarded solar | • Implement < br > a < br > safe < br > disposal procedure for < br > broken , end of life solar < br > panels < br > • Prepare and implement < br > E-Waste Management < br > Plan | ` o ` # of E - < br > Waste < br > Manageme < br > nt < br > Plans < br > prepared | M < br > OGS < br > Companies / c < br > ooperatives < br > and MoWE | | Pollution of soil and water < br > bodies due to improper < br > disposal < br > of < br > hazardous < br > materials generated from < br > SHS < br > devices < br > if < br > not < br > disposed carefully . | < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > • OGS Company needs to : < br > ` o ` ensure < br > that < br > they < br > engage in best practice < br > for < br > e-waste < br > management . < br > ` o ` Create and maintain < br > records of all e-waste < br > items < br > for < br > disposal , < br > securely < br > store < br > and < br > prepare for shipment < br > correctly . < br > ` o ` Conduct < br > awareness < br > and < br > s", "spans": [{"start": 1050, "end": 1072, "text": "records of all e-waste", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a 120-hour training program focused on soft skills ( mainly on communication skills ) with two programs , one focused on technical skills ( English and software ) , and another one mixing soft and technical skills for recent college graduates in the Arab Republic of Egypt . They find that the program focused on soft skills does not improve labor market outcomes , whereas the program that combines soft and technical skills has larger effects on income and on the probability of finding better jobs ( that require speaking English ) even in the long run . One limitation of these two studies is that they do not have measures of soft skills , and thus they cannot test whether the lack of effects is observed even when soft skills are improved . < sup > 7 < / sup > We can rule out significant effects of the training on an index of 14 soft-skill measures after 15 > 6Adhvaryu et al . ( 2023 ) study on-the-job soft skills training among Indian garment workers and find significant productivity gains , which they attribute to improved teamwork and collaboration , but no effects on wages or work retention . Acevedo et al . ( 2020 ) test the effects of internships combined with either vocational and soft skills training or only soft skills training for at-risk youth in Dominican Republic . They find lasting improvements in personal skills and expectations for women ( stronger for the full treatment ) and not for men , and improvements for labor market outcomes for women but only in the short run ( similar for both treatments ) . Allemand et al . ( 2023 ) evaluate a training program focused on activating conscientiousness for construction workers in Senegal and find that it reduces job turnover . Barrera-Osorio et al . ( 2020 ) estimate the effects of two versions of vocational training emphasizing hard or soft skills for relatively poor vocational training students in Colombia . They find that the program focusing on technical skills does better at improving labor market outcomes in the short run , but that focusing on soft skills helps youth sustain employment over the longer term . > 7Recent evidence has demonstrated that soft skills are malleable in different settings", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # Intermediate Results Area Data gaps filled and capacity strengthened through the implementation of integrated survey programs Quality of key official statistical products and processes improved Dissemination practices strengthened and access to data improved Management systems strengthened # # * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * |  Inform development strategies , policies and poverty reduction programs of the Government of Kenya * * ( * * Text * * , * * Custom * * ) * * | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Outdated poverty statistics < br > and household survey data < br > ( 2005 / 06 ) being used to < br > infrom poverty reduction < br > targeting and resource | First intermediate < br > target to be achieved < br > by June 2018 | - - | All three < br > intermediate < br > targets < br > achieved | | | allocations | | | | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | - - | 30-Jun-2020 | |  Produce regular poverty monitoring data and statistics * * ( * * Text * * , * * Custom * * ) * * | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Poverty statistics are < br > outdated ( 2005 / 06 ) and < br > there is insufficient < br > capacity to monitor poverty < br > at least once every 3 years | Progress is on track < br > and the first < br > intermediate target", "spans": [{"start": 801, "end": 822, "text": "household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "policy relevance , which is that it could show how differences in camp location and administration affect refugees . This paper aims to analyze how the living arrangement ( camp vs . out-of-camp ) affects Syrian refugees ' QOL by studying the case of Syrian refugees hosted in Jordan . Besides its policy relevance , another reason for looking at Syrian refugees in Jordan is availability of data . The Syrian Refugee and Host Community Survey ( SRHCS ) implemented in 2015 in Jordan allows comparing living conditions of separate samples of out-of-camp and in-camp refugees , as well as a sample of a host population . While Jordan hosts Syrian refugees in two refugee camps , Zaatari and Al Azraq , most refugees live outside camps in urban , peri-urban , and rural areas of the country . How has the decision to live out-of-camp improved their QOL ? Does living outof-camp reduce deprivations and vulnerability of female-headed refugee households ? Moreover , does living in either of the two camps affect the refugees ' QOL ? This paper investigates these issues . Data are analyzed using the difference-in-difference and propensity score matching methods . Combining these methods helps control selection bias and other unobserved variables that could bias estimates of causal effects . Multidimensional indicators are used to measure QOL to capture deprivations that cannot be measured by income indicators alone . These indicators include life satisfaction , satisfaction with access to services , household assets , risk of overcrowding , income and poverty levels . The results show that living in a camp reduces QOL for refugees . On average , refugees in camps are 36 percent more likely to live below the national abject poverty line , meaning that they find it difficult to meet daily basic needs . They are 37 percent more likely to live in overcrowded shelters . They own fewer household assets than refugees living outside camps ( - 2 . 85 assets ) and are less satisfied with water , electricity , and sewerage access . They also report lower life satisfaction by 0 . 76 step in a 10-step Cantril Ladder measurement of life satisfaction . The QOL indicators differ by gender . Female-headed refugee households living in camps were more deprived of material", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 443, "text": "Syrian Refugee and Host Community Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is employed by Eurostat to identify minimum wage earners in the Structure of Earnings Survey . To account for individuals earning less than the minimum wage , we also incorporate a lower threshold , symmetrically set at 95 % . - For part-time workers , the minimum wage value adjusts proportionally based on the number of working hours they engage in . We may overestimate the number of minimum wage earners because some taxpayers in the first range are entitled only to the basic minimum wage . Unfortunately , our data source does not provide information on the education level . # Results * * Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic crisis , Romania ' s labor market exhibited a relatively resilient performance during the period spanning from 2020 to 2021 * * . Despite the economic activity distortion caused by the COVID-19 crisis , the impact on the labor market was moderate , thanks to support measures adopted by authorities . Labor market adjustments were predominantly made through reduced working hours rather than personnel layoffs . Absences from the workplace were generally temporary amid the moderation of economic activity . In Romania , both direct ( technical unemployment ) and indirect ( liquidity support measures , SME investments , tax deferrals ) facilities from authorities limited adverse effects on the labor market , preventing a sharp increase in the unemployment rate . Technical unemployment support allowed job retention , providing employees with financial assistance comparable to that of other EU member states in terms of duration and amount . Notably , the unemployment rate steadily rose from 4 . 9 % in 2019 to 6 . 1 % in 2020 , but a positive trajectory was evident in 2021 , with unemployment receding to 5 . 6 % . Consequently , with support measures , the workforce experienced a complete recovery in the last quarter of 2021 compared to the pre-crisis situation . * * Signs of stability were also observable in the wage distribution . * * The mean gross wage demonstrated an upward trend , progressing from 4 , 458 RON in January 2020 to a noteworthy 5 , 295 RON by the end of December 2020 in nominal terms . Regarding the minimum wage policy , given the high", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 92, "text": "Structure of Earnings Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Lanjouw , P . , 1999a , The Rural Non-Farm Sector : A Note on Policy Options , Non-Farm Workshop Background paper , The World Bank . - Lanjouw , P . , 1999b , Rural Non-Agricultural Employment and Poverty in Ecuador , _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ 48 ( 1 ) , 90-122 . - Lanjouw , J . O . & P . Lanjouw , 2001 , The Rural Non-Farm Sector : Issues and Evidence from Developing Countries , _Agricultural Economics_ 26 , 1-23 . - Leones , J . P . & S . Feldman , 1998 , Nonfarm Activity and Rural Household Income : Evidence from Philippine Microdata , _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ 46 ( 4 ) , 789-806 . - Lewis , W . A . , 1954 , Economic Development with Unlimited Supply of Labour , _The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies_ 47 ( 3 ) , 139-191 . - McMillan , J . , J . Whalley & L . Zhu , 1989 , The Impact of China ’ s Economic Reforms on Agricultural Productivity Growth , _Journal of Political Economy_ 97 ( 4 ) , 781-807 . - Munoz , J . & K . Scott , 2005 , Household Surveys and the Millennium Development Goals , _PARIS21 Task Force on Improved Statistical Support for Monitoring Development Goals , _ mimeo . - National Bureau of Statistics of China , 2003 , _China Statistical Yearbook 2003_ ( Beijing , Chinese Statistics Press ) . - Pyatt , G . , C . Chen & J . Fei , 1980 , The Distribution of Income by Factor Component , _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 95 ( 3 ) , 451-473 . - Ravallion , M . , 2003 , Externalities in Rural Development : Evidence for China , in R . Kanbur and T . Venables ( eds ) , _Spatial Inequality_ ( Oxford University Press ) . - Ravallion , M . & S . Chen , 1999 , When Economic Reform is Faster than Statistical Reform : Measuring and Explaining Inequality in Rural China , _Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics_ 61 ( 1 ) , 33-56 . - Ravallion , M . & S . Chen , 2004 , China ’", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * II . Methodological approach * * The study proposes a two-step methodology for updating the LAC region middle-class thresholds . The first step consists of constructing synthetic panels given the lack or scarcity of long panels in most countries . The second step defines the lower and upper middle-class thresholds . # # II . 1 Constructing synthetic panels : Ideally , a proper study of welfare dynamics entails following the same observation ( household or individual ) for at least two — or preferably , multiple — periods . However , in many developing countries panel data sets are not readily available , span few periods , or suffer from “ non-random ” attrition issues , hindering the capacity to study elements such as the factors that help households escape or remain in poverty ( Dang and Lanjouw , 2013 ; Bourguignon and Moreno , 2015 ) . To overcome the absence of panel data or longitudinal surveys , authors such as Deaton ( 1985 ) , Deaton and Paxson ( 1994 ) , and Pencavel ( 2006 ) have proposed methodologies to construct pseudo-panels by following similar age cohorts across multiple cross-section surveys . Nevertheless , as argued by Dang et al . ( 2014 ) , these methodologies typically rely on having several rounds of cross-section surveys but do not allow for analyzing mobility at a more disaggregated level than the cohort . In addition , Fields and Viollaz ( 2013 ) argue that pseudo-panel methodologies might not perform well in predicting income mobility in some cases . Dang et al . ( 2014 ) propose both a parametric and a non-parametric approach to construct synthetic panels and estimate an upper-bound ( assuming zero correlation between error terms ) and a lower-bound ( assuming a perfect positive correlation between error terms ) for the transitions using two rounds of cross sections . In addition , Dang and Lanjouw ( 2013 , 2016 ) extend this method and calculate point estimates of poverty mobility based on the synthetic panels . However , this approach relies on the key assumption that the residual terms of the income equations in two periods are distributed according to a bivariate normal distribution . To avoid the strong distribution assumption for residual or error", "spans": [{"start": 574, "end": 589, "text": "panel data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 885, "end": 895, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1111, "end": 1132, "text": "cross-section surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ respectively . The proportion of HH heads without occupation constituted 2 . 8 % of the total Subproject affected household heads . * * _Educational Status : _ * * The finding of the census survey result indicates 42 . 1 % of the HH heads and 27 . 7 % of the HH population reported to be illiterate or had no formal education at all , whereas 3 . 9 % of the heads and 1 . 8 % of the HH population can only read and write . On the other hand , 38 . 0 % and 55 . 3 % of the HH heads and HH population had an elementary education . The proportion of HH heads and population having high school and college education was very limited . * * _Health Status : _ * * As far as the health status of Subproject affected population is concerned about 84 . 9 % of the heads and 96 . 3 % of the HH population were in good health during the survey , while 1 . 1 % and 1 . 0 % of the HH heads reported to be chronically ill and physically disabled respectively . Elderly people who normally suspectable to various health issues constituted 11 . 6 % of Subproject affected HH heads . * * _Landholding : _ * * With regard to farmland ownership and holding size of the PAHs , the census survey result indicate that out of the total 703 interviewed households , 700 of them claimed to have farmland . Accordingly , a total of 700 PAHs who reported to own farmland combinedly owned a total of 320 . 1ha of farmland which put the average farmland holding size of PAHs to 0 . 5ha per household which is much lower than the regional average farmland holding size of 1 . 4ha per household . The census survey result also confirmed that about 75 . 1 % of the subproject affected households reported", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 356, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * One of the most enduring challenges in the field of economic growth and development is to understand the sources of the large variation in economic well-being across countries . The current consensus in the literature is that even though cross-country differences in physical and human capital stocks are important factors explaining development gaps , aggregate productivity remains the predominant source . In this paper , we provide a systematic study of one of the most promising avenues for accounting for total factor productivity ( TFP ) gaps , those stemming from an inefficient allocation of resources across firms in one of the poorest yet least explored regions in the world : Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) . Combining novel census-based firm-level manufacturing databases with a structural theory of misallocation , the paper provides a characterization of the degree and nature of resource misallocation as well as a quantification of the productivity losses associated with these inefficiencies in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire , Ethiopia , Ghana , and Kenya . Following the work of Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) , we measure allocative distortions in the data as deviations from the output-maximizing prescription of equalizing marginal returns across comparable production units . We summarize the information about the degree of misallocation by reporting statistics about the joint distribution of productivity and distortions that we back-out from the data . In particular , we report measures of dispersion in the deviation from the efficient allocation and investigate the correlation between these deviations with idiosyncratic characteristics of the firms , such us their physical productivity and their age . We then undertake a counterfactual exercise to quantify the aggregate manufacturing TFP gains that would result from a reversal of these distortions and a reallocation of resources in accordance with the output maximizing rule . We find evidence of large within-industry misallocation of resources in the four countries that we study , with Kenya exhibiting the largest idiosyncratic distortions , followed by Ghana , Ethiopia , and Cˆote d ’ Ivoire . As points of reference , the degree of misallocation measured by the dispersion in revenue total factor productivity ( TFPR ) is on average larger than in India and China , and is similar to those of the", "spans": [{"start": 758, "end": 805, "text": "census-based firm-level manufacturing databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : [ is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schools ; and ( vii ) initiating quantitative and qualitative development of the early childhood development sector . # # # * * _Main Sector Issues_ * * 5 . Delivery of KG , basic and secondary schooling is split between four providers : MoE , other government ministries such as the Ministry of Defense ; United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) ; and private providers . The private sector dominates the provision of kindergarten education : in 2007 / 08 it accounted for 90 percent of student enrolment . Four years previously , it enrolled 95 percent of the total . This substantive shift is due to the rapid expansion of MoE provision , whereby enrolment in MoE kindergartens has more than doubled over this period . The government is the main provider of both basic and secondary education : 72 percent of basic students , and 90 percent of secondary students , were enrolled in government schools in 2007 / 08 . These shares are slightly lower than they were four years ago , reflecting the fact that growth in private sector students has outpaced public student growth in both basic ( 24 percent versus 3 percent ) and secondary ( 21 percent versus 7 percent ) cycles . 6 . The education system made significant advances during in the first half of this decade . Net enrolment in basic education increased from 89 percent in 2000 to 96 . 5 percent in 2005 / 6 . Transition rates to secondary education have increased from 63 percent to 79 percent in the same period , increasing pressure on the secondary schooling institutional infrastructure substantially . Gross enrolment for the KG2 age group has risen from 47 percent to over 51 percent at present . The number of privately owned and operated schools has increased steadily , by 12 . 3 percent in pre-primary , 19 percent in basic and 17 percent in secondary , but remains below 10 percent of total enrolment in basic and secondary education . In the years between 1999 and 2007 , Jordan made significant gains on international surveys of student achievement , with a particularly impressive", "spans": [{"start": 2028, "end": 2072, "text": "international surveys of student achievement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "End Target | | Value < br > No | Yes | Yes | Household < br > Income < br > Consumption < br > and < br > Expenditure < br > Survey has < br > been published , < br > with gender < br > disaggregated < br > data . | | Date < br > 16-Dec-2015 | 21-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 01-May-2018 | | L < br >  DHS survey published ( Text , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > No | No | No | DHS has been < br > carried out and < br > the results < br > published | 4 / 11 / 2017 Page 13 of 14 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 309, "text": "DHS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Blackman , Allen , Eduardo Uribe , et al . ( 2013 ) . “ Voluntary environmental agreements in developing countries : the Colombian experience ” . _Policy Sciences_ 46 . Publisher : Springer , 335 – 385 . - Bloom , Nicholas et al . ( 2010 ) . “ Modern Management : Good for the Environment or Just Hot Air ? * ” . _The Economic Journal_ 120 , 551 – 572 . - Botzen , W . J . Wouter , Olivier Deschenes , and Mark Sanders ( 2019 ) . “ The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters : A Review of Models and Empirical Studies ” . _Review of Environmental Economics and Policy_ 13 , 167 – 188 . - Boustan , Leah Platt et al . ( 2020 ) . “ The effect of natural disasters on economic activity in US counties : A century of data ” . _Journal of Urban Economics_ 118 , 103257 . - Bret , Lauriane et al . ( 2021 ) . “ Towards a model assessing supply chain resilience strategies ” . _Procedia CIRP_ . 9th CIRP Global Web Conference â Sustainable , resilient , and agile manufacturing and service operations : Lessons from COVID-19 103 , 14 – 19 . - Brucal , Arlan and Antoine Dechezleprêtre ( 2021 ) . _Assessing the impact of energy prices on plant-level environmental and economic performance : Evidence from Indonesian manufacturers_ . Paris : OECD . - Brucal , Arlan , Beata Javorcik , and Inessa Love ( 2019 ) . “ Good for the environment , good for business : Foreign acquisitions and energy intensity ” . _Journal of International Economics_ 121 , 103247 . - Brucal , Arlan and Shilpita Mathews ( 2021 ) . “ Market Entry , Survival , and Exit of Firms in the Aftermath of Natural Hazard-related Disasters : A Case Study of Indonesian Manufacturing Plants ” . - Cai , Ruohong et al . ( 2016 ) . “ Climate variability and international migration : The importance of the agricultural linkage ” . _Journal of Environmental Economics and Management_ 79 , 135 – 151 . 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 20 - 5 . 04 The Sugar Settlement organization ( SSO ) would endeavor to establish a viable settlement structure in the Sugar Settlement Scheme and collect outstanding debts from farmers . In order to resolve the problem of absentee owners in the Scheme , it would conduct by September 30 , 1979 , a census of settlement farmers so as to determine the number and status of absentee owners ; it would also prepare by the same date a detailed plan satisfactory to the Bank for allocating both the responsibility and costs of cultivating the plots owned by these absentees . An assurance that the above procedure would be followed was obtained at negotiations . # C . Organization and Management of the Sugar Companies 5 . 05 The sugar companies would be reorganized in an effort to improve their operational efficiency . All companies would have to establish , in addition to their existing units , an Outgrowers Division , a separate Factory Control Division , Cost Accounts Division , Materials and Planning Division , Roads and Drainage Maintenance Unit , and staff units for agronomic research , budgeting , auditing , salaries administration and staff training and recruitment . The existing management agreements with Bookers Agricultural and Technical Services , Ltd . at Chemelil , Uketa Development Corporation , Ltd . at Muhoroni and EMCO ( Kenya ) Ltd . at Ramisi would continue in force , as the implementation of the parts of the Projects assigned to the companies would be within the scope of these agreements . During the Project implementation period , the Bank would be consulted prior to entry into new or termination of existing agreements ; an assurance to this effect was obtained at negotiations . The owners of Miwani would continue to operate that company through their own management staff . The management contract between EMCO and Ramisi continues until 1990 . Employment of management firms for Muhoroni and Chemelil is assured so that consultation with the Bank , prior to entering into new agreements in 1980 and 1981 respectively and thereafter , is adequate . 5 . 06 The sugar companies would maintain the sugar roads", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 329, "text": "census of settlement farmers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2021 ) . The combination of the previous financial crises , protests and Covid has put more than half of Lebanon ’ s population below the poverty line ( World Bank , 2020 ) . Similar to Jordan , Lebanon has restricted the sectors that can legally hire refugees . These are construction , agriculture , and environmental / cleaning services . Unemployment rates are considerably higher for refugees , particularly women ( VASYR 2020 ) . Moreover , the Covid crisis has contracted the construction industry , one of the few sectors where refugees could find legal employment ( VASYR 2020 ) . With this overall deteriorating economic landscape , the presence of a large number of refugees in Lebanon contributes to an underlying fragility . In a poll conducted in 2019 , Lebanese cited resource constraints related to public services and jobs as contributing to both intra-Lebanese and host-refugee tensions ( UNDP and ARK , 2019 ) . While tensions related to employment decreased after restrictions were put in place with regard to refugee employment , it is unclear how recent economic crises may have changed tensions , though there is widespread agreement that risks to social and civil unrest are growing due to this combination of crises ( World Bank 2021 ) . # _Description of the programs : _ To address the risk that economic pressures could increase instability , Mercy Corps implemented the Fostering Resilience by Strengthening Abilities in Lebanon and the Access to Justice and Jobs in Jordan , funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs . This analysis also includes data from the _3Amaly_ program in Lebanon , funded by Global Affairs Canada . All three programs focus on increasing employment through skill building , targeting hosts and refugees who are largely 18-34 years old . These interventions are targeted in locations where a significant influx of refugees could affect labor markets . In Jordan , Mercy Corps 5", "spans": [{"start": 743, "end": 765, "text": "poll conducted in 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1583, "end": 1624, "text": "data from the _3Amaly_ program in Lebanon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We set the government share in the oil sector = 0 . 7 , which is the historical average of oil revenues ( as share of oil GDP ) in Angola over 2001-2013 ( IMF-RR ττ WEC , most recent data available ) . Private investment is set to 20 percent of GDP to match the average observed in 2000-2017 ( IMF-FAD ) . Due to exceptionally large investments in energy infrastructure , public investment has been historically very high in Angola ( above 10 percent of GDP ) , but is expected to fall significantly over time , especially due to the likely decline in oil revenues . Accordingly , we assume that public investment falls from 6 percent of GDI in 2023 to 2 percent by 2050 . The marginal propensity to spend under the BBR is set to B = 0 . 2 , as public investment averaged 20 percent of total government expenditure from 2000 RR θθ to 2017 ( IMF-FAD ) ( recall D = 0 . 2 and = 1 ) . Finally , in the baseline we set the actual and structural price of oil to 50 dollars RR HHRR θθ θθ per barrel , which is the estimated unconditional mean estimated with data since 1960 ( see Appendix Figure 5 for details ) . Also , we assume discoveries of 400 million barrels of oil per year in the baseline , equal to the 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile over 19902017 ( BP-Energy data , see Figure 6 panel A ) . * * Calibration to Angola ( External Balance submodel ) . * * For the External Balance submodel , we set the private savings rate and FDI to 19 and 1 percent of GDP , respectively , similar to their averages over the past 20 years . The public investment share in expenditure is set = 0 . 2 until 2050 ( also the historical average ) . Finally , we assume that = 0 , which means a balanced budget for the tt ηη BBR and a structural balance for the SSR . We assume the default private tt bb < sup > � < / sup > investment crowd-in parameter ( Chinn and Ito 2011 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 168, "text": "IMF-RR ττ WEC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1272, "text": "BP-Energy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OPS to subject all vendors and < br > individuals to its due diligence ( use < br > of e-sourcing ) to ensure that no < br > sanctioned and ineligible < br > individuals in the World Bank and < br > other external databases are < br > included . | During < br > implementation | UNOPS | | General procurement delays due to < br > UNOPS internal review and approval < br > processes . | UNOPS to adhere to Procurement < br > Plan and provide procurement < br > monitoring together with project < br > progress report . | During < br > implementation | UNOPS | | The potential unavailability of local < br > staff with required experience and < br > import / work permit restriction for < br > foreign staff into the country and < br > availability and variety of required < br > goods items in the country . | UNOPS will carry out regular < br > market assessments and < br > coordinate with the Government < br > for timely processing of work < br > permit for foreign staff . | During < br > implementation | UNOPS | | Independent procurement < br > monitoring is done by internal audit < br > but usually after two – three years . < br > Likelihood of the project ’ s last two < br > years ending without independent < br > procurement audit to inform the < br > implementation . | UNOPS agreed to conduct project - < br > specific internal audit ( integrated < br > fiduciary review ) at least annually < br > and the TOR will be shared and < br > agreed with the World Bank . | During < br > implementation | UNOPS | 28 . * * Frequency of procurement supervision . * * The World Bank will have supervisory and implementation support roles . These include review of the Procurement Plans and their updates . Quarterly progress reports on the implementation of the Procurement Plan activities will be included as part of", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 223, "text": "external databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "local goods , and hence prices and wages , without any wealth e \u001b ects on labor supply ( I assume government purchases are not valued by households ) . Again , this is very di \u001b erent from the cross-region transfer multiplier , which is negative in NC models . # 5 . Quantitative Cross-Region Transfer Multipliers In this section , I investigate the extent to which standard NK or NC models can rationalize the multipliers estimated in the data . The full models used here are similar to the analytical models presented at the start of Section 4 , but the full NK model has Calvo sticky prices / wages rather than rigid prices / wages . The population share of the home region is calibrated to represent a typical US state ( _n_ = 1 _ / _ 50 rather than _n → _ 0 as in the analytical model ) . Other parameters are taken from NS , who present a very similar model except for parameters relating to two features not in their model : the fraction of handto-mouth household ( _ω_ = 1 _ / _ 3 ; based on evidence from Kaplan , Violante , and Weidner 2014 ) and sticky wages that adjust once a year , on average ( _θw_ = 0 _ . _ 75 ) . See Appendix Table 11 for a full list of parameters . Before comparing model-based and empirical multipliers , it is important to ensure that these multipliers are calculated in the same way . As there are no o cial state-level price data , empirical estimates in Section 3 are produced by de ating nominal labor income or nominal GDP by national in ation . < sup > 40 < / sup > I call these \u0010 measured multipliers \u0011 to distinguish them from the actual multipliers in Proposition 1 ( actual multipliers are quantities , which are nominal values de ated by local ( state-level ) producer prices ) . Measured and actual impact multipliers are very similar in NK models ( due to sticky prices ) , but in NC models with exible prices and persistent shocks , demand shocks increase > 40Using my own constructed proxy of quarterly state-level prices , I nd little robust", "spans": [{"start": 1347, "end": 1369, "text": "state-level price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i 32 - has been conservatively assumed that turnaround time will worsen by half a day since track conditions will deteriorate even further . Also , without the project traffic will be diverted to road transport , as capacity will be reached in 1985 ; therefore , the benefits of track relaying will be savings in road transport costs . 4 . 11 The track renewal program includes the Kitale branch line which carried 0 . 21 million tonnes of freight in 1979 . Existing cost data for branch lines are not sufficient to permit an economic analysis of this sub-component and it was agreed during negotiations that it will be done during project implementation on the basis of a complete review of KR ' s costing system which will be carried out with the assistance of consultants to be financed under the project . Therefore , disbursement of loan funds for renewal of the Kitale line track will be conditional upon the economic justification of the line . Other branch lines with low traffic density carry less than 100 , 000 tonnes , 3 % of total traffic carried by KR . 4 . 12 The track renewal component will also result in savings in track maintenance costs which will be minimal for at least five years after the project but are projected to increase by 4-5 % p . a . without the project , even with the lower level of traffic assumed in the \" without project \" case . In addition , even without the project , parts of the track will have to be replaced from 1984 onwards after complete failure . By waiting until various sections of the track completely fail KR will be risking serious disruptions to train services . The number of derailments would also be reduced as a result of renewing the track , since about half of the 76 derailments on the main line and the Nakuru-Kisumu line that occurred in 1979 were attributed to the poor track . The reduction in the number of derailments will contribute to the one day improvement in turnaround time , as the number of line closures will be less as a direct result of", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 476, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Moss ( 2011 ) observes that , in Ghana , Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys ( PETS ) found that between 50 % and 80 % of public spending was leaked through the system ; by comparison , one million fraudulent recipients of direct transfers would represent the equivalent of only a 4 % leakage . In addition , these > 1 Reinikka and Svensson ( 2004 ) famously found that 87 % of capitation grants for primary schools in Uganda did not reach the intended end-users . 6", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 76, "text": "Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE # Power During the Liberia ’ s recent civil conflict period , the country ’ s key generation , transmission , and distribution assets were almost entirely looted or destroyed . Prior to the conflict , Liberia ’ s installed generation capacity was relatively high at 67 megawatts per million of people . Today the country runs on a single new small diesel plant of 9 . 6 megawatts . This level of power generation capacity amounts to less than 3 mega-watts per million people — barely a tenth of what is found in neighboring countries . Moreover , access to utility power is close to zero , even in the capital city where only 0 . 1 percent of households are connected . Due to some prevalence of household generators , the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey reports that 3 percent of households have access to electricity . Liberia ’ s mining and natural resource concessionaires have significant isolated generation capacity of their own , although the exact amount is not known . * * Table 8 . Benchmarking power indicators * * | | Unit < br > Res | ource-rich co | untries < br > * * Liberia * * | Low-income countries | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Installed power generation capacity | MW / mil . people | 43 . 2 | * * 2 . 7 * * | 20 . 2 | | Power consumption | kWH / capita | 205 . 7 | * * 87 . 0 * * | 107 . 4 | | Power outages | day / year | 14 . 5 | * * 12 . 7 * * | 10 . 4 | | Firms ’ reliance on own generator | % consumption | 44 . 9 | * * 97 . 1 * * | 21 . 2 | | Firms ’ value lost due to power outages | % sales | 7 . 0 | * * 2 . 9 * * | 6 . 5 | | Access to electricity ( from utility ) | % population | 46 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 812, "text": "2007 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - # # # * * B . ACIHEVEMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES * * 7 . While the project did make a number of noteworthy contributions , overall , its performance was not satisfactory . Recognizing the complexity of the project ' s design for implementation by MAIF , which had capacity constraints , and the slow progress that was achieved in the first two fiscal years after effectiveness ( actual disbursements of SDR 1 . 28m in FY92-FY93 were only about 20 % of SDR 6 . 55m estimated at appraisal for that period ) , the MTR mission and the new MAAIF agreed on revised targets for the project components . Despite the downward revision of these targets at the MTR , most of the key targets were not achieved , as set out below . 8 . In terms of achievement of project objectives , according to Directorate of Animal Resources ( DAR ) figures , there was a modest increase ( 6 . 6 % ) in livestock population ( para . 38 ) . This reflects a reversal in the decline of livestock numbers , prior to the project . Production of meat and milk also increased-with milk production increasing by 36 % - due to improved animal health and husbandry practices , including feeding . It must be recognized , however , that the political stability and the enabling economic environment created by the Government ( which included concurrent support in excess of US $ 24 million from other donors ' projects , such as the Pan African Rinderpest Campaign ( PARC ) , Dairy Rehabilitation Project , Cattle Breeding Project , and IDA projects such as Economic Recovery Credit , Agricultural Development Project , and Southwest Region Agricultural Rehabilitation Project ) have played an important role in bringing about these changes . 9 . The performance targets for vaccination against rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuro pneumonia ( CBPP ) , which spread throughout the country unchecked during the difficult political and civil strife of the 1970s / 1980s , were exceeded marginally , but this would not have been possible without", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 836, "text": "Directorate of Animal Resources ( DAR ) figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "valued at the average domestic farm gate price because they are not exported ; maize and beans are valued at their export unit value , con-verted to Ugandan Shillings at the real exchange rate . - Research and extension costs were increased by a factor of 50 % to account for cost components such as salaries , benefits , and overhead costs for national headquarters , administration , libraries , etc . - * All nominal values of the net benefit stream are based on constant 1997 prices using the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) for Uganda . # # # * * Sensitivity Analysis for Opportunity Cost of Capital ( OCC ) / Switching Values of Critical Items : * * | | Switch < br > | ing < br > values for * * OCC * * = < br > | 12 % < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Maize * * | * * Beans * * | * * Cassava * * | * * Matoke Bananas * * | | Yield increase of < br > improved technical < br > packages | - 49 % | - 70 % | - 80 . 75 % | - 25 % | | Output price | - 74 % | - 84 % | - 91 % | - 30 % | | Adoption ceiling | - 92 . 50 % | - 94 . 50 % | - 97 . 50 % | - 40 % | | Additional non-labor < br > production costs | + 375 % | + 760 % | + 1 , 385 % | + 110 % | | Research / extension < br > costs | + 1 , 100 % | + 1 , 675 % | + 3 , 500 % | + 70 % | | Yield increase + adoption < br > ceiling | - 46 % | - 63 % < br > | - 74 % < br > | -", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 517, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "41 - ANNEX IV Page 5 # Oil and Gas Shows 14 . Surface seeps were reported last century in the islands of the Dahlak Archipelago and near Enberemi , south of Massawa . 15 . Subsurface oil and gas shows were reported in the eight deep wells drilled offshore . Additional shows were recorded in stratigraphic and shallow wells drilled onshore or on the islands prior to 1940 . 16 . The most significant confirmation was the Mobil blow-out which produced gas at an estimated rate of 10 to 15 million cubic feet per day ( MMCFD ) before bridging itself after almost two months of uncontrolled production . An undisclosed amount of condensate was also produced . A field gas analysis suggested a composition of 95 percent methane and 5 percent heavier components . # Structural and Other Prospects 17 . Structural traps in the post evaporite section are known to exist ; they are essentially of a diapiric nature . Since the evaporite is opaque to seismic signals , it has been possible to identify buried structures only in one or two cases so far . Possibilities of promising stratigraphic traps remain ; with very few wells drilled and seismic data available generally of no better than medium quality , stratigraphic changes have not been mappable . Zones of interest have been proposed in marginal deeps where alternating source rocks and reservoir rocks occur . In these zones , roll-over structures and cushion salt-type structures could be expected to be revealed by more seismic work in the post-evaporite section . Reprocessing of existing seismic lines in conjunction with the proposed project may yield further information on this problem . # Concluding Remarks 18 . The Red Sea basin is known to contain three potential source rock formations and five potential reservoir formations , each with an adjacent protective rock . Salt-induced structures are known to exist in the postevaporite sequence . More seismic work is needed to improve this information . Pre-evaporite structures have been surmised on the basis of meager data ;", "spans": [{"start": 1133, "end": 1145, "text": "seismic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 1 | | Lightingfixtures and fittings andparts | 8124 | 2653 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 1 | 4 . 6 | | Miscellaneous articles of materials of div . 58 | 8939 | 2549 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 2 | 0 | 0 . 4 | | Hygienic andpharmaceutical articles of rubber | 6281 | 1885 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 5 . 6 | 0 . 2 | 0 | 4 . 1 | _Source_ : Calculated using UN COMTRADE Database _Notes_ : A value of 0 . 0 represents less than US $ 100 in exports ; blanks represent zero exports . 35", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 379, "text": "UN COMTRADE Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5883 # * * Abstract * * Despite their explicit focus on reaching the poor , many community driven development ( CDD ) projects have been found to be only mildly pro-poor in their funding allocations . This paper presents evidence of an explanation that has been overlooked in the CDD literature to date : the requirement that beneficiaries must apply for projects in order to receive support . The authors first examine data on the universe of project applications and funding under Tanzania ’ s flagship CDD program , Tanzania ’ s Social Action Fund , and then use a census of 100 program villages to examine the determinants of both program awareness and program participation at the household level . The data paint a consistent picture at both levels : wealth , access to information , and political capital are important correlates of the ability to navigate the application process successfully . The centrally dictated features of this decentralized program appear to be the most effective mechanisms in directing funds to the poor . The results suggest that unless demand-driven projects can develop ways of soliciting engagement from a broader cross-section of the population , they are unlikely to achieve truly progressive targeting . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Inequality Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at bozler @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World", "spans": [{"start": 598, "end": 628, "text": "census of 100 program villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure A17 : * * Downward mobility by gender < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ARG BOL BRA CHL < br > COL CRI ECU GTM < br > HND MEX NIC PAN < br > PRY 780 URY VEN < br > 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 < br > Birth decade < br > Male Female < br > Graphs by Country < br > . 5 < br > 0 < br > . 5 < br > 0 < br > . 5 < br > Downward mobility < br > 0 < br > . 5 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure A18 : * * Intergenerational Mobility and Literacy of the Old Generation < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IGM UP = . 262 + - . 3085 lit_par < br > ( . 0019 ) ( . 0042 ) < br > IGM UP = . 217 + . 7873 lit_par < br > ( . 003 ) ( . 0065 ) < br > 0 . 5 1 0 . 5 1 < br > Share literate old residual Share literate old residual < br > ( a ) Upward mobility ( b ) Downward mobility < br > 1 . 5 . 8 < br > . 6 < br > 1 < br > . 4 < br > . 5 < br > Upward IGM residual . 2 < br > downward IGM residual < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : This graph uses data at the district-level netting out country fixed effects . 66", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER | Data source / Agency | EMIS < br > ii | | - - - | - - - | | Verification Entity | Verification Agent ( VA ) contracted bythe MoE | | | DLR 2 . 1 : The result is achieved when the government has developed and approved a competency-based school leadership framework agreed with the Bank < br > describing minimum proficiency standards , assessment norms for certification of school leaders against those standards , competency-based guidelines for < br > appointments , and identifying training needs for school leaders across public primary schools . The MoE will verify the achievement based on notification issued . < br > DLR 2 . 2 : The result is measured by calculating the total number of school leaders certified as per the school leadership framework , and these results are < br > conditional to DLR 2 . 1 being achieved . The data on the number of school leaders would be from the EMIS ( or other similar ) portal . The VA will cross-check these < br > i i i ii i | | Procedure | figures against the EMIS or other portal , in consultation with MoE . The VA will also verify the figures using a statistically significant sampling approach to visit < br > schools , and ensure the figure reported in the EMIS portal for the selected period corresponds to what is seen in the school . The allocated amount available for < br > disbursement is scalable for each 1 , 000 school leaders certified , and the achievements are not time-bound ( i . e . , this DLR can be partially or fully paid before the < br > year in which it appears ) . | | | Verification will include newly integrated refugee schools and a sample from host community schools . This will be reflected in the methodology for third-party < br", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 146, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 954, "end": 990, "text": "data on the number of school leaders", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1009, "end": 1013, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Name of * * < br > * * stakeholder * * < br > * * Woreda level * * < br > * * * Woreda level pr * * | * * Description * * < br > * * ( in previously PSNP woredas , * * < br > * * s * * < br > * * ogram operators include government * * | * * Issues * * < br > * * former Humanitarian Food Assistance ( HFA ) * * < br > * * plit woredas ) * * < br > * * ( 285 woredas ) , WFP ( 45 woredas in Somali ) , and N * * | * * Significance * * < br > * * level * * < br > * * woredas , and * * < br > * * GOs ( 53 woredas ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * WoA FS desk * * | Lead overall coordination of the < br > PSNP planning , implementation < br > and monitoring in woreda | In some woredas , overlapping responsibilities < br > and weak coordination between FS desk and < br > DRM / EW , resulting in duplication of efforts . | High | | * * EW and * * < br > * * Response * * < br > * * desk * * | Lead the timely collection and < br > communication of woreda level < br > EW data for accurate and timely < br > early warning information . | In some woredas , overlapping responsibilities < br > and weak coordination between FS desk and < br > DRM / EW , resulting in duplication of efforts . | High | 11", "spans": [{"start": 988, "end": 995, "text": "EW data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 These water transfers initiated by large farmers using mostly their own capital ( some farmers have also obtained bank loans ) also benefits smaller farms in the vicinity through periodic water markets ( i . e . , during water scarce time ) operating under two arrangements : one involving the sale of water at Rs . 20 / hour and the other involving a somewhat a long-term arrangement . Under the latter arrangement the buyer has to deposit a refundable amount of Rs . 10 , 000 / acre with the seller who , in turn , supplies water in lieu of interest payment ( since the monthly interest in the village varies from 2 to 10 per cent , water payment amounts to Rs . 2400 to 1200 / acre / year . This higher amount is not a problem as the buyer also grows high value crops like banana . ) Notably , since these water marketing activities occur essentially in scarce water periods , they remain latent in periods with better rainfall and water supply conditions . # * * _Transferable Water Entitlements In Australia_ * * Transferable water entitlements were introduced in several Australian states - - in New South Wales , and South Australia in the early 1980s , and in the late 1980s in Queensland and Victoria . Data in Pigram et al . ( 1992 ) suggests a positive trend in quantities of water trade in all states over the period 1987-1988 . The volumes transferred accounted for 5 - 10 % of the water use in these states . It should be emphasized that most water transfers were not permanent , but seasonal ; of all transaction , 620 were of a temporary nature and 46 were of a permanent nature . Total volume transferred temporarily was 137 . 3 million * * m * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > * * , * * and total volume transferred permanently was 19 . 7 million * * m * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > * * . * * The data for the New South Wales state , which exists between 1984 and 1991 is summarized in Table", "spans": [{"start": 1817, "end": 1851, "text": "data for the New South Wales state", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is difficult to say with certainty why respondents to the Facebook survey dropped out at these points , but the partial data on reported conflict exposure suggest that dropout varied with experience of conflict events ( see Table 3 ) . We focus on respondents from Gaza for all analysis of reported conflict exposure because only Gazan respondents were asked these questions in the PPCS , but the pattern of results reported in Table 3 is not different if we use the full national sample . Among respondents from Gaza , respondents who reported no exposure to conflict events were overrepresented among those who dropped out of the survey after partially completing it . This pattern is even more pronounced among respondents who dropped out of the survey immediately after the conflict exposure module . Overall , respondents from Gaza who reported experiencing at least one conflict event were about 6 . 5 percent more likely to complete the survey than those who did not report experiencing any conflict events , which is consistent with hypothesis H1a . # * * Table 3 : Respondents who reported no exposure to conflict events were overrepresented among those who dropped out of the Facebook survey * * | | * * Respondents who reported no * * < br > * * exposure to conflict events * * | | - - - | - - - | | _Share of all respondents_ | 37 . 6 % | | _Share of respondents who dropped out at any time before_ < br > _completing the survey_ | 40 . 5 % | | _Share of respondents who dropped out at the end of the conflict_ < br > _exposure module_ | 46 . 0 % | Note : Restricted to respondents from Gaza who answered at least one conflict exposure question . Were people more willing to provide answers to sensitive questions in the Facebook survey than in the PPCS ? Systematic variations in response patterns may also have contributed to the differences between the PPCS and Facebook survey estimates . One potential variation of this type is sensitivity bias , which could stem from multiple sources . < sup > 6 < / sup > For example , respondents might underreport aggressive tendencies because", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 76, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 115, "end": 157, "text": "partial data on reported conflict exposure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 385, "end": 389, "text": "PPCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "POLICY PAPER 26 In Yemen , where over 400 , 000 school age children were among the 2 . 3 million IDPs in 2015 , armed conflict and insecurity forced many people living in Zinjibar and Khanfar to flee to Aden and Lahj governorates ( OCHA , 2015b ) . A survey of school age IDP children in Lahj governorate found that only one-third were enrolled in school ( Yemen Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation and UNICEF , 2014 ) . # # # # Forced displacement situations reinforce the marginalisation of girls People who are already frequently marginalised , such as girls , are often the worst affected by losses in opportunities for schooling in refugee and IDP situations . Refugee girls are less likely to finish primary education , transition into and complete secondary education . Displacement weakens children ’ s protective environments and families can resort to coping mechanisms that disadvantage girls , including child labour and child marriage . In Kakuma camps in Kenya , in 2015 only 38 % of primary school students were girls ( UNHCR , 2015f ) . In South Sudan ’ s Unity State , only 40 % of primary school refugee students in 2015 were girls ( UNHCR , 2015g ) . In Pakistan , child marriage and teenage pregnancy are often cited as major barriers to the continuation of education for Afghan refugee girls , particularly to secondary level . Many girls are taken out of school to be married , as early as grade six . Dropout rates for refugee girls are as high as 90 % ( UNHCR , 2015h ) . Girls and women , 70 % of the world ’ s internally displaced population , tend to be out of school at higher rates and have lower literacy rates than boys and men of comparable ages ( IDMC , 2014b ) . In Iraq , school attendance are low for all displaced students , but more so for internally displaced girls . For example , in Najaf governorate , 81 % of 15 - to 17-year-old girls were out", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 284, "text": "survey of school age IDP children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a ) Working age population : 20-59 b ) Working age populations : 15 + c ) Working age population : 15-74 d ) 1st quarter of 2003 Source : CEE countries and EU : Eurostat ( Employment in Europe 2003 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina : World Bank ( 2002b ) Croatia : Central Bureau of Statistics , Labour Force Survey 2002 ( second half ) , Bank staff calculations . Serbia and Montenegro : Republic of Serbia , Republican Statistical Office , Labor Force Survey 2002 ( October ) , Bank staff calculations Georgia , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan : ILO LABORSTA Labour Statistics Database ; Bank staff calculations . Russia : Goskomstat ; Bank staff calculations . Moldova : Department of Statistics and Sociology of the Republic of Moldova ; Bank staff calculations Different labor force responses to the accelerated job destruction occurring in the wake of economic restructuring have given rise to different labor market patterns , which are summarized in Table 2 . * * Table 2 Patterns of labor force adjustments * * | * * Labor force participation * * | * * Unempl * * < br > | * * oyment * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | High | Low | | High | _Limited job opportunities . But_ < br > _workers look for jobs . _ < br > Georgia , < br > Lithuania < br > ( late < br > 1990s ) , Poland ( late 1990s ) , < br > Serbia , Slovakia , Ukraine | _High employment . But are the_ < br > _jobs sustainable ? _ < br > Czech R . , Estonia , Lithuania < br > ( 2000s ) , Moldova , Romania , < br > Russia , Slovenia | | Low | _Scarcity of jobs . Some workers_ < br > _get discouraged while others_ < br > _continue searching for jobs . _ < br > Bulgaria , BiH , Croatia , Latvia , < br > Macedonia , < br > Poland < br > ( early < br > 2000s ) | _Limited_ < br > _job_ < br > _opportunities . _ <", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 311, "text": "Labour Force Survey 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 433, "end": 456, "text": "Labor Force Survey 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 533, "end": 572, "text": "ILO LABORSTA Labour Statistics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and income . A similarly stable , or even negative , trend was observed for gender attitudes relating to these categories . This persistence of gender disparities and conservative attitudes is particularly remarkable when contrasted with the sustained economic development observed in the last two or more decades in most South Asian countries . Gender equality in the region does not seem to be an automatic byproduct of economic development , indicating that restrictive gender norms are constraining progress in gender outcomes . Stylized fact 4 highlights exactly this . Attitudes are related to gender outcomes , and conservative gender attitudes are linked to worse gender outcomes . However , gender norms are still poorly understood and measured , generally , with inadequate proxies . Attitudes may not always correspond with the norms prevalent in society , and do not adequately indicate the strength of a norm ( which can potentially override individual attitudes in influencing behavior ) . To properly address these normative barriers , future research should be focused to : ( i ) measure gender norms more systematically , ( ii ) identify causal links between norms and outcomes , and ( iii ) inform norm sensitive policies and interventions . # * * 7 . References * * - < mark > Abramsky , T . , Watts , C . H . , Garcia-Moreno , C . , Devries , K . , Kiss , L . , Ellsberg , M . , . . . & Heise , L . ( 2011 ) . What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence ? Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women ' s health and domestic violence . BMC public health , 11 ( 1 ) , 1-17 . < / mark > - < mark > Acemoglu , D . , & Jackson , M . O . ( 2017 ) . Social norms and the enforcement of laws . Journal of the European Economic Association , 15 ( 2 ) , 245-295 . < / mark > - < mark > Afridi F . , Dinkelman T . , Mahajan K . ( 2018 ) . Why are Fewer Married Women Joining the Work Force in India ? A Decomposition Analysis over Two Decades .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 . 1 : Actual vs . Target Samples | | CongoleseAngolan | RwandeseB | urundianSo | mali | Row Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lusaka : Actual ( A ) | 60 < br > 0 | 28 | 25 | 40 | 153 | | Target Sample ( T ) | 52 < br > 0 | 17 | 28 | 28 | 125 | | Variance ( A / T - 1 ) % | 15 % | 65 % | - 11 % | 43 % | 22 % | | Mayukwayukwa ( A ) | 60 < br > 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 120 | | Target Sample ( T ) | 48 < br > 51 | | | | 99 | | Variance ( A / T - 1 ) % | 25 % < br > 18 % | | | | 21 % | | Maheba ( A ) | 70 < br > 79 | 3 | 68 | 0 | 220 | | Target Sample ( T ) | 54 < br > 52 | 30 | 18 | | 154 | | Variance ( A / T - 1 ) % | 30 % < br > 52 % | - 90 % | 278 % | | 43 % | | Column Total | 190 < br > 139 | 31 | 93 | 40 | 493 | | Target Sample ( T ) | 106 < br > 103 | 47 | 46 | 28 | 378 | | Variance ( A / T - 1 ) % | 79 % < br > 35 % | - 34 % | 102 % | 43 % | 30 % | Respondents for the household survey were drawn from the largest nationalities in each of our three sites : Mayukwayukwa – Angola and Congolese ; Meheba - Angolan , Congolese , Burundian", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 925, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as per the site minutes dated * * 6 * * August , * * 2019 . * * The certificate of works done and paid indicated that works were almost complete in some sections of the building which was contrary to the site verification as detailed below : _Report of the Auditor-General on Judicial Perfbrmance Improvement Project_ * * _-_ * * _IDA Credit No . 5181 - KE for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , _ * * _2019 - _ * * _The Judiciary_ _4_", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 23, "text": "site minutes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "acteristics for Accra , Dar es Salaam , and Antananarivo can be find in Erman et al . ( 2020 ) , Erman et al . ( 2019 ) , and WB ( 2017 ) respectively . TABLE 2 : Databases descriptions | * * City * * | * * Database * * | * * Area * * | * * Date * * | * * Flood / s * * | * * HH selection method * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Accra | Disaster-Poverty < br > household survey | 9 neighborhoods < br > considered slum areas < br > in the Odaw basin area | May-Jun / 2017 | 2015 food | 4 strata : combination of high / low < br > risk of food and high / low level of poverty . < br > Informal settlements . < br > Not representative at the citylevel . | | Antananarivo | Urban Living < br > Standards | Greater Antananarivo | Oct-Dec / 2017 | 2015 food < br > “ Chedza food ” | 2 strata : risky and no risky areas , where < br > risky are EAs affected by Chedza . < br > Representative at the citylevel . | | Dar es Salaam | Disaster-Poverty < br > household survey | Dar es Salam | Nov / 2017 , < br > Sep / 2018 | Most recent food , < br > 2018 food | 3 levels of food risk ( no risk , low risk and < br > high risk ) . Representative at the citylevel . | | Addis Ababa | Disaster-Poverty < br > household survey | Addis Ababa | May-Jun / 2017 | Most recent food | Representative at the city level . | # * * 3 . 2 Accessibility to jobs * * In an efficient housing market , property prices rise with increased access to jobs and amenities ( Ahlfeldt , 2013 ) , and in choosing where to live people make a trade-off between low housing value and proximity to jobs . To understand rents , we", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 990, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # # # # # * * SURVEY FINDINGS – CHALLENGES WITH LOCAL AND NATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND PARTICIPATION IN COORDINATION * * # # # # # # * * PROCESSES * * Among those who responded to the online survey , views were split on whether coordination mechanisms related to the Syria response are led by government actors and all local actors are able to participate in and contribute to coordination processes at national and sub-national levels ( see Figure 10 ) . 28 % of respondents disagreed with the statement below ; 29 % agreed ; and the majority ( 43 % ) neither agreed nor disagreed . The split of responses was similar across all respondent types – international , national and local . Figure 10 – Question 17 - To what extent do you agree that coordination mechanisms related to the Syria response are led by government actors and all local actors are able to participate in and contribute to coordination processes at national and sub-national levels ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 . Opinions were again divided on gender mainstreaming within relevant coordination structures and processes , though 29 % of survey respondents did positively rate this aspect of the response ( see Figure 11 ) . When disaggregated by respondent type , slightly more international respondents ( individuals working with UN organisations and international NGOs ) positively rated gender mainstreaming in coordination structures and processes compared with individuals working with national and local respondents ( national or local NGOs and host governments ) . Figure 11 – Question 18 - To what extent do you agree that gender is well mainstreamed within the coordination structures and processes related to the Syria response ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 . The online survey asked respondents to identify the main challenges with regards to national and local actors fully participating in coordination processes ( see Figure 12 ) . The main challenges to emerge are", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 267, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1034, "end": 1075, "text": "Online survey conducted with 3RP partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "obtain the information for the desired number of geographic locations , one has to file multiple requests in succession . The resulting data points are comparable across terms and geographic locations only within one request . To achieve the desired comparability of Google search data points across different requests – and following Abay et al . ( 2020 ) – we constructed our data set as follows . First , we extracted the Google search data for every subnational region in our sample _and_ California jointly for a given search term and query period . In this case , the data on search terms from a given subnational region and California define one request . At the second stage , within each request , we normalized the time series from the target subnational region by the maximum value of the same search term index observed in California during the query period . Having repeated the above steps with every search term , we obtained a data set containing a list of search term indices comparable across different subnational regions . We extracted the information on the following search terms : food bank , assistance , online education , prayer , Bible , and Quran . Finally , we extracted information on food prices from FAO ’ s Daily Food Price Monitor . The raw data set contains information on percentage changes in food prices in 180 countries relative to the baseline period ( February 14 , 2020 ) . We have information on prices for the following food staples : apple , banana , bread , cheese , eggs , lettuce , meat , chicken , onions , oranges , potato , milk , and rice . When aggregating data by regions or income levels , we weight each observation by the population in a given subnational region , normalized by the total country-level population in 2018 . Thus , every country in our sample is given the same weight , whereas higher weights are given to more > 3 https : / / www . google . com / covid19 / mobility / 4 This preprocessing takes place at Google . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1232, "end": 1264, "text": "FAO ’ s Daily Food Price Monitor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B # # * * Annex E : Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan * * An abbreviated resettlement action plan covers the following minimum elements < sup > 11 < / sup > : - ( a ) A census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets ; - ( b ) Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided ; - ( c ) Consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives ; - ( d ) Institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for complaints and appeals ; - ( e ) Arrangements for monitoring and implementation ; and - ( f ) A timetable and budget . > 11 In case some of the displaced persons lose more than 10 % of their productive assets or require physical relocation , the plan also covers a socioeconomic survey and income restoration measures . Urban Local Government Development Project Page 44", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 248, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 778, "end": 798, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Public or | 56 | 39 | 52 | 32 | − 3 | 0 . 9 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | private facility | ( _N_ = | ( _N_ = | ( _N_ = | ( _N_ = 81 ) | | ( 0 . 4 – | | | 533 ) | 282 ) | 292 ) | | | 2 . 1 ) | _ < mark > Source : < / mark > _ < mark > Population Council , Household Survey 2010 – 11 < / mark > a Based on differences in changes in proportions that paid for delivery services : negative sign means the change was greater in the comparison group . b Based on multilevel logit models with interaction terms ; 95 percent confidence intervals are in parentheses ( * _P_ < 0 . 05 ) . The proportion of women who paid for delivery of the most recent birth in any health facility ( public or private ) declined by 17 percentage points in villages with a voucher client and by 20 percentage points in villages with no voucher client at follow-up between 2008 and 2010 – 11 ( table 5 ) . The difference-in-differences estimate from the multilevel logit model was not statistically significant . # * * < < B > > * * Socioeconomic Inequities A difference of 11 percentage points was seen between births to poor mothers and births to nonpoor mothers who made four or more ANC visits in villages with a voucher client at follow-up ( table 6 ) . In villages with no voucher client , a difference of 15 percentage points was seen . Although the gap was greater between poor and nonpoor women in villages without a voucher client compared with villages with such a client , the difference-in-differences estimate from the multilevel logit model was not statistically significant . The results further show that the proportion of births to poor women who were delivered at a private facility was greater in villages with a voucher client compared with villages with no voucher client ( table 6 )", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 307, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * UGANDA North Eastern Road-corridor Asset Management Project ( NERAMP ) ( P125590 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  Road safety Audits c | arried out ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | 15-May-2015 | 30-Dec-2024 | |  No of people trained in asset management ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | 15-May-2015 | 30-Dec-2024 | # # Overall Comments The project implemnation is not started . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P125590 | IDA-54340 | Not < br > Effective | XDR | 157 . 60 | 157 . 60", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GDP growth in 2009 / 10 was 5 . 2 percent , 2 . 0 percentage points lower than in 2008 / 09 ( Table 1 ) . This relatively weaker performance was explained by lower external and domestic demand , demonstrating itself in particular through a slowdown in the construction sector . Economic activity has rebounded in 2010 / 11 , supported by a strong recovery in credit to private sector and faster growth in the services sector , resulting in a projected GDP growth of 6 . 4 percent . Fueled by persistent weak current account balances and uncertainty related to Presidential Elections , the Uganda shilling depreciated significantly in the first half of 2011 . Inflation increased and has reached double digits in March 2011 , driven by high food and fuel price inflation . As of April 2011 , consumer price index ( CPI ) inflation stands at a non-seasonally adjusted 14 . 1 percent . 4 . * * Fiscal policy stance deteriorated in the run up to the election of February 2011 . * * Overall spending is estimated to increase by 3 . 7 percentage points of GDP this FY10 / 11 , compared to FY09 / 10 . Of this increase , 1 . 6 percentage points was above the originally approved budget by parliament for this FY . The main cause of this increase was unplanned security related expenditures amounting to 2 . 6 percent of GDP alone in FY10 / 11 . Even though revenues performed better than planned , the overall deficit after grants is now 3", "spans": [{"start": 791, "end": 811, "text": "consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( A ) - ( B ) _ | | ( i ) Loan | | | | | | | | Internationa < br > * * I * * | | | | | | | | Developmen | | | | | | | | tAssociation | 120 , 000 , 000 | 10 . 5B | 74 , 044 , 754 | * * 9 , 191 , 009 , 846 * * | 45 , 955 , 246 | * * 1 , 308 , 990 , 154 . 29 * * | | Total | 120 , 000 , 000 | 10 . 5113 | 74 , 044 , 754 | * * 9 , 191 , 009 , 846 * * | 45 , 955 , 246 | * * 1 , 308 , 990 , 154 . 2 * * < br > * * 9 * * | # # # # # # * * 1 . 8 * * Summary of Overall Project Performance : - Three courts have been upgraded / modernized . These includes : Kitui , Kangema and Tamu ( Muhoron ! ) . - Twelve newly constructed Courts have been completed . These are : Kigumo , Engineer , Molo , Nyando , Makinclu , Vihiga , Nyamira , Chuka , Nanyuki , Oyugis , Isiolo and Kakamega - Eight newly constructed Courts are over * * 80 % * * to completion . These are : Nakuru , Kajiado , Siaya , Makueni , Maralal , Garissa , Kwale and Voi - Court Tracking System * * ( CTS ) * * was developed and currently being used to collect daily court data . - Performance contracts rolled out in * * 283 * * courts , directorates and Judiciary agencies . This has enhanced performance and efficiency of courts to serve the public better . - 11473 , 342 million colour coded file folders were procured and distributed to all High iv", "spans": [{"start": 928, "end": 949, "text": "Court Tracking System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1016, "end": 1032, "text": "daily court data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "male household members in all Subproject impact Woredas , especially , the number of female household members and female headed household involved in non-farming Income earning jobs like business are very limited . Similarly , participation of girls in education is disproportionately lower , especially as one goes up in the education ladder . In most Subproject impact Woredas the number of female headed households is found to be higher . For example , based on the survey results , < mark > excluding absentee PAHs , about 87 of the PAHs are female headed households . The census survey finding further shows that the average family size of FHH found to be significantly lower than other PAHs with 3 . 7 family size per household for FHH against an average 5 family members per household for non - female headed households . < / mark > < mark > Moreover , among 87 FHH , 32 of them are 65 years old and above . Another misery of FHH affected by the proposed subproject is that overwhelming majority ( 81 . 9 % ) of them had no formal education meaning they are totally illiterate which make the vulnerability of FHH multi-dimensional . With regard to occupation like other Subproject affected households , farming is the primary occupation for 83 % of Female headed households . The proportion of FHH involved in non-farming economic activity is significantly lower than male headed households . < / mark > < mark > Out of a total 87 FHH impacted by the proposed subproject 43 of them will lose limited strip of their farmland to subproject components . Among FHH whose farmland is impacted by the subproject 41 FHHs of them will be affected by tower pad installation and cause to lose 0 . 0036ha of farmland , whereas the remaining 2 female headed households will lose to the proposed Arsi-Robe substation and they would lose significant size of their farmland compared to those affected by the tower pad . < / mark > Therefore , female particularly FHH are considered", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 590, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "d staff , it was estimated that < br > 20 . 3 % in < br > Nile , South and West Kordofan and East Darfur , 4-5 , 000 people residing in the UN house left the < br > Ethiopia < br > over 675 people arrived on average per day . POC sites . 23 Large numbers of people were < br > 0 . 09 % in 5 . 3 % in Some people report to have been along the monitored traveling down the Nile and arriving < br > CAR Kenya < br > border for a few months and have only recently in Old and New Fangak . With the increased < br > 4 . 2 % DRC in been registered in Sudan . Despite the fact that fi ghting in northern Jonglei and Upper Nile < br > there is no confl ict in this northern region of area , there has been a decrease in movement < br > Bahr el Ghazal of South Sudan and WFP has out of both Juba and Bentiu POC sites , but < br > made efforts to provide food to the area over there still is considerable movement in and out < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 19 FOA has described that the dependency of the market economy and impact of attacks on the main supply roads from Uganda has severely impacted on the food security in the Northern Bahr el-Ghazal region . > 20 UNHCR spokesman statement to Anadolu Agency in Ethiopia , 6 April 2017 . > 21 At the time of the publication of this report , the fi rst week of May 2017 , the refugee numbers are only available for up to 15 April 2017 . On average , over 1 , 500 continued to cross each day during the fi rst two weeks of April . > 22 The UNMISS fi gure reported is based on Biometric Registration conducted by IOM in Bor ( March 2017 ) , Malakal ( February 2017 ) , Melut ( March 2017 ) , UN House", "spans": [{"start": 1524, "end": 1546, "text": "Biometric Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transportation . Firms with a larger baseline in terms of revenue were more likely to shutdown . Despite enduring such a dramatic impact on business activities and earnings in April and May , household businesses recovered quickly . We find an immediate rebound across both intensive and extensive margins , with the number of suspensions and closures reduced by over 50 percent as soon as June , and HB work hours and earnings making almost a full recovery by September . Overall , while the dramatic impacts observed almost immediately after the economy-wide lockdown suggest the financial struggle faced by many household businesses in the country , the observed rapid recovery indicates the resilience of this sector during the pandemic . More broadly , the paper introduces a unique high-frequency dataset of tax registration and filings , which provides comprehensive and novel measures for different household business ’ operating decisions , namely entry , exit , and > 25To check for the robustness of our DiD findings , we estimate the same regressions using an alternative commune-level F2F index set that is constructed using the 2018 sectoral composition of HBs ( instead of 2019 ) . The results , presented in Table A . 7 , are robust and consistent to our main findings in Table 4 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 788, "end": 842, "text": "high-frequency dataset of tax registration and filings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "beneficiaries of ALRMP I , potential beneficiaries of ALRMP II , ALRMP officers and governmental and NGO stakeholders within the District Steering Group ( DSG ) in one representative arid district ( Garissa ) . ALRMP I has already developed and introduced an effective participatory approach to service delivery based on a good understanding of pastoralist communities . Community targeting through participatory rural appraisals ( PRAs ) that enables communities to articulate their problems , needs , priorities and help in mapping necessary course of action has been effective . The PRAs has also been an effective tool for community empowerment . The Social Assessment has carried out a stakeholder analysis and has provided a participatory plan which indicates the various entry points for stakeholders at all levels . The Mobile Extension Team ( MET ) concept has been further strengthened under ALRMP II , whereby teams work with community members and equip them with skills for prioritizing and designing projects geared to meeting their needs . Community Development Committees ( CDCs ) that already exist have been strengthened so that they are able to take on more responsibility in community priority setting and management of their own programs , including proper implementation of the EMF . Recommendations from the EMF and the 2006 and 2008 Environmental Audits will be included in the Project Implementation Plan ( PIP ) for KACCAL before negotiation . On April 9 , 2003 , the original EA / EMF study for ALRMP 2 was submitted to the Infoshop ,", "spans": [{"start": 1342, "end": 1376, "text": "2006 and 2008 Environmental Audits", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10408 # * * Abstract * * Existing research points to a possible link between slow-onset symptoms of climate change and migration . It is also known that rates of urbanization are fastest in some of the world ’ s poorest countries , which are incidentally also at greater risk of climate-induced migration . These separate findings suggest that slow-onset climate phenomena such as droughts have likely become a key driver of urbanization across much of the developing world . While intuitive , this link has not been convincingly established by extant research . This study examines the climate-urbanization nexus by constructing a novel measure of urban growth that uses remotely sensed information from the World Settlement Footprint dataset . Relying on panel data that cover the entire globe between 1985 and 2014 , the paper shows that drought leads to faster urban growth . The results indicate that a hypothetical drought lasting 12 months is associated with a 27 percent increase in the average annual increment of built-up area . The paper leverages novel data from several Sahelian cities to illustrate that much of this growth takes the form of non-infill development that extends outward from previously built-up localities . This paper is a product of the Urban , Disaster Risk Management , Resilience and Land Global Practice and the Water Global Practice . . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at vchlouba @ nd . edu , mmukim @ worldbank . org , ezaveri @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 773, "text": "World Settlement Footprint dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 797, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1089, "end": 1128, "text": "novel data from several Sahelian cities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig 3 . 3a China ’ s rapid transformation in Fig 3 . 3b . . . . But slow transformation of the < br > export Structure : following the Comparative employment structure < br > Advantage < br > 1 . 0 100 < br > 0 . 9 Misc . 90 Tertiary Sector < br > manufact < br > 0 . 8 80 < br > ured < br > 0 . 7 articles 70 Secondary sector < br > 0 . 6 Machinery 60 < br > and < br > 0 . 5 50 < br > transport < br > 0 . 4 Crude equipment 40 Primary Sector < br > 0 . 3 Mfg ' ed - 30 < br > fuels and < br > material < br > 0 . 2 Minerals 20 < br > 0 . 1 Food & 10 < br > 0 . 0 animals 0 < br > Source : Justin Lin and Yan Wang 2008 and updated based on UN COMTRADE data < br > 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The evolution of China ‘ s export structure in the last three decades reflects the significant structural transformation in flying geese style that enabled the country to graduate from an exporter of labor-intensive products such as apparel , textiles and leather to more sophisticated ones such as home appliances , office machines and electric machinery ( Figure 3 . 3 ) . Such a transition from low - to middle and high value-added products could not have been possible had the original endowments of the Chinese economy remained unchanged during the last three decades . With annual savings of around 40 percent of GDP and dramatic improvement in education , its endowments of human , physical and financial capital have evolved significantly - a topic covered by many studies . Most importantly , its stock of technological capabilities has benefited from importing and adapting foreign technologies of production and mastering their use", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 693, "text": "UN COMTRADE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manufacturing firm in Croatia is better managed than its counterparts in Russia ( average score , 0 . 43 ) and Mexico ( average score , 0 . 39 ) . < sup > 4 , 5 < / sup > _Second , _ weaknesses in management practices particularly relating to data-driven performance monitoring cripples the overall management score in Croatia as well as Eastern Croatia . Data-driven performance monitoring includes specific practices that help managers define their key performance indicators ( e . g . inventory , sales , absenteeism ) and appropriately track them periodically over time , while incentives management practices relate to how managers and non-managers are awarded bonuses and promotion . The result for Croatia regarding the weaknesses of these subindices is similar to that in Russian manufacturing , that is , the monitoring aspect of structured management is weaker . By comparison , this finding is different from that in the United States and Mexico , where manufacturing firms are stronger in monitoring vis-à-vis structured management practices relating to workers ’ incentives and target setting . _Third , _ an interesting finding of this survey data is that services firms are farther from the frontier when it comes to adoption of structured management practices . Services firms were included in a MOPS framework survey for the first time in Mexico , where , as in the case of Slavonia and Croatia , it was also found that adoption of structured management practices is weaker relative to that in manufacturing ( Bloom et al . , 2019b ) . They attribute the lower management score in services to a lack of pro-competitive environment , which lowers the pay-off from adopting better management practices . In Eastern Croatia , an average services firm scores 0 . 519 on the adoption of the most advanced management practices , compared to 0 . 535 in manufacturing . As in Bloom et al . ( 2019b ) , we also conjecture > 3 We use the terms Eastern Croatia and Slavonia interchangeably . ‘ Slavonia ’ is used as a shorthand for the region of Slavonija , Baranja & Srijem , consisting of five counties in Eastern Croatia . These five counties are : Brod-Posavina county , Osijek-Baranja county , Pozega-Slavonia county ,", "spans": [{"start": 1150, "end": 1161, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1312, "end": 1333, "text": "MOPS framework survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indic | ators | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cover | age * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / | of | of | | Share | of ageg | roupi | n total | | | Pe | rcenta | e fema | leper a | gegro | up | a | t location , | Age / | Sex | | residence | location | location | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > | 12-17 | < 18 | 18-59 < br > | 60 + > | 0-4 | 5", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ - x . Safety belts should be of not less than 16 mm two-in-one nylon or material of equivalent strength . Rope safety belts should be replaced before signs of aging or fraying of fibers become evident . - y . When operating power tools at height , workers should use a second ( backup ) safety strap . - z . Signs and other obstructions should be removed from poles or structures prior to undertaking work . - aa . An approved tool bag should be used for raising or lowering tools or materials to workers on structures . - bb . All lifting work whether heavy or light shall be inspected prior to job execution . - cc . All the loose and fixed lifting tools , tackles and equipment shall be inspected and shall be done in an if and when required basis . - dd . Weight of the sections to be lifted shall be pre-decided . - ee . Proper care shall be taken to avoid over loading or overturning of forklift trucks . - ff . All lifting works shall be suspended during heavy wind or rain . - gg . Identification of potential exposure levels in the workplace , including surveys of exposure levels in new projects and the use of personal monitors during working activities . - hh . Training of workers in the identification of occupational EMF levels and hazards . - ii . Establishment and identification of safety zones to differentiate between work areas with expected elevated EMF levels compared to those acceptable for public exposure , limiting access to properly trained workers . - jj . Implementation of action plans to address potential or confirmed exposure levels that exceed reference occupational exposure levels developed by international organizations such as the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ( ICNIRP ) , and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) . Personal exposure monitoring equipment should be set", "spans": [{"start": 1262, "end": 1288, "text": "surveys of exposure levels", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", diving in for a deeper look at where disability data fits into particular points along the humanitarian program cycle as > 1 Handicap International was renamed “ Humanity and Inclusion ” on January 24 , 2018 . ( www . humanity-inclusion . org . uk * * ) * * Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 54, "text": "disability data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 , 150 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 500 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 500 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 500 , 000 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 37 , 650 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total DLI All | ocation | 13 . 72 % | | * * 7 : Number of refugee * * | * * primary schools integrated into the * * | * * national education system ( Num * * | * * ber ) * * | | | | 0 | NA | Transition operational plan < br > developed and approved | 12 | 32 | 57 | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 , 155 , 000 . 00 | 12 , 026 , 102 . 00 | 11 , 447 , 070 . 00 | 10 , 371 , 828 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 37 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total DLI All | ocation | 13 . 49 % | # * * Monitoring & Evaluation Plan : * * # # < u > PDO Indicators by PDO Outcomes < / u > | PDO Outcome | * * Increase equitable access topre-primary andprimary education * * | | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | * * REVISED * * * * Increase in enrolment in public pre-primary education in the regions below the national average ( Percentage ) DLI * * | | Description | Measures the percentage increase in total enrollment in public pre-primary education in targeted regions where PPE enrollment is below the national < br > average . It also measures enrollment in pre-primary education in newly integrated refugee schools . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS ( Education Management Information System ) | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The percentage increase in enrollment is calculated by comparing the total number of students enrolled in public pre -", "spans": [{"start": 1270, "end": 1274, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Impact | Impact Mitigation / Enhancement Commitments | | - - - | - - - | | | • < br > Contractors to develop emergency plans before construction commences < br > and also carry out awareness programs like fire outbreak among the workers < br > especially on aspects of what to do in case of an emergency . < br > • < br > Contractors to have a human resource policy and Labour force management < br > plans to guide the recruitment and terms of employment / contracts for all < br > workers on the project . < br > • < br > Undertake risk assessment of all tasks before commencement . < br > • < br > Maintain an incidents / accidents log / register and undertake reporting of < br > serious / severe cases to PSFU , MGLSD and World Bank within 24 hours of < br > occurrence . < br > • < br > Undertake root cause analysis ( RCA ) of all incidents / accidents within 10 days < br > after occurrence , develop and implement safeguards corrective action plan < br > ( SCAP ) to avoid or minimize repeat . | | Traffic Impacts | • < br > The contractors should develop a traffic management plan for the < br > transportation within and around the construction site . < br > • < br > Determine the main access and exit points for the sites throughout the < br > project duration , along with scheduled changes in these accesses and exit < br > points , if applicable . < br > • < br > Prepare a plan for communication with residents and businesses < br > surrounding the construction site . Effective communication with local < br > stakeholders is essential to minimize the grievances and inconvenience to < br > the surrounding community . < br > • < br > The Contractor ’ s vehicles and equipment must be in proper working < br > condition and have registration plates , and numbering . < br >", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 651, "text": "incidents / accidents log / register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "61 - ANNEX II # # REPUBLIC OF KENYA # # KENYA RAILWAYS PROJECT Related Documents and Data Available in Prolect File 1 . General information for the appraisal prepared by Kenya Railways . 2 . Kenya Railways ' Investment Plan for 1978-1983 . 3 . Kenya Railways ' Traffic Statistical Digest 1978 . 4 . Details of Kenya Railways ' diesel locomotives - branch line and shunters . 5 . Details of Kenya Railways ' diesel locomotives - main line . 6 . List of wagons . 7 . List of passenger coaches and service vehicles . 8 . Wagon requirements . 9 . Locomotive and wagon capacity , with and without the project . 10 . Computer runs on project costs . 11 . Certificate of the Controller and Auditor General on the accounts for the year ended December 31 , 1978 . 12 . Computer runs on the financial evaluation . 13 . Computer runs on the financial return . 14 . Traffic projections 1980-1990 . 15 . Computer runs on economic return . 16 . Commodity breakdown of traffic 1975-1978 . 17 . Sundry financial working papers .", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 292, "text": "Traffic Statistical Digest 1978", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from potential AD duties . This finding demonstrates that exporters are willing to avoid the threat of retaliation by decreasing their dumping margins in a particular country with importers that are named in AD petitions in the exporters ’ home country . We also show that the pricing effect of retaliation threats is increasing in firms ' shares of each industry ' s product in their total exports . This price increase is higher for exporters serving the developed world and heavy AD users . 1 See Blonigen and Prusa ( 2003 ) for an extensive survey . 2 India and the United Stated are the top two AD users in the world . 3 Studies on retaliation and AD also use filing behavior as the dependent variable . - 4 See table 1 for the AD duties of importing countries . 5 Most of the AD cases are filed for multiple products . Therefore , the number of cases does not always represent the number of six-digit HS products investigated . 6 See Molina and Muendler ( 2009 ) and Hirakawa , Muendler and Rauch ( 2010 ) for more information about SECEX and RAIS data . 7 http : / / econ . worldbank . org / ttbd / gad . 8 See Feinberg and Reynolds ( 2006 ) . 9 Given the large costs associated with initiating AD investigations , firms often come together via lobbies to file petitions and share the cost of filing . 10 Our results are insensitive to treating each European Union country as a different market and to removing European Union countries from the sample . 11 The linked employment data also report the wage bill paid by the firm . However , the availability of this variable is so limited in our sample that it is unusable . 12 Although we do not report the results here , the alternative measure of the use of total revenue that a firm earns from the same product in the destination does not alter our findings . 13 The linked employment data also report the wage bill paid by the firm . However , the availability of this variable is limited in our sample , which does not allow us to utilize the data . 14 While we", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1058, "text": "RAIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1468, "end": 1490, "text": "linked employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "disparities persist in the labor market : opportunities to access productive employment are lower for women , who are much more likely than men to be out of a job and out of school among others . The high frequency of shocks and their correlation with poverty is significant . According to the Uganda National Panel Survey ( UNPS ) data ( 2019 / 20 ) , the share of households that experienced shocks during the last decade ranged from 30 percent to 40 percent , with rural and the poorest households most affected . In relation to Sectoral and Institutional Context , the National Social Protection Policy ( NSPP ) that was adopted in November 2015 continues to guide the design and implementation of the social protection programs in the country . The provisions of the NSPP are linked to the National Development Plan III ( 2020 ) program area : ‘ human capital development ’ , specifically focusing on gender and vulnerable communities . The design and coverage of social protection programs are currently insufficient to meaningfully address the range and scope of vulnerabilities to shocks in Uganda – this has been further exacerbated by the impact of the COVID-19 crisis . The levels of expenditure on social protection in Uganda are quite low , despite reasonable accuracy in targeting of the program beneficiaries . The social protection sector in Uganda faces the challenge around a lack of a national level system that is adaptive and could help in responding to shocks . More specifically , the gaps are ( i ) lack of a national dynamic social registry that is able to objectively identify poor and vulnerable groups across the country ; ( ii ) lack of a robust and flexible payment system that would allow disbursement of timely payments ; and ( iii ) absence of a comprehensive risk-financing mechanism at national level that would allow availability of predictable and timely resources for adequately responding to shocks . The World Bank has supported the social protection sector since 2003 < sup > 2 < / sup > through financing of Northern Uganda Social Action Fund ( NUSAF ) . NUSAF has been one of the largest safety", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 322, "text": "Uganda National Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1533, "end": 1565, "text": "national dynamic social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the economic and fiscal questions for policy makers considering reforms in stamp duties , especially stamp tax reductions . < sup > 6 < / sup > In particular , we examine stamp duties and registration fees , referred to for simplicity as “ stamp duties ” . The administration of the stamp duties will be briefly examined , but our main focus will be on two other issues . First , how distorting are the stamp duties in their effects on resource allocation ? Second , what would be the effects , especially the revenue effects , of previously suggested reforms in stamp duties that lead generally to lower tax rates ? In this analysis , the ways in which > 3 . Department of Economics , Andrew Young School of Policy Studies , Georgia State University ; World Bank ; and Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs , Government of India , respectively . The authors are grateful to a number of individuals with whom they met for many helpful discussions and much useful information : Mr . Govinda Rao , Mr . Om Prakash Mathur , and Mr . Tapas Sen , the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy ; Mr . P . S . S . Thomas , Planning Commission ; Mr . Vinor Tewari , the National Institute of Urban Affairs ; Ms . Renuka Viswanathan , Tariff Commission ; Dr . Vijay Kelkar , Advisor to the Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs ; Mr . N . John Kurian Planning Commission ; Mr . G . C . Srivastava , Finance Commission . Ms . Kathryn Owens and Mr . Jerry Kalarickal at the World Bank provided valuable research assistance for this paper . The authors are grateful to Mr . K . G . Krishnamurthy of the Housing Development Finance Corporation for providing data on market values of real estate in selected Indian cities . > 4 See the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy ( 1995 ) , _Economic Reforms and the Stamp Act_ ( New Delhi , India ) . > 5 See Reserve Bank of India ( 2003 ) , _State Finances – A Study of Budgets 2002-03_ ( New Delhi , India ) . 6 A number of", "spans": [{"start": 1658, "end": 1694, "text": "data on market values of real estate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 333 . 4 | 70 . 9 | | 2025 | 80 . 3 | 20 . 6 | 379 . 9 | 73 . 3 | | 2026 | 90 . 9 | 21 . 2 | 430 . 0 | 75 . 7 | | 2027 | 102 . 7 | 22 . 0 | 485 . 7 | 78 . 1 | | 2028 | 115 . 6 | 22 . 7 | 546 . 4 | 80 . 7 | | 2029 | 129 . 5 | 23 . 4 | 612 . 8 | 83 . 3 | | 2030 | 144 . 7 | 24 . 1 | 685 . 4 | 86 . 0 | # _Customer WTP_ 11 . Sales were broken down by customer class based on the load forecast for the Masaka region ( see Table 7 . 5 ) . The benefit of the incremental sales to each customer class was based on customer WTP . The primary source of data for the WTP estimates was a detailed socioeconomic survey carried out in 2005 as part of the preparation of the Rural Electrification Master Plan < sup > 21 < / sup > . The survey provides data on households , public buildings and small and medium scale enterprises in selected non-electrified regions ( including Mbarra and Masaka , both of which are in the service area of the project ) . Among the information provided was the current consumption and cost of electricity substitutes and the likely consumption of electricity in the event that service were to be provided . The latter took into account household income and the consequent limitations on ability to pay . 12 . The survey data was used to derive two points on the electricity demand curve for < u > households < / u > in non-electrified areas . For non-electrified households , the survey found the current consumption of substitutes ( P1 and Q1 on the demand curve ) to be approximately 3 . 7 kWh / month at an average cost of US $ 1", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 607, "text": "detailed socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1232, "end": 1243, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "access to modern ene | rgy services ( off-grid ) ( Number , | Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 1 , 375 , 752 . 00 | 1 , 375 , 752 . 00 | 1 , 500 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 15-Jun-2021 | 18-Feb-2022 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | This is the actual n < br > number is expected | umber of solar products importe < br > to increase significantly in the | d , distributed and reported < br > next six months . | by private companies . This | Improve reliability of the electricity network ~ ~ < u > IN01106263 < / u > ~ ~ ► Reliability : System Average Interruption Frequency Index , SAIFI , in the project areas . ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 178 . 00 | 101 . 00 | 101 . 00 | 89 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 15-Jun-2021 | 15-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | This is for the system | as a whole ( measured by EEP ) . | | |  SAIFI - Project Area 1 ( 7 towns ) ( Number , Custom Breakdown ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 196 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 98 . 00 | | Date", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 27 - that would occur if , through development of new technology or lnvestment ln agriculture , government were able to relax the supply constralnt limltlng output of major agrlcultural tradables . Given a one-unit lncrease ln value added from the region ' s major tradable agrlcultural output , the model estimates the resultlng total increase ln regiona ' value added as a function of three parameters : consumers ' marglnal budget share spent on nontradables , producers ' demand for nontradable intermediate inputs as a ratlo of gross regional output , and the ratlo of value added to gross reglonal output . Three studies have used Hazell ' s model to estimate the magnltude of a ! ; rLcultural growth linkages . Hazell ( 1984 ) has applied the model to estimate Asian growth multipllers , Rogers ( 1986 ) , using data from Mauritania , has computed multipliers for Sahelian West Africa , and Haggblade , Hazell and Brown ( 1987 ) have used the model to compare growth multipllers in Africa and Asla as well as to contrast growth linkages resultlng from alternative agricultural growth strategies . Several important concluslons emerge from these modellng efforts . The flrst concern the accuracy of the model and the magnltude of Asian growth linkages . Hazell ( 1984 ) ln his initial formulation , used the model to estimate regional agrLcultural growth sultipliers for the Muda River Region of Malaysia , a moderately prosperous rlce growing region that had been studied ln great detall by Bell , Hazell and Slade ( 1982 ) . The small , three-parameter model generated a regional agricultural growth multlplier of 1 . 82 , indicatlng that a $ 1 increase in value added from tradable agrlcultural output would result in an additlonal $ 0 . 82 lncrease ln reglonal income . Thls result lles very close to the 1 . 83 value addod multiplier reported by Bell , Hazell and Slade ( 1982 ) after a much more careful analysls , lending credibility to the smaller model ' s projectLons . A second detalled study , undertaken by Hazell , Ramasamy and Rajagopalan", "spans": [{"start": 821, "end": 841, "text": "data from Mauritania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% of children born to urban refugees are registered and receive birth certifi cates . Among other activities , over threequarters of offi ces ( 19 ) report working to raise awareness amongst refugee populations on the importance of birth registration and birth certifi cates ; two thirds of offi ces ( 16 ) report advocating with the host government ; 38 % of offi ces ( 16 ) report advocating with municipal registry authorities and one-third of offi ces ( 8 ) report advocating with health clinics and hospitals . Three offi ces support technical assistance for registration such as an SMS system . A Global Survey – 2012 21", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 616, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sending and receiving text messages , making phone calls , and using mobile money applications . Adults in villages in which an education program was offered were tested immediately after the program and received test scores in writing and mathematics that were 0 . 19 – 0 . 26 standard deviations higher than those that did not participate . Moreover , standardized math test scores remained higher seven months after the end of the program . These results suggest that simple information technology can be harnessed to improve educational outcomes and build skills even among remote rural populations . Mobile phone technology also contributes to labor market outcomes . Klonner and Nolen ( 2010 ) study the labor market effects of the rollout of mobile phone coverage from 1995 to 2000 in rural South Africa . The findings show that localities that received network coverage experienced a 15percentage point increase in employment , primarily among women no longer burdened with large childcare responsibilities . The authors also find a significant shift in occupational patterns in rural areas ; with agricultural employment decreasing substantially , especially among males . Mobile connections not only accelerate economic growth but also improve inequality in the income distribution . Using panel data of 177 countries for the period 1990 – 2019 and GMM11", "spans": [{"start": 1300, "end": 1310, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 34 % | 102 % | 43 % | 30 % | Respondents for the household survey were drawn from the largest nationalities in each of our three sites : Mayukwayukwa – Angola and Congolese ; Meheba - Angolan , Congolese , Burundian and Rwandan respondents ; and Lusaka - Congolese , Rwandan , Burundian and Somalis . We relied on the latest UNHCR provided database of refugees distributions in the three study sites and , accordingly , we generated a representative sampling strategy for each site . For the two rural settlements , an interval random sampling approach was employed to select households by nationality in different zones of the settlements . Sampling in Lusaka was a major challenge . It was very difficult to locate and reach refugee households in the various high-density and unplanned residential areas of Lusaka where most of them reside . To resolve the problem , it was decided to enlist AAH support to mobilize respondents in central locations – mostly at Catholic Church centres where refugees were met and interviewed . The centralized interviews and focussed group discussions were held at Kanyama , Chaisa , Chipata , Matero and Chawama compounds . We also worked with community leaders for each refugee nationality group who helped mobilise refugees for focussed group discussions , particularly among the Congolese , Rwandan and Somali refugees and ( former refugees ) communities . The interviews and focus group discussions took place during week days when most men among refugee communities were out earning livelihoods for their families . Consequently , close to two-thirds of urban household respondents were females ( 63 % ) which contrasts with about a quarter ( 27 % ) in the two rural refugees ’ settlement sites . To address the language and sensitivity concerns associated with this study , refugees ’ and former refugees ’ community research assistants were recruited to help our team to collect data in the three sites . A team of 10 such research assistants were identified , with the help of UNHCR Field Offices , and trained in participatory research methodologies by the University of Oxford representative Dr . Naohiko Omata", "spans": [{"start": 327, "end": 376, "text": "UNHCR provided database of refugees distributions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in other census enumeration areas and interviewed the same week . Our key restriction is that the average acquisition of these peers correlates with household diary and recall measurements only through the household ’ s own consumption . Third , while we allow survey errors in recalled consumption and diary acquisitions to be dependent , we channel their dependence through household usual consumption . This assumption is standard in nonparametric identification with measurement error ( Schennach , 2013 ) , and its interpretation along with possible threats to its validity are discussed using the consumer demand model above . Our first key insight is that diary and recall reports are not rank preserving , meaning that they do _not_ order the same household identically in the data . We rule out simple explanations for this result . For example , we show that answering the additional recall module does not affect the accuracy of diaries : households randomized to , and households excluded from , the recall module have the same distribution of acquisitions in diaries . Besides , important departures from rank invariance are found across the support of diary and recall measurements and of the income distribution , suggesting that survey effects are unlikely to arise only due to households with specific demographics and income . These results imply that the same household could end up above or below the poverty line depending on the survey mode employed , which has distribution-wide implications for welfare ranking relevant to policies using proxy means tests derived from consumption data . The departure from rank invariance is also worrisome because it is among the > 3These assumptions are rejected in our data and would be likely violated in most empirical settings ( as conjectured by Aguiar and Bils , 2015 ) . > 4When the between-group component of inequality is of interest , however , the same argument can be used to claim that data from diaries dominate recall measurements . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1593, "end": 1609, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1959, "end": 1976, "text": "data from diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With respect to out-of-pocket spending on services , among villages included in the population surveys with a voucher client who delivered most recently at a private facility , the proportion of respondents who paid for the services declined by 44 percentage points between 2008 and 2010 – 11 ( table 5 ) . In villages with no voucher client at follow-up , the proportion of women who delivered their most recent babies at a private facility and paid for the services declined by only 11 percentage points between 2008 and 2010 – 11 . The decline in the proportion of women paying for delivery in private facilities was therefore greater — by 33 percentage points — in villages with a voucher client than in villages with no voucher client at follow-up . The difference-in-differences estimate from the multilevel logit model shows that the decline was significantly greater in villages with a voucher client , compared with villages with no voucher client . Table 5 Percentage of Women Who Paid for the Delivery of the Most Recent Birth and Difference-in-Differences Estimates in Changes over Time between Villages with and Villages without a Voucher Client Resident in 2010 – 11 | Services | Vouch < br > resident < br > at fol < br > ( | er client < br > in village < br > low-up < br > % ) | No vou < br > resident < br > at fol < br > ( | cher client < br > in village < br > low-up < br > % ) | Differen < br > differe | ce-in - < br > nces | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 2008 | 2010 – 11 | 2008 | 2010 – 11 | Percentage < br > points < sup > a < / sup > | Odds < br > ratios < sup > b < / sup > | | Paid-for delivery < br > at | | | | | | | | Private facility | 98 | 54 | 97 | 86 | 33 | 0 . 1 * | |", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 102, "text": "population surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-05-03 < br > 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-18 / Contratac < br > ión de 12 Supervisores de op < br > erativo de campo ENDI para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 31 , 287 . 86 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-05-04 < br > 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-19 / Contratac < br > ión de 16 Supervisores de op < br > erativo de campo de Enlista < br > miento para el operativo de c < br > ampo de la Encuesta Nacion < br > al de Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 76 , 874 . 28 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-03-04 < br > 2022-04-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-2 / Contrataci < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "* * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # * * Thresholds for Procurement Methods * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | C ≥ 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 1 | Works | 200 , 000 < C < < br > 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition National Market < br > Approach | | | | C ≤ 200 , 000 | RfQ | | | Goods , IT and < br > | C ≥ 2 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 2 | non - < br > consulting < br > services | 100 , 000 < C < < br > 2 , 000 , 000", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 306, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "homelands and the absence of permanent settlement opportunities in their countries of asylum or elsewhere . ” < sup > 10 < / sup > The result of this approach ( which has been subject to some criticism by UNHCR ’ s senior statistician ) is to exclude some sizeable groups of refugees who have settled in regions such as Western Europe , North America and Australasia . < sup > 11 < / sup > Conversely , while the USCR includes in its global refugee statistics the three million Palestinians who are registered with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) , UNHCR does not include this group of refugees as they fall outside of the agency ’ s mandate . Scholars and journalists who make use of the USCR and UNHCR figures almost invariably fail to recognize these important definitional differences . The general level of confusion surrounding the issue of refugee statistics is compounded by the fact that many commentators on international affairs ( especially those in the popular press ) use the refugee concept to denote anyone who has been forced to leave their usual place of residence , whether or not they have crossed an international border . Media reports about Afghanistan , Angola , Somalia and Sudan , for example , frequently refer to the large number of ‘ refugees ’ living in those countries , when they are actually referring to internally displaced people ( IDPs ) . The enumeration of internally displaced populations is characterized by its own set of definitional and methodological difficulties . Unlike the refugee concept , the notion of an ‘ internally displaced person ’ has never been defined in international law . Many humanitarian organizations and advocacy groups make reference to IDP statistics in their publications . But a number of important questions usually go unanswered . In the absence of a clear criterion such as the crossing of an international border , how far does a person have to move to be considered ‘ internally displaced ’ ? When do internally people cease to warrant that status : when they return to their original", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 459, "text": "global refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1766, "end": 1780, "text": "IDP statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coefficients on earnings are mostly indistinguishable from zero except for the month of May , further suggesting a swift recovery of household business performance . < sup > 25 < / sup > Indeed , this clear reversion to the pre-COVID-19 level speaks to the resilience of the informal businesses in Vietnam . # * * 5 Conclusion * * In this paper , we document novel stylized facts about entry and exit of household businesses in Vietnam between January 2018 and August 2020 , a period covering the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic . The data include monthly information on a universe of household businesses ’ ( permanent ) closure and ( temporary ) suspension filings . We find that tax-registered household businesses exhibit rates of entry and exit of about 5-6 percent a year . Our unique data set allows us to also document that an additional 25 percent of household businesses suspend their activity during part of a year . In 2020 , the suspension rate spiked to 40 percent of registered household businesses . We combine this high-frequency statistics of household-business closures and suspension with individual working hours and earnings data from the Vietnamese Labor Force Survey to measure the pandemic impacts on the survival of informal businesses — those accounting for over 30 percent of the labor force . Our two econometric methods , an event-study and a difference-in-differences strategy that employs a sectoral face-to-face intensity index as a proxy for businesses ’ lockdown exposure , indicate significant damages to both business activities and earnings as soon as the first COVID-19 cases were reported in the country in February 2020 . The greatest damage took place in April and May , following the mandatory national lockdown . Suspension and closure fillings surged by over three times the pre-COVID-19 level in April , and workload and income plummeted by more than a quarter . Across sectors , the greatest impacts were observed in accommodation , restaurant , entertainment , and transportation . Firms with a larger baseline in terms of revenue were more likely to shutdown . Despite enduring such a dramatic impact on business activities and earnings in April and May , household businesses recovered quickly . We find an immediate rebound across both intensive and extensive margins ,", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1102, "text": "high-frequency statistics of household-business closures and suspension", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1108, "end": 1150, "text": "individual working hours and earnings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1160, "end": 1189, "text": "Vietnamese Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 13 Page 2 of 3 - 83 . . . 5 . A brief study on staff establishment targets was carried out by IDA consultants in February 1990 ( final report expected by end-March 1990 ) . The study provides indicative establishment targets which need to be modified by a more detailed examination of the present staffing situation , and the circumstances underpinning present staffing patterns and levels Concomitantly , Government together with IDA is undertaking an expenditure review of MAIF . # # Objectives and Organization 6 . To broaden and deepen the efforts initiated under the Agricultural Secretariat ' s study , and using the data assembled under the Public Service Performance T provements Project and the IDA Consultants ' Study , the HAIF now proposes to employ the services of two international consultants ( totalling 6 man-months ) to prepare a detailed time-bound action plan for MAIF to improve efficiency in resource allocation , including a program for reduction of staff . The consultants , one of whom would be a business management specialist and the other a veterinarian , would work as part of a team which would include HAIF representatives from the Department of Veterinary Services ( DVS ) the Department of Tse-Tse Control ( DTTC ) , and the Planning Unit . # # Tasks 7 . Specific tasks are to : - ( a ) review HAIF ' s recurrent expenditures for the various departments within HAIF over the last two years , particularly with reference to allocation of such expenditures by major cost items ; - ( b ) review the use of manpower by major activities within the two departments ; based on such review and results under ( a ) assess the manpower and other operational costs of individual activities or services provided ; - ( c ) based on ( i ) optimum unit manpower requirements for veterinary services , animal production services and tse-tse control , and ( ii ) assumed scale of those services , prepare detailed technical manpower requirements for public and private sectors over the next ten years ; - (", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 701, "text": "Public Service Performance T provements Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "course of the high-frequency data collection . Conditional on working in a given week during the high frequency survey , women and men both work approximately the same number of total hours ( 47 hours for men and 45 hours for women ) . Self-employment is common , particularly among women : conditional on being employed at baseline , 70 percent of women and 48 percent of men are self-employed . Women employed at baseline earn less than men at baseline ( reporting average usual weekly earnings of 95 cedis , compared to men ’ s average of 162 cedis ) , and over the course of the high-frequency survey ( reporting average earnings of 108 cedis to men ’ s 163 cedis during weeks in which they worked ) . Table 1 also indicates that health shocks that cause respondents to miss work on days / weeks in which they were planning to work are relatively common . Over the course of the survey , women who were in the labor force at baseline missed work due to an unexpected illness or caregiving duties in 5 . 1 percent of weeks ; the figure for men was 2 . 5 percent of weeks . For men , all the reported days missed due to illness were for their own illness , whereas for women , 3 . 1 percent of weeks involved their own illness and 2 . 0 percent of weeks involved caregiving . Over the course of the survey , 14 percent of men and 21 percent of women employed at baseline missed at least one day of work due to unanticipated illness or caregiving . # * * 2 . 3 Econometric Strategy : Individual-level responses to other workers ’ illness * * We begin by examining individual level outcomes . For the labor supply outcome _Yijct_ ( namely , whether a respondent worked at all that week , and days and hours worked ) for respondent _i_ in household _j_ in city _c_ during week _t_ , we estimate a fixed effects regression : 12", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 118, "text": "high frequency survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "77 | 0 . 22 | - 0 . 98 | 0 . 72 | 0 . 68 | - 1 . 41 | | Mean | 0 . 52 | 0 . 20 | - 0 . 72 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 38 | - 0 . 94 | Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 34", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 162, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Density < br > 2 . 000e-06 < br > 1 . 000e-06 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > contrast , urban areas registered fewer gains in poverty reduction and Nouakchott witnessed an increase in poverty . Yet , welfare differences between rural and urban communes remain sizeable , with higher performance cities . Poverty also holds a gender unbalance as women tend to be more exposed to poverty and economic shocks : men hold three jobs in every four , even though women represent 55 percent of the > 1 Source : National Statistical Office ( NSO ) – Demographic Forecasts 2013-2043 ( May 2016 ) . NSO considers as urban the population living in district ( _moughatas_ ) capitals and in centers of more than 5 , 000 inhabitants . Areas with a population of fewer than 5000 people are considered rural . > 2 Source : NSO – 2013 Population Census . > 3 World Bank Group , Mauritania Country Partnership Framework ( CPF ) Report 125012-MR Page 7 of 76", "spans": [{"start": 565, "end": 596, "text": "Demographic Forecasts 2013-2043", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 836, "end": 858, "text": "2013 Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Table 0 . 3 : Land required for Asela - Arsi Robe TLP by project component | * * Project component * * | * * Required land in ( Ha ) * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Tower Pad | 0 . 6012 | 11 . 3 | | Substation | 4 . 6757 | 88 . 3 | | Access road to SS | 0 . 0205 | 0 . 4 | | * * All * * | * * 5 . 2974 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ # # # # # # * * _Impact on Residential land and property_ * * Results of the census enumeration and property registration surveys revealed that the proposed subproject will affect a total of 20 residential houses and related structures situated along the transmission line RoW . Among affected housing structure 14 or 70 . 0 % of them are found to be main residential houses and the remaining impacted structures include kitchen toilet and barn . No residential housing and other related structures will be impacted by the construction of Arsi Robe substation subproject . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Fruit Crops and Perennial crops_ * * The proposed subproject will affect a total of 530 fruit trees and perennial crops of various sizes and species . All the affected fruit trees and perennial crops belong to only four households in the Lode Hetosa Woreda . The impact on fruit trees and perennial crops is minimal in terms of the number of affected PAHs . Owners of these impacted fruit crops and perennial trees will receive cash compensation . All the fruit trees will be impacted during construction phase and the impact", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 554, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 669, "end": 721, "text": "census enumeration and property registration surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In terms of financing , the Bank contribution has been modest if one compares the IDA credit of US $ 100 million to the resources provided over the years by the Government , other donors and Ethiopian households . The allocations of funds were made annually based on the findings of the Joint Reviews ( JRM ) and discussions during the Annual Review Meetings ( ARM ) . Based on the information available as of March 2007 , about 41 percent of the IDA credit was spent on goods ( equipment , vehicles , drugs and medical supplies ) , 38 . 3 percent on new constructions and rehabilitation of health facilities , 17 . 8 percent on management and operating costs and on training . The table below shows the expenditure categories , based on the 2004 audit report . | | * * Peri * * | * * od * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Year ended * * < br > * * 7 July 2004 * * < br > * * Birr * * | * * 30 October 1998 * * < br > * * to 7 July 2004 * * < br > * * Birr * * | * * % * * | | * * PROJECT EXPENDITURE * * | | | | | Feasibility supplies and buildings | 56 , 485 , 238 | 282 , 248 , 964 | ( 38 . 3 ) | | Vehicles andmachinery | 45 , 974 , 072 | 136 , 491 , 968 | ( 18 . 5 ) | | Office Supplies | - | 24 , 278 , 615 | ( 3 . 3 ) | | Management and supervision | 6 , 546 | 2 , 561 , 372 | ( 0 . 3 ) | | Training | - | 7 , 088 , 760 | ( 1 . 0 ) | | Drugs andmedicalsupplies | 53 , 816 , 658 | 161 , 431 , 495 | ( 21 . 9 ) |", "spans": [{"start": 742, "end": 759, "text": "2004 audit report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "innovation . While these are unlikely to be captured in international patent data , < sup > 10 < / sup > they are reflected in the production and trade of ̳ green ‘ goods and services , to the extent that green technologies are embodied in a good or service . < sup > 11 < / sup > As shown in Figure 5 , environmental goods constitute a non-trivial and rising share of high-income country exports . The share of green exports is slightly lower in most developing regions - but the gap is nowhere near as large as with frontier innovations . However , with the exception of EAP , the share of green exports has not been rising , suggesting that new firms are not entering these sectors . < sup > 12 < / sup > The policy implication of this observation depends on the extent to which this reflects some under-exploited comparative advantages in specific developing countries accounting for lower levels of home production and export of green goods and services . Any policy intervention should be predicated on better information on the sources of this under-exploitation , whether driven by specific market or policy failures . For instance , information on the extent to which the relatively less developed state of environmental regulations in many developing countries may be accounting for these differences could suggest appropriate policies . * * Figure 5 : Export of Green Goods and Services * * ( as % of all exports ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 7 % < br > 6 % < br > 5 % < br > 4 % < br > 3 % < br > 2 % 2000 < br > 1 % < br > 0 % 2005 < br > 2010 < br > Source : COMTRADE + OECD List of environmental 6-digit HS categories < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 6 shows that green imports are as important ( as a share of all imports ) in developing regions as they are in high-income countries . This indicates the international transfer of green technology as embodied in green consumption goods . Further , inasmuch as some", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 81, "text": "international patent data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income from labor and capital divided by income from labor and capital . * * * Comprehensive Income Tax : capital income is taxed under the personal income tax . Source : TARKI , 1995 ; and own calculations . We can conclude by saying that neither theoretical considerations nor empirical evidence build a strong case for more taxation of capital income for high income earners in Hungary . The simulations above show that the distributive impact would be small . Even if we are optimistic about APEH ' s tax collection rate , the tax office is severely limited in its ability to collect revenue , 28 For example , the TARKI study shows that 82 % of all accounted expenses happen to be in the highest income decile . This source of income is the most unevenly distributed of all . The results show that , first , evasion of income taxes is highest and , second , by far the most tax evasion takes place in the highest income decile ( probably as much as 90 % ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption or expenditure is measured in per-capita terms and has implications for other indicators of well-being such as housing , rents , or crowding . The Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) , Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys ( MICS ) and Living Standards Measurement Surveys ( LSMS ) are the most common household surveys used to produce comparative statistics on well-being across time and countries . The DHS and MICSs define household members as ( i ) usual residents or people who slept in the dwelling the previous night and who ( ii ) share living arrangements and ( iii ) share food ( ICF International , 2012 ; UNICEF , 2013 ) . The LSMSs define household members as ( i ) people who slept in the dwelling three or more months of the last 12 months and ( ii ) share food ( Grosh and Munoz , 1996 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > While the definitions differ , they are defined on similar concepts and are unlikely to lead to major differences in key household characteristics . The UNHCR has definitions for household that resemble the definitions used by MICSs and LSMSs but uses the concept of “ case ” as unit of observation . The UNHCR defines a case as : “ A processing unit similar to a family headed by a Principal Applicant . It comprises ( biological and non-biological ) sons and daughters up to the age 18 ( or 21 ) years , but also includes first degree family members emotionally and / or economically dependent and for whom a living on their own and whose ability to function independently in society / in the community and / or to pursue an occupation is not granted , and / or who require assistance from a caregiver . ” ( Verme et al . , 2016 ; see also https : / / www . unhcr . org / 5ea81c114 ) . This definition is different from the DHS , MICS and LSMS , may pose challenges when one compares cases with households in surveys , and lends itself to exploitation on the part of users , for example by spreading different household members across different cases to maximize benefits . Some socio-economic", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 189, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 200, "end": 234, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 248, "end": 284, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# VII . Conclusions This paper develops an analytically tractable framework linking individual income dynamics , social mobility and welfare . This analytical framework that we develop has the merit that the links between different determinants of income mobility and social welfare are drawn out in a simple and transparent manner − allowing for a clearer analytical and quantitative discussion of these interrelated concepts than has generally been possible in the past . In particular , we discuss in detail how different determinants of measured income mobility ( shocks to income , and convergence forces , for instance ) may have quite different implications for welfare . This implies that two societies with the same initial distribution of income and the same level of measured income mobility may be characterized by quite different levels of social welfare . Decomposing the determinants of mobility is thus shown to be crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation . An important strength of the proposed framework is its empirical implementability . The quantitative evaluation of mobility and welfare in our context entails the estimation of income process parameters may be achieved using combined cross sectional and longitudinal data on individual incomes and relatively straightforward econometric techniques . The results from Mexico are striking . Most of measured mobility is estimated to be driven by transitory shocks to income and is therefore ( almost ) welfare neutral . Only a small part of mobility ( i . e . , mobility in permanent income ) is driven by either social-welfare-reducing persistent income shocks or welfare-enhancing catching-up of low-income individuals with high-income individuals . Despite their small contributions to measured mobility , the implications for welfare are large . Decomposing mobility into its fundamental components is thus crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1217, "end": 1254, "text": "cross sectional and longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DIALOGIC READING AND STORYBOOK EVALUATION IN KENYA 28 PRIMR , and Mango Tree – but these programs are center-based , emphasizing teacher training , and targeting school-aged children ( Dowd et al . , 2013 ; Piper , Destefano , Kinyanjui , & Ong ’ ele , 2018 ; Piper et al . , 2015 ; Kerwin & Thornton , 2018 ) . Modifications to center-based programs may have logistical advantages in some settings , but they may be less likely to reach younger children . In the present study , only 42 percent of 3-year-olds were enrolled in pre-schools . In a study in Mozambique , even conditional on the availability of high-quality pre-schools in the community , only 55 . 6 percent of 3 - and 4-year-olds were enrolled in pre-schools ( Martinez et al . , 2012 ) . Scaling up access to high-quality preschool programs in LMICs may be costlier and require more political will than implementing parenting education programs ; parenting programs may have broader reach in rural areas , especially for younger children ( Daelmans et al . , 2017 ) . A comparative study of preschool and parenting education programs in Ethiopia by Save the Children found the parenting program to be as effective at improving children ’ s early literacy skills and language development as the preschool program ( Borisova , Pisani , Dowd , & Lin , 2017 ) . Interventions targeting parents and center-based programs can easily be complements : there is no reason a policy maker could not aim for improvements on both margins . For example , a study of a childcare center in Brazil found that adding parent reading training to their program yielded significant improvements in parent reading behaviors , and higher child receptive vocabulary and working memory scores after 9 months ( Weisleder et al . , 2017 ) . In reflecting on the policy options , we think it is helpful to be clear on the relative advantages of each approach . # * * Limitations * * There were several limitations of this study . First , the follow-up was conducted five to six weeks after the intervention , giving us the opportunity to see only short-run effects of the intervention . This timing is in line", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the survey suggest that increasing the local presence of tax officers had a positive impact on tax morale , but this was concentrated outside Dar es Salaam and centered around limited survey measures . The impact on compliance of taxpayers in targeted wards is also not straightforward . On the extensive ( paid anything ) and intensive ( amount paid ) margins , overall the treatment has no impact . However , looking at heterogeneity across regions , increased local presence of tax officers had a positive impact on both the likelihood of payment and the payment amount in the Eastern region of Tanzania ( primarily made up of Dar es Salaam and Pwani ) in the first quarter of 2023 ( immediately after the data collection ) . The explanation for the lack of overall impact is likely due to the limited spillover effects on non-visited businesses , which is supported by an endline survey conducted in April / May 2024 in treatment and control wards with the same and neighboring businesses as the December 2022 survey . Combining findings from survey and administrative data , we try to reconcile these by exploring whether survey responses were biased ( i . e . , untruthful ) - reflecting fear of reprimand for claiming low tax morale - or unbiased ( i . e . , truthful ) - reflecting the increase positive view of the TRA and own obligations as a result of increased visibility . Anecdotal evidence suggests that the first hypothesis - where businesses are ‘ lying to the taxman ’ - is more likely , though more research is needed to validate this . While the intervention does not provide clear results on the causal impact of a temporary , exogenous facilitation and trust based increase in the local presence of a revenue authority on compliance , the implementation itself provides many lessons learned for future experiments . This study was particularly unique since it involved embedding a field experiment within a data collection activity . To our knowledge , no studies exist where tax officials accompany enumerators in data collection to act as observers . This represents a useful exercise in understanding how responses about tax compliance and tax morale are and are not sensitive to _who_ is perceived", "spans": [{"start": 1000, "end": 1020, "text": "December 2022 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1047, "end": 1077, "text": "survey and administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rather to guide the process of data analysis . # * * _The Jones Critique_ * * A second criticism , especially relevant for the present study , is the seminal contribution of Jones ( 1995 ) . Testing endogenous growth models in the context of time series implies establishing a relationship between a variable that is usually stationary ? without drift ? such as income growth , and a variable which is usually non-stationary , such as years of schooling . In other words , his results fundamentally call into question the implicit prediction of many endogenous growth models suggesting output growth should exhibit large permanent increases . Time series data over a very long time period for the United States and other OECD countries reveal that the growth rates of GDP per capita in these countries exhibit little persistent changes , and can be characterized by more or less constant mean . This observation imposes a testable prediction . According to endogenous growth models permanent changes in certain policy variables , such as schooling , or the number of scientists and engineers engaged in research and development , should have - 10 -", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 659, "text": "Time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using data from the program ‘ s information system for impact evaluation purposes , this paper highlights the opportunities for research that may arise from using monitoring and evaluation systems , as these are becoming increasingly popular tools to administer CCTs and other safety net programs . Finally , this paper also investigates the extent to which the final educational outcomes of older children that are not eligible to the program could be influenced by the participation of their siblings . > 5 Treated children were then matched to children in the control group based on the propensity to stay in school , derived from those in the control group that were enrolled both before and after program implementation . > 6 Schools could be comprised of children that take the test and others that do not take the test . 8", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 50, "text": "data from the program ‘ s information system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The table reports OLS estimates . The unit of observation is a household . This table relies on the second definition of demobilized ex-combatants ( _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + 2 < / sup > and _Di_ < sup > _FNL_2 < / sup > ) ) : cross-checked self-reports and matches . Odd-numbered columns do not include control variables or fixed effects ; the remaining columns include both . We report the _p_ - values of F-tests assessing whether the coefficients associated with CNDD + and FNL variables are of similar size but of opposite sign . Controls include past violence , whether the household head changed , and the head ’ s sex , age , matrimonial status , education , and occupation . Outliers are excluded ( as explained in Appendix B . 1 ) . Sampling weights are accounted for . Clustered-robust standard errors are in parentheses . * _p_ < 0 . 10 , * * _p_ < 0 . 05 , * * * _p_ < 0 . 01 This finding is consistent with the theoretical framework , since at the time of the interviews , the demobilized FNLs were in the process of receiving the equivalent of 18-months ’ salary in four cash installments . In a context of poorly functioning financial savings institutions , < sup > 26 < / sup > none of the FNL households reported saving part of their allowance in financial assets . Instead , a large proportion of ex-FNLs reported buying consumption goods ( 46 % ) , buying clothes ( 15 % ) and paying medical bills ( 8 % ) . This observation is consistent with previous qualitative evidence from Burundi as well . Uvin ( 2007 ) showed that some ex-combatants , depending on the region they returned to , faced immediate needs such as building houses , paying medical bills , and buy - > 26Our community data reveals the absence of formal financial institutions in 84 % of the collines surveyed . Informal financial institutions are also scarce , with 87 . 5 % of the collines lacking such associations . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1715, "end": 1729, "text": "community data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # # * * 1 . 3 Contents and Organization of the Report * * This RP follows the report contents suggested in the Terms of Reference ( TOR ) and is organised as follows : Following the * * Executive Summary , Chapter 1 * * presents the introduction , and it shall indicate the purpose of the RP , present an overview of the proposed Subproject to be assess , as well as the Subproject ’ s purpose and needs . It should also briefly mention the contents of the RP Report and the methods adopted to complete the study . - Chapter 2 Presents * * _Scope and Objectives of the RP_ * * : The main objectives of the resettlement program and a summary of studies undertaken in support of resettlement planning / implementation , e . g . , census surveys , socio-economic studies , meetings , site selection studies , etc . - Chapter 3 * * _Description of the Subproject : _ * * General description and identification of the Subproject . - Chapter 4 * * Regulatory framework * * : Relevant laws of Ethiopia , relevant policies and procedures , WB Operational Policies . - Chapter 5 * * Institutional framework * * : Political structure , NGOs . - Chapter 6 * * Socioeconomic characteristics * * : The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of Subproject preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including results of household and census survey , information on vulnerable groups , information on livelihoods and standards of living , land tenure and transfer systems , use of natural resources , patterns of social interaction , social services and public infrastructure . - Chapter 7 Summarises the * * Potential impacts and magnitude of displacement * * : Identification of Subproject related impacts , chiefly to land acquisition and restriction to land use . Summary of the numbers of", "spans": [{"start": 889, "end": 903, "text": "census surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1526, "end": 1553, "text": "household and census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", based upon the cadastral survey conducted in 2000 . There was a slight difference of approximately 14 ha between the total amount of land required for the project , and the amount of compensation to be paid to landowners , which is attributed to communal paths , roads and streams within the project-affected area that are not individually owned . Interests , which AESNP paid compensation for , included the following : - Landowners ' loss of land , crops and buildings ( residential or otherwise ) ; - Tenants ' ( as defined by the Land Act ) loss of land , crops and buildings ; and , - Sharecroppers ' ( licensees ) loss of crops . Usually sharecroppers did not lose residential buildings since they are not allowed to reside on plots where crops are shared with the owner . With regards to land , plots can fall either completely or partially within the land take area . If there is a building on the plot , it can be either within the land take area or outside the area . R . J . Burnside Internationl Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 33, "text": "cadastral survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > UNDERSTANDING HOW < br > UNHCR ENGAGES WITH < br > COMMUNITIES IN < br > YEMEN < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Community Engagement Survey Report September 2020", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 : Aggregate Headcount Poverty Rates – GHS ( National Poverty Line ) a ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Aggregate Poverty Rates - GHS ( National Poverty Line ) < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > child 0-4 child 5-9 child 10-14 child 15-17 adult 18-59 adult 60above adult child < br > Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > b ) # * * AGGREGATE POVERTY RATES - GHS ( NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > adult child child north child south child rural child urban < br > W A V E 1 W A VE 2 W A V E 3 < br > 65 % < br > 53 % 51 % 54 % 54 % 59 % < br > 41 % 43 % 46 % < br > 29 % 23 % 20 % 31 % 27 % 21 % 33 % 20 % < br > 14 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimations based on GHS Wave 1-3 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Figure 2 a ) : Rural - Urban Headcount Poverty Rates – GHS ( National Poverty Line ) Figure 2 b ) : North - South Headcount Poverty Rates – GHS ( National Poverty Line ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural-Urban Poverty Rates - GHS North-South Poverty Rates - GHS < br > ( National Poverty Line ) ( National Poverty Line ) < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 %", "spans": [{"start": 846, "end": 858, "text": "GHS Wave 1-3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characteristics . < sup > 12 < / sup > Many studies discussed in section 2 indicate that the burden of inflation is not equally distributed across households from different parts of the income distribution and that it differs based on household characteristics . This literature motivates our empirical specification : where _Li_ is the inflation rate experienced by household _i_ , * * _X_ * * _i_ is a vector of household characteristics ( including household size , household size squared , the share of children and elderly in the household , whether female heads the household , and whether a household member is unemployed ) ; * * _D_ * * _i_ is a set of dummy variables indicating the decile of consumption expenditure distribution a household belongs to ; * * _R_ * * _i_ are regional variables , including urban / rural and , for some countries , regional dummies ; * * _β_ * * , * * _π_ * * , and * * _γ_ * * are the estimated coefficients , and _ε_ i is an error term . For this analysis , we rely on microdata on expenditure consumption in 19 EMDE ECA countries . < u > Figure 7 < / u > displays the magnitudes and significance levels of the regression coefficients estimated separately for each country . The estimations of ( 4 ) reveal that household size is a statistically significant determinant of inflation for most countries in our sample . In 16 of 19 countries , larger households appear to face lower inflation than smaller households , holding total consumption expenditure constant . In most countries , the magnitude of this effect appears to be non-linear and to decrease with household size , indicating that the more substantial effect may be evident when comparing single-person households with two - or three-person households . This effect should not be interpreted as evidence that larger households pay lower prices for the same good than smaller households do ; in our analysis , prices for a given good or service are the same for all households . Rather , this effect indicates that larger households allocate proportionally more spending to goods and services for which inflation is lower than do smaller households . The location", "spans": [{"start": 1012, "end": 1048, "text": "microdata on expenditure consumption", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "C in higher elevations to 48 < sup > 0 < / sup > C in lower elevations . Based on the 2017 Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) Population Projection of Ethiopia , the population of the region is 1 , 812 , 002 of whom 991 , 000 men and 821 , 002 are women . 346 , 000 are residence of urban areas whereas 1 , 466 , 000 are rural residents . In Afar Regional State , about 95 % ( 1 , 324 , 854 ) of the people are followers of Muslim religion . The ethnic groups found in the region are Afar ( more than 90 % ) , Amhara , Argoba , Tigray people , Oromo , Wolayta and Hadiya . The Afar people are engaged in pastoral and agro pastoral ( along the Awash riverbanks ) economic activities as their main source of livelihoods . They draw their main livelihood from rearing animals such as camel , cattle , sheep , goats and donkey . In some woredas where there is access for water ( along the basin of Awash river ) , they practice both crop farming and livestock rearing to support 35", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 159, "text": "Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the PAHs ; - Identify and document the problems and challenges encountered in the process of implementing the RP ; and - Identify and assess the main lessons learned to inform the planning and implementation of similar EEP ’ s projects in the future . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 . 2 Indicators for External Monitoring and Evaluation * * The following indicators shall be included in the RP evaluation . All data collected shall be disaggregated by gender to enable specific analysis of different impacts on women and age . - i ) _Basic Information of PAPs : _ The most important information and data for external monitoring include : - Location - Gender of household head - Housing type - Land type and uses - Income and sources of income - Agricultural production data - Values of assets , compensation and resettlement entitlement - ii ) _Restoration of living standards_ basic indicators include : - Compensation for houses as per the guidelines and laws ; Official Use Only Page 189", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 768, "text": "Agricultural production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 . Distributional incidence of subsidies ( by decile ) in five African countries * * _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . _Note : _ All figures are calculated using sample weights . Total expenditure is total household expenditure in all categories . The distribution of expenditure refers to the countrywide distribution of expenditure per capita , i . e . , households are ranked according to their expenditure per capita . * * Figure 3 . Distributional incidence of subsidy beneficiaries ( by decile ) in five African countries * * _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . 13", "spans": [{"start": 752, "end": 769, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the data used and the valuation report generated is as at the date of Valuation and represented in the final project area selected after detailed engineering design . In addition to the assessments as approved in the valuation report , the project developer will include relocation assistance either in kind or cash for the physically displaced households as part of the total compensation package . # # # * * Potential Project Impacts and Mitigations * * The Categories of Project Affected People / Parties are presented in the following table . It is not possible to have values in this table because actual surveying has not been done yet . * * Table 52 * * : Categorization of project impacts ( to be based on Socio-economic and asset surveys ) | * * Impacts * * | * * Numbers ( to be filled * * < br > * * with detailed RAP ) * * | | - - - | - - - | | Total Land Affected ( Permanent Acquisition & Restriction ) | | | Permanent Land Acquisition ( RoW ) | | | Permanent Land Restriction ( Wayleave ) | | | Total Number of Customary Landowners Affected ( households ) | | | Permanent Land Acquisition ( RoW ) of Customary Landowners Affected | | | Permanent Land Restrictions ( Wayleaves ) of Customary < br > Landowners Affected | | | Total Number of Registered Landowners ( Mailo , Freehold , Leasehold ) < br > Affected ( households ) | | | Permanent Land ( RoW ) of Registered Landowners ( Mailo , Freehold , < br > Leasehold ) Affected | | | Permanent Land Restrictions ( Wayleave ) of Registered Landowners < br > ( Mailo , Freehold , Leasehold ) Affected | | # # # * * Preliminary Summary of Compensation data * * This data was obtained from the valuer ’ s methodology . And it is from his preliminary assessment of the anticipated impacts .", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 746, "text": "Socio-economic and asset surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 * * | * * 32 . 0 * * | * * 12 . 5 * * | | The agricultural group | 43 . 4 | 43 . 0 | 16 . 7 | 42 . 8 | 42 . 0 | 16 . 9 | 43 . 9 | 43 . 0 | 16 . 1 | | The low-skilled group | 36 . 1 | 34 . 0 | 14 . 9 | 34 . 2 | 32 . 0 | 14 . 8 | 35 . 7 | 34 . 0 | 14 . 7 | Source : Own calculations based on ENEU survey 8", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 305, "text": "ENEU survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- F . * * Sustainability and Risks * * 14 1 . Sustainability 2 . Critical risks 3 . Possible controversial aspects # # # G . * * Main Loan Conditions * * 16 1 . Agreements to be reached during negotiations 2 . Conditions for approval by Bank management 3 . Effectiveness conditions - H . * * Readiness for Implementation * * 16 # # # I . * * Compliance with Bank Policies * * 17 # # # * * Annexes * * - * * Annex 1 Project Design Summary 19 * * - * * Annex 2 Project Concept and Organigram * * 21 Chart A Decentralization and Participation : The Two Dimensions of the Community Reintegration and Development Project - Chart B Organigram ( Generic Community Development Committee ) - * * Annex 3 Estimated Project Costs * * 23 Table A Disbursement Schedule - * * Annex 4 Procurement and Disbursement Arrangements * * 25 Table A Project Costs by Procurement Arrangements Table B Thresholds for Procurement Methods and Prior Review Table C Allocation of Loan Proceeds - Annex 5 * * Timetable for Consultants , Monitoring and Training 31 Annex 6 Project Processing Budget and Schedule 33 Annex * * 7 * * Documents in Project File 35 Annex 8 Statement of Loans and Credits * * 37 Annex 9 Rwanda at a Glance 39 Annex 10 Map of Rwanda 41 ii", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1227, "text": "Map of Rwanda", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 Pesaresi , Martino ; Ehrilch , Daniele ; Florczyk , Aneta J . ; Freire , Sergio ; Julea , Andreea ; Kemper , Thomas ; Soille , Pierre ; Syrris , Vasileios ( 2015 ) : GHS built-up grid , derived from Landsat , multitemporal ( 1975 , 1990 , 2000 , 2014 ) . European Commission , Joint Research Centre ( JRC ) [ Dataset ] PID : http : / / data . europa . eu / 89h / jrc-ghsl-ghs_built_ldsmt_globe_r2015b Pesaresi , M ; Ehrlich , D ; Ferri , S ; Florczyk , A . J ; Freire , S ; Halkia , M ; Syrris , V ( 2016 ) . Operating procedure for the production of the Global Human Settlement Layer from Landsat data of the epochs 1975 , 1990 , 2000 , and 2014 ; JRC Technical Report EUR 27741 EN . Ispra ( VA ) , Italy . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 2788 / 253582 Prosperi , D . , Moudon , A . V . , & Claessens , F . ( 2009 ) . The Question of Metropolitan Form : Introduction . _Footprint_ , _3_ ( 2 ) , 1-4 . Rosenthal , SS ; Strange , WC ( 2004 ) . Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies , in J . V . Henderson and J . - F . Thisse , eds . , Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics , Volume 4 , New York : North Holland , 2119-2171 . Schwarz , N ( 2010 ) . Urban form revisited — Selecting indicators for characterising European cities . Landscape and Urban Planning , 96 : 29 – 47 Sorensen , A . , 2000 . Land readjustment and metropolitan growth : an examination of suburban land development and urban sprawl in the Tokyo metropolitan area . Prog . Plan . 53 ( 4 ) , 217 – 330 . Squires , G . D . ( 2002 ) . Sprawl : Causes and Consequences and Policy Responses . The Urban Institute Press , Washington , D . C . Sutton , P . C . , Cova , T . J . , & Elvidge , C . D .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Outcome Report : Cities and their contribution to the Global Compact on Refugees_ # # * * Introduction * * The following report is the outcome of the September 2021 meeting of 210 cities from all over the world on their contributions to achieving the objectives of the Global Compact on Refugees in preparation for the High-Level Officials Meeting to be held on 14-15 December 2021 . The meeting was hosted by the Global Task Force on Migration ( GTFM ) and UNHCR _ . _ The GTFM is made up of Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality , Union of Municipalities of Turkey , UNDP , UNHCR , IOM , WALD , and UCLG-MEWA . The GFMD Mayors Mechanism _ , _ Cities Alliance , the Mayors Migration Council ( MMC ) , UCLG and UN-Habitat are partners in this initiative . # * * City contributions * * In addition to reviewing pledges made by cities at the Global Refugee Forum in 2019 , cities contributed to a Good Practices & Innovative Approaches dashboard highlighting their efforts to support and include refugees , migrants , internally displaced and stateless people in their programmes and initiatives . The diversity of local contexts , and the differences between resettlement countries and countries hosting large numbers of forcibly displaced persons means that there is not a ‘ one-size-fits-all ’ approach . These good practices include innovative approaches in responsibility sharing , education , livelihoods and job opportunities , expanding services , housing and inclusion . The event included discussions about challenges cities continue to face in delivering services due to COVID-19 . Cities of Arua and Koboko , Uganda , Kakuma , Kenya and Gabiley , Somalia , made new pledges . # * * What are the overarching gaps identified by Cities ? * * National policies sometimes work against local solutions municipalities are trying to achieve resulting in systemic challenges . Ensuring that municipalities are included in planning and empowered to participate in national and global policy-making forums is key to addressing these gaps : < mark", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * * - * * _The request for bids / Proposal documents shall require that bidders / proposers submitting Bids / Proposal present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of and compliance with the Bank ’ s AntiCorruption Guidelines , including without limitation the bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit right ; _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "tables in STEP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "31 < / sup > The Fund thus appears to be reaching the intended beneficiaries , though it is too early to estimate the actual welfare effects . # # * * 5 . 2 . ENVIRONMENTAL , FORESTS , AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCE ASPECTS * * 88 . * * Kenya has put in place a legal and institutional framework to manage environmental risks and negative impacts of projects , but it is undermined by adequate capacity and lack of enforcement , especially at the country level due to devolution of some activities * * . Alongside an overseer Ministry of Environment and Forestry that guides policies on environmental , forest , and protection and conservation of natural resources , the 2013 National Environment Policy and the 1999 EMCA ( amended in 2015 ) established the National Environment Management Authority ( NEMA ) to coordinate environmental management activities and integration of environmental consideration into policies , plans , programs , and projects . Since 1999 , NEMA has used the Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) as a management tool to screen projects that risk adversely impacting the environment . Projects are required to submit an EIA report to NEMA to receive a license , be subject to public participation , and to provide project affected persons with information about the project , its anticipated impacts , and benefits . Policies , plans , and programs assessed by NEMA to likely have significant effects on the environment , are subjected to a Strategic Environmental Assessment ( SEA ) . Routine environmental self-audits are supported by control audits conducted at the initiative of NEMA as and when necessary to ensure compliance . NEMA enforces the EIA recommendations and the license conditions while the National Environmental Tribunal adjudicates NEMA actions . Petitions can also be logged with the Environment and Land Court . These efforts are complimented by the World Bank ' s Environmental and Social Risks Framework . Nonetheless , the environmental management systems and still nascent and there is low compliance with the environmental provisions at the county level due to the devolution of certain environmental responsibilities to the counties . > 29 According to the 2021 FinAccess Household", "spans": [{"start": 2211, "end": 2235, "text": "2021 FinAccess Household", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a woman may prefer to have light in kitchen rather than in the bathroom . From the field survey , it is evident that overall majority of the primary survey respondents were male with 80 % while the female were 20 % ( Figure : 3 ) . In Uganda , decision making at household level is mainly done by men unless the household is headed by a woman . Therefore during implementation of the project participation of all stakeholders at household level must be upheld . Page 18", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 95, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 Table 4 : Ukraine Evolution of the Official and Unofficial Economy ( unitary elasticity scenario ) | | 1989 | 199Q | 1291 | 192 | 199 | 1994 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Official Economy Index | 88 . 0 | 84 . 7 | 73 . 3 | 60 . 5 | _51 . 5_ | 38 . 9 | | Unofficial Economy Index | 12 . Q | 16 . 3 | 25 . 5 | 32 . 2 | _34 . 0Q_ | _M_ | | Overall Economy Index | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 98 . 8 | 92 . 7 | 85 . 4 | 75 . 4 | On the basis of the index numbers in Table 3 , which show the extent of the decline of the economy in Ukraine , it is also easy to calculate the relative shares of the official and unofficial economies , as shown in Table 5 . Table 5 : Ukraine Relative Shares of Official and Unofficial GDP ( unitary elasticity scenario ) | | 12M2 | 199 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Official Economy Share | 88 . 0 | 83 . 8 | 74 . 2 | 65 . 3 | 60 . 3 | _51 . 5_ | | Unofficial Economy Share | 12 . 0 | 16 . 2 | 25 . 8 | _347_ | 397 | 48 . 5 | | Overall Economy Share | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | Following the same approach for the other two more conservative scenarios , we can calculate the unofficial economy index and shares , respectively , and present all three scenarios together in Tables 6 and 7 . The data of Table 7 is depicted graphically in Figure 2 . Table 6 :", "spans": [{"start": 1341, "end": 1356, "text": "data of Table 7", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "toxic pollution intensive exports grew at nearly the same rate as the increase in overall manufacturing exports . There was a 100 percent increase in toxic pollution intensive exports between 1997 and 2002 . Water and air pollution intensive exports remained fairly constant . Thus we find that most of the predicted pollutants grew at the same rate or grew by slightly less than the exports suggesting that there was not any profound shift towards cleaner sectors . In order to get a complete picture of the changes in composition of trade , we need to consider the changing pollution intensity of imports . The figure on pollution intensity of imports ( Figure 5 ) shows dramatic changes in the composition of imports . Unlike exports , the greatest increase in pollution intensity of imports was in water pollution intensive imports which increased nearly three times over this period while overall imports doubled . * * Figure 4 : Overall Manufacturing Exports and Pollution Intensity , 1997-2002 ( in 10 , 000 VD , in 1997 constant dollars ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 700000 < br > 600000 < br > 500000 < br > 400000 < br > 300000 < br > 200000 < br > 100000 < br > 0 < br > 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 < br > airp waterp toxp exports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 9", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 653, "text": "figure on pollution intensity of imports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * ETHIOPIA Health Sector Development Program * * # * * CONTENTS * * # # * * Page No . * * Data Sheet | A . | Basic Information | | - - - | - - - | | B . | Key Dates | | C . | Ratings Summary | | D . | Sector and Theme Codes | | E . | Bank Staff | | F . | Results Framework Analysis | | G . | Ratings of Project Performance in ISRs | | H . | Restructuring | | I . | Disbursement Graph | | 1 . | Project Context , Development Objectives and Design | | 2 . | Key Factors Affecting Implementation and Outcomes | | 3 . | Assessment of Outcomes | | 4 . | Assessment of Risk to Development Outcomes | | 5 . | Assessment of Bank and Borrower Performance | | 6 . | Lessons Learned | | 7 . | Comments on Issues Raised by Borrower / Implementing < br > Agencies / Partners | | Annex 1 . | Project Costs and Financing | | Annex 2 . | Outputs by Component | | Annex 3 . | Economic and Financial Analysis | | Annex 4 . | Bank Lending and Implementation Support / Supervision Processes | | Annex 5 . | Beneficiary Survey Results | | Annex 6 . | Stakeholder Workshop Report and Results | | Annex 7 . | Summary of Borrower ’ s ICR and / or Comments on Draft ICR | | Annex 8 . | Comments of Cofinanciers and Other Partners / Stakeholders | | Annex 9 . | List of Supporting Documents | | Annex 10 . | Original Components ( as Approved ) | | Annex 11 . | DHS Surveys – 2000 and 2005 | | Map IBRD | No . 33405 |", "spans": [{"start": 1339, "end": 1350, "text": "DHS Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effects of the Internet on employment in local labor markets . In each of the three different data sets that together cover 12 African countries with a combined population of roughly half a billion people , the authors find a significant and large relative increase in the employment rate in connected areas when fast Internet becomes available , with little to no job displacement across space . In 8 countries for which the authors use Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) data , they find a 6 . 9 percent increase in the probability that an individual is employed when fast Internet arrives . In 9 countries with Afrobarometer data , there is a 13 . 2 percent increase in the employment rate when fast Internet arrives . Finally , in South Africa , using Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) data , there is a 3 . 1 percent increase in the employment rate with the arrival of fast Internet . The impact is driven by increased employment in higher skill occupations , as less educated workers ’ gains are smaller ; estimated increase in employment in a skilled occupation is biggest for those with tertiary education . Overall , those with only primary schooling also see increased employment but only in unskilled occupations . The observed changes in use of Internet suggest two things : new types of jobs may have been created both via new Internet users as well as different use of Internet by existing users . Bachas et al ( 2018 ) research the effects that payments systems can have on employment in Mexico , specifically studying a natural experiment in which debit cards tied to existing savings accounts were rolled geographically over time to beneficiaries of the Mexican cash transfer program , _Oportunidades_ . Prior to receiving debit cards , beneficiaries received transfers into a savings account every two months . After receiving debit cards , beneficiaries continued to receive their benefits in their savings account , but can access their transfers and savings at any bank ’ s ATM . In Mexico , transaction costs can be a significant barrier to the use of formal financial services ; account opening fees and minimum balance 4", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 467, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 617, "end": 635, "text": "Afrobarometer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 759, "end": 777, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) ICR DOCUMENT | * * Comments * * | Dissemination o | f guidelines and monit | oring report was | conducted annually as planned . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Implementation of a process for targeted < br > performance improvement . | Recurrent | Yearly | Yes | LG and Thematic PIPs implemented as < br > measured in DLI3 . | | * * Comments * * | PIPs for the leas < br > least performing < br > respective MDA | t performing LGs were < br > indicators in Health , < br > s . | conducted annu < br > Education , Water | ally as planned and Thematic PIPs for the < br > and Agriculture were completed by the | | Updating and dissemination Budget and Grant < br > | Recurrent | Yearly | Yes | Updated guidelines disseminated | | guidelines . | | | | | | * * Comments * * | Dissemination o | f Grant and Budget Gu | idelines were do | ne annually as planned . | | Technical support teams contracted to support the < br > National Resource Pool in training LGs and follow up < br > with LGs on implementation Performance < br > Improvement Plans and recommendations of joint < br > monitoring visits . | Recurrent | Yearly | Yes | Technical support teams , including < br > engineering , E & S safeguards experts , < br > contracted to support the National < br > Resource Pool to provide training and < br > support to LGs , set up | | * * Comments * * | Four firms were < br > safety safeguard | recruit to support sup < br > s in LGs . | ervision and men | tor", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - | | 31-Mar | - 2017 | # # Comments Data not yet available . DLI not due until November 1 , 2017 .  DLI 5b2 Improved wealth equity in health service delivery outcomes , based on penta 3 vaccination indicator for the bottom wealth equity group ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 37 . 00 | - - | | 37 . 60 | | | Date | 01-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar | - 2017 | # # Comments DLI not due until May 1 , 2018 .  DLI 2 Increases proportion of qualified female agricultural development agents ( Percentage ) 4 / 11 / 2017 Page 6 of 14 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "functional Inclusive Education < br > Resource Centers ( IERCs ) which meet the standard established under GEQIP-E for adequacy of staffing and equipment at the time of measurement . It < br > measures both the students in the newly established IERCs and existing IERCs with upgraded facilities . The enrollment is calculated based on the annual report < br > for the year . The VA will cross-check these figures against the EMIS or other portal , in consultation with MoE . The VA will sample a reasonable and nationally < br > representative number of children listed in each report , via field visits – to ensure the figure reported in the annual report for the selected period corresponds < br > to what is seen from the school registers . The allocated amount available for disbursement is scalable for each 1 % incremental increase over the baseline < br > value , and the achievements are not time-bound ( i . e . , this DLR can be partially or fully paid before the year in which it appears ) . < br > For the AF DLR verification procedure will include enrollment data from newly integrated refugee schools and a sample from the host community schools . This < br > will be reflected in the methodologyfor third-partyverification of the disbursement-linked results . | | DLI Indicator Name | * * 6 : * * * * Targeted public pre-primary and primary schools receiving 100 % of the allocated amount of school grant within timeline specified in revised school * * < br > * * grantguideline ( Percentage ) * * | | Formula | * * DLR 6 . 1 : Target * * : School grant formula revised in school grant guideline . * * Formula * * : $ 10M lumpsum payment upon achievement < br > * * DLR 6 . 2 : Target : * * Percentage increase in targeted schools receiving 100 % of the allocated amount of school grant from a baseline of 0 % up", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 429, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1061, "end": 1114, "text": "enrollment data from newly integrated refugee schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Budget Survey ( EBCNV ) . Moreover , Section 4 is devoted to the presentation of the new sample design in the case of the 2021 Household Budget Survey in Tunisia . Three scenarios are taken into account : i ) PSUs are selected with Simple Random Sampling ( SRS ) within the 24 governorates ( explicit strata ) in Tunisia ; ii ) PSUs are , first , stratified among the 24 governorates and then further stratified ( implicitly ) with systematic sampling by ordering the lists according to some economic and geographical variables , which consequently make the list a * * geographical serpentine * * ; iii ) PSUs are , first , stratified among the 24 governorates , and then further stratified ( implicitly ) with systematic sampling by ordering the lists of PSUs according to the average per-capita consumption expenditure estimated by the poverty mapping method presented in Section 3 . This third scenario represents the primary , original contribution of this paper , and the design effect gain is compared with other scenarios . Such gain in the design effect has an impact on both the estimate variance ( for higher precision in the estimates ) , and in the optimal sample size ( i . e . , for a smaller budget ) . Finally , Section 5 concludes the paper . After summarizing the main results of the paper , the section aims to briefly present some variants of the proposed methodology when Census and / or Household Budget Surveys are not available for recent years in order to perform the poverty mapping exercise . # * * 2 . Theory of design effects , variance estimation , and resampling techniques * * This section aims to present the theory behind the estimation of standard errors in complex surveys such as HBSs . Since the _implicit stratification_ proposed is based on poverty estimates and per capita consumption expenditure performed with the World Bank ELL method ( described in further detail in Section 3 ) , here the notation adopted is a mixture of the notation for sampling techniques in Wolter ( 1985 ) and the notation for poverty mapping in ELL ( 2003 ) , as follows . We have a _population_ divided in L strata", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 13, "text": "Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 122, "end": 150, "text": "2021 Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1409, "end": 1433, "text": "Household Budget Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pillars from the World Economic Forum ' s ( WEF ) Global Competitiveness Indices ( GCI ) and export diversification from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > The mapping process was conducted using keyword searches in the titles of extracted laws and decrees . < sup > 6 < / sup > To the best of our knowledge , this presents the first comprehensive data set covering all GCC reforms passed from 1980 to 2019 by policy pillar ( see Appendix A1 for a detailed explanation ) . The number of passed laws and decrees has increased rapidly across the GCC countries in the last few years ( see Figure II . 1 ) , reflecting intensifying reform efforts . Among the policy pillars , “ Diversification ” contributes most significantly to the increase in many countries ( see Figure A1 . 2 in Appendix A1 ) . * * Figure II . 1 : Total Number of Laws and Decrees in the GCC countries – 1980-2019 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 700 < br > 600 < br > 500 < br > 400 < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > 100 < br > 0 < br > Year < br > Bahrain Kuwait Oman < br > Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE < br > 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 < br > Number of Laws and Decrees < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # II . 2 Do Economic Reforms in the GCC Focus on Lagging Policy Areas ? We examine whether the GCC countries implement reforms in lagging policy areas , as measured by the World Economic Forum ' s ( WEF ) Global Competitiveness Indices ( GCI ) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) ’ s Export Diversification . We construct a \" Distance to Policy Frontier ” measure for each GCC country and policy pillar . A higher score implies that the country is further away from the policy frontier , based", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 80, "text": "Global Competitiveness Indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Ad * * | * * ulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | * * SIKASSO * * | * * 339 * * | * * 451 * * | * * 405 * * | * * 856 * * | * * 553 * * | * * 439 * * | * * 992 * * | * * 13 * * | * * 19 * * | * * 32 * * | * * 1017 * * | * * 863 * * | *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ". Agro-pastoralism remains the main livelihood system in rural areas of the country , involving both livestock rearing and crop production , a household ’ s financial capital is held in the form of livestock . Moreover , traditional social support systems in South Sudan are based on livestock > 9 DTM Round 11 > 10 UNHCR and GoSS , January 2022 > 11 UNHCR an Sudan is difficult to quantify but has huge significance in > communities facing crises such as protracted conflict and market failures . < sup > 11 < / sup > d GoSS , March 2022 4", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 310, "text": "DTM Round 11", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in partnership with the United Nations Children ’ s Fund in Rumbek , Torit , Bor , and Yambio ) that leveraged supply chain operated by the private sector and civil society organizations ( CSOs ) for hand pump spare parts , trained community members as mechanics , and trained the water user committees to collect user fees to pay for spare parts > 60 CSRF 2018 . > 61 UNOCHA Humanitarian Response Plan Monitoring Report January – March 2019 . > 62 Heads of Cooperation Estimate . November 2019 . > 63 PfRR aims to harmonize different partners ’ activities to collectively “ reduce needs , risks , and vulnerabilities ” . It focuses on ( a ) rebuilding trust in people and institutions , ( b ) re-establishing access to basic services , ( c ) restoring productive capacities , and ( d ) nurturing effective partnership . Initial focus areas include Yambio , Torit , Aweil , Wau , Rumbek , Bor , and Yei . > 64 PfRR is a partnership that is open to all who are willing to subscribe to the six overarching commitments : ( a ) stop the trend of increasing vulnerability in South Sudan ; ( b ) work together across the humanitarian and development efforts to meet the basic needs and protect the coping strategies ; ( c ) improve coordination , collaboration , and strategic integration ; ( d ) advance comprehensive frameworks and partnerships in selected geographic areas ; ( e ) scale up delivery of integrated efforts in selected geographic areas ; and ( f ) enhance mutual accountability and learning . > 65 Partnership for Resilience and Recovery Framework . Page 26 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 420, "text": "UNOCHA Humanitarian Response Plan Monitoring Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 449, "end": 478, "text": "Heads of Cooperation Estimate", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT # # # # # # * * _Vulnerable groups who have the most difficulty accessing information in your view_ * * * * Refugees and asylum seekers in the north * * * * Displaced Yemeni and Host community members * * Those groups may face difficulty accessing information , possibly due to mobility issues , access to service points , and socio-cultural norms limiting their social interaction . - * * The main barriers faced by refugees , asylum seekers , displaced Yemenis , and host community members in accessing information are the lack of phones , electricity , and lack of internet . * * # # # # # # * * _Main obstacles accessing to information_ * * UNHCR / September 2020 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not influenced by information provided by women . We then study whether the campaign influenced candidate and party choice . We find that it did . Treated women are significantly more likely to vote for the second most voted for political party . Control women in treated clusters behaved again as if directly treated , confirming once more the importance of social interactions . Polling station data show as well that an increase of 10 percent in the share of treated women led to decrease in the share of female votes for the winning party of 6 percent . These results suggest that the campaign could have influenced the share of votes at the constituency level , had it been implemented at a larger scale . 4", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 401, "text": "Polling station data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "form of short-term jobs , subsistence support , salary maintenance or similar arrangements . 15 . See OD 4 . 20 , _Indigenous Peoples . _ 16 . See OP 4 . 04 , _Natural Habitats . _ 17 . As a general principle , this applies if the land taken constitutes less than 20 % of the total productive area . 18 . Paras . 13-15 do not apply to impacts covered under para . 3 ( b ) of this policy . The eligibility criteria for displaced persons under 3 ( b ) are covered under the process framework ( see paras . 7 and 30 ) . 19 . Such claims could be derived from adverse possession , from continued possession of public lands without government action for eviction ( that is , with the implicit leave of the government ) , or from customary and traditional law and usage , and so on . 20 . Resettlement assistance may consist of land , other assets , cash , employment , and so on , as appropriate . 21 . Normally , this cut-off date is the date the census begins . The cut-off date could also be the date the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated , and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delineation to prevent further population influx . 22 . For projects that are highly risky or contentious , or that involve significant and complex resettlement activities , the borrower should normally engage an advisory panel of independent , internationally recognized resettlement specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the resettlement activities . The size , role , and frequency of meeting – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 949, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1046, "end": 1052, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Identification of potential impacts , explaining why the selected land must be acquired for use within the timeframe of the project , - Identification of subproject affected population , - The scope and scale of land acquisition and impacts on structures and other fixed assets , - Any subproject-imposed restrictions on use of , or access to , land or natural resources , - Alternatives considered to avoid or minimize land acquisition impacts , - Definition of displaced HHs and criteria for determining their eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance , including relevant cut-off dates , - The methodology to be used in valuing losses to determine their full replacement cost and a description of the proposed types and levels of compensation for land , natural resources , and other assets under Ethiopian law and such supplementary measures as are necessary to achieve replacement cost for them , - Undertake and document stakeholders and community participation , required to attain active involvement of Subproject affected persons . Special focus shall be given in materializing the participation of vulnerable groups in the Subproject affected sites . - Census survey and baseline socioeconomic studies . The findings of a householdlevel census identifying and enumerating PAHs , and , with the involvement of PAHs , surveying land , structures , and other fixed assets to be affected by the respective Subproject Component / activity . The census survey also serves other essential functions . Such would include : - a ) Identifying characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labour , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population , etc . , - b ) Information on vulnerable HHHs for whom special provisions may have to be made , - c ) Identifying public or community infrastructure , property or services that may be affected , - d ) Providing a basis for the design of", "spans": [{"start": 1339, "end": 1352, "text": "Census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1408, "end": 1429, "text": "householdlevel census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1626, "end": 1639, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expenditure on water is greater than zero , and ( iii ) there is a specific provider for which we have tariff structure information . For households that pay a fixed rate per cubic meter , the monthly quantity of water consumed equals the total expenditure on water divided by the rate . For households facing unit prices that vary by quantity consumed ( such as increasing block or volume-differentiated tariffs ) , each block within the tariff structure is assigned a maximum expenditure level and associated quantity of water consumed . Then quantities are assigned to the household sample by matching self-reported household water expenditure with the corresponding level of the tariff structure . For the remainder of households , for which ( i ) the bill is a flat rate unrelated to water quantities consumed or ( ii ) self-reported expenditure on water equals zero , < sup > 11 < / sup > we assume consumption quantities at the median of those households in the same country for which we could assign quantities . For those households that report a positive expenditure on piped water but are located in areas where they cannot be mapped to a specific provider , we use a median unit price derived from households with data , and recover the quantity of water consumed . We then define _QP | T_ as the average quantity consumed by the poor , conditional on receiving a subsidy and being connected , and _QH | T_ as the analogous measure for the population as a whole . This variable is related to the subsidy design because the quantity of water consumed by subsidy recipients determines the total value of the subsidy each recipient will receive . # * * Average unit price of water paid among those connected ( UP ) * * We define this variable as the ratio of ( i ) water expenditure ( as self-reported in household surveys ) to ( ii ) assigned quantities , as described above . For a household with a water expenditure of zero , the unit price would also be zero . # * * Subsidy beneficiaries among those connected ( B ) , and targeting measures ( T ) * * We define variable _B_ as equal to", "spans": [{"start": 1814, "end": 1831, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the figures produced by MoPH and the TPMA . An action plan has been agreed upon between the World Bank and MoPH . - b . Under the new project , the proposed activities will be similar to those implemented under the COVID-19 component ( component 4 ) of the LHRP . The MoPH will benefit from the FM arrangements and lessons learned under LHRP to implement the new project . This includes putting in place , as early as possible , a dedicated PMU to speed up the implementation of the project activities ; the same PMU under LHRP will carry out the implementation of the proposed project , but additional staff ( stock management officer and environmental and social safeguards officer ) will be hired to carry out the additional work required . With the recent recruitment of a Financial Assistant to support the Financial Officer in performing the FM related activities , it is expected that FM reports and activities will be completed in a timely manner . The World Bank will continue to provide the PMU with training and hands-on support to implement the FM activities . Under this new operation , the MoPH will hire technical auditor ( s ) to verify the COVID-19 vaccination activities and COVID-19 hospitalization claims . To ensure adequate availability of funds in the project accounts , the MoPH will continue to ensure proper coordination with the Ministry of Finance ( MoF ) and CoA to ascertain that funds are cleared and transferred from the MoF Treasury Account to the project accounts swiftly and with minimal delays . Payments from the project accounts will be processed at the Sayrafa platform exchange rate for locally recruited third parties and in US $ for international goods and services . - c . The current Financial Officer and Financial Assistant working on the LHRP will be responsible for handling the FM aspects of the project under the supervision of the Project Director . The project funds will be disbursed in US $ and will be channeled through the MoF Treasury Account and will be transferred to the", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 41, "text": "figures produced by MoPH and the TPMA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a link between financial services and economic development < sup > 6 < / sup > . By transforming informal savings into savings in the formal financial sector , access to financial services helps increase aggregate savings and investments , thus stimulating economic growth . 6 . The costs of being unbanked are equally well documented < sup > 7 < / sup > . Financial exclusion is an obstacle to micro-economic development , as it significantly increases transaction and financial costs leading to substantial welfare and efficiency losses < sup > 8 < / sup > . Furthermore , lack of access to financial savings instruments leads to sub-optimal investment choices , as individuals are forced to resort to alternative forms of asset accumulation or income generation < sup > 9 < / sup > . By encouraging asset accumulation , access to financial services provides households with a financial safety net < sup > 10 < / sup > . In addition , access to banking services enhances the probability of credit access by , for example , establishing a credit record . 7 . Access to financial services can be good business , aligning private sector interests with the social aspect of access to basic financial services as a public good . The financial self-sufficiency of many microfinance institutions or the experience of community banks in the US demonstrate that working with low income clients can be profitable . In Colombia , recent initiatives such as the launch of BanColombia ’ s microfinance program reflects the growing interest of commercial banks in doing business with the poor ( see Box 1 ) . 8 . This report explores the issue of financial access in Colombia in four steps . Chapter 1 provides an overview of Colombia ’ s financial sector and some basic access indicators . Chapter 2 focuses on three areas of constraints on the supply of financial services in Colombia . Chapter 3 presents key results from a demand side survey and Chapter 4 concludes with initial recommendations on potential policy measures and areas for further work . > 6 Rostow , 1960 , 1962 . > 7 Dunham , 2001 ; Caskey , 1997 ; and Stegman 1999 ; Carr and Scheutz , 2001 ; Skricki and Fernández", "spans": [{"start": 1915, "end": 1933, "text": "demand side survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Fiduciary Systems | Client | Recurrent | Yearly | Agencies based on the developed < br > tracking system | | Undertake | | | | | | | assessment study < br > and develop < br > coding and < br > categorization | | | | | Developed and implemented the | | system of < br > procurable items | Fiduciary Systems | Client | Recurrent | Yearly | coding and categorization system < br > of procurable items | | Gender based < br > | | | | | | | violence strategy < br > for the health < br > sector is prepared < br > and implemented < br > and analysis of | | | | | | | gender | | | | | | | disaggregated < br > HMIS data is < br > | | | | | Developed health sector Gender < br > Based Violence strategy and | | conducted | | | | | disclosed gender analysis from | | | Technical | Client | Recurrent | Yearly | < br > HMIS . | Page 25 of 28", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 616, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 1 | 4 . 7 | | | | Parts of apparatus of division 76 - - - | 7649 | 22235 | 0 . 4 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | | Kraft paper and paperboard , in rolls or sheets | 6413 | 22040 | 0 . 4 | 6 . 2 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | | | _N Source_ : Calculated using UN COMTRADE Database _Notes_ : A value of 0 . 0 represents less than US $ 100 in exports ; blanks represent zero exports . 34", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 274, "text": "UN COMTRADE Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SEA / SH Action Plan . ; vi . The Project E & S Officers at NPCU , CPCUs and GBV / SEA Advisor will ensure that personal information of a survivor is protected . No identifiable information on the survivor will be stored in the GRM and all information must be kept confidentially and to the extent possible anonymized . The GRM will not require disclosure of , or record , information on aspects of the SEA-SH incident other than ( a ) the demographic data , such as age and gender ; ( b ) the nature of the complaint ( what the complainant says in her / his own words without direct questioning ) ; ( c ) if , to the best of the complainant ’ s knowledge , the alleged perpetrator was associated with the project ; and ( d ) whether they received or were offered referral to specialized GBV / SEA-SH services . Where mandatory reporting 72", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resulting in omitted variable bias . Controlling for ideology and as many controls as possible reduces a part of this bias . # * * 5 . 1 Explaining perceptions of ( in ) equality * * We start with regressing equation ( 3 ) in which equality perception is regressed against a set of individual variables that aim at proxying individuals ’ perception of objective inequality and ideology as well as individual characteristics . The analysis is based on individual data and therefore exploits individual variation within a country , while clustering standard errors at the country level to account for clustered data . Using the perceived Gini index as the dependent variable , Table 2a shows the importance of the economic context , and not only of the objective Gini index , in explaining individuals ’ perceptions about inequality . The same analysis using the categorical version of the variable representing perceptions is presented in Appendix Table A . 3 . The four columns of Table 2a present different specifications all of which include the four main macroeconomic variables at the country level : the unemployment rate , the poverty headcount rate , the Gini index of income inequality , and the government expenditures in education . The sign of the correlations is as expected , and the coefficients are precisely estimated . The higher the unemployment rate , the Gini index , and the poverty rate , the more unequal society is perceived . This is not surprising given the cross-country correlations found before . This might mean that the Gini index is more difficult to ‘ observe ’ , while poverty and unemployment , also correlated with the actual Gini index , are easier to understand and directly observe or experience . The fact that a fairly abstract measure such as the Gini index is correlated with equality perceptions may reflect that such index does indeed capture income inequality that can be perceived by individuals . We also introduce government expenditures in education , as in contrast with social expenditures these are not mechanically correlated with current inequality , but rather with future income inequalities to the extent that education expenditures might increase equal opportunities . The coefficient for government expenditures in education has the expected sign : more government", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 466, "text": "individual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "g ) Generating progress and monitoring reports . 48 . * * Under this project , two types of monitoring are envisaged : * * ( i ) monitoring the project performance with regard to day-to-day progress of project activities ( including targets and intermediate results ) as per the implementation plan ; and ( ii ) evaluating the project with regard to achievement of the overall development objective . # _Monitoring_ 49 . Monitoring will be a continuous function carried out by MoPH / PMU with support from the MoPH HIS team . Specifically , it will comprise of two aspects as follows : - a ) * * Establishing a monitoring system ( * * * * _as part of health information system_ ) which will include : * * ( i ) annual work plans , targets , outputs , indicators , and outcomes for each component ; ( ii ) baseline data , if available , for each outcome indicator ; and ( iii ) user friendly data entry format and built in methodology that will automatically update the targets , outputs , and signal the achievement gap to alert the implementing agencies . The focus will be on systematic data collection on specified indicators and related deliverables to provide management and the main stakeholders the extent of progress and achievement of results and progress in the use of allocated funds . The data will be collected and reconciled with the PHCCs databases with specific focus on beneficiary enrollment and packaged delivered . This will enable management decisions to be made based on an assessment of whether the program is moving towards its objectives . A periodic financial audit will be conducted which will also help to identify and mitigate any potential sign of fraud and governance issues . The program monitoring system will rely on regular and accurate data collection and analysis to identify the timely implementation of activities , the achievement of intended results , and positive and negative unintended effects . - i . * * HIS * * will form the basis for a well-functioning monitoring system and will comprise : ( i ) design of a program database", "spans": [{"start": 1348, "end": 1363, "text": "PHCCs databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| If avoiding the significant conversion of natural < br > habitats is not technically feasible , include < br > measures to mitigate or offset the adverse impacts < br > of the PforR Program activities . | i . < br > If Program activities may cause conversion or degradation of non-critical natural habitats , do < br > Environmental Impact Assessment procedures include considerations of measures to avoid or < br > minimize the severity of impacts ( for example , through the systematic consideration of viable < br > alternatives ) ? < br > ii . < br > Do plans require appropriate conservation offset measure to be in place , including measures to < br > maintain ecological services ? | | - - - | - - - | | Take into account potential adverse effects on < br > physical cultural property and provide adequate < br > measures to avoid , minimize or mitigate such < br > effects . | i . < br > Does the screening review involve careful attention to avoiding impacts on resources of < br > archaeological , paleontological , historical , architectural , religious , aesthetic , or other cultural < br > significance ? < br > ii . < br > Is the mitigation hierarchy principle applied in the management of potential adverse impacts on the < br > physical cultural property ? < br > iii . < br > Are management measures in place to avoid , minimize or mitigate such effects ? < br > iv . < br > Do procedures require the use of authoritative source materials or field-based surveys to identify < br > existing physical cultural resources before works commence ? < br > v . < br > Do borrower systems include “ chance find ” procedures to take effect whenever Program activities < br > result in the discoveryof , or disturbance to , physical cultural resources ? | Core Principle 3 : Program E & S management systems are designed to protect public and worker safety against the potential risks associated with the construction and / or operation of facilities or other", "spans": [{"start": 1462, "end": 1481, "text": "field-based surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- NC-RFQ / Printing of < br > 180 immunization tally < br > sheets , 180 MOH 710registers , 180 child welfareregister , 100 maternityregister , 180 MOH 711 IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-24 2019-01-19 2019-05-19 < br > Register , 180 ANC register < br > for all dispensaries and < br > health centres < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 117, "text": "child welfareregister", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 124, "end": 141, "text": "maternityregister", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 314, "end": 326, "text": "ANC register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Grievance information will be recorded in a grievance log . This information will include : - PAPs or other stakeholder name and contact details ; - Details of the nature of the grievance ; - Date received , responded to and closed out ; - How it was submitted , acknowledged , responded to and closed out . - _Referral and examination of complaints : _ a GRM Committee shall be established at each PRIME-1 subproject implementation site / Kebele ( comprising of members as presented See Section 13 . 5 below ) ( 3-5 days from receipt of the grievance ) who will examine the complaint , resolve , or refer . - _Notifying the complainant : _ the decision / solution / action by the grievance committee shall be communicated to the complainant , 8-15 days from receipt of the grievance ) . - _Closing the complaint_ : where the decision / solution of the complaint is accepted by the complainant , or the complaint is not related to the Subproject or any of its components , or the complaint is being heard by the judiciary , the complaint will be closed following the appropriate procedure as set out in Figure 13 . 1 below . A schematic process for dealing with grievances is presented in Figure 13 . 1 . The PO ’ s CLO / LRO will establish and maintain a system for the following : - Receiving and recording complaints and concerns regarding land acquisition and livelihoods restoration ; - Allocating the complaint / grievance to the appropriate persons and process for investigation ; Official Use Only Page 166", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 59, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Clemens and Hunt ( 2017 ) , carrying out a Kronmal correction on the instrument used by Borjas and Monras ( 2017 ) , find a statistically insignificant effect on unemployment . # Refugees in Denmark Foged and Peri ( 2015 ) studied the inflow of refugees from conflict areas to Denmark between 1991 and 2008 accounting for up to 4 . 7 percent of the labor force in 2008 . The paper exploits labor market administrative data following individuals continuously over time in a panel setting and a refugee dispersal policy that allocated refugees across the country between 1986 and 1998 . Using OLS and 2SLS models , the paper finds that immigration increases the complexity and wages of jobs for the low-skilled natives . An increase in refugee-country immigrants by 1 percentage point increases the complexity of native jobs between 1 . 3 and 3 . 1 percent and wages by 1-1 . 8 percent . The authors interpret these results as immigrants pushing natives to more complex and better paid occupations either within the same establishments or by migrating to other establishments . They also find that total labor supply of natives either increases or is stable . These effects are not very large when compared to the overall changes of these parameters over the period considered but they show complementarities rather than competition between immigrants and natives . Similar effects are observed for high-skilled natives . In this case , the effects are smaller in terms of occupational complexity but larger for wages . These results are also supported by the DD cohortmunicipality model proposed by the same authors . Those cohorts living in municipalities with higher immigration experience a larger shift towards more complex occupations and better wages with these effects persisting in the short and long-run . Young and low-tenure , low-skilled natives are also shown to respond to immigration with stronger transitions towards higher occupational complexity and better wages with no negative effect on employment supply . # Refugees in the United States Similar to Foged and Peri ( 2015 ) , Mayda et al . ( 2017 ) look at the long-term labor-market impacts of refugee inflows and exploit a refugee placement policy in the country of destination . They study the impact of resettled refugees", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 422, "text": "labor market administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "242 ) | ( 0 . 274 ) | ( 0 . 205 ) | ( 0 . 223 ) | ( 0 . 383 ) | ( 0 . 309 ) | | N | 322 | 322 | 322 | 322 | 322 | 322 | | R-sq | 0 . 517 | 0 . 541 | 0 . 492 | 0 . 508 | 0 . 367 | 0 . 458 | | adj . R-sq | 0 . 481 | 0 . 508 | 0 . 466 | 0 . 482 | 0 . 336 | 0 . 431 | | Sector fixed effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | | Province fixed effects | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Notes : Standard errors in parentheses . + p < . 1 + + p < . 05 + + + p < . 01 . Source : Sri Lanka Census of Industry , 2004 . WBES . 37", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 482, "text": "Sri Lanka Census of Industry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Economic Integration , Industrial Structure , and Catch-up Growth : Firm-Level Evidence from Poland < sup > _ ∗ † _ < / sup > Paulo Bastos < sup > _ ‡ _ < / sup > Stefania Lovo < sup > _ § _ < / sup > Gonzalo Varela < sup > _ ¶ _ < / sup > Jan Hagemejer < sup > _ ∥ _ < / sup > - _Keywords : _ Economic integration , industrial structure , foreign direct investment , catch-up growth , firm performance . _JEL Classification_ : F11 ; F14 ; F15 ; F23 ; F63 ; L25 ; O47 > _ ∗ _ We thank several anonymous referees for very helpful comments . We are also grateful to participants at various conferences and seminars for helpful comments and suggestions . Research for this paper was supported in part by the World Bank ’ s Multidonor Trust Fund for Trade and Development and through the Strategic Research Program on Economic Development . The views expressed herein are those of the authors only and not those of the World Bank . Bastos is also affiliated with the CEPR and REM . We remain responsible for any errors . > _ † _ Data Availability Statement . The data that support the findings of this study are available from the from the Central Statistical Office of Poland and the Orbis database of Bureau Van Dijk . Restrictions apply to the availability of these data , which were used under license for this study . The data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland are confidential , but are available to other researchers . The data from Bureau Van Dijk require a subscription . We stand ready to provide interested researchers with the necessary information on how to obtain the data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland and Bureau Van Dijk ; as well as the programs , and details for the computations necessary for replication . > _ ‡ _ Development Research Group , World Bank . E-mail : pbastos @ worldbank . org > _ § _ Department of Economics , University of Reading . E-mail : s . lovo @ reading . ac . uk > _ ¶ _ World Bank . E-mail", "spans": [{"start": 1183, "end": 1197, "text": "Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1325, "end": 1375, "text": "data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1440, "end": 1465, "text": "data from Bureau Van Dijk", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Estonia | 0 . 47 | 0 . 64 | 0 . 17 | | Slovenia | 0 . 47 | 0 . 58 | 0 . 11 | | Armenia | 0 . 26 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 11 | Source : Authors ‘ calculations based on Maddison data . 10", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 204, "text": "Maddison data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Malaysia . Fisman ( 2001 ) uses a ‘ Suharto Dependency Index ’ in Indonesia . Rijkers et al . ( 2017 ) leverage a data set connecting firms to the holdings of the Ben Ali family in Tunisia . Likewise such connections can be extended to school networks , as well as close advisors and friends ( see , for example , Bertrand et al . ( 2018 ) ’ s analysis in France ) . Kubinec et al . ( 2021 ) employ both self-reported political connections on a 1 to 10 scale and a measure of aggregated relationships between firms and the state ; they find that the self-reported scale tends to be more theoretically valid than the aggregated observed measure . The specificity of connections across several disparate economies , in turn , presents a challenge . The nature of connections in one economy may very well not translate to another . Take the role of the military , which may evoke a wide range of the meanings of political connections depending on the context of a specific place . Our need for a measure with plausible , directional consistency toward political influence , gives us a reason to favor a direct measure of connections that is widely applicable . For this , we define political connections using the measure from the survey : _Has the owner , CEO , top manager , or any of the board members of this firm ever been elected or appointed to a political position in this country ? _ We note that this measure is not necessarily ideal in the sense that it is not fully comprehensive . Previous > 18Firm size is determined by the total number of workers and excludes firms with fewer than 5 workers . The size categories are small ( 5 – 19 workers ) , medium ( 20 – 99 ) , and large ( 100 + ) . > 19The surveys ’ population of inference excludes certain ownership structures , such as non-profits or 100 percent government-owned establishments . For more details on the survey methodology , refer to the Data Appendix or see ` https : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / en / methodology ` . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure A1 : Event study : lagged , contemporaneous and lead effects of household worker sickness ( daily data ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Event study : daily data < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Effect on men Additional effect on women < br > - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 - 4 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 < br > day relative to health shock day relative to health shock < br > . 2 . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > - . 2 - . 2 < br > - . 4 - . 4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Graph on left shows coefficient from the Other Worker Ill variable . Graph on right shows the interation term Other Worker Ill X Female .", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 182, "text": "daily data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The concept of a project design involves Bank staff assessment of the technical and economic viability of the project . For example , Bank staff engineers examine the technical specifications and project economists assess the economic impact – in conjunction with government staff . The first developing country loan proposed to the World Bank underwent substantial revisions following the staff ‘ s evaluation . < sup > 65 < / sup > The impact of project evaluation and project supervision is inherently difficult to measure . A recent study uses a database of World Bank financed projects to disentangle the impact of the country policy and institutional environment from project specific factors affecting the success of these projects . < sup > 66 < / sup > The authors find that country-level \" macro \" measures of the quality of policies and institutions are very strongly correlated with project outcomes , confirming a common result from past research on aid effectiveness . At the project level , they find that the success of individual development projects varies much more within countries than it does between countries . Data were collated to identify the project-level \" micro \" correlates of project outcomes , and the authors conclude that project size , as well as supervision efforts significantly > 65 See Kapur , Lewis and Webb ( 1997 ) , page 82 . There were also some controversial issues surrounding arrears clearance to lenders prior to project approval . > 66 See Denizer et al ( 2011 ) . 42", "spans": [{"start": 550, "end": 590, "text": "database of World Bank financed projects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | closure < br >  < br > Water < br > containing < br > such < br > pollutants < br > as < br > cements , < br > concrete , lime , chemicals < br > and < br > fuels < br > shall < br > be < br > discharged < br > into < br > a < br > conservancy < br > tank < br > for < br > removal from site where < br > applicable < br > ", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 11 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * # * * BOX 1 : TARGETING APPROACH * * Based on the WFP Essential Needs Analysis ( ENA ) framework , refugee households surveyed in the first JPDM in December 2020 were grouped into three vulnerability categories ( highly vulnerable , moderately vulnerable and least vulnerable ) for the purpose of determining eligibility for targeted food assistance . A profiling exercise was then conducted to identify eligibility criteria that – either individually or in combination - enabled the classification of all camp-based refugee households registered in UNHCR ´ s ProGres database . The table below summarizes the sociodemographic criteria based on statistical testing which yields the optimal inclusion-exclusion error combination . Protection criteria were added to ensure the approach is protection - sensitive and inclusive of people with specific protection needs , based on field experience and related protection expertise . # # # ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA # # # # # SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC - Households that have • Household head with no a high number of education dependents ( dependency • Household with 8 or more - ratio > = 2 ) - Household with 8 or more members - Single headed household • Household with 2 or more - with children below 5 female children aged 0-17 - years years # # # # # PROTECTION - Household with 1 or more disabled or chronically sick members - Household with member at risk based on UNHCR classification ( e . g . unaccompanied minor , older persons living alone etc . ) - Single female headed household Food assistance packages were provided based on the level of household vulnerability as indicated below : Eligibility Groups : # # # # # # * * Highly vulnerable – Full ration * * # # # # # # * * Moderately vulnerable – Half ration * * # # # # # # * * Least vulnerable – No assistance * * Details on the targeting strategy can be found at this link : < u > RWD_targeting-2-pager .", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 199, "text": "JPDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 615, "end": 631, "text": "ProGres database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* - * * United States Agency for International Development # # # COUNTRY * * EXCHANGE * * RATES Name of Currency Ethiopian Birr ( Br ) | ar : | Exchange | Rate : | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | AppraisalYear Average * * ( 1972 ) * * | * * US $ 1 * * < br > * * = * * | < br > * * 2 . 30 * * | | InterveningYearAverage | * * US $ 1 * * < br > * * = * * | < br > * * 2 . 07 * * | | CompletionYear Average * * ( 1979 ) * * | * * US $ 1 * * < br > * * = * * | < br > * * 2 . 07 * * | Year :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * Construction * * < br > * * materials , * * | < br > Soil Erosion < br > Rising of dust < br > Increased acute < br > respiratory < br > illnesses < br > Poor visibility for < br > road users < br > Blocking < br > of < br > available < br > drainages | Disc < br >  Stabilize < br > disturbed < br > soils with grass and other < br > vegetative matter ; < br >  Avoid activities that can lead < br > to < br > soils erosion during the rainy < br > season ; < br >  Install < br > adequate < br > drainage structures ; < br >  Backfill trenched areas ; < br >  Stabilize drainage channels with < br > concreted or grass . | < br > < br >  % area of Land < br > disturbed < br > during < br > Construction < br > stabilized with grass < br > or vegetative cover ; < br >  Adequate drainage in < br > place as provided for < br > in < br > design < br > and < br > stabilized accordingly ; < br >  % < br > areas < br > of < br > land < br > Landscaped < br > upon < br > Completion < br > of < br > construction works | < br >  Site < br > inspection , < br > Project < br > records of area < br > stabilized | < br > Contractor < br > SEC , < br > Host < br > community < br > CPCT | Daily | Under the < br > works < br > contract | 158", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1113, "text": "records of area", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Transportation analysis is among the most promising applications for CDR models . Social and economic characteristics are only implicitly recorded in the CDR data , and thus strong assumptions and complex modeling are required to infer them . Spatial behavior , on the other hand , is explicitly recorded by the locations of cellular antennae . For this reason , purely spatial analysis tends to be simpler and more robust than other forms of CDR analysis . < sup > 21 < / sup > Because of the relative simplicity of the analysis , some MNOs and third-party consultants are beginning to offer standard transportation data products to local and national governments . # # * * _Disaster Preparedness and Response_ * * Large population movements often occur in the wake of natural disasters , and these movements can render pre-disaster surveys and censuses obsolete . In order to provide humanitarian assistance and restore basic services in disaster-affected areas , governments and organizations require revised population data that can be collected swiftly and at a modest cost . This was the case in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake , which prompted several researchers to examine the potential of CDR data to quickly produce high-frequency tracking information on short-term population displacement . This method was found to correspond closely with other estimates of population mobility . Moreover , it was found that that detailed historical data on predisaster population mobility could be used to predict residents ’ responses to the earthquake , allowing agencies to better prepare for future disasters . < sup > 22 < / sup > Similar techniques have since been applied successfully during and after other natural disasters . < sup > 23 < / sup > # * * Conclusion * * The dramatic expansion of mobile phone use in developing countries in recent years has yielded a rich and largely untapped source of information about the characteristics of communities and regions . CDR-based research methods have the potential to provide detailed and reliable estimates of poverty rates in real time and at a far lower cost than traditional surveys . These methods have especially promising applications in developing countries such as Guatemala , which suffer from high rates of poverty and inequality , and where limited fiscal and budgetary", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 162, "text": "CDR data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cities in the sample , providing a consistent mid-day activity benchmark for comparing CO2 concentration anomalies . < sup > 3 < / sup > OCO-2 has an observation repeat time of 16 days . We have downloaded georeferenced measures of XCO2 ( the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of CO2 ) . We filter the XCO2 data for local concentration anomalies , or differences between observed and background CO2 at each point . We calculate background CO2 using the methodology of Hakkarainen et al . ( 2019 ) , which incorporates both temporal and geographic elements . As Hakkarainen notes , the available data are insufficient for estimating daily medians at resolutions higher than 10 degrees of latitude . We compute the daily median XCO2 for each 10-degree latitude band and linearly interpolate the result to each OCO-2 observation with 1-degree resolution . Following Hakkarainen , we use the median as the representative value because it is not skewed by extreme observations . We subtract this background value to compute the local anomaly for each observation . Then we compute monthly mean values of concentration anomalies for the 25-km grid cells in our database . We use georeferenced facility-level global databases to obtain capacity measures and technology specifications for power plants ( Byers et al . 2021 ) , steel mills ( GEM 2021 ) , cement plants ( McCaffrey et al . 2021 ) , and oil refineries ( Auch 2017 ) . We convert capacity measures to annual CO2 emissions using standard emissions factors for power production by fuel source ( USEIA 2021 ) , steel mills ( World Steel Association 2021 ) , cement ( IEA 2020 ) , and refineries ( Jing et al . 2020 ) . Van der Werf et al . ( 2017 ) provide monthly estimates of carbon emissions from agricultural and forest burning at 25 km resolution . Mistry ( 2019 ) has provided global estimates of monthly heating and cooling degree days at 25 km resolution . < sup > 4 < / sup > We compute population at 25 km resolution by aggregating data from CIESIN ( 2021 ) at 5 km resolution . Monthly estimates are interpolated from data provided for 2010 , 2015 , and 2020 . We use two", "spans": [{"start": 1177, "end": 1222, "text": "georeferenced facility-level global databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1998, "end": 2014, "text": "data from CIESIN", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is the soil moisture index . Other variables included and not shown are education of household head , gender of household head , whether the household location is remote , agroecological zone indicators , whether the household was surveyed during the lean season , survey year , country , country x survey year , and administrative fixed effects for district . Robust t-statistics are shown in parenthesis . Significance level : * = 10 percent , * * = 5 percent , * * * = 1 percent . # 4 . 3 . Exploring food and nonfood consumption impacts separately Four of the nine countries ( Ethiopia , Malawi , Mozambique , and Niger ) had separate aggregates of food and nonfood consumption in the data sets available for analysis . We conducted the same analysis separately on food and nonfood consumption for these countries to assess whether the main impact was on food consumption or whether households protected food consumption by reducing nonfood consumption ; the latter result is found , for example , in Kochhar and Knippenberg ( 2023 ) using a similar method . Tables 4 . 7 and 4 . 8 present results for the maize and highland livelihood zones respectively . Results are shown using just the soil moisture variable . For both livelihood zones , the impacts of the hazard variables on food consumption are larger than impacts on nonfood consumption . Nonfood consumption is impacted only among landed households . Further work with data from additional countries would be informative in understanding whether this pattern holds . 25", "spans": [{"start": 1433, "end": 1463, "text": "data from additional countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure 7 # # Panel A < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Labor Productivity : Current and Potential Frontier < br > Sri Lanka Industrial Clusters , 2003 < br > Bars represent province-sector-size clusters < br > Performance Frontier - Multiplicative Performance Frontier - Additive < br > Trend - Reported Value Trend - Primary Frontier < br > Mean Output per Worker < br > Data source : Sri Lanka Census of Industry 2004 . World Bank Enterprise Surveys . < br > Graphic shows current ( reported ) metric and estimated frontier given relaxation of parametric constraints . Y-axis in logs . < br > 15 < br > 12 < br > 10 < br > logLP_mean7 < br > 5 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # Panel B < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Value Added per Worker : Current and Potential Frontier < br > Sri Lanka Industrial Clusters , 2003 < br > Bars represent province-sector-size clusters < br > Performance Frontier - Multiplicative Performance Frontier - Additive < br > Trend - Reported Value Trend - Primary Frontier < br > Value Added per Worker < br > Data source : Sri Lanka Census of Industry 2004 . World Bank Enterprise Surveys . < br > Graphic shows current ( reported ) metric and estimated frontier given relaxation of parametric constraints . Y-axis in logs . < br > 15 < br > 12 < br > 10 < br > 7 < br > logVA_perEmp < br > 5 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 423, "text": "Sri Lanka Census of Industry 2004", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 426, "end": 455, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Among the training recipients , the difference between males and females receiving trainings is small : 39 % female participants reported receipt of vocational training compared to 35 % of men . The difference is between male and female receiving microfinance , sales and livestock services trainings is negligible . However , men are more likely to have received agricultural training compared to females . # # 4 . 2 < mark > Livelihoods and income sources < / mark > According to the household survey , the refugee population is significantly dependent on selling crops ( 22 % ) including cereals as their second main income source , after casual labour . Being an agricultural community , their reliance on crop sales is normal . However , due to seasonal lows in agricultural production , they have to depend on other income sources to supplement agriculture . Some of these alternative sources of income are also seasonal though . About 37 % refugee households depend on at least three sources of income for the whole year ; some 34 % on at least two income sources ; and 27 % reported dependence on one income source . _Figure 6 : Livelihoods dependency on multiple income sources_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > HH depending on multiple income source < br > 40 < br > 35 36 . 9 < br > 34 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 26 . 5 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 2 . 7 < br > 0 < br > All 3 Only 2 Only 1 No Source < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Due to restrictions to move outside the camp in some cases , to search for diversified income opportunities including casual work , refugees tend to depend a lot on host communities for support . Qualitative assessments revealed that the labour market is highly controlled by the host community , including in the fixing of labour wages . Although the relationship between host and refugees is generally peaceful , some tensions around", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 502, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 5 . 5 % | 5 . 6 % | | TotalspendinginUS $ percapita | 4 . 1 | 5 . 6 | 7 . 1 | | Public spending as a share ofGDP | 1 . 7 % | 2 . 7 % | 2 . 8 % | | Public spendinginUS $ percapita | 1 . 7 | 2 . 8 | 3 . 5 | | Private spending as a share ofGDP | 2 . 4 % | 2 . 8 % | 2 . 8 % | | Private spendinginUS $ percapita | 2 . 4 | 2 . 8 | 3 . 6 | Source : FMOH , NHAs 11 . At US $ 7 . 1 in 2004-2005 , per capita health expenditures represent about 5 . 6 % of GDP . Public spending , both from domestic and external sources , is about equal to private spending , a large share of which is private consumption through out-of-pocket spending . In the last five years , both public spending and private spending have been stalling as a percentage of GDP ( at about 2 . 8 % ) . 12 . Ethiopia is still among the lowest spenders on health in the world . Per capita total health spending is also significantly lower than the SSA average of US $ 42 . Spending on health in Ethiopia has been dramatically lower than in Uganda ( US $ 18 ) , Kenya ( US $ 31 ) and even Tanzania ( US $ 8 ) . The recent increase over the last few years has only slightly narrowed the gap . The low level of spending mainly reflects a very low resource base or GDP per capita . The achieved rate of growth in per capita health expenditure ( average annual growth of 10 . 6 % over the last five years ) is significant and encouraging , However , with this rate of growth in the next 10 years , the per capita expenditure would only be US $ 19 . 44 by 2015 , which is much lower than the US $ 34 recommended", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 356, "text": "NHAs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "trade effects through ad-valorem equivalents , feeding them into computable general equilibrium models , and hoping to cut them down through inter-governmental negotiations . However , little progress has been achieved so far . While political-economy factors may well have contributed to the lack of progress , this paper argues that trade-based approaches may also be going down the wrong alley . Our results suggest that NTMs should be viewed as a competition-policy issue as much as a trade one . They are not mere surrogates to tariffs , contrary to what a large part of the literature typically assumes , and they may affect market structure in terms of large vs . small firms more than home vs . foreign . < sup > 7 < / sup > Considering them through this perspective would help shift the policy perspective away from doomed trade negotiations to more constructive approaches emphasizing cooperation between regulatory and antitrust agencies ( within and between countries ) in the design of regulations . Our results also suggest that trade policy is an important element to consider when trying to understand the transmission of shocks across countries through prices . In the last section of the paper , we indeed show that our results also hold at the product - and country levels , i . e . that tariffs and NTMs affect aggregate pass-through . By impacting overall competition , market structure and markups , trade policy is also likely to have important effects on aggregate welfare ( Edmond _et al . _ , 2018 ) . Our work relates to various strands of the literature . Our paper is close to a number of papers that examine the role of trade policy and trade reforms on market power and pricing behavior . For instance , looking at the U . S . steel industry and using plant-level census data , Blonigen _et al . _ > 7See e . g . Feenstra ( 1984 ) , Leamer ( 1990 ) , Anderson and Neary ( 1994 ) , Kee _et al . _ ( 2009 ) , Carrere and de Melo ( 2011 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1783, "end": 1806, "text": "plant-level census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > HouseholdBudgetSurveys . | | - - - | - - - | | MryMcdoal < br > G . o . < br > * * Mr MacdonaldG . 0 . * * < br > * * Obudho * * < br > * * Dir . , Population & * * < br > * * SocialStatistics * * | MacdonaldGeorgeObudhohasworkedinKenyaNational < br > BureauofStatisticssince * * 1995 * * todate . HeholdsaBachelor < br > ofSciencedegreeinMathematicsandComputerScience < br > ( Secondclasshonours * * - * * UpperDivision ) fromJomoKenyatta < br > UniversityofAgricultureandTechnologyandaMasterof < br > SciencedegreeinStatisticsfromthesameuniversity . Hehas < br > vastexperienceinconducting populationand housing < br > census , designingandcarryingoutsample surveysand < br > compilationofofficial statistics . From < br > the < br > statistical < br > background , < br > hehasexperienceincartographic < sup > work , < / sup > < br > designingdifferenttypesofstatisticalhouseholdsampling < br > framesand maintenanceofthesame . Hehasbeenin < br > management < br > for < br > * * 13 * * < br > years < br > that < br > brings < br > about < br > both < br > administrativeandtechnicalexperience . < br > Hehascoordinatedthewritingof verymanyreportslike < br > censusmonographs , demographicandhealthsurveysand < br > MultipleCluster Surveys . Hehasanumberofcertificates < br > underhisnamethatarisefromshortcourses , workshops < br > andseminarsattendedbothlocallyandinternationally . Some < br > ofthemareoncensuses , postcensusenumerationsurvey", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 29, "text": "HouseholdBudgetSurveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1189, "end": 1219, "text": "demographicandhealthsurveysand", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1227, "end": 1250, "text": "MultipleCluster Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1429, "end": 1456, "text": "postcensusenumerationsurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 29 - multipliers occurs because while large farmers are more dependent on purchased inputs ( as reflected in their lower value added to gross output ratios ) and hence have potentially stronger links to the nonfarm economy , the potential does not materialize because many of those inputs are produced in urban areas or overseas . But this result assumes identical consumption patterns among small farmers and estateholders . If estate families are found to have more urbanized expenditure patterns - - and unfortunately consumption data are simply unavailable indicating whether or not this is so - - the estate-dominated regions would generate regional growth multipliers of only about 1 . 31 , substantially below those of smallholders . Finally , the model has been used to separate out the contribution of consumption and production linkages in overall regional multipliers ( Haggblade , Hazell and Brown , 1987 ) . Under conditions prevailing in SubSaharan Africa , that work indicates that consumption linkages account for about 80 percent of total agricultural growth multipliers . In Asia , on the other hand , the relative importance of consumption linkages appears much smaller . 1 ' a the Muda region of Malaysia , consumption linkages account for about 60 percent of the total multiplier , while in North Arcot the consumption share drops to 50 percent ( Bell , Hazell and Slade 1982 ; Hazell , Ramasamy and Rajagopalan , forthcoming ) . This does not arise because the consumption linkages are more powerful in Africa than in Asia ; the marginal budget share for nontradables is smaller in Africa . Rather , the different relative importance of consumption and production in overall growth multipliers reflects the much weaker inter-industry linkages in Africa . The weak African production linkages likely stem , as discussed earlier , from the much lower level of mechanical input use in Africa along with the absence of important construction and maintenance associated with Asian irrigated agriculture . Reiterating inferences drawn from the Togo and Sierra Leone direct multiplier estimates above , the modeling efforts", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 539, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "followed by Portugal ( 9 . 7 / 12 . 1 % ) and Spain ( over 9 % ) , but _the deteriorations_ in Ireland and Spain were dramatic , the current account deficit worsening by over 100 % . In Ireland , a 2003 surplus changed to a 6 % deficit . < sup > 11 < / sup > Increases in domestic demand , accompanied by rising wages and prices and consequent real effective exchange rate appreciation ( Figure 5b ) was associated with rising external imbalances . * * Figure 6 : External debt to GDP ( % ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 400 1200 < br > 350 < br > 1000 < br > 300 < br > 800 < br > 250 < br > 200 600 < br > 150 < br > 400 < br > 100 < br > 200 < br > 50 < br > 0 0 < br > 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 < br > Greece Portugal Spain Ireland < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Values for Ireland are on the right axis . Source : The World Bank , Quarterly External Debt Statistics and World Development Indicators ( for GDP data ) . High private or public borrowing led to large increases in external debt ( Figure 6 ) ; in Greece and Spain the gross external debt / GDP ratios rose by 50 % , to reach about 150 % of GDP in 2007 . Portugal , 10 Transfers dropped from 6 . 5 % of GDP in 1995 to 1 . 5 % in 2008 in Portugal representing a secular trend ; as Portugal became richer , remittances and transfers dropped ( Felke and Eide , ( 2014 ) . > 11 Net interest income / workers remittances and current transfers were important ‐ the net outflow was large enough to turn the positive trade balance into a current account deficit . 7", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 899, "text": "Quarterly External Debt Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 904, "end": 932, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 939, "end": 947, "text": "GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Trend of HH Annual Cash Income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 , 0 < br > 40 0 < br > L . 0 < br > Hetos < br > Ars < br > DkUs Hetos Sud , Al < br > Robe a < br > a < br > F Decreased 3 7 18 . 3 2i . 7 183 20 . 0 23 . 7 < br > * Increased 40 . 0 48 . 3 533 65 . 0 633 52 . 6 < br > The Same Amouit 28 . 3 33 . 3 20 . 0 16 7 16 . 7 23 7 < br > Decreased 1 Increased The Same Amount < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Annual expenditures of the surveyed households on various commodities were also assessed in this household survey and according to the result of the survey a total of ETB * * 38 , 171 , 738 , * * spent * * by 270 * * households to cover various expenditure items of their households in the past 12 months preceding the survey . That means the survey households spent about ETB * * 141 , 376 * * birr per annum on average to cover their annual household expenditure . The highest average annual expenditure is reported among surveyed households in Ars-Robe woreda with * * ETB 151 , 229 , * * while the lowest average annual expenditure of ETB * * 125 , 961 * * is recorded among households in Sude woreda . In terms of the total household expenditure as one expected , food takes the largest share of household ' s expense where * * ( 37 . 5 % ) * * of the household annual expenditure goes for . Expenditure for buying farm inputs comes second * * by * * taking * * ( 9 . 5 %", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 620, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 186, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 391, "end": 414, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 - 17 . The growth of money supply ( defined as money and quasi-money ) has been contained at moderate levels since 1978 / 79 , as the National Bank of Ethiopia reduced the rate of domestic credit expansion and began to monitor the allocation of credit to priority sectors . Over the three year period ending in 1980 / 81 , the expansion in money supply has averaged about seven percent per year . Money supply has continued to be under tight control ; during 1980 / 81 and 1981 / 82 it increased by only 1 . 9 and 11 percent , respectively . The rate of domestic inflation as measured by the Addis Ababa retail price index has declined from levels between 12 and 13 percent in 1978 / 79 and 1979 / 80 to about 6 . 7 percent in 1981 / 82 . 18 . The economic revival in 1978 / 79 can be attributed to various factors . First , the return of comparative peace and security in late 1978 permitted the reallocation of resources , to normal economic activity . Secondly , several industries in Eritrea were reopened and resupplied . Thirdly , there were good harvest years in the main grain-producing areas . Finally , the Government ' s economic campaigns had a discernible effect in at least two directions ; in giving clear indications of priorities and allocating resources accordingly , and in greatly improving discipline and management in many of the public sector enterprises . More recently , several policy reforms designed to promote economic growth and efficiency have got underway . The Joint Venture Code on which the Government has been working for the past few months was published in the form of a proclamation in January 1983 . The object of this proclamation is to provide a framework to promote joint ventures between foreign investors and local public sector enterprises . Noteworthy progress has also been made by Government to simplify the present system involving fifteen categories of turnover / transaction taxes into four categories . As regards direct taxes , the approach being followed by Government is to improve upon the existing system operated through peasant associations . It is likely that assessment of taxes", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 624, "text": "Addis Ababa retail price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "offered plot level recommendations and the grant ( _T_ 1 ) adopted about a third of a practice less than farmers in _T_ 2 so receiving plot level recommendations did not increase , and if anything _lowered_ , compliance . These results reinforce the three patterns documented with take in the section : the of the in-kind program up previous importance grant ( consistent with H3 ) ; the small negative role of plot level specificity ( contra H2 ) , and the fact that autonomy did not decrease adoption ( contra H4a ) . The results for the standardized index of new practices in column 4 are consistent with those in column 3 . < sup > 35 < / sup > > 33Existing practices comprise ploughing ( 56 % in 2015 ) , the use of inorganic fertilizers ( 97 % ) and covering the applied fertilizer ( 85 % ) . New practices included deep tillage or ripping ( 5 % in 2015 ) , using hybrid seeds ( 5 % ) , sowing with a precision drill ( 10 % ) , fertilizing at sowing ( 9 % ) , application of pre-emergent herbicide ( 2 % ) and using highquality fertilizers ( manufactured by YARA ) ( 0 % ) . We did not ask about covering the fertilizer , using high-quality fertilizers or using pre-emergent herbicide after sowing at baseline , so they are only available in 2015 . > 34Using the GPS coordinates , we also assessed whether control farmers with plots located close to those of treated farmers ( controlling for the total number of nearby study plots defined with reference to a 500m or 1000m radius ) are more likely to adopt the new practices . The intuition is that while the density of study farmers nearby is endogenous , the share of those farmers that is treated is exogenous by virtue of randomization , and so if spillovers were significant , one should detect larger changes in the adoption of recommended practices among control farmers near treated farmers . We find no evidence of any such spillovers . > 35We test whether the lower adoption of _T_ 1 ( relative to _T_ 2 ) is due to proximity to other study farmers as disagreement", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1284, "text": "GPS coordinates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ted but not yet fina < br > eprepared . < br > DQA ) report for EFY < br > lan of Action devel | lized due to the secu < br > 2015 and EFY2016 ha < br > oped and integrated | rity situation . < br > s been < br > in the annual | | Action Description | MOH to co | nduct annual analysis of D | HIS-2 data on still | births with actionpoi | nts | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | Technical | NA | MOH | Recurrent | Yearly | In Progress | | Completion < br > Measurement | MOH annu | al report | | | | | Comments | National an < br > annual perf | d sub-national level anal < br > ormance report . Recent | ysis was conducted < br > analysis was conduc | every quarter and inc < br > ted in December 202 | luded in the bi - < br > 4 . | | Action Description | Devise and < br > Health Bure | implement a matching fu < br > aus ( RHBs ) / Regional stat | nd mechanism bet < br > es ( DRM ) | ween Ministry of Hea | lth and Regional | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | Technical | NA | MOH / RHB | Recurrent | Yearly | Delayed | | Completion < br > Measurement | MOH annu | al Report | | | | Page 3 of 27 Apr 07 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 305, "text": "HIS-2 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * * ( 2 ) * * < / sup > | 19 | | viet Nam | 65 | Kazakhstan | * | Syrian Arab Rep . | * | Pakistan | * | Bosnia and herzegovina | 14 | | Bangladesh | 59 | Cameroon | * | China | * | Niger | * | Eritrea | 11 | | India | 56 | Russian Federation | * | Ukraine | * | dem . Rep . of the Congo | * | Tunisia | 8 | | Pakistan | 43 | Somalia | * | Bosnia and herzegovina | * | Kazakhstan | * | Algeria | 5 | | Cameroon | 23 | | | hungary | * | | | Ukraine | 5 | | China | 19 | | | various / unknown | * | | | Cameroon | * | | Italy | | | - - - | - - - | | mali | 3 , 169 | | Nigeria | 2 , 274 | | gambia | 1 , 848 | | Pakistan | 1 , 521 | | Senegal | 1 , 038 | | Afghanistan | 649 | | ghana | 345 | | Ukraine | 297 | | Côte d ' Ivoire | 294 | | Iraq | 271 | … / … * * 30 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > j Nigeria ‘ < br > Oe e ¢ Es é ae é De , a > Key < br > te » a Bites “ OD if © Gas Flaring Locations < br > 2 _ @ © * e Te 4 * 2018 DHS clusters < br > * 2 ps x * 2013 DHS clusters < br > : . 3 » & GE state < br > / < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | < br > * * URBAN * * | . . | . . | 25 . 0 | 26 . 8 | 46 . 0 | 22 . 9 | | RURAL | . . | . . | 80 . 0 | 47 . 6 | 48 . 0 | 36 . 7 | Not available Not applicable . NOTES - _ . L_ The adjusted group * * averages * * for * * each * * indicator * * are * * population-weighted Seomtric mans , excluding the extreme values of the indicator and the * * mot * * populated country in * * eadc * * group . Coverage of countries aong the Indicators depends on availability of * * data * * and * * is * * not uniform . - / b Unless otherwise noted , * * data * * for 1960 refer to any year betwesn 1959 and 1961 ; for 1970 , between 1969 end 1971 ; and for Most Recent Estimate . between 1973 and 1977 . - / c Africa South of Sahara ; / d Low Income ( $ 280 or lea per capita , 1976 ) ; / e Lower Middle Income ( $ 281-550 per capita , 1976 ) ; 7f 1962 ; _Lj_ Based * * on * * complete enumeration of non-African population , and on a 10 percent * * sample * * of rural African population * * age * * 0-14 , 15-59 & 60 years and over respectively ; / h Registered , not all practicing in the country ; _L / _ 1972 ; Li Including teacher training at the third level ; Lk Labor force * * age * * 15-50 years ; _ / I_ Labor force * * age * * 15-50 ; / e staff estimete ; / n urban only . September , 1978", "spans": [{"start": 873, "end": 919, "text": "complete enumeration of non-African population", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # _Evaluations and Studies : _ - Susanna P . Campbell , with Leonard Kayobera and Justine Nkurunziza , Independent External Evaluation . Peacebuilding Fund Projects in Burundi , PBF , New York , March 2010 . < sup > 214 < / sup > - CIC , A Field-Based Review of the Peacebuilding Commission in Burundi , New York , January 2010 . - DANIDA / UNHCR , Joint Evaluation : Evaluation of the Protracted Refugee Situation ( PRS ) for Burundians in Tanzania , October 2010 . < sup > 215 < / sup > # # # # * * UNHCR Programme 2001-2012 : * * UNHCR ’ s programme , as reflected in UNHCR ’ s Global Appeals ( 2001-2012 / 13 and the 2013 Update ) < sup > 216 < / sup > and the corresponding Global Reports ( 2001-2011 ) , < sup > 217 < / sup > give a good summary of the challenges facing UNHCR in Burundi over the period of this study ( 2001-2012 ) . # # # # _Background and Issues : _ Burundi is one of the world ’ s poorest and most densely populated nations with a land mass of 25 , 680 square kilometers and a population of some 8-9 million , some 90 percent of whom are engaged in agricultural activities . < sup > 218 < / sup > The World Bank in its latest _World Development Report_ ( 2011 ) provides a wealth of information from which one can see the difficult situation of the country and its people , of whom some 67 percent ( 2006 statistics ) are living below the poverty line . < sup > 219 < / sup > The UNDP _2011 Human Development Report_ ranks Burundi at 185 ( out of 187 countries ) . < sup > 220 < / sup > One of the many challenges still facing the Government of Burundi is to redress", "spans": [{"start": 1332, "end": 1347, "text": "2006 statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 8 . In case of resettlement policy framework , the borrower ' s obligation also includes preparing a resettlement plan in accordance with the framework , for each sub-project giving rise to displacement , and furnishing it to be the Bank for approval prior to implementation of the sub-project . 9 . See OP / BP 13 . 05 , _Project Supervision_ . 10 . The Plan is prepared by the regional social development unit in consultation with the TTs and Legal . 11 . See OP / BP 13 . 05 , _Implementation Completion Report_ . 12 . The ICR ' s assessment of the extent to which resettlement objectives were realized is normally based on a socioeconomic survey of affected people conducted at the time of project completion , and takes into account the extent of displacement , and the impact of the project on the livelihoods of displaced persons and any host communities . 75", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 721, "text": "socioeconomic survey of affected people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "FCCC ) in 2016 , in support of the country ’ s efforts to realize its development goals as laid out in its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ( 2010 ) and its National Climate Change Policy ( NCCP ; 2015 ) . The AF , particularly adaptation measures and climate-related disease surveillance measures to be implemented through the project , are fully aligned with the NCCP ’ s health sector priority to “ strengthen adaptive mechanisms and enhance early-warning systems and adequate preparedness for climate change – related disease ” The AF is also fully aligned with climate > < mark > 15 World Bank Group . Uganda Country Climate Profile , 2021 . https : / / climateknowledgeportal . worldbank . org / country / uganda . 16 Ibid . < / mark > > < mark > 17 Uganda Country Climate Profile , 2021 . < / mark > > < mark > 18 WHO . Preventing Diarrhea through better water , sanitation and hygiene : Exposures and impacts in low - and middle-income countries . 2014 . < / mark > > < mark > 19 Monje , Fred , Alex Riolexus Ario , Angella Musewa , Kenneth Bainomugisha , Bernadette Basuta Mirembe , Dativa Maria Aliddeki , Daniel Eurien , et al . 2020 . “ A Prolonged Cholera Outbreak Caused by Drinking Contaminated Stream Water , Kyangwali Refugee Settlement , Hoima District , Western Uganda : 2018 . ” Infectious Diseases of Poverty 9 ( 1 ) : 154 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1186 / s40249-020-00761-9 . < / mark > > < mark > 20 World malaria report 2019 . Geneva : World Health Organization ; 2019 . < / mark > > < mark > 21 World Health Organization , 2017 . Uganda vaccinates against Meningitis type A in the 39 high-risk districts . https : / / www . afro . who . int / news / uganda-vaccinates -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and vulnerability were translated into numerical indices ; what variables were used ; how variables were aggregated into sub-indices and sub-indices into a composite vulnerability index ; and how sub-national geographical areas were determined . < / mark > # * * < mark > Conceptual approach < / mark > * * < mark > Our measure of vulnerability to climate change takes as its starting point the IPCC working definition of vulnerability as a function of exposure , sensitivity , and adaptive capacity ( IPCC , 2001 ) and incorporates social , economic , and natural science indicators . We construct the index of vulnerability as the simple average of three sub-indices : exposure , sensitivity , and adaptive capacity . In line with previous literature ( e . g . , Polsky et al . , 2007 ) , we include a range of climatic , economic , social , and institutional variables as the drivers of vulnerability and focus on vulnerability to current climate variability . One advantage of this approach is the reduction in dependence on climate models and projections which despite recent advances are still presented at too coarse a scale with too high degrees of uncertainty to be useful for regional analysis ( Hahn , Riederer and Foster 2009 ) . < / mark > < mark > We improve upon the approaches used by previous studies by covering all areas of the country , both rural and urban , and by carefully exploiting a host of available survey , census , and meteorological data . We use indicators of past climate variability to assess < / mark > < mark > 5 < / mark >", "spans": [{"start": 1452, "end": 1471, "text": "meteorological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as several of the low-income countries in debt distress have found it difficult to contain inflation to single digits . The preceding narrative about current global fragilities places in context the topic I wish to address : Economic and financial crises in their various “ guises or varieties . ” Historically , > 6 World Bank ( 2020c ) . The country risk ratings and other details are available at https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / topic / debt / brief / covid-19-debt-service-suspension-initiative . > 7 Based on Fitch , Moody ’ s , and Standard and Poor ’ s sovereign ratings . > 8 See Farah-Yacoub et al . ( 2021 , forthcoming ) for an encompassing database on sovereign defaults over 1800-2020 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 648, "end": 691, "text": "encompassing database on sovereign defaults", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household desiring to “ keep up with the neighbors ” by making additional investments in housing may also decide to deploy a member overseas or to another state to earn the money to finance those investments . To the extent that the omitted variables ( e . g . , risk-taking , illness , business loss , feeling of deprivation ) are time-invariant , a first-difference regression at the household level will purge the estimates of such factors . A limitation of the current empirical specification is the inability to control for _unobserved_ household shocks that vary over time — which could simultaneously affect migration decisions and household outcomes . An instrumental variable approach to address such concerns would require finding appropriate instruments that would help to explain migration , but would not directly influence a household ’ s asset choices . I resorted to using three candidate instrumental variables . The first instrument was motivated by the observation drawn from the KMS data that Muslim households were more likely to send a member to work abroad in the Arabian Gulf , and the least likely to have a member move within India for employment . The former is likely due to shared religious norms and a preference among Gulf recruiters for Muslim employees during this period . The second and third instruments relied on the fact that it was predominantly men who left Kerala to work elsewhere . Young male adults were more suited for the types of low-skilled jobs available in the Gulf nations , and traditional norms in Kerala during the period in question discouraged women from migrating for employment . A household with more young adult male members for a given family size was therefore in a better position to send members away for work , all else being equal . To capture presence of prime-age males over the period between 1998 and 2003 , I used a count of all adult male members in a household between the prime ages of 19 and 40 , as of 1998 — which formed the bulk of all migrants — along with a measure of the change in the number of prime-age adult males between the 1998 and 2003 survey rounds . The validity of these exclusion restrictions depends on the condition", "spans": [{"start": 999, "end": 1007, "text": "KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a residual in the national accounts process . Second , this allows for comparison with literature that has compared survey means with GDP ( Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin 2014 , 2016 ; Bourguignon and Morrison , 2002 ) . We extract national accounts data from the World Development Indicators ( WDI ) database , for both HFCE and GDP , using the series expressed both in current local currency units and in constant dollars . WDI ’ s data is a compilation of World Bank and OECD national accounts data sets , obtained from official national sources . The per capita estimates are derived using the mid-year population estimates from the World Bank population series data . < sup > 6 < / sup > # * * _Household surveys_ * * To assess the gap between surveys and national accounts , we compile a data set of 2 , 095 national household survey means for 166 countries from 1967 until 2019 , together covering countries that account for 97 percent of the world population in 2017 . The distribution of surveys by type and over time is illustrated in Figure 1 . The vast majority of the surveys come from PovcalNet , the World Bank ’ s database for monitoring of global poverty ( see Ferreira et al . , 2016 for a description of data sources and methods used ) . The database contains income or consumption distributions from nationally representative household surveys typically carried out or supervised by national statistical offices or international agencies , used for national and international poverty monitoring . For most high-income countries , the survey data available in PovcalNet are for income ( rather than consumption ) , originating from the Luxembourg Income Study and the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions ( EU-SILC ) . To ensure better coverage of consumption surveys from high-income countries in our sample , we supplement with data from other sources . For European countries , we derive consumption means from Eurostat ’ s 6 From World Development Indicators ( WDI ) , we use the following series for national accounts data : Household final consumption expenditure ( current LCU ) [ NE . CON . PRVT . CN ] ; Household final consumption expenditure ( constant LCU )", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 307, "text": "World Development Indicators ( WDI ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 635, "end": 668, "text": "World Bank population series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 812, "end": 843, "text": "national household survey means", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1097, "end": 1106, "text": "PovcalNet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1653, "end": 1676, "text": "Luxembourg Income Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1685, "end": 1742, "text": "European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1972, "end": 2000, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dling | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 , 223 | 0 | 1223 | | * * Total * * | * * 14 , 098 * * | * * 3 , 181 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 29 , 752 * * | * * 53 * * | * * 47 , 084 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 29 . 9 * * | * * 6 . 8 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 63 . 2 * * | * * 0 . 1 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * No of PAPs * * | * * 20 * * | * * 19 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 107 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 150 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024-January 2025 ) _ # # # # # # * * Impact on Eucalyptus by the construction of the new Arsi Robe Substation * * The census enumeration and property registration showed that the construction of the new substation at Arsi Robe Woreda will affect only 20 eucalyptus trees belonging to one HH . Page 91 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 433, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 566, "end": 610, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Europe and the Middle East . We use the 2018 average bond spreads for each region to calculate the change of spreads in basis points . We take the coefficient of the World Bank data transparency index of 3 . 112 in Table 5 [ 1 ] and the interaction with external debt ( while holding constant for the level of institutional quality ) . Our estimates suggest that if there is , for instance , a 10 percent improvement in data transparency , and we account for the average of external public debt in SSA ( average of 22 . 42 percent of GDP from 2009 to 2018 ) , the sovereign bond spreads in the region could be reduced by 0 . 7 basis points ( see Figure 5 . a ) . This drop in sovereign spreads is slightly larger than that of Latin America and Asia . Figure 5 . b shows changes in sovereign spreads across Sub-Saharan African countries . An increase of 10 percent in data transparency leads to the largest declines in sovereign spreads in Nigeria , Zambia and Cameroon whereas the cost of external borrowing increases in Mozambique . This finding implies that countries with lower stock of external debt tend to have largest drop in spreads in the event of improved data transparency . In the case of Mozambique , a high and unsustainable external debt position more than offsets any progress in data transparency . Figure 6 shows the potential gains from greater data transparency across Sub-Saharan African countries measured in terms of lower external public debt burden expressed in million dollars and as a percentage of GDP . We calculate the gains from improving data transparency to the level of two benchmarks : the top quartile of the middle-income countries and the top quartile of the uppermiddle-income countries . We compute the likely reduction in their amount of external debt using the outstanding Euro bonds ( expressed in millions of US dollars and as a percentage of GDP ) . For example , from Table 8 , if Angola improves its level of data transparency to the top quartile of the 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "peated sampling context . < sup > 12 < / sup > As discussed , the model based Stress scenario , notwithstanding its benefits , is susceptible to the assumed parametric structure that is imposed on the data . We thus also propose an alternative non-parametric approach to construct the Stress scenario next . # * * 3 . 3 . Stress Scenario Based on International Experience * * There can exist circumstances when it is not possible or acceptable to employ a model based Stress scenario , due either to the lack of available data to formulate a sufficiently adequate statistical model , or due to a less favorable view of statistical models inside the policy environment in general . With this in mind , we propose an alternative model-free approach , which we label ” _Stress International_ ” ( or _Stress Int . _ for short ) . This approach looks at the actual historical evidence of countries that experienced a financial crisis in the past . Crisis periods are identified using the banking and currency crises dating database compiled by Laeven and Valencia ( 2008 ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > Given the crisis dates , we extract real GDP growth , CPI inflation , lending rates and changes in the exchange rate from the World Bank and the IMF ’ s IFS databases for the countries ( and years ) that went through a financial crisis , and then look at the values of these macroeconomic variables during the crisis years . There are a total of 161 countries , > 12Note that the construction of the Stress scenario based on the adverse forecast confidence interval in ( 3 ) above relies on the assumption of _Ut_ being multivariate normal . This may or may not be appropriate . Should it not be appropriate , one can resort to re-sampling techniques such as bootstrapping to compute , say , 1000 bootstrapped forecast values , and then use the value corresponding to the 1 < sup > _st_ < / sup > percentile as a stress value for real GDP growth and the 99 < sup > _th_ < / sup > percentile for the lending rate . > 13Note at this point that there are other", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1026, "text": "banking and currency crises dating database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1244, "end": 1257, "text": "IFS databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 : Change in selected aggregate variables due to Trade reform and water reform , Economy-wide CGE results , in millions of Dirhams ( MD ) | Item | | % change | from base < sup > a < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Base ( mil - < br > lion Dh ) | Trade < br > Reform | Water < br > Reform | | Real GDP | 323 , 781 | 1 . 54 | 0 . 17 | | Real exchange rate | 1 . 00 | 11 . 65 | - 0 . 12 | | Consumerprice index | 1 . 00 | - 5 . 62 | - 0 . 08 | | Total exports | 90 , 603 | 12 . 01 | 0 . 32 | | Total exports with EU | 58 , 333 | 11 . 26 | 0 . 43 | | Total exports with rest of the world | 32 , 270 | 13 . 35 | 0 . 13 | | Agricultural exports | 14 , 963 | 35 . 93 | 2 . 73 | | Agricultural exports with EU | 9 , 498 | 38 . 53 | 3 . 30 | | Agricultural exports with rest of the world | 5 , 465 | 31 . 40 | 1 . 73 | | Nonagricultural exports | 75 , 640 | 7 . 28 | - 0 . 15 | | Nonagricultural exports with EU | 48 , 835 | 5 . 96 | - 0 . 13 | | Nonagricultural exports with rest of the world | 26 , 806 | 9 . 68 | - 0 . 20 | | Total cropoutput from allperimeters | 6 , 471 | 2 . 28 | 7 . 54 | | Total cropoutput from all non-perimeters | 27 , 160 | - 1 . 04 | - 0 . 27 | | Total agricultural output from all non-perimeters | 60 , 711 | - 2 . 63 | - 0 . 06 | aBase is normalized to 1 . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | ( 0 . 0576 ) | ( 0 . 0565 ) | ( 0 . 0574 ) | ( 0 . 0573 ) | | US 10-year Treasury Bond Yield | - 0 . 386 * * * | - 0 . 273 * * * | - 0 . 254 * * * | - 0 . 294 * * * | - 0 . 201 * * | - 0 . 196 * * | | | ( 0 . 0824 ) | ( 0 . 0789 ) | ( 0 . 0786 ) | ( 0 . 0832 ) | ( 0 . 0792 ) | ( 0 . 0796 ) | | ICRG Index | - 1 . 933 * * * | - 2 . 062 * * * | - 1 . 945 * * * | 9 . 165 * * | - 1 . 398 * * * | - 1 . 506 * * * | | | ( 0 . 391 ) | ( 0 . 297 ) | ( 0 . 297 ) | ( 4 . 589 ) | ( 0 . 373 ) | ( 0 . 316 ) | | Transparency Index ( WB ) | 0 . 226 | | | 9 . 737 * * | | | | | ( 0 . 215 ) | | | ( 4 . 326 ) | | | | Transparency Dummy ( IMF ) Subscription | | - 0 . 352 * * * | | | 2 . 892 * * | | | | | ( 0 . 0679 ) | | | ( 1 . 386 ) | | | Transparency Dummy ( IMF ) Standard compliance | | | - 0 . 311 * * * | | | 4 . 141 * * * | | | | | ( 0 . 0594 ) | | | ( 1 . 359 ) | | Transparency ( WB ) x ICRG | | | | - 2 . 550 * * < br > | | | | | | | | ( 1 . 052 ) | | | | Transparency ( IMF ) Subscription x ICRG | | | | | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "crop production is the dominant livelihood activity than livestock production . Among livestock types , cattle ( cows , oxen and calf ) are the dominant livestock types owned by Subproject affected households . For example , based on socioeconomic survey the proportions of households owning cow calf and oxen were 82 . 1 % , 75 . 0 % and 71 . 4 % , respectively . In terms of types of livestock population , poultry constituted 50 . 7 % of the livestock population , and these are owned by half of the surveyed households . The population of cows , which accounted for 11 . 9 % of all livestock population was owned by 82 . 1 % of the surveyed households . Likewise , the population of calf and oxen constituted 9 . 1 % and 8 . 9 % of all livestock population respectively . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 6 Off-farm Livelihood Strategies * * Off-farm livelihood activities is very limited among Subproject affected households . Based on the census survey , only 3 PAH reported to engage in non-agriculture activity as primary economic activity and 3 others indicated salaried employment as their primary occupation , followed by farming . In fact , petty trade is reported by 20 . 0 % of PAHs as secondary occupation . Overall , PAHs rely on off-farm livelihood strategy for living and most of the time they consider off-farming economic activities as secondary business rather than as primary livelihood strategy . Among mentioned off-farm economic activities , petty trade , daily labour and salaried employment are the major ones . Page 72 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 254, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 936, "end": 949, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# B . Compliance under the US Data Privacy Regime The United States data privacy regime lacks a comprehensive law that regulates the collection and processing of personal data of U . S . residents by private parties . While there are constraints against government information collection through both the Federal Constitution and an extensive statutory framework regulating government use of personal data , there is no similar broad federal regulatory privacy law regulating private parties . Instead , the current data privacy framework arises out of a patchwork of federal and state laws , many of which are focused on a particular sector of the economy . By focusing the law on particular areas of concern , the United States has effectively chosen business freedom as a key principle in the area . Outside specified areas , the focus is limited to enforcing the privacy promises that businesses make to users , rather than on specific mandates setting out what businesses can and cannot do with data . Sectoral laws include the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) , covering the health industry , and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act ( GLBA ) , covering the financial sector . In addition , the Federal Trade Commission Act ( FTCA ) gives the Federal Trade Commission broad authority to regulate data practices if they constitute “ unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce . ” < sup > 19 < / sup > Through the FTCA , the Federal Trade Commission serves as the nation ’ s de facto privacy regulator , and its settlements create a kind of common law of privacy . < sup > 20 < / sup > HIPAA imposes an extensive set of privacy protections for personal health data gathered by covered entities , including hospitals , health care providers , and health insurers . Not only must health plans and health care providers give patients a written notice of their privacy practices , they must also “ maintain reasonable and appropriate administrative , physical , and technical safeguards to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of the information , and to protect against any reasonably anticipated threats . ” < sup > 21 < / sup > These safeguards include designating a privacy official ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 123 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Buiagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * # # # # # * * HIV Prevalence and Trends * * Uganda is one of the least urbanised countries in Africa , with over 80 percent of the population living in rural areas . About 40 percent of the population is below 15 years of age . In an estimated total population of 24 million , 1 , 050 , 555 million people living in Uganda are estimated to have HIV / AIDS . About 120 , 000 have developed AIDS . Nearly 80 percent of those infected with HIV are between the ages of 15-45 years , the most economically productive age group . Adolescent girls between 15-19 years are 4-6 times more vulnerable than their male age mates . Children have felt a gruesome impact . About 2 million children of less than 18 years are orphans with one or both parents dead . They experience orphan hood at an age when parental guidance and socialisation is most desirable . The quality of care , education , nutrition and socialisation among these children is often poor . Data from HIV sentinel surveillance sites that have been declining over the last decade have begun to demonstrate a tendency towards stabilisation . The 2001 antenatal HIV infection rates across all the sites both urban and rural have significant overlap of the confidence intervals with those of 2000 , indicating that the prevalence rates are not statistically significantly different from each other . The overall antenatal prevalence rate in 2001 was 6 . 5 percent , closely comparing with 6 . 1 percent in 2000 . The rates for urban and rural sites in 2001 were 8 . 8 percent and 4 . 2 percent respectively compared with 8 . 7 percent and 4 . 2 percent in 2000 . New HIV cases in 2001 were estimated at 99 , 031 ; adults at 89 , 128 and children at 9 , 903 . Female adult cases were at 49 , 092 and males", "spans": [{"start": 1105, "end": 1146, "text": "Data from HIV sentinel surveillance sites", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Protection of Basic Serrvices Programme II * * * * Channel One Program Coordinating Unit ( COPCU ) * * Original Plan * * Feburary , 2010 Ministry of Finance & Economic Development * * 1st Revision * * July , 2010 Procurement Plan - Goods and Services * * 2nd Revision * * Septembeer , 2011 * * 3rd revision * * Feburary , 2012 * * 67921 | REF < br > NO < br > * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * < br > * * Lot * * < br > * * Number * * | * * QTY * * | * * package * * < br > * * Estimated * * < br > * * Amount in * * < br > * * US ( 000 ) * * < br > * * Procurem * * < br > * * nt Metho * * | * * e * * < br > * * d * * < br > * * Pre-or * * < br > * * Post * * < br > * * Qualificat * * < br > * * ion * * | * * P * * < br > * * or * * < br > * * R * * | * * rior * * < br > * * Post * * < br > * * eview * * < br > * * Plan vs . * * < br > * * Actual * * | * * Prep & Submission * * < br > * * by Ex Agency * * | * * No-objection * * < br > * * Date * * | * * On-line * * < br > * * UNDB * * < br > * * Gateway * * < br > * * Nat Press * * | * * Bid *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in at least three relevant ways . First , it uses direct , satellite-based observations of CO2 rather than estimated emissions inventories . Previous studies have risked introducing some technical element of simultaneity _by construction_ , because their emissions inventories derive entirely from measures of activities that provide components of income . Second , the present study uses local , spatially-referenced data rather than national or regional aggregates . Third , we take a different approach to energy as a link between income and CO2 emissions . Most previous studies of the simultaneity issue have focused on the energy sector as the key determinant of simultaneity between income and CO2 emissions , because CO2 emissions increase with energy use and energy use contributes to economic growth . Researchers ’ views have differed substantially on the potential importance of this problem . Csereklyei and Stern ( 2015 ) argue that the bias is fairly small , so estimated emissions-income elasticities will be close to effects for exogenous changes in income . In any case , the modeling exercise in this paper takes an entirely different approach to the energy sector , incorporating georeferenced data for the coal - , gas - and oil-fired power plants that create sectoral CO2 emissions while excluding other power facilities ( e . g . , nuclear , solar , wind , hydro ) that do not . In the previous subsection , we have discussed and illustrated the implications of our approach to energy facilities . As previously noted , the EKC component of our model relates to non-industrial , income-related activities ( e . g . , motor transport ) that cannot be observed directly . The relationship between income and CO2 emissions from these activities may also include elements of simultaneity , such as the joint emission by some activities of CO2 and local air pollutants ( NO2 , SO2 , CO ) that affect health , productivity , and therefore income ( Van Ewijk and Van Wijnbergen 1995 ) . For econometric estimation , instrumental variables ( IV ) provide the standard correction for such simultaneity problems . In recent work on EKC estimation for local pollutants , Lawell and Liscow ( 2013 ) have identified the age dependency ratio as a plausibly-exogenous instrument that affects", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 276, "text": "emissions inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1200, "end": 1218, "text": "georeferenced data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ( including the \" Without Subproject \" option ) which could be implemented to address the development needs of the country , - _Chapter_ * * _8_ * * presents _Stakeholder Identification , Consultations , Information disclosure . _ Results of consultation with Subproject-affected community ( including women , youth , elders , etc . ) as well as other concerned key stakeholders at Woreda and Kebele levels will be presented . Perceptions and attitudes of Subproject affected communities and their leaders shall be presented in this chapter . _Chapter_ * * _9_ * * presents indicative * * _E & S_ * * _Management Plan . _ It also provides the management responsibilities relating to the mitigation measures associated with specific impacts ; - _Chapter_ * * _10_ * * of the report contains the * * _E & S_ * * _Monitoring Plan , _ and defines monitoring indicators derived from the baseline survey . It identifies responsibility and specifies the time frame for monitoring and reporting ; - _Chapter_ * * _11_ * * _Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) : _ The chapter describes the process of addressing Grievances and provides information regarding the process for registering complaints , appropriate response times , and communication modes - _Chapter 12 Institutional Arrangement and Capacity Building for_ * * _E & S_ * * _management and Reporting : In_ this chapter , the existing institutional capacity of the concerned parties shall be assessed and measures to strengthen their capacities ( such as training ) shall be recommended and capacity development and indicative training budget presented . - _Chapter_ * * _13_ * * discusses the * * _E & S_ * * _Risk Mitigation , Management_ * * _ & _ * * _Monitoring Costs . _ - _Chapter 14_ of the report contains the _Conclusions and Recommendations . _ Conclusions shall be drawn from the key findings of the", "spans": [{"start": 884, "end": 899, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Disability indicators * * In order to determine prevalence or identify a specific ‘ functional difficulty status ’ group , a threshold needs to be set on the answer scale of functional difficulties . The WG recommends “ a lot of difficulty ” as the threshold : persons who report “ a lot of difficulty ” or “ unable to do ” for at least one domain are considered to have a disability , and persons with ‘ no difficulty ’ or ‘ some difficulty ’ to all six questions are deemed as not having a disability . Different thresholds for the WGSS produce vastly different prevalence estimates ( e . g . Bourke et al 2020 ; Mitra 2018 ) . In addition , if persons with some difficulty are potentially more disadvantaged than persons with no difficulty , this categorization will underestimate the extent of inequalities between persons with and without disability . There is mounting evidence that having ‘ some difficulty ’ is significantly associated with economic and social deprivations with a gradient from no difficulty to some difficulty to at least a lot of difficulty ( Clausen and Barrantes 2020 ; Mitra 2018 ) . Besides , several censuses under study use yes / no answers to the functional difficulty questions , making the breakdown recommended by the WG impossible . Hence , this study categorizes individuals in three ways . First , for all data sets , it groups individuals into two categories : - ( 1 ) No functional difficulty in all domains ; - ( 2 ) Any functional difficulty in at least one domain ( answer Yes for data sets with yes / no answers , or reports at least ‘ some ’ difficulty for graded scales ) . Second , following the recommendation of the WG for data sets that have a graded answer scale , we group individuals as follows : - ( i ) A lot of difficulty or unable to do in at least one domain ; - ( ii ) No difficulty or ‘ some ’ difficulty for all domains Third , for data sets with graded scales , we partition individuals into three categories : - ( a ) No difficulty for all domains ; - (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household table ( see Appendix section S6 for details about the item categorization ) . The lower part of the table shows the value of incoming resources . The mean tax rate is 14 . 4 % ( s . d . = 26 . 5 % ) . < sup > 22 < / sup > It is clear both that redistribution is widespread , and that there is significant heterogeneity between households in the implied social tax rate . How does the existence of social taxes affect a household ’ s incentives to purchase in > 21It is not possible to determine whether an item was sold or given away . This could be problematic if many households re-sell consumer items . That does not appear to be the case . Other households in the study villages — not the households that filled out consumption diaries — were randomly selected to participate in a survey experiment dealing with measurement of labor supply . These households were able to indicate their sectors of work , with varying degrees of detail . The share of respondents that indicated “ buying and selling ” as their primary sector of work ranged from 5 – 8 % across survey modules . Hence , even if every purchase made by such households was for the purpose of re-selling — which is surely not the case — for the vast majority of disposal events it is still reasonable to assume that items “ sold or given away ” are in fact “ given away . ” > 22A small number of estimated tax rates are over 100 % . All results are robust to winsorizing by replacing rates above 60 % with 60 % . 28", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 749, "text": "consumption diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that manufacture garments to international markets ) . These findings echo results from earlier national-level surveys and endline data collected under the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) Kenya Investment Climate Project III : MSME respondents to the 2018 Enterprise Survey were mostly likely to cite practices of the informal sector ( 23 percent of respondents ) and access to finance ( 18 percent ) as their biggest obstacles , and 11 percent of firms cited some combination of trade regulations , tax administration , business licensing and permits , and labor regulations . Regulatory barriers related to county-level registration and licensing processes and gaps related to the facilitation of FDI are key constraints to Kenya ’ s investment climate . Most firms cite opaque , complex , duplicative , and manual business registration and licensing processes and fees — which are often imposed at the county level — as leading reasons for remaining informal . < sup > 6 < / sup > This discourages jobs in the formal sector , curtails growth in receipts from local taxes , and exacerbates pressures on often already narrow tax bases . Currently , close to 45 . 8 percent of all fees and charges go to the county government , and most are not properly anchored in policy and a legal framework . < sup > 7 < / sup > Although a single Business Permit ( SBP ) was introduced in 2000 to replace multiple local authority licenses , many licenses have persisted ( or newly emerged ) alongside the SBP , and processes remain largely manual and fragmented . Further , to date , no county government has developed a Tariff and Pricing Policy to guide imposition of fees and charges , a legal requirement under the County Governments Act , 2012 . Similarly , FDI in Kenya is held back by complex entry and licensing processes spanning multiple points of contact withing the government . While the Kenya Investment Authority ( KenInvest ) is the national focal point for incoming foreign investors , investors perceive its mandate and capacity as limited given the to date limited implementation of its One-Stop Center for investors and ambiguity in", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 135, "text": "national-level surveys and endline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 261, "end": 283, "text": "2018 Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 6 . * * Collaboration contracts with international NGOs already operating on the ground will include automatic indicator data collection in their project management semi-annual reporting tools . The distribution of the project Annual Report will allow third independent parties to participate in project monitoring , and indicators such as the number o f logging infractions or the number o f field reports from MECNT site visits , were selected to encourage their participation . Whenever possible , project reporting tools will be integrated with the existing reporting tools o f other donors , such as USAID . Synergies with parallel Bank programs in the DRC , such as the MDTF , will be exploited in shared monitoring and evaluation tools . # # # # # # * * Actors : Managers and Users * * * * 7 . * * _System Managers : _ Management o f project Implementation , Monitoring , and Evaluation ( M & E ) will be centered in the CU . The C U will include an internationally recruited Monitoring and Evaluation Expert , supported by one nationally recruited specialist . The C U will work with the DEP relevant technical departments to evaluate the technical content o f workplans proposed by MOD contractors and review progress reports to adequate information i s collected to feed into the project ’ s monitoring system . The chart in the following page depicts these arrangements * * 8 . * * DEP itself i s a target o f project capacity building initiatives to be used for training , equipment , and site visits . The C U will share results and their reports with DEP to build on efforts to standardize and harmonize planning and evaluation within the Ministry . Sharing project indicator data collection with DEP will allow project indicators to be integrated into DEP ’ s _SystBme de planzjkation et_ * * _de_ * * _suivi e ‘ valuation_ ( SPSE ) . A liaison in DGF will reinforce the CU ’ s capacity to evaluate the technical aspects o f NGO workplans and provide feedback to them and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the evidence for this has been mixed in existing studies . We examine this channel in columns 1 and 2 of Table 7 . We see that although businesses are more likely to regularly use business records to know if sales of a particular product are increasing or decreasing , this does not translate into any impact on reducing fluctuations in profits in bad months relative to usual months . Columns 3 , 4 , and 5 of Table 7 examine the inventory management and purchasing outcomes of the firms . We see no significant impacts of treatment on the fraction of stock lost to spoilage , the receipt of bulk discounts in purchasing , or in the cost of producing the firm ’ s most profitable item . The latter is measured with considerable noise , so the insignificant point estimate admits a wide confidence interval . Better business practices may enable firms to obtain more financing . This may work through either the demand or supply side for formal finance . On the demand side , individuals who have gone through training may have more plans for expansion or feel more confident approaching banks . On the supply side , banks may be more willing to lend to firms which keep better records , or which have higher profitability and sales . However , column 6 of Table 7 shows that access to finance is limited in our sample , with only 17 percent of the pure control group receiving a loan from a bank or microfinance organization in the past year , and that treatment does not have a significant impact on this . This is consistent with the qualitative work , which found a number of challenges on both the demand and supply side for formal finance : women were often afraid of what might happen if they fell behind on payments , found the loan application process cumbersome and timeconsuming , and also faced challenges in terms of ability to provide documentation and / or collateral in some cases ( ICRW , 2015 ) . We do find firms to be 5 . 8 percentage points more likely to be using business bank accounts ( column 7 ) . Columns 8 and 9 then look at whether firms", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 201, "text": "business records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "units of analysis and all our models likewise cluster standard errors at the level of PRIOGRID cells . In Appendix C , we also cluster standard errors at the level of subnational administrative regions ( admin1 ) , showing that our results remain robust . While the resolution of the grid is a feature that comes with the PRIO-GRID data structure , there is no theoretical reason for choosing a particular degree of resolution , perhaps aside from picking inappropriately large cells that would introduce distances at which the effect of climate on population movements would be improbable . The 0 . 5 ° resolution represents a standard adopted by the literature relying on grid structures . # * * 3 . 1 Measuring Drought * * To measure exposure to drought at the grid cell level , we use a metric of the proportion of months out of 12 months that are part of the longest streak of consecutive months ending in a given year with SPEI values of less than _ − _ 1 . 5 . < sup > 2 < / sup > SPEI is the _Standardized Pre-_ . _cipitation Evapotranspiration Index_ SPEI is an extension of the Standardized Precipitation Index ( SPI ) but its advantage is that it takes both precipitation and evapotranspiration into account when determining the presence of drought . The measure we use captures drought in a given grid cell , thus conveying information about inclement weather that is most likely to affect agricultural yields in that cell . All SPEI values are taken from the SPEI Global Drought Monitor which we downloaded from the PRIO-GRID website . < sup > 3 < / sup > As an illustration , the left part of Figure 2 displays the average value of our drought measure ( i . e . the mean fraction of the year that a given grid cell experienced drought ) for South America , averaging values for the entire period between 1985 and 2014 . To account for spatial correlation in our variables and , therefore , to discern the cumulative effect of drought in the cells that are adjacent to urban areas , we calculate spatial lags for both drought and the relevant control variables . < sup > 4 <", "spans": [{"start": 1472, "end": 1499, "text": "SPEI Global Drought Monitor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "vacancy database and job placement are most frequently used , followed by counseling and internship / apprenticeship programs . Support for geographic mobility is the least frequently used . - The eligibility conditions most likely to be used together are periodic reporting on active job search and participating in training offered by PES , followed by periodic reporting and registration with PES . As for the services offered by PES , job placement and access to the vacancy database are most likely to be offered together , followed by job placement and counseling services . - According to the World Bank ' s Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory that gathered data from March 2020 to January 2022 , 223 economies implemented 3856 policies to safeguard workers , vulnerable groups , and economic activities from the Covid-19 crisis . Among these reforms , 159 were related to UB , 865 were related to ALMP and the rest was on social assistance and other labor market policies . - High-income economies led 62 percent of UB reforms , with upper middle-income and lower middle-income countries contributing 26 and 11 percent , respectively . - A larger proportion of low and lower middle-income economies implemented ALMP reforms during this period , with 8 percent and 17 percent , respectively , compared to 47 percent in highincome countries and 27 percent in upper middle-income countries . - Across all income groups , Covid-19 related UB reforms primarily targeted increasing UB amounts , followed by expanding coverage and extending payment durations . - Labor regulation adjustments were the most prevalent ALMP reform in all income groups . In upper-middle and high-income economies , wage subsidy programs and job search / training initiatives were the second and third most common reforms , respectively . Conversely , public works , while the least common overall , emerged as the second most popular reform in low and lower middle-income economies . The econometric analysis of the relationship between labor market outcomes and UB / ALMP reveals distinct patterns across income groups : - In low - and lower-middle-income countries , ALMP show a stronger correlation with labor market outcomes compared to upper middle and high-income countries . Specifically , they exhibit positive associations with productivity growth and employment rate in the", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 658, "text": "Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 11I . 2 The Determinants of Capital Flows : * * Some * * Econometric * * Evidence To capture the main determinants of net capital inflows , we follow the literature and regress capital flows on a constant , the uncovered interest differential between Turkish three month T-bills and the TL equivalent of three-month LIBOR rate , and the growth rate of real GDP or the industiial production index . Estimation was done for total , portfolio and short term capital flows , using monthly data for 1990-1997 as well as foreign direct investment using quarterly data for the period 1990-19973 . The results are presented in Table 8 . 2 No objective behind the move to a ( managed ) float from a real exchange rate targeting rule was ever officially announced . With increasing capital inflows , the feasibility of real exchange raLte depreciation had decreased substantially and the Central Bank seemed not to have another option but allow for some real appreciation . 3 Since portfolio flows are mainly composed of debt instruments placed by Turkish residents in foreign markets , foreign interest rates are likely to be most relevant measure of opportunity costs of these flows . Therefore we broke down the uncovered differential into the continued", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 493, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 551, "end": 565, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2005 GLOBAL REFUGEE TRENDS * * * * Table 13 . Internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) protected or assisted by UNHCR , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ * * * * This table reflects only IDPs who are protected / assisted by UNHCR . These are also not necessarily representative of the entire IDP population in a given country . Most of the world ' s IDP situations are not covered by UNHCR and are thus not reflected . For global IDP estimates , visit the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre at www . internal-displacement . org * * * * Most IDP figures are rough estimates and rounded to the nearest hundred . * * | | Population start-2006 | Population end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country | Total | Total | | Afghanistan < br > | 139 , 800 | 129 , 300 | | Azerbaijan < sup > 5 < / sup > | 578 , 500 | 686 , 600 | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 182 , 700 | 135 , 500 | | Burundi | 11 , 500 | 13 , 900 | | Central African Rep . < sup > 1 < / sup > | 50 , 000 | 147 , 000 | | Chad < sup > 1 < / sup > < br > | 20 , 000 | 112 , 700 | | Colombia < sup > 2 < / sup > | 2 , 000 , 000 | 3 , 000 , 000 | | Congo < sup > 1 < / sup > < br > | 4 , 500 | 3 , 500 | | Côte d ' Ivoire < sup > 3 < / sup > | 709 , 400 | 709 , 200 | |", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 30, "text": "2005 GLOBAL REFUGEE TRENDS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA FOR A SECOND INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 1 . I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Kenya , on standard terms , for the equivalent of US $ 46 . 0 million to help finance the second phase of Kenya ' s Integrated kgricultural DeveLopment Program . The Government would relend US $ 8 . 8 million of the proposed credit to the Cooperative Bank of Kenya Limited ( CBK ) and US $ 0 . 5 milLion to the Agricultural Finance Corporation ( AFC ) for 15 years , including 5 . 5 years ' grace , with interest at 5 . 5 % per annum . In addition , a proposed loan of US $ 17 . 0 million equivalent from the International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ) for 50 years , including 10 years ' grace , with a service charge of 1 . 0 % per annum , would be used to finance part of the Project . PART I - THE ECONOMY 2 . A . report entitled \" Kenya Economic Memorandum \" ( Report No . 2441-KE , dated March 1979 ) has been distributed to the Executive Directors . A summary of social and economic data is at Annex I . A Basic Economic Report on Kenya is now under preparation . Economic Structure and Trends 3 . Dluring the first sixteen years of independence Kenya has had continuity in leadership and development strategy . That strategy has been to promote rapid economic growth by means of public investment , encouragement of both smallholder and large-scale farming , and the promotion of accelerated industrialization through incentives for private ( including foreign ) investment in modern industry . While the death in 1978 of President Kenyatta , who had led the nation since independence , initially raised some questions about the future course of the nation , it is now clear that the country has made a", "spans": [{"start": 1211, "end": 1235, "text": "social and economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 7 - other Ministries sustain in-service training and occasional \" crash courses \" for the training of specialists as the need arises . 2 . 04 The structure of education , the education pyramid , comparative education indicators and primary enrollment statistics are included in Annex I-Cl and C2 , and T1-T3 , respectively . The primary course consists of seven years ( Standards 1-7 ) followed by a secondary course of six years divided into four-year lower cycle ( Forms I-IV ) and a two-year upper cycle ( Forms V and VI ) . At the end of primary Standard 7 , all pupils sit for the Certificate of Primary Education ( CPE ) . About 13 % of primary school-leavers transfer to Government secondary schools and another 18 % to harambee or private secondary schools which now account for more than 50 % of all secondary enrollments . Students of harambee secondary schools sit after two years for the Kenya Junior Secondary Examination ( K . J . S . E . ) , while students of government and many private schools take the East African Certificate of Education ( E . A . C . E . ) examination after four years , permitting access to intermediate technical and teacher education . For university entrance , the full secondary course of six years and the East African Advanced Certificate of Education ( E . A . A . C . E . ) is required . Specialized post-secondary education is of a duration of two to four years ( agriculture , veterinary medicine ) and higher education : , varying according to specialization , lasts from three to five years . | | E | ducation i | n Kenya : | 1976 | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | | Teachers | | | | Enroll - < br > ment | % of Age < br > Group", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 263, "text": "primary enrollment statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "federal seven vehicles IDA / 63120 Project Management and Reporting Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 12 , 250 . 00 13 , 628 . 27 Completed 2019-10-06 2019-07-23 2019-11-06 2019-08-06 2019-12-06 2019-08-18 < br > ET-MOALR-85715-GO-RFB / < br > Woreda information center establishment materials ( com IDA / 63120 Investing in Institutions and Information for Resilience Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 250 , 000 . 00 192 , 759 . 68 Completed 2019-02-05 2019-10-03 2019-02-10 2019-10-10 2019-03-12 2019-10-24 2019-03-26 2019-11-25 2019-04-19 2020-01-01 2019-07-18 2020-04-16 < br > puters , network cables and o < br > ther related equipment < br > ET-MOALR-85717-GO-RFB / P < br > rocurement of equipment for < br > National Rural Land Administration Information System ( N IDA / 63120 Rural Land Administration and Use Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 125 , 700 . 00 262 , 399 . 80 Completed 2019-01-31 2020-01-01 2019-02-05 2020-01-22 2019-03-07 2020-01-28 2019-03-28 2020-03-13 2019-05-02 2020-04-19 2019-07-31 2020-09-03 < br > RLAIS ) for all RLLP woredas ( < br > Network Cables , Rawters , fis < br > her and related materials ) < br > ET-MOALR-86952-GO-RFB / < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activity and the level of development . Specifically , we see that discovery activity is low among the poorest countries , but interestingly is also low among wealthy industrialized countries . At the 4-digit level , there were no discoveries within both the Central African Republic and the United States , while there were 26 discoveries in Romania and 29 in Indonesia . The frequency of discoveries appears to be a nonlinear function of the level of development . This apparent relationship may be the result of economic discoveries being driven by broad economic changes that occur as countries become richer . One potential explanation for this observation was identified in section 2 , namely the process of productive diversification , which we now evaluate . # * * 4 . Discovery and the process of productive diversification * * As discussed in section 2 , recent work has found a robust relationship between economywide diversification and levels of development . Imbs and Wacziarg ( 2003 ) find a persistent pattern of increasing diversification until relatively high levels of development , ( GDP per capita between $ 9 , 000 and $ 10 , 000 1985 US dollars ) followed by increased specialization . Before investigating if discovery is driven by these stages of diversification , we first expand on the findings of Imbs and Wacziarg ( 2003 ) by considering diversification of the export basket . This is because Imbs and Wacziarg ( 2003 ) used labor data in their analysis of the stages of diversification , while we use export data to identify discoveries . It may not be true that the export basket follows a similar pattern of diversification as the national production basket . To determine whether these same stages of diversification exist in export data , we construct a 19", "spans": [{"start": 1454, "end": 1464, "text": "labor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1759, "end": 1770, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". , 2004 ; Roberts and Tybout , 1997 ; Aw , Chung and Roberts , 2002 ; and Brown and Earle , 2004 for studies on Latin America , East Asia and transition economies , respectively ) . Much useful work on these issues has proceeded on a country-by-country basis , using firm-level datasets for a specific country . But there also is a clear interest and need to combine data from multiple countries . This allows in principle an assessment of how much of the observed dynamism at the micro level is due to industry-specific technological factors and market characteristics , and how much is the result of different institutional and policy settings that influence firm behavior and competitive forces in each market . In this paper , we do not specifically address the role of policy and institutions . Instead , we conduct exploratory data analysis exercises of the panel dataset exploiting the variation across countries , industries and time . The dataset , constructed through ‘ distributed micro-data analysis ’ as described in detail in Bartelsman , Scarpetta , and Haltiwanger ( 2004 ) , includes indicators built up from ( confidential ) micro-level sources available to researchers in each of the countries included . < sup > 2 < / sup > We present evidence on the process of creative destruction in a selection of industrialized and developing economies . We focus on the distribution of firm size over time , the frequency and size of firm entry and exit , and the evolution of the ( size ) distribution of firms by entry-cohort . Further , we analyze the sources of productivity growth at the industry and aggregate levels . We look at the contribution of firm entry and exit to productivity growth as well as at the contribution coming from the reallocation of resources across existing firms . Overall , we provide a comprehensive picture of the magnitude , characteristics and effectiveness of the creative > 2 . The approach to collecting and constructing harmonized firm-level data in this project differs from projects like the ICA project that use the same survey instrument in a number of countries . A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approaches as well as the relationship on key", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 287, "text": "firm-level datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 865, "end": 878, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1981, "end": 1996, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Project interventions , based on various memo . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | * * IRI 4 . 2 Beneficiary satisfa * * | * * ction survey implemented – Citizen engagement indicator * * | | Description | The MEP will implement two beneficiary surveys during the lifetime of the project . Feedback from the first survey will be < br > utilized in improvingthe implementation of Project activities . | | Frequency | Twice duringtheproject ( estimated second and fourthyear ofproject implementation ) | | Data source | PIU | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | PIU will hire a firm to conduct the surveys and prepare analytical reports | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | Page 31", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 272, "text": "beneficiary surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "support extension ser < br > vice delivery , Mechanization < br > centers and Artificial Insemin < br > ation technicians under 3 Lot < br > IDA / 72610 | Promoting Adoption of Clima < br > te Smart Agriculture Technol < br > ogies and Practices | Prior < br > Re | quest for Bids | Open - Internation < br > l | a < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | | 2 , 670 , 157 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | | 2024-10-31 | 2024-11-22 | | | 2025-01-03 | | 2025-03-18 | 2025-04-22 | 2025-10-19 | | | UG-MAAIF-461994-GO-RFB / < br > Supply of 6 , 000 , 000 fingerlin < br > gs for stock enhancement in < br > valley dams and small wat < br > er bodies under 2 Lots < br > IDA / 72610 | Promoting Adoption of Clima < br > te Smart Agriculture Technol < br > ogies and Practices | Post < br > Re | quest for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 1 , 230 , 366 . 50 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2024-11-29 | 2024-12-04 | | | 2025-01-15 | | 2025-02-14 | 2025-03-21 | 2025-09-17 | | | UG-MAAIF-462047-GO-RFB / < br > Supply and test run the Digit < br > al ( electronic ) registration , lic < br > ensing and fisheries data acq < br > uisition system for evidence - < br > based fisheries stock monitor <", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1162, "text": "fisheries data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_T_ 4 ) , and ( 4 ) the effect of autonomy in the use of the grant ( _T_ 3 vs _T_ 2 ) . Comparisons ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) and ( 4 ) are , to the best of our knowledge , new in the literature and we briefly review their rationale below . # * * Hypothesis 1 ( H1 ) : Extension services paired with tailored recommendations increases practice adoption relative to control farmers ( * * _T_ 4 * * vs * * _C_ * * ) * * The extant research on providing farmers with tailored soil-analysis recommendations ( e . g Harou et al . , 2018 ) suggests limited adoption . However , such recommendations appear to be difficult to interpret and implement in isolation . We provide detailed soil analyses and recommendations ( more detailed for instance than those provided by SoilDoc ) and pair them with high quality extension services . The hypothesis is that the joint provision increases adoption . Since control farmers received the recommendations at the start of the 2016 growing season , by the 2017 end-line survey , _T_ 4 and _C_ differ only in that _T_ 4 received extension services ( in 2015 ) and had tailored recommendations for a year longer than control farmers . We hypothesize that in 2017 , extension services paired with tailored recommendations increase adoption more than tailored recommendations alone . # * * Hypothesis 2 ( H2 ) : Plot-level recommendations increases practice adoption relative to clusterlevel recommendations ( * * _T_ 1 * * vs * * _T_ 2 * * ) * * It seems reasonable that farmers are more likely to trust and therefore act on recommendations that are based on the soil quality of their own plots , especially if heterogeneity in soil quality is significant . In addition , previous research , albeit in a different setting ( e . g . Madajewicz et al . , 2007 ) , suggests that individualized information is more effective . Cluster-level recommendations , however , are cheaper to produce and deliver , so if outcome differences between the two are small , then cluster averaged recommendations may be more cost-effective . Given the substantial soil heterogeneity we", "spans": [{"start": 979, "end": 999, "text": "2017 end-line survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 , 700km ) are in Nairobi , Kisunu and Mombasa ( all project towns ) . It is reasonable to assume that nearly all of the paved roads are included in the project . Network-w ' ide traffic data is not available but an analysis of data for the first tranche rehabilitation sections , adjusted for unpaved , gives the following approximate distribution by traffic volume for paved roads .", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 279, "text": "data for the first tranche rehabilitation sections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "after completion of construction works . Additional rangeland may be affected due to construction of access road through grazing areas . As observed during field visit all the potentially affected rangeland is communal grazing land . However , this shall be further confirmed during detail property survey before commencement of construction works or during preparation of RP for the subproject . Impact on grazing land is likely to happen and its effect is expected to be _Small_ . Thus , the overall risk of the impact is judged to be _Moderate . _ Implementation of the proposed mitigation measures will reduce the risk rating to _Low_ , which is an impact with limited consequences . # # # # # # * * Necessary Mitigation Measures * * Impacts on grazing land will be minimized through the following mitigation measures : - Avoid excessive disturbance of grazing land by limiting land clearing and excavations to what is absolutely necessary for the subproject works and along the access road ; - Rehabilitate temporary construction sites , camps and access roads with suitable native grasses ; - In case any privately owned grazing land is affected , valuation of the affected rangeland is carried out according to the Proclamation No . 1161 / 2019 and Regulations No . 472 / 2020 and cash compensation paid to the affected households . # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 . 6 Impacts on Public Infrastructures and Utilities * * The property survey carried out along the TL corridor has indicated that there are no public utilities such as schools , health units and water supply lines potentially affected by the subproject construction activities . However , there are several road infrastructures and power transmission lines crossed by the subproject TL . The major existing roads crossed by the TL include the Shashemene-Hawassa & Shashemene-Alaba main roads , the Arsi Negele-Hawassa expressway under construction , and several access roads . The possible Page 155", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 305, "text": "detail property survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1426, "end": 1441, "text": "property survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Significant progress has been made in the fight against malaria through the improvement of health system performance and increased public knowledge about malaria . The fight against malaria is part of the overall effort of the Government of Uganda to improve health , as documented in the Health Sector Strategic Plan . This effort is multi-sectoral and involves a broad partnership , which forms the Roll Back Malaria Country Partnership . Policies and strategies for the key interventions for malaria control are detailed in the Uganda Malaria Control Policy ( 1998 ) and the more recent Uganda Malaria Control Strategic Plan ( 2001 / 2-2004 / 5 ) The main intervention strategies implemented in Uganda are ; case management , vector control , epidemic preparedness and response ( s ) , and intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy . Malaria is endemic in 95 percent of Uganda . The remaining 5 percent are epidemicprone areas in the highlands of the southwest and east . A 1995 Burden of Disease study indicated that 15 . 4 percent of life years lost to premature death were due to malaria . A recent MOH information update on malaria in Uganda ( 2000 ) reported that malaria accounted for 25-40 percent of outpatient visits in 1992 / 3 , 27-51 percent in 1998 and 29-50 percent in 1999 . A household survey conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics in 1999 / 2003 showed that Ugandans were reporting more illness than they were in 1992 and particularly more malaria . 28 percent of those R . J . Burnside International Limited * * lA * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1320, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", had savings accounts . While Bumala is just a few kilometers from the region where the present study took place , their data were collected over two years before our household survey . The daily wage earners ( primarily market vendors and bicycle taxi drivers ) included in their study may also be somewhat worse off than our subjects . > 18Gugerty ( 2007 ) surveys ROSCA participants in Busia and Teso Districts in western Kenya ; she argues that the social component of ROSCA participation helps individuals overcome savings constraints . Anderson and Baland ( 2002 ) show income-earning women living in Nairobi slums use ROSCAs to protect their savings from their husbands . Dupas and Robinson ( forthcoming ) show that female daily income earners make more productive investments when given access to even a costly savings account . > 19There are several reasons for the asymmetry between the probability of making a transfer and the probability or receiving a transfer . First , households comprising only children and / or the ill or handicapped could not participate ( because only those adults who could be physically present for the session and were able to hear the oral instructions could take part ) , but are likely to be net recipients of transfers . Another reason is that most households in any village will make a small transfer toward the funeral expenses of their neighbors ; since funerals are relatively rare events , we would expect to see an asymmetry between the likelihood of giving and receiving in the short-term . Finally , transfer data are quite noisy , and households are more likely to report transfers made than transfers received ( Comola and Fafchamps 2011 ) . > 20A _harambee_ is a self-help effort in which community members contribute money or resources to assist a particular person in need . They may be for sending a child to school , paying for a wedding , or any number of other purposes . The concept existed within a number of different tribal groups in Kenya , but was made into a national rallying cry by Kenya ’ s first president , Jomo Kenyatta ( Ngau 1987 ) . > 21We show that the randomization of the price of avoiding making an", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 184, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1554, "end": 1567, "text": "transfer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Table 3 - The unequal effect of shocks on the labor market . The sample includes individuals in LFS data . The binary dependent variables are estimated using Logit . Shock is measured as the year-on-year difference in log ( USD to IRR rate ) in each month . Control variables include being householder , gender , marital status , age , household size , job experience , and education fixed effects . Job fixed effects include occupation , job status , having insurance , and firm size dummies . Year and season fixed effects are in all regressions . _ * * Panel A : Regression with all LFS individuals * * | | * * Work * * | * * ing hours pe * * | * * r week * * | * * Unemp * * | * * loyment * * | * * La * * | * * y off * * | * * Unemploy * * | * * ment length * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | OLS | | Lo | git | Lo | git | O | LS | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | ( 9 ) | | * * Afghan dummy * * | 1 . 078 * * * | 1 . 003 * * * | 2 . 588 * * * | - 0 . 888 * * * | - 0 . 839 * * * | - 0 . 354 * * | 0 . 168 | - 12 . 123 * * * | - 3 . 217 * * * | | | ( 0 . 199 ) | ( 0 . 190 ) | ( 0 . 177 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 040 ) | ( 0 . 163 ) | ( 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 105, "text": "LFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households for participation in RMGs ? Given the extensive baseline surveys administered to the RMG-eligible and the RS , we can compare them on a wide range of dimensions , including income , assets , land holding , etc . Notably , the baseline questionnaires did not include a comprehensive consumption module , which elsewhere is commonly used for assessing poverty status . Table A1 in the Appendix shows 127 variables describing the participants ’ basic demographic characteristics , household composition , income , possession of durables and livestock , housing conditions , nutrition , and experience of economic shocks , available in our survey . To reduce dimensionality and address the likelihood of Type I errors in our numerous possible comparisons between the RMG-eligible and RS groups , we follow Katz , Kling and Liebman ( 2007 ) and Andersen ( 2008 ) by constructing composite z-scores and adjusting the p-values for multiple hypothesis testing . The z-scores of the individual variables are calculated and then averaged by category to construct composite z-scores . The z-scores of variables assumed to be negatively correlated with wealth are inverted . Altogether , we construct 7 composite z-scores to encompass broad dimensions of welfare : land and buildings ownership , household composition , durables ownership , livestock ownership , housing conditions , nutrition , and shocks . We also test for differences in household per capita total income . We apply Bonferroni correction to adjust p-values for the differences in means tests , to further reduce the > 12 Sixteen villages did not have enough RMG , WL , and RS members to rank 15 individuals because of either smaller RMG-eligible memberships or participant absence at time of survey . In these cases , the maximum number of households available for ranking was specified in the instructions . Eight villages had 14 households ranked , 5 villages had 13 , 2 villages had 12 , and 1 village had 9 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 75, "text": "baseline surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Country Example 8 . United States : Getting rid of “ pay secrecy ” is a low ‐ cost intervention that can remove a detrimental source of information asymmetry for women * * < sup > 103104105106 < / sup > * * Program : * * < mark > In 2014 , then ‐ U . S . president Barack Obama issued an executive order and a presidential memorandum that required federal contractors to allow employees to share salary information and to disclose more details about what employees earn . The actions were an effort to address pay gaps between men and women , specifically targeting “ pay secrecy , ” a form of information asymmetry which can lead to women getting paid less for doing the same job as men . Almost half of U . S . workers are either banned or strongly discouraged by their employers from discussing salaries . While federal government pay rates were already transparent and based on a uniform standard , these policies did not cover contractors , who make up a significant portion of the federal workforce . < / mark > * * Outcome : * * While specific outcomes of the 2014 executive order are not known , evidence suggests that removal of pay secrecy policies is associated with reductions in gender pay gaps . A 2011 report from the Institute for Women ’ s Policy Research found that the gender wage gap for all full ‐ time workers was 23 percent . However , federal government employees , who generally have transparent and standardized pay bands , had a gender wage gap of 11 percent . Pay secrecy may compound the challenge that women face in successfully negotiating higher salaries . A 2016 survey by the employment website Glassdoor found that 48 percent of men had negotiated their salary in their most recent job , compared to 32 percent of women . There may be signs of improvement , however , as a more recent 2019 Glassdoor survey indicates that these figures jumped to 61 percent and 58 percent , respectively , for men and women . A lack of information on how much male counterparts are being paid likely makes it even more difficult to negotiate . Increasing transparency", "spans": [{"start": 1824, "end": 1845, "text": "2019 Glassdoor survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR11975 The World Bank # # * * Key Decisions Regarding Implementation * * Progress towards the ULGDP ’ s development objective and overall implementation progress is satisfactory . The project is likely to achieve its development objectives . The EFY 2004 ( FY 12 ) Annual Performance Assessment ( APA ) completed in August 2013 indicates that 14 cities of 19 cities have had good performance ( with a score of 75 percent and above across the performance measures ) , and another four achieved satisfactory performance ( with a score of 50 percent or above ) . Cities are making good progress in sustaining the improvement in the overall city wide management and expansion of municipal infrastructure . Based on the results , 14 cities received accelerated allocations , four cities received full allocations , and one city did not receive an allocation for EFY 2006 ( FY2014 ) because of less-than-satisfactory performance . # # # Key achievements include : ( a ) Cities have selected transformational projects in accordance with their vision and missions ; and b ) the cities visited have selected appropriate projects to fill the existing infrastructure and service delivery gaps , such as construction of cobble stone roads , landfills , and markets . The quantity and quality of infrastructure and services that cities have created under the ULGDP is substantial . All cities have now paved most of their secondary and feeder roads in cobblestones . This has greatly beautified cities , while controlling flooding and improving mobility . Internal and external audit reports are showing continued good financial management performance . The audit reports of the all the cities visited are qualified reports with minor comments . Most of the cities visited have sufficient capacity to fulfill their mandates . All the cities visited by the mission team have staff with the required minimum entry qualifications . # # * * Restructuring History * * There has been no restructuring to date . # # * * Related Projects * * P125316-Urban Local Govt Development Project Page 6 of 6", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 308, "text": "EFY 2004 ( FY 12 ) Annual Performance Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "do not have a standard Bid evaluation template for bid evaluation report . 36 . * * Contract management : * * Contracts are prepared in an abridged form without containing the essential provisions that clarify and share responsibilities between the supplier and public body . In most cases , the contract document provides only the agreed contract amount , the material and quantity to be delivered , delivery time and signature . When the contract document is prepared in a longer format , the sharing of responsibilities between the supplier and the public body is unfairly unbalanced which ultimately affect contract performance . Except for procurement of “ Works ” contract that is managed by the requesting work unit , contract management is the responsibility of the procurement team . The team composition in the revised pool manual suggests for “ Contract Administration ” expert which should be met , given the existing low capacity in contract administration . 37 . * * Implementation of Key Procurement Performance Indicators ( KPIs ) : * * The implementation of the KPIs in all regions and the three sectors ( Agriculture , Education , Health ) is progressing well albeit quality issues . 38 . In addition to the IBEX data , the assessment looked into the KPI data that was submitted annually as part of DLR deliverable . The main data include the total procurement expenditure , list of procurement activities , share of open bidding procedure , and the bid process time . The data received indicates no large value contract exists at regional level that reaches the OPRC threshold for exclusion of contracts under PforR operations . The maximum contract amount identified is ETB 250 million ( around USD 7 million ) which is much below the threshold for Goods USD 30 million . However , it is noted that total amount of contracts reported under the KPI does not match with the data received from IBEX . This indicates that regions are not registering all the contracts at each sector . To address this quality issues the DLR recommended under this AF will require the KPI 13", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1235, "text": "IBEX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1269, "end": 1277, "text": "KPI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1892, "end": 1915, "text": "data received from IBEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unprotected from an exploitative situation where their rights could be abused . The operational requirements of the aid programme may push protection issues into the background even on some of the most fundamental questions of refugee rights . As repatriation was planned for Angolan refugees in Zambia in 1996 a survey was conducted by the lead NGO . This enquired whether the respondents wanted to repatriate in 1996 or 1997 , rather than any open questions about whether people wanted to go at all . This came to the remarkable result that all but 17 of the 25 , 330 Angolan refugees in the settlement wanted to go to Angola . I visited one of the roads in Meheba where the survey had reported that everybody wanted to leave and , even moving along a short portion of the road , I rapidly met people who said that they did not want to repatriate . In particular , some of the older people who felt they were too old to make such a transition expressed great concern at the idea of having to establish new homes back in Angola . Who could they appeal to when UNHCR was organising the repatriation programme in collaboration with NGO partners ? # # # * * Conclusion * * http : / / reliefweb . int / sites / reliefweb . int / files / resources / AB9529AA461FEA41C1256E35003B25C1 ­ UNHCR_Refugee_rural_Africa_2001 . htm 7 / 9", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 349, "text": "survey was conducted by the lead NGO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 183 0 . 247 2 57 . 46 < br > health 0 . 126 3 0 . 098 0 . 220 6 0 . 074 0 . 145 4 66 . 11 < br > financial assets 0 . 076 4 0 . 054 0 . 288 4 0 . 147 0 . 141 6 48 88 < br > edu cation 0 . 043 5 0 . 032 0 . 260 5 0 . 117 0 . 143 5 54 . 99 < br > mobile phones 0 . 010 6 0 . 007 0 . 324 3 0 . 169 0 . 155 3 47 . 96 < br > # of Households 6770 < br > # of Interviewers 428 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | | | | Panel A : C < br > | ambodia < br > | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ee < br > | | | R < br > | esults from < br > | odelsWi < br > | th Covariate < br > | s < br > | | | | | Variance | Rank | of < br > Residual | ICC Total | Rank | ICC-HH | ICC-I | Rank | ICC-I in < br > ICCTotal | | Individual Ox Module ( Equation 5 ) | | | | | | | | | | | land | 4481 | 1 | 2 . 509 | 0 . 440 | 4 | 0 . 368 | 0 . 072 | 7 | 16 . 31 | | migration | 0 . 481 | 2 | 0 . 326 | 0 . 323 | 6 | 0 . 252 | 0 . 071 | 8 | 21 . 95 | | time use | 0 . 381 | 3 | 0 . 141 | 0 . 631 | 1 | 0 . 345 | 0 . 285 | 1 | 4526 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > with cultivation ) | 7 , 611 . 9 | 80 % | 20 % | 6 , 089 . 5 | 1 , 522 . 4 | | Aquatic or flooded vegetation | 130 . 4 | 20 % | 80 % | 26 . 1 | 104 . 3 | | Sparse vegetation | 5 . 3 | 80 % | 20 % | 4 . 3 | 1 . 1 | | Bare areas | 28 . 3 | 80 % | 20 % | 22 . 6 | 5 . 7 | | * * Total extent ( ha ) * * | * * 67 , 174 . 7 * * | * * Totals excl * * | * * . wetlands * * | * * 20 , 764 . 6 * * | * * 1 , 564 . 6 * * | | * * Percentage composition ( exclud * * | * * ing wetlands e * * | * * stimated at 3 * * | * * 0 % cover ) * * | * * 56 % * * | * * 4 % * * | Note ( a ) : A correction factor is applied to each land cover unit based on ground-truthing results , as many land cover units are comprised of both modified and natural habitat Table 3 Calculation of modified and natural habitat extent along the Masaka-Mutukula TL route based on CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 meter resolution ) and ground truthing | * * Landcover Unit * * | * * Land cover * * | * * Correctio * * < br > | * * n * * < sup > * * Note ( a ) * * < / sup > < br > | * * Estimated Habit * * < br > | * * at Extent ( ha ) * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | *", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 865, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "return to education would necessarily be higher . That would make our assumption and all subsequent implications to be a clear underestimation of the potential real loss . ∆ _Earnings-per-year-per-studentc = ( _ ∆ _LAYSc_ x x _Earningsc ) _ ∆ _Earnings-per-yearc = _ N _x Ac x Uc x_ ∆ _ ( Earnings-per-year-per-student_ cc _c ) _ RR ∆ Life-time-earningscc _c = _ P ( ∆ _Earnings-per-year ) _ cc , ii , tt Our calculations are described in the equations below , is the long-run expected returns to one-year-of-schooling , which is fixed at 8 % for all countries as in the HCI ; cc RR Where , * * Earningsc * * is the mean nominal monthly earnings of employees in 2017 PPP $ , * * A * * c is the Adult survival rate in country c – from Human Capital Index Database * * U * * c is the Human Capital Utilization as per Pennings ( 2019 ) is the total number of students enrolled in pre-primary , primary , and secondary in country c from UIS Statistics , NNcc is the discount rate – assumed to be 3 % , is years of working life that the change in earnings is experienced – 45 years * * , * * ii tt # _Expected Earnings_ To calculate the earnings loss , we used the ILO database on monthly earnings of employees in 2017 PPP $ . We have triangulated this information against both the countries average household GDP in 2017 PPP $ and the average total household welfare also in 2017 PPP $ , these indicators were constructed from the WDI and GMD , respectively . We used the average household size in the latest household survey available in the GMD . Once this further adjustment was done , it was clear that for most countries ( 100 ) the ILO earnings data seemed plausible ; in 35 countries we replaced the ILO earnings value by the World Bank JoIn database , and for the remaining 22 countries we used the average earnings of a specific income level as the proxy . 56", "spans": [{"start": 734, "end": 762, "text": "Human Capital Index Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 933, "end": 947, "text": "UIS Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1160, "end": 1172, "text": "ILO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1430, "text": "WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1539, "end": 1542, "text": "GMD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1634, "end": 1651, "text": "ILO earnings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1729, "end": 1753, "text": "World Bank JoIn database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * # # # # # * * TABLE 1 NOTES : * * All figures are provisional and subject to change . < u > a . Country notes < / u > Belgium : Excludes accompanying children . Denmark : Asylum claims in Denmark exclude Iraqi interpreters who have worked for the Danish Forces in Iraq . France . Includes asylum applications of minors . Germany . The delay of registering people as well as changes in the registration procedures result in discrepancies between the cumulative total of monthly asylum claims and the total number of asylum claims in Germany . Tables 1 to 15 reflect the former and are thus based on monthly totals . Based on cumulative total annual figures , Germany registered 21 , 030 asylum claims in 2006 and 19 , 160 in 2007 . Netherlands . Data prior to 2007 include a significant number of repeat applications . The 2007-2008 figures are thus not comparable with previous years . Spain . Includes applications lodged at Spanish embassies . Turkey . Source : UNHCR . United Kingdom : data rounded to the closest 5 . United States . Figures include ( 1 ) statistics from the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) , based on the number of cases and multiplied by 1 . 4 to estimate the number of individuals ; and ( 2 ) the number of new ( \" defensive \" ) requests lodged with the Executive Office for Immigration Review ( EOIR ) , based on the number of individuals . < u > b . Regional classification < / u > EU - \" old \" ( 15 ) . Austria , Belgium , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Portugal , Spain , Sweden and UK . EU - \" new \" ( 12 ) . Bulgaria , Cyprus , Czech Rep . , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Romania , Slovak Republic and Slovenia . EU-Total ( 27 ) . EU - \" old \" and EU -", "spans": [{"start": 1138, "end": 1189, "text": "statistics from the Department of Homeland Security", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Borrower and the Association may agree upon from time to time to achieve such objectives : < u > Part A : Site Planning and Conservation < / u > 1 . Preparation of a conservation plan and implementation of the plan on a pilot basis for the walled fortress palace complex of _Fasil Ghebbi_ in _Gondar_ and adjacent areas to identify priorities for future site conservation activities , including strengthening the involvement of the community in planning , conservation and management of the palace complex . 2 . Strengthening the capacity for site planning and interpretation through the provision of training . 3 . Preparation of a conservation plan and implementation of the plan on a pilot basis for _Axum ’ s_ archeological sites , including the development of plans for an expanded museum and the provision of training at both national and regional levels in curation skills . # # # < u > Part B : Inventory and Documentation Development < / u > 1 . Building capacity for establishing a better information base about cultural assets for purposes of planning , conservation and threat mitigation , including carrying out pilot inventories in _Tigray , Amhara_ and _Oromiya_ regions . 2 . Carrying out of workshops to gain consensus about core national standards and methodologies . 3 . Developing the capacity within ARCCH to provide specific rapid assessment capabilities in advance of the establishment of infrastructure and other development activities which might threaten cultural and historic sites . # # # < u > Part C : Artisanal Crafts Development < / u > Provision to artisans of design guidance , technical skills , business training and direct market links to generate sales to local , tourist , regional and export markets and to develop the market momentum and local capacity to sustain craft industry growth , through the provision of technical advisory services and training . Establishment of three artisanal centers in renovated historically or architecturally significant structures . 3 . Development of capacity of NGOs to become involved in craft development and marketing through the provision of technical advisory services and training .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # MISSION DATA | Type of Ninstion | . ent < br > sent < br > Ty | Date | No ofi ! < br > _N . _ < br > o < br > Dap ( t ) | Cospo < br > _ < br > * * GE TX * * | siti < br > Al | on / < br > A I | 0 | No ofY ! < br > N / ___ < br > M < br > * * Daye ( ± ) * * | Interval < br > Between < br > * * Miseion * * * ( months ) | * * t * * < br > Date of < br > Report | Project < br > Inatitutlona / < br > * * Vilted * * < br > and Remarkx | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Reconnaietanee < br > Identification < br > Reconnaissanoe | IDA < br > Unesoo < br > ID < br > IDA - < br > nnegoo | July 68 < br > Feb-Mar 69 < br > Sept 69 < br > Dec69 < br > | NA < br > 28 < br > 2 < br > _6_ | 1 < br > 1 < br > 1 < br > 1 < br > 1 < br > 1 | 1 | < br > 1 | | NA < br > 112 < br > 2 < br > 12 | - < br > 6 < br > 6 < br > 3 | * * NA * * < br > June 69 < br > 10 / 3 / 69 < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( SUTVA ) violations in our setting ? Since migration is in the same direction of the employment treatment effect , if migrants take up some of the employment , we should interpret the effect as an upper bound to the ( aggregate ) effect without migration . Intuitively , this is similar to the canonical DiD using simulated data : the estimated coefficient might overstate actual _local_ increase in employment . Note that aggregate employment growth is _zero_ in the quantitative model . 13", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 329, "text": "simulated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "farmers adopted . Collaboration with other projects and NGOs , particularly in the supply and multiplication of planting material , contributed to adoption . Adopting farmers reported yield increases , but over the period of the project national production data do not indicate any increase in productivity . From 1995 the late provision of counterpart funds adversely impacted on project activities , and the late and non-payment of staff allowances affected staff performance and levels of activity . Improved efficiency and cost effectiveness could have been achieved if payment of the staff allowances and salary support had been linked to performance indicators . In 1997 / 98 , a village level planning approach was piloted in 8 districts aimed at identifying priorities and action plans . Reportedly , 1007 villages were covered . Introduction of this broad based approach within the context of an agricultural extension project , which had only one year of implementation remaining , resulted in unmet expectations . * * Improvement in training capacity and skills . * * In general , implementation of this component was marginally satisfactory . There was over-achievement of targets in terms of postgraduate training , study tours and short term training , resulting in over-expenditure against the training category . On the other hand , much of the training was theoretical and there was underachievement with FEW retraining and farmer training . No evaluation of training impact was carried out . Public sector restructuring resulted in retrenchment of over 50 % of the staff who undertook postgraduate training under the project . Only two out of the six targeted District Farm Institutes were rehabilitated , and rehabilitation of the Arapai and Bukalsa Agricultural Colleges was not done : reasons include the higher counterpart contribution required for civil works and delayed recruitment of a competent civil engineer to oversee the works . The curriculum of the colleges was revised and adopted . The Bank questioned the appropriateness of the new curriculum in that it offers four diplomas in various disciplines instead of one diploma for polyvalent technicians . * * Strengthening of management systems . * * Project management was less than satisfactory . In project implementation allocation of", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 261, "text": "national production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was clearly known ; therefore a census of all the affected PAPs was carried out . It was however not easy to find all the households heads / property owners of the projects areas . Despite this efforts were made to interact with the entire affected let alone the absentee land lords . A total of 402 people directly or / and indirectly affected by the projects were interviewed . The rest also known as absentee land lord were not available during the consultation period because some of them were either absent on that particular day or live elsewhere or in urban places but own the land . The survey and valuation team work closely with the local council leadership since these people are known to them . Access to their property for valuation was therefore guaranteed by the presence of the local council leadership . The leaders also remain with the valuation forms or some other persons within the family signs the forms on their behalf . In addition 1189 property owners who stay and earn their livelihoods in the project area were identified as those who will be affected . * * Table 7 : Number of Interviewed and Total Impacted by the Project * * | * * Project Area * * | * * Number * * < br > * * of * * | * * Number of PAPs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Household Heads * * | * * Affected * * | | | * * Interviewed * * | | | Kizirafumbi-Kabaale | 402 | 1189 | Page 17", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 63, "text": "census of all the affected PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Developing countries , particularly those in Asia , are fast adopting industrial pollution control standards similar to those in developed countries . However , formal regulation has been greatly hampered by the absence of clear and legally binding rules ; limited institutional capacity ; lack of appropriate equipment and trained personnel ; and inadequate information on emissions . At present , the government-imposed ' price of pollution ' is nearly zero for many manufacturing facilities in these economies . A conventional analysis would predict highly pollutionintensive production under such conditions . However , our research has uncovered strongly contradictory evidence . Despite weak or nonexistent formal regulation and enforcement , there are many clean plants in the developing countries of South and Southeast Asia . Of course , there are also many plants which are among the world ' s most serious polluters . What explains such extreme interplant variation ? This paper reviews the evidence from a survey of pollution abatement by 26 pulp and paper plants in four countries : Bangladesh , India , Indonesia and Thailand . Our analysis incorporates three sets of factors which may affect the pollution intensity of an industrial process : Relevant * * plant characteristics * * may include choice of technology , vintage , ownership , management quality , available human resources and technical expertise . Firms ' responsiveness to pressure for abatement may also vary significantly with * * economic considerations : * * input prices , profitability , market characteristics , availability of information on abatement technology , and financing possibilities . Finally , plants may adapt to * * external pressure * * from government regulators , buyers or investors , and neighboring communities which suffer damage from pollution . Our results show that all three factors play significant roles . Abatement is positively associated with scale and competitiveness ; negatively associated with pubic ownership ; and unaffected by foreign links ( in ownership or financing ) . Community pressure , or informal regulation , emerges as a clear source of interplant differences . Under some circumstances , communities successfully pressure plants to abate even if little or no support is available from formal regulation . Our results suggest that local income is a powerful predictor of effective informal", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1067, "text": "survey of pollution abatement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 . Share of youths aged 15-18 considering migrating , by sex and current activity . * * * * Figure 6 . Share of youths aged 19-25 considering migrating , by sex and current activity . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Average Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Average < br > 100 % 100 % < br > 87 % < br > 90 % 90 % < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 71 % < br > 70 % 69 % 64 % 64 % 67 % 71 % 67 % 70 % 60 % 62 % < br > 60 % 60 % 57 % 58 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female < br > NEETs Currently at school Working NEETs Currently at school Working < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . Sampling weights used . T-tests of equality of means were conducted across men and women within each country . Only average shares are reported for the sake of clarity . Source : Own calculations based on Source : Own calculations based on Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey ( 2020-2023 ) ; Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey 2020-2024 ; Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey 2020-2021 . Datasets downloaded from https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / hfps / ? page = 1 & ps = 15 & repo = hfps on January 2 , 2024 . < mark > Regarding migration destinations , our findings show that < / mark > * * < mark > both youths aged 15-18 and 19-25 prefer relocating to urban areas , such as capital cities and towns , or other countries rather than rural areas . < / mark > * * < mark > This preference is particularly evident among the youngest youths ,", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1041, "text": "Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1058, "end": 1094, "text": "Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1158, "text": "Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s Calculations based on data from SEDAPAL Annual Reports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Only 39 percent of connections were metered by 1996 , and only 15 percent of connections had meters that were read ( see statistical appendix table 3 ) ; an unknown but even smaller number were actually charged according to their meters . < sup > 7 < / sup > Metering varied by type of user , with a greater proportion of industrial users charged according to a > 4 Webb and Associates estimated the medical cost income costs of water borne diseases at US $ 13 per capita a year in 1992 . Average family size is five persons and household income is US $ 240 . > 5 The connection charge in 1998 for water was US $ 224 and for sewerage , US $ 296 . > * * 6 * * The residential rates were US $ 0 . 18 per M < sup > 3 < / sup > compared to industrial tariffs of USS0 . 49 in 1989 ; by 1996 the rates were US $ 0 . 33 and US $ 0 . 85 respectively . > * * ' * * In 1992 only 8 percent were charged according to a meter ( LMG Consultants ) . These data are not strictly comparable , however , because SEDAPAL has contracted out metering and meter reading .", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 56, "text": "SEDAPAL Annual Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "borrowed money in the past 12 months . Globally , 36 percent of men and 32 percent of women borrowed in the past year – from sources including formal financial institutions ( bank , credit union or microfinance institution ) , store credit , family or friends , an employer , or an informal lender . The gender gap of 4 percentage points in borrowing remains consistent across high income and developing countries . In developing countries , a slightly larger percentage of adults report having borrowed money in the past year ( 37 percent vs . 32 percent in developing countries ) . In high-income countries , 33 percent of men reported borrowing as compared to 29 percent of women . The relatively low share of adults with loans in high income countries might be explained by the widespread ownership of credit cards ( 40 percent vs . only 7 percent in developing countries ) that give adults access to short-term loans as needed . Not surprisingly , the highest fraction of adults ( 14 percent ) with formal loans can be found in high income countries ( Figure 6 Panel A ) . In East Asia Pacific , Europe and Central Asia , Latin America and Caribbean , and South Asia , between 8 and 9 percent of the population reports having loans from formal financial institutions . The gender gap in the use of formal credit is most pronounced in high income economies at 4 percentage points . In the developing world , the gender gap with respect to formal credit is only around 1 percentage point or insignificant . However , in developing countries , the overwhelming number of loans originates from informal sources and the gender gap for those loans ranges between 3 and 4 percentage points ( Figure 6 Panel B ) . # * * 3 . Explanatory Variables * * To shed light on the factors associated with gender differences in the access to and use of financial services , our empirical analysis combines individual-level data on the use of financial 13", "spans": [{"start": 1892, "end": 1913, "text": "individual-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CRI | Comments on ac | hieving targets | Not Applicable . The new < br > approval . | Corporate Scorecard Indicator | s were not included i | n the Results Fram | ework at | | Increase in project stakeholders < br > accessing information through ICT < br > platforms ( Percentage ) < br > ( disaggregated by platform ) < br > ( Percentage ) ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | Aug / 2016 | | 35 . 00 | Nov / 2021 | | | | Agricultural and rural development < br > infrastructure and NRM investments < br > implemented under the project at < br > the county level ( Number ) < br > ( Number ) | | | | | | | | | disaggregated by Agricultural < br > and rural development < br > infrastructure ( Number ) < br > ( Number ) | | | | | | 122 . 00 | | Page 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts of tourism growth using the Local INterregional Economic Model ( LINE ) ( Zhang and others 2008 ) . However , this method is computationally complex and it is demanding in terms of the data requirements . Many policy questions , especially if the main focus is on short - to medium-term impacts , can also be answered within the context of a SAM model . This study uses the Social Accounting Matrix ( SAM ) multiplier model of tourism impacts developed , permitting ex ante assessment of the direction and magnitude of the local economic and poverty impacts of the growth of the tourism sector . This model provides estimates of the disaggregated direct and indirect effects of an increase in tourist expenditures on the local economy and on households with specific income and skill levels . The model translates an increase in tourism expenditures at the aggregate level into regional impacts , using information from surveys of tourist expenditures , consumption , expenditure and employment patters of Panamanian households , and the general structure of the economy . > 11 I-O tables decompose GDP into a matrix of inputs and outputs . The Tourism Satellite Accounts approach was developed by the World Tourism Organization with a view of implementing a universal measurement methodology for the tourism industry and the tourism sector . 8", "spans": [{"start": 928, "end": 959, "text": "surveys of tourist expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # A . * * Project Development Objective * * # # # * * 1 . Project development objective : * * ( see Annex 1 ) _The development objective is to improve the quality and availability of basic social and economic services in poor and marginalized communities of West Bank and Gaza ( WBG ) . _ This objective would be realized through financing investments in local infrastructure and institutions . Physical investments would be targeted to preserve and extend capital stock of infrastructure owned by villages and small municipalities in regions of WBG with the highest incidence of poverty . Like the preceding Community Development Projects ( CDPs ) I and II , the Integrated Community Development Project ( ICDP ) would finance investments in infrastructure such as roads , water supply , schools and clinics that are necessary for economic and employment growth and vital to human development and poverty reduction . The project would expand activities to the agriculture sector , including rehabilitation of small irrigation schemes and terracing , and wells , due to the potential impacts on rural employment and productivity and pilot new initiatives to promote access to information and communication technologies ( ICT ) and services . The ICDP would be more focused than the preceding CDPs on enabling local government units ( LGUs ) to plan and manage microprojects . # # # 2 . Key * * performance indicators : * * ( see Annex 1 ) Some of the key performance indicators are listed below . Additional performance indicators are provided in Annex 1 . - 90 percent of microprojects improve quality and availability of basic services for a minimum of two years from the end of the defects liability period , according to microproject status reports - 75 percent of microproject financing awarded to communities located in regions with poverty incidence above 20 percent , according to WBG poverty map - 60 percent of microproject financing awarded to communities with population less than 5 , 000 - 60 percent of beneficiaries express satisfaction with the level of citizen involvement in preparation and implementation of a microproject in their comnrnunity", "spans": [{"start": 1729, "end": 1756, "text": "microproject status reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1893, "end": 1908, "text": "WBG poverty map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 2 . 17 : Kibuye proposed water supply layout plan < br > 2 . 8 . 1 . 2 Manyatta B < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 2 . 8 . 1 . 2 Manyatta B * * In Manyatta B informal settlement , water is supplied by a community initiative – Wandiege Water Supply Company ( WWSC ) , as well as KIWASCO and individual boreholes / wells . WWSC is the main water supplier and draws water from a borehole constructed in 2003Though KIWASCO has an elaborate water network in the settlement , the level of connectivity is still low . The WSP also operates 8 water kiosks in the settlement . As per the 2019 census , Manyatta B and a total population of 33 , 183 . Based on the National population census of 1989 , 1999 , 2009 and 2019 , the settlement has been growing at a rate of 1 . 6 % . While the settlement has an area of 2 . 6km , the project will cover 0 . 85 Km2 ( sewerage and water ) . This translates to a population projected population of 11 , 847 in the initial of 2024 and 17 , 611 for the ultimate year 2054 . So the impact of the project in the ultimate year 2054 will be 17 , 611 . Considering the existing KIWASCO ’ S water supply network , the following interventions have been considered in the settlement ; Construction of ; Construction of ; - Mbeme Auji Line - Geseko Line - Raila estate Line With the three lines and the available budget ; two water kiosks and 10 public water points have also been proposed . 41", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 838, "text": "2019 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 902, "end": 928, "text": "National population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA FOR A TRANSPORT REHABILITATION PROJECT 1 . I submit for your approval the following memorandum and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Uganda for SDR 54 . 5 million ( US $ 75 . 0 million equivalent ) to help finance a Transport Rehabilitation Project . The proposed credit would be on standard IDA terms with a maturity of 40 years . A portion of the credit proceeds ( US $ 3 . 1 million equivalent ) would be passed on to Uganda Railways Corporation ( URC ) , of which US $ 2 . 1 million equivalent would be grant and US $ 1 . 0 million equivalent would be relent at the rate of 7 percent p . a . , repayable over 15 years including _5_ years grace and with URC bearing the foreign exchange rsk . The Nordic Development Fund ( NDF ) would provide parallel financing in the amount of US $ 4 . 6 million for capacity building in feeder roads activities . 2 . Background : Uganda ' s population , as enumerated in the 1991 census , is 16 . 7 million and growving at about 2 . 7 percent annually . Per capita GNP was estimated to be US $ 170 in 1992 ; about 90 percent of the population is rural . At independence in 1962 , Uganda had one of the strongest , most promising economies in Sub-Saharan Africa . The countty is not well endowed vith minerals or fossil fuels , but has rich soils and a fivorable climate for agricultural production . The years immediately after independence demonstrated the country ' s economic potential : real GDP grew by 5 . 8 percent per annum from 1962 to 1970 , with per capita GDP increasing more than 2 . 8 percent per annum . In the 1970 ' s and early 1980 ' s Uganda suffered a period of severe economic decline and instability , from which it has", "spans": [{"start": 1113, "end": 1124, "text": "1991 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "completed . The results of the surveys will supplement the information generated through other aspects of the project ‘ s M & E system . - Sixth , the Bank , AFD , and Sida are currently discussing the roles and responsibilities of each agency in implementing the KISIP . The agreements will be presented in a memorandum of understanding , which all three partners will sign . The partners have also agreed to hold a video conference with staff based in Paris or Stockholm at least once a month , and more frequently if necessary . # # 2 . Implementation Support Plan . | * * Time * * | * * Focus * * | * * Skills Needed * * | * * Resource * * < br > * * Estimate * * | * * Partner Role * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | First twelve < br > months |  Establishment of the < br > Special Accounts at the < br > MoH and at the < br > municipalities . < br >  Quality of terms of < br > reference . < br >  Procurement of key < br > contracts . < br >  Execution of contracts . < br >  Development and |  < br > Core team skills < br >  < br > Gender < br >  < br > Procurement < br >  < br > Financial < br > management < br >  < br > Environment and < br > social safeguards < br >  < br > Social accountability . | US $ 250 , 000 in < br > BB and < br > US $ 100 , 000 in < br > trust funds | Partners will review < br > and comment on < br > terms of reference . < br > Partners will < br > participate in < br > monthly video < br > conferences and in < br > supervision < br > missions", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 38, "text": "surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The campaign was developed as a set of simple visual aids with two different messages : the importance of voting which focused on the relationship between the electoral process and policy , and the significance of secret balloting which explained the actual balloting process . Treated women received either the first message or the first and the second , allowing us to test whether the knowledge that ballots are cast in an environment of secrecy enhances female participation , as well as independence in candidate choice . We find that turnout increases by about 12 percent for women in treated households compared to women in control clusters , with somewhat larger and more precise effects for women exposed to both messages . More importantly , we find comparable turnout rates for treated women and their untreated close neighbors , indicating large geographical spillovers . We then assess whether spillovers among close friends are larger than those among neighbors . The results are qualitatively similar . This is not too surprising given that close friends typically reside nearby . In addition , we use the GPS location of households to estimate spillovers beyond the ( arbitrary ) boundaries of the treatment clusters and find even larger effects . We also use administrative data from all polling stations that served the study villages and find that for every 10 treated women , ( roughly 4 households ) , female turnout increases by about 9 additional votes . Once we take this externality into account , the cost of the intervention drops from US $ 16 . 7 to about US $ 2 . 2 per additional vote . In contrast , using the same administrative data we find no effect on male turnout , suggesting either that the provision of information on electoral participation and processes is less salient for men or that there is little communication about political matters between men and women . Of course , it is also possible that men are simply not influenced by information provided by women . We then study whether the campaign influenced candidate and party choice . We find that it did . Treated women are significantly more likely to vote for the second most voted for political party . Control women in treated clusters behaved again", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1147, "text": "GPS location of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1276, "end": 1321, "text": "administrative data from all polling stations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1646, "end": 1665, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The Dependent Variable * * There is a lively debate regarding how to measure corruption and rent extraction ( see for example Tresiman , 2007 , Olken 2009 , and Kauffman et al 2007 ) . However , despite continued controversies over ( 1 ) the validity of subjective measures of rent extraction ( such as Transparency International ’ s ( 2011 ) Corruption Perceptions Index or the World Bank ’ s ( 2011 ) Good Governance Indicators ) and ( 2 ) the external validity of more narrow objective measures of rent extraction ( such as the UN ’ s ( 2011 ) data on bribery ) there is now a growing consensus that , as long as standard errors are taken into account most of these major measures of rent extraction are valid and reliable and measuring the same underling variable ( Kauffman et al 2007 ) . Given that Transparency International ’ s Corruption Perception Index ( CPI ) is most substantively focused on politically sensitive corruption vis-à-vis other indicators ( Hamilton , 2012 ; Persson and Tabellini , 2003 ) this measure of rent extraction ( see Appendix A for details ) is used as the dependent variable of interest ( it is in fact inverted so that lower scores denote less corruption ) . However , substituting this depended variable for other measures of rent extraction ( see next Section and Hamilton 2012 ) does not alter the robustness of the findings . Because the CPI scores is constrained ( cannot exceed or be less than a given value ; 0-10 ) the CPI is not , strictly speaking , drawn from normal distributions ( which must , by definition , vary from negative to positive infinity ) . While many researchers simply use OLS to run regressions on such variables , this is potentially problematic because the nature of these variables means that the residuals of such models may only approximate that of a normal distribution . If the residuals are not normally distributed , then the results of such analyses will be biased either over - or under-estimating the influence of the independent variable of interest on the dependent variable . > 13 Australia , Austria , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Finland ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SECTION 7 * * # # * * 7 . RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DATA COLLECTION * * After reviewing the information needs and the data available for each of them , several recommendations for data collection stood out : - The following themes and specific questions should be present in future assessments : - As there was no specific data on access to water for cooking , it is necessary to include a question on access to water for cooking in the VASyR 2014 , for example . There is a need for information on the sufficiency of water for cooking and of its quality . - Assessments should include information on type of consequences ( health , nutrition , economic , etc . ) of a reduction in the size of meals , and who is most likely to be affected within the household . - Gathering additional data on positive coping strategies should also be considered . - If possible , future assessments should gather data on the diversity of illegal and risky jobs and the extent to which target populations resort to them in order to meet their food needs . - Future assessments should gather data on the proportion of target populations who refuse to receive food assistance in order to measure the extent of the problem , and ask the populations in question what the possible ways to address this issue are . - For IYCF practices , there is a necessity to include questions related to whether mothers are exclusively breastfeeding or supplementing with bottle-feeding and the reasons why . In addition , this should be measured at the infant level as there may be several infants fed in different ways in the same household . - Food security assessments should be geographically representative at the operational level ( i . e : UNHCR sub-offices ) . - According to the MSNA SWG workshop participants , data analysis of data collected by agencies should be systematic . - Reviewing all past assessments on food security and nutrition before starting a new assessment should be systematic . - Establishing a list of key definitions to use across the sector ( e . g : number", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 445, "text": "VASyR 2014", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "` ` ` those of ECD Centers , thereby facilitating interaction between ECD Centers and lower primary classes . ` ` ` ` ` ` Part F : Monitoring and Evaluation ` ` ` ` ` ` 1 . Monitoring of input utilization and process outcomes at center level by means of child cards , center registers and wallcharts , and a survey of ECD centers , and supply of certain disaggregated information and profiles from DICECEs to each of the district centers for effective planning purposes . ` ` ` ` ` ` 2 . Evaluation of the impact of the Project and of each of its components on child outcomes using household - and child-specific sample survey data . ` ` ` ` ` ` 3 . Carrying out of special studies to address policy development issues , deal with operational research issues and evaluate specific issues , such as training and supervision , which are not covered by regular monitoring and evaluation activities . ` ` ` ` ` ` * * * ` ` ` ` ` ` The Project is expected to be completed by December 31 , 2001 . ` ` ` # ` SCHEDULE 3 ` # ` Procurement and Consultants ’ Services ` ` ` ` Section I . Procurement of Goods ` ` ` ` ` ` Part A : General ` ` ` ` ` ` Subject to the eligibility restrictions set forth in Section III of this Schedule , Ggoods shall be procured in accordance with the provisions of Section I of the \" Guidelines for Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits \" published by the Bank in January 1995 and revised in January 1996 ( the Guidelines ) and the following provisions of this Section , as applicable . ` ` ` ` ` ` Part B : International Competitive Bidding ` ` ` ` ` ` 1 . Except as otherwise provided in Part C of this Section , goods shall be procured under contracts awarded in accordance with the provisions of Section II of the Guidelines and paragraph 5 of Appendix 1 thereto . ` ` ` ` ` `", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 329, "text": "survey of ECD centers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 631, "text": "household - and child-specific sample survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household is connected to and drawing from the water network , and to zero otherwise . This is determined by the main source of drinking water , as self-reported in household surveys . We then define , as the share of households that are connected to the network among those with potential access ( i . e . , located in a service area ) , which is a subset of all households _H . _ HH | SSAA CC Hence , S < sup > xCC < / sup > is the proportion of poor households that are connected , conditional on their having HH HH | SSAA < sup > is equal to the actual connection rate among all households . Analogously , < / sup > potential access ( or being located in a service area ) or , equivalently , the number of poor PP | SSAA CC households that are connected divided by the number of poor households that have potential access to the network . # * * Quantity of water consumed among those connected ( Q ) * * We construct this variable by imputing water consumption volumes from self-reported household water expenditure , _EH | T_ , conditional on being connected to the network . The conversion is undertaken using the corresponding tariff structure from the IBNET data . < sup > 10 < / sup > In the first round of calculations , we impute quantities for households for which ( i ) the total bill for water consumption depends on the quantity consumed , ( ii ) the value of self-reported > 9 The variable _service area_ ( _SA_ ) is equivalent to the variable _access_ ( _A_ ) in Komives et al . ( 2005 ) and Angel-Urdinola and Wodon ( 2007a ) . In this paper we prefer the phrase _service area_ because it better reflects the variable we are measuring . > 10 Information on how this match is made for each country is provided in the appendix . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1160, "end": 1170, "text": "IBNET data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 34 . УВКБ сотрудничает с государствами и партнерами , чтобы открыть возможности для инклюзии , как указано в его Стратегии взаимодействия с субъектами развития . В Республике Конго УВКБ поддерживает реализацию проекта по созданию системы социальной защиты в Ликуале и его расширение в Браззавиле и Пуэнт-Нуаре в соответствии с позитивной позицией правительства в отношении инклюзии и при финансировании со стороны подотдела по работе с беженцами Международной ассоциации развития Всемирного банка . В рамках проекта тысячи беженцев и членов принимающих общин получают денежную помощь и гранты на деятельность , приносящую доход . В Мавритании в рамках инициативы УВКБ и ряда партнеров семьи беженцев были включены в национальный социальный реестр , получают регулярные денежные трансферты и имеют право на субсидии на первичное медицинское обслуживание . В Колумбии со", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 748, "text": "национальный социальный реестр", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ru"}
{"text": "the right answer may depend on the context . < sup > 40 < / sup > Informative questions with one correct answer were difficult to find , precisely because the difficulty to make the right decisions in farming often comes from the difficulty to adapt to each context rather than applying a “ one size fits all ” solution . Obtaining better measures of technical skills may require the development of new techniques that assess whether the numerous micro-decisions taken by a farmer fit his environment . # _5 . _ * * CONCLUSIONS * * Cognitive , noncognitive and technical skills are thought to play a key role for many economic decisions and outcomes in developing countries and are increasingly incorporated in empirical analyses . Little is known , however , about the validity or reliability of commonly used skill measures in surveys conducted in developing countries . This study is the first to investigate the reliability , validity , and the predictive power of a large range of skill measures on a poor rural adult population in a developing country setting . We do so using data from a survey experiment , specifically designed for this purpose , and a variety of statistical tools and methodologies . The results show the cognitive skills measures are reliable and internally consistent , while technical skills are difficult to capture and very noisy . The evidence further suggests that measurement error in noncognitive skills is non-classical , as correlation between questions are driven in part by the answering patterns of the respondents and the phrasing of the questions . These results first of all suggest that collecting comparable information on cognitive skills in large household surveys in field conditions is feasible . Further validation of such measures in other contexts will be important to establish whether these conclusions hold in different settings – including possibly when cognitive measures are less correlated to educational achievement – and the extent to which such measures allow to compare cognitive outcomes across countries , or across regions / groups within a country . The study further shows how specifically accounting for measurement error through factor analysis and item response theory can help increase the validity , reliability and predictive power of the technical skill measures . It also", "spans": [{"start": 1083, "end": 1112, "text": "data from a survey experiment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Municipal Program ( FY10 ) ( P066488 ) information technology systems , and infrastructure to support municipal asset management , markets , access roads , and bus parks for the follow-on and World Bank-approved KUSP . The following targets were partially achieved because project financial resources were redirected to meeting the cost overrun for the Mombasa drainage project : - Constructed and rehabilitated 62 . 6 km of drains ( target 90 km ) . - Constructed and rehabilitated 23 . 74 km of roads ( target 34 . 60 km ) . - Constructed 3 markets - a hawker ' s market in Eldoret , two livestock markets , one in Garissa and another - in Machakos ( target 5 ) . # # # * * OUTCOMES * * : - Constructed and upgraded roads improved access to markets and services and have reduced travel - time for urban residents . - The non-motorized transport links like the pedestrian and bicycle paths reported heavy use according to - the post project beneficiary assessments . In Mombasa , 74 % of residents walked to work or study and reported that some 15 , 400 residents use the walkways everyday . Users of walkways also numbered 17 , 000 in Thika , 5 , 700 in Nakuru , and 6 , 000 in Eldoret . Another study cited the improved pathways as having reduced accidents between cyclists , pedestrians , and motor vehicles . The walkways improved walking comfort and cycling speeds and improved motor vehicle speeds because pedestrians and cyclists did not share the roads with them . - The hawker ' s market in Eldorect was not fully occupied but the two livestock markets were providing - benefits to traders who reported increased earnings on average of Kshs . 13 , 300 per market day compared to Kshs . 4 , 680 prior to construction . The county was collecting Kshs . 560 , 000 per day and about Kshs . 28", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1061, "text": "post project beneficiary assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the contribution of entrants to productivity growth . # * * 3 . 3 Reallocations and Productivity Growth * * The reallocation patterns discussed in the previous section suggest several margins through which manufacturing productivity increases . The first channel is _between-industry_ reallocation . < sup > 11 < / sup > A similar argument to that regarding the effect of the structural transformation from agriculture to manufacturing on aggregate productivity may be applied here . The growth rate of aggregate productivity may increase as resources are reallocated to industries with higher productivity levels . < sup > 12 < / sup > As resources are reallocated to more productive industries and used more efficiently , aggregate productivity may increase . Moreover , if growing industries have higher productivity growth rates , the growth rate of aggregate productivity will be increased even more . The second channel is _within-industry_ reallocations , which are the focus of most studies using establishment - or firm-level micro-data . The logic is similar to that of between-industry reallocations , but this growing literature focuses on reallocations that occur at the firm or establishment level ( i . e . , _between_ e _stablishments_ within an industry ) . Empirical literature has been 11 Previous studies using industry-level data implicitly assume that there exists a representative firm for each industry ( See Lee ( 2005 ) for the detailed argument ) . For example , Basu and Fernald ( 1997 ) examined the cyclical properties of the reallocations between industries . They document that inputs tend to be reallocated toward industries with higher returns to scale and higher productivity levels during a boom in the cycle . 12 It is not clear to compare the levels of TFP between industries , due to the differences in the deflator and production technology ( i . e . , elasticities of inputs for each industry ) . We find that growth rates of TFP were higher for growing industries ( e . g . , transportation and electronics ) than for declining industries ( e . g . , textile and leather ) . 13", "spans": [{"start": 1331, "end": 1350, "text": "industry-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") Administration Offices : - Participate in all the Subproject information disclosure meetings ; - Participate in the identification of affected households and mobilise PAPs ; - Give feedback / notification to PAPs on Subproject related issues ; - Participate in and witness the process of the affected land survey , property valuation and compensation payment process ; and - Attend to all grievances within the Kebele with regard to land required by the Subproject . # # # # # * * 14 . 6 Subproject Affected Community Members * * The following are among some of the key responsibilities of the Subproject-affected community members : - Participate in all Subproject information meetings through nominated representatives ; - Participate in and witness relevant Subproject land acquisition activities ; - Prepare and submit claims about compensation payment as and when required ; Page 190", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 314, "text": "affected land survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 3 * * In this paper , we focus on intra-household inequality in income-earning . This allows us to adopt a sharper test for mechanisms . It also allows us to hone in on gender income inequality , one of the most pervasive forms of social inequality . Through this lens , intra-household inequality can be affected by how ( i ) the impact of self-esteem differs across men and women , ( ii ) interacts with their partner ’ s self-esteem , and ( iii ) manifests when economic outcomes are constrained by scarcity and market failures in input provision , a particularly relevant topic in development settings . Thus , the question of how noncognitive skills influence inequality – in our context , self-esteem and intra-household inequality in economic specialization specifically – rests on two axes . First , how does the interplay between the genders ’ noncognitive skills influence the \" general equilibrium \" , that is the household level ? Second , what determines the sign of this interplay , i . e . , whether spouses ’ noncognitive skills are substitutes or complements ? A key to answering this question rests on the fact that noncognitive skills , and self-esteem in particular , may affect outcomes by increasing one ’ s ability and willingness to control production inputs and thus determine how resources are allocated among household members ( Engle ( 1990 ) ) . This paper uses self-esteem as a measure of noncognitive skills since it is the main noncognitive skill analyzed in the economics literature . Most importantly , self-esteem has been found to be stable and strongly predictive of future outcomes by psychologists , making it suitable for study of impacts ( Donnellan , Trzesniewski , Robins , Moffitt , and Caspi ( 2005 ) ; Orth , Robins , Trzesniewski , Maes , and Schmitt ( 2009 ) and references cited therein ) . Consequently , they are part of standard measures incorporated in large longitudinal studies such as the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the United States , the German Socio-Economic Panel and the Household Income and the Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey . Economists researching noncognitive skills ( such as Cobb-Clark and Tan ( 2011 ) ; Heineck and Anger", "spans": [{"start": 1949, "end": 1986, "text": "National Longitudinal Survey of Youth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2014, "end": 2041, "text": "German Socio-Economic Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i ) Those who have formal legal rights to land or other assets recognized under the laws of the country concerned ; - ( ii ) Those who may not have formal legal rights to land or other assets at the time of the census / evaluation but can prove that they have a claim that would be recognized under the customary laws of the country ; and - ( iii ) Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying in the subproject area of influence and who do not fall into either of the two categories described above if they themselves or witnesses can demonstrate that they occupied the subproject area of influence for at least six months prior to a cut-off date established by the borrower or client and acceptable to the Bank . # # # # # * * 9 . 3 Entitlement Matrix * * An entitlement matrix facilitates the timely disbursement of compensation and other benefits for those entitled to them . It specifies those individuals and households who are entitled to compensation and other benefits ( and the types of property for which they will be compensated for ) and differentiates them from non-entitled HHs . Official Use Only Page 113", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 53 - the Ministry of Labor , and are financed in a variety of ways beyond direct government budgets . Some provide broad national coverage for industrial training ; others are restricted to a particular sector . Tn most cases formal vocational education remains a separate function administered by the Ministry of Education . 4 . 07 The status of these systems as reflected in the most recent Bank SARs or PCRs is summarized * * in * * Table 24 . Changes in the longer-established systems may have occurred ; in some cases systems are under development in current projects . The data thus reflect policies and objectives that have been * * and * * are being supported by Bank investments , not a necessarily accurate * * and * * up-to-date assessment of system configuration . Table 24 : The Development of National Training Systems | ReglorVCoun | Year of < br > try Initiatio | n < br > Agency < br > N | ationa | l Sectoral < br > Fiiancing Policy | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | El Salvador | 1978 | Industrlal Training System < br > ( not Inplemented ) | X | Payroll Tax Levy ( not < br > lrplemented ) | | | | CENAP < br > - National Productivity < br > Center | X | | | Dominican < br > Reptbdlc | 1979 | INFOTEP | X | 1X Payroll Tax Levy | | Barbados | 1979 | National Training Board | X | O . 5X Payroll Tax Levy | | Brazil | 1976 | National Vocational Tralning < br > System | X | 1X Payroll Tax Levy | | Paraguay | 1971 | SNPP | X | 1X Payroll Tax Levy | | Uruguay | 1983 | COCAP < br > - Natlonal Vocational < br > TralnIng Council | X | Government < br > FInancing < br > Student fees cover all < br > recurrent costs |", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 404, "text": "Bank SARs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Second , refugees with worse mental health are less likely to have a permanent job , although the effect is statistically insignificant ( Column 2 ) . They are also 3 . 2 and 5 . 6 > 11 Our findings remain consistent when using the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation of the weekly labor income outcome ( see Table A18 , Appendix A ) . > 12 Our results differ from Connor ( 2010 ) , who employs an non-instrumented approach and finds little evidence for the correlation between self-reported sadness / depression and earning among refugees in the United States . But the bias of the non-instrumented FE estimates that we find may partially contribute to this difference . 13 The foreign-born population , however , is underrepresented in the HILDA survey ( Watson and Wooden , 2010 ) . Furthermore , it is not possible to identify refugees from HILDA as information on visa type is unavailable . 14 We use the same IV approach as in Table 1 to examine other labor market outcomes . This requires an assumption that the exclusion restriction remains valid , or our instrument affects labor market outcomes only through changes in mental health . 14", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 761, "text": "HILDA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 In previous research ( Constantinescu , Mattoo and Ruta , 2015 ) , we use an Error Correction Model ( ECM ) to investigate more formally the behavior of world trade and income . Specifically , we estimate the following regression equation using annual data for the period 1970-2014 for the world economy : where m is world trade in volume terms , y is real world GDP , t is year , β is the short-run trade elasticity , -  is the speed of adjustment , and -  /  is the long-run trade elasticity . The regression results for this specification are reproduced in Table 1 . The long 1990s were indeed different , with a long-run elasticity of world trade to GDP of 2 . 2 . In the 2000s , this elasticity reverted back to 1 . 3 , the level prevailing in the period 1970-1985 . For each percentage growth of world income , trade was growing by 2 . 2 percent in the long 1990s but only by 1 . 3 percent in the period 1970-1985 and in the 2000s . < sup > 2 < / sup > Formal tests also confirm that there was a statistically significant structural break between the long 1990s and the preceding and subsequent periods . > 2 Reported estimations are based on world GDP growth aggregated using PPP rates . Estimation using market exchange rates yields elasticities of 2 . 51 in the 1990s and 1 . 87 in the 2000s . The elasticity in the 1990s is higher than the one in 2000s , and the difference between the two estimates is statistically significant , though smaller than in the case when PPP weights are used .", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 258, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the empirical application presented in Section 7 uses data for a group of Eastern European banks . Most of the banks in Eastern European countries are either national or regional banks , or subsidiaries of foreign banks , rather than international banks . Entries for G10 countries are also provided in the QIS5 study and can be retrieved as required . * * Table 1 : * * Selected Through-the-cycle Probabilities of Default ( PDs ) and Losses Given Default ( LGDs ) . | Asset Class | CEBS - | Group1 | CEBS - | Group2 | non-G10 | - Group2 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | PDs | LGDs | PDs | LGDs | PDs | LGDs | | Corporates | 2 . 20 | 38 . 1 | 0 . 83 | 35 . 2 | 1 . 47 | na | | SMEs < sup > ( 1 ) < / sup > | 3 . 26 | 38 . 8 | 3 . 66 | 31 . 7 | 4 . 31 | 49 . 6 | | Consumer Mortgage Loans | 1 . 52 | 21 . 4 | 1 . 39 | 21 . 4 | 17 . 72 | 40 . 4 | | Consumer Loans < sup > ( 2 ) < / sup > | 3 . 69 | 55 . 0 | 2 . 33 | 51 . 9 | 11 . 34 | 55 . 7 | | Other Consumer Loans | 4 . 33 | 47 . 9 | 2 . 32 | 42 . 2 | 6 . 22 | 45 . 1 | | Sovereigns < sup > ( 3 ) < / sup > | 0 . 13 | 27 . 7 | 0 . 04 | 38 . 2 | 0 . 24 | na | | Banks < sup > ( 4 ) < / sup > | 0 . 22 | 39 . 4 | 0 . 11 | 39 . 4 | 0 . 74 | na | * * Notes : * * < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 101, "text": "data for a group of Eastern European banks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Lebanon Electricity Transmission Project ( P170769 ) 9 . * * Despite the large subsidies , electricity supply is insufficient to meet growing demand . * * Even with likely underestimated peak electricity demand of about 3 , 562 MW , the utility supplied only 47 percent of this demand in 2018 ( about 1670 MW ) from its 2 , 334 MW of available ( installed and rented ) generation capacity ( Figure 1 ) . The shortfall is also partly caused by generation curtailment to reduce the fuel bill . Rolling blackouts are 3-17 hours per day , with the lowest level in Beirut and South Lebanon , up to 11 hours in Mount Lebanon , and 17 hours in Bekaa Valley . Daily hours of supply at feeder level is on average only about 16 hours in the Beirut area and 12 hours in the rest of the country . Recent World Bank Enterprise Survey indicated that lack of reliable electricity is the second biggest obstacle to private sector growth , after political instability . Over 97 percent of firms experience regular electricity outages , incurring large losses as a result ( estimated at 6 percent of sales ) . The balance of demand was satisfied by diesel-fired private generators that are ( illegally ) connected to the low-voltage distribution network . About 85 percent of households rely on these private generators with very high prices of around US $ 0 . 25 / kWh and low wattage . * * Figure 1 : Generation capacity and estimated demand for electricity * * Source : Ministry of Energy and Water , 2019 . Updated Policy Paper for the Electricity Sector . 10 . * * The transmission system is outdated and will need significant upgrade . * * Historically , the bulk of the transmission system in Lebanon was developed in the 1970s , with some upgrades in the 1990s , as a 66-kV network which over time has gained country-wide coverage . As power demand grew , there was a need to introduce higher voltage transmission , which resulted in construction of a 150-kV network", "spans": [{"start": 815, "end": 843, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A . | < br > N . A . | 30 | 49 | 49 | - | - | | | Makerere 4 / < br > | ( Male < br > | N . A . < br > | N . A . < br > < br > | < br > N . A . < br > | 395 < br > | 455 < br > | 132 | 154 | 169 | | | University | ( Female < br > | N . A . . < br > | < br > N . A . < br > | N . A . < br > | 127 | 166 | 66 | 57 | 43 | - | | | ( Total | N . A . | N . A . | N . A . | 522 | 621 | 198 | 211 | 212 | | w - Notes 1 / Grade II Teacher Training Colleges give a four-year cotirse , following primary school . 2 / Grade III Teacher Training Colleges give a two-year course , following lower seconidary scliool . 3 / Department of Technical Teacher education only . - 4 / Education diploma courses only . - 5 / For Uganda Technical College , 1978 / 79 MOE statistics are given ; for Makerere University 1979 / R ! 8 . i . F / For Uganda Tecthtnical College , 1979 / 80 MiOE statistics are given ; for Makerere University 1980 / 81 statistics . - 7 / Provisional data , total enrollment for Grade Il and Grade III TTCs for 1979 was 7 , 967 . ( D c Source : Ministry of Education .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ Fiscal Policy in Good Times and Bad , ” Quarterly Journal of Economics , 114 , 1399-1436 . - [ 26 ] – – — ( 2005 ) . “ Estimating the Effects of Fiscal Policy in OECD Countries , ” CEPR Discussion Paper 4842 . - [ 27 ] Ramey , V . A . ( 2011 ) . “ Identifying Government Spending Shocks : It ’ s all in the Timing , ” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 , 1-50 . - [ 28 ] Ramey , V . A . and S . Zubairy ( 2014 ) . “ Government Spending Multipliers in Good Times and in Bad : Evidence from U . S . Historical Data , ” NBER Working Paper No . 20719 - [ 29 ] Riera-Crichton , D . , C . A . Vegh , and G . J . Vuletin ( 2014 ) . “ Procyclical and Countercyclical Fiscal Multipliers : Evidence from OECD Countries , ” Policy Research Working Paper 6993 , NBER , Washington , DC . - [ 30 ] Romer , C . D . and D . H . Romer ( 2010 ) . “ The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes : Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks , ” American Economic Review , 100 ( 3 ) , 763-801 . - [ 31 ] Sa , F . G . , P . Towbin , and T . W . Wieladek ( 2014 ) . “ Capital Inflows , Financial Structure and Housing Booms , ” Journal of the European Economic Association , 12 , 522-546 . - [ 32 ] Sutherland , A . J . ( 1997 ) . “ Fiscal Crises and Aggregate Demand : Can High Public Debt Reverse the Effects of Fiscal Policy ? ” Journal of Public Economics , 65 , 147-162 . - [ 33 ] Towbin , P . and S . Weber ( 2013 ) . “ Limits of Floating Exchange Rates : The Role of Foreign Currency Debt and Import Structure , ” Journal of Development Economics , 101 , 179-194 . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "producers , journal editors , and policymakers in addition to estimating the frequency with which efficiency analysis currently appears in published impact evaluations for the first time . This paper combines results from exploratory research that queried individual impact evaluators , VFM experts , policymakers , as well as representatives of international development multilateral , bilateral , philanthropic , and research institutions and academic peer-reviewed journals using semi-structured and unstructured interviews , surveys , a small randomized control trial , and portfolio analyses of World Bank and worldwide impact evaluations . # * * Data * * Data for the evaluation were procured through five data collection activities : * * NEAR CENSUS OF WORLD BANK IMPACT EVALUATIONS * * – A data set of 30 World Bank impact evaluations with VFM analyses was constructed from a sample of 168 World Bank impact evaluations produced between 2000 and June 2010 . < sup > 4 < / sup > Of the 168 impact evaluations , 40 were found to contain “ a simple comparison of costs with benefits , cost-benefits analysis , economic rate of return , or cost-effectiveness analysis across treatment types or programs ” ( IEG 2012 ) . Three were dropped because they were falsely tagged as including efficiency analysis when they did not , and two because they did not report the information needed to make a determination . Five IE publications could not be found . The remaining 30 World Bank IEs with VFM analysis were reviewed in detail . * * SAMPLE OF GLOBAL IMPACT EVALUATIONS FROM THE DATABASE OF THE INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE FOR IMPACT EVALUATION * * – We obtained a random sample of 236 impact evaluations from the 3ie ’ s Impact Evaluation Repository ( IER ) , representing 10 percent of IER studies that were published between 1986 and 2012 . The IER records all published impact evaluations of the effectiveness of development interventions that were identified through systematic search of over 30 databases , search engines and websites . Included interventions must have been carried out in low - or middle-income countries using recognized experimental or quasi-experimental estimation strategies . * * SEMI-STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS WITH IE PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS , INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS , INSTITUTIONAL REPRESENTATIVES , AND POLICY MAKERS * * –", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 789, "text": "NEAR CENSUS OF WORLD BANK IMPACT EVALUATIONS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1581, "end": 1643, "text": "DATABASE OF THE INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVE FOR IMPACT EVALUATION", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Procurement Plan-Non-Consulting Services * * | * * Country / Organisation : * * < br > < br > * * Project / Programme : * * < br > < br > * * Loan # : * * | Uganda < br > MSI | * * Estimated * * < br > * * BASI * * | * * C DATA * * | | | * * Plan vs . * * < br > * * Actual * * | * * ocuee a-o * * < br > * * Contract * * < br > * * Date * * < br > * * Contract Finalizat * * | * * osug e * * < br > * * Date * * < br > * * ion * * | * * vces * * < br > * * Co * * < br > * * Opening * * | * * ntract Implement * * < br > * * Arrival * * | * * ation * * < br > * * Inspection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Description * * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Reference # * * < br > | < br > * * Amount * * < br > * * in US $ ’ 000 * * < br > | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | < br > * * Pre-or Post * * < br > * * Qualification * * < br > | * * Prior or Post * * < br > * * Review * * < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entrepreneurial than those deciding to stay . It follows that areas that are already poor see an outflow of important resources that could have contributed to the local development ( Awumbila , 2007 ) . True is that via remittances poor areas might eventually get some compensation for this brain drain but the effects can manifest with a certain lag and sometimes the benefits do not offset the loss . Second , and linked to the previous aspect , is that those who stay might become even poorer after the migration of the youngest and fittest . Awumbila and Ardayfio-Schandorf , ( 2008 ) argue that , poverty may also be as a result of migration . In families and communities where husbands and the active productive youth populations have migrated , poverty among children , wives , elderly people and other dependents may be worsened . This line of argument clearly interrogates the poverty migration nexus . Third , there is increasing evidence that those migrating are not only adults with potentially better economic opportunities , but also kids who might end up being street children . Kwankye et al . ( 2009 ) , find that migration of children from Northern to Southern Ghana has become a very common phenomenon as , in their survey , almost every household is reported to have a child migrant in Southern Ghana . While not all child migrants become street children , estimates are not encouraging . Using a nationwide survey of 2 , 314 street children , Kwankye et al . ( 2009 ) calculate that over a third of the street children were from the Northern region ( 38 . 1 percent ) followed by the Upper East ( 12 . 1 percent ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1461, "text": "nationwide survey of 2 , 314 street children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project - Additional Financing 1 ( P181168 ) | community infrastructure - female | | Coordination < br > Teams , < br > Central < br > Statistical < br > Agency of < br > Ethiopia | beneficiaries as per the < br > relevant Kebele ’ s < br > demographics | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Beneficiaries with rebuilt and | Semi - | Woreda < br > Project | Aggregation of Woreda - < br > level data on IDP < br > bfiii h | MF FPCU | | improved access to climate-resilient < br > community infrastructure - displaced | Annual | Coordination < br > Teams | enecares as per te < br > relevant Kebele ’ s IDP < br > figures | o | | | | Woreda | | | | | | Project | Aggregation of Woreda - | | | | | Coordination | level data . Beneficiaries | | | Beneficiaries with rebuilt and improved < br > access to basic services | Semi - < br > Annual | Teams , < br > Central < br > Statistical | are the people of the < br > Kebeles where the new < br > or improved services are | MoF FPCU | | | | Agency of < br > Ethiopia | provided | | | | | Woreda | | | | Beneficiaries with rebuilt and < br > improved access to basic services - < br > female | Semi - < br > Annual | Project < br > Coordination < br > Teams , < br > Central < br > Statistical < br > Agency of | Aggregation of Wore", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 518, "text": "level data on IDP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # UGANDA # # # # * * KYANGWALI REFUGEE SETTLEMENT * * # # # * * ENHANCING PROTECTION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS THROUGH IMPROVED MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT * * * * Partners : * * Humanitarian Initiative Just Relief Aid ( HIJRA ) , Lutheran World Federation ( LWF ) , UNHCR , community members # # # Context As of 31 October 2018 , Uganda hosted 275 , 100 refugees from the DRC along with refugees from Burundi ( 31 , 200 ) , Somalia ( 18 , 700 ) and Rwanda ( 13 , 800 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > Established in the 1960s to receive Rwandan refugees , as of March 2018 Kyangwali refugee settlement hosted 68 , 703 persons of concern comprised of 60 per cent children under 18 years of age and 49 per cent women and girls of reproductive age . < sup > 5 < / sup > The protracted nature of displacement coupled with deteriorating economic conditions and limited livelihood opportunities continue to increase the risk of SGBV , especially among female heads of households , unaccompanied children and adolescent girls . Among the South Sudanese and Congolese refugees who make up the majority of the population in the Kyangwali settlement , menstrual hygiene management ( MHM ) presents a significant challenge and affects women and girls who are unable to afford hygiene materials . Kyangwali ’ s population has nearly doubled since the arrival of refugees from the DRC in mid-December 2017 , straining the already limited resources . The humanitarian response has since struggled to meet the needs of the community , resulting in inadequate menstrual hygiene facilities and service provision . # # # Project background and objective The 2017 AGD participatory assessment conducted by UNHCR and partners in Kyangwali refugee settlement with girls , parents and school management committees highlighted that the lack of gender-segregated latrines , lack of acceptable menstrual hygiene materials , insufficient water supply in schools and the lack", "spans": [{"start": 1627, "end": 1660, "text": "2017 AGD participatory assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > 77 < / sup > . Furthermore , over 50 percent of long Average Length of Stay ( ALOS ) in hospitals are attributed to NCDs and injuries ( ibid ) . With the changing population structure ( aging population ) , NCDs are poised to become the dominant cause of disease burden in the country . Coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) pandemic also posed a major health risk , both within Kenya and globally . During COVID-19 , over 21 percent of businesses in Kenya closed , and the remainder , while remained operational , experienced varying degrees of negative impact ( e . g . , 35 percent reported issues with > 73 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022 > 74 World Bank Estimates : _https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / SP . DYN . LE00 . IN ? locations = KE_ > 75 Kenya Demographic Health Survey , 2022 . Key Indicators Report > 76 IHME . Global Burden of Disease 2019 > 77 World Health Organization 2022 . Non-Communicable Disease Progress Monitor 27", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 646, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", clamper meter , < br > Heavy Duty mechanical tool < br > box , Digital < br > Tachometer , Electrical Tool < br > box and others , for PMU staff < br > by WDC | < br > < br > IDA / 64450 | Rural Water Supply , < br > Sanitation , and Hygiene < br > ( Rural WASH ) | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2021-09-20 | | | | | | | | | 2021-10-13 | | 2021-11-12 | | ET-WDC-231712-GO-DIR / < br > Procurement of model climate < br > data for NMA ( Ethiopia < br > weather and climate forecast < br > and research ) from European < br > Centre for Medium-Range < br > Weather Forecasts ( including < br > license ) by WDC | < br > IDA / 64450 | Climate Resilient Water < br > Supply , Sanitation , and < br > Hygiene ( Climate Resilient < br > WASH ) | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2021-09-20 | 2021-09-25 | | | | | | | | | 2021-10-30 | | 2022-10-30 | | ET-WDC-261188-GO-DIR / < br > Procurement of 6 hard top < br > vehicles for Water < br > Development Commission < br > PMU implemented by WDC . | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Project Management | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 549, "text": "data for NMA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation to civil works ; ( j ) a description of grievance redress mechanisms ; ( k ) a description of the arrangements for funding resettlement , including the preparation and review of cost estimates , the flow of funds , and contingency arrangements ; ( l ) a description of mechanisms for consultations with , and participation of , displaced persons in planning , implementation , and monitoring ; and ( m ) arrangements for monitoring by the implementing agency and , if required , by independent monitors . 25 . When a resettlement policy framework is the only document that needs to be submitted as a condition of the loan , the resettlement plan to be submitted as a condition of subproject financing need not include the policy principles , entitlements , and eligibility criteria , organizational arrangements , arrangements for monitoring and evaluation , the framework for participation , and mechanisms for grievance redress set forth in the resettlement policy framework . The subprojectspecific resettlement plan needs to include baseline census and socioeconomic survey information ; specific compensation rates and standards ; policy entitlements related to any additional impacts identified through the census or survey ; description of resettlement sites and programs for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living ; implementation schedule for resettlement activities ; and detailed cost estimate . # # # # * * Process Framework * * 26 . A process framework is prepared when * * Bank-supported projects may cause restrictions in access to natural resources in legally designated parks and protected areas * * . The purpose of the process framework is to establish a process by which members of * * potentially affected * * 63", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1104, "text": "census and socioeconomic survey information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to reach desired levels because employers have limited flexibility to replace incumbent workers with new hires who have the requisite skills . < sup > 25 < / sup > Temporary or even persistent skill gaps can arise with constraints in the local supply of certain skills and with technology and demand shocks that increase the demand for skills . Employer assessments of whether the education and skills of their workforce are adequate and whether skill shortages pose an obstacle to the firms ’ operations are used to measure the presence and severity of these skill deficits . To study their determinants , we analyze whether these skill deficit measures are related to a set of control variables for firm characteristics , actual skill mix , firm productivity attributes , and demand from exports and innovation . - _Skill strategy equations_ . Employers may respond to identified skill deficits in different ways . The survey asked about strategies employers may be using to improve workforce > 24 Implementing the skill share of total payroll specification of the skills demand model requires detailed wage data for each skill dimension in the firm , as well as the prevailing wage rates of different skills groups in the open labor market . The TESS did not elicit data on mean wages of the workforce by level of education ; while it asked for mean wages by occupation , these data were incomplete and were not deemed reliable . The challenging data needs have prompted other researchers to rely instead on specifications using the skill shares of total labor ( for example , see Almeida , 2010 ) . > 25 Abowd et al . ( 2007 ) exploit the availability of matched employer-employee panel data to study the responses of employers to gaps between desired and actual skills mix , using a partial adjustment model . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1659, "end": 1695, "text": "matched employer-employee panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> disbursing grants to the CIGs . However , Phases I and II of the grants have been disbursed to < br > the CIGs , and the survey is scheduled for May 2024 . | | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > 65 . 00 | | Share of target < br > beneficiaries with < br > rating ‘ Satisfied ’ or < br > above on project < br > interventions / women < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This indicator estimates demand-side social accountability through engagement with project < br > beneficiaries and extent to which project activities and outcomes are meeting beneficiaries ’ < br > demands . This is based on perception survey administered on a representative sample to < br > representative beneficiaries including VMG and focus on fisheries and aquaculture < br > management and livelihoods diversification . Survey results will be disaggregated by sex . < br > Citizen engagement indicator . | Page 5 of 12 Jun 24 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 631, "text": "perception survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Extension coverage of 8 per cent , and with adoption rates of 25 to 40 per cent the per farm household incremental return required for an IRR of 15 per cent ranges from approximately US $ 167 to US $ 97 ; - Extension coverage at 20 per cent which would be considered optimistic based on the survey findings , and with adoption rates of 25 to 40 per cent the per farm household incremental return required for an IRR of 15 per cent ranges from approximately US $ 65 to US $ 38 ; - Extension coverage at 40 and 60 per cent is unlikely , and with the adoption rate of 25 to 40 per cent would require a considerably lower incremental return ranging from approximately US $ 33 to US $ 14 per farm household ; - Adoption rates of 55 per cent while included in the analysis are generally unlikely and would be limited to very simple technologies . * * Table 3 : Productivity Improvement and Incremental GDP Required to Achieve an IRR of 15 % ( per adopting farm household in constant 1991 US $ ) * * | * * Project * * < br > * * Extension Cover * * | * * Ado * * < br > * * SAR * * | * * ption Rates ( % ) * * | Surveys | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ! __ < br > ___ < br > ___ < br > _ < br > _ | ( 55 ) | 40 | 25 | | * * SAR * * ( 60 ) | 1 . 450 / | 2 . 05 ° / | 3 . 400 / | | | ( US $ 9 . 68 | ( US $ 13 . 68 , | ( US $ 22 . 69 | | 40 | 2 . 10N | * * 30 / * * | * * 5 ° / * * | | | ( US $ 14 . 01 | ( US $ 20 . 20 ) | ( US $", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 308, "text": "survey findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "encountered trucks loaded with agricultural produce stuck on poor earth or gravel roads ( many suffering from inadequate drainage ) , and farmers waiting for milk collection wagons which never arrived because the roads were impassable . * * 7 . 02 * * The appraisal report conservatively estimated the economic benefits of the road maintenance project as vehicle operating cost savings on the * * 19 , 000 * * km of roads . No estimate was made of savings due to postponing the need for costly reconstruction of neglected roads , or from agricultural losses that would have occurred if the roads were left in poor condition . The savings in vehicle operating costs were calculated * * by * * the consultant . Vehicle operating costs were based on data from consultant studies and the * * UK * * Road Research Laboratory . * * A * * point system was used to rate the condition of a sample of roads both with and without the project . The points related specific road conditions , such as riding quality , gradient and other road characteristics , to vehicle operating costs ; MOW no longer uses this system of rating roads . * * 7 . 03 * * Data are not available on the amount of regravelling and resealing carried out ; therefore , output has been assumed based on the arrival of equipment in these years and amount of recurrent financing available . Assuming that all roads ( except for minor roads ) resealed or regravelled between FYs * * 1973 * * and * * 1979 * * were project roads , it has been estimated that about * * 2 , 150 * * km of resealing was carried out compared to the * * 3 , 800 * * km projected at appraisal , and that MOW regravelled an estimated * * 2 , 500 * * km of roads itself ,", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 775, "text": "data from consultant studies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "farming sector as explained below , characterized by perfect competition and endogenous input prices . Aggregate land supply is fixed but land can move across uses according to relative returns . The yield response to prices is a much needed addition . Keeney and Hertel make the yield response explicit . It depends on the substitution between land , labor , capital , and other factors . Land supply follows a CET structure as described in Figure 2 . However , the differentiated bilateral trade response in Keeney and Hertel is a potential drawback . Bilateral export demand assumes differentiation for commodities that are essentially homogeneous across countries ( e . g . , corn , soybean ) . The assumed trade substitution elasticities for grains are low ( - 2 . 6 ) . These elasticity estimates are based on econometric work by Hertel et al . ( 2007 ) . Keeney and Hertel assume that U . S . imports of ethanol from Brazil increase proportionally to the total U . S . ethanol demand , irrespective of price levels , a questionable assumption as explained later in the modeling section and which has important consequences for land allocation . Birur et al . ( 2008 ) use the GTAP database developed by Lee et al . ( 2005 ) and ( 2008 ) to analyze the impact of biofuel production on global agricultural markets . The latter authors decompose land into 18 agro-ecological zones ( AEZs ) . Birur et al . consider 3 biofuels , ethanol from grains , ethanol from sugar-crops , and biodiesel from vegetable oils . They treat the 2 ethanol productions as imperfect substitutes . The crops considered are coarse grains , oilseeds , sugarcane , other grains , and other agriculture . Crops , grazing , and forestry use the total land endowment . Composite land supply is made of land in the 18 AEZs , which are treated as highly substitutable ( CES with an elasticity of substitution of 20 ) . Within any AEZ , land shifts between forest , pasture , and crops with some CET value of - 0 . 11 . Within crops , land shifts moving with a CET elasticity of - 0 . 5 . Land owners maximize", "spans": [{"start": 1183, "end": 1196, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of transportation in international trade , and air freight services . With canceled sailings and flights , port delays , and container shortages , COVID-19 measures may have differences in trade transported by sea or air to an archipelago country like Indonesia ( see Majune and Addisu , 2021 ) , with implications for trade facilitation measures . The reminder of this paper is organized as follows . The data is described in section 2 . The methodology is presented in section 3 with the results discussed in section 4 . Finally , section 5 concludes our study . # * * 2 Data * * # # * * 2 . 1 Lockdown data * * Lockdown is a binary variable , a composite indicator where one indicates the month any of the following measures were in place : workplace closure , the closure of public transport , stay at home requirements , restrictions on internal movement , and international travel controls . Lockdown is twofold : external and domestic . External lockdown refers to when the indicator refers to lockdown policies by Indonesia ’ s trading partners and domestic lockdown is a dummy where any of the above-mentioned indicators are applied by Indonesia in a particular month . This definition of lockdowns has been adopted from Majune and Addisu ( 2021 ) and differs from country to country for the external lockdown since lockdowns were in place at different times . Data for these indicators is from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker ( Hale et al . , 2021 ) . To explain the pattern of lockdown measures , we display the trend of Indonesia ’ s lockdown Stringency Index and that of selected countries ( Papua New Guinea , India , Thailand , Malaysia , Australia , Singapore , the Philippines and Vietnam ) between January 1 , 2020 , and August 31 2021 in Figure 1 . The index is constructed by re-scaling the maximum ordinal values of nine indicators ( one health measure and eight closures and containment policies ) to range between 0 and 100 . The scores are then averaged to get a composite index for each 5", "spans": [{"start": 1408, "end": 1451, "text": "Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | OURO GUIRE | 168 | 145 | 201 | 346 | 216 | 177 | 393 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 372 | 388 | 760 | | * * YOUWAROU * * | * * 1120 * * | * * 2839 * * | * * 2593 * * | * * 5432 * * | * * 1189 * * | * * 786 * * | *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "so-called _restos a pagar_ . In most states we are unable to assert whether payments in a given year were committed and / or verified in the previous year ; furthermore , annulments of verifications and cancellations of payments can be common , and are not always precisely measured in our dataset . We believe both of these factors might drive the systematic overestimation of aggregate amounts in our dataset compared to SICONFI . Finally , we also highlight that results in both our dataset and SICONFI are self-reported by municipalities , meaning there could be systematic discrepancies not due to errors in one source , but due to inconsistent reporting by subnational agents . While we document that in some states we systematically overestimate total amounts verified and paid , these deviations Dmt are only weakly correlated with municipal characteristics . We perform a predictive OLS exercise regressing Dmt on a list of observables including each municipality ’ s log population and log GDP per capita . In Table 4 we report results from regressions with only year fixed effects in odd columns and with year and state fixed effects in even columns . In odd columns we find that deviations are negatively correlated with ln ( Population ) and positively correlated with ln ( GDP ) . For both deviations in commitment and verification amounts , these correlations become much smaller in magnitude and mostly not statistically different from zero once we include state fixed-effects . For deviations in payment amounts , we still observer marginally significant correlations ( at 10 % significance level ) for both population and GDP – in column ( 6 ) , a one log point increase in GDP correlates with 0 . 5 p . p . smaller deviation in payments , or about 12 % of the mean . A one log point increase in GDP per capita roughly corresponds to going from p25 to p75 of the distribution , so this is a small magnitude . In sum these results suggest that our data ’ s aggregate deviations from SICONFI totals are partially correlated with municipalities ’ characteristics , although only weakly . Researchers using our data may want to control for such characteristics depending on the research question at hand . # *", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 505, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 31 - # Avallabillty and Access to Electricity Thirty years ago , the supply of electric power In most developing countrles was confined to owie or two large citles and the major source of power was small thermal plants . During the past thirty years , however , growth of the sector has been very high and now most major towns and many smaller towns have been supplied with electricity from an Integrated network using various kinds of power plants operated and developed as a system . Some countries now serve much of the urban population and have embarked on ambitious rural electrificatlon programs . Installed capacity Increased by 9 . 7 % p . a . between 1968 and 1982 compared to 10 . 6 % p . a . In the 1950s and 19609 . Power generation showed similar growth of 9 . 6 % p . a . between 1968 and 1982 , and 11 . 3 % p . a . In the 1950s and 19609 . Growth In the power sector has easily exceeded that of real GDP In most countries and also has been far higher than population growth rates , Indicating that overall access to electricity service has been Increaslnu . Access to service can be measured by several Indicators , Including ( I ) generation per capita , which Indicates the amount of electricity per capita produced ; ( II ) Insta : led capacity per capita ; and ( III ) percent of the population actually connected to the public grid . Data for 51 countries In 1968 and 1982 showed that , on average , generation per capita Increased by 7 % p . a . and Installed capacity by nearly 8 % p . a . These growth rates compare very favorably with an average real growth rate of nearly 2 % p . a . for per capita GDP over the same time period . In over 90 % of countries , per capita generation and Installed capacity growth rates were more than double the real growth rate for GDP and In 57 % of countrles more than three times as high . Eariler data on the percentage of the populatlon having electricity connectlons were not readlly available , but data", "spans": [{"start": 1357, "end": 1395, "text": "Data for 51 countries In 1968 and 1982", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may affect electoral outcomes seems reasonable . Since there may well be serial correlation and an effect of expenditures on elections , studies which disregard the possibility of simultaneity must be treated with caution ( see , for example , Bruhn , Graham and Kane ) . The standard solution to this simultaneity problem is instrumental variables . But the search for appropriate instruments is not simple : variables which affect elections tend to affect expenditures as well . The Peruvian case offers a partial solution to this problem , however , because we may legitimately be able to treat the 1990 election as exogenous to the model . FONCODES did not fund any projects until more than a year after the 1990 election . The election cannot therefore have been affected by FONCODES expenditures , equation ( 7 ) does not apply , and simultaneity should not be a source of bias in the parameters estimated in ( 4 ) for the December 1991-October 1993 period . The break in FONCODES expenditures before December 1991 may therefore work as a \" natural experiment \" which allows us to accurately identify the effect of an election on expenditures ( Deaton , pp . 112-115 ) . More generally , this result highlights the value of research which focuses on _new_ social programs to estimate the impact of elections on public expenditure patterns . < sup > 17 < / sup > Estimates of the effect of elections on expenditures after October 1993 are more open to question because the 1993 referendum may itself have been determined in part by FONCODES expenditures in the preceding period . Lack of comprehensive data and censoring are both potential sources of bias . Information on the results of the run-off 1990 presidential election is not available for 19 provinces . Also , seven new provinces were created between 1990 and 1995 . As a result , there is data on FONCODES expenditures for 231 provinces , but data on elections for only 205 provinces . There is nothing distinctive about the provinces for which electoral data is missing - - they are not , for example , particularly poor or rich , or concentrated in one part of the country . As a safeguard , however , I", "spans": [{"start": 1855, "end": 1884, "text": "data on FONCODES expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Plan < br > NA < br > Actual | NA < br > NA < br > | NA | NA | NA < br > 20-Jan-11Plan < br > < br > Actual | NA < br > NA | 27-Jan-11 < br > 3-Feb-11Plan < br > Actual | 11-Feb-11 < br > 14-Ap | r-11 < br > 13-May-11 | | Financial sector capacityassessment | QCBS | lumpsum < br > 55 . 00 < br > Post < br > Plan < br > 30-Dec-10 < br > NA < br > Actual | 10-Jan-11 < br > 24-Jan-11 < br > 8 | - Feb-11 | NA < br > Plan < br > 18 - < br > Actual | Feb-11 < br > 21-Mar-11 < br > 5-Apr-11 | NA | 11 | - Apr-11 < br > 19-Apr-11 < br > 26-Apr-11 < br > Plan < br > Actual | NA < br > NA | 3-May-11 < br > 9-May-11 < br > Plan < br > Actual | 24-May-11 < br > 2-Aug - | 11 < br > 31-Aug-11 | | HAB MFI linkage study | QCBS | lumpsum < br > 130 . 00 < br > Post < br > Plan < br > 22-Dec-10 < br > NA < br > Actual | 31-Dec-10 < br > 14-Jan-11 < br > 2 | 8-Jan-11 | NA < br > Plan < br > 7-F < br > Actual | eb-11 < br > 10-Mar-11 < br > 25-Mar-11 | NA | 31 | - Mar", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in 2011-15 and 2016-20 , respectively . The lack of a visible response to the 2008-09 commodity price boom indicates that domestic institutions have an important role in translating exogenous shocks into effective demand by investors with the means and know how to improve agricultural performance . To probe if the nature of large farm establishment in Eastern Province differs significantly from that in the rest of the country , we aggregate data on the number of farms and the area they cultivate from the Zambia Integrated Land Management Information System ( ZILMIS ) , the country ’ s ( as of yet incomplete ) electronic registry by district and year of farm establishment for the period 2000-2017 inclusive and , in addition to an indicator variable for the post-2008 period , include an interaction term between Eastern Province and post-2008 dummies to test for significant differences in the post-2008 trend in either of these variables between Eastern Province and the rest of the country . Results , as reported in appendix table 1 , point towards a positive trend post-2008 in both variables presumably due to greater use of the digital system , but they do not allow us to reject equality of trends in Eastern Province and the rest of the country based on existing registry data . We thus have no basis to assume that the time pattern of large farm establishment outside of Eastern Province is different from that found here . With only 3 % of farms reporting to have acquired more land ( through rental or sale ) after > 21 While there are some discrepancies between own estimate and mapped area , the fact that the software used did not allow immediate crosschecking of polygons caution us against over-interpretating these . > 22 Central Government institutions administer land that had been converted to state land long time ago ( e . g . , under resettlement schemes ) whereas land received from chief implies a recent conversion . 10", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 562, "text": "Zambia Integrated Land Management Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1280, "end": 1293, "text": "registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 2 Trade data * * Our export and import data is a monthly product-country data series obtained from the Philippine Statistics Authority ( PSA ) . The data ranges from January 2019 to December 2020 . Products are classified at 10-digit Harmonized System ( HS ) level . Table 1 displays descriptive statistics for our trade data . The average monthly productcountry of destination exports from the Philippines between January 2019 and December 2020 was US $ 553 , 417 . The average monthly product-country of origin imports to the Philippines was US $ 232 , 370 over the same period . Whereas the average monthly exports exceeded imports , reflecting a surplus trade balance , the Philippines has perennially had a trade imbalance . Thus , our surplus could indicate a massive drop in imports than exports during the lockdown period . Table 1 also shows that the average lockdown dummy for both exports and imports was 43 % . Statistics of the level of stringency are also presented in Table 1 . It is a binary variable that is constructed from the aforementioned government stringency index which ranges from 0 to 100 . Following Majune ( 2020 ) , a country is classified as having high stringent measures if its average score is greater than the median ( 53 in our case ) and vice versa for a low stringent country . We find that over half of the Philippines ’ trading partners had strict lockdown policies with export destinations being slightly sterner than importing countries . * * Table 1 : * * Descriptive Statistics | * * Variable * * | * * Obs . * * | * * Mean * * | * * Std . Dev . * * | * * Min * * | * * Max * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Export trade * * | | | | | | | Export value | 243 , 526 | 553 , 417 | 5 , 570 , 730 | 25 | 458 , 000 , 000 | | Lockdown dummy | 243 ,", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 22, "text": "Trade data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 31, "end": 53, "text": "export and import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1071, "end": 1098, "text": "government stringency index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "health and income risks related to the COVID19 pandemic . # 6 . 4 . Migrants ’ Responsiveness to Labor Demand Prior studies show that the effects of local labor-demand conditions on immigrants ’ labor market outcomes are stronger than those for natives ( Azlor et al . , 2020 ) . Importantly , immigrants are more responsive to changes in local labor-demand conditions , choosing locations with more available jobs and filling labor shortages more rapidly ( Cadena and Kovak , 2016 ) . The responsiveness of migrants to labor demand occurs not only geographically , but also occupationally , where migrants are found to be significantly more mobile than natives in changing jobs ( Green , 1999 ) . Occupations with labor shortages or openings that attract migrants are typically also characterized by poorer and riskier working conditions ( Orrenius and Zavodny , 2009 ) , more manual work ( Peri and Sparber , 2009 ) , and lower skill requirements ( Dustmann and Frattini , 2013 ) . All of these factors make those jobs less attractive to natives who may prefer to stay unemployed , depending on the welfare system ( Constant , 2014 ) . These more precarious occupations could , in turn , be more exposed to the negative shocks that surfaced during the pandemic . To assess the role of labor demand by occupation , we follow a recent study by the European Commission ( 2015 ) ; we proxy for labor demand by using the share of new hires in total employment in each ISCO-08 occupation . < sup > 17 < / sup > The EU-LFS provides information on whether a > 17 We acknowledge that this measure captures not only changes in demand in an occupation ( because increases in demand are associated with larger share of new hires ) , but also other characteristics such as differences in turnover 20", "spans": [{"start": 1511, "end": 1517, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > ( ii ) Based on this information , FSCO and CMCO will prioritize the dispatch of food ( 5 , 731 MT ) to these beneficiaries when available by July 31 , 2024 ; ( iii ) If the food backlog cannot be paid by end of EFY 2016 because of food shortage , MoF and MoA will request high level direction to cancel the food backlog by July 31 , 2024 ; and ( iv ) If there is a food backlog from EFY 2016 , MoF and MoA should convert it to the cash equivalent and pay during the first Quarter of EFY 2017 . < / mark > # * * Output 2 : Shock-responsive ( SR ) transfers received by eligible clients when needed * * < mark > 24 . The mission acknowledged that the resources available for responding to humanitarian food needs is significantly less than what is required , and this is affecting both the shock-responsive component of the safety net and other humanitarian needs . Compounding this is the budget shortages in the core program that have led the government to reallocate resources initially programmed to shock response to cover core transfers . < / mark > < mark > 25 . The mission recognized the need to work towards improving the shock response component design to attract further donor engagement , including flexibility to adequately address the needs of internally displaced persons ( IDP ) . It was however , acknowledged that financing for shock response and adequately supporting IDPs cannot be fully realized in the program ’ s current phase . GoE and Development Partners will work jointly towards incorporating adequate financing for building systems and ensuring sustainability of financing for shock response in the next phase . < / mark > 26 . The mission recognized that the steps that have been taken by EDRMC to streamline approval processes and allow for the early release of data have yielded improvements in the timeframe for planning and hence support . The mission therefore encouraged EDRMC and partners to further streamline processes and coordination by further enhancing timeliness of releasing early warning data through", "spans": [{"start": 2029, "end": 2047, "text": "early warning data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Contract provisions of non - < br > discrimination ; < br > 3 . < br > Enhanced monitoring < br > through World Bank < br > Enhanced implementation < br > support and monitoring ; < br > 4 . < br > CoC clauses which guard < br > against all forms of < br > discrimination ; < br > 5 . < br > Hiring procedures follow < br > principles of inclusion and < br > non-discrimination . < br > 6 . < br > Access to clear and < br > confidential worker GRM to < br > report situations believed to < br > be discriminatory . | Verify | Biannually < br > Quarterly | Contractor < br > EISM | | Conditions of < br > employment – what < br > people < br > earn \\ benefits . | < br > Perceptions that wages , < br > salaries and benefits are < br > poor or that foreigners are < br > treated better and receive < br > better conditions of < br > employment . | < br > < br > Industrial action - work < br > stoppages , absenteeism , < br > sit-ins , sabotage . | Human Resources policy and / or < br > procedure that describes at least < br > the following : < br > 1 . Contract arrangements and < br > content ; < br > 2 . Equal pay for equal work ; < br > 3 . How wage surveys will be < br > conducted to assess local < br > conditions and industry < br > averages ; and | Verify | Quarterly | Contractor | 31", "spans": [{"start": 1155, "end": 1167, "text": "wage surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "E2654 v9 Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Program ( KISIP ) Component 3 : Infrastructure and Service Delivery Consultancy services for socio-economic surveys , infrastructure upgrading plans and detailed engineering designs in informal settlements ESIA Project Report for Infrastructure Upgrading in Jomvu Kuu , Jomvu Mikanjuni , Mkomani and Ziwa la Ng ’ ombe Informal Settlements within Mombasa Municipality # LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT COMMUNITY MEETINGS", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 163, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a pilot activity to test mechanical chopping of the hyacinth , allocating approximately US $ 1 . 8 million for this pilot activity . The chopping took place between December , 1999 and April , 2000 and successfully removed water hyacinth and other weeds from an area equivalent to 1500 hectares . At about the same time as the pilot study , the problems with water hyacinth in large areas of Lake Victoria improved , probably as a result of biological techniques introduced to control the weed , combined with changes in weather conditions . An aerial survey of the coastline in Tanzania and Uganda shows some regrowth of hyacinth in sheltered bays and mouths of some rivers , but the recurrence is less severe than was the infestation prior to control . The situation at the site of the chopping pilot study will be checked during the May 2001 supervision mission . 8 . Approximately four months after the mechanical chopping machinery had been procured for the pilot and brought to the lake side , and a program for monitoring the chopping had been agreed , a group of NGOs requested , an inspection by the Inspection Panel of the water hyacinth chopping pilot , claiming that if carried out , this pilot activity would cause environmental damage and adversely affect communities living on the shores of the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria . The group of NGOs did not claim that they suffered actual harm resulting from clearing of the weed or the method used ( chopping ) . The issues investigated by the Panel pertain to anticipated possible harm or foregone benefits resulting from insufficient consultation with communities , as well as . to the inadequacy of scientific documentation of impact and the process of supervision of the project .", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 575, "text": "aerial survey of the coastline", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 . Has Filed a Complaint for Any Reason with the Police or Any Institution < ! - - Start of picture text - - > β < br > 0 . 118 < br > 0 . 099 < br > 0 . 094 < br > 0 . 087 0 . 088 < br > 0 . 08 < br > N = 1481 N = 1369 N = 965 N = 710 N = 516 N = 659 < br > Full Sample Male Female < br > Has PEP − RAMV Doesn ’ t have PEP − RAMV < br > . 14 . 14 < br > . 13 . 13 < br > . 12 . 12 < br > . 11 . 11 < br > . 1 . 1 < br > . 09 . 09 < br > . 08 . 08 < br > . 07 . 07 < br > . 06 . 06 < br > . 05 . 05 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ The figure presents the propensity to file a complaint with the police or any official body . We present results for all , male , and female heads of households using the VenRePs Survey collected by Ib ́ a ̃ nez et al . ( 2024 ) . women . Particularly , female victims of a crime reported the event 11 . 8 percent of the time if they had the PEP but only 9 . 4 percent of the time if they did not have the PEP . The difference in reporting rates between PEP holders and nonholders is only statistically significant for women , as documented in Appendix Table C1 . # * * VI IMPACTS OF THE PEP ON CRIMES COMMITTED * * To complement our main results , we also study the effects of the PEP on crimes committed by Venezuelan migrants . For this purpose , we employ data from Colombia ’ s Office of the Attorney General as described in the data section . We use the same 2SLS specification described in section IV to evaluate the effects of the regularization on the rate of total crimes directly", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 744, "text": "VenRePs Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( l ) Where it has been declared that a project serves the public interest , < br > the competent authorities shall determine which immovable is required < br > to be expropriated to enable the carrying out of the project . < br > The owners , bare owners and usufructuaries shall be personally notified < br > of the contemplated expropriation . < br > They shall be required to express within a reasonable time fixed by the < br > authorities their views on the necessityof such expropriation . < br > Article 1468 outlines the service of an order : < br > ( l ) An expropriation order shall be served on the owner concerned and < br > on any person whose rights on the expropriated immovable have been < br > entered in the register of immovable . < br > ( 2 ) It shall be served on any person whom the owner designates to the < br > competent authorities as havinga right on the immovable . | | | Article 1469 refers to partial expropriation : < br > ( I ) Where part of a building is expropriated , the owner may demand that < br > the whole building be expropriated . | | Partial expropriation | ( 2 ) Where part of a [ parcel of ] land is expropriated , the owner may < br > demand that the whole [ parcel of ] land be expropriated where partial < br > expropriation renders useless that part of the land which is < br > not < br > expropriated . < br > ( 3 ) The provisions of this Article shall apply as regards their respective < br > rights to the bare owner and usufructuaryof an expropriated immovable . | | | Article . 1470 outlines the fixing amount of compensation . The owner , < br > bare owner and usufructuary of an expropriated immovable and any < br > person who", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 750, "text": "register of immovable", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "out under the Act ; and - establish that the acquiring authority has identified the number and maintains a register of persons in actual occupation of the land , confirming for each such occupation how much time they have been in uninterrupted occupation or ownership of interest in the land prior to the date of the request for acquisition of the land , and the improvements thereon . ( 5 ) Upon approval of a request under subsection ( 1 ) , the Commission shall publish a notice to that effect in the _Gazette_ and the county _Gazette_ , and shall deliver a copy of the notice to the Registrar and every person who appears to the Commission to be interested in the land . ( 5A ) The notice issued under subsection ( 5 ) shall contain the following particulars — - the purpose for which the land is to be compulsorily acquired ; and - the location , general description and approximate area of the land . - ( 5B ) Upon receipt of the notice under subsection ( 5 ) , the Registrar shall make an order , pursuant to section 76 ( 1 ) of the Land Registration Act , 2012 , prohibiting or restricting dealings with the affected portion of land thereof until it vests in the acquiring authority . - ( 6 ) Upon service of the notice , the registrar shall make an entry in the register of the intended acquisition . ( 7 ) For the purposes of sections 107 to 133 , interested persons shall include any person whose interests appear in the land registry and the spouse or spouses of any such person , as well as any person actually occupying the land and the spouse or spouses of such person . ( 8 ) All land to be compulsorily acquired shall be geo-referenced and authenticated by the office or authority responsible for survey at both the national and county government . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1432, "end": 1445, "text": "land registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the combined infrastructure plus border improvements experiment than in the experiment with transport infrastructure alone . This dependence of results on the experiment is of course as it should be , but does alert us to the fact that the direct effects – which parts of the transport network have the largest improvement – are not known with any precision ; a fortiori , the results from modeling their full economic impacts are indicative , not predictive . This paper supplements other recent work written on the BRI . Lall and Lebrand ( 2019 ) also provide analysis of the spatially differentiated effects of the initiative , using similar data . They build an economic geography model , a development of work by Fajgelbaum and Redding ( 2014 ) in Argentina , which allows them to find the potential winners in terms of population and wages . They find that gains are concentrated in locations near to border points , and in urban centers . Higher levels of labor mobility help lower any potential impacts on spatial inequalities . Our paper complements this work , looking at the cells and countries as part of one wider trading system rather than as individual countries each facing an independent shock , and also providing a richer modeling of the supply side response of the economy to shocks . We draw heavily on de Soyres et al . ( 2018 ) , who estimate the transport costs within and across the region , and how these may be affected by the Belt Road Initiative , including through improving rail infrastructure and reducing border times . From this they construct a detailed database of transport times pre ‐ and post ‐ BRI for cities across the region , and beyond . They use the data in a quantitative trade model assessing how the BRI may increase international trade flows . We use their analysis to construct our transport network and the experiments that we simulate . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1592, "end": 1619, "text": "database of transport times", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "588 * * * | 0 . 588 * * * | | | 0 . 512 * * * | 0 . 512 * * * | | wage in industry & services ) ; | | | | | | | | { 1 } assigns sample mean to IT < br > _ITALY_ ( does not have a | ( 0 . 052 ) < br > - 2 . 693 * * * | ( 0 . 052 ) | | | ( 0 . 168 ) < br > 4 . 580 | ( 0 . 168 ) | | minimum wage ) | ( 0 . 715 ) | | | | ( 3 . 569 ) | | | log GDP per capita , PPP USD < br > l ld 1 | 4 . 823 * * * | 4 . 823 * * * | 8 . 350 * * * | 8 . 350 * * * | - 2 . 850 | - 2 . 850 | | ( annua average , agge year ) | ( 0 . 504 ) | ( 0 . 506 ) | ( 0 . 962 ) | ( 0 . 962 ) | ( 3 . 372 ) | ( 3 . 384 ) | | Real GDP Growth , y-o-y , | 0 . 109 * * | 0 . 109 * * | 0 . 039 | 0 . 039 | - 0 . 186 * * * | - 0 . 186 * * * | | < br > quarterly data lagged 1 quarter | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 054 ) | ( 0 . 054 ) | | Union Density , | - 0 . 361 * * | - 0 . 361 * * | - 0 . 399 * * * | - 0 . 399 * * * | 0 . 062 | 0 . 062 | | % of employees | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 058 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ sup > and the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants . < sup > 13 < / sup > Any range in IDP numbers for a particular country exemplifies uncertainty and potential discord regarding the number of people affected by conflict . A search for IDPs and refugees was conducted in the following countryspecific documents : HIV / AIDS NSP , World Bank MAP as well as World Bank Country Assistance Strategies ( CAS ) , PEPFAR , and the GFATM proposals for Rounds 1 to 4 . The key words used include ‘ HIV ’ , ‘ IDP ’ , ‘ displaced ’ and ‘ refugee ’ . Documents in Spanish and French were searched with the appropriate translations . Any mention of IDPs and / or refugees was followed by a search for listed HIV activities . These have been referenced in the appendices for further consultation . The findings are also displayed graphically in the tables and pie charts of this section . # # < u > Literature Review : < / u > The literature review is based on articles found on the internet and from reports circulated by several UN agencies and non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . PubMed and Google were the main internet search engines used , and their sites were last visited in September 2005 . Only documents with data on HIV and IDPs were further analyzed . For both the PubMed and Google searches , the following key terms were used in the search : ‘ HIV and IDP ’ , ‘ HIV and displaced ’ , ‘ HIV sentinel surveillance ’ , and ‘ HIV prevalence . ’ From more than 400 results found on PubMed , only 3 references are relevant to this research . They have been used in the literature review below and full references have been provided at the end of this document . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1219, "end": 1239, "text": "data on HIV and IDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ressortissant à un passeport . < sup > 127 < / sup > Le Burundi , le Rwanda , la Tanzanie et le Soudan du Sud n ’ ont pas de dispositions similaires . Un passeport sera typiquement beaucoup plus difficile à obtenir qu ’ une carte d ’ identité nationale et la demande fait l ’ objet de niveaux d ’ examen bien plus élevés de la part des autorités . Il est assez courant pour les personnes qui ont une carte d ’ identité nationale de s ’ apercevoir que leur nationalité est remise en question lorsqu ’ elles font une demande de passeport . Des procédures supplémentaires de vérification sont généralement en vigueur et des preuves documentaires supplémentaires requises . Au Kenya , par exemple , un acte de naissance doit être fourni pour obtenir un passeport , mais ( pour la plupart des personnes ) pas pour une carte nationale d ’ identité . < sup > 128 < / sup > # # # * * Accès à la naturalisation * * Les dispositions législatives en matière de naturalisation peuvent s ’ avérer trompeuses en laissant penser qu ’ il y a la possibilité pour les résidents à long terme d ’ obtenir la nationalité de leur nouveau pays . Il existe peu de statistiques publiées sur le nombre de personnes naturalisées dans la plupart des pays africains . Toutefois , les statistiques disponibles montrent que le nombre de personnes naturalisées varie énormément sur le continent et qu ’ il est généralement faible . Cette difficulté à", "spans": [{"start": 1140, "end": 1152, "text": "statistiques", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1255, "end": 1267, "text": "statistiques", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "lower bound since , firstly , moving it up ( down ) the income distribution includes ( excludes ) a small percentage of the population ; secondly , an income threshold above $ 50 in 2005 PPP would limit the representativeness of the upper class in some countries ; and , thirdly , household surveys do not collect realistic information on the richest population . Using the proposed methodology in this study with the 2017 PPP , the upper bound for the middle class reaches $ 81 per person per day , compared with $ 70 in the 2011 PPP . It is shown that this rounded value is robust to different methodologies . Third , this study analyzes the impact on the Latin American and Caribbean regional poor , vulnerable , and middle-class groups estimated using the international poverty lines ( IPL ) , the regional vulnerability and middle-class lines , and the 2017 PPPs . The 2017 PPPs would slightly increase historical estimates of poverty at the $ 2 . 15 and $ 3 . 65 lines , but significantly at $ 6 . 85 , compared with the 2011 PPPs . Extreme poverty ( measured at the $ 2 . 15 line ) and poverty at $ 3 . 65 would increase marginally by 0 . 3 and 0 . 9 percentage points ( pp ) , respectively in 2017 , with the 2017 PPPs . The regional count of the extreme poor increased by 1 . 9 million , which is largely driven by 1 . 3 million and 300 , 000 more poor people in Brazil and the Andean region , while poverty increased in all other subregions except the Southern Cone . < sup > 4 < / sup > Considering the upper-middle-income country line , $ 6 . 85 per person per day , the incidence of poverty in the region rose around five percentage points in 2017 with the 2017 PPP . The headcount shifted almost five percentage points since 2000 , compared with the 2011 PPP series . This represents 27 million more poor people in LAC , driven by 12 million and 5 . 5 million in Brazil and the Andean region , respectively . A significant increase in the poor population is mirrored", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 298, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 858, "end": 867, "text": "2017 PPPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # # # # # * * Appendix A . Proposed Outlines of the Targeted Social Assessment * * The breadth , depth , and type of analysis of the social assessment are proportionate to the potential risks and impacts of the proposed subproject activities on the affected HUCs . The outlines of the targeted social assessment include the following elements , as needed : - A review of the legal and institutional framework applicable to HUCs . - Gathering of baseline data on the demographic , social , cultural , and political characteristics of the project-affected HUC , the land , and territories that they have traditionally owned or customarily used or occupied ; and the natural resources on which they depend . - Taking the review and baseline data into account , the identification of project-affected parties , and the elaboration of a culturally appropriate process for involving and consulting with the projectaffected HUC at each stage of project preparation and implementation . - An assessment , based on meaningful consultation tailored to HUC , of the potential adverse and positive effects of the project . Critical to the determination of potential adverse impacts is an analysis of the relative vulnerability of , and risks to , the affected HUC , given their distinct circumstances and close ties to the land and natural resources , as well as their potential lack of access to opportunities relative to other social groups in the communities , regions , or national societies in which they live . The assessment should consider differentiated gender impacts of project activities and impacts on potentially disadvantaged or vulnerable groups within the community of HUC . - The identification and evaluation of measures necessary to avoid adverse impacts , or if such measures are not feasible , the identification of measures to minimize , mitigate , or compensate for such impacts , and to ensure that the HUC receives culturally appropriate benefits under the project . This is based on meaningful consultation tailored to HUC and , where relevant , under the requirements of the UCP", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 547, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 818, "end": 831, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 2 - Focus group discussion with community members of Sabasaba on March 18 , 2018_ # 2 . 2 . 4 Generalizing the results to the entire city To generalize the results to a city level , sample weights were applied that had been calculated based on flood risk strata . Each household is assigned a sample weight corresponding to the number of households in the city that the sampled households represent , based on selected strata and population . By applying the weights , results can be scaled up to city level . Since we oversampled in areas affected by flood risk as per the methodology described above , we need to generate and use weights to “ adjust ” the sample to represent the city of Dar es Salaam in terms of flood risk . By using flood risk specific strata for weighting , we also generate more accurate results of the scaled-up results ( number of affected people in the city and total losses from floods , etc . ) by assuming that households within each stratum are facing similar risks and impacts of floods . Next , we will describe how we generated the flood risk weights . The flood risk strata were identified using a machine learning ( ML ) approach , based on the reported occurrence of flood exposure by households in the collected data . The information from the Ramani Huria maps was complemented with elevation and population density by EA to more precisely and transparently categorize areas of Dar es Salaam according to their flood risk . < sup > 8 < / sup > This information was used to build a risk model using an ensembled decision tree algorithm ( Figure 3 ) . The model identifies critical thresholds of the variables for different levels of risk of being affected . For example , “ extra high risk ” is defined as EAs for which area is covered by the Ramani Huria flood tag by 67 % or more , located below 5 . 06 meters elevation and with a population density higher than 0 . 08 ( people / square meter ) . Using these thresholds , four categories of risk level were identified – low risk , medium risk , high risk", "spans": [{"start": 1290, "end": 1307, "text": "Ramani Huria maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18621918 , data comes from The Financial Review . From 1919 onwards , data is retrieved from the Federal Reserve Bank using 90-day Treasury bills . From 1920 until 1942 , the data comes from the Federal Reserve Bank , National Monetary Statistics . From 1942 onwards , we retrieve 3-month US bills returns from the Center for Research in Security Prices ( CRSP ) . CSRP calculates total returns based on a comprehensive database of historical US bills . In each month , a representative Treasury bill is selected that is closest to the target maturity . # # # < u > US Treasury bonds , monthly , since 1815 < / u > The long-term US Treasury bond return index is from GFD and constructed using data by Homer ( 1967 ) and Martin ( 1886 ) for the years 1815-1862 , from The Economist ( 1854-1861 ) and from the periodical Hunt ’ s Merchants Magazine ( 1843-1853 ) . For 1862-1919 data comes from The Financial Review . From 1920 onwards , the data comes from the Federal Reserve Bank and Salomon Brothers ( 1995 ) . Whenever possible , we use an index of 10-year bonds . During the 19 < sup > th < / sup > century , the available indices also contain A1", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 451, "text": "comprehensive database of historical US bills", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 being prepared , only preliminary data on the 1995 budget execution were available , and these were also not sufficiently detailed . Thus , instead of precise data on regional budget spending on subsidies , the paper utilizes the available broad measures of subsidy incidence which characterize important components of the total subsidy expenditure but still do not provide comprehensive coverage of the total regional spending on these purposes . Three primary budget items were used as broad measures : national economy expenditures ( the major , most informative indicator ) ; total investments ; and budget loans . National economy expenditures , as defined by the Russian budget classification in 1992-94 , were expenditures on agriculture , housing , transportation , and other sectors ( including food price subsidies < sup > 10 < / sup > ) . While far from perfect , all of these indicators are still informative enough to reflect both major trends in regional fiscal policies and the scale of market distortions imposed by the provision of subsidies . The selection of these indicators should be considered as a reasonable compromise between a demand for more accurate measurement of fiscal processes and actual constraints associated with the undeveloped state of the Russian fiscal statistics . The major potential distortions deriving from the analysis of these \" imperfect \" indicators are the following : ( i ) While most of the budget spending reported under the heading ' hational economy \" represented in fact various subsidies and transfers to corresponding sectors of the regional economy , some portion of the actual expenditures under this heading could have a different functional purpose . The most important example is probably spending on housing , which covers both housing subsidies ( the dominant item ) and expenditures on urban development ( up to 15 % of the total housing expenditures ) . Similarly , expenditures on agriculture include some relatively small amounts spent on administration and provision of public services to this sector ( e . g . veterinary services ) . While by our estimates 80-85 % of the total subsidized loans funded by regional governments were granted to local enterprises , the remaining part was allocated among non-commercial entities ( such as universities ) and therefore cannot be treated", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 69, "text": "preliminary data on the 1995 budget execution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1280, "end": 1305, "text": "Russian fiscal statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Size . _ The large fixed costs associated with setting up an international distribution or service network will generally make exporting easier for large enterprises . Further , large enterprises generally have better access to finance than small enterprises — especially in developing countries — making it easier for them to finance these costs . < sup > 21 < / sup > Several studies have found that large enterprises are more likely to export than smaller enterprises in low and middle-income countries . For example , Clerides _et al . _ ( 1998 ) find evidence consistent with this for Colombia , Mexico and Morocco . Similarly , Grenier _et al_ . ( 1999 ) found that large Tanzanian enterprises export more than smaller enterprises . Finally , using data from several countries in sub-Saharan Africa from the mid-1990s , Bigsten _et al_ . ( 2004 ) and Söderbom and Teal ( 2003 ) found similar results . The results of this study are consistent with these earlier results . The positive and statistically significant coefficient on enterprise size indicates that large enterprises export more than smaller enterprises do . The point estimate indicates that a 1-point increase on the log-scale ( e . g . , from about 20 workers to about 54 workers ) increases exports by about 4 . 3 percentage points . _Ownership . _ It is unclear whether state ownership will encourage or discourage exporting . On the one hand , state-owned enterprises might be less likely to enter export markets than similar private enterprises are . Many studies have shown that state-owned enterprises are less efficient on average than private enterprises , especially in competitive industries . < sup > 22 < / sup > This might prevent state-owned enterprises from entering export markets — although barriers to trade allow inefficient firms to operate in domestic markets , it is more difficult for them to operate in international markets . On the other hand , state-owned enterprises might be better able to negotiate their way past regulatory barriers and might find it easier to access government programs designed to encourage exports . In practice , the evidence for Africa is mixed . < sup > 23 < / sup > The results from this study suggests that", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 805, "text": "data from several countries in sub-Saharan Africa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR by origin , end-2006 * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . | Origin < sup > 1 < / sup > | Refugees < sup > 2 < / sup > | _Of whom_ < br > _assisted by_ < br > _UNHCR_ | Asylum - < br > seekers < br > ( pending < br > cases ) < sup > 3 < / sup > | Returned < br > refugees < sup > 4 < / sup > | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted by < br > UNHCR < sup > 5 < / sup > | Returned < br > IDPs < sup > 6 < / sup > | Stateless < br > persons < sup > 7 < / sup > | Various < sup > 8 < / sup > | Total < br > population of < br > concern | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Moldova | 11 , 680 | _12_ | 1 , 265 | - | - | - | - | - | 12 , 945 | | Monaco | - | _-_ | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | | Mongolia < br > Montenegro < sup > ~ ~ 11 ~ ~ < / sup > | 868 < br > 135 | _-_ < br > _ -", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 209, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 | 8 . 2 | 164 | | 8 . Wood , paper , publishing , and < br > printing | 26 . 8 | 17 . 5 | 14 | | Total | 19 . 0 | 18 . 1 | 484 | Sources : LFS 2019 , CFUWBES1 , WBES 2013 and 2019 . Notes : Model-predicted estimates are based on projected jobs lost using a multi-stage model and the employment structure in LMPS . Survey-measured jobs lost are based on directly computed sector-average job losses . In both cases , to estimate the allocation of jobs lost to production and non-production workers , sector-specific Tobit polynomial models are estimated using the 2013 and 2019 WBES . All calculations are survey-weighted . have faced fewer job losses ( 6 percent of workers ) . In almost all cases , non - production workers experienced lower job losses in the summer than production workers in all the sectors except for garments ( See Appendix 34", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 151, "text": "LFS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 154, "end": 162, "text": "CFUWBES1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 311, "end": 315, "text": "LMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 580, "end": 584, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Changes in the key indicators noted above are summarized in the following table . * * Table 5 : Change in Key Indicators * * | | * * 1996 / 7 * * < br > * * ESDP 1 * * | * * 2001 / 2 * * | * * 2002 / 3 * * < br > * * ESDP2 * * | * * 2003 / 4 * * | * * 2004 / 5 ( Target ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Access * * | | | | | | | Primary GER | 34 % | 61 % | 64 % | 68 . 5 % | 70 % < br > ( revised ) | | Girls ’ share of < br > primary < br > enrolment | N / A | 40 . 6 % | 41 . 2 % | 42 . 6 % | 43 . 3 % | | Primary < br > students | 4m | 8m | 8 . 5m | 9 . 5m | No specific < br > target | | Primary < br > Completion < br > Rate | N / A | N / A | 34 % | 37 % | No specific < br > target | | Secondary < br > GER < br > ( Grades9-10 ) | N / A | 15 % | 19 % | 22 % | 16 % < br > ( unrevised ) | | Post-school < br > GER | 0 . 5 % | 1 . 7 % | N / A | 2 % | No specific < br > target | | * * Quality * * | | | | | | | Class size | Prim : 53 Sec : < br > N / A | Prim : 70 < br > Sec : 78 | Prim : 73 < br > Sec : 77 | Prim : 74 < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Costa Rica Results in Education ( CORE ) ( P181174 ) according to the National Household Survey data for age cohorts from the National Institute for Statistics and the Census , while a little over 40 percent of individuals aged 55-59 in 2023 had completed at least lower secondary education ( 9 years of education ) , this number more than doubles to 85 percent of 20-24 year olds . The 2020 Human Capital Index shows that a child born in Costa Rica can expect to be 63 percent as productive with the current education and health services as he or she could be if he or she enjoyed complete education and full health , which is slightly higher than the LAC average of 60 percent . < sup > 9 < / sup > Costa Rica aspires to go beyond being among the best in the LAC region , to be on the global vanguard of the digital age , with education outcomes on par with the OECD , a highly skilled workforce , and a transformative digitalization and management agenda . # # * * Foundational Learning * * 5 . * * National assessments show weakness in foundational learning , and learning outcomes are strongly correlated to socioeconomic conditions , which points to the need for foundational learning with deeper attention to the education outcomes of students from poorer families . * * Costa Rica reactivated standardized national assessments in 2023 ; the first results from 2023 were released in March 2024 and indicated that about a third of the students at the end of Primary schooling are at the “ basic ” level of learning . Internationally comparable Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) data for Costa Rica for 2018 shows that while 28 percent of children from families in the top quintile of the PISA index for economic , social and cultural status were below Level 2 on Reading in PISA ( considered the minimum of adequate performance ) , 72 percent of children from families from the lowest quintile of the PISA index were below level 2 . Foundational learning ( literacy and numeracy ) in early", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 139, "text": "National Household Survey data for age cohorts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 410, "end": 434, "text": "2020 Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1573, "end": 1619, "text": "Programme for International Student Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Since the early 1990s , the economic weight of the “ South ” or “ Sur ” ( countries outside the G7 and Western Europe ) has risen sharply . Several studies document that the South accounts for a growing share of global economic activity ( IMF 2017 ; UNCTAD 2018 ; World Bank 2018 ) and international trade in goods ( Hanson 2012 ) . But the literature has focused less on the rise of the South in global finance . In this paper , we provide a systematic and comprehensive analysis of international financial investments from and to the South and contrast them with those from and to the North . To do so , we combine information from various databases on bilateral international investments , including bank loans and deposits , portfolio investment in debt and equity , foreign direct investment ( FDI ) , and international reserves . The bilateral nature of these data allows us to shed new light on international financial integration . First , we examine who integrates with whom by splitting cross-border investment into four blocks : South-to-South , South-to-North , North-to-South , and North-to-North . Second , we analyze the process of financial integration along the intensive margin ( the value of investment ) and the extensive margin ( the number of bilateral links ) for each investment type across the four blocks . We assemble global bilateral data covering most of the countries in the world from 2001 to 2018 . The data sources jointly make up the bulk of countries ’ international investment positions ( IIPs ) : ( i ) international bank loans and deposits from the Locational Banking Statistics of the Bank for International Settlements ( BIS ) ; ( ii ) portfolio investment in debt and equity from the Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey ( CPIS ) of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) ; ( iii ) FDI data from the Bilateral FDI Statistics provided by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) and the Coordinated Direct Investment Survey ( CDIS ) of the IMF ; and ( iv ) international reserves data constructed by combining the International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) with the Currency 1", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 717, "text": "databases on bilateral international investments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1372, "end": 1393, "text": "global bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1614, "end": 1643, "text": "Locational Banking Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1752, "end": 1791, "text": "Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1872, "end": 1896, "text": "Bilateral FDI Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1983, "end": 2019, "text": "Coordinated Direct Investment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2110, "end": 2144, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 , 270 | | Pseudo R-squared | 0 . 99 | 0 . 99 | 0 . 99 | 0 . 99 | Note : Dependent variable is the stock of immigrants in country _j_ originating from _i_ . Data on bilateral stock of migrants by macro-occupation are from the OECD DIOC dataset ` https : / / www . oecd . org / els / mig / dioc . htm ` . Primary educated immigrants are those in ISCO occupation 92 , 93 and 81 . Robust standard errors in parentheses . * * * , * * , * significantly different from 0 at the 1 % , 5 % , and 10 % levels respectively . 29", "spans": [{"start": 227, "end": 244, "text": "OECD DIOC dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 | 13 . 7 | 12 . 3 | 11 . 5 | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 25 . 4 | 20 . 5 | 18 . 4 | 15 . 7 | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | | Kosovo | 27 . 5 | 30 . 5 | 29 . 5 | 25 . 7 | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | | North Macedonia | 23 . 8 | 22 . 4 | 20 . 7 | 17 . 3 | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | | Montenegro | 17 . 7 | 16 . 1 | 15 . 2 | 15 . 1 | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | | Serbia | 15 . 3 | 13 . 5 | 12 . 7 | 10 . 4 | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | | _WB6_ | _20 . 8_ | _19 . 5_ | _18 . 1_ | _15 . 9_ | _n . a . _ | _n . a . _ | _n . a . _ | _Source : _ World Bank calculations and projections on data from national authorities and World Economic Outlook ( 2017 ) 84 | < sup > kEy ECONOMIC INDICATORs < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 653, "text": "data from national authorities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) processes around public policy making affects the Government ’ s effectiveness in the delivery of key public services such as health and education . < sup > 4 < / sup > # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * _Governance , Institutional Building , and Service Delivery_ 5 . * * The public administration is characterized by poor performance and a very weak delivery system . * * Djibouti ’ s public administration is relatively young . The country gained its independence from France in 1977 . The postcolonial era was difficult as there were not enough qualified Djiboutian civil servants and good systems to ensure a successful transition . Djibouti ranks below most countries in the Human Development Index . There are also inequalities in access to basic services , education , health , nutrition , and labor markets . For example , in the education sector , achievements show inequalities along gender , geographic location , and wealth dimensions . Access to all education levels remains limited , affected by demand - and supply-side factors . 6 . * * To address the country ’ s social and economic challenges that undermine its long-term stability , the Government has started implementing reforms to strengthen its institutional capacity and capabilities . * * Djibouti has made significant improvements in targeting the private sector , yielding results in Doing Business indicators . In 2017 , Djibouti was ranked among the top 10 reformers in the world , improving 17 places from 171 to 154 . Regarding fiscal sustainability , the Government is moving forward with the implementation of key recommendations of the 2015 National Tax Conference . < sup > 5 < / sup > Further , the Government focuses on reforming state-owned enterprise governance , taking steps to implement the Code of Good Governance , appointing new executive boards , and signing performance contracts with five public enterprises . 7 . * * Djibouti is reforming its public sector , but it continues to lag behind comparators on governance indicators . *", "spans": [{"start": 776, "end": 799, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the banks at least made some effort to maintain slightly higher reserves to absorb these risks . Turning to the credit performance data for the G-SIBs , the story is much the same – no substantial problems . Mean charge-offs are low in 2020 , between 0 . 05 and 0 . 14 percent , and remain below the 2019 : Q4 peak of 0 . 20 percent . There is some upward movement in 22", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 150, "text": "credit performance data for the G-SIBs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 Maduro administration . The interaction of these two sources of variation corresponds to a plausibly exogenous _predicted migrant shock_ measure . < sup > 3 < / sup > Our identification strategy exploits the fact that crisis-induced migrants tend to move disproportionately to municipalities where they have preexisting networks , formed before the beginning of the migration wave ( Bartel , 1989 ; Greenwood and McDowell , 1986 ) . Our identification assumption is that predicted migration shock is correlated with actual migration but do not affect educational outcomes independently or through any other channel . This is plausible after controlling for municipality-specific trends parametrized by key pre-determined municipality characteristics , which we choose using machine learning techniques . We find that the migration shock increased the enrollment of both male and female foreign students . This effect is mainly driven by public schools , and it is stronger for younger kids , who enroll in primary school grades . We also find , however , negative externalities of the increased enrollment in terms of promotion rates and dropout rates . While falling promotion rates and increasing dropout occurs for both native and foreign students , the effects are larger for the former . Migrants , on the other hand , seem to exert more effort as suggested by their performance in standardized tests . Finally , we document that the mechanisms that explain these negative effects of the migration shock have to do with the deterioration of key school inputs in public schools . For instance , we show that the migration shock reduces the number of teachers and increases the ratio of pupils to teachers ( and thus class size ) . Our results highlight important policy implications , which we discuss in the conclusion . > 3Importantly , given the absence of longitudinal data on the places where Venezuelan migrants have settled over time , we use our predicted migration measure in a reduced-form specification instead of as an instrument for the endogenous actual settlement of Venezuelans . However , a visual comparison of Figures 2 * * B . * * and 2 * * D . * * suggests that the spatial distribution of the census-observed and the predicted number of cumulative Venezuelans in 2018 is very similar", "spans": [{"start": 1866, "end": 1883, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Acronyms * * BoANR Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources BP Bank Procedure CBOs Community Based Organizations CBPWDG Community Based Participatory Watershed Development Guideline CEDAW Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CDD Community Driven Development CIF Community Investment Fund CIG Common Interest Group COC Code of Conduct DRDIP II Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase two ERP Emergency Response Plan ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESF Environmental and Social Framework ( ESF ) ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESS Environmental and Social Standard FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FGM / C Female Genital Mutilation / Cutting GBV Gender Based Violence GM Gender Mainstreaming GRS Grievance Redress Service EDHS Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey GPN Good Practice Notes GTP Growth and Transformation Plan HTP Harmful Traditional practices IA Implementing Agency IDA International Development Association IGAs Income Generating Activities IWUA Irrigation Water Users Association KDC Kebele Development Committee MoA Ministry of Agriculture NGO Non-governmental organizations PCU Project Coordination Unit iii", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 965, "text": "EDHS Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * * * Table 2 . Asylum a * * * * < mark > pplications lodged in industrialized countries by origin , first quarter 2006 to second quarter 2008 < / mark > * * | Covering all 44 asylum c < br > Totals between this Tab | ountries liste < br > le and Table | d in Table < br > 1 differ bec < br > | 1 . Top-40 < br > ause figur < br > | ranking of < br > es for the | countries < br > United Sta | based on < br > tes ( DHS ) < br > | application < br > by origin r < br > | s lodged d < br > eflect the n | uring secon < br > umber of c < br > * * Excludi * * < br > | d quarter < br > ases . < br > * * ng Italy * * < br > | of 2008 ( < br > | excludin < br > | g Italy ) . < br > | ' 08 - ' 07 < br > | * * Includin * * < br > | * * g Italy * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | 200 | 6 | | | 20 | 07 | | 200 | 8 | First se | mester c | hange | Q3Q4 / | 200 | 8 | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the UNHCR developed a 2018 – 2022 strategy to strengthen host communities and refugees ’ livelihood in the Bassikounou Moughataa to improve the resilience of the population , strengthen the social cohesion , and prevent extremism . The strategy puts a large emphasis on local economic development , in particular through improved access to markets for the agriculture and livestock sector and economic diversification . 5 . * * Supportive of a coherent and sustainable response to the inflow of Malian refugees , the Government of Mauritania ( GoM ) is committed to ensuring the protection of refugees while promoting their increased self-reliance and the resilience of host communities * * < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > * * . * * In 2018 , the UNHCR assessed that the GoM provided an adequate framework for the protection of refugees . < sup > 6 < / sup > In December 2019 , the new Government reaffirmed its engagement to the global pact for refugees and has committed to adopt a law for asylum seekers , allowing refugees to be properly registered in national systems starting with the national registry , align access to health services for refugees with national citizens , and offer the refugees the same access conditions to the job market as national citizens . < sup > 7 < / sup > 6 . * * The Government has set economic diversification and regional development as priorities to foster job creation , reduce poverty , and improve refugee and host communities ’ environment . * * As a response to the poverty challenge mostly concentrated in rural southern regions and support the economic development of the country , currently mostly concentrated in Nouakchott , Nouhadibou , and around the few mines , the Government is promoting a regional development agenda . This agenda combines strengthening the state ’ s presence for service delivery through decentralization with increased transfers of responsibilities to regions and investing in sectors with high potential for job creation , including in agriculture . < sup > 8 < / sup > The development of southern corridors", "spans": [{"start": 1089, "end": 1106, "text": "national registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN < br > MOMBASA AND KWALE COUN < br > TIES - LOT VI CLUSTER 1 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior < br > Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2022-09-08 < br > 2 | 022-10-1 | 8 < br > 2022-09-29 < br > 2023 - | 02-14 < br > 2022-11-12 < br > 2023-06-15 | 2022-12-10 < br > 2023-0 | 7-25 < br > 2023-01-09 < br > 20 | 23-0 | 9-18 < br > 2023-02-13 < br > 20 | 23-1 | 0-31 < br > 2023-03-20 | 2023-1 | 1-27 < br > 2024-09-10 | | KE-MOTI-312110-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES TO < br > UNDERTAKE PHYSICAL PLAN < br > NING , CADASTRAL SURVEY A < br > ND DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC < br > AL SURVEY OF 9 SELECTED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN B < br > ARINGO AND NANDI - LOT VI < br > CLUSTER 2 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior < br > Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2022-09-08 < br > 2 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "personnel and assets ( two-thirds of which were in Central Equatoria , Upper Nile and Unity states ) . Eight incidents linked to bureaucratic impediments were reported , including illegal taxation , attempted extortion , and denial of access at checkpoints . The Humanitarian Coordinator has condemned the continued violence affecting the safety of civilians and humanitarian workers on the 16th of February . Thirtyeight incidents related to humanitarian access constraints were reported in March 2022 , of which 25 involved violence or threats against humanitarian personnel and assets . < sup > 36 < / sup > Humanitarian access is thus seriously compromised , and humanitarian assistance is often challenged or impeded . Violence against humanitarian personnel and assets , operational interference , warehouses and facilities targeted , humanitarian supplies looted , thefts , including from women / girls centres and medical facilities and ambushes , are constant and increasing as witnessed in the recent conflict in Unity state . _Figure 4 - South Sudan Access Snapshot OCHA , February 2022_ Notwithstanding the dialogue between the humanitarian leadership , the governmental authorities and the parties to the conflict , this direct interference is denying the often only resource and services to the South Sudanese civilian population . 36 < u > March Humanitarian Access Snapshot < / u > 14", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1076, "text": "South Sudan Access Snapshot", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1355, "end": 1389, "text": "March Humanitarian Access Snapshot", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "audit function especially for county audits | Ensure provision of adequate resources including for follow < br > up audits especially to the counties that seems not to be < br > done . < br > Use of IT ( see below on NEMIS ) for audit such that one can < br > auditpartlyfrom their desk | 2023 | PAP | IAD | | * * 4 * * | Challenges in IAD auditing through NEMIS | < br > Training on auditing the NEMIS Platform and monitor < br > progressively how many of the audits are carried out on this < br > platform | 2022 / 23 | PAP | IAD | | * * 5 * * | Weak controls at the counties as evidenced < br > bymaterial findings from the Internal audit | Though management response is that they issue circulars to < br > counties , scheduled monitoring / follow ups is necessary | 2022 | PAP | IAD | | * * 6 * * | Lack of oversight between Audit Committee < br > terms in office leading to gap in oversight of < br > ministry ’ s activities | Give notice of extension of audit committee term few months < br > before expiry of term | continuous | Not PAP | MoE | | * * 7 * * | < br > On preparation of Financial Statements , < br > some information from manual records is < br > incorporated in addition to what is generated < br > from IFMIS . | Financial Statements should be generated directly from the < br > IFMIS - need to fix the current gap in IFMIS | 2023 | Not < br > PAP | NT | | * * 8 * * | Program expenditure may not be adequately < br > tracked | Semi-Annual Unaudited Financial Report | 2022 | Not PAP | MoE | | * * 9 . * * | Both the CAJ and the EACC have received < br > complaints against TSC", "spans": [{"start": 1143, "end": 1157, "text": "manual records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and supervision ; ( ii ) identification of recurring problems ; and ( iii ) recommendations of measures to overcome problems . 4 . * * Institutional : * * # # # # 4 . 1 Executing agencies : The ICDP , like the CDP , would be executed through a Steering Committee comprising the PECDAR , Ministry of Agriculture , and the Department of Refugee Affairs , and chaired by the Ministry of Local Government . Proposals from commnunities would be pre-screened by the MOLG , appraised by the Coordination Committee , then lorwarded to the Steering Committee for approval . 4 . 2 Project management : Like CDP II , the MOLG would be the responsible agency for the ICDP . PECDAR , DORA and the MOA would join the MOLG in managing the project , primarily through the Coordination Committees . The ICDP aims to further decentralize the implementation of the microprojects to villages and small municipalities , and make more use of private fims and NGOs to prepare , appraise and supervise microprojects in order to improve overall quality . 4 . 3 Procurement issues : Procurement reviews conducted as part of the Midterm Review for CDP II recommended further decentralization of procurement functions to LGUs . Training would be provided to LGU members to ready them for their procurement functions . The PECDAR would be responsible for ensuring procurement is done in accordance with the Operations Manual . 4 . 4 Financial management issues : Financial management would continue to be the responsibility of PECDAR , with monitoring responsibility shared with the other Coordination Committee agencies . PECDAR has the necessary institutional capacity to ensure proper usage of funds : both the procurement audits of CDP I and CDP II and the BLAs revealed high marks for PECDAR ' s financial management capacities . 5 . * * Environmental : * * Environmental Category : B ( Partial Assessment ) 5 . 1 Summarize the steps undertaken for environmental assessment and EMP preparation ( including consultation and disclosure ) and the significant issues and their treatment emerging", "spans": [{"start": 1732, "end": 1736, "text": "BLAs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Figure 6 . 10 : Proportion of HHs Owned Land Ownership Certificate by Woreda As per the survey result 90 . 3 % of the surveyed HHs reported having an official Land Ownership Certificate for their land , while the remaining 9 . 7 % did not . Looking at the subproject-affected Woredas , all households ( 100 % ) in Sude Woreda reported to have Land Ownership Certificates . 96 . 4 % households in Arsi Robe , 94 . 7 % in Diksis , 93 . 2 % in Hetosa ) , and 84 . 1 % in Lode Hetosa Woredas also reported to having land ownership certificates . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 4 Crop Production * * According to information obtained from the respective agricultural offices of the Woredas affected by the proposed subproject , the bimodal rainfall pattern provides a significant opportunity for these Woredas to produce various crops and utilize the same land twice a year for Meher and Belg seasons . Meher is the primary season for crop cultivation and production . The Arsi Zone in general and the subproject-affected Woredas in particular are known to have suitable arable land and high crop productivity including wheat , teff , barley , beans , and other crops . Many of these Woredas are among the top wheat and barley producers in the country . Many of the subproject-affected Woredas rank among the top 25 wheat and barley producers nationwide . The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) study for this subproject revealed that , based on data from respective Woreda agriculture offices , wheat was the most widely cultivated crop , covering 48 . 1 % of the cultivated land in the impacted Woredas in 2022 E . C . Barley was the second most common crop ,", "spans": [{"start": 1602, "end": 1649, "text": "data from respective Woreda agriculture offices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix A : Sample of Countries Due to data availability , the sample of countries differs by social indicator . The largest sample is given by the HDI indicator and includes Afghanistan , Albania , Algeria , Angola , Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Armenia , Australia , Austria , Azerbaijan , The Bahamas , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Barbados , Belarus , Belgium , Belize , Benin , Bhutan , Bolivia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Botswana , Brazil , Brunei Darussalam , Bulgaria , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Cabo Verde , Cambodia , Cameroon , Canada , Central African Republic , Chad , Chile , China , Colombia , Comoros , Congo , Dem . Rep . , Congo , Rep . , Costa Rica , Côte d ' Ivoire , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Djibouti , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , Arab Rep . , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Estonia , Ethiopia , Fiji , Finland , France , Gabon , Gambia , The , Georgia , Germany , Ghana , Greece , Grenada , Guatemala , Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , Hong Kong SAR , China , Hungary , Iceland , India , Indonesia , Iran , Islamic Rep . , Iraq , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Jamaica , Japan , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Kiribati , Korea , Rep . , Kuwait , Kyrgyz Republic , Lao PDR , Latvia , Lebanon , Lesotho , Liberia , Libya , Lithuania , Luxembourg , North Macedonia , Madagascar , Malawi , Malaysia , Maldives , Mali , Malta , Mauritania , Mauritius , Mexico , Micronesia , Fed . Sts . , Moldova , Mongolia , Montenegro , Morocco , Mozambique , Myanmar , Namibia , Nepal , Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Niger , Nigeria , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Palau , Panama , Papua New Guinea , Paraguay , Peru , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Romania , Russian Federation , Rwanda , Samoa , São Tomé and Principe , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Serbia , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Slovak Republic", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pedersen et al . 2008 ) . From the perspective of sending regions , local amenities ( e . g . , security and public services ) play an important role in shaping the intentions to emigrate ( Dustmann and Okatenko 2014 ) . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the dataset assembled for this study . Section 3 presents the empirical results . Section 4 concludes . # * * 2 Data * * We have built a novel dataset on corruption levels and bilateral migration flows for EU28 and EFTA countries between 2008 and 2018 . Exploiting both a cross-section and a time dimension is the main contribution of this study . First , bilateral migration flow data ( instead of net migration rates ) allow us to disentangle the overall effect of corruption on migration into two distinct parts : push ( encouraging emigration ) and pull ( discouraging immigration ) factors . We also exploit the time dimension to include fixed effects absorbing the impact of unobserved and time-invariant factors . > 4International bilateral migration stocks come from the World Bank Global Migration Database . 3", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 679, "text": "bilateral migration flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1073, "end": 1109, "text": "World Bank Global Migration Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union to Germany after 1987 Ethnic Germans arriving in Germany with the lifting of emigration restrictions in central and eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union ( FSU ) after 1987 did not face legal barriers on the labor market , as they were granted German citizenship upon arrival . Glitz ( 2012 ) exploits an exogeneous placement policy by the government which did not take labor market needs or skill composition into account . Looking at annual effects in the period between 1996 and 2001 , the author finds a positive and significant short-run displacement effect but no conclusive effect on relative wages between OLS and IV results . The lack of short-term wage effects in the IV results might be explained by Germany ’ s strong union coverage at the time . # Repatriates and escapees from Algeria to France In the aftermath of Algerian independence in 1962 , up to 900 , 000 people fled to France including 750 , 000 French nationals living in Algeria , about 100 , 000 naturalized Jews and several thousand pro-French Algerians who fought against the independentists . The French and Algerian caseloads were different in size but also in education level with the Algerians having the quasi totality of adults with less than primary education and the French having only about a quarter with this level of education . Both groups mostly settled in the Southern municipalities of France along the Mediterrean coast . A number of measures facilitated the integration of French repatriates into the labor market , including special benefits for up to a year to support the job search , a lump sum towards housing , and priority for certain jobs . Nevertheless , they had higher unemployment rates than natives in 1968 ( Hunt 1992 ) . Using the 1962 and 1968 French censuses , Hunt ( 1992 ) studied this case focusing on French nationals and found a positive and significant small effect on the average locals ’ unemployment rate and a negative and weakly significant effect on salaries at the national level , but does not differentiate between skill groups . Borjas and Monras included this caseload in their 2017 study distinguishing between French repatriates and Algerian emigrants .", "spans": [{"start": 1822, "end": 1837, "text": "French censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 288 | 0 . 294 | 0 . 327 | 0 . 289 | 0 . 295 | 0 . 328 | | Observations | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | | Average outcome | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | 0 . 712 | | Geography controls | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Population 1991 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Socio-Economic Development 1991 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Region FE | | Y | Y | | Y | Y | | Province FE | | | Y | | | Y | * * Notes * * The table presents OLS regression estimates measuring the effect of the share of refugees in 1928 on the presence of sport club in the early 2000s , at the community level . Small communities are those in the bottom two terciles of the distribution of the 1991 , which corresponds to less than 1100 inhabitants in 1991 . Standard errors are clustered at the province level . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the 1928 Greek population census and General Secretariat of Sports ’ inventory . Table 5 : Refugee resettlement and political fragmentation | Dep . var : | 20 < br > | < br > 12 electio < br > | Political Fr < br > n < br > | agmentation < br > | Index < br > 2015 election < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 )", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 977, "text": "1928 Greek population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": Demographic characteristics available < br > ( Mln . ) on UNHCR ' s population of concern < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 < br > Pop . of concern Sex data available Age data available < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > At the end of 2006 , data broken down by ( Mln . ) * * on UNHCR ' s population of concern * * sex was available for less than half of the 35 30 overall population of concern ( only 13 . 9 25 million out of 32 . 9 million ) . Roughly half 20 of them are female , although the 15 proportions will vary greatly depending on 10 the refugee situation , region of asylum and 5 age distribution . For instance , in mass 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 influx situations , the proportion of female Pop . of concern Sex data available Age data available refugees tends to be around 50 per cent . The percentage of females among asylum-seekers , however , is significantly lower in both developing and developed countries . Moreover , women are over-represented in the older age category ( 60 and over ) . Information on the age breakdown itself was available for only about one quarter ( 7 . 8 million persons ) . Some 45 per cent of these are children under the age of 18 ; 11 per cent being under the age of five . Half of the population is between the ages of 18 and 59 years , whereas 5 per dent are 60 years old or more . The availability of information is particularly limited for developed countries in Europe , North America and Oceania . Thus , the figures just summarized are not fully representative for the entire population under the Office ’ s mandate . # # * * Asylum-seekers * * * * Table 2 : New and appeal applications received * * During 2006", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 239, "text": "Sex data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 250, "end": 258, "text": "Age data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 817, "end": 825, "text": "Sex data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 836, "end": 844, "text": "Age data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Galasso et al . ( 2004 ) ) . It ensures that benefits went fully to workers and that treatment effects are not driven by a reduction in hiring costs for firms or by other factors such as stigma . The size of the incentive was calibrated based on wage growth data . Figure 1 shows that after six months , average ( median ) formal sector wages have increased by about 23 % ( 16 % ) . > 17Those that do not want to attend are assigned another activity by the school director ( like studying , completing classwork , etc . ) . Among participating students , 76 % report the LMLW was useful . 18Participants are ( truthfully ) informed that due to limited resources the incentive cannot be provided to all graduates and are thus allocated through a lottery . > 19Several actions were implemented to encourage wage bonus take-up . First , participants could claim the payment of the economic incentive remotely and could electronically certify their formal employment status each month by sending a digital copy or photo of the documentation requested . The project team validate documentation using public records . Second , the project team answered information requests , provided clarifications , and sent reminders to participants through different channels such as SMS , WhatsApp , phone calls , and emails . Take-up rates can be seen in Appendix Table A4 . 17", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 262, "text": "wage growth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY phase , i . e . ( i ) at the beginning of the Planning process , socio – economic survey , ( ii ) Community visioning stage ( iii ) Presentation of Base map stage ( iv ) Public Baraza meeting to inform the residents of the settlement about the planned planning , surveying and tenure regularization of the settlement ( v ) during verification of beneficiaries ( vi ) LPDP presentation , community validation and land surveying . Two meetings were organized during ARAP preparation phase which included Grievance Redress Meeting and a PAPs meeting . The meetings were attended by the PAPs ; County Government of Mombasa officials , KISIP National Coordination Team and Local Administration . Details of these meetings are provided in chapter 5 of this report * * < u > Mitigation of Adverse Impacts < / u > * * The affected persons , irrespective of their tenure status , are eligible for assistance if their assets will be affected by planning and surveying or engaged in any livelihood income-generating activity within the settlement before the entitlement * * < u > cut-off date set as 7 < / u > * * < sup > * * < u > th < / u > * * < / sup > * * < u > February , 2018 < / u > * * which was the date of start of census of the PAPs . All structures will be compensated at replacement cost while livelihoods will be compensated in cash as per the KISIP RPF . Rental income will be compensated at subsistence allowance equivalent to two months ’ rental income . Additionally , tenants will be entitled to a two-month ’ s cash equivalent of rent . For vulnerable categories and as provided by the KISIP Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , this ARAP provides additional Kshs 2 , 000 for the first", "spans": [{"start": 1337, "end": 1355, "text": "census of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private . On average , they find a 9 % nominal return , comparable to that of US Treasury bonds at that time ( zero premia ) , but there is substantial time variation . Appendix B3 . 2 shows that we get very similar results in those subsamples of their dataset for which pricing data exist . Furthermore , in Appendix B4 , we add evidence on the 1970s , 1980s , and early 1990s , partly based on secondary market price data for syndicated loans 1985-1993 . The results confirm those in Klingen , Weder , and Zettelmeyer ( 2004 ) : sovereign debt returns were very low in the late 1980s and very high in the early 1990s . Following large-scale debt restructurings in the early 1990s under the Brady Plan , fixed income markets reemerged as a dominant source of credit to emerging markets . The recent literature mostly explores this post-1990 sovereign bond era with an approach closer in spirit to the one developed in this paper , typically using JP Morgan ’ s Emerging Markets Bond Index ( EMBI ) country series ( e . g . , Broner , Lorenzoni , and Schmukler 2013 ; Borri and Verdelhan 2015 ; Andritzky and Schumacher 2018 ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > The results highlight excess returns by country in the 3 % - 15 % range , which is significantly higher than those reported by papers studying the pre-1990s and in line with our results . A broad takeaway from this previous literature on bond returns is that , historically , emerging market debt delivered returns that were only slightly above the risk-free rate . This made it all the more puzzling why investors continue to flock to this asset class in their search for high yield . Compared with that body of research , we provide a more representative and encompassing picture of the external sovereign bond market . Our bigger sample gives less weight to individual defaulters ( like Russia ) or episodes that were particularly turbulent ( like the Great Depression ) . We also disregard the ( lower ) returns of sub-sovereign bonds . Instead , we focus on external sovereign bonds and include all episodes for which price quotations", "spans": [{"start": 396, "end": 454, "text": "secondary market price data for syndicated loans 1985-1993", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 962, "end": 989, "text": "Emerging Markets Bond Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and external sector economic data ( coverage and quality ) , meeting the IMF ’ s SDDS standard ( IRA2 ) . 2 * * . * * Quality of critical official statistical products and processes improved ( IRA2 ) . 3 * * . * * KNBS strengthened its capacity by improving data quality to meet SDDS requirements . # # # * * _B2 . Improving the quality of macroeconomic datasets_ * * OUTPUTS i * * . * * Compile the IMF DQAF for five macroeconomic datasets ( target achieved ) . # # # OUTCOMES 1 * * . * * Improved quality of essential official statistical products and processes ( IRA2 ) . 2 * * . * * Produce better real and external sector economic data ( coverage and quality ) . - 1 * * . * * KNBS strengthened its capacity by improving the quality of official data that met international data quality standards . # # * * Rating * * Substantial ~ ~ PHREVDELTBL ~ ~ Page 6 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 33, "text": "external sector economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in what follows that the elasticity of aggregate economic activity to nighttime light is 0 . 25 . This elasticity implies that the relative change in economic activity , is only a quarter of the relative change in nighttime light . The raw nighttime light data are derived from the VIIRS-DNB Cloud Free Monthly Composites , version 1 , yy < sup > AA < / sup > The raw nighttime light data are derived from the VIIRS-DNB Cloud Free Monthly Composites , version 1 , made publicly available by the Earth Observation Group at the National Geophysical Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . The released data are already adjusted to correct for saturation , blooming effects , and comparability , all issues that had been detected in a previous nighttime lights product known as DMSP-OLS . The data are further cleaned for this paper , taking advantage of the 2015 annual composite of stable VIIRS nighttime lights to define a background noise mask ( Elvidge et al . 2017 ) . Only cells lying outside this background noise mask are treated as stable lights , while those inside the mask are recoded with value zero , corresponding to no light . The VIIRS-DNB data are available from 2013 to 2016 on a monthly basis , with a 11", "spans": [{"start": 282, "end": 321, "text": "VIIRS-DNB Cloud Free Monthly Composites", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 894, "end": 948, "text": "2015 annual composite of stable VIIRS nighttime lights", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1183, "end": 1197, "text": "VIIRS-DNB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Proclamation No 299 / 2002 and the World Bank ' s Environmental and Social Standards as a requirement for fund approval for the proposed project . # # * * 1 . 4 . Scope of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study * * This assessment is focused on only inactivated / recombinant / conjugate injectable and inactivated oral liquid vaccines manufacturing ( fill-finish vaccine production ) and is limited to the VMF project site and associated facilities of Kilinto Industrial Park ( KIP ) used for VMF . It will include vaccine manufacturing and distribution process to health facilities only . The scope of the study is to carry out ESIA in compliance with the national and World Bank Standards and regulations . Accordingly , the scope of the study is : - Review of relevant laws , regulations , and policies to be considered in the assessment . - Assessment and description of baseline biophysical and socio-economic conditions at the project site . - A comprehensive assessment of the waste management system of KIP and municipality as a whole . - Identification and description of significant impacts associated with the project and proposing feasible and appropriate mitigation measures . - Development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan ( ESMP ) and ESMP Monitoring Plan . - Stakeholder consultations to gather input and feedback . # * * 2 . METHODOLOGY * * # # * * 2 . 1 . Approaches of the ESIA * * The ESIA approach was developed to meet the requirements of Proclamation № 299 of 2002 . To achieve this , both published and unpublished literature were reviewed to understand the area ' s environmental and social conditions . A mixed-methods approach was utilized for data collection and analysis , incorporating qualitative and quantitative data from project staff , beneficiaries , stakeholder consultations , field visits , and secondary sources . Data was obtained through key informant interviews and document reviews , including KIP ESIA reports . Physical observations were conducted at project sites and waste management facilities in Addis Ababa . Questionnaires were designed to", "spans": [{"start": 1967, "end": 1983, "text": "KIP ESIA reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "made for COVID19 hospital claims and confirm that these expenditures are eligible as per the legal agreement and POM . In addition , and for better control over the vaccine stock , this technical audit will be conducting independent physical stock count of the COVID-19 vaccine doses at the vaccination sites and storage sites and reconciling the physical stock count with the MoPH stock reports . The PMU , from its end , will finalize the recruitment of a stock management officer to monitor and validate the inventory of the vaccine stock which will help to align the stock count between MoPH and the technical audit . In addition , the PMU will complete the procurement and installation of an accounting software to record transactions under the project and produce financial reports . - h . _Budgeting : _ The WB funds will be channeled through the MoF Treasury Account and will be transferred to the project accounts . A procurement plan and a disbursement plan for World Bank financing will be used to compare planned expenditures with actual ones and monitor any variances . PMU will be preparing a separate annual budget and a disbursement plan . The budget will be prepared on an annual basis and submitted to the World Bank in November / December of each year covering the subsequent year . The PMU will monitor the variances in the disbursement plan and will provide justification on any major divergence . - i . _Project accounting system : _ The PMU does not have an accounting software to record transactions and produce financial reports . The same accounting software that is currently being procured under LHRP will be used under the proposed project to record daily transactions and produce the required financial reports . The project Financial Officer and Financial Assistant will be responsible for preparing the IFRs before their transmission to the Project Director for approval . Project accounting will cover all sources and uses of project funds , including payments made and expenses incurred . All transactions related to the project will be recorded using the cash basis of accounting . - j . _Project reporting : _ The", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 395, "text": "MoPH stock reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are some indicative estimates o f the expected supervision time and cost . | - < br > * * Other Technical * * < br > * * Experts * * | | * * Total : 14staff * * < br > * * weeks * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Tuberculosis ( Partners ) | 4 | | | M & Especial surveys ( HQ + Partners ) | 4 | | | Communications and Behavior Change ( Partners ) | 6 | Estimated Annual Total Staff Weeks per Year , o f which part will be financed by partners = * * 49 , * * Estimated Annual Supervision Cost to the Bank = $ 120 , 000 . _93_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development ( P146797 ) based procurement of teaching and learning materials — but these were resolved sufficiently to ensure timely completion of activities . Institutional support was strongly focused on developing in-country capacity to sustain activities and outcomes . As reported in the ICR ( page 31 ) , the MOE , with Bank guidance , took actions to build the capacity of senior management regarding gender and sexual harassment issues . The Bank and government also began an important dialogue on gender and sexual harassment in the workplace . # # * * Quality of Supervision Rating * * Satisfactory * * Overall Bank Performance Rating * * Satisfactory # # * * 9 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization * * # # * * a . M & E Design * * The results chain and indicators to measure outcomes were specific and clearly articulated . The first objective was to be measured by improvement in mathematics competency level of grade 2 pupils ( disaggregated by gender ) in the subtraction domain . The second objective was to be measured by not only the preparation of SIPs but also capacity to execute each individual plans ' top two priorities . Monitoring arrangements were developed as part of project activities ( EMIS and TPAD ) , and evaluative activities were also included to assess project impact ( student learning assessments , and evaluations of TPAD , SIP and EGMA ) . # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * The implementation of the EMIS , and subsequently the NEMIS , and the development of the TPAD were critical activities to monitor project progress and outcomes . Monitoring data was collected on registered learners with unique personal identifiers , placements , capitation grant information , school visits , and teacher observations . The school and county level implementing agencies provided reports on a regular basis to contribute to national level reporting on project progress . The project also supported student learning assessments and policy studies", "spans": [{"start": 1711, "end": 1726, "text": "Monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| — | | Niger | Linear | Yes | 0 . 43 | 1 | — | 13 . 6 | 13 . 6 | — | | Nigeria | IBT | Yes | 0 . 15 – 2 , 38 | 5 | 20 | 0 . 9 | 6 . 5 | 622 | | Rwanda | Linear | No | — | 1 | — | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | | | Senegal | IBT | No | — | 3 | — | 23 . 8 | 26 . 2 | 10 | | South Africa | IBT | No | — | 2 | 50 | 0 | 7 . 2 | — | | Tanzania | Linear | Yes | 1 . 93 | 1 | — | 10 . 8 | 10 . 8 | — | | TZN – low use | IBT | No | — | 2 | 50 | 4 . 1 | 13 | 217 | | Uganda | IBT | Yes | 1 . 1 | 2 | 15 | 3 . 4 | 23 . 3 | 585 | | Zambia | IBT | Yes | 1 . 3 | 3 | 300 | 1 . 6 | 3 . 7 | 131 | | Zimbabwe | IBT | No | — | 3 | 50 | 0 . 60 | 13 . 5 | 2 , 159 | _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database _Note : _ For details see annex 2 . MWI = Malawi ; MOZ = Mozambique ; TZN = Tanzania . — Not available . The structure of blocks — their number , size , and respective price levels — is what ultimately defines how tariffs reflect costs , affect demand , and address equity issues . The sample countries have adopted widely differing approaches to tariff design , with one third of countries practicing linear tariffs ( as in Rwanda and Tanzania ) and the remaining two thirds practicing IBTs . Looking at the two thirds of sample countries that practice IBTs , most have adopted relatively simple structures ( figure 2a ) with two or three blocks ( as in Benin , Burkina Faso", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 708, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of local actors . Figure 4 : Question 11 of online survey - What is the reason for the increase in 3RP-related funding passed on to national and local actors ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 Notes : Survey respondents were able to select multiple responses to the question . The percentages , therefore , add up to more than 100 % national organisations in 2017 – between 22-37 % of the total funding reported . The amount passed on to women ’ s organisations or local groups dealing with gender issues in 2017 was lower – between US $ 129 million and US $ 271 million ( 8-17 % of total funding reported to the online survey ) . Over one third ( 37 % ) of survey respondents indicated that the share of 3RP-related funding that their organisation passes on to national and local actors has increased between 2016 and 2017 . When asked for the main reason for the increase , the majority ( 58 % ) indicated a greater focus on resilience within the 3RP , emphasising the important role of national and local actors , as the main motivating factor ( see Figure 4 ) . An initiative to track donor funding against pledges made for the Syria response , reports several examples of multi-year funding for the regional response to crisis . Of the US $ 9 . 7 billion pledged in grants at the Brussels conference , US $ 3 . 7 billion is for the three year period 2018-2020 ; and a further US $ 30 billion was pledged in the form of loans between 2017 and 2020 ( Supporting Syria and the region , Post-Brussels Conference Financial Tracking , October 2017 ) . The Global Concessional Financing Facility ( CFF ) – an initiative of the World Bank Group , the Islamic Development Bank and the UN – provides multi-year concessional financing that is not usually accessible * * 17 * *", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 210, "text": "Online survey conducted with 3RP partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1546, "end": 1589, "text": "Post-Brussels Conference Financial Tracking", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 3 . Economic and Financial Analysis * * 1 . The economic analysis included in Annex 4 of the PAD concluded that the focus of the HSDP on increasing access to primary health care ( including health promotion and prevention , and basic curative care ) amongst the rural poor population would bring significant physical and economic benefits to the population . Recent positive trends in both the financing and provision of public health services confirmed the FDRE ' s commitment to the sector . If fully implemented , the allocation of recurrent funds to the primary level would increase from 38 % in the years previous to 1997 / 8 , to around 45 % of recurrent funding over the five years . Recurrent funding constituted around 67 % of the total budget , with capital investments scaled down from about 50 % originally . This balance was considered more sustainable financially . The proposed peak in capital expenditures in year 2 might need to be adjusted in the future in order to match implementation capacity . The FDRE could afford its share of the HSDP given the projections for economic growth . There was concern that in the event of budget shortfalls , the funding of PHC services could come under pressure , given parallel investment in hospital facilities . However , the policy framework clearly prioritized more and improved primary health services and recurrent funding to this level , and the Government ' s Letter of Sector Policy dated August 10 , 1998 reiterated that in the event of budget shortfalls priority will be given to primary health care in lieu of tertiary health facilities . 2 . This Annex 3 on economic and financial analysis provides some information on possible returns to investments in the health sector and on expenditures on health services . It is based on the Public Expenditures Review ( PER ) conducted in 2003 ; the National Health Account ( NHA ) exercises undertaken in 1995 / 96 , 1999 / 2000 and 2004 / 05 ; the Household Income Consumption Expenditure Survey ( HICES ) and Welfare Monitoring Survey ( WMS ) ; the country Status Report on Health and Poverty of July", "spans": [{"start": 1813, "end": 1839, "text": "Public Expenditures Review", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1872, "end": 1895, "text": "National Health Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1972, "end": 2019, "text": "Household Income Consumption Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2034, "end": 2059, "text": "Welfare Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2074, "end": 2117, "text": "country Status Report on Health and Poverty", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 1 . Distribution of natural disasters over time and across regions * * A . Intensity of natural disasters < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent of population Percent of population < br > Total affected Intensity shock < br > Total deaths ( RHS ) < br > 7 0 . 025 < br > 6 < br > 0 . 020 < br > 5 < br > 4 0 . 015 < br > 3 0 . 010 < br > 2 < br > 0 . 005 < br > 1 < br > 0 0 . 000 < br > 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > B . Intensity of natural disasters , by region < br > Percent of population Percent of population < br > 7 Total affected Total deaths ( RHS ) 0 . 007 < br > 6 0 . 006 < br > 5 0 . 005 < br > 4 0 . 004 < br > 3 0 . 003 < br > 2 0 . 002 < br > 1 0 . 001 < br > 0 0 < br > AME EAP ECA LAC MNA SAR SSA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources : _ EM-DAT , WDI ( Population data ) . _Note : _ The average of affected as a ratio to population , death to population and intensity shock across countries in a given year ( in panel A ) and across countries in a given region over 2000-22 ( in panel B ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 902, "text": "EM-DAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 905, "end": 908, "text": "WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 911, "end": 926, "text": "Population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Firms in capital cities , not surprisingly , complain less about electricity cuts and more about land access . They are also more likely to face perceived skills shortages , and complain more about the macroeconomic environment and about regulation . There are also are clear relationships between performance and perceived investment climate constraints : - High TFP firms perceive higher constraints deriving from regulation , and complain less about finance . - High employment growth firms face greater constraints from land access , regulation , and complain less about finance . - Profit-reinvesting firms , and firms that have opened plants in the preceding three years , complain more about infrastructure , more about regulation , more about skills shortages , and more about property rights . The interpretation of these results is straightforward : firms that have high productivity , are growing and investing , and that have characteristics that are associated with good performance and growth ( private / foreign ownership and export orientation ) are more likely to report that they face significant investment climate constraints of all sorts . The exception is finance , where poorer performers are more likely to complain they are constrained . The usefulness of these findings from the international PICS-BEEPS surveys is primarily to set a benchmark against which to compare the investment climate constraints perceived by Serbian firms . * * _Serbian evidence . _ * * Do firms in Serbia face the same kinds of investment climate constraints as those types of firms in the rest of the world ? The same methodology used above was applied to just the firms in the 2003 Serbian PICS survey . The investment climate variables are those described earlier , plus composite measures for infrastructure , taxation , regulation , macroeconomic conditions , finance , and property rights . We estimated the effects on these investment climate measures of ownership ( privatized , new private , foreign-owned ) , export orientation , size , sector ( manufacturing , agriculture , services ) , and location ( operating in Belgrade , Vojvodina , or central Serbia ) . The main results from the analysis are summarized below : - Privatized firms face greater skills shortages and bigger constraints from business licensing ( Figure 2 )", "spans": [{"start": 1321, "end": 1339, "text": "PICS-BEEPS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1684, "end": 1708, "text": "2003 Serbian PICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya ’ s scarce water resources , strained by population growth and severe forest degradation , could be further stressed by increasing temperatures , evaporation rates and rainfall variability . The country relies predominantly on surface water sources , but key rivers and lakes are highly susceptible to climate change . In 2010 Kenya ’ s water availability was 586m < sup > 3 < / sup > per person annually , well below the internationally acceptable threshold of 1 , 000m < sup > 3 < / sup > per person ; this figure is expected to fall to as low as 293m < sup > 3 < / sup > by 2050 . Increasingly severe droughts and flooding will impact water availability and diminish water quality , with implications for irrigation and domestic water supply and sanitation , which combined account for 87 percent of current use . Urban areas are already highly water stressed ; Nairobi and Mombasa regularly implement water rationing < sup > 66 < / sup > . Glacial loss on Mount Kenya is further straining water resources and turning once glacially-fed perennial rivers , such as the Ewaso Ng ’ iro , to seasonal flows , leading to conflict over water resources between communities upstream and downstream < sup > 67 < / sup > . # # * * _3 . 4 . 7 Sanitation_ * * A total of 31 . 2 % of the urban population in Kenya have access to sanitation facilities with only 29 . 7 % of the rural population having access to improved sanitation facilities . A total of 68 . 8 % of the urban population have unimproved sanitation facilities , followed by 70 . 3 % of the rural population having unimproved access to sanitation facilities . Overall , a total of 69 . 9 % of the Kenyan population have unimproved sanitation facilities < sup > 68 < / sup > . > 62 ( “ Kenya Demographics Profile 2018 , ” 2018 ) > 63 ( Clark , 2015 ) > 64 ( Clark , 2015 ) > 65 ( “ Demo", "spans": [{"start": 1746, "end": 1777, "text": "Kenya Demographics Profile 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capital adequacy requirement . Two banks would fall under the insolvency threshold of 2 % and would be considered ” failing ” banks . All other banks are able to withstand the assumed country-specific Stress scenario . To recapitalize all banks in the system to the extent that a 2 % ERW-CAR would be maintained in the Stress VAR scenario requires about 18 % of the annual TTC profits generated by the entire banking system . This figure is arrived at by assuming a 3 % TTC Return on Assets ( ROA ) during normal economic conditions . This figure can also be calculated as a simple arithmetic average on historical ROA data . < sup > 46 < / sup > Profits for each bank are then calculated as ROA times Total Assets and are subsequently summed to provide a banking system wide measure of profits . We use TTC profits here as the base , because banks would normally use retained profits to gradually build up their capital buffers to the required level . < sup > 47 < / sup > The results of the Stress scenario based on the historical cross-country crisis experience under the ” Stress Int . ” heading indicate that , on average , the capital buffers of the banking system would get reduced to 0 . 4 % , should this scenario occur . More specifically , nine banks would use their capital buffers , falling below the 8 % minimum regulatory CAR level , and six banks would become insolvent with their ERW-CARs falling below 2 % . Nevertheless , four banks would still have capital buffers strong enough to withstand such a severe credit risk shock . Recapitalizing all banks so that they would withstand this Stress scenario , i . e . , bringing their ERW-CARs above the 2 % level , requires about 130 % of the annual TTC profits generated by all banks . The extent of the recapitalization needs at the system level is substantial at close to 1 % > 46This corresponds to through the-cycle profits because the ( unconditional ) averages are computed over different stages of the business cycle and also preferably over a number of different business cycles . 47However , note that capital injections ,", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 623, "text": "historical ROA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "food prices ( through a large exchange rate devaluation ) , but also increased unemployment and reduced investment , and , therefore , likely affected poverty by other routes . In this example , an omitted variable ( a financial crisis ) induces a potentially spurious positive relationship between food prices and poverty , but one can also articulate biases in the other direction ( e . g . , expansionary monetary or fiscal policies ) , such that it is difficult to say in which direction OLS coefficients might be biased . To address this concern we use a relatively simple instrumental variables strategy implemented with the two-step instrumental variables general method of moments ( IV-GMM ) , using an optimal weighting matrix . The identification strategy rests upon the exogeneity of the international food price index ( described above ) , which is assumed to only influence national poverty rates through its effect on domestic food prices . Hence , the IV-GMM approach results in an equation similar in structure to ( 1 ) , but in which we use domestic price changes predicted by international price changes . In addition to these basic least squares and IV-GMM approaches , we engage in several robustness tests . First , IV approaches can sometimes be sensitive to the choice of estimator . While results from standard IV and LIML estimators are also very similar ( available on request ) , in our appendix we also report results for the Arellano and Bond ( 1991 ) dynamic panel estimator , in which lagged poverty rates are introduced . Second , we conduct robustness tests to gauge whether the introduction of potentially confounding factors to the model has any influence on our core results . For example , increases in food prices might be strongly associated with increases in non-food commodities , so we control for changes in the overall terms of trade but also overall inflation , monetary expansion , exchange rate movements , changes in trade and foreign investment ratios , and non-agricultural growth rates . Third , we test robustness of results to splitting up the sample by region and by time periods . The former is implemented to test whether any particular region might be driving the result , while the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Actual | | * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N < br > o . | Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approa < br > h | c < br > Contract Type < br > E | stimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > | Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > P | roce | ss Statu | s < br > Terms of Reference < br > Planned < br > Actual | Express < br > < br > Planne | ion of Interest < br > Notice < br > Short List and Draft R < br > equest for Proposals < br > Request for Proposals < br > as Issued < br > Opening of Technical < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > Evaluation of Technic < br > al Proposal < br > Combined Evaluation < br > Report and Draft Neg < br > otiated Contract < br > Signed Contract < br > Contract Completion < br > d < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | | CQS-1 / Consultant firm to c < br > onduct baseline survey | TF / B6532 | Project Management and Ad < br > ministration , Monitoring and < br > Evaluation , and Knowledge < br > Dissemination < br > | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Open - National | | 25 , 000 . 00 | 23 , 955 . 15 < br > Si | gned |", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1081, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Industy & Entrepreneurship Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2022_ * * Creation of database for local business advisors / < sup > boot-campproviderstotrainandmentor < / sup > SMEs / startups - The registration of business advisors will create a vetted database for any planning , selection and identification of business < sup > providersandprovide a databankforfutureuse . < / sup > Financial , economic * * & * * Social The project will benefit SMEs , Students , Research Institutions , Innovators through Financial Disbursements , < sup > Trainingandmentoring , Productsdevelopedand < / sup > commercialized , Partnerships and linkages and Joint ventures . * * SME * * Technology Upgrading-The project < sup > willsupportthe SMEstoacquire / installappropriate < / sup > production technologies ; Support incubators ( KEBS , < sup > KIE , KIRDI ) acquiremodern equipmentfor < / sup > training * * & * * common manufacturing facilities ; Provide support to boot-camp < sup > for trainingon < / sup > < sup > * * highly * * < / sup > intensive technical skills to startups ; Social , Gender * * and * * Culture - KIEP Target < sup > * * 30 % * * of project beneficiariesto bewomenowned < / sup > < sup > * * & * * led < / sup > startups / SMEs . Inclusion of women owned * * & led * * startups / SMEs in < sup > implementationandbenefitting < / sup > from the project is one of the * * key * * approaches of < sup > the project . Projectbeneficiarieswillnot perpetuate < / sup > exploitation of the vulnerable and poor women and young girls Political * * & * * Economic", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 176, "text": "database for local business advisors", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8873 # * * Abstract * * Open data and open government data have recently attracted much attention as a means to innovate , add value , and improve outcomes in a variety of sectors , public and private . Although some of the benefits of open data initiatives have been assessed in the past , particularly their economic and financial returns , it is often more difficult to evaluate their social and political impacts . In the public sector , a murky theory of change has emerged that links the use of open government data with greater government accountability as well as improved service delivery in key sectors , including health and education , among others . In the absence of cross-country empirical research on this topic , this paper asks the following : Based on the evidence available , to what extent and for what reasons is the use of open government data associated with higher levels of accountability and improved service delivery in developing countries ? To answer this question , the paper constructs a unique data set that operationalizes open government data , government accountability , service delivery , as well as other intervening and control variables . Relying on data from 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa , the paper finds a number of significant associations between open government data , accountability , and service delivery . However , the findings suggest differentiated effects of open government data across the health and education sectors , as well as with respect to service provision and service delivery outcomes . Although this early research has limitations and does not attempt to establish a purely causal relationship between the variables , it provides initial empirical support for claims about the efficacy of open government data for improving accountability and service delivery . This paper is a product of the Governance Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at mjelenic @ worldbank . org . _The", "spans": [{"start": 1221, "end": 1265, "text": "data from 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Table 1 : Impacts of large floods_ | * * Year * * | * * Duration ( days ) * * | * * No . people affected ( m ) * * | * * Damages ( $ m 2022 price ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1996 | 35 | 1 . 30 | 2 . 8 | | 2000 | 31 | 3 . 45 | 272 . 0 | | 2001 | 97 | 1 . 67 | 24 . 8 | | 2002 | 101 | 1 . 47 | 0 . 2 | | 2011 | 84 | 1 . 64 | 677 . 8 | | 2013 | 21 | 1 . 50 | 628 . 1 | Notes : Table shows floods with more than 1m people affected in Cambodia since 1990 . Source : EM-DAT database . In the period since 1990 , four floods have impacted more than 50 , 000 km < sup > 2 < / sup > in Cambodia , representing more than a quarter of the country ’ s total land mass . Davies and others ( 2014 ) report that 18 of the 24 provinces were impacted in the 2011 floods . The 2011 floods affected more than 10 percent of the population and caused over $ 677 million in damages ( 5 . 3 percent of GDP ) . Even if the floods do not hit major urban centers ( meaning that monetary damages are much reduced ) , the impacts on agriculture and transport infrastructure can be substantial . Despite the 2011 floods having the highest recorded cost in terms of damages , ADB ( 2012 ) suggests that more than half of the damages could be attributed to agriculture ( particularly rice paddy ) and transport infrastructure . Furthermore , damage to transport infrastructure can have important implications for providing disaster relief and assistance in recovery ( Davies and others , 2014 ) , which increases the possibility of cascading disaster effects ( see next section ) . The impacts of disasters can be difficult to identify in macroeconomic statistics because efforts to rebuild can create a stimulus effect", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 493, "text": "EM-DAT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1649, "text": "macroeconomic statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Coope - < br > ratives | SSFIs | MFIs | Coope - < br > ratives | SSFIs | MFIs | Coope - < br > ratives | SSFIs | MFIs | | * * Malaysia * * | √ | √ | 2 . 78 | 1 , 146 . 06 | n . a . | 0 . 04 | 13 . 71 | n . a . | 87 . 26 | 113 . 07 | 19 . 03 | 0 . 63 | 12 . 09 | 0 . 22 | | * * OIC countries * * < br > * * average * * | 68 % | 57 % | 30 . 86 | 224 . 11 | 68 . 14 | 3 . 98 | 5 . 33 | 0 . 61 | 24 . 94 | 31 . 00 | 34 . 68 | 2 . 59 | 3 . 62 | 0 . 79 | | * * Developing * * < br > * * countries average * * | 47 % | 36 % | 100 . 53 | 216 . 71 | 48 . 93 | 1 . 99 | 4 . 27 | 0 . 78 | 27 . 54 | 25 . 01 | 30 . 14 | 1 . 71 | 3 . 35 | 0 . 97 | | * * Low-income * * < br > * * countries average * * | 79 % | 62 % | 32 . 65 | 18 . 17 | 62 . 44 | 0 . 68 | 1 . 74 | 0 . 92 | 16 . 42 | 8 . 46 | 43 . 87 | 0 . 69 | 1 . 70 | 1 . 19 | Source : CGAP financial access report data 2010 Note : The CGAP Financial Access Database covers questionnaires sent to 151 economies : 13 in East Asia and the Pacific , 27 in Europe and Central Asia , 20 in Latin America and the Caribbean , 14 in the Middle East and North Africa , 6 in South Asia , 40 in Sub - Saharan Africa , and 23 in the high-income OECD countries . Among them ,", "spans": [{"start": 829, "end": 867, "text": "CGAP financial access report data 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 879, "end": 909, "text": "CGAP Financial Access Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * PUBLIC ENTERPRISE REF ` ORM COMPONENT * * | ANNEX B . 1 | Study of Subsidies and Other Financial Flows in * * Favor of the Major PEs - * * < br > Draft Terms of Reference | | - - - | - - - | | ANNEX B . 2 | DGIPE Tasks : < br > A . Introduction - DGIPE Priority Tasks < br > B . DGIPE Task Implementation Plan ( 1992-1994 ) | | * * ANNEX B . 3 * * | Proposed Organization Structure for DGIPE | | ANNEX B . 4 | DGIPE Functions Chart | | ANNEX * * B . 5 * * | DGIPE Job Descriptions for Key Posts | | ANNEX B . 6 | DGIPE Staff Resourcing Program | | ANNEX B . 7 | DGIPE Proposed Budget - Local Personnel Costs only | | ANNEX B . 8 | DGIPE : Proposed Budget for Technical Assistance Costs | | ANNEX B . 9 | Base Data for Major PEs < br > A . Criteria Underlying Selection of PEs for Restructuring < br > B . Main Financial Indicators for Major PEs | | ANNEX B . 10 | Background and Plans for Restructuring Initiatives | | ANNEX B . 11 | Scoping Studies for Restructuring of Five Target PEs : * * Draft Terms of * * < br > Reference | | ANNEX B . 12 | PE Reform : Assistance for Target Enterprises and Institutional Support - < br > Estimated Budget and Timing | | ANNEX B . 13 | Executive Summary and Preliminary Implementation * * Plan From Safety Net * * < br > Study Report | | ANNEX B . 14 | Statement of Management Information * * System Needs for Registrar-General ' s * * < br > Office | | ANNEX B . 15 | Draft Terms of Reference", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". This rapid growth demonstrates that the transition from physical to digital commerce , often perceived as a phenomenon of high-income countries in urban areas , can happen at a lower level of development and in rural areas as well . # * * _2 . 1 . Taobao Village Survey data and summary statistics_ * * This analysis uses the Taobao Village Survey , a collaboration between the World Bank , Alibaba Group , and Peking University , to examine the characteristics of the Taobao Villages and households . The survey , conducted between August and September 2018 , is representative of the universe of 2 , 118 Taobao Villages in 2017 . The survey uses a stratified random sampling design with villages as the primary sampling units , which are stratified by the gross merchandise value ( GMV ) of the villages ’ online sales in the Alibaba platforms , including Taobao . com and Tmall . com . The secondary sampling units are the cell grids over the satellite image of the village maps , where a specific number of grids are randomly chosen according to the estimated number of households > 5 Under the Rural Taobao Program ( 农村淘宝 ) , Alibaba Group establishes thousands of e-commerce outposts across China in collaboration with regional governments and recruits local talent to serve the demand of the local communities . Alibaba Group ’ s rural strategy is supported by its various initiatives involved in rural e-commerce , such as the Specialties of China ( 特色中国 ) and agricultural resources ( 淘宝农资 ) channels on Taobao Marketplace , Taobao University , Tmall . com ’ s fresh produce channel ( 喵鲜生 ) , and the Blue Stars program ( 满天星计划 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 276, "text": "Taobao Village Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "larger level of spatial aggregation increases the estimated impact of the shock — although not significantly — without affecting statistical significance ( table 4 . 6 ) . In future work it would be interesting to explore much larger areas of aggregation if this is possible ( i . e . , if enough variation in the hazard is left and GPS data are available ) to see if this affects the results . * * Table 4 . 6 . Results for different areas of spatial aggregation of hazard data * * | | * * Maize ( GPS * * < br > | * * coordinate c * * < br > | * * ountries only ) * * < br > | * * 2 * * < br > | * * 0 km radius * * < br > | | < br > | * * 50 km radius * * < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 10km * * | * * 20km * * | * * 50km * * | * * Maize * * | * * Highland * * | * * Roots * * | * * Maize * * | * * Highland * * | * * Roots * * | | * * Landed h * * | * * ouseholds * * | | | | | | | | | | Hazard | 0 . 066 * * * | 0 . 075 * * * | 0 . 086 * * * | 0 . 055 * * * | 0 . 045 * * * | 0 . 152 * * * | 0 . 056 * * * | 0 . 045 * * * | 0 . 154 * * * | | | [ 4 . 252 ] | [ 4 . 608 ] | [ 4 . 765 ] | [ 3 . 852 ] | [ 4 . 495 ] | [ 8 .", "spans": [{"start": 333, "end": 341, "text": "GPS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_manner , through the enforcement of all the other provisions of the Convention , including rights to health , adequate nutrition , social security , an adequate standard of living , a healthy and safe environment , education and play . _ < sup > 79 < / sup > While the CRC and the 1966 Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights contemplate the progressive realization of economic , social and cultural rights , these instruments impose various obligations on States Parties which are of immediate effect . < sup > 80 < / sup > These obligations include avoiding taking retrogressive measures , satisfying minimum core elements of each right and ensuring non-discrimination in the enjoyment of these rights . < sup > 81 < / sup > 35 . A violation of an economic , social or cultural right may amount to persecution where minimum core elements of that right are not realized . For instance , the denial of a street child ’ s right to an adequate standard of living ( including access to food , water and housing ) could lead to an intolerable predicament which threatens the development and survival of that child . Similarly , a denial of medical treatment , particularly where the child concerned suffers from a life-threatening illness , may amount to persecution . < sup > 82 < / sup > Persecution may also be established through an accumulation of a number of less serious violations . < sup > 83 < / sup > This could , for instance , be the case where children with disabilities or stateless children lack access to birth registration and , as a result , are excluded from education , health care and other services . < sup > 84 < / sup > 36 . Measures of discrimination may amount to persecution when they lead to consequences of a substantially prejudicial nature for the child concerned . < sup > 85 < / sup > Children who lack adult care and support , are orphaned , abandoned or rejected by their parents , and are escaping violence in their homes may be", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "realities , UNHCR has not sought to depoliticize the issue of refugee statistics , but it has attempted to professionalize its approach to this important function . # # * * NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Previous papers * * 1 . Globalization and the dynamics of international migration : implications for the refugee regime Sarah Collinson , May 1999 2 . From resettlement to involuntary repatriation : towards a critical history of durable solutions B . S . Chimni , May 1999 3 . The evolution of US immigration and refugee policy : public opinion , domestic politics and UNHCR Michael J . McBride , May 1999 4 . Rejected asylum seekers : the problem of return Gregor Noll , May 1999 5 . The end of asylum ? The changing nature of refugee policies in Africa Bonaventure Rutinwa , May 1999 6 . Europe ’ s response to the arrival of asylum seekers : refugee protection and immigration control Jens Vedsted-Hansen , May 1999 7 . Policy challenges of the new diasporas : migrant networks and their impact on asylum flows and regimes Jeff Crisp , May 1999 8 . The humanitarian operation in Bosnia , 1992-95 : the dilemmas of negotiating humanitarian access Mark Cutts , May 1999 9 . Angry young men in camps : gender , age and class relations amongst Burundian refugees in Tanzania Simon Turner , June 1999 10 . Deflecting international protection by treaty : bilateral and multilateral accords on extradition , readmission and the inadmissibility of asylum requests Karin Landgren , June 1999 11 . Changing opportunities : refugees and host communities in western Tanzania Beth Elise Whitaker , June 1999", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 80, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thus recent research on corruption has shifted from expert opinion on the overall level of corruption to firm-level surveys on individual experiences with corruption . This allows for directly measuring corruption and leaves room for variation across firms . Unfortunately , this firm level analysis requires us to rely on self-assessments of firms . If these questions are politically sensitive , personally embarrassing , or could lead to criminal sanctions , we should be dubious about the incentives of firms to provide truthful answers . One strategy used within surveys is to ask the enumerator to evaluate the level of truthfulness of the respondent . This strategy has the strength of allowing enumerators , often during face to face interviews , evaluate the truthfulness of respondents . Yet these are based on perception that can be biased , and they are based on overall evaluations of truthfulness , and not linked to specific questions . We directly illustrate the limits of this approach within our survey . To evaluate the extent of truthfulness we utilize a randomized response technique ( RRT ) . This strategy is simply to have respondents flip a coin for each question we ask . If the coin turns up heads , the respondent automatically responds as “ yes ” , and is instructed to answer truthfully if the coin turns up tails . If respondents are answering questions truthfully , at least half of the response should be “ yes ” ( since 50 % of the coin flips should be heads ) . If we find that responses to corruption questions answer “ no ” more than half of the time , there is systematic false responses on the survey . Our survey results do indeed show systematic false responses on politically sensitive questions such as levels of corruption and the extent of tax evasion . We find that the same types of firms 3", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 123, "text": "firm-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene Program ( P179012 ) | | served is certified as a refugee household ; ( b ) the water supply scheme has technical designs meeting the < br > minimum design checklist as defined in the POM , before procurement and construction ; ( c ) the water scheme < br > complies with water quality standards issued by WASREB and DRS ; and ( d ) access is through either a metered < br > connection , shared yard tap , or water kiosk at a maximum of 500 m from the furthest household . < br > Rehabilitated water points are not eligible unless it is verified that they include new water points or < br > household connections beyond those currentlyserved . | | - - - | - - - | | Data source / Agency | MoWSI ( SDWS ) , Turkana and Garissa Counties , DRS | | Verification Entity | IVA | | Procedure | Verification of results will be through desk-based review of documents submitted by each county and physical < br > verification visits . The IVA will undertake physical verification visits to verify households served in selected < br > water schemes on an agreed sampling basis to be defined in the POM . The verification of results for refugee < br > camps will require clearance from DRS . | | * * 10 . 2 : Number of hous * * < br > * * facility * * | * * eholds in the refugee camps and in the host communities provided with access to an improved sanitation * * | | Formula | * * US $ 50per household * * | | Description | Disbursements to refugee hosting counties will be triggered scalable to the number of households in the < br > refugee camps and in the host communities provided with access to an improved sanitation facility , meaning < br > a facility at the household level that hygienically separates human waste from", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Outcome Variable Collection Periods | | * * Basline * * | * * Midline * * | * * Weekly * * | * * Endline * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Psychological Well-being * * | | | | | | PHQ9 | X | | | X | | Life Satisfaction Index | X | | | X | | Stress Index | X | | X | X | | Sociability ( Total ) | X | | X | X | | Sociability ( Positive ) | X | | X | X | | Self-Worth Index | X | | | X | | Locus of Control | X | | | X | | Allocation Decision Game | | X | | X | | Stability Index | | X | | X | | Physiological Well-being Index | X | | | X | | * * Gender Dynamics * * | | | | | | Gender Perceptions - Work | X | | | X | | Gender Perceptions - Violence ( IPV ) | X | | | X | | * * Financial Well-being * * | | | | | | Savings | X | | X < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | X | | Borrowing | X | | | X | | * * Economic Decision Making * * | | | | | | Risk Preference | | X | | X | | Time Preference | | X | | X | | * * Other Outcomes * * | | | | | | Cognitive Ability | X | | X < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | X | | Physical Health | X | | X < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > | X | * * Notes : * * The “ Baseline ” survey was conducted with respondents before treatment assignment was revealed . The “ Midline ” survey were questions asked immediately after treatment assignments were disclosed after the baseline survey , but before the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such representations and warranties , including the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Te1ms and Conditions of Use of SIDC \" ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide by those tenns and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to the Agreement ( s ) referred to in the subject line of this Authorization .", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 536, "text": "Association records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > posibles tensiones provenien < br > tes del cambio de legibilidad < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 900 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | 2020-01-30 | 2020-02-04 | | | 2020-03-18 | 2020-04-17 | 2020-05-12 | 2020-12-08 | | | C2-MIES-INEC-1 / Contrataci < br > ón del servicio de impresión < br > de stickers , requeridos para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > P | ost | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 1 , 983 . 91 | 1 , 960 . 00 < br > Signed | | | | 2022-03-09 | | | | | 2022-04-06 | 2022-06-10 < br > 2022-04-21 | | | C2-MIES-INEC-3 / Servicio de < br > transporte en < br > camionetas con conductor , < br > necesario para el desarrollo < br > del < br > operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de < br > Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "an OGP member . Regarding the strengthening of assets declaration , in future , it will be critical to review and verify the truthfulness of declarations made . Currently , there are few methods and procedures for implementing verification . In addition , there is an absence of cooperation across public institutions . _Setting up a Unique ID System to Improve Public Administration_ 11 . * * Djibouti has several functional ( or sector-specific ) citizen registry systems with corresponding ID numbers that are not currently integrated ; as such , there are inefficiencies in ensuring eligible citizens have access to services through better targeting , planning , and monitoring . * * Safety net programs for poor families — or for access to schools , health centers , and financial services — are hindered by the lack of a reliable foundational ID system . A unique ID system would facilitate the interoperability of government registries and facilitate the registration and authentication of major life events , including births , marriages , and deaths . Importantly , it would also help establish a platform for an efficient and integrated services delivery system . Further , the development of a unique ID will empower women and girls , who are disproportionally affected by lack of official identification . The net enrollment ratio at secondary school stands at 37 percent for girls versus 45 percent for boys . < sup > 6 < / sup > The labor force participation rate for women is 49 . 5 percent while it is 68 . 5 percent for men . < sup > 7 < / sup > Only 8 . 8 percent of women have a bank account at a financial institution ( 16 . 6 percent for men ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > The lack of information and awareness as well as missing key documentation such as birth certificates are major barriers for women and girls to obtain ID > 6 UNICEF ( United Nations Children ’ s Fund ) . 2011 . _MENA Gender Equality Profile , Status of Girls , and Women in Djibouti_ . > 7 Labor force participation rate", "spans": [{"start": 449, "end": 473, "text": "citizen registry systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 0 < br > 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 4 < br > - 1 < br > 0 . 2 < br > - 1 . 5 0 < br > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Years Years < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Note : * * Unbalanced panel VAR model with four lags and fixed effects is estimated using the annual data from 1987 to 2017 for six South Asian countries ( Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka ) . The dashed lines show + / - two standard errors . * * Sources : * * ADB , IMF , World Bank , and own calculations . # * * 6 . Differences for current and capital expenditure * * As mentioned above , it has been shown that government consumption and government investment affect economic activity differently ( Ilzetzki et al . 2012 ) . We therefore analyze current and capital expenditure separately . First , we compare their cyclicality and , second , their impact on economic activity . We re-estimate the error-correction ( 2 ) described above separately for current and capital expenditure . Especially in economic downturns , the former is typically harder to adjust due to political policy reasons and we hence expect it to be less pro-cyclical . In addition , some components like social security spending or work programs may be inversely related to economic growth . And indeed , the short-run coefficient for current expenditure is only 0 . 69 and not statistically significant at the 10 percent level . 11", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 313, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 12 * * THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL * * Operational Policies * * * * December 2001 Page 61 of 9 * * need not include the policy principles , entitlements , and eligibility criteria , organizational arrangements , arrangements for monitoring and evaluation , the framework for participation , and mechanisms for grievance redress set forth in the resettlement policy framework . The subprojectspecific resettlement plan needs to include baseline census and socioeconomic survey information ; specific compensation rates and standards ; policy entitlements related to any additional impacts identified through the census or survey ; description of resettlement sites and programs for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living ; implementation schedule for resettlement activities ; and detailed cost estimate . # # # # # # * * Process Framework * * 26 . A process framework is prepared when Bank-supported projects may cause restrictions in access to natural resources in legally designated parks and protected areas . The purpose of the process framework is to establish a process by which members of potentially affected communities participate in design of project components , determination of measures necessary to achieve resettlement policy objectives , and implementation and monitoring of relevant project activities ( see < u > OP 4 . 12 , paras . 7 and 31 ) . < / u > 27 . Specifically , the process framework describes participatory processes by which the following activities will be accomplished - ( a ) _Project components will be prepared and implemented . _ The document should briefly describe the project and components or activities that may involve new or more stringent restrictions on natural resource use . It should also describe the process by which potentially displaced persons participate in project design . - ( b ) _Criteria for eligibility of affected persons will be determined . _ The document should establish that potentially affected communities will be involved in identifying any adverse impacts , assessing of the significance of impacts , and establishing of the criteria for eligibility for any mitigating or compensating measures necessary . - ( c ) _Measures to assist affected persons in their efforts to", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 504, "text": "census and socioeconomic survey information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries - what some have called _negative_ trade diversion ( Baldwin , 2014 ) . For example , by harmonizing product and technical standards , a deep trade agreement can generate economies of scale for firms that need to comply with one set of standards to reach multiple destinations . Ultimately , the impact on third-country firms of RTAs is an empirical question that in part depends on the content of these agreements . Using firm-level data from Costa Rica for the period between 1998 and 2012 , we first estimate the effect of RTAs of which Costa Rica was not a member on its exports to member countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > We find evidence of a positive spillover effect , corroborating the view of a negative trade diversion . Firms are more likely to export or start exporting to a new destination market if in the previous year they exported to a destination ’ s RTA partner . Moreover , we find that this positive spillover effect increases with the > 1The focus on Costa Rican firms has two main advantages . First , the firm-level data cover an extended period of time . Second , Costa Rica is a diversified economy in terms of export products and number of destination markets . During the 1998 – 2012 period , 14 , 253 Costa Rican firms exported 4 , 939 HS6-products to 211 economies . The quality of the firm-level data thus allows us to investigate the impact of trade agreements on different types of products over a long period of time . 1", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 464, "text": "firm-level data from Costa Rica", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1325, "end": 1340, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "moving elderly into the households of migrant adult children . Reforming these obstacles to mobility would facilitate movement of the rural elderly and continued use of support through coresidence with adult children . # * * References * * - Anh , T . S . , B . T . Cuong , D . Goodkind and J . Knodel . 1997 . “ Living Arrangements , Patrilinearity and Sources of Support Among Elderly Vietnamese , ” _Asia-Pacific Population Journal_ 12 ( 4 ) : 69-88 . - Barro , Robert J . 1974 . “ Are Government Bonds Net Wealth ? ” _Journal of Political Economy_ 82 ( 6 ) : 10951117 . Becker , Gary . 1974 . “ A Theory of Social Interactions , ” _Journal of Political Economy_ 82 ( 6 ) : 1063-1093 - Benjamin , Dwayne , Loren Brandt and John Giles . 2005 . “ The Evolution of Income Inequality in Rural China , ” _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ , 53 ( 4 ) ( July 2005 ) : 769-824 . - Benjamin , Dwayne , Loren Brandt and Scott Rozelle . 2000 . “ Aging , Well-Being and Social Security in Rural North China , ” _Population and Development Review_ 26 : 89-116 . - Cai , Fang , John Giles and Xin Meng . 2006 . “ How Well Do Children Insure Parents Against Low Retirement Income ? An Analysis Using Survey Data from Urban China , ” _Journal of Public Economics_ , 90 ( 12 ) ( December 2006 ) : 2229-2255 . - Cai , Fang , John Giles and Dewen Wang . 2009 . “ The Well-Being of China ’ s Rural Elderly , ” Background Paper for East Asia Social Protection Unit , The World Bank ( Beijing ) . - Cai , Fang , Albert Park , and Yaohui Zhao . 2008 . “ The Chinese Labor Market . ” In China ’ s Great Transformation , edited by L . Brandt and T . Rawski . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . - Cameron , Lisa and Deborah Cobb-Clark . 2008 . “ Do Coresidency and Financial Transfers from the Children Reduce the Need for Elderly Parents to Works in Developing Countries ? ” _Journal of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PHCCs are within the accreditation program . The quality of clinical care is also monitored by the MoPH through clinical indicators captured in the Health Information System . # # # # * * Contracting and Provider Payment Mechanism * * The MoPH purchases the package of services for the beneficiary population from PHCCs . Provider payment is based on capitation and is output-based . The average per capita cost is estimated at US $ 60 , based on the actual prices that prevail in the markets for medical goods and services and MoPH rates . Contracts between the MoPH and PHCCs define the responsibilities and obligations of each party , the number of NPTP beneficiaries to be targeted , services offered , contract value , clinical and financial reporting requirements , disbursement requirements , and payment mechanisms . The PHCCs are responsible for ensuring that all diagnostic tests are received according to clinical guidelines set by the MoPH . To set correct incentives for PHCCs , the per capita payment is divided into three parts : ( i ) one part is a contract advance , ( ii ) the second is based on the use of services by beneficiaries , and ( iii ) the third is based on user satisfaction , which is monitored through third party assessment and internally by the MoPH . 14 . * * While the EPHRP has generated some promising results , it has also highlighted some early lessons , including the need to expand the scale and scope of primary-level service delivery . * * Concerning the _scale_ , there is an urgent need to support the Government ’ s plan to expand the ability of the PHC system to meet the growing demand by increasing the capacity and the number of contracted network centers from 75 to 204 and the number of beneficiaries from 350 , 000 to 925 , 000 for both displaced Syrians and host communities ( see Table 1 ) . The _scope_ of the services also requires expansion to take into account the growing needs in the areas of reproductive care (", "spans": [{"start": 148, "end": 173, "text": "Health Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "women . h ) However , there has been slower progress in the ACDP start-up activities that were to be completed under ATAAS by June 30 , 2017 . These activities include : establishing and piloting an e-voucher scheme for farmers to access agricultural input through a matching grant scheme ; undertaking pre-feasibility studies for proposed irrigation schemes ; and undertaking preparatory activities for the formation and operation of the clusters , including capacity development of cluster actors . Achievement of some PDO yield indicators ( maize and beans ) as noted above has also been affected by the invasion of the country by the FAW , a new pest that has had a significant effect on crop yields , especially of maize , beans , and other annual crops estimated at more than 40 percent . The extension will allow development and dissemination of appropriate measures to control the FAW , enhance project performance , and achievement of the PDO . 5 . Proposed extension : The requested proposed extension of closing date from December 31 , 2017 to June 25 , 2018 will ensure that the implementation of all start-up activities for the Agriculture Cluster Development Project ( ACDP ) will be completed , facilitating the full implementation of the ACDP to proceed . The extension would also ensure that other ATAAS project activities that are also important for the implementation of the ACDP including : establishment of an adequate private sector capacity for foundation seed production ; strengthening of farmer organizations for market linkage ; establishment of the ICT based platform to enhance MAAIF ’ s functions , and completion of the regulatory laboratory to strengthen Ministry ’ s regulatory function . These would result in the consolidation and strengthening of the ATAAS project outcomes , and better support to the ACDP implementation . It will also provide sufficient time for the measures developed to control the Fall Army Worm ( FAW ) to be demonstrated and disseminated in all districts . A further end-line survey and impact assessment is also planned for the extension period . 6 . This extension is requested on the basis that", "spans": [{"start": 2027, "end": 2064, "text": "end-line survey and impact assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "carried out on similar grounds . Information extracted from PO data for the period 2017 to 2020 indicates FOB constitutes 68 . 6 % of total procurement for the period . The following table presents the share of various types used . * * _Table 7 : Incoterms used for the period 2017-2020 based on PO data entry_ * * | | * * PO Amount * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Type * * | * * [ USD ] * * | * * Share , % * * | | FOB | 613 , 090 , 079 | 68 . 6 % | | Local Purchase | 171 , 616 , 404 | 19 . 2 % | | Donation | 69 , 736 , 495 | 7 . 8 % | | FCA | 18 , 051 , 783 | 2 . 0 % | | Cost and Freight | 12 , 799 , 519 | 1 . 4 % | | CIP | 8 , 379 , 283 | 0 . 9 % | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 893 , 673 , 563 * * | * * 100 % * * | 67 . * * Most procurements by EPSA apply item by item evaluation criteria and hence the number of bidders for one package depends on the number of items in the bidding package * * . Packaging items based on product category of pharmaceutical products is a challenge . The assessment noted a bidding process that has about 180 items in one package that is evaluated on item by item basis . Contract packages do not seem to be prepared such that they will maximize interest and competition from bidders . On average , in one procurement package up to 150 items are advertised and evaluated on item-by-item basis leading to situations where some contracts become very low value and suppliers lose interest , forfeiting bid securities . There is a need to undertake assessment study for purpose of categorization and coding of items for optimized packaging for procurement as", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 67, "text": "PO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 296, "end": 303, "text": "PO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– intuitively when the baseline data have little predictive power for future > 1 Bloom et al . ( 2010 ) provides an example of very large T , with 114 weekly observations on firm output , quality , and inventory levels . > 2 Gibson and McKenzie ( 2010 ) provide an example where multiple rounds of follow-up data are averaged to get more precise measurements of consumption and income in a matched difference-in-differences impact evaluation of a seasonal migration program . One key difference with non-experimental evaluations is that the presence of a baseline becomes more valuable to allow one to control for baseline differences across individuals ; whereas randomization ensures these baseline differences are balanced on average . In addition , multiple rounds of pretreatment data are also of additional use in non-experimental studies to show parallel trends in difference-indifferences analysis , or to rule out or control for the presence of pre-program effects like an Ashenfelter dip . Multiple pre - and post-treatment data can also be combined to conduct overidentification tests to distinguish between different data generating processes ( Ashenfelter and Card , 1985 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 36, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 772, "end": 789, "text": "pretreatment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") answer even at the price of zero < sup > 15 < / sup > . The statistics of the responses to the MBDC WTP question are summarized in Table 3 . For each price listed in the questionnaire , the percentage of respondents who choose a specific likelihood answer are provided . In table 3 , we can see that the percentage of ― definitely yes ‖ answers is decreasing rapidly from 99 . 54 % at the price of zero to 0 . 97 % at the price of 60 yuan . While the percentage of ― definitely no ‖ answers increases steadily with the price offered , from 0 % at price of zero to about 99 . 54 % when the price increases to 350 yuan . Between the prices of 5 and 30 yuan , 12 to 30 % of the respondents chose the ― probably yes / no ‖ or ― not sure ‖ response options , showing the respondents actually have relatively important uncertainties in their preferences to the bid prices as proposed in the WTP question . # * * 5 . WTP Estimation * * # 5 . 1 Estimation Methodology Wang and He ( 2010 ) developed a new methodology for estimating and analyzing the MBDC valuation data , which is summarized below and will be used in this study . Suppose an individual i ’ s WTP is Vi , which is a random variable with a cumulative distribution function > 14 The answers given by these two respondents for follow-up question shows that , one does not think he should pay extra fee and the other believe his household can handle their own trash . In some sense , these two answers can be regarded as protest response . Therefore we remove them from our following statistical analyses . > 15 From the response to the follow-up question , we find this household located close to the new landfill site . So his no-response can be considered as a protest . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1063, "text": "MBDC valuation data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Two potentially-important problems with our current specification should be addressed in future work . The first relates to possible endogeneity in the relationship between CO2 emissions and mass transit investments . The second concerns joint determination of CO2 emissions and income per capita . Our results are consistent with the EKC hypothesis , but we recognize the need for more work on the problem . In a related vein , future research should explore the directions and sources of change in the emissions / income relationship . For example , the recent priority given to CO2 reduction in wealthier countries may already be changing the position or shape of the relationship at high income levels . Research on this issue should also investigate the intervening relationship between income and climate policies , which are now being registered in sources like the LSE ’ s climate policy database ( LSE / Grantham 2021 ) . # * * 7 . 3 Non-Pigouvian Policies * * This paper has focused on subways because we have been able to use a large subway data set constructed by Turner and Gonzalez-Navarro ( 2018 ) . However , we readily acknowledge that other mass transit systems may also have important effects on CO2 emissions ( e . g . , regional rail and bus rapid transit systems ) . As global data sets expand to include these systems , they should be incorporated into the analysis . Explicit incorporation of mass transit investments into the econometric model will provide another avenue for future research . As previously noted , the possible joint determinacy of subway investments and CO2 emissions may warrant the use of instrumental variables in the expanded model . In addition , future research should investigate the contribution of subways and other mass transit investments to synergies between Pigouvian and non-Pigouvian policies . For example , a dynamic modeling exercise for the Paris urban area by Avner , Rentschler and Hallegatte ( 2014 ) suggests that the fuel price elasticity of carbon emissions can be much higher in cities with robust public transport options . An extension of the current econometric research would incorporate relevant price variables ( e . g . , fuel prices ) , as well as their interactions with transit investment variables to", "spans": [{"start": 873, "end": 904, "text": "LSE ’ s climate policy database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1039, "end": 1060, "text": "large subway data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1292, "end": 1308, "text": "global data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "what time paths of growth drivers , in particular investment , is essential to realize a given growth path . # * * 3 . Quantitative Analysis * * Each period of the model corresponds to a year which implies that all growth rates are annual in nature . A desirable feature of the model is that it is parsimonious with regards to parameters . There are only three parameters that need calibration – labor share of income � , � � depreciation rate � and initial capital ‐ to ‐ output ratio ~ ~ . ~ ~ � � - * * Labor share of income : * * � � � . � � . The Penn World Tables 8 . 1 does not contain the labor share data for the case of Bangladesh . An alternative source that provides guidance for this parameter is the Global Trade Analysis Project ( GTAP ) . The GTAP database contains information that can be used to calculate the aggregate labor share . < sup > 5 < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 60 < br > 0 . 50 < br > 0 . 40 < br > 0 . 30 < br > 5 See Hertel , Tsigas and Narayanan ( 2002 ) on details regarding the calculation of labor shares in the GTAP 0 . 20 < br > database . < br > 0 . 10 < br > 7 < br > 0 . 00 < br > Bangladesh LMI ‐ Mean LMI ‐ Median < br > Labor Share of Income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Source : PWT 8 . 1 , GTAP * *", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 575, "text": "Penn World Tables 8 . 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 597, "end": 613, "text": "labor share data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 759, "end": 772, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are Aweil , Bentiu , Bor , Kajok , Juba , Malakal , Rumbek , and Wau . 6 For Sorghum , for example , data for Malakal and Wau are available since 2006 and 2007 respectively . For Sesame , most data are available since 2010 . For diesel and gasoline , data are available only since 2012 . 3", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 125, "text": "data for Malakal and Wau", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 30 < br > 20 < br > 25 < br > 20 15 < br > 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > Greece Ireland Portugal Spain Greece Ireland Portugal Spain < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : OECD , Revenue Statistics ‐ Comparative tables . Given the need to support growth , encourage labor force participation and maintain export competitiveness , particularly in countries where the export basket may be in direct competition with lower wage countries ( probably also producing lower complexity products as shown in Table 1 ) , GIPS may want to rethink the composition of the taxes and expenditures of their systems . For example , lower taxes on labor in GPS , by reducing labor costs , could promote export competitiveness . Another area where further consideration is desirable is corporate taxation . Given low investment rates , corporate taxation / exemptions and tax collection could be further rationalized where tax rates are high and collection rates low . At the same time , public expenditure composition has been shifting dramatically since the crisis . With capital expenditures at a low not seen in over a decade , government size as a share of GDP larger in every single country relative to the 2007 values , social transfers consistently higher , and the share of interest expenditures in GDP having risen , it is time to think about what growth enhancing fiscal policy should look like . To conclude , despite the substantial adjustments that have occurred , fiscal adjustment by GIPS is not > 39 The negative effect is ascribed to the non ‐ Keynesian impact of consumers reducing spending as they expect higher taxes in the future . 22", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 257, "text": "Revenue Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Public * Male | − 0 . 184 | 0 . 095 | * | − 0 . 229 | 0 . 039 | * * * | | Public * Vocational training | 0 . 260 | 0 . 203 | | − 0 . 226 | 0 . 052 | * * * | | Constant | − 0 . 321 | 0 . 107 | * * * | 0 . 771 | 0 . 045 | * * * | | Observations | | 856 | | | 3893 | | | R-squared | | 0 . 129 | | | 0 . 264 | | | Mean squared error | | 0 . 62 | | | 0 . 55 | | _Source : _ Author ' s calculations based on VLSS and VHLSS data . # _Our model_ We now turn to the estimation of our model . The lack of observations leads us to adopt a simple estimation method , the nonlinear least squares ( minimum distance estimation ) method , which has better small-sample properties than the Generalized Method of Moments used by Lemieux ( 1998 ) . The model estimates are shown in table 5 . Very different patterns emerge for the 1993 – 1998 and 2002 – 2006 periods . In the 1993 – 1998 panel , the returns to the workers ' comparative advantage in the public as compared with the private sector ( α ) are significantly inferior to one . In the 2002 – 2006 panel , they are not significantly different from one , and the point estimate is greater than one . This change suggests that the public sector , which initially offered lower returns on workers ' comparative advantage than the private sector , has now adopted compensation patterns that reward workers at least as much . Interestingly , the point estimate of ηt is also rising but is never significantly different from zero . Therefore , the higher pay in the 20", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 410, "text": "VLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 415, "end": 425, "text": "VHLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _Type of estimation_ < br > This table presents stress tests to estim < br > outliers out , and US Holdings are norm < br > opposed to the 03 / 2008-03 / 2009 crisis < br > any local stock market returns . * , * * , * < br > US Treasury . | _Time du_ < br > ations in Didier et < br > alized by substract < br > period used in this < br > * * Denote significa | _mmies , Lehman inte_ < br > al . , 2010 . First three c < br > ing its sample averag < br > paper . In turn , column < br > nce at the 1 % , 5 % , an < br > * * Financial globali * * | _raction_ < br > olumns presents < br > e and dividing it < br > s 4-10 are prese < br > d 10 % levels , re < br > * * Ta * * < br > * * zation and fin * * | data from Didier < br > by its sample sta < br > nted for the sam < br > spectively . In ita < br > * * ble 9 * * < br > * * ancial recoupli * * | _Rep_ < br > et al . , and their < br > ndard deviation < br > e data but with o < br > lics appears the < br > * * ng around the * * | _lacing time dummie_ < br > methodology . Return < br > . Additionally their c < br > ur methodology . Ret < br > correspondent the p - < br > * * crisis * * | _s by S & P retu_ < br > s are normal lo < br > risis period are < br > urns are dlog ( s < br > value . Source : | _rns_ < br > cal returns , a < br > defined as 6 / < br > tock_index ) a < br > Didier et al , . | | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 724, "text": "data from Didier", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households in rural Ethiopia . This will be achieved through 1 ) support for building core instruments and tools of social protection and DRM systems , 2 ) delivery of safety net and enhanced access to livelihoods services for vulnerable rural households , and 3 ) improved program management and institutional coordination . The project will also contribute to the higher level objectives of ( i ) improved household food security , livelihoods and nutrition , and ( ii ) enhanced household and community resilience to shocks . This is consistent with the higher level objectives of the ongoing APL series supporting the PSNP . Proposed Project Development Objective - Additional Financing ( AF ) : The Project Development Objective is : increase access to effective safety net and disaster risk management systems , and complementary livelihood and nutrition services for food-insecure households in the Recipient ’ s rural areas . * * Results * * Core sector indicators are considered : Yes Results reporting level : Program Level 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 30 CO < br > E 2000 < br > 1500 < br > 10 , 00 < br > 5 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > Jan Feb Mar APR May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec < br > Months < br > Temprature Max Temprature Min Temprature Average < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Analyzing * * the five years rain fall data collected from the two nearby meteorological stations to the Subproject area , considerations were done on the rainfall distribution as follow . As shown in Figure 4 . 3 , the mean monthly rainfall values show maximum in July followed * * by * * August and the mean minimum rainfall in the Subproject area is experienced in January . As shown in Figure 4 . 3 below , out of the * * 892 . 43 * * mm average annual precipitation fallen in the Subproject area , about * * 70 . 01 % * * occurs between June and September , * * 26 . 02 % * * falls from February to May , and only * * 6 . 02 * * per cent between October to January . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 250 . 00 < br > 20000 < br > E < br > E iso . oo < br > E 50 . 00 < br > 000 < br > Jan FcL Mar APR Mdy Jun Jul Au ep - Nov Dec < br > Serie , 5 0 . 00 14 . 7 26 . 43 8703 1039 124 . 6 2139 160 . 7 107 , 2 187 32 40 303 < br > Months < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Mid-Day < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - -", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 324, "text": "rain fall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Hicks-neutral measure of plant ’ s efficiency , commonly used in the literature to capture the residual output variation after controlling for tangible inputs of production . This strips out agglomeration effects arising from availability of capital or other inputs and thereby focuses on externalities arising from matching and spillovers . < sup > 7 < / sup > Because it is based on nominal revenue ( sales ) , this measure incorporates prices and thereby potentially confounds higher costs and plant ’ s market power , with efficiency . Our data permit constructing plant-level price indices which , using the method in Foster et al . ( 2008 ) , then allows to work in physical units of output and building a measure of technical efficiency : > 6 Even when price data ( e . g . local housing costs ) are available , it is not clear whether real wages capture agglomeration effects ( Chauvin et al . , 2017 ) because the elasticity of wages with respect to housing costs , for example in a sample of US cities examined in Beaudry et al . ( 2014 ) is nearly 1 such that “ people follow jobs ” rather than wages ( nominal or real ) . > 7 Further , as Combes and Gobillon ( 2015 ) note , wages may differ from true gains to the degree that local firms have monopsony power and TFPR avoids making any assumption about the relationship between the local monopsony power and agglomeration . By construction , however , a limitation of this measure is the assumption that all employees within a firm earn the same average wage . Thus , it masks any underlying agglomeration mechanisms arising from heterogeneity in skills and occupations . For a more granular analysis with administrative worker-level data , see De la Roca and Puga ( 2017 ) and Quintero and Roberts ( 2018 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 774, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1673, "end": 1705, "text": "administrative worker-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or the < br > previous ones would be < br > considered ? | The community was informed that previous forms would be < br > maintained with updates in cases of any changes and that new < br > forms would only be given to new occupants . | | If my home is distant < br > from the electricity < br > route , will I get poles < br > free of charge ? | He was informed that this team was there to specifically conduct < br > a RAP involving sensitisation , surveying , affected property < br > valuation and a social economic survey . He was advised that < br > that it was only from the final drawings that the construction team < br > would be able to determine the distance of his house from the < br > electricity route . This would be done at the construction stage . | | Will < br > REA < br > destroy < br > houses situated under < br > the electric line ? | They were informed that it is REA ’ s policy not to destroy < br > structures along the route . All measures are taken during design < br > to avoid passing the line above any existing buildings . Hence the < br > need for an update of the previous RAP . It would only be in a < br > very rare circumstance that this would happen . For this < br > particular project no houses of other building would be < br > destroyed . | | Do we pay for the wiring < br > or is REA going to do it < br > for us ? | They were notified that they had to meet the cost of wiring < br > although this could be done in phases to reduce the burden of < br > the cost . Residents were advised to wire rooms they felt were a < br > priority and then gradually they would extend to the rest of the | 66", "spans": [{"start": 504, "end": 526, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9284 # * * Abstract * * School closures due to COVID-19 have left more than a billion students out of school . This paper presents the results of simulations considering three , five and seven months of school closure and different levels of mitigation effectiveness resulting in optimistic , intermediate and pessimistic global scenarios . Using data on 157 countries , the analysis finds that the global level of schooling and learning will fall . COVID-19 could result in a loss of between 0 . 3 and 0 . 9 years of schooling adjusted for quality , bringing down the effective years of basic schooling that students achieve during their lifetime from 7 . 9 years to between 7 . 0 and 7 . 6 years . Close to 7 million students from primary up to secondary education could drop out due to the income shock of the pandemic alone . Students from the current cohort could , on average , face a reduction of $ 355 , $ 872 , or $ 1 , 408 in yearly earnings . In present value terms , this amounts to between $ 6 , 472 and $ 25 , 680 dollars in lost earnings over a typical student ’ s lifetime . Exclusion and inequality will likely be exacerbated if already marginalized and vulnerable groups , like girls , ethnic minorities , and persons with disabilities , are more adversely affected by the school closures . Globally , a school shutdown of 5 months could generate learning losses that have a present value of $ 10 trillion . By this measure , the world could stand to lose as much as 16 percent of the investments that governments make in the basic education of this cohort of students . The world could thus face a substantial setback in achieving the goal of halving the percentage of learning poor and be unable to meet the goal by 2030 unless drastic remedial action is taken . This paper is a product of the Education Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 398, "text": "data on 157 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2010 : M6 * * Source : Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . Shaded area marks period of recession . Our interest is in the coefficients related to the dummy variables for the various quarters ; more specifically , we would like to know whether there was a significant change in expenditure per capita between 2007 and 2008 , 2008 and 2009 , and 2009 and 2010 . The results based on the estimates in Table 1 are summarized in Table 2 . They show that real per capita consumption was lower in 2008 than in 2007 ( p-value = 0 . 00 , and - 1 , 058 is more negative than - 291 ) , significantly higher in 2009 than in 2008 , and significantly lower again in 2010 . In other words , _real expenditure per capita in Thailand was , on average , higher during the main recession year ( 2009 ) than in either the previous year or the subsequent year_ , after holding other influences constant . The main explanation is relatively straightforward : prices fell sharply during the recession , which boosted purchasing power , while households were able to smooth their consumption relative to their incomes ; we discuss these effects more fully below . For each section of the population of interest – for instance , urban dwellers , or poor households – we did similar computations , first estimating regressions based on the sample for the group in question , and then testing for changes in expenditure per capita over time . Tables 3-5 report the results ; for all cases where there was a significant change in per capita expenditure from one year to the next ( at the 5 % level ) , the numbers are shown in bold face ; for the cases were real expenditure was lower in 2009 than in 2008 the cells are highlighted in yellow . The experience of Greater Bangkok was out of synch with the rest of the Thailand . In all of the regions except for Bangkok , real expenditure per capita fell in 2008 , rose in 2009 relative to 2008 , and then fell again in 2010 ( Table 3 ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 60, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2021 | 15-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | EEU published a re | port on gender and citizen enga | gement | | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P119893 | IDA-51260 | Effective | USD | 200 . 00 | 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 183 . 06 | 0 . 57 | 100 % | | P119893 | IDA-58140 | Effective | USD | 200 . 00 | 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 132 . 99 | 61 . 70 | 68 % | | P119893 | TF-A2302 | Closed | USD | 5 . 00 | 4 . 90 | 0 . 10 | 4 . 90 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | P153864 | TF-A2909 | Effective | USD | 11 . 11 | 11 . 11 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 39 | 10 . 71 | 3 . 5 % | | P153425 | TF-A2910 | Effective | USD | 9 . 08 | 9 . 08 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 39 | 8 . 69 | 4 . 3 % | | P153425 | TF-A4038 | Closed | USD | 0 . 21 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | 8 / 30 / 2023 Page", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional functionality required for the storage of biometric data . This modification is expected to be completed by June 30 , 2012 , at which time the biometric data held by Equity Bank will be transferred to the MIS . As discussed in paragraph 21 , the Expert Working Group for the Single Registry has commissioned a consultant to upgrade the MISs of selected cash transfer programmes , including the CT-OVC . This will constitute a significant upgrade of the CT-OVC MIS , and will include the capacity to store biometric data . Once finalized , this upgraded MIS will operate in parallel to the existing CT-OVC MIS , for a period of at least six months , to confirm that this upgraded system is viable . 36 . The Secretariat further noted that the MIS has capabilities to collect and store data on grievance and appeals and co-responsibilities . The particular details of how these data needs to be provided to the MIS team and accessed by the grievance and co-responsibilities personnel however has not been defined . The Mission recognised that while it is important to determine the flow of data and configure the MIS accordingly , it is necessary to first advance the functionality of these two systems . The Mission agreed that the co-responsibilities pilot should function outside of the MIS ( with the exception of payroll and penalty component ) until the model is deemed to be functioning properly . Progress on the co-responsibilities roll-out will be evaluated in August 2012 , following which more comprehensive integration with the MIS will be explored . Similarly , the Mission recalled that the firm undertaking external monitoring had proposed an interim solution for integrating external and internal grievances . The Mission noted that this had not been done and suggested that the Secretariat work with Kimetrica to install their software onto DCS computers in order to enable a consolidated grievance reporting and tracking systems . The loading of software on the Secretariat computers should be completed by April 30 , 2012 . 37", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 188, "text": "biometric data held by Equity Bank", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT - * * Strong communication initiatives to raise awareness about COVID-19 , including by UNHCR , helped to increase awareness and adoption of preventive measures amongst displaced Yemeni , refugees , and asylum seekers . * * 89 % of displaced Yemeni and host communities , and 87 % of refugee and asylum seeker respondents interviewed in the north of Yemen * * know about COVID-19 preventive measures * * - 85 % of displaced Yemeni and host communities and vast majority of refugees and asylum seekers in the north of Yemen interviewed say that * * they apply those measures . * * However , some cannot apply them mainly due to * * lack of access to clean water and hygiene , lack of access to PPEs , and financial means to purchase them . * * # # # # # # * * _Sources used to get information about the preventive measures for COVID-19_ * * * * Refugees and Asylum seekers in the north * * * * Displaced Yemenis and host community members * * - _ \" others \" such as through radio , SMS messages etc . _ UNHCR / September 2020 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , 725 – 53 . - Morten , M . ( 2019 ) . Temporary migration and endogenous risk sharing in village India . _Journal of Political Economy 127_ ( 1 ) , 1 – 46 . - Naqvi , A . ( 2024 ) . Stata package “ bumpline ” ( version 1 . 21 ) . - National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) ( 2012 ) . Nigeria General Household Survey ( GHS ) , Panel 2010-2011 , Wave 1 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : NGA ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 010 ~ ~ G ~ ~ HSP-W1 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 04 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 1002 ` on 6 September 2019 . - National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) ( 2014 ) . Nigeria General Household Survey , Panel 2012-2013 , Wave 2 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : NGA ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 012 ~ ~ G ~ ~ HSP-W2 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 02 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 1952 ` on 6 September 2019 . - National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) ( 2016 ) . Nigeria General Household Survey , Panel 2015-2016 , Wave 3 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : NGA ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 015 ~ ~ G ~ ~ HSP-W3 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 02 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2734 ` on 6 September 2019 . - National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) ( 2019 ) . Nigeria General Household Survey , Panel 2018-2019 , Wave 4 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : NGA ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 018 ~ ~ G ~ ~ HSP-W4 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 03 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3557 ` on 9 February 2024 . - National", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10805 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the potential distributional effects of a tax increase on processed and ultra-processed foods . Using data from the most recent Brazilian consumption survey ( POF 2017 / 2018 ) , it analyzes the welfare changes that households would experience when facing increased costs for these products . Using an extended cost-benefit analysis model to assess net income effects , the paper considers three distinct dimensions : changes in product expenditure , changes in medical expenditure , and changes in years of life lost . The findings suggest that the tax increase would have a progressive impact , benefiting households at the lower end of the consumption distribution in all three dimensions . Overall , the study highlights the potential for targeted taxation policies as a “ triple win ” to address health concerns , promote greater equity , and increase fiscal revenues . This paper is a product of the Health , Nutrition and Population Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at bernardocoelho @ worldbank . org , civins @ worldbank . org , and riunes @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 231, "text": "Brazilian consumption survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Carter , M . R . , & Lybbert , T . J . ( 2012 ) . Consumption versus Asset Smoothing : Testing the Implications of Poverty Trap Theory in Burkina Faso . _Journal of Development Economics_ , _99_ ( 2 ) , 255-264 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jdeveco . 2012 . 02 . 003 < / u > - Chen , R . , Yan , H . , Liu , F . , Du , W . , & Yang , Y . ( 2020 ) . Multiple global population datasets : Differences and spatial distribution characteristics . _ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information_ , 9 ( 11 ) , 637 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 3390 / ijgi9110637 < / u > - Cheng , Y . T . , Lung , S . C . C . , & Hwang , J . S . ( 2019 ) . New approach to identifying proper thresholds for a heat warning system using health risk increments . _Environmental Research_ , 170 , 282-292 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . envres . 2018 . 12 . 059 < mark > Coles , S . ( 2001 ) . An Introduction to Statistical Modelling of Extreme Values , Springer , pp 208 . < / mark > Corral , P . ( 2023 ) . wsample ( Version v1 . 0 . 0-beta ) [ Computer software ] . < u > https : / / github . com / pcorralrodas / wsample < / u > Dang , H . A . H . and Dabalen , A . L . 2018 . Is Poverty in Africa Mostly Chronic or Transient ? Evidence from Synthetic Panel Data . _Journal of Development Studies_ 55 ( 7 ) : 1527 – 47 . Dang , H . A . H . , and Lanjouw , P . F . 2017 . Welfare Dynamics Measurement : Two Definitions of a - Vulnerability Line and Their Empirical Application . _Review of Income and Wealth_ 63 ( 4 ) : 633 – 60 . <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN REPORT | * * Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1 : Malindi , Mombasa and Kitui Counties # # # # * * Annex 3 : Minutes and List of Attendance * * * * Minutes of the Meeting held at Chief Office , Kwa Ndomo – Malindi Town on 18 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * April 2015 * * Attendants were PAPs from Kwa Ndomo and Kibokoni # # # # # # * * Agenda of the meeting * * - i . Sensitization of the PAPs of the project and its impacts - ii . Introduction of the outline of the RAP process - iii . Question and answers | Minute | Deliberation | Conclusion | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sensitization of the PAPs < br > of the project and its < br > impacts | • This process had been done earlier < br > during the design process and the social < br > economic survey . | • All impacts will be < br > enumerated and put < br > into consideration | | | • The PAPs are aware of the impacts but < br > since they are the ones who prioritized < br > the projects , they are ready to pay the < br > price as long as they are compensated . < br > • Kwa Ndomo PAPs were concerned with < br > the PDP saying it had infringed on their < br > property as it found them already < br > established . | • The construction of < br > the road < br > infrastructure in Kwa < br > Ndomo should be < br > confined to available < br > space without < br > affecting peoples < br > structure unless < br > where unavoidable | | Introduction of the outline | • All affectedpersons should be involved |", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 814, "text": "economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Ethiopia Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project ( P174385 ) | | | combination with other indicators , and provides a benchmark for physical achievement < br > under the operation and can be computed using remote-sensed satellite imagery data . < br > Progress under this indicator is tracked by computing , at the pixel-level ( using a spatial < br > resolution of 30mx30m ) , the change in annual average NDVI from baseline , selecting pixels < br > showing an improvement over the baseline after adjusting for external factors ( i . e . seasonal < br > or climatic variables ) . NDVI values are computed using medium resolution imagery ( i . e . < br > LandSat 8 or Sentinel-2 ) and incorporating a masking routine to exclude pixels that can result < br > in unreliable estimates ( i . e . containing clouds , shadows , water cover , etc . ) . The share of the < br > project area showing an improvement in NDVI is evaluated after an appropriate lag ( i . e . 1 or < br > 2 years ) on areas where interventions have taken place ( PDO 1 ) . Information on spatial < br > location and timing of interventions in each of the project watersheds is required for < br > tracking this intervention . < br > Assessing performance under this indicator measures change from the baseline and < br > compares this against any change that would have occurred without the intervention ( i . e . < br > the counterfactual ) . Given the lack of satisfaction with how remote-sensing based indicators < br > have performed in te past , largely as a result of failing to control for external factors , the < br > methodology establishing the ' counterfactual ' for comparison will incorporate b | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2021 | 0", "spans": [{"start": 280, "end": 316, "text": "remote-sensed satellite imagery data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 730, "end": 739, "text": "LandSat 8", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 743, "end": 753, "text": "Sentinel-2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BOTSWANA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Table 5 . Benchmarking air transport indicators for Botswana and select other countries * * < sup > * * 4 * * < / sup > | Country | Botswana | Namibia | Zambia | Zimbabwe | Mozambique | South Africa | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Traffic ( 2007 ) | | | | | | | | Domestic seats ( seats per year ) | 241 , 696 | 84 , 162 | 437 , 658 | 237 , 835 | 1 , 144 , 644 | 31 , 767 , 537 | | Seats for international travel within < br > Africa ( seats per year ) | 435 , 708 | 877 , 812 | 1 , 459 , 766 | 1 , 109 , 986 | 582 , 836 | 6 , 314 , 557 | | Seats for intercontinental travel ( seats < br > per year ) | n . a . | 242 , 736 | 113 , 217 | 182 , 585 | 91 , 637 | 7 , 707 , 063 | | Seats available per capita | 0 . 357 | 0 . 574 | 0 . 168 | 0 . 118 | 0 . 087 | 0 . 954 | | Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index — air < br > transport market ( % ) | 60 . 25 | 39 . 39 | 17 . 53 | 30 . 20 | 31 . 54 | 16 . 66 | | Quality | | | | | | | | Percent of seat-km in newer aircraft | 100 . 0 | 79 . 0 | 63 . 8 | 71 . 4 | 57 . 0 | 83 . 8 | | Percent of seat-km in medium or < br > smaller aircraft | 100 . 0 | 28 . 3 | 50 . 6 | 42 . 7 | 42 . 5 | 32 . 8 | | Percent of carriers passing IATA / IOSA < br > audit | 0 | 100 | 0 | 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the camp . This data could then be recorded directly into RAIS . This would form a god baseline . Monitoring could then be held on a quarterly basis by the IRD Community Health Volunteers . Should it not be possible to use the reverification exercise to collect the data the community Health volunteers could be deployed to form a baseline and to monitoring the situation every three months . The same eligibility system as suggested above ( Section 3 . 3 . 1 ) can be applied in the camp environment . This would provide a multi-dimensional understanding of vulnerability and enable the prioritization of assistance to the most vulnerable . In the longer term should the camp ( as currently predicted ) remain in operation and the same level of service provision cannot be maintained a system will be in place to determine vulnerability and hence refine targeting . # * * 4 . 0 Recording Vulnerability Data * * There are currently two data bases being used in Jordan . ProGres is the standard registration system being used globally by UNHCR and RAIS a system developed and used in the region . ProGres was not > 10 Note IOM does assess vulnerability at the reception centre . This is done in order to prioritize referral of individuals to services . 7", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 66, "text": "RAIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 974, "end": 981, "text": "ProGres", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1051, "end": 1055, "text": "RAIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1100, "end": 1107, "text": "ProGres", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > we also discover in our paper for a much broader set of firms across 57 countries . One key advantage of our study compared to Huang et al . ( 2020 ) is we could use firm fixed effects to control for unobservable firm characteristics . Huang et al . ( 2018 ) , using the cross-country Orbis firm database < / mark > by Bureau van Dijk , < mark > also document a negative correlation between public debt and corporate investment , especially for industries dependent on external finance . However , the Orbis data is skewed towards large publicly listed firms . Similarly , Dermici et al . ( 2019 ) use cross-country Compustat data on publicly listed firms to document a negative relationship between government debt and corporate leverage , an imperfect proxy for investment . Our paper focuses on a larger set of firms with richer information that allows us to take a step further by exploring the distribution effects of high public debt and the channels of the effects ( finance and regulatory channels ) . < / mark > # 2 . Data and Econometric Specifications # # 2 . 1 Data The main source of firm-level data is the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) . The standard ES sample collects information on a representative sample of formal ( registered ) private firms operating in manufacturing or service sectors . The ES data are fully comparable across countries and are collected via face-to-face interviews with business owners or top managers using a global standardized methodology . The survey is implemented using stratified random sampling with location ( within country ) , sector , and size as the strata . The ES universe excludes informal firms ( unregistered ) , fully government-owned enterprises , and micro firms ( firms with fewer than five full-time employees ) . Several quality control checks are employed throughout the survey implementation process . Supervisors and enumerators attend formal training sessions to ensure the best practices are deployed . In addition , consistency checks are employed for 10 percent and 50 percent batches of the data during the survey to allow quick callbacks to respondents to be undertaken when necessary to verify the information . 6", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 313, "text": "Orbis firm database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 611, "end": 639, "text": "cross-country Compustat data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1144, "end": 1162, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Nairobi Sanitation Project ( P131512 ) | 02 < br > 09-Feb-2017 | Moderately Satisfactory | Moderately Satisfactory | 1 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 03 < br > 14-Sep-2018 | Moderately Satisfactory | Moderately Satisfactory | 5 . 36 | | * * ADM STAFF * * | | | | | * * Role * * | * * At Approval * * | * * At ICR * * | | | Regional Vice President : | Makhtar Diop | Hafez M . H . Ghanem | | | Country Director : | Diarietou Gaye | Carlos Felipe Jaramillo | | | Senior Global Practice Director : | Guangzhe Chen | Jennifer J . Sara | | | Practice Manager : | Jonathan S . Kamkwal | ala < br > Catherine Signe Tovey | | | Task Team Leader ( s ) : | Patrick Nduati Mwan | gi < br > Rajesh K . Advani | | | ICR Contributing Author : | | Oliver Mark Jones | | Note : The original closing date of P131512 was June 30 , 2017 . This date is noted correctly in the World Bank Operations Portal ; however , it is not reflected correctly in this auto-filled data sheet . Counterpart financing of US $ 5 . 63 million has not been captured in the data sheet . Page 3 of 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , the importance of crop residues as livestock feed is also reported as important and this potential livestock feed source although minor will be affected * * by * * the construction of the Subproject and expropriation of farmland . * * A * * total of * * 3 . 53 * * ha of crop land will be expropriated * * by * * the Subproject for tower foundation and substation and the corresponding crop-by-product will be lost as well from these crop fields . Forgone benefits from farmland and crop-by-product will be considered in the cash compensation and LRP . Necessary Mitigation Measures Therefore , payment of full and fair cash compensation is recommended . The risk rating from impact on privately owned grazing land and crop-by-product is Moderate , which is * * - * * social impacts with some consequences and likely to occur . However , implementation of the proposed mitigation measure will reduce the risk rating to Low , which is social impact with no or limited consequence and less likely to occur . No privately owned business business infrastructure will be affected * * by * * the Subproject . Necessary Mitigation Measures Therefore , no compensation or livelihood restoration measures in relation to privately owned business will be required . Based on inventory taken during the fieldwork for this study , the proposed power TL Subproject will have no impact on social service facilities , institutions and infrastructure facilities like community water tanker , local government office buildings , police station , etc . Necessary Mitigation Measures Therefore , no mitigation measure is recommended . Within the ROW , there is restriction * * of * * access for certain activities ( e . g . , trees taller than eight meters , construction of structures including residential houses ) . However , there is a potential for encroachment of the RoW * * by * * opportunistic squatters . Therefore , courageous and bold actions are required to halt the encroachment and these include : - Conduct Regular RoW Corridor Inspection and Administration - * * \" * * Carry out", "spans": [{"start": 1274, "end": 1310, "text": "inventory taken during the fieldwork", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > low − income country < br > middle − income country < br > high − income country < br > country industrialized in 1985 < br > − 2 − 1 0 1 2 < br > Coefficient on Interaction With Drought < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 3 : * * Heterogeneity of the Observed Effect by Country-Level Income * * . The whisker plot displays the coefficients on interactions between a given country characteristic and the and measure of that we use in our main spatially temporally lagged drought analyses . interactions , high-income nations as well as those that were already industrialized in the starting year of our dataset experience a comparatively diminished impact of drought on urban growth . # * * 6 . 2 Push vs . Pull Factors * * Given that the bulk of the effect of drought on urban growth is clearly concentrated among developing countries , we next evaluate more specific causal mechanisms within the sample of low - and middle-income countries . The first three whiskers in Figure 4 display the characteristics of the source cells ( cells surrounding the cell in which builtup pixels are measured ) , thus focusing on a set of attributes conveniently labeled as factors . The of these factors is the share of a cell that is as “ push ” first given classified agriculturally cultivated land . This measure of coverage of agricultural areas in each cell comes from the Globcover 2009 dataset v . 2 . 3 . We create a simple indicator that specifies whether a given cell lies above the developing world median in terms of agricultural land . We find that among developing countries , greater reliance on agriculture does indeed amplify the effect of drought on urban growth . This is in line with the reasoning 19", "spans": [{"start": 1413, "end": 1435, "text": "Globcover 2009 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Migration , Trade , and Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > # Patricio Aroca Gonzalez _Universidad Católica del Norte , Antofagasta , Chile_ William F . Maloney _Office of the Chief Economist for Latin America The World Bank_ * * Abstract : * * Part of the rationale for NAFTA was that it would increase trade and foreign direct investment ( FDI ) flows , creating jobs and reducing migration to the U . S . Since poor data on illegal flows to the U . S . make direct measurement difficult , this paper instead evaluates the mechanism behind these predictions using data on migration _within_ Mexico where the census data permit careful analysis . We offer the first specifications for migration within Mexico incorporating measures of cost of living , amenities and networks . Contrary to much of the literature , labor market variables enter very significantly and as predicted once we control for possible credit constraint effects . Greater exposure to FDI and trade deters out-migration with the effects working partly through the labor market . Finally , we generate some tentative inferences about the impact on increased FDI on Mexico-U . S . migration . On average , a doubling of FDI inflows leads to a 1 . 5-2 % fall in migration . # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3601 , May 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ > * This paper was financed by the regional studies program of the Office of the Chief Economist for Latin", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 637, "text": "data on migration _within_ Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 648, "end": 659, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Refugee population and changes by major origin and country of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * The refugee population is included in this table if the number at the end of 2006 was 5 , 000 or more . For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatriation figu < mark > res include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . Figures below 5 have been replaced with an asterisk . | | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Increa | ses during | 2006 | | | | D | ecreases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre |", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 109, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1154, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Turning COVID-19 Vaccines into Vaccinations : New Evidence from SubSaharan Africa * * Philip Wollburg < sup > 1 < / sup > Yannick Markhof < sup > 1 , 2 < / sup > Shelton Kanyanda < sup > 1 < / sup > Alberto Zezza < sup > 1 < / sup > # # * * JEL codes : I14 , I18 , I100 , O55 * * # # * * Keywords : COVID-19 , vaccination , Africa , vaccine access * * 1Development Data Group , World Bank . 2UNU-MERIT , United Nations University . The authors are grateful for support in designing the survey instrument and collecting the data by the country teams : Marco Tiberti for Burkina Faso ; Wilbert Drazi Vundru for Malawi ; Akiko Sagesaka , Amparo Palacios-Lopez , Ivette Contreras Gonzalez , and Gbemisola Oseni for Nigeria ; and Akuffo Amankwah for Tanzania ; Antonia Delius and Caleb Leseine Gitau for Kenya . We are furthermore grateful for comments and support by Gero Carletto and Kevin McGee and comments and feedback in the development of the survey instruments by the members of the World Bank Development Data Group ’ s HFPS Questionnaire Working Group . This paper received funding support from the World Bank Research Support Budget grant “ Understanding and estimating COVID-19 vaccination attitudes , uptake , and barriers in Sub-Saharan Africa ” and the Global Financing Facility .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DAs ) , to be opened at the Central Bank of Jordan , will be used to receive loan and GCFF grant proceeds . US $ 125 million of the funding will flow to Designated Account A ( DA-A ) and US $ 75 million will flow to Designated Account B ( DA-B ) . Subject to the FM assessment confirming that the NSC-ICT has in place acceptable FM systems , a sub-account from DA-B in JD will be opened for the NSC-ICT . This sub-account will be used to receive funds to finance the training activities entrusted to the NSC-ICT . Out of two designated accounts , DA-B captures procurable expenditures that do not appear in the GoJ ’ s budget and DA-A includes recurrent and procurable expenditures that appear in line ministry budget lines but either have had insufficient allocation or will increase due to project support . By disbursing to the central treasury , the project will provide a behavioral nudge to facilitate dialogue between MoF and line ministries and ensure greater financial sustainability beyond the project lifecycle . As per the Eligible Expenditure Program ( EEP ) table , the details are below : - DA-A : US $ 125 million : ` o ` US $ 63 million for Component 1 ( recurrent expenditures , IPF with DLI ) ` o ` US $ 62 million for Component 2 ( procurable expenditures , IPF with DLI ) - DA-B : US $ 75 million : ` o ` US $ 5 million for Sub-component 1 . 3 ( expenditure-based ) ` o ` US $ 34 million for Component 1 ( IPF linked to DLIs ) ` o ` US $ 21 million for Sub-component 2 . 1 and 2 . 3 ( expenditure-based ) ` o ` US $ 10 million for Sub-component 2 . 2 ( IPF linked to DLIs ) - US $ 5 million for Component 3 ( expenditure -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dominated by banks . * * The banking sector accounts for 65 percent of the total financial sector assets and about 50 percent of GDP < sup > 25 < / sup > . The Kenyan banking sector remains stable , well-capitalized and has posted growth in asset base and deposits for the past seven years ( 2014-2020 ) . < sup > 26 < / sup > Uncertainty and risks of increased default due to the impact of COVID-19 has increased financial sector stresses since 2020 . In August 2020 , nonperforming loan ( NPL ) ratios among medium and small banks , which have a larger share of MSMEs customers , averaged 19 . 5 percent and 17 . 7 percent respectively . The Central Bank of Kenya ( CBK ) anticipated a spike in loan defaults and granted flexibility to banks on provisioning requirements for loans restructured due to the pandemic , extending flexibility to borrowers on loan terms based on individual circumstances arising from the crisis . This resulted in a total of 54 . 2 percent of loans benefitting from temporary debt relief agreements by the end of 2020 . However , the average NPL ratio in the bank sector remains high at 13 . 9 percent in August 2021 compared to the same ratio in August 2020 , and 10 . 5 percent in August 2019 . The increase in NPLs is attributable to the economic slowdown following the pandemic and spans the agriculture , personal and household , manufacturing , real estate , and transport and communication sectors . Repayments and recoveries have recently been observed in the tourism , restaurants and hotels , and building and construction sectors following the lift of lockdown measures . # # # * * 10 . The stresses emanating from the pandemic have led to a slower growth of credit to the private sector and a higher level of liquidity in the banking system , as banks move their investments to safer asset classes . * * Growth of private sector credit decreased to 7 percent in August 2021 compared to 8 . 3 > 22 The 2016 MSME KNBS survey", "spans": [{"start": 1943, "end": 1964, "text": "2016 MSME KNBS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 . 1 | 11 . 5 | 12 . 5 | 11 . 1 | 11 . 5 | 12 . 1 | 9 . 5 | | 1 child | 5 . 4 | 5 . 2 | 5 . 7 | 4 . 5 | 5 . 8 | 5 . 5 | 6 . 1 | 5 . 9 | 5 . 6 | 6 . 4 | 7 . 3 | 7 . 6 | 7 . 2 | 7 . 2 | 8 . 3 | 6 . 2 | | 2 children < br > 3 and more | 10 . 8 | 11 . 0 | 11 . 0 | 10 . 3 | 11 . 4 | 13 . 2 | 13 . 9 | 11 . 4 | 12 . 7 | 15 . 4 | 15 . 0 | 17 . 5 | 14 . 5 | 13 . 8 | 14 . 8 | 11 . 1 | | children | 28 . 9 | 23 . 6 | 20 . 0 | 21 . 0 | 25 . 5 | 25 . 8 | 26 . 1 | 24 . 4 | 27 . 6 | 30 . 0 | 29 . 4 | 29 . 0 | 27 . 6 | 34 . 8 | 30 . 7 | 29 . 8 | | singleparent | 13 . 3 | 14 . 4 | 15 . 1 | 14 . 7 | 13 . 4 | 12 . 8 | 12 . 7 | 12 . 0 | 15 . 9 | 15 . 1 | 15 . 2 | 18 . 7 | 15 . 9 | 14 . 3 | 15 . 0 | 14 . 1 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 29", "spans": [{"start": 735, "end": 743, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in GDP , estimated from the IMF ’ s WEO database at 0  37 over the period 2000-10 . These numbers imply from the budget constraint that the share of spending on other items ,   , is 0  736 . The cash transfer per child ,   < sup >  < / sup > , is set equal initially to 0  05 , with the total amount of spending taken to be subsumed in other spending ,  < sup >  < / sup >  < sup > , asnoted < / sup > earlier . Dabla-Norris et al . ( 2011 , Table 1 . a ) estimate the efficiency parameter for public investment in Brazil ,   , at 0  78 . < sup > 28 < / sup > Thus , according to these numbers , in Brazil more than 20 percent of public spending on infrastructure investment is “ wasted , ” in the sense that it does not turn into public capital . In the absence of data specific to the education and health sectors , the efficiency parameters for spending on education and health ,   and   , respectively , are also set at the same value . Using ( 29 ) , the equilibrium public-private capital ratio can be computed to give  = 0  147 . Thus , by this measure , public capital remains a relatively scarce factor in Brazil . Finally , the elasticity of output of health services with respect to public spending on health is set at   = 0  8 . There are no good benchmarks in the literature but this value appears to be a reasonable starting point , given that most of these services are measured based on salaries paid to medical workers , and the correspondence between elasticities and shares in the Cobb-Douglas function with constant returns to scale . By implication , the elasticity with respect to public capital in infrastructure is 0  2 . The benchmark parameter values are summarized in Table 1 . Based on these parameter and initial values – from which it can be established that Π2 = 0  289 , which implies that", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 48, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kwa , en l ’ occurrence , Kwamouth , Ngambomi , Mbole , etc . ont connu une montée des eaux . > 7 < u > Rapport mensuel de monitoring de protection Bandundu mois de décembre 2023 Kadima Foundation et UNHCR < / u > 8 < u > Caritas International Belgique < / u > Si vous avez des commentaires , questions , ou données supplémentaires , veuillez contacter : Steve Ndikumwenayo ( ndikumwe @ unhcr . org < u > ) ou Lorraine de Limelette ( lorraine . delimelette @ nrc . no ) < / u > 13", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 156, "text": "Rapport mensuel de monitoring de protection Bandundu", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) perennial , and grow in a very narrow range of “ acceptable ” temperature-precipitation / irrigation conditions . Perennial crops can tolerate climatic shocks better but offer almost no flexibility to farmers in terms of changing the crops in dry years . This is because perennial crops ( or products ) occupy the land and require “ maintenance ” regardless of whether they produce any yield in a given year . This means that farmers growing both “ annual ” and “ perennial ” types of products are equally vulnerable to climaterelated risks . Farmers ’ climate adaptation schemes would likely require strategic change of activity type from farming to “ services ” or “ industry ” . # # * * Current and anticipated impacts of climate change : * * * * 4 . * * Scientists in Jordan already express concern that increase in frequency and severity of flash floods in Jordan is happening sooner than has been predicted . GCM models from the World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal < sup > 66 < / sup > indicate that monthly temperatures in Jordan will increase in the next decades . Mean annual temperature is predicted to increase by 2 % by 2050 . The risk of heatwaves will increase by up to 13 % by 2090 . Ensemble model shows even trend of temperature increase through the year , whereas several individual models predict substantial seasonal variation in temperatures , with sharp peaks in some months . * * 5 . * * In Jordan climate change is predicted to result in the following outcomes : lower water availability for citizens and residents , negative impact on agriculture , heat waves , higher occurrence and intensity of flash floods . The most vulnerable to climate change will be the following population groups : children and teenagers , young adults and especially young females , refugees , elderly and disabled , and farmers . Each group for their own reasons , outlined above . * * < u > This project intends to facilitate adaptation to climate change < / u > *", "spans": [{"start": 1015, "end": 1050, "text": "World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for men and women beyond legal ownership of the business , and in doing so inform policy making ( ILO , 2018c ) . Such questions were also recommended by the 20 < sup > th < / sup > ICLS in the revision of ICSE-18 . # Summary and ways forward Since a large share of rural women ’ s employment is concentrated in contributing work in family farms / businesses , as well as informal wage employment that can be paid irregularly , strictly relying on individual earnings data to make comparisons on the value of women ’ s and men ’ s labor may not be very informative . Box 5 presents some recommendations from this section . 16", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 472, "text": "individual earnings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 16 days We have downloaded georeferenced measures of XCO2 ( the column-averaged dry air mole fraction of CO2 ) and computed daily mean values for each 10 km grid cell in our global database . We use georeferenced facility-level global databases to obtain capacity measures and technology specifications for power plants ( Byers et al . 2021 ) , steel mills ( GEM 2021 ) , cement plants ( McCaffrey et al . 2021 ) , and oil refineries ( Auch 2017 ) . We use capacity estimates in the regressions because production estimates are both scanty and assigned low confidence by the database producers . Van der Werf et al . ( 2017 ) provide monthly estimates of carbon emissions from agricultural and forest burning at 25 km resolution . The World Cities Database ( 2021 ) provides data on urban centroid locations and populations . Population density data are provided at 5 km resolution by CIESIN ( 2018 ) . We use two sources to construct our georeferenced measure of income per capita . From the G-Econ database ( Nordhaus et al . 2006 ) , we obtain GDP per capita in 2005 purchasing power parity for a global grid with 100 km resolution . Each grid cell is assigned to its geographically-dominant country by G-Econ . For each cell in a country , we compute the ratio of cell GDP per capita to the national mean for all cells . We merge the results with annual World Bank estimates of GDP per capita in constant $ US 2015 , and use the cell ratios to estimate annual GDP per capita for each cell . We introduce another proxy for economic activity by incorporating monthly observations for VIIRS global nighttime lights ( EOG 2021 ) at 500 m resolution . Mistry ( 2019 ) has provided global estimates of monthly heating degree days at 25 km resolution . # * * 3 . 2 CO2 Diffusion Effects * * Space-based observations detect higher CO2 concentrations over significant emissions sources because atmospheric diffusion is not instantaneous . As emissions diffuse from their sources , deviations from background concentrations will persist for some distance . By implication , the effects of emissions sources in the model should not be constrained by arbitrarily-scaled grid", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 759, "text": "World Cities Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1011, "text": "G-Econ database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1354, "end": 1399, "text": "annual World Bank estimates of GDP per capita", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1589, "end": 1618, "text": "VIIRS global nighttime lights", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "advantage in the public sector in the 2000s . In the 2000s , the labor market for young workers appears competitive , with no significant difference in the public and private sectors ' pay ( α = 1 and η = 0 ) . This finding suggests that public sector rents only benefit older workers . | TABLE7 . Exten | ded Model : In < br > | teraction wit < br > 1993 < br > | h Experi < br > | ence < br > | 2006 < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Coef . | Std . Err . | P > t | Coef . | Std . Err . | P > t | | Relative returnsα | 0 . 381 | 0 . 271 | | 1 . 013 | 0 . 591 | * | | Publicpremiumηt | − 0 . 288 | 0 . 220 | | − 0 . 029 | 0 . 078 | | | Publicpremiumηt + 1 | − 0 . 292 | 0 . 227 | | 0 . 107 | 0 . 078 | | | Old workers * Returnsγ | 0 . 080 | 0 . 206 | | 0 . 976 | 0 . 756 | | | Old workers * Publicpremiumδt | 0 . 118 | 0 . 083 | | 0 . 053 | 0 . 117 | | | Old workers * Publicpremiumδt + 1 | 0 . 202 | 0 . 076 | * * * | − 0 . 026 | 0 . 119 | | | Time dummy τt | 0 . 118 | 0 . 083 | | 1 . 294 | 0 . 037 | * * * | | Time dummy τt + 1 | 0 . 202 | 0 . 076 | * * * | 1 . 538 | 0 . 035 | * * * | | Sample size | | 1750 | | | 7786 | | _Source : _ Author ' s calculations based on VLSS and VHLSS data . # _Returns", "spans": [{"start": 1211, "end": 1215, "text": "VLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1220, "end": 1230, "text": "VHLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> At the meeting , the 104 As discussed in Subsection 2 . 5 of this report , UNHCR ’ s broader mandate criteria draw from broader refugee criteria in the regional refugee instruments , but UNHCR ’ s broader mandate criteria are to some extent textually distinct . Also , as discussed earlier , until July 2014 , UNHCR was responsible for conducting RSD . In this sense , although UNHCR ’ s database records the OAU Convention ’ s broader criteria as the basis for recognition ( and indeed , Kenya was a party to that Convention and a domestic refugee law which incorporated the broader refugee criteria had been in force since 2006 ) , perhaps UNHCR ’ s database should have recorded the basis for recognition as UNHCR ’ s mandate rather than the OAU Convention ’ s broader refugee criteria . For more on this , see e . g . Wood , supra note 39 . It is also important to note that these statistics were taken in 2018 . Since the elapsed time , there may have been changes related to deaths , births , returns , possible data errors and other factors . Therefore , these statistics may not reflect a completely accurate picture . Nonetheless , they are included to highlight , in broad terms , the way recognition was referenced in UNHCR ’ s data and provide a sense of the differences in numbers . 105 Note , however , that the basis of recognition is relevant for resettlement opportunities . In general , in order to qualify for resettlement in third countries , refugees had to show a claim that satisfied the criteria in the Refugee Convention . Informants suggested , however , that with respect to Somali refugees recognized under broader refugee criteria , in practice this impediment to resettlement does not present a significant hurdle , as the vast majority are also able to satisfy a claim based on the Refugee Convention . 106 Relatively small numbers of Somali refugees were also in the Kakuma refugee camps and in urban settings such as Nairobi . Some Somali nationals had also devised formal and informal ways to integrate and reside in different parts of the country ,", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 398, "text": "UNHCR ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 644, "end": 662, "text": "UNHCR ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1231, "end": 1245, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "remaining 495 or 1 . 6 % of the eucalyptus trees will be impacted by the construction of the two substation subprojects ( 357 eucalyptus trees by Haromaya SS & the remaining 138 by Chelenko SS Subproject ) . < / mark > # # # # # # * * _Impact on Indigenous and Other Trees_ * * According to the census survey result a total of 5 , 368 different sizes and species of indigenous trees belongs to 491 Subproject affected households would be permanently removed by the tower pads , RoW and Substations . With regard to the impact , the tower pad and RoW will affect 96 . 3 % of PAHs and 97 . 6 % of the affected indigenous trees , while the construction of the two new substations will affect 3 . 7 % of the PAHs and 2 . 4 % of the affected indigenous trees . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Grazing Land and Crop-by-Product_ * * Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property revealed that there is no grazing land affected by the construction of the proposed Subprojects . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Privately Owned Business Infrastructure_ * * No private or public business infrastructures going to be impacted by the construction of the proposed Chelenko-Haromaya 132 kV power transmission line and substation subprojects . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Public Institutions and Social Services_ * * There is no public institutions and social service identified to be affected by the implementation of the proposed subproject components . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Communal Land_ * * Except three tower pads which will found to be fall on public hilly land in Kersa Woreda , the construction of the proposed subproject components will not affect any kind of state forest or communal land use for specific purpose . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Vulnerable Groups", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 315, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 836, "end": 889, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1990 period . Source : World Development Indicators , IMF database ( for selected countries for 1960 data ) . Calculations based on change in country ‘ s GDP in constant US dollars as a share of the change in world GDP in constant US dollars , by decade . The BRICs and other emerging economies also have increased their share of trade , capital flows and innovation . A growing trend within these dimensions is ― south-south ‖ globalization as economic interactions between emerging markets have increased at an even faster pace than they have between high-income countries and developing countries . As growth poles emerge in the developing world , one way that the more rapid growth could be sustained is through increased ― south-south ‖ globalization . Part of this phenomenon over the last decade may have been due to one-off effects , and the fact that the process started from a very low base . On the other hand , the growing integration of supply chains across emerging markets and the potential for intra-regional ― south-south ‖ trade could be a driving force behind the ― great convergence ‖ into the future . To understand the patterns of south-south globalization , one can start by examining the evolution of the large fast-growing BRICs . In the trade dimension , after decades of stagnation in the developing country share of world exports , this share began to increase sharply at the turn of the century , and it now stands at about 30 percent . We see , however , that much of this recent evolution was driven by the increasing share from BRIC countries ( Figure 9a ) . The BRIC share more than doubled from 2000 to 2009 . A large part of the story has to do with increasing trade between developing countries – a trend that actually dates back a couple of decades ( Figure 9b ) — as south-south bilateral and regional trade agreements proliferated and as supply chains integrated across the developing world . The share of developing country imports that originate in other developing countries is now nearly double the share of the 1960s . The old global division of labor characterized by developing countries ( the ― south ‖ ) exporting primary products", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 51, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 54, "end": 66, "text": "IMF database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Do Refugees with Better Mental Health Better Integrate ? Evidence from the * * * * _Building a New Life in Australia_ Longitudinal Survey * * Hai-Anh H . Dang , Trong-Anh Trinh and Paolo Verme < sup > _ * _ < / sup > * * JEL Classification : * * I15 , J15 , J21 , J61 , O15 * * Key words : * * refugees , mental health , labor outcomes , instrumental variable , BNLA longitudinal survey , Australia > * Dang ( hdang @ worldbank . org ; corresponding author ) is a senior economist with the Data Production and Methods Unit , Development Data Group , World Bank and is also affiliated with GLO , IZA , Indiana University , and International School , Vietnam National University , Hanoi ; Trinh ( tronganh . trinh @ unimelb . edu . au ) is a consultant with the Data Production and Methods Unit , Development Data Group , World Bank , and a postdoctoral research fellow at the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research , University of Melbourne , Australia ; Verme ( pverme @ worldbank . org ) is a Lead Economist , Manager of the Research program on Forced Displacement and Head of Research and Impact Evaluations in the Fragility , Conflict and Violence group of the World Bank . We would like to thank Paul Anand , Jere Behrman , Andrew Foster , Owen O ’ Donnell , Kosali Simon , and seminar participants at the World Bank for helpful feedback on earlier versions . This work is part of the World Bank-UNHCR research program “ Building the Evidence on Protracted Forced Displacement : A MultiStakeholder Partnership ” and received additional funding from the Knowledge for Change ( KCP ) program . Both programs are funded by the UK < mark > Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office and managed by the World Bank . < / mark >", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 143, "text": "_Building a New Life in Australia_ Longitudinal Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 368, "end": 392, "text": "BNLA longitudinal survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | implementation of the < br > EMP and RAP . < br >  Carrying out and < br > analyzing data from < br > socio-economic surveys . < br >  Preparation of guidelines < br > for strengthening land < br > tenure in slums , and start < br > implementation . < br >  Promoting gender < br > mainstreaming . < br >  Mobilizing communities < br > for preparing settlement < br > upgrading plans . < br >  Developing mechanisms < br > forsocialaccountability . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 12 – 60 < br > months |  Quality of terms of < br > reference |  < br > Core team skills < br >  < br > Gender | | |  Procurement of key |  < br > Procurement | | | contracts . |  < br > Financial | | |  Execution of contracts . | management | | |  Implementation of steps < br > to enhance land tenure . < br >  Application of the EMP < br > and RAP . < br >  Carrying out and < br > analyzing data from < br > socio-economic surveys . < br >  Promoting gender < br > mainstreaming . < br >  Implementing < br > mechanisms for social < br > accountability < br >  Enumerating of genuine < br > residents of slums . |  < br > Environment and < br > social safeguards < br >  < br > Social accountability . | | |  Quality and timeliness of | | | | construction . | | | Other | | | | II . < br > Skills Mix Require | d | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Skills Needed * * | * * Number of Staff Weeks * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 129, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their production , export compensacton * * was * * raised from * * 1I * * * * _to_ * * _20 . _ * * _and_ * * its administration * * has * * been redesigned to expedite payments * * to * * exporters . In addition , the Covernment * * has * * introduced - an exchange r * - Lw adjustment * * of * * 3Z * * vis-a-vis * * the SOR In February 1981 and a furthe 15Z adjustment * * in * * September * * 1981 . * * # # # # External * * Debt * * Hanaement * * 5 . * * Other aspects * * of * * the program have * * also * * been completed satisfactorily . The offices dealing with the contracting for * * and * * recording * * of * * external loans have been reorganized and their * * staffing * * luproved . Data on external debt outstanding , Including the parastatal sector , have been collected and * * are * * being processed . External borrowing plans _will_ be prepared for each calendar year . The first of these , covering calendar year * * 1982 * * has been prepared and discussed with Sank staff . # # # # # Forward SudgetIng * * 6 . A * * forward budget has been completed for TM1 / 82-FTB3 / 84 which provides for realistic levels of expenditures and * * a * * patter . 4 of outlays which is broadly consistent with the Fourth Development * * Plan and * * Sessional Paper No . 6 of * * 1980 . * * Projects _ana_ programs in the forward budget have been closely scrutinized to ascertain their priorities . Preparaticn * * of * * the forward budget for _FYB2 / 83-FYe4 / 85_ has involved close consultation with Bank staff", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 732, "text": "Data on external debt outstanding", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s cognitive achievement . In addition , it clari fi es the identi fi cation assumptions required to estimate the impact of teacher-level shocks on student learning . In particular , one contribution is to show that the impact of teacher-level shocks on learning is identi fi ed only if non-time varying heterogeneity for both students and teachers is adequately dealt with through the estimation procedure . The empirical results are based on a rich teacher-student matched data set from Zambia that we collected in 2002 . In addition to school , teacher , and student characteristics , the data include test scores for a sample of pupils over two years . This panel of test scores allows us to deal with omitted variable bias associated with student tracking , but does not account for unobserved changes in teacher characteristics . To do so , we exploit a tradition in which some teachers stay with the same student cohort throughout primary school . By restricting attention to the sample of pupils with the same teacher in both years , and this is the basis of our identi fi cation strategy , we address concerns that arise from unobserved child and teacher heterogeneity . 3", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 496, "text": "teacher-student matched data set from Zambia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > months | Yes | Detailed < br > agricultural < br > module < br > Brief HE module < br > One question on < br > income in < br > kind / cash from < br > each type of < br > income ( farm , | Yes | _Wage_ < br > _employme_ < br > _nt only_ < br > Some data < br > collected < br > * * f * * rom rural < br > households < br > on HE < br > income | Yes | Last payment – < br > cash and in < br > kind value < br > _wage_ < br > _employment_ < br > _only_ . < br > In HE module < br > earnings last 30 < br > days – but not | Yes | _Wage_ < br > _employment_ < br > _only_ – main < br > and < br > secondary in < br > last 7 days – < br > earnings and < br > in kind < br > payments last | | | | | | HE , wage ) | | | | hours | | months < br > Selected | 14 Because of the civil conflict , the 1999 / 2000 household survey did not cover six districts in the North of the country , and therefore is not nationally representative . 12", "spans": [{"start": 795, "end": 823, "text": "1999 / 2000 household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 29 - ANNEX II but a new and satisfactory livestock price structure was adopted in early 1978 , removing the most serious constraint to ranch development and viability . Some progress has been made in organization of the pastoralists in the range development comp . r , ents , and Government services in ranch water development planning and in the company ranch sector have been improved . However , problems continue in that ( a ) the poor financial situation of many Phase I and Phase II company ranches continues ( although currently under review and replanning ) ; ( b ) an effective extension service in the Masai group ranch areas , which is essential ' f the project ' s objectives are to be achieved , is still not developed adequately ; ( c ) currently high prices have to be paid for immature steers ( which are necessary to enable generation of cash flow ) due to a temporary situation of high demand coupled with an unwillingness by pastoralists to sell due to good pasture conditions . The project will continue to be kept under close review . Credit No . 537-KE / Loan No . 1093-KE - Group Farm Rehabilitation Project : USS7 . 5 million Credit and US $ 7 . 5 million Loan of March 26 , 1975 ; Effective Date : September 30 , 1975 ; Closing Date : December 31 , 1981 The Project faces major problems . Few new farms have come under rehabilitation in the past year for a variety of reasons : legal , social , political , and financial . This slow progress of farm rehabilitation and the recommendations of the Large Farm Sector Study ( financed under the Project ) have prompted Government to make a major review of its policies towards the Large Farm Sector . Although delays in reaching consensus on a new policy have been encountered , Government expects to take a position on the large farm sector in the near future . Upon clarification of Government policy , the Bank and the Government expect to undertake a joint review to see whether the original project objectives can still be attained . Loan No . 1132-KE", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of GDP for OECD countries . At 29 . 1 percent of GDP , China ’ s overall domestic revenue mobilization in 2018 was above the UMIC average ( Figure 10 ) . However , China collects a greater share of revenues in indirect taxes compared to richer countries . China ’ s heavy reliance on indirect taxes such as the VAT and its relative underutilization of direct tax instruments such as the PIT make its revenue mix somewhat inconsistent with its level of development . As countries develop , their reliance on broad consumption-based indirect taxes declines . For example , VAT and excise taxes account for 34 percent of total revenue for LMICs , 33 percent for UMICs , and 23 percent in OECD countries . In China , indirect taxes accounted for 35 percent of total revenue in 2018 . Richer countries also collect more in PIT . PIT accounts for 2 . 5 percent of GDP in LMICs , 2 . 8 percent in UMICs , and 8 . 5 percent of GDP in the OECD . As share of total revenue , PIT is 21 percent in the OECD . By comparison , only 5 percent of total revenues come from PIT in China . * * Figure 10 . Richer countries rely more on direct taxes such as PIT ; reliance on indirect taxes such as VAT is higher among poorer countries * * _ ( Revenue as % of GDP ) _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > China 2018 OECD Non-OECD HIC UMIC LMIC LIC < br > VAT Trade Excises PIT Payroll + SSC CIT Other Non-tax rev . Grants < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ International Centre for Tax and Development . Numbers for China are based on Finance Yearbook of China 2019 . _Note : _ The figure shows the composition of government revenue as a percentage of GDP , aggregated by income group . OECD countries form a separate group . Data by revenue type are from 2020 when available or the most recent available", "spans": [{"start": 1589, "end": 1619, "text": "Finance Yearbook of China 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1800, "text": "Data by revenue type", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MENA countries , using a data base collected from various sources throughout the region . As international food prices increased significantly in recent years , < sup > 3 < / sup > nearly all countries experienced an increase in their domestic food prices . Still , the question concerning the extent to which international food prices affect domestic food prices requires an empirical investigation . Domestic price levels can be affected not only by world food prices movements , but also by a number of country-specific factors , including food price policies , such as price controls and subsidies , trade and production policies , domestic supply chain issues , food stock management , > 3 International food prices , measured by the World Bank food price index , increased by 76 percent from December 2006 to April 2011 . - 3 -", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 65, "text": "data base collected from various sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 739, "end": 766, "text": "World Bank food price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "served by either a single or very few carriers . Hummels et al . ( 2009 ) reported a high degree of the within-route concentration , with the majority of importer-exporter pairs served by three or fewer ships , often owned by a single carrier . Using BlueWater Research data for years 20122021 , Ardelean and Lugovskyy ( 2021 ) , reported that up to 60 % of rotations < sup > 26 < / sup > connecting to the US were served by 4 carriers or less . Naturally , we can expect relatively high markups charged by the carriers , especially on the thin routes ( see Hummels et al . , 2009 , for a discussion of the variation in route-specific markups ) . > 26 Rotations are defined as ports on a given schedule , similar to having bus stops on a bus schedule . Rotations often include over two ports in multiple countries . 28", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 274, "text": "BlueWater Research data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * * * Table 2 . Asylum a * * * * < mark > pplications lodged in industrialized countries by origin , first quarter 2006 to second quarter 2008 < / mark > * * | Covering all 44 asylum c < br > Totals between this Tab | ountries liste < br > le and Table | d in Table < br > 1 differ bec < br > | 1 . Top-40 < br > ause figur < br > | ranking of < br > es for the | countries < br > United Sta | based on < br > tes ( DHS ) < br > | application < br > by origin r < br > | s lodged d < br > eflect the n | uring secon < br > umber of c < br > * * Excludi * * < br > | d quarter < br > ases . < br > * * ng Italy * * < br > | of 2008 ( < br > | excludin < br > | g Italy ) . < br > | ' 08 - ' 07 < br > | * * Includin * * < br > | * * g Italy * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | 200 | 6 | | | 20 | 07 | | 200 | 8 | First se | mester c | hange | Q3Q4 / | 200 | 8 | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 |", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 498, "text": "tes ( DHS )", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "work in low-skill occupations ( in the non-primary sector ) and have a lower household income than natives . * * Intermarriage * * Refugees are more socially assimilated than recent Albanian immigrants in terms of intermarriage . Figure 3 reports the intermarriage rate of refugee women who were displaced at a young age , below 15 . By 2001 , almost 50 % of refugee women got married with a Greek native . This represents a very high intermarriage rate in international comparison , with a typical rate between 2 % and 25 % among immigrant women in Western Europe in the 2000s ( Lucassen and Laarman , 2009 ) . In particular , the refugees ’ high propensity to intermarry stands in contrast with Albanian immigrant women , who , despite living in Greece since childhood ( 15 or younger ) , have a less than 10 % probability of getting married to a Greek native . > 23The occupation of first-generation refugee cannot be observed in the 2001 census since most refugees are retired ( being 79 or older ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 948, "text": "2001 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2008 * * | * * Growth of exports and imports ( % ) * * | | Agriculture < br > Industry | . . < br > . . | . . < br > . . | . . < br > . . | . . < br > . . | 5 < br > 10 < br > 15 | | Manufacturing | . . | . . | . . | . . | 0 | | Services | . . | . . | . . | . . | - 10 < br > - 5 < br > 03 < br > 04 < br > 05 < br > 06 < br > 07 < br > 08 | | Household final consumption expenditure | . . | - 2 . 7 | . . | . . | - 15 < br > | | General gov ' t final consumption expenditure | . . | 2 . 3 | . . | . . | | | Gross capital formation | . . | - 9 . 1 | . . | . . | Exports < br > Imports | | Imports of goods and services | . . | - 4 . 6 | . . | . . | | Note : 2008 data are preliminary estimates . This table was produced from the Development Economics LDB database . * The diamonds show four key indicators in the country ( in bold ) compared with its income-group average . If data are missing , the diamond will be incomplete . | * * PRICES and GOVERNMENT FINANCE * * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 1988 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 2007 * * | * * 2008 * * | * * Ifli % * * | | * * _Domestic prices_ * * | | | | | * * naton ( ) * * | | < br", "spans": [{"start": 658, "end": 667, "text": "2008 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 729, "end": 763, "text": "Development Economics LDB database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with money traders , who already played an important role in managing remittances to Afghanistan through the hawalha system . 15 . Verification procedures were established , and strengthened in 2003 with the introduction of iris scanning at voluntary repatriation centres . Following a national census and registration programme carried out by the Government of Pakistan with UNHCR support , from 2007 this was linked to de-registration . These measures have been important in securing the support and confidence of donors . Overall , the programme has received a high level of donor support . 16 . In 2004 , it was decided to substitute the distribution of food assistance and NFIs through an additional cash component for support to reintegration , thus enabling a more streamlined operational and logistics programme inside Afghanistan . The cash grant was nonetheless complemented by food distribution for areas deemed to be food insecure , and additional assistance is provided to those with special needs . The Office also regularly reviews the level of the grant to reflect fluctuating transport costs . 17 . The Afghanistan operation has faced particular challenges since 2006 . There has been a significant downturn in the number of returns owing to the deterioration in security in much of the southern half of Afghanistan , limited economic and social progress , and the fact that the majority of the remaining Afghan population have now been in exile for more than two decades . Pressure in neighbouring countries to redress this trend has increased . In response , and with strong encouragement of the Government of Pakistan UNHCR took the decision in early 2007 to increase the cash grant to an average of around US $ 100 per person . An evaluation has been commissioned to examine the impact of the increase in the cash grant , which should report in late 2008 / early 2009 . 18 . An initial assessment suggests that the cash grant in Afghanistan assists returnees in meeting basic needs for an initial return period of 2-3 months . Poor families tend not to invest the money , but use it to meet immediate needs . It has reduced overheads for UNHCR , and provides the opportunity for protection monitoring and the", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 328, "text": "national census and registration programme", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to respond . For information on how to submit complaints to the Bank ’ s Grievance Redress Service ( GRS ) , visit < u > https : / / www . worldbank . org / GRS . For information on how to submit complaints to the Bank ’ s Accountability < / u > Mechanism , visit https : / / accountability . worldbank . org . # # # * * V . RISK * * # # # * * 61 . The overall risk is moderate . * * * * 62 . Political and governance * * : * * Moderate * * . Public sector reforms are expected to face resistance and inertia , which can only be overcome with strong political leadership . The strong support of the King and oversight by the Royal Court is expected to mitigate the risk of inaction or inconsistency across the government . The GOJ is aware of the social risks of the targeted > 17 World Bank . 2021 . ID4D global dataset . > 18 World Bank . _Second State of the Mashreq Women Report_ . < u > https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / country / jordan / publication / secondstate-of-the-mashreq-women-report-who-cares-care-work-and-women-s-labor-market-outcomes-in-iraq-jordan-andlebano # : ~ : text = Based % 20on % 20the % 20analysis % 20and , needs % 2C % 20particularly % 20for % 20the % 20most . < / u > > 19 The exact percentage is not available because MODEE has not captured the demographics of GSC visitors thus far . Page | 22", "spans": [{"start": 801, "end": 820, "text": "ID4D global dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# IV . Relationship between government spending and the Human Capital Index There is a large body of analytical work studying the relationship between spending and human capital outcomes adopting a sector-specific view . For instance , the 2018 World Development Report ( WDR ) finds that the relationship between changes in public education spending and student learning is often weak . In health , flagship work in the United States using Medicare data has highlighted that higher spending is often associated with poorer outcomes ( “ Dartmouth Atlas Project ” 2019 ) . Given the multidimensional nature of human capital and the possible interactions between different types of spending , in this note we will try to account for the multisectoral nature of both outcomes and spending . In terms of outcomes , our preferred measure is the newly designed HCI . For spending , we create a measure of spending that includes health , education and social protection as defined above . Since the definition of spending varies across the three sectors , the sum of the three might be plagued by substantial measurement error issues . Using a cross-section of the most recent data , we observe a weak correlation between HCI scores and social spending in Figure 3 ( Pearson correlation coefficient ρ = 0 . 38 ) . Measurement error might partly explain it . Moreover , countries differ along many different dimensions that can be potentially correlated with both spending and human capital outcomes . For example , higher-income countries might have better institutions that could make social spending more effective . In order to partly control for some of these differences , we plot the relationship between spending and HCI for different country income levels ( Figure 4 ) . When stratified by income levels , none of the correlation coefficients capturing the relationship between HCI and spending is statistically significantly different from zero . While the correlation between HCI and spending is clearly positive for HICs , there is no evidence that the correlation monotonically declines when we consider less affluent countries . A closer look at both Figures 3 and 4 suggests the presence of extreme outliers that make the interpretation of any correlation particularly problematic . Teasing out the potential role of GDP in", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 454, "text": "Medicare data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 537, "end": 560, "text": "Dartmouth Atlas Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , columns ( 13 ) and ( 14 ) consider all the variables at once . Although the cross-country association between policy performance and expropriations now becomes statistically insignificant , the remaining findings are broadly similar to those in the bivariate regressions . > 6 As noted above , sovereign default events last for multiple years in the Tomz and Wright ( 2010 ) dataset . Our focus is on the onset of default episodes . Accordingly , in the regressions in * * Table 2 * * and * * Table 3 * * , we construct a dummy variable that is equal to one for the first year of each default event , and is zero for all non-default-event years in the dataset ( i . e . we drop observations corresponding to the second and subsequent years of the default event ) . In * * Table 2 * * , the dependent variable is the average over time of this dummy variable , while in * * Table 3 * * we explore the annual variation in this variable . 11", "spans": [{"start": 360, "end": 392, "text": "Tomz and Wright ( 2010 ) dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Moyo ( n = 79 ) * * | 36 . 7 % ( 26 . 8-47 . 9 ) | 58 . 2 % ( 47 . 1-68 . 6 ) | 20 . 3 % ( 12 . 8-30 . 6 ) | | * * Lamwo ( n = 211 ) * * | 19 . 0 % ( 14 . 2-24 . 8 ) | 69 . 7 % ( 63 . 1-75 . 5 ) | 17 . 1 % ( 12 . 6-22 . 8 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 261 ) * * | 55 . 2 % ( 49 . 1-61 . 1 ) | 36 . 8 % ( 31 . 1-42 . 8 ) | 7 . 7 % ( 5 . 0-11 . 6 ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 68 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cultural , artistic , and religious significance . It also encompasses the unique environmental features and cultural knowledge , as well as intangible forms of culture embodying traditional lifestyles that should be preserved for current and future generations . The different ethnic groups enjoy a wealth of cultural values and traditions in forms of clan systems , language , clothing styles , folklore , foods , music , dance , drama and crafts . Cultural values have been changing due to the influence of western cultures and education . Youth and the elite are instrumental in this change through adopting foreign dances , clothing styles and language . There are common traditional practices among different peoples which have been more enhanced by intermarriages among various groups . Bride wealth , use of traditional medicine , craft-work , dances and adoption of Kiganda names and language has been diffused among other tribes . Data pertaining to the social / cultural environment of the project-affected region is mainly secondary data obtained from the ten-project districts , primarily from the five-year District Development Plans for years ( 2023 / 24-29 / 30 ) . The limitation with the secondary data is that data were not available on all parameters and , therefore , there were no standard variables for use in comparing social / cultural conditions across all districts . Using the secondary data obtained from document reviews and follow-up primary data obtained from the rapid participatory appraisal , a resettlement policy framework ( RPF ) was prepared for the Project . The major objective of the RPF was to provide the framework for identifying and managing situations that may lead to impacts on peoples ’ livelihoods resulting from physical or economic displacement , or interfere with their cultural resources . The RPF was developed during the early stages of the Project , before the finalization of project design and footprints . It will be used to guide for developing the sitespecific Resettlement Plan ( RP ) that will be prepared and implemented prior to commencement of project construction activities . Preparation of the RP will involve undertaking a comprehensive socioeconomic baseline survey to collect all relevant information", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1049, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1206, "end": 1220, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1419, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2195, "end": 2238, "text": "comprehensive socioeconomic baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "when overall growth rates for most industries began declining . # * * 2 . 2 Entry , Exit , and Job Growth in Fast-Growing Industries * * The figures presented in the previous section showed that the Korean manufacturing industries have undergone a striking structural transformation over the past 40 years . This shift in flagship industries was accompanied by the reallocation of resources between industries . We believe that entry and exit ( i . e . , the opening of a new plant and closings of plants in declining industries ) played a crucial role , gradually shifting resources from one industry to another . < sup > 7 < / sup > Given that some of these industries did not exist in the past , differences in growth rates across existing plants alone do not fully explain the transformation process . Therefore , it is important to examine the behavior of new firms and plants , which deliver new products and technologies to the economy and alter value creation in various industries . Figure 4 plots the entry and exit rates of the four industries we focus on . < sup > 8 < / sup > Electronics and transportation have relatively high entry and exit rates . About 30 % of plants in the late 1980s and early 1990s were new . Entry rates for textiles were also high in the late 1980s , when the industry maintained a relatively high growth rate . However , as the growth rate went down in the early 1990s , 7 The Mining and Manufacturing Survey collected information for plants with more than five employees until 2006 . From 2007 and on , the survey criterion changes to 10 employees and more . We construct a sample with 10 and more employees to keep consistency . Thus , plants that reduce size below 10 would be considered as an exit . In a similar way , if an existing plant with fewer than 10 employees increases the number of workers and enters the survey sample , it will be considered as an entry . Figures for entry and exit rates from the earlier survey sample ( that includes plants with five and more employees ) are available upon request . 8 The", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1448, "text": "Mining and Manufacturing Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Inquiry about Progress . * * Investment organizations provide evaluation templates to investors to facilitate their assessment of competence by assessing the growth potential of early-stage startups in the absence of a history of startup performance ( Cohen et al . 2019b , Gompers et al . 2020 ) . However , evaluating potential can disadvantage female candidates . For example , in a retail organization , evaluating “ potential ” for leadership did not result in promotions for equally-performing female candidates . If the organization had promoted based on current job performance , it would have reduced disparities ( Benson et al . 2022 ) . Whereas performance ratings are backward-looking and based on demonstrable achievements , potential ratings are based on an evaluator ’ s forecast of a worker ' s future performance and contribution . This makes rating “ potential ” fundamentally more subjective and uncertain , which could increase reliance on ascriptive characteristics such as gender ( Ridgeway and Correll 2004 , Correll and Benard 2006 , Botelho and Abraham 2017 , Snellman and Solal 2023 ) . How investment organizations might assess performance is complicated , given the lack of organizational performance data on startups ( e . g . , < mark > Stinchcombe 1965 , Aldrich and Fiol 1994 , Cohen et al . 2019a ) . However , some organizations assess short-term < / mark > signals of performance during hiring processes . For example , the classic Goldin and Rouse study ( 2000 ) demonstrates that when orchestra hiring managers evaluated candidates ’ performance through blind auditions , this resulted in hiring more female performers . This suggests that investors may be able to assess competence differently – inquiring about and assessing short-term signs of performance during the selection process . In fact , some investors already do so . For example , program managers in Vilcap shared that progress made during the three-month program is important to investment decisions : “ [ We ] invest in people that make the most progress during the program ” . A VC investor , Mark Suster , ( 2010 ) blogged : > “ The first time I meet you , you are a single data point . . . Because I have no observation", "spans": [{"start": 1206, "end": 1237, "text": "organizational performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024 Tableau VI : Répartition par tranches d ’ âges et par sexe des rapatriés au Mali | * * Enf * * < br > * * Filles * * | * * ants ( 0-17 a * * < br > * * Garçons * * | * * ns ) * * < br > * * Total * * | * * Adu * * < br > * * Femmes * * | * * ltes ( 18 - 59 * * < br > * * Hommes * * | * * as ) * * < br > * * Total * * | * * Personne * * < br > * * Femmes * * | * * âgée ( 59ans * * < br > * * Hommes * * | * * et plus ) * * < br > * * Total * * | * * TOTAL * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 14 644 | 14 992 | 29 636 | 27 361 | 23 376 | 50 737 | 3 468 | 3 787 | 7 255 | * * 87 628 * * | | 17 % | 17 % | 34 % | 31 % | 27 % | 58 % | 4 % | 4 % | 8 % | 100 % | Graphique 2 : Répartition des Rapatriés par sexe au 30 septembre 2024 . * * < mark > 52 % 48 % < / mark > * * La population rapatriée est constituée de 52 pour cent de femmes et 48 pour cent d ’ hommes . Par ailleurs , 34 pour cent des personnes rapatriées sont des enfants ( âgé", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "or | ate Supplement ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | IN01179110 < br > ► Increase in road user satisfaction on the Project roa | d corridor ( dis-aggregated by gend | er , refugees , hosts ) ( Text , | Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > Baseline surveys to < br > done | be < br > Data not yet available | Data not yet available | Rating of 4 out of 5 | | Date < br > 23-Jun-2020 | 03-Dec-2021 | 03-Dec-2021 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * < br > Road user satisfact < br > | ion on the Project road corridor | | | | IN01179112 < br > ► Local labor among unskilled employment created un | der the works contracts ( dis-aggr | egated by gender , refugees , | hosts ) ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 40 percent of total < br > labor ( Number of < br > workers ) | | Date < br > 23-Jun-2020 | 03-Dec-2021 | 03-Dec-2021 | 30-Jun-2022 | | Comments * * : * * < br > Local labor under t < br > IN01179113 | he works contracts | | | 9 / 5 / 2022 Page 4 of 8", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 410, "text": "Baseline surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of the consumption basket . As Leenhardt and Massuyeau ( 1995 ) point out , there was not , however , a large difference in the behavior of prices of consumer tradable and nontradable goods . 1 < sup > 3 < / sup > They found a difference of ten percentage points in the tradable ( largely imported consumed goods ) and nontradable consumer price index between the period December 1993 to December 1994 . * * 14 * * Based on a similar classification of the CPI , we found that the price index for tradable goods , which account for 46 . 5 percent of the CPI ( table 12 ) , rose 155 percent between December 1993 and April 1995 , while the price index for nontradable goods rose 140 percent ( table 13 ) . ' 5 This difference would be even smaller if one were to use the expenditure shares generated by the survey results . ' < sup > 6 < / sup > 13 This should not be interpreted to mean that the real exchange rate did not depreciate signi . ficantly . The tradable component of the CPI is comprised of goods that are primarily imported or goods that are domestically produced close substitutes for imported goods . The CPI-based price index for tradable goods in all likelihood does not accurately the index of prices of all imports , including capital and intermediate goods , that would be used in computing the internal real exchange rate for imports . The closest comparison to the calculation based on CPI tradable and nontradable price indices would be the estimate of the internal real exchange rate for imports , valued at domestic prices relative to the price of nontraded goods . This is not the same as the change in the internal real exchange rate based on an index of traded good prices , where traded goods comprise both imports and exports . The change in the real effectiv * * e * * xchange rate between 1993 and 1995 was 33 percent . For a discussion of the interpretation and calculation of these different measures of the real exchange rate , see Hinkle and Nsengiyumva ( 1995a and 1995b ) . 14 Locally grown cereals and", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 467, "text": "CPI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1415, "end": 1457, "text": "CPI tradable and nontradable price indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 151-183 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1257 / mac . 20180227 Rakhshan , K . , & Friess , W . A . ( 2017 ) . Effectiveness and viability of residential building energy retrofits in Dubai . _Journal of Building Engineering_ , 13 , 116-126 . < u > https : / / doi . org / https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jobe . 2017 . 07 . 010 < / u > Rath , B . N . , Akram , V . , Bal , D . P . , & Mahalik , M . K . ( 2019 ) . Do fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption affect total factor productivity growth ? Evidence from cross-country data with policy insights . _Energy Policy_ , _127_ , 186-199 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . enpol . 2018 . 12 . 014 < / u > Ren , H . , Tibbs , M . , McLauchlan , C . , Ma , Z . , & Harrington , L . ( 2021 ) . Refrigerator cost trap for low-income households : Developments in measurement and verification of appliance replacements . _Energy for Sustainable Development_ , 60 , 1-14 . < u > https : / / doi . org / https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . esd . 2020 . 11 . 001 < / u > Roberts , M . B . , Bruce , A . , & MacGill , I . ( 2019 ) . Impact of shared battery energy storage systems on photovoltaic self-consumption and electricity bills in apartment buildings . _Applied Energy_ , 245 , 78-95 . https : / / doi . org / https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . apenergy . 2019 . 04 . 001 52", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 12 - The social rates of return is the highest for primary education ( 14 . 4 % ) , followed by secondary education ( 12 . 9 % ) , implying that investment in these levels of schooling will promote both equity and efficiency objectives . These findings are consistent with those elsewhere that additional years of primary education will increase productivity and income among the poor 4 . In secondary and higher education , the social rates of return are not very high due partly to higher government subsidy in terms of increased operating budget and teachers ' salaries . This is also reflected in the index of subsidization particularly for higher education , which indicates the degree to which costs are borne out by the public sector compared to the private sector . In China , the index is only 4 percent for secondary education and 31 percent for higher education . The high private returns to secondary and higher education imply that investment in these levels lead to high wagepaying jobs , an important paradigm in a rapidly growing economy such as China . But , high wages may also reflect institutional pressures ( minimum wages ) rather than augmented productivity resulting from human capital formation by these levels of education ' . _Table 5 : Rates of Return to Education ( Percent ) , 1993_ | | _Private_ < br > _Rate of Return_ | _Social_ < br > _Rate of Return_ | _Index of_ < br > _Subsidization_ < br > _ ( a ) _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Primary | 18 . 0 | 14 . 4 | 1 . 25 | | Secondary | 13 . 4 | 12 . 9 | 1 . 04 | | Higher | 15 . 1 | 11 . 3 | 1 . 31 | Note : see Technical Annex A for detail ( a ) The ratio of private to social rates of return . _Source : _ Staff calculations from MOL Survey 1993 Table 6 reports the basic Mincerian earnings functions , showing that the overall marginal private rate of return to one year of extra schooling , irrespective of education", "spans": [{"start": 1726, "end": 1736, "text": "MOL Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * A growing body of literature suggests that export participation leads to an increase in skill utilization within firms ( Verhoogen 2008 ; Brambilla , Lederman and Porto , 2012 ) . This relationship is consistent with several intuitive theoretical mechanisms . First , exporting may require expertise in international business and foreign languages ( Matsuyama , 2007 ; Brambilla , Lederman and Porto , 2012 ) . Second , it may induce firms to upgrade product quality , which is a skill intensive activity ( Verhoogen , 2008 ; Bastos and Silva , 2010 ; Kugler and Verhoogen , 2012 ; Brambilla , Lederman and Porto , 2012 ; Bastos , Silva and Verhoogen , 2014 ) . Third , by leading to an expansion in the scale of operations , entry in export markets may make it profitable for firms to pay the fixed costs associated with the adoption of more skill-intensive technologies ( Yeaple , 2005 ; Bustos 2011 ) . While previous empirical research has documented a robust causal effect of export participation on skill intensity — as measured by workers ’ schooling or occupation — , little is known about whether it leads to skill upgrading of the existing workforce through job training . Since skilled labor is a scarce factor and skill-acquisition is costly , training may be a relevant channel of adjustment to globalization , with potentially important implications for productivity and labor earnings . In this paper , we examine these hypotheses in a rich combination of administrative data for the Brazilian manufacturing sector , linking a worker-firm labor census with customs data on export status and detailed training records from the main provider . The worker-firm data we use cover the universe of manufacturing firms formally registered in Brazil , and include longitudinal records on earnings and worker attributes , as well as firm characteristics . Using unique firm identifiers , we have linked these data with information from customs declarations indicating whether the firm had positive export revenues in each year . Using unique worker identifiers , we have matched these data with detailed administrative records on training activity at the trainee-level from the main provider in the manufacturing sector . The individual training records contain detailed information", "spans": [{"start": 1567, "end": 1591, "text": "worker-firm labor census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1597, "end": 1609, "text": "customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1796, "end": 1850, "text": "longitudinal records on earnings and worker attributes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | < br >  < br > An < br > initial < br > environmental < br > awareness training session shall < br > be held prior to any work < br > commencing on site , with the < br > target audience being all project . | Co | | | | | * * HIV / AIDS * * < br > * * awareness * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * prevention * * < br > * * campaign * * | Risk", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Until now , we have mainly considered the issue of the choice of the time window by simply varying the window to exposure , using _t_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > _ ∈ _ 1 _ , _ 3 _ , _ 6 . However , this treatment may not be sufficient and , in fact , obfuscate cumulative effects . Since a 3-month window is inclusive , the 1-month window , and the 6-month window is inclusive of both , the widening of time windows can increase the likelihood that a longer time window is , in fact , inclusive of exposure to more events . Since we have GPS-linked ACLED data over the full period before each GHS round , this conjecture can be tested . Specifically , in the full sample ( excluding Borno ) the likelihood that any individual was exposed to a herder-related violent event is a minuscule 0 _ . _ 8 percent . However , conditional on having been exposed to a violent event in the six months prior ( that is , violence exposure in _t − _ 2 _ , . . . , _ 6 , outside of _t − _ 1 ) , the likelihood of exposure to violence in the last month increases to 8 _ . _ 2 percent , indicating a factor increase of 13 . 6x . < sup > 33 < / sup > That is , very recent violence exposure is much higher in areas with other , _recent_ exposure . If individuals change their labor supply decisions based upon their expectation of violence , then a reasonable assumption would be that continued exposure to such violence would elicit different reactions than among those for individuals who were not recently exposed to some herder-related violent event . To consider these possibilities , we amend equation ( 1 ) by adding an interaction term for exposure to another , recent event . Specifically , we fix the time window of our treatment to one month ( _t_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > = 1 ) , interacted with a dummy variable taking the value of one if there was other , recent exposure in the five months prior", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 555, "text": "GPS-linked ACLED data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We disregard the value of liabilities reported by the destination country because it is often missing , as issuers of tradable instruments typically do not know the location of the holders of these instruments . In the CPIS database , countries report missing values and zeros . According to the CPIS guidelines , missing values correspond to data that are not available or were suppressed by the reporting country to preserve confidentiality . Because we do not have enough information to assess if the distinction between zeros and missing values is used consistently across reporting countries , we make no assumptions and treat these observations as missing values . One exception is a jump in the number of reported zeros in 2004 and 2005 compared with 2003 and 2006 . < sup > 26 < / sup > Most of the zero values in 2004 and 2005 correspond to country pairs for which there are missing observations before and after . We assume that if a country reports missing values for 2003 and 2006 , the values for 2004 and 2005 are also missing . Hence , we replace the zero-valued observations in 2004 and 2005 with missing values for the country pairs for which the values for 2003 and 2006 are both missing . # * * A . 3 . Foreign Direct Investment * * The foreign direct investment ( FDI ) data come from the IMF ’ s Coordinated Direct Investment Survey ( CDIS ) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ’ s ( UNCTAD ’ s ) Bilateral FDI Statistics . Similar to the IMF ’ s CPIS , the CDIS is a voluntary data collection exercise that assembles data on countries ’ direct investment positions . UNCTAD ’ s Bilateral FDI Statistics provides FDI data collected primarily from national sources and supplemented with data from other international organizations and mirror data ( from partner countries ) . We combine data from both databases because they cover different periods : the UNCTAD data span 2001 – 12 , whereas the CDIS data cover 2009 – 18 . By combining data from both sources , we obtain FDI data covering the entire 2001 – 18 period . > 26 The jump takes the following form . There are", "spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 232, "text": "CPIS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1317, "end": 1353, "text": "Coordinated Direct Investment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1623, "end": 1647, "text": "Bilateral FDI Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1898, "end": 1909, "text": "UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1939, "end": 1948, "text": "CDIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2015, "end": 2023, "text": "FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stated in the Ethiopian law ( Proclamation No . 1161 / 2019 and Amendment Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 , and in compliance with the principles of WB ’ s ESS 5 . Provision of a temporary area to be used by the contractor include temporary access road , construction office , store and camp facilities , temporary storage area for materials , equipment , machinery and tools , supplies , etc . related to civil and electrical works . The project will use this land temporarily for up to two years and return it to the original owners after payment of appropriate compensation and restoration . Therefore , the impact will be compensated accordingly . # # # # # # * * _RP Addendum_ * * For any temporary and / or permanent land acquisition impacts to be caused by the Project while the scope and location of activities were not specifically known at the time of this Resettlement Plan ( RP ) development , or due to any design changes , realignment , etc . , an Addendum to the existing RP shall be prepared , consulted upon and disclosed . All the required review and clearance activities shall pass through WB ’ s Team . Project activities that will cause involuntary resettlement will not be commenced until compensation has been paid and other relevant assistance provided , as per ESS5 . This RP provides details on the required steps for the preparation of RP Addendum . EEP shall therefore be responsible to prepare a RP Addendum using the same principle and method of compensation consistent to the original RP . A census will be conducted , and a full inventory of losses shall be established to prepare such RP Addendum . The Addendum will not discuss all the key elements of a RP , as such elements have already been discussed or addressed in the original RP prepared for the project . The key objectives will be to provide mitigation measures in terms of compensation for structure and other assets at full replacement cost and other necessary assistance to ensure that PAPs are appropriately compensated and assisted for their losses . Official Use Only Page 7", "spans": [{"start": 1521, "end": 1527, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1559, "end": 1578, "text": "inventory of losses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- c ) if , in consequence of the acquisition , any of the persons interested in the land is or will be compelled to change residence or place of business , the payment of reasonable expenses to be determined by the Commission ; - d ) damage genuinely resulting from diminution of the profits of the land between the date of publication in the _Gazette_ of the notice of intention to acquire the land and the date the Commission takes possession of the land ; and - e ) the effect of any express or implied condition of title or law which restricts the intended land use . ( 8 ) In determining the damage resulting from diminution of the profits of the land , the Commission shall require proof of existence of the profits including evidence of tax returns . ( 9 ) For purposes of Article 40 ( 4 ) of the Constitution , compensation to be made to occupants in good faith of land compulsorily acquired who may not hold title to the land shall be assessed based on — - a ) the number of persons in actual occupation of the land for an uninterrupted period of six years immediately before the publication of the notice of intention to acquire the land ; - b ) improvements done before the date of publication in the _Gazette_ of the notice of intention to acquire the land ; - c ) damage sustained or likely to be sustained by the occupants of the land at the time of the Commission ' s taking possession of the land injuriously affecting other property , whether movable or immovable or in any other manner affecting the person ' s actual earnings ; and - d ) if , in consequence of the acquisition , any of the occupants in good faith of the land is or will be compelled to change residence or place of business , the payment of reasonable expenses to be determined by the Commission . ( 10 ) An occupant in good faith does not include a person unlawfully occupying any land without the consent of the owner . ( 11 ) The compensation payable under subsection ( 7 ) shall not", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 755, "text": "tax returns", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "different population sizes of each gender . < sup > 13 < / sup > While Qatar has the smallest GEGI in our sample even before adjustment ( 24 % ) , the population-based adjustment greatly reduces the size of potential gains as employing more women mechanically has less effect on growth when women are a small fraction of the population . The red bars in Figure 2 show the effect of closing gender employment gaps if aggregate physical capital remains constant , assuming that the labor share ( _β_ ) in each country is the same as that in the Penn World Tables 10 . Note that for developing countries this averages around _β_ = 0 _ . _ 5 , lower than the 2 _ / _ 3 usually observed in developed countries . The labor share is even lower in MENA — averaging 41 % — driven by very low labor shares in oil-rich countries ( for Saudi Arabia , for example , it is only _β_ = 0 _ . _ 28 ) . The lower labor shares in MENA mean that despite large long-term gains from closing gender gaps , the short-run gains could be more modest ( even assuming that such a large reform could be implemented quickly ) . The smallest short-run gains are again in Qatar , where a ( relatively ) small GEGI is further reduced very low labor share of 18 % . Kuwait , Bahrain , and the UAE also have short-run GEGIs of 5 % - 7 % , driven by a relatively modest long-run GEGI and a low labor share . < sup > 14 < / sup > The largest short run economic gains from closing gender gaps are still in Yemen , but are around half as large as under the long run assumption ( _β_ = 0 _ . _ 5 ) . Still these hypothetical short run gains are significant , at 43 % > 13See Appendix 4 of Pennings ( 2022 ) . > 14Oman and Libya also have low short-run GEGIs , but in those cases a very low labor share is more important . 7", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 560, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improve statistics , including by generating statistics that conform to the EU ’ s standards ( for Excessive Deficit Procedure and ESA2010 ) . But for the moment information on , for example , government assets and non-debt liabilities is usually inadequate , and accrualbased measures of the deficit are unavailable . Good information tends not to be routinely available on accounts payables , arrears ( overdue accounts payable ) , nonfinancial assets , pensions liabilities , and obligations in concessions and other public-private partnerships . - _Forecasting_ . In at least some countries , economic and fiscal forecasting has had an optimistic bias , < sup > 15 < / sup > though this problem may be less acute than before . Albania , Serbia , and Republika Srpska have taken steps to solve this problem by using external forecasts or review by an independent fiscal council . - _Medium-term planning . _ Similarly , although medium-term spending plans are prepared , they do not always have the influence they are intended to have in the preparation of annual budgets . Possible reasons for this include optimistic revenue forecasts , which encourage spending plans that are themselves unrealistic ; investment plans that cannot always be implemented ; the major shocks created by the global financial crisis ; and a widespread belief that medium-term spending plans will not in the end matter much and are therefore not worth preparing very carefully . * * Quantitative indicators paint a similarly mixed picture * * . Scores on the Open Budget Index — which run from 0 to 100 , where 100 is ideal — range from 35 in Bosnia and Herzegovina to 50 in Albania , with no scores available for Kosovo or Montenegro ( Table 6 ) . Scores for the comprehensiveness of government-finance statistics submitted to the IMF by 2013 , which also run from 0 to 100 , range from 5 in Montenegro to 21 in Serbia , with no score available for Kosovo . Recent Fiscal Transparency Evaluations for Albania and for North Macedonia do not result in numerical scores , but suggest moderate performance . PEFA scores for expenditure outturns , which indicate the extent to which aggregate on-budget spending is controlled , are good , but scores for medium-term", "spans": [{"start": 1541, "end": 1558, "text": "Open Budget Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1767, "end": 1796, "text": "government-finance statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ~ . ~ ~ ! ~ Y ~ 1 ! 1 ~ . . ~ ! 2_ . < br > ! ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ' ! ~ _ ~ _E_ . | . . _ . . . _ . . . _ . . : . . __ . . _____ , . ____ . < br > _ ! . ~ _ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ! . t_ ~ n . . 8 . ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ | . . . _ . . . . _ . _ . ___ . . . . _ * * . * * . ____ . . _ . ____ . . __ . . . . . . < br > . ! 9 ! ' \" - . ~ . _ ! i . ! ! ! ~ Jx ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ! r_ < ? f ~ ~ _i ! ! ~ | _ . . . . . . . _ < br > . . . . _ * * . * * _ < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > ! ~ _Q . n . . . ~ t . . _ . . . _ . . . . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | V I < br > | | | 74 % offarmers | | < br > aU ~ tat ' < br > . quantl < br > Iveor < br > ' QI ' . ) < br > uaI < br > _ • • . • __ ' . ' . . • . _ , . • __ < br > . . • • _ • _____ • . , . . . | No baseline data < br > ' 1bI", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 757, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "no"}
{"text": "was conservative . _iv . Welfare Effects ofActual Reforms . _ Using the < sup > same methodology , we estimated < / sup > the welfare gains from the reforms that actually occurred < sup > compared to no reform at all . < / sup > Since the quality of the data for 1990-1991 was < sup > poor because of hyperinflation , we relied < / sup > largely on data from 1987 to 1989 to predict the behavior < sup > of SEDAPAL without reform < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 349, "end": 371, "text": "data from 1987 to 1989", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% in the first quarter of 2021 compared to 64 . 4 % recorded in the same quarter of 2020 , and 65 % recorded in the last quarter of 2020 . The same report notes that the unemployment rate , measured based on the strict definition of seeking work in the last four weeks , was 6 . 6 % in the first quarter of 2021 , > 44 ( IUCN , 2018 ) > 45 ( IUCN , 2018 ) > 46 World Bank , World Development Indicators . > 47 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . 2019 . _https : / / www . knbs . or . ke / download / 2019-kenya-population-and-housing-censusvolume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units / _ > 48 ( “ Kenya Demographics Profile 2018 , ” 2018 ) 22", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 402, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 629, "end": 660, "text": "Kenya Demographics Profile 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the detailed assessment . - Get initial input from the district team on which relevant stakeholders we should include and target for detailed assessments - Get relevant information for the preliminary assessment such as DDPs and any relevant documents such as statistical abstracts , District Environmental Reports , Land Tenure Reports and Current District Compensation Rates among others - * * For UNHCR and OPM , need documents such as * * - Documents on status of refugees including numbers , trends and settlement patterns - Information on concerns , expectations especially from vulnerability aspects . - Information on the land tenure in the refugee settlements - Interested in knowing their mandate in respect to resettlement issues - 4 . 4 * * Outputs from ESIA and RAP team : * * * * _The following were noted : _ * * 63", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 339, "text": "Land Tenure Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2018-04-23 2018-04-17 2018-05-18 2018-05-31 2018-09-17 2018-07-15 2018-08-14 2018-11-23 2018-09-18 2019-01-29 2018-10-23 2019-05-21 < br > i , Dire Dawa ) is conducted to < br > measure the performance of < br > beneficiary cities against the < br > minimum condition and pe < br > ET-MUDH-56657-CS-QCBS / I < br > mplementation support for U < br > LGDP-II and UIIDP Management information system that s IDA / D2770 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 400 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2018-04-10 2018-05-01 2018-06-14 2018-07-12 2018-08-11 2018-09-15 2018-10-20 2019-12-19 < br > upports the program operati < br > on at the Federal , Regional a < br > nd ULG Level . < br > ET-MUDH-56660-CS-QCBS / < br > Conduct Citizen SatisfactionLevel Survey in Sample Cities IDA / D2770 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 134 , 500 . 00 183 , 165 . 97 Signed 2018-05-15 2019-03-14 2018-06-05 2018-07-19 2019-07-24 2018-08-16 2019-09-11 2018-09-15 2019-10-28 2018-10-20 2019-12-12 2018-11-24 2020-01-15 2019-07-12 < br > in accordance with Urban Cat < br > egories < br > ET-MUDH-56698-CS-QCBS / Prepartion of", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 780, "text": "Citizen SatisfactionLevel Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to these estimates , labor market integration takes more time for refugees than for migrants . After 9 – 10 years , employment rates of refugees are 4 percentage points lower than those of migrants and this difference persists in the long run . These integration profiles differ slightly from the ( average ) profile estimated by Fasani et al . ( 2020a , Figure 3 ) for 20 European countries ( including Switzerland ) . The increase in employment rates seems to be more rapid in Switzerland since long-run levels are reached after 10 years in Switzerland , compared to 15 years in the 20 European countries . On the other hand , in Switzerland refugees never quite attain the same employment rates as migrants in the long run whereas this seems to be the case in other European countries according to the results in Fasani et al . ( 2020a ) , although this difference might not be statistically significant . If we compare the trajectories in Switzerland with those estimated by Bratsberg et al . ( 2014 , Table 2 ) using comparable administrative data for Sweden , the long-run outcome in terms of employment rates for refugees ( relative to natives ) does not seem to be worse in Switzerland . # * * Selection and truncation * * Before turning to results by gender , we address two issues related to selection and truncation of our sample . First , many refugees leave Switzerland during the period of observation , either voluntarily or because all legal possibilities to remain in Switzerland have been exhausted . A problem of selective outmigration arises if out-migration and employment probabilities are correlated . Second , individuals in our panel are observed over different time spans , which implies that the variable _Years since migration_ is truncated in our sample . Before we discuss these issues further , it is worth asking when one should correct for selective out-migration . A policy maker who cares about the cost of social assistance and unemployment benefits paid to refugees would be interested in integration profiles of refugees without correcting for selective out-migration ( Dustmann and Görlach 2016 ) . Hence , the results discussed above are relevant in such a policy context . However , selective", "spans": [{"start": 1033, "end": 1052, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > * * Impacted ( in No ) * * | * * Perennial crops * * < br > * * Impacted ( in % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Mana | 64 | 31 . 5 | 4 , 648 | 22 . 5 | | Limu Kosa | 115 | 56 . 7 | 14 , 277 | 69 . 2 | | Limu Genet | 11 | 5 . 4 | 861 | 4 . 2 | | Limu Seqa | 13 | 6 . 4 | 846 | 4 . 1 | | * * Total * * | 203 | 100 . 0 | 20 , 632 | 100 . 0 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ Page 94", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 421, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data is often accessible , matching it with less accessible industrial census data can be challenging , which limit the broader applicability of their method . 13 To address this difficulty , we estimate _κ_ based on ( 2 ) , allowing for a more direct calculation without requiring matched census data : > 11Given that not all domestic materials are used in the production of exports , to obtain the part of foreign content embedded in domestic materials used for export , we multiply the estimates with _κ_ , which is the share of imports used for exports . The assumption is that the share of foreign content embedded in domestic materials used for exports and the share of imports used for exports are the same . Likewise for domestic content embodied in imports , given that not all imports are used for the production of exports , to obtain the domestic content embodied in imports that are used for exports , we multiply the estimates with _κ_ . > 12Please refer to Branstetter and Feenstra ( 2002 ) for detailed discussions about the trade regimes of China . 13Please refer to Brandt et al . ( 2017 ) for a discussion on merging difficulties , particularly for the post-2007 period . 9", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 82, "text": "industrial census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Lebanon Health Resilience Project ( P163476 ) # # # # * * Box 2 . Lebanon Emergency Primary Healthcare Restoration Project ( EPHRP ) * * # # # # * * Objective * * The objective of the EPHRP is to assist the GoL in reducing the social , economic , and health impacts of the Syrian crisis on poor Lebanese by subsidizing a package of essential health care services . # # # # * * Beneficiaries * * This project targets 150 , 000 of the 340 , 000 poor Lebanese identified by the NPTP as living below the poverty line , using a proxy means testing targeting mechanism . # # # # * * Essential Health Care Package * * The project provides beneficiaries with a package of essential health care services comprising the following : ( i ) three age - and gender-specific wellness packages ( age 0-18 , females 19 years and above , males 19 years and above ) ; ( ii ) two care packages for the most common non-communicable diseases in Lebanon , diabetes and hypertension ; and ( iii ) an antenatal package . # # # # * * Providers * * Services are provided to beneficiaries through 75 of the 204 MoPH network centers . Network facilities are managed by NGOs ( 67 percent ) , local municipalities ( 20 percent ) , MoPH ( 11 percent ) , and MoSA ( 2 percent ) . Provider participation is voluntary and is governed by the legal agreement between the MoPH and the managing entity . # # # # * * Quality of Care * * Quality of care is monitored through the PHCC accreditation program implemented by the MoPH in collaboration with Accreditation Canada International . Currently , all 75 PHCCs are within the accreditation program . The quality of clinical care is also monitored by the MoPH through clinical indicators captured in the Health Information System . # # # # * * Contracting and Provider Payment Mechanism * * The MoPH purchases the", "spans": [{"start": 1738, "end": 1763, "text": "Health Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of all rights and interests in land ; ( c ) ensure that public land and land under the management of designated state agencies are sustainably managed for their intended purpose and for future generations ; ( d ) develop and maintain an effective land information management system at national and county levels ; ( e ) manage and administer all unregistered trust land and unregistered community land on behalf of the county government ; and ( f ) develop and encourage alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in land dispute handling and management . ( 3 ) Despite the provisions of this section , the Commission shall ensure that all unregistered land is registered within ten years from the commencement of this Act . ( 4 ) parliament may , after taking into consideration the progress of registration , extend the period set by the Commission under subsection ( 3 ) . The National Land Commission guidelines requires that the acquiring agencies prepare resettlement action plans in accordance to Kenyan Law and international good practice . # # * * _The Community Land Act , 2016_ * * This Act is most relevant to the KDEAP because most of the land in Northern Kenya where the project is located is community land . However , there are a minority of residents with private land especially in urban areas and established settlements . The Community Land Act applies as follows : PART II-RECOGNITION , PROTECTION AND REGISTRATION OF COMMUNITY LAND RIGHTS 4 . ( 1 ) Community land in Kenya shall vest in the Community . - ( 3 ) Customary land rights , including those held in common shall have equal force and effect in law with freehold or leasehold rights acquired through allocation , registration or transfer . 28", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 281, "text": "land information management system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < br > DLR 5 . 3 disburses a ) US $ 1 m for the Prime Ministry ’ s endorsement of the curricular for digital training ; and < br > b ) US $ 1 m for each batch of 500 civil servants with certified digital literacy / skills , up to a percentage of < br > 72 % and in the limit of US $ 8 m . < br > DLR 5 . 4 disburses US $ 1 . 25 million against each 18-percentage points increase in the number of < br > competitive recruitments , performance-based promotions and certification of digital literacy / skills training < br > usingHRMIS and other digitalplatform , in the limit of US $ 5 million . | | Description | The DLI supports competency-based and gender-sensitive human resource management and digital skills < br > development in the civil service . It consists of the five following DLRs : < br > DLR 5 . 0 : Adoption of the regulatory framework for civil service professionalization . < br > DLR 5 . 1 : Mainstreaming of competitive recruitment for all new civil servants . < br > DLR 5 . 2 : Mainstreaming of performance-based promotion for civil servants . < br > DLR 5 . 3 : Enhanced digital literacy / skills . < br > DLR 5 . 4 : Utilization of the HRMIS and other digital platforms for recording competitive recruitments , < br > performance-basedpromotions , and digital upskilling . | | Data source / Agency | DLR 5 . 0 : SPAC < br > DLR 5 . 1 and 2 : SPAC Assessment Center HR interview and evaluation records , as well as HRMIS data < br > records . < br > DLR 5 . 3 : Training registry maintained by the IPA and HRMIS data records . < br > DLR 5 . 4 : HRMIS data reports . | | Verification Entity | KACE", "spans": [{"start": 1367, "end": 1425, "text": "SPAC Assessment Center HR interview and evaluation records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1439, "end": 1449, "text": "HRMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1530, "end": 1548, "text": "HRMIS data records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1570, "end": 1588, "text": "HRMIS data reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 103 participants were trained on open contracting ( 67 staff of PPDA and 36 members of Civil Society ) ; ( b ) the planned workshops on open contracting with different stakeholders in public procurement to introduce the concept of OC , especially in line with the framework that the PPDA developed with CSOs did not take place because of COVID ; ( c ) Open Data Training and Capacity Building Workshops for High Spend Entities was conducted on 8th December 2020 with 20 participants ; ( d ) Open Data Training , Capacity Building and Dissemination Workshops for Interest Groups ( Civil Society , Politicians , Key Players in Public procurement ) on how to utilize open data were planned to be carried out in the period January - March 2021 ; ( c ) Study Tours to learn lessons on Open Contracting for 5 PPDA staff was cancelled . 2 . Component 2 : Building Capacity within PPDA and other Stakeholders - i . The development of PPDA ’ s new five-year Strategic Plan was completed following consultations with various stakeholders . The Consultant , M / s Rachel Dumba also met Development Partners represented by the EU , GIZ and the WorldBank . The Strategic Plan was disseminated to PPDA Board of Directors , Management and Staff . Dissemination to other key stakeholders was disrupted by the COVID pandemic . There were extensive < sup > 2 < / sup > consultations and involvement of the PPDA Staff to ensure there was buy in and positive reception to the strategic plan . - ii . Sensitization Campaign of Stakeholders on Transparency and Accountability : ( a ) the assignment for conducting the PPDA Integrity and Perception Survey were successfully concluded by EPRC Makerere University and disseminated to stakeholders though not widely due to the COVID pandemic ; ( b ) the activity Billboards promoting Transparency and Accountability ( also indicating the toll free line for reporting fraud in Public Procurement ) targeting 4 main highways has suffered delays due to prolonged discussions of over one year within PPDA on the procurement strategy but", "spans": [{"start": 1599, "end": 1635, "text": "PPDA Integrity and Perception Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our core specification uses annual data . To test whether the results hold for the medium run , we use a long difference approach suggested by Acemoglu and Johnson ( 2007 ) . Thus , in column [ 5 ] , we use observations only for 2000 and 2008 and find that the results remain similar to the baseline , with the magnitude of the interaction coefficient increasing by a little . In columns [ 6 ] and [ 7 ] , to make sure that the results are not driven by the choice of year for measuring the index of competition , we measure the index for the years 2001 and 2002 , respectively . In column [ 8 ] , we use an alternative measure of competition — the export similarity index due to Finger and Kreinin ( 1979 ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > Thus , for a wide range of robustness tests , the core results remain unaltered , both in the sense that the coefficients are stable and consistently significant at the 1 percent confidence level . In Table 3 , we test for robustness to alternative measures of the exchange rate variable . In our analytical framework , we assumed that the price of Chinese goods in the importing country market is determined by a simple relationship between domestic prices in China and exchange rate pass-through . Based on the framework , in our core specifications , we deflate the nominal bilateral exchange rate ( between China and the importing country ) by Chinese prices . The X ijgt  Share of product _g_ in total exports from _i_ to _j_ at the4 - digit level X  ijgt g X Cjgt  Share of product _g_ in total exports from China to _j_ at the4 - digit level . X  Cjgt g The results are also robust to using the alternative formulation of the Finger-Kreinin Index defined as and the weighted Finger-Krenin Index defined as . 16", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 39, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 6 , and average inter-item covariance from 0 . 5 to 0 . 12 . The overall PSM index , however , shows higher Cronbach ’ s alpha of 0 . 76 . The Integrity index , comprised of eight items , has an alpha of 0 . 61 and average interitem covariance of 0 . 14 . Each of the Big Five components show rather low alphas , between 0 . 2 and 0 . 4 . These results , however , are consistent with those found by Pierre et al . ( 2014 ) using the same instrument in different low-income countries . It should be noted that we use a simplified Big Five Instrument , with only 15 questions instead of the usual 44-question instrument . The overall Big Five Index presents moderate reliability ( alpha = 0 . 57 ) . Finally , the overall Non-Cognitive Index shows higher reliability with alpha = 0 . 68 . Table A1 : Reliability of Selection Traits | | Number of items | Cronbach ’ s alpha | Avginteritem covar . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Attraction to Policy Making | 4 | 0 . 198 | 0 . 056 | | Commitment to Public Interest | 7 | 0 . 426 | 0 . 057 | | Social Justice | 5 | 0 . 319 | 0 . 049 | | Civic Duty | 7 | 0 . 549 | 0 . 080 | | Compassion < br > | 7 | 0 . 441 | 0 . 089 | | Self Sacrifce | 6 | 0 . 613 | 0 . 115 | | PSM Index | 36 | 0 . 765 | 0 . 056 | | Integrity Index | 8 | 0 . 608 | 0 . 143 | | Extraversion | 3 | 0 . 257 | 0 . 060 | | Conscientiousness | 3 | 0 . 278 | 0 . 044 | | Openness | 3 | 0 . 246 | 0 . 053 | | Emotional Stability | 3 | 0 . 197 | 0 . 036 | | Agreeableness | 3 | 0 . 437 | 0 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "studies to build on as more sophisticated survey methodologies are developed to capture the informal sector . Our findings are relevant for policy makers in terms of how they could increase the productivity for female-owned informal businesses . We ascertain a gender labor productivity gap in the informal sector and point to specific factors that have contributed to it . Thus , it follows that labor productivity of female-owned firms can be improved and the gap with male-owned firms reduced by providing women with more education ( secondary or higher ) , opportunities to acquire experience in running businesses , facilitating purchase of capital equipment , providing more security , and enabling contract-based transactions . While our findings are novel , we do caution that they have their limitations . We are unable to explain a sizeable portion of the gender labor productivity gap uncovered in the informal sector . Furthermore , the location seems to have a significant contribution to the gap that may be related to location-specific or country-level policies . Last , our sample is not necessarily representative of the informal economies in the country or even the cities . Thus , it remains to be established if our results hold outside the sample used . There is of course an additional policy-relevant question – why are these informal businesses not formalizing ? It is unclear if increases in productivity are sufficient to trigger formalization . While the analysis presented in this study is silent on the transitions into formality , the data does provide some self-reported information on plausible reasons . < sup > 9 < / sup > The information is presented in tables A4 and A5 for countries for which data are available . Most firms in the sample would like to register ( 56 percent ) . About 52 percent of female-owned businesses would like to register , in contrast to 57 percent of male-owned informal businesses . In three countries in the > 9 The informal enterprise survey data includes a section where respondents indicate their desire for registration , the reasons they remain unregistered , and the potential benefits of registering . Not all this information is available for all the countries or harmonized . 25", "spans": [{"start": 1981, "end": 2012, "text": "informal enterprise survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "average bias is 17 . 6 percent . Again , the corresponding average bias in the IGC estimates is much smaller at 10 . 4 percent . < sup > 9 < / sup > Considering estimates across different age ranges and gender , the average biases in IGRC and IGC are 24 . 4 percent and 6 . 5 percent respectively in Bangladesh , and the corresponding estimates in India are 14 . 12 percent ( IGRC ) and 7 . 6 percent ( IGC ) . Moreover , we provide suggestive evidence that the bias in IGC estimate is less sensitive to the variations in the coresidency rate . We discuss explanations and intuitions for the empirical findings that the IGC estimates suffer from much lower coresidency bias . A simple intuition can be provided by using the _σ_ _ < u > p < / u > _ following relationship between IGRC ( denoted as _β_ ) and IGC ( denoted as _ρ_ ) : _ρ_ = _β_ , ( _σc_ ) where _σp_ and _σc_ are standard deviations of parental schooling and children ’ s schooling respectively . In other words , the IGC estimate is equal to the IGRC estimate multiplied by the ratio of standard deviation of parent ’ s schooling to that of children ’ s schooling . It is wellknown that truncation biases the estimate of _β_ downward in an OLS regression ( Hausman and Wise ( 1977 ) ) . An equally important implication of truncation in our context is that it also affects the estimate of the ratio of standard deviations in schooling of parents to children . The IGC estimate cancels out part of the downward bias in IGRC by multiplying it with an upward biased estimate of the ratio of standard deviation of parental schooling to that of children ’ s schooling . We also provide a plausible rationale for the finding that the IGC estimates are less sensitive to the variation in coresidency rate . The analysis and findings presented below have important and wide ranging implications for research on intergenerational economic mobility . First , our analysis implies that much progress in understanding intergenerational mobility can be made with the household surveys available in developing countries by focusing on IGC", "spans": [{"start": 2019, "end": 2036, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; they can be lower . The third column in Table 1 lists the share of imported products over which the country has agreed to take on a tariff commitment . The US , the EU , Saudi Arabia , Argentina , Brazil , China , Mexico , Russia , Democratic Republic of Congo , and Vietnam have agreed to bind tariffs for 100 percent of their of well-defined exceptions that we describe below . On the other hand , WTO members establish their second ( set of products with any cap ) and third ( level of the binding tariff ) commitments individually . These second and third commitments have resulted from either decades of interaction with other WTO members under GATT negotiating rounds or the negotiated process of accession . > 9More details on these data are described in the Data Appendix . First , the applied tariffs are the tariffs that governments set , and the measure derives from policy data that either the government reports itself ( to the WTO ) or which are collected via official government publications by other international organizations ; typically these are reported on an annual basis . Put differently , these measures of tariffs are _not_ imputed from data on customs revenue collections . Furthermore , these applied tariff measures do _not_ include other border charges or taxes , including safeguards tariffs and antidumping duties that we describe in Section 3 . 1 below . Second , throughout this analysis we only utilize simple average tariffs ; the alternative of constructing trade-weighted average tariffs can lead to the well-known problem of downward bias due to products with high tariffs receiving low weights ( because of small import volumes ) . The intuition is provided by the limiting example of a prohibitive tariff level which receives zero weight in the averaging calculation . Third , the calculations in Table 1 derive from data that does include consideration of ad valorem equivalent estimates for products over which the import tariff that the country applies is a specific duty . We describe data on the prevalence of import tariffs applied as specific duties in Section 2 . 2 below . In other areas of this chapter - such as when we wish to focus on changes in", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 891, "text": "policy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1165, "end": 1200, "text": "data on customs revenue collections", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of government expenditure , it does provide a snapshot of the main concerns among the residents of Europe . We stack the surveys for all years and countries and estimate the following specification of equation ( 1 ) : In addition to the variables of equation ( 1 ) , we control for cohort of birth and survey year . We consider twelve 5 ‐ year ‐ of ‐ birth groups , starting with those born between 1925 and 1929 , and moving on to those born between 1980 and 1984 . There is a large literature regarding the identification of age , cohort and time effects ( see Schulhofer ‐ Wohl , 2013 ; and McKenzie , 2006 ) . A well ‐ known challenge in this literature is that such effects cannot be identified without making specific assumptions , since they are perfectly collinear . We follow Deaton and Paxson ( 1994 ) and implement the normalization of time effects by assuming that trends are only captured by cohort effects , so that the time effects are orthogonal to a time trend . Table 6 displays the estimates of equation ( 2 ) without controlling for cohort effects , and Table 7 displays the estimates including cohort dummy variables . To facilitate the description of the results , Figure 5 shows the estimated coefficients of a specification that introduces age and cohorts in a linear form . The results are consistent with those reported in Table 6 and Table 7 . The left panel shows that , consistent with the findings that emerged from using the cross ‐ sectional data of LITS II , older people are more likely to consider pensions and health care as policy priorities , while being less likely to consider education as a top priority . The results also suggest that fighting crime is another important concern for the older residents of Europe . Finally , inflation , taxation , housing and unemployment seem less of a concern among older individuals . The right panel of Figure 5 shows that , once we control for year of birth , the estimates become less precise , possibly due to the strong correlation between age and cohort . However , the age patterns regarding preferences for education and pensions", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 128, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1456, "end": 1478, "text": "cross ‐ sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1482, "end": 1489, "text": "LITS II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 # * * PERSONNES DÉPLACÉES INTERNES * * La population déplacée dans la région a augmenté de 8 , 2 % par rapport à juillet ( rapport DTM de juillet 2020 ) . Le nombre de PDIs est en effet passé de 287 496 personnes ( rapport DTM de juillet 2020 ) à * * 311 . 193 * * en octobre 2020 soit une augmentation de * * 23 697 * * individus . Cette augmentation s ’ explique par l ’ aggravation des conditions sécuritaires dans les Régions de Ségou , Mopti , Tombouctou , Gao et Ménaka au cours des derniers mois , engendrant de plus en plus de déplacements . Tableau 1 : Déplacés Internes au Mali par région | * * Région * * | * * Ménage * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Total Individus * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Bamako | 1014 | 2309 | 1793 | 4 102 | | Gao | 13 617 | 35 745 | 27 570 | 63 315 | | Kayes | 561 | 1 468 | 1118 | 2 586 | | Kidal | 222 | 486 | 404 | 890 | | Koulikoro | 689 | 2 079 | 1 474 | 3 553 | | Ménaka | 3 518 | 11 817 | 9 327 | 21 144 | | Mopti | 22 905 | 70 067 | 61 083 | 131 150 | | Ségou | 6 687 | 18 677 | 16 659 | 35 336 | | Sikasso | 831 | 3 470 | 2 467 | 5 937", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ", Table 6 shows that the average underestimation rate for the treatment group plots declined by 64 percent ( from 32 percent to 12 percent ) while the corresponding overestimation rate only declined by about 12 percent ( from 149 percent to 131 percent ) . These results clearly reveal asymmetric responses both at the extensive ( Table 5 ) and intensive margins ( Table 6 ) . * * Table 6 : Magnitude of information-induced changes in reporting behavior ( treatment group plots only ) * * | | * * Post-planting reporting behavior * * < br > ME magnitude in < br > post-planting ( % ) | * * Post-harvest r * * < br > % Underestimation < br > in post-harvest | * * eporting behavior * * < br > % Overestimation in < br > post-harvest | Difference < br > between PP < br > and PH < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Overestimated in post-planting | 149 . 1 ( 214 . 9 ) | 3 . 5 ( 11 . 9 ) | 131 . 3 ( 222 . 3 ) | 17 . 8 < sup > * < / sup > < br > | | Underestimatedinpost-planting | 31 . 8 ( 22 . 5 ) | 11 . 67 ( 18 . 2 ) | 34 . 1 ( 128 . 0 ) | 20 . 2 < sup > * * * < / sup > | Note : Values in bottom panel are mean percentage over / under-reporting in each round ( standard deviations in parentheses ) . < sup > * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 10 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 01 . > 16 In the pre-treatment survey , only 31 farmers accurately reported their plot size ; this increases to 125 in the posttreatment survey . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1342, "end": 1362, "text": "pre-treatment survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1448, "end": 1468, "text": "posttreatment survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collectively owned enterprises , plus joint stock and shareholding companies and foreign funded enterprises but excluding township and village enterprises . In a broad definition , they also include non-enterprise units , such as government agencies , institutes , non-profit organizations , etc . 7 Three surveys conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ( CASS ) in 1988 , 1995 , and 1999 , respectively , show that the Gini coefficient for the urban area rose from 0 . 185 in 1988 to 0 . 225 in 1995 and 0 . 256 in 1999 . The percentage increase was 22 % for the period 1988-1995 , 14 % for the period 1995-1999 and 38 % for the whole period 1988-1999 . The 1999 survey also shows that the poverty rate was 13 . 2 % for households with unemployed people and only 2 . 8 % for households without unemployed people . See Xue & Zhong ( 2003 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 671, "end": 682, "text": "1999 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "going field activities of farm advisors ; and ( c ) training for farmers , farm advisors and district and sub-county officials . * * Component 2 . Advisory and Information Services to Farmers ( Appraisal Cost US $ 0 . 00 million , Actual Cost US $ 90 . 28 million ) . * * To provide technical advisory information for farm advisory services , information and communication services to Farmer Groups ( FGs ) and on-farm adaptation and testing of agricultural technologies . * * Component 3 . Agribusiness Development and Market Linkages ( Appraisal Cost US $ 0 . 00 million , Actual Cost US $ 11 . 57 million ) * * . To support implementing technical support programs for facilitating partnerships between market actors and farmers , market research and information ; and developing linkages between farmers and input / output markets . * * Component 4 . Local Service Provider Institutional Capacity Development ( Appraisal Cost US $ 0 . 00 million , Actual Cost US $ 0 . 41 million ) . * * To provide technical advisory services to aid individuals and institutions to provide agricultural advisory and farmer institutional development under NAADS program , including training of public sector extension workers to acquire skills for work in the private sector . * * Component 5 . Planning , Monitoring / Quality Assurance and Evaluation ( Appraisal Cost US $ 0 . 00 million , Actual Cost US $ 12 . 69 million ) * * . To provide technical advisory services and support to assist NAADS secretariat to develop and adopt minimum standards for regulating service providers , develop model contracts of services to be entered into with FGs ; conduct technical audits of service providers ' activities ; monitor the NAADS program ; and conduct baseline surveys and data gathering procedures for impact evaluation .", "spans": [{"start": 1738, "end": 1754, "text": "baseline surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "spanning intermittent years from 1995 to 2011 from GTAP and employment data from ILO . < sup > 6 < / sup > The input-output tables in the GTAP data set allow one to exploit a form of social accounting data — a variation on the social accounting matrix ( SAM ) where incomes are shown in the rows of the SAM and expenditures are shown in the columns ( see Hertel ( 2013 ) and McDougal ( 2001 ) ) . The structure of the underlying social accounting data provides a comprehensive and consistent record of national income accounting relationships between different sectors , including intermediate and final demand linkages . These are used to construct country-specific measures of the contribution of labor to the value added contained in a given country ’ s domestic production and exports . < sup > 7 < / sup > The resulting data set covers 24 sectors ( 6 services sectors , 3 primary sectors and 15 manufacturing sectors ) , over 100 countries , and intermittent years between 1995 and 2011 . As such , the data allow to examine the labor content of South Africa ’ s exports at the aggregate and sectoral levels , including exports associated to trade traditionally governed within GVCs . Specifically , in order to obtain these labor value added measures , two intermediate multiplier matrixes need to be calculated from the social accounting and other aggregate data . The first is the Leontief inverse matrix , which measures the inputs contained in a unit of final output , and includes both direct and indirect inputs > 6 GTAP represents a massive combined effort of international institutions and universities . Over time , the data set has grown to include more countries and more sectors . The latest version , GTAP 9 , has data on 129 countries / regions and 57 sectors ( Narayanan 2012 ) . To maintain backward compatibility , Calì et al . ( 2016 ) start with the 1997 structure of regions and sectors , and carry this forward in aggregation of more recent iterations of the data set . The GTAP website also provides extensive documentation on the underlying data structure , its sources , and the GTAP model structure for each release", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 55, "text": "GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 60, "end": 84, "text": "employment data from ILO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 183, "end": 205, "text": "social accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "teacher classroom practices . With renewed political commitment , along with the directives outlined in the National Human Resource Development Strategy ( NHRDS ) ( 2016 – 2025 ) , the MOE is working toward formalizing and implementing the NTPSF . The overall aim of the NTPSF is to tackle the low status , social prestige , and quality of the professional performance of Jordanian teaching staff , and to expand preservice training . > 13 According to MOE data for the 2015 ‐ 2016 academic year , enrollment is similar for girls and boys . > 14 Latest ( 2012 ) EGRA and EGMA scores for Jordan . > 15 PISA 2015 4", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 461, "text": "MOE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ | * * Source of Cash * * < br > * * Income * * | * * Arsi Robe * * | * * Diksis * * | * * Hetosa * * | * * Lode * * < br > * * Hetosa * * | * * Sude * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Hand Craft | 39 , 600 | 55 , 000 | 60 , 000 | 93 , 000 | 1 , 000 | 248 , 600 | | Remittance | 1 , 238 , 000 | 348 , 000 | 82 , 000 | - | 65 , 000 | 1 , 733 , 000 | | Small scale mining | 142 , 000 | - | - | - | - | 142 , 000 | | Sale of Grass | 59 , 000 | 33 , 000 | - | 43 , 500 | 38 , 000 | 173 , 500 | | Total | 11 , 981 , 314 | 11 , 842 , 300 | 10 , 031 , 658 | 13 , 183 , 004 | 5 , 303 , 720 | 52 , 341 , 996 | | Average | 199 , 689 | 197 , 372 | 167 , 194 | 219 , 717 | 176 , 791 | 193 , 859 | _ < mark > Source : ESIA for Asela – Arsi Robe 132Kv Transmission line and Substation Subproject < / mark > _ * * _ < mark > . < / mark > _ * * The socioeconomic survey reveals variations in average annual income across the subproject Woredas . Lode Hetosa Woreda has the highest average annual income , at ETB 219 , 717 per household", "spans": [{"start": 1030, "end": 1050, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were first introduced in the May 2020 round , dropped in rounds 8-11 , and then reintroduced in round 12 ( May 2021 ) . Thus , in Table 6 , the third round serves as a base period and round 12 as the post-war-onset period . The key measure of the impact of the war on food security outcomes is thus the interaction term of round 12 and the Tigray dummy . Relative to the base period , food insecurity has been declining in most of Ethiopia . Prior to the outbreak of the war , the overall trends in food security outcomes had been similar across Tigray and the rest of Ethiopia , as shown by the statistically insignificant time trends in Table 6 . More specifically , the coefficients associated with the interaction terms between the Tigray dummy and pre-war survey rounds confirm that the parallel trend assumption holds for almost all cases . However , after the outbreak of the war , Tigray experienced a statistically differential trend in food security . Compared to the May 2020 round , households in Tigray reported 37 percentage points higher probability of experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity in the May 2021 round . This is almost identical to the aggregate results discussed in Section 5 . 1 , despite the different base ( prewar ) outcome to which this is compared . Similarly , households from Tigray report 20-22 percentage points higher probability of experiencing food insecurity after the outbreak of the war . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "verification | Transect walks guided < br > by SEC , beneficiaries < br > identified . < br > existing plot < br > boundaries form basis < br > for planning and < br > surveying < br > 100 % socioeconomic < br > survey of beneficiaries | Community < br > SEC < br > Consultant working < br > under KISIP < br > KISIP < br > County Government < br > * * D * * | Base map preparation for the < br > settlement < br > Every Beneficiary was < br > enumerated < br > Participation of SEC ensured < br > that only members of the < br > settlement are the beneficiaries < br > Beneficiary list representative < br > of women beneficiaries . | Undertaken < br > with May 2019 | | Visioning and < br > LP & LUDP < br > preparation < br > * * C * * | A community led < br > visioning process < br > Community prioritizes < br > accessibility < br > Community involved in < br > preparation of plan < br > that best represents < br > their interests . < br > * * OPY * * | 5 < br > Community < br > SEC < br > Consultant working < br > under KISIP < br > KISIP < br > County Government | Active Women participation in < br > every planning stakeholder < br > meeting . < br > Community endorse road < br > hierarchy for the settlement . < br > Community aware of and < br > endorse minimum reduction in | Undertaken < br > with June 2019 |", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 235, "text": "survey of beneficiaries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > and end < br > evaluation | the MoWE < br > PMU with < br > inputs from < br > relevant < br > Implementin < br > g Agencies | User survey jointly < br > conducted by MoWE , < br > EMI , and EDRMC | EMI , MoWE , and EDRMC | Page 64 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 145, "text": "User survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 970 * * * | - 2 . 636 * * * | - 1 . 965 * * * | - 1 . 433 * * * | - 3 . 242 * * * | - 3 . 222 * * * | | | ( 0 . 092 ) | ( 0 . 237 ) | ( 0 . 487 ) | ( 0 . 435 ) | ( 0 . 363 ) | ( 0 . 369 ) | ( 0 . 483 ) | ( 0 . 535 ) | | Number of observations | 619 | 469 | 630 | 473 | 679 | 522 | 554 | 427 | | r2_w | 0 . 224 | 0 . 342 | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 091 | 0 . 069 | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 079 | 0 . 065 | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 629 | 0 . 679 | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the Georgia COV-ES data . Columns 3 through 8 report marginal effects from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6 for more details . 51", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 565, "text": "Georgia COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* effective health data use * * | * * ( Yes / No ) * * | | | | | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 , 250 , 000 . 00 | 1 , 500 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 250 , 000 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 8 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 2 . 29 % | | ➢ 10 . 1 : Establishm | ent of a national health d | ata quality assurance ( HDQA ) frame | < br > work and action plan established . ( Y | < br > es / No ) | | | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 , 250 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 3250000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 1 . 0 % | | < br > ➢ 10 . 2 : Two HDQA | evaluations as per the HD | , , < br > QA framework and action plan con | < br > ducted and published ( Yes / No ) | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 1 , 250 , 000 . 00 | 1 , 250 , 000 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 2 , 500 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 0 . 5 % | | ➢ 10 . 3 : Improved s | core in the subsequent H | DQA evaluation compared to the p | revious HDQA evaluation conducted | ( Yes / No ) | | | No | No | No | No |", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 23, "text": "health data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and not statistically significant positive effects . There were no differential impacts by deforestation risk ( * * Appendix Table A9 * * ) . Finally , because the distribution of payments is often not directly to _ejido_ or _comunidad_ members but rather through community investments , we tested whether households that directly received payments experienced differential increases in wealth ( see * * Appendix Table A10 * * ) . Generally , we did not find positive and significant impacts for those households . This is most likely because the decision of whether or not to distribute payments in this way is highly likely to be endogenous to community wealth levels – in other words , poorer communities may be more likely to distribute cash payments directly , which results in biased estimates of the effect of such payments on wealth . # * * 5 . 4 SOCIAL CAPITAL * * * * Table 9 * * presents impacts on social outcomes at the community-level ( Panel A ) and household-level ( panel B ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > The first row shows that PES payments increased the community-level social capital index for those cohorts with longer exposure to PES ( a 15 . 3 % increase compared to the mean value for the controls ) ; as well as for the 2013-14 cohorts ( 6 . 7 % ) . The effect on the social capital index is 8 . 6 % when combining both cohorts . Results are consistent across the different specifications . Although in percentage terms these changes are relatively small , they are large relative to the variation in the data . The effect sizes are 0 . 65 , 0 . 35 and 0 . 40 standard deviation for the earlier , later cohorts and both combined , respectively . Panel A shows program impacts on the sub-indices that make up the community-level index . We find suggestive evidence that the intervention increased both the trust and the infrastructure sub-indices ( each by 22 % ) for the 2011-12 cohorts ; and the infrastructure sub-index for the 2013-14 cohorts ( 24 . 1 % ) . For both cohorts combined , the intervention increased communal infrastructure by 19 . 8 %", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mentioned in Alkire and Foster ( 2011b ) , AF weights do not correspond to marginal rates of substitution . The intuition is illustrated for the two dimensions case , where i is identified as poor when w1si1 + w2si2 ≥ k ( Eq . ( 2 ) ) . Assume without loss of generality that w1 > w2 = 1 − w1 . Figure 7 illustrates the resulting identification contour ( in red ) for two different cases . This contour corresponds to the union approach when w2 ≥ k while it corresponds to the intersection approach when w1 < k . Crucially , there is no achievement vector on the identification contour at which the slope of this > 62The selection of dimension could also be guided by SWB data , as argued by Kingdon and Knight ( 2006 ) . > 63This is less of an issue when assuming that preference u is the same for all individuals . In any case , weights should not take equal values if preference data reliably shows that some variables should receive a larger / smaller weight . > 64 First , subjective well-being questions do not provide unbiased information on well-being . For instance , people make trade-offs between their income and their level of happiness , which is the component of happiness they tend to prefer ( Adler et al . , 2017 ) . Also , choices need not align with anticipated subjective well-being ( Benjamin et al . , 2014a ) . The link between different aspects of SWB questions and different aspects of preferences is still imperfectly understood ( Benjamin et al . , 2017 , 2023 ) . This matters because inter-personal comparisons may change when we change the aspects of SWB from which preference u is elicited ( Defloor et al . , 2017 ) . See also Ravallion ( 2014 ) for additional concerns with the use of SWB data in poverty measurement . However , subjective well-being data are easy to collect . Second , preference elicitation surveys may work relatively well for two or three variables at a time , but multidimensional poverty indicators often rely on more than 10 variables . Also , the ranking that subjects provide on achievement vectors that they", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 676, "text": "SWB data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 886, "text": "preference data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1763, "end": 1789, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1821, "end": 1851, "text": "preference elicitation surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > TOORO SEMLIKI WILDLIFE RESERVE < / u > * * | |  | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Violence < br > Against < br > Children |  Adequate sensitization for < br > contractors not to recruit < br > children . < br >  The contractor will keep a < br > record of the age numbers of < br > all their employees so as to < br > avoid < br > employing < br > those < br > below the age of 18 and < br > verification documents such < br > as < br > copies < br > of < br > national < br > identification will be kept on < br > site . < br >  No cases of VAC will be < br > tolerated < br > on < br > the < br > infrastructure projects , and < br > these will be punishable by < br > law . < br >  The project will therefore < br > work with the Police and the < br > associated local Probation < br > officers to see that VAC < br > cases are minimized on the < br > project . |  Employment < br > record < br > details . < br >  Human resource manual < br > in place . < br >  No police cases regarding < br > children on the project . | Awareness < br > activities < br > and < br > education | Quarterly | Contractors , < br > CSC | 10 , 000 , 000 | | Transmission < br > HIV / AIDs < br > and < br > other diseases |  Workers shall be regularly < br > sensitized on the spread of |  Record of sensitizations < br > carried out . | Sensitization | Quarter", "spans": [{"start": 1333, "end": 1357, "text": "Record of sensitizations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "How often respondent went to bed hungry at 14 years of age | | Marriage duration | Completedyears of marriage ( if married ) | | Assets into marriage | Dummy variable = 1 if respondent brought assets into marriage ( if < br > married ) | | Age at marriage | Age - Marriage duration | | Husband works in gar - < br > ment industry | Second respondent works in garment industry < br > * * Panel C : Variables from diagnostic tests * * | | Numeracy score | Nominee ’ s score on 10 numeracy questions , score out of 1 which < br > represents aperfect score | | Literacy score | Nominee ’ s score on 20 literacy questions , score out of 1 which rep - < br > resents aperfect score | | Processing speed score | Nominee ’ s score on 193 processing speed questions , based on the < br > Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , score out of 1 which represents a < br > perfect score | 61", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Table 11 shows , up to 1994 the Northern Region was in line with the rest of the country by degree of decentralization of the \" Social Protection \" expenditures . But in 1994 , it did not follow the countrywide rapid expansion of local governments ' involvement in that sphere . And even though the average share of local governments in consolidated regional expenditures on \" Social Protection \" in the North Region consequently doubled to 36 . 5 % in 1996 , it was still half of the national average . * * Table 11 . Average Shares of Local Governments in \" Social Protection \" Expenditures in the Northern Region and in the Russian Federation , % * * | * * Aierage Shares / Year * * | * * 1992 * * | * * 1993 * * | * * 1994 * * | * * 1995 * * | * * 1996 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . * * Average Share of Local Govemrnents in < br > Consolidated Regional Expenditures on Social | | | | | | | Protection in the Northern Region | 18 . 38 < br > ( 7 . 86 ) | 15 . 19 < br > ( 3 . 61 ) | 17 . 45 < br > ( 4 . 34 ) | 34 . 84 < br > ( 12 . 3 ) | 36 . 52 < br > ( 13 . 85 ) | | 2 . Average Share of Local Govemnrents in | | | | | | | Consolidated Regional Expenditures on Social | | | | | | | Protection in the Russian Federation | 22 . 34 < br > ( 2 . 17 ) | 26 . 31 < br > ( 2 . 36 ) | 30 . 77 < br > ( 2 . 2 ) | 67 . 46 < br > ( 1 . 97 ) | 70 . 79 < br > < br > ( 2 . 13 ) | Standard error of the mean", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- population and for consultation on implications and grievance procedures . The ▪ Urban areas lack integrated spatial and economic plans to guide both public and Act guarantees the right to fair and just compensation in case of relocation . private investments . Spatial expansion is largely uncontrolled , resulting in urban The National Land Commission Act ( 2012 ) establishes the National Land sprawl , increased infrastructure costs , environmental degradation , air and water Commission ( NLC ) . The NLC monitors and oversees land use planning including the pollution , increased floods , loss of critical natural habitats , decline of open spaces management of public land on behalf of the national and county governments . and overall reductions in quality of life . - The National Land Commission Act ( 2012 ) establishes the National Land Commission ( NLC ) . The NLC monitors and oversees land use planning including the management of public land on behalf of the national and county governments . - There is unclear urban land ownership including the absence / multiple ownership details . The lack of public land inventories leads to encroachment on public land or infrastructure wayleaves . Complex land administration impedes effective development control and delays infrastructure investments . - The Community Land Act ( 2016 ) provides for community land ownership , rights , management and administration . As much as county governments hold in trust all unregistered community land , they are prohibited by law to transact on them . Under the law , in-kind compensation for unregistered community land is acceptable . - Most cities / municipalities have limited knowledge on the key requirements on land acquisition process in Kenya as provided by the law , as well as the development of Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans ( ARAPs ) . - The UACA , 2019 provides for delineation of the boundaries of urban areas or cities land acquisition process in Kenya as provided by the law , as well as the may be initiated by the Cabinet Secretary or by the relevant county government development of Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans ( ARAPs ) . making a written request to the Cabinet Secretary to", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1139, "text": "public land inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ministry of Water and Energy_ _Page 8 · 56_ # # # # # * * 8 . 7 COSTS * * # # # # # # 8 . 7 . * * 1 Notes on Costs * * Many of the measures in the ESMP relate to project planning and preparation , or are standard best practice during construction , as a management overhead . Therefore no costs are attributed to them in the ESMP tables ( Table 8-4 , Table 8-5 , Table 8-6 ) . Measures with identifiable costs are listed in Table 8-10 . The total cost of the environmental and social mitigation and enhancement measures including monitoring is estimated at USD 3 . 2 million over 8 years ( Table 8-10 ) . This total excludes : - ( i ) land acquisition and compensation , resettlement , land redistribution and consolidation , and associated institutional strengthening , as well as support for vulnerable households affected by changes to land tenure - these costs are to be detailed in the RAPs ; - ( ii ) malaria control and some other health measures and health monitoring - full details of these activities are to be developed by the ANRS Bureau of Health ; a nominal sum of USD 200 , 000 has been included for health and safety during construction , as well as USD 60 , 000 for the necessary public HIV / AIDS prevention programme during construction , and USD 31 , 500 for a TA to facilitate development of the BoH programme . - ( iii ) a number of measures identified as being important for project success . but which are not strictly environmental and social mitigation measures , ' including ( a ) capital investments , including precise land levelling to enable accurate in-field soil and water management ( a major cost item estimated at USD 800 / ha ) , building the community link roads to all-weather standard , and providing safe domestic water supplies ( shallow wells ) throughout the command area ( a developmental priority ) , ( b ) enhanced support for WUA", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ Below is a list of some of the topics to be covered during worker ’ s induction : - World Bank and national OHS policy statement - Brief of safety rules and regulation - Permit to work systems - Emergency response procedures , emergency telephones numbers assembly points . - First aider ’ s telephone numbers , egress routes , first aid fire-fighting procedures . - Reporting procedure . - Reporting system for unsafe working conditions and practices - Proper usage of PPE at site . - Hand tools and its usages . - Unauthorized jobs or tasks - House Keeping and waste identification . - Warning signs and cautions displayed on site . - Transport , vehicle and equipment movement . Traffic safety - Drug and alcohol policy . - Occupational health and hygiene . - Accident , incident and Near Miss Reporting procedures - Heat stress , dehydration and remedies ( Heat related abnormalities ) . - Explanation of project and employee duties and responsibilities . - Electrical hazards . - Protection of environment , pollution to Air , Water and Soil - Waste handling and disposal procedures . - Basic site safety rules . - Recent Similar field incidents . The contractors will ensure that they have the induction training scheduled for the newly joining workers any day irrespective to pre-planned program . Refresher training will be done on a semi-annual basis or as and when situation demands . Before entering the site , all visitors must undergo OHS induction process . An induction module for visitors will be designed by OHS Specialist for the contractors . The visitors will be provided with an overview of OHS rules particularly OHS risks , risky areas , significance of PPE they need to wear before entering the site and emergency protocols . Visitors induction records will be maintained . . _Toolbox Talks : _ Tool box talk is a 5-10 minutes communication between working crews and site supervisor / site engineer related to", "spans": [{"start": 1949, "end": 1975, "text": "Visitors induction records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "experiencing significantly lower coverage than what is shown in national statistics . The rapid expansion in service delivery over the past years also means that additional resources are needed to ensure that quality is maintained and further enhanced . Extension of PBS , which has proven an efficient instrument since 2006 , will greatly support further improvements and sustainability of basic service delivery in Ethiopia . 7 . As evidence of its commitment to the PBS program , the Government provides the largest financial contribution . For Phase 1 , it provided US $ 2 . 14 billion to support these objectives through increasing the size of basic service block grants to subnational governments . For the second phase of the program , it plans to spend approximately US $ 1 . 8 billion in regional-level recurrent expenditure in the basic service sectors , bringing its total commitment to almost US $ 4 billion . IDA and the other Development Partners have contributed or committed < sup > 2 < / sup > approximately US $ 2 . 7 billion for these block grants . 8 . * * IDA contributions * * . IDA has supported the Government ’ s commitment to these objectives through three lending operations . Through PBS 1 , PBS 1 Additional financing , and PBS 2 , total IDA commitments have been US $ 990 . 86 million to date . PBS 2 was approved by the World Bank Board on May 14 , 2009 and became effective May 22 , 2009 . Its current closing > 2 Including the proposed PBS 2 Additional Financing . 2", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 83, "text": "national statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 33 . Change in formal employment , mean real wage , and total formal employment by ISIC 1-digit < br > subsector , 2014-2022 < br > 120 < br > 100 Mining and quarrying Financial and insurance activities < br > Electricity , gas , steam , air < br > 80 conditioning supply < br > Information and communication Public administration and defence < br > Education < br > 60 Human health and social work < br > Water supply , sewerage , waste Transportation and storage < br > management Administrative and support services Other service activities < br > 40 < br > Real estate activities Professional , scientific and Retail trade < br > technical services < br > Trade / repair of motor vehicles < br > 20 Wholesale trade < br > Construction < br > Accommodation and food service < br > Arts , entertainment and recreation Manufacturing Agriculture , forestry and fishing < br > 0 < br > - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 < br > Change in employment ( 2014-2022 ; thousand workers ) < br > Agriculture , forestry and fishing Mining and quarrying Rest of industry Non-industrial services < br > Note : Bubble size corresponds with 2022 formal employment . < br > Source : World Bank and ZRA staff analysis based on PAYE database < br > Mean real wage ( 2022 ; thousand 2010 ZMK ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # 6 . Discussion That the within-firm component is the main drag on labor productivity and wage growth across various sectors suggests that economy-wide productivity constraints are a critical factor in Zambia . Cross-cutting factors such as poor infrastructure , burdensome regulations , and low technology adoption are more likely to affect firms and sectors similarly , thus impacting the within-firm component of productivity growth and leading to broad-based declines across sectors . By contrast , distortions to competition from entry barriers , policies that create an uneven playing field , and poor enforcement of anticompetitive behavior are more likely to impact allocative efficiency ( the between-firm ,", "spans": [{"start": 1251, "end": 1264, "text": "PAYE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Table 5 - The unequal effect of shocks on expenditure and income . The sample includes households in the HEIS data . Shock is measured as the yearon-year difference in log ( USD to IRR rate ) in each month . _ * * Panel A : Regression with all HEIS households * * | | * * Total exp * * | * * enditure * * | * * Food ex * * | * * penditure * * | * * Total i * * | * * ncome * * | * * Earned * * | * * income * * | * * Wag * * | * * e rate * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | ( 9 ) | ( 10 ) | | * * Afghan dummy * * | - 0 . 217 * * * | 0 . 032 | - 0 . 191 * * * | - 0 . 082 * * * | - 0 . 007 | - 0 . 048 * * | 0 . 164 * * * | 0 . 181 * * * | 0 . 006 | 0 . 131 * * * | | | ( 0 . 023 ) | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 019 ) | ( 0 . 019 ) | ( 0 . 025 ) | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 030 ) | ( 0 . 029 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | | * * Shock * * | - 0 . 024 * * * | - 0 . 027 * * * | - 0 . 081 * * * | - 0 . 083 * * * | 0 . 059", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 115, "text": "HEIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Decent Employment Creation for Vulnerable Lebanese Citizens and Syrian Refugees in Livestock Value Chains - of Lebanese households cite job competition as the biggest factor driving community tensions ( IFC , 2020 ) . 2 . * * To make matters worse , Lebanon continues to undergo a severe economic and financial crisis and the outlook is grim . * * The lack of liquidity in the economy and severe shortage of dollars resulted in parallel exchange rates and inflationary pressures , as well as severe disruptions of essential imports . Movement restrictions taken to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have further exacerbated the situation and severely affected all sectors of the economy . An ILO / FAO assessment of 363 small enterprises conducted in May 2020 showed that 39 percent of Lebanese workers were permanently laid-off and 38 percent temporarily . For Syrians , that figure stands at 60 percent and 31percent , respectively ( ILO and FAFAO , 2020 ) . A large explosion that occurred at the Port of Beirut on 4 August 2020 , killing over 200 people and injuring over 6 , 000 , worsened the situation further . The explosion devastated an area with a population of 750 , 000 people , amongst them vulnerable , poor , migrant workers and refugee communities , as well as housing and food security infrastructure and infrastructure at the port . 3 . * * The combined effects of the above-described crisis events have resulted in unprecedented levels of unemployment and pushed both forcibly displaced Syrians and Lebanese host communities further into poverty . * * The poverty rate has increased to 45 percent ( World Bank , 2020 ) . Preliminary data from the Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon ( VaSyr ) 2020 indicates that the percentage of Syrian refugee households in extreme poverty ( under the survival minimum expenditure basket - SMEB ) increased from 55 percent in 2019 to 88 percent in 2020 ( UNHCR , 2019 ) . According to a recent WFP assessment , 50 percent of Lebanese and 75 percent Syrians are worried about not having enough food", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 771, "text": "ILO / FAO assessment of 363 small enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1701, "end": 1755, "text": "Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2003, "end": 2017, "text": "WFP assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * * * Table 12 . Top-10 nationalities of asylum applicants by country of asylum , second quarter 2008 * * Covering 44 industrialized countries which provided monthly data to UNHCR . An asterisk ( * ) indicates a value between 1 and 4 . | Albania < br > Sri Lanka | * | Australia < br > China | 282 | Austria < br > Russian Fed . | 608 | Belgium < br > Russian Fed . | 360 | Bosnia and H < br > Serbia | . < br > 11 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Sri Lanka < br > | 93 < br > | Afghanistan < br > | 290 < br > | Iraq < br > | 251 < br > | Occup . Palest . Terr . < br > | * < br > * | | | | Malaysia | 83 | Serbia | 289 | Serbia | 228 | Croatia | | | | | India | 78 | Nigeria | 122 | Afghanistan | 166 | Pakistan | * | | | | Pakistan < br > | 57 < br > | Iraq < br > | 111 < br > | Islamic Rep . of Iran < br > | 144 < br > | TfYR Macedonia | * | | | | Indonesia | 48 | Georgia | 104 | DR of Congo | 134 | | | | | | Zimbabwe | 34 | Armenia | 93 | Armenia | 125 | | | | | | Islamic Rep . of Iran < br > | 33 < br > | Turkey < br > | 92 < br > | Guinea < br > | 116 < br > | | | | | | Iraq < br > | 30 < br", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 247, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Compensate for loss ofprivately-owned farmland and otherproperties | 491 , 783 , 896 | | 2 | Livelihood Restoration Plan | 21 , 484 , 000 | | 3 | CommunityDevelopment Schemes | EEU < sup > 1 < / sup > | | 4 | Special Assistance for Vulnerable HHs | 5 , 890 , 000 | | 5 | Monitoringand Evaluation | 4 , 500 , 000 | | | * * Sub-Total * * | * * 523 , 657 , 896 * * | | 6 | Administration Cost DuringImplementation ( 3 % ) | 15 , 709 , 737 | | 7 | Contingency ( 15 % ) | 78 , 548 , 684 | | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 617 , 916 , 317 * * | _Source : RP Census Survey ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ _Note 1 : The rural electrification component of this Subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP project budget_ The cost for implementing the RP is considered as a financial requirement of the subproject . The resettlement and livelihood restoration activities are considered as components of the financial requirements of the Jima – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL and SS Subproject budget and will be funded by EEP . # # # # # * * 0 . 14 Monitoring , Evaluation and Reporting * * The main type of monitoring to be adopted for the purpose of this RP will be Internal Performance Monitoring ( IPM ) . Accordingly , EEP and the main units and institutions charged with the implementation of the RP will undertake continuous and systematic IPM of the RP . An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of RP / LRP implementation . * * _IPM Approach and Methodology_ * * The general approach for IPM include : Page 14", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 596, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , Reinhart and Wickham ( 1994 ) , Cuddington and Liang ( 1999 ) . Comparing three different datasets < sup > 7 < / sup > > 5 Interest about a possible negative long-term trend in commodity prices has occupied development economic literature since the late 1940s . For instance in Prebisch ( 1950 ) and Singer ( 1950 ) , Grilli and Yang ( 1988 ) , Cuddington and Urzua ( 1989 ) , Cuddington ( 1992 ) , Powell ( 1991 ) , Reinhart and Wickham ( 1994 ) . 6 For annual data , Cashin and McDermott define large booms as a sequence of generally increasing prices that have had a price movement of at least 25 percent over the phase , and large slumps as a sequence of generally decreasing prices that have had a price movement of at least 25 percent over the phase . > 7 The datasets are the following : ( 1 ) the annual data set of Grilli and Yang from 1900 to 1992 , ( 2 ) Boughton ’ s dataset with annual observations from 1854 to 1990 , ( 3 ) the IMF ’ s _International Financial Statistics_ ( IFS ) which covers the post World War II period with monthly observations . 3", "spans": [{"start": 459, "end": 470, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 809, "end": 843, "text": "annual data set of Grilli and Yang", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 870, "end": 890, "text": "Boughton ’ s dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 88 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2021-04-10 | | | 2021-06-05 | 2021-12-02 | | UR - 17 / Procurement of IT < br > Equipment ( incl . for Risk Atla < br > s ) | IBRD / 85810 | Technical Assistance for Imp < br > roved Disaster and Climate < br > Resilience < br > Po | st | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 255 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-04-05 | 2021-04-10 | 2021-05-22 | 2021-06-21 | 2021-07-26 | 2022-01-22 | | UR – 35 - R1 / Procurement o < br > f Software & Licenses ( incl . fo < br > r Risk Atlas ) for NRIP | IBRD / 85810 | Technical Assistance for Imp < br > roved Disaster and Climate < br > Resilience < br > Po | st | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 247 , 240 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2022-04-20 < br > 2022 - | 05-10 < br > 2022-05-02 | 2022-06-13 < br > 2022-0 | 6-14 < br > 2022-08-01 < br > 2022-06 - | 14 < br > 2022-09-05 | 2023-03-04 | | RR - 8M - 6 / Procurement of < br > Furniture | IBRD / 85810 | Risk Reduction < br > Po | st | Request for Quota", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Fraud and Corruption and complaint data will be organized and reported for each separate entity . Article 24 sub article 1 of the Revised Proclamation No 433 / 2005 for the Establishment of the FEACC stipulates that there shall be established Ethics Liaison Units at every level of Public Offices and Public Enterprises . Any public institution and Government enterprise in the country which includes PFSA hub should have an ethics liaison unit . Then , the Ethics and Anticorruption in Liaison directorate / Officer organize the data / information and prepare report . The report is submitted to the respective branch manager with a copy to FEACC as per the regulation and to the PFSA . 115 . * * At regional health bureau and local health institution / facility levels : * * Ethics and Anticorruption Liaison directorate / Officer in regional health bureau , zone health department , woreda health office in each region will organize Fraud and Corruption incidents and complaints related to the health sector PforR operation . It will prepare and submit reports to the head of the respective health institution and to the REACC . At each level , the different processes involved on complaint handling should function as a system in an integrated way . 116 . * * Investigation of fraud and corruption allegations : * * As indicated earlier , the Federal Attorney General focuses on the curative side , on investigating and prosecution of corruption offences while FEACC concentrates on the preventive side , on expanding and promoting ethics and anti-corruption education , and preventing corruption . Thus , the Federal Ethics and Anicorruption Commission , the FEACC and REACCs are established with powers to prevent , expose , investigate and prosecute corruption offences and impropriety and encouraging investigation results were recorded . Encouraging results have been witnessed in the performance of FEACC and REACCs . < sup > 5 < / sup > > 5 Annual Performance Reports , FEACC , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 . 35 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 43, "text": "Fraud and Corruption and complaint data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Developing a foundational e-ID , * * ( i ) technical assistance to develop legal and regulatory frameworks for data privacy ; biometric procedures , and electronic transactions for e-ID ; ( ii ) creation of UIN ; ( iii ) creation of the foundational e-ID registry ; ( iv ) acquisition and implementation of different software and hardware to support e-ID system implementation , its integration and data exchanges , including implementation of interfaces to systems and government services ; ( v ) issuance of e-ID cards ( 200 , 000 citizens targeting 50 percent for women ) and conduct of studies to determine a sustainable financing model for the ongoing production of ID documents ; and ( vi ) communication , grievance redress , and citizen engagement . - * * Developing e-services , * * including ( i ) extending and posting in the government portal the list of e - services ; and ( ii ) business process reengineering and development of e-services . - * * Business process re-engineering , * * including ( i ) comprehensive service analysis and procedural steps ; ( ii ) monitoring and evaluation and reporting systems to measure the impacts of reengineering . - * * Strengthening change management * * , including ( i ) development of change management strategy and action plan , and ( ii ) leadership training and institutional communication Page 19 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 263, "text": "e-ID registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consultations , considering all relevant parties , including those in the Transnistrian Region . Cross-border coordination with Ukraine on key issues should be sought . 4 . * * Funding and Resource Allocation : * * To ensure sustainable funding and effective resource management , a strong business case for transition funding should be developed . This should be supported by an economic analysis of refugee contributions to Moldova , which can help justify continued support and demonstrate the benefits of refugee inclusion . Funding levels transparency should be improved through enhanced use of the refugee funding tracker and regular consultations on sectoral funding allocation . These measures will not only provide clearer visibility on resource allocation and gaps but also promote more strategic discussions on funding distribution across sectors . 5 . * * Data Management and Assessments * * : Efforts should be made to support the government to improve data collection and harmonization processes , ensuring that refugee needs are accurately represented in national and sub-national datasets . The timing of needs assessments should be optimized to better align with the RRP planning cycle , ensuring that the most current data informs planning decisions . These improvements in data management and assessment will lead to more accurate needs analysis , more effective targeting of resources , and ultimately , better outcomes for refugees and host communities . 6 . * * Flexible Planning : * * The RRP should incorporate flexible planning mechanisms to adapt to changing circumstances over its two-year period . This includes balancing integration efforts with ongoing humanitarian needs , recognizing that some refugees will continue to require assistance while others move towards self-reliance . Area-based initiatives , such as the \" Cities of Solidarity \" model , should be strengthened to create more holistic and sustainable solutions that benefit both refugees and host communities . This approach allows for context-specific interventions that can adapt to local needs and opportunities , fostering more effective and sustainable response .", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 627, "text": "refugee funding tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1070, "end": 1104, "text": "national and sub-national datasets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 | | | 2023-02-08 | | KE-MEACLSS-325537-GO-RF < br > Q / The State Department int < br > ends to procure 15-user STA < br > TA / MP 17 ( 4 core ) for analyzi < br > ng and presenting data colle < br > cted from ESOS . | IDA / 58120 | Improving labor market infor < br > mation | < br > Post < br > < br > | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 8 , 300 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | | | | 2022-11-30 | | | | 2022-12-21 | | | 2023-01-18 | | KE-MEACLSS-335936-GO-RF < br > Q / The Ministry intends to pr < br > ocure two ( 2No . ) interactive < br > screens ( smart boards ) to all < br > ow incorporation of the techn < br > ology in meetings and make i < br > t easier for everyone to unde < br > rstand the content being pre < br > sented especiallyin LMO me | IDA / 58120 | Improving labor market infor < br > mation | < br > Post < br > < br > | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 17 , 750 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | | | | | 2023-01-28 | 2023-02-17 | | | 2023-03-04 | | | 2023-04-03 | | * * NON CONSULTING * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 217, "text": "ESOS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a flat programme transfer irrespective of household size . Finally , the Mission reviewed preliminary work on Social Accounting Matrix ( SAM ) modelling of the local economic multiplier effects of the CT - OVC Programme . While this work is still being finalized , it indicates that there are significant additional effects of the Programme on the local economy , beyond the immediate impacts on programme beneficiaries , as the Programme stimulates demand for locally produced goods and services . Kenya is only one of two countries where the local economy impact of a cash transfer project has been modelled in this way . 10 . Programme implementation . The overall assessment of the Mission is that performance is satisfactory and the Programme is on track to meet its development objectives . See Annex 4 for an assessment of progress towards the World Bank ' s results indicators . As the Programme has expanded , a number of measures have been put in place to strengthen its effectiveness and efficiency . 11 . A _citizen service charter , _ which lists the rights and responsibilities of the Programme stakeholders and the various channels through which complaints may be lodged , has been produced and was disseminated to 60 District Children ' s Officers ( DCOs ) where the Programme is operating for onward distribution to beneficiaries . A review of the citizen service charter distribution is ongoing after which more copies will be printed and distributed to all 69 programme districts . 12 . The Programme has a _grievance and appeal system , _ with internal and external components . However , there is a need to integrate the two systems so as to provide a consolidated account of the complaints and grievances received and the actions taken . External complaints reports show that there were few complaints and grievances in 2011 ( only 16 recorded ) , the majority of which related to cash payments at the district treasury . The Secretariat indicated that between November 2011 and March 2012 , 32 complaints were received and addressed through the internal complaints system . However , this low level of complaints can largely be attributed to the 3", "spans": [{"start": 1760, "end": 1787, "text": "External complaints reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from past events but is not recognised because : - i ) It is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits or service potential will * * be * * required to settle the obligation ; or - ii ) The amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability . Some of contingent liabilities may arise from : litigation in progress , guarantees , indemnities . Letters of comfort / support , insurance , Public-Private Partnerships , The Entity does not recognize a contingent liability but discloses details of any contingencies in tle notes to the financial statements unless the possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits or service potential is remote . Annex * * 6 * * of this financial statement is a register of the contingent liabilities in the year . * * 10 * *", "spans": [{"start": 762, "end": 800, "text": "register of the contingent liabilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Result Tables for NCHS Growth Reference 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 | | APPENDIX 3 : FSNA Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 3 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the remaining advances ( ETB 233 . 90 million ) had age of above one year . As regards liabilities , 68 % ( ETB 204 . 27 million ) of payables were aged below 6 months , 16 % ( ETB 47 . 58 million ) were aged between six and 12 months while the remaining ( ETB 46 . 88 million ) had age of above one year . It is indicated that MoF has given instruction to the implementing entities to settle outstanding advances as fast as possible . The mission also agreed with MoF and MoWE to prepare and submit settlement plan of advances and payables and to submit them no later than end October 2024 . As such the MoF is collecting data from implementing entities . Such follow up of advances and _Page 10_ _August 2024_", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 654, "text": "data from implementing entities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "user firms ) , almost all have been privatized with only 1 to 4 firms per country remaining with significant ( + 50 % ) state ownership . Regarding road freight providers , there are 165 enterprises , with Czech Republic and Hungary accounting for 50 and 52 enterprises , respectively , and Poland 63 enterprises . A few large firms are included for each country ( 2 , 4 and 3 in the Czech , Hungarian and Polish samples respectively ) though given the overwhelming number of small , owner-driver enterprises in the population , a larger number of smaller enterprises are represented , with micro enterprises accounting for 54 % of the Czech sample , 50 % of the Hungarian sample and 41 % of the Polish sample . The median age of providers ranges between 7 . 5 and 9 years . There are proportionately fewer start-ups in the provider sample : 24 % of the Czech sample but 17 % of the Polish sample and 13 % of the Hungarian sample . With respect to foreign ownership , 6 % of both the Czech and Polish sample are 100 % foreign-owned ( 3 and 4 firms , respectively ) , while no Hungarian road freight provider is fully foreign-owned . Finally , with respect to persistence of state ownership , Poland is the only country where there are still stateowned providers in the sample , corresponding to population statistics . Hungary , as previously mentioned , has no state-owned enterprises remaining in the road freight sector since 1998 . * * Performance of downstream enterprises and use of innovative logistics services . * * As reported in Table 2 , increases in annual total operating costs ( including labor , materials , transport and IT-related costs , among others ) between 1997 and 1999 range between 10 and 20 % for the median firm across the three countries . Hungary had the enterprise with the largest fall in costs ( 97 % ) but also the enterprise with the largest increase in costs ( 447 % ) , resulting in the largest mean increase in costs ( 31 . 8 % ) . Transport and logistics-related operating costs ( including both own-account and third-party expenditures on transport , warehousing ,", "spans": [{"start": 1295, "end": 1316, "text": "population statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "depression , PTSD , and other mental health issues . A CP Assessment in 2024 , reveals high levels of psychosocial distress , with 84 % identified mental and psychosocial wellbeing as risks to children in their location . 68 % noted children worrying about the future , 28 % believed that children were at risk of limited socialization , and 26 % indicated children missing and worrying about displaced family / friends . The highest rates of distress were found in Mykolaivska ( 45 % ) and Khersonska ( 42 % ) regions . Urban areas had slightly higher rates of psychosocial distress compared to rural areas . * * Family separation has become an increasingly concerning risk for children in Ukraine since the escalation of the war , with Ukrainian NGO Magnolia having received over 2 , 500 requests to find children who have gone missing since February 2022 * * < sup > * * xlv * * < / sup > * * . * * The 2024 Child Protection Assessment by REACH indicated that 36 % of households consider family separation as a significant risk . The 2023 MSNA found that 2 % of households across Ukraine reported at least one child under 18 years old not residing with them with higher percentages in the East ( 7 % in Donetska , 5 % in Khersonska , and 4 % in Zaporizka and Kharkivska ) . Maleheaded households were five times more likely to report a child not living with them , rising to eight times more likely in the East of the country . Common causes include loss of parents or caregivers , relocation , and sending children away for safety . Separation increases children ' s vulnerability to protection threats and may become permanent due to inadequate systems for family reunification . Many children left due to marriage , studying , or seeking safety , with 59 % in the North and 56 % in the East leaving to seek protection , highlighting a link to conflict zones < sup > xlvi < / sup > . * * Killing or maiming due to the use of", "spans": [{"start": 906, "end": 938, "text": "2024 Child Protection Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1037, "end": 1046, "text": "2023 MSNA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Development ) . Gall , Melanie ( 2015 ) . “ The suitability of disaster loss databases to measure loss and damage from climate change ” , _International Journal of Global Warming_ , vol 8 , no 2 , pp170-190 . Guerson , Alejandro ( 2020 ) , “ Government Insurance Against Natural Disasters : An Application to the ECCU ” , Working Paper WP / 20 / 266 , International Monetary Fund . Hallegatte , Stephane , Julie Rosenberg , Jun Rentschler Claire Nicolas and Charles Fox ( 2019 ) , “ Strengthening New Infrastructure Assets . A Cost-Benefit Analysis , ” Policy Research Working Paper 8896 , World Bank , Washington , DC . Hallegatte , Stephane , Jun Rentschler and Brian Walsh ( 2018 ) , _Building Back Better : Achieving resilience through stronger , faster and more inclusive post disaster reconstruction_ , World Bank . Heal , Geoffrey and Antony Miller ( 2013 ) , “ Uncertainty and Decision in Climate Change Economics ” , Working Paper 18929 , National Bureau of Economic Research . Herndon , Thomas , Michael Ash and Robert Pollin ( 2014 ) , “ Does high public det consistently stifle economic growth ? A critique of Reinhart and Rogoff ” , _Cambridge Journal of Economics_ , vol 38 , no 2 , pp257-279 . International Monetary Fund ( 2021A ) , “ Fiscal Policies to Address Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific ” , IMF Departmental Paper , No . 21 / 207 , Washington DC . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Copper mining began at Kilembe in 1956 and continued until 1978 when civic unrest forced its closure . This was a large mine established by a Canadian public company . Ore was mined and concentrated at Kilembe Mine , roasted at Kasese where cobaltrich pyrite concentrates were stockpiled and railed to Jinja for smelting . * * _Industrial minerals_ * * are mined , by open pit methods , from a line of carbonatite intrusions in the eastern parts of the country close to , and parallel with , the Kenyan border . * * Phosphate * * was produced from deposits in weathered soils from the Sukulu carbonatite up until 1991 * * Vermiculite * * is currently mined from the Bukusu carbonatite and * * limestone * * is quarried by Tororo Cement from Sukulu . Artisanal workers extract small quantities of limestone from old workings . * * Salt * * is produced at Katwe Salt Works by artisanal workers # # # # # # * * 2 . 3 Mining Potential * * This information is summarised from The Mineral Resources of Uganda \" ( Barnes 1961 ) and \" Uganda Opportunities for Mining Investment \" ( United Nations , 1966 ) In general , little exploration work has been undertaken in the north and central-northern parts of the country This is partly due to the degree of civic unrest existing in these areas - Kilembe Copper - Cobalt district . Further exploration may locate extensions of this mineralised zone . - Nickel - Cobalt mineralisation may exist near to Simba Hills close to the western shore of Lake Victoria . Geophysical evidence suggests that the mineralisation found in Burundi and Tanzania may extend through to Uganda . - Tin - Tungsten - Tantalum belt of south western may become more attractive for small miners if the metal prices improve . - Gold in the Archaean greenstones in the southeast . Further exploration may locate primary deposits suitable for underground mining beneath the zone of deep weathering . - Gold potential exists in the K", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 27 : Saving share for different groups of population_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 . 0 % 10 . 0 % < br > 9 . 0 % < br > 8 . 0 % 8 . 0 % < br > 7 . 0 % < br > 6 . 0 % 6 . 0 % < br > 5 . 0 % < br > 4 . 0 % 4 . 0 % < br > 3 . 0 % < br > 2 . 0 % 2 . 0 % < br > 1 . 0 % < br > 0 . 0 % 0 . 0 % < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > Average Vulnerable Average Well-being improved < br > Non-vulnerable Well-being worsened < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Net saving share in disposable income Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS . The vulnerable population had slightly lower saving shares on average , and experienced a somewhat sharper savings decline during the crisis ( Figure 27 ) . In 2016 , those in the vulnerable group were saving only 3 . 8 percent of their disposable income , while the non ‐ vulnerable saved 4 . 6 percent . Differences are more pronounced if we compare those who reported experiencing either improving or worsening material well ‐ being . Those reporting worsened well ‐ being also have lower saving shares , but the decline in the savings share in this group was not very pronounced during the crisis . Those who experienced job losses had particularly low saving shares , dropping to mere 0 . 8 percent in 2016 . Those who were coping with the worsened well ‐ being through the decrease in expenditure or through the help from the relatives also had very low or even negative saving shares ( 1 . 9 and ‐ 3 . 3 percent correspondingly in 2016 ) . Those who report improvements in well ‐ being have a significantly higher savings share ( 7 . 2 percent in 2014 ) , but also experienced a very sharp decline in savings during the", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 589, "text": "quarterly HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 50 % 60 % 50 % 60 % < br > 40 % 40 % 50 % < br > 30 % 30 % 40 % < br > 20 % 20 % 30 % < br > 10 % 10 % 20 % < br > 0 % 0 % 10 % < br > Benue FCT Abuja Kogi Kwara Nasarawa Niger Plateau Adamawa Bauchi Borno Gombe Taraba Yobe 0 % < br > Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara < br > Urban Boy 5-17 Urban Girl 5-17 Rural Boy 5-17 Rural Girl 5-17 Urban Boy 5-17 Urban Girl 5-17 Rural Boy 5-17 Rural Girl 5-17 Urban Boy 5-17 Urban Girl 5-17 Rural Boy 5-17 Rural Girl 5-17 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 data Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . 28", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 598, "text": "MICS 2016 / 17 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 5 : Implementation Support Plan * * # # 1 . * * Strategy and approach to implementation support * * . KISIP includes a number of measures aimed at ensuring implementation proceeds as expected . - First , the Bank will maintain a sizable KISIP core team in Nairobi . The team includes specialists in policy , legal , urban planning , engineering , economics , and monitoring and evaluation . Having the core team based in Nairobi facilitates frequent dialogue with the government counterpart teams , and permits ongoing implementation support . The core team will be supplemented with specialists in social accountability , gender , and urban institutions and policy , land tenure , and others as needed . Sida has provided support for the core team through a trust fund . - Second , the Bank will conduct at least two formal missions per year covering both KISIP and KMP . The missions will be carried out jointly with development partners , and will include the Bank ‘ s financial management and procurement staff , and other specialists as required . - Third , considerable safeguards have been put into place to guard against procurement fraud risk . These are presented in the procurement section of annex 3 . - Fourth , the Bank will periodically conduct various types of audits , each of which is designed to answer different questions about program implementation . Such audits include undertaking technical audits , value-for-money audits , forensic audits , and rolling audits . Decisions of which approach to pursue in a given year will be made in consultation with the MoH and the development partners . - Fifth , KISIP will support the undertaking of sample socio-economic surveys of each settlement benefiting from the project , before the start of interventions and again a year or so after the interventions have been completed . The results of the surveys will supplement the information generated through other aspects of the project ‘ s M & E system . - Sixth , the Bank , AFD , and Sida are currently discussing the roles and responsibilities of each agency in implementing the", "spans": [{"start": 1684, "end": 1706, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 The data , stylized facts and results from empirical valueadded models * * The data used in this study was collected for a randomized controlled field experiment with the objective to establish the causal effects of Indonesia ’ s teacher certification program , which included a doubling of a teacher ’ s base pay ( De Ree , Muralidharan , Pradhan , and Rogers 2015 ) . 360 schools were sampled using a two-step sampling strategy . First , 20 districts were selected from 10 broader geographical strata , and second , within each district , 12 primary and 6 junior secondary schools were selected . < sup > 17 < / sup > The data on the 240 primary schools are used in this paper . Within these 240 schools , all class teachers ( _N ≈ _ 1700 ) were tested and interviewed . < sup > 18 < / sup > In addition , all students ( _N ≈ _ 45 _ , _ 000 ) in the 240 sample schools were tested as well . The multiple choice tests for teachers and students consisted of a mathematics , a science and an Indonesian language component . < sup > 19 < / sup > At the back of the answering sheets , students also filled out a brief questionnaire on wealth indicators and on parent education . < sup > 20 < / sup > Further selections on the data were made prior to the analysis . First , the data from one of the districts ( _Maluku Tenggara Barat_ ) were dropped from the analysis , because baseline data was collected about 6 months later as for the rest of the sample . Second , students who repeated class at least once are not used in the analysis . Third , because the statistical model requires three periods of measurement on test score data , we only rely on the grade levels which we can track for three consecutive years , i . e . 2 _ → _ 3 _ → _ 4 , 3 _ → _ 4 _ → _ 5 and 4 _ → _ 5 _ → _ 6 . Fourth , we only use classrooms for which we can", "spans": [{"start": 632, "end": 663, "text": "data on the 240 primary schools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1624, "end": 1639, "text": "test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "still being rolled out . | 2020 and March 2021 to r < br > e how many woredas will h | eflect the agreed design < br > ave an MIS that reflects | ► Number of beneficiary households that have been assessed using a PMT for program exit ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 275 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 10-Jun-2020 | 14-Oct-2022 | 08-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01255553 | This indicator aims t < br > be applied to househ < br > had access to financ < br > PMT threshold , base < br > Registry data has no | o measure whether program ex < br > olds either ( 1 ) on the program < br > e ( grant or credit ) for at least t < br > d on data collected through th < br > t been collected yet and recert | it guidelines are being co < br > for more than 3 years ; ( 2 ) < br > wo years ; and ( 3 ) have bee < br > e registry . < br > ification before exit is not d | mplied with . The PMT should < br > livelihood clients that have < br > n flagged to be above the < br > ue until the end of this year . | 5 / 2 / 2023 Page 11 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 640, "end": 653, "text": "Registry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DISPLACEMENT DASHBOARD * * Mindanao , Philippines Forced Displacement Annual Report , 2015 * * * * 1 * *", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 83, "text": "Forced Displacement Annual Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This performance is combined with the fact that these operations were highly relevant to the Government ’ s development priorities . * * PRSC 6 : * * Performance on the macroeconomic and private investment objectives was largely satisfactory , although the inflation target was exceeded owing to the impact of global oil prices . Credit to the private sector as a share of GDP continued to rise . The MoLG was successfully restructured . The organizational structure of the Accountant General ’ s Office was revised , paving the way for financial management reforms such as IFMS , and in accordance with sector work conducted for the CEM , the GoU adopted an appropriate shift in priorities to energy and roads to address these constraints on growth . A number of prior actions were only partially met , however , including implementation of the public procurement reforms and the budget ceiling for public administration and security . The operation remained highly relevant . * * PRSC 7 : * * Macroeconomic management was effective , despite exogenous shocks , and the 2008 / 09 budget was consistent with medium-term growth objectives and significantly increased expenditures on growth-enhancing infrastructure . Credit to the private sector as a share of GDP continued to rise , and the banking sector became more competitive . The establishment of the Credit Reference Bureau greatly facilitated the lending process . Private investment as a share of GDP also increased , while the pay reform strategy was developed and an exercise to clean the payroll of ghost workers was implemented . By the end of this series of operations , significant PFM strengthening had also been achieved , as indicated by the 2008 PEFA assessment . The IFMIS was implemented in all eighteen central government ministries and nine local governments ; the number of government institutions receiving a clean audit grew to 40 percent , up from 21 percent at the beginning of the series ; and almost all central ministries produce their annual statements on time , in contrast to the 50 percent that did so at the beginning of the series . In the agriculture sector , the successful decentralization of the agricultural research system (", "spans": [{"start": 1710, "end": 1730, "text": "2008 PEFA assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ The farming system of community members and Subproject affected households which characterized by a combination of crop cultivation and livestock production is not only bringing food on the table of the local households but also brings 75 % of household ’ s annual cash income . On the other hand , the surveyed households are not dependent on farming alone to generate cash income . Based on household annual income data , although the number of households involved in the activities was limited , off-farming activities contributed up to 25 % of annual cash income for the surveyed households . Households were also asked about the trend of their household ’ s annual income over the past five years . Accordingly , 61 . 8 % of respondents stated that their annual income has increased over the past five years . In contrast , the remaining 38 . 2 % of households reported that their annual cash income has declined during the specified period . # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 2 Household Annual Expenditure * * Analysis of household expenditure patterns is one of the key indicators to determine the welfare levels of households . It also indicates important aspects of the overall socioeconomic condition of the households just by looking across the annual expenditures of the households on various commodities or items . According to the results of the socio-economic survey , the 34 surveyed households spent a total of Etb 3 , 923 , 100 in the past 12 months preceding the household survey . This means , they spent an average of Etb 115 , 385 per annum per HH to cover various expenditure items . In terms of the amount spent , food takes up 36 . 1 % of household expenditure . It ’ s surprising to see the lion share of the household ’ s expenditure goes for food and top on the list of expenditures item for HHs who are broadly engaged on farming activities especially , in production of food crops .", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 562, "text": "household annual income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1492, "end": 1513, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1614, "end": 1630, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > ed construction works < br > UG-MLHUD-13937-CS-CDS / < br > Preparation of Technical Req < br > uirements for the Design and IDA / 52690 Land Administration Reform Prior Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 Canceled 2016-01-11 2016-01-11 2016-02-01 2016-07-30 < br > Implementation of the Comp < br > uter Assisted Mass Appraisal < br > ( CAMA ) Project in Uganda < br > UG-MLHUD-235327-CS-CDS / < br > Conducting an Environmenta < br > l and Social Impact Assessment of the planned constructio IDA / 65380 Land Administration Reform Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 Signed 2021-07-08 2021-09-30 2021-07-18 2022-09-05 2021-09-21 2022-10-28 2022-03-20 < br > n works under MLHUD ( arch < br > ival center and one floor on < br > NLIC ) < br > UG-MLHUD-235533-CS-CDS / < br > SLAAC Data Capture and Pro < br > cessing Software upgrade and Maintenance . The functionalities of the software to be u IDA / 65380 Land Administration Reform Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2021-07-08 2023-03-21 2021-07-18 2021-09-21 2022-03-20 < br > pgraded should allow for mas < br > sive parcel geometry data ca < br > pture and titles certification . < br > UG-MLHUD-226382-CS-CDS / < br > Engagement of the Project T < br > echnical Advisor ( TA ) who wil < br > l be responsible for providingoversight and technical advic IDA / 65380 Land Administration Reform Post Direct Selection Direct 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1118, "text": "parcel geometry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EDI ) . This survey was designed and fielded to study the implications of the alternative survey designs for consumption expenditure measures and labor market indicators ( see Bardasi et al . , 2010 for a description of the labor survey experiment ) . Here we focus on the component that applies to consumption expenditure measures . The field work was conducted from September 2007 to August 2008 in villages and urban areas from seven districts across Tanzania : one district in the regions of Dodoma , Pwani , Dar es Salaam , Manyara , and Shinyanga and two districts in the Kagera Region . The districts were purposively selected to capture variations between urban and rural areas as well as across other socio-economic dimensions to inform survey design related to labor statistics and consumption expenditure for low-income settings . The sample was constructed to be representative at the district level , but not at the national level . Data from the 2002 Census were used to enumerate all villages in the district . In the first stage of the sampling process , a probability-proportional-to-size ( PPS ) sample of 24 villages was selected per district . In a second stage , a random sub-village ( or", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 971, "text": "2002 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As shown in Teti ( 2020 ) , the standard sources for tariff data , i . e . , the World Integrated Trade Solution ( WITS ) that draws on data from the UN and the WTO , suffer from massive measurement error . Existing data include many missing observations because countries do not report tariffs every year . The issue is particularly bad for preferential tariffs and for low-income countries . WITS deals with the missing tariffs by imputing them with MFN tariffs of the respective importing country . For time series data this procedure leads to large irregularities : In years in which the country does not report preferential tariffs , the tariffs jump up from the relatively low preferential tariffs of the previous year to the MFN tariff which is often substantially higher . This type of time variation creates substantial measurement error , in particular in models which identify on time variation as specified in Equation ( 4 ) . Figure 1 from Teti ( 2020 ) illustrates this point for the tariff that can be found through WITS for exports from the United States to Mexico . Panel ( a ) shows the simple average of the raw tariffs , MFN and preferential , which can be downloaded through WITS . The average comprises over 5 , 000 products . The blue dots equal Mexico ’ s MFN tariff , the red dots are the preferential tariffs under NAFTA that entered into force in 1994 . The figure shows that neither MFN nor preferential tariffs are available each year . However , the preferential tariffs ( red dots ) are less likely to be available indicating that Mexico is not reporting the preferential tariffs on imports from the United States every year . The solid line displayed in Panel ( b ) equals the tariff that WITS reports when one downloads the so-called “ effectively applied tariff ” . Recall , WITS imputes the missing preferential tariffs with MFN tariffs , resulting in the spikes as the effectively applied tariff shoots up to the level of the MFN tariff every time when the data on preferential tariffs are missing but MFN tariffs are available . * * Figure 1 : * * Missing Data and Resulting Measurement Error", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 164, "text": "data from the UN and the WTO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 506, "end": 522, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | 85 % | 98 . 00 | 97 % | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN01298977 ~ ~ | The numbers are rep | orted by the government and a | re based on the OTIMS an | d Health LLG submission . | ► Health : Average score in the RBF facility assessment improves ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A < br > N / A | N / A | | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 < br > 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May | - 2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments | Mainstreaming of RBF has been postponed to supp | osed to take | place FY 202 | 2 / 23 . | # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Results Areas * * Results Area 1 . Enhancing Adequacy and Equity of Financing for LG Services ~ ~ < u > IN01298978 < / u > ~ ~ ► IR Indicator 1 . 1 : Average size conditional non-wage recurrent grants for education ( primary & secondary only ) and health services per capita . ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 458, "text": "OTIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries . Subsidy design factors ( red dots ) are in general around or above 1 . These indicators suggest that policy makers should mainly focus on increasing access to services , although enhancing subsidy design could also be beneficial . * * Figure 8 . Factors driving the targeting performance of subsidies ( Ω ) across countries * * _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . _Note : _ Of access factors , _SA = SAP / SAH_ is the share of households located in a service area for the poor relative to the population as a whole ; _C = CP | SA / CH | SA_ is the relative share of households that are connected to the service conditional on potential access ( being located in a service area ) . Of subsidy design factors , _T = TP | C / TH | C_ is the relative proportion of households with a subsidy conditional on usage ; _R = RP | T / RH | T_ is the relative rate of subsidization . Factor values below 1 indicate that the factor lowers targeting performance , whereas factor values above 1 indicate that the factor boosts targeting performance . BGD = Bangladesh ; ETH = Ethiopia ; JAM = Jamaica ; MLI = Mali ; NER = Niger ; NGA = Nigeria ; UGA = Uganda ; PAN = Panama ; SLV = El Salvador ; VNM = Vietnam . Various factors influence the degree to which targeting performance is inadequate across countries . In table 3 we explore relevant access and subsidy design factors in more detail . Four African countries — Ethiopia , Mali , Niger , and Uganda — show an estimated value of Ω lower than 0 . 1 . In all four the main factors that decrease the efficiency with which subsidies target poor households relative to all households include ( i ) poor households ’ lower probability of being located in a service area and ( ii ) their lower probability of being connected to a water network , conditional on being located in a service area .", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 407, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 410, "end": 415, "text": "IBNET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . 5 . 1 Environmental , Health , and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution * * The WB EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution include information relevant to power transmission between a generation facility and a substation located within an electricity grid , in addition to power distribution from a substation to consumers located in residential , commercial , and industrial areas . Electric and magnetic fields ( EMF ) are invisible lines of force emitted by and surrounding any electrical device ( e . g . , power lines and electrical equipment ) . Electric fields are produced by voltage and increase in strength as the voltage increases . Electric field strength is measured in volts per meter ( V / m ) . Magnetic fields result from the flow of electric current and increase in strength as the current increases . Magnetic fields are measured in units of gauss ( G ) or tesla ( T ) , where 1T equals 10 , 000G . Electric fields are shielded by materials that conduct electricity , and other materials , such as trees and building materials . Magnetic fields pass through most materials and are difficult to shield . Both electric and magnetic fields decrease rapidly with distance . Power frequency EMF typically has a frequency in the range of 50 – 60 Hertz ( Hz ) , and is considered Extremely Low Frequency ( ELF ) . Although there is public and scientific concern over the potential health effects associated with exposure to EMF ( not only high-voltage power lines and substations , but also from everyday household uses of electricity ) , there is no empirical data demonstrating adverse health effects from exposure to typical EMF levels from power transmissions lines and equipment . Therefore , due to the adverse health risks , it is therefore sufficient to warrant great concern for work around high voltage electricity . This is because , such work ( during grid connection , commissioning , and testing of the transmission line and associated substations ) , exposes workers to high-voltage electrical hazards . # # * * 2 . 5 .", "spans": [{"start": 1629, "end": 1643, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * - 26 - * * * * 37 . * * \" Project Steering Committee \" means the committee maintained * * by * * the Recipient pursuant to Section * * I . A . 2 * * of Schedule 2 to this Agreement . * * 38 . * * \" Resettlement Action Plan \" or \" RAP \" means the Recipient ' s document entitled \" Resettlement Action Plan \" , dated September 2014 , prepared and disclosed in accordance with the Resettlement Policy Framework ( as hereinafter defined ) which , _inter alia : _ ( i ) provides for a socio economic baseline and census survey of Displaced Persons and valuation of their assets ; ( ii ) describes entitlements to compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided to Displaced Persons , consultation to be conducted with Displaced Persons about acceptable alternatives , institutional responsibilities for the implementation and procedures for grievance redress , and arrangements for monitoring and evaluation ; and ( i ) sets out a timetable and budget for the implementation of such measures . * * 39 . * * \" RAP Management Team \" means the management team referred to in Section * * I . D . * * of Schedule 2 to this Agreement . 40 . \" RAP Steering Committee \" means the steering committee referred to in Section I . D . of Schedule 2 to this Agreement . 41 . \" Resettlement Policy Framework \" or \" RPF \" means the Recipient ' s resettlement policy framework for the Project , dated February * * 13 , 2013 , * * containing guidelines , procedures , timetables and other specifications for the provision of compensation , rehabilitation and resettlement assistance to Displaced Persons as said framework may be amended from time to time with the prior approval of the Association . 42 . \" Safeguard Frameworks \" means , collectively , the * * ESMF , * * IPMF , VMGF , and RPF ; and \" Safeguard Framework \" means any one of the Safeguard Frameworks . 43 . \" Safeguard Instrument \" means , in respect of a given", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 550, "text": "socio economic baseline and census survey of Displaced Persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Spillover from FDI in service sectors . * * While most studies in the literature focus on spillovers from FDI inflows in manufacturing on manufacturing firms , research has also looked at the effects of FDI inflow in service sectors such as banking and telecommunication on manufacturing firms . Fernandes and Paunov ( 2012 ) < mark > examine the impact of FDI inflows in producer service sectors on the TFP of Chilean manufacturing firms and show that forward linkages from FDI in services explain 7 % of the observed increase in Chile ' s manufacturing users ' TFP . J < / mark > avorcik and Li ( 2013 ) use data from Romania in 1997 – 2005 and find that an expansion of global retail chains leads to significant TFP increase in the supplying manufacturing sector . Arnold , Javorcik and Mattoo ( 2011 ) find a similar result in the Czech Republic and show that the presence of foreign firms in the service sector is associated with greater productivity in the manufacturing sector . A related study by Arnold et al ( 2016 ) finds that service reforms in India benefit both foreign and locally owned manufacturing firms , with the effect on the former being larger . - * * Mediating factors . * * The existence and the magnitude of productivity spillover could be conditional on a variety of factors such as the absorptive capacity of countries and firms , forms of FDI , and domestic policies . For example , countries and firms with a stronger absorptive capacity such as R & D capacity and relatively skilled labor would be more likely to experience productivity spillovers . For example , Blalock and Gertler ( 2009 ) find that Indonesian firms with more R & D , more educated workers , and smaller technology gaps from foreign firms tend to benefit more from FDI . Another study by Javorcik and Spatareanu ( 2008 ) finds that ownership structure can also be a mediating factor . They find that vertical spillovers tend to arise from projects with shared domestic and foreign ownership but not from fully foreign owned plants . Du et al . ( 2012 ) examine how industrial policy – specifically tariff liberalization and tax", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 633, "text": "data from Romania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "district biostatisticians who < br > in turn capture this data into the District Health < br > Information System ( DHIS2 ) Client Tracker that aids < br > national visibility and analysis . < br > • < br > A set of six critical indicators are being monitored < br > nationally and at site level . < br > • < br > Access to line listed data is highly restricted due to < br > confidentiality requirements ; aggregate data has < br > fewer restrictions and is used to monitor uptake and < br > stock status . | < br > • < br > Occasional stockouts of data collection tools at the < br > vaccinating sites . < br > • < br > Inadequate Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) personnel , < br > ICT equipment and internet access limit the capacity to < br > capture close to real time uptake data at vaccination < br > sites . < br > • < br > Not all data collection is digitalized ; most is still manual < br > with sub optimal quality and information transmission < br > delays . | | Vaccine , cold chain , < br > logistics and < br > infrastructure | • < br > Uganda has a well-established vaccines logistics < br > system for primary storage and distribution of < br > COVID-19 vaccines and the MoH policy for < br > managing waste is provided in the EPI Guidelines . < br > • < br > Cold chain capacity has been expanded to include < br > storage of vaccines that need temperatures below < br > + 8 < sup > o < / sup > . | • < br > Systems and protocols for tracking and monitoring stock < br > management and distribution of vaccines and key < br > supplies needs updating . < br > • < br > Operating procedures need to be developed especially < br > for ultra-cold chain", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 340, "text": "line listed data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 407, "end": 421, "text": "aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Technology sophistication measure ( Technology readiness ) * * The pre-pandemic technology index used in this paper reflects the sophistication of the most widely used technology in a business function , as described in Figure A1 . Following ( _17_ ) , based on the experts ’ assessment , we order the technologies in each function _f_ according to their sophistication , and assign each a rank _rf ∈ _ 1 _ , _ 2 _ , . . . , Rf_ , from least to most advanced . Because several technologies may have the same sophistication , the highest rank in a function _Rf_ may be smaller than the number of possible technologies _Nf_ . We define the relative rank of a technology as _r_ ˆ _f_ = _Rrff − − _ 11 < sup > . Notethat < / sup > < sup > _r_ˆ < / sup > < sup > _f ∈ _ [ 0 < / sup > < sup > _ , _1 ] . Thetech - < / sup > nology sophistication of business function _f_ in firm _j_ is a monotonic increasing function of the relative rank of _the most widely used technology_ of firm _j_ in function _f_ ( _r_ ˆ _f , j_ ) . For example , our baseline sophistication measure is The technology sophistication measure is scaled between 1 and 5 . For example , if the firm is mostly using a frontier technology ( e . g . , ERP for business administration ) , it takes the value of 5 , while if it is mostly using the most rudimentary technology ( e . g . , handwritten processes for business administration ) , it takes the value of 1 . The information of the average index and its distribution across quintiles , combined with the standard deviation , provided in Table 1 may provide a good intuition of the specific technologies used by those firms . For example , the average of 1 . 1 for firms in Q1 with a standard deviation of 0 . 02 suggests that these firms are mostly relying on manual methods to perform GBFs with little variation among them . ( _17_ ) provides several robustness checks to show the measure", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS * * | AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome | | - - - | - - - | | AMREF | African Medical and Research Foundation | | CACC | Constituency AIDS Control Committee | | CfP | Call-for-Proposals | | CSO | Civil Society Organizations | | CVA | Compliance Verification Agent | | DFID | U . K . Department for International Development | | FMA | Financial Management Agent | | FY | Fiscal Year | | GFATM | Global Fund to Fight HIV and AIDS , TB and Malaria | | GOK | Government of Kenya | | IAD | Internal Audit Department | | M & E | Monitoring and Evaluation | | MOF | Ministry of Finance | | NACC | National AIDS Control Council | | PDO | Project Development Objective | | TB | Tuberculosis | | ToR | Terms Of Reference | | TOWA | Total War Against HIV and AIDS | | UN | United Nations | | UNAIDS | Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS | | UNFPA | United Nations Fund for Population Activities < br > | | UNGASS | United Nations General Assembly 26 < sup > th < / sup > Special Session Document | | UNICEF | United Nations Children ’ s Emergency Fund | | USAID | United States Agency for International Development | | VCT | Voluntary Counseling and Testing | | WB | World Bank | | WDI | World Development Indicators | | WHO | World Health Organization | | Regional Vice President : | Obiageli Katryn Ezekwesili | | - - - | - - - | | Country Director : | Johannes Zutt | | Sector Manager / Acting Director : < br > Task Team Leader : | Eva Jarawan / Tawhid Nawaz < br > Michael Mills |", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1258, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A . 4 : Validation with SICONFI data across years - payment # ( a ) Minas Gerais ( MG ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2014 2015 < br > 150 150 < br > 100 100 < br > 50 50 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > 2016 2017 < br > 200 200 < br > 150 150 < br > 100 100 < br > 50 50 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > 2018 2019 < br > 150 < br > 100 100 < br > 50 50 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > 2020 2021 < br > 200 200 < br > 150 150 < br > 100 100 < br > 50 50 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > % difference from SICONFI data - MG % difference from SICONFI data - MG < br > ( b ) Paraná ( PR ) < br > 2013 2014 < br > 80 < br > 40 < br > 60 < br > 30 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 20 10 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 43, "text": "SICONFI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "laptop computer is to / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 8 , 400 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-04-25 2020-05-04 2020-05-11 < br > conduct works at home Due < br > to Covid 19 . < br > NON CONSULTING SERVICES < br > Bid Evaluation < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method ApproachMarket ProcurementProcess Prequalification ( Y / N ) Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) ProcessStatus Draft Pre-qualificationDocuments Evaluation ReportPrequalification Draft BiddingJustificationDocument / Specific ProcurementNotice / Invitation Bidding Documentsas Issued Proposal Submission / Opening / Minutes Recommendation forReport and Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Award < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CONSULTING FIRMS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method ApproachMarket Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Amount ( US $ ) Actual Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Request for ProposalsShort List and Draft Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Technical Proposal Evaluation of Combined EvaluationReport and Draft Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Negotiated Contract < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > ET-DBE-116473-CS-CQS / Implementing of Biogas UserSurvey ( BUS ) / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 40 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 UnderI", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and land . c . In addition , tourists in direct transit ( that is , tourists that spend less than four hours in Panama and do not leave the airport ) have spent a further US $ 313 million in 2006 . This constitutes an additional 3 percent of the GDP of Panama Province . This brings total tourism expenditures for the whole country to 7 to 9 percent of the GDP . _Source : _ Authors ’ estimates from tourism survey data for the Tourism Satellite Accounts , 2008 . Tourism revenues have benefits beyond those accruing directly to hotel operators and employees , tour operators , restaurants and shops who sell goods and services to tourists . Incomes earned from these expenditures by tourists are typically spent at least in part on local goods and services , thereby further raising output and incomes . To the extent that local goods and services are elastic in supply and can thus expand in the face of increased demand , the multiplier effects of tourism ( or increases in other sector outputs ) can be substantial . province ( adjusting for the higher spending in Panama and Colon ) . The second method uses the estimated daily per capita expenditures by foreign tourists ( all tourists and tourists that only went to Panama and Colon ) and multiplies these expenditures by the cumulative number of days spent at each destination . This method can be described as a ― bottom-up ‖ approach while the previous method is ― top-down . ‖ Estimates using the second method result in the upper bound estimates of total tourist expenditures by province in Table 4 . Expenditures by tourists in direct transit ( not part of the TSA survey ) are assumed to occur in Panama Province and contribute a further 3 percent to its GDP . These results are shown in square brackets in Table 4 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 419, "text": "tourism survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 428, "end": 454, "text": "Tourism Satellite Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1624, "end": 1634, "text": "TSA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 : Dropout Rates by Income and Ability . * * | | | Abi | lity qui | ntile | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Total | | 5 + MW | 81 . 36 | 65 . 83 | 61 . 48 | 52 . 13 | 39 . 04 | 44 . 73 | | 3-5 MW | 74 . 23 | 69 . 44 | 62 . 21 | 57 . 86 | 43 . 77 | 51 . 33 | | 2-3 MW | 68 . 54 | 67 . 58 | 63 . 73 | 57 . 68 | 46 . 53 | 55 . 09 | | 1-2 MW | 71 . 59 | 66 . 64 | 62 . 21 | 57 . 66 | 50 . 56 | 57 . 82 | | _ < _1 MW | 69 . 04 | 67 . 95 | 61 . 34 | 55 . 94 | 50 . 30 | 58 . 71 | | Total | 70 . 99 | 67 . 44 | 62 . 37 | 56 . 96 | 45 . 84 | 54 . 36 | _Source_ : Calculations based on SPADIES for students from the 2006 entry cohort ( first semester ) . _Notes_ : Each cell reports percent of students from a given income bracket and ability quintile who drop out of their bachelor ’ s program . A student is classified as a dropout if she does not graduate within eight years . Income is reported in brackets ; MW = monthly minimum wage . Ability is reported in quintiles of standardized Saber 11 scores . Quintile 1 is the lowest . early as in year 1 — is a powerful predictor of final outcomes . This point is further illustrated in panel b , which classifies students into tiers by the end of year 1 . Consistent with panel a , it shows the strong predictive power of early performance — as explained by the next stylized", "spans": [{"start": 642, "end": 662, "text": "SPADIES for students", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 . 00 | # * * Overall Comments IR * * This is an interim ISR . Ratings will be updated in a full ISR following completion of restructuring and in-depth review of the project status . The full ISR will be processed by July 30 , 2022 . # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 6 / 23 / 2022 Page 5 of 6", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 313, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "different age groups and demographic subgroups , such as by region , state , rural-urban , north-south and gender given the data availability . < sup > 6 < / sup > Table 1 : Definitions used to identify severe deprivations from GHS and MICS datasets | Deprivations | Definition | | - - - | - - - | | Severe Food Deprivation | “ children whose heights [ or ] ( . . . ) weights for their age [ or < br > weight for height ] were more than – 3 standard deviations < br > below the median of the international reference < br > population , that is , severe anthropometric failure ” < sup > 7 < / sup > | | Severe Health Deprivation | “ children who had not been immunised against any < br > diseases ” < sup > 8 < / sup > | | Severe Education Deprivation | “ children aged between ( . . . ) [ 5 and 17 ] who had never < br > been to school and were not currently attending school < br > ( noprofessional education of anykind ) ” < sup > 9 < / sup > | | Severe Safe Drinking Water Deprivation | “ children who only had access to surface water ( for < br > example , rivers ) for drinking or who lived in households < br > where the nearest source of water was more than 15 < br > minutes away ( indicators of severe deprivation of water < br > qualityorquantity ) ” | | Severe Sanitation Facilities Deprivation | “ children who had no access to a toilet of any kind in the < br > vicinity of their dwelling , that is , no private or communal < br > toilets or latrines ” < sup > 10 < / sup > | | Severe Shelter Deprivation | “ children in dwellings with more than five people per < br > room ( severe overcrowding ) or with no flooring material < br > ( for example , a mud floor ) ” < sup > 11 < / sup > | | Severe Information Deprivation | “ children aged between ( .", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 231, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 236, "end": 249, "text": "MICS datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * consultants * * | > = 0 . 5 | Les justifications pour < br > l ’ entente directe devront < br > | | * * Entente * * < br > * * directe / Consultants * * < br > * * individuel * * | > = 0 . 2 | être jointes et approuvées < br > avec le PPM | | * * Méthode Compétitive * * < br > * * ( Comparaison de CVs ) / * * < br > * * Consultants individuels * * | > = 0 . 2 | | * * 2 . Liste restreinte composée entièrement de firmes nationales : * * La liste restreinte de consultants pour les prestations d ’ études d ’ ingénierie , de contrôle et de surveillance estimées à moins de 300 , 000 US $ par contrat , et pour tout autre type de prestations , estimées à moins de 100 000 US $ par contrat , peut comporter entièrement de consultants nationaux en conformité avec les dispositions des Règlements de Passation des marchés . , et l ’ Emprunteur ne procède pas à une publication dans UNDB * * 3 . Autre arrangement spécial de Sélection de consultants : Le seuil pour l ’ utilisation * * de la méthode de sélection de consultant fondée sur les qualifications des consultants est déterminé au cas par cas en tenant compte de la nature et de la complexité de la mission ; cependant , ce seuil ne devrait pas dépasser la contre-valeur de USD 300 , 000 sauf dans des cas exceptionnels telles des situations d ’ urgence en conformité au R", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| 2 | 1 | 34 | 2 | 5 | 20 | 64 | 10 . 4 | | 2 . 0-2 . 49 | 2 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 15 | 67 | 10 . 9 | | 2 . 5-2 . 99 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 20 | 3 . 3 | | 3 . 0-3 . 49 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 19 | 3 . 1 | | 3 . 5-3 . 99 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 1 . 1 | | 4 . 0-4 . 49 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 . 1 | | 4 . 5-4 . 99 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 . 3 | | 5 . 0 & | | | | | | | | | | above | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 2 . 3 | | Missing | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 1 . 5 | | * * Total * * | * * 36 * * | * * 9 * * | * * 285 * * | * * 11 * * | * * 30 * * | * * 242 * * | * * 613 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Census enumeration January 2025_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 2 Grazing land Ownership * * Given the crucial role of livestock and dairy products as one of the key livelihood strategies , ownership of grazing land is paramount importance within the Subproject impact area . Based on the census survey results excluding absentee PAHs , a total of 259 ( or 42 . 9 % ) of the households reported to have privately owned grazing land", "spans": [{"start": 904, "end": 949, "text": "census survey results excluding absentee PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "” and mistakenly reported a language they knew how to speak . Further , it is possible for younger individuals living in a cosmopolitan urban setting such as Karachi not to speak the native language associated with their ethnic identity . The literature also suggests that individuals might choose to misrepresent their identity , consciously or subconsciously , for security concerns , politics , social identity , self-understanding or other reasons ( see discussion in Taş et al . , 2014 ) . With these caveats in mind , most respondents in the sample , 77 percent , reported Urdu as their native language , and thus were assigned to the Muhajir ethnic group . > 8 At the beginning of the survey , some questions were not coded as compulsory and thus , some participants did not complete all the survey questions . These observations were later dropped to maintain consistency across the samples used for the analysis . > 9 Age was self-reported , and the facilitators did not check identity cards . It is possible for the sample age range to be wider than 18-30 years if the clustering of respondents at the two tails is caused by those younger than 18-years-old overstating their age and those older than 30-years-old understating their age to participate in the study . > 10 World Development Indicators ( WDI ) , World Bank , 2018 . > 11 Household Integrated Economic Survey ( HIES ) 2015-16 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1281, "end": 1309, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1345, "end": 1381, "text": "Household Integrated Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 | 37 . 00 | 64 . 00 | 30 . 00 | | Date < br > 30-Jun-2016 | 31-Aug-2020 | 01-Jun-2021 | 31-Mar-2022 | | IN00926937 < br > ► Additional volume of storage capacity established th | rough the project ( MT ) ( Metric t | on , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 33 , 497 . 00 | 42 , 714 . 00 | 45 , 000 . 00 | | Date < br > 30-Jun-2016 | 31-Aug-2020 | 01-Jun-2021 | 31-Mar-2022 | | Comments * * : * * < br > The indicator report < br > area . < br > At the MTR stage , t < br > commodity as follo < br > ( n = 12 ) = 120MT an < br > total storage capaci | s the average storage capacity < br > he total average storage capac < br > ws : Cassava ( n = 8 ) = 92MT , Bea < br > d Rice ( n = 11 ) = 190MT . Up to 1 < br > ty of 33 , 497MT . | established by ACDP-supp < br > ity established in the projec < br > ns ( n = 9 ) = 146MT , Coffee < br > 02 ACCEs were supported | orted ACCEs in the project < br > t area disaggregated by < br > ( n = 25 ) = 171MT , Maize < br > to establish stores with a | | IN00926938 < br > ► Functional national platform for exchange of market < br > ( # yes ) ( Yes / No , Custom ) | information and negotiation bet | ween ACCEs and", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 497, "text": "indicator report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To consider this possibility , we performed similar panel regressions , but with goods grouped at their highest level of disaggregation : 4 - and 6-digits . Even at the highest level of disaggregation , which resulted in 1232 commodity groups and 65315 observations in the fixedeffects negative binomial panel regression , the coefficient estimates for lnGDP per capita and lnGDP per capita squared were 13 . 22 and – 0 . 77 , which are well within the confidence intervals from the pooled regression . We also performed the same tests with the SITC data , performing a fixed effects negative binomial regression with industry panels at the highest level of disaggregation ( 3-digits , 64 products per country ) . Both the 1990s cross-section and the pooled 1970s , 1980s and 1990s data had tipping points extremely similar to those of the pooled estimations reported in Table 5 ( $ 4656 compared to $ 4765 , and $ 3478 compared to $ 4278 , respectively ) . These findings are quite robust across data types and time periods . Therefore , unless one can assert that even at these highly disaggregated levels , the different commodity classifications do not represent goods requiring significantly different factors of production , the conclusion holds : the factor-endowments analysis of production across income levels is not closely related with discovery , and developing countries are not limited to discoveries in certain sectors based on their level of development . We now turn to the third theoretical perspective on the discovery process - - the role of market failures . # * * 6 . Discovery and the Role of Market Failures * * As discussed in section 2 , we have proposed a framework for evaluating the importance of market failures in the discovery process . We will add to the basic model variables that are 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9911 # * * Abstract * * The Philippines was among the most infected countries in East Asia at the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak . This study analyzes how international trade on various margins was affected by the country ’ s own lockdown policies and those of trading partners . Using a monthly series of product-by-country data for the period from January 2019 to December 2020 and an event study design , the paper shows that domestic lockdown measures did not affect international trade but external lockdowns affected both ex - ports and imports . The introduction of lockdown measures by trading partners affected imports more than exports , leading to 7 and 56 percent monthly average drops in export and import values , respectively . Restrictions on internal movements and international travel controls in partner countries were responsible for the drop in exports . The slump in imports was because of workplace closure , stayat-home requirements , restrictions on internal movement , and international travel controls by trading partners of the Philip - pines . Intermediate goods were the key driver of the drop in imports following foreign lockdowns , reflecting supply disruptions in backward global value chain participation . At the same time , exports of intermediate goods were more resilient to the lockdown policies . Finally , both exports and imports were more affected at the extensive margin than the intensive margin , as lockdown measures hindered interactions among people , in turn reducing the potential of businesses to create new relationships and launch new products in foreign markets . Overall , diversified and geographically dispersed suppliers can help countries adjust better to future disruptions . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at amontfaucon @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 359, "text": "monthly series of product-by-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . 4 The Study Sites * * In order to illuminate the socio-economic context of each of the study sites , provincial sociodemographic and economic data were retrieved from a range of sources . # # # # # * * KABUL PROVINCIAL PROFILE ( High-sending , Hazara-majority Area ) * * The province of Kabul is located in the Central Region of Afghanistan . Children under the age of 15 represent close to 44 % of the population of Kabul . < sup > 21 < / sup > The poverty rate in the province is 23 . 1 % , almost 13 % lower than that of the entire country . The province ’ s unemployment rate is 10 . 7 % , which is above the national average of 7 . 9 % . < sup > 22 < / sup > Nevertheless , Kabul Province ’ s underemployment rate of 18 . 9 % is way below that of the entire country ( 48 . 2 % ) . The literacy rate in the province ( 46 . 8 % ) and female literacy rate of 30 . 2 % are higher than the respective national averages of 25 % and 11 . 4 % . < sup > 23 < / sup > With regard to access to land , Kabul ranks amongst the lowest of all the provinces . < sup > 24 < / sup > In relation to security , Kabul is usually considered to be safer and more stable than other provinces , although security incidents do occur . < sup > 25 < / sup > The province has seen a number of suicide attacks directed at international organisations , military convoys , and civilian areas . < sup > 26 < / sup > In 2011 , 94 % of civilian deaths in Kabul occurred as a result of suicide attacks . < sup > 27 < / sup > Anti-Government Elements deliberately targeted and killed civilians not taking a direct part in hostilities and also intensified campaigns", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 158, "text": "provincial sociodemographic and economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is currently one standard deviation below steady-state income will require about 23 years to close the gap at a convergence rate of 2 percent per year ( Gennaioli et al . 2014 ) . In this paper , we investigate whether labor productivity converged across Brazil ’ s states ( “ departments ” ) between 2002 and 2018 . During the sample period , our findings show strong evidence of unconditional regional convergence in which states with lower initial levels of labor productivity experienced substantially faster labor productivity growth . Additionally , the convergence rate is faster for the period 2002-10 compared with the 2010-18 period . The convergence rate is particularly strong in agriculture , extractives , and manufacturing . These findings also hold when controlling state and industry fixed effects as well as states ’ initial poverty rate , human capital , per capita tax collection , and infrastructure . This paper is related to the literature on convergence , especially regional convergence . It is related to Gennaioli et al . ( 2014 ) , who show that regional convergence is relatively faster than crosscountry convergence but generally slower than expected using a large sample of countries , including Brazil . We complement their findings by focusing on labor productivity ( rather than per capita income ) and using a matched employer-employee dataset . Unlike Azzoni and Castro ( 2023 ) who provide evidence of stronger convergence across states of Brazil only during periods of economic crisis ( 2008 and 2014 ) and show that periods of better aggregate growth are linked with increasing regional dispersion , our results generally show evidence of regional convergence between 2002 and 2018 . Our results also contribute to country case studies on regional inequality that account for the sectoral dimension ( e . g . , Kinfemichael and Morshed 2019a ; Iacovone et al . 2015 ) . The rest of this paper is organized as follows . Section 2 provides a brief survey of the evidence on the patterns and drivers of convergence from cross-country and country case studies . Section 3 presents the main data sources and summary statistics on labor productivity , poverty rate , and geographic concentration of different sectors . It then introduces the test used to detect if", "spans": [{"start": 1345, "end": 1378, "text": "matched employer-employee dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appro < br > * * YPE OF STRUCTURE * * < br > * * ffected * * < br > * * NATURE OF MATER * * < br > * * Wall * * < br > * * Roof * * < br > 1 . Main house < br > 2 . Kitchen < br > 3 . Store < br > 4 . Fixed Business shed < br > 5 . Mobile business shed < br > 6 . Goat shed < br > 7 . Poultryhouse < br > * * DISCLO * * | Telephone < br > Gender < br > Age < br > * * ( VMG ) ) * * < br > Answer < br > am that supports the aged and < br > in the recent month < br > * * uare meters ) … … … … … … … … … … … . * * < br > priately < br > * * IAL * * < br > * * Size in * * < br > * * sqft * * < br > * * GPS * * < br > * * cordinates * * < br > * * PHOTO * * < br > * * NUMBER . * * < br > * * Floor * * < br > * * SURE COPY * * | # * * < u > Demographic Data of PAP < / u > * * # * * < u > Vulnerability ( Marginalized and Vulnerable Groups ( VMG ) ) < / u > * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > No Vulnerable Parameter < br > Is the HH headed by child under 18yrs < br > Is the HH headed by a disabled Person < br > Is the HH headed a chronic ill person < br > Is the HH headed by elderly over 65yrs < br > Is the HH enrolled to government social program that supports the aged and < br > VMG ? < br > Did the HH business /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 446 | 06-Sep-2024 | 165 , 446 | Mar / 2025 | | Displaced people and people in < br > host communities provided < br > with services and livelihoods – < br > Youth ( Number ofpeople ) CRI | 0 < br > Oct / 2019 | 165 , 446 | 06-Sep-2024 | 165 , 446 | Mar / 2025 | | Displaced people and people in < br > host communities provided < br > with services and livelihoods – < br > Female ( Number of people ) < br > CRI | 0 < br > Oct / 2019 | 72 , 236 | 06-Sep-2024 | 72 , 236 | Mar / 2025 | | IR Indicator 8 . 1 : Gross enrollment | 67 . 00 < br > Sep / 2019 | 53 . 70 | 01-Aug-2024 | 80 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | rate of refugee primary education in < br > Afar , Benishangul-Gumuz , Somali , | Comments on achieving targets | ( M = 59 . 5 and F = 47 . 7 ) < br > ( Afar = 7 . 6 , BG = 104 . 6 , | Gambella = 56 . 9 | & Somali = 43 . 0 ) | | | Gambella and Amhara ( Percentage ) | | ( For Grades 1-6 ) | | | | Page 21 of 31 May 25 , 2025", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "then cash transfer programs or programs enhancing the delivery of basic services facilitating investments in physical and human capital are likely to be the most appropriate . The 4Ps program in the Philippines is a prime example of a cash transfer program aimed at addressing chronic or poverty-induced vulnerability . In contrast , if vulnerability is primarily “ risk induced ” ( i . e . , high uninsured income fluctuations ) then an insurance type of program may be needed to increase resilience . The insurance provided would allow households to make production and investment choices based on their expected returns rather than the potential implications of these investments on welfare . Extending some of the ideas of Hill and Porter ( 2017 ) , the analytic framework adopted is operationally useful and complementary to the _Listahanan_ Proxy Means Test ( PMT ) as well as as the ( PMT + ) approach summarized by Mills , Del Ninno and Leite ( 2015 ) in their survey of effective targeting mechanisms in Africa ( Del Ninno and Mills , 2015 ) . In short , the approach adopted for identifying the vulnerable consists of the following three steps : * * Step 1 : * * The mean PCE of households is estimated by a linear regression model that summarizes household welfare at any given point in time as a function household observed characteristics and the recent typhoon shock experienced . Specifically , household welfare at any given time is specified by the equation below : where ln hb denotes the log of real or cost-of-living-adjusted per capita expenditures ( PCE ) defined by the ratio the nominal , . of household _h_ , in barangay or cluster _b , _ in year _t_ , in bb semester CC _s_ , adjusted by the Consumer Price Index in province in year _t_ , in semester hkkbb _s_ , hb denotes household observable characteristics , such as age and education level of the PPCCPP ppb CCPPCC pp household head , the total number , age and gender composition of household members , bb ownership of assets such as livestock , phone radio , TV etc . , characteristics of the household XX residence including type and quality of water and sanitation facilities , main", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 1019, "text": "survey of effective targeting mechanisms in Africa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) # # _Tracking girls at risk of dropping out and facilitating the reentry of out-of-school teenage mothers_ 44 . The MoE has embarked on a government wide inter-agency initiative that aims to mobilize communities and parents to re-enroll Out-of-School Children ( OOSC ) , and to retain enrolled learners in school . < sup > 37 < / sup > The effort targets about fifteen counties < sup > 38 < / sup > where the number of OOSC is reported to be highest . The Program , through the IPF Component , will support MoE initiative to review strategies for each region and to identify any gaps in interventions . Several DPs have initiated activities for the OOSC . Tracking of girls at risk of dropping out will be facilitated by mandating that gender specific actions be incorporated into SIPs for grant allocation . Another important gender specific action will be the establishment of support mechanisms for the reentry of enrolled out-of-school girls who dropped out due to pregnancy . 45 . * * RA 3 : Strengthen Capacity for Implementing Initiated Reforms * * * * _ . _ * * This RA will strengthen fidelity of implementation of initiated reforms to improve learning for all . The success of these key reforms , the major one of which is rollout of the CBC and CBA in basic education , will require complementary actions in several critical areas . The first action pertains to better utilization of NEMIS data for filling information gaps in CBC implementation , specifically in respect of the allocation of capitation grants , mapping of school needs , and development budget allocations . The second action is capacity strengthening of the teacher training colleges to ensure that their graduates have acquired the core competencies including retooling of tutors and establishment of ICT enabled learning resource centers , to ensure teachers , to implement the CBC and CBA . The third action to establish standards and", "spans": [{"start": 1475, "end": 1485, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix A : Calculating Earnings * * Self-employment income was calculated in the weekly survey by summing the responses to the questions “ How much of that money was for work you did over the past 7 days ? ” ( the follow-up to the question “ How much money have you received over the past 7 days ? ” ) and “ How much more do / did you expect to receive for the work you did over the past week ? Please do not include money that you received over the past week . ” Reported costs were then subtracted from these revenues , using the answer to the question “ How much were the costs for only the past 7 days ( if the costs are for a machine for example , only include the cost of using the machine for a week ) ” , which was the follow-up to the question “ Did you have any costs for goods or equipment that were needed for your work over the past week ? ” . Wage employment income was calculated by multiplying days of work by the respondent ’ s usual daily wage rate , as calculated from the baseline reports of their usual weekly pay “ On average , how much do you earn ( or , if in kind , what is the value of what you earn ) in your primary job , in a week ? ” divided by their usual days of work , given by their response to the question “ How many days do you work in your primary job during a normal week ? ” unless the respondent answered yes to the question “ Since the last interview , did the way that you calculate the amount of work you get paid for change ? ” If so , they were asked for the earnings in this new job in a normal week , and this rate was multiplied by the number of days worked that week to the calculate earnings . Note that this calculation means that workers who are paid less frequently than on a weekly basis – 73 percent of wage workers – are assigned the fraction of their weekly pay that corresponds to the number", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 102, "text": "weekly survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ratio , would also be drastically affected by such adjustments . Measuring inequality globally using the top-adjusted distributions also results in a much higher level of global inequality , with the top income adjustment increasing the global 32 For example , in a country where poverty is estimated to be 30 percent in an unadjusted survey , and we expand the distribution by adding 10 percent of the population to adjust for missing people the top , the poverty rate would fall to 27 . 2 percent . Since the method only adds a rather small share of people to the distribution , the effect on aggregate poverty measures is small . 33 We apply the Chandy and Seidel ( 2017b ) method by adding a top segment to the Lorenz curve from the survey distribution and thank the authors for providing the replication code to implement this . 25", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 341, "text": "unadjusted survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . Planning and budgeting * * # # # # * * 3 . 1 . 1 . Adequacy of budgets * * 19 . _Budget preparation_ : Both at Federal and Regional levels , plan and budget is prepared based on the respective Financial Administration Proclamations , Directives and manuals . The budget circular issued by MoF and BoFs incorporates guideline on the preparation of the annual budget and indicative ceilings for recurrent and capital expenditures . The recommended budget is submitted to Council of Ministers , regions and woreda cabinets for endorsement . The final budget is approved by parliament ( at Federal level ) and by regional and woreda councils . At all visited entities , the EFY 2011 budget was prepared in line with the budget calendar . Budget for the year was timely approved by parliament and region and woreda councils . The approved budget was notified timely to BIs except at SNNPR which delayed by a month in notifying the EFY 2011 budget to BoA and Regional Agricultural Research Institute ( RARI ) , while Hadya and Sidama ZoFs delayed notifying the budget to the visited woredas by 3 months . This has impact on timely utilization of the budget and service delivery . Furthermore , inadequate operation budget at visited woredas ( especially in SNNPR ) was noted . This was mainly due to under collection of own sources of revenue than planned . Major portion of the operation budget is planned to be financed from own source of the revenue whereas treasury budget is mainly allocated to salary . Inadequate operating budget has impact on results as the monitoring activities are not well performed by development agents . The risk mitigating measure proposed is for the government to have earmarked budget allocated to implementing entities to avoid risks of non-delivery on the required results . 20 . _Budget control and utilization : _ Once the recurrent and capital budget is split by program , institution and item of expenditures , it is recorded in the IBEX , and manual budget control ledger . Each request of", "spans": [{"start": 1971, "end": 1975, "text": "IBEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1982, "end": 2010, "text": "manual budget control ledger", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ( 2013 ) all find that official recommendations are too generic ( typically at a state or country level ) to account for local soil heterogeneity . Smallholder farmers in the developing world typically fertilize using average recommendations , with no information on which elements are most needed , and primarily use urea and DAP . Ours appears to be the first paper to compare plot to cluster level recommendations using field experimental evidence . Finally , we contribute to the literature on autonomy , which has emphasized both its intrinsic as well as its instrumental value on participatory decision-making ( broadly construed ) , compliance ( Malesky and Taussig , 2019 ; Dal Bó et al . , 2010 ) , effort ( Sjöström et al . , 2018 ) and productivity ( e . g . Black and Lynch , 2001 ; Bonin et al . , 1993 ; Spector , 1986 ) . Using observational data from an agricultural context , Bardhan ( 2000 ) finds that Indian farmers are less likely to violate irrigation rules when they themselves have crafted those rules . The reactance literature in psychology ( Wicklund , 1974 ; Fitzsimons and Lehmann , 2004 ) argues that recommendations by experts may backfire as agents purposefully try to contradict them . We show that providing autonomy in the decision to follow expert advice may in fact lead to higher adherence in the > 14They study Tanzania , where fertilizer usage is low ( less than 1 percent of study farmers had used fertilizer at baseline ) and thus the recommendations suggest substantial increases in input use . 5", "spans": [{"start": 845, "end": 863, "text": "observational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assessment summarizes national regulatory frameworks and procurement practices at the beginning of June 2017 . Most BRI countries would benefit from improved PPP regulatory frameworks . Project preparation and implementation are the areas that have the most room for improvement across both groups . In these areas , LIDCs are below 50 percent of internationally recognized best practice , while EMs have higher average scores across all PPP project cycle stages . There are also significant variations within the country groups , with countries with highest vulnerability levels faring worse across all dimensions of the assessment ( Figure 20 ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 20 . Quality of PPP Regulatory Framework < br > ( Median level of groups of countries with the same level of debt vulnerability ) < br > LIDCs EMs < br > 80 100 < br > 64 64 < br > 60 80 68 73 < br > 45 49 46 48 60 58 < br > 60 52 50 < br > 40 35 33 < br > 24 40 < br > 20 < br > 20 < br > 0 0 < br > High Medium Low High scrutiny Low < br > Preparation stage Procurement stage Preparation stage Procurement stage < br > Implementation stage MIN Implementation stage MIN < br > MAX < br > Strength of Regulatory Framework Strength of Regulatory Framework < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : The World Bank Procuring Infrastructure PPPs 2018 scores ; staff estimates for LICs / MACs Many important elements remain unknown and require a country-specific approach . Pre-existing debt vulnerabilities and recipient countries ’ exposure to shocks need to be carefully accounted for in designing financing strategies . Important elements of the analysis also include the countries ’ available type of financing , the level of public investment efficiency , the absorptive capacity , revenue mobilization and access to international and domestic borrowing . For this reason , the paper outlines also the macroeconomic implications that would guide the assessment of the impact of large BRI project on debt sustainability and fiscal risks . Debt sustainability is a major anchor of fiscal policy , underpinning the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are often individual high speed water tankers in use by SPSPs typically had a holding diesel generators , or simple photovoltaic ( solar panel ) capacity of nine cubic meters . Many had been systems . - * * Mobile distributors * * Across all countries studied , - water tankers in use by SPSPs typically had a holding capacity of nine cubic meters . Many had been purchased second-hand and may have transported other goods in the past . # * * 4 . 3 Staffing * * Most SPSPs have flat structures with less than two layers between management and the client . Many owner / managers know their clients and are therefore considered more responsive by consumers . Most SPSPs reviwed in the literature had fewer than 50 employees — the majority of the reports for which employment patterns were detailed indicated that there were fewer than 10 employees ( see Table 7 ) . However , despite their small scale , SPSPs can play an important role in job creation . Data on water-supply vending activity in five cities ( Port-au-Prince in Haiti , Dakar in Senegal , Nouakchott in Mauritania , Kayes in Mali and Bobo Diaulasso in Burkina Faso ) , indicates that the number of people employed in vending activities represents two to four per thousand people , or 1 to 3 percent of regular jobs in those cities [ Water and Sanitation Program , 2000 ] . # # * * Table 7 . Typical Staffing Profile of SPSPs * * - * * < u > < mark > Water Electricity < / mark > < / u > * * - • The number of staff typically employed by SPSPs • * * Grids or networked systems : * * The Cambodia Rural involved in water supply ranges from two to four Energy Enterprise survey is one of the few pieces of employees , for * * PNOs * * serving fewer than 800 research that has sampled staffing questions for households . The owner is typically the manager and electricity SPSPs . There , the average number of fulleither relies on family members or employs a handful time employees per SPSP was found to be three , with a of additional staff on", "spans": [{"start": 953, "end": 990, "text": "Data on water-supply vending activity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1614, "end": 1638, "text": "Energy Enterprise survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Project Safety Impact ( PSI ) is 0 . 87 , suggesting improved safety due to planned interventions . Measures include road signs , traffic-calming features , pavement markings , and island delineation . Four roundabouts will get updated signage and markings , and bus laybys will have raised pedestrian islands . Pedestrian crossings with solar lights will be placed at schools , trading centers , and towns . Alongside 4 . 1 km of existing guardrails , 1 . 3 km more are proposed . Hazard marker plates will be installed on culverts , and rural curves with a radius under 500 m will be marked with delineators . The design prioritizes protection of motorcyclists and pedestrians , who represent most road traffic fatalities in Uganda . # # _Economic Analysis_ 52 . * * The average economic internal rate of return ( EIRR ) of the road investments is 34 . 6 % , and the total net present value ( NPV ) is US $ 299 . 1 million . * * The individual EIRR results indicate that all roads are economically viable . For the proposed roads , the direct road user benefits and emissions reduction benefits from the improved road condition are evaluated using Highway Development and Maintenance Model Version Four ( HDM-4 ) . The evaluation period is 23 years ( 20 years after a 3-year construction period ) , with a 12 % social discount rate . Measured benefits include Vehicle Operating Costs ( VOC ) reduction , travel time reduction , road safety , and greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions . VOC accounts for over 90 % of the entire benefit . Road safety economic benefits of US $ 6 million NPV were added based on the RSSAT results . Costs include construction costs ( reconstruction to AC surface with asphalt base for areas without geometrical restrictions ) and routine and periodic maintenance costs . Sensitivity analysis was conducted for the mix of 20 % increase in costs and 20 % decrease in demand , and the results confirmed the Project ’ s economic viability . 53 . * * The economic", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Latinobarómetro Corporation conducts the annual study to determine individual perceptions on socioeconomic and political issues in Latin American countries . Covering 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean , the survey is the largest regional database on citizen attitudes towards democracy . It obtains representative national samples using a stratified random sampling process that is weighted to reflect each country ’ s population . The latest available survey data was released in October 2021 and comprises 20 , 204 observations that represent more than 600 million inhabitants in the region . Unfortunately , it does not include most of the insular countries in the region , such as Haiti , Trinidad and Tobago , and other small islands in the Caribbean . The fieldwork was largely carried out face-to-face between October 26 and December 15 , 2020 . The only exception was Argentina , where interviews were conducted virtually between April 26 and May 16 , 2021 , because of local conditions related to the Covid-19 pandemic ( Latinobarómetro Corporation 2021 ) . In ten South American countries along with Mexico , samples of 1 , 200 representative cases were taken of citizens aged 18 and over ( 16 years in Brazil ) , and 1 , 000 cases in the six countries of Central America and in the Dominican Republic . The 2020 survey comprises a single questionnaire containing 81 questions on perceptions and 30 questions on socioeconomic status . Trust in government is one of the independent variables of this study . The survey inquired about respondents ’ trust in governmental institutions like the national government , the judiciary , congress , and the national electoral body . All these variables are used simultaneously as explanatory variables . We focus on institutional trust rather than generalized support for the system as a whole or confidence in specific leaders . We include also interpersonal trust in the measurement of social trust . The dependent variable in this study is citizen participation , which can take the form of signing a petition , taking part in authorized demonstrations , and working to resolve problems facing the community . Because trust may interact differently with each of these , we will investigate the relationship between trust and all three types of participation separately .", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 478, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1332, "end": 1343, "text": "2020 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SUDAN ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE | | Unit | * * Sudan * * < br > Resource-rich < br > countries < br > * * 2009 * * < br > * * Mid-2000s * * | Low-income < br > countries < br > * * Mid-2000s * * | Middle-income < br > countries < br > * * Mid-2000s * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Open defecation | % pop | 43 < br > 28 | 38 . 3 | 11 | | | | * * 2005 * * < br > * * Mid-2000s * * | * * Mid-2000s * * | * * Mid-2000s * * | | Domestic water consumption | liter / capita / day | 53 < br > 115 | 50 . 9 | 196 | | Revenue collection | % sales | 64 < br > 60 | 94 . 1 | 99 | | Distribution losses | % production | 40 < br > 40 | 34 . 8 | 29 | | Cost recovery | % total costs | 62 < br > 67 | 89 . 5 | 86 | | Operating-cost recovery | % operating costs | 86 < br > 94 | 125 . 2 | 121 | | Labor productivity | connections per employee | 93 < br > 96 | 175 . 9 | 203 | | Total hidden costs | % of revenue | 121 < br > 194 | | 67 | | | | * * Scarce water * * < br > * * resources * * < br > * * S * * | * * udan * * | * * Other * * < br > * * developing * * < br > * * regions * * | | Average effective tariff | U . S . cents per m3 | 60 | 57 | 3 – 60 | _Source : _ Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) and AICD water and sanitation utilities database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1195, "end": 1224, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1237, "end": 1281, "text": "AICD water and sanitation utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "S / C < br > onsultancy Services for the D < br > evelopment of Surveillance S < br > ystem DHIS2 Tracker | < br > IDA / 65030 | Public Health Assets | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Limite | d | | 74 , 433 . 33 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2021-11-08 < br > 2022-03-04 | 2021-11-22 | | | | 2021-12-22 | 2022-01-26 | 2 | 022-0 | 7-25 | | ZM-MOH-139350-CS-CQS / P < br > rovision of consultancy servic < br > es for the Development of M < br > & E Tools | < br > IDA / 65040 | Project Management | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Open | - Nati | onal | 9 , 387 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2021-06-07 < br > 2021-06-28 | 2021-08-11 | | | | 2021-09-10 | 2021-10-15 | 2 | 022-0 | 4-13 | | ZM-MOH-318996-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services for Proj < br > ect Management for the desi < br > gn and Supervision of the Co < br > nstruction of a Building Com < br > plex Including Offices , BSL-3 < br > Laboratory and Ancillary Buil < br > dings for ZNPHI / RCC . | IDA / 65030 | Public Health Assets | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open < br > l | - Inte | rnationa | 491 , 429 . 00 | 0 . 00", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 105, "text": "DHIS2 Tracker", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia Women Entrepreneurship Development Project ( P122764 ) # * * The World Bank * * | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | IN00683483 < br > ► Increase in General Business Knowledge ( Perc | entage , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 63 . 79 | 63 . 79 | 79 . 00 | | Date < br > 01-Nov-2014 | 02-Nov-2017 | 15-May-2019 | 31-Dec-2017 | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > O | riginal | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P122764 | IDA-51120 | Effective | USD | 50 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 46 . 42 | 1 . 31 | 97 % | | P122764 | TF-16392 | Closed | USD | 5 . 17 | 5 . 17 | 0 . 00 | 5 . 17 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # i OPM and UNHCR : Uganda Refugee Statistics , August 2022 : https : / / unh . cr / 6335f8da15 # # # # # # iihttps : / / www . unhcr . org / refugee-statistics / iii Adjumani , Isingiro , Kampala , Kamwenge , Kikuube , Kiryandongo , Koboko , Kyegegwa , Lamwo , Madi Okollo & Terego , Obongi and Yumbe iv UNHCR et al . ( 2020 ) . Analysis of refugee vulnerabilities in Uganda . v World Bank . 2019 . Informing the Refugee Policy Response in Uganda . Results from the Uganda Refugee and Host Communities . 2018 Household Survey . viAs of March 2021 , there were 29 Vocational Training Institutes ( VTIs ) located in RHDs , with two districts not having any vocational / technical schools . Only 1 , 820 refugees and 2 , 091 nationals were enrolled in TVET in the refugee-hosting subcounties , which translates to 0 . 4 % and 0 . 8 % of the 13 – 24-year-old target population of the refugees and the nationals . XXVII", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 55, "text": "Uganda Refugee Statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 477, "end": 536, "text": "Uganda Refugee and Host Communities . 2018 Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Cross-Country Growth Regressions ” . The American Economic Review 82 ( 4 ) : 942-963 . Mensah , A . , Hutchet-Bourdon , M , and Latruffe , L . ( 2014 ) . « Infrastructure Access and Household Welfare in rural Ghana ” . _African Development Review_ 26 ( 3 ) : 508-519 . Narayan , A . , Vander Weide , R . , Cojocaru , A . , Lakner , C . , Redaelli , S . , Mahler , D . , Ramasubbaiah , R . , and Thewissen , S . ( 2018 ) . _Fair Progress ? Economic Mobility Across Generations Around the World_ , Equity and Development . Washington : The World Bank . Prydz , E . , Jolliffe , D . and Serajuddin , U . ( 2022 ) . “ Disparities in Assessments of Living Standards Using National Accounts and Household Surveys ” . _The Review of Income and Wealth_ 68 ( S2 ) : S385S418 . Ram , R . ( 2011 ) . “ Growth elasticity of poverty : Direct estimates from recent data ” . _Applied Economics_ 43 ( 19 ) . Ravallion , M . ( 2001 ) . “ Growth , Inequality and Poverty : Looking Beyond Averages . _World Development_ 29 ( 11 ) : 1803-1815 . Ravallion , M . ( 2003 ) . “ Measuring Aggregate Welfare in Developing Countries : How Well Do National Accounts and Surveys Agree ? ” . _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ 85 ( 3 ) : 645-652 . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- d . Avoid the need to resort to judicial proceedings , unless the complainant decides that the process provided has failed . # * * 7 . 3 Description of the project GRM broad protocols * * 83 . The project complaints handling mechanism does not replace the functional legal and country mechanisms , but provides a system for managing project level complaints to ensure they are identified early , mitigated and addressed where legal action is not yet warranted , and enables project improvements to prevent further complaints . All staff are responsible for the functioning of the GRM in order to improve project outcomes , and should forward complaints whenever they come across them . Complaints may be raised formally or informally and all should be acknowledged by the person receiving them , referred to the appropriate focal points for logging ( county and national levels ) , follow-up and resolution . The following actions will continue to be used and strengthened to manage complaints for this project . - a . Complaints should be sent to the GRM Focal Person in the facility or County Grievance Redress Focal Person or Social Safeguards Officer at the PMT level by email , telephone ( Call or SMS ) , letter or in person . The complaints handling email < u > grievance @ cherproject . com , telephone contacts ( 0795884577 ) and hotline number < / u > ( ones operational ) should continue to be disseminated widely to stakeholders including county level and should be displayed on the MOH website . The complaints should be collated onto a complaints form and logged into the complaints register or tracker ( for the PMT level ) . - b . The Social Safeguards team will receive and document complaints on behalf of the PMT . Complaints received will be channeled to the Project Component Leads who will liaise with the User Departments to ensure that the respective complaints are resolved and feedback channeled to the complainant . The Social Safeguards Officers will table summary complaints during biweekly PMT meeting to discuss and deliberate on any outstanding complaints ( including any general", "spans": [{"start": 1588, "end": 1618, "text": "complaints register or tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 28 - Annex III Page 1 of 2 # ETHIOPIA # FORESTRY PROJECT Supplementary Data Sheet # # Section I - Timetable of Key Events - ( a ) Time taken to prepare project : Four months - ( b ) Project Prepared by - : The Government with assistance provided by the FAO / CP Program - ( c ) Identification mission - : May , 1984 - Cd ) Appraisal mission - : November , 1985 - ( e ) Negotiations - April , 1986 - ( f ) Planned date of effectiveness : ( 120 days after credit signing ) Section II - Special IDA Implementation Action : Provision made for a Project Preparation Facility advance of US $ 323 , 000 to finance forest inventory surveys and socioeconomic studies in project areas . Section III - Special Conditions Condition of Effectiveness Appointment of a Project Manager under terms-of-reference and with qualifications and experience acceptable to IDA ( para . 52 ) Other Conditions - ( a ) The surveys financed under the project would be completed and the results analysed before June 30 , 1987 . A relocation plan for families residing in the Project area would be submitted to IDA by December 31 , 1987 ( para . 46 ) . - ( b ) A senior forestry expert wouid be employed by December 31 , 1986 , under terms of reference , and with qualifications and experience acceptable to IDA ( para . 51 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 609, "end": 633, "text": "forest inventory surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Water and Sanitation Service Improvement Project ( WaSSIP ) * * Resettlement Action Plan for Ghetto Informal Settlement # # * * DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THIS REPORT * * The following terms shall have the following meanings , unless the context dictates otherwise < sup > 1 < / sup > : * * Census * * : A field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Project Affected Persons ( PAP ) or Displaced Persons ( DPs ) . The meaning of the word shall also embrace the criteria for eligibility for compensation , resettlement and other measures emanating from consultations with affected communities . * * Project Affected Person : * * This is a person affected by land use or acquisition needs of the Water Supply and Sanitation Service Improvement Project ( WaSSIP ) in Kenya . The person is affected because s / he may lose “ title to land or right to its use ” , and / or “ title rights or other rights to structures constructed on the land ” ( thus s / he may lose , be denied , or be restricted access to economic assets , shelter , income sources , or means of livelihood ) . The person is affected whether or not s / he must move to another location . * * Compensation : * * The payment in kind , cash or other assets given in exchange for the acquisition of land including fixed assets thereon . * * Cut-off date : * * The date of commencement of the census of PAPs or DPs within the project area boundaries . This is the date on and beyond which any person whose land is occupied for project use , will not be eligible for compensation . * * Displaced Person : * * A person who , for reasons due to involuntary acquisition or voluntary contribution of their land and other assets under the project , will suffer direct economic and or social adverse impacts , regardless of whether or not the said Displaced Person is physically relocated . The person will have his or", "spans": [{"start": 1378, "end": 1399, "text": "census of PAPs or DPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > The Uganda Reproductive , Maternal and Child Health Services Improvement Project Financial Statements for 12 Months Ended 30 June 2020 < / mark > * * Of the women who delivered in health facilities , an average of 88 % initiated breastfeeding within one hour . The benefits of early initiation of breastfeeding in improvement of newborn survival cannot be overemphasized . # # # * * Caesarean Sections * * Caesarean section is a lifesaving obstetric intervention performed at comprehensive emergency obstetric care sites . For the period January – December 2019 , there were 200 health centre IVs that were conducting deliveries and reporting in DHIS2 . This number increased to 215 for January – March 2020 . On average , the proportion of health centre IVs in 2019 that provided caesarean sections ranged between 73 % and 76 % however this reduced in January – March 2020 because the newly upgraded HC IVs have not yet acquired the required infrastructure to conduct the operations . # # # # * * _Figure 14 : Conduct of Cesarean Section by eligible health facilities , disaggregated by ownership_ * * The UN recommended population caesarean section rate is 5-15 % . We however not that there were 6 HC IVs ( n = 6 ) that did not report any c / section . We also note that 32 . 13 % HC IVs ( n = 71 ) had 0 % c / section rate , this means the facility conducted deliveries but did not perform a single c / section in the entire period . Only 29 . 8 % ( n = 66 ) of HC IVs had a c / section rate within the recommended range . This basically means that 13 % ( n = 29 ) had a very low c / section rate < 5 % which implies that women were not receiving this life saving intervention . We also see a very high c / section rate in 49 HC IVs ( 22 % ) majority between 15 % and 50 % . # # # * * Obstetric Complications", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 664, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this paper and the difference is likely due to by the nature of the data , which includes household businesses whose larger revenue scales subject them to register and pay annual taxes by law , and are thus less prone to turnover . < sup > 3 < / sup > Our unique dataset allows us to document that an additional 25 percent of household businesses suspend their activity for part of the year , with the average annual suspension duration exceeding 2 . 5 months . The informal economy in developing economies has been able to weather shocks and even expand employment during past economic downturns ( Loayza and Rigolini , 2011 ) . However , informal business , many of which operate in the services sector , were hit hard during the COVID-19 shock in 2020 , and the suspension rate spiked to 40 percent of registered household businesses . We analyze the effects of the initial outbreak of COVID-19 on household businesses in Vietnam utilizing two high-frequency data sources : the tax census data , which provides information on the extensive margin of household 1Household business refers to household-owned , or family run businesses , and it is a good approximation of informality in developing economies . ( Loayza and Rigolini , 2006 ) . > 2Commune is a third-tier administrative unit in Vietnam , subordinated to district ( second-tier ) and province ( first-tier ) . There are over 11 , 000 communes in the country . > 3In Vietnam , a household business must register and are responsible to file and pay one annual lump-sum tax within a fiscal year if their annual revenue exceeds 100 million Vietnam Dong ( VND ) , or approximately USD4 , 300 . According to the 2017 Vietnam Enterprise Census ( VEC ) , registered household businesses comprise about one-fifth of total informal businesses in Vietnam . Further discussion on household business characteristics is presented in Section 2 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 1670, "end": 1700, "text": "2017 Vietnam Enterprise Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the decomposition analysis of emissions intensity , we obtain annual country-level total passenger and freight transport traveled by road and rail from the World Road Statistics and the International Transport Forum databases . Total passenger transport , measured in million passenger-kilometers , refers to the total movement of passengers using inland transportation . It represents the transport of one passenger for one kilometer . Total freight transport , measured in million tons-kilometer , refers to the total movement of goods using inland transport . It represents the transport of one ton over one kilometer . The total kilometer variable is available for 65 countries during the period from 2000 to 2018 . These countries are listed in Table A2 in the appendix . The level of urbanization , and the value added from agriculture , manufacturing , and service sectors are all obtained from the World Bank World Development Indicators database . Data on country-level BRT systems are obtained from global BRT database . Diesel and gasoline prices are compiled from fuel price documentation from the < mark > Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH ( GIZ ) . < / mark > The summary statistics of variables are presented in Table 3 . # * * 5 . Results * * In this section , we describe the results of the decoupling analyses , the general pattern of transport-related CO2 emissions , and the results of the regression analyses . The descriptive statistics reveal that CO2 emissions of the transport sector account for 24 percent of global CO2 emissions , making the transport sector the second-largest contributor to global CO2 emissions after the energy sector , which accounts for 42 percent of such emissions . Within the transport sector , road transportation is the predominant driver , accounting for 74 percent of all CO2 emissions ; international sea transport accounts for 9 percent , and international aviation accounts for 7 percent ( Figure 1 ) . The composition of global transport CO2 emissions by mode has been fairly stable over time ; the shares in 1990 were about the same as those in 2018 ( Figure A1 ) . There is interesting variation between income groups and regions ; the CO2 emissions from road transportation are slightly below the global average in", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 181, "text": "World Road Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 190, "end": 229, "text": "International Transport Forum databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 910, "end": 958, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1013, "end": 1032, "text": "global BRT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SURVEY * * This section presents the 2017 social baseline of the project area , that is , Kiruhura and Mbarara . # # # # * * Data handling during the review * * The socio-economic survey took place between October 9 to 28 , 2017 and it was an update of the one conducted in 2014 . It involved interviewing affected PAPs , heads of institutions , and literature review . A household questionnaire and the institutional questionnaire are attached as Appendix 3 . The cut-off date for the asset inventory was set as November 29 , 2017 . This was the last day of the assessment , and it was communicated to the PAPs . The date was communicated in the presence of the respective LC1 Chairpersons as witnesses . Sampling was done at every point where there had been a design review leading to changes in the Way leave hence capturing new PAPs . The section therefore , presents new data of 2017 . However , in some cases reference is made to the 2014 data . A total of 269 were interviewed from different sub 23", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 186, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 872, "end": 888, "text": "new data of 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 940, "end": 949, "text": "2014 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 Distributional and Poverty Results for the BaU * * A moderate decrease in poverty between 2001 and 2015 results from micro-simulating the identified key structural trends on the Brazilian household data . Considering the full sample of all households , the headcount poverty ratio ( P0 ) declines by about 6 percentage points ( see Table 5 ) . The reduction of the average normalized poverty gap ( P1 ) and the poverty severity index ( P2 ) indicates that those who remain poor move closer to the poverty line . < sup > 30 < / sup > Inequality changes very little , as indicated by the 0 . 1 decrease in Gini coefficient ( or as in the Theil or other inequality indices , not reported ) . These average indices indicate that some progress in reducing aggregate poverty and inequality is achieved in a Business as Usual scenario , but these aggregate measures may conceal relevant distributional changes at a more disaggregated level . In fact , reaching stronger poverty reduction may require specific pro-poor policies which often rely , for their successful implementation , on more detailed information about disaggregated distributional effects . A first obvious way to gather more detailed information is to analyze the poverty and inequality impacts separately for the agricultural and non-agricultural households . _ < u > Table 5 : Poverty and inequality in the BaU scenario , by sectors < / u > _ | | 2001 < br > level < br > All hous | 2001-15 < br > change < br > eholds | 2001 < br > level < br > Non-agric < br > househ | 2001-15 < br > change < br > ultural < br > olds | 2001 < br > level < br > Agricul < br > househ | 2001-15 < br > change < br > tural < br > olds | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | PC income | 314 . 9 | 1 . 5 | 351 . 9 | 1 . 2 | 148 . 3 | 2 .", "spans": [{"start": 190, "end": 214, "text": "Brazilian household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1997 . Table 1 illustrates the acceleration of manufacturing growth and GDP growth in general in India since the early 1980s . * * Table 1 : Historical Sectoral Growth Rates in India * * | PLAN | Agriculture | Manufacturing | GNP | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | FIRST ( 1951-56 ) | 2 . 5 | 5 . 0 | 3 . 7 | | SECOND ( 1956-61 ) | 2 . 2 | 4 . 5 | 4 . 2 | | THIRD ( 1961-66 ) | - . 30 | 5 . 3 | 2 . 8 | | ThreeAnnual Plans ( 1966-69 ) | 4 . 5 | 2 . 7 | 3 . 9 | | FOURTH ( 1969-74 ) | 1 . 3 | 1 . 8 | 3 . 4 | | FIFTH ( 1974-79 ) | 3 . 6 | 5 . 9 | 5 . 0 | | SIXTH ( 1980-85 ) | 3 . 1 | 4 . 9 | 5 . 4 | | SEVENTH ( 1985-90 ) | 3 . 1 | 6 . 2 | 5 . 9 | | EIGHTH ( 1992-97 ) | 3 . 4 | 6 . 9 | 6 . 8 | Source : Government of India , _Economic Survey_ , 2000-2001 , Tables S-4 and S-5 . Notes : GDP is estimated to be 27 % industry , 25 % agriculture for 2000 . ( World Bank India Data Profile : www . worldbank . org / data ) In 1991 , a new industrial policy ushered in a period of truly dramatic reforms . The number of industries reserved for the public sector was halved . < sup > 6 < / sup > Licensing was abolished in all but a small group of industries . Perhaps more importantly from our perspective , there were complementary changes in policies relating to trade and financial markets . Foreign investment was encouraged , quantitative import restrictions were largely abandoned and tariffs were significantly reduced . A phased reduction in import tariffs has been undertaken since . The peak tariff rate was reduced from over 300 to 110 percent in 1992 , 85", "spans": [{"start": 859, "end": 888, "text": "World Bank India Data Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The education and journals variables follow the same pattern as GDP , positive at very low levels of development , peaking at a level of educational attainment / journal publication rate typical of a country with GDP per capita around $ 4000 , and then declining . The patent and barriers to entry variables are more interesting . For developing countries in the sample ( levels of income per capita less than $ 14 , 000 ) , the patents variable has a negative relationship with discovery , and the barriers to entry has a positive relationship . This is consistent with the results above , in that even when GDP is excluded , variables that increase both _π_ and _α_ are having the opposite effect on discovery activity , suggesting that their negative effects via the appropriability parameter are outweighting their positive effects on first-mover profits . The main conclusions arising from these estimations are therefore that discovery activity appears to have a positive relationship with export growth , and by extension policies that increase exports , that discovery in differentiated products may have a positive relationship with the traditional concepts of technological innovation , and that market failures arising from imitation may inhibit the frequency of discovery . # * * 7 . Summary and Directions for Future Research * * We began this investigation from the viewpoint that discussions of the emergence of new production , or discoveries , are not informed by systematic empirical analysis . We attempt to fill this void by studying the empirical properties of discovery activity through three theoretical perspectives . This is accomplished by using worldwide disaggregated export data . 37", "spans": [{"start": 1672, "end": 1707, "text": "worldwide disaggregated export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 < br > Number of external defaults < br > Serial defaulters All others < br > Mean annual real return in % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ This figure plots real , average total returns on country-level portfolios of sovereign external bonds against the total number of defaults since independence by that country on the horizontal axis . The data come from Table 6 , covering countries with 10 years or more of bond price data . The default data from Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) and updated in Reinhart and Trebesch ( 2016 ) . # 4 . 5 . Liquidity of the sovereign bond market over the past 200 years This section gives a brief overview on sovereign bond market liquidity over 200 years , as proxied by bidask spreads ( additional insights are provided in Appendix B6 ) . To complement our main database of prices , haircuts and returns , we gathered a large additional dataset of bid and ask bond prices . The resulting bid-ask spread series cover all countries in our sample , but with some gaps , in particular in the first half of the 19th century ( see Figure B3 ) . In total , we could gather monthly , bond-level bid-ask spreads for 62 % of our pricing sample ( 165 , 638 out of 266 , 134 observations ) . For historical bonds traded on the London 33", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 465, "text": "bond price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 472, "end": 484, "text": "default data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "comes second at 12 % . In Mayukwayukwa settlement , non-food item at 30 % ; cash at 25 % and medical care at 20 % are the three largest forms of external support to refugees – a pattern that demonstrates the high prevalence of vulnerable households and individuals in this settlement area . On the other hand , Meheba has the least external support for each and every type of support . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Table 7 . 2 : Type of assistance received from international agencies < br > Lusaka Urban Mayukwayukwa Meheba < br > n % N % n % < br > Money / Cash 34 22 . 2 30 25 16 7 . 3 < br > Food items 3 2 . 0 2 1 . 7 2 1 < br > Non-food items 8 5 . 2 36 30 17 7 . 7 < br > Medical Care 8 5 . 2 24 20 19 8 . 6 < br > Job Training and business 0 0 4 3 . 3 11 5 < br > advice < br > Education 18 11 . 8 13 10 . 8 4 1 . 8 < br > Legal Services 2 1 . 3 0 0 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The amount of cash handouts received by households differ according to location : households in Lusaka receive K250 per month ( that is paid per quarter in advance , i . e . , K750 . 00 ) while those deemed vulnerable in the settlements and qualify for external support > 23 According to UNHCR data , in 2015 and the early part of 2016 , Burundian refugees accounted for the largest share of new arrivals in Meheba . The situation has since changed , with DRC refugees being the largest group of new arrivals . 54 * * _February 15 , 2017_ * * * * _UNHCR appreciates the generous support of various co-operating partners_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1198, "end": 1208, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 * * Figure 12 : Belief that privatization has been beneficial in their country ( % ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Argentina < br > Uruguay < br > Paraguay < br > Chile < br > Colombia < br > Bolivia < br > Mexico < br > Guatemala < br > Nicaragua < br > Panama < br > Peru < br > Costa Rica < br > Honduras < br > El Salvador < br > Brazil < br > Venezuela < br > Ecuador < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Latinobarómetro , 2002 - In Sub-Saharan Africa , a recent AfroBarometer survey of 15 major countries undertaking economic reforms between 1999 and 2001 found that less than 35 percent of the population preferred privatization to state ownership - - ranging from 30 percent or less in Ghana , Lesotho , Mali , Uganda and Zambia to 40 percent or more in Botswana , South Africa , and Tanzania ( AfroBarometer 1999 / 2001 ) . In Ghana , for example , 70 percent of respondents opposed the privatization of public enterprises , with 50 percent “ strongly ” opposed . In Zambia , focus group researchers found people to be “ deeply attached to public ownership and the public provision of employment ” ( Slattery 2004 ) ; - In Eastern and Central Europe , a survey of 16 countries ( excluding Central Asian states ) found that 52 percent of the population between 1998 and 2001 supported private ownership over state ownership , with support being the highest ( over 80 percent ) in the Baltic states ( New Democracies Barometer 1998 , 2000 ) . Yet , in Russia , 70 percent of people surveyed felt they were worse off after privatization and preferred state ownership , while in countries such as Belarus , Moldova and Ukraine less than 40 percent of the population favored privatization ; - In East Asia , a survey of eight countries ( excluding Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia ) found that only a third of the population surveyed favored", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 553, "text": "AfroBarometer survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 881, "text": "AfroBarometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1228, "end": 1250, "text": "survey of 16 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1473, "end": 1498, "text": "New Democracies Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1779, "end": 1804, "text": "survey of eight countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROJECT PAPER * * The World Bank * * Additional Financing for Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) | Results Area | * * Sustainable Environmental Management * * | | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Beneficiary households provided with access to improved alternative energy sources by the project ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of households who benefit from access to improved and alternative energy sources technologies . Improved energy < br > sources include energy efficient and clean cooking stoves while alternative sources include solar systems for public institutions and biogas . This will capture < br > beneficiaires under component 2 , which will support biogas and a market-driven approach to improved cooking stoves and under component 1 , through < br > which public institutions ( schools , health facilities , FTCs / PTCs , markets , veterinary clinics , water systems , etc . ) will be provided solar panels and improved < br > cookingstoves . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Host community beneficiaries ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of host communities who benefit from access to improved and alternative energy sources through the project < br > ( Component 1 and 3 ) | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1166, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Table 7 . 2 : Number of PHAs , size of farmland affected by tower pads | * * Woreda * * | * * No . of * * < br > * * PAHs * * | * * Percent of * * < br > * * PAHs * * | * * Size of farmland * * < br > * * affected ( ha ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Jima town | 3 | 2 . 8 | 0 . 011 | | Kersa | 3 | 2 . 8 | 0 . 011 | | Limu Kosa | 48 | 44 . 0 | 0 . 171 | | Limu Genet | 9 | 8 . 3 | 0 . 036 | | Limu Seqa | 4 | 3 . 7 | 0 . 014 | | Mana | 42 | 38 . 5 | 0 . 144 | | * * Total * * | * * 109 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 387 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ * * 7 . 3 . 2 Impact on Farmland due to Construction of the New Limu Genet Substation * * < mark > The total land required for the construction of the new Limu Genet substation is 6 . 25ha and it belongs to 17 PAHs . With regard to farmland impact , the substation will affect an < / mark > estimated 3 . 921ha of farmland owned by 12 smallholder farm households . < mark > The summary of affected farmland size and number of PAHs whose farmland is affected by < / mark > the substation is presented in table 7 . 3 . < mark >", "spans": [{"start": 705, "end": 747, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While some individuals do not declare income in secondary or other paid occupations , these observations are not excluded but instead , this income source is treated as zero income ( Bourguignon 2015 ) . Second , SEDLAC considers the utility return of the dwelling by imputing household rents as follows . If the National Statistics Office ( NSO hereafter ) provides a vector of imputed rent , the SEDLAC project adopts that vector as part of the harmonization . If such vector is not provided , the project uses the self-reported value by dwelling owners to the question , “ If you had to rent this dwelling , how much would have you to pay for it ? ” < sup > 2 < / sup > Once again , if this value is available , it is taken as given and used to impute rents . In case this question is not included in the survey , the project implements a hedonic model that considers the actual rent paid by tenants and impute a corresponding value to owners . Finally , in the absence of price data , the SEDLAC project scales up rural household income 15 % to account for urban / rural differences . < sup > 3 < / sup > # * * 2 . 3 . Matching Census data with household surveys * * The same age cohort of the population is analyzed to make the subgroups of population comparable between the census and the household surveys . For instance , if the range of time between the census and the survey is 30 years , and the age cohort in the census is from 0 to 15 years old , the age cohort analyzed in the household survey would be 30 to 45 years old . With respect to sub2 Or any of its variations . 3 This procedure is implemented for all countries except for Peru , since the NSO provides household incomes already deflated to the city of Lima . 7", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 986, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1143, "text": "Census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1149, "end": 1166, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "China ) | Census | < br > years ) | Emp ≥ 1 | Census | | | | | | Annual Industrial | | Emp ≥ 15 , sample | < br > Annual Industrial | < br > 95-99 to 96-00 | Emp ≥ 5 | | | Venezuela | Survey | 95-00 | of smaller | Survey | | | Manufacturing | 9", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 82, "text": "Annual Industrial", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 - 66 . Preparation of work already undertaken by the consultants together with the support proposed in this project should make it possible to assemble complete exploration promotion packages prior to end-1983 ( see Schedule of Implementation , Annex V attached ) . # Geothermal Exploration in Ethiopia 67 . The Rift Valley of Ethiopia , which extends from southern Lake Turkana in northern Kenya to Djibouti and Massawa on the Red Sea coast ( see map attached ) , has several recently active volcanic complexes that are considered prime prospects for geothermal investigation . 68 . Geothermal power can play a useful role in the development of Ethiopia ' s power sector . The cost of geothermal energy has been estimated to be well below the cost of diesel-generated power in Ethiopia . While the longterm grid energy cost of hydro-power in the country is estimated at USd4 . 4 / kwh , l / less than geothermal energy , geothermal energy can serve as a power source complementary to hydroelectric . Geothermal power can be developed in increments as small as 5 megawatts ( mw ) to 10 mw , compared to new hydro-power sites which often must be developed in increments of 150 mw to 200 mw at correspondingly greater total cost . The security of the power system can be increased by including a power source whose capability is unaffected by drought , and the use of geothermal energy permits greater flexibility in accommodating trade-offs between irrigation needs and power demands in the hydro-system . Particularly where quantities of low-temperature heat can also be utilized , such as in crop drying , energy from geothermal sources may be an attractive alternative to conventional energy sources . 69 . Geothermal exploration began in 1970 . A general reconnaissance survey of the Rift Valley was undertaken in 1970-73 , supported by the United Nations . This survey located and documented a large number of geothermal areas . Based on the results of the reconnaissance survey , the Alutu ( Langano ) area of the Lakes District , south of Addis Ababa , was selected for", "spans": [{"start": 1753, "end": 1801, "text": "general reconnaissance survey of the Rift Valley", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1964, "end": 1985, "text": "reconnaissance survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Grootaert ( 1995 ) explains the decline in the West Forest as largely a result of the decline in farm income . His analysis shows that West Forest export crop farmers suffered a decline of about 34 percent in farm income , due in part to the decline in the cocoa and coffee sales between 1985-1988 ( table 4 ) . * * 6 * * The quantity of cocoa sold declined by 51 percent per farmer , while coffee sales declined by 65 percent . In contrast , farm income of East Forest export crop farmers declined only by 18 percent , compared to a decline in cocoa sales of 11 percent and coffee sales of 33 percent . < sup > 7 < / sup > The relatively better > 6 The farm income figures reported by Grootaert ( 1995 ) in his Table 9 are redeflated using the INS deflators and shown in Table 4 . 7 Our calculations of cocoa and coffee sales show a smaller decline in cocoa and coffee than Grootaert ' s . We omitted several large outliers where we suspected that the unit had been incorrectly coded as tons instead of kilograms , and discarded several observations where the unit of sale was nonstandard . The means are weighted and based on reported sales of all cocoa-growing households in the region . Based on our calculations , the survey data show that sales of cocoa by the cocoa-growing population declined by 3 percent in the East Forest between 5", "spans": [{"start": 1223, "end": 1234, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 . IDPs reported to members of an IRNA mission that they experienced attacks by a helicopter gunship and as many as 20 children are missing including four children abducted by cattle herders in the area . Less people are choosing to cross the border and are waiting for the possibility to return to their areas so they can at least access food and protect their cattle . In the areas of cattle camps , Maker , Buri Abiye and Jikmir , that also borders with Ethiopia there are estimated to be an additional 25 , 000 IDPs . There has been an increase of about 14 , 000 asylum-seekers registered in Ethiopia from this area since October 2016 , bringing the total registered as of end January 2017 to 56 , 864 . < sup > 14 < / sup > * * Malakal town * * had been relatively stable during the last few months of 2016 . People continue to arrive into Malakal town from areas such as Baliet and Korplus ( September - December 2016 , over 1000 registered with the RRC ) . The population is largely ethnic Dinka . The reason for the movement is cited to be insecurity and food scarcity . The government has also repeatedly requested humanitarians to assist IDPs to move to Malakal town from Juba and Melut . There is concern that this movement and occupation of properties will eventually cause more tension with former residents of Malakal who are now displaced in the POC in Malakal town . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Displacement as of 31 December 2016 < br > 297 , 168 < br > SUDAN < br > Abyei area ETHIOPIA < br > Upper Nile < br > 7 , 754 Unity 280 , 723 < br > Northern Bahr 534 , 689 < br > el Ghazal 342 , 419 < br > 7 , 101 < br > Warrap < br > Western Bahr el Ghazal 5 , 272 < br > 105 , 846 Jonglei < br > 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "57 . * * There are also important information constraints * * , notably slow and unreliable property registration , and difficulties to assess credit risk . 58 . * * Finally there are a set of constraints on the housing supply side * * , with high cost of infrastructure for development , few credible developers and builders , and limited large-scale development . _Government actions_ 59 . * * Government has acknowledged these constraints and taken action to start addressing them . * * The first important step was the enactment of the Mortgage Act in October 2009 , which consolidates the laws relating to mortgages , revamps the mortgage industry and harmonizes it with the Land Act . The regulations to facilitate implementation of the Mortgage Act have being prepared and are ready for signature . To increase the flow of investment into housing and encourage development of large scale , well planned residential areas , the Government has decided to provide fiscal incentives and reduced the Value Added Tax rate charged on housing from 18 percent to 5 percent . Government has also started addressing the information constraints , notably through the implementation of the Land Information System ( LIS ) , and the Rehabilitation and re-opening of the Survey School in Entebbe . The LIS will help speed up and secure property title registration . The establishment of the Credit Reference Bureau will also contribute to improve information gaps . 60 . * * The Government is committed to further actions in the housing sector . * * At the policy level , the immediate priority areas of reform include : resolving issues associated with the Land Amendment Act to clarify ownership issues with a view to facilitating land development in general and housing finance in particular ; and strengthening consumer protection rules . At institutional level , the reforms will focus on : strengthening the capacity of the Chief Government Valuer ; improving knowledge and information flow about mortgage lending including in the Judiciary ; supporting the development of professional bodies in the sector ; and strengthening the technical capacity of housing lending institutions . _Specific measures supported under this operation_ 61 . * * This", "spans": [{"start": 1184, "end": 1207, "text": "Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Bujagali Energy Limited * * * * 77 * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 The tubes were closed at the end of the sampling period and the subsequent laboratory analyses determined the average concentration of the pollutant during the sampling period . Duplicate tubes were deployed at each location . The results for the diffusion tube survey are shown in Table 3 . 8 . The results show good agreement between the replicated samples at each location , with the possible exception of the result for site F , replicate 1 , which appears to be questionable given the low levels at all the other sites . It is , however , only 10 percent of the proposed ambient air quality standard for Uganda . | * * Table3 * * | * * . 8 : * * < br > * * NitrogenD * * | * * ioxideandSul * * | * * phurDioxide C * * | * * oncentrations ( a * * | * * lgim * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > * * ) inthe * * | * * ProjectSite * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Site * * | * * Location * * | * * Replicate * * | * * Startdate * * | * * Enddate * * | * * NO2 * * | * * SO2 * * | | A | Namizi | 1 | 15 / 12 / 00 | 3 / 1 / 01 | Trace | 2 | | | | 2 | 15 / 12 / 00 | 3 / 1 / 01 | 2 | 2 | | B | Kikubamutwe | 1 | 13 / 12 / 00 | 3 / 1 / 01 | 4 | 2 | | |", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 405, "text": "diffusion tube survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Agriculture is the backbone of the economy in rural areas that house nearly 70 percent of the population in low-income countries . The importance of agriculture for development is recognized recently during the formulation of the Sustainable Development Goal ( SDG ) Target 2 . 3 , which requires doubling of agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers . In Africa , the average share of rural household income tied to agriculture could be as high as 69 percent ( Davis et al . , 2017 ) , and the research has shown that compared to non-agricultural growth , agricultural growth translates into higher rates of poverty reduction ( Dorosh and Thurlow , 2016 ) . Yet , despite the importance of agriculture for livelihoods , obtaining accurate and timely estimates on crop production and yields remains a significant challenge . The weaknesses in agricultural data in turn undermine the ability to gauge the performance of the sector ; assess the extent to which interventions translate into gains in production , productivity and welfare , both within and across agricultural households ; and ultimately , anchor policies in evidence ( Carletto et al . , 2015 ) . In the context of root , tuber and tree crops , the primary concern around the accuracy of prevailing approaches to data collection in large-scale household and farm surveys that underlie official statistics is arguably the reliance on respondent recall . For cassava , the crop that is at the center of our analysis and that could be planted to hedge against the risk of seasonal crop failure and / or food insecurity during the lean season , harvesting typically takes place over an extended period and as needed . Irrespective of using a given agricultural season , or a more extended time frame , such as 12 months , as a reference period , respondents are likely to underestimate production as they attempt to recall the accounts of continuous harvests that take place throughout the year and often in small quantities ( Friedman et al . , 2017 ; de Nicola and Gine ; 2014 ) . P1F < sup > 2 < / sup > And in the specific case of using an agricultural season", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 913, "text": "agricultural data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "driven by the period after the global financial crisis with over 26 million jobs lost between 2007 and 2018 , of which 22 . 5 million can be attributed to China and 4 million to India , while some countries added jobs linked to apparel exports , most notably Indonesia , Türkiye , South Africa , and Mexico . # 3 . 3 Are more jobs created in exporting or supplying sectors ? The sources of employment in exports can be further decomposed into the direct and indirect portions as well as domestic demand . The decomposition of employment in exports allows to identify jobs ( 1 ) directly in the exporting sector and ( 2 ) indirectly in sectors supplying to the export sector , while ( 3 ) the contribution of reimported inputs is negligible . The difference between a country ’ s total employment and employment in exports to a large extent reflects jobs created by domestic demand . < sup > 18 < / sup > Figure 14 plots the full decomposition , ranked by the total employment share in exports . While the contribution of other sources of job creation varies across countries ( yellow bar ) , the indirect contribution of supplying sectors on average tends to be smaller than the direct contribution across all countries , masking strong sectoral differences . * * Figure 14 : Decomposition of employment in exports and domestic demand , 2018 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 80 % < br > 60 % < br > 40 % < br > 20 % < br > 0 % < br > direct exports indirect exports reimported exports other demand < br > LUX MLT IRL BGR SVN SVK CZE EST HUN NLD LTU LVA BEL POL HRV CHE AUT CYP ISL PRT CRI ROU DNK DEU SWE ESP GRC FIN ITA NZL KOR MEX ZAF FRA CAN GBR CHL ISR TUR RUS NOR IDN AUS CHN JPN BRA COL IND ARG SAU USA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE . The country sample covers 38 OECD countries plus 13 non-OECD countries .", "spans": [{"start": 1805, "end": 1813, "text": "OECD TiE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of cost-recoverable services for which direct user fees are charged . Moreover , the buoyancy of revenue yields is poor because of the way rates are set and revised and collection procedures are limited and not well enforced . Although the present situation derives from weak management at the local authority level , Government action ( or inaction ) is also well known to affect the ability of local authorities to raise revenues . Key examples include : ( i ) the inability of the Ministry of Lands to handle the enormous burden of revaluing land in a timely manner ; ( ii ) long delays in Attorney General and MLG approval of the local by-laws required for local authorities to collect their allowable revenues ; and ( iii ) the underdevelopment of adequate local government revenue collection enforcement capacity . # # ( e ) * * Management * * Systems Local authority accounting methods currently in use are cumbersome and difficult for most councils to use . Inaccurate and poorly organized basic records on council financial transactions lead to unnecessarily weak revenue and expenditure management and control , and make it very difficult to plan for future needs and prepare meaningful forward budgets . In addition , most councils have limited internal auditing , and the internal auditor is under the control of the treasurer , who has overall responsibility for the council ' s funds . # # ( f ) * * Staffing and Training * * It is well documented that both under-and-over-staffing occur in local authorities , and vacancy rates are very high for skilled staff . Basic local authority personnel regulations and job definitions are", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1045, "text": "basic records on council financial transactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 4 . Stratégie de plaidoyer * * - i . Développer une stratégie de plaidoyer et de communication s ’ appuyant sur la stratégie d ’ analyse _ ( Cluster Protection , GPC ) _ et reprenant les axes de de plaidoyer suivants : - a . Travailler avec les autorités nationales , provinciales et territoriales et les acteurs qui interagissent avec les groupes armés pour redoubler leurs efforts et démarrer / entamer des mesures concrètes pour un renforcement collectif de la protection de la population civile , et spécifiquement des personnes déplacées . - b . Faire un plaidoyer avec le Cluster CCCM en vue de déclarer les populations déplacées dans les sites et centres collectifs comme des lieux à protéger contre toute agression . # # Méthodologie # # # # # * * _Méthodologie_ * * _Ce rapport a été rédigé à partir de données secondaires dont des rapports de situation , des alertes des organisations humanitaires , des rapports de monitoring de protection ainsi que des analyses de conflits en Ituri . Des partenaires et acteurs de protection ont aussi été consultés et ont contribué à l ’ analyse de protection . La cartographie du conflit a été développée par le GPC à partir de bases de données externes . _ # # # # # * * _Limites_ * * _L ’ environnement sécuritaire et les dynamiques de conflits sont extrêmement changeants en Ituri et la réalité du contexte actuel ne représente pas forcément celle de demain", "spans": [{"start": 928, "end": 964, "text": "rapports de monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1190, "end": 1215, "text": "bases de données externes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "< mark > Asylum Trends , First half 2014 < / mark > _Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not always ) be linked back to a specific verification . The key information available in the payments table is the date of payment and values . The dataset also includes variables with the names and “ document number ” of payees - these are often unique national identifiers for individuals ( CPF ) and firms ( CNPJ ) but are not available for all payments or municipalities . Again , one verification event can lead to one or multiple payments , so payments are uniquely identified by the variable id_pagamento_bd and can be linked back to verification events by id_liquidacao_bd and to commitments by id_empenho_bd . # * * 2 . 3 Coverage and descriptive statistics * * Our dataset on municipal procurement and budget execution currently covers seven of Brazil ’ s twenty-seven states , highlighted in Figure 1 : Ceará ( CE ) , Minas Gerais ( MG ) , Paraíba ( PB ) , Pernambuco ( PE ) , Paraná ( PR ) , Rio Grande do Sul ( RS ) , and São Paulo ( SP ) . These are large states that cover a substantial share of the total number of municipalities ( 55 % ) , population ( 48 % ) , and GDP ( 49 % ) of the country according to 2020 data . Notably , our dataset only covers states in the South , Southeast and Northeast regions - data from the states in the North and > 16For a detailed discussion of expenditure functions see Manual do Orçamento ( in Portuguese ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 729, "text": "dataset on municipal procurement and budget execution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1125, "end": 1134, "text": "2020 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "excessive rain , droughts and floods , and heatwaves . This already causes crop - > 3 Kenya Climate Risk Country Profile ( 2020 ) ; Kenya Country Climate and Development Report ( forthcoming 2023 ) > 4 Worldwide ranking by ND-GAIN Index , https : / / gain-new . crc . nd . edu / country / kenya Page 10", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 236, "text": "ND-GAIN Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manufacturing firms . Excessive reliance on generators to cope with erratic and unreliable power supply increases production costs and reduces competitiveness . A significant share of manufacturing enterprises ( from 36 percent in North Kordofan to 96 percent in Red Sea ) share or own generators . The share of electricity consumption produced by generators in these states was 66 percent and 72 percent , respectively . Apart from increasing costs and reducing competitiveness , investment in these generators also holds up a significant amount of resources that could have been used for other fixed assets or to lower working capital constraints of most of the businesses ( World Bank 2009b ) . Given erratic supply and high reliance on backup generators , industrial and commercial consumers account for only around 30 percent of electric utility consumption ( figure 19 ) . Consumption of power for agricultural uses is around 5 percent , and the rest of the consumption is primarily by domestic consumers . In contrast , billing patterns ( as a proxy for consumption ) in South Africa suggest that industrial and commercial consumers account for 92 percent of all billings , and residential consumers for only 8 percent . > < sup > 29 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1027, "end": 1043, "text": "billing patterns", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 087 | | 0 . 353 | 0 . 359 | | | [ 0 . 034 ] | [ 0 . 344 ] | | [ 0 . 001 ] | [ 0 . 001 ] | | | _ { _0 . 037_ } _ | _ { _0 . 247_ } _ | | _ { _0 . 001_ } _ | _ { _0 . 001_ } _ | | | ( 0 . 055 ) | ( 0 . 388 ) | | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | | API Original = API Plus | [ 0 . 001 ] < br > _ { _0 . 001_ } _ | [ 0 . 056 ] < br > _ { _0 . 056_ } _ | | [ 0 . 029 ] < br > _ { _0 . 158_ } _ | [ 0 . 001 ] < br > _ { _0 . 001_ } _ | | | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | | Number of clusters | 224 | 224 | | 224 | 224 | | Observations | 1045 | 1045 | | 1045 | 1045 | _Notes_ : This table shows OLS estimates and the associated _p_ - values on survey-based measures of parental behavior measured after two years of exposure to the API program . Panel A refers to the first experiment run by the government . Panel B refers to the second experiment designed and implemented by the authors in collaboration with the government . For detailed descriptions of the individual components of the summary measures of parental engagement used in this table , see Appendix A . 2 . _p_ - values reported in brackets refer to the conventional asymptotic inference . _p_ - values reported in braces are computed using randomization inference ( randomization - _t_ ) . _p_ - values reported in parentheses are adjusted for testing each null hypothesis ( null impact of API _Original_ , API _Plus_ , and the comparison ) for the two different families of outcomes through the stepwise procedure described in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_j_ in year _t_ . FDA = 1 if product _p_ requires submission to FDA for prior notice to be imported into the United States . Coefficients on spatial exporting controls are not reported for brevity . * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 # * * 5 . 3 Alternative measure of depth * * We use another measure of depth based on Mario Larch ’ s Regional Trade Agreements Database from Egger and Larch ( 2008 ) . Without focusing on individual provisions , this data set classifies RTAs into three broad categories — - partial scope agreements ( PS ) , free trade agreements ( FTA ) , and customs unions ( CU ) — - that are increasingly more comprehensive . < sup > 30 < / sup > Table 9 provides additional supporting evidence that deep RTAs generate positive spillover effects on third-country exporters . Columns ( 1 ) and ( 4 ) > 29This ranges from 0 to 156 , with the maximum being for 0406 cheese and curd . Results are reported in Appendix Table A . 7 . > 30FTA and CU are as defined in Paragraphs 8 ( b ) and 8 ( a ) , respectively , of Article XXIV of GATT 1994 , and a partial scope agreement means that the agreement covers only certain products . For more details on the database , see https : / / www . ewf . uni-bayreuth . de / en / research / RTA-data / index . html . 18", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 395, "text": "Regional Trade Agreements Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the literature ( Yeaple , 2005 ; Matsuyama , 2007 ; Verhoogen , 2008 ) the training category linked with exporting is technical upgrading , which is aimed at improving the skills of experienced workers for enhanced performance , rather than teaching the skills needed to enter a specific occupation or field of work ( as in the other training categories ) . Drawing on detailed worker-firm records for exporting firms , we have also provided evidence that technical upgrading has positive returns to trainees within exporting firms . Our results therefore support the hypothesis that export participation requires skill upgrading , and suggest that this is partially achieved by training firms ’ existing workforce . # * * References * * Andrews , Martyn , Thorsten Schank and Richard Upward ( 2006 ) : ” Practical fixed-effects estimation methods for the three-way error components model , ” _Stata Journal_ , 6 : 461481 . Bastos , Paulo and Joana Silva ( 2010 ) : ” The quality of a firm ’ s exports : Where you export to matters , ” _Journal of International Economics_ , 82 ( 2 ) : 99-111 . Bastos , Paulo and Joana Silva ( 2008 ) : ” The wage and unemployment impacts of trade adjustment , ” , in David Greenaway , Richard Upward and Peter W . Wright ( eds . ) , _Globalisation and Labour Market Adjustment_ , 31-53 , Palgrave Macmillan . Bastos , Paulo , Joana Silva and Eric Verhoogen ( 2014 ) : ” Export destinations and input prices , ” NBER Working Papers 20143 , National Bureau of Economic Research . Bastos , Paulo , Nat ́ alia P . Monteiro and Odd Rune Straume ( 2009 ) : ” Firm heterogeneity and wages in unionised labour markets : Theory and evidence , ” _Labour Economics_ , 16 ( 4 ) : 440-450 . Bastos , Paulo and Peter Wright ( 2012 ) : ” Exchange rates and wages in unionized labor markets , ” _Industrial and Labor Relations Review_ , 65 ( 4 ) , 975-999 . 16", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 397, "text": "worker-firm records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) # * * The World Bank * * | education - Female < br > ( Number of people ) < br > CRI | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Students supported with < br > better education , in primary < br > school ( Number of people ) < br > CRI | 0 | Sep / 2024 | 0 < br > 09-May-2025 | 0 < br > 19-Nov-2025 | 15 , 000 , 000 | Dec / 2029 | | Students supported < br > with better education , < br > in primary school - < br > Female ( Number of < br > people ) CRI | 0 | Sep / 2024 | 0 < br > 09-May-2025 | 0 < br > 19-Nov-2025 | 6 , 300 , 000 | Dec / 2029 | # # * * 7 . 3 Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | PBC N | | Bli | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Cli Pid | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | a | e | asene | Value | Date | Value | Date | osng ero | | 1 : Share of primary | Value | TBD | TBD | | TBD | | Baseline + 10 % | | school teachers < br > achieving minimum < br > proficiency on < br > subject content < br > knowledge < br > ( Percentage ) | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | | 09-May-2025 | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 # 4 . CHANGES OVER THE LAST DECADE In 1983 , Peter Heller and Alan Tait produced an international comparison of government employment and wages covering a sample of about 45-50 countries . Table 3 and Figure 5 compare some of their findings with our data for the same countries ( hence different data from our larger sample ) . Furthermore , for comparability , it is necessary to limit the sample to central government and wages only . Nevertheless , the trends are clear . The following points emerge : - A large contraction in both central government employment ( relative to population ) and the relative wage bill is evident in all regions , with the relative size of central govermnent shrinking by about one-third when measured by employment and onefourth when measured by the wage bill ; - Over the last 10-15 years , central government employment decreased in relative terms across the board , from about 2 . 5 % of population to 1 . 5 % ; Table 3 . Government Employment and Wages , early 1980s and early 1990s | | | _Central Go_ < br > _percent of_ | _vernmenf as_ < br > _population_ | | _Central Gov_ < br > _bill as perc_ | _ernment wage_ < br > _ent of GDP_ | | _Central G_ < br > _average wag_ < br > _of per ca_ | _overnment_ < br > _es as multiple_ < br > _pita GDP_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | _N_ | _Early 1980s_ | _Early 1990s_ | _4 ' _ | _Early 1980s_ | _Early 1990s_ | | _Early 1980s_ | _Early 1990s_ | | Africa | | 1 . 8 | 1 . 1 | g | 10 . 0 | 7 . 9 | X | 6 . 1 | 4 . 8 | | Asia | | 2 . 6 | 1 . 1 | | 7 . 5 < br > | 4 . 9 | | 2 . 9 | 3 . 8 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 [ This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the World Bank by electronic means . In full recognition that the World Bank shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( “ Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC ” ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the World Bank that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . ] This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the World Bank records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ____________________ Yours truly , / signed / ______________ [ Position ] > 5 Instruction to the Recipient : Add this paragraph if the Recipient wishes to authorize the listed persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials and to deliver Applications by electronic means ; if this is not applicable , please delete the paragraph . _Please delete this footnote in final letter that is sent to the World Bank / Association . _", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 828, "text": "World Bank records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 118 | 5591 . 061 | 6030 . 615 | - 0 . 045 | | Obs | 206 | 151 | . | 287 | 218 | . | > 1 The table shows means for enrolled and non-enrolled communities and normalized in means . > 2 For control communities in the 2011-2012 cohort , payments per capita are those that would have been awarded had they been successful . For control communiites in the 2013-2014 cohort , CONAFOR did not calculate these payments , so we inputed the median payment per hectare for that state , year and modality , and multiplied it by the area they submitted . 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 278 * * * | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( 0 . 74 ) | ( 7 . 05 ) | ( 5 . 91 ) | | n | 1 , 378 | 1 , 392 | 1 , 378 | | R-squared | 0 . 134 | 0 . 299 | 0 . 231 | | RMSE | 4 . 75 | 8 . 03 | 7 . 97 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2012 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . There is a question of whether these results are unduly influenced by outliers . Robust regression is a technique that minimizes the weighted sum of squares of residuals , with observations weighted between zero and one based on Cook ’ s distance statistic , which measures the effect on the fitted values of deleting a particular observation . Outliers tend to have low ( sometimes even zero ) 7", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 330, "text": "Annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "continued increasing . Using the database presented in this paper , Demirgüç-Kunt et al . ( 2020 ) show that measures of liquidity support , borrower assistance , and monetary easing moderated the adverse impact of the pandemic on banks ’ stock prices . However , the effect is heterogeneous across banks and countries . Banks that were already undercapitalized and / or operated in countries with little fiscal space were adversely affected by borrower assistance and prudential measures . Finally , there is not much evidence on the effect of emergency prudential regulations and banks ’ internal policies on banks per se . Bergant and Kockerols ( 2020 ) show that for the case of Ireland the most common measure taken by banks , that is an increase in drawdown limits of credit lines , was effective in the short run , but no other measure ( e . g . , suspension of installment payments , the extension of loan maturity , credit rollover , and decrease in interest rates ) significantly reduced the probability of default in the long run . Moreover , forbearance and new lending are interlinked , as new lending is subdued because capital and other resources within the bank are allocated to forborne loans . On the contrary , for a sample of European banks , Altavilla et al . ( 2020 ) argue that in the absence of funding and capital relief , banks ’ ability to supply credit to the real economy would have been severely affected . The remainder of the paper is structured as follows . Section 2 introduces the COVID-19 Financial Policy Response Database and the policy classification framework . Section 3 describes the methodological approach to analyze the determinants of the policy response and Section 4 documents the empirical results . Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 COVID-19 Financial Policy Response Database * * In this paper , we present a new global database that collects financial sector policy measures that have been publicly announced by the governments , central banks , and financial sector authorities in 154 jurisdictions since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic ( see Appendix C for the list of countries ) . The database offers a regularly updated repository of emergency measures , adopted", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 65, "text": "database presented in this paper", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1516, "end": 1559, "text": "COVID-19 Financial Policy Response Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "31 percentage points per year . < sup > 20 < / sup > Note that imports and exports also grew rapidly in both periods , but the 1990s stand out in the rapid growth of investment and value added . For instance , capital grew by over 13 . 1 percent per year and value added by 10 . 4 percent so that the capital / value added ratio increased by 2 . 7 percent annually . The share equations derived demonstrate the relative importance of output growth , capital , imports and exports in demand for skills . Table 6 reports the result of estimating equation ( 5 ) using the national data for 76 “ 4 digit ” ( ISIC ) < sup > 21 < / sup > industries . The left four columns of results report separate estimates for each period , revealing the contrast between periods . In 1984-89 growth in 20", "spans": [{"start": 569, "end": 582, "text": "national data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We are able to shed light on this issue by following the labor-market trajectories of workers leaving firms that exit the market . To follow them , we use our linked employer employee panel datasets . Workers ’ trajectories can be tracked as long as they remain formally employed , and as long as the characteristics of the firms in which they gain employment can be identified . Given the features of the dataset , an exit of workers from the registry can be interpreted as evidence that the workers are either no longer employed , or that they are employed in informal work . Table 9 reports the transitions of workers who were employed in firms that exited after the 2016 minimum-wage increase . The vast majority of workers from exiting firms had not been formally reemployed by the end of 2016 ( Table 9 , Panel a ) . Only 15 percent had found another formal job , meaning that 85 percent were either unemployed , or employed informally one year after the minimum wage rose . Workers who were employed in large , formal firms that exited are more likely to have found other formal employment , compared with workers who were employed in microenterprises . Table 9 , Panel b , restricts the transition matrix to the minority of workers who had found other formal employment by the end of 2016 . The panel exhibits evidence for the upward mobility of some workers who transitioned into larger firms . Among workers who had been employed in microenterprises prior to the wage increase , and who had found formal employment by the end of 2016 , more than two-thirds found employment in non-microenterprises . Meanwhile , only limited , downward mobility is evident among formal-sector workers who had been employed in large firms that exited after the minimum-wage increase . More than 80 percent of these workers had been reemployed by other large formal firms by the end of 2016 . This indicates a certain level of positive reallocation among workers who had found other formal jobs . The EIS data do not allow us to observe what happened to workers who were employed by firms that wound up existing , and who were no longer formally employed after the minimum", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 198, "text": "linked employer employee panel datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1992, "end": 2000, "text": "EIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Further , addressing Markusen and Zahniser ’ s concern , it does not seem to be the case that the internal migrant population is so significantly distinct from that migrating to the US . Table 3 tabulates the educational attainment , age and gender of non-movers in Mexico and within Mexico migrants tabulated from the Mexican census , and that of recent migrants to the US as tabulated by the US census . < sup > 8 < / sup > Men have similar age profiles although women tend to be somewhat older when they migrate to the US , perhaps reflecting a delayed migration after their spouses . For both genders , however , what emerges is that , though not radically different , the domestic migrants are somewhat less educated than those internationally . Markusen and Zahniser ’ s concern that FDI and trade would not prove a disincentive to migration because it did not affect the relevant migratory population seems unfounded . # _Simulations of US impact_ Ideally , we could use the estimates above to offer some guess at the magnitude of the impact on US migration . Clearly , for such an exercise to be relevant , it must be the case that the decision to migrate to the US , or alternatively , the types of people who decide to migrate to the US do not differ too much between the two destinations . As noted above , table 3 suggests that the demographics of the two groups are similar , and the literature is mixed although not necessarily inconsistent with this assumption . < sup > 9 < / sup > It does appear , however , that relative to men , women are more likely to migrate within Mexico , than to the US . This may reflect the strategy of households that migrate to the border to send the husband across to engage in the riskier and more intensive work while the wife > 8 These findings are very similar to those of Chiquiar and Hanson ( 2003 ) using the US census . > 9 Rivera-Batiz ( 1986 ) in an often cited article implicitly suggests that migrants ’ indifference between destinations : “ The impact of the maquiladoras on migration to the United", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 333, "text": "Mexican census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 394, "end": 403, "text": "US census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Open - National 199 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-06-17 2020-07-15 2020-08-14 2020-09-18 2020-10-11 2021-10-11 < br > development , enumeration < br > manual and control forms , < br > sample design and estimation < br > procedures < br > ET-CSA-156238-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > National Gender Survey - < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues ofcustomized questionnaire IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 13 , 333 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > development , testing , sample < br > design and estimation < br > procedures for the National < br > Gender Asset Gap < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > ET-CSA-198494-CS-QCBS / < br > Individual Consultant < br > Selection for Household < br > Consumption and Expenditure Individual < br > & WMS - Technical support on IDA / D2290 Post Consultant Open 201 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-11-11 2021-02-17 2020-12-30 2021-01-20 2021", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "population of Klipspringer ( on Mt . Kei ) , reed bucks , bush pigs , baboons . A survey of Mt . Kei indicated the importance of protected areas for the wildlife species found in wetlands , forests , along river banks like Sitatunga , water buck hippopotamus and birds . Besides land scape degradation , wild life in West Nile is threatened by the fact that the community utilizes game products like meat , skins , horns or feathers ; while other animals produce resources that are gathered e . g . honey from bees , eggs and feathers from birds . Besides , the above , fauna in the region is also highly affected by Refugee settlement and war leading to major decreases of fauna species . Based on Plumptre et al . , 2007 , there are possibilities of recovery to former levels with land scape management and good protection . On this note therefore , managing at the landscape scale is a necessary long-term conservation strategy as landscape species may stand a better chance of survival over the longer term . # # # * * _Flora_ * * Forests , savannah grassland , woodland and swamps are the main kind of vegetation within the Project targeted areas . Natural habitats are highly threatened by human activities influencing the natural vegetation with the biggest impact experienced in the Upper Nile due to high population caused by the refugee settlements . This in turn brings about the spread of invasive and alien species which also have a severe impact on the landscape ’ s protected areas . Within the forest reserves and 25", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 100, "text": "survey of Mt . Kei", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 7 Conclusions * * This paper studies the diffusion of a capital intensive , indivisible technology and analyzes the dynamics of income inequality during this process . We find evidence that credit constraints are the key factor that explains the pattern of delayed adoption observed in the data . During the diffusion process , inequality follows Kuznets ’ well-known inverted U-shaped curve . Consistent with the model and results , a redistributive policy favoring the poor results in accelerated economic growth and a shorter duration of sharpened inequality , although the quantitative impact of such a policy is small . One advantage of this paper over other studies about the impacts of globalization , is that context is well understood . Thus , the specific channel in which wealth matters for adoption can be disentangled . We conclude , like Platteau ( 1984 ) , that overall our village in Tamil Nadu experienced a success story of globalization : according to the simulated data , the diffusion for the entire sample is completed in less than five years and it results in substantial income gains for everyone . # * * References * * - [ 1 ] Bandiera , O . and I . Rasul , 2004 . Social Networks and Technology Adoption in Northern Mozambique , unpublished manuscript , London School of Economics . - [ 2 ] Bell , C . and T . N . Srinivasan , 1989 . Some aspects of linked product and credit contracts among risk-neutral agents . In P . Bardhan , editor , _The Economic Theory of Agrarian Institutions_ . Oxford : Clarendon Press . - [ 3 ] Besley , T . and A . Case , 1993 . Modeling Technology Adoption in Developing Countries , _American Economic Review_ 83 , 396-402 . - [ 4 ] Besley , T . and A . Case , 1994 . Diffusion as a Learning Process : Evidence from HYV Cotton , Princeton University Department of Economics Working Paper 5 / 94 . 29", "spans": [{"start": 981, "end": 995, "text": "simulated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Health costs are assumed to be $ 5 per capita without the project _ ( Source : World Bank , SZMA database , total per capita expenditures on health ) . _ It i s assumed per capita health costs will be reduced by 10 % in communities where water supply i s improved and sanitation . and hygiene promotion i s carried out . - * * _0_ * * It i s assumed rural communities will pay user fees sufficient to cover operation and maintenance costs associated with their systems , including non-routine maintenance and replacement of spare parts . - * * _0_ * * It i s assumed that full cost recovery tariffs will be phased in for urban water supply systems , so that revenues will be sufficient to cover operation and maintenance costs plus an allowance for renewal and replacement o f short life assets initially and , by the fifth year , enough to also cover routine expansion of the system and debt service for major expansion . The following table summarizes assumptions for operation & maintenance expenses : Description Inflation Salaries and wages Projection Assumptions Projected to be 2 % per year ; all costs are increased with inflation The base wage i s projected to increase by 67 % in real terms over ten years to allow for upgrading personnel and achieving greater efficiency and improved service ; Staff efficiency i s projected to improve over the ten years with a reduction in staff per 1000 connections from 20 to 10 Projected to vary with the amount o f water produced ; with the amount o f water produced ; the amount o f water produced ; amount o f water produced ; produced ; no real real increase i s projected in the base cost i s projected in the base cost projected in the base cost in the base cost the base cost base cost Power and Projected to vary with the amount o f water produced ; with the amount o f water produced ; the amount o f water produced ; amount o f water produced ; produced ; no real real chemicals increase i s projected in the base", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 105, "text": "SZMA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Step 3 : Formulation of response and corrective action * * - A response will be formulated and communicated to the complainant , including : - Acceptance or rejection of the complaint . - Reasons for acceptance or rejection . - Next steps and where to forward the complaint ( if applicable ) . - A timeframe for resolution . - Requests for further documents or evidence ( if needed ) . - If the complaint is resolved at this stage , the corrective action and timeframe will be determined in consultation with the complainant and recorded in the complaint log . - Grievances will be resolved , and status reported back to complainants within a week . If more time is required , the complainant will be informed . - Unresolved cases will undergo detailed investigations , with results discussed within one month of lodging the grievance . - Grievances beyond the capacity of project supervisors or VMF heads will be communicated to a higher level . - Complainants have the right to seek legal recourse if they believe their grievance was not handled fairly . # # * * Step 3 : Meeting with the complainant * * - The proposed corrective action and timeframe will be discussed with the complainant within one week of receiving the grievance . - Consent to proceed with the corrective action will be sought from the complainant . # # * * Step 4 : Implementation of corrective action * * - Agreed corrective action will be implemented by the project or contractor within the agreed timeframe . - The date of completion will be recorded in the log . - Once a response has been determined for a complaint , the Grievance Focal Person should log this in the GRM log sheet , they should mark the complaint resolved , and they should draft a response letter to the complainant based on the standard letters . - A copy of the letter shall be kept in the records with the original complaint form . - Response letters shall be delivered back to complainants in a timely fashion . 265", "spans": [{"start": 1656, "end": 1669, "text": "GRM log sheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * A * * review of Nairobi County transactions in respect of the Project indicated that a separate account was not maintained . The Project transactions were processed through a County Special Purpose Account together with transactions for other Projects . Consequently , the Management was in breach of the law . # # # # * * 3 . 2 Irregular Procurement of Conference Facilities in Kiambu County * * Section * * 106 ( 2 ) ( b ) * * of the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act , * * 2015 * * requires quotations to be given to as many persons as necessary to ensure effective competition . However , during the financial year * * 2018 / 2019 , * * the County made payments amounting to Kshs . 4 , 781 , 500 for hire and use of conference facilities for training in cash and without any evidence of competitive procurement . Consequently , value for money for the payments amounting to Kshs . 4 , 781 , 500 could not be confirmed . # # # # * * 3 . 3 Transfer to Other Government Entities * * The statement for receipts and payments for the year ended * * 30 * * June , * * 2019 * * reflected total transfers to other government entities of Kshs . 2 , 650 , 727 , 789 comprising of transfers * * by * * the entity of Kshs . 215 , 286 , 365 and payments made * * by * * third parties of Kshs . 2 , 435 , 441 , 424 . Signed confirmations or expenditure returns from beneficiaries were however , not availed for audit review . Consequently , it was not possible to establish whether the transfers were received * * by * * the intended beneficiaries and utilized for the intended purposes . In the circumstances , * * I * * am unable to confirm whether the transfers were a proper charge to public funds . REPORT * * ON LAWFULNESS AND EFFECTIVENESS IN USE * * OF * * PUBLIC RESOURCES * * # # # # * * Conclusion * * As required", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 47, "text": "Nairobi County transactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 HS6 lines . Sub-Saharan African firms are less diversified on average in terms of both number of destinations and products . Differences in terms of diversification are particularly important in terms of number of products ( total or averaged by firm ) . # * * 3 . 2 Country-level variables * * Exchange rates vis-a-vis the U . S . dollar are yearly averages from the IMF ’ s International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) and are deflated by consumer price indices to obtain annual real exchange rates ( RER ) . Exchange rates are all expressed in local currency units ( LCU ) per dollar in the IFS . Let _eot_ and _edt_ , respectively , be the origin and destination countries ’ exchange rates in LCU per dollar in year _t_ , and _Pot_ and _Pdt_ their consumer price indices . < sup > 17 < / sup > Let _eodt_ be the average > 16Mineral and primary products are commonly disregarded due to large and sudden fluctuations in international prices and associated terms-of-trade shocks , arbitrarily driving the export performance . > 17In our baseline estimations , we have dropped the top percentile of country-pairs in terms of variance of bilateral real exchange rates . Dropping these countries which display extreme price variations ( generally countries with hyperinflation ) limits measurement error and only drops 0 . 07 percent of total trade value . 9", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 416, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 756, "end": 778, "text": "consumer price indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "443ha * * of * * state-owned farmland is cultivated of which * * ( 67 . 2 % ) * * was covered * * by * * cereal crops , * * ( 22 . 3 % ) * * with oilseed and the remaining * * ( 10 . 5 % ) * * of the cultivated land was covered * * by * * pulses Based on the data obtained from respective Woreda agriculture offices , close to half ( 48 . 1 % ) of cultivated land in Subproject impact woredas was covered * * by * * wheat crop , followed * * by * * Barley crop which accounts for ( 18 . 4 % ) of the cultivated land in 2022 * * E . C . * * In terms of types of crop coverage some difference is seen across Subproject impact woredas for instance , while * * ( 60 . 9 % ) * * of cultivated land in Lude Hetosa woreda covered * * by * * wheat crop , the proportion is reduced to * * ( 55 . 5 % ) * * in Hetosa woreda , whereas only * * ( 11 . 3 % ) * * of cultivated land in Dekisis woreda reported to cover * * by * * wheat crop in the indicated year . Surprisingly , ( * * 79 . 8 % ) * * of cultivated farmland in Deksis in 20222 was covered * * by * * barely crop . Teff is another important cereal crop grown in Subproject woredas and covered substantial proportion of farmland in Sude woreda ( 20 . 2 % ) and Arsi-Ribe Woredas ( 15 . 4 % ) . Cultivated land covered * * by * * vegetables was significant in Subproject woredas like Hetosa * * ( 7 . 2 % ) , * * Lude Hetosa ( 5 . 4 % ) and Diksis woreda ( 2 . 0 % ) .", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 315, "text": "data obtained from respective Woreda agriculture offices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # * * 6 . 2 Socio-economic Characteristics * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 1 Farmland Size and Ownership * * The subproject affected households own and use land for different purposes including farmland , grazing land and residential land . Based on the census survey result overwhelming majority ( 95 . 1 % ) of subproject impacted households reported to own farmland , while 3 . 4 % of them do not have farmland and the remaining 1 . 5 % are absentee PAHs . Across subproject impacted Woredas , the proportion of households without farmland is disproportionately high among PAHs in Jima town with 35 . 0 % of all PAHs . On the other hand , all the PAHs in Kersa and Limu Seqa Woredas own farmland . Regarding owned farmland size by the PAHs , the finding of the census survey among 583 PAHs reported to own a total of 733 . 7ha of farmland . Therefore , the average farmland holding of these PAHs is 0 . 8ha per household which is lower than the regional average of around 1 . 4ha . The average farmland holding of PAHs varied across Subproject impact Woredas with the highest average holding in Mana Woreda with 1 . 2ha per household and lowest in Kersa and Limu Kosa Woredas with an average of 0 . 6ha per household . Table 6 . 3 : Size of Farmland Holding Size by Woreda | * * Woreda * * | * * Sum of Owned * * < br > * * Farmland Size ( ha ) * * | * * No . of PAHs * * < br > * * owned farmland * * | * * Average holding * * < br > * *", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 425, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Measures can be as diverse as the creation of reception centers for migrants , helping them access essential public goods , or helping them acquire affordable housing ( such as the programs launched by the South African > 33 There is a real need to measure the characteristics of migrants with respect to age , gender , education , health , family structure , ethnicity and poverty at a _local_ level . Generating and using localized census data and the construction of neighborhood poverty maps at a metropolitan scale could be a prerequisite for useful research in the Future . > 34 This study uses cross sectional data and , therefore , only focuses on short term effects . 44", "spans": [{"start": 428, "end": 449, "text": "localized census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 605, "end": 625, "text": "cross sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) technology courses in schools , develop context-relevant digital skills learning assets , train teachers on the new courses and roll out in a systematic way across four grades ( G7-10 ) during the timeframe of the project in public classrooms . * * 9 . To reap the benefits of education , Jordan must align its push for learning with a pull for skills * * ( World Bank MENA Education Flagship 2019 ) . A pull for skills will depend on curricula that reflect the skills that prepare students for the future of work . The majority of youth entering the workforce every year , as well as of the huge stock of young people in the 15-25 year old age group , need both foundational skills as well as basic digital skills . * * 10 . There is strong evidence of demand for digital skills in classrooms . * * In a survey on social media and education reform across 13 MENA countries , most respondents supported ICT in the classroom ( Arab Social Media Report 2013 ) . Eighty-four percent of those surveyed felt universal internet access should be a norm and that children in schools should be able to access the internet on personal devices . Over threequarters felt that social media should be part of the school curriculum ; indeed , 61 percent believed students should be allowed to use social networking media in class . Responding to a question on whether students should be allowed to engage in a range of computer related activities , almost 80 percent noted they would be happy to have their children use “ collaborative web tools ” in classwork . * * 11 . This sub-component is aligned with the commitment made in the “ Amman Communique ” , * * which was announced at the Digital Mashreq Forum 2019 , for mainstreaming digital skills in public schools to train 300 , 000 students by 2022 . Key activities will aim to introduce quality computer science courses in public classrooms between G", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 928, "text": "survey on social media and education reform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "period of more than a decade to address the attenuation bias in the estimate of income persistence ( Solon ( 1992 ) , Mazumder ( 2005 ) ) . The household surveys available in developing countries usually provide income information only for a single year , and estimating individual income may be a daunting task in rural areas where self employment , work sharing , and informal activities predominate ( Deaton ( 1997 ) ) . The second challenge which constitutes the focus 5", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 161, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Last , we add to a growing literature on the role of information frictions in developing country labor markets ( Abebe et al . , 2021a , b ; Abel et al . , 2020 ; Bassi and Nansamba , 2021 ; Beam , 2016 ; Banerjee and Chiplunkar , 2022 ; Caria and Falco , 2022 ; Carranza et al . , 2022 ) . Specifically , we show that labor market entrants have false beliefs about formal wage growth . This is most closely related to Jensen ( 2010 ) who shows that secondary school graduates underestimate returns to education . These types of misconceptions are important since they can distort choices and reduce welfare . < sup > 10 < / sup > While the reason for why people hold false beliefs and how to best correct them requires additional research , our results suggest that informing ( young ) people about events with distant benefits may not be effective if recipients heavily discount the future . In these settings , short-term incentives can offer a promising alternative to change behavior . # * * 2 Background * * # # * * 2 . 1 Youth unemployment in Mexico * * The Mexican labor force comprises of just over 50 million people ( ENOE 2017 ) . The unemployment rate prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was roughly 3 . 5 % for the overall population and around 6 % for youths ( INEGI 2017 ) . Among the employed population 56 . 5 % of the overall population and 60 . 5 % of youths work informally ( INEGI 2017 ; IMJUVE 2017 ) . Informal employment is the dominant entry point into the labor market for youths . Table 1 depicts transition probabilities between non-employment and formal / informal employment across quarterly panel data from the 2018 and 2019 National Labor Force Survey ( ENOE ) for youths aged 18 to 21 . The figures estimate average transition probabilities from one quarter to the next , conditional on initial status type . Youths without employment are almost three times as likely to be informally employed than formally employed in the following period ( 15 . 4 % vs . 5 . 6 % ) . At the same time", "spans": [{"start": 1607, "end": 1627, "text": "quarterly panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1651, "end": 1678, "text": "National Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "producedanddisseminatedon < / sup > timely basis - The Producer Price Index for manufacturing sector was < sup > produced onquarterly < / sup > basis . - Weekly retail market prices data collection < sup > wasdone anddata compiledand < / sup > reported on monthly basis . - Quarterly Gross Domestic Product : The < sup > directorateparticipatedinthe < / sup > collection and provision of input indicators < sup > required to produce Quarterly Gross < / sup > Domestic Product * * ( QDDP ) . * * - National Construction Authority data from < sup > contractorswas keyedandwillbe < / sup > used to form basis for revising building and construction < sup > base year . < / sup > - Supply Utilization accounts ( SUA ) / Food Balance < sup > Sheet updating < / sup > - * Harmonised Consumer Price Index - Updating of the KenInfo and CountryStat < sup > databases < / sup > - * * Other key non-survey activities * * - Two offices were upgraded from timber to block buildings < sup > inKirinyagaand < / sup > Machakos counties . Six other counties were renovated < sup > withinthe reporting < / sup > period . - Installation and Maintenance of Internet < sup > inallthe county offices < / sup > - Purchase of New computing equipment - Upgrade of accounting system ( Pastel Evolution ) - Implementation of e-procurement system - Installation of Backup software - Procurement of Volume licenses for * * MS * * office < sup > andservers < / sup > * * 18 * *", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 75, "text": "Producer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 154, "end": 197, "text": "Weekly retail market prices data collection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 497, "end": 533, "text": "National Construction Authority data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 765, "end": 796, "text": "Harmonised Consumer Price Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 815, "end": 822, "text": "KenInfo", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 827, "end": 838, "text": "CountryStat", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Maternal depression is a major public health challenge due to its high prevalence and direct and indirect consequences . < sup > 4 < / sup > Globally , depression is experienced by about 10 percent of pregnant women and by 13 percent of women who have just given birth . In developing countries , the prevalence of depression is almost 50 percent higher than in developed contexts : around 15 . 6 percent of women experience it during pregnancy and 19 . 8 percent after childbirth ( WHO , 2020 ) . Given the limited availability of data on maternal depression in developing countries ( Parsons et al 2012 ) underscores the likelihood that it remains under-diagnosed and undertreated , these figures likely represent a lower bound of the scale of the problem . Existing studies on maternal mental health warrant concern about the economic and human costs of maternal depression , not only to the women suffering from it , but also to the children in their care ( Aizer et al 2016 , Wachs et al 2005 ) . Maternal depression may interfere with the consistent , attentive , and responsive caregiving associated with effective parenting ( Paulson , Dauber , & Leiferman 2006 ) . Because mother-child interactions during early life shape foundational neural circuits ( Shonkoff and Phillips 2000 ; Knudsen et al . 2006 ; OECD 2007 ) , neglect or maltreatment associated with maternal depression can undermine children ’ s brain development and lead to worse health ( physical and mental ) , cognitive , and behavioral outcomes ( Stratakis 2006 ; Gunnar and Quevedo 2007 ; Center for the Developing Child 2010 ) . Given that it often ‘ goes hand in hand with poverty ’ ( Shonkoff and Phillips 2000 ) , a major concern about maternal depression is that it may increase poverty and contribute to its intergenerational transmission . In particular , maternal depression can intensify the negative effects of material deprivation and exposure to exogenous shocks associated with poverty , and confine children to substandard developmental trajectories and hence worse outcomes later in life . However , despite the potentially far-reaching harmful effects of maternal depression on the welfare of mothers and their children", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 586, "text": "data on maternal depression", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "residing within 50 km of combustion power plants . Specifically , we use modeled population at 100-meter spatial resolution available at five-year intervals from the Global Human Settlement Layer ( GHSL ) database < sup > 8 < / sup > ( European Commission , 2023 ) . This dataset represents a significant advancement compared to prior attempts at modeling population distribution in space . It achieves this by refining raw census data into grid cells through the integration of remote-sensed imagery , specifically by utilizing the volume of residential areas . To avoid double counting the population in cases where the 50 km radius for different power plants overlaps , we partition these areas using a Thiessen method . We then compute the sum of the population residing in these areas in 2000 , 2005 , 2010 , 2015 , and 2020 . We linearly interpolate the data obtained in the previous step for each power plant to create an annual frequency times series of the exposed population . Additionally , to better characterize the population residing in proximity of a power plant , we use the Thiessen polygons derived previously and 2019 Human Development Index ( HDI ) data down-scaled to 0 . 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > x0 . 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > resolution from Sherman et al . ( 2023 ) to compute mean plant level HDI . We then compare the plant-level HDI with country-level HDI data from Smits and Permanyer ( 2019 ) to determine whether the population residing near power plants is systematically different . Last , to study how excess PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations and exposure may change during the operational lifespan of power plants already in operation , we use runoff projections from 22 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 ( CMIP6 ) . All these models provide runoff projections for the key Shared Socioeconomic Pathways ( SSPs ) : SSP1-2 . 6 , SSP2-4 . 5 , and SSP3-7 . 0 . Using this information on 66 future paths of runoff ( 22 models _ × _ 3 SSPs ) , we compute for each path and hydropower watershed the average runoff anomaly at monthly", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 213, "text": "Global Human Settlement Layer ( GHSL ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 424, "end": 435, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1138, "end": 1161, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1367, "end": 1389, "text": "country-level HDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 4 : Productivity and the Business Environment in Sri Lanka : Evidence from Cross-sectional Industrial Census Data * * | | * * ( 1 ) * * | * * ( 2 ) * * | * * ( 3 ) * * | * * ( 4 ) * * | * * ( 5 ) * * | * * ( 6 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Dependent var ( in logs ) : * * | * * Output per * * < br > * * worker * * | * * Value Added * * < br > * * per worker * * | * * Output per * * < br > * * worker * * | * * Value Added * * < br > * * per worker * * | < br > * * Output per * * < br > * * worker * * | < br > * * Value Added * * < br > * * per worker * * | | Competition with foreign firms | 0 . 810 + + + | 0 . 754 + + | 1 . 284 + + + | 1 . 339 + + + | 0 . 688 + | 0 . 842 + + + | | | ( 0 . 231 ) | ( 0 . 217 ) | ( 0 . 053 ) | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 308 ) | ( 0 . 232 ) | | Government Ownership | - 0 . 581 + + | - 0 . 596 + | - 1 . 132 + + | - 1 . 203 + + + | - 0 . 947 + | - 0 . 912 + | | | ( 0 . 234 ) | ( 0 . 285 ) | ( 0 . 324 ) | ( 0 . 307 ) | ( 0 . 491 ) | ( 0 . 428 ) | | Losses from crime ,", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 125, "text": "Cross-sectional Industrial Census Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Increase in trade vo | lumes passing through the Proj | ect road corridor | | Enhance the capacity of UNRA to manage environmental , social and road safety risks < u > < mark > IN01179085 < / mark > < / u > ► Fully operational Environmental and Social Management System in place ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Not in place | Not in place | Not in place | Fully operational < br > system inplace | | Date | 23-Jun-2020 | 03-Dec-2021 | 03-Dec-2021 | 30-Mar-2022 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01179097 | Environmental and < br > issues | Social Management System to | register , track and monitor | environmental and social | | ► Crash data entered i | nto system , publicly reported , an | d used in decision making ( Ye | s / No , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 23-Jun-2020 | 03-Dec-2021 | 03-Dec-2021 | 30-Mar-2022 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01179099 | Establishment / impro < br > and Serious Injuries | vement of monitoring and eva < br > , and its application for decisio | luation systems ( crash data < br > n making | base ) to monitor Fatalities | | ► Annual number of fatalities or serious injuries involving construction vehicles or at co | ns", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 749, "text": "Crash data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the investments , such as in water and sanitation facilities . A member of the gender mainstreaming committee at the MoH is a member of the KISIP ‘ s PCT . This specialist has been involved in developing the ministry ‘ s gender mainstreaming policy , which the ministry will formally adopt in early 2011 . The specialist will promote implementation of the policy at the ministry and settlement levels . The central technical assistance team at the MoH will include a gender / social development specialist , who will provide advice , training , and other support to promote gender mainstreaming at the ministry and in settlements . Gender disaggregated data will be collected through the settlement socio-economic surveys to allow assessment of the project ‘ s impact on both women and men . # # * * F . Environment * * 74 . * * KISIP follows a flexible design , where investments to be financed will be demand-driven and subjected to a screening process to ensure that technical selection criteria are met and environmental and social issues are adequately identified and addressed * * . An Environment and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) , which includes a resettlement policy framework as volume 2 , has been prepared to align with these design principles and complement the government ‘ s environmental assessment process . 75 . * * Environment assessment , preparation and consultation process . * * The ESMF identifies and addresses environmental and social issues in project design and implementation . The ESMF serves as a comprehensive and systematic guide for : ( a ) screening all investments to determine the nature and magnitude of issues and , where necessary , the scope of municipal project-specific environment impact assessments ( EIAs ) and the social impact assessments , as per government regulations and the applicability of the Bank ‘ s environment and social safeguard policies ; ( b ) development of environment management plans ( EMPs ) and guidelines to manage identified impacts along with budgetary provisions ; ( c ) application of procedures for compliance with government laws , regulations , and Bank ‘ s safeguard policies ; (", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 721, "text": "settlement socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "endowments thanks to higher investments in productivity-enhancing technological and process improvements , diversification away from maize , and ability to tap into global value chains and export markets . Formal agricultural firms ’ strong performance also underscores the potential for increased commercialization and adoption of improved technology to drive jobs and economic transformation in Zambia despite the headwinds to overall agricultural productivity growth highlighted in World Bank ( 2024 ) . Nevertheless , formal agricultural firms account for an as yet marginal portion of the total agricultural labor force ( only an estimated 119 , 000 workers ) . In general , large-scale commercialized farms — of which the firms in the CIT database are a subset — only farm about 0 . 7 percent of Zambia total cropped area and represent less than 0 . 08 percent of all farming entities , highlighting the scale of both the potential opportunity and need to drive increased commercialization ( World Bank 2024 ) . At the same time , the analyses also highlight key climate change-related vulnerabilities faced by formal agricultural firms — as well as farmers in Zambia write large — that drive significant year-on-year volatility . A notable exception to the general upward trend in labor productivity was a sharp drop in 2016 ( see Figure 24 ) . This sudden deterioration was driven by an intense drought in 2015-2016 , attributable to El Niño and climate change , which translated into steep within-firm productivity declines ( Alfani , et al . 2019 ) . Looking forward , climate change is likely to exacerbate the likelihood and intensity of such extreme climactic shocks , highlighting the need to increase resilience of the sector ( Thorton and Lipper 2014 ) . Interestingly , although the impact of the 2015-2016 drought is evident in the data , there is no similarly steep drop in productivity in 2019 , when Zambia experienced another drought . Formal agricultural firms ’ relatively strong performance it attributable to the 2019 drought being relatively less intense and the relative concentration of large commercial farms in the Copperbelt and Easter provinces , which were less affected by drought . Figure 23 . Cumulative change in weighted average log labor productivity , 2014-2021 ( agriculture , forestry , and fishing ; constant", "spans": [{"start": 741, "end": 753, "text": "CIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Annexes # # Annex 1 : Methodological notes # # # * * Poverty indicators * * Official absolute poverty is estimated based on comparison of disposable income of the household with its budget of subsistence minimum . Disposable income is calculated based on consumption of the households , privileges , and in ‐ kind income . Budget of subsistence minimum of a household is estimated based on the composition of the household and budgets defined for specific age groups : children age 0 ‐ 3 , children aged 3 ‐ 6 , children aged 6 ‐ 18 , working ‐ age population , retirees . Moderate poverty is estimated based on the comparison of per capita disposable income with the minimum consumer budget for a family consisting of 4 persons ( 2 working ‐ age adults and 2 children ) . # # # * * Social groups definition * * We define working ‐ age individuals who reported income in the form of wages or from self ‐ employment as employed . We define the fully employed to be those who reported employment related income exceeding BYN 100 for three months in a quarter . Other individuals who reported employment related income are considered partly employed . Non ‐ employed are those working age individuals who did not report any employment or self ‐ employment related income . Hence , this group includes the unemployed , inactive population , students , housekeepers , individuals on parental leave . # # # * * Consumption in real terms * * Consumption of separate goods and services is reported in HBS files in monetary terms , and we convert it into real terms using the consumer price indices of related goods . Subsequently , all goods and services were aggregated into several groups : - Consumable goods - Food - Other consumable goods - Food related goods and services ( alcohol and tobacco , eating out , cultivation of land plot and animal breeding ) - Non ‐ food goods ( clothes , footwear , textile , maintenance of private vehicles ) - Durable goods ( household goods and appliances , furniture , purchase of private vehicles ) - Services - Education and health - Utilities and public transport - Other services (", "spans": [{"start": 1495, "end": 1504, "text": "HBS files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a whol ' - , and underuttilization of facilities constructed as a part of Bank projects is reported to be a problem in some countries . The recruitment and training of different program staff is another major element in Bank projects . It receives ! ; omewhat less attention in the audit reports than does construction , but the poor performance of workers is often cited as a problem . For example in the Bangladesh PCR it is observed : > 1 9 ProJect Performance Audit Report : Banaladesh , First Population Project , pages vi-vii . 46", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 420, "text": "Bangladesh PCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were expected to benefit from the Project ’ s investments , of which at least 50 percent would be female . At completion , the target was exceeded by 47 percent with 528 , 945 beneficiaries , of which 60 percent women , being reached with assets and services . Primary beneficiaries were rural smallholder farmers organized into Common Interest Groups ( CIGs ) of about 25 individuals . A total of 342 , 966 farmers adopted at least one TIMP < sup > 35 < / sup > . The farmers benefitted from a broad range of activities , including investment support through matching grants ( micro-projects ) , access to TIMPs and certified seeds , capacity building and extension services , and information on prices and markets . The land area under sustainable land management amounted to 108 , 898 ha ( Table 2 ) . The average increase in productivity across the priority commodities was 41 . 1 percent and exceeded largely the targeted yield increase of 30 percent . Growth in productivity occurred against a backdrop of severe drought from 2020 to 2022 . * * Table 1 : Summary of PDO Indicators by Outcome at Completion * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Unit * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End * * < br > * * target * * | * * Achieve * * < br > * * d * * | * * Percentage * * < br > * * achieved * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Directproject beneficiaries | Number | 0 | 360 , 000 | 528 , 945 | 147 | | Direct beneficiaries who have adopted < br > improved agricultural technologies , < br > innovations and management practices < br > ( TIMPS ) promoted bythe Project | Number | 0 | 176 , 400 | 342 , 966 | 194 | | Yield increase in the selected priority < br > agricultural value chains supported", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # * * 7 . 4 Evaluation of Alternatives * * # # # # # # * * 7 . 4 . 1 Subproject Alternative to “ No-subproject ” Alternative * * Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa . Despite its enormous potential , electricity is still a luxury for the majority of rural Ethiopians . Much of this population survives in conditions of relative poverty and energy insecurity . Therefore , if the quality of life of this population is to be improved and environmental degradation halted then a considerable amount of new electricity generation and transmission capacity must be constructed . Under EEP ’ s grid expansion plan , the electricity coverage will increase from the existing 32 % to 61 % and the number of customers from 2 . 5 million to 7 . 0 million . Results of the survey for this assessment showed that majority of families in the subproject affected area still rely on dirty and expensive kerosene wick lamps for lighting their homes . Therefore , improved power generation and transmission , will boost electricity supply capacities of the national grid making it not only accessible physically , but also affordable financially for the rural poor including those in the proposed subproject areas . In the medium to long term , improved electricity transmission , by enhancing supply and curbing transmission losses , will facilitate rural electrification and make it possible for rural communities in Ethiopia as a whole and communities in the subproject areas to gain access to electricity – modern and affordable energy – an important milestone to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals ( SDG ) . Reliable power supply and improved service associated with it are fundamental to meeting the country ’ s development goals and achieving the full benefits of other development initiatives . Although the _no-project expansion alternative_ has no additional environmental impacts it offers the least socio -", "spans": [{"start": 997, "end": 1023, "text": "survey for this assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "suggests that a 4 percent depreciation is rather on the low side . Column 3 includes the capital stock estimate built with disaggregated investment data originally constructed to compute the quality index for capital . This series is robustly correlated with growth . The long-run elasticities for physical and human capital are slightly higher than with the standard estimate of the capital stock . Due to the limited number of observations the regression could only be run by OLS . Thus , the coefficients are likely to be upwardly biased . Altogether , varying the assumptions about the depreciation rate moderately changes capital elasticities but does not change very much the role of human capital on growth . # * * _Alternative Schooling Data_ * * The most interesting sensitive test concerns the validity of the conclusions on the importance of human capital to growth . Column 4 uses interpolated education data from Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) . Column 5 includes the interpolated time series from Cohen and Soto ( 2001 ) into the regressions . In both estimates human capital , as measured by average years of schooling , is robustly correlated with growth . - 44 -", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 152, "text": "disaggregated investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 893, "end": 939, "text": "interpolated education data from Barro and Lee", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Lack of documentation . * * A significant number of new arrivals have reported that they lack proper documentation , including birth certificates . According to the _Project 21_ monitoring system , 22 % of households reported not having any documents , while 29 % possess identification cards or other forms of identification , and 49 % have birth certificates . The lack of documentation may expose refugees , especially children , to additional challenges , including more difficult access to registration , as well as essential services such as education and healthcare , besides triggering a potential risk of statelessness . # # Key elements of the response Since the inception of the crisis the protection response followed a three-pronged approach . * * Action 1 * * : Count new arrivals in border areas and provide urgent specialized protection services in spontaneous sites in border areas for women , girls , children , and other persons with specific needs and at heightened risk . * * Action 2 * * : Increase the structural and service capacity of existing refugee sites away from the border in the three provinces of Ouaddaï , Sila and Wadi Fira , and voluntarily relocate refugees to these safer areas . * * Action 3 * * : Invest in individual biometric registration and strengthen delivery of essential and inclusive protection services in the camps , with particular attention to child protection , GBV services . * * Preserving the civilian and humanitarian character of asylum and of refugee sites . * * Considering the proximity to the border , the very volatile security situation , and the risk of infiltration and presence of armed elements amongst the refugee population , UNHCR and another humanitarian partner have invested in advocacy and capacity strengthening for the Chadian authorities to maintain the civilian nature of sites , both at the border and in the relocation sites . While from the onset of the crisis the Chadian authorities have put in place screening and separation procedures , UNHCR has also organized training on refugee law and on the civilian and humanitarian character of asylum for nearly 300 troops from the Chadian armed forces deployed in", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 199, "text": "_Project 21_ monitoring system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| process | | | | | PDO | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Intermediate Result indicator_ < br > _Three_ : < br > Number of environmental audits < br > for KCDP community based < br > projects undertaken | R | Number | 0 | Annual < br > environmental < br > and social audits < br > for KCDP < br > supported < br > projects < br > undertaken | Same < br > indicator , but < br > improved < br > clarity of < br > formulation | 3 | 3 | Bi-Annually | NEMA reports | NEMA | | _Intermediate Result indicator_ < br > _Four_ : < br > Number of PPPs funded and still in < br > operation at EOP | D | Number | 0 | | Not a direct < br > aspect of the < br > PDO , which < br > focuses on < br > improved < br > effectiveness < br > of coastal < br > and marine < br > ecosystem < br > management < br > and use | 5 | | By-Annually | CDA records and < br > monitoring < br > reports | CDA | | _Intermediate Result indicator_ < br > _Five : _ < br > Entrepreneurs identified , < br > trained , and with business plan < br > developed | N | Number | 0 | | The new < br > indicator < br > measures < br > key progress < br > towards < br > effective < br > management < br > of coastal < br > and marine < br > resources use | | 200 | Bi-Annually | Project records < br > and", "spans": [{"start": 520, "end": 532, "text": "NEMA reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 895, "end": 906, "text": "CDA records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . - Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – - Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : There shall be no works contracts under the project .", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 263, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 604, "end": 627, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Protection Cluster Ukraine community centres and livelihoods programs . Monitoring , reporting and advocacy on the human rights situation in Ukraine , with a focus on the east and Crimea , supports long-term reconciliation processes . < sup > 77 < / sup > Several civil society institutions have also conducted surveys regarding national dialogue and attitudes in Ukraine . They have published recommendations for state policy , including building consensus on future development , drafting state policy on national unity , prioritizing decentralization alongside reintegration of Crimea and Non-Government Controlled Areas of Donetsk and Luhansk , building stronger relationships between government and civil society , and promoting inclusive dialogue . < sup > 78 < / sup > Foreign governments , UN agencies , and private donors have all made tremendous efforts to contribute to Ukraine ’ s recovery . Millions of dollars in bilateral and multilateral assistance have already been pledged or donated to peacebuilding and other development programs in Ukraine . The promotion of recovery and social cohesion is one of three primary strategic objectives in the 2016 Humanitarian Response Plan for Ukraine . However , while ongoing projects seek to address the protection needs of displaced and conflict-affected communities , additional efforts are required for peacebuilding and reconciliation to be sustainable . # CONCLUSION Although the conflict in Ukraine is ongoing , there are nonetheless opportunities to begin Ukraine ’ s peacebuilding and reconciliation process . Peacebuilding and reconciliation measures in Ukraine will require careful consideration of the underlying causes of the conflict . After appropriate and inclusive consultations , which identify local needs and sources of conflict , a national strategy can be carefully crafted to respond to these needs . The priorities and sequencing of this process must also be determined by national actors . Simultaneously , humanitarian agencies in Ukraine should begin considering ways to promote peacebuilding and reconciliation in their work . Although some mechanisms , are likely premature , peacebuilding and reconciliation efforts should nonetheless still be pursued . A joint report ( Recovery and Peacebuilding Assessment , or RPA ) by the European Union , United Nations , and World Bank — authored at the request of the Ukrainian government — is", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 371, "text": "surveys regarding national dialogue and attitudes in Ukraine", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measure of services liberalization is multiplied by the proportion αjk of inputs sourced by the manufacturing sector _j_ from the services sector _k_ , as with the services index in equation 1 . In this way we create two instruments : ( i ) pertaining to China ' s commitments and ( ii ) pertaining to Indonesia ' s commitments . Each instrument varies by time , manufacturing industry and services sector . An alternative specification , using instead the commitments of all WTO members yielded similar results ( available upon request ) . The results from IV regressions are reported in Table 7 . As expected , the first stage results indicate that Indian services reform responded to services liberalization in China and Indonesia . The F-statistics suggest that our instruments perform well . The Sargan test does not cast doubt on their validity with the exception of the specification focusing on the transport sector . The second stage confirms our earlier finding that services reforms have improved manufacturing performance . This gives us confidence that reverse causation is not driving our results . # * * _Alternative Measure of Service Reform_ * * While the construction of our services reform index was undertaken with great care and confirmed by extensive consultations with sector experts in India , a composite index is by its very nature always prone to measurement imperfections . We therefore wish to check the robustness of our findings to more parsimonious approaches to measuring services reform . Although a “ true ” measure of policy reform does not exist , it may be possible to identify the key structural break points in policy regimes with greater objectivity than is involved in the construction of a composite index that reflects a judgment of the relative importance of specific reforms . Hence we check the previous findings by using a simpler measure of structural breaks for each services sector . < sup > 24 < / sup > This is done by identifying the year in which a service sector experienced the most transformative policy reform and generating a simple indicator variable that divides years into “ before ” and “ after ” this structural break . These policy cornerstones in services sectors are then weighted by the input-output coefficients linking", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 487, "text": "commitments of all WTO members", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regularly made to beneficiaries . Given that the program has been effective for just over a year , there are no significant impact-level outcomes to report on . However , a baseline report of the Program Implementation and Beneficiary Satisfaction Survey is expected in April / May 2015 . The baseline report will provide further evidence on progress across key indicators . 12 / 26 / 2014 Page 1 of 8 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 254, "text": "Program Implementation and Beneficiary Satisfaction Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | _Prob . of Fall behind_ | | | | | | | | | | Tier 1 to Tiers 3 & 4 | 11 . 01 | 5 . 41 | 2 . 54 | 1 . 66 | 4 . 30 | 1 . 20 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 00 | | Tier 2 to Tiers 3 & 4 | 36 . 8 | 28 . 77 | 17 . 70 | 18 . 40 | 26 . 00 | 25 . 60 | 22 . 80 | 24 . 40 | _Source_ : SPADIES for observed data ; model simulations for predicted data . _Notes_ : Values are expressed in percentages ( % ) . # * * 7 . 5 The Role of * * Since our estimates show that class completion is much more responsive to effort than ability , we now examine the role of # # * * 7 . 5 . 1 Average effort over time . * * We begin by looking at average student effort by year ( Figure 11 ) . On average , effort is relatively high in years 1 and 4 . In year 1 , students work hard to complete classes and mitigate dropout 26", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 293, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 | - - | - - | - - | - - | | Both | 1 , 867 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 69 | - - | - - | - - | - - | | Discussed visit with neighbors ( 1 = Yes ) | 1 , 867 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 50 | - - | - - | - - | - - | | Panel B : Information about political discussions | | | | | | | | | | | Discuss political issues with women in neighborhood ( 1 = Yes ) | 2 , 637 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 62 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 18 | | Issues raised during conversations | | | | | | | | | | | Party / Candidate Positions | 847 | 0 . 61 | 0 . 62 | 0 . 61 | 0 . 63 | 0 . 59 | 0 . 58 | 0 . 61 | 0 . 59 | | Importance of voting | 847 | 0 . 86 | 0 . 85 | 0 . 85 | 0 . 86 | 0 . 86 | 0 . 89 | 0 . 83 | 0 . 88 | | Importance of voting in accordance to own preferences < br > Notes : Data come from follow-up survey . Column ( 1 ) refers to th < br > data for treated women . Columns ( 6 ) - ( 8 ) report data for control < br > women in control clusters . | 847 < br > e numbe < br > women i | 0 . 52 < br > r of ob < br > n treat | 0 . 53 < br > servati < br > ed clus | 0 . 53 < br > ons for < br > ters . Co | 0 . 53 < br > column < br > lumn ( 9 | 0 . 47 < br", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 819, "text": "follow-up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "turn , contribute to the rise in aggregate corporate debt during 2020 . We then study how the risk that the credit program expansion entails is handled and shared between the banking system that grants the loans and the government that guarantees those loans . While Section 4 uses official aggregate data to display the patterns , here we compute the aggregate statistics from the micro data , allowing us to connect the micro and macro estimates . < sup > 22 < / sup > # * * 7 . 1 From Firm Indebtedness to Aggregate Indebtedness * * To determine how micro-level indebtedness reflects on the overall economy , we partition firms into four groups according to their predicted default risk , from high risk to low risk . The change in indebtedness in each risk group is obtained by multiplying the within-group change in the indebtedness of firms in each risk group by the weight of that group of firms in aggregate economic activity ( measured by sales ) : We then obtain the aggregate change in indebtedness , relative to aggregate sales , by adding the contribution of leverage of the different risk groups : _G_ is a partition of firms according to risk , and _g_ indexes a specific group of firms . _Ygt − _ 1 = � _i ∈ g_ < sup > _yit − _1is the sales of group < / sup > < sup > _g_of firms , where < / sup > < sup > _yit − _1denotes firm-level sales . < / sup > < sup > _Dgt_ = � < / sup > _i ∈ g_ < sup > _dit_ < / sup > is the stock of debt of group _g_ of firms , where _dit_ denotes firm-level credit stock . _ωgt − _ 1 = _Ygt − _ 1 _ / Yt − _ 1 is the weight of group _g_ in aggregate sales in year _t − _ 1 . ∆ _Dt_ is the aggregate yearly change in debt between _t_ and _t − _ 1 ( between 2020 and 2019 ) . _Yt − _ 1 is aggregate sales in 2019 . < sup > 23 < / sup > Table 10 presents the results of this aggregation", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 305, "text": "aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 392, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Plan tables . * * Not Applicable . * * - * * VIII . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * ; Works : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * - * * _IX . _ Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations : * * Not Applicable . * * - * * X . Proposed Procedures for CDD Components : * * Not Applicable - * * XI . Other Relevant Procurement Information : * * None - * * XII . Reference to ( if any ) Project Operational / Procurement Manual : * * The Ministry of Education Science and Technology ( MoEST ) team will prepare Procurement manual . The Procurement Plan will also form part of the Project Implementation Manual . - * * XIII . Procurement Approach and Prior Review Thresholds : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table : # # # # # * * Prior-review Thresholds for Procurement Methods Thresholds * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the _Monga_ season , suggesting that borrowing is highly depressed in the _Monga_ season when credit demand is the highest . Credit demand is also found to respond positively to the availability of credit through credit agencies in the village . Supply of microcredit is higher in villages with higher number of MFIs working . Villages with a commercial bank network seem to have higher incidence of borrowing from informal sources , suggesting that developed villages have higher demand for credit that sometimes come from informal lenders rather than formal lenders . The equations for borrowing ( that is , microcredit , formal , informal and aggregate borrowing ) , the results of which are presented in Table 3a , are estimated independently , assuming that their error terms are not correlated . However , if the error terms are correlated ( or ‘ contemporaneously correlated ’ ) , the equations should be estimated jointly to get more efficient estimates . Such equations are called ‘ seemingly unrelated regression equations ’ or SURE , and the estimator for this problem is called SUR estimator , proposed by Zellner ( see Zellner 1962 ; 1963 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Table 3b reports findings based on SUR estimator . < sup > 11 < / sup > The effects of average seasonal income and share of actual seasonal income in average income are stronger based on SUR estimation . For example , a 10-percent increase in per capita average income raises the borrowing from microcredit lenders by almost 2 percent , and a one percentage point increase in the share of seasonal income is associated with 0 . 06 percent increase in microcredit borrowing . As for the independent effects of the seasons , except for microcredit borrowing , the borrowing from other sources seems to be affected by all three non-Monga seasons . > 10 SUR estimator uses the asymptotically efficient , feasible , generalized least-squares algorithm to jointly estimate the equations . A detailed treatment of the SUR estimator can be found in Zellner ( 1962 , and 1963 ) . > 11 These findings are based on random-effects ( RE ) estimates using panel data of 1998 / 99 and 2010 / 11 . We also", "spans": [{"start": 2122, "end": 2132, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of construction has been taken as year 2017 for all road sections . This methodology is similar to that adopted at Appraisal stage . The objective of the re-evaluation is to reconfirm the viability of the road component of the project by comparing the economic analysis results obtained at this stage with those at the appraisal stage of the project using the latest cost and project implementation information . The analysis has been necessitated by the changes observed during implementation of the Project in the last five years including increase in the cost of works , time and traffic across various contracts . # # * * Project Route * * 3 . The Lokichar – Nadapal / Nakodok Road is approximately 338 km long and lies predominantly in Turkana County . As summarized in the below , the upgraded project road sections have been subdivided into five ( 5 ) lots ( Table 1 . 2 ) . Also being reconstructed through a separate contract was the Kainuk Bridge which lies between Marich Pass and Lokichar . * * Table 1 . 2 : Road Sections along Lokichar – Nadapal / Nakodok Road Corridor * * | * * Section * * < br > * * No . * * | * * Road Section Name * * | * * Section Length * * < br > * * ( km ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Lokichar - – Loichangamatak | 40 | | 2 | Loichangamatak - – Lodwar | 50 | | 3 | Lodwar – Lokitaung ’ Junction | 80 | | 4 | Lokitaung ’ Junction – Kalobeiyei River | 80 | | 5 | Kalobeiyei River – Nadpal / Nakodok | 88 | | | * * Total * * | * * 338 * * | | | Lesseru / Eldoret – Nadapal / Nakodok | 606 | - 29 -", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 410, "text": "cost and project implementation information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", which are conducive to agriculture , a major livelihood for the local population . The region also features several water bodies , including the Nabajuzi River and numerous wetlands , contributing to the area ' s rich biodiversity and agricultural potential . There are no special landscapes / view-scapes in all the above districts that are traversed by the Optimal Line Route . The topography maps are also not available at this project development phase , however , these will be available at EPC design stage , while conducting the detailed Geotechnical and Soils Investigations to inform the final project designs . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 2 Geology , Soils and Regional Seismicity * * Although geotechnical / soil studies and sampling were supposed to be done at the feasibility phase , this information was not captured at the time as originally the UTIP study scope only focused on the Masaka – Mutukula TL segment and not the Wobulenzi – Masaka TL , the latter of which was only included as an additional study to the original study scope . Therefore , geological and soil maps are not available at this project development phase , but will be available at the EPC design stage , as part of the detailed Geotechnical and Soils Investigations to inform the final project designs . Therefore , the information presented below on regional and district geology and soils is based on existing secondary data sources . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 2 . 1 Description of Regional Geology * * The Buganda Group of rocks comprising orthoquartzites , conglomerates , metavolcanics , slates , phyllites , mica schists and metasandstones is found around the shores of Lake Victoria from Jinja westwards and across as far as the largely faulted eastern edge of the Western Rift Except for the very small portions underlain by recent deposits of alluvial and lacustrine formations , the rest of * * Buganda * * is underlain by the pre-Cambrian rock system . The largest portion", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 401, "text": "topography maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1058, "end": 1082, "text": "geological and soil maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1393, "end": 1415, "text": "secondary data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 . Information sources for innovative firms < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Most important source of information for innovation < br > 70 % 63 % < br > 60 % 52 % < br > 49 % 49 % < br > 50 % 42 % < br > 40 % < br > 27 % 26 % 26 % < br > 30 % 23 % < br > 19 % < br > 20 % 11 % < br > 6 % < br > 10 % 0 % 0 . 1 % 2 . 5 % 3 % 1 . 9 % 0 . 1 % 0 % 0 . 6 % < br > 0 % < br > Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan < br > In ‐ house Private Sector Government Academia Customers < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) # 5 . 7 Innovation Patterns across Regions It is widely recognized that innovation activity is spatially concentrated , and that R & D investments and innovations are more spatially concentrated than employment ( see Carlino and Kerr , 2014 for an excellent empirical and theoretical review ) . In terms of outputs , the creation of new products is more spatially concentrated than the introduction of new patents ( Acs et . al . , 1994 ) ; while the origination of the latter tends to be concentrated in few and large cities ( Forhnahl and Brenner , 2009 ; Bairoch , 1988 , respectively ) . Theories explaining concentration of R & D and innovation activities allude to agglomeration advantages in three dimensions : ( i ) sharing of common specialized inputs and factors of production , ( ii ) improvement of the quality of the matching process between specialized inputs or factors of production and innovating firms , and ( iii ) presence of externalities such as knowledge spillovers that facilitate the flow of tacit knowledge and new ideas . Why is innovation spatially concentrated ? “ Sharing ” theories highlight the importance of thick local factor or input markets that allow innovating firms which are spatially concentrated in", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 571, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "62 ) | - 0 . 308 < br > ( - 1 . 48 ) | | Hard peg dummy | - 4 . 34 * * * < br > ( - 8 . 60 ) | 0 . 593 * < br > ( 1 . 76 ) | - 0 . 978 * * * < br > ( - 6 . 44 ) | | Political stability | 0 . 455 * * * | - 0 . 0290 * * | 0 . 0994 * * * | | ( 0 to 100 ) | ( 19 . 36 ) | ( - 2 . 58 ) | ( 11 . 80 ) | | n | 1 , 286 | 1 , 232 | 1 , 128 | | R-squared | 0 . 275 | 0 . 083 | 0 . 107 | | RMSE | 7 . 75 | 3 . 90 | 3 . 04 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 19", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 554, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report * * * * Manyatta A , Manyatta B , Nyawita and Kibuye settlements * * # # # * * DEFINITION OF TERMS * * - * * Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan * * is a resettlement document prepared to mitigate impacts that has affected less than 200 Project affected persons in accordance with World Bank OP 4 . 12 . - * * Adoptive planning standards * * refers to negotiated planning standards that use nonconventional road way leave widths to reduce displacement that would result from the use of conventional planning standards ( which use road way leaves of 9m , 12m , 15m , 18m , 25m and 30m ) . - * * Compensation / Facilitation * * means payments made in cash in recognition of loss of assets and Livelihoods resulting from impacts caused by planning and surveying . - * * Complete Displacement : * * means the displacement of a structure owner or institution PAP etc . from one parcel of land to a different parcel of land outside the settlement due to the planning and survey activities including demarcation of roads . - * * The cut-off date * * is the start date of the socio-economic survey / census and asset inventory of PAPs . Persons entering and / or occupying land in the project area after this date and not included in the inventory of PAPs will not be considered eligible for facilitation . Similarly , fixed assets , such as structures , established after the cut-off date will not be compensated / facilitated . - * * Grievance : * * any dissatisfaction or sense of injustice or unfairness felt by a person in this respect a PAP or his / her representative in connection with his / her compensation entitlements , the RAP implementation process , the project and other scenarios related to project implementation . - * * Squatters * * are those who have extended their settlements into Government lands and have no formal", "spans": [{"start": 1117, "end": 1175, "text": "socio-economic survey / census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1279, "end": 1296, "text": "inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > lease holder | Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 2 months net income based < br > on tax records for previous year ( or tax < br > records from comparable business , or < br > estimates ) , or the relocation allowance , < br > whichever is higher . < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting ) < br > Assistance in rental / lease of alternative < br > land / property ( for a maximum of 6 < br > months ) to reestablish the business . | | Residential < br > Land | Land used for < br > residence partially < br > affected , limited loss | Title holder | Cash compensation for affected land , < br > taking into account market values for the < br > land | | | Remaining land < br > viable for present use . | Rental / lease < br > holder | Cash compensation equivalent to 10 % of < br > lease / rental fee for the remaining period < br > of rental / lease agreement ( written or < br > verbal ) | | | | Title holder | Land for land replacement or < br > compensation in cash according to PAP ’ s < br > choice ; cash compensation to take into < br > account market values for the land . < br > Land for land replacement shall be of < br > minimum plot of acceptable size under < br > the zoninglaw / s or aplot of equivalent | 58", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 118, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regularly offer an assessment of the risks to financial stability in the EU . Over time , the European arrangements for safeguarding financial stability have been based on the guiding principle that a decentralized institutional setting mostly based on the exercise of national responsibilities would be able to prevent and manage crises affecting the single financial market . The national authorities of home - and host-country authorities would cooperate in the management of a crisis on the basis of Community legislation and non-binding agreements such as Memorandum of Understanding . However , also due to the potential impact on national fiscal responsibilities , national authorities would preserve full responsibility and discretion in the actions to take to manage a crisis situation . < sup > 16 < / sup > Unfortunately , and as a direct result of the principles and initiatives just described , the pre-crisis EU institutional architecture for safeguarding financial stability ( including crisis management and resolution ) evolved into an institutional framework with three characteristics revealed by the crisis to be weaknesses if not flaws : _decentralization , segmentation , and overreliance on voluntary cooperation_ . < sup > 17 < / sup > - First , financial stability functions were _decentralized_ and based in large part on the exercise of national responsibilities by banking supervisors , central banks , treasuries , and deposit insurance schemes — despite the significant integration of European finance . - Second , pre-crisis financial stability functions were _segmented_ across sectors and Member States . For example , supervision of banking groups and financial conglomerates > 15 The 2008 MoU is available at www . ecb . europa . eu . > 16 See Schinasi and Teixeira , 2006 . > 17 See Schinasi and Teixeira ( 2006 ) . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178478 ) | | are refugees . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage of feedback cases registered < br > in the project ' s grievance redress < br > mechanism ( GRM ) in the last quarter < br > addressed within a timeframe specified < br > by the project | The project will maintain a < br > functioning grievance < br > redress mechanism ( GRM ) . < br > Grievances will be tracked < br > and analyzed , and < br > feedback will be provided < br > to MOPH management for < br > corrective actions , as < br > needed . The project < br > operations manual will < br > include the specific process < br > to be followed . | 6 months | GRM reports | Administrative data | PMU / MOPH | | | This indicator measures the < br > proportion of designated | | | | | | Percentage of designated hospitals fully < br > equipped with commodities ( e . g . PPE , < br > testing , infection control products and < br > supplies ) | health facilities for COVID - < br > 19 treatment that are fully < br > equipped with < br > commodities to support < br > COVID-19 response | 6 months | MOPH < br > reports / site < br > visit reports | Administrative data | PMU and MOPH | | | This indicator will track the < br > number of communication | | | | | | Number of communication initiatives < br > supported by the project to address < br > vaccine hesitancy | initiatives that are either < br > conducted or / and < br > substantially supported by < br > MO", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 747, "text": "GRM reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 750, "end": 769, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1223, "end": 1242, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Manna , G . C . , 2010 . Current status of industrial statistics in India : strengths and weaknesses . Economic and Political Weekly , pp . 67-76 . - Moretti , E . 2010 . “ Local Labor Markets . ” In Handbook of Labor Economics , Vol . 4 , edited by V . Henderson and J . F . Thissse , 1237 – 1313 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . - MOSPI ( Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation ) . 2013 . Sixth Economic Census . New Delhi : Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementatio < mark > n , Government of India . < / mark > http : / / www . mospi . gov . in / sixth-economic-census - Neumark , D . , and H . Simpson . 2015 . “ Place-Based Policies . ” In Handbook of Regional And Urban Economics , Vol . 5 , edited by G . Duranton , V . Henderson , and W . Strange , 1197 – 287 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . - NSSO ( National Sample Survey Office ) . 2012 . National Sample Survey of India , 68th Round . Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation , New Delhi . - < mark > ORGI ( Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner ) . 2011a . Census of India  < / mark > _ < mark > 2011 . < / mark > _ < mark > New Delhi : Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . http : / / censusindia . gov . in / < / mark > < mark > ______ . 2011b . < / mark > _ < mark > Administrative Atlas < / mark > _ < mark >  < / mark > _ < mark > 2011 . < / mark > _ < mark > New Delhi : Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . http : / / censusindia . gov . in / 2011census / maps / administrative_maps / admmaps2011 . html . < / mark > - O ’ Sullivan , A . and Strange , W . C . , 2018 . The emergence of coagglomeration . Journal of Economic Geography , 18 (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Palmer , Margaret A , Catherine A Reidy Liermann , Christer Nilsson , Martina Flörke , Joseph Alcamo , P Sam Lake and Nick Bond . 2008 . ― Climate change and the world ‘ s river basins : anticipating management options , ‖ _Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment_ , 6 ( 2 ) : 81-89 . - Papa , F . , Prigent , C . , and Rossow , W . B . 2007 . ― Ob ' River flood inundations from satellite observations : A relationship with winter snow parameters and river runoff , ‖ _Journal of Geophysical Research_ , 112 ( D18 ) : 1-11 . doi : 10 . 1029 / 2007JD008451 . - Peck Dannele E . and Richard M . Adams . 2012 . Farm-level impacts of climate change : alternative approaches for modeling uncertainty . In : Dinar , A . And R . Mendelsohn , Handbook of Climate Change and Agriculture . Chenlenham : Edward Elgar Publishing ( In Press ) . - Phillips , David , Marwa Daoudy , Stephen McCaffrey , Joakim Öjendal , and Anthony Turton . 2006 . _Trans-boundary Water Co-operation as a Tool for Conflict Prevention and Broader Benefit Sharing_ . Global Development Studies , 4 , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Sweden - R Development Core Team . 2008 . R : A language and environment for statistical computing , reference index version 2 . 7 . 2 . Copyright ( C ) 2008 R Foundation for Statistical Computing , Vienna , Austria . Retrieved from http : / / www . R-project . org . ISBN 3-90005107-0 . - Reuveny , Rafael . 2007 . ― Climate Change-Induced Migration and Violent Conflict , ‖ _Political Geography_ , 26 : 656-673 . - Salehyan , Idean . 2008 . ― From Climate Change to Conflict ? No Consensus Yet , ‖ _Journal of Peace Research_ , 45 ( 3 ) : 315-326 . - Schultz . 1994 . ― Meso-scale modelling of runoff and water balances using remote sensing and other GIS data , ‖ _Hydrological Sciences - Journal - des Sciences Hydrologiques_ , 39 ( 2 ) : 121-142 . - Scipal , K . , C . Scheffler , and W . Wagner . 2005", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * g ) Support the grievance redress mechanism # # * * 6 . 7 Inter-sectoral coordination * * * * Ministry of Finance ( MoF ) * * is the borrower and interlocutor for the World Bank regarding KISIP . The MoF will therefore be responsible for the negotiations and signing of the credit and any amendments to the project ’ s legal agreement . * * The National Environment Management Authority-NEMA * * : NEMA is the environmental regulator and will review and grant EIA licenses to projects under KISIP . As part of the process , whenever a project identifies displacement as a potential impact , a RAP has to be prepared and submitted to NEMA alongside the EIA report for approval . # # * * 6 . 8 Requirements for Monitoring and Evaluation * * The arrangements for monitoring will fit in the overall monitoring plan of the entire project under auspices of the ministry . Monitoring will focus on physical progress and associated costs as spelled out in the RAP and ensure that these are implemented and coordinated in a manner to ensure that civil works are not delayed . In order to ensure that compensation and assistance will enable the affected people to improve or restore their livelihoods , an impact assessment will be undertaken 6-12 months after the implementation is completed to evaluate whether the intended objectives are realised . For this , suitable baseline indicators related to income , assets , land ownership , expenditure pattern of key activities , housing conditions , access to basic amenities , demographic characteristics , indebtedness , etc . will be collected during the census survey and will be used for assessing the change in the living standards while carrying out the impact evaluation * * . * * The purpose of monitoring and evaluation is to report on the effectiveness of the implementation of the RAPs , and the outcomes and impact of compensation on the PAPs in relation to the purpose and goals of the RAPs . This section describes the Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) system", "spans": [{"start": 1661, "end": 1674, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P151816 | IDA-56270 | Effective | USD | 37 . 00 | 37 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 8 . 91 | 28 . 35 | 24 % | # # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * 6 / 19 / 2018 Page 6 of 7 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "covers an amount that is sufficient for asset replacement net depreciation , moving expenses and other transaction costs . This minimum value is then compared to the cost of new measures . This is arrived at , by analyzing current costs of land , crops , construction and materials . The estimate of these costs of these new measures can be obtained through the following : - _Rates quoted by contractors for similar structures in other construction projects / programs : _ When rate schedules do not exist or are out of date , recent quotations by contractors for similar types of construction in the vicinity of the project can be used for calculating replacement costs . In projects offering the options of cash compensation or alternative accommodation , the construction cost estimates for alternative accommodation could be used for calculating cash compensation payable . - _Schedule of rates obtained from the Chief Valuer , Commissioner of Lands Office , Ministry of Lands and Settlement : _ The Materials departments have a schedule of rates for preparing estimates for construction projects , which the consultant can use to assess costs for construction materials and labor . When applied to calculation of replacement cost , rates current for the period of actual replacement must be used . An inventory of each asset belonging to the PAP will be taken in his / her presence . Values of each asset will be pre-printed , shown to the affected person , and set against the . type and number of such losses that the individual will be shown , and the total of all losses as well . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1307, "end": 1351, "text": "inventory of each asset belonging to the PAP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . Methodology # 3 . 1 . Developing the Proxy Means Test models PMT predicts consumption using verifiable and measurable proxies ( variables ) closely correlated with consumption . Using data from the national household surveys , it identifies the best predictor of the welfare variables from a set of independent variables such as location , housing quality , household characteristics , and ownership of durable goods and assigns weights to each proxy . Although the two main targeting models examined in this paper - the MOLSA-PMT-model and the CLCI-PMT model are similar in adopting the PMT design , the eligibility criteria , variables , and scoring procedure differ . The MOLSA PMT model was developed from the 2017-2018 Rapid Welfare Monitoring Survey , also known as the Survey of Well-being via Instant and Frequent Tracking ( SWIFT ) ( Sharma & Poi , 2019 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > The CLCI , however , has two PMT models , a legacy Vulnerable Assessment model ( Legacy - VA ) and the updated MPCA model ( SEVAT ) . The Legacy-VA differed considerably from the MOLSA-PMT . It estimates the income-to-earnings ratio while the latter estimates household per capita consumption . The Legacy-VA uses a stepwise binary regression model to select the proxies and adopts a single model for all regions . The MOLSA-PMT , in contrast , uses continuous per capita consumption as the outcome variable in a postLasso procedure and has separate models for each region . The SEVAT , which replaced the Legacy-VA and uses the 2018 Multi-Cluster Needs Assessment ( MCNA ) survey , is more similar to the MOLSA-PMT . Both have regional models and estimate household per capita consumption per month as a dependent variable . The variables included in the three targeting models – MoLSA , Legacy-VA , and SEVAT equally differ ( Figure 1 ) . The MOLSA-PMT variables are mostly geographic location , durable assets , housing , and other socioeconomic variables that are closely correlated to monetary poverty . Conversely , the variables included in the two CLCI-PMTs ( Legacy-VA and SEVAT ) are mostly coping strategies and employment , which are more likely to predict vulnerability to poverty . It should be noted that vulnerability to", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 230, "text": "national household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 730, "end": 761, "text": "Rapid Welfare Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 782, "end": 836, "text": "Survey of Well-being via Instant and Frequent Tracking", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1527, "end": 1573, "text": "Multi-Cluster Needs Assessment ( MCNA ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # #  Pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 43 . 00 | 58 . 50 | | 58 . 50 | | Date | 31-Mar-2013 | - - | | 30-Apr-2014 | # # Comments Updated information is expected from next round of DHS data in 2016 . Any new information will be provided after the upcoming MTR . # # #  Contraceptive prevalence rate ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 27 . 30 | 42 . 00 | | 42 . 00 | | Date | 31-Mar-2012 | - - | | 30-Apr-2014 | # # Comments Updated information is expected from next round of DHS data in 2016 . Any new information will be provided after the upcoming MTR . # # #  Health centers reporting HMIS data in time ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 50 . 00 | 68 . 00 | | 68 . 00 | | Date | 31-Mar-2012 | - - | | 30-Jun-2014 | # # Comments To be updated at MTR . # #  Development and implementation of Balanced Score Card Approach to assess performance and related institutional incentives ( Yes / No ) | | Baseline | Actual | (", "spans": [{"start": 470, "end": 478, "text": "DHS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 971, "end": 980, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 5 . Beneficiary Survey Results * * As this was core ICR , there was no beneficiary survey . Annex 10 presents a summary of site visits during the ICR field mission . 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Item * * | < br > * * Update * * | | - - - | - - - | | a | Need to have daily debriefs which shall be shared with the team - ( stakeholder minutes ) | | b | Generate minutes for the different stakeholders . Need a format on how minutes should be < br > written , based on UNRA or bestpractice ( use the JBN Format for now ) . | | c | Updating the engagement matrix and schedule , however , we need JBN management to firm up < br > the dates on when we shall be comingfor detailed assessment . | | d | Updating the SEP matrix every day and share with communication specialist to understand the < br > stakeholders and how best to communicate with them . | | d | Expect that the SEP can be developed from the field . Work around to come with the draft SEP < br > from the field | | e | Vulnerability issues need to be well explained in the SEP not forgetting issues of social conflicts < br > andgender based violence | | 4 . 5 | * * In Charge * * | | a | * * _Daily Debriefs_ * * < br > _Agreed that : Providing daily debriefs will be responsibility of all team members . The chair for_ < br > _debriefs will alternate_ | | b | * * _Matrix : _ * * Someone will be in charge of generating the matrix . The sociologists both from ESIA and < br > RAP will be in charge . | | c | * * Schedule : * * | | | * * _Agreed : _ * * The sociologist s from RAP and ESIA shall be in charge . | | d | * * SEP : * * < br > * * Agreed : * * RAP team leader will be in charge of narrative of the SEP . | | e", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 152, "text": "stakeholder minutes", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 17 percent of total TRIAD imports . # 3 . 3 Empirical Results Table 1 provides estimates of the subsidy that the TRIAD would pay in the absence of tariff reductions , which , as we previously noted , is equal to the tariff revenue currently forgone due to preferences given to LDCs . The total value is $ 763 million , of which the largest share is the E . U . ’ s because of three factors . First , the E . U . imports larger quantities from LDCs than Japan and the U . S . Second , European preferences tend to be more generous under the EBA than under the LDC regimes of Japan and the U . S . ( including AGOA in the case of the U . S . ) , as we can see from Table A3 . Third , the MFN tariffs > 34 We have an additional 130 countries in the data set . The tariff data come from different sources and we employ the most recent year for which data is available between 1999 and 2004 . Sources are UNCTAD ’ s TRAINS , WTO noti fi cations and OECD ( 2003 ) CD-ROM , as well as the earlier 2001 version . > 35 When elasticities were not estimated for particular countries in those studies we took the trade-weighted average across all countries for those products . In the case of export supply elasticities , where for some tariff lines they were not able to estimate export supplies at the six-digit level , we took the country speci fi c average across all tariff lines within the four digit level . 16", "spans": [{"start": 765, "end": 776, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kouame , C . Y . , B . B . Kalimili and F . Pirlea , “ Many African Economies are Larger than Previously Estimated , ” World Development Indicators , 2019 . < u > http : / / datatopics . worldbank . org / world-development-indicators / stories / many-economies-inssa-larger-than-previously-thought . html < / u > - Kuznets , S . , “ Economic Growth and Income Inequality , ” _American Economic Review , _ 45 , 1 – 28 , 1955 . Lakner , C . and B . Milanovic , “ Global Income Distribution : From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession , ” _The World Bank Economic Review , _ 30 , 203 – 32 , 2016 . doi : 10 . 1093 / wber / lhv039 Lakner , C . , D . G . Mahler , M . Negre , and E . B . Prydz , “ How Much Does Reducing Inequality Matter for Global Poverty ? . _Policy Research Working Paper_ No . 8869 , World Bank , Washington , DC , 2019 . https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 31796 - Lind , J . T . and H . Mehlum , “ With or Without U ? The Appropriate Test for a U ‐ shaped Relationship , ” _Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics_ , 72 , 109 – 118 , 2010 . doi : < u > 10 . 1111 / j . 1468-0084 . 2009 . 00569 . x < / u > - Milanovic , B . , _Worlds Apart : Measuring International and Global Inequality_ , Princeton University Press , Princeton , NJ , 2005 . - Newhouse , D . L . and P . Vyas , “ Estimating Poverty in India without Expenditure Data : A Surveyto-Survey Imputation Approach , ” _Policy Research Working Paper_ No . 8878 , World Bank , Washington , DC , 2019 . < u > https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 31868 < / u > Nolan , B . , M . Roser and S . Thewissen , “ GDP Per Capita Versus Median Household Income : What Gives Rise", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KE II . 10 . * * Decentralization * * : The review of ERfKE I progress and challenges carried out by the MoE , key stakeholders and the Bank in February 2008 also assessed the extent to which the ministry , as currently structured and functioning , is positioned to support the process of devolving authority to the level of the school . There was early consensus that the present management system , established as it was for a highly centralized system , had proven helpful to implement the ERfKE I reforms across the system , but should now be transformed to address reallocation of responsibilities and accountabilities to facilitate decisionmaking at lower levels of the system . It was also recognized that the management system needs significantly greater policy and strategic planning capacity , including better institutionalized monitoring and evaluation . It was agreed that the second phase of this reform should be shaped around a principle of school and district focus , so that reforms at the central level will be premised on the changing role that the central ministry will play in a system that is focused on school and district level delivery of learning programs to build the kind of participatory , outcome-based and student-centered learning that is required . 11 . * * Quality * * : Jordan has now participated in three rounds of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) and one round of the Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) . In both cases , Jordan performed well in comparison with other countries in the Region , but well below many countries at comparable income and education expenditure levels , and at or below the international averages . As part of ERfKE I , MoE introduced a national assessment program using a PISAlike approach but focused specifically on the knowledge economy aspects of the national curriculum . It also conducted a series of more “ traditional ” national assessments of learning achievement in key subjects . Establishing and implementing these systems is a major stride forward in its own right and a significant achievement of the ERfKE", "spans": [{"start": 1357, "end": 1410, "text": "Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1442, "end": 1488, "text": "Programme for International Student Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "period was Hindus ( 38 percent ) . 22 Landholding is the sum of agricultural and non-agricultural land measured in cents , where 100 cents is equivalent to an acre . > 23 I confined the indicators used in the construction of the overall asset index to a common set found in both survey rounds , in order to examine changes over time . The 1998 KMS data provided a larger set of assets indicators ( 21 indicators of durable assets and 15 indicators of housing quality ) . The pair-wise correlation between the composite index created using both sets of indicators was high ( _r = 0 . 93_ ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 352, "text": "1998 KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For Period ending - 30th-JUNE , 2fl22 < br > Account No . 1000446366 < br > Depository Bank < br > AddressCB CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > Credit AgreementRelated L nt COVID-19 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT < br > Currency EUR < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2021 < br > as per C . B . K . , 0 Ledger Accountccont6 00 0 . 0 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank < br > 4 , 358 , 07876 < br > TotalI - - - 438087 < br > Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > 6 600 , 000 . 00 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2022 < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 , 358 , 078 . 7 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA SIGNATURE : < br > Vu < br > D < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > DATE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY SIGNATURE : < br > j < br > 2DATE < br > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and - . - - - - -", "spans": [{"start": 1249, "end": 1285, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household displacement and the destruction of household dwellings during the violent events . We are also able to measure conflict intensity across time – including peaks of violence at various stages of the conflict – at the district level from event data on violence intensity during the conflict in Timor Leste . We focus on primary school effects because only a small percentage of the Timorese population attended secondary school . Our results show mixed evidence for the impact of violent conflict on educational outcomes . Mirroring some of the findings of Bellows and Miguel ( 2006 ) and others , we find evidence for a rapid recovery of the education sector in Timor Leste , and of educational outcomes , particularly for girls . However , in line with emerging results in the micro-level literature , we find that the 1999 wave of violence in Timor Leste – as well as peaks of violence in the 1970s and 1980s – resulted in negative effects on primary school attendance and attainment . This effect is particularly strong for boys . We attribute the first result to a process of educational catch-up among girls in Timor Leste that started before the conflict and continued despite the conflict . The second result is likely to be due to large rates of grade repetition and of delay entry that were exacerbated by the need to remove boys from school due to the negative economic effects of the conflict on households more exposed to the violence . The paper is structured as follows . In section 2 , we present a literature review on the impact of violent conflict on development outcomes in general and education in particular . Section 3 provides a descriptive background of the conflict in Timor Leste and the country ‘ s education sector . In section 4 , we describe the datasets , discuss our identification strategy and present some descriptive results . Section 5 discusses our empirical results , as well as a range of robustness checks . Section 6 concludes the paper . # * * 2 . Literature review * * An emerging body of literature has provided valuable empirical evidence on the effects of violent conflict on income and consumption levels , and more generally on the welfare of", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 256, "text": "event data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 representative of all developing countries ? Are there , for example , some moreadvanced developing countries that have ‘ overshot ’ and adopted the potentially equally wasteful pro-agricultural policy bias of high-income economies ? And how are those high-income countries ’ somewhat-reformed policies and preferential access agreements now affecting developing country farmers ? To answer all but the last of those questions requires extending the time series of estimates of distortions in the Krueger / Schiff / Valdes sample and expanding theirs and the Jensen / Robinson / Tarp sample to a wider range of countries . That is the focus of a new research project getting under way at the World Bank . As a prelude to that new project , though , it is possible to answer the question in the title of the present paper using a new database for 2001 at least . Specifically , the present paper addresses two questions . First , what would be the consequences for agricultural value added ( net farm incomes ) if all countries were to remove their trade distortions simultaneously ( as in an ideal WTO round ) , as distinct from just reducing their own distortions ? While no-one anticipates such a radical reform , the analysis can serve as a benchmark to suggest what is at stake in the WTO ’ s current round of multilateral trade negotiations ( Anderson and Martin 2005 , 2006 ) . The second question addressed below is : for a selection of large developing countries and Sub-Saharan Africa , what contribution would their own unilateral reform make to the impact on net farm incomes of global reform ? < sup > 1 < / sup > > 1 The Krueger , Schiff and Valdes ( 1988 ) and Jensen , Robinson and Tarp ( 2002 ) studies focused on effects of just own-country policies , the first using partial equilibrium and the second using national general equilibrium models . On the relationship between those two methodologies , and for reasons as to why the latter is superior in principle , see Bautista , Robinson , Wobst and Tarp ( 2001 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 852, "text": "new database for 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 # # # * * RÉSUMÉ * * Ce rapport fournit un aperçu des déplacements et des besoins humanitaires multisectoriels dans les localités d ’ accueil des personnes déplacées internes ( PDI ) et / ou retournées . Les résultats ont été obtenus à la suite d ’ une opération d ’ enregistrement et de mise à jour réalisée sur l ’ ensemble du territoire à travers le programme Matrice de Suivi des Déplacements ( Displacement Tracking Matrix , DTM en anglais ) . L ’ objectif de ce programme est de collecter des informations précises et actualisées sur les mouvements de populations sur l ’ ensemble du territoire . Elle collecte des informations à différents niveaux , les traite et les diffuse , afin de garantir aux acteurs humanitaires , au Gouvernement et autres acteurs impliqués dans la réponse , une meilleure compréhension des mouvements et de l ’ évolution des besoins des populations déplacées : les facteurs d ’ influence , les moyens et durées de déplacement , les intentions futures des déplacés , leurs conditions de vie et encore bien d ’ autres éléments sont autant d ’ informations recherchées et récoltées auprès des populations déplacées elles-mêmes . Le transfert du programme DTM au gouvernement du Mali par l ’ Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations ( OIM ) , à travers la signature d ’ un protocole en novembre 2014 et les accords de partenariat entre le gouvernement et l ’ UNHCR pour la gestion et la", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 421, "text": "Matrice de Suivi des Déplacements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 424, "end": 452, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * KNBS * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year < sup > endedJune < / sup > < sup > * * 30 , * * 2020 < / sup > and it is probable that the economic benefits or service potential related to the asset will flow to the entity and can be measured reliably . # # # # * * Donor funds * * Grants received and not utilised within the period are treated as liabilities and credited to the statement of financial performance when the activities for which they were provided for have been undertaken . # # # # * * ii . Revenue from exchange transactions * * # # # * * Sale of goods / services * * Bureau ' s revenue include sale of maps , publications , tenders , library user fees and AIA from surveys . It is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer , usually on delivery of the goods . # # # # * * Interest income * * Interest income is generated from investments in fixed deposits of any surplus funds held in commercial banks and in Treasury Bills . It is accrued using the straight line method , * * by * * estimating future cash receipts through the expected life of the fixed deposit . The method applies to the principal outstanding to determine interest income for each period . # # # # * * II . CORPORATE TAX * * Current income tax liability is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the taxation authorities . The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted , at the reporting date . Management has evaluated the appropriate income and established provisions as appropriate . The net amount of income tax payable to the taxation authority is included as part of provisions in the statement of financial position . # # # * * III . PROPERTY , PLANT AND EQUIPMENT * * * * All * * property , plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . # # * * Not Applicable * * When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * Leased Assets * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable ” * * * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan table : * * Not Applicable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10641 # * * Abstract * * This paper assesses the medium-run effects of government support to firms during the COVID-19 crisis and whether the effectiveness of this support varied with its timing . Using data from three rounds of the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys carried out between May 2020 and April 2022 , it relates government support in Round 1 ( received in the first half of 2020 ) and Round 2 ( received during the second half of 2020 or early 2021 ) with firm performance in Round 3 ( generally mid-2021 ) . Controlling for a host of background characteristics , firms that received support in Round 1 performed better in terms of Round 3 sales , but only if they did not have continued support . Firms that also received support in Round 2 had similar Round 3 sales as those that received no support and were more likely to decrease employment . Firms that received government support only in Round 2 experienced no boost in Round 3 performance . The findings suggest that government support should be provided promptly , but it should also be phased out quickly . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at dsinger @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 323, "text": "Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "levels . However , most European countries have a higher than expected GDP growth than suggested by their service value added growth . Perhaps there is a higher share of services being exported or the sophistication is higher , resulting in a larger growth impact of their service value added share ? * * Figure 1 . Share of service value added as a percentage of GDP vs GDP per capita , 2009 . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 7 8 9 10 11 < br > Log Per capita GDP PPP $ 2009 < br > Note : black - all countries , red - EU-15 , blue - NMS , green - Accession < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Development Indicators , World Bank , 2010 and authors ’ calculations . 4", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 689, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9736 # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on children ’ s school resilience . Using an individual fixed-effect linear probability model on Nigeria data , it exploits the quasi-randomness of these measures to estimate their effect on school attendance after the lockdown was lifted . The results show that COVID-19 lockdown measures reduced children ’ s probability of attending school after the school system reopened . This negative impact increased with children ’ s age , reaching a peak among those whose education was no longer compulsory . For schoolchildren in that age group , the negative effect of COVID-19 lockdown measures is likely to be permanent , which , if not reversed , will undermine the quality of the economy-wide future labor force . The paper also finds evidence that in the child marriage-prone North-West part of Nigeria that these measures increased gender inequality in education among children aged 12 to 18 . This result suggests that COVID19 lockdown measures may exacerbate harmful traditional practices such as child marriage . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at mtiberti @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 224, "text": "Nigeria data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "they were more likely to have higher education than male PFPS workers ( see Table 5-15 ) , and as we will see below , workers with higher education lost jobs at a lower rate . Therefore , our model would predict women retaining more of their ( typically non-production ) jobs than men . Of course , if one controls for educational | _Table 5-15 Jordan : Priv_ | _ate Sector W_ < br > PFPS < br > ( Percenta < br > Employe | _age earners_ < br > ges of all PFP < br > es ) | _by Educati_ < br > S < br > Formal n < br > wage ear < br > ( Share o | _on and Gender p_ < br > on-permanent < br > ners < br > f PFPS workers ) | _re-COVID_ < br > Informal w < br > ( Share of i < br > works ) | age earners < br > nformal wage | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | | Less than Basic | 15 . 6 | 1 . 8 | 7 . 1 | 0 . 4 | 42 . 9 | 1 . 0 | | Basic Education | 21 . 7 | 1 . 5 | 22 . 9 | 2 . 9 | 25 . 3 | 1 . 9 | | Secondary Education | 12 . 7 | 1 . 7 | 10 . 5 | 3 . 8 | 15 . 6 | 1 . 1 | | Higher Education | 30 . 2 | 14 . 7 | 29 . 7 | 22 . 7 | 10 . 7 | 1 . 5 | | Total < br > Source : LMPS 2016 . | 80 . 2 | 19 . 8 | 70 . 2 | 29 . 8 | 94 . 5 | 5 . 5 | attainment this may not be the case . Moreover , the female advantage does not carry over to non-PFPS workers .", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1151, "text": "LMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 23 : Decomposition of consumption change in real terms compared to the level of 2014 , % _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 3 < br > inkind < br > 4 2 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > other food < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > fruits and < br > - 1 < br > - 4 vegetables < br > - 6 - 2 < br > diary < br > - 8 - 3 products < br > - 4 meat and < br > fish < br > average Poorest Deciles 2-3 Deciles 4-7 Deciles 8-9 Richest < br > - 5 < br > decile decile < br > 2015 2016 2017 staples < br > food other consumables durables < br > Poorest decile < br > utilities other services total < br > 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Total consumption by deciles < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( b ) Food consumption by the 1st < br > decile < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . See Methodological notes for description of the procedure applied to estimate real consumption . Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . Across different types of households , the most severe cuts in food expenditures during the recession were observed among households with two or more children ( Figure 24 ) . It should be noted , that these households have the lowest level of per capita expenditures on food among the analyzed social groups , in part because of the economies of scale in these households and the significant role of in ‐ kind income from subsistence farming . This is worrisome , as it may be indicative of worsening nutrition in households with children , although", "spans": [{"start": 1103, "end": 1111, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Age profile for Employment - India < br > 100 < br > g 80 < br > 5 < br > E 60 _ < br > 5 ; o_oza : ai ; Ay < br > ola a — — i is < br > D 2 8itt — t — 1996 Lg < br > 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 < br > Age < br > @ 1940-44 1945-49 — — 1950-54 — — 1955-59 < br > 1960-64 1965-69 — 1970-74 — 1975-79 < br > 1980-84 1985-89 — 1990-94 — 1995-99 < br > — * > 2000-04 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Age profile for Employment - Bangladesh < br > 100 < br > . ) s 80 < br > 5 1975 < br > E 60 1985 1980 , 1970 < br > é 1990 , 4965 < br > » < br > ® en ae a < br > D £ 2000204i ne638 Airo — — _ 3 — < — — fore — — thes1945 19403 < br > e < br > 520 5 30 35 40 45 < br > Age < br > @ 1940-44 1945-49 — — 1950-54 — — 1955-59 < br > 1960-64 1965-69 — 1970-74 — 1975-79 < br > 1980-84 1985-89 — 1990-94 — 1995-99 < br > > 2000-04 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Age profile for Employment - Pakistan < br > 100 < br > = > 4 80 < br > < 7 < br > £ 60 < br > ° < br > = < br > So 40 < br > = 2a < br > 1986 1988 et | 672 — < br > 2000 < br > e < br > 0 < br > tp < br > 15 20 25 30ops35 40 45 < br > Age < br > @ 1940-44 1945-49 1950-54 — 1955-59 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the classical “ wasteful ” approach . In particular , it would be interesting to investigate the performance of the proposed method for a multidimensional poverty measure constructed from the data available in a typical LSMS survey and a typical DHS or MICS survey . This performance can be assessed in contexts where the full multidimensional poverty measure can be constructed , e . g . , those considered in Table 6 in Evans et al . ( 2023 ) . Similarly , it could be interesting to study simple ways of extending the proposed method to multidimensional poverty measures for which the monetary dimension is not captured by a dichotomous status ( i . e . , monetary poor or not monetary poor ) but by a trichotomous status ( i . e . , extremely , moderately or not monetary deprived ) or by a continuous variable . # * * 3 . 4 . 2 Imputing incomes into the non-monetary survey * * The method mentioned here is a more elaborate variant of the method proposed in the Section 3 . 4 . 1 . It also makes assumptions on the missing joint distribution between monetary and non-monetary outcomes . The idea is to impute consumption or income into the non-monetary survey , say DHS or MICS . < sup > 49 < / sup > One way of doing it is to use survey-to-survey imputation techniques , as pioneered by Elbers et al . ( 2003 ) . < sup > 50 < / sup > These techniques build an imputation model based on the common variables in the two surveys , e . g . , demographic variables and maybe some common outcomes . This model is trained in a similar context > 48See Section 3 . 2 for one alternative quantification of deviations . > 49Another possibility is to impute non-monetary outcomes in an LSMS survey . > 50See Dang and Lanjouw ( 2023 ) for a recent review . 27", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 231, "text": "LSMS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 253, "end": 264, "text": "MICS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 859, "end": 878, "text": "non-monetary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1171, "end": 1174, "text": "DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1178, "end": 1182, "text": "MICS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * CONCLUSION * * L ’ analyse des données démographiques montre que 51 % des personnes déplacées internes et 45 % des rapatriés représentent la population active . Ce sont majoritairement des jeunes en âge d ’ activité et ou en quête d ’ emploi . Les résultats de l ’ opération DTM ont montré que sur les 166 lieux de déplacement évalués , 78 % ne disposent d ’ aucuns dispositifs ou de services médicaux disponibles sur place . Seul 36 sites disposent au moins d ’ un service médical disponible sur site , contre 130 sites où le service de santé se situent en dehors du lieu de déplacement . Parmi les 130 lieux de déplacement avec un potentiel service de santé en dehors du site , les personnes déplacées localisés dans 67 sites , doivent marcher un minimum entre 30 et 50 minutes pour accéder aux services médicaux le plus proche du site de déplacement . Les sites situés dans les cercles de Gao ( 54 ) , Niono ( 13 ) et Bourem ( 13 ) , ont été les plus concernés par cette situation . Ceci constitue un grand risque sur les populations déplacées en cette période de Covid 19 . Les résultats de l ’ opération DTM ont montré que dans 65 % des sites évalués en octobre 2020 , aucun enfant des ménages déplacés ne fréquentaient l ’ école au moment de l ’ évaluation . Le manque de moyens financiers , la fermeture ou l ’ inexistence d ’ écoles sur place et dans les environs du site de déplacement ,", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 59, "text": "données démographiques", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Challenge * * < br > * * Observed * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Mitigation * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Proposed intervention * * | * * When * * | * * VMG communities * * < br > * * requiring the * * < br > * * intervention * * | * * Responsible * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | project scope and < br > dissemination of GRM < br > mechanisms ) | | | | | Inclusion of < br > consultation < br > feedback in < br > RCCE | Implementation < br > of consultations < br > recommendatio < br > ns including < br > feedback from < br > other sources < br > ( KAP Surveys , < br > Community < br > dialogues etc ) | Update the RCCE to < br > include implementation of < br > the recommendations < br > identified during VMG < br > consultation meetings < br > including feedback on < br > vaccine implementation | Annually | All | Communications < br > Team / DCH / SST | | Limited < br > awareness < br > and Myths < br > surrounding < br > COVID 19 < br > Vaccines | Raise < br > awareness on < br > the COVID 19 < br > vaccine to < br > communities < br > including VMG < br > communities | Undertake awareness < br > raising to VMG < br > communities using various < br > responsive channels < br > Undertake awareness < br > outreaches for hard to < br > reach VMG localities | Continues | All | Communications < br > Team /", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 606, "text": "KAP Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers . “ Not Applicable ” ” # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . “ None ” . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Project SEA Report ; and - Bujagali Hydropower Project SEA Technical Appendices . A similar two volume report is being prepared by UETCL for the IP . A key aspect of the approach undertaken by BEL for the Bujagali HPP has been to conduct the SEA according to terms of reference ( ToRs ) that were approved by GoU ( NEMA ) , and reviewed with IFI representatives , project affected peoples , NGOs and the general public . The SEA ToR for the HPP is reproduced in Appendix A . 1 . A comparable SEA TOR for the IP is available in Appendix A . I of the IP Technical Appendices . The main SEA work for the hydropower facility commenced in early 2006 including ecological fieldwork , social surveys and consultations with relevant review agencies and potentially affected people . Following this introduction , the contents of this SEA are as follows : - Chapter 2 describes the legislative , regulatory , and policy requirements for the project ; - Chapter 3 describes the baseline conditions in the area of the hydropower facility from both an environmental and socio-economic perspective ; - Chapter 4 provides an alternatives analysis and project description ; - Chapter _5_ describes the proposed project , including its construction and operation activities ; - Chapter 6 describes the public consultation and disclosure programme undertaken for the project ; - Chapter 7 provides impact identification , management and monitoring ; and , R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 692, "text": "social surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the fisheries surveys are reported and discussed herewith . Data on the ' socioeconomic ' aspects of the fishery are reported separately in Section 3 . 7 . 4 . 4 . # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 4 . 1 Historical and Present Status of Ugandan Fish Populations * * Scientific , English equivalent and Vernacular equivalent names for commonlyencountered fish species in Uganda are given in Table 3 . 11 . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * l-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 21, "text": "fisheries surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is the basis of the Ministry ’ s “ core activities . ” Second , the Teachers ’ Service Commission which has the mandate to recruit , assign and deploy teachers , has had the prescience to invest in a good database which generates good staffing and costing data used for planning and modeling costs of operation ( e . g . , salary increases of teachers ) . Third , MoE does not have as many projects as MoH ; its development budget is not as problematic as MoH ’ s , which has been plagued by too many projects that it cannot monitor . Fourth , school construction is the purview of the community ; MoE involvement is limited to deploying the teachers for the completed school . MoH staff claim their Ministry ’ s work is far more complicated than this , e . g . , health infrastructure is more complex and the cadre of health workers is far more extensive . 58 . A clear priority for the government as well as with donors is to _finalize the National Health Sector Strategic Plan_ . The review of the existing draft has to incorporate the comments made by partners . The issue of stakeholder involvement in the development of the plan which was raised by donors can be resolved quickly with MoH conducting the requisite consultations , which need not be comprehensive and expensive , > 14 This position is understandable but it underestimates the gains that can arise from top-level restructuring . Under a nationwide right-sizing , there would presumably be “ savings ” that can be gained from the eliminated or reduced ministries , and such “ savings ” can then be applied to the productive or social sectors , including health . > 15 There is an MoH MTEF / MPER Committee consisting of all the heads of departments and units ( around 15 ) , plus representatives of the Kenya Medical Training Council and the Kenyatta National Hospital . The Committee met for a fifth time on August 6 , 1998 . The effectiveness of the Committee , however , has been diluted by a", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 260, "text": "staffing and costing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "industry classification ) at the 4-digit level , sales revenue , total fixed assets , raw material input expenditure and the number of employees . All monetary variables are in units of national currency ( i . e . thousand rupiah ) and deflated at the industry-year level with the wholesale price index . We also observe the nominal average wage within a plant , computed as the ratio of total wage bill costs over the number of employees . This data set provides reliable information on the plant ’ s location at kapubaten or district-level ( administrative III level ) . Although our analysis uses data from 2000-2015 , district boundaries are made consistent with the first available year of this data set , that is , 1996 . This helps control for changes in the administrative boundaries over time ( e . g . district split-ups or mergers ) . For countries considered in our study , plant-level product information is available with the varying Harmonized System ( HS ) . In order to ensure consistency across the sample , this information on product-level details is concorded to relevant year , such that product codes are comparable over time . For each detailed product we observe the quantity produced , its value , and the unit in which its quantity is measured , e . g . kg , liter , etc . Product specific unit values are calculated by dividing total values over total quantities for each product . To ensure unit prices are comparable , we define products as unique product-unit combinations . After merging manufacturing census data with the geospatial variables , the establishment-level data has complete information on 302 , 871 observations with 34 , 366 establishments engaged in 136 4-digit industries located across 291 districts and metros over our sample period 2000-2015 . Similarly , the establishment-product level data contains the same number of establishments , and 7 , 826 products . # A . 2 : Data on local demographic and geospatial variables _Demographic variables : _ For population density and instruments used in IV strategy we construct geospatial variables and population characteristics for spatial units chosen in each country . Population and population density ( population / land ( km sq . ) variables were", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1545, "text": "manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1582, "end": 1606, "text": "establishment-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1812, "end": 1844, "text": "establishment-product level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than for rents . We show that the difference between the two premiums directly reflects the risks on housing investment in the informal sector and thus , should be positive . Moreover , from this difference in premiums we can estimate the risk faced by informal investors , as in our case . Calculations indicate that physical risk on informal investment was four to five times higher in Davao than in Manilla at the beginning of the 1980s . Lastly , we try to understand what factors may drive the rental premium for the formal > 10In a typical survey , the selection problem would arise from the fact that only the rents are known for the rental units , and the prices or estimated values for the dwelling occupied by their owners . A similar technique is used by Lanjouw and Levy ( 2002 ) . In their paper , they used a survey where households living in untitled houses were asked to assess the value of their dwellings if it were titled . 5", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 829, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNHCR , UNICEF and IOM January to June 2019 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Demographic of Arrivals , Including Accompanied , Unaccompanied and Separated Children < br > Greece Spain Italy Bulgaria < br > MEN MEN < br > 39 % 75 % < br > 71 % MEN < br > WOMEN 72 % MEN < br > 25 % < br > 36 % 12 % < br > CHILDREN WOMEN 16 % WOMEN 7 % 18 % WOMEN 12 % 23 % < br > CHILDREN CHILDREN CHILDREN < br > 17 % < br > 69 % 65 % < br > UASC < br > UASC UASC < br > 83 % 31 % 75 % 25 % 35 % < br > ACCOMPANIED ACCOMPANIED UASC ACCOMPANIED ACCOMPANIED < br > Accompanied , Unaccompanied and Separated Children < br > by Country of Arrival Source : Hellenic Police , EKKA , < br > Italian Ministry of Interior , Bulgaria < br > State Agency for Refugees , < br > Bulgarian Helsinki Committee , < br > ACCOMPANIED UASC Spanish Ministry of Interior . < br > Greece 4 , 911 994 < br > Spain 1 , 186 538 < br > Italy 123 363 < br > Bulgaria 33 62 < br > Nationality of Accompanied and Unaccompanied and < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Nationality of Accompanied and Unaccompanied and Separated Children by Country of Arrival Accompanied Children by Country / Area of Origin and Arrival UASC by Country / Area of Origin and Arrival * Data for Greece only reflects sea arrivals as information on nationalities of children arriving by land arrivals is not available . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1228, "end": 1243, "text": "Data for Greece", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "number of firms pursuing them . Consequently , companies often source consulting services from South Africa , Portugal , and other more advanced markets . Furthermore , Mozambique has a significant skills gap . Compared to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa , the educational attainment in Mozambique is low . In 2010 , less than half of adults were estimated to be literate , the result of Mozambique ’ s long civil war which – in the affected regions - prevented almost an entire generation from attending school . Only one-fourth of those above 30 years living in urban areas attended post-primary education . Nevertheless , there is some reason for optimism : the younger generation is significantly more likely to be literate and to have attended education beyond primary school ( Lachler & Walker 2018 ) . * * Figure 4 . Mozambique ’ s management practices scores * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rationale for Lean ( Modern ) Manufacturing < br > Introduction to Lean ( Modern ) . . . < br > Low scores ( 1-2 ) mean < br > Instilling a Talent Mindset < br > practically no structured < br > Time Horizon management practices or very < br > Process Documentation weak management practices < br > Clarity of Goals and Measurement implemented < br > Consequence Management < br > Interconnection of Goals < br > Performance Tracking < br > Performance Dialogue Scores between 2 < br > Type of Targets and 3 mean that < br > Performance Review some informal < br > Goals are Stretching practices are < br > Building a High-Performance Culture implemented , but < br > Creating a Distinctive EVP these practices < br > consist mostly of < br > Developing Talent < br > a reactive < br > Retaining Talent < br > approach to < br > Making Room for Talent < br > managing the < br > 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 organization 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors based on World Management Survey . # * * 3 Data and measurement * *", "spans": [{"start": 1898, "end": 1921, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participatory as possible . Therefore , evaluators will involve and interview PAPs ( and other stakeholders ) , to ascertain their knowledge and concerns about the resettlement process , their entitlements , and the rehabilitation measures . It uses a variety of avenues to collect data , including : Document review , entailing review of the grievance registers , sensitization material to assess their appropriateness , etc . Semi-structured interviews with a sample of the PAPs from the various settlements covering all types / categories of PAPs , including the vulnerable , and those who have gone through the GRM process . Resettlement sites and Livelihood observation . Survey of a sample of PAPs to assess their socio-economic life against the baseline to check lives / livelihoods improving , and to assess their satisfaction with # # # * * 9 . 2 . 3 Midterm Impact evaluation * * The midterm impact evaluation will gauge the effectiveness of the ARAP and its implementation in meeting the needs of the affected population i . e . , assesses the satisfaction of affected people with resettlement initiatives and , thus , the adequacy of those initiatives . Its focus is largely on the effects of resettlement or compensation , although it will incorporate some performance aspects . For instance , it will purposely validate the work done by the NPCT and CPCT in monitoring , to ascertain that the targets are met and the objectives of the ARAP are adhered to . Essentially , evaluation should be as participatory as possible . Therefore , evaluators will involve and interview PAPs ( and other stakeholders ) , to ascertain their knowledge and concerns about the resettlement process , their entitlements , and the rehabilitation measures . It uses a variety of avenues to collect data , including : - Document review , entailing review of the grievance registers , sensitization material to assess their appropriateness , etc . - Semi-structured interviews with a sample of the PAPs from the various settlements covering all types / categories of PAPs , including the vulnerable , and those who have gone through the GRM", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 362, "text": "grievance registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 677, "end": 703, "text": "Survey of a sample of PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1854, "end": 1873, "text": "grievance registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "audit function especially for county audits | Ensure provision of adequate resources including for follow < br > up audits especially to the counties that seems not to be < br > done . < br > Use of IT ( see below on NEMIS ) for audit such that one can < br > auditpartlyfrom their desk | 2023 | PAP | IAD | | * * 4 * * | Challenges in IAD auditing through NEMIS | < br > Training on auditing the NEMIS Platform and monitor < br > progressively how many of the audits are carried out on this < br > platform | 2022 / 23 | PAP | IAD | | * * 5 * * | Weak controls at the counties as evidenced < br > bymaterial findings from the Internal audit | Though management response is that they issue circulars to < br > counties , scheduled monitoring / follow ups is necessary | 2022 | PAP | IAD | | * * 6 * * | Lack of oversight between Audit Committee < br > terms in office leading to gap in oversight of < br > ministry ’ s activities | Give notice of extension of audit committee term few months < br > before expiry of term | continuous | Not PAP | MoE | | * * 7 * * | < br > On preparation of Financial Statements , < br > some information from manual records is < br > incorporated in addition to what is generated < br > from IFMIS . | Financial Statements should be generated directly from the < br > IFMIS - need to fix the current gap in IFMIS | 2023 | Not < br > PAP | NT | | * * 8 * * | Program expenditure may not be adequately < br > tracked | Semi-Annual Unaudited Financial Report | 2022 | Not PAP | MoE | | * * 9 . * * | Both the CAJ and the EACC have received < br > complaints against TSC", "spans": [{"start": 1143, "end": 1157, "text": "manual records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ters , < br > labourers , < br > rights < br > of < br > access ) of < br > affected < br > lands are < br > included in the census survey and < br > are paid | * * _Resettlement Action Plan Report for Mombasa Lot 2B Pipelines_ * * * * _3-2_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 138, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effluent concentrations in Indonesian plants is extremely broad , overlapping both U . S . and Indonesian standards . Approximately two-thirds of the plants are in compliance with Indonesian standards , and one-third would be in compliance with U . S . standards . Thus , evidence from South and Southeast Asia indicates great variation in plants ' environmental performance regardless of the state of formal regulation . In Brazil , Seroa da Motta , et al . ( 1993 ) have found a similarly broad pattern of variation in BOD removal across Brazilian states . Even in North America , relatively high average performance masks a surprising degree of variation . 9 Why should such broad variations exist , even in countries where regulation is weak ? Most explanations have relied on anecdotes ( Birdsall and Wheeler , 1993 ) or on work which relates national policies to changes in the balance between \" dirty \" and \" clean \" sectors or technologies across countries ( Birdsall and Wheeler , 1993 ; Martin and Wheeler , 1992 ; Huq et al . , 1993 ) . The latter work , however , relies on sector - and technology-specific pollution intensities estimated from U . S . data and does not reflect actual emissions in other countries . More systematic evidence for developing countries is just beginning to emerge . In a recent econometric analysis of BOD emissions from > 9 Three years ago , a California coastal pulp mill was fined and forced to install abatement equipment after local surfers developed skin lesions from contact with its * * untreated * * raw effluent in the Pacific . Laplante and Rilstone ( 1994 ) note that BOD and SS ( suspended solids ) pollution from pulp and paper mills in Quebec violates environmental standards at least 38 % of the time . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1156, "end": 1168, "text": "U . S . data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix B : Key Country Characteristics * * # * * Table B1 : Key Country Characteristics * * | | Indonesia | Bangla | desh | Sri La | nka | Ethiopia | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Population ( million ) | 227 . 3 | 143 . | 9 | 19 . | 4 | 75 . 9 | | Rural population ( % of total population ) | 51 . 9 % | 73 . 3 | % | 84 . 7 | % | 83 . 6 % | | Human Development Index | 0 . 572 | 0 . 47 | 8 | 0 . 66 | 2 | 0 . 327 | | GDP per capita ( current US $ ) | 1 , 258 | 475 | | 97 | 5 | 200 | | Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line | | | | | | | | ( % of rural population ) | 20 % | 43 . 8 | % | 24 . 7 | % | 39 . 3 % | | Poverty headcount ratio at urban poverty line < br > ( % of urban population ) | 11 . 7 % | 28 . 4 | % | 7 . 9 | % | 35 . 1 % | | Agriculture , value added ( % of GDP ) | 13 . 1 % | 19 . 2 | % | 13 . 2 | % | 47 . 9 % | | Social Institutions and Gender Index / < br > OECD < sup > a < / sup > | 0 . 128 | 0 . 24 | 5 | 0 . 05 | 9 | 0 . 233 | | Gender Inequality Index / UNDP < sup > b < / sup > | 0 . 549 | 0 . 60 | 2 | 0 . 44 | 7 | - | | | Muslim 86 . 1 % , | Muslim | 89 . 5 % , | Buddhist | 69 . 1 % , |", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 706, "text": "Poverty headcount ratio at urban poverty line", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 882, "end": 918, "text": "Social Institutions and Gender Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1003, "end": 1026, "text": "Gender Inequality Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prioritise within the budget actions for SGBV prevention and response in all sectors . # # # # # # _Monitoring_ - At field level develop a plan of action based on situational analysis . - Conduct sector by sector survey for protection based on UNHCR ’ s Guidelines and develop action plan for prevention and response . - Establish indicators for monitoring : a ) performance , b ) impact . - Ensure regular feedback to persons of concern and other partners . - Compile 6-monthly progress reports measured against objectives and indicators . # # # # # # _Reporting_ - Ensure standardised reporting forms which should be agreed by all stakeholders . - Ensure agreement on reporting channels , mechanism and frequency of reporting . _128_", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 234, "text": "sector by sector survey for protection", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * RW * * | * * ROW * * | * * Total * * < br > * * PAHs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Adele SC | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 16 | 146 | 182 | | Haromaya SC | 2 | 28 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 50 | | Kersa | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 35 | 179 | 223 | | Meta | 7 | 22 | 0 | 1 | 49 | 2 | 184 | 258 | | * * Total * * | * * 21 * * | * * 50 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 79 * * | * * 56 * * | * * 524 * * | * * 713 * * | | * * Percen * * | * * t * * | * * 7 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 3 * * | * * 0 . 3 * * | * * 11 . 1 * * | * * 7 . 9 * * | * * 73 . 5 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration January-March 2025_ Page 93", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 641, "text": "Census Enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ # # # * * 16 . 3 PAP PHOTOS * * # # # * * _16 . 3 . 1 West Mainland Pipelines Photos_ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 ) Line 4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Mulwa mwaniki Shop Baraka Shop Muthuri ’ s Shop Fredrik Shop Mwenda Shop _2 ) _ _ < u > Line 3 < / u > _ Changamwe Workshop Ndani House Eunice Mwaunda House Helen * * _Resettlement Action Plan Report for Mombasa Lot 2B Pipelines_ * * * * _16-5_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 77, "text": "PAP PHOTOS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> list of certified training service providers ; DLI 1 . 3 < br > Number of performance-based contracts signed < br > with training service providers ( TSPs ) | 9 , 500 , 000 . 00 < br > 1 . 2 : $ 3 . 5m , 1 . 3 : $ 6m | Page 55 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 46, "text": "list of certified training service providers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household survey fielded as part of the evaluation of the current ( PSNP IV ) phase of the program includes a question asking why households prefer food ( cash ) . Their responses are shown in Table 6 . Consistent with the results shown in Table 5 , relative prices are the dominant reasons , 59 . 0 and 51 . 1 percent , why respondents prefer at least some of their payment in food ( cash ) . Respondents who stated that they preferred cash payments also noted the ability to exercise choice that cash provides ; 22 . 3 percent noted that cash allows them buy foods that are not part of the PSNP payment package and 10 . 1 percent stated that cash payments mean that they can buy non ‐ food items or save the money for future investments . Transactions costs ( money , time ) to collect payments are relatively unimportant . Consistent with the idea that food transfers are a form of commitment device , 21 . 8 percent of respondents who stated that they preferred food payments , did so because they were concerned that cash would be more easily misused . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * Economists often default to the assumption that cash is always preferable to an in ‐ kind transfer . Do beneficiaries feel the same way ? This paper uses longitudinal household data from Ethiopia where a large ‐ scale social safety net intervention – the PSNP operates . Even though most PSNP payments are paid in cash , and even though the ( temporal ) transaction costs associated with food payments are higher than payments received as cash , the overwhelming majority of the beneficiary households stated that they prefer their payments only or partly in food . However , these preferences are neither homogeneous nor stable . Higher food prices induce shifts in stated preferences towards in ‐ kind transfers but more food secure households , 22", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 16, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1238, "end": 1279, "text": "longitudinal household data from Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the CIT database contains panel data on firms ’ registration location , sales , cost of sales , and wage bills . It is thus the primary source of firm-level variables for output , capital , labor , and inputs used for productivity estimation ( see below discussion on specific variables used for estimation ) . Available and comparable CIT data cover the 2014-2021 period . The PAYE database covers over 800 , 000 workers that paid into PAYE tax in Zambia over the 2014-2022 period . In Zambia , every firm that offers employment is required to operate PAYE , which is a method of collecting income tax from their employees ' earnings , although in practice compliance varies across firms and across workers within firms and is limited overall . The employer is obligated by law to deduct income tax from its employees ' taxable salary or wages — regardless of whether they are full-time workers or casual employees — on a weekly , fortnightly , or monthly basis . The tax is deducted from all types of payments made to an employee , including salaries and wages , overtime payments , bonuses , profit sharing , fees , leave pay , commissions , allowances , cash benefits , and any benefit , advantage , or allowance ( excluding non-money fringe benefits ) and payments on taking up or leaving employment . < sup > 6 < / sup > PAYE income tax calculation is based on a progressive slab system that splits the total taxable income of the employee into brackets , with each tax bracket having a corresponding tax rate . Drawing information from fields in PAYE returns , the PAYE database provides information on formal workers ’ monthly gross pay and sector of operations . Thus , the PAYE database is the main source for jobs-related analyses in this paper . Available and comparable PAYE data cover the 2014-2022 period . > 4 Mining and consultancy firms are required to register for Corporate Income Tax regardless of their turnover . 5 Turnover Tax filings are not part of the CIT database and not accounted for in this paper ’ s analyses because Turnover Tax filings do not contain the necessary variables on labor and costs necessary for productivity estimation", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 36, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 378, "end": 391, "text": "PAYE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . A two-step procedure is adopted . Based on discrepancies in trade statistics ( mirror statistics ) , the paper presents products or sectors in which customs fraud is deemed to be significant . A quantification exercise of customs losses is provided . Then , through the use of highly disaggregated customs data , high-risk operators ( importers and brokers ) are identified . Despite the fact the methodology is straightforward , to our knowledge there is hardly any paper using this approach ( at the importer / broker level ) due to the fact that it is usually difficult to get access to such information . The paper demonstrates how useful such detailed customs data can be and should convince the Head of Customs and / or Ministers of Finance to give access to them to researchers , since they can be used for an operational use . For researchers , it enables to identify some fraud techniques and collusive practices . The use of export data provided by exporting countries allows us to compute for each sector / product the mirror gap . The mirror gap is , for each product / sector , defined as the difference between export _X_ to Madagascar reported by the exporting country and import _M_ from the exporting country as reported by Madagascar customs . Export data are downloaded > 2 This means that the same nomenclature is used between the exporting and the importing country , both declarations are made in the same currency , and the same incoterm is used . 2", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 950, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "technologies to produce actionable data on populations that may be highly mobile , or for which no disaggregated data is collected by governments or humanitarian actors . With all appropriate safeguards in place , private sector actors with operations in IDP-hosting areas may be able to contribute relevant data . This in turn may be instrumental for the elaboration of local development strategies and plans . As in the refugee space however , the fragmentation of actors operating in the IDP space may not lend itself to coherent and sustained action . In conclusion , broader societal trends affecting businesses , the increased recognition of the private sector ’ s potentially crucial role in displacement contexts , and last but not least IDPs ’ own wishes , call for new approaches . This requires , first and foremost , a recognition of the potential dividends of context-specific private sector engagement across the three pillars of protection , peace and prosperity . Following which , an increased prioritization of private sector engagement , as part of the humanitarian-development nexus , is called for . # # # * * < mark > Example : UNHCR Afghanistan ’ s Co-PROSPER program < / mark > * * < mark > For many decades , forced displacement has been an enduring characteristic of modern Afghanistan and the wider sub-region . Populations have relied on mobility to meet their needs and seek protection from conflict , insecurity , and socio-economic disruptions . The economic situation throughout Afghanistan continues to be very precarious for displaced populations and host communities alike . Many persons of concern ( PoC ) face challenges finding employment , or rely on insecure daily-wage labour , particularly within the agriculture and construction sectors . Persistently high rates of youth unemployment remain a significant labour market challenge . Moreover , returnees ’ and IDPs ’ presence within the host communities has increased the pressure on shared community resources ( e . g . , water , health , education , etc . ) and competition over livelihood opportunities . < / mark > < mark > Through its Co-PROSPER program (", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 117, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have information on public spending undertaken by the municipality , population , staffing levels at the municipality , poverty , reported social conflicts , and a number of features of the political process . The public expenditure data at the municipal level is particularly detailed . For each municipality in Peru we have available the budgeted public spending as well as the actual public spending outlays for 2007 through 2009 . While information is in principle available 8", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 237, "text": "public expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ICR DOCUMENT # * * The World Bank * * # # # Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) | IR Indicator 4 . 17 - Irrigation : % of | Comments on achieving targets | Target achieved . All installed irrigation systems were reported as functional and in use at pro | gram close . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | irrigation systems installed that are | | Equipment security and maintenance are emerging concerns as the installed base grows , and | that user | | functional and in use ( Text ) | | associations and O & M financingmechanisms will require strengthening . | | | IR Indicator 4 . 18 - Irrigation : % of | N / A < br > Jun / 2019 | 18 % < br > Jun / 2025 < br > 18 . 8 % | Dec / 2025 | | beneficiary farmers with newly or < br > improved irrigated land who are < br > female ( Text ) | Comments on achieving targets | Target achieved . The gender target was narrowly exceeded . This reflects structural constrain < br > ownership requirements that disadvantage women . | ts including land | # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | * * Period * * | | * * Period Definition * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Period 1 | by end June 2018 | | | Period 2 | by end June 2019 | | | Period 3 | by end September 2020 | | | Period 4 | by end June 2021 | | | Period 5 | by end June 2022 | | | Period 6 | by end June 2023 | | | Period 7 | by end June 2024 | | | | Baseline | Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 3 | Period 4 | Period 5 | Period 6 | Period < br > 7 | | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 if firm _i_ exports to destination _j_ in year _t_ and did not do so in _t_ - 1 , equal to 0 if the firm did not export to destination _j_ in year _t_ - 1 and does not start in year _t_ , and it is missing otherwise . < sup > 13 < / sup > The explanatory variables that capture firm _i_ ’ s export experience in markets other than destination _j_ are constructed as follows : where _Exp Other Gij_ ( _p_ ) _ , t − _ 1 indicates whether firm _i_ was exporting ( product _p_ ) to any destination _k_ that has an extended gravity relationship _G_ with country _j_ . We construct different variables to identify the spillover effect of RTAs in country _j_ on export participation and entry of Costa Rican firms . We also construct variables to account for spatial exporting patterns that capture if firm _i_ was exporting ( product _p_ ) to any country sharing a border , common language , or colonial history with country _j_ . Tables 1 and 2 provide descriptive statistics of the main variables from our expanded firm-level and product-level data sets , respectively . The first two rows in both tables report unconditional statistics , showing ( as expected ) that the expanded data set is largely filled with zeros and exporting is a rare event . Export entry , by definition , is a less frequent event than export participation and has fewer observations due to missing values . The subsequent rows report descriptive statistics conditional on exporting . Table 1 : Descriptive statistics : Firm level data set | * * Variable * * | * * N * * | * * Mean * * | * * Std . Dev . * * | * * Min . * * | * * Max . * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Unconditional ( N = 22 , 283 , 550 ) * * | | | | | | | Export participation dummy | 22 , 283 , 550 | 0 . 005 | 0", "spans": [{"start": 1494, "end": 1513, "text": "Firm level data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9980 # * * Abstract * * This paper estimates the effectiveness of government support to the private sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador and Georgia using firm-level data collected before and during the pandemic . The two countries are selected because eligibility criteria for support involved pre-pandemic features of firms , as opposed to more prevalent criteria directly linked to firms ’ experiences during the pandemic and that greatly exacerbate concerns about selection bias in estimation . Four outcome variables are studied relating to firms ’ workforce , hours of operations , and expectations . Matching and panel estimation techniques are used on full and restricted samples , with the latter aimed at reducing selection bias . Government support appears to have helped firms avoid a reduction in operations in El Salvador , mainly through cash transfers , which also helped in terms of permanent workers , with the latter effect counteracted by wage subsidies . Smaller firms in Georgia appear to have benefited more from government support , mostly through fiscal relief , which was partially counteracted by wage subsidies that benefited larger firms more . The finding that smaller firms have benefited more helps raise confidence in the analysis as strong negative selection bias is expected in this context . Manufacturers of textiles and garments in El Salvador and hotels and restaurants in Georgia appear to have benefited from government support , but the patterns in other sectors are mixed and country-specific , highlighting potential complexities of attempting to target sectors . This paper is a product of the Global Indicators Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at nkaralashvili @ worldbank . org and mtamkoc @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 214, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Manyatta B * * | < br > 70 ( both C + F ) | | | | | < br > * * Nyawita * * | < br > 94 | < br > 6 | | | | * * Shauri Yako * * | 51 . 4 | 34 . 7 | 13 . 9 | | | * * Shauri Moyo * * | | | | All use both charcoal and firewood . | | * * Kibuye * * | 90 . 5 | | 9 . 5 | | | * * Bondeni * * | Almost < br > all < br > use < br > charcoal | | | Actual % not provided | * * Source : KISIP Social Economic Survey Report , 2017 * * 102", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 409, "text": "KISIP Social Economic Survey Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 # * * ANNEXE * * Annexe I : Situation des PDIs par regions , cercles et communes à la date du 31 Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 an * * | * * s ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | * * Total * * | | | | | | * * Total * * | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "aspirations , and many of the existing ones employ such diverse methodologies that meaningful comparisons become challenging . As a result , there is a lack of comprehensive data regarding the aspirations of the general population , especially among young individuals . A key contributing factor to this data gap is the absence of standardized instruments and guidelines for measuring youth aspirations . Incorporating an aspirations module into household surveys can help capture aspirations over time and establish connections with household characteristics . Collecting individual-level data within nationally representative multi-topic household surveys enables the identification of various attributes concerning young people and their families . This , in turn , enriches our comprehension of how aspirations impact the future prospects of youth . However , it is crucial to acknowledge that the measurement of youth aspirations requires ongoing research and refinement . Rigorous testing of assessment tools and their adaptation to local contexts are essential steps , as they can incentivize countries to comprehensively assess the state of youth aspirations . This comprehensive understanding is vital for elucidating how aspirations influence future outcomes , including how they may evolve with age , respond to external shocks , and adapt in light of available coping mechanisms . Furthermore , delving into the connections between current youth aspirations and family-related factors , such as the educational achievements of their parents or the socio-economic background of the household , can significantly contribute to a more nuanced policy discourse aimed at aligning aspirations with viable job opportunities . # * * 7 . References * * Akosah-Twumasi , P . et al . , 2018 . A Systematic Review of Factors That Influence Youths Career Choices — the Role of Culture . . _Front . Educ , _ p . 3 : 58 . . Appadurai , A . , 2004 . The Capacity to Aspire : Culture and the Terms of Recognition . In : _Culture and Public Action . _ Washington : World Bank , pp . 59-84 . Bandura , A . , Barbaranelli , C . , Caprara , G . V . & Pastorelli , C . , 2001 . Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children ' s aspirations and career trajectories . _Child Development , _ p . 72 ( 1 )", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 463, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 602, "end": 657, "text": "nationally representative multi-topic household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contributions by Edmond , Midrigan and Xu ( 2023 ) and Aghion , Bloom , Blundell , Griffith and Howitt ( 2005 ) show that increased markups stemming from high market concentration may ( though need not ) harm welfare . Higher prices associated with concentration could shape firms ’ international input sourcing decisions , as recently ana3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Objective 2 : * * Registration and data collection When it comes to registering refugees , the main challenges for refugees are the same as those detailed under providing reception facilities – the time and cost in traveling to the registration sites and fear of detention while traveling . Likewise , UNHCR is again challenged by limited offi ce space and staff , especially interpreters , along with the limitations of government registration data . The survey has shown that the integrity of the government ’ s data is crucial since they are involved in refugee registration in the majority of the countries ( 14 ) . Half of the UNHCR operations deemed the governments ’ registration processes to not be as effective as they could be . UNHCR offi ces report that using mobile teams to register refugees in their own neighborhoods and community centers , along with other locations such as schools , clinics and detention centers , works well , although it is resource intensive . # # # # # * * Who registers urban refugees ? * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Lebanon , Cameroon , Egypt , Indonesia , Jordan , < br > UNHCR only < br > Malaysia , Syria , Thailand < br > UNHCR & IP India < br > UNHCR , IP & < br > Costa Rica , Macedonia , Mexico , Turkey , Ukrain < br > Government < br > UNHCR & CAR , Ethiopia , Iran , Kenya , Turkey , Uganda , < br > Government Yemen , Zambia < br > Government only Ecuador , South Africa < br > Other Sudan ( no registrationin Khartoum ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # * * Perceptions on the effectiveness of government registration * * * * Effectiveness of government registration is qualifi ed . * * In the 14 countries in which the government does register urban refugees , a quarter of the UNHCR offi ces ( 6 ) fi nd that government", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 461, "text": "government registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "days per month ) . 35 . 0 percent of subjects operate their own business enterprise ; among these businesses , only 11 . 6 percent have any employees . 16 . 7 percent of participants have bank savings accounts , < sup > 17 < / sup > and 52 . 8 percent are members of rotating savings and credit associations ( ROSCAs ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > Most experimental subjects in our sample live amongst their kin , and are embedded in interhousehold transfer networks . The median participant has seven relatives living outside her household but in the same village : two close relatives ( parents , parents-in-law , adult children , grandparents , siblings , aunts , and uncles ) and another five more distant relatives . 43 . 8 percent of subjects had received a transfer in the last three months , while 89 . 8 percent report making a transfer to another household over the same period . < sup > 19 < / sup > The median household making a transfer had given 363 shillings , while the median household receiving a transfer had been given 600 shillings . In the three months prior to being surveyed , 42 . 4 percent of subjects ’ households had been asked for a gift or loan , and 89 . 7 percent of households had contributed money to a “ harambee , ” a local fundraising drive . < sup > 20 < / sup > Table 1 reports tests of balance across our six experimental treatments . < sup > 21 < / sup > The randomization was successful , generating minimal differences in observables across treatments . Of 68 tests ( 34 for each gender ) reported , we observe only five significant differences in observables across treatments . > 17Dupas and Robinson ( forthcoming ) found that less than 3 percent of the daily wage earners sampled in Bumala , Kenya , had savings accounts . While Bumala is just a few kilometers from the region where the present study took place , their data were collected over two years before our household survey . The daily wage earners ( primarily market vendors and bicycle taxi drivers ) included in their", "spans": [{"start": 1907, "end": 1923, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to objective inter-governmental fiscal formulas for allocating block grants to sub-national levels ; and ( iii ) implementation of the Dated Covenants and other agreed actions and action plans under the transparency and accountability aspects of Sub-program C . - Fiduciary standards ( “ F ” ) . This principle includes assessing : ( i ) the implementation of the Dated Covenants and other agreed actions to strengthen public financial management performance , and others related to fiduciary strengthening under Sub-program C ; ( ii ) timeliness and quality of fiscal reporting ( JBAR data ) , as well as financial reporting ( IFRs ) , and audits ; ( iii ) implementation of Continuous Audits as well as their integration at woreda / regional councils and Federal parliamentary levels ; ( iv ) progress in efforts to enhance procurement systems at sub-national levels ; and ( v ) strengthening as needed of procurement capacity of PBS 2 Government implementing agencies regarding PBS 2 activities . - Effectiveness ( “ E ” ) . This principle focuses on linking basic service results with the financing , policy and implementation inputs which the PBS program finances . It seeks to strengthen M & E for basic service sectors , to monitor how decentralized services are financed , and how sectoral policies can use that financing to improve results . 22 . In addition to these six-monthly in-depth JRIS reviews , PBS involves regular financial reporting through interim unaudited financial reports ( IFRs ) , quarterly expenditure reports ( QERs ) and yearly program audits . Given that the Basic Service Block Grants support decentralized service delivery across the country , these financial reports provide opportunities to monitor expenditures down to the woreda . At the same time , given the national scope , there is need for significant coordinated effort across levels of Government to provide these financial reports , resulting in delays in their being produced . The collaboration between DPs and Government to improve financial reporting is part of the PBS program ’ s effort to build capacity . 23 . * * Risks", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 590, "text": "JBAR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE KENYA POWER * * AND LIGHTING * * COMPANY PLC * * NOTES * * TO THE * * FINANCIAL STATEMENTS * * ( continued ) FOR THE YEAR * * ENDED 30 JUNE * * 2020 * * 3 . SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES * * ( continued ) # # # # ( o ) Operating segments The Company ' s business is organised * * by * * regions ( reporting segments ) comprising Nairobi , Mount Kenya , Coast and West Kenya . Business administration is * * by * * geographic region as the Company deals in only supply of electricity . There are no inter-region sales . The Chief Operating Decision Maker * * ( CODM ) * * is the Executive Management Committee . Regions derive their revenues from the distribution and retail of electricity purchased in bulk * * by * * the head office . Region assets and liabilities comprise those operating assets and liabilities that are directly attributable to the region or can be allocated to the region on a reasonable basis . Capital expenditure represents the total cost incurred during the year to acquire assets for the regions that are expected to be used during more than one period ( property and equipment ) . # # # # * * ( p ) * * Earnings per share Basic and diluted earnings per share * * ( EPS ) * * data for ordinary shares are presented in the financial statements . Basic * * EPS * * is calculated * * by * * dividing the profit for the year attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company * * by * * the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period . Diluted * * EPS * * is determined * * by * * adjusting the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the effects of all potentially dilutive ordinary shares , if any . # # # # * * ( q ) * * Dividends Dividends on ordinary shares are charged to reserves in the period in which", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": > 24 Given that the information system of the program does not reports SISBEN scores for participant families , uniform scores for the whole sample are calculated by using the proxy means testing algorithm and the information from the Census of the Poor 1994-2003 . 25 This may happen for at least two reasons . First , take up rates were in the order of 65 percent so participation is not universal among the eligible population . Second , households above the threshold may lobby with local authorities to gain access to the program . Concerns of nonrandom sorting that could arise from this or other gaming behaviors to influence the _Sisben_ poverty index score are discussed in the robustness section . 19", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 265, "text": "Census of the Poor 1994-2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District collected will be entered in an existing database at REA for further analysis and compilation into quarterly reports . - ii ) * * _Ongoing Monitoring_ * * : The M & E Officer for each location will be incharge of regular monitoring of the implementation process . This will involve : a ) Feedback and inputs from the Implementation Officers . b ) Reviewing of the resettlement database . - c ) Receiving reports from SSDO and of the grievance database . d ) Receiving information from local representatives . e ) Direct consultation with the PAP at each location . iii ) * * _Monthly reports : _ * * Consolidated monthly reports with key findings from the on-going monitoring should be submitted to the implementation team and discussed every month and action points determined . This monthly progress review should aim to ensure that important issues are immediately rectified . iv ) * * _Vulnerability assessment : _ * * It is essential that vulnerability is closely monitored in order to provide timely support to susceptible households . A vulnerability assessment shall occur as part of quarterly auditing of all households , and those households that are most vulnerable shall be prioritized for monthly auditing and targeted assistance . Key activities are : - a ) Develop a set of criteria to identify vulnerable households b ) Every three months visit vulnerable households to assess key needs / issues . c ) Develop a plan to address these issues in conjunction with the members of the household . # # # # * * 14 . 5 External Evaluation Process * * In addition to the internal monitoring process , external assessment of the resettlement process should be undertaken through an external evaluation consultant appointed by REA . The external evaluation process will be informed by internal monitoring reports prepared by REA , and also through independent surveys and consultation conducted by the evaluation consultant . The evaluation system will be based on process and outcome indicators .", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 198, "text": "existing database at REA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 506, "end": 527, "text": "resettlement database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 575, "end": 593, "text": "grievance database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Source : Universal Postal Union database . < br > Note : Data are from 2015 – 17 . No data were available for Bangladesh , Kyrgyzstan , and Senegal . < br > from a postal establishment < br > Percent of population having to collect mail < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In particular , the emergence of cross-border e-commerce calls for reexamining the efficiency of customs processes . Cross-border e-commerce now accounts for 10 – 15 percent of the volume of global e-commerce , and it is expected to grow at twice the rate of domestic e-commerce until 2020 . < sup > 84 < / sup > A simplified customs procedure such as prearrival risk assessment and digitizing the process through electronic data exchange and payment could all contribute to a more cost-efficient customs process . Given the growing flow of low value cross-border shipments , customs authorities face more severe challenges on the long-standing trade-off between foregone revenue and the cost of collection and longer clearance times . Many customs authorities around the world have adopted a de minimis threshold — that is , a “ valuation ceiling for goods , including documents and trade samples , below which no duty or tax is charged and clearance procedures , including data requirements , are minimal . ” < sup > 85 < / sup > How to set a reasonable de minimis threshold has become of special importance . The calculation and collection of customs duties and taxes on low-value shipments disproportionally burden small e-commerce exporters because they are unable to streamline these tasks . Research has shown that a reasonable de minimis threshold can be vital for small business firms that depend on cross-border sales . < sup > 86 < / sup > Among the 21 countries covered under Digital Business Indicators project , Bangladesh , Burkina Faso , Pakistan , Senegal , and", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 186, "text": "Universal Postal Union database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1912, "end": 1947, "text": "Digital Business Indicators project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - | | Forest Reserve ( most exist as community-owned plantation < br > forests ) | 134 | | Wildlife Sanctuary | 1 | | Nature Forest Reserve | - | | Forest Plantation | - | | * * Internationally Recognized areas of high biodiversity value * * | | | Ramsar Wetland of International Importance | 4 | | Key Biodiversity Area ( KBA ) | 2 | | Important Bird Area ( IBA ) | 3 | | Alliance for Zero Extinction ( AZE ) Site | 1 | | * * Total * * | * * 145 * * | * * _Legally Protected Areas : _ Figure 24 * * and * * Figure 25 * * illustrate the layouts of legally protected areas based on IBAT generated maps , with many of the important protected areas labelled . The TL route is able to 154", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 602, "text": "IBAT generated maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "But a pre-condition to being able to measure this is the existence of nationally representative data that allow us to observe the same household at two points in time . Unfortunately for Nepal , the panel data that have been collected with the three rounds of the living standards survey have suffered from a high degree of attrition between rounds and are thus not ideal for this analysis . Instead , we use what is referred to as the synthetic panel methodology ( Dang and Lanjouw , 2013 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 100, "text": "nationally representative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 199, "end": 209, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 264, "end": 287, "text": "living standards survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 8 : State - Level Education Deprivation < ! - - Start of picture text - - > child 15-17 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > child 10-14 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . States are sorted by the highest deprivation rate of the oldest child category . Figure 9 : State-Level Education Deprivation by Region < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a ) b ) c ) < br > Educational Deprivation - by State Educational Deprivation - by State Educational Deprivation - by State < br > in North Central - MICS in North East - MICS in North West - MICS < br > 70 % < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 60 % 70 % < br > 60 % 50 % 60 % < br > 50 % 40 % 50 % < br > 40 % 30 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > child 5-9 child 10-14 child 15-17 Total child 5-9 child 10-14 child 15-17 Total child 5-9 child 10-14 child 15-17 Total < br > Benue FCT Abuja Kogi Kwara Adamawa Bauchi Borno Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina < br > Nasarawa Niger Plateau Gombe Taraba Yobe Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara < br > d ) e ) f ) < br > Educational Deprivation - by Educational Deprivation - by State Educational Deprivation - by State < br > State in South East - MICS in South South MICS in South West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 267, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ | Gesho / ጌሾ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 86 | 86 | * * 16 . 2 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Banana / ሙዝ | 2 | 0 | 12 | 5 | 19 | * * 3 . 6 * * | | Goava / ዘይቱን | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | * * 0 . 2 * * | | Sugarcane | 0 | 2 | 0 | 112 | 114 | * * 21 . 5 * * | | * * All * * | * * 302 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 13 * * | * * 213 * * | * * 530 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024-January2025 ) _ * * Impact on Fruit and Other Trees due to the Construction of the new Arsi Robe Substation * * There are no fruit trees and perennial crops affected as a result of the construction of the new substation at Arsi Robe Woreda # # # # # # * * 7 . 6 Impact on Eucalyptus Trees * * The impact on eucalyptus trees is another adverse impact of the proposed transmission line and substation subproject identified during census enumeration and property registration . Based on the survey results , the subproject will affect a total of 47 , 084 eucalyptus trees of different sizes ( see Table 7 . 8 ) . These trees belong to 150 households and will be affected by the subproject ' s tower pads , Right of Way ( RoW ) and substation . Table 7 . 8 : Number & Size of Eucalyptus Trees Affected by Woreda", "spans": [{"start": 536, "end": 583, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1030, "end": 1074, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Other Food Electronic Equipment < br > BRA 20012011 BRA 20012011 < br > CHL 20012011 CHL 20012011 < br > CHN 20012011 CHN 20012011 < br > COL 20012011 COL 20012011 < br > IND 20012011 IND 20012011 < br > PER 20012011 PER 20012011 < br > RUS 20012011 RUS 20012011 < br > THA 20012011 THA 20012011 < br > TUR 20012011 TUR 20012011 < br > ZAF 20012011 ZAF 20012011 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 < br > Total LVAX share ( % ) Total LVAX share ( % ) < br > Total LVAX Unskilled Total LVAX Skilled Total LVAX Unskilled Total LVAX Skilled < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . # * * Figure 21 : Skilled and unskilled labor content of exports in GVC-intensive sectors 2001 vs . 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Wearing Apparel Motor Vehicles < br > BRA 20012011 BRA 20012011 < br > CHL 20012011 CHL 20012011 < br > COL 20012011 COL 20012011 < br > IND 20012011 IND 20012011 < br > PER 20012011 PER 20012011 < br > RUS 20012011 RUS 20012011 < br > THA 20012011 THA 20012011 < br > TUR 20012011 TUR 20012011 < br > ZAF 20012011 ZAF 20012011 < br > 0 1 , 000 2 , 000 3 , 000 4 , 000 5 , 000 0 2 , 000 4 , 000 6 , 000 8 , 000 < br > US $ mil . US $ mil . < br > Total LVAX Unskilled Total LVAX Skilled Total LVAX Unskilled Total LVAX Skilled < br > Other Food Electronic Equipment < br > BRA 20012011 BRA 20012011 < br > CHL 20012011 CHL 20012011 < br > COL 20012011 COL 20012011 < br > IND 20012011 IND 20012011 < br > PER 20012011 PER 20012011 < br > RUS 20012011 RUS 20012011 < br > THA 20012011 THA 20012011 < br > TUR 20012011 TUR 20012011 < br > ZAF 20012011 ZAF 20012011 < br > 0", "spans": [{"start": 657, "end": 662, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 340 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * shedding . The frequent load shedding and voltage fluctuations have eroded consumer confidence , increased production costs and curtailed investment . The GoU is currently pursuing several short and medium term strategies to deal with the crisis , including : - Reduce losses in the system ; - Manage demand by , for example , distributing compact fluorescent light bulbs to replace less efficient incandescent bulbs ; - Purchase of power from emergency thermal power plants ; - Development of small scale hydro and cogeneration projects ( including purchase of power from sugar processing facilities ) ; and , - Promotion of solar technology . The Bujagali HPP is part of the long-term electricity supply strategy . To the extent that there is still any load shedding by the time that Bujagali comes online , it will alleviate that shortage . Ongoing work being undertaken by Power Planning Associates estimates that unserved energy has a cost of USD 0 . 37 / kWh to the Ugandan economy . # # # # # * * 7 . 4 . 1 . 2 Increased productivity * * Unreliable and inadequate power constrains the activities of most sectors of the economy , including government , health care , education , industry and services . Inadequate power supplies are a major constraint to domestic and foreign inward investment . From consultations with Government and representatives of the business community including Uganda Manufacturers Association ( UMA ) , Uganda Investment Authority ( UIA ) , and Uganda National Chamber of Commerce and Industry ( UNCCI ) , it is apparent that economic growth has been constrained by inadequate and unreliable sources of power . Based on growth and investment data for recent years , a reduction of 10 percent in the volume of private sector investment leads to a reduction in national income of at least I percent . # # # # # * * 7 . 4 . 1 . 3 Implementation of Rural Electrification Programmes *", "spans": [{"start": 1799, "end": 1825, "text": "growth and investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | - - - | - - - | | * * Procedure * * < br > * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * | IVA will review reports by MoE and conduct online or phone based verification to confirm school meals are provided to < br > target schools and for the target learning days . The IVA will interview at least 30 % of the target schools in the Camp based < br > refugeeprimaryschools . | | * * DLI 2 . 2 * * | Number of vulnerable learners , in refugee host communities , who are provided with school meals during each school < br > calendaryear | | | Learners in public primary schools in Turkana and Garissa The value number represented target students annually . | | * * Description * * | Percentage of students in target schools having at least one hot meal during the school calendar year . The targeted schools < br > are in semi-arid , arid and informal settlements in urban areas . The target learners in these schools include learners in pre - < br > school ( within these schools ) who will benefit from a fortified meal asper the school health and nutritionpolicy guidelines . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | MoE , School Meals Unit reports | | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | * * Procedure * * < br > * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * | IVA will review reports by MoE and conduct online or phone based verification to confirm school meals are provided to < br > target schools and for the target learningdays . The IVA will interview at least 30 % of the target schools . | | * * DLI 2 . 3 * * | Number of vulnerable learners who are provided with school", "spans": [{"start": 1222, "end": 1247, "text": "School Meals Unit reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the South in a given year is calculated by multiplying the total value of its international reserve assets in that year by the share that advanced countries allocate to South currencies in that same year . One consideration in constructing this country-to-region data set for international reserves relates to the classification of countries , as the IMF uses advanced and emerging regions in the COFER database that do not exactly match our definitions of North and South . Advanced economies include several high-income economies that we consider in our analysis to be part of the South ( such as Australia ; the Czech Republic ; Hong Kong SAR , China ; and Singapore ) . This would tend to underestimate investments in the South because countries investing in advanced economies could , in fact , be investing in currencies associated with the South in our classification . Another consideration relates to the currency classification in COFER . In addition to the wellknown currencies , the data include “ unallocated reserves ” and “ other currencies . ” < sup > 34 < / sup > We assume that “ unallocated reserves ” are allocated across currencies in the same proportion as the “ allocated reserves . ” We also assume that international reserves held in “ other currencies ” are held entirely in South currencies . This last assumption is based on the results of the “ Survey on the Holdings of Currencies in Official Foreign Currency Assets ” conducted by the IMF in 2015 . This survey collected year-end data for 2013 and 2014 for 130 countries and provided a more detailed breakdown of the currency allocation of international reserves than COFER . The shares of the world ’ s international reserves that were unambiguously allocated to South currencies were 3 . 3 and 3 . 6 percent in 2013 and 2014 , respectively . These estimates provide a lower bound on the allocation of international reserves in South currencies , since the currency breakdown in the survey did not include all South currencies . We match these survey allocations more precisely when allocating “ other currencies ” entirely to the South ( yielding allocations to South currencies of 4 . 7 and 4 . 4 percent in 2013 and 2014 , respectively", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 271, "text": "country-to-region data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 397, "end": 411, "text": "COFER database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "paper leverages the data on nearly fifty ( 50 ) ports across East Asia , the Middle East , Southeast Asia , and Southern / Eastern Africa . Herrera Dappe et al . ( 2017 ) further focused on countries and ports around the Indian Ocean . > 37It also decomposed productivity changes into technological progress , pure efficiency , and scale efficiency . This decomposition is performed by the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity ( TFP ) Index a la Caves et al . ( 1982 ) . Other papers , such as Suárez-Alemán et al . ( 2016 ) , also use the Malmquist TFP Index to track and decompose sources of productivity gains over longer port-efficiency times series . 37", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 53, "text": "data on nearly fifty ( 50 ) ports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "27 # * * < mark > Strengthening Ethiopia ' s Adaptive Safety Net Project ( SEASN ) < / mark > Expenditure Documentation Reconciliation ( for Advance and PBCs ) ( IN USD ) * * | | Total expenditure < br > reported for the < br > quarter ( 1 ) | Total expenditure < br > for the year | Total expenditure < br > for project life | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Documented for < br > advance to the project < br > ( 2 ) | | | | | Documented for PBC < br > ( 3 ) | | | | | Total amount | | | | 1 . Amount must be the same as shown on the statement of source and uses of fund for the quarter . If there are any direct payments or special commitments , these should be clearly indicated in the footnote . 2 . This amount must be the same as shown on the expenditure apportionment sheet 3 . This must be similar to the amount shown on the PBC tracking worksheet ( your word document )", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project - Additional Financing_ * * * * _Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2018_ * * # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ( Continued ) * * * * * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . * * * Acquisition of fixed * * assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # # c ) * * In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for inkind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # # # # * * d ) Cash and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 989, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "derivatives which further spurred the real estate boom . < sup > 4 < / sup > Rising wages and the real estate boom initially helped increase fiscal revenue and allowed deficits to remain in line with the Maastricht criteria ( except for Greece ) , in spite of government expenditure that rapidly rose due to increasing government wage bills and social transfers . Yet , with growth increasingly driven by unsustainably high domestic consumption , periphery countries lost export competitiveness and the manufacturing sector declined . At the same time , core countries ‘ competitiveness and their external surpluses improved , as a result of wage restraint and the relative undervaluation of the euro compared to the earlier national currencies . 4 . The global financial crisis since September 2008 led to a recession in Europe and triggered the burst of the real estate bubble ; both resulted in a ballooning of fiscal deficits and a massive deterioration of debt indicators that set the stage for the sovereign debt crisis in the Euro Zone that began with the Greek crisis in early-2010 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent change , Figure 1 : Euro Zone growth : Projections and reality < br > year over year < br > 4 Actual < br > Projected < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < br > - 1 < br > - 2 < br > - 3 < br > - 4 < br > - 5 < br > Note : Projection data from previous year of actual GDP growth . < br > Source : World Economic Outlook , various years . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 5 . The dynamics between core countries , especially Germany , and non-core countries in the Euro Zone appear analogous to those between East Asian surplus economies and the United States in the run-up to the global financial crisis . < sup > 5 < / sup > Excess consumption in the United States brought about by a real estate boom and low interest rates allowed East", "spans": [{"start": 1411, "end": 1426, "text": "Projection data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 107 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 considered by vector control staff to be only of academic interest , as there is no clinical evidence of S . _haematobium_ causing urinary schistosomiasis in Uganda ( Dr . G . Baayenda , Jinja District Vector Control Officer , September 2006 ) . Human infection data are presented in Section 3 . 7 . 3 . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 5 . 2 Occurrence of Bulinus in the Project Area * * _Bulinus spp . _ were common in the area during the 1998 survey and found in moderate numbers in the 2006 survey . They are probably of little importance since urinary schistosomiasis is not known to occur in the project area . In more general terms , _Biomphalaria spp . _ occur more frequently in established water bodies while _Bulinus spp . _ are better able to colonise new water bodies . Surface water temperature in the shallow area of Lake Victoria near Jinja is in the range of 24-26 ° C ( Crul , 1993 ) . Temperature data for the river in the vicinity of the proposed embankment are not available but are unlikely to be significantly different . These figures are within the range for the optimum multiplication of both Biomphalaria and _Bulinus_ species so that any snails that are able to establish themselves in the reservoir are likely to multiply rapidly . It is not practical to attempt to control snails along the shore of Lake Victoria and control is not practiced routinely in the area . # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 5 . 3 Malaria Vectors * * Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Uganda . Female mosquitoes belonging to the genus _Anopheles_ are the vectors . _Plasmodiumfalciparum_ is the most", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 404, "text": "Human infection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1031, "end": 1047, "text": "Temperature data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HEIs grew by 40 % relative to 2000 , yet the number of municipalities with other HEIs grew by only 10 % . These differential trends define the relative availability of higher education programs within a specific community . Our analysis seeks to uncover the effect of opening SC HEIs . We focus on higher education supply as of 2004 , one year before students in our sample graduated from high school . Of the 300 HEIs operating at the time , only one-third were SC HEIs . SC programs in Colombia are also provided by SENA ( _Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje_ ) . This public institution has been providing workforce training for many decades ; it only started offering SC programs in 2003 and had a negligible SC market share by 2004 . It is not an HEI and operates outside the purview of the Ministry of Education . As a result , we do not include it in our analysis . Of the 918 municipalities in our sample , 14 % had an SC HEI within a 10 km radius ( Table 3 , municipality-level panel ) . This figure was 28 % for other HEIs . Moreover , during our period of analysis , the vast majority of SC HEIs were located in cities that already > 6Own calculations using data from the National System of Information on Higher Education ( SNIES , in Spanish ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1181, "end": 1231, "text": "National System of Information on Higher Education", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1234, "end": 1239, "text": "SNIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scores . The results of the intervention are persistent . In the _regional_ sample , 14 months after the intervention those students from schools assigned to treatment that took the census evaluation improved their scores by 10 % , 12 % and 10 % in _Mathematics_ , _Reading Comprehension_ , and _History , Economics and Geography_ ( compared to the control group ) . Our results shed light on the potential of growth-mindset interventions . Given its per capita ITT cost , this puts the ‘ _ ¡ Expande tu Mente ! _ ’ package among the most highly cost-effective educational interventions in the developing world . At the same time , our results highlight that while growth-mindset interventions work , they do not work in all contexts . In _metropolitan_ areas , where schools and classrooms are larger and students have higher scores , our intervention failed to be effective . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Sections 2 and 3 describe the intervention and its conceptual pathways ( respectively ) . In section 4 , we describe the experimental design and the implementation of the intervention in the field . Sections 5 and 6 present the data and the empirical strategy , and sections 7 and 8 report our main results and robustness checks . Section 8 concludes . # * * 2 . * * * * < u > The intervention < / u > * * The intervention , known as ‘ _ ¡ Expande tu Mente ! _ ’ in Peru ( ‘ Grow Your Mind ! ’ ; from here onwards , GYM ) ) was a collaboration between the authors and the Peru Ministry of Education ( MINEDU ) . Within MINEDU , the research team worked in coordination with _MineduLAB_ , the cost-effectiveness laboratory of the Ministry , and the Direction of Secondary Education . The main objective of the intervention was to instill in students the growth-mindset to improve their motivation , perseverance , effort at school , and , ultimately , academic performance ( see the theory of change in * * Section 3 * * ) . The basic education level in Peru is composed of a pre-school level , six grades at the primary level and five", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 199, "text": "census evaluation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "authorities to engage in corrupt practices , and partly due to the apparent limitation of skill / capacity of the CDC members . Therefore , proper attention should be given to the training of the CDCs to enable them to undertake the job and also to strengthen beneficiary communities ’ capacity building and empowerment so that they would have more awareness and a clear understanding about their decision making role . As noted from key informants and also the participants in the FGD , the duration of the capacity building training was too short to grasp the messages of the trainings . This was particularly a problem for the illiterates who were unable to write / record and read what they learned during the training . Therefore , while training programs should be given adequate duration including the provision of refreshment courses , the inclusion of literate individuals in the selection of training participants will be useful since they can take notes / record the subjects during the training , and help illiterate participants to grasp the subject in joint discussion sessions . Apart from the orientation and training , the extent of community capacity built and the empowerment achieved would depend on the technical support of the MSTs and MOTs , which in turn depends on the timing and frequency of visits to sub-projects . Thus , the proper timing and increased frequency of their visits would be crucial in order to supplement the training skill and further strengthen community capacity through the PLA during the sub-project implementation . Provision of training / orientation once or twice should not be taken as a sufficient condition for capacity building & empowerment to enable pastoral communities to implement CDD approach . Institutionalizing the CDD approach would require continuous training for capacity building that suits the categories of stakeholders ( ordinary beneficiaries , the CDC members that undertake management , procurement , control sub-committees , and women IGA group leaders ) , WDC members , MOTs , development agents , teachers / school directors and health extension workers . Along with this , adult literacy training should be focused to enable the pastoral communities to read and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Most respondents intended to remain in Chad , both in the short and long term * * 93 % of respondents planned to stay in their current location in Chad for the next three months . This figure was slightly lower in Tine ( 66 % ) than in Adre ( 77 % ) and could be linked to the slightly higher needs reported in Tine . In addition , 73 % of respondents reported having reached the end of their journey , indicating their intention to remain in Tine and Adre over the longer term . Of note , the majority ( 75 % ) of those who reported not having reached the end of their journey , intended to move to other locations within Chad . Overall , the data reveal a lack of onward movement intentions . These intentions may stem from the generally safe conditions that respondents are currently perceiving in Tine and Adre , combined with their extremely low capabilities to engage in and afford onward movement , as evidenced by their high need for basic necessities like food , water , and shelter . The intention to remain may also be linked to respondents ’ demographic profiles : most are women who are traveling with children in their care and , hence , likely to be less mobile . In the context of Adre , the desire to remain may challenge plans for Adre to serve only as a temporary transit camp . < sup > 11 < / sup > While 76 % of respondents overall indicated they would return to Sudan someday if the conflict ended , 17 % ( 4 % in Adre and 33 % in Tine ) stated they would never return under any circumstance . # # * * 4Mi data collection * * < u > 4Mi < / u > is the Mixed Migration Centre ’ s flagship primary data collection system , an innovative approach that helps fill knowledge gaps , and inform policy and response regarding the nature of mixed migratory movements and the protection risks for refugees and migrants on the move . 4Mi field enumerator", "spans": [{"start": 1532, "end": 1551, "text": "4Mi data collection", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "related to innovation , and ( d ) { Δ _τ_ , _ψ_ , _τmin_ , _τmax_ , _hτ_ , _bτ_ } are parameters related to rentseeking in the form of bribing . The strategy I used to calibrate the parameters in the steady state has three parts . First , I set some of the parameters according to existing microeconomic and macroeconomic evidence in the literature . Second , I calibrated the technological parameters to an undistorted economy where _τ_ = 0 for all firms . In order to map this economy to the data , I followed the literature and used the U . S . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not applicable_ * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 186, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APPENDIX Homer , Sidney ( 1967 ) _A History of Interest Rates_ . Sydney : Princeton University Press . - Martin , Joseph G . ( 1886 ) _Martin ’ s Boston Stock Market : Eighty-eight Years from January 1 , 1798 to January 1886_ . Boston . - Morgan , Edward V . ( 1952 ) . _Studies in British Financial Policy , 1914-1925_ . London : Macmillan . - Neal , Larry ( 1990 ) _The Rise of Financial Capitalism : International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason . _ Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . NBER Macrohistory database . - Rostow , Walt W . and Anna J . Schwartz ( 1953 ) _The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy 1790-1850_ , Oxford : Oxford U . P . - Salomon Brothers ( 1995 ) . _Analytical Record of Yields and Yield Spreads . _ New York : Salomon Brothers . - Schwert , William ( 1990 ) Indexes of United States Stock Prices from 1802 to 1987 _ , Journal of Business_ , 63 ( 3 ) , 399-426 - Smith , K . C . and G . F Horne ( 1934 ) _An index number of securities : 1867-1914_ , London : Royal Economic Society . - Thomas , Ryland and Nicholas Dimsdale ( 2017 ) _A Millennium of UK Data_ , Bank of England OBRA dataset < u > Newspapers : The Economist , Financial Times , Hunt ’ s Merchants Magazine . < / u > < u > Periodicals : Investors Monthly Manual , Banker ’ s Magazine , The Financial Review . < / u > - < u > Datasets : Eurostat , US Bureau of Labor Statistics , Federal Reserve Bank National Monetary Statistics , < / u > Standard and Poors . A3", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 525, "text": "NBER Macrohistory database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1109, "end": 1137, "text": "Bank of England OBRA dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1348, "end": 1356, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "centres and / or placed in collective centres . They faced increased risks of GBV due to “ lack of privacy and single sex accommodation in Collective Sites ( CSs ) ” * * < sup > liii < / sup > . In their new locations , IDP women and children of all ages often have to deal with limited or no access to life-saving services and livelihood opportunities . An assessment in the northern regions revealed particular vulnerability of “ adolescent girls from IDP households , especially those from economically marginalized households at increased risk of exploitation . The impact of displacement and economic vulnerability exacerbates their risk of the adoption of negative mechanisms , including sexual exploitation and exploitative relationships , as a way to access basic needs ” < sup > liv < / sup > . GBV Safety Audits ( UNHCR 2023 , and GBV AoR together with CCCM Cluster , and with the participation of Wash , Health , Protection and Shelter in 2024 ) revealed * * multiple challenges faced by IDPs residing in Collective Sites ( CSs ) , notably that * *", "spans": [{"start": 804, "end": 821, "text": "GBV Safety Audits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 , 000 | | | * * Sub-Total ( 5 ) * * | * * 4 , 500 , 000 * * | | | * * Grand Total ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ) * * | * * 477 , 239 , 622 * * | | * * 6 * * | Administration Cost DuringImplementation ( 3 % ) | 14 , 317 , 189 | | * * 7 * * | Contingency ( 15 % ) | 71 , 585 , 943 | | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 563 , 142 , 754 * * | _Source : RP Census Survey ( January 2025 ) _ _Note 1 . The rural electrification component of this Subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP project budget_ Page 190", "spans": [{"start": 338, "end": 354, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "positively associated with the migration of a family member for work . The asset gains are also statistically similar between households whose members migrated overseas and those whose members moved within India for > 6 The 1998 and 2003 KMS data reported that 95 and 90 percent , respectively , of household members in a foreign labor force were residing in the Arabian Gulf . The Arabian Gulf countries consist of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Bahrain , Oman , and Kuwait . 3", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 246, "text": "KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation , whichever is higher . # # 2 . 2 * * Process Description for Resettlement Plans Preparation and Approval * * Resettlement plans should be built around development strategy and packages aimed at improving or at least restoring the economic base for those relocated . Experience indicates that cash compensation alone is normally inadequate . Preference should be given to landbased resettlement strategies for people dislocated from agricultural settings . If suitable land is unavailable , non-land-based strategies built around opportunities for employment or self-employment may be used . # # 2 . 2 . 1 * * Socioeconomic Survey * * At project launching , an assessment of the social impacts of each subproject will be conducted . The assessment will help to : ( i ) determine which mitigation measures to be taken ; ( ii ) establish whether or not detailed resettlement action plans with timetables and budgets should be prepared . 10", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 700, "text": "Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > can provide policymakers with useful information on relative cost effectiveness . Beyond methodological considerations , data access and quality problems were also cited as significant barriers . Evaluators frequently cite difficulty in extracting reliable expense information — even from administrative data — to reflect the financial cost considerations most relevant to policymakers . Though hardly limited to the World Bank , low levels of baseline financial data collection at the World Bank impedes the ability to conduct CBA at either the start or the end of projects ( IEG 2010 ) . Economic costs are even more challenging . Data on opportunity costs are rare , notwithstanding their centrality to economic analysis . Even more challenging than these considerations of basic cost data are the important issues of apportioning Cost ( and often benefit ) components when an evaluated project is part of a larger multi-arm effort with multiple outcomes and benefits . These data and methodological challenges reflect an apparent lack of up-front planning to do VFM types of analysis . While the measurement of benefits is now approached in impact evaluations with careful planning well before implementation begins , it is unusual for Cost > 10 The second paper in the VFM Component 2 series is a case study that pioneered a tool to address many of these concerns while generating locally relevant , user-informed valuations of the environmental effects of World Bank projects across the globe . > 11 http : / / www . povertyactionlab . org / policy-lessons / education / student-participation . > 12 http : / / www . wsipp . wa . gov / BenefitCost . 19", "spans": [{"start": 793, "end": 802, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "By using 2009 - - 10 crop and fertilizer prices , the ICR calculated VCRs for each crop in three dominant fertilizer-using regions : Amhara , Oromia , and the Southern Nations , Nationalities , and People Region . These three regions accounted for more than 90 percent of national fertilizer use . The final national VCRs for estimating the FSP ' s fertilizer project ' s overall economic benefits were calculated following a two-step procedure : - Based on VCRs available from the DSA study and SG-20oo data for each crop and region , a weighted average VCR was calculated for each crop by using each region ' s share in fertilizer use . Since no crop-specific data are available at the · regional level , the share of each region in national fertilizer consumption was used as an approximate weight . - Given regionally weighted averages for each crop from the two sources , the national average VCR was then calculated by using the shares of the three crops as weights . These calculations yield an overall average VCR of 3 . 7 for the DSA study and for 2 . 4 SG-2000 estimates . An overview of available VCR estimates is provides in table 2 : Table 2 : Value-Cost Ratio Estimates from Different Sources ( used to define upper bounds , most likely scenario , and lower bounds ) | | Ma | ize | Wh | eat | Te | fl | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Studies , reports , aJtdsurVeys | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | | MoARD ( 1992 ) | 2 . 8-5 . 3 | 4 . 1 | 2 . 6-4 . 5 | 3 . 6 | 2 . 9-4 . 4 | 3 . 7 | | Demeke and others ( 1998 ) | 1 . 3-3 . 9 | 2 .", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 508, "text": "SG-20oo data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 . Distributional incidence of subsidy beneficiaries ( by decile ) in three Latin American countries * * _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . _Note : _ Subsidy beneficiaries are households . All figures are calculated using sample weights . Total expenditure is total household expenditure in all categories . The distribution of expenditure ( Jamaica ) or income ( El Salvador and Panama ) refers to the countrywide distribution of expenditure / income per capita , i . e . , households are ranked according to their expenditure / income per capita . Figure 6 shows the results for two Asian countries , Bangladesh and Vietnam . In Bangladesh , water consumption subsidies are strongly regressive and increase inequality . While subsidies in Vietnam are still regressive , albeit less so , they are actually reducing inequality , suggesting slightly better targeting than in Bangladesh . Figure 7 , which depicts the distribution of beneficiary households across deciles , shows strong regressivity in Bangladesh but a more even distribution across expenditure deciles in Vietnam , once again suggesting better targeting . In the next subsection , we look at a more synthetic measure of targeting performance that complements this analysis and consider both access and subsidy design factors driving this performance . 15", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 184, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 187, "end": 192, "text": "IBNET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preliminary indicators and targets are : - Establishment of a national coordination agency for nutrition — to coordinate nutrition related inputs from health , food security and agriculture , social welfare , education , water , private sector , and trade and industry . - - Significant national coverage of salt iodization program to at least 60 % of the population . - Establishment of at least 100 sentinel sites in the country conducting surveillance of nutrition-related indicators . - Increase in the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding by 50 % in selected woredas . Monitoring and evaluation will use both existing structures as well as additional surveillance and monitoring data to be collected as part of Sub-Component 2b ( see below ) . This sub-component will add to the existing system to develop a structure that is better able to conduct nutritional surveillance as explained below . # # * * 3 . Preliminary description * * The proposed Nutrition Project to be financed by IDA will be a part of the multi-donor National Nutrition Program ( NNP ) . The main strategies of the NNP are to ( a ) strengthen ongoing national interventions to deliver nutrition and ECD services ; ( b ) transition current nutrition and ECD interventions into preventative and sustainable interventions using community based nutrition and ECD approach ; ( c ) strengthen intersectoral nutrition and ECD linkages ; and ( d ) strengthen the capacity of institutions to formulate policies and implement the National Nutrition Program . The NNP will be implemented within the context of the country ’ s decentralized system of service delivery at the level of region , woreda and kebeles . The NNP will be based on five guiding principles : ( i ) _Sustainability_ ; ( ii ) _Linkages and Coordination_ among programs and interventions ; ( iii ) _Involvement of the Private Sector_ ; ( iv ) _Cost-Effective Interventions_ ; and ( v ) _Knowledge Building_ . Based on these strategies and principles , the NNP has two main components proposed for implementation", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 694, "text": "surveillance and monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - Employment was also difficult to measure since beneficiaries , especially farmers , did not keep good records of casual labor . - According to the ICR ( pp . 17-18 ) , impact assessment surveys indicated that 1 , 425 jobs were created , significantly below the target of 2 , 500 . 170 of these were created by enterprises that received financing from the Financial Sector Deepening Trust Fund ; 290 by enterprises benefiting from the SME Risk Capital and related technical assistance ; and 965 under the joint sample of coffee and cotton-to-garment Value Chains researched . The ICR ( page 12 ) states that the target of 2 , 500 new jobs was unrealistic because it was based on South Africa as a reference country without taking into consideration the differences between the two economies . - The ICR also reports that on the basis of information provided by the Technical Implementation Partners ( see Section 9b below ) , 1 , 805 jobs were created . However , the ICR does not consider this data to be robust . - There were issues of survey coverage . The samples included only one out of eight beneficiary financial institutions ( i . e . , the Equity Bank ) under the Financial Deepening Trust Fund component and one out of ninety-eight investees of the risk capital beneficiaries because of concerns related to business confidentiality and the high transaction cost of collecting and analyzing information . -", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 199, "text": "impact assessment surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Moor , G . M . and Nieuwoudt , W . L . 1998 Tenure security and productivity in small-scale agriculture in Zimbabwe : Implications for South Africa _Development Southern Africa_ 15 ( 4 ) , 609-620 . Moyo , Sam 1998 , The Land Acquisition Process in Zimbabwe ( 1997 / 8 ) , UNDP Harare Persson , Torsten ; Tabellini , Guido , Is Inequality Harmful for Growth ? , _American Economic Review ; _ 84 ( 3 ) , June 1994 , pages 600-621 . Piketty , Thomas 1999 , Theories of Persistent Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility , Chapter 6 of Handbook of Income Distribution ( A . Atkinson , and F . Bourguignon , Eds . ) PIR , 1998 : _Poverty and Inequality in South Africa , _ Poverty and Inequality Report to the Office of the Deputy President , Praxis Publishing , Durban . SA-PPA 1997 : _The Experience and Perceptions of Poverty : The South African Participatory Poverty Assessment , _ Praxis Publishing , Durban . South Africa Labor and Development Research Unit ( SALDRU ) 1994 , \" South Africans Rich and Poor : Baseline Household Statistics . \" Cape Town : University of Cape Town . SPP , 1983 : _Forced Removals in South Africa , Vol . 4 , Natal , _ The Surplus People ' s Project , Cape Town . The Economist , July 17 , 1999 , Land reform in Brazil A plot of our own Tomlinson , Mary R . 1999 , From Rejection to Resignation : Beneficiaries ' Views on the South African Government ' s New Housing Subsidy System , _Urban Studies_ 36 : 8 , 1349-59 van Rooyen , Johan , Jan Groenewald , Simphiwe Ngqangweni , and Tamas Fenyes Eds . 1998 , Agricultural policy reform in South Africa , Africa Institute for Policy Analysis and Economic Integration , Cape Town van Zyl , * * J . , * * J . Kirsten , and H . P . Binswanger 1996 , _Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa : Policies , Markets , and Mechanisms , _ Oxford University Press , Cape Town Wilson , F . , and M . Ramphele , _Uprooting Poverty : The South African Challenge_ Cape Town : David Philip", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | GOUNDAM | 1241 | 2386 | 1662 | 4048 | 1252 | 842 | 2094 | 96 | 54 | 150 | 3734 | 2558 | 6292 | | TONKA | 447 | 859 | 732 | 159", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Data was collected on all students , teachers , and schools . After the intervention , a student survey was conducted to collect socio-demographic data in order to check whether the randomly created groups of schools were comparable . < sup > 15 < / sup > The Science test was administered after schools had completed their 12-week intervention , followed by a student questionnaire designed to measure fidelity of implementation , students ’ perceptions on the teaching they had experienced , and their attitudes toward Science . These questions were later used to build an index that measured if learning was interesting and relevant as well as if teaching practices inspired curiosity ( see Appendix 4 for a detailed description of the index ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > These questions were based on a validated instrument , the Tripod Survey for Students ( MET Project 2012 ) . Before and after the intervention took place , teachers provided further additional information . As a baseline , a survey gathered background characteristics of teachers and general information about their Science class . In the post-intervention survey , teachers responded a set of questions to assess the fidelity of implementation of the intervention , as well as perceived changes in class dynamics and teaching practices . Finally , administrative information was collected at the school level . This information included data on school and seventh-grade enrollment , number of classrooms and teachers , repetition rate , promotion rate , over-aged rate , location of the schools , and the Language score in the local end-of-primary exam of seventh grade ( FEPBA ) . # 4 . The Sample > 15 The student survey was collected in the classroom and contained information on students ’ characteristics , their family , and their socioeconomic background . > 16 See , for example , the Measures of Effective Teaching ( MET ) project , where results show that student surveys produce more consistent results than classroom observations or achievement gain measures ( Met Project 2012 ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 103, "text": "student survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 829, "end": 855, "text": "Tripod Survey for Students", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1109, "end": 1133, "text": "post-intervention survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1937, "end": 1952, "text": "student surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8033 # * * Abstract * * Absent actual panel household survey data , this paper constructs , for the first time , synthetic panel data for more than 20 countries accounting for two-thirds of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa . In this process , the analysis employs repeated cross sections that span , on average , a six-year period for each country . The analysis suggests that all these countries as a whole have had pro-poor growth . One-third of the poor population escaped poverty during the studied period , which is larger than the proportion of the population that fell into poverty in the same period . The region also saw a 9 percent reduction in poverty and a 28 percent increase in the size of the middle class . However , chronic poverty remains high , and a considerable proportion of the population is vulnerable to falling into poverty . There is some limited evidence that most resource-rich and middle-income countries have more upward mobility than downward mobility . Post-secondary education is especially strongly associated with higher upward mobility and less downward mobility , which holds to some extent for female-headed and urban households . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice Group and the Development Data Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at hdang @ worldbank . org and adabalen @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 95, "text": "panel household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Equity participation | 34 | 37 | 58 | 88 | 118 | 145 | 194 | 337 | | Other | 58 | 27 | 29 | 18 | 28 | 60 | 82 | 89 | | Foreign Liabilities | 3 , 796 | * * 3 , 688 * * | * * 6 , 385 * * | * * 9 , 379 * * | * * 3 , 271 * * | * * 5 , 307 * * | * * 8 , 110 * * | * * 11 , 442 * * | | Interbankdeposits | 504 | 82 | 116 | 354 | 328 | 1 , 272 | 1 , 556 | 2 , 398 | | Loans | 2 , 837 | 2 , 962 | 5 , 465 | 8 , 100 | 1 , 869 | 2 , 100 | 4 , 254 | 5 , 907 | | Non-residents FCDs | 247 | 412 | 571 | 731 | 953 | 1 , 806 | 2 , 028 | 2 , 931 | | Others | 209 | 232 | 232 | 193 | 121 | 128 | 271 | 205 | Source : own calculation based on Central Bank data . | | Table 17 < br > * * Commercial * * < br > * * Banks ' Exposure * * < br > * * to Nonresidents * * < br > * * ( % * * of total assets ) < br > < br > | | - - - | - - - | | | Claims on nonresidents < br > Liabilities to nonresidents | | 1981 | 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 1 | | 1982 | 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 3 | | 1983 | 0 . 9 < br > 0 . 8 | | 1984 | 1 . 8 < br > 2 . 0 | | 1985 | 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 2 | | 1986 | 6 . 4 < br > 3 . 8 | | 1987 | 6 . 6 < br > 3 . 9 | | 1988", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 646, "text": "Central Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 : Country-pair correlation regressions | | ( 1 ) < br > GDPD | ( 2 ) < br > GDPD | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | log index davax tot | - 0 . 126 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 016 ) | | | log index davax fn | | - 0 . 048 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 022 ) | | log index davax int | | 0 . 061 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 025 ) | | log index DVARF | | - 0 . 137 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 021 ) | | N | 25692 | 25403 | | R2 | 0 . 575 | 0 . 575 | | Time windows | 2 | 2 | | Country pairs | 14823 | 14648 | | Time FE | YES | YES | | CP FE | YES | YES | Standard errors clustered by country-pair in parentheses Note : observations with non-overlapping 10-year windows . _ ∗ p < . _ 1 , _ ∗ ∗ p < . _ 05 , _ ∗ ∗ ∗ p < . _ 01 positive and significant association between bilateral inflation correlation and crosscountry production , as proxied either by total gross trade in intermediate inputs , or by value-added trade in intermediate inputs that are ultimately absorbed by the trade partner . The negative association between re-exported import and domestic inflation reveals that inflation dynamics and the association between two countries ’ inflation does not only depend on how much they trade , but also on who is the ultimate consumer for those trade flows . Table 3 shows that the same results hold for the correlation of CPI inflation . Table 4 comes back to the use of gross trade indicators but this time constructed using data from Borin and Mancini ( 2019 ) based on EORA data . The goal of separating", "spans": [{"start": 1528, "end": 1537, "text": "EORA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment < u > ( ESSA ) Addendum < / u > Additional Financing-I Ethiopia Electrification < u > Program ( AF-ELEAP ) < / u > | * * DLR * * < br > | * * Status ( April 2022 ) * * < br > * * DLI 7 : Strengthen Safe * * | * * Reason for Achievement or * * < br > * * Non-achievement * * < br > * * guards Systems * * < br > < br > < br > | < br > | < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | materials < br > have < br > been < br > implemented throughout t < br > - H & S policy and proce < br > distributed to each projec < br > and training has been cond < br > - All Program affected c < br > briefed on different means < br > - EEU < br > developed < br > GRM < br > distributed project guide < br > offices . < br > - PAPs and stakeholders < br > training for the project ope < br > have been provided . | distributed < br > he regions . < br > dures has < br > t affected r < br > ucted . < br > ommunities < br > of communi < br > guidelines < br > lines to re < br > were con < br > rators and w | < br > and < br > been < br > egions < br > were < br > cation . < br > < br > and < br > gional < br > sulted , < br > orkers | | * * 7 . 4 * * ESMS maintained during < br > period July 8 , 2021 - July 7 , < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2020-05-22 < br > 2020-05-29 < br > 2 | 020-06 - | 16 < br > 2020-11-25 < br > 2020-06-18 | | KE-MEACLSS-162540-NC-RF < br > Q / The State Department for < br > Labour intends to procure vis < br > ualization tools ( 3No . Fusion < br > charts ) @ $ 720 each to be us < br > ed for the presentation of the < br > KLMIS data < br > IDA / 58120 | Improving labor market < br > mation | infor < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 2 , 160 . 00 | 2 , 213 . 28 < br > Signed | | 2020-05-15 | 2020-05-22 < br > 2020-07-10 < br > 2 | 020-06 - | 16 < br > 2021-01-06 | | KE-MEACLSS-165721-GO-RF < br > Q / Procurement of 3 No . hig < br > h charts software @ $ 950 ea < br > ch to be used in the presenta < br > tion of data for the Kenya La < br > bour Market Information Syst < br > em ( KLMIS ) < br > IDA / 58120 | Improving labor market < br > mation | infor < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 2 , 850 . 00 | 2 , 956 . 30 < br > Completed | | 2020-05-22 | 2020-05-22 < br > 2020-07-17 < br > 2 |", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 325, "text": "KLMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In its theoretical reasoning as well as its empirical research , the ‘ world polity ’ approach in neo-institutionalism is decidedly macro-oriented . The respective studies deal with highly aggregated quantitative data , look at the policy level of organizational and state action , and exclude the micro-level from their empirical and theoretical interest ( see Hasse / Krücken 1999 : 38 ) . Using the concept of ‘ decoupling , ’ it is claimed that institutional rules and scripts on the macro-level exist without a necessary correspondence with lower levels . The coupling between the micro-level and the isomorphic institutions of the ‘ world polity ’ is seen as extremely loose . < sup > 6 < / sup > Other founding scholars of the New Institutionalism , especially Lynne G . Zucker ( see , for example , 1991 ) , have emphasized the importance of the micro-foundations of institutionalization . One of the difficulties with ignoring the micro-level is that it undermines a basic tenet of institutional theory , namely , that institutions generate and shape social action ( see Klatetzki Forthcoming ) . If the institutionalized rules of a ‘ world polity ’ are not accompanied by related patterns of action , but remain limited to the level of policy and program formulations , one can indeed ask if the term ‘ isomorphism ’ catches the phenomenon . Likewise , it is possible that similar patterns of action are interpreted differently in different cultural contexts , which leads to the question of how much variation in an institution ’ s “ taken for granted rationales , that is ( … ) some common social ‘ account ’ of their existence and purpose ” ( Jepperson 1991 : 147 ) still permits one to talk about isomorphism ( see Inhetveen 2002 : 241-42 ) . The concept of ‘ decoupling ’ rather bypasses than answers these questions . As a point of departure , this contribution takes the observation of institutionalized and universalized concepts and rules , which is made by", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 217, "text": "highly aggregated quantitative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fear , that if they go to the district system they will lose out what UNHCR has been giving them . ” He continued , the refugees “ are looking for handouts , but this program is to empower them to live without handouts – they thought the quality of services would go down , but they are now living with the same quality of services , or even better in some aspects ” ( Interview , 18 / 8 / 05 ) . This perspective was not expressed by a single refugee interviewed in Imvepi . Refugees ’ rejections of the policy are defined as interests : the question that refugees may object to reduction of food rations because this reduction threatens their ability to survive at an acceptable level is rarely , if ever , entertained . The contrasting perspective of refugees in the case of the SRS policy is explained as a lack of _understanding_ of the policy , not a fundamental contestation of the underpinning notions of implementing self-reliance in a context without the material conditions for self-reliance . Implementing self-reliance , in the form of reduction of material inputs , specifically food , in the context of the constraints analysed in the previous section and the context of relationships with IP agencies , UNHCR and GoU in refugee settlements , is inconsistent with the discourse of ‘ empowerment for self-reliance ’ . Utilising a depoliticised notion of empowerment _as_ self-reliance actually minimises refugees ’ agency by diminishing access to allocative resources and implementing this policy in the context of limited authoritative resources and avenues to contest this program . > 22 The other two methods are Emergency Food Needs Assessments and nutritional surveys , carried out twice a year by IP partners . These three methods together determine the food ration . 52", "spans": [{"start": 1630, "end": 1662, "text": "Emergency Food Needs Assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1667, "end": 1686, "text": "nutritional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also above the national target , reaching an average of 75 : 1 . * * Figure 7 : Pupil Teacher Ratios by County * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > PTR Average < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Ministry of Education , Statistical Booklet , 2019 _Impact of COVID-19 on Education_ 17 . * * The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to exacerbate the existing challenges in access and learning leading to worsening learning outcomes , higher dropouts , and higher inequality . * * Unless the widening disparities are addressed , the learning gap in Kenya will widen and consequently have negative impact on future worker productivity . Various surveys showed that over 50 percent of learners were not able to engage in online learning due to lack of relevant devices , geographical coverage of the online content , lack of an affordable internet and electricity access , and low literacy levels among parents or care givers . Only 15 percent of children in refugee camp-based households and 51 percent of children in urban refugee households were engaged in any form of learning activity at the beginning of the pandemic when schools were closed . < sup > 13 < / sup > According to MoE data , over 94 percent of students in basic education re-enrolled in school in January 2021 after the COVID 19-related school closures in March 2020 . After schools reopened , learning engagement also improved among refugee children , > 12 Kenya SEQIP ( US $ 200M , P160083 ) ; Kenya GPE Primary Education Development Project ( PRIEDE , US $ 97 . 88 million , P146797 ) ; and Kenya GPE COVID - 19 Learning Continuity in Basic Education Project ( LCBEP , US $ 10 . 80 million , P174059 ) . > 13 World Bank , ( 2021 ) , Socioeconomic Impacts of COVID-19 in Kenya on", "spans": [{"start": 1221, "end": 1229, "text": "MoE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relative performance . Figure 5 reveals stepwise selection to be the most effective approach in this setting , followed by the group lasso and then the variable importance measures . Whereas the performance penalty of the group lasso is moderate , the variable importance measures underperform significantly and cannot be recommended for this use case . Whereas there is a steep rise in the required number of questions to achieve the ultimate , small reductions in EER ( top left ) , the sequencing of variables by predictive power results in a strong accuracy impact for initial questions ( bottom right ) . The second key result is that fewer than 5 questions raise the EER strongly , and beyond 15 questions the accuracy gain becomes imperceptible for the best-performing method of stepwise selection . An intermediate range provides a moderate > 10The full questionnaire would be selected when a gradient boosting model is used in the PMT algorithm instead of OLS on nation-wide data . 11 We use the Group Lasso python library and the LightGBM framework [ Ke et al . , 2017 ] to implement gradient boosting . 20", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 988, "text": "nation-wide data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rice cultivation , and associated groundwater extraction was drawing down the water table . We present basic descriptive statistics on dry season production of pulses and boro rice in Barisal in Appendix Table A5 ; our household survey data used to construct this table is described in Section 3 . 3 . Consistent with the context above , the production of pulses , relative to boro rice , is associated with much less intensive irrigation but are also lower profits for farmers ; these lower profits may be in part a consequence > 4These villages are mapped in Appendix Figure A1 . > 5Most irrigation in Barisal originates from pump-operated shallow tube wells ( 67 % in our study sample , compared to 5 % using surface water ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 240, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ha of the cane land presently irrigated . Approximately 400 ha of additional nucleus estate land would be irrigated from a new dam to be built on the Kuramojo river . A groundwater study also would be undertaken to ascertain the potential for future expansion of irrigation ( para . 4 . 15 ) . Drainage ( Annex 5 ) 4 . 05 The Project would provide for the construction of drainage installations on 15 , 030 ha of the Nyanza Sugar Belt affected by adverse drainage ; 9 , 180 ha would be located in Miwani zone , 4 , 510 ha in Chemelil zone and 1 , 340 ha in Muhoroni zone ( Maps IBRD 12992 and IBRD 12993 ) . Vehicles and equipment for the maintenance of drainage works and roads by the sugar companies would be provided . It also would be necessary to carry out improvement work on some of the natural waterways ; this would include desilting , cleaning banks and-some realigning . The Project would provide for topographic mapping of the Kano plains to facilitate implementation of the scheme and allow for future planning of a regional drainage scheme ( para . 4 . 15 ) . # # Agricultural Development ( Annex 6 ) 4 . 06 Nucleus Estates . Cane production on the companies ' nucleus estates would be increased through improved husbandry on existing cane lands , reclamation of fallow cane lands and development of new land :", "spans": [{"start": 573, "end": 603, "text": "Maps IBRD 12992 and IBRD 12993", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "performing countries , the ratio of test scores relative to the leader is 300 / 625 = 0 . 48 in the worst ‐ performing countries . This implies that a year of school in the worst ‐ performing countries is “ worth ” only about half as much as a year of school in the best ‐ performing countries . - A fourth approach is suggested in Schoellman ( 2012 ) , who relates estimated returns to education of immigrants in the United States to test scores in their countries of origin , and finds a strong positive relationship . He then introduces this relationship into a model in which agents take education quality into account when choosing their investment in years of school . His estimates suggest that the return to a year of school needs to be doubled relative to standard benchmarks to take into account the fact that in countries where school attainment is low , this reveals an endogenous response to low quality . While this argument does not provide a direct mapping from individual country test scores , it suggests a factor ‐ of ‐ two quality adjustment which is similar to World Bank ( 2017 ) and Filmer , Rogers , Angrist , and Sabarwal ( 2018 ) . - A fifth approach can be anchored in the small literature that has jointly estimated returns to years of school and returns to cognitive ability , where cognitive ability is proxied using test scores . For example , Hanushek and Yang ( 2009 ) estimate Mincerian regressions of log earnings on education and test scores and find a return per year of school of 10 percent , and a return per standard deviation of test scores of 10 to 20 percent ( as cited in Hanushek , Ruhose and Woessmann ( 2015 ) ) . The ratio of these two estimated returns implies that one standard deviation of test scores is equivalent to 1 to 2 years of school in terms of its effects on earnings . Under the somewhat arbitrary assumption that a standard deviation of test scores in the Hanushek and Yang ( 2009 ) study is equivalent to a PISA standard deviation of 100 , this would imply that the 300 PISA point gap in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "seekers ( Russian Federation , UNHCR est . ) , Muslims from the Phillipines ( Malaysia ) , Colombians ( Ecuador and Venezuela ) , etc . > 9 According to the Government of Algeria , there are an estimated 165 , 000 Saharawi refugees in the Tindouf camps . e dec s o to app y _p a ac e_ status to aq s o g at g o sout a d ce t a aq as ta e Ja ua y 00 s a co seque ce , U C est ates o aq refugees at end-2006 do not take into account the total number of Iraqis in the respective countries . Estimates for the number of Iraqis in Egypt and Turkey at end-2006 are not available . 11 Although counted as IDPs here ( and officially referred to as such by the Montenegrin Government ) , this population consists of persons displaced from Serbia ( Kosovo ) who are not being accorded the same rights as Montenegrin citizens in practice . 12 UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . According to a 2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan and subsequent voluntary repatriation during the year , there are an additional 1 . 3 million Afghans living outside camps , some of whom may be refugees . Those Afghans living outside camps receive no UNHCR assistance except access to UNHCR-facilitated voluntary repatriation . These figures are currently under review as result of the registration of Afghans which took place in Pakistan from October 2006 to February 2007 . 13 This population is well integrated and in practice receives protection from the government of China . With the transfer of the last assistance program from UNHCR to the government of China in 2007 , we anticipate that this caseload will not be reflected in next year ' s statistics . * * Source : * * UNHCR / Governments . Compiled by : UNHCR , FICSS .", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 972, "text": "2005 government census of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1322, "end": 1345, "text": "registration of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and vulnerable , many living in the open without adequate shelter , lack of sanitation and in need of food and water in an area covering a few square kilometers . If the government forces move towards their settlements from Kodok , the only option for them to seek safety will be to fl ee to Sudan about 45 km away . Without transport to a safer location , food and water , the population , especially the most vulnerable persons , are at serious risk of being abused , raped and killed . < sup > 42 < / sup > * * Malakal POC site * * - During the fi rst few months of 2017 population movement out of the POC site has continued . This is a change from the movement in December 2016 when individuals who had left the POC site began returning . Camp Management reported as of 13 April 2017 , 2424 individuals consisting primarily of women and children have left the POC site with the intention of moving to Sudan . < sup > 43 < / sup > UNHCR / DRC and partners are conducting further intention surveys to establish triggers for movement in and out of the POC site . There has been consistent movement from February to the present time out of the Malakal POC to Renk and Sudan monitored by IOM and DRC . < sup > 44 < / sup > Through UNHCR and partner ’ s interaction with persons of concern via community structured meetings and focus group discussions , various reasons have described why people are leaving the POC at this time . While insecurity has been a general reason cited , it is typically related to personal safety in which SGBV and threat to life continues to exist outside of the POC site . A number of IDPs expressed their desire to move to Sudan to reunite with family members who are able to provide fi nancial assistance , better living conditions , access to employment / education , and a prospect of having a future . The political atmosphere is perceived as no longer conducive for peace , with the increase", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 999, "text": "intention surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _V . A Quality_ * * Our measure of quality is the Quality Defects Index ( QDI ) , a weighted average score of quality defects , which is available for all but one of the plants . Higher scores imply more defects . Figure 3 provides a plot of the QDI score for the treatment and control plants relative to the start of the treatment period . This is September 2008 for Wave 1 treatment , April 2009 for Wave 2 treatment and control plants . < sup > 18 < / sup > This is normalized to 100 for both groups of plants using pre-treatment data . To generate point-wise confidence intervals we block bootstrapped over firms . It is clear the treatment plants started to reduce their QDI scores ( i . e . improve quality ) significantly and rapidly from about week 5 onwards , which was the beginning of the implementation phase following the initial 1 month diagnostic phase . The control firms also showed a mild downward trend in their QDI scores from about week 30 onwards , consistent with their slower take-up of these practices in the absence of a formal implementation phase . Table 2 in columns ( 1 ) to ( 4 ) examines whether management practices improve quality using regression analysis . In column ( 1 ) we present the fixed-effects OLS results which regresses the weekly log ( QDI ) score on plant level management practices , plant fixed effects , and a set of weekly time dummies . The standard errors are bootstrap clustered at the firm level to allow for any correlation across different experimental plants within the same firm . The - 0 . 561 coefficient implies that increasing the adoption of management practices by 1 percentage point would be associated with about a 0 . 6 % reduction in defects , although this is not statistically significant . In Table 2 column ( 2 ) we report the first stage from using the experimental intervention to identify the causal impact of better management on quality . The coefficient on log cumulative treatment is extremely significant , reflecting the fact that the intervention substantially increased the adoption of management practices . In column ( 3 ) we", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 543, "text": "pre-treatment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The blue line shows percent of students who drop out in a given college year . The red line shows , among all dropouts , percent of those who drop out in a given college year . * * Figure 3 : College Outcomes by Ability . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 < br > Ability quintile < br > Dropout 1st year Dropout 2nd year < br > On − time graduate Late graduate < br > Dropout after 2nd year < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Calculations based on SPADIES . Students belong to the 2006 entry cohort ( first semester ) . _Notes_ : For each quintile , the graph shows the percent of students who attained each outcome . Percents add to 100 by quintile . # _Fact 3 : Cumulative performance varies more within than across abilities . _ Figure 4 ’ s panel a shows average number of classes completed by ability quintile in year 1 . The thick black line depicts average over all students , whereas the color lines depict averages among the students with the following final outcomes : on-time graduation , late graduation , dropout in year 1 , and dropout later . On average , high-ability students complete more classes than lowability students in year 1 . However , the figure also shows a pattern repeated every year : average classes completed varies little _across_ abilities — overall and conditional on outcomes — but varies greatly _within_ abilities . For a given ability , on-time graduates complete more classes than late graduates , who complete more than dropouts . In other words , number of classes completed — as > 6For comparison , in the U . S . 59 . 2 percent of students from the 2006 cohort graduated within six years — 39 percent on time ( in four years ) , and 20 . 2 percent late ̇ Source : Digest of Education Statistics . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1816, "end": 1846, "text": "Digest of Education Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NGO < br > and < br > Survey / HH | The Rule of Law Index is a hybrid of expert assessments and < br > household survey data . The expert assessments are scored by < br > locally recruited subject mater experts following a detailed < br > questonnaire subject to centralized review . The surveys < br > natonally representatve household surveys completed for a < br > rotatng sample of countries . A complete descripton of the < br > methodology , including expert and survey questonnaires , is < br > availablehere . The data arepubliclyavailablehere . | | WCY | Insttute for < br > Management < br > Development | World < br > Compettveness < br > Report Survey | 67 economies covering < br > a global sample . | Annual . Used in < br > the WGI since < br > 1996 . | Survey / Firm | We use data from the executve opinion survey conducted by < br > the World Compettveness Report . Full dataset is available by < br > subscripton . Averages of questons as assigned to six WGI < br > indicators arepubliclyavailable on the WGI website . | | WMO | S & P Global | Country Risk < br > Service | 209 economies < br > covering a global < br > sample . | Quarterly , with < br > real-tme < br > updates . | Expert / CBIP | Expert assessment of multple dimensions of business and < br > regulatory risks scored by S & P global analysts , ofen located in < br > the countries they assess . Data are constructed following a < br > structured methodology and detailed scoring criteria subject < br > to centralized review . An overview of the methodology is < br > availablehere . We use data from the fourth quarter of each < br > calendaryear in the WGI . | | * Coun < br > reporte < br > Expert < br > househ | try coverage and fr < br > d in Table 1 which < br > assessment conduc < br > old survey ; Survey / | equency refer to data < br", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 124, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 806, "end": 829, "text": "executve opinion survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 . * * Mise en œuvre : * * Ces activités nécessiteront un engagement politique fort au niveau central , mais seront principalement mises en œuvre par des acteurs locaux ( parents , enseignants , CGDES , services déconcentrés , ONG ) . Leur exécution sera coordonnée par la Direction de la promotion de la scolarisation des filles ( DPSF ) du MEP , avec la cellule chargée de la scolarisation des filles du MES , mais elle interviendrait principalement au niveau régional . Un appui serait fourni à la DPSF pour renforcer sa capacité à remplir efficacement son rôle de contrôle de l ’ exécution et de l ’ évaluation du programme . Cet appui consisterait en une formation ( IEC , S & E , gestion financière ) et la mise en place d ’ une base de données . Le programme de tutorat sera mis en œuvre d ’ après les conseils des enseignants et avec l ’ appui des populations locales , en vue d ’ encourager les meilleurs élèves à aider les filles qui en ont besoin , en particulier dans le domaine des mathématiques et de la lecture . Sont envisagées les trois approches suivantes : ( i ) mise en place d ’ un programme de tutorat par les pairs , sous la supervision des enseignants , où les meilleurs élèves aideront leurs camarades qui en ont besoin ; ( ii ) dispense par les enseignants de cours particuliers aux élèves ayant des besoin", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 752, "text": "base de données", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | * * AL-OURCHE * * | * * 264 * * | * * 432 * * | * * 381 * * | * * 813 * * | * * 273 * * | * * 188 * * | * * 461 * * | * * 12 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 17 * * | * * 717 * * | * * 574 * * | *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# # # * * Secondary Objectives * * - p . To determine the coverage of enrollment in selective feeding programmes ( SC , OTP , BSFP and TSFP ) for children 6-59 months . - q . To determine enrolment into Antenatal Care clinic and coverage of iron-folic acid supplementation in pregnant women . - r . To assess the nutritional status of women at reproductive age ( pregnant women excluded ) measuring mid upper arm circumference . # # # * * Methodology * * Th survey covered 11 districts hosting refugees in Uganda , the cross-sectional survey were conducted in each designated settlement and host population using systematic random sampling . The sampling unit were the houses which were pre-identified in each block , a separate list was prepared and the houses were verified and labelled by the Village Health Teams ( VHTs ) . To reduce non-response rate and ensure results are representative of people actually living in the settlements at the time of the survey , unoccupied houses , as verified through neighbours and refugee leadership hierarchy were not included in the sampling frame . The VHTs in the settlements were allocated specific number of households to cover during outreaches . # # # * * Sampling Procedure : Selecting households and target individual samples * * Using the list generated from the physical counting and confirmed houses in the settlements by the VHTs , sampling interval for each settlement was calculated by dividing the total number of verified and confirmed households by the calculated sample . At the beginning of the data collection in the settlements , determination of the first household was done using the random number tables . Houses were counted to the end of the randomly selected direction and were numbered in papers . Papers were folded and applying a lottery method , randomly a number was picked this number was became the sampling interval . The sampling interval was used across the sampling frame to generate a list of households that were visited during data collection . Based on these sampling intervals the lists of households were prepared for each", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9915 # * * Abstract * * Using representative survey data including Iranians and Afghan refugees in Iran in 2011 – 2019 , this paper explores the unequal impact of macroeconomic fluctuations due to Iran ’ s nuclear dispute on Afghan refugees and host communities . The paper finds that economic shock increases refugee ’ s exit and disproportionately reduces their consumption expenditure and aid received from the host community . In addition , bad and good economic cycles create asymmetric impacts . While negative shocks affect the economic outcomes of two communities homogenously , it hurts social cohesion between them . In contrast , economic recovery benefits refugees relatively more in terms of consumption and income , but the impact on social cohesion measures is insignificant . The findings also suggest that in turbulent economic times , both inter-community and intra-community inequalities go up . This paper is a product of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at mo . hoseini @ imps . ac . ir . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 86, "text": "representative survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In order to better present the project and the outcome , a package of visual aids were developed ; examples of the visual aids , which include tables , pictures and maps , are presented in * * Appendix 2 * * . The maps show where and how those projects would be implemented . Pictures and words are used to present the water qualities and the changes . A detailed description of different grades of water quality ( Grade I to Grade V or worse , also see * * Appendix 3 * * ) in a plain language and their impacts on daily lives and activities was also developed to describe the water quality changes . A good feature of these WTP surveys is that the 6", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 637, "text": "WTP surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "flow is also a function of water volume and velocity . It is important because of its impact on water quality and on living organisms , including habitats in the ecosystem . Stream flow is influenced by the shape of its channel , the gradient of the slope , volume of water that the sections carries and the amount of friction caused by rough edges within the stream bed . Drainage maps for the project affected area are not presently avilailable , but will be prepared and made available by the design consultant at the EPC stage to inform the designs and implementation schedules . * * Table 15 * * lists the sampling station locations and the respective stream depths and flow rates . * * Table 15 : * * * * _Sampling Stations Depths and Flow Rate_ * * | * * S / No * * | * * Station Code * * | * * Depth ( m ) * * | * * Flow rate ( m / s ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 01 | Mayanja1 | 1 . 0 | 1 . 1 | | 02 | Kalasa1 | 1 . 0 | 0 . 8 | | 03 | Lumansi1 | 1 . 0 | 0 . 6 | | 04 | Katonga1 | 1 . 5 | 1 . 3 | | 05 | Kigo1 | 1 . 0 | 0 . 8 | * * _Surface Water Quality : _ * * Five water samples were collected in 5 wetland in 1-liter quantities ( see Table 10 for locations ) were obtained from 5 streams which are traversed by the proposed 92km TL section 135", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 386, "text": "Drainage maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) the indicator descriptions in the RF , resulting in some indicators not regularly reported against . The administrative data provided through regular reports often lacked adequate verification mechanisms and was collected through telephone calls , with delays and incomplete reporting to the federal level . * * Quality of Supervision Rating * * Satisfactory # # * * Overall Bank Performance Rating * * Moderately Satisfactory # # * * 9 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization * * # # * * a . M & E Design * * * * M & E design provided several tools for assessing the higher - level outcomes and impact of the combined efforts of RPSNP and PSNP4 . * * RPSNP was designed to include a number of studies and assessments to determine whether the program was on track to achieve its objectives and identify any needed adjustments . Several independent evaluations were intended to be carried out every two years : ( i ) impact evaluations of safety net transfers and livelihood grants for households , and ( ii ) PWIA to capture the impact of the assets created through public works sub-projects . in addition , IFPRI was commissioned to compete an endline impact evaluation , which included a Telephone Survey Report ; the Program Performance Report ; two reports on Progress towards Outcomes ; and the Humanitarian Food Assistance Report . * * The project results framework did not adequately reflect Objective 2 of the PDO . * * The PDO included two objectives : ( i ) to support Government of Ethiopia in improving the * * effectiveness * * of its rural safety net system and ( ii ) to support Government of Ethiopia in improving the * * scalability * * of its rural safety net system . The project results framework included six PDIs , the first four linked in the framework to the objective of effectiveness and the last two linked to scalability : - PDI 1 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 265, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PUBLIC # # * * Tasks of the SESA Consultant * * Reporting to the National REDD + Technical Committee on technical issues and national REDD + Focal Point on contractual matters , the SESA Consultant shall facilitate the SESA , C & P Taskforce by carrying out the following tasks : - a . In consultation with the REDD + Focal Point , SESA , C & P Taskforce and other stakeholders update SESA implementation plan and budget . The plan shall provide details on the SESA approach and methodology , timing , and processes for communicating , validating and providing feedback during the SESA process . - b . Organizing and facilitating countrywide consultations in accordance with the scope of the approved SESA work plan . - c . Identifying key issues and assessment of key stakeholders ; - d . Collecting , analyzing and disseminating primary data , including mapping of social , economic and environmental issues pertaining to the drivers of deforestation in the country , as a way to inform the development of SESA . - e . Assessing the environmental and social sustainability aspects of proposed REDD + Strategy options , and providing feedback to the SESA , C & P Taskforce , and the consultant team leading the preparation of REDD strategy - f . Developing an ESMF to address any residual risks related to REDD Strategy implementations that are not addressed via the SESA process . - g . Facilitating forums convened to review and approve / endorse SESA and the ESMF . # # * * 5 . 0 . Qualifications * * The SESA process is expected to be facilitated by an international level expert team with expertise in the following fields : Natural resources / forestry management , social development , environmental assessment , multi-stakeholder engagement , and a mapping specialist , among others . The following field of technical expertise and working experiences are required : * * Policy Analyst / Planner ( Team Leader ) * * should have proven experience in leading sector or national reviews or assessments of public policies or development strategies . At least 15 years of", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 843, "text": "primary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Alvaredo , Facundo , Atkinson , Anthony B . , Piketty , Thomas and Saez , Emmanuel ( 2015 ) . The world top incomes database . http : / / topincomes . gmond . parisschoolofeconomics . eu / . - Alvaredo , Facundo and Londo ̃ no V ́ elez , Juliana ( 2013 ) . High incomes and personal taxation in a developing economy : Colombia 1993-2013 . Working Paper 12 . Commitment to Equity-CEQ . - Alvaredo , Facundo and Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Measuring top incomes and inequality in the middle east : Data limitations and illustration with the case of egypt . Working Paper 832 . ERF . - Anand , Sudhir and Segal , Paul ( 2015 ) . The global distribution of income . In _Handbook of Income Distribution_ ( eds Anthony B . Atkinson and Franois Bourguignon ) , volume 2A . Elsevier . - Atkinson , Anthony B . ( 2007 ) . Measuring top incomes : Methodological issues . In _Top Incomes over the Twentieth Century : A Contrast Between Continental European and English-Speaking Countries_ ( eds Anthony B . Atkinson and Thomas Piketty ) . Oxford University Press . - Atkinson , Anthony B . , Piketty , Thomas and Saez , Emmanuel ( 2011 ) . Top incomes in the long run of history . _Journal of Economic Literature_ , * * 49 , * * number 1 , 3 – 71 . - Belhaj Hassine , Nadia ( 2015 ) . Economic inequality in the arab region . _World_ – - _Development_ , * * 66 , * * 532 556 . - Burricand , Carine ( 2013 ) . Transition from survey data to registers in the french silc survey . In _The Use of Registers in the Context of EU-SILC : Challenges and Opportunities_ ( eds Markus J ̈ antti , Veli-Matti T ̈ orm ̈ alehto and Eric Marlier ) . European Union . - Diaz-Bazan , Tania ( 2014 ) . Measuring inequality from top to bottom . Working Paper . - Douidich , Mohamed , Ezzrari , Abdeljaouad , van der Weide , Roy and Verme , Paolo ( 2015 ) . Estimating quarterly poverty rates using labor force surveys : a", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 Experience from EEPCo ’ s similar projects , however , shows that the final number of PAPs is confirmed after the detailed design work preparation is finalized . The alignment of the center line of the distribution line will be the most critical work that will determine the number of PAPs . Any estimation of the number of PAPs before the design of the center line must be considered as preliminary work . Projects would therefore benefit from establishing the center line of the distribution immediately . That would not only advance and enhance the reliability of a RAP but it would also help the project office to better prepare the relocation plan and compensation estimates . The first objective of the ESIA will be to determine whether the adverse impacts of project operations trigger involuntary resettlement and the preparation of a resettlement action plan ( RAP ) . Among the tasks to be considered in the TOR of the RAP are : the number of PAPs ; an analysis of host community ’ s willingness to accommodate PAPs ; an analysis of PAPs willingness to be relocated to identified areas ; an analysis of the capacity of the receiving area ( s ) to sustain additional population under the conditions introduced by the resettlement operations . One of the key activities to be conducted at this stage is a socio-economic survey that serves as a background for the RAP . A household census survey will be conducted , describing the extent of the social impacts , thus identifying villages and households affected by the project as well as preliminary identification of resettlement sites . The boundaries of land owned by the various groups affected should also be described . The household survey will contain general household data such as ; - List of all affected households ; - Information on family size , gender and age ; - Educational background ; - Occupation for each member of the household ; - Land ownership , tenure arrangements , inheritance regulations ; - Sources of income - Inventory of wealth indicators : Land size , house type / size , crop type / annual", "spans": [{"start": 1366, "end": 1387, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1432, "end": 1455, "text": "household census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1740, "end": 1756, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 1 * * * * < mark > : Cumulative Number Financial Sector Policy Measures Around the World < / mark > ( up to September 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * , 2020 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Banking Sector Financial Markets / NBFI < br > Liquidity / funding Payments systems < br > 01feb2020 01mar2020 01apr2020 01may2020 01jun2020 01jul2020 01aug2020 01sep2020 < br > 3000 < br > 2000 < br > 1000 < br > # of measures taken < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database . 11", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 573, "text": "COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", in Toch ( Fangak County , Jonglei State ) , 5 , 200 conflict-displaced IDPs and 7 , 000 flooddisplaced converged in one area . As a result of on-going and protracted displacement , host populations in other regions also reported that they had reached maximum capacity and would be unable to take in any new arrivals without international assistance . < sup > 17 < / sup > # # # Militarization The issue of recruitment , including forced recruitment , again gained prominent attention in the first months of 2015 . Incidents included the recruitment of children by Major-General Olony ’ s SPLA forces , with children and youth reportedly taken from the gates of UNMISS compounds along with other young men . < sup > 18 < / sup > While the real number of recruitment into armed forces – either voluntary or forced – is unknown , reports of forced recruitment were frequently received during the reporting period , particularly in Upper Nile and Unity States . In Unity State , the South Sudan Liberation Army ( SSLA ) was actively recruiting in Mayom County . < sup > 19 < / sup > In one assessment , communities reported that up to 12 per cent of the male population had been > 15 Interagency Rapid Needs Assessment ( IRNA ) to Mankien , Mayom County , Unity State , 20-23 February 2015 . > 16 This compares to 17 , 000 between December 2013 and October 2014 , with almost as many new arrivals in the last four months as during the first year of the conflict . > 17 Interviews conducted in November 2014 and February 2015 by protection actors in Akobo , Pagak , Leer and Waat . > 18 Human Rights Watch , _South Sudan : Government Forces Recruiting Child Soldiers_ , 16 February 2015 , < u > www . hrw . org / news / 2015 / 02 / 16 / south-sudan-Government-forces-recruiting", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ConS \\ Jltancy Services for the Detailed Design of the Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nimule Road Contract No . RDPIHW / S018 VKE International ( Ply ) Ltd Resettlement Action Plan July 2009 # # # # # * * 1 . 5 . 7 Public Consultation * * Comprehensive community consultations were held with communities along the road alignment as shown by the information highlighted in * * Appendix A . * * # # # # # * * 1 . 5 . 8 Communication Strategies * * A series of communication strategies were undertaken to inform the District and local stakeholders , involve them and make them active participants of the chain process . Procedures taken to inform the affected persons of their rights and obligations included the following : # # # # # * * 1 . 5 . 9 Information to District Leadership * * The Consultant formally informed the District Leaders in writing and these were further informed of the exercise in their respective offices . Those informed included : - The District Chairman , LCV - The Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) - Regional / District Engineer - LC III , Chairpersons - Resident District Commissioner etc . As a result of the key informant interviews and dialogues all the District leaders committed their support to the project . This information showing communication from UNRA and their appropriate response to other local authorities are shown * * in Appendix 81 and 82 * * respectively . # # # # # * * Communication to Affected Persons in Lower Administrative Structures and Communities * * The Chief Administrative Officers of Gulu and Amuru Districts sent out official information in writing to all sub-county chiefs where the road passes , informing them of the Socio ­ Economic Impact Assessment survey . The Consultant also notified those living a long the affected areas of the intent to acquire the land for the Gulu-Atiak-Nimule road and the need to access land for survey purposes through the Consultant ' s local coordinator who notified all the village LC Chair Persons", "spans": [{"start": 1691, "end": 1732, "text": "Socio ­ Economic Impact Assessment survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specification which accounts for the interaction of the treated and Post period variable ; iitt TT is the set of additional explanatory variable suspected to impact the level of nightlights radiance ; and is an independent and identically distributed error term , clustered at the iitt administrative level 2 , to avoid spatial autocorrelationccPPccT PPT TTPP _ . _ iitt εε One of the challenges in our analysis is the definition of conflict-affected areas . Conflict events in Mozambique are clustered geographically as such that it is readily ascertainable what regions are most impacted by these events , and thus defined as conflict-affected areas for the purpose of this study . Nigeria , conflict-affected areas in Nigeria are not defined based on number of events alone but are based on the WBG FCS conflict classification . This classification uses publicly available data to annually assess countries , pinpointing those most affected by fragility and conflict . This method differentiates between territories experiencing _Fragility_ and / or _Conflict_ situations . Aligned with this definition , the study employs the following conflict indicators identified by the FCS index to delineate conflict-affected areas in Nigeria at the Local Government Area ( LGA ) scale : > 10 This variable takes a value of 1 if _t_ = August 2020 to estimate the effect 1 month after the disaster , _t_ = November 2020 for the effect 3 months after the disaster , etc . and 0 otherwise . 8", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 880, "text": "publicly available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 Le pourcentage d ’ enfants de moins de 18 ans est de 58 % ( filles et garçons ) . < sup > vii < / sup > Entre septembre 2012 et septembre 2024 , ce sont 854 956 personnes déplacées qui sont retournées dans leur lieu de provenance . Selon le monitoring de protection , le nombre de cas liés aux mouvements d ’ enfants était de 365 ( 64 % de filles ) au premier trimestre 2025 et a donc augmenté de 120 % par rapport au dernier trimestre 2024 , mais baissé de 9 % par rapport au premier trimestre 2024 . Les mouvements représentaient 39 % des cas de violations documentées envers les enfants au premier trimestre 2025 et 35 % au dernier trimestre 2024 . La majorité des cas liés aux mouvements d ’ enfants sont des déplacements internes forcés en fonction de la violence , conflit et insécurité , avec toutefois une baisse en proportion , de 98 % des mouvements au premier trimestre 2024 à 86 % au quatrième trimestre 2024 , et 66 % au premier trimestre 2025 . Ces déplacements accroissent les risques pour les enfants , notamment séparations familiales et atteintes à l ’ intégrité physique et psychique , y compris les VBG . En plus des déplacements internes , le Mali connait une situation de mouvements mixtes avec la présence de réfugiés , de demandeurs d ’ asile et de rapatriés . À la date du 31 mars 2025 , 135 567 réfugiés et demandeurs d", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 289, "text": "monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "city . In terms of comparison , the Mexican survey drew on the city with highest per capita earnings , while the two cities surveyed in the U . S . were considered below average for that country . Table 12 presents an overview of the socioeconomic characteristics of the survey population . As remarked in the introduction , income per capita in Mexico is about one fourth what it is in the United States . Indeed , the surveys show less than 45 % of the U . S . households with annual income below US $ 15 , 000 compared with close to 80 % in Mexico City . As noted in the table , in Mexico City 23 . 6 percent of the population reported that they had savings in a bank ( 21 . 3 % had savings but did not borrow from a bank and 1 . 8 % had savings and credit from a bank ) . As expected , this implies a much higher percentage of the population in Mexico is unbanked compared to the U . S . While noteworthy , the differences in household income across the two countries do not appear to account for the differences in the coverage of banking services . > 15 Estimated data of GDP by SIREM March 12 , 2004 37", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 50, "text": "Mexican survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1060, "end": 1081, "text": "Estimated data of GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure B . 11 : Direct effects on pre - and post-intervention bills < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Timely payments Timely and past-due < br > only payments < br > ( a ) Payment rates in levels < br > % paid the bill % paid the bill < br > COVID-19 Intervention COVID-19 Intervention < br > 60 60 < br > billing periods bill billing periods bill < br > 55 55 < br > 50 50 < br > 45 45 < br > Treated ( pooled ) Treated ( pooled ) < br > 40 40 < br > Pure Control Pure Control < br > 35 35 < br > 30 30 < br > 25 25 < br > 20 20 < br > 2019m1 2019m4 2019m7 2019m10 2020m1 2020m4 2020m7 2020m10 2021m1 2019m1 2019m4 2019m7 2019m10 2020m1 2020m4 2020m7 2020m10 2021m1 < br > Billing Period Billing Period < br > ( b ) Difference relative to pure control group < br > Treatment Treatment < br > effect ( p . p . ) effect ( p . p . ) < br > COVID-19 COVID-19 < br > 6 6 < br > billing periods billing periods < br > 5 5 < br > Oct 2020 : Oct 2020 : < br > 4 4 . 4 p . p . 4 4 . 2 p . p . < br > 3 3 < br > 2 2 < br > 1 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 1 < br > - 1 < br > 2019m1 2019m4 2019m7 2019m10 2020m1 2020m4 2020m7 2020m10 2021m1 2019m1 2019m4 2019m7 2019m10 2020m1 2020m4 2020m7 2020m10 2021m1 < br > Billing Period Billing Period < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes_ : These figures show the effect of the communication campaign on payment rates of pre - and post-intervention bills . The left panels only consider timely payments , defined as bills paid before the 27th of the corresponding month ( i . e . , any payment made after the 27th is considered unpaid ) . Hence ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 7 . Share of youths aged 15-18 considering migrating , by sex and intended destination . * * * * Figure 8 . Share of youths aged 19-25 considering migrating , by sex and intended destination . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % Ethiopia Malawi 100 % Ethiopia Malawi < br > Nigeria Average Nigeria Average < br > 90 % 90 % < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 57 % 60 % 56 % < br > 53 % < br > 50 % 50 % 46 % < br > 44 % 44 % < br > 40 % < br > 40 % 36 % 40 % < br > 31 % < br > 30 % 25 % 30 % 26 % 26 % < br > 20 % 14 % 15 % 13 % 13 % 20 % 14 % 14 % 15 % < br > 9 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female < br > Capital city City / town Another country Rural No preference Capital city City / town Another country Rural No preference < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . Each respondent was able to select more than one destination . T-tests of equality of means were conducted across men and women within each country . Only average shares are reported for the sake of clarity . Source : Own calculations based on Source : Own calculations based on Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey ( 2020-2023 ) ; Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey 2020-2024 ; Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey 2020-2021 . Datasets downloaded from https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / hfps / ? page = 1 & ps = 15 & repo = hfps on January 2 , 2024 # * * 5 . Empirical analysis and discussion * * # * * 5 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1250, "text": "Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1267, "end": 1303, "text": "Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1316, "end": 1367, "text": "Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "vector ( r , - 1 ) . Finally , for the case where the largest root in the SURP , process exceeds unity but is less than 1 + r ( 1 < A < ( 1 + r ) ) , ( 35 ) holds if and only if SURP , and B , 1 are cointegrated . In this case , the cointegrating vector need not be ( r , - 1 ) . The later is called the \" Trehan-Waish cointegration test \" below . Trehan and Walsh ( 1991 ) applied their cointegration test to U . S . debt and primary deficits over the period 1964-1984 , the same period employed in Hamilton and Flavin ( 1984 ) . Their statistical tests indicate that SURP , is stationary ( i . e . , 0 < X < 1 ) , but B , is not . Therefore they conclude that the government budget process is not sustainable . This result is consistent with the conclusion in Kremer ' s ( 1988 ) reconsideration of the Hamilton-Flavin analysis . The government temporal budget constraint ( 3 ) depends only on SURP , not its decomposition into , say , non-interest government spending G and tax revenue T . By decomposing SURP in this way , however , it is possible to determine the restriction that the PVC imposes on the time series properties of government spending and revenue . Hakkio and Rush ( 1991 ) propose testing the PVC in ( 34 ) by checking whether the government expenditure _inclusive_ of interest payment G , + rtBt , is cointegrated with T , and whether the cointegration vector is ( 1 , - 1 ) . The validity of their test depends on several auxiliary assumptions : ( i ) rt is stationary witl . unconditional mean r and ( ii ) both G , + ( r , - r ) B , - l and T , follow unit root processes ( i . e . the A = I case above ) . Hakkio and Rush apply their test to U . S . data for the period 1950 : 11 to 1988 : IV as well as the sub-samples : 1964 : I-1988 :", "spans": [{"start": 1668, "end": 1680, "text": "U . S . data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in import demand directed to the labor market as a source of variation in exports , we document a positive causal effect of positive export shocks on employment , residual wages , and job turnover rates in the corresponding labor market . Motivated by this reduced-form evidence , we develop a dynamic general equilibrium model of labor mobility and trade , featuring the endogenous number of job options as well as frictional labor mobility between and within labor markets . Our model characterizes the mechanism through which trade shocks affect the number of job options , labor mobility , and workers ’ welfare . We provide a sufficient statistic result showing that the effects of a trade shock on relative welfares are fully embedded in the gross flows between labor markets . This is a powerful result that greatly simplifies the analysis of the welfare impacts of trade shocks . We then structurally estimate the model using the same administrative data from Brazil and the same IV strategy used in our reduced-form analyses . Armed with the estimates of the structural parameters and the sufficient statistic result , we find that a 10 % change in exports during the sample period increases the lifetime welfare of a median worker in the formal labor market by 2 . 99 % of the annual wage . 40", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 974, "text": "administrative data from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is more than JODs 750 per person per year , the case has to be approved by the UNHCR health unit ( for emergency cases ) and / or Exceptional Care Committee ( ECC ) for non-emergency cases before the referral takes place . # * * Data Collection and Analysis * * Referral care is considered an essential part of access to comprehensive health services , thus UNHCR since 2014 has maintained a medical referral database in order to monitor trends in urban and camp settings in Jordan . - This report includes all referrals data for the period January to December 2016 - Data was collected from 11 sites ; 6 Urban ( Amman , Zarqa , Mafraq , Irbid , Ramtha , and south Mobile Medical Unit ) , 4 camps ( Zaatri , Azraq , Cyber City and King Abdullah Park ) , and Ruwaishid . - Data was captured on-site daily then compiled and shared on a monthly basis with JHAS referral hub , where the initial data compilation and cleaning was done . Compiled and cleaned data was then shared with the UNHCR Public Health Unit , where secondary data cleaning and analysis was carried out . - Descriptive analysis carried out using Microsoft Excel 2013 . * * 3 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 417, "text": "medical referral database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in southern Uganda . The TL route avoids these areas , with the exception of two plantation Forest Reserves ( Luwawa and Wabinyomo ) where natural forest has been converted to cropland . These two areas are not considered ecologically sensitive . An IBAT ( Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool ) report has been generated for the TL route . These reports identify a total of 139 protected areas within a 50 km buffer of the Wobulenzi-Masaka TL route . Thirteen internationally recognized areas of biodiversity importance occur within the Area of Analysis ( AoA ) . The TL avoids all except for a marginal intersection with the Lake Wamala Catchment , which will not impact the catchment ’ s biodiversity values . The TL route is able to avoid all legally protected areas , with the exception of the Luwawa Forest Reserve near Gobero , where the TL cuts through the southern tip of the reserve 34 . 6 km south of the Wobulenzi Substation , based on data from the World Database of Protected Areas ( WDPA ) provided by IBAT . Google Earth imagery reveals the forest cover within this reserve is depleted with numerous agricultural plots and extensive loss of tree cover . The portion of the forest reserve intersected by the TL is entirely dominated by cultivated land and devoid of tree cover . Ground truthing revealed the forest cover represents Eucalyptus plantation and this area is not ecologically sensitive . The TL also traverses the southern tip of the Wabinyomo Forest Reserve , 77 . 6 km south of the Wobulenzi Substation . This reserve is similarly encroached by cultivation and no forest cover is directly affected by the proposed route , so is also not ecologically sensitive . A total of nine Internationally Recognized Areas occur within a 50 km buffer of the TL route . The TL route avoids all of the internationally recognized areas listed in , with the exception of the Lake Wamala Catchment KBA . This water catchment is recognized for three fish species , a dragonfly and a plant species . The TL passes", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 998, "text": "World Database of Protected Areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PPA that was hailed as one of the cheapest tariff rates in Sub-Saharan Africa , at US $ 2 . 526 cents / kilowatt hour ( kWh ) over 25 years ( Ayele et al . 2021 ) . However , none of the projects have yet become operational due to a range of macroeconomic issues including risk of foreign currency availability . _Strong regulators : _ Based on the Global Power Market Structures database , majority of countries established an energy regulator between 1991 and 2010 ( Table 3 ) . During this period 125 countries transitioned 20", "spans": [{"start": 349, "end": 388, "text": "Global Power Market Structures database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IDA is now much more focused on achieving the desired results in terms of poverty reduction than on inputs ( measuring “ success ” in terms of dollars or bags of wheat given to the government ) . But the systematic measurement of outcomes raises a number of methodological and practical questions that are still not resolved . > 63 A problem arises when measuring outcomes that are unobservable , e . g . , improvements in governance . Proxies are used in the governance literature , including in the now famous governance index constructed by Kraay and Kaufmann — either quantitative proxies ( e . g . the number of changes in government as a gauge of ‘ political instability ’ ) or qualitative variables ( e . g . the subjective ranking of contract enforcement as a gauge of ‘ institutional efficiency ’ ) . 51", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The focus of long term strategies for cities must be first and foremost to create opportunities for all its inhabitants and to ensure the sustainability of the city ’ s economy . - This will , almost certainly , make new investments or reinvestments necessary in many areas ranging from mobility to culture and to the green economy . Cities must be managed with flexibility so as to adapt to unforeseen new circumstances and today ' s investment decisions should not lock cities out of options tomorrow . - In cities where public finances have deteriorated and where it is essential to restore their credit , urban decision-makers must make sure that their decisions are financially sustainable in the long term . - While there has been a lot of talk about \" smart cities \" and new technologies among urban specialists and urban planners , it is ultimately the focus on basic economic principles , good governance and good institutions that will create sustainable , dynamic and livable cities . # * * Creating Opportunities for All * * Dark clouds gather on the horizon today for most cities in developing countries . The future is uncertain and risky . But the future is also full of opportunities . Cities , rich and poor , face risks but they also have opportunities to manage their city well , ensuring that growth is inclusive , greener and more sustainable when the crisis subsides and growth resumes . Creating opportunities for the population means ensuring that the quality of life of its inhabitants — particularly the least fortunate — is improved ; that the city invests in human capital formation ; and that all inhabitants are participating and included in political and cultural life . < sup > 12 < / sup > In order for cities to provide opportunities for their citizens it is helpful to understand the primary forces that dictate existing levels of opportunities experienced by urban populations . Bourguignon , Ferreira , and Menéndez ( 2007 ) , using Brazilian household data , find that individuals ’ place of residence , parents education , occupation , and race are the most significant variables linked to opportunity . Their analysis additionally reveals a sizable inequality of opportunities in Brazil and shows", "spans": [{"start": 1972, "end": 1996, "text": "Brazilian household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 1 Wage premiums and relative supplies over time , net of country effects . 16 LA countries , 1989-2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > 0 . 1 < br > - . 1 0 < br > - . 2 - . 1 < br > Wage Premium , Skilled-Unskilled - . 3 - . 2 < br > Wage Premium , Highschool-Dropouts < br > . 4 . 5 < br > . 2 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - . 5 < br > - . 2 < br > - . 4 < br > - 1 < br > Relative Supply , Skilled-Unskilled < br > Relative Supply , Highschool-Dropouts < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . # * * Figure 3 . 2 * * * * Relative demands over time ( residual assuming σ = 3 for both elasticities ) , net of country effects . 16 LA countries , 1989-2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > 1 < br > . 5 < br > . 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - . 5 < br > - . 5 < br > Residual Relative Demand , S-U Residual Relative Demand , H-D < br > - 1 - 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 25", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 714, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The table shows alternative NPV results , based on different combinations of higher relative vocational costs ( positive value for c ) alternative discount rates and lower value for the m parameter . The overall effect of all these differing combinations , while changing the level of the NPVs , is to leave them positive . Only in the worst assumption case , with high vocational school costs ( in excess of those of academic schools by a third ) , of a 10 per cent discount rate and a lower matched percentage ( ten percentage points below those relating to the sample ) , are the NPVs negative , but only marginally so . 26 / We may conclude that vocational schooling in Israel represents a sound investment ir cost-benefit terms . This overall conclusion would be strengthened if a higher secular increase in real incomes was assumed , as seems plausible , with a resultant enhancement in absolute terms of the earnings advantage of matched vocational school completers . # 4 . Vocational education * * and * * non-formal training alternatives We noted that the 1983 Census questionnaire included within the category of vocational school completers those individuals that had attended nonformal training institutions rather than vocational schools as such . Our sample of vocational school completers in fact includes a small number of these individuals that had instead completed training in one of these nonformal modes . In this section we shift our focus from a comparison of 26 With this configuration , the NPV \" loss \" represents about two weeks salary for direct matched workers and only a few days salary for the wider matchings case . - 41 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rather than the income effects associated with the coffee mills . This is important because mass construction of schools could , for instance , not only expand access to schooling opportunities but also have a positive impact on the quality of teaching and learning by reducing overcrowding . To address this issue , we combine data on primary school construction in Rwanda with the data on coffee mills and explore the association between the rollout of coffee mills and changes in school access . Specifically , using data geolocation and the year of construction of the universe of primary schools in the country , we compute the number of ( new ) primary schools as well as the cumulative number of primary schools operational per year and correlate it with the rollout of coffee mills at the municipality level . < sup > 17 < / sup > The results as shown in Table A2 in the ( online ) Appendix , reveal no association between the rollout of the coffee mills and expansion in primary schools . Thus , we can rule out the possibility of a contemporaneous expansion in school access contaminating our results . # * * 6 Mechanisms * * In this section , we explore the potential pathways through which exposure to coffee mills influences student performance . We hypothesize and test three key channels : income , health , and school attendance . To test these channels , we combine data from the Rwanda DHS with data on the location and operational status of the coffee mills . However , unlike the main analysis where we define the catchment area using a 2 . 5km radius from a coffee mill , we are unable to use the same distance threshold with the DHS data , due to the inherent displacements of the coordinates in the DHS survey . Due to privacy concerns , the geo-coordinates of the DHS are displaced by up to 2km in urban centers and 5km in rural areas . < sup > 18 < / sup > As a result , defining treatment and control locations based on distance thresholds below 5km , especially in the context of our study where 88 % of the sample are rural , is likely to induce significant", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 373, "text": "data on primary school construction in Rwanda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 383, "end": 403, "text": "data on coffee mills", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 520, "end": 536, "text": "data geolocation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1397, "end": 1407, "text": "Rwanda DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1722, "end": 1732, "text": "DHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "invaluable insights on dimensions of governance . < sup > 11 < / sup > Here we note that these types of data may also be thought of as imperfect proxies for the broader concepts of governance that that they measure , and therefore also are subject to margins of error . In addition , as a practical matter , such measures of corruption or other dimensions of governance most often are generated only for a specific country at a single point in time , and therefore cannot be included in a regularly updated cross-country dataset like the WGI . Second , the data source must provide original primary data produced using a credible structured methodology , rather than simply be a compilation of existing data . For example , we do not use the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index as a data source for the WGI Control of Corruption Indicator because the Corruption Perceptions Index is itself a compilation of existing data sources and does not involve new data collection . Third , the data sources must cover multiple countries , so that cross-country comparisons are possible . For example , a survey of public officials carried out in just one country can be extremely valuable for diagnosing governance constraints across institutions within a country . However , if this survey is not also carried out with the same questions and methodology in other countries , it cannot be used in the WGI which is designed to inform cross-country comparisons . Fourth and finally , the data sources must be regularly updated – ideally annually – although we do use several data sources that are updated only once every two or every three years , in which case we use the most recently available data until a new update becomes available . < sup > 12 < / sup > This requirement is needed for the data to be able to inform over-time comparisons of the aggregate indicators . The number of data sources included in the WGI has increased over time . The WGI data for 1996 are based on just 12 data sources , while the data for 2023 are based on 30 data sources ( see Table 1 ) . This reflects a sharp increase over the past 25 years", "spans": [{"start": 742, "end": 797, "text": "Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 823, "end": 858, "text": "WGI Control of Corruption Indicator", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 899, "text": "Corruption Perceptions Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1114, "end": 1140, "text": "survey of public officials", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Information management systems * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Adequate investment * * < br > * * in Knowledge and data * * < br > * * generation and use * * | - To what degree is data on key child protection issues systematically collated across < br > organisations involved in the refugee response ? < br > - To what degree is the data management systems used by national child protection < br > actors harmonized or linked to the data management systems used as part of the < br > child protection response to the refugee situation ? | | | * * Research assessments / evaluations * * | | | - Do ongoing national child protection assessments / evaluations conducted include < br > issues related to refugee child protection ? < br > - Are child protection issues systematically adequately addressed as part of broader < br > assessment related to refugee issues in the country ? < br > - Do child protection assessments for the refugee response routinely collect < br > information on national child protection systems and services ? | | | * * Data routine monitoring * * | | | - To what degree is data on child protection issues available through national routine < br > data monitoring systems ? < br > - Do these routine data systems allow for disaggregation of information about < br > refugees and other affected populations ? | 30", "spans": [{"start": 1180, "end": 1203, "text": "data monitoring systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Furthermore , our estimating equation is less susceptible to reverse causality from exports to exchange rates for two reasons : our dependent variable , disaggregated exports , is less likely to affect a macroeconomic variable like the exchange rate ; moreover , the latter is the exchange rate of another country . What about reverse causality from the exports to the index of competition ? Our count-based index , while derived from theory under symmetry assumptions , has the empirical virtue of being based on the extensive margin and not being measured in value terms ; hence being less related to the left hand side variable and less afflicted by reverse causality problem . Our value based index is potentially more vulnerable to the reverse causality problem because it is expressed in values , like the dependent variable . To minimize such endogeneity concerns we compute both indices for the initial period of the sample ( i . e . for the year 2000 ) . # * * IV . Data * * We focus on the period 2000-2008 , during which concerns about China ’ s exchange rate policy have been most debated . For this period , we compile disaggregated data on bilateral exports from the UN Comtrade database . We collect data reported by the importing countries , which is generally regarded as more reliable than data on exports ( i . e . exports from _i_ to j are measured by imports of _j_ from _i_ ) . The data are for roughly 6000 non-oil HS 6-digit lines covering 900 4-digit products . We cover the 57 major importing countries ( making sure that we include all countries that together accounted for over 95 percent of total exports of developing countries ) and 124 developing country exporters which are potentially in competition with China ( summary statistics are provided in Appendix Table A1 and the list of importing and exporting countries covered in Appendix Table A2 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > The list of developing countries is based on World Bank country classification , and is comprised of all low and middle income countries ( 2010 GNI per capita of $ 12 , 275 or less ) . > 10 In principle , we", "spans": [{"start": 1132, "end": 1171, "text": "disaggregated data on bilateral exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1181, "end": 1201, "text": "UN Comtrade database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1215, "end": 1255, "text": "data reported by the importing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Notes : _ Means calculated using sample-weighted individual-level data from the 2014-17 Gallup World Poll . Standard errors are in parentheses . Asterisks indicate whether the difference in means is statistically significantly different from low-income countries at the 0 . 01 level . Low-income countries are defined as those with a gross national income ( GNI ) per capita of $ 995 or less , lower-middle-income countries are those with a GNI per capita of more than $ 996 but less than $ 3 , 895 , and upper-middle-income countries are those with a GNI per capita of more than $ 3 , 895 but less than $ 12 , 055 , and high-income countries are those with a GNI per capita of more than $ 12 , 055 . The remaining results are from the regression model discussed in section 2 . Table 2 examines how food insecurity affects trust in national institutions ( vertical trust , column 1 ) and trust in friends and family ( horizontal trust , column 2 ) . The estimates presented are the average marginal effects estimated by the linear model with country and year fixed effects . Table 2 : The effect of food insecurity on vertical and horizontal trust . | | Tru | st | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Variables | Trust in national institutions | Trust in friends and family | | Food insecurity | - 0 . 027 * * * | - 0 . 117 * * * | | | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | | Female | - 0 . 010 * * * | 0 . 013 * * * | | | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | | Age | - 0 . 004 * * * | - 0 . 008 * * * | | | ( 0 . 000 ) | ( 0 . 000 ) | | Age squared | 0 . 000 * * * | 0 . 000 * * * | | | ( 0 . 000 ) | ( 0 . 000 ) | | Number of adults | 0 . 001 | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 106, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ make provision for work to be halted and the relevant authorities to be notified , in the event of accidental discovery of archaeological remains ; - Induction Training to Construction Workers : In addition , the Contractor is responsible to provide Cultural Heritage Training programme on intangible Cultural Heritage for all its staffs that join the subproject . It helps to create awareness among the subproject management and staffs about the culture and intangible heritage of the people ( including graveyards ) . Although no physical cultural site is identified at this stage of the proposed subproject , a chance finds procedure has been considered and presented in this report ( see Annex 7 , Clause A7 . 18 ) . - * * 5 . 3 . 6 . 2 Impacts on Worship Places and Burial Sites along the TL Corridor and around SS * * Ground survey was conducted along the TL corridor and at the substation through on foot walking . Two mosques were found within the 30m corridor of the TL route , between Tower no . 11 and no . 12 , and between Tower no . 27 and no . 28 . The former is located in Chefe Koti Jebesa of Hawassa city and the latter in Weransa Woreda of Shashemene city . One burial ground was also spotted at very close to the substation site . As informed by local people about five persons were buried at the burial site and the ESIA team observed the site during site investigation . # # # # # # * * Necessary Mitigation Measures * * - Shifting of the TL route to avoid impacts on the mosques . The possible option to this mitigation measure is relocation of the mosques to outside of the TL corridor after consultation with the local people and religious leaders during the P preparation ; and - Taking appropriate and adequate precautionary measures to", "spans": [{"start": 1023, "end": 1036, "text": "Ground survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* At project closure , about 350 , 000 people in the \" * * _Nairobi Metropolitan Region were living within a one-kilometer radius of a location for a commuter rail station , benefitting from improved access to that location_ * * \" substantially higher than the revised target of 280 , 000 . # # # * * Other outcomes from beneficiary survey ( no targets were set ) . * * The completion of urban roads resulted in an increase in land values ( along the roads ) , sometimes as high as 202 % . Road users reported cost savings ( reduction of 32 % ) , safety and diversity of transport means . The improved rural roads enabled farmers to access more distant markets within the metropolitan region , compared to the pre-project period . About 90 % of farmers using improved rural roads , reported increased incomes from farming activities as a result of improved transport . According to the beneficiary assessment , 72 % of the respondents reported improved sanitation due to construction of storm drains ; 75 % reported enhanced accessibility to business premises and residential areas ; 76 % in reduced incidences of stagnant water , 70 % in reduced incidences of vector-borne diseases like malaria ; and 74 % in reduced water spillage into roads . The installation of street lights improved security , according to 83 % of the beneficiary assessment respondents ; improved business environment ( 83 % ) , and improved access & mobility ( 85 % ) . Integrated land use and transport plans were developed . These plans are expected to decongest urban growth while encouraging development around the commuter stations to ensure that passenger volumes are high enough to support the commuter rail . Regarding the implementation of integrated development plan , Nairobi County and the national government started taking steps to implement the Nairobi Railway Station Redevelopment Plan . The ICR notes ( para 69 ) that there were no immediate indications that the other plans would be implemented , due to financing and capacity constraints . All PDO indicators were achieved . The efficacy of this objective is * * substantial * * . Page 10", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 339, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "monitoring and eva < br > , and its application for decisio | luation systems ( crash data < br > n making | base ) to monitor Fatalities | | ► Annual number of fatalities or serious injuries involving construction vehicles or at co | nstruction sites ( Number , | Custom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 9 / 5 / 2022 Page 3 of 8", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 90, "text": "crash data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Core Indicators for Determinants and Performance of Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries_ * * qualitative terms . But even when the relevant aspect of reform is defined , the properties of some issues make them inherently difficult to measure , e . g . the degree of a regulator ’ s independence . Proxy indicators such as regulator ’ s budgetary independence or the number of issues over which he or she has full discretion may be used to represent these aspects . # * * _Comparability and consistency_ * * Some indicators refer to an absolute or relative benchmark , e . g . privatisation may be expressed as a percentage of total assets . When measured over a period of time , the same indicator reveals information about the progress of the program . For this reason , comparability of the indicator measured over time is an important criterion ; an indicator should be consistent in definition , measurement method and data assembly . A similar argument applies to cross-sectoral comparisons , but here other issues such as technical standards and institutional characteristics , are also important . Comparison of monetary indicators can also be difficult because of differences in accounting rules and economic conditions such as inflation . In addition , the problems of conversion into a single monetary unit ( e . g . Year 2000 US dollars ) using currency exchange rates ( or purchasing power parity rates ) and suitable price deflators are non-trivial and familiar . # * * _Data_ and * * * * _aggregation level_ * * Data should be available at realistic and reasonable levels of cost and effort , and sources should be reliable and , ideally , cross-checked . Care should be taken to ensure that consistency and continuity of data is maintained . The appropriate level of disaggregation will depend on the question being asked . For example , investment or energy loss data concerning different segments are useful for different purposes . In addition , data on price , consumption and income levels for different customer groups are often necessary to investigate the distributional effect of reforms . Firm-level analysis can shed light on aspects of electricity reform . In the absence of comprehensive or specific type", "spans": [{"start": 1872, "end": 1902, "text": "investment or energy loss data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1983, "end": 2028, "text": "data on price , consumption and income levels", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proximati | ofchildren < br > oni-ndex of | | < br > thoseinin ~ torforcebrocket_of_ages15through6L . | < br > malnutri < br > | < br > tion . < br > | < br > | < br > | < br > | - A5 N0on of - nc - 25 cod 65 and over age brochets to those in in ~ tor force brocket _of_ ages 15 through 6L . F AD referenc otondardo represent phyninlogicul * * e - * * _L § . _ Percentage enrlled of sorreeponding population of school age as defined for each aoostry . qoir-orto for no-ea octivity end health , taking Ia UN ) estloateefor African ~ population , based on analysis of data from 1962 post-censal samiple survey ; / b 29A9 ; / c 1967 ; _74d_ 1958 ; _Is_ 19i2-69 ; / f 2 , 000 or more inhabitanta ; _I & _ Population living in a nucleos of 1 , 500 or more Inhabitants ; Tn 19o2 ; _75i_ Basci on complete enumeration of non-African population and of urban Africa . n population a . nd on a 10 percent sample of rural African population ; / J Labor farce in age bracket 15-59 ; / k Ratio of population under 15 a . nd 65 and nvear to total labor force ; / 1 Corresponding to the number of registered persounna ; not all of them a , re practicing to the coantry ; _Ic_ Excluding me-dical assistante ; _In_ Tanganyika only ; / . Including midwives , assistant eldwiries and asisitunt cures . ; J", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 607, "text": "1962 post-censal samiple survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 790, "end": 836, "text": "complete enumeration of non-African population", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "complete the civil works by the planned project closing date of June 30 , 2012 . On the basis of the prolonged delays in project start up activities , and the continued progress currently being registered in the overall project implementation , the Bank management has approved the government request for extension of the project closing date for one year from June 30 , 2012 to June 30 , 2013 so as to enable the completion of the vital project activities and attainment of the project development objectives . # # # * * Locations * * No Location data has been entered # # * * < mark > Results < / mark > * * | * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Percentage of veterinary facilities meeting OIE < br > | Text | Value | 30 % | 30 % | 60 % | | standards for diagnostics | | Date | 08-Apr-2011 | 13-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | | | | Comments | Out of the current three < br > veterinary diagnostic < br > laboratories ( in Tororo , < br > Makerere and Entebbe ) , it is < br > only Makerere that meets OIE < br > standards for BSL 2 | < br > Currently NADDEC does not < br > meet all the acceptable OIE < br > standards even for BSL 2 . | | | Percentage of commercial poultry farms , < br > | Text | Value | 0 | 40 % | 60 % | | poultry slaughter facilities , and live bird markets < br > racticin accetable bio-securit stand ards | | Date | 05-Jan-2010 | 13", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 552, "text": "Location data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * c . What have been historic costs of power production ? * * As we have discussed , Africa faces effective tariffs that are up to twice as high as in other developing regions . This reflects the use of costly technologies as well as the small scale of most African power generation systems . But what have been the historic costs across the various power systems ? The first step toward answering this question is to attribute to each kilowatt-hour produced both the capital and operating ( O & M ) costs of the three power production segments : generation , transmission , and distribution . O & M unit costs are calculated by prorating total operational costs ( as reported in utilities ’ income statements ) by the total generated electricity over a given year . Data are derived from the AICD ’ s fiscal spending database , < sup > 5 < / sup > and individual results have been verified by country power experts . Operational costs include salaries associated with system operations , fuel charges , the cost of parts needed for daily operations , and so on . Unit capital costs are calculated using the levelized power methodology ( commonly used by the International Energy Agency ) . This requires allocating the value of an asset over its lifetime capacity . In essence the unit capital cost is a ratio of the net present value of total lifetime investment to the total electricity produced . < sup > 6 < / sup > For this purpose an annualization factor is applied to the value of generation , transmission , and distribution assets . The overnight investment or capital needed to replace existing assets is the proxy for asset value , to allow for cross-country comparison . The annualization factor is a reversed version of a standard formula for the net present value of a periodic investment of equal amount . It takes into account both depreciation and interest rates : _r_ _ACC_  _OI_  1  1 (  _r_ )  _T_ ; where _ACC_ is annualized capital cost , _OI_ is overnight investment , _r_ is annual discount rate , and _T_ is plant life ( in years ) . In most", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 830, "text": "AICD ’ s fiscal spending database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "currently under review as result of the registration of Afghans which took place in Pakistan from October 2006 to February 2007 . > 10 The decision to apply _prima facie_ status to Iraqis originating from south and central Iraq was taken in January 2007 . As a consequence , UNHCR estimates on Iraqi refugees at end-2006 do not take into account the total number of Iraqis in the respective countries . Estimates for the number of Iraqis in Egypt and Turkey at end-2006 are not 11 Although counted as IDPs here ( and officially referred to as such by the Montenegrin Government ) , this population consists of persons displaced from Serbia ( Kosovo ) who are not being accorded the same rights as Montenegrin citizens in practice . 12 This figure only refers to Palestinians under the UNHCR mandate . 13 According to the Government of Algeria , there are an estimated 165 , 000 Saharawi refugees in the Tindouf camps . * * Source : * * UNHCR / Governments . Compiled by : UNHCR , FICSS .", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 63, "text": "registration of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( annual purchase GMV ) < br > number of online buyers 2013 < br > ( annual purchase GMV ) < br > residential population 2013 < br > ( rev annual purchase GMV — _ ) x 100 < br > national online purchase GMV 2013 < br > ( number of online buyers ) x 100 < br > total number of national online buyers / 5913 < br > z — score of measure x = — — — — — — — _ ( Xct — mean of x ) < br > standard error ofx < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ for cultivation and this has brought about conflict between the field staff and the encroachers . # # # # * * 2 . 5 . Community use of forest products * * The forest is situated in a part of the country with a medium population . According to the 2002 Uganda Population Census , the population of Ntoroko district where the reserve is located was 51 , 100 and the annual rate of population growth stands at 4 % per annum . The reserve lies next to the Karuguttu Trading Centre , a fast growing centre and therefore pressure on the forest for firewood , building poles , grazing and other non timber forest products will continue to grow . The main requirements by different stakeholders include water for people and animals , fuel wood for domestic use , honey , local herbal medicines for self and animals , timber for local and commercial business , poles for domestic and commercial construction , grass for grazing , poles for tool handles , weaving materials , soils and sand for building , mushrooms and vegetables for domestic use , charcoal for sale in urban areas and many more . # # # # * * 2 . 6 . Infrastructure * * The reserve is easily accessed by the Fort Portal Bundibugyo road that marks part of the boundary . At the moment this road is being upgraded into a tarmac road and hence accessibility to the reserve will be improved . Currently there are 9Km of public road within North Rwenzori CFR . This is equivalent to a road density of 0 . 18km / ha . This is too low and given the area the road density should be at least 2 % of total area . This would mean nearly 83 km of roads need to be constructed . Some 30Km of more roads were constructed to improve access in the area in past 1 year , however , this was not up to standard ( gradient and width ) and will thus be regarded as firebreaks . This will be", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 320, "text": "2002 Uganda Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 3 Marital Status of PAPs * * Analysis of field data indicate that 92 % of the PAPs were married while 8 % were single , none was either widowed or divorced / separated as indicated in * * Figure 3 . 3 * * below . The high percentage of married PAPs requires adherence to requirements of Gender Inclusivity in the RAP process as discussed in * * Sub section 3 . 2 . 2 * * on * * Page 3 . 2 * * . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Single < br > 8 % < br > Married < br > 92 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 3 . 3 : Marital Status of PAPs * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 3 EDUCATION LEVEL OF PAPS * * The literacy levels of PAPs was relatively high with 32 . 5 % of PAPs attained some form of Tertiary Education . 22 . 5 % of PAPs stopped after completing Secondary Education while 32 . 5 % stopped after completing Primary Education . This is illustrated in * * Figure 3 . 4 * * below . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 32 . 5 % 32 . 5 % < br > 22 . 5 % < br > 7 . 5 % < br > 5 . 0 % < br > below std . 8 completed primary completed secondary post secondary school none < br > school school < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 3 . 4 : Education Level of PAPs * * * *", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 325, "text": "field data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) conflict-affected areas and more stable areas ; and ensure that more conflict-affected areas benefit from the project as they have historically been deprived of assistance due to insecurity . The targeting principles are summarized in figure 1 . * * Figure 1 . Geographic Targeting Principles * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Vulnerability Feasibility Equity Quick Wins < br > • Concentration of • Accessibility • Both conflict - • LGSDP unfunded < br > returnees • Security affected areas and subproject < br > • Access to basic • Local dynamics more stable areas < br > services < br > • County government < br > • Food insecurity support < br > • Violence < br > • Exposure to < br > climate-sensitive < br > natural hazards < br > • Remoteness < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 31 . Combined with quick wins , the ECRP will target both conflict-affected and more stable counties as shown figure 2 ( see annex 2 for details ) . * * Figure 2 . Vulnerable Counties with Quick Wins * * 32 . * * Subproject budget allocation . * * The subproject budget allocation for the new counties will be calculated on a per capita basis using humanitarian agencies ’ latest population data . There will be two rounds of allocations per county to maximize communities ’ learning by doing . Counties will need to meet a set of basic performance indicators to be eligible for the second allocation . These include ( a ) participation rate of women , youths , IDPs , and returnees in the subproject planning and implementation ; ( b ) satisfactory collaboration during community mobilization ; ( c ) timely implementation of the Page 20 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 1283, "end": 1298, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As information obtained from the Sherkole woreda Agricultural office reported that the total population of Homosha woreda without the refugees are 14 , 894 Male and 14 , 358 female total 29 , 252 < sup > 21 < / sup > . From these in the study areas Hiltajire Kebele 146 household heads and with the total population of 722 of which356 are males and the remaining 366 are females . The total population of refugees in Hiltajire Kebele accounts11 , 661 of which 6192 are males and 5469 are females . According to 1994 population & housing census , about 56 % of the population was economically active . The major economic sector of the region is agriculture from which 70 . 31 % of the income is generated . Compared to others , the unemployment rate is low ( 0 . 69 ) especially , in the rural areas ( 0 . 3 ) . The government has emphasized community participation and mobilization to enhance productivity both in rural & urban areas < sup > 22 < / sup > . # * * 3 . 2 . 3 . Diredawa Region * * Diredawa is located in the eastern part of Ethiopia , bordering the regions of Oromia and Somali . The Diredawa Administrative Council consists of the region of Diredawa region and the surrounding rural areas . In total , almost 0 . 5 per cent of the Ethiopian population lives in the Diredawa , < sup > 23 < / sup > and 10 per cent of its population are children under 5 years . < sup > 24 < / sup > According to 2019 population projections , 313 , 000 people ( 63 per cent ) live in the region of Diredawa and 180 , 000 people ( 37 per cent ) live in the rural areas . < sup > 25 < / sup > Diredawa region has between 300 , 000 and 500 , 000 inhabitants . The total fertility rate is 3 .", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 543, "text": "1994 population & housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1409, "end": 1436, "text": "2019 population projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . 1 DID Results * * The first set of results focus on three aggregate food insecurity measures constructed from FIES questions – prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity , probability of being food insecure and raw food insecurity score ( Table 2 ) . The coefficients in the first row of Table 2 show that there was no significant change in the overall food security of households outside of Tigray after the outbreak of the war . This is not surprising , given the war was confined to the Tigray region in the study period . Our key coefficient of interest is the interaction term of wartime dummy and the dummy variable for Tigray region . The results in column 1 show , in contrast to the trend in the other regions , the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity increased dramatically in Tigray in the post-war-onset period . The conflict led to 38 percentage points increase in moderate or severe food insecurity in Tigray . This amounts to 106 percent increase , relative to the prevalence rate in the pre-war period . Column 2 presents similar results for the probability of being food insecure . Compared to the pre-war period , the incidence of food insecurity in Tigray is 26 percentage points higher , which is a 47 percent increase from the pre-war level . In column 3 , we show regression results for the raw food insecurity index calculated from FIES questions . The results are consistent with those obtained for the other two aggregate food insecurity measures . In Tigray , the war has led to 1 . 6 units increase in the number of dimensions of food insecurity reported by households . These large effects are plausible given the massive humanitarian crises the war has caused in the region ( see WFP , 2022 ) . * * Table 2 : The Impact of violent conflict on aggregate measures of food insecurity * * | | ( 1 ) < br > Moderate or severe food < br > insecurity | ( 2 ) < br > Food insecure | ( 3 ) < br > Raw score | | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * GEQIP-E ( P163050 ) The girls-to-boys ratio in Grade 8 in Afar , Somali , and Benishangul-Gumuz rose from 63 to 79 . 1 percent , exceeding both the original target of 70 percent and the revised target of 71 percent . This represents a strong outcome that can be plausibly linked to program interventions such as girls ’ clubs , life-skills training , and gender-responsive school financing . Regional variation was notable : Benishangul-Gumuz reached 85 . 3 percent and Somali 79 . 1 percent , while Afar lagged at 68 . 5 percent , suggesting uneven effectiveness likely related to differences in conflict exposure and prevailing social norms . Gross enrollment ratio ( GER ) in Grades 1 – 8 in Afar , Somali , and Benishangul-Gumuz declined from a baseline of 92 percent to 86 . 5 percent by program completion , falling short of the original target of 100 percent as well as the revised targets of 96 percent and 93 percent . At the same time , absolute enrollment increased by 27 percent , from 1 , 313 , 994 to 1 , 672 , 773 students over the program period . Progress on this indicator was affected by significant implementation challenges between 2017 and 2024 , including insecurity that led to school destruction , recurrent drought affecting access to drinking water in schools , and flooding . In addition , outdated age-specific population estimates used in the denominator made it difficult to measure changes in GER accurately . The GER for refugee primary students in Afar , Benishangul-Gumuz , Somali , Gambella , and Amhara declined from 67 to 46 . 2 percent ( target : 80 percent ) , while the female refugee primary GER fell from 33 . 2 to 27 . 8 percent ( target : 40 percent ) . Secondary refugee GER improved only marginally — from 17 .", "spans": [{"start": 1420, "end": 1453, "text": "age-specific population estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "moderate and severe storms increase the debt-to-GDP ratio , although only the former is statistically significant . Cabezon et al ( 2016 ) estimated the fiscal impact of natural disasters in five Pacific Island countries using a VAR covering years between 1970 and 2013 . Disasters are scaled in terms of intensity ( deaths and number of people affected relative to total population ) . Natural disasters which cause damages and losses equivalent to one percent of GDP cause an average fall in GDP of 0 . 7 percent in the year of the disaster and a deterioration in the fiscal balance of 0 . 5 percent of GDP ( also in the year of the disaster ) , with tax revenues falling by 0 . 2 percent of GDP and spending rising by 0 . 7 percent of GDP ( the impact on the fiscal balance is mitigated by a rise in grants ) . In the following analysis , we use an event study methodology to examine the impact of hurricanes which caused large damages on islands in the Pacific and the Caribbean , on GDP growth , general government revenues and expenditures , the overall fiscal balance and ( where data are available ) public debt . The events we study are tropical cyclones that caused the largest damages in the 2010s ; hurricanes Erika and Maria in Dominica , in 2015 and 2017 respectively , hurricane Irma in Antigua and Barbuda in 2017 , cyclone Evan in Samoa in 2012 and cyclone Pam in Vanuatu in 2014 . < sup > 10 < / sup > The source of the data is the World Economic Outlook ( WEO ) database . For each tropical cyclone disaster , we compare the outturns in the affected country in the two years following the tropical cyclone with a counterfactual . The counterfactual we use is the projected outturn for these variables which was made just prior to the disaster , as shown in the applicable vintage of the WEO database . Hence , for example , the projection for outturns for Dominica before it was struck by hurricane Erika at the end of August 2015 are taken from the April 2015 WEO database . For each variable , we show the deviation of", "spans": [{"start": 1450, "end": 1489, "text": "World Economic Outlook ( WEO ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1806, "end": 1818, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be recorded using a Grievance Form ( in local language , also available in English ) . Grievance Forms will contain details regarding the grievance as well as the name and address of the applicant , application date , type of application and the name of the persons receiving the grievance . The forms will be logged in a register where they will be tracked through to a suitable resolution . - Receipt with acknowledgement of registration , to be handed back to the complainant ; - Grievance monitoring sheet ( actions taken , corrective measures ) ; - Closure sheet , copy of which will be handed to the complainant after he / she has agreed to the resolution and signed off . - The PIU will maintain a digital grievance database , containing the logs and records of all grievances received , with an indication of the respective status of a grievance ( i . e . resolved , not resolved , pending . . . ) - Resolution options will be developed through unilateral proposal , bilateral discussion and / or third party mediation . If a complaint is not legitimate the 56", "spans": [{"start": 705, "end": 731, "text": "digital grievance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Cultural Trade Index_ Page | * * 12 * * of * * 14 * * # * * V . Conclusion * * “ There is no indicator that can capture something as complex as our society , ” as Joseph Stiglitz , Amartya Sen and Jean-Paul Fitoussi argue in Mismeasuring Our Lives : Why GDP Doesn ' t Add < u > Up . “ Even if we succeeded in constructing the perfect measure for today , changes in our economy < / u > and our society would necessitate ” constant revisiting . < sup > 33 < / sup > The Cultural Trade Index ( the focus of this discussion ) is a modest beginning , one that intends to consider one sliver of trade in our society . Moreover , the data feeding into this index will need to be improved . That said , the index could stimulate debate on how creative trade could better be harvested for development . < sup > 34 < / sup > The complimentary index on cultural exchanges ( even if pursued with great care ) will also have limitations , and in both cases these indices must be interpreted with caution . Yet we cannot move forward by just focusing on limitations . We need to focus on possibilities . In the intellectual space , moreover , the debates can be endless . For instance , it is not easy to tell where all the parts and even services that go into making a piano in China ( or elsewhere ) originate . Also , in distinguishing between goods and services , while it is plausible , there is no need to know how to play the piano to make or assemble the piano . Whereas to make a movie ( as an actor ) you need to act . Another issue is the measuring of the quality of goods and services , a task difficult to execute , < sup > 35 < / sup > yet it can be a marker of progress . In our constantly changing world , as Coyle accentuates , “ we now have an economy dominated by services and intangibles , with _much_ greater variety of products and closely linked across national boundaries", "spans": [{"start": 473, "end": 493, "text": "Cultural Trade Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 25 | 0 . 83 | 0 . 17 | | Bangladesh | 4 . 83 | 5 . 46 | 9 . 60 | 3 . 13 | - | - | 1 . 14 | 0 . 28 | 1 . 51 | 1 . 27 | | Sri Lanka | 2 . 37 | 3 . 34 | 4 . 17 | 3 . 23 | 1 . 76 | 0 . 10 | - | - | 0 . 41 | 22 . 15 | | Nepal | 3 . 84 | 8 . 50 | 0 . 40 | 1 . 08 | 6 . 66 | 7 . 30 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 51 | - | - | | Maldives | 2 . 19 | 0 . 64 | 0 . 86 | 0 . 95 | N / A | N / A | 10 . 01 | 11 . 73 | NA | - | | Bhutan | - | 4 . 03 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 58 | 1 . 71 | N / A | N / A | N / A | 1 . 18 | | US | 4 . 99 | 1 . 53 | 1 . 46 | 2 . 37 | 3 . 13 | 2 . 59 | 16 . 02 | 2 . 58 | 37 . 31 | 0 . 70 | | UK | 0 . 76 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 81 | 0 . 97 | 0 . 76 | 1 . 23 | 0 . 80 | 1 . 49 | 2 . 05 | 0 . 30 | Note : Calculations are based on data from the IMF Direction of Trade Statistics Overall , the trade intensity indices and their movements from pre-reform to post-reform periods do not demonstrate a consistent positive relationship for all countries in the South Asia region . A positive increase in the TII appears only between India and Nepal ; in other cases , the bilateral relationships are asymmetric and / or in decline . The evidence also supports the earlier observation that South Asia does not appear to fit the", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 770, "text": "data from the IMF Direction of Trade Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a board as well as additional * * i l . in - : itiij * * caused * * by * * localized industry-specific spillovers and natural advantages . Drawing upon their model they propose an index of geographic concentration of employment in an industry that controls for industry characteristics , namely for the size distribution of plants in the industry . ' Indeed , one of the key advantages of the * * EG * * index is that it allows for cross-industry comparisons . Considering the aforementioned raw geographic concentration index * * Gj * * for industry _j_ and its plant size distribution as measured by the Herfindahl index , * * _Hj = I_ * * 1 < sup > _z_ < / sup > < sup > * * , * * where < / sup > < sup > * * zij * * < / sup > is plant i ' s share in employment of industry * * _j , _ * * the * * EG * * index for industry * * _j_ * * in a given time period is defined * * by * * Equation * * 1 : 6 * * The subtraction of the term * * ( 1 * * - * * _EMIx2 ) Hj_ * * in Equation 1 accounts for the aforementioned problem that * * Gj * * would be larger in industries with just a few large plants even if plants chose their locations randomly . That term corresponds to the level of concentration that would be expected ( in the model of Ellison and Glaeser * * ( 1997 ) ) * * if plants in the industry chose their locations independently and randomly and both industry-specific spillovers and natural advantages played no role . Therefore , the * * EG * * index measures the concentration of employment in an industry over and above the level of concentration that would have prevailed if plants were distributed completely at random . Greater values of the * * EG * * index are associated with greater geographic concentration of the industry . < sup > 7 < / sup > Dumais et al . ( 2002 ) show that the index can", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "H # KENYA # FOURTH EDUCATION PROJECT # ENROLLMENT PROJECTIONS FOR 6 YEAR OLD COHORT # KENYA TOTAL 1978-1994 | | Population | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Year | ( 6 years ) | Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 | Grade 7 | TOTAL | | 1978 | 488 . 0 | 501 . 0 | 373 . 0 | 344 . 0 | 341 . 0 | 440 . 0 | 550 . 0 | 325 . 0 | 2874 . 0 | | 1979 | 508 . 0 | 521 . 0 | 394 . 0 | 362 . 0 | 332 . 0 | 311 . 0 | 449 . 0 | 506 . 0 | 2875 . 0 | | 1980 | 528 . 0 | 541 . 0 | 417 . 0 | 383 . 0 | 349 . 0 | 301 . 0 | 321 . 0 | 420 . 0 | 2732 . 0 | | 1981 | 549 . 0 | 562 . 0 | 440 . 0 | 406 . 0 | 370 . 0 | 317 . 0 | 303 . 0 | 307 . 0 | 2705 . 0 | | 1982 | 571 . 0 | 584 . 0 | 464 . 0 | 429 . 0 | 392 . 0 | 338 . 0 | 317 . 0 | 293 . 0 | 2817 . 0 | | 1983 | 594 . 0 | 607 . 0 | 490 . 0 | 453 . 0 | 415 . 0 | 361 . 0 | 338 . 0 | 308 . 0 | 2972 . 0 | | 1984 | 618 . 0 | 631 . 0 | 517 . 0 | 478 . 0 | 439 . D | 384 . 0 | 360 . 0", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 83, "text": "ENROLLMENT PROJECTIONS FOR 6 YEAR OLD COHORT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Household businesses comprise the majority of firms in developing countries ( Hsieh and Olken , 2014 ; La Porta and Shleifer , 2014 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > They employ a large share of the workforce , and matter significantly to the livelihoods of households in low-income countries ( Gollin , 2002 , 2008 ; Nataraj , 2011 ; McCaig and Pavcnik , 2021 ) . Their performance and dynamics are therefore key to understanding the livelihoods of poor households , generation of jobs , and aggregate labor productivity in low-income countries . In this paper , we document novel stylized facts about entry and exit of household businesses in a developing country context . We utilize a unique tax census data disclosed by the General Department of Taxation that covers the universe of tax-registered household-owned businesses in Vietnam between January 2018 and August 2020 , a period spanning the COVID-19 pandemic . The data include monthly information on ( permanent ) closure filings and ( temporary ) suspensions of household businesses across all communes in the country . < sup > 2 < / sup > We find that tax-registered household businesses exhibit rates of entry and exit of about 5-6 percent a year . Existing estimates in the literature of the rate at which small firms die ( exit ) in developing countries range from as low as 3 percent per year ( Frazer , 2005 ; Davies and Kerr , 2018 ) to over 30 percent annually ( Fajnzylber et al . , 2006 ; Nagler and Naud ́ e , 2017 ) . McKenzie and Paffhausen ( 2019 ) find that the rate of firm exit in developing economies averages 8 . 3 percent per year . McCaig and Pavcnik ( 2021 ) document an entry and exit rate of 14-18 percent for informal sector firms in Vietnam . These estimates are higher than the ones documented in this paper and the difference is likely due to by the nature of the data , which includes household businesses whose larger revenue scales subject them to register and pay annual taxes by law , and are thus less prone to turnover . < sup > 3 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 726, "text": "tax census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , we explore whether perceptions of safety and mobility could be associated with conflict . While this information was not collected in 2014 , in Table 6 we report the results of a crosssectional regression analysis that considers a safety index ( higher values indicate not feeling safe ) and a mobility index ( higher values indicate more mobility ) . There is a clear and significant pattern – women living in districts with medium intensity conflict report feeling more safe and more mobile compared to low intensity districts . However , this result is reversed for women living in strong intensity districts , who report feeling less safe and less mobile during the day ( but not at night ) . These results indicate that there could be changes to the community and neighborhood due to conflict that could be indirectly associated with women ’ s role in decisionmaking . It could also explain why the female decision-making index is not significantly affected in strong intensity districts , since safety and mobility are diminished . _Table 6 : Mechanisms : Cross-sectional analysis from YHDS 2021_ | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Sa | fety | Mob | ility | | | At day | At night | Going out to < br > market at day | Going out to < br > work at day | | Medium | - 0 . 057 * * | - 1 . 090 * * * | 0 . 794 * * * | 0 . 343 * * * | | | ( 0 . 024 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | | Strong | 0 . 718 * * * | 0 . 513 * * * | - 0 . 071 * * * | 0 . 036 * * | | | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 031 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | PSU dummies | Yes", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development ( P146797 ) making more evidence-based decisions . The project outputs therefore centered on collection and dissemination of education statistics and student level performance data . # # # < u > Outputs < / u > - Development of the EMIS , including with EGM data . Learners were registered with unique personal identifiers , linked to their birth certificates . The percentage of primary schools submitting EMIS data increased from 60 % in 2015 to 90 % in 2021 ( target : 98 % ) . - Technical assistance to MOE for conducting national learning assessments , including training of 64 technical staff at the NAC . - Preparation of an Education Sector Analysis to review issues related to teachers , infrastructure , community , students , school leadership , school reforms , political dynamics , and language policy in schools . This analysis contributed to the development of the 2018-2022 National Education Sector Strategy Plan , also supported by the project . # # # < u > Outcomes < / u > - Standard 3 national assessments were conducted in 2016 and 2018 , with findings disseminated . In addition to identifying learning gaps , the assessments informed policy development and curriculum modifications . According to the ICR ( page 24 ) , the MOE has institutionalized a culture of assessment data utilization through the robust dissemination of data down to the school level . - EMIS data was published in annual educational statistical booklets from 2017-2021 . The MOE ’ s use of the system data includes student placement , disbursement of capitation for primary and secondary school grants , and provision of medical coverage to secondary school students . Achievement is rated Substantial due to evidence of strengthened capacity and increased use of data for evidence-based decision-making at the sector-wide level . * * Rating * * Substantial # * * < mark > OVERALL EFFICACY < / mark > * * # # * * <", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 313, "text": "student level performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 387, "end": 395, "text": "EGM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 540, "end": 549, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1526, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "law to obey their husbands . The overlap between the Global Findex and Gallup data and the WBL database is for up to 90 developing countries . Second , we use data from the OECD Gender , Institutions and Development ( GID ) database to test whether certain manifestations of gender norms affect the use of financial services . GID indicators attempt to measure the actual situation of women . < sup > 14 < / sup > We use the following two continuous variables measuring ( i ) the prevalence of early marriage and ( ii ) violence against women . < sup > 15 < / sup > These variables range from zero to one , with higher values indicating higher prevalence , that is , a more restrictive environment for women . OECD GID data are available for 104 mostly developing countries ; the database does not cover high income countries or countries in Eastern Europe . The overlap between the Global Findex and Gallup data and the OECD GID database is up to 86 developing countries . Table 2 presents summary statistics of these variables . In general , men and women are treated equally by the law in about 80 percent of the countries in our sample for any one of the questions we consider , with the exception that in 11 percent of countries , women are required by law to obey their husbands . The default marital property regime is separation in 35 percent of countries . On average , 21 percent of women enter into an early marriage , and the violence against women variable falls slightly to the right ( 56 percent ) of the midpoint of the no violence to violence spectrum . Appendix B provides more detailed variable descriptions and sources . # * * 4 . Empirical Methodology * * We next turn to multivariate regression analysis to explore whether gender differences in the use of financial services shown in summary statistics are robust after controlling for > 14 For details on methodology of OECD GID-DB see http : / / genderindex . org / sites / default / files / GID_variables . pdf . 15 The OECD GID database contains a total of 12 indicators . However , the other variables", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 103, "text": "WBL database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 710, "end": 723, "text": "OECD GID data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 890, "end": 912, "text": "Findex and Gallup data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 921, "end": 938, "text": "OECD GID database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1893, "end": 1904, "text": "OECD GID-DB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 1750 ) | 0 . 6736 | - 0 . 0018 | - 0 . 0073 | | Thaba-Tseka | 0 . 0088 < br > ( 0 . 0933 ) | 0 . 0066 < br > ( 0 . 0808 ) | 0 . 3069 | 0 . 0022 | 0 . 0178 | | _Faculty_ | | | | | | | Agriculture | 0 . 0374 | 0 . 0632 | 0 . 0000 | - 0 . 0258 | - 0 . 0836 | | | ( 0 . 1899 ) | ( 0 . 2434 ) | | | | | Education | 0 . 1778 < br > | 0 . 2696 < br > | 0 . 0000 | - 0 . 0917 | - 0 . 1566 | | | ( 0 . 3824 ) | ( 0 . 4438 ) | | | | | Health Sciences | 0 . 0541 < br > ( 0 . 2262 ) | 0 . 0692 < br > ( 0 . 2538 ) | 0 . 0107 | - 0 . 0151 | - 0 . 0444 | | Humanities | 0 . 0758 < br > ( 0 . 2646 ) | 0 . 1265 < br > ( 0 . 3324 ) | 0 . 0000 | - 0 . 0507 | - 0 . 1194 | | Law | 0 . 0430 | 0 . 0356 | 0 . 1275 | 0 . 0073 | 0 . 0266 | | | ( 0 . 2029 ) | ( 0 . 1856 ) | | | | | Science & Technology | 0 . 1272 < br > ( 0 . 3333 ) | 0 . 1234 < br > ( 0 . 3289 ) | 0 . 6346 | 0 . 0039 | 0 . 0083 | | Social Sciences | 0 . 2401 | 0 . 3125 | 0 . 0000 | - 0 . 0723 | - 0 . 1147 | | Observations | ( 0 . 4272 < br > 3419 | ( 0 . 4636 ) < br > 3194 | | | | _Source_ : Own calculations using NUL students ’ records data for the academic", "spans": [{"start": 1071, "end": 1098, "text": "NUL students ’ records data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF # 8 – MIXED AND ONWARD MOVEMENTS > * * BULGARIA * * # # # Drivers of Onward Movements 79 % of the respondents stated that they are willing to permanently stay in Bulgaria , if theyare granted legal status and assisted with family reunification . This finding suggests that Bulgaria is not merely a transit country from the perspective of asylum-seekers . According to a < u > participatory assessment < / u > UNHCR conducted in 2023 , 47 % of respondents stated that they would like to establish their lives in Bulgaria until they can return to safety in their countries of origin . These findings suggest that poor reception conditions , < sup > 3 < / sup > including administrative barriers to accessing essential services such as health care and education , as well as limited opportunities for employment and incomes that do not support decent living conditions , are among the primary motivators of onward movements . For instance , without a valid identity document , recognized refugees are not able to open bank accounts , which in turn prevents their employment in the formal labour market . Refugees have limited access to social protection due to legal and administrative barriers , which often requires litigation before an administrative court to overturn the decision rejecting their application with the Agency for Social Assistance . 76 % of the respondents in the 2024 protection monitoring interviews were accommodated in the reception centres at the time of the interview . While 98 % of the respondents had access to basic health care provided in these centres , 48 % felt very safe and only 28 % had food three times a day . * * In focus - Syria : * * 62 % of Syrian nationals reported that they were displaced from their country due to threats to their lives , while slightly more than 26 % reported generalized violence and discrimination being the main reason for their displacement . 9 % attributed their decision to leave Syria due to lack of access to basic services and 3 % to seeking family reunification . 82 , 5 % of the Syrian respondents", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1435, "text": "2024 protection monitoring interviews", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Conference , Washington DC . - Hertel , T . , Tyner , W . , and Birur , D . 2008 . “ Biofuels for All ? Understanding the Global Impacts of Multinational Mandates ” . GTAP Working Paper No . 51 . - Hahn , R . , and C . Cecot . 2009 . “ The Benefits and Costs of Ethanol : An Evaluation of the Government ‟ s Analysis ” . _Journal of Regulatory Economics_ . 35 ( 3 ) : 275-295 . - Gal Hochman , G . , Rajagopal , D . , Timilsina , G . R . and Zilberman , D . 2011 . The Role of Inventory Adjustments in Quantifying Factors Causing Food Price Inflation , World Bank Policy Working Paper , No . 5744 , World Bank , Washington , DC . - Horridge , M . 2008 . “ SplitCom : Programs to disaggregate a GTAP sector ” . Melbourne , Australia : Centre of Policy Studies , Monash University . IMF Commodity Prices . ( http : / / www . imf . org / external / np / res / commod / index . asp ) - International Food Policy Research Institute . 2008 . “ Higher Food Prices : The What , Who , and How Proposed Action ” . IFPRI Policy Brief , IFPRI , Washington D . C . - Ivanic , M . and Martin , W . 2008 . “ Implications for Higher Global Food Prices for Poverty in Low Income Countries ” . Development Research Group , Trade Group . World Bank , Washington D . C - Keeney R . , and Hertel , T . 2008 . „ The Indirect Land Use Impacts of U . S . Biofuel Policies : The Importance of Acreage , Yield , and Bilateral Trade Responses ” GTAP Working Paper No . 32", "spans": [{"start": 781, "end": 801, "text": "IMF Commodity Prices", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The results in Table 1 confirm the general picture in Figure 1 . The electoral parameter in columns ( i ) , ( iii ) and ( v ) is positive and significart at the 5 % level or better in all three specifications . This suggests that expenditures on both comrnunity-based projects and special projects were significantly higher than expected in the three months leading up to elections . When the three elections enter into the regression separately , the influence of elections on the timing of expenditures is most apparent for the special projects , especially for the October 1993 referendum and the April 1995 presidential election . < sup > 7 < / sup > The empirical analysis above suggests that Fujimori boosted FONCODES expenditures when it mattered most . But there are obviously other factors at work . Consider , for example , the expenditure spike in September 1994 ( month = 35 ) , the second-largest in 1he data set . In August 1994 , Manuel Vara Ochoa replaced Manuel Estela as the executive director of FONCODES . Estela was a technocrat who was highly regarded at the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank . Prior to being appointed executive director of FONCODES , he had been the head of SUNAT , the govemrnment agency charged with the collection of taxes in Peru . Estela brought to FONCODES his advisors from SUNAT , and a working method which emphasized a rigorous screening of project proposals . This was not , however , to Fujimori ' s liking , and the president quickly became dissatisfied with Estela ' s unwillingness to meet \" disbursement targets \" . Estela ' s replacement , Manuel Vara Ochoa , was a friend of President Fujimori ' s from their days together as professors at the Agrarian University in Lima , and was understood to be more sensitive to the political importance of a speedy approval process . The massive spike in expenditures in September 1994 may be a result of the wholesale approval of projects which had not been funded during the Estela period . In conclusion , there is some evidence of a political expenditure cycle in FONCODES projects , but the electoral calendar is by no means the only determinant", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 925, "text": "1he data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The FEPB provides compensation for any kind of death as long as the migrant had obtained permits from DoFE , died within the duration of his contract , and the family files a claim within a year of the date of death with necessary documents . The necessary documents would typically be issued by local authorities after verifying that the claimant is indeed related to the deceased migrant worker . This verification process may also aid in the transmission of the news of a migrant death in addition to the word-of-mouth diffusion of news among potential migrants . The records at FEPB are considered quite comprehensive counts of the death of registered migrant workers abroad . < sup > 6 < / sup > The data used in this paper contains all such claims made with FEPB for deaths that occurred from January 2009 to December 2013 . For each deceased ( anonymized ) , I observe the date of death , the country of death , district of residence in Nepal and the cause of death reported in the death certificate . Figure 3 shows the total number of deaths for every month in each of the major destination countries . The figure shows an increase in the reported number of deaths in most destinations akin to the increase in migrant outflow . Because migrant deaths are rare events , the numbers look sporadic for countries with smaller migrant flows , and therefore a small migrant stock . I aggregate this data up to the district-destination-month cell for analysis . Each district-destination cell experienced 0 . 1 deaths in a month , with the variation across destinations resembling the migrant stocks in the destination countries ( Column 2 , Table 2 ) . Though considered an accurate source of information on the number of migrant deaths , this data > 6Note that it is not the complete census of all deaths of Nepali workers abroad as it relies on the claims made by the family of the deceased . 6", "spans": [{"start": 573, "end": 588, "text": "records at FEPB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Credit Growth = _ _T_ in our case is 17 since 1991 is the first year for which a growth rate can be computed . _Credit Growth_ is used as a dependent variable that captures banking development . The data on private credit is obtained from the World Bank ’ s Financial Structure Database , while GDP is from the IMF ’ s _International Financial Statistics . _ # < u > B . Related Lending < / u > Because regulatory authorities in many countries do not require banks to report the percentage of loans made to related parties , and because even those that do have such requirements do not employ uniform definitions of a related party , a key challenge is measuring the extent of related lending across countries . It seems highly likely , however , that related lending is more prevalent in countries where regulators are more tolerant of cross-ownership between banks and nonfinancial firms and where restrictions on the ownership of bank capital by related parties or a single owner are less binding . Indeed , in nineteenth century New England , which is perhaps the quintessential case of the rapid development of a banking system on the basis of related lending , state regulators were quite tolerant of the fact that the owners of the major industrial firms were also the owners of the banks , and that the ownership of bank stock tended to be highly concentrated among a small group of individuals . Indeed , the banks were essentially the treasury arms of family-run manufacturing companies ( Lamoreaux 1994 ) . We therefore construct a proxy for the prevalence of related lending drawing on the database of bank regulation and supervision created by Barth , Caprio , and Levine ( hereafter BCL , 2000 , 2003 ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > Box 1 reports the questions that underlie our proxy . The first two questions refer to the ownership structure of banks ( the maximum share that a single entity or individual may own , and the maximum that a related party may own ) . The second two refer to the degree to which banks are restricted from owning non-financial firms , and vice versa . Survey responses come", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 287, "text": "Financial Structure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1603, "end": 1646, "text": "database of bank regulation and supervision", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the overall returns , showing considerable decline . Returns in the informal sector exhibit less variability , ranging from only 5 . 7 to 7 . 3 percent during the whole ten year period . Returns in the formal sector are higher than returns in the informal sector and the spread is increasing after 1996 . Table 2 : Shares of Sectors of Employment : 1992-2002 | Formal | Informal | Employees | Self-employed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1992 < br > 65 . 3 | 34 . 7 | 71 . 4 | 19 . 9 | | 1995 < br > 54 . 5 | 45 . 5 | 67 . 8 | 26 . 9 | | 1996 < br > 54 . 9 | 45 . 1 | 67 . 3 | 27 . 6 | | 1997 < br > 53 . 1 | 46 . 9 | 68 . 1 | 26 . 6 | | 1998 < br > 51 . 1 | 48 . 9 | 64 . 9 | 29 . 5 | | 1999 < br > 49 . 2 | 50 . 8 | 62 . 3 | 31 . 2 | | 2000 < br > 48 . 0 | 52 . 0 | 60 . 5 | 33 . 1 | | 2001 < br > 47 . 6 | 52 . 4 | 60 . 8 | 29 . 9 | | 2002 < br > 46 . 0 | 54 . 0 | 62 . 4 | 29 . 3 | | Source : Encuesta de Hogarespor Mue | stro | | | Figure 2 : Shares of employment for Informal Sector , Employees and Self-employed : 1992-2002 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 Informal < br > 40 Employees < br > 30 Self-employed < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1992 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 7", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 933, "text": "Encuesta de Hogarespor Mue", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the case of internal migration , Kochar ( 2004 ) provides a test using microeconomic data . The method consists of estimating how the differences in returns to schooling between a rural area and the nearby urban area affects the probability of completing middle school for rural boys aged 15-20 . The results show that rural schooling decisions in India are undertaken in response to the possibility of employment in urban areas . # _3 . 2 . 3 ) Consequences of migration for the urban area of destination_ To our knowledge , work on the effects of internal migration on the urban area of destination is scarce . This contrasts with the more numerous studies of the impact of international migration on natives in the host country of destination ( for surveys , see Borjas , 1999 , or Greenwood and McDowell , 1999 ) . But the effects of internal migration could differ from those of international migration . In the case of internal migration , the absence of an exchange rate makes migration a central equilibriating mechanism for regional imbalances in economic activity so that partial equilibrium analysis seems inappropriate . Furthermore , because of differences in migrant selectivity ( which should probably be attributed to differences in migration costs and migration restrictions ) and because of differences in local economic contexts ( the more regulated labor market in developed countries _versus_ the less regulated urban labor markets in developing countries ) , the expected effects on the area of destination and their magnitudes should also differ . In particular , internal migrants in developing countries are more likely to be less skilled than natives in the urban area of destination , whereas international migrants might be more or less skilled than the average native in the country of destination . To better characterize internal migration flows and stocks , it would be very useful to build databases on internal migration by education in a selection of developing countries , complementing the work of Docquier and Marfouk ( 2005 ) who recently built such a database for international migration . But , to our knowledge , this work remains to be done . 42", "spans": [{"start": 74, "end": 92, "text": "microeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1926, "end": 1957, "text": "databases on internal migration", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2094, "end": 2130, "text": "database for international migration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | Y | Y | Y | | Date | 01-Jun-2015 | 29-Jul-2016 | 12-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2019 | # # Comments UNICEF supported collection of 2016 EMIS data . Data entry is ongoing . Taking into account UNICEF support , the MTR mission will consider how to move forward with the EMIS activities . 2 / 15 / 2017 Page 12 of 19 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 183, "text": "2016 EMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "environmental and social risks and impacts associated with all phases of the project lifecycle ( construction , operation , and decommissioning ) and propose appropriate mitigation measures in line with both national regulations and the World Bank ' s Environmental and Social Standards ( ESSs ) . # # * * Step 2 : Scoping * * Following the initial screening and determination of the need for a Comprehensive ESIA , a thorough * * Scoping process * * was undertaken . This crucial step involves a multi-faceted approach to define the project boundaries , understand the existing environmental and social context , and identify the key issues and potential impacts that require detailed investigation in the subsequent assessment stages . The primary objective of this scoping phase was to focus the comprehensive ESIA on the priority issues – those activities with the highest likelihood of causing significant adverse impacts on both natural and socio-economic environments throughout the subsequent stages of the assessment . By strategically narrowing the scope of the detailed assessment , we aim to ensure that the ESIA resources are effectively directed towards the most critical potential impacts , allowing for a more in-depth and meaningful evaluation and the development of targeted and effective mitigation measures . This early identification of key issues ensures that the subsequent impact assessment stages are efficient , focused , and ultimately provide valuable information for informed decision-making regarding the sustainable development of the VMF . # # * * Step 3 : Detailed Data Gathering on Baseline Conditions * * Following the completion of the scoping phase , we proceeded to gather detailed data on baseline conditions across various environmental and socio-economic factors . Our data gathering efforts included : - Assessed the quality and characteristics of water , air , soil , groundwater , and biodiversity ( flora and fauna ) in the project area . - Conducted evaluations of demographic data , economic activities , and the provision of services within the community . - Examined existing waste management facilities operated by KIP and local municipalities to understand current capacities and practices . - Identified other factors , including legacy issues , that", "spans": [{"start": 2011, "end": 2027, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 . 1 | 2 . 7 | | 1998 | ENIGFAM ( 1998 ) | ( 30 . 8 ) | ( 50 . 3 ) | 15 . 9 | 3 . 1 | | 2000 | ENCOVI ( 2000 ) | 28 . 9 | 48 . 6 | 16 . 5 | 6 . 0 | | 2002 | ENEI 1 ( 04-05 / 2002 ) | 26 . 9 | 49 . 3 | 19 . 3 | 4 . 5 | | 2002 | ENEI 2 ( 08-09 / 2002 ) | 24 . 7 | 50 . 8 | 19 . 3 | 5 . 2 | | 2002 | ENEI 3 ( 10-11 / 2002 ) | 25 . 0 | 48 . 7 | 21 . 0 | 5 . 3 | _Source : _ Compiled from census and survey data , ENCOVI and ENEI figures are from UNDP Guatemala . a / Brackets indicate uncertain figures . Discrepancies are due to rounding . In any case , simply employing gross enrollment ratios would overestimate the accumulation of human capital . Gross enrollment ratios are defined as the ratio of total enrollment in the respective schooling level to the population of the age group that is expected to be enrolled at that level . Thus , gross enrollment ratios can exceed 1 and therefore exaggerate the true amount of enrollment when students repeat , which is often the case in Guatemala . < sup > 13 < / sup > In response to this problem and in order to benchmark the estimated educational attainment data with census and survey information , the gross enrollment ratios have been adjusted by a depreciation factor for the respective education level , as reported in Loening ( 2004 ) . > 13 The use of net enrollment ratios is hampered by large data gaps . Also , net enrollment ratios introduce large measurement errors if there are under - or over-aged children starting at each level of education , see Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) . In Guatemala students who start late constitute a significant fraction of total enrollment — in particular for primary schooling . - 19 -", "spans": [{"start": 1085, "end": 1112, "text": "educational attainment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1118, "end": 1147, "text": "census and survey information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". fth of the population , and skilled emigration rates are extremely high ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > In this context , Batista and Vicente ( 2011 ) set up a \" voting experiment \" along the following lines : following a survey on perceived corruption in public services , respondents were asked to mail a pre-stamped postcard if they wanted the results of the survey to be made publicly available in the national media . Controlling for individual , household and locality characteristics , they regressed participation in the voting experiment , which they interpret as demand for accountability , on migration prevalence at the locality level . They show that current > 7In the penultimate paragraph of their article on \" arti . . . cial states \" , Alesina , Easterly and Matuszeski ( 2008 ) write : \" probably the single most important issue that we have not addressed is that of migrations . One consequence of arti . . . cial borders is that people may want to move , if they can . . . . In some cases , migrations that respond to arti . . . cial borders may be partly responsible for economic costs , wars , dislocation of people , refugee crises and a host of undesirable circumstances . . . . But sometimes the movement of people may correct for the arti . . . cial nature of borders . \" > 8Brain drain . . . gures for Cape Verde are 67 percent in Docquier and Marfouk ( 2006 ) and remain very high ( 60 percent ) even after excluding people who emigrated before age 18 and acquired their tertiary education abroad ( Beine et al . , 2007 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 265, "text": "survey on perceived corruption in public services", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > We begin with an illustration of the mapping algorithm that we have used for this exercise . Figure 1 < br > range includes areas in Argentina , Chile , Bolivia and Peru . Figure 1 ( a ) presents an expert range map for < br > Lagidium viscacia developed by Burgin et al . ( 2020 ) . Figure 1 ( b ) shows the locations of the GBIF occurrence < br > reports used for our mapping exercise . The two figures show that reported sightings of this species include < br > the Burgin map but extends its northern and southern boundary areas to incorporate these sightings . < br > The mapping algorithm is a byproduct of recent research on machine-based pattern recognition , cluster < br > analysis and image processing . Formally , it addresses a problem in computational geometry : efficient < br > bounding of a spatial set , given a subset of points that are actually observed . Sets with irregular shapes < br > are poorly represented by traditional algorithms that draw simple convex hulls . < br > continuous non-convex boundaries for efficient representation . This powerful property has motivated < br > rapid adoption of alphahull for species range analysis in the recent professional literature ( Kass et al . 2022 ; < br > Of the 610 , 694 species in our database , alphahull successfully estimates occurrence maps for 92 . 9 % < br > occurrence reports into spatial clusters and draw a convex hull around each cluster . Overall , our algorithms < br > estimate occurrence maps for more than 560 , 000 terrestrial species and more than 41 , 000 marine species . < br > To our knowledge , this is the largest set of species maps that have been estimated from open-source data . < br > Our estimation algorithms are designed to support expansion of GBIF species maps with the continuing < br > As an illustration , Figure 1 ( c ) displays the algorithm ’ s application to GBIF occurrence reports for Lagidium < br > viscacia . The alphahull boundary follows the curvilinear north-south orientation ofthe point set", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 515, "text": "Burgin map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1699, "end": 1715, "text": "open-source data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 14 shows these results . The coefficients are almost identical to those in tables 10 , 11 and 12 and therefore we do not have any reason to believe that the results discussed in section 5 . 2 are biased by the effects of the civil violence in 2006 . # * * _5 . 3 . 2 . Migration biases in the analysis of school outcomes in 2001 and 2007_ * * A final important concern in our analysis is the fact that some individuals have migrated at some point in their lives , thereby introducing a potential selection bias in the results . The 2001 and 2007 datasets provide information on their place of birth and their place of current residence . < sup > 28 < / sup > If both coincide , then we can infer that they either did not migrate or migrated but only temporarily . There is , however , a group of individuals that migrated to a different place from the place of birth . The percentage of those that migrated represents 13 % of the sample in 2001 , and 19 % and 24 % respectively in the two samples of 2007 . < sup > 29 < / sup > The data does not allow us to establish when this migration occurred , or whether these individuals migrated for conflict related reasons . But a form of selectivity bias may occur if individuals did not choose the new place of residence randomly ( the so called ― spatial sorting ‖ , see Kondylis 2010 ) . For instance , if we find that those that migrated went to areas in which economic conditions are typically better ( for instance , urban areas ) , our results would be likely to exhibit a downward bias in the effect of violence on education . We have estimated the impact of a potential spatial sorting effect in tables 15 and 16 ( for 2001 ) and table 17 ( for 2007 ) . These tables show the estimated results for the sample of individuals that never moved from the place of birth to the place of current residence for 2001 and 2007 , respectively . These calculations test if the results in section 5 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 560, "text": "2001 and 2007 datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adult * * | * * e ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgé * * | * * e ( > 59 ans ) * * < br > | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | * * Tombouctou * * | * * 19042 * * | * * 25958 * * | * * 20064 * * | * * 46022 * * | * * 19653 * * | * * 17840 * * | * * 37493 * * | * * 1647 * * | * * 822 * * | * * 2469 * * | * * 47258 * * | * * 38726 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "We explore the economic magnitude of effects of increasing SCI , trade openness , and primary school enrollment by one standard deviation on the log of real GDP per capita . For panel estimations , we use the within-country standard deviation of the variables . For all the estimations , the magnitude of the effect of increasing SCI by 1 standard deviation ( ranging from 0 . 002 to 0 . 009 ) is larger than the magnitude for primary school enrollment ( 0 . 0001 to 0 . 001 ) . Comparing SCI with trade openness , the magnitude of the effect of increasing SCI by 1 standard deviation is slightly larger than the magnitude of trade openness in the system GMM estimations ( 0 . 0023 vs . 0 . 0016 ) but more than twice as large using the IV estimations ( 0 . 009 vs . 0 . 004 ) . The caveat with comparisons of the effects of data transparency , trade openness , and education is that they may entail different costs . Unfortunately , there is little data available on the amount invested by countries on data transparency ( World Bank , 2021 ) . However , there is some indication that data transparency is less costly than for example improving education systems . < sup > 12 < / sup > The developing Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) region is the only region in the sample that experienced a decrease in the SCI score between 2005 and 2018 , thus offering another assessment of the economic magnitude of the impact of SCI on the level of GDP per capita . Within this period the average SCI score for the region fell by approximately 4 . 4 percent , while trade decreased by 2 . 7 percent ( using 2018 as the base ) . Between 2005 and 2017 , primary school enrollment rates increased by 1 . 5 percent . < sup > 13 < / sup > The base OLS estimates with the cross-section data show a loss of - 1 . 8 percent in GDP per capita between 2005 and 2018 due to the fall in SCI . This is larger than the - 0 . 4 percent decrease in GDP", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 < br > | * * 69 * * | | Industry | 7 . 5 | 10 . 2 | 16 . 0 | 17 . 3 | 40 | | < br > Manufacturing | 61 | 64 | 78 | 82 | 20 | | < br > Services | . < br > 19 . 2 | . < br > < br > 33 . 2 | . < br > 38 . 5 | . < br > 38 . 9 | o | | Private consumption | . . | 85 . 0 | 85 . 1 | 82 . 6 | - 201 < br > 92 < br > 93 < br > * * 94 * * < br > * * 95 * * < br > 96 < br > 97 | | < br > General government < br > consumption < br > | . . < br > | 9 . 0 < br > < br > | 10 . 2 < br > | * * 9 . 9 * * < br > 3G < br > | D1 < br > - < br > DP | | Importsof goods and services | 9 . 6 | < br > 15 . 2 | 23 . | 20 . 3 | | | _l th_ | * * 1976-86 * * | * * 1987-97 * * | < br > * * 1996 * * | * * 1997 * * | * * Growth rates of exports and imports * * ( % ) | | _ ( average annua grow ) _ < br > Agriculture | . . | 4 . 1 | 4 . 4 | 1 . 3 | so | | < br > Industry < br > Manufacturing | . . < br > . . | 11 . 0 < br > 12 . 2 | 18 . 1 < br > 19 . 7 | 14 . 5 < br > 13 . 5 | | | < br > Services | . . | 7 . 9 | 8 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 733, "text": "Growth rates of exports and imports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 4 : 10-year monthly bond yields for A - and B-rated issuers * * We present the end-of-month bond yield data . Although all bonds studied are investment grade , we can discern a clear co-movement in the yields of A-rated issuers , which is much less pronounced in B-rated issuers . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A-rated issuers ( AAA to A - ) < br > 15 . 0 < br > 12 . 5 < br > 10 . 0 < br > 7 . 5 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > B-rated issuers ( BBB + to BB - ) < br > 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > explain the original sin . Instead , only the total size of the economy matters . Further , Claessens et al . ( 2007 ) find that the depth of the domestic financial system , exchange rate regimes and the composition of the investor base matter for how much a country decides to issue in foreign currencies . Regarding the sovereign credit risk , Amstad et al . ( 2020 ) do not find evidence for differences in credit ratings due to higher inflation risks . They also find that the gap in credit ratings between currencies has narrowed within the past two decades due to favorable global reserve conditions . We use Bloomberg ’ s end-of-month generic government bond indices for the 10-year and 2-year tenors ( Figure 4 , Appendix ) . We treat the former as the long-term yields in this study and proxy the slope of the yield curve through the difference between the 10 - and 2-year rates . Missing data points are imputed through cubic spline interpolation ( Waggoner , 1997 ) . See Figure 10 , Appendix , for a visual example of this procedure . # * * 2 . 3 * * To control for effects due to short-term growth variables , we include monthly GDP growth and consumer price index ( CPI ) growth , to", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 120, "text": "end-of-month bond yield data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "andonlyforthe < / sup > purposes for which the financing was provided ; - * * _b ) _ * * Counterpart funds from the Government of Ethiopia < sup > havebeenprovidedandusedin < / sup > accordance . with the financing agreement < sup > andonlyforthepurposeforwhich the < / sup > financing was provided ; - * * c ) * * Goods and services financed have been provided < sup > inaccordancewiththerelevant < / sup > financing agreement and disbursement letters ; < sup > and < / sup > - * * d ) * * Designated Account has been maintained < sup > in < / sup > accordance < sup > with theprovisionsof < / sup > the relevant financing agreement . Furthermore , with respect to the statements of expenditures < sup > submittedduringthe yearand < / sup > listed on page * * 9 , * * in our opinion , - a ) The statements , together with the procedures and internal < sup > controlsinvolvedintheir < / sup > preparation can be relied upon to support the related < sup > withdrawals ; < / sup > - * * b ) * * Adequate supporting documentation has been < sup > maintainedtosupportclaimstothe < / sup > world bank for reimbursements of expenditures incurred ; < sup > and < / sup > - * * c ) * * Said expenditures are eligible for financing under * * IDA * * credit < sup > no . < / sup > < sup > * * 5371ET . * * < / sup > * * 13 * * December 2021 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "orthomaps on which the TL sections are shown along with the locations of all towers ( suspension and angle ) . * * Figure 6 : * * * * _Orthomap Showing the Wobulenzi to Masaka TL Route with Angle and End Towers_ * * # # # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Transmission Line Tower Design Elements * * TL towers support the conductors and provide physical and electrical isolation for energized lines . The minimum set of specifications for towers are the material of construction , type or geometry , span between towers , weight , number of circuits , and circuit configuration . At 400kV , the material of construction is generally steel , though aluminum and hybrid construction , which uses both steel and aluminum , have also been used . The type of tower refers to basic tower geometry . The options are lattice , pole ( or monopole ) , H-frame , guyed-V , or guyed-Y . The span is commonly expressed in the average number of towers per kilometer . This value ranges from 2 to 4 towers per mile ( 1 . 6km ) . The weight of the tower varies substantially with height , duty ( straight run or corner , river crossing , etc . ) , material , number of circuits , and geometry . The average weight for 400kV lines is 10000 kg . * * 98 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 9, "text": "orthomaps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rainfall ( mm ) | 100 | 86 | 141 | 280 | 257 | 98 | 65 | 91 | 87 | 108 | 146 | 126 | 1585 | | Evaporation ( mm | 148 | 156 | 173 | 170 | 148 | 126 | 129 | 134 | 143 | 163 | 144 | 142 | 1778 | Source : Crul ( 1993 ) Mean daily temperature varies between 22 ° C in July and 24 ° C in February . The mean minimum varies from 17 ° C in April , with mean maximum varying from 26 ° C in June to 35 ° C in February . The average relative humidity at 08 : 30 hours ranges from 76 percent in December to 87 percent in July . At 14 : 30 hours , average relative humidity is 53 percent in January and 68 percent in May ( Bitarakwate _et al . , _ 1967 ) . Wind speed and direction data have been obtained from the Department of Meteorology for their Jinja Kimaka meteorological station . The data covered the period January 1999 to June 2000 . Measurements were made four times a day at 06 : 00 , 09 : 00 , 12 : 00 and 15 : 00 hours . The most recent full year , July 1999 to June 2000 , was analysed . Detailed data are included in Appendix C . 2 . The local meteorology is characterised by a very high frequency of southerly winds . Prevailing southerly winds occur for over 30 percent of the year . Winds from the west-northwest to the east are very infrequent . Wind speeds between 5 to 7 knots occur most frequently , and between 7 and 9 knots half as often . Southerly winds in these speed ranges occur for over 20 percent of the R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 710, "end": 739, "text": "Wind speed and direction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 1 Growth Consistent with Reasonable Time Paths of Growth Drivers * * Having calibrated the model , I now move to analyze the long ‐ term growth scenarios for the country . The first approach consists of choosing reasonable paths of drivers of growth and uses the model to solve for the resulting growth paths . Specifically , I assume the following time paths : - * * Growth rate of human capital per worker : * * � � � � . � % * * . * * The historical trend in human capital index from the PWT 8 . 1 provides guidance regarding the reasonable path of human capital per worker going forward . The PWT 8 . 1 reports the index based on the Barro ‐ Lee method that takes into account both the years of schooling as well as returns on education . The PWT 8 . 1 data is available for the period 1990 – 2010 . After reaching a peak during the second half of 1990s , the growth of human capital index has been on a downward trend . The average growth rate stood just below 1 . 4 percent during the period 2006 – 2010 . It seems likely that the growth rate of human capital will continue its gradual decline with contribution from gains in primary education diminishing as it reaches absolute levels . As such , the human capital per worker growth rate is assumed to be 1 . 3 percent per annum going into the future . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 . 0 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 1991 ‐ 1995 1996 ‐ 2000 2001 ‐ 2005 2006 ‐ 2010 < br > Source : PWT 8 . 1 < br > Growth Rate of HC Index ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > - * * Growth rate of TFP : * * � � � � % . A TFP index for the country is calculated using the data and methodology listed in PWT 8", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 510, "text": "PWT 8 . 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 757, "end": 771, "text": "PWT 8 . 1 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "JR | < br > CES | | | | | | | - - - - - - - … - - … - - CDMPARkATISE : EDUCATION DATA ARE IISIFUL IN THE EVALUATION 36 VARIOUS EDUCATION SYSTEMS AND ) ANILYSIS OF RELATIVE STAGES OF EDUCATIONAL . DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN VAPIOUS COUNTRIEs . HCAEVER , CN THE SASIS 36 THE PRESENT DATA , CBTISS-NATIONRL . COMPARISON SHOULD BE APPROACHED WITH GRFAT TAUT T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ EM * * A * * 1I74 . INDER RE STAFF 0A16 PRESENTED EST1MATES 09 JATA 65DM UNESCO . EFFORTS HAVE 1K THE A8768 TABLE HAVE BEEN COLLECTED LARtGELY 8Y THE BANK MISSIONS FROM GOVERNM4ENT SOURCESI FHE 8EEN MADE TI STANDARDTZF DEFINITIONS AND WAITHIN LIMITS , To CHECK THE ACCURACY PROGRESSIAELT ONRI NO OF THE OATS . NEVERTHELESS , SUCH DATA ARE STILL IMPEPFECT IN SEVEPAL RESPECTS AND THE RANK IS WJORKIN4G 1 THE UCCASION OF - ITS rOPERATIOINAL WOPI ) . IN THE USE OFz THESE 04T8 , THE FOLLOWING QJALIFICATIONS TO IMPRtOVE THEM SHOUL10 BE BORNE IN - IIIEO ( UCATIWr ' AS DEFTINEDJ 212 ' PBIMARY EVIOCATION ~ EFEAS IN THP TARLE INCLUDES ALL EDUCAT104 AND TIAIN4ING . FOR ) MAL AND NOIN-FORMAL ; TO EDUCATION AT THE FIRST LEVEL AND - SECONDARY - EDUCATION REFERS TO ALL EDUJCATION AT THE SECONDARY - LEEL PEG , APDLESS ' F6 TYPE ( E . G . GEN4ERAL , TECHNICAL , A06 [ CULTURAL )", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 85, "text": "EDUCATION DATA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> | * * 36 * * < br > | 2 . 2 | * * . 3 * * | * * 3 * * | * * _30_ * * | * * 50 * * | * * - o - * * | | RangeMax | 1608 | 99 . 4 | * * 70 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 65 * * | * * 380 * * | * * 5 . b * * | | Mean | * * 571 * * | * * 30 . 2 * * | * * 23 . 7 * * | 4 . 8 | 48 | 224 | 2 . 0 | | * * Std * * Deviatio | n < br > * * 553 * * | * * 27 . 6 * * | * * 17 . 5 * * | * * . 7 * * | * * 10 * * | * * 99 * * | * * 1 . 9 * * | a Source : * * AFC * * a / Source : Republic of Kenya , Economic Survey * * 1973 p . 79 * * Source Estimated from Republic of Kenya , National Atlas of Kenya , 3rd ed . , * * 1970 . * * * * ( D * * _ / Source : Estimated from District AnnualReports published * * by * * the Ministry of Agriculture * * 1970-72 * * Source : Expert opinion * * - * * Refer to text for explanation . f / District served * * by * * two * * AFC * * branches . Years covered is an average . Estimated * * - * * figure not available in District Annual Reports consulted .", "spans": [{"start": 477, "end": 492, "text": "Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 555, "end": 578, "text": "National Atlas of Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 647, "end": 669, "text": "District AnnualReports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 933, "end": 956, "text": "District Annual Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and host population — depends highly on local markets to buy food , voucher provision in the lean season has the potential to trigger food price inflation , which would reduce the purchasing power of all of these groups . For that reason , direct food transfers will be provided monthly during the lean season ( which lasts three to four months ) at distribution sites . Food items will include basic staples , oil , sugar , and salt . Every effort is made to ensure the safety of beneficiaries , especially women recipients , at the distribution sites . 12 . The timing of the switch between food vouchers and direct transfers will be based on food price monitoring data , which is collected weekly or biweekly in many local markets , as well as the local knowledge of WFP staff . For example , prices normally dip in August / September as traders release their stocks to prepare for the coming harvest . Traders ’ failure to release stocks at that time indicates an anticipated poor harvest . The decision to procure food must be made at least four to six months in advance of distribution to allow time for procurement , so decision making in this regard is an art supported by local knowledge and early trends in food prices and market behavior . 13 . In addition to the vouchers and direct food transfers , which target all household members , specialized food assistance will be provided to children aged 6 – 23 months for four months to prevent seasonal spikes in malnutrition . This activity is planned for the initial 12 months of displacement only , as experience with camp-based populations in this area shows that over time nutritional status tends to stabilize at acceptable levels ( defined in terms of the rate of Global 26", "spans": [{"start": 645, "end": 671, "text": "food price monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The first is that the income earned by overseas and domestic migrants from Kerala may be similar , in light of the educational background of most of the members of these two groups . While the bulk of overseas migrants tend to have a secondary-school education , a majority of domestic migrants have gone on to pursue post-secondary studies . In Figure 4 , I show the education distribution of Kerala ’ s migrants , drawing from the 2014 KMS , which collected data on the income of Keralite households . For overseas migrants , there is a clear peak at 10 years of education — the middle of the distribution . In contrast , for domestic migrants , the mass of the distribution is around 15 years of education , or negatively skewed . The concentration around 10 years of schooling for overseas migrants is not coincidental . India ’ s Emigration Act of 1983 established a requirement that , in order to work overseas , individuals without a secondary school leaving certificate ( SSLC ) — which one can only obtain by passing a public examination after completing class 10 — must apply to the office of the Protector-General of Emigration ( PGE ) for emigration clearance ( Sasikumar and Hussain , 2008 ) . To avoid this bureaucratic process , households that plan to send family members abroad are more likely to do so after those individuals fulfill the SSLC requirement . With respect to monthly income , Figure 5 shows that overseas migrants with around 10 years of schooling earn amounts similar to those of peers with post-secondary schooling who migrate within India . As most domestic migrants have earnings at least equal to what most overseas migrants make , the gains experienced by migrant households in Kerala , all else being equal , would be similar , on average , across both migration pathways . A second possible explanation is that migrant households could be allocating similar amounts of overseas and domestic remittances to the types of asset purchases examined in this paper , irrespective of how much money is actually being sent home in either case . A tendency for households — particularly those with domestic or international migrants — to compare themselves socially with other households may", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 441, "text": "2014 KMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "withdrawn | in | | | Endingbalanceon30thJune , 2023 | | 1 , 514 , 685 . 84 | | * * AUTHORISED * * REPRESENTATIVE | * * SIGNATURE : * * | | | * * CENTRAL BANKOFKENYA * * | * * DATE * * | | | * * AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE * * < br > * * EXTERNALRESOURCES * * | * * SIGNATURE : * * | | | * * DEPARTMENT-TREASURY * * | * * DATE * * | | NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and < sup > the off-shore < / sup > Special Account as at 30th June , 2023 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 401, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As in the standard LTGM , the initial stock of capital-to-GDP ratio is calculated using the most recent observation from PWT 10 ( although earlier versions of PWT are also available ) . < sup > 33 < / sup > The initial capital stock is split across activities to equalize the initial marginal revenue product of capital across . < sup > 34 < / sup > Information on the initial stock of reserves in industry is taken from the BPjj ∈ { 0 , . . . NN } Energy Dataset for oil , natural gas and coal , and from the U . S . Geological Survey ii Database ( USGS ) for mining industries , such as copper , gold , and iron . As a stock variable , initial reserves are set to match the most recent observation ( usually 2017 ) . The External-Balance Model also requires initial public and private external debt . Reliable data on the decomposition of external debt into private and public debt is often unavailable for developing commodity-exporting countries . Hence , in the baseline calibration , we assume that all initial external debt is public , and initial private external debt is zero . This is obviously an extreme assumption , and countryspecific data should be used where available . We calibrate public external debt equal to the most recent observation on total external debt taken from WB-WDI . * * Trajectory of exogenous variables * * . The LTGM-NR requires the trajectories of a number of exogenous variables from 2021 until 2050 . The key assumption of baseline simulations is that recent trends will continue in the long-term . In this case , we assume that historical averages ( such as 2000-2019 ) will continue until 2050 . The first assumptions are the paths for actual and structural commodity prices . A structural price should reflect its perceived long-term value , so the user could use a long historical average or a proper estimate of the long-run price . For example , in", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 127, "text": "PWT 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 510, "end": 547, "text": "U . S . Geological Survey ii Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1133, "end": 1153, "text": "countryspecific data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10525 # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes extreme child poverty ( $ 2 . 15 / day poverty line ) trends , as well as child poverty based on the higher international poverty lines of $ 3 . 65 and $ 6 . 85 . The paper provides a trajectory of extreme child poverty ( children living in extremely poor households ) from 2013 to 2019 ( based on the most recent surveys included in the Global Monitoring Database ) , complemented by nowcasting for 2020 to 2022 . Children continue to be disproportionately affected by extreme poverty . Children who are younger than 18 years comprise more than 50 percent of those living in extreme poverty , although their share of the population is 31 percent . The paper estimates that in 2019 , 15 . 8 percent of children in the world ( 319 million ) younger than 18 years lived on less than $ 2 . 15 ( 2017 purchasing power parity ) per day , as opposed to 6 . 6 percent of adults ages 18 and older . More recent “ nowcasted ” estimates suggest that at least 333 million children were expected to be living in extremely poor households in 2022 , implying that 14 million more children were extremely poor in 2022 than in 2019 . Following an increase in extreme child poverty at the height of the pandemic in 2020 , nowcasted estimates show that the rate of extreme child poverty fell again in 2021 and 2022 , but only at the slow rate of progress seen prior to the COVID-19 crisis . If the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred , an estimated 79 . 7 million fewer children would have been living in extreme poverty between 2013 and 2022 ; however , the estimates suggest that the number of children living in extreme poverty decreased by 49 . 2 million , due to pandemic disruptions . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice ; the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice ; and the Development Data Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 439, "text": "Global Monitoring Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "providers and used two-factor authentication increased from 40 percent in 2013 to 100 percent in 2018 , surpassing the original target of 75 percent and the revised target of 90 percent . - The percentage of NSNP beneficiaries who were able to name two means of making a complaint increased from 15 percent in 2013 to 30 percent in 2018 , not achieving the original / revised target of 47 percent . - The percentage of NSNP beneficiaries who knew the program ' s objectives and entitlements increased from 37 percent in 2013 to 89 percent in 2018 , surpassing the original / revised target of 60 percent . - 13 percent of NSNP payments were disbursed to payment service providers on time in 2018 , not achieving the target of 70 percent , and marking a decline from the 2009 baseline of 26 percent . According to the ICR ( p . 17 ) , between 2014 and 2017 NSNP payments were mostly made on time , and in 2017 the government achieved a DLI under the PforR related to timeliness of payments . A 2017 Program Implementation and Beneficiary Satisfaction ( PIBS ) survey confirmed that 77 percent of NSNP beneficiaries reported that they received payments on time . However , in 2018 , the NSNP experienced payment delays due to the introduction of an Older Person Cash Transfer , which was given priority by the government , and the rollout of a new payment mechanism giving beneficiaries Page 7 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1065, "text": "Program Implementation and Beneficiary Satisfaction ( PIBS ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We make five observations based on these results . First , export growth enters in the majority of estimations as positive and significant . This is interesting in that it suggests that a discovery-promotion strategy may have much in common with an export-promotion strategy , if one believes that the penetration of a foreign market is itself a discovery ( and if not , including this variable is a necessary correction for the fact that we are using export data rather than domestic production data ) . This finding could contradict the argument that trade liberalization implies more potential imitators and therefore lower appropriability ( _q_ ) , it is harmful for discovery . To the extent that liberalization increases export activity , our data suggest that it may have a positive relationship with discovery . The second observation concerns the absorptive capacity variables . Using the 4-digit data , they enter as negative and jointly significant . In addition , the journals measure enters as negative and individually significant with the 6-digit data , although not jointly significant when tested with the patent data . This negative relationship is quite surprising , considering that absorptive capacity was expected to have a positive effect on a country ’ s ability to discover new products , although it might also affect the ease of imitation , thereby reducing discoveries . The third observation , consistent with the results of the absorptive capacity variables , relates to the barriers to entry variable in the 6-digit data , which enters as positive and significant . That is , higher barriers to entry are associated with an increase in discovery activity . Given that more procedures in the process of starting a new business increases the costs of a first mover , we would expect that in absence of market failures this variable should have a negative relationship with discovery activity . This result , combined with that relating to absorptive 34", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 463, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 476, "end": 500, "text": "domestic production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 898, "end": 910, "text": "4-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1123, "end": 1134, "text": "patent data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1539, "end": 1551, "text": "6-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we study here are changes that were undertaken during major policy reform episodes ( both in the late 1980s and under NAFTA ) , and many observers have argued that the lowering of trade barriers was mainly used by the Mexican government to signal its commitment to overall policy reform ( Tornell and Esquivel , 1995 ) . Second , and somewhat related to the first point , in our data virtually no industry experienced a rollback of the liberalization effort once tariff rates had been reduced . Finally , we note that such pattern of endogeneity would only cause a bias against our reported findings . That is , if such bias exists , the true short-run effect of trade policy changes on income risk is even larger than what we report in this paper . However , it also means that our finding that trade liberalization has no long-run “ level effect ” could be the result of two opposing effects canceling each other out . < sup > 27 < / sup > Estimation bias could , of course , also arise if systematic changes in non-tariff barriers reversed the effects of tariff reductions , but these changes in non-tariff barriers were not taken into account by us . To ensure that this is not the case , we studied the patterns in the use of non-tariff barriers ( NTBs ) in Mexico in the years included in our sample . NTB use in Mexico primarily took the form of anti-dumping duties in these years and the anti-dumping duties were concentrated entirely in the ‘ Basic Metal Products ’ , ‘ Chemicals ’ and ‘ Textiles ’ industries . < sup > 28 < / sup > Studying the link between trade policy and income risk using data from the remaining industries did not alter qualitatively or quantitatively any of the reported estimates ( see Table VIII ) . Our estimation results could also be biased if there is unobserved heterogeneity among work - > 27Notice also that despite the work by Alesina and Drazen ( 1994 ) and others , major trade policy reforms are in general rather difficult to understand theoretically once policy is treated as being endogenous . The dominant theory of endogenous trade policy determination - the", "spans": [{"start": 1603, "end": 1637, "text": "data from the remaining industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "realistically for the case of developing countries , forcing banks to share some of the information may reduce the rents from private information and push the sector towards larger , less fragmented and more efficient institutions . In short , there is then a subtle relationship between information availability and credit market competition and this remains an area where further research on the implications of sharing credit information would be helpful . The competitiveness of the credit market is also related to the competitiveness of the market in information itself and as we have argued above a PCR will normally , and should normally , coexist with private credit bureaus . This is most definitely * * not * * an issue of either / or . However , the private credit bureau market , in general , will have sharply increasing returns to scale , and is often dominated by a few large players - especially in smaller countries where there is a very real danger of only one significant private company that will then have severely diminished incentives for responsiveness to client demands and innovation and may charge high prices . The existence of a PCR can assist entry into the private credit bureau market by lowering entry costs in making a set of basic credit information available at low cost . A healthy , competitive private credit bureau industry should then be free to compete on adding additional information and developing other value-added services such as credit scoring products rather than surviving on information-rents alone . The design features of public credit registries can also impact upon the role they will have in promoting competition in both financial and non-financial markets . For example , it is important to attempt to widen the access to PCR data beyond common rules regarding reciprocity for access to the data . This may impact considerably on competition in other sectors including insurance and even trade where trade credit is important . The policy with respect to the assignment and distribution of borrower ratings by a PCR also may potentially impact competition in a financial market . For example , if ratings are tied in a one-to-one fashion to provisioning requirements , this could discourage lenders from undertaking more detailed analysis of marginal borrowers and", "spans": [{"start": 1782, "end": 1790, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scenario includes the implementation of trade facilitation measures that would reduce the trade transaction costs by 2 % annually . # # * * _US-Vietnam FTA_ * * This scenario assumes that the United States signs a bilateral FTA with Vietnam in 2018 . The tariff and NTM reductions in goods and services are consistent with the bilateral concessions under the TPP . Tariff commitments originate from the ITC database ( MacMaps , 2016 ) . NTMs in goods estimates are based on the ongoing work of DECTI of Kee et . al . ( 2016 ) . These estimates are based on the surveys of NTMs conducted in 2015 / 2016 . Estimates of NTMs in services are based on Jafari and Tarr ( 2015 ) . We run a central scenario with the percentage NTM reductions similar to those as in Petri and Plummer ( 2016 ) . # # * * _Suspension of AGOA_ * * This scenario studies the impact of the loss of duty-free access to the US market under AGOA in 2018 . As a result , Lesotho starts paying the GSP rates on its exports to the United States and its trade weighted import duty on wearing apparel sector increases to 24 percent . # # * * _Suspension of AGOA with trade facilitation_ * * This scenario studies the impact of the loss of duty-free access to the US market under AGOA in 2018 as in the previous scenario , but it includes a reduction of bilateral trade costs between Lesotho and all its trading partners at 2 % per year . Moïsé and Sorescu ( 2017 ) estimate that a full implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement could reduce trade costs in Sub-Saharan Africa by 18 . 3 % . # 4 . 2 . Results Our results indicate that the negative impacts due to a sudden suspension of AGOA privileges in 2018 would have been much higher than losses resulting from the potential US-Vietnam FTA . The decline of income would reach 1 % relative to the baseline in 2020 , while exports of textiles and apparel would drop by 16 % leading to a drop of output of textiles and apparel by 9 % . Given that employment in textiles and apparel", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 415, "text": "ITC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 418, "end": 425, "text": "MacMaps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 561, "end": 576, "text": "surveys of NTMs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Endnotes * * # # # # # # i _ < u > Protection Risks : Explanatory Note < / u > _ _ii Protection and Return Monitoring Network ( PRMN ) is a project implemented by UNHCR , the Norwegian Refugee Council ( NRC ) and partners . It is a platform for identifying and reporting on displacements ( including returns ) of populations in Somalia as well as protection incidents and risks underlying such movements . PRMN as a tool has been adopted at the interagency and inter-cluster level as a source of both displacement and protection data in Somalia . _ iii _The 4 . 5 formula was first conceived in 1997 as a temporary arrangement for managing political representation following Somalia ’ s civil war , assigning a full share of power to four clans and a half-share to a consortium of other clans . For more information , visit : _ _ < u > The role of 4 . 5 in democratization and governance in Somalia . May 2023 < / u > _ > iv _ < u > UN Secretary General report on children and armed conflict 2022 < / u > _ # # # # # * * Methodology * * This is a product of a joint analysis by the Protection Cluster , Areas of Responsibilities , Protection partners , state government ( Jubaland ) , on the protection landscape in Kismaayo district . The methodology for this analysis also reviewed and analyzed existing secondary data , and primary data . The Protection Cluster carried out risk-based analysis through the Protection & Return Monitoring Network ( PRMN ) as well as following the standard methodologies of the Global Protection Cluster . For further information please contact : * * National Protection Cluster * * - * * < u > sommopcim @ unhcr . org < / u > * * Page * * 8 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1332, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1339, "end": 1351, "text": "primary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discrimination in Pakistan and thus no affirmative action programs to mitigate its impacts . Caste mobility through land transactions is also extremely limited . We construct a caste-status identifier that categorizes dozens of distinctly named caste / clan ( zaat / biradari ) groups into \" high \" and \" low \" caste . High-caste includes all such groups that self-identify on the basis of traditional access to land ( zamindars ) . The low-caste group comprises zaats that were historically considered either out-castes ( similar to the dalits in India ) or were in clientalist relationships with zamindars as providers of services in the village economy ; i . e . barbers , metalworkers , clothes washers , etc . Based on this definition , around 25 % of the population from which we draw our sample consists of low-caste households , with the highest proportion ( 35 % ) found in Sindh province . < sup > 6 < / sup > Village census data , summarized in Table 2 , provide insight into residential patterns by caste in rural Pakistan . Villages typically contain many more distinctly named zaat / biradari groups than do their constituent settlements . Moreover , while more than half of all settlements are comprised of just one caste-type ( mostly high ) , this is true of just 3 % of villages . In short , settlements are far more segregated along caste / clan lines than villages . We define a caste-type as dominant if it owns the majority of land in the settlement , based on land shares calculated from village census data . Anderson ( 2011 ) , citing Dumont ’ s ( 1970 ) emphasis on economic power rather than numerical preponderance , uses precisely this definition of caste dominance for her study of Indian villages . Of the 496 settlements from which our sample children are drawn , only 76 ( 15 % ) are low-caste dominant , reflecting both the smaller low-caste population and their lower landownership . < sup > 7 < / sup > All but five of these settlements are located in Southern Punjab or Sindh . Among the low-caste children in our sample , 48 % reside in high-caste dominant settlements . By contrast , only", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 939, "text": "Village census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1511, "end": 1530, "text": "village census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "population groups over time . To make comparisons across countries in terms of education level , we define low education as primary or less in LICs and LMICs , and secondary or less in UMICs and HICs . The estimates from the expanded HFPS sample confirm that the initial impacts of the pandemic on employment were more pronounced for women , urban workers , and those with lower levels of education . For instance , there was proportionally greater employment loss among women relative to prepandemic levels , and this gap persists into 2021 ( Table 3 ) . Work – – stoppages the main component of net employment changes decreased over time , but the rate of decrease tended to be lower among women , who report a higher incidence of work stoppages in the later part of the pandemic ( Table A6 . 2 ) . For a number of countries , particularly in the LAC region , women experienced larger proportionate declines in employment 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", four asylum claims were rejected because they failed to satisfy the applicable definitions . Data on rejections for 2011 were unavailable . > 148 See e . g . Singh and Barton-Dock , “ Toward a New Narrative ” , The World Bank , 2015 , available at : < u > http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 642131467992805241 / Haiti-Toward-a-new-narrative-systematic-countrydiagnostic , accessed : September 2018 ; Marcelin and Cela , “ After Hurricane Matthew : Resources , Capacities , and < / u > Pathways to Recovery and Reconstruction of Devastated Communities in Haiti ” , Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development ( INHURED ) , 2017 ; Alscher , “ Environmental Degradation and Migration on Hispaniola Island ” , _International Migration_ , Vol . 49 , Special Issue 1 , 2011 ; Nurse et al . , “ 2014 : Small Islands ” , in _Climate Change 2014 : Impacts , Adaptation , and Vulnerability . Part B : Regional Aspects . Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , _ Cambridge University Press , available at : < u > https : / / www . ipcc . ch / pdf / assessment-report / ar5 / wg2 / WGIIAR5-Chap29_FINAL . pdf , accessed : September 2018 ; See < / u > also Climate Change Vulnerability Index , available at : < u > https : / / climate-adapt . eea . europa . eu / metadata / tools / climatechange-vulnerability-index-ccvi , accessed : September 2018 . Exposure to hazards have been compounded by severe < / u > environmental degradation , including due to extensive deforestation , high population density , fragile ecosystems and stressed water resources . > 149 Republique d ’ Haïti , “ Analysis of Multiple Hazards in Haiti ( Nathat ) ”", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 122, "text": "Data on rejections for 2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1253, "end": 1287, "text": "Climate Change Vulnerability Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * REFERENCES * * 1 . RPF for ERT-III ( 2014 ) 2 . National Policy for Older and People , 2009 - Ministry of Gender , Labour and Social Development-Kampala . 3 . The National Water Policy , 1999 , Ministry of Water and Environment-Kampala 4 . The National Land Use Policy , 2011 ; Ministry of Lands , Housing and Urban Development . 5 . The National Gender Policy , 1997 , Ministry of Gender , Labour and Social Development , Kampala-Uganda 6 . The National HIV / AIDS Policy , 2004 ; 7 . The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda , 1995 ; 8 . The Land Act , Cap 227 ; 9 . The Electricity Act , 1999 10 . The Uganda HIV / AIDS Country Progress Report July 2015-June 2016 11 . Uganda Bureau of statistics , revised edition November 2014 , National Population and Housing Census 2014 12 . Uganda Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment ( UPHIA ) , 2017 13 . WB Physical Cultural Resource Safeguard Policy Guidebook , 1st edition March 2009 . 14 . World Bank EA guidelines 1993-4 Environmental Assessment Source Book 15 . World Bank Environmental and Social standard 5 . * * 14 | * * P a g e", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Methodology * * This report has been developed through a desk review of data and reports from various sources including UNHCR Ethiopia Protection monitoring reports , Inter-agency multi-sectoral reports and a Protection Integrated Rapid Assessment report of February 2022 , highlighting findings of Key Informant Interviews ( KIIs ) and Focus Group Discussions ( FGDs ) of the assessed location . Other sources are : OCHA Situation Reports , IOMDTM , HNO / HRP , WFP Countrywide Monthly Market Watch Bulletin , OHCHR-EHRC Joint Investigation Team report , Human Rights Watch and ACAPS reports . Consultations with Protection Clusters across the region was key to prioritization of the protection risks . # # # # # * * Limitations * * Operational constraints impacted data collection and conduct of humanitarian activities required for gathering information among humanitarian actors and local authorities . Verification of displacement figures is difficult given access constraints in conflict affected areas in Tigray , Amhara and Afar , fluid conflict lines and simultaneous IDP returns . # # # # * * 1 . CONTEXT OVERVIEW * * # # # # # * * Security and operating environment * * After withdrawal of the Ethiopian National Defense Forces ( ENDF ) from Tigray in June 2021 , fighting within Tigray substantially decreased , although airstrikes and drone attacks remain a major threat . Between June 2021 and March 2022 , a number of airstrikes were reported , resulting in deaths and damage to property . There is still active conflict in the Western zone in Tigray and along the border areas with Eritrea . Further , insecurity along the Eastern zone border with Eritrea , has recently led to new displacements to Adigrat and Erob woredas . Active conflict along the Afar-Abala - Mekele corridor , and other surrounding areas with Tigray , and restrictions at checkpoints continues to prevent the entry of humanitarian and commercial goods by road , severely limiting humanitarian response . All the Parties to the Conflict have been implicated", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 178, "text": "UNHCR Ethiopia Protection monitoring reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 268, "text": "Protection Integrated Rapid Assessment report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 937, "end": 957, "text": "displacement figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19483 . - Bagehot , Walter ( 1873 ) “ _Lombard Street : a description of the money market_ ” , Henry S . King and Co . , London . Bloch , Marc ( 1961 ) _Feudal Society Volume 2_ Campos , Nauro F . et al , \" _Whither corruption ? A Quantitative Survey of Literature on Corruption and Growth ” _ , ( 2010 ) Discussion Paper no : 5334 , Institute for the Study of Labor . Cioli , Alessio ( 2017 ) “ _Rethinking Early Antitrust History : From the Sherman Act to Theodore_ _Roosevelt ” , Dissertation for the Advanced Master of American Studies_ , University of Gent . Dixit , A . “ _Governance Institutions and Economic Activity ” _ , American Economic Review ( 2009 ) Gander , James P . , _ “ Microeconomics of Corruption among Developing Countries ” _ Economics , Management & Financial Markets , Sep 2011 , Vol . 6 Issue 3 , p11-22 . - Geddes , Barbara , “ A game theoretic model of reform in Latin American democracies ” , American Political Science Review , June 1991 , Vol . 85 , No 2 . Geddes , Barbara , “ Politician ’ s Dilemma : Building State Capacity in Latin America ” , Berkeley , University of California Press , 1994 . Page * * 23 * * of * * 25 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | | 6 | Administration Cost DuringImplementation ( 3 % ) | 14 , 317 , 189 | | 7 | Contingency ( 15 % ) | 71 , 585 , 943 | | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 563 , 142 , 754 * * | _Note 1 : The rural electrification component of this Subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP project budget_ The cost for implementing the RP is considered as a financial requirement of the project . Until very recently ( Year 2024 ) , the national legislation ( Proclamation 1161 / 2019 ) payment of compensation and resettlement expenses were the responsibility of the project proponent payable through City or Woreda Administrations . As per the amended Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 , payment of compensation for assets and property , resettlement expenses , and related social and economic assistance to displaced persons is the duty of Regional Administrations where infrastructure or social service development projects take place . Therefore , resettlement and livelihood restoration activities are considered as components of the financial requirements of the Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power Subproject budget and will be funded by Regional Administrations # # # # # # * * 0 . 13 Monitoring , Evaluation and Reporting * * The main type of monitoring to be adopted for the purpose of this RP will be Internal Performance Monitoring ( IPM ) . Accordingly , EEP and the main units and institutions charged with the implementation of the RP will undertake continuous and systematic IPM of the RP . * * _IPM Approach and Methodology_ * * The general approach for IPM include : - Maintain and regularly update database with socio-economic baseline , displacement , restoration data for PAHs as well as stakeholder engagement log . Page 25", "spans": [{"start": 1688, "end": 1714, "text": "stakeholder engagement log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ware ) ( e-KYC , IBan verification , etc ) . This will be complemented by technical assistance around necessary regulatory changes to support e-KYC and KYC registry and regulatory and policy aspects of digital G2P payments and financial inclusion under the forthcoming MENA MSME Facility 2 . 0 ; and ( vi ) implementing IT enhancements in the ID systems to meet the needs of the financial sector . This includes using the ID system for e - KYC ; developing hosted digital signature services for use by individuals for their interactions with financial institutions ( e . g . , authorizing sharing of data , signing new loan applications , etc . ) ; and enabling linkages with other identification and information providers ( e . g . , a bank providing information on address records , tax authority on annual income , etc . in the form of a federated architecture ) . More details are provided in Annex 2 . # # * * < mark > Component 3 : Project Management and Implementation Support ( US $ 5 million ) < / mark > * * * * 48 . * * Component 3 will support provision of technical advisory services and goods to manage , coordinate , monitor and evaluate the project , including operating costs , independent verification of the achievement of DLIs and independent verification of completion of employment objectives for employment subsidies and relevant results milestones for matching grants . A PMU will be set up in the MoDEE and will include focal points for MoL and MoE . The PMU ( within MoDEE ) will have the overall fiduciary responsibility for project implementation and ensure activities are executed in accordance with the Project Operational Manual ( POM ) . < sup > 33 < / sup > It will have the overall responsibility for the monitoring and evaluation of project activities , as well as designing and implementing outreach activities specifically targeting women . This component will finance : ( a ) PMU staff ( non-civil servants ) salaries ; ( b ) PMU equipment and operating costs related to the", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 782, "text": "address records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Child work is a cause and a consequence of poverty and lack of opportunity . Children < sup > 1 < / sup > in poor households in low - and middle-income countries may contribute to their families ’ welfare by doing household chores or paid work outside the home . Despite the long-term returns to education , the short-term high marginal returns to labor provide a rationale for child work to exist and illustrate the fundamental difficulty in reducing it ( Beegle , Dehejia and Gatti 2009 ) . Moreover , although child work can negatively affect education and schooling outcomes , the reverse is true as well : child work can help children be more productive , raising their prospective earnings and providing incentive to join the labor force ( Phoumin and Fukui 2006 ) . There is an important difference between child labor and child work . According to the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , children ’ s participation in work that does not affect their health and personal development or interfere with their schooling is generally considered as being something positive : it equips them with skills and experience and helps prepare them to be productive members of society in adulthood . By contrast , child labor is usually defined as work that deprives children of their childhood , their potential and their dignity . This refers to work that ( 1 ) severely interferes with their ability to attend school , which ultimately harms income-earning potential in adulthood , and ( 2 ) is mentally and physically dangerous for children . Child labor depends on the child ’ s age , the type and hours of work performed , the conditions under which it is performed , and the objectives pursued by individual countries . < sup > 2 < / sup > Child labor has long been a feature of Myanmar ’ s economy , and has translated into a large and unprotected child labor market countrywide . Data from ILO ’ s 2015 Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) indicates that 9 . 3 percent of Myanmar ’ s total child population ( 12 . 14 million children aged 5-17 years ) were engaged in child labor at the time of", "spans": [{"start": 1928, "end": 1951, "text": "2015 Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 | | Date | - - | 13-Apr-2021 | 13-Apr-2021 | - - | | * * Comments * * | This figure is subject to | verification by the Central Stat | istics Agency . | | ► DLI 6 Program woredas covered by operational National Rural Land Administration Information System ( NRLAIS ) with Second Level Land Holding Certificates ( SLLCs ) digitized ( Intermediate Outcome , 84 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | Fiscal year-end < br > 2024 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 < br > 125 . 00 | 125 . 00 | 280 . 00 | | Date | - - < br > 13-Apr-2021 | 13-Apr-2021 | - - | | * * Comments * * | This figure includes 10 woredas in Tigray region wher < br > status of operationalization . This figure is subject to v | e the current conflict constrai < br > erification by the Central Sta | ns reporting on current < br > tistics Agency . | 1 / 17 / 2022 Page 12 of 12", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 258, "text": "National Rural Land Administration Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thematic report | 28 December 2023 - Forced evictions can pose a risk of new displacement and cause people to move from their jobs , resulting in protection concerns . Forced evictions can also reduce or remove access to basic services , potentially exposing the evicted to health risks , exploitation , and violence ( ICRC 12 / 06 / 2020 ; Consultation session with NPC responders 29 / 08 / 2023 ) . - Besides the continuous , dedicated response of the NPC , in coordination with the Housing , Land and Property Working Group ( HLP WG ) , protection responders , and other clusters , NPC responders also need to work closely with other clusters and the Durable Solutions Working Group to effectively respond to eviction cases , especially on a policy level . The focus should lie on providing and expanding legal representation , mediation , counseling for people facing eviction threats , and awareness-raising for authorities and host communities on eviction mechanisms ( Consultation session with NPC responders 29 / 08 / 2023 ) . Recommendations are outlined in a separate section at the end of this document . # # * * METHODOLOGY * * - The report is based on primary data analysis of eviction data covering a large number of IDP-managed sites ( from the CCCM Cluster ) , Shelter Cluster data on damaged housing and shelters , NPC data , and the HLP WG monitoring and eviction tracker covering evictions inside and outside managed sites . * * Response to forced evictions by the international humanitarian community and local responders : * * The NPC , in coordination with the HLP WG , protection responders , and other clusters , are working to address and coordinate the response to forced evictions . NPC initiatives launched between 2022 – 2023 include the following . - In June 2023 , the NPC , in coordination with other clusters , released the Framework for Voluntary Relocations of IDPs Elsewhere in the Country to address requests for IDP relocations in a principled manner . The framework facilitates relocations in line with humanitarian principles and reduces evictions that violate the rights of", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1203, "text": "eviction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1277, "end": 1297, "text": "Shelter Cluster data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1332, "end": 1340, "text": "NPC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1351, "end": 1389, "text": "HLP WG monitoring and eviction tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION * * CERTIFICATE * * I * * hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the original in the archives of the International Development Association . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > FOR SECRETARY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 193, "text": "archives of the International Development Association", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conducts annual surveys of large and medium scale establishments engaged in manufacturing . In the surveys , economic activities are categorized as manufacturing based on United Nations ISIC-Rev . 3 classification , and encompass industries 15-37 at the two-digit level . The survey covers all establishments with at least 10 employees and which use power-driven machinery . The data set contains detailed information on key variables including plants ’ geographical location , business ownership form , output production , sales ( local and export ) and other revenue receipts , material inputs ( local and imported ) , industrial and non-industrial costs , employee composition , and fixed asset holdings . Gross output is revenue generated from local and export sales after adjusting for stock of goods at the beginning and end of the year . Value-added is sales revenue after deducting material cost . Capital is measured by the size of fixed assets holdings at the beginning of the year . Employment size is the number of persons engaged in production in full-time equivalents and comprises permanent as well as temporary and seasonal workers . Labor cost includes wages and fringe benefits . Nominal values are converted from local currency to U . S . dollars using exchange rate obtained from IMF ’ s International Financial Statistics , and finally converted to 2010 U . S . dollars . After merging manufacturing census data with the geospatial variables based on town names , the establishmentlevel data has complete information on 3 , 465 establishments engaged in 18 industries located across 91 towns . Similarly , the establishment-product level data contains 2363 establishments , 17 industries , and 116 products . # _Indonesia_ The economic and manufacturing census of Indonesia contains data on the universe of all manufacturing plants with at least 20 employees . The dataset provides information on primary activity of the plant ( UN ISIC Rev . 3 < u > https : / / www . dane . gov . co / files / sen / nomenclatura / tablasCorrelativas / CIIU3ACvsCIIU3Internal . pdf < / u > version . For a detailed crosswalk and comparison , see 21", "spans": [{"start": 1300, "end": 1342, "text": "IMF ’ s International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1748, "end": 1794, "text": "economic and manufacturing census of Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it is systematically related to the level of development across space and time . More precisely , they found a stronger covariance between firm size and productivity in the United States than in Western European and more pronouncedly in Eastern European countries . While the preceding papers have all focused on measuring the extent and cost of misallocation without knowing a particular policy / institution that may have caused such frictions , a number of recent papers have explicitly studied the consequences of specific policies or institutions . The theoretical contributions include : size-dependent policies ( Guner et al . , 2008 ; Garc ́ ıa-Santana and Pijoan-Mas , 2014 ) , credit-market imperfections ( Midrigan and Xu , 2014 ) , trade-related distortions ( Melitz , 2003 ) , capital-adjustment costs ( Asker et al . , 2014 ) and imperfect-information ( David et al . , 2014 ) . Restuccia and Rogerson ( 2013 ) provide a good summary of this literature . In a more recent work , Hsieh and Klenow ( 2014 ) focus on differences in the life-cycle of firms as an important mechanism by which frictions reduce aggregate productivity by distorting the incentive for firms to grow . They show that firm dynamics differ systematically across countries , with firms in developed countries growing much faster than those in poor countries over their life cycle . Hsieh and Klenow ( 2014 ) for instance , estimate that if U . S . firms exhibited the same dynamics as Indian or Mexican firms , aggregate manufacturing TFP would be roughly 25 % lower . There is a relatively smaller body of work that focuses on exploring misallocation and distortions in the business environment for firms in Sub-Saharan Africa . Perhaps the most salient contributions in this area are Kalemli-Ozcan and Sorensen ( 2012 ) and Aterido et al . ( 2011 ) . The former explores capital misallocation in 10 African countries using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys and studies the extent to which access to finance can explain the dispersion in marginal returns to capital across countries . The latter explores the role of distortions in the business environment in explaining the differential employment growth across firms of different sizes . Our paper makes two contributions to the", "spans": [{"start": 1914, "end": 1943, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nonetheless , it is still possible that positive trade shocks make the signing and depth of RTAs more likely , creating reverse causation . The panel structure of our data helps to mitigate concerns about the endogeneity of trade policy , as transitory trade shocks should not affect the likelihood of permanent changes in trade arrangements and permanent trade shocks are well captured by pair-specific fixed effects . Additionally , the inclusion of the < sup > L2015 < / sup > _t_ = 2001 _Globijt_ - terms also helps to reduce endogeneity concerns as they account for all time-varying policy covariates that affect all international trade partners in the same way such as trends in trade policy ( i . e . , increased probability of successfully signing RTAs in the first place ) . Moreover , since WTO law obliges RTAs to cover “ substantially all trade ” , uncorrelated sector-specific shocks are unlikely to trigger signing an RTA that covers all sectors . Having said all this , we are aware that some endogeneity bias may still bias our estimates upwards . Given that there are no convincing instruments for RTAs , our ( almost ) saturated model eliminates that concern as far as possible . Furthermore , identification relies on the assumption that RTAs do not change deep preferences such that consumers prefer sourcing from an alternative trade partner even if trade costs have not changed . As preferences are unobservable , this assumption cannot be properly tested but it is crucial for the validity of the “ indirect ” approach to measuring changes in NTBs . Tariffs are set at the tariff-line level , which corresponds in most countries to eight - or even ten-digit-level products . Unfortunately , trade data are only available for higher levels of aggregation . < sup > 4 < / sup > Therefore , in virtually all gravity settings , tariffs need to be aggregated to match the level of aggregation that can be found in the trade data . One might be worried about aggregation bias of the tariff variable . Particularly in cases when tariffs are only reduced for a subset of tariff lines , the aggregated tariff variable might be measured very noisily — in the extreme , it might", "spans": [{"start": 1714, "end": 1724, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the Annual Work Plan and Budget ( AWP & B ) and the establishment of Steering and Technical Committees to oversee the initiative . Dedicated project specialists have been assigned , cash flow forecasts prepared , and separate project accounts in Ethiopian Birr and USD established . Additionally , some project activities have been carried out with the client ’ s own resources including a comprehensive diagnostic study , analyzing the market linkage landscape , user readiness , and enabling environments for developing the Digital Market Linkage Platform ( DMLP ) . Moving forward , it is expected that the DMLP system design will be finalized by January 2025 and that the procurement of related IT service providers will soon follow . Given the late start due to the delayed disbursement of the initial advance , it was agreed that implementation of planned activities such as procurement of digital kiosk equipment ( for NMIS accessibility ) , exposure visits to benchmark and adapt successful e-market platforms to the Ethiopia ’ s context , implementing capacity building initiatives , etc . would be accelerated . 8 . The mission raised some concerns that the client agreed to consider moving forward . ( i ) Systems developed under this window need to address the needs of all actors in agricultural value chains including farmers and / or their cooperatives , private sector actors ( service providers , traders , digital technology firms , agro-processors , etc . ) , para-statals and institutional buyers — a phased approach can be adopted but the design needs to incorporate all use cases . There is also a need to align the DMLP with Ethiopia ’ s national digital transformation and agricultural development strategies to maximize its relevance and impact . Additionally , the design should establish robust data governance frameworks to secure farmer and market data , ensure anonymity , promote transparency and building user trust . These measures will not only enhance platform adoption but also position the project for scalability and alignment with global best practices . ( ii ) Woreda selection should consider geographic distribution of complementary projects , particularly the Ethiopia Food Security Resilience Project ( FSRP )", "spans": [{"start": 1862, "end": 1884, "text": "farmer and market data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . CONCLUSION * * In spite of their increasing policy-prominence , relatively little is known about gender inequities in rural non-agricultural labor market outcomes . This is unfortunate since non-farm enterprises account for a substantial share of rural income and employment ( Haggblade , Hazell and Reardon , 2007 ) . Using novel matched household-enterprise-community datasets from Bangladesh , Ethiopia , Indonesia and Sri Lanka we attempt to redress this lacuna in the literature by documenting and analyzing gender differences in individuals ’ activity portfolio choices , as well as differences in the productivity of rural non-farm firms . Women are much less likely to engage in income earning activities and gender differences in non-farm entrepreneurship are large . Women have lower participation rates in non-farm enterprise activities in Bangladesh , Indonesia and Sri Lanka , but not in Ethiopia . However , working in rural non-farm firms appears to be very important for women who partake in income earning activities and especially so for those who are the heads of their households . Somewhat surprisingly , women ’ s propensity to be non-farm entrepreneurs is not strongly correlated with their educational attainment or the number of children in the household , whereas the share of children in the households is negatively correlated with women ’ s engagement in wage employment in Bangladesh and Indonesia . This suggests that running a non-farm firm is more compatible with combining domestic work with income earning activities than wage employment is , which is consistent with most non-farm enterprises managed by women being home-based . Women ’ s activity choices are also correlated with their husbands ’ educational attainment , with women whose partners have either very little , or a lot of education seemingly less likely to run non-farm firms , although this pattern is not very pronounced . Female firms are much smaller and much less productive on average , yet gender differences in productivity vary dramatically across countries . Mean differences in log output per worker and 21", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 388, "text": "matched household-enterprise-community datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2004 . < sup > 56 < / sup > Trafficking and other forms of sexual exploitation and violence against women , some of whom may be IDPs , have been reported . # # < u > HIV / AIDS Situation : < / u > Nepal ’ s adult HIV prevalence at the end of 2003 was 0 . 5 % , with a low estimate of 0 . 3 % and a high estimate of 0 . 9 % . < sup > 57 < / sup > Nepal has moved from a low-level epidemic in the late 1990s to a country experiencing a concentrated epidemic , particularly among injecting drug users and female sex workers . The epidemic could worsen for several reasons : high rate of male migration , prostitution , poverty , low socio-economic status of women , and illicit trafficking ; < sup > 57 < / sup > UNAIDS and WHO does not categorise IDPs as a high-risk group in this report . Nepal has a lower HIV prevalence compared with other countries in South-East Asia . < sup > 55 < / sup > However , the far Western regions , where the majority of IDPs are concentrated , have one of the highest rise in HIV rates in South Asia . < sup > 58 < / sup > There are no HIV seroprevalence data for the IDP population . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > The NSP 2005-06 < sup > 59 < / sup > mentions IDPs and has specific activities listed for them . No mention of IDPs is made in the World Bank ’ s CAS 2003-06 , < sup > 17 < / sup > or GFATM round 2 approved proposal with an HIV component 2004-05 . < sup > 60 < / sup > # # * * 6 . * * * * < u > Somalia : < / u > * * # #", "spans": [{"start": 1067, "end": 1090, "text": "HIV seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 400, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 6 : Portion of callable bonds among SLBs and green and conventional corporate and municipal bonds * * _Source : Figures on corporate non-green callable bonds from Dias ( 2021 ) . _ While the sheer difference in these proportions may suggest that call options are more valuable for issuers in SLBs than other bonds , it is important to note that not all call options are useful in avoiding penalties . In particular , we draw attention to two types of such call options : ‘ cleanup ’ call options and make-whole call options . The former refers to call options which can only be exercised within three months before maturity . These are typically used by issuers to reduce administrative expenses . These cannot be used to minimize the penalty amount ( at least substantially ) given they can only be exercised shortly before maturity . Make-whole call options require the issuer to pay the bondholders not only the call price upon exercise but also the present value of all remaining coupon payments from call date to maturity . In essence , the issuer is responsible for its original liability , so the bondholder does not suffer a financial loss if the bond is redeemed early . Make-whole call options are rarely exercised in practice due to the high cost of doing so for the issuer . The high cost makes make-whole call options an inefficient tool to minimize penalty payouts . This is especially true as the makewhole premium the issuer has to pay the bondholder is typically higher if targets are unmet ( as the higher coupon rate is used to determine future coupon payments ) , causing make-whole options for SLBs to be even costlier . Hence , our analysis excludes both clean-up call options and make-whole call options when examining if SLB issuers exploit call option provisions to minimize potential penalties . This leaves only 40 ( 19 percent ) of SLBs that have a call option that could be useful to potentially minimize step-up penalties ; our subsequent analysis in this subsection focuses on these ‘ penalty-minimizing ’ call options . SLBs with such penalty-minimizing call options tend to be more likely to be speculative grade , shorter in maturity and have a smaller", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 168, "text": "Figures on corporate non-green callable bonds", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 methodologies , there is broad consistency between the results of the enterprise surveys and the MENA survey . < sup > 3 < / sup > There seems to be significant scope for further SME lending in MENA , as shown by the large differences between the long-run targets and the actual shares of SME lending reported by the banks ( Table 3 and Figure 2a ) . This is true in both the GCC and the non-GCC regions , although targets are significantly lower in the GCC ( about 12 % of total lending ) , revealing that the banks themselves have concluded that there are “ natural ” limits to profitable SME lending in oil-based economies . In the case of non-GCC countries , the long-run target is much higher and around 27 % of total lending . It is interesting to note that this target is very similar to the actual share of SME lending in developed economies . This could be more than a coincidence , and reflect expectations by the banks that the enabling environment and market conditions in MENA will eventually converge to those already prevailing in developed countries , creating the conditions for further and profitable SME lending . State banks play an important role in SME lending in several MENA countries , as indicated by an average share of SME loans of 9 % of total lending . This share is very close to the average share of private banks ( Table 5 and Figure 2b ) . The long-run targets for SME lending for State and private banks are also similar . Moreover , while the differences between the average shares of SME loans in GCC and non-GCC countries are large and statistically significant , the differences between state and private banks are not statistically significant , as shown in Table 5 . The important role played by state banks could reflect their mandates to fill a gap in SME lending , especially where the enabling environment remains weak and the private banks are still reluctant to take more risk , despite the potential profitability of the SME business . This result will be further explored below . In addition to having a larger SME portfolio overall , non-GCC banks also extend a larger", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 90, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 99, "end": 110, "text": "MENA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "traps . In this respect , our recommendation is that existing longitudinal survey systems , including those supported by the World Bank LSMS , should be sustained to span longer-term panels , and similar systems should be set up and maintained in countries and regions that lack them and that also face increasing scope , intensity , and frequency of climatic shocks . Lastly , climate migration is and will always be inherently context-dependent : the evidence we have provided for Nigeria has limited external validity . Replicating this kind of analysis on more countries — ideally using harmonized cross-country migration data — appears essential for broadening the scope of our knowledge on this multifaceted phenomenon . 30", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 630, "text": "harmonized cross-country migration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coverage in 9 of Mali ’ s 10 regions . The 10th region , Kidal , is not included due to insecurity in the zone . The sample size is large enough to estimate commune-level inequality and 90 % of the communes in the data set are sampled more than twice , giving us a panel at the commune level over time . Within a commune , the choice of household is random , such that at the household level the data represents a repeated-cross section . Furthermore , the EMOP data are largely representative at the commune level . < sup > 4 < / sup > Combined with the sampling strategy at the commune level , these data provide us with consistent data to estimate effects at the commune level including both urban and rural communes . < sup > 5 < / sup > The commune-level IDP data come from the Displacement Tracking Matrix ( DTM ) provided by the IOM ( IOM , n . d . ) . These data derive from approximately monthly surveys on the number of IDPs in host communities from 2014 to the present . With this data set , we are able to calculate the total yearly number of IDPs and households in each host community identified by the IOM , and also construct an indicator variable of IDP presence . While the data collection involves multiple layers of data validation , this data set will mostly reflect the number of IDPs recognized by regional authorities , NGO representatives , civil society organizations , who are potentially beneficiaries of humanitarian assistance , as the IOM relies on such local actors as major informants . Therefore , IDP households who temporarily live with relatives to escape violence without seeking assistance are unlikely to be counted in the data . < sup > 6 < / sup > The ethnic diversity measure we use as an instrument in some specifications is calculated > 4The average number of sampled households in the EMOP data is 15 households . There are , however , two communes out of the 370 communes surveyed in 2019 with only one household interviewed in each village . These villages are Didieni in the Djidieni arrondissement in the Koulikoro region , and Niantaga", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 466, "text": "EMOP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 783, "end": 811, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "través del lenguaje y brindarles confianza . Son momentos propicios para que las autoridades locales puedan comprometer sus apoyos a la realización de la jornada y revisar los temas de seguridad para la posterior entrada con el equipo de la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil y otras instituciones que se hagan presentes . Se explica que se lleva comunicación ( satelital y celular ) , cámaras fotográficas y computadores que tradicionalmente son vetados en estas zonas . A través de la comunidad se pasa el mensaje de que esta es una actividad netamente humanitaria . Si un actor armado manifiesta a través de la comunidad que no es posible el acceso , se toma la decisión de no realizar la jornada . El 73 % considera adecuado el mecanismo de censos para determinar el número de personas potenciales a atender . Sin embargo , después de realizado el censo , la asistencia real de las comunidades a las jornadas es del 31 % . Se encontró que en algunas oportunidades , las épocas de lluvias han impedido que la población salga hacia el sitio de la jornada o que , en ocasiones , se hayan presentado cambios con la programación o destinado pocos días para la atención de todas las personas que se acercan a la jornada . Por ello , es importante hacer buenos ejercicios de planeación y tener “ flexibilidad ” frente a las intervenciones , ya que situaciones como el orden público , las condiciones atmosféricas , o la enfermedad de", "spans": [{"start": 750, "end": 756, "text": "censos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 862, "text": "censo", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "2003 – Volume I HSDP II ( 2002 / 03 – 2004 / 05 ) – Report on the Fourth Joint Review Mission ( JRM4 ) – May 27 to June 18 , 2004 – Report dated June 18 , 2004 HSDP – Consolidated Implementation Report for the EFY 1996 – MOH – September 2004 Audit Service Corporation – Independent Auditor ’ s Report on the Financial Statements of MOFED and the Special Account – HSDP – for 2002 / 2003 , dated March 17 , 2005 Implementation Completion Report ( IDA-30770 ) for an Education Sector Development Project ( ESDP ) – Report No . : 30706 , dated June 9 , 2005 Ethiopia – A Country Status Report on Health and Poverty – Report No . 28963-ET , dated July 2005 – Volumes I & II Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) – 2005 HSDP – 2002 / 03 – 2004 / 05 – Report of the Final Evaluation of HSDP II – Jan 31 to Mar 6 , 2006 – Volume 1 – Report dated May 1 , 2006 Project Appraisal Document ( PAD ) for the Protection of Basic Services Project – Report No . : 35121-ET , dated May2 , 2006 Audit Service Corporation – Independent Auditor ’ s Report on the Financial Statements of MOFED and the Special Account – HSDP – for 2003 / 2004 , dated May 12 , 2006 FMOH / PPD – Ethiopia Third National Health Accounts ( NHA ) , prepared by Health Care Financing Team ( September 2006 ) 65", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 699, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _SCHOOLS_ * * All of the schools in community village have their own contribution to expand education in addition to offering academic services . School communities participate by internalizing community awareness 69 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > trees + allowance up to a maximum of 12 < br > months while short - term crops mature < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting + < br > assistance in re-establishing economic < br > trees + allowance up to a maximum of 12 < br > months while short - term crops mature ) < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting + < br > allowance ) . | | Commercial < br > Land | Land used for < br > business partially < br > affected < br > Limited loss | Title holder / < br > business owner | Cash compensation for affected land , < br > taking into account market values for the < br > land < br > Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 5 % of net annual income < br > based on tax records for previous year ( or < br > tax records from comparable business , or < br > estimates where such records do not < br > exist ) . | | | | Business owner is < br > lease holder | Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 10 % of net annual income < br > based on tax records for previous year ( or < br > tax records from comparable business , or | 57", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 710, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 741, "end": 777, "text": "tax records from comparable business", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1026, "end": 1062, "text": "tax records from comparable business", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "document < br >  Site < br > Specific < br > Environment , < br > Social , health and < br > Safety Management < br > Plan < br >  PPE provision and < br > monitoring plan < br >  Training < br > and < br > Competence matrix < br > outlining < br > all < br > training that will be < br > done and all that < br > have been done on < br > a < br > monthly < br > basis < br > ( including toolbox < br > talks ) < br >  Availability < br > and < br > easy < br > access to first aid < br > kits / tools ; < br >  Records of OSHA < br > kept ; | < br >  Monthly OHS < br > inspection < br > ( housekeeping < br > , PPE , training < br > etc ) < br >  Quarterly < br > OHS Audits < br >  Availability of < br > the OHS risks < br > assessment < br > document < br >  Available < br > EHSS < br > Management < br > Plan | < br > Contractor < br > CPCT | Daily < br > for < br > activities < br > pertaining to < br > works ; < br > Monthly < br > scope < br > specific < br > monitoring < br > OHS < br > inspections < br > Quarterly < br > OHS Audits | 1 , 200 , 000 | 210", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 532, "text": "Records of OSHA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sampling of applicants , a baseline survey was conducted on the treatment and control groups , before the results of the selection process were announced . Table 2 shows the resultant sample of events for the three cohorts . The 2010 event sample comprised 64 events across 30 districts . The 2011 sample comprised 182 events , of which 113 events were dropped from the baseline survey , either because the survey team could not reach the event on the day of applicant selection or because the event was not “ oversubscribed ” . < sup > 28 < / sup > The remaining 69 events in 34 districts were included in the 2011 baseline sample . The sampling process was much improved in 2012 , with 85 out of 112 sampled events successfully included in the final evaluation sample . This non-random ( in 2010 ) and partially-random ( in 2011 and 2012 ) sampling of training events and applicants introduces bias in two potentially important ways . First , the training events in our study may not be representative of all EF-sponsored trainings . In all three cohorts , training events that enter our sample > 24 For the 2010 cohort , a second follow-up was conducted on half of the cohort . Future analysis will examine the longer-term outcomes for this group . > 25 Because of the AGEI focus of this study , we prioritize AGEI training events ( identified by the T & E as we described earlier ) . Because the selection into the study population was based on an individuals ’ proximity to the threshold score , it was not possible to stratify on AGEI status . However , events that were likely to include more AGEI candidates were purposely oversampled in 2011 and 2012 so as to increase the number of AGEI candidates in the study population . > 26 Eighty percent of EF training events occurred during these four months . > 27 In 2010 , because a complete event listing was not available in advance , the events were chosen by convenience , based on scheduling and accessibility . > 28 The survey team was instructed to drop the event from the sample if there were not at least 3 rejected candidates that fell", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 42, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The project is a collaborative effort between GFDRR and the Poverty GP . This component improves the understanding of how disasters and poverty are related , to be able to ( i ) effectively guide policy on how to strengthen resilience ; ( ii ) capture synergies between risk management and poverty reduction . While other components under TURP focused only on priority areas , the Disaster-Poverty survey included all of Dar es Salaam in the project design and analysis . Creating a baseline with data from the entire city enables comparison between priority areas and the rest of the city in terms of exposure , vulnerability and socioeconomic resilience . It allows the benefits from TURP interventions to be monitored , and can be used to inform the allocation and prioritization of future TURP investments and public policy . # 2 . 2 Sampling and data collection The selection of households in the survey design had two objectives . First , to select a sample that represents the population of Dar es Salaam and second , to interview enough people who had experienced floods to be able to detect patterns in their socio-economic characteristics . A large enough sample size was selected to confidently represent the population of Dar es Salaam given the income level and income distribution . A database of all enumeration areas ( EAs ) in Dar es Salaam was provided as a sampling frame , by Tanzania ’ s National Bureau of Statistics . After data cleaning , it included 14 , 987 EAs . Sample size was chosen based on the combination of number of EAs and number of households per EA that produce acceptable relative standard errors ( lower than 25 % ) given the budget constraint for data collection . We found that this could be obtained by selecting 105 EAs and 10 households per EA . Then , we randomly selected 10 households from each EA using satellite imagery . Later , we added 28 EAs to the original sample as part of an additional round of data collection . These were selected using a similar methodology with the objective to include more households from risk prone areas . To capture enough households that had experienced floods , flood risk stratums were designed using the", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 404, "text": "Disaster-Poverty survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 497, "end": 522, "text": "data from the entire city", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1299, "end": 1332, "text": "database of all enumeration areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10514 # * * Abstract * * Using detailed monthly firm-level trade data from Indonesia from February 2019 to June 2021 , this paper shows that firm-level exports were overall more resilient than imports during Covid-19 . Firms that participated in global value chains were more resilient to the Covid-19 shock beyond the immediate short-run compared to firms that did not . However , among global value chain firms , those that faced certain types of non-tariff measures on their import products , notably port of entry restrictions , on average faced larger reductions in export quantities and number of transactions compared to firms that did not face such restrictions , consistent with the evidence of major port congestion during Covid-19 . Therefore , although international connectedness could be a source of vulnerability to global shocks in the immediate short run , policies that enable firms to be more globally engaged through global value chains could enhance resilience . Relatedly , tackling measures such as port of entry restrictions can ensure fast and efficient port and customs procedures , especially during periods of high port congestion , as global value chain trade requires goods to cross borders many times . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice and the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at amontfaucon @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 114, "text": "monthly firm-level trade data from Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ < u > Compliance reviews : The objectives of the quarterly compliance reviews will be : < / u > 1 . To assess the overall compliance with the RAP and applicable legislation and requirements particularly : - Compliance with the eligibility criteria as described in the RAP - Actual delivery of entitlements ( compensation and resettlement packages ) as described in this RAP 2 . Compliance with the implementation mechanisms as described in the RAP To verify that measures to restore or enhance affected people ’ s quality of life and livelihood , including vulnerable groups , are being implemented and to assess their effectiveness 3 . To assess the extent to which the quality of life and livelihoods are being restored in an appropriate manner . 4 . To monitor and recommend specific corrective actions regarding other social concerns raised including : - i . community grievances ( e . g . related to worker behavior and interactions with community members including youth ) - ii . community conflicts - iii . optimal use of local labour ; - iv . implementation of HIV / AIDs community sensitization programs * * < u > Completion audit < / u > * * < u > : The purpose of the completion audit is to establish whether REA has implemented all the activities needed to ensure < / u > compliance with resettlement commitments defined by the RAP and applicable policies , and whether compensation and resettlement can be deemed complete . A key objective of the RAP is that compensation , resettlement and other mitigation measures should lead to sustainable restoration or enhancement of the affected persons ’ quality of life and income levels . The completion audit will be carried out by the same auditor as the compliance audit . Based on data collected during this review and other data collected during implementation , the auditor will form conclusions on the following main issues : 1 . Have the objectives of the RAP been achieved in respect to : - Identification of the affected people and", "spans": [{"start": 1828, "end": 1861, "text": "data collected during this review", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "census be carried out . She said that this process was necessitated by the fact that the Consultant had submitted a report / map that had spaces that therefore needed to be filled since each parcel within the project area had been allocated to members of the ranch . She said that the completion of both the verification and the new census processes would ensure that all the affected persons within the ranch are documented in the RAP paving way for the World Bank to clear the RAP report . Irene also urged the gathering to support the project and cease from the politics and propaganda that was being spread by people who were against the development . The Master of ceremony then invited the Consultant who also explained the reason as to why the census was to be carried out afresh . Peter Explained that the blank spaces on the map were", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 757, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 Visitor ; 9 Other ( specify ) ; 0 No Answer . Occupations : < u > Principle Occupation : < / u > 1 . Farmer ; 2 Shepherd ; 3 Household ; 4 Merchant ; 5 Religious leader , teacher ; 6 Artisan ; 7 Transport ; 8 Unemployed ; 9 Other ( specify ) ; 0 No Answer Secondary Occupations : idem . Educational Level : 1 Illiterate ; 2 Three years or less ; 3 Primary School ; 4 Secondary School ; 5 Technical School ; 6 Religious School ( literate in Arabic ) ; 0 No Answer Religion : 1 Muslim ; 2 Christian ( specify denomination ) ; 3 Animist . 9 Other ( specify ) ; 0 No Answer # # # # * * 3 . Land asset inventory for ULGDP investment project Affected People * * Urban Local Government Development Project Page 32", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 608, "text": "Land asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < sup > 20 < / sup > This restructuring is common to state and privatized firms , and we view the resulting drop in revenues and employment as a necessary consequence of past distortions : we refer to it as the _transition_ or _marketization effect_ that all * * 17 * * We analyze differences in the way state and privatized finns approach uncertainty and risks inherent in restructuring of their activities in a forthcoming paper . * * 18 * * \" It ' s the revenues , stupid , \" _The Financial Times , _ Dec . 27 , 1996 . The focus on revenues could distort our performance comparisons if the superior revenue . performance of privatized firms could be attributed to mergers or acquisitions . There is , however , no evidence of any mergers or acquisitions in our sample . We examined the annual revenue changes of all privatized firms in the sample , and for all those that increased their revenues by over 25 % within a single year , we evaluated the employment changes . The _highest_ annual employment increase among those firms was about 18 % , and it was a small firm that increased its employment from 176 to 209 employees - - hardly a merger-generated growth . The next highest annual employment increases among the same group of finms were 14 . 5 % and 2 . 5 % , respectively , indicating no major mergers or acquisitions in our sample . Another distortion could have been introduced if state firms were more likely than privatized companies to split or otherwise contribute a part of their assets to other entities . On this question we have direct evidence and it excludes such possibility : 20 privatized firms and only 11 state firms contributed some portion of their assets to other entities , and the effects of these contributions on employment and revenue measures used in our equations were approximately similar for state and privatized firms . 19 Enterprises in Eastern Europe tend , on average , to be larger than those in comparable developed market economies ; see Komai ( 1992 ) . 20 Balcerowicz , Gray and Hashi ( 1997 ) document the staggering decline of output and employment in the", "spans": [{"start": 791, "end": 837, "text": "annual revenue changes of all privatized firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 presents robust pooled-OLS and within-group ( WG ) estimates of the four models considered ( M1 , M2 , M3 and M4 ) . Time dummies are included in all models . As noted above , we use the headcount poverty rate ( with poverty line of US $ 2 ) as our baseline measure of poverty . < sup > 24 < / sup > For ease of comparison with the existing literature , we also report estimates of ( 12 ) omitting the poverty rate and including only inequality . For each model , we can then assess the contribution of > 22 We use the residuals of a regression of the openness index on country size and two dummies indicating whether the country is landlocked and whether it is an oil exporter ( Loayza et al . , 2005 ) . > 23 The infrastructure index is an updated version of that used by Calderón et al . ( 2015 ) . > 24 Following López and Servén ( 2009 ) , we drop Nigeria and Eswatini ( formerly Swaziland ) from the sample because of the poor quality of their PWT7 . 1 GDP data . Moreover , for models M2 , M3 and M4 , we found several big outliers for the investment price and inflation times series . For instance , there are 3 observations above 4 and even 5 standard deviations for the domestic investment price , and 6 big outliers for inflation . These anomalous observations affect mainly the specification tests of system GMM ( the Hansen and m2 tests ) , bringing them closer to rejection in some cases , but have only minor incidence on the estimation results . 14", "spans": [{"start": 958, "end": 975, "text": "PWT7 . 1 GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Annex 4 Page 4 of 26 Market Failure . Years of neglect , civil strife , low quality schooling , and a lack of tradition make it extremely difficult to increase the pace of school enrollments . As the economy is in transition and adjustments take place , households and individuals will increase investment in human capital . In the meantime , primary school ( grades 1-6 ) enrollments in Sub-saharan Africa average 70 percent . Primary school enrollments are only 35 percent in Ethiopia . But in order to increase enrollments in the interim , public investment is needed , especially at lower levels , to increase attainment and retention , to produce a literate population , and to increase household and labor market productivity . # # # # # * * Identifvin2 the Appropriate Form of Public Intervention * * It is established that public intervention is required . However , the form of intervention could vary . The main objective is to increase enrollments from a very low base . The program provides a good plan for solving the problem of insufficient public classrooms , which is a constraint . But it would be wrong to ignore issues of parental choice , which is another constraint to achieving objectives . Even in a very poor country , it is true that poor , rural parents exercise choice . In terms of the demand for education , they may choose not to send their children to school . Issues of importance include distance , opportunity cost , language of instruction , direct monetary cost associated with schooling , gender issues , cultural issues and lack of tradition . Most regions in Ethiopia have implemented the national policy of abolishing school fees at the primary level . This has resulted in a considerable increase in the demand for schooling in just a few years . The gross enrollment ratio ( grades 1-6 ) increased from 19 . 7 percent in 1992 / 93 to 34 . 6 percent in 1995 / 96 . To the extent that language of instruction is an issue , all Regions have plans to introduce local language learning", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 17 . 6 per cent ) in Seiga-22 kebele ( Asosa woreda , Benishangul-Gumuz ) state that quality of rural roads has worsened , while the participants ( 20 . 6 per cent ) in two kebeles _viz_ . Dabus kebele ( Bambasi woreda , Benishangul-Gumuz ) and Chechu kebele ( Dilla Zuria woreda , SNNPR ) do not see any improvement . 104 . On the whole , the FGD findings suggest that most of the community members at kebele level feel that basic services have improved marginally compared to three years before . The community perceive that education , health , agriculture , and sanitation services have been better than water and rural road services . # # # # * * 5 . 3 Progress in Strengthening Local Accountability and Transparency * * # # # # # # * * _5 . 4 . 1 Citizen ’ s engagement_ * * 105 . * * Financial transparency and accountability * * : The FTA initiatives are well integrated with the government ’ s public financial management system , and impressive progress has been made . About 97 per cent of the woredas now post budget and expenditure using revised template , and in the process informing 29 per cent citizens . Among the service delivery units , 67 per cent disclose information using standardised service delivery templates . Multi-media are used to disseminate FTA information , such as notice / bill board , TV , radio , pamphlets , training , and pocket calendar . Initiatives are also underway to introduce procurement templates . 106 . Alongside shifting to revised FTA templates , many regions have introduced result focussed FTA reporting format to collect information from woredas . Of the four regions visited by the evaluation teams , SNNPR and Somali regions are receiving woreda reports in the result focussed FTA format . The other two regions , Oromiya and Benishangul-Gumuz , are not using the new reporting form", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We start with a group of 51 “ serial defaulters . ” These are countries that have defaulted on their external debt at least twice since 1815 ( or independence ) . < sup > 41 < / sup > Appendix B5 . 4 shows that the results are similar when using a stricter definition of serial defaulters , that is , for countries with at least three or at least four defaults . The second group of 40 countries ( “ Others ” ) includes non-defaulters and one-time defaulters . < sup > 42 < / sup > The default data are from Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) , updated by Reinhart and Trebesch ( 2016 ) and here . Table 5 : Bond returns by country group and era | | Arithmetic < br > mean < br > ( annual ) | < br > Geometric < br > mean < br > ( annual ) | SD | Excess return < br > ( mean , above < br > UK / US bonds ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total Sample ( 1815-2016 ) | | | | | | Serial defaulters < br > | 7 . 1 < br > | 5 . 8 < br > | 16 . 8 < br > | 4 . 6 < br > | | Other countries with ext . bonds | 5 . 6 | 5 . 1 | 10 . 4 | 3 . 4 | | UK / US government bonds | 2 . 9 | 2 . 5 | 9 . 3 | | | Early 19th Century ( 1815-1869 ) | | | | | | Serial defaulters < br > | 7 . 0 < br > | 5 . 5 < br > | 17 . 8 < br > | 2 . 9 < br > | | Other countries with ext . bonds | 5 . 8 | 5 . 4 | 10 . 1 | 1 . 8 | | UK government bonds | 5 . 1 | 4 . 6 | 10 . 2 | | | Pre-WW1 (", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 498, "text": "default data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 6 - * * ( i ) provision of Project management training to key staff ; ( ii ) development of a project management manual ; ( iii ) development of a city asset management policy and strategy and u ) dating Kampala Capital City ' s ( \" KCC \" ) assets register ; ( iv ) * * ESMF * * and RPF implementation , monitoring , reporting and evaluation ; and ( v ) planning , designing and operating the KCC transport system . - * * ( b ) * * Carrying out of a Irogram of actions designed to strengthen the capacity of KCCA ' s Physical Flanning Directorate for developing a comprehensive city address system and iadaster information , with a view to enhancing own source revenue , including , _iater alia : _ ( i ) updating the cadaster maps ; ( ii ) street mapping , naming and plot addressing ; and ( iii ) upgrading and licensing of the ArcGIS to server enterprise standard . - ( c ) Strengthening the c : apacity of KCCA ' s Revenue Collection Directorate for developing robust rcvenue management systems ( including , _inter alia , _ revenue database , assessment , billing , collection , enforcement , dispute resolution and tax payer education ) , wit : h a view to enhancing own source revenues . - * * ( d ) * * Supporting the KCCA ' s use of a * * SMS * * mobile phone platform with a view to enhancing service delivery . * * _I PAO , _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 724, "end": 737, "text": "cadaster maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1035, "end": 1051, "text": "revenue database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . Refugee population and changes by country / territory of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntar < mark > y repatriation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often unknown . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | Region and | Population | start-2006 | | Increa | ses during | 2006 | | | | D | ecreases du | ring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | country / | | | Spont . a | rrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resett | lement | | | | | | | | territory | | _of which : _ | | | Resettle - | | | | _of which", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 104, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1043, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "who left to work abroad during this period were from Muslim households . In contrast , Muslim households were among the least likely to see a member migrate to another Indian state . < sup > 21 < / sup > In terms of economic status , households with members who migrated internationally between 1998 and 2003 came from relatively wealthier households ( based on pre-migration land , averaging 71 . 5 cents , < sup > 22 < / sup > and overall asset holdings ) . Domestic migrants came from households with holdings similar to non-migrant households ( mean of 58 . 5 cents ) . I measured asset holdings using a composite index derived from a first principal component weighting of 6 indicators of durable assets ownership and 11 indicators of housing quality . < sup > 23 < / sup > Further elaboration of my method for constructing the asset indices appears in Section 4 . B . 2 . # _B . Empirical Strategy_ # < u > B . 1 . Specification < / u > I examined asset gains by estimating a regression across migrant and non-migrant households , using a difference-in-difference specification with the panel of Kerala households surveyed in 1998 and 2003 . The goal of the exercise is to determine the effect that the labor migration of household members between 1993 and 2003 had on the accumulation of assets , all else being equal . Measuring changes in household-level outcomes naturally yields a first-difference regression specification : where is the change in household asset holdings between survey rounds in 1998 and 2003 for household , is the number of household members who migrated overseas for employment between survey rounds , and reflects the number of household members who > 21 Scheduled caste families were the least likely to have a domestic migrant during this period ( 7 percent ) . The largest group of households whose members moved within India for employment during this period was Hindus ( 38 percent ) . 22 Landholding is the sum of agricultural and non-agricultural land measured in cents , where 100 cents is equivalent to an acre . > 23 I confined the indicators used in the construction of the overall asset index to a common set", "spans": [{"start": 1093, "end": 1128, "text": "panel of Kerala households surveyed", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "infrastructure should and can be financed using KCCA internally generated revenues . This component will support Revenue Directorate to rationalize and streamline the current revenue management systems ( revenue data base , assessment , billing , collection , enforcement , dispute resolutions , and tax payers ’ education ) . The current top five key sources of OSR for KCCA are trading licenses , property rates , taxi fees , outdoor advertising and street parking . Property rates present the biggest potential source of internal revenue for financing maintenance oriented services like road maintenance , garbage collection and street lighting . The emphasis and focus for enhancing revenue collections in the short term will be in improving the revenue management system of the top five KCCA revenue sources . It is projected that these measures will result into a 15 % annual OSR increase . The project will also support KCCA to join the other service providers to start using the SMS mobile phone technology for payment of bills and providing customer feedback regarding the quality of services being provided by KCCA . # * * 4 . Project location and salient physical characteristics relevant to the safeguard analysis ( if known ) * * The project is to be implemented in Kampala Capital City Authority , comprising of five administrative divisions . All the 5 divisions will be covered by the project . The civil works activities under Component 1 are relevant to safeguards analysis . The civil works include up-grade and expansion of roads from earth / murram to bitumen status , traffic management ( Motorized and NMT ) and associated primary and secondary drainage improvements . While the phase 1 the roads to be worked on under phase 1 with engineering designs have been proposed in a known long list , however , by the time of project appraisal , the screening and selection of phase 1 sub-projects had not yet been completed ; and roads / sub-projects to be worked on during phases 2 / 3 have also not yet been selected . Selection of roads to be upgraded will be based on their economic viability and complementarity to the BRT so as to", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 221, "text": "revenue data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ | * * Theme * * < br > Declaration of public < br > utility | * * Relevant Sections * * < br > Article 1463 requires that the project which renders expropriation necessary < br > shall first < br > be declared to serve the public interest by the competent < br > authorities and a notice to this effect shall be published in accordance with < br > Article 44 of the Constitution . < br > Article 1466 determines land subject to expropriation : | | - - - | - - - | | Determination of < br > project impact zones < br > and affected < br > communities | ( l ) Where it has been declared that a project serves the public interest , the < br > competent authorities shall determine which immovable is required to be < br > expropriated to enable the carrying out of the project . < br > The owners , bare owners and usufructuaries shall be personally notified of < br > the contemplated expropriation . < br > They shall be required to express within a reasonable time fixed by the < br > authorities their views on the necessityof such expropriation . < br > Article 1468 outlines the service of an order : | | Notification of affected < br > communities | ( l ) An expropriation order shall be served on the owner concerned and on < br > any person whose rights on the expropriated immovable have been entered < br > in the register of immovable . < br > ( 2 ) It shall be served on any person whom the owner designates to the < br > competent authorities as havinga right on the immovable . < br > Article 1469 refers to partial expropriation : < br > ( I ) Where part of a building is expropriated , the owner may", "spans": [{"start": 1476, "end": 1497, "text": "register of immovable", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", medicine and supplies ) , carbon emission reductions and forest preservation . In addition to time saved from reduced fuel collection , survey respondents said that on average LPG saved them around four hours per day in cooking time alone ( as they spent an average of two hours per day cooking with LPG , compared with six hours using firewood ) . Some 26 per cent said that they used the time saved for income-generating activities . The analysis also found that environmental destruction carried high monetary costs , and suggested carbon financing as a source of potential funding to support long-term sustainability of the LPG market . Two pilot phases were completed in 2016 and 2017 , in which 3 , 000 Nyarugusu refugee households received free LPG kits and two refills of 6-kg LPG cylinders per month over a threemonth period . After those pilots , UNEP DTU and UNHCR developed a market creation plan with a target to supply LPG to 20 , 000 families in three Kigoma region camps , plus an additional 5 , 000 vulnerable families from the host communities . The plan proposes applying a 50 per cent subsidy for the kits and cylinder refills using targeted donor funding . The plan is considered to be realistic given survey results showing that more than 50 per cent of households in Nyarugusu already spend an average of $ 12 a month on firewood and / or charcoal . In comparison , it costs $ 18 to supply the same amount of energy from LPG . Significant demand for LPG is also indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of respondents expressed a willingness to pay for LPG . However , the stated amount they were willing to pay was lower than their reported spending on traditional fuels ( which could be due to concern on the part of respondents that any figure they provided would then be translated into the actual end-user charge ) . Subsidies could be delivered directly to beneficiaries in the form of vouchers , based on family size and vulnerability status . # # # Incentivizing and securing private-sector LPG", "spans": [{"start": 1225, "end": 1239, "text": "survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 3 . Sensitivity to missing data * * The degree of missing data in the GMD varies by variable . * * ( * * Table 9 ) . The variable most severely affected by missing data is sector of work . This variable is reported in only 64 out the 89 countries in the sample , representing 2 . 1 billion of the full sample ’ s 5 . 25 billion people . For the purposes of this exercise , we consider education across all ages , which is reported in 83 out the 89 countries . Education is not asked for very young children , however , with the cutoff age varying across countries . The education profile , therefore , only represents 4 . 7 of the 5 . 25 billion people covered by the full sample . The results reported above use a separate sample for each profiling variable . To see if using a fixed sample would significantly alter the results , we construct key profile statistics based on two fixed 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the stock market should have been completed by that date . The fourth theme i s rural and low-income finance . It i s envisaged that the four large existing MFIs will continue to diversify their product mix , possibly becoming limitedservice banks . Other institutions that provide financial services to the low-income population will also continue to find a role in the medium term , and a regulatory strategy for these institutions , particularly for savings and credit cooperatives , will be elaborated in a consultative manner and implemented by 2010 . The potential for modem agricultural risk insurance products and small and medium enterprise ( SME ) finance products will be explored and piloted with a view to a fuller roll-out before 2010 . The fifth theme refers to the legal , judicial and information environment . This will include , for example , improved foreclosure laws , enabling legislation for leasing , establishment of a registry o f assets and enhancement o f the credit information bureau and a major improvement in the quality and reliability o f accounting inf ~ rmation . ' ~ Ongoing capacity development and legislative reforms here will take time . ' * Including the move to risk-based supervision . > * * l3 * * The lack o f confidence in audited accounts at present has prompted the authorities to explore possible ways of providing an disincentive to f i r m s against producing different sets o f accounts for the tax authorities and the banks . 24", "spans": [{"start": 988, "end": 1013, "text": "credit information bureau", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) tensions with the local host communities . Below are selected economic and social impacts of COVID-19 , as reported in three rounds of COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Surveys < sup > 45 < / sup > conducted by the Bank between March 2020 and March 2021 : - * * Economic Impact * * . Employment rates among refugee respondents declined from 43 percent in October / November 2020 to 32 percent in February / March 2021 . This widened the gap further from the pre-lockdown employment rate of 56 percent — by 24 percentage points . - * * Socio-economic shocks . * * Exposure to COVID related shocks was much higher among refugees . Every refugee household experienced at least one shock between March and October / November 2020 compared to 42 percent of households among Ugandans . The most common shock among refugees was an increase in the price of key food items , followed by illness , injury or death of income earning household members . Reducing food consumption remained the most frequently used coping strategy by refugees . - * * Food Security . * * Food insecurity remains much higher among refugees than Ugandans . Ration cuts coupled with COVID-19 impact substantially deteriorated food security among refugees . It has gradually improved over the last 12 months following the impact of initial lockdowns but remains worse than in 2018 . - * * Access to Basic Needs . * * Refugees reported significantly lower access to medicine , medical treatment , and sufficient drinking water in February / March 2021 than Ugandans . - * * Mental Health * * . Fifty-four percent of refugees reported depression compared with 5 percent among Ugandans , with women and those in the West Nile having the highest incidence . * * 3 . * * However , in separate High Frequency Surveys < sup > 46 < / sup > for refugees , 88 percent of respondents", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 291, "text": "COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1869, "end": 1891, "text": "High Frequency Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Costa , Dora L . * * “ From mill town to board room : The rise of women ' s paid labor . ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 14 , no . 4 ( 2000 ) : 101-122 . * * Dahbura , Juan Nelson Martínez . * * “ The Short-Term Impact of Crime on School Enrollment and School Choice : Evidence from El Salvador . ” _Economía_ 18 . 2 ( 2018 ) : 121-145 . * * Dávila , Alberto , and José A . Pagán . * * “ Gender Pay and Occupational-Attainment Gaps in Costa Rica and El Salvador : A Relative Comparison of the Late 1980s . ” _Review of Development Economics_ 3 , no . 2 ( 1999 ) : 215-230 . * * Dollar , David , and Aart Kraay . * * “ Trade , growth , and poverty . ” _Economic Journal_ 114 , no . 493 ( 2004 ) : F22F49 . * * Easterly , William , and Ross Levine . * * \" Tropics , germs , and crops : How endowments influence economic development . \" _Journal of Monetary Economics_ 50 . 1 ( 2003 ) : 3-39 . * * Eaton , Jonathan , and Samuel Kortum . * * “ Technology , geography , and trade . ” _Econometrica_ 70 , no . 5 ( 2002 ) : 1741-1779 . * * Feenstra , Robert C . , Robert Inklaar , and Marcel P . Timmer . * * “ The next generation of the Penn World Table . ” _American Economic Review_ , no . 105 ( 10 ) ( 2015 ) : 3150-3182 , available for download at < u > www . ggdc . net / pwt . < / u > * * Ferreira , Gustavo FC , and R . Wes Harrison . * * “ From coffee beans to microchips : Export diversification and economic growth in Costa Rica . ” _Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics_ 44 , no . 4 ( 2012 ) : 517-531 . * * Funkhouser , Edward . * * “ Mobility and labor market segmentation : The urban labor market in El Salvador . ” _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ 46 ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tropical typhoon directly passes over or nearby . The estimated wind speeds are merged to the household FIES survey at the barangay level and consumption expenditures are regressed against windspeed ( or a related damage index ) and socioeconomic household characteristics . The paper shows that different specifications of typhoon effects have negative impacts on consumption levels , especially food . The estimated coefficients from the regression model are then used to estimate _ex-ante_ household vulnerability to poverty in the event of future natural disasters of different intensity . The proposed approach applied to the case of typhoons is fully complementary to the proxymeans targeting ( PMT ) method used by _Listahanan_ and the 4Ps , in the sense that in addition to the chronic poor currently identified by the PMT method of the 4Ps program , it allows identification ( or targeting ) of the households that are likely to fall below the poverty line in the event of a natural disaster shock . The _ex-ante_ identification of those who are vulnerable to poverty combined with timely support for these households makes it possible to provide targeted support in a timely and cost-effective manner . 3", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 115, "text": "household FIES survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 03 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | | | home | | | | | | | | | The job she is in | 0 . 98 | 0 . 96 | 0 . 98 | | 0 . 97 | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 00 | | pays verywell | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | | ( 0 . 01 ) | | | | She has to | 0 . 67 | 0 . 46 | 0 . 63 | | 0 . 38 | 0 . 07 * * | 0 . 08 * * | | occasionally travel | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 03 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | | | for work outside | | | | | | | | | the village / city | | | | | | | | | Her job is | 0 . 70 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 65 | | 0 . 43 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 07 * * | | < br > physically | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 03 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | | | demanding | | | | | | | | | She works in a | 0 . 51 | 0 . 29 | 0 . 48 | | 0 . 24 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 05 | | hotel / restaurant | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 03 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | | | Observations | 85 | 0 | | 3 | 00 | 1 | , 150 | 55", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services Project ( P179040 ) | | open-source data set | | - - - | - - - | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Heat mapof all registration locations | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Improving service delivery * * | | | * * Number of entities using Fayda ser * * | * * vices for improved delivery of benefits and services ( Number ) * * | | Description | Number of entities that are using at least one of the several services offered by Fayda to verify < br > the identity of their beneficiaries / clients , including but not only unique number seeding , yes / no < br > authentications , and sharingof ID attributes | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | Number of API connections to the Fayda Platform | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Number of whom arepublic entitie * * | * * s ( Number ) * * | | Description | Number of public entities that are using Fayda services that are a state , regional , or local < br > authority ; a body governed by public law ; or aprivate entitymandated toprovidepublic services | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | Number of API connections to the Fayda Platform | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Number of who areprivate entities * * | * * ( Number ) * * | | Description | Number ofprivate entities usingFayda ID services | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | Number of API connections to the Fayda Platform | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services for the Detailed Design of the Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nirnule Road Contrad No . RDPIHWIS018 VKE International ( Pty ) Ltd Resettlement Action Plan July 2009 | Health CenterIII | reported < br > I | | - - - | - - - | | • < br > Availability of safe water and sanitation | | | facilities < br > among < br > the < br > impacted | I : | | communities | | # # # # # 9 . 3 Reporting Arrangements The RIT will be responsible for monitoring the project . A performance standard will need to be developed to monitor the project at both the District and project level . Quarterly reports will be received from those in the Districts and fed to UNRA who will be responsible for the project level monitoring . Monitoring and evaluation will continue for two years after relocation , but at less frequent intervals , for example annually . The benchmarks during the socio-economic surveys of the PAPs will be compared to evaluate changes in the socio-economic conditions of the PAPs . An independent Consultant with experience in resettlement activities could be engaged to carry out the evaluation of the implementation of the resettlement and rehabilitation of the PAPs . Deficiencies in the resettlement implementation shall be assessed and changes to procedures on future projects shall be recommended to ensure the problems do not reoccur . # # # # # 9 . 4 Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation Having identified and determined the situation on the ground and based on the reactions of the consulted key stakeholders in the project corridor , the following approaches are proposed to be used during the monitoring and evaluation of resettlement and compensation activities of all the Entitled Persons ( EPs ) along the route . # # # # # 9 . 5 Periodic Reporting This is to be effected from the management level ( UNRA ) to co-ordination level in the field . Arrangements will be made regarding the reporting system to be used . The", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 924, "text": "socio-economic surveys of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > and on duty , up to $ 1 , 540 , 000 per Fiscal Year | 4 , 816 , 353 | 1 , 659 , 350 | | deployed to Primary < br > and Junior schools < br > with the highest < br > teacher shortages . | DLR # 3 . 2 : < br > ( a ) A detailed teacher staffing plan developed < br > based on identified teacher gaps by junior schools < br > and county for target learning areas . < br > ( b ) Qualified new / upgraded existing teachers < br > recruited and deployed in Junior Schools with the < br > highest teacher shortageintarget subjects as per the < br > teacher staffing plan . | ( a ) US $ 1 million for a detailed teacher staffing plan < br > based on teacher gaps by Junior school and county < br > for integrated sciences , pre-technical studies , < br > mathematics , English and creative arts and sports . < br > ( b ) US $ 400 for every qualified new / upgraded < br > existing teacher recruited and on dutyinJunior < br > Schools with the highest teacher shortageintarget < br > subjects as per the teacher staffing plan ; up to < br > US $ ! million per Fiscal Year , with maximumof < br > US $ 4 million for four years | | | | | DLR # 3 . 3 : Reductioninteachers ' knowledge and < br > pedagogical gaps in science , mathematics , and < br > English ( SME ) for grades 4 , 5 and6 . | ( a ) US $ 7 million for establishmentofbaseline on < br > teachers ' performanceinSME and SBTSS manual < br > and implementation plan finalized . < br > ( b ) US $ 7 million for at least 80 % ofteachers < br > teaching grades 4 , 5 and 6inall primary schools , < br > including teachers", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the children remained a role for the women . On the other hand , men were free to use their money and resources as they wished . The Batwa believe that they were created to be kings ( _batware_ ) of the area < sup > 14 < / sup > . Originally , the men were hunters , and the women were involved in ceramics . To be recognized as a man , one would first trap or kill an animal . Men would collect medicinal herbs to administer to male children , while women gathered these for themselves and their children . Men were responsible for providing fire ( _gushingata_ ) and were also expected to be warriors . The Batwa also love ancestral dancing , especially the Rutwa dance . A key element of the Batwa culture is their language . According to MUST 2020 , about one-third of the Batwa identified Orutwa ( Rutwa ) as their native language , although only a few old aged Batwa can still speak it . Evidence from the consultative meetings held with the Batwa in Rubuguri on 20 / 6 / 22 , Sanuriro 21 / 6 / 22 , Rushaaga 21 / 6 / 22 , Buhoma on 22 / 6 / 2022 , as well as during the 2025 consultations , also indicated that most of the Batwa can no longer speak Orutwa language as they have continuously adopted other languages spoken by the dominant communities within which they live . As seen in the consultative meetings , < sup > 15 < / sup > most Batwa are able to speak Runyoro - Rutooro and Runyakore-Rukiiga . Unfortunately , the Rutwa language ( also known as Orutwa ) is at risk of getting extinct in the community , as the language is not written and not promoted . For example , there is no local radio station in the area that uses / broadcasts its programs in Rutwa language .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption . Table II summarizes the labor supply statistics of children aged 12-15 years in 1997 ( pre-Progresa grants ) . It can be seen that of those children not in school , 63 % of boys report having a job , while 20 % of girls report having a job . Conversely , of those children who report they attend school , only 7 . 5 % of boys and 2 . 9 % of girls report having a job . Further , when we look at hours worked for those children with a job , those not attending school work an average of over 40 hours per week , whereas those attending school report an average of less than 15 hours per-week . Thus , it appears that going to school places a major constraint both on labor market participation and on hours worked in the labor market for children . 23", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 61, "text": "labor supply statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "price puzzle . The transmission of a monetary policy shock to output and prices is statistically different from estimates obtained when excluding the amplification mechanism through exchange rates . Existing studies attribute the exchange rate puzzle in EMEs to various underlying factors — including concerns over debt financing , habit persistence of exchange rates , disconnection between bond and currency markets , and the response of liquidity problems following monetary policy shocks . The latter , often referred to as “ UIP premium puzzle , ” has been considered one of the most compelling reasons for the disconnection between interest rates and exchange rates . Kohlscheen ( 2014 ) argues that it is difficult to attribute the exchange rate puzzle solely to fiscal dominance , as unexpected rate increases are not associated with increases in risk premia . Similar results are obtained in the case of Chile — a country with the highest possible short-term credit rating since 1995 and a debt / GDP ratio below 10 % . Instead , De Leo et al . ( 2023 ) find , by examining quarterly data from the mid-1990s to 2019 across a large set of EMEs , that monetary policies in EMEs tend to adopt Taylor-rule-like approaches but still exhibit a procyclical nature . They argue that one of the primary reasons for this phenomenon is the disconnect between policy rates and short-term market rates in EMEs . Blanchard ( 2004 ) argues that if an increase in the real interest rate also raises the likelihood of default on debt , it may diminish the attractiveness of domestic government debt , resulting in a real depreciation . This scenario is more likely with higher initial debt levels , a larger proportion of foreign-currencydenominated debt , and heightened risk premiums . In such a context , inflation targeting can yield counterintuitive effects : a rise in the real interest driven by monetary policy responding to higher inflation > 41 In the case of EMEs , earlier studies based on event studies with _daily_ data show that the currency response to monetary policy is low or nonexistent ( Aktas et al . 2005 ; Duran et al . 2012 ; Pennings et al . 2015 ) . 45", "spans": [{"start": 1083, "end": 1097, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 642 | 0 . 552 | ( 0 . 275 ) | | Reasons to not complete the survey | | | | | | | | | | Refusal to response ( % ) | 294 | 0 . 67 | 0 . 47 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 686 | 0 . 619 | ( 0 . 275 ) | | Connectivity problems ( % ) | 294 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 47 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 314 | 0 . 381 | ( 0 . 275 ) | | _Panel B : Sensitive information measures using data from . . . _ | | | | | | | | | | Knowledge incorporation survey | | | | | | | | | | Stress high ( % ) | 305 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 584 | 0 . 370 | ( 0 . 001 ) * * * | | Physical punishment is effective ( % ) | 305 | 0 . 54 | 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 539 | 0 . 546 | ( 0 . 912 ) | | Baseline survey | | | | | | | | | | Stress high ( % ) | 358 | 0 . 31 | 0 . 46 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 295 | 0 . 324 | ( 0 . 558 ) | | Physical punishment is effective ( % ) | 358 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 500 | 0 . 456 | ( 0 . 407 ) | | Follow - up survey | | | | | | | | | | Stress high ( % ) | 265 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 38 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 202 | 0 . 147 | ( 0 . 243 ) | | Physical punishment is effective ( % ) | 265 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 48 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 341 | 0 . 390", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 420, "text": "Knowledge incorporation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Cashin P . , | The paper addresses two | Real annual data of the | Following Watson | No evidence of a break in the | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | McDermott C . J . < br > ( 2001 ) | research questions : what is the < br > empirical behavior of < br > commodity prices ? Are there < br > any changes in the variability < br > of commodity prices and in < br > the trend growth of prices over < br > time ? | nominal industrial < br > commodities price index < br > ( dollar based ) , deflated < br > by the GDP deflator of < br > the United States over < br > the period 1862-1999 . | ( 1994 ) the paper < br > applies two < br > econometric tests on a < br > “ peak-trough ” < br > analysis to determine < br > the length of a cycle < br > and its statistical < br > significance . < br > Descriptive statistics < br > complement the < br > analysis . | long-run trend decline in < br > commodity prices . Evidence < br > of a ratcheting up in the < br > variability of price < br > movements . The amplitude < br > of price movements increased < br > in the early 1900s , while the < br > frequency of large price < br > movements increased after < br > the collapse of the Bretton < br > Woods regime of fixed < br > exchange rates . | | Cuddington J . T . , < br > Liang H . ( 2003 ) | The study investigates < br > differences in real primary < br > commodity price volatility < br > across fixed and flexible < br > exchange rate regimes . | The paper combines < br > three datasets : Grilli and < br > Yang ( 1988 ) , Boughton < br > ( 1991 ) and IMF ’ s_IFS_ . < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1571, "end": 1583, "text": "IMF ’ s_IFS_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The pattern of heterogeneous effects with respect to plant size and fuel type further bolsters the case for the shift in generation to combustion power plants as the primary mechanism . Specifically , we find that the effects on excess PM2 _ . _ 5 are largest for smaller power plants and those that use oil or biomass and more muted among larger power plants and those that use coal . These results are consistent with the idea that smaller power plants are more able to respond during a drought as they tend to be air-cooled , while larger power plants tend to be water-cooled . Another possible reason the effect is more muted among larger power plants ( mainly coal ) is their limited flexibility ( i . e . , they provide baseload generation ) . The third set of results quantifies the number of lives lost building on our estimates of drought-induced excess PM2 _ . _ 5 , demographic data on the population exposed , and well-established concentration-response functions from the literature that documents the adverse health effects of PM2 _ . _ 5 ( e . g . , Deryugina et al . ( 2019 ) ; Liu et al . ( 2019 ) ) . Our preferred counterfactual calculation shows that the region experiences as many as 10 , 000 premature deaths per year . The monetized losses from the lives lost using conservative estimates of the value of a statistical life indicate an associated cost in the order of $ 12 billion ( constant 2019 USD ) per year . 3", "spans": [{"start": 877, "end": 893, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "together to prepare for a surge in young people seeking remote protection and mental health solutions . The introduction of social distancing and lockdown-type , stay-at-home measures has resulted in conditions conducive to physical , emotional , and sexual abuse of the most vulnerable members of the society . Those who are abused by family members , often have little or no access to the usual routes of escape . As such , the world has witnessed a surge in domestic violence cases since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic ( Lindgärde & Houinato , 2020 ; Townsend , 2020 ) . Although Ugandan police reports show that , as of the 31 < sup > st < / sup > March 2020 , there were 5 fatalities as a result of domestic violence during the lockdown , the magnitude of the effect of the pandemic on domestic violence has become clearer once the lockdown-type measures have been lifted . In recognizing the need to prioritize the wellbeing of women and children during the pandemic , the Uganda Women Lawyers Association ( FIDA-U ) started a petition calling upon the Uganda Government to integrate measures to address violence against women and children into their responses to COVID-19 . In addition , António Guterres , the United Nations ( UN ) secretary-general , said : “ I urge all governments to make the prevention and redress of violence against women a key part of their national response plans for COVID19 ” ( see Fang , 2020 ) . Reduced access to GBV / VAC / SEA services due to quarantines and closures of services might impact immediate safety and health of survivors . Life-saving care and support to the survivors ( i . e . clinical management of rape and mental health and psycho-social support ) may be disrupted in one - stop crisis centers in tertiary level hospitals when health service providers are overburdened and preoccupied with handling COVID-19 cases . In some cases , girl ’ s shelters , safe spaces , and other existing GB", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 609, "text": "Ugandan police reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "database . However , billed charges are a misleading indicator of the actual price of the procedure , since they are an inflated price on which provider discounts to the insurer are based . Typically , only uninsured patients are asked to pay the hospital “ billed charges ” . Thus , while an uninsured patient may be asked to pay a hospital over $ 13 , 000 for a hysterectomy , an insured patient ’ s health plan may end up paying a negotiated discounted rate of only about $ 4 , 500 for the same procedure , with the insured patient paying only their $ 250 deductible and a co-payment . The price for a procedure is made up of the insurer ’ s payments to the hospital , physician , anesthetist , and other professionals , and the patient ’ s co-payment . We now turn to the methodology for calculating each of these . In order to accurately estimate the prices of our selected procedures , we relied on the Medicare provider payment datasets made publicly available by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS , hereafter ) . For inpatient procedures , we first identified the relevant Diagnosis Related Group ( DRG ) code for each procedure from the DRG Expert coding manual , which also lists the national average payment Medicare makes to hospitals . < sup > 23 < / sup > The hospital DRG payment rate varies by hospital , procedure , case complexity , and hospital resource use by the patient . For example , the national average hospital payment rate for a knee replacement ( DRG 209 ) is $ 9 , 261 , whereas it averages only $ 4 , 206 for hernia repairs ( DRGs 161 and 162 ) . For outpatient procedures , the hospital / facility fee was obtained from the Medicare Outpatient Prospective Payment System dataset . Unlike inpatient DRGs , outpatient procedures are coded and priced by Current Procedural Terminology ( CPT ) codes . For example , the facility fee for a toe deformity repair ( CPT 29290 ) performed on an outpatient basis is $ 1 , 525 , while that for a shoulder joint surgery ( CPT 23470 , 23472 ) averages $", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 943, "text": "Medicare provider payment datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1165, "end": 1189, "text": "DRG Expert coding manual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1675, "end": 1729, "text": "Medicare Outpatient Prospective Payment System dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", there is an absence of assessment , analysis and understanding of how the social norms and values have changed over time in the refugee context , and its impact on gender relations . A lack of knowledge of gender analytical frameworks and tools results in gaps in analysing gender in a structured way by different humanitarian actors . The existing tools and methodology for gender analysis are not standardised . Different actors use different tools and there is no initiative by the humanitarian response to review , adapt and standardise the gender analytical tools and methodology . Moreover , there is limited competency of humanitarian actors to conceptually comprehend and practically analyse gender power dynamics and the intersection of gender with other factors . As a result , there is limited use of Sex , Age and Diversity Disaggregated Data ( SADDD ) in Sectoral planning , programming and reporting affecting the effectiveness of humanitarian interventions . For instance , despite the requirement set by the Joint Response Plan ( JRP ) , the Sectoral reports lack sex and age disaggregated data . Similarly , disability inclusion , as well as the inclusion of gender diverse populations , is still very limited , and the analysis of the intersection between gender and disability is largely absent in humanitarian response . The 2020 JRP prioritises “ Promoting an integrated and multi-sector Protection , Age , Gender and Diversity approach ” — as one of the six priority objectives of the Protection Sector , Inter-Sector Coordination Group ( ISCG ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > An analysis of gender and intersectionality underpinned by a protection lens of Age , Gender and Diversity ( AGD ) approach aims to add value to inform the design and implementation of policies , planning and programs of Government , donors , humanitarian and development actors , and Civil Society Organisations to strengthen protection of Rohingya refugees and the host communities through effective Inter-Sectoral programming . 7", "spans": [{"start": 814, "end": 856, "text": "Sex , Age and Diversity Disaggregated Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1082, "end": 1112, "text": "sex and age disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 30 . 129 * * | ‐ 4 . 938 | | | [ 7 . 765 ] | [ 10 . 896 ] | [ 9 . 295 ] | [ 11 . 931 ] | [ 8 . 244 ] | | Observations | 2345 | 1268 | 1456 | 353 | 940 | | R ‐ squared | 0 . 859 | 0 . 862 | 0 . 876 | 0 . 709 | 0 . 809 | | Mean dependent variable | 67 . 03 | 95 . 70 | 83 . 54 | 112 . 60 | 72 . 24 | | Overall effect of female illness | ‐ 16 . 490 | ‐ 16 . 870 | ‐ 15 . 470 | ‐ 10 . 040 | ‐ 17 . 430 | | P ‐ value | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 178 | 0 . 001 | _Notes : Worker ill = 1 if a household member reported missing work for an entire week in which s / he was planning to work that week and the reason for missing work was injury / illness . Expected earnings loss from baseline is calculated by taking the taking the average usual reported income from the baseline survey of individuals who are unexpectedly sick over the course of the survey . All specifications include household fixed effects , week of interview dummies interacted with enumeration area , and controls for the number of household members surveyed in that round . Standard errors in brackets , clustered at the household level : * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . _", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 826, "text": "baseline survey of individuals who are unexpectedly sick", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ * * _Age Structure_ * * : The Census survey result indicated that around 24 . 9 % of the household heads are below age 40 , whereas a substantial proportion 48 . 9 % of them are between age 41 and 64 years old . The rest 26 . 1 % of the HH heads are elderly ( 65 and above ) . * * _Marital Status : _ * * The majority ( 69 . 0 % ) of the household heads are married , while 3 . 3 % have never been married . Of the remaining household heads , 2 . 4 % are divorced , 24 . 6 % are widowed , and 0 . 6 % are separated . * * _Ethnic Affiliation : _ * * The ethnic profile of project affected households ’ heads and household members within the surveyed households reveal an overwhelming majority of individuals identifying as part of the Oromo ethnic group . Specifically , 86 . 9 % of household heads and 89 . 2 % of the household population belong to the Oromo ethnic group . The remaining 13 . 1 % of household heads and 10 . 8 % of the household population identify as part of the Amhara ethnic group . * * _Religious Affiliation : _ * * In terms of religious affiliations , majority ( 53 . 2 % ) of project affected household heads are followers of Orthodox Christianity , followed by Islam ( 45 . 9 % ) , and the remaining ( 0 . 9 % ) are followers of Protestant Christianity . * * _Educational Status : _ * * Regarding the educational level of household heads , approximately 44 . 7 % of them reported having no formal education ( illiterate ) . Among the household heads with some level of formal education , a significant proportion ( 28 . 3 % ) attained the second cycle of elementary school ( Grades 5-8 ) , followed", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 194, "text": "Census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TTC Profits can be computed as a long term averages based on , for example , historical Return on Assets ( ROA ) data . < sup > 32 < / sup > In order to compute PIT and Stress scenario Profits , a forecasting model is required , as forecasts need to be conditioned on the state of the economy . If no forecasting model is available , one can set the Profit term in ( 13 ) to zero for the PIT and Stress scenarios . < sup > 33 < / sup > This assumption is commonly adopted by stress testers and can be seen as a rather conservative estimate of profits . We follow the guidelines in Basel II and compute Risk Weighted Assets ( RWA ) as : where _Ki_ , _j_ is the capital charge ( or capital requirement ) equation of Basel II ( see page 64 ) . < sup > 34 < / sup > The capital charge is a function of each bank ’ s PD , LGD , asset performance Correlation < sup > 35 < / sup > and maturity adjustment for the individual asset classes , conditional on the selected cutoff point of the loss distribution , ie . , the risk preference parameter _c_ ̄ in ( 16 ) . It is computed as : where _bi_ , _j_ is the maturity adjustment term of Basel II , _Mi_ , _j_ is the effective residual maturity of an asset class computed as the average of the residual maturity of loans within a given > 32 This calculation is thus the same as for the TTC macroeconomic scenarios in Section 3 . 1 . > 33 We leave the estimation of a Profit regression using cross-country panel data for future research , and set the Profit term in the empirical application to zero for the PIT and Stress scenarios . > 34These are the guidelines in the ” Credit Risk - Internal Ratings Based Approach ” section , with the relevant formulas being on pages 63 _ − _ 64 and 76 _ − _ 78 for the different asset classes that are considered . 35In Basel II this is just referred to as Correlation ( R ) . 43", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 117, "text": "historical Return on Assets ( ROA ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1431, "end": 1455, "text": "cross-country panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BLGB2LXXX < br > Currency ( EUR ) View Transaction List < br > Transaction Details < br > 3 , 50 , 905 . 27 < br > Total Deposits Lass Refunds < br > 2 , 150 , 905 . 27 < br > Documented < br > 1A , 4oo00 < br > Outstanding Balnce < br > Waived Documentation Amount 0 . 00 < br > Transaction in Process a00 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # # Loans with inactive < sup > Advances < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Replenishment applications are to be submitted In accordance with the instructions provided in the < br > Disbursement Letter . < br > if the DA is Inactive for six months , the Bank notifies the borrower that It will request a refund of the outstanding < br > balance unless , within 90 days . the borrower submits satisfactory evidence of eligible expenditures financed < br > through the DA . < br > To discuss other arrangements , Including refund of funds deposited to the Designated Account the borrower < br > representative should contact the Finance Officer . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > https-Jlebipd . wordbank . orgsecurelindex . htmWebizlwmyportfltanoveriewldisbursomentsignateUNAccountsdesgnatedAcDetis < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 55, "text": "Transaction List", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Not Applicable_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not _Applicable_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 83 Historias migratorias de venezolanos que vuelven al país * * - Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe ( CEPAL ) , Notas de Población , Nº 99 , ( LC / G . 2628-P ) , Santiago de Chile , 2014 . - DANE ( 2022 ) Encuesta Pulso de la Migración . En : https : / / www . dane . gov . co / index . php / estadisticas-por-tema / demografia-y-poblacion / encuesta-pulso-de-la-migracion-epm - Diaz Jiménez A . ( 2014 ) El Estudio de la migración internacional de retorno en Colombia . Una revisión bibliográfica sobre el estado actual . Revista Amauta . Universidad del Atlántico , Barranquilla ( Col . ) No . 24 . Jul-Dic 2014 , p . 23-39 . Colombia . - Dubet , F . ( 1989 ) Sociología de la identidad en Estudios Sociológicos VII : 21 , 1989 . Material mimeografiado . - Durand J . ( 2004 ) Ensayo teórico sobre la migración de retorno . El principio del rendimiento decreciente . Cuadernos Geográficos , 35 ( 2004-2 ) , p . 103-116 . Guadalajara , México . - Egea Jiménez C ; Nieto Calmaestra J ; Jiménez Bautista F . ( 2002 ) El Estudio del retorno . Aproximación bibliográfica . Migraciones y Exilios , 3-2002 , p . 141-168 . España . - Feldman-Bianco B ; Rivera Sánchez , L ; Stefoni , C ; Villa Martínez , M ; ( compiladoras ) ( 2011 ) La", "spans": [{"start": 227, "end": 257, "text": "Encuesta Pulso de la Migración", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "they capture virtually the same context as characteristics of some households change slowly over time . These _Xhm_ sets include characteristics of individuals , households , and dwellings . The set _Zm_ considers some of these variables to be aggregated at the municipality-level along with data on the coverage and availability of public services and infrastructure . < sup > 7 < / sup > This helps raise the precision of the estimates by minimizing the ratio of the variance of the error _ηm_ relative to the variance of the total error _μhm_ , that is , the share of the variance of errors that results from unexplained differences across municipalities . The parameters of equation ( 1 ) are estimated using the whole sample in each round of the ENIGH . The income distribution is then simulated based on 200 repetitions in the corresponding census dataset , each covering Mexico ’ s total population . The only exception is the census data in 2015 , which represent a sample of 5 . 9 million households ; yet , this dataset has sufficient statistical power to provide reliable statistics at the municipality level . Based on the simulated income distribution , poverty and inequality indicators were computed across municipalities and validated through several tests . < sup > 8 < / sup > The income concept used is household net per capita income , which includes labor income , income from businesses owned by the household , nonlabor income , such as public and private transfers , and an estimate of the imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings , selfconsumption , and in-kind transfers and gifts received . The measurement of poverty was based on the Foster et al . ( 1984 ) family of indexes by comparing this income concept with three poverty lines : food poverty , defined as the inability to acquire a basic food basket ; capabilities poverty , defined as the inability to cover the value of the food basket , plus expenditures on health and education ; and assets poverty , defined as the inability to acquire the latter plus expenditures on clothing , housing , and transportation . The municipalities ’ inequality levels were computed through an array of well-known indicators such as the Gini coefficient . This", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 861, "text": "census dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 934, "end": 953, "text": "census data in 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". As shown in the Education Statistics Annual Abstract ( 2020 ) , the Net Enrolment Rate for primary education in the region was 72 % meaning 28 % of children are out of school . # # # # # 3 . 2 Afar Region Afar regional state is situated in the northeastern part of Ethiopia with an area of around 150 , 000 km < sup > 2 < / sup > that stretches into the lowlands covering the Awash Valley and the Danakil Depression . It is divided into six administrative zones with a total of 36 woredas . Afar region is a very strategic location of the country as it is entirely situated along the Ethio-Djibouti route . The region is bordered to the northwest by the Tigray region , to the southwest by the Amhara region , to the south by the Oromia region , and to the southeast by the Somali region . The region also shares international borders to the east by Djibouti and to the northeast by Eritrea . Based on the Central Statistical Agency Population Projection of Ethiopia for 98", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 54, "text": "Education Statistics Annual Abstract", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 908, "end": 968, "text": "Central Statistical Agency Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "FPCU \\ WB | End - < br > January < br > 2025 | | * * 45 * * | Resistance and bureaucratic hurdles | Create awareness at all levels | FPCU \\ Regio < br > ns | End - < br > January < br > 2025 | | * * 46 * * | Limited readiness from cities < br > i | Avail computer , internet < br > connection and assign MIS focal < br > person & component expert < br > ( formal letter ) | Cites < br > i | End - < br > December < br > 2024 | | * * 47 * * | Incorrect beneficiary data | t < br > Work towards correct and clean < br > beneficiary data | Cities | End - < br > December < br > 2024 | 17", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 468, "text": "beneficiary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 518, "end": 534, "text": "beneficiary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the compliance audit . Based on data collected during this review and other data collected during implementation , the auditor will form conclusions on the following main issues : 1 . Have the objectives of the RAP been achieved in respect to : - Identification of the affected people and identification of impacts - Compensation for all the impacts of all affected people - Timely delivery of entitlements 2 . The adequacy of compensation in mitigating experienced impacts 3 . Have livelihoods been restored ? Page 86", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 65, "text": "data collected during this review", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The program institutionalized four systems that will outlast its formal closing : * * ( i ) the LGMSD performance assessment , now covering all 176 LGs across six sectors and used to allocate development grants ; ( ii ) the TELA digital platform for teacher performance monitoring , deployed across 13 , 970 out of 13 , 978 public institutions ( comprising 12 , 471 primary schools , 1 , 351 secondary schools , and 148 certificate-awarding institutions ) ; ( iii ) WEMIS , providing nearreal-time data on water source functionality nationwide ; and ( iv ) the RBF mechanism , mainstreamed across all LG health facilities and accounting for 30 percent of operational funding . UgIFT also trained over 100 practitioners in RBF , performance assessment , and results-based management , and established peer learning networks across districts , a lowcost mechanism for knowledge sharing that is not dependent on continued Program financing . # # * * Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity * * 54 . * * UgIFT ' s most significant contribution to poverty reduction was structural . * * By shifting to formula-based grant allocation , the Program systematically redirected public resources toward the least-funded and most underserved LGs . Per capita operational transfers to the 20 least-funded LGs grew at more than double the national average rate over the Program period . The micro-scale irrigation component produced the most direct income effects , with Bank estimates suggesting that the transition from rain-fed to irrigated farming increases yields approximately 2 . 5 times . Yet , UgIFT ' s poverty impact operated primarily through improved public service delivery rather than direct income transfers , making it indirect and systemic in nature . Attributing household welfare gains specifically to the Program therefore remains an important but unresolved analytical question . # # * * III . KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME * * * * A . KEY FACTORS DURING PREPARATION * * 55", "spans": [{"start": 470, "end": 475, "text": "WEMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2014 , the DRA took over accountability for RSD and the Commissioner for Refugee Affairs became the authority responsible for taking decisions . This change meant status was granted pursuant to the legal bases articulated in the Refugees Act . Between July 2014 and July 2015 , the time at which registration was stopped in Dadaab , it appears two windows were provided to register claimants . < sup > 69 < / sup > In April 2016 , the Kenyan government ended recognition of refugee status through a group-based approach for all Somalis . The gazettal declaration , dated 29 April 2016 , states : IN EXERCISE of the powers conferred by section 3 ( 3 ) of the Refugees Act , 2006 , the Cabinet Secretary for Interior and Co-ordination of National Government revokes the prima facie refugee status of asylum seekers from Somalia with effect > 65 For more on RSD in urban areas in Kenya , see e . g . Garlick et al . , supra note 18 . > 66 Ibid . > 67 In this context , access to RSD in urban areas is also affected , meaning that following registration , Somalis are required to move to Dadaab . > 68 These numbers are based on figures as at 31 July 2018 , shared with the author . > 69 UNHCR Kenya , Timeline of Registration Activities in Dadaab : 2013 – July 2018 , on file with author . 139", "spans": [{"start": 1125, "end": 1151, "text": "figures as at 31 July 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1198, "end": 1243, "text": "Timeline of Registration Activities in Dadaab", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to make an assessment of whether Indonesian teachers are up to standard . For the analysis we select two items from the 20-item math component of the subject-matter test of the Midline study ( fielded in April-May 2011 ) . Midline data of teachers is arguably the most reliable source of information we have , as both baseline and endline had to rely on smaller budgets for the field work . Especially , for midline , we managed in most cases to test teachers in the same classroom as their students , thereby minimizing the risk of collaboration among teachers . The two test items we look at are the 5", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 235, "text": "Midline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as Child Health and Reproductive Health were particularly neglected and this may have contributed to the poor performance of these programmes compared to HIV . M and E - Whilst noting the fact that an M and E system was not established I am a little surprised to see the DHS of 2003 being used to evaluate the performance of the programme which finished in 2007 . I also don ’ t see that DARE should have set up a parallel M and E system but perhaps could be questioned for not making the strengthening of the MOH HMIS system an objective . The recent reviews of annual performance do not contain information on all the indicators required but would certainly show a more updated assessment of the status of many of these indicators in 2006 / 7 eg immunization was 71 % in 2006 . Over the period of DARE implementation the WB worked closely with DFID and other partners in the health sector to try and move forward reforms and ensure synergy and complementarity in the different approaches being used to support the health sector . It was a particularly difficult period to work in the health sector and a lesson for all partners has been how the health sector has moved forward quickly in developing the SWAp since the end of 2005 when MOH began slowly to lead the process . 32", "spans": [{"start": 276, "end": 287, "text": "DHS of 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | - 0 . 037 | | | development ; quartile 4 | | | | | | | [ 0 . 055 ] | | | Common intercept | 14 . 418 | 13 . 779 | 14 . 825 | | 17 . 958 | 16 . 586 | 17 . 378 | | | | [ 3 . 979 ] | * * * [ 4 . 161 ] | * * * < br > [ 4 . 540 ] | * * * | < br > [ 6 . 663 ] | * * * < br > [ 4 . 831 ] | * * * [ 5 . 259 ] | * * * | | Number of observations | 329 | 329 | 329 | | 208 | 208 | 208 | | | Number of countries | 88 | < br > 88 | 88 | | 59 | 59 | < br > 59 | | | Number of instruments | 37 | 46 | 46 | | 37 | 46 | < br > 46 | | | Hansen test for over-id . restrictions | 0 . 305 | 0 . 567 | 0 . 269 | | 0 . 511 | 0 . 598 | 0 . 720 | | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 1 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | 0 . 002 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 002 | | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 2 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 741 | 0 . 836 | 0 . 976 | | 0 . 315 | 0 . 268 | 0 . 290 | | Notes : Other growth determinants included ( but not reported ) are population growth , educational attainment , trade openness , and the relative price of investment goods . Robust standard errors below each point estimate . * * * , * * and * denote significance at the 1 , 5 and 10 percent levels , respectively . All equations include time period and group-specific dummies . Data for the transition economies refer only from 1997 onwards . All equations include time period and group-specific", "spans": [{"start": 1223, "end": 1256, "text": "Data for the transition economies", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "season * * ( time-bound ) * * for the new stormwater system . For each culvert in the system : - Review the operation and maintenance manual from the design phase as a source of ideas for monitoring criteria . 1 . Was the culvert inspected for blockages ? * * ( Specific , relevant , measurable & achievable ) * * - Remove any redundant or nonrelevant criteria . It ’ s easy when generating ideas to generate too many ideas to reasonably monitor with limited municipal budgets . Once a full list of criteria ideas has been compiled , assess it and remove any ideas that won ’ t be relevant or achievable or essentially monitor the same aspect . 2 . Was the culvert cleaned out if blocked ? * * ( Specific , relevant , measurable & achievable ) * * 3 . Was any flooding noted around infrastructure or have the community complained about any * * ( * * i . e , is it resolving the * * Core problem ) * * Evaluate the data and trends in the data in a annual report ( * * Regular Evaluation ) . * * Recommend changes , if any , to the M & E system in the annual report ( * * continuous improvement ) * * The community can also be engaged system in the annual report ( * * continuous * * to provide ideas on what constitutes * * improvement ) * * performance and to contribute to monitoring by alerting the municipality to faults . To facilitate community engagement , design a simple mechanism for feedback ( e . g . , a complaints box at the municipal office or an internet-based complaints form ) . Remember to allow budget for personnel resources to compile complaints into a database and distribute complaints to the relevant departments 44 / 61", "spans": [{"start": 1574, "end": 1582, "text": "database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appoint a settlement executive committee that will lead the participation of the community in the project . This settlement executive committee will comprise at least 33 percent women and will include representatives of vulnerable and marginalized groups ( for example , youth , elderly , disabled ) . The committee will lead the development of a vision for the settlement and preparation of settlement upgrading plans to realize it . To ensure that the plans and investments enjoy the support of the majority of community members , the committee will need to submit a community resolution to the MoH before settlement-level infrastructure begins . Thus , even if a settlement meets all technical criteria and its residents are in advanced stages of planning and design , infrastructure construction will not proceed until the settlement executive committee approves the final design and implementation plan . Moreover , Kenya ‘ s Physical Planning Act requires that a plan , once finalized , be published in two daily newspapers requesting members of the public to review and comment on it . # # 22 . * * Selection of municipalities and settlements for infrastructure investments in * * * * year 1 . * * The MoH and municipalities have together prepared an extensive list of informal settlements for the 15 KMP municipalities , and have recorded the status of each settlement 10", "spans": [{"start": 1258, "end": 1296, "text": "extensive list of informal settlements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 14 % | 25 % | 62 % | - | | | Importer | 37 % | 22 % | 44 % | 72 % | - | | | Exporter | 37 % | 33 % | 47 % | 89 % | - | | | Two-way | 30 % | 38 % | 44 % | 74 % | - | | Turkey | No Trader | 2 % | 3 % | 4 % | 46 % | - | | | Importer | 36 % | 24 % | 36 % | 7 % | - | | | Exporter | 10 % | 10 % | 12 % | 67 % | - | | | Two-way | 9 % | 23 % | 27 % | 92 % | - | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) < u > Difference across ownership groups : In all the countries of the SAR region except in Pakistan , foreign - < / u > owned firms are more innovative both in technological and non-technological terms . However , differences in the innovation rate of domestic and foreign firms are relatively minor in the case of India when we look at product and process innovation . While this pattern is similar to the observed in ECA ; it is different to the one displayed in Africa , where domestic firms introduce more products than foreign-owned ones . These findings are statistically different for product and process innovation in Bangladesh , product and process innovation simultaneously in India , marketing in Nepal , and process innovation and marketing in Pakistan . 15", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 411, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the computation of the data presented above . Lower and upper bound 95 percent confidence intervals are presented in brackets . Turning next to establishments ’ management practices , the data from the 2017 Enterprise Surveys show that , based on the average management score , establishments in Colombia perform best , while management practices appear to be , on average , worst in Bolivia ; this is displayed in Figure 2 . _Figure 2 : Average management scores presented from best to worst_ Note : Survey weights are applied in the computation of the data presented above The pattern displayed in Figure 2 ( Colombia best and Bolivia worst ) appears to hold across the distribution of establishments ’ management , and not just on average , as illustrated in Figure 3 below . The distribution of management practices displayed in Figure 3 , confirms a result noted by Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2007 , 2010 ) that low average management scores at the country level can be driven by poorly performing firms in the left tail of the distribution . The thicker left tail in the distribution for Bolivia is clear in the graph below . 12", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 228, "text": "2017 Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) # * * Data on Financial Performance * * | * * Disburse * * | * * ments ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | P151432 | IDA-57160 | Not < br > Effective | XDR | 431 . 50 | 431 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 431 . 50 | 0 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date < br > Rev . Clo | sing Date | | P151432 | IDA-57160 | Not < br > Effective | 15-Sep-2015 | 22-Oc | t-2015 | - - | 01-M | ay-2019 < br > - - | | | * * Disburse * * < br > * * PHDLIPDOTBL * * < br >  Per capi | * * ment Linked I * * < br > ta increase in bud | * * ndicator * * < br > geted feder | * * s ( DLI ) * * < br > al government < br > | block gr", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts of Associated Facilities if any , and ancillary facilities . In addition , the ESMF and ESIAs will also advise strategic evaluations and adequate guidance on the assessment of the cumulative impacts of subprojects . Project works associated with transmission and distribution lines and substations as well as geothermal Subcomponent activities under this Project , can pose certain adverse social risks , including physical and economic displacement of people , community health and safety impacts as an influx of temporary construction labor including the implication to Sexually Transmitted Diseases ( STDs ) , COVID 19 transmission and GBV / SEA / SH potential risks , potential clashes between workers and community members . To screen , assess and manage environmental , social , health , and , safety risks and impacts of the proposed Project , a standard mitigation hierarchy will be utilized , i . e . , avoid , minimize , mitigate , and / or compensate potential impacts from the design to the implementation . Land requirements for Project activities will only be identified during Project implementation . For Project activities where location and alignment are not fully known , at this stage , an Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) and a Resettlement Framework ( RF ) will be developed jointly by EEU and EEP before Appraisal . For the transmission and substation construction under Component 2 , the client will prepare ESIAs and RPs . Phase one , Lot-1 : ESIAs i . e . , for Injibara , Haramaya , Chelenko , and Woliso will be revised and disclosed before appraisal and the second lot ( comprises of Shashemene , Arsi Robe , and , Durame will be revised and disclosed within six months after project effectiveness . Similarly , RPs will be prepared and implemented once the final check survey is completed and before the commencement of project works . On the other hand , appropriate mitigation measures will be devised through the GBV / SEA / SH Prevention and Response Action Plan to address issues such as Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA", "spans": [{"start": 1817, "end": 1835, "text": "final check survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * Root mean * * < br > * * square error * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rural population density | 28 , 744 | 25 , 397 | | Cross ‐ entropy spatial allocation | 8 , 249 | 18 , 347 | | Spatial disaggregation from regression on agricultural < br > production | 7 , 214 | 16 , 673 | _Source : Authors . _ Figure 3 shows the pixel ‐ level results produced by the three methods . The difference between the white and the orange should mostly be overlooked . It shows different assumptions that fixed certain municipios and their underlying pixels to be valued at 0 ( the white areas ) . Ignoring a somewhat artificial contrast between the white and orange , the cross ‐ entropy method and the spatial disaggregation method appear to be very similar in most locations . The results using the population density are less smooth , looking more speckled , based simply on the nature of the underlying rural population data set . # Conclusions When there are enough data to allow high enough degrees of freedom to use a regression approach for all the key crops and contributors to agricultural GDP , the spatial disaggregation approach is superior . In principle , we could have used many more parameters – though the hedonic price interpretation would 13", "spans": [{"start": 899, "end": 924, "text": "rural population data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dawa and 180 , 000 people ( 37 per cent ) live in the rural areas . < sup > 25 < / sup > Diredawa region has between 300 , 000 and 500 , 000 inhabitants . The total fertility rate is 3 . 1 for women of reproductive age ( 15-49 years ) . < sup > 26 < / sup > This rate has declined from 3 . 4 in 2011 and 3 . 6 in 2005 . < sup > 27 < / sup > The economy of Diredawa has grown considerably . A new industrial park is operating , designated for various industries , including textiles and apparel , vehicle assembly , food processing , fertilizers , electronics and paper . This is creating vast employment opportunities . As per March 2019 , Diredawa is hosting 11 , 245 internally displaced people in two sites in the region . These people are displaced due to conflict ; 1 , 893 are children under 5 years and 6 , 396 are under 18 years . < sup > 28 < / sup > # * * 3 . 2 . 4 . Southwest Ethiopia People ’ s Region * * SWEPR new regional state Southwest Ethiopia People ’ s region ( is established on 2022 and consisting of Bench , Sheka , Kaffa , West Omo and Dawaro zones and Konta special Woreda ) . > 21 Sertse D , Disasa T , Bekele K , Alebachew M , Kebede Y , et al . ( 2011 ) Mass flowering and death of bamboo : a potential threat to biodiversity and livelihoods in Ethiopia 1 : 16-25 . > 22 BOFED ( 2017 ) Physical & Socio-Economic Profile of Benishangul-Gu muz Regional State . > 23 2019 projection based on the 2007 Census , Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) . > 24 Ibid > 25 Ibid > 26 EDHS 2016 , p . 84 . > 27 See EDHS 2005 and 2011 . > 28 International Organization for", "spans": [{"start": 1422, "end": 1433, "text": "2007 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1498, "end": 1507, "text": "EDHS 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1528, "end": 1532, "text": "EDHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > < br > < br > | | General gov ' t final consumption expenditure | 0 . 5 | 2 . 8 | 13 . 6 | 25 . 0 | - 10 < br > 02 < br > 03 < br > 04 < br > 05 < br > 06 < br > 07 | | Gross capital formation | 4 . 4 | 5 . 2 | 13 . 8 | - 2 . 3 | Exports < br > Imports | | Imports of goods and services | 0 . 1 | 6 . 3 | - 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | | Note : 2007 data are preliminary estimates . This table was produced from the Development Economics LDB database . * The diamonds show four key indicators in the country ( in bold ) compared with its income-group average . If data are missing , the diamond will be incomplete . 114", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 346, "text": "2007 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 408, "end": 442, "text": "Development Economics LDB database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the information system of _Familias en Acción_ . The first research design employs matching techniques to compare the school completion rates and test scores of different cohorts of children from treatment and control areas that could have finished high school during the program implementation period of 2003-2009 and were interviewed prior to the initiation of the program . The second design exploits variation in assignment to treatment arising from the sharp discontinuity that emerges at the eligibility threshold defined to participate in the program . Household are assigned a poverty index score from a census of poor people , which determines their eligibility into different social programs ( including FA ) with different thresholds . We show that the program helps participant children to increase their school attainment by making them more likely to complete high school . Results from the first empirical approach ( matching analysis ) indicate that program effects vary between 4 and 8 percentage points . The RDD ( Regression Discontinuity Design ) < spell out RD > approach yields estimates of program effects on school completion that are similar in direction and magnitude . Overall , focusing on the preferred specifications , we estimate that beneficiary children that belong to households near the threshold of eligibility are between 3 and 6 . 5 percentage points more likely to graduate from high school . There is also evidence of heterogeneity in program impacts , with effects on school completion being larger for girls and beneficiaries in rural areas . Regarding long-term impacts on tests scores , the analysis shows that program recipients who graduate from high school perform at the same level as equally poor non-recipient graduates in Mathematics , Spanish , or the overall test . This result still holds after correcting for possible selection bias when low-performing students enter school in the treatment group . Finally , there is no indication of indirect program effects on the school completion of ineligible older children residing in the same households as participant children . The results are robust to a variety of controls for observable differences between participants and non-participants , the possibility of sorting around the threshold of eligibility or manipulation of the proxymeans test used to allocate the program , misspecification bias , and differences in the accuracy", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 633, "text": "census of poor people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 * * * * Indicators of Debt Burdens and Debt Payment Difficulties * * | * * Families ranked * * < br > * * by income * * | * * Percentage with * * < br > * * ratio of debt payments * * < br > * * to family income above * * < br > * * 40 percent * * | * * Percentage with a * * < br > * * debt payment late * * < br > * * 60 days or more in * * < br > * * previous year * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lowest 20 % | 27 . 0 | 13 . 4 | | 20-39 . 9 % | 16 . 0 | 11 . 7 | | 40-59 . 9 % | 11 . 7 | 7 . 9 | | 60-79 . 9 % | 5 . 6 | 4 . 0 | | 80-89 . 9 % | 3 . 5 | 2 . 6 | | 90-100 % | 2 . 0 | 1 . 3 | Source : 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances ( Aizcorbe et al , 2003 ) The strong link between household income and indicators of credit risk should not be surprising . After all , since many lower-income households have no financial savings , any economic disruption , such as a health crisis in the family , a job termination , etc , can force a family to put off non-essential expenditures , including debt service obligations . In addition , there is a strong correlation between household education and income . If education is linked to money management skills or to an awareness of the benefits of a good credit record , this may also partly explain the correlation between household income and indicators of credit risk . An impaired credit record does not necessarily shut one off from credit . Mainstream lenders will extend loans to people with somewhat impaired credit histories or with fairly heavy debt burdens , but they commonly increase the interest rate on the loans to reflect the increased risk . If an individual", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 648, "text": "2001 Survey of Consumer Finances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "welfare statistics such as poverty and inequality measures . Although welfare statistics can be obtained using household surveys , these are rarely sufficiently large to allow for statistics corrsponding to small areas ( Tarozzi and Deaton , 2009 ) . Small area estimation methods attempt to exploit the large sample size of census data and combine this with the information from household surveys in an attempt to obtain reliable statistics for small areas . In its essence the small area estimation presented here relies on using household survey data to estimate a joint distribution of the variable of interest and observed correlates , and use the parameters to simulate welfare using census data ( Demombynes et al . , 2008 ) . Throughout the text we focus on welfare imputation , since this is what the Elbers , Lanjouw , and Lanjouw ( 2003 ) methodology focused on , nevertheless it can be applied for other continuous measures aside from welfare . The first step towards small area welfare simulation is a per-capita < sup > 7 < / sup > welfare model , estimated via ordinary least squares ( _OLS_ ) , or weighted least squares ( _WLS_ ) : where ln _Y_ is a _N × _ 1 matrix indicating the household ’ s welfare measure ( usually in logarithms , but not necessarily ) , < sup > 8 < / sup > _X_ is a _N × K_ matrix of household characteristics , and _u_ which is a _N × _ 1 matrix of disturbances . To achieve valid small area estimates it is necessary that the set of explanatory variables , _X , _ used in the > 6For the 1st stage of the analysis . The second stage relies on Monte-Carlo simulations , and thus differences are likely to arise . > 7Other household equivalization methods are also feasible , for example adult equivalent household welfare . > 8Logarithmic transformation is usually preferred since it makes the data more symmetrical ( Haslett et al . , 2010 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 532, "end": 553, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9167 # * * Abstract * * Do poor households shop in a way that leaves money on the table ? A simple way to maximize consumption , conditional on available cash , is to avoid regularly purchasing small amounts of nonperishable goods when bulk discounts are available at modestly larger quantities . Using two-week transaction diaries covering 48 , 501 purchases by 1 , 493 households in Tanzania , this paper finds that through bulk purchasing the average household could spend 8 . 7 percent less without reducing purchasing quantities . Several explanations for this pattern are investigated , and the most likely mechanisms are found to be worries about over-consumption of stocks and avoidance of social taxation . Contrary - to prior work , there is little indication that liquidity con straints prevent poorer households in the sample from buying in bulk , possibly because the bulk quantities under examination are not very large . This paper is a product of the Knowledge and Strategy Team , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at bmd28 @ cornell . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 333, "end": 361, "text": "two-week transaction diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # # # # # * * Partnership building * * At the same time , several UN agencies and international NGOs interviewed described efforts to change the imbalance between international and national or local actors ; and gave examples of new ways of working between partners better suited to building resilience and capacity development in a situation of protracted crisis . To some extent , these examples demonstrate a shift from direct service delivery by international actors to a collaborative and strategic partnership approach , particularly in contexts where capacity amongst national and local government and non-governmental actors is already strong . This applies not only to partnerships between international organisations and national / local NGOs – often the primary focus of donors and policy makers – but also to partnerships with other relevant actors , including national and local government institutions , the private sector , and academia . # # # # # * * Case study : Strengthening public institutions through partnership * * * * In Lebanon , LCRP partners are working together to provide support to Lebanese public institutions to enable them to deliver better quality services to vulnerable communities in Lebanon and mitigate social tensions . This includes support to municipalities and unions of municipalities and other local institutions – such as social development centres , schools and hospitals – as vital first responders to communities affected by the Syria crisis , as well as key institutions within the central government . Partnerships and support take the form of technical , operational , financial and staffing inputs from UN agencies , and international and national NGOs . These inputs are systematically tracked by the Public Institutions Support Tracking ( PIST ) initiative , which publishes regular updates on the support provided by LCRP partners and the results achieved ( InterAgency Coordination Lebanon , 2017 ) . Successive PIST reports demonstrate that the amount of international assistance channeled to or through public institutions in Lebanon is increasing ( from US $ 77 million in 2014 to US $ 207 million in 2017 ) , providing evidence of the transition towards resilience and stabilisation . * * #", "spans": [{"start": 1830, "end": 1866, "text": "Public Institutions Support Tracking", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 | | TABLE22 : CLASSIFICATION OFBIRDSACCORDING TO THEIRHABITATREQUIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 | | TABLE23 : RESULTS OF MAMMAL SURVEY WITH THE LOCAL PEOPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 | | TABLE24 : TL ANGLETOWERPOINTSINDICATINGKEYBIOLOGICAL ANDPHYSICALFEATURES , ANDBASELINETESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 | | TABLE25 : SUMMARY OF THEADMINISTRATIVEUNITS THAT ARETRAVERSED BY THE PROPOSEDTL ROUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 461, "text": "MAMMAL SURVEY WITH THE LOCAL PEOPLE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure A3 . 1 : Funds flow * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IDA - < br > Financing Account ( CREDIT ) < br > Direct Payment prepared < br > by the Gov . < br > WFP FAO < br > COOPERATING PARTNERS ( NGOs , etc . ) < br > SERVICES , GOODS PROVIDERS ( Contractors , Suppliers ) < br > Flow of documents < br > Flow of funds < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 15 . Table A3 . 3 shows the categories of expenditure and percentages to be financed out of the Grant proceeds . * * Table A3 . 3 : Categories of expenditure and financing ( in US $ and % ) to be funded * * | * * Category * * | * * Amount of the * * < br > * * financing * * < br > * * allocated * * < br > * * ( US $ millions ) * * | * * Percentage of * * < br > * * expenditures to be * * < br > * * financed * * < br > * * ( inclusive of taxes ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( 1 ) Goods , non-consulting services , consultants ’ < br > services , vouchers , food packages , and training ( under < br > Component A of theproject ) | 7 . 00 | 100 % | | ( 2 ) Goods , works , non-consulting services , technology < br > packages , consultants ’ services , and training ( under < br > Component B of theproject ) | 11 . 00 | 100 % | | * * Total amount * * | 18 . 00 | | # * * _Financial Reporting_ * * 16 . The government will prepare a consolidated report based on the IFRs submitted by WFP", "spans": [{"start": 1349, "end": 1353, "text": "IFRs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 12 - - Annex A December 2001 * * _These policies were prepared for use by World Bank staff and are not necessarily a complete treatment of the subject . _ Involuntary Resettlement Instruments 1 . This annex describes the elements of a resettlement plan , an abbreviated resettlement plan , a resettlement policy framework , and a resettlement process framework , as discussed in OP 4 . 12 , paras . 17-31 . # # # * * Resettlement Plan * * 2 . The scope and level of detail of the resettlement plan vary with the magnitude and complexity of resettlement . The plan is based on up-to-date and reliable information about ( a ) the proposed resettlement and its impacts on the displaced persons and other adversely affected groups , and ( b ) the legal issues involved in resettlement . The resettlement plan covers the elements below , as relevant . When any element is not relevant to project circumstances , it should be noted in the resettlement plan . 3 . _Description of the project_ . General description of the project and identification of the project area . 4 . _Potential impacts_ . Identification of : - ( a ) The project component or activities that give rise to resettlement ; - ( b ) The zone of impact of such component or activities ; - ( c ) The alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement ; and - ( d ) The mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . 5 . _Objectives_ . The main objectives of the resettlement program . 6 . _Socioeconomic studies_ . The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including : - ( a ) the results of a census survey covering : - ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; 88", "spans": [{"start": 1746, "end": 1759, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bertaud , Alain and Stephen Malpezzi , “ Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Urban Land Use Regulation : A Simple Model with an Application to Malaysia , ” _Journal of Housing Economics_ , 10 ( 3 ) , ( 2001 ) : 393-418 . - Bertaud , Alain and Stephen Malpezzi , “ The Spatial Distribution of Population in 48 World Cities : Implications for Economies in Transition , ” World Bank Working Paper ( 2003 ) . - Bhagat , Ram , “ Emerging Pattern of Urbanisation in India , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 46 ( 34 ) , ( 2011 ) : 10-12 . - Bhagat , Ram and Soumya Mohanty , “ Emerging Pattern of Urbanization and the Contribution of Migration in Urban Growth in India , ” _Asian Population Studies_ , 5 ( 1 ) , ( 2009 ) : 5-20 . - Bhagat , Ram , “ Rural-Urban Classification and Municipal Governance in India , ” _Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography_ , 26 ( 1 ) , ( 2005 ) : 61-73 . - Brown , David , Marianne Fay , John Felkner , Somik Lall and Hyoung Gun Wang , “ The Death of Distance ? Economic Implications of Infrastructure Improvement in Russia , ” _EIB Papers_ , 13 ( 2 ) , ( 2008 ) : 126-147 . - Cali , Massimiliano and Carlo Menon , “ Does Urbanisation Affect Rural ( Chronic ) Poverty ? Evidence from Indian Districts , ” SERC Working Paper 14 ( 2009 ) . - Chandrasekhar , S . , “ Workers Commuting between the Rural and Urban : Estimates from NSSO Data , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 46 ( 46 ) , ( 2011 ) : 22-25 . - Chakravorty , Sanjoy , “ How Does Structural Reform Affect Regional Development ? Resolving Contradictory Theory with Evidence from India , ” _Economic Geography_ , 76 ( 4 ) , ( 2000 ) , 367-394 . - Dehejia , Rajeev and Arvind Panagariya , “ Services Growth in India : A Look Inside the Black Box , ” Columbia Program on Indian Economic Policies Working Paper 2010-4 ( 2010 ) . - Desmet , Klaus , Ejaz Ghani , Stephen O ’ Connell and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 likelihood that foreign investments would be concentrated into a short period of time , and hence display spikes or discontinuities in foreign investment flows . Knickerbocker did not , however , study the influence of past presence . Recently , Head , Ries , and Swenson ( 1995 ) have shown that Japanese investors in the United States tend to \" follow-the-leader , \" affirning the signalling value of others ' behavior . Kogut and Chang ( 1996 ) have used firm-level data for Japanese multinationals investing in the United States and they find past presence to be an important predictor of new investments-however , they do not explore the influence of rivalry . The findings of this paper are also consistent with aggregate evidence of persistence in foreign investment . Wheeler and Mody ( 1992 ) found that U . S . investments into a country were strongly conditioned by existing stocks of foreign investment in that country ( after controlling for a variety of factors , including market size ) and speculated that agglomeration economies may be important especially where investors were likely to be engaged in the purchase of intermediate inputs from other investors . But even where agglomeration economies are unimportant , past presence can provide , or the presence of others can signal , information on business operating conditions which are critical to smooth functioning but which cannot be easily inferred from generally reported statistical indicators or from stated policy towards foreign investors . Also , subsequent analysis shows that Japanese investors are equally influenced by the stock of past investment ( Mody and Srinivasan 1996 ) . This study reinforces earlier micro and aggregate evidence on the value of private information but additionally distinguishes between the different sources of private information and demonstrates their complementarity with public information . The setting for the empirical examination is investment by Japanese manufacturing firms in a number of key Asian countries in the early 1990s and the data is from a specially designed survey", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 475, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2075, "end": 2100, "text": "specially designed survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Distributional Impact of NO2 Pollution * * # * * 5 . 1 Pollution-Vulnerable Residents of Dar es Salaam * * To assess the impact of vehicular NO2 pollution , we focus on two vulnerable populations : children ( 0-5 years ) and elderly adults ( 65 + years ) . We incorporate poverty in a composite vulnerability index for each grid cell by multiplying population in the groups [ 0-5 , 65 + ] by the estimated proportions of cell residents living in MPI-defined poverty , below $ 1 . 25 / day , and below $ 2 . 00 / day . For each variable , we use raster databases from the previously-cited WorldPop program at 1 km resolution . Figure 7 displays the vulnerability index for the three poverty definitions . In each case , highvulnerability areas form roughly concentric rings around the city center . Nevertheless , there are evident differences in the pattern across poverty definitions . For MPI-defined poverty , the vulnerability index is greatest in Azimio , Mbagala and Makangarwe divisions . For a poverty line of $ 1 . 25 / day these divisions remain in the most critical group , but they are joined by Tandika division in the south and a cluster of divisions northwest of the city center that includes Kigogo , Mzimuni , Mburahati , Makurumla , Ndugumbi and Magomeni . For a poverty line of $ 2 . 00 / day the southern cluster disappears but five of six divisions in the northwest cluster remain . # * * 5 . 2 Pollution Exposure Paths * * Figure 7 displays areas where potential vulnerability is high , but actual vulnerability will vary with exposure . To assess this component , we produce pollution exposure paths for each month by tracing pollution measured by Sentinel-5P in each grid cell back along the wind vector to its traffic sources . Figure 4 indicates the general direction of these effects as the wind direction changes : Exposure paths shift toward the northwest in August and September ; toward the west in October , November and December ; and toward the southwest in February and March . The winds shift the paths toward the north in April and May ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 | 0 | 9 | | Limu Kosa | 6 | 268 | 16 | 1 | 285 | | Limu Seqa | 1 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | | Limu Genet | 3 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 30 | | Mana | 7 | 242 | 0 | 0 | 242 | | * * Total * * | * * 20 * * | * * 596 * * | * * 16 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 613 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Page 81", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 300, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LINE SURVEYS | < br > IDA / 59 | 450 | Component 3 : Supporting < br > Agro-weather , Market , < br > Climate , and Advisory < br > Services ( US $ 32 . 9 million < br > equivalent , of which IDA < br > US $ 30 . 0 million equivalent ) | Post < br > C < br > Q < br > S | onsultant < br > ualification < br > election | Open - National | | 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > C | ancel | ed | 2017-11-30 | 2017-12-21 | 2018-02-03 | | | | | | 2018-03-05 | 2018-04-09 | 2018-10-06 | | KE-MOALF-35279-CS-CQS / < br > KCSAP WEBSITE | < br > IDA / 59 | 450 | Component 3 : Supporting < br > Agro-weather , Market , < br > Climate , and Advisory < br > Services ( US $ 32 . 9 million < br > equivalent , of which IDA < br > US $ 30 . 0 million equivalent ) | Post < br > C < br > Q < br > S | onsultant < br > ualification < br > election | Open - National | | 10 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > P < br > I | endin < br > mple | g < br > mentation | 2017-11-30 | 2017-12-21 | 2018-02-03 | | | | | | 2018-03-05 | 2018-04-09 | 2018-10-06 | | KE-MOALF-35298-CS-CQS / < br > Review of the VC < br > development / strategy / adoption | < br > < br > IDA / 59", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not have panel data , our data fully include pre-crisis and crisis price levels , unlike Jensen and Miller ( 2008 ) . We estimate the relationship between household-level food security and increasing food prices using a unique cross-sectional , temporally stratified , nationallyrepresentative survey . The data are from the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment ( NRVA ) 2007 / 08 , a sample of over 20 , 000 households from all 34 provinces of Afghanistan , conducted over a 13-month period . It is the first nationally-representative household survey in Afghanistan < sup > 8 < / sup > designed to account for seasonal variations in consumption and other measures of wellbeing . < sup > 9 < / sup > The most important feature of the design for this analysis is that the NRVA provides a comprehensive and representative portrayal of consumption patterns prior to and after the onset of the 2007 / 08 food price shock , providing substantial variation in prices and comparable sub-samples for our analysis . A particular strength of the NRVA survey is its detailed information on the frequency and quantity of food consumption of 91 different food items , which allows us to observe how households change the composition of their diets in response to price changes and also allows us to create multiple measures of household food security . Food security broadly consists of four main dimensions : availability , access , utilization , and stability . < sup > 10 < / sup > In this analysis , we concentrate on aspects of access and utilization . The former refers to a household ’ s ability to obtain food , which depends on income , prices , and market access ; the latter refers to an individual ’ s ability to process nutrients and energy from food , which depends on many factors , including dietary diversity and nutrient absorption , intrahousehold allocation of food , and hygienic preparation . In our analysis we examine two aspects of utilization , namely measures of dietary diversity and consumption of a key macronutrient – protein . Several salient findings emerge from the household-level food security analysis . Prior to and during the large increase in food prices from August 2007 to September 2008 , the", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 367, "text": "National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1043, "end": 1054, "text": "NRVA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "credit card data from the Federal Reserve for credit cards up to August 2020 , Horvath , Kay , and Wix ( 2021 ) show increases in the interest rates of new credit cards to less creditworthy consumers , consistent with a tightening of credit supply and a flight-to-safety response of banks to the COVID19 shock . We also review some research results for the relative effects of the COVID-19 on relationship versus non-relationship borrowers for both conventional commercial credit and credit card debt for both consumers and small businesses . Berger , Bouwman , Norden , Roman , Udell , and Wang ( 2021a ) find that conventional commercial relationship borrowers fare significantly worse than non-relationship borrowers in their loan contract terms ( spread , collateral , maturity , amount ) in response to COVID-19 shocks , contrary to findings for normal times ( e . g . , Kysucky and Norden , 2016 ) and prior crises ( e . g . , Bolton , Freixas , Gambacorta , and Mistrulli , 2016 ) . The results are more pronounced for larger firms and larger banks . Berger , Bouwman , Norden , Roman , Udell , and Wang ( 2021b ) also find different effects for credit cards for consumers and small businesses . During COVID-19 , both groups benefit with better contract terms , with more benefits flowing to safer relationship customers . It is difficult to draw strong conclusions about credit supply from the relative credit terms of relationship versus non-relationship borrowers . The conventional commercial credit results of relatively worse loan contract terms for relationship borrowers may reflect that banks reduced credit supply to relationship borrowers to “ hold up ” these borrowers when the value of soft information from relationships is relatively high ( e . g . , Sharpe , 1990 ; Rajan , 1992 ) . Alternatively , these banks may try to bolster their capital in the crisis with earnings from the higher spreads and other harsher credit terms that they cannot charge non-relationship borrowers . The findings may also reflect increases in supply to non-relationship borrowers to try to gain market shares in 60", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 41, "text": "credit card data from the Federal Reserve", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Perspectives , 11 ( 3 ) , 105 – 118 . - Borghans , L . , B . H . H . Golsteyn , J . J . Heckman , and H . Meijers , 2009 . Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Ambiguity Aversion . Journal of the European Economic Association , 7 : 649-658 - Burstein , Paul , 2003 . The impact of public opinion on public policy : a review and an agenda . Polit . Res . Q . 56 ( 1 ) , 29 – 40 . - Cancho , Cesar A . , Davalos , Maria Eugenia , Sanchez ‐ Paramo , Carolina , 2015 , Economic mobility in Europe and Central Asia : exploring patterns and uncovering puzzles . Policy Research Working Paper 7173 ; World Bank , Washington DC . - Cancho , Cesar ; Davalos , Maria E . ; Demarchi , Giorgia ; Meyer , Moritz ; Sanchez Paramo , Carolina . 2015b . Why so gloomy ? perceptions of economic mobility in Europe and Central Asia . Policy Research Working Paper 7519 ; World Bank , Washington DC . - Chambers , J . R . , L . K . Swan , and M . Heesacker ( 2014 ) . Better Off Than We Know : Distorted Perceptions of Incomes and Income Inequality in America . Psychological Science , 25 ( 2 ) : 613-618 . - Checchi , D . , and A . Filippin ( 2004 ) . An Experimental Study of the POUM Hypothesis . In F . Cowell ( ed . ) , Inequality , Welfare and Income Distribution : Experimental Approaches . Emerald Group Publishing Limited . - Choi , G . ( 2019 ) . Revisiting the redistribution hypothesis with perceived inequality and redistributive preferences . European Journal of Political Economy , 58 , 220 – 244 . - Cojocaru , A . ( 2014 ) . Prospects of Upward Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution : Evidence from the Life in Transition Survey . European Journal of Political Economy , 34 : 300-314 . - Cruces , G . , R . Perez-Truglia , and M . Tetaz ( 2013 ) . Biased Perceptions of Income Distribution and Preferences for Redistribution : Evidence from", "spans": [{"start": 1609, "end": 1634, "text": "Life in Transition Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "friends . According to you , how many of them < br > think that a husband is justifed in hitting or beating his wife if he suspects her of being < br > unfaithful ? < br > 0 . 630 | | Imagine to pick 10 of your closest Facebook friends . According to you , how many of them < br > think that a husband is justifed in hitting or beating his wife if she goes out without telling < br > him ? < br > 0 . 598 | Notes : The _Global Index_ ( Cronbach ’ s alpha = 0 . 74 ) is created using all variables reported above with the exception of those contained in the _Beliefs on others_ index . All variables were re-oriented so that the impact of treatments on each component of the index should be positive . The column on the right reports the loading factors used for the construction of the indexes with principal component . 45", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF and only 83 . 3 % of women receive PNC , and the coverage of all basic vaccinations for children is still 27 % . According to the Education Statistics Annual Abstract ( 2020 ) , the Gross Enrolment Ratio ( GER ) of 37 % in Benishangul-Gumuz is quite low compared to the national average . Since 2000 , Benishangul-Gumuz has experienced an impressive 28 % point decline in monetary poverty . Despite public questions over the years , the development of basic services and infrastructure in the region has been stagnant creating a sense of marginalization among the people in the region at large . This is one of the major reasons for the formation of insurgent armed groups such as the Gumuz Militia and Benishangul People ’ s Liberation Army posing serious security threats in the region . # # # # # # * * 3 . 4 Gambella Region * * The Gambella Peoples National Regional State is one of the federal regions of Ethiopia . It is located at the western edge of the country bordering South Sudan . The region has a total land area of 29 , 783 km < sup > 2 < / sup > . The regional capital is also named Gambella and is located at a distance of 777 km from Addis Ababa . Administratively , the Gambella region is divided into 4 Zones having 13 Woredas in total . According to the Central Statistical Agency Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions ( 2017 ) , the Gambella region has a total population of 435 , 999 out of which 227 , 000 constitute male and 208 , 999 female . The main ethnic groups in the region in order of numerical size are Nuer , Anuak , Mezhenger , Kafficho , Shakacho , Amhara , and Oromo . Out of the total population , the majority ( 288 , 000 ) live in rural areas while the urban residents are small in number", "spans": [{"start": 217, "end": 253, "text": "Education Statistics Annual Abstract", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1389, "end": 1438, "text": "Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "16 The heterogeneity in food price inflation , both spatial and across commodities , reinforces the importance of conducting the welfare analysis with data that is disaggregated along both dimensions . Like Friedman and Levinsohn ( 2002 ) - but unlike most other recent studies - we exploit substantially disaggregated local information on both prices and expenditure shares in the estimations presented below . # _The Expenditure Effect_ As noted above , we begin by estimating a first-order approximation to the expenditure effect of the price increases on household welfare . This effect is given by the first term on the RHS of equation ( 6 ) : ( ) . It is estimated for each household _h_ using expenditure data on budget shares from the POF , and price increases from the INPC , in the region where _h_ is located . < sup > 8 < / sup > The expectation , of course , is that the distribution of this effect across households will be regressive . Food is a necessity , with a “ textbook ” Engel curve : the share of expenditure allocated to food declines with total expenditures throughout the entire domain ( Figure 4 ) : around 32 percent of expenditure goes into food among the poorest households , compared to about 10 percent at the top of the distribution ( captured by POF ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > This expectation is confirmed by the expenditure effect PIC , which is given by equation ( 7 ) and depicts the percentage reduction in welfare at each percentile of the distribution ranked by income per person . The expenditure effect PIC is given separately for Brazil ‟ s large urban areas in Figure 5 , for rural areas in Figure 6 , and for the country as a whole in Figure 7 . < sup > 10 < / sup > The bands around the PIC are bootstrapped 95 % confidence intervals . Horizontal lines denote the average effect ( and the confidence interval around it ) . Average expenditure effects are fairly substantial , ranging from 5 percent of baseline income in large urban areas , to 12 . 5 % in rural areas . For Brazil as a whole , the", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 716, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , when we include quality , we find that this share goes up to 20 – 44 percent . These results suggest that measuring human capital with quality substantially increases the role of human capital in explaining cross-country output per worker differences . # $ ( & $ % ) ( # $ ( & \" % ) In Table III , we show results using the following decomposition : . We compare # $ ( \" $ % ) ( # $ ( \" \" % ) results to the recent literature , which varies from nearly all ( Jones 2014 ) to potentially none ( Caselli and Ciccone 2018 ) . We find that when including our measure of quality , the share of human capital varies between 46 to 58 percent . Together with Table II , our results suggest human capital accounts for between a fifth to around half of cross-country income differences – a middle ground in a literature which ranges from zero to nearly all . These results are consistent with models of human capital capturing the role of educated entrepreneurs and more comprehensive measures of human capital including schooling , learning , and health ( Gennaioli , La Porta , Lopez-de-Silanes , and Shleifer 2013 ; Campbell and Üngör 2020 ) . In this development accounting exercise , our central contribution is not to provide a conclusive result , but rather to motivate the use of a direct measure of schooling quality and thus a better measure of human capital . In Table IV we further find the average relationship between learning and income masks significant heterogeneity across countries . First , we find human capital explains between a tenth and a fifth of cross-country income differences among low-income countries but up to two-thirds among high-income countries . This suggests human capital plays a more central role as economies develop . Second , we find the income gradient is often as steep or steeper as the quantity to quality gradient , more than tripling the contribution of human capital . We find even steeper gradients by regions . For example , when measured by schooling , human capital accounts for 31 percent of cross-country income differences in Europe and just 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 - 3 . 17 The appointment of consultants gave substantial problems to the PIU . On June 9 , 1972 , the PIU requested approval of the two Ugandan architects . After much correspondence , the two consultant firms ' contracts were approved on May 10 , 1973 . In February 1979 it was noted that the architect for the Sacred Heart School ( Gulu ) had not visited the site for eighteen months . The architect pleaded transport difficulties . Otherwise , the competence of the architects can be judged only through the four sites visited by the Unesco team ( para . 3 . 18 ) . Regarding quantity surveyors , the two local firms ( all Ugandan staff ) appointed since the initiation of the project seem to have performed very well . 3 . 18 Architectural Designs . The Unesco team could only comment upon its visits to four out of the thirteen surviving project items involving construction . No structural problems or leaks were evident . The designs were all sensible and economical . The standard of finish was fair although lacking in some minor respects . 3 . 19 Tendering and Civil Works Contracts . It was the customary procedure when the original civil works contracts were signed in 1974 that the prices should be fixed with no allowance for inflation . The rates of inflation and escalation of all prices and the premium wages commanded by the few skilled workers left after the expulsion of the Asians , proved punishing beyond all precedent . Many contractors could not continue at the contracted rates and preferred to face the possible penalties for breach of contract rather than outright bankruptcy . Their problems included loss of transport , impassable roads , unavailability of nearly all building materials , and spiralling costs . 3 . 20 Retendering was proposed by RMEA in January 1976 - 8for the eight abandoned sites and retroactive compensation for the contractors who were continuing their work on six sites . This was considered fair because the continuing contractors would otherwise have been penalized in relation to the new contractors . The Project Management Committee agreed to this proposal in June 1976 . The quantity surveyors were", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* transparency and * * < br > * * accountability * * | - < br > Enhanced e-information . < br > - < br > Expanded access to user-friendly and interactive < br > statistical data . < br > - < br > Use of enhanced health quality data . | - < br > Enhanced e-participation of two other dimensions , < br > namely : public consultation and participatory < br > decision making . < br > - < br > Enhanced data-based policy dialogue and decision < br > making . < br > - < br > Improved evidence-based public health policy < br > making . | * * 19 . Targeted results are deemed achievable by implementing agencies ; however , some call for interagency coordination across the government . * * In the education and health sector , targeted results fall essentially within the ambit of the line ministries . Regarding e-services and DPI , MODEE ’ s coordination with service providers will be critical . The DLIs on E - participation and interactive statistical data also call for the cooperation among line ministries and agencies across government . It is expected that the active involvement of the PMO will foster the necessary interagency coordination within and beyond the reach of he Program . Page | 59", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 177, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 203, "end": 231, "text": "enhanced health quality data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 930, "end": 958, "text": "interactive statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Such ethnic inequalities matter for poverty reduction policy and income mobility . Two recent studies examine the interaction between ethnic inequality and poverty in Malaysia based on analysis of tabulated nationally-representative survey data for the period 1970 – 2016 ( Ravallion , 2020a , 2020b ) . An important insight emerging from this work is that between-group relative inequality decreased over this time period , as a result of Bumiputera households having higher income growth rates than the other ethnic groups . Inequality at the national level also declined . However , Ravallion ( 2020a , 2020b ) observes that the growth differential was not sufficient to reduce absolute differences in income , so that ethnic income inequality in absolute terms is higher now than 50 years ago . The difference is relevant , given that popular perceptions of inequality may well track absolute rather than relative inequality measures . < sup > 2 < / sup > Ravallion ( 2020a , 2020b ) further indicates that only about 10 percent of absolute poverty reduction in Malaysia , and 17 percent of the decline in relative poverty , can be attributed to reduced inequality between ethnic groups over this time . Growth of overall mean income has thus played a much more important role in reducing poverty than the fall in relative inequality between ethnic groups . Nevertheless , Ravallion ( 2020b ) does emphasize the role of reduced ethnic inequality and notes that reducing it further may still matter for reducing poverty as measured by his weakly relative poverty line . Our study will show , however , that Ravallion ’ s conclusions should be viewed alongside findings about spatially differentiated poverty dynamics and inequality , between rural and urban areas , and between Peninsular and East Malaysia . Conventional efforts to monitor poverty typically involve tracking measures such as the headcount ratio over time . Such studies provide insights into poverty trends at some aggregate level such as the country , community or sector , but are unable to shed light on the dynamics of poverty at the level of individuals or households . Yet , from both a theoretical and policy perspective , such micro-level poverty transitions are of considerable interest . If we observe chronic poverty , where individuals or", "spans": [{"start": 197, "end": 244, "text": "tabulated nationally-representative survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178478 ) | | be verified with < br > administrative sources , < br > when available . Coverage < br > of identified target < br > population will be < br > measured as defined in the < br > NVDP . This indicator will be < br > disaggregated by < br > nationality < br > ( Syrian / Palestinian ) and < br > gender | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | The project will track the < br > continuous functionality of | | | | | | Percentage of vaccination sites visited by < br > a technical auditor in the last quarter < br > which are in compliance with | the cold chain to ensure < br > that vaccines are - at all < br > times - maintained at | 6 months | MOPH and < br > TPM reports | TPM | PMU / MOPH | | Environmental and Social requirements | optimal condition until < br > being administered to < br > beneficiaries | | | | | | | This indicator will measure < br > the number of Healthcare < br > workers who have received < br > training on vaccination < br > with Gender Based | | | | | | Number of health workers who received < br > training in vaccination with gender-based < br > violence ( GBV ) related content | Violence related content . < br > The training will address < br > the dimensions of : < br > identification of GBV < br > victims , simple counselling < br > and support mechanisms < br > and possible referral < br > pathways for further | 6 months | MOPH | Administrative data | PMU / MOPH | Page 44 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 1478, "end": 1497, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * approach , increasingly extending its services in respect of protection , assistance and solutions for the benefit of IDPs . As of the end of 2006 , a total of 12 . 9 million IDPs were receiving humanitarian assistance under both the cluster approach and other arrangements in which UNHCR was either the lead agency or a partner . While these IDPs are thus a shared responsibility , they are also included in this report in the global figure of persons of concern to UNHCR . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig 2 : Total population by < br > category , end-2006 < br > Asylum - < br > Others < br > seekers IDPs < br > Returned 3 . 2 % < br > IDPs 2 . 3 % protected / < br > assisted < br > 5 . 7 % < br > by UNHCR < br > 38 . 9 % < br > Stateless < br > 17 . 7 % < br > Returned Total < br > refugees Refugees 32 . 9 mln . < br > 2 . 2 % 30 . 1 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > refugees _32 . 9 mln . _ At 5 . 8 million , the number of stateless persons < sup > 5 < / sup > 2 . 2 % 30 . 1 % had more than doubled in 2006 compared with 2 . 4 million in 2005 . That figure , however , does not capture the full scale or magnitude of the phenomenon of statelessness for the reporting period . A significant number of stateless people have not been systematically identified and the statistical data on statelessness is not yet available in many cases . # # * * Refugee population * * Since 2002 , refugee numbers had declined steadily on a global basis . By the end of 2006 , the figure stood at 9 . 9 million < sup > 6 < / s", "spans": [{"start": 1321, "end": 1354, "text": "statistical data on statelessness", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET-Promoting Basic Services Phase III ( P128891 ) - 590 woredas post all procurement award decisions compared to a target of 900 and a baseline of 5 . - Local capacity to manage environmental and social risks - An operational manual for an environmental and social management system ( ESMS ) was developed and introduced in all 11 regions , and is currently being rolled out at the woreda level . - 4 , 800 woreda-based staff were trained in applying the manual against a target of 100 . This result was driven by the findings of the Inspection Panel ( Section 10a ) that showed weak safeguard implementation at local levels ; it led to an ambitious upgrading of relevant staff at woreda levels . # # # * * Outcomes * * Drawing on administrative data , Demographic and Health Surveys , and Impact Assessments , the following outcomes were reported in the ICR : - 42 percent of citizens surveyed reported they are informed about the woreda budget , against a baseline of 19 percent and a target of 25 percent . - 55 percent of citizens report that woreda officials have actively sought their views on ways to improve basic services , equal to the target , and against a baseline of zero . - Citizen dissatisfaction with services provided by woredas has declined from 67 percent in 2013 to 11 percent in 2017 . - 69 percent of citizens indicated that their understanding of the local budget process had grown , compared to 29 percent in 2013 . - 63 percent of citizens indicated that they took part in budget meetings in the previous 12 months , compared to 30 percent in 2013 . - At project closing , training on environmental and social management had been delivered in 872 woredas . # # * * Rating * * Substantial # * * < mark > OVERALL EFFICACY < / mark > * * # # * * < mark > Rationale < /", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 843, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 846, "end": 876, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adequate safeguards experience is developed . The RAP implementation will be undertaken by an agency while environmental mitigation measures will be undertaken by the contractor and supervised by the Consultant . In addition , UETCL technical staff in cooperation with NEMA , DEOs and other relevant local government staff will monitor the implementation of the safeguards instruments discussed above . IDA supervision will focus on : ( i ) providing regular implementation support ; ( ii ) carrying out field reviews of safeguards implementation , and ( iii ) monitoring safeguards implementation based on periodic progress reports . IDA supervision will be carried out by field and HQ based Bank technical staff and complemented by specialist consultants together with UETCL and NEMA technical staff not only during regular bi-annual supervision missions but also during interim technical safeguards missions that will respond to emerging issues or when UETCL requests for assistance . # * * Safeguards in the Legal Documents * * 43 . Borrower commitment to implement the provisions of the safeguards instruments ( ESIA , EMPs , RAP and RPF ) in form and substance satisfactory to IDA have been included as specific provision in the legal documents . More specifically , the Borrower is required to provide sufficient funds for payment of resettlement costs as provided for in the RAP . In addition , signed entitlement certificates will need to be issued to people to be resettled or compensated under the Project . # * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * 44 . Virtually , all of the data required to measure the project ‘ s outcomes and results will come from the regularly collected operating statistics of UETCL , and from the regular quarterly reports on project implementation provided by the PMUs . No additional capacity building is needed in order to obtain the necessary information . An exception is the monitoring of the implementation of the RAP , where special arrangements will be needed in order to ensure adequate oversight and tracking of progress . 45 . Because of the nature of the proposed Project , the outcomes in terms of the PDO will only be realized once implementation is completed and", "spans": [{"start": 1684, "end": 1713, "text": "operating statistics of UETCL", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Morduch and Sicular ( 2000 ) , Parish , Zhe and Li ( 1995 ) and Parish and Michelson ( 1996 ) . 3Morduch and Sicular ( 2000 ) provide one exception among these studies in that they use a longitudinal data set ( 1990 to 1993 ) , albeit from one county in Shandong province , to show that , after controlling for time-invariant unobservable factors , village cadre households earned approximately 20 percent more than non-cadre households . 3", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 210, "text": "longitudinal data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Community Development Plan . In this case , the ESMP includes one such plan , in the form of a stand-alone report : - Phase 1 Pest Management Plan ( Annex 8 of this ESIA report , in Vol . 2 ) The ESMP also refers to two major sub-studies within the ESIA : - Rapid Health Appraisal ( Annex 7 of this ESIA report , in Vol . 2 ) - Reconnaissance Physical Cultural Heritage Survey ( Annex 9 of this ESIA report , in Vol . 2 ) The important topics of land acquisition and land redistribution , compensation , resettlement and associated social support are to be management through a Resettlement Action Plan , now under preparation by a different consultant . Preparation of this ESMP has been challenging ; firstly , delivery of some of the mitigation measures require actions and responses at regional level ( programmes ) or national level ( policies ) rather than at project level ; secondly , transformation of rural society through modern irrigation typically requires a multi-sectoral approach under a unified management structure ( an executive authority for the scheme ) , but the project has not been designed for implementation by this traditional approach . The ESMP is left to fill some of the gaps that would normally be covered through a full-scale integrated rural development project preparation study . Consequently the ESMP outlines a number of measures recommended for consideration by the project proponent in order to enhance the project ' s sustainability . If approved , these will require further development by stakeholders after decisions have been taken on the approach to be adopted . # # # # # # * * 8 . 1 . 2 Approach and * * * * _Objectives_ * * The ESMP ' s goal is to ensure that implementation of the RIDP complies with both Ethiopian legislation and regulations and World Bank requirements as established by the Bank ' s Operational Policies . Specific auditable objectives of the ESMP are listed in Table 8-1 . Although \" high-level \" , they", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 20 : Comparison of technology sophistication between original and replacement sample | VARIABLES | Brazil | Brazil | Vietnam | Vietnam | Senegal | Senegal | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Original sample | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 037 | 0 . 030 | 0 . 043 | 0 . 021 | 0 . 028 | | | ( 0 . 048 ) | ( 0 . 047 ) | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 048 ) | ( 0 . 018 ) | ( 0 . 018 ) | | Observations | 638 | 637 | 1 , 484 | 1 , 484 | 1 , 753 | 1 , 666 | | R-squared | 0 . 299 | 0 . 335 | 0 . 262 | 0 . 320 | 0 . 377 | 0 . 437 | | Controls : | | | | | | | | Sector | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Size group | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Region | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Age | | Y | | Y | | Y | | Exporter | | Y | | Y | | Y | | Foreign owned | | Y | | Y | | Y | Note : * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . Data are from the Brazil , Vietnam , and Senegal FAT surveys . For each country , technology sophistication ( _MOSTj_ ) is regressed on a dummy for the original sampling list with controls for the stratification ( sectors , size groups , and regions ) and / or firm characteristics ( age groups , exporter , and foreign owned ) . Robust standard errors in parenthesis . abnormal interviews or outliers by running regressions of firm-level sophistication on enumerator dummies and firm", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 898, "text": "Senegal FAT surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Table 8-8 Preliminary ESMP Budget Estimate * * # # # # # # * * PHASE * * | * * E * * | * * ITEM * * < br > * * COST ( USD ) * * | | - - - | - - - | | | Grievance Redress Mechanism ( 3 years ) < br > 75 000 $ | | * * n * * | Development of Communication and Stakeholder / Community Engagement < br > Plan < br > 20 000 $ | | * * ructio * * | Development of Management plan on Gender , STD and HIV / AIDS , Sexual < br > abuse , Child labour and other relevant social issues < br > 20 000 $ | | * * / Const * * | Implementation of Communication and Stakeholder Engagement Plan , and < br > implementation of Gender , STDs , Sexual Abuse , Child Labour Management < br > Plan < br > 80 000 $ | | * * tion * * | Survey of sensitive areas for bird populations < br > 150 000 $ | | * * truc * * | Habitat compensation program for loss of breeding / nesting sites for birds < br > 75 000 $ | | * * ons * * | Installation of bird diverters in areas where required < br > 100 000 $ | | * * e-C * * | UETCL and PIU operating budgets < br > 375 000 $ | | * * Pr * * | Supervision of construction works by an archeologist < br > 60 000 $ | | | Capacity Building and Training Program < br > 200 000 $ | | | * * Sub-total * * < br > * * 1 155 000 $ * * | | | Prepare and implement an Emergency Response Plan < br > 20 000 $ | | | Implementation of Communication and Stakeholder Engagement Plan , and < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pesbitero , A . F . , D . Ghura , O . S . Adedeji , and L . Njie ( 2016 ) “ Sovereign Bonds in Developing Countries : Drivers of Issuance and Spreads . ” _Review of Development Finance_ 6 : 1-15 . Radelet , R . ( 1998 ) “ Comments and Discussion ” in Furman , J . , and J . Stiglitz ( 1998 ) “ Economic Crises : Evidence and Insights from East Asia . ” _Brookings Papers on Economic Activity_ ( 2 ) : 1-135 . Restuccia , D . , and R . Rogerson ( 2008 ) “ Policy Distortions and Aggregate Productivity with Heterogeneous Establishments . ” _Review of Economic Dynamics_ 11 : 707-20 . Stiglitz , J . ( 1999 ) “ On Liberty , ther Right to Know , and Public Discourse : the Role of Transparency in Public Life . ” At Oxford Amnesty Lecture ( January ) . Stigler , G . ( 1961 ) “ The Economics of Information . ” _Journal of Political Economy_ 69 ( 3 ) : 213-225 . Stiglitz , J . , and A . Weiss ( 1981 ) “ Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information . ” _The American Economic Review_ 71 ( 3 ) : 393-410 . Tebaldi , E . , H . Ngyyen , and J . Zuluaga ( 2018 ) “ Determinants of Emerging Markets ’ Financial health : a Panel Data Study of Sovereign Bond Spreads . ” _Research in International Business and Finance_ 45 : 82-93 . World Bank ( 2017 ) _Data for Development : An Evaluation of World Bank Support for Data and Statistical Capacity . _ Washington DC : World Bank . Wurgler , J . ( 2000 ) “ Financial Markets and the Allocation of Capital . ” _Journal of Financial Economics_ 58 ( 1-2 ) : 187-214 . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With this defined , the expected value of the location effect conditional on the residuals of the households within the location can be obtained : as well as the variance : EB prediction is expected to perform well in the presence of large _η_ , if many of the locations are covered by the survey , and if the distributions of the error terms approximate a normal distribution ( Van der Weide , 2014 ) . # * * 4 . 2 Monte Carlo Simulations * * ELL ( 2003 ) use various specifications in their paper . The options and methods differ depending on how the variance for the decomposed error terms is obtained . The simulation may be done via parametric drawing of the parameters , and via bootstrap . The PovMap manual ( Zhao , 2006 ) only details the parametric approach . Nevertheless , the newest version of the software has incorporated a bootstrap approach to obtaining the parameters . The steps for the simulation are : - ˆ ˆ - 1 . Obtain GLS coefficients by drawing from _β_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > _GLS ∼ N βGLS , _ Var _βGLS_ . For reasons that will � � � � - become apparent in the following steps , this approach is only possible when the user chooses ELL variance estimation . - ( a ) A different approach relies on obtaining bootstrapped samples of the survey data used in the first stage , this is repeated for every single simulation . The latter method yields a set of _β_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > for every single simulation . 2 . Under the ELL variance estimation approach the cluster component of the error term , _η_ ̃ _c_ is obtained by drawing from _η_ ̃ _c ∼ N_ � 0 _ , _ ˆ _ση_ < sup > 2 < / sup > � where we : - ( a ) Draw _σ_ ˆ _η_ < sup > 2 < / sup > < sup > _ ∼ Gamma_ < / sup > � _σ_ ˆ _η_ < sup > 2 < / sup > < sup > _ , _Var < / sup > � _σ_ ˆ _η_ < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1259, "end": 1270, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sales in West Forest between 1986 and 1987 is also clearly apparent in the survey data ( table 6 ) . The CSSPA data confirm that there was a fall in coffee production in the West Forest between 1985 / 85 and 1988 / 89 , though the decline is not as dramatic as the fall in the survey data . One problem with trying to match up the survey data with the CSSPA data is that urban areas within the forest region are considered either as belonging to Abidjan or Other Cities regions for the purposes of the household surveys . The CSSPA production estimates do not distinguish between the rural and urban areas within the Forest and Savannah regions . Even if we assume however , that in 1985 , all the cocoa produced in Other Cities is attributable to the West Forest region , sales per capita in the West Forest would still far slightly below that of the East Forest . The disparity between the two regions in terms of total cocoa production would still be large , due to the difference in population size . And in 1988 , even with the assumption that all cocoa sold by the households classified as living in Other Cities is attributable to the West Forest , per capita production in the West Forest would still be substantially below that of the East Forest . However , some of the disparity between the survey and the CSSPA production figures could be due to the possibility that households living in the East Forest reporting sales of cocoa may have actually grown cocoa in the West Forest . However , even if this were the case , it would not explain why sales declined so dramatically in the West Forest between 1986 and 1987 , and not in East Forest . Thus , the sharp decline in cocoa and coffee production in the West Forest survey data between 1986 and 1987 do not seem to be completely consistent with the CSSPA production data . The decline in per capita expenditures and thus the increase in poverty in West Forest may therefore be overstated to some degree . Indeed , there does seem to have been some sampling bias in the survey data . Demery and", "spans": [{"start": 1317, "end": 1341, "text": "CSSPA production figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the subproject on members of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups , - e ) Procedures and options for compensation payments , - f ) Potential income generating schemes ( including skills , raw material , technology and market and other infrastructure facilities ) that could help PAHs restore their incomes to pre-project levels and beyond , - g ) Access to social services , infrastructure and common property resources in subproject-affected communities , - h ) Any displeasure or discontent with the transparency and the whole process of census enumeration registration of affected property , and - i ) Proposed mitigation , compensation and livelihood restoration measures proposed by participants at various levels . Page 104 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 559, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the expelled Muslim population . The RSC split the large estates of Muslim landlords ( _chiftliks_ ) into smallholdings and distributed them to the Greek refugees . < sup > 8 < / sup > * * Infrastructure Works . * * The RSC also expanded the cultivable land area by undertaking important and costly drainage and reclamation works in the valleys of the Northern provinces , often waterlogged and prone to malaria . As a result , the area of cultivated land doubled in Northern Greece ( Kontogiorgi , 2006 , pp . 277 – 290 ) and the drained marshlands hosted many new settlements of refugees . < sup > 9 < / sup > In addition to distributing land and houses to refugees , the RSC also initiated a public utility program : it constructed roads , bridges , dispensaries , and schools ( Pentzopoulos 1962 , p . 108 ; Kontogiorgi 2006 , p . 297 ) . The decennial 1922 – 1932 total budgetary expenditures for the relief , housing and settlement of refugees amounted to a little more than 10 millions British pounds , with 9 . 1 millions spent for agricultural settlement and 1 . 3 millions for urban settlement ( Kritikos > 8By contrast , the refugees who settled in urban centers — about 50 percent of them — were given no means of providing for themselves , apart from accommodation ( Kontogiorgi , 2006 , p . 103 ) . > 9In total , the Greek regions of Macedonia , Thrace , Epirus , and Thessaly hosted more than 90 percent of the refugees ’ agricultural settlements ( uthors ’ calculation using data from the 1930 Statistical Yearbook of Greece ) 4", "spans": [{"start": 1508, "end": 1543, "text": "1930 Statistical Yearbook of Greece", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A number of factors , mainly cultural in nature has denied women access to education or forced them to drop out of school . UBOS survey ( 2014 ) puts the illiterate rate among women at 47 % and that of men at 22 % . This indicates that most women are general illiterate in the district compared to their counterparts , the men . The rural women are worse off in this situation with their illiteracy standing at 49 % compare to the urban ones at 33 % . This trend is due to the traditional attitude that gives preference to boys ‟ education than girls ‟ education where girls are expected to get married off at an early age for source of wealth in form of bride price . This partly explains the gender imbalances in the enrolment of both the boy and girl children both at higher primary and secondary level . # # # # * * _Vulnerability_ * * Women remain economically marginalized : among Ugandans , 90 % of all rural women work in agriculture , as opposed to 53 % of rural men . As a result , women in both refugee and host communities are disproportionately affected by changing livelihood patterns , conflict , natural disasters and climate change . It is known that low education levels among girls is one of the factors contributing to early marriage , with ensuing complications for maternal health . In Adjumani , both within the host communities and in the refugees ’ areas , boys are preferred over girls on a number of aspects which leads to their marginalization with respect to allocation of resources and decisions . # # # # * * Arua District * * Arua district lies in the North-Western Corner of Uganda . It is bordered by Maracha district in the North West ; Yumbe in the North East ; Democratic Republic of Congo in the West ; Nebbi in the South ; Zombo in the South East ; and Amuru district in the East . In total the district covers an area of 4 , 274 . 13km2 , of which about 87", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 135, "text": "UBOS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 154 . 58 | < br > 60 . 40 | - . 85 | | | Active Projects | Closed Proiects | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total Disbursed ( I3RD and IDA ) | 114 . 02 | 1 , 321 . 99 | 1 , 436 . 01 | | of which has been repaid | . 99 | 622 . 09 | 623 . 08 | | Total now heldby IBRD | 267 . 61 | 699 . 90 | 967 . 51 | | Amount sold | 0 . 00 | 11 . 53 | 11 . 53 | | Of which repaid | 0 . 00 | 11 . 53 | 11 . 53 | | Total Undisbursed | 154 . 58 | 0 . 00 | 154 . 58 | a . Intended disbursements to date minus actual disbursements to date as projected at appraisal . Note : Disbursement data is updated at the end of the first week of the month and is currently as of 31-Jan-99 .", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 588, "text": "Disbursement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * As part of RP studies , the following important tasks were undertaken : - Engage and consulted the affected communities , communities ’ leaders and vulnerable groups , as well as relevant stakeholders such as government sectors , civil society organizations , and non-governmental organizations . The aim is to ensure that these stakeholders are well-informed and actively involved in decisionmaking processes related to the RP , including the valuation and compensation approaches . This involvement was facilitated through a stakeholder engagement process described in the World Bank ' s ESS 10 . The consultation process was designed to ensure that the perspectives and concerns of women and other vulnerable groups are captured in a fair and inclusive manner . It was important to gather their opinions and consider their interests at every stage of resettlement planning and implementation . - Conduct a complete census of affected households and their household members including their livelihood , income , age and sex , education background , landholding size , size of the household member , etc . - With the expression of the agreements reached from the negotiations with affected people , determined land and assets to be affected , and established eligibility for compensation and relocation assistance . - Conduct a gap analysis between Ethiopia ' s laws and the World Bank ' s Environment and Social framework ( ESF ) . Bridge any gaps to ensure compliance with both sets of requirements . Official Use Only Page 23", "spans": [{"start": 922, "end": 951, "text": "census of affected households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Sub-component 1 . 2 . Competency-based Human Resource Management , and Sub-component 1 . 3 . Institutionalizing Training , Capacity Building , and Change Management . The reform shall include packages of capacity building for civil service workers to enable them meet the new levels of competences due to support to civil service reform . The limitations in digital literacy among the civil servants & public sector office holders will become a potential holding ground to advance the implementation of the various reforms . Potential risks include lack of digital literacy in the civil service on service provision on the demand / supply side & the challenges of digital penetration & familiarity on the system in remote and historically underserved areas . This could lead to exclusion of those who have no access to digital tools and technology , people who have different forms of disability , pastoralists , residing in remote areas . The project involves construction of Tax Data Warehouse for the MoR . If any of the tax data warehouse happen in the regions and areas affected by conflict , security is a major risk , which requires a risk management plan . The different risks and impacts can be addressed during planning and design , implementation , and operation .", "spans": [{"start": 979, "end": 997, "text": "Tax Data Warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 10 LAND RIGHTS AND OWNERSHIP ISSUES IN PROJECT AREA * * # # # # # # * * Land Succession Issues * * There are several cases of land succession among the PAHs where existing title deeds are in the names of deceased persons . This situation is likely to complicate RAP Implementation by delaying compensation for affected land by the National Land Commission ( NLC ) as is the case in other projects in Kenya . According to NLC Act 2012 compensation funds are only given to the person whose is proved to be the legally registered title deed holder after an official land search is conducted at the Land Registrar ’ s office . The RAP exercise identified PAHs who own land that has issues related to the legal transfer of title . PAHs with succession issues are those who have not formally had the land they occupy formally transferred or registered and transmitted from the former owner to the new owner . As no one can be displaced until after they have received their just compensation , delays due to formalization of title transfer pose a significant risk to project implementation which will be managed . The Project has engaged the services of a legal consulting firm to identify and resolve all the succession related cases to enable speedy compensation by NLC . The Terms of Reference for the legal consulting firm is included in * * Annex 6 . * * # # # # # # * * Land Inheritance and Gender * * A key highlight of the census was the patriarchal nature of the Duruma community where women would not be allowed to inherit land when they are widowed . PAHs who are widows expressed concern that they were unlikely to get their land succession rights respected and hence risk being denied being the legal administrators of their deceased husbands ’ estate . This would otherwise disadvantage the widows and hence the importance of the mitigation efforts by the project such as hiring the legal firm to conduct succession and ensure widows and other vulnerable groups are assisted to get legal representation and help when needed . There are", "spans": [{"start": 1440, "end": 1446, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "diversas : la mayoría refieren que no disponen de dinero y tiempo para ir hasta la Registraduría Municipal del Estado Civil . Para quienes no contaban con documento de identidad , los mayores obstáculos estaban en poder transitar con tranquilidad por las zonas rurales , ya que constantemente eran abordados por los actores armados que pedían su identificación . Algunos de ellos optaban por delegar en el miembro de la familia que estuviera documentado las salidas de las zonas . En el caso de las personas desplazadas , al llegar a las ciudades se encontraban con limitaciones para acceder a atención en salud y se limitaba la posibilidad de ubicar a los niños en colegios al no contar con los Registros Civiles de Nacimiento y la Tarjeta de Identidad . Si ingresaban , a los pocos meses de no aportar el documento negaban el ingreso . De igual manera se dificulta el registro en las bases de datos de Acción Social por lo que se limitaba la entrega de ayudas humanitarias . # # # # # * * _Respecto a las poblaciones atendidas_ * * El valor fundamental de las jornadas lo constituye el llegar a la población más excluida que vive en sitios distantes y marginales . Permanecer en estas zonas sin un documento pone en riesgo a la población que por allí transita . Los actores armados pueden llegar a retenerlos provisionalmente , en tanto verifican antecedentes . En algunas ocasiones las personas son calificadas como informantes , lo que podría llevar a la desa", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 917, "text": "bases de datos de Acción Social", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "In all SP studies , the main challenge is to persuade the respondent to seriously consider a proposal , typically to be delivered at some point of time in the future . We found respondents to be willing to look ahead and earnestly consider the commodity — improved water supply . This is presumably because water supply is a serious issue that commands people ’ s time and attention and because the scenario we presented was credible . The credibility of the scenario could stem from the fact that many households seemed to have heard about plans to expand ` the ` water supply network in the area . The local population ’ s willingness to understand and consider our proposed scenarios was a valuable signal regarding the content of the survey instrument and the feasibility of the conjoint approach . # * * _Survey administration_ * * The data come from a 2003 survey of 1800 households in the Greater Negombo and the coastal strip from Kalutara to Galle in Southwest Sri Lanka . This survey was implemented to gauge current water and sanitation conditions , estimate household demand , and assess access and affordability of poor households before reform measures were implemented . A 3-stage stratified random sampling approach was used to select our sample ( see Pattanayak et al . 2004 for more details on how we selected our sample ) . Our survey instrument was developed through a series of focus groups ( in Kandy , Galle , and Kalutara ) ; several purposive discussions with households , the National Water Supply and Drainage Board officials , and the Water Sector Reform Unit staff ; and 120 pre-tests in Negombo , Kalutara and Peradeniya . The final 69-page survey contained 7 modules , with a split sample design on the contingent valuation and conjoint questions to gauge household demand . The seven modules included : location and policy priorities ; water sources ; water treatment , storage and hygiene ; sanitation and sewerage ; contingent valuation ; family roster and health ; and a socio-economic profile . Enumerators were selected from a pool of recent Peradeniya graduates and trained using a mix of lectures , role-plays and field trials in the final survey area . Each survey was conducted as", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 888, "text": "2003 survey of 1800 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relative size of its import market and its geographic proximity ) . The results are provided for two years , 1990 and 1998 , to illustrate whether the South Asian countries demonstrate an increasing or decreasing tendency to trade with one another . * * Table 3 : Trade Intensity Ratios of South Asia * * | * * PARTNER * * | | | | * * EXP * * < br > | * * ORTING * * < br > | * * COUNT * * < br > | * * RY * * < br > | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * COUNTRY * * | * * Ind * * < br > | * * ia * * < br > | * * Pakis * * < br > | * * tan * * < br > | * * Sri La * * < br > | * * nka * * < br > | * * Bangla * * < br > | * * desh * * < br > | * * Nep * * < br > | * * al * * < br > | | | * * 1990 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 1990 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 1990 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 1990 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 1990 * * | * * 1998 * * | | India | - | - | 1 . 28 | 3 . 14 | 1 . 55 | 1 . 29 | 1 . 89 | 1 . 88 | 10 . 19 | 42 . 81 | | Pakistan | 1 . 16 | 2 . 28 | - | - | 8 . 11 | 4 . 09 | 6 . 57 | 4 . 58 | 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Financial Sector Strengthening and Access Project ( P171627 ) # # * * BASIC INFORMATION * * # # * * A . Basic Project Data OPS TABLE * * | Country | Project ID | Parent Project ID ( if any ) | Project Name | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ethiopia | P171627 | | Financial Sector < br > Strengthening and < br > Access Project < br > ( P171627 ) | | Region | Estimated Appraisal Date | Estimated Board Date | Practice Area ( Lead ) | | AFRICA EAST | Aug 02 , 2021 | Oct 28 , 2021 | Finance , < br > Competitiveness and < br > Innovation | | Financing Instrument | Borrower ( s ) | Implementing Agency | | | Investment Project Financing | Ministry of Finance | National Bank of Ethiopia , < br > Development Bank of < br > Ethiopia , Commercial Bank < br > of Ethiopia | | # # * * Proposed Development Objective ( s ) * * To enhance financial sector stability through strengthening key sector institutions . # # * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions ) * * * * SUMMARY-NewFin1 * * | * * Total Project Cost * * | 500 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | | * * Total Financing * * | 500 . 00 | | * * of which IBRD / IDA * * | 500 . 00 | | * * Financing Gap * * | 0 . 00 | | * * DETAILS-NewFinEnh1 * * | | | * * World Bank Group Financing * * | | | International Development Association ( IDA ) | 500 . 00 | | IDA Credit | 500 . 00 | Page 2 of 6 May 04 , 2020", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 Main Results * * The empirical analysis proceeds in two steps . I first examine the impact of debt relief on the financial position of beneficiary households and the real effect of the bailout on households ’ investment decisions and productivity . In the second part of the analysis , I explore potential mechanisms that can explain the observed economic behavior of beneficiary households after the program , and focus specifically on the impact of debt relief on borrower expectations . # # * * 6 . 1 The Level of Household Debt * * Table 5 presents RD estimates of the change in total household indebtedness . Panel A reports baseline estimates using the sample of all surveyed households and employing four different RD specifications : a basic discontinuity specification without controls and bank * district fixed effects , a linear control function specification with a complete set of bank * district fixed effects _φbd_ , with and without additional loan and household controls , and a quadratic control function specification with bank * district fixed effects . To validate these results , Table 5 , Panel B , replicates the estimates for two restricted samples : ( i ) an audited robustness sample consisting of all households with audited and matching electronic land records , and ( ii ) a reduced bandwidth sample that omits the top and bottom quartile of the land distribution to either side of the program threshold . As in subsequent tables , the reported coefficients are local average treatment effect ( LATE ) estimates , measuring the effect of debt relief on households benefiting from 100 % unconditional debt relief , relative to borrowers qualifying for only 25 % conditional debt relief . The point estimates in Table 5 indicate that debt relief leads to a significant and persistent reduction in the overall indebtedness of beneficiary households . The economic magnitude of this effect is substantial : on average , the total indebtedness of households that had their outstanding balance cancelled entirely declined by between Rs 24 , 000 ( US $ 470 ) and Rs 26 , 000 ( US $ 508 ) , or approximately 30 % of the pre-treatment mean of overall household debt . < sup > 18 <", "spans": [{"start": 1274, "end": 1297, "text": "electronic land records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "people joining and dying for the Nationalist party army , which put much less emphasis on ideology . < sup > 14 < / sup > We obtain data on the Nationalist war casualties from the website of the National Revolutionary Martyrs ’ Shrine of R . O . C in Taiwan , China , which records the names of about 140 , 000 people who died as members of the Nationalist forces before 1949 . < sup > 15 < / sup > We trace the places of birth of these Nationalist soldiers , and see if the number of Nationalist soldiers is related to famines in the 1920s in their home prefectures . In columns 1 and 2 of Table 9 , we report the OLS and the 3SLS estimation of the effects of famines in the 1920s on Nationalist war casualties before 1949 . The instrumental variables are the same as in the previous section . The number of famines during the warlord period does not have significant impact on the number of subsequent Nationalist soldiers killed in wars . This suggests that Nationalist military forces were unable to — or did not try to — draft more people from regions hit hard by prior famines . We conclude that state failure in the 1920s in China did not have a general impact on people ’ s choice of joining armies for livelihood , but it provoked strong support of the Communist ideology . # * * 6 . 5 . Consideration of Nationalism * * Apart from economic hardship and perceived injustice , another factor which also helps explain the ability of CCP to recruit many peasants is peasant nationalism in response to Japanese invasion ( Seldon 1971 ) . To see if our explanation remains valid , we drop casualties during the Second World War , known as the Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) in China — the war casualties during this period could be more motivated by nationalistic sentiments . We still obtain a positive and significant relationship between famines and the Communist war > 14 The difference between the CCP and the Nationalist ideology is evident from the official statements that a new party member of each party has to declare joining . See < u >", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 170, "text": "Nationalist war casualties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inundation of several areas to create the reservoir . This therefore will adversely affect the spiritual way of life of the Duruma due to denial of access oftraditional worship sites . # # # # # # 6 . 2 . 1 Mitigation All the affected caves ( 4 in number ) used as worship sites have been identified during the RAP census survey conducted in March-April 2014 . During the dissemination of information about this project and as part of obtaining broad community support , the Duruma community was informed of the fact that these caves will be affected and consultations were held to determine the measures , which are culturally acceptable to the Duruma and to minimize in avoiding , minimizing or compensating for the adverse effects . The mitigation measure that was agreed upon during the deliberations was that all caves would be symbolically relocated following the Duruma cultural practices and traditions . The Council of Elders will lead in the process of symbolic relocation , which is a ceremony with rituals and participation of the entire community . The selection of new spiritual worship caves is a function that is secretive and at the discretion of the Council of Elders who will only announce the new worship caves along the Mwache River once they are compensated for the process . 45", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 328, "text": "RAP census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 3 Robustness checks on the procyclicality of lending * * Private banks can be domestic or foreign-owned . Foreign-owned banks tend to be subsidiaries of international banks . This potentially enables them to obtain additional funding from the international parent bank in case their local profitable lending opportunities expand . Thus , with a more elastic supply of funds , foreign banks may be able to expand their lending relatively more during economic upswings . To test this , we re-estimate regressions 1 and 2 of Table 2 after including a foreign bank variable and its interaction with GDP per capita growth . The results are reported as regressions 1 and 2 of Table 5 . In the two regressions , the interaction of GDP per capita growth and the foreign bank variable obtains coefficients of 0 . 009 and 0 . 008 that are significant at 1 % , implying that lending by private , foreign banks is more procyclical than lending by private , domestic banks . In both regressions , the interaction of the GDP per capita variable and the state bank variable obtains a coefficient of - 0 . 008 that are significant at 5 % , indicating that lending by state banks is less procyclical than for private , domestic banks . Regressions 3 and 5 include interactions of the GDP per capita variable with alternatively the state bank , domestic bank , and foreign bank variables . In both regressions , the three interaction terms are estimated with coefficients with significance of at least 10 % . Estimated coefficients confirm increasing procyclicality of lending from state banks to private , domestic banks , and to private , foreign banks . Specifically , a 1 % increase in GDP per capita growth leads to a credit supply growth of 0 . 5-0 . 6 % for state bank , 1 . 1-1 . 2 % for private , domestic banks and 2 . 1-2 . 2 % for private foreign banks . Next , we consider whether the relative procylicality of lending by state banks depends on the level of economic development . In particular , we estimate regressions 1-4 of Table 2 separately for the samples of high-income countries and developing countries (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Additoinal Financing for Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict-Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project ( P177233 ) Proposed New Development Objective The current PDO will be maintained . # # * * D . Project Description * * 12 . * * The project will receive funds from the Response-Recovery-Resilience for Conflict Affected Communities in Ethiopia Single Donor Trust Fund , fully financed by the KfW , to add an additional US $ 24 million * * . The proposed AF2 will scale up activities by supporting : ( i ) the piloting of a new window of investment for larger inter-community infrastructure subprojects under Component 1 and ; ( ii ) associated additional management costs under _Component 3 : Adaptive Project Management_ . The additional resources for _Component 3_ will also finance surveys to monitor the efficiency and impact of the larger scale infrastructure to support conflict affected communities ’ recovery and resilience , as well as adding staff at the FPCU to ensure adequate oversight of the larger-scale infrastructure , including but not limited to , senior engineer . 13 . Component allocations will be adjusted as below . For _Component 1 : Rebuilding and Improving Access to Basic Services and Climate-resilient Community Infrastructure_ , the additional resource will be channeled to a new _Subcomponent 1 . 4 : Inter Community Recovery Activities_ that this AF2 proposes to introduce to the project . Additional resources will also be allocated to _Subcomponent 3 . 1 Project Management . _ These will be utilized to strengthen project management at the federal and regional levels , as well as to deliver monitoring and evaluation to ensure accountability to the GoE , World Bank and KfW . The project will also leverage additional resources as a convening platform for conflict recovery dialogue amongst development and humanitarian partners . * * Table 2 : Estimated Cost by Project Component * * | * * Component / Sub-component * * | * * Original budget", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 834, "text": "surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > how many woredas < br > Rollout training co < br > modules of the M | will be developed < br > design changes for < br > will have an MIS tha < br > nducted for 352 w < br > IS such as liveliho | between July 2020 an < br > PSNP 5 . This indicator < br > t reflects these design < br > oredas on the update < br > od and shock respo | d March 2021 to < br > aims to measure < br > changes . < br > d and enhanced < br > nse is rolled-out . | | | - < br > Jun / 2020 | Not started | 28-Jun-2024 | Pilot completed | Jun / 2025 | | Pilot established and monitored to | | | | | | | < br > test recertification strategy ( Text ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator will < br > approach to recer | measure the implem < br > tification . | entation of a pilot to t | est at least one | | | 0 . 00 < br > Jun / 2020 | 348 , 750 | 28-Jun-2024 | 400 , 000 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | Beneficiary households with complete | | | | | | | < br > information in the registry ( Number ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator mea < br > registrydata colle | sures the implemen < br > ction . Data has been | tation of the initial roll < br > uploaded from three | out of the < br > clusters . | | PSNP core beneficiary households | 35 . 00 < br > Jun / 2020 | 56 | 28-Jun-2024 | 60 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | aware of KAC ( Percentage ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator trac | ks the extent to w | h", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1057, "text": "registrydata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Electricity generation is a water-intensive process , with most power plants requiring water to spin hydroelectric turbines or cool thermoelectric generators ( Sanders , 2015 ) . In Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) , approximately half of the total power generation comes from hydropower , while the other half comes from combustion power , including coal , oil , gas , and biomass ( IEA , 2021 ) . Because hydrological droughts predominantly limit the generation capacity of hydropower plants , droughts can shift generation to combustion power plants . A plausibly important but understudied consequence of this shift in generation is the worsening of local air quality . Changes in air quality are a first-order concern , as exposure to fine particle air pollution ( PM2 _ . _ 5 _ , < _ 2 _ . _ 5 μm ) is detrimental to human health ( Dockery et al . , 1993 ; Pope III et al . , 2002 , 2009 ; Cohen et al . , 2017 ) , with recent studies showing that even low levels of exposure lead to adverse health outcomes ( Weichenthal et al . , 2022 ) . With nearly half a billion individuals in LAC residing near a combustion power plant and climate change leading to more frequent and severe hydrological droughts in the region , a key question is determining how air quality changes in response to this shift in electricity generation . In this paper , we fill this gap by quantifying the relationship between hydrological droughts and increased PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations around combustion power plants in LAC . We begin by assembling a monthly frequency power plant-level panel covering the 2000 to 2020 period . The panel provides information on both PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations in the proximity of combustion power plants and marketlevel measures of the level of hydropower generation capacity in water stress . These market-level measures are derived from granular watershed-level measures of hydrological drought . Our preferred market-level measure is the fraction of hydropower generation capacity affected by drought ( FHD ) . The panel also provides information on an extensive set of meteorological factors , emissions from wildfires , proxies of", "spans": [{"start": 1566, "end": 1607, "text": "monthly frequency power plant-level panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of tuition costs using the AMSSW 2015 . The average cost for those who paid was 1 , 719 manat in 2015 , but some individuals paid much higher tuition amounts . * * Table 4 : Cost per Student / Year * * ( nominal _manat_ 2015 ) | Level of Education | Cost | Enrollment | Per-c | apita Cost | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Tuition | Public < br > scholarship | | Primary and | 1 , 074 , 854 , 820 | 1 , 378 , 019 | | 780 | | Secondary | | | | | | Tertiary | 243 , 962 , 964 | 138 , 301 | 1800 | 1700 | | All | 1 , 318 , 817 , 784 | 1 , 516 , 320 | | | Source : Azerbaijan Ministry of Education Notes : Local currency , _manat_ ; currently , 1 _manat_ is equivalent to $ US 0 . 59 . The discounting formula presented above was applied to the earnings profiles to estimate the returns assuming a 4-8-4 duration of primary , secondary and tertiary education . The resulting returns appear in Table 5 . Estimating the rate of return using the discounting formula , the private return to investment in tertiary education is 9 . 7 percent , which includes the forgone earnings as the private cost of education . 16", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 37, "text": "AMSSW 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > ) is an option value of moving to a different job . This option value can be decomposed < / sup > into internal and external option values . The external option value is defined as the option value from alternative job options in a different labor market . By netting out the effect from switching to a different job in the same labor market , the external option value is derived as The internal option value is the option value from alternative job options within the same labor market , which is given as the difference between the total and the external option values , # * * 3 . 3 Relative Welfare and the Number of Job Options * * Although the model features various determinants of mobility and welfare , we can derive simple formulae describing the relationship between changes in welfare as well as the number of job options , and changes in an underlying policy , conditional on two assumptions . First , we assume that the change in an arbitrary policy variable _z_ does not change the moving costs . < sup > 29 < / sup > Second , any change in _z_ of period _t_ is realized after workers receive their wage . Under these assumptions , the change in the relative welfare of workers in labor market _k_ compared to workers in labor market _l_ can be derived as > 27This conditional probability equation will allow us to identify structural parameters using labor mobility data . > 28By construction , _μk_ 0 _ , t_ < sup > + < / sup > < sup > _μk_ < / sup > 1 _ , t_ < sup > + < / sup > < sup > _μk_ < / sup > 2 _ , t_ < sup > + < / sup > < sup > _μk_ < / sup > _I , t_ < sup > = 1holdsforany < / sup > < sup > _t_ , < / sup > < sup > _k_ . Usingequations ( 6 ) - ( 9 ) , each < / sup > < sup > _μ_canbeexpressedas < / sup > _μ_ 0 < sup > _k_ < / sup > _ , t_ <", "spans": [{"start": 1373, "end": 1392, "text": "labor mobility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # # * * _Absentee PAPs_ * * To ensure transparency and mitigate potential complaints related to property registration , the study team , in collaboration with the valuation committee , conducted the inventory of properties affected by the subproject in the presence of owners . Before commencing the inventory process , the study team and valuation committee requested that the Kebele administration notify property owners to participate in the registration process . During the census enumeration and registration of properties process , out of the total PAHs , 613 PAHs were present . However , only 9 PAHs were absent due to several reasons . Despite extensive efforts by the study team , valuation committee , and local officials , these individuals could not be reached during the survey period . However , the censuses identified all potential PAPs not physically present during the enumeration . The local leaders , community members and administrative authorities have validated ownership information . By integrating these measures , the RAP has ensured that the rights and entitlements of absentee PAPs are protected , even in their absence . According to information provided by Kebele administration officials and neighbors of the absentee PAPs , several reasons contributed to their absence . Some affected individuals perceived the impact on their properties as minimal and , therefore , did not consider their presence necessary . Others informed Kebele administrations that they trusted the administrative representatives to oversee the process and believed their attendance was not essential . Nevertheless , to ensure accuracy and completeness , the registration of affected assets proceeded with the participation of the ad-hoc committee members and neighbors of the absentee PAPs . Basic household information along with the registration of affected properties was collected with due diligence to ensure that all affected assets were properly registered . This RAP has detailed the identification , valuation , and entitlement process for the absentee PAP ' s land , including compensation for", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 986, "text": "censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > The key players providing digital payment services differ in developed and developing countries . Developed countries have been using modern cashless payment methods by means of credit and debit cards since the 1950s . Banks are at the center of this payment system . Acquiring banks host the merchant ’ s account to receive payment . Issuing banks supply consumers with credit or debit cards to make purchases . When a customer orders a product or service online , the payment instructions and information are encrypted and sent to the acquiring banks through the facilitation of payment service providers . Acquiring banks then transmit the information through card networks such as Visa and Mastercard to the issuing bank . Once verified , the issuing bank transfers money through card networks to the acquiring bank ’ s merchant account . Under this credit / debit card payment model , developed countries are in general more efficient in settling online payment transactions because of their well-established formal financial systems ( figure 7 ) . Among the 21 countries covered under the Digital Business Indicators project , a domestic online payment is settled within a day in most countries . However , in the Kyrgyz Republic it can take up to a week and five days in Malaysia . For cross-border payments , the settlement period ranges from three days in Indonesia and Vietnam to 10 days in Colombia and the Kyrgyz Republic . < sup > 71 < / sup > A few factors affect the time it takes for merchants to receive payments . Having a subaccount with the payment service provider makes the process faster . Other factors include the delay in the authorization process among the issuing bank , acquiring bank , and payment service providers . 18", "spans": [{"start": 1105, "end": 1140, "text": "Digital Business Indicators project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- c ) The labour cost for preparing replacement land is calculated on what it would cost a farmer to create a replacement land . This value is found by adding together the average costs of clearing , ploughing , sowing , weeding twice , and harvesting the crop . # # * * _Compensation for Buildings and Structures_ * * Compensation will be paid by replacing structures ( huts , houses , outbuildings , latrines , storage facilities and fences etc . ) to improved quality where possible . Where structures are dwellings , the replaced structure should provide improved living conditions . The other compensation option will be provision of cash compensation at full replacement value . Compensation will be made for structures that are affected adversely because of relocation or resettlement of an individual or household , or directly damaged by subproject activities . Replacement values will be based on : - Measurements of structures and detail of materials used ; - Average replacement costs of different types of household buildings and structures based on collection of information on the numbers and types of materials used to construct different types of structures ( e . g . poles , bricks , rafters , bundles of straw , corrugated iron sheets , doors etc . ) . - Average prices of these items collected in different local markets ; - Costs for transportation and delivery of these items to acquired / replacement building site preparation - Estimates of construction of new buildings including labor required ; - Any associated taxes , registration fees , keeping in mind that any salvaged materials are not factored into the established of compensation values . # # * * _Compensation for Community Assets_ * * Compensation will be provided for community assets identified through the socioeconomic survey . In all cases these will be provided in kind and new facilities will be provided even if there are existing facilities at the new location that will be augmented to replace the loss . # # * * _Compensation for Sacred Sites_ * * This policy does not permit the use of land that is defined to be cultural property by the World", "spans": [{"start": 1796, "end": 1816, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "& E Utilization * * * * According to the ICR ( p . 22 ) , the program ’ s monitoring reports , together with the numerous assessments and evaluations have provided a wealth of factual data , insights and feedback on the performance of RPSNP . * * Over the years , M & E findings have provided a solid basis for reviewing implementation status and issues in semi-annual JRIS missions , and for ensuring that technical support is made available to help address bottlenecks or to make evidence-based decisions on needed adjustments to the RPSNP ’ s implementation . In addition , the ICR notes that learnings for RPSNP have provided a basis for design of the PSNP5 follow-on project . # # * * M & E Quality Rating * * Modest # # * * 10 . Other Issues * * # # * * a . Safeguards * * * * The project was classified as a Category B in accordance with OP / BP 4 . 01 , Environmental Assessment , as it needed to ensure that planned public works sub-projects would be complementary , provide continuity to the landscape approach to watershed development , and avoid negative environmental impacts . * * Public works and livelihoods activities were screened following the Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) that included : ( a ) a public works ESMF to develop site-specific plans prior to implementation of sub-projects and referral for an Environmental and Page 19 of 23", "spans": [{"start": 74, "end": 92, "text": "monitoring reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "website regardless of their type or disabilities ( physical or visual ) . ” They are also aligned with international standards on web content accessibility . < sup > 10 < / sup > * * 21 . The Program will apply at the national level and also support decentralized service delivery . * * The Program aims to extend the reach of digital government across the country , it supports the full coverage of EMRs to all public health facilities , and it also supports the establishment of GSCs across governorates . While the Program does not focus specifically on the lower tiers of government ( such as municipalities ) , it promotes access to e-municipal services through GSCs and the e-services government platform Sanad . * * 22 . It is not expected that any activity or contract will be excluded from the Program , in accordance with the Bank ’ s Policy and Directive on Program-for-Results Financing and the rationale for such exclusion . * * The Program does not finance the purchase by the GOJ of any large IT systems under high-value contracts . The 2020 government cloud policy promotes the use of cloud services across government entities . MODEE provides them with cloud infrastructure ( through the government ’ s private cloud ) . Further , IT developments are usually funded through fee for services rather than through > 9 Only about < mark > 800 , 000 of the nearly 11 million ID holders have activated their digital IDs on Sanad as of January 2024 , and only 35 percent of those are women . Similarly , of the 90 , 000 visitors to the two existing GSCs since their inauguration , fewer than 20 percent have been women ( the exact percentage is not available because MODEE has not been collecting GSC visitor demographics thus far ) . < / mark > > 10 < u > MODEE . 2022 . < / u > _ < u > Jordan Government Websites Standards < / u > _ < u > . < / u > > https : / / www . mode", "spans": [{"start": 1707, "end": 1731, "text": "GSC visitor demographics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "á de la variable económica hincada hasta el hueso de las instituciones del país : “ … el proceso hiperinflacionario ha destruido la capacidad adquisitiva que se tenía a través de las remuneraciones por trabajo , en consecuencia , para un número cada vez mayor de venezolanos la búsqueda de algún trabajo en otro país por el cual pueda percibir algún pago en una moneda más fuerte que el bolívar resulta imperativo . En la ENCOVI se ha indagado por la razón principal que motivó a la persona a emigrar a otro país y los resultados de la medición en el año 2018 nos han dejado saber que de cada 3 emigrados hay 2 que decidieron irse con la finalidad de buscar trabajo , o porque ya lo habían conseguido . Esta razón está implícitamente relacionada con la necesidad de mejorar los ingresos para cubrir las necesidades personales y contribuir a la economía familiar , si ese es el caso . ( Freitez , 2019 ) ” En este texto la autora también afirma , de acuerdo con los resultados de ENCOVI 2018 , que las razones políticas han sido relegadas ( así como la violencia y la inseguridad ) por esta “ urgencia económica ” como causa de emigrar . Sin embargo , partimos de la premisa de que _la razón social es más que la económica_ < sup > 6 < / sup > . Dicho de otra manera , la migración declarada por causas laborales asociadas a la sobrevivencia encierra una consider", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 428, "text": "ENCOVI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 990, "text": "ENCOVI 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Nevertheless , the bluntness of these indicators is suggested by reference back to the microdata-based Kakwani index results for personal taxes for IDA countries in section 3 . Ghana and Nicaragua appear more progressive than Tanzania and Uganda in Table 1 , particularly in terms of the direct-to-indirect tax ratio . In contrast , results from section 3 , albeit for different years , suggest that direct personal income taxes in both Tanzania and Uganda are significantly more progressive than in Ghana or Nicaragua ( with Kakwani indices of 0 . 52 and 0 . 47 vs 0 . 29 and 0 . 31 , respectively ) . That said , the low average tax rate effect for Uganda is consistent in both analyses , suggesting low redistributive impact . Meanwhile , Honduras exhibits comparatively low progressivity in both analyses . These comparisons emphasize the merit in presenting a range of metrics where possible for each country . # # 5 . 3 Pros and cons of aggregate tax revenue-based metrics There appear clear benefits to the calculation of these summary metrics , which enable the impact of either all direct taxes , or of personal and corporate taxes ( including tax revenue from capital income ) to be incorporated . They are available for a large number of IDA countries , at low cost , and in most cases with only a time lag of around two years . However , they remain blunt indicators as they do not distinguish between taxes paid by poor and rich households and instead rely on strong assumptions regarding the incidence of different tax types . For example , if a country adopts a flat rate PIT system , the resulting lack of progressivity would be missed by these aggregate metrics . < sup > 33 < / sup > Furthermore , there are data quality concerns in a number of countries , and while the time lags are generally small , for some countries the lags are large enough for them not to be useful in terms of the desired monitoring exercise for IDA20 . If they are to be used , they should be complemented by additional indicators where possible , particularly of the progressivity of the PIT . # 6 Measuring tax progressivity in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # * * A . Country Context * * 1 . * * Lebanon has witnessed the largest influx of Syrian refugees compared to the other neighboring countries affected by the crisis . * * By July 2014 , the refugee influx had expanded dramatically to 1 , 138 , 043 people and led to the largest humanitarian emergency operation of its kind for many years . Based on the current data , Lebanon has received 39 percent of all Syrian refugees ; almost 1 , 103 , 707 Syrians have registered and 34 , 336 are still awaiting registration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . By the end of 2014 , it is estimated that the number of Syrian refugees will increase to 1 . 6 million , equivalent to 37 percent of Lebanon ’ s pre-crisis population . < sup > 1 < / sup > 2 . * * UNHCR and United Nations ( UN ) partner agencies promptly established operations in Lebanon to respond to the crisis , but the support was primarily targeted to Syrian refugees and not to Lebanese communities whose quality of life and socioeconomic outcomes are mostly adversely affected by the influx . * * As of June 2014 , contributions to the Regional Response Plans ( RRPs ) for Lebanon totaled US $ 390 million , < sup > 2 < / sup > which , despite the large amount , represent only about 23 percent of the estimated need of US $ 1 . 7 billion . 3 . * * However , the effects of the spillover have rapidly moved beyond the humanitarian crisis to the economic and social spheres where large , negative , and growing spillovers are occurring . * * The Economic and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) of the Syrian Conflict conducted by the World Bank in August 2013 concluded that the conflict is expected to negatively and materially affect the poverty , livelihoods , health and human capital conditions of the Lebanese people . The report estimates that by end-2014 , some 170", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 397, "text": "current data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix A4 : Economic Reform News To compile our database of economic reform articles , we use carefully selected keywords in the 28 languages available in the Dow Jones database . In particular , we search for all articles which contain the words ‘ economy ’ or ‘ economic ’ _and_ ‘ reform ’ or ‘ reforms ’ in the text of the article . Table A4 . 1 presents our translations of these terms in the 28 languages . * * Table A4 . 1 Keywords for economic reforms articles * * | Language | Economy | Economic | Reform | Reforms | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Arabic | اقتصاد | | الصلحات < br > | | | | اقتصادیة | | اصلحات < br > | | | | اقتصادي | | إصلحات < br > | | | | | | لصلحات < br > | | | | | | الصلح < br > | | | | | | إصلح < br > | | | | | | لصلح < br > | | | | | | اصلح | | | Malay | ekonomi | ekonomi | pembaharuan | pembaharuan | | Indonesian | ekonomi | ekonomis | pembaruan | reformasi | | Bulgarian | икономика | икономически | реформа | реформи | | Catalan | economia | econòmic | reforma | reformes | | Chinese - Simplified | 经济 | 经济 | 改革 | 改革 | | Chinese - Traditional | 經濟 | 經濟 | 改革 | 改革 | | Czech | hospodářství | hospodářský | reforma | reformy | | Danish | økonomi | økonomisk | reform | reformer | | Dutch | economie | economisch | hervorming | hervormingen | | | | economische | | | | English | economy | economic | reform | reforms | | Finnish | talous | taloudellinen | uudistaa | uudistuksia | | French | économie | économique | réforme | réformes | | | | économiques | | | | German | wirtschaft | wirtschaftlich | reform | reformen | | | | wirtschaftsreformen | reform | reformen | | Hungarian | gazdaság | gazdasági |", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 181, "text": "Dow Jones database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Reviewed Papers Afridi , F . , Mukhopadhyay , A . , & Sahoo , S . ( 2016 ) . Female labor force participation and child education in India : Evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme . _IZA Journal of Labor & Development_ , _5_ ( 1 ) , 7 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1186 / s40175-016-0053-y Agiro , B . T . , & Huang , W . - C . ( 2020 ) . Re-Examining the Effect of Maternal Employment on Child Overweight : The Case of School-Age Children . _Journal of Family and Economic Issues_ , _41_ ( 1 ) , 140 – 157 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1007 / s10834-019-09658-8 < / u > Anderson , P . M . , Butcher , K . F . , & Levine , P . B . ( 2003 ) . Maternal employment and overweight children . _Journal of Health Economics_ , _22_ ( 3 ) , 477 – 504 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / S0167-6296 ( 03 ) 00022-5 Aughinbaugh , A . , & Gittleman , M . ( 2004 ) . Maternal employment and adolescent risky behavior . _Journal of Health Economics_ , _23_ ( 4 ) , 815 – 838 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jhealeco . 2003 . 11 . 005 Baum , C . L . ( 2015 ) . Does Early Maternal Employment Harm Child Development ? An Analysis of the Potential Benefits of Leave Taking . _Journal of Labor Economics_ . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1086 / 345563 Bishop , J . ( 2011 ) . The Effect of Maternal Employment on Youth Overweight in Australia . _Economic Record_ , _87_ ( s1 ) , 92 – 104 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1111 / j . 1475-4932 . 2011 . 00747 . x Del Boca , D . , Pasqua , S . , & Suardi , S . ( 2016 ) . Child Care , Maternal Employment , and Children ’", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 6 Change in overall ability to obtain NFIs * * People were asked if they think their overall ability to get basic household NFIs in the markets was getting better , staying the same or getting worse . If getting worse , they were asked to provide a reason . Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile 133 sub-districts reporting - A significant majority ( 73 % ) think that the overall ability of people to access basic household NFIs is getting worse . - The most frequent reason given for the worsening situation with regard to NFI access was the lack of financial means and income generation , with the next two responses also referencing the economic issues of high prices and loss of livelihoods . Together these four answers were given by 81 respondents , or 52 % # # # # * * 1 . 6 . 1 Change in overall ability to obtain NFIs in the market : Percentage of reporting sub-districts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 72 . 93 % < br > 19 . 55 % < br > 7 . 52 % < br > Gets worse No significant change , normal Gets better < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # * * 1 . 6 . 2 Reasons for worsening ability to obtain basic household items : Percentage of reporting sub-districts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Lack of financial means / income generation opportunities to support < br > High price of basic commodities < br > People loss their main source of living ( i . e . cattle raising , farms ) < br > Hard-to-Reach area2 < br > 29 % < br > Absence of breadwinner in the family reduced the ability to provide the basic needs < br > Insecurity in the area < br > Continued influx of IDPs", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 369, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 and 8 . The act creates specific rules to support plant protection in various crops . These includes : sugarcane ( L . N . 294 / 1962 . Rule 3 , Sch . 2 ) , Maize and Sorghum ( L . N . 216 / 1956 . Schedule ( 7 and 8 ) , Sisal ( L . N . 522 / 1957 , L . N . 365 / 1964 , L . N . 153 / 1958 , L . N . 177 / 1959 , L . N . 558 / 1960 ) and Banana ( Cap . 178 ( 1948 ) , Sub . Leg . L . N . 365 / 1964 ) . # # * * Chapter 326 – Seeds and Plants Variety Act * * This Act regulates transactions in seeds , including provision for the testing and certification of seeds ; for the establishment of an index of names of plant varieties ; to empower the imposition of restriction on the introduction of new varieties ; to control the importation of seeds ; to authorize measures to prevent injurious cross-pollination ; to provide for the grant of proprietary rights to persons breeding or discovering new varieties . The act includes subsidiary legislation on seeds and plant varieties ( seeds ) regulations , registration of seed growers , seed certification and seed importation and exportation . # # * * Chapter 347 on Irrigation * * The Act makes regulations for the administration and day-to-day control of national irrigation schemes and standards of good husbandry and the control of pests and diseases in national irrigation schemes 134", "spans": [{"start": 596, "end": 629, "text": "index of names of plant varieties", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> detailed in the Operations < br > Manual | | 52 Only two cohorts are targeted to 2021 and 2022 . There will be re-organization for the teachers teaching grades 7 to 8 as the education system transitions to Junior secondary at grade 7 . The organization will have substantial implications on the current teacher shortage data . At mid-term review of the Operation , this DLI will be reviewed and adjusted as may be needed . 53 Details of the milestones included in the verification protocol , which will also be reflected in the operational manual . Page 33 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 326, "text": "teacher shortage data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "context . Labor force surveys ( LFS ) usually do a better job of screening for economic activities , but these surveys do not take place over a 12 month period , so they run the risk of losing seasonal employment unless a 12-month recall period is used . Other surveys such as the CWIQ and the DHS usually include a minimal employment section , with no screening questions . The analysis here shows that this approach will deliver biased results . The value of including a minimal employment section in these surveys is questionable . The measurement of employment outcomes needs as much effort in survey design and implementation as does the measurement of other outcomes . Effort has gone into researching the measurement of consumption and poverty in low-income countries . The same effort needs to be applied to the problem of measuring employment outcomes , including incomes and earnings . Funding for survey research in lowincome countries is usually not a donor priority , but it is clearly important . The techniques discussed in Section 2 have been shown to produce better results in low-income settings . But better research on alternative questions and methodologies in specific country context , including how to translate these concepts into local languages , is still needed . 25", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 29, "text": "Labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 281, "end": 285, "text": "CWIQ", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 294, "end": 297, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . aCCess to national publiC seRviCes not supported through NHIF access public health facilities under the same conditions as nationals . Through sensitization efforts , many refugees have enrolled themselves on NHIF and are paying the premium , and in the long run the plan is to support refugee self-reliance so that those with an income will transition out of UNHCR-funded NHIF support . However , some groups of vulnerable refugees and members of the host communities cannot afford these fees . The use of the Kenya Health Information System and the Logistic Information Management System provide additional benefits to the provision of effective health care , including for the procurement of nutrition commodities , which are delivered by the Kenya Medical Supply Agency at no cost . Refugee women and girls can access sexual and reproductive health services in health-care facilities within the camps , which are registered as public facilities though they are largely financed by UNHCR and the international community . In urban areas , women and girls access reproductive health services through the national Linda Mama scheme , which aims to address the challenge of high maternal mortality and increase access to skilled delivery services countrywide . The policy relating to the scheme is implicit on coverage of the refugee population , and in most urban areas refugee women and girls are able to access services covered under the scheme . Ensuring the continuous inclusion of refugee and asylum-seeking women as beneficiaries of this scheme is critical . # # * * 4 . 3 Social protection * * Through progressive initiatives , such as the creation of the integrated host-refugee settlement in Kalobeyei , refugees and host communities are living side by side and accessing the same services and jointly contributing to the economic development of their communities . However , the path towards inclusion of refugees is hampered by the Government ’ s encampment policy and resulting lack of free movement , along with resource concerns , delays in status determination , and limited options for engaging in the labour market ( and therefore pay into contributory systems ) . Presently , refugees are", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 546, "text": "Kenya Health Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 Gine and Townsend , 2004 ; and Townsend and Ueda , 2006 ) . For example , financial development by enhancing economic activity could boost the demand for labor . If this increased labor demand falls primarily on low-skilled workers , this indirect effect of financial development could increase the income of the poor and reduce income inequality . Thus , even if financial development does not increase the direct use of financial services by the poor , it might alleviate poverty and tighten the income distribution by creating job opportunities for the poor . Similarly , financial development could intensify the competition in the non-financial sector by reducing the barriers to the entry of new firms . According to Becker ( 1957 ) , this increased competition could reduce discrimination in hiring workers and expand the economic opportunities of disadvantaged groups , i . e . the poor . Empirically , many studies looking at micro data find evidence of a positive correlation between access to finance and poverty . Jacoby ( 1994 ) , for instance , finds that lack of access to credit perpetuates poverty in Peru because poor households cannot afford to provide their children with appropriate education . Jacoby and Skoufias ( 1997 ) show that households from Indian villages without access to credit markets tend to reduce their children ’ s schooling when transitory shocks reduce their income . Similarly , Dehejia and Gatti ( 2003 ) and Beegle et al . ( 2003 ) show that child labor rates are higher in countries with poorly functioning financial systems . Rosenzweig and Wolpin ( 1993 ) and Rosenzweig and Binswanger ( 1993 ) find evidence to support the risk diversification view . Their results suggest that low-wealth households without access to services that would help to manage their risks choose lower-return , lowerrisk activities compared to households without these constraints . Turning to the job creation channel , Burgess and Pande ( 2005 ) look at India ’ s policy on bank branches that led to the opening of thousands of new rural bank branches in states with initially low levels of financial development . Their results suggest that opening a bank branch led to faster growth in wages of agricultural workers , while the wages of", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 947, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gautier , Peter ; Gerald van den Berg ; Jan van Ours ; and Geert Ridder . 2002 “ Worker Turnover at the Firm Level and Crowding Out of Lower Educated Workers . ” _European Economic Review_ 46 : 523-38 . Hamermesh , Daniel S . 1993 _Labor Demand . _ Princeton , N . J . : Princeton University Press . - Helpman , Elhanan . 2010 “ Labor Market Frictions as a Source of Comparative Advantage , with Implications for Unemployment and Inequality ” NBER Working Paper 15764 . http : / / www . nber . org / papers / w15764 . - Helpman , Elhanan , Oleg Itskhoki , and Stephen Redding 2010 \" Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Economy \" _Econometrica_ 78 ( 4 ) ( July ) : 1239-1283 . - Hoekman , Bernard and Alan Winters . 2005 “ Trade and Employment : Stylized Facts and Research Findings . ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper # 3676 , Washington , DC . - Hummels , David ; Rasmus Jørgensen ; Jakob R . Munch ; and Chong Xiang ( 2011 ) “ The Wage Effects of Offshoring : Evidence from Danish Matched Worker-Firm Data ” NBER Working Paper No . 17496 October . - Jansen , Marion and Erik von Uexkull . 2010 Trade and Employment in the Global Crisis International Labour Office ( Geneva ) and Academic Foundation ( New Delhi ) . - Kletzer , Lori ( 2001 ) Job Loss from Imports : Measuring the Costs Peterson Institute for International Economics , Washington D . C . - Reder , Melvin . 1955 “ The Theory of Occupational Wage Differentials . ” _American Economic Review_ 45 ( 5 ) : 833-50 . - Richardson , J . David . 1995 \" Income Inequality and Trade : How to Think , What to Conclude \" _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 9 ( 3 ) ( Summer ) : 33-55 . - Robertson , Raymond . 2009 \" Mexico and the Great Trade Collapse \" in Baldwin , Richard ( ed . ) < u > The Great Trade Collapse : Causes , Consequences and Prospects < / u > A VoxEU . org Ebook available at http : / / voxeu . org /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 3 : Median Survival Time based on Fixed Costs by Country < br > Ukraine < br > Kazakhs . . . < br > Kenya < br > Greece < br > Portugal < br > Turkey < br > Jordan < br > Russia < br > Italy < br > Morocco < br > Colombia < br > Peru < br > 0 4 8 12 16 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 3 : Median Survival Time based on Fixed Costs by Country * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Weeks < br > Note : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 345 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The median survival time has significant variation across countries within a given sector ( Table A3 ) . The median Portuguese firm in the manufacturing of food and beverages , for example , has a survival time of 7 . 6 weeks , whereas the median firm in the same sector in Colombia can last 26 . 3 weeks . Variation is even larger in the manufacturing of metals and fabricated metal products . The median Ukrainian firm can survive for just a little over 8 weeks , while the median Turkish firm has sufficiency liquidity for more than 10 months ( 44 . 1 weeks ) . Great variation is also present across sectors within a given country . In Kenya , for example , the median firm in the manufacturing of chemical , plastic and mineral products cannot even last a week , while a firm in the manufacturing of food and beverages can last for 16 . 8 . The mean survival time is longer , suggesting heterogeneity among firms and the likelihood that some firms can persist even in extreme economic hardship . The construction sector , for example , can survive a total", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 601, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fink et al . ( 2002 ) , they regressed ( log ) transport price _p_ on the ( log ) marginal transport cost _mc_ and ( log ) markup _μ_ with _mc_ being a function of the average country-specific port efficiency and _μ_ being determined by the product fixed effects and liner connectivity index : < sup > 38 < / sup > where subscripts _j_ , _k_ , and _t_ index country-importer , HS2 product , and year , respectively . Their estimation results indicate that a 0 . 1 increase in port efficiency reduces the ( unit ) maritime transport cost of exporting to the US by 2 . 3 percent . Put differently , moving from the 25th to the 75th percentile reduces transport costs by 3 . 5 % . With similar data sources and empirical strategies , Herrera Dappe et al . ( 2017 ) extended this analysis by focusing on the impacts of port efficiency on bilateral trade flows with the US : The same 25th to the 75th percentile efficiency increases the value of exports to the US by roughly 0 . 56 percent . Furthermore , Herrera Dappe et al . ( 2021 ) find that increasing port efficiency ( based on Stochastic Frontier Analysis ) from the 25th-75th percentile lowers transport costs by approximately 4 percent . Their point estimate of the unit transportation cost elasticity with respect to efficiency , namely _ − _ 0 . 23 , is consistent with the Data Envelopment Analysis efficiency measures of Indian / Western Pa - _ − − _ cific Ocean ports which are between 0 . 22 and 0 . 24 ( Herrera Dappe and Suárez-Alemán , 2016 ; Herrera Dappe et al . , 2017 ) . # * * 4 . 4 . 2 Surveys of Port Efficiencies and Linking Them to Transportation Costs * * Clark et al . ( 2004 ) used the US Import Waterborne Databank alongside the World Economic Forum ’ s 1999 _Global Competitiveness Report_ ( WEF GCR hereafter ) to show that moving from the 25th to the 75th percentile of port efficiency reduces transport costs by approximately 12 percent . Their main variables were : ( i ) liner transportation charges per weight at the", "spans": [{"start": 1556, "end": 1584, "text": "Surveys of Port Efficiencies", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1662, "end": 1691, "text": "US Import Waterborne Databank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND STRATEGY * * Rather , this purposive sample was constructed to parsimoniously cover the range of roles of those engaged in the production chain of IEs . Ten of the selected interviewees worked at multilateral agencies , seven worked at international NGOs , six worked at bilateral agencies , four were from large foundations active in international development , and two apiece worked in a research institute or the Executive Office of the President . Finally , IEG interviewed one individual currently working in an academic institution . The sample included eight individuals whose primary role was to design and develop analytical tools , guidelines , and templates for economic efficiency analysis such as costbenefit , cost-effectiveness , impact modeling , and Costing studies . Ten interviewees were primarily involved in designing and carrying out impact evaluations at a research institute , a multilateral agency or a non-governmental organization . Ten interviewees primarily served in the capacity of a funder . Their decision-making often included determining the basis for awarding grants to impact evaluation teams , monitoring progress on the evaluations , reviewing impact evaluation results , and disseminating findings . Five interviewees function primarily as policymakers . Two policymakers provide training , assistance , review , and support to agencies in fulfilling government-wide policies related to efficiency analysis and evidence standards . Two worked in large , highly influential research institutes or NGOs that help to define international standards of evidence for impact evaluations in international development . Many of the individuals interviewed had a secondary role of influencing or setting their own institution ’ s policies . For example , all the funders interviewed also consume and use the results of the impact evaluations and Cost analyses to inform grant-making decisions and institutional policies . Likewise , many impact evaluators use evaluation results to recommend policies and programs , or to identify areas for further and future research . # * * POLICYMAKER ’ S WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR COST AND IMPACT INFORMATION * * Our online survey of more than 400 individuals involved in the policymaking process in developing nations presented a hypothetical scenario in which an unspecified education program had generated test score improvements of 0 – 20 percent in other countries . Respondents were", "spans": [{"start": 2211, "end": 2253, "text": "online survey of more than 400 individuals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Infant and young child feeding practices in children 0-23 months * * Infant and young child feeding practices were assessed as follows based on the UNHCR SENS IYCF module ( Version 2 ( 2013 ) ) that are based on WHO recommendations ( WHO , 2007 as follows : * * Timely initiation of breastfeeding in children aged 0-23 months * * Proportion of children 0-23 months who were put to the breast within one hour of birth = < sup > 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 0 − 23 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ < / sup > 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 0 − 23 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 # # # * * Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months * * Proportion of infants 0 – 5 months of age who are fed exclusively with breast milk : ( including expressed breast milk or from a wet nurse , ORS , drops or syrups ( vitamins , breastfeeding minerals , medicines ) = < sup > 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 0 – 5 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦 < / sup > 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 0 – 5 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 # # # * * Continued breastfeeding at 1 year * * Proportion of children 12 – 15 months of age who are fed breast milk = < sup > 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 12 – 15 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦 < / sup > 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 12 – 15 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 # # # * * Introduction of solid , semi-solid or soft foods * * Proportion of infants 6 – 8 months of age who receive solid , semi-solid or soft foods 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 6 – 8 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 , 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "skilled , refugees are faced with an inability to accrue capital to start or expand small businesses , which impedes their livelihoods creation . Those who pursue economic activities they are trained in often face challenges in finding markets for their goods or services within Kampala . Addressing these barriers in addition to adapting livelihoods trainings based on the results of a comprehensive market survey of Kampala is vital for achieving successful refugee livelihoods in the city . Although refugees in Uganda are granted the right to work , this does not mean that access to livelihood services or even work itself is accessible . This research has found that the ability for refugees to create livelihoods in Kampala is increasingly constrained by the laws of KCCA , which restricts work in the informal sector for both refugees and nationals . Some of the barriers refugees face are particular to their status as non-nationals , while others are relevant for all people in similar ( impoverished ) financial situations . UNHCR documents state the objective of ensuring refugees can access work and livelihood services in the same manner as local populations ; the results of this study show the necessity of increased service provision , particularly regarding access to financial institutions , in order to reach this objective . Uganda ’ s new ReHoPE strategy focuses specifically on integrating refugees into public services and programmes , and thus provides a potential programme to implement UNHCR rhetoric into practice . The role that ReHoPE can play in development and livelihoods support , including through enabling refugee access to national MFIs , is apparent in an InterAid officer ’ s statement on the importance of ReHoPE in the on-the-ground work of the organisation : ‘ The ReHoPE strategy is guiding us now , whatever we do , we reflect on it . We are now trained to shift from dependency to development . To do this , we see how closely we can work with local governments to make sure refugees are integrated into government programs . Eventually international emergency organisations will have little role , instead development organisations will do most work …", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 425, "text": "comprehensive market survey of Kampala", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The measurement of time-related underemployment relies on thresholds against which to compare working time / hours worked , as well as questions on desire and availability to work . Desire and availability to work are still not included in many socioeconomic surveys , although some LSMS-ISA surveys ( including the 2013-14 Uganda survey , presented in Table 2 and Figure 4 below ) include variants of these questions . Accurate reporting of hours worked can be challenging when unpaid activities are conducted simultaneously with paid work — as in the case of contributing family workers , whom the ILO LFS pilot studies found to report , on average , the least number of hours compared to other employed groups ( Benes and Walsh , 2018c ) . Better counting of employment , as discussed in Section II , can help address some of these issues . Proxy reporting ( and in particular , women proxies ) can also lead to lower estimates of hours worked , as discussed further in this section . Table 2 , which presents data from the 2013-14 Uganda LSMSISA , also shows that women proxies from poor households ( who are mostly rural ) are significantly less likely to report desire to work than male proxies , even though the difference between own-reporting men and women is not significant ( for the non-poor sample , gender gaps emerge in both own and proxy reporting ) . As with the issues raised in Section II around proxy reporting of market activity in agriculture , further investigation is needed across countries on how women proxies , particularly in poorer contexts , might affect reporting . Table 2 . Uganda National Panel Survey , 2013-14 : share of women and men who would like to work more paid hours , by own - versus proxy reporting , and poverty status | | W < br > Own < br > reporting | omen ( W < br > Proxy | ) < br > Diff . ( own - < br > proxy ) | < br > Own < br > reporting | Men ( M ) < br > Proxy | Diff . ( own - < br > proxy ) | Gender gap < br > ( W-M ,", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 299, "text": "LSMS-ISA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 316, "end": 337, "text": "2013-14 Uganda survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1027, "end": 1049, "text": "2013-14 Uganda LSMSISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1608, "end": 1636, "text": "Uganda National Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "total of 27 ) have been achieved , prompting the Bank ' s disbursement of the USD 21 . 5 million associated with these DLIs . These achievements have been registered in the following areas : a ) improved prioritization and management of public investments , b ) improved borrowing and cash management practices to enable reliable funding for service delivery and investment projects , c ) consolidation of staff data for better human resource management , d ) the timeliness and quality of financial statements , and e ) the quality of external and internal audit practices ( specifically DLR 1a , DLR 1b , DLR 2 . 1a , DLR 2 . 1d , DLR 2 . 3a , DLR 4a , DLR 5 . 1 , DLR 5 . 2a , DLR 5 . 2b , DLR 5 . 2c , DLR 5 . 2d , DLR 6 . 2a , and DLR 6 . 2b ) . The Government has established a Public Investment Management ( PIM ) Unit and introduced a PIM Manual to guide the decisions regarding the identification , design , and implementation of public investment projects based on internationally recognized good practices on the design , appraisal , and monitoring of capital projects . The National Treasury has also completed the preparation of an aggregate cash plan and the design of an automated cash management system to improve the predictability of fund flows regarding government services and projects . There also has been progress regarding the preparation of financial statements that are consistent with the expenditure information contained in the Integrated Financial Management Information System ( IFMIS ) , as well as in internal audit , with the completion of an Internal Audit Manual that lays out the guidelines for internal audit in government agencies in line with international good practice . The Government provided evidence for the achievement of these DLIs to an Independent Verification Agent ( IVA ) engaged through the project to verify achievements prior to the disbursement of funds . Upon receiving and reviewing the findings of the verification process , the Bank endorsed the IVA ' s conclusion that the prerequisite conditions have been", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 416, "text": "staff data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1457, "end": 1507, "text": "Integrated Financial Management Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Equation 4 estimates the amount of FDI inflow into manufacturing industry i in year t measured at the 2-digit VSIC level . ( I ) is the set of other industry level characteristics that may affect FDI inflows such as industry wise productivity and industrial tax ; μ is industry fixed effects and π is the error term . Similar to equations ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) , we also used fixed effects for dirty and clean industries based on the Mani and Wheeler ( 1998 ) classification . Industry wise productivity is measured by net value-added per worker . We also include we also amount of taxes paid by each industry as a control variable . The variable of interest is P which is the industry-wise pollution intensity . If FDI does not show an increase in dirty industries , then = 0 . δ 2 # * * IV . SAMPLE AND DATA * * Annex 1 provides a list of variables used in the industry-level analysis , unit of analysis and their data sources . Data on net turnover , industrial wages , fixed capital , foreign investment and environmental abatement cost come from the General Statistical Office ( GSO ) of Vietnam . Collection of these data in Vietnam is a recent exercise . As result , detailed data is not available for a longer time frame . The GSO collects these data on a yearly basis since the year 2000 through enterprise surveys and to the extent that this was the first time such an exercise has been conducted in Vietnam , the data seem fairly reliable . Although , ideally we would have liked to have data for much longer timeframe , a most comprehensive industrial survey for Vietnam is available only for the years 20002002 . Since this comes on the heels of the bilateral and multilateral trade agreements , it should provide reasonable approximation of the post-openness trends in industrial production . This data is organized by industry according to the Vietnamese Standard Industrial Classification ( VSIC ) < sup > 11 < / sup > . Data on exports from Vietnam comes from the Vietnam Trade Database . This data was also organized according to the VSIC . >", "spans": [{"start": 1307, "end": 1325, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1939, "end": 1967, "text": "Data on exports from Vietnam", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1983, "end": 2005, "text": "Vietnam Trade Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_L_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ( Eucledian distance ) penalties set on the moving average components that vanish with a weight of 1 _ / √ NT_ . Penalizing the _L_ < sup > 1 < / sup > norm ( absolute sum ) , as in popularized LASSO estimations , encourages parameter vectors with many elements set to zero , which results in an unidentified problem for * * b * * . _L_ < sup > 2 < / sup > penalization , like in the ridge framework , encourages solutions where parameters are small , and in fact the penalty effect reduces in strength as parameters become close to zero . To reduce dimensionality , we suggest to evaluate the _AICc_ 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education provision ( and there is limited mobility ) this in turn should a \u001b ect the likelihood of a private school existing in a village . # 2 . 2 Data We employ three data sources : ( a ) a complete census of private schools carried out by the Federal Bureau of Statistics in 2000 ; ( b ) administrative data on the location and date of construction of public schools in the Punjab province available from the province ' s Educational Management and Information Systems ( EMIS 2001 ) augmented with the National Educational Census ( NEC 2005 ) ; and ( c ) data on village-level demographics and educational pro les from the 1998 and the 1981 population censuses of Punjab , which provide both baseline and contemporaneous information on village-level characteristics . We restrict our analysis to rural areas in the province of Punjab , the largest province in the country which hosts 60 percent of the population , two-thirds of whom live in rural areas . < sup > 7 < / sup > Since the EMIS and the other datasets do not employ a common village coding scheme , we had to match villages in the di \u001b erent databases on the basis of their names . Using a combination of a phonetic algorithm and manual post-match , we were able to match over 90 percent of the villages across databases ( 23 , 064 of the 25 , 266 unique Punjabi villages in the 1981 census ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > In our nal estimation sample , we restrict attention to villages that did not receive a girls ' or boys ' secondary school prior to 1981 and did not have such secondary schools in their neighboring villages . This reduces our sample to 9 , 333 villages , but a \u001b ords two > 7Not all data sets ( e . g . , EMIS , 1981 Census ) were readily accessible for other provinces , and urban areas could not be matched at the granular level necessary to exploit the cross-sectional variation in private school location and GSS presence that we utilize in the paper . > 8We also augment the public schooling data from the EMIS with more", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 227, "text": "complete census of private schools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 426, "end": 472, "text": "Educational Management and Information Systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 506, "end": 533, "text": "National Educational Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1345, "end": 1356, "text": "1981 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1686, "end": 1704, "text": "EMIS , 1981 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 4 . 2 Forward interest rates * * We use forward interest rates instead of current bond yields as the dependent variable . According to Shiller et al . ( 1983 ) , the _푚_ - to - _푚_ + _푛_ - year forward nominal interest rate E _푡 퐿푖 , 푡_ < sup > _푛_ < / sup > + _푚_ < sup > is implied from the year-end < / sup > < sup > _푛_ − and < / sup > _푚_ + _푛_ − year zero-coupon interest rates as follows : We employ the 5-to-10-year forward real interest as the dependent variable . < sup > 13 < / sup > # * * 2 . 4 . 3 Expected public debt * * We employ projections of gross public debt to-GDP-ratio E _푡 퐷푒푏푡푖 , 푡_ + _푛_ by the IMF _World Economic Outlook_ , _Article IV Consultations_ , OECD _Economic Outlook_ , European Commission ( EC ) _European Economic Forecast_ , and Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) . Following Gruber and Kamin ( 2012 ) and Ichiue and Shimizu ( 2015 ) , we use two-year-ahead projections of gross public debt-to-GDP-ratio as an independent variable . < sup > 14 < / sup > Since the IMF _World Economic Outlook_ releases its public debt projections for most countries twice a year , we use biannual data . However , as OECD , EC and IMF _Article IV Consultations_ had made two-year-ahead projections once a year over the years , we interpolate the same projections to construct bi-annual data . # * * 2 . 4 . 4 Foreign private holdings ratio * * We use the lagged share of private foreign investors _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 as the threshold variable and one independent variable . The composition of government bond holdings is drawn from Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014a ) and Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014b ) . As we use forward interest rates for government debt securities denominated in the local currency , the foreign private holdings ratio _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 is measured as the foreign private holdings share of government debt securities denominated in the local currency . < sup > 15 < / sup > >", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1135, "text": "biannual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "539 1 , 880 637 231 233 345 737 513 105 69 261 < br > Other 1 , 860 1 , 445 1 , 370 711 469 413 687 824 570 677 768 836 < br > Iran 2 , 193 1 , 593 674 73 64 51 73 123 155 216 70 30 < br > ZOOM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Arrival figures for Greece are provided by the Hellenic Coast Guard and Police . All figures are provisional and subject to change . 4", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 261, "text": "Arrival figures for Greece", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > 10 < / sup > and criticizing the planned national dialogue . In one resignation letter “ ethnic cleansing ” was described as part of government practices . < sup > 11 < / sup > These are allegations from insiders of the South Sudan establishment . As highlighted by the Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide , the underlying factors are present for the commission of mass atrocities committed mainly along ethnic identifi cation . Through the Integrated Phase Classifi cation for Food Security ( IPC ) release in February 2017 , the Government of South Sudan declared that Famine began in Leer County in January , while projecting Famine from February-July for Mayendit and the prevention of Famine in Panyijiar through humanitarian assistance and noting insuffi cient data for a classifi cation of Koch . This area of the White Nile basin is home to one of the most resilient livelihoods systems in East Africa . Now , some 100 , 000 people are experiencing starvation , destitution , and death , while up to one million more may risk death from hunger if they are not assisted . A million of children across the country are already acutely malnourished , in what the UN is calling the “ worst hunger catastrophe ” since civil war erupted three years ago . < sup > 12 < / sup > The current situation is clearly man-made : a result of the confl ict , warring parties blocking access for aid workers , and large-scale human rights violations making it impossible for farmers to access fi elds and people to access their livelihoods . Food security and human rights experts have identifi ed the blatant destruction of food security infrastructure and livelihood change particularly in Leer and the Equatoria region . It underscores the actions by the SPLA and opposition forces , and the complete failure of international actors in stopping the violence . < sup > 13 < / sup > While many of the opposition forces have also committed abuses in all parts of the country ,", "spans": [{"start": 456, "end": 506, "text": "Integrated Phase Classifi cation for Food Security", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9397 # * * Abstract * * Management practices matter for firm performance . As energy is one input in firm production , management practices may interact with energy use . Using a comprehensive firm-level database covering 31 countries , this study documents the link between structured management practices , energy use , and firm performance . The paper reports several findings . _First , _ although management is negatively correlated with energy expenditure , it bears a positive ( or null ) relationship with physical energy use , suggesting that management effort is directed toward saving costs but not reducing environmental impact . These results are primarily driven by the manufacturing sector . _Second , _ among the structured management practices examined , those relating to target-setting are associated with reduced energy expenditure intensity . _Third , _ generic management practices are correlated with greater discipline around energy management . _Finally , _ while generic practices are correlated with stronger firm performance in manufacturing and services , energy-centric practices show a positive association only in services . Vast heterogeneity in adoption and outcomes suggests that targeted approaches to encourage energy management practices in firms may be more effective than uniform ones . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at agrover1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 242, "text": "comprehensive firm-level database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9_ requires that the valuation of property is carried out by a certified private or public institution or private consultant as per the valuation formulae as mentioned above . Until the capacity is created to enable valuation by a certified valuer , valuation will be done by a committee . - _Article 10_ describes these committees . The committee must be made up of experts with relevant qualifications . This must be designated by the urban administration in urban areas . A specialized committee of experts may also be set up separately if required . ( Committee procedures will be determined by directives ) . - _Article 11_ sets out procedures for complaints and appeals relating to compensation in rural & urban areas . # # # # # # * * < mark > PART FOUR – MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS < / mark > * * - _Article 12_ gives powers and duties to the Ministry of Works and Urban Development in relation to ensuring that there is compliance with the Proclamation at regional level , technical and capacity building support in implementation at regional level , and preparation of valuation formulae - _Article 13_ gives responsibilities to woreda and urban administrations to ensure that compensation is paid and to give rehabilitation support to the extent possible , and maintain data regarding properties removed from expropriated landholdings . - _Article 14_ gives the Council of Ministers the power to issue Regulations , and power to the Regions for issuing Directives . - _Article 15_ states that Proclamation 401 / 2004 is repealed and that no other law , regulation , directive or < u > practice will be applicable if it is not consistent with the Proclamation < / u > Urban Local Government Development Project Page 19", "spans": [{"start": 1279, "end": 1343, "text": "data regarding properties removed from expropriated landholdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project ( P107314 ) initiated the implementation of one of these plans , the Nairobi Railway City Redevelopment Plan ( 425 acres ) , as the Nairobi Railway Station is the main railway hub of the whole country and , thus , a site of national importance . The SGR Embakasi Development Plan was prepared to cater for the emerging importance of this station as a transport hub , something that was not foreseen in the 2013 Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Plan ( NIUPLAN ) . The Eastlands Urban Renewal plan provides strategic guidance in delivering affordable housing and restoring old and dilapidated neighborhoods and fits into the Government ' s Affordable Housing Program . None of the plans have been implemented but their preparation was considered a major step in supporting sustainable development of the metro region particularly in Kajiado , Kiambu , and Machakos Counties which developing rapidly with no planning due to proximity to Nairobi . - “ _The project promoted integrated planning and thinking by bringing together a cocktail of experts including among others ; planners , environmentalists , engineers , security experts , and economists ” County Planner , Nairobi_ . - * * Physical addressing systems . * * The physical addressing systems have both been adopted by the respective counties and once implemented , will increase the ease of navigation around the city and other urban areas , positively contributing to ecommerce ( in which the youth are heavily engaged ) , and swifter response time and access for emergency services . The systems will also improve the ability of counties to properly identify properties and consequently accurately charge property rates , thus improving county revenue . - * * Valuation roll . * * A valuation roll was prepared for the Nairobi County which is the first updated roll since 1980 when the last valuation roll for the city was prepared . Given the extensive urban development in Nairobi over the last 20 years , and the related increases in land value , the updating of the roll was long overdue and the county has been collecting land rates far", "spans": [{"start": 1797, "end": 1811, "text": "Valuation roll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1820, "end": 1834, "text": "valuation roll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1928, "end": 1942, "text": "valuation roll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "339620-GO-RFQ / P < br > rocurement of five Office Cha < br > irs and five Office Desks for t < br > he Field Monitoring Officers < br > IDA / D5960 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limited < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 6 , 078 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2023-02-15 < br > 2 | 024-03-11 < br > 2023-04-12 | 2023-07-11 | | UG-MWE-340135-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 500 copies of the G < br > RM \" Complaints Log Books \" u < br > nder IFPA-CD Project < br > IDA / 65920 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limited < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 11 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2023-02-24 | 2023-04-21 | 2023-05-21 | | UG-MWE-340157-GO-RFQ / S < br > upply of 5 sets of Tonners for < br > the Heavy Duty Printer and < br > 1 desk printer for the Kitagw < br > enda DLG officer under IFPA - < br > CD Project < br > IDA / 65920 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limited < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK IMPACT EVALUATIONS CONTAINING VFM ANALYSES * * We developed a framework to analyze the frequency , type and transparency of VFM analyses found in the sample of 168 IEs produced by the World Bank . Information from the subset of 30 IE ’ s found to contain any kind of VFM IE ’ s was tabulated in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis by Sector Board , business line , method , and transparency of reporting . The analysis generated three outcome variables corresponding to the type of VFM analysis observed in the studies : CBA , CEA , or general efficiency discussion ( includes some VFM , but no indicators meeting the CBA or CEA criteria , and no VFM ( a small number of tagged studies were found to contain no VFM analysis ) . An impact evaluation was classified as having a cost-benefit analysis ( CBA ) if it included a comparison of estimates of Costs and Benefits ( with data of costs and benefits ) and one or several of the following indicators : Benefit to Cost Ratio , Cost to Benefit Ratio , Economic Rate of Return / Internal Rate of Return , Financial Internal Rate of Return , Present Value , or Net Present Value . The studies classified as CBA vary in the extent of their reporting from quick , one paragraph “ back of the envelope ” calculations , to more elaborate exercises . For example , we classified as a CBA the analysis in “ Evaluating Preschool Programs when Length of Exposure to the Program Varies : A Nonparametric Approach ” implemented in Bolivia . This IE includes benefit-cost ratios in the range of 2 . 28 and 3 . 66 resulting from sensitivity analysis of the program ’ s benefits under different assumptions . We classified “ Does Management Matter ? Evidence from India ” as a “ back of the envelope ” CBA . Firms included in the study did not want to report internal accounts information . The evaluation ’ s authors reported a 130 percent rate of return in one year based on an analysis of the firm ’ s main cost ( cost of the consultancy firm ’ s services ) and an", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 940, "text": "data of costs and benefits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Breadwinners and Caregivers : Examining the Global Relationship between Gender Norms and Economic Behavior < sup > ∗ < / sup > Markus Goldstein < sup > † < / sup > Paula Gonzalez < sup > ‡ < / sup > Talip Kilic < sup > § < / sup > Sreelakshmi Papineni < sup > ¶ < / sup > Philip Wollburg < sup > ‖ < / sup > Gender , Attitudes , Norms , Labor , Global [ JEL ] J16 , J20 , O12 > ∗ We thank Rachael Pierotti , S Anukriti , Ha Nguyen and Lili Mottaghi for their helpful comments and guidance . This paper uses data from the Gender Equality at Home surveys - a collaborative effort between Facebook Data For Good , the World Bank and other development partners . We thank Samhir Vasdev , Safaa Amer , Bronwen Raff and Anna Lerner at Facebook Data For Good . We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the World Bank Group ’ s Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality ( UFGE ) and the Office of the Chief Economist for the Middle East and North Africa ( MNACE ) under the regional Labor and Gender Research Programs . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . > † World Bank ( on leave ) ` mgoldstein @ worldbank . org ` > ‡ World Bank and The Graduate Institute , Geneva ` pgonzalezmartine @ worldbank . org ` > § World Bank Development Economics ` tkilic @ worldbank . org ` - ¶ World Bank Africa Gender Innovation Lab ` spapineni @ worldbank . org ( Corresponding Author ) ` - ‖ World Bank Development Economics ` pwollburg @ worldbank . org `", "spans": [{"start": 521, "end": 552, "text": "Gender Equality at Home surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Refugee mobility and livelihoods in Uganda dry spells – as experienced throughout 2022 and early 2023 – result in poor harvests . Several South Sudanese interviewees explained that they used to rent farmland but could not afford to continue doing so as their savings depleted or external support decreased . It is only those refugees with wider local networks , often based on shared ‘ ethnic ’ identity and language with hosts , that are able to access land for free or in exchange for a share of the produce at the end of the season . # # # Casual labour Engaging in casual labour is a common reason for moving out of the settlement in Kyangwali but is rare among South Sudanese . South Sudanese often prefer to cross the border to seek casual labour in Juba , where daily payments can be higher . In Kyangwali , refugees cultivate for Ugandans in villages around the settlement , an activity that usually earns them UGX 3 , 000-10 , 000 ( USD 0 . 81-2 . 70 ) per day . Labour demands fluctuate between seasons and depend on rainfall , and refugees who engage in casual labour compete with the poorest members of host communities , a competition that draws wages down to the detriment of both . Given Kyangwali ’ s proximity to Lake Albert , casual labour in artisanal fishing has long been common among refugees from Ituri , many of whom come from fishing villages on the other side of the lake . Due to the overexploitation of fish stocks , however , the Ugandan government has introduced restrictions on fishing , and refugees have increasingly found themselves suffering losses due to harassment by soldiers and the confiscation of their equipment . # # # Petty trade Although not dominant in our survey statistics , one of the most common income-generating activities among refugees is small-scale arbitrage trade , which entails buying goods in one location and selling them in another , typically within the settlement . This kind of trade , particularly in food items , is predominantly practised by women . Among humanitarian agencies it is often celebrated", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Grievance Redress Committee will be established to deal with any grievances unsettled at the village level . The Grievance Redress Committee at the district will at a minimum comprise the LC3 representative , representatives of vulnerable groups , District Land Officer / Surveyor , District Community Development Officer and a Senior Social Development Officer from REA who will oversee and coordinate grievance issues at the village level including setting up of LGRCs , provision of Grievance Logbooks and related logistics , training and orientation of LGRCs , and providing advice on grievance resolution as well as compiling records of all ERT III grievances raised and their mediation for the whole district . The grievance mechanism for the implementation process is as follows : - i . The LGRC will interview the PAP in the local language and complete a Grievance Form which will be signed by the leader of the LGRC and the PAP / complainant . This will then be lodged in the Grievance Log / Register provided by the Senior Social Development Officer ; - ii . The PAP should expect a response from the LGRC within seven days of filing the complaint . If the issue is not resolved , the LGRC will forward the complaint to the GRC at the Sub-county level , which is more accessible to local Communities . At this level the Assistant Community Development Officers ( CDOs ) will be the focal point persons , and members would be the LC III Chairperson , Sub-county Chief , Councillor of the Parish where the PAP comes from . If the grievance is still not resolved at this level then it is forwarded to the District ; - iii . The GRC at the District will be given a fourteen day notice to hold a meeting . Two days after the meeting , the GRC will call the PAP and LGRC for discussions and 81", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1013, "text": "Grievance Log / Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 9 < / sup > as are households with missing values in our variables of interest ( 0 . 04 percent ) . All these adjustments reduce the sample by an additional 6 . 3 percent , which leaves us with a balanced panel of 30 , 343 households . Table 2 shows the size of the sample by year , and the number of expanded observations using panel-adjusted weights . < sup > 10 < / sup > # _3 . 1 . The distribution of income and consumption growth_ The period of 2005-2012 , according to IHDS data , shows an interesting pattern of distributional change . In looking at how income and consumption growth have been distributed across the population , the distinction between anonymous and non-anonymous measures is important . Anonymous growth incidence curves ( GIC ) , which show the annual percentage change in income or consumption for every centile of the distribution ( dotted lines in Figure 1 ) , are flat for both consumption and income , at a level well above zero . This implies that growth has been significant with almost no impact on the overall distribution of consumption and income , which is also consistent with negligible change in the Gini coefficients for these indicators ( Table 3 ) . > 8 For capital gains we convert all negative income sources to zero because these might reflect losses in a particular year but not in the long-run . All incomes and consumptions are converted to 2005 prices and adjusted for spatial price differences ( at the State level ) . > 9 Households with high consumption income ratios are likely to be those under-reporting income , or experiencing losses in business incomes . Most are in the top decile of the consumption distribution , and their exclusion has little impact on decompositions focused on the lower tail of the distribution . > 10 Even though the restrictions imposed by data reduce the full sample by around 13 percent , in Table A3 in the Appendix we show that that the poverty estimates we obtain using the full sample are consistent with those obtained from using our balanced-panel sample . Therefore , the results we present here are indicative of what would", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 493, "text": "IHDS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both formal and informal . < sup > 16 < / sup > This analysis could further be enhanced by including infrastructure data to identify patterns of firm locations , typologies , and synergies ( such as sectors , size , status , and agglomeration effect ) . Such analysis could also improve understanding of both job creation and self-employment . Regarding the latter , a separate draft ( Cuevas and Rodella , 2014 ) that the authors prepared for the Haiti Systematic Country Diagnostic ( SCD ) looks into the different types of self-employment ( one-person firm , family firm , and micro-enterprise ) . The draft ’ s goal is to provide a finer lens on the differences between survival and growth entrepreneurs . With the caveat that correlations rather than causal relations are being found , the analysis of correlates of successful self-employment uses three measures : revenues per worker ( in log ) , revenues per worker that are in the top 30 of the distribution , and profits per worker that are in the top 30 of the distribution . These help identify the characteristics and inputs that are significantly more relevant for entrepreneurial success . This type of study , combined with evidence-based analysis like the one conducted for the present paper , can help improve understanding of what it will take to elevate productivity and generate jobs in the self-employed and small business sector . The five main findings of the draft ’ s analysis are : > 16 Although the coordinates have not been shared at this point and remain with the respective national agencies ( IHSI , ONPES , MCI and MEF ) . 21", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 120, "text": "infrastructure data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 10 Real wages rebounded in the mid-1990s * * # # * * Real Wage Growth * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 150 . 0 < br > 100 . 0 < br > 50 . 0 < br > 1989-1995 < br > 1995-2001 < br > 1989-2001 < br > 0 . 0 < br > EU member TE EU accession TE Russia and Ukraine CIS-7 < br > - 50 . 0 < br > - 100 . 0 < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : UNICEF TransMONEE database ; Bank staff calculations Individual country experiences regarding wage dynamics vary strongly across the region ( Figure 11 ) . Among CEE , wages in the Czech Republic and Poland are almost 20 percent higher than before the transition and close to the pre-transition level in Hungary and Slovenia . At the same time , in Bulgaria and Lithuania wages much lower than before the transition . * * Figure 11 Real wages are close to the pre-transition level in CEE countries and below it in CIS-7 . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Real Wages in 2001 < br > 1989 = 100 < br > 140 < br > 120 < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > Czech RepublicCroatia PolandGeorgiaHungarySloveniaSlovakia _CEERomaniaEstonia LatviaMoldovaUkraine _RUKazahstanMacedonia , FYRRussia BulgariaAzerbaijan_CIS-7 + KArmeniaLithuaniaKyrgyzstanUzbekistanTajikistan < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Source : UNICEF , TransMONEE database ; Bank staff calculations . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 31", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 409, "text": "UNICEF TransMONEE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1389, "end": 1408, "text": "TransMONEE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "million people from chronic food insecurity in the face of weak Woreda implementation capacity . Even data on the number of chronically food insecure was still being reviewed and was revised upward by about 40 per cent in 2006 . The new date for lifting the target population of chronic food security has also been extended to 2014 , which is realistic . The PSNP ( Phase 1 ) is nearly 100 per cent externally financed program . GOE ' s nominal financial contribution", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 149, "text": "data on the number of chronically food insecure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", KNBS developed an ARC for 10 SDDS data categories ( DL5 ) . While all targets were fully achieved , thus supporting the outcome / objective of making official data “ more accessible ” ( IRA3 ) , KNBS ' s microdata dissemination policy could be more userfriendly with respect to the data portal and approval of data requests . * * _ < u > Improve access to official survey microdata < / u > _ * * OUTPUTS i * * . * * The revised microdata dissemination policy was produced , adopted , and published ( target achieved ) . ii * * . * * The MSME survey microdata was produced and made available online upon request ( target achieved ) . iii * * . * * KNBS made KIHBS 2015 / 16 microdata available online upon request ( target achieved ) . iv * * . * * KNBS made KCHS 1st and 2nd-year KCHS microdata available online upon request ( target achieved ) . KNBS achieved targets for all five outputs . OUTCOMES 1 * * . * * Significant improvements in online access to official household and economic survey microdata files . 2 * * . * * Fundamental institutional change in the KNBS microdata dissemination policy ( that was a weakness of the previous project ) . 3 * * . * * Strengthened the capacity of the KNBS to generate “ more accessible ” official data . # # * * Rating * * Page 7 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 560, "text": "MSME survey microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 659, "end": 684, "text": "KIHBS 2015 / 16 microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 782, "end": 796, "text": "KCHS microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 969, "end": 1014, "text": "household and economic survey microdata files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA report for the Proposed Borehole at Mosoriot market Center May 2014_ * * # # # # * * REFERENCES * * - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ( 2009 ) ; Kenya Population Census 2009 _ , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 1987 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Building Code , 1987 , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts 2000 , _Environmental Management and Coordination Act ( EMCA ) No . 8 of 1999 , Government Printer , Nairobi_ Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Environmental ( Impact Assessment and Audit ) Regulations 2003 , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Land Planning Act ( Cap . 303 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Land Titles Act ( Cap 282 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Occupational Health and Safety Act , 2007 , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Penal Code Act ( Cap . 63 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Physical Planning Act , 1999 , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Public Health Act ( Cap . 242 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Registration of Titles Act ( Cap 281 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Sessional Paper No . 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya ( 2005 ) ; Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requirements to enable them implement the project effectively . It would also require to designate focal staff within its finance department to ensure project financial processes are well coordinated within the organization including reporting to the PCU . 6 . The assessment covered the financial management arrangements in planning & budgeting , funds flow , accounting , reporting , internal controls and internal audit and external audit and oversight arrangements : # # * * 6 . 1 Planning & Budgeting * * 7 . Adequate budgeting processes are in place at MoE , TSC and JKF . The budgeting process in the three implementing entities are anchored and undertaken according to the PFM Act 2012 and PFM Act regulations 2015 . MoE , TSC and JKF prepare annual budget estimates that are approved by parliament to use through Appropriation Bill . JKF budget is based on its own incomes ( appropriation in aid ) . The annual budget estimates are captured in the IFMIS through the budget classification codes . The IFMIS system is capable of tracking budget executions reports by fund source and project components and specific program expenditures . Budget processing in MoE , TSC and JKF is led by the budget office and follows the government budgeting cycle . # # * * 6 . 2 Funds Flow , disbursements and banking arrangements * * * * 8 . * * There are adequate funds flow arrangements on transfer of funds from World Bank to MoE and TSC and to the MoE / TSC county offices . Funds from World Bank to MoE and TSC are deposited in the respective special USD / Euro Designated Accounts at Central Bank of Kenya . JKF , being an entity under MoE would receive funds through MoE . Non comingled accounts are maintained by MDAs at Central Bank of Kenya * * . MoE and TSC have since opened two Euro bank accounts each in the CBK for the IDA credit and grant . A total of four ( 4 ) Euro designated accounts . With the GPE AF , they will use the opened ( pooled", "spans": [{"start": 957, "end": 962, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1009, "end": 1014, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conflict count across departments , the dummy conflict indicator may not adequately explain the variation in average years of education across departments . As a robustness check , the last two columns report the estimated coefficients of years of education when the war intensity variable is measured as the actual number of conflict events . The outcome suggests that an increase in the war intensity by one additional event of conflict lowers the average years of education for the young age-cohort ( aged 10 to 22 years ) by . 01 years compared to old age-cohort ( aged 23 to 32 ) . Table 4 . 1 . 2 Effect of War on Education using 2008 household survey data < u > ( Dependent variable = Years of Education ) < / u > | | * * War int * * < br > * * dummy ( = * * < br > * * was at lea * * < br > * * eve * * | * * ensity = * * < br > * * 1 if there * * < br > * * st one war * * < br > * * nt ) * * | * * War intens * * < br > * * number * * < br > * * eve * * | * * ity = actual * * < br > * * of conflict * * < br > * * nts * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | War intensity × Young Cohort | - 0 . 940 * * * | - 0 . 499 * * * | - 0 . 011 * * * | - 0 . 008 * * * | | Control variables | | | | | | Birth fixed effects ( department ) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Birth fixed effects ( Age Cohort ) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Household controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Constant | 8 . 355 * * * | 4 . 677 * * *", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 662, "text": "2008 household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "one ) banking relationship ( _Multiple Banks Dummy_ ) and a separate variable that records the actual number of banking relationships up to 26 ( _Number of Banking Relationships_ ) . About 60 % of firms have multiple banking relationships , and the average firm has 2 . 74 relationships . Finally , we also include a dummy ( _Diversification_ ) for firms that diversify their relationships across banks of different ownership types , i . e . , have relationships with at least two different ownership types . Almost half of the firms , 49 % , diversify across bank ownership types . Balance sheet information on the main banks is from the Accounts of Scheduled Commercial Banks , published by the RBI . We include main bank size ( _Log Assets_ ) and three measures of main bank fragility : the ratio of equity capital to total assets ( _Capital Asset Ratio_ ) , the ratio of nonperforming loans to total net loans ( _Nonperforming Loans_ ) , and the ratio of liquid assets ( cash , balance with other banks , and money market instruments ) to total assets ( _Liquidity_ ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > The average size of main banks is Rs . 351 , 512 . 3 * * ( * * US $ 7 billion ) in assets . < sup > 22 < / sup > The average main bank fragility indicators are 0 . 05 for the capital ratio , 0 . 06 for the nonperforming loans ratio , and 0 . 19 for the ratio of liquid to total assets . When we measure main bank fragility in the regressions , we always include the bank ’ s capital ratio , the most standard measure of bank financial condition . However , we report the regressions both with and without the nonperforming loans and liquidity ratios , since we find these to be more questionable indicators of fragility . Nonperforming loan numbers can be manipulated by banks through “ evergreening , ” the practice of rolling over overdue loans and / or providing additional credit to cover the required repayments on existing loans . Liquidity ratios may in some circumstances not adequately reflect the lending capacity of banks .", "spans": [{"start": 639, "end": 677, "text": "Accounts of Scheduled Commercial Banks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are independent / self-employed workers with females ( 2 . 28 % ) suffering more than males ( 1 . 31 % ) , particularly those with high school education or less ( 2 . 0 % ) . Morales ( 2017 ) use survey , census and registry data covering the 1993-2005 period to study the same caseload of IDPs in Colombia . Short-run effects indicate a negative impact on wages . A one percent increase in population due to IDPs results in a 1 . 4 % reduction in local wages with this effect being larger for women , particularly low skilled women ( 2 . 2 % ) . The effect is also negative and significant for high skilled men but smaller ( 0 . 7 % ) . In this case , OLS and IV estimations concord with IV estimations showing larger effects . The long-run effects show instead a positive effect with OLS estimations and a negative effect for low-skilled women and no effects for other groups with IV estimations . There is therefore some evidence that the negative effects tend to disappear in the long-run but not for all groups . This study is also one of the few studies that considers the potential impact on outmigration . It finds that an increase of 1 % in population due to IDPs generates an outmigration of 0 . 2-0 . 3 people per 100 residents . The two studies reviewed on labor market impacts in Colombia are therefore very consistent in finding a negative effect on wages with the effect being larger for women and low skilled workers , notably in the informal sector . This effect also seems to be attenuated in the long-run , possibly due to outmigration and other labor market adjustments . Using administrative panel data on quarterly IDP flows and rental prices by income level between 19992014 for 13 cities in Colombia ( which received 66 % of all IDPs ) , Depetris-Chauvin ’ s and Santos ’ ( 2018 ) OLS estimates show a significant positive impact of IDP inflows on average rental prices for low - and middle-income housing , which may last up to 10 quarters . Results for high-income housing are nonsignificant . Their IV approach does not show statistically", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 229, "text": "survey , census and registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1598, "end": 1623, "text": "administrative panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implement this program , the Government has obtained advances from the Project Preparation Facility ( PPF ) 1 / . An exploration consulting firm ( BEICIP of France ) , a legal firm ( Butler , Binion , Rice , Cook and Knapp of Washington , D . C . ) , and accounting consultants ( Coopers & Lybrand , United Kingdom ) were retained . BEICIP has proposed a systematic approach to attracting petroleum companies to initiate new exploration activities in the country . In addition to a full compilation of existing geological and geophysical data , existing seismic data from the Ogaden and the Red Sea areas would be reprocessed and a small new seismic survey undertaken in the Red Sea . A complementary marine seismic survey is proposed for the northern part of the Red Sea on which no seismic data is available . This program of work would be the minimal program necessary to effectively promote petroleum exploration in Ethiopia . The legal and exploration consultants have produced preliminary reports which provide a basis for preparing a revised legal framework for petroleum operations in Ethiopia . The accounting consultants have also commenced work . - 1 / One PPF advance of US $ 400 , 000 was approved in June 1982 , and a second PPF of US $ 600 , 000 was approved in early March 1983 .", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 566, "text": "seismic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 corresponding counterfactual income distributions , we report our estimates of the effects on poverty and inequality measures . # * * 3 . Data * * Three different data sources are used in this paper : individual price data from the National Consumer Price Index ( INPC ) ; the Household Budget Survey ( POF ) ; and the National Household Income Survey ( PNAD ) . The INPC records percentage changes in consumer prices on a monthly basis . In total , information is collected for 472 consumption items , which are then classified into increasingly more aggregated commodity groupings . Ultimately , the information feeds into Brazil ‟ s overall consumer price index . Individual prices are recorded for a total of 156 food items in nine metropolitan regions ( Belém , Fortaleza , Recife , Salvador , Belo Horizonte , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Curitiba , and Porto Alegre ) , and for two municipalities ( Brasilia and Goiânia ) . In what follows we refer to these eleven urban centers as Brazil ‟ s “ large urban areas ” . Monthly prices are available beginning in April 1979 , and we use the series from January 2007 to December 2008 . To facilitate the concordance between food item classifications in the INPC and in the household budget survey , our analysis is conducted at the level of 16 food groups , which are listed in Table 1 . The table also presents the average price increase for each food group during 2007-2008 and the maximum price increase ( 12 months to peak ) observed during the two-year period . ( The last column indicates the peak month for each price series . ) This maximum 12-month price increase is the proportional price change variable we use throughout the analysis . Results are presented in Section 5 for the country as a whole , as well as separately for Brazil ‟ s large urban areas ( which accounted for approximately 30 percent of the national population in 2008 ) , and for the rural areas ( 16 % of the population ) . Since the IBGE only collects prices in the 11 large urban areas , price changes were imputed to other localities on the basis of", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 263, "text": "National Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 279, "end": 302, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 321, "end": 353, "text": "National Household Income Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1211, "end": 1215, "text": "INPC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1227, "end": 1250, "text": "household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dropped ( since there was insufficient time to restart procurement and implement the activities ) and part of the assigned funding reallocated to targeted analytics and systems support under Component 3 . Engagement with public entities was streamlined by dropping two of four parastatals and standardizing fundsflow and Financial Management ( FM ) rules for Kenya Industrial Estates ( KIE ) , Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute ( KIRDI ) , and Association of Startup and SME Enablers of Kenya ( ASSEK ) through Bank-cleared customized Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) and reimbursement-based support . Under Component 2 , the SME diagnostics – Performance Improvement Plans ( PIP ) were cut from 250 to 142 firms , with the existing pipeline used to fill the reduced cohort and innovation / productivity targets revised downward to reflect the smaller sample and shorter observation window . Component 3 refocused on a few concrete tasks ( including industry mapping , geo-referencing , and development of industrial database and directory ) on completing and using the online Project Management Information System ( PMIS ) for the projectwide communications function as cross-cutting systems . > 10 Impact evaluations never happened as a consequence of the project ’ s standstill delays and restructuring . > 11 The restructuring did not involve any request for policy exceptions , and the project ’ s environmental risk classification remained moderate ( Category B ) , ~ ~ indicat ~ ~ i ~ ~ ng that its potent ~ ~ i ~ ~ al impacts cont ~ ~ i ~ ~ nued to be limited and manageable . ~ ~ Page 3 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1027, "end": 1060, "text": "industrial database and directory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "construction areas ( this < br > should be verified by perusal < br > of records in complaints log ) | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | Comprised in < br > above cost ( for < br > control of flying < br > debris ) | None | | 6 . 2 . 2 . 4 | * * Traffic accidents * * | | | | | | | | | Ensure < br > drivers < br > respect < br > speed limits through built < br > areas and urban centers . | No road accident by < br > project traffic | No accident occurs in each < br > month of construction < br > duration | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | Negligible | Contractor needs < br > speed awareness < br > through built areas < br > and urban areas | | | Employ < br > safe < br > traffic < br > control < br > measures , < br > including temporary road < br > signs and flag persons to < br > warn < br > of < br > dangerous < br > conditions and children < br > crossings | No road accident by < br > project traffic | No accident occurs in each < br > month of construction < br > duration | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | $ 500 at 1 HCF < br > site , _ ( _ * * _hence_ * * < br > * * _ $ 7 , 000 for 14_ * * < br > * * _HCF sites ) . _ * * | None |", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 98, "text": "records in complaints log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Banks Statistical Performance Indicators , a measure of statistical data quality , in all GEP regressions . < sup > 19 < / sup > Adding this variable did not change any previous results in a significant way . 3 . 3 What mediates the effect of economic growth on household welfare ? As a final step in the analysis , we assess which factors mediate the effect of economic growth ( measured by GDP per capita or HFCE per capita ) on household welfare , as measured by household consumption or income per capita from surveys . In the absence of a strong theoretical framework on how the GEP is determined , we draw on the vast ( and now largely defunct ) cross-country growth literature and the more recent and country-specific microeconomic analysis on the determinants of household welfare to identify a list of variables that potentially mediate the relationship between economic growth and household welfare . The cross-country growth literature , particularly popular in the end of the 1980s and in the 1990s , used cross-country growth regressions to search for empirical linkages between long-run growth rates and a variety economic policy , institutional and political indicators . < sup > 20 < / sup > While this literature has identified over 50 variables that are significantly correlated with growth in at least one specification , ranging from human capital and investment to levels of democracy and ethno-linguistic fractionalization , sensitivity analyses have shown that only a limited number of variables are robustly and systematically correlated with economic growth ( Levine and Renelt , 1992 ) : Human and physical capital ( measured as a share of investment in GDP ) and initial income levels . While the literature on the determinants of household welfare is less straightforward to summarize given substantial country heterogeneity and different data sources , robust correlates of household welfare include the level of education of household members , urban vs rural location ( the location effect usually persists even after controlling for other socioeconomic factors ) , health status of household members and access to basic health services , presence of basic infrastructure ( roads , electricity , schools , health centers , etc . ) and exposure to conflicts and violence . < sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "S / C < br > onsultancy Services for the D < br > evelopment of Surveillance S < br > ystem DHIS2 Tracker | < br > IDA / 65030 | Public Health Assets | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Limite | d | | 74 , 433 . 33 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2021-11-08 < br > 2022-03-04 | 2021-11-22 | | | | 2021-12-22 | 2022-01-26 | 2 | 022-0 | 7-25 | | ZM-MOH-139350-CS-CQS / P < br > rovision of consultancy servic < br > es for the Development of M < br > & E Tools | < br > IDA / 65040 | Project Management | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Open | - Nati | onal | 9 , 387 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2021-06-07 < br > 2021-06-28 | 2021-08-11 | | | | 2021-09-10 | 2021-10-15 | 2 | 022-0 | 4-13 | | ZM-MOH-318996-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services for Proj < br > ect Management for the desi < br > gn and Supervision of the Co < br > nstruction of a Building Com < br > plex Including Offices , BSL-3 < br > Laboratory and Ancillary Buil < br > dings for ZNPHI / RCC . | IDA / 65030 | Public Health Assets | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open < br > l | - Inte | rnationa | 491 , 429 . 00 | 0 . 00", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 105, "text": "DHIS2 Tracker", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "forces should Ukrainians fail to obtain Russian citizenship . There are also protection concerns related to recent announcements by the Russian Federation in the occupied territories , namely Donetska , Khersonska , Luhanska and Zaporizka oblasts , that owners of housing must register their ownership in the Russian Federation Unified State Register of Real Estate or * * risk seizure of their property by the Russian Federation authorities * * . Due to this announcement , there are concerns that Ukrainian citizens will return to the occupied territories to preserve their right of ownership and thus be exposed to protection risks . < sup > lxiv < / sup > Compensation mechanisms do not currently include properties damaged and destroyed in areas beyond the control of the Government of Ukraine and housing damaged or destroyed before 24 February 2022 . However , there are initiatives in the form of a recently submitted draft law to include this possibility . The Government of Ukraine recently undertook a * * pilot project using remote sensing information equipment to confirm the destruction of housing * * in the occupied territories of Melitopol and there are calls to scale up this project and extend it to other occupied areas , such as Mariupol < sup > lxv < / sup > .", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 365, "text": "Russian Federation Unified State Register of Real Estate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 05-Sep-2018 | 07-Jul-2022 | | Comments | | | | | # # Improved quality # # ~ ~ < u > IN00632818 < / u > ~ ~ ► IR Indicator 6 . 4 : % of actual teaching time relative to scheduled instructional time in P1 schools ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Time-on-task survey to be < br > conducted in Year 1 and < br > Year 2 | Not available | Not available | To be determined | | Date | 06-Jul-2016 | 22-Mar-2018 | 05-Sep-2018 | 06-Jul-2022 | | Comments | | | | | # # Improved quality # # ~ ~ < u > IN00632819 < / u > ~ ~ # # # # ► IR Indicator 6 . 5 : % of students having textbooks ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 58 . 00 | 58 . 00 | 58 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 07-Jul-2016 | 22-Mar-2018 | 05-Sep-2018 | 07-Jul-2022 | | Comments | | | | | 9 / 16 / 2018 Page 10 of 14", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 373, "text": "Time-on-task survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1111 / j . 1475-4932 . 2011 . 00747 . x Del Boca , D . , Pasqua , S . , & Suardi , S . ( 2016 ) . Child Care , Maternal Employment , and Children ’ s School Outcomes . An Analysis of Italian Data . _European Journal of Population_ , _32_ ( 2 ) , 211 – 229 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1007 / s10680-015-9370-0 < / u > Dervisevic , E . , Perova , E . , & Lo Bue , M . C . ( 2021 ) . _Maternal employment and children ’ s outcomes : Evidence from Indonesia_ . The World Bank . Dunifon , R . , Kalil , A . , Crosby , D . , & Su , J . H . ( 2013 ) . Mothers ’ Night Work and Children ’ s Behavior Problems . _Developmental Psychology_ , _49_ ( 10 ) , 1874 – 1885 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1037 / a0031241 Ermisch , J . , & Francesconi , M . ( 2013 ) . The Effect of Parental Employment on Child Schooling . _Journal of Applied Econometrics_ , _28_ ( 5 ) , 796 – 822 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1002 / jae . 2260 Felfe , C . , & Hsin , A . ( 2012 ) . Maternal work conditions and child development . _Economics of Education Review_ , _31_ ( 6 ) , 1037 – 1057 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . econedurev . 2012 . 06 . 008 < / u > Gennetian , L . A . , Hill , H . D . , London , A . S . , & Lopoo , L . M . ( 2010 ) . Maternal employment and the health of low-income young children . _Journal of Health Economics_ , _29_ ( 3 ) , 353 – 363 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jhealeco .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up to a total of 1 million individuals , in the < br > limit of US $ 4 million < br > • < br > US $ 500 , 000 lump sum for each 100 , 000 unique individuals accessing digitalized public - and private - < br > sector services at GSCs using trusted , people-centric DPI , up to a total of 400 , 000 individuals , in the limit < br > of US $ 2 million < br > • < br > US $ 2 for each unique individual accessing digitalized educational services using trusted , people-centric < br > DPI , up to 750 , 000 individuals , in the limit of US $ 1 . 5 million . | | Description | The Program disburses against the number of unique individual beneficiaries accessing digitalized public - < br > and private-sector transactional services using trusted , people-centric DPI , disaggregated by the type of < br > user ( women , elders , refugees ) , type of access ( remote , GSC ) and type of service ( education ) . < br > \" Unique \" means an individual beneficiary accessing multiple digitalized public - and private-sector services , < br > or the same service more than once , counts as one individual as far as DLI 1 disbursements are concerned . < br > Remote access is defined as online access to digitalized services that does not require in-person interaction . < br > GSC access is defined as access to digitalized services in person at Government Service Centers . Digital < br > services are considered to be accessed using trusted , people-centric DPI when such access is enabled by < br > people-centric digital identity ( DLI 2 ) and trusted , people-centric data sharing ( DLI 3 ) . | | Data source / Agency | Annual reports on the usage of digital services from MODEE , sectoral ministries , and theprivate sector . | | Verification Entity | KACE . | | Proc", "spans": [{"start": 1614, "end": 1661, "text": "Annual reports on the usage of digital services", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households at the top 60 percent . An increase in unemployment and a reduction of social government programs may hit poorer households harder , given their more intense dependency on transfers and higher risk of becoming unemployed ( or lower employability ) . _Figure 4 : Unequal Distribution of Employment and Assets , such as human capital , and of consumption of food across the Russian Population , 2011_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 6 0 . 6 < br > Total Occupation < br > 0 . 5 0 . 5 < br > Share of food in total < br > 0 . 4 consumption ( right axis ) 0 . 4 < br > Unskilled in < br > 0 . 3 Non Agri 0 . 3 < br > Skilled in No Agri < br > 0 . 2 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 0 . 1 < br > Skilled in Agri < br > Unskilled in Agri < br > 0 0 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 < br > Population percentiles < br > Share of food < br > Percent share of total population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : HBS data ( 2011 ) To get some insights on the implications of these assumption we carried out two additional simulations . In the first one we assume that all those who lose their jobs in the contracting sectors – up to 3 . 1 percent of total employment – become unemployed . In the second one we analyze the implication of a cut in government transfers . Abstracting from multiplier effects , < sup > 19 < / sup > what would be the distributional impact of the increase in unemployment ? The first step of the simulation was to identify those who are more likely to become unemployed . < sup > 20 < / sup > Not surprisingly , the results of the econometric specification show that less qualified , > 19 Clearly , if employment goes down ( or equivalently if unemployment increases ) , GDP will also go down and that", "spans": [{"start": 926, "end": 934, "text": "HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- speed fixed and mobile broadband access to the Internet is a prerequisite for participating in online markets and can foster economic growth , facilitate social cohesion , and improve citizen well-being . It is therefore not surprising that acceleration of broadband diffusion and deployment of broadband infrastructure are policy aims for leaders in the Western Balkans . However , there are significant differences in broadband penetration not only between countries , but also within countries , especially between rural and urban areas . Sharing infrastructure is an effective way to lower the costs of deploying broadband networks and delivering better connectivity . A good example is Kosovo ’ s partnership between the public and private sectors ; it is leasing to private Internet service providers use of the fiberoptic cable network belonging to the public electricity transmission company . Mobilizing private investment is also crucial to connect more rural communities to digital opportunities . - * * Logistics and customs : * * Customs procedures for cross-border delivery of small parcels need to be simplified and harmonized , starting with digital processing before parcels physically reach the border . In particular , introducing an online one-stop-shop for VAT payments , as is underway in the EU , can reduce the need for cumbersome VAT payment procedures at the customs office . Logistics services need to strengthen regional partnerships by , e . g . , simplifying procedures for cross-border goods returns . Regular publication of the cost of cross-border parcel deliveries , as the EU is already doing , can strengthen competition among logistics service providers . Ultimately , a customs union could significantly reduce the cost of cross-border e-commerce and cause a paradigm shift for regional online markets . > 8 . ExTERNAL IMBALANCEs wIDEN IN ALL wEsTERN BALkAN COUNTRIEs | 35", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11-20 | | UG-MOH-184104-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Conduct Client < br > Satisfaction Survey 2020 for < br > the Health Sector | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 94 , 561 . 87 < br > | Signed | 2020-07-17 | 2020-04-30 | 2020-07-27 < br > 2 | 020-09-1 | 6 | | 2020-09-30 < br > 20 | 20-12 - | 08 < br > 2021-03-29 | | UG-MOH-185039-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Develop a Data < br > Management System for RBF < br > Digitalization | IDA / 58970 | Component 1 : Results-Based < br > Financing for Primary Health < br > Care Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > < br > | Under < br > Implementation | 2020-07-27 | 2019-05-03 | 2020-08-06 | | | | 2020-10-10 | | 2021-04-08 | | UG-MOH-204845-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of a Monitoring < br > and Evaluation Expert for the < br > National Pharmaceutical < br > Sector Strategic Plan 2021 - < br > 2025 | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 13 , 961 . 00 < br > | Signed | 2020-11-19 | 2020-08-28 | 2020-11-29 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-NYERI COUNTY-84565-G < br > O-RFQ / Procure 4 desk top computers , 4 Multi functional 3 in 1 printers for four sub-c IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 10 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2019-03-07 2019-04-04 2019-06-03 < br > ounties and 4 laptops for Cou < br > nty Headquarter < br > KE-NYERI COUNTY-137672-G < br > O-RFQ / Procure 504no . 20 Litres Gallon Liquid soap and 2032no . 500ml Dettol Hand wa IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 21 , 264 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-01-07 2020-01-27 2020-02-26 < br > sh Soaps < br > KE-NYERI COUNTY-99639-G < br > O-RFQ / procure 100 No . eac < br > h of Maternal Child Health registers , MOH 405 , MOH 705 , IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 5 , 505 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2019-04-22 2019-05-20 2019-06-19 < br > MOH 710 , MOH 711 AND MO < br > H 717 and 101 vaccine ledge < br > r books < br > KE-NYERI COUNTY-99440-G < br > O-RFQ / Procure three LCD projector and 3 LCD projector guard for County Headquarter IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 2 , 972 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2019-03-01", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Corn products are the core of basic food consumption for a large portion of the population ( especially among the poor ) above other cereals such as wheat or rice ( see Table 2 ) . In developing countries , the production of corn products typically escapes monopolistic controls in the first chain of the production since several small farms produce maize . However , the products of these small farms tend to converge into a small number of specialized firms for the stages of storage , processing , and commercialization . At this level , corn product manufacturers can exert market power . * * Figure 4 . Consumer price index of selected corn products * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 150 < br > 140 < br > 130 < br > 120 Total < br > Maize < br > 110 < br > Maize Tortilla < br > 100 < br > 90 < br > Jan-10 May-10 Sep-10 Jan-11 May-11 Sep-11 Jan-12 May-12 Sep-12 Jan-13 May-13 Sep-13 Jan-14 May-14 Sep-14 Jan-15 May-15 Sep-15 Jan-16 May-16 Sep-16 Jan-17 May-17 Sep-17 Jan-18 May-18 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Source : INEGI 2018 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Table 2 shows the expenditure shares on different cereal products in Mexico . The expenditure shares on corn products are relatively high among the poorest households , where they range from about 13 . 4 percent for the poorest to about 1 . 0 percent for the richest decile . Among cereal products , corn products are the most highly consumed , followed by wheat products . * * Table 2 . Expenditure shares on cereal products * * | | * * All * * | Poo | rest | | Househ | old inc | ome dec | iles | | | Richest | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 654, "text": "Consumer price index of selected corn products", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Global Appeal , _ p . 1 , < u > http : / / goo . gl / adhB8P < / u > > 197 IRIN Asia , 2012 , _Sri Lanka : Tamil refugees slowly return from India , _ < u > http : / / goo . gl / s1ePkM < / u > > 198 Bhalla , Nita , 2014 , _Five years after war , Sri Lanka refugees reluctant to leave India-survey , _ < u > http : / / goo . gl / V9mmfQ < / u > > 199 Bhalla , Nita , 2014 , Myanmar ' s Rohingya stuck in refugee limbo in India , Reuters , < u > http : / / goo . gl / 0fHvxI < / u > > 200 Naujoks , Daniel , 2009 , _Emigration , Immigration , and Diaspora Relations in India , _ Migration Policy Institute , < u > http : / / goo . gl / FT9MKr < / u > Community resilience and disaster-related displacement in South Asia 49", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "igan . Raising Children Toxic Free : How to Keep Your Child Safe from Lead , Asbestos , Pesticides , and other Environmental Hazards , Farrar , Straus , and Giroux , New York , 1994 . 12 . L . Perez . Traditional Medical Waste Treatments , Rio Hondo College in Whittier , CA , 1999 . 13 . National Environment Management Authority ( NEMA ) , 1997 : _Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Uganda . _ 14 . The safe disposal of hazardous waste : The specific problems of developing countries , WB / UNEP / WHO , ISBN-O-8213-1144-1 , 1989 . 15 . Tchobanoglous . G . , and Burton . F . L . , 1991 : Wastewater engineering : treatment , disposal and reuse , 3 < sup > rd < / sup > Ed . , McGraw – Hill , New York . 16 . Tchobanoglous . G , Theisen . H and Vigil . S , 1993 : Integrated Solid Waste Management , McGrawHill , New York . 17 . Noel De Nevers , 1995 : Air pollution Control Engineering , Mcgraw-Hill , New York . 18 . American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) . 2001 . Guidelines for Design and Construction of Hospital and Health Care Facilities . Washington , DC : AIA . Available at http : / / www . aia . org / 19 . American Society for Healthcare Engineering ( ASHE ) of the American Hospital Association ( AHA ) . http : / / www . ashe . org 20 . Australian Government , National Occupational Health and Safety Commission ( NOHSC , now Australian Compensation and Safety Council ( ASCC ) ) . 2004 . 21 . Health and Community Services . Canberra : ASCC . Environment Australia . 1999 . National Pollutant Inventory . National Industry 22 . Handbook for Hospitals . Canberra : Environment Australia . Available at http : / / www . npi . gov . au / handbooks / approved_handbooks / pubs", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 27 - epidemic diseases in each district to reveal patterns of disease movement . The Director of AHRC would contract Makerere University ' s Faculty of Veterinary Medicine to carry out sample surveys of the more important diseases and their impact on productivity in the sub-sector . The Director of AHRC wold report half yearly on the animal disease situation nationwide and would include in those reports evaluation of the project ' s disease cor . trol program . The monitoring of tseLse fly populations within the pro4ect area would be undertaken by the project survey unit which would determine the initial location of the fly front and subsequently monitor movement of the front in response to project control measures . The forward progression of operations as the fly populations are eliminated would depend on the absolute accuracy of the surveying and reporting of those teams . The FDU wwald monitor forage development focussing on the volume and location of seed distribution and the increase in areas of improved pasture under different farming systems . Makerere University ' s Faculty of Agriculture would evaluate the impact of these programs by sample surveys of farms . The UVA would monitor Privatization of Veterinary Services . The criteria for success would be the pace of establishment of private practices , the financial success of those private practices , and the satisfaction of farmers in the locations served by those practices relative to adjacent locations without private practices . GOU would contract with Makerere University ' s Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in project year four to conduct a sample survey of private practices established under the project to evaluate their contribution to the subsector . 4 . 19 Reporting . The component managers would prepare and submit semi-annual progress reports through the PCU to IDA . The semi-annual progress reports would compare actual progress with that proposed in the annual work program and budget . Progress reports would be sent to IDA within two months of the end of the reporting period . The first report would be due on February 28 , 1991 . # # D . Mid -", "spans": [{"start": 1164, "end": 1187, "text": "sample surveys of farms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1632, "end": 1666, "text": "sample survey of private practices", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , * * / * * signed", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bottom and top 10 % observations , WTP range from 0 . 36 to 19 . 4 % of daily GDP per hour of electricity unserved . We disregard many important dimensions , assuming that the WTP of an individual to prevent power outage is proportional to GDP per capita in the country and disregarding the dependency of this WTP to the frequency and duration of power outages . This leads to underestimating the cost in countries with few and short outages and overestimating it in countries with many and long outages . We then use the data from the annual Doing Business survey < sup > 6 < / sup > to estimate the duration of outages in 139 countries , leading to the estimate between 0 . 002 and 0 . 15 % of global GDP . For reference , the cost of power outages would be valued at 0 . 001 % of global GDP ( USD 1 . 3 billion per year ) if non-served electricity was priced with electricity tariffs , and at 0 . 007 % of global GDP ( USD 9 billion per year ) if GDP per hour was used to value one hour of power outage . This cost of power disruption underestimates the real impact on the well-being of households . First , there is a large uncertainty in the estimates of people ’ s WTP to prevent power outage , and it is unclear whether they include all relevant components , and in particular health effects , impacts through jobs and salaries , cost of generators , etc . In particular , electricity outages have a significant and large impact on firms ’ output , what indirectly decrease household ’ s wellbeing through wage reduction ( Rentschler et al . , 2019b ) . However , it is likely that such an indirect impact is disregarded or underestimated in household ’ s monetization of lost utility . Moreover , it is unclear whether households consider their generator as a sunk cost : once the up-front cost of the generator is paid , there is little incentive for household to pay for service improvement , possibly reducing the WTP . Second , the Doing Business survey is considering outages for the average firm in", "spans": [{"start": 536, "end": 564, "text": "annual Doing Business survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "three countries in the world ( along with Eritrea and Djibouti ) to retain a national telecom monopoly on all telecommunications services until the * * * * _Communication Services_ * * > 3 Latest available data is from the 2013 Labor Force Survey . > 4 FAO . 2019 . Ethiopia : National gender profile of agriculture and rural livelihoods . < u > http : / / www . fao . org / 3 / ca3224en / ca3224en . pdf < / u > > 5 < mark > Buehren , Niklas ; Gonzalez , Paula ; Copley , Amy . 2019 < / mark > _ < mark > . What Are the Economic Costs of Gender Gaps in Ethiopia ? Gender Innovation Policy Initiative . < / mark > _ < mark > World Bank , Washington , DC . © World Bank . https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 31441 < / mark > > 6 World Bank ( 2020 ) _Africa ’ s Pulse Vol . 21 : An analysis of issues facing Africa ’ s Economic Future_ . Oct 23 , 2020 Page 5 of 22", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 246, "text": "2013 Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lack recent census data , we conduct a sensitivity analysis with data from Burkina Faso . The availability of a recent census in Burkina Faso creates an opportunity to assess the estimates produced with geospatial covariates and the unit context model against officially adopted EBP census-based estimates as described below . Burkina Faso ’ s National Institute of Statistics and Demography carried out a census in 2018 which was utilized by the Burkina Faso poverty team of the World Bank to generate small area estimates of poverty for Communes using the EBP census methodology ( Molina and Rao , 2010 ) under a two-fold nested error regression model ( < mark > Marhuenda < / mark > et al . , 2017 ) . Because the census and the survey data are from a similar period , the small area estimates using census auxiliary information are considered the gold standard . Comparing the census-based estimates with estimates produced using geospatial covariates offers an appropriate testing ground for assessing the extent of discrepancies between census-based and geospatial-based estimates . This framework can also be used to compare the estimates produced by different models . 13", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 23, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 65, "end": 87, "text": "data from Burkina Faso", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 717, "end": 723, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 732, "end": 743, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "way is to use an instrumental variable ( IV ) correlated with imports but unrelated to exports . Given that firm-level IVs are often difficult to identify , here we adopt the control function approach from Olley and Pakes ( 1996 ) ( OP ) to control for the unobserved productivity . Intuitively , firms make decisions on inputs and investments based on their productivity . Part of the investment is imported capital goods , which can be observed from customs transaction data . Thus , firm-level imported capital goods could serve as a for the unobserved similar to OP used investment in proxy productivity , firm production function estimation to proxy for productivity . 10", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 476, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and nine ( including five boys and four girls ) injured from three EO explosions during the reporting period . Data collected in 2021 shows that improvised mines are the leading cause of civilian casualty accounting for 72 % of the total civilian casualties followed by ERW which accounts for 26 % . Children are particularly vulnerable to falling victims to ERW with the majority ( 79 % ) of ERW casualties being children . Out-of-school children are also considered specifically at risk , given they often play a role in supporting their families by carrying out livelihood activities , such as collecting scrap metal , firewood , water , and others . The deployment of Quick Response Teams ( QRTs ) plays an important role in reducing the impact of ERW and enabling the delivery of humanitarian assistance , as it allows the mine action sector to provide emergency response to concerns reported by communities and humanitarian < / mark > agencies . < mark > Conflicts between armed groups in the past 20 years have left lots of areas newly contaminated with explosive ordnance , in particular improvised explosive devices ( IEDs ) , including improvised mines ( IM ) and explosive remnants of war ( ERW ) . Given the new access opportunities , UNMAS is coordinating a national explosive contamination survey to capture the extent of the country ' s explosive ordnance contamination . This survey provides constant updates to the mine action database with the most up-to-date contamination information to support mine action direct resources to areas of the highest need and concurrently releases safe land . The initiative is currently being implemented in four provinces-Kandahar , Kunduz , Helmand , and Uruzganwhere intense fighting was witnessed in the past . The survey teams primarily utilize a nontechnical survey to locate conflict areas and identify and record new contamination . They also include explosive ordnance disposal ( EOD ) capability to remove immediate explosive threats including abandoned improvised mines ( AIM ) . Each survey team includes female personnel for various functions , including but not limited to survey , community liaison , victim data", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 133, "text": "Data collected in 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1271, "end": 1310, "text": "national explosive contamination survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1432, "end": 1452, "text": "mine action database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may be a more immediate priority than land consolidation . This is particularly so as consolidation efforts - which may be desirable in specific situations or needed in the future - can be carried out cost-effectively and sustainably only if they complement existing markets rather than trying to substitute for them . The paper is structured as follows . Section two places Albania in a regional context by describing the nature and challenges of its transition and by using LSMS data to illustrate salient characteristics of its rural economy . Section three introduces the key questions to be explored by discussing relevant methodologies and evidence from the literature . Section four provides evidence on levels of technical efficiency in the agricultural sector and underlying determinants , the extent , nature , and proximate causes of cropland not being used productively , and the extent to which markets for rental and sale help to transfer land to more productive producers . Section five concludes by drawing out relevant policy implications . # * * 2 . Data and context * * To place Albania in regional and global context , we review the circumstances that led to one of the most radical land redistributions in Eastern Europe ‟ s post-communist transformation and characterize the emerging farm structure and the challenges associated with it . Data from the 2005 LSMS then help to illustrate inter-regional differences in farm structure and productivity , income sources , operation of factor markets , and migration as well as plot fragmentation . # * * 2 . 1 Albanian history of collectivization and reform * * At independence in 1912 , Albania inherited a _latifundia_ system that had land ownership concentrated in few hands . The 1945 Agrarian Law eliminated private property and transferred land use rights to small farmers who were then organized in production cooperatives which often formed the basis for state farms . Private ownership of land , even for house plots , was eliminated with the nationalization of all land in 1976 ( Cungu and Swinnen 1999 ) . Agricultural policy thereafter focused on achieving food selfsufficiency . However , productivity declined , resulting in food shortages and a severe drop in welfare . In the late 1980s , reforms under the “ new economic mechanism", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 485, "text": "LSMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1375, "end": 1384, "text": "2005 LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "smallholder farmers in the “ high potential ” / “ food secure ” areas that are increasingly becoming vulnerable to land degradation and food insecurity . This objective responds directly to the priorities outlined in the PASDEP , namely building capacity in community-based approaches to watershed management , scaling up successful models for watershed management , and strengthening natural resource information management to disseminate more widely best management practices and innovations in sustainable land management . Implementation of watershed management interventions would be phased-in , according to the capacity of the government agencies and local communities . The objective of the Rural Land Certification component is to expand the coverage and enhance the government ’ s land certification project , with the aim of strengthening land tenure security for smallholder farmers . This objective is consistent with the priority of expanding the land certification project outlined in Ethiopia ’ s PASDEP because of the important role that tenure security plays to stimulate greater investment by farmers in sustainable land management practices . Assistance under this component also seeks to rectify the weaknesses in Ethiopia ’ s Stage 1 land certification process identified in various reviews , particularly the need to geo-reference and map individual parcels to avoid or minimize boundary disputes . The project would scale up an enhanced land certification process that has emerged from experiences from the Government ’ s land certification activities under two pilot projects financed by SIDA and USAID . The project would specifically finance training , equipment , and technical assistance to upgrade the organizational , technical , and managerial capacity of existing institutions / units responsible for land administration at the Federal , Regional and Woreda levels and the Judiciary . The SLM project would also finance in all the Woredas participating in the watershed management activities land certification interventions , including cadastral surveying , parcel-based land registration , and developing registries for rural land . Such interventions would facilitate timely processing and issuance of land certificates , with important features such as geo-referencing and mapping of household and farm plots , communal lands , etc . It would also facilitate the continuous updating of land registration records . The", "spans": [{"start": 2423, "end": 2448, "text": "land registration records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 0565 ) | ( 0 . 0544 ) | ( 0 . 0411 ) | | Momase region | 0 . 0254 | 0 . 0278 | 0 . 0614 | 0 . 0336 | | | ( 0 . 0503 ) | ( 0 . 0505 ) | ( 0 . 0491 ) | ( 0 . 0372 ) | | Secondary school or less | 0 . 0141 | 0 . 0421 | 0 . 00693 | - 0 . 00419 | | | ( 0 . 0300 ) | ( 0 . 0300 ) | ( 0 . 0288 ) | ( 0 . 0224 ) | | Constant | 0 . 317 * * * | 0 . 221 * * * | 0 . 249 * * * | 0 . 279 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0574 ) | ( 0 . 0570 ) | ( 0 . 0556 ) | ( 0 . 0439 ) | | Observations | 917 | 878 | 896 | 1521 | Note : This chart is based on answers to question 34 in Appendix B . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent critical level . Standard errors in parentheses . 45", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IDA / 68570 5 . Capacity building , technical assistance andimplementation support Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-09-05 2022-09-26 2022-11-09 2022-12-07 2023-01-06 2023-02-10 2023-03-17 2024-03-16 < br > equality in the off-grid sector < br > at the enterprise , employee < br > and customer level . < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE-012 < br > / Procurement of consultancy < br > service ( Component 4 ) < br > - to Conduct a market < br > survey of existing privatesector solar contractors , identify job opportunities IDA / 68570 4 . Standalone solar systemsfor health and educationfacilities Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-01-24 2022-02-14 2022-03-30 2022-04-27 2022-05-27 2022-07-01 2022-08-05 2024-02-01 < br > along the solar value chain , < br > and a sustainability plan < br > - to conduct survey of site < br > selection < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE / ICB - < br > 001 / Procurement of < br > consultancy service ( ADELE < br > Component 2 ) < br > - - for the preparation ofEPC bidding documents , bids IDA / 68570 2 . Solar-hybrid mini grids forrural economic development Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-01-17 2022-02-07 2022-03-23 2022-04-20 2022-05-20 2022", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # # * * 1 . 2 . 2 Quantitative Methods of Data Collection * * # # # # # # * * _Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets_ * * The Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets survey was carried out between January 2-29 , 2025 and March 23 - to April 1 2025 . in all parts of Subproject impacted Kebeles and Woredas . _Sensitisation and Familiarisation Stage : _ A team of experts visited the Subproject t area to meet with PAPs and local government officials . This mission helped not only to familiarise the study team with the Subproject area but also to adapt various survey forms and instruments to local conditions . This was then followed by finalisation of the survey instrument . _Identification and Subproject Impact Boundary Delineation Stage : _ This is a crucial stage where adverse Subproject impacts were fully identified and understood leading to their quantification . A survey was conducted using a Global Positioning System ( GPS ) to demarcate and confirm the actual boundary of the land take requirements for tower foundation , ROW and substation areas . _Census and Socio-Economic Surveys and Property Registration Stage : _ As this stage is a decisive stage in the whole exercise for the RP , a number of steps and procedures were adopted to ensure the accuracy of information collected and registration of affected property . The steps and procedures followed were as follows : - The first step was recruitment and training of enumerators . A team of enumerators and supervisors were recruited locally and received training on basic interviewing techniques . Enumerators were closely supervised and supported by members of the study team . - The second step was formation of an ad-hoc committee comprised of Woreda and Kebele officials . This committee", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 341, "text": "Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Animal Industry into a Department of Animal Health and a Department of Animal Production . However , the report does not recommend an overall reduction in staffing , and does not specifically address the need for more efficient use of financial resources . 4 . MAIF is one of four ministries being studied under the Public Service Performance Improvements Project . Under this project data on staff establishment , staff in post , vacancies and staff in excess of establishment have been matched against areas of responsibility , duties and job descriptions prepared by the MAIF . A report on these findings is entitled Structural and Functional Analysis - Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries . However , this study does not cover proposals for improved management systems or control of staff numbers .", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 416, "text": "data on staff establishment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "receive as much focus as is currently the case for refugees and migrants . The plight and needs of IDPs featured prominently during discussions at the World Humanitarian Summit in May 2016 where the UN Secretary-General called for renewed efforts to prevent internal displacement ; address its root causes ; support safe , dignified and durable solutions ; and suggested the establishment of a target to halving internal displacement globally by 2030 . The New York declaration notes the need for reflection on effective strategies to ensure adequate protection and assistance for IDPs , although concrete commitments and strategies have yet to be articulated . With this in mind and looking at global trends alongside the local and national context in which internal displacement occurs , this panel discussed the specific protection challenges > 57 2017 GRID report , http : / / www . internal-displacement . org / global-report / grid2017 / * * 50 * * UNHCR Annual Consultations with NGOs ● Report 2017", "spans": [{"start": 851, "end": 867, "text": "2017 GRID report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional dimensions like sector and size using difference-in-differences ( e . g . , exploiting differences in the cross-industry variation across countries ) . As will become clear in our discussion of the data in the next section , limitations in the data in different dimensions across countries and compromises that were made to generate ‘ comparable ’ data , may hamper analysis of certain questions and generally suggest caution in interpreting simple cross country differences . We now turn to a discussion of the data . # * * 3 . A new dataset of firm-level data from industrial and developing countries * * The dataset used in the study was collected in various stages . Most recently , the firm-level project organized by the World Bank collected indicators for 14 countries ( Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Romania , Slovenia ; Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Mexico , Venezuela , Indonesia , South Korea and Taiwan . ( China ) ) An earlier OECD study collected indicators based on information on firms from : Canada , Denmark , Germany , Finland , France , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , United Kingdom and United States . These projects made use of a common analytical framework and the data analysis and collection was conducted by active experts in each of the countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > The framework involves the harmonization , to the extent possible , of key concepts ( e . g . entry , exit , or the definition of the unit of measurement ) as well as the definition of common methodologies for studying firm-level data . The methodology for collecting the country / industry / time panel dataset built up from underlying micro-level datasets has been referred to as ‘ distributed micro-data analysis ’ ( Bartelsman 2004 ) . A detailed technical description of the dataset may be found in Bartelsman , Haltiwanger and Scarpetta ( 2004 ) . The distributed micro-data analysis was conducted for two separate analytical themes . The first set of analyses gathered data relating to firm demographics , such as entry and exit , jobs flows , size distribution and firm survival . The second theme gathered indicators of movements of firms and", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 572, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1594, "end": 1633, "text": "country / industry / time panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1ha . The average grazing land size per HH is 0 . 16ha . The Subproject affected households were also requested to provide information on the size of their dwelling area or compound . Based on the census survey result , only 20 . 8 % of the PAHs owned less than 400 m < sup > 2 < / sup > for residential houses compound , whereas 79 . 2 % of the PAHs is 500 m < sup > 2 < / sup > and above . Interestingly , 58 . 3 % of the total PAHs reported to own residential compound size of 1 , 000 m < sup > 2 < / sup > and above . This shows that the Subproject affected households owned generous size of land for their dwelling area that may also serve them to practice horticulture at their backyards . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 3 Land ownership Certificate * * Land ownership certificate is a legal document that establishes proof of land ownership with details such as the location , size , and borders of the land , as well as the name of the owner and any other pertinent information regarding the property . Therefore , it ’ s a very important document especially in time of land acquisition by the Subproject to facilitate compensation for the land affected by the Subproject . The result of census enumeration revealed that out of a total of 26 PAHs , 23 HHs reported to have landownership certificate and that confirm the land belongs to the holders . However , 3 PAHs have no land ownership certificate . However , the Consultant Team has been informed their certificate is under process . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 4 Crop production * * Agriculture with extensive crop production is the main livelihood activity for majority of the rural population in the Subproject Woreda as well as for Subproject affected households . The major agricultural crops that are grown in the Subproject area include : _teff_ ,", "spans": [{"start": 197, "end": 217, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1189, "end": 1207, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use of crisis coping mechanisms ( sold productive asserts , or means of gransport , reduced expenditure on non-food items , consumed seed stocks ) was higher in Isingiro ( 50 . 3 % ) , followed by Lamwo ( 39 . 8 % ) and Kyegegwa ( 29 . 2 % ) . Kamwenge and Adjumani districts had the lowest proportion of household that used crisis coping mechanism , only 8 % reported using these strategies . The proportion of households reporting using an emergency ( sold land , houses , illegal income , prostitution and begging ) coping mechanism was highest in Lamwo ( 35 . 5 % ) , Kyegegwa ( 27 . 9 % ) , Hoima ( 15 . 1 % ) and Isingiro ( 14 . 4 % ) . Kamwenge ( 2 . 4 % ) district had fewer households that used emergency coping mechanisms ; Koboko ( 4 . 4 % ) , Arua ( 4 . 8 % ) , and Yumbe ( 5 % ) followed this . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 65 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) | * * SETTLEMENT * * | * * NAME OF SCHOOL * * | * * TYPE OF SCHOOL * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * SHAURI MOYO * * | Muhoroni Secondary | Public | | * * SHAURI YAKO * * | Wings Primary | Private | | * * BONDENI * * | Muhoroni TownshipPrimary | Public | | | Muhoroni Secondary | Private | | * * SWAHILI * * | Muhoroni TownshipPrimary | Public | | | Muhoroni Secondary | Private | | * * MANYATTA A * * | Kosao Primary | Public | | | Manyatta Primary | Public | * * Source : Field Observations * * Kisumu County has 90 . 8 % and 70 . 5 % of its population who can read and write respectively ( County Fact data sheet 2018 ) . * * Livelihoods * * According to the socio-economic studies done most of the resident interviewed reported of their main source of livelihood being from trade and employment across all settlement identified for upgrade . Manyatta B settlement recorded a high number of populations involved in Trade as a source of The businesses done in the settlements are small scales businesses . Sources of Income in Kisumu settlements . MUHORONI BANDANI KIBUYE MANYATTA A MANYATTA B NYAWITA * * Figure 5 . 7 : Sources of Livelihoods Source : KISIP socio-economic survey March 2023 . * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 11 Livelihoods * * According to the socio-economic studies done most of the resident interviewed reported of their main source of livelihood being from trade and employment across all settlement identified for upgrade . Manyatta B", "spans": [{"start": 1352, "end": 1379, "text": "KISIP socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) an increased likelihood of below normal rainfall , thus pointing to bleak prospects for improved domestic production even over the coming cropping cycle . Similar drought conditions in the region , especially Uganda and Sudan , have served to aggravate the situation by limiting the amount of imports . * * In addition to reductions in own food production , the deterioration of the macro ‐ economy , high inflation and the shortage of foreign currency has eroded people ’ s purchasing power , especially that of the most vulnerable , curtailing their ability to access food through the markets . * * The sharp depreciation of the SSP has impeded the flow of commercial food imports into the country , resulting in substantial increases in imported food prices . In January 2017 , retail food prices in all monitored markets were much higher than the same month in 2016 . For example , a kilo of sorghum had increased by about 629 percent in Juba , and 86 percent in Bentiu compared to the same time last year . The price of maize increased by 1 , 017 percent in Juba , while the price of beans , one of the major food imports , increased by more than 150 percent compared to last year ( despite the recent introduction of reduced customs duty on imported food to relax the pressure on prices ) . In general , on average , the prices of most food crops in major markets now hover around 345 percent to 1100 percent above their long ‐ term average ( 2007 ‐ 2015 ) . * * Overall , according to the National Bureau for Statistics , the Consumer Price Index increased by 480 percent from February 2016 to February 2017 mainly on account of higher food prices * * . The highest increases are registered for bread and cereals , with prices increasing by more than 600 percent between December 2015 and December 2016 ( see Figure 1 ) . Such extreme increases in prices have had a serious adverse impact on the purchasing power and the food security of poor households , the majority of", "spans": [{"start": 1626, "end": 1646, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Congo , Jeandron et al . ( 2015 ) link water interruptions to increased cholera incidence rate using time series data combining admission information from a Cholera Treatment Center and daily variations of water supplied by the water treatment plant . They find that the suspected cholera incidence rate typically increases by 155 % over the next 12 days following one day of outage , compared to the incidence rate following optimal water provision . Ashraf et al . ( 2017 ) find that water outages in Lusaka , Zambia , are associated with increased incidence of a number of diseases , such as diarrhea and respiratory infections . Case studies of specific water disruptions also find significant impacts of health . Huge diarrhea outbreaks caused by cholera and _Escherichia coli_ infections are observed after floods ( Ahern et al . , 2005 ; Qadri et al . , 2005 ) . Diarrheal pathogens can spread through direct contact with floodwater or through compromised water sources . However , their impact is temporary and prevalence of diarrhea in exposed and non-exposed groups are equal in the long-run ( Joshi et al . , 2011 ) . A case study from Alabama , US , looks at the effect of a freeze-related water emergency on diarrheal and respiratory illnesses . The researchers find a significantly higher risk of contracting diarrhea for households experiencing water disruptions and low water pressure and prevalence increases with the length of disruption ( Gargano et al . , 2015 ) . The diarrhea outbreak in Milwaukee which affected 403 , 000 individuals , was caused by a filtration system that malfunctioned after a heavy storm releasing the bacteria _Cryptosporidium oocysts_ in the water distribution system ( Hoxie et al . , 1997 ; Mac Kenzie et al . , 1994 ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 120, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 131, "end": 184, "text": "admission information from a Cholera Treatment Center", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TANZANIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE percent in 2000 to 40 percent in 2007 in rural parts of the country ( figure 10 ) . Similarly , urban access to safe water within 30 minutes from home decreased from 81 percent in 2000 to 75 percent in 2007 . * * Figure 10 . Access to safe water is declining , 2000-2007 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 2000 < br > 2007 2000 < br > 80 2007 < br > 60 < br > 2000 < br > 2007 < br > 40 < br > 2007 < br > 20 < br > 2000 < br > 0 < br > urban rural urban rural < br > access to clean and safe water < br > access to clean and safe water < br > within 30 min ( rural 2000 data NA ) < br > percentage of households < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Monitoring Progress in Water and Sanitation , WaterAid , Tanzania , March 2009 ( HBS 2007 ) . In addition , Tanzania ’ s utilities are highly inefficient ( table 6a ) . Distribution losses are typically around 45 percent , compared with 33 percent among peers . At around $ 0 . 40 per cubic meter , Tanzania ’ s water tariffs are substantially lower than those found in other African countries , covering only two thirds of the cost of service provision . The hidden costs of these inefficiencies are very substantial amounting to 145 percent of sector revenues . There is significant performance variation across Tanzania ’ s utilities ( table 6b ) . System losses range from 33 to 52 percent . Collection ratios range from 85 to over 100 percent . Cost recovery ratios range from 32 to 60 percent . Only the better performers ( Dodoma , Mwanza ) have hidden costs around the level of the low income country benchmark for Africa , while the worst performers ( Dawasco , Mbeya , Moshi ) have hidden costs in excess of 200 percent of revenues . In absolute terms , the hidden costs associated with", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "615 , 570 | - | 1 , 268 , 506 | - | * * 52 , 884 , 076 * * | * * 6 % * * | * * 35 % * * | | * * TOTAL * * | * * Budget * * | * * 1 , 621 , 244 , 381 * * | * * 5 , 274 , 955 * * | * * 143 , 554 , 123 * * | * * 131 , 764 , 764 * * | * * 1 , 901 , 838 , 224 * * | * * 100 % * * | | | | * * Expenditure * * | * * 747 , 600 , 502 * * | * * 1 , 998 , 892 * * | * * 31 , 157 , 159 * * | * * 82 , 547 , 299 * * | * * 863 , 303 , 853 * * | * * 100 % * * | * * 45 % * * | 1 Regional Bureau , regional activities and other operations in Africa cover the whole of the East and Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes region . * * 88 * * UNHCR GLOBAL REPORT 2020 UNHCR GLOBAL REPORT 2020 * * 89 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 25 | 13 | 315 % | - 86 % | - 42 % | - 92 % | | Belarus | 39 | 34 | 23 | 17 | 20 | 14 | 15 | 6 | 19 | 12 | - 53 % | - 9 % | - 58 % | 48 % | | Lebanon | 2 | 9 | 22 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 11 | 18 | 9 | 12 | 18 % | 62 % | 91 % | - 28 % | | Rep . of moldova | 12 | 31 | 30 | 16 | 9 | 6 | 16 | 10 | 2 | 10 | - 65 % | - 20 % | - 72 % | - 54 % | | Comoros | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 27 | 58 | 16 | 9 | 10 | 1300 % | - 32 % | 850 % | - 74 % | | other | 208 | 271 | 262 | 266 | 528 | 1 , 037 | 1 , 005 | 721 | 400 | 333 | 227 % | - 53 % | 53 % | - 58 % | | * * total * * | * * 3 , \u0003 242 * * | * * 3 , \u0003 838 * * | * * 5 , \u0003 435 * * | * * 5 , \u0003 880 * * | * * 6 , \u0003 929 * * | * * 18 , \u0003 347 * * | * * 10 , \u0003 530 * * | * * 7 , \u0003 902 * * | * * 7 , \u0003 027 * * | * * 6 , \u0003 393 * * | * * 257 % * * | * * - 47 % * * | * * 90 % * * | * * - 27 % * * | Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 23 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preferences are quasi-homothetic , the indirect utility function can be written where _γ_ denotes the ‘ subsistence ’ bundle and _φ_ ( _ · _ ) is an exact ( K ̈ onus ) cost-of-living index , which includes the opportunity cost of leisure , even if this does not vary . Hence , Aggregating over all households in the village yields the total ‘ commercial ’ benefit _B_ < sup > _c_ < / sup > = _M_ < sup > _c_ < / sup > _H_ . It is seen that transactions between villagers , whether in the form of tenancy , or labor services , draught animals , animal feed , or whatever , simply net out ; so that the resulting sum is just the village ’ s domestic product plus any net factor income from its dealings with the rest of the economy , that is to say , gross village income ( analogously to gross national income ) . Any changes in the aggregate production plan involve mainly changes in the purchases of inputs that the village cannot supply itself , such as artificial fertilizers , pesticides , motor fuel , certified seeds and the like , with an allowance for the costs of additional credit when needed . There is , however , a snag in employing ( 5 ) in practice . Whereas an exact cost-of-living index will duly incorporate the value of leisure , the standard indices do not ; nor , moreover , is leisure measured in the surveys available for present purposes . Changes in the real cost of the subsistence bundle are also ignored . Hence , estimates of _B_ < sup > _c_ < / sup > derived from ( 5 ) using , say , the consumer price index for agricultural laborers ( CPIAL ) and data on household incomes , as the surveys define income , will involve errors ; but if the changes in leisure are small , these are unlikely to be serious . Each of these alternatives is now illustrated with actual examples , drawing on Bell ( 2009a ) . The community in Himachal Pradesh enjoys a good standard of living and is heavily commercialized , the principal crop being apples . A stretch of", "spans": [{"start": 1518, "end": 1564, "text": "consumer price index for agricultural laborers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1579, "end": 1604, "text": "data on household incomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 1997 , page 166 ) . It was the outcome of the idea born during the Middle Ages and developed thereafter that science should be applied to industry and the practical affairs of humankind . As Azariadis and Stachurski ( 2005 ) point out , ― While the scientific achievements of the ancient Mediterranean civilizations and China were remarkable , in general there was little attempt to apply science to the economic problems of the peasants . Scientists and practical people had only limited interaction . ‖ Lin ( 1995 ) argues that the transition from innovation based on the experiences of artisan / farmers in the pre-industrial revolution period to innovation based on controlled experiments guided by science after the industrial revolution was the key factor . Societal incentives in pre-modern China did not favor the move toward the human capital accumulation needed for the new system of innovation . The result of this process was that ( at least prior to the year 2000 ) the global economy was dominated by the few industrialized economies that existed in the world , and most of these few economies had become industrialized either as leaders or earlier followers of the nineteenth century industrial revolution . Historical data ( Figure 3 ) dramatically reveal the divergent pattern of growth across country groupings . In the late nineteenth century , the Western European countries and their colonial ― offshoots ‖ began to experience an historic take-off in incomes per 5", "spans": [{"start": 1225, "end": 1240, "text": "Historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", our research draws from a total of over 34 , 000 observations . The average numbers of households in each round of data is : 2 , 784 in Ethiopia , 1 , 611 in Malawi , and 1 , 943 in Nigeria , though the actual number of households in the baseline and each round differ due to attrition . # * * 2 . 3 Livelihood Diversification Indices * * Prior to describing how we construct each of our livelihood diversification indices , we present the disaggregated categories in which households engage in income generation ( see Table 1 ) . The table shows pre-COVID income sources in each country at the most detailed level provided by the classification system used by the World Bank in the LSMS surveys . < sup > 3 < / sup > Income data is collected for all household members and we have summed across individuals to construct a household level measure . The indices we consider in this paper use aggregated versions of these income sources , though we show the most detailed level here for completeness . The post-outbreak phone surveys collected less detailed income data than the pre-outbreak in-person surveys . The income module was also not asked in every survey round . In surveys that did included a module on sources of income , those modules asked “ In the last 3 months , which of > 3In the LSMS data , income is reported in the local currency . To allow for cross-country comparisons , we convert income values to constant 2019 US dollars . 6", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 697, "text": "LSMS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1057, "end": 1068, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "remains strongly linked to their economic growth . Hence , to achieve decarbonization in the transport sector without prejudice to economic growth , there is a dire need to break this link . The long-term decoupling results show considerable differences in the decoupling status among countries by income levels . While many advanced economies have managed to achieve absolute or relative decoupling , in many developing countries per capita transport emissions are increasing at a much faster rate than per capita GDP growth . Increases in transport CO2 emissions were particularly pronounced in the two largest middle-income countries : China and India . Both are still contributing less to global transport CO2 emissions than their population shares , unlike the United States or the EU countries , but they are rapidly catching up and are to a large extent driving current increases in global transport CO2 emissions . Next , to explore the underlying drivers of CO2 emissions , we conduct both index decomposition and econometric analyses . For the decomposition analysis we specify two identities . The first decomposition breaks down emissions into three factors : emission intensity measured by transportation emissions per unit of GDP , economic growth ( in terms of GDP per capita ) , and population growth . In many developed countries , declining emission intensity contributes to the decoupling of transportation emissions from economic growth . In most developing countries , although emission intensity also fell , population and GDP growth outstripped these efficiency-related transport emission savings . In the second decomposition analysis , we further break down emission intensity ( measured as CO2 emissions per unit of GDP ) into carbon intensity of fuel consumption , energy intensity of transportation , and transport demand . We focus on the inland transportation sector , including rail and road sectors for which disaggregated data are available on travel volume measured by kilometers traveled by passengers and freight . Inland transportation is the largest source of global transport emissions , < mark > accounting for 84 percent of total emissions in 2018 . The results again show that efficiency improvements hav < / mark > e played an important role in flattening the emissions curve . Most countries have managed to reduce the energy intensity of inland transport . By", "spans": [{"start": 1941, "end": 1959, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_FM Supervision Report Second Phase of One WASH-CWA_ # # # # * * < u > Status of Previous Action Plan < / u > * * # # # # _Table 9 : Status of Previous Action Plan_ | * * Action * * < br > 1 < br > _Ati_ | * * Date Due By * * | * * Responsible * * < br > ( ) MF BF | * * Current Status * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | . < br > _ccounng_ < br > ( a ) Ensure complete rollout of the new IBEX by all project < br > implementing entities / users ; < br > ( b ) MoWE should begin to use the Peachtree record for reporting by < br > validating it until there is evidence that IFMIS is capable of < br > recording on project subcomponent & category of expenditures . | ( a ) EFY 2016 ; < br > ( b ) Ongoing during < br > implementation | < br > < br > a o , os , < br > Zone finance < br > ( b ) MoF & < br > MoWE | ; < br > ( a ) Regions have implemented IBEX < br > system . MoF is providing support to < br > rectify the bottlenecks of IBEX < br > implementation . < br > ( b ) MoWE already use Peachtree < br > record . | | 2 . < br > _Sub-Component Expenditures_ < br > Ensure that project transaction capturing , recording , and reporting < br > involve subcomponent information | Ongoing during < br > implementation | All implementing < br > entities | < br > Some program implementing entities < br > started . Follow up and support will < br > continue until the remaining start to < br", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 519, "text": "Peachtree record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "518 | 1 , 606 | 1 , 699 | 1 , 797 | | Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 133 | 175 | 225 | 283 | 350 | 416 | | HFO | 141 | 141 | 191 | 630 | 643 | 761 | 805 | 851 | 900 | 951 | 1 , 040 | 1 , 071 | 1 , 099 | 1 , 108 | 1 , 110 | 1 , 116 | | Diesel | 531 | 585 | 593 | 214 | 264 | 146 | 171 | 197 | 225 | 255 | 183 | 189 | 194 | 216 | 239 | 265 | | Consumption < br > ( GWh ) | 592 | 640 | 680 | 743 | 798 | 856 | 917 | 981 | 1 , 049 | 1 , 119 | 1 , 193 | 1 , 263 | 1 , 336 | 1 , 413 | 1 , 495 | 1 , 581 | | Losses ( GWh ) | 81 | 87 | 93 | 101 | 109 | 117 | 125 | 134 | 143 | 153 | 163 | 172 | 182 | 193 | 204 | 216 | _Source : Le Secteur de l ’ énergie au Tchad – Pistes de Solutions pour une Electricité Disponible et Accessible , Technidev , Octobre 2019 ; SNE Activity Report – 2017 ; / World Bank Power Sector Note for the Republic of Chad , June 2018_ Page 106", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 801, "text": "SNE Activity Report – 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Summary and Conclusions * * With a long history of political instability and conflict , as well as weak infrastructure and mountainous terrain , Afghanistan is particularly vulnerable to economic and natural shocks . The 2007-2008 global food crisis was no exception . Afghanistan experienced rapid increases in the prices of staple foods and other commodities due to both international and domestic factors . Our work makes several contributions in helping to understand how the people of Afghanistan were affected by , and how they coped with , these price shocks . While there has been an abundance of research on the causes of the food crisis , less has been done on household responses to the crisis . The household-level research that exists often uses pre-crisis survey data and simulation methods . We use the nationally-representative NRVA household survey data to assess the impact of rising food prices on household welfare . The data give us the opportunity to capture actual household behavior during the peak of the global crisis , providing rare insight into short-term coping mechanisms in a poor , conflict country . Over the course of the fieldwork ( August 2007 – September 2008 ) , the food price index increased by 40 % , with some of the largest price increases ( 100 % ) seen in wheat – the Afghan staple . Our analysis examines the food-based coping mechanisms ( i . e . , reductions in calorie and nutrient intake and dietary diversity ) that households employ in the face of such price shocks . During this time , food insecurity ( households with per capita daily calorie intake less than 2 , 100 calories ) increased by 10 percentage points to a striking 34 % in the fourth quarter ; that is , in the summer of 2008 over one-third of Afghan households were unable to meet the minimum daily energy requirements . We find that increases in the price of wheat flour lead to large reductions in real monthly per capita food consumption , but smaller declines in per capita daily calorie intake . Households are able to buffer the shock to energy intake by changing the composition of their diets . In particular , households move away from nutrient-rich foods", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 789, "text": "pre-crisis survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 852, "end": 878, "text": "NRVA household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of HMIS < br > reporting tools , 300 mother < br > child booklet , 3600 maternity < br > register , 3600 Antenatal < br > register , 3600 CWC register , < br > 3600 Logbook Register , 3600 < br > Household Register , 3000 EPI < br > tally sheet , 3000 < br > immunization monthly < br > summary , < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 32 , 750 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | 2018-11-22 | | | 2018-12-06 | | 2019-06-04 | | | KE-WAJIR COUNTY-84995 - < br > GO-RFQ / procurement of < br > 2000 mama kits to all L2 and < br > L3 facilities . < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | 2019-01-26 | | | 2019-02-08 | | 2019-06-08 | | | KE-WAJIR COUNTY-85096 - < br > GO-RFQ / Procurement of 15 < br > EPI fridges < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 90 , 000 . 00 | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 150, "text": "CWC register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * | | rains , which may occur < br > during < br > or < br > after < br > construction . < br > Ensure the use of eco - < br > friendly < br > building < br > materials and energy - < br > efficient designs , can < br > significantly < br > reduce < br > habitat < br > loss < br > and < br > greenhouse < br > gas < br > emissions . | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Gender Based < br > Violence |  Sensitization of construction < br > works shall be undertaken < br > and < br > included < br > in < br > the < br > construction < br > contract < br > conducted throughout the < br > projects . < br >  Any form of GBV will be < br > referred to the police for < br > handling . < br > and < br > where < br > necessary < br > psycho-social < br > support shall be provided by < br > the GBV serviceprovider ; |  Record of sensitizations < br > on GBV aspects . < br >  Police cases on GBV < br > related to project workers < br >  Cases handled by GBV < br > service provider . | Sensitization | Monthly and < br > Quarterly | Contractors , < br > CSC | 5 , 000 , 000 | 116 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 906, "end": 930, "text": "Record of sensitizations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Our empirical analysis makes use of data gathered as part of a 1992 World Bank field survey of 26 plants in the pulp and paper industry . The plants were distributed throughout Bangladesh , India , Indonesia and Thailand . The survey gathered the following information about each plant : - The process technology in place . Four processes were in operation : stone ground ; soda ; kraft sulphate and sulphite ; and waste-paper-based pollution . In our analysis , we characterize the stone ground process as \" clean \" because it does not use polluting chemicals . - Ownership in three categories : state-owned enterprises ( SOE ) , domestic privately-owned enterprises ( POE ) and - multinational enterprises ( MNC ) . - Characterization of geographical location by degree of urbanization : Big city ( population greater than 1 million ) , small city ( population less than 1 million ) , or rural area . - The size of the plant measured by total employment . - Whether foreign financing and / or donor aid supported plant construction . - The existence of local pressure to abate observed pollution . - The cost competitiveness of the plant relative to other plants in the domestic market . - The pollution abatement efforts undertaken by the plant . The focus of this measure for the most part is end-of-pipe abatement . To this data base , we have added the following information about the economic and regulatory environment in which each plant operated : 10", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 116, "text": "1992 World Bank field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Public Financial Management Reforms Secretariat Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * # # # # * * Notes to the Financial * * Statements * * ( Continued ) * * # # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts * * The balances in the Project ' s Special Deposit Account ( s ) as of 30th June 2024 are not included in the Statement of Financial Assets since the line items are yet to be drawn into the Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule , which shows the flow of funds voted in the year . These funds have been reported as loans / grants received in the year under the Statement of Receipts and Payments . # # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | | * * n2023-2024 * * | * * 2022-2023 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * ( i ) * * < br > * * A / CName [ A / cNo . . . . . . * * | | | | Opening balance | * * 32 , 818 * * | * * 32 , 818 * * | | Totalamountdepositedintheaccount | | | | Totalamountwithdrawn ( asper StatementofReceipts < br > Payments ) | | | | * * Closingbalance * * * * _ ( asperSDAbankaccountreconciliation_ * * < br > * * _attached ) _ * * | | | | * * ( ii ) A / cName [ A / cNo . . . . . . ] * * | | | | Openingbalance ( asperthe * * SDA * * reconciliation ) | | | | Total amountdepositedintheaccount | | | | Total amountwithdrawn (", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 780, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | including HIV < br > and Aids | | isclosure < br > be < br > instituted < br > and < br > implemented as part of the < br > Contractor ’ s Health and < br > Safety Management Plan < br > to be enforced by the < br > Supervising Engineer . < br >  < br > This will involve periodic < br > HIV / AIDS < br > and < br > other < br > communicable < br > diseases < br > Awareness", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The next section of the paper describes the data used in our empirical analysis . Section 3 lays out the context , describing the structure of villages , the nature of female seclusion norms , and the salience of caste , following which , in sections 4 , 5 , and 6 we present , respectively , our empirical framework , results , and policy experiment . We conclude in section 7 . # 2 Data Our analysis combines representative household survey data with information from a village and school census undertaken in the two most populous provinces of Pakistan , Punjab and Sindh . The household data come from the second round of the Pakistan Rural Household Survey ( PRHS-II ) conducted in 2004-05 , in which 3519 households were randomly drawn from 165 villages . The school census collects detailed information on all schools inside each of these villages as well as schools lying within a 2 km walk of the perimeter of each settlement / habitation of the village . < sup > 2 < / sup > GPS coordinates are available for households and schools , so the distance between each can be calculated . The hamlet in which households and schools are located is also known . The PRHS-II village census provides land ownership data and the caste / clan ( zaat / biradari ) affiliation of every household in each of the 165 villages . The school census identifies 1326 schools of which 1112 ( 84 % ) have classes at the elementary level ( up to grade 5 ) . Of these , 63 % are exclusively elementary schools , while the rest had an elementary school attached to a middle or high school . Since three-fourths of elementary schools are public ( 90 % in Sindh province ) , government school allocation is central in determining access to education ( Appendix Table A . 1 , Panel A ) . Among elementary schools , 51 % are coeducational , 28 % are exclusively for boys and 21 % exclusively for girls . Public elementary schools are far more likely to be single-sex ( 62 % ) compared to private ones ( 13 % ) . We consider all children who were age 9-15 in the survey", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 447, "text": "representative household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 472, "end": 497, "text": "village and school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 630, "end": 661, "text": "Pakistan Rural Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 766, "end": 779, "text": "school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1168, "end": 1190, "text": "PRHS-II village census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 115 , 156 | 1 , 307 , 071 | | | ( 346 , 188 ) | ( 242 , 429 ) | ( 451 , 666 ) | ( 237 , 573 ) | | No | 14 , 205 , 739 | 14 , 780 , 783 | 11 , 799 , 655 | 15 , 115 , 205 | | | ( 383 , 993 ) | ( 278 , 064 ) | ( 493 , 215 ) | ( 311 , 635 ) | | Don ' t Know | 1 , 109 , 367 | 831 , 381 | 3 , 629 , 792 | 1 , 137 , 212 | | | ( 205 , 851 ) | ( 147 , 278 ) | ( 357 , 983 ) | ( 220 , 189 ) | | Observations | 947 | 880 | 1 , 080 | 881 | _Note_ : Each column reports the estimated total number of people living in households that respond “ yes , ” “ no , ” or “ don ’ t know ” to whether a series of statements were true . The questions about false beliefs were only asked in the first phone survey round in Uganda and only asked in the second round in Malawi . Standard errors are in parentheses . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - * * b ) Training and Extension Service : * * Intensification of cereal crop production is one of the major strategies to achieve higher agricultural productivity that could sustainably re-establish PAHs ’ livelihoods , restore incomes , and improve their overall wellbeing . In the context of agricultural practices of the Subproject-affected communities , the effectiveness of the crop intensification strategy , in turn , presupposes strong farmers ’ awareness , training , and extension service to promote the adoption of various agricultural technologies , inputs , and techniques that might be either unfamiliar , or newly introduced in the Subproject affected communities . To overcome such barriers , EEP in close collaboration with respective Woreda Administrations and sector offices will support awareness raising , the provision of tailored training , and extension service targeted at those PAHs embraced by cereal crop production improvement sub-component of this livelihood restoration strategy . # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 . 1 . 2 Livestock Production Improvement Sub-Component * * < mark > With regard to livestock ownership and production of households reside in Subproject influence Kebeles , the socioeconomic sample survey finding revealed that 85 . 6 % of the sample households reported that they have at least one or more livestock . < / mark > < mark > The crucial role of livestock in the local economy , and among PAHs in particular , can be demonstrated in several ways . These include the following : < / mark > - a ) As part of a mixed farming system , livestock is a perfect complement to the farming system ( nutrition – milk and meat , traction power , natural fertilizer , cash income from sales ) . - b ) Livestock / dairy production and cattle fattening are among the choices made by the majority of PAHs as a key livelihood restoration strategy they would like to engage in . -", "spans": [{"start": 1366, "end": 1393, "text": "socioeconomic sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 # * * ANNEX * * # # # # # * * Questionnaire * * - a . During the last month , did you do any work , for wage , salary , commissions , tips or any other pay , in cash or in kind , even if only for one hour ? Yes , no - b . If no : Thank you very much for your time . ( hang up ) - c . If yes : What is the duration of your latest contract or agreement with your employer ( s ) ( including verbal agreement ) ? a . Day - b . Week - c . Month - d . Less than one year - e . One year or more - f . No specific duration - d . For how long have you been working for this employer ( s ) ( since you started with him or her ? even if irregularly ) ? - a . Less than 3 months - b . 3 to 6 months - c . 6 months to 12 months - d . Longer than 12 months - e . Which sector do you usually work in ? - a . Agriculture - b . Construction ( Includes working on infrastructure construction , construction of buildings and repair and maintenance of building and infrastructure ) - i . When was your last entry to Jordan ? Year __________ - ii . When did you first start working in construction in Jordan ? Year __________ - iii . Which of the following best describes your current work situation ( most of the time ) ? 1 . Self-employed worker paid by the building owner 2 . I work by task and I hire and pay other workers to help me - a . How many workers on average : ______ - b . Are they ( multiple choices ) : 1 . Syrians - ii . Do the Syrian workers have work permits - a . Yes b . No - c .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "664 | 13 | 685 | 4 | 429 | 0 . 006 | 687 | 7 | 682 | | 18 | Nanyang Technological U | Singapore | 0 % | 8 | 456 | 17 | 489 | 46 | 541 | 4 | 429 | 0 . 021 | 541 | 16 | 596 | | 18 | Nat Cheng-Chi U | Taiwan < br > ( China ) | 41 % | 17 | 255 | 18 | 468 | 50 | 528 | 4 | 429 | 0 . 023 | 529 | 19 | 562 | | 18 | Nat Coun of Appl Econ Res | < br > India | 17 % | 6 | 541 | 10 | 616 | 24 | 644 | 4 | 429 | 0 . 011 | 644 | 8 | 671 | | 18 | < br > Nat Tsing Hua U | Taiwan < br > | 0 % | 5 | 619 | 16 | 504 | 73 | 467 | 4 | 429 | 0 . 033 | 469 | 43 | 388 | | | | ( China ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 18 | Pontificia U Catolica de Chile | < br > Chile | 13 % | 8 | 456 | 16 | 497 | 62 | 496 | 4 | 429 | 0 . 028 | 497 | 24 | 504 | | 18 | U Buenos Aires | Argentina | 13 % | 8 | 456 | 16 | 500 | 70 | 475 | 4 | 429 | 0 . 032 | 476 | 23 | 522 | | 18 | U Philippines | Philippines | 18 % | 11 | 370 | 25 | 398 | 107 | 402 | 4 | 429 | 0 . 049 | 403 | 58 | 331 | Notes : Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case", "spans": [{"start": 993, "end": 1037, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1063, "end": 1091, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "see Table A2 in Annex A ) . In addition , almost 8 percent of respondents are illiterate . When it comes to respondents ’ perceptions of their own socioeconomic status , the majority of Latin Americans and Caribbeans identify as middle ( 33 . 8 percent ) or lower middle class ( 31 . 7 percent ) . Less than 2 percent of respondents say they are upper class , while 6 percent claim to be upper middle class . In terms of employment , roughly one-fifth of respondents are salaried employees , while about a quarter report being engaged in caring for family and household responsibilities or not working . Notably , one-third of respondents report being self-employed , indicating that vulnerable employment is highly prevalent in the region . < sup > 12 < / sup > See Table A2 in Annex A . > 12 Although there is no direct inquiry into informality in the Latinobarómetro survey of 2020 , the self-employment status effectively captures this well-known phenomenon in LAC . 12", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 876, "text": "Latinobarómetro survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social * * < br > * * NPV / ha * * < br > * * ( US $ ) * * | * * Private * * < br > * * NPV / ha * * < br > * * ( US $ ) * * | * * Social * * < br > * * IRR * * < br > * * ( % ) * * | * * Private * * < br > * * IRR ( % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Maize pricereduction50 % | 2 , 116 | 1 , 895 | 31 . 1 | 21 . 3 | | Fertilizerpriceincrease 50 % | 2 , 376 | 2 , 075 | 26 . 5 | 25 | | Maize price reduction 50 % + < br > fertilizerpriceincrease 50 % | 1 , 471 | 1 , 186 | 20 . 1 | 17 | | No use of calliandra and napier < br > biomass . | 758 | 326 | 11 . 6 | 5 . 8 | # * * ICR analysis : profitability * * 5 . The implementation completion EFA takes into account activities under component 2 , Investment in community SLM micro-projects and resulting social and private benefits : # _ < u > Social benefits related to SLM practices : < / u > _ 6 . The project supported a total of 225 community micro-projects through which SLM technologies . Percent increase in cultivated areas in which promoted SLM technologies and practices have been adopted in the project operational area ( PDO Indicator 1 ) , increased by 600 percent , to 31 , 400 acres ( 12 , 707 ha ) compared to the project target of 4 , 484 acres . In addition , 2 . 8 million trees ( ca . 1 , 000 ha ) and 0 . 8 million fruit trees ( ca . 450 ha ) were planted", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > . 460 < br > . 436 < br > Aggr . < br > Yearly < br > Nom < br > All < br > . 265 < br > . 323 < br > . 201 < br > Aggr . < br > Yearly < br > Trend < br > All < br > . 281 < br > . 339 < br > . 218 < br > Aggr . < br > Yearly < br > Nom < br > All < br > . 324 < br > . 370 < br > . 274 < br > Aggr . < br > Yearly < br > Trend < br > All < br > . 319 < br > . 361 < br > . 273 < br > 1 : Average of the adjusted _R_2 from regressing the fows shown < br > ral advanced countries and another factor estimated from 12 em < br > orresponds to advanced countries ( characterized by nonbig = 0 o < br > hile \" Small \" correspond to 63 non-large countries ( characterized < br > \" CCR \" uses the factors provided in Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) ; \" PC \" sta < br > ipal components estimator ; \" Aggr . \" indicates that all fow types a < br > quarterly factors are aggregated to the annual level ( rather than b < br > rend \" indicates that fows are normalized by trend GDP ( compute < br > at yearly frequency ) , as opposed to current GDP , indicated as \" < br > rom advanced and 2 factors from emerging countries are used . < br > of freedom are excluded . Values in the frst row correspond to < br > 17c ) . When using disaggregated fow data , the column \" All ty < br > 17c ) , the average the adjusted_R_2over FDI , portfolio equity , portf < br > ( portfolio debt plus portfolio equity ) . | | Factors < br > CCR < br > PC < br > PC < br > PC < br > PC < br > CCR < br > PC", "spans": [{"start": 1219, "end": 1241, "text": "disaggregated fow data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Total | 10 , 285 , 400 | 12 , 794 , 400 | 1 Newly reported IDPs at the start of the year and not included in previous UNHCR statistics . 2 According to the Constitutional Court of Colombia , there are serious discrepancies between the real magnitude of the situation and the figures of the national registration system . In a latest Order of Compliance to the Landmark Judgment on Displacement , the Court cites the Director of the _Agencia Presidencial de Acción Social y la Cooperación Internacional_ who acknowledged in public statements that IDP figures in Colombia are close to 3 million ( Order of Compliance 218 , dated 11 August 2006 , related to the Landmark Judgment T-025 ) . 3 Revised figures for start-2006 . 4 Although counted as IDPs here ( and officially referred to as such by the Montenegrin Government ) , this population consists of persons displaced from Serbia ( Kosovo ) who are not being accorded the same rights as Montenegrin citizens in practice . 5 Government statistics , the increase is currently being reviewed by UNHCR", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 134, "text": "UNHCR statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 977, "end": 998, "text": "Government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement benefit from KISIP . Two of the specific informal settlements in Machakos that are beneficiaries of KISIP are Kariobangi Informal Settlement and Swahili Informal Settlement . * * Figure 3 : Location of Swahili and Kariobangi Informal Settlement in Machakos Municipality * * Source : Socio-Economic Survey undertaken as part of the consultancy # # # * * 2 . 2 . 2 Consultancy Services for Detailed Design , Bid Documentation and Works Supervision * * CAS Consultants Ltd . has signed a contract with KISIP to undertake consultancy services for socio-economic surveys , infrastructure upgrading plans , and detailed engineering designs in selected informal settlements in Nairobi , Machakos , and Naivasha municipalities . The selected informal settlements are : a ) in Nairobi Municipality : Kayole Soweto , and KCC ( Embakasi ) ; b ) Machakos Municipality : Kariobangi , and Swahili ; and , c ) Naivasha Municipality : Kihoto , Karagita , Kamere , and Tarabete / Kasarani . The tasks of the consultancy , which are to cover each assigned settlement , are grouped into two Phases and are as follows : * * Phase 1 : * * a ) Undertaking socio-economic study ( i . e . a sample survey of resident households ) ; b ) preparing a preliminary settlement upgrading plan , including proposed infrastructure ; c ) conducting community level consultations to determine infrastructure investment priorities of residents ; d ) preparing estimated cost based on the preliminary design and proposal for packaging of works contracts in consultation with Ministry of Lands , Housing and Urban Development ; e ) preparing a baseline for the set of indicators in the Results Framework in the Project Appraising Document , including an environmebnt and socio-economic profile of the settlement ( using data from the socio-economic survey and the preliminary settlement upgrading plan ) ; and , f ) preparing", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 444, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1307, "end": 1343, "text": "sample survey of resident households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1936, "end": 1957, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it is necessary to ascertain such underlying basic facts as whether certain household groups tend to be precluded from employment in all-inclusive resorts ; whether local agricultural products are deemed as suitable for purchase by hotels and restaurants ; or whether any obstacles exist to development of handicrafts and local services as hotels are built . To answer these kinds of questions and develop monitoring of local-level impacts , it is necessary to conduct destination level surveys of at least a few selected areas where tourism has already developed . # * * 7 . Conclusions and Policy Recommendations * * The tourism sector has large significance for the Panamanian economy because of very high and rapidly increasing arrivals of foreign tourists and high levels of spending . This is evident from very large contribution of the sector to GDP — somewhere in the range of 6 to 9 percent ; arrivals of foreign tourists that exceed 70 percent of the country ’ s population over a year ; and particularly high economic significance in relative terms in peripheral areas such as Bocas del Toro . Furthermore , the tourism sector has the highest multiplier effects on the economy — that are nearly double the multiplier of Zone Colon and the Canal — because of very high backward and forward linkages . The sector also has a large potential to benefit the poor — most of the gains in household incomes from Zone Colon , the Canal and other sectors of the economy accrue to urban non-poor households 16", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 494, "text": "destination level surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 161 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * * * Bujagali * * Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 artefacts collected habe been found elsewhere in East Africa . The archaeological assessment report is provided as Appendix C . 8 of the SEA report . Uganda is a multicultural society with several ethnic groups . The southern reach of the Victoria Nile , i . e . , south of Lake Kyoga , is made up entirely of people of Bantu descent ( Fountain Publishers Ltd . , 1999 ) . The baseline socio-economic survey identified 22 ethnic groups in the project area as defined in the RAP . The Basoga < sup > are < / sup > dominant on both riverbanks although there are significant numbers of Baganda , particularly on the west bank . Other significant groups are the Basamya , Teso , Banyole , Bagwere , Bagisu and Badama . In recent years there has been a new sense of cultural pride and a renewed interest < sup > in < / sup > traditional culture , particularly on the east bank . The Basoga cultural King ' Kyabazinga ' was inaugurated in 1997 . There is a dominance of Basoga traditions and beliefs on the east bank and Baganda traditions and beliefs on the west < sup > bank . < / sup > Along the Victoria Nile , Luganda ( west of the river ) and Lusoga ( east of the < sup > river ) < / sup > are the languages that predominate south of Lake Kyoga . These languages are very similar to one another and are mutually understandable . Religious beliefs are divided in Uganda : 33 percent are Roman Catholic , 33 percent are Protestant , 16 percent are Muslim , and 18 percent practice indigenous beliefs ( CIA , 1999 ) . Within the study area , 30 percent of households are Catholic , < sup > 30 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 553, "text": "baseline socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * g . Worker Training * * < sup > * * 35 * * < / sup > Worker training is a right in many countries . Ongoing upgrading of the work force through training , particularly in rapidly evolving industries , is a central element of the national innovation system . * * _Training tends to have a positive impact on productivity_ . . . * * In general , the available rigorous empirical evaluations of training programs find that training increases firm-level productivity , ( Tan and Lopez-Acevedo , 2003 ; Barrera and Higuera , 2004 among others for LAC ) . The impact on subsequent earnings is less clear , the productivity increases can translate into higher wage premiums but especially for skilled workers * * . * * Firm investments in training tend to pay off particularly when training takes place in-house and benefits already skilled workers . Further , it has been found that increased continuity of training leads to larger impact on productivity than does intermittent training . _ . . . _ * * _and is complementary to firm R & D and technology adoption_ * * _ . _ Firm-level data show that firms that are capital intensive and / or invest in R & D and technological change are more likely to train workers ( Barrera and Higuera , 2004 ; Gill , Dar , and Fluitman , 1998 , and Tan and Batra , 1995b and 1997 ) . * * _Larger firms are more likely to provide training_ * * in the Caribbean , Colombia , Mexico , and LAC in general . < sup > 36 < / sup > Small firms may be more constrained by resources , lack knowledge about training benefits , invest less and have higher labor turnover rates than large firms ( De Ferranti , 2003 ) . Some evidence from Mexico suggests that membership of a union raises the likelihood of receiving training ( Lopez Acevedo 2002 ) . * * _Training is not a substitute for good schools . _ * * Firms overwhelmingly choose to train skilled ( secondary education or above ) workers . This is an exceptionally robust finding that is salient in cross-country household surveys , administrative databases", "spans": [{"start": 1074, "end": 1089, "text": "Firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1981, "end": 2012, "text": "cross-country household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2015, "end": 2039, "text": "administrative databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "customs declarations indicating whether the firm had positive export revenues in each year . Using unique worker identifiers , we have matched these data with detailed administrative records on training activity at the trainee-level from the main provider in the manufacturing sector . The individual training records contain detailed information on training category and course duration , enrollment and completions dates . The training courses provided are grouped in five categories , which serve different objec2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "excessive deficits in good times . Fiscal rules also tend to foster creative accounting , as governments seek to comply with the rules without making unpopular choices . More generally , fiscal rules strengthen the unintended effects of accounting choices . Rules that limit the cash deficit , for example , can encourage the build-up of spending or tax-refund arrears and discourage spending on revenue-generating public investments ( Easterly and Servén 2003 , Blanchard and Giavazzi 2008 , Servén 2008 ) . At worst , governments may adopt fiscal rules with little intention of following them , perhaps to please international advisers and lenders ( see Andrews 2003 , Schick 2013 ) . * * To work , fiscal rules need the support of public financial management * * . It must be possible to measure whether the government has complied with the rules , so reliable accounts and statistics are needed . The measurements should also be credible to outsiders , so it is helpful if accounts and statistics follow international standards and are independently audited or prepared . It is easier for a government to follow fiscal rules if it has unbiased and reasonably accurate forecasts and understands the risks surrounding those forecasts . Having an independent fiscal institution make or check the forecasts can help ensure that the government ’ s predictions of compliance with rules are believable . Since most tax and spending programs cannot efficiently be changed overnight , effective systems of medium-term planning are valuable . And good budgeting and expenditure control can help the government to stick to the spending plans it has made . * * The main alternative to fiscal rules is to rely on quantitative fiscal targets and good public financial management . * * Well-designed budgeting , forecasting , accounting , and fiscal statistics can reveal the long-term fiscal costs of short-sighted policies , and a focus on prudent fiscal policy can be encouraged by a procedural rule requiring the government to announce its fiscal targets and to report publicly on whether it has achieved them . This approach is not legally constraining , but by raising the political costs of running of an imprudent fiscal policy , it may have an effect similar to that of fiscal rules . Indeed , though", "spans": [{"start": 864, "end": 887, "text": "accounts and statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1832, "end": 1849, "text": "fiscal statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Mining Manufacturing Mfg - low tech Mfg - medium Mfg - high - Business Other services < br > fishing tech med . tech services < br > Backward GVC Forward GVC < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE and TiVA data , covering 48 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Note : GVC participation-employment ( GVC participation-income , resp . ) elasticities at the country-sector level have been estimated using an instrumental variables regression approach with employment ( in natural logs ) as dependent variable and the instrumented trade variables ( in levels and natural logs ) as independent variable . The panel data regressions control for country-sector , country-time , and sector-time fixed effects . Only results significant at the 10 % level and above the critical value for the Kleibergen-Paap test statistic are reported . For more information , see appendix 1 . A closer look at broad sectors suggests that the employment and income benefits from GVC participation are driven by manufacturing . Manufacturing job growth linked to export growth is higher when those exports are re-exported by a country ’ s trade partners ( i . e . , forward GVC participation ) as opposed to job growth linked to growth of imported inputs in exports ( i . e . , backward GVC participation ) , as evidenced by the higher trade-employment elasticities for the former type of trade engagement ( 0 . 57 percent vs . 0 . 32 percent in Figure 5 , top panel ) . The difference is most striking in the high-tech manufacturing sector which includes electronics , machinery , transport equipment and chemicals . In 9", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 258, "text": "OECD TiE and TiVA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ES , making it possible to link performance during the COVID-19 pandemic back to firm characteristics collected through the ES . The ES cover formal ( registered ) firms with five or more employees and are designed to be nationally representative for the manufacturing and service sectors . For the countries in our sample , the most recent ES was conducted in 2019 or early 2020 . < sup > 6 < / sup > The ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys include questions on government support received during the pandemic . They also ask firms about changes in performance during the crisis , as well as expectations for the next months . Table A . 2 provides the definitions of the variables included in our analysis . Tables 1 and 2 present the summary statistics of the share of firms that received government support and when they did so . Table 3 presents the summary statistics on firm characteristics and performance . > 2 More information on the ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys is available at https : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / en / covid-19 . > 3 Four rounds of data were collected in Jordan . > 4 At least three rounds of survey data are also available for 3 countries in the Middle East and North Africa , 2 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa , and 4 countries in high-income Europe and Central Asia . > 5 Armenia and North Macedonia have later Rounds 2 and Rounds 3 compared to the other 13 countries in our sample . Our results in this paper are robust for a sub-sample of 13 countries which drops Armenia and North Macedonia from the original sample . > 6 For most countries , the surveys were completed before March 2020 . For Romania , 92 percent of the interviews were completed before March 2020 . Our results are similar when we exclude the 8 percent of observations from Romania that were collected in or after March 2020 . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1134, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "West Bank , Report on Baseline DATA , SENES Consultants Ltd & ARIJ , November 2012 < br > Hebron governorate < br > ( serviced & non serviced areas ) < br > Bethlehem governorate < br > ( serviced & non serviced areas ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the two years , although the 2020 bump happens to line up with the start of the pandemic , though the jump in prayer seems to be larger in 2020 . # 3 . 3 Food prices Figure 11 breaks down the average prices by region . There is a single pattern tying all of these different food items together : there is a marked drop in average prices between March and May / June . The largest drop differs by food – for example , the largest drop for eggs is in South Asia in June through August , while the largest drop for chicken is in East Asia and the Pacific as well as the Middle East and North Africa . Moreover , while exact patterns differ across regions – bread and egg prices seem relatively flat in the Middle East and North Africa , for example – there appear to be clear similarities . It seems unlikely that this is driven by , for example , simple seasonal patterns for a couple of reasons . First , the same patterns are seen throughout all regions , with relatively few exceptions . Since these regions are quite heterogeneous – for example , the agricultural season is at different times of the year in many of the countries – it seems unlikely that seasonal patterns could drive the shared variation . Second , Figure A1 in the appendix presents average global prices for rice , taken from the Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis and the IMF . It does not appear that yearly prices , at least for rice , tend to be lower in May and June than in January . If anything , it is usually the opposite . The final set of results breaks down food prices by country income category . We present these results in Figure 12 . The results are consistent with the patterns seen in the previous figure , although this breakdown adds a bit more information . Specifically , the drop was much lower in low-income countries for several foods – eggs , milk , rice , and , especially , chicken and onions . For 10", "spans": [{"start": 1254, "end": 1284, "text": "average global prices for rice", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", I present the placebo test results , using the pre-FPE data , assuming that FPE was introduced in 1999 , such that the first FPE-treated cohort entered university in 2011 . Third , I narrow the age window to include only students aged between 18 and 22 years old . Fourth , I present the semiparametric DID results controlling for some confounding factors , particularly the discontinuity of PESP at NUL , which affected all students doing physical science-based programs . Lastly , I present the doubly robust DID estimates that are robust to misspecification in either the propensity score ( _π_ 0 ( * * X * * _i_ ) _ ≡ P_ ( _D_ = 1 _ | _ * * X * * _i_ ) ) or the outcome regression models for _E_ [ _Yit | D_ = _d , T_ = _t , _ * * X * * _i_ ] , < sup > 16 < / sup > following Sant ’ Anna and Zhao ( 2020 ) . # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 Who entered the university post FPE ? * * Given that I use university administrative data , which are not representative of the population , one basic concern could be that the students who got admitted into university post FPE program are different from those admitted pre-FPE in a number of ways . First , it could be that post FPE program , the number of those completing secondary school and qualifying for university entrance > 15I explain the PESP program in detail below . > 16Sant ’ Anna and Zhao ( 2020 ) shows that the outcome regression DID estimator is given as _δ_ ˆ _DID_ = _Y_ ̄ 1 _ , _ 1 _ − _ ̄ � _Y_ 1 _ , _ 0 + _n_ < sup > _ − _ < / sup > _treat_ < sup > 1 < / sup > � _i | Di_ = 1 < sup > ( ˆ < / sup > < sup > _μ_0 < / sup > < sup > _ , _1 ( < / sup > < sup > * * X * * < / sup > < sup > _i_ ) < /", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 61, "text": "pre-FPE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 891, "end": 921, "text": "university administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Municipal Program ( FY10 ) ( P066488 ) project but which provided data for the original 15 participant municipalities . # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * The M & E system was implemented by first appointing an M & E specialist to the MTIHUD KMP team . M & E data were collected from county governments and other stakeholders based on the revised Results Framework . Quarterly project progress reports especially in the last two years of project implementation improved and were reported satisfactory . Ownership of the M & E system was evident in the regular visits made by the M & E team to participant cities to document progress and document impact from project investments and its use as basis for supervisory mission discussion of project progress ( see below on Utilization ) . End-of-project beneficiary assessments were conducted to document project outcomes . The M & E system was fine tuned as the project was implemented as reported in the Bank team ' s aide memoires . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * The project team generated progress reports to inform discussions during implementation support missions and helped identify challenges and measures to address them . Information generated by M & E reframed implementation strategy . For example , slow implementation of works contracts during the initial period were discussed and the Bank responded with intensified training ( see also Section 8 , Bank Performance ) . M & E findings were disseminated and informed the direction of the project . For example , redirecting resources to address the cost overrun in the Mombasa drainage project meant that other infrastructure investments could not be realistically implemented and were dropped . # # * * M & E Quality Rating * * Substantial # # * * 10 . Other Issues * * # # * * a . Safeguards * * The project was assigned an Environmental Category B for the purposes of OP / BP 4 . 01 , which requires a", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 361, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 6 : Change in the absolute and relative valuations of equity and debt and the PEPP The dependent variable in regression 1 is the change in the market value of equity on March 19 , 2020 divided by the book value of assets at the end of 2019 . The dependent variable in regression 2 is the change in the market value of debt on March 19 , 2020 divided by the book value of assets at the end of 2019 . The dependent variable in regression 3 is the change in the market value of equity on March 19 , 2020 divided by the sums of the changes in the market values of equity and debt on March 19 , 2020 , conditional on both of these being positive . The dependent variable in regression 4 is the change in the market value of equity on March 19 , 2020 divided by the sums of the changes in the market values of equity and debt on March 19 , 2020 , conditional on the sum of these being positive . Investment grade is a dummy variable indicating a long term , domestic or foreign , issuer credit rating of at least ( lower than ) BBB - / Baa3 issued by either Moody ’ s , S & P or Fitch . Leverage is liabilities divided by assets at the end of 2019 . Log of assets is the natural logarithm of assets at the end of 2019 . ROA is net income before extraordinary items divided by assets at the end of 2019 . Book-to-market is the book value of equity divided by the market value of equity at the end of 2019 . Beta is the coefficient of a regression of the daily log stock return on the daily log return of the MSCI World index . Regressions include country fixed effects . Robust standard errors clustered at the country level are in parentheses . * , * * and * * * denote significance at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . | | ( 1 ) < br > dMVE / Book < br > assets | ( 2 ) < br > dMVD / Book < br > assets | ( 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Firstly , we reproduce the results by applying weights to the sample of businesses to generate the weighted average treatment effects . The weights employed were based on firm size , sector , and region . This did not have a qualitative impact on the findings ( see Table A2 in the Appendix ) , but as expected , the level of variance increases once weights are applied . Table A2 is restricted to all respondents who participated in both listing experiments . This shrinks the sample size to 2 , 272 but does not meaningfully change our results . Finally , we reproduce our analysis , including all respondents who refused to answer these questions and treated them as if they did not evade taxes . This still shows that substantial evasion is likely to be present . # * * 5 . 2 Heterogeneous Effects * * The double list experiment was included as part of the WBES which collects extensive information on firm characteristics and the beliefs of top managers or owners , which means that there are many dimensions along which heterogeneity in the main findings could be explored . We rely on a machine learning algorithm to identify the dimensions where substantial and consistent heterogeneity exists . Specifically , we use a causal forest technique < sup > 10 < / sup > to identify where the greatest heterogeneity occurs across 27 potential dimensions that are captured in the survey prior to the double list experiment questions . A list of these 27 dimensions together with a measure of their relative heterogeneity in tax evasion prevalence is presented in Table A3 in the Appendix . We use this inductive approach to identify heterogeneity as ex ante , it is not immediately clear which dimensions will exhibit the most significant variation in tax evasion . Importantly , we focus our analysis on the dimensions where substantial and consistent heterogeneity exists in both list experiments . There are instances where differences across some dimensions are meaningful in only one of the list experiments and where the direction of heterogeneity varies . As we are interested in the most robust results , we do not focus on these dimensions where heterogeneity is not substantial or consistent across > 10The causal forest function", "spans": [{"start": 861, "end": 865, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requirements to enable them implement the project effectively . It would also require to designate focal staff within its finance department to ensure project financial processes are well coordinated within the organization including reporting to the PCU . 6 . The assessment covered the financial management arrangements in planning & budgeting , funds flow , accounting , reporting , internal controls and internal audit and external audit and oversight arrangements : # # * * 6 . 1 Planning & Budgeting * * 7 . Adequate budgeting processes are in place at MoE , TSC and JKF . The budgeting process in the three implementing entities are anchored and undertaken according to the PFM Act 2012 and PFM Act regulations 2015 . MoE , TSC and JKF prepare annual budget estimates that are approved by parliament to use through Appropriation Bill . JKF budget is based on its own incomes ( appropriation in aid ) . The annual budget estimates are captured in the IFMIS through the budget classification codes . The IFMIS system is capable of tracking budget executions reports by fund source and project components and specific program expenditures . Budget processing in MoE , TSC and JKF is led by the budget office and follows the government budgeting cycle . # # * * 6 . 2 Funds Flow , disbursements and banking arrangements * * * * 8 . * * There are adequate funds flow arrangements on transfer of funds from World Bank to MoE and TSC and to the MoE / TSC county offices . Funds from World Bank to MoE and TSC are deposited in the respective special USD / Euro Designated Accounts at Central Bank of Kenya . JKF , being an entity under MoE would receive funds through MoE . Non comingled accounts are maintained by MDAs at Central Bank of Kenya * * . MoE and TSC have since opened two Euro bank accounts each in the CBK for the IDA credit and grant . A total of four ( 4 ) Euro designated accounts . With the GPE AF , they will use the opened ( pooled", "spans": [{"start": 957, "end": 962, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1009, "end": 1014, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the number of routes they are found , and not the number of structures they are . This is discussed later . * * Case Summary * * | | | | Cases | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | V | alid | Missing | | | T | otal | | | N | Percent | N | Percent | N | | Percent | | Cross Tabulation of Type of Affected Structure and Group of | 635 | 99 . 2 % | 5 | . 8 % | 640 | | 100 . 0 % | | Structures in the Land Targeted for Use Bythe Project | | | | | | | | Source : Field Survey 26 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 513, "text": "Field Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Das , Jishnu , Stefan Dercon , James Habyarimana and Pramila Krishnan . 2007 . “ Teacher Shocks and Student Learning : Evidence from Zambia . ” _The Journal of Human Resources_ 42 ( 4 ) : 820-862 . - Dobbie , W . , and Fryer Jr , R . G . ( 2013 ) . Getting beneath the veil of effective schools : Evidence from New York City . _American Economic Journal : Applied Economics_ 5 ( 4 ) : 28 – 60 . - Halpin , Peter F . , and Michael J . Kieffer . 2015 . “ Describing profiles of instructional practice : A new approach to analyzing classroom observation data . ” _Educational Researcher_ 44 ( 5 ) : 263-277 . - Hamre , Bridget K . , Robert C . Pianta , Andrew J . Mashburn , and Jason T . Downer . 2007 . “ Building a science of classrooms : Application of the CLASS framework in over 4 , 000 US early childhood and elementary classrooms . ” _Foundation for Childhood Development_ . - Hanushek , Eric A . and Ludger Woessmann . 2008 . “ The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development . ” _Journal of Economic Literature_ 46 ( 3 ) : 607-68 . - Hanushek , Eric A . and Ludger Woessmann . 2015 . _The Knowledge Capital of Nations_ . Cambridge : The MIT Press . - Kane , Thomas J . , Eric S . Taylor , John H . Tyler , Amy L . Wooten . 2011 . Identifying Effective Classroom Practices Using Student Achievement Data . ” _Journal of Human Resources_ 46 ( 3 ) : 587-613 . - Kane , T . J . , and D . O . Staiger . 2008 . “ Estimating Teacher Impacts on Student Achievement : An Experimental Validation . ” NBER Working Paper No . 14607 . - Kane , Thomas J . , and D . O . Staiger . 2012 . Gathering Feedback for Teaching : Combining High-Quality Observations with Student Surveys and Achievement Gains . Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . - Martin , Gayle and Waly Wane . 2016 . “ Education Service Delivery in Tanzania . ” World Bank Report No . AUS5510", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 | 9 | 0 . 18 | 26 | 157 | 18 | | 25 | Greece | 24 % | 54 | 24 | 90 | 24 | 345 | 28 | 9 | 0 . 16 | 28 | 58 | 30 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication , but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions . Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution , so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University . As explained in the text , only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating . Institutions were then assigned a country . An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times . The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn ( 1 ) . The measure _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > is defined in eqn ( 2 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 194, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 220, "end": 248, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * IMPLEMENTING CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR EGP AND BUILDING CAPACITY FOR PPDA AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS ( P150166 ) < mark > for online training of bidders and Government agencies , and development of contractor commitment portal among others , which contributed to the successful Grant implementation beyond the intended outcomes of the Grant . < / mark > # # * * III . KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME * * 1 . With regard to implementation of this grant ; there were delays in updating the procurement plan on STEP due to turn over of procurement Officers resulting in delayed initiation of the procurements , which had not yet been included on the procurement plan . Delay in communication on the data requirements for the tracer surveys by the World Bank . During the capacity building interventions , the participants registered only their mobile telephone numbers on the attendance lists and at the time of tracer surveys , even their email addresses were required something , which was not communicated before . 2 . In June 2020 , MOFPED advised the World Bank of a parallel e-GP system ( the e-GP local solution ) that the MoICT had developed . The existence of the e-GP local solution and the e-GP system developed under RCIP resulted in stalling of the change management activities under this component due to non-clarity as to which of the two parallel e-GP systems the change management activities would apply to . Consequently , a total of $ 344 , 403 that was meant for change management of the e-GP system was cancelled for any contracts that had not been signed by November 25 , 2020 , when the World Bank fielded an implementation support Mission and established that due to the non-clarity resulting from two systems , there was no implementation under this activity . The cancellation resulted in the non-achievement of outcomes under Stakeholder Engagement and Capacity Building for e-GP and Implementation of Communication Strategy", "spans": [{"start": 765, "end": 779, "text": "tracer surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 952, "end": 966, "text": "tracer surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( higher levels are associated with lower health safety ) . To quantify the later , we use the index based on O * NET surveys task descriptions created by Avdiu and Nayyar ( 2020 ) . The relationships between these four measures and the share of workers in the labor force who fall into each category are shown in Figure 1 below . For example , 38 % of the workers in our sample are considered essential ( Measure # 1 – blue circle ) . Similarly , 38 % of the workers are able to work from home ( Measure # 2 – red circle ) . Some 12 % of these teleworkable and essential jobs overlap , which means 64 % of the workers in our sample have “ income-safe ” jobs ( Measure # 3 – combined area of blue and red circles ) . We find that 48 % of the jobs do not require face-to-face interaction ( black circle ) . An estimated 15 % of these jobs are also essential , and 20 % are telework jobs . In total , 17 % of all jobs are exposed to health risks ( Measure # 4 – area of the blue circle that does not overlap with either of the red of black circles ) . These are the essential jobs that require face-toface interaction but cannot be performed from home via telework . In our sample , 6 % of jobs can be considered the “ best ” jobs with the minimal economic and health risk exposure to COVID-19 . That is , they are essential , can be done from home , and do not require face to face interaction . These jobs fall into the overlap of the three circles . By contrast , 17 % of the jobs ( those outside the three circles ) can be considered to have the highest risk level . These jobs are non-essential , cannot be done from home , and require extensive face-to-face interactions . The measures of income safety by occupation are strongly correlated with the relative task content of those occupations , as shown by the literature ( Autor , Levy and Murnane , 2003 ; Autor and Handel , 2013 ) . To calculate", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 125, "text": "O * NET surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( ii ) Sub-component 4 . 2 - Establish a Monitoring and Evaluation system . Determine project specific performance based MIS system , based on baseline survey arrange for data collection and reporting on key performance output and impact indicators , through surveys , participatory assessments and mid-term and final evaluations . # * * 4 . Project Location and salient physical characteristics relevant to the safeguard analysis * * The project will be implemented on sites on the north and east side of Lake Tana , Megech and Ribb respectively . Feasibility studies on up to an additional 80 , 000 ha will be conducted in Megech , Upper Beles and Anger . Adjacent to , and within , the command areas are important habitats that will be sensitive to irrigation developments . Resettlement within the command areas , and , for Ribb , into the command area from the new Ribb reservoir financed by the GoE , will be necessary to realize irrigation benefits . # * * 5 . Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialists * * Mr Mohamed Arbi Ben-Achour ( AFTS1 ) Mr John A . Boyle ( AFTS1 ) | * * 6 . Safeguard Policies Triggered * * | * * Yes * * | * * No * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Environmental Assessment ( OP / BP 4 . 01 ) * * | * * X * * | | | * * Natural Habitats ( OP / BP 4 . 04 ) * * | * * X * * | | | * * Forests ( OP / BP 4 . 36 ) * * | | * * X * * | | * * Pest Management ( OP 4 . 09 ) * * | * * X * * | | | * * Physical Cultural Resources ( OP / BP 4 . 11 ) * * | * * X * * | | | * * Indigenous Peoples ( OP / BP 4 . 10 ) * * | |", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 158, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "λλ . ii ii This method estimates the portion of log income that is assumed to be time-invariant , at least when � ββ ββ using cross-sectional surveys close in time . Although this assumption does not always hold , there are several reasons why it may be reasonable to believe that the portion of income explained by timeinvariant covariates remains constant in close periods . First , personal characteristics such as education level , work experience , and skill level tend to be relatively stable over time and may have a persistent effect on income . Second , if individuals have limited mobility and are unable to easily change their geographic location or industry of employment ( which is expected to be the case in close periods ) , this could limit their ability to access higher-paying jobs and result in a relatively constant portion of income being explained by time-invariant factors . Third , if economic conditions ( such as the overall level of demand for goods and services ) remain relatively constant over time , this could also lead to the portion of income explained by time-invariant factors remaining constant . If a purely parametric approach were used , the full welfare measure in round 1 would be completed by adding some residuals to i . That is not the case in the method presented in this paper . The main assumption behind this semi-parametric approach is that the portion of log income explained by timeyy � invariant covariates remains constant in both periods . As a result , and can be used to find the most similar household heads in both surveys ( within the set of observations that share common ii1 ii2 yy � yy � characteristics ) and thus build the synthetic panel . For every observation in the second round of data , a set of neighbors ( in terms of and closeness ) is found in the first-round data by looking for observations with the smallest absolute difference between the two linear predictions . Among these ii1 ii2 yy � yy � neighbors , one of them is randomly selected based on the sampling weights from the first round . In addition , the matching method requires that the closest neighbors are searched only within a", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 149, "text": "cross-sectional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the forward-looking component of monetary policy shocks is not correctly identified in standard empirical models , which typically exclude variables that help central bankers forecast inflation . Equations ( 1 ) - ( 3 ) imply that standard VAR models do not incorporate expectations for inflation and output gap . These models typically assume that the lagged output , prices , and financial variables — including interest rates , stock prices , and FX rates , which tend to incorporate news shocks on future economic developments — adequately capture inflation and output expectations . However , if the central bank considers a larger information set than VAR models capture , the estimated policy shock is then a combination of a genuine policy shock and an endogenous policy response . If the policy response only partially offsets current inflationary pressures , the VAR would deliver a spurious correlation between policy tightening and a rise in inflation . The standard solution to this price puzzle was to include commodity prices in models estimated with U . S . data , as they help forecast inflation ( e . g . , Sims 1992 ) . Other variables considered as potential correlates of future inflation include the output gap , house prices , and global variables . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1078, "text": "U . S . data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transit through ports remain in the container terminal much longer than customs formalities or physical transfers would need . The main reason for this is that the container terminal is in fact a warehousing option for cargo owners and is therefore used to meet some of their temporary or long term storage needs . These needs derive from a set of constraints - such as availability of cash flow , warehousing capacity outside the port , current inventory levels or cargo time sensitivity - as well as from strategic choices on risk exposure or inventory coverage that we will refer to as inventory management decisions . For example a shipper may leave his cargo in the yard because he has got no other warehousing possibility outside the port or he may leave it there because this would delay the payment of charges and duties and reduce hence temporarily the pressure on his cash flow . For the purpose of the study we will then define a * * discretionary dwell time * * as the sum of all idle times between vessel arrival and exit from container yard that are strictly storage times ( no clearance process or handling operation is performed ) . The complexity of research on dwell time is that these three constituents of total dwell time – operational dwell time , transactional dwell time and discretionary dwell time – are actually intertwined and overlaid . Yet we can proceed to a thorough analysis of total dwell time by taking two complementary approaches : - The independent analysis of each of the three components defined here before to identify the structural bottlenecks and improvement prospects - The analysis of interrelationships between the three dwell time constituents using shipment level data and the identification of behavioral patterns < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Vessel < br > Transfer < br > Vessel berthing to the Delivery Exit < br > Operational arrival & onto from < br > dwell time at buoy container yard or ODCY truck yard < br > discharge < br > Domiciliation < br > Establishment Payment of NVOCCs , port < br > Transactional & Pre - and Lodging authority & inspection bodies < br > dwell time shipment of Customs <", "spans": [{"start": 1698, "end": 1717, "text": "shipment level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > the ESHS screening forms , and in < br > planning and design of the UgIFT - < br > AF Infrastructure | DLI 4 & 5 | 4 The ND-GAIN Country Index summarizes a country ' s vulnerability to climate change and other global challenges in combination with its readiness to improve resilience . It aims to help governments , businesses and communities better prioritize investments for a more efficient response to the immediate global challenges ahead . Free and open source , the Country Index uses 20 years of data to rank 180 countries annually ( https : / / environmentalchange . nd . edu / resources / nd-gain / ) . 18", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 149, "text": "ND-GAIN Country Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 499, "end": 515, "text": "20 years of data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the business climate , the Global Competitiveness Index ranks the MENA region better than upper-middle-income countries in the areas of infrastructure , health , primary education , and higher education . The literature finds that the presence of trade agreements between MENA countries and the rest of the world does not stimulate trade . On the other hand , domestic reforms are effective in stimulating trade by inducing a supply response from improved governance , regulations , openness , and labor markets ( Freund , Portugal-Perez , 2013 ) . The significance of institutional quality < sup > 9 < / sup > towards promoting trade has also been documented by Francois and Manchin ( 2007 ) and Anderson and Marcoullier ( 2002 ) . As regards financial sector development , MENA exhibits low levels of financial inclusion . Only 27 . 1 percent of MENA firms have a loan or line of credit , compared to 43 and 47 percent in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia and Latin America and Caribbean regions , respectively . > 6 Intangible assets are assets with lower ability to be transferred between signatories to a contract ( e . g . from borrower to creditor ) when the terms of the contract are broken . Examples of intangible assets are goodwill , R & D , associated human capital , organizational capital and even accounts receivables , cash , inventory or related investments . Examples of tangible assets , those amenable for use as collateral , are real estate , machinery , industry plants . “ The higher the proportion of tangible assets a firm or entrepreneur has the higher the effective protection the outside investor has , and the more likely the relationship will be stable and become feasible in the first place ” Braun , 2003 . > 7 See Behar and Freund ( 2011 ) , Bhattacharya and Wolde ( 2010 ) , and Iqbal and Nabli ( 2007 ) . > 8 The World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys is a firm-level survey , conducted in over 110 economies , that provides useful insights on firm perceptions and experiences . It is important to note that most of the MENA Enterprise Surveys do not have weights , and the survey statistics", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 58, "text": "Global Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2056, "end": 2079, "text": "MENA Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * 2 . 4 million . For 2006 , the number of countries with reliable estimates increased marginally to 49 . However , the number of identified stateless populations more than doubled to 5 . 8 million . This is not necessarily due to new situations of statelessness but , rather , the result of improved data coverage . In fact , the bulk of the increase can be attributed to the revision of Government figures in Nepal , which resulted in a rise in the reported number of stateless persons from 400 , 000 in 2005 to 3 . 4 million in 2006 . The figures for stateless persons in Myanmar have also been revised from 236 , 500 to 669 , 500 , the latter now including not only the previously reported Muslim returnees in northern Rakhine State , but the entire stateless population there as well . UNHCR is not yet in a position to provide definitive statistics on the number of stateless persons worldwide , estimated to be around 15 million persons . This report however includes data on countries with reliable official statistics and those for which estimates of stateless populations exist . The table on page 15 also includes some countries ( marked with an asterisk ) which have significant stateless populations but where no reliable figures could be provided for 2006 , including Cambodia , Côte d ’ Ivoire , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Dominican Republic and Thailand . # # * * Other groups or persons of concern * * “ Other groups or persons of concern ” refer to groups or individuals who may actually fall into one or another of the categories of persons of concern reported on in this report , but whose membership thereof has not yet been formally or definitively determined , or agreed with the State concerned . Nevertheless , they would benefit from UNHCR ’ s protection and assistance activities . Also included in this group are persons who may not fall directly within any of the categories of persons of concern , but to whom UNHCR extends its protection and / or assistance activities on humanitarian or other special grounds . The number of persons in these", "spans": [{"start": 1000, "end": 1051, "text": "data on countries with reliable official statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Logistics performance of the source-host pair is also found to be matter : a one-percent increase in the logistics performance index leads to 0 . 1 to 0 . 2 percent increase in FDI flows . Most other country characteristics including market size , contiguity , common language , and colonial ties are also found to exert expected effects . Countries with a larger market size not only attract more FDI but also invest more abroad . Country pairs with contiguity , common languages , or colonial ties are also shown to have greater investment flows . However , the PTA depth is found in Table 9 to have only a weakly positive effect on FDI . In Table 10 , we repeat the analysis using a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ( PPML ) Estimator following Santos Siliva and Tenreyro ( 2006 ) to address the zero FDI values in the data sample . The results are qualitatively similar . Both air transportation and land transportation costs , proxied by either distance or driving time , have a significant and negative effect on FDI flows . The effect of sea distance is largely insignificant . The PTA depth in this table is found to be positively and significantly associated with FDI flows , suggesting that deeper trade agreements that cover more provisions have a stronger effect on FDI flows . We also separately examine FDI flows from OECD source countries using a longer time series of OECD FDI statistics . The results on transportation costs shown in Table 11 are qualitatively similar to Table 9 . The elasticities of FDI with respect to air distance , driving distance , and driving time are found to be all around - 1 for OECD source countries . The elasticity of FDI with respect to sea distance is also found negative and significant , albeit much smaller in magnitude and around - 0 . 1 . OECD countries ’ FDI outflows are also responsive to host countries ’ airway and port qualities , but insignificantly related to railway . The PTA depth exerts a significant and positive effect on OECD countries ’ FDI flows . < mark > Next , we explore how the effects of distances have evolved over time given the technological improvements in transportation", "spans": [{"start": 1385, "end": 1404, "text": "OECD FDI statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report ETHIOPIA EDUCATION RESULTS BASED FINANCING PROJECT ( P163608 ) # # #  Utilization and report by each region on suplementary school grant support for children with special needs ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 1 % supplementary school < br > grant ( no report on < br > utilization ) | - - | | detailed report on < br > utilization of 2 % < br > supplementary school < br > grant | detailed report < br > on utilization of < br > 4 % < br > supplementary < br > school grant | | Date | 15-Mar-2017 | - - | | 01-Sep-2017 | 28-Jun-2019 | | Comments | | - - - | | subject to independent verification | # # #  Grade 1 dropout rates in SNNP region ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 25 . 20 | - - | 25 . 20 | 13 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | 01-Sep-2017 | 28-Jun-2019 | | Comments | | | | | | no new measurement | | | | | Overall Comments # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * 10 / 5 / 2017 Page 4 of 7 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ The importance of crop residues as livestock feed is reported as significant . A total of 9 . 06 ha of crop land will be expropriated by the substation and for the tower foundation and access road and the corresponding crop-by-product will be lost as well from these crop fields . The production rate is 12 tons of crop-by-product per ha , based on data obtained from the Woreda Office of Agriculture . The detailed numerical calculation of the total cropby-product production and its value is presented under Subsection 10 . 5 , Compensation for Loss of Crop Residue . Forgone benefits from farmland and crop-by-product will be considered in the cash compensation . # # # # # * * 7 . 9 Impact on Privately Owned Business Infrastructure * * There is no privately owned Business Infrastructure identified during census enumeration of Subproject affected properties . Therefore , no compensation or livelihood restoration measures in relation to privately owned business will be required . # # # # # * * 7 . 10 Impact on Social Service Facilities and Infrastructure * * Based on inventory taken during the fieldwork for this study , the proposed Woliso SS and TL Subproject will not affect any public social service facilities , institutions and infrastructure facilities like community water tanker , schools , local government office buildings , police station , etc . Therefore , no compensation is recommended . # # # # # * * 7 . 11 Impacts on Cultural Heritage * * The proposed Subproject will have no impact on cultural heritage sites ( i . e . including natural areas with cultural and / or spiritual value such as sacred groves , sacred bodies of water and waterways , sacred trees , and sacred rocks ) that are essential to the identity and / or cultural , ceremonial , or spiritual aspects of the Subproject-affected community ’ s cultural livelihood . Therefore , no compensation", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 541, "text": "data obtained from the Woreda Office of Agriculture", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 952, "end": 1004, "text": "census enumeration of Subproject affected properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > 32 < / sup > It would also be interesting to analyse the way in which different lobby groups within the humanitarian world - those who act as advocates for women and children , for example - manipulate refugee statistics in order to gain greater attention and resources for their particular ‘ client ’ group . With regard to latter , a systematic analysis of the way in which refugees and their leaders attempt to manipulate , obstruct , influence or facilitate the processes of registration and enumeration would be of considerable value . Additional thinking is also required with regard to the role which policymakers , practitioners and social scientists can play in improving the accuracy of refugee statistics . In this respect , a tentative hypothesis can be presented . On one hand , the end of the cold war seems to have contributed to the task of depoliticization . At the international level , refugee statistics have generally become a less sensitive issue and are less frequently used as a weapon of propaganda . At the same time , countries of asylum in the developing world ( especially Africa ) which previously enjoyed the support of the superpowers have become economically and politically weaker . Donor states are now less willing to turn a blind eye to inflated refugee numbers , a situation which has in turn enabled UNHCR to collect and disseminate more realistic figures . On the other hand , there is some evidence to suggest that the struggle over refugee numbers has intensified at the local level . As witnessed in a number of recent wars - Bosnia , Kosovo , - 31 NATO spokesperson Jamie Shea , on CNN , 29 March 1999 . - 32 UNHCR has often asserted , for example , that 1 . 7 million Mozambican refugees returned to their homeland between 1992 and 1995 ‘ in the context of a UNHCR repatriation programme ’ . This formula tends to obscure the fact that only 375 , 000 of the returnees were provided with transport and reception facilities by UNHCR . See J . Crisp , ‘ From social disarticulation to social reconstruction : a critical review of the UNHCR reintegration programme for returning refugees", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 226, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Monitor and report on outcomes to the community to ensure accountability and communication ; and The GM that conducted by the Duruma Council of Elders is not intended to replace state judicial or non-judicial recourse , but offers an alternate means of dispute resolution that is efficient , immediate , and at a low cost to both stakeholders and the project . 8 . 1 . 3 . 1 Grievance Management Team The Duruma Council of Elders and CDA / PIU will be responsible for rece1vmg complaints , distributing responses and acknowledgements , liaising with complainants as needed , and maintaining the grievance register and grievance forms . The dedicated project social manager from CDA / PIU will be responsible ; in consultation with the Duruma Council of Elders will be responsible for assessing and managing grievances . The Duruma Council of Elders will also be responsible for assigning and managing grievance investigations through close-out . # # # # # # 8 . 1 . 3 . 2 Grievance Management Process - There are seven general steps in the GM process that will be followed by the Duruma Council of Elders . These are illustrated in below . 59", "spans": [{"start": 597, "end": 615, "text": "grievance register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". high population growth with equal shares of different land types given to all heirs , are either no longer in place , e . g . because workers are joining the nonfarm sector in large numbers ( Platteau and Baland 2001 ) . Alternatively , institutional arrangements such as land markets - possibly with a right of first refusal by neighbors - will need to be in place to deal with them ( van Dijk and Kopeva 2006 ) . Where this was not the case , consolidation programs - in some cases implemented at considerable cost - were unsustainable and the situation soon reverted to what had been in place previously . Recent pilot consolidation efforts in Eastern Europe hold a number of additional lessons . First , achievements in terms of the number of land transactions triggered by such programs remained below expectations , partly because part of fragmentation had been voluntary and the programs did not deal with broader land policy issues . < sup > 8 < / sup > Second , efforts need to include all relevant stakeholders and ideally be integrated into a broader plan for territorial development . < sup > 9 < / sup > Finally , to ensure sustainability and continued adjustment through subsequent > 7 More recent evidence from India shows that plot sizes too small to allow mechanized cultivation significantly reduce agricultural productivity ( Foster and Rosenzweig 2010 ) , although this is less an issue of fragmentation than of a general decline in farm sizes . 8 In a consolidation pilot undertaken in 2007 to 2009 in 6 Moldovan villages with 11 , 500 ha and 27 , 000 parcels , participation was about 40 % . Partly because it involved a systematic review of the land registry , this led to a reduction in the number of parcels per owner from 3 . 74 to 3 . 23 , an increase in average parcel size from 0 . 45 to 0 . 59 ha , and an increase in the mean area per holding from 2 . 21 to 2 . 93 ha , largely by owners selling plots that were too small or inconveniently located ( AGREX 2011 ) . 9 In the Moldova case referred to above ,", "spans": [{"start": 1670, "end": 1683, "text": "land registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Nairobi Metropolitan Services ( P107314 ) The project carried out a Beneficiary Assessment to assess project ’ s achievement . The Beneficiary Assessment was conducted across the 14 urban centers participating in the project and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection and analysis ( ICR para 26 ) . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * The ICR reports ( para 53 ) that the project ' s M & E was used for decision making and monitoring the progress of infrastructure works . Despite significant shortcomings in the M & E design mentioned above , the overall quality of M & E is rated substantial because the team carried out a beneficiary survey to build additional evidence on the project achievements . # # * * M & E Quality Rating * * Substantial # # * * 10 . Other Issues * * # # * * a . Safeguards * * The project was classified as * * Environmental Category \" A * * \" and four safeguards policies were triggered : Environmental Assessment OP / BP 4 . 01 , Natural Habitats OP / BP 4 . 04 , Physical Cultural Resources OP / BP 4 . 11 , and Involuntary Resettlement OP / BP 4 . 12 . An Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) was prepared and disclosed in December 2011 during preparation . It was also reviewed , updated and re-disclosed after the Midterm Review ( MTR ) on September 1 , 2015 ( ICR para 55 ) . * * Environmental Assessment OP / BP 4 . 01 * * . The sub-project preparation included screening , as per the ESMF procedures . This was followed by preparation of a site-specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) . An Environmental Specialist was part of the Project Coordination Team ( PCT ) to implement environmental safeguards . There was severe non-compliance to environment , social , health and safety (", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 767, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * Rock hyrax , Tree hyrax , African elephant , Hippopotamus , Uganda black buffalo , Common ( or kavirondo ) Bush buck , Speke ’ s sitatunga , Bush duiker , Blue duiker , Red duiker , Yellow-backed duiker , Defassa waterbuck , Uganda kob , Bohor reedbuck , Topi , East African hare , East African crested porcupine , Langer cane rat , African tree squirrel , and Giant squirrel , among others . QENP has more than 600 bird species recorded . This is mostly due to the wide variety of habitats : from savannah to forest to wetland . Many of the birds in the park are regarded as specials within East Africa , which makes it a prime birding destination . The wetlands in the Ishasha sector are a good place to look for the elusive Shoebill Stork . Migratory birds are present from November to April . # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 . 1 Mammals * * # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 . 1 . 1 Small mammals * * No small mammal species were encountered during the site visit , but we understand some are present , however these would not be verified . # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 . 1 . 2 Medium to large mammals * * The survey conducted in QENP within the study sites recorded a total of 9 medium-to-large mammals , representing 4 different orders and 6 families . Among the recorded families , Bovidae had the highest number of sightings , followed by Cercopithecidae . However , it is important to acknowledge that QENP boasts a wide variety of mammalian species . Therefore , this report provides insights into the encountered species and includes some additional species that were not physically encountered but are known to frequent the study sites based on reports from UWA rangers . For all sites there were no visible", "spans": [{"start": 1131, "end": 1155, "text": "survey conducted in QENP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have reported a high impact of education on growth , others have argued that there is little or nothing to be learned from the empirical growth literature ( for example , Topel 1999 ; Pritchett 2006 ; Banerjee and Dufflo 2005 ; Durlauf , Johnson and Temple 2005 ) . The inconsistency between micro and newer macro evidence on the returns to education has occupied the literature for a long time ( for example , Krueger and Lindahl 2001 ; Sianesi and van Reenen 2003 ) . The main reason for such inconsistency is that countries differ in many other respects that cannot easily be measured and controlled for in cross-country regressions , whereas within-country micro data automatically control for such factors .", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 671, "text": "within-country micro data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ | | Other finance | | 4 | 14 | 29 | 47_ ( 4 . 27 % ) _ | | Demand | 1 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 28_ ( 2 . 54 % ) _ | | Business climate | | 9 | 10 | 8 | 27_ ( 2 . 45 % ) _ | | Business advice | | | 2 | 14 | 16_ ( 1 . 45 % ) _ | | Total of instruments | 12 | 220 | 372 | 497 | 1 , 101 | | _Number of countries_ < br > _with support measures_ | 7 < br > _ ( 22 . 58 % ) _ | 26 < br > _ ( 55 . 32 % ) _ | 41 < br > _ ( 68 . 33 % ) _ | 50 < br > _ ( 62 . 5 % ) _ | 124 < br > _ ( 57 . 88 % ) _ | | _Total number of_ < br > _countries_ | _31_ | _47_ | _60_ | _80_ | _218_ | Source : World Bank Group , Map of SME-Support Measure in Response to COVID-19 . < u > https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / data / interactive / 2020 / 04 / 14 / map-of-sme-support-measures-in-response-to-covid19 < / u > Note : In the last column , figures in brackets represent the percentage of each type of support in the total of support measures . Figures in brackets in the second last row represent the percentage of low , lower-middle , upper-middle and high-income countries that adopted support measures . The different instruments in each type of support used by countries are presented in the annex . > 25 From the Financial Services to MSMEs notes in the document “ Government policy responses to support the private sector ” ( Aijazuddin & Savonitto , 2020 ) . Original Source : IFC MSME Finance Gap Report , 2017 ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 589, "end": 639, "text": "Map of SME-Support Measure in Response to COVID-19", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the huge majority by which _Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) _ candidate Jakaya Kikwete was elected to office ( over 80 % of the overall vote , and higher than that in the mainland part of the country studied here ) the presidential vote share is not particularly informative . Similarly , 72 % of the votes cast in parliamentary elections went to the CCM ; however , in ward councilor elections the ruling party is less dominant . We therefore use the vote share for the CCM at the ward councilor level to measure _intensity_ of local-level support for the ruling party . We also construct two co-party indicator variables , which signify that the ward councilor and the parliamentarian are from the same party . The first of these is a dummy indicating any cases in which the national and local-level politicians are from the same party . Given the dominant and unique position of the CCM , we then define a separate co-party dummy for cases in which the councilor and parliamentarian are both from the same party but this party is not the CCM . The omitted category for these two dummies is any ward in which the councilor is from a different party than the parliamentarian . < sup > 10 < / sup > # _3 . 4 . Household Survey Data_ The survey data come from a listing exercise and household survey conducted in five districts of Tanzania between June and December of 2008 . First , five districts were selected that were intended to be broadly representative of the country as a whole : these are Moshi , Kwimba , Lushoto , Makete , and Nzega . Within these study districts , TASAF officials were asked to provide 20 villages in which „ Vulnerable Groups ‟ applications had moved through the submission process to the point at which they were ready to be funded , but had not yet received any money . Thus while the districts that form the study are in some general sense representative , the sample of villages was selected based on an endogenous criterion : being at a specific stage in the VG application process . Within the 100 study villages , we interviewed every household using a short listing", "spans": [{"start": 1257, "end": 1294, "text": "listing exercise and household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Abstract * * This paper provides estimates of the impact that removing all merchandise trade distortions ( including agricultural subsidies ) would have on food and agricultural production , trade and incomes . Using the latest versions of the GTAP database and the World Bank ’ s LINKAGE model of the global economy ( projected to 2015 ) , our results suggest farm employment , the real value of agricultural output and exports , the real returns to farm land and unskilled labor , and real net farm incomes would all rise substantially in developing country regions with a move to free merchandise trade , thereby alleviating rural poverty – despite the decline in international terms of trade for developing countries that are net food importers or are enjoying preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries . # # * * JEL codes : C68 , D58 , F17 , Q17 * * * * Key words : * * Trade policy reform , computable general equilibrium modeling , agricultural markets , economic welfare # # * * Contact author : * * Kym Anderson Development Research Group The World Bank Mailstop MC3-303 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 USA Phone + 1 202 473 3387 Fax + 1 202 522 1159 kanderson @ worldbank . org ii", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 263, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "90 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles of the high-income country distribution for < u > / , and at the 50 < / u > < sup > th < / sup > < u > percentile for / < / u > II < sup > GG < / sup > YY II < sup > PP < / sup > YY . The efficiency of public investment , as reflected by the Infrastructure Efficiency Index ( IEI ) in the LTGMPC , is high in Malaysia . Malaysia ’ s IEI score of 0 . 877 puts it at about the 50 < sup > th < / sup > percentile among highincome countries . This indicates that infrastructure in Malaysia is well-constructed and of high quality , which is supported by the World Economic Forum ’ s survey on infrastructure quality for its Global Competitiveness Index – Malaysia ranked 21 of 137 countries in 2017 / 18 . Given the high base , the potential growth impact from improvements in this measure of efficiency is limited , and so we assume quality is constant at its current rate in the baseline and all scenarios . The IEI is best thought of as capturing public capital construction quality , which does not capture other less quantifiable , but important , aspects of public capital quality like poor project selection or an inflated cost of construction . We are , thus , unable to properly examine the implications of improvements on these elements in the model , especially , in the context of cross-country comparisons . However , it does not mean that these elements are not important for Malaysia . For instance , IMF ( 2019 ) notes that fiscal 10", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 647, "text": "survey on infrastructure quality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 656, "end": 684, "text": "Global Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "allocational effects of trade reform on income risk , has additionally argued that increased foreign competition following trade reform will increase the elasticity of the goods and the derived labor demand functions . If a higher demand elasticity translates any given shock into larger variations in wages and employment , lower trade barriers may lead to increased individual income risk . < sup > 4 < / sup > On the other hand , it has also been suggested that the world economy is likely to be less volatile than the economy of any single country , which leads to goods prices that are more stable worldwide than in any single autarkic economy . This opens up the possibility that greater openness may reduce the variance in individual incomes . Thus , theoretically , the openness-volatility relationship is ambiguous , that is , the theoretical literature does not offer a strong prior on the sign or magnitude of this relationship . < sup > 5 < / sup > In this paper , we study _empirically_ the effects of trade policy on individual income risk using the following approach . For each industry ( sector ) , we use longitudinal data on individual earnings to estimate time-varying parameters of individual income risk using a methodology that follows the approach taken by the extensive empirical literature on labor market risk . < sup > 6 < / sup > More specifically , we focus on the variance of ( unpredictable ) changes of individual income as a measure of income risk , and carefully distinguish between transitory and persistent income shocks . The distinction between transitory and persistent income shock is important since workers can effectively “ self-insure ” against transitory shocks through borrowing or own savings , which implies that the effect of these types of shocks on workers ’ consumption and welfare are quite small ( Aiyagari ( 1994 ) , Heaton and Lucas ( 1996 ) , Levine and Zame ( 2002 ) ) . > 4While Rodrik ( 1997 ) appears to have in mind mostly aggregate volatility , it is easy to see that his arguments equally apply to individual income volatility if there are idiosyncratic shocks to firm-level productivity . > 5Clearly , this sign-ambiguity does not extend to", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1163, "text": "longitudinal data on individual earnings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regardless of ( 1 ) the person ’ s legal status ; ( 2 ) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary ; ( 3 ) what the causes for the movement are ; or ( 4 ) what the length of the stay is . [ source ] # About the factsheet This factsheet is jointly produced by UNHCR , UNICEF and IOM with the aim to support evidence-based decision-making and advocacy on issues related to refugee and migrant children . The document provides an overview of the situation in Europe with regards to refugee and migrant children ( accompanied and UASC ) . It compiles key child-related data based on available official sources : arrival , asylum applications , asylum decisions , profiling of arrivals , relocation from Greece and Italy under the EU relocation scheme , as well as returns from Greece to Turkey under the EU-Turkey statement . The present factsheet covers the period January to June 2020 and is produced every six months to provide up-todate information on refugee and migrant children , including unaccompanied and separated children . # # # # # # Endnotes 1 . Data on arrivals is partial due to the large scale of irregular movements and reflects only sea arrivals for Greece and Italy . Data for Spain includes both sea and land arrivals and is based on UNHCR estimates , pending provision of final figures by Spanish Ministry of Interior ( MOI ) ; figures for UASC are only available for arrivals by sea ( not for Ceuta or Melilla ) . 2 . Separated children are children separated from both parents , or from their previous legal or customary primary caregiver , but not necessarily from other relatives . These may , therefore , include children accompanied by other adult family members . Unaccompanied children are children who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who , by law or custom , is responsible for doing so ( IASC ) . 3 . Arrival figures for Greece are collected in the framework of UNHCR border activities and are provided by Hellenic", "spans": [{"start": 1063, "end": 1079, "text": "Data on arrivals", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1191, "end": 1205, "text": "Data for Spain", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1353, "end": 1369, "text": "figures for UASC", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1902, "end": 1928, "text": "Arrival figures for Greece", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "suspected as posing security threats were identified for further scrutiny . The second step involved UNHCR registration , which drew heavily on the pre-registration information provided by ARRA . The third step , immediately following UNHCR registration , and often on the same day , was a so-called “ protection ” or “ screening ” interview conducted by a socalled “ eligibility team ” comprising one person from ARRA and one from UNHCR . This interview primarily focused on ascertaining whether individuals were in fact Somali nationals , who originated from southern or central Somalia , and ostensibly on identifying exclusion triggers . Informants indicated that individuals who failed to surmount this hurdle , were largely Ethiopians of Somali ethnicity . Notably , it appears that cases of exclusion have not been identified in the Dollo Ado or the Jijiga camps , the main locations where Somalis were and continue to be hosted in Ethiopia . > 135 The statistics included in this table ( and the table further below ) were taken in 2018 . In the elapsed time periods , there may have been changes related to deaths , births , returns , possible data errors and other factors . Therefore , these statistics may not reflect a completely accurate picture . Nonetheless , they are included to highlight , in broad terms , the way recognition was referenced in UNHCR ’ s data and provide a sense of the differences in numbers . > 136 Figures provided included approximately 579 others who did not fall within the three categories listed in the table . > 137 Figures provided include approximately 65 others who did not fall within the three categories listed in the table . 54", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 993, "text": "statistics included in this table", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1364, "end": 1378, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Where INDIVIDUAL refers to data provided only by a single institution on individual _i_ . For example , total debt with a given bank ( and not total system wide debt ) is employed , and initial rating with a given bank ( and not the average or worse rating across the system ) < sup > 9 < / sup > . We use the scoring model to predict default probabilities for cases when banks do and do not share information . In Table 5 we construct tables using the same methodology as in Table 4 , to demonstrate gains in access to credit and improved portfolio quality for a large and a small financial institution < sup > 10 < / sup > . Information sharing is shown to significantly improve a bank ’ s ability to determine the likelihood of default for its customers . For a target approval rate of 40 % , access to data from a PCR reduced the predicted default rate by 41 % for a large bank , from 2 . 2 % to 1 . 3 % of the relevant portfolio . The results are even more impressive when repeated with a smaller financial institution – the expected default rate falls by 78 % when PCR data are added to the institution ’ s own information for a targeted approval rate of 40 % . Since larger institutions have a larger and potentially more varied portfolio to begin with , it is logical that smaller institutions would benefit more from sharing information . As the target approval rate is increased , the difference between the gains for a large versus a small bank is virtually eliminated : at a 60 % target approval rate both institutions lower defaults by about 35 % and at a target 80 % approval rate by about 20 % . Data sharing can also enable both large and small lenders to increase their lending activities for a given level of risk or default . Panel B of Table 5 presents the results of this exercise with Argentine data where a default rate is targeted and then the number of borrowers who could be approved for that level of default is calculated . If a large bank was targeting a 5", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 821, "text": "data from a PCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1071, "end": 1079, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1807, "end": 1821, "text": "Argentine data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 14 . Costs and revenues over time ( $ / kWh ) < br > a . Unit costs b . Average revenues < br > 0 . 30 0 . 30 < br > Predominantly diesel < br > 0 . 25 0 . 25 < br > Predominantly hydro < br > 0 . 20 0 . 20 Overall < br > Predominantly diesel < br > Predominantly hydro < br > 0 . 15 Overall 0 . 15 < br > 0 . 10 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 05 0 . 05 < br > 0 . 00 0 . 00 < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database # * * e . Do IBT structures allow for costs to be recovered ? * * As noted above , IBTs are premised on the notion that surcharges on higher volumes of consumption will compensate for discounts on lower volumes of consumption , so that the utility breaks even overall . However , this outcome is contingent on the block sizes and associated price levels being correctly calibrated . It is often the case that the surcharges apply ( if at all ) to very high levels of consumption that are rarely reached in practice . In the case of Africa , the answer is more promising than might be anticipated . A minority of countries have residential tariffs that recover costs independent of consumption levels , meaning that even the lowest priced block is priced high enough to recover costs ( category I in table 8 ) . ( This is ideal from a cost recovery perspective , but raises questions as to whether these IBTs are also performing the intended social function of providing subsidized power to small consumers . ) A second batch of countries has IBTs that succeed in recovering operational costs ( category II ) , but will not — or are not likely to — attain total cost recovery based on their historical average household consumption .", "spans": [{"start": 522, "end": 584, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # # # # # * * Annex 5 : Sample Tore for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) * * An ESIA expert conducting environmental and social impact assessments should be an experienced expert in the field and have sufficient experience on environmental and social analysis of projects . The TOR must provide the necessary background information on the sub-project activity , geographical location including maps , description of inputs , products , processes , involvement of communities , methods of implementation and operations , monitoring and evaluation , financial conditions , etc … as part of the assignment . The ESIA report should be organized in the following manner : * * Executive Summary : * * Concisely discusses significant findings and recommended actions * * Introduction : * * Gives overview of the project conception and the necessity of carrying-out an ESIA . * * Legal and Institutional Framework : * * Analyzes the legal and institutional framework ; and compares the client ’ s existing environmental and social framework and the WB ESSs and identifies the gaps between them * * Project Description : * * Concisely describes the proposed project and its geographic , environmental , social , and temporal context , includes a map of sufficient detail , showing the project site and the area that may be affected by the project ’ s direct , indirect , and cumulative impacts * * Baseline Data : * * Sets out in detail the baseline data that is relevant to decisions about project location , design , operation , or mitigation measures . This should include a discussion of the accuracy , reliability , and sources of the data as well as information about dates surrounding project identification , planning and implementation . It identifies and estimates the extent and quality of available data , key data gaps , and uncertainties associated with predictions ; and assess the scope of the area to be studied and describe relevant physical , biological , and socioeconomic conditions ; * * Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts : t", "spans": [{"start": 1540, "end": 1553, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also suggest that this easing of demand-side constraints to growth increases e-commerce sellers ’ incentives to formalize and undertake complementary changes to business practices and technologies . Strikingly , micro and small-sized firms from the informal sector report these benefits to the same extent as do medium to large-sized formal firms . The case study approach used in this paper has helped assess the potential mechanisms through which firms are able to reap benefits from using e-commerce platforms . But being based on the subjective reports of e-commerce sellers and lacking a control group , this approach is not suitable for causal impact evaluation . Our findings thus highlight the need for more quasi-experimental or experimental research into estimating the impacts of e-commerce on firms in developing countries . The selective use of e-commerce by firms in South Asia is also worth stressing . This issue is not limited to e-commerce platforms . Interviews with other types of digital platforms that facilitate business to business ( B2B ) transactions also suggest that for a number of reasons , their usage is concentrated at the upper end of the spectrum of small firms . For example , Power2SME , a B2B platform in India that aggregates orders of raw material for small firms , requires firms to have a turnover of at least 50 million Rupees , a threshold well above the revenue of most small informal firms . This is because aggregating orders when each order size is very small is prohibitively costly even with the digital platform technology . In addition , a key reason highlighted for the lack of use of the platform is that a majority of small firms prefer to purchase their raw materials through informal networks . This would remain a ( transactional ) barrier even if a platform such as Power2SME were to offer subsidized logistics , delivery services and access to financing . In fact , Power2SME has an active strategy of outreach to SMEs and microenterprises : it identifies industrial belts in the country > 20The World Bank COVID Module of the Center for Monitoring the Indian Economy ( CMIE ) Consumer Pyramids Household Survey ( CPHS ) , January-April 2021 wave . 26", "spans": [{"start": 2137, "end": 2171, "text": "Consumer Pyramids Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * If * * the grievance concerns physical damage , ( e . g . crop , house , community asset ) take a photograph of the damage and record the exact location . - Enter the findings of the investigation in the Grievance Database . Once the grievance has been investigated , the complainant will be contacted with the findings and EEP ' s proposed response . The * * CLO * * will explain in writing ( or where literacy is an issue orally ) the manner in which the review was carried out , results of the review , any changes to activities that will be undertaken to address the grievance and how the issue is being managed to meet appropriate * * E & S * * management systems and requirements . As a last resort , aggrieved parties have a right to take legal action . This is a more formal rights based approach that shall only be taken if all other approaches have failed or when there are serious conflicts about facts and data . The final decision will be taken * * by * * the arbitrator or court based on compliance with laws , policies , standards , rules , regulations , procedures , past agreements or common practice . Grievance management and reporting is entirely the responsibility of the * * EEP * * through its Environment and Social Affairs Office * * ( ESAO ) . * * However , Grievance Redress Committee ( GRCs ) will be established at the Woreda and Kebele level . The main function of the GRCs would be arbitration and negotiation based on a transparent and fair hearing of the cases of the parties in dispute . They are responsible to hear the grievances of PAPs and other stakeholders and arbitrate disputes in order to arrive at amicable solutions based on negotiation and in a transparent and fair manner . The GRCs will be independent and careful selection of the members is crucial to ensure its autonomy . Presence of female members on the GRCs is crucial in order to ensure better consideration of gender issues for grievance resolution . With the help of", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 228, "text": "Grievance Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NUSAF project | Undertake internal review of GRM < br > for social and environment risks < br > mitigation ; < br > Integrate GBV entry points within < br > the GRM with clear procedures . | Quarter 1 | OPM project staff | OPM < br > safeguards < br > Specialist | - GRM procedure < br > integrated < br > - GBV < br > mainstreamed in < br > the new GRM < br > - GRCs < br > established | 65 , 000 | | c ) < br > Review GRM reports / logs < br > to comply with the NUSAF < br > PID and also review for < br > GBV sensitivity to ensure < br > all vulnerable persons of < br > both genders are not left < br > out | Review logs for GRMs , reports < br > documentation to ensure it follows < br > standards for documenting < br > grievances and GBV cases | During project < br > implementation . | OPM project staff | OPM | Number of < br > grievances < br > registered < br > Number of GBV < br > cases documented | 65 , 000 | 59", "spans": [{"start": 621, "end": 634, "text": "logs for GRMs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "89 . 9 % | 65 . 5 % | | | Maharashtra | 36 . 2 % | 25 . 7 % | 57 . 0 % | 61 . 1 % | | | Orissa | 68 . 5 % | 54 . 6 % | 86 . 6 % | 24 . 1 % | | | Punjab | 64 . 8 % | 86 . 0 % | 96 . 6 % | 68 . 1 % | | | Rajasthan | 58 . 6 % | 82 . 2 % | 94 . 8 % | 31 . 4 % | | | Tamil Nadu | 73 . 6 % | 27 . 2 % | 79 . 5 % | 73 . 8 % | | | Uttar Pradesh | 39 . 3 % | 71 . 9 % | 84 . 9 % | 49 . 2 % | | | Uttaranchal | 54 . 5 % | 73 . 3 % | 90 . 4 % | 66 . 0 % | | India | West Bengal | 46 . 3 % | 66 . 1 % | 88 . 3 % | 51 . 4 % | | | West | 16 . 3 % | 19 . 8 % | 32 . 7 % | 72 . 5 % | | | Central | 13 . 2 % | 8 . 8 % | 21 . 1 % | 26 . 8 % | | Nepal | East | 1 . 4 % | 3 . 2 % | 4 . 4 % | 44 . 2 % | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) In all the SAR , large cities with more than 1 million population display a larger proportion of firms introducing new products than smaller cities ( Table 18 ) . A similar pattern is observed for process and organizational innovation except in India and Nepal . The innovation map in terms of product and organizational innovation is different from that observed in ECA , where innovation rates are higher in small cities . This contrasts the innovation picture portrayed in Africa , which presents similarities to the South Asia region . 23", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 737, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 . 187901 | 0 . 0294 | | R-squared < br > 0 . 966 | 303 | Mean | dependent var | 657 . 8306 | | Adjusted R-squared 0 . 965 | 653 | S . D . d | ependent var | 282 . 6279 | | S . E . of regression < br > 52 . 37 | 935 | Akaik | e info criterion | 7 . 938791 | | Sum squared resid < br > 8532 | 58 . 4 | Schwa | rtz criterion | 8 . 021604 | | Log likelihood < br > - 1706 | . 490 | F-stati | stic | 1486 . 385 | | Durbin-Watson stat < br > 1 . 97 | 1090 | Prob ( F | - statistic ) | 0 . 000000 | The drift , the trend and the dummy _dl_ are very significant . An ADF based on this model suggests the rejection of the null of unit root . * * _15_ * * # _ii ) POLDIS_ ( sample : 7 / 29 / 94 to 7 / 12 / 96 ) . I ) The first model is a simple random walk , that is an AR ( ] ) with one unit root . The evidence for unit root is very strong . 16 The value of the Dickey-Fuller Test Statistic is - 1 . 264866 , while the 10 % critical value is - 1 . 6174 . > * * 15 * * In order to perform a proper test , we split the sample as before : 4 / 06 / 90 to 12 / 16 / 94 and 12 / 23 / 94 to 7 / 12 / 96 . For the first sub-period the drift and the trend are not significant and there is strong evidence of unit root . For the second period , drift and trend are significant and we can reject the null of unit root at the 5 % critical level . > * * 16 * * The evidence of unit root is maintained if we split the sanple at 12 / 16 / 94 as for MEXDIS .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households that received recent and regular transfers . These indications are further supported by 2008 evidence that PSNP households receiving cash used 84 percent of their transfer to purchase staple food and 74 percent of households receiving food consumed the entire transfer . 3 . 12 _The caveat to these findings is that the effect on household food security is far greater when households received their transfers on a regular predictable basis . _ The PSNP demonstrably provides an effective safety net when households face shocks such as drought or food price increases but its efficacy is undermined when payments are not made in a timely manner . 3 . 13 A survey < sup > 9 < / sup > carried out in 2006 and 2008 on the impact of PSNP on food security , assets and incentives found that the PSNP has modest average impacts , improving food security , increasing growth in livestock holdings and improving households ‘ ability to raise funds in an emergency . Program impacts on asset accumulation are greater when higher levels of transfers are received and when participants have access to the PSNP and complementary agricultural services < sup > 10 < / sup > ( Gilligan et al . 2009 ) . > 9 This analysis is based on longitudinal quantitative survey data collected at the household and locality levels . These data were collected in the four major regions covered by the PSNP : Tigray , Amhara , Oromiya and Southern Nations , Nationalities , and People ‘ s Region ( SNNPR ) . The first survey was implemented in JuneAugust 2006 with the bulk of the interviewing conducted in July . The follow-up survey was implemented in June and early July 2008 so differences between rounds due to seasonality considerations should not be large . > 10 The PSNP is complemented by a series of food security activities , collectively referred to as the Other Food Security Programs ( OFSP ) . Beneficiaries of the OFSP receive at least one of several productivity enhancing transfers or services , including access to credit , agricultural extension services , technology transfer (", "spans": [{"start": 1229, "end": 1266, "text": "longitudinal quantitative survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as the National Gender Policy , the Status of Women Report , and Kenya National Human Development Reports among others . She has also provided leadership in Participatory Poverty Analysis Studies . Over the years , Mrs . Muoki has served on several boards . These include , the pioneer boards of the National Commission for Gender and Development ; Women Enterprise Fund Advisory Board ; Uwezo Fund Oversight Board ; Anti-Female Genital Mutilation Board and Affirmative Action Social Development Fund Board . She has also sat on the National Commission for Science and Technology and the Lake Basin Development Authority Board . * * 9 * *", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 110, "text": "Kenya National Human Development Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 3 . 1 . 3 Other Variables Estimating Eq . ( 5 ) also requires the use of plant-level data on sales and materials costs to construct value added , the book value of machinery and equipment to measure the capital stock , industry and region dummy variables . To reduce the in fl uence of extreme values , we eliminate from the estimation the top and bottom 1 % of observations for the ratio of capital to value added in each industry . < sup > 32 < / sup > The industry dummy variables are based on the industries shown in Table 2 . < sup > 33 < / sup > The region dummy variables represent thirteen states in Brazil and fi ve cities in China . Finally , we rely on information on the plant ’ s main manager level of education as a proxy for manager quality using three dummy variables : managers with secondary education , managers with college education and managers with graduate education . # 3 . 2 . Cross-Tabulation Results The results from cross-tabulations between the wage bill shares of different measures of skilled labor and either measures of absorptive capacity or international economic activities are presented in Table 4 for Brazil ( Panel A ) and China ( Panel B ) . < sup > 34 < / sup > For each country , we calculate the difference between the average wage bill share of skilled workers for ( i ) plants with \" better \" absorptive capacity or ( ii ) plants \" more \" engaged in international economic activities and the average wage bill share of skilled workers for other plants and we test whether those differences in averages are statistically signi fi cant . < sup > 35 < / sup > In Brazil , there is a positive and signi fi cant correlation between the wage bill share of skilled workers and both measures of absorptive capacity and international activities , however skills are measured . In China , the measures of absorptive capacity and FDI are also positively and signi fi cantly associated with wage bill > 32As industries differ signi fi cantly in their capital intensity , the elimination is done for each industry separately .", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 93, "text": "plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 2 . 2 . * * Colombia ’ s education system and policy response . * * The education system in Colombia comprises one year of preschool , five years of primary education , four years of lower secondary education and two years of upper secondary education . In 2014 , 87 % of the schools in Colombia were public and out of those , 78 % were located in rural areas ( OECD , 2016 ) . All children between five and fifteen years old are legally required to attend preschool plus nine years of compulsory basic schooling . However , it is estimated that 20 % of the students do not continue studying beyond primary school ( OECD , 2016 ) , and only 65 % of boys and 77 % of girls complete lower secondary education ( Radinger et al . , 2018 ) . The Colombian government has implemented several initiatives to facilitate the integration of Venezuelan children in public schools . For example , Decree 1288 of 2018 simplified the process for Venezuelans to validate their educational through standardized tests . This policy was designed with the objective of allowing migrant children to enroll in school grades according to both their age and prior academic achievement . In addition , also since 2018 , the Colombian government allowed Venezuelan children to attend public schools regardless of the immigration status of their households . Unfortunately , before 2018 ( the end of our sample period , limited by data availability ) the Colombian government did not keep systematic track of school enrollment by student nationality . However , our administrative individual-level dataset does distinguish between Colombian and foreign students , and crucially , according to the 2018 population census almost 9 out of 10 settled foreigners in Colombia are Venezuelans . < sup > 6 < / sup > > 6If we compute this share at the municipality level the average is 0 . 74 and the standard deviation 0 . 29 . This suggests that the biggest cities in population , such as Bogota , have a somewhat smaller share .", "spans": [{"start": 1542, "end": 1581, "text": "administrative individual-level dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1673, "end": 1695, "text": "2018 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Sovereign Defaults and Expropriations : Empirical Regularities * * Maya Eden , Aart Kraay and Rong Qian Development Research Group , The World Bank ___________________________________ 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC , 20433 , meden @ worldbank . org , < u > akraay @ worldbank . org , rqian @ worldbank . org . This paper was prepared as a background paper for the 2012 Multilateral Investment < / u > Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) Annual Report . We are grateful to Mark Wright and Mike Tomz for making their sovereign default and expropriation data available , and for helpful discussions about the data . We are also grateful to Daniel Villar and Persephone Economou for interesting discussions that motivated this work , to Manabu Nose for help with the Berne Union data , and to Christoph Trebesch and Juan Jose Cruces for kindly sharing summary statistics from their dataset of \" haircuts \" in sovereign default episodes . The views expressed here are the authors ' and do not reflect those of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 555, "text": "sovereign default and expropriation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 763, "end": 779, "text": "Berne Union data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "finding for two reasons . First , differences in returns between women - and men-owned firms may in part reflect underlying discrimination against women . This is much harder to address using policy tools than simply providing more resources to women ( see for example , Nix et al et . 2016 for more discussion on this point ) . Thus , a substantial proportion of the productivity gap that we find in the informal sector can be closed by simply providing better resources to women such as education , manager experience , and physical capital , without having to deal with the more complex and difficult problem of gender discrimination . This is under the assumption that discrimination plays a relatively lower role in accessing resources relative to the returns to these resources . Second , roughly similar returns to factors for women - and men-owned firms implies that there is little or no efficiency cost of shifting resources from men-owned to women-owned firms . Thus , greater gender equality in resources does not necessarily lead to lower labor productivity in the informal sector overall . # * * 6 . Discussion and Conclusion * * There are both efficiency and human rights arguments for advancing equality between men and women . While the literature is replete with studies on the gender productivity gap for the formal private sector , very little is known about the informal private sector . The key questions are whether such gender productivity gaps persist in the informal sector , and if so , what are the key contributors that exacerbate or alleviate these gaps . These are the questions this study attempts to answer , and to our knowledge , this is the first study to do so using a unique firm-level cross-country database . Informal businesses are hard to capture as by definition they are not included in registration lists , and thus , it is difficult to gather data on how they function . While the data we employ is not as comprehensive as firm-level data sets of the formal sector , our study provides a baseline for future 24", "spans": [{"start": 1713, "end": 1746, "text": "firm-level cross-country database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1969, "end": 1989, "text": "firm-level data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parametric methods in Ackerberg et al . ( 2015 ) but will also present results based on other methods ( Wooldridge , 2008 ) , and with fixed effects to check for robustness . These measures are proxies for revenue productivity , which depends both on physical productivity and markups . < sup > 7 < / sup > The dependent variables in our regressions are 3 ‐ year changes in these productivity measures , employment , sales , average wage and return on assets ( ROA ) . We winsorize these long differences at the 5 < sup > th < / sup > and 95 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles of their distribution , calculated separately for each 2 ‐ digit industry ‐ year combination . As for the construction of our main explanatory variable , multiple definitions for HGFs exist in the literature . A key difference between these methods is whether they rely ( i ) exclusively on relative growth rates or ( ii ) on absolute growth . The former approach tends to identify HGFs as mostly small firms , while the latter provides a less skewed identification . As all theoretical spillover channels – either via vertical linkages or the labor market – are likely to be stronger when they originate from larger firms , the latter measure is more likely to capture these externalities . Hence , that is our preferred approach . Specifically , we choose to identify HGFs based on the Birch index ( Birch , 1981 ) , computed for all firms with at least 5 employees in year t : We rank firms according to their Birch � � values for each year and classify a firm as HGF if the Birch index is above the 95 < sup > th < / sup > percentile in that year . The constant and absolute threshold generates variation across industries , regions and years . As a robustness check , we will estimate the regressions with the OECD definition of HGFs whereby a firm is high ‐ growth if it employs at least 5 employees at the beginning of the period and has an annualized growth rate of employment of at least 20 percent for a period of 3 years", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "studies typically face . The data set consists of about 12 , 000 firms in 27 developing countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > ( iii ) This study is also able to account for firm - and country-specific time invariant omitted variables using data available for a panel of firms for a subset of countries in the sample . Panel data are available for 664 firms across a subset of 12 Eastern European economies . An important issue raised in the literature is the choice of control variables in crime estimations ( Moody and Marvell , 2010 ) . We are also concerned about several omitted variables , including institutions or the presence of democratic governments that may bias our variable of interest – the size of the police force . We address this using a sensitivity analysis that essentially checks the robustness of our empirical specification . We find that our results are unaffected by the inclusion of several additional institutional and other control variables . Our results are also robust to various other sensitivity checks . Section 2 describes the data , section 3 provides the estimation and results , and sections 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 provide instrumental variable estimations , panel data estimations , robustness checks , and conclusions , respectively . # * * 2 Data and Main Variables * * The data for firm-level variables are collected by the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys . The Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) use standard survey instruments to collect firm-level data on a country ' s business environment from business owners and top managers . The surveys cover a broad range of topics including access to finance , corruption , infrastructure , crime , competition , labor , > 1 Note that although Enterprise Surveys covers a wide range of economies , it is the combination of police data , and the selection of country surveys that follow a consistent sampling methodology that restricts the same to 27 countries . Details are provided in the data section . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1368, "end": 1386, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1790, "end": 1801, "text": "police data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1825, "end": 1840, "text": "country surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sq km . Urban expansion rate is the percentage of newly urban areas in a given grid cell for a given SSP scenario ( ranging from 0 to 1 ) . Crop production for each grid cell is defined as the yield multiplied by harvested area in metric tons . We include seven food group : cereals , fruits , vegetables , oils , pulses , roots , and sugar . We exclude non-food groups from the database ( Cotton , other fibre crops , arabica coffee , robusta coffee , cocoa , tea , tobacco , rest of crops ) . Here , the urbanization rate is defined as the percentage of urban population to total population , and ranges from the value of 0 to 1 . The urban expansion projection data ( Chen et al . 2020 ) are calculated using panel data regression based on historical population , urbanization rate , and gross domestic product ( GDP ) data . Table 4 presents results for crop production for both 2040 ( Panel A ) and 2100 ( Panel B ) . First , we find that across all SSP scenarios and in both 2040 and 2100 , grids that are expected to have higher urban expansion rates are grids which have higher levels of crop production today . This indicates that in the future , cities are likely to grow into areas with more crop production , regardless of SSP scenario . Second , in both 2040 and 2100 , the positive correlation between projected urban expansion and current crop production is highest under SSP3 and lowest under SSP5 . Third , the positive correlation between projected urban expansion and current crop production is large in both 2040 and 2100 , but the magnitude dampens over time . This means that the cumulative 22", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 668, "text": "urban expansion projection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "period . < sup > 1 < / sup > In the 2018 academic year , of the 272 , 261 students enrolled in public and private universities in Tunisia , 63 percent were women . Many Tunisian women who finish their tertiary education join the labor market . As noted , the labor force participation rate for this group of women was 58 percent in 2014 . Tertiary-educated men joined in comparable numbers , albeit at a higher rate of 65 percent . However , even for those entering the labor market there is a substantial gender gap , which is the focus of this study . Once in the labor market , both groups do not have equal job opportunities . For example , in 2014 the unemployment rate for university-educated women reached 39 percent , whereas it was 22 percent for their male counterparts . The discrepancy is even starker when looking at female unemployment in rural areas and by age in 2014 : 32 percent of active women between the ages of 25 and 34 are unemployed versus 15 percent of men in that age group . In rural areas , 21 percent of women are unemployed , compared with 10 percent of men . According to data from the National Institute of Statistics ( Institut National de la Statistique ) , women accounted for around 25 percent of employment in 2013 , down from 26 . 5 percent in 2005 ( Mouelhi and Goaied 2017 ) . Therefore , although unemployment among the young and university-educated is stubbornly high — and remains higher than that for other groups such as older workers and those with lower education — women remain more disadvantaged than men ( figure 3 ) . # * * Figure 3 Unemployment rate by gender , age , and education : Tunisia , 2014 * * > 1 World Bank , World Development Indicators ( WDI ) , 2019 , https : / / databank . worldbank . org / source / worlddevelopment-indicators . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1150, "text": "data from the National Institute of Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1673, "end": 1701, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Pl | d Contract < br > Contract < br > < br > Al < br > Pld | Completion < br > Al | | | ET-DBE-116473-CS-CQS / < br > Implementing of Biogas User < br > Survey ( BUS ) | / | Biogas user survey under < br > National Biogas Program | Post < br > Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | 0 . 00 < br > U < br > I | anne < br > ctua < br > nder < br > mplementation < br > 2019-06-23 < br > 2019-10-02 | anne < br > ctua < br > < br > 2019-07-14 < br > 2019-12-30 | anne < br > ctua < br > anne < br > 2019-08-09 < br > 2019-12-08 | ctua < br > anne | ctua < br > anne | ct | a < br > anne < br > < br > 2019-08-16 < br > 2019 | tua < br > anne < br > - 12-02 < br > 2019-08-2 | ctua < br > anne < br > 4 < br > 2019-12-31 | ctua < br > | | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSUL * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | * * TANTS * * < br > Loan / Credit < br > No . | Component | Review Type < br > Method | Market Approach < br > Contract Type | Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > | Process Status < br > Teams of Reference < br > Planned < br > Actual | Invitation to < br > Identified / S", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 195, "text": "Biogas user survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 | | Monetary tightening ; Δ in velocity | 44 | - 46 . 0 | 23 . 9 | - 11 . 6 | - 9 . 4 | 12 . 6 | 36 | - 27 . 9 | 12 . 6 | - 9 . 7 | - 9 . 7 | 8 . 3 | | < br > Capital controls | 44 | 1 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 2 . 00 | 2 . 09 | 0 . 83 | 36 | 1 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 2 . 00 | 2 . 03 | 0 . 94 | | < br > Initial level of income , share of G7 | 44 | - 2 . 54 | 1 . 81 | 0 . 09 | - 0 . 57 | 1 . 60 | 36 | - 2 . 54 | 1 . 13 | - 1 . 50 | - 0 . 72 | 1 . 78 | | Oil trade balance as share of total exports | 44 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 06 | 36 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 13 | 0 . 08 | | Oil prices , index | 44 | 11 . 6 | 40 . 0 | 23 . 8 | 25 . 2 | 10 . 1 | 36 | 11 . 6 | 28 . 6 | 13 . 3 | 15 . 3 | 5 . 0 | | Vulnerability index , VIX | 44 | - 8 . 2 | 63 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 10 . 3 | 18 . 2 | 36 | - 7 . 4 | 29 . 7 | - 2 . 7 | - 0 . 8 | 8 . 8 | Sources : IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook database and authors ’ calculations . Notes : Only the observations in the estimation sample for annual data are included in this table . - < u > Policy variables . This category is self-explanatory and is the main area of focus of this paper", "spans": [{"start": 859, "end": 890, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 990, "text": "annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Panama — the information on both travel rates and expenditures by destination stems from a survey of 3 , 498 Panamanian households . Foreign tourism has a much higher impact on the economy than domestic tourism . In absolute terms , foreign tourism expenditures are highest in Panama Province , but in relative terms they may contribute up to a fifth of the GDP in peripheral areas with low levels of provincial GDP , such as Bocas del Toro . * * Table 4 . Estimated Foreign and Domestic Tourism Expenditures as a Share of Province GDP * * < sup > a < / sup > | | * * Province * * < br > * * GDP * * < br > * * 2005 , * * < br > * * Million * * < br > * * US $ * * | * * Percent of * * < br > * * Tourist * * < br > * * Nights * * < br > * * Spent by * * < br > * * Foreign * * < br > * * Tourists at * * < br > * * Each * * < br > * * Destination * * | * * Foreign * * < br > * * Tourist * * < br > * * Expenditures , * * < br > * * Million * * < br > * * US $ / Year * * < sup > * * b * * < / sup > | * * Domestic * * < br > * * Tourist * * < br > * * Expenditure * * < br > * * s , Million * * < br > * * US $ / year * * | * * Foreign * * < br > * * Tourism * * < br > * * Expend - * * < br > * * itures , % of * * < br > * * GDP * * < sup > * * b * * < / sup > | * * Domestic * * < br > * * Tourism * * < br > * * Expenditures", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 130, "text": "survey of 3 , 498 Panamanian households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". We do lose significance on the food consumption score for the IHPS sample , however . 4 . 5 . 2 : Restricting the Sample to Households Interviewed during September-March . Another reason we might not be able to detect changes in food consumption outcomes from receipt of food aid under shocks may be due to the time between receipt of aid and the household interview date . While WFP distributed > 23 Full results for the poorer household sub-sample are in Online Appendix 8 . 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is clear that the direction of the change in prices of domestic goods and factors cannot be detennined a priori . For example , the above discussion suggested that the excess demand for labor at initial prices would put upward pressure on the wage rate . However , if the price of domestic goods declines , as seems likely if the domestic goods are good substitutes for imports , the demand for labor will be reduced . Thus , wages and goods prices could either rise or fall in the final equilibrium . The discussion of the model does suggest several factors that are likely to affect the magnitude of the price changes . First , markets with greater levels of imports for final consumption and directly competing imported intermediates are likely to experience declines in prices , since there will be greater substitution away from domestic goods . This will also reduce the returns to owners of specific factors in these sectors , because of the decline in output price . Second , prices are also likely to fall in sectors where significant levels of imported inputs are used , because the reduction in production cost will increase supply . In these sectors specific factor owners will increase incomes , though , because the cost of inputs declines relative to the price of output . In this case imports will be a complemen * * t * * o domestic production rather than a substitute . Third , the impact on domestic prices is likely to be larger the greater is the elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and imported goods . Finally , the impact on prices is likely to be small when there is a significant level of exporting and a high elasticity of substitution between domestic sales and export sales . We now turn to a parameterization of the model for the case of Chile , to illustrate how a preferential tariff reduction affects domestic prices once equilibrium has been restored in all markets . # B . Simulation Results for Chile The domestic production data for Chile contained information on 69 domestic production sectors for Chile . Of these sectors , 41 produce traded goods and 28 sectors produce non-traded goods . < sup > 5 < /", "spans": [{"start": 1958, "end": 1992, "text": "domestic production data for Chile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". _ 50 ) to free trade ( _τ_ = 0 ) . As we mentioned above , a positive productivity shock in the Home country leads to an increase in the domestic output and to a decline in its price . The terms of trade of the other country improves , raising employment , investment , output and consumption in the Foreign country . The improvement in the terms of trade of the Foreign country is larger under free trade than under low trade integration . The different behavior of the Foreign terms of trade depends on the different dynamics of the intermediate goods prices at different degree of trade openness . Trade costs introduce a wedge between the Home and the Foreign price of the same intermediate good traded across countries . Only under free trade the two prices are equated . Thus , only under free trade the decline in the domestic price of the intermediate good traded to the other country is fully transmitted into its foreign price . Therefore , free trade strengthens the response of the Foreign variables to a domestic productivity shock and through them produces an amplification mechanism which reinforces the reaction of all the domestic variables but consumption . Under free trade , the response of domestic consumption to the productivity shock is weaker because of the > moments are obtained shocking productivity in both countries . All series have been logged ( except net exports ) and Hodrick-Prescott filtered with a smoothing parameter of 1600 . > 7The statistics for capital liberalization are reported in Table 5 . The statistics for trade liberalization are reported in Table 6 . Volatility is measured by the theoretical standard deviation . Contemporaneous comovement is measured by the theoretical correlation . The simulated moments are obtained shocking productivity in both countries . All series have been logged ( except net exports ) and Hodrick-Prescott filtered with a smoothing parameter of 1600 . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1543, "end": 1578, "text": "statistics for trade liberalization", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > 40-45 ° C is experienced in the Afar depression almost all the year in north-east Ethiopia . The northwestern lowlands , experiences a mean maximum temperature of 40 ° C and the western and southeastern lowlands have mean maximum temperatures of 35 ° C to 40 ° C during the month of April . < / mark > < sup > Figure < / sup > 7 presents the RF distribution of the country . * * ( Source : * * < u > https : / / www . thehaider . com / etch5 / < / u > < u > < mark > accessed on 6 / 5 / 2023 ) < / mark > < / u > _Figure 7 Temperature and Rainfall Distribution : a ) Mean Annual Temperature , b ) Annual Precipitation_ # # # # * * II . Socio-Economic Profile * * # # # # # * * a ) Population * * < mark > Based on the CSA population projection in the month of July 2022 , t < / mark > he total population of Ethiopia < mark > is 1 < / mark > 05 , 025 , 989 of which 83 % lives in rural areas ( Table 8 ) . _Table 8 Population of Ethiopia_ | * * Regions * * | * * Projected * * < br > * * Population * * | * * Area ( SqKm ) * * | * * Density * * < br > * * ( Persons / Sqkm ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Tigray | 5 , 738 , 996 | 41 , 409 . 95 | 138 . 59 | | Afar | 2 , 033 , 002 | 72 , 052 . 78 | 28 . 2155 | | Amhara | 22 , 876 , 991 | 154 , 708 . 96 | 147 . 871 | | Oromia | 39 , 980 , 992", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 752, "text": "CSA population projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | log employment | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | industry-specifc trends | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | frm-specifc trends | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | | imported inputs | No | No | No | No | Yes | NOTES : IV-FE regressions of log employment and employment shares on export intensity ( exports / sales ) . The instruments are the weighted average of the real exchange rate of a firm export partners , _z_ < sup > 0 < / sup > , and its interaction with initial sales ( in 2001 ) . Column ( 1 ) : firm fixed-effects and year fixed-effects ; column ( 2 ) : adds log total employment ( firm size ) ; column ( 3 ) : adds controls for industry-specific trends ( i . e . , interactions between year dummies and industry dummies ) ; column ( 4 ) : adds initial conditions to control for firm-specific trends ; column ( 5 ) : adds the share of imported inputs . Data are from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( National Annual Industrial Survey ) , Chile 2001-2005 . 19", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 947, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 950, "end": 983, "text": "National Annual Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and disclosure process . For each individual or household affected by the sub-project , the RAP preparation team will complete a Compensation Report containing necessary personal information on the PAPs and their household members ; their total land holdings ; inventory of assets affected ; and demographic and socio-economic baseline studies for monitoring of impacts . This information will be documented in a Report , and ideally should be “ witnessed ” by an independent or locally acceptable body . The Reports will be regularly updated and monitored . - 7 ) Step 7 : Individual Compensation and valuation . All types of compensation will be clearly explained to the individuals and households involved . These refer especially to the basis for valuing the land and other assets . Once such valuation is established , ICTA will produce a Contract or Agreement that lists all property and assets being acquired by the sub - project and the types of compensation selected . The RPF presents the entitlements that are eligible for compensation . These options include in-kind ( e . g . replacement housing ) and cash compensation enumerated through an agreed compensation matrix . All compensation should occur in the presence of the affected persons and the community local leaders . Compensation agreement forms must be signed by the affected persons , ICTA and an appointed community local leader . 18", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 343, "text": "demographic and socio-economic baseline studies", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * COVID-19 has spread relentlessly across the world , considerably affecting nearly all aspects of livelihood nearly everywhere . The health crisis quickly led to an economic crisis , forcing governments to issue support measures for households and the private sector to help cope . This paper complements the growing research into whether these support measures were useful . In this paper , we study whether the support measures provided during the COVID-19 pandemic by the governments of two rather distinct countries , El Salvador and Georgia , were effective in terms of some measures of the private sector performance . We use firm-level data from the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) that were completed pre-pandemic , and two rounds of COVID Followup Surveys ( COV-ES ) which recontacted all the respondents of the ES to collect data about firms ’ sales , employment , finances , and government support . < sup > 2 < / sup > The ES are representative samples of each country ’ s private sector enabling analysis of patterns affecting a large part of each country ’ s economy . We use data from only two countries , El Salvador and Georgia , to help alleviate concerns about selection bias , which are central to the estimation of effectiveness . Unlike in many others , the support measures in these two countries were not conditional on a specific set of firm outcomes during the pandemic . Given that fiscal capacity is not unlimited , governments across the world tried to target the neediest and often created eligibility criteria for support measures . These criteria often included specific parameters from the firms ’ experience during the pandemic , such as a drop in revenue , or workforce , etc . While this may be a good way to target the neediest , it greatly complicates estimation of the effectiveness of the support as it becomes nearly impossible to form appropriate groups of firms to compare their performance . The Governments of El Salvador and Georgia also tried to target the neediest , but they used pre-pandemic fixed characteristics such as firm size and sector . In selecting the set of countries , we were also mindful of the", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 716, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 777, "end": 799, "text": "COVID Followup Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "generated by the elicitation exercise . Whether training takes place in a village is a random event , conditional on the willingnessto-pay of the decision maker _D_ for randomly selected potential trainee _z_ . The _price_ , _choice_ , and _decision maker_ lotteries are such that a decision maker cannot affect the price she pays for training , the identity of the recipient , and the likelihood that she herself is the decision maker . But her willingness-to-pay choice can affect the probability that a recipient _z_ , selected via _choice-lottery_ , receives training ; the higher the willingness-to-pay of a decision maker for _z_ , the more likely it is that _z_ receives training . Whether training takes place in a village is therefore a random event , conditional on the willingness-to-pay of the decision maker _D_ for randomly selected potential trainee _z_ . This allows me to employ the following empirical specification to evaluate the impact of training one farmer on the adoption of other sampled farmers in the village < sup > 15 < / sup > : The dependent variable is a dummy equal to 1 if farmer _i_ in village _v_ has adopted the following recommended practices to control the Fall Armyworm : spraying pesticides , pouring ash ( or sand or soil ) on infected plants , crushing eggs or caterpillars . _Trainingv_ is a dummy equal to 1 if training has taken place in village _v_ . _Trained Farmeri_ is equal to 1 if _i_ has received training . _Spillover Farmeri_ is equal to 1 if _Trained Farmeri_ is zero . Indicator 1 ( _wDz , v_ = _p_ ) is equal to 1 if the willingness-to-pay of decision maker _D_ for potential trainee _z_ is equal to _p_ , where _p ∈ { _ 0 _ , _ 2 000 _ , . . . , _ 40 000 _ } _ . < sup > 16 < / sup > Results from estimating 10 are presented in Table 1 and based on responses to a phone follow-up survey carried out in December 2018 . In the survey we only ask adoptionrelated questions to farmers who say at least one of their plots had a Fall Armyworm infection during the current season ; for this reason", "spans": [{"start": 1823, "end": 1845, "text": "phone follow-up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| WB PinkSheet | 1960-2016 | | | X | | | | Natural Gas | 0 . 89 | 6 | 0 . 53 | IFS / BJS ( 2013 ) | 1985 – 2008 | | | | | X | | Copper | 0 . 89 | 6 | 0 . 53 | IFS / BJS ( 2013 ) | 1957 – 2008 | | | X | | | | Gold | 0 . 89 | 6 | 0 . 53 | IFS / BJS ( 2013 ) | 1970 – 2008 | | | | | X | | Cofee ( Robusta ) | 0 . 89 | 6 | 0 . 53 | WB PinkSheet | 1960-2016 | | | | | X | | Soy Beans | 0 . 87 | 5 | 0 . 48 | WB PinkSheet | 1960-2016 | | X | | | | | Bananas | 0 . 80 | 3 | 0 . 35 | WB PinkSheet | 1960-2016 | X | | | | | | Cofee ( Arabica ) | 0 . 77 | 2 . 6 | 0 . 31 | WB PinkSheet | 1960-2016 | | | | X | | | Sugar | 0 . 74 | 2 . 3 | 0 . 28 | IFS / BJS ( 2013 ) | - | | | | X | | > 36The estimates in Table 7 do not include a time trend , because ( if taken literally ) this would imply that _real_ log prices would go to _ ∞ _ or zero in the ( very ) long run , neither of which are feasible . > 37This is unsurprising as Cashin _et al_ ( 2000 ) argue that least squares estimates of persistence are downward biased .", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 415, "text": "WB PinkSheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implemented in partnership with Woreda Resettlement Committees ( WRCs ) and the Resettlement Implementation Team ( RIT ) will establish Grievance Redress Committees ( GRCs ) ; - vi ) Civil Society Organisations and local non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) can act as social watchdogs in matters relating to securing the livelihoods of project-affected communities along with their related socio-cultural facets ; and - vii ) Federal Environment Protection Authority ( EPA ) will ensure RP and LRP are prepared and implemented according to National procedures # # # # # * * 0 . 4 Main Findings of Census and Socio-Economic Surveys * * Key findings of the baseline , census surveys and public consultation meetings is to inform the preparation of this RP as well as feed into the LRP . Key demographic characteristics have been identified as follows : * * _Households , Population and Headship Pattern : _ * * A total of 613 households residing in 20 Kebeles will be affected by the implementation of the Subproject . Based on census enumeration survey out of the total 613 PAHs about 540 of them are male headed , while 63 are female headed and . The average family size of project affected households is calculated as 5 . 1 persons and almost similar to the national average of about five persons per household . Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 634, "text": "Census and Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1030, "end": 1055, "text": "census enumeration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10818 Statistical Matching for Combining the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions and the Household Budget Surveys An Evaluation of Energy Expenditures in Bulgaria _Britta Rude Monica Robayo-April_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice June 2024 A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access .", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 122, "text": "European Survey on Income and Living Conditions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 131, "end": 155, "text": "Household Budget Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Land and Crop-by-Product * * < mark > Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property further revealed that construction of the Subproject will affect a total of 0 . 014ha of grazing land belonging to 4 households . All grazing land will be affected by the installation tower pads . < / mark > Table 7 . 14 : Number of PAPs by Impact on grazing land and Woreda | * * Wd * * | * * PAHs Affe * * | * * cted by Tower Pads * * | * * Size of Affected * * | * * % PAHs affected * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * orea * * | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | * * grazing land ( ha ) * * | * * grazing land * * | | Limu Genet | 1 | 25 . 0 | 0 . 0036 | 25 . 0 | | Mana | 3 | 75 . 0 | 0 . 011 | 75 . 0 | | All | 4 | 100 . 0 | 0 . 014 | 100 . 0 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ Page 91", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 106, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 783, "end": 830, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "home environment by 0 . 155 SD ( measured by a combination of the FCI and HOME indicators , constructed using a principal component analysis ) . This estimate remains statistically significant even after accounting for multiple hypothesis testing . All results are robust to the inclusion of additional controls ( see Table A8 in Appendix 2 ) . Statistically significant changes are found in Affection but not for Interaction , measured by the PBC nurturing scales . We find that NEP-I leads to a decrease in negative discipline ( - 0 . 077 SD ) , measured by the PBC discipline scale , but this estimate cannot be distinguished from zero with multiple hypothesis testing . Impacts of NEP-B on these variables are positive , but smaller in magnitude than those of NEP-I , and never statistically significant . Regarding caregiver perceptions , we find that NEP-I significantly increases perceived self-efficacy ( measured by the Parental Sense of Competence Scale ) by 0 . 1 SD , and parental perceived impact of own behavior on child development by 0 . 1 SD , results which are robust to multiple hypothesis testing . We also find that perceived social support from friends and the community is also increased by 0 . 082 SD . While we find no statistically significant impacts of NEP-B or NEP-I on parental attitudes towards child-rearing measured through parental styles , and we see statistically significant impacts of NEP-I on the average age at which parents believe their children would be able to achieve key language developmental milestones in 0 . 1 SD . Finally , we find no significant impacts of NEP in caregiver mental health ( CESD ) or stress ( PSI ) . # 5 . 2 Instrumental Variables We now discuss IV estimates of the impact of participating in NEP-B and NEP-I on child and household outcomes . Based on information from administrative program records , the overall participation rates in NEP-B was 24 . 9 % and in NEP - I was 30 . 8 % among eligible individual . There is also imperfect compliance in the control group . The original plan was to start offering the program to the control group one year after the start of the study and given the delay", "spans": [{"start": 1838, "end": 1868, "text": "administrative program records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "outreach programs . Under the direction of the Deputy Commissioner for Agriculture / Production , the Regional Agricultural Officer shall continue to have overall responsibility for extension services in the Project Area . ` ` ` ` ` ` 4 . In order to promote the full participation of women in Project productive activities , PMU shall take all measures necessary to ensure that , by December 31 , 1991 : ` ` ` - ` ( i ) at least 10 % of the contact farmers working with ` - ` the extension service are women ; ` - ` ( ii ) training programs are put in place to raise the number of women farm-level extension workers to at least 10 % of the total number of farm-level ` - ` extension workers in the Project Area ; ` - ` ( iii ) the content of MOA ’ s Home Economics Program is relevant to , and useful for , the needs of women ; and ` - ` ( iv ) gender questions are included as evaluation criteria in the various studies to be undertaken from time to time by the Monitoring and Evaluation Team . ` ` ` ` Part B of the Project : ` ` ` ` ` ` 5 . PMU shall be responsible for conducting market surveys , placing orders for , taking delivery , storing , repackaging and selling of agricultural inputs . These functions shall be carried out by PMU ’ s inputs supply team , including a deputy inputs supply manager , a warehouse manager , guards and laborers , and headed by an inputs supply manager , whose qualifications and terms and conditions of employment shall be satisfactory to the Association . The Deputy Inputs Supply Manager and the Warehouse Manager shall be employed and in place , by not later than September 30 , 1988 . ` ` `", "spans": [{"start": 1085, "end": 1099, "text": "market surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the project . Vulnerable status may stem from an individual ’ s or group ’ s race , national , ethnic or social origin , colour , sex , language , religion , political or other opinion , property , age , culture , literacy , sickness , physical or mental disability , poverty or economic disadvantage , and dependence on unique natural resources . # # # # # 3 . 3 . 3 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS A sound community relations approach to engagement with stakeholders , builds on in-depth and structured analysis of stakeholders . It also allows USDRH to determine which stakeholder groups to prioritize within the stakeholder engagement / community relations strategy . For example , influential stakeholders who are significantly impacted by the Project typically make good partners for USDRH to work with , while stakeholders with limited influence who are significantly impacted are best approached through an empowerment or rights protection perspectives , as they may not have the capacity to represent themselves properly . Similarly , interested parties can be a low priority for community relations efforts , but their capacity to exert high influence over the Project , means that they need to be kept informed and involved , while building strategies to reduce any inappropriate demands that they place on the Project . USDRH will continue to undertake analysis of its various stakeholder groups to identify any new stakeholders and determine / confirm the appropriate level and methods of consultation and engagement for each stakeholder group . The project safeguard specialists will be responsible for ongoing stakeholder identification , mapping and analysis . The project social safeguards officer will also be responsible for updating the stakeholder database and matrix as well as creating / updating key stakeholder profiles . The analysis involves mapping stakeholder using the following three key determinants : a . The stakeholder ’ s projected level of interest in the Project ; * * 14 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 1751, "end": 1782, "text": "stakeholder database and matrix", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The economy of Itang is predominantly agricultural . The woreda is one of the highly affected areas by floods . Based on the 2017 population projection ( CSA ) , this Woreda has a total population of 48 , 673 of whom 24 , 548 are men and 24 , 125 women ; with an area of 2 , 188 . 34 square kilometers . Majority of the population in Itang special woreda 37354 or 76 . 74 % are pastoralists . The main ethnicities of this woreda are the Nuer , Agnuwaha and foreigners from Sudan . The major languages spoken in this Woreda include Nuer , and Agnuwaha . The religion with the largest number of believers is Protestant with 81 . 63 % of the population , while other groups with sizable followings are traditional beliefs ( 7 . 54 % ) , Orthodox Christian 6 . 27 % , and Roman Catholic 2 . 62 % . The two largest ethnic groups in Itang Special Woreda are the Nuer and the Agnuwaha as well as all other ethnic groups made up to 5 % of the population . # # # # * * Gog woreda * * Gog woreda is one of the DRDIP-II targeting woredas in the Gambella Region . The woreda is bordered on the south by Dimma Woreda , on the southwest by the Akobo River which separates it from South Sudan , on the west by Jor Woreda , and on the north by Abobo Woreda . Fugnido is the main town in Gog woreda . The terrain of Gog is predominantly flat , with the elevation ranging between 400 to 600 meters above sea level ; high points include Mount Masango ( 552 meters ) . Major bodies of water in this Woreda include the Gilo River and Lake Tata . According to the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy published by the CSA , around 30 % of the woreda is forest . A notable landmark is", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 151, "text": "2017 population projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1542, "end": 1578, "text": "Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "included support groups , home ‐ based care , spiritual support , condom distribution , and provision of transport to clinics for PLHIV . Another review of a subset of faith ‐ based organizations in a South African database ( Birdsall 2005 ) found that the nature of services provided by FBOs depended on the setting . FBOs in rural areas were less involved in food programs but more involved in condom distribution than FBOs in urban areas , and a higher proportion of FBOs in urban areas reported involvement in care and support . Most FBOs in both rural and urban areas provided services to PLHIV , OVC , and HIV ‐ positive mothers , but in urban areas FBOs were more likely to also provide services to substance abusers , sex workers , and street children . Finally , community responses have been driven by peer ‐ learning facilitated by networks , such as Grassroots Organizations Operation Together in Sisterhood ( GROOTS ) International , Huairou Commission , Shack / Slum Dwellers International and others . 20", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 223, "text": "South African database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "populous cities in each country in addition to all the cities in the world with population greater than 500 , 000 . Second , we compute the shipment times between each city-pairs using the shortest path algorithm applied to the existing network of railways and the location of major ports using data from Atlas of the Earth ( DAE ) , 2015 release , and Global Shipping Routes ( CIA , ESRI , 2012 ) respectively . Finally , we identify the effect of BRI infrastructure projects on shipment times at city-pair level by applying the shortest path algorithm to an improved network that includes manually digitized information on BRI projects based on Reed and Trubetskoy ( 2018 ) . The BRI transport infrastructure investments considered in this analysis are those related to new or improved rail and port projects . < sup > 14 < / sup > To obtain more accurate time estimates , we complement the georeferenced data with proxies for port quality using data from Slack , Comtois , Wiegmans and Witte ( 2018 ) on the amount of time spent in port by vessels . Additional data on > 14 See de Soyres et al ( 2018 ) for the full list of projects . 15", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 323, "text": "Atlas of the Earth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 353, "end": 375, "text": "Global Shipping Routes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". For rural area , total private educational expenditures are examined by provinces , ranked by per capita income from poor to rich ( Fig 7 ) , and similar conclusion holds - - that the prices faced by families in poorest rural provinces are high enough to create an obstacle to raising enrollment rates than those in the wealthy provinces . Infact , figure 8 shows that economic conditions prevent nearly 40 percent of children among the 7-14 age group , corresponding to primary and junior secondary education , from attending schools in the poorest province ( quintile I ) compared to 14 percent in the wealthiest province ( quintile V ) . Moreover , regarding quality of schooling , one direct measure of the quality gap is the availability of textbooks and teaching materials in schools . The same data confirm that more than 35 percent of the children living in the poorest provinces reported either inadequate supplies of textbooks or other teaching materials as the main reason for not attending schools ; corresponding figure for children in the richest province is 21 percent . In higher education , a simple regression with province-level data show that graduation rates are influenced by the", "spans": [{"start": 1135, "end": 1154, "text": "province-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > FDH FDH < br > 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 < br > score score < br > Unorthogonalized Public Expenditure Orthogonalized Public Expenditure < br > 8 15 < br > 6 < br > 10 < br > 4 < br > Density Density < br > 5 < br > 2 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 . Density of Efficiency Scores – Gross Primary School Enrollment * * This paper uses nine indicators of education output and four indicators of health output . < sup > 6 < / sup > The education indicators are : primary school enrollment ( gross and net ) , secondary school enrollment ( gross and net ) , literacy of youth , average years of school , first level complete , second level complete , and learning scores . Though the ideal educational output indicator are comparable learning scores , international assessments are based on samples mostly composed of developed nations , limiting the applicability to the present paper . However , Crouch and Fasih ( 2004 ) recently combined several international assessments to obtain a larger sample of comparable results . < sup > 7 < / sup > Unfortunately they only do it for one period . The correlation between the learning scores and other output variables is high ( . 81 with net secondary school enrollment and . 76 with average years of school ) , as shown in Figure 6 < sup > 8 < / sup > . The health output indicators are : life expectancy at birth , immunization ( DPT < sup > 9 < / sup > and measles ) , and the disability-adjusted life expectancy ( DALE ) . The cross-country comparisons with this set of indicators assume some form of data homogeneity , which might be problematic given the diversity of counties in the sample considered . Even for a more homogeneous group of countries , such as the OECD , there is call for caution when comparing expenditure levels in member countries (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GRM ) . While the FTA component aims at deepening the citizens ' access to information on budget , expenditure and service delivery , the SA component creates demand for greater transparency by encouraging citizens ’ participation in basic service delivery through engagement and support of civil societies , non-government organizations called _social accountability implementing partners_ ( SAIPs ) < sup > 9 < / sup > . The Ethiopia Social Accountability > 9 The SA process involves : ( i ) citizen ’ s access to information about service standards , plan targets , and budgets ; ( ii ) training of citizen on how to use SA tools ( community score card ; participatory planning and budgeting ; citizen report card ; gender responsive budgeting ; and public expenditure tracking survey ) for assessing access and quality of service delivery vis-à-vis standard / plan / budget ; ( iii ) organization of woreda or kebele level interface meetings between citizen and service providers so as to arrive at a joint action plan to address the identified problems / constraints ; ( iv ) implementation of the joint action plan ; and ( v ) monitoring improvements in access and quality of service delivery by local Social Accountability Committee .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Employed baseline : employed with positive wage afterwards < br > 1 ; 08 < br > - 0 = < br > 3E - 0037 ow ope $ - 013 < br > 2 < br > 23 < br > = g “ A < br > 8 < br > a < br > - 19 Pre-covid cohort < br > “ 2 ® @ Covid5 cohort < br > 4 months later * * * 8 months later 12 months later 16 months later * * * < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Employed baseline : log earning afterwards < br > 1 091 + 7 < br > > 037 > 039 < br > 0 < br > £ o “ A < br > € 12 < br > § hers u 13 ; < br > agz 2 < br > Pre-covid cohort < br > “ 4 ® Covid . cohort < br > 4 months later * * * 8 months later * * * 12 months later \" * 16 months later * * * < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "management plans , and the fulfillment of all commitments under the scope of the project and World Bank standards . - Actively participate in the regular updating and revision of the ESMP when triggered by major engineering / design changes , legislative changes , new environmental / social data , or significant stakeholder influence . - Facilitate the recruitment and employment of competent EHS ( Environmental , Health , and Safety ) staff and external safeguard experts to work directly under the project ' s supervision and EHS framework . - Ensure the immediate notification and detailed reporting ( to MOH and the World Bank ) of any incident or accident related to the Project which has a significant adverse effect on the environment , communities , or workers . # # * * 10 . 6 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities of Federal EPA * * The Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority ( EEPA ) is the primary federal agency responsible for environmental protection and sustainable development in Ethiopia . EEPA ' s role is critical in integrating environmental considerations into all development activities , minimizing adverse impacts , and promoting sustainable practices . Here ' s its role and responsibilities in ESMP implementation : - Oversee ESMP implementation . - Ensures / monitor environmental and social compliances are effectively implemented - Oversight to ensure that project have implemented a proper GRM , and that the GRM is functioning properly . # # * * 10 . 7 KIP Roles and Responsibilities * * - Providing basic utility services like water supply , telecom , electricity , - Provide wastewater treatment service , - Provide fire emergency service , - Ensuring the project design has included 72 hours wastewater holding tank - Engaging overall grievance redress process . # # * * 10 . 8 Incident Reporting * * According to World Bank ESIRT , the Borrower or contractor must notify the Bank promptly ( typically within 24 - 48 hours ) of any incident or accident related to the project that has , or is likely to have , a significant adverse effect on the environment , affected communities , public or workers . 253", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 296, "text": "environmental / social data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of YHF funding is stuck in banks across the country . Partners are concerned that unless the current banking crisis is conclusively addressed , the launch of a new YHF standard allocation may be untenable . Uncertainty regarding future funding prospects has created a precarious situation for ongoing and planned protection activities . The Financial Tracking Service data for the 2024 HRP as of July 24 , 2024 indicates that the Protection Cluster and AoRs are funded by 37 percent of the required funding , at 62 . 7M USD , although an independent survey by the Cluster on funding availability shows 52 . 5M USD , accounting for just 31 percent of required funding . # # * * 2 . Authorities ’ increased interference in Protection Programs * * Authorities ' oversight and restriction of protection activities was already a significant obstacle for protection partners . Programs like GBV / CP case management , PSS , legal aid , and protection monitoring struggle to meet authorities ' criteria for ' direct program costs , ' as they primarily require staff costs . SCMCHA in AA controlled areas has imposed stringent measures that further complicate humanitarian efforts , including the requirement that all activities be coordinated exclusively through their office and the use of only approved data collection tools . SCMCHA has also criticized certain agencies for non-compliance and fund mismanagement , leading to suspensions and delays . Additionally , staff are cautioned to adhere strictly to SCMCHA ' s recent directives , which require clearances for data collection forms and training and capacity-building activities . Failure to comply could jeopardize their security . SCMCHA also emphasizes that partners must respect cultural sensitivities by avoiding irrelevant questions and honoring Yemeni traditions . # # * * 3 . Freedom of movement restrictions , increased risks to staff safety including risk of detention and increase of tensions with the communities * * Recent detentions of humanitarian workers have disrupted operations and raised safety concerns among humanitarian actors . Concerningly , a partner reported their staff are at risk of detention , primarily in AA-controlled areas . This organization is working to", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 372, "text": "Financial Tracking Service data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 538, "end": 595, "text": "independent survey by the Cluster on funding availability", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * # # Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services ( P109224 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2017 | |  Direct project benef | iciaries ( Number , Core ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 1357900 . 00 | 1357900 . 00 | 1357900 . 00 | 1578000 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2017 | |  Female beneficiaries ( Percentage , Core Supplement ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 47 . 00 | 47 . 00 | | 47 . 00 | | 49 . 00 | # # Overall Comments # # * * Global Environmental Objective Indicators * * |  Additional land area with improved land and water man | agement practices ( Hectare ( | Ha ) , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The extent to which expenditures are misreported in these ways is presumed to depend on the item in question and the characteristics of the household . In India , there has been debate in recent years as to the impact on measured poverty and inequality of having altered the reference period over which ( recall-based ) consumption data has been collected in two key rounds of the National Sample Survey ( see Deaton and Kozel , 2005 ) . Lanjouw ( 2005 ) argues that , in Brazil , the application of an inappropriately short reference period over which purchases of foods are recorded in the 2002 _Pesquisa de Orçamientos Familiares_ consumption survey diary might account for the surprisingly high frequency of households who report zero consumption of certain key food items . In Ghana , Scott and Amenuvegbe ( 1991 ) ran a well-documented experiment for 144 households on the impact of recall duration on reported expenditure ( not consumption value ) of the 13 most", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 405, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 3 CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 meter resolution ) land cover showing the Wobulenzi-Masaka section 14", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 31, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "now in developing countries , researchers working with survey data should strongly consider implementing multi-way cluster robust standard errors . Finally , there are two theoretically simple ways to reduce the design effects caused by the clustering of responses by interviewers . One is to simply expand the sample size using an expected interviewer design effect while keeping the number of respondents per interviewer constant . This approach is what is used to account for area cluster design effects . Another approach is to reduce the number of respondents per interviewer . In this analysis , all things being equal , a doubling of the number of interviewers from 20 to 40 would result in a reduction in the average design effect from 7 . 2 to 4 . In both cases however there are limits to how many interviewers can be trained and managed without effects on data quality . Additionally , there may be limits to the number of high-quality interviewers available to work on a given survey . Nevertheless , survey implementors should increase the number of interviewers to the maximum number that can all be trained and managed well . This paper provides some tentative evidence that interviewers with college degrees or higher , those with local knowledge of the survey area and those with experience conducting surveys , produce data with lower interviewer design effects . Future research could address interviewer characteristics associated with reduced interviewer design effects more robustly . Since the cost of interviewing interviewers during a survey is minimal , interviews of interviewers should become a common practice in survey implementation . Such practice would allow for meta studies to identify the relative importance of different interviewer characteristics for data quality . # * * References * * Brunton-Smith , Ian , P . Sturgis & G . Leckie . 2016 . Detecting and understanding interviewer effects on survey data by using a cross-classified mixed effects location – scale model . _Journal of the Royal Statistical Society – Series A , Statistics in Society , _ 18 ( 2 ) : 551-568 . Caeyers , B . , Chalmers , N . & De Weerdt , J . 2012 . Improving consumption measurement and other survey data through CAPI : Evidence from a randomized experiment .", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 66, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "monetary policy and to guide monetary policy decisions . Credit bureau information can also be used by the tax authorities to improve fiscal control and to analyze the effect of different tax policies on credit flows . # * * _4 . Competition_ * * A further set of objectives relates to competition and performance in the credit market . The effects of information on market structure and market conduct may be somewhat complex , however , more information regarding credit risk is likely to make a banking system more competitive and indeed as more credit information is made more publicly available , competition between banks and non-banks should also be heightened . Arguably the very raison d ’ être of banks is to establish profitable lending relationships with clients where information is costly to acquire . Given that relationships tie borrowers in to particular lending institutions , that institution may then acquire a type of local monopoly power . However , relationship lending may still be preferable to issuing a security ( non relationship lending ) , as the return that would have to be offered to the market ( given the assumed poor information ) may still be more than the price that the local monopolist bank would offer having invested in the relationship . Rajan ( 1992 ) computes an equilibrium in which firms may borrow from both banks and in the open ( bond ) market such that issuing in the market controls the local monopoly power of the bank . In a model that allows entry into the banking sector , if information is very poor and local monopoly rents very high , then we may expect a highly fragmented banking system with many banks , low economies of scale and a high cost of credit . Typically , theoretical models assume some type of asymmetric information that a bank may overcome by investing ( a fixed cost ) in a relationship . However , as discussed above , a PCR may force banks to share this information . This may reduce the rents available to the bank and may lead to multiple and quite subtle effects . One concern is that banks will lose the incentives to search for clients thus potentially even having a negative effect on", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 82, "text": "Credit bureau information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9497 # * * Abstract * * This paper introduces a new global database and a policy classification framework that records the financial sector policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic across 154 jurisdictions . It documents that authorities around the world have taken a diverse array of measures to mitigate financial distress in markets and for borrowers , and to support the provision of critical financial services to the real economy . Measures that focus on the banking sector constitute the majority of policies taken and aim to take advantage of the flexibility embedded in the international standards . However , emerging markets and developing economies tend to rely more on prudential measures that go beyond this embedded flexibility compared with advanced economies , which may reduce bank balance sheet transparency and increase risks . Using Cox proportional hazards and Poisson regressions , the paper takes initial steps to analyze the determinants of policy makers ’ responsiveness and activity in emerging markets and developing economies , respectively . The results indicate that policy makers have typically been significantly more responsive and have taken more policy measures in emerging markets and developing economies that are richer and more populous . Countries with higher private debt levels tend to respond earlier with banking sector and liquidity and funding measures . The spread of COVID-19 , macro-financial fundamentals , and fiscal and containment policies appear to play a limited role . In a substantially smaller sample , the paper explores the role of banking characteristics and finds that emerging markets and developing economies with higher private credit levels and that have adopted Basel III features have taken fewer policy measures . Future work is necessary for better unerstanding the country determinants of the policy response as well as the effectiveness and potential unintended consequences of the measures . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at efeijen", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 97, "text": "global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "within the project area . Locals confirmed the existance of Spotted-necked Otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) in the Mabamba Bay . Results are shown in * * Table 28 * * . * * Table 28 : Results of mammal survey with the local people * * | * * CRITICAL HABITAT FEATURES * * < br > * * Elih N Si N * * | * * THREA * * < br > * * STA * * | * * TENED * * < br > * * TUS * * | * * Location * * | * * Community * * < br > * * response * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * ngs ame ( peces ame ) * * | * * IUCN * * | * * National * * | | | | * * Mammals * * | | | | | | Spotted-necked Otter ( _Hydrictis_ | NT | EN | Mabamba Bay | Common during | | _maculicollis_ ) | | | | the rainyseason | All the above techniques that were deployed for mammal survey revealed their absence except for interviews with the local people which revealed the presence of one species ( Spotted-necked Otter ( Hydrictis maculicollis ) as presented in * * Table 23 * * above . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 4 Ecosystem services * * The wetlands in and around the project area serve a series of sensitive ecological functions , primarily water and waste filtration , and as carbon sinks . # # # * * 4 . 3 Socio-Economic Baseline Conditions * * The information was collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal ( PRA ) techniques . PRA was developed to gain information directly from rural communities and to enable the communities to do the analysis and planning using the information obtained .", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 230, "text": "mammal survey with the local people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fourth , to attain greater quality control during the data collection process , enumerators recorded the answers via _Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews_ ( CAPI ) or _Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing_ ( CATI ) software , and we regularly monitored the data collection process using standard algorithms to analyze the consistency of the data . < sup > 10 < / sup > > 9These procedures are in line with suggestions of good practice for implementation by ( Bloom et al . , 2016 ) . We use online surveys only for Georgia and Croatia . In Georgia , we partnered with the National Statistical Office , which resulted in exceptionally high response rate . Face-to-face interviews were not possible during the pandemic . See Table A . 16 for the mode and date of data collection in each country . > 10Randomized survey experiments with household surveys have demonstrated that a large number of errors observed in _Pen-and-Paper Personal Interview_ ( PAPI ) data can be avoided with CAPI or CATI ( Caeyers , Chalmers and De Weerdt , 2012 ) . For Georgia and Croatia , we used Computer Assisted Web Interviewing ( CAWI ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 840, "end": 857, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 21 - # * * Figure 5 : Total Fees over Contributions – Hungary and Other Countries ( % ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > 1 3 5 7 9 Years of operation11 13 15 17 19 21 23 < br > Argentina Bolivia Chile El Salvador México Perú Uruguay Hungary < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Contributions and costs are net of death and disability insurance for Latin American countries Source : AIOS and own calculations on HFSA raw data * * Figure 6 : Total Fees over Assets – Hungary and Other Countries ( % ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 14 % < br > 12 % < br > 10 % < br > 8 % < br > 6 % < br > 4 % < br > 2 % < br > 0 % < br > 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 < br > Years of operation < br > Chile Argentina Bolivia Costa Rica El Salvador Mexico Peru Uruguay Hungary < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Costs are net of death and disability insurance for Latin American countries Source : AIOS and own calculations on HFSA raw data 45 . If operating and asset management fees are kept at their current levels of 6 . 5 percent of contributions and 1 percent of assets , total fees in Hungary would compare unfavorably with other reforming countries in the long-run . As shown in Figure 7 , total fees over contributions would increase to more than 35 percent in 30 years , driven primarily by the fixed asset management fee of 1 percent charged on the increasing assets . Total fees over assets would converge to about 1 . 2 percent , as shown in Figure 8 , an", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 550, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the currency depreciated . In 2012 , the government legally unbundled EVN to create a separate Electricity Power Trading Company that purchases power both from state owned generators and IPPs . The government ’ s vision for unbundling EVN was to trigger further private sector investment into the sector , including privatization of the state-owned generators . Under this market design private sector investment increased . By 2023 , private players were estimated to own 42 % of installed capacity ( Thu and Ha 2023 ) . EVN retains monopoly in the transmission segment but changes to the Electricity Law in 2022 now allow private sector investments in the grid . One private company in 2023 has taken advantage of this change in the law by building the transmission line from its solar plant to the grid ( Thu and Ha 2023 ) . * * _Prepare for a transition to a competitive wholesale market structure : _ * * A few countries created independent separate single buyers to gain experience in power trading before transitioning to a competitive wholesale market structure . For example , Oman Power and Water Procurement Company ( OPWP ) was an integrated power and water VIU that functioned as a single buyer purchasing power from IPPs starting in 1996 . In 2005 , the government unbundled the company creating a separate Oman Electricity Transmission Company as an independent system operator while OPWP became the market operator . OPWP envisaged moving to a more competitive wholesale market structure as the long-term PPAs with IPPs gradually expired . It began operational trials of a gross pool wholesale spot market in 2019 . On January 2022 , Oman formally transitioned to a gross pool market structure operated by OPWP . Currently , all generators that do not have existing PPA obligations are mandated to sell on the pool . The generators submit daily offers via a single unified portal . They can access market data such as schedules and prices and receive payment for electricity sold through the spot market . The market has created new revenue opportunities for generators especially for solar and wind projects ( Al Arabiya English 2022 ) . 27", "spans": [{"start": 1914, "end": 1925, "text": "market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 12 December 2001 Page 42 of 9 * * THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL * * Operational Policies * * and PAPs they receive no compensation . National law limits combined compensation for land and economic rehabilitation to no more than 20 times the average annual productive value of the acquired land . < u > In Vietnam , < / u > an emerging market permits land use rights to be bought and sold at highly fluctuating prices . Compensation rates payable in cash to project affected households were introduced by national decree ( 87-CP ) in 1994 , which sets minimum and maximum prices for various categories of land . The prices established in this decree are set administratively and may not represent replacement cost . Bank experience in Vietnam so far has mainly focused on the land-for-land option for people losing more than 20 % of their total holding , and cash compensation for people losing less than 20 % . New laws also allow for outright ownership ( and alienation ) of houseplots up to 200 square meters in size . The Irrigation Rehabilitation Project ( Cr . 2711 ) provides 60 % of replacement cost for non-owned homesteads ( plus full compensation for the house or other structures ) to be used for purchase of privately owned homesteads . In all instances , compensation is to be sufficient to purchase a 200-square-meter parcel . The conversion from use rights to outright , alienable ownership is considered as contributing to replacement cost . # # # # # # * * < mark > Method of Valuation for structures , land , trees and other assets Replacement cost for structures Calculating replacement costs < / mark > * * - * * Schedule of rates obtained from the infrastructure department * * : The infrastructure construction departments in all countries have a schedule of rates for preparing estimates for construction projects , which Borrower agencies themselves use to assess costs for construction materials and labor . When applied to calculation of replacement cost , rates current for the period of actual replacement must be", "spans": [{"start": 1648, "end": 1709, "text": "Schedule of rates obtained from the infrastructure department", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "original recovery program costs . Immediate steps have been taken to revitalize existing capacity for production by making available agricultural , veterinary and fisheries inputs and spare parts needed for the repair and maintenance of existing machinery . In the longer term , GOU seeks to continue to support agricultural production and will pursue pricing policies that will provide incentives and protection for both producer and consumer . The food supply position will be consolidated and food security ensured . GOU also plans to encourage private enterprise , diversify agriculture and agricultural exports and continue to promote small-holder development . . The operation of the parastatals will also be reviewed and action taken to improve the efficiency of operation and management of cash crop marketing . Long term development will also require improvement of agricultural services ( e . g . research and extension ) . 1 . 31 As a result of its policies , GUU reports that official purchases of exporc crops have increased . There are also indications from official GOU statistics of improvements in food production and in control of animal diseases .", "spans": [{"start": 1072, "end": 1095, "text": "official GOU statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report * * * * Manyatta A , Manyatta B , Nyawita and Kibuye settlements * * # # # * * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * * # # # * * Introduction * * To improve the livelihoods of the population within informal settlements , the Government of Kenya received credit from International Development Association ( IDA ) and Agence Francaise de Development ( AfD ) towards the cost of the Second Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project ( KISIP 2 ) . The project aims to improve the condition of selected roads , improve the accessibility of potable water , and improve security and visibility at night by introducing streetlights and floodlights in established settlements . To improve the lives and livelihoods of at least 2 . 5 million people within informal settlements in select counties through the enhancement of security of tenure and essential infrastructure improvement based on plans developed in consultation with the community in line with Kenya Vision 2030 . Targeted informal settlements in Kisumu County under the improving infrastructure component in this project are situated in the following sub-counties : Kisumu Central ( Manyatta A , Nyawita , Migosi , and Kibuye ) ; Kisumu East ( Manyatta B ) ; Kisumu West ( Bandani ) and Muhoroni ( Bondeni , Shauri Moyo , Shauri Yako , Swahili / Sangoro ) . These planned infrastructure upgrades will impact some assets and livelihoods , which may result in long-term impacts for affected people without proper planning and management . A census was conducted to identify and document the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) and impacts , resulting in a PAP and Asset register . The methodology used included a census and socioeconomic survey of the PAPs , a literature review , community and stakeholder consultation , and a valuation of the affected assets . In addition , this ARAP report has been prepared in line with KISIP ’ s Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , World Bank Operational Policy ( OP 4 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1639, "end": 1661, "text": "PAP and Asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1696, "end": 1739, "text": "census and socioeconomic survey of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5That is , a team of a man and a woman is more productive than a team of two men or two women ( other things equal ) . Standard economic models , including ours , imply that the labor of men and women are perfectly substitutable . More specifically , Ostry et al . ( 2018 ) argue “ the economically relevant range turns out to be one of partial substitutability , or , equivalently , partial complementarity . . . [ elasticity of substitution ] estimates are clustered below 1 in the macro data , between 1 and 2 in the sectoral data , and between 2 and 3 in the firm-level data . ” ( p6 ) > 6These results are the average of gains with elasticity of substitution of 1 . 5 and 2 report in the top right corner of their Table 4 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 494, "text": "macro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 520, "end": 533, "text": "sectoral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 563, "end": 578, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and hygiene practices . < mark > WASH deficits are estimated to cause more than 45 , 000 deaths in Ethiopia every year - about a third of them among children younger than five ( WHO , 2019 ) . This situation imposes huge economic costs : the annual economic cost of inadequate sanitation is estimated at approximately 15 billion ETB ( IRC , 2023 ) . < / mark > Women and girls suffer disproportionately from lack of access to WASH services . 5 . * * Women and girls suffer disproportionately from the lack of adequate WASH services . * * They bear the burden of water collection over long distances , which has been associated with negative effects on well-being , school attendance , and a higher risk of GBV . A high prevalence of OD and the poor quality of sanitation facilities also compromise the convenience , safety , health , and dignity of rural women and girls . Gender disparities are exacerbated by the relatively low participation of women and representatives from vulnerable groups , including people with disabilities and youth , in committees responsible for the planning , implementation , and operation and maintenance ( O & M ) of WASH facilities . 6 . * * Climate change is making water events more extreme . * * Recurrent droughts , floods , and rising temperatures make it more difficult to manage water resources effectively and to ensure continuity in WSS service delivery . Moreover , rainfall variability has contributed to increasing frequency and intensity of floods . Recurrent droughts and floods are the greatest climate threat to local communities , < sup > 8 < / sup > with wide-ranging impacts on human capital outcomes and the broader Ethiopian economy . Already constrained by the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources , there is increasing competition between human consumption and productive uses . Coping with climate change and its impact on both surface and groundwater sources requires the collection and analysis of water resource data , better forecasting of weather and long-run climate change impacts , increasing stakeholder involvement through education , and the establishment of early warning systems . > 5 World Bank", "spans": [{"start": 1981, "end": 2000, "text": "water resource data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in education ( 5 . 4 and 5 . 5 respectively ) , as opposed to 2012-2016 where spending represented 4 . 7 and 4 . 2 % of GDP , respectively . Importantly , further analysis will be needed to understand to what extent this decline can be explained by differences over time in data availability . When looking at health and education spending , LAC stands out as being the region with steep increases in both sectors ( Table 5 ) . The average spending for Social Protection programs , as defined in section II , is equal to 1 . 6 % of GDP in the period 2012-2016 , with Europe and Central Asia displaying the highest share ( 2 % ) and South Asia the lowest ( 1 % ) . Conclusions about changes over time cannot be drawn given that each country only appears once in the ASPIRE data set . 12", "spans": [{"start": 765, "end": 780, "text": "ASPIRE data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The Double Burden of Female Protracted Displacement : Survey Evidence on Gendered Livelihoods in El Fasher , Darfur * * Wolfgang Stojetz < sup > [ † ] < / sup > and Tilman Brück < sup > [ ‡ ] < / sup > * * Keywords * * : gender ; forced displacement ; internally displaced persons ; livelihoods # # : D74 ; J16 ; J24 ; O15 The authors of this paper conducted their research under Gender Dimensions of Forced Displacement project . The project is co-led by Lucia Hanmer and Diana Arango under the guidance of Hana Brixi , Global Director , Gender Unit , The World Bank Group . * * Acknowledgments * * : This work is part of the program “ Building the Evidence on Protracted Forced Displacement : A Multi-Stakeholder Partnership ' ' . The program is funded by UK aid from the United Kingdom ' s Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office ( FCDO ) , it is managed by the World Bank Group ( WBG ) and was established in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . The scope of the program is to expand the global knowledge on forced displacement by funding quality research and disseminating results for the use of practitioners and policy makers . This work does not necessarily reflect the views of FCDO , the WBG or UNHCR . Andrej Smirnov provided excellent research assistance .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "those without a high school diploma – also referred to as “ dropouts ” in the analysis . These wage premiums are estimated by means of a Mincer wage regression based on individual worker ’ s microdata . The Mincer equation consists of a regression of the logarithm of the hourly wages on dummies for educational levels , a potential experience variable ( constructed as age minus years of education minus 6 ) and its powers up to the order of 4 , and a series of regional and urbanrural controls . The remuneration for each input ( ln _wkt_ ) is computed from this regression as a weighted average of the returns to education of each of the educational levels belonging to the corresponding input . The wage premiums are then obtained as the difference of these remunerations . These regressions have the following form : where _w_ is the wage for worker _i_ at time _t_ , the _D_ variables are indicators for the level of educational attainment ( college complete and incomplete , secondary complete and incomplete , and primary complete – primary incomplete is the omitted category ) with their corresponding _β_ coefficients , and the _X_ variables represent a set of individual characteristics , which include years of experience , region of residence and urban / rural status ( when available ) . 37", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 200, "text": "individual worker ’ s microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | | * * Health Status * * | | | | | | Life expectancy | 52 | 55-60 | 54 | 48 | | InfantmortalityRate | 110-128 | 90-95 | 97 * | 77 * * | | Maternal mortalityrate | 500-700 | 450-500 | 871 * | 673 * * | | * * Health Services * * | | | | | | Potential HealthService coverage | 45 % | 55-60 % | 61 . 0 % | 72 . 1 % | | Increasehealth facilities | See Suppo | rt Systems be | low | | | % under 1year immunizedfor DPT3 | 67 % | 70-80 % | 51 . 5 % | 70 . 1 % | | Contraceptive prevalencerate ( CPR ) | 8 % | 15-20 % | 8 . 1 % * | 14 . 7 % * * | Sources : Health and Health Related Indicators ( HHRI ) , or DHS if marked with asterisk ( s ) . * = 2000 DHS and * * = 2005 DHS The Potential Health Service coverage is the percentage of population within 10 km of a MOH or NGO health facility ( Health Center , Health Station or Health Post ) . 6 . According to the HHRI - 1997 EC , the life expectancy at birth was only 48 in 2004 / 05 ( 1997 EC ) . The reasons for the decrease in the life expectancy at birth from 54 to 48 over the last three years are not clear but may be related to the increased mortality among the young due to AIDS . Also , increasing access to health services has not been translated into improved outpatient visits , TB case detection rates and supervised deliveries ( the percentage of births attended by skilled staff is only 12 % ) . At 0 . 3 , the number of outpatient visits per person per year is very low ; the 2005 Citizen Report card surveys identified the lack of medicines", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 603, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 618, "end": 621, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 677, "end": 685, "text": "2005 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 874, "end": 888, "text": "HHRI - 1997 EC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1453, "end": 1485, "text": "2005 Citizen Report card surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ET-MOALR-212929-CS - < br > QCBS / RLLP Beneficiary < br > Households Survey on < br > l l k | IDA / 63120 | Green Infrastructure and < br > Resilient Livelihoods | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - International | 112 , 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementatio | n < br > 2021-01-15 | | 2021-01-29 | 2021-02-13 | | | | 2021-03-13 < br > 2021-03-24 < br > 2021-04-28 | 2021-06-02 < br > 2022-06-02 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Seected Resuts Frame Wor < br > Indicators | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSUL * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * TANTS * * < br > | | | | | < br > < br > | | | | Invitation to | | | | | | | | < br > Description | Loan / Credit < br > No . | Component | Review Typ | e < br > Method | Market Approach < br > Contr | act Type < br > Estimated < br > Amount ( US $ ) < br > A | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Process Sta | tus < br > Terms of", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 78, "text": "Households Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Survey design and administration Designing a socio-economic survey including consumption measures for non-displaced households is challenging as the interview time is limited and one has to be very selective to restrict the number of questions in surveys . For FDPs , the challenge is exacerbated given the need to understand not only their present socio-economic well-being , but also their displacement trajectory as well as their aid dependency . In this context , spending 90 or more minutes on an elaborate consumption module might not be a priority . Instead , detailed information on displacement and aid is crucial and something that is not properly assessed in non FDPs surveys . Fatigue from over-surveying is often cited as an anecdotal challenge in the context of FDPs , leading to survey non-response . Even though FDPs are often subject to intensive surveying by multiple agencies , survey non-response is not as high as for regular populations and the likelihood for a household to be interviewed multiple times is limited . Only censuses interview everyone in the population , they are often prohibitively expensive , and suffer from low data quality outstripping their size advantage . Thus , only few censuses – with very short questionnaires – are necessary for verification exercises . Hence , the chance of multiple interviews for the same households in a short period of time is low . However , refugees do complain about excessive surveying , possibly because contacts with interviewers are not just limited to sample surveys but also needed for a wide variety of purposes related to administering services to refugees . FDPs are not only particularly vulnerable and need specific protection , they also often originate from a different region in the case of IDPs or country in the case of refugees . This creates several challenges in interviewing FDPs . The respondent might not speak the official language of the country or may not trust enumerators that come from different communities . This can be overcome by assigning purposefully enumerators to specific households to ensure that they speak the same language and share the same culture . However , enumerators should also have a similar cultural background as respondents . Di Maio and Fiala ( 2020 ) use a large-scale experiment in Uganda in which", "spans": [{"start": 1221, "end": 1229, "text": "censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The only expenditure of bodies controlled by the central government not reflected therein is that of the 10 public universities , whose expenditures in 2020 were equivalent to approximately 5 . 4 percent of the total budget expenditures . In-year budget reports are published in the monthly General Government Finance Bulletin within four weeks of the end of the month . They have become more informative as in-year internal reports show a breakdown by economic , administrative , programmatic , and functional classifications . However , they only cover payments and no commitments . * * 12 . Annual financial statements cover revenues , expenditures , financial assets , liabilities , guarantees , long-term obligations , and cash balances comparable with the approved budget * * . The Ministry of Finance is required by law to “ submit to the Audit Bureau the final account of each fiscal year within not more than six months as of the date of year ending . ” The latest annual financial statements for the year ending December 31 , 2022 , were submitted to the Audit Bureau without delay . Consistent standards have been applied . The final accounts are published on the MOF ’ s website . The government ' s consolidated financial statements are prepared according to International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( IPSAS ) , and the Jordan Audit Bureau issues an audit opinion . There is a clear Audit Bureau opinion confirming that cash based IPSAS were applied . * * 13 . The MOF keeps a record of expenditure arrears reported by line ministries ( including those ministries included in the Program ) , in conformity with the new Organic Budget law . * * Despite GFMIS having a commitment control module , it is not utilized . The implementing agencies use Excel sheets to record commitments and follow up on payments . To enhance commitment controls , an electronic system should be used by the implementing agencies to record and report on commitments and be financially linked to the GFMIS . Until the latter is achieved , annual reports concerning commitments and arrears for the participating line ministries will be collected by MOPIC and submitted to the World Bank within", "spans": [{"start": 1498, "end": 1527, "text": "record of expenditure arrears", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* by * * WB was * * US $ * * 443 , 599 . 98 with a performance of 27 . 43 * * % * * in terms of disbursement rate and a variance of * * _ ( 72 ) _ % . * * The variance is as a result of effect of the * * COVID-19 * * which hampered implementation of planned activities . Under the Government of Uganda ( GoU ) Funding * * UGX . 3 , 514 , 692 , 000 * * equivalent to * * USD * * 949 . 84 was budgeted for , which was released * * 100 % * * and Ugx * * 3 , 510 , 796 * * equivalent to * * USD 948 . 79 * * was spent # # # _Expenditure_ Total Expenditure per statement of Cash Receipts and Payments under the World Bank Funding Grant No . * * TF0A5722 * * during the year was * * US $ 915 , 656 . 56 * * representing a performance of * * 8 % * * of the planned expenditure of * * US $ * * 3 , 749 , 894 . 00 for the financial year . The variance is as a result of effect of the * * COVID-19 * * which hampered implementation of planned activities . Overall the project had a set-back in implementation as a result to the * * COVID-19 * * pandemic which hampered implementation of all planned project activities . * * 18 * *", "spans": [{"start": 556, "end": 595, "text": "statement of Cash Receipts and Payments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "autocorrelation over the different interval measures . Pointwise confidence intervals for these autocorrelations are obtained via 1000 bootstrap replications . While Figure 1A does suggest some tendency for the autocorrelation to fall as the time horizon increases , the data do not deviate much from the 0 . 38 level over all time horizons between 1 month and 18 months , and so the assumption of constant autocorrelation seems a reasonable approximation here . Figure 1B shows the autocorrelations in monthly microenterprise profits in urban Ghana , which were measured at three month intervals in the experiment of Fafchamps et al . ( 2010b ) , and Figure 1C shows the autocorrelation in three monthly household expenditures from the same experiment , also measured at quarterly intervals . Horizontal lines are drawn at 0 . 32 , the mean autocorrelation over these horizons for profits , and 0 . 20 , the mean autocorrelation over these horizons for household expenditures . Again both figures suggest the assumption of constant autocorrelation holds approximately over these horizons . < sup > 6 < / sup > Gibson et al . ( 2003 ) also provide evidence from Zambia and urban China that the autocorrelation of expenditure does not change very much within a year as one increases the number of months between surveys . Table 1 then considers the evidence for the second part of the assumption , which is that the autocorrelations are the same for treatment and control , using the microenterprise profits data from Sri Lanka and Ghana . The point estimates in most periods are reasonably similar between treatment and control , and the bootstrapped confidence intervals for the difference in autocorrelation between the two always contain zero . Evidence from another setting comes from using the test score data of Banerjee et al . ( 2007 ) . The verbal test score autocorrelation is 0 . 58 for the treatment group and 0 . 61 for the control group ; and the math test score autocorrelation is 0 . 47 for the treatment group and 0 . 55 for the control group . Therefore in these samples this assumption seems reasonable . Table 2 provides autocorrelations from other data sets for a range of different economic outcomes . The purpose of", "spans": [{"start": 1483, "end": 1511, "text": "microenterprise profits data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1804, "end": 1814, "text": "score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Cash Transfer for OVC ( FY09 ) ( P111545 ) - * * Allowing sufficient time in the project ’ s design for the introduction of new delivery systems is important to ensure benefits in the long run . * * In 2015 , the project introduced a new two-factor authentication payment mechanism , resulting in the disruption of project implementation due to challenges with collecting biometric data . However , evidence from field visits also indicated that beneficiaries have benefited from choosing providers in much closer proximity than before , reducing the cost and time to access the pay point . # # * * 13 . Assessment Recommended ? * * # # # No # # * * 14 . Comments on Quality of ICR * * The ICR provided a strong overview of project preparation and implementation and included valuable lessons learned . The ICR was internally consistent and outcome-driven . Its account of the rationale and processes underlying the project ' s Additional Financing and restructuring was straightforward . The M & E framework and implementation , as well as challenges and solutions in defining baselines for some indicators , were well explained . However , the contributions of development partners were not outlined clearly , and the downgrading of support for OVCs in the most recent Country Partnership Strategy was not acknowledged . Overall , the ICR ’ s quality is Substantial . - * * a . Quality of ICR Rating * * Substantial Page 15 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 468, "end": 482, "text": "biometric data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between and within components of inequality are positively associated with the economic shock variables . In addition , columns ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) suggest that bad economic conditions increase the between-component of inequality more than the withincomponent . Therefore , in regard to Afghan refugees in Iran , while economic shocks increase both intercommunity and intra-community inequalities , they have a stronger effect on inter-community inequality . # * * 6 . Policy and program implications * * This paper investigates the unequal effect of economic shocks in the host country between refugees and host communities . The macroeconomic fluctuations in Iran in the 2010s provide us an excellent testing ground for this topic . Using different rounds of household surveys , we draw an analogy between Afghan refugees and Iranians in terms of the labor market outcomes , income , and consumption expenditure . The numbers show that while Afghan refugees have lower unemployment and layoff rates , they work in lowstatus and unskilled jobs . They participate more in the labor market , work longer hours , and are more productive ( get higher hourly wages ) than similar Iranians . Their earned income is higher on average , but they have lower unearned income and total income than Iranians . The average per capita expenditure of Afghan households is less than Iranians , even though per capita food expenditure is closer between the two communities . Regarding the unequal impact of economic shocks , our results imply that Afghan refugees exit the country more often during bad economic times in Iran . Comparing Afghan refugees who stay with all Iranians while controlling for observable characteristics suggests that economic shock disproportionately reduces Afghans ’ wages while raising their working hours . As a result , the net effect of shocks on their 13", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 774, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 Data availability constrains us to assume that the input cost shares of manufacturing sectors remain relatively stable around each data point we have available . Then , we match these shares in 1995 with the restrictiveness indicator in 1997 , the shares in 2000 with the restrictiveness indicators in 2003 , and the shares in 2005 with the restrictiveness indicators for 2006 and 2010 . Given that we do not have data on manufacturing TFP beyond 2010 , we do not use the available OECD indicators for 2011 and 2012 . In any case , there are no changes apparent in those two periods with respect to the previous scores . 12 Our approach follows that of Arnold , Javorcik and Mattoo ( 2011 ) . > 13 TFP is measured using a multilateral index as suggested by Aw , Chen and Roberts ( 2001 ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 485, "end": 500, "text": "OECD indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "letion rates < br > a . Primary Completion Rate < br > ( Grade 8 ) | | % | 44 . 2 | 46 | 49 | 58 | Annual | EMIS | MoE | | | b . Male / Female | | % | 51 / 37 | 47 / 44 | 49 / 49 | 57 / 59 | Annual | EMIS | MoE | | | Maternal Mortality Ratio ( MMR ) | | | 673 < br > ( 2005 , < br > DHS ) | na < sup > 5 < / sup > | 590 | na | | DHS , WMS | MoH / CSA | Data is collected every five < br > years . The plan is to reach < br > 267 by2015 . | | Population below the national < br > poverty line | | % | 33 . 8 | 29 . 2 | 27 . 6 | 26 . 2 | Annual | WMS | MOFED | Data for FY10 is MoFED ’ s < br > estimate . | | Population with access to potable < br > water < br > a . Urban | | % | 82 | 91 . 5 | 93 | 95 | Annual | MoWE < br > reports | MoWE | Indicator represents Access < br > within 0 . 5KM radius | | b . Rural | | % | 46 | 65 . 8 | 73 | 80 | Annual | MoWE < br > reports | MoWE | Indicator represents Access < br > within 1 . 5KM radius | | Agriculture productivity ( major < br > food crop ) < sup > 6 < / sup > | | Quintal < br > per < br > Hectare | 15 | 17 | 17 . 5 | 18 | Annual | APR / AMIS / < br > Ag < br > Sample < br > Survey | MoA / CSA | | | Average distance to nearest all -", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 572, "text": "Data for FY10", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 | 106 . 8 | 104 . 3 | 93 . 1 | 97 . 8 | 97 . 5 | 95 . 2 | 90 . 9 | 99 . 4 | 99 . 2 | 101 . 2 | | 1 child | 100 | 107 . 2 | 106 . 6 | 109 . 5 | 98 . 1 | 101 . 1 | 106 . 9 | 103 . 7 | 91 . 9 | 96 . 5 | 94 . 8 | 93 . 5 | 88 . 3 | 97 . 5 | 96 . 4 | 97 . 7 | | 2 children < br > 3 and more | 100 | 108 . 6 | 111 . 1 | 108 . 5 | 103 . 7 | 108 . 2 | 104 . 4 | 102 . 8 | 92 . 7 | 97 . 7 | 101 . 0 | 96 . 2 | 95 . 2 | 102 . 4 | 103 . 7 | 107 . 0 | | children | 100 | 116 . 5 | 129 . 5 | 112 . 7 | 97 . 6 | 103 . 8 | 109 . 8 | 109 . 5 | 101 . 7 | 105 . 3 | 104 . 6 | 103 . 6 | 91 . 5 | 97 . 3 | 102 . 7 | 103 . 6 | | singleparent | 100 | 101 . 8 | 109 . 1 | 101 . 8 | 97 . 6 | 100 . 7 | 130 . 1 | 106 . 7 | 89 . 7 | 96 . 4 | 94 . 6 | 91 . 5 | 90 . 5 | 107 . 0 | 99 . 1 | 114 . 3 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HBS data . 28", "spans": [{"start": 811, "end": 819, "text": "HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) require medium to high-level of digital skills – from leveraging large databases for analysis to creating digital contents ( e . g . software developers ) . _Figure 10 : Occupations and digital skill level_ _Source_ : Muro M . ; Liu S . ; Whiton J . ; Kulkarni S . ( 2017 ) . _Digitalization and the American Workforce_ . “ Brookings ” Metropolitan Policy Program Page 101 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 160, "text": "large databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 446 | 186 , 515 | | of which : shares | 56 | 256 | 652 | 2 , 375 | 3 , 040 | 9 , 086 | | govt . bonds | 209 | 658 | 1 , 679 | 4 , 580 | 12 , 741 | 85 , 389 | | T bills | 376 | 1 , 028 | 3 , 479 | 14 , 831 | 56 , 808 | 90 , 729 | | Outstanding securities | | | | | | | | Total | 196 | 382 | 729 | 1 , 498 | 3 , 221 | 7 , 025 | | Private | 61 | 112 | 131 | 295 | 441 | 932 | | of which : shares | 49 | 71 | 109 | 224 | 425 | 909 | | Public | 135 | 270 | 598 | 1 , 202 | 2 , 780 | 6 , 093 | | | | | ( in pe | rcent ) | | | | Memorandum items : | | | | | | | | Public sector share of : | | | | | | | | New issues | 86 . 9 | 82 . 1 | 90 . 9 | 90 . 5 | 96 . 6 | 94 . 3 | | Trading volume | 85 . 7 | 83 . 0 | 83 . 7 | 87 . 3 | 94 . 7 | 94 . 4 | | Outstanding securities | 69 . 0 | 70 . 7 | 82 . 0 | 80 . 3 | 86 . 3 | 86 . 7 | | Public sector outstanding securities | | | | | | | | As percent of GNP | 12 . 2 | 13 . 5 | 15 . 4 | 15 . 3 | 18 . 6 | 20 . 6 | | As percent of M2Y | 42 . 7 | 56 . 8 | 50 . 5 | _50 . 5_ | 53 . 8 | 59 . 3 | Source : own calculation based on data from Capital Markets Board and Treasury .", "spans": [{"start": 1062, "end": 1106, "text": "data from Capital Markets Board and Treasury", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identify the amount of misallocation derived from specific sources but provides an allencompassing measure . HK find sizeable misallocation of resources , which decreases aggregate TFP . If the distortions that cause the misallocation were to be eliminated , TFP in the manufacturing sector in China would increase by 86 % - 115 % ; in India by 100 % - 128 % and in the United States by 30 % - 43 % . Interestingly , their analysis allows to take a step towards the direct method . While sources of misallocation are not identified , the extent of misallocation is correlated with various observables to shed more light on the underlying mechanisms . Through this analysis , HK show that highproductivity firms in all three countries are smaller than efficiency would dictate , while some lowproductivity firms ( such as state-owned enterprises in China ) are too large . The low estimation requirements coupled with the capacity to inform about potential sources have contributed to the popularity of the HK approach . It has been widely applied – see , for example , Busso , Madrigal , and Pagés ( 2013 ) for Latin American countries ; Nguyen , Taskin , and Yilmaz ( 2016 ) for Turkey ; Cirera , Fattal Jaef , and Maemir ( 2020 ) for African countries ; and Chuah , Loayza , and Nguyen ( 2020 ) for Malaysia . While being a valuable first step toward measuring resource misallocation , the HK approach depends on rather strong assumptions . < sup > 4 < / sup > One important assumption is that firms ’ inputs and revenue are free of measurement error . Since the HK approach uses revenue and inputs to estimate marginal productivity , this assumption could bias the estimated resource misallocation . Mismeasurement is likely present in most firm-level data sets , especially in developing countries , because of weak capacity at firms ’ accounting systems and at national statistical agencies . < mark > Bils , Klenow , and Ruane < / mark > ( 2020 ) ( henceforth BKR ) propose a methodology that exploits the panel structure of the data to correct for potential measurement error . The authors build on the HK approach and allow for additive <", "spans": [{"start": 1744, "end": 1764, "text": "firm-level data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We did not use post-tax income because few Malaysians are subject to personal income tax ; it is thus unlikely to affect poverty or vulnerability status . Income data have been adjusted for spatial price differences . We constructed a spatial price index that reflects prices of basic goods , services and housing at the state level , separately for rural and urban areas within the state ( see Table A 1 in the Appendix ) . The index was derived from the household-specific poverty lines that the Department of Statistics Malaysia calculates for each survey year , which depend on the location and demographic composition of the surveyed household . < sup > 18 < / sup > As explanatory variables in our income model , the method requires we only use variables that are time-invariant . We use three such categories . First , we employ dummy variables for the birth cohort of the household head , using five-year bins . The first bin starts in 1949 ( those 55 in 2004 ) and the last bin starts in 1984 . < sup > 19 < / sup > Second , we use six dummy variables for the highest level of education enjoyed by the household head . Those with primary education or less form the base category . Third , we use dummy variables for the ethnicity of the household head . The four categories are Bumiputera , Chinese , Indian and Other ; Bumiputera is set as the base category . In addition , we use two location dummies that , strictly speaking , are not time-invariant . These are one dummy for urban or rural location and another for being located in either Peninsular Malaysia or East Malaysia . This restricts the interpretation of results to households that did not migrate from one such classification to another . < sup > 20 < / sup > We opted for this approach because omitting these dummies led to biases in predicted income based on urban or rural location , which would have led us to overestimate downward mobility for rural households . Table A 2 in the Appendix provides the regression results of our income models for each survey year , based on the subsample of households with heads in", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 166, "text": "Income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The analysis is also based on information from the Mexican Federal Competition Commission and assumes that the mobile telecommunication market behaves as an oligopoly ( OLI-NASH ) and that corn markets mimic a partial collusive oligopoly ( PCO ) . Then , using WELCOM , data from ENIGH , and assumed parameters of these two markets from recent literature , the analysis shows that expanding competition from 4 to 12 firms in the mobile telecommunications industry and reducing the market share of the dominant oligopoly in corn products from 31 . 2 percent to 7 . 8 percent would produce a combined reduction of 0 . 8 percentage points in the poverty rate and of 0 . 31 points in the Gini coefficient . The contribution of each market to poverty reduction would be : 0 . 11 percentage points with mobile telecommunication and 0 . 66 percentage points with corn products . < sup > 11 < / sup > The paper is organized as follows . Section 2 briefly describes the theoretical models adapted and included in the simulation approach . It also describes the options available for estimating the effects on household welfare . Section 3 introduces the simulation technique and describes the data requirements . Section 4 presents the rationale of selecting Mexico as a relevant case study , as well as some stylized facts on the degree of concentration of the industries selected , that is , mobile telecommunication and corn products , and some descriptive statistics , including data on household expenditures on categories linked to the selected markets . Section 5 discusses the parameters used in the analysis , the main results , and the limitations of the analysis . Section 6 concludes and lays out potential extensions for the simulation approach . # * * 2 . Conceptual framework * * This section presents an overview of some of the early theoretical approaches to studying the distributional effects of market concentration . Then , it discusses three main theoretical models used in WELCOM to simulate alternative market conditions : ( a ) the monopolistic structure , ( b ) the oligopolistic structure ( Nash equilibrium ) , and ( c ) the PCO structure . These models are the theoretical foundations of the simulation method presented", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 285, "text": "data from ENIGH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1474, "end": 1504, "text": "data on household expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9045 # * * Abstract * * How do trade reforms impact households in different parts of the income distribution ? This paper presents a new database , the Household Impacts of Tariffs data set , which contains harmonized household survey and tariff data for 54 low - and lower-middle income countries . The data cover highly disaggregated information on household budget and income shares for 53 agricultural products , wage labor income , nonfarm enterprise sales and transfers , as well as spending on manufacturing and services . Using a stylized model of the first-order impacts of import tariffs on household real income , this paper quantifies the welfare implications of agricultural trade protection . On average , unilateral elimination of agricultural tariffs would increase household incomes by 2 . 50 percentage points . Import tariffs have highly heterogeneous effects across countries and within countries across households , consumers , and income earners ; the average standard deviation of the gains from trade within a country is 1 . 01 percentage points . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at eartuc @ worldbank . org , guido . g . porto @ gmail . com , and brijkers @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 219, "text": "Household Impacts of Tariffs data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 237, "end": 280, "text": "harmonized household survey and tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% of mont < br > rified to have been < br > rt data is verified to < br > ates and other dashb < br > monitors nationally < br > ompletion . Cumulati | the FIMS is es < br > hly vessel-gear - < br > entered into th < br > have been ent < br > oard analyses < br > at KeFS and in < br > ve targets | tablished and < br > location catc < br > e database ; 2 < br > ered into the < br > are generate < br > all of the fiv | operational bas < br > h record targets < br > ) the most recen < br > database ; and 3 ) < br > d automatically a < br > e County fisheries | ed on a scoring < br > are achieved per < br > t frame survey < br > extrapolated < br > nd can be < br > departments | | | 0 . 00 | Mar / 2020 | 10 . 00 | 08-Dec-2023 | | | 42 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | BMUs achieving a minimum < br > of 4 performance targets < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | The indicato < br > at least 4 an < br > Executive C < br > fisheries de < br > minutes sub | r measures the num < br > nual performance ta < br > ommittee are condu < br > partment ; 2 ) at least < br > mitted to , and avail | ber of BMUs , < br > rgets : 1 ) at lea < br > cted and minut < br > 2 BMU memb < br > able at , county | out of approx < br > st 6 out of 12 < br > es submitted", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 625, "text": "t frame survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * I II . VIOLENCES BASEES SUR LE GENRE * * Les violences basées sur le genre sont une réalité dans les trois régions couvertes par le monitoring de protection . Cependant , au regard du silence et de la discrétion qui les accompagnent , il n ’ est pas toujours aisé de les identifier et rapporter . Dans la région du Nord nous avons enregistré des cas de viols collectifs sur des femmes dont des mineures . En plus de ce type de VBG , les femmes lors des Focus Groupes de Discussion ( FGD ) ont évoqué les mariages d ’ enfant , les mariages forcés , les agressions physiques et émotionnelles dans les foyers comme des VBG dont elles souffrent actuellement . Pour celles qui ont eu un niveau d ’ instruction , c ’ est le manque d ’ opportunités économiques et d ’ emploi pour s ’ épanouir qui les atteint . Dans la région de la Boucle du Mouhoun , pendant les échanges lors de la formation organisée par l ’ équipe de protection INTERSOS sur les notions élémentaires sur les violences basées sur le genre à l ’ endroit des membres comites de protection et les Points Focaux au cours du mois de mai 2020 , on relève que les formes de VBG les plus récurrentes sont : le mariage forcé , le lévirat , le mariage par kidnapping ou enlèvement des filles , les agressions émotionnelles et psychologiques . Toutes ces violences tirent leur origine des pesanteurs socio-culturelles des localités et de l ’", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ", the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan Tables . * * _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The data from the Tanzanian Labor Force survey , taken in the same year , used screening questions and confirmed that the actual LFPR of female heads was indeed much higher than was reported in the HBS . Screening questions for economic activity and unemployment are therefore important to specify clearly to the respondent and the enumerator what constitutes an economic activity or inactivity , and to ensure that all economic activities undertaken by a respondent are captured properly in the survey . Indeed , it is quite surprising that questionnaires are still developed and fielded in low-income countries which do not use this approach . For the analyst , the use of data collected with poorly worded questionnaires will produce errors and biases in the results estimated - both in the dependent and independent variables , with errors likely to be correlated . Equally important , if the perception of the meaning of the word “ work ” changes over time , for example , as tasks performed by women are increasingly recognized as having an economic value , then the errors and biases would not be stable over time , and trends would be misidentified . The same problem can occur when the wording of an employment module changes over time , possibly reflecting changing perceptions . An additional challenge in low-income countries is measuring non-wage earnings . In this area , there is less completed survey research . One key recommendation that does emerge from experience is that this type of income needs its own module ( Glewwe and Grosh , 2000 ) . This implies separate farm income and non-farm enterprise income modules to be completed at the household level . The measurement of farm income is a particular challenge ( Carletto et al , 2011 ) . Research is ongoing under the LSMS-ISA project to test alternative approaches and offer recommendations for survey design and implementation . < sup > 10 < / sup > In sum , although the task of getting consistent measurement of the SNA concept of employment in low-income countries is not easy , techniques exist . Table 1 summarizes the established good practice recommendations from literature covering key issues to be considered in designing a questionnaire to measure employment outcomes in a low-income setting", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 46, "text": "Tanzanian Labor Force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 198, "end": 201, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The result of this paper is a synthetic dataset that contains all variables in the EU-SILC plus energy spending shares and an energy poverty indicator , which we can ultimately use to overlap energy with monetary poverty , or to describe the energy poor population in Bulgaria . * * The resulting dataset from our data fusion exercise is a synthetic version of the EU-SILC , which has information on incomerelated variables I , households ' access to social protection programs , imputed expenditure-related information C ( the energy spending share and energy poverty indicator ) , a set of overlapping variables , and all other variables included in the EU-SILC . In the last step , we use the generated dataset to analyze if the energy and monetary-poor overlap . We also explore energy spending shares by income quintiles . Future research can use the generated dataset to conduct detailed studies about the energy poor population in Bulgaria . < sup > 14 < / sup > # Data Description and Preparation Data and Target Variable Description * * In this paper , we use two different data sources : the 2019 HBS and the 2020 EU-SILC with reference income from 2019 * * < sup > * * 15 * * < / sup > . We focus on the pre-COVID year ( 2019 ) because we want to make sure that our data is representative of spending patterns in Bulgaria and not affected by idiosyncratic crisis-related behavior induced by the COVID-19 pandemic . < sup > 16 < / sup > For this reason , we rely on the HBS from 2019 . The HBS is a survey conducted every year and collects data on expenditure patterns by households in Bulgaria . The survey consists of 2 , 952 households and is a quarterly survey , meaning that the information is representative of each quarter of the year . * * The HBS relies on a two-stage random sample design of households and uses expenditure diaries . * * In the first stage of the sampling design , census enumeration areas are selected randomly , while in the 14 For a first study of this type , see Robayo-Abril and Rude ( forthcoming b ) . > 15 In", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 667, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1106, "end": 1114, "text": "2019 HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1123, "end": 1135, "text": "2020 EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1484, "end": 1487, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the contract , i . e . the amount of effort exerted , will always be higher under operator-ownership of the land than under tenant-landlord relationship . < sup > 3 8 < / sup > This would imply that redistribution of land from the landlord to the tenant - or any other measure ( e . g . increased off-farm opportunities ) that would increase the tenant ' s reservation utility - would be associated with an increase in aggregate productivity . Still , while such a redistribution could increase the aggregate utility of both parties ( thus making compensation of the landlord a theoretical possibility ) , a voluntary market-based transfer of land from the landlord to the farmer is not feasible . The intuition is simple - since a credit-based land purchase does not enhance the tenants ' wealth , the limited liability constraint will still be applicable and the debt overhang incurred by the cultivator to purchase the land will reduce the incentive to apply effort instead of just defaulting on the loan . However , a non-market transfer of land from landlords to farmers could be associated with an increase in overall productivity as well as aggregate welfare . Insights on the relationship between liquid assets and contractual parameters are provided by Laffont and Matoussi ( 1994 ) . Their results suggest that direct dependence of the optimal choice of contract on the working capital available to both landlord and tenant may account for the coexistence of a variety of contracts in the same environment among parties with roughly similar risk aversion but different endowments of working capital . < sup > 39 < / sup > The positive relation between the crop share and the tenant ' s working capital endowment which theory would lead one to expect even with perfect monitoring of effort is indeed observed in the Tunisian data used . Output is shown to increases significantly with tenants ' wealth for all contract types as well as for share contracts but tenant wealth has no effect if only fixed rent contracts are considered . Similarly , the wealth of the landlord has , as expected , a negative effect on the tenant ' s share and a positive effect on production under the share contract", "spans": [{"start": 1825, "end": 1838, "text": "Tunisian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Table 5 . Liberia ’ s air transport indicators benchmarked against West African neighbors * * | | Benin | Cote < br > d ’ Ivoire | Gambia | Ghana | Guinea | Guinea - < br > Bissau | Liberia | Sierra < br > Leone | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total seats ( millions ) | 0 . 42 | 1 . 15 | 0 . 25 | 1 . 88 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 16 | < br > 0 . 23 | | City pairs served | 19 | 23 | 7 | 19 | 8 | 2 | 8 | < br > 8 | | Percent of seat kilometers flown in older aircraft | 7 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 67 | 45 | | International market Herfindahl index ( measure < br > of competition ) | 0 . 1 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 2 | Source : Gwillliam and others 2009 . Derived from AICD national database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data # Water supply and sanitation The civil conflict in Liberia adversely affected water and sanitation infrastructure in two ways . First , there was direct destruction and disrepair of existing infrastructure , as well as decline of the related institutions . Second , the conflict led to huge shifts of population out of rural areas into the cities and related camps and informal settlements , which put additional strain on urban utilities . The urban growth rate over the period between 1980 and 2000 was 3 . 8 percent annually . The population of Monrovia alone grew from 0 . 7 to 1 . 2 million people during the last decade of the conflict . # # * * Achievements *", "spans": [{"start": 798, "end": 820, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "history of the multilateral trading system by focusing on major trade policy developments taking place over the period spanning 1947-1994 , covering the full GATT era . We begin with the level of tariffs for the major economies at the outset of the GATT negotiations in 1947 that established the new multilateral trading system . < sup > 65 < / sup > After reporting on the subsequent evolution of applied tariffs , we introduce the major exceptions to the GATT rule that countries should limit the form of their import protection to their applied MFN tariffs and we assess recently released data from the GATT Archives on their use . One key observation is that protectionist forces have been pushing back against trade liberalization since the inception of the multilateral system . Amidst a general decline in tariffs , new trade restrictions emerged . Thus still open questions for researchers to pursue include quantifying the importance of this push-back and further clarifying how it relates to the policy substitution that we documented in Section 3 as having arisen today . The GATT members introduced a number of contingency clauses regarding the use of trade restrictions when they drafted the agreement because they understood that changing economic > 65The historical context matters , as the GATT system arose and was shaped by a number of major geo-political events . These include the catastrophic economic policies of the 1930s Great Depression era , the devastation of Western Europe and Japan during World War II , and the rise of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union . See , for example , Irwin , Mavroidis and Sykes ( 2008 ) for the negotiating origins of the GATT . 37", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 619, "text": "GATT Archives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Φ , ( 10 ) cc ccii ccii AA = rr < sup > cc < / sup > where the spillover rate remains a free parameter in this model . rr < sup > cc < / sup > In this section , we return to the Ethiopia case as an example to demonstrate how PPI can be used to infer the potential effect of spillovers within a country ’ s poverty dynamics . * * Estimation Strategy : * * PPI offers two distinct methods for analyzing multidimensional poverty . First , the “ retrospective ” analysis seeks to understand past dynamics by leveraging historical data from an initial survey year , revealing how poverty indicators and policy priorities ( budget allocations for an indicator ) have evolved over a certain observation period to reach observed values in a final year . This analysis can infer an optimal spillover rate ( the spillover rate that best fits the data ) and other model parameters ( e . g . , c and c ′ ) . Understanding these parameters is essential as spillover rates can vary widely or modestly between dimensions and countries , influencing policy intervention outcomes . αα αα Second , the “ prospective ” analysis uses historical insights to understand how changes in the spillover rate or the Poverty Space could affect multidimensional poverty dynamics over a future period . This approach guides policymakers on which poverty indicators to prioritize and when , helping to inform effective intervention strategies for future improvements . In the retrospective analysis , we use national data on poverty indicators from the first survey year ( 2011 ) and the last survey year ( 2019 ) , government expenditure data ( per capita in constant USD ) from 2011 to 2019 , data on the quality of law and monitoring from the World Bank ’ s World Governance Indicators for 2011 ( the quality of law is approximated with the rule of law variable , whereas the quality of monitoring with the control of corruption ) , and the estimated Poverty Space for 2011 . We estimate the model parameters and find the optimal spillover rate by calibrating the model with spillover rates ranging from 0 to 1 ( in increments of 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 530, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1477, "end": 1512, "text": "national data on poverty indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1585, "end": 1612, "text": "government expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1730, "end": 1757, "text": "World Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "An estimated 90 % of the population of the population of northern Uganda was uprooted throughout the conflict , with the majority of IDPs living in squalid displacement camps , sometimes for as long as a decade ( Brookings 2010 ) . Our Uganda surveys thus capture perceptions at two key junctures in the displacement crisis in northern Uganda : during ongoing violence ( 2007 ) and as resettlement efforts began after the LRA fled to neighboring countries ( 2010 ) . Together , these three contexts are united in that they experienced large scale forced displacement due to ongoing on recently ended episodes of wide-scale political violence . The displacement in all contexts analyzed in this paper was overwhelmingly internal and driven by violence . As such , the theoretical and empirical scope of the paper does not include cross-border refugee flows or economic migration , which likely have distinct causes and consequences . We are instead able to examine the consequences in behaviors and perceptions of experiencing internal displacement across the cases . Differences in the character and stage of violence that caused the displacement waves across contexts that may limit direct comparisons while also providing analytically useful variation to draw on . Each survey focuses on subnational geographic units : Mosul city in Iraq , Central Mindanao region in the Philippines , and the northern Acholi districts in Uganda . When we conducted our surveys , ISIS has recently been defeated and fled Mosul , so our Iraq sample is recently postviolence . Similarly , our 2007 sample for Uganda took place recently post-violence and during on-going peace talks . In contrast , the 2010 Uganda sample took place after the peace negotiations collapsed , but violence had not resumed after the Lord ’ s Resistance Army fled to neighboring South Sudan and Democratic Republic of the Congo . Our survey in the Philippines occurred as violence was ongoing in Central Mindanao . The perpetrators of the violence also varied across the contexts in ways that may have implications for how willing or able an IDP to participate in their local community . In Iraq , the population we surveyed had recently lived under ISIS rule for 3 years and recently experienced the battle where government and coalition forces retook Mosul", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 250, "text": "Uganda surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1895, "end": 1920, "text": "survey in the Philippines", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 attribuable à plusieurs facteurs combinés , notamment ( i ) la suspension ou fermeture de services essentiels dans plusieurs localités en raison de l ’ insécurité et du désengagement des partenaires ; ( ii ) le départ massif du personnel qualifié , conséquence directe des restrictions budgétaires qui ont suivi l ’ arrêt des financements clés ( celui de l ’ USAID ) ; ( iii ) la persistance du sous-signalement , alimentée par la stigmatisation sociale , la peur des représailles , et l ’ absence d ’ espaces sûrs et de mécanismes confidentiels de signalement . L ’ analyse des tendances du GBVIMS du premier trimestre 2025 , identifie * * les partenaires intimes * * ( 53 % ) et * * les membres de la communauté proche * * tels que les amis , voisins , membres de la famille élargie ( 12 % ) comme les principaux présumés auteurs de VBG . Ces chiffres s ’ expliquent aisément dans le contexte socioculturel malien , marqué par un patriarcat profondément enraciné et des structures familiales traditionnelles fortement hiérarchisées . Parmi les profils des présumés auteurs rapportés , divers membres de la communauté sont identifiés . Les cultivateurs et les fermiers représentent 16 % , suivis des commerçants ou propriétaires d ’ entreprises à 14 % . Bien qu ’ ils ne constituent que 2 % et 3 % des auteurs présumés", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 622, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ". 2 | 17 . 2 | 17 . 2 | 17 . 2 | 17 . 2 | | Senegal | 23 . 8 | 22 . 8 | 26 . 2 | 26 . 0 | 15 . 8 | 15 . 8 | | < br > South Africa | 11 . 4 | 7 . 7 | 5 . 3 | 4 . 7 | 2 . 7 | 2 . 7 | | Tanzania | 8 . 6 | 8 . 0 | 7 . 6 | 7 . 5 | 5 . 0 | 5 . 4 | | Uganda | 22 . 0 | 21 . 9 | 21 . 8 | 21 . 8 | 16 . 8 | 17 . 0 | | Zambia | 5 . 1 | 4 . 4 | 3 . 9 | 3 . 8 | 2 . 3 | 2 . 5 | | Congo , Rep . | 11 . 7 | 10 . 7 | 10 . 1 | 9 . 9 | 11 . 2 | 11 . 2 | | < br > Mali | 23 . 2 | 23 . 2 | 23 . 2 | 23 . 2 | | | | Botswana | 7 . 7 | 7 . 2 | 6 . 9 | 6 . 8 | 3 . 3 | 4 . 0 | _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database _Notes : _ Average commercial consumption level is highlighted in bold — Not available . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 8 . Increasing , decreasing , and neutral tariff structures < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > domestic commercial industrial < br > type of effective tariff structure < br > increasing neutral decreasing < br > number of countries < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database 19", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 628, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1066, "end": 1131, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database 19", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the nature of the crisis . Given Ethiopia ' s FCV classification and the security environment in conflict-affected regions , the CERP Manual will include provisions for Security Risk Assessment and Security Management Plan requirements for CERP-financed activities implemented in areas of active conflict or high insecurity . Implementation in such areas will be subject to clearance from the WB ' s Security Risk team and will draw on lessons from existing WB-financed projects operating in Ethiopia ' s conflict-affected regions . The CERP will remain active for up to 6 years from first activation and may be activated multiple times to respond to different eligible crises . Each activation will have an implementation period not expected to exceed 12 months . Activation of the CERP will be initiated through a formal written request from GoE , submitted to the WB . Resources reallocated under the CERP will be operationally delinked from their host projects but will remain financially and legally linked to the original host project ( s ) . # # * * SECTION 8 : MONITORING AND REPORTING * * The CERP PIU will be responsible for monitoring , evaluation , and reporting on CERP implementation . In the absence of an activation , MoF and the WB will meet at least annually to review the list of host operations and the corresponding amounts available for reallocation and assess whether the CERP Manual requires updating . If the CERP is not activated each year , reporting to the WB will be determined by the provisions agreed in the CERP Manual . Upon activation , the PIU will prepare and submit to the WB the Crisis Response Plan , including the specific activities to be financed , the beneficiary targeting methodology , and the monitoring framework for the activation period . Beneficiary data will be collected , disaggregated by sex and vulnerability category , and reported to the WB in accordance with the CERP Manual . 30", "spans": [{"start": 1788, "end": 1804, "text": "Beneficiary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With our battery of market-level measures added to the panel using country and month-year identifiers , we focus on measuring the concentration of PM2 _ . _ 5 around combustion power plants . Specifically , we use information on monthly mean surface PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations measured in micrograms per cubic meter ( μg / m < sup > 3 < / sup > ) from the V5 . GL . 03 dataset detailed in Van Donkelaar et al . ( 2021 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > This geophysicalhybrid dataset provides estimates of PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations by combining data from satellites , chemical transport models , and ground-based monitors . It provides information at 0 . 01 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > x0 . 01 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > resolution at a monthly frequency between 1998 and 2021 . Because previous literature has shown that there are considerable health effects within 50 km of a power plant ( Qiu et al . , 2023 ; Fraenkel et al . , 2024 ; Clay et al . , 2016 ) , we compute the average PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations for every plant and month at this distance and at 10 km . Figure 2 shows the distribution of the combustion plants in our sample and provides a visual example of how the PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations are calculated . To run placebo exercises , we also compute these measures of PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations within 50 km of non-combustion power plants ( i . e . , solar , wind , nuclear , geothermal ) . Next , we include in the dataset variables that can help us account for factors that confound the relationship between PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations and our market-level measures of drought . Wildfires , which are more prevalent during droughts and lead to higher PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations ( McClure and Jaffe , 2018 ) , are a particular source of concern . To limit the influence of surface PM2 _ . _ 5 related to wildfires , we follow Qiu et al . ( 2023 ) and omit", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 376, "text": "V5 . GL . 03 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 472, "text": "geophysicalhybrid dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "utilized < br > in < br > all < br > exposed < br > areas . < br >  < br > Provide appropriate PPE < br > ( dust masks ) to workers & < br > enforce use , < br >  < br > Ensure good housekeeping < br > in construction areas , dust < br > should be quickly swept off < br > cement floors / collected in < br > covered containers . < br >  < br > All unnecessary traffic must < br > be strictly limited on site < br > speed controls are to be < br > enforced . < br >  < br > Installing and maintaining < br > emissions control devices , < br > such < br > as < br > catalytic < br > converters . | | X | X < br >  < br > Low dust emissions < br >  < br > Provision of PPE to < br > workers < br >  < br > % < br > of < br > machinery < br > equipment / vehicles < br > that have been recently < br > maintained . < br >  < br > % < br > of < br > machinery < br > equipment / vehicles < br > with mufflers installed < br >  < br > # < br > of < br > community < br > consultations < br > around < br > planning . < br >  < br > # < br > of < br > MSMEs < br > using < br > renewable < br > energy < br > sources . < br >  < br > MSMEs < br > energy < br > consumption records . | X | | Implementer : < br > Contractor / Investees / MSME ’ < br > s < br > Monitoring : PIU | Monitorin < br > g costs : < br > Included in < br", "spans": [{"start": 1166, "end": 1185, "text": "consumption records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 91 < br > ( _0 . 864-3 . 60 ) _ | 0 . 503 < br > ( _0 . 227-0 . 930 ) _ | 174 < br > _ ( 78-351 ) _ | 12 . 2 < br > _ ( 5 . 43-24 . 8 ) _ | | Europe , LMI | 71 | 1 . 32 < br > _ ( 0 . 596-2 . 48 ) _ | 0 . 346 < br > _ ( 0 , 157-0 . 641 ) _ | 120 < br > _ ( 54-242 ) _ | 8 . 38 < br > _ ( 3 . 75-17 . 1 ) _ | | South East Asia | 409 | 7 . 60 < br > _ ( 3 . 43-14 . 3 ) _ | 2 . 00 < br > _ ( 0 . 902-3 . 69 ) _ | 691 < br > _ ( 309-1 , 390 ) _ | 48 . 3 < br > _ ( 21 . 6-98 . 6 ) _ | | Western < br > Pacific , LMI | 179 | 3 . 33 < br > _ ( 1 . 5-6 . 26 ) _ | 0 . 874 < br > _ ( 0 . 395-1 . 62 ) _ | 302 < br > ( _135-609 ) _ | 21 . 1 < br > _ ( 9 . 44-43 . 2 ) _ | | Global | 925 | 17 . 2 < br > _ ( 7 . 76-32 . 3 ) _ | 4 . 52 < br > _ ( 2 . 04-8 . 36 ) _ | 1 , 560 < br > ( _699-3 , 150 ) _ | 109 < br > _ ( 48 . 8-223 ) _ | _Source : Bivins et al . ( 2017 ) . * Campylobacter , Cryptosporidium , and Rotavirus * * Dataset assembled by projecting prevalence of IWS found in IBNET onto JMP measures of access to piped-on-premise water supplies . * * * LMI = Low-middle income . * * * * 95 % confidence intervals within parenthesis . _ * * Figure 6 : Impact of Intermittent", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 981, "text": "IBNET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Tables * * * * Table 1 . Scale of Employment Fund Programs and AGEI Sub ‐ group * * | All EF programs | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total T & E providers | 21 | 32 | 35 | | Total Events | 598 | 645 | 711 | | Total trained | 11750 | 12869 | 14255 | | AGEI only | | | | | T & E providers working with AGEI | 11 | 13 | 13 | | Total Events | 110 | 218 | 246 | | Total trained | 808 | 1664 | 1936 | * * Table 2 . Summary of Sample of Events for Baseline Surveys * * | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total # events conducted by EF in Jan ‐ Apr | 110 | 142 | 143 | | # events randomly sampled | N / A | 182 | 112 | | # events included in baseline survey | 65 | 69 | 85 | | # districts covered | 30 | 34 | 29 | | # T & E providers covered | 18 | 26 | 28 | Notes : More events were sampled than conducted in Jan ‐ Apr 2011 because some events that were scheduled for Jan ‐ Apr were delayed and did not start on time . * * Table 3 . Summary of Sample of Individuals for 2010 , 2011 and 2012 Baseline Surveys * * | | * * 2010 * * | * * 2011 * * | * * 2012 * * | * * Pooled * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Treatment group_ | | | | | | Treatment ‐ Male | 478 | 447 | 458 | 1383 | | Treatment ‐ Female | 706 | 790 | 586 | 2082 | | Treatment ‐ all | 1184 | 1237 | 1044 | 3465 | |", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 709, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries over 23 _ , _ 000 like Kazakhstan , already attained 0 % poverty rates in the published data . After , 49 _ . _ 54 % of poverty remains missing because most countries are not complete in the time dimension . We first interpolate these variables by taking a weighted average over time . This works well for most variables , but may yield poor results for poverty , as we have seen a tremendous improvement in most countries in past years . We improve the time dynamics in the interpolated poverty data by using information about time dynamics contained in our other variables . We vectorize the interpolated values , and fit the kernel model using the full set of undernourishment , logarithmic GDP per capita , the share of manufacturing , services , urban population shares , and bottom 40 income shares . The model reaches an _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ’ s of _ . _ 91 . We use this model to smoothen the interpolated poverty values by taking an average of the interpolated values and the values predicted by this nonlinear model . Table 1 : Summary of the data used in our empirical application . Statistics are not weighted and not necessarily representative of the world averages . | Statistic | Mean | St . Dev . | Min | Max | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Annual % Tree loss | 0 . 437 | 0 . 406 | 0 . 009 | 2 . 924 | | Urban PM2_ . _5 mcg / m3 | 18 . 924 | 12 . 609 | 0 . 311 | 63 . 498 | | CO2 kg / $ | 0 . 239 | 0 . 199 | 0 . 014 | 1 . 990 | | CO2 ton p . c . | 3 . 402 | 4 . 162 | 0 . 015 | 20 . 208 | | GDP ppp p . c . 2011 international $ | 13 , 468 . 880 | 15 , 056 . 710 | 555 . 560 | 64 , 979 . 840 | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "& Sjursen , I . ( 2013 ) . To pay or not to pay ? Citizens ' attitudes towards taxation in Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda and South Africa . _World Development_ , 64 : 828-842 . > 136 OECD . ( 2013 ) . What drives tax morale ? _Tax and Development_ . Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development . > 137 Paler , L . , Prichard , W . , Sanchez de la Sierra , R . , & Samii , C . ( 2017 ) . Survey on total tax burden in the DRC , Final Report . Kinshasa : Department for International Development . 35", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Simulating the Impact of the 2009 Financial Crisis on Welfare in Latvia * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad < sup > † < / sup > Francisco Haimovich < sup > ‡ < / sup > Mehtabul Azam < sup > § < / sup > * * Abstract * * This note details simulations of the distributional impacts of the 2009 financial crisis on households in Latvia . It uses household survey data collected prior to the crisis and simulates the impact of the growth slowdown . The simulations show that Latvia experienced a sharp rise in poverty , widening of the poverty gap , and a rise in income inequality due to the economic contraction in 2009 . The 18 percent contraction in gross domestic product ( affecting mainly trade hotels and restaurants , construction , and manufacturing ) likely led the poverty head count to increase from 14 . 4 percent in 2008 to 20 . 2 percent in 2009 . The poverty gap , which measures the national poverty deficit , was simulated to increase from 5 . 9 percent in 2008 to 8 . 3 percent in 2009 . The analysis finds that the results are robust to most assumptions except post-layoff incomes , which substantially mitigated household welfare . The authors also simulate the impact of Latvia ’ s Emergency Social Safety Net components and find that the Safety Net likely mitigated crisis impacts for many beneficiaries . The simulations measure only direct short-run impacts ; hence , they do not take into account general equilibrium effects . Post-crisis income data from a different data source suggest that poverty rates increased by 8 . 0 percentage points between 2008 and 2009 . As a result , the authors suggest that their ex-ante simulation performs reasonably well and is a useful tool to identify vulnerable groups during the early stages of a crisis . # # * * JEL Classification : * * I31 , I38 , C15 , H23 * * Keywords : * * Simulation , poverty , crisis , social protection policies , Latvia * * Sector Board : * * Social Protection ( SOCPT ) * This note was written in", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 385, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1471, "end": 1494, "text": "Post-crisis income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * A . * * Implementation progress in terms of results < sup > on PDO Indicators < / sup > 4 . The Project had identified five Project Development Indicators ( PDO Indicators ) < sup > and < / sup > three Intermediate Results . Surveys were < sup > totake placeon a 2-yearlybasis , startingin < / sup > < sup > * * 2007 * * to < / sup > get baseline data . * * A * * progress monitoring survey was conducted < sup > in < / sup > < sup > * * 2009 * * andanothersurvey < / sup > will be conducted in September 2011 . The PDO Indicators , < sup > togetherwith a brief statementon < / sup > the progress made are listed below : - _ ( i ) PDO Indicator_ * * _1 : _ * * Size / number and productivity < sup > ( measured < / sup > < sup > * * by * * publications , patent < / sup > applications , and number of students trained ) of researchers < sup > andresearchgroups < / sup > doubles . Survey results indicate that PDO * * I * * of doubling of size / number < sup > andproductivityof < / sup > researchers and research groups was already achieved < sup > * * by2009 . * * Thenumberofactive < / sup > researchers increased from * * 261 * * in * * 2007 * * to * * 655 * * in * * 2009 , * * More researchers < sup > publishpapers ( all < / sup > categories included ) , and though still a small < sup > percentage ( around < / sup > < sup > * * 7 % ) * * thenumberofthem < / sup > publishing in international peer", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 400, "text": "progress monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "administrative tax data and microsimulation techniques , making it the first study to utilize such comprehensive data for assessing the impacts of the minimum wage . The primary goal is to evaluate the potential effects of increasing minimum wages and aligning them with living wages in Romania . The study explores the characteristics of minimum-wage workers using a detailed administrative tax dataset from the Romanian Ministry of Finance . Subsequently , it assesses the potential impacts of recent minimum wage increases using the same dataset . By applying labor demand elasticities estimated for other countries , the study simulates the effects of the minimum wage increase on wages , net labor earnings , and employment . Additionally , it examines the distributional consequences of alternative minimum wage adjustments . < mark > We aim to evaluate the potential impacts of the proposed minimum wage increase on employment and earnings . Specifically , we intend to disentangle two categories of effects : < / mark > - * * < mark > Disemployment Effects : < / mark > * * < mark > When minimum wages are \" binding , \" there is a potential for reduced job creation and increased job loss among low-skilled workers . Numerous global examples indicate that higher minimum wages can diminish employment , especially for the least skilled employees . The expected employment effects of minimum wages are contingent upon the structure of labor demand . As explained above , in theory , while competitive labor markets can potentially yield adverse employment outcomes among low-skilled workers , this is not always the case in monopsonistic situations , where a surge in labor demand might also arise depending on the minimum wage level . These theoretical employment variations ( on the extensive margin ) are usually observed over the long term . In the short term , other adjustment mechanisms could delay changes in worker behavior ( e . g . , adjustments on the intensive margin , shifts in working hours ( Stewart and Swaffield , 2008 ) , firm profitability ( Mirko et al . , 2011 ) , transfer of higher labor costs into final prices ( Lemos , 2004 ) or incomplete non-compliance ( Metcalf , 2008 ) . The comprehensive assessment of overall employment", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 377, "end": 403, "text": "administrative tax dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9230 # * * Abstract * * This paper estimates the impacts of mobile broadband coverage on household consumption and poverty in Nigeria , the largest economy and mobile broadband market in Africa . The analysis exploits a unique dataset that integrates three waves of a nationally representative longitudinal household survey on living standards with information from Nigerian mobile operators on the deployment of mobile broadband ( 3G and 4G ) coverage between 2010 and 2016 . The estimates show that mobile broadband coverage had large and positive impacts on household consumption levels which increased over time , although at a decreasing rate . Mobile broadband coverage also reduces the proportion of households below the poverty line , driven by higher food and non-food consumption in rural households . These effects are mainly due to an increase in labor force participation and employment , particularly among women . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at crodriguezc @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 373, "text": "nationally representative longitudinal household survey on living standards", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 Introduction This paper asks the following question : does the accumulation of pension funds . . . nancial assets stimulate national saving ? In other words , is the accumulation of pension . . . nancial assets helpful to foster national saving ? Having an answer for this question might be useful for several reasons . First , due to pervasive aging problems , several developed countries are debating reforms in their pay as you go pension systems . In fact , The Economist ( 2004 ) alerts that a larger generation of old people will need support from a population of young people that is shrinking continuously in absolute size . One of the options available to face this fact is to reduce the role of the pay as you go system and encourage funding . In that scenario , a careful understanding of the macroeconomic consequences of accumulating pension funds might be of central interest . Second , high saving rates typically go hand in hand with high and persistent investment rates . It is well known that the accumulation of productive factors is one of the key engines for a sustained growth process . In this respect , an in ‡ uential paper by Young ( 1995 ) even argues that behind the famous East Asian “ miracle ” there was no miracle at all : the key in achieving per capita gdp annual growth rates averaging almost 7 percent in a span of more than two decades was an impressive accumulation of productive factors . If one were able to show that pension funds increase national saving , then the design of pension regimes might have important policy implications . In this paper we answer the above questions using regression analysis , by relying on what we believe is the largest cross country time series data on pension funds . . . nancial assets constructed up to now . National saving regressions 2", "spans": [{"start": 1698, "end": 1745, "text": "cross country time series data on pension funds", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", revised Mar 2009 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 | | 2 . 2 . 2 < br > UPOPs Inventory Report ( “ NEMA Study ” ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 | | 2 . 2 . 2 . 1 < br > BAT / BEP Recommendations to Improve HCW Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 | | 2 . 2 . 3 < br > Evaluation of existing incinerator types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 | | 2 . 2 . 4 < br > Securing Incineration License from NEMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 |", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 125, "text": "UPOPs Inventory Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", such as schooling costs , which may or may not be actually binding , for example if the schooling cost can be overcome with a scholarship . A handful of studies with measures of both aspirations and expectations suggest that they are different concepts . Given that aspirations are ideal outcomes and expectations are most likely ones , expectations are on average lower or at maximum equal to aspirations . In rural Ethiopia , a sample of adults had on average only slightly lower expectations for their children ’ s education than aspirations — 12 . 4 and 12 . 9 years , respectively — but had much lower expectations in terms of income , wealth , and social status , than the level they aspired to ( Bernard et al . 2014 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > Likewise , in a sample of poor households in Colombia , 14 percent of parents expected to complete university themselves while 33 > 2 Measures of expectations in the four dimensions were based on a survey question with a time horizon of ten years , while the aspirations question were based on wished achieved level in life , which may have influenced differential aspired and expected levels . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The results for business environment variables are presented in Table 3 , Panel A , and the results for governance indicators are presented in Table 3 Panel B . GDP per capita is significantly positive in all specifications , suggesting that the overall level of development is a significant predictor of subsequent business registration . An important caveat is that our dataset only includes new formal , limited liability firms – yet the entry of individuals into informal and formal self-employment is likely higher in lower-income countries with fewer employment opportunities . For instance , according to the World Value Survey < sup > 13 < / sup > , 28 . 4 percent of individuals report being self-employed in Sub-Saharan Africa and 21 . 3 percent in South Asia , while only 6 . 6 percent of individuals in North America and 8 . 0 percent in Europe report being self-employed . Although we cannot directly compare our flow of new limited-liability firm registration to the stock of informal and formal self-employment , the data suggest that self-employment is higher in lower-income regions . In other words , we find that higher economic development is related to a more dynamic formal private sector , with greater potential for high-growth entrepreneurship ; but our results do not suggest that entrepreneurship , per se , leads to greater economic growth . Next , we find that Starting Costs , Starting Days , and Number of Procedures have a negative and significant relationship with the subsequent growth of new businesses : a faster and simpler registration process results in greater new business creation . Employment Rigidity is negative , but not significant . Financial Development is positive but not significant despite the strong unconditional correlation . < sup > 14 < / sup > Finally , the tax rate has important implications for new business registrations . We find that the higher the tax rate , the less formal business registration . This is expected , since taxes represent the main cost of becoming registered , versus operating in the informal economy . The higher these costs , the less incentive firms have to register . > 13 Calculations by the authors . Complete data is available at : http : / / www . worldvaluessurvey", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 634, "text": "World Value Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | TAMBAGA | 8 | 15 | 13 | 28 | 15 | 9 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 22 | 52 | | SOURANSAN - < br > TOMOTO | 126 | 199 | 211 | 410 | 132 | 142 | 274 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 336 | 356 | 692 | | * * KIDAL * * | * * 3016 * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Although there is no definitive answer as to which hypothesis better explains the higher productivity of exporters , recent enterprise-level studies have found evidence consistent with the learning-by-exporting hypothesis in Africa . < sup > 3 < / sup > Using enterprise-level data from the mid-1990s for Cameroon , Ghana , Kenya , and Zimbabwe , Bigsten _et al_ . ( 2004 ) , who use simultaneous equations estimation to control for reverse causation , find that exporting results in efficiency gains . < sup > 4 < / sup > In addition , Mengistae and Pattillo ( 2004 ) find that direct exporters and firms that export outside of Africa are more productive than other exporters , which they interpret as consistent with the learning-by-exporting hypothesis . If exporting resulted in productivity improvements , policies that promote exports — or at least remove biases that discourage exports — might improve productivity and ultimately result in higher wages and income . Although manufacturing enterprises in many African countries have been relatively unsuccessful in export markets , there are significant differences between countries . For example , both macroeconomic data and the firm-level data used in this project suggest that manufacturing enterprises in Senegal and Kenya are more successful than enterprises in Ethiopia , Mali and Mozambique . This paper uses enterprise-level data from eight countries — Ethiopia , Kenya , Mali , Mozambique , Senegal , Tanzania , Uganda and Zambia — to explore different factors that affect export performance . In particular , the paper looks at enterprise characteristics , trade policy and the quality of transportation infrastructure . The paper finds that despite significant reductions in tariff and non-tariff barriers , government policies , including restrictive trade and customs regulations and poor customs administration , continue to discourage exporting . Improving policy in these areas could have a large impact — reducing trade and customs regulations from the level observed in the second > 3 Results from other countries are inconclusive . Using data from Columbia , Mexico and Morocco from the 1980s and early 1990s , Clerides ( 1998 ) conclude that the evidence supports the self-selection hypothesis , while providing little support for the learning by exporting hypothesis . Bernard and Jensen ( 1999 ) and Liu _et al .", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 300, "text": "enterprise-level data from the mid-1990s", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1161, "end": 1179, "text": "macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1188, "end": 1203, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1374, "end": 1395, "text": "enterprise-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2115, "end": 2154, "text": "data from Columbia , Mexico and Morocco", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "33 | 19 . 40 | | 1 child | 3 . 12 | 3 . 50 | 5 . 37 | 6 . 34 | 3 . 64 | 8 . 34 | 12 . 23 | 5 . 15 | 8 . 24 | 17 . 19 | 16 . 45 | 19 . 85 | | 2 children | 3 . 21 | 3 . 05 | 3 . 75 | 2 . 99 | 3 . 81 | 8 . 97 | 8 . 93 | 7 . 40 | 8 . 50 | 14 . 64 | 16 . 55 | 18 . 56 | | 3 and more children | 2 . 12 | 4 . 31 | 6 . 06 | 3 . 21 | 8 . 89 | 9 . 44 | 7 . 50 | 4 . 78 | 8 . 60 | 12 . 41 | 14 . 53 | 19 . 33 | | singleparent | 2 . 22 | 4 . 71 | 8 . 00 | 2 . 18 | 2 . 31 | 8 . 43 | 5 . 64 | 6 . 18 | 14 . 42 | 21 . 15 | 17 . 75 | 23 . 15 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 33", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 575, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "composites combining processes , outputs and outcomes which make it hard to assess the effectiveness of government reforms . Fourth , many indicators which do not rely on expert judgement , instead track the existence of specific regulatory management tools and thus not adequate for assessing how each tool is used in practice and how they interact with their contexts such as changing economic circumstances . While such measurement has been useful , it clearly has limitations in terms of accuracy and validity , calling for new metrics . The availability of large volumes of administrative data on laws and regulations open up new avenues for better gauging the determinants , extent , and effects of volatile laws and regulations . Such legislative predictability indicators should further contribute to a more encompassing understanding of legislative quality . # * * 3 . 1 Legislative and Regulatory Data * * More and more data has been made publicly available in recent years by political institutions through dedicated websites and open-data portals . Yet , the scope and quality of legislative data that are made available still display a strong cross-country variation in terms of temporal scope and depth . Nonetheless , most countries tend to disclose the title and text of legislation , its date of publication and the ID number of previous versions of legislation . The data collection work underpinning the present analysis follows the data collection methods , database structure , and quality standards established by the research team ( Fazekas et al , 2024 ) . The wider data collection effort and process is described in Appendix B . Here , we outline the specific data collection approach in Jordan . The data collection process consists of four stages : source identification , source annotation , web scraping and parsing , as well as data evaluation . First , source identification was conducted in consultation with Jordan ’ s Legislation and Opinion Bureau ( LOB ) which hosts the website and managed legislative data . Second , a detailed source annotation was created that precisely marks each variable in the dataset ( table 1 ) on the LOB website . Such annotations are highly technical , offering guidance for the subsequent programming work . Third , the data collection process includes", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 598, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1092, "end": 1108, "text": "legislative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "imagery pre-loaded on enumerators ’ tablets as a base map . < sup > 18 < / sup > The listing identified 8 , 301 farms in 1 , 729 enumeration areas ( EAs ) of which 6 , 782 were mapped ( and 6 , 703 had a mapped area above 5 ha ) . To generate a sample frame for a more detailed farm performance survey , we dropped all wards < sup > 19 < / sup > with fewer than 30 farms as these would have been too costly to visit , resulting in a frame of 5 , 620 farms in 1 , 066 EAs from 62 wards . To attain our target sample size of 3 , 000 , we include all farms greater than 20 ha and a random sample of farms below 20 ha . < sup > 20 < / sup > This provides the basis for studying the extent to which farms ’ productivity , level of land-related investment , and self-assessed land values are affected by access to formal documentation . > 17 In principle , the Zambia Integrated Land Information and Management System ( ZILMIS ) created in 2003 on an Oracle platform should allow fully digital document processing . However , the system is not operational , and the Ministry has neither access to source code nor capacity to even execute basic queries . The largely textual information in the system is of poor quality . While all spatial records for Eastern Province were digitized with World Bank support , the Ministry of Lands continues to run paper-based and digital systems in parallel so that absence of a competing claim in the electronic system cannot provide conclusive evidence of property ownership , failing the basic requirement of a titling system . > 18 Mapping was limited to farms located in the same district as loading imagery beyond the district would have exceeded tablets ’ storage capacity . 19 After provinces , districts , and constituencies , wards are the fourth tier in Zambia ’ s system of administrative divisions . They are used for census and election purposes . > 20 We include all 1 , 451 farms above 20 ha from the listing and randomly select 1 , 549 of", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 301, "text": "farm performance survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1225, "end": 1240, "text": "spatial records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "37-52 . De Mel , S . , McKenzie , D . , & Woodruff , C . ( 2011 ) . What is the Cost of Formality ? Experimentally Estimating the Demand for Formalization . Working Paper , University of Warwick , Coventry . De Rosa , D . , Gooroochurn , N . , & Görg , H . ( 2010 ) . Corruption and Productivity : Firm-level Evidence from the BEEPS Survey . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5348 , The World Bank , Washington DC . Distinguin , I . , Rugemintwari , C . , & Tacneng , R . ( 2016 ) . Can Informal Firms Hurt Registered SMEs ’ Access to Credit ? _World Development_ , 84 : 18 – 40 . Djankov , S . , and Murrell , P . ( 2002 ) . Enterprise Restructuring in Transition : A Quantitative Survey . _Journal of Economic Literature_ 40 ( 3 ) : 739-792 . Dollar , D . , Hallward-Driemeier , M . , & Mengistae , T . ( 2006 ) . Investment Climate and International Integration . _World Development_ , 34 ( 9 ) : 1498 – 1516 . Du Rietz , A . & Henrekson , M . ( 2000 ) . Testing the Female Underperformance Hypothesis . _Small Business Economics_ , 14 ( 1 ) : 1 – 10 . Farrell , D . ( 2004 ) . The Hidden Dangers of Informal Economy . _McKinsey Quarterly_ , 3 : 27 – 37 . Fisman , R . , & Svensson , J . ( 2007 ) . Are Corruption and Taxation Really Harmful to Growth ? Firm Level Evidence . _Journal of Development Economics_ , 83 ( 1 ) : 63 – 75 . Gonzalez , A . , & Lamanna , F . ( 2007 ) . Who Fears Competition from Informal Firms ? Policy Research Working Paper Series 4316 , World Bank , Washington DC . Haltiwanger , John C . , Ron S . Jarmin , and Javier Miranda . ( 2010 ) . Who Creates Jobs ? Small vs . Large vs . Young . NBER Working Paper 16300 , NBER . ILO ( 2018 ) . Women and Men in the Informal Economy :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 3 : Quantile Treatment Effects on Sales After Three Years * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Treatment Effect Spillover Effect < br > 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9095 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9095 < br > Percentile Percentile < br > 6000 6000 < br > 4000 4000 < br > 2000 2000 < br > Weekly Sales Weekly Sales < br > 0 0 < br > - 2000 - 2000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Intent-to-treat effects from quantile regressions controlling for randomization strata and baseline sales , combining round 4 and round 5 survey data . Straight dashed line shows OLS estimate . 95 percent confidence intervals displayed allowing for clustering at market level . 27", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 557, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "row , and provided a major source of budgetary revenue . Second , there are indications that output of other products is beginning to recover . Cotton production , for example , is expected to more than triple to nearly 20 , 000 tons in the 1982 / 83 marketing year . Output from a number of key industries also rose significantly during 1981 ( admittedly from a very low level of capacity utilization ) : cement by 8 % , matches by 13 % , textiles by 14 % , sugar by 24 % , cigarettes by 27 % , and blankets by 142 % . As a result overall GDP is estimated to have grown by 8 % in 1981 and is expected to rise again by at least 5 % in 1982 . Finally , the impact of the program on consumer prices has been moderated somewhat by the fact that many goods were already being sold at inflated \" magendo \" prices . Prices did rise sharply in May and June 1981 ( reflecting in large part the increases in administered prices ) , and there has been a resurgence of price inflation around the Kampala area in recent months , apparently due to the impact of security and transport bottlenecks . However , the available data indicate a significant decline in the overall inflation rate from around 100 % per annum during 1979-81 to 50 % in 1982 . Even so , real wages remain extremely low . The minimum wage , which was raised by more than 100 % in August 1981 , still only buys the equivalent of about six kilograms of sugar or three bars of soap per month at prevailing market prices . Civil service salaries are so low that , despite subsidized", "spans": [{"start": 1100, "end": 1114, "text": "available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > transport transport < br > equipment ) : < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank , WITS database . China is unquestionably the dragon in the global marketplace for low-tech products today . In the four product categories in which it has the highest global market concentration , China ‘ s share of global exports exceeds 35 percent — and in travel goods and handbags is close to 50 percent ( table 4 ) . Most impressive is the rate at which its share has grown . For travel goods and handbags , for example , its share in 1976 was only 1 . 6 percent . > 20 For further discussion of these two points , see Lin ( forthcoming b ) _ . _ 21 The estimation by Angus Maddison ( 2010 ) shows that China ‘ s per capita income in 2008 was 21 percent of U . S . per capita income ( measured in purchasing power parity ) . This income gap indicates that there is still a large technological gap between China and the industrialized countries . China can therefore continue to enjoy the advantage of backwardness before closing up the gap . China ‘ s current status relative to the United States is similar to that of Japan in 1951 , Korea in 1977 , and Taiwan , China , in 1975 . Annual GDP growth was 9 . 2 percent in Japan in 1951 – 71 , 7 . 6 percent in Korea in 1977 – 97 , and 8 . 3 percent in Taiwan , China , in 1975 – 95 . China ‘ s development strategy after the reform in 1979 is similar to that of these three economies ( Lin forthcoming a ) .", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 124, "text": "WITS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "57 | 27 | 153 | 188 | 425 | 1 . 33 | | 7 | Papaya / ፓፓያ | 2 | 15 | 16 | 3 | 36 | 0 . 11 | | 8 | Sugarcane | 27 | 113 | 242 | 10 | 392 | 1 . 22 | | 9 | False Banana | 23 | 273 | 149 | 1 | 446 | 1 . 39 | | 10 | Pineapple | 15 | 26 | 23 | 0 | 64 | 0 . 20 | | 11 | Gisheta | 6 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 27 | 0 . 08 | | 12 | Others | 2 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0 . 05 | | | * * Total * * | * * 9 , 183 * * | * * 6 , 395 * * | * * 13 , 318 * * | * * 3 , 119 * * | * * 32 , 015 * * | * * 100 . 00 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ # # # # # # * * Impact due to Construction of the new Limu Genet Substation * * < mark > The construction of new Limu-Genet Substation will also affect sizable number of fruit trees and perennial crops belonging to 12 households . According to the property registration survey result , a total of 14 , 729 different types and sizes of perennial crops and fruit trees will be affected by the Substation . Of the total perennial crops and fruit trees affected by construction of the new Substation , 63 . 6 % are Chat / khat trees , followed by coffee with 18 . 0 % and banana fruit 14 . 4 % . < / mark > Table 7 . 9 : Number , Size of Affected Fruit Trees and Perennial Crops by Substation | * * No . * * | * * Type of Fruits * * < br > | * * Number o * * | *", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 536, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 822, "end": 857, "text": "property registration survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "227 | - 0 . 002 | | Mean canopy cover 2000 | 42 . 433 | 50 . 909 | 0 . 200 | | Percent indigenous in municipality | 0 . 161 | 0 . 328 | 0 . 289 | | Deforestation risk ( INE ) | 0 . 057 | 0 . 055 | - 0 . 025 | | Obs | 1977 | 862 | 2839 | > 1 Table shows mean values in columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , and the normalized differences between these means in columns ( 3 ) . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kahawa-Soweto , Huruma , and Embakasi-River Bank . Maps of the target locations can be found in Annex 2 # # # # * * Sanitation Service Preference and Willingness to Pay for Sanitation Improvement * * Many low income settlement dwellers currently pay a significant proportion of their income for WSS-related expenditures according to a household survey undertaken in 2011 for the WaSSIP in low income settlements < sup > 2 < / sup > . The table below illustrates the amount spent on water & sanitation per month against household income level : - | * * Settlement * * | * * Average House hold * * < br > * * Income ( KES ) * * | * * Expenditure on * * < br > * * Water per month * * | * * Expenditure on * * < br > * * Sanitation per month * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Matopeni-Spring < br > valley | 17 , 545 | 1 , 470 | 0 | | Embakasi-River Bank | 12 , 481 | 1 , 320 | 750 | | Kayole-Soweto | 12 , 000 | 540 | 0 | | Huruma | 5 , 943 | 480 | 840 | | Maili Saba | 12 , 853 | 960 | 0 | | Kahawa Soweto | 7 , 232 | 630 | 360 | | Mathare | 10 , 787 | 420 | 200 | Water expenditure includes the cost of purchasing water , mainly from water kiosks . The sanitation expenditure includes the cost of using public latrines and cleaning / maintaining communally shared facilities . During project preparation residents were surveyed about the extent to which they were willing to change their current household excreta disposal facilities to improved ones . Out of the 1 , 064 households interviewed 82 % expressed willingness to change towards a better sanitation", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 351, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 8 . 6 . 3 . Non-Agricultural Title Holders * * The replacement cost of the residential or commercial structures will be calculated as per the value decided by the property valuation committee that would be established under Proclamation No . 455 / 2005 . # # # * * 8 . 6 . 4 . Common Properties * * During the design phase , all efforts will be made to avoid acquisition of common properties . However , in unavoidable cases , some common properties need to be acquired for the project . - All common properties that can be replaced will be relocated within the localities in consultation with the local communities . - The loss of forest lands , which are impossible to relocate , will be compensated in consultation with concerned forest department . # # # * * 8 . 6 . 5 Entitlements * * All affected assets ( and related affected people , i . e . owners and users of the said affected assets ) located within the footprint of a sub-program shall be inventoried . Only affected assets identified during the census will be eligible for compensation . Appendix 3 presents frameworks of forms to be used for this census . The following table presents the relationship between impacts and entitlements . * * Impact / Entitlement Matrix * * | * * Type of Impact * * | * * Entitlement * * | | - - - | - - - | | Permanent loss of land < br > ( held under rural land < br > holders ) | Cash compensation for loss of land as per Ethiopian Proclamation No . 455 / 2005 . < br > Cash compensation for the harvest or product from the affected land or asset , < br > equivalent to ten times the average annual income she / he secured during the five < br > years preceding the expropriation of the land . * * O * * r replacement by a similar piece of < br > land ( similar in location , potential and size )", "spans": [{"start": 1072, "end": 1078, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1175, "end": 1181, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - * * 12 * * - * * IV . IMPACT # * * A . * * Agricultural Production and Productivity 4 . 1 The extent to which the nation ' s production of milk increased because of the project is open to question , but it appears reasonable to assume that the impact was negligible . Definitive conclusions cannot be drawn because of the lack of adequate data , such as an accurate and periodic livestock census . But consideration of the following three factors * * - * * the small scale of the project , the low rates of additionality , and stagnant productivity coefficients * * - * * presents a persuasive case . 4 . 2 Scale of Project . * * 19 , 000 * * animals were financed under the project . At the end * * of 1971 * * there were an estimated * * 95 , 000 * * other dairy cows on settlement schemes , the majority of which were probably grade stock . The number of dairy cows on large farms in * * 1972 * * was estimated at * * 180 , 000 , * * and most of these would also be grade specimens . ( Kenya ' s annual Economic Survey indicates that the total cattle population of smallholder areas * * - * * including settlement schemes but excluding pastoral areas * * - * * was about * * 5 . 8 * * million head in * * 1970 . ) * * 4 . 3 Although the relative size of the project may not be particularly impressive , three qualifications should be borne in mind . The first is that * * AFC * * requires a veterinary certificate for each animal financedensuring that these animals are of good quality . Also , AFC has from time to time helped to organize several auctions involving professional brokers and breeders . Thus , the project helped to ensure that farmer-borrowers receive animals of reasonable quality . The second qualification is that in certain districts the project has had a disproportionate impact , according to Ministry of Agriculture district annual reports . For example , * *", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 401, "text": "livestock census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 995, "end": 1027, "text": "Kenya ' s annual Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Records of legally required worker benefits and proof of workers ’ enrollment in the related programs . _ - _i ) Worker payroll records , including hours worked and pay received ; and_ - _j ) Identification of safety committee members and records of meetings_ _During the implementation of the contract , NITA-U will require that contractors to provide Weekly , Monthly and quarterly provided during project implementation shall have in aspects of the LMP especially around Personnel on Board ( POB ) , Lost Time Incidents , Fatalities , inspections and audits , workplace inspections , grievances raised and resolved among others as dictated by field conditions and site specific risks . Some of the pertinent contractor roles are subsequently presented : _ * * _Contractor site supervisors : _ * * _Responsible for daily monitoring of activities to ensure compliance to set legislation and ensure close out of action points as provided in various scenarios . They hold the mantle to sound project implementation . Additionally , the contractor shall : _ - _a ) Implement the labour management procedures and OHS requirements in line with the ESMF . _ 29", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 135, "text": "Worker payroll records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a framework for addressing these issues in a coherent and coordinated manner . This will then enable implementation of phased priority programs for the improvement of urban transport . The study will include a status survey and future projections of transportation issues including environmental , socio / economic and physical development of Kampala City . * * Project Component 4 * * - US $ 4 . 2 * * million * * # # * * Institutional Support * * Under this component immediate and long-term measures will be implemented in support of the ongoing initiatives under KCC ' s Strategic Framework for Reform Program for a broader and long-term agenda of policy , institutional and operational reforms . ( a ) The process of developing a * * _Kampala City Development Strategy_ * * will be initiated , whose immediate objective is to pilot a participatory , replicable and sustainable process or approach to urban / local development in Uganda that can maximize the potential for growth with poverty reduction . ( b ) _Revenue Enhancementactivities_ will be initiated in the form of immediate improvement of property tax revenues . This will be done by restructuring the \" collection privatization \" system and improving the administration and incentive structure for billing , delivery , collection and enhancement . In the short-term , a Fiscal Cadastre at two pilot sites shall be built for developing a data management system and mobilizing data collection systems . For the long-term , mass valuation alternatives for the City of Kampala will be explored . In addition , enhancement of KCC ' s other revenues such as license fees will also be addressed . ( c ) Under the SFR , KCC made an executive decision that in order to improve basic service delivery in its five divisions , various minor works such as maintenance of smaller feeder drainage , cleaning and maintenance of refuse skips , grass cutting , small road maintenance works such as patching , etc . would be contracted out . The", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 223, "text": "status survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform , Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) 5 . < mark > Under the project , both EEP and EEU will adopt a gender work program based on their institutional gender equality context with the common objective of closing the gender gap in the energy sector . EEP will lead the large stock of the gender equality work program including the internship program ( a program targeting female STEM graduates ) . The framework of EEP ’ s gender work program is outlined below whereas EEU will only focus on strengthening the implementation of the internship program that was started but not implemented under ELEAP . The design of EEP and EEU internship programs will be informed by the findings of an assessment to be conducted as part of the ‘ Environmental and Social Risk Management Capacity Strengthening Program ’ ( under Component 4 ) . The focus area will be analyzing the annual percentage of female graduates in STEM fields ( five-year data ) from selected higher educational institutes where EEP / EEU traditionally prefers to hire new recruits in STEM fields and the institutional arrangement , workplace environment , and readiness to support and implement programs that are designed to increase the percentage of females in STEM fields . The design of the internship program also includes a soft skills capacity development program to ensure interns gain and develop versatile knowledge and skills by the end of the program . The soft skills capacity development support program will be supported by the Ethiopian Women in Energy Network ( EWiEN ) . Both EEP and EEU are partners of EWiEN , a civil society organization established by women in the energy sector with the mission of closing the gender gap in the Ethiopian energy sector by strengthening women ’ s roles as consumers , employees , and entrepreneurs through networking , spotlighting , advocating , mentoring , training , and more . To ensure efficient implementation of gender work programs , a gender specialist who will take the technical lead will be hired under the", "spans": [{"start": 991, "end": 1005, "text": "five-year data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 in 3 or 34 percent have ever experienced spousal violence in the form of emotional , physical and / or sexual violence by their current or most recent husband / partner . Only 23 percent of women who experienced physical and / or sexual violence sought help , whereas two-third of them never sought help and never told anyone about the violence . EDHS < sup > 8 < / sup > also indicated that in the DRDIP II intervention regions the percentage of married women aged 15-49 who have ever experienced physical , sexual , or emotional violence committed by their husband / partner in Amhara is 35 percent , in Gambella is 34 percent , in Tigray is 33 percent , in Beneshangul-Gumuz is 32 percent , in Afar is 19 . 8 percent , in Somale is 9 percent . It is also reported that the percentage of husbands that help with the household chores in Tigray is 44 percent , in Amhara 44 . 2 percent , in Benishangul-Gumuz 40 , in Gambela 32 . 5 , in Afar 27 . 3 percent , 5 WHO 2013 > 6 The World Bank 2019 > 7 EDHS 2016 > 8 EDHS 2016 12", "spans": [{"start": 349, "end": 353, "text": "EDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for residential properties . < sup > 10 < / sup > Given the relative illiquidity of the real estate market and the lack of transaction data , it is challenging to determine property values . To facilitate extensive margin compliance , property owners are allowed to self-declare their property value , subject to the caveat that the government reserves the right to purchase the property from them at said value . Commercial properties with high revenue potential are valued by a valuation firm > 9 Although property owners are required to submit a photograph at the time of property registration , these records are typically kept in hard copy and not organized in a way that allows for easy matching with electronic payment records for enforcement purposes . > 10 Commercial properties are those that are used for income-generating activities , such as a rented apartment , a store , or an office building , whereas residential properties are used strictly for housing and do not generate any income . 8", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 139, "text": "transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 707, "end": 733, "text": "electronic payment records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level , an extensive volume of research has examined the effects of FDI on host countries in a variety of dimensions including productivity , employment , wage rate , and export performance . The productivity effect of FDI , in particular , has attracted considerable empirical attention . In this sub-section , we discuss the literature evaluating the impacts of inward FDI in the context of BRI countries . The literature presented here is based primarily on analysis of historical FDI data in OBOR countries prior to the OBOR initiative . Table A . 1 in the appendix provides a summary of studies discussed in this Section . An extensive empirical literature assesses the existence of productivity spillover from multinational to domestic firms . Such spillover could occur to domestic firms acquired by foreign multinational firms , domestic firms competing with the foreign multinationals , as well as those sharing vertical production linkages . - * * Foreign acquisition . * * The impacts of foreign acquisition on targeted firms have been shown in terms of wage premium , employment growth , and productivity increase . In terms of wage premium , Lipsey and Sjholm ( 2004 ) use Indonesian manufacturing firm-level data to show that foreign firms tend to hire more educated workers and pay a wage premium even > 4 A prominent literature led by Helpman , Melitz and Yeaple ( 2004 ) introduces firm heterogeneity into the decision between exports and horizontal FDI and shows that not only are the most productive firms most likely to engage in FDI , FDI sales relative to exports are also larger in sectors with more firm heterogeneity , higher transportation cost , higher tariff , and greater capital intensity . The work by Helpman , Melitz and Yeaple ( 2004 ) is extended in numerous studies including , for example , Yeaple ( 2009 ) and Chen and Moore ( 2010 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 473, "end": 492, "text": "historical FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1186, "end": 1226, "text": "Indonesian manufacturing firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR134 The World Bank # # * * Key Decisions Regarding Implementation * * This ISR is based on the September 2010 mission , the September - December 2011 implementation progress report and continuous Bank team on-ground supervision . The Bank and the GoU confirmed their understanding and agreement to publicly disclose the September 2010 aide memoire . The disclosure of this aide memoire was discussed and agreed with the Office of the Prime Minister led by the Permanent Secretary Mr . Pius Bigirimana at a wrap up meeting held on October 14 , 2010 in Kampala . The September - December 2010 implementation progress report can also be disclosed . # # * * Restructuring History * * There has been no restructuring to date . # # * * Related Projects * * There are no related projects . Page 5 of 5", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 195, "text": "September - December 2011 implementation progress report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the courts in such matters ; - Legal and paralegal support for those whose status is in doubt . - The establishment of procedures to identify those who are at most risk of statelessness ; to determine the nationality of individuals where their status is in doubt ; to provide , as an interim measure , a status of “ stateless person ” where an existing nationality cannot be determined ; and to facilitate naturalisation for those who are stateless . - The reform of nationality laws to create in all states at least some basic rights to nationality that derive from birth and residence as a child in that country , enabling the children of migrants to be integrated into the national community . - The reform of naturalisation procedures to make them accessible to a larger number of people , and in particular to long-term refugees , former refugees , stateless persons and persons of undetermined nationality . - The achievement of universal birth registration for all children born in the territory of a state , and facilitation of consular access to preserve the right to the nationality of the country of origin of the parents . - Support for the adoption of the draft Protocol to the African Charter on the Specific Aspects to the Right to a Nationality and the Eradication of Statelessness in Africa . UNHCR – December 2021 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 Income Shares Across the Income Distribution < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 4 6 8 10 12 < br > log per capita expenditure < br > Agricultural sales Wages < br > Non-farm enterprise Other / transfers < br > Home production < br > . 8 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > Income share < br > . 2 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : non-parametric kernel regressions of income shares on the log of per capita household expenditure across the 54 countries included in the HIT database . 21", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 510, "text": "HIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ly shared facilities . During project preparation residents were surveyed about the extent to which they were willing to change their current household excreta disposal facilities to improved ones . Out of the 1 , 064 households interviewed 82 % expressed willingness to change towards a better sanitation services level as compared to only 18 % that opted for status quo . The table below summarizes the preferred sanitation service levels per-settlement . | * * Settlement * * | * * Pit Latrine * * | * * VIP Latrine * * | * * WC Connected to * * < br > * * Septic tank * * | * * WC Connected * * < br > * * to public * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Matopeni-Spring < br > Valley | 8 % | 1 . 6 % | 0 % | 97 . 6 % | | Embakasi-River < br > Bank | 0 % | 3 . 0 % | 6 . 1 % | 90 . 9 % | | Kayole-Soweto | 1 . 8 % | 0 % | 3 . 5 % | 94 . 7 % | | Huruma | 0 % | 1 . 7 % | 3 . 3 % | 95 . 0 % | | Maili Saba | 0 % | 0 % | 0 % | 100 . 0 % | | Kahawa Soweto | 0 % | 3 . 0 % | 6 . 1 % | 90 . 9 % | | Mathare | 3 . 8 % | 1 . 3 % | 9 . 2 % | 84 . 9 % | | * * Total * * | 1 . 3 % | 1 . 3 % | 4 . 1 % | 93 . 0 % | > 2WaSSIP Socio-Economic Report – Runji & Partners , 2011 15", "spans": [{"start": 1120, "end": 1149, "text": "2WaSSIP Socio-Economic Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will aim at ensuring that URC : ( i ) can meet its financial obligations under the Railways Project ; ( $ i ) is monitoring and controlling the agreed performance criteria for gradual improvement in productivity , so as to reduce the need for tariff increases ; ( iII ) is gradually covering a larger proportion of depreciation of assets in line with the Government ' s policy that parastatals should ultimately become financially selfsufficient , which in principle increases the need for tariff increases , and ( iv ) sets its tariffs at levels consistent with the need to compensate for the Impact of inflation and devaluation on URC ( para ' s 4 . 08 and 6 . 01 ( a ) ) . Improvina Materials Managewent 15 . To establish a clear base year position for all stocks and improve materials management in coming years , URC has agreed with IDA on a detailed work program ( included in Annex 15 , pages 13 through 15 ) with the following major componentos - _ ( l ) _ undertake an inventory of existing stocks , write off obsolete items , bring prices to current price level , and bring records up to date by July 31 , 1989 ;", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 1006, "text": "inventory of existing stocks", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Age profile for Agency - Bangladesh < br > 100 : < br > i 40 1985 1980 1975 1970 < br > = ® iH 1995 1 7070568 18981965 1 ) < br > © 2 804 : HHi 1088 aa1950 < br > £ 3 < br > = z of < br > £ i < br > 5 404 ) < br > 20-3a a < br > 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 < br > Age < br > — — 1950-54 1955-59 1960-64 — — 1965-69 < br > 1970-74 1975-79 — — 1980-84 — 1985-89 < br > — — 1990-94 — — 1995-99 © 2000-04 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Age profile for Agency - India < br > 100 ; < br > i < br > = H 1888a8 eyea : — — _ \" er ) < br > B © o 80-i { 98H ‘ 48324980 — Hs 0 — < br > £ < br > % 2900 / 1 < br > s 4 & 5 < br > 5 40 . | < br > 20 / 3ee < br > 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 < br > Age < br > — — 1950-54 1955-59 1960-64 — — 1965-69 < br > 1970-74 1975-79 — — 1980-84 — 1985-89 < br > — — 1990-94 — — 1995-99 @ 2000-04 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ot i Age profile for ipv justification - Bangladesh < br > go = | < br > 5 a4 } < br > 3 i < br > B2 31 joao-4985 - — — _191 9 850 1980 197580 18 ~ 4398 1960Pr < br > Bx > apo ; 995 > TM ~ 1990 4985 980 975 1970 < br > s \" i985 1 1955 < br > G : 1 1974 1970 1965 < br > 1 } < br > i <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* For AF DLRs : * * < br > * * DLR 4 . 1 : Target * * : Percentage increase in enrolment in public pre-primary education in newly integrated refugee schools from a baseline of 0 % up to a < br > maximum of 9 % . * * Formula * * : US $ 444 , 444 . 44 disbursed for every percentage point increase up to the maximum ceiling of US $ 4 , 000 , 000 ( Scalable ) from WHR . < br > AND US $ 1 , 000 , 000 disbursed for every percentagepoint to increase upto the maximum ceilingof US $ 3 , 000 , 000 from FDTF . | | Description | * * DLR 4 . 1 * * : This result measuresIncrease in total enrollment in public pre-primary education in regions where enrollment is below the national average < br > * * For AF DLR : * * < br > * * DLR 4 . 1 : * * This result measures the increase in enrollment specificallyin the newlyintegrated refugee schools . | | Data source / Agency | EMIS < br > ii | | Verification Entity | Verification Agent ( VA ) contracted bythe MoE | | Procedure | DLR 4 . 1 : The result is measured by comparing the total number of students enrolled in public pre-primary schools in selected non-conflict affected regions ( to < br > be defined in the POM ) at the end of the current year , against enrolment at the end of the previous year . The total enrollment in public pre-primary education < br > is calculated based on the ESS projections and MoE ’ s annual statistical data . The VA will cross-check these figures against the EMIS or other portal , in consultation < br > with MoE . The VA will also sample a reasonable and representative number of all pre-primary education enrolments listed in each report , via field visits – to <", "spans": [{"start": 864, "end": 868, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1354, "end": 1385, "text": "MoE ’ s annual statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1438, "end": 1442, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pollution-intensive ones . In addition , their analysis FDI inflows they suggest that foreign investments were higher in industries that were more intensive in air and water pollution . While the situation in Vietnam differs in many respects from the Indian experience in terms of policy and scale of the economy , there are remarkable similarities in the history of their trade policies which were characterized by a long period of import-substitution , followed by rapid liberalization in a short period of time . For this study , four hypotheses were tested using industry-level economic and environmental data for Vietnam : 1 . Since 2000 , Vietnam has become more specialized in the production from dirty industries relative to clean industries ( the composition effect on domestic production ) . 2 . As a result of the trade treaty with the US in 2000 , Vietnam has become more specialized in share of exports from dirty industries relative to clean industries ( composition effect on trade flows ) . 3 . Since 1997 , Vietnam has become more specialized in the exports from dirty industries relative to clean industries ( the composition effect on exports ) . 4 . There has been greater inflow of foreign investment into dirty industries relative to clean industries . To test the first hypothesis , we measure whether domestic production has shown greater increase in dirty industries relative to clean industries between 2000 and 2002 . Domestic production is a function of labor productivity ( L ) , capital productivity ( K ) , and pollution intensity ( P ) . We use 2-digit Vietnam Standard Industrial Classification ( VSIC ) level data for manufacturing industries to examine if output has shown greater increase in the pollution intensive sectors compared to less pollution intensive sectors in the period following trade liberalization measures . The regression model is : 13", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 613, "text": "industry-level economic and environmental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 percent level , respectively . Standard errors presented in parentheses . Dependent variable : percentage point change in the headcount poverty rate in country _i_ from year _t − n_ to _t_ , where the headcount poverty rate is calculated as the percent of the population under the $ 1 . 90 poverty line . It is clear from looking at the _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > for each specification , that Equation ( 10 ) and ( 13 ) ( Columns 4 and 5 , respectively ) do a far superior job at explaining changes in poverty in our sample . Moreover , it appears that our log-normality assumption provides us with a very reasonable approximation to the arithmetic identity that exists between changes in 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Valuation of Structures using Replacement Cost Approach : _ The valuation basis adopted for valuing the affected structures ( housing etc … ) is on the land taken for compensation is the current replacement cost with the objective to reinstate the owner to build similar structures on another site . In obtaining the unit cost for reinstatement , the cost of construction rates recommended by the affected Woreda Administration Offices was considered . _Valuation of Farmland : _ Since there is no vacant land , _Monetary_ compensation shall be provided 15 times the price of the average yield of crops or perennial crops obtained from the land and added up the cost spent for land improvement . The average yield and the price is obtained from Woreda Agriculture Offices . _Valuation of Perennial Crops : _ There is no replaced land therefore cash compensation shall be paid . Monetary compensation shall be provided fifteen times the price of the average yield of crops obtained from the land and added up the cost spend for land improvement . The crops which are on the affected land at the time of census survey have been valued based on the schedules prepared by the Woreda Office of Agriculture for various types of crops and age . _Valuation of Trees : _ The amount of compensation for trees shall be determined on the basis of various species , the level of growth of the trees and the current local price per unit . The trees have been valued based on compensation schedules proposed by the Woreda Office of Agriculture . The Subproject will affect privately-owned farmlands , and trees and therefore cash compensation will be paid . According to results of the census enumeration and property registration , the Subproject will affect the following properties belong to a total of 713 households . - 7 . 56 ha of farmland ( 7 . 085 ha by substation permanently ) - 155 housing structures belonging", "spans": [{"start": 1256, "end": 1269, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1825, "end": 1869, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as well as the restructuring terms . We also expand that dataset forward , by 50 years , adding monthly price quotations for external sovereign bonds trading on the LSE from 1930 to 1980 , as provided by The Economist and the Financial Times . Importantly , for the interwar period and post-WW2 , we are the first to code and integrate into the analysis a large dataset of prices and returns for external sovereign bonds on the NYSE , which became the main trading platform for foreign sovereigns after 1914 . Specifically , we coded NYSE sovereign bond price data from the Bank and Quotation Section of the Commercial Financial Chronicle ( 1905 – 27 and 1954 – 78 ) and from the Bank and Quotation Record ( from 1927 – 54 ) . Taken together , the historical bond price sample spans the period from 1815 until 1980 and includes more than 900 external sovereign bonds . For the modern ( post-1990 ) period , we build on the extensive emerging market bond price collection by JP Morgan as part of their EMBI Global indices . EMBI data have been very widely used in the sovereign > 31 Their dataset is hosted on the website of the International Center for Finance at Yale . A large literature has used their data and , more generally , data from the Investor ’ Monthly Manual , for example , Ferguson and Schularick ( 2006 ) , Mauro , Sussman , and Yafeh ( 2002 ) , or Mitchener and Weidenmier ( 2010 ) . 16", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 564, "text": "NYSE sovereign bond price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 680, "end": 705, "text": "Bank and Quotation Record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1001, "end": 1020, "text": "EMBI Global indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 ETHIOPIA SIXTH TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROJECT PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT # # # # # TABLE 8 : RETURi4 ON INVESTMENT 1 . Investments on which the rate ofreturn is cakulated Include all new works t the sixth telecommunications project ( FY84-FY90 ) which include the IDA funded portion . 2 . Tho benefit period extends from FY85 to FY2004 when on average the equipmeat provided under the project is expected to have substantially completed Its useful life . 3 . Major assumptions - a . Actual data used from PYS4-92 and etimates from PY93 onwards . - b . AUl revenues and coat are ated in FY84 Birr L . have been deflated for actual d esimatd inflatI . - c . Capital expenditure * * s * * hown below are based on actual expenses made over the project . - d . No residual asset values are assumed since thes woutd have completed usefiu Uva . - e . incremeal telephon revenue from FY84 onwards based ou expected addItonal telephone subscribers and traffic increases . - f . No Incremental tdex revenues estimated . - S . _Only_ cash operating costs are included ; depreciation and intere are excluded . # # # # # 4 . The tummary of project cost and benefit streams at FYM4 prices Is : | _Y_ | PRO < br > | GRAM < br > CO < br > | < br > ST < br > < br > | OPERA < br > | TINO < br > CO < br > | < br > STS < br > | < br > | REVEN < br > < br > | U < br > E < br > | NT < br > | 4ENE < br > | FITS < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 492, "text": "Actual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s de plaintes ) , faciliter un accès à faible coût à une autorité judiciaire indépendante pour le règlement de ces décisions , et permettre aussi de faire appel aux tribunaux ordinaires responsables des questions similaires . # # # * * Administration de la nationalité * * Les États Partenaires de la CAE doivent adopter des mesures pour renforcer l ’ accessibilité , le traitement équitable , la transparence et l ' efficacité dans l ' administration de la nationalité , notamment : - En publiant des statistiques annuelles sur les procédures relatives à la nationalité , y compris sur la délivrance des documents d ' identité et les naturalisations , et sur les pourcentages de demandes refusées . - En conduisant des campagnes publiques de sensibilisation sur le besoin de procédures pour l ' obtention d ' un acte de naissance et d ' autres documents , en particulier dans les zones frontalières et les quartiers les plus pauvres . - En désignant clairement les services ou organes responsables de l ' examen et du traitement des cas d ' apatridie . Ce rôle doit revenir à l ' organe charge des questions de nationalité , en collaboration avec les tribunaux pour la révision ou l ’ appel de certaines décisions . - En améliorant les systèmes actuels d ’ application et d ' archivage des enregistrements des faits d ' état civil , afin d ' obtenir des procédures d ’ enregistrement des naissances gratuites , accessibles et", "spans": [{"start": 502, "end": 524, "text": "statistiques annuelles", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 9 . Project Alternative analysis * * This project emerged as a priority investment from extensive analysis and consultations supported by the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience and the Forest Investment Program during which a wide range of investment options were considered and prioritized . During the project design , preparation , and defining / identifying the probable project location , the GoU in close collaboration with World Bank and other stakeholders identified and prioritized suitable project locations . The prioritization was informed by the alternative analyses , studies and stakeholder consultation for concurrence . # # # * * BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL INFORMATION * * # # # * * 1 . 10 . Physical Environment * * # # # * * _Topography_ * * The topography of the Albertine Graben is mainly characterized by mountains and escarpments and is associated with valleys and flanks . The higher elevations support afromontane and submontane forests , grasslands , and – on the highest peaks – afroalpine moorlands . Whereas the West Nile exerts a first-order influence on the climatic gradients lying between the drier East African Plateau and the wetter Congo Basin with a unimodal rainfall regime . The topography of the West Nile especially the proposed project areas generally varies largely form highlands dropping into broad flat-bottomed valleys to broad flat-bottomed valleys and low slope gradient with high peaks in some areas like Mt . Otze at 1500m above sea level in Moyo , hills liek Midigo and Kei in the Northern District . # # # * * _Soils & Geology_ * * The geological and geophysical data suggest that the Albertine Graben region has undergone substantial tectonic movements and thick sediments have been deposited especially in the Albertine graben in fluvial deltaic and lacustrine environments . The soils are predominantly sandstones , siltstones , clay stones and shales . The sandstones and siltstones are mostly of high porosity and permeability . Whereas the most of West Nile is under", "spans": [{"start": 1612, "end": 1643, "text": "geological and geophysical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second , we make use of the United Nations Population Division Migrant Stock data which provides information regarding the stock of international migrants by origin and destination for 232 countries between 1990 and 2020 , on five-year based intervals ( DESA , 2020 ) . The main source of information collected is extracted from population censuses . When not available , the information has been retrieved through population registers and nationally representative surveys . Finally , we gather information on country-pair characteristics using the ’ Gravity ’ CEPII database ( Conte et al . , 2021 ) . From this dataset we use information on the GDP of both origin and destination countries , common religion dummy , common language dummy and a colonial linkages dummy . Information on the share of right wing ( i . e . nationalist party ) votes is based on the Manifesto Project Database ( MPD ) and the variable used in regressions built as in Moriconi et al . ( 2022 ) – see appendix section B for a detailed discussion . Some important points for the construction of the estimation data set deserve careful explanation . First , a country-pair in a specific year may have multiple trade agreements in place . To address this issue , for a given country pair in a given year , we keep the highest value regarding the ’ Visa ’ provisions . Second , we keep every country pair-year combination in the migrant stock database . Namely , if a given country pair-year combination does not have corresponding information in the DTA database , we assume that this specific country pair-year combination does not share a trade agreement with visa-provision ( i . e . and ’ visa ’ dummy is therefore equal to zero ) . Conversely , every pair-year combination in the DTA database that does not match the migrant stock data is dropped . Indeed , assuming zero-migration for these specific cells would be inaccurate . Finally , every pair-year has been merged with the ’ Gravity ’ data . We are left with a total of 49 , 450 country-pair combinations observed in 7 points in time ( 1990 , 1995 , 2000 , 2005 , 2010 , 2015 and , 2020 ) . Table", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 81, "text": "United Nations Population Division Migrant Stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 329, "end": 348, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 415, "end": 435, "text": "population registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 440, "end": 473, "text": "nationally representative surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 562, "end": 576, "text": "CEPII database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 864, "end": 890, "text": "Manifesto Project Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1404, "end": 1426, "text": "migrant stock database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1526, "end": 1538, "text": "DTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1798, "end": 1816, "text": "migrant stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Sectoral convergence_ * * Given the patterns of cross-country convergence are reflections of and shaped by countries ’ sectoral composition , it is insightful to investigate sectoral convergence . Using data on more than 100 countries , Rodrik ( 2013 ) shows strong evidence of unconditional convergence in manufacturing labor productivity , as well as _σ_ - convergence for a sub-sample of countries . However , there is no aggregate convergence because of a rather small share of formal manufacturing employment and the slow pace of industrialization in low-income countries . In addition , Kinfemichael and Morshed ( 2019a ) , using 95 countries , find evidence of unconditional convergence for aggregate labor productivity , primarily driven by the fast convergence in services . Kinfemichael ( 2019 ) also reports similar results . By contrast , Herrendorf et al . ( 2022 ) , based on a new dataset for low-income countries during 1990-2018 , uncover that cross-country differences in productivity gaps ( with high-income countries ) are larger in manufacturing than in the aggregate , and no observed tendency for productivity to converge in manufacturing . They also find a positive correlation between manufacturing labor productivity growth and aggregate and other sectors ’ labor productivity growth , suggesting weak growth of manufacturing employment is not necessarily the force behind the lack of convergence in lowincome countries . The seemingly sharp contrast findings between Rodrik ( 2013 ) and Herrendorf et al . ( 2022 ) are partly attributed to the role and size of the informal sector in developing countries . Rodrik ( 2013 ) ’ s findings in support of unconditional convergence are based on data on larger establishments in the formal manufacturing sector . < sup > 6 < / sup > When the sample coverage extends to small and informal establishments and workers , which are highly prevalent in developing countries , as in Herrendorf et al . ( 2022 ) , the data does not reveal unconditional convergence in manufacturing . An earlier study by Wong ( 2006 ) decomposes the pattern of _β_ - convergence into within - and between-sector contributions and show that both the within-sector growth and between-sector reallocations . Among the OECD countries during 1970-1990 , Wong ( 2006 ) shows sizable", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 241, "text": "data on more than 100 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 899, "end": 935, "text": "new dataset for low-income countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > BEthiopia ~ ~ _ < br > ~ < br > ~ . < br > . < br > a “ < br > - - ~ e ee SS ~ < br > FJ aa “ Sa Indonesia < br > 2 & “ Ethiopia ‘ \\ mindonesia < br > & ~ : < br > s \\ N * SalombiaSS gChile < br > 2 \\ ~ ~ : < br > zg4 BGolombia ’ “ N \\ Chile < br > Be 7 Coldmbi < br > m4 _sironesia or . < br > eae ‘ # Chile < br > re ) ae < br > 2 _-77 < br > e £ thiopia — ~ ~ < br > 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Logged average GDP per capita for the estimation period < br > ° TFPQ — - — - — - — - TFPQ fitted < br > = Marginalcost _ — — - — - — - Marginal Cost fitted < br > « Wage — — - — - - Wage fitted < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | Country | Data source | Implementing agency | Time period | Spatialunit < br > ( count ) | Plant count | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Encuesta Nacional IndustrialAnual ( Annual | Institute Nacional deEstadisticas | | Municipalities | | | Chile | National Industrial Survey — ENLA ) | ( INE ) | 2001-2005 | ( 208 ) | 6 . 344 | | | Encuesta Annual Manufacturera ( Annual | Departamento Administrative | | Municipalities | | | Colombia | Manufacturing Survey < br > — EAM ) | NacionaldeEstadistica ( DANE ) | 2000-2009 | ( 267 ) | 12 , 397 | | | Survei Tahunan Perusahaan Industri | Badan Pusat Statistik ( BPS - | | Districts and | | | Indonesia | Pengolahan ( Annual Manufacturing Survey ) | Statistics Indonesia ) | 2000-2015 | metros ( 291 ) | 34 ,", "spans": [{"start": 821, "end": 854, "text": "Encuesta Nacional IndustrialAnual", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 933, "end": 959, "text": "National Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1017, "end": 1046, "text": "Encuesta Annual Manufacturera", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1122, "end": 1142, "text": "Manufacturing Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1230, "end": 1264, "text": "Survei Tahunan Perusahaan Industri", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1333, "end": 1375, "text": "Pengolahan ( Annual Manufacturing Survey )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8630 # * * Abstract * * This paper presents a new family of Stata functions devoted to small area estimation . Small area methods attempt to solve low representativeness of surveys within areas , or the lack of data for specific areas / sub-populations . This is accomplished by incorporating information from outside sources . Such target data sets are becoming increasingly available and can take the form of a traditional population census , but also large scale administrative records from tax administrations , or geospatial information produced using remote sensing . The strength of these target data sets is their granularity on the subpopulations of interest , however , in many cases they lack the ability to collect analytically relevant variables such as welfare or caloric intake . The family of functions introduced follow a modular design to have the flexibility with which these can be expanded in the future . This can be accomplished by the authors and / or other collaborators from the Stata community . Thus far , a major limitation of such analysis in Stata has been the large size of target data sets . The package introduces new mata functions and a plugin used to circumvent memory limitations that inevitably arise when working with big data . From an estimation perspective , the paper starts by implementing a methodology that has been widely used for the production of several poverty maps . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at mnguyen3 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings ,", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 472, "text": "population census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 484, "end": 543, "text": "large scale administrative records from tax administrations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 549, "end": 571, "text": "geospatial information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources , because different data sources cover different sets of countries with different underlying distributions of governance . For example , a score of 6 out of 10 might mean something different in a data source that covers only advanced > 8 In addition , the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund use the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment data as a key indicator in their Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework ( LIC-DSF ) , recognizing that there is a strong empirical relationship between institutional quality and the risk of debt servicing difficulties ( see IMF ( 2017 ) ) . In the same vein , the International Monetary Fund uses components of the WGI as key measures of institutional quality in its Debt Sustainability Framework for Market-Access Countries because their analysis shows that the WGI has statistical predictive power for debt servicing difficulties ( see IMF ( 2021 ) ) . 9 For a small number of data sources that are commercially available by subscription only , we cannot report the individual questions from these sources . Instead , we report averages of questions assigned to each of the six aggregate WGI measures . 8", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 367, "text": "Country Policy and Institutional Assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 836, "end": 839, "text": "WGI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Own color television | 26 . 1 | 24 . 5 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Father ’ s schooling | 8 . 4 | 7 . 4 * | | Mother ’ s schooling | 9 . 1 | 8 . 1 * | * Mean is significantly different between program and non-program samples at the . 05 level . # * * Varying implementation lags * * Discussions with the ECD project management office and field administrative data indicated that there was substantial variance in the timing of the implementation of the project across municipalities and barangays , where implementation means procurement and receipt of material inputs and provider training related to the program . This variance implies differences in the duration of exposure to the program across program areas , and thus differences in the amount of time that the interventions could have had an impact . If program effects are estimated as if the program began before its actual effectiveness at the barangay level , then those effects might be underestimated . Many evaluations do not take into account this variation in the duration of program implementation , often because the program start is presumed to be well-defined ( though in reality official starting dates often do not reflect start-up delays on the ground ) and also because data on timing are not available . One exception is the analysis of the Bolivian PIDI pre-school program mentioned above ( Behrman , Cheng and Todd 2004 ) , which explicitly takes into account the dates of enrollment of individual children into the program and find that impact is most clearly observed among children who have been exposed to the program for more than a year , compared with those exposed for less time . Another is the evaluation of PROGRESA by Gertler ( 2004 ) who found no program impact after only six months of program exposure , but with 24 months of program exposure the illness rate of the treatment group was 39 . 5 percent lower than the control group , a difference that is significant at the 1-percent level . With the help of the central project implementation office , we are able to use administrative data", "spans": [{"start": 342, "end": 367, "text": "field administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2068, "end": 2087, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scores ( worse mental health ) decreases the probability of being employed by 6 . 4 percentage points ( or 14 . 1 % , which equals 6 . 4 / 45 . 4 ) ; it also decreases weekly labor income by $ 192 Australian dollars ( or 26 . 8 % ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > These effects are highly statistically significant at the 1 % level , and the IV-Logit-FE and IV-FE estimates are between 1 . 4 and 3 . 8 times larger than the FE estimates . < sup > 12 < / sup > While we offer the first estimates of the impacts of mental illness on refugees ’ labor outcomes , it can be useful to compare our estimated effects with those on the general population in previous studies . For example , analyzing data from the HILDA , Frijters et al . ( 2014 ) show that a one standard deviation decrease in mental health leads to a 30 percentage point decrease in the probability of being employed . < sup > 13 < / sup > Using data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication ( NCS-R ) in the United States , Chatterji et al . ( 2011 ) find that psychiatric disorder is associated with reductions of 13-14 percentage points in the likelihood of employment . Findings from our study add new and useful evidence for policies to support refugees , who are especially vulnerable to mental illness as discussed earlier . We return to further comparison in Section 4 . 3 . Table 2 shows that mental illness also has a negative impact on other labor market outcomes . < sup > 14 < / sup > Several findings stand out from this table . First , refugees with higher mental health scores are 3 . 5 percentage points ( or 8 . 4 % ) less likely to participate in the labor force ( Column ( 1 ) ) . Second , refugees with worse mental health are less likely to have a permanent job , although the effect is statistically insignificant ( Column 2 ) . They are also 3 . 2 and 5 . 6 > 11 Our findings remain consistent when using the inverse hyperbolic", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 702, "text": "data from the HILDA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 912, "end": 951, "text": "National Comorbidity Survey-Replication", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "found that 54 per cent agreed with When violence flares up , Raiman said , children are often afraid the statement that “ Lebanon should not receive more and cannot sleep because they are reminded of their experiences Syrian refugees . ” < sup > 1 < / sup > A similar survey conducted in July in Syria . Their parents sometimes keep them inside for their 2013 with 1 , 800 Jordanians found that 73 per cent . safety Security concerns also arise within refugee communities . In Jordan ’ s Za ’ atari camp , for instance , violence , theft and vandalism occur among Syrian children . One community leader said theft by children had increased in the first half of 2013 , May 2013 undertaken by Fafo Independent 21-National opinion poll conducted 15 . 1 sometimes instigated by adults . Some boys in Za ’ atari allegedly Research Foundation in cooperation with Information International , available at http : / / bit . belong to gangs , which instill fear in other refugees living in the . ly / 1dclayy accessed 27 October 2013 . camp عاما ً ، تعيش في مأوى جماعي في17 اعتماد ، التي تبلغ من العمر July 2013 survey of 1 , 800 Jordanian nationals , ‘ Current Issues in Jordan , ’ by the Centre for . Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan . The survey was led by Dr . Walid Alkhatib الجئ سوري . تبقى معظم األيام داخل 700 لبنان يقيم به أكثر منUNHCR / E . Dorfman . الغرفة الوحيدة التي تتقاسمها عائلتها . 2 27", "spans": [{"start": 691, "end": 732, "text": "Fafo Independent 21-National opinion poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1102, "end": 1139, "text": "survey of 1 , 800 Jordanian nationals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1144, "end": 1168, "text": "Current Issues in Jordan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers . “ Not Applicable ” ” * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . “ None ” . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EB from the last JRIS mission ( 99 , 344 , 644 ETB ) . - * * _LH grant performance_ * * : 2 , 608 , 253 , 185 ETB disbursed for 78 , 005 HHs and 2 , 561 , 639 , 214 ETB grant transferred to 77 , 155 ( 55 , 526F ) HHs . - * * _Employment : _ * * from the first wave beneficiaries , 72 , 430 ( 52 , 315F ) and 1 , 956 ( 913F ) employed in self-employment and wage employment pathways , respectively . - * * _Impact Evaluation : _ * * The baseline data ( collected in January 2022 ) , follow-up I ( Sept / Oct 2023 ) , and Follow-up II ( Sept / Oct 2024 ) fieldwork data have been collected and the final datasets have been submitted to the WB . 19", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 567, "text": "fieldwork data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tax payment provides evidence of use and non-payment to be used to cancel legacy titles which would otherwise threaten to undermine tenure security - also clarify records over time and , if all or part of revenues are shared , generate resources for local authorities in an incentive compatible way . We contribute to three strands of literature . First , strong interest in large-scale land-based investment ( LSLBI ) following the 2007 / 08 commodity price boom triggered a wave of investigation that range from case studies of large often foreign ventures ( Deininger & Byerlee 2011 ) to analyses of national land transfer inventories ( Glover & Jones 2019 ) on nature and impact of this this phenomenon . We show that in Zambia - and most likely in any setting where the formal land administration system is characterized by limited outreach and high cost - informal land transfers constitute an important and quantitatively large segment of LSLBI that is not captured well by either of these sources . As this could give rise to yield biased accounts and misleading policy recommendations , generation of complete data on large land acquisitions that can be compared to spatial and textual data from the registry is an important area for future research . Beyond the approach of piggy-backing on census-related data collection efforts taken here , classification of land use > 4 A land tax on large farms operating on state land would have no negative equity impacts as owners who do not have the means to pay could rent out to generate the resources needed for tax payment . 3", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 637, "text": "national land transfer inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1301, "end": 1320, "text": "census-related data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2021-12-09 2022-01-28 2022-04-02 < br > of which IDA US $ 50 . 0 million < br > equivalent ) < br > KE-KALRO-261639-NC-RFQ / Repair and Servicing of Irrigation Pumps and Drip Irrigation Systems IDA / 59450 Component 2 : StrengtheningClimate-Smart Agricultural Research and Seed Systems ( US $ 53 . 7 million equivalent , of which IDA US $ 50 . 0 million Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 33 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2021-11-25 2022-01-28 2023-04-11 2022-04-02 2023-09-27 < br > equivalent ) < br > Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > KE-KALRO-278378-NC-RFQ / Procurement of Bulk SMS IDA / 59450 ro-weather , Market , Climate , and Advisory Services ( US $ 32 . 9 million equivalent , of whi Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 50 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2022-02-24 2022-04-07 2022-04-01 2022-05-26 2022-05-12 < br > ch IDA US $ 30 . 0 million equi < br > valent ) < br > KE-KALRO-280379-NC-RFB / Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > Weather Data Package for Kenya Agricultural ObservatoryPlatform ( KAOP ) Subscription IDA / 59450 ro-weather , Market , Climate , and Advisory Services ( US $ 32 . 9 million equivalent , of whi Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 174 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2022-03-01 2022-03-31 2022-03-08 2022-04-05 2022-05-05 2022-04-19 2022-05", "spans": [{"start": 1011, "end": 1031, "text": "Weather Data Package", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The world is rapidly losing biodiversity . Pimm et al . ( 2014 ) < sup > 1 < / sup > found that the current rate of species extinction is at least 1 , 000 times the background rate . Supporting evidence from the Living Planet Index ( LPI ) , which tracks population trends for vertebrate species in terrestrial , freshwater , and marine habitats , shows a 69 % decline since 1970 . The LPI informs the Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ) and its Conference of Parties ( COP ) . In response to indicators of rapid decline , 188 governments ratified the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework ( GBF ) at COP 15 in December 2022 . Among other measures , the Framework commits participants to protecting 30 % of the planet by 2030 . This has been labeled the Global 30x30 Initiative and commonly abbreviated as “ 30x30 ” . Effective implementation of 30x30 requires addressing two key questions : ( 1 ) What is the spatial distribution of global biodiversity that should be protected ? ( 2 ) How can protecting 30 % of the planet best conserve this biodiversity ? In a previous paper ( Dasgupta et al . 2024 ) , we addressed the first question using the Global Biodiversity Information Facility ( GBIF ) , which has expanded to include occurrences for over 2 million species . In the past two years , the GBIF has added about 1 . 3 million occurrence records daily . Most records include locational coordinates , enabling new estimates of spatial distributions for previously unmapped species and improved estimates for species with existing maps . Using machine-based pattern recognition , we estimated spatial occurrence maps for over 600 , 000 species . These maps complement previous work by greatly expanding representation for plants , invertebrates and other non-vertebrate species . Our algorithm allows rapid updates and new maps as the GBIF data increase . In this paper , we draw on the previous work to explore some implications for 30x30 in a sample of 10 countries in Latin America , Africa and the Asia-Pacific region . We focus on individual countries to highlight the role of conservation stewardship in local", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 258, "text": "Living Planet Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1884, "end": 1893, "text": "GBIF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Program for Strengthening Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( P180287 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | DLI allocation < br > 3 : Predictability , < br > control , and < br > transparency of < br > budget execution are < br > improved ( Text ) < br > Partially achieved | Value | ( i ) Most cash < br > balances are < br > consolidated on a < br > monthly basis ; ( ii ) < br > Records are partly < br > maintained for < br > contracts including < br > data on what has < br > been procured , value < br > of procurement , and < br > who has been < br > awarded contracts ; < br > ( iii ) The payroll is < br > supported by full < br > documentation for < br > all changes made to < br > personnel records < br > each month and < br > checked against the < br > previous month ' s < br > payroll data . Staff < br > hiring and promotion < br > is controlled by a list < br > of approved staff < br > positions . | 28 , 000 , 000 . 00 < br > < br > < br > ( i ) Most cash < br > balances are < br > consolidated on a < br > monthly basis ; ( ii ) < br > Records are partly < br > maintained for < br > contracts including < br > data on what has < br > been procured , < br > value of < br > procurement , and < br > who has been < br > awarded contracts ; < br > ( iii ) The payroll is < br > supported by full < br > documentation for < br > all changes made < br > to personnel < br > records each < br > month and checked", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 877, "text": "payroll data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Financing , Borrower Contribution , and Dates : * * The project became effective eight months later than initially planned , primarily because of extra time needed to achieve the minimum required strengthening of financial management systems . At mid-term ( September / October 2003 ) , it was decided to terminate project support to Phase I districts , after the Government failed to provide block grants to those districts as initially agreed and the Ministry of Health failed to make and implement alternative plans . In March 2004 , the remaining district grants were cancelled , largely because of limited district capacity to manage and account for funds . These changes essentially removed the decentralization component , the cornerstone of the project . It was therefore agreed to request to restructure the project . However , in June 2005 , a forensic audit was conducted that confirmed serious shortcomings with the governance and accounting and control environment of the project ; these findings put efforts to restructure the project on hold , and prompted a Detailed Implementation Review ( DIR ) by INT as part of a broader review of four Bank projects in Kenya that was initiated in January 2006 and completed in September 2006 . The governance investigations put the project in “ problem ” status , and the closing date was extended four times ( in June 2005 , December 2005 , December 2006 , and June 2007 ) . Restructuring of the project never took place . Total project costs and the borrower ' s and cofinanciers ' actual contributions were not reported in the ICR . Planned contributions were US $ 39 . 49 M for DFID and US $ 8 . 4 M for SIDA . # # # * * 3 . Relevance of Objectives & Design : * * * * Relevance of Objectives * * is rated Substantial . Controlling the spread of HIV / AIDS and improving maternal and child health are among the health-related Millennium Development Goals , and the Bank ’ s 2007 Country Assistance Strategy Progress Report cites the broadening of stakeholder support and improving governance in the areas of HIV / AIDS and health as priority areas for", "spans": [{"start": 1584, "end": 1587, "text": "ICR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "side , the government recruited more teachers , < sup > 6 < / sup > built additional classrooms in existing schools , and new government schools where none existed before . For example , between 2002 and 2011 , the number of primary schools in Lesotho increased by about 10 percent , and the primary school pupil-teacher ratio dropped from 48 to 34 pupils per teacher ( MOET , 2011 ) . This increase in infrastructure also helped to reduce the average distance to schools , and hence transportation costs . In addition to school infrastructure , the government provides annual capitation grants , furniture and teaching materials to all schools , including church / private schools ( Jopo _et al . _ , 2011 ; Lekhetho , 2013 ) . Except for the differences in years of exposure , the supply-side program components benefited everyone at school while fee eliminations and free stationery and textbooks exclusively benefited those covered by FPE . Figure 3 : Changes in Pupil-Teacher Ratio and enrollment < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Trends in Secondary School Enrolments Rates Trends in Pupil − Teacher Ratios < br > 60 60 < br > 50 50 < br > 40 40 < br > 30 30 < br > Gross Enrolment Rate Primary school < br > 20 Net Enrolment Rate 20 Secondary school < br > 2000 2005 2010 2015 2000 2005 2010 2015 < br > Year Year < br > Enrolment Rate < br > Pupil Teacher Ratio ( PTR ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Own representation using data from various Education Statistics Reports ( MOET , 2010 , 2011 , 2016 ) . Figure 3 shows changes in secondary school enrollment ( demand for education ) , on the left panel , and pupil-teacher ratio ( supply of education ) , on the right panel , since the introduction of the FPE program . From the left panel of the figure , we can see that , while the secondary school gross enrollment rate was on the increase between 2001 and 2011 , the increase was much faster between 2006 and 2010 . The figure further shows that", "spans": [{"start": 1475, "end": 1503, "text": "Education Statistics Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 20 20 < br > 0 0 < br > No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes < br > Ethiopia Malawi Uganda Ethiopia Malawi Uganda < br > First Quintile Second Quintile Third Quintile < br > Fourth Quintile Fifth Quintile < br > Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity < br > Prevalence of severe food insecurity Prevalence of severe food insecurity < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "warm or cooked meals the day prior to the survey , while 35 % consumed two cooked meals the previous day . Only about one in five children ( 22 % ) reported having consumed three cooked meals the day prior to the survey . The survey showed that the main reasons why PRS households were unable to cook were lack of food and lack of money . # # _Inside Camps_ UNWRA ‟ S 2013 PRS survey looked at number of cooked meals inside camps and found that in Beirut , 51 % of respondents had only one cooked meal the previous day . In Saida , 54 % of respondents had only one cooked meal the previous day . In Tyre , it was 15 % of respondents . For the Wavel camp , in Bekaa , it went up to 70 % . _Outside Camps_ Outside the camp in Bekaa , 15 % of the population reported having no cooked meals the previous day . In other camps ; in Tyre , Saida and Beirut , less than 10 % of the population reported having no cooked meals the previous day . _There was no specific data available during the MSNA process on number of meals consumed for vulnerable local communities and Lebanese returnees . _ 17", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 383, "text": "2013 PRS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". While the ODI and Save the Children reports also estimate costs for the existing population of children , this methodology goes further by modeling how these children transition from primary to secondary and then out of secondary . The model makes no assumptions regarding the influx of new refugee students or the level of access to education for refugee children , but instead costs only the education requirements for the existing population of refugee children in each host country . Based on student flows , the model then calculates the number of students in each year at each level of education and multiplies this by the unit cost of refugee education . It then calculates the total over thirteen years of education until the youngest cohort of refugee students would transition out of secondary education . This figure is then aggregated across all host countries to derive the total envelope required . This allows us to estimate the annual funding required to provide K-12 years of education for the existing cohort of refugee children in the years leading up to 2030 , when the Sustainable Development Goal ( SDG ) 4 target of universal primary and secondary completion is to be achieved . > 61 Ministry of Education and Sports . 2018 . _Education Response Plan for Refugees and Host Communities in Uganda . _ The Global Cost of Inclusive Refugee Education 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is only six months report . < br > The January31 , 2025 data is a six month data . | | | | 22 . 00 < br > Sep / 2016 | 22 < br > 12-Jul-2024 < br > 22 < br > 31-Jan-2025 < br > 30 . 00 | Jul / 2025 | | Moves within Modjo Facility < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Reasons for the reduction in Moves within Modjo Dry port include : < br > - Export and import reduction as a result of internal conflict ( Tigray ) < br > - Export and import reduction as a result of global supply chain disruptions due < br > conflict < br > - Lack of foreign exchange in Ethiopia that affected imports | to Ukraine | Page 5 of 11 Mar 20 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 60, "text": "January31 , 2025 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% < br > 2 . 0 % < br > 1 . 0 % < br > 0 . 0 % < br > 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 < br > COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION INNOVATIVE PROPERTY < br > ECONOMIC COMPETENCIES Total < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > 18 Or 40 percent , if one crudely adjusts for missing services data on employee training . 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . Estimation * * We study the extent to which the time to move goods from the factory to the ship influences the volume of exports . Longer time delays act as a tax on exports , especially on high-value goods , since they are effectively depreciating during the delay . In addition , the exporter must expend capital on the exporting process and storage / transport of the goods during the delay . Finally , long time delays are likely to be associated with more uncertainty about delivery times , which would further depress exports . < sup > 12 < / sup > For comparison purposes , we begin by estimating an augmented gravity equation that takes the remoteness of a country into account . The intuition is that more remote countries are likely to trade more with their actual trading partners because they have fewer alternatives . For example , Australia is likely to trade more with New Zealand than Austria is with Portugal — even though their other bilateral characteristics are similar — as the latter have more source countries to choose among . Since this impact is likely to be correlated with our explanatory variables of interest , there is a potential omitted variable bias . Indeed , Anderson and Wincoop ( 2003 ) show that the failure to control for what they call the “ multilateral resistance ” is a major reason that McCallum ( 2000 ) found a large border effect in bilateral trade between Canadian provinces and U . S . states . In our case , countries that have more opportunities for export may have higher returns to enhanced local trade facilitation , and invest more in time efficient means . In addition , countries in market centers are more likely to > 12 The Doing Business data contain information on the maximum time for exporting . To control for uncertainty , we added maximum-time and also maximum-time-less-average-time variables to the regression equation . The coefficients on these variables were not significant when either was included along with the average time variable ( which remained robust ) and coefficients were very similar to those reported here when they were included without the average time variable . The correlation between maximum time", "spans": [{"start": 1696, "end": 1715, "text": "Doing Business data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "works under MLHUD ( arch < br > ival center and one floor on < br > NLIC ) < br > I | DA / 65380 < br > L | and Administration Refo | rm < br > Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation < br > 2021-07-08 < br > 2021 - | 09-30 < br > 2021-07-18 < br > 2022-09-05 | 2021-09-21 | 2022-03-20 | | | | | | UG-MLHUD-235533-CS-CDS / < br > SLAAC Data Capture and Pro < br > cessing Software upgrade an < br > d Maintenance . The function < br > alities of the software to be u < br > pgraded should allow for mas < br > sive parcel geometry data ca < br > pture and titles certification . < br > I | DA / 65380 < br > L | and Administration Refo | rm < br > Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review < br > 2021-07-08 < br > 2023 - | 01-26 < br > 2021-07-18 | 2021-09-21 | 2022-03-20 | | | | | | UG-MLHUD-226382-CS-CDS / < br > Engagement of the Project T < br > echnical Advisor ( TA ) who wil < br > l be responsible for providing < br > oversight and technical advic < br > e in all project activities as w < br > ell as providing quality contr < br > ol ensuring that Project objec < br > tives are met < br > I | DA / 65380 < br > L | and Administration Refo | rm < br > Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 573, "text": "parcel geometry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ Community members were requested to participate in the RAP study since it is from that study that the basis of compensation and other issues will be addressed . The findings of the RAP study would be disclosed to them through subsequent community meetings . The communities proposed that when the project starts , they should be given the first opportunity and priority to work as semi-skilled or non-skilled laborers . Local Council ( LC ) officials in the project area also emphasized the need for the Contractor to recruit unskilled labor from the communities along the roads . Communities expressed concern that project implementers import even unskilled labor , which the locals could provide . # # # * * Entitlement Cut-Off * * Members of the communities expressed uncertainty whether they should stop making developments in their land since the project is taking the land . Members were informed that during the detailed RAP studies , all affected property will be identified and counted in their presence . After agreeing on the number , they will be given a letter of notification indicating that any development after that date will not be considered for compensation . The date a person gets the notification will be the cut-off date and for this RAP . However , REA will take the necessary care to ensure that the names of persons omitted during the field survey are included and undervalued assets are re-valued accordingly . # # # * * Grievance Redress * * Community members expressed fear of their property being taken against their terms . Members were informed that whatever payment they got would be determined by the provisions of the law . If they were not satisfied with the payments , they could raise the matter with the project developer , REA . Where they failed to reach mutual agreement with REA , they could go to the village committee specifically set up to handle differences of opinion . To ensure transparency , the area committee would", "spans": [{"start": 1448, "end": 1460, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "AL SURVEY OF 6 SELECTED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN T < br > URKANA COUNTY - LOT VI CL < br > USTER 3 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 250 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review | 2022-09-08 < br > 2022 - | 10-18 < br > 2022-09-29 < br > 2023-02-1 | 4 < br > 2022-11-12 | 2022-12-10 | 2023-01-09 | 2023-02-13 | 2023-03-20 | 2024-09-10 | Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 25, "text": "AL SURVEY OF 6 SELECTED I", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EU Neighborhood Developing East Asia LAC < br > FDI Portfolio < br > Banking Official < br > Current Account Balance Foreign Exchange Reserves , change < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations based on World Bank and IMF data ( 2011 ) . Note : Period 1997-2008 . # * * 3 . Estimation Methodology * * Against the background discussed above , the analytical framework of the growth model estimations in this paper builds on an influential paper by Sala-i-Martin et al . ( 2004 ) on the statistical significance of growth determinants . Their methodology is based on a Bayesian averaging of existing estimates and aims at narrowing the gap between the growth theories and the extensive empirical work of the past two decades . They examine the relationship between growth and a list of 67 explanatory variables ( identified in the cross-country growth regressions from papers in refereed journals ) using data for 88 countries during the period 1960-96 . The selection of the variables is based on several criteria , such as : ( i ) sufficient time length availability of the published or computed variables ( from 1960 onwards ) and ( ii ) maximization of the number of countries with observations . The strength of the association between each 7", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 955, "text": "data for 88 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Country / Organisation : Ministry of Water Resources - Ethiopia < br > Project / Programme : Tana Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project PROCUREMENT OF CONSULTANTS SERVICE < br > If Post-Review , No-objection Dates are not needed Request for Expression < br > Credit # : 4457-ET Credit # : 44570-ET ContractType Request for ProposalsPreparation ( when required ) of Interest ShortList ConsultantProposals Technical ( T ) & Financial ( F ) for projects approved before Proposal Evaluation Negotiations Contract Finalization Contract Implementation < br > Description * Identification Number Selection Method Time-BasedLumpsumor Implementing Agency Estimated Amount in US $ Prior / Post Review Plan vs . Actual Submissionby Ex AgPrep & objectionDateNo - Nat PressGatewayOn-line UNDB Lead-time shortlistbefore SubmissioDaten No-objectionDate ActualPlanvs . InvitationDate Submission / OpeningDate SubmissionEvaluationReport ( T ) Report ( T ) EvaluationobjectionNo - ProposalsFinancial Opening SubmissioReport ( T ) ( F ) Eval n objectionReport ( T ) ( F ) Eval No - ActualPlanvs . Negotiations SubmissionContractDraft Negotiationobjection No-s Contract Amount in US $ ’ Contract award SignatureContract ActualPlanvs . MobilizationAdvancePayment ReportDraft ReportFinal FinalCost < br > Norm Duration of Proc Steps ActualPlan 3 - 6 wks 1 - 2 wks 1 - 1 . 5 wks 2 wks 1 - 2 wks ActualPlan 4 to 12 wks 2 - 3 wks 0 . 5 - 2 wks 2 wks 1 - 2 wks 1 - 1 , 5 wks ActualPlan 2 wks 1 - 2 wks 1 - 2 wks 1 wk 1 - 3 wks ActualPlan < br > List of Contracts < br > Component A . 1 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TERNAL RESOURCES < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY SIGNATURE : < br > j < br > 2DATE < br > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and - . - - - - - - - - - - - the off-shore < br > Special Account as at 30th June2022 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting < br > Reconciliation Statement is attached . dacp ftespotn < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 154, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * RISK 2 * * Attacks on civilians and other unlawful killings , and attacks on civilian objects In the latter half of 2024 , Luuq district witnessed a severe escalation in inter-clan violence , with an estimated 35 fatalities occurring over just two days in early July . Sporadic flare-ups later in October 2024 claimed at least 9 more lives . In the first half of 2025 , at least 23 people were killed , including over 10 during intense fighting on 11 – 12 February 2025 and further casualties during renewed clashes on 26 February 2025 . < sup > xviii < / sup > Between April 2023 and March 2025 , ACLED recorded a total of 180 conflictrelated fatalities across the Gedo region . Of these , approximately 60 deaths occurred in Luuq district between July 2024 and February 2025 , a period of about eight months . This means that roughly one-third ( 33 . 3 percent ) of all fatalities in Gedo were concentrated in Luuq during a significantly shorter timeframe , highlighting the district as a major hotspot of violence within the region . < sup > xix < / sup > Naf Iyo Maal IDP site which hosted 5 , 000 people was burnt to the ground in July 2024 . < sup > xx < / sup > Further , the fighting led to the complete destruction of a key market hub and critical infrastructure , such as shelters , WASH and health care facilities , affecting over 100 , 000 people , including previously displaced flood-affected families and members of the host community . The market destruction disrupted the livelihoods of many traders and residents . Further , protection partners reported the destruction of schools and displacement of teachers which continue to deprive children of their education preventing communities to recover and regain resilience , thus perpetuating the cycle of poverty . < sup > xxi < / sup > According to protection surveys conducted by protection partners in Luuq , physical violence ( 15 . 1 percent ) emerged as a", "spans": [{"start": 1822, "end": 1840, "text": "protection surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The village and teacher surveys included questions about the ECD services available in the sample village . This allowed us to monitor implementation of program interventions and precisely know when each preschool service was available . Parts of the teacher survey and the classroom observation tool administered at endline are based on the Measuring Early Learning Environments ( MELE ) module of MELQO . MELE includes key domains for quality in early learning environments and the sample items used to measure them . During pretests preceding the endline data collection , constructs to be measured were selected and specific items were adapted to take into account culture-specific views on what defines a high-quality learning environment . We divided the final module into five domains : teacher characteristics , equipment , classroom setting , curriculum content and pedagogy , and teacher-child interactions . # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Balance and Attrition * * The main baseline characteristics of villages , households , children , and their caregivers are summarized in Table 3 . To test for statistically significant differences , we regress each variable on binary indicators for the treatment groups and a set of province dummies to account for stratified randomization . Overall , the sample is balanced in child , household , and caregiver characteristics . Table 3 also highlights some significant baseline differences in preschool enrollment and take-up of demand-side interventions . These differences are due to the aforementioned early roll-out of some preschool interventions . Children in program villages are about 8 pp more likely to have enrolled in preschool at baseline ( driven by community preschools which , by definition , were newly constructed ) . Similarly , the HBP intervention started in some treatment villages before baseline . These baseline imbalances at the individual level are confirmed by imbalance in the availability of preschools and HBP at the village level , shown in the baseline panel of Table 5 . At baseline , some villages in the treatment group had access to CPS and many treatment groups ’ villages had access to HBP . There are reasons to believe that these early interventions are unlikely to affect our estimation . baseline results do not pick up any significant cognitive differences between the treatment groups and the", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 31, "text": "village and teacher surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Population 1991 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Socio-Economic Development 1991 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | | Region FE | | Y | Y | | Y | Y | | Province FE | | | Y | | | Y | * * Notes * * The table presents OLS regression estimates measuring the effect of the share of refugees in 1923 on the presence of sport club in the early 2000s , at the community level . Standard errors are clustered at the province level . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the 1928 population census , 1923 refugee census and General Secretariat of Sports ’ inventory . Table A . 8 : Sport clubs and Albanians immigrants | Dep . var : | | Presen | ce of at le | ast one spo | rt club | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | Share of Albanian immigrants in 2001 | 0 . 123 | 0 . 135 | 0 . 131 | 0 . 134 | 0 . 141 | 0 . 050 | | | ( 0 . 143 ) | ( 0 . 140 ) | ( 0 . 148 ) | ( 0 . 098 ) | ( 0 . 090 ) | ( 0 . 099 ) | | Share of Albanian immigrants in 2001 * small community | | | | - 0 . 015 < br > ( 0 . 188 ) | - 0 . 008 < br > ( 0 . 185 ) | 0 . 112 < br > ( 0 . 188 ) | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 530, "end": 552, "text": "1928 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 555, "end": 574, "text": "1923 refugee census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 579, "end": 620, "text": "General Secretariat of Sports ’ inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Uganda < br > National < br > Expanded < br > Program < br > for < br > Immunization ( UNEPI ) framework for last mile < br > distribution . < br > • < br > MoH has accredited over 2500 public and private < br > facilities to deliver vaccination services < br > • < br > Guidelines for ensuring vaccine potency and correct < br > administration were developed and health workers < br > trained in their use . | • < br > There is still room for scaling up the number of vaccine < br > service delivery points if target groups and numbers are < br > to be reached . < br > • < br > Scaling up vaccine sites poses readiness challenges for the < br > additional sites including PPEs , allowances for health < br > workers and proper orientation . | | Training and < br > supervision | • < br > All districts have been trained on the different < br > components of vaccine delivery . < br > • < br > Training of vaccinators was delivered online . | • < br > Need for mentorship and support supervision of < br > vaccinators by district health teams ( DHTs ) since the < br > online training was not highly effective in some locations < br > due to internet network disruptions . < br > • < br > There is a need for continuous training of additional < br > health workers as the service delivery points are scaled | | | | up . | | Monitoring and < br > Evaluation | • < br > Vaccinating sites register / record and aggregate line < br > listed data , relay to the district biostatisticians who < br > in turn capture this data into the District Health < br > Information System ( DHIS2 ) Client Tracker that aids < br > national visibility and analysis . < br > • < br > A set of", "spans": [{"start": 1438, "end": 1449, "text": "listed data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Suryahadi , A . ( 2001 ) . International economic integration and labor markets : The case of Indonesia . # * * Annex A : Data * * # _Sakernas_ The Sakernas data , also known as the National Labor Force Survey ( Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional ) , is a comprehensive dataset for Indonesia . It is a survey conducted by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics ( Badan Pusat Statistik or BPS ) and provides detailed information on various aspects of the labor force in the country . The survey is typically conducted bi-annually and collects data from households across Indonesia . The Sakernas data covers a wide range of topics related to employment , unemployment , and labor force participation . It includes information on individuals ' demographic characteristics , educational attainment , occupation , industry , employment status , working hours , wages , and other relevant labor-related variables . For this study , we built a repeated cross-sectional dataset between 1993 and 2014 using the August rounds of data . We harmonized industry codes to the Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia ( KBLI ) 1990 classification , the Indonesian industrial classification based on ISIC Revision 2 . # _UN COMTRADE_ The UN Comtrade dataset , officially known as the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database , is a comprehensive international trade database maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division ( UNSD ) . This dataset provides detailed information on global merchandise trade , encompassing the import and export of goods and services between countries and regions . In this study , we limit the analysis to trade in merchandise only , since data on trade in services is very limited for the pre-2000s period . # _UN Statistics Division ( ISIC-HS Concordances ) _ The UN Statistics Division ( ISIC – HS ) concordances refer to a set of tables or mapping systems that establish a link between two international classification systems : the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities ( ISIC ) and the Harmonized System ( HS ) . ISIC is a global standard for classifying economic activities . It provides a hierarchical structure that categorizes industries based on their primary economic activities . ISIC codes are used for various statistical and analytical purposes", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 209, "text": "National Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 587, "end": 600, "text": "Sakernas data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 939, "end": 971, "text": "repeated cross-sectional dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1004, "end": 1025, "text": "August rounds of data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1225, "end": 1244, "text": "UN Comtrade dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1271, "end": 1321, "text": "United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 60 . 0 < br > Production < br > Secondary Occupation ( N = 34 ) < br > Primary Occupation ( N = 26 ) < br > Primary Occupation ( N = 94 ) < br > Secondary ocupation ( N = 10 ) < br > Figure 6 . 5 : Proportions of HH Heads by Primary Figure 6 . 6 : Proportions of HH Population by < br > Primary & Secondary Occupation < br > & Secondary Occupation < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : RP Census Enumeration ( December 2024 ) _ # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 3 Health Status and HH Heads and HH Population * * In terms of physical and mental well-being ( health ) of the household heads , 13 HHs are reported to be healthy , whereas 12 HHs are elderly whose age are 65 and above and considered to be prone to some health issue related to aging and the remaining 1 HH head is reported to be chronically ill . With regard to the health status of the household population , 86 . 8 % were in good health during the census survey , while 10 . 9 % of the household population are considered elderly and the remaining 2 . 3 % were chronically ill . # # # # # * * 6 . 2 Socio-economic Characteristics * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 1 Farmland Size and Ownership * * With regard to farmland size and ownership , the census enumeration results showed that about 34 . 4ha of farmland owned by a total of 26 Subproject affected households ( PAHs ) . Accordingly , the average farmland holding of the Subproject impacted households is about 1 . 3ha per household , which is higher than the national average land holding ( i . e . 1 . 0 ha per household ) . Page 70 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 424, "text": "RP Census Enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 921, "end": 934, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and are responsible for the varied rocks found throughout the country . # # * * 4 . 1 . 5 Soils * * Land resources , and in particular soils , are the basis for agricultural production and development . Uganda has a total land area of 241 , 040 km2 of which approximately 64 . 5 % is suitable for agriculture . Soils in Uganda are very old and deeply weathered ; they have inadequate supply of the major plant nutrients , very low nutrient holding capacity and deficiencies or toxicities of trace elements . The limited nutrients also are prone to leaching since rainfall is high in many areas . In terms of productivity , the soils are of a medium rating implying that the soils will only yield good crops under good management through the use of biological , organic manures or inorganic fertilizers during the cropping phase . Other approaches would be practicing crop rotation , controlling soil erosion through soil and water conservation and resting the land . In Uganda , soil organic matter is low to medium in most places and is declining due to increased erosion and poor land management practices . Soil organic carbon and soil pH are key indicators of the status of soil health , the pH of Uganda ’ s soils vary , owing to a climate gradient , but has a narrow range between 4 . 8 and 6 . 3 . High soil pH is mainly in the Karamoja region , where conditions are generally dry ; otherwise , the rest is low because of wet conditions _ ( NSOER 2018-2019 , NEMA ) _ . Soil degradation is a major threat to food security in Uganda and is responsible for siltation and pollution of lakes , rivers and open water sources , which has affected livelihoods . Major causes of soil degradation in Uganda are nutrient depletion and soil erosion . The degradation of the soil resource in Uganda is attributed to population growth and the attendant effect on land ownership and fragmentation , land tenure , adoption of inappropriate land and soil management practices , and the low use of fertilizers and organic manure . The population 35", "spans": [{"start": 1448, "end": 1463, "text": "NSOER 2018-2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * CIVILIAN IMPACT MONITORING PROJECT QUARTERLY REPORT * * # # * * Q1 : JANUARY – MARCH 2019 * * * * This is the Civilian Impact Monitoring Project quarterly report , providing an overview of all incidents of armed violence reported to have impacted civilians in Yemen in January , February and March 2019 . The report covers civilian casualties , incident distribution , types of armed violence and impact on civilian infrastructure . * * * * The Civilian Impact Monitoring Project ( CIMP ) is a monitoring mechanism for real-time collection , analysis and dissemination of open source data on the civilian impact from armed violence in Yemen , with the purpose of informing and complementing protection programming . * * * * CIMP is a service under the United Nations Protection Cluster for Yemen and , since going live on 01 August 2018 , has reported in real-time on the impact of incidents of armed violence on civilians at the national level , divided into 5 hubs : Al-Hudaydah , Sa ’ ada , Sana ’ a , Aden and Ibb . * * 1", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 594, "text": "open source data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) | PBC allocation | | | 9 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 10 : Woredas using MIS for < br > key program functions and < br > data uploaded to the < br > Federal MIS server ( Text ) | Value | | 7 . 1 Database of PSNP < br > beneficiary households not < br > yet complete 7 . 2 106 < br > woredas with data for key < br > program functions available < br > in the federal MIS server | 28-Jun-2024 | | | | Allocated Amount | | | | 0 . 00 | | PBC allocation | | | 25 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | | 11 : Woredas using MIS for < br > key program functions and < br > data uploaded to the < br > Federal MIS server ( Text ) < br > Partially achieved | Value | - | 7 . 1 Database of PSNP < br > beneficiary households not < br > yet complete 7 . 2 106 < br > woredas with data for key < br > program functions available < br > in the federal MIS server | 28-Jun-2024 | 7 . 2 338 woredas with < br > data for key program < br > functions available in < br > the federal MIS server < br > 7 . 3 220 of the above < br > Woredas submitting < br > data to the federal MIS < br > electronically | | | Allocated Amount | 0 . 00 | | | 27 , 900 , 000 . 00 | | PBC allocation | | | 33 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | Page 14 of", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 375, "text": "Database of PSNP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entity levels ) . # * * B . The Public Financial Management Environment in Chad * * 6 . The recent Country Financial Accountability Assessment , considered as an essential tool by the Government of Chad , identified the following weaknesses in the public financial management environment in Chad : ( i ) the lack of a computerized accounting and budget execution system ; ( ii ) the absence of unified tracking of public expenditures , ( iii ) weak capacity of the control bodies ; and ( iv ) insufficiencies in the management of petroleum resources . The 32", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 142, "text": "Country Financial Accountability Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a large-scale housing project in Angola , financed with a $ 2 . 5bn oil-backed loan from ICBC . What counts as “ big-ticket items ” varies by country [ # 5 ] . South Sudan ’ s Nadapal-Torit-Juba Road cost around $ 169mn and was financed through oil-backed China Eximbank loans [ # 27 ] . This amount may sound relatively small compared to those in Ghana and Angola , but is nonetheless the largest loan that South Sudan had contracted with China as of 2020 . 25 There are several possible drivers as to why RBLs tend to flow into infrastructure projects . These are often low internal return rate projects that would not > 25 CARI data set . The second largest is the New Juba Airport loan , $ 158mn from Eximbank in 2013 . 13", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 639, "text": "CARI data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measured as the average height of the city ’ s buildings within 5 kms of the highest point in the city . < sup > 9 < / sup > Similar analysis is conducted using the average over the whole urban extent as defined by GHSL , or using quantiles over the whole distribution . Several specifications are reported in Table 5 adding regional dummies as additional controls and replacing city income by its Nighttime Light proxy or its equivalent at the country level . < sup > 10 < / sup > Using the cross-section data for almost 400 cities , the following specification is estimated for all cities c : ln Average Height ln Income + β < sup > he < / sup > ln Population cc < sup > eehtt < / sup > ( 4 ) < sup > eehtt < / sup > cc , 2000 cc , 2000 As city population doubles , the average height increases by 25 % when keeping income constant . Such = αα + γ < sup > he < / sup > cc vertical growth adds up to the horizontal built-up growth previously measured . This elasticity is consistent + RRa eeooPP FFssI eeaass + εε across the different specifications presented in Table 8 . As city income doubles , the average height increases by 18 % when keeping population constant . While the population elasticity is lower for height than for built-up , the income elasticity is higher for height . Income is associated with a larger impact on vertical growth relatively to its impact on horizontal growth . This can be rationalized through different economic channels . As households get richer , more of them want to live close to where jobs are to reduce the time spent on commuting and can afford higher rents . Richer cities also tend to produce more tradable services which are intensive in knowledge workers and > 8 The subsample of 400 cities was built to be as representative as possible at the global level of the GHSL sample of cities . As a first check , the same regression is run using both the universe and the subsample . The within-estimator of the income and population elasticities of built-up is obtained for", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 219, "text": "GHSL", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 492, "end": 510, "text": "cross-section data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is the case of 70 percent in the West province but of only 25 percent in the North and in the East ( see Tables 7 , 8 and 9 ) . The figures for rural girls in these two provinces show that about 15 percent of them actually complete the minimum of six years of schooling needed for literacy retention in adult life . This Project targets the rehabilitation of schools , while it aims to work with NGOs , missions and communities to address this imbalance . ii . A second dimension of equity addressed by the Project consists in providing education and training opportunities for the youth ages 14 to 20 that have been prevented from going to school when they were of an age to do so , due to the war ( about two-thirds of the those in this age-group find themselves in these circumstances ) . It is felt that there is a need to somehow provide a second chance to this young population both on the grounds of efficiency and equity . It should be stressed that the Project , with its focus on both the coverage of primary schooling and on equity aspects , is very much in line with the objectives of the I-PRSP that aims to : a ) foster economic growth ; while b ) helping those who are currently excluded to be empowered to benefit from the new opportunities . Table 7 - Model Accounting for access to Grade * * 1 * * and retention Grades 1-6 | | | Access | toGradeI | | | Retention | Grades1-6 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ModelI | Model2 | | < br > Model3 | Model4 | Model5 | Model6 | Model7 | Model8 | | Intercept | - 63 | - 09e37 | - 0 . 666ee | 1 . 183eeo | 1 . 169", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 6 . Distributional incidence of subsidies ( incidence by deciles ) in two Asian countries * * _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . _Note : _ All figures are calculated using sample weights . Total expenditure is total household expenditure in all categories . The distribution of expenditure refers to the countrywide distribution of expenditure per capita , i . e . , households are ranked according to their expenditure per capita . * * Figure 7 . Distributional incidence of subsidy beneficiaries ( incidence by deciles ) in two Asian countries * * _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . _Note : _ Subsidy beneficiaries are households . All figures are calculated using sample weights . Total expenditure is total household expenditure in all categories . The distribution of expenditure ( Jamaica ) or income ( El Salvador and Panama ) refers to the countrywide distribution of expenditure / income per capita , i . e . , households are ranked according to their expenditure / income per capita . # * * 3 . 2 How well are existing subsidies targeting the poor ? * * Table 3 and figure 8 show the targeting performance of water consumption subsidies in the 10 countries under analysis . Figure 8 shows how access factors ( _SA * C_ ) and subsidy design factors ( _T * R_ ) drive the omega ( Ω ) value across countries . Table 3 presents the values of each factor for each country . A value below 1 indicates that the factor lowers performance , whereas a value above 1 indicates that the factor boosts performance . As shown in figure 8 , all African , Latin American , and Asian countries present Ω values below 1 , demonstrating that water consumption subsidies are poorly targeted to the most vulnerable populations . Access factors ( blue dots ) are the driving force explaining low Ω values in most 16", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 785, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# International Harmonization of Product Standards and Firm Heterogeneity in International Trade Jos ́ e-Daniel Reyes < sup > _ ∗ † _ < / sup > # # * * JEL Classification Numbers : * * F12 , F13 . * * Keywords : * * Firm heterogeneity , Productivity , Standards , Microdata . > _ ∗ _ International Trade Department ( PRMTR ) , the World Bank , e-mail : _jreyes2 @ worldbank . org_ > _ † _ I am deeply in debt with Rod Ludema and Brad Jensen for delightful discussions to previous versions of this work . I thank John Wilson for kindly sharing the World Bank EU electrotechnical product standards database with me . I also thank Andrew Bernard , Peter Schott , Francis Vella , Oliver Cadot , Justin Pierce , participants at the U . S . International Trade Commission Seminar and at the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association 2010 meeting for helpful comments and discussions . The research in this paper was conducted while the author was a Special Sworn Status researcher of the U . S . Census Bureau at the Center of Economic Studies Research Data Center in Washington DC . Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U . S . Census Bureau , the World Bank , its Board of Directors or the countries that they represent . All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed . All remaining errors are my responsibility . < mark > 1 < / mark >", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 604, "text": "World Bank EU electrotechnical product standards database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * Amin , M . and Y . C . Soh ( 2020 ) . Does Greater Regulatory Burden Lead to Higher Corruption : Evidence Using Firm-level Survey Data for Developing Countries . Forthcoming _World Bank Economic Review_ . < u > < mark > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / wber / lhaa007 < / mark > < / u > Amin , M . and C . Okou ( 2020 ) . Casting a Shadow : Productivity of Formal Firms and Informality . _Review of Development Economics_ , 24 ( 4 ) : 1610-1630 . < mark > Aterido , R . , Hallward-Driemeier , M . , & Pages , C . ( 2011 ) . Big Constraints to Small Firms ' Growth ? Business Environment and Employment Growth Across Firms . < / mark > _ < mark > Economic Development and Cultural Change < / mark > _ < mark > , 59 ( 3 ) : 609 – 647 . < / mark > Ayyagari , Meghana , Asli Demirguc-Kunt , and Vojislav Maksimovic . ( 2011 ) . Small vs . Young Firms Across the World . Policy Research Working Paper 5631 , World Bank , Washington , DC . Bernard , A . B . , & Jensen , J . B . ( 1999 ) . Exceptional exporter performance : Cause , effect , or both ? _Journal of International Economics , 47_ ( 1 ) , 1-25 . Bloom , N . , & Van Reenen , J . ( 2007 ) , “ Measuring and Explaining Management Practices Across Firms and Countries , ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 122 ( 4 ) : 135 – 1408 . Coleman , S . ( 2000 ) . Access to capital and terms of credit : A comparison of men-and womenowned small businesses . _Journal of Small Business Management , 38_ ( 3 ) , 37-52 . De Mel , S . , McKenzie , D . , & Woodruff , C . ( 2011 ) . What is the Cost of Formality ? Experimentally Estimating the Demand for Formalization . Working Paper , University of Warwick , Coventry . De Rosa , D .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Reaching out to children * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Graph 8 : Protection for children < br > Partnerships with NGOs < br > Partnerships with < br > UN agencies < br > Partnerships with national < br > child protection agencies < br > Programmes to prevent < br > survival sex < br > Programs to prevent and < br > respond to SGBV < br > Alternative care for < br > unaccompanied children < br > Best Interests < br > Determination panels < br > Identifi cation of UASC / < br > vulnerable children < br > Other < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Most operations report that they have measures in place to support protection for children * * , such as special efforts to identify children who are unaccompanied , separated or vulnerable for other reasons . Most operations also maintain partnerships with NGOs and civil society organizations that work on child protection . Over three-quarters of the operations ( 20 ) report that they have Best Interests Determination ( BID ) panels in urban contexts and 19 report alternative care arrangements for children who are unaccompanied . Seven offi ces have programmes in place to prevent survival sex . A Global Survey – 2012 29", "spans": [{"start": 1236, "end": 1249, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 13 * * # # #  * * _Water supply_ * * The piped potable water supply is only available in Mubende Town while the rest of the district relies on boreholes spring wells , rainwater harvesting and Lake Wamala as sources of domestic water . # # #  * * _Energy_ * * Mubende has grid electricity in all of its counties and wood ( biomass ) fuel is the major source of cooking energy . Paraffin stoves or candles are used for lighting while charcoal is the most used for cooking because of the high electricity bills . Existing infrastructure is sufficient to support proposed renovation works and operation of the hospital after its reconstruction . # # # Box 2 : Mubende District at a glance * * Facts at a Glance from Population and Housing Census Analytical Report - 2005 * * 1 . Population projected at 503800 in 2007 and 603900 in 2012 . 2 . There were 94 , 755 households . Only 3 . 8 % of the population was living in urban areas in 2002 . 3 . The literacy rate was 71 . 4 % for the population aged 10 years and above ( literacy level for women 66 . 4 % ; and 76 . 4 % for men ) 4 . 38 % had no access to toilet facilities . 5 . Only 0 . 2 % of the households had access to electricity . 6 . 78 . 2 % of the households depend mainly on subsistence farming . 7 . Only 11 % of the dwelling units were constructed with permanent roof , wall and floor materials . 8 . 45 . 9 % of the households used “ word of mouth ” as their main source of information . 9 . 2 broad categories of wetlands locustrine types around Lake Wamala in east and riverine . Mubende has 7 major drainage systems : Lake Wamala , Nabakazi , Katonga , Mayanja , Kato , Nkusi , Kuzizi and Kit", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 758, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | * * Action Description * * | * * DLI * * | * * Respon * * < br > * * sible * * | * * Timing * * | * * Completion measurement * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 . Review and analyse NEMIS capabilities on collecting , disaggregation and reporting on data for < br > learners with special needs and disability and recommendations to close identified gaps . | Integrated in DLI # 6 | MoE / KI < br > SE / KICD < br > / < br > KNEC / < br > TSC | Year 1 | Reports generated from NEMIS < br > with granular data on special < br > needs children by category of < br > disability , age , and gender . | | 3 . Complete the ongoing process to institutionalize the process and procedures for < br > administration and management of scholarships by Jomo Kenyatta Foundation ( JKF ) | Integrated in DLI < br > # 4 | MoE | Year 2 | Scholarship administration and < br > management < br > processes < br > and < br > procedures established at JKF . | | 4 . Design and develop a GRM MIS module compatible with NEMIS and interoperable between < br > agencies and able to capture refugee data . | N / A . | MoE | By Year 2 , 2023 | Complaints < br > and < br > grievances < br > lodged through the NEMIS . < br > Number < br > of < br > grievances < br > satisfactorilyaddressed | | 5 . Assess the outcomes of biogas pilots and analyze existing practices on use of biogas in schools | N / A", "spans": [{"start": 1163, "end": 1175, "text": "refugee data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The results of the analysis suggest that teachers ’ subject-matter knowledge is important , and that 1 . 0 but also 2 . 0 standard deviation increases in teachers ’ subject-matter knowledge are realistic medium-term targets for education policy making in Indonesia . A 1 . 0 and 2 . 0 standard deviation increase in teachers ’ subject-matter knowledge across-the-board , is predicted to increase student-learning outcomes by 0 . 25 and 0 . 50 student-level standard deviations respectively by the time students complete the six-year primary cycle . These effects are substantial and would amount to 17 . 5 to 35 . 0 points respectively on the scale used by PISA if such impacts would persist until age 15 . The paper is organized as follows . Section ( 2 ) presents the teacher test score data and provides an intuitive account of the level and spread of subject-matter knowledge among Indonesia ’ s primary school teachers . Section ( 3 ) presents the statistical value-added model and presents ways of dealing with the difficulties of estimating the parameters of such models , e . g . these difficulties are due to measurement error in test scores and the time persistence of unobserved inputs . Section ( 4 ) presents regression results of three different value-added models : the standard level model , the school fixed-effects model , and a student-teacher fixedeffects model . Section ( 5 ) concludes and discusses the findings within the broader context of Indonesia ’ s education system . # * * 2 How much do teachers know ? * * The level of teachers ’ subject-matter proficiency in Indonesia is said to be particularly low on average , even though rigorous international comparisons do not exist . Muhammad Nuh , for example , the country ’ s former Minister of Education and Culture reflected on the results of a large scale competency assessment of Indonesian teachers in 2012 : “ . . on one hand I am happy with the plethora of poor results because it means the data is reliable ( The Jakarta Globe 2012 ) . ” Low levels of subject-matter proficiency can be a real constraint to effective teaching , even if teachers have a talent for delivering a message to a classroom .", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 793, "text": "teacher test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Integrated Water Management and Development Project ( P163782 ) The target for the intermediate indicator on source protection plan development has been surpassed by because the original RF did not consider some of the source protection plans under component 1 . To-date 33 source protection plans ( 25 RGCs , Nyagak system , Enyau system , Bistya , Namasale , 3 RGCs in Kiryandongo ) have been prepared under component 1 . # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163782 | IDA-62760 | Effective | USD | 251 . 00 | 251 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 91 . 96 | 139 . 30 | 40 % | | P163782 | IDA-D3380 | Effective | USD | 29 . 00 | 29 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 17 | 22 . 73 | 16 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P163782 | IDA-62760 | Effective | 14-Jun-2018 | 04-M | ar-2019 | 27-Jun-2019", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * COVID-19 and mixed population movements : emerging dynamics , risks and opportunities * * * * A UNHCR / IOM discussion paper * * # * * 1 . Introduction * * The COVID-19 pandemic , and the different measures States have taken to contain and respond to it , have the potential to shape human behavior at the individual , family or community level , and to impact the ways in which our societies function , in unprecedented and far-reaching ways . This paper explores the implications for human mobility – drawing on the trends that IOM and UNHCR are already observing in our field operations , as well as data in the public domain . The focus is on the irregular flows of migrants , refugees , and asylum seekers linking Africa and Europe , but the paper also notes some emerging trends in relation to population flows towards Europe from south-west Asia and the Middle East . The purpose is to take stock of what we are already observing , and what we anticipate developing as the COVID-19 crisis evolves – and hopefully subsides – in countries of origin , countries hosting large refugee and migrant populations , countries of transit and countries of destination – noting that in many cases , these categories overlap and change over time . In doing so , the paper seeks to shed light on how the COVID-19 crisis is interacting with the complex and fluid dynamics shaping mixed population movements , and how these might evolve . What matters , of course , is what should be our collective response . As the two organizations dealing with population flows , we want to ensure that the potential impact of the crisis on refugee flows and human mobility is understood and factored into wider responses – especially those addressing its socio-economic consequences through bilateral and multilateral recovery instruments and development cooperation . We want to draw attention to the risks and opportunities that are emerging , and the potential implications if these are overlooked . Our aim is to provoke dialogue and early action . What key considerations should help shape responses by States ,", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 632, "text": "data in the public domain", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "One of the documents that are submitted to the MoLPP so as to register a land subdivision is a MUTATION FORM that is signed by a registered private surveyor who has undertaken the subdivision . Kwale County Government ( KCG ) has supported the members of the Ranch to subdivide the Ranch by hiring for them the registered private Surveyor . This assistance was partly motivated by the KCG support for the Mwache Dam project and partly by their desire that MoWSI and NLC compensates individual PAPs in the Mwavumbo Ranch area affected by Mwache Dam and not the Ranch Management Committee . It is in the best interest of the KCG that the entire Ranch is subdivided and the land registered to the individual members of the Ranch as a better way of managing land resources within the County . During one of the consultation meetings held with the MoLPP and KCG officers , it was reported that there is ongoing efforts of subdividing other Ranches in Kwale besides Mwavumbo Group Ranch * * ( Refer to Annex 13 ) . * * The individually registered title holders would then benefit from the ability to manage their land affairs and related benefits of single title holding as opposed to being controlled and managed by Ranch Management Committees . For entire Mwache Dam , the KCG reported that estimated 650 parcels had been subdivided in the entire area that is to be acquired for Mwache Dam Project within the Ranch and data submitted to the MoLPP . However , Green Cards could not be opened at the Land Registry nor land official searches conducted for these parcels . This will be possible when the entire Ranch is subdivided and individual parcels fully registered and title deeds issued to the members by the Kwale Land Registrar . However , the Ranch members who have officially been allocated the subdivided parcels and who are in the process of full registration will be confirmed by the Land Registrar against the available land registration data . The land subdivision and registration data has been submitted by the private Surveyor and", "spans": [{"start": 1927, "end": 1949, "text": "land registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1956, "end": 1994, "text": "land subdivision and registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proportion of girls arriving to Greece in the same period was significant - 42 % of all child arrivals . This is due to the fact that children arriving to Greece are primarily accompanied , and the proportion of girls among accompanied children is overall much higher as compared to children who travel alone . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > BOYS GIRLS < br > Greece 58 % 42 % < br > Spain 93 % 7 % < br > Italy * 94 % 6 % < br > Bulgaria 83 % 17 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Analysis of available data in Greece , Italy , Serbia and Bulgaria suggests a lack of systematic data collection disaggregated by age and sex , and limited information regarding unaccompanied girls in particular . While it is largely believed that most unaccompanied children arriving in Europe are boys , unaccompanied girls may inadvertently be overlooked due to challenges in identification and registration as such , for example because they are traveling with their husbands , children , or extended or unrelated families . _ # # Children in Reception as of June 2019 # # # # Greece - An estimated * * 32 , 000 * * children were present in Greece as of June 2019 , up from 27 , 000 in December 2018 . Of them , 60 % live in urban areas ( apartments , hotels , shelters for UASC , self-settled , etc . ) ; 26 % live in accommodation sites and 1 % live in safe zones for UASC < sup > 7 < / sup > . A further 13 % are in Reception and Identification Centres , which is a situation comparable to December 2018 . - A total of * * 682 * * unaccompanied children remained in Reception and Identification Centres < sup > 8 < / sup > and * * 139 * * were in protective custody / detention ( up from 86 in December 2018 ) . - Out of the total 3 , 868 UASC present in Greece , * * 1", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 522, "text": "available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Inequality , Economic Growth and Nonrenewable Resources Table 9 : Estimated Results from the Non-Recursive Model Specification ( income-group heterogeneity ) | | * * IV Fixe * * < br > | * * d Effect * * < br > | * * 3S * * < br > | * * LS * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | | Nonrenewable resource dependence | - 0 . 185 * * * | - 0 . 008 | - 0 . 173 * * * | - 0 . 007 | | Lower income | dropped | dropped | 5 . 637 * * | 49 . 933 * * * | | Lower income * Nonrenewable resource < br > dependence | 0 . 100 * * | - 0 . 638 * * * | 0 . 070 | - 0 . 640 * * * | | High-low education ratio | - 0 . 000 | - | - 0 . 440 * | - | | High-low education ratio square | 0 . 006 | - | 0 . 014 * * | - | | Consumer price index ( 2005 ) | 0 . 004 | - | 0 . 012 * * | - | | Services value added share | 0 . 072 | - | 0 . 063 | - | | Manufacturing value added share | 0 . 047 | - | 0 . 086 | - | | Agriculture value added share | - 0 . 123 * * | - | - 0 . 123 * * | - | | GDPc | - 0 . 046 | - | - 0 . 032 | - | | Log Labor Force | - | - 15 . 487 * * * | - | - 15 . 901 * * * | | Log gross fixed capital formation | - | 7 . 880 * * * | - | 7 . 164", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measures proposed in this plan ( RP and LRP ) can be gauged against initial benchmarks ( ESIA , RP ) , but their overall effectiveness ( in restoring livelihoods and improving incomes ) can only be measured over time . This is so , because it takes time to implement the proposed LR strategies for PAHs , to evaluate whether the income-generating activities are effective , sustainable , and to compare the level of livelihood and overall standards of living with the baseline data . In other words , while implementation of all or at least , most of the strategies proposed in this LRP can be completed within a year , it takes several years for the strategies to bear fruits and bring about the desired outcomes – restoring PAH ’ s livelihood . Therefore , as far as the current LRP is concerned , it is easier to monitor progress and track performance of the project ( in real-time ) than to evaluate its impact , effectiveness and sustainability ( over time , end of project ) in achieving project objectives – restoring PAHs ’ livelihood . Page 192", "spans": [{"start": 468, "end": 481, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "L * * 1 * * It was noted that a number of Non-Governmental Organization ( NGOs ) are currently active in most Subproject woreclas . For example , Good neighbours Ethiopia , * * SOS , * * Meserete Kiristos Church * * & * * Mulu Wangel Church Yetim Children * * & * * AI-Ershad Association for sustainable development Alternative * * ( ASDA ) , * * Oromia Grass Roots Development Initiative ( Hunde ) , Oromia Development Association * * ( ODA ) * * and Ayucla en Aujon are among NGOs operating in most Subproject impact woredas . The NGOs in Subproject woreclas are involved in many sectors including in agriculture sector , community development , empowering rural households through micro-finance * * & * * income generating activities , provision of potable water , sanitation , access to improved health facilities , empowering women and etc . The efforts that many NGOs play in developing society , improving communities , and promoting gender equality , alleviating poverty is very critical . Moreover , the * * NGOS * * have good understanding and knowledge of their target area and involving active NGOs as stakeholders in Subproject like the proposed transmission line and substation Subproject is very valuable in many aspects . For instance , it ' s possible to collect important livelihood or socio-economic other basic data of the communities in Subproject influence area from NGO ' s working in the area , it ' s also possible to implement livelihood restoration scheme for Subproject impacted households through NGOs or collaboration with them , NGOs can be potential source of communication channels whenever needed to disseminate Subproject related information to households in Subproject influence area and the like . Therefore , recognizing the importance of NGOs the present study identified NGOs as important stakeholder and the * * ESIA * * team tried to consult active NGOs working in Subproject influence woreclas however , some of the NGOs requested for consultation were busy ,", "spans": [{"start": 1290, "end": 1335, "text": "livelihood or socio-economic other basic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 . 07 | 6 . 79 | 12 . 33 | | Costa Rica | 10 | Rate of return | 15 . 04 | 17 . 75 | | | | Ecuador | 20 | Hybrid | 16 . 28 | 18 . 94 | | | | El Salvador | 40 | Hybrid | 33 . 84 | 38 . 75 | | | | Mexico | 10 | Rate of return | 11 . 12 | 7 . 71 | | | | Panama | 100 | Price cap | 20 . 16 | 16 . 52 | 20 . 16 | 16 . 52 | | Paraguay | 0 | Rate of return | 24 . 13 | 13 . 80 | 22 . 02 | 12 . 62 | | Peru | 60 | Hybrid | 22 . 58 | 12 . 87 | 22 . 56 | 12 . 93 | | Uruguay | 0 | Rate of return | 18 . 81 | 9 . 58 | 15 . 32 | 7 . 52 | | Venezuela | 20 | Rate of return | 6 . 46 | 3 . 29 | | 2 . 06 | Notes : All prices are at the country level , and correspond to the year 2001 , except for prices without taxes in Colombia , which correspond to the year 2000 and were converted into 2001 price levels by using the US Consumer Price Index . Regulatory regimes and the share of private sector participation in the distribution activity for all countries but Panama , were obtained from Espinasa ( 2001 ) . The share of private sector participation in the distribution activity for Panama was obtained from the regulator of the public services in that country . In order to harmonize electricity prices across countries , all prices are in 2001 US dollars per KWh of electricity and are expressed in terms of purchasing power parity . The simple correlations between the share of private sector participation in the distribution activity and household prices with taxes , industrial prices with taxes , household prices without taxes , and industrial prices without taxes ( all corresponding to > 12 The data is from the OLADE data base which only", "spans": [{"start": 807, "end": 830, "text": "US Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1611, "end": 1626, "text": "OLADE data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Urban Institutional and Infrastructure Development Program ( P163452 ) | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Fiduciary Systems | | MUDCo | Recurrent | Continuous | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Approved ToRs | | | | | | * * Comments * * | Done and reported in | APA | | | | | * * Action Description * * | The POM to state tha < br > effectiveness and con | t ICB contracts should also < br > tinuous ) | be published in the inter | national media such as UNDB | online ( by program | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | | MUDCo | Recurrent | Continuous | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | POM | | | | | | * * Comments * * | Done | | | | | | * * Action Description * * | As part of the POM , < br > be excluded from bid | MUDCo to prepare and ag < br > ding with MSEs of similar | ree with the WB on the p < br > capacity . | rocedures of use of SOEs and M | SEs . Non-MSE actors will not | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # *", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 680, "text": "UNDB", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "frica do Sul , teriam dificuldade para lá regressar , o que teria motivado muitos a permanecerem ilegalmente . < sup > 369 < / sup > - Particularmente aqueles que não conseguiram regularizar a sua situação e permaneceram ilegalmente , possivelmente sem nenhum documento de identificação , a esconderem-se das autoridades por medo de serem deportados , estão expostos aos riscos de apatridia , sobretudo os seus filhos que não podem ser registados . O número global de imigrantes ilegais na África do Sul presumido “ extremamente elevado ” < sup > 370 < / sup > - Uma criança que nasceu e foi registada na África do Sul de pais angolanos sem residência permanente pode adquirir a cidadania se aí viveu sempre até atingir a idade adulta ( Art . 4 [ 3 ] ) . O registo de nascimento é , > escreveram longas cartas detalhando os seus laços com este país ” . News24 , 15 . 2 . 2017 : “ The long road to SA citizenship for former < u > Angolan refugees ” ; Scalabrini Centre of Cape Town , 13 . 5 . 2017 : “ Angola Special Permit Update ” ; Scalabrini Centre of Cape Town , < / u > 29 . 5 . 2017 : “ Press Release : Special Permits Issued To Angolan Former Refugees ” > 366 GroundUp , 5 . 6 . 2018 : “ Former Angolan refugees face uncertain future ” ; Daily Maverick , 6 . 2 . 2020 : “ Frozen futures : the uncertain < u > and inhumane fate of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "| 3 . 0 | 3 . 2 | Source : Own calculation based on Central Bank data . * * Table 24 * * | | * * System Uquidity in * * < br > | * * Seleted Countries as of June 1 * * < br > | * * 997 * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Ratio of Short-terrm Debt < br > to Foreign Reserves | Short-term Debt < br > as Percentage of Total Debt | Ratio of Broad Money < br > to Foreign Reserves | | Korea | 3 . 0 | 67 % | 6 . 2 | | Indonesia | 1 . 6 | 24 % | 6 . 2 | | Thailand | 1 . 1 | 46 % | 4 . 9 | | Philippines | 0 . 7 | 19 % | 4 . 9 | | Malaysia < br > | 0 . 6 < br > | 39 % | 4 . 0 | | Source : Goldstein ( | 1998 ) , p < sup > 11 < / sup > . | | | 19 The Dresdner Scheme is a special arrangement between Dresdner Bank in Germany and the Central Bank of Turkey , to attract deposits of Turkish workers residing in Germany . The Central Bank of Turkey sets the interest rates offered under the scheme , with the Dresdner Bank acting as an agent to facilitate remittances back to Turkey .", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 69, "text": "Central Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 1 . Identification using department and year of birth : Age-cohorts from ENV-2008 * * According to the ENV-2008 survey data , for more than 90 percent of the individuals who earned the CEPE ( completed six years of primary education ) , it took between 6 to 10 years . This suggests the majority of the students in the primary school are in the 6 to 16 age group with the plausible assumption that primary education normally starts at the age of six . To identify the potential victims of war , we construct a young cohort including all primary school goers who were exposed to the conflict between 2002 and 2006 . Based on this , the individuals aged between 10 and 22 years constitute the young cohort in the ENV-2008 survey . Using ENV-2008 , we compare average years of education for individuals in the young cohort against an older cohort , aged between 23 and 32 . The individuals in the old cohort are likely to be over the age of primary school goers between 2002 and 2006 . We use the year of birth and the department of birth to identify an individual ‟ s exposure to war . To begin with , a straight forward difference-indifference of average years of education is calculated based on year and department of birth . Table 4 . 1 . 1 Means of Years of Education by Cohort and War Prevalence | | Ye | ars of educ | ation | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | No War | War | Difference | | Old Ch Ad 23 32 i 2008 | 7 . 84 | 9 . 18 | - 1 . 34 | | oort ( ge to n ) | ( 0 . 14 ) | ( 0 . 08 ) | ( 0 . 18 ) | | Y ht Ad 10 t 22 i 2008 | 6 . 32 | 6 . 46 | - 0 . 14 | | oung coor ( ge o n ) | ( 0 . 06 ) | ( 0 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 07 ) | | Diff", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 133, "text": "ENV-2008 survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 721, "end": 736, "text": "ENV-2008 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 753, "text": "ENV-2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discriminate against women in their lending practices . For example , in Pakistan , banks require two male guarantors who are not family members , and will not permit woman guarantors ; almost all women borrowers are required to have the permission of their husband to access a loan , even in group lending schemes ; and unmarried women are generally not considered credit worthy ( Safavian , 2012 ) . Women might face greater challenges than men in accessing formal finance due to several potential factors . On the one hand , female entrepreneurs might choose to enter less capital intensive industries that require less debt . They might also be less inclined to seek external financing because of their own perceptions that women might find it more difficult to secure bank loans ( Coleman , 2000 ) . Alternatively , female loan applicants , relative to male applicants , might constitute weaker loan applications . For instance , women face relatively greater difficulties in completing complicated loan applications ( Buvinic and Berger , 1990 ) . They also have lower financial literacy rates ( Lusardi and Tufano , 2009 ) , which may make it harder for them to navigate the loan market . A study using loan-level bank data also shows that women randomly assigned male loan officers ( and visa versa ) are less likely to return for a second loan , pay higher interest rates , and receive lower loan amounts ( Beck , et al . , 2013 ) . In addition , women have been found to possess weaker business backgrounds than men , including a lack of relevant education ( especially technical ) and a lack of business experience ( Carter et al . , 2003 ; Menzies , Diochon and Gasse , 2004 ) . On average , women may find it more challenging to provide collateral ( Buvinic and Berger , 1990 ) and personal guarantees ( Coleman , 2002 ) and may have weaker credit histories ( “ reputational collateral ” ) . These findings suggest that women , on average , might possess lower credit scores , which are important for modern lending technologies ( Narain , 2009 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1210, "end": 1230, "text": "loan-level bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these potential biases in enrollment by constructing an alternative indicator of enrollment using administrative data based on attendance the day of the application of the ENLACE tests . There are very few quantitative studies of Prospera on achievement test impacts , mainly because achievement tests were not part of the main data collection in the initial experimental evaluation . In 2003 , a version of the Woodcock Johnson tests in mathematics and Spanish was applied . Comparing the test scores of the original treatment and control groups , Behrman , Parker and Todd ( 2009 ) find no impacts on achievement tests , despite significant impacts on increasing schooling attainment between the two groups . Several reviews examine the evidence on how other CCT programs impact school achievement . An early study by Schady and Fizbein ( 2009 ) summarizes the effects of CCTs on achievement tests and argues that results have been disappointingly small . Since then , several additional studies show mixed effects . Baird et al . ( 2014 ) review education effects of both conditional and unconditional transfers and find that effect on achievement are “ small , at best . ” Snilstveit et al . 2015 carry out a meta-analysis review of educational interventions , studying both conditional and unconditional cash transfer programs . They conclude that , while cash transfers have been effective at increasing school enrollment , overall , they have low effects on achievement . One caveat to these conclusions is there are far fewer studies on the effects on achievement as there are on the effects on enrollment . Snilstveit et al . note the number of studies of achievement is much lower than that for enrollment , in particular they review studies from 38 programs of the effects of transfers on enrollment , but only 11 programs have evaluation studies of their achievement impacts . Within these studies , however , there are examples of transfer programs that significantly affect attendance . For instance , Baird , McIntosh , and Ozler ( 2010 ) show significant impacts of 0 . 14 standard deviations on English achievement tests and 0 . 12 on math achievement tests after two years of operation of a CCT program in Malawi . Our study builds on two recent studies", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 117, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 61 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * # # # # # # Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 - Data collection of recorded seismic events ; - Assessment of seismic risk levels ; - Seismic analysis by probabilistic and deterministic methods ; and , - Verification of Operating Basis Earthquake ( OBE ) and Maximum Design Earthquake ( MDE ) design . # # # # * * 3 . 4 Water Conditions * * # # # # * * 3 . 4 . 1 Victoria Nile Hydrology * * Water flow arriving at the Bujagali Hydropower Facility will be controlled by discharges from Lake Victoria at the Nalubaale and Kiira dams , located 8 km upstream of the proposed dam site . Prior to the construction of the Nalubaale dam the outflow from Lake Victoria was regulated naturally at Ripon Falls . Since 1954 ( when the Nalubaale dam was completed ) , water flow from the Lake has been constrained to mimic the natural outflows from the lake using a rating curve that correlates the flow of the Nile at the source with Lake Victoria to the water level in the Lake . The rating curve shown as Figure 3 . 2 has become know as the \" Agreed Curve \" . This curve was based initially on the relationship between the natural outflows of the Victoria Nile River and the levels of Lake Victoria before the construction of the Nalubaale dam . Since the issue of long-term flow of the Victoria Nile is of major importance to the planning and operation of the Bujagali HPP , historic and projected water levels for Lake Victoria are of prime concern . One hundred and six years of hydrology data exist for Lake Victoria . Due to unusual heavy rains lake levels rose between 1961 and 1964 outside the range of the water levels contemplated for the Agreed Curve . Since that period , the Agreed Curve has been extended and the hydrology of Lake Victoria basin and the natural", "spans": [{"start": 1586, "end": 1600, "text": "hydrology data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 924 | 17 , 638 | 4 . 6 | | * * Kikamulo * * | 5 , 081 | 10 , 777 | 11 , 301 | 22 , 078 | 4 . 3 | | * * Nakaseke * * | 4 , 461 | 9 , 614 | 10 , 102 | 19 , 716 | 4 . 3 | | * * Ngoma * * | 3 , 145 | 8 , 411 | 8 , 032 | 16 , 443 | 5 . 2 | | * * Semuto * * | 5 , 678 | 12513 | 12604 | 25 , 117 | 4 . 4 | | * * Wakyato * * | 2 , 651 | 6 , 343 | 5 , 822 | 12 , 165 | 4 . 6 | _Source : Population & Housing Census , 2002 . _ Nakaseke District has seven ( 7 ) health units including a 100-bed public hospital , Nakaseke Hospital , administered by the Uganda Ministry of Health . There is also a community hospital at Kiwoko , Kiwoko Hospital , administrated by the Church of Uganda . Nakaseke hospital is a rural hospital built in 1970 ' s and serves this District and parts of neighboring Luweero and Wakiso Districts . Its 100 bed capacity is currently outstripped by patient numbers who visit it . The hospital is located in Nakaseke town , about 65 km by road , northwest of Kampala , Uganda ' s capital city ( coordinates 00 43 03N , 32 23 55E ( Latitude : 0 . 7175 ; Longitude : 32 . 3986 ) . This location is 18 kilometers southwest of Luweero town , the largest nearby town .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "información en “ tiempo real ” de los Registros Civiles de Nacimiento , tarjetas de identidad y cedulas de ciudadanía , efectuando la verificación de la información directamente con las Bases de Datos del Sistema Central , lo que contribuye a identificar de forma segura y con altos estándares de calidad a la población que se atiende mediante estas Unidades . Nuestra misión continúa y se fortalece acompañada de organizaciones como la oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados – ACNUR , quienes han querido recoger en este Documento los aspectos más destacados de este servicio que desde el año 2000 ha permitido la identificación de más de un millón de personas , que un alto porcentaje corresponde a niños , niñas y mujeres , desplazados y vulnerables , de comunidades campesinas , indígenas y afrodescendientes . # # # # # # * * Carlos Ariel Sánchez Torres * * _Registrador Nacional del Estado Civil_ 5", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 69, "text": "Registros Civiles de Nacimiento", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 186, "end": 220, "text": "Bases de Datos del Sistema Central", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "the treatment group had access to CPS and many treatment groups ’ villages had access to HBP . There are reasons to believe that these early interventions are unlikely to affect our estimation . baseline results do not pick up any significant cognitive differences between the treatment groups and the control , indicating that early enrollment in preschool intervention had not given a significant benefit to the treatment group . Relatedly , expressed in number of days at school , early enrollment in preschool programs is only marginally higher in the treatment groups . At baseline , treatment children had approximately only 10 extra days of preschool compared with the control . It further means that the roll-out of our baseline survey was on average 10 days too late compared to the roll-out of the the CPS construction . Given the size of the program , we consider executive function ) were then summed into a domain score and standardized again . The individual tests and scoring methods are summarized in Appendix 6 . 14", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 743, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 387 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 # # # # * * 7 . 5 . 6 Effects on Access Roads and Traffic * * The main traffic issues are road capacity , safety of road users and structural strength of roads . Baseline traffic counts , measured in 2006 ( Figure 7 . 4 ) , were used as the base for impact assessments . Assessments have been carried out for conditions when staff levels and consequently construction activity are at average levels , using the estimates of vehicle type , origin and number previously presented in Chapter 5 . As all vehicles will access the main construction site via the west bank road during Stage I diversion , and only a few vehicles will access the site via the east bank road during the Stage 2 diversion , the Stage 1 situation has been used as the basis for impact prediction . Predictions to changes in traffic patterns have been made for five locations , as follows : - The west bank road between Njeru and the project site ( Kayunga Road ) ; - The road between Njeru gyratory and ' Jinja Roundabout ' ( where the east bank road leaves Jinja and heads north ) , including the road over the crest of the Nalubaale Dam and the bridge over the Kiira headrace channel ( Bridge ) ; - The road between the Jinja Roundabout and Jinja town centre ( Jinja Town Road ) ; - The road between Jinja Roundabout and the ' Terminal Roundabout ' ( on the eastern side of Jinja , heading towards Tororo ) - \" Iganga Road \" ; and , - The east bank road , between Jinja and Ivunamba ( Ivunamba Road ) . This assessment has not considered traffic impact within Jinja town centre in detail . # # # # # * * Capacity * * Detailed projections of construction traffic using these roads each day , and traffic levels during", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 323, "text": "Baseline traffic counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2003 PICS survey , Serbian managers were invited to rate 18 dimensions of the investment climate in terms of whether they were important obstacles to doing business . These dimensions were rated from 0 ( factor is no problem at all ) to 4 ( factor is a major obstacle ) . Economic policy uncertainty was considered the biggest obstacle ( Figure 5 ) , which is understandable in light of the assassination of Prime Minister Djindjic in March 2003 , not long before the survey took place . The factor that managers believed presented the least problems was access to land , a finding that is not as surprising at it first appears , for reasons discussed below . 13", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 16, "text": "2003 PICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Image Problem . _ There is a pervasive feeling among some farmers that private retailers are less reliable , fair and with a penchant for quality adulteration than public / para public distribution agencies . In a 2001 survey , 42 percent of the farmers preferred cooperatives and public sources to private retailers , only marginally below the 1994 survey results . _Potential Impact on Vulnerability . _ There is anecdotal evidence that in moisture stressed areas , increased fertilizer use could increase farmers ' financial vulnerability in the event of adverse weather . In a recent survey , 10 percent of the respondents indicated that they had had to sell some of their livestock to repay fertilizer loans . Whereas the survey did not associate this with marginal areas , there is need to pay greater attention to the potential for increased destitution in such areas . # # * * Component 3 : Soil Fertlity Management and Environment Conservation * * This component ' s implementation was clearly satisfactory : production of indigenous industrial organic fertilizer came on stream , rizhobium based biofertilizer is on the verge of commercial production ; soil testing laboratories for use by individual farmers were put in place ; and water quality monitoring was institutionalized . _Developing Indigenous Nutrient Resources . _ With the favorable environment created under the project , a local firm , National Fertilizer Manufacturing ( Pvt ) Ltd . , was established in 1998 to produce organic fertilizers from animal bones and other wastes . The firm ' s initial production of 150 tons to test the market acceptance of the product , through trials on various ( mostly cash ) crops , has given good results . It has an installed capacity of 10 , 000 tons and is well on its way to full commercial production . According to the firm ' s management , there is adequate demand for this product , particularly from specialty crop producers like coffee , tea and vegetables . _Biogas Development . _ As indicated earlier , this sub-component was dropped as the total cost , upon completion of the feasibility study , was considered unaffordable by an average farmer .", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 226, "text": "2001 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Average Cost MPF Lowest Cost MPF Highest Cost MPF < br > 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : real wage growth = 4 % , rate of return = 8 % . Source : Own calculations on HFSA data . > 16 Colins ( ibid ) and Investment Company Institute ( ibid ) .", "spans": [{"start": 347, "end": 356, "text": "HFSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "funds cancelled from the project ( US $ 30m ) will be restored at the start of FY26 , once IDA-21 funding becomes available . But that would leave only a maximum of 16 months for implementation before project closure in October 31 , 2026 . That would be insufficient time to kick off any digital entepreneurship activities . While the digital entrpreneurship initiatives are definitely worthwhile , they maybe better situated in a different lending program under a different implementing agency that is mandated for SME and entrepreneurship development . A better strategy might , therefore , be to use the additional funds to cover those new and expanded activites that MinT had requested during the mid-term review mission . These are : - a ) Creating up to 14 new government network nodes to better serve the national regional states and administrative councils , to complement the national data center already funded under the project , and generally improving connectivity and services delivery among the regional states . An initial feasibility and design study will be carried out under EDFP to assess likely demand . - b ) Extending the digital mapping and addressing system , currently covering four cities , to a total of 14 cities in the national regional state and administrative councils ; - c ) Implementing the vision of the newly-created National Digital Transformation Council ( NDTC ) , for which MinT provides the secretariat . This includes a number of large-scale initiatives including a nationwide program to build general digital literacy across the country . - d ) Establishing a data exchange platform for Governmental Ministries , Departments and Agencies . The first two of these activities above expand the scope of existing activities currently under procurement , so it should be able to complete them within the remaining project time , if procurement can commence straight away . An alternative strategy would be to incorporate the US $ 30m in additional financing into the planned new operation under the Inclusive Digitalization in Eastern and Southern Africa regional multiphase programmatic approach ( IDEA-MPA ; P502532 ) , in", "spans": [{"start": 1145, "end": 1182, "text": "digital mapping and addressing system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identifying implementation challenges and recommending corrective actions . When necessary , the Implementation Progress ( IP ) rating was downgraded to reflect emerging risks , ensuring that both the government and stakeholders remained informed of critical issues requiring attention . This candid approach enabled timely interventions , helping the project maintain steady progress toward its development objectives . In all , World Bank performance during supervision was satisfactory , based on consistent technical and supervisory support , proactive and responsive supervision and contributed to institutional strengthening , commitment to results and transparency . * * Quality of Supervision Rating * * Satisfactory * * Overall Bank Performance Rating * * Satisfactory # # * * 9 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization * * # # * * a . M & E Design * * * * The project ’ s Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) function was consistent with the theory of change outlined under Section 4 * * . It featured clear baselines , annual and end-of-project targets , and measurable indicators across core areas : land administration , business registration , tourism , and MSME development . The system integrated national data sources such as Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) Page 20 of 26", "spans": [{"start": 1219, "end": 1240, "text": "national data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) business activity . Participation in livelihood activities under PSNP 4 was also associated with significantly higher rates of savings , as well as greater ability to raise credit and start new business activities . Conversely , the assessment found “ little evidence ” linking participation in the PSNP livelihoods activities , to changes in the asset ownership and sources of income , which according to the PAD , was the ultimate goal of the livelihood activities . - IFPRI ’ s Endline Outcomes Report for the Highlands found that there was no statistically significant change in income diversification over the project period , although IFPRI did find a positive impact of the program on income diversification for households that had lower Total Livestock Unit holdings at the PSNP 4 baseline . - IFPRI ’ s Endline Evaluation Report found that “ virtually no ” graduation , which was a principle aim of livelihoods support , has taken place since the mid-line survey in 2018 ( p . 24 ) . According to the Government ICR ( p . 98 ) external factors for low graduation performance include : reshuffling of leadership , drought , and conflicts in some areas targeted by the program , with internal factors including lack of accountability , low graduation screening capacity , limited access to credit ( despite RPSNP meeting targets for business plans financed ) and small loan sizes . In sum , these were the overall achievements of the five sub-objectives listed above : - Targeting : There is evidence that targeting improved in the highlands , but not in the lowlands with the overall PDI target not achieved . Despite this , the shift from targeting on the basis of food insecurity to poverty is noted as a positive step forward that may improve future targeting under PSNP5 ; - Predictable and timely safety net transfers : PSNP core payments were neither predictable nor timely , with the PDI target for such not", "spans": [{"start": 1097, "end": 1112, "text": "mid-line survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "question of “ are these subsidies welfare enhancing ” . In answering that question , it will be crucial to determine ( i ) whether the CF ’ s induced new entry into lagging regions or simply re-allocated entry away from the South and Southeast regions , and ( ii ) what was the productivity effect on re-located firms . < sup > 19 < / sup > Answering these questions was not possible with the data used in this paper , but may require new efforts in collecting survey data from entrepreneurs about what motivated their entry decisions , and about their inputs and outputs conditional upon those decisions . > in regions with improvements in transport networks , agglomeration economies have very modest effects . 19 In addition to informing us on the value of the CF ’ s , this latter point will speak to the question of whether or not there is generally a tradeoff between regional distribution objectives and national economic growth . This question has broad implications beyond the current study . 26", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 472, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178478 ) and additional staffing will be hired to carry out the additional work required as needed . The current Financial Officer and Financial Assistant will be responsible for handling the FM aspects of the project under the supervision of the Project Director . Both have experience in implementing World Bank-financed projects . The World Bank will continue to provide the necessary training to the Financial Officer , Financial Assistant and any new staff recruited on World Bank FM procedures . MoPH is in the process of recruiting a stock management officer who will be responsible for the vaccine stock inventory and will support the ministry in aligning the stock count with the technical audit records . - g . _Internal controls : _ The MoPH has limited internal controls functions . The internal controls are set according to the MoPH ’ s internal bylaws . For this operation , the project PMU will prepare an FM chapter for the POM , containing detailed information about the FM procedures and rules governing the flow of funds and internal control procedures , as well as the specific responsibilities of each member of the unit . The POM will need to be finalized within one month of project effectiveness . To strengthen the internal controls for the project , the MoPH will hire technical auditor ( s ) to verify the COVID-19 vaccination activities and COVID-19 hospitalization claims . The technical auditor ( s ) will be responsible to independently : ( i ) verify the GOL ’ s compliance of the deployment of the World Bank-financed vaccines with the NDVP , WHO standards and World Bank requirements reflected in the legal agreements , Environmental and Social safeguards and the POM ; and ( ii ) validate the payments made for COVID19 hospital claims and confirm that these expenditures are eligible as per the legal agreement and POM . In addition , and for better control over the vaccine stock , this technical audit will be conducting independent physical stock count of the COVID-19", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 782, "text": "technical audit records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "only a few minor export taxes remain – see Piermartini ( 2004 ) and also Thiele ( 2004 ) . > 3 More information on the MAcMaps database is available in Bouët et al . ( 2004 ) and at > < u > http : / / www . cepii . fr / anglaisgraph / bdd / macmap . htm . For details of its incorporation into the GTAP Version 6 < / u > dataset , see < u > www . gtap . org . < / u > 5", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 135, "text": "MAcMaps database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 298, "end": 312, "text": "GTAP Version 6", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "applies to all the RI < br > rnship , business grants , < br > activity under AGPO , which < br > May 2020 . It will be < br > mber of beneficiaries . ” | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 50 . 55 | 50 . 70 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 | 07-Dec-2018 | 07-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2021 | | IN00776754 < br > ► Percentage of youth rece < br > ( Percentage , Custom ) | iving training and an inte | rnship who find a job or ar | e self-employed after at | least six months | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 55 . 00 | 64 . 00 | 63 . 50 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 | 07-Dec-2018 | 07-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | Preliminary tracer stud < br > 2279 youth who comp < br > definition ) . Important t < br > tracer results on Cycle | y results on Cycle 1 youth ba < br > leted training and internship . < br > o note that data collected by M < br > 2 are expected to provide a | sed on responses from a s < br > This is restricted to paid em < br > PYG on Cycle 2 youth ind < br > much clearer picture . | ample of 1291 youth out of < br > ployment ( as per PAD < br > icates 52 . 6 % , however the | | IN00776755 < br > ► Number of youth employ < br > Custom ) | ed , including self -", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 959, "text": "data collected by M", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Malaysia were the top ten export and > 7Table A1 displays shares of top five Other Products and pre and during the lockdown in the Philippines . > 8Forward GVC participation means a country mainly exports intermediate commodities that are used in other countries ’ exports . Backward linkages is when a country ’ s exports are mainly composed of imported intermediate inputs . Latest data from OECD TiVA confirms relatively higher forward GVC participation of the Philippines . > 9Specifically other manufactures , special transactions , chemicals , processed food and beverages and petroleum products as per Table A1 . > 10Latest data from OECD TiVA confirms relatively low backward GVC participation of the Philippines . 10", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 407, "text": "Latest data from OECD TiVA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "costs . However , empirical studies and surveys of transport costs in Africa have shown that costs are inversely proportional to load size : the cost of transporting a unit of maize is lower the bigger the load ( World Bank , 2007 ; Teravaninthorn and Raballand , 2009 ) . Since large loads are easier to coordinate during the harvest season , the cost of transport per ton maize is minimized . So , standard transport costs are unlikely to be the explanation , indicating a role for search costs in explaining these findings through the channels discussed in the analytical framework . _Other explanations and the strength of the proxy variable_ One of the challenges of using proxy indicators is the identification problem . Using distance to market as a proxy for search costs opens the possibility that our identifying variable measures factors other than search costs . If this is the case , then it would be difficult to attribute the results we describe in this paper to the effects of search and information costs associated with farm-gate buying . The question is whether there are other reasons besides buyer search costs and seller information costs that would cause the prices received by households that are distant from the market to be lower than those nearer the market . We identify two such factors . The first is competition . On average , rural trading businesses face competition from only five other businesses , providing each one with a relatively high market share ( World Bank , 2007 ) . In this context , maize growing households that are distant from the market may be reached by fewer buyers , creating an opportunity for monopsony rents that push producer prices down as the distance from market increases . In addition , since remote households tend to be more vulnerable , their bargaining power will be further diminished . This will be the case if buyers tend to concentrate around the village and market centers and avoid covering long distances in search of maize . Nonetheless , this effect is unlikely to be present . In this scenario , we would expect monopsonistic market power at the village level to be most concentrated during the lean season when buyers are already relatively", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 76, "text": "surveys of transport costs in Africa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While the belief shock on knowledge externalities did not affect valuations as anticipated , it is possible to exploit the richness of the elicitation data to shed some light on what drives farmers ’ valuations for others . To do so , I let four parsimonious model selection algorithms choose which variables out of 16 best explain _wij_ . The results of this exercise are displayed in Figure 5 . The 16 variables I feed to the algorithms are : true plot distance , perceived plot distance , home distance , whether _i_ knows _j_ , whether _i_ visits ( or receives visits from ) _j_ , whether _i_ and _j_ are relative , whether _i_ and _j_ socialize , whether _i_ borrows ( or lends ) money from _j_ , whether _i_ borrows ( or lends ) goods from _j_ , whether _i_ receives ( or gives ) advice to _j_ , whether they speak about agriculture , whether they pray together ( see Appendix F for variable definitions ) . These variables measure the extent of social connection between two individuals in different life domains , and are identical to the measures used by Banerjee et al . ( 2013 ) to quantify social connection between Indian villagers ( but adapted to the Ugandan context ) . The model selection algorithms used in this exercise are three Lasso ( adaptive , plugin , and minimum BIC ) and Forward Stepwise . I adopt the following procedure : i ) standardize regressors ; ii ) residualize both _wij_ and each regressor on fixed effects for _i_ and _j_ , such that the remaining variation is specific to the _ij_ dyad ; iii ) run the algorithms such that each selects the model with the highest explanatory power ; iv ) regress _wij_ on the four selected models . Figure 5 shows the coefficient sizes of regressors in each selected model , expressed in standard deviations . Whether farmers know each other is the predictor with the largest coefficient and is picked up by three out of four selection algorithms ; it is followed by receiving advice from , paying visits to , and lending money to the other farmer , which are picked up by all four algorithms . Socializing also matters but", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 155, "text": "elicitation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Flood Management Project ( P176327 ) now reporting to the prime minister is one of such reforms . While the project as well as other World Bankexecuted technical assistance has substantial opportunities to positively influence and support the possible changes in the policy and legal framework and its implementation , there is still uncertainty as to how the new setup and potential changes may affect the overall DRM sector and the implementation of the project . The project will keep monitoring the changes in the DRM sector and adjust the risk rating as necessary , while offering technical advice for improvements in the DRM sector through project implementation support and World Bank-executed technical assistance as part of the overall DRM dialogue with the GoE . 103 . * * The Technical Design of the project risk is rated Substantial . * * While works with similar types of infrastructure exists within Ethiopia and in neighboring countries , the risk remains ‘ Substantial ’ in recognition of the increased complexity of designing flood protection infrastructure considering multiple purposes , possible use of nature-based solutions , and so on . Technical challenges also exist in targeting investments and designing infrastructure with the lack of detailed socioeconomic , hazard and risk , and long-term and granular hydrological and meteorological data . Sufficient attention will be paid during the feasibility studies and detailed designs for the initial batch of investments to augment the lack of data . The project will also include a set of activities for the GoE to start collecting and analyzing basic information on hazards and risks under Component 1 and Sub-components 2 . 2 and 2 . 3 , such as the preparation of detailed disaster risk assessments and the installation of river gauges and met stations . 104 . * * The Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Sustainability risk is rated Substantial . * * While the current MoWE structure consists of functions and staff from a couple of former basin development authorities , one of which has prior experience implementing a World Bank-financed project on water resource management and flood protection , < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1365, "end": 1401, "text": "hydrological and meteorological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Scientific reports , 2 , 723 . Timmer et al . ( 2012 ) , The World Input-Output Database ( WIOD ) : Contents , Sources and Methods , WIOD Background document available at < u > www . wiod . org . < / u > Timmer , Marcel P . , Abdul Azeez Erumban , Bart Los , Robert Stehrer , and Gaaitzen J . de Vries ( 2014 ) \" Slicing Up Global Value Chins \" Journal of Economic Perspectives , 28 ( 2 ) : 99-118 . Tri Thanh Vo and Rod Tyers . 1996 . “ Splitting Labor by Occupation in GTAP : Source and Assumptions , ” Australian National University . UNCTAD ( 2013 ) , World Investment report 2013 : Global Value Chains : Investment and Trade for Development , United Nations Conference on Trade and Development , United Nations Publication ISBN 978-92-1-112868-0 . Wang , Z . , S . - J . Wei , X . Yu , and K . Zhu . 2017 . “ Measures of Participation in Global Value Chains and Global Business Cycles . ” Working Paper 23222 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Cambridge , MA World Bank Group ; IDE-JETRO ; OECD ; UIBE ; World Trade Organization . 2017 . Global Value Chain Development Report 2017 : Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of GVCs on Economic Development . Washington , DC : World Bank . © World Bank . < u > https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 29593 < / u > License : CC BY 3 . 0 IGO WTO ( 2018 ) , Trade in value-added and global value chains profiles - explanatory note . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 : Histogram of the number of direct connections from each node , 2005 . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > No . of Direct Connections < br > . 05 < br > . 04 < br > . 03 < br > . 02 < br > . 01 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > These findings suggest that it is extremely important to account for hub and spoke interactions when measuring connectivity in the air transport network . Of course , this accords closely with thinking in the industry . < sup > 8 < / sup > In the next section , we develop a measure of connectivity that does just that . Graphical software developed for network analysis is also a popular tool for grasping the structure of a network , including hub and spoke structure and the centrality of nodes . However , any two-dimensional graphical illustration of the air transport network must be arbitrary , at least in part . Figure 3 — prepared using the Pajek < sup > 9 < / sup > freeware program — uses the air transport adjacency matrix to plot the most central nodes in the middle of the figure , based on closeness centrality ( see Appendix 3 for a discussion of that concept ) . Nodes with less than 20 connections have been dropped . Unsurprisingly , this approach > 8 It is outside the scope of this paper to discuss the factors that have given rise to the emergence of a hub-andspoke system in the air transport market . See , for example , Dempsey ( 1990 ) for a discussion of the role of policy and deregulation . > 9 http : / / pajek . imfm . si / doku . php 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the municipality-year level , between our dataset and SICONFI , the public finance dataset of the Brazilian Treasury . Values are positive whenever the total amount in our dataset , aggregated from individual commitments , is larger than that of SICONFI . See Table 1 for more details on our data coverage . We truncate observations at - 25 % to the left and at 25 % to the right . 23", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 253, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 be proclaimed . That means , a date from which eligibility for compensation will be terminated . New inhabitants coming to the project affected areas will not be considered for compensation . The household census survey and the preparation of a RAP for Bank-funded projects will be carried out by independent professionals ( consultants ) . The TOR for the preparation of the RAP will be drafted by EEPCo ’ s EMT and its focus will be on the following : - Land tenure , household survey ; socio-economic baseline study ; - Selection of resettlement area and provision for alternative sites ; - Technical design alternatives to avoid resettlement ; - Organizational structures ; - Participation of both resettled and host communities , including also community institutions or organizations from both groups and NGOs ; - Plan and design of development assistance to cover both project affected persons ( PAPs ) and host community ; - Impact on marginal groups , old people , women , ethnic minorities and pastoralists ; - Cultural identity and preservation ; - Access to training , employment and credit facilities , - Housing , including criteria for house plot allocation , infrastructure and social services ; - State of natural resources , land suitability and carrying capacity at resettlement site estimated at least two generations ahead taking into account population and livestock growth , as well as water availability and water quality ; - Immediate as well as foreseen health implications at resettlement site in relation to water-borne diseases , nutrition , environmental hygiene , availability of clinics or other health extension services , hazardous chemicals , toxic wastes , food contamination and the work environment ; Possibilities and constraints regarding assimilation or integration of resettled into host communities ; - Staff requirements , staff training needs , necessary equipment , - Cost estimation , budget , and synchronized resettlement implementation action plan with the distribution line implementation schedule ; - The RAP will provide specific compensation rates and standards , and ; 26", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 272, "text": "household census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 2 The QAS tool_ The starting point for Egypt ’ s KG QAS tool was the Brief Early Childhood Quality Inventory ( BEQI ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > The BEQI was built on the MELQO tools , but was designed to be a simpler tool than MELQO , integrated into monitoring systems or used for formative assessment ( ECD Measure 2022 ) . As an example of simplification , items that were measured on a four-point scale in MELQO were typically transformed to yes / no for the BEQI . Some items , however , were identical across the two tools . The BEQI was adapted to the Egyptian context , including Egypt ’ s recently adopted KG quality standards ( see Appendix 1 ) , as discussed in more detail below . A summary of the features of the diagnostic research tool and QAS tool is provided in Appendix 2 . # _4 . 1 . 3 Tool adaptation_ The BEQI and MELQO tools were adapted to the Egyptian context and curriculum in collaboration with the MoETE , Kindergarten teachers , and Kindergarten supervisors . Both tools were adapted in a May 2019 workshop . For data collection , tools were programmed into Android > 5 The MELQO tools have been used and validated in other LMIC contexts ( Raikes et al . 2020 ) . > 6 The BEQI has been used in other country contexts as well ( Raikes et al . 2023 ) . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - - 2 . 3 . Strengthening cybersecurity and data protection by _inter alia_ : ( a ) providing technical assistance to support development of cybersecurity , cybercrime and critical infrastructure legislation ; ( b ) strengthening the cybersecurity institutional and governance framework ; ( c ) building cybersecurity capacity and digital skills of government officials and decision makers ; ( d ) strengthening child online protection ; ( d ) strengthening data protection ; and ( f ) supporting change management and communications . ” 3 . Part 3 of the Project is amended to read as follows : - “ Part 3 : Promoting Digital Inclusion of Host Communities and Refugees - 3 . 1 Supporting digital inclusion of host communities and refugees through enhanced connectivity by _inter alia : _ ( a ) providing for a data center capacity for secure hosting of refugee data ; and ( b ) expanding digital access through deployment of last-mile connectivity . - 3 . 2 Supporting digital inclusion of refugees and host communities through access enablers by _inter alia : _ ( a ) carrying out relevant assessments ; ( b ) implementation of digital access programs to improve direct internet access , including through the establishment of tele-centers ; and ( c ) deployment of digital services to improve service delivery . ” 4 . Section III . B . 2 of the Financing Agreement is amended to read as follows : - “ 2 . The Closing Date is August 30 , 2027 . ” All provisions of the Financing Agreement which are not expressly modified in accordance with this letter remain unchanged . Please confirm your agreement to the foregoing by signing this letter . This letter shall become effective as of the date of the countersignature . # # Sincerely , # # * * INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION * * By : ____________________________ Francisca Ayodeji Akala Country Manager for Uganda Africa Eastern Vice Presidency # # * * CONFIRMED : * *", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 870, "text": "refugee data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor demand , finding low rates of micro firm survival and low productivity in manufacturing sectors . This paper seeks to fill gaps in the literature with respect to recent firm-level productivity dynamics in Zambia . Research on productivity in Zambia tends to focus on macroeconomic data ( World Bank 2024 , World Bank 2019b ) or rely on Economic Census data , which were last collected in 2012 and do not constitute a panel ( Merotto 2017 ) . Although Hoy , et al . ( 2022 ) do analyze more recent tax data — indeed , the same Corporate Income Tax database that this paper leverages — their research focus is more narrowly on firm performance during COVID-19 . Enriching the understanding of such firm-level productivity dynamics would allow for a deeper understanding of the drivers and constraints of productivity , job creation , and wages , differentiating between the contributions of economy-wide issues , structural change between sectors , within-sector market dynamics , and within-firm technical efficiency ( Cusolito and Maloney 2018 ) . This could in turn yield more specific policy insights and uncover priorities for further research . In terms of its methodological approach and key topics of interest , this paper is related to other studies that decompose productivity and job trends within countries utilizing firm-level data . Olley and Pakes ( 1996 ) , Melitz and Polanec ( 2015 ) , and Patiño Peña and Ferro ( Forthcoming ) , among others , develop methods for decomposing productivity growth into between - , within-firm , entry , exit , and inter-sectoral components — and applied these methods to the United States and Slovenia , respectively . < sup > 3 < / sup > Similar productivity analyses and decompositions have since been conducted for Côte d ’ Ivoire ( World Bank 2021a ) , Croatia ( World Bank 2022a ) , Ecuador ( Patiño Peña and Ferro Forthcoming ) , Kosovo ( World Bank 2021b ) , and Türkiye ( World Bank 2019a ) , among other countries . Findings vary widely across countries , > 2 This paper is a background technical note on which the third chapter of World Bank ( 2024 ) is based , whereas the first two chapters were authored in parallel", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 291, "text": "macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 342, "end": 362, "text": "Economic Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 532, "end": 561, "text": "Corporate Income Tax database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1333, "end": 1348, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poverty measures more than urban growth simply because growth is more associated with inequality in urban than in rural areas . # _IV 3 Possibilitiesforfurther work_ The regressions used above remain descriptive in that we did not attempt to investigate the potentially complex relationships between past , current , and future growth , inequality , and poverty . Completing such an investigation would be beyond the scope of this paper , but a few potential topics can be highlighted in order to show the rich possibilities provided by analyses using regional panel data .", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 571, "text": "regional panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "school-going children were displaced from one department to another , then it is likely that it would produce an upward bias on the average education impact of war . It is also possible that the household control variables for the comparison group might have changed over time , especially if they migrate . As a result , we use an alternative identification strategy to minimize the potential bias that might arise due to these factors . # * * 4 . 2 Identification using victimization indicators from ENV-2008 * * As a next step , we use 11 victimization indicators as potential identifiers of true war victims . The victimization indicators are dummy variables , which takes the value of one for a household or individual being a victim , zero otherwise . It is possible that the self-reported victimization indicators may produce subjective bias related to a particular ethnic group or other identities . The simplest way to detect the extent of this bias is to estimate each victimization indicator as a function of the observable characteristics . The estimated outcome does not conform to any subjective bias generated by any particular variable ( for reasons of space we do not show the outcome in the paper ; it is available from the authors if requested ) . We first estimate the standard linear OLS regression outcomes of years of education as a function of the victimization dummy and household and individual controls on a sample restricted to individuals aged between 10 and 22 ( who are likely to be in the primary school during the conflict ) . In Table 4 . 3 . 1 we report the estimated coefficients for the eleven victimization categories ( columns M1 through M11 ) . The coefficients of all the victimization dummy variables are negative . The coefficients are statistically significant for victimized individuals or households when they registered deaths or injuries due to conflict , income dropped , lost job , lost livestock and experienced violence due to war . Overall , the estimated war outcomes on education are in line with previous findings , despite the fact that the impact of war is now identified by a set of victimization indicators based on the subjective evaluation of war impact by the survey respondents", "spans": [{"start": 502, "end": 510, "text": "ENV-2008", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources of income - Agricultural production data - Values of assets , compensation and resettlement entitlement - ii ) _Restoration of living standards_ basic indicators include : - Compensation for houses as per the guidelines and laws ; - Fair resettlement for PAHs and vulnerable groups , and achievement of the objectives of the RP ; and - Noting unintended impacts of the RP implementation and of the Subproject ? iii ) _Restoration of livelihood_ includes issues : - Whether compensation payments were sufficient to replace lost assets ; - Whether transfer and relocation payments were sufficient to cover the costs ; - Whether vulnerable groups have been provided with income earning mechanisms ; and - Whether the current income levels match the pre-project income levels . Page 202", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 48, "text": "Agricultural production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which < br > progress is being made to resolve them ; < br > ( c ) conduct a stakeholder ’ s satisfaction survey for the < br > GRM services < br > ( d ) under an analysis from the raw data on the following : < br > average time to resolve grievances , percentage of < br > complainants satisfied with action taken , and number of < br > grievances resolved at first point of contact < br > ( e ) provide a report on grievance redress actions pertaining < br > to the 6 steps of GRM value chain including < br > • The project will evaluate the GRM by < br > ( a ) analyzing grievance data to reveal trends and patterns , < br > ( b ) sharing GRM analysis in management meetings ; and < br > ( c ) taking corrective action on project implementation < br > approaches to address thegrievance | | 1 . 2 . 4 Feedback | • The project will provide feedback to GRM users and | 41", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 112, "text": "stakeholder ’ s satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 181, "end": 189, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 574, "end": 588, "text": "grievance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > administration < br > ( DGDDI ) and < br > ANSIE / PCU | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Description : Customs clearance dela < br > ystem and risk-based verification s < br > * * Name : * * Percentage increase < br > of VAT collection < br > | y is defined as the a < br > ystem would reduce < br > Percentage | verage of ti < br > the time fo < br > 0 . 00 | me at the expor < br > r complyingwit < br > 12 . 00 | t and import to comp < br > h customs requireme < br > Yearly | ly with Customs requirements . Using upgr < br > nts and thus reduce cross borderingcosts . < br > Tax Administration annual < br > statistical report and Budget < br > execution law | aded information < br > < br > ANSIE / PCU and Tax < br > Administration ( DGI ) | Description : Customs clearance delay is defined as the average of time at the export and import to comply with Customs requirements . Using upgraded information system and risk-based verification system would reduce the time for complying with customs requirements and thus reduce cross bordering costs . Description : Change of total VAT collection compared to previous year . Efficient information systems , better training , auditing , reporting , and effective tax policy would allow an improvement of VAT collection . In 2017 , VAT collection ( both from Tax and Customs ) amounted to US $ 77 . 1 million . This amount will be used as baseline . Page 35 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 647, "end": 676, "text": "statistical report and Budget", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "r2_w | 0 . 349 | 0 . 386 | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 036 | 0 . 003 | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 012 | 0 . 022 | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 763 | 0 . 823 | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the El Salvador COV-ES data . Size information used as the interaction terms is taken from the total number of full-time equivalent workers in the baseline ES . Columns 3 through 8 report marginal effects from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6 for more details . 53", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 272, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Table 6 . 2 : Proportions of PAHs by Size of Farmland Holding ( N = 26 ) | * * Size of Farmland * * | * * Number PAHs * * | * * Percent of PAHs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0 . 25 - 0 . 49 | 3 | 11 . 5 | | 0 . 50 - 0 . 99 | 7 | 26 . 9 | | 1 . 00 - 1 . 49 | 6 | 23 . 1 | | 1 . 50 - 1 . 99 | 6 | 23 . 1 | | 2 . 00 - 2 . 49 | 1 | 3 . 8 | | 2 . 50 - 2 . 99 | 2 | 7 . 7 | | 3 . 00 & above | 1 | 3 . 8 | | * * Total * * | * * 26 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : RP Census Enumeration ( December 2024 ) _ There is no Subproject affected household without farmland . This clearly shows how farming is the dominant and primary livelihood activity of the Subproject affected household heads and their family members . According to information collected from the PAHs , the farmland they owned at the site selected for the proposed substation Subproject is used both for rainfed crop production as well as irrigation farming . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 2 Grazing land Ownership * * 13 Subproject affected households confirmed that they own grazing land , with a total holding size of2 . 1ha . The average grazing land size per HH is 0 . 16ha . The Subproject affected households were also requested to provide information on the size of their dwelling area or compound . Based on the census survey result , only 20 . 8 % of", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 624, "text": "RP Census Enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1418, "end": 1438, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Household weights are subsequently calibrated using census data from the 2017 census . Let h represent these model-adjusted weights for households . Design-based weights for children are calculated as jj ww ( FF ) 1 1 = ∗ h e e e e , 3 � cc jj ww jj Where e e e e is the number of eligible children in the household . Weights were adjusted via ww ( FF ) min � nn iterative proportional fitting to reflect population-level margins for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on the categorical variables taken from the 2017 census described above ( e . g . , area of residence , roof nn material , etc . ) . Survey weights were applied to all analyses , with household weights for the descriptives and child weights for the regressions . # < mark > Key Variables and Tools < / mark > Basic demographic data were collected from each respondent for child gender , age , maternal educational attainment , birth registration ( respondents confirming the child was registered were asked to provide proof of the document ) , and area of residence ( i . e . , urban , rural , semi-urban , inner-city ) . All instruments were administered in Urdu . In circumstances where children were unable to speak Urdu , enumerators effectively engaged children using various methods , such as teaching them Qaida in Madrasa . # # < mark > Outcome Variables < / mark > # # # _ < mark > Early Childhood Development Measures < / mark > _ _Children 0-35 months . _ The Caregiver-Reported Early Development Instrument ( CREDI ) longform was used for children under 36 months of age . The CREDI is a globally-validated developmental assessment tool ( Waldman et al . , 2021 ) , and the short-form version of the CREDI has previously been validated and used in Pakistan ( Hentschel et al . , 2024 ; McCoy et al . , 2018 ) . The tool consists of up to 100 caregiver-reported items developed according to typical abilities by age within the birth to age 3 range in 6-month increments ( e . g . , for children 0-6 months , 6-12 months , and so forth ) and administration ends based", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 63, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 73, "end": 84, "text": "2017 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . RegulatoRy enviRonment and goveRnanCe process , refugee certificates are to be issued or renewed using the refugee data management system with biometrics supported by UNHCR . Besides the multi-purpose aspect of this exercise , it also aims at informing protection and assistance strategies based on up-to-date and comprehensive data . Despite some delays as of 30 June 2023 , this exercise is still ongoing in Diffa , Maradi and Tahoua regions and will be finalized in the course of 2023-24 , during which Niamey and the Tillaberi region will also be added . Refugees and asylum-seekers in Niger continue to have access to civil registration services for vital events that occurred in Niger . These services are provided by the relevant entities of the DGECMR under the Law < u > No 2019-29 of 1st July 2019 governing the regime of civil status in Niger on the same conditions as nationals . < / u > During the reviewed period , the Government introduced three series of reforms aimed at ensuring that all individuals within its jurisdiction have swift access to civil status documentation for vital events such as births , marriages and deaths occurred in Niger . These legal reforms resulted in a higher number of civil registration centres for all populations in Niger , in line with the commitments made under the African Program for Accelerated Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Production . Despite the lack of specific data available to UNHCR on birth registration and certification for refugees and asylum-seekers , there has been a significant increase in the issuance of birth certificates to refugees and asylum-seekers born in Niger , with a focus on new-borns under one . However , challenges persist among refugee populations , including limited awareness on the importance of obtaining a birth certificate , notably to mitigate risks of statelessness arising from prolonged refugee situations . This is particularly the case for late birth registration , which requires a much lengthier procedure and is not easily accessible . Under the refugee legislation , recognized refugees", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 141, "text": "refugee data management system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", we calculate the median across all months and years . Finally , we use the maximum monthly average level of particulates for each grid-cell for the month-of-year that had the highest average pollution from 2015 through 2020 . For example , Delhi is assigned the average December PM2 _ . _ 5 concentration because that is the month-of-year in which average particulate values are highest . In the analysis of the correlation between wealth and particulate pollution from non-dust and sea salt sources we use the dust and sea salt removed estimates produced by the Van Donkelaar group at the annual level and match to RWI points in the same way . As a robustness check we also re-estimate our models with available ground monitor measurements of PM2 _ . _ 5 . All ground measurements come from the OpenAQ network ( ` https : / / openaq . org ` ) . * * Elevation data – * * We use data from NASA ’ s ASTER project that provides a global digital elevation model ( DEM ) that provides elevation at 30m resolution comprehensively around the world . * * Pollution source data – * * We use data from the EU EDGAR database that provides information on contribution of different economic sectors to particulate pollution for each point on a grid covering the whole planet . We aggregate these sectoral figures into broad categories ( e . g . power generation ) and calculate the total contribution of each broad category within each coun - 13", "spans": [{"start": 798, "end": 812, "text": "OpenAQ network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 899, "end": 912, "text": "ASTER project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1098, "end": 1115, "text": "EU EDGAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aten pour ce point , et pour l ’ ensemble de ses commentaires sur cette section . > 66 _Loi No . 32 / 2016 of 28 / 08 / 2016 sur les personnes et la famille_ , Articles 61-112 ( abrogeant et remplaçant la _Loi No . 42 / 1988 du 27 Octobre 1988 instituant le titre préliminaire et le livre premier des « Personnes et de la Famille » du Code Civil_ ) . > 67 _South Sudan Civil Registry Act 2018_ . 68 Comme indiqué dans les Enquêtes démographiques et sanitaires ( DHS ) pour l ’ année indiquée pour chacun des pays ( sauf pour le Soudan du Sud ) , téléchargeable à l ’ adresse : https : / / dhsprogram . com / where-we-work / Country-Main . cfm . Voir également “ Information by country ” , UNICEF , à l ’ adresse : http : / / www . unicef . org / infobycountry / . 69 Textes originaux , amendés plusieurs fois , notamment pour le Kenya et la Tanzanie . > 70 _MICS Household Health Survey_ , UNICEF , 2010 . L ’ enquête indique que 29 % des personnes enregistrées ont des actes de naissance . > 71 La loi dite _Child Act_ prévoit un doit à l ’ enregistrement des naissances mais ne fixe pas les modalités de sa mise en œuvre . Le texte législatif de mise en œuvre était toujours en instance début septembre 2018 . UNHCR / Septembre 2018 31", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 459, "text": "Enquêtes démographiques et sanitaires", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * An increasing number of regional trade agreements ( RTAs ) have been signed during the last decades , with many of them covering provisions going beyond purely trade-related clauses . In particular , an increasing number of RTAs contains provisions regulating and easing the bureaucratic procedures to obtain a visa , and the cross-border movement of individuals . Such a reduction in the administrative cost of moving across countries , i . e . red tape for migration , may affect the optimal migration choice for potential migrants at origin . Conditional on other _push_ and _pull_ factors of migration – see Hatton ( 2005 ) and Mayda ( 2010 ) – the reduction in the administrative cost to obtain a visa is expected to affect the potential migrant ’ s choice about his / her optimal destination country , and hence may favor the settlement of migrants among an RTA ’ s signatory countries . This paper benefits from the recent World Bank data on the content of RTAs and studies the effect of visa-related provisions in RTAs on the bilateral settlement of migrants . Using UN data on bilateral migration stocks in the period 1990-2020 , we show that including visa provisions in RTAs stimulates bilateral migration stock by 5 . 9 % . An Instrumental Variable ( IV ) approach addresses the endogeneity concerns and confirms the positive effect of visa provision on bilateral migration . Interestingly , we show a strong heterogeneous effect of visa provisions . This is magnified among countries having different income levels ( i . e . North-South ) ; and dampened in destinations with a strong anti-immigration sentiment of voters ( i . e . destinations having a large share of votes for the extreme right party ) . Visa provisions in RTAs may target specific types of individuals and regulate a wide spectrum of migration-related frictions . For example , visa provision may apply to a restricted set of professionals ( i . e . specific job profiles ) , or to all individuals of RTAs ’ member countries . Also , in some cases visa provisions grant the free mobility of individuals across signatory countries , or just simplify the administrative burden to obtain a visa", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 970, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1100, "end": 1137, "text": "UN data on bilateral migration stocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * Acemoglu , D . , 2009 . In : Introduction to Modern Economic Growth . Princeton University Press , Princeton . Aghion , P . , Bloom , N . , Blundell , R . , Griffith , R . , Howitt , P . ( 2005 ) . Competition and innovation : An inverted U-relationship . Quarterly Journal of Economics 120 , 701-728 . < mark > Aghion , Philippe , Philippe Askenazy , Nicolas Berman , Gilbert Cette , and Laurent Eymard . 2012 . “ Credit Constraints and the Cyclicality of R & D Investment : Evidence from France . ” Journal of the European Economic Association 10 , no . 5 : 1001 – 1024 . < / mark > Aghion , P . ; Blundell , R . ; Griffith , R . ; Howitt , P . and Prantl , S . , 2009 , ‘ The Effects of Entry on Incumbent Innovation and Productivity , ’ _Review of Economics and Statistics_ , 91 , pp . 20 – 32 . Alam , Ashraful Moshfique Uddin , and Hassan Yazdifar ( 2019 ) . “ Institutional determinants of R & D investment : Evidence from emerging markets . ” Technological Forecasting & Social Change 138 : 34-44 . Amin , M . and Y . C . Soh ( 2020 ) . Does Greater Regulatory Burden Lead to Higher Corruption : Evidence Using Firm-level Survey Data for Developing Countries . Forthcoming _World Bank Economic Review_ . < u > < mark > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / wber / lhaa007 < / mark > < / u > < mark > Aterido , R . , Hallward-Driemeier , M . , & Pages , C . ( 2011 ) . Big Constraints to Small Firms ' Growth ? Business Environment and Employment Growth Across Firms . < / mark > _ < mark > Economic Development and Cultural Change < / mark > _ < mark > , 59 ( 3 ) : 609 – 647 . < / mark > Ayyagari , Meghana , Asli Demirguc-Kunt , and Vojislav Maksimovic . ( 2011 ) . Small vs . Young Firms Across the World .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| No | Yes | | Observations | 18170 | 18170 | | Notes : Robust standard errors clustered by firm in parentheses . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * < br > year effects . Firms controls are : log employment ; average age of workers ; average tenure ; < br > share of workers with less than high school completed ; share of workers with exactly hi < br > workers with more than high school completed ; average log wage ; share of white workers ; < br > of skill levels 1 to 4 . | p < 0 . 1 . All regre < br > male to female < br > gh school comp < br > and share of w | ssions include < br > workers ratio ; < br > leted ; share of < br > orkers in each |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT # # # # # UNHCR ’ s communication initiatives about COVID-19 UNHCR conducted mass awarenss raising on COVID-19 preventive measures through varoius commmunication channels to pass accurate and timely informaiton . This included the production and distribution of brochures , information dissemination through calls , messaging at the assitance collection points , home visits and at community centres . These awareness-raising were coupled with other initiatives such as the distribution of hygiene kits . _A staff from UNHCR NGO partner organization , NMO , leads an awareness-raising session with a group of displaced Yemeni women at a non-food items distribution site in Al Hudaydah governorate . © UNHCR / NMO Amer Abdulkareem_ - * * According to refugees , asylum seekers , displaced Yemenis , and host community members , people with specific needs , including older people without family support , people with disabilities , children , single women face the most significant challenges in accessing information . * * UNHCR / September 2020 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6349 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the extent to which policy restrictions on foreign direct investment in the Indonesian service sector affected the performance of manufacturers over the period 1997 – 2009 . It uses firmlevel data on manufacturers ’ total factor productivity and the OECD ’ s foreign direct investment Regulatory Restrictiveness Index , combined with data from Indonesia ’ s input-output tables regarding the intensity with which manufacturing sectors use services inputs . Controlling for firm-level fixed effects and other relevant policy indicators , it finds , first , that relaxing policies toward foreign direct investment in the service sector was associated with improvements in perceived performance of the service sector . Second , it finds that this relaxation in service sector foreign direct investment policies accounted for 8 percent of the observed increase in manufacturers ’ total factor productivity over the period . The total factor productivity gains accrue disproportionately to those firms that are relatively more productive , and that gains are related to the relaxation of restrictions in both the transport and electricity , gas , and water sectors . Total factor productivity gains are associated , in particular , with the relaxation of foreign equity limits , screening , and prior approval requirements , but less so with discriminatory regulations that prevent multinationals from hiring key personnel abroad . This paper is a product of the International Trade Department , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network ; and Poverty Reduction & Economic Management Sector Department , East Asia and Pacific Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at gvarela @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 315, "text": "firmlevel data on manufacturers ’ total factor productivity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 333, "end": 391, "text": "foreign direct investment Regulatory Restrictiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 408, "end": 451, "text": "data from Indonesia ’ s input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "growth_ * * How important is product market competition in stimulating innovation-driven growth ? We explore this important policy question at two levels given our available data : the first based on firm-level proxies for the intensity of active competition ; and the second based on nationallevel assessments of the openness of the business environment to competition . # * * _Firm-level intensity of competition variables_ * * We test whether two measures of firm-level competition — the self-reported number of competitors faced by a firm and whether the firm faces a foreign competitor — are correlated with R & D investment , product and process innovation , TFP and employment growth . Unfortunately , however , these variables were not collected in all the country surveys that comprise our full sample . Accordingly , we restrict our analysis of these firm-level competition variables to the sample of firms for which they are available , constituting less than 50 per cent of our full allcountry sample . We do not find any statistically significant effects at the level of the enterprise in any of the four firm-level R & D , innovation , TFP and employment growth equations for either the self-reported number of competitors , the log of this measure or an indicator of the presence 22", "spans": [{"start": 765, "end": 780, "text": "country surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR5126 The World Bank | | Breakdown | Comments | Actual baseline = 64 . 9 % . < br > W . baseline changed to 68 % | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Gender Parity Index for primary school grade | Percentage | Value | 95 . 00 | 90 . 00 | 97 . 00 | | 1-4 | | Date | 30-Jun-2007 | 15-Nov-2011 | 31-Dec-2011 | | | | Comments | | | | | Net enrollment rates for grade 1-8 ( % ) | Number | Value | 75 . 00 | 85 . 30 | 94 . 00 | | | | Date | 30-Jun-2007 | 15-Nov-2011 | 31-Dec-2011 | | | | Comments | | | | | * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | | | | | | | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Total Federal block grant as a share of total | Percentage | Value | 34 . 70 | 34 . 60 | 37 . 50 | | Federal discretionary expenditure | | Date | 30-Jun-2007 | 15-Nov-2011 | 31-Dec-2011 | | | | Comments | 34 . 7 in EFY99 / FY07 | Indicator no more exists on < br > the AF PAD | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 00000000 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | | Signing Date | | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing | Date | Revised Closin | g Date | | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": 10 . 1111 / j . 1467-9914 . 2010 . 00494 . x - Cameron , Lisa . 2007 . Can a public scholarship program successfully reduce school drop-outs in a time of economic crisis ? Evidence from Indonesia . Economics of Education Review , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , June 2009 , Pages 308-317 . Available online at < u > https : / / www . sciencedirect . com / science / article / abs / pii / S027277570900003X < / u > - Carvalho , Shelby and Susannah Hares . 2020 . More from Our Database on School Closures : New Education Policies May Be Increasing Educational Inequality . Available online at < u > https : / / www . cgdev . org / blog / more-our-database-school-closures-new-education-policiesmay-be-increasing-educational < / u > - < mark > Ceyhan , Esra and Aykut Ceyhan . 2007 . Earthquake survivors ' quality of life and academic achievement six years after the earthquakes in Marmara , Turkey . < / mark > _ < mark > D < / mark > isasters_ , _31_ ( 4 ) , pp . 516-529 . Available online at < u > https : / / onlinelibrary . wiley . com / doi / pdf / 10 . 1111 / j . 1467 - < / u > = - - - < u > 7717 . 2007 . 01023 . x ? casa_token kceYondf7KIAAAAA : 2L9BgjcROIt gtt2OelHj6 8dOuYaRoOMO6HgGJFCXB9WH3KVldLPc-bHFq47MTgiBErGQqBLE-76-IG < / u > - Cooper , Harris , Barbara Nye , Kelly Charlton , James Lindsay , and Scott Greathouse . n . d . “ The Effects of Summer Vacation on Achievement Test Scores : A Narrative and Meta-Analytic Review . ” _Summer Vacation_ , 42 . - Cummiskey , Christopher and Jonathan Stern . 2020 . Calculating the Educational Impact of COVID-19 ( Part II ) : Using Data from Successive Grades to Estimate Learning Loss . Available online at < u > https : / / shared . rti . org / content / calculating-educational-impact-covid-19-part-ii-usingdata-successive-grades-estimate < / u > 35", "spans": [{"start": 468, "end": 495, "text": "Database on School Closures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1584, "end": 1611, "text": "Data from Successive Grades", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These findings are buttressed by protection monitoring data which highlights the continued worrying trends in the worsening situation for women and girls across Afghanistan . Freedom of movement by women is severely affected by the requirement of mahram which was officially announced by the Ministry of Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice ( DoPVPV ) which was instituted after the dismantling of the Ministry of Women Affairs on 26th December through a directive that restricts women from traveling farther than 72km ( 45 miles ) without accompaniment by a close male relative . This restriction was reportedly further expanded to < / mark > < mark > include traveling abroad , and several solo women travelers within the county were reportedly stopped from boarding flights . Furthermore , the requirement of mahram puts additional barriers to the full participation of female staff in humanitarian operations . Having fewer or no female staff in humanitarian activities places a serious threat to the outreach to women and girls and capturing their concerns , which further results in a lack of effective delivery of gendersensitive and responsive assistance . < / mark > # # # # * * < mark > Socio-economic challenges , Poverty , and Coping Mechanisms < / mark > * * < mark > After over 40 years of continued crisis , Afghanistan remains one of the world ’ s most acute and complex humanitarian emergencies , driven by conflict and disasters and now , by the economic crisis . Recurring shocks and disruptions have depleted the resilience of displaced , host , and disaster-affected populations . Even under normal circumstances , it is difficult for households to meet their basic needs . An estimated 24 . 4 million people – 59 percent of the population are in need of humanitarian assistance in 2022 , a staggering 25 percent increase compared to the humanitarian estimation in 2021 . < / mark > < mark > Both the formal and informal economies have suffered dramatically due to disruption to markets , financial and trade mechanisms since the second half of 2021 , the freezing of central bank reserves and loans , and the sudden drop in direct international", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 59, "text": "protection monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 especially illuminating < sup > 1 < / sup > and the keywords in the EconLit metadata are freely chosen by authors and unsurprisingly are highly heterogeneous . We therefore used our own topical classification system , and assigned a topic to a subset of our records manually . We aggregate our metadata to the author , institution and journal levels , showing which of each have published the most , and which of each have had the greatest impact in terms of citations . We show publication counts for both ― country of origin ‖ and ― country studied ‖ . We present frequency distributions of the words used in titles and abstracts and keywords . We also show how the subtopic focus has changed over time and varies across the top institutions . Two previous exercises are worth mentioning , although neither comes close in terms of comprehensiveness and ambition . Rubin and Chang ( 2003 ) undertook a bibliometric analysis of health economics articles over the period 1991-2000 using EconLit metadata . They also report author rankings ( using number of articles and number of pages ) but in most other respects their analysis is much more limited , covering a shorter time period , excluding citations , using the limited JEL topic classification system , and omitting many of the cuts of the data that we present . Also of note is the exercise Culyer undertook as background for his four-volume collection of 78 articles on health economics ( Culyer , 2006 ) . This was based on a survey of teaching members of the International Health Economics Association ( iHEA ) in 2004 that asked for their student reading lists , the objective being to ensure representation in the 2006 collection of those articles most frequently cited for student reference by people teaching the subject . His e-mail poll of iHEA yielded usable responses from 112 members and 164 articles that were included on at least two reading lists . We use this source as basis for making some intertemporal comparisons between health economics then ( 2004 ) and now ( 2011 ) , and also for comparing the frequency of citations in general ( in 2011 ) with literature recommended by specialist health economics teachers ( in", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 86, "text": "EconLit metadata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1487, "end": 1513, "text": "survey of teaching members", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1793, "end": 1812, "text": "e-mail poll of iHEA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Another potential source of bias in our results could lie in the importance of cross country investments in the form of _Foreign Direct Investments_ . In table 8 , we investigate the robustness of our findings to the inclusion of FDI links using UNCTAD ’ s data . We find that accounting for cross-country investments only reinforces the specific role of trade in intermediate inputs in the increase of GDP comovement within the country-pairs included in our sample . However , because the coverage of such data is limited , it is important to keep in mind that the sample is different than in previous analysis – see table 1 for an overview of data coverage for each country pair . Over and beyond the role of Global Value Chains , our results highlight the negative but insignificant relationship between Foreign Direct Investments with GDP comovement . * * Table . 8 . * * The impact of financial integration : Foreign Direct Investment | | | corr | GDP < sup > _HP_ < / sup > | | | corr | GDP < sup > _BK_ < / sup > | | | corr | ∆ GDP | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | ( 9 ) | ( 10 ) | ( 11 ) | ( 12 ) | | ln ( _TP_ ) | * * 0 . 121 * * < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > | * * 0 . 161 * * < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > | | | 0 . 095 < br > | * * 0 . 133 * * < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br >", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 261, "text": "UNCTAD ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "deflators ) . See the Appendices for more information on the construction of our data and key explanatory variables . # * * 5 . A Bird ’ s Eye View of Reallocation : Job Flows and Aggregate Productivity Dynamics * * # * * 5 . 1 Job Flows , Entry and Exit * * Table 1 and Figure 2 present aggregate entry , exit and employment growth statistics . Average exit over the entire period is 8 . 8 % while average entry is 11 . 1 % . Firm exit spiked during the crisis - in 1997 10 . 8 % of firms exited , while in 1998 , 11 . 2 % of all firms exited - and dropped precipitously during the recovery in 1999 and 2000 , to peak again in 2001 ( see Appendix A4 ) . Employment growth followed a similar trend , but did not spike in 2001 ; before the crisis , manufacturing employment grew quite rapidly . The crises induced substantial job losses ; on average firms shrank employment by 1 . 4 % in 1997 and by 3 . 7 % in 1998 . Employment growth recovered in 1999 and 2000 , but dropped in 2001 . The high job losses during the crisis were driven both by a slowdown in job creation and by a spike in job destruction , and predominantly accounted for by employment adjustment by incumbents ( see figure 2 ) . The share of job flows accounted for by firm entry and exit is likely to be underestimated , however , since we only observe firms with at least 20 employees . The amount of gross reallocation far exceeded the amount required to achieve net employment adjustment , leading to enormous excess churning . The increase in excess churning attests to the importance of heterogeneity across firms : even during the crisis , almost a third of all firms reported expanding employment . Nevertheless , a striking feature of the data is how persistent employment is ; over the entire period considered on average 21 % of firms did not change their labor input each year . The figure also shows a longer trend towards lower job creation , both in aggregate and in net creation rates .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY will be recorded in the grievance register . Grievances will be resolved and the status reported back to complainants within 14 days . If more time is required , this will be clearly communicated in writing and in advance to the aggrieved person . In cases that are resolvable within the stipulated time , site investigations will be undertaken and results discussed with PAPs . In some instances , it may be appropriate to appoint independent third parties to undertake the investigations . # # # # # * * 9 . 3 . 7 Step 7 : Alternative Action / Judicial Recourse and National Land Commission * * In case this mechanism will not lead to resolution of the grievance , the complaint is free to seek redress at the courts of law at any given time . After redress at this level , the decision arrived at is communicated to the Grievance Officer and file closed . independent third parties to undertake the investigations . * * 9 . 3 . 3 Step 3 : Meeting with the complainant * * The proposed corrective action and the time frame in which it is to be implemented will be discussed with the complainant within 14 days of receipt of the grievance . Acceptance of the agreement and corrective action will be documented , with the complainant appending the signature . If no agreement is reached , Step 2 will be revisited . * * 9 . 3 . 4 Step 4 : Implementation of Corrective Action * * Agreed corrective actions will be undertaken by the party agreed by SGRC within the agreed time frame . The date of the completed action will be recorded in the grievance register . * * 9 . 3 . 5 Step 5 : Verification of corrective action * * To verify satisfaction , the aggrieved person will be approached by the GO and SGRC to verify that the corrective action has been implemented . A signature of the complainant will be obtained", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 164, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while the data from Chen et al . ( 2020 ) shows that across different SSP scenarios , urban extents could in fact decrease in some parts of the world , in part due to declining urban populations , we assume that these urban contractions will not result in land being reclaimed for agricultural use . Urban contractions may have implications for crop and livestock production . This assumption is based on historical trends , while shrinking cities often leads to vacant land and deteriorating infrastructure , rather than reconversion to land uses prior to urbanization ( Florentin 2019 ) . Therefore , once an area for crop and livestock production becomes urbanized , the production there is assumed to be part of the estimated production loss permanently . The urban expansion projection data , available in 10-year intervals , are used as proxies to estimate the cumulative urban extent around the world . Based on the above assumptions , we adopt the following method for our analysis : First , raster calculations are performed to derive the areas of urban expansion for 2040 and 2100 for all five SSP scenarios . Since we assume that the potential impact on crop and livestock production due to urbanization is irreversible , we use cumulative urban extents for each time period . For example , to calculate the urban expansion for 2040 , we overlay urban projections for all previous decades ( 2020 , 2030 , and 2040 ) . Any area that has ever been marked as urban is considered part of the cumulative urban extent , regardless of whether the area subsequently deurbanizes or not . < sup > 10 < / sup > Following this , we calculate the percentage of the urban extent that is _newly urban_ compared to > 9 Table A1 in the Annex displays the overlap percentages between food production and urban extent in grid cells . 10 This assumption holds true for any of the years preceding the 10-year interval from 2010 to 2100 . Only 3 years of dataset are extracted to analysis for this working paper ; 2010 , 2040 and 2100 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 795, "text": "urban expansion projection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fixed asset register . 17 . Further the assessment notes that internal audit functions are in place in MoE , JKF and TSC with qualified and experienced staff . Though MoE has 11 officers , the audit universe is equally wide . So , follow ups of audits recommendations in the counties has not been done . To enhance the IA function performance , audit committees have been established in MoE , JKF and TSC . At TSC the audit committee is chaired by a non-commission officer and there are regular audit committee meetings . The Audit Committee of the Ministry was recently appointed . It was however inactive from end of 2019 due to expiry of their term , but the term was extended this year and made a sitting last month ( October ) . Effectively therefore the internal control environment in MoE , JKF and TSC is strong ( save for the counties that need some monitoring / follow ups ) and will adequately support the Program . _18 . _ * * _Key potential risk and action : _ * * _Without an automated and comprehensive fixed asset register there are no adequate safeguard of program assets . An automated and comprehensive fixed asset register to be maintained . The follow up on county audit_ recommendations _by the internal auditors is_ necessary _ . _ 19 . The EACC and CAJ have well-functioning , well known and accessible complaints management systems linking key investigative , and transparency agencies . MoE , JKF and TSC have various channels for reporting public complaints , including email / website , telephone , in person , letters and suggestion / anticorruption boxes . 20 . Within the MoE , a Project Coordination Unit ( PCU ) has been operational for a number of years . The PCU has handled other World Bank projects and an appropriate GRM is already in place . the Ministry has also developed “ Standard Operating Procedures Administration Department Processes ” aligned with the CAJ / Ombudsman “ Reporting Framework on Resolution of Public Complaints and Access to", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 20, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1018, "end": 1038, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Road Sector Support Project ( P131118 ) # < u > < mark > IN01387498 < / mark > < / u > # ► Percentage of the federal road network in good and fair condition ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 55 . 00 | 55 . 00 | 61 . 00 | 75 . 00 | | Date | 06-Jan-2022 | 13-Jun-2023 | 19-Dec-2023 | 31-Dec-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | Road condition data < br > Development Progr | is updated as part of project restr < br > am : 20 Years Assessment , ERA | ucturing in January 202 | 2 from Road Sector | | IN01387499 < br > ► Direct project benefi | ciaries ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 80 , 000 . 00 | 80 , 000 . 00 | 600 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 13-Jun-2023 | 19-Dec-2023 | 31-Dec-2025 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Beneficiaries indicator is < br > review in March 2021 . | updated as part of projec | t restructuring in January 20 | 22 following a mid-term | | IN01387500 < br >  Female beneficiari | es ( Percentage , Custom Supplement ) | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 513, "text": "Road condition data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interviews . On completion of the study clinical bio-markers and other additional patient information were obtained from paper and electronic files . Patients at baseline , when first recruited into the study , > 2 The study also included a household survey component , with interviews being conducted with patient and comparison households , this to achieve various other objectives of the larger study ( refer CONSORT statement ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 257, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 22 - period , although stepped up government expenditures more than offset the additional revenue , leading to increased deficits ( Shalizi , Ghandi , and Ehdaie , 1985 ) . Wheeler ( 1984 ) used a number of variables to explain the economic downturns in many Sub-saharan African countries . Important factors were outbreaks of violence ( or more exactly , years of peace ) , the terms of trade , the diversity of exports , whether the country exported minerals , the existence of foreign exchange controls , and a \" habit \" parameter that measures how imports respond to declines in foreign exchange . While the results presented below do not include all of his explanatory variables , they do generally confirm the effects of political instability and terms of trade on output growth . A study by Kormendi and McGuire ( 1985 ) which usod data from both developed and developing economies , suggest that other variables , such as the variability in money growth , the growth in exports , and the standard deviation of real outpu ' . growth , can also explain differences across countries in output growth rates . The sample of countries was selected by including all those which reported complete information on tax , output , and investment variables . A total of 56 observations remained ; 27 countries from 1965-73 and 29 countries from 1974-82 . 10 This pooled cross-section time-series data set compares the growth experience of similar countries over time , and provides a larger number of observations than a simple cross-section data set . For some coefficients , such as the marginal product of capital , interactive terms are introduced which allow marginal productivity to differ across periods . > 1Q / In 1965-73 , the countries were Benin , Cameroon , Chad , Congo , Gabon , Gambia , Guinea , Ivory Coast , Liberia , Mali , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Burkina Paso , Botswana , Burundi , Ethiopia , Kenya , Lesotho , Madagascar , Nalawi , Mauritius , Rwanda , Somalia , Sudan , Swaziland , and Zaire . In 1974-82 , the Gambia , Guinea , Niger , and Zambia were included , while Madagascar and Gabon were dropped .", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 890, "text": "data from both developed and developing economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1360, "end": 1401, "text": "pooled cross-section time-series data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "whether data of this nature are likely to be helpful when a government crafts its response to the cold winds of global recession . We begin by examining in more detail the timing of the 2008-2009 recession as it affected Thailand , and documenting the effects on output and unemployment . After developing a serviceable measure of welfare , we then use data from the Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys to construct a month-by-month time series for consumption , which we deflate to obtain real per capita consumption levels . This allows us to trace the effects of the recession on different sociodemographic groups , both on average , and controlling for a wide variety of household-level variables . Our main , and somewhat surprising , conclusion , for which we argue more carefully below , is that the only major socio-demographic group hurt by the 2009 recession was younger wageearners in the greater Bangkok region , who were hit by the sharp , if relatively short , drop in export-oriented manufacturing . On average , the poor in Thailand actually benefitted from the recession , because the effects of lower prices of food and energy outweighed the other influences on their economic wellbeing . We offer some further thoughts , including on the role of government in the crisis , and the importance of rooting policy in actual data , in the concluding section . # * * Timing the Recession * * The annual data on GDP growth rates shown in Figure 1 indicate that economic growth in Thailand , and worldwide , slowed in 2008 , and GDP fell in 2009 . From the standard macroeconomic identity , we have : It is useful to decompose the growth of GDP into the contributions of each of these components , and this is shown in the bars in Figure 1 . Most of the drop in Thai GDP in 2009 was due to a sharp fall in investment spending , which then rebounded in the following year . Real consumer spending rose in every year except 2009 , when it dipped slightly ( by 1 . 1 % ) . The rise in net exports was the major contributor to GDP growth in 2006 and 2007 ; in 2009 , Losers and Winners in", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 398, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1436, "text": "annual data on GDP growth rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Team L , eader for Horn of Africa Gateway Development Project ( HoAGDP ) accept responsibility for the Projects financial statements , which have been prepared on the Cash Basis Methol of Fnancial Reporting . Using appropriate accountin policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards . The Director General and the Project Implementation Team 1Leader for fHorn of Africa Gateway Development Project ( H-loAGDP ) are * * of * * the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements * * give a * * truc and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions Curing the financial ycar / period ended Jane * * 30 . * * 2021 , and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Director General and the Project Implementation leam Lcader för Horn of Africa Gateway Development Project ( HoAGDP ) flrIther conrm the completeness of the accounting records maintained för the ProjeCt which have been relied upon * * in * * the preparation of * * the * * Project financial statements as weil as the adeqCiacy of the systems of nternal financial control . Thbe D ) irector General and the Project Implementation Team Leader for * * l * * Hoj of Africa Gatewav Development Project ( loAGDP ) confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicabl Giovernment Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , ancl that Project funds received during the financial vear / period under audit * * were * * * * _Lised_ for * * the * * eligiblu * * pirposes * * for which * * the \\ were intended and vere properly accounted för . # # * * Approval of the Project financial statenents * * ie Project financial statenicts were approved * * by the Director * * Gcineral and the Project meplementation * *", "spans": [{"start": 888, "end": 906, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the access rate from the 1960s to the 2000s . Access to water also improved significantly during the period of analysis . While one in four households had access to clean water during the 1960s , by the 2000s three out of four households were covered . Figure 3 . Evolution of the access to services in LAC over 50 years < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s < br > Electricity Water Sanitation < br > School enrollment Primary completion < br > Coverage ( in percentage ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Source : * * Own elaboration based on IPUMS data . Although the increase in primary completion and access to sanitation has also been significant , it has not improved as much as electricity , school enrollment or access to water . The increase in the coverage of sanitation has faced some challenges during the 1960-2000 period . Sewerage systems , which commonly need major specific fixed investments , especially for the layout of a public network , are the only dimension that stagnated jointly with GDP growth in the 1980s and 1990s . Even for large countries like Brazil , access to sewerage is still below 50 percent in many districts . Figure 4 shows the development of access to sewerage of the different subgroups in each country over time . 13", "spans": [{"start": 649, "end": 659, "text": "IPUMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "qui empêchent les mères de transmettre leur nationalité à leurs enfants afin que leurs droits soient identiques à ceux du père ; - n Supprimer les lois et les pratiques qui privent les enfants de la nationalité en raison de l ’ appartenance ethnique , de la race ou de la religion ; - n Garantir l ’ enregistrement universel des naissances afin de prévenir l ’ apatridie . * * _3_ * * * * R A P P O R T S U R L ’ A P A T R I D I E * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "and the local environment . This new project is also to expand the solid waste collection and disposal service from Cibixiang < sup > 12 < / sup > , the capital town of Eryuan County , where a simple service in garbage collection and disposal has been available even though with a very low management quality , to cover three other small towns ( Niujiexiang , Sanyingxiang and Fengyuxiang ) , the geographical locations of which are given by the dotted blue circles in Figure 1 . # * * 4 . The Survey * * # 4 . 1 Survey Design and Implementation In order to estimate the total willingness to pay of the households located in Eryuan for the improved SWM Project , a contingent valuation survey was designed and implemented in the summer of 2007 in the project area . A four stage stratified random sampling approach was used to select a sample of households . At stage 1 , according to the distribution of project beneficiaries , a geographical boundary ( i . e . , towns ) was determined so that the sample can cover all the geographical area of the project . At stage 2 , the number of households in each town to be surveyed was calculated based on the ratio of sample size to the total number of households in the project area . At stage 3 , each town is further divided into a number of communities or villages , and a list of communities is randomly selected to be surveyed , with > 11 The official exchange rate at the end of 2005 : 1USD = 8 . 19 Yuan . > 12 Xiang is a constituency under county in China . In this paper , Xiang refers to a town where the Xiang government is located , which is bigger than a village but is smaller than a county town or a small city . 7", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 692, "text": "contingent valuation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 explores the distribution of returns in our global bond portfolio . We examine the distribution because the standard deviation can understate the degree of risk due to a skewed distribution with fat tails . The return distribution does not look overly skewed . Despite some positive and negative outliers , the plot for the full sample ( Panel A ) is roughly in line with a normal distribution ( which is also true for the monthly data ) . We nevertheless compute adjusted Sharpe ratios , to account for volatility , skewness , and kurtosis ( the differences are small ; see , for example , Section 6 ) . Figure 5 : Distribution of bond returns and bond prices , 1815-2016 Panel A : Bond returns - full sample Panel B : Bond returns - ( real , arithmetic average total returns ) default vs non-default spells < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 15 Mean : 6 . 85Median : 6 . 58 30 Non-default years : Mean : 6 . 05 < br > 13 Scewness : 0 . 26 Median : 4 . 85 < br > Skewness : 1 . 09 < br > 25 < br > Default years : < br > 10 Mean : 2 . 37 < br > 20 Median : 1 . 98 < br > Skewness : 0 . 17 < br > 8 < br > 15 < br > 5 10 < br > 3 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 40 - 20 0 20 40 60 - 100 0 100 < br > Total returns ( yearly , real , arithmetic avg . ) < br > Total returns ( yearly , real , arithmetic avg . ) < br > normal distribution Non-default years Default years < br > Panel C : Bond prices – default vs non-default spells < br > 20 Non-default years : < br > Mean : 88 . 47 < br > Median : 95 . 00 < br > Skewness : - 1 . 14 < br > 15 Default years : < br > Mean : 35 . 09 < br > Median : 25 . 00", "spans": [{"start": 432, "end": 444, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 214 | 0 . 242 | 0 . 288 | | 8th decile | 21 . 7675 | 26 . 0026 | 20 . 3705 | 1 . 185 | 0 . 242 | 0 . 253 | | 9th decile | 29 . 4806 | 32 . 9604 | 25 . 2176 | 1 . 149 | 0 . 246 | 0 . 214 | | Mean | 15 . 2130 | 18 . 6712 | 15 . 2050 | | | | | Gini index | 0 . 3765 | 0 . 3143 | 0 . 2656 | | | | > a This table compares distributions of survey reports and usual consumption . Columns ( 1 ) considers data on _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > for all households . Columns ( 2 ) considers data on _Y_ < sup > _r_ < / sup > for the _treatment sample_ – see note to Table 1 for definitions . Column ( 3 ) reports the estimated distribution of _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > . Column ( 4 ) reports the estimated mean of _Y_ < sup > _r_ < / sup > _ / Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > conditional on deciles of _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > at left . The mean of _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > _ / Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > is not reported , and this is always one because of Assumption 1 . Column ( 5 ) reports the Mean Squared Error ( MSE ) of _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > _ / Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > conditional on deciles of _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > at left . Column ( 6 ) shows the MSE of _Y_ < sup > _r_ < / sup > _ / Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > conditional on deciles of _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > at left . benchmark is less pronounced . # * *", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 350, "text": "survey reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Strategy for the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ” , Report No . 43051-ET . World Bank ( 2008 ) , “ Global Payment Systems Survey ” , WB Payment System Development Group . World Bank ( 2010 ) , Global Payment Systems Survey . WB Payment System Development Group . 70", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "networks and means and have been living with their families in Türkiye for a long time are assumed to have a stronger bond connecting them to this country . * * For temporary exits from Türkiye to Syria , * * close to half ( 52 per cent ) of refugees interviewed by UNHCR travelled with some or all of their family members , both ways . Only 1 per cent of interviewees said that accompanying family members had remained in Syria upon their return . Most interviewees ( 64 per cent ) were men , while around 72 per cent were heads of households , of whom 18 per cent were female heads of households . 80 per cent were married , while the remaining were single ( 16 per cent ) , widowers ( 2 per cent ) or separated ( 1 per cent ) . 65 per cent of the respondents live in Türkiye with their families . > 7 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı , “ Türkı ̇ ye earthquakes recovery and reconstruction assessment ” , 27 Mar 2023 , p . 41 . > 8 Of those falling under this profile and interviewed by UNHCR , 21 per cent were * * registered in Türkiye between 2012 and 2013 * * , * * 68 per cent between 2014 and 2016 * * , and the remaining 11 per cent between 2017-2022 . UNHCR / January 2024 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9779 # * * Abstract * * Estimates of average per capita consumption and income from national accounts differ substantially from corresponding measures of consumption and income from household surveys . Using a new compilation of more than 2 , 000 household surveys matched to national accounts data , this study finds that the gaps between the data sources are larger and more robust than previously established . Means of household consumption estimated from surveys are , on average , 20 percent lower than corresponding means from national accounts . The gap with gross domestic product per capita is nearly 50 percent . The gaps have increased in recent decades and are largest in middle-income countries , where annualized growth rates for consumption surveys are systematically lower than national accounts growth rates . The paper shows that the gaps in measures across these two sources have implications for assessments of economic growth , poverty , and inequality . The study finds that typical survey measures of consumption and income may exaggerate poverty reduction and underestimate inequality . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at userajuddin @ worldbank . org , djolliffe @ worldbank . org , or espen . prydz @ gmail . com . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 131, "text": "national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 212, "end": 229, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 306, "end": 328, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the _Project Coordinator_ for Infrastructure Finance and Public Private Partnerships Project are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2016 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The _Principal Secretary_ for the National Treasury and the _Project Coordinator_ forinfrastructure Finance and Public Private Partnerships Project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . _The Principal Secretary_ for the National Treasury and the _ProjectCoordinator_ for Infrastructure Finance and Public Private Partnerships Project confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . # # # # * * Approval of the Project financial statements * * The Project financial statements were approved * * by * * the _Principal Secretary_ for the National Treasury and the _Project Coordinator_ for Infrastructure Finance and Public Private Partnerships Project on * * 2016 * * and signed * * by * * them . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Principal Secr a < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Project Coordinat < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 16 * *", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 544, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) Implementation Status & Results Report  Annual progress reports meets World Bank quality and timely delivery requirements ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | - - | - - | | Y | | Date | 25-Jan-2015 | - - | - - | | 30-Sep-2020 | # # Overall Comments Project investment activities will start from FY2017 , so currently no changes from the baseline # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P148591 | IDA-56050 | Effective | XDR | 248 . 30 | 248 . 30 | 0 . 00 | 9 . 48 | 238 . 82 | 4 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P148591 | IDA-56050 | Effective | 31-Mar-2015 | 07-Ma | y-2015 | 31-Aug-2015 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10080 # * * Abstract * * This paper presents evidence on the extent to which a set of real-time indicators tracked changes in gross domestic product across 142 countries in 2020 . The real-time indicators include Google mobility , Google search trends , food price information , nitrogen dioxide , and nighttime lights . Google mobility and staple food prices both declined sharply in March and April , followed by a rapid recovery that returned to baseline levels by July and August . Mobility and staple food prices fell less in low-income countries . Nitrogen dioxide levels show a similar pattern , with a steep fall and rapid recovery in high-income and upper-middle-income countries but not in low-income and lower-middle-income countries . In April and May , Google search terms reflecting economic distress and religiosity spiked in some regions but not others . Data on nighttime lights show no clear drop in March outside East Asia . Linear models selected using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator explain about a third of the variation in annual gross domestic product growth rates across 72 countries . In a smaller subset of higher income countries , real-time indicators explain about 40 percent of the variation in quarterly gross domestic product growth . Overall , mobility and food price data , as well as pollution data in more developed countries , appeared to be best at capturing the widespread economic disruption experienced during the summer of 2020 . The results indicate that these real-time indicators can track a substantial percentage of both annual and quarterly changes in gross domestic product . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at dnewhouse @ worldbank . org and upape @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 258, "text": "Google mobility", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 261, "end": 281, "text": "Google search trends", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 284, "end": 306, "text": "food price information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 332, "end": 348, "text": "nighttime lights", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1329, "end": 1357, "text": "mobility and food price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1371, "end": 1385, "text": "pollution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Source : 2012 Clust < br > different methodolo | er survey . Results have not been u < br > gies to measure | pdated by EDHS as MOH do | es not agree with using | ► DLI 4 Pregnant women receiving at least four antenatal care visits ( New DLI - 3a ) ( Intermediate Outcome , 20 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 32 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 38 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 201 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 6 Ethiopia Demographic Health | Survey ( EDHS ) Report . Up | date to be provided by | ► DLI 5 Contraceptive prevalence rate for rural women only ( New DLI - 4a ) ( Intermediate Outcome , 17 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 32 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 38 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 201 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 6 Ethiopia Demographic Health | Survey ( EDHS ) Report . Up | date to be provided by | ► DLI 6 Health Centers reporting HMIS data in time ( restructured - DLI - 5a ) ( Process , 7 , 770", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 575, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1192, "end": 1201, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 5 . Results We start this section with the description of the main outcomes of interest , including households ’ vulnerability to poverty and simple comparisons by displacement status and access to PDS . Then we measure the impacts of the PDS program on household welfare by limiting the analytical sample to displaced households . Regression-based associations between access to PDS and the measures of welfare among displaced households using specification 2 are presented next . The probable causal impacts of the PDS on household subjective well-being , food security , poverty , vulnerability , and calorie intake using the PSM technique are presented at the end of the section . # # 5 . 1 Variable definitions and descriptive findings Our analysis takes advantage of both the short-form and the long-form questionnaires of the SWIFT survey . The analysis focuses on household consumption , vulnerability to poverty , food security and selfassessment of current and future economic status . While the food security / household hunger and subjective well-being questions were answered by all the households ( short-form ) , information on food consumption and expenditure was collected only on the long-form subsample . Variables on subjective well-being are presented in Table 3 ( Panel A ) . The survey collected information on what a respondent thinks of her household ’ s current economic condition , how is it compared to the past condition , and her perceived outlook for the next two years . We combine all three binary variables into one by simply adding them up and call it the subjective well-being index ( row A4 ) . Not surprisingly , the displaced paint a gloomier picture about their current economic situations compared to the non-displaced Iraqis ( rows A1 and A2 ) . However , they are more optimistic about their future economic prospects ( row A3 ) . Responses are more homogeneous among the displaced households regardless of their access to the PDS program . The SWIFT survey asked four questions regarding household food deprivation in the last 30 days , namely : if any member in a household had to eat fewer meals , if the household ever had no food of any kind to eat , if member ( s ) went to bed hungry ,", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 847, "text": "SWIFT survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 2 : Elements of a Resettlement Plan * * 1 . Description of the project . General description of the project and identification of the project area . 2 . Potential impacts . Identification of : ( a ) The project components or activities that give rise to displacement , explaining why the selected land must be acquired for use within the time frame of the project ; ( b ) The zone of impact of such components or activities ; ( c ) The scope and scale of land acquisition and impacts on structures and other fixed assets ; ( d ) Any project-imposed restrictions on use of , or access to , land or natural resources ; ( e ) Alternatives considered to avoid or minimize displacement and why those were rejected ; and ( f ) The mechanisms established to minimize displacement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . 3 . Objectives . The main objectives of the resettlement program 4 . Census survey and baseline socioeconomic studies . The findings of a household-level census identifying and enumerating affected persons , and , with the involvement of affected persons , surveying land , structures , and other fixed assets to be affected by the project . The census survey also serves other essential functions : ( a ) Identifying characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labor , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; ( b ) Information on vulnerable groups or persons for whom special provisions may have to be made ; ( c ) Identifying public or community infrastructure , property or services that may be affected ; ( d ) Providing a basis for the design of , and budgeting for , the resettlement program ; ( e ) In conjunction with establishment of a cutoff date , providing a basis for excluding ineligible people from compensation and resettlement assistance ; and ( f ) Establishing baseline conditions for monitoring and evaluation purposes . As", "spans": [{"start": 911, "end": 924, "text": "Census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 980, "end": 1002, "text": "household-level census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1188, "end": 1201, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "experiments involve randomly allocating respondents into two groups . They are then shown a list of statements and asked to state the number of statements ( but not which specific statements ) are true in their case . The list shown to the ” treatment ” group includes one extra statement about the sensitive issue ( e . g . , not paying all the taxes that they owe ) . While it is not known which specific respondents have agreed with the statement on the sensitive issue , differences in the average number of statements reported as true between the treatment and control groups can be used to estimate the prevalence of the sensitive response . If respondents do not engage in sensitive activities , the mean number of items should be the same between the control and treatment groups . The double list experiment approach is an extension of the traditional single list experiment : respondents complete two list experiments sequentially and are randomly allocated to the treatment group in one of the two . The double list experiment included as part of the WBES is shown in Table 1 . Respondents were randomly assigned to either Group A or Group B . Each group was given two list questions to respond to , but with a slight variation between the groups . Group A received the treatment in List 2 while being the control for List 1 ( note the statement about taxes in Group A ’ s List 2 ) . Group B had the opposite arrangement , receiving the treatment in List 1 while serving as control in List 2 . The treatment is the inclusion of a sensitive item asking about tax evasion , specifically “ This establishment does not pay all the taxes it is required to pay . ” The exact location of this statement in the list of statements was randomized . This text is identical to what was used in previous studies asking directly about tax evasion and has been trialed as part of single list experiments on firms in other middle-income countries ( e . g . , see Dom et al . , 2022 ) . The other statements in the double list experiment were carefully determined to minimize the risk that", "spans": [{"start": 1062, "end": 1066, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_This chapter is a living document and will be updated in response to the evolving context . _ reflects the shared responsibility of all stakeholders involved in the response . # # # * * 2 . Outcomes * * # # # # * * _Outcome 1 : Ensure Safe , Dignified , and Informed Return_ * * The cornerstone of the RP in Lebanon is the principle that all returns must be safe , dignified , and based on informed decisions of displaced Syrians . This approach is guided by UNHCR ’ s operational framework and the December 2024 Position on Returns to the Syrian Arab Republic , which clearly states that displaced Syrians have the right to return to their country of origin , when they express readiness to return . Displaced Syrians returning to Syria are offered structured and individualized counselling , including legal aid on pertinent issues . LRP partners ensure families receive return cash grants and transport coordination , while ensuring access to essential medical and nutritional services for the ones in need . The plan is built on inclusive communication with communities through intentions surveys , focus group discussions , and returns-specific national hotlines among other tools . Protection monitoring is embedded at all stages , including at official border crossings , to ensure returns remain safe and informed . # # # # * * _Outcome 2 : Strengthen Coordination Across Agencies and Borders_ * * The successful facilitation of return and reintegration in Syria requires enhanced cross-border and inter-sectoral coordination between stakeholders in Lebanon and Syria in line with the sovereignty of both states . In Lebanon , the Durable Solutions Working Group ( DSWG ) leads the Inter-Agency Return Plan under the LRP , ensuring close coordination between UN agencies , NGOs , government institutions , and donors . The RP emphasizes structured engagement with the Government of Lebanon , particularly the Ministry of Social Affairs that plays the liaison role between the DSWG and the Inter-Ministerial Return Committee and through the GSO , which plays a central role in processing return applications and formalizing the safe", "spans": [{"start": 1083, "end": 1101, "text": "intentions surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Efficiency * * Rating : Modest 78 . Appraisal assumptions . The economic and financial analysis at appraisal stage included ( i ) an overview of the economic aspects of SLM in Kenya ; ( ii ) a brief summary of general issues for economic analysis of SLM projects ; ( iii ) estimation of the potential Internal Rate of Return ( IRR ) and Net Present Value ( NPV ) for the proposed project investment ; and ( iv ) conclusions and recommendations . Details of this analysis can be found in annex 3 . 79 . The following is a summary of key findings at the conclusion of the project . ICR analysis : producer profitability . 80 . The implementation completion EFA takes into account activities under component 2 , Investment in community SLM micro-projects and resulting social and private benefits : Social benefits related to SLM practices : 81 . The project supported a total of 225 community micro-projects through which SLM technologies . Percent increase in cultivated areas in which promoted SLM technologies and practices have been adopted in the project operational area ( PDO Indicator 1 ) , increased by 600 percent , to 31 , 400 acres ( 12 , 707 ha ) compared to the project target of 4 , 484 acres . In addition , 2 . 8 million trees ( ca . 1 , 000 ha ) and 0 . 8 million fruit trees ( ca . 450 ha ) were planted , 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . Casual inspection of the data in table 1 shows that there is clustering of the years of civil war produced by the death-based coding rule . This property is true regardless of whether the intensity is “ war ” ( row 1 ) , with its spotty coverage , or the merger of intensities 1 – 3 ( row 2 ) , although it is more pronounced in the latter case . This observation does not require the support of formal statistical analysis . This feature of the data is expected because almost any classification of country-years into civil war or its absence must include the sustained nature of these conflicts . Following the third point above , if country narratives establish that the gaps between years of civil war in table 1 are also years of civil war , the autocorrelation of these series would increase because additional years of civil war would be followed by civil war , and likewise for years of peace . Trite as these observations may be , econometric studies of civil war have ignored their implications . Proper regard for the statistical properties of the errors in the relationship between the dependent variable and the explanatory variables is key to reliable econometric inferences . The autocorrelation of the dependent variable , whether a country had a civil war in any given year , which is evident in table 1 , is not a sufficient condition for the errors for each country in an econometric equation explaining whether a country had a civil war to be correlated across years . It is , however , highly suggestive of autocorrelation in the errors and requires that econometric analysis pay special attention to this possibility . However , econometric studies of whether countries have civil wars have not tested for this property of the error terms or corrected for autocorrelation . Two problems ensue if autocorrelation in the error terms exists but is ignored . First , levels of statistical significance reported in econometric studies are likely to be exaggerated , making it seem that inferences are reliable when they are actually the result of chance . Second , if the specification of the equation explaining civil war includes a variable 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 Appendix : Sources of Population Data | ountry , < br > conomy , < br > or | Last cublis < br > P | hed censu < br > opulation | s < br > Source for population | Source for fertility | Source for mortality | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | erritory | Date | ( 1000 ) * | ( mid-1985 ) | ( 1985-90 , unless indicated ) | ( 1985-90 , < br > unless indicated ) | | anistan | Jun 79 | 13051 F | Bank projection from census , < br > adding refugees , assumed < br > to be abroad temporarity | Bank est . | Bank est . | | lkbania | Oct 60 | 1626 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | ria | Sep87 | 22971 J | U . N . 1984 assessment | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | BasedonU . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | anerican Sam | oa Apr 80 | 32 J | USBOC < br > 1985 | | | | % ndorra | Nov 54 | 6 F | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 | - - | - - | | ingola | Dec 70 | 5646 F | U . N . 1988 revisiorn ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | nguilla | - - | - - - | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 88 | | | | iguaand < br > arbuda | Apr70 | 66 F | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | 1980-85 , based on UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ; 1985-90 , Bank < br > projection | 1980-85 , based on UNPVSR < br >", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 440, "text": "Bank projection from census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 566, "end": 572, "text": "UNPVSR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prediction is most similar to the real-world application of cellular data modeling known as “ spatial infill ” or “ spatial extrapolation , ” while different-survey prediction is an example of “ time extrapolation . ” # * * _Pre-Processing_ * * # # * * _Data Cleaning and Enrichment_ * * Raw CDR data are invariably noisy and require pre-processing before they can be analyzed . The primary sources of data noise are : ( i ) gaps or inconsistencies caused by MNO network operation decisions , including technological changes that affect CDR comparability ; and ( ii ) the presence of business lines , text recharge numbers or other connections that do not reflect communications between individual customers . Pre-processing begins by identifying inconsistent or irrelevant CDRs and dropping them from the dataset . Each customer in the CDR dataset is then assigned a home location , which is generally inferred based on the network cell in which that customer is most active after 6pm . However , if that cell has less than 30 percent more activity than the next-most-active cell during the same period , it is assumed that the user is itinerant and no home location is assigned . # # * * _Spatial Harmonization_ * * Ensuring that all datasets share a common spatial scale is an important step in data preparation . While the network cell is the natural spatial unit for CDR data , poverty rates are generally calculated using administrative boundaries , in this case the _municipio_ . These spatial structures must be reconciled in order to analyze the data . In the model presented below , poverty data are mapped onto the network cells . Each cell is assigned an area-weighted average of the poverty rates in the _municipios_ it covers . Network cells located entirely within one _municipio_ are assigned that _municipio ’ s_ value . This process , illustrated in Figure 4 , ensures that all datasets use the common geography of the network cell , which then becomes the unit of analysis . More complex approaches could also be adopted , such as weighting the distribution by population density . * * 9 * *", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 300, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 837, "end": 848, "text": "CDR dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1593, "end": 1605, "text": "poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Provide Employment Opportunities to Members of PAP ’ s : _ According to participants of the consultation meetings , employment opportunity is one of important benefit that they will expect from the implementation of the proposed Subproject in their village . With respect to employment opportunity , PAPs suggested as much as possible large proportion of casual and semi-skilled workers shall be hired from Subproject affected households and communities residing in and around the Subproject influence area . _Provision of electricity service : _ The community members consulted suggested the importance of providing electricity service to non-electrified villages found in Subproject impact Kebele as part of Subproject compensation or corporate social responsibility . According to the participants , provision of electricity service to non-electrified villages will not only mitigate the potential negative impact of the Subproject but also enhance the other potential positive impacts that are identified by the community members . _Additional Support to Vulnerable households : _ Community members strongly proposed the importance of providing additional support to vulnerable PAPs . According to the participants , female headed household , chronically ill and elderly PAPs are more vulnerable to external shock and impacts than other Subproject affected households and therefore , they need additional support either in cash or in kind in addition to compensation payment . # # # # # # * * v ) PAPs View toward Census Enumeration of Properties * * The Subproject affected households participated in the consultation meeting confirmed that the size of impacted farmland of each PAPs is revealed to the PAPs and each PAPs has already known how much farmland size he / she is going to lose to the proposed Subproject . Some of the PAPs whose eucalyptus and other trees are affected by the Subproject also assured as they were on the spot while the RP team and Woreda Compensation Committee members counted eucalyptus and other trees affected by the Sub", "spans": [{"start": 1660, "end": 1692, "text": "Census Enumeration of Properties", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5960 # * * Abstract * * This note details simulations of the distributional impacts of the 2009 financial crisis on households in Latvia . It uses household survey data collected prior to the crisis and simulates the impact of the growth slowdown . The simulations show that Latvia experienced a sharp rise in poverty , widening of the poverty gap , and a rise in income inequality due to the economic contraction in 2009 . The 18 percent contraction in gross domestic product ( affecting mainly trade hotels and restaurants , construction , and manufacturing ) likely led the poverty head count to increase from 14 . 4 percent in 2008 to 20 . 2 percent in 2009 . The poverty gap , which measures the national poverty deficit , was simulated to increase from 5 . 9 percent in 2008 to 8 . 3 percent in 2009 . The analysis finds that the results are robust to most assumptions except post-layoff incomes , which substantially mitigated household welfare . The authors also simulate the impact of Latvia ’ s Emergency Social Safety Net components and find that the Safety Net likely mitigated crisis impacts for many beneficiaries . The simulations measure only direct short-run impacts ; hence , they do not take into account general equilibrium effects . Post-crisis income data from a different data source suggest that poverty rates increased by 8 . 0 percentage points between 2008 and 2009 . As a result , the authors suggest that their ex-ante simulation performs reasonably well and is a useful tool to identify vulnerable groups during the early stages of a crisis . This paper is a product of the Human Development Economics Unit , Europe and Central Asia Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at majwad @ worldbank . org or mazam1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 198, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1284, "end": 1307, "text": "Post-crisis income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 9 . Historic power costs in select African countries ( cents / kWh ) < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Operating Costs Capital Costs < br > Source : Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database < br > Note : For details see annex 8 . < br > South Africa Zambia Congo , Dem . Rep . of Ethiopia Mozambique * Malawi Nigeria Uganda Lesotho Cote d ' Ivoire Namibia Senegal Ghana Chad Botswana Tanzania Kenya Madagascar Burkina Faso Rwanda Cameroon Cape Verde * Benin * Congo Niger Mali < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > But what drives costs ? In general , hydro-based systems tend to be more skewed towards capital cost and thermal-based systems more skewed toward operating cost In terms of geography . Africa ’ s landlocked and island nations seem to bear a significant power cost disadvantage vis-à-vis the coastal countries . High power costs are also driven by the size of markets and their associated scales of production ( figure 10 ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 10 . Differences in average costs ( US cents per kWh ) < br > a . According to type of power system b . According to geography c . According to system size < br > 20 20 20 < br > 15 15 < br > 10 10 10 < br > 5 5 < br > 0 0 0 < br > Total Capital Operational Total Capital Operational Total Capital Operational < br > costs costs costs costs costs costs costs costs costs < br > Hydro Thermal Coastal Landlocked Island < 700 MW 700-1 , 500 MW > 1 , 500 MW < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database _Note : _ For details see annex 7 . # * * d . Do average effective tariffs cover", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 315, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "meaningful comparison , the same discount rate must be applied to compute the NPV of the new bonds and the old ( holdout ) bonds . Both old and new bonds face the risk of another default in the future and they both benefit from the debt relief effect of the restructuring . Haircuts are computed on a bond-by-bond basis . Because of the heterogeneous nature of the debt renegotiations , it is not possible to simplify the calculations by relying on a “ representative bond . ” Here we use information on a total of 1 , 134 defaulted sovereign bonds . < sup > 25 < / sup > To compute aggregate haircuts for each restructuring event , we build a weighted average haircut across restructured bonds and use amounts outstanding for weighting purposes . To choose the discount rate , we follow Sturzenegger and Zettelmeyer ( 2006 ) and Cruces and Trebesch ii ( 2013 ) and use the “ exit yield , ” which is the secondary market yield of the new bonds that start trading tt rr after the restructuring . This rate reflects the expected risk of a future default on the new obligations , taking into account the success ( or failure ) of the restructuring that was just implemented . as well as existing liquidity conditions in that market , an issue we take up in Section 4 . Whenever possible , we use the secondary market yield of country _i_ in the month after the exit from default , using the bond pricing data summarized in Section 4 . For 32 debt restructurings , no market yield data were available , mostly in small countries and low-income countries with no liquid bonds trading in London and New York . In these cases , we use a “ worst yield ” approach , by using the highest bond yield observable among non-defaulted sovereigns in London or New York at that point in time as a proxy for the country ’ s own exit yield . Appendix C2 provides further details and shows robustness checks when using alternative discount rates . Among other checks , we apply a 10 % flat rate to all deals , as well as a “ risk-free ” lower bound rate ,", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1405, "text": "bond pricing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1464, "end": 1481, "text": "market yield data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < u > Resolution of emerging grievances < / u > - The grievance redress mechanism will allow for resolution of grievance at the local level through the first tier Grievance Redress Committees ( GRC ) . - < u > Payment of Compensation Funds < / u > – After verification of PAPs , the payments will be disbursed as detailed in the ARAP implementation plan detailed in table 9 . 2 below - < u > Commencement of Project Civil Works < / u > – Handover of site will be made once all ARAP Actions have been finalized . - < u > Monitoring and evaluation , < / u > this will be undertaken throughout the ARAP implementation and project period using ARAP indicators 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * A . Methodological Appendix * * # # * * _A1 . Basic Katz and Murphy ( 1992 ) supply and demand framework with two inputs_ * * The methodology in this document follows the literature initiated by Katz and Murphy ’ s ( 1992 ) seminal work and subsequent contributions . The basic framework assumes a CES production function with two factors : where _Q_ is output ; _A_ is total factor productivity ; _λ_ and _ρ_ are technology parameters ; and _S_ and _U_ are the two factors that represent units of skilled and unskilled labor , respectively . Under perfect competition , the wage skill premium ( _ws_ / _wu_ ) in year _t_ satisfies the following relationship : where _σ = ( 1-_ ρ _ ) _ < sup > _-1_ < / sup > is the elasticity of substitution between the two types of labor , and _D_ ( _t_ ) is the relative demand for these two factors measured in log quantity units . Under the assumption that the economy operates on the demand curve given by equation ( A1 ) , a given value of the elasticity of substitution between factors implies a time series of demand shifts : The greater the elasticity of substitution between the two factors , the greater must be the fluctuations in _D_ ( _t_ ) to explain any given time series of relative prices for a given time series of observed relative quantities . The two logged terms on the right hand side of equation ( A3 ) can be constructed from observational data . Following the literature initiated by Katz and Murphy ( 1992 ) , equation ( A3 ) can be used to impute _D_ ( _t_ ) ( which is not observable ) conditional on a range of values for _σ_ . An estimate of the elasticity of substitution _σ_ is needed to implement ( A3 ) . Most of the literature gets that estimation from the inverse of the coefficient of the relative supply of skilled labor in a wage gap regression controlling by proxies of the relative demand – usually a time trend , linear or of higher order . The mean value of _σ_ in our regression analysis indicates values fluctuating around", "spans": [{"start": 1393, "end": 1411, "text": "observational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF * * Table 2 . Responsible Staff * * | * * Responsible Staff * * | * * Roles and Responsibility * * | | - - - | - - - | | The Human < br > Resource < br > Development and < br > Administration < br > Directorate < br > Director in the < br > respective IAs | • Engagement and management of direct project workers including the PIU staff and < br > environmental and social safeguards focal persons in the respective project regions or < br > branch offices . < br > • Provide direct project workers with information and documentation that is clear and < br > understandable regarding their terms and conditions of employment . < br > • Design and implement OHS measures to address ( a ) the identification of potential < br > hazards to direct project workers ( b ) the provision of preventive and protective measures < br > ( c ) documentation and reporting of occupational accidents and ( d ) remedies for adverse < br > impacts such as occupational injuries , deaths , disability , and disease . < br > • Facilitate training for direct project workers based on plan and need assessments ; < br > coordinate and deliver short-term and long-term training for capacity building . < br > • Address grievances and complaints raised by the direct project workers . | | The Project < br > Implementing < br > Unit in the < br > respective IAs | • Engagement and management of the Contractors . < br > • Monitor the performance of the Contractors with contracted workers . As appropriate to < br > the project , this may include : < br > ✓ Review the personal records of the contracted workers and inspect for engagement < br > of child labor and minimum age . < br > ✓ Periodic audits , inspections , and / or spot checks of project locations or work sites < br > and /", "spans": [{"start": 1632, "end": 1648, "text": "personal records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibuye * * | < br > 9 . 5 < br > 90 . 5 | | | | < br > * * Bondeni * * | < br > Most own land elsew | < br > here | | | D < br > * * urce : KISIP Social * * < br > * * . 2 Energy * * < br > rewood is the m < br > energy forms . < br > d Liquefied Petr < br > 79 . 3 % followed < br > verage has imp < br > nnected to the n < br > ools have been < br > unty Fact Sheet < br > the sites being < br > ewood . Only a s < br > th the highest nu < br > ost of the respo < br > * * ble 5 . 2 : Sources o * * < br > * * Name of Site * * < br > * * Manyatta A * * < br > * * Manyatta B * * | isclosur < br > * * economic survey Report * * < br > ain source of energy used for cooking i < br > Other forms of energy used for cooking < br > oleum Gas ( LPG ) ( 2 . 5 % ) . For lighting , p < br > by electricity at 18 . 3 % . Through the < br > roved in the county with homes , trad < br > ational grid . About 36 trading centers ha < br > connected to the national grid while an < br > ) . < br > targeted by KISIP , charcoal is the main < br > mall percentage of the residents of these < br > mber being in Shauri Yako at 13 . 9 % as p < br > ndents alluded to having a stable supply < br > * * f Fuel in the KISIP Sites * * < br > * * Charcoal *", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 625, "text": "economic survey Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enables eligibility for legal work . - * * Turkey : * * Authorities provide documentation allowing access to services . # # # # # * * Engagement with the government is key to improving documentation and UNHCR advocacy led to following results * * - * * Costa Rica : * * removal of the word “ refugee ” from ID cards to avoid discrimination ; exoneration of refugees from the social security system , and adoption of ID cards valid for 2 years instead of one . - * * India : * * Issuance of long stay visas for all the eligible refugees registered with UNHCR . - * * Ethiopia : * * Standard Operating Procedures ( SOPs ) with the government on the issuance of documents . - * * Iran : * * Information sharing related to the issuance of documents . * * Support , including funds , technical support and training , to build or expand government capacity * * to issue documentation has been effective in * * Ecuador * * ( especially decentralized offi ces in border areas ) , * * South Africa * * and * * Jordan * * . A Global Survey – 2012 23", "spans": [{"start": 1016, "end": 1029, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The data presents some limitations , which require making the reasonable assumption that only individuals 15 years of age or older can be considered as workers , which also implies that households with positive labor income must be deemed to have at least one working adult . < sup > 6 < / sup > More specifically , we assume that there is at least one adult-worker per household in any activity that reports positive earnings for the household . < sup > 7 < / sup > Likewise , in order to assess accurately the relative contributions of different income sources to welfare improvements , we consider only those activities that generate earnings as “ work . ” Finally , we consider individuals as workers if they were engaged for at least 240 hours in a given activity during the last year ; activities can include taking care of animals , working on the household farm or business , or for a wage or salary . We restrict ourselves to households in the IHDS balanced panel — that is , about 83 % of the households from IHDS-I were re-interviewed in IHDS-II — which comprises of 34 , 643 out of a total of 41 , 554 households surveyed for both periods . In order to get a one-to-one matching of households , we > 5 This is most easily seen by a thought experiment of two households with vastly different incomes , where the incomes switch perfectly from one period to another ( household A ’ s income in period 1 becomes household B ’ s income in period 2 , and vice-versa ) , while every other household ’ s income remains constant . With anonymity , no change can be detected ; whereas in a panel data , there will be change . > 6 In some cases there is information on labor income even when no household member appears to be working , or only children ( 14 years of age or less ) are reported as working . These problems can occur due to measurement error and / or child labor . The former is quite likely , as in some cases we find individuals as young as 3 years of age working . > 7 In", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 974, "text": "IHDS balanced panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1051, "end": 1058, "text": "IHDS-II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "organized and are represented by lobbyists at the industry level . We test these two hypotheses by using FDI data at their project-level . For the first scenario , we proxy the big firms by those having the largest aggregated announcements across the period at the country pair level . We argue that removing the top 1 percent of those firms should leave the effect of PTAs exogenous to the remaining smaller firms . Table 6 confirms that our baseline and discipline level results are robust to removing the top 1 percent of announcements . Then we move to the industry level lobbying hypothesis . To determine which industries lobby most for trade related issues , we rely on the US Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 , which requires any lobbying activities engaged within the US to be disclosed . < sup > 15 < / sup > The Center for Responsive Politics publishes the full reports of the disclosed lobbying activities indicating the client name ( including foreign entities ) , lobbyist name , contribution level and year , and more interestingly industry classification and the general issue that is lobbied for . Among the possible lobbied issues we focus on the ones which description might relate to the content of PTAs , they are tariffs , trade , labor antitrust and workplace , environment , copyright patent and trademark . Table 7 gives the level of contributions of each lobbied issue by sector and relative to the sector-level total contribution in 2003 . The sectors that are relatively more engaged in “ PTA-related ” lobbying turn out to be Health , Construction and Defense . Table 8 shows that our results are robust to removing these three lobbying intensive sectors from our estimation sample . # ii . Composition concerns There is evidence supporting the existence of templates for the content of trade agreements , which are championed by the US and the EU the two major economies > 15 The US Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 contributes to the “ public awareness of the efforts of paid lobbyist to influence the public decision making process in both the legislative and executive branches of the Federal Government . ” 20", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 113, "text": "FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The descriptive statistics of the main LFS outcome variables are presented in Table A . 1 , Panel B . All statistics are presented as the means of the pre-COVID-19 period ( i . e . , all months in 2018 and 2019 ) . On average , an HB individual worked for over 47 hours per week , earning approximately 5 . 8 million VND per month ( approximately 250 USD ) . While average workload is mostly homogeneous across industries and firm sizes , average monthly income varies , between 5 . 3 million VND in the accommodation , food services , and entertainment sector ( lowest ) to over 7 . 2 million VND in transportation . # # * * 2 . 4 Face-to-Face Index * * The Face-to-Face Index measure ( F2F ) measures the importance and intensity of F2F interactions with other people for more than 900 occupations based on 4-digit International Standard of Industrial Classification ( ISIC ) codes ( Avdiu and Nayyar , 2020 ) . The measure utilizes the Occupational Information Network ( O * Net ) database for the United States , which provides scores on the importance of four work activities : ( 1 ) establishing and maintaining personal relationships ; ( 2 ) assisting and caring for others ; ( 3 ) performing for or working directly with the public ; and ( 4 ) selling to or influencing others . < sup > 17 < / sup > Table A . 2 provides illustrative examples of F2F index scores and their closest 4-digit industry matches that appear in our data . Generally , manufacturing and wholesaling activities receive smaller F2F scores relative to accommodation or retails , reflecting the lower face-to-face intensity required to conduct business . We calculate a commune-level baseline F2F measure by taking the average 2019 F2F index of all household businesses in a commune . Figure A . 1 provides a visualization of the geographical distribution of the F2F measure . Visually , there is significant variation in the intensity distribution of the index , or equivalently , significant geographical variation in business lockdown exposure . < sup > 18 < / sup > # * * 3 Estimation Strategy * * To identify the impact of", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 971, "text": "Occupational Information Network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the world . < sup > 12 < / sup > Table 1 summarizes the sample statistics for 6 MENA countries and 26 non-MENA countries . The principal differences in export dynamics between these MENA and non-MENA countries lie in the number of exporters and the value of exports per exporter . The number of exporters and mean exporter size is much lower in MENA countries than in non-MENA countries . The average number of exporters in a MENA country is 5 , 552 and 13 , 258 in non-MENA countries . A final point to illustrate using the EDD , is that MENA and non-MENA countries export different goods . In MENA , trade is concentrated in labor-intensive sectors ; the goods sector with the largest number of exporters is food products ( 25 percent of all exporters are in this sector ) . However , less than 10 percent of exporters from non-MENA countries are in this sector . In the rest of the world , the sector with the most exporters is more industrialized ( machinery and electrical goods ) . The predominance in MENA of exports in the non-technical industries is related to the low level of regional skills , human capital and technological sophistication . > 11 Other countries exclude low-income countries . > 12 The Exporter Dynamics Database is restricted to data from 2005 – 2010 , we also exclude agriculture and extractive industries . Since no MENA country is low-income , we also exclude low-income countries from the rest of the world . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1244, "text": "Exporter Dynamics Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Introduction * * Oil wealth has served Azerbaijan well , helping the country achieve high growth rates , significant poverty reduction , accumulation of large foreign exchange reserves and reduction in debt levels . Economic growth averaged 13 percent a year during 2002-12 and Azerbaijan transitioned into a middle-income country . Azerbaijan is the 77th largest exporting economy in the world ( MIT 2018 ) . The oil industry is the primary sector in the economy , which covers 93 percent of the country ’ s exports . Azerbaijan ’ s economy is not diversified , which means that the economy is fragile due to the dependence on oil prices . The country ’ s further advances in economic development , given anticipated declining oil production , will critically depend on the country ' s underlying asset base of human capital . The country ’ s basic ( primary and secondary ) education system has experienced significant expansion in the last few decades . There is almost full universal enrollment in primary and secondary education ( UNESCO 2018 ) . This is despite relatively low spending on education , at 2 . 5 percent of GDP , and only 7 percent of public expenditures . But enrollment in tertiary education is only 27 percent , slightly higher for women at 30 percent , compared to men at 26 percent . Azerbaijan ’ s productivity of human capital is below potential . According to the Human Capital Index , a child born in Azerbaijan today will be 60 percent as productive when she grows up as she could be if she enjoyed complete education and full health ( World Bank 2019 ) . This is because although a child who starts school at age 4 can expect to complete 11 . 6 years of school by her 18th birthday , given the quality of education in Azerbaijan , expected years of school is only 8 . 8 years when adjusted for learning . Azeri employers claim that it is difficult to find workers with the 2", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1417, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "F-stat | 67 . 811 < br > 80 . 459 | 22 . 143 | 35 . 639 | | Cragg-Donald F-stat | 235 . 768 < br > 305 . 882 | 46 . 495 | 68 . 561 | | | * * C . Male * * | | | | SC vs . next-best | - 0 . 237 < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > - 0 . 243 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | - 0 . 434 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | - 0 . 228 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 122 ) < br > ( 0 . 123 ) | ( 0 . 128 ) | ( 0 . 114 ) | | N | 151707 < br > 151707 | 124951 | 124951 | | Kleibergen-Paap F-stat | 100 . 798 < br > 101 . 022 | 108 . 271 | 113 . 189 | | Cragg-Donald F-stat | 373 . 543 < br > 426 . 592 | 300 . 575 | 358 . 374 | * * * * * * Note : _p < _ 0 _ . _ 10 , _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 . Standard errors in parentheses , clustered at the high school level . The next-best options refers to a combination of enrollment options different from short-cycle programs ( that is , choosing a bachelor ’ s program or choosing not to enroll in higher education ) . The \" No-interaction \" columns present TSLS estimates without interacting the variables of supply of higher education ( \" HEI only offers SC \" and \" Other type of HEI \" ) ; the \" Interaction [ Other HEI = 1 ] \" columns present TSLS estimates interacting \" HEI only offers SC \" and \" Other type of HEI \" and evaluating the effects at \" Other type of HEI = 1 \" . 29", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 552, "text": "Cragg-Donald F-stat", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provided in Annex 3 . > 10 World Bank . 2020 . _Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Children : Prevention and Response Services in Uganda ’ s Refugee-Hosting Districts_ . World Bank , Washington , DC . > 11 Based on the Uganda Refugee Protection Assessment Update 2 , 18 August 2021 . 13", "spans": [{"start": 227, "end": 272, "text": "Uganda Refugee Protection Assessment Update 2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Supporting Schedule , Annexes , Tables , Charts and Maps Schedule I - AFC Annual Plans - Annex 1 . AFC Policy Statement Annex 2 . List of Materials and Working Papers available in Project File - Annex 3 . AFC Loan Processing Cycle Annex 4 . Draft Terms of Reference for AFC Technical Assistance # Tables - 1A . Summary of AFC Loan Portfolio ( 1977-1980 ) - lB . AFC 1980 Loan Portfolio Statistics 2 . Proposed Incremental Staffing for Project Activities - AFC Regular Staff 3 . Proposed Staffing - AFC Technical Assistance 4 . Project Costs Summary 5 . Estimated Schedule of Disbursements 6 . Government Cash Flow 7 . AFC - Actual and Projected Balance Sheets 8 . AFC - Actual and Projected Income Statements 9 . AFC - Schedule of Selected Financial Indicators # # Chart 1 . AFC - Organizational Plan 2 . Project Timetable for Start-up Activities # # Maps Map 1 Kenya - Ecological Zones Map 2 AFC - Branch Network ,", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 398, "text": "AFC 1980 Loan Portfolio Statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . | < br > . . | < br > . . | < br > __ , ___ < br > * * 91 * * < br > * * 92 * * < br > * * 93 * * < br > * * 94 * * < br > * * f9 * * < br > * * 99 * * | | < br > Imorts of oods and services | . . | . . | 230 | 780 | E < br > * * t * * < br > Ilt | | p g < br > Gross national product | , . < br > . , | . | . | . | - < br > * * xpors * * < br > - - mpors | Note : 1996 data are preliminary estimates . Large proporton of data are missing due to scant and partial data in case of Bosnia and Herzegovina at present , early , stage of post-war era . 111995 GNP figure is not available . GDP per capita is estimated to be * * US $ * * 501 . The diamonds show four key indicators in the country ( in bold ) compared with its income-group average . If data are missing , the diamond will be incomplete .", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 378, "text": "1996 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Firms ( % ) < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Section 3 : Critical Firm Capabilities : Management in Focus * * # _3 . 1 Why do we need a management survey ? _ Although managerial and organizational practices have been conceived to be critical in affecting firm outcomes since the time of Adam Smith ’ s pin factory and Walker ’ s 1887 paper on business performance , these practices are not well measured in administrative data on firms or the commercial data on companies ’ accounts . Some studies have used > 10 The lowest participation rate was observed in Dalmatia ( 47 percent ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 457, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 474, "end": 489, "text": "commercial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) | Volume of MSME financing to enterprises < br > affected by COVID-19 | Volume of bank financing < br > provided to MSMEs affected < br > by COVID-19 ( cumulative , in < br > USD ) . Volume of financing is < br > the sum of : ( i ) lines of credit < br > and ( ii ) volume of loans < br > guaranteed bythe Project . | Annual | NT | Project reports < br > produced by PIU and < br > partners | Implementing Agency | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Share of beneficiary MSMEs under the < br > project that survive COVID-19 | Share of MSMEs benefiting < br > from the project that < br > survive the COVID-19 crisis . < br > With an estimate that 2 / 3rd < br > firms were affected by the < br > crisis in 2020 ( based on < br > estimates from the WB < br > business pulse survey ) , the < br > project estimates to target < br > affected firms with a < br > conservative estimate that < br > 70 % will survive the crisis < br > based on supportprovided . | Annual | NT | Project reports < br > produced by PIU and < br > partners | Implementing Agency | | Share of beneficiary MSMEs that did < br > not receive support from the project < br > that survive COVID-19 | Comparator indicator to < br > PDO indicator # 3 that < br > measures the share of firms < br > that did not receive SAFER < br > financing and survived < br > COVID-19 . According to the <", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 902, "text": "business pulse survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : [ is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Number of distinct participants | 189 , 738 | 330 , 745 | 50 , 236 | 94 , 864 | 175 , 024 | 119 , 322 | 959 , 929 | | Number of distinct suppliers | 137 , 997 | 301 , 447 | 43 , 548 | 66 , 466 | 154 , 301 | 91 , 609 | 795 , 368 | | Firms among suppliers ( % ) | 55 . 4 | 83 . 2 | 47 . 8 | 66 . 4 | 71 . 6 | 79 . 0 | 72 . 3 | | * * _Competitive tenders_ * * | | | | | | | | | Avg . number of participants per tender | 2 . 8 | 2 . 3 | 2 . 6 | 3 . 9 | 3 . 2 | 3 . 6 | 3 . 1 | | Avg . number of suppliers per tender | 1 . 5 | 2 . 1 | 2 . 0 | 1 . 4 | 2 . 2 | 2 . 2 | 1 . 9 | | Number of distinct municipalities | 184 | 853 | 223 | 184 | 392 | 497 | 2333 | * * Notes * * : This table presents the descriptive statistics from the public procurement dataset . Deserted tenders refers to a situation where no proposals were submitted by potential bidders in response to a tender notice , while unsuccessful tenders occur when proposals were submitted but didentifier not meet the requirements or the tender process was cancelled or revoked . The variables “ Has item information ” and “ Has participant information ” refer to the percentage of tender identifiers with any information related to items or participants , respectively . The definition of non-competitive tender encompasses both _dispensa_ and _inexigibilidade_ . To calculate the percentage of “ Non-competitive tenders value ” we use the variable valor_corrigido winsorized at percentiles 0 . 01 and 99 . 9 . Additionally , the percentage of firms among suppliers is calculated as the number of distinct firms divided by the number of distinct suppliers , where firms are those whose identifier has 14 digits . 32", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 753, "text": "public procurement dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "frequently have exclusive relationships to resolve information problems and / or avoid duplicative costs of multiple relationships . Regarding the second motive , there is evidence that large U . S . firms not only engage in multiple banking relationships in order to offset the hold up problem , but they also reduce the control of their main banks and lending costs by issuing public debt at higher costs ( Houston and James 1996 and Santos and Winton 2005 , respectively ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > A cross-country study finds that firms maintain a higher number of banking relationships in countries with unconcentrated banking sectors , contrary to the theoretical predictions ( Ongena and Smith 2000 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Regarding the third motive , there is information on the effects of bank fragility and the costs to firms of losing their main banking relationship , but some of the evidence is also conflicting . One study using German data finds that borrower quality – which should be a proxy for the ability of the firm to recover in the event of the cutoff of bank funds – has no impact on the number of banking relationships ( Machauer and Weber 2000 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > However , a study using Italian data finds that the number of banking relationships is higher for firms with more leverage , suggesting lower quality , consistent with the third motive ( Detragiache , Garella , and Guiso 2000 ) . This study also finds that those borrowing from banks that are prone to financial distress – measured in terms of the bank ’ s size , volatility of liquidity , and nonperforming loans – are likely to maintain a larger number of banking relationships , consistent with the motive for multiple banking as insurance against the premature termination of services . A study of Argentine banks similarly finds that bank fragility has a positive impact on the likelihood that a firm will borrow from multiple banks ( Berger , Klapper , and Udell 2001 ) . However , Ongena and Smith ( 2000 ) find mixed support in this regard . They find that firms maintain a higher number of", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 951, "text": "German data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1216, "end": 1228, "text": "Italian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the impact that the conflict has had on community life and infrastructure . Risks faced by returnees include exposure to attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure , with 43 % of returnees ( over 1 , 070 , 000 individuals ) residing in a location which had seen missile strikes , shelling and long-range attacks in the previous month . Furthermore , up to 38 % of returnees were residing in areas where only some people looking for employment could find suitable job opportunities , in many cases undermining returnees ’ ability to meet the basic needs for themselves and their families . 62 % ( over 1 , 500 , 000 individuals ) reported that at least half of residents in their locations had to reduce the amount of food and NFIs in their households < sup > xxxv < / sup > . Lack of access to livelihoods is reported in the PMT as particularly severe in Kharkivska and Khersonska oblasts , where there are both returns and new displacement following the", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 837, "text": "PMT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > fields of study | practices < br > • < br > Gender stereotypes < br > and biases | pedagogical practices and < br > gender stereotypes and biases , < br > sensitization for awareness of < br > gender issues , gender-friendly < br > behavior ; gender-responsive < br > teaching , equal treatment , < br > developing girls ’ voices in class | Improved < br > knowledge ; < br > improved < br > demonstrated < br > behaviors ; improved < br > experience of girls in < br > class | | | • < br > Lack of safety < br > • < br > Discrimination < br > • < br > Conflict areas — < br > risk / violence | • < br > Safety — training for < br > GBV / SEA / SH prevention ; < br > awareness raising among < br > students for violence < br > prevention , code of conduct , < br > grievance redress mechanism < br > ( GRM ) , safe spaces < br > • < br > Communications — importance < br > ofgirls ’ schooling | • < br > Increased < br > understanding of < br > GBV , increased < br > knowledge among < br > teachers | | | • < br > Early pregnancy | • < br > Girls and boys education < br > programs focused on SRH < br > ( including where possible < br > facilitated access to SRH < br > services ) | | | | • < br > Poverty / costs | • < br > Elimination of school fees for < br > thepoorestgirls | • < br > PDO indicator 2 | Page 143 of 159", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 18 * * of * * 73 * * Discussion with residents within the walled church compound indicated that they are subjected to slow eviction as no relocation scheme is in view while the moratorium on development has been in operation for more than two decades . They unanimously support the church compound to be respected in the traditional way and agree to resettle in proper locations and to be given due compensations for their property and lost opportunities . Therefore , these situations justify relocation of people living in the church compound . Fig . 3 Houses in the Church Compound # # # # # * * Categories of Assets * * According to the study of the Lalibela Town Municipal Services Office < sup > 3 < / sup > , taking the previous decision to demarcate the church compound as a basis , there are 258 houses within the church compound < sup > 4 < / sup > . According to this study which was conducted in April 2008 , there are no codwellers ; the houses are either owner-occupied or rented in full . Therefore , the number of households who will be affected by the decision to make the church compound free of occupants is limited to 258 households . According to this study there are about 1 , 300 people living in these houses . A summary of the data on the ouses is presented in Table 1 . . * * Table 1 . * * Basic data on houses in the church compound > 3 Lalibela Town Municipal Services Office ( 2000 EC ) “ Lalibela Betekristian kitir gibi yebetoch tinatawi mereja ena waga gimit ” Amharic document prepared to request budget for the 2001 EC budget year from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism . The topic of the document could be translated as “ _Study of Houses in Lalibela church compound and their cost estimate_ ” . > 4 This figure does not include the 32 nuns living partly", "spans": [{"start": 1291, "end": 1308, "text": "data on the ouses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1355, "end": 1398, "text": "Basic data on houses in the church compound", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mix exported by the South Asian countries to the region , with the exception of India . India ’ s regional exports increased both vertically ( in value ) and horizontally ( in the number of product categories ) ; see Annex Figure A1 . India displayed an increasingly diversified export basket to the region , for which it increased its range of products by 33 percent between 1990 and 1998 . Bangladesh , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka all had moderate to insignificant changes in their export baskets . Certain regional exports among SACs dropped out during the mid-1990s owing to either supply-side weaknesses or increased competition from East Asian countries . Nepal has undergone a unique change in regional trade compared with the other members in the region . Annex Figure A1 provides a graphical view of changes in product clusters in three broad sectors : agriculture , crude material , i . e . jute , rubber , and manufactured goods . Nepal ’ s export basket to the region shrank considerably between 1990 and 1998 , with a 60 percent reduction in the range of goods exported to the region . The raw data and Figure A1 demonstrate a critical feature : the increase in exports since reforms in the early 1990s has more or less occurred within the existing range of products for most SACs . In the case of Nepal , the expansion has been in a significantly smaller range of products compared with 1990 . B1 Pitigala et al . ( 2001 ) . In contrast , manufactured goods dominate South Asia ’ s extra-regional exports . India ’ s manufacturing exports are much more dispersed than those of the other South Asian countries . Cut diamonds , jewelry , cotton yarn , textiles , and leather products and their sub-categories are prominent Indian exports . Pakistan ’ s exports to the rest of the world are dominated by raw cotton and cotton-based products , representing an estimated 67 percent of its exports . Where Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are concerned the overwhelming global orientation is in textiles and apparel . For example , a staggering 75 percent of Bangladesh ’ s global exports consist of apparel , which experienced a fivefold increase from 1990 to 1998", "spans": [{"start": 1100, "end": 1108, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Table 6 . 3 : Primary Occupation of HH Heads by Woreda | * * Primary * * < br > * * Occupation * * | * * Adele SC * * | * * Haromaya * * < br > * * SC * * | * * Kersa * * | * * Meta * * | * * All * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Farming | 94 . 5 | 94 . 0 | 93 . 7 | 93 . 0 | 93 . 7 | | Business | 0 . 0 | 4 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 4 | 0 . 4 | | Employment | 0 . 5 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 3 | 2 . 7 | 1 . 5 | | Pension | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 4 | 0 . 1 | | Unemployed | 2 . 7 | 2 . 0 | 3 . 1 | 2 . 7 | 2 . 8 | | Missing | 2 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 8 | 0 . 8 | 1 . 4 | | * * Total * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census enumeration January-March 2025_ Excluding absentee PAHs , and among those interviewed 703 household heads , 264 or 37 . 6 % of them reported that they have also additional or secondary occupation of which 65 . 5 % of them described livestock production as their secondary occupation , followed by farming 17 . 0 % . Trade", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 865, "text": "Census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # * * 0 . 9 Livelihoods Restoration Plan * * # # # # # # * * _Asset Losses Resulting from Land Acquisition_ * * To enable PAPs not only to restore their income but also to improve their standard of living , EEP is committed to supporting and providing resources for the implementation of various income restoration and community development schemes for the Subproject affected communities . Based on the analysis and findings of sample surveys , census enumeration and public consultation meetings as well as the objective conditions of different categories of PAPs ( experiences , opportunities and capabilities in terms of resources and skills for income generating activities , needs and constraints in the case of vulnerable groups ) we have categorized the PAPs in to four broad categories for the purpose of targeting different types of livelihood restoration and income improvement strategies . - ( a ) Severely affected PAPs ( 2 ) - ( b ) Significantly affected PAPs ( 6 ) - ( c ) Moderately affected PAPs ( 7 ) and - ( d ) Limited Impact ( 11 ) The LRP , which directly targets PAPs incorporates various strategies and components including : - ⚫ land-agriculture based strategies ( crop production and improvement through various extension packages . - ⚫ Special assistance measures for vulnerable groups of PAPs ( elderly and femaleheaded households , and chronically sick ) . Based on core principles and underlying assumptions described above , an agriculturebased livelihood restoration and improvement strategies are outlined below : Agriculture-based livelihood restoration Components Livestock and Dairy Production Improvement Components * * Provision of Tailored Training , Support and Extension Services * * Agriculture-based livelihood restoration strategy will have the following two main components namely : - a ) Cereal Crops Production Improvement Component ; and - b ) Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructures for Horticulture Production . The Livestock and Dairy Production", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 592, "text": "sample surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 595, "end": 613, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using rating < br > agencies ’ methodologies |  Statistical regression < br > model for each type of < br > beneficiary < br >  Model calibrated using < br > historic data of < br > beneficiaries performance < br > vis-à-vis Treasury |  Industry-specific internal < br > credit rating methodology < br > developed for electric < br > utilities and water systems < br >  Score cards based on < br > rating agencies ’ < br > methodologies | | * * Credit risk * * < br > * * quantification * * |  Expected and unexpected < br > losses < br >  PDs based on transition < br > matrices and solvency < br > curve < br >  LGDs at 75 percent , < br > adjusted for collateral |  Expected losses and < br > market values < br >  PDs based on rating < br > agency databases < br >  LGDs based on rating < br > agency databases < br >  Market values based on < br > spreads in borrowing costs |  Expected losses as result < br > of regression model < br >  PDs estimated using < br > financial ratios of < br > beneficiaries < br >  LGDs based on historic < br > performance vis-à-vis < br > Treasury |  Expected losses and < br > market values < br >  PDs based on rating < br > agency databases < br >  LGDs based on . standards < br > and historic performance < br >  Market values based on < br > spreads in borrowing costs | | * * Application in * * < br > * * risk * * < br > * * management * * |  Guarantee approval , < br > collateral , guarantee fees , < br > actual contingency reserve < br > account , monitoring and < br > reporting < br >  Fees equalexpectedlosses |  Guarantee fees , partial < br > guarantee coverage , < br > notional reserve account , < br > monitoring and reporting < br >", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 173, "text": "historic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 754, "end": 770, "text": "agency databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "truction of Ownership and Tenancy Records < / mark > * * < mark > The confiscation or destruction of HLP records — including property titles , local cadastres , and registries — has severely impacted land rights in Somalia . Without such records , proving ownership or tenancy rights is exceedingly difficult . There is an urgent need to restore or create new registration systems to address these challenges < / mark > * * < mark > . < / mark > * * # # * * < mark > Housing and Property Damage and Destruction < / mark > * * < mark > Widespread damage and destruction of housing have led to severe shortages of habitable dwellings . Many IDPs have occupied public lands and buildings for years , as most of the housing stock was either destroyed or left uninhabitable . The remaining housing is often overcrowded , unsanitary , and unsuitable for long-term habitation . The combination of conflict , displacement , damaged housing , and the absence of the rule of law has resulted in high levels of homelessness and landlessness , particularly among vulnerable groups . While humanitarian agencies have assisted some IDPs , a comprehensive approach to HLP remains lacking . < / mark > # # * * < mark > Resolving Housing , Land , and Property Rights Disputes < / mark > * * < mark > As DACs return to their original homes or seek new settlements , competition over limited resources , including land , leads to disputes over HLP rights . These disputes are exacerbated by the weakened justice system and may result in violence and insecurity . Many claimants lack documentation to prove ownership , even when they have legitimate rights , while others occupy homes under lawful titles . Further complicating matters , there are cases of unregistered or unofficial property transfers , claims from bona fide purchasers , disputes over improvements made by illegal occupants , and conflicts over boundary determination , tenancy , and cultivation rights . < / mark > Page * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 112, "text": "HLP records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 2006 included an official figure of 16 , 741 stateless persons who held a temporary residence or residence permit in the Russian Federation and an estimated 40 , 000 other stateless persons . No precise data is available for 2006 on reduction of statelessness due to naturalizations of stateless persons . The 50 , 000 at the end o 2006 is a UNHCR estimate in the absence of Government statistics . > 23 A large number of _de jure_ and _de facto_ stateless persons acquired nationality under legislation adopted in 2003 but information gathered by UNHCR in the field indicates that several thousand _de facto_ stateless persons remain . 24 Figures are based on estimates from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch .", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 399, "text": "Government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * * * < br > * * [ eq . USD ] * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "knowledge-capital model that incorporates spatial correlations in the independent variables and find that third-country characteristics exert significant effects on FDI flows . The linkage between host countries declines with bilateral distance among the host countries . Using sectoral FDI data , Blonigen et al . ( 2007 ) examine how investments in third countries affect a country ' s receipt of U . S . FDI . They find evidence of negative interdependence across proximate host countries , a result consistent with export-platform FDI theory , among European OECD members . The importance of third-country effects in inbound FDI is shown in Blonigen et al . ( 2008 ) . The authors find a strong parent market proximity effect whereby parent markets ' proximity to large third nations increases the volume of FDI . Similarly , Chen ( 2011 ) examines the cross-country interdependence in French multinationals ' production networks using subsidiary-level data and finds strong spatial interdependence in multinationals ' foreign production networks . The role of distance and transportation cost depends on the input-output linkages between subsidiary locations . MNCs are more likely to locate final-good production in countries with large market potential , vertically linked subsidiaries in proximate countries , and horizontally linked subsidiaries in remote locations . < sup > 4 < / sup > # 2 . 2 The Impacts of FDI in BRI Countries The economic impacts of FDI have been studied in a large body of literature , through macro , crosscountry analysis as well as micro , firm-level research . At the macro level , numerous studies , including , for example , the work by Borensztein et al . ( 1998 ) and Alfaro et al . ( 2004 ) , have examined the relationship between FDI and economic growth . Evidence suggests that FDI could exert a positive effect on economic growth when host countries meet certain economic conditions , including sufficient human capital stock and relatively developed financial markets . At the firm level , an extensive volume of research has examined the effects of FDI on host countries in a variety of dimensions including productivity , employment , wage rate , and export performance . The productivity effect of FDI , in particular , has attracted considerable empirical attention . In this", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 295, "text": "sectoral FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 940, "end": 961, "text": "subsidiary-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Domicílios_ are not representative at those levels . A number of small-area estimation techniques have been developed to seek to address this missing data problem . In this paper , we rely on application of the “ poverty mapping ” approach developed by Elbers , Lanjouw and Lanjouw ( 2002 , 2003 ) . This approach typically involves a household survey and a population census as data sources . First , the survey data are used to estimate a prediction model for either consumption or", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 375, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households 2020 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH_2020_HFPS_v08_M . Dataset downloaded from ` https : / / doi . org / 10 . 48529 / m9pb-0d05 ` . - Wossen , T . , T . Berger , M . G . Haile , and C . Troost ( 2018 , June ) . Impacts of climate variability and food price volatility on household income and food security of farm households in East and West Africa . _Agricultural Systems Perspectives on Global Food Security 163_ , 7 – 15 . 23", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 57, "text": "COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", home heating , motor vehicles ) . However , locational economics inhibit CO2-intensive industrial activities in higherincome urban areas with higher land costs , fewer active resource mining sites , and stricter control of local air pollutants that are emitted along with CO2 . In consequence , higher-income cities tend to import CO2-intensive goods and services from areas where the converse conditions hold . The net effect of urban economic development on CO2 emissions depends on the relative strength of direct income effects and indirect displacement and pollution control effects . Empirical research on the relationship between CO2 emissions and income has relied almost entirely on country-level emissions inventories . The results are mixed ; some studies find a linear relationship , while others identify an inverse U-shaped relationship , or Environmental Kuznets Curve ( EKC ) ( Ben Youssef , Hammoudeh and Omri 2016 ; Dasgupta et al . 2002 ) . Where the EKC holds , domination passes from direct effects to displacement and pollution control effects as income rises . With satellitebased CO2 measures , the EKC investigation in this paper departs from conventional practice by avoiding emissions inventories and focusing on local rather than national CO2 emissions . Climate comprises the third category . Other things equal , we would expect greater annual heatingrelated CO2 emissions from cities in cold climates . We specify a linear estimation model because the atmospheric CO2 load should be additive in CO2 emissions from different sources . Spatially-referenced variables in the model are translated to > 1 Recent research has used Google Traffic to produce high-resolution traffic congestion data for individual cities ( Dasgupta et al . 2021 ; Heger et al . 2018 ) . Future research could extend this approach to all global cities . 5", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 729, "text": "country-level emissions inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1684, "end": 1723, "text": "high-resolution traffic congestion data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > _National de Prise en Charge Sanitaire \" ( _ PNPCS ) , which will prepare and < sup > subrmitto CNLSa detailed < / sup > annual work plan with specific targets . CNLS will provide necessary < sup > support , includingtechnical < / sup > assistance , to strengthen the management capacity of < sup > PNPCS . < / sup > The CNLS will set up a project monitoring and evaluation system to assess the < sup > benefitsof the < / sup > project to beneficiaries through supervision , surveillance , and surveys . < sup > The first type of monitoringwill < / sup > be through periodic progress reports received from MOH . The second and < sup > third typeswill be based on < / sup > behavioral and biological survey ( s ) of beneficiaries . Surveillance will be coordinated by the health sector technical unit , with < sup > externaltechnical < / sup > assistance from WHO , USAID or an UNAIDS partner . A contract with the GTZ < sup > and the Universityof < / sup > Montreal will provide quality control for the CNLS in terms of IST < sup > managementand control , < / sup > surveillance , peer education . Behavioral surveillance will also be < sup > coordinated by the health sector < / sup > HIV / AIDS response group ( in close collaboration with CNLS ) and contracted to an < sup > academicor < / sup > consulting organization . The IDA Grant will help finance the main following activities : - support to the MOH focal point for coordination and monitoring ; - the Reference Guides for STI diagnosis , for treatment and for Counselling < sup > and Testing ; < / sup > - training of health personnel in the public sector and some in the private sector < sup > on < / sup > STI", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 715, "text": "behavioral and biological survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 Conclusion * * This study sought to analyze the effect of COVID-19 lockdown policies on export and import trade in the Philippines . We applied an event-study analysis on a monthly-product-country data series ranging from January 2019 to December 2020 . We found that both exports and imports dropped upon imposition of the lockdown by trading partners of the Philippines . We find no evidence that the domestic lockdown ( i . e . , by the Philippines ) affected exports and imports of the Philippines . Restrictions on internal movements and international travel controls in partner countries were responsible for the drop in exports . The slump in imports was because of workplace closure , stay-athome requirements , restrictions on internal movement , and international travel controls in trading partners of the Philippines . Further analysis revealed that lockdowns in the Philippines ’ smaller trade partners were key in driving the decline in exports to those countries while larger trading partners ( top ten partners ) were responsible for the fall in imports . In addition , the drop in exports can be attributed to the slump in Other Products ( non-intermediate products ) , while intermediate goods ( particularly Consumer Electronics , Machinery transport equipment ) and Other Products were responsible for the decline in imports . Therefore , export GVC trade was robust to the lockdown while backward GVC trade declined during the pandemic . Finally , both exports and imports were more affected at the extensive margin than the intensive margin when the lockdown was imposed . This indicates that lockdown measures hindered interactions among people , in turn reducing the potential of businesses to create new relationships and launch new products in foreign markets . Since lockdowns affected entire countries and regions , domestic production or regionally based supply chains would not have prevented the disruption to production systems . GVCs through extensive supply chain networks with diversified and geographically dispersed suppliers can help countries adjust better and contribute to speedy recovery and possible resilience to future shocks . 36", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 216, "text": "monthly-product-country data series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 552 meters ) . Major bodies of water in this Woreda include the Gilo River and Lake Tata . According to the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy published by the CSA , around 30 % of the woreda is forest . A notable landmark is the Gambella National Park , which occupies the land west of the Fugnido - Gambella road . The economy of Gog is predominately agricultural . Based on the 2017 projection of population ( CSA ) , this Woreda has a total population of 24 , 763 of whom 11 , 503 are men and 13 , 260 women ; with an area of 3 , 250 . 25 square kilometers , Gog has a population density of 7 . 62 . Reportedly 10674 or 43 . 10 % are urban inhabitants and 14089 or 56 . 9 % lives in rural areas . The majority of the inhabitants followed the Protestant religion with 77 . 52 % of the population , while 15 . 08 % of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , 2 . 6 % were Catholic , and 1 . 82 % practiced traditional religions . The four largest ethnic groups in Gog Woreda are the Agnuwaha , the Amhara , the Oromo , and the Mezhenger ; all other ethnic groups made up to1 % of the population . Agnuwaha is spoken as a first language greater than 90 % , next Oromiffa , Amharic and Majang ; the remaining spoke all 43", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 146, "text": "Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 385, "end": 414, "text": "2017 projection of population", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capacities . In our sample , 67 percent of plants have a capacity lower than 30 MW . < sup > 2 < / sup > Next , we augment this dataset with market-level measures of the degree of hydrological drought faced by hydropower plants at monthly frequency during the 2000 to 2020 period . The process of computing these measures of drought involves several steps . In the first step , we follow existing literature and use runoff anomalies to measure hydrological drought ( Herrera-Estrada et al . , 2018 ; IEA , 2021 ; Qiu et al . , 2023 ) . Runoff is the depth of water accumulated over time in the soil and is a valuable indicator of drought or flood conditions . Runoff anomalies indicate a period where water availability is above or below normal . Specifically , we define runoff anomalies as the difference between the monthly runoff and its corresponding average value over the reference period ( 2000 to 2019 ) . To measure runoff anomalies , we use data from the International Energy Agency Weather for Energy Tracker database < sup > 3 < / sup > ( IEA and CMCC , 2022 ) . This database provides information derived from the ERA 5 reanalysis on monthly total runoff anomalies ( surface and subsurface ) measured in millimeters per hour ( mm / h ) at a spatial resolution of 0 . 25 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > x0 . 25 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > . In the second step , we determine the watershed of each hydropower plant in the sample . The watershed is the area over which water would accumulate for use by the hydropower plant . To compute these areas , we use the hydro basin polygons ( areas where water collects and may flow ) from the HydroSHEDS database < sup > 4 < / sup > ( Lehner and Grill , 2013 ) . This dataset is produced from digital elevation maps and hydrological models . Next , following standard engineering practices for each hydropower plant , we delineate the watershed by tracing all of the upstream basins ( Pfastetter level 12 ) that flow in the direction of", "spans": [{"start": 994, "end": 1029, "text": "Weather for Energy Tracker database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1654, "text": "HydroSHEDS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Budget Execution * * _24 . _ * * _Treasury management and funds flow : - _ * * The Inter-Governmental Fiscal Transfer ( IGFT ) system is the primary mechanism by which the government plans to reach its development targets in basic service delivery . This system will continue for 2 < sup > nd < / sup > AF of ESPES . This method employs a principal-based allocation procedure to distribute funds between regions that is based on a parliamentary-approved algorithm . The algorithm takes into account various development metrics of regions including poverty rate , population size , and infrastructure gap . Once subsidies are transferred from the federal - to the regional-level , the regions take a similar approach in distributing funds to Woredas . 25 . The data collected for the past three years ( EFY2010-2012 ) shows that the federal government has fully disbursed the allocated subsidy to regions . Assessed regions also disbursed 99 % to 100 % of the allocated subsidy to woredas for the past three years . The subsidy is available in orderly and predictable manner to regions and in turn to woredas . The 2018 PEFA reports corroborates these findings . 26 . Disbursement based on achievement of results will continue for the 2 < sup > nd < / sup > AF . As of end of Feb 2021 , the disbursement for the program is summarized in the table 5 . < u > Table 5 : Bank Disbursement < / u > | | Orig | inal | | 1 < sup > st < / sup > AFA | | Total < br > Disbursement | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | IDA 5 | 7160 | IDA | 6130 | TFA7523 | USD | | | SDR | USD | SDR | USD", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 807, "text": "data collected for the past three years", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "missing elements to obtain a complete price matrix . The imputation process filled in missing values using the first-feasible methodology according to the following order : 1 ) median of the 20 nearest neighboring districts ; 2 ) province median of that month ; 3 ) national median of that month ; 4 ) median price of 20 neighboring districts of the quarter ; 5 ) province median of that quarter ; and 6 ) national median of that quarter . In order to account for differences in price and quality between domestic and imported wheat and rice , we calculate price averages for domestic and imported varieties separately . ( The survey includes questions on the percentages of imported wheat and rice that a household consumes ; these percentages are used to calculate total expenditure for these items . ) Finally , the value of expenditure on food away from home is included in the calculation of total food consumption , but not included in the calculation of calorie intake since quantity data on such food was not collected . < sup > 26 < / sup > We adjust consumption estimates using both NRVA price data and the official consumer prices index data to compare consumption across regions and over time . For food prices , we use an NRVA-based , Laspeyres price index estimated by quarter for each region . < sup > 27 < / sup > For non-food items , we use a non-food price index developed by the Central Statistics Organization that accounts for temporal , but not spatial , differences in prices . Real consumption is relative to the chosen base : urban areas in the Central region in quarter one ; the capital , Kabul , is located in the Central region . To sharpen the focus on food security , we also examine : ( i ) per capita daily calorie intake ; ( ii ) the food consumption score – a measure of household dietary diversity ; and ( iii ) per capita daily protein intake . < sup > 28 < / sup > The first measure is related to United Nations Millennium Development Goal 1 . 9 – to reduce by half the proportion of population below a minimum level of dietary", "spans": [{"start": 1093, "end": 1108, "text": "NRVA price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1126, "end": 1152, "text": "consumer prices index data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| كال < br > ا | ا < br > ا | توظيف خبراء لتطوير تقييم < br > رعاية األ < br > ا طف ل وتصميم < br > البرنامجالتجريبي | | تصميم النظام وتطويره | مكتب وزير الدولة لشؤون المرأة | بعد12 < br > ً | كال | ا | شراء معدات تكنولوجيا < br > ا أ | | | | شهر ً ا < br > من | | | المعلومات الالزمة ( األجهزة < br > إ | | | * * ا * * | السريان < br > * * ا * * | | | والبرامج ) إلنشاء قاعدة البيانات | | | * * اتمانية * * < br > ا * * ا * * | * * الناحية الئ * * < br > ا | ا | ا | | | بوابة < br > إدارة المناقصات | ا الوك * * ا * * لت المنفذة | ا أثناء التنفيذ | كال | ا | النشر على البوابات : خطة | | ( للمشتريات العامة ) وبوابة < br > المجلس األعلى للخصخصة < br > | | | | | المشتريات السنوية ، وإشعارات < br > الشراء ، والتوصية < br > باإل", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * KENYA COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT ( P173820 ) # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P173820 | IDA-65980 | Effective | USD | 50 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 36 . 40 | 13 . 39 | 73 % | | P173820 | IDA-68230 | Effective | USD | 50 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 20 . 80 | 22 . 67 | 48 % | | P173820 | IDA-69600 | Effective | USD | 130 . 00 | 130 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 10 . 70 | 97 . 46 | 9 . 9 % | | P173820 | TF-B4301 | Closed | USD | 3 . 53 | 2 . 73 | 0 . 80 | 2 . 73 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | P173820 | TF-B4663 | Effective | USD | 2 . 90 | 2 . 90 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 2 . 90 | 0 % | # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Orig . Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 197, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Where i is the labor variable of interest , and is the impact of climate change – often temperature – ii in area YY _j_ at time _t_ , to which worker _i_ ( in micro studies ) or sector or country ββ _i_ ( in meso or macro studies ) is exposed ( i ) . Some papers look beyond temperature , at precipitation , or other climate change events . ee ii i reflects other climate change events that may be included or not in the regression . TT i are individual ee ii ii CCworker ( or sector or country ) characteristics that affect i . and are unobserved individual and XX ii ii ii location fixed effects respectively ( which are combined in some studies ) , and YY μμ μμ i is a time trend . < sup > iii < / sup > This estimation typically combines longitudinal data on economic outcomes < sup > iv < / sup > with climate data from weather γγ station , gridded , satellite , or other secondary sources and exploits short-run , _plausibly_ exogeneous variation in climate to estimate impact on labor outcomes of interest . Studies differ in the variables they include on the right-hand side . Research focusing on temperature typically control for other climate events like precipitation . The observed subject characteristics that are included as control variables also vary . Including fixed effects and time trends yields a more robust estimate . The next sections zoom in on specific left hand side labor variables of interest , one at a time : demand , supply , productivity , income , allocation , and migration . The studies on allocation compare estimates from across different sectors . Throughout the estimations , challenges remain in obtaining estimates of that reflect causal impact , given the non-experimental nature of the data . We see five issues of concern . ββ First , the temperature ( or other climate event ) to which workers are actually exposed remains unobserved . Locally measured temperature ( or climate change event ) serves as a proxy . < sup > v < / sup > This will affect precision , and can lead to biased estimation , if the exposed temperature is very", "spans": [{"start": 742, "end": 759, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 807, "end": 819, "text": "climate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ES 2007 ) Employment ( ES 2013 ) Employment ( ES 2007 ) Employment ( ES 2013 ) < br > 4 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 2 2 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 8 : QQ plot of the enterprise censuses vs surveys A visual comparison of the QQ plots shows that the distribution based on the ES and the census data look different in all the countries except for Kenya . < sup > 19 < / sup > The top panel of 8 plots the quantile of size distribution in the 2009 ES for Cˆote d ’ Ivoire and 2011 ES for Ethiopia vis-a-vis the manufacturing census data in same year . As can be seen from the figure the distribution in the ES differs considerably from that implied by the manufacturing census . Similarly , the quantile of firm size in ES for the year 2007 and 2013 is plotted against a the 2003 National Industrial Census of Ghana . A visual comparison > 18Note that we choose not to use sampling weights as they are not appropriate to make this comparison since they are at broader strata . > 19To make it comparable with the ES , firms employing fewer than 5 workers are dropped in our sample . 23", "spans": [{"start": 786, "end": 826, "text": "2003 National Industrial Census of Ghana", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that refugees are employed 90 days after arrival is positively affected by the number of business owners in their network , but negatively affected by the number who are employees . We thus construct a “ network ” variable that indicates whether refugees had no family members or friends in the host country before they came . The interaction term between mental health scores and this network variable is negative and statistically significant ( Panel F ) , which shows that , relative to those who have a network , increases in mental health scores of refugees without a network have a larger negative effect on the probability of employment and labor income . Next , we examine the role of government and community supports in mediating the impacts of mental illness on labor outcomes . As discussed in Appendix C , the Australian government has implemented several programs to improve refugee employment integration . While we are unable to identify participants to these programs in the BNLA survey , we employ a variable indicating whether they receive government benefits as a simple proxy . We also use information on whether refugees receive assistance from ethnic or religious communities to construct an indicator of local community support . The summary statistics presented in Table B1 ( Appendix B ) show that about 53 . 4 % of refugees in our sample receive benefits from the government , while that number is lower for those who receive support from the local community ( 49 . 8 % ) . The results in Panel G provide strong evidence for the beneficial role of government support . Specifically , we find that the impacts of mental health issues on labor outcomes are less pronounced for those receiving support from the government . This is consistent with findings from previous studies showing that government aid helps refugees better integrate into the labor market ( e . g . , LoPalo , 2019 ) . Our findings are particularly important given that most respondents in our sample are newly arrived refugees who may have fewer resources , and thus are more vulnerable . However , we find no evidence of such impacts for local community support , as shown in Panel H . 19", "spans": [{"start": 992, "end": 1003, "text": "BNLA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of HMIS < br > reporting tools , 300 mother < br > child booklet , 3600 maternity < br > register , 3600 Antenatal < br > register , 3600 CWC register , < br > 3600 Logbook Register , 3600 < br > Household Register , 3000 EPI < br > tally sheet , 3000 < br > immunization monthly < br > summary , < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 32 , 750 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | 2018-11-22 | | | 2018-12-06 | | 2019-06-04 | | | KE-WAJIR COUNTY-84995 - < br > GO-RFQ / procurement of < br > 2000 mama kits to all L2 and < br > L3 facilities . < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | 2019-01-26 | | | 2019-02-08 | | 2019-06-08 | | | KE-WAJIR COUNTY-85096 - < br > GO-RFQ / Procurement of 15 < br > EPI fridges < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 90 , 000 . 00 | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 150, "text": "CWC register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 196, "end": 214, "text": "Household Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 with a corresponding increase in the share of the urban population ( this is the trend observed over the last five years ) . Using the fact that the overall population for Bangladesh is expected to grow by 1 . 5 percent per year over the next four years , and by 1 . 2 percent thereafter , we compute accordingly the growth in per capita GDP over time in the two sectors . What is still missing is an estimate of the change in the average propensity to consume , for which we need to use the World Bank ' s RMSM-X model . From the RMSM-X model , given the limited availability of foreign financing , we find that private consumption as a share of GDP is expected to decline nationally by four percentage points to help finance investments ( in the model , aggregate savings are measured residually as the difference between aggregate gross investments and the current account deficit ) . For simplicity , we assume that this drop in average propensity to consume affects all households in a similar way , in both urban and rural areas . Using the elasticities of poverty to growth computed with household data in the previous section , one finds the poverty forecasts given in Table 7 by sector and nationally using sectoral population shares ( Table 7 uses the upper poverty lines ; the trends obtained with the lower poverty lines are similar ) . According to Table 7 , poverty will decrease in both urban and rural areas , but more so in urban areas due to higher growth there ( which more than compensates for higher urban population growth and rising inequality ) . Nationally , the headcount index with the upper poverty lines would be in 2008 at 29 . 05 percent , versus 53 . 08 percent in 1995-96 . The reductions in the poverty gap and squared poverty gaps are even larger ( proportionately to their 1995-96 level ) , indicating that growth would not leave the worst off behind even though inequality may be expected to rise over time ( at least in urban areas ) . The assumptions outlined above , as well as many others which have not been mentionedl < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1112, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 31 . * * The PIU monitored the results framework on a monthly basis * * . Sales and employment were recorded every month for all IP firms and companies supported by the linkage program . Jobs created in construction and services such as employee transport were also monitored , and all job data was gender disaggregated . The PIU also tracked the status of new lease holders . While data collection was often inaccurate , it was used in the Implementation Status and Results Reports and Aide Memoires to provide a picture of the project impact on the ground . * * The M & E implementation benefitted from three evaluation initiatives as follows * * : ( i ) two independent impact evaluations were conducted by the Africa Gender Innovation Lab , ( ii ) a separate study examined wages and compensation in Ethiopia ’ s industrial parks , and ( iii ) a comprehensive review of the overall industrial park strategy was conducted by the World Bank . This evaluation work provided to the Bank and Borrower teams just-in time information related to particular aspects of the project implementation including gender , wage and compensation , and the overall IP strategy . * * The results framework was revised twice to reflect the expanded scope through AF and implementation challenges on the ground . I * * n the context of the 2018 restructuring , PDO-level indicators were revised to ( a ) reflect increased scope of works ( b ) streamline some of the indicators to strengthen alignment with the PDO ( c ) add / modify target values for subcomponents not accounted in the current RF . The key indicator of job creation remained the priority throughout . However , the target should not have been raised so much at the time of additional financing , given the decision to refocus Kilinto on pharmaceuticals . This explains part of the failure of the project to reach its main goal . Also , the various Page 18 of 23", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 296, "text": "job data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commissioned to AMREF with the objectives of conducting a comprehensive assessment of the Kenya ’ s demographic and health indicators ; identifying priority health needs and assist GoK and donors reorient their efforts ; and providing recommendations for the establishment of Kenyan capacity for assessing progress in the health sector against a common set of indicators mutually agreed upon by GoK and its donor partners . The study , if done properly , would have provided critical input in moving towards problem identification , evidence-based resource allocation priorities , and development of performance indicators . However , the consultants seem to have misunderstood the scope of work so that the study became just a pastiche of demographic and epidemiologic data that were not useful for policy and programming purposes . In the welter of information provided , it was difficult to pinpoint where the key priorities should be in Kenya ’ s health sector . It did provide some useful recommendations in reforming the health information system to capture service statistics . 19 . At around the same time , the results of the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey < sup > 3 < / sup > ( DHS ) were released in a preliminary report which painted a grim picture of the", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 774, "text": "demographic and epidemiologic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1135, "end": 1170, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 31 - ANNEX _I_ Page 2 of 5 TA I L E 3A 4 | | UGANDA < br > UGANDA | | - < br > SOCIAL IN | DICATORS DATA SHEET < br > R < br > CRENCE < br > GROUPS ( W | EIGHTED AVERACES ) < br > _3I_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | < br > 1960 / b | 1970 / b | HOST < br > RECENT < br > ESTIMATE / b | < br > < br > < br > ( HOST RECE < br > LOW INCOME AFRICA < br > SOUTH OF SAHARA | < br > < br > NT ESTIMATE ) / b < br > MIDDUL INCOlM < br > AFRICA S . OFSAHARA | | EDUCATION | | | | | | | ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT < br > IRATIOS | | | | | | | PRIMARY : TOTAL | 49 . 0 | 39 . 0 | 54 . 0 | 69 . 2 | 91 . 0 | | MALE < br > | 65 . 0 < br > | 48 . 0 < br > | 62 . 0 < br > | 78 . 8 < br > | 90 . 5 < br > | | FEMALE | 32 . 0 | 31 . 0 | 46 . 0 | 57 . 6 | 73 . 6 | | SECONDARY : < br > TOTAL < br > | 3 . 0 < br > | 4 . 0 < br > | 5 . 0 < br > | 13 . 1 < br > | 17 . 4 < br > | | MALE < br > FEKALE | 4 . 0 < br > 3 . 0 | 6 . 0 < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "da"}
{"text": "? We test the quality of our data by generating aggregates from our microdata and comparing them with information from the Brazilian Public Sector Accounting and Tax Information System ( _Sistema de Informações Contábeis e Fiscais do Setor Público Brasileiro_ , SICONFI ) , a dataset maintained by the National Treasury to “ facilitate the production and analysis of accounting and tax information , standardize consolidation mechanisms and increase the quality and reliability of accounting information , financial and fiscal statistics received from municipalities , states , the Federal District and the central government . ” We show that our aggregates closely match those of the SICONFI , not only at the municipalityyear level but often at the more disaggregated level of function , which is a classification that groups expenditures according to their purpose ( e . g . , health , education , security ) . We exemplify possible applications of our data by exploring two features of municipal public finances . First , we evaluate the extent to which local governments buy from suppliers located in the same municipalities . García-Santana and Santamaría ( 2023 ) show compelling evidence of home bias in the European Union and discuss its implications for the value-formoney of public procurement . We show how our microdata allow us to identify each gov - > 4 Available as the _Microdados de Despesas de Entes Subnacionais_ ( MiDES ) dataset at https : / / basedosdados . org / dataset / d3874769-bcbd-4ece-a38a-157ba1021514 . > 5In Section A . 1 , we illustrate how the dataset can be seamlessly queried to perform descriptive analyses using R . > 6Available at https : / / github . com / basedosdados . 3", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 184, "text": "Brazilian Public Sector Accounting and Tax Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 685, "end": 692, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1323, "end": 1332, "text": "microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "I_ < br > spices | Rice | Cereals | | | Vegetables_I_ | Rice | Oil crops | Rice | Industrialcrops | | | Vegetables / < br > spices | Rice | Oil crops | Rice | Industrialcrops | | | Cereals | Niger seed | Vegetables / | | | _Source : RIDP FS Table_ Cl-l # # # # # # * * 2 . 6 . 3 Operation during Peak Demand * * Peak water demand for the proposed crops would occur in February . During this period the irrigation interval would be 8 days . This avoids repeated demands for work on Sundays on the same tertiary canals , and is consistent with soil and water requirements . Under this system water would be supplied to farmers ' plots every 8 days . The recommended method of operation is that the tertiary canals are maintained at full supply level , but only 2 in every 8 field ditches are operated on anyone day . Therefore each tertiary canal only needs to supply 2 in 8 plots on anyone day . At peak demand , the tertiary canals would provide some 240 m < sup > 3 < / sup > / hr to the field ditches for one day of 12 hours of operation ( 06 : 00 to 18 : 00 ) . The flow in each field ditch , 100 m < sup > 3 < / sup > / hr , would be diverted to a group of 66 to 67 furrows for approximately 3 hours , and then to the remaining groups of furrows in the plot , in succession . ( The reduced flows along the system of canals and ditches reflect losses due to seepage , evapotranspiration < sup > 30 < / sup > , etc . ) . 30 Evapotranspiration ( ET ) : water uptake by plants and its subsequent evaporation from the leaves . _Envi ! OfllnentaJ end Sociallrnp", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 , 467 beneficiaries from own | indicator was cove < br > a collected at ICR f < br > savings and 14 , 807 | red by a PDO indicator , < br > ield mission 3 / 19 / 2014 < br > from seed capital . | | * * Indicator 10 : * * | < sup > % of rural savings & credit groups establishe < / sup > < br > after establishment . | < sup > d that are offering < / sup > | < sup > credit service two years < / sup > | | Value | | | | | ( quantitative < br > orQualitative ) | 0 < br > 80 % | N . A | 100 % | | Date achieved | 05 / 05 / 2008 < br > 12 / 31 / 2013 | 12 / 31 / 2013 | 12 / 31 / 2013 | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | Target exceeded . No revision . ( actual re-co < br > credit service is provided after 6 months of o | nfirmed in 1 / 31 / 20 < br > peration . | 14 ETE ) . In most cases | | * * Indicator 11 : * * < br > Value | % of savings & creditgroups with less than | or equal to 5 % 30-d | ayoverduepayments | | ( quantitative | 0 % < br > 95 % | Dropped | 96 % | | orQualitative ) | | | | | Date achieved | 05 / 05 / 2008 < br > 12 / 31 / 2013 | 12 / 09 / 2011 | 12 / 09 / 2011 | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | Target achieved . Dropped at restructuring . R < br > a meaningful result . However , ICR found thi | P maintained that < br > s a relevant indicat", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This version : 15 Feb 2024 40 do not believe that it is a complete explanation - though a revision of household survey instruments may be warranted . The question is whether this is a Malaysia-specific story , or whether the Malaysian paradox is indicative of something deeper about the nature of economic growth . To understand this , we return to Polanyi and Hirsch . Our qualitative evidence is consistent with both their arguments . Polanyi ’ s thesis is that economic life is deeply embedded within social relationships , and that pro-growth “ capitalist ” policies by turning land and labor into “ fictitious commodities ” force individuals to fend for themselves subject to the whims of dis-embedded markets , with much weaker social ties . Our qualitative findings are consistent with this . Despite improvements in material well-being , our respondents repeatedly expressed a sense of anomie , a longing for a time when life was simpler , less stressful and more socially connected . Our evidence is also consistent with some of Hirsch ’ s logic for why there may be “ social limits ” to growth . The six negative themes that we observed , despite Malaysia ’ s extraordinary success in meeting its citizens ’ material needs , are consistent with the logic of social scarcity . In the process of meeting material needs , economic growth has led to the privatization of many things . Many people complain about public goods and services that used to be free , costing a lot of money and in particular a loss of access to open space and land . Those in the middle and lower end of the distribution have to live in congested multi-storied public housing blocks to secure access to city jobs and some have to additionally work extra hours and double jobs to cope with high cost of living . This has led to increased indebtedness and stress . 40", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia - Expressway Development Support Project ( P148850 ) - ( ii ) * * _Sub - component 1 ( b ) : Monitoring and supervision of the civil works : _ * * The supervision consultancy contract remains in place and will continue until the completion of Lot 3 civil works and the finalization of all outstanding environmental and social safeguard obligations before the project closing date . - ( iii ) * * _Sub-Component 1 ( c ) : Supporting prioritized road safety improvement works at potential accident sites on the trunk road network and piloting the implementation of corridor-based road safety actions in the high-capacity highway and expressway networks_ * * . Road safety interventions are being implemented satisfactorily with the coordination of MoTL and ERA . Substantial progress has been achieved , i . e . , ( i ) safety features have been integrated to enhance safety on 270km of the Adama and Modjo-Hawassa corridors ; ( ii ) 2 , 000km out of a 2 , 000km target of road safety assessments were carried out ; and ( iii ) a comprehensive transport policy was prepared and adopted . MoTL has continued undertaking road safety-related activities aimed at improving road safety in the country . - ( iv ) * * _Sub-Component 1 ( d ) : Deploying Intelligent Transport Systems ( ITS ) on the new Modjo-Hawassa Highway ( Phase 1 : Modjo-Zeway ) . _ * * The ITS conceptual framework and the design of ITS and tolling systems have been fully completed . Installation of field ITS on the Modjo-Hawassa Expressway under Phase 1 ( Lots 1 and 2 ) has reached 88 percent completion as of December 2025 , with completion planned for end of March 2026 . However , progress was significantly set back by the theft of approximately 6 , 000 meters of power cables and fiber equipment . The procurement for the ITS installation on Lot 3 experienced delays , and the", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1026, "text": "road safety assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with three and more children leave them with only limited possibilities for expenditure reduction and pushes adults towards a more active search for additional employment income . Single parent households are another vulnerable group that tend to rely more on search for additional earnings , and on help from relatives , compared to other households . Retirees , on the other hand , predominantly rely on cutting expenditures , as other strategies are often not available for them . In the next section we explore self ‐ reported coping strategies in detail , exploiting micro data on incomes and expenditures . # 5 . Effects of Separate Coping Strategies # # 5 . 1 . Non ‐ labor income : Role of public transfers and in ‐ kind income As we have noted before , the vulnerable and the lower ‐ income population groups were among the most hurt by the crisis . By default these groups are the target for social policy . However , they do not report that they can rely on the state when their financial well ‐ being deteriorates and data on households ’ income in the form of government transfers supports this thesis . It appears that government transfers did not help mitigate the effects of the crisis . Over 95 percent of the average decline in cash income in 2014 ‐ 2016 can be explained by the decline in earnings – wages , entrepreneurial income and other earned income . Government transfers and other types of income ( including capital income like rent income and dividends ) account for less than 5 percent on average , although they may be more important for certain groups . For those vulnerable to poverty , the drop 17", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 582, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1030, "end": 1057, "text": "data on households ’ income", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for application of a prioritization tool . These factors confirmed demand for prioritization of investments in infrastructure planning . The IPF was applied to a selection of 35 proposed projects in water supply and sanitation and 19 in transport . These projects were identified in consultation with the Ministry of Economics and Finance . The pilot offered a key opportunity to replicate and refine the existing framework , in that it entailed decision analysis based on limited financial ‐ economic data , particularly for a portion of the water projects . In this way , it replicated a common input problem for infrastructure decision ‐ making , namely restrictions on data . Planners from several agencies , in consultation with the Ministry of Economy and Finance and a team from the World Bank , agreed on a set of component SEI and FEI variables . The SEI variables initially selected included the number of beneficiaries ( BEN ) , direct jobs created during implementation ( EMP ) , the population of poor serviced by the project ( POOR ) , social and environmental risks ( SER ) , and the carbon footprint ( CO2 ) . The final analysis used only the first three , due to data problems and lack of specificity in the risk variable . < sup > 17 < / sup > > 17 . See Marcelo , Mandri ‐ Perrott , & House , 2015 for a description of these challenges . 20", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 506, "text": "financial ‐ economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "women , youth , people with disabilities , ARRA , UNHCR , NRDEP delegations were participated and engaged . Local officials , kebele administration , host community representatives , regional steering committee chairman and bureau of agriculture and natural resources and woreda office of environment and forest protection , WSC , WTC and respective level RPCU and WPCU of DRDIP specialists and coordinators were also sources of information ’ s during focus group discussion . A total of 546 of which 93 individuals were engaged . The consultations were focused on providing information and receiving the concerns and opinions of the participants regarding the overall project objectives , project ׳ s main and sub - components for which the SA was prepared . A verbal presentation of the DRDIP objectives and main components were made to the stakeholder and community consultation participants and discussions were conducted to identify the adverse environmental and social issues affecting the host communities and the environment , to capture their concerns , opinions , and to indicate the institutional capacity gaps and other constraints that may impede implementation of the SA . Furthermore information was also collected on the workshop by focusing on the existing situations in terms of integration and collaboration in between the refugee and the host communities and hence strengthening the social cohesion among the communities and the responsible stakeholders and partners . Moreover consultation with project coordination unit and with stakeholders at woreda and regional level was also held by using telephone communication . # # # # * * C . Baseline Assessment * * The baseline assessment , previously prepared for implementation of DRDIP I was reviewed and used as the main information source with updating information of newly incorporated kebeles and woredas and city administrations as part of the overall study to prepare this SA document . Secondary data was also collected from DRDIP-II project documents , project baseline survey and midterm impact assessment reports and from federal and regional project performance quarterly and annual reports . The following issues among others which are pertinent with the development of DRDIP-II have been addressed and incorporated in this SA", "spans": [{"start": 2031, "end": 2054, "text": "project baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2059, "end": 2092, "text": "midterm impact assessment reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2102, "end": 2171, "text": "federal and regional project performance quarterly and annual reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * Covering all European asylum countries listed in Table 1 . Top-40 ranking of countries based on applications lodged during second quarter of 2008 ( excluding Italy ) . * * Table 3 . Asylum ap * * * * < mark > plications lodged in Europe by origin , first quarter 2006 to second quarter 2008 < / mark > * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Excludi * * | * * ng Italy * * | | | | ' 08 - ' 07 | * * Includin * * | * * g Italy * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | 200 | 6 | | | 20 | 07 | | 200 | 8 | First se | mester c | hange | Q3Q4 / | 200 | 8 | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | ' 07 - ' 06 | ' 08 - ' 07 | ' 08 - ' 06 | Q1Q2 | Q1 | Q2 | | Iraq | 4 , 647 | 3 , 716 | 5 , 544 | 8 , 071 | 10 , 414 | 10 , 394 | 11 , 393 | 11 , 429 | 10 , 224 | 8 , 280 | 149 % | - 11 % | 121 % | - 19 % | 10 , 333 | 8 , 456 | | Russian Federation | 3 , 300 | 3 , 178 | 4 , 174 | 4", "spans": [{"start": 175, "end": 224, "text": "applications lodged during second quarter of 2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 288, "end": 325, "text": "plications lodged in Europe by origin", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZAMBIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE Tanzania now has one of the most vibrant domestic air transport markets in Africa , offering competing services on all routes . * * Table 4 . Air transport * * | Country | Angola | Zambia | Tanzania | Botswana | Namibia | Zimbabwe | Mozam - < br > bique | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TRAFFIC ( 2007 ) | | | | | | | | | Domestic seats < br > ( millions per year ) | 1 . 20 | 0 . 44 | 1 . 87 | 0 . 24 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 24 | 1 . 14 | | Seats for international travel within Africa < br > ( millions per year ) | 0 . 48 | 1 . 46 | 1 . 27 | — | — | 1 . 11 | 0 . 58 | | Seats for intercontinental travel ( millions < br > per year ) | 0 . 59 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 59 | — | 0 . 24 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 09 | | Seats available per capita | 0 . 13 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 9 | — | — | 0 . 11 | 0 . 09 | | QUALITY | | | | | | | | | % of seat-km in older aircraft | 0 . 1 | 19 . 8 | 17 . 1 | 0 | 1 . 1 | 15 . 5 | 16 . 3 | | % of seat-km in newer aircraft | 59 . 6 | 63 . 8 | 79 . 3 | 100 | 79 | 71 . 4 | 57 . 0 | | % of seat-km in aircraft of unknown age | 40 . 2 | 16 . 4 | 3 . 6 | 0 | 19 . 9 | 13 . 0 | 26 . 7 | _Source : _ Bofinger , 2009 . Derived from AICD air transport database downloadable from", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1240, "text": "AICD air transport database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) | * * Project * * < br > * * Activities * * | * * Environmental * * < br > * * / Social Impact * * < br > * * Proposed * * < br > * * Mitigation * * < br > * * Measures * * < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicators * * | * * Means * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Verification * * | * * Responsible * * < br > * * party * * | * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Frequency * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * Cost * * < br > * * ( Kshs ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | < br >  Implement and monitor < br > the employment register < br > regularly . < br >  Comply with the national < br > labor laws and labour < br > management practices . < br >  Put visible signage on site < br > “ NoJobs for children . ” | op < br > materials < br > used . < br >  Signed < br > Codes < br > of < br > Conducts | y | | | | * * Total Cost for * * | < br > * * Decommissioning Phase * * | | | | * * 2 , 200 , 000 * * | | * * Overall costs fo * * | < br > * * r Roads and Drainage ESMP * * | | | | * * 8 , 350 , 000 * * | | | Disclosure | |", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 750, "text": "employment register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9255 # * * Abstract * * Although household well-being is anchored in long-term average rates of consumption , welfare comparisons typically rely on shorter-duration survey measurements . This paper develops a new strategy to identify the distribution of these long-term rates by leveraging a large-scale randomization that elicited repeated short-duration measurements from diaries and recall questions . Identification stems from diary-recall differences in reports from the same household , does not require these reports to be error-free , and hinges on a research design with broad replicability . This strategy delivers cost-effective suggestions for designing survey modules to yield the most accurate measurements of consumption well-being , and offers new insights for interpreting and reconciling diary-recall differences in household expenditure surveys . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at nkrishnan @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 864, "end": 893, "text": "household expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * * | | Regression on country - < br > survey-averages | Regression on firms with < br > country-survey dummies | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Fixed capital | 0 . 574 * * | 0 . 387 * * | | Labor | 0 . 445 * * | 0 . 663 * * | | Country survey dummy variables included | No | Yes | | Selected estimates of relative TFP < br > Benchmark : Serbia 2002 = 0 | | | | Croatia 2002 | [ 0 . 612 ] | 0 . 798 * * | | Hungary 2002 | [ 0 . 817 ] | 0 . 922 * * | | Poland 2002 | [ 0 . 543 ] | 0 . 717 * * | | Poland 2003 | [ 0 . 938 ] | 1 . 087 * * | | Slovenia 2002 | [ 1 . 146 ] | 1 . 347 * * | | Number of observations | 55 country-survey-averages < br > based on 14 , 687 firms | 14 , 687 firms | * * significant at the 1 percent ; heteroskedastic-robust standard errors ; [ ] indicates estimate based on a residual The figure and the table also show that Serbia is well below its East European peers in productivity . Croatia is a natural comparator country . The country-survey-averages TFP regression implies that the productivity of Serbian manufacturing firms in the BEEPS 2002 survey is 61 percent < sup > 7 < / sup > below that of Croatian firms ; the gap based on the PICS 2003 5", "spans": [{"start": 1062, "end": 1079, "text": "BEEPS 2002 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1166, "end": 1175, "text": "PICS 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| traditional Batwa < br > knowledge for their | the Batwa communities of < br > Semuliki | | | be procured < br > by UWA | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | use | Print 50 copies per language < br > ( Lubwisi and Ruswa ) language < br > for use of Batwa communities | 25 , 000 , 000 | | | | | Print 50 copies in English < br > language for use of Batwa < br > communities when tourguiding | 10 , 000 , 000 | | | | | Conduct 2nd phase of herbal < br > medicine inventory - Ongoing < br > and will continue | 100 , 000 , 000 | | Service < br > Provider < br > to be procure < br > d byUWA | | Target 8 . < br > Preservation of < br > cultural heritage for < br > the Batwa < br > communities | Support printing of 80 copies of < br > the Ruswa language book < br > ( _Learning Ruswa : The Language_ < br > _of the Batwa Community in_ < br > _Bundibugyo , copyright The_ < br > _Cross-Cultural Foundation of_ < br > _Uganda ) _and disseminate to the < br > Batwa community members and < br > local educational institutions | 20 , 000 , 000 | May 2026 | Service < br > Provider to < br > be procured < br > by UWA | # 8 . Applicability of Free Prior and Informed Consent ( FPIC ) The IFPA-CD project team has consulted with the Batwa communities during the project design with dedicated sessions specific to the Batwa , for example during the preparation of ESMF and preparation of VMGF as well as during project implementation . The preparation of VMGP has been", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 480, "text": "medicine inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from 37 to 305 , with the mean being 137 and the median 130 : the mean number of food items alone is 75 . < sup > 7 < / sup > This level of detail on consumption is thought to be important as it prompts respondents to remember more completely and accurately their consumption . But , the costs may be high : longer interview time , greater respondent fatigue and higher non-response . While there are surprisingly few studies from developing countries evaluating the accuracy of shorter versus longer lists — none were identified from any African countries — it appears that more disaggregation and longer lists of items result in higher levels of recorded consumption . In El Salvador , data from 1994 showed that the longer , more detailed questions on consumption resulted in an estimate of mean household consumption that was 31 percent higher than that from the condensed version of the questionnaire ( Jolliffe , 2001 ) . This resulted in much higher poverty estimates from the short > 7 Figures are calculated from the Comparative Living Standards Project data base . Note that although 100 + consumption items seems a large number , many Household Budget Surveys ( HBS ) will cover even more food items in the diary . HBSs usually do not collect much additional information on household socioeconomic conditions , whereas the LSMS surveys do , thereby necessitating both recall and food lists that are not exhaustive of all foods . The objective of an LSMS survey is consistent measurement of total consumption for each household in the sample , rather than accurate measures of commodity-specific consumption for the population .", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 702, "text": "data from 1994", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1026, "end": 1072, "text": "Comparative Living Standards Project data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be enough to offset the adverse effects of diminished employment on total output ( Bauducco & Janiak , 2018 ; Seok & You , 2022 ) . On the other hand , if increasing the minimum wage does not reduce employment , it may result in higher inflationary pressure ( Majchrowska , 2022 ) . Evidence from the US shows that the impact of the minimum wage on employment manifests over time through shifts in growth rather than an immediate decline in relative employment levels . They contend that commonly employed specifications in this field , particularly those incorporating state-specific time trends , need to be revised to capture these effects . Through analyzing three distinct state panels of administrative employment data , this research reveals that the minimum wage curtails job growth over multiple years . This conclusion is robust across various empirical specifications . * * In contrast , more recent investigations ( Dube , Lester , and Reich , 2010 ; Allegretto , Dube , and Reich , 2011 ) found no adverse employment repercussions linked to minimum wage changes , but these results have been contested . * * Nonetheless , Neumark , Salas , and Wascher ( 2014a ) and Neumark , Salas , and Wascher ( 2014b ) have cast doubt on these findings . Recently , studies have identified significant disemployment effects of the minimum wage ( e . g . , Baskaya and Rubinstein , 2016 ; Clemens and Wither , 2019 ; Powell , 2016 ) . These 8", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 724, "text": "state panels of administrative employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "multiple output from the teacher influence models . As pointed out above , if the chooser is attempting to optimize then new information about the production function should change inputs and outcomes . In this section we argue that the converse is also true : if the optimizing model were really correct then one should _not_ see patterns of input use and outcomes respond to different degrees of incentives . Greater local financing or control of schools , differing degrees of competition , or differing amounts of union power should not affect technical efficiency . But the evidence suggests that these factors do have an important effect both on the allocation of expenditures and the efficacy of outcomes . The following section discusses three sources of evidence relating to various sources of differences in parental power : the degree of local control , teacher unions , and private schools . _Local and parental contributions . _ A first source of evidence is the impact of direct parental participation and contributions . Modest amounts of direct contributions of parents should have large effects on performance only to the extent that some inputs ( infrastructure , equipment , instructional materials ) are so dramatically under-funded by the publicly allocated budget that their marginal products per dollar are very high . If marginal products were equalized ( even according to an optimizing model with multiple outputs ) then the relatively small contributions should only have a proportionately small effect . Evidence of substantial impact by parent ' s groups , or of local control , or of the proportion of resources from local sources is itself a sign of a failure to maximize outputs in the overall system of expenditure allocation . Jimenez and Paqueo ( 1996 ) using data from the Philippines find that schools with a small component of local financing ( under _5_ percent ) are incredibly less productive than 29", "spans": [{"start": 1795, "end": 1820, "text": "data from the Philippines", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Middle East that have a survey completed in the last three years and have a large sample size of over 600 firms in order to construct sectoral breakdowns . The World Bank Enterprise Surveys are establishment-level surveys conducted on a stratified random sample of small ( 5-19 employees ) , medium ( 20-99 employees ) , and large establishments ( over 100 employees ) . The questionnaire includes a wide range of topics , from infrastructure to management practices , labor , and performance . The survey is administered to businesses with at least 1 percent private ownership , that are not cooperatives , and were in full operation for the entirety of the last completed fiscal year . The sector of coverage includes all manufacturing ( ISIC 3 . 1 Rev 15-37 ) ; Wholesale and retail trade , repair of motor vehicles , motorcycles and personal and household goods ( 50-52 ) ; Hotels and restaurants ( 55 ) ; Transport , storage and communications ( 60-64 ) ; and Computer related activities ( 72 ) . The sample contains a total of 11 , 759 interviews with top managers or owners ; and approximately half of sampled firms ( 6 , 897 ) submitted income statement and balance sheet data ( Table 1 ) . Exporters account for 7 percent ( Kazakhstan ) to 31 percent ( Morocco ) of the sample . # * * < u > Table 1 : Sample Details < / u > * * | < br > * * Country * * | < br > * * Survey * * < br > * * Year * * | < br > * * Last * * < br > * * Completed * * < br > * * Fiscal Year * * | * * Survey * * < br > * * Sample * * < br > * * Size * * | * * Number of firms * * < br > * * with full income * * < br > * * statement data * * | * * Share of * * < br > * * Exporters in * * < br > * * the Sample * * | | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 189, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1145, "end": 1184, "text": "income statement and balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | 29-Jun-2018 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | There is no data av < br > counties has come t < br > remaining counties t | ailable for this indicator . There < br > o an ed . It is expected that the < br > his financial year . | has been a delay in inspect < br > inspections will resume an | ions as the pilot in three < br > d be scaled up to the | | IN00651180 < br > ► Facilities submittin | < br > g complete DHIS data in a tim | < br > ely manner ( Percentage , C | ustom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | 12 / 20 / 2018 Page 4 of 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ISR TUR RUS NOR IDN AUS CHN JPN BRA COL IND ARG SAU USA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE . The country sample covers 38 OECD countries plus 13 non-OECD countries . Note : Employment in exports can be decomposed into its ( 1 ) direct contribution in the exporting sector , ( 2 ) indirect contribution in sectors supplying to the export sector , and ( 3 ) contribution of reimported inputs . Linkages to supplying sectors have been traditionally high for manufacturing exports , exceeding 62 percent of jobs in exports on average in 2018 ( Figure 15 ) . These can include agricultural inputs used in the food and beverages export sectors ( such as fruits and vegetables ) , agricultural inputs used in apparel and shoe exports ( such as cotton or hides and skins ) , but importantly also business services used in all of manufacturing exports ( ranging from research and development , to design , to transport and logistics , to marketing services ) – which all create jobs . In other words , the high export-employment elasticities found in manufacturing ( section 2 ) underestimated their potential to create jobs in other sectors . Similarly , mining exports are known to create jobs in other sectors , in particular supporting services industries . < sup > 19 < / sup > Interestingly , the share of indirect jobs linked to mining exports has expanded from 46 to 64 percent between 1995 and 2018 , or that of direct jobs declined from 54 to 36 percent . This may be linked to > 18 While the computation of jobs sustained by domestic demand would require international input-output data , this is a reasonable estimate . > 19 Estimates of job multipliers in non-mining sectors for Sweden ’ s mining sector range from 0 . 2 to 0 . 5 percent , i . e . , one mining job supports between 0 . 2 to 0 . 5 jobs in other sectors . It is highest in services including retail trade , transport , and hotels and restaurants ( Moritz et al . 2017 ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 140, "text": "OECD TiE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1607, "end": 1638, "text": "international input-output data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A testable implication is that the negative relationship between aid shares and aid tying should strengthen when the most corrupt recipient countries are dropped from the sample . Accordingly , in equation 1 of table 4 we retain only the less corrupt 50 % of observations , namely those scoring above the median value on the “ Control of Corruption ” variable from the Worldwide Governance Indicators project ( higher scores indicate lower perceived corruption ) . The aid share coefficient increases in absolute value from - . 4 ( from the base specification of table 3 , equation 1 ) to - . 53 ( in equation 5 ) and remains highly significant . < sup > 10 < / sup > For the more corrupt half of the sample ( equation 2 ) , the aid share coefficient remains negative , but drops to - . 25 and is not significantly different from zero < sup > 11 < / sup > . This result is consistent with the view that theory is ambiguous regarding the effect of aid share on aid tying when losses from aid tying must be balanced against losses from embezzling aid funds where corruption is high . In equation 3 , we return to using the full sample but add Control of Corruption as a regressor . Where recipient-country procurement systems are believed to be more corrupt , donors are more likely to bypass them and use their own rules and procedures , including aid tying . This reasoning implies the coefficient on Control of Corruption should be negative . It turns out to be positive , but very small and not significant . Results for the key aid > 10Dividing the sample by the median value of the corruption perceptions indicator is arbitrary , but results are very similar if many alternative cutpoints are used . Even if we retain only the least corrupt 30 % of observations , aid share remains significant at the . 04 level with a coefficient of - 0 . 6 . > 11The . 34 difference between these two coefficients is not statistically significant at conventional levels , however . 11", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 408, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1586, "end": 1618, "text": "corruption perceptions indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment < u > ( ESSA ) Addendum < / u > Additional Financing-I Ethiopia Electrification < u > Program ( AF-ELEAP ) < / u > # # * * 7 . Scanned Copies of Workshop Participants Attendance Sheet * * 76", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 227, "text": "Workshop Participants Attendance Sheet", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Improvement Program for Equity * * ( * * GEQIP ) . Secondary information was also used in order to assess good practices and lessons of related previous interventions , identify existing gaps and plan for effectively dealing with the limitations . With these aims , an extensive review of pertinent literature was undertaken . # # # * * 1 . 6 . 2 . Interviews * * The ESSA team conducted Key Informants Interviews with representatives of Key implementing agencies ( MOF MOE , MOA , MOH , MOWE-Water Development Commission , MOPD and ACSO ) . The interviews were made at national , regional and Woreda level as well as with representatives from community . In addition , interviews were conducted with environmental and social management oversight agencies such as EPAto develop understanding on the potential Environment and Social benefits and risks , as well as related to proposed project intervention . The team conducted phone interviews and email exchanges in six regions , namely : Amhara , BenishangulGumuz , Gambella , Oromia , SNNP , and Somali . Because of limitations to carry out field level interviews and consultations due to COVID 19 restrictions and security issues , virtual meetings or interviews , email exchanges and phone interviews were used to collect the required information . Data was collected from six regions ( three from the highland areas : Oromia , Amhara and SNNP and the other from lowland areas Gambella , Somali and Benishangul Gumuz region ) . Furthermore , additional data was collected from sampled pilot HCP woredas . These include Aware ( Somali ) , Yabello and Moyale ( Oromia ) , Ebinat ( Amhara ) , and Kemba ( SNNP ) . # # # * * 1 . 6 . 3 . Stakeholder Consultation and Disclosure * * Consultation is one of the crucial tasks of Environment and Social System Assessment that ensure active participation of communities and stakeholders . Involving local communities and other stakeholders in consultation process informs decisions about local priorities and needs and be", "spans": [{"start": 1303, "end": 1338, "text": "Data was collected from six regions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conflict . Such reporting is not only false but also dangerous for displaced persons . Perceived HIV status , regardless of one ’ s actual status , carries with it a stigma that can destroy individuals , their families and even communities . < sup > 82 < / sup > # # * * Burundi , Colombia , Liberia and Somalia * * In contrast with the other countries , there are no recent media articles written in English , French or Spanish on HIV / AIDS and IDPs in Burundi , Colombia , Liberia and Somalia that we could find . This observation is not too surprising , as the media tend to write articles on reports by NGOs and UN agencies ; as there is little literature on the subject of HIV / AIDS and IDPs , there are few publications , and even fewer media articles . Ongoing conflicts , lack of funding , and difficulties in field research explain in part why there is a lack of data on HIV prevalence among IDPs . # # * * Conclusion * * Media coverage must become more attentive to the portrayal of IDPs in the news . Reports that allege high HIV prevalence among IDPs should be thoroughly reviewed and readers reminded how complex , difficult and dangerous these situations are to gather unbiased data . There are no HIV prevalence data on IDPs except in Sudan and one part of DRC , therefore any claims are speculative and should be prefaced as such or avoided altogether . Sensational claims cause IDPs to suffer from stigma and discrimination . Given the precarious living conditions of IDPs , recommendations to improve the reporting on HIV among IDPs include having humanitarian agencies verifying their data against biases and ensuring proper conclusions before releasing any information to the press as well as having technical experts reviewing articles before they go to press . Additionally , specific training on epidemiology and ethics of reporting on HIV / AIDS could be made available to reporters and editors . < sup > 82 < / sup > Poor media reporting using faulty data risks aggravating an already difficult situation for", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1233, "text": "HIV prevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the M & E specialist of the PMU , containing in a standardized format both the quantitative progress and qualitative assessment of each indicator of the results framework . In addition , the conclusions and recommendations of the independent MTR were greatly supported by the available M & E information , which was complemented by assessments using the Rapid Result Initiatives ( RRI ) methodology . Page 24 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 303, "text": "M & E information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > United Kingdom 4 , 780 23 % < br > 42 % < br > Iraqi Tunisian Malian < br > 45 % Children Children Children < br > Belgium 3 , 140 59 % < br > 11 % < br > 95 % < br > Sweden 2 , 915 397 8 % < br > 5 % * The information on nationality breakdown < br > Switzlerland 2 , 880 provided in this report is based on the < br > nationality declared by migrants as < br > reported by the relevant authorities < br > Austria 2 , 805 45 % ChildrenDRC6 % 44 % * * The difference in numbers of arrivals and of the European countries . < br > asylum applications can be explained by < br > the long waiting times before people can < br > Netherlanda 2 , 595 claim asylum , backlogs in national asylum < br > systems , as well as the fact that applications < br > Source : Eurostat , Date : 13 September , 2018 can be submitted by persons who have < br > Italy 2 , 280 163 arrived previously or did not necessarily < br > come through the Mediterranean Routes . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 6", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 772, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "children ’ s age . < sup > 173 < / sup > Empirical data on the effects , extent and causes of disability in children during emergencies is usually unavailable . Following Typhoon Haiyan ( Philippines 2014 ) almost no data existed on the number of people with disabilities who had been impacted , the incidence of types of injury or chronic illness , or their needs , capacities , and / or coping strategies ; and no referral pathway was put in place . < sup > 174 < / sup > While data is weak , two studies that have analysed a broad variety of sources suggest the following factors contribute to the physical , psychological , and educational vulnerability of CWD in disaster and are perhaps the most challenging aspects for CWD in emergencies : < sup > 175 < / sup > - Higher poverty rates ; - Elevated risk of exposure ; - Decreased ability to take protective action or withstand the force of an emergency and lower rates of evacuation , coupled with inaccessible evacuation routes and the potential to be ‘ left behind ’ particularly where mobility and health issues render evacuations an impossible choice for parents . This was experienced in the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami , where it was found that the fatality rate among persons with disabilities were twice that the rest of the population . < sup > 176 < / sup > - Dependence on assistive devices or caregivers ; prosthesis and medical devices frequently requiring adjustments or changes - The exclusion of CWD from emergency preparedness , early warning systems and response planning ; limited consideration of the communication and mobility requirements of CWD . - Greater vulnerability to life threatening and traumatic loss or separation from caregivers ; with the loss of caregivers , the loss of the only people who know how to care for or communicate with a child . - Stigma and social distance due to societal and community beliefs about disability - Exclusion from institutional / mainstream support services and assistance programmes such as health or food distribution because of physical barriers , negative attitudes , and poor targeting of services ; 170 Child", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 55, "text": "Empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an adequate response within 30 days ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 31-Oct-2020 | 30-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | 30-Jun-2027 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01136091 | This indicator is bas < br > unit and expresses t < br > 30 days | ed on the number of grievance < br > he percentage of those that ar | s or complaints received b < br > e addressed , with a respo | y the project implementation < br > nse to the complainant , within | ► User satisfaction with the effectiveness of the selected public digital services ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2020 | 30-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2026 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator will be < br > to be developed unde < br > ease of access | measured using the citizen fee < br > r Component 2 . 1 , and will foc | dback mechanism for sel < br > us on the level of satisfact | ected digital public services < br > ion with convenience and | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "developments on the hydrology of the area . Nevertheless , there is potential for forest products and eco-tourism in the remaining forests of the hills . Proposed BMPs and BMTs for NMR issues : - Enhance sustainability via alternative livelihood systems ( e . g . , Jojoba ) ; - Promote water harvesting , storage and irrigation ; - Monitoring of trends in land resource management ; - Increasing vegetative cover on cultivated land during fallow periods in order to reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching ; - Land resources inventory . d ) Yala Watershed : Yala area is situated in Siaya District , Western Kenya . Proposed BMPs and BMTs for NMR issues : - Sustained use of organic manures , green manures and improved fallows to improve soil fertility ; - Use of more efficient land management technologies in specific niche ; - Upscale AHI watershed management work to the whole of Yala catchment to reduce erosion and siltation ; - Monitoring of trends in land resource management ; - Land resources inventory . e ) Cherangani Hills / Turkwell River Catchment : The area is situated in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya . The Cherangani hills are mainly forest with some extensive grazing and some smallholders farming . Both sheet and gully erosion occur in the area . However , a considerable part of the area is still under forest . There is a need for proper soil conservation and a policy to discourage the cutting of trees . # Promotion BMPs for NMR issues : - ? Protection of the river Nzoia water catchment through integrated watershed management ( Cherangani hills ? GIS overlays ) ; - ? Promotion of best management practices ( BMPs ) for NRM to improve maximum net benefits to the farmers ; - ? Incremental benefits approach ; - ? Sustained use of soil fertility management inputs to reduce soil nutrient losses ; - ? Protection and rehabilitation of the Turkwell River catchment - ? Promote biodiversity in critical areas such as Saiwa Swamp National Park ; - ? Upscale home level utilization", "spans": [{"start": 513, "end": 537, "text": "Land resources inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Indonesia ( March 1980 ) and Egypt ( 1981 ) , are highly comprehensive and show great depth of analysis . Both these reports also provide a good secondary analysis of survey data . Most sector reports are strong in demographic and population analysis but weak in analyzing program effectiveness issues , especially those which are salient at the program-client interface level . Typically , sector reviews do not go beyond description of the service delivery and IEC system and preliminary assessment of the management structure at the central government level . Since management issues are likely to be sensitive and sector reports need government clearance , the reluctarce to deal with certain issues is understandable , but since chese issues lie at the heart of effective program and project development , it is important that a mechanism be found to address them . The Mauritius ( 1983 ) and Egypt ( 1985 ) reports are exceptions , as they focus on management aspects in some detail . The coverage and depth of sector reports vary considerably . Basic demographic analysis is handled with reasonable consistency , but the discussion of program management , other government departments and NGOs does not conform to any se , pattern . It seems that the composition of the review team may account for . some of the variance in scope and auality . # 4 . Impact of Sector Work It is very difficult to assess the impact of sector work on Bank activities and the development of population policies . The Health Sector Review concluded that sector work had had a considerable impact in terms of both these criteria . Our interviews also brought out that the operations staff find the sector work useful in project development and policy dialogue . We have already discussed sector work in relation to policy dialogue in the previous section . We found that sector reports have been an important input in policy dialogue in Africa and Latin America . It is not clear that the same holds for some of the mature programs in India , Indonesia , Egypt , Pakistan and Bangladesh . In fact , it should be mentioned that sector work regarding mature programs hai been extremely limited . At the aggregate level , there seems", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 178, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Displacement and Social Empowerment : Evidence from Surveys of IDPs in Iraq , the Philippines , and Uganda < sup > * < / sup > Patrick Vinck , < sup > † ‡ < / sup > Thomas O ’ Mealia , < sup > § < / sup > Carol Wei < sup > ¶ < / sup > , Abdulrazzaq al-Saiedi , < sup > | | < / sup > Muslih Irwani , < sup > * * < / sup > and Phuong N . Pham < sup > † † < / sup > # # * * _JEL Codes : _ * * D74 , F22 , C83 , N47 , N45 , O15 , R23 # # * * _Keywords : _ * * Displacement , IDPs , Social Cohesion , Political Empowerment , Surveys > * Vinck and O ’ Mealia are co-first authors . Acquisition of the data used in this manuscript was supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands ( Iraq ) , the John D . and Catherine T . MacArthur Foundation ( Uganda ) and the World Bank and World Food Programme ( Philippines ) . The funders played no role in the analysis , interpretation or writing of the results and decision to submit the manuscript . This paper was commissioned by the World Bank Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice as part of the activity “ Preventing Social Conflict and Promoting Social Cohesion in Forced Displacement Contexts . ” The activity is task managed by Audrey Sacks and Susan Wong with assistance from Stephen Winkler . This work is part of the program “ Building the Evidence on Protracted Forced Displacement : A Multi-Stakeholder Partnership ” . The program is funded by UK aid from the United Kingdom ’ s Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office ( FCDO ) , it is managed by the World Bank Group ( WBG ) and was established in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . The scope of the program is to expand the global knowledge on forced displacement by funding quality research and disseminating results for the use of practitioners and policy makers . This work does not necessarily reflect the", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 69, "text": "Surveys of IDPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lambsdorff 2003 ; Mauro 1995 , 1998 ; Wei 2000 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > This impact can be heightened when corruption is unpredictable ( Campos , Lien , and Pradhan 1999 ; Malesky and Samphantharak 2008 ) . Finally , the structure of corruption , specifically if there is a single agency demanding rents or if multiple agents all have opportunities for corruption , affects both the level and the impact of corruption ( Olken and Barron 2009 ) . Unfortunately , measuring corruption requires novel research design strategies for a number of reasons . First , firm managers may be generally reluctant to answer politically sensitive questions ( Lensvelt-Mulders et al . 2005 ; Azfar and Murrell 2009 ) . This reluctance can stem from social factors , where firm managers may be hesitant to express personal beliefs that are considered taboo . < sup > 3 < / sup > Second , and more relevant for this paper , the political environment can affect responses to firm level surveys . Jensen , Li , and Rahman ( 2010 ) analyze cross-national firm-level _Productivity and Investment Climate Surveys_ ( PICS ) administered by the World Bank . They find evidence for nonresponse and false response on corruption questions in the PICS survey . Specifically , in countries with lower levels of Press Freedom and Political Freedom , a larger percentage of firms tend to provide false response to the corruption questions and a large number of responses fit patterns of false response . They find that in countries with lower levels of press and political freedom , firm-level survey data tends to underreport levels of corruption . In this paper we take seriously the potential for nonresponse and false responses in the firm level surveys . In fact , we design a survey methodology to examine patterns of nonresponse and false response on survey questions on corruption . Our methodology > 2 Corruption can also affect firm entry strategies ( Henisz 2000 ; Rodriguez et al . 2005 ; Uhlenbruck et al . 2006 ) or alter other aspects of their operations ( Kwok and Tadesse 2006 ; Luo 2006 ) . > 3 For example , see Berinsky ( 1999 ) for work on public opinion", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 973, "text": "firm level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1217, "end": 1228, "text": "PICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1550, "end": 1572, "text": "firm-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IMF ’ s Government Finance Statistics and International Financial Statistics . To account for varying degrees of capital market developments , we obtained the Financial Market Depth variable from the IMF ’ s Financial Development Index data set . In the factor analysis in Section 4 . 7 , we will compare extracted latent factors with observed global financial variables ( see Figure 9 , Appendix ) . We consider the following candidates . 1 . Monthly _federal funds rate_ data are provided by the Federal Reserve Economic Data ( FRED ) database of the Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis . It serves as a proxy for global liquidity conditions ( Csonto et al . , 2013 ) . This is particularly relevant for exchange rate volatilities , for instance due to the US federal reserve large-scale asset purchase programs , which Gadanecz et al . ( 2018 ) demonstrate to have influenced local currency bond yields . 2 . We include the _TED spread_ and the Chicago Board Options Exchange ’ s Volatility Index to control for global credit risk and volatility conditions ( Hilscher et al . , 2010 ) . 3 . To mirror equity market conditions in developed markets , we include end-of-month values of the _MSCI World Index_ . 4 . For global bond market conditions , we also obtain end-of-month values of _J . P . Morgan Global Bond Index ( GBI ) _ for emerging markets and the European monetary union , which captures developments in local currencies . 5 . Furthermore , we obtain end-of-month values of _J . P . Morgan Emerging Markets Bond Index ( EMBI ) _ suite to reflect bond market developments in foreign currencies . # * * 3 Preliminary analysis * * When a country raises capital on bond markets , it needs to set the return on the bond . This return , or yield , will determine the market appetite for this debt issuance . To simplify and focus the subsequent discussion , we treat bond yields as the price of borrowing . Considering the importance of natural capital to the economy and thereby to its bonds , we ask : Is it worth investing into forest expansion , sustainable agriculture or national parks ? Figure", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 244, "text": "Financial Development Index data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 498, "end": 527, "text": "Federal Reserve Economic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". # * * III . Estimation Strategy * * The identification strategy involves two strategies . The first is dynamic panel estimation methods to account for endogeneity concerns . The second is cross-sectional data where we lag the predictors to the initial time period of the data set ( 2005 ) and the level of income per capita at the end period of the data set ( 2018 ) . This 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * this Syrian woman * * who has found refuge in Turkey chats via Skype with relatives in Australia . She is being hosted , together with her family , in a Syriac Christian community church . * * 6 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gains , perhaps because of < br > low level of payments | | 13 | Opportunidades , < br > Mexico , 1997 | Oportunidades beneficiaries received 12 . 2 % more prenatal < br > procedures compared with non-beneficiaries ( adjusted mean < br > 78 . 9 , 95 % Confidence Interval ( Cl ) : 77 . 5-80 . 3 ; P < 0 . 001 ) . Higher < br > perceived quality of care among users - which may be result of < br > greater sense ofempowerment achieved through the overall < br > program . Some small-scale studies suggesthoweverthat < br > publicfacilities were not always able to cope with the increase < br > in demand ( e . g . running out of drugs ) | Oportunidades beneficiary statuswas < br > | associated with 127 . 3 g higher birthweight < br > | among participatingwomen anda 4 . 6 < br > | percentage point reduction in low < br > | birthweight . Also lower incidence of illness < br > amongst beneficiary children , reduced < br > | stunting and increased growth . Maternal and < br > child mortality delined in programme areas , < br > but this is based on administrative data alone < br > anduncontrolled |", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1070, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 12 * * THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL * * Operational Policies * * * * December 2001 Page 50 of 9 * * # # # # # # * * Eligibility for Benefits * * < sup > 18 < / sup > _14 . Upon identification of the need for involuntary resettlement in a project , the borrower carries out a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project ( see the Annex A , para . 6 ( a ) ) , to determine who will be eligible for assistance , and to discourage inflow of people ineligible for assistance . The borrower also develops a procedure , satisfactory to the Bank , for establishing the criteria by which displaced persons will be deemed eligible for compensation and other resettlement assistance . The procedure includes provisions for meaningful consultations with affected persons and communities , local authorities , and , as appropriate , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and it specifies grievance mechanisms . _ _15 . _ Criteria for Eligibility _ . Displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups : _ - ( a ) those who have formal legal rights to land ( including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the country ) ; - _ ( b ) those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets — provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan ( see Annex A , para . 7 ( f ) ) ; and_ < sup > _19_ < / sup > - _ ( d ) those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying . _ _16 . Persons covered under para . 15 ( a ) and ( b ) are provided compensation for the land they lose , and other assistance in accordance with para . 6 . Persons covered under para . 15 ( c )", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 297, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > 2015 ) . Despite this , international assessments show that the level of achievement of CABA students in < / u > Science is still well below the OECD average ( OECD 2016 ) . Problems with teaching and learning Science in CABA were also highlighted by the last wave of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) , according to which CABA students ( fourth and eighth graders ) place at the bottom of the world ranking , just above Egypt and South Africa ( Martin et al . 2016 ) . These results are not surprising given the reality of Science education in Argentina , where lessons are mostly teacher centered and focused on the transmission of encyclopedic content , far from competency-based international learning standards , such as those assessed by TIMMS and PISA ( Argentine Ministry of Education 2007 ) . Countries with high levels of scientific literacy tend to implement inquiry-based approaches that position students as active knowledge producers in a classroom community of practice , placing importance on the development of specific Science skills and deep understandings ( OECD 2016 ) . # 3 . Experimental Design A randomized controlled experiment was carried out to assess the effect of different teacher professional development approaches on student learning in Science . The intervention focused on a compulsory unit of the seventh-grade Science national curriculum : the Human Body . The intervention consisted of a random allocation of 70 CABA state primary schools to one of three experimental groups ( Appendix 1 ) . Thus , the unit of randomization was the school . < sup > 10 < / sup > All participating teachers involved received one in-service four-hour training session , and were then asked to teach the Human Body Science unit according to national curriculum guidelines , over the following 12 weeks . During the training session , teachers discussed and took part in inquiry-based activities related to the teaching of the > 10 The randomization was at the school level and not at the classroom level because 46 percent of the schools in our sample shared the same Science teacher for at least one of their classrooms . Therefore , assigning classrooms to different treatments was operationally impossible .", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 331, "text": "Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Establishment 0f Professional Accountancy body & < br > support for federal & Regional staffs to study < br > accountancy technician qualification | COPCU / < br > C5 / 09 | QCBS | LS | 39 | post | Plan ( 1st < br > Revision ) | 9 / 27 / 10 | NA | 10 / 8 / 10 | 10 / 22 / 10 | 11 / 5 / 10 | NA | 11 / 12 / 10 | 12 / 10 / 10 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | Preparation of Cash Management Manual & Training < br > Module | COPCU / < br > C6 / 09 | QCBS | LS | 198 | post | Plan ( 1st < br > Revision ) < br > l 2d | 11 / 15 / 10 | NA | 12 / 10 / 10 | 12 / 24 / 10 | 1 / 12 / 11 | NA | 1 / 21 / 11 | 2 / 21 / 11 | | | | | | | | Pan ( n < br > Revision ) | 11 / 15 / 10 | NA | 12 / 10 / 10 | 12 / 24 / 10 | 1 / 12 / 11 | NA | 1 / 21 / 11 | 2 / 21 / 11 | | | | | | | | Actual | 10 / 11 / 10 | | 10 / 25 / 10 | 11 / 12 / 10 | 1 / 3 / 11 | | 1 / 15 / 11 | 3 / 9 / 11 | | Impact Assessment survey on budget literacy of citizens | CO", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > ZAMCONSULT CONSULTING ENGINEERS LTD < / u > * * * * The consultant responded by stating that before compensation , The Ministry of Water through the Ministry of Land will ensure that the affected PAPs have the required land documents for them to be compensated by NLC . Further on why land along the road reserve would not be compensated ; the government have planned all roads and the exact measurement so in the case of Mwache dam road access most roads are on the road reserve hence they would not be compensated but for the new roads the land affected would be compensated . * * Q 6 . Mr . Salim inquired that how would you handle land disputes since some PAPs affected by the main Dam activities have not been paid because of land disputes . In the specific area there are a lot of cases in regard to land disputes . Would it be the same case as those affected by the main dam activities ? * * The consultant responded informed the community that for all parcels , assets , graves with disputes , the disputes must be resolved for compensation to be made . National Land Commission ( NLC ) shall deposit compensation funds for disputed assets in interest bearing escrow accounts pending the resolution of a dispute . . The PAPs were advised to strive to resolve land disputes using local / existing dispute resolution mechanism before the census and asset inventory exercise Further , the RAP has provisions for dispute resolution through the Grievance Redress and Resettlement Committee ( GRRC ) to resolve grievances . * * Q 7 . Mr . Nyandodo inquired and sought to know who to be compensated ; he bought land to construct a church but the road passed on the land , would the owner be compensated or him . * * The consultant responded informed the community that for the lands bought , the current title holder / owner won ’ t be compensated but the buyers who are the actual owners through exchange of consideration . In case the owner has not given the buyer or transferred land", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Coming from a range of countries in the Middle East and Africa , \u0003 * * these asylum-seekers and migrants disembark on the Italian island of Sicily , relieved to have made the journey alive . many have fled Libya , Somalia and the Syrian Arab Republic , and UNhCR is present to help determine who may be in need of international protection . * * 4 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "house documents and records generated from the RP implementation ( e . g . records on compensation ) and the day to day observations by the RIT ; and - The main responsible entity for IPM will be the PIO / ESAO ( the monitoring , review and evaluation officer of the RP in particular ) . Monthly performance monitoring reports will be prepared by the Resettlement Officer and will be submitted to the Subproject Manager / PIO and WB . - The consolidated reports will serve various purposes including : - a ) Being used by the RIT and other staff to track and assess performance and take corrective measures if needed ; - b ) Being used by the Subproject Manager / PIO to brief relevant authorities ; and - c ) The consolidated performance monitoring reports will serve as one source of data and information for presentations during the periodic progress review meetings . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 RP External Evaluation * * An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of implementation . This will be undertaken by an external entity , preferably an independent consultant . EEP ’ s rules and regulations for the contracting of external consultancy services will be followed and the consultant will be engaged on the basis of a TOR to be prepared by the PIO / ESAO . Page 196", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 98, "text": "records on compensation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wage subsidy literature in several ways . First , we test the effect of a wage incentive for youths who are just graduating from secondary school . < sup > 7 < / sup > At this career point , hourly wages of informal jobs are relatively attractive ( Shehu and Nilsson , 2014 ) and youths may heavily discount and underestimate the rapid ( relative ) wage growth of formal jobs . Short-term wage incentives offered during the school-to-work transition are thus particularly important , not least because the first job has long-lasting impacts on career trajectories and lifetime earnings ( Neumark , 2002 ; Kahn , 2010 ; Oreopoulos et al . , 2012 ) . Second , the incentive is paid monthly and is thus more attractive than bonuses paid in the more distant future , especially if beneficiaries heavily discount future payouts . < sup > 8 < / sup > Finally , we link our study sample to monthly social security data , which addresses concerns of selective attrition and surveyor demand effects . It also allows us to precisely trace out employment effects over time , which is important given the high rates of worker churn , and thus estimate cumulative treatment < sup > 9 < / sup > We also contribute to a nascent literature that explores the role of worker retention and on-the-job human capital accumulation in developing countries . In line with Donovan et al . ( 2020 ) , our findings suggest that high turnover rates , especially in the informal sector , do not represent a reallocation of workers to more productive jobs . Donovan et al . ( 2020 ) and Bick et al . ( 2018 ) also conclude that the steeper wage-tenure profiles in developing countries are less likely to be due to human capital accumulation and more likely to result from firm selection in the presence of uncertain match quality . By contrast , our results suggest that at the very early career stage , formal employment offers substantial training and learning opportunities that are associated with wage increases . Importantly , when workers switch between formal jobs they do not experience a loss in wages , suggesting that the rapid wage increase in formal employment is at", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 911, "text": "monthly social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "available in the input-output table of the Chilean economy for 1986 . 2 The aggregation first accomplished by dividing these 41 industries into sub-industries using SITC classifications , leading to a total of 113 sub industries ( corresponding to the number of nodes at level II in Figure 1 ) . Each of the tariff lines ( nodes at level III ) was then assigned to a subindustry using an CCCN / SITC concordance . To allow differing degrees of substitutability between different types of countries , the source countries were divided into three groups : OECD countries , Latin American countries , and the rest of the world . There were thus a total of 3 , 033 nodes at level IV in Figure 1 , resulting from 3 country groups for each of the tariff lines . At each node , a CES aggregator is used to derive a quantity and price index from the price and quantity indices at the lower level nodes . For example , let A denote a representative node and let Ai be the nodes that are connected to A at the next lower level of aggregation . We want to develop an aggregate index for node A , ZA from the indices * * ZA * * calculated at the lower level nodes . The aggregate quantity at node A will be where aA E [ 0 , oo ) is the elasticity of substitution between imports from the different inputs to node . 3 The parameters bA are included to allow for the possibi lity of quality differences between goods from different input sources . The corresponding price index for goods at node A will be < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A 5 ( 2 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 58, "text": "input-output table of the Chilean economy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a-futuro / 2024-01-12 / los-batwa-de-uganda-marginados-en-nombre-de-la-conservacion . html < / u > > 26 Ibid . > 27 Interview with Gad Shemajere , a mutwa Leader at the National Level held on Wednesday 5th October , 2022 in Bundibugyo . > 28 Fauna & Flora International ( October 2013 ) , Batwa cultural values in Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks , Uganda . A report of a cultural assessment . University of Science and Technology ( 2020 ) . > 29 Mbarara University of Science and Technology ( 2020 ) , The marginalization of the Batwa people of Southwestern Uganda , as an indigenous community ; Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Trust ( 2016 ) Batwa Population Census Report . 17", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 694, "text": "Batwa Population Census Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "qualitative data collection and interview skills , as well as on ethical considerations around data collection with vulnerable groups . Longitudinal analysis was carried out on the basis of comparable information on routes and mobility collected through IMPACT ( of which REACH is an initiative ) with Altai Consulting in late 2016 and early 2017 in Libya . < sup > 24 < / sup > All information was triangulated with existing secondary data . - As this assessment employed qualitative research methods , results are indicative only and cannot be generalized for the entire population of refugees and migrants in Libya . Particularly nationalities who are more likely to transit through Libya in organized smuggling networks and cannot be found in urban areas , such as Eritrean , Ethiopian and Somali nationals , are likely to be underrepresented in the present study . Similarly , the views of women are underrepresented as only few women could be found for interview at time of data collection . < sup > 25 < / sup > The present study only interviewed individuals in urban areas , hence no information on the situation for refugees and migrants in detention centres in particular was collected . < sup > 26 < / sup > # # # # * * Endnotes * * 1 . For the purposes of this assessment the expression ‘ refugees and migrants ’ refers to all people on the move along the routes studied , including migrants , asylum seekers , refugees and other populations ( such as victims of trafficking or unaccompanied and separated children ) , unless a distinction is otherwise made . icking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya , March 2017 . 2 . Global Initiative , The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya , March 2017 . 3 . IMPACT / Altai Consulting , Mixed Migration Trends in Libya : Changing Dynamics and Protection Challenges , July 2017 . Organisation of the African Union , Organisation of African Union Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa , 1969 . 4 . The laws Law No . 2 / 2004 and Law No .", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 440, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE # Why infrastructure matters Most African countries enjoyed increased growth in the 2000s . The overall improvement in per capital growth rates since the 1990s has been estimated at just less than two percentage points , of which 1 . 1 percent is attributable to better structural policies and 0 . 9 percent to improved infrastructure . In West Africa , the ICT revolution contributed one percentage point of additional per capita growth , while deficient power and transport infrastructure has held growth back by 0 . 1 percentage points per year . Although there was not enough data to address the specific growth impact for Liberia , the experience of other post conflict countries — such as Cote d ’ Ivoire , Democratic Republic of Congo , Rwanda , Sierra Leone , and Sudan — indicates that the infrastructure growth effect also holds in fragile environments ( figure 1a ) . Simulations suggest that if West Africa were to improve infrastructure to the level of the African leader — Mauritius — annual per capita growth rates would increase by 2 to 4 percentage points . About half of this total would be a result of improvements in the power sector , which could contribute as much as 2 . 5 percentage points to the per capita growth rate ( figure 1b ) . Although lack of data prevented us from performing the simulation for Liberia , the experience of other post-conflict countries illustrated below suggests that a similar effect applies . Overall , evidence from enterprise surveys suggests that infrastructure constraints are responsible for about 40 percent of the productivity handicap faced by African firms ( figure 2 ) . * * Figure 1 . Infrastructure has contributed much to economic growth — but could contribute much more * * a . Infrastructure ’ s contribution to annual per capita economic growth across various subregions of Africa , 2003 – 07 , in percentage points < ! - - Start of picture text - - > telecom electricity roads < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 3", "spans": [{"start": 1526, "end": 1544, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 13 : Project Safeguards Consultative Workshop HELD AT KALRO HEADQUARTERS CONFERENCE ROOM ON 20 * * < sup > * * TH * * < / sup > * * SEPTEMBER 2016 * * | | * * Comments raised by Participants * * | * * MoALF response * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Ge * * | * * neral Comments * * | | |  | _Consultation with the counties on other ongoing_ < br > _projects . _Participants noted that there was need < br > for MOALF to consult with the KCSAP targeted < br > counties prior to implementation to avoid < br > duplication of efforts | MoALF project team informed participants that selection < br > of project wards will be consultative , counties will also < br > undertake baseline surveys to inform where various < br > interventions will be undertaken | |  | _Concerns on the content of the presentations and_ < br > _summaries of frameworks provided were not_ < br > _explicit_ < br > _on_ < br > _the_ < br > _role_ < br > _of_ < br > _various_ < br > _county_ < br > _departments in implementation of the project . _ < br > Participants < br > wished < br > to < br > see < br > the < br > county < br > departments of < br > Agriculture , livestock and < br > fisheries , departments of Environment among < br > other county departments in the frameworks < br > clearly articulated . | MoALF project team explained to participants that these < br > were summarized versions and that the detailed version < br > clearly spells out the institutional arrangements and their < br > roles in tandem with", "spans": [{"start": 691, "end": 707, "text": "baseline surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "focusing on average effects is misleading when assessing climate-induced migration , since averages wash away the substantially heterogeneous responses of structurally different groups . Without thoroughly unpacking this heterogeneity puzzle , it is implausible to make statements _a priori_ on current patterns of climate mobility , let alone future projections . < mark > It follows that rigorously estimating heterogeneous treatment effects is an essential prerequisite for the optimal targeting of < / mark > climate and development policies . Guided by these reflections , we couple a causal machine learning approach based on a data-driven search for treatment effect heterogeneity ( Athey & Imbens , 2016 ; Wager & Athey , 2018 ) , tailored to a conceptual framework bridging the New Economics of Labor Migration ( NELM ) and the poverty traps literature , with longitudinal , multi-topic household survey data collected in Nigeria with support from World Bank ' s Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) . When we refer to a ‘ data-driven search for treatment effect heterogeneity ’ , we mean that we go beyond estimating average treatment effects . Instead , we calculate the impacts of weather shocks at the household level . These individual impacts are then aggregated into group-average treatment effects . Importantly , the groups are identified through data-driven sample splits based on specific household characteristics before the shock . Our non-parametric estimates of treatment effect heterogeneity suggest that some key variables — namely , pre-shock asset levels , _in situ_ adaptive capacity , and cumulative exposure to weather shocks — can alter not just the magnitude , but even the sign of the causal impact of growing season weather anomalies on the ( im ) mobility outcomes of Nigerian agricultural households . Overall , our analysis provides empirical evidence that suggests the presence of climate-induced immobility traps . Among recent works related to this paper , < mark > Martinez Flores , Milusheva and Reichert < / mark > ( 2021 ) leverage high-frequency data collected from the International Organization for Migration in 17 West and Central African countries over the period 2018-2019 , and estimate that droughts occurring during the growing season reduce international migration . As they find these effects only in middle-income areas ( and not in rich nor poor", "spans": [{"start": 869, "end": 917, "text": "longitudinal , multi-topic household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 972, "end": 1006, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2084, "end": 2103, "text": "high-frequency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Worker Impacts / Risks * * | * * Project Impacts / Risks * * | * * Mitigation Measures * * | * * Monitoring * * | * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Frequency * * | * * Responsibility * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Conditions of < br > employment – < br > what people < br > earn \\ benefits . | Perceptions that wages , < br > salaries and benefits are < br > poor or that foreigners are < br > treated better and receive < br > better conditions of < br > employment . | Industrial action - work < br > stoppages , absenteeism , sit-ins , < br > sabotage . | < br > Human Resources policy and / or procedure that describes < br > at least the following : < br > 1 . Contract arrangements and content ; < br > 2 . Equal pay for equal work ; < br > 3 . How wage surveys will be conducted to assess local < br > conditions and industry averages ; and < br > 4 . Process for pay increases . | Verify | Quarterly | Contractor | | | | | An effective employee complaints / grievance process . | Assessment | Monthly | Contractor | | Labor relations – < br > cultural < br > | < br > 1 . Different cultures < br > meeting in the < br > | 1 . Conflict arises between < br > different cultures or tribes < br > | Cultural awareness programs during induction and ‘ lunch < br > and learns ’ . | Verify | Quarterly | Contractor | | diversity . | workplace – feelings of < br > distrust and suspicion < br > of other cultural groups | resulting in tension , which < br > could lead", "spans": [{"start": 794, "end": 806, "text": "wage surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a threat to social cohesion , with > 5 TRC Livelihood Survey 2018 ; International Crisis Group . 2018 . _Turkey ’ s Syrian Refugees : Defusing Metropolitan Tensions_ . Europe Report No . 248 . > 6 TRC Livelihood Survey 2018 . > 7 Turkish Red Crescent . 2018 . _Livelihoods Analysis_ . Unpublished . > 8 Without a certification of skills , employers may also be more likely to statistically discriminate against refugees . Taste-based > discrimination can also be another factor inducing employers to pay less wages to an otherwise similarly skilled refugee ( see Becker 1971 ) . > 9 Del Carpio , X . , and M . Wagner . 2015 . “ The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Turkish Labor Market . ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 7402 . Page 9 of 85", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cost to the PAPs . However , the fourth level of legal redress carries cost implications for the PAPs . The design of the GRM will enable the timely resolution of grievances at the settlement level and provide for escalation mechanisms . A grievance log will document all grievances and their status , and a grievance register will be used to monitor grievance resolution progress . KISIP xii", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 253, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 308, "end": 326, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our municipal budget execution dataset is organized into three tables : _commitment_ , _verification_ , and _payment_ . In the _commitment_ table , one observation is a commitment by one agency in a given municipality . Commitments vary from very large expenses , such as the commitment for the entire wage bill of the mayor ’ s office in a month , to very specific commitments such as the acquisition of replacement parts for a car . Each commitment is often linked to four levels of “ functional programming ” that map the nature of a commitment ( such as Transportation > Road Transportation > Road Recovery > Recovery of a specific road in a given street ) , as well as a text that explicitly describes the nature of the commitment . < sup > 16 < / sup > After an initial commitment , officials can increase or decrease the amounts committed as well as annul them . Across municipalities in our dataset , the quality of tracking these actions after initial commitment varies , but we include initial , increases , annulments , adjustments , and net amounts for each commitment when these are available . Each commitment is also linked to a unique identifier ( id_empenho_bd ) that allows users to connect a commitment to verification and payments linked to them . In the _verification_ table , observations are verifications by some agency in a given municipality , which are always linked to a specific commitment . The key information available for each verification is the date when they happen , the initial value verified , any adjustments to the original value and the final value . One commitment might generate one or more verifications , so each verification is uniquely identified by the variable id_liquidacao_bd and can be connected to commitments by the variable id_empenho_bd . Finally , for the _payment_ table , each observation is a payment made to a specific entity . Payments can often ( but not always ) be linked back to a specific verification . The key information available in the payments table is the date of payment and values . The dataset also includes variables with the names and “ document number ” of payees - these are often unique national identifiers for", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 38, "text": "municipal budget execution dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and utilize funds effectively . Civil society organizations will be encouraged to work in partnership with such well established organizations , which have the capacity to manage substantial amounts of development resources to acceptable standards . # # # # 4 . 2 Project management : Overall coordination responsibilities will lie with the CNLS presided over by the President of Burundi . The CNLS , which is directly under the Office of the President , is well placed for coordinating the national effort to fight HIV / AIDS through a multi-sectoral approach . It has representatives from implementing agencies , who through their previous experience , will help guide the policy and coordination functions of the Commission . The project will finance capacity building for CNLS organs to enable efficient coordination of HIV / AIDS activities in the country . Day-to-day implementation coordination will be carried out by the CNLS Permanent Executive Secretariat reporting directly to the CNLS Executive Committee . The CNLS Permanent Executive Secretariat is staffed with consultants recruited through competitive procedures acceptable to the Bank . Their tenure will be based on agreed performance-based contracts . The key staff of the CNLS Permanent Executive Secretariat were selected and hired on these terms during project preparation . # # # # 4 . 3 Procurement issues : Procurement activities will be implemented by a large number of agencies ( local NGO , Community organizations , in line ministries ) of which only of a few number has adequate experience and capacity in procurement as revealed by the procurement assessment conducted in September 2001 . To ensure that procurement activities will be carried out efficiently and according to Bank procedures : - 25 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A , the table reports regression estimates of the gap in the outcome between natives and refugee ( or between natives and Albanians in Panel B ) after controlling for age and gender dummies . Standard errors in parenthesis ; * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 . Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the European Social Survey . 36", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 345, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10662 # * * Abstract * * While the travelers ’ gender has not been a central consideration driving urban mobility planning , increasing evidence points to gender-differentiated mobility preferences and behaviors . This paper explores this topic in the context of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area , aiming to identify policy relevant differences between the mobility of women and men . It does so by leveraging mobile phone – based data , combined with existing household travel survey data and an original large-scale interception survey implemented in late 2021 and early 2022 . The paper provides descriptive analysis of key spatial and temporal mobility patterns as well as implements statistical analysis to identify whether gender represented a key determinant of mode choice in the context of the pandemic . The analysis finds that women in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area travel less , tend to have shorter individual trips , and are much more likely than men to travel during off-peak hours , including due to disproportionately taking on “ care mobility ” responsibilities . In terms of mode choices , women represent the majority of public transport users and are more likely than men to say they would cycle . However , women ’ s share among public transport users and their actual cycling and walking appear to be spatially correlated with , respectively , the availability of public transport services and dedicated , safe infrastructure . The travel responses to the pandemic documented in the original survey data also suggest that women are more likely than men to switch from public transport to private motorized modes as soon as their incomes allow them to unless appropriate health safety measures are put in place . This paper is a product of the Transport Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at astokenberga @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange", "spans": [{"start": 442, "end": 467, "text": "mobile phone – based data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 493, "end": 521, "text": "household travel survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 538, "end": 569, "text": "large-scale interception survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1543, "end": 1563, "text": "original survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 2 : RAP 1b Asset Register * *", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 35, "text": "RAP 1b Asset Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Sovereign bond returns , 1815 – 2016 * * # 4 . 1 . Sovereign bond pricing database : Sample and sources This section presents our newly assembled , comprehensive dataset on sovereign bond prices and explains how we compute bond returns . Compared with Section 3 , we thus move beyond sovereign default and restructuring situations and instead track the performance of foreign-currency sovereign bonds using bond prices . We start in 1815 , during the decade in which London emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the world ’ s dominant financial center ( Michie 2001 ) . While our data span until September 2017 , we mainly show results through end-2016 to include only complete years . To assemble the long-run bond pricing database , we include all external sovereign bonds for which we could find pricing information on the London or New York Stock Exchange ( LSE and NYSE ) . In line with the above , we focus on bonds issued by central governments in foreign ( USD and GBP ) currency . We include bonds with a maturity of at least one year and those with a fixed coupon rate , thus dropping a small number of floating rate instruments in the modern sample . Throughout , we coded end-of-month price quotations . We rely on several main sources of bond price data . For the pre-1870 period , we use prices from the Money Market Review , The Economist , Circular to Bankers , Course of the Exchange , and Banker ’ s Magazine . For the 1870-1930 period , we greatly benefitted from the work by William Goetzmann and Geert Rouwenhoorst , by using their digitized bond-level pricing data from the British Investor Monthly Manual . < sup > 31 < / sup > We contribute to this collection by adding bond-level information on the timing and scope of default , that is , on missed or partial coupon and principal payments as well as the restructuring terms . We also expand that dataset forward , by 50 years , adding monthly price quotations for external sovereign bonds trading on the LSE from 1930 to 1980 , as provided by The Economist and the Financial Times . Importantly , for the interwar", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 92, "text": "Sovereign bond pricing database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1259, "end": 1274, "text": "bond price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1561, "end": 1594, "text": "digitized bond-level pricing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we aim to quantify both the distributional and efficiency implications of political connections . Indonesia provides a suitable environment for analyzing the effect of democratization on competition . Suharto ’ s autocratic regime was marked by state capture . His family had extensive and highly diversified business interests and is estimated to have amassed $ 15 - $ 35 billion during his 31 years in office from 1967-1998 ( Koerner , 2004 , Transparency International , 2004 ) . Cronyism was rampant , and it was well known that ingratiating oneself with the president ’ s family was an important enabler of business success ( McLeod , 2000 ; Basri , 2001 ; Mobarak and Purbasari , 2006a , 2006b ) . Suharto ’ s fall , in the wake of the financial crisis , was largely unexpected . Indonesia furthermore has high-quality plantlevel manufacturing census data spanning the Suharto era , the crisis and its aftermath in which 246 firms with political connections to the Suharto regime were identified by Mobarak and Purbasari ( 2006a ) . Among these , 86 firms are owned by Suharto family members , which is our preferred proxy for being 2", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 861, "text": "plantlevel manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "organizations . GBVIMS data that is shared is only from reported cases in areas where the data-gathering organizations are providing services , and is in no way representative of the total incidence or prevalence of GBV in South Sudan . These statistical trends are generated exclusively by GBV service providers who use the GBVIMS for data collection in the implementation of GBV response activities in a limited number of locations across South Sudan and with the consent of survivors .", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 27, "text": "GBVIMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Venezuela ” , Journal of Economic Inequality 1 : 67-99 . Glewwe , Paul and Phong Nguyen ( 2002 ) “ Economic Mobility in Vietnam in the 1990s ” , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 2838 . Gottschalk , Peter ( 1997 ) “ Inequality , Income Growth , and Mobility : The Basic Facts ” , Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 ( 2 ) : 21-40 . Gottschalk , Peter and Enrico Spolaore ( 2002 ) “ On the evaluation of economic mobility ” , Review of Economic Studies 69 : 191-208 . Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía e Informática ( INEGI ) ( 1998 ) Documento Metodológico de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano , INEGI : Aguascalientes , Mexico . Islam , Nazrul ( 1995 ) “ Growth Empirics : A Panel Data Approach ” , Quarterly Journal of Economics 110 ( 4 ) : 1127-70 . Jarvis , Sarah and Stephen P . Jenkins ( 1998 ) “ How much income mobility is there in Britain ” , The Economic Journal , 108 : 428-443 . Lokshin , Michael and Martin Ravallion ( 2004 ) . “ Household Income Dynamics in Two Transition Economies ” , Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics 8 ( 3 ) , Article 4 . http : / / www . bepress . com / snde / vol8 / iss3 / art4 Luttmer , Erzo F . P . ( 2002 ) “ Measuring Economic Mobility and Inequality : Disentangling Real Events from Noisy Data ” , Mimeo . Harris School of Public Policy Studies , University of Chicago . McCulloch , Neil and Bob Baulch ( 2000 ) “ Simulating the Impact of Policy Upon Chronic and Transitory Poverty in Rural Pakistan ” , Journal of Development Studies 36 ( 6 ) : 100-130 . McKenzie , David J . ( 2001 ) “ Estimation of AR ( 1 ) models with unequallyspaced pseudo-panels ” , Econometrics Journal , 4 : 89 - 108 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mountain , being beaten by Iranian police and the most dangerous was being shot by Iranian police . The risks when a child reaches the destination country are the bad behaviour of Iranians , getting arrested by police and unavailability of work for smuggled children . When I was arrested by Iranian police to be deported back to Afghanistan , particularly on the Afghan side , there was no risk . The reason why I left for Iran was unavailability of work here in Afghanistan . Because of the thought of being jobless , it is better to go to Iran and work there to support my family . Therefore , I decided to take the risk . ” ( Gul Deen , 19 , M , a formerly deported UACM , IDI-Bamiyan ) _ Like the previous respondent , several children who travelled from Bamiyan knew of the risks but felt that they were worth taking in view of the daily risks faced in Afghanistan . Note that , as described in the provincial profiles above , Bamiyan is considered safer than many of the other provinces in the country . _ “ It was my own decision , yes , I knew about all the risks completely . I just decided to go because I had in mind that if I go I would face the risk once , but if I stay here in Afghanistan I will face risks every time and every day . One of my friends had gone to France , and he is now living there and has a good life . I thought about [ the ] risk of dying on the way , but I did not entertain thoughts of being sent back , and losing my money . ” ( Mustafa , 17 , M , Child , attempted to travel but failed , IDI-Bamiyan ) . _ _ “ Mostly it is the head of the family who makes the decision , but my brother made this decision to go to Europe by himself . We did not know that he wanted to go to Europe , but also , I should say that he preferred dying on", "spans": [{"start": 905, "end": 924, "text": "provincial profiles", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "re-application process and upon rejection for extension of the IDP allowance , as well as support and capacity building to Departments of Social Policy and Administrative Service Centers ; 3 ) advocate with donors , development actors and Government to strengthen employment schemes , social protection mechanisms , and to implement the rental subsidy programme . - In complementarity to government services , particularly the Free Legal Aid Centers ( FLACs ) , expand legal aid services ( including on HLP-related matters ) to rural areas , addressing the reported physical barriers that residents face in accessing administrative services and documentation outside of the city . > i < u > UNHCR Operational Data Portal - Ukraine Refugee Situation < / u > > ii < u > IOM Ukraine — Internal Displacement Report — General Population Survey Round 16 - April 2024 < / u > > iii < u > Ukraine Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan 2024 - December 2023 < / u > > iv < u > OHCHR , Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict — June 2024 < / u > > v < u > OHCHR , Ukraine : UN Commission concerned by continuing patterns of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law – March 2024 < / u > > vi < u > OHCHR , Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict — June 2024 < / u > > vii < u > IOM Ukraine — Internal Displacement Report — General Population Survey Round 16 - April 2024 < / u > viii IOM Ukraine — Internal Displacement Report — General Population Survey Round 16 - April 2024 ix As estimated by the HNRP Analysis Working Group – UKR 2024 Affected Population - September 2023 x < u > Protection Analysis Update , June 2023 < / u > xi United Nations General Assembly Resolution : ‘ Territorial integrity of Ukraine : defending the principles of the Charter of the United Nations ’ xii < u > Third Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment ( RDNA3 ) – February 2024 < / u > xiii < u > Protection Cluster : Protection Monitoring Tool Findings", "spans": [{"start": 691, "end": 720, "text": "UNHCR Operational Data Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 813, "end": 847, "text": "General Population Survey Round 16", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the population in the country , as reported by the National Bureau of Statistics . < sup > 9 < / sup > The information collected is suitable for carrying out fiscal incidence analysis as it includes individual labor income , household agricultural and business operation income , household rental income , financial investment profits , private transfers , auto-consumption , household expenditure by category , coverage of social insurance programs , reception of cash transfers and pension , as well as utilization of education and health services . The 2014 round of the CFPS was used in a previous fiscal incidence analysis for China ( Lustig and Wang 2018 ) . For the current analysis , we use the 2018 round , which contains the most recent available survey data . The 2018 round has information on 45 , 310 individuals from 14 , 218 households in 31 provinces / municipalities / autonomous regions . < sup > 10 < / sup > To model some of the interventions , we also rely on alternative surveys : the 2012 round of the CFPS and the 2019 China Household Finance Survey . Our second key source of information is administrative data . We use administrative data to validate the consistency of the survey-based estimates , as well as to conduct simulations and imputations when detailed information in the survey is not available . The main sources of administrative data are the Statistical Yearbook of China 2019 , China Social Statistical Yearbook 2019 , the 2019 Finance Yearbook of China , the 2018 Annual Report of Housing Fund , and 2018 Statistical Bulletin on Development of Human Resources and Social Security and information from the Ministry of Finance , the Ministry of Housing and UrbanRural Development , and The People ' s Bank of China . > 9 CFPS-based estimates indicate that 54 . 1 % of individuals are urban residents and 38 . 5 % are rural residents , which is comparable to official reports showing a distribution of 59 . 6 % individuals residing in urban areas and 40 . 4 % in rural areas . Regarding province of residency , 44 . 2 % individuals reside in the Coastal region , 31 . 4 % in the Interior region and 23 .", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 768, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1007, "end": 1029, "text": "2012 round of the CFPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1038, "end": 1073, "text": "2019 China Household Finance Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1116, "end": 1135, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1382, "end": 1416, "text": "Statistical Yearbook of China 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1419, "end": 1457, "text": "China Social Statistical Yearbook 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1464, "end": 1494, "text": "2019 Finance Yearbook of China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1501, "end": 1535, "text": "2018 Annual Report of Housing Fund", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "change specific measures simply because they happen to be included in an aggregate indicator that they wish to influence . Of course , we do not argue that _onl_ y perceptions data are relevant for measuring governance . Rather , as we discuss in more detail in Section 2 . 2 below , our point is simply that this type of data brings valuable insights that can be used in conjunction with other types of information to measure governance across countries and over time . The individual indicators from the 35 data sources are assigned to the six dimensions of governance and are combined into six aggregate indicators using a statistical methodology known as an Unobserved Components Model ( UCM ) . The statistical methodology converts the data sources into common units and constructs a weighted average that combines the information in each of the data sources . The methodology also produces margins of error that capture the unavoidable imprecision involved with measuring governance across countries . This imprecision is not unique to the WGI , but rather is likely to be pervasive in any efforts to measure governance and institutional quality across countries . A key attribute of the WGI is that these margins of error are explicitly reported alongside the estimates of governance and should be considered when comparing estimates of governance across countries and over time using the WGI . In contrast , in many other measures of governance and institutional quality , they are left implicit . The WGI are designed to enable broad cross-country and over-time comparisons of perceptions of governance , reflecting the synthesis of views across many existing data sources , and with due regard for margins of error . At the same time , there is a wealth of information in the individual data sources themselves that can usefully be explored for understanding the factors behind overall patterns summarized in the aggregate indicators . For this reason , the component data of the WGI are readily available through the WGI website , and users are encouraged to consult this data alongside the aggregate indicators . In addition , the WGI are not designed to be a tool to evaluate specific governance reforms in individual economies – for this purpose , the WGI should be supplemented with", "spans": [{"start": 164, "end": 180, "text": "perceptions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1968, "end": 1993, "text": "component data of the WGI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > Table 1 : Assumptions Economic & Financial Analysis Grid Component < / u > * * | Expected Annual Population Growth Rural < br > Towns | 4 . 00 % | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Source | | Residential customer 2014 | 38 , 250 | 85 % | PAD | | Commercial customer 2014 | 5 , 850 | 13 % | PAD | | Residential customer 2014 | 900 | 2 % | PAD | | Total customer connections 2015 | 45 , 000 | | EEPCO data | | Total customer connection 2016 | 87 , 500 | | | | Total customer connection 2017 | 130 , 000 | | | | EEPCo non-collection | 3 % | | | | * * CASH OPERATING COSTS ( Per kWh ) * * | | | | | * * _Energy costs_ * * | USD / kWh | | | | Generation cost - Economic ( LRMC + T & D ) | $ 0 . 060 | | ENREP PAD | | Generation cost - Financial | $ 0 . 030 | | ENREP PAD | | * * CONSUMPTION * * | | | | | MonthlyResidential consumption - kWh | 74 | kwh | ICR EAREP I | | Annualgrowth | 2 . 47 % | | ICR EAREP I | | Monthlyadditional indirect customers | 25 . 00 | kwh | GPOBA report | | Monthlycommercial consumption | 100 . 00 | kwh | ICR EAREP I | | Annualgrowth | 3 . 00 % | | ICR EAREP I | | Monthlyindustrial consumption | 3104 . 00 | kwh | ICR EAREP I | | Annualgrowth | 1 . 80 % | | ICR EAREP I | | * * TARIFF * * | | | | | Fixed tariff - residential | 1 . 828 |", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 425, "text": "EEPCO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 987, "end": 999, "text": "GPOBA report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : This figure shows the trends in the value of international investment positions and share of active links by block for portfolio investment . The value of positions distinguishes old and new links . Old links are those that have a positive value in 2001 . New links are those that have a zero or missing value in 2001 . By definition , there are no new links in 2001 . Values are expressed in trillions of 2011 U . S . dollars ( USD ) . The share of active links is the number of country pairs that have a positive value in each year over the number of country pairs with a positive or zero value in the same year . Country pairs with a missing value are not considered . Bilateral data are aggregated for all countries within a source region to all countries within a destination region .", "spans": [{"start": 812, "end": 826, "text": "Bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Consistency of monetary international poverty rates with non-monetary welfare dimensions * * This section considers whether the international extreme poverty rate rankings are consistent with non-monetary dimensions of welfare . Thus far , we have examined monetary metrics of individual well-being , including the national and standardized consumption aggregates . This section assesses how the ranking of monetary welfare related to other non-monetary dimensions of well-being . A country with high levels of ( monetary ) international poverty may perform badly in other nonmonetary welfare dimensions . Table 13 lists some indicators of non-monetary well-being for the subpopulation of poor people identified using the national consumption aggregates . * * Table 13 . Summary statistics of indicators of non-monetary well-being for the extreme poor * * | * * identified * * | * * using the na * * | * * tional cons * * | * * umption * * | * * aggregates * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Variable * * | * * Bangladesh * * | * * Bhutan * * | * * India * * | * * Maldives * * | * * Nepal * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * Sri Lanka * * | | _Household Composition_ | | | | | | | | | Household size | 5 . 73 | 8 . 40 | 6 . 43 | 7 . 53 | 7 . 16 | 10 . 01 | 5 . 60 | | Dependency Ratio | 0 . 97 | 0 . 73 | 0 . 78 | 0 . 67 | 1 . 16 | 1 . 42 | 0 . 70 | | _Education Attainment in Household_ | | | | | | | | | Household head Knows How to < br > Read / Write | 0 . 29 | 0 . 19 | 0 . 50 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 28 | | | Proportion of Household Member < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | ( 0 . 168 ) | | log maintenance | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 04 | | | ( 0 . 130 ) | ( 0 . 132 ) | ( 0 . 140 ) | ( 0 . 140 ) | ( 0 . 140 ) | | _N_ | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | 20544 | | Firms | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | | frm and year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | log employment | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | industry-specifc trends | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | frm-specifc trends | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | | imported inputs | No | No | No | No | Yes | NOTES : IV-FE regressions of ( log ) employment on export intensity ( exports / sales ) only for exporting firms ( the intensive margin ) . Column ( 1 ) : firm fixed-effects and year fixed-effects ; column ( 2 ) : adds log total employment ( firm size ) ; column ( 3 ) : adds controls for industry-specific trends ( i . e . , interactions between year dummies and industry dummies ) ; column ( 4 ) : adds initial conditions to control for firm-specific trends ; column ( 5 ) : adds the share of imported inputs . Data are from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( National Annual Industrial Survey ) , Chile 2001-2005 . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1075, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1078, "end": 1111, "text": "National Annual Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aggravated by the introduction of wage enhancements for specific cadres , which raised the unit cost of hiring and reduced the number of staff that could be recruited within existing wage allocations . 28 . * * Financing adequacy was achieved * * . The reversal of the decade-long erosion in real per capita fiscal transfers to LGs was noteworthy . Total transfers to LGs more than doubled in nominal terms , from UGX 1 . 789 trillion in FY2017 / 18 to UGX 3 . 852 trillion in FY2024 / 25 , a 115 percent increase . In real terms , this translates to UGX 2 . 943 trillion in FY2024 / 25 , a 65 percent real increase ( Figure 1 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > In real per capita terms , intergovernmental fiscal transfers grew from UGX 50 , 572 to UGX 89 , 730 , a 78 percent increase ( Figure 2 ) . LG non-wage recurrent financing reached UGX 720 billion at Program closing , exceeding the revised end target of UGX 593 billion by 21 percent . LG development financing reached UGX 593 billion , exceeding the revised end target of UGX 523 billion by 13 percent . DLI 1 . 2 ( non-wage recurrent financing ) and > 3 In FY 2022 / 23 , the Government was unable to meet its own financing commitments by UGX 242 . 3 billion due to fiscal pressures from COVID-19 and global commodity price shocks , resulting in shortfalls in DLI 1 . 1 ( wage ) targets and triggering a 20 % penalty , leaving USD 2 million undisbursed . > 4 Constant FY2017 / 18 prices deflated using World Development Indicators CPI data . Page 6 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1454, "end": 1491, "text": "World Development Indicators CPI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > GBV , < br > Strengthen the Gender and women office of MOH to address GBV cases when it occurs , < br > On-going prevention training for staff ; < br > Provision of gender-disaggregated data , separate bathing , changing , sanitation facilities for < br > men and women . < br > Impose zero tolerance on sexual harassment , all forms of gender-based violence and < br > discrimination at all phases of the project | VMF , < br > ShieldVax , < br > MOH | During < br > operation | 20 , 000 | | Community < br > Health & Safety < br > Concerns | • < br > • | Regular community engagement and communication < br > Establishing functional and responsive GRM | VMF , < br > ShieldVax , < br > MOH | During < br > operation | 20 , 000 | | Public Opposition < br > or Mistrust risk | • < br > • < br > • | Regularly communicating the community on the production efficiency , exported vaccines , < br > locally used , and income generated from the sector . < br > Undertaking media scanning to early detect and manage public detection , < br > Undertaking regular consultation with the community representatives and stakeholders . | VMF , < br > ShieldVax , < br > MOH | During < br > operation | 20 , 000 | 164", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 195, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ - If this fails , REA will place advertisements in national papers , radios etc . in an attempt to inform the Mailo land owners about their entitlements to compensation . - Otherwise , REA will hold compensation payments in trust until the land owners are identified . # # # * * Payment Logistics * * # # # * * a ) Payment Days : * * The days on which PAPs receive payment will depend on the day assigned to the PAP ’ s respective LC1 for disbursement . Payment will be disbursed to PAPS two villages per day ( “ Village Payment Days ” ) . This ensures that LC1s overseeing the project are not required to stay at payment centers for the entirety of the payment period , but rather just for the days assigned to their villages . If a PAP misses their respective “ Village Payment Days ” – the PAP must make special arrangements with their LC1s within the two week “ Payment Period ” to go to the payment location or Bank to receive their payment . If this is missed , then the PAP , with LC1 , will be responsible to contact REA to arrange entitlement distribution . # # # * * b ) Location * * REA will ensure payment is at the weighted center of the affected population to minimize travel distance . # # # * * c ) Who will be present at payment location ? * * The following representatives will be present at the Disbursement Location : - REA representative - LC1 ( these will need a facilitation payment ) - District representative # # # * * d ) Tracking payment : * * To track payments , photographs of all PAPs will be taken , which will be entered into a database or compensation log maintained by REA . # # # * * e ) Payment by Installment * * Payment shall be made by REA or its appointed", "spans": [{"start": 1646, "end": 1674, "text": "database or compensation log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 4 . 7 * * Awareness and comprehension of “ mobile money ” and “ mobile banking ” < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Awareness and comprehension Awareness and comprehension < br > of the word “ mobile money ” of the word “ mobile banking ” < br > “ I am going to read out some words , please “ I am going to read out some words , please < br > tell me whether you [ … ] ? ( Mobile money ) ” tell me whether you [ … ] ? ( Mobile banking ) ” < br > - K-town 311 interviews , in % - - K-town 311 interviews , in % - < br > - K-camp 1 , 106 interviews , in % - - K-camp 1 , 106 interviews , in % - < br > A 52 % B 57 % B < br > I never heard I never heard < br > of it of it < br > 34 % 25 % < br > B < br > A I have heard 20 % B I have heard 17 % B < br > of it but I don ’ t of it but I don ’ t < br > understand it 18 % understand it 12 % < br > B < br > A < br > I have heard 29 % I have heard 26 % < br > of it and I of it and I < br > B understand it 48 % A understand it 63 % A < br > K-Camp K-Town < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Many residents in Kakuma have never heard of the word ATM . While a lack of understanding about ATMs was similar in both the camp and town ( 70 percent of camp respondents and 67 percent of town respondents have never heard of the word ) , there are large gaps in awareness of other key concepts like bank fees and taxes . Most respondents in the town know and understand these words ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2024 | 1 , 550 , 105 | Apr / 2024 | | NewStudents supported with < br > better education , in secondary < br > school - Youth ( Number of < br > people ) CRI | 0 | Jul / 2018 | 3 , 090 , 153 | 08-Oct-2024 | 3 , 090 , 153 | 08-Oct-2024 | 3 , 090 , 153 | Apr / 2024 | | | MELQO tool | Nov / 2020 | 44 % | 01-Aug-2024 | 44 % | 01-Aug-2024 | Improvement of | Jun / 2024 | | < br > IR Indicator 5 . 1 : Progress in average | adapted to Ethiopia | | | | | | average pre-literacy | | | < br > pre-literacy score as measured by | context andpiloted | | | | | | score | | | MELQO ( Text ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | ( Second Round M | ELQO data collection | is ongoing in this | year ) | | | | IR Indicator 6 . 1 : Number of schools | n . a | Jul / 2016 | 16 , 861 | 01-Aug-2024 | 16 , 861 | 01-Aug-2024 | 18 , 000 | Jul / 2023 | | benefiting from cascade training in < br > school-based teacher profess ( Text ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | ( 93 . 7 % ) schools | | | | | | | IR Indicator 6 . 2 : % of Phase 1 schools | 0 | Jul / 2016 | 99 . 80 | 01-Aug-2024 | 99 . 80 | 01-Aug-2024 | 95 | Jul / 2023 | | are visited by cluster supervisors and < br > key teachers at least ( Text ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | End target was ex | ceeded . Excluding c | on", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was the main source of growth . # * * 8 . Conclusion * * Human capital has a highly significant and positive impact on long-run growth in Guatemala . The importance of human capital is substantial . An increase by 1 percentage point of average years of schooling would raise output by about 0 . 33 percent . The effect is of similar magnitude to that in micro studies . A disaggregated analysis by level of education reveals that primary schooling is most important for productivity growth , followed by secondary schooling . Over the past decades , it appears that general education and basic technical skills have been the main > 31 This finding is in agreement with other recent growth accounting studies for Guatemala , which are presented in Box 3 . > 32 Roldós ( 1997 ) examines the growth experience for Chile , and adjusts for changes in the quality of labor _and_ capital . These results are in the Appendix . > 33 For example , Loayza et al . ( 2002 ) rely on the Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) data set on educational attainment . - 59 -", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 1005, "text": "Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OLS estimates , as per equation ( 4 ) . Dependent variable is ln ( earnings ) . Sample includes employed individuals aged 15-65 . Income bracket weights applied . The ‘ baseline ’ columns control for survey quarter dummies and 9 province dummies . The ‘ Full ’ columns add demographic characteristics ( gender , age , education , and race ) , 9 main industry dummies , a location dummy and 9 main occupation dummies to the variables in the baseline model . Source : PALMS v3 . 3 data . Our variable of interest is the variable _green_strict_ which is a binary variable equal to one if an individual is in a green job . # 5 Conclusion and Policy Directions This paper aims to profile green jobs in the South African labor market . We utilize the PALMS labor force survey data 2012-2019 and apply an occupational task-based approach to identify green jobs , count them , and profile the workers and the wages for green jobs . Through the process , we adapt a green terms dictionary to be relevant for the South African labor market . We find that 5 . 5 percent of South Africa ’ s jobs can be classified as strictly green , while 32 percent can be classified as broadly green . The share of strictly green jobs is in the range of estimates from other countries , spanning 2 . 3 percent in Indonesia to 39 percent in the UK . South Africa ’ s share of strictly green jobs has barely changed over the last 10 years , while broadly green jobs are slowly increasing . This may be a statistical anomaly driven by the limitations in our data that do not allow us to update the task content of jobs as they evolve . Alternatively , it may be a signal that strictly green job growth is stagnant in the South African economy , even as broadly defined green sectors are growing . This brings into question if today ’ s green policies are sufficiently transformational to shift the South African economy , and its labor force , to greener jobs . While 65 percent of South Africa ’ s strictly green occupations can be classified as high-level , only 55", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 483, "text": "PALMS v3 . 3 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 774, "text": "PALMS labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "various methods of data collection have been used , the data sets of different agencies tend not to be compatible . Gaps also exist in resource mobilisation , adequate training capital on specifically protection-oriented operations , and generally in tangible operationalisation of protection . The aforementioned lack of co-ordination and mix of mandates , jurisdictions , areas of operation , etc . are not likely to produce an effective protection framework , especially not the one capable of responding to the crisis of the current magnitude and scale . # _e . The way forward_ There is thus a need to review the existing protection mechanisms currently in place , with a view to conceptualising and implementing a new and comprehensive strategy for operationalising protection of the IDPs in Angola . The end result would be the creation of a mechanism under which the efforts of the individual UN agencies would complement that of all others , and would be geared to the achievement of the optimum level of protection cover possible under the circumstances . The most immediate challenge in this regard is to ensure a more regular protection presence on the ground , and to guarantee that this presence is adequately supported . To these ends , based on its expertise in the field of protection , UNHCR needs to lend its knowledge and experience to other agencies involved in establishing a protection mechanism that is sustainable in the long-term as well as capable of responding to 11", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 65, "text": "data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The effects of information about the income distribution on redistributive preferences continue to be debated . In a study in Buenos Aires , Cruces , Perez-Truglia and Tetaz ( 2013 ) found that households who were informed that they were poorer than they thought responded by increasing their support for redistribution , much like standard economic reasoning suggests . However , in another study , people who were informed of their relative poverty responded by _reducing_ their support for redistribution ( Hoy and Mager 2020 ) . Findings from other studies appear to be similarly mixed ( Fehr , Mollerstrom , and Perez-Truglia 2022 ; Karadja , Mollerstrom , and Seim 2016 ; Kuziemko et al . 2015 ; Nair 2018 ) . To this debate , we contribute evidence from the first large-scale survey of beliefs about inequality from India . In contributing descriptive evidence of beliefs about the income distribution and inequality from a sample spanning all major states , religions and caste groups , we add to the research on distributional concerns and the political salience of income inequalities in India ( Gaikwad , Hanson , and Tóth 2019 ; Jaffrelot 2015 , 2016 ; Kohli 2012 ; Suryanarayan 2019 ; Thachil 2014 ; Thachil and Herring 2008 ) . Further , our findings join a nascent literature in questioning how standard political economy models have been applied to the study of redistributive preferences in developing countries ( Holland 2018 ; Kasara and Suryanarayan 2020 ; Thachil 2014 ) . We emphasize the need for scholars to take the role of group-specific public goods , and the implicit sharing of resources within communities , seriously when examining beliefs about inequality . # * * 2 . Research Design and Data * * Our analysis is based on data from the Consumer Pyramids Household Survey ( CPHS ) , conducted every four months with a panel of 175 , 000 households by the Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy . The CPHS collects monthly data on household income , expenses , and assets , among other economic indicators . We computed the mean income reported by 5", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 828, "text": "survey of beliefs about inequality from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1768, "end": 1802, "text": "Consumer Pyramids Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and East Asia . They combine these data with data on per capita GDP , and find that while boys and girls benefit from positive shocks to per capita GDP in a similar way , negative shocks are much more harmful to girls than to boys . On average , a 1 percent change in per capita GDP changes boys ’ infant mortality by 0 . 27 deaths per thousand births , and girls ’ infant mortality by 0 . 53 deaths per thousand births . They show that the association between negative GDP shocks and female infants ’ disadvantage in survival holds not just in South Asia , but also in the other regions not usually associated with a preference for sons . Using a methodology similar to Baird et al . ( 2007 ) , Friedman and Schady ( 2009 ) focus on 30 Sub-Saharan African countries to examine the potential impact of the current economic crisis on infant mortality . Combining data on mothers ’ reported births and deaths with per capita GDP growth rates from the International Monetary Fund ( actual between 1993 and 2008 and projected for 2009 ) , Friedman and Schady ( 2009 ) find that almost all the infant deaths arising from a shock to GDP are concentrated among female infants . A 1 percent deviation in GDP results in about 0 . 33 more male deaths per thousand children born , and 0 . 62 more female deaths per thousand children born . They estimate that as a result of the expected growth slowdown in 2009 , there will be between 28 , 000 and 49 , 000 excess deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa , and most of these deaths will be among girl infants . Although there is a fairly large literature linking localized income shocks to female health , this relationship between female infant mortality and economy-wide shocks needs further investigation . One possibility is that households reduce health inputs to daughters and protect sons ’ health when GDP growth slows down . Another 18", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 67, "text": "data on per capita GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 862, "end": 906, "text": "data on mothers ’ reported births and deaths", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the < br > 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 organization 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors based on World Management Survey . # * * 3 Data and measurement * * The analysis relies on representative data of firms that was newly collected in 2018 by the _World Bank Enterprise Survey_ , covering 650 formally registered non-farm firms with five or more employees . < sup > 4 < / sup > Of these firms , 222 were firms also interviewed as part of the 2007 Enterprise Survey , while the other firms were newly sampled . The 650 firms were randomly sampled from the > 4 Additional surveys were conducted among 120 formally registered micro-enterprises ( with fewer than five employees ) and among 554 informal business entrepreneurs . For these enterprises instead of questions on management practices , questions on business practices were asked , based on the methodology by McKenzie & Woodruff ( 2017 ) . Instead of only management practices , these questions focus on organizational practices more broadly , such as marketing , stock-keeping , record-keeping and financial planning . The evidence for these firms is discussed in Aga et al . ( 2019 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 140, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 199, "end": 227, "text": "representative data of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 463, "end": 485, "text": "2007 Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment < u > ( ESSA ) Addendum < / u > Additional Financing-I Ethiopia Electrification < u > Program ( AF-ELEAP ) < / u > and timely consultations with PAPs for on-grid projects and compensation should be made for vegetation cleared and properties damaged by Program activities . Considering the performance of the parent Program and the identified gaps , this action item is modified to focus on the following priority areas , ( i ) extending the ESHS structure to district level through assigning focal persons from the existing district staff , ( ii ) revising the current ESMSG and RSG , focusing on greater risk projects , ( iii ) E & S performance is used as district prioritizing / readiness criteria , ( iv ) strengthening the capacity of the ESHS structure through implementing a Third Party Monitoring ( TPM ) system , ( v ) on-grid projects should pass through the E & S screening process ( including pre-screening of projects for natural habitats and PCRs risks using maps and data at PPMD level ) , and where necessary recommended E & S instruments should be prepared reviewed and cleared by appropriate authority , ( vi ) close follow-up and monitoring of E & S management should be done during projects implementation , and ( vii ) timely and appropriately consulting and compensating program affected people . Annual environmental , social , health , and safety performance reviews and annual audits by independent consultants have a vital role in environmental and social management . Performance reviews and audits are beneficial ( i ) in evaluating the performance E & S management practices , ( ii ) to identify major environmental , social , and safety areas of concern which needs immediate attention , and ( iii ) to recalibrate the E & S implementation process to cater for gaps . EEU is currently undertaking internal performance reviews at national and regional levels on a monthly , quarterly , and annual basis . Further , ESHS issues are included as one of the performance indicators of EEU ’ s operations", "spans": [{"start": 1017, "end": 1044, "text": "maps and data at PPMD level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mbarara Municipality residents than the national trend ; the proportion of people living below the national poverty line is increasing dramatically , from about 10 % in 2006 , 11 % in 2007 , 12 % in 2008 , 13 % in 2009 and 14 % in 2010 to about 15 % in 2011 . The most evident features of this degeneration include slum expansion , higher numbers of people living and begging on the streets , and a rise in crime . If these trends are to be reversed , increasing inequalities , rural to urban migration and economic stagnation need to be addressed as a matter of urgency . The slums located within the Municipality are Kajoogo , Kirehe , Ruti , Kiyanja and Kishenyi . All these do not have access to pit latrines , water and drainage system . # # # # * * < u > KABALE MUNICIPALITY < / u > * * The Municipality is situated in the South of Western Uganda , and is the only urban municipal Council in the District . Kabale municipal council is one of the eighteen municipalities in Uganda . Kabale . Municipality boarders with Kitumba subcounty in the south , Bubaare to the north and Kyanamira to the East . Sections below provide socio-environmental characteristics of the municipality . # # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * The Municipality population is about 41 , 344 according to the results of 2002 population and housing census UBOS , Entebbe . Females are 20 , 760 compared to 20 , 854 males . Most of residents carry out subsistence farming on the mountain slopes out of the municipality . A few of the locals are public 61", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1338, "text": "2002 population and housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2024-07-11 | | ET-MOWE-396533-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of # 2 monochr < br > ome A3 printer for ministry o < br > f Water and energy by MOWE | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > Po | st | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 10 , 714 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | | 2023-12-19 | | | 2024-02-13 | 2024-07-12 | | ET-MOWE-396571-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of fire extinguis < br > hing equipment including ala < br > rm with all accessories for hy < br > dro-logical data library by Mi < br > nistryof Water and Energy | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > Po | st | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 43 , 225 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2023-12-30 | | | 2024-02-24 | 2024-07-23 | | ET-MOWE-394791-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Hardware Se < br > rver , for Hydrology lead exec < br > utive office , by MoWE | IDA / 64450 | Climate Resilient Water Sup < br > ply , Sanitation , and Hygiene < br > ( Climate Resilient WASH ) < br > Po | st | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda : Investment for Industrial Transformation and Employment ( P171607 ) # # * * D . Project Description * * * * Component 1 : Mitigating the impact of COVID-19 . * * The objective of this component is to ease liquidity constraints on MSMEs , including women led and refugee MSMEs . For the reasons discussed above , the component will seek to prioritize the manufacturing and exporting sectors driving economic transformation , with the vision of connecting lower income regions , i . e . RHDs with more viable and sustainable markets . The component will operate three different windows targeting different types of firms within the supply chain . All PFIs will be required to provide gender disaggregated data on their portfolios in order to address the lack of data on women-led firms as well as data on refugee or host community status to ensure intersectional issues of exclusion are sufficiently addressed . _Window 1_ will support the extension of the loan period for well performing firms by financing the cost of providing a grace period . _Window 2_ ( supporting micro firms ) will target micro firms , including in RHDs , to enable them to restart or continue their operations as critical units in funding the link say between producers with aggregators , processors , and distributors . _Window 3_ ( receivables financing , including government arrears ) will provide finance to MSMEs based on security in the form of their receivables . * * Component 2 : Creating and Operating New Productive and Transformative Assets . * * The component is focused on enabling new financing to restart and bolster economic growth . The component provides risk coverage for new lending to MSMEs , extends local currency liquidity on a long-term basis to larger investment projects , and de-risks or incentivizes private investment in RHDs through a competitive grant program . Component 2 seeks to mitigate the financial sector ’ s risk aversion and thereby improve the availability of credit to MSMEs , and to", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 739, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 827, "end": 867, "text": "data on refugee or host community status", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # # # # # * * Annex 3 . Environmental and Social Management Plan ( ESMP ) Template * * Sub-project activities of GMEESD , particularly under Components 1 , 2 and 3 will involve civil works and that require engaging labor . Environmental and social risks and impacts are strongly linked to subproject location and scope of activities . Thus , site specific instruments ( such as ESMPs ) , or as parts of ESIA , will be prepared for each specific subproject / project activities . # # # # # # * * 1 . Subproject Information * * | * * Subproject Title : * * | | - - - | | * * Estimated Cost : * * | | * * Start / Completion Date : * * | # # # # # # Introduction # # # # # # * * 2 . Site / Location Description * * This section concisely describes the proposed location and its geographic , ecological , social and temporal context including GPS points , any offsite investments that may be required ( e . g . , access roads , water supply , etc . ) . Please attach a map showing relative location of the site onto the ESMP . Methodology of the assessment Policy and Legal framework review # # # # # # * * 3 . Subproject Description and Activities * * This section lists all the activities that will take place under the subproject , including any associated activities ( such as building of access roads , flood protection structures , small irrigation dams , clinics , storage facilities , etc … ) . Environmental and Social Baseline survey # # # # # # * * 4 . ESMP Matrix : Risk and Impacts , Mitigation , Monitoring * * This section should identify anticipated site-specific adverse environmental and social risks and impacts ; describe mitigation measures to address these risks and impact ; and list the monitoring measures necessary to ensure", "spans": [{"start": 1487, "end": 1527, "text": "Environmental and Social Baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The data from the mostly small and medium-sized enterprises included in the Investment Climate Surveys — the surveys used in the analysis in this paper — are broadly consistent with the macroeconomic data . < sup > 5 < / sup > Manufacturing enterprises included in the surveys were less likely to export in most of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa than similar enterprises in Asia . Furthermore , enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa also exported less as a share of total output — only about 12 percent on average — compared to about 22 percent of output in Asia ( see Table 2 ) . Although the average is relatively low for the eight countries in Sub-Saharan Africa , it is important to note that there are large differences between countries within Africa . For example , manufacturing enterprises export more in Senegal , Kenya and Zambia than in the other countries for which data were available . Whereas 58 percent of Kenya enterprises and 43 percent of Senegalese enterprises included in the samples were involved in exporting , only 7 percent of firms in Ethiopia and 12 percent of firms in Mozambique did the same . In principle , the large pools of workers with relatively modest levels of education in most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa would appear to make these countries attractive platforms for exporting labor intensive goods to capital-rich industrialized economies . In practice , however , the small and medium-sized enterprises included in the Investment Climate Surveys mostly export to neighboring countries within Sub-Saharan Africa rather than to Western Europe or other industrialized economies . In all countries other than Ethiopia , enterprises were more likely to export to neighboring countries than they were to export to more distant European markets ( see Table 3 ) . This pattern appears to be true for both landlocked countries ( e . g . , Uganda and Zambia ) and countries with access to the sea ( e . g . , Tanzania and Kenya ) . Although Ethiopia appears to be an exception to this general rule — Italy , the United Kingdom and Germany are the three most important export destinations for Ethiopian enterprises — it is important to note that very few Ethiopian enterprises export at all ( see", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 102, "text": "Investment Climate Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 186, "end": 204, "text": "macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # ÍNDICE | ÍNDICE | | 3 . 3 . 2 . < br > Obstáculos à obtenção de um Bilhete de Identidade < br > 3 . 3 . 3 . < br > Sucessos , planos e medidas úteis | * * 45 * * < br > * * 45 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MAPA DE ANGOLA | * * 6 * * | 4 . GRUPOS EM RISCO DE APATRIDIA | | | ABREVIATURAS | * * 7 * * | * * 4 . 1 . * * < br > * * Riscos de apatridia em Angola * * | * * 47 * * | | | | 4 . 1 . 1 . Para pessoas de origem angolana | * * 47 * * | | SUMÁRIO EXECUTIVO | * * 9 * * | 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 . Os angolanos retornados - o exemplo da província de Uíge | * * 47 * * | | | | 4 . 1 . 1 . 2 . Retornados em disputa em Malange : Os Pendes | * * 50 * * | | 1 . INTRODUÇÃO | * * 13 * * | 4 . 1 . 1 . 3 . Crianças abandonadas , crianças de rua | * * 51 * * | | | | 4 . 1 . 1 . 4 . Pastores nómadas do sul de Angola | * * 53 * * | | * * 1 . 1 . * * < br > * * Metodologia e agradecimentos * * | * * 13 * * | | | | < br > | | 4 . 1 . 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "that countries starting out poorer experienced higher relative rates of poverty reduction thereafter . This counterintuitive result is attributed to initial poverty , which , as revealed by a decomposition of the speed of poverty convergence , offsets the advantage of higher growth rates among poorer countries , that is , income convergence and the growth elasticity of poverty reduction . Taking advantage of a unique panel dataset ( 1992 – 2014 ) on income , poverty , and inequality across municipalities in Mexico , this paper tests most of the above conclusions to provide a more disaggregated , longer-term perspective on the convergence paths and changes in well-being . Previous studies of convergence in Mexico have mainly focused on income growth paths among states , and , while some have found evidence of convergence in the years before the end of the import substitution model , most have consistently reported evidence of divergence after that . For 5", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 434, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * Conflict affects education in several ways . It destroys infrastructure ( Abdi , 1998 ) , displaces and most tragically results in the deaths of students and teachers ( Buckland , 2005 ) , causes problems in harmonizing school calendars across war-affected regions ( UNICEF , 2005 ) while schools remain closed for an indefinite period of time ( Bruck , 1997 ) , and has a damaging and pernicious socio-psychological impact on students ( Sany , 2010 ) . A cross-country analysis by Lai and Thyne ( 2007 ) showed that countries experiencing civil war suffer a decline in school enrolment by 1 . 6 to 3 . 2 percentage points . Evidence is growing at the subnational level that the outcomes are similar . Merrouche ( 2006 ) documented that exposure to landmines in Cambodia resulted in an average loss of . 4 years of education . In a similar study , the mid-1990s genocide in Rwanda lowered the average level of educational attainment by . 5 years ( Akresh and de Walque , 2008 ) . From the perspective of gender , Shemyakina ( 2006 ) finds that conflict makes no significant impact on male education rates in Tajikistan . However , females were 12 . 3 percentage points less likely to complete the mandatory secondary schooling compared to those who completed their education before the war broke out . A recent study , using household survey data between 2000 and 2008 from twenty-five conflict affected countries , finds that conflict leaves a legacy of fewer average years of education , decreased literacy rates and a smaller share of the population with formal schooling ( UNESCO , 2010 ) . In this paper we estimate the average causal effect of civil war on education in Côte d ‟ Ivoire . In particular , we measure the effect of Ivoirian conflict , which reached its peak between 2002 and 2004 , on years of education for individuals who were exposed to it in their schoolgoing age . The civil war in Côte d ‟ Ivoire broke out in September 2002 as a result of growing ethnic tensions and a failed attempted military coup . It divided the country into two : the rebelheld North", "spans": [{"start": 1352, "end": 1373, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "smallholder < br > agriculture ) and < br > supervision . | * * _Completed ( in previous reporting period ) _ * * | | * * D ) Livelihood Restoration * * | | | | 1 ) Have an independent < br > post-relocation survey < br > done to determine the < br > overall post-relocation < br > impacts on the project - < br > affected persons , in < br > | ` - ` KenGen will share with < br > the community < br > representatives the < br > criteria used for assessing < br > vulnerability with RAPIC < br > by June 30 , 2016 . | * * _Completed ( in previous reporting period ) _ * * | | particular , vulnerable | ` - ` KenGen will reassess the < br > status ofthe six | * * _Completed ( in previous reporting period ) _ * * | 15", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 214, "text": "post-relocation survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for one year had higher levels of total factor productivity and return on assets . Using administrative data , the authors also show that , five years after the treatment , those firms that had received consultancy services employed significantly more workers ; showing that the impacts of improved management practices endure . In terms of the long ‐ term impacts of management practices on productivity , recent analysis by Giorcelli ( forthcoming ) confirms what was found by Bloom et al . , 2018 and Bruhn et al . , 2018 — that the positive impacts of improved management practices are long lasting . Studying Italian firms that received funding for management training trips to the US and more technologically ‐ advanced machinery as part of the _Marshall Plan_ , the author finds that both interventions ( management training and improved machinery ) led to increases in productivity , but that the impacts of management training lasted longer . Furthermore , Giorcelli shows that while in the short run , larger firms benefitted relatively more from management training , over time , firms with fewer than 50 employees benefitted more . 4", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 108, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > MOI / SMEFP / RFQ / G01-17 / 4wheel drive vehicles IDA / 57930 Project Management , Communication and Impact Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 260 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2017-11-06 2018-01-01 2018-06-30 < br > ET-MOI-1394-GO-RFB / IT eqpmnt for PIU staff IDA / 57930 Project Management , Communication and Impact Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 14 , 400 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2017-10-02 2017-11-27 2017-12-15 < br > MOI / SME / NCB / G-01 / 17 / Supply and installation of IT system for the Collateral Registry IDA / 57930 Enabling Environment for SME Finance Post Request for Bids Open - International Single Stage - One Envelope 500 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2017-12-29 2018-01-03 2018-02-14 2018-03-16 2018-04-20 2019-01-15 < br > MOI / SME / NCB / G-01 / 16 / Sup & Ins IT sys for the collateral IDA / 57930 Enabling Environment for SME Finance Prior Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 500 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2016-12-28 2017-01-02 2017-02-13 2017-03-15 2017-04-19 2017-10-16 < br > registry < br > FESMMIDA / SMEFP / DC / G01-18 / Automobile and 4 WheelDrive Vehicles IDA / 57930 Project Management , Communication and Impact Evaluation Post UN Agencies ( Direct ) Direct 260 , 000", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "euros in 2008 , while total assets of foreign intra-EU subsidiaries of EU banks were 4 . 6 trillion euros in that year . Foreign subsidiaries thus represent 58 % of the assets of intra-EU foreign bank establishments . Our data do not appear to undermeasure the overall importance of foreign subsidiaries in the EU . The ECB data for the EU , in particular , allow us to calculate a foreign subsidiary assets share relative to the total assets of credit institutions of 14 . 1 % , while our Bankscope data yield a comparable foreign subsidiary assets share relative to the consolidated assets of banks of 13 . 1 % . Our focus on banks also implies that we ignore the non-bank subsidiaries that banks tend to have ( see Herring and Carmassi , 2010 , p . 209 ) . > 8 The calculated value of the foreign liabilities share potentially exceeds 1 , as some foreign subsidiaries may have internal debt to the parent bank . Indeed , there are very few observation of the foreign liabilities share exceeding 1 , and this variable reaches a maximum of 1 . 64 in our sample . 8", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 328, "text": "ECB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 490, "end": 504, "text": "Bankscope data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COVID-19 crisis for El Salvador and Georgia , respectively . Details about the information contained in COV-ES data about government support are given in Section 4 . # * * 3 . Methods * * To estimate the effect of the government support , consider the following specification : ′ oo , ii ii ii ii where is an outcome variable of firm YY = θθSS , is a dummy variable indicating whether the firm + ββXX + εε received any local or national government support , and oo is the set of observed characteristics of YY ii SS ii firm . This specification is not suitable for consistent estimation of for two main reasons . First , XX for most of the support measures , firms need to go through an application process to get it or take ii θθ , some action for this purpose . This creates selection bias . The selection bias will be positive if going through the application process to obtain the support is complex , and only better-performing firms can accomplish it . In this case , the set of firms that obtained support may have inherent features that both made them obtain support and perform better in terms of outcome variable of interest . Consequently , the estimate of would be higher than the true effect of policy ( positive selection bias ) . ii θθ SS In the context of the effectiveness of government support during the crisis , the selection bias can also be negative . It is expected that the firms that were more adversely affected by the pandemic , e . g . , lost a larger share of their revenues or experienced deeper drop in liquidity , would try harder to obtain support from the government by working harder to make themselves aware of its existence and trying their best to go through the steps needed to obtain it . While support itself may have eligibility criteria such as firm size , even within the same sized firms , those hit harder are perhaps more likely to obtain it . There is also an element of solidarity contributing to this selection bias . In particular , the firms that are eligible for support may abstain from obtaining it if they do", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 115, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . Roles of the private sector # # # * * Humanitarian engagement through procurement and philanthropy * * The humanitarian system continues to engage with the private sector mainly through procurement and through philanthropy . UNHCR alone procures over a billion dollars ’ worth of goods and services annually . This form of engagement remains essential to ensure that the basic needs of displaced persons are met . # # # * * < mark > Example : UNHCR engagement with Vodacom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) < / mark > * * < mark > In the DRC , UNHCR partners indirectly ( through NGO partners ) with Vodacom to deliver cash-based interventions for IDPs . Through M-Pesa , one of the worlds leading mobile payment services , Vodacom offers mobile bank accounts for refugees and IDPs in DRC . The presence of mobile operators providing access to financial services in post-conflict , IDPhosting areas can be crucial , as security conditions or access issues may deter financial actors such as banks to operate in these areas and offer traditional financial services . < / mark > < mark > While the use mobile phones for cash assistance can be crucial to reach beneficiaries , it is not without its challenges . A major challenge with this intervention is the lack of civil documentation among the IDP population . Since the last population census in 1984 , no administrative census has been carried out , with the consequence that no Congolese today has a national identity card . Those who register to vote in the election receive a voter ’ s registration card , which is the most commonly used documentation to access support and services . However , since the situation of displacement made it difficult for IDPs to register to vote during the voter registration process , many IDPs do not have the voter ’ s registration card . < / mark > < mark > Another challenge experienced by IDPs is that mobile usage can be infrequent . This can be because of lack of habit of using a mobile phone , inadequate network coverage , lack", "spans": [{"start": 1347, "end": 1364, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the survey instrument was above 98 % . < sup > 6 < / sup > In the second and third surveys , we also elicited information for a shorter reference period , i . e . , last week before the survey . < sup > 7 < / sup > As the measurement of child labor statistics could be affected by how child labor definitions are operationalized in the survey design questionnaire ( e . g . , Bardasi et al . 2012 ) , we employ a relatively long rather than a short questionnaire design . Specifically , the survey contains 12 questions that aim to elicit information about the specific farm and non-farm labor activities . The most important questions refer to work at the household farm , as this activity accounts for most children work in rural Ethiopia ( Guarcello and Rosati 2007 ) . A typical labor question asks : “ _Did [ name ] work any time in the household farm in the last [ . . ] days ? ” _ Since the keyword “ work ” can have a different meaning for respondents , we supplement this question with a detailed , standard explanation of the concept of work by using a set of typical farming activities which is read aloud to the respondents : planting , watering , weeding , mulching , seeding , fertilizing , handpicking cherry coffee , cattle herding . This question is followed by an ‘ intensive margin ’ question , “ _how many hours in the last [ . . ] days did [ name ] spend working on the household farm ? ” _ 8 It is worth noting that household chores such as fetching water and / or firewood , house cleaning , cooking , and child and elderly care are explicitly treated and explained as activities that do not belong to farm work . This approach aims to provide children and proxy respondents a clearer description of what constitutes child work at the farm . # * * 2 . 3 Timeline and Sample Attrition * * Fieldwork took place from July 2015 to January 2017 . As the variation in work activities across the year depends on the agricultural calendar , we implemented the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "d | | 0 . 00 | | | 2 . 3 | Regular | Reliability of Financing and < br > External Re | EUR | 8 , 755 , 000 . 00 | Partially < br > Achieved | | 1 , 755 , 000 . 00 | 20 % | | 3 | Regular | Efficient and Transparent < br > Procurement | EUR | 18 , 455 , 000 . 00 | Not Achieved | | 0 . 00 | | | 4 | Regular | Consolidated Staff Data | EUR | 17 , 555 , 000 . 00 | Partially < br > Achieved | | 1 , 755 , 000 . 00 | 10 % | | 5 . 1 | Regular | Timely , Quality Assured , < br > Financial State | EUR | 7 , 900 , 000 . 00 | Partially < br > Achieved | | 2 , 625 , 000 . 00 | 33 % | | 5 . 2 | Regular | Timely , Efficient , Quality < br > Audit | EUR | 15 , 830 , 000 . 00 | Partially < br > Achieved | | 3 , 535 , 000 . 00 | 22 % | | 6 . 1 | Regular | Transparent Institutions | EUR | 10 , 530 , 000 . 00 | Not Achieved | | 0 . 00 | | | 6 . 2 | Regular | Strenghened Fiduciary < br > Assurance and Risk | EUR | 7 , 025 , 000 . 00 | Partially < br > Achieved | | 1 , 760 , 000 . 00 | 25 % | * * Program Action Plan * * 11 / 5 / 2020 Page 2 of 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 4 . 1 Data and Descriptive Statistics * * In our analysis we construct a unique longitudinal dataset which covers the universe of refugees and migrants in Switzerland over 1998-2018 . It allows us to follow refugees over the life-cycle for 20 years , and allows us to follow them even after they change residence permit and status . To construct this longitudinal dataset we are combining three administrative datasets . The first dataset , that covers all asylum seekers is AUPER ( Automatisierte Personen Registratursystem ) which is provided by the State Secretariat for Migration . The data includes information about the residence permit , year of arrival , country of origin , canton of allocation and socio-demographic characteristics . Once an asylum seeker has obtained a residence permit other than permit N ( asylum seekers ) or F ( provisionally admitted foreigners ) , he or she is registered in ZAR ( Zentrales Ausländerregister ) . This longitudinal dataset is also coming from the SEM . The ZAR dataset includes all foreigners residing in Switzerland and contains similar information than AUPER . We are combining these two datasets with the yearly population census data that includes ZAR and AUPER starting from 2010 . By combining these three datasets we can follow refugees and migrants over 1997-2018 and natives over 2010-2018 . We define as refugees , all foreign-born individuals that went through an asylum process , and as migrants all other foreign-born individuals . Natives are defined as individuals born in Switzerland . In the final sample , we are drawing a random sample of 6 % of the native population . For the main outcome variables used in the descriptive analysis , we are first adding Swiss social security data provided by the Federal Compensation Office . This data collects information about every Swiss resident that contributed to old age provision ( i . e . , the old-age and survivor ’ s insurance OASI or AVS in French ) . We know the size and nature of the contribution made by individuals ( from paid work , independent work , voluntary contribution or other kinds ) . This data is available from 1998-2018 . Our main outcome variables measuring economic integration include employment , earnings and", "spans": [{"start": 483, "end": 488, "text": "AUPER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 917, "end": 920, "text": "ZAR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 960, "end": 980, "text": "longitudinal dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1015, "end": 1026, "text": "ZAR dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1166, "end": 1195, "text": "yearly population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1733, "end": 1759, "text": "Swiss social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ages ( IDMC , 2014b ) . In Iraq , school attendance are low for all displaced students , but more so for internally displaced girls . For example , in Najaf governorate , 81 % of 15 - to 17-year-old girls were out of school compared with 69 % of boys of the same age ( REACH 2014 ) . Literacy rates tend to be lower amongst IDP women . Only 1 % of IDP women living in urban centres in Afghanistan were found to be literate versus 20 % of IDP men ( World Bank and UNHCR 2011 ) and in the Central African Republic literacy rate for women aged 15 – 24 is close to 59 % compared with 72 % for young men of the same age ( IDMC , 2014b ) . # # # # Educational management information systems are vital to monitor forcibly displaced populations Data collected by governments , the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre ( IDMC ) , UNHCR and NGOs provide useful insights but also highlight the scale of information gaps surrounding education for forcibly displaced people . Collecting data on enrolment rates of forcibly displaced groups is far from easy . Without accurate data on population movements , demographics of displaced population groups and education service provision , planning is not possible . These groups are effectively invisible in national education sector plans , and hence their education receives little or no budget allocation . Capturing IDP education data is particularly challenging because education management information systems ( EMIS ) generally collect data once a year and cannot therefore accurately capture information on sometimes transient populations . Moreover , governments may be party to conflicts and , as a result , exclude displaced persons from their figures or focus only on capturing education data in camps . One exception is the government of Ukraine , which collects education status information on children displaced from the conflict in Crimea , Donetsk and Lugansk on a monthly basis . As of March 2016 , 51 , 000 displaced children ( or 1 . 4 % of the total student population ) were enrolled in schools in other areas ( Ukraine Ministry of Education and Science", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1374, "text": "IDP education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Household survey for year 2012-2014 , consumption per capita is the ratio of consumption and population . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on FAO / WFP . 2012-2014 # * * 3 . 6 . City Characteristics and Price Differentials * * When markets are integrated and well-functioning , the price difference of a homogeneous product across regions converges to the cost of trading that product across the regions through the forces of arbitrage . The costs of trading include , for example , transportation and intermediation costs , and other costs related to , for example , overcoming regulatory obstacles that restrict trade . However , high transport costs , imperfect markets and barriers to trade may prevent arbitrage , resulting in market segmentation and high price differences between geographically separated locations , with associated welfare costs . When markets are segmented , price dynamics in each region matter for price determination . In that case price differences may be associated with supply or demand conditions ( differences in production costs , resource endowments , or with consumer preferences and market size ) . To what extent do the heterogeneous characteristics of state capitals related to supply and demand conditions , and to trade costs can explain the observed patterns of price differences in South Sudan ? Methodologically , to identify the effects of state-capital characteristics on the price difference of a variety of products in each of these state-capitals relative to the price in Juba we estimate the following model : 18", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 20, "text": "Household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > − 2 0 2 4 6 < br > Trade Proximity in Sticky Products < br > − 1 0 1 2 3 < br > Trade Proximity in Non − Sticky Products < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > − 1 < br > Change in GDP synchronization < br > − 2 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > − 1 < br > Change in GDP synchronization < br > 2 < br > − < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 6 . * * Change in sticky trade ( top panel ) and non-sticky trade ( bottom panel ) and change in GDP synchrony . Each dot represents a region-income pair and the difference between the 2005-2014 and the 1995-2004 time windows . Source : WDR 2020 team , based on World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( database ) and a classification of sticky vs . non sticky trade from Martin et al . ( 2018 ) . 27", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 711, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10692 # * * Abstract * * Gender norms are often emphasized to help explain gender gaps in the labor market . This paper examines global patterns of gender attitudes and norms toward the stereotypical gender roles of the _male breadwinner_ and _female caregiver_ , and broad support for _gender equality in opportunities_ , and studies their relationship with economic behavior . Using data collected via Facebook from 150 , 000 individuals across 111 countries the paper explores how gender beliefs and norms are related to labor supply , household production , and intrahousehold decision-making power within a country . The paper provides descriptive evidence that the more gender equitable or counter-stereotypical are beliefs and norms , the more likely women are to work , the more time men spend on household chores , and the higher the likelihood of joint decision-making among couples . The findings suggest an underestimation of the support for gender equality globally and the extent of underestimation varies by gender and region . The paper concludes with a discussion of potential entry points for policy to help address gender norms . This paper is a product of the Gender Innovation Lab , Africa Region and the Development Data Group , Development Economics . I . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at spapineni @ worldbank . org and tkilic @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TRANSPARENT < br > ANALYSIS < br > G < br > R E < br > N < br > S < br > I P < br > Y E < br > K A < br > C A < br > R P < br > LI R < br > O E <", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 442, "text": "data collected via Facebook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Such claims could be derived from adverse possession , from continued possession of public lands without government action for eviction ( that is , with the implicit leave of the government ) , or from customary and traditional law and usage , and so on . Resettlement assistance may consist of land , other assets , cash , employment , and so on , as appropriate . Normally , this cut-off date is the date the census begins . The cut-off date could also be the date the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated , and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delineation to prevent further population influx . For projects that are highly risky or contentious , or that involve significant and complex resettlement activities , the borrower should normally engage an advisory panel of independent , internationally recognized resettlement specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the resettlement activities . The size , role , and frequency of meeting depend on the complexity of the resettlement . If independent technical advisory panels are established under OP 4 . 01 , _Environmental Assessment , _ the resettlement panel may form part of the environmental panel of experts . See _ < u > The World Bank Policy on Access to Information , para . 34 < / u > _ ( Washington , D . C . : World Bank , 2002 ) . An exception to this requirement may be made in highly unusual circumstances ( such as emergency operations ) with the approval of Bank Management ( see BP 4 . 12 , para . 8 ) . In such cases , the Management ' s approval stipulates a timetable and budget for developing the resettlement plan . Impacts are considered \" minor \" if the affected people are not physically displaced and less than 10 percent of their productive assets are lost . For the purpose of this paragraph , the term \" subprojects \" includes components and subcomponents . 58", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 417, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 514, "end": 520, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 : Top 10 Chinese provinces where OFDI to Africa is originated : government verse private led projects * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 350 < br > 300 < br > 250 < br > 200 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > State-owned Non State-owned < br > Number of < br > Projects < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Shen and Wang_ Available data from the Zhejiang Provincial Commerce Department confirm that its private sector plays a vanguard role in investing in Africa . According to the provincial records , which capture the provincial OFDI flows more comprehensively than that of MOC , out of approximately 2 , 000 Zhejiang investment projects overseas as of March 2012 , there were 570 African projects , nearly 30 % of the total . The registered amount of capital invested in Africa was $ 640 million according to the Department , suggesting a relatively small average project size slightly exceeding $ 1 million . #  * * _Chinese OFDI is widely spread across Sub-Sahara Africa . However , some countries are more attractive than others to Chinese companies . _ * * MOC data show that Chinese OFDI projects , including both state-owned and private enterprises , are widely spread in 44 countries in the Sub-Sahara Africa . The top five recipient countries are Nigeria , South Africa , Zambia , Ethiopia and Ghana , which all together make up 40 % of the total projects in the region . If including the second top five countries , i . e . , Tanzania , Congo ( Kinshasa ) , Angola , Sudan and Kenya , the top ten countries represent almost two-thirds of the total . The rest is unevenly distributed across the continent , as illustrated by the map below . 8", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 545, "text": "provincial records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1111, "end": 1119, "text": "MOC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project levels and also minimize the adverse impacts to such PAPs . Specifically , the RAP is designed to ensure : -  All types of losses are identified , clearly defined and properly categorized to reflect the nature of the loss ; -  A standard or measure for defining eligibility and entitlement in order to have a fair basis for assessing compensation for the loss or impact suffered ; -  Compliance with provisions of Kenyan Laws and World Bank Operational Policies ( OP 4 . 12 , paragraph 2 ( b ) ) : that resettlement activity would be conceived and executed as development programs , providing sufficient investment resources to enable the PAPs to share in project benefits ; and -  A comprehensive database , based on which values will be assessed and validated in the event of disputes , and more importantly serve as the database for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement instrument . # # # # # # * * < mark > 1 . 2 Scope of the Resettlement Action Plan Report < / mark > * * The proposed infrastructure in the three settlements in Malindi town , namely : Kibokoni , Sir Ali and Kwa Ndomo , will lead to physical displacement of households , loss of shelter , assets , income sources and livelihoods . It will also lead to restriction of access to economic resources . World Bank OP4 . 12 - Involuntary Resettlement is triggered by this project and , therefore , requires the preparation of a RAP . This RAP will help to define the resettlement and compensation necessary as a result of the infrastructure investments , in accordance with the World Bank ’ s Involuntary Resettlement Policy and relevant sections of the Operations Manual together with the Laws of Kenya . The RAP Report includes the following : - A summary description of the Project ; - Baseline socio-economic conditions of the PAPs ; - An assessment of the Kenyan legal and international requirements applicable to displacement and resettlement in the Project ; - An assessment of likely displacement impacts ; - A description of the proposed strategy to", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 718, "text": "comprehensive database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adopted and these are presented below : Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on January 29 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for the new substation , tower pad and RoW . All PAPs have been informed by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members that there will be no payment of compensation with respect to any construction or perennial crops planted or any improvement to land where such activity is done after PAHs ’ census and inventory of their assets . Page 132", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 99, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the number of women participations in education , political nomination and other social affairs has been increasing in all Subproject impact woredas . Moreover , women access to health service , credit services and information which believed to contribute positively in empowering women have been increasing in the past few years in most Subproject woreda . For example , according to data obtained from respective woreda ' s socio-economic profile the number of women who received antenatal and postnatal service , the number of women deliveries attended * * by * * skilled birth attendants in health institutions in all Subproject woredas also reported to be increased . In contrary , the number of mothers gives delivery at home is decreasing in most Subproject impact woredas . Regarding family planning practices , the number of women in reproductive age and who used modern contraceptive methods are also increasing in Subproject woredas . For instance , the number of women in reproductive age who received modern contraceptive increased from * * 15 , 919 * * in 2021 to * * 22 , 870 * * in 2022 * * E . C * * in Arsi-Robe woreda alone . On the other hand , the number of women who received awareness creation training of primary health service in personal hygiene and sanitation in all Subproject woredas are reported to increase form in recent few years . As a result , the number of households having their own toilet for example , increased from 29 , 451 in 2021 to 31 , 124 in 2022 * * E . C * * in Sude Woreda . Women participation in politics and leadership position in some Subproject impact woredas has also shown some progress . For example , according to the da m Robe woreda Women and Children Affairs Office , the number of womeoer of cabinet is reached * * 9 * * in 2022 * * E . C . * * Generally , the overall status of women in terms of acce s to hea serNs , rth education ,", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 448, "text": "data obtained from respective woreda ' s socio-economic profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as sacred groves , sacred bodies of water and waterways , sacred trees , and sacred rocks ) that are essential to the identity and / or cultural , ceremonial , or spiritual aspects of the Subproject-affected community ’ s cultural livelihood . Therefore , no compensation will be required . # # # # # * * 7 . 11 Impacts on Burial Sites * * The proposed Subproject will have no impact on burial sites . However , based on the ground survey the proposed TL cross over burial site and will affect eucalyptus and indigenous trees that are located within the boundary . Therefore , no compensation will be required . Page 92", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 443, "text": "ground survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electricity output ( in addition to the capacity of the baseline ) . The pipeline database reports the additional electricity generation capacity and expected hours of operation for individual projects . Using this data , the expected electricity output measured in megawatt hours ( MWh ) are calculated for each year of the project , as well as discounted-weighted lifetime totals . Individual CDM projects widely vary across types in terms of expected annual average CERs and electricity output . The smallest project in the CDM pipeline is expected to generate only 400 CERs per > 10 The CDM pipeline database reports the annual increment or decrement in a variable namely ‘ slope . ’ The expected CER issuance over the life of a project is approximated with a straight line that goes through the annual average value in the mid-year . For a positive ( negative ) value of ‘ slope , ’ expected CERs increases ( decreases ) each year by the ‘ slope ’ amount . There is no change in expected CERs over time when ‘ slope ’ is zero . 11", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 90, "text": "pipeline database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by * * < br > * * er / RoW * * | * * PAHs af * * < br > * * Subs * * | * * fected by * * < br > * * tation * * | * * Total PA * * | * * Hs affected * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | | Adele SC | 119 | 25 . 2 | 0 | 0 . 0 | 119 | 24 . 2 | | Haromaya SC | 16 | 3 . 4 | 8 | 44 . 4 | 24 | 4 . 9 | | Kersa | 165 | 34 . 9 | 0 | 0 . 0 | 165 | 33 . 6 | | Meta | 173 | 36 . 6 | 10 | 55 . 6 | 183 | 37 . 3 | | * * All * * | * * 473 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 18 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 491 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census enumeration January-March 2025_ With Regard to types of indigenous trees affected , 15 different species of indigenous trees will be affected . Of which , two-third is Tsid tree , followed by Shola ( 9 . 9 % ) and Weyera ( 9 . 1 % ) ( see Table 7 . 13 ) . Page 100", "spans": [{"start": 645, "end": 663, "text": "Census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) an addition of another one million connections . Another Bank project _Access to Distributed Electricity and Lighting in Ethiopia ( ADELE , $ 500 million ) _ will add one million off-grid connections through mini-grids and standalone solutions – mainly as an interim solution till the grid reaches these areas . However , new approaches are needed to accelerate the delivery of electricity access along with strengthening of the distribution and transmission networks . 13 . * * The backbone medium voltage ( MV ) network in many towns of Ethiopia was mostly built more than a decade ago under UEAP and now stands dilapidated , overloaded , and inadequate to accommodate further load growth or new connections . * * In the past few years , urban areas in Ethiopia have seen significant expansion of new connections . With steady demand growth , higher electricity draw imposed on transformers and other infrastructure often exceeds originally designed and sanctioned load – leading to equipment damage and forced outages . As a result , electricity interruption is common . About 65 percent of the households experienced electricity interruptions twice or more per week , while over 22 percent of the households experienced four or more interruptions per week in a UHFS survey conducted in Oct-Nov 2022 . < sup > 19 < / sup > EEU also reports a very high transformer failure rate at nearly 3 percent per annum – which indicates overloading and poor maintenance . EEU has identified over 200 towns in urgent need for MV network rehabilitation for increased capacity and improved reliability . 14 . * * Ethiopia has invested substantial public resources in expanding its hydropower capacity , but additional generation investments will be needed by 2030 to address demand growth and meet reserve energy requirements . * * With 98 percent of the generation coming from clean sources ( mainly hydropower and some wind energy ) , Ethiopia ’ s near-complete reliance on green electricity is an outlier in the region . Installed generation capacity", "spans": [{"start": 1373, "end": 1384, "text": "UHFS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1984 . < sup > 90 < / sup > A leaked survey from the Ministry of Home Affairs reported 5 , 000 people killed between 1994 and 1998 . < sup > 91 < / sup > Other government statistics indicate that 17 , 220 women were abused for practicing witchcraft between 1998 and 2001 and that 10 % of those were killed . < sup > 92 < / sup > Considering that many deaths are not reported to the police , these numbers are likely to be low . The shadow report that HelpAge submitted to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) estimates 1 , 000 deaths annually with older women accounting for a high percentage of those killed . < sup > 93 < / sup > By its figures , all but nine of the 444 ‘ witches ’ killed in their project areas between 1999 and 2004 were older women . < sup > 94 < / sup > Witch-related violence is most prevalent in the northwest regions of Shinyanga and Mwanza , although there are reports of it spreading to Rukwa region in the southwest . < sup > 95 < / sup > A study in Magu , a district within Mwanza , found that elderly widows are particularly at risk because “ the implicit causes for accusations in this community appear to be strongly linked to conflicts over property ownership where removal of older persons would expedite occupation by other family members . ” < sup > 96 < / sup > According to HelpAge International , “ deep seated cultural beliefs , the low status of women , poverty , and the need to apportion blame and seek redress for a negative event … all contribute to a culture in which these allegations and subsequent violence is tolerated . ” < sup > 97 < / sup > They recommended to the CEDAW Committee in 2007 that the Tanzanian government require district councils to “ address the intimidation , isolation , abuse and killings ” of those accused of witchcraft", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 77, "text": "leaked survey from the Ministry of Home Affairs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 . 6 % 10 . 7 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Some 84 UNHCR country offices were engaged in facilitating resettlement departures during 2006 , essentially the same number as in 2005 . The largest number of refugees resettled with UNHCR assistance departed from Kenya ( 6 , 200 ) , Thailand ( 4 , 700 ) , Egypt ( 2 , 000 ) , Turkey ( 1 , 600 ) , and the United Republic of Tanzania ( 1 , 600 ) . A total of 71 , 700 refugees were admitted by 15 resettlement countries , including the United States ( 41 , 300 ) < sup > 14 < / sup > , Australia ( 13 , 400 ) , Canada ( 10 , 700 ) , Sweden ( 2 , 400 ) , Norway ( 1 , 000 ) , and New Zealand ( 700 ) . Overall , this was 11 per cent below the total for 2005 ( 80 , 800 ) . Over the last few years , States in Latin America have emerged as new resettlement countries , offering a durable solution for refugees primarily from Colombia . > 13 Referral numbers , i . e . the number of persons whose cases are submitted to resettlement countries by UNHCR , increased by 17 per cent from 2005 to 2006 and comprised 54 , 183 persons . > 14 Resettlement statistics for the United States , Canada and Australia may also include persons resettled for the purpose of family reunification or other humanitarian programmes . * * _8_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1091, "end": 1114, "text": "Resettlement statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pirttila and Suoniemi ( 2014 ) , estimate a model using commodity demands and additional administrative data to explain hours worked for Finland . Their results also reject weak separability , although they find statistically significant relationships between consumption and hours worked for a smaller number of consumption categories than Crawford et al . ( 2010 ) . Expenditure on housing and on books and magazines are found to be negatively related to hours worked , while office meals and car use are positively related to hours worked . < sup > 22 < / sup > They also examine the use of public services and find that the use of childcare is positively related to hours of work . While these results suggest an efficiency case for differential taxation , the practical implementation of such an optimal rate structure is challenging . Crawford et al . ( 2010 ) , for example , emphasize that optimal tax rates will depend not just on the sign of demand responses , but also on their magnitudes as well as on cross-price effects . They conclude that “ the limitations and uncertainties of both the theory and empirical work are such that , at least as yet , they provide little firm basis for policy prescription ” ( p350 ) . They further note that , given the small size of their complementarity estimates , the social gain from implementing differential rates is likely to be small , and these would need to be weighed against the administrative burden ( see section 4 . 4 ) of implementing a highly differentiated rate structure . The Mirrlees Review ( Mirrlees et al . , 2011 ) to which Crawford et al . ( 2010 ) contribute , consequently recommends the adoption of a uniform VAT rate structure for the United Kingdom , with the possible exception of childcare to which a zero rate could be applied . < sup > 23 < / sup > More generally , Sørensen ( 2007 , 2010 ) argues that a lack of elasticity information , combined with administrative and political economy considerations , suggests that “ uniform taxation should be the main guideline for indirect taxation ” ( Sørensen , 2010 ; p241 ) . Nevertheless , he also adds", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 108, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MF ) protocols , and developed a portfolio of upgraded firms and products — including 72 market-ready offerings and 35 KEBS-certified products — that underpin ongoing training , testing , and incubation services within its statutory role and budget cycle . KIE has built entrepreneurship / BDC-style advisory and industrial mapping that expands its lending and advisory pipeline . ASSEK has completed an organizational capacity assessment , adopted a 2024 – 27 Strategic Plan and resource-mobilization approach , and grown its dues-paying membership ( from 89 to 115 ) , lowering reliance on project funding . iTATU was designed with a multi-stream business model ( training , challenges , memberships , talent placement , facilities / testing ) and a confirmed host , giving it a plausible route to cover its operating costs once KIEP closes * * At the market level , the project ’ s effects are likely to persist where it changed routines , standards , and networks rather than delivering one-off transactions . * * KIEP 250 + institutionalized a diagnostic – PIP – verified-reimbursement cycle and created a vetted national BDS-provider database , meaning that processes for identifying , upgrading , and monitoring SMEs can be reused in successor programs without reinventing the architecture . SKIES strengthened the systems and curricula of participating intermediaries and produced a replication _playbook_ , while Startup Savanna established ongoing international mentor and investor connections for Kenyan entrepreneurs and ESOs . In parallel , iTATU ’ s sustainability is reinforced by KEPSA ’ s agreement to continue hosting and operating the platform after project closing . These changes , together with firmlevel investments in product upgrading and certification , reduce the likelihood that gains will evaporate immediately after project closure , even if not all supported entities maintain the same pace of change . * * The residual vulnerability is fiscal and administrative – without small but sustained allocations for platform upkeep and adherence to standardized procedures , some gains could erode over time . * * The project ’ s implementation record", "spans": [{"start": 1127, "end": 1148, "text": "BDS-provider database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 10 reports estimation results on self-reported early season labor application intensity ( i . e . , labor per hectare , in person days ) . The first two columns include household and hired labor , while the last two columns show estimates for household labor only . There is some similarity with the observed spillover effects of plot size information on fertilizer use intensity . We see statistically significant asymmetric response , downward adjustment in self-reports of early season labor use intensity among those farmers who had overestimated plot size pre-treatment , but not among those who overestimated . The labor use patterns differ in important ways from those with respect to fertilizer , however . In particular , the information treatment had no significant impact on labor intensity selfreports at mean plot size and pre-treatment measurement error . Furthermore , a significant inverse relationship exists between labor intensity and plot size in the absence of information treatment and is not statistically significantly affected by the corrective information . Measuring labor applications in smallholder farming is challenging ( Arthi et al . , 2018 ) ; the evidence here suggests one added complication : the possibility of correlated measurement error with plot size ( Abay et al . 2019 ) . The findings in Tables 9 and 10 suggest that farmers employ simplifying mental models – e . g . , optimal prediction error ( Hyslop and Imbens , 2001 ) – to track some variables . This has two important implications in terms of understanding survey data generating processes . First , the presence of NCME in one production input likely propagates to other production inputs . Given the empirical regularity of NCME in smallholder plot sizes and farm sizes ( Carletto et al . , 2013 ; Carletto et al . , 2015 ; Desiere and Jolliffe , 2018 ; Abay et al . , 2019 ; Dillon et al . , 2019 ; Gourlay et al . , 2019 ) , this implies likely NCME in fertilizer , labor , seed , and other inputs that have been less well studied . Second , simplifying mental models naturally generate correlated measurement error , which further complicates econometric correctives , as replacing an erroneous self-reported variable with an accurate measure", "spans": [{"start": 1565, "end": 1576, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 155 , 450 and an HIV prevalence of 26 % for FSW . < sup > 21 < / sup > The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a lottery intervention on combined HIV / STI incidence among FSW . In May 2018 , 2 , 206 participants were enrolled using respondent driven sampling to identify FSW from various locations ( bars , brothels , street ) . Individuals meeting the following eligibility criteria were eligible to participate : 1 ) female ; 2 ) exchanged sexual intercourse for money in the past 6 months ; 3 ) HIV-negative at enrollment ; 4 ) aged 18 years or older ; 5 ) not currently pregnant ; 6 ) lived in Dar es Salaam for past three months and plan to remain living in Dar es Salaam for at least next 2 years ; 7 ) have a cell phone able to receive text messages ; 8 ) able to adequately grant informed consent ; 9 ) in possession of a valid coupon ( obtained through Respondent Driven Sampling ) . Participants were randomized in a 1 : 1 ratio to receive standard HIV prevention services ( testing , counseling , and weekly text messages on safe sex practices ) , or standard HIV prevention services plus entry in a random lottery rewarding safe sex as proxied by negative test for curable STIs . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "37 , 497 | 21 . 2 | 26 , 591 | 17 . 3 | | 2008 / 09 | 30 , 280 | l2 . 2 | 25 , 376 | 17 . 5 | 15 , 194 | 15 . 5 | 39 , 325 | 22 . 2 | 28 , 044 | 17 , 4 | | 2009 / 10 | 37 , 793 | 12 . 28 | 30 , 756 | 18 . 2 | 17 , 504 | 15 . 5 | 38 , 971 | 21 . 99 | ' 29 , 712 | 18 . 3 | _Source : _ ICR estimate , based on CSA ' s Annual Agricultural Sample Surveys . - 41 -", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 350, "text": "CSA ' s Annual Agricultural Sample Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "study we define two scenarios . The first scenario considers the implementation of biofuel use targets consistent with what countries already have announced ( hereafter “ AT ” scenario ) . The second scenario generally considers a doubling of the > 7 The base year for calibrating the model is 2004 , the year for which the social accounting matrices , the main database for the model , were constructed . Although our base year is 2004 , the model is calibrated to replicate major historical statistics until year 2009 . > 8 Impacts of removal of subsidies and import duties have been analyzed in detailed in a separate paper . 9 A module that can represent both conventional and un-conventional oil and gas reserves and production would be ideal ; however , the model used here does not have that capacity . Hence , we used energy price forecasts from other sources instead of generating them endogenously in the baseline . 11", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 350, "text": "social accounting matrices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent in Other Cities , compared to the 15 percent decline in East Forest and the 21 percent cent decline in the Savannah . Despite the large fall in household expenditure in Abidjan , there was no increase in poverty , since even in 1988 mean household expenditure per capita was still three times greater than the poverty line of 75 , 000 CFAF per year . The decline in expenditures in rural areas was accompanied by a large increases in poverty in West Forest and in the Savannah . West Forest registered the largest fall in expenditure , almost 50 percent between 1985-1988 . Between 1985 and 1988 per capita expenditure fell by 33 percent , a much larger fall than the decline in real private consumption per capita of 6 percent . The large difference in expenditure trends between the household surveys and national accounts estimates has not been accounted for . The large decline in household expenditure per capita and the increase in poverty in the West Forest region - - a cocoa and coffee growing region like the East Forest - - is especially puzzling . Household expenditure per capita in the West Forest was 50 percent higher than East Forest in 1985 , but fell about 20 percent year , bringing it to a level below that of the East Forest in 1988 . In 1985 and 1986 , West Forest had a 4 The 1985-1988 household survey data come from the four COte d ' Ivoire Living Standards Surveys ( CILSS ) and are based on the expenditure aggregate described in Oh and Venkataraman ( 1992 ) . The 1993 and 1995 data are taken from the Household Priority Survey ( HPS ) . Changes to the cleaned 1993 and 1995 INS data files ( as of March 1996 ) are described in Annex 1 . The comparability of the methods used to estimate food expenditure in the CILLS and LPS surveys are discussed in Appendix B . 5 Grootaert chose the 75 , 000 CFAF per day poverty line as the index of extreme poverty because it corresponded to a headcount index of 10 percent in 1985 , based on the set of deflators he used . This paper uses the CPI series published by the INS", "spans": [{"start": 1359, "end": 1399, "text": "COte d ' Ivoire Living Standards Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1539, "end": 1564, "text": "Household Priority Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1759, "end": 1770, "text": "LPS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2019, "end": 2029, "text": "CPI series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - implementation of the various activities of the RP and LRP . - vii ) Civil Society Organisations and local non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) can act as social watchdogs in matters relating to securing the livelihoods of project-affected communities along with their related socio-cultural facets ; and - viii ) Federal Environment Protection Authority ( EPA ) will ensure RP and LRP are implemented according to National procedures . - * * 0 . 4 Main Findings of Census and Socio-Economic Surveys * * Key findings of the baseline , census surveys and public consultation meetings conducted in the project site inform the preparation of this RP as well as feed into the LRP . Key demographic characteristics have been identified as follows : * * _Households , Population and Headship Pattern : _ * * There are a total of 129 persons living in the 26 Project-affected households that participated in census enumeration survey . Out of total 26 Subproject affected households 15 are male headed and 11 are female headed households . The average household size of Subproject affected households is 4 . 1 persons per family . * * _Age Structure : _ * * As expected , the age structure of Subproject affected household heads is dominated by older age . Based on the census survey result the age of Subproject affected households ranges between 42 – 85-year-old . Surprisingly half ( 50 . 0 % ) of Subproject affected household heads have categorized as senior age citizen whose age are 65 years old and above , while remaining half are below 65 years of age . * * _Marital Status : _ * * Majority ( 54 . 2 % ) of the household heads are married , followed by widowed household heads constituted ( 37 . 5 % ) and divorced household heads ( 8 . 3 % ) . There is no single or unmarried head among Sub", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 645, "text": "Census and Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 681, "end": 695, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1047, "end": 1072, "text": "census enumeration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1409, "end": 1429, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10892 # * * Abstract * * The paper presents a methodology to generate experimental small area estimates of poverty in four West African countries : Chad , Guinea , Mali , and Niger . Due to the absence of recent census data in these countries , household-level survey data are integrated with grid-level geospatial data , which are used as covariates in model-based estimation . Leveraging geospatial data enables reporting of poverty estimates more frequently at disaggregated administrative levels and makes estimation feasible in areas for which survey data are not available . The paper leverages the availability of a recent census in Burkina Faso for evaluation purposes . Estimates obtained with the same survey instruments and candidate geospatial covariates as the other four countries are compared against estimates obtained using recent census data and an empirical best predictor under a unit-level model . For Burkina Faso , the estimates obtained using geospatial data are highly correlated with the census-based ones in sampled areas but moderately correlated in non-sampled areas . The results demonstrate that in the absence of recent census data , small area estimation with publicly available geospatial covariates is feasible , can lead to large efficiency improvements compared to direct estimation , and improve the timeliness of small area estimates . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at dnewhouse @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They", "spans": [{"start": 242, "end": 253, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 275, "end": 302, "text": "household-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 323, "end": 349, "text": "grid-level geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 420, "end": 435, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | consumption . < br > Address * * ( ESS 3 Resource efficiency andpollution management ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 8 | Finance < br > and < br > Administratio < br > n Sector and < br > general < br > project < br > operations | The scope of implementation structures need to be enhanced to accommodate < br > all critical sectors for NUSAF < br > There is need for clarity on roles and responsibilities for each implementing < br > entity including political stakeholders < br > The CAO to appoint a coordinator from administration who will work with < br > technical focal points attached to components < br > CFs < br > recruitment < br > be < br > the < br > responsibility < br > of < br > the < br > sub < br > county < br > and < br > requirements / qualifications should be in-line with components < br > The CAO and CFO both sign on the fund authorization document for controls < br > Auditors to advice the CAO and CFO on beneficiaries ’ access to funds from < br > banks after physical audit report is produced every month . < br > Operations funds to be disbursed according to quarterly agreed upon activities < br > with clear codes for each entity < br > Timely disbursement of sub projects funds latest by second quarter of every FY < br > to facilitate proper planning , implementation and accountability of project < br > funds . The experience under NUSAF3 saw lots of funds swept back which < br > subsequently affected implementation and accountability of funds . < br > Digital payment models should be studied including SAGE models to inform the < br > NUSAF beneficiary cash payments < br > Social registries must be updated and used as data base for targeting to < br > minimize targeting errors of exclusion . < br > Urban and growth centers to", "spans": [{"start": 1626, "end": 1643, "text": "Social registries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # * * 5 SOCIAL ECONOMIC SURVEY OF PAPS * * # # # * * 5 . 1 Introduction * * The initial exercise employed questionnaires to gather quantitative and qualitative data to determine the socio-economic status of the PAPs . The following topics were covered in the report : - Bio-data of the PAPs . - Household Demographic Data - Income and Livelihoods - Health - Education - Structure details . Structure details . Utility details . A 100 % social Economic survey of the PAPs was carried out to ascertain baseline information of the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) . To achieve the socioeconomic aspects captured , the consultant developed a structured questionnaire to capture the PAPs current socio-economic status and the views and concerns of the identified PAPs . Generally , the objective of the social-economic survey is : To ascertain the total population of the Project Affected Persons to enable the development of an accurate asset register . To inform appropriate compensation measures to restore their lives or improve as per the RPF Policy and OP 4 . 12 provisions . To provide baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of the ARAP . To ensure that vulnerable PAPs are identified . To ascertain the facilitation choices of PAPs regarding various options available to them in the RPF policy . * * Summary of structures affected . * * The total number of PAPs is 26 and 1 structure owned by the County Government of KisumuWard Admins office . The total number of structures affected by the proposed development is 30 . The table below summarises structures loss and livelihoods that may be affected by the proposed interventions . - Utility details . A 100 % social Economic survey of the PAPs was carried out to ascertain baseline information of the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) . To achieve the socioeconomic aspects captured , the consultant developed a structured questionnaire to capture the PAPs current socio", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 202, "text": "SOCIAL ECONOMIC SURVEY OF PAPS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 459, "end": 485, "text": "Household Demographic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 600, "end": 634, "text": "social Economic survey of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1834, "end": 1868, "text": "social Economic survey of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mechanisms through which infrastructure disruptions affect households and cover four main networked infrastructure systems : electricity , potable water , transport , and communication . When possible , it estimates the economic cost of infrastructure disruptions through the willingness-to-pay of households to avoid them . While highly uncertain , these estimates can provide a sense of the magnitude of the problem . # 1 . The impact of electricity outages # # 1 . 1 . Electricity supply is often unreliable with measurable consequences on households In many emerging countries , power outages are regular occurrences . As shown in Figure 1 , many countries experience more than 100 hours of outage per customer and per year < sup > 2 < / sup > , on average . Poor countries tend to experience more outages , even though the variance is very large , especially at low income levels . The figure at the bottom illustrates the number of outages per customer per year on average in relation to electricity access as percent of population . It shows no clear relationship between coverage and reliability – many of the countries with high coverage also have poor reliability . However , countries with low access to electricity more consistently tend to also have poor reliability . Outages are not the only disruptions of the electric systems . _Brownouts_ refer to a drop in the voltage of an electric system , which constrains the use of high-voltage appliances ( such as refrigerators , televisions , and air conditioners ) and often result in malfunction of electric appliances . However , we explore here the impact of power _outages_ , i . e . complete interruptions of power supply through the grid . > 2 Data retrieved from the Doing Business study http : / / www . doingbusiness . org / en / data 4", "spans": [{"start": 1712, "end": 1756, "text": "Data retrieved from the Doing Business study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "power in Sweden ( Molinder et al , 2021 ) , and drives structural change through the decline of employment share in agriculture in the United States ( Gaggl et al , 2021 ) and Norway ( Leknes and Modalsli , 2020 ) . Lewis and Severnini ( 2020 ) show that the rural U . S . counties with early access to electricity experienced increased economic growth compared to their counterparts . This impact persisted decades after the county was fully electrified . Electrification also has long-lasting effects on the productivity of firms . Using cityindustry level data from the United States for the years 1890 – 1940 , Fiszbein et al ( 2020 ) show a rapid increase in the labor productivity rates in the manufacturing sector . As in developed economies , electricity is a key input to producing goods and services and improving the quality of life in developing countries . Therefore , achieving universal access to electricity is an important policy goal for developing countries . Despite large investments , relatively little is known about the causal effects and channels of electrification on economic outcomes , such as on household welfare , firm productivity , or economic growth . This section 14", "spans": [{"start": 540, "end": 586, "text": "cityindustry level data from the United States", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Scheffler RM , Mahoney CB , Fulton BD , Poz MRD , Preker AS . Estimates Of health care professional shortages in Sub ‐ Saharan Africa by 2015 . Health Aff ( Millwood ) 2009 ; 28 : w849 – 62 . - Scheffler RM , Liu JX , Kinfu Y , and Poz D ( 2008 ) . Forecasting the global shortage of physicians : an economic ‐ and needs ‐ based approach . Bull World Health Organ ; 86 : 516 – 23B - Scheil ‐ Adlung X . Health workforce benchmarks for universal health coverage and sustainable development . Bull World Health Organ 2013 ; 91 : 888 – 888 . United Nations General Assembly . Transforming Our World : The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development . 2015 ; published online Sept 18 . http : / / www . un . org / ga / search / view_doc . asp ? symbol = A / 70 / L . 1 & Lang = E ( accessed Oct 10 , 2015 ) . - United Nations . Probabilistic Population Projections based on the World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision . http : / / esa . un . org / unpd / ppp / ( accessed Aug 29 , 2014 ) . - United States Department of Agriculture . ERS International Macroeconomic Data Set . USDA Econ . Res . Serv . 2014 ; published online Dec 18 . http : / / www . ers . usda . gov / data ‐ products / international ‐ macroeconomic ‐ data ‐ set . aspx ( accessed Sep 27 , 2015 ) . Vujicic , M . and Zurn P . ( 2006 ) , “ The Dynamics of the Health Labor Market ” , International Journal of Health Planning and Management , 21 , 101 – 15 . World Bank . 2015 . World Development Indicators , published online . http : / / data . worldbank . org / data ‐ catalog / world ‐ development ‐ indicators ( accessed Oct 11 , 2015 ) . - World Health Organization ( no date ) . Global Health Observatory of the World Health Organization . http : / / www . who . int / gho / en / (", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 896, "text": "World Population Prospects", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1033, "end": 1073, "text": "ERS International Macroeconomic Data Set", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1445, "end": 1473, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ux effets intersectoriels qui entravent l ' accès des populations civiles aux services essentiels . L ’ accès aux soins de santé est fortement compromis . En effet , de nombreuses infrastructures sanitaires se situent dans des zones contaminées ou difficiles d ’ accès en raison de la fermeture des routes , augmentant les délais d ’ évacuation médicale et réduisant les soins disponibles pour les blessés . L ' impact sur l ' emploi est également significatif , notamment dans les secteurs agricoles et pastoraux , car l ' accès aux terres arables et aux pâturages est restreint , compromettant les moyens de subsistance de milliers de familles . Les marchés , les foires et les autres espaces publics sont désertés ou suspendus en raison de la peur des incidents , ce qui exacerbe l ' insécurité alimentaire et limite les opportunités économiques . La fréquence des incidents varie selon l ’ intensité du conflit armé et la saison . On observe souvent une augmentation des accidents pendant la saison sèche , lorsque les déplacements sont plus nombreux et pendant l ’ intensification des opérations et mouvements de l ’ armée malienne . Toutefois , les données sur les incidents et les victimes restent partielles en raison des défis liés à la collecte et à la vérification de l ’ information . Les communautés locales peuvent signaler les objets suspects ( EEI ou REG ) afin de permettre aux Forces armées maliennes de les détruire ou de les neutraliser", "spans": [{"start": 1155, "end": 1196, "text": "données sur les incidents et les victimes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "12 that even before it began the PSNP was a flagship program for Africa , and the need to tackle implementation problems as they emerged because no piloting or testing had been conducted . 2 . 31 Some but not all components of the M & E framework were part of the design . The design was meant to be flexible and respond to problems and challenges as they emerged . Specific M & E activities are used to address risks already identified – for example monitoring of food prices and wage rate purchasing power – but there was additional space to address emerging issues . 2 . 32 The early steps to assess and report on targeting were particularly important under APL1 . According to a targeting study , there was some evidence of political manipulation of PSNP as it coincided with the 2005 legislative election campaign . In a few areas , the targeting process appeared to have been used to punish known supporters of the opposition . However , the study concluded that there was not significant evidence of systemic political bias in targeting at that time ( Sharp , Brown and Teshome 2006 ) . Given capacity limitations and the use of manual systems for some components of monitoring , it was not always possible to employ the most rigorous methods for M & E . However , impact evaluation design ( for example see Gilligan and others 2009 , Hoddinott 2008 ) did draw on a technical rigorous methodology that incorporated a matching methods approach to assess whether hypotheses about the potential impacts of cash predictable transfer programming in Africa could be realized at scale even in a low income , low capacity setting . The evaluation included a survey sampled from 3 , 700 households across four regions funded by the DCT . 2 . 33 M & E Implementation : The FSCB took responsibility for monitoring and evaluation of both the implementation of the PSNP and assessments of its effectiveness and impact with additional independent M & E undertaken through the multi-donor trust fund . Reporting is within existing government systems and is frequently done manually though in subsequent years investments have been made to computerize", "spans": [{"start": 1657, "end": 1695, "text": "survey sampled from 3 , 700 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 ) | | | < 15 lpppd | 238 / 479 | 49 . 7 ( 45 . 2-54 . 2 ) | 233 / 319 | 73 . 0 % ( 67 . 9-77 . 6 ) | | | * * Satisfaction with drinking water supply * * | | | | | | | Proportion of households that say they are < br > satisfied with drinkingwater supply | 194 / 479 | 40 . 5 % ( 36 . 2-45 . 0 ) | 110 / 319 | 34 . 5 % ( 29 . 5-39 . 9 ) | | | * * Safe excreta disposal * * | | | | | | | * * Proportion of households that use : * * | | | | | | | An improved excreta disposal facility ( improved < br > toilet facility , 1 household ) | 215 / 479 | 44 . 9 % ( 40 . 5-49 . 4 ) | 29 / 319 | 9 . 1 % ( 6 . 4-12 . 8 ) | | | A shared family toilet ( improved toilet facility , 2 < br > households ) | 5 / 479 | 1 . 0 % ( 0 . 4-2 . 5 ) | 7 / 319 | 2 . 2 % ( 1 . 0-4 . 5 ) | | | A communal toilet ( improved toilet facility , 3 < br > households or more ) | 3 / 479 | 0 . 6 % ( 0 . 2-1 . 9 ) | 4 / 319 | 1 . 3 % ( 0 . 5-3 . 3 ) | | | An unimproved toilet ( unimproved toilet < br > facilityorpublic toilet ) | 256 / 479 | 53 . 4 % ( 49 . 0-57 . 9 ) | 279 / 319 | 87 . 5 ( 83 . 3-90 . 7 ) | | * * UNHCR SENS -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "crossed ) and may be polluted during construction works or may suffer from excess erosion after the wayleave is cleared . Option 3 is the one with the least river crossings . # # # # # # * * 3 . 4 . 1 . 5 RECOMMENDED OPTION * * Considering the information mentioned above and results of the comparative evaluation , WSP hereby < u > recommends the selection of line route option 1 for linking Lira and Gulu substations . < / u > # # # # # # 3 . 4 . 2 GULU – OLWIYO LINE ROUTE OPTIONS ’ COMPARISON Table 3-2 below provides a comparison of line route options 1 , 2 and 3 based on the VESCs described above , for the project ’ s Gulu – Olwiyo section .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * X . CONCLUSION * * This paper presents a skills index for developing countries in Asia as a first step towards developing a Global Skills Index . The Asian Skills Index presented here is roughly modeled on the European Skills Index but includes features specific to developing countries in Asia such as “ vulnerable employment ” and “ unemployment among the highly educated ” . In contrast to the ESI , we explicitly incorporate learning adjusted schooling as measured by LAYS . Macroeconomic research on the relationship between human capital and economic growth has focused on several proxies for human capital over the years , including earnings , years of schooling , cognitive scores and most recently , LAYS . However , all these measures have some shortcomings . LAYS is based on internationally comparable tests , which primarily measure cognitive skills . Such skills are clearly valuable in developed countries . In developing countries , however , the requisite skills and economic requirements of labor markets are different . Metrics like LAYS are clearly valuable ( as our own work here indicates ) but LAYS by itself means little if schooling , and the skills it engenders , does not translate into productive employment . The Asian Skills Index developed here considers not just learning but also the process by which skills translate into economic output . By embedding traditional measures of education and schooling quality within a broader skills system , the paper provides crucial economic context to the human capital enhancement process . There are several directions in which future research in this area can proceed . One of the most significant has to do with economic indicators that by their very nature can be intrinsically misleading . Nepal ’ s total unemployment rate , for instance , is lower than average . However , this masks the fact that many of the jobs are classified as “ vulnerable employment ” . Tajikistan , on 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be written as _r_ < sup > _G_ < / sup > ( 2 _N_ + _T_ ) + < sup > � < / sup > < sup > _M_ < / sup > _m_ = 1 < sup > _r_ < / sup > _m_ < sup > _R_ ( 2 < / sup > < sup > _Nm_ + < / sup > < sup > _T_ ) + � < / sup > _d ∈ { − _ 1 _ , _ 1 _ } _ < sup > _r_ < / sup > _d_ < sup > _D_ ( < / sup > < sup > _N_ + < / sup > < sup > _T_ ) + < / sup > � _Mm_ = 1 � _d ∈ { − _ 1 _ , _ 1 _ } _ < sup > _r_ < / sup > _m , d_ < sup > _RD_ ( < / sup > < sup > _Nm_ + < / sup > < sup > _T_ ) , where < / sup > < sup > _N_is total number of countries ( so 2 < / sup > < sup > _N_ < / sup > is the overall cross-sectional dimension of the inflow-outflow data ) and _Nm_ the number of countries in group _m_ . This yields the expressions : with ˆ and _ui , t_ is the estimated residual from the factor model with _r_ < sup > _G_ < / sup > global factors and _rm_ < sup > _R , r_ < / sup > _d_ < sup > _D , r_ < / sup > _m , d_ < sup > _RD_group , direction , and group-direction factors . The pa - < / sup > rameter _c_ in the HQ criterion was set to 2 , based on the criterion ’ s performance in residual bootstrap-based experiments . # * * 3 Data * * We assemble a balanced panel data set on annual gross inflows and outflows , drawing from the International Monetary Fund ’ s Balance of Payments Statistics ( BoP ) . The panel comprises 85 countries < sup > 10 < / sup > and spans the years 1979-2015 . We further", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 638, "text": "inflow-outflow data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1146, "end": 1169, "text": "balanced panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1288, "text": "Balance of Payments Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 50 . 00 | 75 . 00 | 99 . 10 | 95 . 00 | | Date | 20-Apr-2020 | 29-Oct-2021 | 10-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | | IN01170984 < br > ► Percentage of population < br > ( Percentage , Custom ) | vaccinated , which is includ | ed in the priority population targ | ets defined in national plan | [ disaggregated by sex ] | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 9 . 00 | 25 . 00 | | Date | 31-Aug-2021 < br > 31-Aug-2021 | 10-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | As of November 10 , the Project had contributed to < br > retroactive financing , including 1 . 4 million doses of < br > Sinopharm . The vaccines have contributed to the v < br > when viewed as a proportion of the national target < br > million out of 22 million people ) . < br > The disaggregated data is not yet provided becaus < br > will be updated in next ISR . | the procurement of 3 . 4 mill < br > Johnson and Johnson and < br > accination of approximatel < br > ( as articulated in the NDVP < br > e the PIU is confirming the | ion vaccines through < br > 2 million doses of < br > y 2 million people , which < br >", "spans": [{"start": 973, "end": 991, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "berkeley . edu / ~ emiguel / pdfs / miguel_witch . pdf ( last visited Dec . 13 , 2008 ) , at 1 . Miguel ’ s study used data from 67 villages over a period of 11 years . > 25 _Id . _ > 26 _Id . _ at 6 . > 27 UNHCR , Angola Annual Protection Report ( 2005 ) . 5", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 140, "text": "data from 67 villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Graphique 2 : Principales raisons de déplacement des PDI par Cercle d ' origine < br > 2 % 2 % 5 % 2 % < br > 4 % < br > 12 % < br > 20 % 29 % 26 % 20 % 14 % 25 % < br > 39 % 45 % 40 % < br > 50 % < br > 57 % 68 % 62 % 57 % < br > 86 % < br > 100 % 100 % 100 % < br > 88 % < br > 80 % 69 % 72 % 75 % 82 % 75 % < br > 61 % 65 % 58 % < br > 50 % < br > 43 % 42 % 38 % 43 % < br > 14 % < br > Conflits armés Tension intercommunautaire Autres < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # * * A2 . FREQUENCES DE DEPLACEMENT * * En décembre 2023 , dans plus de deux tiers des lieux de déplacement évalués ( 68 % ) , la majorité des PDI à leur premier déplacement . Cependant , dans un peu plus de trois sites sur dix ( 31 % ) , des personnes déplacées ont au moins été déplacées deux fois . Elles ont principalement quitté les localités situées dans les cercles de Kidal , Ménaka , San , Bankass , Djenne , Ansongo , Bandiagara , Koro , Niono , Douentza et Bamako . Par ailleurs , une proportion de 5 pour cent des sites évalués , certains PDI se sont déplacées plus de deux fois . Ces déplacements multiples concernent principalement les PDI originaires des localité", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Georgia ’ s regulatory requirements are also more flexible with respect to dismissing workers . No third-party notification or approval is required ; nor are there priority retraining or rehiring requirements for dismissed workers . Jordan , in contrast , is among the 32 countries with the most stringent regulation of worker dismissals ( including prohibiting dismissals for any reason without third party approval ) , and fixed term contracts are prohibited for permanent tasks ( EWD , 2020 ) . Labor market outcomes entering the crisis also diverged . Unemployment in Jordan was more than 5 percent points higher and labor force participation 23 . 7 percentage points lower than in Georgia ( Table 3-1 ) . Jordan ’ s female participation rate ( 13 . 4 percent in 2019 ) < sup > 8 < / sup > is among the lowest in the world and female unemployment — 19 percent at the end of Q4 2019 was also relatively high just before the COVID-19 pandemic . Georgia ’ s female participation and unemployment rates , in contrast , were 54 . 5 % and 10 . 2 % , < sup > 9 < / sup > respectively . Georgia ’ s population aged 25 or over was more educated , with 59 percent having completed at least post-secondary ( 2017 , WDI / UNESCO ) as compared with Jordan ’ s 27 percent ( in 2010 , WDI / UNESCO ) . For those who were employed in Jordan pre-COVID , a greater share of jobs was in the public sector and in formal private sector jobs than in Georgia . < sup > 10 < / sup > The share of jobs by type of employment from Jordan ’ s most recent pre-COVID labor force survey ( 2016 ) is shown in Table 3-2 . Fifty-four percent of jobs were private sector wage jobs , and approximately half of these were formal and permanent , with the rest being either > 7 In PPP terms , Jordan ’ s per capita GDP in 2019 was $ 10 , 497 . 00 , substantially lower than Georgia ’ s level of $ 15 , 623 . 00 . 8 National estimate , 2019 . ILO models predict 14 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1531, "end": 1559, "text": "pre-COVID labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Storage Tanks for the < br > following facilities withmaternities and deliveryrooms to enhance servicedelivery in these facilities IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-24 2019-01-12 2019-07-11 < br > Letea , Loreng , kameyan < br > , Losajait and Komudei < br > Dispensaries . < br > KE-THARAKA NITHI < br > COUNTY-84487-GO-RFQ / Procure 40 Color codedPedal Bins and 40 Bin IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-28 2019-03-06 2019-06-04 < br > Liners < br > KE-MARSABIT COUNTY - < br > 84512-GO-RFQ / Procure < br > 14No . laptops for projectaccountant and all the 13HRIOs at Marsabit CountyReferral Hospital , Moyale IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-16 2019-02-18 2019-05-19 < br > hospital , Laisamis hospital , < br > Kalacha hospital < br > KE-ELGEYO MARAKWET < br > - 84513-GO-RFQ / Purchase < br > of 1 Heavy DutyMultipurpose photocopier ( 4in one ) to support IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-25 2019-01-20 2019-05-20 < br > RMNCAH Data review for < br > County Referral Hospital < br > Iten", "spans": [{"start": 1235, "end": 1246, "text": "RMNCAH Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "tables in STEP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "businesses and operations , and general uncertainty about the costs of regulation . Entrepreneurs in South Asia and Southeast Asia ranked the top obstacles to doing business as high taxes and tax regulations , inadequate infrastructure , inflation , labor regulations , and regulations for starting new businesses and operations . * In the Middle East and North Africa , entrepreneurs considered lack of infrastructure the chief obstacle to doing business , followed by corruption , high taxes and tax regulations , and financing . * In Central and Eastern Europe , high taxes and tax regulations were the only regulation-related obstacle ranked high , followed by financing , corruption , and inflation . * The worst obstacles in Latin America were considered to be corruption and inadequate infrastructure , followed by crime and theft , problems with finance , and high taxes and tax regulation . * In Sub-Saharan Africa the biggest problems were corruption , tax regulations and high taxes , inadequate infrastructure , inflation , crime and theft , and financing . - This paper a product of the Office of the Chief Economist and Senior Vice President , Development Economics - was produced as a background paper for _World DevelopmentReport 1997_ on the role of the state in a changingworld . The study was funded in part by the Research Support Budget under the research projects \" Cross-Country Indicators of Institutional Uncertainty \" ( RPO 680-51 ) , and \" Indicators of Government Quality as Perceived by the Private Sector \" ( RPO 681-52 ) . Copies of this paper are available free from the World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Please contact Michael Geller , room N7-078 , telephone 202-473-1393 , fax 202-522-0056 , Internet address wdr @ worldbank . org . April 1997 . ( 75 pages ) _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings_ * * _out_ * * _quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) assessment considered the different stages of implementation , i . e . design , pre-construction , construction and operation stages of the project roads . # # # # # # * * Task 8 : Review and updating of Environment and Social Management Plan ( ESMP ) * * The Environmental and Social Management Plan ( ESMP ) was reviewed and updated following any newly identified risks and impacts which included mitigation measures for all the negative impacts of sub-projects and enhancement measures for positive impacts . # # # # # # * * 1 . 8 Limitations of the Study * * This review was basically focused on interrogating the initial ESIA Study report and associated supporting documents with a review to identifying areas requiring strengthening or overhaul . While this is a straight forward activities , there are challenges encountered in the process including ; - supporting documents with a review to identifying areas requiring strengthening or overhaul . While this is a straight forward activities , there are challenges encountered in the process including ; - ( i ) The initial documents were limited in comprehensive coverage of the environmental and social baseline data and information that would have formed the basis for impacts review and appropriate management plan . - ( ii ) It was assumed that the initial ESIA process had fully engaged the public through the corridor . However , the minutes shared indicated that the consultations per settlement were less than adequate . This necessitated the Consultant to further engage the SEC more comprehensively to gather more information . In this regard , stakeholder ’ s forums were undertaken at County level guided by the County Administration , and the SECs . - ( iii ) Due to the unprecedented scope of gathering additional baseline data and information and the level of stakeholder consultation , more time and resources was required . However , the deliverable timeframes were not affected . - ( ii ) It was assumed that the initial ESIA process had fully engaged the", "spans": [{"start": 1330, "end": 1368, "text": "environmental and social baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1979, "end": 1992, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "many of the non-income MDGs are unlikely to be achieved by broad groups of countries ; in fact , only a handful of low-income countries have met or are likely to meet the MDGs for under-five mortality , access to safe drinking water , and access to sanitation ( Figure 7 ( c ) and ( d ) ) . These countries need development policies that address the structural bottlenecks for successfully accelerating economic growth and moving toward achieving the MDGs . * * Figure 7 ( a ) – ( d ) : Progress Towards Meeting the MDGs * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( a ) Population living on less than $ 1 . 25 a day , % ( b ) Number of Countries by Progress Status for MDG 1 < br > 70 50 < br > 45 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 50 < br > 30 < br > 40 25 < br > 20 < br > 30 < br > 15 < br > X < br > 20 SSA Target 10 < br > 5 < br > Total < br > 10 0 < br > SSA On Target Close to Being On Far Behind the < br > 0 < br > Target Target < br > 1990 2005 2015 < br > ( c ) Number of LIC s that have achieved the goal ( d ) Number of LIC s that are on track to achieve the goal * < br > 10 < br > 6 < br > 9 < br > 8 5 < br > 7 < br > 4 < br > 6 < br > 5 3 < br > 4 2 < br > 3 < br > 2 1 < br > 1 0 < br > 0 < br > Under-five mortality Access to safe Access to sanitation < br > Under-five Access to safe Access to drinking water < br > mortality drinking water sanitation < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : _Global Monitoring Report_ 2011 . Figures c ) and ( d ) compiled", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure [ 17 ] : Coping mechanisms used by Syrian refugees in the T + 5 region_ # # # * * Coping mechanisms used by the Syrian refugees ( in the T + 5 region ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Reduce the number of meals per day 52 % < br > Borrow food 41 % < br > Reduce the food quantity / quality per meal 30 % < br > Buy food / NFI on credit 15 % < br > Begged 12 % < br > Selling vouchers / NFIs 11 % < br > Spent savings 8 % < br > Children are working 7 % < br > Other 6 % < br > Selling assets 5 % < br > Migration of one HH member 1 % < br > Marriage under 18 0 % < br > Accept risky or illegal jobs 0 % < br > 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : Solidarités International assessment - January 2014 WFP ‟ s Assistance ( E-card / Food ) Post Distribution Monitoring survey showed that relying on less preferred and less expensive food ( 87 % ) and limiting portion size at meals ( 67 % ) were the two main coping strategies overall . Additionally , the PDM showed that households in the North tended to resort to coping strategies more frequently than other regions ( South and Bekaa ) . _Figure [ 18 ] : Coping strategies by geographic area_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Coping Strategies < br > ( used over the past 7 days ) < br > North South Bekaa Total < br > 100 % 92 % < br > 78 % < br > 80 % < br > 60 % 53 % < br > 47 % < br > 40 % < br > 40 % < br > 31 % < br > 20 % < br > 6 % <", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 733, "text": "Solidarités International assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 821, "text": "Post Distribution Monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1005, "text": "PDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the management level ) on occupational health and safety and has experience of implementing some of the measures such as distributing PPE to its workers . - EEU has a better experience of distributing PPE to its workers up to service center level . - EEU keeps records of occupation and community accidents and incidents . Further , the major accidents ( leading to fatalities and injuries ) are investigated and compensated . - • Due to the nature of the work which demands a certain set of skills obtained through training in TVET colleges and EEU ’ s commitment and effort to recruit all workers ( including the contractors ’ workers ) with training from TVET colleges , the risk of child labor is limited , if not non-existent . Further , at some regions EEU and its contractors verify the age of recruits ( through ID cards and educational testimonies ) during the onboarding < u > process . < / u > # # # * * Weakness * * : - The awareness of workers in the implementing agencies ( EEU and MoWE ) on occupational health and safety is not satisfactory , often resulting in non-compliance . - The capacity of ESHS staff in the implementing agencies to enforce , supervise and monitor implementation of occupational health and safety is limited . Further , efforts in this regard are hindered by institutional capacities including staffing ( especially at lower levels ) , resources , and budgetary constraints . - Apart at the federal level , collaboration between and relationship with relevant institutions such as EPA ( and its regional counterparts ) and Ministry of Labor Skills ( and its regional counterparts ) . - • EEU is sometimes challenged by delayed or insufficient quality purchase and distribution of PPE to its workers and in some cases its procurement process creating a bottle neck for efficient procurement and distribution of PPE . - To ensure the safety of its workers , EEU is more focused on providing PPE while enforcing safe work procedures and improving communications between workers needs better attention . The cause of accidents leading to fatalities is testimony to the", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 320, "text": "records of occupation and community accidents and incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from a nationally representative survey on labor-market outcomes of the Turkish population ; these data include representative samples of those who are employed ( in formal and informal work ) , and those who are unemployed or out of the labor force . We estimate the effects of the minimum wage increase by exploiting a sharp rise by 33 percent in nominal terms that took effect in 2016 . Though we mainly focus on firm destruction , our findings also shed light on impacts on workers ’ employment in formal and informal firms , and unemployment in the wake of the wage increase . Thus , the paper also provides insights on the broader employment and welfare > 1 In high-income countries , primarily in the US and the UK , the literature has looked at the effect of the minimum wage on firm profitability , stock market value , productivity , location , entries and exits , and consumer prices ( Aaronson , 2001 ; Aaronson and French , 2007 ; Aaronson et al . , 2018 ; Allegretto and Reich , 2018 ; Bell and Machin , 2018 ; Draca , Machin , and van Reenen , 2011 ; Riley and Rosazza-Bondibene , 2017 ; Rohlin , 2011 ) . 2 In contrast , the vast majority of studies looking at firm responses to the minimum wage , including in high-income countries , rely on a sample of firms above a given size threshold and in specific sectors of the economy . 2", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 64, "text": "nationally representative survey on labor-market outcomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kiwoko , Nakaseke , Ngoma and Semuto ) . * * _Luwero : _ * * Luwero District is divided into 10 sub-counties and three town councils ( Luwero , Wobulenzi and Bombo ) , 91 parishes and 594 villages . The district headquarters are in Luwero Town Council , a road distance of about 64 km along the Kampala – Gulu Highway . * * Table 33 * * lists the number of counties , sub-counties , parishes and villages / cells within each district that will be affected by the Project . * * Table 33 : * * * * _Administrative Units that Will be Affected by the Project_ * * | * * District * * | * * County * * | * * Sub-County * * | Parishes | * * Villages / Cells * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lwengo | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | | Nakaseke | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Wakiso | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | | Mityana | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | | Gomba | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | | Butambala | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | | Kalungu | 1 | 1 | 11 | 11 | | Masaka | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | | Lwero | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | # # # * * 4 . 3 . 3 Demographics * * Demographic and socio-economic data are a pre-requisite for planning and evidence-based decision making in any community . Such data are collected through population Censuses , demographic and socio-economic surveys , civil registration systems and other administrative records . In Uganda , the population census remains the main source of", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 1021, "text": "Demographic and socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1141, "end": 1160, "text": "population Censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1163, "end": 1201, "text": "demographic and socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1204, "end": 1230, "text": "civil registration systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1282, "end": 1299, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ANNEX 15 * * Page 4 of 9 The vehicle groups used for VOC were the same as those given above for traffic data . Table 2 below shows the parameters derived from the HDM-VOC model output . * * Table 2 * * * * VOC Expression Parameters * * | * * Vehicle type * * | * * a * * | * * b * * | * * c * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Car | * * 8 . 48 * * | * * 0 . 069 * * | * * 0 . 029 * * | | Pickup | 8 . 13 | 0 . 130 | 0 . 031 | | Medium Truck | 9 . 14 | 0 . 429 | 0 . 007 | | Heavy Truck | 25 . 08 | 0 . 877 | 0 . 022 | | Bus | 23 . 72 | 0 . 025 | 0 . 046 | The annual roughness predicted by the deterioration and maintenance effects models is applied to give the annual VOC for each vehicle group . This is then multiplied by the volume for each group for the year ; base year volume plus growth rate . For the evaluation of capacity improvements , average vehicle speed was related to traffic volume and type of acility - 2 lane or four lane divided highway : V = MIN ( 75 - 0 . 000683 ( AADT - 10 , 000 ) , 60 ) four lane V = MM N ( 497 , 430 / AADT - 1 . 7 , 60 ) : two lane These expressions were derived from the observed speeds shown in Table 3 . * * Table 3 * * * * Observed Speeds for different Traffic Volumes * * | * * AADT * * | * * Speed ( km / h ) on Facility * * | | - - - | - - - | | | 7m < br > 2x7m | | 10 , 000", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 112, "text": "traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "launch announcements in each city will be made when the MFIs are ready to begin disbursing loans . 35 . In general , the communication strategy must be coordinated and aligned to develop a coherent and clear message to avoid inconsistency in messaging that may unnecessarily raise the expectations of the beneficiaries . It has been agreed that the communication officer in the NPMT will coordinate with the DAI consultants and TVET Agency before issuing any official communication and / or announcements especially with reference to the access to microfinance component . FeMSESDA should also ensure that OSSs are completely ready to intake clients and issue ID cards before undertaking further announcements . 36 . * * Monitoring & Evaluation * * : A robust project monitoring system is a central feature of the WEDP project , since project beneficiaries will be accessing multiple services from different project implementers , including loans from MFIs , training from TVET colleges , and support from One Stop Shops . In order to be able to integrate data on WEDP participants across OSS , TVET colleges and participating MFIs , a registration system is being established at One Stop Shops which will feed beneficiary information into a central database . 37 . Each WEDP beneficiary who registers for the program will receive a WEDP ID card , which contains basic biographic information as well as a unique 10-digit ID number representing the entrepreneur ’ s location , business sector , and time of entry into the program . The ID card with unique identification number will be a prerequisite for beneficiaries to access any services . This will ensure that each beneficiary ’ s engagement with the program is monitored , and that services are given only to eligible beneficiaries . 38 . Progress has been made in developing the central registration system , but a concerted effort from FeMSEDA will now be critical in finalizing this component without delay . FeMSEDA has developed the coding system for issuing the membership ID number , and the electronic template of the ID card . It has developed guidelines for the 45", "spans": [{"start": 1056, "end": 1081, "text": "data on WEDP participants", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1242, "end": 1258, "text": "central database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and technology linkages . The multidimensional polarity index places six developing countries among the top fifteen in the world over the period 2004-2008 . < sup > 17 < / sup > The index also documents the changing role of the old growth poles of Europe , the United States and Japan that dominated most of the last century . Over the last decade , these countries have ceded space to emerging market growth poles . This is driven by increasing ― polarity ‖ of emerging market economies ( World Bank , 2011 ) . Figure 15 presents the declining concentration of global growth , as represented in Herfindahl-Hirschmann indices . < sup > 18 < / sup > In examining the prospects for sustained growth in the new emerging growth poles , the World Bank report focuses on the roles of technological adoption and innovation on the supply side , as well as a shift toward greater domestic consumption on the demand side . The report suggests that adequate transitions on both fronts are feasible . Forecasts show that in the 2020s , the BRIC countries will be among the top 10 growth poles , joined by newcomer Indonesia . > 17 See _Global Development Horizons 2011-Multipolarity : the New Global Economy_ , World Bank , 2011 . > 18 For more details on the methodology used for this measure , see Adams-Kane and Lim ( 2011 ) . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PAY FOR COST AND IMPACT INFORMATION * * Our online survey of more than 400 individuals involved in the policymaking process in developing nations presented a hypothetical scenario in which an unspecified education program had generated test score improvements of 0 – 20 percent in other countries . Respondents were told that they had an opportunity to implement the program for up to 10 , 000 students in their country , but that they could also choose to do an impact evaluation to learn of the program ’ s true effects in their setting . Respondents were asked how many of the 10 , 000 students they would be willing to have not receive the program in order to be able to pay for the impact evaluation . A similar question was then asked about the number of beneficiaries they would forgo in order to do a Costing study . Out of concern for framing effects , the order of the first and second of these questions — on impacts and Costs alone — was randomized . Simple t-tests revealed that order did not have an effect on responses for willingness to pay for either Effectiveness or Cost studies . 12", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 86, "text": "online survey of more than 400 individuals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ADVANCING INCLUSION , SELF-RELIANCE , AND SOLUTIONS THROUGH EDUCATION FOR REFUGEES * * to increase funding for EiE , funding remains an urgent priority , and developing countries hosting many refugees need more financial support to include refugee children and youth in their national education systems . # # # # * * Examples of Key Contributions * * - * * The British Council * * pledged to support 50 , 000 displaced teachers , teachers of refugees and school leaders through targeted assistance and a further 20 , 000 teachers through its ‘ Language for Resilience ’ community of practice . This support will focus on the promotion of language teaching and multilingualism through the professional development of teachers and the recognition of the role of language in promoting individual and community resilience . - * * ECW , on behalf of the GRF Education Alliance task team on emergency contexts * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > * * , * * committed to minimising the time recently displaced refugee children and youth spend out of school , with the aim of providing access to safe , inclusive and quality learning opportunities within three months of displacement . They pledged to support the integration of these children into national education systems by providing support services such as psychosocial support , language assistance and bridging cultural gaps . They will advocate for increased and flexible funding for education in emergencies , work with host countries and civil society to mainstream education in crisis preparedness and improve coordination for rapid access to education . The pledge also emphasises investment in gender - and age-disaggregated data to improve the effectiveness of education responses . - * * UNHCR , the Global Education Cluster , UNESCO and INEE * * jointly pledged to continue their efforts to strengthen the Initiative for Education in Emergencies Coordination ( ISEEC ) aimed at enhancing the quality of response coordination across humanitarian and development coordination architectures . The pledging entities will document the impact of good quality response coordination , build the capacity of those", "spans": [{"start": 1650, "end": 1685, "text": "gender - and age-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * _Policy and Planning_ * * 13 . Policy and planning initiatives will commence with the institutionalization and professional development of the Policy and Strategic Planning Secretariat ( PSPS ) which will be responsible for the preparation of a policy framework and process for strategic planning , policy development and implementation , including the development and dissemination of a comprehensive policy manual and the delivery of a related awareness program . Professional development for the PSPS will focus on the development of an integrated policy-oriented research and planning capacity in MoE together with the establishment of appropriate links between the central ministry and field directorates . Operational guidelines will be developed and key staff will be trained in policy research , writing and reporting , sector planning and performance monitoring . This institutional capacity will be supported by donor-provided Technical Assistance which could involve an institutional partnership . 14 . The policy and planning capacity will be supported by completion and expansion of the ministry ’ s management information systems : ( i ) final implementation of the School Information System ( SIS ) to incorporate financial / budget information as well as physical resources ; ( ii ) linking the Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) with the GIS and external databases ; ( iii ) the delivery of training in the use of the EMIS for policy analysis , strategic and operational planning ; and ( iv ) developing robust data architecture standards and integration of ministry system within a common platform . An internal and external communication plan will be launched to ensure the awareness and understanding of all stakeholders with respect to national priorities for the education sector . # # # * * _Monitoring and Evaluation_ * * 15 . Internal and external M & E under ERfKE II will focus on three areas : clarification and institutionalization of M & E functions and structures ; conduct of M & E activities / studies that inform ERfKE II implementation and provide evidence of impact on learning ; and capacity building of staff . 16 . Internal M & E activities were carried out under ER", "spans": [{"start": 1379, "end": 1405, "text": "GIS and external databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Efficiency-Electricity scenarios . This occurs because , when we do not allow for shared budgets , the government can get less advantage of the infrastructure complementarities , and then the weight of the exogenous productivities in its decision becomes larger . The correlations between the log of sectoral productivities and the log of road-quality investment are given by the bottom panel of Table 6 . Except for agriculture , the sign and relative magnitude of the correlations are similar to the ones in the top panel but smaller in absolute value . This occurs because any improvement in the quality of roads that directly affects two locations can potentially change the least-cost path of other locations , which makes the correlation with its own productivity less meaningful . In the case of agriculture , the modelsolution correlations are smaller than in the data , signaling that other fundamentals , such as geographical barriers and the degree of infrastructure complementarities , can be playing against isolated locations in rural areas . Taken together , Table 6 says that , in most cases , the quality of infrastructure moves more closely with the exogenous productivities in the model solutions than in the data . Hence , a source of the misallocation is the lack of a correct internalization of the productivity effects . # * * 5 . 2 . 2 Infrastructure Investment Complementarities * * Next , we turn to another important aspect behind the public capital misallocation : the complementarity of investments . We first ask the question : if the government optimally allocates one type of investment , keeping the other type of infrastructure as observed in the data , what would be the relative gains ? The last two columns in Table 7 show the results of this counterfactual experiment . If the government can only reallocate electricity or road investments , the welfare gains are large , 7 . 52 % and 10 . 97 % relative to the benchmark ( given by the observed infrastructure data ) , respectively . We can see also that the average income increases by 3 . 4 % and 10 . 7 % , while for median income , the gains are slightly smaller , 2 . 85 % and 10 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 1978, "end": 2006, "text": "observed infrastructure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Engel and Rogers ( 1996 ) examine the relative price variability of similar goods among cities in Canada and the United States . They find that relative price variability between cities is significantly greater when a border is crossed . 2Wei ( 1996 ) develops a technique to estimate the domestic bias in trade using input-output tables to estimate internal trade for countries without regional data . He assumes that internal trade distances are one-quarter the distance between a country and its nearest trade partner , to estimate the border effect . One problem with this method is that the border estimate is proportional to the assumed internal trade distance . 3", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 337, "text": "input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GBV / SEA / SH Risk Assessment and Action Plan , and Labour Management Procedures ( LMP ) . Likewise , site-specific approved Environment and social screening , ESIA , ESMPs , and GBV / SEA Action will be disclosed during implementation stage . The information disclosure channels will be public notices , press releases , project website , consultation meetings , information leaflets and brochures , separate focus group meetings with vulnerable groups ) . Local language will be the most preferable information disclosure medium of communication . * * 4 . 4 . Reporting back to stakeholders * * Stakeholders will be kept informed as the project develops , including reporting on project environmental and social performance and implementation of the stakeholder engagement plan and Grievance Mechanism , as well as on the project ’ s overall implementation progress . The stakeholder engagement process will aim to support the development of strong , constructive , and responsive relationships among the key stakeholders for successful management of the environmental and social risks . Effective stakeholder engagement between the ETOL and project stakeholders improves the environment and social sustainability of projects , enhances project acceptance , and makes a significant contribution to successful project design and preparation . All stakeholder engagement meetings will have minutes , which will be stored in the project stakeholder engagement database ; this will be to ensure that ( i ) there are records that can be referred to and that all views raised are taken into consideration , and ( ii ) commitments made are delivered upon . The SEP will be periodically revised and updated as necessary during project implementation . Quarterly , annual , or other report summaries and internal reports on public grievances , inquiries , and related incidents , together with the status of implementation of associated corrective / preventive actions , will be collated by responsible staff and referred to the senior management of the project . The quarterly , annual , 10 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1429, "end": 1468, "text": "project stakeholder engagement database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distant from urban centers ; on average , the nearest city with a population of 20 , 000 people or more is 46 km away ( median : 40 km ) . Previous research on PSNP finds that in years of high inflation the real value of the unindexed cash payments lost value relative to food payments ( Sabates ‐ Wheeler and Devereux 2010 ) . Given the lower real value of the cash payments , high food inflation should shift infra ‐ marginal households towards wishing that they could receive food payments . The challenge is to construct a meaningful measure of inflation that is specific to the PSNP localities where the data were collected . To address this , note that each survey round includes 12 months recall data on the prices paid by consumers for staples . This information can be used to construct a cereal price index , specifically a weighted average of prices of the 6 main cereals ( maize , teff , barley , wheat , sorghum , and millet ) in each community in each survey round . The weights are based on the consumption shares of each cereal type in the community and derived from the data collected in the food consumption module of the household questionnaire . Applying weights from the first ( 2006 ) and last ( 2014 ) survey rounds , a Fisher Ideal price index is constructed ( see Deaton and Tarozzi 2000 ) that captures both the temporal and spatial differences in price levels . Appendix B provides more information on this cereal price index ; Figure B1 shows how the index varied over the survey rounds in each region . This cereal food price index can be used to adjust the nominal daily public work wages to assess their purchasing power over time . Figure 1 shows how the real daily wage rates ( expressed in 2014 birr ) have fluctuated over time . The most dramatic is the reduction in the purchasing power of the PSNP Public Works wage between 2006 and 2008 , a consequence of the massive food price spike that occurred across Ethiopia ( and indeed , around the world ) in 15", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 707, "text": "recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more tropical climate that was inhospitable to European settlers and therefore fostered “ extractive ” institutions . We use data on Settler Mortality from Acemoglu , Johnson , and Robinson ( 2001 ) where settler mortality is a measure of the death rates faced by European settlers in former colonies and is calculated by the logarithm of annualized deaths per thousand Europeans . Since we have data on settler mortality for a smaller sample , we use latitude for our main results and present the results on settler mortality as a robustness test < sup > 4 < / sup > . > 4 Engerman and Sokoloff ( 1997 ) note that a second channel through which geographical endowments shape initial institutions is through openness and competition . They show that agriculture in southern North America and much of South America is conducive to large plantations . Thus , colonialists developed longlasting institutions to protect the few landowners against the many peasants . In contrast , northern North 6", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 150, "text": "data on Settler Mortality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 396, "end": 421, "text": "data on settler mortality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # * * 1 . 0 INTRODUCTION * * This is a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement , which is located in Township Sub-Location of Machakos Central Location in Machakos Town Constituency , Machakos County . The RAP report is in part fulfilment of a consultancy service under the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project ( KISIP ) , to undertake socio-economic surveys , infrastructure upgrading plans , and detailed engineering designs in Kariobangi Informal Settlement ; and , the lead implementing agency is the Ministry of Land , Housing , and Urban Development . KISIP is funded by the Government of Kenya ( GoK ) , together with the World Bank ( WB ) , the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency ( SIDA ) , and the French Development Agency ( AFD ) . Through KISIP , the infrastructure upgrading plans proposed for Kariobangi Informal Settlements , and for which the detailed designs are complete , is with respect to roads , storm water drainage , street and security lighting , solid and liquid waste management , and water supply . The detailed designs developed largely make use of land use planning done on the Settlement , which provides for roads and way leaves . These roads and way leaves have been encroached on - there are structures constructed on them , and in some instances , structures are absent , but there are persons utilising sections of the public spaces to generate income . Anticipated on implementation of the infrastructure upgrading plans proposed for the Informal Settlement is losses and disruption in connection to displacement from the public land identified for use by the Project . Anticipated as well are losses and disruption in connection to displacement from part parcels of land that persons claim to have legal rights to occupy and use . In line with the WB Policy on Resettlement concerning projects funded by the Bank , and as stated by KISIP ’ s Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 547, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country scores well on microeconomic and budgetary management , voice , public administration , regulatory quality , and revenue mobilization . However , the country scores well below the average for low-income countries and sub-Saharan Africa on the rule of law and control of corruption . Recently , though , there have been some encouraging results : ( a ) a new constitution was passed through a peaceful referendum in August 2010 , providing for separation of powers between the executive , judiciary , and legislature as a means for tackling deep governance issues ; ( b ) police reforms are being undertaken , following completion of an independent review ; ( c ) parliament has enacted key legislation to combat corruption , including the proceeds of crime anti-money laundering act ; and ( d ) independent media and strong civil society organizations are increasingly monitoring and reporting on government actions . # # * * B . Sectoral and institutional context * * 8 . * * Urban Kenya is unequal and the expanding urban population is being absorbed in informal or slum settlements with squalid living conditions , poor infrastructure , and high poverty rates . * * Rapid urbanization , poor management , and absence of planning has left Kenya ‘ s urban areas with huge backlogs in critical infrastructure and basic services , and led to the emergence of sprawling , overcrowded , and impoverished informal settlements . It is widely acknowledged that a significant proportion of urban residents live in these underserved informal settlements . Not only is the full potential of productive and inclusive cities not being realized , the glaring inequality causes it own problems and tensions , one manifestation of which is increasing urban violence and insecurity . 9 . * * Nairobi ’ s slums demonstrate the magnitude of the challenges and opportunities for poverty reduction in these settlements * * . The National Bureau of Statistics conservatively estimates that , within Nairobi ‘ s administrative boundary , at least 30 percent of the population lives in slums . < sup > 3 < / sup > With the 2009 census reporting Nairobi ‘ s total population as 3 . 2 million", "spans": [{"start": 2109, "end": 2120, "text": "2009 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Other interventions have provided consulting instead of or in addition to training . The evidence is more positive for this type of interventions , especially for larger firms . For example , Bloom et al . ( 2013 ) provided consultancy services to large indian textile firms ( with an average size of 273 employees ) to improve management practices . Doing so increased productivity by 17 percent in the first year and many of these improvements lasted even after nine years ( Bloom et al . 2018 ) . Bruhn , Karlan & Schoar ( 2018 ) show a similar result of improving management practices as the result of consulting with 432 small and medium enterprises in Mexico ( with an average size of 13 . 7 employees ) . There have been few consulting interventions with smaller enterprises . Karlan , Knight & Udry ( 2015 ) provided consulting services to microenterprises , which improved management practices , but did not lead to higher profits . Additional sets of interventions targeting improvements in management practices and skills are promising but yet to be rigorously evaluated in developing economies . These include outsourcing and insourcing of talent < sup > 3 < / sup > , improvements in mid-level operational management , improving mechanisms of identifying talent , among others . # _Mozambique_ Earlier evidence suggests that management practices are poor in Mozambique . Using 2014 data from manufacturing firms , the World Management Survey ranks Mozambique as the country with the lowest average score in the adoption of good management practices , lower than other African countries including Ethiopia , Tanzania , Ghana and Zambia ( Lemos & Scur 2014 : Figure 1 ) . In comparison with countries with high management score - United States , Sweden , Japan , and Germany – we see that more than 75 percent of Mozambique ’ s firms scored below the worst 10 percent firms from these countries ( Figure 2 ) . Less than 1 percent of Mozambique ’ s firms reach the score of the top quartile of firms in these developed countries . Manufacturing firms in Mozambique score particularly low when it comes to improving production processes ( operations ) ( Figure 3 ) , and score at similar levels as", "spans": [{"start": 1390, "end": 1424, "text": "2014 data from manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1431, "end": 1454, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-NANDI COUNTY-84400 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 22 < br > autoclave machines for < br > health facilities to general < br > store and will be issued < br > using store cards | < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > P | ost < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 5 , 500 . 00 | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | | 2018-12-25 | | | 2019-02-19 | 2019-03-21 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-85110 - < br > GO-RFQ / Purchase 7 LCDs < br > for 6 Sub Counties to < br > facilitate RMNCAH Data < br > review meetings and 1 for < br > CHMT for 6 sub counties | < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > P | ost < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 4 , 900 . 00 | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | | 2020-02-02 | | | 2020-03-29 | 2020-05-28 | | KE-NANDI COUNTY - < br > 137", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 729, "text": "RMNCAH Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "route . # # # # # # * * _ ( iii ) Socio-Economic Environment_ * * _Demographic Characteristics : _ According to the Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) population projection for July 2023 , the total population size of Shashemene town is estimated at 218 , 997 of which 49 . 9 % are males and 50 . 1 % are females . Similarly , the total population of Hawassa city is estimated at 577 , 075 of which 49 . 86 % are males and 50 . 14 % are females . Based on the socio - economic survey , the average family size of subproject affected households is 6 persons per household . Based on the sample household survey conducted in three subproject - affected Woredas , of the total population of the surveyed households about 47 % are males and the rest 53 % are female household population . _Ethnic , Religious and Language Composition : _ According to the findings of the household survey , 67 % of the surveyed household heads belong to Oromo ethnic group , and 32 % belong to Sidama ethnic group . Thus , the dominant ethnic group living in the proposed TL Page 6", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 483, "text": "socio - economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 586, "end": 609, "text": "sample household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 867, "end": 883, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ja and Moroto ) . Therefore the linkage between Land Board activities and Land Tribunals is in relation to registered land only . The public can also bring complaints before the tribunals in respect of allocations of land by the Board and extensions of leases . Similarly , the Tribunal can advise the board on the course of action in case of contentious matters regarding allocations and lease approvals , extensions and cancellations . Feedback from the ESSA consultations indicates that there is wide variation in the approach to handling grievances and that the municipal councils have had no more than informal involvement to date , relying on the ability of Local Councils to sufficiently manage grievances and disputes . The lack of a standardized process in the filing and resolution of grievances has led to complaints that the system does not quickly and adequately resolve conflicts . There has also likely been underreporting of grievances filed , as elders and Local Councils have no system , incentive or responsibility to report the grievances to a higher authority . * * _Transparency_ * * : The field survey reported considerable effort at transparency in municipal government fiscal budgetary allocations for various development projects . Financial information was commonly displayed on notice boards at municipal councils for viewing by the general public . Environmental information such as reports and approval conditions were also held at Municipal environment offices , however such information was available only in English , which may be a limitation to some non-English speaking people in communities . It was not ascertained whether communities are aware that this information exists or understand how to access and use it . These limits to information exist despite the existence of the _Access to Information Act , 2005_ that provides for the right of access to information . * * _Social Accountability : _ * * A number of problems with regard to accountability have been registered including lack of accountability , weak record keeping and auditing < sup > 23 < / sup > . Previous World Bank studies ( 2008 ) found that social accountability in Uganda is typically interpreted to mean holding civil servants , service", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1124, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "categories that we call business functions ( BF ) . To this , we add a vertical dimension that represents the range of technologies that can be used to perform the key tasks in each business function . The grid encompasses 1Since the classic work of Ryan and Gross ( 1943 ) and Griliches ( 1957 ) on hybrid corn , many have applied this approach to measuring technology in establishments in other sectors . For example , Davies ( 1979 ) studies the diffusion of 26 different manufacturing technologies , each typically relevant in only a single narrow sector , Trajtenberg ( 1990 ) measures the presence of CAT-scanners in hospitals , Brynjolfsson and Hitt ( 2000 ) ; Stiroh ( 2002 ) ; Bresnahan , Brynjolfsson and Hitt ( 2002 ) ; Akerman , Gaarder and Mogstad ( 2015 ) measure the presence of some ICTs such as computers or access to the internet . Other efforts include the Survey of Manufacturing Technology by the Census Bureau discontinued after 1993 , which covers 17 specific technologies , including numerically-controlled machines , computer-aided design or engineering technologies , programmable controllers and local area networks ( see Dunne ( 1994 ) ) ; or the Canadian Survey of Advanced Technologies with 41 and 50 technologies , depending on the round ( see for example Boothby , Dufour and Tang ( 2010 ) ) . More recently , the Advanced Business survey , Acemoglu et al . ( 2022 ) , also administered by the US Census Bureau and that focused on five generic , frontier technologies : AI , robotics , dedicated equipment , specialized software and cloud computing . Unlike the previous studies , the Advanced Business Survey asks for the intensity with which the firm uses these advanced technologies . 1", "spans": [{"start": 876, "end": 910, "text": "Survey of Manufacturing Technology", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1175, "end": 1215, "text": "Canadian Survey of Advanced Technologies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1617, "end": 1641, "text": "Advanced Business Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Small Area Estimation of Poverty in Four West African Countries by Integrating Survey and Geospatial Data _Ifeanyi Edochie_ < sup > _1_ < / sup > _David Newhouse_ < sup > _2_ < / sup > _Nikos Tzavidis_ < sup > _3_ < / sup > _Timo Schmid_ < sup > _4_ < / sup > _Elizabeth Foster_ < sup > _1_ < / sup > _Angela Luna Hernandez_ < sup > _3_ < / sup > _Aissatou Ouedraogo_ < sup > _1_ < / sup > _Aly Sanoh_ < sup > _1_ < / sup > _Aboudrahyme Savadogo_ < sup > _1_ < / sup > > 1 Poverty and Equity Global Practice , World Bank Group > 2 Development Economics Data Group , World Bank Group 3Department of Social Statistics and Demography and Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute , University of Southampton > 4Institute of Statistics , Otto-Friedrich-University Bamberg . We thank Olivier Dupriez , Jed Friedman , Haishan Fu , Craig Hammer , Johannes Hoogeveen , Gabrela Inchauste , Talip Kilic , Johan Mistiaen , Pierella Paci , and Nobuo Yoshida for their support . This work was partially supported by the Knowledge for Change Program ’ s phase IV programmatic research project “ Understanding Trends in Sub-National Differences in Economic Well-Being in Low and Middle - Income Countries ” Program . The work of Tzavidis , Schmid , and Luna is supported by the Data and Evidence to End Extreme Poverty ( DEEP ) research program . DEEP is a consortium of the Universities of Cornell , Copenhagen , and Southampton led by Oxford Policy Management , in partnership with the World Bank - Development Data Group and funded by the UK Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office . The work of Tzavidis is also supported by the UKRI-ESRC strategic research grant ES / X014150 / 1 for “ Survey data collection methods collaboration : securing the future of social surveys ” , known as Survey Futures . Survey Futures is a collaboration of twelve organizations , benefitting from additional support from the Office for National Statistics and the ESRC National Centre for Research Methods . Further information can be found at < u > www . surveyfutures . net . < / u > Keywords : Poverty measurement ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Land Service : Land Cover 100m : < br > Collection 3 : epoch 2019 : Globe 2020 . | | Population – GHS - < br > POP R2019A | This spatial raster data set depicts the < br > distribution of population , expressed as the < br > number ofpeopleper cell . | https : / / ghsl . jrc . ec . europa . eu / ghs_pop20 < br > 19 . php | GHS population grid multi-temporal < br > ( 1975 – 1990 – 2000 – 2015 ) . | 36", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 123, "text": "POP R2019A", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 131, "end": 154, "text": "spatial raster data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services Project ( P179040 ) 57 . * * A multi-stakeholder technical committee ( TC ) will be established to support the implementation of Components 3 and 4 . * * The TC will be chaired by NIDP which will comprise the representatives from registration partners and super agents , as well as from the MoF , MInT , ICS , RRS , academia and civil society , and international and national ID experts . The TC will form working groups that will undertake technical oversight of the key performance indicators ( KPIs ) of the ID Program , that is , the progress of Fayda registration and inclusive ID issuance and improving service delivery in the form of use cases . International and local development and humanitarian partners can also be invited to join these TCs . The TCs will meet as often as required but at least once a quarter . * * Figure 3 . Implementation Arrangements * * # # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements * * 58 . * * The PMU housed at NIDP will be responsible for monitoring project implementation , tracking budget utilization , tracking results ( against the Results Framework ) , and identifying and mitigating challenges . * * This includes organizing regular consultations and disclosing relevant project information to stakeholders , as part of the project ’ s ESF commitment . The project , particularly through Component 5 , will support NIDP to carry out surveys ( for example , satisfaction surveys among people and relying parties ) and develop M & E systems ( for example , real-time registration updates dashboards ) . The PMU will compile regular progress reports , as well as formal project annual and midterm reports . # # * * C . Sustainability * * 59 . * * The project incorporates various measures to ensure institutional , operational , and financial sustainability . * * It will invest in developing internal capacity of NIDP as the implementing agency , as well as development of the regulatory framework under the", "spans": [{"start": 1484, "end": 1504, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Reproductive Health Voucher Project ( P144102 ) * * provision of necessary kits ) . * * It is also important to note that the low level of referrals did not seem to affect maternal outcomes . According to the MoH maternal and perinatal death review system ( which tracks , reports , and reviews maternal and perinatal death at the facility level ) , maternal mortality incidence remained low during the project period ; there was a total of 44 maternal deaths ( out of 178 , 413 live births ) — 5 of them at BEmONC facilities and 39 of them at CEmONC facilities . Thus , the lower-thanexpected levels of referrals are likely to be partly due to substantial improvements of capacity at lowerlevel facilities , bringing quality services closer to women . 29 . * * Number of fresh stillbirths was a proxy measure of safe delivery services . * * The cumulative number of stillbirths over the course of the project period reached 458 ( against the end target of 330 ) , indicating higher-than-expected poor newborn outcomes . < sup > 21 < / sup > The primary factor for this seems to be that the target for this indicator was not adjusted during restructuring in line with the increase in the target of the number of deliveries ( that is , the target number of deliveries increased from 132 , 400 to 156 , 400 deliveries , but the target number of fresh stillbirths was not adjusted up ) . < sup > 22 < / sup > While the intent to measure quality of safe delivery services using this indicator is commendable , a better alignment with the core focus or the investment of the program would have been more appropriate . 30 . * * Finally , there were two intermediate indicators on project management that contributed to the achievements of both parts of the PDO ( Table 2 ) . * * * * Table 2 . Summary of Intermediate Outcome Indicators * * | * * Intermediate Outcome Indicators * *", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 285, "text": "MoH maternal and perinatal death review system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 15 . 00 | - - | | 20 . 00 | | | Date | 01-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar | - 2017 |  DLI 4 Increases in the total number of students enrolled ( net ) in grades 5-8 in all regions , except Addis Abeba ( Number ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 51721 . 00 | - - | | 494661 . 00 | | Date | 01-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar-2017 | # # Comments Target is to increase enrollment by 50 , 000 students per year compared to the previous year . Dec 2016 actual value is based on ECY2008 school year report .  DLI 6 Improved environmental and social management capacity at woreda level ( Text ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No EMSC operational manual | - - | | Status March 2017 : EMSC < br > operational manual developed . < br > Training modules under < br > development . Consultant hired to | | | | | | provide training . Training < br > expected by April 2017 . | | Date | - - | - - | | 31-Mar-2017 | # * * Results * * # # * *", "spans": [{"start": 815, "end": 841, "text": "ECY2008 school year report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measures of risk and are constructed through an inverse index : therefore a low measure of “ corruption ” means a high risk of corruption and viceversa ; therefore zero is the highest corruption risk , while six is the lowest . > 13 To clarify this refer to Figure 1 and Annex B as they provide a project-per-project sense of how the ratings are correlated in terms of bank and borrower performance through a rich scatterplot . > 14 W e transform the project sizes in constant 2005 international dollars in order to use inter-temporally comparable figures . In addition to this we normalize the project size according to a cross-country inter-temporal mean ( 104 . 68 million 2005 PPP dollars ) . In this way we measure the elasticity of project outcome to relative size , rather than dollar value and it should allow an easier interpretation > 15 From Calderon , Moral-Benito and Serven ( 2011 ) : “ We use a principal component procedure to build a synthetic index summarizing different dimensions of infrastructure . We focus on three key infrastructure sectors : telecommunications , power and road transport . This choice is consistent with previous literature on the output impact of infrastructure , which has typically focused on one of these individual sectors , most often telecommunications . The synthetic infrastructure index is the first principal component of three variables measuring the availability of infrastructure services in these three sectors ” . > 16 All of their definitions are available in Annex C . 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The Uganda Multi Sectoral Food Security and Nutrition Project ( UMFSNP ) Financial Statements for the Period ended 30 \" ' June 2023 * * liabilities denominated in the foreign currencies are recognized in the statement of Financial Performance . # # # # # ( c ) * * Reporting Period . * * The reporting period for this Financial Statement is within the financial year of the Government of the Republic of Uganda , the Financial statement is prepared from * * P ' July * * 2022 to * * 30 11 June 2023 . * * # # # # # * * ( d ) Revenue * * Revenue represents cash received * * by * * the entity during the financial year and comprises of transfers from Global Agriculture and food security program Secretariat , other miscellaneous income and or Non - tax Revenue if any . Subject to Article * * 152 * * of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda , tax is levied the Authority of Parliament . Many services and benefits are provided * * by * * the accounting entity to the Public but these do not necessarily give rise to revenue to the entity . Equivalently , payment of tax and other dues do not necessarily result into the an entitlement to the tax payer to receive the equivalent value * * of * * services or benefits because there is no explicit relationship between payments of tax and other dues , and receipt of goods and services from the government . Revenue is recognized when funds have actually been credited on the project bank account held in Bank of Uganda . Disbursements are made periodically to facilitate the operations of the entity in accordance with the with drawls application and based on Interim Financial report ( IFR ) . # # # # # * * ( e ) Expenses * * In general , expenditure is recognized when paid . Expenses relating to liabilities , domestic arrears and any other expenses incurred but not paid are not accrued in the financial statements but provided under the statement of commitments . # # # # * *", "spans": [{"start": 1618, "end": 1642, "text": "Interim Financial report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "km < sup > 2 < / sup > and a population of 25 . 2 million people in 2018 , Cameroon is a medium-sized country , endowed with vast natural resources including oil , gas , minerals , agricultural land and forests . While the GDP per capita of US $ 1 , 527 attests to Cameroon ’ s lower-middle-income status , the country ranked 133 < sup > rd < / sup > out of 157 countries on the 2018 Human Capital Index ( HCI ) . Poverty remains high ( the poverty headcount rate was at 37 . 5 percent in 2014 ) and is concentrated in rural areas , where 90 percent of the poor live . Furthermore , the northern and far-northern regions severely lag behind . Approximately 56 percent of the poor population , equal to 4 . 5 million Cameroonians , resides in the North of the country > 6 Castellano , A . , A . Kendall , M . Nikomarov , and T . Swemmer . 2015 . “ Brighter Africa : The Growth Potential of the Sub-Saharan Electricity Sector . ” McKinsey & Company . > 7 https : / / www . alliance-sahel . org / en / Page 11", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 403, "text": "2018 Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prioritized projects for each village . The following sections provide further information on the sources of data on _ex-ante_ project preferences ( III . 1 ) ; selection process ( III . 2 ) ; selection outcomes ( III . 3 ) ; and villagers ‘ satisfaction ( III . 4 ) . # IV . 1 . * * Ex-Ante Project Preferences * * Data on _ex-ante_ preferences come from a survey administered prior to village council elections and project selection . In each village , the survey was administered to three groups of villagers : ( 1 ) ten randomly-selected male heads-of household ; ( 2 ) a focus group of male village leaders ; ( 3 ) a focus group of leading village women . The overall number of respondents surveyed exceeded 13 , 000 ( see Table 2 for more detailed information ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > # # [ TABLE 2 HERE ] A question in the survey asked all respondents to indicate , from a list of potential projects , the three projects that should be implemented if the village was provided with a $ 60 , 000 grant . < sup > 10 < / sup > From this data , we construct village-level dummy variables indicating the project most frequently preferred by each of the three groups , < sup > 11 < / sup > providing measures of the preferences of male villagers , male elites , and female elites , respectively . # # [ TABLE 3 HERE ] Table 3 presents the preferences for the three groups of villagers . Drinking water projects are the first choice of male household respondents and female elites , while preferences of male elites are more evenly distributed across different projects . A comparison of villages assigned to different > 9 We did not administer the baseline survey to a random sample of female villagers due to financial and logistical constraints , so we do not have information on their preferences . > 10 Male and female focus group respondents were asked to identify one project from a list of 15 possible projects , while individual male household and female respondents were asked to select and prioritize three projects from the same", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 412, "text": "survey administered prior to village council elections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "40 . 121 | | Libia < br > | 27 . 964 < br > | - | 27 . 964 < br > | _-_ | 8 . 904 < br > | - | 363 . 067 | - | - < br > | - | 399 . 935 < br > | | Liechtenstein < br > Lituania | 103 < br > 1 . 007 | - < br > - | 103 < br > 1 . 007 | _-_ < br > _-_ | 68 < br > 142 | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | 2 < br > 3 . 645 | - < br > - | 173 < br > 4 . 794 | * * . . . ⁄ . . . * * ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014 * * 45 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "- 3 - percent of coffee exports , and high percentages of bulk imports such as sugar . salt and cement . One exception is petroleum products of which 85 percent is imported from the Kenya pipeline der . vt in Nairobi via Malaba by truck , and only 15 percent by tanker wagon via Mwanza ( including bartered oil ) . The proportions of ferry traffic via Jinja-Kisumu in Kenya and jinja-Mwanza in Tanzania are estimated at 65 : 35 percent . With help from URC locomotives Tanzania Railways Corporation ( TRC ) managed to move about 45 , 000 tonnes both ways . When goods accumulated in Dar es Salaam , the Government experimented in 1988 with ferry / vehicle traffic via MwRnza , but this was not very successful . 1 . 07 A World Bank traffic : emand projection for 1992 suggests an overall growth in volume of 6 percent per annum . This assumes a growth rate of 6 percent in domestic value added , 8 percent in export volume combined with a 7 percent growth in import volume and 0 percent growth in transit traffic . Domestic sugar and cement production will increase and reduce the need for imports of these products . Overall , the unit value of imports may increase as the composition of imports moves towards less bulky , more processed imports . Growth of inputs in volume terms is , therefore , expected to be somewhat lower than in value terms . The pronounced excess of import volume over export volume is expected to continue . Transit traffic is expected to remain constant and to be nearly all by road . The order of magnitude of various traffic flows is shown in Table 1 . 2 . Table 1 . 2 : Projected Transport Flows , 1992 kin Thousands of tonnes ) | | Rail | Road | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Domestic Flows | 200 | 2 . 500 | 2 , 700 | | International < br > Flows | 430 | 570", "spans": [{"start": 1601, "end": 1626, "text": "Projected Transport Flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effect is relatively modest , however . The point estimate of the coefficient suggests that a 1-point average increase in the > 16 Wood and Jordan ( 2000 ) note that it is 870 miles from Kampala to the nearest port , Mombasa ( in Kenya ) . Overall , they argue that poor infrastructure partially explains why Uganda exports less manufacturing goods than Zimbabwe . However , as noted above , it is important to note that most exports for the small and medium-sized enterprises in the investment climate surveys are to neighboring countries . 14", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 510, "text": "investment climate surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Syrian Refugees on the Turkish Economy : Regional Labour Market Effects . ” _Social Sciences_ 6 ( 4 ) : 1-12 . Fakih , Ali , and May Ibrahim . 2015 . “ The Impact of the Syrian refugees on the Labor Market in Neighboring countries : Empirical Evidence from Jordan . ” _Defence and Peace Economics_ : 1-23 . Fallah , Belal , Caroline Krafft , and Jackline Wahba . 2018 . “ The Impact of Refugees on Employment and Wages in Jordan . ” Economic Research Forum Working Paper No . 1189 . Foged , Mette and Giovanni Peri . 2015 . “ Immigrants ' Effect on Native Workers : New Analysis on Longitudinal Data . ” _American Economic Journal : Applied Economics_ 8 ( 2 ) : 1 – 34 . Fransen , Sonja , Carlos Vargas-Silva , and Melissa Siegel . 2018 . ” The impact of refugee experiences on education : evidence from Burundi . ” _IZA Journal of Development and Migration_ 8 ( 6 ) . Friedberg , Rachel M . 2001 . “ The impact of mass migration on the Israeli labor market . ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ ( November ) : 1373-1408 . Ghosh , Sucharita , and Ali Enamib . 2015 . “ Do refugee-immigrants affect international trade ? Evidence from the world ’ s largest refugee case . ” _Journal of Policy Modeling_ 37 : 291 – 307 . Gimenez-Nadal , Jose Ignacio , José Alberto Molina , and Edgar Silva-Quintero . 2018 . “ On the Relationship between Violent Conflict and Wages in Colombia . ” _The Journal of Development Studies_ . Glitz , Albrecht . 2012 . “ The Labor Market Impact of Immigration : A Quasi-Experiment Exploiting Immigrant Location Rules in Germany . ” Journal of Labor Economics 30 ( 1 ) : 175-213 . Hercowitz , Zvi , and Eran Yashiv . 2002 . “ A Macroeconomic Experiment in Mass Immigration . ” IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper No . 475 . 21", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 599, "text": "Longitudinal Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6_ presents _Cumulative Impact assessment_ * * . * * Identifies and analyses the significance of cumulative impacts which could result from incremental impacts from other known existing and / or planned developments in the subproject ’ s area of influence . - _Chapter 7_ provides _Analysis of Alternatives and Design Options_ and analysis of the same with respect to biophysical environmental , social and economic features ( including the \" Without Subproject \" option ) which could be implemented to address the development needs of the country . - _Chapter 8_ presents _Stakeholder Identification , Consultations , Information disclosure . _ Results of consultation with subproject-affected communities ( including women , youth , elders , etc . ) as well as other concerned key stakeholders at City , Sub-city , Woreda and Kebele levels will be presented . Perceptions and attitudes of subproject affected communities and their leaders shall be presented in this chapter . - _Chapter 9_ presents indicative _Environmental and Social Management Plan_ . It also provides the management responsibilities relating to the mitigation measures associated with specific impacts . - _Chapter 10_ of the report contains the _Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan , _ and defines monitoring indicators derived from the baseline survey . It identifies responsibility and specifies the time frame for monitoring and reporting ; - _Chapter 11 Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) _ : The chapter describes the process of addressing Grievances and provides information regarding the process for registering complaints , appropriate response times , and communication modes Page 21", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1331, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in terms of occupational mobility , Afghan refugees have lower upward mobility and higher downward mobility . In this regard , we define two dummy variables for employed individuals in two consecutive years : * * upward mobility * * is a dummy for unskilled workers that becomes one if they obtain a skilled job next year . * * Downward mobility * * is a dummy for skilled workers and is one if they have an unskilled job next year . One important issue regarding the transition dummies is that due to refreshing the LFS rotating panel sample in 2013 and 2018 by SCI , we cannot observe the transition variables from 2012 to 2013 , from 2017 to 2018 , and from 2019 to 2020 ( the data is not available yet ) . This is rather unfortunate for our study since , according to Figure 3 , these years were important times in terms of macroeconomic shocks . Missing them reduces the variation of the independent variable in our estimations . # * * 4 . 2 . 2 . HEIS variables * * Rows ( 11 ) to ( 18 ) of Table 2 show variables computed from HEIS surveys . All of these variables are measured as the logarithm of values at constant 2011 prices . For measuring household per capita expenditure , we use the modified OECD adult equivalent scale , which gives value 1 . 0 to the first adult , 0 . 5 to each member aged 14 and over , and 0 . 3 to each child aged under 14 . Since the HEIS recall period for the majority of expenditure items is past month , we measure per capita * * total expenditure * * and * * food expenditure * * on a monthly basis . Figure 6 shows the distribution of total expenditure per capita by nationality of the household which has a log-normal shape . We observe that Afghan households spend less on average , and their expenditure distribution has a shorter tail . The recall period of income tables is past year , and thus they have larger numbers . According to Table 2 , Afghan refugees spend less overall and on food items and have lower * * total", "spans": [{"start": 1034, "end": 1046, "text": "HEIS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ As per the Bank policy , the eligibility and entitlement matrix shall consider : - ( i ) all categories of affected people ; - ( ii ) all types of loss associated with each category ; and - ( iii ) All options for the types of compensation and resettlement assistance to which each category is entitled . The Subproject entitlement matrix was developed based on the FDRE ’ s standards and as per the WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements . The compensation will be paid according to the regulations as presented in Table 9 . 1 . Prior to the finalization of the RP , the entitlements matrix shall be disclosed to the affected community and consulted on . Where relevant , changes shall be made to the entitlements matrix to reflect the articulated views and concerns of the affected community , expressed during the entitlement ’ s matrix disclosure and consultation process . # # # # # # * * 9 . 4 Cut-Off Date * * The cut-off date is the time when the PAHs and their properties are assessed . No person will be eligible for houses built and crops sown in the Subproject area after the census and inventory of assets . The establishment of a cut-off date is required to prevent opportunistic invasions / rush migration into the chosen land areas thereby posing a risk . Therefore , establishment of a cut-off date is of critical importance . This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . For this Subproject , different cut-off dates are adopted and these are presented below : Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on April 1 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for all Subproject components ( the new substation , TL tower pad", "spans": [{"start": 1228, "end": 1258, "text": "census and inventory of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1614, "end": 1648, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1785, "end": 1800, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 6 : Refugee resettlement and crime | Dep . var : | Number | of criminal | offences in 2 | 015 ( log ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | Share of 1928 refugees in pop1928 | 0 . 516 | - 2 . 468 * * | - 3 . 871 * * * | - 2 . 497 * * | | | ( 1 . 469 ) | ( 0 . 974 ) | ( 1 . 046 ) | ( 1 . 103 ) | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 002 | 0 . 618 | 0 . 675 | 0 . 725 | | Observations | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | | Average outcome | 5 . 908 | 5 . 908 | 5 . 908 | 5 . 908 | | Population 2011 | | Y | Y | Y | | Geography controls | | | Y | Y | | Socio-Economic Development | | | | Y | * * Notes * * The table presents OLS regression estimates measuring the effect of the share of refugees in 1928 on the number of crimes at the department level . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the 1928 population census and crime data from Vasilakis ( 2018 ) . 32", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 918, "text": "1928 population census and crime data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that with uniform asset wealth the adoption process is completed in just five months . As a consequence , the village enjoys a substantially higher mean income for about two years by which adoptions in the simulated data lead predicted actual ones . This result suggests that a community in which households face virtually no credit constraints is able to move up the technology ladder much faster than the one investigated by this study . Similarly , only a minor spike remains of the observed pronounced inverted U shape of inequality . 28", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 220, "text": "simulated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "job quality , considering common factors such as social benefits , wages , and contracts , as well as additional factors like overqualification and child labor . Thirdly , it presents an easily replicable and evaluative approach for assessing labor conditions across different contexts . Finally , evaluating how different economic shocks , such as the COVID-19 pandemic , affect labor conditions is crucial , particularly for informal sector workers and those engaged in face-to-face ( F2F ) interactions . This paper is organized as follows : Section 2 reviews the relevant literature in this research domain . Section 3 provides a concise overview of the labor regulation landscape , while Section 4 outlines the methodology employed for constructing the index . In Section 5 we present the diverse findings of the constructed Job Quality Index ( JQI ) , and finally , Section 6 concludes the study with key insights and conclusions . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 29-Mar-2019 | 29-Mar-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | | The indicator value | is calculated based on a weigh | ted average ( 75 % Highland | s / 25 % Lowlands ) . The 2018 PSNP Mid | | Comments * * : * * | 2 . 0 months of food | gap in the Highlands national a | nd 1 . 3 months of food gap i | n the Lowlands . | 6 / 24 / 2021 Page 3 of 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project ( KISIP ) ( P113542 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  People in settlements provided with access to improved shared sanitation facilities under the KISIP . ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 1 , 590 . 00 | 1 , 590 . 00 | 3 , 030 . 00 | | Date | 25-Oct-2010 | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Dec-2016 | 31-May-2018 | |  Policies , frameworks , | and guidelines for slum upgradi | ng developed and adopted b | y the MLHUD ( Number , | Custom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | Date | 25-Oct-2010 | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Dec-2016 | 30-Jun-2016 | |  Database with slum | inventory operational and access | ible to the public . ( Yes / No , C | ustom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | N | Y | Y | Y | | Date | 25-Oct-2010 | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Dec-2016 | 30-Jun-2016 | |  New piped household water connections that are resulting from the", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 909, "text": "Database with slum", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ENDNOTES - 19 VPRS would only be a route to family reunification where family member ( s ) in countries of asylum outside the UK meet UNHCR ’ s resettlement criteria and are identified , referred to the UK and accepted under the VPRS . - 20 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , _Making Integration Work , Refugees and Others in Need of Protection_ , 28 January 2016 , available at : < u > http : / / goo . gl / SQqCuW < / u > - 21 UK Home Office , _Spotlight on Refugee Integration : findings from the survey of new refugees in United Kingdom : Home Office Research Report 37_ , 2010 , available at : < u > http : / / goo . gl / 8Vz4Ti < / u > - 22 See Ager , A . and Strang , A , _Indicators of Integration : Final Report . Home Office Development and Practice Report 28_ , 2004 , London : Home Office : available at : < u > http : / / goo . gl / TnSNTS . The Homes Office has advised < / u > that the new model identifies key outcome areas to be monitored to examine integration and postarrival support needs , including : employment ; English language ; education ; health ; secondary migration ; security and safeguarding ; social bridges and bonds . - 23 Scottish Government , _New Scots : Integrating Refugees in Scotland ’ s Communities_ , March 2017 , < u > http : / / www . gov . scot / Resource / 0051 / 00515713 . pdf < / u > - 24 Wales Strategic Migration Partnership ( WSMP ) , _Syrian vulnerable persons relocation scheme toolkit_ , 1 March 2016 , available at : < u > http : / / goo . gl / qd52M < / u > - 25 UK Home Office , _Full and Equal Citizens : a strategy for the integration of refugees into the United Kingdom_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "value-added in agriculture would fall not only in economies where it has been highly protected ( Europe , Northeast Asia and the US ) but also in South Asia – whose trade policies have a slightly pro-agricultural bias according to the GTAP database , and which enjoys expanding market access abroad for those non-agricultural products in which the region has a strong comparative advantage . < sup > 7 < / sup > All other developing country regions would see a rise in net farm income though ( as would the developed country Cairns Group members of Canada , Australia and New Zealand ) . That is true of China not only because it has already reduced much of its agricultural protection as part of its reforms associated with its accession to WTO at the end of 2001 , but also because it faces extremely high tariff barriers in it export markets for farm products ( Jean , Laborde and Martin 2005 ) . And it is true in particular of the Sub-Saharan African region , even when southern Africa is separated out , despite the fact that there are numerous net food importing and preference-receiving exporting countries in that region ( see Anderson , Martin and van der Mensbrugghe ( 2005a ) for more details ) . Table 12 shows separately the contributions of high-income and developing countries ’ farm policy reforms to that outcome , from which it is clear that most of the effect comes from one or other of those reforms , with only a minor contribution to the residual from non-agricultural sectors . Those value added changes are due in considerable part to the changes in import and export prices for farm and other products , which are summarized in Table 13 . Of particular importance to Brazil and some Sub-Saharan African countries is the case of cotton , which is receiving special attention in the WTO ’ s Doha Development Agenda following the Cancun Trade Ministerial in 2003 and the Dispute Settlement case that went against the US > 7 The move to free trade would boost South Asia ’ s ratio of production to consumption in textiles and clothing from 1 . 51 to 1 . 66 , for example . 15", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 248, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poverty is a plausible candidate . Adding the poverty rate to equation ( 5 ) , we find that the effect of excess demand becomes insignificant ( prob . = 0 . 19 ) while the poverty rate is significant ( a coefficient of 0 . 828 , with st . error of 0 . 333 ) . A higher poverty rate may be associated with greater landlessness and hence a larger supply of casual labor , bringing down the wage rate . # * * 5 . Rationing and the participation of women * * Nationally , almost half ( 48 % ) of the employment as registered in the administrative data for 2009 / 10 goes to women . < sup > 27 < / sup > This is very high for a country where a minority of women > 24 The fit is slightly better using the log relative wage ; using _Wi_ / < sup > _W_ < / sup > _i EGS_ instead the correlation coefficient is - 0 . 520 . > 25 Using _Wi_ / < sup > _W_ < / sup > _i EGS_ as the dependent variable the estimated intercept is 1 . 466 ( s . e . = 0 . 132 ) . We also tried a quadratic function of _ED_ but this did not improve the fit . > 26 Note that exp ( 0 . 398 ) = 1 . 489 is the implied ratio of the levels of wages . > 27 While the administrative data are clearly inadequate for measuring aggregate demand for work , there is no 15", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 547, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ET-MANR-20230-CS-CDS / Panel survey IDA / 55400 Productive safety nets and linksto livelihoods services Prior Direct Selection Direct 1 , 700 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2017-07-31 2018-04-22 2017-08-10 2018-04-25 2017-10-14 2018-04-12 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS 3388 # * * Tools for Legislative Oversight : An Empirical Investigation * * # # * * By * * # # * * Riccardo Pelizzo * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > # # * * and Rick Stapenhurst * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > # # Abstract Parliaments are the institutions through which governments are held accountable to the electorate . They have a wide range of tools with which to carry out this oversight function , but until recently little analysis had been undertaken on the characteristics or use of such tools . This paper uses data for 83 countries that was collected in 2001 to investigate whether the oversight potential relates to three variables , namely the form of government ( presidential , semi-presidential , or parliamentary ) , per capita income levels , and the level of democracy . The paper finds that oversight potential is greatly affected by the form of government , per capita income levels , and levels of democracy . Countries with parliamentary forms of government , higher income levels , and which are more democratic have a greater number of oversight tools and greater oversight potential . While the oversight potential follows this general trend , the use of committees of enquiry , interpellations and ombudsman offices follows a different pattern . The use of interpellations as an oversight tool is most common in high income countries , less common in low income countries and least common in middle income countries while the presence of committees of enquiry and of the ombudsman offices is most common in middle income countries , less common in high income countries and least common in low income countries . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3388 , September 2004 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 546, "text": "data for 83 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% prevalence of any helminthic infection among preschool aged children at baseline in Peru , with only 1 . 8 % of children exhibiting moderate or heavy infections , while Miguel and Kremer ( 2004 ) report hookworm , whipworm , and roundworm prevalences of 77 % , 42 % , and 55 % , with 15 % , 16 % , and 10 % prevalence of moderate to severe infection respectively . Moreover , Miguel and Kremer ( 2004 ) use thresholds that are lower than the WHO thresholds used by Joseph et al . ( 2015 ) for moderate to severe intensity infections , suggesting that the comparable prevalence of moderate-severe infections in the Miguel and Kremer ( 2004 ) sample is lower than the figures presented here . > 7 According to WHO growth charts , a boy at the 25th percentile of the weight for age distribution grows 1 . 9 kg between age 2 and age 3 , while a boy at the 50th percentile grows 2 . 1 kg over that year . Note that the difference in weight gain for boys at the 25th versus at the 50th percentile of the weight-for-age distribution between ages 3 and 4 is also 0 . 2 kg ( World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group , 2006 ) . In our full sample , the median duration of follow up at which weight gain is measured is 1 year . 6", "spans": [{"start": 710, "end": 727, "text": "WHO growth charts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > schemes for current employees with co-financing from employers , but the numbers trained under such programs remain small . < / mark > Employer assessments of the adequacy of available skills were elicited in the Enterprise Surveys for a large number of countries , including Tanzania , in 2013 . Using a common format across countries , employers were asked whether inadequacies in education posed a major obstacle to their operations . Employers were also asked whether they provided formal in-service training to their current workforce , training that might be used to augment deficiencies in ( or to upgrade ) preemployment skills . Figure 3 presents estimates of the percent of firms reporting these two skill indicators in Tanzania and several other SSA countries , and for comparison , three other East Asian countries . Note that these figures pertain only to manufacturing firms in different time periods ranging from 2007 in Malaysia to 2013 in Tanzania , Kenya and Zambia . * * Figure 3 . Employers ’ Views on Education and Firm Training : * * * * < u > Regional and Asian Comparisons < / u > * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 < br > Malaysia < br > ( 2007 ) < br > Vietnam Chad < br > ( 2009 ) Kenya ( 2009 ) < br > ( 2013 ) < br > 40 Ghana < br > ( 2013 ) < br > Philippines Tanzania < br > ( 2009 ) Niger ( 2013 ) Gabon < br > ( 2009 ) ( 2009 ) < br > Zambia < br > ( 2013 ) Cameroon < br > 20 ( 2009 ) Mauritius < br > ( 2009 ) < br > 0 < br > 0 20 40 60 < br > Percent of Firms view Education as a major obstacle < br > Percent of Firms Providing Training < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Enterprise Surveys , various years < u > Note : East Asian countries are shown in the graph as red dots , African countries as black dots . < / u > Two key observations can", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 240, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "files / publications / RISE_WP 009_Bruns_0 . pdf < / u > - Berlinski , Samuel , and Norbert Schady . 2015 . _The Early Years : Child Well-Being and the Role of Public Policy_ . New York , Palgrave Macmillan . - Bold , Tessa , Deon P . Filmer , Ezequiel Molina , and Jakob Svensson . 2019 . The Lost Human Capital : Teacher Knowledge and Student Achievement in Africa ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 8849 . The World Bank . - Bold , Tessa , Deon Filmer , Gayle Martin , Ezequiel Molina , Brian Stacy , Christophe Rockmore , Jakob Svensson , and Waly Wane . 2017 . “ Enrollment without learning : Teacher effort , knowledge , and skill in primary schools in Africa . ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 31 ( 4 ) : 185-204 . - Chang , Mae Chu , Sheldon Shaeffer , Samer Al-Samarrai , Andrew B . Ragatz , Joppe de Ree , and Ritchie Stevenson . 2014 . _Teacher Reform in Indonesia : The Role of Politics and Evidence in Policy Making_ . Directions in Development . Washington , DC : World Bank - Chamberlain , G . ( 1982 ) . Multivariate regression models for panel data . _Journal of Econometrics_ 18 ( 1 ) , 5 – 46 . - Chaudhury , Nazmul , Jeffrey Hammer , Michael Kremer , Karthik Muralidharan , and F . Halsey Rogers . 2006 . “ Missing in Action : Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries . ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 20 ( 1 ) : 91 – 116 . - Coflan , Andrew Moore , Andy Ragatz , Amer Hasan , and Yilin Pan . 2018 . “ Understanding Effective Teaching Practices in Chinese Classrooms : Evidence from a Pilot Study of Primary and Junior Secondary Schools in Guangdong , China . ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 8396 . Washington , DC . 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COMPETITIVENESS AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ( P169435 ) | | Indicati | ve timeline for DLI | achievement | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLIs ) | DLI < br > Baseli < br > ne | Year 1 ( FY19 / 20 ) | < br > Year 2-June < br > ( FY20 / 21 ) | Year 3 - < br > June < br > 2021-22 | Total < br > Financin < br > g < br > allocated < br > to DLI < br > ( US $ m ) | | and International standard training < br > delivered . | | MoU w / int ’ l < br > training partner < br > signed | least 200 guides < br > trained | | | | Allocated amount | | 3 | 2 | | 5 | | * * DLI 6 : MoWTA : * * On behalf of Uganda | | * * DLR 7 . 1 * * : | * * DLR 7 . 2 * * : | | | | Museum sign a Partnership Agreement < br > with an international museum to < br > modernize and improve its management . | | Partnership < br > agreement signed | A 5-year strategic < br > and business plan < br > prepared . | | | | Allocated amount | | 6 | 3 | | 9 | 49 . * * Component 3 : Project Implementation ( US $ 3 million ) . * * The existing arrangements to implement the project at both PSFU for the Tourism Component and at Ministry of Lands , Housing and Urban Development for the Land Component will continue by : - a ) Strengthening the capacity of the PSFU for overall coordination and management of activities", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( c ) Jomo Kenyatta Airport ( Ancillary Services ) , ( d ) Geo-Thermal IPP Menengal , ( e ) Government Shared Service Center / National Land Information System , and ( f ) Special Export Zone ( SEZ ) , Dongo-Kundu-Mombasa . It is also expected that in the course of APL Phase I these first movers may change – based on outcome of feasibility studies , private sector demand and / or political considerations . While this represents the “ First Mover ” list of the GoK highest priority projects for IFPPP support , it is recognized that this list may change over time – for technical , commercial reasons , etc . , or because other priority projects are identified . The IFPPP will also be providing ongoing support for upstream screening of potential projects under consideration to be included in the Government ’ s PPP project pipeline . This pipeline development will be done in close collaboration with the GoK and build on prior rounds of consultations with key line ministries . Among ongoing WBG investments , partial risk guarantees ( PRGs ) , and advisory services , the following efforts are expected to be key for the development of the pipeline particularly for possible project financing to be provided under the APL Phase II of this IFPPP Program : ( i ) further IPP initiatives ; ( ii ) the recently approved National Urban Transport Improvement Project ( NUTRIP ) ; ( iii ) IFC advisory for PPPs , including on Kenyatta University hostels ( approved for advisory transaction in December 2011 ) and the Mombasa Convention Centre ( preparations for advisory transaction ongoing ) ; ( iv ) initial discussions on options for the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ( to MoF ) coordinating with technical advice from the project team to KAA . # # * * III . Project Development Objectives * * The objective of the first phase of this Adaptable Program Lending ( APL ) initiative is to improve the enabling environment to generate a pipeline of bankable PPP projects", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 159, "text": "National Land Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "goods . Since many of the surveys are subject to confidentiality agreements , we aggregate the households and offer statistics for each percentile of the household per capita real income distribution . The database thus has 5 , 400 observations ( 54 countries and 100 observations per country ) , but is based on an underlying data set of 521 , 639 households which are , in turn , representative of approximately 1 . 8 billion people . The HIT database is best suited for country-specific analysis . In order to facilitate cross-country comparisons , we converted incomes to their constant 2010 USD equivalent by setting the survey mean of real expenditure 3", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 359, "text": "underlying data set of 521 , 639 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 441, "end": 453, "text": "HIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER | Sub-indicator | Newly integrated refugee schools | | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * NEW pre-primary and primary students in refugee and host community schools supported with better education ( Number ) * * | | Description | Measures the number of pre-primary and primary refugee students and students in host community schools who benefit from improved access to and quality < br > of pre ‑ primary and primary education , through enhanced learning environments ( including infrastructure improvements , WASH upgrades , MHM facilities , < br > and TLMprovision ) and improvedqualityof teachingand school leadership practices . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , MoE Reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Data will be collected annually through the EMIS and consolidated Ministry of Education reporting channels . Refugee schools and host community schools < br > submit enrollment and school improvement data to woreda and regional education offices , which validate and forward the information to the MoE . The MoE < br > combines EMIS enrollment figures with project ‑ specific records on schools receiving support ( e . g . , REG-supported schools , schools benefiting from teacher < br > training , learning environment upgrades , or quality inputs ) . The indicator value is calculated by summing the total number of enrolled pre ‑ primary and primary < br > students in schools that have received at least one form of support through the operation within the reporting year . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) | | Sub Indicator | Refugee schools , Host community schools , Gender | | PDO Outcome | * * Improve learning outcomes inpre-primary andprimary education * * | | Indicator Name | *", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 821, "text": "EMIS , MoE Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1033, "end": 1071, "text": "enrollment and school improvement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1195, "end": 1218, "text": "EMIS enrollment figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "times of emergency and in fragile settings affected by crises , women and girls are disproportionately exposed to human rights abuses , violations , and violence due to their gender identity . According to the GBVIMS reports for the second quarter of 2022 , female survivors continue to constitute the majority of survivors seeking services . * * 94 percent * * of survivors were female , but male survivors were also affected with * * 6 percent of men and boys reporting GBV incidents * * , with similar percentages as reported in the first quarter of 2021 . Different organizations and service providers have intensive prevention and response activities and programs tailored to meet the needs of women and girls . > 1 ACT Alliance Alert : Lebanon Crisis . Accessed at : https : / / reliefweb . int / report / lebanon / act-alliance-alert-lebanon-crisis-16-march-2021 > 2 The data quoted above are derived from only reported cases and do not represent the total incidences or prevalence of GBV in Lebanon . These statistical trends are generated exclusively by GBV service providers who use the GBVIMS for data collection in implementing GBV response activities across Lebanon , with the informed consent of survivors . Fourteen organizations contributed to the trends . These data should not be used for direct follow-up with survivors or additional case follow-up . This information is confidential and must not be shared outside your organization / agency . Should you like to use this data or access more information on the GBVIMS , please contact the Inter-Agency GBVIMS Coordinator , Lamis Delbani ( aldelbani @ unfpa . org ) .", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 224, "text": "GBVIMS reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report | * * OP 4 . 12 * * | * * Kenyan Legislation * * | * * Gap filling Measures * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Grievance * * : For physical resettlement , < br > appropriate and accessible grievance < br > mechanism will be established . < br > | Land Act 2012 clearly outline the steps < br > and process for grievance redress that < br > includes alternative dispute resolution , re - < br > negotiation with NLC and is backed by the < br > judicial system through Environmental and < br > Land Court < br > Kenyan legislation meets OP4 . 12 < br > requirements . < br > * * SURE * * | Adopt both by providing for alternative < br > grievance mechanism that are project < br > based . Affected persons also free to < br > seek legal redress if not satisfied . | | * * Eligibility Criteria * * < br > Defined as : < br > ( a ) those who have formal legal rights to land < br > ( including customary and traditional rights < br > recognized under the laws of the country ) ; < br > ( b ) those who do not have formal legal rights < br > to land at the time the census begins but < br > have a claim to such land or assets — < br > provided that such claims are recognized < br > under the laws of the country or become < br > recognized through a process identified in the < br > resettlement plan . < br > ( c ) Those who have no recognizable legal < br > right or claim to the land they are occupying . < br > To determine eligibility : < br > Carry out resettlement census . Cut-off date < br > for", "spans": [{"start": 1590, "end": 1609, "text": "resettlement census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent in upper part . * * Future Work : * * Potential areas for future work in understanding the importance of gender in the labor market include : - * * < u > Identifying the sources of the unobserved portion of wage gaps . < / u > * * To improve wage equity , particularly as education attainment rates converge , it is necessary to better understand those factors that cause persistent wage gaps . Labor market data that are commonly collected are not sufficient , since they do not include information on the most likely causes of the observed gap : differences in actual , as opposed the generally measured potential level of labor market experience , differential accumulation of human capital due to differential school experiences , the role of household responsibilities , occupational choice decisions , labor turnover , differential preferences by gender , skill obsolescence and employer preferences , to name a few . - * * < u > The role of the informal sector < / u > * * < u > . The differential participation rates in these sectors begs the < / u > question of whether the attractive characteristics of informal sector work for women can be ( or need be ) replicated in the monitored and more protected formal sector . This requires a better understanding of the motivation for informal sector work – an area that sociologists have much to teach economists - * * < u > Labor legislation . < / u > * * There is virtually no discussion of the incentives created for employees and employers via labor legislation . However , anecdotal evidence suggests that sex-specific labor legislation actually creates incentives to discriminate against women ( with parallel , but much fewer , distortions for men ) . A more careful consideration of the laws in order to even the cost between male and female workers , could improve equity in labor markets . 25", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 420, "text": "Labor market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( financial services ) . In fact , evidence increasingly suggests that service sector reform is a major potential source of gains in economic performance , including manufacturing productivity and the coordination of activities between and within firms . Efficient , low cost and high quality services generate economy-wide benefits . This is because goods production requires efficient services such as transport and logistics , telecommunications , business services , etcetera . This paper explored for the Indonesian case , the role that service sector reforms , particularly in the form of reduced restrictions on FDI , played in the evolution of firms ’ productivity in the manufacturing sector . We first constructed a service sector restrictiveness index for each manufacturing sub-sector by weighting the OECD restrictiveness index for FDI in the services sector in Indonesia with the intensities with which manufacturers relied on inputs from services sub-sectors – obtained from input-output tables . Then , we combined that restrictiveness index with firm-level data for over 20 , 000 Indonesian manufacturers , over the period 1997-2009 , to understand the extent to which changes in service sector restrictiveness affected manufacturers ’ TFP , and to shed light on which service sectors are particularly important for manufacturing productivity , which types of restrictions are particularly disruptive , and which types of firms are particularly harmed by these restrictions . Our results reveal that the effects of service sector reform on Indonesian manufacturers ’ productivity are economically meaningful . The changes in restrictiveness toward FDI that took place during the period under study explain about 8 percent of overall TFP growth in Indonesian manufacturing during the same period while the productivity gains were largely similar for domestic and foreign owned firms . The gains do not accrue equally to all firms , however . More productive firms tended to benefit more from service sector reforms than less productive firms , although , controlling for the firm ’ s position in the distribution of TFP , those that carried out research and development investments , trained their workers , or produced more sophisticated goods tended to gain less from reform ( because , perhaps , some sort of selection mechanism made them circumvent the existent restrictions in the first place ) . Finally , not all reforms", "spans": [{"start": 814, "end": 840, "text": "OECD restrictiveness index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 990, "end": 1009, "text": "input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1063, "end": 1078, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 5 : Sample sizes for different rounds and instruments | Variable | 2012 < br > Baseline | 2013 < br > Midline | 2014 < br > Endline | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No of Schools ( principal data ) | 416 | 403 | 390 | | No of Schools ( teacher data ) | 406 | 387 | 360 | | No of Schools ( student data ) | 408 | 417 | 391 | | No of Schools ( inspection data ) | | 387 | 388 | | No of Teachers ( teacher data ) | 1 , 165 | 1 , 068 | 1 , 120 | | No of Teachers ( inspection data ) | | 1 , 057 | 1 , 179 | | No of Grade 2 Students | 19 , 621 | 12 , 327 | — | | No of Grade 3 Students | 18 , 663 | 22 , 053 | 21 , 368 | | No of Grade 4 Students | — | 14 , 139 | 14 , 765 | Table A . 6 : Teacher characteristics | Variable | N | ( 1 ) < br > Male < br > Mean / SE | N | ( 2 ) < br > Female < br > Mean / SE | N | ( 3 ) < br > Total < br > Mean / SE | T-test < br > Diference < br > ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Class size | 377 | 43 . 363 < br > ( 0 . 900 ) | 755 | 52 . 375 < br > ( 0 . 558 ) | 1132 | 49 . 374 < br > ( 0 . 494 ) | - 9 . 011 * * * | | Permanent | 386 | 0 . 902 < br > ( 0 . 015 ) | 784 | 0 . 955", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 263, "text": "teacher data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 357, "end": 372, "text": "inspection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subset of households ’ heads having the same gender , educational attainment and age . The observed income from that neighbor is then imputed to the corresponding observation in the second round , which represents the first-round log income for that household surveyed in the second round : ( 4 ) where is actual first-round observed income for the household chosen through the matching process ii ii2 ii1 ΔΔ ̃ yy = yy − yy � ( 4 ) where described above . ii1 yy � Summarizing , the steps to estimate the “ unobserved ” household per capita income in the first round are the following : 1 . Append first and second round of cross-sectional data and create a fused dataset 2 . Harmonize the joint distribution of gender and educational attainment in both surveys 3 . Take a sample for the statistical learning stage : 80 percent of the fused dataset defined in the first step 4 . Estimate the parameters and select the best lambda through cross-validation 5 . Calculate the LASSO linear prediction of the first-round log incomes for all households surveyed in the first round as in equation ( 3 ) 6 . Obtain the LASSO linear fit of the second-round log incomes for all households surveyed in the second round as in equation ( 3 ) - second round as in equation ( 3 ) - 7 . For every household head in the second round , obtain the nearest first-round neighbors by minimizing the absolute difference between and for every observation in the first round mm - that has the same gender , educational attainment and birth year mm2 ii1 - yy � yy � ii - that has the same gender , educational attainment and birth year - 8 . Randomly select one neighbor from the list of nearest neighbors based on first-round sampling weights ss - weights - 9 . Take the observed log income of neighbor ( ) chosen in the first round , and assign it to observation surveyed in the second round ( ) ss1 - ss yy - 10 . Estimate movements in-out of poverty and other income dynamics mm1 ss1 - mm yy � = yy - 11 . Repeat 100 times all steps 3 to 10 This process", "spans": [{"start": 624, "end": 644, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 658, "end": 671, "text": "fused dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 0 . 0119 | - 0 . 0158 | | [ VI ] - [ II ] | 0 . 00669 | - 0 . 00153 | - 0 . 0506 | | [ III ] - [ II ] | 0 . 338 * * * | 0 . 0941 | 0 . 0273 | | [ IV ] - [ III ] | 0 . 0609 | 0 . 156 * * * | 0 . 0271 | | [ VII ] - [ IV ] | - 0 . 0452 | - 0 . 071 | - 0 . 0381 | Note : Robust standard errors clustered at the village level in parentheses . All regressions include child characteristics ( age , grade , gender , and stunting ) , family characteristics ( household wealth , mother ’ s education , parenting practices ) , ECED characteristics ( average quality , average fees ) , and district fixed effects . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 1 : Summary Statistics | | Mean | Median | standard Dev . | Minimum | Maximum | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Real annual Wage ( Rs / year ) | 57065 | 44871 | 48982 | 421 | 1576665 | | % Area Under LDO | 0 . 097 | 0 . 048 | 0 . 122 | 0 . 002 | 0 . 626 | | Travel Time to Large City ( hour ) | 2 . 479 | 1 . 883 | 2 . 348 | 0 . 078 | 15 . 182 | | Area LDO * Travel Time | 0 . 350 | 0 . 087 | 0 . 617 | 0 . 001 | 4 . 947 | | Area of DSD ( 0000 sqkm ) | 0 . 015 | 0 . 011 | 0 . 013 | 0 . 002 | 0 . 087 | | % area > 1000 feet of elevation | 0 . 090 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 232 | 0 . 000 | 1 . 000 | | Gabalon ' s Malaria Endimicity Index | 3 . 407 | 1 . 480 | 3 . 410 | 0 . 340 | 11 . 500 | | Plasmodium Vivax ( 000 cases ) | 0 . 040 | 0 . 009 | 0 . 107 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 959 | | Plasmodium Falciparum ( 000 cases ) | 0 . 013 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 030 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 368 | | % of lab . Forc . w . education > = primary | 0 . 675 | 0 . 674 | 0 . 151 | 0 . 293 | 0 . 961 | | % of area under inland water bodies | 0 . 066 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 157 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 960 | | Land quality ( % Excellent ) | 0 . 040 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 148 | 0 . 000 | 1 . 000 | | Land", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions during | 2006 | e | Pending < br > nd-2006 | Pr < br > Recogn | otection < br > ition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | P < br > T | rocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Positi < br > Recog - < br > nized | ve < br > Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | O < br > Rejected < br > | therw . < br > closed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) 88 . * * High rates of GBV nationally are likely to be worse in the project areas , as survivors from host and refugee communities often face challenges in accessing care . * * The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) indicates that 26 percent of all women aged 15 to 49 reported having experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime , with 23 percent reporting physical violence and 10 percent experiencing sexual violence . < sup > 60 < / sup > Experience of IPV is particularly pronounced . More than one-third of women ( 34 percent ) have experienced some form of spousal violence – physical , sexual , or emotional . The survey found that acceptability of use of violence at home was high , with 63 percent of women and 28 percent of men believing that wife beating was justified for at least one specified reason . The DHS also showed that help-seeking behavior of GBV survivors was limited – only 23 percent of women who experienced GBV sought help , while 66 percent of women neither sought help nor told anyone about their experience . DRDIP offers additional resources to prevent and respond to GBV , which is among the major protection risks preventing women from actively engaging in development processes and pursuing livelihood opportunities . 89 . * * Table 4 below summarizes the key gender gaps to be addressed by the project , and how progress toward closing the gaps will be measured . * * While specific components will incorporate actions on women ’ s leadership and economic empowerment , prevention and response to GBV will be integrated throughout different project components . Indicators in the table below are captured either in the results framework or in the M & E manual . * * Table 4 : Summary of Gender Gaps , Actions and Indicators * * | * * Gender Gaps * * | * * Gender-targeted Actions * * | * * Indicators", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 343, "text": "2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 970, "end": 973, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 6 . 7 . Mechanism Analysis : * * We conducted exploratory analysis to examine the mechanisms behind the effect of the bundled treatment that systematized inquiry on risk , reward and progress . We examined whether the differential effect in score by treatment and gender was driven by two mechanisms : the consistency of inquiry – by likelihood of asking a prevention-focused question to a startup ( H2 ) ; or the investors ’ assessment of dynamic improvement when evaluating startups ( H3 ) . We reran the analysis from Stage 1 on the panel dataset and found that during the VilCap program ( when VilCap provided due diligence questions for trainee investors to use ) , female founders were equally likely to receive prevention-focused questions as males , so the mechanism could not work as predicted ( see Appendix F ) . Prompting investors to inquire about risk and reward had similar results to Stage 1 , where males were asked more prevention-focused questions , and this effect was lower for females , but this did not affect the score . These results did not provide evidence in support for H2 in this setting , where investors and founders interacted repeatedly over a long period of time . Combining these results with results from Stage 1 , we suggest two explanations . First , prompting systematic inquiry around risk and reward may be most valuable to retain startups presented by female founders at early stages in the evaluation pipeline , to keep them in consideration for the further selection process . Second , any prompt to systematically inquire ( either from Vilcap during its program , or from the intervention we designed ) may have a substitution effect . Both prompts increased scrutiny for startups led by all founders , but particularly for startups with all-male teams . We next assessed whether investors ’ assessment of dynamic improvement differed by treatment and control groups ( H3 ) . As shown in Appendix G , treated investors weighted the criterion of “ improvement ” as a higher part of their evaluation criteria ( 20 . 8 % ) than control investors ( 18 . 5 % ) . This difference was close but not statistically significant at p = 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 540, "end": 553, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1 | 0 . 0 % | Underweight is is due to either wasting or stunting or both . Based on this survey , Kyegegwa ( 15 . 5 % ) had the highest prevalence of underweight ; Hoima ( 12 . 7 % ) and Yumbe ( 12 . 1 % ) followed . Based on the WHO classification of public health significance for children under 5 years of age , these levels are classified as “ poor ” . The following districts had an “ acceptable ” levels of underweight ( < 10 % ) ; Koboko ( 9 % ) , Kamwenge ( 8 . 4 % ) , Kiryandongo ( 6 . 4 % ) and Adjumani ( 6 . 1 % ) . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 46 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction This paper provides an overview of the data sources , aggregation methodology , and main findings of the Worldwide Governance Indicators ( WGI ) . The WGI are a long-running data product first published in 1999 ( see Kaufmann , Kraay and Zoido-Lobaton ( 1999 ) for the first presentation of the methodology and aggregate indicators ) , with subsequent annual updates . The WGI report data on six aggregate indicators of governance : Voice and Accountability , Political Stability and Absence of Violence / Terrorism , Government Effectiveness , Regulatory Quality , Rule of Law , and Control of Corruption , covering 214 economies over the period 1996-2023 . The aggregate indicators , the underlying individual indicators on which they are based , and extensive documentation of the methodology , are available at < u > www . govindicators . org . < / u > The WGI do not involve new primary data collection on our part as authors of the WGI . Rather , the aggregate indicators are constructed by combining several hundred individual indicators measuring aspects of governance taken from 35 existing data sources that capture perceptions and views of the quality of governance reported by many experts and survey respondents worldwide . The WGI rely on a diverse set of data sources , including several global and regional surveys of households and firms , as well as many expert assessments produced by a range of organizations in the public , private , and NGO sectors , often scored by networks of experts living and working in the countries or regions that they assess . Five WGI data sources are produced by organizations headquartered in developing countries < sup > 1 < / sup > , and a further eight WGI data sources are household or firm surveys directly capturing the views of survey respondents in developing as well as advanced economies . The WGI are based on perceptions data for four reasons : ( 1 ) perceptions matter , because households and firms make decisions based on their views and perceptions of the quality of governance ; ( 2 ) for some dimensions of governance such as corruption that do not leave a “ paper trail ” , data measuring subjective perceptions of corruption or", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 155, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1322, "end": 1373, "text": "global and regional surveys of households and firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1891, "end": 1907, "text": "perceptions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * BUREAU 0 MSd * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > KNBS < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # Kenya National Bureau of Statistics | MaryM . r < br > Wanyonyivste < br > m < br > * * non * * < br > * * Ag . Di . , * * Statgy & < br > * * Dir . , * * op < br > * * aten * * | aso-ecouri < br > Idatra < br > develptrandEnvironmentn < br > peinc < br > n < br > eigign < br > statistics . She hasawiderangeofexpertiseinpovertyand < br > othersocialstatisticsanalyses . Sheisthecoordinatorfor the < br > NationalStrategyfortheDevelopmentofStatistics * * ( NSDS ) * * < br > andthefocalpersonforthepost * * 2015 * * DevelopmentAgenda < br > SustainableDevelopmentGoals ( SDGs ) , at * * KNBS . * * < br > < br > Sheisthe * * Ag . * * < br > Directorinchargeof < sup > Strategyand < / sup > < br > Development < sup > thatcomprise : Policyand Planning , Statistical < / sup > < br > * * Standards & * * Methods , ResearchandDevelopment , and < br > coordinationoftheNationalStatisticalSystem * * ( NSS ) . * * Sheis < br > alsoresponsibleforthe implementationofKenyaIntegrated < br > HouseholdBudgetSurveys . | | - - - | - - - | | MryMcdoal < br > G . o . < br > * * Mr MacdonaldG . 0 . * * < br > * *", "spans": [{"start": 1097, "end": 1119, "text": "HouseholdBudgetSurveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > Vulnerable local communities including Lebanese host communities and Palestinians < / u > # # _National_ An American University of Beirut ( AUB ) socio-economic survey of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon ( 2010 ) showed that 56 % of households were considered vulnerable to food insecurity , reporting inability to afford more food when food was insufficient . The survey indicated that 35 % of Palestinian refugee households reported at least one member of the household reducing meal size ( classified as mild food insecurity in the survey ) , 28 % reported a member skipping meals ( classified as moderate food insecurity ) , and 15 % reported a member going without eating for a whole day in at least two to three of the last six months ( classified as severe food insecurity ) . Other coping strategies included households resorting to buying cheaper food , borrowing money ( 27 % ) and sacrificing on food quality ( 36 % ) . _There was no specific data available during the MSNA process on coping strategies for vulnerable local communities in the North / T + 5 , Akkar , Bekaa , the South and Mount Lebanon and Beirut . _ # # < u > Palestinian refugees from Syria : < / u > # # _National_ The UNWRA October 2013 survey found the following food-related coping strategies to be most common among PRS households : - Relying on less preferred or inexpensive food ( 77 % of households ) - Reducing portion size of meals ( 54 % of households ) - Reducing the number of meals , borrowing food and restricting adult consumption so that children may eat ( 39 % of households ) - Spending savings and selling goods ( 30 % and 20 % respectively ) - Sending household members to eat elsewhere and restricting female consumption ( 9 % and 8 % respectively ) _Figure [ 20 ] : Food-related coping strategies among PRS by type_ # # * * Food-related coping strategies of PRS * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 77 %", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 208, "text": "socio-economic survey of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1205, "end": 1230, "text": "UNWRA October 2013 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation and 13 % of the planned activities are not yet initiated . The total committed amount for the signed and completed contracts is US $ 7 . 72 million . The procurement process is initiated for the contract with a total value of US $ 22 . 22 million . Some of the key achievements include ( i ) contracts signed for 3 civil works for dredging of Awash river and supervision consultants for supervising the dredging / widening and related works , ( ii ) procurement process initiated for the procurement of different vehicles , Mounted cranes , AWS equipment , firefighting trucks , Supply and Installation of EMI computer networking upgrading , etc . , ( iii ) the selection of various consultancy services initiated , ( iv ) procurement of office equipment and furniture for PIUs completed and ( v ) recruitment of key PIU staff completed . The mission noted significant disparity on the performance extracted from STEP and reported by the PIU . This is because of not regularly updating STEP for all initiated contracts . The mission noted that agreed actions of last mission are also implemented substantially . The mission also identified some challenges which require improvements . 26 . It was observed that there have been delays in procurement implementation due to lack of capacity . The mission discussed with the three implementing agencies on the need to appoint all the required staffing to expedite the procurement implementation . Relevant trainings on overall procurement management and STEP are being provided and will continue with the engagement of all the required staff . Procurement management progress and challenges encountered under each of the components are dealt with the various sections of the Aide memoire . 27 . Based on the progress made and the delays occurred , the procurement management risk and progress rating of the Project are “ * * Substantial ” * * and “ * * Moderately Satisfactory ” * * respectively . The mission identified the following key challenges that needs improvement . ( i ) inadequate number of procurement specialists significantly affected the quality and completeness of PPs , BD and BER / TER , delay in processing the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 83, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 146, "end": 169, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Jansen , E . , Daniels , L . , & Nicholson , J . ( 2012 ) . The dynamics of parenting and early feeding constructs and controversies : A viewpoint . _Early Child Development and Care_ , _182_ ( 8 ) , 967 – 981 . - Jenkins , J . M . , & Handa , S . ( 2019 ) . Parenting skills and early childhood development : Production function estimates from longitudinal data . _Review of Economics of the Household_ , _17_ ( 1 ) , 121 – 147 . - Kalil , A . , Ryan , R . , & Corey , M . ( 2012 ) . Diverging destinies : Maternal education and the developmental gradient in time with children . _Demography_ , _49_ ( 4 ) , 1361 – 1383 . - Kohn , M . ( 1969 ) . _Class and conformity : A study in values_ . University of Chicago Press . - Maccoby , E . E . , & Martin , J . A . ( 1983 ) . Socialization in the context of the family : Parent-child interaction . In P . Mussen & E . Herrington ( Eds . ) , _Handbook of child psychology_ ( pp . 1 – 102 ) . Wiley . - Maurin , E . , & McNally , S . ( 2008 ) . Vive la revolution ! Long-term educational returns of 1968 to the angry students . _Journal of Labor Economics_ , _26_ ( 1 ) , 1 – 33 . - Mazumder , B . , Rosales-Rueda , M . , & Triyana , M . ( 2019 ) . Intergenerational human capital spillovers : Indonesia ’ s school construction and its effects on the next generation . In _AEA Papers and Proceedings_ ( Vol . 109 , pp . 243 – 49 ) . - NICHD . ( 2002 ) . Early child care and children ’ s development prior to school entry : Results from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care . _American Educational Research Journal_ , _39_ ( 1 ) , 133 – 164 . - Oreopoulos , P . , Page , M . E . , & Stevens , A . H . (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # Contractor grievance handling procedure < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Grievances raised by workers < br > Grievances raised to grievance Grievances raised to the site foremen / World Bank / UNRA project team / < br > committee members safety officer / Sociologist suggestion boxes / Hotline etc . < br > Contractor ’ s Grievance < br > Complaint registered in the grievance log Handler schedules a < br > book by the Sociologist / Grievance handler < br > meeting < br > Committee hearing < br > Investigation by Grievance < br > Hearing from the : < br > committee ( GC ) < br > 1 . The Complainant ; < br > 2 . The Accused party < br > 3 Witnesses ( if any ) < br > Recommendations by the GC Human resource office < br > Disclosure of outcome to all parties < br > Outcomes accepted by parties < br > Yes No < br > Refer grievance to Labour Officer < br > Outcomes accepted < br > Yes No < br > Refer case to Court < br > Figure 2 : Contractor ’ s grievance handling procedure < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 28", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 391, "text": "grievance log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 - a ) Dispossession of ancestral lands including lack of access and / or no control or legal recognition of such land and other natural resources . - b ) A focus on modern agriculture versus preservation of livelihoods of hunter and gatherers and pastoralist groups . - c ) Limited access to education , resulting in inability to compete for employment opportunities . - d ) Unequal development of health care and other social infrastructure ; and - e ) Limited access to justice and increased conflict and a deteriorating security situation and recurrent inter-ethnic conflicts . # # # * * 2 . 2 VMGs in Kenya * * Kenya is home to a number of groups who self-identify as Indigenous Peoples . Some of these are hunter-gatherers with some transitioning to agro-pastoralism , others nomadic or seminomadic pastoralists and other artisanal blacksmiths and fishing communities . 23In the absence of updated and reliable statistics , it is difficult to give precise demographic data of the various groups . Estimations vary greatly and depend on personal or institutional judgments of which group is considered as Indigenous Peoples in Kenya . Some experts have put the total population of groups that self-identify as Indigenous Peoples at around 1 . 5 million . Indigenous Peoples ( OP 4 . 10 ) will be triggered by proposed investment projects to be implemented under the KISIP . Since KISIP is countrywide in nature an initial screening indicates the presence of groups that meet the World Bank criteria for indigenous peoples who are likely to be present in or have collective attachment to the micro-project areas where component 1 and 2 might be implemented . While the exact sites of the sub-projects remain unknown at this point , a preliminary assessment indicates that since the project is to be implemented in urban areas , it is not likely that indigenous people who meet the criteria under OP 4 . 10 will be present", "spans": [{"start": 1085, "end": 1101, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recogn | otection < br > ition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | P < br > T | rocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Positi < br > Recog - < br > nized | ve < br > Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | O < br > Rejected < br > | therw . < br > closed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w .", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which will require over 4 million km of transmission lines and over 4 TW of substation capacity to be built _each year_ over this decade and the number will increase to over 6 million km and 6 TW , over the next decade ( Figure 2 ) . This will need to be accompanied by rapid digitalization of the networks that stand at less than 20 % and will need to be tripled according to IEA . It is hard to put a cost estimate on the global effort . However , if we attach a notional 0 . 5 million per km on average , < sup > 5 < / sup > it amounts to $ 2 trillion to $ 3 trillion per year over the next three decades . Again , this is going to be a fraction of what is needed for the generation component but marks a phenomenal increase over the current state of play in network investments . > 4 Analysis by one of the state regulators among others over the past few years has pointed to a cost impost of Rs > 1 . 2 / kWh ( or 1 . 5 c / kWh ) from renewables mostly linked to transmission ( Singh , 2020 ) . > 5 This represents a mid-tier 400-500 kV new line all-in cost estimate using US DOE statistics . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1078, "end": 1095, "text": "US DOE statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PUBLIC < mark > Level of achievement of planned milestones according to approved FCPF-financed Readiness Fund Grant < / mark > ( > 3 . 4 milion USD ) _ ( FCPF M & E Framework 1 . 3 . b . ) _ : | Planned Milestones : | Level of Achievement : | Tracking : | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Part 1 : Coordination and < br > Monitoring of REDD + < br > Readiness Process | Only procurements < br > arrangements have been < br > initiated | _Please select your light rating : _ | | Part 2 : Stakeholder Engagement < br > and feed back in readiness < br > process | Not yet started in the context < br > of second agreement . < br > Procurement arrangements < br > ( in form of a framework < br > M . o . U has been initiated | | | Part 3 : REDD + Strategy and < br > Strategic Environmental and < br > Social Assessment | Not yet started in the context < br > of second agreement | | | Part 4 : REDD + Implementation < br > Framework | Not yet started in the context < br > of second agreement | _Please explain why_ : Detailed and | | Part 5 : National Reference < br > Scenario and Inventory of < br > Forest Resources | Not yet started in the context < br > of second agreement | participatory milestones planning has < br > been planned but not yet undertaken by < br > the time of reporting . What we have is < br > that broad framework based on the | | Subcomponent 4a : National < br > Forest Monitoring System | These actions are part of the < br > Austrian Support ; Activities < br > related to the procurement of < br > consultants have been in < br > initiated | agreed outcomes which were the basis < br > for the", "spans": [{"start": 1384, "end": 1408, "text": "Forest Monitoring System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 43 - 3 . 61 Testing and certification systems were more prevalent in middle-income countries , and were more likely to receive Bank support . Bank financing assisted in the development of national testing systems in Kenya , Korea , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Jordan , Turkey , Brazil , Uruguay , El Salvador and Ecuador . Development of these systems typically spanned several projects . 3 . 62 Unique among all countries in the sample , Korea instituted a national system for accreditation of post-secondary junior colleges . Coming towards the end of the investment program , this scheme sought to establish and enforce quality standards for both public and private institutions . While problems were encountered in enforcement in the early stages of the effort , the government was reported to be intent on establishing the system . 3 . 63 Where national systems were not put in place , investments typically supported the development of testing capacity at the institutional level as part of curriculum development efforts . 3 . 64 Tracer studies and other monitoring mechanisms ( such as labor market surveys ) received relatively little attention . Indeed . one PCR recommended against them because of implementation difficulty ( Indonesia ) . In some countries , however , these have provided useful feedback on systems performance ( Korea , Jordan ) , though their use is far from routine or widespread . # Staff Development 3 . 65 The continuing availability of an adequate number of qualified instructional staff is crucial to the efficiency and effectiveness of VET institutions , regardless of mode . Provision for teacher education or training was even more pervasive than curriculum development , with some level of investment in every country in the sample . However , the problems of teacher supply difiered across regions and over time , and were addressed in several ways with varying success ( Table 22 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1105, "end": 1125, "text": "labor market surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ own life or who is directly threatening the safety of others , in which case referrals to lifesaving services shall be sought ; b ) if the survivor is a child and there are concerns for the child ’ s health and safety . The survivors need to be informed about these exceptions . EEP will continue to work closely with representatives of the communities to run this grievance redress mechanism for the Subproject and to address PAHs ’ concerns and complaints . Combined with effective engagement , this grievance redress mechanism that is a joint effort between the Subproject and PAPs is expected to promote trust and enhance communication . # # # # # # * * 13 . 4 Grievance Management Processes * * To ensure that the basic rights and interests of PAPs are protected , that concerns are adequately addressed and that entitlements are delivered , a grievance procedure has been designed for the Subproject . The grievance resolution process as presented in PRIME-1 - SEP report involves the following main steps : - _Receipt of grievances : _ anyone from the PAPs or affected communities or believing to be affected by the subproject can submit a grievance ( written , verbal , telephone , etc . as chosen by the complainant ) . Anonymous complaints will also be accepted . - _Registering the complaint : _ Any comments or concerns can be brought to the attention of the Subproject verbally or in writing or by filling in a grievance form , including anonymously . The focal point ( to be assigned at each subproject site ) who received the complaint will use the GRM logbook for registering . Grievance information will be recorded in a grievance log . This information will include : - PAPs or other stakeholder name and contact details ; - Details of the nature of the grievance ; - Date received , responded to and closed out ; - How it was", "spans": [{"start": 1715, "end": 1726, "text": "GRM logbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . Data In this section , we discuss the data used to measure the depth of a trade agreement and describe in detail our source for bilateral investments at the sector and activity levels . # # a . Preferential trade agreements We first estimate overall the effects of deep trade agreements by using a novel measure of depth . Then we move to the estimation of the effect of the specific disciplines included in PTAs . Our variables of depth and disciplines come from the World Bank database on the content of deep agreements . It covers all 279 PTAs that are in force and notified to the WTO as of 2015 . ( Hofmann , Osnago , & Ruta , 2018 ) give a thorough description of the database and the way the mapping of PTAs has been implemented . The methodology is based on the work of ( Horn , Mavroidis , & Sapir , 2010 ) , which was also used in the World Trade Report 2011 ( World Trade Organization , 2011 ) . This comprehensive data informs us on the specific disciplines , or policy areas , that are covered in each agreement . In total , 52 disciplines are identified across the 279 PTAs ( see Table A . 1 for the list of disciplines ) . On top of the area coverage , the data provide information on the legal enforcement of each discipline within an agreement . The enforcement coding is based on the analysis of the legal language of the treaty text and the possibility of recourse to dispute settlement . For our baseline measure of depth , we follow previous works that use the content of this data set or other similar sources , by counting the number of disciplines included in a PTA . We focus on the number of legally enforceable disciplines as they are expected to be more impactful than disciplines that are just mentioned in treaties but without any sign of substantial commitment from the parties . We define the variable T T T T i = ∑ 52 i - i . e . the simple count of legally enforceable disciplines kk ( i ) included in the agreement between country TTh ii kk = 1", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 493, "text": "World Bank database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | - 0 . 054 | - 0 . 085 | - 0 . 063 | | | | | | ( 0 . 071 ) | ( 0 . 070 ) | ( 0 . 061 ) | | | | ( 0 . 070 ) | ( 0 . 070 ) | ( 0 . 062 ) | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 175 | 0 . 254 | 0 . 310 | 0 . 194 | 0 . 268 | 0 . 319 | 0 . 245 | 0 . 313 | 0 . 356 | 0 . 253 | 0 . 327 | 0 . 369 | | Observations | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | 275 | | Region FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Geography controls and Population 2011 | | Yes | Yes | | Yes | Yes | | Yes | Yes | | Yes | Yes | | Socio-Economic Development | | | Y es | | | Yes | | | Yes | | | Yes | * * Notes * * The table presents OLS regression estimates measuring the effect of the share of refugees in 1928 on the political fragmentation of the electorate , at the municipality level . Standard errors are clustered at the department level . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the 1928 Greek population census and legislative election results ( Ministry of Interior ) . 38", "spans": [{"start": 979, "end": 1007, "text": "1928 Greek population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "charge of all FDI aspects . Six national IPAs participated actively in the survey and provided extremely useful data as requested . These included four of the top five African recipients of Chinese investment according to MOC statistics : Nigeria , Zambia , Ethiopia and Ghana . < sup > 13 < / sup > The two additional countries were Liberia and Rwanda . Together , the six countries count for about one-third of all Chinese investment projects in Africa as certified by the MOC . Most participating IPAs provided specific data on the Chinese investment , both “ committed ” and “ actual , ” by project number and capital amount , by year of entry and by sector . Most provided data comparing Chinese investment with overall FDI inflows to their countries . Regarding economic impact , most IPAs were able to include numbers of jobs created but unable to provide data on export earnings and tax revenues generated . Finally , participating IPAs generously shared perceptions of Chinese investment , regarding both positive impact and major concerns . > 13 South Africa , ranked as number 2 recipient , was omitted by this research for the reason that it is a mid-income country . 11", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 236, "text": "MOC statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from the Freedom House \" Freedom in the World Countries \" database < sup > 15 < / sup > . \" Freedom in the World Countries \" is a database containing an annual comparative assessment of the state of political rights and civil liberties in 192 countries and 18 related and disputed territories . The lower is the index the more economic freedom the country has . We expect that countries with greater economic freedom are more open and more likely to trade . To capture _historical linkages_ between trading partners two zero-one type dummy variables were included in the regression . FrenchExcolonyij and NonFrenchExcolonyij take the value of 1 if the exporting country ( i ) was a colony of France or other partner country ( j ) . Colonial links often reflect not only historical ties but also that the traders of the two partner countries can speak the same language . If a country was an ex-colony of its trading partner trade between the two countries would probably necessitate lower transaction costs thus more trade . A separate dummy is included for non French ex-colonies and French ex-colonies , because we expect that there might be differences in the intensities of the trade links for French ex-colonies . < sup > 16 < / sup > A variable measuring the hypothetical value of preferences ( PREF ) , which is the difference between the third country duty and the preferential duty multiplied by eligible imports , was included in equation ( 7 ) . This variable allows us to take into account the importance of the EU ’ s preferential treatment on its bilateral trade with ACP countries . This variable captures the potential value of the preferential scheme if all eligible trade would have requested and obtained preferential treatment . Given that the preferences were not usually fully utilized in most of the cases , the real value of the preferences is almost always lower than the ‘ hypothetical ’ value of the preferences . To construct the variable the difference between the third country duty and the preferential duty payable was calculated and multiplied by all eligible trade . The data on preferential and MFN tariffs was obtained from the European Commission . In many aspects , such", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 55, "text": "Freedom in the World Countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2105, "end": 2141, "text": "data on preferential and MFN tariffs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been restored in all markets . # B . Simulation Results for Chile The domestic production data for Chile contained information on 69 domestic production sectors for Chile . Of these sectors , 41 produce traded goods and 28 sectors produce non-traded goods . < sup > 5 < / sup > In order to economize on the number of endogenous variables and allow the equilibrium to be calculated on an EXCEL spreadsheet , the 69 production sectors were further aggregated into a 19", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 104, "text": "domestic production data for Chile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not find evidence of border regions receiving more FDI from Germany ( Figure A . 8 of the Appendix ) . As a falsification experiment , we employ the same specification on similar data for Romanian firms , also from the Orbis database . Since Romania acceded the EU in 2007 , we would not expect to observe a significant effect in this case . Results in Figure A . 9 of the Appendix show indeed no effect of our measure of pre-determined German specialization on the German acquisition of Romanian firms . The estimates show only a negligible increase in the probability of being acquired by a German shareholder after 2007 , which is also not statistically significance . Hence , these estimates argue against the possibility of Germany investing abroad more 12", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 202, "text": "similar data for Romanian firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 219, "end": 233, "text": "Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in living standards into the future . This is the population that constitutes Nepal ’ s growing vulnerable class . This point is supported by evidence from other sources of data . Gallup World Survey , for example , also asks respondents similar questions about their perceived position in an 11-step Cantril ladder denoting various parts of the economic distribution within each country . Respondents are asked about current position as well as positions five years before the survey and expected position five years hence . Based on responses to these three questions , Gallup defines households as thriving , struggling or suffering . Thriving households have strong current life situation and have positive views about the next 5 years . Struggling households have wellbeing that is moderate but inconsistent while suffering households have well-being that is at high risk , they report poor ratings of their current life and also poor outlook for the future . Based on cross-country analysis of these categories , Gallup has found thriving respondents to have fewer health problems , less worry and stress , sadness and anger and more happiness , enjoyment , interest and respect . Struggling households on the other hand report higher daily stress , and worry about money than thriving 16", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 199, "text": "Gallup World Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our interest in this paper is to contribute to a growing literature that examines societal norms as a barrier to female labor market outcomes ( e . g . Bernhardt et al . ( 2018 ) ; Bursztyn and Yang ( 2022 ) ; Giuliano ( 2021 ) ; Jayachandran ( 2021 ) ) . While there is general acceptance that gender norms play a role in explaining gender differences in labor market outcomes , there is currently limited empirical evidence on the relationship between norms and economic outcomes ( Field et al . , 2021 ) . Existing research has been concentrated in specific regions and countries , and persistent gaps in obtaining gender-disaggregated data have prevented research at scale . Studies also have relied on relatively small sample sizes and the majority of research has focused on how aggregate , country-level attitudes relate to rates of female labor supply . More recently studies have emphasized the importance of complement - > 1 Gender norms , a subset of social norms , are defined as shared expectations about how women and men should behave in a particular social group or culture . > 2For example , at the World Bank social norms are not an operational focus and are often simply considered the “ enabling environment ” under which capital - or skills-related programs operate . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "influence we are trying to separate out . We therefore create a new index incorporating information on the percentage of the population living in urban areas , mortality rates , health infrastructure ( number of nurses per capita , doctors per capita , hospitals per capita , beds ) education ( students per teacher in primary , secondary schools ) , and infrastructure ( percentage and education of houses with electricity and without water drainage ) . We identified four significant factor loadings > 6 The ENIGH gives information on expenses for all items , but only unit price and quantity consumed for food items . Nevertheless the survey also includes House Characteristics which allow us to estimate also Housing . 7", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 515, "text": "ENIGH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In view of the above , the Project Management have not implemented all the planned and approved programmes , resulting to delayed provision of services to the citizens . # # # 2 . Unresolved Prior Year Audit Matters In the audit report of the previous year , several issues were raised under Other Matter and the Report on Lawfulness and Effectiveness in Use of Public Resources . Management has indicated that the issues have been responded to . However , < sup > the issues < / sup > remained unresolved as Parliament has not met to deliberate on the same . REPORT * * ON LAWFULNESS AND EFFECTIVENESS IN USE * * OF * * PUBLIC RESOURCES * * # # # Conclusion As required * * by * * Article * * 229 ( 6 ) * * of the Constitution , based on the audit procedures performed , except for the matter described in the Basis for Conclusion on < sup > Lawfulnessand < / sup > Effectiveness in Use of Public Resources section of my report , * * I * * confirm that , nothing else has come to my attention to cause me to believe that public resources < sup > havenotbeen < / sup > applied lawfully and in an effective way . # # Basis for Conclusion # # # Unpaid Salaries Examination of the Project records revealed that the consultants were paid their June , 2022 salaries in the month of August , 2022 . However , they were not paid four < sup > ( 4 ) < / sup > months salaries from the month of February , 2022 to May , 2022 totalling < sup > to < / sup > Kshs . 6 , 200 , 000 . This was contrary to the consultancy contracts < sup > rates agreedand < / sup > specified in the cost estimate and schedule of rates at annexes * * C * * and * * D * * which states that \" the client shall pay the consultant for services rendered at the rate ( s", "spans": [{"start": 1178, "end": 1193, "text": "Project records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Monitoring < br > ( IPM ) | - Measurement of Input - < br > output < br > data < br > and < br > indicators < br > - Financial and physical < br > performance data | - Internal records < br > - Field observations < br > - Monthly < br > monitoring / progress < br > reports < br > - Survey and questionnaires < br > - Meeting < br > with < br > subproject < br > staff | PIO / ESAO | Continuous | | | - Measurement of input - < br > output data | | | | | Progress < br > Review | - Assessment < br > of < br > satisfaction of PAPs with < br > RP activities and inputs < br > - Assessment < br > of < br > major < br > problems and challenges | - Sample < br > surveys < br > and < br > qualitative / participatory < br > - Consolidated IPM reports | PIO / ESAO | Monthly | | External < br > Evaluation | - Measurement of input - < br > output indicators < br > - Assessment of impact of < br > subproject on PAPs < br > - Assessment < br > of < br > achievement < br > of < br > RP < br > objectives in terms of < br > improving the income < br > and wellbeing of PAPs < br > and communities | - Secondary-documentary < br > sources < br > - Primary < br > data < br > through < br > sample < br > survey < br > and < br > qualitative-participatory < br > methods < br > - Focus group discussions | PIO / ESAO , < br > External Consultant | 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "If the higher level of disaggregation better reflects the true range of different products that countries could produce , then the 6-digit data are most appropriate . However , as discussed above , it may also be the case that the differences among products at the 6-digit level are not meaningful from a discovery standpoint . If this is true , and the higher level of disaggregation does not reflect the range of different products countries could produce , then going from 4 to 6 digits would bias the results towards those sectors that , for accounting reasons , are decomposed into a greater number of subcategories . It is not clear which is the case , therefore results for both levels of disaggregation will be reported throughout the paper . Notwithstanding this issue , the results shown in Table 1 are quite interesting . When discussing areas of rapid export growth , researchers identify a relatively narrow range of dynamic products , such as clothing or electronics ( Butkevicius , Kadri & Mayer 2002 ) . However , results in Table 1 show that economic discoveries in the 1990s were not highly concentrated in certain ‘ modern ’ sectors . In fact , sectors considered to be more ‘ traditional ’ , like foodstuffs & agriculture , chemicals , and metals , were are also important sources of discoveries . Chemicals and allied industries contain the highest share of discovery activity at either level of disaggregation . This result lends support to a more broad vision of discovery that is not focused on a certain group of manufactured products . Considering discovery activity by country also gives some interesting results . Discoveries by country , using both HS 4-digit and 6-digit data , are shown in Table 2 . 17", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 143, "text": "6-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1678, "end": 1705, "text": "HS 4-digit and 6-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 3 . How Does This Paper Analyze Cost Recovery and Financial Viability ? * * 19 . The paper analyzes the power sector reform journey from the late 1980s and 1990s through the period 2010-17 of 17 jurisdictions < sup > 8 < / sup > ( 14 countries and 3 Indian states ) that represent a wide diversity of geographies , income levels , and approaches to reform . The analysis consisted of three steps : 1 . * * Post-reform cost-recovery level of electricity tariffs ( 2010-17 ) at the country / state and utility levels . * * Data on tariff levels during 2010-17 ( or a subset of years ) were collected for all 17 jurisdictions on the country / state-level and the utility level and compared to corresponding estimates of six cost recovery levels ( A1-A3 and C1-C3 < sup > 9 < / sup > ) . The total sample of the utility-level analysis includes 18 majority publicly-owned and 7 privately-owned utilities . Where possible , the analysis included actual cash collected besides the billed revenue . The data was compiled from the financial statements of all utilities in the sector to obtain a full picture of cost and revenues in the jurisdictions , complemented with information on indirect government support ( e . g . , in the form of subsidized fuels ) . Exceptions were made for independent power producers and small power producers , the cost of which were approximated by the electricity purchase cost of the off-taking utility . The only two cases where such a holistic picture of costs and revenues in the sector was not possible were the Dominican Republic , where the analysis focused only on the utility Edesur , and Morocco , where the analysis relied on a previous study by The World Bank ( 2017 ) for information on full-cost recovery levels in the sector . All data presented in the paper is expressed in 2017 US $ to adjust for inflation . An overview of data compiled for the case studies , the years covered , and the data sources is provided in Table 2 . 2 . * * Pre-reform cost-recovery level of electricity tariffs ( 1980s-1990s ) . * * Data", "spans": [{"start": 531, "end": 567, "text": "Data on tariff levels during 2010-17", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "illustrates the contribution that bilateral data can make to the analysis of international financial integration . The South has become more integrated into global finance across all investment types , resulting in significant changes in the composition of international investment . In 2001 , the South ’ s participation in international markets occurred mainly through FDI and loans and deposits , in roughly equal parts , and to a lesser extent through international reserve holdings in the North ( table 1 ) . By 2018 , the composition of South investment had changed along several dimensions . First , FDI remained the largest investment type for the South , more than doubling in value as a share of world GDP ( from 9 to 20 percent ) . Whereas the bulk of FDI remained North-to-North , growth was strongest for the South as a source of FDI . South-to-North FDI came to rival North-to-South FDI . Second , portfolio investment expanded rapidly over the sample period . By 2018 , portfolio investment was larger than loans and deposits and international reserves . The South ’ s loans and deposits were only slightly higher ( as a share of world GDP ) in 2018 than in 2001 , whereas portfolio investment grew rapidly , from a much lower level in 2001 . In particular , holdings of debt and equity more than tripled for North-to-South , South-to-North , and South-to-South investments as ratios to world GDP ( table 1 ) . Third , international reserves of South countries also gained relative importance during the sample period . Reserve holdings in the North became the largest of all investment types involving the South , amounting to 10 percent of world GDP in 2018 . This fact is not surprising as many South countries have run large current account surpluses and accumulated reserve assets issued by the North since the early 2000s . But the South has also become a destination for reserve holdings , in particular , with increases in reserves denominated in Australian dollars and Chinese renminbi , among others ( appendix , section A . 4 ) . Between 2001 and 2018 , the combined value of South-to-South and Northto-South international reserves , as a share of world GDP , expanded at an even", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 48, "text": "bilateral data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> countries are in 100s . Source : USPTO grants in PATSTAT . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 2 suggests that a significant capacity for frontier green innovation exists in a small group of more technologically-sophisticated developing countries . Hence , appropriate green innovation policy is likely to differ between these and other developing countries ( though given substantial differences among the technologically more sophisticated countries , appropriate policy would differ significantly between them as well ) . A group of nine emerging economies ( Argentina , Brazil , China , Hungary , India , Malaysia , Mexico , the Russian Federation and South Africa ) account for nearly 80 percent of all US green patent grants to developing countries between 2006 and 2010 . < sup > 6 < / sup > Moreover , unlike the technologically less sophisticated countries , these ̳ emerging ‘ economies display a sharp upward trend in green patenting , with their green patent grants more than doubling between 2000-2005 and 2006-2010 . > 5 We have omitted regions where total green patenting is so low that this percentage is a highly volatile , uninformative indicator . Moreover , we have taken 3-year moving averages to smooth out annual fluctuations . 6 We considered indicators of technological sophistication ( R & D personnel per capita ) as well as the scale of the R & D sector ( total R & D personnel ) in making this distinction . 5", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 58, "text": "PATSTAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugee funding tracker by partners was highlighted as a concern , impacting transparency in fund allocation . Participants suggested developing better strategies to link the RRP with fundraising opportunities – following the good example of the monthly compilation of funding opportunities for national and local CSOs - and enhancing the use of the funding tracker for improved accuracy and transparency . * * Project Implementation and Adaptation : * * participants noted a misalignment between initially submitted projects and actual implementation , emphasizing the need for ongoing assessment and adaptation . The visibility of activities supporting host communities and peaceful coexistence projects was identified as an area for improvement . Recommendations include implementing a more flexible approach to project adjustments and improving communication about the RRP process , including clarity on project submission and funding mechanisms .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "refugee funding tracker", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ hectare ; costs of seedlings and productivity per tree or per hectare of land were collected from the Woreda Offices ; - The required costs for land improvement ( land levelling and equipment ) was computed on hectare of land basis ; - Data on prices of the different fruits were collected from local markets and Woredas ; and - To those trees which provide produces annually , the compensation cost is computed on the basis of tree characteristics and the 15 years benefit . However , for other trees forgone benefits are calculated on the bases of the production rate and the basis of the time required to give production . On the basis of the above data , the compensation rates are computed and the recommended cost to compensate for loss of perennial trees is shown in Table 10 . 3 . Table 10 . 3 : Compensation Estimation for Loss of Perennial Crops and Woreda | * * Sl / N * * | * * Type of Fruit * * | | * * Unit Rate ( * * | * * Birr / Tree ) * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * o * * | * * Trees / Perennial Crops * * | * * Big * * | * * Medium * * | * * Small * * | * * Seedling * * | | 1 | Coffee / ቡና | 800 | 600 | 400 | 100 | | 2 | Khat / ጫት | 900 | 650 | 300 | 100 | | 3 | Avocado / አቦካዶ | 2 , 500 | 2 , 000 | 1 , 200 | 100 | | 4 | Mango / ማንጎ | 2 , 300 | 1 , 850 | 1 , 200 | 100 | |", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 427, "text": "Data on prices of the different fruits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "construction , real estate , information , and communications technology ( ICT ) , and public administration sectors . However , activities have remained subdued in most service sectors * * . * * The external sector proved resilient against the backdrop of the shock , with horticultural exports and remittances performing well < sup > 5 < / sup > . The crisis increased fiscal pressures and led to a widening of the fiscal financing gap from 7 . 8 percent of GDP in 2019 / 2020 to 9 percent of GDP in the first half of 2020 / 2021 . Nevertheless , to maintain a fiscal consolidation effort that pre-dates the crisis , the Government of Kenya ( GoK ) has since rolled back some of its immediate economic support measures . The earlier personal and corporate income tax cuts as well as the reduced value added tax rates were discontinued at the end of December 2020 . * * 3 . The pandemic has also created unprecedented supply and demand shocks that have resulted in a drop in economic activities globally . * * Kenya ’ s continued reliance on the export of primary commodities and inability to move up sufficiently the value chain across major economic and productive sectors has left the economy extremely vulnerable to the spillover effects of the pandemic . The COVID-19 pandemic has affected micro , small , and medium enterprises ( MSMEs ) < sup > 6 < / sup > through a range of transmission channels and will need targeted support to facilitate their recovery , particularly for informal sector MSMEs . Around two thirds of firms reported decrease in demand , cash flow and available finance , while 56 percent of firms lament the unavailability of inputs . < sup > 7 < / sup > The Word Bank COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey ( BPS ) in Kenya > 1 IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook , January 2021 . > 2 World Bank ’ s Africa Pulse , April 2020 . > 3 IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook , January 2021 . > 4 World Bank Kenya Economic Update , June 2021 .", "spans": [{"start": 1688, "end": 1728, "text": "Word Bank COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percentage points ( pp ) decrease in the probability of being ( asset ) poor ( column 3 ) . # * * 6 . 2 Child Health * * Conditional on the positive income effect of coffee mills in the catchment area , a proximate outcome is an improvement in the health of children living within the catchment areas . We test > 19However , disentangling these effects is challenging due to data constraints . > 20Rwanda ’ s Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey ( EICV ) has direct measures of household income , however , the dataset is not geocoded hence limiting its usage in the context of this study , especially as it pertains to identifying households in treated and control communities . In fact , the only location identifier in the ( publicly available version ) of the dataset is at the district level . > 21The DHS measure of poverty is a measure of the relative ( asset ) wealth of a household . A household is classified as poor if its wealth score is within the two lowest quintiles of the wealth distribution in the country . 17", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 454, "text": "Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% ) were found to be moderately acute malnourished ( MUAC 124-115 mm ) and 0 . 4 % severely acute malnourished ( MUAC < 115 mm ) . Both results are below the emergency thresholds ( for more information on nutrition please refer to the health chapter ) . In February 2014 , a Joint Nutrition Assessment for Syrian registered refugees in Lebanon was published by UNICEF . The assessment , conducted in October and November 2013 , investigated IYCF practices < sup > 12 < / sup > among parents of children aged 0-23 months and found that among Syrian refugees across Lebanon ( 1 , 200 households were surveyed ) , more than 85 % of children aged 0-23 months were breastfed . More than 60 % of mothers initiated the breastfeeding in the first 23 hours after birth and 25 % of children aged 0-23 months were exclusively breastfed . However , around 35 % of children aged 0-23 months received bottle feedings . > 11 Dietary diversity can be defined as the number of different food groups eaten over a reference time period , regardless of the frequency of consumption . > 12 UNICEF ‟ s report noted that when IYCF indicators are collected in nutritional surveys , it is not feasible to achieve a large sample size , that would allow for some of the indicators to be estimated as precisely as desired , especially the indicators that cover a very narrow age range ( e . g . 12-15 months , 6-8 months ) . Hence , trend analyses need to be interpreted with caution . Nevertheless , trend analyses are useful for assessing the situation and major differences seen from year to year should warrant further investigation . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1136, "end": 1155, "text": "nutritional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ ∗ _ < / sup > _i_ < sup > . IntheOLSmodel , incontrast , apositivevalueof < / sup > < sup > _βk_impliesthat < / sup > an individual with a higher value of _xik_ adopts later in expectation . From the model of the previous section , one key explanatory variable of interest is the income gain that an individual expects from the transition . Recall that , in our simple model , an individual starts saving to finance the new technology as quickly as possible only if the expected net gain from adoption is positive . Unfortunately , the researcher does not observe individual _expected_ net gain but only a measure of _realized_ net gain , which � � can be retrieved from _μFi_ and _μCi_ . We interpret realized net gain as a proxy for expected net gain . More specifically , when individual expectations are unbiased , realized net gain equals expected net gain plus a random error term which has expectation zero . Define 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", street begging , forced marriage , child marriage , and etc . rights and the equal participation of female staff in the humanitarian responses require a serious and collaborative effort from all fronts including diplomatic channels . # # # * * METHODOLOGY * * The report was prepared in collaboration with six partners undertaking protection monitoring : DRC , INTERSOS , IOM , IRC , NRC , and UNHCR , using the data collected in the first quarter from 8 , 422 Household-level Surveys ( HH ) , 898 Focus Group Discussions ( FGDs ) and 1 , 123 Key Informants Interviews ( KII ) . In Q1 , 46 . 5 % of respondents were the Host Community , 27 . 9 % IDPs , 19 . 8 % undocumented returnees , 5 . 3 % IDP returnees , and 0 . 4 % . 59 % of the respondents were male while 41 % were female . The analysis is guided by the Global Protection Cluster < u > Protection Analysis Framework < / u > ( PAF ) . Other sources of data that are referenced include OCHA Displacement Trends , UNHCR 2021 Multi Sectorial Rapid Assessments , UNHCR CFM ( Complaints and Feedback Mechanism ) – Analysis , IOM Return of Undocumented Afghans Situation Reports , and Human Rights Watch . # # # # # * * _Districts covered during the Q1 2022_ * * Preventing the negative coping mechanisms necessitates the engagement of the De facto Authorities , Donors , humanitarian agencies , civil society organizations , and the community , particularly female representatives . Finally , the promotion and support of women ’ s and girls ’ # # # * * KEY PROTECTION FIGURES * * # # # # # * * _Displacement trends : _ * * Following the recorded displacement of over 777 , 000 people in 2021 , some 5 . 8 million people displaced by conflict and natural disasters since 2012 still need support in 2022 to find durable solutions where possible . # # # # # * * _", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 486, "text": "Household-level Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 500, "end": 523, "text": "Focus Group Discussions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 946, "end": 970, "text": "OCHA Displacement Trends", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 1017, "text": "UNHCR 2021 Multi Sectorial Rapid Assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1081, "end": 1133, "text": "IOM Return of Undocumented Afghans Situation Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # * * 6 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the PAHs * * The socio-economic baseline study seeks to understand the socio-economic and basic social services and livelihood activities and their constraints in Subproject influence areas . Therefore , the socio-economic study included relevant data collection at Subproject Woreda and Kebele levels , stakeholder identification and consultation , impact identification as well as baseline socioeconomic survey of the affected households . As part of the processes for preparing this RP , the socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs were conducted . The Socio-economic baseline and census survey was conducted between January 2-29 , 2025 , and March 23 - to April1 2025 . As part of the processes for preparing this RP for the proposed Chelenko - Haromaya Power Subproject socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs was conducted . An inventory and registration of all affected assets and properties as well as unit costs and productivity for agricultural crops and cost estimates for other impacted properties was also collected during this study . Moreover , consultative meetings with Subproject affected households , community members , local authorities and other stakeholders were also conducted for the present RP preparation from January 2-29 , 2025 , and from March 23 - to April1 2025 in new Haromaya substation site . While the census survey involved all the 713 HHs affected by the Subproject components , whereas the baseline socioeconomic survey was conducted on 181 HHs of which 57 . 0 % were affected households and the remaining 43 . 0 % were non-impacted households reside in subproject impact Kebele . The difference between the two types of surveys is that while the socio-economic survey is intended to establish the baseline socio-economic conditions of PAHs and the census survey is to prepare the ground for compensation payment", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 610, "text": "baseline socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 693, "end": 745, "text": "socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 767, "end": 808, "text": "Socio-economic baseline and census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 986, "end": 1038, "text": "socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1562, "end": 1575, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1653, "end": 1682, "text": "baseline socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1910, "end": 1931, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2012, "end": 2025, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rather than the impact of AD protection in the home market . Prusa ( 2001 ) shows that exporters react to a tentative AD duty imposition immediately after an AD investigation is filed and that AD filings reduce the imports of the countries named in a filing even if the complaints are not upheld . From this point of view , beginning an investigation triggers retaliatory incentives for the target country . < sup > 3 < / sup > Additionally , our analysis is based on the trading effects of AD activity in a particular export destination , namely , the country targeted by the domestic industries rather than the entire international market . In this regard , the four-dimensional information on firms , products , and export destinations in the Brazilian firm-level export data fits our research question perfectly . In addition to its rich firm-level export data , Brazil is a suitable country for our analysis in terms of AD . Brazil implemented an AD law in 1987 , and it ranks in the top 10 of all World Trade Organization ( WTO ) members in terms of both the number of AD petitions filed and the number of AD duties targeted against it in the post-WTO period . Brazil was the defendant country in 26 AD cases during our sample period , which corresponds to 208 unique six-digit Harmonized System ( HS ) products from 11 different industries . < sup > 4 < / sup > Furthermore , Brazil filed 71 AD cases for 96 six-digit HS products , which is far above the mean and median of worldwide AD activity . As shown in table 2 , Brazil named its major trading partners , which are also very active AD users . Brazil seems to be a member of the “ AD club ” ; its major trading partners also targeted Brazil in several cases after the creation of the WTO . Therefore , the threat of AD retaliation is an important consideration for exporters , not only because of the dramatic impact of AD duties on trade flows , but also because of the target countries ’ past AD activities against Brazil . In tables 3 and 4 , we document the AD cases filed by and", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 778, "text": "Brazilian firm-level export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 842, "end": 864, "text": "firm-level export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Bibliography * * Buliisa District . 2014 . Uganda National Household Survey and National Population and Housing Census . Eagles , P . F . , Bowman , M . E . & Tao , T . C . - H . , 2001 . Guidelines for Tourism in Parks and Protected Areas of East Asia . , Gland , Switzerland and Cambridge : IUCN . MTWA , 2014 . Uganda Tourism Development Plan ( 2014 - 2024 ) , Kampala : Ministry of Tourism , Wildlife and Antiquities . MTWA , 2020 . National Strategy to Combat Poaching , Illegal Wildlife Trade and Trafficking of Wildlife and Wildlife products ( 2020-2029 ) , Kampala : Ministry of Tourism , Wildlife and Antiquities . MWE , 2020 . Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate Smart Development Project Environmental and Social Management Framework , Kampala : Ministry of Water and Environment . MWE , 2020 . Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate-Smart Development Project ; Environmental and Social Commitment Plan , Kampala : Ministry of Water and Environment . MWE , 2020 . Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate-Smart Development Project ; Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework , Kampala : Ministry of Water and Environment . MWE , 2021 . Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate-Smart Development Project : Stakeholder Engagement Plan , Kampala : Ministry of Water and Environment . NPA , 2020 . Third National Development Plan ( 2020 / 21 – 2024 / 25 ) , Kampala : National Planning Authority . UNESCO , 2019 . The role of Visitor Centres in UNESCO Designated Sites , Palermo : United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization . UWA , 2017 . Murchison Falls Protected Area Community-Based Wildlife Crime Prevention Action Plan , Kampala : Uganda Wildlife Authority . World Bank , 2016 . World Bank Environmental and Social Framework , Washington , DC : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . Uganda Wildlife Authority 236 | P a g e", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 11014 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the impact of livelihood diversification on food insecurity amid the COVID-19 pandemic . The analysis uses household panel data from Ethiopia , Malawi , and Nigeria in which the first round was collected immediately prior to the pandemic and extends through multiple rounds of monthly data collection during the pandemic . Using this pre - and post-outbreak data , and guided by a pre-analysis plan , the paper estimates the causal effect of livelihood diversification on food insecurity . The results do not support the hypothesis that livelihood diversification boosts household resilience . Although income diversification may serve as an effective coping mechanism for small-scale shocks , the findings show that for a disaster on the scale of the pandemic , this strategy is not effective . Policy makers looking to prepare for the increased occurrence of large-scale disasters will need to grapple with the fact that coping strategies that gave people hope in the past may fail them as they try to cope with the future . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at jdmichler @ email . arizona . edu or tkilic @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 202, "text": "household panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", or aggregated outcomes at the industry or country level , such as total production , given that energy data at the firm level are often aggregated into a firm ’ s materials inputs or not reported at all . Management practices could interact with energy decisions via several channels . By easing information and coordination frictions , management practices may help reduce “ hidden ” administrative and time costs associated with energy efficiency investments ( e . g . in identi1", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 109, "text": "energy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the estimation of _direct_ costs , annual incidence of malaria in each country and the cost for treating each incidence were considered . The annual incidence of malaria is published by the WHO for each country . Available data indicate that on average $ 5 is spent as a treatment cost for each incidence of malaria ( MicrobiologyBytes , 2009 ) . The incidence of malaria was multiplied by the treatment cost to estimate the total cost of treatment of malaria in each country . The results show that if malaria can be eradicated fully in the identified countries using DDT , it will result in a cost savings of $ 1 . 08 billion needed as the cost of malaria treatment . Since more than half of the malaria incidence occurs in the high malaria endemicity areas , the elimination of malaria from such areas with the use of DDT will reduce treatment costs by nearly $ 0 . 55 billion . The estimate of _indirect_ costs or welfare loss from malaria induced morbidity and mortality is once again based on the DALY lost from malaria . Following the process discussed earlier in the DALY estimations from the use of DDT , the monetary value of the DALY lost from malaria in each country was evaluated by multiplying the lost DALY with each country ’ s per capita PPP GDP . Estimates based on the results show that the complete eradication of malaria with the use of DDT can lead to a reduction of indirect costs of $ 67 . 94 billion from lower morbidity and mortality in the affected countries . The elimination of malaria through the use of DDT in high malaria endemicity areas can result in reduction in indirect cost of more than $ 34 billion . # * * 6 . * * * * _Discussion and Conclusion_ * * The estimates presented in this paper indicate that the use of DDT can provide large benefits from the effective control of mosquito vectors in malaria endemic countries . # * * [ Insert Table 4 ] * * Current estimates of the economic losses from malaria show that such losses exceed $ 69 billion in 2010 U . S . dollar annually . A major part of the", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 65, "text": "annual incidence of malaria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 : Total job content of exports as a share of total employment 2004-2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > Year < br > ZAF BRA RUS COL < br > PER THA TUR < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > Export jobs in total employment ( % ) < br > 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . # * * 4 . Labor and Jobs Content of Exports across Sectors * * # * * a . Within South Africa * * The aggregate trends mask a wide heterogeneity across sectors . In particular , we show in this section how commodity exports versus manufacturing and services exports contribute differently to jobs and wages , which depends on whether we consider the direct versus indirect content as well as the forward versus backward linkages . A sectoral perspective also shows how the composition of South Africa ’ s exports are driving the above aggregate results . Natural resource sectors – which tend to be capital intensive – generate most of South Africa ’ s labor value added contained in its exports . Figure 6 shows that in 2011 the leading export sectors in terms of total labor content were minerals , metals , machinery and equipment , and ferrous metals . Minerals contributed over $ 6 billion in wages , by far the largest contributor to wages among export sectors , reflecting the large value of gross exports and a relatively high – and growing - labor intensity of exports vis-à-vis other sectors ( more on this below ) . Together these four sectors contributed 51 % of South Africa ’ s total labor contained in its exports and 52 % of South Africa ’ s gross exports . Consistent with its enclave-type characteristics , the minerals sector primarily generates domestic labor value added directly within the sector ’ s exports , as opposed to its backward linkages with input sectors . On the other hand , around three-quarters of the total labor contained in", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 383, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The first breakdown is by region . The top panel of Figure 6 shows the level of real expenditure per capita , by month , from January 2007 through June 2010 , by region . As expected , real levels of spending are markedly higher in Bangkok than elsewhere , and they are the lowest in the Northeast . The most remarkable feature of this graph is that it does not show any evident < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 120 < br > 110 < br > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 2007m1 2007m7 2008m1 2008m7 2009m1 2009m7 2010m1 2010m7 < br > Consumer price index , all Thailand < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 . 1 Consumer Price Index , Thailand , 2007 : M1 – 2010 : M12 * * Source : Reported by Bank of Thailand . Shaded area marks period of recession . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 . 2 < br > 1 . 1 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 9 < br > 0 . 8 < br > Bottom decile < br > Top decile < br > 0 . 7 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 2007m1 2007m7 2008m1 2008m7 2009m1 2009m7 2010m1 2010m7 < br > Price index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 . 2 Prices Indexes for households in the top and bottom deciles ( of real per capita income over 2007-2010 ) , Thailand , 2007 : M1 – 2010 : M12 . * * Source : Computed by the authors using Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 , and consumer price index reported by the Bank of Thailand . Shaded area marks period of recession . Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 11", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1298, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "27 To create the fiscal space needed to finance these public sector contributions , the limitations of the existing public sector accounting frameworks must also be addressed in assessing possible trade-offs between the long-term payoffs of infrastructure expenditures and short-term financial stability . This assessment will be a challenge because there is not even an agreement among academics on the basic measures ( for example , what is liquidity in the public sector ? ) . In addition to a good framework , addressing the challenge will also require an investment in basic public sector data . Indeed , some of the basic fiscal debates still stems from the fact that the coverage of fiscal data is only tailored to meet a broad sense of fiscal status in relation to broad macroeconomic concerns but that it does not allow good assessment of sectoral policies . For the poorest countries in which it is clear that the fiscal space is unlikely to be created any time soon , it seems reasonable to start considering the role of infrastructure grants — for access and sometimes for lifelines for a limited duration at least . The Swiss aid agency is a leader in this field and has a pilot program that needs to be analyzed much more carefully . < sup > 31 < / sup > For many countries , the main challenge will actually be to come up with designs and choice of new financial instruments that will allow the public sector to leverage any fiscal space available . The need to connect infrastructure development with private financial markets as a way to leverage and mobilize more capital may be the most pressing and the most obvious . Bolivia ’ s capitalization experience and similar efforts in Eastern Europe have shown the possibilities as well as the challenges . Addressing these challenges requires better pooling of risks than in the past . This may require a willingness among donors to work together on the design of new and improved risk mitigation products and applications that allow national and subnational governments to pool risks across sectors and projects more effectively . It will also require , at the project level , improvements in risk allocation mechanisms to address currency and regulatory risks , which are among", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 598, "text": "public sector data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 690, "end": 701, "text": "fiscal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an average assistance of $ 300 felt that their situation would improve a lot . # # # * * Beneficiaries are loyal to their cash modalities * * Focus group discussions and individual surveys revealed that IDPs who received one type of cash of voucher modality preferred to receive the same modality again even if the recipient experienced problems with the previous intervention . This ‘ preference ’ is likely due to an established familiarity with the existing modality rather than an objective appraisal of its suitability for the IDP community . # # * * On gender-based violence * * # # # * * CBIs do have an impact on gender-based violence * * Although none of the organisations interviewed as part of this study actively designed interventions to address issues of GBV , 46 % of displaced persons who admitted to experiencing some form of violence stated that the CBI they received was responsible for a reduction in the frequency violence they had experienced . Anecdotal evidence from interviews suggests that cash or voucher assistance helps displaced families affected by GBV to meet their basic needs , thereby reducing tensions that can lead to violence . It is unclear however , if abuse remains lower for any significant period of time after the intervention is received . More research therefore needs to be done on CBIs influence on GBV frequency before definitive conclusions can be drawn . 6", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 188, "text": "individual surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Digital Acceleration Program ( P171305 ) settlements to the opportunities created by the digital economy . The project is aligned with the Single Digital Market initiative in East Africa , promoting an integrated and dynamic region for digital investment , innovation and trade . # # # * * D . Environmental and Social Overview * * D . 1 . Project location ( s ) and salient characteristics relevant to the ES assessment [ geographic , environmental , social ] The project will be implemented nationwide and will be focusing on network expansion and strengthening of the national digital backbone . The main implementing agency , NITA will expand the geographical coverage of the NBI / EGI Network across the Country . Under the Digital Connectivity outreach Component 1 , the project will continue to focus on improving government connectivity , expanding the National Backbone Infrastructure and connecting government facilities ( MDAs , municipal councils , schools , health centers , hospitals ) across the country . Currently , the National Backbone Infrastructure ( NBI ) extends to 36 districts ( out of 127 in total ) . The Government of Uganda has developed a comprehensive investment plan for the digital sector called “ IT Shared Platform ( GOVNET ) ” requiring around US $ 300 million over 5 years . This plan includes building 3711 additional kilometers of fiber-optic cable to expand the NBI and connecting 5082 additional sites to the NBI . The proposed Uganda Digital Acceleration program will be contributing to the Uganda digital investment plan . On a positive environmental note , the project intends to undertake an e-waste assessment and to contribute to the set-up / strengthening of regional e-waste collection centers and treatment facility in the country , in partnership with the private sector . An e-waste baseline survey will be carried out prior to appraisal to inform the scale of the investment . While aiming to improve eservices in the country , the project will contribute towards climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that would have arisen from transportation . Some likely negative", "spans": [{"start": 1857, "end": 1880, "text": "e-waste baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Implementing 30x30 : * * # * * Lessons from Country Case Studies * * # # * * Susmita Dasgupta Brian Blankespoor David Wheeler * * _Funding_ : This research was funded by the Global Environment Facility . Acknowledgements : We acknowledge the use of georeferenced species occurrence data provided by GBIF , which was downloaded following their citation guidelines - ( https : / / www . gbif . org / citation < u > guidelines # derivedDatasets ) . The GBIF occurrence data was < / u > accessed via Google BigQuery on February 17 , 2024 . We extend our gratitude to Pritthijit ( Raja ) Kundu for his valuable assistance with the graphics . the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _Keywords : _ Biodiversity Conservation , Protected Areas , Endemic S pecies , Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework _JEL classification : Q57_", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 292, "text": "georeferenced species occurrence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 456, "end": 476, "text": "GBIF occurrence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) Implementation Status & Results Report ( 6 . 5 ) KCHS 2018 microdata available on-line .  DLI 7 : Implement the Corruption Risk Assessment ( CRA ) action plan and strengthen financial and records management systems ( Text ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | While progress was made < br > towards DLR 7 . 0 , the verification < br > agency ( EACC ) concluded that < br > by December 2015 the CRA < br > action plan was only between 25 - < br > 30 percent implemented . The < br > next CRA action plan < br > implementation assessment will < br > be undertaken by the EACC in < br > Q2 of FY17 . The KNBS < br > management team has < br > developed a detailed roadmap < br > and stepped up efforts to work < br > towards full implementation by < br > that time . | | Value | CRA conducted and endorsed < br > action plan prepared by KNBS < br > and fully implemented < br > - - | The DLR 7 . 1 was anticipated to < br > be achieved by April 30 , 2016 . < br > However , progress was slower < br > than anticipated and additional < br > TA was sourced to operationalize < br > the improved FMIS . The < br > management and administration < br > team received extensive training < br > to commence working with the < br > improved FMIS during Q3 of < br > FY16 . The system is currently < br > being phased in and the KNBS < br > management team has indicated < br > that verification of the < br > achievement of DLR 7 . 1 can be < br > undertaken", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 163, "text": "KCHS 2018 microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Sri Lanka | 0 . 52 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 61 | - 0 . 09 | 0 . 74 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 53 | | Tajikistan | 0 . 69 | 0 . 19 | 0 . 69 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 66 | 0 . 65 | 0 . 00 | | Tanzania | 1 . 29 | 1 . 03 | 1 . 73 | - 0 . 44 | 2 . 61 | 0 . 42 | 2 . 18 | | Togo | 0 . 53 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 69 | - 0 . 16 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 46 | 0 . 10 | | Uganda | 0 . 29 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 81 | - 0 . 52 | 1 . 19 | 0 . 01 | 1 . 17 | | Ukraine | 0 . 46 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 47 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 26 | | Uzbekistan | 0 . 34 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 55 | - 0 . 21 | 0 . 34 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 01 | | Vietnam | - 1 . 70 | 0 . 83 | 0 . 05 | - 1 . 75 | - 2 . 70 | - 0 . 59 | - 2 . 11 | | Yemen , Rep . | 1 . 11 | 0 . 34 | 1 . 13 | - 0 . 02 | 1 . 47 | 0 . 67 | 0 . 80 | | Zambia | 1 . 66 | 0 . 19 | 1 . 78 | - 0 . 12 | 1 . 82 | 1 . 48 | 0 . 33 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the elimination of import tariffs on cereals . 37", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 868, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Grant No . TF0A5722 - UG : NATIONAL REDD PLUS SUPPORT PROJECT Financial Statements for the Year ended 30 June 2020 * * * * 19 * * pandemic . Consequently , the Consultant terminate theirs services on 1 2th June 2020 . * * By * * reporting time , the following deliverables were completed : i ) Inception Report * * - * * Design and Documentation of two REDD + Emission Reduction Programs in Uganda ; and , ii ) Action Plan for Establishment of Emission Reduction Programme in Kyoga and Albert WMZs . Uganda will prepare an action plan to carry forward the activity to complete the R-PIN * * by * * April 2021 , subject to easing restrictions in-country travel and convening meetings . * * 2 . 2 . 1 . 5 * * Component * * 5 : * * National Reference Scenario and Inventory of Forest Resources This undertaking aim was to further support the Government of Uganda in establishing and institutionalizing a National Forest Monitoring System * * ( NFMS ) . * * The specific undertakings were to : i ) complete a geographically representative National Forest Inventory * * ( NF ) * * with updated data produced to improve carbon measurements and other relevant information on forest use and forest cover ; ii ) Update data series to produce activity data for * * 2017 / 2018 ( 2018 / 2019 ) ; * * iii ) Improve forest reference level for REDD + ( including estimation of emissions from forest degradation , inclusion of soil and litter pools and improved estimation of emissions due to fire ) * * ; * * and , iv ) Strengthen institutional capacities and systems in order to institutionalize NFMS / MRV , including carrying out a pilot to explore the potential role of communities in MRV ( e . g . verifying * * NFI * * and * * AD * * results ) . * * By * * reporting time , the undertaking was completed and reported on . 2 . 2 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1072, "text": "National Forest Inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Section 7 provides for the Methods of acquisition of title to land including compulsory acquisition - Section 9 provides for Conversion of land from one category to another in accordance with the provisions of The Land Act or any other written law . - Section 49 . ( 1 ) provides guidelines of land transfers including succession related due to death - Part VII provides the procedure for compulsory acquisition of interest in land . # # # # # # * * PART VIII – COMPULSORY ACQUISITION OF INTERESTS IN LAND * * # # # # # # * * 107 . Preliminary notice * * ( 1 ) Whenever the national or county government is satisfied that it may be necessary to acquire some particular land under section 110 , the respective Cabinet Secretary or the County Executive Committee Member shall submit a request for acquisition of land to the Commission to acquire the land on its behalf . - ( 2 ) The Commission shall prescribe a criteria and guidelines to be adhered to by the acquiring authorities in the acquisition of land . ( 3 ) The Commission may reject a request of an acquiring authority , to undertake an acquisition if it establishes that the request does not meet the requirements prescribed under subsection ( 2 ) and Article 40 ( 3 ) of the Constitution . Where the Commission rejects a request of an acquiring authority in accordance with subsection ( 3 ) , the Commission shall inform the relevant acquiring authority within fourteen days of the decision to reject the request . ( 4 ) If the Commission establishes that the request under subsection ( 1 ) meets the requirements prescribed under subsection ( 2 ) and Article 40 ( 3 ) of the Constitution , the Commission shall - cause the affected land to be mapped out and valued by the Commission using the valuation criteria set out under the Act ; and - establish that the acquiring authority has identified the number and maintains a register of persons in actual occupation of the land , confirming for each such occupation how much time they have been in uninterrupted occupation or ownership of interest in the land", "spans": [{"start": 1886, "end": 1905, "text": "register of persons", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of refugees in high-income countries , refer to Brell et al . ( 2020 ) and for an excellent review of the existing studies on the impact on the labor market of the host countries see Verme and Schuettler ( 2021 ) . Among the general facts that have been established in the literature is that refugees have worse integration outcomes such as employment probabilities and wages in high-income host countries than economic migrants . In the medium and long run ( 10 to 20 years ) , even if employment probabilities of these two groups of migrants converge , wage gaps are still persistent ( Brell et al . 2020 ; Fasani et al . 2020b ) . Existing studies have also shown heterogeneity of the effects by gender , age at arrival and level of educational attainment and skills . However , these explanatory factors do not explain a significant share of the variation in the observed migrant-refugee gap in labor-market outcomes ( Brell et al . 2020 ) . The literature has mainly examined separately a limited number of initial conditions : primarily the role of labor market conditions ( i . e . , unemployment ) , and the role of networks . The country-specific studies discussed in what follows rely on exogenous government placement policies allocating refugees across locations , which allows exploiting the exogenous variation in local labor market conditions . Access to the labor market of the host country after arrival is important , and limitations < sup > 16 < / sup > or exposure to high levels of local unemployment may have long-term consequences . The evidence in the case of refugees has consistently found that less favorable initial conditions in the labor market may have long-term effects on refugees ’ employment probabilities and earnings . Åslund and Rooth ( 2007 ) show the effects of the initial conditions in terms of unemployment rates , encountered by refugees at arrival on long-term earnings and employment in Sweden . To document this , the authors use the FLYDATA , which offers detailed information on all refugees who received a residence permit between 1987 and 1991 . Data on labor market outcomes come from the Sweden Longitudinal Individual Study . The authors are thus able to follow", "spans": [{"start": 1981, "end": 1988, "text": "FLYDATA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2141, "end": 2177, "text": "Sweden Longitudinal Individual Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EES / POP n Missing Low < br > K andahar n Medium Low < br > Helmand n Medium < br > N i mroz n Medium High < br > n High < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Source : UNHCR ; CSO population statistics < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Returns were concentrated in time and space , * * thus posing a disproportionately large challenge to the absorption capacity of some districts and provinces ( Figure 1 and 2 ) < sup > 2 < / sup > . While the local impact of a massive influx of refugees , and the capacity to reintegrate , depends on a range of factors < sup > 3 < / sup > , one thing is clear : * * local absorption capacity certainly has a limit . * * Once the limit — which could vary by time and area depending on local circumstances — is reached , competition over resources could trigger or reinforce Local absorption capacity has a limit . pre-existing causes of conflict , especially since institutions are weak . In 2007 , districts that had received the largest influx of returnees relative to the local population were more likely to suffer higher insecurity ( Figure 3 ) < sup > 4 < / sup > . Over time , intensification of conflict and saturation of local absorption capacity have also determined the * * progressive increase in secondary displacement among returnees . * * Tellingly , the incidence of internal displacement among the returnees who came back in 2013 is twice as high compared to those who returned in 2002 , despite the fact that returnees in 2002 were almost 50 times more than in 2013 ( Figure 4 ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 3 Incidence of returns and severity of < br > conflict at the district level , 2007 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 241, "text": "CSO population statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MoE , < br > MoWSA , police , justice | | * * _Component 2 : _ * * < br > * * Skills for Jobs * * | Risk of lack of < br > job opportunity < br > after completing < br > the Vocational < br > and Skill Training | ✓ < br > Establish partnership with private and public training providers ( in collaboration with < br > relevant Gov . offices , NGOs and CSOs in the respective project target areas ) . < br > ✓ Organize and arrange dialogue , assess challenges and opportunities of employability < br > ✓ Involve families , clan leaders ( such as in Afar and Somali ) < br > ✓ Assessment on the quality of training , the extent of matching with vacancy and income < br > generating schemes and workplaces . < br > ✓ Conduct tracer study on the employment situation of graduates < br > ✓ Conduct regular dialogue with stakeholders to develop strategies , and involve private < br > sector , government and non-government institutions < br > ✓ < br > link the trainees with the industry ( in collaboration with relevant Gov . offices , NGOs < br > and CSOs in the respective project target areas ) . < br > ✓ < br > organize graduate of TVET in enterprises ( in collaboration with relevant Gov . offices , < br > NGOs and CSOs in the respective project target areas ) . < br > ✓ < br > facilitate local based feasibility income generating schemes , business plan and credit < br > as well as workplace forgraduates in consultation with Woreda and the city | MoLS , steering and < br > technical committees , < br > MoF , MOE , MOI , MoT < br > MOA MoST and , PTCs | * * 45 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "deportation of Haitians holding Brazilian permanent residence documents , Brazil has evinced an intention to accept their return , provided it is informed and voluntary . # # # # * * < mark > Timeline < / mark > * * - * * November 2010 : * * ▪ Working Group is created within CNIg to consider Haitian arrivals . * * Late 2010 / early 2011 : * * ▪ CONARE transfers first Haitian requests for refugee status to CNIg . * * March 2011 : * * ▪ CNIg grants permanent residence for humanitarian reasons to first group of 199 Haitians who requested refugee status . Practice continues in ensuing years . - * * January 2012 : * * ▪ CNIg creates a legal pathway to Brazil by permitting the grant of 1 , 200 visas from embassy in Port-au-Prince . In 2013 , quota and process restrictions are lifted . - ▪ Acre ’ s Federal Public Ministry files a public civil action against the Federal Union on Haitian Migration to Brazil . - * * First months of 2012 : * * ▪ CONARE stops accepting Haitian claims for refugee status , but reverses policy stance around the middle of the same year . - * * November 2015 : * * ▪ CONARE , CNIg and Migration Department of Ministry of Justice publish list of approximately 43 , 871 Haitians who applied for refugee status and received permanent residence for humanitarian reasons from CNIg ( authorization to stay ) . - * * July 2018 : * * - Over 57 , 664 Haitians have received permanent residence for humanitarian reasons based on permission to enter and stay pursuant to the old migration law . # # # # _3 . 2 . 4 . Mexico ’ s Response_ In the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake and resulting disaster in Haiti , Mexico implemented a humanitarian response to permit temporary admission and stay for 75", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1209, "text": "list of approximately 43 , 871 Haitians", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "work by Cadot , Carr ` ere , and Strauss-Kahn ( 2011 ) and Jaud , Kukenova , and Strieborny ( 2018 ) , we measure this distance by the Euclidean distance between the vector of the exporting country ’ s relative factor endowments and the vector of the exported product ’ s relative factor intensities : The Heckscher-Ohlin theory maintains that exported products should intensively use those factors of production that are abundant and therefore cheap in the exporting country . Consequently , the relative factor intensity of the exported products should be as close as possible to the relative factor endowment of the country that exports them . In the above equation , _κc_ , _hc_ and _lc_ are the exporting country ’ s endowments in physical capital , human capital and land , all relative to the fourth production factor - labour ( e . g . , _κc_ ˆ represents the capital / labor ratio in a country _c_ ) . _κk_ , _h_ < sup > ˆ < / sup > _k_ and < sup > ˆ < / sup > _lk_ are the corresponding relˆ ative factor intensities of the exported product ( e . g . , _κk_ represents capital / labor intensity for a product _k_ ) . Since the production factors are measured in units that are not directly comparable , we standardize the differences between the product ’ s factor intensities and the country ’ s factor endowments to have zero mean and unit variance ( “ std ” in Equation 1 stands for “ standardized ” ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > Our approach should be seen as complementary to the Ricardian theory that stresses technology as an alternative source of comparative advantage in international trade . Our focus on factor endowments is motivated both by data availability and existing evidence that Ricardian forces of technological differences do not bias tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin model . Online Appendix A2 discusses these issues in more detail . The data on relative factor endowments and factor intensities is taken from Cadot , Tumurchudur , and Shirotori ( 2009 ) . While finding proxies for factor endowments at the country level is relatively straightforward ( physical capital constructed according to the perpetual", "spans": [{"start": 1862, "end": 1919, "text": "data on relative factor endowments and factor intensities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "formation of mixed gender , women ' s and youth groups . A beneficiary assessment conducted in 1997 indicated that each FEW regularly met with only 4 to 8 groups averaging 10 to 15 households . These figures were much lower than had been planned . Given these numbers , it is estimated that about 40 , 000 to 100 , 000 farmers had regular contact with FEWs , about 2 to 5 % of farmers in the project area . The project ' s coverage was further limited relative to plans in that it made less use of mass media than had been envisaged at appraisal . For those farmers with whom they did have contact , FEWs conveyed a range of technologies and technical / management messages ( improved seed , pest and disease control , simple crop practices , improved livestock husbandry , aquaculture ) and at least some farmers adopted4 . Collaboration with other projects and NGOs , particularly in supply and multiplication of planting material , contributed to adoption . Adopting farmers reported yield increases but over the project life national production data did not indicate any aggregate increase in productivity . From 1995 , the third year of operation , late provision of counterpart funds and late and non-payment of staff allowances adversely affected project activities including levels of supervision , staff performance and morale . hnproved efficiency and cost effectiveness could have been achieved if payment of staff allowances and salary support had been linked to performance indicators . In 1997 / 98 , a Village Level Participation Approach ( VLPA ) was launched in eight districts aimed at increasing farmer participation and capacity in the identification of priorities and the formulation of action plans . VLPA was widely appreciated as a tool for encouraging and nurturing community level planning processes . However , for many it was a disappointing experience in that , on its own , it provided only passive guidance as to how communities might access resources with which to carry out the plans generated by the VLPA process . As a result , introduction of this broad based approach within the context of an agricultural extension project , which had only one year", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1053, "text": "national production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mean | 0 . 200 | 7 . 608 | 8 . 954 | 0 . 061 | | Other controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Individual FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Survey wave FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Observations | 5 , 297 | 1 , 663 | 351 | 587 | | Numberof individuals | 1 , 384 | 986 | 351 | 587 | _Notes : _ * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . Columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) show results of IV-Logit-FE ( marginal effects ) and IV-FE models , columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) show results of IV model using data from wave 3 of the BNLA . Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the individual level . Control variables include age group dummy variables , marital status , household size , language skills ( listening , speaking , reading , and writing ) , residence area , and home ownership . Mental health scores are the sum of the 6 - item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale ( K6 ) , with a higher score indicating worse mental health . The scores are standardized to have a mean of zero and standard deviation of one . 29", "spans": [{"start": 485, "end": 513, "text": "data from wave 3 of the BNLA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 2 . Change in Food Assistance Following the 2017 IPC Announcement * * | | ( 1 ) < br > Share < br > Receiving < br > Food | ( 2 ) < br > Share < br > Receiving < br > Food | ( 3 ) < br > Share < br > Receiving < br > Food | ( 4 ) < br > Share < br > Receiving < br > Food | ( 5 ) < br > Share < br > Receiving < br > Food | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | VARIABLES | Assistance | Assistance | Assistance | Assistance | Assistance | | Post Announcement Indicator | 0 . 193 * * * | 0 . 177 * * * | - | 0 . 139 * * * | 0 . 138 * * * | | | [ 0 . 023 ] | [ 0 . 025 ] | | [ 0 . 021 ] | [ 0 . 021 ] | | Quarter Indicators | | | | | | | ____________________ < br > Q2 2017 Indicator | - | | - 0 . 001 | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 026 ] | | | | Q3 2017 Indicator | - | | 0 . 200 * * * < br > [ 0 . 031 ] | - | - | | Q42017 Indicator | - | | 0 . 220 * * * | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 027 ] | | | | Q1 2018 Indicator | - | | 0 . 202 * * * | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 026 ] | | | | Q2 2018 Indicator | - | | 0 . 252 * * * < br > | - | - | | | | | [ 0 . 036 ] | | | | Q3 2018 Indicator | - | | 0 . 227 * * * | - | - | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of installed power generation capacity , making the country vulnerable to droughts . Droughts in 2015 / 2016 and 2019 led to blackouts and power rationing ( UNCTAD 2022 ) . Financial challenges at the state-owned electricity utility , a weak coordinating environment , and limited private sector participation further contribute to electricity issues in Zambia ( UNECA 2021 , UNCTAD 2022 ) . # # 6 . 4 . Regulatory environment and confluence with informality Formal firms in Zambia compete heavily with informal firms , reflecting difficulties in accessing highervalue markets and amplifying distortions from excessive formal regulatory and tax burdens . Informal firms may hinder the scale-up of formal competitors if their informal status provides them with cost or operational advantages ( e . g . , lower regulatory or tax burdens ) , creating an uneven playing field ( Amin , Ohnsorge and Okou 2019 ) . Since informal firms are not covered in this analysis , their impact on productivity can be observed as productivity declines among formal firms that experience sales or margin declines , rather than as cross-firm reallocation of resources . According to the 2019 Enterprise Survey , nearly 65 percent of firms compete with informal firms — higher than many peer countries — ( Figure 43 ) and informal sector practices are the third-most cited business environment obstacle . These competitive distortions result from informal competition coinciding with burdensome requirements for formal firms . Senior managers of formal firms in Zambia report spending 8 percent of their time dealing with regulatory requirements , higher than the averages for SSA and aspirational peers ( Figure 44 ) . Competition with the informal sector may also reflect weak market access , forcing formal firms to compete with informal firms for a limited pool of local customers . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 43 . Firms competing with informal firms Figure 44 . Senior management time spent on < br > ( Percent of latest Enterprise Survey respondents ) regulatory requirements ( Average of latest < br > Enterprise Survey respondents ) < br > 80 % 14 % < br > 70 % 12 % < br > 60 % 10 % < br > 50 % 8 % <", "spans": [{"start": 1175, "end": 1197, "text": "2019 Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Molina , I . ( 2019 ) , Desagregación de datos en encuestas de hogares : Metodologías de estimación en áreas pequenas . CEPAL : Comisión Ecónomica para América Latina y el Caribe . - Molina , I . , Rao , J . N . K . ( 2010 ) , Small area estimation of poverty indicators . _Canadian Journal of Statistics_ , * * 38 ( 3 ) * * , pp . 369 – 385 . Rao J . N . K . ( 2003 ) , _Small Area Estimation_ . New York : Wiley . - Tarozzi , A . , Deaton , A . ( 2009 ) , Using census and survey data to estimate poverty and inequality for small areas . _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ , * * 91 ( 4 ) * * , pp . 773792 . - UNECE ( 2020 ) , _Poverty Measurement . Guide to Data Disaggregation_ , Geneva : United Nations Economic Commission for Europe . - Van der Weide , R . ( 2014 ) , GLS estimation and empirical bayes prediction for linear mixed models with heteroskedasticity and sampling weights : A background study for the povmap project . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No 7028 . Washington DC : The World Bank . - Verma , V . ( 1991 ) , _Sampling Methods_ , Statistical Institute for Asia and Pacific , Tokyo . Verma , V . , Betti , G . ( 2011 ) , Taylor linearization sampling errors and design effects for poverty measures and other complex statistics , _Journal of Applied Statistics_ , * * 38 ( 8 ) * * , pp . 1549-1576 . Wolter , K . ( 1985 ) , _Introduction to Variance Estimation_ . Springer-Verlag . 23", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 488, "text": "census and survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Table 7 . 2 : Number of PHAs , size of farmland affected by tower pads | * * Woreda * * | * * No . of * * < br > * * PAHs * * | * * Percent of * * < br > * * PAHs * * | * * Size of farmland * * < br > * * affected ( ha ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Adele SC | 35 | 27 . 1 | 0 . 102 | | Kersa | 44 | 34 . 1 | 0 . 130 | | Meta | 50 | 38 . 8 | 0 . 169 | | * * Total * * | * * 129 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 401 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration January-March 2025_ # # # # # # * * 7 . 3 . 2 Impact on Farmland due to Construction of the Two New Substations * * < mark > The total land required for the construction of the two new substations at Chelenko and < / mark > Haromaya is 8 . 0 ha ( i . e . 4 . 0ha each for the 2 substations ) . < mark > Based on census enumeration and registration of affected assets , the site selected for the construction of the 2 new substations is currently under use for various purposes and of which 7 . 08 ha is farmland , while residential houses and other structures , perennial crops , < / mark > eucalyptus trees and indigenous trees occupied the remaining 0 . 92 ha of the land . < mark > Overall , the construction of the new Chelenko and Haromaya substations will affect a farmland belonging to", "spans": [{"start": 596, "end": 614, "text": "Census Enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 927, "end": 981, "text": "census enumeration and registration of affected assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher rates in the rural North-East . This discrepancy may be related to differential access to conflict affected areas of the rural North-East by the survey teams of the GHS and the MICS survey , which may suggest that the temporarily inaccessible areas display notably higher education deprivation rates than the more accessible ones . Such a discrepancy would confirm findings by Bertoni et al . ( 2018 ) that the conflict does notably effect schooling of children in the North-East . It is also worth noting that while children in the rural South-West similar to the children in the northern regions , appear to start schooling later and used to have slightly higher education deprivation rates than the other southern regions , towards GHS wave 3 also in the South West almost all children have been at some point in school by the time they reach the oldest child category . Figure 6 : National Level Severe Education Deprivation > 22 UNICEF ( 2017 ) evaluates for instance the unconditional cash transfer program ranging from 2014-2016 with the primary objective of increasing the enrolment , retention and completion of basic education of girl ’ s in specific areas of Niger and Sokoto States , presented in . 19", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 195, "text": "MICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Ma , Yuan , Qiang Zhang , and Qiyue Yin ( 2021 ) . “ Top management team faultlines , green technology innovation and firm financial performance ” . _Journal of Environmental Management_ 285 , 112095 . - Marin , Giovanni and Francesco Vona ( 2021 ) . “ The impact of energy prices on socioeconomic and environmental performance : Evidence from French manufacturing establishments , 1997-2015 ” . _European Economic Review_ 135 , 103739 . - Martin , Ralf , Mirabelle Muûls , et al . ( 2012 ) . “ Anatomy of a paradox : Management practices , organizational structure and energy efficiency ” . _Journal of Environmental Economics and Management_ 63 , 208 – 223 . - Martin , Ralf , Laure B . de Preux , and Ulrich J . Wagner ( 2014 ) . “ The impact of a carbon tax on manufacturing : Evidence from microdata ” . _Journal of Public Economics_ 117 , 1 – 14 . - Masson-Delmotte , V . et al . ( 2018 ) . “ IPCC , 2018 : Annex I : Glossary ” . _Global Warming of 1 . 5C . An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1 . 5Â ° C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways , in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change , sustainable development , and efforts to eradicate poverty_ . Cambridge , UK and New York , NY , USA : Cambridge University Press , 541 – 562 . - Masuda , Yuta J . , Brianna Castro , et al . ( 2019 ) . “ How are healthy , working populations affected by increasing temperatures in the tropics ? Implications for climate change adaptation policies ” . _Global Environmental Change_ 56 , 29 – 40 . - Masuda , Yuta J . , Teevrat Garg , Ike Anggraeni , Kristie Ebi , et al . ( 2021 ) . “ Warming from tropical deforestation reduces worker productivity in rural communities ” . _Nature Communications_ 12 . Number : 1 Publisher : Nature Publishing Group , 1601 . - Masuda , Yuta J . , Teevrat Garg , Ike Anggraeni , Nicholas H . Wolff , et", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Fareed M . A . Hassan , ECSPE_ 8 percent for the third one . This means that the first positive tax bracket was rather narrow in relation to the income group it covered . The second positive income tax bracket of 24 percent covered 78 percent of the fourth income decile , all of the fifth through ninth deciles , and 65 percent of the highest income group in 1992 . This tax bracket had the broadest base , covering nearly two-thirds of the total number of households . Potential revenue as a share of total personal incoime was in the range of 4 . 7 to 16 . 5 percent , depending on the niumber of households subject to tax in each of the income decile in question . The next three tax brackets of the 1992 schedule given in Table 2 covered a small part of the households . The 28 percent rate was applicable to only 73 households in the survey or one third of the top income decile . Also , tax rates of 32 and 36 percent covered only three households in the 1992 survey . These brackets were extremely narrow relative to the tax base which they were designed to tap . Perhaps even more striking is the fact that the maximum 40 percent tax rate applied to incomes of over 240 , 000 Lev exceeded the maximum income reported in the 1992 household budget survey , indicating that this tax bracket was applied to a nonexistent base ! Figure 1 shows the misrnatch between the 1992 income distribution and bracket / rate tax structure . Total potential personal income tax revenue ( TPPITR ) can be expressed as follows : TPPITR * * = j Ei * * ( Xij t1 + aj ) , ( 2 ) where : j = 1 , 2 , 3 . . . , 7 ( i . e . , seven tax rates as given in Table 2 ) ; i = 1 , 2 , 3 . . . . . . . . 2202 households included in the survey ; and Xij tj , and a ; j are as defined in equation 2 . The application of equation 2 to household income as recorded in", "spans": [{"start": 1234, "end": 1262, "text": "1992 household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "D . N . 1978 . Prediction of School Failure From Third-Grade Data : Educational and Psychological Measurement . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1177 / 001316447803800442 - Nicola , M . , Alsafi , Z . , Sohrabi , C . , Kerwan , A . , Al-Jabir , A . , Iosifidis , C . , Agha , M . , & Agha , R . ( 2020 ) . The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic ( COVID-19 ) : A review . International Journal of Surgery ( London , England ) , 78 , 185 – 193 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . ijsu . 2020 . 04 . 018 < / u > - Macdonald , K . A . D . 2012 . Indigenous Peoples and Development Goals . In G . H . Hall & H . A . Patrinos ( Eds . ) , Indigenous Peoples , Poverty , and Development ( pp . 17 – 72 ) . Cambridge University Press . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1017 / CBO9781139105729 . 002 - Marcotte , Dave E . and Steven W . Hemelt . 2008 . Unscheduled School Closings and Student Performance . Education Finance and Policy , Volume 3 | Issue 3 | Summer 2008 , p . 316-338 . Available online at https : / / www . mitpressjournals . org / doi / pdf / 10 . 1162 / edfp . 2008 . 3 . 3 . 316 - Maria A . Cattaneo , Chantal Oggenfuss , Stefan C . Wolter . 2016 . The More , the Better ? The Impact of Instructional Time on Student Performance . IZA DP No . 9797 March 2016 . < u > http : / / ftp . iza . org / dp9797 . pdf < / u > - McClain-Nhlapo , Charlotte . 2020 . An inclusive response to COVID-19 : Education for children with disabilities . Global Partnership for Education . Available online at < u > https : / / www . globalpartnership . org / blog / inclusive-response-covid-19-education-childrendisabilities . < / u > - McClain-Nhlapo , Charlotte Vuyiswa", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 65, "text": "Third-Grade Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project ( P164654 ) NDEF regulations have been approved and are to be gazetted within 60 days . NT pledged KSE2 billion to be allocated as a seed capital in FY21 / 22 so NDEF may start its operations . # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * # Component 1 : Strengthening Social Protection Delivery Systems # < u > < mark > IN00988483 < / mark > < / u > ► IRI 1 : Percentage of beneficiaries receiving payments through the new Inua Jamii Payment Mechanism for the Consolidated Cash Transfer Program ( Percentage , Custom , PBC ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 85 . 00 | 85 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2018 < br > 27-Oct-2020 | 15-Apr-2021 | 29-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | DSA has made further progress towards roll-out of < br > percent of beneficiaries . The outstanding cases rel < br > numbers with the Integrated Population Registry an < br > officers to train them to resolve the issues . That wo | the new payment mechanis < br > ate to duplication of caregive < br > d others . DSA has been wor < br > rk is yet to be completed . | m from 85 percent to 100 < br > rs , mismatch of ID < br > king with the county | < u > < mark > IN00988486 < / mark > < / u > ► IRI 2 : Integrated G & CM mechanism is strengthened and rolled out at decentralized level ( Text , Custom , PBC ) | | Baseline < br > Actual", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1065, "text": "Integrated Population Registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "anyoil or oil contaminated waste ; | < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > KETRACO | | Operation of Substation |  < br > Security |  < br > Ensuring < br > security < br > of < br > Substation < br > in < br > collaboration with law enforcing agencies < br >  < br > Keeping complain book at Substation for < br > recordingofpeople ’ s complaints | < br > < br > | * * Page 44 * *", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 288, "text": "complain book", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "displacement of about 476 , 000 people . In March of the same year a military coup ousted the sitting President and engulfed the country in political instability and deteriorating governance . In January 2013 , in reaction to increased insecurity , a French military operation ( _Opération Serval_ ) together with an ECOWAS force known as AFISMA ( African-led International Support Mission to Mali ) and Chadian soldiers regained control over a vast part of the North causing the rebels to flee the main towns . Despite its short duration , the occupation resulted in the destruction and pillage of a wide range of social and economic infrastructure . 3 . * * The crisis of 2012 has had a severe economic impact and Mali ’ s GDP is estimated to have contracted by 1 . 2 percent in real terms since the beginning of the crisis * * . The economic contraction in 2012 was caused by a strong reduction of Official Development Assistance ( ODA ) in 2012 as well as the deterioration of the security situation , which impacted tourism ( both in Southern and Northern parts of the country ) and undermined the livelihoods of Northern populations . With about 27 percent of the Northern population being displaced , it is estimated that economic activities in the North have been cut by a third . 4 . * * Mali is now on the path to recovery as key milestones have been reached towards the resolution of the recent political and security crises * * . The election in August 2013 of a new President , Ibrahim Boubacar Keita of the Rally for Mali party , and the arrival of peacekeeping forces under the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali ( MINUSMA ) in the months preceding the presidential elections have been pivotal in promoting > 1 Population density in Mali is 11 persons per Km2 on average and as low as 1 person per Km2 in the Saharan regions . > 2 World Bank ( 2012 ) , _Republic of Mali : Poverty and Gender Notes_ , December , Washington D . C . > 3 For an", "spans": [{"start": 1764, "end": 1790, "text": "Population density in Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table C . City Size Equations < sup > a , b < / sup > ( standard errors corrected for spatial dependence in parentheses ) | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Spatial GMM | Spatial OLS | | Ln ( ruralpop . supply ) | 1 . 706 * * * | 1 . 216 * * * | | | ( 0 . 635 ) | ( 0 . 386 ) | | Ln ( rural income opportunities ) | - 3 . 317 * * * | - 1 . 999 * * * | | | ( 0 . 864 ) | ( 0 . 462 ) | | Ln ( marketpotential ) | 2 . 322 * * * | 1 . 426 * * * | | | ( 0 . 660 ) | ( 0 . 468 ) | | Average Schooling | 0 . 181 * | 0 . 231 * * | | | ( 0 . 099 ) | ( 0 . 112 ) | | Ln ( inter-citytransport costs ) | - 1 . 346 * * * | 0 . 081 | | | ( 0 . 280 ) | ( 0 . 083 ) | | State capital dummy | - 0 . 211 | 1 . 091 * * * | | | ( 0 . 330 ) | ( 0 . 187 ) | | time dummies | Yes | Yes | | Observations | 369 | 369 | | Hansen J statistic < br > ( overidentificationtest ) | 1 . 659 | | * * * significant at 1 % level ; * * significant at 5 % level ; * significant at 10 % level . - a . The instruments are semi-arid area dummy , port dummy , illiteracy rate ( 1970 ) , ln ( industry capital per worker , 1970 ) , ln ( distance to state capital ) * ln ( market pot . agric . land availability , 1970 ) , ln ( humidity ) , ln ( avg . temperature ) , ln ( rural pop . supply , 1970 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - ( i ) Census and valuation of land - For each PAP , whose land is affected , provide ( i ) actual acreage of land to be taken by the transmission line way leave ; ( ii ) total acreage of the PAP ’ s land ; ( iii ) a description of the nature of impact on the land and structures , i . e . whether whole or partial ; ( iv ) details of the land affected in terms of type of tenure and land use patterns - For each PAP , whose land is affected : ( i ) conduct valuation of the affected strip and compute compensation values ; ( ii ) provide type and methodology of compensation ; ( iii ) preferred method of valuation with justification ; and , - For each PAP , whose land is affected , provide the following information on the status of land ownership documents ( i ) information on whether the current land occupant is the registered land owner ( ii ) placed caveats ( if any ) ; ( iii ) disputes involving the land parcel if any , and their status ( i . e . whether they are in court or not ) - Provide actual values of the percentage parts of the parcels affected basing the values on 30 – 70 % of the total market value of land where 30 % is for the parcels with very minimal effect while up to 70 % being for the parcels that are severely or totally affected . * * Note : * * ( i ) The valuation estimates should be based on locational registration areas . ( ii ) 15", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 38, "text": "Census and valuation of land", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and foot surveys and two burial sites and one recently assigned site were identified and documented during the survey along the line Arsi Robe * * 132 kV * * TL corridor ( See Table * * 5 . 8 ) . * * Therefore , these burial sites might be impacted during foundation construction for towers number * * 100 , 103 * * and * * 166 . * * During the consultation the elders and community members have confirmed these sites have local social and cultural significance . Therefore , given their socio-cultural and psychologically sensitive nature , it is necessary to avoid any potential impacts on these sites . | T100 | * * 557131 . 27 * * | 89346046 | ThesesitesarelocatedinLode | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * T103 * * | * * 557931 . 38 * * | * * 892938 . 42 * * | HetosaWoredaandbelonstothe < br > Muslimfaithcommunities , | | * * T166 * * | * * 567201 . 58 * * | * * 874309-11 * * | Thisisarecently assigned < sup > burial site < / sup > < br > anditislocatedinArsiRobe < br > da | | * * IMNid-Day * * | | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 16, "text": "foot surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 46 | 47 | 60 | 100 | 70 | 60 | 71 | 98 | 33 % | 6 % | 41 % | 30 % | | Jamaica | 61 | 55 | 57 | 74 | 91 | 104 | 94 | 125 | 111 | 89 | 68 % | 3 % | 72 % | - 9 % | | Turkey | 49 | 43 | 62 | 64 | 97 | 61 | 75 | 87 | 73 | 86 | 72 % | 1 % | 73 % | - 2 % | | Saint Lucia | 32 | 19 | 39 | 40 | 68 | 70 | 49 | 64 | 99 | 83 | 171 % | 32 % | 257 % | 61 % | | Indonesia | 285 | 263 | 232 | 315 | 233 | 197 | 190 | 120 | 107 | 74 | - 22 % | - 58 % | - 67 % | - 42 % | | Other | 3 , 092 | 3 , 053 | 2 , 623 | 2 , 948 | 2 , 857 | 2 , 878 | 3 , 062 | 2 , 866 | 2 , 743 | 2 , 852 | - 7 % | - 2 % | - 9 % | - 6 % | | Total | 16 , 706 | 16 , 203 | 16 , 047 | 18 , 831 | 18 , 252 | 18 , 923 | 20 , 017 | 18 , 846 | 18 , 151 | 19 , 419 | 13 % | 1 % | 14 % | - 3 % | | * * Note * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * Refers to applications lodged in Canada . * * _17_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were conducted in all regions except Somali regions . In this regard , a total of 50 , 495 males , 25 , 366 females , and a total of 75 , 437 participants were involved during the consultation . Among these 23 , 714 , 317 , and 4 , 857 were youth , disabilities , and elders respectively . Of these total participants , 33 . 6 % and 31 % were females and youth respectively . - Participation and engagement of the vulnerable groups ( women , youth , and the poor ) on need identification and prioritization was encouraged and the communities build a sense of ownership and trust in the sub-projects . - A total of 79 , 877 participants ( 53142 males , 27031 females , 25220 youths , 255 disabilities and 5 , 419 elders ) were involved during the consultation . From the total participants 34 % and 31 . 6 % were females and youth , respectively . This report does not include the Somali region . # * * 4 . 5 . 8 . ESS8 : Cultural Heritage * * Recognizes that cultural heritage provides continuity in tangible and intangible forms between the past , present and future . People identify with cultural heritage as a reflection and expression of their constantly evolving values , beliefs , knowledge , and traditions . Cultural heritage , in its many manifestations , is important as a source of valuable scientific and historical information , as an > 32 The data is extracted from LLRP I annual report ( August , 2023 ) . . . \\ . . \\ E and S Materials \\ LLRP 2015EFY Annual < u > Report ( 2 ) ( 1 ) . docx < / u > 36", "spans": [{"start": 1381, "end": 1401, "text": "LLRP I annual report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to revisit our full baseline sample in each of these waves ; we reached between 81 % and 89 % of households across treatment arms during these two survey waves , and find no evidence of differential attrition across treatment arms ( Appendix Tables A7 and A8 ) . * * Demonstration monitoring * * In addition to the household survey , we gathered operational data during the demonstration year ( November 2012 – March 2013 ) through detailed communication with each of the extension agents . For each village , we identified the full set of crops for which demonstration packages were distributed , and 18", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 331, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exporters < br > 2 < br > 1 . 8 Exports to all economies subject to TTBs in effect < br > 1 . 6 < br > 1 . 41 . 2 Exports to G20 High Income economies subject to TTBs in effect < br > 1 < br > 0 . 8 Exports to G20 Emerging economies subject to TTBs in effect < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 Exports to all other economies subject to TTBs in effect < br > 0 < br > 1995 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Shares of nonoil exports , constructed by the author with policy data from Bown ( 2012 ) and trade-weighting with HS-06 import data from UN Comtrade via WITS , following Appendix equation ( A2 ) . 24", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 554, "text": "policy data from Bown", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 589, "end": 632, "text": "HS-06 import data from UN Comtrade via WITS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Any of the above tariff structures may be complemented by a fixed monthly charge , and are then described as two-part electricity tariffs . The fixed charge can be used to cover the fixed administrative costs associated with serving a customer , and is sometimes also used to discriminate between customers based on other cost-related characteristics such as load served and network location . # * * a . Residential tariffs * * Two-thirds of the prevailing pricing schemes in Africa are IBTs , and the remaining third are linear ( figure 1a ) . The use of linear rates is more common in countries with prepayment systems ( Malawi , Mozambique , and South Africa ) ( table 1 ) . The prevalence of IBTs is consistent with recent trends in power regulation . IBTs have often been put forward as a good tool for reconciling cost-recovery targets with distributional aims , although their success in doing so is critically dependent of the details of tariff design ( Filipovid and Tanid 2009 ; Borenstein 2008 ) . A more detailed description on residential tariff structures practiced in Africa can be found in Annex 2 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 1 . Prevalence of specific tariff schemes < br > a . Block tariff pricing b . Fixed charges < br > 70 % 60 % < br > 60 % 50 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Increasing Block Linear Rate Fixed No Fixed Fixed No Fixed < br > Charge Charge Charge Charge < br > ( Linear ) ( Linear ) ( IBT ) ( IBT ) < br > tariff schemes tariff schemes < br > schemes schemes < br > percentage of prevailing percentage of prevailing < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . About half of the sample countries have adopted two-part tariffs", "spans": [{"start": 1724, "end": 1786, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | In the case of physically displaced < br > persons ( c ) , the Borrower will provide < br > arrangements to allow them to obtain < br > adequate housing with security of < br > tenure . < br > All PAPs are provided compensation < br > for non-land assets that they lose . | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 < br > Land < br > Tenants / Squatters | Ugandan law does not make any < br > specific accommodation for squatters < br > or illegal settlers , and compensation is < br > based on legal occupancy . < br > The Land Act treats lawful occupants < br > and bonafide occupants as statutory < br > tenants of the registered owner . Under < br > Section 29 of the Land Act , < br > “ lawful occupant ” means a person < br > who entered the land with the consent < br > of the registered owner , and < br > includes a purchaser ; or a person < br > who had occupied land as a < br > customary tenant but whose tenancy < br > was not disclosed or compensated for < br > by the registered owner at the time of < br > acquiring the leasehold certificate of < br > title . “ Bona fide occupant ” means a < br > person who before the coming into < br > force of the Constitution had occupied < br > and utilized or developed any land < br > unchallenged by the registered owner < br > or agent of the registered owner for < br > twelve years or more ; or had been < br > settled on land by the Government or < br > an agent of the Government , which < br > may include a local Authority . | See above . The ESS5 explicitly < br > states that the affected persons < br > cannot be", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the applicable vintage of the WEO database . Hence , for example , the projection for outturns for Dominica before it was struck by hurricane Erika at the end of August 2015 are taken from the April 2015 WEO database . For each variable , we show the deviation of the outturn , after the disaster , from the projection made just before the disaster . As a control group , we use the similar deviations of outturns from projections for the other SIDS in the same region . < sup > 11 < / sup > For Caribbean countries , cyclone disasters all occurred towards the end of the third quarter of the calendar year . As we are using annual data , we construct outturn variables composed of one quarter of the value of the variable in the calendar year in which the disaster occurred and three quarters of the value of the variable in the following year and similarly for the subsequent year . Cyclone Evan struck Samoa in December 2012 , so we examine the economic outturns in the 2013 and 2014 calendar years . Cyclone Pam struck Vanuatu in March 2015 , so we construct 12-month outturns for 2015 / 16 and 2016 / 17 from the calendar year data . Table 3 . A shows the impact of hurricane Erika , which struck Dominica in August 2015 and caused damages estimated at 89 percent of GDP ( table 2 ) . Compared to pre-disaster projections , real GDP growth was slightly lower in the first 12 months after the disaster and substantially lower in the second 12 months . There was a large increase in government expenditure in both periods ( a combined 30 percent of GDP ) presumably to pay for the costs of repair and reconstruction , but this was more than offset by even higher government revenues and , as a result , fiscal balances improved and gross public debt fell in the first 12 months , although it was at a roughly similar level by the end of the second 12 months to that which had been > 10 We do not include hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas in 2019 or cyclone Harold in Tonga in 2020 because the impact of these disasters is", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 42, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 625, "end": 636, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1118, "end": 1136, "text": "calendar year data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Census ; - ( ii ) Socio-Economic Survey ; - ( iii ) Specific Compensation Rates and Standards ; - ( iv ) Entitlements related to any additional impacts ; - ( v ) Site Description ; - ( vi ) Programs to Improve or Restore Livelihoods and Standards of Living ; ( vii ) Detailed cost estimates and Implementation Schedule . Where relocation or loss of shelter occurs , the RPF requires that measures to assist the displaced persons be implemented in accordance with the Resettlement Action Plans . If community members elect to voluntarily donate land / assets without compensation , they must be fully informed about the project and its grievance redress arrangements ahead of the agreement , and it must be documented that this act is performed freely and voluntarily without any coercion . 61", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 39, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- equity trading portfolio assets . Credit risk is the single largest risk for the company ’ s business ; the directors therefore carefully manage the exposure to credit risk . The credit risk management and control are centralised in a credit risk management team , which reports to the Board of Directors and head of each business unit regularly . Credit risk on financial assets with banking institutions is managed by dealing with institutions with good credit ratings and placing limits on deposits that can be held with each institution . The Company carries out its own assessment of credit risk before investing , and updates such assessments at each reporting date . In assessing whether the credit risk on a financial asset has increased significantly , the Company compares the risk of default occurring on the financial asset as at the reporting date with the risk of default occurring on that financial asset as at the date of initial recognition . In doing so , the Company considers reasonable and supportable information that is indicative of significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition and that is available without undue cost or effort . There is a rebuttable assumption that the credit risk on a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition when contractual payments are more than 30 days past due . For these purposes default is defined as having occurred if the debtor is in breach of contractual obligations , or if information is available internally or externally that suggests that the debtor is unlikely to be able to meet its obligations . However , there is a rebuttable assumption that default does not occur later than when a financial asset is 90 days past due . A financial asset is credit-impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred . Evidence that a financial asset is credit impaired include observable data about the following events : < ! - - Start of picture text - - > significant financial < br > difficulty of the debtor < br > 01 < br > a breach of contract < br > it is probable that the < br > debt", "spans": [{"start": 1963, "end": 1978, "text": "observable data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | | 2 inputs ( public expenditure , literacy of adult ) – 2 < br > outputs ( life expectancy , immunization DPT . ) | . 81 | . 91 | . 97 | . 93 | . 97 | . 96 | | 3 inputs ( public expenditure , private spending , < br > literacy of adult ) – 2 outputs ( life expectancy , < br > immunization DPT . ) | . 81 | . 91 | . 97 | . 94 | . 97 | . 96 | | 3 inputs ( public expenditure , private spending , < br > literacy of adult ) – 2 outputs ( life expectancy , < br > immunization measles . ) | . 80 | . 91 | . 96 | . 94 | . 98 | . 96 | | 3 inputs ( public expenditure , private spending , < br > literacy of adult ) – 3 outputs ( life expectancy , < br > immunization DPT . , DALE ) | . 82 | . 91 | . 97 | . 95 | . 98 | . 97 | Tables 9 and 12 show that , on average , developing nations score between . 85 and . 95 in output efficiency in the multiple input-output framework . This figures imply that developing countries could raise their output levels by an average of 10 percent with the same input consumption , if they were as efficient as the comparable benchmark countries . This figure is simply indicative , as the precise estimate varies with the country and with the selected indicator , and has a large variance across countries : for instance , the bottom decile of ( output ) efficiency scores is about . 66 , implying that the scope for increasing health and education attainment levels is between 3 or 4 times higher than for the whole sample average . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) | Fiduciary | - - |  Substantial |  Substantial | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Environment and Social | - - |  High |  High | | Stakeholders | - - |  High |  High | | Other | - - | - - | - - | | Overall | - - |  High |  High | # * * Results * * # # * * PDO Indicators by Objectives / Outcomes * * To Improve the delivery and use of comperhensive package of Maternal and Child Health ( MCH ) Services ~ ~ < u > IN00724903 < / u > ~ ~ | ► Deliveries attended by skilled birth providers for the bottom 3 performing regions ( Afar , Oromia & Somal ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 19 . 00 | 19 . 00 | 19 . 00 | 28 . 00 | | Date | 31-Oct-2016 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724904 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 20 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 16 Ethiopia Demographic Hea | lth Survey ( EDHS ) Report . | Update to be provided by | | ► Pregnant women re | ceiving at least four antenatal | care visits ( Percentage , C | ustom ) ( Percentage , Cu | stom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1016, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Kenya Industry_ * * _ & _ * * _Entrepreneurship Project Reports and Financial Statements_ _For the financial year ended June_ * * _30 , _ * * _2022_ Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule | * * ( i ) * * < br > A / CName [ AkcNo * * 1000395923 ] * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Openingbalance | * * 82998 * * | * * 6 , 870 * * | | Totalamo ) untdepositedintheaccount | * * 1 , 113 , 848 * * | * * 786 , 948 * * | | Totalamountwithdrawn ( asperStatementofReceip | 499 , 468 | * * 790 , 849 * * | | Closing * * balance * * _ ( asper_ * * _SDA_ * * _bankaccountreco_ | * * 697 , 349 * * | * * 82 , 969 * * | The Special Deposit Account reconciliation statement < sup > hasbeen attached < / sup > < sup > _as Appendix ( iv ) _supports these closing < / sup > balances . # # # # * * 7 . * * B Cash * * In Hand * * As at * * 30 \" * * June 2022 , there was no cash at hand . # # # # * * 7 . C * * Cash equivalents ( short-term deposits ) _As at_ * * _30 \" ' _ * * _June 2022 , there was no any short - term deposits_ < sup > _and the project doesnot own any account in any_ < / sup > _commercial banks . _ # # # # * * 8 . ACCOUNTS * * RECEIVABLES There were no outstanding imprests and salary < sup > advancesasat", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 192, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ - 9 - _ 36 . The cost estimates for the new roads and for the bridge construction are reasonable . The locations of the roads were determined by consultants some years ago from an aerial survey . They were later fully surveyed in the field by the IHA which ran center lines , took cross sections and comrputed quantities . The quantities which underlie the cost estimates seem accurate and are derived from detailed designs and drawings with full particulars of the alignment and structures . The uilit prices applied to the quantities , reflect recent experience under existing contracts . A 15 % contingency allowance , therefore , seenis adequate . 37 . The estimate of the foreign exchange component is based on experience in the Second Highway Program . Analysis of the work accomplished to date shows that 65 % of the total cost of road construction and 50 % of the cost of bridge construction may be regarded reasonably as the foreign exchange costs involved in contract works , 38 . The estimate for the management consultants include not only the costs of the top experts , but also those of engineers and technicians urgently needed as interim replacements of BPR personnel . 39 . A total expenditure for foreign consultants and-experts of EthM5 . 2 million ( before contingencies ) , of which the foreign exchange to be financed by IDA would be US ' . 75 million , may seem large at first sight . However , they can be considered reasonable , in view of thescope , complexity and duration of the services involved ; the need to ensure the satisfactory completion of the Bank-financed Second Highway Program ; and the necessity to maintain the IHA as a functioning organization and improve its efficiency . 4o . As mentioned earlier , part of the Second Highway Program is under construction by foreign contractors . The Bank is financing the foreign exchange cost of four road contracts . Because the original designs were inadequately prepared by the IHA and because of a number of serious unforeseen natural difficulties ( slides , difficult soils , etcJ ) , the", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 195, "text": "aerial survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "whether process innovations could also be categorized as automation . including manufacturing and services . In total our estimation sample is based on over 15 , 000 > 8Sector breakdown is usually manufacturing , retail , and other services . For larger economies , specific manufacturing sub-sectors are selected as additional strata on the basis of employment , value-added , and total number of establishments ’ figures . Geographic regions within a country are selected based on which cities / regions collectively contain the majority of economic activity . Enterprise Surveys implemented in Eastern Europe and Central Asian countries are also known as Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys ( BEEPS ) and are jointly conducted by the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . For more details see Enterprise Surveys ( http : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org ) . > 9Overall both product and process innovation rates fall from 37 % to 31 % . 13", "spans": [{"start": 658, "end": 713, "text": "Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 848, "end": 866, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was not easy . But , in the process HSDP made an important contribution to decentralization . # # * * 3 . 6 Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and / or Stakeholder Workshops * * As this is a core ICR , there has not been any beneficiary survey or stakeholder workshop to discuss the ICR results . However , the preparation of this ICR made extensive use of the conclusions and recommendations of the reports of the many stakeholder consultations that took place during HSDP implementation , such as the final evaluations of HSDP I & II and the joint annual review meetings ( ARM ) . # * * 4 . Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome * * Rating : Significant The risk that development outcomes will not be maintained is rated “ significant ” . Although the absolute levels are still low , the steady increase in public health expenditures is an indication of the Government commitment and ownership for health . Also , the donor community is very much interested in assisting Ethiopia to achieve the MDGs , particularly in health . In the Protection of Basic Services Project , health is one of the sectors to be protected . Under component 1 , Government and donors provide financing at woreda level through a block grant mechanism for all basic services including health , whereas under component 2 financing is 23", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 149, "text": "Beneficiary Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 232, "end": 250, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "permanence and inhibit return . Based on UNHCR ’ s data , it appears that more than 121 , 000 Somalis , who arrived in Dadaab in 2011 , were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria , through a group-based approach . Similarly , over 50 Somalis were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention , and fewer than 10 on the basis of UNHCR ' s mandate definitions . With respect to Somalis who arrived in 2012 in Dadaab , more than 18 , 000 were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria , through a group-based approach , > 110 See also , Betts , supra note 94 ; Grant et al . , “ Asylum Under Threat : Assessing the Protection of Somali Refugees in Dadaab Refugee Camps and Along the Migration Corridor ” , Refugee Consortium of Kenya and Danish Refugee Council , 2012 , available at : < u > https : / / reliefweb . int / sites / reliefweb . int / files / resources / Asylum_Under_Threat . pdf , < / u > > accessed : September 2018 . 45", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 55, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The third group includes participants with reservation wages of up to 20 % above the average starting salary level ; this group should be most affected by the incentive if reservation wages are binding . We indeed find a large aggregate employment effect for this group . The share with formal employment increases by 15 p . p . ( Panel A ) and the aggregate time formally employed goes up by more than 3 months ( Panel B ) . This sharp increase is exclusively driven by an increase in work with permanent contracts , while the share with temporary work and informal work slightly decreases ( Panel A ) . Strikingly , the intensive margin increase in ( permanent ) formal employment comes almost entirely from a reduction in informal work ( Panel B ) , illustrating the importance of reservation wages for youths ’ career choices . By contrast , we do not ob - > 26Specifically , we find that in the endline survey that the treatment group does not report higher level of job search activities . One limitation of this evidence is that we only collect job search data for the endogenously determined subgroup of people without work in our sample . 29", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 916, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1054, "end": 1069, "text": "job search data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Grievance information will be recorded in a grievance log . This information will include : - PAPs or other stakeholder name and contact details ; - Details of the nature of the grievance ; - Date received , responded to and closed out ; - How it was submitted , acknowledged , responded to and closed out . - _Referral and examination of complaints : _ a GRM Committee shall be established at each PRIME-1 subproject implementation site / Kebele ( comprising of members as presented See Section 13 . 5 below ) ( 3-5 days from receipt of the grievance ) who will examine the complaint , resolve , or refer . - _Notifying the complainant : _ the decision / solution / action by the grievance committee shall be communicated to the complainant , 8-15 days from receipt of the grievance ) . - _Closing the complaint_ : where the decision / solution of the complaint is accepted by the complainant , or the complaint is not related to the Subproject or any of its components , or the complaint is being heard by the judiciary , the complaint will be closed following the appropriate procedure as set out in Figure 13 . 1 below . A schematic process for dealing with grievances is presented in Figure 13 . 1 . The PO ’ s CLO / LRO will establish and maintain a system for the following : - Receiving and recording complaints and concerns regarding land acquisition and livelihoods restoration ; - Allocating the complaint / grievance to the appropriate persons and process for investigation ; Page 177", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 59, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STAYING SAFE : INTER-AGENCY INSIGHTS ON PROTECTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # * * Contents * * | Acknowledgements | 2 | | - - - | - - - | | Executive summary < br > i | 3 | | Demographic profiles | 7 | | General Protection < br > f | 9 | | Accountability to affected people | 11 | | Child protection | 13 | | Gender-based violence | 15 | | Access to health and MHPSS services | 18 | | Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse | 21 | | Methodology | 22 | # # # * * Acknowledgements * * The analysis of general protection and AAP data was supported by Umar Galadima ( UNHCR ) and Milindi Illangasinghe ( UNHCR ) . Principal author : Meron Yared , Associate Reporting Officer ( UNHCR ) . The analysis of the child protection data was developed by UNHCR in collaboration with the UNICEF Europe and Central Asia Regional Office . Principal authors : Sergii Lavrukhin ( CommunityBased Protection Officer , UNHCR ) and Anja Teltschik ( Child Protection Specialist - Monitoring , Evaluation and Data , UNICEF ) . The GBV Analysis was developed by the United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Office ( EECARO ) in coordination with UNHCR and other agencies and INGOs . Principal authors : Mariana Santoyo Bahamón ( GBV in Emergencies Preparedness Specialist , UNFPA ) and Iuliana Gutu ( Results Monitoring Consultant , UNFPA ) , with the technical support of Marta D ’ Agosto ( Community-Based Protection Officer , UNHCR ) , Audrey Barthalot ( Women ’ s Empowerment Officer , IRC ) , Natalia Szulc ( IRC ) , as well as the technical guidance of Ana Araújo ( Regional GBV in Emergencies Specialist , UNFPA ) . The analysis of gender ,", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 555, "text": "AAP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 728, "end": 749, "text": "child protection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 8 . Discrimination beyond the screening point : Evidence from survey data These experimental results are informative about gender discrimination in the job application process . However , discrimination in the labor market is not restricted to the hiring stage ; a large share of discrimination occurs during employment , whereby the labor of men and women is valued differently by the market . To further examine gender differential beyond the point of hiring , this study examined the monthly wage differentials between men and women using the 2014 Tunisian Labor Market Panel Survey ( TLMPS ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > Table 10 presents the average differences in monthly wages between men and women at different disaggregation levels . It suggests a systematic tendency to value the labor of men over that of women and pay men higher wages than women . Indeed , the median wage for men is higher than the median wage for women in both urban and rural areas . Moreover , the raw gender gap in median wages persists at all age levels and for all education levels . In terms of sector of employment , the median wage for women is slightly higher than that of men in government jobs , a result consistent with the findings that the public sector tends to have favorable conditions for women ’ s employment . However , the median wage for men is higher in the private sector and in semipublic enterprises . * * Table 10 Raw wage differentials by area , education level , age , and sector of employment * * | Raw wage differential ( m | onthlyin Tunisian din | ars ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Median , men | Median , women | P-value continuity < br > ( median equality ) | | _Overall_ < br > 444 | 325 | 0 . 00 | | _Area_ | | | | Urban < br > 500 | 359 | 0 . 00 | | Rural < br > 400 | 300 | 0 . 00 | | _Education level_ | | | | Illiterate < br > 315 | 260 | 0 . 00 | | Read", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 75, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 548, "end": 587, "text": "2014 Tunisian Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 590, "end": 595, "text": "TLMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 799 | 0 . 794 | 0 . 794 | 0 . 796 | 0 . 803 | Notes : Standard errors in parentheses ; * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . Survey weights are used in all regressions . All regressions control for establishment characteristics . The results discussed thus far suggest that improved management practices are associated with higher productivity , and that their impact is concentrated among larger establishments . These are based on combining the data for all countries , which may mask some important differences in how effective these practices can be in different contexts . The seven countries analyzed differ in terms of their level of development ( Bolivia , for example , is , according to World Bank classifications , a lower ‐ middle income economy , while Argentina is classified as high income ) , their industry composition ( in Argentina , 46 percent of establishments are engaged in manufacturing ; compared to 18 percent in Ecuador where the service industry dominates ) and their institutional environments ( Peru ranked number 68 out of 190 countries in the 2019 Doing Business report , while Bolivia was much farther down the rankings at 156 ) . All these aspects , as well as many others , could impact the effectiveness of management practices . Table 9 below considers the relationship between improved management practices and labor productivity in each of the seven countries separately . It shows that a significant relationship exists between the average management score and sales per worker in Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Uruguay . However , in 20", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 485, "text": "data for all countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1091, "end": 1117, "text": "2019 Doing Business report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "studied including SAGE models to inform the < br > NUSAF beneficiary cash payments < br > Social registries must be updated and used as data base for targeting to < br > minimize targeting errors of exclusion . < br > Urban and growth centers to have separate menu from the rural areas and < br > should include Waste management facilities , value addition , packaging and < br > processing facilities , access roads , market infrastructure , urban agriculture and < br > physicalplanningwith treeplantingof ornamental trees on road reserves . | | 9 | Community < br > Based Sector | Skilling the youth and women through vocational training centers and < br > mentorship for 1 ) Soft skills of life ( behaviours , goals , vision ) ( decision making , < br > personal development to develop personal goals both soft and long term < br > individual goals ) and 2 ) work reediness skill to prepare the to the world of < br > work and specifically on income , vision e . g capentry , crafts , welding , events < br > management , ware / storage management , etc . ( Financial literacy ability to < br > budget and save , VSCL , meet plans in the soft skills ) < br > Enhance the CDOs mobilization role and mind set change activities to support < br > smooth uptake and sustainability of NUSAF interventions . This should be in-line < br > with the PDM pillars < br > Enhanced targeting processes managed bythe CDOs | | 10 | Planning < br > Units , ICT and < br > communicatio < br > ns | The planning unit to provide and as well verify data provided for planning in - < br > line with UBOs data and National planning statistics < br > Planning unit to oversee monitoring and Evaluation activities . For knowledge < br > management , learning , visibility and replication of innovations and good < br > practices < br > Intensify communication", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 107, "text": "Social registries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1581, "end": 1590, "text": "UBOs data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1595, "end": 1623, "text": "National planning statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Consumergoods ( salt , sugar , cookingoil ) | * * 9 * * | * * 13 . 2 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Graintrade | * * 5 * * | 7 . 4 | | Food * * & * * beverages | * * 11 * * | * * 16 . 2 * * | | Fruits * * & * * Vegetables | * * 9 * * | * * 13 . 2 * * | | Transport | * * 5 * * | 7 . 4 | | Livestocktrade | 20 | 29 . 4 | | Cloth | * * 5 * * | 7 . 4 | | Construction materials ( stones , sand ) | 4 | * * 5 . 9 * * | | Total | * * 68 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | The socioeconomic survey also sought to understand present levels of income and expenditure to assess the overall economic well-being of the households affected * * by * * the proposed Subproject . Results of the survey show that a total of ETB * * 52 , 341 , 996 * * earned * * by * * the total surveyed household in the past 12 months preceding the survey . That means the households earned from all source of income on average ETB * * 193 , 859 * * per year which is close to * * 10 USD * * per day . Truly speaking the average household income of the survey households is considered as high * * by * * any standards in Ethiopia context where significant proportion * * ( 27 * * percent ) of the population living with * * 1 . 9 USD * * per day according to international poverty line . | AnnuaCrop | * * 4 . 655 , 550 * * | * * 5 , 038 , 900 * * | * * 7302 , 750 * * | * * 7311803", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 485, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effects of the minimum wage in the context of a developing economy , in which workers in are more likely to rely on informal employment to a greater degree . Our work distinguishes between two sources of employment effects : employment destruction coming from firm exits ( the extensive margin ) , and employment cuts in surviving firms ( the intensive margin ) . The paper assesses their respective contributions to aggregate effects . Because the data allow us to track workers over time , we also study the labor-market trajectories of workers in firms that were eliminated after the minimum-wage increase , revealing potential reallocation effects . By complementing the administrative data with data from the nationally representative survey , we provide evidence on whether the destruction of formal firms and formal jobs was accompanied by a rise in informal employment and / or a rise in unemployment . We find that raising the minimum wage substantially increases the destruction of formal firms and reduces the number of formal firms in the economy . The magnitude of the effect is sizable and robust to alternative specifications , sample restrictions , and treatment measures . Firm destruction , however , is primarily concentrated among firms that are small and had such low productivity levels that they were only marginally above subsistence before the minimum-wage increase . This suggests that minimum-wage increases can contribute to productivity gains in the formal economy by driving out less-productive firms . As expected from simple economic theory , the findings show that market conditions matter : the rise in firm destruction attributable to the minimum wage is stronger in industries with small profit margins , higher labor shares , and stronger market competition . The paper also finds negative effects on formal employment overall and shows that firm destruction ( the extensive margin ) is the main driver , as opposed to employment cuts in continuing firms ( intensive margin ) . In theory , the elimination of low-performing firms can help workers upgrade to higher-quality jobs in higher-performing firms ; however , we find that , a year after the rises in the minimum wage , only a minority of workers from firms that exited had found in other , formal employment . Using complementary data from surveys", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 694, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 714, "end": 746, "text": "nationally representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2311, "end": 2342, "text": "complementary data from surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Facilitation Project are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2021 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Project Accountant , Project Coordinator and Project Sponsor for Eastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade * * & * * Development Facilitation Project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Project Accountant , Project Coordinator and Project Sponsor for Eastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade * * & * * Development Facilitation Project confirms that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . # # # # * * Approval of the Project financial statements * * The Project financial statements were approved * * by * * the Project Accountant , Project Coordinator and Project * * Sp * * sor for the Fastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade * * & * * Development Facilitation _on . ! . . . h . . . . _ * * . . . . . . . 1 . . * * and signed on their behalf * * by . * * Josephat Omondi Project Accountant : ICPAK Member No . * * 3473 * * Mrs Lilian Nyawanda Project Coordinator Githii Mburu , * * CBS * * Project Sponsor Amb . Francis K . Muthaura , MBS , * * EGH * * Chairman xiX", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 478, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". They show that inflation exceeds the official CPI inflation for the elderly , lowincome households , and households with children over 18 years old . In Ireland , inflation impacts more rural than urban households , followed by lower-income families and pensioners , because of differences in spending on heating and transportation ( Lydon 2022 ) . At the same time , the aggregate cost of living in cities larger than 100 , 000 inhabitants is higher than in rural areas of Spain ( Lasarte-Navamuel et al . 2017 ) . < u > Hagemann ( 1982 ) < / u > reports geographical differences in the rates of inflation in the US . He also shows that households with the head 45 to 64 years of age and those headed by retiaries face different inflation rates compared to CPI inflation . < u > Antón et al . ( 2016 ) < / u > analyze data from 31 European countries , and Cullinan et al . ( 2011 ) data from Ireland to study the implications of high inflation on the well-being of people with disabilities . Both studies conclude that people with disabilities are more vulnerable to high inflation than the general population . 5", "spans": [{"start": 821, "end": 852, "text": "data from 31 European countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 885, "end": 902, "text": "data from Ireland", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 . This subcomponent will finance technical assistance and capacity building to enhance the policy and regulatory environment for the digital sector in line with the evolving needs of a thriving digital economy , including strengthening the ODPC and the CA . Key activities include : - a ) Providing technical assistance on ( a ) costing , budget , and finance requirements for strengthening the ODPC ( including consultant salaries , IT equipment , and so on ) and ( b ) creating drafts of legal and regulatory policies needed for data protection including developing a plan for regional coordination effort on data protection - b ) Supporting capacity building for preparing government datasets for usage , anonymizing as needed , and maintaining a data catalogue of existing datasets , conducting a data inventory , and identifying key data sources ( for example , geospatial ) - c ) Financing creation of the data institutional and governance framework , including creating data privacy compliance and audit frameworks for public sector institutions and private sector enterprises in line with international standards and regional frameworks - d ) Helping in development of a business model for the OPDC , for instance by developing training courses , to be delivered by OPDC , on awareness and compliance aimed at government and private clients - e ) Supporting international cooperation and partnerships with other data protection commissions through participating in exchange programs , study tours , and conferences on data governance - _f ) _ Providing technical assistance to the CA on enhancing the regulatory framework to increase broadband access and usage across the country and adapt the regulatory framework to support regional digital integration and the needs of the burgeoning digital economy and fourth industrial revolution . # # # # * * Component 4 : Project Management ( US $ 10 million ) * * 20 . This component will support project implementation , coordination and capacity building for the PIU within ICTA . It will include support for dedicated project managers and technical specialists , procurement and financial management specialists , environmental and social safeguards and communications specialists . It will also provide support for office equipment , incremental operating costs , and audits", "spans": [{"start": 679, "end": 698, "text": "government datasets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 22 : Difference in technology sophistication in general business functions with and without outlying enumerators | | All Sample | Sample Without < br > Diferent < br > Enumerators | Diference | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Vietnam | | | | | Mean | 1 . 934 | 1 . 947 | - 0 . 013 | | SE | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | Observations | 1 , 499 | 1 , 341 | | | Senegal | | | | | Mean | 1 . 406 | 1 . 404 | 0 . 002 | | SE | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 016 ) | | Observations | 1 , 786 | 1 , 784 | | | Bangladesh | | | | | Mean | 1 . 482 | 1 . 458 | 0 . 024 | | SE | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 021 ) | | Observations | 903 | 798 | | | Kenya | | | | | Mean | 1 . 938 | 1 . 936 | . 002 | | SE | ( 0 . 020 ) | ( 0 . 020 ) | ( 0 . 029 ) | | Observations | 1305 | 1296 | | Note : * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . Data from the Firm-level Adoption of Technology ( FAT ) surveys in Vietnam , Senegal , Bangladesh and Kenya . Brazil , Ghana , India and Korea are excluded because they do not include significantly different interviewers . The average of technology sophistication in general business functions ( _MOSTj_ ) is compared between all sample and sample excluding significantly different enumerators . Standard errors in parenthesis . compare variables in RAIS with variables we collected in FAT for the same firms . First , we analyze the correlation between sales per", "spans": [{"start": 888, "end": 937, "text": "Firm-level Adoption of Technology ( FAT ) surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # # * * 3 . 3 Proposed Project Activities * * # # # * * 3 . 3 . 1 Construction phase * * The construction phase of works shall involve construction of junior staff accommodation and entry gate and their associated amenities . During this period , workers will be transported onto the respective work sites by the contractor ’ s vehicles hence no worker will stay on site . Furthermore , each site will require approximately 30 workers ( 59 % skilled and 41 % unskilled ) , but this can change when construction work plans are established at the start of the construction phase . Each site will require one year for completion , but this will change depending on factors such as funding , resource mobilization , natural calamities , among others . # # # * * 3 . 3 . 1 . 1 Site Clearing and Excavations * * The first stage of the construction phase will be site clearing for levelling and setting up the junior staff quarters and the entry gate facilities . A section will be cleared for dumping material , where tarpaulin will be put to reduce material erosion . This will be followed by setting out of site for construction alignment and levelling by use of various equipment such as survey equipment , poles , construction squares , plump bob , and others . Excavations at the site , which will involve use of excavation machinery , will then commence . The main method of excavation to be used is trenching to accommodate the buildings ’ foundations / footing . The deep excavated soil material will be disposed off-site at designated sites , but the good topsoil will be used for revegetation around the park . No major rock obstruction was registered on sites to warrant use of explosives . Going by existing developments in the neighboring villages surrounding the park and existing park buildings and the soil samples that were analyzed , the load bearing capacity of the underlying soil is adequate and safe to support the foundations without additional stabilization . # # # *", "spans": [{"start": 1866, "end": 1878, "text": "soil samples", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "argues that urban and rural employment and labor market conditions are fundamentally different , that there are serious issues of segmentation of urban labor markets into formal and informal employment , that urban housing , transport and social ( education , health , and social protection ) policies can have significant effects on how urban labor markets work , especially for the poor , and that community based civil society organizations ( CSOs ) have demonstrated a special capacity to generate employment for the poor . < sup > 7 < / sup > An alternative reading of the economists ’ argument suggests that long term trends in employment generation depend on the development of competitive industries that demand labor . This in turn depends from a number of national policies and institutions to support that growth , in addition to local supporting measures . Local job creation actions and policies that help people live in desirable locations and healthy environment can create limited employment benefits , but they cannot compensate for a tepid job generation . In the end it appears to us more a question of interactions of multiple causality rather than one of competing hypotheses about what drives the labor market . Research should help to understand these interactions better . As in the case of slum improvement , Linn ( 2010 ) explores how a research design on the employment challenge can be tailored to consider specific other related challenges ( the gender dimension , the functioning of land markets , the investment climate , etc . ) , specific instruments ( micro ‐ credit schemes , multi ‐ stakeholder alliances , conditional cash transfer programs , etc . ) , analytical tools ( happiness analysis , cost ‐ of ‐ doing ‐ business surveys , etc . ) and institutions ( especially the role of CSOs ) , with again perhaps a special focus on Africa and South Asia . # 2 . < u > Small and medium ‐ size cities < / u > Over half the world ’ s urban population lives in cities with less than 500 , 000 inhabitants , and almost 2 / 3 in cities below 1 million , with only 4 percent in “ hyper ‐ cities ” with populations over", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With increasingly stringent climate policies and green technologies – like renewable energy and electric transportation – becoming cheaper than fossil fuel equivalent , future economic growth is expected to be more energy efficient and less carbon intensive . We further show the extent to which these changes can reduce the emissions of poverty eradication < sup > 24 < / sup > and estimate the rates of decarbonization that would be required in non-poor countries to offset these emissions . # * * Results * * * * How much economic growth is needed to end extreme poverty ? * * We estimate the historical relationship between growth in GDP per capita and growth in consumption per capita in a random slope regression model , taking into account trends across and within countries . We use data for 168 countries from the World Bank ’ s 2022 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report < sup > 25 < / sup > , converting income distributions to consumption distributions where needed . We also winsorize daily per capita consumption at a value of $ 0 . 50 as lower values likely reflect measurement error . We find that , on average , when GDP per capita grows by 1 % , consumption per capita grows by 0 . 7 % , with variation between countries ( the remainder of growth in GDP per capita is likely being allocated to savings which would imply that the savings rate converges to around 30 % in the long term ) . Using the international extreme poverty line at $ 2 . 15 in 2017 USD PPP , we focus , in our baseline model , on the poverty target of reducing the share of people living in extreme poverty to 3 % or less , the World Bank ’ s global poverty target and the UN ’ s interpretation of ending extreme poverty in the SDGs . < sup > 3 < / sup > We estimate the growth necessary to reach this target in each country , assuming to begin with an unchanged distribution of consumption within countries and modeling population growth until 2050 according to UN forecasts . < sup > 26 < / sup > The per capita GDP growth needed to reduce extreme poverty to", "spans": [{"start": 791, "end": 813, "text": "data for 168 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 838, "end": 879, "text": "2022 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper proceeds as follows . Section II reviews the early literature that examined the impact of tax policy on FDI from a global perspective using investors ' surveys and time-series econometric analysis . Section III explores which tax instruments have the greatest impact on FDI and what kind of foreign investors is likely to be most responsive to changes in tax policy since these two areas have retained the attention of many researchers over the past 15 years . Section IV focuses on three issues that have emerged with globalization : the interconnection between the home and host countries taxation and its subsequent impact on FDI ; tax competition versus harmonization across countries and states , and the costs associated with tax incentive schemes . The last section concludes with a few remarks and ideas for future research . # * * 1I . Early Literature : The Aggregate Approach * * Tax policies are obviously capable of affecting the volume and location of FDI , since all other considerations equal , higher tax rates reduce after-tax returns . Of course , all other considerations are seldom equal . Countries do not only differ in their tax policies , but also in their commercial and regulatory policies , market size , natural endowments , and human capital . All these factors influence the desirability of an investment location . Based on this perception , the early literature attempted to determine if tax policy was one of the key factors in the decision-making process of multinational companies . Two basic approaches were and continue to be developed : ( A ) selective surveys of international investors , and ( B ) time-series econometric analysis . The majority of earlier studies focused on the aggregate FDI data by lumping together firms of all types and paid little attention to differences across sectors and industries as well as between regions and countries . Below is presented a brief summary of the major findings . 4", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 170, "text": "investors ' surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1593, "end": 1637, "text": "selective surveys of international investors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1732, "end": 1750, "text": "aggregate FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ERT III Baseline Survey | e < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 30 , 000 . 00 | 26 , 914 . 05 < br > Signed | | 2017-06-06 < br > 2017-07-14 | | | 2017-07-29 < br > 2017 | - 07-17 < br > 2017-09-10 | | UG-REA-14619-GO-RFB / < br > Supply of ( 02 ) Double Cabin Pick < br > ups and ( 01 ) Station Wagon for < br > REA and ( 01 ) Double Cabin Pick < br > up for UNBS | < br > - < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Prior | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 244 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-09-11 | 2017-10-16 | 2017-11-15 | 2017-11-29 | 2018-01-10 | 2018-03-26 | | UG-REA-8728-GO-RFB / Suppl < br > of a Double Cabin Pick-up for < br > UNBS | y < br > IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access < br > Contingency < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > |", "spans": [{"start": 5, "end": 28, "text": "ERT III Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | 0 . 224 | - 2 . 380 * * * | - 2 . 685 | 0 . 614 | 0 . 027 | - 0 . 954 | - 2 . 486 * * | | | ( 0 . 552 ) | ( 0 . 236 ) | ( 0 . 540 ) | ( 1 . 745 ) | ( 0 . 401 ) | ( 0 . 820 ) | ( 0 . 887 ) | ( 0 . 980 ) | | Number of observations | 632 | 262 | 553 | 223 | 643 | 264 | 632 | 261 | | r2_w | 0 . 373 | 0 . 491 | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 031 | 0 . 012 | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 009 | 0 . 033 | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 751 | 0 . 873 | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the El Salvador COV-ES data . Columns 3 through 8 report marginal effects from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6 for more details . 49", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 557, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Highest usual hours of work in household | | | | 0 . 054 | 0 . 489 | 6 . 032 | | X Other worker ill | | | | [ 0 . 068 ] | [ 0 . 512 ] | [ 5 . 760 ] | | Highest usual hours of work in household | | | | ‐ 0 . 024 | ‐ 0 . 103 | ‐ 6 . 212 | | X Other worker ill X Female | | | | [ 0 . 113 ] | [ 0 . 657 ] | [ 7 . 469 ] | | Net Effect on a Male w / Highest Earn / Hours | 0 . 135 | 0 . 838 | 9 . 106 | 0 . 122 | 0 . 713 | 8 . 565 | | P ‐ value | 0 . 007 | 0 . 007 | 0 . 006 | 0 . 009 | 0 . 069 | 0 . 068 | | Net Effect on a Female w / Highest Earn / Hours | ‐ 0 . 124 | ‐ 0 . 511 | ‐ 0 . 780 | ‐ 0 . 024 | 0 . 134 | ‐ 1 . 079 | | P ‐ value | 0 . 081 | 0 . 259 | 0 . 875 | 0 . 706 | 0 . 607 | 0 . 950 | | Mean dependent variable | 0 . 807 | 4 . 279 | 37 . 660 | 0 . 807 | 4 . 279 | 37 . 660 | | Observations | 3 , 951 | 3 , 948 | 3 , 948 | 3 , 951 | 3 , 948 | 3 , 948 | | R ‐ squared | 0 . 507 | | | 0 . 507 | | | _Notes : Other worker ill = 1 if another household member reported missing work for an entire week in which s / he was planning to work and the reason for missing work was injury / illness . Sample includes respondents employed at baseline . Usual earnings and usual hours of work taken from reports in baseline survey . All specifications include individual fixed effects . Column", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1228, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > * * based * * | * * Remarks * * | | 1 Develop residential data base at city level | 200 . 00 | 22 . 22 | x | | | | | | x | | | | 2 < sup > Adoption / customization / of national ICT policy , regulation < / sup > < br > and develop institutional frame work | 50 . 00 | 5 . 56 | | x | | | | | x | | | | 3 Citywide Residential data capturing and encoding | 400 . 00 | 44 . 44 | x | | | | | | x | | | | 4 Customization of common application programs | 100 . 00 | 11 . 11 | | x | | | | | x | | | | 5 < sup > System development and implementation for the < / sup > < br > selected public offices | 3 , 958 . 05 | 439 . 78 | x | | | | | | x | | | | 6 < sup > Adopting the national network master plan for < / sup > < br > Implimentation of city wide network development | 500 . 00 | 55 . 56 | x | | | | | | x | | | | * * _Sub total cost for Consultancy Birr Birr_ * * | * * 5 , 208 . 05 * * | * * 578 . 67 * * | | | | | | | | | | ADDIS ABAB CITY ADMINISTRATION CAPACITY BUILDING BUREAU YEAR IV ( 2007 / 08 ) PSCAP ’ S PROGRAM # # * * _CONSULTANCY_ PROCUREMENT PLANNING * * * * < u > BY EACH SUB PROGRAM < / u > * * Credit No : 3899-ET - � � � � Name of regions / stakeholders ; _ADDIS ABABA CITY ADMINISTRATION_ Round : IV | � � � � � Sub program name : | | | | JSRP | |", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 72, "text": "residential data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or even lower odds of experiencing adequate stimulation through responsive interactions , ranging from 26 percent in Punjab , to 29 percent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to 45 percent in Sindh ( Tomlinson et al . , forthcoming ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > However , more recent data collected in Punjab during the first year of pandemic disruptions indicated higher levels of psychosocial stimulation from caregivers relative to playing ( 86 percent ) , looking at a book ( 90 percent ) , or telling a story ( 86 percent ) in the prior 15 days ( ITA , 2021 ) . Access to child-oriented learning materials at home is also low . In addition to the critical stimulation that occurs through engaging interactions , children learn through exploration and manipulation of objects such as toys , picture books , dress-up objects , and other playthings . Across provinces and settings , less than 9 percent of 3 - to 5-year-olds in Pakistan and less than 2 percent of 0 - to 2-year-olds have access to books at home ( Tomlinson et al . , forthcoming ) . These low rates of access to learning materials at home contribute further to insufficient opportunities for early learning for too many children , and those living in poverty or experiencing losses in the face of the pandemic are most likely to be left out . The cumulative lack of adequate social - > 2 Data on caregiver engagement with stimulating activities was not collected for children in Balochistan under the age of 3 in the 2010 MICS survey . The 2019-2020 data in Balochistan is forthcoming , but not yet available . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1467, "end": 1483, "text": "2010 MICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1490, "end": 1519, "text": "2019-2020 data in Balochistan", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 115 | 0 . 183 | 0 . 141 | 0 . 157 | 0 . 225 | | Test : In-Kind = Recognition | 0 . 501 | 0 . 780 | 0 . 250 | 0 . 633 | 0 . 592 | 0 . 252 | _Notes . _ Each column represents a separate regression on the midline data , estimated using equation 1 . Data in columns ( 1 ) to ( 3 ) are restricted to observations where all teachers in a given grade and school report the same gender . This allows us to unique identify the gender of the teacher . Columns ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) split this sample to female and male teachers , respectively . Similarly , columns ( 4 ) to ( 6 ) restrict the sample to schools and grades where all teachers either selected “ teacher ” or all teachers selected another profession to the question , asked at baseline : “ if you could choose again , what profession would you choose ? ” . Columns ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) split this sample to teachers who selected “ teacher ” or not . Standard errors are in parentheses , and clustered at the school level . _ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 1 , _ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , _ ∗ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 01", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 218, "text": "midline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Data < br > Collection | The PIU compiles documentation from the MEP Department for Technical Secondary Education . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | * * IRI 3 . 1 . 2 Genderparity in * * | * * enrollment in STEAM courses in technical stream of Secondary schools – Gendergap indicator ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures gender parity in mean enrollment in Science , Technology , Engineering , Arts and Mathematic < br > courses in the technical stream of secondaryeducation . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Department for Technical SecondaryEducation | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The PIU compiles data from administrative records from MEP Department for Technical Secondary Education . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | * * IRI 3 . 1 . 3 Number of stude * * | * * nts registered in online English learning app * * | | Description | Students registered in the online appwill be measured in real time . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | The English learningapp . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The app will provide the number of users in real time on its main page . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | * * IRI 3 . 1 . 4 Number of stude * * | * * nts completing Secondary certification under MEP ' s \" Brete \" program * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of students awarded the certificate after satisfactorilycompletingonline courses . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Department for Technical SecondaryEducation | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Administrative records from MEP Department for Technical Secondary Education . | | Responsibilityfor Data | MEP Department for Technical SecondaryEducation | Page 29", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 765, "text": "administrative records from MEP Department for Technical Secondary Education", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "import or export licenses , to import intermediate inputs , raw materials or capital goods and to export their final production . Finally , rebates under duty drawback schemes and for value-added taxes are often slow , sometimes for less than the full amount and even can require additional informal payments or bribes in some cases . Although it is difficult to quantify all aspects of trade and customs regulations , the investment climate surveys include some questions that address these questions . The most direct > 7 In the sample of firms in this surveys exporters are more likely to use imported intermediate inputs than non-exporters . Imports account for 50 % of inputs for exporters , compared to 37 % for non-exporters . This is consistent with results for Tanzania in Grenier _et al_ . ( 1999 ) 7", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 449, "text": "investment climate surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "One limitation of the EIS database is that it only covers registered firms and workers . In Turkey , about a fifth of wage workers are informally employed . This means that workers drop out of the registry when they either lose their job , or when they accept jobs that are “ off the books ” in the same firms or in another firm . Workers who transition into informal employment or unemployment are no longer observed in the database . Similarly , firms are no longer observed in the database if they shut down or , alternatively , if they no longer employ registered workers . # 3 . 2 . The Turkish Household Labor Force Survey To assess the impacts of the minimum wage on informal employment and total employment , we complement our causal analysis ( which relies on the EIS registry ) with data from a nationally representative survey . This allows us to gain insights into whether workers who lost their formal jobs due to firm destruction following the raising of the minimum wage remained formally employed , transitioned into informal employment , or became unemployed . We use data from the Turkish Household Labor Force Survey ( HLFS ) , a nationally representative household survey conducted annually from 2000 to 2018 . The survey collects detailed information on labor-market outcomes of the Turkish population , including representative samples of those in formal and informal employment , and those who are unemployed or out of the labor force . The survey distinguishes the formality status of each worker by the response given to a question on whether employed individuals are registered with social security institutions – the definition of formality also used by the EIS registry . In addition , the survey records the wages of both formal and informal workers , allowing one to look at potential “ lighthouse ” effects of the minimum wage on the wage of informal workers who are outside the scope of formal labor regulations . # 3 . 3 . Descriptive statistics Table 1 reports summary statistics from the EIS data on the composition and characteristics in the population of registered firms in Turkey . Microenterprises and small firms represent the large majority of formal firms in Turkey . Half of", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 34, "text": "EIS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 592, "end": 628, "text": "Turkish Household Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 773, "end": 785, "text": "EIS registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 805, "end": 837, "text": "nationally representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1085, "end": 1116, "text": "data from the Turkish Household", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1149, "end": 1191, "text": "nationally representative household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2023, "end": 2031, "text": "EIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 the simple lack of the external constraint imposed by military service could have induced some of the less motivated individuals to stay on and complete the degree . In our setting , youths from the quake region born before 1966 were simultaneously exempt from compulsory military service . Because they were at different points of their life cycle , however , exemption status modified in different ways their incentives leading to different choices . Those born in 1963-65 were exempt before becoming formally eligible , when still of high school age and able to change their human capital accumulation strategy . On the contrary , older individuals were exempt after high school age and when already formally eligible for service . Keane and Wolpin ( 1997 ) show that drop out decisions are fairly irreversible so that youths who had not completed high school were unlikely to go back once exempt . # 5 . 1 Instrument validity The randomly assigned exemption from military service can serve as instrument for schooling in estimating the effects of the latter on subsequent mortality provided it does not affect directly or through channels other than schooling the outcome of interest . As concerns the possibility that exemption enters subsequent mortality through other channels , for example because the exemptions correlated with compensatory interventions , the previous discussion has shown that exemption status is only associated with significantly higher schooling achievements and lower mortality rates among young exempt cohorts , while leaving unaffected all other observable circumstances . However , the following empirical analysis will address this possibility in more detail . As concerns the direct effects of military service on health , the conventional presumption is that army service increases unhealthy behavior and exposure to harmful environments . Yet , several recent studies that use the Vietnam draft lottery do not find increased mortality , worse health conditions or more unhealthy behavior among Vietnam veterans years after discharge ( among others , Angrist and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 6 . 7 Sources of Lighting and Energy / Power * * As shown in Table 4 . 26 , the main sources for lighting in the survey Woredas are electric city ( 44 . 4 % ) , solar ( 23 . 3 % ) and kerosene lamp ( 14 . 4 % ) . Battery and lamps are also the main sources for lighting . The main source of energy for cooking at the household level is largely firewood ( 75 . 6 % ) , followed by animal dung ( 9 . 2 % ) and electricity ( 9 . 2 % ) . Therefore , the households in surveyed Woredas heavily depend on forest products ( firewood ) extracted from natural vegetation and animal dung for their sources of energy . Table 4 . 26 : Sources of light and power in surveyed Woredas | * * Lihi * * | | * * Respond * * | * * ents by Woredas ( * * | * * N = 90 ) * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * gtng source * * | | | | | | | | * * Hawela Tula * * | * * Bulchana * * | * * Toga Weransa * * | * * Total * * | * * Percent * * | | Kerosene lamp | 1 | 7 | 5 | 13 | 14 . 4 | | Flash light | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 . 1 | | Solar light | 0 | 15 | 6 | 21 | 23 . 3 | | Candles | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 . 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 70 - Annex 11 page 3 of 7 # # # Improving Labor Productivitv # # # 8 . To improve labor productivity , URC will ( . ) undertake a personnel census in January 1989 to establish the correct number of employees and remove workers not performing services for URC from the rolls before the end of 1989 ( para 2 . 19 ) ; ( ii ) continue the existing recruitment embargo and limit the recruitment of apprentices , during the next three years . In a very limited number of exceptional cases , and only after all redeployment through retraining possibilities have been exhausted , posts requiring specialized skills can be filled from outside URC ( para 2 . 19 ) ; ( iii ) undertake quarterly reviews , starting in March 1989 , of autho-ized posts , abolish non-essential unfilled posts and reduce staff strength includinig but not limited to staff attrition ( para 2 . 19 ) ; ( iv ) enhance and expand incentive schemes where remuneration can be tied to productivity increases by July 1 , 1989 ( para 2 . 18 ) , and ( v ) introduce more intensive and task-oriented supervision methods based on performance criteria agreed with IDA for 1989 ( see pages 6 and 7 of this annex ) and the targets to be set in consultation with IDA for 1990 and 1991 . 9 . Specifically , to improve the maintenance output of the diesel locomotive depot at Kampala station , URC will introduce tighter supervision and control , to be effective by July 1 , 1989 , to ensure : - ( i ) regular staff attendance throughout shift hours ; - ( ii ) adequate adherence to inspection and maintenance schedules ; - ( iii ) transfer of the heavier schedules to Nalukolongo Workshop ; - ( iv ) timely supply of consumables and running spares by the responsible manager within URC ; - ( v ) closer interaction between depot supervisor and power controller throughout 24 hours each day , for timely allocation and better utilization of available locomotives ( para 2 . 21 ) 10 . To", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 148, "text": "personnel census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Component C : Improve Access to Selected Basic Social Services at Designated Locations along Isiolo-Mandera Road Corridor by KeNHA Component D : Institutional Strengthening of Selected Transport and Related Institutions Component E : Contingent Emergency Response Component ( CERC ) The processing of this project is applying the policy requirements exceptions for situations of urgent need of assistance or capacity constraints that are outlined in OP 10 . 00 , paragraph 12 . Yes # # * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions ) * * Page 2 of 52 Jan 30 , 2020", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "based on tax data , we compare the share of minimum wage earners in survey data , tax data , and imputed survey data . We define minimum wage earners the same as Robayo-Abril , Zamfir & Wroński ( 2024 ) ; we cover separate minimum wage for the construction sector , and we do not cover the separate minimum wage for employees with higher education . < sup > 16 < / sup > Due to the significant gap in the share of part-time workers in > 16 Thus , we define minimum wage workers as those earning between 95 % of the minimum wage for employees without secondary education and 105 % of the minimum wage for employees with higher education and those who earn between 95 % and 105 % of the minimum wage for the construction sector . Robayo-Abril , Zamfir , and Wronski ( 2024 ) describe the institutional setting of minimum wage legislation in Romania in detail . 29", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 79, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 97, "end": 116, "text": "imputed survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( or may not ) induce firms to reorganize production , adding layers and increasing overall productivity . Empirical evidence related to this theory can be found in Tag ( 2013 ) , Bernini , Guillou and Treibich ( 2016 ) , Caliendo , Monte and Rossi-Hansberg ( 2015 ) , Caliendo , Monte and Rossi-Hansberg ( 2017 ) , Caliendo , Mion , Opromolla and Rossi-Hansberg ( 2016 ) , Cruz , Bussolo and Iacovone ( 2016 ) , Friedrich ( 2016 ) and Spanos ( 2016 ) . Our results for Chile can be rationalized by this theory . The lower layer of production would include the non-specialized blue-collar workers . Engineers supervise blue-collar workers and , plausibly , can work in production as well . Exposed to increases in export opportunities , firms reorganize their structure by expanding the layer of engineers needed to supervise blue-collar workers ( and , again , possibly to substitute some of them in production as well ) . This would explain why exporters demand more skilled tasks and , in turn , why the utilization of engineers increases more than the utilization of directors or administrative skilled workers . These impacts may be particularly large at the extensive margin . In this context , our paper contributes to this literature by providing evidence of these mechanisms using less detailed data for lower developed or advanced middle-income countries rather than the employer-employee datasets used in the studies referenced above . This can shed light on the role of exporting and employment in relatively more advanced developing countries . # * * 4 Conclusions * * In this paper , we have explored the link between exports and the demand for skilled tasks using a panel of Chilean firms . We have found that exporting raises the demand for specific sets of skills , favoring technical skills such as engineering skills over other profession skills such as “ desk ” skills . In addition , engineers seem to replace blue-collar unskilled labor in certain tasks associated with exporting . Our findings have implications for trade theory and should illustrate the importance of recent assignment models of factors to tasks in international trade . The results have implications for empirical research and policy design as well . The", "spans": [{"start": 1381, "end": 1407, "text": "employer-employee datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1681, "end": 1703, "text": "panel of Chilean firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participant ’ s employment rates . However , these effects tend to be contingent on program design and differ across participant groups ( e . g . , Levy Yeyati et al . 2019 ; Autor et al . 2017 ; Card et al . 2018 ; Groh et al . 2012 ) . Research provides limited support for the notion that ALMP enhance earnings ( Betcherman et al . 2005 ; Levinsohn and Leibbrandt 2014 ) . Among the rare macro-level studies , Caicedo et al . ( 2022 ) indicate an overall positive impact of ALMP on output and welfare , but also highlight their significant distortionary effects . Drawing on new global data from the World Bank that covers 191 countries in 2019 and 2020 , this paper aims to provide an analysis of the patterns of UB and ALMP across different regions and income groups and investigate their association with labor market outcomes . < sup > 2 < / sup > It also utilizes the comprehensive labor market and social assistance policy inventory of the World Bank to present the patterns of UB and ALMP reforms implemented in 223 economies throughout the Covid-19 pandemic . Econometric analysis of the linkages between UB , ALMP and labor market outcomes is conducted using new data from 2019 and the ordinary least squares ( OLS ) regression model that incorporates interaction terms between income groups and UB and ALMP and includes a wide range of control variables . > 1 Throughout this paper , the term “ unemployment benefits ( UB ) ” is used to refer to “ unemployment insurance benefits ” and it does not include unemployment assistance . > 2 Data set is available at https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / research / employing-workers / data . 2", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 613, "text": "global data from the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 876, "end": 941, "text": "comprehensive labor market and social assistance policy inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1171, "end": 1189, "text": "new data from 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1549, "end": 1557, "text": "Data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # _North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ | * * Objective * * | * * Output * * | * * Activity ( s ) * * | * * Inputs * * | * * Time * * < br > * * frame * * | * * Objectively verifiable * * < br > * * indicators * * | * * Target * * | * * Means of Verifica - * * < br > * * tion * * | * * Assump - * * < br > * * tions / Risks * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 3 . Restore en - * * < br > * * croached and * * < br > * * degraded areas * * < br > * * of the CFRs to * * < br > * * ensure sus - * * < br > * * tainable * * < br > * * supply of for - * * < br > * * est products * * < br > * * and services . * * | * * 10 - * * Area < br > recovered < br > from en - < br > croach - < br > ment | ( xxii ) Remove en - < br > croachers , < br > Plant area < br > recovered < br > from en - < br > croachers < br > ( encroach - < br > ment < br > planting ) | | 1-20 years | aaa ) < br > Number of en - < br > croachers removed , size < br > of area recovered , num - < br > ber of ha planted | Inventory / Survey < br > reports , patrol", "spans": [{"start": 1055, "end": 1073, "text": "Inventory / Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is 70 years ) . There is also research on the “ credit spread puzzle ” for corporate bonds , typically using data from the past 30 years . < sup > 13 < / sup > The high excess returns on external sovereign bonds have received much less attention , in large part because earlier studies found little evidence of excess returns in the first place ( Section 2 ) . Because we quantify the outcome of each default episode , our analysis moves away from the typical binary approach in the literature where a country is either in default or it is not . Like for currency or inflation crises , orders of magnitude matter . We measure the magnitude of these “ credit events ” both in terms of haircuts and in terms of amounts in default , which allows identifying the shades of gray across countries and time . < sup > 14 < / sup > The data show that credit events in this market are best described as partial defaults with re-contracting , in the spirit of Bulow and Rogoff ( 1989 ) , rather than as full defaults , as is typically > 12 Barro and Ursua ( 2008 ) use returns data starting in the late 19th century for about 30 countries using Global Financial Data ( GFD ) as source . Dimson , Marsh , and Staunton ( 2001 ) and Jordà et al . ( 2017 ) cover 16 countries , starting in 1900 and 1870 , respectively . All three contributions use annual data , as do Mehra and Prescott ( 1985 ) , who focus on the United States , 1889-1978 . We use monthly data and start in 1815 , with a country sample starting from a dozen in the 19th century and growing over time . > 13 Chen , Collin-Dufresne , and Goldstein ( 2009 ) and Chen ( 2010 ) study the credit spread puzzle for corporate debt and summarize the literature on this issue . Asquith , Mullins , and Wolff ( 1989 ) is an early study on the high excess returns on US junk bonds . > 14 There is already ample data on the occurrence and duration of sovereign defaults ( e . g", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 136, "text": "data from the past 30 years", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1134, "end": 1155, "text": "Global Financial Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1436, "end": 1448, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Overview of the paper The paper examines methodological approaches to improving socioeconomic survey data on rural women ’ s employment amid rural economic transitions , presenting stylized facts from recent World Bank Living Standards and Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture ( LSMS-ISA ) conducted in Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria and Uganda , as well as recent country pilot studies conducted by the ILO to test survey question design under the 19 < sup > th < / sup > ICLS recommendations . These surveys are of particular interest in the context of rural employment , given their detailed modules on agriculture along with other sectors , as well as a broad range of individual and household socioeconomic characteristics that can be used to better understand employment trends . The paper covers five main priority areas ( from both research and policy perspectives ) in improving the measurement of rural women ’ s employment in surveys : - ( a ) Accurate counting of rural women ’ s employment , since their labor contributions are often underreported , and particularly given the revised definitions of work and employment under the 19 < sup > th < / sup > ICLS ; - ( b ) Survey questions to better understand labor underutilization ; - ( c ) Measuring unpaid work burdens and the role of time use surveys ; - ( d ) Survey respondent choice in intra-household decision-making questions on earnings and farm / business management roles ; and - ( e ) Capturing additional features of women ’ s work amid rural transition — including migration , skills development , access to productivity-enhancing technologies — along with barriers to economic mobility ( or being able to seek better economic opportunities ) . The aim of the discussion is not to recommend that all issues be tackled together , particularly given cost and other considerations , including country context — but to highlight important measurement issues for further research and policy design , the implementation of which could be determined based on local priorities . Variations also exist across surveys in how employment questions are asked and modules are structured , including within the LSMS . This paper compares different survey approaches to understand best practices in presenting a more comprehensive", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 109, "text": "socioeconomic survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 295, "text": "Living Standards and Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1315, "end": 1331, "text": "time use surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- e ) Whether transactions against extra-budgetary funds are processed through the FMIS ; - f ) Whether transactions against internally generated funds are processed through the FMIS ; - g ) The extent to which transactions related to donor funds are processed through the system . For a set of 22 countries , the coverage of the FMIS has been estimated by trying to determine which payments and receipt transactions are routed through the FMIS and which bank accounts are covered by the FMIS . This was used by a quantitative study to assess whether FMIS systems have an effect on fiscal discipline and found a negative correlation between FMIS budget coverage and the deviation of planned to actual deficit targets , as well as a positive correlation between budget coverage and relevant PEFA scores . The authors stress that results only hold if budget coverage means budget subjected to FMIS internal budgetary controls , as expenditure controls may otherwise not be applied . [ 14 ] In Ghana and Zambia for example , wages and salaries were not managed through the FMIS and thus not subject to FMIS internal controls . The executive was therefore able to increase salaries substantially mid-year without legislative approval and adequate checks and balances . This put excessive strain on the budget and would not have been possible had these items been subjected to FMIS internal controls . [ 15-17 ] FMIS coverage and utilization also matters for the reliability of expenditure reports . Partial budget coverage in the FMIS means that any reporting from the system will also be partial , and therefore any resulting analytical work potentially biased or misleading . [ 10 ] Transactions can also be posted to the ledger without going through the FMIS to complement , but this process does not go through the same rigor and verifying the integrity of these is more difficult . Some of these transactions may be accurate , others may not be , and other transactions may not be posted at all , as was found during an assessment of the Malawi FMIS . [ 10 , 18 ] Posting transactions into the system after they have occurred only gives the illusion of comprehensiveness and control , while integrity cannot be ensured , and controls", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Project Appraisal Document Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Page 8 Health Sector Reform Project _8 . _ * * _Project alternatives considered and reasons for rejection_ * * - _Maintain status quo . _ Rejected because the current situation is leading to the development of a two-tiered system of care , is expensive , and not sustainable in the long run . - _Develop a more comprehensive reform program . _ This alternative was rejected following considerable discussion on the feasibility of more wide-sweeping reform ( e . g . , universal health insurance ) and the need to establish the institutional capacity to manage reform ( the HHC ) . - _Improve public health . _ Jordan has relatively good health outcomes although its population growth remains high at about 3 . 6 % per year ( a rate well in excess of many other countries in the region and other countries with comparable income levels ) and maternal and child health ( MCH ) indicators are higher than industrialized countries ( although they have improved considerably over the last few decades ) . Incorporating targeted programs to address public health issues , such as population growth and MCH , was rejected under the project because of Jordan ' s relatively good outcomes and since the prevailing public health issues are already being adequately addressed by other donors ( USAID , UNFPA ) and NGOs ( although the impact of these programs has not yet translated into a low population growth rate due largely to the time lag ) . - _Strengthen regulation ofprivate sector . _ Although there is room for strengthening regulation of the private sector , it was decided that this issue would be tackled incrementally under the project . Preparation of the masterplan and development of the national health information system will be the first steps and will serve as tools for discussion with the private sector . With the masterplan , policy makers will have an accurate assessment of the existing capacity ( public and private ) , the degree of overlap , and potential areas for collaboration ( e . g . , making use of services in the private sector", "spans": [{"start": 1749, "end": 1783, "text": "national health information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") and its derivatives together with empirical employment levels for each sector . The loss function is then the sum across sectors and across years of the square of each sector ’ s predicted wage minus mean wage in the data , plus the square of the sector ’ s predicted minus its actual share of GDP . ( The sector GDP figures are from the BEA , but the wages are from our sample . ) In addition , we assume that all workers have identical Cobb-Douglas preferences , using consumption shares from the BLS consumer price index calculations for the consumption weights . The values of _ψ_ < sup > _ik_ < / sup > are given by the average skill premium within each cell . The calibration results are presented in Table 8 . Note that , > 5We examined a more flexible CES within-occupation aggregation of the two types of labor , but our estimates of the elasticity of substitution between the two types of labor within occupations produced very high values , 60 and above . Perfect substitutability within each industry-occupation cell seems like a good approximation . Please note that this is different from the elasticity of substitution between high - and lowskilled workers examined by other authors in models without occupations , such as Ottaviano and Peri ( 2012 , Table 5 ) , for example . Their estimates of the elasticity of substitution between high - and low-skilled labor take a value around 2 , but since generally high - and low-skilled workers have different mixes of occupations , this should be thought of as picking up substitutability across occupations as well as across educational classes . 23", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 525, "text": "BLS consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and risk aversion ; de Palma and Prigent ( 2008 , 2009 ) . In addition , individuals change pension funds based on performance ( not short term returns ) , thus the pension fund managers with superior performance tend to grow in comparison with those which underperform . Thus , the market is regulated and portfolio allocations move toward optimal allocations . This ( surrealistic ) framework assumes that pension contributors know their optimal investment strategy and that pension fund managers then only have to offer these investment strategies so that the contributors may then select the investment options . 12 . Empirical evidence , however , has made it clear that these assumptions are not valid , and therefore it becomes necessary to design pension systems based on more realistic assumptions . This will require assuming that contributors do not have a solid foundation to select a pension fund ; the investment options are limited ; and pension fund managers have strong incentives to maximize short-term returns . 13 . In mandatory pension fund plans , people typically choose pension funds strongly encouraged by the sales force . According to Marinovic and Valdes ( 2005 ) , the main variable explaining the choice of a pension fund management company is a visit by a sales agent . Berstein and Cabrita ( 2007 ) also corroborate this finding , but they claim that returns , coupled with a visit from a sales agent , offer a strong fuller explanation . This means that short-term returns are a persuasive rationale to switch to a different pension fund management company . The work of Calderón et al . ( 2008 ) , using data from Mexico , shows that people generally do not switch to their optimal alternatives . 14 . The selection of a pension fund based on its attributes is not necessarily the most appropriate action . Although the cited literature finds clear evidence of price inelasticity , there is confusion by what is meant by the price for members . In particular , these studies take short-term past returns from pension funds to explain the decisions of individuals . However , theory indicates that these variables should not be the principal explanations for portfolio selection , since it is already well-known that", "spans": [{"start": 1638, "end": 1654, "text": "data from Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / mark > * * < mark > : < / mark > * * < mark > Applicable < / mark > * * The KUSP2 investments menu will not support land acquisition and involuntary resettlement , resulting in relocation and loss of livelihoods . Program infrastructure investments will be limited to public land . In the event of temporary displacements and relocations , Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans ( ARAPs ) will be prepared . The ARAPs will include the potential risks and impacts which the affected persons may be subjected to ; descriptions of the socio-economic survey , consultations with the affected and host populations , compensation options , resettlement-assistance and livelihood-improvement options ; procedures for grievances redress management ; institutional responsibilities for implementation and monitoring of the ARAP ; and a schedule , budget and sources of funds . On any given sub-project , no more than 200 Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) will be temporary physically displaced and relocated . Guidelines on preparation and management of ARAPs will be outlined in the ESHSM manual . # # # # * * STRENGTHS * * - * * STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES * *  The policy , legal and regulatory framework for land acquisition , resettlement and  Legal frameworks do not explicitly stipulate provisions for livelihoods restoration compensation in Kenya are spread through several provisions . The CoK , 2010 as compensation is focused on land / assets replacement and relocation . Legal provides guidance on ownership , acquisition , conversion , payment of frameworks do not provide for compensation of assets built or extended on public compensation and devolving public land management to counties . The Land Laws land . They are subjected to evictions and demolitions . of 2012 outline provisions on the land management framework in Kenya . The Land  Inadequate planning to manage temporary relocation and resettling back after Registration Act ( 2012 ) guides on registration and ownership while the Land Act infrastructure is complete . ( 2012 ) , provides", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 556, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Institutional Context 3 . * * The PID for the parent Program includes details on key challenges and constraints in the basic education Sector . * * Below is a brief summary of the update or addendum to the sector and institutional context . In summary , Kenya has made impressive progress in education over the past two decades . Since the introduction of free < sup > 1 < / sup > schooling policies ( since 2003 at primary level and since 2008 at free day secondary level ) access has improved significantly . The focus has now shifted to improving quality and also expanding post-basic education , supported by ambitious reforms : rollout of CBC and CBA , implementation of textbook policies targeting a 1 : 1 student-textbook ratio , enhanced teacher support , stronger school-based management , and execution of the 100 percent transition policy , which has enabled over 90 percent of CBC learners to transition from primary to JS . 4 . * * Improving basic education quality is a critical building block for further education and training , and productive employment . * * The connection between human capital development and jobs includes policies for people ( policies that increase the quality of the labor supplied so , basically , how to increase the human capital of those who enter , or are already in , the labor market ) . Building specific skills that prepare young people for the transition from school to work begins when children are in their early school years . The Kenya Jobs Diagnostic report by the World Bank ( 2024 ) states that only about 18 percent of Kenya ’ s tertiary graduates are in science and engineering , significantly lower than middle income countries . This challenge emerges from low uptake and learning achievements in sciences and mathematics at the basic education > 1 There are hidden costs in the “ free ” schooling . The household level out of pocket costs including school uniforms , levies by schools for school level development and extra curriculum activities , school lunch and others . Page 3 Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Other countries have special laws , which can take the form of specific anti-usury laws , such as those in El Salvador , Italy or Uruguay , or could be part of a more general consumer protection act , such as the ones enacted in Finland , Korea ( Republic of ) or San Marino . Restrictions on deposit rates additionally rely on administrative regulation , which typically takes the form of central bank directives . For example , the deposit rate floor prevalent in WAEMU countries is based on a decree of the Council of Ministers and the Board of the Central Bank of West African States . Finally , one notable exception where the basis of IRC regulation is a court ruling is the British dependency of Guernsey , where part of the legal system is based on customary law . Fixed or absolute limits are the typical methodology employed for setting IRCs , regardless of the restriction type . The methodology for determining the level at which interest rates are limited is a critical feature of the interest rate regime . Countries that set a fixed maximum ( or minimum ) rate introduce an additional rigidity that makes them less responsive to changes in the macroeconomic environment . However , relative rate limits come in different flavors , ranging from those set relative to a benchmark market rate to others set as a spread over an administrative rate , with discretion for the government to determine the latter ( turning many of these into quasi-fixed frameworks ) . Rates set relative to central banks ’ policy rates deserve a separate mention , as they introduce some flexibility at the cost of distorting the monetary transmission channels , as it became manifest in Kenya ’ s failed attempt to control interest rates . Figure 3 shows that countries that decide to impose IRCs often choose a hard ceiling ( or floor ) . However , some countries opt for flexibility when imposing caps on rates . Surprisingly , data on lending rate ceilings show that low and middle income economies are as likely as their high income peers to choose a benchmark market rate ( both at 27 percent of those with IRCs ) . As far as caps on deposit", "spans": [{"start": 1924, "end": 1953, "text": "data on lending rate ceilings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Accountability * * While the desire for reciprocity captures taxpayers ’ interest in receiving public goods and services , a demand for accountability captures the desire for an institutionalized voice in shaping how tax and spending decisions are made . Of course , the goals of reciprocity and accountability are overlapping : the goal of accountability is , often , to provide an institutionalized way for taxpayers to demand and ensure reciprocity . But they are also meaningfully distinct . Where reciprocity implies governments making potentially time-limited concessions to taxpayers , institutionalized accountability is intended to ensure that reciprocity is sustained . As importantly , accountability may have independent value to those who are granted a voice in shaping tax and spending decisions . Evidence suggests that lower levels of corruption , as well as participatory budgeting and other forms of direct democracy , are associated with higher tax compliance . This underscores the importance of accountability in shaping trust in tax systems . For example , a recent cross-national survey experiment carried out by the World Bank finds that interventions which increase the salience of anti-corruption efforts and allow citizens to state their expenditure preferences to the government result in sizable and significant increases in tax morale relative to a control group . < sup > 147 < / sup > Two studies from Brazil yield similar findings . In one the authors find that evidence of corruption reduces property tax receipts , and increases demands for participatory budgeting . < sup > 148 < / sup > A World Bank study demonstrates that the presence of participatory governance institutions is closely associated with the ability of municipal governments to raise local tax revenue . < sup > 149 < / sup > The research shows that Brazilian municipalities that voluntarily adopt participatory institutions collect significantly higher levels of taxes than other , similar municipalities without these institutions . Similarly , earlier research from Switzerland found that tax compliance is substantially higher in cantons with larger reliance on direct democracy , including fiscal referendums . < sup > 150 < / sup > Somewhat more broadly , research has argued that tax collection and compliance often increase following the election of new governments , because of renewed popular trust following", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya : Integrated Devolution and Urban Support Program ( P177048 ) levels . Completed and ongoing programs include the Kenya Devolution Support Program ( KDSP ) , the Kenya Accountable Devolution Program ( KADP ) , and the < mark > program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in < / mark > _ < mark > Kenya < / mark > _ < mark > ( < / mark > _ < mark > GESDeK < / mark > _ < mark > ) . < / mark > Analytical work on governance and devolution issues has included MDWSD , Managing County Assets in Kenya Report , Political economy analysis on Devolution in Kenya , and the Kenya Public Expenditure Review : _Decision Time : Spend More , or Spend Smart_ ? . Finally , the WB has extensive experience and a deep pool of analytical work on private sector development issues in Kenya . Ongoing operations include the Financial Sector Support Project ( FSSP ) , Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship Project ( KIEP ) to increase productivity and innovation in select private sector firms in Kenya , Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) . Analytic work in this space includes the Kenya Subnational Competitiveness for Jobs and Economic Transformation ( CJET ) , MSMEs and entrepreneurship ecosystems in Kenya , three rounds of Covid BPS , and tech adoption survey . * * 12 . The proposed operation represents an integrated approach to devolution and urban development , building on and bringing together KDSP and KUSP orientations into a single programmatic framework . * * The WB has been strongly engaged in the urban / devolution nexus through two PforR operations - KUSP and KDSP , which have delivered substantial institutional and capacity building support to county governments and urban institutions , in line with Kenya ’ s constitutional commitment to devolution . The proposed operation will therefore seek to strengthen national level policy development , including through engagement with the private sector , and capacity building support (", "spans": [{"start": 1308, "end": 1317, "text": "Covid BPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1344, "text": "tech adoption survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # Key Audit Matters Key audit matters are those matters which , in my professional judgment , were of * * mo * * significance in the audit of the financial statements . There were no Key Audit Matterto report in the year under review . # # # # # Other Matters # # # # # 1 . Budgetary Absorption According to the Project Budget Information disclosed in the annual report , three and half years ( about * * 50 % * * of the funding duration ) , the project has absorbed only Kshs . 585 , 849 , 541 out of the loan amount of * * USD * * 200 million ( approximately Kshs . 20 billion ) , translating to * * 3 % * * of the funding . In addition , a comparison of the budget and actual amounts for the project indicates that the project did not utilize Kshs . 606 , 743 , 647 * * _ ( 61 % ) _ * * of the total budget for the year under review . There is a likelihood that the loan may not be fully utilized * * by * * the end of the withdrawal period . Further , the under-absorption * * of * * Kshs . 606 , 743 , 647 may have resulted to slowed implementation of the Project ' s activities in its annual work-plan , for which the funds were budgeted , and this may have resulted to negative impact on the achievement of the goals of the Project . # # # # # 2 . Delayed Project Implementation According to the projects progress reports and records reviewed , there were delays in the implementation of the projects , with some having delays of over one year , as detailed in the table below ; | Contract Description | ContractAmount | Planned < br > Contract < br > Completion < br > Date | Delaysas < br > at * * 1 - * * Nov - < br > * * 2018 * * < br > ( indays ) | |", "spans": [{"start": 1311, "end": 1348, "text": "projects progress reports and records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ Almost flat terrain around km 8 cultivated for Teff production Flat terrain bn Tower no . 3 & no . 4 ( km 0 . 50 ) , seasonally inundated by overflows of Edor river . Gently sloping terrain bn Tower no . 27 & no . 28 , intensively farmed for Teff & maize production Steep sloping ( mountainous ) terrain bn T . no . 28 & No . 29 ( km 9 . 30 - 9 . 70 ) , covered by scrubs or bushes Photo 1 : Photos Illustrating Typical Land Form and Topography along the TL Corridor # # # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 Climate * * The proposed power transmission line ( PTL ) and substation are located in a warm temperate zone with the mean daily temperature ranging from 11 ° C to 28 ° C . Based on previous studies the annual rainfall in the Lake Hawassa catchment varies from 750mm to 1400mm . The distribution of rainfall in the sub-basin is highly influenced by orographic factors and is significantly correlated with altitude . According to the climate data recorded at the Hawassa Meteorological Station for the year 2017 to 2022 , the mean annual rainfall of the Hawassa area is 992 mm . Based on this data the rainy season in the area extends from March to October with mean monthly rainfall varying from 71 to 135 mm , and April to September contributes 72 % of the mean annual precipitation in the catchment . The temporal variations of mean monthly rainfall at Hawassa meteorological station is shown in Figure 4 . 2 below . Page 71", "spans": [{"start": 1125, "end": 1137, "text": "climate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 . 4 The United States as the Leader of transformation : Shares in total employment for selected subsectors ranked by capital-labor ratio , 1958-2005 ( selected from the 99 industrial sectors ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fabric Mills Computer & mfg < br > 0 . 03 0 . 015 < br > 0 . 02 0 . 01 < br > 0 . 01 0 . 005 < br > 0 0 < br > Aircraft and Automobile Other plastic product and < br > fiber optics < br > 0 . 03 0 . 04 < br > 0 . 025 Aircraft mfg < br > 0 . 03 < br > 0 . 02 Automobile Mfg < br > 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 015 < br > 0 . 01 0 . 01 < br > 0 . 005 0 < br > 0 < br > Labor – intensive sector : ( industry 313210 : Broadwoven Fabric Mills ) ; Mid level labor / capital intensity ( industry < br > 334111 : Electronic Computer Manufacturing ) . High capital intensity : ( 336411 : Aircraft 336111 : Automobile ) . High < br > technical intensity ( Industry 326199 : Other plastic products mfg including fiber lens , windshield and optics ) . < br > Source : J . Ju , J . Y . Lin , and Y . Wang , ― Endowment Structure , Industrial Dynamics , and Economic Growth , ‖ < br > manuscript , based on the NBER-CES Manufacturing Industry Data for the period 1958-2005 in two versions . The < br > 1997 6-digit NAICS codes ( 473 industries ) was used . < br > 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 < br > 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 < br > 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 2 . 4 below shows the employment shares in the United States during 1958-2005", "spans": [{"start": 1132, "end": 1168, "text": "NBER-CES Manufacturing Industry Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Figure 18 . Zimbabwe ’ s Internet market and southern African peers * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Internet service trends , Zimbabwe , 2000 – 08 b . Internet service trends , southern Africa < br > 20 350 < br > 5 . 0 12 < br > 18 < br > 4 . 5 300 < br > 10 16 < br > 4 . 0 < br > 14 250 < br > 3 . 5 < br > 8 < br > 12 < br > 200 < br > 3 . 0 < br > 10 < br > 2 . 5 6 150 < br > 8 < br > 2 . 0 < br > 6 100 < br > 4 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 4 < br > 50 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 2 2 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 . 0 0 < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 < br > Internet users ( per 100 people ) < br > Internet users ( per 100 people ) < br > International Internet bandwidth ( bits per second per < br > International Internet bandwidth ( bits per second per person ) < br > person ) < br > Internet users < br > Internet users < br > International internet bandwidth < br > International internet bandwidth < br > Madagascar Malawi Angola Zambia Mozambique Lesotho Zimbabwe Botswana South Africa Namibia Mauritius < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # _Source : _ AICD . Mobile is the best hope for extending connectivity to most Zimbabweans . Telecel reports its network has population coverage of 68 percent ( Orascom Telecom 2009 ) , while Econet states ― all urban areas and most rural areas have been covered ( Econet Wireless Zimbabwe 2010 ) ‖ The country is thus close to reaching its coverage gap , which has been calculated to be 13 percent ( figures 16 , 17 )", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 246, "text": "Internet service trends", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 876, "end": 890, "text": "Internet users", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 920, "end": 952, "text": "International internet bandwidth", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| opographical Survey of 12 Se < br > lected Informal Settlements i < br > n Nyeri , Kirinyaga and Marsa < br > bit Counties ; Lot VII – Cluster | ng | ase eecon < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Page 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Overall ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | | | Small-scale Irrigation - improvement in LG Management Performance Overall ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | | | * * PDO Indicator 3b : Improvement in LG performance in the management of resources in the worst performing LGs * * | No | Yes | Yes | | | Improvement in LG managementperformance in the worstperformingLGs ( Education , Health , Water , Micro-Irrigation and CrosscuttingAreas ) | | | | | | * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | | | | | | Improvement in LG performance in management of human resources ( annual assessment ) | No | Yes | Yes | | | Improvement in LG performance in inspection , monitoring and assessment of service delivery | No | Yes | Yes | | | Improvement in LG performance in oversight of construction and E & S requirements | No | Yes | Yes | | | Increase in the average number of minimum conditions met byLGs | No | Yes | Yes | | 33 . * * The LGMSD 2025 Performance Assessment recorded an overall average score of 67 . 23 percent across all 176 LG Votes ( Figure 5 ) . * * Beyond the aggregate score , there was an emergence of a genuine performance culture . LGs now Page 8 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 953, "text": "LGMSD 2025 Performance Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( bituminous ) standard ; ( d ) Consultancy services for the Design Review . _ 16 . Implementation progress was noted for the other major contracts related to the Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road ( 103 . 08km ) , namely : ( _a ) Civil works for the road upgrading from gravel to paved ( bituminous ) standard ; ( b ) Consultancy services for the Design Review ; ( c ) Consultancy services for the implementation of Resettlement Assistance and Livelihood Restoration Program the civil works implementation ; ( d ) Supply delivery , training and commissioning of in-situ pollution monitoring equipment_ . Specific contract details are in * * Annex 4 - Progress Brief from UNRA . * * 17 . Several contracts await contract signature , that is ; _ ( a ) Consultancy Services for Managing Risks associated with Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) / Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA ) on the KYM Road ; ( b ) Consultancy Services for Carrying out Periodic Monitoring and Evaluation Services and Road User Satisfaction Surveys of the Project ; ( c ) Consultancy Services for Road Safety Sensitization and awareness Campaigns on KYM road ; ( d ) Consultancy Services for the Review and Strengthening of the_ 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "revenues , and almost 100 percent of exports . < sup > 3 < / sup > In rural areas , subsistence agriculture constitutes the largest part of production . However , food production was insufficient even before the onset of the conflict . Only the Greenbelt area of Western Equatoria has excessive food production ; while all other states are food deficient . < sup > 4 < / sup > The patchy trade data and recent evidence in Calì and Varela ( 2013 ) suggest that the food deficit in most parts of the country is filled by imports ( mainly from Uganda and Sudan ) and to a limited extent by domestic trade . However relying on markets for consumption is both costly and perilous in South Sudan . The very poor transport infrastructure in large parts of the country – especially in northern states – creates significant transportation costs leading to considerable price variations across the country . In addition the violence , within South Sudan and sporadically with Sudan , has greatly undermined the security of trade and thus increased price volatility . We estimate the degree of integration in seven food markets , and two energy markets across eight state capitals . < sup > 5 < / sup > The former group includes sorghum , maize , millet , wheat flour , sesame , broad beans and groundnuts ; the latter group includes diesel and gasoline . The choice of products reflects the combination of its importance in the consumption basket of South Sudanese and of data availability . The period analyzed spans 2009-2013 , with exceptions again due to data availability . < sup > 6 < / sup > The analysis reveals four main messages . First , markets in South Sudan are highly segmented . Price differences for narrowly defined products , across cities exceed in certain instances 100 percent . For sorghum , for example , a key staple in South Sudan , inter-city prices differences are on average , 43 percent . These differences within South Sudan exceed those reported in the literature for inter-countries price gaps in Central and Western Africa ( Brenton et al . , 2015 ) . Second , price volatility has increased substantially since the imposition of", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 398, "text": "patchy trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "used ex post . The second dimension pertains whether the oversight tools are established inside or out side the Parliament , that is whether they are internal or external oversight tools . Questions , question time , interpellations , hearings , public account committees are internal tools , while ombudsmen and auditors general are external tools . The IPU , in collaboration with WBI , conducted a survey on Executive-Legislative relations ; some 180 Parliaments were surveyed , and 83 responded ( 82 national parliaments plus the European Parliament ) . Respondents were asked questions concerning the accountability of the government to the parliament , the impeachment procedure , the dissolution of parliament , the oversight of government , budgetary oversight , oversight of implementation of the budget , oversight over foreign policy , oversight over national defense policy , the parliament and the state of emergency , the verification of the constitutionality of laws , and , finally , oversight over the application and evaluation of laws . In this note we will focus only on the oversight of the government . Respondents were asked several questions : whether the government in their country was considered an institution that must report to Parliament , how does the parliament exercise oversight , whether parliamentarians could question government officials , whether time for questions was allocated in Parliament , whether interpellations were foreseen and , finally , whether there was an ombudsman in the country < sup > 13 < / sup > . > 12 Roberta Maffio , “ Quis Custodiet Ispos Custodes ? Il Controllo Parlamentare dell ’ Attivitá di Governo in Prospettiva Comparata ” , _Quaderni di Scienza Politica_ , . . . , pp . 333-383 . The quote is taken from p . 348 . 13 A discussion for why questions , question time , interpellations should be considered as instruments of parliamentary control can be found in Roberta Maffio , “ _Quis custodiet ipsos custodes ? _ Il controllo parlamentare dell ’ attivitá di governo in prospettiva comparata ” , _op . cit . _ , pp . 333-383 . See also David G . McGee , _The Overseers . Public Accounts Committees and Public Spending_ , London , Commonwealth Parliamentary Association in Association with Pluto Press , 2002", "spans": [{"start": 401, "end": 442, "text": "survey on Executive-Legislative relations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the works done against the costs incurred Cost wise , all PCDP completed projects are cost effective with better quality compared to nongovernment projects . All completed projects so far complied with the standard set by the regional respective sector bureaus and Woreda offices . Moreover , the FGD and KII conducted for the end evaluation confirmed that all constructed facilities have better quality compared to similar facilities constructed by the government and NGOs , which rises demand for PCDP projects among most pastoral communities in target and control Woredas . Even though cost of projects varies from place to place , the average cost of most of the community subprojects implemented so far in all four regions ranged from about 475 to 800 thousand Birr . In terms of projects , the cost of the first cycle primary school varies from 450 , 000 to 675 , 000 , health post from 517 , 647 to 667 , 000 , veterinary posts from 494 , 118 to 588 , 235 birr and birkas from 250 , 000 to 370 , 500 birr . From the experience of the consulting firm , these costs of construction of the infrastructure are fair and the qualities of the facilities produced are to the standard . 45", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* d host communities * * | | | | | | d | Baselin | e | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Inicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value < br > Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | A Capacity building plan has | No | Jun / 2023 | No < br > 14-Mar-2025 | No | 05-Sep-2025 | Yes | Jun / 2028 | | been prepared and approved < br > for WHR IPF activities < br > ( Yes / No ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | In progress in coordination wi | th UN Habitat . D | raft shared for r | eview during th | e mission . | | Urban spatial plan | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2023 | 0 . 00 < br > 14-Mar-2025 | 0 . 00 | 05-Sep-2025 | 2 . 00 | Jun / 2028 | | completed , including refugee < br > hosting areas , integrating < br > urban resilience and climate < br > change issues ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | In progress . UN Habitat is mo | bilized to provid | e TA . | | | | Citizen fora ( public | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2023 | 0 . 00 < br > 14-Mar-2025 | 8 | 05-Sep-2025 | 32 . 00 | Jun / 2028 | | consultations between urban < br > board and residents , < br > including plan and budget | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | As at APA1 results as of 12th | February 2025 | | | | Page 15 of 19 Sep 23 , 2025", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > nside < br > s that | gnific < br > red to < br > are as | ance m < br > lerabl < br > low a | atrix < br > e , bu < br > s rea | ( Tab < br > t effor < br > sonab | le < br > ts < br > ly | | * * High * * < br > * * > 50 * * | Sha < br > abo < br > miti | ded re < br > ve ) . T < br > gation | d as s < br > hese < br > meas | hown < br > deno < br > ures | abov < br > te th < br > must | e in t < br > at th < br > be im | he im < br > e im < br > plem | pact s < br > pact i < br > ented | ignifi < br > s un - < br > to red | cance < br > accep < br > uce t | matri < br > table < br > he sig | x ( Ta < br > and < br > nifica | ble 4 < br > furth < br > nce . | er | # # # * * 4 . 6 . 2 Impact Significance Rating * * Mitigation measures were proposed based on findings of the field surveys / analyses and stakeholder consultations . Recommendations were made in accordance with Ugandan laws and regulations , the World Bank Environmental Health Safety Sector Guidelines , sound technological measures , and standard industry best practice . Mitigation measures that require to be integrated in the early planning stages of the project were proposed following preliminary impacts identification . 48 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 802, "text": "field surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 78 ) | ( 374 . 529 ) | ( 264 . 849 ) | ( 0 . 45 ) | ( 0 . 39 ) | | | | Machinery and equipment | 5 . 009 | 152 . 354 | 43 . 198 | 0 . 668 | 0 . 143 | 12 , 704 | 1 , 707 | | | ( 0 . 791 ) | ( 326 . 021 ) | ( 256 . 078 ) | ( 0 . 471 ) | ( 0 . 35 ) | | | | Electrical , comm . , medical | 5 . 227 < br > ( 0 . 949 ) | 202 . 276 < br > ( 424 . 024 ) | 71 . 201 < br > ( 379 . 659 ) | 0 . 709 < br > ( 0 . 454 ) | 0 . 231 < br > ( 0 . 421 ) | 9 , 619 | 1 , 262 | | Motor vehicles , other transport | 5 . 419 < br > ( 0 . 989 ) | 354 < br > ( 806 . 788 ) | 152 . 26 < br > ( 728 . 611 ) | 0 . 783 < br > ( 0 . 412 ) | 0 . 288 < br > ( 0 . 453 ) | 8 , 348 | 1 , 056 | | Other | 4 . 612 < br > ( 0 . 874 ) | 202 . 387 < br > ( 442 . 729 ) | 39 . 12 < br > ( 153 . 547 ) | 0 . 83 < br > ( 0 . 376 ) | 0 . 196 < br > ( 0 . 397 ) | 8 , 004 | 1 , 150 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . The table reports means and standard deviations ( in parentheses ) for the estimation sample of manufacturing firms with more than 10 employees over the period 1995-2013 ( except 2000-2002 ) . A firm is foreign-owned if foreign investors hold at least 50 % of capital . TFPR is estimated", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 894, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we have at least our cutoff of five or more establishments per cluster ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > > 6 Due to confidentiality restrictions , establishment-level data were not able to be procured through the NSO . 7 The Census of Industry surveyed all plants , although those with 1-4 workers were not included in the dataset . The analysis excludes utilities , mining and quarrying , and a few other industries which , due to the methodology of data collection were available but are commonly thought of as outside the manufacturing sector . To protect the confidentiality of survey respondents , the Department of Census and Statistics have top-coded employment size categories for certain sectors with few very large firms ( into an “ other ” category ) to prevent them from being identified in the cell data . This necessitated aggregation of cells in the 100-499 and 500 + size categories into one single 100 + size category . We focus on seven provinces since Northern and Eastern provinces have been omitted due to civil unrest causing questions of data reliability and consistency . Specifically , conflict in these areas precluded the collection of surveys in 1993 and 1998 , so we excluded them from all years to maintain a consistent sample . > 8 The sample size for the 2004 WBES in Table 3 reflects the estimation sample used in the firm-level TFP analysis presented in Section VI . The cluster level indicators , however , are based on the full sample of 452 surveyed establishments . > 9 A similar approach has been used , among others , by Aterido et al . ( 2011 ) . While in principle there could be up to 490 possible location-industry-size clusters ( 14 2-digit industries x 7 provinces x 5 size classes ) , in practice given available data we are able to construct 322 location-industry-size clusters . 13", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 233, "text": "Census of Industry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 797, "end": 806, "text": "cell data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1277, "end": 1286, "text": "2004 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Conclusion * * E-commerce has developed rapidly in rural China . As the penetration rate in rural areas is just 40 percent ( Woetzel et al . 2017 ) , there is still ample room to increase further . However , more studies are needed to understand whether and how e-commerce can help improve the livelihoods and production efficiency in rural areas . Using a nationally representative sample of Taobao Villages , we have detailed the characteristics of Taobao Villages and the households living there , as well as the pattern of e-commerce participation and its effect on income distribution across different stratified groups . The empirical results show that : 1 ) e-commerce participation is not random , participation is higher among households with younger household heads , with secondary education ( particularly those with technical and vocational education ) , urban work experience , and knowledge of e - commerce ; 2 ) e-commerce participation is associated with higher household income , with some indications that participation has a strong positive effect on household incomes ; and 3 ) e-commerce benefits among participants seem to be inclusive in Taobao Villages : among the households engaging in e-commerce , while the wealthy gain more in absolute terms , the less wealthy experience higher income growth in relative terms . While younger individuals with technical training , knowledge of e-commerce , and migrant experience are likely to have higher income increase in absolute terms through e-commerce participation , those older , with less education , knowledge , or migrant experience have the potential to benefit more in relative terms . Due to data limitations , our analysis only estimates the direct effect of e-commerce participation on household income growth in Taobao Villages , where e-commerce is most developed in rural China . To further understand the effect of e-commerce on rural China , a panel data set including villages that significantly engage in e-commerce and those that do not is required . More research is needed to 1 ) quantify the impact of e-commerce on income growth in rural areas , including in the non-Taobao Villages ( areas where e-commerce is less developed ) , to understand the difference between Taobao Villages and non-Taobao Villages and to identify the", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 418, "text": "nationally representative sample of Taobao Villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1940, "end": 1954, "text": "panel data set", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 . Generation of power , by fuel ( 1990-2014 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 200 , 000 0 . 70 < br > 180 , 000 < br > 0 . 60 < br > 160 , 000 < br > 140 , 000 0 . 50 < br > 120 , 000 0 . 40 < br > 100 , 000 < br > 0 . 30 < br > 80 , 000 < br > 60 , 000 0 . 20 < br > 40 , 000 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 0 0 . 00 < br > Hydro Geothermal Other renewables < br > Coal Oil Gas < br > Biofuels and waste Nuclear Total final consumption < br > Fuel type concentration index < br > GWH < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : IEA , 2015 # _Institutions_ In general , planning and procurement of generation and transmission in the Egyptian power sector are conducted by the Ministry of Energy , EEHC , and EETC , in close coordination and reasonably in advance of the new assets being needed by the power system . The power sector saw several new laws and policies put into place in 2015 and the country is transitioning to this new framework currently . Since 2000 , generation planning was done by the EEHC and the transmission planning was done by EETC . Once the plans were submitted to and approved by the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy , they were presented to the cabinet of the ministers for approval and allocation of the necessary financial resources for the execution of the plan . However , the new electricity law in 2015 , Law 87 , assigned the planning task to the EETC ( functioning post 2015 as a TSO ) jointly with the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy , allowing for three transitional years . The plan will be more or less indicative , with an annual report for adequacy of generation issued by the EETC and reviewed by the regulatory agency - EgyptERA . The regulator will then report to the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ * * _F ( t ) _ * * _-_ * * _Q ( t_ * * 1 ) * * where * * S * * denotes the dollar value of the stock at the end of the period , F is the net flow during the period , * * _Q_ * * is the market price of the asset in current * * US * * dollars , and 5is a rate of physical depreciation . The key issue concerns the measurement of * * _Q . _ * * In the case of FDI , we take * * _Q_ * * to follow the replacement value of physical capital . For inward FDI , this is captured * * by * * the investment deflator of the host country . For outward FDI , a detailed breakdown of flows * * by * * destination is not available , and hence we use a weighted average of investment deflators , with > In a large number of cases , the asset figures reported * * by * * this source just reflect accumulated dollar flows at historical exchange rates , while in others some adjustments are introduced for exchange rate changes . In a few rare cases , the asset figures are expressed at market value . > * * 1o * * For most countries , initial FDI stocks are obtained from * * OECD ( 1967 ) , * * which reports direct investment assets of each industrial country disaggregated * * by * * country of destination ; this provides also the basic source of initial values for developing-country inward FDI . For portfolio equity assets and liabilities , stock information is generally not > available , although this is not too serious a problem given that portfolio flows are a relatively recent phenomenon , absent an initial stock , we set the starting value at zero . For industrial country loan assets and liabilities , as wil as for developing country loan assets , we take as initial stocks those reported * * by * * the BoP , Rider ' s ( 1994 ) data , or national sources whenever available . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1712, "end": 1735, "text": "Rider ' s ( 1994 ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ efforts will be measured and evaluated for their effectiveness at a later stage in the implementation of the resettlement plan . # # # # # * * 11 . 2 Planning Approaches , Principles and Assumptions * * # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 1 Planning Approaches * * Construction and installation works of the proposed Jima II – Limu Genet TLP will affect lives and livelihoods of PAHs currently residing inside the area designated for substation and the 26-meter wide Right of Way ( RoW ) corridor extending for about 59 . 3km . Despite possible differences between groups of PAHs in terms of scope , duration , and severity , adverse impacts of the Subproject on PAHs ’ livelihoods are anticipated to be substantial in magnitude – in terms of both the number of PAHs and severity of impact on their livelihood . In other words , the Subproject will create considerable physical and economic displacement of PAHs and hence , involves involuntary resettlement . Therefore , as per the requirements of the national legislation Proclamation No . 1161 / 2019 and Amendment Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 and the WB ’ s ESS 5 , adverse livelihood impacts of the Subproject need to be adequately mitigated not only through compensation payment but also through providing support for effective implementation of a set of livelihood restoration strategies proposed in this Resettlement Plan ( RP ) document . To ensure the effectiveness of the LR strategies , infrastructure projects that involve involuntary resettlement need to be guided by certain fundamental principles . The cardinal principle for the Jima II – Limu Genet TLP LRP needs to be informed by local knowledge – a principle that puts the needs , priorities , constraints , interests , preferences , opportunities , and aspirations of PAHs before anything else . Thus , in addition to conducting a census survey , assessing the", "spans": [{"start": 1996, "end": 2009, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- model elaborated bySMEC < br > ( 2008 » . | | * * NileBasin DSS * * | Under development , byENTRO . | _Source : McCartney et al . ( 2006 ) . _ _Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of about 20 , 000_ lJa _frugat / oll and Dlainage_ Scllemes _at Pump ( at Se / aba ) . Ribb and Angel_ Dan ! _ , ESIA Scheme , _ B ~", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "credit and income supplements , has been used in Ecuador , India , Mexico , Turkey , Uganda , Yemen and South Africa . - * * Vocational , language and computer training works well * * in Lebanon , Uganda , South Africa , Yemen , India , Indonesia , Jordan , Malaysia and CAR and Zambia . In Ecuador , a training program called “ Let ’ s make your business work ” has benefi ted 600 refugees and is linked to seed capital . Problems with residence and other documents can make it diffi cult or impossible for refugees to use banking services . A Global Survey – 2012 35", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 558, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 8 : Financial Analysis * * # * * Background * * 1 . The total installed generation capacity of Uganda is about 580MW with two major hydro plants at Nalubaale ( 180MW ) and Kiira ( 200MW ) located at the mouth of Lake Victoria , three thermal plants aggregating 170 MW , mini-hydro plants of about 16 MW capacity in total , and cogeneration from bagasse ( 12 MW ) . The rental thermal plants have been relatively recent additions in response to the 2005 drought when hydro-power output was severely curtailed . 2 . The financial analysis discusses the power sector financial position of Uganda and the financial position of UETCL . The UETCL financial analysis is based on the historical financial statements for FY05-09 , provisional figures for FY10 , and projected financial statements for FY11-16 . * * Attachment 1 * * includes the assumptions ( agreed with UETCL ) for preparing the financial projections and * * Attachment 2 * * presents the consolidated financial statements of UETCL ( including projections under base case scenario ) . # * * Power Sector Institutional Structure * * 3 . The power sector of Uganda was unbundled in 2001 with the formation of three separate corporate entities , one each for generation ( the Uganda Electricity Generation Company Ltd , UEGCL ) , transmission ( the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Ltd , UETCL ) , and distribution ( the Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Ltd , UEDCL . An independent regulator Electricity Regulatory Authority ( ERA ) has been operating since 2000 . Rural Electrification Agency ( REA ) was established in 2003 as a semi-autonomous agency to facilitate achieving the government ‘ s targets for rural electrification . REA receives its revenue from a 5 % levy charged on the bulk power purchase costs . 4 . Subsequent to the unbundling , the private sector was granted separate concessions for the management of UEGCL ‘ s and", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 731, "text": "historical financial statements for FY05-09", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - Dollar , D . , I . Giuseppe , and T . Mengistae , 2002 , “ Investment Climate and Economic Performance : Some Firm Level Evidence from India ” Working Paper No . 143 , Center for Economic Research and Policy Reform , Stanford University . - Dollar , D . , M . Hallward-Driemeier , and T . Mengistae , 2004 , “ Investment Climate and Firm Performance : in Developing Economies , ” Processed , World Bank , February - Dubin , M . , and D . McFadden , 1984 . “ An Econometric Analysis of Residential Electric Appliances Holdings and Consumption , ” Econometrica , vol . 52 , pp . 345-362 . - Eifert , B . , A . Gelb , and R . Ramachandran . 2005 . “ Business Environment and Comparative Advantage in Africa : Evidence from the Investment Climate Data , ’ mimeo , World Bank Group , Washington DC , January . - Escribano , A . and J . Guasch . 2004 . “ Assessing the Impact of Investment Climate on Productivity Using Firm Level Data : Methodology and the cases of Guatemala , Honduras and Nicaragua , ” mimeo , World Bank Group , Washington , DC , . November . 35", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 20 . 0 % 16 . 4 % < br > Chile < br > 9 . 6 % < br > 70 10 . 0 % 0 . 1 % 1 . 8 % < br > 60 - 2 . 5 % - 3 . 5 % - 2 . 3 % 1 . 1 % 1 . 1 % < br > 0 . 0 % < br > 50 < br > Colombia < br > 40 - 10 . 0 % < br > Mexico < br > 30 Peru - 20 . 0 % < br > 20 - 21 . 0 % - 20 . 7 % < br > - 30 . 0 % < br > 10 Venezuela < br > - 32 . 6 % < br > 0 - 40 . 0 % < br > 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 < br > Colombia Chile Peru Mexico Venezuela Return on Average Equity Return on Average Assets < br > Credit to GDP ( % ) < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : World Bank calculations based on SIMA and Superintendencia Bancaria data_ > 11 The term financial sector refers to all financial intermediaries supervised by the Superintendencia Bancaria , including credit institutions ( private and public banks including mortgage banks ) , financial cooperatives , corporate finance companies and leasing companies . 19", "spans": [{"start": 707, "end": 711, "text": "SIMA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identification at the individual level which allowed for a description of the native population ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2015a , b , c , d , e , f ) . < sup > 34 < / sup > Table 1 shows the population of each of the 32 native groups described in the 2010 census . The largest group is the Mapuche with more than 200 , 000 people , and the smallest one is the Tapiete with 407 people . Almost a million people self-identify as Native > 3 In 1869 , the first national census estimated the indigenous population based on reports from local chiefs and they were not considered Argentines . In the national censuses of 1895 and 1914 , the population was also estimated . The 2001 census asked if one of the members of the household self-identified or belonged to a native group but did not identify this member individually . In total 281 , 959 households were identified with at least one indigenous person . A sample of individuals in these households was surveyed by the National Institute of Statistics in 2004 and 2005 . We study the data from the 2010 census as it allows for a cleaner comparison as all individuals were surveyed on the same day . > 4 In Appendix A , we have included a screenshot of the questionnaire form from the 2010 National Census , showing the section in which the questions to identify Native and Afro-Argentine groups were included ( Figure A1 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 618, "end": 635, "text": "national censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 695, "end": 706, "text": "2001 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1073, "end": 1084, "text": "2010 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of individuals in delegation _d_ who joined Daesh < br > in Syria or Iraq between 2013 and 2014 . Note that the < br > personnel records only present information on male re - < br > cruits . | Daesh personnel records | | Population | Number of men in delegation _d_ | The 2014 Tunisia Census of Pop - < br > ulation and Housing ( INS ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _a_ ] < / sup > | | Protests and < br > riots | Cumulative number of political protests and riot events < br > that took place between 2011 and 2014 in delegation _d_ . | ACLED < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _g_ ] < / sup > ( Raleigh et al . , 2010 ) | | Radio ownership < br > ( rate ) | Share of men in delegation _d_ that own a radio | The 2014 Tunisia Census of Pop - < br > ulation and Housing ( INS ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _a_ ] < / sup > | | Rainfall | Average monthly rainfall in mm for delegation _d_ for the < br > 1995-2010 period and for the year 2014 . < br > The GPCC < br > dataset ( 2015 ) contains monthly time series data and is < br > aggregated according to the period / year being analyzed . | Author ’ s calculations based on < br > the GPCC dataset < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _h_ ] < / sup > ( Schneider < br > et al . , 2015 ) | | Turnout < br > ( share ) | The share of eligible voters in the 2014 Legislative Elec - < br > tions that cast a vote in delegation _d_ . | Author ’ s compilation from ISIE < br > ( 2015 ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _d_ ] < / sup > | 25", "spans": [{"start": 1126, "end": 1138, "text": "GPCC dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 37 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * * * Table 9 : Partial errors comparison , December 2020 and September 2021 * * | | * * Dec 2020 * * | * * Sep 2021 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Inclusion error | 8 % | 15 % | | Exclusion error | 14 % | 8 % | | Source : JPDM December 2020 ; JPDM September 2021 | | | If partial errors are not included in the equation and the focus is on 1 ) the share of households eligible for assistance based on criteria , but not vulnerable , and 2 ) the share of vulnerable households in need of assistance but not receiving any at all - overall inclusion and exclusion errors stand at 15 percent and 8 percent respectively . # # * * Addressing inclusion & exclusion errors * * Addressing design inclusion and exclusion errors in the targeting design is key to make sure the most vulnerable are not left out of assistance and limited resources are used effectively . Since the implementation of the targeting approach , an appeal mechanism has been established to identify the vulnerable households who were excluded from assistance because they did not meet the eligibility criteria and therefore reduce the exclusion error . The need to further address inclusion and exclusion errors has been identified by the CO team and an approach including three steps is under development : - 1 ) A broad * * communication campaign * * to communicate the approach and encourage refugee households to self-report should they be erroneously included for full or half ration food assistances ( in other words , if they meet one or several combined eligibility criteria but are - in reality - not vulnerable ) ; - 2 ) * * Further qualitative data collection and analyses * * built upon JPDM findings to identify additional criteria for addressing inclusion and exclusion errors and create a list of households whose eligibility status is to be verified ; - 3 ) * * Verification exercises * * to identify households that are to", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 283, "text": "JPDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 300, "end": 304, "text": "JPDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 12 : Direct and indirect job content of exports across refined sectors , South Africa 2001 vs . 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2001 2011 < br > achinery , Metal Prod , Metal , Ferrous Metal achinery , Metal Prod , Metal , Ferrous Metal < br > Agr , Forestry , Fisheries Minerals nec < br > Trade and Transport Services Energy Ext , Chem / Rub / Plast < br > Energy Ext , Chem / Rub / Plast Trade and Transport Services < br > Minerals nec Transport Equipment < br > Processed Food , Bev and Tob Agr , Forestry , Fisheries < br > Manufactures nec Processed Food , Bev and Tob < br > Transport Equipment Other Private Services < br > Paper / Pub , Wood Products Paper / Pub , Wood Products < br > Other Private Services Manufactures nec < br > Apparel , Textiles , Leather Apparel , Textiles , Leather < br > Mineral Products nec PubAdmin / Defence / Health / Educat < br > PubAdmin / Defence / Health / Educat Mineral Products nec < br > Electricity , Gas , Water Electricity , Gas , Water < br > Construction Construction < br > Dwellings Dwellings < br > 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 1 , 000 < br > Thousands Thousands < br > Direct JOBX Indirect JOBX Direct JOBX Indirect JOBX < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX and South African labor force surveys . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1297, "end": 1302, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1307, "end": 1340, "text": "South African labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 . Os funcionários do registo muitas vezes não têm conhecimento de todas as novas leis , regras e regulamentos . Raramente é feita formação de actualização e a informação sobre novas disposições legais leva frequentemente demasiado tempo a chegar aos locais de registo mais remotos . Os funcionários podem não saber que os registos tardios são agora também gratuitos , que as crianças podem ser registadas quando apenas um dos pais está presente , ou que os órfãos podem ser registados < sup > 161 < / sup > . Por vezes diferentes serviços de registo , e eventualmente funcionários diferentes no mesmo serviço , podem exigir requisitos diferentes . < sup > 162 < / sup > Assim , um registo pode ser recusado num posto de registo ou por um funcionário e aceite noutro posto ou por outro funcionário . 13 . * * Aparentemente , com base numa circular anterior do Ministro da Justiça , datada de 6 de Maio de 2011 * * < sup > * * 163 * * < / sup > * * , os oficiais de registo recusaram-se frequentemente a registar os filhos de estrangeiros , particularmente de refugiados e requerentes de asilo * * < sup > 164 < / sup > . Isto também resultou de uma confusão entre o registo de nascimento e a atribuição da nacionalidade angolana : Embora o", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "250 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementatio | n < br > 2018-07-02 | | 2018-07-23 | 2018-09-05 | 20 | 18-10-03 | 2018-11-02 | 2018-12-07 | 2019-01-11 | | 2019-08-29 | | ET-MUDH-59284-CS-QCBS / < br > TA for baseline in 56 cities < br > ( especially new cities and < br > cities that have not used < br > consultancy ) on asset < br > management , asset < br > inventories baseline and for < br > revenue enhancement < br > strategies , plans and < br > implementation | IDA / D2770 | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - International | 250 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementatio | n < br > 2018-05-10 | | 2018-05-31 | 2018-07-14 | 20 | 18-08-11 | 2018-09-10 | 2018-10-15 | 2018-11-19 | | 2019-04-18 | | ET-MUDH-60160-CS-QCBS / < br > computerized comprehensive < br > municipal revenue file < br > management and data base < br > formation | IDA / D2770 | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - International | 1 , 500 , 000 . 00 | 1 , 611 , 730 . 75 < br > Signed | 2018-06-08 < br > 201 | 9-06 | - 21 < br > 2018-06-29 < br > 2019 | - 07-16 < br > 2018-08-12 < br > 2020-02-11", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 844, "text": "municipal revenue file", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 3 . 5 WSS Tariffs , Cost Recovery , and Access for Selected Countries * * GPP per capita World Bank , 2008 World Development Indicators . | * * Water charges * * | Brazil | China | France | Philippines | Turkey | UK | Spain | India | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Tariff ( in $ US / m3 , 2001 ) without < br > sanitation | 0 . 39 | 0 . 2 | 1 . 23 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 3-1 . 0 | 1 . 18 | 0 . 57 | 0 . 01-0 . 09 | | % Recover | | | | | | | | | | * O & M | ~ 100 % | not recover | 75-100 % | Low cost recovery | 100 % | Not always recover | 100 % | Low cost recovery | | * Capital | not recovered | not recovered | > 80 % | Low cost recovery | not recovered | high recoverylevel | not recovered | not recovered | | GDP / capita ( in $ PPP converted ) | 10 , 296 | 5 , 962 | 34 , 045 | 3 , 510 | 13 , 920 | 35 , 445 | 31 , 955 | 2 , 972 | | % water coverage ( Broad Definition ) | | | | | | | | | | * Urban | 96 % | 93 % | 100 % | 87 % | | 100 % | 100 % | 90 % | | % sanitation coverage ( Broad < br > Definition ) | | | | | | | | | | * Urban | 83 % | 69 % | | 80 % | | | 100 % | 62 % | | % sanitation coverage ( Sewerage ) | | | | | | | | | | * Urban | 53 % | 50 % | | 7 % | | | 98 % |", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 147, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electric power machinery ( 77 ) , and photographic equipment ( 88 ) ( Table 8 ) . These are drawn from Hummels ( 2001 ) , which investigates how ocean shipping times and air freight times influences the probability that air transport is chosen . Those industries are associated with highest positive and statistically significant estimates of the days / rate ratio in Hummels ( 2001 ) . This ratio measures the combined effect of ocean shipping times and air freights on the probability of choosing air transport . Similarly , three twodigit SITC 2 industries – textile yarns ( 65 ) , cement ( 66 ) , plumbing fixtures ( 82 ) – are chosen as time-insensitive as they are associated with the lowest negative and statistically significant estimates of the days / rate ratio in Hummels ( 2001 ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > We base our selection of time-sensitive agricultural products on the information of their storage life ( Gast 1991 ) . We focus on fruits and vegetables ( HS 07 and 08 ) . We classify products with a minimum storage life of 3 weeks or less , for example apricots , beans , currants , and mushrooms , as time-sensitive agricultural products . Time-insensitive agricultural goods are those with a minimum storage life of 4 weeks or longer , for example apples , cranberries and potatoes ( Table 9 ) . Since the data are at a very disaggregate level , we only use export data of those agricultural products of the most important exporters ( Table A3 ) . The difference-in-difference gravity regression we estimate is > 21 Time-sensitive products are more likely to be shipped by air , while our measure of time delays is from factory to ship . Much of the time delay in exporting ( about 75 percent on average ) is due to administrative costs , which are nearly identical for sea and air . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1387, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GBV Reported Cases : Types of Incidents January - March 2017 Physical assault < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 278 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Emotional abuse * * 87 * * health care units that are accessible to the IDPs although it is quite challenging . The IDPs in the POCs also faced numerous challenges within the POCs with over 90 houses burnt down in Bentiu POC and the families now displaced in a school . This further exacerbate the already diffi cult conditions of the women exposing them to incidences of abuse . Shortage of water was also reported in some of the POCs and other collective sites in Kajokeji in Eastern Equatoria and Aburoc in Upper Nile . The fact that families are forced to hide in the fi eld or bush is very challenging . GBV programme response has also been curtailed by funding gaps for most of the GBV partners . This has hampered continuity of services for the affected community . Rape * * 84 * * Denial of resources * * 58 * * Forced marriage * * 33 * * Sexual violence * * 20 * * Number of GBV Reported Cases ( cumulative ) Mar2015 - Mar2017 | 245 | 1 , 647 < br > | 2 , 803 < br > Mar2015 - Mar2017 | 4 , 310 < br > 4 , 870 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Mar | Dec | Jun | Mar < br > Dec | | 2015 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 < br > 2016 | > * The GBVIMS was rolled out in South Sudan in 2014 . It currently includes 15 member organizations . GBVIMS data that is shared is only from reported cases in areas where the data-gathering organizations are providing services , and is in no way representative of the total incidence or prevalence of GBV in South Sudan . These statistical trends are generated", "spans": [{"start": 1396, "end": 1407, "text": "GBVIMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 1 . 1 Planning & Budgeting * * Overall FM objective - the Program budget is realistic , is prepared with due regard to government policy and is implemented in an orderly and predictable manner . 7 . The government budgeting is anchored in the PFM Act 2012 and PFM Act Regulation 2015 . The annual budget estimates are captured in the IFMIS using the standard chart of accounts ( SCOA ) . The program budget and expenditures will be captured and reported through the specific SCOA codes in the IFMIS . The staff in Planning and Finance are well qualified and experienced . 8 . The program expenditure framework selected expenditures under State Department of Early Learning & Basic Education - primary education and cross cutting issues in all state departments focusing on primary school , school capitation grants in lagging counties and camp-based refugee schools ; activities supported under primary education are school meals program , scholarships for girls , teacher training and sanitary towels . Page 2 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 349, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 503, "end": 508, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 2022-06-01 2022-05-14 < br > esta Nacional de Desnutrició < br > n Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-7 / Adquisició < br > n de suministros de oficina ypapelería para el desarrollo de las actividades de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 3 , 220 . 43 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-03-09 2022-06-22 2022-04-14 2022-05-14 < br > Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-9 / Adquisición de los suministros médicos , necesarios para el desarrollode la Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 20 , 496 . 56 18 , 821 . 87 Signed 2022-03-09 2022-04-26 2022-04-15 2022-05-31 2022-05-15 < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-20 / Suministr < br > os de impresión ( materialesde impresión ) y repuestos ( repuestos y accesorios ) para eldesarrollo de las actividades IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 31 , 523 . 17 27 , 653 . 55 Signed 2022-03-30 2022-04-04 2022-04-27 2022-05-31 2022-06-11 < br > de la", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "# # 2 . 2 < mark > Methodology < / mark > A combination of qualitative and quantitative assessment tools was applied to collect data . A comprehensive household questionnaire was developed to capture information at the household level . To understand the broader context and to triangulate information , two sets of guidelines were developed to conduct focus group discussions ( FGDs ) and key informant interviews ( KIIs ) . Twenty-one FGDs were conducted with several groups , disaggregated by gender and location : men and women refugee groups , men and women in host community groups and youth groups . The 23 KIIs included officials from government offices , local NGOs and local private organizations like banks and financial institutions . In refugee settings , where the camps are classified into blocks with defined numbers of households , cluster sampling was used to select and conduct household surveys . A total of 20 clusters ( blocks ) were randomly selected from each refugee camp and all households within blocks were surveyed . Randomly selected households from the selected clusters were targeted for the interviews . # # # 2 . 2 . 1 Sampling for household questionnaire The sample was designed such that key assessment results were representative at camp level . A total of 406 households were interviewed in all the three camps . Based on the population proportion , the following sampling distribution was used : _Table 1 : Sampling distribution_ | * * Location * * | * * Population * * | * * Sample Size * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lasu | 2159 | 177 | | Makpandu | 1366 | 112 | | Ezo | 1427 | 117 | | * * _Total_ * * | * * 4925 * * | * * 406 * * | # # # # * * _Calculation_ * * “ Population engaged in livelihoods activities ” was used as an indicator to calculate the sample size . From anecdotal information from personnel working within the camps , it", "spans": [{"start": 897, "end": 914, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s | • < br > Present project information to a large audience of stakeholders , and in < br > particular communities < br > • < br > Allow the group of stakeholders to provide their views and opinions < br > • < br > Build relationships with neighboring communities < br > • < br > Distribute non-technical project information < br > • < br > Facilitate meetings using presentations , posters and pamphlets or < br > project information documents < br > • < br > Record discussions , comments / questions raised and responses | | Consultative < br > Workshops | • < br > Present project information to a group of stakeholders < br > • < br > Allow stakeholders to provide their views and opinions < br > • < br > Use participatory exercises to assist in group discussions , brainstorm on < br > contentious issues , analyze information , and develop recommendations and < br > strategies < br > • < br > Progress recordingof responses | | Focus < br > Group < br > Discussions | • < br > Allow a smaller group of between 9 and 12 people to provide their < br > views and opinions of targeted baseline information < br > • < br > Build relationships with the target communities < br > • < br > Use a focus group interview guideline to facilitate discussions < br > • < br > Record responses | | Surveys | • < br > Collect opinions and views from individual stakeholders < br > • < br > Collect baseline data < br > • < br > Documentation / Recordingof data | 27", "spans": [{"start": 1392, "end": 1405, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of vulnerability : ( i ) the physical propensity to experience severe income , asset or health loss and ( ii ) the inability to cope with and recover from the losses . Multiple dimensions are considered within each of these . We introduce the proposed indicators for measuring each dimension . # # # Physical propensity to experience severe loss Access to electricity and a certain standard of drinking water are critical for economic activity and survival and as such are included in the World Bank ’ s multidimensional poverty measure ( World Bank 2018 ) . Additionally , when shocks hit , access to these services is an important determinant of the impact of the shock on welfare . For example , with access to improved drinking water , contaminated water from flooding and storms , or lack of water due to drought has less of an impact . Nevertheless , it is essential to acknowledge that the current indicator of access to improved drinking water , often represented by covered wells in low-income countries , may not sufficiently reflect susceptibility to contamination during extreme events such as floods or droughts . Therefore , there is a need for future work to refine this indicator by considering a potentially higher threshold . Metrics such as “ improved piped water ” can offer a more precise assessment of the infrastructure safeguarding against water-related risks in the event of shocks . With access to electricity , households are more likely to have assets such as fans that can help with heatwaves . A fuller discussion is available in the World Bank ’ s Lifelines report ( Hallegatte et al , 2019 ) . Whilst not a final selection of assets and infrastructure that matter for determining the initial loss of the shock , these measures provide a good first estimate to stimulate discussion . Access to markets and 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2-3 * * provides the options that were considered during the planning phase in an effort to minimize disruption impacts : * * Table 2-3 : Planning Options Considered in minimizing disruptions Option 1 : In-situ Planning Option 2 : Standard Option 3 : Adoptive * * * * < u > planning < / u > Planning Options * * Prepare LPDP based on Prepare a LPDP based on Prepare a LPDP based ground survey picking of the planning standards on the existing nature the settlement without with standard road widths of the settlement and proposing change in the and minimal plot sizes incorporating design nature and character of the adhered to concepts to achieve settlement . livability * * Strengths * * • It shows the plot • The LPDP will be • Maintains the boundaries , roads sizes aligned to planning character of the and current land uses in minimum standards , settlement the settlement road sizes , and re • Optimizes the land • It can inform effective configuration of the uses in the 2-8", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 402, "text": "ground survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that need-based free college combined with institutional funding for these supports might be the most cost-effective policy . A cautionary tale , however , comes from Oreopoulos and Petronijevic ( 2019 ) , who find that these supports help students realize the need for greater effort but have little effect on college continuity or graduation . The reason is that students respond not by raising effort but by expecting less of themselves . Moreover , our counterfactuals have assumed some highly favorable — perhaps unrealistic — conditions , as discussed before . One of them is no capacity constraints in higher education . Free college , however , would likely run into capacity constraints and force institutions to ration access . Bucarey ( 2018 ) explores the potential effects of free college ( _gratuidad_ ) in Chile , where it was introduced in 2016 for the bottom 60 percent of the income distribution . Data prior to 2016 shows that when low-income students are given additional financial aid , institutions respond by becoming more selective , thereby leading to a _lower_ share of low-income students . Using his structural model , Bucarey ( 2018 ) predicts that capacity-constrained institutions would follow a similar strategy under free college . We have also implicitly assumed that college quality remains the same after college becomes free . This may not happen if the policymaker reimburses colleges for less than the per-student average cost . Indeed , Murphy et al ( 2019 ) provide evidence that > 23See , for instance , Bettinger ( 2004 ) , Dynarski ( 2003 ) , Hoxby and Turner ( 2013 ) and the references therein , as well as the surveys by Avery et al ( 2019 ) , Deming and Dynarski ( 2009 ) , Dynarski and Scott-Clayton ( 2013 ) , Long ( 2008 ) , Page and Scott-Clayton ( 2016 ) . > 24See Bettinger et al ( 2019 ) , Castleman and Long ( 2016 ) , Cornwell et al ( 2006 ) , Dynarski ( 2000 , 2004 , 2008 ) , Scott-Clayton ( 2011 ) , Scott-Clayton and Zafar ( 2016 ) , and the references therein . > 25These programs vary across states in terms of eligible institutions ( community colleges v . four-year", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 934, "text": "Data prior to 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < < B > > * * Descriptive Statistics Analysis of the 2010 HFA and other data sets involves simple descriptive statistics ( percentages for categorical outcomes ) . Where data permit , a cross-sectional comparison is made between voucher and nonvoucher sites . Significance tests of proportions are performed to determine whether individuals from voucher and nonvoucher sites are significantly different with respect to the outcomes of interest . # * * < < A > > * * Results The following section describes aspects of program performance and study outcomes including the uptake of different voucher services among the targeted beneficiaries , reproductive health knowledge among the study respondents , voucher-subsidized health care use among the study respondents ; costs of service and program management , survey respondents ’ out-of-pocket costs ; poverty-targeting effectiveness , and differences in quality of care at facilities in the control and intervention study arms . # * * < < B > > * * Targeting Beneficiaries Voucher sales data show that a total of 102 , 562 HealthyBaby vouchers were sold during the project period ( 2008 – 12 ) . Of these , 65 , 590 ( 64 percent ) were used for SD ; 86 , 894 ( 85 percent ) for one ANC visit ; 18 , 131 ( 18 percent ) for PNC ; 8 , 887 ( 9 percent ) for pregnancy complications ; and 4 , 013 ( 4 percent ) for emergency transport ( figure 1 ) . The number of vouchers used for safe deliveries represented 130 percent of the targeted 50 , 456 deliveries . The annual number of deliveries subsidized by the program increased from 2 , 837 in 2009 to 28 , 193 in 2010 and to 35 , 442 in 2011 , reflecting a growing demand for the vouchers . Of the total 65 , 590 deliveries , 9 , 044 were by Caesarean section ( 13 . 8 percent ) , which falls within the World Health Organization – recommended rate of between 5 and 15 percent . The impact of the project was exemplified in Kasese district , where seven SPs out of a total of 36 health facilities contributed more than 50 percent of all estimated deliveries", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 87, "text": "2010 HFA and other data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1048, "text": "Targeting Beneficiaries Voucher sales data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "try based on the sum of the contributions of that broad category at each grid-cell within the country . * * Urbanization data – * * We use data measuring urban and rural catchment areas from ref . < sup > 37 < / sup > This data provides a pixel level estimate of the travel time to the nearest urban area ( URCA ) . Pixels within an urban areas are assigned values that indicate they are within an urban area of various sizes . These values range from 1 , indicating the pixel is in a city of at least 5 million people , to 30 , indicating the pixel is in a rural hinterland . Values in between 1 and 30 indicate the pixel is in an urban area of increasingly smaller sizes ( e . g . 20 , 000-50 , 000 people ) or is less than 1 hours travel , 1-2 hours travel , or more than 2 hours travel time from a city of various sizes ( e . g . 1 hour from a city of 20 , 000-50 , 000 people ) . We define pixels that fall within urban areas of any size as urban , those that are less than 1 hours travel from a city of any size as peri-urban , and those that are more than an hour ’ s travel from a city as rural . These classifications are only for explanatory purposes , in all analysis we use the assigned score from 1-30 . To classify RWI pixels we assign it the URCA value of the nearest URCA pixel . The plurality of grid-cells in our sample are in the peri-urban category ( Figure SI-6 ) . * * Economic concentration – * * We use data from the Global Human Settlement Layer ( GHSL ) data product BUILT-V that measures the built-up volume of a pixel as the number of cubic meters of built volume in that pixel . We use a pixel size of 100m . We collected data on the NRES version of the BUILT-V product that only include non-residential built up area in the calculation of the built volume . For each city in our data we calculate the standard deviation in the BUILT-V-NRES value", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 185, "text": "data measuring urban and rural catchment areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1441, "end": 1470, "text": "Global Human Settlement Layer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the stream of past investments : where _K_ is the capital stock , _I_ gross fixed capital formation , _δ K_ the annual depreciation rate of the capital stock , and _t_ an index for time . The initial value of the capital-output ratio for 1950 is taken from the Nehru and Dhareshwar ( 1993 ) data > 14 UNDP ( 2003a ) reports a participation rate of 24 . 5 percent ( 2002 ) . Based on INE data , as reported by Global Info Group ( 1999 ) , this compares to 27 . 6 percent ( 1995 ) , 29 . 9 percent ( 1990 ) and 28 . 2 percent ( 1985 ) . > 15 It should be emphasized that the reliance on IGSS data may understate the drop of the economically active population during the 1980s . This is because the working population in the informal and rural sectors — typically not captured by the social security system — was particularly affected by violence and displacement policies . - 23 -", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 295, "text": "Nehru and Dhareshwar ( 1993 ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 383, "end": 391, "text": "INE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 585, "end": 594, "text": "IGSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Empirical Strategy * * where _Firm performance_ of firm _i_ in sector _j_ and country _k_ is captured by one of four variables : percentage change in sales ; percentage change in employment ; decreased employment ; and anticipate falling into arrears . All firm performance variables are measured in Round 3 of the ES COVID-19 Followup Surveys . _Government Support_ is a vector of one or more indicator variables equal to one if the firm received any type of government support and equal to zero otherwise . < sup > 10 < / sup > We first use an indicator for having received government support in Round 1 or 2 of the ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys . Here , the coefficient represents the difference in Round 3 performance between firms that received support in Round 1 or 2 11 and firms that did not receive support in either of these rounds . ββ Next , we aim to unpack the role of government support in Round 1 versus Round 2 . In this regression , we include three mutually exclusive indictors for government support : ( i ) receiving support only in Round 1 , ( ii ) receiving repeated support in Rounds 1 and 2 , and ( iii ) receiving support only in Round 2 . This regression thus compares Round 3 performance of firms in these three categories to firms that did not receive any support in Rounds 1 and 2 . In identifying the causal effect of government support on firm performance , we face two main issues . The first is reverse causality . That is , government support may be determined by firm performance , for example if worse performing firms are more likely to receive support . We mitigate reverse causality by looking at firm performance one round after receiving government support , so that support is not directly influenced by firm performance . That is , we use Round 3 firm performance and government support in Round 1 and 2 . The second threat to identification is omitted variable bias . That is , other factors may determine both government support and firm performance . We mitigate omitted variable bias by controlling for firm background characteristics , as well as", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 353, "text": "ES COVID-19 Followup Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 628, "end": 657, "text": "ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0000 | - 0 . 0723 | - 0 . 1147 | | Observations | ( 0 . 4272 < br > 3419 | ( 0 . 4636 ) < br > 3194 | | | | _Source_ : Own calculations using NUL students ’ records data for the academic years 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . _Notes_ : OWM is the overall weighted mean . The treatment group is all students in their first year of university studies . Standard deviations are in parentheses . The reported p-values are for tests of equality of means between the treatment and control groups ( independent samples ) . _Diff_ stands for difference in means by treatment status . ̄ Norm-diff means normalized differences between treatment and control means computed as _ △ _ * * X * * = _ ~ ~ √ ~ ~ _ _ < u > XS < / u > _ < u > 10 < / u > _ − _ < sup > 2 + < / sup > _ < u > X < / u > _ < sup > ̄ < / sup > < sup > _S_ < / sup > < u > 01 < / u > < sup > 2 , where < / sup > < sup > _S_ < / sup > _G_ < sup > 2isthesamplevarianceof < / sup > < sup > _Xi_in < / sup > subsample with treatment _Gi_ = _ { _ 0 _ , _ 1 _ } _ . _G_ = 1 if a student is in second year . 18", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 169, "text": "NUL students ’ records data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 70 < br > 65 < br > 60 < br > 55 < br > 50 < br > Greece Ireland Portugal Spain < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 < br > 10 < br > 20 < br > 30 < br > 40 < br > 50 < br > 60 < br > 70 < br > 80 < br > Greece Ireland Portugal Spain < br > 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Higher rank means less cumbersome regulation Source : The World Bank , Ease of Doing Business Database . * * Figure 14 . c : Control of corruption score Figure 14d : Product market regulation * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1998 2003 2008 2013 < br > 0 < br > 5 < br > 10 < br > 15 < br > 20 < br > 25 < br > 30 < br > 35 < br > Greece Ireland Portugal Spain < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Percentile rankings ( 0 lowest rank , 100 best performance ) Source : The World Bank , Worldwide Governance Indicators . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Among 34 OECD members , higher rank ( lower number ) < br > means less regulation . < br > Source : OECD < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _ < u > Business climate and governance : when policy , institutions and perceptions follow each other . < / u > _ In comparative terms , Ireland , by far the richest country in the group , has always had the best business > 75 In Portugal the number was 16 pp higher and in", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 635, "text": "Ease of Doing Business Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1028, "end": 1059, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to gui < br > de community engagement a < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recove < br > ryfrom COVID-19 in Kenya | < br > < br > IDA / 65980 | Community discussion and i < br > nformation outreach < br > | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > L | imited | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2022-01-12 | | | 2022-01-26 | | | 2022-02-25 | 2022-04-01 | 2022-09-28 | | KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / Pr < br > ocurement of consultancy se < br > rvices to undertake recruitm < br > ent of 100 , 000 ( No . ) blood do < br > nors for the Kenya National B < br > lood Transfusion Services ( K < br > NBTTS ) | < br > < br > < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products < br > | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > L | imited | 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation | 2022-05-09 < br > 2022-06-20 | | | 2022-05-23 < br > 2022-07-26 | | | 2022-06-22 | 2022-09-08 < br > 2022-07-27 | 2023-01-23 | Page 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Increase in real revenue from selected livestock products in targeted | 0 . 00 | 214 | 117 | 55 | | HH - milk ( THH / FHH ) , ( percentage , ET-Birr ) | 0 . 00 | 348 | 82 | 24 | | Increase in real revenue from selected livestock products in targeted | 0 . 00 | 54 | 40 | 74 | | HH - honey ( THH / FHH ) , ( percentage , ET-Birr ) | 0 . 00 | 35 | — < sup > a < / sup > | — | | Increase in real revenue from selected livestock products in targeted | 0 . 00 | 44 . 4 | 33 | 74 | | HH - eggs ( THH / FHH ) , ( percentage , ET-Birr ) | 0 . 00 | 49 . 2 | 11 | 22 | _Source : _ AGP2 EIER ( based on balanced survey data collected in March 2017 and May 2024 ) . _Note_ : a . This value was statistically insignificant due to the small sample size resulting from a decline in the number of women honey producers . 30 . At the same time , the EIER results ( see Table 4 . 5 ) showed that average household revenues from the sale of crops , livestock , and livestock products in AGP2 woredas increased significantly , with crop sales alone rising by 86 percent , from ETB 2 , 617 in 2017 to ETB 4 , 869 in 2024 , and FHH experiencing a 76 percent growth . AGP2 woredas Page 10", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 580, "text": "AGP2 EIER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 592, "end": 612, "text": "balanced survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "man Communique ” , * * which was announced at the Digital Mashreq Forum 2019 , for mainstreaming digital skills in public schools to train 300 , 000 students by 2022 . Key activities will aim to introduce quality computer science courses in public classrooms between G7-12 as an enhancement to the existing information technology curriculum in schools . * * 12 . Injaz * * < sup > 42 < / sup > * * conducted a mapping of global digital skills frameworks to identify the gaps in the existing curriculum . * * The mapping found significant gaps in the existing curriculum . Figure 5 shows that of the 27 digital competencies , the current curriculum only strongly covers 4 competencies and moderately covers 5 . The project will finance the development and roll-out of a digital skills curriculum at local schools . The MoE will lead this sub-component and will seek partnerships with organizations active in the digital curricula space . > 42 Injaz is an independent , nonprofit Jordanian organization , which was established in 2001 . The organization has established a Skills Building Program ( SBP ) that targets students in grades 7 to 11 in Jordan ’ s public , UNRWA , and military schools and special education centers . SBP has rolled out entrepreneurship and financial literacy across public schools in 2016 , so a similar approach would be followed in rolling out digital skills curriculum . Link : http : / / injaz . org . jo / Pages / viewpage . aspx ? pageID = 127 & NewID = 1 Page 69 of 106", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sufficient effort by people who do not live in the village . For example , everyone in any village could be given access to a ventilated improved pit latrine in a matter of hours if a sufficient number of outsiders descended upon a village to install such latrines . An “ output ” is an indicator whose value does not depend entirely on the intensity of effort by outsiders and depends on a range of complex decisions by villagers , such as school attendance or child stunting . The results are presented in two formats . A series of figures grouped by indicator show the trends by country for the Millennium Village , for the country overall , for rural areas of the same country , and for rural areas of the province or region where the Millennium Village is located ( Figures 1 – 9 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > For each country , we also present the complete results in a single table , showing standard errors for the DHS-based statistics . The tables also indicate the trend for each indicator in the Millennium Village , and the difference between this trend and the trend in the surrounding area ( Tables 1 – 3 ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > In the figures we assume a linear trend in all indicators . This assumption is not highly problematic , given that under the most straightforward hypothetical deviation from linearity — exponential growth — the assumption of linearity provides a conservatively optimistic view of the intervention ’ s impact . < sup > 9 < / sup > _Inputs : Relative Trends Inside and Outside Millennium Villages_ _Access to improved sanitation_ . Figure 1 shows that access to improved sanitation improved markedly across all three countries , as well as in the rural areas of the regions in which the MV in each country is located . In Nigeria , access at the MV intervention site rose at approximately the same rate as access in the surrounding region . In Ghana , access at the MV intervention site rose more rapidly than in the surrounding region . ( MVP 2010c does not report this statistic for the MV in Kenya . ) For this", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) those engaged in rain-fed agriculture and pastoralism . The natural resource base remains the foundation for most livelihoods and is subject to considerable environmental and climate risks . 2 . * * Although poverty is decreasing overall , the poorest do not benefit from growth and shock-induced vulnerability is high . * * The welfare levels of the poorest 10 percent , who are mainly rural , have not increased since 2011 . < sup > 2 < / sup > In rural areas consumption of the bottom 15 percent contracted between 2011 and 2016 , similar to the observed trend between 2005 and 2011 . Downward mobility - the risk of falling into poverty - was higher in rural areas : 26 percent of the non-poor population in rural areas had fallen into poverty by 2016 , compared to 14 percent in towns and four percent in cities . 3 . * * Millions remain vulnerable because of increasingly frequent climate shocks such as drought . * * In the past five years , Ethiopia has experienced two major drought events : the 2015 El Nino linked event which affected most of the crop-producing areas and therefore the majority of the Ethiopian population ; and the 2016 / 17 Negative Indian Ocean Dipole event which hit the predominately pastoral south and south-east of the country . During such events , consumption levels of non-poor households can drop well below the poverty line . < mark > Emergency drought relief plays a crucial role in supporting populations affected by these crises . < / mark > Lowland populations are especially vulnerable : according to survey estimates , about two thirds or 66 percent of the population in the drought-prone lowlands and pastoral areas is either poor or at risk of becoming poor in the event of a shock . < sup > 3 < / sup > 4 . * * Ethiopia ’ s labor force remains low-skilled and employment remains dominated by agriculture and unpaid labor . * * <", "spans": [{"start": 1625, "end": 1641, "text": "survey estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "urban households or other regionally disparate populations facing different prices ( e . g . , Ravallion and Lokshin , 2006 ; Boom , Halsema and Molini , 2015 ) . Deflators can be used to adjust for such price differences . However , they are sensitive to methodological choices ( Ravallion and Bidani , 1994 ) and , usually , require large amounts of high-quality data on quantities and prices . If income or consumption data for FDPs are missing from the data at hand but available in other data representative of the same population , one can also use cross-survey imputation techniques to estimate consumption using proxies of well-being . This method uses a baseline survey inclusive of consumption data to model consumption using a regression model inclusive of easily measurable household characteristics as independent variables . The estimated coefficients from the model are then used to predict consumption for FDPs using census data ( usually FDPs registration data ) that lack consumption but include the same household characteristics used with the baseline survey model . This method has been tested with refugees in Jordan and Chad ( Dang and Verme , 2021 , Beltramo et al . , 2021 ) providing encouraging preliminary results . These works showed that accurate poverty estimations for refugees can be obtained with a relatively small number of proxies of well-being which are usually already available in the UNHCR proGres registration system . The quality of the imputed poverty estimates depends on the similarity of the population surveyed at baseline and the population used for imputations . Both populations might differ because of the time passed between baseline and imputation survey , and because of different characteristics if both surveys are not representative for the same populations . It is therefore essential for these types of exercises to use survey and census data from the same time period and with very similar predictors . The treatment of aid is also particularly challenging . By definition , aid is included in consumption aggregates and , hence , will reduce estimated poverty among FDPs . This provides a fair assessment of the current situation and is particularly helpful in the context of comparison with host communities to ensure that they are not receiving less assistance while being more", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 426, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 708, "text": "baseline survey inclusive of consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 933, "end": 944, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 955, "end": 977, "text": "FDPs registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1425, "end": 1458, "text": "UNHCR proGres registration system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1880, "end": 1902, "text": "survey and census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in order to carry out a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of local impacts of aggregate growth in tourism expenditures — survey data at the level of tourism destinations . No data are available to help determine which specific types of employment and specific subsectors of the economy the incremental income from the tourism sector accrues to . For example , it is not possible to distinguish how much of the increased demand for agricultural products and services is met through local providers , and how much is imported from outside the region . Availability of such data would greatly enhance the possibility of accurate monitoring of local impacts of tourism development . 17", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 141, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Berehale woreda has 10 kebeles namely Dodiala , Ala , Lelaala , Serea , Dear , Guben , Garmayto , Sabana-demale , Berahle 01 and Kora of which 5 kebeles are the beneficiaries of DRDIP-I . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 2 . Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State * * The Benishangul-Gumuz Region is located in the Western part of Ethiopia . The Amhara , Oromia and Gambella Regional States are bordering the region in the north , east and south respectively . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA , the Benishangul-Gumuz Region has a total population of 1 , 066 , 001 consisting of 541 , 002 men and 524 , 999 women . 836 , 000 ( 78 . 40 % ) of the population inhabits in the rural parts of the region whereas 230 , 000 ( 21 . 60 % ) population lives in the town . With an estimated area of 50 , 699 square kilometers , the region has an estimated density of 21 . 03 people per square kilometer . The historically underserved population of Benishangul-Gumuz consists of 5 ethnic groups , Berta , Gumuz , Shinasha , Mao and Komo . But nowadays , these groups of people are well engaging and participating in socio economic and administration roles of the region . Other groups of ethnic groups living in the region are including Amhara , Oromo and Agaw-Awi . The main languages are the Berta , Amharic , Gumuz , Oromifa , Shinasha and Awigna . Concerning religion , 45 . 4 % of the populations are Muslim , 33 . 3 % are Orthodox Christians , 13 . 53 % are Protestant , and Catholic Christian 0 . 6 % and 7 . 09 % practiced traditional beliefs . Berta is spoken in the Sherkole", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 504, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interpretation for the decline in overall wage inequality . In section 6 , we discuss the robustness of our results , and section 7 concludes the paper . # * * STYLIZED FACTS * * In this section , we describe the data that we use and present a few stylized facts on labor markets in Vietnam . Wage work represents a small but growing fraction of the total labor force . Among wage earners , public sector employees are the best paid , and this advantage has increased over time . Despite the increase in inequality between the public and private sectors , overall wage inequality has decreased because within-sector inequality has decreased . # _Data_ Our analysis depends on the availability of reliable data with a panel dimension . We use two separate datasets , the Vietnam Living Standard Surveys ( VLSS ) for 1993 and 1998 and the Vietnam Health and Living Standard Surveys ( VHLSS ) for 2002 , 2004 , and 2006 . These high-quality household surveys were implemented by the General Statistical Office ( Hanoi ) in collaboration with the World Bank . For the VLSS , the households surveyed in 1993 were interviewed for a second time in 1998 . The VHLSS is a separate panel with a rotative design so that most households were interviewed twice , either in 2002 and 2004 or in 2004 and 2006 . Very few households were surveyed three times . For the purposes of our analysis , we add the 2002 – 2004 and the 2004 – 2006 observations into a single dataset , which , by abuse of language , we will call the “ 2002 – 2006 ” panel and compare it to the 1993 – 1998 panel . This manipulation is necessary to ensure that we observe a sufficient number of transitions between employment sectors . 5", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 801, "text": "Vietnam Living Standard Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 837, "end": 879, "text": "Vietnam Health and Living Standard Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from the 68 < sup > th < / sup > round conducted during the period from July 2011 to June 2012 , specifically survey data collected from the questionnaire referred to as \" Schedule 10 : Employment and Unemployment \" . The number of households surveyed was 101 , 724 ( 59 , 700 in rural areas and 42 , 024 in urban areas ) . These sample households correspond to 456 , 999 individuals ( 280 , 763 in rural areas and 176 , 236 in urban areas ) . # * * 4 . 1 Matching household survey data with tariffs and NTMs * * The paper uses a novel approach to assess barriers that individual producers across the income distribution face in international markets . In doing so , it combines household survey data on income and consumption from India with information on lowest applied tariffs in the top 15 destination markets ( EU counted as one ) for Indian products in 2012 . < sup > 6 < / sup > These importers account for more than 75 % of world imports from India . This is done by matching India ’ s National Industrial Classification ( NIC ) – which is based on the International Standard of Industry > 6 These importers account for more than 75 % of world imports from India . 7", "spans": [{"start": 679, "end": 700, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 9 ) | ( 10 ) | | | SSP 1 | SSP 2 | SSP 3 | SSP 4 | SSP 5 | | _Panel B : Urban expansion to 2100_ | | | | | | | Urban expansion rate in 2100 | 291 , 822 * * * | 302 , 128 * * * | 442 , 168 * * * | 293 , 287 * * * | 163 , 586 * * * | | | ( 1732 . 26 ) | ( 1684 . 69 ) | ( 1916 . 40 ) | ( 1678 . 8 ) | ( 1095 . 79 ) | | Observations | 2 , 014 , 887 | 2 , 014 , 887 | 2 , 014 , 887 | 2 , 014 , 887 | 2 , 014 , 887 | | R squared | 0 . 0139 | 0 . 0157 | 0 . 0257 | 0 . 0149 | 0 . 0109 | | Mean livestock ( popdensity ) | 13021 . 28 | 13021 . 28 | 13021 . 28 | 13021 . 28 | 13021 . 28 | Robust SE in parentheses . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . Grid-level OLS estimation , where one grid has a spatial resolution of 1 / 12 degree - about 9 to 10 sq km . Urban expansion rate is the percentage expansion in urban area in a given SSP scenario ( ranging from 0 to 1 ) . Livestock production is the global population densities of eight types of livestock : cattle , buffaloes , horses , sheep , goats , pigs , chickens and ducks in each land pixel at a spatial resolution of 0 . 083333 decimal degrees ( approximately 10 km at the equator ) . Here , the urbanization rate is defined as the percentage of urban population to total population , and ranges from the value of 0 to 1 . The urban expansion projection data ( Chen et al . 2020 ) are calculated using panel data regression based on historical population , urbanization rate , and gross domestic product ( GDP )", "spans": [{"start": 1295, "end": 1326, "text": "urban expansion projection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Rural Electrification Authority : Project Report for the proposed Kamandio Market and Dispensary ( Kitui Central Constituency ) 33 kV power distribution line diverse stakeholders . In particular , impact prediction in this study drew heavily on three documents namely : - - i ) The Third Schedule to Legal Notice 101 ii ) The Sectoral checklists for the Power Sector developed for the Asian Development Bank ; iii ) The Checklist of Environmental Characteristics developed by the Department of Environmental Affairs of the Republic of South Africa and , - iv ) The Reference Guidelines for Environmental Assessments ( which incorporates the Leopold Matrix ) developed by USAID / REDSO / WCA – Abidjan . Impacts were further screened for occurrence and significance of residual ( those which cannot be mitigated satisfactorily ) and cumulative impacts with a view to providing a basis of making recommendations on the way forward for the project . # # # # Formulation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan Measures or interventions necessary to minimize , reduce , avoid or offset identified adverse impacts were evaluated and presented in form of an Impact Mitigation Plan for the proposed development . Such evaluation also included an assessment of Project Alternatives as reported in Chapter Five below . The ESMP also identified modalities for monitoring and evaluation to ensure compliance in implementation of proposed mitigation measures . This involved development of monitoring indicators and procedures for continuous generation of project monitoring data and information . # # # # Reporting procedure The ESIA Study methodology as described above culminated with production of this Project Report formulated in line with Regulation 7 ( 1 ) of Legal Notice 101 of EMCA which requires that a proponent shall prepare a project report stating : - - a ) The nature of the project ; - b ) The Division of the project including the physical area that may be affected by the project ’ s activities ; - c ) The activities that shall be undertaken during the project construction , operation and decommissioning phases ; - d ) The design of the project ; - e ) The materials to be used , products , by -", "spans": [{"start": 1555, "end": 1578, "text": "project monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ - a . ) The District Land Tribunal shall , in assessing compensation referred to in paragraph ( b ) of subsection ( 1 ) of section 77 take into account the following : - - a . In the case of a customary owner , the value of land shall be the Market Value of the unimproved land ; - b . The value of the buildings , which shall be taken at Market Value in urban areas and Depreciated Replacement Cost in rural areas ; - c . The value of standing crops on the land , excluding annual crops which could be harvested during the period of notice given to the owner , tenant or licensee . - b . ) In addition to compensation assessed under this section , there shall be paid as a Disturbance Allowance of fifteen per cent or if less than six months ’ notice to give vacant possession is given , thirty present of any sum assessed under subsection ( 1 ) of this section . - c . ) The rates set out in the list of District Compensation Rates referred to in paragraph ( e ) of subsection ( 1 ) of section 60 of this Act shall be used in determining the amount of compensation payable . # # # * * 5 . 4 . Cut-off Date * * The cut-off datewas17 < sup > th < / sup > October 2014 . In accordance with The World Bank ’ s OP 4 . 12 and for each sub-project activities under the project , * * < u > a cut-off date is the date of the start of the census < / u > * * < u > . To ensure consistency between Ugandan < / u > legal requirements and WB policies , this cut-off date should be the date of notification to owners / occupiers as provided under the Land Act 1998 , where acquisition of land is", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1423, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Section < sup > * * 2 . 03 . * * TheGuarantorshallcausethe Borrowerto be < / sup > allocated < sup > alltheforeign exchangeitshall reasonably require to < / sup > procure < sup > spare partsfortheadequate maintenance ofallitsequip - < / sup > ment . Section < sup > 2 . 04 . TheGuarantor shall : < / sup > ( a ) take < sup > allnecessaryaction toimplementorcauseto be < / sup > implemented < sup > * * by * * thedates specified inSection 4 . 06oftheLoan < / sup > Agreement < sup > therecommendationstobeimplemented underthat Sec - < / sup > tion ; and * * ( b ) * * take < sup > allnecessaryaction toimplement , not later than < / sup > December < sup > * * 31 , * * 1978 , thenew tariffstructurereferredtoinSection < / sup > * * 5 . 05 * * of < sup > theLoan Agreement . < / sup > Section < sup > * * 2 . 05 . * * The Guarantor shall : < / sup > ( a ) implement < sup > nomajorport development before the comple - < / sup > tion of < sup > ( i ) < / sup > the national < sup > transport survey referredtoin Part < / sup > ( I ) of Schedule < sup > 2 tothe Loan Agreement ( Second RailwaysProject ) < / sup > No . * * 1098-EGT * * < sup > datedApril2 , < / sup > * * 1975 , * * between < sup > theEgyptianRailways < / sup > Organization < sup > andthe", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Online-Only Online Appendix to “ Coping or Hoping ? Livelihood Diversification and Household Welfare in the COVID-19 Pandemic ” * * # * * A Additional Data Considerations * * # # * * A . 1 Diversification Indices * * Following our pre-analysis plan , in addition to the indices specified and discussed in the main text , we also present findings from four additional indices . These are summarized in Table A1 . Each of the indices , here and in the paper , has advantages and limitations . The fractional indices consider engagement in income-generating activities . These measures include binary responses and the dichotomous nature of these variables allows for comparison in income-generating activities over time with the inclusion of the post-outbreak HFPS rounds . However , these fractional indices do not consider the amount of income earned from each source . As such , these indices are a less nuanced representation of household income diversity than the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index ( HHI ) measures . For example , suppose Household A was engaged in casual employment for one week in 2019 . During that week , the household earned five percent of their total annual income and the remaining 95 percent was generated through farm work . Suppose their neighbor , Household B , was also engaged in casual labor and farm work but generated equal incomes from these two sources ( a 50 percent split ) . In our data , Households A and B would receive the same fraction score , even though Household A is much more dependent on a single income source than Household B and as a result Household A would have a higher HHI than Household B . There is a trade-off between using all of the data , pre - and post-outbreak , and just the pre-COVID data . The former gives us more observations over time but less detail about income . The later provides more detail about income but is only a snap shot in time . Similarly , there is a trade-off between the simplicity of the fractional indices and the HHI . The fractional indices lack detail because they encode that detail in simple “ yes ” or “ no ” answers . Conversely , the", "spans": [{"start": 1742, "end": 1756, "text": "pre-COVID data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 : * * Effects of AIA on investment and cloud types | | | Panel | A : Investment | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Regressions | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | | Dependent variables | Hardware < br > Investment | Software < br > Investment | Plant & Mach . < br > Investment | Vehicles < br > Investment | Land & building < br > Investment | | AIA Dummy | 0 . 346 * * * | 0 . 246 * * * | 0 . 549 * * * | 0 . 214 * * * | - 0 . 012 | | | ( 0 . 079 ) | ( 0 . 070 ) | ( 0 . 100 ) | ( 0 . 072 ) | ( 0 . 086 ) | | Observations | 17 , 651 | 24 , 313 | 22 , 569 | 18 , 583 | 22 , 327 | | | | Panel B : | Cloud Adoption | | | | Regressions | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | ( 9 ) | ( 10 ) | | Ddtibl < br > 24 | Cloud | Cloud | Cloud | Cloud | Cloud | | epenen varaes < br > | Databases | Storage | CRM | Ofce | Email | | AIA Dummy | - 0 . 094 * * * | - 0 . 097 * * * | - 0 . 091 * * * | 0 . 001 | - 0 . 045 | | | ( 0 . 040 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 037 ) | ( 0 . 027 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | | Observations | 2 , 200 | 2 , 200 | 2 , 200 | 2 , 200 | 2 , 200 | Note : Time Period : Investment regressions use annual data for the years 2007 to 2013 . Cloud", "spans": [{"start": 1126, "end": 1137, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ity : 9 % of households have zero forgone consumption , while nearly a quarter could reduce expenditure by 10 % or more without reducing quantity purchased . If we take the alternative approach of holding expenditure constant and calculating the counterfactual quantities that could be purchased by buying in bulk , we find even larger average values . Households could purchase 33 % more kerosene , 50 % more cooking bananas , 24 % more cooking oil , 46 % more onions , 18 % more dried sardines – surprisingly large amounts for goods that are part of daily life in Tanzanian villages . It appears that there could be substantial welfare gains from rearranging purchases to avoid buying small quantities at high mark-ups . Whether that is actually true depends on the reasons that shoppers arrange purchases this way . The second half of the paper is dedicated to understanding why households forego bulk discounts . We consider a range of hypotheses that come from the literature , from discussions with Tanzanians , or from discussions with other researchers . These include : binding liquidity constraints prevent households from buying in bulk ; people enjoy going to the market and shopping ; it is too costly to transport bulk quantities ; it is too costly to store bulk quantities ; consumers are not aware of bulk discounts ; coordination failures among household members lead to financially inefficient purchasing ; frequent purchases are a way to avoid over-consuming stocks ; frequent purchases are a way to avoid stocks that attract friends and neighbors requesting hand-outs . The paper presents evidence against all of these hypotheses except the last two , for which there is support . The finding that households make frequent purchases as a way to ration consumption , perhaps due to worries that they will consume large stocks more quickly than they would like , is based on the analysis of shopping patterns for “ temptation goods , ” which we identified through a separate survey effort in Tanzania . The suggestive evidence that households purchase in small quantities in order to avoid social taxation — non-household members consuming a portion of their purchases — aligns with recent work on redistributive pressures in similar settings ( Anderson and Baland , 2002", "spans": [{"start": 1993, "end": 2018, "text": "survey effort in Tanzania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". > 3 The gender analysis in this document has been adapted from “ Jordan : Improving Women Economic Opportunities - Select Entry Points for Policy Dialogue and Operational Interventions ” , World Bank ( June 2019 ) . > 4 World Development Indicators . Data retrieved in June 2019 Page 6 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 250, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "allocated to the treatment group in the first or second of two sequential list experiments . This approach means that estimates across the two list experiments can be directly compared , serving as an internal robustness check to demonstrate the accuracy of the results . We implement this double list experiment as part of one of the largest World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) to date , covering a nationally representative sample of 2 , 955 registered firms with at least five employees . WBES are among the most comprehensive and reliable surveys about the activities of small , medium , and large firms , containing detailed information about firm characteristics and beliefs , which allows us to examine the heterogeneity of tax evasion extensively . The results show that around one-quarter of firms report evading taxes and evasion rates vary substantially on only a relatively small number of dimensions . The ” double ” list experiment produced internally consistent estimates of around 26 percent ( varying from 25 to 27 percent ) of firms admitting to not paying all the taxes they are required to pay ( which is an extensive margin estimate of tax evasion ) . This result is almost identical across both experiments , which provides considerable reassurance of its accuracy , and it represents a lower bound estimate as it is based on self-reported tax evasion , which is likely to be lower than actual tax evasion . A back-of-the-envelope calculation based on this result suggests that revenue lost from tax evasion by registered firms is around two percent of GDP . We use machine learning to identify , among an extensive set of firm characteristics , the dimensions in which substantial and consistent variation in tax evasion exists . This revealed that firms that do not export , face substantial competition from the informal sector , and believe tax administration is a major obstacle to their business activities are the most likely to evade taxes . There was limited variation across both list experiments in reported tax evasion based on other dimensions , highlighting just how widespread this behavior is . These results provide important insights into how common tax evasion is among firms and the specific firm characteristics and beliefs most associated with evading tax .", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 372, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Water and Sanitation Development Project ( P156634 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # * * 6 . RESULTS * * # # * * 6 . 1 PDO Indicators by PDO Outcomes * * # # * * is to improve water supply and sanitation services in select coastal and northeastern regions in Ken * * | d | Basel | ine | Actual ( P | revious ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closing | Period | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Inicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | People in urban areas | 0 . 00 | Apr / 2017 | 57 , 400 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 57 , 400 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 74 , 300 . 00 | Oct / 2026 | | provided with access to < br > Improved Water Sources < br > under theproject ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Target set to b | e achieved onc | e ongoing distrib | ution works are | completed | | | People benefiting under the | 0 . 00 | Apr / 2017 | 163 , 500 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 163 , 500 . 00 | 30-Jan-2026 | 130 , 000 . 00 | Oct / 2026 | | project from a connection to < br > the sewage system or from < br > improved septic sludge < br > management . ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Target achiev < br > MOWASCO . E | ed . There are 16 < br > ach benefits 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is believed < br > that giving of delivery kits is < br > encouraging mothers to come < br > for the first visit only . | | | Deliveries taking place in Government and | Percentage | Value | 34 . 00 | 46 . 00 | 45 . 00 | | PNFP Health Facilities ( % ) | | Date | 30-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | Comments | Baseline | 2010 / 2011 AHSPR . The < br > marked increase witnessed is < br > a reflection of increased < br > attention given to deliveries < br > by govt and partners . | | | People with access to a basic package of | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 1600000 . 00 | 70000 . 00 | | y < br > health , nutrition , or reproductive health services < br > b | | Date | 04-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | losure Cop < br > ( numer ) | | Comments | Shall use proxy indicator : < br > patient visits in renovated < br > health facilities - in and out < br > patients | 2010 / 2011 AHSPR . The data < br > is based on national figures . < br > Data for UHSSP facilities is < br > being computed | | | Disc < br > * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | | | | | | Page 6 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 950, "text": "national figures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reasons . First , there is no evidence of strategic relocation of ex-combatants . The registers include data on village of origin and return . Comparing these for each of the ex-combatants , we find that around 88 % have come back to their colline of origin , and 92 % to their home municipality . Formally , our analysis of the relative influence of unobservables compared to observables suggests that our results are not driven by unobservable characteristics , such as the drivers of relocation ( table S . 6 in the appendix ) . Second , when the proportion of CNDD + demobilized soldiers is included in the analysis of Verwimp and Bundervoet ( 2009 ) , the coefficient associated with these spillovers is positive and equal to 0 . 01 ( _p_ - value = . 04 ) without province fixed effects and 0 . 006 ( _p_ - value = . 13 ) with fixed effects ( available upon request ) . Its size is hard to compare with that of our estimates as their sample is different . In 2007 , they did not go to two of our three provinces ( Bubanza and Bujumbura Mairie ) because the situation was deemed too volatile . Moreover , we do not use the exact same specification and indicators . Nevertheless , this suggests that collines hosting numerous CNDD + ex-combatants were following a positive trend between 1998 and 2007 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 140, "text": "data on village of origin and return", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been | repaid : | | 0 . 16 | 33 . 71 | 33 . 87 < br > | | | | | | | | Total now held by BR | D and IDA : | | 259 . 75 | 389 . 51 < br > | 649 . 26 < br > | | | | | | | | Amount sold : | | | 0 . 00 | 4 . 38 < br > | 4 . 38 < br > | | | | | | | | Of which repaid : | | | 0 . 00 | 4 . 38 | 4 . 38 < br > | | | | | | | | Total Undisbursed : | | | 102 . 60 | 0 . 00 | 102 . 60 | | | | | | | a . Intended disburnements to date minus actual disbursements < sup > to date an pmrjected at appraisal . < / sup > b . Rating of 1-4 : see OD 13 . 05 . Annex D2 . Preparation < sup > of Implementation Summary ( Form 590 ) . Following tihe FY94 Annual Review of Portfolio performance ( ARPP ) , a lelter bnsed system will be used ( S < / sup > unsatisfactory ) : see proposed Improvements in Project and < sup > Portfolio Performance Rating Methodology ( SecM94-901 ) , August 23 , 1994 . < / sup > = highly Satisfactory , S = satisfactory , U unsatisfactory , < sup > HU < / sup > highly Note : Disbursement data is updated at the end of the first week of < sup > the month . < / sup > 37", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 999, "text": "Disbursement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * 2 ) Tender Evaluation Committee : * * Sections 80 and 121 of PPADA , 2015 establish Tender and Request for Proposals Evaluation Committees . Among the tenders and Requests for Proposals evaluated during the period under review includes ; medical cover , registration of suppliers , framework contract printing of budget implementation review reports , and recruitment of staff . * * Outcomes : * * Evaluation reports containing recommendations generated to assist the Head of Procurement to prepare a Professional Opinion for decision-making by the Accounting Officer . - * * 3 ) Inspection and Acceptances Committee * * Inspection and Acceptance Committees are established under section 48 of the PPADA 2015 to receive goods , works and services . In the year under review several goods , works and services were received and inspected by the committee . - * * Outcomes : * * Various goods and services were received and inspection and acceptance reports were generated to be used in updating stores records . - * * 4 ) Disposal Committee : * * Section 163 of the PPADA 2015 establishes the Disposal Committee for purposes of identifying assets for disposal and making recommendations to the Accounting Officer on methods of disposal through the Annual Disposal Plan . The committee held several meetings and forwarded its recommendations to the Accounting Officer for implementation . * * Outcomes : * * The Committee identifies assets for disposal , set reserve prices for disposable assets and recommends appropriate methods of disposal . # # # # # # * * ( j ) Staff Mortgage Scheme Management Committee * * The purpose of the Committee is to operationalize the scheme in line with Sections 6 and 7 of the OCoB Staff Mortgage Scheme Guidelines . The mandate of the committee includes ; - i . Receive and process applications for loans under the existing terms and conditions of borrowing . - ii . Liaise with the service provider ( financial institution ) to set up the revolving fund for disbursement of the loans . - iii . Forward successful applications with recommendations to the Controller of Budget for approval before forwarding them", "spans": [{"start": 1000, "end": 1014, "text": "stores records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bias can be reduced by including data on regional health infrastructure quality , such as access to sanitation and clean water and the quality of the health infrastructure . This bias may be small if public health measures actually reduce the excess death rates , in which case excess deaths correctly measure the intensity of the pandemic . It may also be the case that administrative lockdowns and their enforcement are a function of the prevailing death rates , in which case , again , excess deaths are correlated with labor market disruptions due to the pandemic . In this case , we are estimating the impacts of a combination of imposed rules that may keep a person from going to work or a child from attending school , as well as the perceived risks of going to work or school , both of which result from the pandemic . # * * 4 . Analytical framework * * We first estimate the effects of the pandemic using the LFS repeated cross sections , using a difference-in-difference ( DD ) model with province and year fixed effects ( FE ) i 0 1F F F i 2 i i ( 1 ) ii ii ii ii ii ii where i is a dummy variable indicating female labor force participation ( LFP ) for individual yy = αα + αα ∗ YYF YY + αα XX + PPYYP + YYF YY + εε _i_ ii living in province yy _j_ ( = 1 , . . , 31 ) in year _t_ . F F F i is an interaction term , which interacts ii the individual ’ s gender with a dummy variable indicating the specific year under consideration . ∗ YYF YY The coefficient of interest is 1 , which provides the estimated changes in female LFP during the COVID-19 pandemic . i are individual-level control variables such as age , gender , education αα ii levels , and marital status . XX and are respectively the province and year FE that help ii ii control for household time-invariant unobservables and unobserved macro-economic trends PPYYP YYF YY occurring in the same year . i denotes the error term . ii εε 14", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 79, "text": "data on regional health infrastructure quality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 9 SME data from CGAP financial access database * * | | * * Agency * * | * * monitors t * * < br > * * to S * * | * * he level of * * < br > * * MEs * * | * * lending * * | * * Promoti * * < br > * * access to * * | * * ng SME * * < br > * * finance * * | | * * SME definitio * * | * * n * * | * * SME * * < br > * * lending * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Yes , < br > regularly < br > ( Yes / No ) < br > | Yes , < br > irregularly < br > ( Yes / No ) | No < br > ( Yes / No ) | No , but < br > another < br > agency < br > does < br > ( Yes / No ) | Agency is < br > responsible < br > ( Yes / No ) < br > | Dedicated < br > team or < br > unit < br > ( Yes / No ) < br > | Number of < br > employees < br > ( max . ) | Sales | Loan size | Loan < br > value ( % < br > of GDP ) | | * * Malaysia * * | √ | | | | √ | √ | 150 . 00 | 7 , 093 , 199 . 00 | . . | 17 . 43 | | * * OIC * * < br > * * countries * * < br > * * average * * | 72 . 97 % | 8 . 11 % | 10 . 81 % | 13 . 51 % | 62", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 58, "text": "CGAP financial access database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . * * _HEIS is recommended for this project . _ * * # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 1 offers a partial list of _some recent surveys_ done within the Bank . The table reveals four main types of surveys : ( 1 ) Comprehensive surveys ( RPED , ICS ) ; ( 2 ) Surveys on transition ( Russia : Economic and Civil Society ; Corporate Governance in Poland , Hungary , and Czech Republic ; Large Scale Privatization in Mongolia ; The Emergence of Private Sector Manufacturing in Poland , in Hungary ; Industrial Enterprises and Adjustment in Russia ; Private Service Firms in Russia-St . Petersburg . ) ; ( 3 ) Surveys of the market environment , including regulation and govemment-industry relations ( World Business Environment Survey ) ; and ( 4 ) Topic-specific surveys , such as on training ( Enterprise Training in Developing Countries , Tan and Batra ) , or on SME problems ( CECPS , \" Small-and-Medium Industry Impact Evaluation , \" 1995 ; and \" Enterprise training in developing countries , \" Tan and Batra ) . How well do World Bank surveys meet the data needs outlined above ? We begin to address that question below . One lesson from the Bank experience is that surveys are extremely difficult . Thus , while we make the comments below with the ideal data set in mind , we recognize that in practice surveys may not be able to meet this ideal . Longitudinal surveys are costly and take too long for many Bank operations . Some data , meanwhile , simply do not exist . Nonetheless , it is instructive to consider what would have made these surveys more useful , and use that knowledge when designing future surveys . * * 1 . Data consistency : * * Although World Bank surveys are usually designed to address a particular issue , each could be more broadly useful by consistently including a small set of standard questions on firm performance , such as total output and profitability . The survey should also collect price data on the firm ' s main products , inputs , and investment goods . In addition , the survey becomes more valuable when it contains enough information to estimate production functions , including value added , number of employees , capital stock , and material inputs .", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 648, "text": "World Business Environment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 866, "end": 909, "text": "Enterprise training in developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1840, "end": 1850, "text": "price data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 75 . 00 | 75 . 00 | 85 . 00 | | Date | 01-Aug-2014 | 31-May-2022 | 30-Nov-2022 | 31-May-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | This is a new indicat | or based on the discussions d | uring the MTR and the rest | ructuring of April 28 , 2021 | | IN01237425 < br > ► Number of infrastructure an < br > Kilinto ) ( Number , Custom ) | d community developmen | t initiatives provided for PAPs | in both resettlement sites ( | Bole Lemi I , II and Kilinto ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 11 . 00 | | Date | 01-Aug-2014 | 31-May-2022 | 30-Nov-2022 | 31-May-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | This is a new indicat < br > 2021 , to capture the | or is introduced based on the < br > community development interv | MTR discussions and the re < br > entions carried out under t | structuring done of April 28 , < br > he project | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > No < br > No | No | Yes | | Date < br > 17-Aug-2016 < br > 29-Nov-2018 | 29-Nov-2018 | 31-Aug-2022 | | Enabling Environment for SME Finance < br > IN00708449 < br > ► Insolvency Diagnostic Completed ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > No < br > No | No | Yes | | Date < br > 17-Aug-2016 < br > 29-Nov-2018 | 29-Nov-2018 | 31-Aug-2022 | | IN00708452 < br > ► Report drafted on citizen engagement survey ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > No < br > No | No | Yes | | Date < br > 20-Apr-2016 < br > 29-Nov-2018 | 29-Nov-2018 | 31-Aug-2022 | | Business Development Services for SMEs | | | 6 / 8 / 2019 Page 4 of 6", "spans": [{"start": 550, "end": 575, "text": "citizen engagement survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ad oa pr-id sbro a lialted dicie rage of edical oo dicages facilitie . . _fro_ ae of beds . _ ( AS_ * * AMA * * ) tbousad * * s m . h . * * WIU tota * * a , sfnce - e osprisiAg lend ware . ad inland wetera . WMaUL-osa * * - * * Moat recat eatimate of agricdultar warea osd temporarily or parmotly for c-opa , pest-re , sweet ad kitobha gardms or to * * lie feLice . ~ ~ % PdM ~ Gar per npit . oatiatoa * * at ourrat arket pricca , * * ~ 4iI6iIitidTy * * em * * oeveraioe * * mthod - World lank Atlsa ( 19 , 76-78 busal ) ; * * 1960 , 19 , 70 , ed 1978 data . W ~ ~ ~ * * ~ * * t ~ ~ E - A-osal cooccWtto of _cosmaroi , al - - S_ T ~ fli2TiiTtsjitbIiie , cturl gsad bdro , * * oulasoandgas-Poouatie * * Theral 190 a elecriciy ) 96haa ick ` Iogrea of coaI eqsiealeot per capita ; 1960 , sdrrl 970 , - d 1976 dt . . * * POPoiATICUI AID VITAL STATISTICS * * Total otsai . d-erenia ) As of _TuILy_ 1 ; 1960 . 1970 , ad 1977 data , Urbn diferea Peo tltioc ( Cer", "spans": [{"start": 817, "end": 849, "text": "POPoiATICUI AID VITAL STATISTICS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 1 : Statistics of poverty estimates in the focus countries . | * * Country * * | * * Burkina * * < br > * * Faso * * | * * Chad * * | * * Guinea * * | * * Mali * * | * * Niger * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Year of most < br > recent < br > census | 2018 | 2009 | 2014 | 2009 | 2012 | | * * Regions * * | | | | | | | Number of < br > regions in < br > sample | 13 | 22 | 8 | 9 | 8 | | Number of < br > regions in < br > census | 13 | 23 | 8 | 9 | 8 | | Median cve < br > of sample < br > estimates of < br > headcount < br > poverty rates < br > for regions | 0 . 114 | 0 . 123 | 0 . 069 | 0 . 085 | 0 . 079 | | * * Target area * * | | | | | | | Name of < br > target area | Commune | Department | Subprefecture | Commune | Commune | | Number of < br > target areas < br > ( population ) | 351 | 112 | 343 | 704 | 266 | | Number of < br > target areas < br > ( sample ) | 234 | 99 | 251 | 244 | 228 | | Median cve < br > of sample < br > estimates of < br > headcount < br > poverty rates < br > for target < br > areas | 0 . 435 | 0 . 271 | 0 . 370 | 0 . 415 | 0 . 425 | Notes : Sample estimates are obtained from the 2018 round of the EHCVM in each country . Median cve of the sample estimates refers to the median estimated coefficient of variation across target areas . Departments in Chad are", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1175, "text": "EHCVM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Program Review and Monitoring Surveys * * FSCD will organize a number of surveys to assess the quality of program implementation . These will include : Impact Assessments , PW and Livelihoods Review , GRM Reviews , PW impact assessment , and GSD and nutrition reviews ( see Table 6 ) . # # # # # # * * Grievance Redress Mechanism * * In compliance with the World Bank ’ s ESS10 , a project - specific grievance mechanism will be set up for the project to handle complaints and issues ( see Chapter 8 ) . Detailed communications materials ( specifically , a GRM brochure or pamphlet ) has been developed to help PAPs become familiar with the grievance redress channels and procedures . SEASN will also work to establish an MIS-based GRM to better enable FSCD to capture and track grievances from submission to resolution and communication with complainants . The initial effort to resolve grievances to the complainant ’ s satisfaction will be undertaken by the KAC . The KACs will provide a listing of the grievances submitted and their resolution to the Kebele and Woreda Councils , who will then submit it to the Regional GRM focal person for final submission to the FSCD . # # # # # # * * Training , workshops * * Trainings on a variety of topics and issues were provided to FSCD and other relevant government service providers . Issues covered include sensitization to targeting , PIM , environment and PW , livelihoods , FM , labor issues , gender , case management and linkage , and GRM . In June 2021 , FSCD has launched a TOT training on PSNP5 PIM familiarization which was cascaded down to the community level . FSCD technical experts are conducting the activities in a cluster approach : Afar , Amhara and Tigray 1 < sup > st < / sup > cluster , Dire Dawa , Harare , Somali 2 < sup > nd < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 49, "text": "Program Review and Monitoring Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 3 PHYSICAL BARRIERS * * 20 . Another factor in access to financial services is the physical accessibility of formal financial sector services for low income clients . The limited economic literature available to date points to location as one determinant of access , while its relative importance compared to income and education is inconclusive < sup > 34 < / sup > . Nevertheless , location is one of the barriers to enter formal financial sector services for low income households . The lack of bank branches in the neighborhood can prevent the unbanked from gaining access to formal financial sector services at all , while remote branch locations increase the costs of access for the poor . The following therefore takes a look at the geographical location of bank branches in Colombia and Bogotá drawing on the limited work conducted to date on this subject . 21 . * * On a national basis , banks have more branches in higher populated areas * * * * _ . _ * * An analysis by Medina and Steiner < sup > 35 < / sup > based on data from the Superintendencia Bancaria shows that Colombia ’ s banks focus their branch network on municipalities with more than 20 , 000 inhabitants . Seventeen out of the 27 analyzed banks by Medina and Steiner do not have a branch office in a municipality with less than 20 , 000 inhabitants and most other banks have less than 10 % of their branch offices in municipalities with less than 20 , 000 inhabitants . An analysis by the Superintendencia finds that over 70 % of total loans are provided to and about 70 % of total deposits are collected in municipalities with more than 2 million inhabitants . 22 . * * Bank branches are located in higher income areas * * * * _ . _ * * Medina and Steiner ’ s analysis of bank branch distribution by income strata < sup > 36 < / sup > in Bogotá shows that all 27 of the surveyed banks focus on income strata 3 and above ( see Figure 2 . 4 ) . The average income strata for all bank branches is 3 . 6 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1040, "end": 1079, "text": "data from the Superintendencia Bancaria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "simulate the future spatial distribution of urban land . The final projection outputs , which have a spatial resolution of 1 km , are presented at 10-year intervals from 2020 to 2100 , with 2015 being the reference year for baseline urban extent . To overcome the uncertainty associated with climate change and illustrate the range of possible outcomes , Chen et al . ( 2020 ) adopt the SSP framework in producing the urban expansion projections . The five SSP scenarios , which are central to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) reports , describe socioeconomic changes that affect demographic , economic , and climate change dynamics . The SSPs are part of a new scenario framework established by the climate change research community to facilitate integrated analysis of future climate impacts , vulnerabilities , adaptation , and mitigation ( Riahi et al . 2017 ) . The three main sets of scenario drivers are ( 1 ) population and education ; ( 2 ) urbanization , defined as the urban share of the population ( Jiang and O ’ Neill 2017 ) ; and ( 3 ) GDP per capita and interpersonal income inequality . < sup > 5 < / sup > The scenarios are each associated with certain levels of assumed mitigation and adaptation challenges : the sustainability scenario ( SSP1 ) , for example , is marked by low mitigation and adaptation challenges , while the regional rivalry scenario ( SSP3 ) depicts a future with high challenges to mitigation and adaptation . It is critical to note that the SSP scenarios underpinning Chen et al . ’ s ( 2020 ) urban expansion projections frame our results on potential impact on crop and livestock production . # * * 2 . 2 Crop and livestock data * * The data on crop production are drawn from MapSPAM ( Spatial Production Allocation Model ) ( IFPRI 2019 ) . MapSPAM provides global gridded data on the production of 42 crops , which are aggregated into eight groups in our analysis : cereals , fruits , oils , pulses , roots , sugar , vegetables , and non-food crops ( see Table 1 ) . We focus our analysis on food crops . < sup > 6", "spans": [{"start": 1671, "end": 1694, "text": "Crop and livestock data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1742, "end": 1749, "text": "MapSPAM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2009 , aggregating the case-level data to each hospital-month-level . < sup > 9 < / sup > Only hospitals with enough month-level observations over the 2002-2009 period were kept , resulting in a total sample of 11 , 861 hospital-month-level observations across all 5 procedures . The ITS regressions confirm some of the descriptive statistic results ( see Table 3 ) . Each column of each panel represents one regression , and the reported coefficients and standard errors are for the linear combinations of PPTP ( _β4_ + _β5 * 48 ) _ and DTS ( _β2_ + _β3 * 12_ ) described earlier . < sup > 10 < / sup > The most significant results are for pneumonia and appendectomy . For pneumonia ( Col 2 ) , there is a statistically significant reduction in ALOS of 3 days associated with the PPTP period ( 2005-2008 ) , and a significant increase of almost 1 . 5 days associated with the DTS period ( 2009 ) . At the same time , there was a reduction of almost 9 cases for the average Croatian hospital performing pneumonia procedures under the PPTP period , and an increase of ~ 13 cases under the DTS period . Similarly , there was a substantial reduction in ALOS for appendectomy ( Col 4 ) by ~ 1 . 3 days under PPTP and a continued decline of about 1 day under DTS . Under PPTP , the volume of cases actually increased for appendectomy but decreased under DTS . Taking the PPTP and DTS results together ( Total effect of DRG reforms ) , the results suggest that the introduction of case-based payment systems from 20052009 reduced ALOS for pneumonia and appendectomy procedures by over 2 days , and led to little change in the volume of cases . ALOS also declined for bypass , although the complexity of bypass surgeries results in less precision for this estimate . There was little change in ALOS from 2005-2009 for cataracts or hip replacement as both were already experience declining ALOS . # * * Quality – Readmissions * * Although attribution to the introduction of PPTP or DTS is difficult , efficiency has improved in hospitals as Table 3 shows declining ALOS over time for all", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 38, "text": "case-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "abduction of children when they cannot pay the bride price . Incidents of raiding other communities to abduct the children and sell them are often a practice among those communities . < sup > 65 < / sup > Children in harmful environments , often due to separation , experience psychological distress affecting their development and well-being . Inadequate law enforcement , social and health services , and traditional norms exacerbate these issues . Additionally , South Sudan ' s weak civil registry system hampers efforts to trace family links and reunify separated families . < sup > 66 < / sup > Gender inequality contributes to family separation when women lack ownership on housing land and property rights , especially after the death of a husband or male family member . This has led to most women and girls being forced to seek other places of residence especially if the relatives of the deceased husband are keen on inheriting the property for themselves . Forced marriage or domestic violence threats can drive girls to run away . < sup > 67 < / sup > Early marriages exploit girls separated from their biological parents and living with host communities . < sup > 68 < / sup > Women facing family separation , particularly from husbands , may lose income , face increased sexual exploitation risks , and resort to negative coping mechanisms . They have fewer livelihood opportunities than men and struggle to access financial resources for essentials , heightening their vulnerability to economic shocks . < sup > 69 < / sup > Discriminatory norms in South Sudan prevent women from accessing land rights , affecting widows and separated or divorced women who often lack necessary documentation . < sup > 70 < / sup > # # # # * * PROGRESS MADE ON PROTECTION * * From January to May 2024 , members of the Protection Cluster and AoRs provided protection services to 505K individuals reaching 22 % of its target for 2024 . More information is available on the visit * * < u > SSD Protection Cluster 5W for 2024 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "001 | 0 . 004 | | | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 05 ) | | ln ( Rain ) | 0 . 052 | 0 . 155 | 0 . 017 | - 1 . 143 | | | ( 0 . 06 ) | ( 0 . 17 ) | ( 0 . 10 ) | ( 2 . 14 ) | | ln ( Temperature ) | - 0 . 552 | - 0 . 363 | 0 . 459 | 2 . 242 | | | ( 0 . 42 ) | ( 1 . 13 ) | ( 0 . 75 ) | ( 15 . 62 ) | | ln ( Rain CV ) | 0 . 161 | 0 . 497 | 0 . 457 * | 10 . 056 * | | | ( 0 . 14 ) | ( 0 . 43 ) | ( 0 . 26 ) | ( 5 . 73 ) | | ln ( Temp . seasonality ) | - 0 . 022 | - 0 . 060 | - 0 . 087 | - 4 . 483 | | | ( 0 . 08 ) | ( 0 . 22 ) | ( 0 . 12 ) | ( 3 . 27 ) | | Pop . density , 1961 | 0 . 016 * * | 0 . 017 | - 0 . 009 | - 0 . 076 | | | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 33 ) | | Constant | - 1 . 725 | - 12 . 714 * * | - 10 . 57 * * * | - 13 . 192 | | | ( 2 . 33 ) | ( 6 . 29 ) | ( 3 . 88 ) | ( 89 . 47 ) | | First Stage | | | | | | ln ( dist . to GQ ) x Elevation | - 0 . 258 * * | - 0 . 310 * * * | - 0 . 310 * * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "literature is the construction of asset and liability positions for each country vis-à-vis the rest of the world , using cumulative gross capital flows from balance of payments data ( Lane and Milesi-Ferretti 2001 , 2007 ) . This strand of the literature shows that external assets and liabilities grew rapidly over time until the 2007 – 08 global financial crisis ( GFC ) ( Gourinchas , Rey , and Govillot 2010 ; Obstfeld 2012 ; Lane and Milesi-Ferretti 2018 ) . Since then , the growth in gross external positions overall has stagnated , reflecting a retrenchment of cross-border banking activity and the growing weight of the less integrated South in world GDP . Third , several studies analyze bilateral international investments , as we do in this paper . Most of these papers focus on a single investment type and use gravity models to estimate the role of various determinants of capital flows and international investments ( Portes and Rey 2005 ; Aviat and Coeurdacier 2007 ; Stein and Daude 2007 ; Lane and Milesi-Ferretti 2008 ; Coeurdacier and Gibaud 2011 ; Aggarwal , Kearney , and Lucey 2012 ; Hale and Obstfeld 2016 ; Hellmanzik and Schmitz 2017 ; Brei and von Peter 2018 ) . A few papers combine data for different investment types to study the role of information frictions and institutions , investments between different regions before the GFC , and their network structure ( Daude and Fratzscher 2008 ; Milesi-Ferretti , Tamirisa , and Strobbe 2010 ; Kubelec and Sa 2012 ) . In this paper , we use rich bilateral data sets with ample coverage across investment types , countries , and years , to analyze the rise of the South in global finance . Relative to studies that rely on the aggregate investment positions of countries vis-à-vis the rest of the world , our bilateral data shed light on the source _and_ destination of international investment . For example , our more granular data allow us to show that South-to-South investments have grown the fastest . We ensure that data on investment types are comprehensive and mutually exclusive . For example , our bilateral data on bank loans and deposits improve over previous studies by stripping out banks ’ portfolio holdings , because these are", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 181, "text": "balance of payments data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1522, "end": 1541, "text": "bilateral data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1784, "end": 1798, "text": "bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2084, "end": 2125, "text": "bilateral data on bank loans and deposits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income bracket as the bracket ’ s average annual per capita income , computed from Colombia ’ s household survey data ( SEDLAC ) . Lacking student-level data on tuition expenses , we estimate the tuition paid by students of a given _y_ as the average annual tuition paid by students from the corresponding income bracket at public institutions , calculated from SNIES and SPADIES . < sup > 15 < / sup > Appendix Table A3 shows the resulting income and tuition by family income bracket . Income varies greatly across income brackets but tuition varies less . Although public institutions provide income-based tuition discounts , the highest income individuals do not pay proportionally to their income : their per capita income is about twenty times as large as that of the lowest-income individuals , yet their tuition is only 2 . 5 times as large . # # # * * 6 . 2 . 2 Workers * * We use household surveys to compute the average wages earned by individuals with different educational attainment and experience in 2005 . For workers aged 18-65 , the average wage of a college graduate , a college dropout with at least one year of complete college , and a college dropout with less than one year of complete college is 160 , 58 , and 28 percent higher than the average wage of a high school graduate respectively ( see Appendix Table A4 ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > Among college ( high school ) graduates , the average wage of experienced workers is 35 ( 29 ) percent higher than the average wage of inexperienced workers . Consistent with the data , we assume that the returns to experience of college dropouts are the same as those of high school graduates . # # * * 6 . 3 Computing predicted values * * Since the model does not have a closed-form solution , we use a numerical algorithm to solve students ’ dynamic optimization problem for a given value of Θ . Appendix C provides a full description of the algorithm . The estimation of * * _δ_ * * and * * _ξ_ * * is nested within the model solution for a given of value of", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 117, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 120, "end": 126, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 889, "end": 906, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "paid . According to results of the census enumeration and property registration , the Subproject will affect the following properties belong to a total of 713 households . - 7 . 56 ha of farmland ( 7 . 085 ha by substation permanently ) - 155 housing structures belonging to 127 households ( permanent impact ) - 31 , 139 eucalyptus trees ( permanent impact ) - 5 , 368 indigenous trees ( permanent impact ) - 26 , 035 fruit trees & perennial crops ( temporary and permanent impact ) - * * 0 . 8 Livelihoods Restoration Plan * * * * _Asset Losses Resulting from Land Acquisition_ * * To enable PAPs not only to restore their income but also to improve their standard of living , EEP is committed to supporting and providing resources for the implementation of various income restoration and community development schemes for the Subproject affected communities . Based on the analysis and findings of the census surveys and public consultation meetings as well as the objective conditions of different categories of PAHs ( experiences , opportunities , and capabilities in terms of resources and skills for income generating activities , needs , and constraints in the case of vulnerable groups ) , we have categorized the eligible PAHs into three broad categories as follows : | * * Severity * * | * * Proportion of Impacted Farmland ( in % ) * * | * * No . of PAHs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | SeverelyAffected | 80 % & more or land-poor ( Less than 0 . 25 ha ) | 1 | | SignificantlyAffected | 41 % to 80 % | 16 | | ModeratelyAffected | 20 % to 40 % Farmland | 9 | | Limited Impact | Less than 20 % | 150 | | | * * Total PAHs * * | * * 176 * * | Page 21", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 79, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 905, "end": 919, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "69 % vs . 86 % ) . < / mark > However , deriving any definitive conclusion on inequalities across disability status remains problematic in this literature that uses varying measures for disability , well-being indicators , data sources , and methodologies . Some studies measure disability through broad activity limitations ( e . g . , Mitra , 2008 ) or impairments < mark > ( Pinilla-Roncancio & Alkire 2020 ) while more and more use the WG recommended questions ( Mitra 2018 , Pinilla-Roncancio et al 2020 ) . < / mark > Studies using impairments < mark > ( PinillaRoncancio & Alkire 2020 ) < / mark > have results on the disability gap in outcomes that are less consistent across countries than those using the WG questions ( Mitra 2018 ; < mark > Pinilla-Roncancio et al 2020 ) < / mark > . Several studies ( Mitra et al 2013 ; WHO-World Bank 2011 ) rely on the World Health Survey ( WHS ) that was designed to collect a detailed health and disability profile of individuals but provide only summary measures of economic well-being , for instance on employment and household expenditures . Besides , not every individual in a household in the WHS was interviewed , only one individual per household . Hence , differences across disability status may be underestimated for household well-being indicators . Finally , and more importantly , results vary across well-being dimensions , making the evidence mixed . Studies relying on traditional poverty measures based on consumption expenditures or asset ownership data do not find any consistent significant association between disability and poverty , while studies on multidimensional poverty measures tend to ( United Nations 2019 ) . This is surprising given the consistent evidence found in HICs , whatever the measure of poverty ( United Nations 2019 ) . More research is therefore needed on inequalities that might be associated with disabilities for LMICs using internationally comparable disability questions . The aim of this paper is to contribute to filling this gap . The rest of the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 presents the 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # * * ANNEX 4 . BORROWER ’ S COMMENTS * * On April 2 , 2026 , the World Bank received the first draft of GoU ’ s Program Completion Report . The GoU ’ s final Program Completion Report will be filed in WBDocs for information and reference . The World Bank also received and incorporated GoU ’ s comments on the World Bank ’ s ICR on June 18 , 2026 . Page 49 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 308, "text": "WBDocs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Additional support for the widows is included in the entitlement matrix and shall be monitored during RAP implementation . The distribution is shown in figure 13 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Household Head Gender < br > Male < br > 47 % < br > 53 % < br > Female < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 13 : Gender Distribution of Household Heads ( Source - PAH Heads * * # # # # * * 6 . 5 . 3 Educational Level * * Majority ( 64 % ) of the PAH Heads have attained primary education . Only 19 % of the PAH Heads are illiterate . Education is essential in empowering people to take advantage of opportunities . During the community introductory meetings what came out clearly is that they have capacity to interrogate information given to them . It is assumed that the educated can effectively articulate their issues and understand information passed on to them , they can participate in socio economic development initiatives . # # # # * * 6 . 5 . 4 Occupation * * The main source of income for most ( 40 % ) of the PAH Heads is subsistence farming . However , these are subsistence farmers ’ using rudimentary methods of farming only to face various challenges in crop production even as they rely on low and unreliable rainfall , and as inferred in the FGDS , certified seeds , fertilizer and farm inputs are hardly used . Only 5 % of the PAH Heads are in formal employment . Other income sources include livestock farming ( 29 % ) , business ( 25 % ) , informal employment 1 % and Domestic worker 1 % . Main businesses include ; jua kali shops , bodaboda , groceries , Mpesa and retail shops . Goats are the main type of livestock found in the project area . Other livestock include cattle and sheep . Majority of the PAH Heads are involved in maize farming . Other crops mentioned by the PAH Heads and are planted within the project area include ; cassava mangoes , coconut and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "people ) CRI | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Not yet avai | lable | | | | | | Participating counties whose | n / a | Jun / 2023 | TBC | 06-Mar-2024 | TBC | 31-Oct-2024 | 25 | Dec / 2027 | | taxpayer registers and < br > cadasters have been cleaned < br > and updated into an < br > automated revenue < br > management system < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | Actual curre < br > the end of t | nt value to be co < br > he calendar year . | nfirmed during | the annual perfor | mance assessm | ents prior to | | | 0 | Jun / 2023 | TBC | 06-Mar-2024 | TBC | 31-Oct-2024 | 25 | Dec / 2027 | Page 8 of 13 Jun 01 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 227, "text": "taxpayer registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 239, "end": 248, "text": "cadasters", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financed under the program , including insisting that the firms and / or individuals declare they have not been debarred or suspended and / or have any links with a debarred entity or individual . This self-disclosure of firms or individuals bidding for contracts will be a way of strengthening enforcement . The FPPA has a website and will provide a link to Bank debarred list for use by implementing agencies . The use of the debarment list is supported by pooling partners and the disclosure will be strengthened . 104 . * * Companies and individuals debarred by the Bank and the FPPA will be posted and updated regularly on FPPA ’ s and EPSA ’ s website and advertised publicly by FMOH * * . The FMOH will take responsibility in ensuring that the website is updated regularly with information on the list of debarred firms and individuals and share this information with all participating donors , PFSA regional Hubs , regional Health bureaus in the Program , instructing them to comply . The update of the debarment list as well as the deviation from the list of debarred firms will be monitored as part of the annual Program Audit / annual Program assessment . Specifically , PFSA ‘ s compliance with the debarment list will be closely monitored . The debarment list will also be used by procurement officers and council members to monitor . In addition , the Government agreed that it would include some disclosure measures in bidding documents for works , goods and services to be financed under the program , including insisting that the firms and / or individuals declare they have not been debarred or suspended and / or have any links with a debarred entity or individual . 105 . * * Sharing of information on Fraud and Corruption Allegations : * * In line with the PforR ACGs , the government , the FEACC in collaboration with the Federal Attorney General , will consolidate and share information with the Bank and participating Donor Partners on all allegations and investigations of fraud and corruption received", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 377, "text": "Bank debarred list", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) perennial , and grow in a very narrow range of “ acceptable ” temperature-precipitation / irrigation conditions . Perennial crops can tolerate climatic shocks better but offer almost no flexibility to farmers in terms of changing the crops in dry years . This is because perennial crops ( or products ) occupy the land and require “ maintenance ” regardless of whether they produce any yield in a given year . This means that farmers growing both “ annual ” and “ perennial ” types of products are equally vulnerable to climaterelated risks . Farmers ’ climate adaptation schemes would likely require strategic change of activity type from farming to “ services ” or “ industry ” . # # * * Current and anticipated impacts of climate change : * * * * 4 . * * Scientists in Jordan already express concern that increase in frequency and severity of flash floods in Jordan is happening sooner than has been predicted . GCM models from the World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal < sup > 66 < / sup > indicate that monthly temperatures in Jordan will increase in the next decades . Mean annual temperature is predicted to increase by 2 % by 2050 . The risk of heatwaves will increase by up to 13 % by 2090 . Ensemble model shows even trend of temperature increase through the year , whereas several individual models predict substantial seasonal variation in temperatures , with sharp peaks in some months . * * 5 . * * In Jordan climate change is predicted to result in the following outcomes : lower water availability for citizens and residents , negative impact on agriculture , heat waves , higher occurrence and intensity of flash floods . The most vulnerable to climate change will be the following population groups : children and teenagers , young adults and especially young females , refugees , elderly and disabled , and farmers . Each group for their own reasons , outlined above . * * < u > This project intends to facilitate adaptation to climate change < / u > *", "spans": [{"start": 1015, "end": 1050, "text": "World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the IHS 1992 / 93 , UNHS 2005 / 06 Note : 12 month recall questions used . _ > 15 To the extent that this happened , it also indicates that even the interviewers were not aware of how to measure economic activity either . If the literate , educated interviewers were confused , it is not surprising to find serious non-sampling error . 14", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 10, "text": "IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 23, "end": 37, "text": "UNHS 2005 / 06", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- i ) How the consultant ( TTR ) didn ’ t to consult the Ranch Management . - ii ) Mwavumbo Group Ranch ’ s Grievance Redress Committees . - iii ) The Mwavumbo Group Ranch Asset Register and how some of the names found in the database are not members of the ranch . The purpose for the meeting was to discuss these concerns for the RAP process to proceed . He also mentioned that the reason we had this meeting , was for the verification exercise . The meeting was informed that the consultant would start the census exercise in Mwatate and proceed to other villages . It was also agreed that those members ( Ranch Members ) not found in the list . The meeting was also informed that all parcels in Mwavumbo have owners . Mr . Mwandole Nyamawi Ndoho ( Ward Administrator ) welcomed us to the meeting . Madam Saumu ( CEC Lands , KCG ) addressed the importance of the Mwache Dam Project to the meeting . She noted that the consultant , the Lands Ministry and the Ranch Committee needed to work together to finish up the RAP process to enhance the contractor to hit the ground . She also informed the meeting that the Ranch had already intended to be dissolve and the subdivision process was to start with the affected persons . Mr . Peter Obiero explained that they ( consultant ) tried to consult with the relevant stakeholders and the main reason the consultant never got to reach all the stakeholders , was because the country was then in an election mood . Mr , Peter apologized for not consulting the Ranch and also said that during the RAP , the PAPs aired their concerns with regards to the exercise but they knew that their would be high level consultations between the Ranch Management , NLC and the Project . He mentioned that there were 260 PAPs from the Ranch of which 190 were Land Owners and 70 were Structure , Crop and Tree Owners . Mr . Peter also informed the meeting the only 5 villages in RAP 1 were to be", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 186, "text": "Mwavumbo Group Ranch Asset Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 ) and , without accelerated progress , is unlikely to achieve the MDG targets by 2015 . Although the proportion of deliveries at facility has improved , maternal mortality remains a significant challenge , particularly for disadvantaged populations . The national maternal mortality ratio in the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) was statistically unchanged at 438 deaths per 100 , 000 live births compared to the 2006 DHS . Perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality remain major causes of the high national disease burden , accounting for 20 . 4 percent of the burden . < sup > 1 < / sup > Hemorrhage , abortion , sepsis , obstructed labor , pregnancy-induced hypertension , and malaria make up the major causes of maternal deaths and stillbirths . Owing to poor-quality services and limited access to skilled delivery services , compounded by the high cost of care , in the five years prior to the 2011 DHS , 43 percent of pregnant women delivered at home without the assistance of skilled health personnel with many of the home births disproportionately occurring among the poor and in rural areas . The provision of comprehensive emergency obstetric care in particular faced many challenges . The need to reverse poor maternal health outcomes was and remains a key priority for Uganda . The four main strategies to reverse poor maternal health outcomes highlighted in the Road Map for Acceleration of Maternal and Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity ( 2006 – 15 ) include ( 1 ) improving and expanding the quality of maternal and newborn care , ( 2 ) improving access to family planning services , ( 3 ) providing adolescent reproductive health services , and ( 4 ) strengthening supply-chain management for reproductive health commodities in the public and private sectors . In this respect , the government , in collaboration with the World Bank and Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau ( KfW , German Development Bank ) , designed the RHVP , building on the earlier STI OBA voucher scheme also financed by KfW . The RHVP was in line with the World Bank ’ s Country Assistance Strategy ( CAS ) and Reproductive Health Action Plan ( RHAP ) . Uganda is a priority country in the World Bank ’ s", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 339, "text": "2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 923, "end": 931, "text": "2011 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was a 13 % increase in the number of asylum applications in 2019 , as compared to previous years , despite a slight drop in irregular arrivals . The first quarter of 2020 nonetheless saw a drop of 21 % in new applications as compared to the same period in 2019 . EU member States and institutions have substantially increased their support to refugee hosting countries through their contributions and engagement with the World Bank ’ s Global Concessional Financing Facility for Middle Income Countries ( GCFF ) in the MENA region , roll out of the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework ( CRRF ) in the East and Horn of Africa , the World Bank ’ s IDA-18 sub-window for refugee-hosting countries , and several programmes led by their bilateral development agencies . > 28 _In absolute figures , resettlement submissions to Europe went from 17 , 209 in 2015 ( in 19 countries ) to 33 , 838 in 2019 ( in 20 countries ) . Resettlement arrivals went from 11 , 175 in 2015 to 29 , 066 in 2019 . Regarding complementary pathways , no recent data is available , besides the humanitarian corridors operated by Italy . See also available data on family reunion at http : / / www . oecd . org / migration / mig / safe-pathways-for-refugees-2019-_ _ < u > update . pdf < / u > _ 9", "spans": [{"start": 1132, "end": 1154, "text": "data on family reunion", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contour is equal to w2 / w1 . Equating the values of AF weights to the marginal rate of substitution of u at z ( the slope of the dashed line in Figure 7 ) does not make sense . Instead , AF parameters ( weights w , cutoffs z and identification threshold k ) should be selected in a way that the identification contour best approximates indifference curve u ( Decerf , 2023b ) . A similar point can be made for PX weights . < sup > 65 < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > x2 Union x2 Intersection < br > z < br > z2 z < br > u u < br > x1 x1 < br > z1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 7 : * * AF weights are not marginal weights of substitution The fact that multidimensional poverty weights are not mere marginal rates of substitution casts serious doubts on seemingly natural methods to select their values . This is clearly the case for methods whose objective is precisely to uncover marginal rates of substitution . For instance , AF weights cannot directly be selected from the methodology proposed ( in another context ) by Benjamin et al . ( 2014b ) because its aim is to uncover average marginal rates of substitutions for non-monetary dimensions . They can neither be selected directly from the coefficient values obtained from OLS regressions on subjective well-being data . < sup > 66 < / sup > Also , it is unclear whether directly asking subjects for their preferred AF weights would yield meaningful results . Indeed , the link between AF weights and the shape of the identification contour is not trivial . Rather , we outline a “ weights selection ” method whose objective is to yield interpersonal well-being comparisons that are best in line with preference u . This method is in line with the spirit of Maasoumi and Xu ( 2015 ) . For Objective 1 , we would like to select ˆ parameters such that the indicator most reliably yields u > u ( ˆxi ) whenever u > u ( ˆxi ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1285, "end": 1311, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 11 . 33 ) | − 0 . 89 | 22 . 14 < br > ( 11 . 33 ) | 19 . 28 < br > ( 12 . 19 ) | 2 . 85 < br > * * * | | Proportion of men | 0 . 51 < br > ( 0 . 50 ) | 0 . 67 < br > ( 0 . 49 ) | − 0 . 16 < br > * * * | 0 . 58 < br > ( 0 . 49 ) | 0 . 66 < br > ( 0 . 47 ) | - 0 . 09 < br > * * * | | Proportion with < br > vocational training | 0 . 36 < br > ( 0 . 48 ) | 0 . 05 < br > ( 0 . 22 ) | 0 . 31 < br > * * * | 0 . 34 < br > ( 0 . 47 ) | 0 . 11 < br > ( 0 . 32 ) | 0 . 23 < br > * * * | | Number of workers | 564 | 824 | | 1429 | 2664 | | _Source : _ Author ' s calculations based on VLSS and VHLSS data . # _ < < B > > The “ public sector dummy approach ” _ We first consider the simplest method to compute the public-private wage gap , controlling for the differences in the workers ' characteristics between the two sectors . This method implicitly assumes that the returns to the workers ' characteristics are the 17", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 583, "text": "VLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 588, "end": 598, "text": "VHLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the community context , _ among others , the cultural norms that justify or condone the use of violence against women and girls as a normal disciplinary measure , the patriarchal systems or gender norms that perpetuate the power differentials ( control over the social participation and economic resources , decision making ) between the women and men , lack of awareness on GBV , low educational level , and poverty are all the factors of GBV risks . The context provides the actual or attempted abuse of a position of vulnerability and differential power for committing SEA . - _At the family level_ , the findings of the 2016 EDHS revealed that the perpetrators of GBV including sexual violence are largely close family members , particularly husbands or sexual partners . Several other factors in the family context including marital control / jealous non-egalitarian decision-making , alcohol use , economic stress , not conforming to gender role expectations , and opposition to departure from social norms about gender roles pose the GBV risk factors . This situation increases the risks of SEA as close family members such as husbands and sexual partners are the main perpetrators of sexual violence rather than being the defenders of their women ' s family members . - At the individual level , there are numerous factors including being a woman or a girl , low level of educational attainment , lack of information on where and how to report , being a gender minority , being a member of HUCs , age , being a person with a disability , lack of social support , and lack of sufficient personal income that increase the risks of GBV . These GBV risk factors increase the risks of SEA making the victims powerless to report the acts of SEA and use the justice system for solution . # # # # # * * 2 . Project SEA and SH Risks * * All the project Components have subproject activities with potential risks of SH . The civil servants implementing all the project Components are composed of female and male employees working side by side or within", "spans": [{"start": 627, "end": 636, "text": "2016 EDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE equivalent to an impossible 13 percent of the monthly budget , well beyond the affordability threshold . In fact these calculations suggest that power will not become widely affordable to any significant share of the population until costs ( and hence prices ) can be reduced to below $ 0 . 30 per kilowatt-hour . In the case of water , subsistence water consumption of 6 cubic meters per month ( equivalent to 40 liters per capita per day ) would cost $ 6 per month at cost recovery tariffs . That total would absorb 4 percent of the monthly budget of the illustrative household , which may be affordable . At existing tariffs that largely cover operating costs , subsistence consumption would only represent 2 percent of household budgets , which would be quite affordable for the population . * * Figure 17 . Affordability of subsistence utility bills for representative family living under poverty line * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Power < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > subsistence consumption of 25 kWh / month < br > price of power ( US $ / kWh ) < br > b . Water < br > subsistence consumption of 6 cubic meters / month < br > price of water ( US $ / cubic meter ) < br > % of household budget < br > % of household budget < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Illustrative calculations based on Liberia Poverty Assessment . At first glance , utility operational inefficiencies do not look very significant relative to GDP _ . _ Distribution losses of power and water utilities total $ 1 . 8 million annually , while under-collection amounts to a further $ 1 . 1 million annually . This amounts to no more than 0 . 2 percent of GDP for each sector , which is much better performance than that found in the benchmark group of low-income fragile 31", "spans": [{"start": 1430, "end": 1456, "text": "Liberia Poverty Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impact ) on entry behavior . With only cross-sectional data , one would be forced to deal with this fact by including as many agglomeration attributes in the model as possible . While such data exist , they will necessarily be incomplete . With our panel data ( obtained by using annual entry behavior observed in the RAIS ) , we are able to control nonparametrically for any features of each agglomeration that do not change over time . This takes care of the most important differences between agglomerations , and leaves us with the variation in CF allocations over time with which to identify their impact . # * * _Stage # 3 : Decomposing Agglomeration Fixed Effects_ * * In the final stage of our estimation procedure , we explore the role of determinants of entry behavior besides the CF ’ s . At the end of Stage # 2 , we are left with the vector of agglomeration-and-industry fixed effects , φ _m_ . These fixed effects describe the attractiveness of each agglomeration for each industry _m_ , averaged over the period 19932001 , after having controlled for headquarter locations , time effects , and CF allocations . Ideally , we could take these fixed effects and regress them on a vector of city attributes ; e . g . , _Xj_ = { IDH , education , infrastructure , employment in sector _m_ ( i . e . , agglomeration effects ) , employment in other sectors ( i . e . , spillover effects ) } . In practice , this is complicated by two factors . First , many of these attributes are highly correlated with one another ( see Table 4 ) . Results of such a procedure are therefore highly sensitive to the exact specification assumed . Second , it is likely that some of these attributes are actually determined by the entry behavior of firms , and are therefore endogenous to the regression . This is especially true of the aggregated entry decisions of other firms . In this case , a simple decomposition like that described above would yield biased estimates . 18", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 59, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 249, "end": 259, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 318, "end": 322, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The sub-component will support the implementation of the overall project by PSFU . The subcomponent will support regular auditing , financial reporting , all safeguards ’ assessments and monitoring and evaluation . Establishment of a web platform to enable the project to reach all beneficiaries ( particularly refugees and host communities ) and be accessible from all locations in Uganda . Monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) activities undertaken as part of this component will focus on data collection , survey implementation , and evaluating the economic impact of the program through a structured impact evaluation at the conclusion of the project . # # # * * ESMF PREPARATION METHODOLOGY * * The preparation of the ESMF included the following stages : Desktop and literature review of relevant project documents , collection and collation of baseline data on the environmental and social conditions , carrying out stakeholder consultations preparation of screening procedures to be used for project proposals , Identification of generic positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed project activities , Identification of generic environmental and social mitigation measures , Development of Guidance on formulation of Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan , and other instruments as applicable . * * POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK * * A desk review of the Uganda legal framework and policies was conducted to identify relevant legislations and policy documents that should be considered during project implementation . Documents reviewed among others are listed as follows : The Project Appraisal Document for the INVITE Project , dated December 2021 ; World Bank ’ s Environmental and Social Framework and Standards , 2018 ; World Bank Group General Environment , Health and Safety Guidelines The National Environment Management Policy , 1994 ; Uganda Vision 2040 ; The National Development Plan III ; The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda , 1995 ; The National Environment Act 2019 ; The Land Act , Cap 227 , of 1998 ; Local Governments Act , Cap 243 ; The Occupational Safety and Health Act , 2006 ; The National Environment ( Environmental and Social Assessment ) Regulations , 2020 ; The National Environment ( Waste Management ) Regulations , 2020 ; and National Environment", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 862, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for MoLSA is correctly referred by the PPMT . Referral failure – the probability that ineligible households are refereed . Failure to refer – the probability that a household in the humanitarian database who is eligible for MOLSA is not referred by PPMT . * * < u > Step 6 . Disaggregated analysis : < / u > * * The disaggregated analysis is conducted using summary statistics . In the first analysis , we calculate the share of cross eligible households across a population of interest , such as displaced and returnee households , female-headed households , households with high disability and chronic illness , households with no working members , and households in different governorates . In the second disaggregated analysis , we calculate the share of ( cross ) eligible households that are willing to be referred to the government support . # 4 . Results # 4 . 1 The PMT score distribution We apply the MoLSA PMT , Legacy VA , SEVAT , and the two PPMT models to the data collected from the field test . The correlation and kernel density of the PMT scores are shown in Table A1 and Figure A1 in the Annex . The MoLSA-PMT score ranged from 3 . 9 to 6 . 4 , with a mean of 5 , indicating that a larger share of the population lies at the right-hand ( richer ) side of the distribution . The MOLSA-PMT scores are expressed in a natural log and the IQD equivalent of the PMT would be calculated by an exponential function of the score , as shown in Table 2 . The SEVAT score and the PPMTs show similarity in distribution with the MoLSA-PMT score . However , the Legacy-PMT has a unique distribution , ranging from 0 and 52 , with 19 . 6 as the mean . The two PPMT distributions are wider than those of the MoLSA-PMT and SEVAT but lean towards the left-hand ( poorer ) side . While the SEVAT and the two PPMTs positively correlate with the MOLSA-PMT , the legacy PMT is negatively correlated with the MOLSA-PMT . This is expected as they use widely different targeting variables . # 4 . 2 PMT cutoffs and eligibility proportion Table 2 shows the", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 203, "text": "humanitarian database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this area is due to Zaller ’ s 1992 monograph “ The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion ” . Challenging what at the time was the consensus , Zaller rejected the idea that survey responses are manifestation of fixed attitudes , and that deviations are simply due to measurement errors . He proposed the RAS model of the response to opinion survey , theorizing that opinion statements result from a process in which people _receive_ new information , decide whether to _accept_ it and then _sample_ from their stock of considerations at the moment of answering questions . In Zaller ’ s original approach , which was influenced by advances of cognitive psychology , the formation of opinions is a > 9 An interesting variation of these empirical studies is found in Alesina and La Ferrara ( 2005 ) who , in addition to _subjective_ expectations of upward and downward mobility , consider also the role of general mobility as _objectively_ present in the society ( p . 899 ) . > 10 To the best of our knowledge Engelhardt & Wagener ( 2014 ) is the only study that examines the determinants of perceived inequality and concludes that it correlates with government social expenditures . 11 Two often cited studies are Page and Shapiro ( 1983 ) and Monroe ( 1979 ) . See also Slemrod ( 2006 ) , Blendon et al ( 1997 ) and many of the additional studies referred in these papers . > 12 Blendon et al ( 1997 ) document differences between objective ( or reported by experts ) and perceived views about : ( a ) the current or past economic performance , in terms of income growth or adequate job creation ; and ( b ) explanations of why the economy is not doing better ( the role of trade , technology , or government policies ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 344, "text": "response to opinion survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "when the cash payments took place ) , effects ( ii ) and ( iii ) may have gained traction , causing conflict to _increase_ . The scope for mechanism ( i ) seems more limited in the context of this paper , given that much of the observed violence stemmed from foreign groups . ( Indeed , throughout the sample , the role played by home-grown violence was limited relative to violence perpetuated by foreign groups . ) Also — if anything — we would expect this effect to occur with a lag ( as it may take some time for cash transfers to be invested and raise productivity ) . After the end of the program , both mechanisms ( ii ) and ( iii ) may have become less salient . Given that the government-led cash transfer program only lasted for two years , the scope for appropriation activities and the incentives to undermine the expansion of government presence may have receded after program completion in a given location . Further , the Niger cash transfer program has had well-documented medium-term impacts on economic welfare , income-generating activities , and assets ( such as livestock ) ( Bossuroy et al . 2022 ; Stoeffler et al . 2020 ) . To the extent that these effects raise the marginal productivity of labor , they are consistent with a higher ( local ) opportunity cost of conflict , which tends to reduce incentives to engage in conflict for domestic actors . While this effect may well have contributed to the demise of the conflict spike after the end of the program , its role may be moderate , given the dominant importance of foreign actors . Our findings are related to the literature on the natural resource curse and on higher rents fueling conflict ( see , e . g . , the survey by Rohner 2018 and recent papers by Caselli et al . 2015 ; Berman et al . 2017 ; McGuirk and Burke 2020 ) , as well as the literature on how higher or lower productivity and opportunity costs of conflict attenuate or fuel fighting , respectively ( Miguel et al . 2004 ; Dell et al . 2014 ; K ̈ onig et al . 2017 ;", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "questionnaire . International experts contacted by CAPMAS ( Kalton ) confirmed the feasibility of such an approach . CAPMAS conducted the field work , revisiting all addresses , completing the survey and matching the new sample to the 2004 / 05 data . The Household Income , Expenditure and Consumption Panel Survey ( HIECPS ) 2005-2008 follows the same households over time and allows an unprecedented comparability in the analysis of living standards . * * _The Sample : _ * * The data used in this analysis as panel ( for 2005 and 2008 ) are based on a one-month subsample of the household from the full HIECPS 2004 / 05 interviewed in February 2005 and 2008 ( Figure 1 ) . The sample of HIECS 2004 / 05 was based on the 1996 Population Census ' s updated sample frames of 1 , 200 area sampling units ( PSUs ) distributed between urban and rural areas of all governorates . The area sample consists of a number of neighbouring census blocks containing 1 , 500 households . The between the first and the second rolls ( the die is fair ) , there is a correlation between the initial outcome and the change in outcome . 6", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 315, "text": "Household Income , Expenditure and Consumption Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 318, "end": 324, "text": "HIECPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 607, "end": 623, "text": "HIECPS 2004 / 05", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 724, "end": 746, "text": "1996 Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "CMS anesthetist fee payment department ) , and used the national average anesthetist conversion factor of $ 17 . 71 per anesthetist unit ( see appendices 2 and 3 for an estimate of anesthesiology fees ) . < sup > 24 < / sup > We then calculated the inpatient prices for our selected procedures in the US by adding hospital payments , physician fees and anesthetist charges for the year 2004 ( Column 1 , Table 4 ) . Since outpatient treatments under Medicare are also subject to a patient co-payment , we used the minimum adjusted co-payment for reported by CMS for the relevant CPT codes . Examples of minimum co-payments include $ 157 for a glaucoma procedure and $ 370 for a prostatectomy procedure such as TURP . We then calculated Outpatient prices by adding hospital fees , physician fees , anesthesia charges , and co-payments for the year 2004 ( Column 3 , Table 4 ) . # _Magnitude of Demand_ We also obtained patient volume data from the H-CUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample database . The latest year for which H-CUP data were available was 2002 . However this dataset covered only inpatient treatments in US community hospitals for 36 US states ( see Column 2 , Table 4 ) , and thereby excluded the large volumes of the selected surgeries that are performed in an outpatient setting ( Column 4 , Table 4 ) . Since , we were unable to find a centralized source of data on the number of outpatient surgeries by procedure , we had to collect outpatient volume data from a variety of sources . In each case , we contacted the relevant professional organization of surgeons , e . g . , the American Podiatric Medical Association provided data on the annual number of Bunionectomies ( toedeformity repairs ) . In some cases , we had to rely on outpatient volume estimates from health care research firms , e . g . , OptiStock , a vision care research firm , provided estimates on the annual number of cataract procedures . See appendix 3 for the detailed list of sources from which outpatient volume data was estimated . # _Foreign prices_ Vanbreda International , a Belgium-based employee benefits consulting and administration firm , whose", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 989, "text": "H-CUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1746, "end": 1773, "text": "outpatient volume estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1984, "end": 2006, "text": "outpatient volume data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 – Trends in Correlations Among Different Types of Governance Indicators * * Notes : This figure shows average pairwise correlations among selected expert assessments ( WGI data source codes Economist Intelligence Unit Country Viewswire , Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide , Crisis24 Country Security Assessment Rating , and S & PGlobal Country Risk Service ) as solid lines , and average pairwise correlations between these four expert assessments and two surveys ( World Economic Forum and Institute for Management and Development Executive Opinion Surveys ) as dashed lines ( see Table 1 for WGI data source codes ) . The six panels correspond to the six aggregate WGI indicators . 35", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 353, "text": "Crisis24 Country Security Assessment Rating", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 360, "end": 392, "text": "S & PGlobal Country Risk Service", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 568, "end": 593, "text": "Executive Opinion Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Akkar Minieh-Dennieh Tripoli Zahle < br > Informal credit / debts * Construction < br > Food E-cards from WFP Agriculture < br > Provision of other services * * < br > 80 % < br > 56 % < br > 44 % < br > 42 % 42 % < br > 34 % < br > 33 % < br > 31 % < br > 24 % 25 % 24 % 24 % 22 % 24 % < br > 17 % 19 % < br > 11 % 12 % 10 % < br > 4 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * From shops , friends , hosts , etc . * * E . g . hotel , restaurant , transport , personal services such as cleaning , cooking , hairdressing and childcare * * Figure 12 * * Sources of income for surveyed households per district of residence in Lebanon Source : UN-Habitat and UNHCR household survey ( July 2017 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 80 % < br > 60 % < br > 40 % < br > 20 % < br > Men < br > Women < br > Children < br > eh Za < br > ni hle < br > r < br > en < br > Tri < br > ka po < br > - D < br > Ak li < br > eh < br > ni < br > Mi < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 14 * * Working surveyed household members per district of residence in Lebanon Source : UN-Habitat and UNHCR household survey ( July 2017 ) # # # # SOCIAL NETWORKS AS “ SOCIAL CAPITAL ” < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 58 . 6 % 59 . 1 % < br > 50 . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Table 9 ) , and they did not affect parenting behaviors ( Appendix Tables B6 and B7 ) . Neither the program as a whole , nor the D2D and HBP interventions , seems to have affected the way parents perceived education . While the program did have an effect on the reported optimal age for starting preschool , these impacts are not larger in T2 and T3 ( Table B8 ) . In addition , there are no impacts on the perceived return to school , maybe because parents already considered the return to primary and secondary school to be high ( 6 . 8 % per school year in primary and 8 . 5 % for secondary in the control group ) and even higher than those reported by Humphreys ( 2015 ) based on Cambodia ’ s Socio-Economic Survey ( CSES ) in 2010 . Unlike other contexts ( for example in Madagascar ( Nguyen , 2008 ) or in Dominican Republic ( Jensen , 2010 ) ) , Cambodian caregivers did not appear to have under-estimated the return to education . We cannot rule out the possibility that a more intensive set of programs ( e . g . , more frequent home visits , more intensive HBP ) might have had bigger impacts . But it is also possible that , in the context of these small rural villages , the construction of the CPS itself had a demand-side “ information ” component in the sense that it was likely an important village event that households would have known about . In such a context , it could have been the case that the additional demand-side programs did not convey any information over and above the construction itself given what parents already believed about the return to education . # * * 6 Conclusion * * Consistent with findings in other studies , our results show that a relatively wellimplemented preschool program — 90 % of treatment villages received a community preschool ( CPS ) — can initially increase the cognitive and socio-emotional performance of young children . Even though the midline ITT impacts are low in magnitude ( + 0 . 04 SD ) , the complex substitution patterns make these results consistent with moderate-to-large impacts on", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 720, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Routine Manual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 , 6 < br > 0 , 4 < br > 0 , 2 < br > 0 < br > ‐ 0 , 2 < br > ‐ 0 , 4 < br > ‐ 0 , 6 < br > ‐ 0 , 8 < br > ‐ 1 < br > Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Mexico El < br > Rep . Salvador < br > NSE SE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys . However , it should be noted that the tests do not allow us to identify a common trend across countries with respect to the speeds at which changes occur within NSE and SE . While in some countries a more rapid change is observed in the profile of tasks of non-standard workers compared to standard employment , in others , the opposite occurs . It should be noted that within this general picture of non-standard employment trends in terms of their job profile , we found specific and , in some cases differentiating behaviors between part-time employment ( Figure 14 ) and temporary employment ( Figure 15 ) . Indeed , the tendency towards a more intensive profile in non-routine cognitive tasks is more evident in the case of temporary employment , where in all the countries analyzed , without exception , nonstandard employment presents this change in their profile . Additionally , while part-time employment shows heterogeneous behavior with respect to the trends of routine cognitive tasks , in the case of temporary employment there is a clear trend towards a less intense profile in this type of tasks . Finally , the trend towards a less intensive profile of manual tasks is observed for most of the countries in both part-time and temporary employment although with exceptions in the two cases . Page 22 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 440, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "44 - ANNEX V # Schedule of Implementation Employment of consultants ( exploration , legal , accounting ) . . . October 1982 Employment of a resident explorationist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 1983 Start of seismic reprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 1983 Completion of draft model agreement and laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 1983 Completion of seismic reprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 1983 Start of Red Sea seismic survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 1983 Completion of seismic survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 1983 Enactment of revised petroleum and tax legislation . . . . . . . . . . . October 1983 Completion of initial promotion report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1983 First round of acreage bidding . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 1984 Signature of first agreements with oil companies . . . . . . . . . June 1984 Second round of acreage bidding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 1984 Signature of second round agreements with oil companies . . . . . . December 1984 Final exploration . . . . . . . . . . . repot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 483, "end": 505, "text": "Red Sea seismic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 : Transition Matrix Based on the Synthetic Panel 2010 / 2018 * * | * * Status in 2010 , 2018 * * | * * Lower-bound estimate ( % ) * * | * * Upper-bound estimate ( % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _NEET , NEET_ | 46 . 66 | 35 . 95 | | _NEET , non-NEET_ | 4 . 35 | 17 . 82 | | _Non-NEET , NEET_ | 0 . 00 | 10 . 71 | | _Non-NEET , non-NEET_ | 48 . 98 | 35 . 51 | _Notes : _ results are restricted to the sample of individuals aged between 15 and 24 in 2010 and between 23 and 32 in 2018 . “ Lower ” and “ Upper ” refer to the two bounds on mobility ; for immobility , “ Lower ” is the upper bound and “ Upper ” is the lower bound . Upper-bound estimates are based on 50 replications . Individual-level sampling weights are applied . The estimated NEET rates for 2018 can be directly derived from the transition matrix by adding up the share of people in two groups : ( NEET , NEET ) and ( non-NEET , NEET ) . For instance , the lowerbound estimate of the NEET rate in 2018 amounted to 46 . 66 percent , which is the estimate displayed in the respective cell in Table 4 . Similarly , the upper-bound estimate consists of the chronically NEET ( 35 . 95 percent ) and the ( non-NEET , NEET ) group ( 10 . 71 percent ) , resulting in the estimate displayed in the respective cell in Table 4 ( 46 . 66 percent ) . The results suggest that the NEET condition tends to persist , as is hinted at in the paper ’ s title . Comparing the share of NEET in both periods to those who were NEET in 2010 , we found that those NEET in 2010 had a 70 to 90 percent probability of remaining NEET after 10 years , and only a 10 to 30 percent probability of escaping from the condition . This impression of substantial immobility", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "60 % of childhood morbidity - s due to preventable causes . The leading causes of adult morbidity are dysentery / gastro-intestinal infections , malaria , helminthiasis , skin and eye diseases , venereal diseases , rheumatism , malnutrition , fevers , upper respiratory tract infections and tuberculosis . The high prevalence of worm and other intestinal infections reflects poor sanitary facilities and education and the fact that access to safe water is only available to less than 14 percent of the population . Schistosomissis , leprosy and yellow fever are important in particular regions of the country , while malaria is endemic in 70 % of the country . AIDS is a potential health problem in Ethiopia . An AIDS department has been set-up to organize and coordinate prevalence surveys , preventive education and related activities . 2 . 04 A sociological survey of a ssample of the population in Shewa and Arssi rel + ions financed under the IDA Project Preparation Facility ( PPF ) ( see para . 3 . U3 ) illustrates that there is little understanding of the true causes of diseases , hence inappropriate traditional treatments are widespread . For example , measles is widely believed to be caused by spirits , and malaria either by spirits or vapor from the ground . Diarrhea in infants is commonly thought to be caused by worms in the gums , and is often treated by extraction of the milk teeth , with infection resulting . Kwashiorkor ( severe malnutrition caused by a diet high in carbohydrates and low in proteins ) is commonly believed to be caused by the evil eye , and is sometimes treated by sorcerers burning the swollen parts of the body with hot iron rods . 2 . 05 Nutrition status data are few and dated . The most comprehensive survey geographically was carried out in 1979-80 in urban areas of 11 regions ; of a sample of 1 , 250 children from 0-5 . 18 . 5 % were stunted , 7 % were wasted and 40-60 % had first and second degree malnutrition . During the recent droughts ,", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 790, "text": "prevalence surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 848, "end": 867, "text": "sociological survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1684, "end": 1705, "text": "Nutrition status data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exports accounted for 4 percent of the ( net ) new jobs that exports created during the study period . Finally , human capital accumulation is also an important determinant of long-term productivity growth . However , access to roads can alter rural households ’ opportunity costs of human capital investments . On the one hand , better transport infrastructure may reduce students ’ travel costs to school , improving attendance . On the other hand , greater transport connectivity also exposes students to more immediate job opportunities , potentially incentivizing them to drop out of school to join the labor market . Li et al ( 2019 ) look at the impact of highway investments on educational choices in rural China . Using 2005 population census data , the authors find that highway access significantly reduces the enrollment rate of senior high schools in rural areas by as much as 9 percent , without affecting the enrollment rates for junior high and elementary schools . This negative effect is more significant on students in rural regions than in urban regions , indicating that better transport connectivity may improve the income of rural households in the 31", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 756, "text": "2005 population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reported measures provided by respondents . However , tax data may lack demographic information on individuals or households unless it is merged with other administrative or survey data . Also , it does not contain information on capital income or other key worker characteristics , such as education and occupation ( only the NACE code of the company is recorded ) . The income of employees is reported by the employer , who has fewer incentives to misreport and is often more tightly monitored than the employees . This increases the data quality . In our data , labor income is measured at the individual level . Therefore , we cannot investigate tax evasion at the household level . Although the quality of tax data is usually high , it still may be plagued by missing variables , zero values challenging to interpret , and technical errors . Administrative tax data may also be challenging to extract from the administrative databases because they are often not integrated and not optimized to extract data ( often , tax administration is interested only in checking the single taxpayer ' s income ) . Künn ( 2015 ) documents the increasing usage of linked administrative and survey data in economic research and discusses the challenges of data linking . Given the very large volume of information for approximately 7 million taxpayers , different identifiers were provided for the same individual , making the process of aggregating monthly tax data for each individual into an annual income measure difficult / quite challenging . * * In Romania , several income categories are exempt from personal income tax and , therefore , are not included in the definition of income used here . * * Exemptions include social benefits other than pensions and temporary work incapacity benefits , such as allowances , indemnities , social insurance benefits , and scholarships . Invalidity pensions for the 1st degree of invalidity and benefits for war invalids are also exempt . Additionally , income from damages , insurance payouts , and punitive damages is tax-free , but there are other exempt categories . < sup > 3 < / sup > > 3 These encompass income from inheritance or donation , real estate transfers under specific conditions , and income from diplomatic", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 62, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 915, "end": 939, "text": "administrative databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1440, "end": 1456, "text": "monthly tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * In the last decade , Mali has become the epicenter of one of the world ’ s worst civil conflicts ( ACLED , 2020 ) , generating more than 346 , 000 internally displaced peoples ( IDPs ) ( UNHCR , 2020 ) . Real and perceived inequalities between and within communities have helped fuel this conflict ( Pezard & Shurkin , 2015 ) . The plight of IDPs in Mali is severe , which has been recognized and they are actively aided by national and international organizations . Hoogeveen , Rossi , and Sansone ( 2019 ) , which studies the dynamics of intentions to return after the early part of Mali ’ s conflict subsided , shows that some but not all IDPs intend to return home . IDPs fleeing this conflict and locating in other Malian towns potentially affect social cohesion by changing economic conditions including wealth , poverty , and inequality among the population in host communities . Policymakers dealing with an internal displacement crisis are often challenged to mitigate shocks caused by a sudden inflow of people on host populations , while providing adequate support for incoming displaced peoples . If IDPs foster increased inequality or negatively affect local wealth , then they may affect social cohesion in ways that exacerbate the conflict . This work tries to answer how does the arrival of IDPs in host communities in Mali affect wealth , consumption , poverty , and inequality ? We analyze the effects of IDP presence and numbers on consumption , poverty , and inequality of host communities in Mali . We use comprehensive nationwide household survey data on over 36 , 000 households from 2013 - 2019 combined with data on IDP populations to estimate econometric models of the effects of IDP presence and numbers . Our modeling strategy uses multiple econometric methods , difference-in-difference , instrumental variable , and propensity score matching to provide the most robust results to concerns about the endogenous location choices of IDPs . A now burgeoning literature analyzes the economic impact of displaced peoples on host communities , see Verme and Schuettler ( 2020 ) for a systematic review . While the literature review finds a low probability of a decline in well-being for", "spans": [{"start": 1552, "end": 1598, "text": "comprehensive nationwide household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1658, "end": 1681, "text": "data on IDP populations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85005-GO-RFQ / procure 5 < br > neonatal warmers / < br > resuscitares for < br > shamakhubu , shianda , < br > matungu . malava & butere | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Po | st | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 20 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-11-28 < br > 2018-12-26 | 2019-01-25 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85012-GO-RFQ / procure < br > 500 IUD insertion & removal < br > sets for all level 3 & 4 and all < br > facilities | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Po | st | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 10 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-12-11 < br > 2019-01-08 | 2019-02-07 | | KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85029-GO-RFQ / procure < br > 600 anc syphilis profile < br > reagnant for all level 3 , 4 & 5 < br > facilities | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# ANNEX 3 . Outcome Measures # # Primary Indicators * * Depression and anxiety : * * The primary outcomes are the prevalence and intensity of depression and anxiety symptoms , as measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety ‐ Depression Scale ( PHQ ‐ ADS ) , which combines the 9 ‐ item Patient Health Questionnaire ( PHQ ‐ 9 ) and the 7 ‐ item Generalized Anxiety Disorder ( GAD ‐ 7 ) scales ( Kroenke and others 2016 ; Chilcot and others 2018 ) . The PHQ ‐ 9 incorporates Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) ‐ Version IV depression diagnostic criteria with other major depressive symptoms ( Kroenke and others 2001 ) . Participants rate their responses on a 4 ‐ point Likert scale ranging from ‘ not at all ’ to ‘ nearly every day ’ ( 0 ‐ 3 ) , with the score ranging from 0 to 27 . It measures whether a person had difficulty in sleeping , felt hopeless / down , felt tired , had trouble falling asleep , had poor appetite , felt bad about him / herself , had difficulty concentrating , had been slow or restless , and had suicidal thoughts . The GAD ‐ 7 is based on the DSM IV diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder and has 7 items ( Spitzer and others 2006 ) . As with the PHQ ‐ 9 , each item is scored on a 4 ‐ point Likert scale ranging from ‘ not at all ’ to ‘ nearly every day ’ ( 0 ‐ 3 ) , with the score ranging from 0 to 21 . The GAD ‐ 7 measures whether a person has not been able to control worrying , has trouble relaxing , feels nervous and on the edge , is easily irritable , feels afraid that something terrible might happen , etc . The PHQ ‐ ADS score is calculated as the sum of the PHQ ‐ 9 and GAD ‐ 7 , with the total score ranging from 0 to 48 . Higher scores indicate higher intensity . The cutoff scores of 10 , 20 , and 30 indicate mild , moderate , and severe levels of depression and anxiety , respectively", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expenditure on pensions or assistance to the poor . Richer individuals are more likely to support hiking education spending but are less likely to support increasing expenditure on assistance to the poor . Individuals affiliated with a political party are more likely to support increasing expenditure on health care and lowering expenditure on pensions . Former members of the Communist Party are 20 percent more likely than others to support additional spending on health care . Membership in a religious organization is not correlated with policy preferences . These findings are fairly homogenous across the countries covered in LITS II . Figure 3 shows the estimated coefficients associated with the age dummy variable “ Older than 54 years ” . In every country included in the sample ( except for France ) , older individuals are less ( more ) likely to support increases in government expenditure on education ( pensions ) . Accordingly , older individuals are more ( less ) likely to support increases in government spending on health care ( assisting the poor ) in almost every country , but the coefficients are mostly not statistically different from zero . Table A2 shows the estimation results using a different definition of the dependent variable . In particular , we consider only the first ( instead of the first and second ) priority for government expenditure . The results shows that even though the point estimates are different in some cases , the signs and magnitudes of the age coefficients are very similar to those reported in Table 2 . In other words , the results are not sensitive to this alternative definition of the dependent variable . Based on the link between ageing and preferences over policy , the next step is to assess the potential for translating these preferences into actual policy through participation of different age groups in the political process . Because participation in elections tends to increase with age , as seems to be the case on the basis of the raw data , the preferences of older individuals are more likely to be reflected in policy making than those of their younger peers . To shed more light on this possibility , we interacted the age dummy with an indicator of participation in elections . The", "spans": [{"start": 2007, "end": 2015, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the role of soft skills , and section 7 studies the role of competition . Finally , section 8 concludes . # * * 2 Malaysia ’ s Labor Market * * Malaysia is a multi-ethnic country where Malays represent 57 % of the population , Chinese represent 23 % , non-Malay Bumiputera ( which means ” sons of the soil ” ) represent 12 % , Indians 7 % , and other ethnic groups the remaining 1 % . < sup > 2 < / sup > This paper focuses on three of these ethnicities : Malays , Chinese , and Indians . Based on the 2020 census , 63 . 5 % of Malaysians are Muslim , 18 . 7 % are Buddhist , 9 . 1 % are Christian , and 6 . 1 % are Hindu , with the majority of Malays being Muslim . Malaysia ’ s federal constitution expresses that there shall not be employment discrimination on the basis of race , gender , religion , descent , among others . Despite this constitutional decree , research has previously documented evidence of ethnic-based discrimination ( Lee and Khalid ( 2016 ) ; Guan ( 2005 ) ) . Malays are also more likely to be employed in the public sector , as well as in governmentlinked corporations , while individuals of Chinese and Indian descent are more likely to be employed in the private sector ( Lee , 2012 ) . In 2022 , Malays made up 77 . 5 % of the public sector , while nonMalay Bumiputera , Chinese , and Indians made up 12 . 1 % , 5 . 7 % , and 3 . 8 % respectively ( Lee , 2023 ) . In this way , the labor market in Malaysia seems to be segmented in two : a Malay-dominated public sector and a private sector that tends to be dominated by individuals of Chinese-ethnicity ( Lee and Khalid , 2016 ) . Labor statistics also reveal a wide gender gap in employment . According to Malaysia ’ s 2022 Labour Force Survey ( LFS , 2022 ) , 54 percent of women are employed , compared to 79 percent for men . This gap persists across all ethnicities . The main", "spans": [{"start": 502, "end": 513, "text": "2020 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1702, "end": 1726, "text": "2022 Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", more papers have turned to the importance of labor demand shocks . Using real-time surveys , a number of researchers have documented the impact on layoffs by private firms of sales loss , closures , or liquidity issues ( Bachas , et al . , 2020 ; Bartik et al . , 2020 ; Adams-Prassl et al . , 2020 ; Fairlie , 2020 ) . Apedo-Amah et al . ( 2020 ) use a dataset measuring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the private sector , which covers more than 100 , 000 businesses across 51 countries . They find that firms that have experienced a larger reduction in sales experienced a larger reduction in employment . Using real-time data on vacancy postings on online job portals in Sweden , Hensvik et al . ( 2020 ) find that postings fell by 40 percent even during the earlier period of the pandemic . It has also been clear that , due to either social distancing measures or consumer risk aversion , contact-intensive sectors , such as travel , restaurant , and other services , have been greatly affected ( Mongey et al . , 2020 ) . The large job losses in other sectors , such as manufacturing , have not been as obvious to all _a priori_ , whereas in other sectors , such as construction and agriculture , they may have been over-predicted due to the focus on the ability to work from home . As the literature details , firms have been affected through multiple channels . First , the crisis affects levels and patterns of consumer spending . Domestic consumers reduce their mobility to reduce the risk of infection and avoid products and services that involve interactions with others ( Andersen et al . , 2020 ; Balleer et al . , 2020 ) . For example , Abay , Tafere and Woldemichael ( 2020 ) estimate how much the crisis affected demand for selected services across 182 countries using real-time Google search data . They find that the crisis led to a 63 percent reduction in demand for hotels and a comparable rate of increase in demand for ICT services . Firms have responded to reduced cash flow and high uncertainty by adjusting their investment (", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 92, "text": "real-time surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 356, "end": 409, "text": "dataset measuring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 624, "end": 658, "text": "real-time data on vacancy postings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1796, "end": 1824, "text": "real-time Google search data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Fernald , John G ( 1999 ) . “ Roads to Prosperity ? Assessing the Link between Public Capital and Productivity ” . _American Economic Review_ 89 . 3 , pp . 619 – 638 . - Freedman , Seth M et al . ( 2023 ) . _Designing Difference in Difference Studies With Staggered Treatment Adoption : Key Concepts and Practical Guidelines_ . Working Paper 31842 . National Bureau of Economic Research . - Gaggl , Paul , Rowena Gray , Ioana Marinescu , and Miguel Morin ( 2021 ) . “ Does Electricity Drive Structural Transformation ? Evidence from the United States ” . _Labour Economics_ 68 , p . 101944 . - Jaimovich , Esteban ( 2019 ) . “ Roadways , Input Sourcing , and Patterns of Specialization ” . _European Economic Review_ 120 , p . 103319 . - Jedwab , Remi and Adam Storeygard ( 2021 ) . “ The Average and Heterogeneous Effects of Transportation Investments : Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa 1960 – 2010 ” . _Journal of the European Economic Association_ jvab027 . - Kahn-Lang , Ariella and Kevin Lang ( 2020 ) . “ The Promise and Pitfalls of Differences-in-Differences : Reflections on 16 and Pregnant and Other Applications ” . _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics_ 38 . 3 , pp . 613 – 620 . - Kassem , Dana ( 2021 ) . _Does Electrification Cause Industrial Development_ . Working Paper . - Klein Goldewijk , Kees , Arthur Beusen , Gerard Van Drecht , and Martine De Vos ( 2011 ) . “ The HYDE 3 . 1 Spatially Explicit Database of Human-Induced Global Land-Use Change over the Past 12 , 000 Years ” . _Global Ecology and Biogeography_ 20 . 1 , pp . 73 – 86 . - Lee , Kenneth , Edward Miguel , and Catherine Wolfram ( 2020 ) . “ Does Household Electrification Supercharge Economic Development ? ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 34 . 1 , pp . 122 – 44 . - Leturcq , Guillaume ( 2018 ) . _Dams in Brazil : Social and Demographical Impacts_ . Springer . - Lewis , Joshua and Edson Severnini ( 2020 ) . “ Short-and Long-Run Impacts of Rural Electrification : Evidence from the Historical Rollout of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In Figure 3 , we begin to show that migration flows between origin and destination countries could be associated with corruption levels . Although most country-pairs bilateral migration is relatively low , high migration outflows are observed for high levels of corruption in sending countries , while much lower outflows are observed from countries that experience low levels of corruption . Preliminary analysis also suggests that higher migration flows are observed from relatively more corrupt to relatively less corrupt countries . Corruption appears to be both a push and a pull factor for migration decisions . # * * 2 . 3 Control variables * * The control variables that we use in the analysis are summarized in Table 1 . First , following the literature on gravity models , we measure the geographical distance between countries by including a dummy variable equal to one when countries share a common border , as well as indicators for the difference in time zones , the distance ( weighted by population ) , and the area of the country . To control for cultural and economic distances , we include variables measuring whether countries share a common language , a common religion , and a common currency . All these variables come from the CEPII Gravity Database . Second , to control for differences in income levels , labor markets , and openness , we include GDP per capita levels , inflation rates , and the importance of agriculture and services in the local economy . These variables come from the World Bank World Development Indicators . Third , to measure differences between countries in legal barriers to mobility , employment legislation , and the generosity of the welfare system , we consider OECD measures on : _i_ ) employment protection legislation ; _ii_ ) product market regulation ; _iii_ ) social expenditure ; and _iv_ ) the right to work . < sup > 12 < / sup > > 12The OECD employment protection legislation is a synthetic indicator of the strictness of regulation on the dismissal of workers on regular contracts and the hiring of workers on temporary contracts . It ranges from 0 to 6 , where 6 measures the strictest regulation . Then , a larger number indicates more job security .", "spans": [{"start": 1251, "end": 1273, "text": "CEPII Gravity Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1515, "end": 1554, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "620 | 0 . 168 | * * * | 1 . 315 | 0 . 047 | * * * | | Time dummy τt + 1 | 1 . 103 | 0 . 164 | * * * | 1 . 559 | 0 . 046 | * * * | | Public stayersm11 | 0 . 309 | 0 . 197 | | 0 . 231 | 0 . 079 | * * * | | Private stayersm00 | − 0 . 256 | 0 . 164 | | − 0 . 158 | 0 . 046 | * * * | | Switchers topublicm01 | − 0 . 524 | 0 . 199 | * * * | − 0 . 108 | 0 . 103 | | | Switchers toprivatem10 | − 0 . 021 | 0 . 186 | | 0 . 061 | 0 . 046 | | | Sample size | 1750 | | | 7786 | | | _Source : _ Author ' s calculations based on VLSS and VHLSS data . Compared with the other models presented above , our model accounts for any characteristic that contributes to workers ' comparative advantage from being in the public sector rather than in the private sector . In this sense , our model allows for a greater effect from workers ' selection into one sector or the other . However , we find significant differences in the relative returns to workers ' comparative advantage between the public 21", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 519, "text": "VLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 524, "end": 534, "text": "VHLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "million unique subscribers . The methodology fused CDR data with data from public transport validations ( the SUBTE smart card in Buenos Aires ) and publicly available household mobility survey data from 2010 / 2018 - _Encuestas de Movilidad Domiciliaria_ ( ENMODO ) . In addition , the analysis incorporates data from a largescale interception survey and a stated-preference survey with private motorized transport users across AMBA implemented by the study team , respectively , in November-December 2021 and February - March 2022 . * * The mobility indicators are calculated for personal mobility travel , filtering out from the origindestination ( OD ) matrices the trips associated with professional mobility ( e . g . , taxi drivers ) * * . The methodology for identifying professional mobility and overall methodology for calculating OD matrices generally follows other studies that have leveraged CDR data for mobility analysis ( see , e . g . Bachir _et al_ . , 2019 ; Bayir _et al_ . , 2010 ) . The analysis is based on a total of 2 , 010 travel zones across the metropolitan area , of which 534 are in central Buenos Aires ( Autonomous City of Buenos Aires , or CABA ) and 1 , 476 in the Province of Buenos Aires ( PBA ) . The CDR data sourced from the mobile phone operator was processed into OD matrices by following a verification process and developing algorithms that disaggregate the matrices into different modes ( i . e . , non-motorized , public transport , and private motorized ) , segment them into trip purposes ( i . e . , home-based trips to work , home-based trips to other activities , and nonhome based trips ) , and by gender and age ( using anonymized client data available from the mobile operator , with gender-specific expansion factors applied based on the available household travel survey data for AMBA ) . * * The assessment of the mobility patterns distinguishes by socioeconomic ( income ) group . * * This is done based on the spatial association of the identified travelers ’ home locations and the socioeconomic", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 215, "text": "household mobility survey data from 2010 / 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 321, "end": 351, "text": "largescale interception survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1672, "end": 1729, "text": "anonymized client data available from the mobile operator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1802, "end": 1830, "text": "household travel survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ( - 0 . 44 ) | | El | 12 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 . 137 | 0 . 116 | | | - 0 . 020 | | Salvador | | | | | | | | | | ( - 0 . 64 ) | | Mexico | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 0 . 030 | - 0 . 011 | | | - 0 . 035 | | | | | | | | | | | | ( - 4 . 40 ) | | Paraguay | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 . 088 | 0 . 042 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 04 | - 0 . 043 < br > ( - 3 . 76 ) | | Peru | 64 | 24 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 0 . 007 | - 0 . 001 | 0 . 04 | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 151 < br > ( - 6 . 05 ) | | Uruguay | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 0 . 037 | - 0 . 063 | - 0 . 05 | - 0 . 08 | - 0 . 081 < br > ( - 9 . 53 ) | | Venezuela | 36 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 23 | - 0 . 029 | - 0 . 282 | | - 0 . 33 | 0 . 036 < br > ( 0 . 97 ) | Notes : t-ratios obtained from heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors are in parentheses . PC = price cap ; HR = hybrid regimes ; RoR = rate of return ; H = household prices ; I = industrial prices ; LP = labor productivity . Panama was excluded from the analysis since there is data for only one period . All KWh of electricity prices were converted into 2001 price levels using the US Consumer Price Index and expressed in terms of purchasing power parity . # * * Concluding remarks * * In this study we compare the relative performance of public and privatized Latin", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1074, "text": "US Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * _ ( A ) _ * * | * * _ ( A ' ) _ * * | ( B ' ) | * * _ ( A ) - _ * * _ ( B ) _ | _ ( A ' J - ( B ' ) _ | | ( Loan | | | | | | | InternationalDevelopment < br > Association - * * IDA * * | * * 3 . 437 * * < br > Million | * * 418 , 021 , 168 * * | * * 234 , 973 , 488 * * | 1 . 664 < br > Million | * * 183 , 047 , 680 * * | | Total | * * 3 . 437 * * < br > Million | * * 418 , 021 , 168 * * | * * 234 , 973 , 488 * * | 1 . 664 < br > Million | * * 183 , 047 , 680 * * | ( The Unutilized Balance of Ksh . 183 , 047 , 680 is as per the * * IDA * * Loan received as at 30th June , 2021 . The cumulative balance as per the statement of receipts and payments of Ksh . * * 183 , 058 , 680 * * is the variance between the total receipts ( IDA Loan and Miscellaneous receipts ) and the cumulative total payments as at < sup > 30th < / sup > June , 2021 . 14 | 1P age ,", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 660, "text": "statement of receipts and payments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Justice and the Law : Sudan . New York : UNDP . - UN OCHA ( 2019 ) . Humanitarian Needs Overview Sudan . Sudan : UN OCHA . UN OCHA ( 2020 ) . Humanitarian Needs Overview Sudan . Sudan : UN OCHA . - UN OCHA ( 2021 ) . Humanitarian Needs Overview Sudan . Sudan : UN OCHA . - UNICEF ( 2017 ) . Child Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa – Sudan Country Brief . Sudan : UNICEF - UNICEF ( 2019 ) . Education : Annual Report . Sudan : UNICEF - Valentine , G . ( 2007 ) . Theorizing and researching intersectionality : A challenge for feminist geography . The professional geographer , 59 ( 1 ) , 10-21 . - Verwimp , P . , P . Justino and T . Brück ( 2019 ) . The Microeconomics of Violent Conflict . Journal of Development Economics , 141 , 102297 . - World Bank ( 2017 ) . Forcibly displaced : Toward a development approach supporting refugees , the internally displaced , and their hosts . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . - World Bank ( 2019a ) . Sudan Risk and Resilience Assessment . Unpublished report . - World Bank ( 2019b ) . Profiting from Parity : Unlocking the Potential of Women ' s Business in Africa . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . - YL ( 2018 ) . How poverty and gender combine to affect youth and adolescence . Young Lives Impact Case Study . Oxford , United Kingdom . - Young , H . , & Jacobsen , K . ( 2013 ) . No way back ? Adaptation and urbanization of IDP livelihoods in the Darfur Region of Sudan . Development and Change , 44 ( 1 ) , 125-145 . - Young , H . , & Ismail , M . A . ( 2019 ) . Complexity , continuity and change : livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan . Disasters , 43 , 318-344 . - Young , H . , Osman , A . M . K . , Aklilu , Y . , Dale , R . , Badri , B", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9213 # * * Abstract * * Embedding management and operational practices survey in a broader firm capabilities survey , this report finds that : ( i ) relative to the rest of Croatia , an average firm in the lagging region of the country ( Eastern Croatia ) is only slightly behind in the adoption of structured management practices . Nevertheless , overall , Croatia is farther from a frontier economy such as the United States . ( ii ) There is wide heterogeneity in adoption of management practices in the country , such that a large share of firms in the lagging region are badly managed relative to those in the rest of the country . ( iii ) Better managed firms in all regions , including Eastern Croatia , show superior firm performance . What drives better management ? Global linkages matter for firms in other countries and in all regions of Croatia except the lagging region . Unlike other countries , firms in Croatia do not upgrade management quality as they age , perhaps due to lack of pro-competitive forces . This report recommends focusing on policies that improve allocative efficiency in the region and help firms establish global linkages , and more direct intervention for improving the management quality of firms . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at agrover1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 107, "text": "management and operational practices survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 121, "end": 145, "text": "firm capabilities survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s / settle < br > market towns and ur | - rural roads reopened to motor < br > ads are roads functionally clas < br > ads , or sometimes Tertiary roa < br > ments of more than 5 , 000 inha < br > ban centers . Urban roads are | ized traffic , rehabilitated , or upgraded under the < br > sified in various countries as Trunk or Primary , < br > ds . Typically , non-rural roads connect urban < br > bitants to each other or to higher classes of road , < br > included in non-rural roads . | ► Roads constructed , non-rural ( Kilometers , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 < br > 31 . 00 < br > 31 . 00 | | Date | 01-Mar-2011 | 22-Aug-2019 < br > 20-Dec-2019 < br > 31-Dec-2019 | | Comments * * : * * | Kilometers of non-rur < br > classified in various c < br > Typically , non-rural ro < br > each other or to highe < br > non-rural roads . | al roads constructed under the project . Non-rural roads are roads functionally < br > ountries as Trunk or Primary , Secondary or Link roads , or sometimes Tertiary roads . < br > ads connect urban centers / towns / settlements of more than 5 , 000 inhabitants to < br > r classes of road , market towns and urban centers . Urban roads are included in | # # B . Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building in the Transport Sector ► Navigational charts for Kenyan Coast developed to acceptable international standards and in use ( Yes / No , Custom", "spans": [{"start": 1392, "end": 1428, "text": "Navigational charts for Kenyan Coast", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . INTRODUCTION # # # # # # * * Box 2 | * * Definition of population groups included in this report ‘ Forcibly displaced persons ’ ( FDPs ) in this report includes refugees , refugee-related populations , and internally displaced people ( IDPs ) as defined by the concepts and definitions of the statistical framework developed by EGRIS , to be made applicable for national statistical systems . Because the normative definitions of FDPs serve as the basis for collecting FDP statistics , this section will recapitulate these definitions . The obligations of countries towards persons in need of international protection are contained in the international refugee protection regime , with the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees < sup > 11 < / sup > and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees < sup > 12 < / sup > at its heart , which establishes a specific rights system that protects refugees . Because of the complexity of the legal definitions of persons in need of international protection , simplification is needed to arrive at a workable classification . The IRRS identifies three distinct populations : ( a ) the population in the country needing international protection ( prospective asylum-seekers ; asylum-seekers ; admitted as refugees ; admitted for complementary or subsidiary forms of protection ; admitted with temporary protection status ; and others in refugee-like situations admitted for other international protection reasons ) ; ( b ) persons with a refugee background ( naturalized former refugees ; children and descendants of refugees ; family member reunification ; and others ) ; and ( c ) persons who have returned to their home country after seeking international protection abroad . The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement < sup > 13 < / sup > states that IDPs are “ persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence , in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict , situations of generalized violence , violations of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "INDEC Census Argentina 2010 . _Notes_ : Weighted Least Squares . Standard errors in parentheses . * _p < _ 0 . 10 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 # * * 6 Conclusion * * We contribute to the study of differences in socioeconomic outcomes across Native and non-Native people by using new Argentine census data to describe the economic outcomes of Native Argentines . We find that , on average , Native Argentines obtain worse outcomes than non-Natives . These differences cannot be explained only by differences in location or educational attainment . We also find differences in the transmission of education that suggest that differences in educational attainment will not disappear with time . Interestingly , we find that differences among Native groups are much larger than the differences between Natives and non-Natives . We find that the economic outcomes of groups correlate with the practice of agriculture before the arrival of the Spanish . These results suggest the importance of not considering the Native groups in Argentina as a homogeneous group , but stress the diversity of experiences among Natives . We hope that future research will help us understand the causes of these differences in outcomes and their implications for public policies aimed at improving the lives of Native people in Argentina . 24", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 317, "text": "Argentine census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | 15 . 7 % | 29 . 4 % | 58 . 5 % | - | | | Large | 24 . 1 % | 20 . 0 % | 35 . 0 % | 66 . 8 % | - | | | All | 25 . 8 % | 30 . 6 % | 44 . 6 % | 42 . 7 % | - | | Afi | Small | 23 . 8 % | 28 . 4 % | 42 . 2 % | 40 . 2 % | - | | rca | Medium | 33 . 0 % | 37 . 1 % | 51 . 5 % | 39 . 3 % | - | | | Large | 31 . 1 % | 46 . 5 % | 58 . 4 % | 51 . 4 % | - | | | All | 20 . 5 % | 16 . 8 % | 28 . 2 % | 67 . 9 % | - | | Russian | Small | 13 . 2 % | 11 . 7 % | 18 . 6 % | 55 . 6 % | - | | Federation | Medium | 24 . 9 % | 22 . 8 % | 35 . 2 % | 67 . 7 % | - | | | Large | 38 . 7 % | 22 . 4 % | 48 . 8 % | 83 . 8 % | - | | | All | 5 . 4 % | 6 . 3 % | 8 . 5 % | 63 . 1 % | - | | Tk | Small | 4 . 3 % | 6 . 8 % | 8 . 0 % | 58 . 8 % | - | | urey | Medium | 5 . 1 % | 4 . 5 % | 7 . 0 % | 55 . 4 % | - | | | Large | 14 . 2 % | 9 . 1 % | 17 . 6 % | 84 . 0 % | - | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) Further , the composition of the innovation portfolio highlights", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 897, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ou . nting pracedures and adequate segregation of duties . The management of the Projct accepts resonsb lity for tre statement of comprehensve inome the statement of finaal position ana tre speCial accourt activity statement which has been prepared using appropnate acounting poicies supported by reasonable and prudent judgements * * and * * estirnates . Tre management of tre Project are of the opinion that the statement af orenersive income the statement of tfianci position and the speciat accaunt activity statement give a true and far view of tre state of the financial atfairs of the Proect ana at the results at is activties tor the year ended 30 June 2021 Tre managemnent at the Project turther accepts respansibility tar tre maintenance of accounting records which may ne relred upon in the preparation at the ntancial statements of the praject , as wel as adequate oftersa intemal fiancial contral # # # # * * Executive Director * * * * | Deputy E xecutive * * Director . ~ * * Director - BUDS-ERT lit * * * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 769, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services for the Detailed Design of the Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nirnule Road Contract No . RDPIHW / S018 VKE International ( Ply ) ltd Resettlement Action Plan July 2009 . . # # # # # Indigenous Peoples The project where resettlement of indigenous people is required need to be prepared and implemented with extreme sensitivity to the socio - cultural requirements of indigenous groups . The Bank ' s OP 41 . 2 deals with issues in development projects with indigenous people . Where EPs need to be resettled in a project , the requirements of O . P4 . 12 . # # # # # Baseline Surveys The term \" Baseline Surveys \" refers to two types of surveys that are ideally conducted early in the resettlement planning process : - a . A census of aU affected persons and assets , and - b . A survey of the socio - economic conditions of the affected persons . # # # # # Baseline Surveys are essential since : - a . They form the basis for identifying the various types of project impacts - b . They are essential guides for designing resettlement programs - c . They constitute a baseline against which the incomes and standards of livings of PAPs after the project can be measure - d . They form the basis of all resettlement planning xiii", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 610, "text": "Baseline Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 752, "end": 792, "text": "census of aU affected persons and assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 807, "end": 848, "text": "survey of the socio - economic conditions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Firm Destruction , Employment and Informality * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > Laurent Bossavie < sup > † < / sup > , Aysenur Acar Erdoğan < sup > ‡ < / sup > , Mattia Makovec < sup > § < / sup > Originally published in the < u > Policy Research Working Paper Series on < / u > _Februay 2019 . _ This version is updated on _April 2022 . _ To obtain the originally published version , please email prwp @ worldbank . org . Keywords : Minimum wage , firm destruction , informality , employment effects JEL codes : J23 , J31 , J46 . > * The authors would like to thank Wendy Cunningham , Ximena Del Carpio , Simeon Djankov , Cem Mete , Çağlar Özden , Truman Packard , Brenda Samaniego , Sirma Demir Seker and Hernan Winkler for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper . They are also thankful to participants at the Society of Labor Economists Annual Meetings 2019 and 2020 , the 2019 CEPR / IGC / ILO / GSEM Conference on Labor Markets in Developing Countries , the 2019 North America Econometric Society Annual Meetings , the 2020 Econometric Society World Congress , the 3 < sup > rd < / sup > Jobs and Development Conference and the American Economic Association Annual meetings 2021 for helpful comments and suggestions . Merve Demirel provided excellent research assistance . We are deeply indebted to Elif Tuğçe Çınar and her team at the Ministry of Industry and Technology of the Republic of Turkey for making available the Enterprise Information System ( EIS ) and for their continuous support in the use of the microdata at the ministry ’ s premises . The findings reported in this paper should be considered the sole responsibility of the authors ; they do not necessarily represent the official view of the World Bank , and they cannot be attributed in any way to any agency of the government of Turkey . † World Bank , corresponding author . E-mail : lbossavie @ worldbank . org ‡ World Bank § World Bank", "spans": [{"start": 1487, "end": 1524, "text": "Enterprise Information System ( EIS )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1576, "end": 1614, "text": "microdata at the ministry ’ s premises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # 1 . 2 . 5 The Proposed Project Locations and Coverage The selection of geographic areas will be guided by transparent and objective criteria based on technical considerations relevant for each component such as incidence of poverty , vulnerability to shocks , and status of human development indicators in the area . In addition , specific scoping for each of the interventions in the potential targeted areas will be conducted to make sure the project interventions are relevant and are not duplicating other key government and non-governmental programs but rather aligning to those objectives Further , the mission discussed a gradual development of a national social registry for objective identification and better targeting of households in most needs to benefit from social sector programs in the country . It was also discussed and agreed that the design will explore how to better target youth to further the GoU ’ s commitment to accelerate human capital development and support the youth employment . Vulnerable Groups Targeted by the Project The Project ’ s target group will consist of both men and women , with emphasis on including vulnerable and marginalized persons of both genders as identified under the National Equal Opportunities Policy , 2022 . The PIU will endeavour to ensure that all categories of vulnerable and marginalized persons are included in all the stages and processes of the Project to ensure compliance with Uganda ’ s laws and policies on the inclusion of VMGs in national activities and programs and the ESS 10 and ESF 10 of the World Bank . Grievance Management Mechanisms ( GRM ) will be established in the selected Project areas to handle any grievance that may arise from the implementation of the Project . Table below show the criteria that will be used to sample the VMGs under the proposed Project . * * _Table 1 : The Main Vulnerable Groups in Uganda_ * * | * * Con * * | * * flict related * * | * * Geographical relat * * | * * ed * * | * * Demographic categories * * | * * Poverty related * * | | -", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 686, "text": "national social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure 7 : Average Outcomes by Group < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Legally married [ 18 + ) Economically active [ 18-65 ] < br > Formal employment [ 18-65 ] Unemployment [ 18-65 ] < br > . 8 < br > . 6 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > . 4 < br > . 2 < br > . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > Sanavirón Huarpe Comechingón Pampa Rankulche Charrúa Diaguita-Calchaquí Otros Tehuelche Querandí Maimará Atacama Chané Quechua Ona Mapuche Aymara Tupí Guaraní Guaraní Kolla Omaguaca Lule Tonocoté Mocoví Vilela Toba-Qom Ava Guaraní Chorote Chulupí Wichí Mbyá Guaraní Tapiete Pilagá Ona Querandí Maimará Rankulche Aymara Tehuelche Comechingón Pampa Quechua Charrúa Mapuche Guaraní Otros Lule Diaguita-Calchaquí Huarpe Sanavirón Tupí Guaraní Atacama Omaguaca Mocoví Toba-Qom Kolla Vilela Ava Guaraní Chulupí Tapiete Chané Mbyá Guaraní Wichí Chorote Pilagá Tonocoté < br > . 8 . 15 < br > . 6 < br > . 1 < br > . 4 < br > . 05 < br > . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > Querandí Tehuelche Charrúa Sanavirón Comechingón Pampa Diaguita-Calchaquí Mapuche Rankulche Ona Tupí Guaraní Huarpe Chané Lule Tapiete Kolla Atacama Guaraní Otros Maimará Toba-Qom Tonocoté Quechua Wichí Chulupí Omaguaca Mocoví Pilagá Mbyá Guaraní Aymara Chorote Ava Guaraní Vilela Chorote Tupí Guaraní Chané Ona Wichí Ava Guaraní Toba-Qom Huarpe Pilagá Lule Rankulche Pampa Mapuche Guaraní Tehuelche Diaguita-Calchaquí Mocoví Quechua Tonocoté Querandí Sanavirón Kolla Charrúa Comechingón Tapiete Chulupí Otros Atacama Aymara Maimará Omaguaca Mbyá Guaraní Vilela < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources : _ REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2010 ) . _Notes : _ Solid horizontal lines show average for Natives , dashed horizontal lines show the average for non-Natives , and the dotted horizontal lines show the first and ninth decile by department .", "spans": [{"start": 1559, "end": 1586, "text": "INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10786 # * * Abstract * * The Covid-19 pandemic , followed by financial tightening due inflationary pressure , has raised public debt in developing economies as governments grapple with public health investments to curb the pandemic and collapse in revenues due to slower economic activity . The rise in debt may further disrupt the formal private sector in developing economies . Using two to three waves of panel firm-level data across developing economies , this study finds that higher public debt is correlated with low investment by formal private sector firms . The finding is largely driven by small and medium-size enterprises , domestic firms , and non-exporters — raising concerns about the distributional impacts . Potential channels are uncovered . High levels of debt reduced the accessibility of finance for private sector firms , limiting investment . Furthermore , a regulatory channel is observed . As public debt rises , firms spend more time with regulatory and tax officials , which is possibly indicative of higher efforts of governments to raise revenues . This channel is stronger for small and medium-size enterprises . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Middle East and North Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at aislam @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 459, "text": "panel firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identify , track and resolve grievances , thereby enhancing the Project ’ s efficiency in achieving outcomes . The GRM will have open and inclusive channels for anyone impacted by Project operations to voice their complaints . # # # * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * The SEP is a live document and will be reviewed and modified periodically to ensure information and interaction strategies are still pertinent and efficient within the Project ' s context . Any significant alterations to the Project ' s Operations or schedule will be properly represented in the revised SEP . The Project will establish and maintain a database and activity file detailing public consultations , disclosed information , and grievance management throughout the cycle , which will be available for public review on request . Stakeholder engagement shall be periodically evaluated by the PIU . The following indicators will be used for evaluation : - i ) . Number of grievances received , timeliness , manner of resolution , escalated grievances and overall satisfaction with the GRM ; - ii ) . Level of involvement and participation of stakeholders including project affected people ( disaggregated by gender and vulnerable groups ) ; - iii ) . The Project will prepare and regularly avail important information to stakeholders ( based on information need ) including Project implementation progress , actions on commitments made to various stakeholders and any new or amended information . vi", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 645, "text": "database and activity file", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been modified to suit national needs but are being introduced into the system at a slow rate . More difficult is the situation in industrial , agricultural and business education . Industrial education was introduced with Swedish assistance and is aimed at imparting simple skills . However , less than 50 schools offer courses in such subjects and only a few have qualified teachers of an acceptable standard . Agriculture was introduced in 1960 in a pilot program sponsored by USAID . At present about 90 of the 1 , 250 secondary schools of Kenya have programs in agriculture and the syllabus was prepared by the East African Examinations Council in 1969 . However , it is geared to large mechanized farming and requires too sophisticated equipment . Business education is taught more as a practical component of general education than as a prevocational course . 2 . 25 Examinations at both the primary and the secondary levels require revision . The Certificate of Primary Education ( CPE ) is mainly an academic examination which distinctly favors candidates from urban areas who have been more intensely exposed to the English language . An evaluation of the 1974 and 1975 English examination results revealed low marks throughout the country except in high-cost , mainly urban schools . In mathematics , CPE candidates showed difficulties with the most simple concepts of quantity and the understanding of three-dimensional objects . In science , only 41 % of the students knew very basic facts about maize , the most common crop in Kenya . Finally , no exarminations have yet been offered in vernacular languages , the most important medium of communication in the family life of most school leavers .", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1206, "text": "1974 and 1975 English examination results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | * * Total * * | | | | | | * * Total * * | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | DIRE | 92 | 189 | 152 | 341 | 109 | 51 | 160 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 304", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Maintain and regularly update a database with socio-economic baseline , displacement , and restoration data for PAHs as well as a stakeholder engagement log ; - Maintain and regularly update a database of all Subproject grievances , including date of grievance , name of aggrieved , nature of the grievance , and how and when the grievance was addressed at each level of the grievance mechanism ; - Monitor the development , delivery and impact of the livelihood programmes ; and - Recommend to the PIO leadership appropriate adjustment to improve resettlement and livelihood restoration initiatives . # # # # # # * * _RP External Evaluation_ * * Documentation of a RAP implementation experience is very important . Therefore , it is recommended for EEP to prepare a RAP completion report by external evaluator . An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of implementation . This will be undertaken by an external entity , preferably an independent consultant . The main purpose external evaluation is to assess the outcomes and effects of the RP in relation to the objectives and aims . # # # # # # * * _RP / LRP Progress Reviews_ * * RP progress reviews are broader than IPM with respect to the participants , time period undertaken , and objectives and purposes . The main purpose of the RP review is to share and disseminate information amongst stakeholders , review and assess the processes and problems of implementation , and based on the findings and the collective assessments , highlight achievements and best practices , and provide solutions for outstanding and major problems and challenges faced . Official Use Only Page 15", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 373, "text": "database of all Subproject grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 39 | Island include multiple Villages | | | Island ( Atoll ) | 23 | 31 | 50182 | 4480 . 78 | 0 . 2 | 443 . 42 | 37 . 44 < sup > 13 < / sup > | Island ( Atoll ) include multiple islands | | _ ( continued_ | _over ) _ | | | | | | | | | > 13 Total area for Kiribati at EA and Village Level is 70 . 93 km2 , at Island ( Atoll ) Level is 861 . 192 km2 . Because the EA and Village Level map file does not cover the whole land area of the country . 29", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 394, "text": "EA and Village Level map file", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conducted in 2017 in order to understand the social and economic dynamics in the sites . Most of the sites are not on a sewer line except for Manyatta A . Flying toilets were reported in Manyatta A by 28 % of the respondents . Inadequate sanitation not only degrades the environmental conditions in the settlements but only poses the risk of surface and ground water contamination and the spread of water borne diseases . The sanitation situation in 9 sites as gathered by the KISIP Social economic survey are presented in the Table 5 . 9 . * * Table 5 . 9 : Types of Sanitation Facilities Used and by what Percentage of the Population * * | < br > Name of Site | < br > Pit latrine | < br > Flush | < br > Existence of sewer line | < br > VIP | < br > Flying Toilets | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * Manyatta A * * | < br > 67 | < br > 4 | < br > Yes | | < br > 28 % | | < br > * * Manyatta B * * | < br > 69 . 2 | | < br > No | < br > 26 . 9 | | | < br > * * Nyawita * * | < br > 87 | | < br > No | < br > 10 | | | < br > * * Shauri Yako * * | < br > 66 | < br > 34 | < br > No | | | | < br > * * Shauri Moyo * * | < br > 100 | | < br > No | | | | < br > * * Bondeni * * | < br > Almost all | | < br > No | < br > 7 | | | < br > * * Chemelil * * | < br > 54", "spans": [{"start": 477, "end": 505, "text": "KISIP Social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "used by the implementing agencies to record and report on commitments and be financially linked to the GFMIS . Until the latter is achieved , annual reports concerning commitments and arrears for the participating line ministries will be collected by MOPIC and submitted to the World Bank within 45 days . * * 14 . The MOF recognizes that accrual-based reporting is strategically important and would require the identification and valuation of all fixed assets , including their age and their use , which can only be achieved over a considerable amount of time * * . Some work has been initiated to review each Ministry ’ s assets . Each entity maintains a register of its assets , including their age and use . Page | 65", "spans": [{"start": 657, "end": 679, "text": "register of its assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Annex 11 : E & S reporting Format / Template * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 | | - - - | | 2 . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 | | 3 . Status of the Environmental and Social Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 | | 4 . Environmental Monitoring Data . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Tax Reform in Transition_ 17 pro-poor reform ) . Also , the significant reduction in the number of tax brackets may well facilitate administration . Finally , the low alternative tax rates are more amenable to compliance and enforcement . But the 1993 amendment to the 1992 income tax law indicates a # * * Table 4 : Alternative Tax Systems and Their Revised Revenue Potential Taking Into Account Tax Non-Compliance Index ( PITNC , ) * * ( a ) A Flat 20 Percent Income Tax With PITNC of 160 Percent | Income interval ( Lev ) | Income share ( % ) | Tax rate_ ( % ) _ | Average tax < br > revenue ( Lev ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 3324 < br > - 10133 | 20 | 0 | 0 | | 10134 - 16669 | 40 | 20 | 1652 | | 16670 - 26864 | 30 | 20 | 2595 | | 26855 + | 10 | 20 | 4582 | | Weighted average | | 16 | 1898 | ( b ) A Progressive Three-Bracket Income Tax System With PITNC Ranging from 160 Percent to 304 Percent | Income interval ( Lev ) | Income share_ ( % ) _ | Tax rate_ ( % ) _ | Average tax < br > revenue ( Lev ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 3324 < br > - 10133 | 20 | 0 | 0 | | 10134 - 16669 | 40 | 20 | 1652 | | 16670-26864 | 30 | 30 | 2511 | | 26855 + | 10 | 40 | 5910 | | Weighted average | | 21 | 2005 | _Source : Author ' s estimates using 1992 Individual Budget of households Survey , NSI . _", "spans": [{"start": 1263, "end": 1306, "text": "1992 Individual Budget of households Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # 1 . 16 . Case Assessment and Analysis When a complaint is received , a maximum of fifteen Days ( * * 15 ) * * days will be provided for the GRMC to assess , analyse and respond to the affected person . This is so to make sure that grievances / complaints are resolved as early as possible . Once complaints are received , the GRM committees shall assess the issues by looking at , among other factors , the following : - Whether the complaint or grievance is related to the project or not , - Whether the case can be ably handled at their level or another , - Whether the case can effectively be handled through the project GRM or alternative mechanisms , Where possible , provision of instant feedback will be done depending on the nature of the cases . If for whatever reason the committee determines that it cannot ably handle the complaint , PAPs shall be advised to channel their complaints to the right alternative grievance redress levels or institutions . Otherwise , it will proceed to hear the cases and make necessary investigations to establish the truth of the matter . # # # 1 . 17 . Case Resolution and Closure Where a resolution has been arrived at and the affected party accepts the resolution , the affected party along with two members of the GRMC members ( preferably Chairperson and respective focal person ) shall be required to sign the resolution and closure section in the Grievance Log and Resolution Form as attached in Annex . This shall signify that the complaint or grievance that have been presented has been fully discussed and closed . # # # 1 . 17 . 1 . SEP GRM Registry and Reporting All grievances received will be publicly entered into an accessible recording system known as the GRM registry that shall be maintained at all the GRM committee levels . The log and resolution form shall be in triplicate . For any case heard , closed or referred , a copy of the case shall be sent to the upper and lower levels for records . For example , if the case is handled", "spans": [{"start": 1598, "end": 1610, "text": "GRM Registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1723, "end": 1735, "text": "GRM registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the mission . Annex 1 includes a list of all participants . # * * II . Key Project Data and Ratings * * | * * Project Data * * | * * USD ( millions ) * * | | - - - | - - - | | Original Project Amount < br > i | 400 . 0 IDA < br > 150 . 0 GOE | | Additional Financing ( AF ) 1 < br > i | 58 . 0 Trust Fund | | Additional Financing ( AF ) 2 | 95 . 5 ( IDA , IDA20 WHR , Prospects TF ) | | Total Disbursement | IDA 85 % < br > GOE 77 % | | ClosingDate < br > * * i * * | December 31 , 2027 | | * * Summary of Ratings * * | i | | PDO | Satisfactory < br > i | | IP | Satisfactory | # * * III . Summary of Implementation Progress * * * * 3 . Project implementation demonstrates satisfactory progress . * * Disbursement is on a good track with IDA disbursement at 85 percent while the government disbursement increased from 59 percent reported at the last JRIS meeting to 77 percent ( USD 116 million out of a total allocation of 150 million ) . Some key action items from the previous JRIS mission have been completed , including the wage rate adjustment , which increased the Public Works wage rate from 150 birr to 181 birr for 2017 Ethiopian Fiscal Year ( EFY ) based on the Consumer Price Index , transfer amount for Permanent Direct Support ( PDS ) from 435 birr to 525 birr per month and payment amount to Youth Employment beneficiaries from 110 birr to 133 birr per month . The roll-out of the Management Information System ( MIS ) has commenced , with core modules functional in eight cities and five Addis Ababa sub-cities , with a plan to expand further to additional 12 cities and six Addis Ababa", "spans": [{"start": 1173, "end": 1193, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "every month — implies that our main estimator in this specification , when positive , does not represent an _increase in crimes_ but rather an increase in crime reports by Venezuelans . Naturally , the estimators for _CrimeReports_ < sup > _TOT_ < / sup > _ct_ are all positive and statistically significant , since this variable explains a huge deal of variation of the dependent variable : the more crimes there were , the more crime reports Venezuelans made . Reasuringly , the results in Panel D are similar to the ones presented in Panels B . Yet , in those estimates we not only document increments on migrants reports of domestic violence and sex crimes but also homicides . Since the effects in homicide rates are not consistently observed in the 2SLS squares estimates we only see them as suggestive evidence . As an additional robustness test we also estimate the effects of the program by aggregating the national data at the department-month level . We initially decided to only account for cities as rural 22", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 929, "text": "national data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "around < br > construction sites ; < br >  Install all relevant traffic < br > signs and traffic safety < br > awareness posters < br >  Enforce and monitor a < br > speed limit of 20km / hr < br > within the construction < br > area , at the campsite etc ; < br >  Training and awareness to < br > workers and community | e < br > equipment < br > operator ; < br >  Access < br > control < br > barriers , < br > management < br > system , < br > signs < br > ( danger < br > signs , < br > hazard signs etc ) < br >  Security < br > provided < br > around < br > construction < br > sites < br > and < br > excavations < br > sites ; < br >  Training records | Cop < br > equipment < br > operators < br >  Display < br > of < br > warning < br > and < br > danger < br > signs < br > on < br > traffic < br > safety | y | Daily < br > for < br > adherence to < br > traffic < br > management < br > protocol in < br > place . | Training and < br > awareness < br > cost < br > considered | | * * Installation * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * masts and poles * * < br > * * ( Concreting * * < br > * * the * * < br > * * poles in place ) * * | D < br > < br >  Minimal dust from < br > cement < br >  Inhalation of dust < br > by the workers < br >  Possible < br > reaction < br > from workers that < br > are sensitive to dust . < br >  Skin reactions from", "spans": [{"start": 651, "end": 667, "text": "Training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effect of household surveys in general and Household Budget Surveys in particular . This is carried out by using the results of a poverty mapping exercise implemented by the method developed by the World Bank . Moreover , we have described how the new JRR method , proposed by Verma and Betti ( 2011 ) , has been implemented for the first time in a developing country by a National Statistical Office for estimating standard errors for _complex measures_ from _complex surveys_ . 19", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 27, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 43, "end": 67, "text": "Household Budget Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 . Procurement * * Audits and * * Contract Management / Expenditure Reports . Annual procurement audits will be used to report on fiduciary compliance . No later than three months after the end of each financial year , the MEST will submit to the Bank a procurement audit report prepared by consultants selected in accordance with the Guidelines for selection of Consultants and TORs to be incorporated in the PIM . In addition , the MEST will prepare and submit to IDA , on a quarterly basis , contract management and expenditure information . # # # # * * Procurement methods ( Table A ) * * * * Table A : Project Costs by Procurement Arrangements * * ( US $ million equivalent ) | - , . - : < br > , . < br > . < br > - < br > . , , < br > * * E ^ * * < br > * * xencliture . Categor ^ i * * < br > * * ; * * ~ < br > * * egory * * | ; < br > . < br > * * - * * < br > * * ICB * * < br > ~ ~ ________ | * * - iProcurement * * < br > < br > * * NCB * * < br > * * - * * | * * Method ' ' * * < br > < br > O4 . B . F . < br > * * Other : ____ * * | * * ; * * < br > * * __ * * | Total * * Cost * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . Works * * | * * 0 . 00 * * < br > ( 0 . 00 ) | * * 0 . 00 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "support o f the livelihood support cash grants under NEERP and might view the housing support cash grants under _NEHRP_ as a follow-up partnership with IDA . It has expressed tentative interest to support the strengthening o f capacity under * * NEHRP . * * There might be a KfW-financed housing finance component under _NEHRP . _ The parallel funds , if approved , would be made available to NEHRU in the latter half o f 2005 . The potential KfW-financed component would be a four-year activity contingent on the findings o f the IDA-supported housing 46", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 | | * * GOODS * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | Loan / Credit N < br > o . | Component | Revi | ew Type | Method | Market A < br > h | pproac < br > Procurement Pro < br > cess < br > Pr | equalification < br > ( Y / N ) < br > A | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > P | rocess St < br > atus < br > Draft Pre-qualification < br > Documents < br > Prequalification Eval < br > ation Report < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | u < br > Draft Bidding Docum < br > ent / Justification < br > Planned < br > Actual | < br > Specific Procurement < br > Notice / Invitation < br > Planned < br > Actual | Bidding Documents a < br > s Issued < br > Planned < br > Actual | < br > Proposal Submi < br > Opening / Min < br > Planned < br > A | ssio < br > utes < br > ctual | n / < br > < br > Bid Evaluation Repor < br > and Recommendatio < br > for Award < br > < br > Planned < br > Actual | t < br > n < br > Signed Con < br > Planned < br > | tract < br > Actual | Contract Comp < br > Planned < br > Ac | letion < br > tual | | UG-MLHUD-13942-GO-DIR / < br > Design , Supply , Installation a < br > nd Implementation of Nation < br > al Land Information System ( < br > DeSINLISI ) | IDA / 52690 | Land Administration Reform", "spans": [{"start": 1185, "end": 1208, "text": "Land Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Bure | G | B | | Girls under 15 | | 09 | 06 | 15 | 00 | | Girls over 15 | | 05 | 08 | 13 | 00 | | Boys under 15 | | 00 | 12 | 00 | 12 | | Boys over 15 | | 08 | 03 | 00 | 00 | | TOTAL | Girls | 14 | 14 | 28 | 00 | | | boys | 08 | 15 | 00 | 23 | * * Table 4 : Breakdown of FDGs with Girls and Boys by background * * | Background | Woreda | Woreda | T | OTAL | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Awash | Bure | G | B | | Girls in school | 09 | 09 | 18 | 00 | | Girls out of school | 06 | 06 | 12 | 00 | | Boys in school | 08 | 09 | 00 | 17 | | Boys out of school | 09 | 00 | 00 | 09 | | TOTAL < br > Girls | 15 | 15 | 30 | 00 | 47 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial support to farmers is extremely low . Second , the context of agricultural labor in Turkey implies that the proposed project focuses on vulnerable populations with extremely low skill levels . Nonetheless , the design acknowledges the possibility of individuals who can be fit for jobs in other sectors . To this end , pre-employment profiling activity will allow beneficiaries with suitable skills to be directed to the Turkish Employment Agency to benefit from training and employment programs for nonagricultural sectors , including , but not limited to , other operations in the country ’ s labor market . < sup > 56 < / sup > Individuals who are not suitable for any employment program will be informed about social assistance programs available to them . Finally , wage subsidy aims to subsidize the cost of registering workers in formal employment in a sector with high informality . In other words , the subsidy will operate to keep participating employers in business despite the increase in their production costs due to registration . The scale of the implementation is also unlikely to generate adverse effects in the sector as a whole . 69 . * * Farmer associations can be a means of overcoming constraints in the agricultural sector in Turkey . * * Globally , farmer organizations have a proven track record of helping producers act collectively , which can assist them in coping with market conditions . Farmer organizations often also play a key role in linking farmers to markets — a role that is particularly important when farmers are small and face barriers to integrating into food value chains . This is because these organizations can mitigate the costs relatively smaller farmers face in production and transportation costs . Farmers organizations that focus on > Input Improve the Effectiveness of Worker Training ? Evidence from Brazil ' s Pronatec-MDIC ( English ) . ” Policy Research Working Paper WPS 8155 , World Bank Group , Washington , DC . > 55 Hirshleifer , Sarojini , McKenzie , David , Almeida , Rita , and Cristobal Ridao-Cano . 2014 . _The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 8 - What has happened to the access to education by provinces in other years ? Similar household surveys are not available , but enrollment rates by provinces , ranked by per capita income from poor to rich , indicate that the importance of income as a correlate of school enrollment has not changed , the richer the province the higher the enrollment rate in post-primary education . * * ( d ) Social selectivity . * * Chinese educational system suffers from social selectivity . Disparities in drop-out rates at the secondary education level are quite pronounced . Male-female differences in primary education are modest but very significant in secondary education . Drop-out rates also widely vary according to geographic location and level of education : high in poor provinces and secondary education , and vice versa . In secondary education , in rural areas , more females tend to drop out of school than do males ( Table 3 ) . The reason is that due to obvious economic difficulties , females from poor families leave the schools earlier to start working at home or to help their families . Inadequate learning environment in poorer provinces is another reason for early exit from school system . ( e ) * * Affordablity and * * Quality . Private costs incurred by the poor are high enough to prevent them from attending schools . The main components of out-of-pocket educational expenditure are tuition , textbooks , stationaries and contribution to schools ( Table 9 , Annex 1 ) . The figure 6 shows that as a percentage of non-food household expenditure , the poorest quintile spend three times more on education ( 14 . 2 % ) than those in the top quintile ( 5 . 5 % ) . The full private cost of school attendance would raise the cost-nonfood expenditure ratio - - a measure of affordability - - further if the opportunity cost of time in school is considered . For rural area , total private educational expenditures are examined by provinces , ranked by per capita income from poor to rich ( Fig 7 ) , and similar conclusion holds - - that the prices faced by families in poorest rural provinces are high enough to create an", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 106, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 131, "end": 160, "text": "enrollment rates by provinces", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accuracy and reliability of available data , key data gaps , and uncertainties associated with predictions , and specifies topics that do not require further attention . - ( vii ) Organizes and presents data according to three levels of detail : ( a ) footprint / wayleave , ( b ) a buffer area of 1 km around the line and associated facilities , and ( c ) area of influence . - ( viii ) Present summary data in geographic format using the transmission line alignment sheets . - ( ix ) Confirm the accuracy of available data by “ walking the line ” . - * * _f . Environmental and social impacts_ * * The Consultant shall analyse and describe all significant deviations from the environmental and socioeconomic baseline that might be caused by the subproject , including environmental and social impacts , both positive and negative . During the analysis , the consultant shall consider both biophysical and socioeconomic factors , such as ( list is not exhaustive ) : - Population change and migration - Forms of social organization and cooperation - Gender-based violence - Population influx - Community health and health services - Physical and social infrastructure - Changes in economic activities - Relocation and resettlement 8", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 474, "text": "transmission line alignment sheets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "many Haitians entered Brazil irregularly and applied for refugee status . As noted earlier , asylum-seekers who lodge a request for refugee status are permitted to work in Brazil , and in principle , to access a range of services . As CONARE became apprised of the matter , deliberations ensued on how to respond . Insights on these aspects are discussed later in this Section III , but for present purposes , there was a general perception that Haitian claimants would not satisfy the applicable refugee definitions in domestic law . Beginning in late 2010 or early 2011 CONARE referred to CNIg the details of hundreds of Haitians who had applied for refugee status , so CNIg could consider them under NR 27 / 1998 . In mid-March 2011 , a group of 199 Haitians , the first group referred by CONARE , were granted so-called “ permanent residence for humanitarian reasons ” by CNIg . < sup > 54 < / sup > During the rest of that year and the following years , CONARE referred thousands of Haitians to CNIg for consideration pursuant to NR 27 / 1998 . With assistance from relevant actors , CNIg reviewed criminal history , identity and other documents prior to granting permanent residence for humanitarian reasons . In November 2015 , a joint Ministerial act by the Ministry of Labour , Employment and Social Security and the Ministry of Justice , listed 43 , 871 Haitians who had received permanent residence for humanitarian reasons through CNIg , following the transfer of their cases from CONARE . < sup > 55 < / sup > The act , which was published in Portuguese , also highlighted the process for renewing or obtaining permanent residence . < sup > 56 < / sup > Haitians interested in continuing their requests for refugee status were instructed to make requests directly to CONARE or the Federal Police within 30 days . Sometime during this period , CONARE closed and archived many of its files on Haitian claimants . In the course of these processes , informants also suggested", "spans": [{"start": 1895, "end": 1921, "text": "files on Haitian claimants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Disbursement Profile * * # * * 1 . Project Context , Development Objectives and Design * * # # * * 1 . 1 Context at Appraisal * * The health status of the Ethiopian population was poor , even relative to other low-income countries , including those in Sub-Saharan Africa . Life expectancy at birth estimates by region ranged from 47 to 60 years , with a national average of 52 ( males 49 , females 52 ) . Infant mortality ranged 110-128 per 1 , 000 live births in 1997 , while the under-5 mortality rate was 161 deaths per 1 , 000 , and maternal mortality 500-700 per 100 , 000 live births . Largely preventable childhood and maternal illnesses and communicable diseases remained the major causes of death in Ethiopia . When peri-natal and maternal conditions are added , the health problems of mothers and children combined accounted for 50 percent of all deaths and 56 percent of discounted life years ( DLYs ) lost prematurely . Coverage of basic health services and infrastructure in Ethiopia was low and inequitable . Only about 45 percent of the population had access to a health facility ( access defined as having a health facility at most 10 kilometers away ) , with a regional variation between 11 % and 86 % . The child immunization rate in Ethiopia was 67 % for DPT3 . Only 10 percent of Ethiopians had access to proper sanitation facilities , and 18 to 26 percent to safe water , the availability of both being highly skewed toward urban areas . Only 10 percent of all births in Ethiopia were attended by trained health personnel , compared to approximately 60 percent in Tanzania and 34 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa overall . The contraceptive prevalence rate was only 8 % , and population growth was rapid at 2 . 9 % per annum . Quality of services was also low . Many existing facilities were in an advanced state of disrepair . A survey of facilities found that 47 percent of hospitals , 33 percent of health centers", "spans": [{"start": 1858, "end": 1878, "text": "survey of facilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Appendix A ) , it is unknown whether such a correlation is observed for urban and rural poverty rates . Figure A8 demonstrates a linear relationship between urban and rural poverty rates observed across countries : countries with lower urban poverty rates also tend to have lower rural poverty rates . As a result , when urban areas are defined by the DOU or DB methods , urban and rural poverty rates tend to be lower in countries with higher per capita GDP levels ( Figure A9 in Appendix A ) . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the < br > e complaints handling requirements is being carrie | Ombudsman . < br > d out . | | * * Action Description * * | • Establish and m < br > • Reporting on rec | aintain risk register for the p < br > ommendations made to mit | rogram < br > igate against risks identified in the risk register | | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | 11 / 5 / 2020 Page 5 of 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "registration forms . There are 30 different kinds of licenses for a business start-up . In the WB-RAS survey , 12 % of the firms indicated that in the past year they had applied for a new license but had been unsuccessful . The survey also found that firms that are part of unregistered FIGs are more likely to fail at obtaining a license than firms that are part of registered FIGs . Thirty four percent of the surveyed firms indicated they were forced to obtain a license that in their opinion was not legally required , and 13 % indicated their enterprises paid license fees in excess of what is legally required . Against this backdrop , it is not surprising that the licensing process is fertile ground for corruption ( see more below ) . An anecdote that one entrepreneur paid $ 7 , 000 equivalent for a license , of which only $ 800 equivalent went to government , is not atypical . Firms that specialize helping new businesses navigate the registration process have become a new growth industry . On average to start up a new business in Russia an entrepreneur must spend from 5 , 000 to several 100 , 000 New Rubles . _Warehousing and Distribution Networks . _ While private entry has taken place in retail and commercial activities , the state owned sector still plays a major role in distribution . Moreover , outside the major 2-3 Russian cities , there are either very poor or non-existent warehousing facilities . The situation is particularly acute for refrigeration facilities , placing severe handicaps on transshipment of perishable products across regions . The physical condition of inter-city roads is significantly poor , often far below that found in other countries in the region , making long-haul trucking an extremely expensive and difficult mode of transportation . Railroad freight rates have traditionally been high in order to subsidize rail . passenger traffic . Potential entrants in the distribution and warehousing sector confront not only the usual licensing and other policy-induced start-up difficulties facing any new business in Russia , especially entry barriers posed by neighboring local administrations , but also must deal with organized crime , which is quite active in this sector . _Corruption . _ Surveys indicate", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 108, "text": "WB-RAS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "federal seven vehicles IDA / 63120 Project Management and Reporting Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 12 , 250 . 00 13 , 628 . 27 Completed 2019-10-06 2019-07-23 2019-11-06 2019-08-06 2019-12-06 2019-08-18 < br > ET-MOALR-85715-GO-RFB / < br > Woreda information center establishment materials ( com IDA / 63120 Investing in Institutions and Information for Resilience Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 250 , 000 . 00 192 , 759 . 68 Completed 2019-02-05 2019-10-03 2019-02-10 2019-10-10 2019-03-12 2019-10-24 2019-03-26 2019-11-25 2019-04-19 2020-01-01 2019-07-18 2020-04-16 < br > puters , network cables and o < br > ther related equipment < br > ET-MOALR-85717-GO-RFB / P < br > rocurement of equipment for < br > National Rural Land Administration Information System ( N IDA / 63120 Rural Land Administration and Use Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 125 , 700 . 00 262 , 399 . 80 Completed 2019-01-31 2020-01-01 2019-02-05 2020-01-22 2019-03-07 2020-01-28 2019-03-28 2020-03-13 2019-05-02 2020-04-19 2019-07-31 2020-09-03 < br > RLAIS ) for all RLLP woredas ( < br > Network Cables , Rawters , fis < br > her and related materials ) < br > ET-MOALR-86952-GO-RFB / < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "immediate consumption boom following the distribution of reinsertion allowances . < sup > 9 < / sup > As a corollary , the price effect and the externalities generated by investments of DDR money should be marginal except if investments were concentrated in specific domains . The in-kind allowances , which were distributed as part of the reintegration package , are likewise expected to have a positive but small impact on consumption in the long run . In accordance with this line of reasoning , we propose to test the following hypotheses : - _Hypothesis 1 . _ Reinsertion allowances received by demobilized combatants had a positive impact on the levels of consumption and investment of their household . - _Hypothesis 2 . _ The short-run impacts on consumption of beneficiary households were short-lived . The impacts on investment lasted in the long run - _Hypothesis 3 . _ Nonbeneficiaries were also indirectly affected by the program . This indirect impact depends on the main occupation of households . - _Hypothesis 4 . _ Higher demand for normal goods induced a price increase in the short run . By testing these hypotheses , we contribute not only to the scarce literature on the impact of demobilization programs , but also to the literature on the impact of cash and in-kind transfer programs on beneficiaries , nonbeneficiaries and prices . # * * 3 . Empirical Analysis * * # _3 . 1 . The Data_ The empirical analysis draws on different types of data . The first dataset consists of a panel of households . The second dataset is a community questionnaire . The third dataset consists of administrative data from the National Commission for Demobilization , Reinsertion and Reintegration . The Panel Dataset . The first dataset constitutes a two-round household survey undertaken in Burundi . The first round is a QUIBB / CWIQ survey that is representative at the provincial level < sup > 10 < / sup > collected in February 2006 . The survey was requested by the Ministry of Planning and designed by the World Bank . Data collection was coordinated by the University of Burundi . The CWIQ Survey Technology has been applied in different African countries for the purpose of generating standardized indicators of poverty and welfare", "spans": [{"start": 1501, "end": 1520, "text": "panel of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1603, "end": 1622, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1709, "end": 1722, "text": "Panel Dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1757, "end": 1783, "text": "two-round household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1829, "end": 1848, "text": "QUIBB / CWIQ survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2099, "end": 2110, "text": "CWIQ Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accounting records which may be relied upon in the preparation * * of * * the Project financial statements , as well as adequate systems of internal financial control . * * i ) * * Designing , implementing and maintaining such internal control as they determine necessary to enable the presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement , whether due to fraud or error ; ii ) Selecting suitable accounting policies and applying them consistently ; and - iii ) Making accounting estimates and judgements that are reasonable in the circumstances . The Management certifies that , to the best * * of * * its knowledge , the information furnished to the auditors for the audit was correct and is an accurate presentation of the Project ' s financial transactions . Management acknowledges that the independent audit of the financial statements does not relieve them of their responsibilities . Nothing has come to the attention of Management to indicate that the Project will not remain a going concern for at least the next twelve months from the date of this statement . Signed on behalf of the management * * by : * * Project Manager Senior Finanal anagement Specialist Habtamu Hailu Hussen Ahmed * * 23 * * January * * 2025 * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 18, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Russia ’ s Invasion of Ukraine and Firm Performance in Central Asia : * * # * * _The Role of Export Links and Digital Gains_ * * < sup > * * _ * _ * * < / sup > Nicolo Dalvit , Mariana Iootty , Martin Melecky , Nithya Srinivasan _World Bank_ * * Keywords : * * Ukraine Invasion , Firm Performance , Sales , Employment , Central Asia , Trade link with Russia , Business Pulse Survey , Difference in Differences . * * JEL Classification : * * D22 , F51 , L23 , L25 , O14 . > * We thank Arti Grover and Leonardo Iacovone for their helpful comments on the earlier draft of the paper .", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 387, "text": "Business Pulse Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of requirements for bidders to sign an AntiBribery pledge and / or statement of undertaking to observe Ethiopian Law against fraud and corruption and other forms that ought to be completed and signed * * by * * him / her may be included in bidding documents if the arrangements governing such undertakings are acceptable to the Association . - * * ( b ) If * * pre-qualification is used , the Association ' s standard prequalification document shall be used . - * * ( c ) * * No margin of preference shall < sup > be grantedinbid evaluationonthe basis of < / sup > bidder ' s nationality , origin of goods or services , and / or preferential programs such as but not limited to small and medium enterprises . - * * ( d ) * * Mandatory registration in a supplier list shall not be used to assess < sup > bidders ' < / sup > qualifications . * * A * * foreign bidder shall not be required to register < sup > asa < / sup > condition for submitting its bid and if recommended for contract < sup > award < / sup > shall be given a reasonable opportunity to register with the reasonable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > activities delayed due to conflict . | e number early chil < br > This is a recently re | dhood development < br > vised indicator with | | | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 0 < br > 28-Jun-2024 | 300 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | Children enrolled in ECDs ( Number ) | Comments on achieving targets | Number of children aged 1-5 years enr < br > ( January ) , in the ECD centers child care < br > in the Seqota declaration woredas . Thi < br > of PSNP household status . This is a rec < br > expected to be measured once in Janu | olled at the onset o < br > centers establishe < br > s should include all < br > ently revised indica < br > ary2025 . | f the PW season < br > d in PSNP woredas . < br > children regardless < br > tor which is only | | Females who own and operate | 46 . 00 < br > Oct / 2020 | 46 < br > 28-Jun-2024 | 50 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | electronic accounts ( Percentage ) | Comments on achieving targets | Based on CBE data Q3 EFY 2016 | | | | | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 97 < br > 28-Jun-2024 | 100 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | Increase in average wage rate relative < br > to the annual general CPI increase , for < br > cash transfers beneficiaries < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator measures whether PSNP < br > adjusted for general inflation . Transfer < br > an inflation rate of annual 29 . 34 % ( up < br > delayed until March 2024 with the res < br > from the inflation adjustment . | cash transfers are < br", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 952, "text": "CBE data Q3 EFY 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of collateral ) there are borrowing constraints , then the individual will reduce his / her ordinary saving to zero . Note that the individual would like to reduce his / her ordinary saving even further ( i . e . , to borrow ) so as to restore his / her desired level of future consumption but binding borrowing constraints do not allow such response . The bottom line is that binding borrowing constraints result in ordinary saving falling by less than the amount of pension contributions , hence total saving increases . Second , suppose that the mandatory pension program induces the individual to retire earlier than they would have as suggested by Feldstein ( 1974 ) . Saving during working years will have to be higher to . . . nance a longer retirement . Again , ordinary saving will fall by less than the amount of pension contributions , therefore , his / her total saving increases . Third , imagine that workers save not only for consumption smoothing motives but also for precautionary motives ( e . g . , extraordinary health expenditures ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > Since pension wealth is highly illiquid , then it is a poor substitute of precautionary wealth . In those circumstances , ordinary saving will fall by less than the amount of pension contributions , therefore , total saving will increase . Fourth , suppose that an important driver of saving is that people want to leave an inheritance to their children . < sup > 3 < / sup > Again , due to low substitutability , ordinary saving will fall by less than the amount of pension contributions , capital market imperfections ( e . g . , borrowing constraints ) . > 2Carrol ( 1997 ) , for example , presents survey evidence in which people predominantly say that being prepared for emergencies is the most important reason for saving . > 3In a famous study , Kotliko ¤ and Summers ( 1981 ) show that bequests account for a substantial fraction of U . S . aggregate capital accumulation . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1678, "end": 1693, "text": "survey evidence", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 is the only country that has seen remittances go up , which is explained by the increase in formal channels and inflows from informal channels during summer travel season . * * Because FDI inflows into the region declined in 2020 , debt had to bear a larger share of the external financing requirement * * ( Figure 8 . 5 ) . While there are tentative signs of a recovery from the supply side shock to trade and the GVC disruptions , the demand side disruptions may prove more long-lasting , especially as they relate to investment sentiment . In recent years FDI in the region mainly went to sectors that have now been savaged by the crises , such as the automotive and basic materials industries and tourism . A recovery in these sectors that takes longer than expected would delay planned investments . According to UNCTAD , for 2020 global FDI flows are forecast to be cut by up to 40 per cent — bringing them to the same nominal level as in 2005 . Apart from Kosovo , all Western Balkan countries are expected to see a major slowdown in FDI inflows in 2020 . The biggest declines are expected in Serbia and Montenegro , with Albania and North Macedonia not far behind . BiH is expected to see the smallest cut due to announced investments in energy and road infrastructure . Only Kosovo is likely to see an increase in FDI ; there , large investments in energy and mining were made just before the pandemic broke out . However , if the pandemic is prolonged , it could amplify capital outflows from emerging markets like those in the Western Balkans . Such a deterrent to investment would constitute a serious threat to Montenegro , Albania , and Serbia , which rely on FDI to finance their large CADs . With the slowdown in FDI and remittances , CAD financing is being supplemented by external loans , largely from IFIs . This has pushed up external debt across the region , in particular in Montenegro ( see Fiscal Section , Figure 5 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 892, "end": 908, "text": "global FDI flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Bauer , Michal , Christopher Blattman , Julie Chytilov ́ a , Joseph Henrich , Edward Miguel & Tamar Mitts . 2016 . “ Can war foster cooperation ? ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 30 ( 3 ) : 249 – 74 . - Beall , Jo & Laure-H ́ el ` ene Piron . 2005 . “ DFID social exclusion review . ” _London : Overseas Development Institute_ 32 : 37 . - Beber , Bernd , Philip Roessler & Alexandra Scacco . 2014 . “ Intergroup violence and political attitudes : evidence from a dividing Sudan . ” _The Journal of Politics_ 76 ( 3 ) : 649 – 665 . - Becker , Sascha O , Irena Grosfeld , Pauline Grosjean , Nico Voigtlander & Ekaterina Zhuravskaya . 2020 . “ Forced migration and human capital : Evidence from post-WWII population transfers . ” _American Economic Review_ 110 ( 5 ) : 1430 – 63 . - Bellows , John & Edward Miguel . 2009 . “ War and local collective action in Sierra Leone . ” _Journal of public Economics_ 93 ( 11-12 ) : 1144 – 1157 . - Blattman , Christopher . 2009 . “ From Violence to Voting : War and political participation in Uganda . ” _American Political Science Review_ 103 ( 2 ) : 231 – 247 . - Brookings . 2010 . IASC Framework on durable solutions for internally displaced persons . In _Brookings Institution University of Bern Project on Internal Displacement_ . pp . 57 – 57 . - Carrillo , Angela Consuelo . 2009 . “ Internal displacement in Colombia : humanitarian , economic and social consequences in urban settings and current challenges . ” _International Review of the Red Cross_ 91 ( 875 ) : 527 – 546 . - Cassar , Alessandra , Pauline Grosjean & Sam Whitt . 2013 . “ Legacies of violence : trust and market development . ” _Journal of Economic Growth_ 18 ( 3 ) : 285 – 318 . - Coppedge , Michael , John Gerring , Carl Henrik Knutsen , Staffan I Lindberg , Jan Teorell , Nazifa Alizada , David Altman , Michael Bernhard , Agnes Cornell , M Steven Fish et al . 2021 . “ VDem Dataset v11 .", "spans": [{"start": 1894, "end": 1906, "text": "VDem Dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0314 | 0 . 175 < br > 0 . 0006 | | _Distribution of Students_ | _by Fa_ | _culty ( % ) _ | | | | | | Agriculture | 5776 | 0 . 0571 | 0 . 232 | 8016 | 0 . 0586 | 0 . 235 < br > 0 . 7101 | | Education | 5776 | 0 . 254 | 0 . 436 | 8016 | 0 . 246 | 0 . 431 < br > 0 . 2653 | | Health Sciences | 5776 | 0 . 0703 | 0 . 256 | 8016 | 0 . 0750 | 0 . 263 < br > 0 . 2969 | | Humanities | 5776 | 0 . 115 | 0 . 319 | 8016 | 0 . 130 | 0 . 337 < br > 0 . 0052 | | Law | 5776 | 0 . 0452 | 0 . 208 | 8016 | 0 . 0485 | 0 . 215 < br > 0 . 3610 | | Science & Technology | 5776 | 0 . 144 | 0 . 351 | 8016 | 0 . 124 | 0 . 329 < br > 0 . 0006 | | Social Sciences | 5776 | 0 . 315 | 0 . 465 | 8016 | 0 . 318 | 0 . 466 < br > 0 . 7142 | _Source_ : Own calculations using NUL students ’ records data for 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . _Notes_ : OWM is the overall weighted mean , calculated as the weighted sum of final scores of core , pre-requisite , and / or elective subject courses that make a maximum of 36 credit hours , where the weights are each course ’ s credit hours divided by 36 . The N for some variables is smaller due to missing values . 11", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 776, "text": "NUL students ’ records data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "disaggregated sectors for each country . The classification into about 40 sectors ( roughly the 2 - digit level detail of ISIC Rev3 ) coincides with the OECD Structural Analysis ( STAN ) database . < sup > 6 < / sup > The other set of indicators in the dataset concerns productivity and its components . The data sources used for the analysis of productivity differ from those used for firm demographics in many countries . For productivity measures , data are needed on output , employment and possibly other productive inputs such as intermediate materials and capital services . Using these source data , indicators are calculated on labor productivity by industry and year , and on the decomposition of productivity growth into within-firm and reallocation components ( see below ) . # * * Box 1 Main indicators available in the firm-level database * * The use of annual data on firm dynamics implies a significant volatility in the resulting indicators . In order to limit the possible impact of measurement problems , it was decided to use definitions of continuing , entering and exiting firms on the basis of three ( rather than the usual two ) time periods . Thus , the tabulations of firm demographics contained the following variables : * * Entry * * : The number of firms entering a given industry in a given year . Also tabulated , where available , was the number of employees in entering firms . Entrant firms ( and their employees ) were those observed as ( out , in , in ) the register in time ( t – 1 , t , t + 1 ) . * * Exit * * : The number of firms that leave the register and the number of people employed in these firms . Exiting firms were those observed as ( in , in , out ) the register in time ( t – 1 , t , t + 1 ) . * * One-year firms * * : The number of firms and employees in those firms that were present in the register for only one year . These firms were those observed as ( out , in , out ) the register in time ( t –", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 852, "text": "firm-level database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 879, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Occupation * * The main sources of income for most 88 . 9 % of the respondents are subsistence farming . However , these are subsistence farmers ’ using rudimentary methods of farming only to face various challenges in crop production even as they rely on low and unreliable rainfall , and as inferred in the FGDS , certified seeds , fertilizer and farm inputs are hardly used . From key informant interviews rainfall is inadequate at below 500 mm / year and also unreliable especially for maize farming in project areas . Only 2 . 5 % of the PAPs are in formal employment . Other income sources include livestock farming ( 7 % ) and business ( 5 . 8 % ) . # * * HH Head Occupation / Economic * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 % 2 % 6 % 0 % Crop farming < br > Livestock farming < br > Formal employment < br > Business < br > 89 % < br > Peasant farmer < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 10 : Occupation of the PAPs * * # # * * Household Incomes * * The survey shows that majority ( 88 % ) of the respondents have income of less than Kshs . 15 , 000 per month . This is drawn mainly from crop farming . Poverty level is taken as that of Siaya County , which is around 48 % ( County Integrated Development Plan 2013 - 2017 ) and higher than the national average of 34 per cent , hence considered as high . The causes of poverty in these areas are diverse and include poor soil fertility leading to low farm yields , low income among households to afford farm inputs , over-reliance on traditional methods of farming and lack of alternative sources of income . Income sources include livestock , fishing , formal and informal employment , business , remittances , pensions , etc . There exists food insecurity at the household level as farmers are unable to produce enough under rain", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> are paid for after delivery . | | Inf . Competition | < br > City-industry share of firms who say that they directly compete with informal firms . | | Outage | City-industry share of firms that experienced a power outage in the survey year . | | Web | City-industry share of firms that answer that they use websites to conduct business . | | Cap . Agglomeration | The share of firms whose number of employees exceeding 50 , as a proxy of capacity < br > agglomeration . | | Lngdppc < br > Education | Log of GDP per capita , in constant USD , from World Development Indicators . < br > 5th pillar : Higher education and training , from World Economic Forum ( WEF ) . | | Urbanization < br > Barrier : time required to start a < br > business for females ( in days ) | Urban population ( % of total ) , from World Development Indicators . < br > Time required to start a business , female ( days ) , from Doing Business for “ time required < br > to start a business for female entrepreneurs ” . | | Barrier : financial institution < br > account , female ( % for age < br > 15 + ) | Financial institution account , female ( % age 15 + ) , from Global Findex of World Bank . | | Empowerment indicator : < br > Fem . labor participation rate | Labor < br > force < br > participation < br > rate , < br > female < br > ( % < br > of < br > female < br > population < br > above ages 15 ) , from World Development Indicators . | | Empowerment indicator : < br > Fem . Primary completion rate | Primary completion rate , female ( % of relevant age group ) , from World Development < br > Indicators . | 24", "spans": [{"start": 1395, "end": 1423, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of < br > statistical calendar - Consultancy service on whatshould be the content of the IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 74 , 956 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-02-26 2020-03-30 2020-04-24 2020-05-22 2020-06-21 2020-07-13 2020-08-04 2021-08-04 < br > statistical calendar , its < br > revision and feedback < br > procedure both from the < br > producers and users . < br > ET-CSA-155440-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment of < br > consultancy service providing < br > firm for Revision of Statistics < br > law - Consultancy service onwhat should be the content IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 58 , 223 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-05 2020-04-03 2020-05-07 2020-06-04 2020-07-04 2020-08-08 2020-08-22 2021-08-22 < br > and proposed structure of the < br > new statistics law based on < br > the Un Fundamental Principles < br > and African Charter of < br > ET-CSA-156235-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Trade in Service Survey - < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues ofquestionnaire development , IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 308 , 674 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > testing , sample design , < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | discouraged and < br > machinery causing < br > excessive pollution < br > ( i . e . visible clouds of < br > smoke ) should be < br > banned from work < br > sites . | with exhaust < br > silencers or < br > mufflers . | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Noise from operation of heavy < br > machinery , haulage of construction < br > materials to and around < br > construction sites , and activities < br > such as concrete mixing , excavation < br > and blasting | Machinery < br > operation and high < br > noise activities < br > should be carefully < br > planned and < br > scheduled . < br > To the extent < br > practical batching < br > plants and < br > construction areas < br > should be located > < br > 100 meters from the < br > nearest settlement . < br > Where that is not < br > possible , high noise < br > activities should < br > cease between < br > 22 : 00 and 06 : 00 < br > hours , in line with < br > the Pollution < br > Control & Noise < br > Regulations . < br > Vehicles and < br > machinery should < br > be equipped with < br > exhaust mufflers in | Record of noise < br > measurement in < br > place < br > Record of PPE < br > issued and used | All < br > construction < br > sites | While < br > construction < br > is underway < br > at each site | 6000 | Contractors | EHS Specialists < br > Consultant < br > UETCL | 327", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1203, "text": "Record of PPE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Table 2 : * * Summary Statistics * * – Bank Data This table reports summary statistics for all accounts in the sample frame based on bank data . “ Total overdue ” is the total amount of outstanding and overdue agricultural credit as of December 31 , 2007 . “ Eligible debt relief ” is the total amount of debt eligible to be waived under the program , which is 100 % of outstanding debt for households with _ ≤ _ 2 hectares of pledged collateral and 25 % conditional relief otherwise . Treatment effects at the program cutoff _τ_ ˆ _RD_ are estimated using the preferred specification with a local linear control function . Robust standard errors , in brackets , are clustered by bank and district . + p _ < _ 0 . 10 * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 | | N | Mean | Median | StDev | Min | Max | ˆ_τRD_ | SE | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | | Total overdue | 5 , 524 | 52 , 915 | 41 , 427 | 48 , 538 | 0 | 882 , 806 | 127 . 12 | [ 4149 . 9 ] | | Principal overdue | 5 , 514 | 40 , 627 | 30 , 000 | 43 , 351 | 0 | 830 , 000 | 533 . 7 | [ 3802 . 1 ] | | Interest overdue | 5 , 414 | 12 , 595 | 7 , 193 | 17 , 009 | 0 | 319 , 810 | 1 , 607 | [ 1333 . 5 ] | | Loan type = crop loan | 5 , 554 | 0 . 77 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 42 | 0 | 1 . 00 |", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 50, "text": "Bank Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This component will support the enhancement of social protection delivery systems to be shock-responsive and introduce digital delivery mechanisms * * . * * The strengthening of social protection delivery systems with a national outreach will be an important innovation , which supports the objective of making a shift from a project to program approach . This component will build on , and complement the work supported under NUSAF 3 and social protection systems strengthening ASA on development of national single registry and scaling up digital payments to social protection beneficiaries . This component will support the operationalization of a dynamic national social registry . It will allow for objective identification of poor and vulnerable households to benefit from a variety of social sector , shock responsive and economic inclusion programs in the country . The dynamic social registry will : Improve targeting , enhance efficiency of pro-poor public and private expenditures , support informed policy choices and decisions , and enable transformation of social protection programs to be shock responsive . Building on the beneficiary registry developed under NUSAF 3 , the project will use a phased approach for the development of national dynamic social registry . The project will support the enhancements of the current infrastructures and systems of the beneficiary registry and additionally build a dynamic national social registry both at national and decentralized levels . The registry will consider mixed approaches of registration such as en-mass registration points , follow up visit by the registration officers or census in areas where poverty is extreme . The main registry data collection will be managed by the Ministry of Gender , Labor and Social Development ( MoGLSD ) , in consultation with the key stakeholders including NIRA ( National IDs , Births and deaths registries ) , development partners and others to enable the national rollout and the linkages for interoperability . The project will support a series of integrated steps for the development of the national social registry , support advancing digital payments to build resilience 8", "spans": [{"start": 1139, "end": 1183, "text": "beneficiary registry developed under NUSAF 3", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 11 . DHS Surveys – 2000 and 2005 * * | | | * * 2000 * * | * * 2005 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | I . | * * Fertility rate * * | 5 . 9 | 5 . 4 | | | • < br > Urban | 3 . 3 | 2 . 4 | | | • < br > Rural | 6 . 4 | 6 . 0 | | II . a | Median * * birth interval * * | 34 months | 34 months | | II . b | % ofbirths within 24 months ofa previous births | 19 . 7 | 21 . 3 | | III . | * * Contraceptive prevalence rate * * ( current use – < br > married women ) | 8 . 1 % | 14 . 7 % | | IV . | * * Infant mortality * * rate ( per 1 , 000live births ) | 97 | 77 | | V . | * * Under-five mortality * * rate ( per 1 , 000live births ) | 166 | 123 | | VI . | * * Maternal Mortality * * Ratio – MMR ( per 100 , 000 < br > live births ) | 871 | 673 | | VII . | % of pregnant women who received * * antenatal * * < br > * * care * * from health professionals ( in the five years < br > preceding the survey ) | 26 . 7 | 27 . 6 | | VIII . a | % of * * births delivered * * by a trained health < br > professional ( doctor , nurse , midwife ) | 5 . 6 | 5 . 7 | | VIII . b | % ofbirths delivered by : | | | | | AtrainedTBA | 4 . 1 | n . a . | | | AnuntrainedTBA |", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 28, "text": "DHS Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_FM Supervision Report Second Phase of One WASH-CWA_ # # # # _VII . _ FM ACTION PLAN # # # # * * ( a ) * * * * < u > New Action Plan < / u > * * # # # # _Table 8 : New Action Plan_ | | * * Action * * < br > | * * Date Due By * * | * * Responsible * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . | _Accounting and Reporting_ < br > ( a ) Ensure complete rollout of the new IBEX by all implementing entities / users . < br > ( b ) Ensure that project transaction capturing , recording ( memorandum < br > records ) , and reporting involve subcomponent information | < br > ( a ) EFY 2017 . < br > ( b ) Ongoing during < br > implementation | < br > < br > ( a ) MoF , BoFs , < br > Zone finance . < br > ( b ) All entities | | 2 . | _Budget_ < br > ( a ) Align proclaimed and working budget in amount & sectors involved . < br > ( b ) Ensure official and timely notification of approved budget is done to < br > implementers in the region ( Woredas , towns , zones , and sector bureaus ) . < br > ( c ) Include budget information in the system in use and apply budget tracking < br > mechanism . Provide variance report & related explanation on quarterly IFRs < br > ( d ) Improve budget utilization and disbursement | ( a ) Ongoing < br > annually . < br > ( b ) Ongoing < br > annually . < br > ( c ) Ongoing . < br > ( d ) Ongoing | ( a ) MoF , MoWE , < br > MoH , MoE . <", "spans": [{"start": 1141, "end": 1155, "text": "quarterly IFRs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # * * 12 Resettlement Sites for Affected Farmlands * * Based on findings of the census survey conducted with PAHs , “ cash for land ” is the preferred option for compensation payment to be made to all households whose farmland and trees will be affected by the Subproject components . One of the main reasons for preference of cash for land as primary compensation modality by PAHs is the inclusion of the Subproject impacted Kebele into Robe town master plan . This new Arsi Robe urban master plan has created a huge concern and discomfort to PAHs and other farmland holders in the Subproject impacted Kebeles . The community members are speculating that the town administration may take their farmland in the future without adequate compensation . Therefore , they preferred to give their land against fair compensation rather than taking any unknown risks from the town Administration . The Subproject-affected Woreda officials also clearly confirmed that even if “ _land for land_ ” compensation was preferred by the PAHs , it is impossible to find suitable unoccupied farmland in the Subproject affected Kebeles . Therefore , the local Authorities will not be able to implement land for land replacement . Therefore , social and environmental issues related to farmland relocation ( resettlement due to land for land compensation ) and impacts on host communities is not applicable . Official Use Only Page 163", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 268, "text": "census survey conducted with PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BDS ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 55 . 00 < br > 91 . 50 < br > 93 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 < br > 09-Dec-2020 < br > 26-May-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | The percentage is a weighted average of cycle 1 Tracer results with prelimina < br > results based on responses from 7 , 721 respondents to a survey that targeted < br > beneficiaries , where the weight is the percentage of participants in each cycle < br > of participants in cycles 1-3 . The Tracer study for cycle 2 and 3 is expected to < br > 2021 for update of these results and deeper analysis . | ry routine SMS survey < br > all cycles 2 and 3 < br > divided by the total number < br > be conducted in September | 6 / 12 / 2021 Page 3 of 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5460 # * * Abstract * * Soaring commodity prices in 2007 and 2008 raised concerns that volatility was also rising , which would have implications for welfare and therefore for the design of public policy interventions . The literature focuses on trends in commodity prices rather than their volatility characteristics . This paper contributes by examining commodity price volatility with a newly compiled monthly panel dataset on 45 individual commodity prices from the end of the 18th century until today . The main conclusions are : the timing and number of breaks in volatility vary considerably across individual commodities , cautioning against generalizations based on the use of commodity price indices ; the three most significant breaks common to most commodities are the two world wars and the collapse of the Bretton-Woods system ; and structural breaks marking increased price volatility are followed by breaks marking declines in volatility so that there is no upward or downward trend in volatility over time . This paper — a product of the Economic Policy Unit , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department , Latin America and the Caribbean Region — is part of a larger effort in the department to provide policy relevant research on topics of interest to the region . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at rshankar @ worldbank . org and ocalvogonzalez @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 490, "text": "monthly panel dataset on 45 individual commodity prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Total Project Costs a / | 23 . 06 | 20 . 80 | 43 . 86 | | Fina | ncing < br > Plant < br > | | | | | | Goverment of Ethiopia a / | ; 0 . 36 < br > | 0 . 00 < br > | 10 . 36 < br > | | | IDA | 12 . 70 < br > | 20 . 30 < br > < br > | 33 . 00 | | | UNICEF | n . < br > | 0 . 50 < br > s . 50 < br > | | | | Total | 23 . 06 | 20 . 80 | 43 . 86 | a / Includes US $ 5 . 06 million for taxes and duties . # # Estimated Disbursement of IDA Credits ( US $ million ) | IDA FY | 89 | 90 | < br > 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | < br > 95 | 96 | < br > 97 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Annual | 1 . 80 | 2 . 27 < br > | 3 . 87 < br > | < br > 5 . 60 < br > | < br > 6 . 55 < br > | 4 . 95 < br > | 3 . 55 < br > | < br > 3 . 05 < br > | 1 . 36 < br > | | | 1 . 80 | 4 . 07 | 7 . 94 | 13 . 54 | 20 . 09 | 25 . 04 | 28 . 59 | < sup > 31 . 64 < / sup > | 33 . 00 | Rate of Returns N . A . Maps IRBD 20140", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conduct an E & S compliance audit , E & S inception reports were shared ; ( iv ) conducting internal due diligence was performed on some projects under implementation and retrospective ESMPs have been compiled for some of the ongoing projects which were initially screened and unreasonably categorized as C ; ( v ) ESIAs have been shared and are under development for the remaining CR-WASH subprojects which are under bid preparation . 23 . The mission team discussed the progress made so far and agreed on actions that need follow-up and further improvement . Thus , considering the current progress made , specifically in terms of staffing and the new Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) commitment to reverse and enhance project performance , and progress on the Environmental and Social ( ES ) Audit preparation , the overall Environmental and Social Performance rating is * * upgraded to Moderately Satisfactory ( MS ) * * . However , this rating is subject to review within three months to assess the continuation of progress by MoWE . # # # 3 . 6 . Monitoring and Evaluation 24 . The annual progress report was submitted by the NWCO ahead of the mission . All large value contracts have been updated on the virtual platform ( KoBo toolbox ) , and the use of the platform to inform decision making by MoWE PIU has improved . The mission is also pleased to note that MoWE has started reporting on a number of Program indicators , including functionality of water supply schemes , utilities covering their operating costs and WSS designs informed by data from WRIS , and regular water resource monitoring . However , these indicators have not been reported from Oromia , Central Ethiopia and Southwest regions and the mission urges the NWCO and MOWE to follow-up with these regions for reporting of these indicators in the coming quarter . Since the last mission , NWI II Data migration has been completed , and the data made available online . MoWE has finalized hardware and operating system configuration , and network setup for its new", "spans": [{"start": 1554, "end": 1568, "text": "data from WRIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to be transformed such that the total budget of the country within the six steps that correspond to a one year matches the government expenditure . We do this by simply assuming that the government distributes its budget equally within each simulation step in a year ( / 6 ) . BB < sup > � < / sup > ( tt ) In the prospective analysis we assume that the yearly value of the government budget is the same always and it is equal to the average of the estimated values for the government expenditure between 2011 and 2019 . * * Quality of law and monitoring : * * We approximate the quality of law and monitoring using data from World Bank ’ s World Governance Indicators . The data on the quality of law comes from the rule of law variable and the quality of monitoring from the control of corruption variable . In the retrospective analysis we set their value to the ones observed in 2011 , whereas in the prospective analysis we set 40", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 668, "text": "World Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Keni ' a Social_ * * < sup > _and Economic InclusionProject_ < / sup > * * _State Department for_ * * < sup > * * _Social Protectionand SeniorCitizenAffairs_ * * < / sup > * * _Annual Report_ * * < sup > * * _and Financial Statements for the financial year emdedJune30 , _ * * < / sup > < sup > _2024_ < / sup > data on gender < sup > dimensionsof program implementationand outcomes . Lastly , theSR would < / sup > be leveraged < sup > tocollect andmonitor genderspecificdata . < / sup > KSEIP uses the < sup > citizen ' sengagementmechanismalreadyinplace < / sup > < sup > * * _for_ * * the < / sup > < sup > * * NSNP , * * namely < / sup > the * * G & CM * * mechanism . < sup > This mechanismhasbeenestablishedatthenationallevelwith < / sup > adequate staff < sup > andestablishedproceduresforreceiving , recording , andactingon < / sup > complaints < sup > along withafeedbackmechanismto close the loop . Itincludes servicecharters < / sup > to guide program < sup > engagementwithbeneficiaries , aswellas < / sup > < sup > * * MIS * * modulesfortracking < / sup > complaints < sup > andhotlinesforreceivingthem . Community-level structures , suchas , the < / sup > Constituency < sup > SocialAssistanceCommitteesandBeneficiary WelfareCommittees < / sup > ( BWCs ) , have < sup > beenestablishedtoraise", "spans": [{"start": 463, "end": 481, "text": "genderspecificdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANN3X I Page 2 of 6 - 49 - | TABLE 3A < br > KENYA - < br > SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET | | - - - | | | * * F * * | * * ENYA * * | | REFERENCE GROUPS ( WE < br > - < br > MOST * * RECEN * * | IGIITEpAVE13AGES < br > * * T * * ESTIMATE ) ; | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1960 < br > / b | * * M * * < br > 1970 / b | * * OST * * RECENT < br > ESTIMATE * * / b * * | MIDDLE INCOME < br > AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA | MIDDLE INCOME < br > LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN | | EDUCATION < br > | | | | | | | ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIOS | | | | | | | PRIMARY : < br > TOTAL < br > MALE | 47 . 0 < br > 640 | 60 . 0 < br > 700 | 99 . 0 < br > 1050 | 73 . 7 < br > 968 | 101 . 7 < br > 1030 | | < br > FEMALE | . < br > 30 . 0 | . < br > 49 . 0 | . < br > 94 . 0 | . < br > 79 . 0 | . < br > 101 . 5 | | SECONDARY : < br > TOTAL < br > | 2 . 0 < br > | 8 . 0 < br > | 18 . 0 < br > | 16 . 2 < br > | 35 . 3 < br > | | MALE < br > FEMALE | 3", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 88, "text": "SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "da"}
{"text": "At the same time , the rapid proliferation of publicly available “ big data ” from satellite and crowdsourcing applications has made geographically comprehensive data freely available , while survey enumeration area geocoordinates or administrative shapefiles required to link surveys to geospatial data are also becoming increasingly available . These developments have sparked a burgeoning literature – ably reviewed in Burke ( 2021 ) , McBride et al . ( 2021 ) , and World Bank ( 2021 ) – on the use of satellite imagery for economic measurement . Most early work has focused on the ability of geospatial data to predict agricultural yields and crops ( Erciulescu et al . , 2019 , Lobell et al . , 2020 ) , household asset wealth and poverty ( Jean et al . , 2016 , Yeh et al . , 2020 Steele et al . , 2017 , Engstrom et al . , 2021 ) , and population ( Wardrop et al . . , 2020 , Engstrom et al . , 2020 ) . This is the first paper to our knowledge that explores whether combining survey data with geospatial indicators can be used for the purposes of improving estimates of labor market outcomes , such as female and male labor force participation and unemployment , through small area estimation . Demonstrating that this methodology works is important , as many developing countries do not have the requisite data traditionally used for small area estimation , such as up-todate censuses or detailed administrative data . We show that the incorporation of geospatial data – which is available across the globe – is a feasible alternative when preferred sources of auxiliary data are not available . This paper also contributes to the ongoing discussion over the proper methods for combining survey and geospatial data for the purpose of prediction . Some analysts take an explicitly Bayesian approach ( Steele et al . , 2017 , Pokhriyal and Jacques , 2017 , Erciulescu et al . , 2019 ) , while others employ an empirical best predictor model ( Battese Harter and Fuller , 1988 Masaki et al . , 2020 ) . We undertake this exercise in the context of Mexico , which has publicly available data that makes our approach feasible .", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 75, "text": "big data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 192, "end": 230, "text": "survey enumeration area geocoordinates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 597, "end": 612, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 985, "end": 996, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1023, "text": "geospatial indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A6 : Share of migrants in essential jobs by health exposure < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 911 < br > 912 < br > 816 < br > 921 < br > 933 < br > 532 < br > 832 < br > 221 < br > 251231 213 751 511 < br > 833 < br > 531 323 222 < br > 351250215252313235352311214315232 312611 516321322541961325 226 < br > 233 622835831314 234 < br > 612 224 < br > 350 230310620 610613830 530920910540320 220 < br > 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 < br > Exposure index ( no-telework * F2F ) < br > . 4 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > Share of foreign workers per occupation < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own elaboration based on data from the 2018 EU-LFS and combining Dingel and Neiman ( 2020 ) , RioChanona et al ( 2020 ) and Avdiu and Nayyar ( 2020 ) methodologies . Note : The exposure index is the combination of the share of jobs not amenable to telework in each 3-digit occupation and the intensity of face-to-face interactions . The size of the circles represents the share of each occupation in the total employment in the EU . 52", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 676, "text": "2018 EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and a-half years after the debt relief program . The survey covered 2 , 897 households in four districts of the western Indian state of Gujarat and included detailed questions on household income , production , consumption and investment , as well as a number of questions on financial decisions and expectations . Households were identified from official beneficiary lists and considerable effort was spent to locate and interview as many borrowers as possible . # * * 5 . 1 Bank Data and Sampling * * The sample frame was drawn from the official beneficiary lists published by banks and credit cooperatives . Bank lists typically included the name , village , pledged land , loan category , date of original disbursal , overdue principal and interest as of December 31 , 2007 , as well as the total amount eligible for debt relief under the program . This account level data was provided by the six largest commercial banks and the largest credit cooperative operating in the four survey districts . Together these banks account for 91 % of all accounts that were eligible for the program in the survey districts and 87 % of all debt relief accounts in the state . The sample frame was then restricted to accounts within a narrow band of _ ± . _ 5 hectares around the 100 % relief cutoff . This bandwidth was chosen following the cross-validation procedure proposed by Imbens and Kalyanaraman ( 2012 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > The initial sample frame consisted of 5 , 554 accounts . This includes agricultural crop and investment loans , but excludes loans not directly related to agriculture , since these loans were not contingent on landholdings , so that the discontinuity induced by the program does not apply . The sample frame also omits previously restructured loans , since I observe neither the original loan size nor the vintage , or terms of restructuring for these loans . This restricts the set of loans covered to the roughly 70 % of accounts for which landholding was determinant of debt relief qualification . < sup > 15 < / sup > Descriptives for the population of qualifying loans in the four sample districts are reported in Table 2 .", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 565, "text": "official beneficiary lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 858, "end": 876, "text": "account level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DFID ) < br > 8 . 20 < br > 8 . 20 | | Environmental Category : A - Full Assessm | ent | | Simplified Processing | Simple [ ] < br > Repeater [ ] | | Is this project processed under OP 8 . 50 ( E < br > or OP 8 . 00 ( Rapid Response to Crises and | mergency Recovery ) < br > Emergencies ) < br > Yes [ ] < br > No [ X ] | # * * 2 . Project Objectives * * The project development objective is to improve the performance of the transport sector in Uganda in order to enhance economic growth and reduce poverty through ( a ) reduced transport costs in major corridors ; ( b ) improved road safety ; and ( c ) enhanced sector management capacity . # * * 3 . Project Description * * A ) Upgrading of 202 km of gravel roads to paved standard in Northern Uganda ; GuluAtiak - Nimule and Arua-Vurra-Oraba , and preparing of design and bidding documents for a future project . - ( B ) Improve road safety through the creation of a Road Safety Authority and the establishment of a crash data base . ( C ) Prepare for the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) in Kampala through the preparation of bidding documents for the infrastructure , and the procurement of bus operators and fare collector services .", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 987, "text": "crash data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "POLICY PAPER 26 Education for internally displaced people and refugees has gained wide support in several recent global level resolutions and frameworks , including the Incheon Declaration ( § 11 ) and the Education 2030 Framework for Action ( § 57 ) . These documents acknowledge that Sustainable Development Goal 4 ( “ Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning ” ) cannot be achieved without meeting the education needs of vulnerable populations , including refugees and internally displaced people . Target 4 . 5 calls on countries to ensure equal access to all levels of education for vulnerable groups . Within this broader context , the first World Humanitarian Summit in May 2016 aims to build a more inclusive humanitarian system , placing people ’ s safety , dignity and the right to thrive at the heart of global decision-making ( Box 1 ) . A new proposal is expected that will aim to bridge the shortfall in financing of good quality education for displaced people . This paper describes the magnitude of the challenge and sets out key policies to guide the use of these increased resources and partnerships . # # # # Refugee education is uneven and limited By mid-2015 , there were 15 million refugees under the global mandate of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) — 5 million more than in 2010 ( UNHCR , 2015a ) . In Egypt , Niger , South Sudan , the Syrian Arab Republic and Uganda , the percentage of refugees who are children exceeded 60 % ( UNHCR , 2015b ) . Data remain limited for many refugee situations , but the most recent UNHCR data estimates that worldwide , 50 % of primary school age refugee children are out of school and 75 % of adolescent refugees at secondary education level are out of school . Refugee children and adolescents are five times more likely to be out of school than their non-refugee peers ( Figure 1 ) . Two aspects of refugee situations have important implications for education planning : many refugees are displaced for very long periods , and the large majority", "spans": [{"start": 1620, "end": 1630, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cost for Crop Fields | * * No * * | * * Valuation for Teff * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Land Area ( ha ) | 1 | | 2 | Annual Yield ( qt / ha ) | 22 | | 3 | Production ( 1x2 ) ( qt ) | 22 | | 4 | Market Price in Birr / qt | 15 , 000 | | 5 | Annual income ( 3x4 ) Birr / ha | 330 , 000 | | 6 | Cost of Land Improvement ( Cost of Labour & Material ) < br > ( in Birr / ha ) | 12 , 500 | | 7 | Total Compensation for loss of income from crop Residue 15yrs ( 5x15 < br > years + 6 ) ( birr / ha ) | 4 , 962 , 500 | Therefore , based on this procedure the total recommended compensation for forgone benefits from teff farm is * * 4 , 962 , 500 birr / ha * * and the total compensation for the loss of 4 . 374 ha of farmland is * * 21 , 705 , 975 * * birr . # # # # # * * < mark > 10 . 4 Compensation for Loss of Perennial Crops ( Fruit Trees ) < / mark > * * The displacement costs for the loss of fruit bearing trees and perennial trees are computed on the basis of the level of the growth of the plant , which classifies the crops into ripe and unripe . The methods to compute the rates for both ripe and unripe crops are as follows : - The data on the number of fruit trees and perennial crops were collected from the field belonging to the project-affected people themselves . Page 141", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1200, "text": "data on the number of fruit trees and perennial crops", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to provide effort than hired labor . 27 They share in farm risk , and can be employed without incurring hiring or search costs . These attributes underlie the general superiority of family farming over large-scale wage operations , manifested empirically in an inverse relationship between farm size and productivity . A large number of studies based on aggregate , or cross-sectional , and panel data have confirmed the existence of the inverse farm-size productivity relationship for all but the smallest farm size classes ( Berry and Cline 1973 , Carter 1984 , Benjamin 1995 , Newell et al 1997 , Kutcher and Scandizzo 1981 , Olinto 1995 , Burgess 1997 , Udry 1997 ) . 28 Thus , unless there are other countervailing forces , one would expect land markets to transfer land from large to small producers . We turn now to discuss these countervailing effects . > 2 Exceptions are limited to cases of highly specialized machinery , specialized livestock production , or plantation crops where economies of scale are transmitted from the marketing to the production stage . > * * 26 * * However , the supervision advantages of pwner-operators have in many cases motivated large processors to contract production out to smallholders under outgrower or contract farming schemes , often providing credit in kind as well as technical assistance ( Glover 1990 ) . > * * 27 * * Empirical evidence confirms that family labor is more productive than hired labor , and that the intensity of supervision by family members affects the performance of hired labor ( Frisvold 1994 ) . > * * 28 * * Bhalla and Roy ( 1989 ) and Benjamin ( 1992 ) have shown that from cross-section analyses ( e . g . Berry and Cline 1973 , Carter 1984 , Newell et al 1997 , Kutcher and Scandizzo 1979 ) tend to overestimate the productivity advantage of smaller farms if soil quality is not specifically accounted for . 17", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 401, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "politically connected . At the same time , the advantage of using stock market data is that it avoids being reliant on the inevitably subjective expert assessments that formed the basis for the Castle ranking of connectedness . Second , it is likely that there are other privately held politically connected firms that are not part of large conglomerates . This measure therefore likely underestimates the prevalence and importance of political connections . This issue is compounded by the fact that only firms that appear in the 1997 manufacturing survey are potentially identified as politically connected ; firms that enjoyed connections but exited before 1997 ( or lost their connections before 1997 ) are never identified as being connected in our sample . We also do not know what happened to connections of firms after Suharto ’ s resignation or whether new connections were formed . These measurement issues could impact our estimates ; by construction the methodology selects overreactive firms , which creates a risk of correlated measurement errors ( firms wrongly identified as connected are also those which for some other reason are more likely to be sensitive to political changes while those wrongly identified as non-connected are more likely to be less sensitive to political changes ) , which could bias upwards the impact of Suharto ’ s fall . By contrast , if measurement errors are not correlated , this could bias estimates towards zero . To limit these potential biases we primarily focus on firms with family connections , for whom there is no risk that aberrant share price responses result in misclassification and correlated errors . The number of economically active politically connected firms increased from 191 in 1993 to a peak of 245 in 2000 , before decreasing to 178 in 2009 . No exit is recorded between 1997 and 2000 , the crisis years . < sup > 24 < / sup > As information on connected firms is most accurate in 1997 and 1996 is the last pre-crisis year , in our industry-level analysis we proxy connections with the Suharto regime by the average of the sum of the market shares of politically connected firms within a given five-digit industry in 1996 and 1997 . Construction of this de facto time-invariant industry-level presence of politically", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 83, "text": "stock market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 531, "end": 556, "text": "1997 manufacturing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | ii - * * Compensation : * * Payment in cash or in kind at replacement value for an asset or a resource affected by the project at the time the assets need to be replaced . - * * Displaced Persons * * : People or entities directly affected by a project through the loss of land and the resulting loss of residences , other structures , businesses , or other assets . - * * Economic Displacement * * : Loss of income or means of livelihood resulting from land acquisition or obstructed access to resources ( land , water or forest ) caused by the construction or operation of the road . - * * Economic Rehabilitation * * : Economic Rehabilitation implies measures taken for income restoration or economic recovery so that the affected population can improve or at least restore its previous standard of living . - * * Eligibility * * : The criteria for qualification to receive benefits under a resettlement program . - * * Eminent Domain : * * The right of the state to acquire land , using its sovereign power , for public purpose . National law establishes which public agencies have the prerogative to exercise eminent domain . - * * Grievance Procedures : * * The processes established under law , local regulations , or administrative decision to enable property owners and other displaced persons to redress issues related to acquisition , compensation , or other aspects of resettlement . - * * Land Acquisition : * * The process of acquiring land under the legally mandated procedures of eminent domain . - * * Physical Displacement * * : Loss of shelter and assets resulting from land acquisition associated with the project , requiring affected persons to move to other locations . - * * Population Census * * : A count of the population that will be affected by land acquisition and related impacts . When properly conducted , the population census provides information necessary for determining eligibility for compensation . - * * Project Cycle : * * The process of identifying , planning , approving , and implementing a Bank-supported development", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* – Complaint Form ) either at the project level or directly to the UETCL headquarters , UETCL Lugogo offices , in the field at the disclosure center , or directly to Project GMCs . Since local committee ( LC 1 ) chairpersons are part of the GRM , the PAPs may submit their grievances through them . # # # * * 5 . 5 . 6 GRM Database * * All complaints , including anonymous ones , will be recorded in a grievance log , in writing and stored in a database . Complaints received will be assigned a number that will help the assigned specialist to track progress via the database . The database will at least contain relevant information on the date of submission , sphere of issue , responsible party , the deadline for problem-solving , and feedback ( positive or negative ) . The grievance log will be submitted to the WB on a quarterly basis for review . UETCL will keep written records of all complaints for effective grievance management . As part of the broader community engagement process , UETCL will also report back periodically to communities and other stakeholder groups as to how the company has been responding to the grievances it has received ( i . e . , time to respond , percentage of closed / resolved cases , number of complaints monthly ) . An acknowledgment receipt shall be issued to the complainant . 227", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 332, "text": "GRM Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i ) well designed and timely information campaign which is expected to be instrumental in raising awareness among the beneficiaries ; ( ii ) utilization of existing NPTP system and individualized photo identification cards will ensure that the project reaches the targeted poor and avoids potential enrollment errors , and minimizes fraud . - * * _Institutional capacity for implementation and sustainability implementation : _ * * To mitigate this risk , MoPH is already undertaking measures which will be further supported by the project as follows : ( i ) providing a lump sum upfront budget to PHCCs as part of their contracts to advance the implementation readiness and provide flexibility to recruit additional health workers and provide training as needed ; ( ii ) completing a facilities survey that will help to identify needs and gaps of the PHCCs to allow for a more targeted capacity building activities including preparing PHCCs for contracting , implementation readiness activities and helping with preparing for new staff selection ; ( iii ) establishing quotas for the number of patients per facility to ensure provision of adequate support for optimal PHCC utilization ; ( iv ) building consensus and sharing project achievements throughout the implementation among all the stakeholders to ensure their ownership of the program in keeping the commitment of key stakeholders to sustain the program ; and ( v ) preparing and maintaining a disbursement plan which will be based on the overall budget and the procurement plan . 23", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 802, "text": "facilities survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . Background - - Data in Humanitarian Action and the Washington Group ’ s Work * * The World Health Organization estimates that than one billion people — approximately 15 % of the global population — are persons with disabilities , 80 % of whom live in poverty < sup > 2 < / sup > . Article 11 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( UN CRPD , 2006 ) obliges States to protect and ensure the safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk , including situations of armed conflict , humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disasters . In Article 31 of the CRPD , States commit to collecting appropriate information to enable them to formulate and implement policies in a form that is disaggregated as appropriate to identify and address barriers faced by persons with disabilities in exercising their rights . A representative < sup > 3 < / sup > from the * * African Disability Forum * * , in making the case for why collecting data on persons with disabilities is # # # # # Meeting Objectives - Discuss the technical aspects and feasibility of data collection on persons with disabilities in humanitarian action - Identify challenges , solutions , and best practices for collection of data on persons with disabilities in humanitarian action important , emphasized the growing political commitment that exists in the international community to drive towards greater inclusivity through initiatives like the Sustainable Development Goals . In order to complement this better data on persons with disabilities is required in humanitarian action , but the question remains : how to do this ? Strong political commitment needs to be complemented by better tools and processes . A humanitarian data specialist < sup > 4 < / sup > from * * UNICEF Office of Emergency Programs * * described in broad strokes some of the challenges generally associated with data collection and data use in humanitarian contexts : What data do you need ? When do you need it ? And what decisions are you making based on the data you collect ? Emergency and disaster situations are highly", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1022, "text": "data on persons with disabilities", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2003 ) estimates of ad-valorem equivalents of speci fi c tariffs . We also need information on tariffs in the rest-of-the-world to estimate the impact that a potential 33 % reduction in bound tariffs in Doha will have on world prices . < sup > 34 < / sup > Import and export data comes from the UN ’ s Comtrade . We take the average between 2001 and 2003 to smooth any year speci fi c shock . If data is missing for a particular country , then we use data for 2000 to calculate the average . For the few countries for which there is no data available between 2000 and 2003 , we mirror the data using partners ’ trade data . The partial equilibrium model also requires estimates of import demand and export supply elasticities at the tariff line level for every country in the sample . These are taken from Kee , Nicita and Olarreaga ( 2004a , 2004b ) . < sup > 35 < / sup > Table A3 in the Appendix provides some summary statistics . The export-weighted tariff faced by bene fi ciaries countries in the European Union is zero , whereas it can be non-zero in Japan and the United States . This is because the European Union has a very generous LDC speci fi c preference program ( Everything But Arms ) , whereas Japan and the United States preferences to LDC generally have exemptions . Notably , Bangladesh bene fi ts from almost no preference on its $ 2 . 6 billion of exports to the United States , whereas it faces an export weighted tariff of almost 11 percent . Similarly Vanuatu faces an export-weighted average tariff of almost 18 percent on its 17 million dollar of exports to the United States . These LDCs represent a negligible share of total TRIAD imports , as assumed in the model . Bangladesh ’ s share , the largest , is only 0 . 17 percent of total TRIAD imports . # 3 . 3 Empirical Results Table 1 provides estimates of the subsidy that the TRIAD would pay in the absence of tariff reductions , which , as we previously noted , is equal to the tariff revenue currently forgone due", "spans": [{"start": 602, "end": 623, "text": "partners ’ trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimates of the short-run gains closing employment gender gaps while keeping the capital stock fixed ( not produced in Pennings ( 2022 ) ) . As the differences between long-run and short-run estimates are often large , we then study the transitional dynamics to 2050 ( the medium-term ) using the World Bank Long Term Growth Model ( LTGM ) of Loayza and Pennings ( 2022 ) . The LTGM also allows for a slow-but-steady pace of increase in female employment rates . As around half of the countries in MENA are resource-rich , we simulate growth paths for these countries using the Natural Resource Extension of the Long Term Growth Model ( LTGM-NR ) of Loayza et al . ( 2022 ) . The medium-run economic gains of closing gender employment gaps in this extension tend to be reduced because resource sectors are not in general labor intensive . Finally , because gender gaps in employment are often larger for the non-college educated , and education levels among women in MENA have been rising rapidly , we calculate the effects of closing gender employment in a model with capital-skill complementarities ( CSC ) where closing gender gaps in employment rates could generate an additional boost in the accumulation of physical capital . This model also helps us to consider potential distributional effects through changes in the wage rates of unskilled and skilled workers . In each of the three models — GEGI , LTGM and CSC — we first posit a production function and calibrate the model to a benchmark ( MENA countries or the US ) . We then simulate the effect of closing the _same_ gender gap in employment rates , which makes our estimates comparable across models . In each case , we present the size of the increase in output per person relative to the baseline ( in the absence of the policy change ) . We then study the role of specific assumptions in explaining the magnitude of the effects . To measure employment rates , we use the data on employment-to-population ratios from Pennings ( 2022 ) , with the share of workers across different levels of schooling from national estimates in ILOSTAT ( for those MENA countries where the data is available ) . * *", "spans": [{"start": 1939, "end": 1978, "text": "data on employment-to-population ratios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2072, "end": 2101, "text": "national estimates in ILOSTAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "child labor and child marriage — are still widespread and relatively common in Nigeria . The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) defines child labor as work that deprives children under 18 of their childhood , their potential , and their dignity , and that is harmful to their physical and / or mental development . Data from the Multiple Indicator ́ Cluster Survey ( MICS ) conducted in Nigeria in 2016 2017 indicate that the prevalence ́ of child labor among children aged 5 17 was 50 . 8 % , with 54 . 3 % for boys and 47 . 2 % for girls . While child labor affects the school chances of both boys and girls , child marriage , in contrast , is a predominantly girls ’ phenomenon . It is defined as the marriage of a girl under 18 years of age . In the case of Nigeria , DHS data show a 43 % prevalence of child marriage in among married women aged 20 – 24 — which is 6 percentage points above Sub-Saharan Africa ’ s average of 37 % . Interestingly , Figure 1 built using Nigeria 2018 DHS shows significant regional disparities in the prevalence of child marriage both in terms of marriage before the age of 15 ( Panel A ) and marriage before the age of 18 ( Panel B ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 371, "text": "Multiple Indicator ́ Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 779, "end": 787, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 996, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children ( P111545 ) # # # * * ANNEX 4 . EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS * * # # # * * < mark > Introduction < / mark > * * 1 . < mark > This ICR analysis of the project ’ s efficiency draws on the Economic and Financial Analyses ( EFA ) for the original Project and the AF . The two EFAs relied largely on global experience with CTs and their success in poverty reduction and boosting human capital development . The AF further cited results from the CT-OVC program impact evaluation , which had demonstrated impacts on poverty reduction , increased quality of household consumption , and spillover effects such as increased activity in local economies . < / mark > 2 . < mark > Under the AF , the Project financed an expansion of technical assistance to the GoK to strengthen its coordination , management , and delivery of the NSNP , of which the CT-OVC program was a part . With the expanded scope , project benefits exceeded beyond the CT-OVC program and original project expectations , to the GoK ' s harmonized portfolio of CT programs . With this in mind , the efficiency analysis examines the Project ’ s costs and investments , in relation to the benefits and results generated , for the CT-OVC program and the NSNP as a whole . < / mark > 3 . < mark > As per the ICR guidelines , the efficiency analysis should examine if the costs involved in achieving project objectives were reasonable in comparison with both the benefits and with recognized norms ( “ value for money ” ) and look at the extent to which the Project achieved the maximum possible benefits with the minimum possible costs . When applicable and practical , traditional measures of efficiency — such as net present value , economic rate of return or financial rate of return — should be used . However , because of the broadened focus of the GoK ’ s Social", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s < br > activities including women and people with disabilities . For example : < br > • As stated in Article 89 Sub-Article 6 of the Ethiopian Constitution , women have < br > equal rights as men to full consultation in the formulation of national < br > development policies , and the designing and execution of development < br > projects that affect their lives . This provision requires the project to devise < br > special measures to mitigate the social risks that impede women ’ s equal < br > participation and benefits . < br > • The provision in the environmental policy of Ethiopia requires to subject all < br > policies , programs , and projects to impact assessments to maximize equity for < br > economic , ethnic , social , cultural , gender , and age groups , especially the < br > disadvantaged ( p . 21 ) . < br > The provision in the Ethiopian Labor Law recognizes the differential risks to < br > female workers and workers with disability and prohibits assigning to work that < br > maybe hazardous to their health such as night work ( Article 14 ) . | | * * Historically * * < br > * * Underserved * * < br > * * Communities * * < br > * * ( HUCs ) * * | Article 89 of the Ethiopian Constitution recognizes regions and peoples historically < br > underserved or least advantaged in economic and social developments to equally < br > participate in and benefit from the implementation of the proposed subprojects . < br > Consequently , the provision in Sub-Article 4 of the same Article requires the < br > project design measures to mitigate the disproportionate adverse risks and < br > impacts of theproject . | | * * Protection of * * | Component 2 will finance the construction of a Tax Data Warehouse within the | | * * Cultural Heritage * * | compound of the MoR that may pose risks to cultural heritage", "spans": [{"start": 1715, "end": 1733, "text": "Tax Data Warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while decreasing during the March to May season . The March to May rainfall , which is the long rain season , has become increasingly unreliable in some part of Kenya < sup > 28 < / sup > . Kenya has been identified as highly vulnerable to climate change on the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index ( rank 149 / 182 in 2020 ) . More than 80 percent of the landmass is arid and semi-arid land with poor infrastructure , and the economy is highly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as rain-fed agriculture . While temperatures vary across Kenya , a distinct warming trend is evident , particularly since the 1960s . Extreme rainfall events are occurring with greater frequency and intensity , as well as aridity and droughts in certain areas . These climatic trends are expected to persist and increase in climate scenarios . Repeating patterns of floods and droughts have had large socio-economic impacts and high economic costs ( droughts impacting 8 percent of GDP roughly every five years ) . Lower-income populations reside in more hazard prone locations , with high potential for significantly increased exposure of already underserved populations . < sup > 29 < / sup > KJET is also aligned with Kenya ’ s NDC and the Paris Agreement by enhancing the private sector and financial sector ’ s climate mitigation and adaptation actions . Under the updated NDC submitted in 2020 , Kenya committed to abate its GHG emission by 32 percent by 2030 relative to the business-as-usual scenario of 143 MtCO2eq . Consistent with Kenya ’ s National Adaptation Plan , the NDC also laid out a range of priority adaptation actions for key sectors such as agriculture , infrastructure , water and sanitation , health , and tourism . 31 Strategic documents , such as the National Climate Change Action Plan and the National Adaptation Plan , as well as the World Bank ’ s draft Climate Change Diagnostic Report ( CCDR ) recognize the important role that the private sector ( particularly MSMEs ) must play to achieve Kenya ’ s NDC goals", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 296, "text": "Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex * * _5_ * * Page 3 of * * 6 project or the proposing group has been turned down for assistance by other organizations in the past and , if so , why . The Trust Administrator would have the responsibility to inform the proposing group of the reasons for rejection of any proposal , along with advice and technical assistance for revision or further development of promising but not yet approvable project ideas . # # Illustrative Examples of Community Projects 7 . Based on surveys of economic activities in the area and the experiences of the CARE / DTC project , it is possible to identify several types of community projects which are likely to be proposed and could be considered appropriate for MBIFCT funding : - ( 1 ) BEEKEEPING : Traditional beekeeping has been practiced in the Trust area for hundreds of years , often inside what are now the park boundaries . Some groups ( particularly traditional forest dwellers ) continue to remove honey from wild hives or place artificial hives in the forests . This can cause important environmental damage , for example through cutting down trees to make the hives and through wildfires started while \" smoking out \" the bees . At the same time , if properly controlled and managed , beekeeping can be a benign and positive activity which generates appreciation of the forest as a source of nectar . Constraints to development of a strong local beekeeping industry include limited organization , lack of access to improved technology and poor understanding of the market . The Trust will provide technical assistance to beekeeper groups . to help them prepare and implement project proposals which address these constraints . - ( 2 ) FORESTRY AND AGRO-FORESTRY : The Bwindi and Mgahinga forests have traditionally provided a wealth of wood products essential to the surrounding conununities ( woodfuel , building materials , plant stakes , \" beer boats , \" etc . ) . CARE / DTC , the Forest Department and ICRAF / AFRENA have been working with communities", "spans": [{"start": 483, "end": 513, "text": "surveys of economic activities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "437 HC III , 83 HC < br > IV ) | | | assessed | < br > HC IV ) | Failed | 3 . 3 % ( n = 18 , all HC III ) | | 2 . | Average PQA Scores for < br > assessed facilities | 79 . 03 % | Highest < br > Score | 99 % - Midigo HC IV , Yumbe District | The trainings on RBF were conducted between December 2019 and March 2020 . Majority of the District and Health Facilities trained submitted their final Performance Improvement Plans ( PIPs ) to the Ministry of Health by March 30 , 2020 . The final approved PIPs were submitted alongside copies of the performance agreements between the Health facilities and their respective districts . In Phase 3 , a total of 2506 health workers were trained as summarized in figure 2 below . * * _Figure 2 : Disaggregation of Participants targeted for the training_ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Dissagregation of participants from the RBF training ( 2506 < br > total ) < br > 50 % < br > 45 . 10 % < br > 45 % < br > 40 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % 21 . 30 % 20 . 60 % < br > 20 % < br > 13 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > DHT CLINICAL STAFF ACCOUNTS RECORDS < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 8 Year 4 of the Project", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1130, "text": "DHT CLINICAL STAFF ACCOUNTS RECORDS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Migration and Asset Accumulation in South India : Comparing Gains to Internal and International Migration from Kerala * * Ganesh Seshan < sup > 1 < / sup > World Bank * * Keywords : * * Internal migration , international migration , household welfare , assets , India , Kerala * * JEL Codes : * * F22 , F24 , O12 , O15 , R23 > 1 Email : gseshan @ worldbank . org . I thank Dr . Irudaya Rajan and the Center for Development Studies , Kerala for kindly providing the KMS datasets . I am grateful to Arjun Bedi , Daniel Westbrook , and Sulagna Mookerjee for valuable comments and suggestions on an earlier draft .", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 483, "text": "KMS datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hands tied on explicit migration policy ( because of electoral constraints ) , they can indirectly manage international migration by fine tuning _ad hoc_ visa provisions in RTAs . Second , when _preferential_ migration policies are prevented , governments may target origin-specific foreign labor force inflows through the inclusion of visa provisions in Regional Trade Agreements . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows : section 2 presents the data constructed for estimations and descriptive evidence , section 3 outlines a theoretical framework underlying our econometric analysis . Section 4 presents the empirical strategy . Section 5 presents the baseline results and some heterogeneity analysis . The last section concludes . # * * 2 Data and descriptive evidence * * # # * * 2 . 1 Data * * Our analysis is based on two main data sources . First , we exploit the data made available by the World Bank Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements ( Mattoo et al . , 2020 ) – DTA database hereafter . It provides very detailed information on the content of RTAs and therefore highlights the rising role of deep trade agreements ( DTAs ) in the process of bilateral trade liberalization of countries . DTAs are defined as trade agreements that cover additional policy areas distinct from those directly affecting trade . For instance , DTAs may include provisions regarding international flows of investment and labor , as well as environmental or intellectual property protection provisions - see ( Mattoo et al . , 2020 ) for the list of provisions included in trade agreements . The World Bank data set on Deep Trade Agreements provides information on 18 distinct chapters , each of them authored by lead experts . We focus on Chapter 8 : Visa and Asylum which assesses \" _the presence , depth , and geographical distribution of visa and asylum provisions in preferential trade agreements ( PTAs ) _ \" . The mapping of ’ Visa ’ related provisions has been made on the basis of 279 RTAs included in the World Bank ’ s database . < sup > 4 < / sup > Among them , 100 RTAs include some visa-related provisions . < sup > 5 < / sup > On such a sub-sample of", "spans": [{"start": 911, "end": 955, "text": "World Bank Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 984, "end": 996, "text": "DTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1593, "end": 1637, "text": "World Bank data set on Deep Trade Agreements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2012, "end": 2035, "text": "World Bank ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix 4 . Student Perception : Captivate Index * * Throughout the student questionnaire we asked students a series of questions about specific teachers and their practices in order to construct an index that aims to measure if teaching practices inspire curiosity and interest and whether teachers are able to hold the student ’ s attention in class and provide the basis for continuing interest . The questions were based on the Student Tripod Survey , a pre-specified well-known questionnaire validated by the Measures of Effective Teaching ( MET ) project sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . < sup > 26 < / sup > Column ( 1 ) of Table A4 . 1 lists the questions used to build this index , which we named Captivate Index . These questions were randomly mixed in the student survey instrument . Students gave categorical answers of the type “ strongly agree ” , “ agree ” , “ disagree ” and “ strongly disagree ” . We aggregated these answers into an index using a maximum likelihood principal components estimator . According to our estimation , only one factor is retained because it has an Eigenvalue over one . Specifically , the Eigenvalue is 2 . 327 and the Cronbach ’ s alpha reliability coefficient for our sample is 0 . 759 . Column ( 2 ) shows the loading associated with each variable . After the prediction was computed to produce the index , we standardized it using the mean and standard deviation of the Control Group . The index ranges between - 6 to 2 , where - 6 indicates that the student strongly disagrees in all the questions included in the index . This means that , for that student , teacher practices do not inspire curiosity and interest or fails to keep his attention in class . In contrast 2 indicates that the student strongly agrees in all the questions that make up the index suggesting that , for that student , teacher practices do inspire curiosity and interest or are successful in keeping his full attention in class . > 26 Tripod survey is the US ’ s leading provider of classroom-level survey assessments for K-12 education . Tripod surveys are in their 18th", "spans": [{"start": 439, "end": 460, "text": "Student Tripod Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "‐ 29 . 440 * * * | ‐ 40 . 587 * * * | ‐ 12 . 719 | | | [ 5 . 563 ] | [ 7 . 894 ] | [ 11 . 580 ] | [ 5 . 776 ] | [ 9 . 843 ] | [ 9 . 688 ] | | Worker ill X Female ill | 12 . 082 * | 21 . 880 * * | ‐ 5 . 375 | 13 . 971 * | 32 . 348 * * * | ‐ 4 . 767 | | | [ 6 . 813 ] | [ 9 . 082 ] | [ 12 . 888 ] | [ 8 . 052 ] | [ 10 . 896 ] | [ 8 . 543 ] | | Observations | 2345 | 1268 | 889 | 1456 | 353 | 940 | | R ‐ squared | 0 . 797 | 0 . 751 | 0 . 744 | 0 . 783 | 0 . 719 | 0 . 815 | | Mean dependent variable | 67 . 03 | 95 . 70 | 40 . 00 | 83 . 54 | 112 . 60 | 72 . 24 | | Overall effect of female illness | ‐ 16 . 490 | ‐ 16 . 870 | ‐ 18 . 880 | ‐ 15 . 470 | ‐ 8 . 24 | ‐ 17 . 490 | | P ‐ value | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 301 | 0 . 001 | _Notes : Worker ill = 1 if a household member reported missing work for an entire week in which s / he was planning to work that week and the reason for missing work was injury / illness . Expected earnings loss from baseline is calculated by taking the average usual reported income from the baseline survey of individuals who are unexpectedly sick over the course of the survey . All specifications include household fixed effects , week of interview dummies interacted with city , and controls for the number of household members planning to work in that round . Standard errors in brackets , clustered at the", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1097, "text": "baseline survey of individuals who are unexpectedly sick", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the purpose of our analysis . By exploiting these variations , the paper shows how difficult it can be to obtain key labor market indicators and identify their trend over time using household survey data in SSA . We show that it is possible that different users of the same data set may pick up questions from different parts to construct their key variables , possibly coming up with different results from the same data on the basic employment outcomes even if they are only doing simple tabulations . By implication , these results also apply to country comparisons when different countries use different instruments . The analysis suggests that we may actually know very little about employment outcomes in SSA , and how relationship to economic policy or household welfare . We start the paper by reviewing the definitions of the main employment outcomes , using the framework established by the UN SNA for defining employment and the conventions established by labor statisticians through the International Labor Organization ( ILO ) for the measurement of these concepts . We discuss the issues to be faced when applying these definitions in a low-income setting , and review the survey research that is available to guide the measurement of these concepts . The section summarizes recommendations from past literature on questions and techniques most appropriate for measuring employment outcomes in a low-income setting . In Section 3 , we present the questionnaires for the Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) used by UBOS from 1992-2010 , which contain both good and not-sogood practice techniques , and estimate the effects that different questionnaire designs have had on nonsampling error in the measurement of employment outcomes . We conclude the paper with suggestions for SSA statistical offices on collecting employment data , for researchers on possible approaches to adjust for known measurement biases in data collected in other SSA countries , and for future survey research on measuring employment outcomes in low-income countries . # * * 2 . Some basics on collecting data on employment and labor force participation * * < sup > _4_ < / sup > The concepts used by social scientists in the analysis of labor force status and employment outcomes were initially defined in microeconomic and specifically labor economic", "spans": [{"start": 186, "end": 207, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1488, "end": 1520, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 7 < br > ORO / Con / | Oi ICT | Digitalizing data of Bureaus whose MIS | QCBS | Lumpsum | 80 . 0 | Post | Plan | 20-Jun-08 | 30-Jun-08 | 30-Jun-08 | 12-Jul-08 | 21-Jul-08 | 31-Jul-08 | 10-Aug-08 | 24-Sep-08 | 9-Oct-08 | 19-Oct-08 | | 017 / 00 | roma - | completed . | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | 8 < br > ORO / Con / | Oi ICT | Establishing Farmers Information Center | SBCQ | Lumpsum | 30 . 0 | Post | Plan | 25-Nov-07 | NA | 5-Dec-07 | 17-Dec-07 | 27-Dec-07 | NA | 7-Jan-08 | 21-Feb-08 | 7-Mar-08 | NA | | 018 / 00 | roma - | for 300 Rural Kebeles | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | 9 < br > ORO / Con / < br > | Oromia - ICT | Establishment of LAN for five ICT < br > | IC | Lumpsum | 10 . 0 | Post | Plan | 15-Jun-08 | NA | 25-Jun-08 | 7-Jul-08 | 17-Jul-08 | NA | 27-Jul-08 | 10-Sep-08 | | NA | | 019 / 00 | | Training Centers . | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 < br > ORO / Con / < br > 020 / 00 | Oromia - ICT | Establishment of LAN for six selected <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Advanced Regression Analysis ( Positive Test ) * * Using either the identification strategy encapsulated in expressions ( 4 . 07 ) or ( 4 . 08 ) , the high-income or pooled dataset , and the different combined measures of limited government ( additive index and confirmatory factor analysis results ) , it is possible to determine , with greater confidence , whether the predictions of the model can robustly anticipate empirical outcomes . This is because not only is the use of an overall index of limited government more likely to convey a country ’ s actual ( multi-dimensional ) EDD / NEDD ratio , but the use of a larger sample also allows all major theoretically and empirically identified determinants of rent extraction to be controlled for , thus reducing the risk of omitted variable bias . However , as noted above , given that the model does not provide a basis for predicting appropriate weights for the different variables , measurement error is a concern . The use of two different measures of the limited government , several different robustness tests , and the ability to compare the results with the results in Table 1 . 01 can be used to assess the validity of the findings . In this case , if the theoretical predictions are correct , the results below should be significant and not qualitatively different from the above-noted findings . Table 1 . 02 reports the results of seven different regression specifications used to examine the theoretical expectations derived from the model . Irrespective of the specification used , the results are the same . As anticipated by the model and the theory , more limited government ( a higher EDD / NEDD ratio ) in an advanced income democratic context is associated with less perceived rent extraction . Specifically , these results remain robust despite the use of : ( 1 ) different independent variables ( additive versus factor ) ; ( 2 ) different sample size ( OECD only versus pooled sample / all observation ) ; ( 3 ) different distributional assumptions ( GLM versus OLS versus Ordered Probit ) ; ( 4 ) different robustness tests ( reweighting observations to eliminate outliers ) ; and ( 5 ) the", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 186, "text": "high-income or pooled dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Bank ’ s Standard Procurement Documents_ * * : shall be used for all contracts subject to international competitive procurement and those contracts as specified in the Procurement Plan tables in STEP . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ Domestic preference is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ;", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 : Predicted Discoveries by Industry * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 < br > gdppc < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > predicted number of events . 5 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s calculations If discovery activity was driven by the process of structural transformation , the curves for some sectors would peak earlier than those in more capital-intensive sectors . However , we see that this is not the case . While the estimated curves are not uniform , each reaches its peak early in the development process ( GDP per capita of $ 3000 - $ 6000 ) and then declines . One could argue that export data grouped by industry do not clearly indicate the level of technological complexity nor the stage of the production process that countries are involved in , which would be necessary for a fair evaluation of the factor-endowment hypothesis . Export data for manufacturing industries in some cases may simply capture the labor-intensive nature of the assembly processes that are performed in developing countries due to the fragmentation of the production process ( Lall 1998 , Jones 2000 ) . 28", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 693, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 933, "end": 973, "text": "Export data for manufacturing industries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are combined , the _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > rises above 0 . 2 , almost four times the initial 0 . 054 value . Unlike ours , the framework of Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) includes only two factors and no factors . One to assess how this affects group global way their results is to add to their setup one more factor per group , as a crude of the contribution of the factor to the variance of way capturing global in each of their These extra factors are cominflows country groups . puted as the second principal components of the non-central advanced and emerging-country inflows , respectively . Doing this raises the _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > to 0 . 274 . The 63 ’ non-large ’ countries considered by Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) are mainly emerging ( although Australia , Canada , Denmark , Norway , New Zealand , Sweden , Switzerland , Iceland and Hong Kong SAR , China , are also included ) . The _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > we obtain for emerging countries with our data is 0 . 290 , thus roughly similar ( this is the adjusted _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ; the slightly larger values in Table 5 correspond to the unadjusted _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ) . Taking all countries in our sample , but excluding US , UK , GER , CHE and JPN , we obtain 0 . 376 ; if we further exclude all EMU countries , we obtain 0 . 315 . If we examine the explanatory power of the estimated factors for the flows of advanced countries ( those with \" ad \" = 1 or \" nonlarge \" = 0 in the Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) data ) , we obtain the results shown in the middle section of 67", "spans": [{"start": 1453, "end": 1483, "text": "Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Trade-Related Policies . _OECD Trade Policy Papers_ 179 . - Krifa-Schneider , H . , & Matei , I . ( 2010 ) . Business climate , political risk and FDI in developing countries : Evidence from panel data . International Journal of Economics and Finance , 2 ( 5 ) , 54-65 . - < mark > Kusek , P . , & Silva , A . ( 2018 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > What Investors want : Perceptions and experiences of multinational corporations in developing countries < / mark > _ < mark > . The World Bank . < / mark > - < mark > Morisset , J . , & Andrews-Johnson , K . ( 2003 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > The effectiveness of promotion agencies at attracting foreign direct investment < / mark > _ < mark > . The World Bank . < / mark > - < mark > Mistura , F . , & Roulet , C . ( 2019 ) . The determinants of Foreign Direct Investment : Do statutory restrictions matter ? . OECD . < / mark > - Moran , Theodore H . 2014 . “ Foreign Investment and Supply Chains in Emerging Markets : Recurring Problems and Demonstrated Solutions . ” Working Paper 14-12 , Peterson Institute for International Economics , Washington DC . - < mark > Moran , T . , Görg , H . , Serič , A . , & Krieger-Boden , C . ( 2018 ) . Attracting FDI in middle-skilled supply chains . < / mark > _ < mark > Economics : The Open-Access , Open-Assessment E-Journal < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 12 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 2018-26 ) , 1-9 . < / mark > - < mark > North , D . C . ( 1990 ) . A transaction cost theory of politics . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of theoretical politics < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 2 < / mark > _ < mark > (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Further to the 2018 public-private partnership ( PPP ) Proclamation of the Government of Ethiopia ( GoE ) , the World Bank offered IDA payment guarantees to support the GoE ’ s pathbreaking efforts to establish an independent power producer ( IPP ) program for wind and solar projects under the Renewable Energy Guarantees Program ( REGREP - P162607 ) . The overall program aims to mobilize over US $ 1 . 5 billion in private investment for at least 1 , 000 MW of solar and wind IPPs . The Gad and Dicheto solar IPP projects ( 125 MW each ) which were competitively bid in 2019 discovered one of the lowest solar PPA prices in Africa at US ¢ 2 . 526 per kWh . However , the program suffered a setback when the first set of competitively selected IPP arrangements had to be terminated as the developers were unable to reach financial close — primarily due to lack of assured FX availability , convertibility , and transferability . Consequently , a second round of > 6 Funded through the Eastern Electricity Highway Project ( P126579 ) > 7 Funded through the Second Djibouti-Ethiopia Power System Interconnection Project ( P173763 ) > 8 Data provided by the Ethiopian Electric Utility > 9 In the ‘ Reference Scenario ’ of the EEP Masterplan , Natural Gas contributes 25 percent and Geothermal about 5 percent of the firm energy available in 2045 , whereas in the ‘ Minimize Fossil Fuel ’ Scenario , Geothermal contributes about 25 percent and Natural Gas about 5 percent of firm energy . Page * * 3 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1136, "end": 1183, "text": "Data provided by the Ethiopian Electric Utility", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mapping from ICS codes to any product or industry classification system . < sup > 17 < / sup > I deal with this issue by proposing a concordance between 5-digit ICS codes ( ICS5 ) and SIC4 industries . The construction of this mapping involves a three-step procedure . First , I obtain the 10 digit HS codes ( HS10 ) within each SIC4 industry from Pierce and Schott ( 2009 ) . Second , I search the PERINORM database < sup > 18 < / sup > — the source dataset for the EUESDB — and tabulate the ICS5 codes associate with the set of HS6 codes within each SIC4 industry . Third , I tabulate standards by those ICS5 codes in the PERINORM dataset and select the ICS5 codes whose standards are actually related to the industry into which they were classified in step two . “ Terminology ” or “ vocabulary ” standards are not taken into account . Table 3 presents this concordance and the description of the ICS codes within each industry . The theoretical model suggests that the heterogeneity of product standards across market destinations is a barrier to trade . I define the non-harmonized share of standards for industry _i_ in year _t_ ( _NHt_ < sup > _i_ ) — aproxyforthisNTBmeasure — asthenumberofCENELECstandardsthat < / sup > are not “ identical ” to an existing IEC standard as a share of the total number of standards in each SIC4 industry . I also compute the tariff rate for industry _i_ in year _t_ ( _τt_ < sup > _i_ ) astheweighted < / sup > average rate across all 6-digit HS products within each SIC4 industry , using EU ’ s import value from the U . S . as weights . For some products , tariffs were binding to zero by year 2000 due to the Information Technology Agreement ( ITA ) , which is a tariff cutting mechanism enforced by the WTO between nations accounting for at least 90 percent of world IT trade . These zero-tariff bindings were on an MFN basis and thus available to exports from any other WTO member country . Table 4 reports average tariff and non-tariff trade costs across SIC4 industries for five-year interval from 1992 to", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 416, "text": "PERINORM database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 467, "end": 473, "text": "EUESDB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 624, "end": 640, "text": "PERINORM dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indicator | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > asylum / | of | of | | Share o | f age | groupi | n total | | | < br > Perce | < br > ntage femal | eper a | gegroup | | at location , | Age / | Sex | | residence | location | location | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > | 12-17 | < 18 | 18-59 | 60 + > | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > 12 - | 17 < br > <", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Finally , since the employment status of the household head and the food insecurity status vary between before and during COVID-19 periods and could influence children ’ s school attendance , we added these two variables as controls to the baseline specification . The obtained results are consistent with our main findings ( results are not shown , but available upon request ) . # * * 5 Conclusion * * This paper provides some of the first evidence in a developing country context that the COVID-19 lockdown measures undermine children ’ s school resilience after the school system ’ s reopening . We obtain this evidence by using a unique dataset from Nigeria to estimate the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown measures on children ’ s school attendance probabilities . We find that the COVID-19 lockdown measures reduce children ’ s school attendance all across Nigeria . Importantly , our results show that the magnitude of this negative effect of the COVID-19 lockdown measures increases with children ’ s age . In particular , this negative effect is largest among children aged 15 ́ 18 — those for whom schooling is no longer free and compulsory in Nigeria . It suggests that when hit by a shock , families disproportionately discontinue the school attendance of those of their children for which education is not compulsory . For these children , therefore , the negative effect of the COVID-19 lockdown measures on school attendance is likely permanent , leading to school dropout . We also find that , among children aged 12 ́ 18 in the child marriage-prone North-West Nigeria , the COVID-19 lockdown measures increase gender inequality favoring boys in school attendance , thus increasing girls ’ risk of becoming child brides . We take the above results as suggestive evidence that in countries where cultural practices harmful to children are relatively common , the COVID-19 lockdown measures are likely to exacerbate children ’ s vulnerability to these practices . The main reason for this is that the economic consequences of these lockdown measures disproportionately reduce the school attendance probability of older children whose schooling is no longer compul29", "spans": [{"start": 639, "end": 666, "text": "unique dataset from Nigeria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | De | m | ograph | ic indic | tors | | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > asylum / | of | of | | Share o | f age | groupi | n total | | | | < br > Pe | < br > rcenta | e fema | leper a | gegrou | p | | | at location , | Age / | Sex | | residence | location | location | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > |", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "application process , large firms are more likely to be able to take advantage of these benefits , whereas they can be too confusing or complex for smaller firm to apply . < sup > 52 < / sup > They can also introduce discretionary layers and loopholes into the tax system as a whole , and increase government administrative costs . < sup > 53 < / sup > In low ‐ income countries , tax incentives generally rank low in investment climate surveys , and are often found to be redundant , meaning that the investment or activity would have been undertaken even without them . < sup > 5455 < / sup > # * * Design considerations * * Schemes involving tax incentives should consider : - * * Incentivizing firms ’ behavior or activities when lack of action is * * * * _not_ primarily due to immediate financial constraints * * . If failure to hire or promote women is simply due to short ‐ term financial constraints ( e . g . if firms are not able to financially invest in policies conducive to female employment , such as childcare and parental leave ) , grants or subsidies may offer a more responsive solution . - * * Adopting performance ‐ based incentives * * that directly tie the gender ‐ related objective to the provision of the incentive ( e . g . by providing allowances based on female employment levels ) rather than using blanket exemptions or reductions . - * * Designing for maximum clarity and transparency * * to promote accountability and reduce opportunities for rent seeking and corruption . Tax incentives should be transparent from a legal ( i . e . having a foundation in tax laws ) , economic ( i . e . costs and benefits clearly laid out ) , and administrative ( i . e . criteria should be clear , simple , and objective ) standpoint . - * * Setting up time ‐ limited programs * * . It is important that the incentives are sustainable and reflect market conditions . Applying sunset provisions creates the need to regularly evaluate whether the incentive should be continued or not . Making incentives time ‐ limited also", "spans": [{"start": 418, "end": 444, "text": "investment climate surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "production co , sts , ' and oper4tion and maintenakce costs of the irrigation system were assumed . Based on the above assumptions , the economic rate of return of the Prqject ' was estimated to be 15 . 3 percent , ( Annex . E , Table 7 ) . Despite the ihigh cotton yields , the Project attained a relatively modeste rate of return mainly because of the low prices for iottop and higp costs of production , operation and maintenailce of the irrigation system . Assump ions underlying tht economic analysis * sre as follows : - ( a ) Economic costs were derived from phased actual costs during implementation after adjusting for duties , taxes and price contingencies and were expressed at constant I ' ~ 86 prices . . - ( b ) Recurrent costs after Project complftion were maintained at \\ the level of 1987 . On-farm production costs were based on state farm estimates prepared on a per hectare actual cost , exc ; uding those of 1982183 which were incomplete in their bieakdowvi ( Annex-E , Table 2 ) . - ( c ) All local costs were converted to border prices by using a standard conversion factor of 0 . 52 derived from the ratio of the official exchange rate to shadow rate , Birr 2 . 07 : 4 . 0 to one . dollar ; and \\ - ( d ) The economic life of the \\ Project was . Assumed tio be S years because the bulk of the investment ( irrigation system ) 14s a long life . VI . INSTITUTIONAL P R EO AD DEVELOPMENT - 6 . 01 \\ GOSE by its Proclamation 118 of 197t , established the Valleys Agricultural Development Authority ( VADA ) with the jurisdiction over all yalleys development and the objective to coordinate , regulate and supervise 7", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 867, "text": "state farm estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits 5-7 : Implementation Completion and Results Report_ ( including a baseline survey on integrity in the sector ) has been carried out , < sup > 29 < / sup > which has resulted in the revision of the Water and Sanitation Sub-sector Good Governance Action Plan for 20092012 . The working group is following up the implementation of the action plan and this process is being monitored in the JBSF matrix . While progress on access to sanitation fell short of target , important gains were nonetheless made , including a 12 percent increase in rural access to sanitation and an 8 percent increase in urban access . At 73 percent , urban access exceeds the MDG target of 72 percent while rural access at 68 percent falls short . Similarly , the pupil : latrine ratio worsened , from 61 : 1 in 2006 to 69 . 1 in 2007 . Stronger progress was inhibited by a lack of attention to sanitation as a priority , financial constraints , high investment costs , and insufficient human resources , among other factors . * * < u > Table 7 : Water and Sanitation Outcomes < / u > * * | | Baseline | Target end < br > PRSC 7 | Actual | Target < br > achieved ? | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rural access to safe water ( % of people within < br > 1 . 5kmofan improved watersource ) * | 55 % | 65 % | 65 % | Yes | | Urban access to safe water ( % % of people within 0 . 2 < br > km of an improved water source ) * | 65 % | 60 % | 65 % | Yes | | % populationusing sanitation facilities-rural | 56 % | 69 % | 68 % | Nearly | | % populationusing sanitation facilities-urban | 65 % | 77 % | 73 % | No | | % of improved water sources", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 144, "text": "baseline survey on integrity in the sector", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the central government budget . Budget execution is reported through the Semi-Annual Budget Performance Report that is published with a lag of around one quarter and contains detailed information on financial and nonfinancial performance at sector and vote levels . Quarterly budget execution data are also published for each vote on the budget website . 89 . * * Oversight institutions are being strengthened * * . The Government passed the 2008 Audit Act , which gives the OAG full autonomy in terms of budgeting and operations . The OAG has been sufficiently funded by government and development partners in recent years to increase its audit scope , staffing , and execution of audits Page 42", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 301, "text": "Quarterly budget execution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Treasury Bond Yield | ( 0 . 0569 ) < br > - 0 . 384 * * * | ( 0 . 0571 ) < br > - 0 . 382 * * * | ( 0 . 0572 ) < br > - 0 . 381 * * * | ( 0 . 0560 ) < br > - 0 . 288 * * * | ( 0 . 0558 ) < br > - 0 . 293 * * * | ( 0 . 0574 ) < br > - 0 . 359 * * * | | | | ( 0 . 0823 ) | ( 0 . 0825 ) | ( 0 . 0822 ) | ( 0 . 0827 ) | ( 0 . 0827 ) | ( 0 . 0835 ) | | | ICRG Index | - 1 . 926 * * * | - 1 . 983 * * * | - 1 . 921 * * * | 2 . 566 | 19 . 35 * * * | 0 . 211 | | | | ( 0 . 391 ) | ( 0 . 395 ) | ( 0 . 391 ) | ( 2 . 113 ) | ( 6 . 657 ) | ( 2 . 843 ) | | | Methodology Assessment | 0 . 103 | | | 4 . 143 * * | | | | | | ( 0 . 0983 ) | | | ( 2 . 055 ) | | | | | Periodicity and Timeliness Assessment | | 0 . 0663 | | | 19 . 10 * * * | | | | | | ( 0 . 267 ) | | | ( 6 . 335 ) | | | | Data Source Assessment | | | 0 . 123 | | | 1 . 784 | | | | | | ( 0 . 0993 ) | | | ( 2 . 582 ) | | | Methodology x ICRG | | | | - 1 . 093 * * < br > | | | | | | | | | ( 0 . 495 ) | | | | | Periodicity and timeliness x ICRG | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assumed ( e . g . , Eaton and Gersovitz 1981 , Aguiar and Gopinath 2006 , Arellano 2008 , Broner , Martin , and Ventura 2010 ) . Finally , our study is the first to offer a 200-year perspective of sovereign bond pricing . Compared with Mauro , Sussman , and Yafeh ( 2002 ) , for example , we add 60 years of data pre-1870 , as well as the entire spell before , during , and after WW1 and WW2 , when co-movement in sovereign bond prices was higher than in the relatively tranquil pre-1913 spell . Our 200-year dataset has a monthly frequency and can be explored at the global , country , and bond levels . The paper proceeds as follows . In the next section , we review the related literature , especially work measuring sovereign haircuts and investor returns . Section 3 describes credit events and investor losses ( haircuts ) on external sovereign debt across two centuries , while Section 4 moves beyond defaults and documents the history of sovereign bond prices and returns over the very long run . Section 5 explores the behavior of returns around debt crises to understand investors ’ recoveries in this market . Section 6 focuses on risk-return comparisons across asset classes . Section 7 concludes and lays a path for future research . # * * 2 . Previous studies : Sovereign debt returns and haircuts * * The related literature can be broadly grouped into two categories : papers that quantify rates of return on sovereign debt or related emerging market investments and a literature that provides estimates of haircuts and recovery rates for sovereign credit events . By and large , our results on bond returns and haircuts turn out to be similar to the existing body of work , whenever meaningful comparisons are possible . The main contribution is to provide a much more comprehensive picture , covering all countries for which external bond data were available and spanning the complete 200-year picture . In the literature on investor returns , several earlier papers calculate internal rates of return ( IRRs ) to assess how creditors have fared in sovereign debt markets ( i . e . , until the bond is extinguished ) .", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 516, "text": "200-year dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1842, "end": 1860, "text": "external bond data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "responses are around 1 percentage point and the peak responses are somewhere around 2 to 3 percentage points for all identification methods using annual data ( panels A and C ) . When we use the quarterly data ( panel B ) , the response to the inflation shock identified by the residual from an estimated Philips curve is smaller ( the initial response is around 0 . 5 percentage points and the peak response is around 1 percentage point ) < sup > 12 < / sup > . Compared with the results of the simulation approach , these responses are generally larger and more persistent . This may imply that some secondary effects through real GDP or primary balance are captured in the estimation approach but not in the simulation approach . Another possibility is that the shocks identified in the estimation approach have somewhat persistent effects while the shock in the simulation approach is purely temporary . Regarding the responses to the high inflation and deflation shocks identified by certain thresholds ( the third identification method ) , we can see clear asymmetry between the impacts of inflation and deflation shocks and the latter is much larger than the former ( panel D ) . This is probably because the downward adjustment of nominal interest rates is more sluggish ( downward rigidity ) in response to a deflation shock . # * * C . Robustness checks * * Following the literature on the local projection , we examine two types of robustness checks : ( 1 ) controlling the lead variables and ( 2 ) dealing with “ Nickel bias ” for short time-series dimension . * * ( 1 ) Controlling the lead variables . * * According to Teulings and Zubanov ( 2014 ) , the local projection without controlling for the shocks in the regressors between periods t and t + h when estimating the impulse response at horizon h could bias the impulse response . For the robustness check , we add the lead variable for the inflation shock to the baseline specification . Figure 4 . 2 shows the results , which are broadly in line with the baseline results . * * ( 2 ) Nickel bias for annual data * * * *", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 157, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 195, "end": 209, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) forced displacement . < sup > 8 < / sup > Higher temperatures , which will cause increased aridity , may also lead to livestock stress and reduced crop yields . This is likely to result in significant economic losses , damage to agricultural lands and infrastructure , as well as human casualties . < sup > 9 < / sup > Investments will be needed in climate-resilient infrastructure such as transport networks and public institutions for basic services . 11 . * * The war in Ukraine is exacerbating economic and food security challenges * * . Russia and Ukraine account for close to 30 percent of the global wheat market . As a result of anticipated shortages due to the war , the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) global Food Price Index reached an historical high in March 2022 . While the index dropped slightly in April 2022 , it remains 30 percent higher than one year previously . < sup > 10 < / sup > < mark > In Ethiopia the latest official data shows that the price of food has increased by 43 percent over the past year . < / mark > < sup > 11 < / sup > < mark > Across the HoA , the impact of the price increases and food shortages will be felt acutely by the poor , particularly refugees , who are highly dependent on dwindling humanitarian aid for livelihood and food security . < / mark > < sup > 12 < / sup > 12 . * * The last five years have seen an increase in violent conflict which has carried a major human and economic cost to Ethiopia * * . The most significant recent manifestation of conflict is the Northern Ethiopian Crisis , which began in Tigray in November 2020 and has since spilled over to the adjoining regions of Amhara and Afar . The current wave of conflict has been triggered by a complex web of drivers and", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 864, "text": "global Food Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# – Putting a Price on Safety a Hedonic Price Approach to Flood Risk in African Cities < sup > * < / sup > Alvina Erman and Ingrid Dallmann < sup > † < / sup > JEL Classification : O18 , O55 , O57 , Q54 , R20 , R31 Keywords : natural disasters , disaster risk management , hedonic regression , poverty , resilience , urban housing , sustainable cities , urbanization , urban floods , access to jobs , Africa , Ethiopia , Ghana , Madagascar , Tanzania > * We thank Samira Barzin and Paolo Avner for data and codes on job density , and Nathalie Picarelli for data on job accessibility in Ghana . We are very grateful to Kirsten Hommann , Catherine Lynch , Shohei Nakamura , and Steven Rubinyi , for detailed and invaluable feedback and suggestions . We also thank to participants in the GFDRR seminar analytic team . > † GFDRR , World Bank , � aerman @ worldbank . org", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 591, "text": "data on job accessibility in Ghana", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and social inclusion . * * Housing , land , and property violations * * — including looting , destruction , forced evictions , and property occupation — spiked immediately after the transition , particularly in Damascus , Afrin , and Tell Rifaat , where minorities faced discrimination and persecution when reclaiming land and properties . In northwest Syria , returnees in former frontline areas encountered high levels of explosive ordnance contamination , injuries , and destroyed or occupied homes , fueling confrontations , and risks of renewed violence and displacement . * * Psychosocial distress * * remains widespread after 14 years of conflict , yet mental health support remains insufficient to address the complexity of needs . In Northeast and Northwest Syria , inadequate services have contributed to rising drug dependency , while suicide rates have sharply increased ( NWS MHPSS WG ) . * * Gender-based violence ( GBV ) * * remains pervasive , with domestic violence , sexual exploitation , and shifting socio-cultural norms increasingly restricting women ’ s safety , independence and opportunities . This is particularly the case for femaleheaded households such as widows or those who are divorced . Despite a decline in some conflict-related sexual violence , recent developments have disproportionately impacted women and girls and have increased their risk of being exposed to violence , especially in areas where the security situation has deteriorated . This is compounded by the economic crisis , forced and voluntary returns , limited access to essential goods , basic services , and opportunities , multiple displacements , overcrowding and poor living conditions in camps and temporary shelters . * * Explosive hazards * * contaminate large swaths of Syria ; landmines , IEDs , and unexploded ordnance ( UXO ) are claiming lives every * * 2 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "foundation for most livelihoods , and is subject to considerable climate risks . Despite past progress , a historic legacy of under-investment still bears its mark as more than half of the adult population is illiterate , and the country ’ s infrastructure deficit remains one of the largest in the world . Ethiopia is undergoing a faster demographic transition than the rest of Africa , with a rapidly rising working age population that presents both opportunities and challenges . 6 . * * Ethiopia is one of the world ' s poorest countries , but has achieved substantial progress in economic , social , and human development over the past decade * * . With a per capita income of US $ 550 ( 2014 ) , Ethiopia remains the 11 < sup > th < / sup > poorest country in the world . Nonetheless , growth averaged nearly 11 percent per year since 2004 and extreme poverty < sup > 2 < / sup > fell from 55 percent in 2000 to 33 percent in 2011 , which is one of the most impressive poverty reduction results recorded internationally ( within Sub-Saharan Africa , only Uganda reduced poverty faster ) . Low levels of inequality have largely been maintained . With a few exceptions , Ethiopia attained the Millennium Development Goals . Yet , vulnerability to return to poverty remains high , especially for those engaged in rural livelihoods depending on rain-fed agriculture . Approximately 15 to 20 percent of poor rural households in Ethiopia are headed by women . A participatory poverty assessment , carried out by the Government of Ethiopia ( GoE ) and the Bank , revealed that female-headed households may be more vulnerable as they traditionally have less direct access to land and other productive resources . < sup > 3 < / sup > 7 . * * The GoE has traditionally followed a “ developmental state ” model with a strong public role in many aspects of the economy . * * The country has the third highest public investment rate in the world , but the sixth lowest private investment rate . This is reflected in the fact", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "efficiency include excessive regulation , the prevalence of organized crime , and the general condition of the country ’ s infrastructure . The authors also emphasize that some level of regulation increases port efficiency , but excessive regulation can be damaging . The positive impact of port efficiency on trade is confirmed by several other studies . By using port efficiency measures from a survey of Latin American port terminals in 1999 and conducting a principal component analysis , Sanchez et al ( 2003 ) show that trade cost decreases by 0 . 06 percent because of a 1 percent increase in port efficiency . Similarly , Wilmsmeier et al ( 2006 ) show that a 1 percent increase in port efficiency leads to a 0 . 38 percent reduction in trade costs in 16 Latin American countries in 2002 . Herrera Dappe et al ( 2017 ) find that the more efficient the port , the lower the maritime transport costs in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans . An efficient port sector would reduce countries ’ average maritime transport costs by up to 14 percent and increase exports by up to 2 . 2 percent . * * Table 15 : Survey of selected papers on the development impact of ports * * | * * Author * * | * * Level of * * < br > * * Analysis * * | * * Country / * * < br > * * Region * * | * * Indicator of * * < br > * * Development * * | * * Main Findings * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Clark et al | County | Global | International | Improving port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile reduces shipping | | ( 2004 ) * + | | | Trade | costs by 12 % . Bad ports are equivalent to being 60 % further away from < br > markets . | 42", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 436, "text": "survey of Latin American port terminals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the total cost of the contract had been paid but there was minimal work at the project site with only twenty ( 20 ) workers on site compared to the recommended one hundred * * ( 100 ) * * workers as reflected in the site minutes dated 14 August , * * 2019 . * * Further , works that ought to have been completed like the borehole were still * * 50 % * * done . Electrical works , roofing and substructure works were not complete . In addition , the wall to the fourth floor as at the end of October was not complete as per the site minutes of 14 August , * * 2019 . * * In view of the slow progress of the project , it is unlikely that the contractor may finish the project within the stipulated contract period of * * 19 * * April , 2020 and project deadline date of * * 31 * * October , 2020 . # # # # # * * 1 . 2 Kibera Law Courts * * The construction of Kibera Law Courts contract No . JPIP / NCB / WORKS / 01 / 2015-2016 was awarded on * * 15 * * January , * * 2016 * * at a contract sum of Kshs . 137 , 649 , 134 with a completion date of * * 15 * * January , * * 2017 . * * Information available indicates that there was a contract extension to * * 30 * * December , * * 2019 . * * Cumulative paid certificates amounted to * * Kshs . 101 , 922 , 532 * * being 74 % of the cost of the project . Physical verification of the project reflects that there was minimal work at the site with only twenty ( 20 ) workers on site , despite complaints done as per the site minutes dated * * 6 * * August , * * 2019 . * * The certificate of works done and paid indicated that works were almost complete in some sections of the building which was contrary to the site verification as detailed below : _", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 228, "text": "site minutes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . PROGRAM DESCRIPTION * * # # # * * 1 . 1 Background * * 1 . * * Kenya experienced steady economic growth and declining poverty levels up to 2019 when the COVID-19 pandemic staggered the steady strides in Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) growth * * , declining absolute poverty numbers , decrease in the share of population living below the national poverty line and rising Human Development Index ( HDI ) . Despite the contractions and strained sectors , Kenya ’ s economy is on a positive recovery trajectory with the GDP expected to increase by 5 . 0 percent in 2023 and 5 . 3 percent in 2024 . This projection is on the backdrop of renewed job creation , poverty reduction and rebound in government revenues . 2 . * * Kenya is urbanizing rapidly at a rate of 4 . 3 percent a year , offering an opportunity of harnessing the expansion to drive economic growth . * * Effective management of the urbanization potential , through public and private sector investments , will foster economic growth and improved quality of life . Urbanization has proven vital to economic growth and better living standards in Kenya , but such gains are unevenly distributed with most of the urban population residing in informal settlements , are unemployed , underemployed , or work in the informal sector . Access to urban services is also uneven , with informal settlements being severely underserved with limited access to piped water , infrastructure and services including sanitation , power , roads access and solid waste collection . Additionally , the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated urban poverty and loss in livelihoods . 3 . * * The Government of Kenya ( GoK ) through the Kenya Vision 2030 and subsequent urban policies recognizes sustainable urbanization as key to overall national economic growth * * . The second Kenya Urban Support Program ( KUSP2 ) will support the GoK to implement its urban development agenda and aspiration to become an upper middle-income nation by the year 2030 using urban areas as drivers of economic growth . The KUSP2 firmly sets", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 407, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Jun-2026 | 20 | Dec / 2028 | | generated through < br > investment outreach < br > activities by KenInvest < br > ( Number ) < br > * * Enhancing MSME Cluster Com * * | Comments on < br > achieving targets < br > * * petitiveness * * | Since the las < br > KJET-suppor | t ISR , InvestKeny < br > ted activities . | a reported 2 add | itional investme | nt leads genera | ted through | | Indicator Name | Baseline < br > Value < br > Month / Year | Actual ( < br > Value | Previous ) < br > Date | Actual ( < br > Value | Current ) < br > Date | Closin < br > Value | gPeriod < br > Month / Year | | | 0 < br > Oct / 2023 | 0 | 01-Dec-2025 | 0 | 15-Jun-2026 | 600 | Dec / 2028 | | No . of Sub projects executed < br > with co-investments < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This indicato < br > supported b < br > surveys with < br > The first coh < br > having alrea < br > indications o | r tracks the num < br > y sub-component < br > MSEA . < br > ort of coinvestme < br > dy expressed inte < br > f their investmen | ber of cumulativ < br > 2 . 2 . The PIU wi < br > nts is expected < br > rest in applying < br > t needs accordi | e sub projects ex < br > ll track the indica < br > in Fall 2026 , with < br > for coinvestment < br > ngly . | ecuted with co <", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 844, "text": "surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to improve urban mobility , enhance access to opportunities , and facilitate inclusive urbanization . < sup > 12 < / sup > . 4 . * * Located in the Horn of Africa Region – one of the world ’ s most complex human mobility environments – Ethiopia experiences high levels of forced displacement . * * More than 3 . 4 million people are internally displaced due to conflict , drought and other factors , and Ethiopia is the third-largest refugee-hosting country in Africa , with nearly 1 million refugees . < sup > 13 < / sup > Refugees are registered in 24 refugee camps and settlements established across five regional states , with Gambella hosting largest number of refugees ( 385 , 200 ) , followed by Somali ( 310 , 400 ) , Benishangul-Gumuz ( 79 , 800 ) , Afar ( 59 , 300 ) and Amhara ( 25 , 100 ) . About 77 , 300 refugees are registered as urban refugees in Addis Ababa . < sup > 14 < / sup > Since 2011 , the number of refugees in Ethiopia has increased more than six-fold , with new arrivals mainly from South Sudan and Somalia . Following the outbreak of armed conflict in Sudan in April 2023 , Ethiopia has received more than 40 , 000 forcibly displaced populations , predominately in Amhara and Benishangul-Gumuz regions . < sup > 15 < / sup > Overall Ethiopia ’ s refugee situation is protracted , and refugees have been in Ethiopia for roughly 15 years , while women and children constitute some 80 percent of the refugee population . < sup > 16 < / sup > The majority of refugee populations and host communities are located in fragile border areas across the country with limited services and economic potential . The World Bank , following consultation with the UNHCR , confirms that the protection framework for refugees continues to be adequate in Ethiopia . As per the latest UNHCR protection framework assessment , notable developments include signing of an MoU in September", "spans": [{"start": 1793, "end": 1830, "text": "UNHCR protection framework assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- bidders / proposers shall be required to confirm acceptance at the bidding stage itself , that Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines including Bank ’ s inspection , audit and sanction rights , shall apply in the resulting contracts - appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities in the contracts ; - publication of contract award ; - rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities regardless of the review type ; - an effective complaints mechanism ; - maintenance of procurement records according to National requirements and in the Bank ’ s STEP system - There shall be no mandatory requirements for inclusion of local experts and firms for the consulting assignments ; - Use of reservation and preference schemes based on thresholds prescribed in the PPDA Act and its Regulation , BUBU Policy and any other policy that prohibits eligible bidders from bidding is not acceptable ; - Negotiations with the lowest evaluated bidder to reduce price in the case of goods , works and non-consulting services where competitive methods have been used shall not be allowed ; - The fixed budget method shall not be used for goods , works and non-consulting services ; - Established and approved procurement standards by the government may be used , provided that they are not restrictive When * * < u > other national procurement arrangements < / u > * * other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 4 ( c ) and 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals / request for quotations document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals / quotations present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 535, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * PROCUREMENT PLAN FOR * * | * * GOODS * * | | | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Country / Organisation : * * | * * Ministry of Wa * * | * * ter & * * | * * Energy - Ethiopia * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Project / Programme : * * | * * Tana Beles Int * * | * * egra * * | * * ted Water Resources D * * | * * evelopment P * * | * * roject * * | If Post-Review < br > | No-objection Dates are not needed | | | | | | * * Credit # : 44570-ET * * | | | * * BAS * * | * * IC DATA * * | | < br > * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * Notice * * < br > * * Advert * * < br > * * Draft Bid Documents , * * < br > * * including specs and * * < br > * * quantities , draft SPN * * | , < br > * * Bid Evaluation * * < br > * * Bidding Period * * | | * * Contract Fina * * | * * lization * * | * * Contract Implementa * * < br > | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lo * * < br > * * Num * * | * * t * * < br > * * ber * * < br > * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) will also be useful in helping PFIs to identify the specific financing needs of women-owned enterprises and design financial products suitable for them . The design of the CGC under Component 2 ( De-risking lending to MSMEs ) will ensure that the scheme is able to encourage banks to target women-owned businesses and provide favorable terms ( longer tenors and grace periods ) to women-led firms , especially in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic . Under Component 3 , the Project will provide specific training to womenowned MSMEs to address their financial literacy levels by building in robust gender sensitization programs through roundtables to expose PFIs to women-owned MSMEs and their unique challenges , including an actionable communication strategy on how to identify and target women-owned MSMEs . During the preparation of this Project , it was noted that financial institutions do not have specific strategies to target women and do not track gender disaggregated data . Hence obtaining the baseline for the gender-focused indicators was difficult . Through the specific interventions mentioned above and tracking of specific gender indicators in Table 3 , the Project will begin to mainstream within PFIs practices a focus on womenowned enterprises , which will also help provide a baseline for future projects . 34", "spans": [{"start": 1063, "end": 1088, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 11 ORGANIZATIONAL ELEMENTS PROCEDURE FOR DELIVERY OF COMPENSATION * * Compensation and resettlement will be affected by ICTA in conformity with the RAPs prepared for the project . The following broad principles will be followed in delivery of the RAP . # # * * 11 . 1 The Procedure * * The compensation process will involve several steps and would be in accordance with the individual project resettlement and compensation plans , significantly . - a ) Public Participation with the local communities would initiate the compensation process as part of an ongoing process that would have started at the land selection / screening stage and at the time the socio-economic assessment is being carried . This would ensure that no affected individual / household is simply “ notified ” one day that they are affected in this way . Instead , this process seeks their involvement and wishes to inform communities in a participatory approach with the project , from the beginning . - b ) Notification of land resource holders / project affected persons – the respective local heads involved in identifying the land will notify the ward , county , village and affected persons who will help to identify and locate the property users . The users will be informed through both a formal notification in writing and , as many people are illiterate , by verbal notification delivered in the presence of the chief or deputy chiefs or his representative . Those who hold title deed to the land will be informed about the compensation process and requirements needed to evince ownership . Where there are clearly no identified owners or users , ICTA , the respective local government administrations , lands offices and traditional leaders will be solicited to help identify owners or users and sensitize them on the program and its implications . It is hoped , however that the media publications would be sufficient to avoid such eventuality . Results of the census surveys , including : - c ) Documentation of affected structures and assets – NLC representatives , ICTA representatives , chiefs will arrange meetings with affected individuals and / or households to discuss the compensation process . For", "spans": [{"start": 1952, "end": 1966, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "socioeconomic stability . Consideration should be given to the ability of wage earners to continue to access their place ( s ) of work during and after resettlement ; if this ability is impaired , then mitigation measures are implemented to ensure continuity and avoid a net loss in welfare for affected households and communities . ( c ) Enterprise-based livelihoods : Established and startup entrepreneurs and artisans may benefit from credit or training ( such as business planning , marketing , inventory , and quality control ) to expand their businesses and generate local employment . # # * * 8 . 7 Timeframes * * The following key timeframes shall apply in cases of any RAP implementation related to this project : - stakeholders engagement shall continue throughout project implementation period . - • asset inventory shall be completed at most four months prior to the commencement of work to provide ample opportunity for the RAP report approval and implementation . - Resettlement Plan shall be submitted to the World Bank approval immediately after completion of asset inventory . - The approved resettlement plan shall be implemented including full compensation and addressing related grievances . - Civil works shall commence after compensation or resettlement activities have been affected . - Adequate time and attention shall be allowed for consultation of affected parties . - The actual length of time will depend on the extent of the resettlement and compensation and will have to be agreed upon by all parties . - A grievance redress mechanism shall be available for all project affected persons during the RAP implementation period . # # * * 8 . 8 Linking Resettlement Implementation to Civil Works Project Affected Persons * * PAPs will need to be compensated , in accordance with this Resettlement Policy Framework and subsequent Resettlement and Compensation Plan , before civil works on that road segment or site can begin . For activities involving land acquisition or loss , denial or restriction to access of resources , it is required that provisions be made , for compensation and for other assistance required for relocation , prior to displacement . The assistance includes provision and preparation of resettlement sites with adequate facilities . In particular , land and related assets", "spans": [{"start": 811, "end": 826, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1076, "end": 1091, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "starting point for our panel dataset is the Global Power Plant Database detailed in Byers et al . ( 2018 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > This database provides detailed information on the geolocation , capacity , fuel type , and commissioning year for all power plants with generators above 1 megawatt ( MW ) . This feature of our dataset is important because little is known about the pollution burden created by plants with smaller 1https : / / datasets . wri . org / dataset / globalpowerplantdatabase , Dataset Last Updated June 2 , 2021 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 71, "text": "Global Power Plant Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 472, "end": 496, "text": "globalpowerplantdatabase", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "All districts in mining regions have limited ability to raise their own taxes . Thus , their investments in infrastructure and poverty alleviation programs depend on revenues transferred from the central government . The main ones are the _Fondo de Compensación Municipal ( FONCOMUN ) _ , and , since 2002 , the _Canon Minero_ . While the allocation rule of _FONCOMUN_ favors remote and poor districts , the _Canon_ is mainly allocated on the basis of mining production value . The _Canon ’ _ s rule is as follows : 50 percent of mining tax revenues are distributed back to subnational governments ; of this amount , 10 percent goes directly to the corresponding producing district ; 25 percent is distributed among all districts in a producing province ; 40 percent is distributed among all districts in a producing department ; and the remaining 25 percent is transferred to departmental governments and universities . < sup > 4 < / sup > Apart from the 10 percent transferred directly to producing districts , the allocation of the Canon across all ( producing and non-producing districts ) also depends on district characteristics that include socioeconomic conditions . Before the implementation of the _Canon_ , _FONCOMUN_ represented the main sources of revenues for most districts . However , as a result of Peru ’ s mining boom , the _Canon_ has grown substantially , particularly for districts in producing regions . In 2007 , the year of our analysis , _FONCOMUN_ represented 32 . 9 percent of districts ’ budget and the _Canon_ 21 . 4 percent ( excluding the Department of Lima ) . The correlation between the amount of FONCOMUN received from the start of decentralization until the years of our analysis ( 2002-2006 ) , and being a mining district , is statistically insignificant , hence there may be little crowding out of other government transfers from the _Canon_ . Accordingly , we shall find that controlling for additional transfers from the central government does not affect the results . # * * III . Data and Methodology * * Our outcome variables are a set of district-level living standards measurements for 2007 : average per capita expenditure , the poverty and extreme poverty headcount indexes , a measure of uncovered basic", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 ( estimated ) inventories and liquid assets , ASS 1 . This is consistent with the idea that firms tend to match the maturity structure of assets and liabilities , as implied by the conventional wisdom and as predicted by the more formal model by Hart and More ( 1994 ) . It is also consistent with the hypothesis that fixed assets may be a better form of collateral for long term debt , so that their availability is associated with longer maturity of debt . Finally the growth of real sales , GYREAL 1 , has a positive but not significant effect on maturity . One important issue that deserves to be investigated is whether changes have occurred over time in the determinants of access to long term credit and , conditional on having access , on the maturity structure of debt . In particular , we would like to know whether financial liberalization has introduced any change in the allocation mechanism of long term debt . We have used the longer SC2 sample to obtain some evidence on this * * 8 * * issue . In Table 11 we have reported the results obtained estimating the sample selection model for the SCI sample . After some experimentation , we have allowed the coefficients on lagged operating profits as a proportion of total assets ( PROFI ) and on the lagged value of the logarithm of real assets ( LRTA1 ) to vary before and after liberalization , both in the access and maturity equation ( in Table 12 LD is a dummy variable that equals one from 1989 onward ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > The results suggest that the probability of having access to long term debt before financial liberalization is positively related to size and leverage and negatively related to profits . These results are similar to those obtained for the SCI 8 In order to investigate the effect of financial liberalization , it would have been desirable to be able to link the two samples in order to cover a longer data period . both pre and post liberalization . As we have already explained this is not possible . > 9 Although financial liberalization started in 1984 . it has been a", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bureau for Europe February 2017 # DESPERATE JOURNEYS Refugees and migrants entering and crossing Europe via the Mediterranean and Western Balkans routes < ! - - Start of picture text - - > © UNHCR / Andrew McConnell < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > SUMMARY The number of refugees and migrants arriving by sea to Europe decreased significantly in 2016 from 2015 with a further decrease since March mostly due to fewer people using the Eastern Mediterranean route . Most refugees and migrants entered the European Union ( EU ) through three primary routes : the Central Mediterranean route from North Africa to Italy , the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey to Greece , Bulgaria , and Cyprus , and the Western Mediterranean route from North Africa to Spain . The movement along these three routes , as well as onward movement through the Balkans and onwards from Italy are the focus of this short report analyzing trends in 2016 . Despite border restrictions imposed at several points along key routes , thousands entered and moved through Europe each month with many likely to be in need of international protection . < sup > 1 < / sup > Following the EU-Turkey Statement of 18 March and the closure of the so-called Western Balkans route , the Central Mediterranean again became the primary entry point to Europe with most departing from Libya but smaller numbers also arriving in Italy from Egypt and Turkey . However , arrival trends in Italy show that the primary nationalities of those who had crossed to Greece in 2015 had not switched in significant numbers to the Central Mediterranean route in 2016 . Among those arriving in Italy , 23 % came from the ten countries currently producing the most Read more : refugees globally but arrivals from other countries also included refugees , victims of trafficking , and unaccompanied and separated children ( UASC ) . Meanwhile in Greece , 87 % of arrivals came from the ten countries currently producing the most refugees globally . In the latter part of the year , an increased number of people reached Europe through Spain , with rising numbers crossing the sea", "spans": [{"start": 1434, "end": 1457, "text": "arrival trends in Italy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 12 < / sup > Meanwhile , population aging has contributed to a decline in labor force participation , which tends to be lower among older workers ( Maestas , Mullen , and Powell 2016 ) . In the past five decades , growth was supported by rapidly growing working-age populations — until the mid-1980s in advanced economies and around 2010 in EMDEs ( Figure 7 ) . Since 2000 , countries with rising working-age population shares accounted for half of global output growth and three-quarters of global GDP levels . With the retirement of the baby boom generation and lower fertility rates , demographic trends have turned less favorable to growth and will continue to do so over the next decade ( Kose and Ohnsorge 2019 ) . In advanced economies , the working-age share of the population is set to > 11 The benefits from a rising working-age population have been particularly pronounced in Asia ( Bloom et al . 2010 ; Bloom et al . 2007 ; Aiyar and Mody 2011 ) . Demographic change over the period 1960-1995 for 86 countries has been estimated to have accounted for approximately 20 percent of per capita output growth , and more in Asia and Europe ( Kelly and Schmidt 2005 ) . Cruz and Ahmed ( 2016 ) estimated that a 1-percentage-point increase in the working-age population share was associated with a more-than-proportional increase in GDP per capita growth in 160 countries over 1960-2010 . Other studies of the relationship between demographics and growth include Higgins and Williamson ( 1997 ) ; Eastwood and Lipton ( 2011 ) ; and Kelley and Schmidt ( 1995 and 2007 ) . > 12 These factors have been explored in Mincer ( 1962 ) ; Goldin ( 1994 ) ; Hill ( 1983 ) ; Killingsworth and Heckman ( 1986 ) ; and Connelly ( 1992 ) . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Synopsis Upgrading infrastructure plays a critical role in the Republic of Congo ’ s quest to diversify its economy and reduce poverty . It is also an important source of growth on its own . A cross-country statistical analysis conducted for this report shows that infrastructure contributed one-half of one percentage point to the Republic of Congo ’ s per capita GDP growth annually from 2001 to 2006 . However , if the country ’ s infrastructure could be improved to the level seen in Mauritius , the leading country in Sub-Saharan Africa , it could contribute more than 3 percentage points to annual per capita growth . The Republic of Congo ’ s power infrastructure is inadequate and inefficiently operated . The country lags well behind peer countries in generation capacity and electrification . The parts of the population not served by the grid face exorbitant costs . The government has responded to these issues with an ambitious investment plan . However , if new assets are to operate effectively , major inefficiencies in the power utility will also need to be addressed . The utility ’ s transmission and distribution losses are 47 percent , more than double best-practice benchmarks , while the cost of overstaffing is 30 percent of utility revenue . Tariffs recover barely half the cost of service provision , even though full cost recovery would be affordable to the population . In the ICT sector , the Republic of Congo has made good progress in developing its mobile telephony market in recent years , with high levels of signal coverage . The cost of international connectivity is currently high , but it should fall once the country connects to the international submarine cable and completes its domestic fiber optic network . On the other hand , the physically dilapidated and financially depleted condition of the fixed-line telephone operator is becoming a constraint to raising Internet penetration . Restoring the national transport network will require major investment and careful policy decisions in the port , road , rail , and river transport sectors . Following the approval of the National Transport Plan , major road sector investments are underway to restore connections between Pointe-Noire , Brazzaville , and the north of the country . A road fund has", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 The second alternative scenario is based on similar higher national rates of growth , but this time thanks to faster rural development . This could be achieved by using foreign concessional loans to boost investments and productivity in agriculture , and by strengthening the links between the farm and nonfarm sectors . The rationale for promoting rural development comes of course from the fact that the elasticity of poverty to growth is higher in rural than in urban areas . This scenario assumes an annual rural GDP growth rate of 5 percent per year . The level of savings needed is the same than in the previous higher growth scenario . In 2008 , the national headcount would be 3 points lower than in the base case scenario , which is not a very large gain . The proportionate gain ( as compared to the base case scenario ) is much larger for the poverty gap and the squared poverty gap , the later reaching 0 . 82 in year 2008 , which should not be surprising since these measures better take into account inequality which increases less with rural growth than with urban growth . Note finally that an additional reason why there would be lower inequality in 2008 under the pro-rural scenario is because the between group component of inequality ( with groups corresponding to households living in urban and rural areas ) would be lower . # * * VI Conclusion * * Apart from a few exceptions ( India and the United States ) , panel data techniques have not been used to analyze the relationships between growth , inequality , and poverty within single countries , apparently because two few observations are available to researchers . Yet , this constraint can be removed provided researchers are willing to conduct their analysis at the regional level . This was shown in this paper using data from Bangladesh . A regional panel was constructed for fourteen geographical areas , with data for five points in time between 1983 and 1996 . This panel enabled us to estimate the impact of growth and inequality on poverty , as well as the impact of growth on inequality . Some of these results could not be obtained with standard methods of analysis relying", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1446, "text": "panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1800, "end": 1820, "text": "data from Bangladesh", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1825, "end": 1839, "text": "regional panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 2 / 87 | Celade printout 2 / 87 | | Hoty See | Apr 48 | 1 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | - - | - | | Noncdras | Mar 74 | 2657 J | CELADE printout 2 / 87 | Celade printout < br > 2 / 87 | Celade printout 2 / 87 | | Hong Kong | Mar 86 | 5396 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Bank est . | Based on U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | | angary | Jan 80 | 10709 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on INED 10 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | celand | Dec 70 | 205 J | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on INED 10 / 87 < br > | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 < br > | | ndia | Mar 81 | 685185 F | Bank projection from census , < br > adjusted for 1 . 83X undercount | Bank assessment of Sample < br > Registration System data | Based on SwapLe Registration < br > System data | | ndonesia | Oct 80 | 147490 F | U . N . 1984 assessment | 1987 DHS | Bank assessment of 1985 < br > intercensat survey | | ran , Islamic < br > Rep . of | Nov 76 | 33709 F | U . N . 1984 assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | Iraq | Oct 77 | 12000 F | U . N . 1984 assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | Irelard | Apr 81 | 3443 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 (", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 476, "text": "INED 10 / 87", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 488, "end": 494, "text": "UNPVSR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 791, "end": 815, "text": "Registration System data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 969, "end": 987, "text": "intercensat survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2 ) will enhance functionality of key services , allowing payments to go both ways between persons and government ( P2G ) and government to persons ( G2P ) . This additional functionality increases the sophistication of services ( e . g . services can be accessed , paid for and delivered electronically ) ; and will increase effectiveness and transparency of service delivery . This functionality paired with re-engineering and automation of processes will make a tangible difference for citizens and businesses in terms of efficiency and ease of access . * * 33 . * * This subcomponent will support ongoing efforts to reengineer business processes and digitize administrative services to be more user-centric . Under the project , a key first step is a public value assessment of services already available to ensure they are efficient , high quality , and meet user acceptance standards . An additional shared services assessment covering interoperability , systems capabilities , data governance , resilience , and requisites to realize fully digital payment systems will also be conducted in Year 1 of the project . This services assessment will also examine the legal and regulatory environment around e-services such as e-signature , e-transaction , data exchange , and authentication of e-documents legislation and ensure responsible data use and data protection and privacy surrounding online delivery mechanisms . * * 34 . * * The GoJ has planned for re-engineering and automation of services under 7 ministries , departments and agencies ( MDAs ) < sup > 45 < / sup > . Each MDA has completed a service inventory which was used to > 45 Execution plan includes Ministry of Interior , Supreme Judicial Department , Ministry of Finance , Ministry of Local Administration , and Ministry of Social Development as well as the automation for Department of Land and Survey , Companies Control Department , Ministry of Industry and Trade , Driver and Vehicle Licensing Department , Ministry of Labor , Ministry of Justice , Ministry of Social Development , Ministry of Health , Greater Amman Municipality , Income and Sales Tax Department , Civil Status and Passport", "spans": [{"start": 1608, "end": 1625, "text": "service inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "within the exclusion threshold is low . 35 . Procurement expenditure profile at region level is assessed . The assessment took input from the annual procurement Key Performance Indicator reports that regional regulatory bodies compile which includes the health sector procurement among other sectors and requested the regional Health bureaus to share data directly for the assessment . * * _Table 4 : Health Procurement Expenditure at Regions for EFY2012_ * * | | * * KPI Reported * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Region * * | * * [ ETB ] * * | | Oromiya | 831 , 982 , 501 | | Somali | 270 , 763 , 068 | | Benshangul | 207 , 274 , 748 | | SNNP | 164 , 173 , 277 | | Gambella | 41 , 077 , 227 | | Tigray | 31 , 573 , 917 | | Afar | 30 , 650 , 635 | | Harari | 20 , 461 , 950 | | Amhara | 9 , 801 , 306 | 15 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 194, "text": "annual procurement Key Performance Indicator reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| High-low education ratio | - 0 . 622 * * * | - | - 0 . 179 | - | | High-low education ratio square | 0 . 021 * * * | - | 0 . 010 * * | - | | Consumer price index ( 2005 ) | - 0 . 002 | - | 0 . 000 | - | | Services value added share | 0 . 081 * | - | 0 . 071 | - | | Manufacturing value added share | - 0 . 043 | - | 0 . 068 | - | | Agriculture value added share | - 0 . 087 | - | - 0 . 110 * * | - | | Log labor force | - | - 6 . 538 * * | - | - 17 . 058 * * * | | Log gross fixed capital formation | - | 3 . 433 * * * | - | 7 . 237 * * * | | Log exports of goods and services | - | 2 . 348 * * | - | 3 . 519 * * * | | Log REER | - | 5 . 852 * * * | - | 2 . 742 | | World oil price index | - | 0 . 068 * * * | - | 0 . 066 * * * | | Worldmetalpriceindex | - | 0 . 016 | - | 0 . 010 | | Observations | 1015 | 1034 | 873 | 873 | | R2 | 0 . 060 | 0 . 392 | 0 . 911 | 0 . 863 | Note : * * * and * * * denote significance at the 10 % 5 % and 1 % levels , respectively . The results show that higher levels of resource dependence are associated with lower levels of income inequality among countries in the higher-income group , with no negative effect on GDP per capita . Conversely , higher levels of resource dependence are associated with greater income inequality and lower GDP per capita in lower-income countries . Again , the estimated results of the non-recursive model , summarized in Table 9 , confirm those", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Digital Economy Acceleration Project ( P170941 ) To date , only the inermediate indicators for Component 1 have seen any movement as the project is yet to become effective . # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P170941 | IDA-72890 | Not < br > Effective | USD | 330 . 00 | 330 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 343 . 33 | 0 % | | P170941 | IDA-72900 | Not < br > Effective | USD | 60 . 00 | 60 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 62 . 46 | 0 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P170941 | IDA-72890 | Not < br > Effective | 31-Mar-2023 | 11-Ju | l-2023 | - - | 31-O | ct-2028 | 31-Oct-2028 | | P170941 | IDA-72900 | Not < br > Effective | 31-Mar-2023 | 11-Ju |", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 316, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "disaggregated by month in the course of a given year we chose to use only annual aggregates ; the reason for this decision is the fact that most capital expenditure is concentrated towards the end of the year and as a result comparing periods other than full years would be misleading . This information is available for a large number of possible cuts , in particular disaggregated by type of spending ( i . e . current vs . capital expenditures ) . Crucially , this information is available disaggregated for expenditures that are financed with resources that have different types of restrictions attached to them . A particularly important distinction in the Peruvian context is that between ‘ ordinary ’ and ‘ defined ’ resources . If unspent at the end of the year ordinary resources revert back to the central government . In contrast , if defined resources are unspent at the end of the year the balance gets reallocated to the municipality in the following year ’ s budget . This is relevant because all revenues related to natural resources shared between the different levels of governments by formula are included among the defined resources . This municipal public expenditure data has become available due to the roll out of the Integrated Financial Management System ( _Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera , SIAF_ ) in all municipalities in Peru and is currently available on-line – a key element in improving - accountability to citizens ( http : / / transparencia < u > economica . mef . gob . pe / amigable / ) . The Ministry < / u > of Economy and Finance kindly provided the data , including for the years in which SIAF ’ s information was not made available on-line . Population data are from the 2007 Census . In addition to the total number of inhabitants per municipality we also know the number of so-called ‘ populated centers ’ within a given municipality and the number of people living in each of those populated centers . This allows us to exploit the information content in the dispersion of population within a given municipality . The human resources of each municipality are available through the annual National Registry of Municipalities ( _Registro Nacional de Municipalidades ,", "spans": [{"start": 1160, "end": 1193, "text": "municipal public expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1728, "end": 1739, "text": "2007 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2148, "end": 2183, "text": "National Registry of Municipalities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 4 . CO2 Measures across Cities and over Time * * # * * 4 . 1 Annual CO2 Concentrations * * The global reference standard is provided by CO2 measurement at Mauna Loa Observatory , Hawaii ( Keeling et al . 1976 ; Thoning et al . 1989 ) . Table 1 compares mean annual December measures from Mauna Loa and our global OCO-2 database . < sup > 3 < / sup > The results correspond closely , showing an increase from 399 ppm in 2014 to 414 in 2020 . * * Table 1 : Annual global CO2 concentrations ( ppm ) ( December ) * * | Year | OCO-2 | MaunaLoa | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2014 | 399 | 399 | | 2015 | 401 | 402 | > 3 Mauna Loa is in the Northern Hemisphere , so we compare its measures with Northern Hemisphere values from > OCO-2 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 329, "text": "OCO-2 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Measures of the monetary value of human capital based on the present value of future earnings of individuals , analogous to estimates of the value of physical capital as the present value of future returns , also exist . Naturally , these measures are conceptually closely related . Suppose for example that log wages of individual i at some future time t are given by a health ‐ augmented Mincer equation like lnw � � � φs � � γz � � g � t , where g � represents future trend growth in wages for the individual . Treating the unskilled wage as the numeraire , human capital measured as the present value of future wages is simply � � ~ ~ , ~ ~ where δ represents the discount rate , and h � is the measure of individual human � � � � capital in Equation ( 1 ) . Human capital measures along these lines have a long history ( see for example Jorgenson and Fraumeni ( 1998 ) ) , and are extensively discussed in the context of satellite national accounts in UN ( 2016 ) . Measures of human capital along these lines in a cross ‐ country setting have been developed since 2012 in the United Nations University “ Inclusive Wealth Index ” study ( UNU ( 2012 ) ) , as well as in the latest edition of the World Bank ’ s “ Changing Wealth of Nations ” report ( World Bank ( 2018 ) ) . The key incremental difficulty in constructing these measures relative to measures of h � is coming up with plausible measures of future earnings growth , g � . Because the difference between the growth rate and the discount rate is small and enters in the denominator of this measure , small changes in assumed growth rates are magnified into large changes in measured human capital . < sup > 5 < / sup > > 5 For example , if the discount rate is five percent , changing the assumed growth rate from three to four percent per year has the effect of doubling the measured human capital stock . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 800 < br > 200 < br > Urea , Arab Gulf , polled 2 < br > 0 ~ - - ~ ~ ~ - - ~ - - ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ - - ~ - - - - - - ~ - - - - 4 - - - ­ < br > Jan-07 Juf . 07 Jan-08 . Juf . OS Jan . ( 18 Jan-10 < br > Wo ~ d fllIIIl_pn . . . . . doub ' * ' In 2G07 and _ 811-11018 highs In AprII2GCI8 . BUtp_ bogiln ' _ppl \" ll dram_ally HI Octabar and < br > Nowmber , 2008 . FOB · \" \" on board ' . . . . rage pnce , with buyar paying frotght and Insurance , lO dUllnation polt ) . ' < br > DAP • dlammontUm pho_pIIato . < br > Soun : e : Prepared by the ICR Team USing price data from lhe IFDC Database . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # 2 . 3 Monitoring and Evaluation Design , Implementation , and Utilization 26 . The project ' s monitoring and evaluation component had two core activities : ( i ) a regular monitoring exercise during implementation and ( ii ) the impact evaluation , based 4 , The fertilizer project used US $ 244 million or about 97 , 6 percent ofIDA resources ( US $ 250 million at project approval ) for fertilizer procurement . Unexpected additionalresources became available because of SDR appreciation , - 6 -", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 589, "text": "IFDC Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10821 # * * Abstract * * This paper builds on recent advances in machine-based pattern recognition to estimate species occurrence maps , using georeferenced open-source data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility . With currently available data , the estimation algorithm has produced maps for more than 600 , 000 vertebrates , invertebrates , other animals , vascular plants , and fungi . The algorithm is designed for rapid map updates and estimation of new maps with continued increases in Global Biodiversity Information Facility occurrence reports . The paper compares the algorithm-produced maps with species-matched sets of expert maps for mammals , ants , and vascular plants . Using comparative species density counts in a high-resolution grid , it finds close similarity in global distribution patterns . It also traces regional differences to technical differences in estimation methods or cases where the boundaries of existing expert maps could be revised to reflect species-level patterns in Global Biodiversity Information Facility reports . The paper uses the estimated Global Biodiversity Information Facility maps to explore the global distributions of endemic species and species whose small occurrence regions increase their extinction risks . It finds a high overall incidence of endemism , with significant variations across major species groups . It also identifies about 118 , 000 species whose small occurrence regions create significant extinction risks . For both endemic and small-occurrence region species , the paper finds patterns of spatial clustering that identify candidate areas for cost-effective protection . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , the Development Data Group , Development Economics and the Environment , Natural Resources and Blue Economy Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at bblankespoor @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1095, "text": "Global Biodiversity Information Facility reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1127, "end": 1172, "text": "Global Biodiversity Information Facility maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "people ’ s reporting or people ’ s behaviors ? _ Experience with measuring microenterprise profits suggests that respondents may report more accurately after one or two rounds of surveys , perhaps as they better understand the concepts being asked and can recall them better when asked for a second or third time ( Samphantharak and Townsend , 2009 ; Fafchamps et al , 2010a ) . This suggests a benefit to researchers of conducting more than one pre-treatment survey . However , in some circumstances there will be a concern that asking the same question multiple times will > 10 Researchers interested in time since treatment effects can then combine multiple measures around 1 year , around 2 years , etc . See De Mel et al . ( 2008 ) for an example , in which quarterly waves are combined to look at how treatment effects vary over the first year since treatment , second year since treatment , etc . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_13_ ( f ovcremphasizing the counting of megajoules while plzcing less emphaisis on the policy issucs involved in household energy : and ( g ) assuming that reliable responses will be given . cspcciallv for questions regarding budgcts and incomc . It is often ncccssary to develop this information through several sets of questions , e . g . on expcnditure , prices and quantitics . Several other lessons that can be learned from the process of qucstionnaire design are presented in the box below which summarizes experience with a survey in Bangladesh . # Bangladesh : Village Energy Survey In Bangladesh , a survey focusing on the interrelationships bctween different village resources and energy patterns was undertaken in 1984 , as the first phase in introducing alternative energy technologies . Important factors which were considered include : location of reserve forests in rclation to the urban and rural population ; ownership and / or accessibility of fucl-producing resources such as trees , agricultural land , and animals ; agricultural landholding and type of crop ; household or mill processing of rice and sugarcane ; local practices of providing food as partial payment for wages ; and seasonal migration of rural laborers and families . Some weaknesses which were noted in the survey questionnaires were : 1 . Fuel amounts consumed by the household were recorded without reference to specific end-uses ; this did not allow for in-depth analysis of consumption patterns . 2 . No common denominator was used in identifying and measuring traditional fuels , which made tabulation difficult . 3 . Except in one sub-sample , the amount of fuel consumed was estimated by recall . Time periods used in different rounds were different , and amounts were not checked by weighing . 4 . In the macro-survey , the same questionnaire was used in urban and rural areas . It would have been more accurate to design two distinct questionnaires addressing the urban and rural situations separately . 5 . Although introduction of efficient stoves to save cooking fuel was considered as a policy option , the questionnaires did not include questions about existing stoves and cooking practices . # Survey Fieldwork and Logistics It is essential that survey logistics be carefully prepared in advance so that fieldwork can proceed", "spans": [{"start": 570, "end": 591, "text": "Village Energy Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1802, "end": 1814, "text": "macro-survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and inconsistent exchange rate policies ( Dollar , 1992 ; Razin and Collins , 1999 ) . A relatively stronger currency tends to raise the cost of imports ( among them , intermediate inputs and capital goods ) and has a detrimental effect on investment . Moreover the loss of competitiveness associated with the overvaluation could hamper the country ’ s ability to adjust internationally and reallocate resources more efficiently across the different sectors of economic activity . However , the literature on the growth effects of RER undervaluation is not abundant . As we mentioned above , Hausmann et al . ( 2005 ) and Rodrik ( 2008 ) have suggested that RER undervaluation may trigger growth . < sup > 1 < / sup > If it is true that real undervaluation of the currency leads to higher growth , the relevant policy question is what type of policy shocks may cause RER undervaluations and how persistent these are . To accomplish this task , we use RER misalignments based on Kubota ( 2009 ) . This measure of RER misalignments is as deviations of the actual from the equilibrium RER . We estimate the fundamental RER equation using the following econometric techniques : ( a ) Johansen time series cointegration methods , and ( b ) pooled mean group ( PMG ) for non-stationary panel data . < sup > 2 < / sup > This equilibrium level is derived from a theoretical model that guarantees intertemporal BOP equilibrium and equilibrium in the tradable and non-tradable goods market by solving for the current account dynamics and Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson ( HBS ) productivities . We calculate the RER misalignment using two different types of estimates for the coefficients of the long-run RER equation : the time series estimates ( Johansen , 1998 , 1991 ) and the PMG panel estimates . The main goal of our paper is to test whether economic policies and regulations undertaken by the authorities affect the likelihood of keeping the RER undervalued and / or determine the size of the undervaluation . This will allow us to test whether the ― _mercantilist_ ‖ view of the exchange rate policy is empirically valid . To accomplish this task we gather an unbalanced panel dataset of 79 countries , of", "spans": [{"start": 2152, "end": 2192, "text": "unbalanced panel dataset of 79 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the project to protect participant anonymity . # # # 4 . Yangon workshop On 30 September 2019 , a workshop was held by JEU and NRC in Yangon to present the NEAT + and preliminary findings from the field test , and to engage participants in broader discussions about different aspects of screening and assessing environmental risk in humanitarian settings . Twenty-five representatives from the government , civil society organizations and UN agencies attended the half-day workshop ( see participant list in Annex B ) . The aim of the workshop was to promote the use of the NEAT + and to have a broader discussion on screening for environmental risk and the use of environmental data in humanitarian action . These discussions have informed the recommendations for NRC . < sup > 9 < / sup > See Annex B for a full workshop report . # NEAT + usability learning Key findings related to the usability and functionality of the NEAT + arising from the pilot include : > 7 Note : FGDs are not necessary for the completion of the NEAT + . > 8 To request access to the MapX “ NEAT + Myanmar ” data project as a member , please contact < u > theresa . dearden @ un . org < / u > > 9 See “ Recommendations ” section . 15", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 683, "text": "environmental data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- RFB / < br > Supply and test run the Digit < br > al ( electronic ) registration , lic < br > ensing and fisheries data acq < br > uisition system for evidence - < br > based fisheries stock monitor < br > ingand evaluation . < br > IDA / 72610 | Promoting Adoption of Clima < br > te Smart Agriculture Technol < br > ogies and Practices | Post < br > Re | quest for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 117 , 859 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2024-11-29 | 2024-12-04 | | | 2025-01-15 | | 2025-02-14 | 2025-03-21 | 2025-09-17 | | Page 1", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 121, "text": "fisheries data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "channels . The findings show that the employment effects vary strongly depending on the type of trade considered ( exports , intermediate imports , final imports , GVC participation ) . Assessing the relationship for employment and labor value added separately , the analysis finds the income channel to be stronger than the employment channel . The trade-and-labor links also critically depend on the sector under study , with manufacturing sectors showing the highest job and income growth associated with expanding exports in a sector . Not surprisingly , the way in which countries engage in GVCs matters for the magnitude of export-employment elasticities . But a country ’ s sectoral specialization also matters for the indirect job creation potential in supplying sectors . Finally , this study sheds light on the types of job activities embodied in exports . From a GVC perspective , tracking job activities that countries specialize in for their export production over time allows to detect upgrading patterns and allows to study aspects of job quality . This paper contributes to the literature in a number of ways . First , this study provides new descriptive analysis drawing on recent employment-in-exports data covering over 50 high - and middle-income countries ( HMICs ) . A major strength of these employment estimates is that they account for indirect linkages of an export sector to domestic supplying sectors . Increases in exports can lead to domestic job creation not only within the export sector , but also in domestic supplying sectors , allowing for a more accurate representation of the trade and labor links . As our analysis shows , the indirect job creation from manufacturing exports is higher than the direct job creation in these sectors , while for business and especially other services exports the bulk of employment is created directly in these services sectors . Some studies have used direct measures of employment in exports or GVCs , but they focus on measurement aspects and do not cover more recent years ( Calì et al . 2016 , < mark > Horvát , Webb and Yamano 2020 < / mark > ) or a narrow set of countries ( Timmer et al . 2014 ) . Second , while trade research focused on skills intensity , labor productivity", "spans": [{"start": 1198, "end": 1224, "text": "employment-in-exports data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the amount of current debt in Uganda shiLLINTgs | … … … | … … … … … . . UgX | | | What was the main reason for new debts or credit ? | | * * Main reason * * | | | * * 1 * * = To bu food | | | | | y < br > * * 2 * * = To cover health expenses < br > * * 3 * * = To pay school , education costs < br > * * 4 * * = To buy agricultural inputs ( seed , tools . . . ) < br > * * 5 * * = To bu animal feed fodder veterinar | | | | * * G9 * * | y , , y < br > * * 6 * * = To buy or rent land < br > * * 7 * * = To buy or rent animals < br > * * 8 * * = To buy or rent or renovate a flat / house < br > * * 9 * * = To pay for social events / ceremonies < br > * * 10 * * = To invest for other business < br > * * 11 * * = Other reason ( secif ) | | * * │ ____ │ * * | | * * G10 * * | py________________ < br > Who is the main source of credit for all debts and loans ? | | * * Main source * * | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 116 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "endogenous , in that it is an increasing function of past sales due to learning on the part of consumers ( up to a maximum point , which is not predictable _a priori_ ) . However , the initial investment required to penetrate a new market , stimulate demand , and learn the market ’ s potential size will suffer the same appropriability problem : imitators can free ride , leading to underinvestment by entrepreneurs . Both the uncertainty and endogeneity of foreign demand would justify subsidizing entry into new markets . Based on a similar argument of free-riding on market-cultivating expenditures , originally advanced by Bhagwati ( 1968 ) , Mayer ( 1984 ) constructs a model of foreign-market cultivation which assumes actual consumption experiences are required to learn about a commodity ’ s qualities . The model indicates that subsidization of infant-exporters is a first-best policy . Another extension relates to foreign standards ( Granslandt and Markusen 2000 ) . When attempting to export a good to a foreign market , the first entrant will have to make the initial investments in product and process redesign to meet foreign product-safety standards . However , market failures will arise if redesigns are non-excludable , as free-riding will reduce returns of the first entrant . While interesting , these models have not been subjected to systematic empirical testing . This is likely due in part to a lack of disaggregated worldwide production data , combined with no obvious method of testing for the presence of these market failures . As described in section 3 , we will use disaggregated export data , which unlike domestic production data , is widely available at a highly disaggregated level . In addition , we suggest the following framework to evaluate the importance of market failures in the discovery process . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1429, "end": 1468, "text": "disaggregated worldwide production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1598, "end": 1623, "text": "disaggregated export data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1639, "end": 1663, "text": "domestic production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cyperus dubius ; Pollia mannii ; Paspalidium_ spp . ; _Pistia stratiotes ; Eichhornia crassipes_ ( water hyacinth ) ; and semi-aquatic plants such as : _Ficus glumosa ; Archornea cordifolia ; _ and _Cyphostema adenocaule . _ The invasive climbers of _Ipomoea_ spp . and _Broussonetia papyrifera_ can be seen along the river , both on the islands and the banks , with profuse young regeneration from seeds or root suckers . Remnants of the original vegetation still found on the banks of the Nile include : _Milicia excelsa ; Antiaris toxicaria ; Maesopsis eminii ; Celtis africana ; Grewia trichocarpa ; Trichilia prieuviana ; Albizia coriaria ; A . grandibracteata ; _ and _Markhamia lutea . _ The Dumbbell Island periphery is dominated by _B . papyrifera_ and _L . camara_ with inner areas having natural vegetation . The characteristic species include _Tapura fischeri , Alchornea cordifolia , Argomuellera macrophylla , Drypetes gerrardii , Albizia coriaria , Albizia grandibracteata , Artocarpus heterophyllus , Manilkara obovata , Cola gigantea , Sterculia dawei , Chaetacme aristata , Urera trinervis_ and _Lantana camara . _ Dominant trees found on the Bujagali Falls islands include _Broussonetia papyrifera , Pseudosondias microcarpa_ and _Ficus ovata . _ The latter two trees provided roosting areas for bats during the 1998 surveys , but no bats were seen during the 2006 surveys . As stated above , most of the project area including", "spans": [{"start": 1331, "end": 1343, "text": "1998 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1379, "end": 1391, "text": "2006 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subsequently be input into the project ’ s mitigation and enhancement measures . As discussed above , due consideration will be given to the cultural appropriateness and inclusiveness of the consultation settings as well as gender and other sensitivities that may prevail in the local communities . Knowledge and advice of the community representatives and local NGOs are invaluable to ensure that these aspects are fully observed . If deemed necessary , separate meetings and focus group discussions will be held , as described above . An attendance list is made available at the commencement of the consultation / hearing in order to record all participants who are present at the meeting and their affiliation . Wherever possible , attendees ’ signatures should be obtained as a proof of their participation . Details of the attendees who were not initially on the list ( e . g . those participating in place of somebody else , or general public ) should be included in addition to those who have registered for the meeting in advance . In most cases and as a general practice , the introductory initial part of the meeting or a hearing should be delivered in a format that is readily understandable to the audience of laypersons and should be free of excessive technical jargon . If necessary , preference should be given , whenever possible , to the oral and visual methods of communication ( including presentations , pictorials , illustrations , graphics and animation ) accompanied by hand-out materials imparting the relevant information in understandable terms rather than as text laden with technical intricacies . Where technical specifics of the project ’ s particular activities or solutions are required to be delivered in a greater level of detail , it will be ensured that the information conveyed remains comprehensible to all members of the audience and that the description of complex technicalities is adapted to their level of understanding , thereby enabling productive feedback and effective discussion . If a large audience is expected to attend a public meeting or a hearing , necessary arrangements will be made to ensure audibility and visibility of the presentation and any demonstrations involved . This includes provision of a microphone , proper illumination , projector , places", "spans": [{"start": 540, "end": 555, "text": "attendance list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "points to a number of further research questions . We close by highlighting three examples of such additional work , which would permit a more accurate estimation of the overall change in household welfare due to changes in food prices , given by equation ( 5 ) . First , it would be great if one of Brazil ‟ s excellent household surveys ( either the POF or the PNAD , both of which have recently undergone reforms ) included a more detailed module on agricultural production and sales at the household level . This would enable researchers to compute net purchases of agricultural commodities for all households involved in family farming . > 16 On the role of Brazil ‟ s social protection system in the recent process of poverty reduction , see Ferreira et al . ( 2010 ) and Veras et al . ( 2006 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 355, "text": "POF", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 363, "end": 367, "text": "PNAD", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "widely discussed improvements in educational mobility in India in last few decades should be interpreted with due caution because they are based on IGRC estimates from coresident samples , and thus are likely to be substantially biased downward , and the apparent improvements in IGRC may largely ( or at least partly ) be driven by declining coresidency rates in younger generations . # * * 8 . Conclusions * * We take advantage of two rich data sets from Bangladesh and India to explore the direction and magnitude of coresident sample selection bias in the two most widely used measures of intergenerational persistence : intergenerational regression coefficient ( IGRC ) and intergenerational correlation ( IGC ) . The evidence reported in this paper shows that the worry about coresidency bias is well-justified when the focus is on estimating IGRC , by far the most popular measure among development economists . < sup > 27 < / sup > The IGRC estimates , in general , suffer from substantial downward bias in coresident samples vindicating the skepticism among researchers and journal editors about the usefulness of data with coresidency restriction . The bias in IGC estimates is , however , much smaller in magnitude , less than one-third of that in the IGRC estimates on an average . We discuss theoretical explanations and intuitions behind the empirical results . The biases in both IGC and IGRC converge to zero as coresidency rate converges to 100 percent , but , even with high coresidency rates , IGC estimates are preferable . Robust evidence on the direction of bias , i . e . , that the estimates of intergenerational persistence are highly likely to be biased downward in coresident samples can be useful in understanding changes in economic mobility over time , given that coresidency rates are usually lower in the younger generations . This adds a caveat to the optimistic picture of intergenerational educational mobility found in some countries such as India based on declining IGRC estimates from coresident samples over time . Our analysis also suggests that the IGC estimates are much less sensitive to the vari - > 27The same negative conclusion is likely to hold for other related measures of mobility where the focus is on a the slope parameter of", "spans": [{"start": 442, "end": 477, "text": "data sets from Bangladesh and India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent . 16 . * * Competition for scarce resources between Jordanian students and Syrian refugee students is resulting in heightened social tensions and increased cases of school – based violence . * * Tensions between Syrian refugee and Jordanian students are visible and have been a matter of concern for teachers and school leaders who have limited capacity and support to manage violent and disruptive behaviors in a positive and constructive manner . It is estimated that 70 percent of Syrian refugee students are bullied or verbally abused in schools ( UNICEF 2016 ) , while 78 percent of parents state that their children are subject to physical violence from teachers ( UNICEF 2016 ) . Syrian refugee students are reported to leave school ( 1 , 600 students left due to bullying in 2016 ) , or not enter at all , to preserve their safety and self ‐ respect . 17 . * * Teachers and school leaders are poorly trained to handle violence and disruptive behaviors . * * Teachers themselves are still prone to use aggressive means for managing classrooms and disciplining students . In the 2015 – 2016 school year , 18 percent of children reported experiencing verbal violence in schools and 11 percent reported experiencing corporal punishment . Serious concerns also exist about the increase in student ‐ to ‐ student violence and disruptive behaviors ( particularly in schools with Syrian refugees ) , including vandalism , harassment , bullying , and gender ‐ based violence . The MOE has made concerted efforts , including the introduction of the school ‐ based program Ma ’ an , to promote nonviolent and positive student discipline . The MOE has also initiated monthly violence surveys that act as deterrents for teachers from using violence and help to keep all actors accountable for their actions . However , further efforts are needed to support safe school environments and to understand and tackle the different challenges faced in gender ‐ segregated schools . 18 . * * Jordan faces an additional major challenge in relation to its student assessment system . * * Jordan administers several census and sample ‐ based student assessments that appear to have weak feedback loops and therefore fail", "spans": [{"start": 1671, "end": 1695, "text": "monthly violence surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic outcomes between the two surveys . We explain this argument formally . In an ideal scenario in which we would have had data before the peace agreement , let σ denote the short-run impact of the demobilization program , that is , the one-year impact between the reception of the allowances and the QUIBB survey . Similarly , λ denotes the measure of the long-run impact of the demobilization program , that is , the five-year impact between the reception of the allowances and the 2010 panel survey . Unfortunately , we are not able to measure σ and λ separately . However , we can capture the difference η = λ − σ , which can be thought of as the long-run evolution of the economic outcomes of CNDD + ex-combatants . Therefore , in equation ( 1 ) , the coefficient η1 measures the evolution of outcomes for _returnee_ CNDD + households that did not benefit from the DDR , and the coefficient η2 measures the differential evolution for CNDD + _demobilized_ households . < sup > 20 < / sup > We recommend caution when comparing the impacts of the DDR on FNL and CNDD + demobilized > 19Some of the returnees have benefited from the FBU 100 , 000 ( US $ 91 ) allocated to “ Gardiens de la Paix ” , “ Militants Combatants ” and “ Adultes Associés ” . We do not have access to registers to verify which households benefited from these reduced grants . Our empirical analysis will therefore slightly underestimate the effect of the demobilization program . > 20In table S . 5 in appendix , we show descriptive statistics disaggregated by demobilization status and faction along with seven joint tests of equality of means between the nondemobilized households and the civilians , and the nondemobilized and demobilized within and between faction . The statistics related to the demobilized are computed considering the second definition in table 2 . 15", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 506, "text": "2010 panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DNK RUS ( 2009 ) < br > DEU MEX ( 2006 ) < br > ITA FIN < br > NOR SWE ( 2009 ) < br > CZE DNK < br > SVN ( 2009 ) NOR < br > SWE ( 2009 ) NLD < br > POL ( 2008 ) PRT < br > IRL ( 2009 ) Energy CZE < br > SVK POL ( 2008 ) < br > PRT BEL ( 2009 ) < br > LUX Environment AUT < br > GRC ( 2008 ) NZL ( 2008 ) < br > BEL ( 2009 ) IRL ( 2009 ) < br > AUT GRC ( 2008 ) < br > GBR ( 2009 ) HUN < br > HUN CHE ( 2008 ) < br > NLD SVN ( 2009 ) < br > ISL ( 2009 ) SVK < br > USA ( 2009 ) ISR < br > RUS ( 2009 ) EST ( 2009 ) < br > ISR LUX < br > CHE ( 2008 ) ISL ( 2009 ) < br > 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 < br > 0 % 5 % 10 % < br > Source : OECD , Research and Development Database , May 2011 . Note : Government budget appropriations or < br > outlays for R & D measures the funds committed by the federal / central government for R & D . It can be broken < br > down by various socio-economic objectives , defined on the basis of the primary purpose of the funder , including < br > control and care for the environment as well as energy . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 21 To the extent that the figures in Box 4 are comparable , Brazil with green R & D expenditures of $ 300 million would be between the Russian Federation and Mexico . 18", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 669, "text": "Research and Development Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "final sample of 9 , 468 cities , which includes cities of all sizes ( Table 1 ) . More than half the cities in the sample have less than 200 , 000 inhabitants . * * Table 1 : Distribution of Cities by City Size and Region * * | * * Region * * | * * Less than * * < br > * * 70k * * | * * 70k - * * < br > * * 100k * * | * * 100k - * * < br > * * 200k * * | * * 200k - * * < br > * * 500k * * | * * 500k - * * < br > * * 1m * * | * * 1m - 10m * * | * * More * * < br > * * than 10m * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | East Asia & Pacific | 612 | 609 | 819 | 476 | 131 | 116 | 11 | | Europe & Central Asia | 345 | 297 | 324 | 225 | 77 | 56 | 2 | | Latin America & Caribbean | 267 | 228 | 255 | 158 | 60 | 51 | 3 | | Middle East & North Africa | 221 | 137 | 199 | 113 | 43 | 40 | 2 | | North America | 77 | 86 | 92 | 60 | 22 | 33 | 2 | | South Asia | 312 | 362 | 588 | 390 | 122 | 84 | 7 | | Sub-Saharan Africa | 300 | 290 | 439 | 217 | 55 | 52 | 1 | Source : GHS urban centers database One needs to keep in mind that our analysis uses cities as the unit of analysis and does not include urban agglomerations , which often include adjacent suburbs . However , to enable comparability , a density threshold of 1 , 500 people per km < sup > 2 < / sup > is used", "spans": [{"start": 995, "end": 1021, "text": "GHS urban centers database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "define as self-employed all individuals that contributed to old age provision from independent work . In order to obtain information on an individual ’ s education , we are adding the Swiss Structural Surveys from 2010 – 2017 to the data . The Structural Survey is a cross sectional dataset collected by the FSO that includes permanent residents aged 15 and older . Around 200 , 000 persons are randomly sampled every year to participate with an online questionnaire . The information we are using from the Structural Surveys is the highest completed level of education . Since this data is only available starting in 2010 and only for a subsample of individuals , we are assuming education to be constant over time and we are running most specifications first with the larger sample excluding the Structural Surveys and then with the smaller sample including the Structural Surveys . The analytical sample used in our empirical analysis includes all refugees and migrants that arrived after 1998 since we only observe the labor market outcomes from 1998 . We are restricting the sample to the working age population ( 18-64 years old ) < sup > 18 < / sup > and we only consider refugees and migrants who arrived after the age of 17 , excluding those who would have had access to primary or secondary education in Switzerland . For the comparison of refugees and migrants we are further restricting the migrant group to those who are coming from a non EU-15 country to make them more comparable . Robustness checks with the universe of the migrant population are available from the authors . The final sample includes 111 , 382 refugees , 701 , 371 migrants from non EU-15 countries and 1 , 293 , 071 natives . The sample that includes the Structural Surveys is smaller and comprises 12 , 379 refugees , 93 , 150 immigrants and 390 , 071 natives . Table 2 presents the summary statistics of the main variables used in the analysis . < sup > 19 < / sup > Figure 3 shows the top 10 origin countries for refugees arriving in Switzerland between 1998 and 2018 . Most refugees in this period came from Eritrea , the second biggest group came from Syria ,", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 208, "text": "Swiss Structural Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 798, "end": 816, "text": "Structural Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using their exchange rate data . In a second step , we compute yearly average returns using equal weights for the 16 countries since 1870 . To compute excess returns , we use two approaches . First , we benchmark against monthly UK or US Treasury _bills_ , depending on the currency denomination of the respective bond or asset . Using bills facilitates the comparison across asset classes , including to long-term US / UK government bonds . Moreover , most of the earlier work on long-run returns uses bills as the benchmark , for example , Dimson , Marsh , and Staunton ( 2001 ) or Jordá et al . ( 2017 ) . However , as an alternative , we also report excess returns above long-term UK or US _bonds_ , which has been our approach so far but is less standard in the literature comparing asset classes . In what follows , the resulting excess returns series are also used to compute commonly used metrics in this literature , such as standard deviations and Sharpe ratios . # 6 . 2 . Results on asset comparisons Table 7 shows the results for the full sample , as well as for the modern period subsample ( 1995 – 2016 ) . Figure 14 visualizes these findings , by focusing on average returns and their respective Sharpe ratios 38", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 30, "text": "exchange rate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lose to the proposed Subproject . Some of the PAPs whose eucalyptus and other trees are affected by the Subproject also assured as they were on the spot while the RP team and Woreda Compensation Committee members counted eucalyptus and other trees affected by the Subprojects . Therefore , no complaints and issue was raised by Subproject affected households with regard to census enumeration of affected properties * * . * * # # # # # * * 8 . 7 Main Findings of Consultations with Women Group * * Consultation meeting was also arranged and conducted with women community members particularly , Subproject affected women were separately consulted during the RP study . Accordingly , one separate meeting was carried out with women PAP ’ s and community members in Subproject impact Kebele . The summary of the meeting is presented in this subsection Table 8 . 4 : Place , Dates and Number of Participants for Women consultation Meetings | * * Kebele * * | * * No . Community * * < br > * * Members * * | * * Date * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Participated * * | | | Obi-Koji | 19 | 22 / 12 / 2024 | | * * Total * * | * * 19 * * | | _Role of local women : _ During the consultation meetings , the Subproject affected women explained how women in Subproject affected area plays important role in socio-economic life of the community in general and their households in particular . Almost all the domestic activities are the responsibility of women , starting from early morning women engage in tedious domestic chores , such as cooking for family members , cleaning houses , fetching water , collecting firewood , taking care of children , the sick ’ s and elderly and other reproductive tasks . In addition to that , women equally share responsibilities with men on farm activities for example , women actively work with her husband or other family members in various agricultural", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 415, "text": "census enumeration of affected properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 4 Overall availability of NFIs in markets * * Respondents were asked how regularly basic NFIs were available in the markets . Options : Always ≥ 80 % of the time ≥ 70 % of the time ≥ 60 % of the time ≥ 50 % of the time ≥ 40 % of the time ≥ 30 % of the time < 30 % Data sources : Syria , Gaziantep hubs and XB NFI sector members , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community profile , 266 SDs reporting - Only 2 sub-districts reported that basic NFIs are always available in the markets - 27 sub-districts ( 12 % ) reported that around half of NFIs are not available - A majority of sub-districts ( 53 % ) have at least 70 % of NFIs available - Al-Hassakeh , Aleppo , Rural Damascus and Tartous have the lowest availability of NFIs ( majority of SDs with less than 60 % availability ) # # # # * * 1 . 4 . 1 Availability of NFIs in the market place * * # # # # * * 1 . 4 . 2 NFIs availability by sub-district ( % of sub-districts ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 < br > 1 < br > 5 < br > 2 < br > 21 < br > 1 < br > 1 2 18 < br > 1 < br > 4 3 4 2 14 < br > 1 1 2 < br > 5 < br > 4 8 2 5 8 < br > 10 5 6 3 5 18 < br > 10 7 4 8 13 11 < br > 3 1 1 3 7 1 4 2 4 7 7 1 1 12 < br > Always available ≥ 80 % ≥ 70 % ≥ 60 % ≥ 50 % ≥ 30 % < 30 % < br > A L EPPO A L -", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 414, "text": "Urban Community profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cases where it is difficult to determine whether an individual is habitually resident in one or another State , for example due to a nomadic way of life , such persons are to be considered as habitual residents in both States . ” UNHCR , Guidelines on Statelessness No . 4 , paragraph 42 . _ > _219 Somaliland Nationality and Citizenship Ordinance No . 15 of 1960 , 23 June 1960 . _ > _220 Somaliland Citizenship Law No . 22 of 2002 , art . 2 ( 1 ) : “ A Somaliland citizen by birth is anyone whose father is a descendent of persons who resided in the territory of Somaliland on 26 June 1960 and before . ” _ > _221 Rader , ‘ Verification and Legibility in Somaliland ’ s Identity Architecture ’ , 108 – 9 . _ > _222 According to research carried out for UNHCR in 2009 , the members of this body at that time included representatives of the Federal Immigration and Nationality Affairs Department , and the regional police and security departments . Ato Getachew Assefa , Ato Seyoum Yohannes and Ato Wondwossen Demissie , “ Statelessness in Ethiopia ” Draft Study for UNHCR , March 2010 . _ > _223 Ibid . ; see also Sara Pavanello , ’ Pastoralists ’ vulnerability in the Horn of Africa : Exploring political marginalisation , donors ’ policies and cross-border issues – Literature review ’ , Overseas Development Institute , London , 2009 https : / / odi . org / en / publications / pastoralists-vulnerability-in-the-horn-of-africa-exploring-_ _ < u > political-marginalisation-donors-policies-and-cross-border-issues / . < / u > _ UNHCR – December 2021 52", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "our estimation results are similar whether zero-valued links are considered ( PPML ) or not ( OLS ) , if not larger in the latter specification . For example , the OLS regressions show that South-to-South portfolio investment grew on average at 8 . 8 p . p . per year faster than North-to-North investment , whereas the PPML regressions estimate an implied growth differential of 5 . 5 p . p . For FDI , this growth differential is estimated at 7 . 3 p . p . in the OLS regressions and 4 . 4 p . p . in the PPML regressions . Similar patterns emerge for the South relative to the North as source and destination of international investment . In section 4 , we analyze in depth the dynamics of international investment along the extensive margin . As discussed in section 2 , when merging UNCTAD and CDIS data , there was a large increase in the number of reported counterparties in 2009 , especially for South countries ( appendix , section A . 3 ) . Hence , the regression estimates in table 3 might overestimate FDI growth over our sample period because of improvements in coverage . Table 4 reports a robustness test eliminating the possible effect of the change in coverage in 2009 . In particular , we add to all the specifications a dummy that equals 1 from 2009 onward interacted with region-to-region dummies , thereby assigning all the growth in FDI positions from 2008 to 2009 to the change in coverage . These new estimations still show that South-to-South investment grew faster than North-to-North investment and the South expanded faster than the North as source and destination of international investment . # * * 4 . Evolution of International Financial Connectedness * * # * * 4 . 1 . Bilateral Links and the Extensive Margin * * In this section , we examine the growth of the South through the pattern of links between countries . We analyze the share of active links in reported links , within and between the North and South . < sup > 16 < / sup > We > 16 In network analysis , this simple measure of connectedness is known as density . Active links are", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 808, "text": "CDIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as Federal MoWE , * * EPA , * * Regional office of * * E & S * * protection , and Woreda level Environment department , etc . The objectives of the seminar-workshop is to ensure * * E & S * * awareness , knowledge and skill for the implementation and monitoring of this * * ESIA . * * Training and Capacity Building for construction workers The Contractor is responsible for informing employees and subcontractors of their * * E & S * * obligations , and for ensuring that employees are adequately experienced and properly trained to conduct the works in a manner to minimize social * * & * * environment impact . Upon arrival on site , all new employees , including the Subproject Administrators , security personnel and subcontract personnel shall be given * * ESMP * * and * * ESHS * * induction training , carried out * * by ESHS * * Manager or his representative . Therefore , the Contractor shall : - Ensure employees are familiar with the * * ESHS * * requirements of the Subproject ; - Develop and provide employees * * job * * safety training specific to their jobs ; - Ensure continuous development of its human resource through training and awareness ; - Develop and implement a mechanism for a continuous assessment of competerice of the workforce ; and < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Maintain all training records by the ESHS Office and will be cov on request . < br > Vo < br > ) st , - , < br > ' 51 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * ~ rn . Iian7Nfid-Da * *", "spans": [{"start": 1320, "end": 1336, "text": "training records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- MEMD-47591-GO-DIR / < br > Supply of geophysical data < br > processing software ( Empower ) < br > & Training | < br > IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Direct Selection | Direct | | 35 , 500 . 00 | 36 , 000 . 00 < br > Signed | 2018-08-15 | 2018-08-20 | | | 2018-09-24 | 2019-03-23 | | UG-MEMD-72497-GO-RFB / < br > Supply and installation of < br > two ( 2 ) fixed meter ( Lot 1 ) < br > and six ( 6 ) portable < br > meter ( Lot 2 ) testing < br > equipment . | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 1 , 040 , 000 . 00 | 1 , 014 , 390 . 50 < br > Signed | 2018-08-15 | 2018-09-06 | 2018-10-18 | 2018-11-17 | 2018-12-22 | 2019-06-20 | | UG-MEMD-72500-GO-RFB / < br > Supply & Installation of < br > Energy Packages for Water < br > Pumping Systems - Lot 3 ( 5 < br > schemes ) | IDA / 56530 | Off-grid Energy Access < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 800 , 942 . 00 | 788 , 023 . 60 < br > Signed | 2018-08-30 | 2018-09-21 | 2018-11 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To test these results empirically I merge two newly available datasets : the Linked / Longitudinal Firm Trade Transaction Database ( LFTTD ) , which links individual trade transactions to firms in the US , and the World Bank EU Electrotechnical Standards Database ( EUESDB ) , which provides an inventory of the stock of active standards published by CENELEC and their link with standards issued by the IEC . The LFTTD spans 13 years from 1992 to 2004 and allows the researcher to use information from the Censuses of Manufactures ( CM ) of the Longitudinal Research Database ( LRD ) of the U . S . Census Bureau to pin down additional firm characteristics on a quinquennial basis . The EUESDB covers the period 1990-2007 and classifies product standards according to the International Classification of Standards ( ICS ) . See Bernard et al . ( 2009 ) and Portugal-Perez et al . ( 2010 ) for a complete description of each database , respectively . A key contribution of my analysis is the linking of firm level U . S . manufacturing data to industry level measures of EU product standards . Since there is currently no official concordance mapping from ICS codes to any product or industry classification system , I develop a concordance method between 5-digit ICS codes and 4-digit SIC industries for the Electronic sector . Results are largerly consistent with theoretical implications . First , I confirm that U . S . industries with relatively high harmonization exhibit relatively high export value to the EU . Furthermore , I show that product standards harmonization increases the probability that higher-productivity firms enter the EU market — the extensive margin of trade . Second , I find that this impact is more relevant for U . S . firms that were already exporters serving developing countries than for firms entering the export activity — the extensive margin of trade composition . Third , I show that this impact is negative for the intensive margin of trade : the change in the value of U . S . goods that are already exported to the EU within surviving trade relationships , e . g . , the same firm exporting the same product to Europe throughout the time span .", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 130, "text": "Linked / Longitudinal Firm Trade Transaction Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 214, "end": 263, "text": "World Bank EU Electrotechnical Standards Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 506, "end": 530, "text": "Censuses of Manufactures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 545, "end": 575, "text": "Longitudinal Research Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1039, "text": "firm level U . S . manufacturing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_PARTI : Implementation Assessment_ _Page 7 of 12_ 23 . * * Supply of Contraceptives : * * The 1989 KDHS revealed a high , unmet demand for contraceptives at a time when there was a shortfall of donor funds to supply these contraceptives . Therefore , one of the main purposes of the project was to provide for the majority of the country ' s contraceptive needs throughout implementation . The only contraceptives supplied by the project prior to the hiring of GTZ as a procurement agent were Norplant ( procured on a single source basis ) and an emergency procurement of condoms , for which IDA procurement guidelines were waived . During the last year of the project , 5 tenders for contraceptives and contraceptive supplies totaling $ 8 . 64 million were floated and successfully awarded Though some stock-outs did occur , donors stepped in to fill the gaps left by procurement problems in IDA projects ( Population III was being implemented concurrently ) . Most contraceptives were procured on an ad hoc and often emergency basis by whichever donor had funds available , and the large procurements undertaken by the project in its final year have revealed a need for IDA-financed supplies to be better coordinated by the MOH with those provided by other donors . 24 . The project design included support , along with parallel financing from USAID , for logistics . Ultimately , no funds from the project were used for this purpose due to the impressive progress of the USAID-assisted Family Planning Logistics Management System ( FPLMS ) . This is a cutting-edge logistics management system that has been effectively distributing contraceptive supplies to districts since 1991 , and it now has the capacity to forecast the country ' s needs versus expected supplies , facilitating MOH ' s procurement planning . The FPLMS maximizes routing efficiency , provides up-to-date information on stocks , and has reduced the amount of time required to process and ship deliveries through the MSCU from 7-10 days to * * l / 2 * * day . While the sustainability of", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 104, "text": "1989 KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * < u > CONSULTATION AT LANDS OFFICE KINANGO 6th SEP 2018 < / u > * * # # # # # # * * < u > PRESENT < / u > * * # # # # # # * * < u > Agenda < / u > * * * * Agenda 01 : * * The meeting began at 10 : 38 am at Kinango lands office . * * Agenda 02 * * : Introductions . * * Agenda 03 * * : The team leader Mr . Obiero called the meeting to order and then gave a brief of the purpose of the meeting . He took the chance to explain to land adjudication officer Mrs Kache on the importance of the dam to the locals and the process of RAP and compensation issues . * * Agenda 04 : * * The land adjudication officer Mrs Kache welcomed the consultants and gave a brief knowledge of Mwache Dam project . She also gave approximate price of land at the project area , but the cadastral maps were not available . She also emphasized that in Mwache area the sale of land mostly is willing buyer willing seller . There is no standard set price . | Questions / Comments | Responses | | - - - | - - - | | How will the consultants know exactly the real < br > PAPs ? | There is a design and a map that has been < br > developed . We will therefore use the maps that < br > have been developed to identify the PAPs . | | What is the process of census survey , asset < br > identification and valuation ? | The RAP consultants have prepared survey < br > questionnaires that will be used to enumerate < br > the PAPs , undertake census survey and < br > conduct valuation of assets . | | How will you handle land disputes ? Because in < br > the area there are", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 792, "text": "cadastral maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1239, "end": 1252, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1423, "end": 1436, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya Urban Water and Sanitation OBA Fund for Low Income Areas ( P132979 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  Improved community water points constructed or rehabilitated under the project ( Number , Core ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 58 . 00 | 140 . 00 | | Date | 15-May-2014 | - - | 30-Jun-2015 | 31-Dec-2017 | |  Number of public toilets constructed under the project ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | - - | | 30 . 00 | | Date | 15-May-2014 | - - | - - | | 31-Dec-2017 | # # Overall Comments Data recorded in first OVR for Muranga South ( interim verification ) # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P132979 | TF-16395 | Effective | USD | 11 . 84 | 11 .", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 862, "text": "Data recorded in first OVR for Muranga South", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 894, "end": 923, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 19 : Coping strategies applied by vulnerable and non ‐ vulnerable population , % of the respondents_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > vulnerable non vulnerable non vulnerable non vulnerable non < br > vulnerable vulnerable vulnerable vulnerable < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > income increase expenditure reduction nothing help from relatives help from the state other < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . Only those respondents who reported deterioration of their well ‐ being where interviewed about coping strategies . Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . There are some differences in the choice of the coping strategies by type of residence or household composition ( see Annex , Table A8 ) . For instance , active search for additional income was typical for residents of large cities in 2015 that were affected more than other territories at the onset of the crisis . Another consequence of the negative effects of the crisis in large cities early on was the rapid increase in the share of urban population in large cities cutting expenditures ( in small cities this is more pronounced in 2016 ) . In contrast with the urban population , rural households report less well ‐ being deterioration during the crisis and therefore cut expenditures less often . Across household types , presence of children in the household increases the likelihood of searching for additional income , especially among households with 3 or more children , while at the same time reducing the frequency of relying on cutting expenditures . This could be due to the fact that poverty and vulnerability rates among households with three and more children leave them with only limited possibilities for expenditure reduction and pushes adults towards a more active search for additional employment income . Single parent households are another vulnerable group that tend to rely more on search for additional earnings , and on help from relatives", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 698, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10223 # * * Abstract * * Household businesses make up the majority of firms in developing economies . This paper uses a novel tax census database that covers the universe of tax-registered household businesses to analyze the entry and exit of owner-operated firms in Vietnam during January 2018 to August 2020 . It documents new stylized facts about the survival dynamics of informal businesses . First , the entry and exit rates were about 5 – 6 percent a year for tax-registered household businesses during the pre-pandemic period . Second , an additional 25 percent of household businesses suspended their activity in a year on average , with the annual suspension duration exceeding 2 . 5 months . The suspension rate spiked to 40 percent during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 . Third , the findings show that the pandemic-related effects were more pronounced for businesses dependent on face-to-face interactions with customers and suppliers . However , these effects were short lived , and activity and earnings rebounded by August 2020 . The findings may reflect the relatively short COVID-19 distress in Vietnam during the first phase of the pandemic , but they illuminate both the vulnerabilities and resilience of the household business sector . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , East Asia and the Pacific Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at dle6 @ worldbank . org and eislamaj @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 175, "text": "tax census database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher number of plots , though they are further away compared to the individual training group . We include all 15 covariates shown in Appendix Table 1 in our vector of covariates Xijs . Second , we test whether farmers who completed the training differ from those in the overall sampling frame at the time of randomized assignment . Appendix Table 2 shows that the farmers who completed the training have 0 . 3 more household members on average , are 7 percentage points more likely to be married ( rather than just cohabitating ) , own 0 . 5 fewer assets and have a 0 . 3 ha larger plot size on average . However , all these differences go in the same direction for _both_ farmers randomized into the individual training group and those randomized into the couples ’ training group , indicating comparability between compilers when analyzing the action plan data comparing couples ’ training attendees and individual training attendees . Table 1 shows summary statistics for the final sample of farmers included in our study . On average , households have six members , evenly split between adults and children . 90 percent of the lead farmers are married ( versus merely cohabitating with their partner ) , while 24 percent of households have a traditionally matrilineal ethnicity ( in Côte d ’ Ivoire , matrilineal ethnicity mainly determines through which channel men inherit assets ) . Table 1 : Descriptive Statistics | VARIABLES | Observations | Mean | SD | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Age of household head | 1 , 435 | 45 . 63 | 11 . 21 | | Household size | 1 , 435 | 6 . 23 | 3 . 44 | | Number of adults | 1 , 435 | 2 . 98 | 1 . 70 | | Number of children | 1 , 435 | 3 . 07 | 2 . 35 | | Dependency ratio | 1 , 435 | 1 . 18 | 0 . 88 | | Married planter | 1 , 435 | 0 . 90 | 0 . 30 | | Polygamous relationship | 1 , 435 | 0 . 12 |", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 865, "text": "action plan data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2012 , Eckernkemper and Gribisch 2021 , Jorda and Niño-Zarazúa 2019 ; Hajargasht et al . 2012 ) . Wealth indices have been used to predict full distributions for individual countries that lack consumption or income data but have a Demographic and Health Survey ( Filmer and Prichett 2001 , Dang et al . 2019 ) . However , all these methods require at least one survey-based welfare vector , thus making them inapplicable for countries that do not have any survey data . Remote sensing data and mobile phone data have been used to predict mean welfare , the poverty rate , or another distributional statistic in a country in the absence of survey data ( Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin 2016 ; Blumenstock et al . 2015 , Steele et al . 2017 ; Pokhriyala and Jacques 2017 ; Lee & Braithwaite 2022 ; Engstrom et al . 2022 ) . However , these approaches do not predict full distributions . Given the multiple poverty lines and welfare measures used in practice ( see for example Jorda et al . 2023 , Decerf and Ferrando 2022 , Kanbur et al . 2022 , Jolliffe & Prydz 2021 ) , using such a model for each relevant welfare metric would jeopardize the simplicity of our approach . Moreover , the remote sensing data needed for these approaches do not stretch back far in time for long-term time trends and are not always publicly available , making these methods difficult to implement for practitioners . The remainder of the paper is structured as follows . The data and method are described in sections 2 and 3 . Sections 4 and 5 present results and robustness checks . Section 6 applies the models to global poverty measurement , and section 7 concludes . 3", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 260, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 470, "end": 489, "text": "Remote sensing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 494, "end": 511, "text": "mobile phone data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1184, "end": 1203, "text": "remote sensing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 17 . Interaction between Oil Prices and Political Stability for Fuel Exporters * * | Dependent variable : | Change in fiscal < br > balance / GDP ( % ) | Change in total < br > revenues / GDP ( % ) | Change in total < br > expenditures / GDP < br > ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Change in ln ( real $ oil price ) | 0 . 364 < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | 11 . 65 < br > ( 1 . 58 ) | 7 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 85 ) | | Political stability | - 0 . 0180 | 0 . 0296 | 0 . 0384 | | ( 0 to 100 ) | ( - 0 . 37 ) | ( 0 . 69 ) | ( 0 . 71 ) | | Political stability * | 0 . 265 | - 0 . 016 | - 0 . 195 | | change in ln ( real $ oil price ) | ( 1 . 39 ) | ( - 0 . 12 ) | ( - 1 . 18 ) | | Time trend | - 0 . 0 . 0771 * * | - 0 . 0436 | 0 . 0395 | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( - 2 . 06 ) | ( - 1 . 31 ) | ( 0 . 96 ) | | n | 328 | 336 | 328 | | No . of countries | 33 | 33 | 33 | | RMSE | 5 . 05 | 4 . 50 | 4 . 36 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries with fuel > 25 percent of total exports . Country fixed effects are included in the regression . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . # * * 8 .", "spans": [{"start": 1030, "end": 1058, "text": "Annual data from 1996 – 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 1 Data Sources * * The empirical analysis in this paper combines and examines several sources of panel data from Brazil spanning the period 2003-2015 . We provide a brief description of each data source in this section and give further details in Appendix A . 3 . The main source of data is _Rela ̧ c ̃ ao Anual de Informa ̧ c ̃ oes Sociais_ ( RAIS ) , a labor census gathering longitudinal data on the universe of workers and firms in formal sectors of Brazil . RAIS is a highquality administrative census of formal employers and employees , collected every year by the Brazilian Ministry of Labor . These records are used by the government to administer several government benefits programs . Workers are required to be in RAIS in order to receive payments of these programs , and firms face fines for failure to report . RAIS covers virtually all formal workers in Brazil and provides yearly information on their demographics ( age , gender , and schooling ) , job characteristics ( detailed 6-digit occupation , wage , hours worked ) , as well as hiring and termination dates . For each job , the RAIS annual record reports average yearly earnings , as well as the monthly wage in December . We use the information on the December wage , so as to ensure that all labor market outcomes are measured at the same time and avoid potential mismeasurement for workers that did not work a full year . RAIS also includes information on a number of establishment-level characteristics , notably the number of employees , geographical location ( municipality ) , and industry code ( according to the 5-digit level of the Brazilian National Classification of Economic Activities ) . Unique identifiers ( tax identification numbers ) for workers and establishments make it possible to follow them over time . The establishment identifier contains 12 digits , and the first 8 digits make it possible to uniquely identify the firm . We use the detailed classification of occupations to identify those who switch jobs . The Brazilian Classification of Occupations changed in 2002 ( CBO-2 ) and has been reported consistently since 2003 . Although the RAIS data are available for", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 117, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 365, "end": 377, "text": "labor census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 735, "end": 739, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1111, "end": 1129, "text": "RAIS annual record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2150, "end": 2159, "text": "RAIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "five percentage points since 2000 , compared with the 2011 PPP series . This represents 27 million more poor people in LAC , driven by 12 million and 5 . 5 million in Brazil and the Andean region , respectively . A significant increase in the poor population is mirrored by a decrease in the size of the vulnerable group by around 5 . 4 pp in 2017 with the revised lower-middle-class bound of $ 14 in 2017 PPP . The regional vulnerability trend is due to declines in the Andean region and Central America , offset by increases in countries in the Southern Cone , including Brazil , since 2012 . The update of the upper-middle-class threshold of $ 81 in 2017 PPP increases the size of the middle class regionally by around 0 . 9 pp . This change in lower and upper middle-class limits provides a similar positive trend for this group over the last two decades . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section II presents the methodological details for updating both the vulnerability and middle-class lines in terms of the 2017 PPPs . Section III describes the data used in the study . Section IV presents the estimation results for the middle-class upper and lower bounds and some sensitivity analysis . Section V documents changes observed in regional and country-level poverty , considering the vulnerable and middle-class estimates with the 2017 PPP . Finally , Section VI discusses the final remarks . > 4 The Andean region is the aggregate of Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru ; Central America is the aggregate of Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Panama , El Salvador , and the Dominican Republic , and the Southern Cone is the aggregate of Argentina , Chile , Paraguay , and Uruguay . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1353, "end": 1361, "text": "2017 PPP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reform to share lessons and facilitate the change management . - ( e ) * * Communication activities for public outreach to inform investors and businesses on positive changes and new OSS . * * The communication activities would involve the participation at the international conferences on investment facilitation to present the improvements and new online services available on OSS . Furthermore , the activities will involve the social media campaign , and local medial events in Kenya for domestic investors . A comprehensive communication strategy would be developed to support the activities on public outreach to both foreign and domestic investors . # * * Component 2 : Enhancing MSMEs Cluster Competitiveness ( emphasis on sub-component 2 . 2 ) * * * * 6 . In the context of this project , clusters are defined as organized groups of companies in close geographic proximity operating in a particular value chain . * * To aid project implementation and ensure institutionally appropriate beneficiary touchpoints , the project imposes the requirement for clusters to be organized ( i . e . , as cooperatives or MSME associations under Kenyan law ) . * * 7 . The project will select clusters for support under Subcomponent 2 . 2 based on clear and objective eligibility and scoring criteria that support a market-driven , bottom-up process . * * The selection process will be transparent and competitive , based on technical criteria that reflect the desirability of expected economic , social , and environmental impacts from cluster growth and the market feasibility of cluster growth . Following methodologies and capacities developed under Subcomponent 2 . 1 , a variety of information sources will be used to supplement information provided through the application process and inform the selection of beneficiaries , including available statistical data to benchmark market demand ; field interviews and consultations to ascertain institutional readiness ; the outcome of 3", "spans": [{"start": 1847, "end": 1863, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The development of e-government is critical for improving efficiency and transparency in the delivery of public services , as well as in enabling citizen feedback about the quality of services . The e-government platform will serve not only citizens ( government-to-citizen [ G2C ] ) but also businesses ( government-to-business [ G2B ] ) and will help facilitate better government-to-government ( G2G ) coordination . The development of e-services will follow a gradual approach to maximize the chances of success and adapt to the context . Hence , only a small number of e-services will be realized over the course of this Project , which will focus on establishing a strong foundation for e-government . Preliminary work will be done for future deployment of other e-services . The e-services targeted under the current phase include unique ID , tax filing , and customs filing . Future e-services may include criminal records , birth certificates , and renewal of driver licenses . 33 . The component will support the creation of the e-ID ( a unique electronic identifier system for citizens ) . This will involve issuing Unique Identifier Numbers ( UINs ) linked to biometric and biographic data , which will be collected in accordance with basic standards . This project component will finance the establishment of a foundational registry based on the UIN . This will be a digital biometric database Page 18 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 1173, "end": 1202, "text": "biometric and biographic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10985 # * * Abstract * * Since 2000 , China has been upgrading its infrastructure , exemplified by the expansion of the high-speed railways ( HSR ) , while simultaneously moving up the global value chains , evidenced by the rising domestic value-added ratio ( DVAR ) in exports . To analyze the impacts of the HSR on China ’ s DVAR , this paper develops a new methodology to estimate firm-level DVAR using only customs transaction data , without relying on the industry input-output tables or matching firm-level industrial census data . This paper also proposes a novel way to capture firm-level input-output linkages by matching the custom product codes of importers and exporters . The results confirm that the HSR increases the DVAR through firm linkages by connecting downstream exporters with upstream domestic suppliers . A two-sector model shows that , by improving the probability of exporters connecting with low-communication cost domestic suppliers , the HSR decreases domestic material prices and increases the variety of accessible domestic materials , hence pushing up DVAR . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at hlkee @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 465, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 491, "end": 519, "text": "industry input-output tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 532, "end": 565, "text": "firm-level industrial census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discrepancy in the measures of the stock of education relative to the enrollment rate . Whether or not the DHS are \" better \" is left for a different forum , but the fact that those from the DHS are transparently based on household surveys make these data particularly attractive . _Wealth differences in enrollment_ The main advantage of using household surveys to carry out this analysis , however , is that various dimensions of inequality can be explored , and in particular wealth using the asset index approach . Gaps in educational enrollment and attainment across different wealth groups are large in almost all developing countries . Filmer and Pritchett ( 1999a ) , using a subset of the countries analyzed here , show that the difference in the median grade attained by 15 to 19 year olds from the richest and poorest households reaches as high as 10 years ( India ) , and is commonly between 3 and 5 years in other countries . Why would we expect to see wealth differences in education ? A review of the elasticity between \" income \" and several educational outcomes can be found in Behrman and Knowles , ( 1997 ) . As those author ' s discuss , a simplistic economic model where education is a pure investment , households are perfectly inter-generationally linked , credit markets are perfect and investment opportunities in education are equally distributed across households implies that investments in education will not be related to a family ' s present financial wealth . The assumptions of such models can break down on many fronts . Credit markets may not be perfect an * d the poor may have less access to it , there may be a large \" consumption \" component to education and wealthier households will therefore consume more of it . In addition , the opportunity costs of children ' s time spent in schooling , as well as the expected return to that schooling , may differ by household wealth leading to differential observed investment . 14 * * 14 * * For more discussion on these reasons for wealth difference * * s * * ee Filmer and Pritchett ( 1 999b ) . In particular , that paper argues that large cross-state", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 110, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 345, "end": 362, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Questions arise as to whether Somalis representing national security threats were identified early in the process and before they were able to access UNHCR ’ s registration process , potentially hindering access to international protection . Following transfer to the transit and registration centre in Dollo Ado , and once pressing needs were assessed and addressed , the second step involved UNHCR registration , carried out in conjunction with photographs and increasingly sophisticated biometric data collection . UNHCR ’ s registration process drew heavily on the pre-registration information provided by ARRA . Throughout the emergency , UNHCR carried out leveltwo registration , and personnel were boosted to maintain this level of information gathering even at the height of the crisis . < sup > 44 < / sup > The third step , immediately following UNHCR registration and often on the same day , was a so-called “ protection ” or > 43 UNHCR Ethiopia 2017 memo , supra note 14 . > 44 UNHCR has three levels of registration through which progressively detailed information is obtained as the registration level increases . 159", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 504, "text": "biometric data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preferences over policy might change not only with age but also across cohorts . For example , if younger generations are more supportive of increases in government spending on the environment , they may also be more supportive of these policies when they grow old than the current generation of old individuals . In other words , the age patterns that emerge in a cross ‐ sectional survey could be a mix of both life cycle effects and preferences changing across generations . Empirical evidence underscores the importance of controlling for age or cohort effects . To our knowledge , the only paper that attempts to disentangle age , cohort and time effects in attitudes towards public spending priorities in European economies is Sorensen ( 2013 ) . Using data from the International Social Survey Program ( ISSP ) – which comprises four repeated cross ‐ sectional sample surveys for the years 1985 , 1990 , 1996 and 2006 covering 22 countries , 16 of them in Europe – the author finds that people do shift their public spending priorities over the life cycle , but not by as much as cross ‐ sectional age comparisons would suggest . In particular , older people tend to be less ( more ) supportive of an increase ( decrease ) of government expenditure on education ( pensions ) than their younger peers . However , controlling for cohort effects significantly reduces , but not entirely eliminates , these age patterns . As mentioned in the literature review section above , one limitation of the data used by Sorensen ( 2013 ) is that the alternatives available in the questionnaire for additional government expenditure are not mutually exclusive . To disentangle cohorts and age effects we need a panel data set covering a sufficiently long time period or a pseudo ‐ panel of repeated cross ‐ sectional data that would allow us to follow the same individuals or group of individuals over time . As far as we know , the best data set to meet these requirements is Eurobarometer , from which we use repeated cross ‐ sections with annual frequency between 2004 and 2013 for 27 European countries . < sup > 9 < / sup > An advantage of this data set is that", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 389, "text": "cross ‐ sectional survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 773, "end": 808, "text": "International Social Survey Program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1704, "end": 1718, "text": "panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1970, "end": 1983, "text": "Eurobarometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Uganda * * # # # # # * * El Nino Emergency Road Repair Project * * # # * * Project Appraisal Document * * # # # # # * * Africa Regional Office * * # # # # # * * AFC04 * * | Date : April 7 , 1998 | | Team Leader : Y | itzhak | Kamhi | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country Director : James W . Adams < br > Project ID : 57007 < br > Sector : Transportation | | Sector Manage < br > Program Objec | r : Yusup < br > tive Cate | ha B . Crookes < br > gory : EA < br > | | | Lending Instrument : SIL | | Program of Targ | eted Int | ervention : < br > * * [ * * ] | Yes [ X ] No | | * * Project Financing Data * * < br > * * [ ] L * * | * * oan * * | * * [ X ] Credit * * | * * [ * * | * * Guarantee * * < br > * * [ * * | * * Other [ Specify ] * * | | * * For Loans / Credits / Others : * * | | | | | | | Amount ( US $ m / SDRm ) : US $ 27 . 6 m / SDR 20 . 5 m < br > < br > | | < br > | | | | | Proposed terns : < br > * * [ * * < br > < br > | Multic < br > | urrency < br > [ < br > | Singl | e currency , specify < br > | | | Grace period ( years ) : 10 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Minerals nec , 2001 Minerals nec , 2011 < br > COL < br > BRA < br > CHN TUR PERZAF < br > RUS CHN < br > ZAF BRA < br > IND TURRUS < br > PER CHL IND COL < br > THA CHL < br > THA < br > 4 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 10 12 < br > Log GDP per capita ( current USD ) Log GDP per capita ( USD ) < br > 70 70 < br > 60 60 < br > 50 50 < br > 40 40 < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > Total LVAX share ( % ) Total LVAX share ( % ) < br > 10 10 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX and World Development Indicators . The job intensity of South Africa ’ s manufacturing exports continues to be low vis-a-vis comparator countries , while the job intensity of mining and energy is higher than all other countries . The following two figures show a comparison of the job intensity of exports across sectors and comparator countries ( in terms of the total number of jobs per $ 1 million of gross exports in Figure 16 and the direct number of jobs per $ 1 million of gross exports in Figure 17 ) . Unlike the labor value added intensity of exports ( which was lower than the BRIC countries but higher than other comparators ) , the job intensity of exports tends to be lower than all comparators , with the exception of mining and energy . Again , with the exception of mining and energy , the direct job intensity of exports tends to be lower than comparators across sectors . * * Figure 16 : Total job content per $ 1 million of gross exports across macro sectors 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Agriculture < br > Construction < br > Electricity , gas and water < br > Financial", "spans": [{"start": 556, "end": 561, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 566, "end": 594, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "main variables used in the analysis . < sup > 19 < / sup > Figure 3 shows the top 10 origin countries for refugees arriving in Switzerland between 1998 and 2018 . Most refugees in this period came from Eritrea , the second biggest group came from Syria , followed by Afghanistan . The biggest wave of refugees came to Switzerland in the year 2015 . In the second part of the empirical analysis , where we examine the role of the initial conditions , we focus on the universe of refugees and we add information on three different conditions in the canton of arrival at the time of arrival . The first condition we analyze is the unemployment rate . This data is measured yearly at the cantonal level and comes from the State Secretariat of Economic Affairs ( SECO ) . The second dimension , we are looking at is the network of migrants and refugees from the same origin country residing in the arrival canton at the time of arrival . The variable co-ethnic network is defined as the log number of co-nationals , measured at the canton level . The third aspect we are focusing on are attitudes towards migrants and natives in the canton of arrival , measured by voting outcomes . The voting data comes from the FSO and the construction of our indicator is described in the remainder of this section . # * * Attitudes toward migration and asylum * * To measure attitudes toward migration and asylum , we construct a time-varying indicator at the canton level , which is based on cantonal vote outcomes . The Swiss ( semi - ) direct democracy provides an ideal context to measure attitudes over time at a detailed geographical level . Between 1996 and 2020 , Swiss voters were asked to vote 21 times on issues related to migration and asylum . A complete list of these votes is provided in Table A . 1 in the appendix . There are three types of votes : popular initiative ( a proposal to change the constitution , which can be initiated by a group of citizens with 100 ’ 000 signatures ) , mandatory referendum ( the parliament proposes to change a constitutional article or an international", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1212, "text": "voting data comes from the FSO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "maximum measure captures large , non - or semi-anthropogenic sources of pollution that may spike in certain months ( e . g . seasonal forest burning ) . We also examine whether our results are sensitive to alternative data on wealth , using data from DHS clusters , or pollution , using ground based monitor data . In both cases the sample we are able to analyze using the alternative datasets is smaller than our global sample because of a lack of comprehensive data covering all 103 countries in our sample . When we estimate the country-specific correlation using DHS wealth data and our global pollution data set we find the same general pattern of correlation with roughly half the countries exhibiting a positive relationship between wealth and pollution ( Figure SI-7 ) . Nigeria and Nepal remain the countries with the most negative and most positive correlations respectively . There are some countries where the sign of the correlation flips when using the DHS data relative to RWI but in general there is broad agreement in sign and magnitude across the two data sets ( Figure SI-8 ) . We also examine the trend in pollution within the seven countries for which we have pollution data from ground monitors that represent at least 10 distinct RWI grid-cells . Figure SI-9 shows that in most of these countries , including all of those for which we have the largest number of ground monitors , the relationship between pollution and wealth is qualitatively similar when calculated using satellite measures of pollution or ground monitors . In the same figure we highlight which ground monitors are in urban or rural settings to underline the point that restricting analysis to those places with ground monitors will often result in the omission of most rural locations and so will fail to capture the urban-rural gradient that appears to be at the heart of our primary results . In several of the countries included in this sample there is only data from one or two rural ground monitors for the entire country . There is also often substantial temporal gaps in ground monitor data , on average ground monitors only report measurements in 45 % of the months over which we have satellite measures of pollution . This can", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 263, "text": "DHS clusters", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 287, "end": 312, "text": "ground based monitor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 582, "text": "DHS wealth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 591, "end": 616, "text": "global pollution data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 967, "end": 975, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1181, "end": 1216, "text": "pollution data from ground monitors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > governments preparing regular < br > financial statements in < br > accordance with financial < br > regulations | 51 % < br > ( 2003 / 04 ) | 99 % < br > ( Only one < br > Ministry & LG < br > failed to comply | 99 % | Yes | | * * 4 . 4 . 2 Reduced * * < br > * * corruption * * | - % perceived incidence of < br > corruption measured by the < br > National Integrity Survey < br > _Note : Because the National_ < br > _Integrity Survey was not fielded_ < br > _annually , the following_ < br > _information is included as an_ < br > _interim indicator of progress : _ | 23 % < br > ( 2003 / 04 ) | Survey results < br > not comparable < br > between surveys | 12 % | NA | 37", "spans": [{"start": 355, "end": 380, "text": "National Integrity Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 605, "end": 619, "text": "Survey results", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2002 audit is not qualified and the management letter did not reveal major internal control issues . # # _Financial Management Action Plan_ 9 . The following actions need to be taken in order to enhance the financial management arrangements for the project : * * Table 1 : Financial Management Action Plan * * | | * * Action * * | * * Date due by * * | * * Responsible * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | MoWE internal audit department to perform a < br > review / audit of the activities and financial < br > transactions . | Ongoing / Regularly | Internal audit < br > department of MoWE | | 2 | Resolve to update the WA ceiling by < br > discussion with the Bank and strengthen < br > efforts to submit withdrawal applications on a < br > monthly basis | Ongoing / Consistently | MoWE - NPCO | | 3 | Regional implementing entities should < br > monitor budgets by preparing a variance < br > analysis and take corrective actions on major < br > deviations | Before the end of the < br > EFY 2003 4th quarter | BoWRD / BoARD | | 4 | An updated Fixed assets register should be < br > maintained and regularly updated . NPCO < br > should monitor bank reconciliations to ensure < br > that they are prepared on a monthly basis | Ongoing | NPCO | | 5 | Accountants at the regional sector bureaus < br > should be trained on how to use the FM < br > manual | Before the end of the < br > EFY 2003 4th quarter | NPCO | # # _Supervision_ plan 10 . The overall residual risk rating for the project is Moderate hence the project will have an infield supervision once per year but will have continual supervisions ( desk reviews ) for the review of", "spans": [{"start": 1056, "end": 1077, "text": "Fixed assets register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "settlement on 13 < sup > th < / sup > March and 4 < sup > th < / sup > May 2018 PAPs were reminded of the cutoff date that was disclosed earlier and that structures constructed after the cutoff date will be ineligible for compensation . * * < u > Valuation of Assets < / u > * * In general , the compensation for affected structures was determined on the basis of the replacement cost based on prevailing market prices . During the fieldwork the valuation team conducted systematic surveys within the Project area to determine the prices of acquiring or reconstruction of similar structures . The prices were used to determine full replacement value of the affected assets . * * 4 . 2 . 4 Phase 4 : Data Processing & Analysis Methods * * * * < u > Data Processing – Transcription and Translation < / u > * * A Team leader in collaboration with the other experts performed reviews of data transcriptions and translations for consistency , reliability and readability . Processing the data concurrently with data collection allowed for regular monitoring of team performance and data quality . Field check tables were generated during data processing to check various data quality parameters . As a result , feedback was given on a regular basis , encouraging teams to maintain high quality of data collection and to correct areas in need of improvement . The Team leader in collaboration with the other experts reviewed data to correct any errors prior to analysis . This ensured consistency , reliability and readability of the data and that data processed was of high quality . Processing the data concurrently with data collection allowed for regular monitoring of team performance and data quality during field work . Excel tables were generated during data processing to check various data quality parameters . As a result , feedback was given on a regular basis ; teams had to maintain high quality of data collection . # # # # # * * < u > Data analysis < / u > * * 4-3", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 489, "text": "systematic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Health Sustainable Development Goals Program-for-Results ( P123531 ) timetables to resolve some of the issues . The proposed new operation is also an opportunity to build on and follow up on the strengthening of the PFM system for the sector # # # * * B . Rationale for Restructuring * * 6 . The global COVID-19 pandemic and the security situation in Ethiopia resulted in implementation for the Program . Measuring several 2020 results of DLIs / DLRS are dependent on the Demographic and Health Survey and the Service Availability and Readiness Survey . These surveys could not be conducted as planned due to COVID-19 and the security situation in the country . Therefore , the results could not be verified . In addition , there are fiduciary and safeguard indicators that were not met due to a change in the government system , reorganization and focal points . As a result , the following DLIs / DLRs were identified as ones that would not achieve the targets prior to the Program closing date : ( i ) DLI 10 . 1 : Percent of Children 6-59 months receiving Vitamin A Supplementation ( VAS ) ; ( ii ) DLI 7c : Development and implementation of Annual Rapid Facility Assessment ; ( iii ) DLI 9 . 2 : Automate the Pharmaceutical Supply Agency ( PSA ) core business fiduciary system using selected software in PSA HQ and Addis Ababa Hubs ; ( iv ) DLI 9 . 3 : PSA submission of backlog audit report and timely quality audit report thereafter ; ( v ) DLI 12 . 1a : Percent of children 0-23 months participating in Growth Monitoring and Promotion ( GMP ) ; ( vi ) DLI 13 . 1 : Percent of PHC facilities having all drugs from the MOH list of essential drugs available ; ( vii ) DLI 13 . 3 ( d ) : Improve quality of adolescent health services ; and ( viii ) DLI 15 . 1 : Devise and implement a mechanism", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 524, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 533, "end": 574, "text": "Service Availability and Readiness Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "diligence for Financial Intermediaries . The system can adequately provide , with reasonable assurance , accurate and timely information on the status of the project . The financial management arrangements for the project have a * * Substantial * * residual risk rating . However , with planned implementation support to the project as well as the implementation of agreed action plans , the financial management arrangements will be strengthened to provide , with reasonable assurance , accurate and timely information on the status of the project resources required by IDA . # # * * _Risk assessment and Mitigation_ * * 13 . The table below identifies the key risks that the project management may face in achieving these objectives and provides a basis for determining how management should address these risks . * * Table 1 . 4 : Financial Management Risk Assessment Matrix * * | * * Risk Description * * | * * Risk Mitigating Measures Incorporated into Project Design * * | * * Risk rating * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Inherent risks_ * * | | | | * * Country Level * * - Recent fraud cases < br > in central government and the 2016 < br > PEFA report show weaknesses in < br > government PFM systems . | Weaknesses such as weak accounting capacity , budget credibility , payroll < br > rules and procurement compliance are being mitigated under a government < br > PFM reform program . New legislation is being crafted to freeze and < br > confiscatepropertyacquired fraudulently . | S | | * * Entity Level * * - Line ministry could | * * MGLSD management will be enhanced by recruiting contracted personnel * * | S | | delay in submitting relevant reports < br > due to weak capacity . | * * to boost capacity . New measures to improve governance have been * * < br > * * adopted like Whistle blowing policy and Anti-fraud & Anti-corruption * *", "spans": [{"start": 1154, "end": 1165, "text": "PEFA report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Yet , despite the large increase in employment rates for young people in rural areas , there is no evidence that school enrollment rates have decreased — although the “ double burden ” of work and school can lower the amount of learning . Overall enrollment rates among people aged 15-20 did not change from 2007 to 2012 , including for groups where the employment expansion was most significant : both men and women aged 15-20 years-old in rural areas maintained stable enrollment rates in the period . Furthermore , family workers are much more similar to the not employed than to those in paid jobs when it comes to school enrollment : 71 percent of young family workers in rural areas are enrolled in school vs . 76 percent for people not employed and only 31 percent of those employed in paid professions ( Figure A . 1 ) . This suggests that young people are not dropping out of school to enter the labor market , but are helping in their family business while in school . Of course , this “ double burden ” can affect the quality of education , such as reducing time devoted to studying or the amount actually learnt while in class ( Heady , 2000 , Emerson , Ponczeck , and Portela Souza , 2013 , Bezerra , Kassoufm and Arends-Kuenning , 2009 ) . There is some evidence that people engaged in helping their families are less committed to school . In 2012 , for example , only 23 percent of family aids aged 15-20 in rural areas reported spending any time studying vs . 45 percent of those not employed . In a more general way , a much smaller share of people aged 15-20 in rural areas report having spent time studying in 2012 as compared to 2007 , be they working as family aids or not . On the upside , conditional on spending any time studying , young people in rural areas actually reported a higher number of hours in 2012 compared to 2007 . # C . Unemployment Rates National unemployment rates have declined steadily since 2001 , falling from 43 percent to 27 percent in 2012 , but remain higher than the LAC average ( Table A . 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at the very early career stage , formal employment offers substantial training and learning opportunities that are associated with wage increases . Importantly , when workers switch between formal jobs they do not experience a loss in wages , suggesting that the rapid wage increase in formal employment is at least in part due to a gain in general rather than firmspecific skills . The wage incentive thus indirectly serves as a subsidy for workers to acquire human capital . > 7While other wage subsidy programs also focus on youths , they do not administer the program before participants graduate . This is important as most graduates find employment shortly after graduating . At the same time it raises concerns about unintended consequences , e . g . with regard to educational decisions . 8 Indeed , one explanation for the muted effects of existing programs ( e . g . Van der Klaauw and Van Ours ( 2013 ) ) is that beneficiaries receive the bonus only after they hold a job for a certain period of time . > 9Gains in statistical power from panel data are particularly large for outcomes with low autocorrelation , e . g . due to high job turnover rates ( McKenzie , 2012 ) . Our study is thus able to estimate employment effects more precisely than existing wage subsidy studies . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1059, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 10-13 | 2018-11-12 < br > 2019 - | 01-08 < br > 2018-11-27 < br > 2019-01-28 < br > 2018-12-13 | 2019-04-12 | | | ET-TAGP RPCU-77360-GO - < br > RFB / Irrigation Equipment | IDA / 56050 | Small Scale Irrigation | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 26 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-08 < br > 2018-12 | - 08 < br > 2018-10-13 | 2018-11-12 < br > 2019 - | 01-08 < br > 2018-12-02 < br > 2019-02-05 < br > 2018-12-26 | 2019-03-26 | | | ET-TAGP RPCU-77361-GO - < br > RFB / Fruit Seed / Mango & < br > Avocado ) | IDA / 56050 | Agriculture Marketing and < br > Value Chains | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 17 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-08 < br > 2018-12 | - 08 < br > 2018-10-13 | 2018-11-12 < br > 2019 - | 02-08 < br > 2018-11-27 < br > 2019-02-01 < br > 2018-12-17 | 2019-02-15 | | | ET-TAGP RPCU-77362-GO - < br > RFB / IT Equipment to < br > strengthen FTC data < br > management | IDA / 56050 | Agricultural", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * # # * * Introduction * * < sup > 1 < / sup > The _2006 Global Trends_ report is the fourth edition in the series . It is published ahead of the _2006 Statistical Yearbook , _ to be issued later in the year , which will provide a more detailed analysis of the 2006 data . It reviews the trends and changes in 2006 in the global populations for which UNHCR has been entrusted with a responsibility by the United Nations General Assembly . These include refugees , returnees and stateless and internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , collectively referred to in the report as “ persons of concern ” . Limited to populations for which UNHCR has a mandate , the report thus does not purport to depict a comprehensive picture of global forced displacement . For example , some 4 . 3 million Palestinian refugees who fall under the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) are not included in the report . Likewise , the conflict generated internally displaced persons covered in the report are limited to those benefiting directly or indirectly from UNHCR ’ s protection and assistance activities . The report also does not address mixed migration flows , even though , global migration intersects with and results in a range of dilemmas and challenges for asylum and refugee management . So as to ensure that protection space continues to be available for those who deserve to be dealt with under refugee obligations , UNHCR has increasingly had to concern itself with this phenomenon . The lack of precise statistical data , however , could not allow an evidence-based analysis of the problem in this report . Unless otherwise specified , the report does not refer to events occurring after 31 December 2006 . The statistics reflected in it have for the most part been reported by UNHCR country offices , which have in turn drawn the figures from Government sources , selected non-governmental organizations and UNHCR ’ s own registration programmes . In all cases , they have been rounded to the", "spans": [{"start": 1593, "end": 1609, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "street sellers and at best confiscating their goods or fining them , or at worst imprisoning them . This formerly took place only in the city centre , but has increasingly occurred in all areas of Kampala . < sup > 53 < / sup > As will be further discussed , this law has had dramatic and negative effects on both refugee and national entrepreneurs . A large amount of literature on refugee livelihoods in Kampala exists , although the majority of it was written before the implementation of the 2009 urban refugee policy , meaning that livelihoods are discussed in a different legal context than exists today . < sup > 54 < / sup > Useful recent examinations of different facets of refugee livelihoods , including relations to the private sector < sup > 55 < / sup > and urban refugee livelihoods strategies , < sup > 56 < / sup > provide information on refugee livelihoods in Kampala in a more relevant context . 50 UNHCR ( 2012b ) Uganda statistics by settlements , Kampala ; the figure for refugees in Kampala was provided by UNHCR Kampala in June 2015 . 51 Interview , UNHCR , 18 / 6 / 2015 . The African Youth Charter defines ‘ youth ’ as between the ages of 15 and 35 ( UNESCO 2015 ) . 52 Interview , JRS , 15 / 6 / 2015 . 53 Interview , FRC , 10 / 6 / 2015 . > 54 See : Dryden-Peterson , S . & Hovil , L . ( 2003 ) _ < mark > Local integration as a durable solution : refugees , host populations and education in Uganda < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit < mark > , UNHCR New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper Series , No . 93 . ; H < / mark > ovil , L . ( 2007 ) < mark > Self-settled refugees in Uganda : An alternative approach to displacement ? . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Refugee Studies < / mark >", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 966, "text": "Uganda statistics by settlements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 983, "end": 1013, "text": "figure for refugees in Kampala", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 . Mobile cellular and fixed broadband price baskets and coverage in Mexico relative to similar income regions , 2012 – 17 * * # * * a . Mobile cellular price basket b . Mobile cellular price basket vs . subscriptions * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 40 100 < br > 35 35 90 < br > 80 < br > 30 30 < br > 70 < br > 25 25 60 < br > 20 20 50 < br > 15 15 40 < br > 30 < br > 10 10 < br > 20 < br > 5 5 10 < br > 0 0 0 < br > 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > Mexico LDC Developed < br > Mobile Cellular Subscriptions Mexico < br > Developing World < br > Source : International Telecommunication Union . < br > Note : LDC = least developed countries . PPP = purchasing power parity . Mobile-cellular basket is composed of the price of standard mobile monthly < br > usage for 30 outgoing calls per month ( on-net / off-net to a fixed line and for peak and off-peak times ) in predetermined ratios , plus 100 SMS messages . < br > For more information , refer to https : / / www . itu . int / en / ITU-D / Statistics / Pages / definitions / pricemethodology . aspx . < br > In 2014 , 99 . 9 percent of the market was divided among four companies : Telcel ( 66 . 9 percent ) , < br > Telefónica ( 21 percent ) , Iusacell-Unefon ( 9 . 1 percent ) , and Nextel ( 2 . 9 percent ) . The rest of the market < br > was divided between a few virtual mobile operators that had just entered the Mexican market by < br > 2014 . 23 The simulations in this study use data from 2014 ; hence , they do not consider the full effects < br > of the reforms , but they highlight the potential benefits these reforms could have in the future . < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1495, "end": 1509, "text": "data from 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 an * * | * * s ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | * * Total * * | | | | | | * * Total * * | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | COMMUNE DE < br > TOMINIAN | 109 | 154 | 113 | 267 | 126 | 69 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "MOH-182114-GO-RFQ / Procurement of 5 No . Laptopcomputers and 5 No . mobilePhones IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 9 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-07-02 2020-10-19 2020-07-21 2020-12-01 2021-01-17 2021-06-30 < br > KE-MOH-173603-GO-RFQ / procurement of 368 hand washing stations and accessories IDA / 65980 Medical supplies and equipment Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 552 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-06-08 2020-06-09 2020-08-03 2020-11-09 2021-01-30 2020-12-10 < br > KE-MOH-184648-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 500 copies of Grievance Redress Mechanism on < br > e pager , 1000 copies of Gender Based Violence / SEA one pager , 1000 copies of Abbreviated Code of Conduct , 200 c IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 7 , 700 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-07-20 2020-07-28 2020-10-30 < br > opies of Grievance Redress < br > Mechanism Register Log and < br > 1000 copies of Patient feedb < br > KE-MOH-188957-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 38 , 286 copies of booklets , forms , charts , Regist IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood and blood products Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 111 , 852 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-08-28 2020-10-26 2020-09 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2019 ) , which excludes Ethiopia , since otherwise the values for cost-reflective tariffs in this particular country are unrealistically high . 6 For most countries , the surveys are nationally representative . In Vietnam , the survey includes only five regions : Hanoi City , Da Nang , Dak Nong , Thu Dau Mot City and Bình Dương Province , and Ho Chi Min City . 7 Country estimates might differ slightly from those of the Joint Monitoring Programme ( JMP ) of the World Health Organization and United Nations Children ’ s Fund ( UNICEF ) , due to some minor differences in variable definitions and sources . One common difference between our computation and JMP ’ s is that we define a household as connected to piped water if it uses piped water as its main source of drinking water either in the dry or wet season . The JMP also includes public standpipes as part of its piped water definition in some countries such as Ethiopia and Mali , whereas we include only household connections . Thus , our figures may be easily compared against the JMP ’ s for household connections only . For example , figures for Ethiopia and Nigeria are slightly higher in table 1 ( 19 . 8 percent and 13 . 6 percent , respectively , in column 1 ) than those presented by the JMP ( 15 . 2 percent and 12 . 2 percent , respectively ) . 8 As one might expect , there are also wide variations across the administrative geographic areas covered by the household surveys in each country , variations that are not shown in this paper . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1431, "end": 1448, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appears to suffer from horizontal dominance . To take but one example , the 100 , 000 workers at the automobile firm GAZ , which is one of the more innovative large-scale businesses , produced 220 , 417 vehicles in 1997 , compared to the 125 , 000 workers at Chrysler that made 2 million cars . Goskomstat data of 800 enterprises reveals that firm size is negatively correlated with sales revenue per employee ( see Appendix ) . # * * 2 . Vertical Integration * * Second , many of the dominant enterprises in Russia are also highly vertically integrated ( or have exclusive buyer-seller relationships ) . Excessive levels of vertical integration superimposed on ( horizontally ) concentrated product markets can foreclose the entry of rival firms . The high degree of observed vertical integration largely reflects inertia of the uncertainties and chronic shortages of the old Soviet supply system . Engines for trucks are still made only by the Zavolzhye engine factory and bought only by the GAZ vehicle factory . Heavy locomotives are still produced only by the Novocherkassk electrical equipment factory , and the output is purchased completely by the Railways Ministry . Vertical integration is also increasing , occurring usually through mergers and acquisitions rather than through _de novo_ expansion . In the oil industry Tyumen Oil was created in 1995 , bringing together oil production associations , refinery operations , and oil product marketing firms . Vertical integration also is increasing through the creation of industry-led ( as opposed to bank-led ) FIGs . A case in point is ALKOR , which encompasses aluminum smelting , production and distribution of finished products . Data from the WBRAS survey reveal that 46 % of the firms indicated that their customers purchased supplies from only 1 or 2 suppliers , and that 23 % of the suppliers control more than 65 % of the relevant input market To be sure , there are economies of scale and a savings in transactions costs in combining successive stages of production under one corporate roof . The classic case of continuous steel-casting is well-known : it would be economically inefficient ( if not technologically unfeasible ) to have three separate firms heating iron ore , rolling it into ingots , and", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 329, "text": "Goskomstat data of 800 enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1709, "end": 1721, "text": "WBRAS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "257 . 8 | | GIS rural accessibility | % of rural pop within 2 km from all-season < br > road | 19 . 7 | * * 16 . 8 * * | 22 . 9 | | Overengineering of network | % of main road network paved despite low < br > traffic volumes | 15 . 0 | * * 65 . 0 * * | 20 . 0 | | Paved road traffic | Average annual < br > daily traffic | 1 , 408 . 2 | * * 736 . 6 * * | 2 , 558 . 3 | | Unpaved road traffic | Average annual < br > daily traffic | 54 . 2 | * * 45 . 2 * * | 14 . 9 | | Paved network condition | % in good or fair condition | 67 . 9 | * * 83 . 0 * * | 82 . 0 | | Unpaved network condition | % in good or fair condition | 61 . 4 | * * 25 . 0 * * | 57 . 6 | | Perceived transport quality | % firms identifying as major business < br > constraint | 27 . 4 | * * 10 . 6 * * | 4 . 8 | _Source : _ Gwilliam and others 2008 , derived from AICD national database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica / aicd / tools / data _Note : _ GIS = geographic information system . 8", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 853, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Factors Affecting the Credibility of the 1993-1995 Results_ There are a number of problems associated with the 1993 and 1995 survey data , including sampling problems in 1993 , the small sample size in 1995 , the estimation of housing expenditure , the limited time period of the year during which the survey was conducted , the problem in correctly coding the consumption of home production data in 1993 , the method used to estimate purchased food expenditure , and the non-representativeness of the consumer price index . In many cases the biases appear to be in the direction of overestimating the incidence of poverty in 1995 . # # Survey design * * and implementation * * A major difference between the 1993 and 1995 priority surveys is the size of the sample . The 1993 survey is based on a sample of 9 , 600 households , while the 1995 sample of 1 , 000 households is a little more than a tenth the size . The size of the some of the cells is very small in 1995 , thus restricting the analysis one can do . Second , the 1993 sampling procedure was based on a household listing done in 1991 . Surveying of the households began in March 1992 , almost exclusively in Abidjan , but it was interrupted a few months later due to lack of money . Surveying resumed in June 1993 and was completed in November 1993 . On average 22 months passed between the household listing and survey . A problem arose that many of the households that were listed in 1991 were not relocated in 1993 . In urban areas , about 50 percent of the households selected were not surveyed , mostly because they could not be located , while in rural areas about a third of the households were not surveyed . Thus , the more stable households are over-represented in the sample , while the least stable - - and perhaps the poorest-are underrepresented . However , because of the high replacement rate in Abidjan , INS decided to keep the 1680 households in Abidjan that had been surveyed in 1992 as part of the sample , and to reject those that had been surveyed in 1993 . Presumably ,", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 139, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1070, "end": 1100, "text": "household listing done in 1991", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "randomly selected across the country . < sup > 8 < / sup > Within each of the selected districts , 100 households with at least one child born between 2001 and 2002 ( index child ) were chosen randomly to participate in the project . The baseline round was conducted in 2002 , when the index > 7 The YL survey is also being conducted in Vietnam , Ethiopia , and India ( Andra Pradesh region ) . As of now , 5 rounds of data have been collected . > 8 Because the YL project is particularly interested in children living in poorer households ( Wilson et al 2006 ) , the sampling frame excluded the top 5 percent of districts as measured by a district poverty ranking . Despite excluding the least poor , it has been documented that the data reflect the Peruvian population in a broad range of indicators ( Young Lives-GRADE 2008 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 309, "text": "YL survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10306 # * * Abstract * * Understanding how e-commerce platforms are affecting the small , informal firms that sell on them is a question of growing importance to researchers and policy makers in developing countries . This paper examines this question using data from surveys of firms selling on two e-commerce platforms in South Asia . The businesses selling on these platforms range widely in terms of size , degree of formalization , and other characteristics . However , these firms — even the micro and small ones , which tend to be informal — are from a selected group , being owned and managed by individuals who are more educated and younger than the owners and managers of more typical firms in this setting . The sellers ’ main reason for joining the platforms is to access more customers . Most of the sellers report an expansion of their business after joining the platforms . They also report an increase in their incentive to register their business and their visibility to tax authorities . Other , less widespread channels of impact reported by the firms include the adoption of new or improved business practices and technologies , better access to finance , and greater flexibility in balancing home and work life . In general , these reported impacts do not vary significantly by firm size or degree of formalization , suggesting that even informal , small firms that have ( selectively ) joined e-commerce platforms can benefit from the greater market access facilitated by the platforms . Finally , given size and age , firms that have been selling on the platform for a longer period are more likely to experience these impacts , suggesting that firms learn how to use the platform more effectively over time . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , South Asia Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at mbussolo @ worldbank .", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 314, "text": "surveys of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as fighting between UN peacekeepers and Ituri militia . Women and children from Eastern Congo have also fled to escape abduction and sexual violence , and demobilised Mai Mai fighters abuses against the population in Beni , North Kivu , have caused displacement . < sup > 42 < / sup > Widespread rape of women and children has been reported . # # < u > HIV / AIDS Situation : < / u > DRC ’ s adult HIV prevalence at the end of 2003 was 4 . 2 % , with a low estimate of 1 . 7 % and a high estimate of 9 . 9 % . < sup > 43 < / sup > Good quality data on HIV infection in DRC is difficult to find in the Eastern part of the country . Although a system of HIV sentinel surveillance among women attending antenatal care ( ANC ) clinics was established in 1985 , sentinel surveys have not been conducted regularly and sites have not been used consistently . Save the Children-UK ( SC-UK ) released a report of an HIV sentinel survey among pregnant women in the health zone of Kalemie in December 2001 . < sup > 44 < / sup > Kalemie is located in Eastern DRC and has been heavily affected by armed conflict . The population surveyed was both conflict-affected non-displaced and displaced persons ; no distinction between the two was made in the analysis . Two diagnostic HIV tests were done in four sites from 568 pregnant women , and 142 ( 24 . 2 % ) respondents were HIV positive . In 1999 , ANC sentinel surveillance in Kalemie was 2 . 8 % compared with 24 . 2 % in this 2001 survey ; no other data are available for this health zone during the intervening years . < sup > 45 < / sup > Such a trend would indeed be concerning if the data are correct given the rate of increase . Furthermore , the HIV prevalence in Kalemie is much higher compared with the overall HIV prevalence for DRC at 4 .", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 947, "text": "HIV sentinel survey among pregnant women", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which the advanced economy had a comparative advantage , and that this contributes to narrow the productivity gap within industries . This paper complements and extends several strands of literature . A number of cross-country studies have identified systematic empirical links between foreign direct investment and growth , including early work by Blomstrom et al . ( 1996 ) and Borensztein et al . ( 1998 ) . The current paper contributes to this literature by providing microeconomic evidence on these links , exploiting Poland ’ s accession to the EU as a source of variation in the degree of market integration with a high-income country . In doing so , this paper also relates to recent research using firm-level data to document effects of foreign acquisitions on firm performance , including Arnold and Javorcik ( 2009 ) , Bloom et al . ( 2012 ) , Guadalupe et al . ( 2012 ) and Bastos et al . ( 2018 ) . In contrast to this strand of literature , we emphasize the key role of initial specialization patterns in the advanced economy in driving the impacts of deeper 3", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 723, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Tables B3 and B4 ) . As shown by Ib ́ a ̃ nez et al . ( 2024 ) , the regularization program led to improvements in household consumption , income , and overall health , including mental health for adults who participated . These positive changes in economic and health conditions are inconsistent with any potential increase in domestic violence . Additionally , the program did not result in a disproportionate increase in female income compared to male income . Our analysis found no evidence of genderbased differences in the program ’ s effects on either income or consumption . Therefore , we can confidently rule out higher domestic violence as a factor underlying the observed effects . These results reinforce our interpretation that empowerment — especially female empowerment — propels the patterns . Once their fear of deportation and other repercussions drops significantly , these migrants report more crimes to the police . This is particularly true for crimes such as domestic violence and sex crimes that disproportionately affect women . Qualitative interviews with Venezuelan migrants reinforced our sense that having the PEP migratory status empowered them to report human rights abuses without fearing punishment . # * * V . B What do PEP holders say about filing crime reports ? * * We also leverage data from the Venezuelan Refugee Panel Study ( VenRePs ) that interviewed a representative sample of Venezuelan PEP holders and non-holders in 2021 to examine the PEP ’ s effects on migrant welfare . < sup > 18 < / sup > One survey question asked respondents if they had reported being a victim of a crime to the police or any other institution . The responses are in Figure 4 . Results for the full sample are in the left panel and by gender in the right panel . First , the results show strikingly low reporting rates across the board for migrants who were victims of a crime . Second , they confirm that migrants with the PEP reported crimes at higher rates than migrants without the PEP . In fact , 9 . 9 percent of household heads with PEP reported a crime ; this number is lower for those without PEP ( 8 . 7 percent ) . Third", "spans": [{"start": 1337, "end": 1367, "text": "Venezuelan Refugee Panel Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1370, "end": 1377, "text": "VenRePs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "trade are available and comparable across a large set of diverse countries . This makes them a valuable alternative to firm-level census data , which allow for an analysis of structural changes within one particular country ( e . g . , Varela 2018 ) . Finally , the concept of comparative advantage in international trade provides a natural framework to examine allocative efficiency . After all , the idea that countries should specialize in exporting products where they possess 1", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 141, "text": "firm-level census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Maintain and regularly update a database with socio-economic baseline , displacement , and restoration data for PAHs as well as a stakeholder engagement log ; - Maintain and regularly update a database of all Subproject grievances , including date of grievance , name of aggrieved , nature of the grievance , and how and when the grievance was addressed at each level of the grievance mechanism ; - Monitor the development , delivery and impact of the livelihood programmes ; and - Recommend to the PIO leadership appropriate adjustment to improve resettlement and livelihood restoration initiatives . # # # # # # * * _RP External Evaluation_ * * Documentation of a RP implementation experience is very important . Therefore , it is recommended for EEP to prepare a RP completion report by external evaluator . An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of implementation . This will be undertaken by an external entity , preferably an independent consultant . The main purpose external evaluation is to assess the outcomes and effects of the RP in relation to the objectives and aims . # # # # # # * * _RP / LRP Progress Reviews_ * * RP progress reviews are broader than IPM with respect to the participants , time period undertaken , and objectives and purposes . The main purpose of the RP review is to share and disseminate information amongst stakeholders , review and assess the processes and problems of implementation , and based on the findings and the collective assessments , highlight achievements and best practices , and provide solutions for outstanding and major problems and challenges faced . Such reviews are planned to take place at and when required . Page 15", "spans": [{"start": 349, "end": 386, "text": "database of all Subproject grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", there are multiple tailored channels for handling different complaints , for checks and balances . Complaints relating to procurement in the Program will follow procedures provided in the Ethiopian Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation through the \" Board for Review and Resolution of Complaints in Public Procurement \" . 102 . * * Alignment with Anti-Corruption Guidelines for PforR Operations : * * The Program has also made significant progress in ensuring the key provisions of the Anti-Corruption Guidelines . The World Bank ' s Integrity Vice Presidency ( INT ) has a good working relationship with the FEACC as part of a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) signed between them on October 3 , 2011 . The MOU provides a framework for cooperation and sharing of information , where appropriate , taking into consideration the legal and policy framework and mandate of each organization . Thus far , the working relationship between INT and FEACC based on the MOU has been cooperative and productive . Such relationship will also be sustainably held with the FEACC and the Federal Attorney General . The MOU will provide the Bank and INT with a foundation for expanding the existing working relationship to cover future cooperative investigations under the PforR Program when needed , and for helping to ensure that the Government of Ethiopia and the FEACC / Federal Attorney General can implement their commitments under the Anti-Corruption Guidelines . 103 . * * Sharing of debarment list of firms and individuals : * * The Government of Ethiopia commits to use the Bank ’ s debarment list to ensure that persons or entities debarred or suspended by the Bank are not awarded a contract under the Program during the period of such debarment or suspension . The information on the list of debarred and suspended firms is public information in “ Clients Connections ” , and on the Bank ’ s website . The Government also agreed that they would include some disclosure measures in bidding documents for works , goods and services to be 32 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 1588, "end": 1611, "text": "Bank ’ s debarment list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1801, "end": 1837, "text": "list of debarred and suspended firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > squared | ( - 7 . 29 ) | ( - 5 . 92 ) | ( - 9 . 83 ) | ( - 6 . 03 ) | | 95 % Confidence < br > Interval | - 1 . 02 to - . 5929 | - 1 . 2353 to - . 6208 | - . 836 to - . 5581 | - 1 . 2074 to - . 6154 | | Maximum Point | $ 4295 | $ 4595 | $ 5358 | $ 5564 | | CountriesinSample | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | Note : parentheses indicate z-statistics . Source : Author ’ s calculations The coefficient estimates of the data grouped by industry fall within the 95 % confidence intervals for the pooled data at both the 4 - and 6-digit levels . Furthermore , the maximum points occur at very similar levels . That is , the data suggest that the observed relationship between discovery activity and income per capita is not significantly different across industries . This is illustrated in Figure 3 , which shows the estimated relationship between expected discoveries and growth ( the discovery curves ) estimated individually for each of the 16 HS industry groups with discoveries ( using the 4-digit data ) . 27", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 999, "text": "4-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Discussion_ In an agrarian economy , as is the case in some LMICs under study , many jobs are in the primary sector ( agriculture , forestry , mining ) and may involve heavy manual labor , which people with physical difficulties may not be able to do . People with hearing or cognition difficulties , on the other hand , may not experience barriers to physical labor . The effect of disability on employment will also depend on the workplace , its accessibility , available accommodations and transport , and whether there may also be discrimination that might prevent access to employment and / or might lead to lower wages . The policy context is also relevant ; for instance , vocational rehabilitation , disability insurance or social assistance programs could facilitate , limit , or not affect access to employment for disabled people depending on how they are designed and implemented . Results in this paper are consistent with those from several studies in LMICs finding that persons with disabilities are less likely to be employed and are more often in the informal sector ( WHOWorld Bank 2011 ; Mizunoya and Mitra 2013 ) < sup > 5 < / sup > and that the relative employment rate tends to be higher in low-income countries compared to middle-income countries ( Mizunoya and Mitra 2013 ) . People with disabilities may be more often in the informal sector due to barriers they face in the formal labor market . This study further adds to the literature by showing the functional difficulty gradient in the disability gap and the higher idle rate among youths with disabilities . Finally , this study shows that the unemployment rate , although it is part of SDG indicator to be disaggregated by disability status ( indicator 8 . 5 . 2 ) , should be used with caution and should be complemented with other labor market outcomes such as the employment population ratio . The unemployment rate is significantly higher among persons with any difficulty in six countries but lower in eight countries while the EPR was lower for persons with disabilities in almost all countries . Persons with functional difficulties may disproportionately drop out of the labor force by stopping to search for work and hence", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "operations and cannot be fully mitigated . Lebanese politicians at the highest level have expressed to the donor community and the WB their readiness to expedite and facilitate the approval of development loans and grants , especially those linked to the GCFF . The WB has also been engaging with government counterparts to raise awareness of the importance of timely implementation and to seek political commitment to ensure swift loan ratification and approval that are required for effectiveness and the commencement of activities . - b ) * * Technical design risks * * associated with the contracting process involving NGOs and the inability to attract and enroll targeted beneficiaries is substantial . There are also risks related to potential errors and fraud in enrollment of beneficiaries . _Mitigation : _ The proposed project builds on the existing interventions and lessons learned from the ongoing health project . Risks related to the contracting process will be mitigated by requiring PHCCs and hospitals to develop a detailed project implementation readiness plan , based on the results of rapid facility assessments that focus on the project ’ s goals , design , and expected outcomes . The readiness plans will clearly Page 27 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 1106, "end": 1132, "text": "rapid facility assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8968 # * * Abstract * * Although low tax morale hits developing countries hardest , little is known about its determinants in those countries . This paper examines the impact of trust in public institutions and the neighborhood on individual tax morale in four African countries : Algeria , Ghana , Morocco , and Nigeria . First , the paper provides theoretical foundations of such a relationship . Further , the paper uses the World Value Survey to estimate the effects of trust in public institutions and the neighborhood on individual tax morale . The identification strategy employs the instrumental variables method and relies on historical data on the slave trade and the literature on the cultural heritage of trust . The paper finds that trust in public institutions and the neighborhood are largely associated with tax morale in the African countries under consideration . The findings are robust to an alternative identification strategy , additional controls , and a falsification test . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at wkouame @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 458, "end": 476, "text": "World Value Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 665, "end": 699, "text": "historical data on the slave trade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through ( 4 ) . We also repeat the analysis separately for urban areas and for rural and estate areas ( grouped together ) to check if prediction accuracy varies across sectors . Finally , focusing on the 55 sub-districts , we reduce the training sample size by half and quarter , to examine if the prediction accuracy is sensitive to the size of the training sample . As a robustness check , we also implement a flexible random forest algorithm using population density as the response variable , using the four sets of satellite indicators described above . For each model , we report out-of-bag _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > , RMSE , and MAE . < sup > 17 < / sup > Next , we focus on an overlapping sample between the sampled villages in the HIES and those in the 55 sub-districts for which proprietary features are available . These amount to 1 , 360 villages . In 414 villages of this sample , we model the HIES population density as a function of the all public and proprietary satellite indicators , and apply the procedure described above . Since this is a survey-based model , we use the inverse of village population for village _v_ as weights , which is given by _V illage Population_ < u > 1 < / u > _v_ < sup > . Inaddition , therecouldbefactors < / sup > correlated with satellite-derived indicators that affect the probability of selection of the village into the HIES . We therefore adjust the weights based on the predicted probability of the village being sampled in HIES , based on satellite indicators available for all villages ( Horvitz and Thompson , 1952 ; Wooldridge , 2002 ) . This probability is obtained from the following probit model : where _INHIESv_ is a binary indicator for whether village _v_ is sampled into HIES , and _lassov_ represents all LASSO-selected variables from the Poisson model . We estimate this model using data for all 1 , 360 villages in the 55 sub-districts . The predicted probability of the � village selection into the HIES , _INHIESv_ is used for correcting the weights in the following < u > 1 < / u > way :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * In the last three decades , emerging countries have gone through extensive decentralization reforms that devolved fiscal and administrative authority to regional and local governments . The underlying and widespread belief behind these reforms is that local jurisdictions remain “ more accountable ” to the people and are in a better position to understand and address the needs of the local population ( Oates , 1999 ) . But little is understood about how a decentralization program should be sequenced and implemented ( Bahl and Martinez-Vazquez , 2006 ) . Political economy considerations have often pushed for rushed implementation , leaving little space for experimenting and tailoring , and leading to mixed successes . In sum , evidence of a positive impact of decentralization reforms in low and middle income countries remains mixed ( Smoke , 2001 ) . Recent analyses that studied decentralization reforms suggest that decentralization requires a significant set of prerequisites that are often lacking in developing countries ( Bardhan and Mookherjee , 2006 ) . Prerequisites include educated and politically aware voters , the prevalence of law and order , fair election and effective political competition , a capable local administration , and the prevalence of effective oversight mechanisms . Because of data constraints , most studies on fiscal decentralization remain however of qualitative nature , or only consider selected constraints to decentralization abstracting from the broader context . Yet , while there are many factors affecting decentralization , some are bound to be more important than others , but to the best of our knowledge no study has yet compared the relative importance of each prerequisite in affecting decentralization outcomes . This paper attempts to disentangle how different factors such as institutional capacity , political economy , and structural characteristics are playing out in the decentralization of spending to local governments ( in particular municipalities ) in Peru . The paper builds on a comprehensive dataset we have constructed that merges municipal fiscal accounts with information at the municipal level about municipalities ’ characteristics such as population , poverty , education and local politics to analyze leading factors affecting the outcomes of the decentralization process . We conduct the empirical analysis using complementary statistical 2", "spans": [{"start": 2079, "end": 2100, "text": "comprehensive dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table B . 1 : Limitations in the budget execution data | | CE | MG | PB | PE | PR | RS | SP | Obs | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Incomplete temporal coverage_ | | | | | | | | | | Commitment | | | | | | | | | | Verifcation | | | ✓ | | | | | From 2009 | | Payment | | | | | | | | | | _Has some municipality missing_ | | | | | | | | | | Commitment | ✓ | | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 6 | | Verifcation | ✓ | | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 6 | | Payment | ✓ | | | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 6 | | _Does not have unique ID_ | | | | | | | | | | Commitment | | | | ✓ | | | | | | Verifcation | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | | | | | | Payment | | | | ✓ | | | | | | _Has missing IDs_ | | | | | | | | | | Commitment | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 2 | | Verifcation | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 3 | | Payment | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 4 | * * Notes * * : This table presents the limitations in the budget execution data . ’ Does not have unique ID ’ refer to the cases where we were not able to build an identifier that uniquely identifies each row in the given table . Even if we manage to construct a unique identifier for most of the observations of a state-table pair , we may still have observations within", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 54, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "under alternative sets of circumstances which are independent from her will . In addition , implementing models ( 3 ) or ( 4 ) would provide a picture of the evolution of EOp over the life cycle of the specific birth cohorts that are present at the start of the analysis . A less demanding approach in terms of data exploits the availability of repeated cross sections from the same population . If one is interested in understanding whether a society is experiencing changes in the EOp of its citizens , the relevant model considers where Y � � is the income of individual i sampled in survey t . The data generating process is allowed to change over time among random draws from the ( same country ) population . The implicit assumption is the over-time stability of the population , such that changes in EOp can be attributed to changes in the relevant parameters a and b . Model ( 5 ) is specular to cross-country analysis , once t is interpreted as a country indicator , but has the advantage of greater comparability of the underlying populations , originating from the same country . > 3 In this paper we follow the ex ante approach . See Fleurbaey and Peragine ( 2013 ) for a comparison between the ex ante and ex post approaches to equality of opportunity . 3", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 595, "text": "survey t", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adoption of cutting-edge technologies in the Food Processing sector . FTM are 5 percent less likely of adoption computer testing for input testing . In addition , we observe large differences in adopting power equipment controlled by computers or robotics for packaging . Given a large number of technologies across several business functions , we summarize the overall technological sophistication using four different technology indexes . Table 5 provide the descriptive statistics of technology indexes and the differences of these indexes between male - and female-managed businesses . The unconditional differences in technology indexes are positive , but when countries are controlled the coefficients become negative , but the differences are insignificant . This may be because in some countries a large share of male-managed businesses rely on less sophisticated of technologies . When region , size , and sector are controlled , we find female-managed businesses tend to adopt similar level of GBF technologies , but less sophisticated SBF technologies . Table 5 : Difference in technology indexes between male - and female-managed firms managers | | Ma | le | Fem | ale | D | iference | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Uncond . | Cond . | Cond . | | VARIABLES | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | | GBF - EXT | 2 . 34 | 0 . 83 | 2 . 39 | 0 . 85 | 0 . 06 * | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 03 | | GBF - INT | 1 . 77 | 0 . 62 | 1 . 86 | 0 . 68 | 0 . 09 * * * | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 02 | | SBF - EXT | 2 . 09 | 0 . 98 | 2 . 18 | 1 . 04 | 0 . 08 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 09 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of intense conflict . We examine also the overall impact of the 25 years of conflict on educational outcomes . This analysis allows us to consider the full long-term impact of the conflict on educational outcomes of different generations of children in Timor Leste . # * * _4 . 2 . 1 . The educational impact of the 1999 wave of violence_ * * We exploit variation in the number of killings over time and across districts to identify conflict affected individuals . Our intention here is to analyze whether individuals exposed to the violence during their primary school age show different primary school completion rates eight years after the end of the war , relative to those not affected by the conflict . The outcome variable in which we are interested is whether individuals completed primary school in 2007 . Figure 7 shows average primary school attainment for all individuals in our sample . The graph shows an increasing trend in primary school completion across cohorts and a progressive reduction of the gender gap . The gap among the younger cohort ( those born after 1987 ) is almost zero . The drop in the curve for the younger cohort confirms the presence of significant delays in school attendance . For the purpose of this analysis , we use the TLSS 2007 dataset and the HRVD dataset contained in the CAVR data publication . As explained in section 4 , the HRVD dataset contains data on the number of human rights violations occurred since the start of the conflict in 1975 until its end in 1999 for each district . The types of violations recorded are killings , deaths due to deprivation and disappearances . We use only the number of killings to identify years and districts affected by the conflict . We exclude the deaths due to deprivation because the districts in which this occurred may very likely not be those where the conflict was most intense , but were simply places were the victims were hiding as a consequence of escaping from the troops , and died for starvation . In addition , since killings are less likely to affect entire families than deaths due to deprivation , there is a lower underreporting bias attached to the former measure relative", "spans": [{"start": 1262, "end": 1279, "text": "TLSS 2007 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1374, "end": 1386, "text": "HRVD dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménaes * * | | | | | | | | | | | | * * Individus * * | | | * * g * * | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | TEMERA | 824 | 1011 | 874 | 1885 | 941 | 499", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Inequality Index < / mark > * * < sup > * * 11 * * < / sup > * * < mark > , and gender-based violence ( GBV ) is highly prevalent < / mark > * * < mark > with 33 . 9 percent < / mark > < sup > 12 < / sup > < mark > of women nationwide estimated having experienced physical violence at some point in their lives . Insecurity in some areas of the country have further exacerbated pre-existing risks of GBV in multiple ways : the collapse of social safety nets and protective relationships ; the growing challenges associated with accessing life-saving services leaving survivors isolated and unable to seek care ; the weakened rule of law and state presence failing to provide protection ; and the widening of levels and severity of gender inequality and different manifestations of GBV , from intimate partner violence to sexual exploitation of women < / mark > > 2 Ministry of Agriculture – Burkina Faso . 2020 . “ Stratégie nationale de restauration , conservation et récupération des sols au Burkina Faso 2020-2024 ” > 3 Shelter Cluster . 2020 . “ Situation des inondations et vents violents au Burkina Faso ” . > 4 Luxembourg International Cooperation . 2019 . “ Étude prospective : Cadastre fiscal au Burkina Faso ” . > 5 Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF ) . 2020 . “ Burkina Faso : les conditions de vie des personnes déplacées se dégradent avec l ’ escalade de violence et le début des pluies ” . > 6 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre ( IDMC ) . 2019 . “ Rapport sur le déplacement interne en Afrique ” . > 7 UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , 2021 . “ Climate change and conflict , double burden for displaced Burkinabes ” . > 8 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA )", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Keyaft Emnployment _and O2pportunities Projec [ Reports and Financial Statement For the financial year ended June i , _ < sup > _3_ < / sup > * * _217_ * * # # # # # * * NOTES * * TO THE * * FINANCIAL STATEMENTS * * ( Continued ) Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule which shows the flow of funds that were voted in the year . These funds have been reported as loans / grants received in the year under the Statement of Receipts and Payments . # # # # # Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule | | * * 2016 / 17 * * | * * 2015 / 16 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | KShs | KShs | | ( i ) < br > * * A / CName [ A / c * * No * * 1000308672 ] * * | | | | Openingbalance | | | | Totalamountdeposited intheaccount | * * 121 , 363 , 550 * * | | | Totalamountwithdrawn ( asperStatementofReceipts * * & * * Payments ) | * * 121 , 363 , 550 * * | | | Closingbalance_ ( as_ * * _per_ * * _SDA_ * * _bank accountreconciliationattached ) _ * * | - - | | The Special Deposit Account ( s ) reconciliation statement ( s ) has ( have ) been attached as _Appendix_ * * _3_ * * support these closing balances . # # # # * * 8 . 6 . * * B Cash In Hand | | * * 2016 / 17 * * | * * 2015 / 16 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | |", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 530, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "les fermiers représentent 16 % , suivis des commerçants ou propriétaires d ’ entreprises à 14 % . Bien qu ’ ils ne constituent que 2 % et 3 % des auteurs présumés au niveau global , il est important de souligner que 65 incidents de VBG enregistrés durant le trimestre impliqueraient des enseignants ( 40 cas ) et des élèves ( 25 cas ) . Malgré les défis persistants liés à la signalisation et à la dénonciation des incidents impliquant des acteurs humanitaires , les données collectées pour ce premier trimestre révèlent l ’ implication de 6 membres du personnel judiciaire , 15 agents de santé et 5 employés d ’ ONG qui eux , sont auteurs de 2 cas d ’ agression physique , 1 cas de déni de ressources et 2 cas de violence psychologique . Plusieurs évaluations qualitatives et retours communautaires font état de situations préoccupantes , en particulier dans les zones de déplacement à forte dépendance à l ’ aide humanitaire , où les mécanismes de redevabilité sont souvent défaillants . Toutefois , seulement 18 % des informateurs clés enquêtés dans le cadre du monitoring de protection soulignent avoir des problèmes de communication avec les organisations humanitaires présentes dans leur communauté et cela pour des raisons liées , entre autres , au manque d ’ informations sur comment contacter ces organisations . Selon les rapports du GBVIMS du dernier trimestre 2024 et du premier trimestre 2025 , les incidents de VBG impliquant des act", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 511, "text": "données collectées pour ce premier trimestre", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "leveraging panel surveys that are multi-topic and interoperable in nature . Unfortunately , such surveys remain uncommon in many developing contexts , which hinders the possibility of studying climate migration dynamics in those regions . Relatedly , even in countries where panel data are available , these are often of limited length , preventing the analysis of longer-term dynamics and impacts . This is also the case of this paper , where we can only provide short-run evidence in support of our conceptual framework . Having longer panels would allow going a step further and establishing whether the short-run relationships detected ultimately lead to permanent immobility 29", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 24, "text": "panel surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) | | The target will be at least < br > 50 % of the beneficiaries < br > whose household income < br > increases by 25 percent or < br > more as a result of the < br > project support . The < br > beneficiaries include those < br > who participated in one or < br > more of the three < br > subcomponent activities . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage of female livelihood < br > beneficiaries whose income increases < br > by 25 % or more | This indicator measures the < br > number of female < br > beneficiaries whose income < br > increased by at least 25 < br > percent as a result of the < br > project supports | Baseline , < br > MTR and End < br > Term | Baseline , < br > MTR and End < br > of Project < br > Surveys | Through independent < br > consulting firms and < br > the project M & E < br > system | Contracted firms and < br > the PCUs | | | This indicator measures | | Independent | | | | Percentage of male livelihood < br > beneficiaries whose income increases < br > by 25 % or more | male project beneficiaries < br > whose income increased by < br > at least 25 percent as a < br > result of the project < br > interventions | Baseline , < br > MTR and End < br > of project | consulting < br > firms and the < br > project M & E < br > system | baseline , MTR and end < br > of project surveys and < br > project", "spans": [{"start": 1460, "end": 1475, "text": "project surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "non-farm enterprise work by 9 . 5 percentage points ( columns 1 and 4 ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > Conflict is not associated with changes in labor activities . Next , we investigate the relationship between parents ’ mental health with children ' s well-being . Table 4 , columns 5 and 6 , evaluates how parents ’ depression status is correlated with investments in children ' s education . Parental depression is significantly negatively correlated with educational expenditure for children ( who are in school ) ( column 6 ) , while it does not seem to be related to the probability of their children being in school ( column 5 ) . We observe the differential effect of parent ’ s depression on children ’ s educational outcome by children ’ s age . If children are young ( 11 years old or younger ) , parents ’ depressive symptomatology is not associated with whether the child is enrolled in school or not , but it is significantly and negatively correlated with educational expenditures among those who go to > 18 Despite this , we believe that the story supported by this analysis would not be further supported by the use of quasi-experimental methods . > 19 Note that the relationships between depression and the labor-related outcome variables are negative ( results not shown ) ; these negative relationships hold and grow stronger when adding in additional covariates such as adverse events , indicating that they are not necessarily mechanisms . > 20 We find that the measure of depression is not correlated in any significant way with measures of work ( both extensive and intensive ) from wave 1 of the survey . > 21 In addition to this impact on agricultural work and participation , we find a negative correlation of depression with yields . Because the direction of causality is difficult to determine in this case , we will not discuss this extensively , but results are provided upon request . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1600, "end": 1620, "text": "wave 1 of the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > richest < br > 9 < br > 8 < br > 7 < br > 6 < br > 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > poorest < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > IME Textile Transport Tourism Construction Commerce Agriculture Other < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > b . By gender < br > Female < br > Male < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > IME Textile Transport Tourism Construction Commerce Agriculture Other < br > c . By region < br > Sud Ouest < br > Sud Est < br > Centre Ouest < br > Centre Est < br > Nord Ouest < br > Nord Est < br > Grand Tunis < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > IME Textile Transport Tourism Construction Commerce Agriculture Other < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s calculations based on EBCNV 2015 Note : IME refers to Mechanical and Electric Industry 7", "spans": [{"start": 892, "end": 902, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Annex : Detailed RPSR Indices * * - A . Generation and transmission planning index for Uganda and comparators , 2015 | | * * Kenya * * | * * Senegal * * | * * Tanzania * * | * * Uganda * * | * * International * * < br > * * Benchmark * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Generation Planning * * | 86 % | 43 % | 43 % | 43 % | 56 % | | Countryhas ageneration masterplan | | | | | 94 % | | Countryhas an overall energy plan | | | | | 65 % | | Competent entityis responsible forproducingtheplan | | | | | 88 % | | Inter-governmental committee oversees theplanningunit | | | | | 29 % | | Powergeneration systemplan is mandatory | | | | | 19 % | | Plan leads to timelyinitiation ofprocurement | | | | | 38 % | | Planning process is transparent andparticipatory | | | | | 59 % | | * * Transmission Planning * * | 75 % | 100 % | 75 % | 75 % | 72 % | | Competent entityis responsible forproducingtheplan | | | | | 100 % | | Explicitlylinked topowergenerationplans | | | | | 88 % | | Plan is mandatory | | | | | 29 % | | Planning process is transparent andparticipatory | | | | | 71 % | - B . Generation and transmission procurement index for Uganda and comparators , 2015 | | * * Kenya * * | * * Senegal * * | * * Tanzania * * | * * Uganda * * | * * International * * < br > * * Benchmark * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Procurement of Generation * * | 100 % | 50 % | 100 % | 95 % | 85 % | | There", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Zone Colon leads to an additional US $ 0 . 42 increase in value added from non-traded goods and services ( national economy simulation ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > This gain is due mainly to consumer spending effects as incomes earned in various activities are spent in the domestic economy . Multipliers are smallest ( 1 . 30 to 1 . 64 ) in sectors such as the Panama Canal sector , mining and textiles ) where there are few production linkages ( much of the inputs are imported ; much of the outputs are exported ) and much of the income accrues to formal capital ( enterprises ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > In contrast , the multipliers for the fruits , shellfish and other agricultural exports are especially large because much of the income earned accrues to rural households who spend a high proportion of their incomes on nontradable goods and services in the local economy . The multiplier for the tourism industry ( hotels and restaurants ) is the largest of all the sectors : an additional US $ 1 in value added ( approximately US $ 2 . 80 in total tourism spending ) results in a total US $ 2 . 87 in total incomes . This large multiplier is due to strong backward linkages in terms of demand for local food products as well as forward linkages of household spending . < sup > 19 < / sup > > 17 The value added multipliers vary little across region because the input-output structure and patterns of factor payments to households are assumed to be the same across regions ( since regional input-output tables are not available ) . > 18 In these multiplier simulations , investment is held constant and income gains to enterprises are not distributed as dividends ( income ) to domestic households . > 19 These simulations may understate the multiplier somewhat because the hotels and restaurants is exogenously fixed in supply . Thus , there are no demand linkage multiplier effects for this sector ( apart from the initial simulated increase in demand and output ) . Note that in the regional simulations , it is assumed the all demand for elastically supplied goods", "spans": [{"start": 1486, "end": 1514, "text": "regional input-output tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Durable solutions , Statebuilding and the New Deal * * Two million Somalis are displaced in and out of Somalia . Finding durable solutions is a priority for statebuilding – as reiterated under the Addis Ababa spirit . Stakeholders are paving the way to achieve the Somali Compact Peacebuilding and Statebuilding Goals by 2016 . UNHCR commits to ensuring that the displaced are an integral part of these efforts . Return , local integration and re - ­ ‐ integration require livelihood and economic opportunities , as well as access to services : through a government - ­ ‐ led development response . UNHCR requires the input of development agencies in this domain . UNHCR has a specific mandate on protection , and needs specialised agencies to come on board and enter into a development plan tailored to the needs of the displaced . UNHCR seeks to ensure that partners can build on their relief and early recovery programs to address the needs of the displaced – and support the Federal Government of Somalia ( FGS ) in upholding its responsibilities vis - ­ ‐ à - ­ ‐ vis displaced citizens . # # # * * UNHCR : A mandate to protect the rights of the displaced and support national response * * Displacement is not just a humanitarian response issue : it is oftentimes a chronic and recurring problem . This requires a comprehensive and all - ­ ‐ inclusive response . Above all , responding to displacement and securing durable solutions requires a political response and government commitment to this aim . UNHCR is the lead agency mandated to find pathways to durable solutions for refugees , returnees and internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) in Somalia , working closely with its partners – UN sister agencies , international and national NGOs , local governments – and donors . UNHCR ’ s country operation plan and regional durable solutions strategy provide coordinated action for humanitarian and development stakeholders to work together to unlock solutions to displacement through several key frameworks . # # # UNHCR Somalia | UNHCR 2015 P < br > ­ ‐ | lanning figures for Somalia", "spans": [{"start": 2074, "end": 2101, "text": "lanning figures for Somalia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Data * * This paper takes advantage of publicly available census records from the IPUMS-International database and the Socioeconomic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean ( SEDLAC ) , a harmonization project of individual-level information on incomes from national household surveys in Latin America . # * * 2 . 1 . The IPUMS-International database on Census records * * The IPUMS-International database contains microdata based on samples of full population census records from 82 countries in the world since 1960 , providing public access to anonymized samples from the official national censuses and constituting the world ' s largest available bank of censuses information . < sup > 1 < / sup > The database is organized following similar criteria across time and countries to allow researchers to compare results from different periods and countries . The IPUMS-International database provides information at the individual and household levels from 10 percent samples of census data — where possible — obtained by selecting every 10 < sup > th < / sup > household after a random start . These cross-sectional databases provide information at the individual level on demographic characteristics such as age , years of education and enrollment . This paper relies on the censuses ’ information on household access to basic public services and > 1 For an overview on the IPUMS-International project , see < u > https : / / international . ipums . org / international / overview . shtml . < / u > For an example of a historical census record , see Appendix A . 1 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 120, "text": "IPUMS-International database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 460, "end": 490, "text": "full population census records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 995, "end": 1006, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 7 ) , which deliberately suppresses any discussion of internal demand conditions in developing countries . To the extent that we incorporated demand considerations , this was through a measure — changes in demand conditions reported by the Federal Reserve — which proxies for external demand conditions , mainly from high-income countries . While we certainly recognize that ( 7 ) does not fully account for internal loan demand , our preference for this approach — at least at the outset — was conditioned by a desire to focus which transmission channels affect the supply side , along with the desire to introduce interaction effects between the crisis and the main coefficients of interest ( _β_ 1 , _β_ 2 , and _β_ 3 ) . In this section , we substitute the generic measure of demand conditions with country-specific interest rates . Accordingly , ( 7 ) can be re-expressed as where _rit_ is the domestic lending rate in country _i_ at time _t_ , which now more fully approximates the potential effect of local demand for bank loans . Of course , since interest rates are codetermined by bank lending as well as saver deposits , _r_ is endogenous . Consequently , we require an instrument to identify the loan demand function , and ( 8 ) is estimated via instrumental variables ( IV ) . For this purpose , we rely on country demographics ; in particular , we exploit the 18", "spans": [{"start": 1322, "end": 1342, "text": "country demographics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ Figure 4 . 10 : Proportion of households by Types of Crops Cultivated by Woreda * * Constraints with crop Production * * In the household survey respondents were asked to indicate constraints that impeded improvement in crop productivity . Increased price of farm inputs is highly mentioned constraints as reported by ( 35 . 5 % ) of the households , followed by shortage of farmland ( 29 . 6 % ) , and lack of farm inputs ( 17 . 7 % ) . Other reported constraints with crop production include Decrease of soil fertility , crop diseases , flood , and damage by wild life and others # # # # # # * * Livestock Ownership and Production : * * Of the total surveyed households , 70 % of the respondents had at least one or more livestock , and the rest 30 % had no livestock . Across project woredas while highest livestock ownership is reported among surveyed households from Toga Weransa Woreda with ( 80 . 0 % ) , whereas lowest livestock ownership is recorded in Bulchana ( 56 . 6 % ) . The local people keep various types of livestock . A total 63 livestock owning surveyed households owned 573 total livestock population and the average livestock holding of the sample households owned livestock is around 9 livestock per household . As shown in Figure 4 . 11 below the dominant domestic animals owned by the surveyed household are poultry which constituted 35 . 1 % of all livestock , followed by goat 22 . 3 % . The overall cow population is about 12 . 2 % , while oxen accounted for 10 . 1 % of the total livestock population owned by the survey households . Page 110", "spans": [{"start": 327, "end": 343, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 | Category 4 | | - - - | | Category5 | | * * Total * * | | * * IDA Gr - * * < br > * * D7450 * * | | Category1 | | Category 2 | | Category4 | | Category 5 | | * * Total * * | | * * IDA D9030 – * * < br > * * AF 1 * * | | Category1 | | * * IDA AF 2 * * | | Category1 | | Category2 | | * * Total * * | | * * Trust Funds : * * | | * * TF B8187 * * | | Category1 | | * * FCDO * * | | * * Irish Aid * * | | * * Government * * | | * * Total * * | | * * Grand Total * * | * * Strengthening Ethiopia ' s Adaptive Safety Net Project ( SEASN ) Performance Based Conditions Tracking Worksheet ( IN USD ) * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Concerning labor market characteristics , public sector workers are relatively more likely to be employed as regular wage workers . This status applies to 94 . 1 percent of public sector workers but to only 16 . 5 percent of private sector workers . Conversely , public sector employees are substantially less likely to be contract or piece paid workers or , unsurprisingly , own-account workers . Sociodemographic variables also show notable differences between the two sectors . In particular , statistically significant differences exist with respect to workers ’ average location , gender and experience . For instance , 67 . 9 percent of public sector workers live in urban parts of Bhutan but only 27 . 0 percent of private sector workers are city dwellers . Moreover , public sector workers are less likely to be female and on average have less potential experience . At the same time , while according to the BLFS 2014 the proportion of Bhutanese nationals is very high in both sectors it does not significantly differ between them . < sup > 8 < / sup > The average educational attainment of workers differs markedly between the two sectors . Whereas less than a quarter ( 22 . 7 percent ) of public sector employees have no or no formal education this is the case for almost two-thirds of private sector workers ( 64 . 8 percent ) . On the other hand , 3 . 5 percent of public sector workers but only 0 . 5 percent of private sector workers have higher tertiary education , defined here as the completion of at least a Master ’ s degree . Finally , industrial structures also differ between the two sectors . For instance , public sector workers are dramatically less likely to work in agriculture , hunting and forestry ( _nil_ vs . 46 . 7 percent ) but much more likely to work in public administration and defense ( 52 . 5 vs . _nil_ percent ) . Again , these differences are statistically significant at the 1 percent level . In general , the picture that emerges from Table 2 is that in Bhutan wages , jobs and workers all differ considerably between the public and the private sector . Fringe benefits that", "spans": [{"start": 917, "end": 926, "text": "BLFS 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and soft sedimentary rock down to a depth of 2-3 m . It is known to be a host and is probably responsible for most transmissions among fishing communities along the lake shore , including Jinja ; - _B . sudanica_ occurs in permanent or semi-permanent swamps , and is particularly common along the shore line and in papyrus swamps on the edge of Lake Victoria near Jinja . It is a possible host but its local importance is not clear ; and , - _B . pfeifferi_ is common in dams and slow-flowing rivers and is a very efficient vector . In 1998 it was found in the two ponds east of the proposed dam . Qualitative sampling of snails and other aquatic macroinvertebrates at a number of sites along the river in 1998 did not yield a single specimen of _Biomphalaria . _ It may have been present , but in very low numbers and restricted areas . However , a survey of the pond off the eastern side of the northern end of Dumbbell Island immediately yielded rather large shells of the vector . This is due to the preference of this vector for stagnant or slow-flowing water ( Mandahl-Barth , 1954 ) . The snail deposits its eggs on leaves of aquatic plants such the Nile cabbage _ ( Pistia stratiotes ) _ and sometimes also on stones , branches or even shells of other snails . The Nile cabbage in the pond provides a more favourable habitat for the snail than the river , which is fast-flowing . Snail surveys in 2006 ( NAFIRRI , 2006 ) showed that non-vector snails were more prevalent than vector snails . Of the vector snails collected , only two individuals were infectious i . e . shed cercaria . One , a _Biomphalaria_ was from Kalange and the other was _Bulinus_ from Kikubamutwe . Shedding of cerceria by _Bulinus_ snails may", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1401, "text": "Snail surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Component 2 activities to be < br > implemented by UWA and NFA ( for tourism-related investments in < br > Protected Areas ) . | | * * NFA ( range * * < br > * * manager ) and * * < br > * * UWA ( Chief * * < br > * * Warden ) * * |  Implementation of mitigation measures as per project components - < br > Component 1 activities to be implemented by UWA - in and around NPs and < br > wildlife reserves , and NFA - activities in and around CFRs , and Component < br > 2 activities to be implemented by UWA and NFA ( for tourism-related < br > investments in Protected Areas ) . < br >  Supervision of plans and reporting to ministry < br >  Producing regular activity reports to feed into the project level monitoring < br > and evaluation system . < br >  Assist in resolvingissues referred to it bythe District and communities | | |  Supporting communities in preparation of project activities . | | * * District Local * * < br > * * Governments * * |  Participating in monitoring activities . < br >  Instrumental in boundary surveys , mobilisation of communities , formation of < br > CFM and CRM , following up implementation of plans , on ground provision < br > of technicalguidance , and in dispute settlement | | * * Individual or * * < br > * * Affected Persons * * < br > * * or communities * * |  Participating in consultations and communication related to the PF . < br >  Identifying project impacts and alternative livelihood options . < br >  Participating in monitoring activities < br >  Implementation ofproject activities . | | * * NGOS AND * * < br > * * CBOS * * |  May be engaged to participate in the process to support implementation . | 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of potential sub-contractors . The EPC contractor will ensure a contractual commitment on the part of labour providers to comply with all relevant aspects of Ugandan national labour law , including the establishment of formal employment relationships with labourers - ensuring legal protection on form and frequency of pay , working hours . Under the Contractor ' s LFMP , the EPC contractor will : - Commit , where requested , to provide a copy of employment registers and records including details of hours / overtime worked , wages paid and the employment status of workers , both those employed directly and indirectly ; - Assume primary responsibility for day-to-day monitoring of the implementation of labour standards requirements placed by project financiers on the Project Proposer ( BEL ) and thereby designate a manager who is responsible for ensuring labour and health and safety legislation is complied with , both in the direct and indirectly-employed workforce ( namely , sub-contracted labour ) ; R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 449, "end": 481, "text": "employment registers and records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Family Solidarity Program ( PNSF ) . Under this program , eligible households receive FDJ 30 , 000 , equivalent to USD 170 , each quarter . Eligibility criteria require that households are registered in the national social registry , with a focus on those experiencing poverty and vulnerability . This includes households with members who have a disability or are elderly , children under five years old , orphans , and vulnerable children . On 8 July 2020 , a new Decree No . 2020-137 / PR / MASS was enacted , amending the previous Decree No . < u > 2017-311 / PR / SEAS . This amendment aimed at including refugees and asylum-seekers in the national social < / u > registry , thereby granting them access to the national social protection system . 10 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > * * D J I B O U T I * *", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 231, "text": "national social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * * | | | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 039 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | | Ethiopia-Nigeria | 0 . 000 | 0 . 107 | | | Ethiopia-Uganda | 0 . 919 | 0 . 000 | | | Nigeria-Uganda | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | Observations | 4 , 604 | 6 , 792 | 5 , 297 | | R-squared | 0 . 072 | 0 . 038 | 0 . 030 | _Note_ : Each column reports results from a single regression of a binary variable equal to 1 if the respondent answered “ yes ” to a question about the inability to access a basic necessity . Inability or ability to access a basic necessity is conditional on the household needing the item or attempting to purchase the item . The binary variable is regressed on indicators for each country , with Malawi as the base case , and each pre-COVID-19 household annual per capita consumption quintile , with the lowest consumption quintile as the base case . Note that the question regarding soap was not asked in Ethiopia . The second panel reports p-values for Wald tests of the simple linear hypothesis that the coefficient on one country indicator equals the coefficient on an indicator for a different country . Data are only from the first phone survey round in each country . Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses ( * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 10 ) . 54", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 < br > South Africa < br > 8 < br > Vietnam < br > Kenya < br > 6 < br > Tanzania < br > 4 < br > Sub ‐ Saharan < br > Africa < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > Average years of education < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Educational attainment for population aged 25 and over is based on authors ’ calculations using harmonized microdata from the International Income Distribution Database-I2D2 version 6 ( World Bank 2013 ) . Survey year is rounded to the closest year multiple of five . The estimated average schooling for South Africa is calculated using an older version of I2D2 ( December 2011 ) . The number of countries and surveys used to estimate the regional average for Sub-Saharan Africa varies every year : for example , in 1990 it was based on eight country surveys but in 2005 it included at least 20 < u > countries . < / u > While workers completing basic education are needed for the vast majority of small , informal businesses , higher-skilled workers are critical to the emergence of a diversified economy . Figure 2 shows the current distribution of the population aged 25 and over by different education levels for Tanzania compared to several other countries in SSA and Asia . For Tanzania , the proportion of the population with at least a secondary education is 11 percent and with a tertiary education , only 5 percent . These are very low figures compared to South Africa , Malaysia and Vietnam . In fact , Tanzania has one of the lowest gross tertiary enrollment ratios in SSA < sup > 14 < / sup > but this is beginning to change with the rapid growth of higher education , driven largely by the private sector . Progression from secondary to tertiary education is available through two routes : enrollments in universities / colleges administered by the Tanzania Commission of Universities ( TCU ) and in nonuniversity technical education institutions regulated by the National Council of Technical", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 658, "text": "I2D2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 834, "end": 855, "text": "eight country surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effects of moving to free trade by developing countries versus by high-income countries , and in agriculture as compared with non-agricultural sectors . We also make use of the latest GTAP database ( Version 6 . 05 , see www . gtap . org ) which has the virtue of including not only reciprocal but also non-reciprocal preferential tariffs , the latter providing low-income exporters duty-free access to protected high-income country markets . This allows us to take into account the fact that reform may cause a decline in the international terms of trade for those developing countries that are enjoying preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries ( in addition to those that are net food importers because their comparative advantage is in other sectors such as labor-intensive manufacturing ) . The paper begins with an examination of current distortions , the emphasis being mainly on import tariffs since they are later shown to be far more important than agricultural subsidies . This is followed by a description of the LINKAGE model of the global economy to be used to analyze the consequences of removing those distortions . The key results of the simulations are then presented . After discussing some qualifications , the paper concludes by highlighting the key messages and drawing out implications for developing countries in particular . # * * Key distortions in global markets * * Border measures traditionally have been the main means by which governments distort prices in their domestic markets for products , with the price of tradables relative to nontradables affected by interventions in the market for foreign exchange , and the relative prices of the various tradables affected by trade taxes-cum-subsidies or quantitative trade restrictions . Multiple exchange rates have also altered relative prices among tradable products . Product4", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 197, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "38 . _As shown in the Box below , in recent years , anti-corruption efforts have become more high-profile and visible . _ This is demonstrated by Cabinet reshuffles , several high-profile arrests and arraignments in court , property reclaimed , assets recovered , and illegal structures destroyed . There has been increased funding to select anti-corruption agencies . The World Bank through various projects and programs continues to support some of these efforts . While much remains to be done , these measures appear to be achieving results . For example , Kenya has improved its ranking in the most recent Transparency International Corruption Perception Index ( 2020 ) by 13 places ( to 124th / 179 ) ; as recently as 2018 , Kenya ranked 144th . Recent Anti-Corruption Efforts : - Adopting a new digital platform for public sector procurement and attendant regulations , to improve transparency and the accountability of public spending ( supported by the Kenya DPO series ) . - Strengthening institutions that are mandated to fight corruption , such as the Attorney General ’ s Office , the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission , the Department of Criminal Investigations , and the Office of the Director of Public Prosecution . The GoK has established a Multi-Agency Team on Corruption to enhance coordinated investigation and prosecution . The intensification of the fight against corruption has led to unprecedented arrests of several senior politicians and government officials , and the return of embezzled funds . - Increasing funding for anti-corruption institutions : for instance , between FY 2014 / 15 and FY 2018 / 19 , allocations to the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission increased by 67 percent and 153 percent respectively . - Issuing executive orders to ensure public servants ’ compliance with rules on ethics ( Executive Order No . 6 , 2016 ) and on public procurement ( Executive Order No2 of 2018 ) . - Vetting all Procurement Heads and Heads of Accounts of government agencies to screen out corrupt officials ; and conducting of lifestyle audits on public officers", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 665, "text": "Transparency International Corruption Perception Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provided under the Program < br > ( Text ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | The result is from | MTR . The next surve | y is scheduled for | program closure | | | | ReviseNumber of clients in the GKMA | 0 | Jan / 2022 | 1 , 500 , 000 | 31-Mar-2026 | 1 , 500 , 000 | 31-Mar-2026 | 5 , 000 , 000 | Jun / 2029 | | serviced via the SMS platform < br > ( Number ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | The result is from | MTR . The next surve | y is scheduled for | program closure . | | | # # # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | DLI N | | Bli | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | Ed Tt | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ame | | asene | | | | | n arge | | | | | Result | Date | Result | Date | | | Revise1 GKMA sub - | Value | 0 . 00 | | | | | 9 . 00 | | nationals that have < br > prepared an ISG plan that < br > includes urban resilience < br > and climate < br > change / disaster risk < br > management ( Number ) | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | 9 | 31-Mar-2026 | 9 | 31-Mar-2026 | 1 , 085 , 000 . 00 | Page 19 Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "facilities are estimated to cost Kfi 300 , 000 and will be operated by EAOR . The Government , as 50 % shareholder , has already instructed EAOR to finance and carry out these works . # # B . Cost Estimates 4 . 04 The total cost of the project , including contingencies , local taxes and interest during construction , is estimated at KE 29 . 6 million , or US $ 82 . 9 million equivalent , in 1974 prices . Of this amount , Kb < sup > 21 . 9million < / sup > ( US $ 61 . 2 million equivalent ) , or 74 % , is the foreign exchange component . < sup > Local taxes < / sup > are estimated at Kb 2 . 5 million ( US $ 7 . 0 million equivalent ) . < sup > Interest < / sup > during construction will amount to Kb 2 . 5 million ( US $ 7 . 0 < sup > million ) . < / sup > 4 . 05 A physical contingency allowance of 7 % has been provided on all items in the project except for pipe on which a contingency < sup > of only 1 % has < / sup > been allowed , since detailed route surveys have already been < sup > carried out . < / sup > The price contingency amounts to 36 % of the basic project < sup > cost , excluding < / sup > pipe cost , and is calculated by applying the following < sup > percentages of < / sup > escalation : | Year | Construction Costs | Material | Costs | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1974 | 18 | 14 | | | 1975 | 15 | 11 | | | 1976 | 12 | 7 | . 5 | | 1977 | 12 | 7 | . 5 | 4 . 06 A large item in the total cost which poses price uncertainties < s", "spans": [{"start": 952, "end": 974, "text": "detailed route surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Elinder , M . , J . Hagenc , M . Nordind and J . Save-Söderbergh . 2020 . Who lacks pension knowledge , why and does it matter ? Evidence from Swedish retirement savers . Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy , Working Paper Series , no . 2020 : 24 . - Elgin , C . , M . A . Kose , F . Ohnsorge , and S . Yu . 2021 . Understanding Informality . C . E . P . R . Discussion Paper Series , no . 16497 , Centre for Economic Policy Research : London . - EU-OSHA . 2016 . Healthy Workplaces for All Ages : Promoting a sustainable working life . EU-OSHA : Bilbao . - European Commission . 2012 . Special Eurobarometer 378 : Active Aging . January 2012 . Retrieved at : < u > https : / / europa . eu / eurobarometer / surveys / detail / 1002 < / u > - European Commission . 2015 . Discrimination in the EU in 2015 . Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers : Brussels . Retrieved at http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 2838 / 325154 - European Network of Public Employment Services . 2019 . PES Strategies in Support of an Ageing Workforce : Study report . EU Publishing Office : Luxembourg . - European Union Council . 2022 . Council recommendation on individual learning accounts . 2022 / C 243 / 03 . Retrieved at : https : / / eur-lex . europa . eu / legal - < u > content / EN / TXT / PDF / ? uri = CELEX : 32022H0627 ( 03 ) & qid = 1664444877706 & from = EN < / u > - Fairlie , R . , S . Desai , and A . J . Herrmann . 2019 . 2018 National Report on Early-Stage Entrepreneurship . Kauffman Indicators of Entrepreneurship . Retrieved at : http / / www . kauffman . org / indicators - Ferranna , M . , JP Sevilla , L . Zucker and D . Bloom . 2022 . Patterns of Time Use among Older People . NBER Working Paper Series , no . 30030 . - Fouejieu", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Since equation ( 3 ) is a dynamic panel model , the fixed effect estimator will be biased . Therefore , we obtain estimates for this model using Arellano and Bond ’ s ( 1991 ) generalized method of moments ( GMM ) . Table 8 reports these estimates for Argentina and Uruguay for _k = _ 0 and 4 and _j_ = 0 , 4 , and 8 . < sup > 18 < / sup > In both cases , the findings present a clear and common pattern . Systemic risk is a significant predictor of bank fundamentals even after controlling for its own lag , the more so the longer the time horizon as reflected in the point estimates and standard errors . Indeed , whereas the explanatory power of systemic risk increases with the time horizon , the coefficient on the lagged non-performing loans ratio declines . This can be more clearly seen in Figure 7 , where we plot , for each country , the GMM coefficients for _NPL_ and _S_ for _k = 0_ , _k = 1_ , _k = 2_ , _k = 3 , _ and _k = 4_ ( that is , for time horizons that go from zero to four month ahead ) . In sum , even if the probability of bank default could be summarized by bank-specific fundamentals , a depositor interested in assessing this probability over the next quarter based on currently available information is expected to monitor systemic variables as much as ( if not more than ) the latest balance sheet data released by the authorities . While measures of systemic risk are likely to be stable and relatively silent about the standing of individual banks during tranquil times , they become key indicators of bank health and , for that reason , key drivers of market reaction during crises . # * * 5 . Conclusions * * Using evidence from the recent bank runs in Argentina and Uruguay , this paper showed that systemic risk has important effects on the way in which depositors behave and respond to standard bank fundamentals , questioning the traditional notion of market discipline . In particular , the paper illustrated how systemic risk may overshadow the role of bank fundamentals", "spans": [{"start": 1314, "end": 1332, "text": "balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as the result was not achieved < br > and documented as per the agreed < br > timeline ( by December 31 2017 ) . < br > DLRs 2019 and 2020 were not be met . | The fund allocated to < br > these DLRs will be < br > reallocated to other < br > new DLIs . | SDR 2 , 950 , 000 from < br > IDA 60900 will be < br > reallocated to new < br > proposed DLI 12 . 1 ( b ) | | 12 . 1 | Percent of < br > children 0-23 < br > months < br > participating in < br > Growth < br > Monitoring and | * * Partially achieved : * * The result achieved at < br > the end of 2019 was 53 . 5 % and < br > disbursement was made accordingly . < br > However , the achieved result for the 2020 < br > GMP target could not be verified as the < br > JRM could not be conducted due to < br > COVID-19 . An analysis of routine data | A new DLR ( 12 . 1b ) will be < br > added “ Conduct catch up < br > campaigns to increase the < br > uptake of essential health < br > and nutrition services < br > including Vitamin A , < br > deworming , and nutrition | Partially achieved and < br > a new DLR12 . 1 ( b ) is < br > proposed , and the < br > remaining amount < br > ( 3 , 686 , 680 ) will be < br > reallocated to this new |", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 801, "text": "routine data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * V Data * * The * * data * * section of the metadata schema describes the actual data available to users , arranged in one or more datasets . For data with restricted access , access modalities can be described in the External Resources section . Data that are not accessible to anyone but the original researchers should not be described . More than one _dataset_ may be associated with a given RCT . For example , the contributors may have collected census or administrative data for a larger sample than the ultimate study population , or specific information on two different populations affected by the RCT ( e . g . buyers and sellers of a good ) . Datasets are distinct from data files ; a dataset may be broken up into several files and even stored in multiple locations , for instance restricted-access GPS data vs . publicly accessible de-identified survey responses . < sup > 12 < / sup > In general , a set of records may constitute its own dataset if it contains information central to the study , such as a separate outcome measure or the sampling frame , and ( i ) consists of observational units from a distinct study population ( or sample from the study population ) or ( ii ) is based on an independent data source ( e . g . with a specific mode of data collection ) . What delineates a dataset is ultimately up to the metadata contributor , but we recommend keeping the number of datasets to the minimum needed to describe the data well for users ; often the data associated with a given RCT can be characterized as a single dataset . For example , the same dataset may contain several rounds of data collection , and the metadata schema allows multiple “ cycles ” ( including repeated cross-sections ) . Even data from different sources can often be treated as part of the same dataset . In some cases it can be useful to define a separate dataset to describe the data in sufficient detail . For example , two measures of the same outcome , such as measures of crop productivity obtained through inperson audits and satellite imagery , may", "spans": [{"start": 817, "end": 825, "text": "GPS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 851, "end": 881, "text": "de-identified survey responses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The EU-LFS data could not be used for this study as it only has information on the wage distribution in deciles rather than specific point estimates . * * This poses a challenge when analyzing the data , as point estimates are often needed to estimate labor income accurately . To overcome this issue , one option is to use imputation techniques to fill in the missing values . Specifically , we could use the EUSILC data , which provides detailed demographic characteristics and income information , to impute the missing point estimates on the LFS data . This can help provide a more accurate representation of the wage distribution and enable a more nuanced analysis . However , it is important to carefully consider the imputation process ' s potential biases and limitations and evaluate the quality of the resulting estimates , especially when several data sources ( including administrative tax data ) need to be imputed . * * In this study , we match income data from the 2020 tax administrative dataset with the 2021 EU-SILC ( reference income year 2020 ) using data matching techniques ; then , we assess the degree of tax compliance and possible overestimation of the share of minimum wage earners in the tax data . * * Following the literature , we assume that the \" true \" income is reported in the survey , while \" reported \" income is reported to the tax authority . After imputing tax income into the EU-SILC , we assess the degree of tax evasion and the impact of tax evasion on the share of minimum wage earners . * * Before matching the administrative tax data and the EU-SILC datasets , it is essential to carefully * * We must evaluate the * * evaluate the comparability of the datasets before conducting any analysis . * * comparability of the two datasets regarding the target population and income . This involves determining whether the datasets are compatible and suitable for comparison . The extent of comparability determines the accuracy of the results and the conclusions drawn from the analysis . Therefore , it is important to ensure that the datasets are matched appropriately and that the analysis considers any differences in the target population or", "spans": [{"start": 8, "end": 19, "text": "EU-LFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 414, "end": 425, "text": "EUSILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 887, "end": 910, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 984, "end": 1015, "text": "2020 tax administrative dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1025, "end": 1037, "text": "2021 EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1421, "end": 1428, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Delayed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | ( i ) All entities meet requirements by end Yr 1 < br > MAPS II report finalized . | ; ( ii ) from Yr . 2 no o | utstanding balances aged | more than a year ; ( iii ) | | * * Comments * * | MoF will submit a status update on these act | ions by the end of | May 2020 . | | | * * Action Description * * | F3 : Improve staffing and capacity including t < br > procurement and F & C ; and ( ii ) assigning Eth < br > WoLAUs . | hrough ( i ) conductin < br > ics and Anticorrupti | g annual fiduciary training < br > on Officers at woreda level | and consultation on FM , < br > at least in WoANRs and | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | MoF , MoA , FEACC , < br > REACC | Recurrent | Continuous | Delayed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | s < br > ( i ) Annual training and consultation conducte | d ; ( ii ) number of sta | ff assigned as reported in P | rogram reports . | | * * Comments * * | ( i ) more detailed guidance on FM will be pro < br > the C19 situation allows ; ( ii ) MoA ’ s F & C Dire < br > woreda F & C roles . | vided to BoFs by th < br > ctor will meet with t | e end of May 2020 , with tra < br > he FEACC and the WB tea |", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 117, "text": "MAPS II report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s < br > 6 OOC The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map < br > do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Contact : rsarbdima @ unhcr . org * * Source : REF , ASY , OOC , RET * * ( UNHCR PRIMES , Government ) ; * * IDP DRC * * ( OCHA ) ; IDP Zimbabwe & Mozambique ( IOM ) ; * * IDP ROC * * ( Government , Ministry of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action ( MASAH ) . * * Author : UNHCR DIMA - RSA * * For more information visit : UNHCR Data Portal Date of creation : 31 August 2022 * PoCs = Persons of Concern * * REF = Refugee ; ASY = Asylum-seeker ; OOC = Other person of concern ; RET = Returnee . DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo ROC = Republic of the Congo", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 544, "text": "UNHCR Data Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Procurement Plan-Works * * * * Country / Organisation : * * | * * Project / Programme : * * < br > * * Loan # : * * | | * * B * * | * * asic Data * * | | | | | * * Contract Finali * * | * * zation * * | | * * Contract Im * * | * * plementation * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | * * Estimated * * | < br > * * Procure * * | | | * * Plan vs . * * < br > | < br > | | | | | | | * * ii * * * < br > | * * Procurement Reference * * | * * Procure - * * < br > | * * Amount * * | * * ment * * | * * Pre-or Post * * < br > * * ifi * * | * * Prior or * * < br > | * * Actual * * | * * Contract * * < br > * * A i * * < br > * * Date * * < br > | * * Date * * < br > | * * Mobilization * * < br > * * A * * | * * Substantial * * | * * Final * * | * * Final * * | | * * Descrpton * * | * * # * * | * * ment * * < br > * * Method * * | * * in US $ * * < br > * * ’ 000 * * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 7 : * * Relationship between HCI and health expenditure ( as a percent of GDP ) , stratified by share of individuals above 65 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Share of population over age 65yrs < br > Lowest quartile Second quartile Third quartile Highest quartile < br > 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 < br > Domestic government health expenditure ( % of GDP ) < br > 1 < br > . 8 < br > . 6 < br > HCI < br > . 4 < br > . 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > One potential explanation for the non-linear relationship between HCI and spending is that , above a certain amount , government spending is crowding out private spending . When we look at the relationship between HCI and private spending per capita ( from WHO-GHED ) , we find a pattern that is remarkably similar to the one observed for public spending ( Figure 8 ) . We also see no evidence for government spending crowding out private spending ( or vice-versa ) ( Figure A . 4 ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 755, "text": "WHO-GHED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 8 Location of cashing pay checks * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % 83 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % 53 % < br > 47 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % 13 % < br > 10 % 1 % 5 % < br > 0 % < br > Cash it in a bank Other Deposit in account < br > Banked Unbanked < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ 15 . * * The unbanked are also disadvantaged when making payments . * * Colombian banks process payments for public services ( water , sanitation , electrical energy , garbage collection , telephones etc . ) for both deposit holders and non-deposit holders . Banked individuals can make payments using traditional means such as check or cash , or instruments such as ATM , debit , credit cards , internet and telephone payments . Public utility payments can also be made with debit , credit and ATM cards using data phones at a wide variety of places such as supermarkets , video stores and malls . However , the unbanked who need to pay in cash are obliged to travel to Administrative Centers of Services < sup > 44 < / sup > . Commercial banks only accept payments in cash for public utilities at specified hours and days . In addition , only one line is available for the unbanked to make payments in banks and processing late or overdue payments bears additional costs . 16 . * * Both the banked and unbanked receive income from remittances . * * Approximately 6 % of Bogotá ’ s population receives remittances from other cities ( 3 . 2 % ) and from abroad ( 2 . 4 % ) . Of these , 58 % of recipients are banked , while 42 % are unbanked . When receiving domestic remittances , 60 % of the banked rely on", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 409, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | | Cuba | 18 , 374 | Fiji | 1 , 080 | | The Bahamas | 8 , 478 | Vanuatu | 557 | | Dominican Republic | 4 , 586 | Tonga | 253 | | Haiti | 3 , 241 | Samoa | 170 | | Dominica | 2 , 709 | | | | Jamaica | 2 , 273 | | | | Grenada | 1 , 387 | | | | St Kitts and Nevis | 1 , 193 | | | | Antigua and Barbuda | 1 , 167 | | | | Belize | 985 | | | | All Caribbean SIDS | 44 , 606 | All Oceania SIDS | 2 , 076 | _ < u > Source : EM-DAT < / u > _ Total recorded damages from tropical cyclones suffered by SIDS in the Caribbean during 19952022 was USD 44 billion , while SIDS in Oceania suffered damages of USD 2 billion . in 2022 > 5 Some tropical cyclones hit multiple SIDS . > 6 For most of the tropical cyclone disasters in Cuba for which deaths were reported or where there were large numbers of people affected , total damages are also recorded . But Haiti was struck by several tropical cyclone disasters which killed many people but for which no figure for damages were recorded ; e . g . Hurricane Noel in 2007 which killed 90 and affected more than 100 , 000 people , Hurricane Gustav in 2008 which killed 85 and affected 73 , 000 people , Hurricane Hanna in 2008 which killed 529 and affected 48 , 000 people and Hurricane Laura in 2020 which killed 39 and affected 44 , 000 people . Jones et al ( 2023 ) discuss the problem of missing data in disaster databases and how it is handled in empirical research . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1343, "end": 1361, "text": "disaster databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # # * * e ) Re-Installation of Population , and Proposed Mitigation Measures . * * Established from the field survey conducted , on implementation of the proposed infrastructure design for the Settlement , three ( 3 ) structures for housing would be partly affected ; but the residual parts of the structures would be viable . With respect , the proposed mitigation measures the Project could take are as provided in Table 18 below . * * Table 18 : Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Could Take Regarding Partial Loss of Structure , and Residual is Viable * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Proposed mitigation Category of < br > owner < br > Two months advance < br > notice < br > Cash compensation at < br > replacement cost for affected < br > portion calculated on MOW < br > rate without depreciation ; < br > Ex-gratia @ 15 % of < br > compensation amount < br > towards compulsory < br > acquisition < br > Repair costs equivalent to < br > 25 % of the compensation < br > Right to salvage material < br > Note : Proposed mitigation for type of < br > owner of affected structure < br > Legal user with valid ownership Owner without title Squatter < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 13 : Examples of Structures on the Land Targeted to Implement Proposed Infrastructure in Kariobangi Informal Settlement * * 32 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 260, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_What will GPOBA disburse for and when ? _ GPOBA will disburse a portion of the unit subsidy per each verified connection and the remainder after a certain period of satisfactory service delivery to each connection . _Is the proposed unit subsidy amount appropriate and how does it compare with other similar OBA projects ? _ The connection cost is lower than in Sri Lanka , and much lower than in Morocco . The team promised to provide a comparative analysis of connection costs . _Who executes the connections ? Could the private sector have a role in making the connections ? _ The Team noted that like many utilities , connections were typically made by NCWSC internal teams . The scope for NCWSC to tender connection contracts to private contractors will be explored during the project preparation work on scheme design . _The tariff may be insufficient to cover the O & M costs and threaten project sustainability . _ The Team noted that NCWSC tariffs already cover O & M costs , but it will look into the sustainability of the project further by carrying out a financial analysis using the results from a demand and pricing study . The financial and economic analysis to be undertaken for the Commitment Paper will address this issue in more detail . _How will the scheme function after the project ends ? _ The Social Connection Fund proposed in the Social Connections Policy will supersede the OBA scheme . The Team will work with NCWSC during implementation of the OBA project to facilitate the timely implementation of the Fund . In addition , the Minutes of the POE Meeting noted that eligibility endorsement was subject to three comments : 1 . _The Team should revise the project design in such a way that the subsidy disbursements are made directly to the service provider rather than the financing bank_ . The project is now structured with disbursements directly to the service provider ( NCWSC ) . _2 . The Team should provide a comparative study of the connection cost . _ GPOBA has two projects with sewered connections . The unit", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quarter ( 28 . 7 percent ) are female headed . They are physically isolated . Only about half of the sample live within three kilometers of a food market and just five percent live within three kilometers of a bank . While the sample is evenly spread across the four regions ( Tigray , Amhara , Oromia , SNNP ) , there is a slightly lower proportion of observations in earlier rounds ( 2006 , 2008 ) compared to the later rounds ( 2012 , 2014 ) . Data on receipt of PSNP payments were recorded during the survey . Enumerators recorded payment data directly from “ client cards ” , a document held by PSNP beneficiaries that lists their monthly payments . When these cards were not available , respondents were asked to recall their payments by month . Payment information includes whether the payment is made as cash or as food – and if food , what type of food – as well as the total amount of payment received . Comparisons of payment data based on client cards and from self ‐ reports show that levels , distributions and timing of payments are comparable . Further , limited access to PSNP payroll data confirms that the self ‐ reported data correlate with the payroll data ( Berhane et al , 2013 ) . By converting the quantities of food payments received by beneficiaries using the market price data , it is possible to calculate the share of payments made in food and in cash . In 2006 , cash payments accounted for about 60 percent of all payments . < sup > 10 < / sup > This increased to 71 percent in 2008 , fell in 2010 but rose thereafter with cash accounting for 73 percent of the value of all payments in 2014 . At the household level , 85 percent of the households in the sample report having received at least one food payment and 89 percent report receiving at > 10 Similar patterns emerge when data are disaggregated by beneficiary type ( public works or direct support ) . These results are not reported but are available upon request . 12", "spans": [{"start": 929, "end": 941, "text": "payment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1089, "end": 1106, "text": "PSNP payroll data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1287, "end": 1304, "text": "market price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to facilitate foreign investment in the banking < br > sector . Such a framework will applyto all banks includingCBE . | | Data source / agency | NBE | | Verification entity | NBE | | Procedure | Revised directives published on NBE website . Since the PBC target is readily examinable , NBE will furnish evidence < br > to the World Bank and will not need to appoint an independent verification agent ( IVA ) . | | * * PBC 2 * * * * Basel II Framewor * * | * * k adopted * * | | Description | All banks have adopted Basel II framework ( Pillar 1 ) , with compliance by banks . Coverage will include : ( i ) Pillar 1 < br > requirements ( credit , market and operational risk ) and ( ii ) a new definition of capital . | | Data source / agency | NBE | | Verification Entity | NBE | | Procedure | New directives published on NBE website ; Copies of Basel II reports submitted to NBE by banks . Since the PBC < br > target is readilyexaminable , NBE will furnish evidence to the World Bank and will not need to appoint an IVA . | | * * PBC 3 : Climate related fi * * | * * nancial riskguideline issued * * | | Description | NBE develops and issues supervisory guidelines to all banks on governance , risk management , and disclosure of < br > climate-related financial risk . | | Data source / agency | NBE | | Verification entity | NBE | | Procedure | Guidelines published on NBE ’ s website . Since the PBC target is readily examinable , NBE will furnish evidence to the < br > World Bank and will not need to appoint an IVA . | | * * PBC 4 . A new commercial * * | * * operating", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 863, "text": "Basel II reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in dynamic panel estimations and rely on \" internal instruments \" to control for a weak form of exogeneity of all explanatory variables . We consider the explanatory variables of interest as predetermined , i . e . instrumented using their own one-period and further lags , in order to use a relevant number of instruments for e ¢ ciency reasons and at the same time keeping the number of instruments lower than or equal to the number of country groups in all speci . . . cations . < sup > 18 < / sup > In column ( 3 ) example , Surinamese emigrants mainly live in the Netherlands , with just 3 percent of Surinamese emigrants living in the six receiving countries in Defoort ’ s sample . We will therefore conduct a sensitivity analysis to check the robustness of the results to the exclusion of low-coverage countries in the Defoort dataset . > 18A problem of the GMM estimator is that too many instruments can over . . . t the endogenous variable . As rule of thumb , the number of instruments should be less or at least equal to the number 12", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 686, "text": "Defoort ’ s sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indicates major productivity and income benefits that can be derived from technology adoption . Since its inception in June 2000 , ATIRI has supported 235 community-based organizations ( CBOs ) . Proposals involving some 3 10 agricultural technologies have been approved and funded , benefiting some 14 , 000 farmers directly and over 150 , 000 indirectly at a cost o f approximately Ksh . 50 million . The achievements o f the ATIRI have been well-documented in the NARP I1 Beneficiary Assessment study and ATIRI extemal reviewI4 . Achievements worth mention are the improvements o f food security arising from improved yields . In some o f the cites maize yields were reported to have increased by over 60 % , while yields o f beans and green grams increased by 32 % and 1 _OO % , _ respectively . Apart from yield increase farmers covered by the initiative were also able to diversify production into high value crops thereby increasing their incomes while generating employment . Table 2 : Cost , Benefits and Economic indictors for the four enterprises . | * * Year * * | * * rota1 Incremental Cost * * | | * * Incre * * | * * mental B * * | * * enefits * * | | * * Net Incremental Benefits * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1 | * * Maize * * | * * Mango * * | * * Potato * * | * * Dairy * * | * * Total * * < br > | * * ( 2-1 ) * * | | | ( ) | | | | | * * ( 2 ) * * < br > | | | 1 | 242 . 9 | 1 < br > 0 < br > | 1 | 1 < br > 0 < br > | 1 < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "acute < br > medical care | Number of staff trained in critical , < br > acute , and emergency medicine | _Expanded technical areas to included training in_ < br > _other aspects of emergency medical services_ < br > _and increased the endyear target . _ | | Number of health care workers < br > and community stakeholders < br > trained in managing GBV cases < br > and psychosocial support < br > countrywide | New | _Measure HR capacity to manage GBV cases and_ < br > _provided psychosocial support given the_ < br > _heightened prevalence of sexual violence and_ < br > _mental health complications during the COVID_ < br > _era . _ | # # # # * * _Component 3 : Project Management , Monitoring and Evaluation_ * * | Proportion of Grievances captured < br > in the Complaints Register for | | _To monitor redress of stakeholder grievances_ < br > _and complaints . _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | UCREPP that have been “ CLOSED | Revised | | | OUT ” in accordance with GRM < br > under the Project | | | | Proportion of District Task Forces | | _Measure efforts by districts to track and_ | | ( DTFs ) reviewing technical reports < br > on continuity of Essential Health | New | _address gaps in the non-pandemic essential_ < br > _health services . _ | | services in thepastquarter | | | | * * _Component 4 : Vaccines Acquisition and De_ * * | * * _ployment_ * * | New | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of vaccines doses < br > procured bythe Project | New | _New indicator to measure volume of vaccines_ < br > procured_ . _", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 788, "text": "Complaints Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * II . Academic Literature and Previous Studies * * # # * * _The micro-determinants of FLFP_ * * At the microeconomic level , Killingsworth and Heckman ( 1986 ) review the empirical and theoretical literature on the determinants of female labor supply and its interactions with fertility , marriage , and divorce decisions in the United States , Canada , Great Britain , and Germany . They established three stylized facts of FLFP observed during the 20th century : ( a ) FLFP only decreases after age 20 ; ( b ) single women are always more likely to work than married women , but married women have experienced a sustained FLFP increase over the past 100 years ; and ( c ) in 1980 , women were over-represented in occupations such as whitecollar clerical and services jobs and under-represented in blue-collar jobs such as crafts , operatives , and non-farm labor . Using data from the 1960 census , their Ordinary Least Squares ( OLS ) results indicate that higher FLFP is associated with higher educational attainment , being single , and having a source of “ other income . ” < sup > 3 < / sup > As we do in this paper , they acknowledge that their results arise from an observed equilibrium between supply and demand for women ’ s skills and consequently , cannot be taken as causal relationships . However , the observed characteristics of labor markets in these 20 < sup > th < / sup > century Western countries may differ greatly from those in Morocco — especially for female inclusion , because of the different conditions in terms of development . > 3 Income other than own earnings , including transfer income . 4", "spans": [{"start": 892, "end": 903, "text": "1960 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 16 * * # # Ministry of health # # # Strengthening Primary Health Care Services # # Designated Account Activity Statement | Forthe quarter < br > in * * USD * * | ended | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Linedescription | * * IDA * * | TF | Total | | Openingbalanceasatthequarterend / i | | | | | Advanceduring thequarter | | | | | refundtodonorsfrom * * DA * * during the < sup > quarter < / sup > | | | | | Less : Transfersoutofthe < sup > * * DA * * tothe localcurrency < / sup > < br > accountduringthequarter | | | | | * * DA * * closingbalanceas atthequarter < sup > endcarried < / sup > < br > forwardtothenextperiod | | | | | Bankbalance perbankstatement | | | | | Difference | | | | / 1 * * - * * enter the amount shown in the previous < sup > IFR < / sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "results to explore the spatial implications for countries ’ 30x30 commitments . Rather than presenting a detailed description of our methodology at the outset , we use our country cases to introduce its features sequentially . We begin with an econometric analysis that identifies the appropriate scale for envisioned protected areas in each country . # * * 2 . Country Size and Protected Area Scale * * In each country , our sequential algorithm begins by overlaying the occurrence maps of all unprotected species on a spatial grid . It counts resident species for each grid cell and identifies the highest-count cell ( P1 ) as the priority 1 candidate for protection coverage . In step 2 , it sets aside the species resident in P1 and repeats the grid cell count for the remaining species . It identifies the highest-count cell as P2 . The algorithm can repeat this exercise until all species have coverage in at least one grid cell . < sup > 2 < / sup > A critical feature of our approach is the selection of grid scale for each country . We use a spatial grid whose cell area is the same as the average protected-area size , controlling for country size . Figure 1 displays the relationship ( in logarithms ) between country area and mean protected area ( PA ) size in sq km for 212 countries and political units . < sup > 3 < / sup > The regression results in Table 1 confirm the strong visual relationship : Mean PA size increases by 0 . 614 % with each 1 % increase in country area , with very high significance ( regression t-statistic of 15 . 47 < sup > 4 < / sup > ) . Using this result , we can predict the mean PA size for any area and translate it to an appropriate grid cell resolution . < sup > 5 < / sup > > 2 When maximum resident populations are the same in more than one cell , the algorithm makes a random selection . > 3 We compute average protected area size from WDPA ( 2024 ) and country area from the World Bank ’ s country shapefile ( World Bank , 2024 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1886, "end": 1899, "text": "WDPA ( 2024 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1941, "end": 1958, "text": "country shapefile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from others that would also be consistent with this fact and yet point to other explanations that can potentially lead to contradictory policy advice . Therefore , in this paper we try to disentangle the precise way in which asset wealth matters for adoption . The data , which were collected by the authors in 2002 and 2004 , cover all 65 boatowning fishermen of a fishing village where the first fibre boats appeared in 2000 . They include a census as well as time series of individual fish sales . These unique data allow us to discard the view that delayed adoption by poor households is due to the smaller scale of their entreprise as each individual operates the same fibre boat . In addition , aversion to income fluctuations is not likely to be important as there is evidence of informal insurance arrangements among boat owners ( Platteau , 1985 ) . Since we do find that wealthier entrepreneurs adopt earlier after controlling for individual ability , we conclude that credit constraints faced by relatively poor boatowners are important . To a lesser extent , we find evidence of aversion towards uncertainty about the gains from the new technology . This paper is related to the work of Platteau ( 1984 ) and that carefully document the introduction of mechanized boats in Kerala . They study an example of how globalization drastically changed the rural landscape . In the words of Platteau , _ “ by revolutionizing the traditional techniques and methods of catching , preserving and distributing fish , the project succeeded beyond expectations in achieving a ‘ revolution ’ [ . . . ] that changed life in many ways . ” _ This process exemplifies what Nissanke and Thorbecke ( 2004 ) have in mind when they point out that the relationship between globalization and poverty is complex and may even be non-linear as globalization affects poverty through many channels . In contrast , we can assert that the only major change from 2000 to 2004 in the village we study was the introduction of FRPs . This enables us to focus on the effects of a single channel , namely , technology diffusion . On a more macro level , the paper is interesting because we explore the", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 450, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 462, "end": 498, "text": "time series of individual fish sales", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 Data and Sample * * # # * * 2 . 1 The Gender Equality at Home Survey * * Our analysis uses the individual level data from the Gender Equality at Home survey that was administered on the Facebook platform in July 2020 . < sup > 10 < / sup > The Gender Equality at Home survey is a collaboration between Facebook , the World Bank and other development partners to survey individuals on Facebook on issues related to gender equality and women ’ s empowerment . The partners developed a short survey questionnaire to collect data from Facebook ’ s general population of users . The questionnaire was designed to measure employment , beliefs and norms on gender , plus a number of key demographic questions ( for example , gender , age , and marital status of the respondent ) as well as time spent on work and domestic and care responsibilities , decision making and resource allocation across household members . Since the survey was administered in July 2020 , additional questions on the impact of the coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) pandemic were also included . Since the survey was still early in the coronavirus pandemic it is less of a concern that survey responses were directly affected by the pandemic . < sup > 11 < / sup > Certain survey modules were randomized across participants in order to mitigate survey fatigue among respondents such that no more than 30 questions were asked in total . The survey was administered on the Facebook platform across 208 countries , territories , and islands . The sampling frame for this survey is the individual database of Facebook and it was administered to 461 , 748 respondents sampled across the globe from the target population . While 208 economies were surveyed , the sample considered in this paper is the 111 countries with sufficient sample size to conduct gender-disaggregated analysis as described further in section 2 . 2 . The dataset is designed to reflect the Facebook user base rather than any specific national population , focusing on countries where internet access is widely available . < sup > 12 < / sup > # # * * 2 . 2 Sample * * In this paper", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 76, "text": "Gender Equality at Home Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1550, "end": 1581, "text": "individual database of Facebook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . # # * * Not Applicable * * When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * Leased Assets * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable ” * * * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan table : * * Not Applicable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "intervention increased both the trust and the infrastructure sub-indices ( each by 22 % ) for the 2011-12 cohorts ; and the infrastructure sub-index for the 2013-14 cohorts ( 24 . 1 % ) . For both cohorts combined , the intervention increased communal infrastructure by 19 . 8 % . Panel B of * * Table 9 * * indicates that there were no significant changes in household-level measures of social capital . We find no significant effects for the sub-indices of Trust and Participation , nor for the aggregate index across all samples . In addition , we find no evidence that the increased participation in land-cover work crowded out unpaid contributions to other pro-social community work , such as building roads or maintaining communal infrastructure ( see Panel B of * * Table 7 * * ) . For the social capital indexes and its sub-indices , we ran similar robustness checks to those we ran for the forest management index ; results do not substantially change ( see Tables S4 and S13 in the Supplementary information for Alix-Garcia et al . , 2018 ) . One possible concern with the social capital analysis is that the process of applying for and being rejected by the program might impact the controls ( e . g . , the application process could bring the community together or lead to disharmony lowering social capital among the control communities ) , which could violate the excludability assumption While we cannot fully test this possible threat to validity as we do not have true pre-treatment measures of social capital , we did examine social capital measures among the control group for those who were rejected once versus multiple times . We found no statistically significant differences or substantial normalized differences among social capital measures for those rejected multiple times ( see Table S14 in the Supplementary Information for AlixGarcia et al . , 2018 ) . This suggests that the process of applying is not related to underlying social capital . > 18 These results are also published in Alix-Garcia et al . 2018 . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and periodic reporting . Expenditures will also be compared to the budgets regularly , explanations will be sought for significant variances , and remedial actions will be taken as appropriate . IFRs would include a variance report along with explanations of material variances . Management will take midway corrective measures based on the reports and explanations . 3 . * * Accounting and staffing arrangement for the project . * * The GoE ’ s accounting policies ( modified cash basis ) and procedures will apply to the project . Separate accounts for the project will be maintained at the PMO . NIDP will develop a project specific FMM , which follows the government procedures and addresses the peculiarities of the project . Preparation of the FMM will be completed within three months of effectiveness . The chart of accounts of the PMO will be updated to accommodate the project . The project is expected to use an accounting system that captures project records at the component , subcomponent , and activity levels . In addition , to comply with government reporting requirements , the project will have to maintain records through IFMIS . The PMO will coordinate and manage the FM aspects of the project through a PMU to be established . It is noted that recruitment for core positions , including FM experts , is currently under way , using the funds from the ID component of the Digital Foundation Project ( P171034 ) , until this project becomes effective . The recruited FM experts will work as a team and in close collaboration with the finance and procurement unit of the PMO . Accounting staff capacities will be reviewed and increased as appropriate during implementation . 4 . * * Internal control and internal audit arrangements . * * All the applicable Government internal control policies and procedures will be applied for the project . In addition , the project ’ s FMM will incorporate detailed control procedures specific to the project . The internal audit unit of the PMO will include the project in its annual work program , conduct audits , prepare reports , and share them with the World Bank . The management", "spans": [{"start": 1144, "end": 1149, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of refugees are male and young . Even after 1 or 2 years in Switzerland , refugees ’ employment rates are almost 80 percentage points lower than natives ’ and it takes them more than 10 years to reach a level which is 18 to 20 percentage points lower than the employment rate of natives . Controlling for the economic conditions in the host country ( using fixed effects for the year of observation ) does not change these results ( column ( 2 ) ) . In columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) we also control for heterogeneity among arrival cohorts and the age structure of refugees upon arrival in Switzerland ( using fixed effects for year of arrival and age at arrival ) . Adding these controls has a small impact on coefficients , by reducing slightly the employment gap for the first five years after arrival . In section 4 . 2 above , we discussed some problems of collinearity that arise in the context of the identification of the profiles of refugees ’ labor market integration . The first collinearity problem occurs in columns ( 3 ) to ( 6 ) of Table 3 , where we control for year of arrival , the number of years since migration and the current year , which are perfectly collinear for refugees . We identify the effects of years since migration and the year of arrival by assuming that the impact of the current year dummies on employment rates is identical for refugees and natives . Second , in columns ( 4 ) to ( 6 ) we introduce fixed effects for the refugees ’ age at arrival . As there is perfect collinearity between the refugees ’ age at arrival , their age and the number of years since migration , this is equivalent to assuming that the impact of age on employment rates might differ for refugees and natives . < sup > 28 < / sup > These estimates do not take the lower education levels of refugees into account , since this variable is missing in our main sample . This information is available in the Structural Survey , which is carried out yearly since 2010 and covers each year approximately 2 . 5 % of", "spans": [{"start": 1911, "end": 1928, "text": "Structural Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on behalf of the project in 21 of the 28 ASAL districts in 2004 / 05 surveying 4 , 000 randomly selected households , and a final impact evaluation was later commissioned to the International Livestock Research Institute ( ILRI ) , involving a resurvey of another 4000 households using a similar questionnaire in June-August 2009 . # # # * * c . M & E Utilization : * * The project had a \" very elaborate \" Early Warning System ( EWS ) database involving information collected from some 10 , 000 household questionnaires applied on a monthly basis , the results of which were processed , made available by Internet and distributed to the districts . This information is reportedly \" widely used \" by the Kenya Food Security Steering Group . The project also has participatory needs assessments and plans for all 28 beneficiary districts , assessments of potential conflict \" flashpoints \" for all of the districts , annual progress reports for each district , and environmental audits which were conducted annually . The 2004 / 05 and 2009 surveys and the associated impact evaluation , among other results , made it possible to determine project impacts on the nutritional status on \" the worst off children . \" In addition , qualitative information was collected through focal group discussions in 21 of 24 \" treatment \" communities , which the impact evaluation used to prepare a \" social network analysis of changes in empowerment and ability to access services . \" ( ICR , para . 44 , pg . 12 ) . * * M & E Quality Rating : * * Modest # # # * * 11 . Other Issues * * # # # * * a . Safeguards : * * The project was classified as Category “ B ” for Environmental Assessment purposes . As well as Environmental Assessment ( OP 4 . 01 ) , the Natural Habitats ( OP 4 . 04 ) , Pest Management ( OP 4 . 09 ) , and Indigenous Peoples ( OP 4 . 10 ) were triggered ( PAD , p . 27 ) . No social safeguard policies were triggered .", "spans": [{"start": 407, "end": 444, "text": "Early Warning System ( EWS ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "statistics across seasons , gender gaps in farm work that varies through the agricultural calendar , and self / proxy discrepancies in child labor statistics that vary according to the seasonal timing of the surveys . As informational constraints may be present in contexts where farms are mostly operated by families and monitoring is costly ( Bharadwaj 2015 ) , reporting of children ’ s activities by proxy respondents could be affected , for instance , by the degree of complementarity of child ’ s effort to adult labor activities in particular seasons . Third , this study talks to the stream of literature that shows that women ’ s work is poorly measured in developing settings ( e . g . , Reynolds and Wagner 2012 , Mata and Greenwood 2000 , Anker 1983 ) , particularly in agricultural households where proxy respondents tend to rely on their general assumption about the state of the world in their search for answers to survey questions given the absence of recall-and-count information ( Beegle et al . 2012 ) . Our study shows the use of proxies becomes a source of gender bias in the measurement of child labor for girls in settings characterized by patterns of gender stratification of intrahousehold time allocation . Fourth , this study may carry implications for the current debate on the measurement of agricultural productivity ( e . g . , Gollin et al . 2014 , McCullough 2017 ) , wherein child labor is used as an input in the production function . Our results suggest that eliciting labor information on child labor from a proxy respondent may affect the measured value-added per worker , and therefore productivity gaps by gender , or between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in countries where child labor has a high prevalence . This study is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the context of this study , the sampling procedure , and survey design intervention . Section 3 presents the empirical strategy , while Section 4 presents the main results . Section 5 assesses further impacts and potential channels that explain the main results . Finally , Section 6 presents the conclusions . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more efficient than nonexporters . Low and decreasing entry rates can be associated with low productivity at the firm level and / or high costs to export . In any case , this is a point that requires more detailed diagnosis to guide policy actions . Lack of integration into global value chains can possibly explain the low levels of dynamism in the export sector . The emergence of global production networks has changed the world trade landscape , and this has been a driving force behind emergent trade powerhouses , many of them located in Asia . Latin America , especially the southern countries , has not been an active participant in this new trade arrangement . The extent to which Brazil is out of the global supply chain can be gauged , at least partially , by looking at trade in parts and components . Looking at trade in parts and components also helps distinguish between assembly activities and participation in value chains . It is likely that a country exporting finished product might have just assembled high-value intermediate inputs made elsewhere . As such , rising imports of parts and components indicate a country ’ s increased assembly activity , whereas a rise in their exports suggests its growing importance in the global supply chain . > 5 See Cebeci and others ( 2012 ) for a full and detailed description of the database . 6 Cebeci and others ( 2012 ) argued that Brazil presents the lowest entry rate among 44 countries in the above-mentioned database . > 7 _Estado de São Paulo_ , August 3 , 2012 ( editorial ) . 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 Contribution and Related Literature * * This paper is related to three strands of literature . First and foremost , we contribute to the literature looking at the economic impact of opening the domestic economy to foreign investors . The existing research finds positive effects of such financial liberalization on aggregate economic outcomes including domestic investment ( Henry 2000a ) , economic growth ( Bekaert , Harvey , and Lundblad 2005 ; Gupta and Yuan 2009 ; Levchenko , Ranci ` ere , and Thoenig 2009 ) , and international trade ( Manova 2008 ; Defever and Suedekum 2014 ) while also raising concerns about potential adverse effects in terms of more volatile capital flows ( Broner and Ventura 2016 ) and increased vulnerability to financial crises ( Reinhart and Rogoff 2009 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > More recently , the researchers started to look beyond the aggregate outcomes and explore the structural changes brought by foreign investors to recipient economies ( e . g . , Bekaert et al . 2007 ; Gopinath et al . 2017 ; Larrain and Stumpner 2017 ; Varela 2018 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > One of the main challenges in this research is to capture the full structural impact of foreign investors relevant for a broad group of countries . For one thing , the empirical work on allocative consequences of financial liberalization faces a trade-off between the cross-country coverage and comparability of the available data on the one side and their disaggregation level on the other side . Researchers thus often have to choose between utilizing disaggregated firm-level data and maximizing the number of countries across different stages of financial and economic development in their sample . < sup > 3 < / sup > The framework of international trade allows us to use highly disaggregated > 1 Papers examining the impact of financial liberalization on the outcomes in financial markets include , e . g . , Bekaert and Harvey ( 2000 ) , Henry ( 2000b ) , Kaminsky and Schmukler ( 2008 ) . > 2 Related research examining the impact of domestic financial development on allocation of physical capital includes , e . g . , Wurgler (", "spans": [{"start": 1562, "end": 1591, "text": "disaggregated firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "water supply lasting less than 24 h per day in 44 of the 102 countries included in the database ( Danilenko et al . , 2014 ) . In 2000 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that 60 % of the population served by piped water in Latin America and the Caribbean were served by Intermittent Water Supply ( IWS ) and that at least one in three urban water supplies in Africa and one in two in Asia operated intermittently ( WHO , 2000 ) . Overall , 1 billion people suffer from IWS according to WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply , Sanitation and Hygiene ( JMP ) . The impact of intermittent water supply is significant , particularly on poor households . Health impacts caused by water disruptions tend to be more severe for low-income households and affect households that consume tap water ( Ercumen et al . , 2015 ; Jeandron et al . , 2015 ; Nygård et al . , 2007 ) . In India , Ercumen et al . ( 2015 ) look at the relationship between water supply interruptions and waterborne illnesses using panel dataset with matched cohorts of households . The impact of water supply interruptions on child diarrheal illnesses depends on household income . Children from low-income households with continuous water supply have 37 % lower prevalence of infectious diarrhea than lowincome households with intermittent supply . In higher-income households , there is no significant evidence of the impact of continuous water supply on child diarrheal illnesses , compared to intermittent supply . Results also show that households with continuous water supply report 42 % fewer cases of typhoid fever than households with intermittent water supply , regardless of their level of income . < mark > Studies using official information on water outages and clinic admission data identify a strong and consistent relationship between outages and health impacts . < / mark > In the Democratic Republic of Congo , Jeandron et al . ( 2015 ) link water interruptions to increased cholera incidence rate using time series data combining admission information from a Cholera Treatment Center and daily variations of water supplied by the water treatment plant . They find that the suspected cholera incidence rate", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1038, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1769, "end": 1790, "text": "clinic admission data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2016, "end": 2032, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2043, "end": 2096, "text": "admission information from a Cholera Treatment Center", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ The World Bank office in Kampala will provide guidance and comments on compliance and completeness of the resettlement programme from the review of quarterly progress reports and during Resettlement Steering Team discussions in which updates will be presented . Evaluation of the programme by definition will consider long term impacts . There could be one held at the end of the 20month implementation period . During the resettlement program itself , focus will be on ensuring that the appropriate baseline information is recorded . The bulk of the information has been gathered during the socio-economic census of this update process . A few key indicators shall be identified and agreed , to be collected more systematically for the end of project evaluation . Lessons from the evaluation will be widely shared . # # # * * 11 . 2 . 3 . Progress Monitoring * * During the compensation and resettlement , the progress will be reported against the following key indicators : 1 . Number of public consultation meetings carried out with affected persons and local authorities in preparation for and during RAP implementation ; 2 . Number of affected entities effectively compensated as a percentage of total entities ( and packages ) to be compensated ; 3 . Number of infrastructure for which compensation has been completed ; 4 . Number of households , businesses and individuals physically displaced as a result of project activities ; 5 . Number of households , businesses and individuals economically displaced ; 6 . Number of households resettled by the project ( other than cash compensation ) ; 7 . Grievances open and closed i . e . , number of complaints received — total justified , non-justified including emerging issues ; Total complaints resolved ; total referred to the legal system including the initiator ( REA or affected person ) ; 8 . Completion of repayment process in time ; and 9 . Clearance of the RoW within stipulated demolition time ( 3 months ) . Based on this , quarterly monitoring reports will be prepared and", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 699, "text": "socio-economic census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * NO * * < br > * * AGENDA * * | * * RESOLUTIONS * * | * * TIME * * < br > * * FRAME * * | * * RESPONSIBLE * * < br > * * TEAMS * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | • MCA Yama noted that the project promised to < br > keep the leaders in the picture regarding all < br > RAP Implementation activities but PMU had < br > not shared the maps of the relocation sites , < br > designs and models of affected schools as < br > requested < br > • SSS noted that this would be done after < br > finalization of the pending inquiry of P1 < br > parcels . | | PMU | There being no further business the meeting ended at 2 . 10pm . The next Land task team Members meeting was scheduled for 2 < sup > nd < / sup > September at 9am . Acknowledged : ____________________________________Date : _____________________ Confirmed : _______________________________________Date : ______________________ * * 5 * *", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 374, "text": "maps of the relocation sites", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "crops including plusses , oil crops , vegetables etc . # # # # * * Mao and Komo Special woreda * * Mao-Komo is one of the Woredas in the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State , is considered as a Special Woreda , an administrative subdivision which is similar to an autonomous area . The southernmost woreda in the Region , Mao-Komo is bordered on the west by Sudan and South Sudan , on the north by the Asossa Zone , and on the east and south by the Oromia Region . Tongo is the main town of the Woreda . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA , this Woreda has a total population of 64 , 876 , of whom 32 , 440 are men and 32 , 436 are women . 7 , 365 or 11 . 35 % of the populations are urban inhabitants whereas 57 , 511 or 88 . 65 % are living in rural areas of the woreda . Based on figures from the CSA of 2007 the woreda has an estimated area of 1 , 792 . 66 square kilometers . The five largest ethnic groups living in the Mao-Komo Special Woreda are the Oromo , the Mao people , the Berta , the Komo and the Fadashi respectively based on their numbers as well as all other ethnic groups made up not more than 1 % of the population . The main languages are Oromo , Berta , Mao , Komo and Fadashi respectively based on their numbers . The majority of the inhabitants are Muslim , with 94 . 56 % of the population , while 2 . 64 % are 40", "spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 556, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 818, "end": 829, "text": "CSA of 2007", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "health care after the shock . In 12 % of the cases , these disruptions were caused by road damages ( 9 % ) and transport issues ( 3 % ) ( Kishore et al . , 2018 ) . More than half of the respondents in flood affected areas of Hanoi , Vietnam , reported not being able to access their usual health care or medication for one month after a big flood event in 2008 . The main reason for this was road disruptions ( 69 % ) and transport issues ( 33 % ) . In the affected areas , a higher incidence of dengue fever , pink eye , dermatitis and psychological problems was observed a month after the flood ( Bich et al . , 2011 ) . Road disruptions make it more difficult for households to access food and other essential goods , as well as potentially cause price shocks affecting the economy of an area more broadly . Having been collecting data on food losses since 1961 , the Food and Agriculture Organization notes that distribution wastes tend to be larger in countries with hot humid climate and lacking reliable transportation infrastructure , with a particularly strong impact on perishable food . Baez et al . document the impact of Agatha , a tropical storm that struck Guatemala in 2010 , in urban areas . They observe an increase in poverty by 18 % in the aftermath of this climatic disaster , mainly because of higher food prices . This inflation , as documented by the authors , was likely to be caused by increased frictions along the food supply chain , including transportation links . Safir et al . ( 2013 ) found a 4 % decrease in food consumption in areas of the Philippines recording precipitation levels below one standard deviation from the mean . The same pattern was observed after the 2015 flood in South Carolina . Even if there were no major food disruptions in the aftermath of this disaster , Cutter ( 2017 ) documents an impact on the longer-run , at the local level : the flood affected livelihoods and food security of many residents and small farmers . This impact is partly attributable to transportation disruptions : the flood caused", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 854, "text": "data on food losses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "microeconomic point of view , the benefits are more nuanced . On the one hand , when women participate in the labor force , they gain a voice in society , and as a consequence , households invest more in education and health ( Duflo , 2012 ) . On the other hand , while higher FLFP may imply greater welfare , this may not always be true if working conditions are not ideal . Evidence from developing countries suggests that many women work in low-paid jobs or unsafe working conditions out of necessity . We use 18 cross-sectional waves of the National Employment Survey between 2001 and 2018 , three waves of the World Values Surveys between 2001 and 2011 , and four waves of the Arab Barometer between 2006 and 2017 . Our goal is to gain a better understanding of Morocco ’ s low FLFP and to initially explore the constraints and choices that women face regarding their labor market status . For example , a restricted demand for female employment may be associated with traditional attitudes toward women ’ s work , which pulls women out of the labor force — an understudied factor in Morocco . The structure of the paper follows : Section II reviews the existing literature on the microdeterminants of FLFP , along with the role of values and identity in women labor . Section III describes Morocco ’ s position in context in the MENA region and the world . Section IV describes the data used and its sources . Section V describes the profile of active and inactive women and female workers in terms of participation , employment , and inclusion . Section VI describes the methodology used to summarize the interplay of multiple variables . Section VII presents the results . Finally , section VIII pulls the paper together with conclusions . 3", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 571, "text": "National Employment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 615, "end": 635, "text": "World Values Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 682, "end": 696, "text": "Arab Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "local language . After the training , interviewers were selected on the basis of an exam and simulated interviews . The questionnaire was then tested during a pilot study in a colline that was not included in our sample . We assigned teams of five interviewers , each including a team leader and at least two women . Each interviewer did two interviews per day on average . The questionnaires were then checked for accuracy and entered in a CS-PRO program by data entry agents . We checked the accuracy of entry ex-post , too . Community Data . During the 2010 survey , enumerators also undertook a community survey in each colline . This survey included data on past violence , public services , and community initia - > 11There are four administrative levels in Burundi : the province , the commune ( translated _ “ municipality ” _ ) , the colline ( translated _ “ hill ” _ ) and the sous-colline ( translated _ “ sub-hills ” _ ) . > 12The QUIBB survey used the same sampling strategy as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) , collected in September 2005 by UNICEF . The MICS survey mostly focuses on health and gender issues , and contains little useful information about economic outcomes . The sampling weights of the MICS survey will accounted for in the empirical analysis ( results do not change without taking into account these sampling weights ) . > 13There were three collines in which we could not trace households , all located in Bujumbura Rural . In two collines , the villagers reported not to know the households , either because they had migrated or were invented by 2005 interviewers . The remaining colline was not secure enough to conduct the survey . 10", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 615, "text": "community survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 995, "end": 1028, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1234, "end": 1245, "text": "MICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the historical cross-country crisis experience > 16 To provide an example of such a scenario , consider Lebanon which is identified by the Laeven and Valencia ( 2008 ) database to have gone through a Systematic Banking and Currency Crisis in 1990 . However , ( annual ) real GDP growth from 1989 to 1991 was _ − _ 42 % , 26 % and 38 % , respectively for these three years . So GDP growth was an astonishing 26 % and 38 % for the years from 1990 to 1991 ( the year of the crisis and the following year ) while GDP growth was negative before the financial crisis . This example of the actual historical experience of Lebanon is clearly an exception that does not follow the typical scenario of a deep downturn in economic activity during a financial crisis . Including such a country experience in the Stress scenario construction would thus not be very informative . 21", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 179, "text": "Laeven and Valencia ( 2008 ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "288 | 698 , 210 . 34 | | 344 , 965 | | 1 , 086 , 463 | | 5 | Q3 18 / 19 - HF | | 51 , 584 | 549 , 441 | | 269 , 068 | | 870 , 093 | | 6 | Q4 18 / 19 - HF | | 54 , 197 | 600 , 687 | 73 , 961 | 307 , 777 | 26 , 417 | 1 , 063 , 039 | | 7 | Q1 19 / 20-HF | | 121 , 792 | 1 , 109 , 270 | 248 , 723 | 498 , 941 | 131 , 775 | 2 , 110 , 501 | | 8 | Q2 19 / 20-HF | | | 1 , 103 , 194 | | 508 , 325 | | 1 , 611 , 519 | | | * * Cumulative Total * * | * * 1 , 420 , 285 * * | * * 368 , 670 * * | * * 3 , 909 , 048 * * | * * 322 , 684 * * | * * 1 , 845 , 694 * * | * * 158 , 192 * * | * * 9 , 636 , 092 * * | # # # * * 3 . 2 . 4 Quality of services at the health facilities enrolled into RBF * * # # # * * _Trends in quality of services offered by health facilities implementing RBF in the Phase I Districts_ * * Generally , an improvement in the quality of care has been registered across the RBF facilities based on results from the quarterly quality of care assessment by the EDHMT , over the course of the 4 quarters ( ) that is from Q3 of FY 18 / 19 to Q2 of FY 19 / 20 for Phase 1 districts . The quality of care among HCIVs was already high at the baseline and has continued to improve . The quality of care among HCIIIs was lower considerably and increased faster and is", "spans": [{"start": 922, "end": 958, "text": "quarterly quality of care assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Starting from February , outreach social workers were not present at all , so organizations working in Belgrade central area found themselves in a difficult situation until spring when newly recruited outreach social workers were dispatched to Belgrade and some border areas . Furthermore , due to limited capacities of local police stations and limited number of asylum registrations that can be processed on a daily basis , it was decided to prioritize younger and most vulnerable UASC . Outreach social workers would choose a group to be registered during that day , often choosing the youngest UASC or those with specific needs first , so larger groups of UASC were forced to wait for registration , sometimes for days . As a result , many of UASC gave up waiting and decided to try and find private accommodation , often in irregular shelters , private houses or crossing the border irregularly , often staying invisible for further assistance and protection . > 28 A total of 700 UASC who expressed intention to apply for asylum were recorded in Serbia , according to Asylum Office statistics in 2018 .", "spans": [{"start": 1074, "end": 1098, "text": "Asylum Office statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-MOH-254642-CS-CQS / Pr < br > ocurement of consultancy se < br > rvices for a firm to support consulting firm to support the IDA / 65980 Gender Based Violence Response Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 332 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2021-10-29 2021-11-06 2021-11-13 2021-11-30 2022-05-29 < br > capacity building of service p < br > roviders on GBV response thr < br > ough virtual / online platform . < br > KE-MOH-268646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand planning , blood and blood products forecasting , quantification an IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 270 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2021-12-21 2022-01-04 2022-02-03 2022-03-10 2022-09-06 < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector < br > KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to guide community engagement a IDA / 65980 Community discussion and information outreach Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 100 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-01-12 2022-01-26 2022-02-25 2022-04-01 2022-09-28 < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recove < br > ry from COVID-19 in Kenya < br > KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / Pr < br > ocurement of", "spans": [{"start": 1010, "end": 1057, "text": "nationwide survey to guide community engagement", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # * * 6 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the PAPs * * The socio-economic baseline study seeks to understand the environmental contexts , socioeconomic and basic social services and livelihood activities and their constraints in Subproject influence areas . Hence , the socio-economic study was involved relevant data collection at Subproject Woreda and Kebele levels , stakeholder identification & consultation , impact identification as well as baseline socioeconomic survey of Subproject affected households . For the present Woliso Substation and associated transmission line Subproject the Socio-economic baseline study was conducted in October 2023 during the ESIA study . As part of the processes for preparing this RP for the proposed Woliso SS and associated TL Subproject , a socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs was conducted . An inventory and registration of all affected assets and properties as well as unit costs and productivity for agricultural crops and cost estimates for other impacted properties was also collected during this study . Moreover , consultative meetings with Subproject affected households , community members , local authorities and other stakeholders were also conducted for the present RP preparation in December 2024 . While the census survey involved all the 26 HHs affected by the Subproject components , whereas the baseline socioeconomic survey was conducted on 34 HHs of which 60 . 0 % were Subproject affected households and the remaining 40 . 0 % were non-impacted households reside in subproject impact Kebele . The difference between the two types of surveys is that while the socio-economic survey is intended to establish the baseline socio-economic conditions of Subproject affected households whereas , the census survey is intended to prepare the objective ground for compensation payment by a complete enumeration of PAHs and by registering all properties affected by the Subproject components . Therefore , this chapter discusses the main findings on the demographic and socioeconomic aspects of heads of households", "spans": [{"start": 589, "end": 652, "text": "baseline socioeconomic survey of Subproject affected households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 928, "end": 980, "text": "socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1440, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1546, "text": "baseline socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1784, "end": 1805, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1918, "end": 1931, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Gourley , S . , T . Kilic , and D . B . Lobell ( 2019 ) . A new spin on an old debate : Errors in farmerreported production and their implications for inverse scale - productivity relationship in Uganda . _Journal of Development Economics 141_ , 102376 . - Hennermann , K . and P . Berrisford ( 2020 ) . ERA5 : data documentation . Last modified Nov 18 , 2020 . ` https : / / confluence . ecmwf . int / display / CKB / ERA5 % 3A + data + documentation ` . - Jack , B . K . , K . McDermott , and A . Sautmann ( 2022 ) . Multiple price lists for willingness to pay elicitation . _Journal of Development Economics 159_ , 102977 . - Jagnani , M . , C . B . Barrett , Y . Liu , and L . You ( 2021 ) . Within-season producer response to warmer temperatures : Defensive investments by kenyan farmers . _Economics Journal 131_ ( 633 ) , 392 – 419 . - Jain , M . ( 2020 ) . The benefits and pitfalls of using satellite data for causal inference . _Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 14_ ( 1 ) , 157 – 69 . - Janzen , S . A . and J . D . Michler ( 2021 ) . Ulysses ’ pact or Ulysses ’ raft : Using pre-analysis plans in experimental and nonexperimental research . _Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy_ , forthcoming . - Jayachandran , S . ( 2006 ) . Selling labor low : Wage responses to productivity shocks in developing countries . _Journal of Political Economy 114_ ( 3 ) , 538 – 75 . - Kaur , S . ( 2019 ) . Nominal wage rigidity in village labor markets . _American Economic Review 109_ ( 10 ) , 3585 – 616 . - Kilic , T . , H . Moylan , J . Ilukor , C . Mtengula , and I . Pangapanga-Phiri ( 2021 ) . Root for the tubers : Extended-harvest crop production and productivity measurement in surveys . _Food Policy 102_ , 102033 . - K ̈ onig , M . D . ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * indicator code * * < sup > ‡ < / sup > | * * Comments * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | # Refugees | 1 . a Population movements | | UNHCR Data portal | Côte d ’ Ivoire ; < br > Benin ; Togo ; < br > Ghana | All refugees | N / A | | | | # Internally Displaced < br > Persons ( IDPs ) | 1 . a Population movements | Protection | | | | Humanitarian Indicator < br > Registry | P6-2 | | | # girls / boys separated from < br > parents or legal guardians . | < br > 1 . b Population movements / < br > Protection | Protection | MSNA / DTM | | | 2022 JIAF indicator < br > bank < br > Humanitarian Indicator < br > Registry | 69 < br > P1-PC7-1 | | § All indicators are analysed for the covered period . † Existing equivalent indicators in standard databases . ‡ Indicator code taken from standard databases * * 7 * *", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 212, "text": "UNHCR Data portal", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 602, "end": 621, "text": "2022 JIAF indicator", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * By * * December 2023 , the Visitor entries had recovered and surpassed the * * 2019 * * pre-pandemic levels * * by 61 % . * * This suggests an improved performance , possibly due to the services and improved facilities at the canter . Capacity building of MSMEs along the shores and islands of Lake Victoria The concept for financing capacity building and training of communities and SMEs that will be involved with delivering the overall experience to tourists around * * UWEC * * was developed and under implementation . Facilitators and * * 25 * * MSMEs were identified for the capacity building program and the assorted * * ICT * * Equipment to be used was procured . # # c ) * * Transform management and * * efficiency of the Uganda Hotel and Tourism Training Institute * * ( UHTTI ) * * The * * AF * * is supporting the re-development of the * * UHTTI * * into a center of excellence , to date physical Civil works for Phase 1 ( the first * * 50 * * hotel rooms ) are at a * * 97 % * * completion rate and in a defects liability period to end in September 2024 . Supervision and construction of the additional * * 30 * * hotel rooms continued and the percentage completion increased from * * _55 % _ * * to * * 82 % * * completion rate . The procurement of Kitchen , Bar , and laundry equipment for the Hotel was finalized and the equipment was delivered . The interior designer for the hotel was engaged and work is in the final stages . Construction works for Phase II at * * UHTTI * * school commenced and it covers an administration block , multipurpose hall , and a classroom block it is progressing well at a * * 60 % * * completion rate . * * 31 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "temporary jobs have a higher male profile in most of the analyzed countries . The exceptions are Armenia and Moldova in the starting point of the study where there is observed a share of males larger than 50 % of part-time employees . In the case of temporary employment , we find in all cases and periods a predominantly male profile . From a dynamic point of view , both part-time and temporary employees show in most of the countries a growing share of women . In fact , in the case of part-time employment , this growing female prevalence is observed in Russia , Kyrgyzstan , Armenia , Albania , and Moldova , while Turkey and Georgia show a very small rise on the share of men . Additionally , regarding the four cases in which we identify temporary employment , there is also a small growing female participation in Kyrgyzstan and Georgia , while the distribution by gender remains almost constant in Turkey and Armenia . Figure 22 : Part-time employment by gender . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s < br > Russia Georgia Kyrgyzstan Turkey Armenia Albania Moldova < br > Female Male < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys . Like in the case of the age profile , the growing female participation is consistent with the observed trend in overall employment . Indeed , in the considered period , there is observed a rise in the female participation in total employment of approximately 1 percentage point on average . Statistics among the age and gender profile for total employment are included in the Annex II of the paper . Page 29 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 1414, "end": 1431, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inflated by the retail price index . The resulting land values are B50 per m2 along the Debre Zeit road and B30 per m2 for the rest of Nefas Silk . Land value constitutes about half of the total investment in housing and site development . # # Sensitivity 6 . 07 Sensitivity analysis was done to indicate the effect of inaccuracy in estimating these two crucial variables and the impact of cost overruns . If rental values have been over or under estimated by as much as 50 % either because of changes in the rental market over time or imprecise current estimates , the overall 25 % rate of return for site development and construction loans would still be between 12 % and 34 % . If land values have been over - or underestimated by as much as 50 % , the rate of return would show no significant difference . Construction delays of up to two years leading to cost overruns of up to 30 % would drop the overall return to 19 % , still a viable figure . # # B . Poverty Impact / Replicability 6 . 08 As noted above , the majority of funds under this project will go to HSB for the serviced site component . The standards of dwellings and services to be built are exceptionally modest and leave", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 34, "text": "retail price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "If we were using WITS to obtain information on tariffs and then estimate Equation ( 4 ) , we would overstate the NTB effect of the trade agreement because the actually occurring tariff reduction cannot be identified due to the massive measurement error . Instead , the RTA dummy picks up both , the NTB effect and the tariff reduction . If tariff cuts are larger in deep trade agreements than in other ones , the measurement error creates an omitted variable problem that biases the NTB effect upwards : in the extreme , it could be possible that a positive and trade-creating NTB effect could be entirely due to tariff reductions . Therefore , it is crucial to use tariff data that adequately deals with the missing observations in the raw data . The traditional approach to identifying the NTB effects of deep trade agreements does not control for time-varying unobservable country-pair-specific changes in bilateral trade costs such as general globalization trends that reduce the costs of international relative to domestic trade . As pointed out by Bergstrand et al . ( 2015 ) , ignoring these forces overstates the effect of RTAs on trade . The resulting omitted variable bias is stronger for trade agreements that have been signed into effect in more recent years when these trends have been more prevalent . RTAs that entered into force more recently have a higher probability of being a deep trade agreement because the number of policy areas covered in trade deals increases with time : Hofmann et al . ( 2019 ) report that the average depth steadily increased starting from 1990 going from an average of 11 provisions for RTAs signed between 1990 and 1994 to 23 provisions for RTAs signed between 2010 and 2015 . < sup > 3 < / sup > Hence , not accounting for time trends in trade policy with the help of time-varying border dummies can lead to upwards-biased NTB effects for all RTAs , and the bias is larger for deep trade agreements than shallow ones . Following Yotov ( 2022 ) , we add time-varying border dummies , < sup > L2015 < / sup > _t_ = 2001 _Globijt_ , that equal one for international and zero for domestic trade flows to flexibly", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 677, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . 2 Sources of Governance Data The 35 WGI data sources used in the 2024 update are summarized in Table 1 , with a more detailed description of each data source in Annex 1 . The WGI data sources fall into two broad categories : surveys of firms and households , and expert assessments . The former includes several major surveys of firm managers : the World Economic Forum ’ s Executive Opinion Survey that informs their annual Global Competitiveness Report , the Institute for Management and Development ’ s Executive Opinion Survey that informs their annual World Competitiveness Report , and the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Survey Program , which has recently been greatly expanded to achieve near-global coverage on a rotating threeyear cycle to inform the World Bank ’ s new Business Ready report series . The WGI also include data from several regional household survey programs ( Afrobarometer , Latinobarometro , Americas Barometer , and European Quality of Governance Survey ) , as well as one global household survey ( the Gallup World Poll ) . In addition , one of our data sources , the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index , is a hybrid combining findings from an expert assessment with a cross-country household survey with near-global coverage . These firm and household survey data sources are particularly salient because they directly capture survey respondents ’ perceptions of the quality of governance in the countries in which they live . In total , household and firm surveys make up 11 of the 35 data sources in the WGI . The remaining 24 WGI data sources are expert assessments , reflecting the perceptions and views of experts affiliated with a range of NGO , private sector , and government sector organizations . All of them share a broadly similar approach in which experts employed and / or recruited by the organization provide numerical scores of various dimensions of governance , following a standardized methodology and set of definitions developed by the organization producing the data source . In many cases , the experts providing the assessments are based in the country or region they assess . These data sources based on expert assessments have advantages and disadvantages relative to surveys . One advantage is that they", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 404, "text": "Executive Opinion Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 617, "end": 642, "text": "Enterprise Survey Program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 888, "end": 901, "text": "Afrobarometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 904, "end": 919, "text": "Latinobarometro", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 922, "end": 940, "text": "Americas Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 947, "end": 984, "text": "European Quality of Governance Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1034, "end": 1051, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1100, "end": 1139, "text": "World Justice Project Rule of Law Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1206, "end": 1236, "text": "cross-country household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Pragmatic s * * | * * cenario * * | | | | | | | | | National | 874 | 5 , 372 | 0 | 160 | 3 | 119 | 282 | 1 . 3 | | Regional | 2 , 010 | 2 , 893 | 113 | 33 | 4 | 117 | 268 | 1 . 3 | | UAI | 50 | 1 , 839 | 63 | 17 | 5 | 15 | 100 | 0 . 5 | | RAI | | 34 , 201 | 0 | 116 | 2 | 258 | 376 | 1 . 8 | | Total | 2 , 934 | 44 , 305 | 176 | 326 | 13 | 509 | 1 , 025 | 4 . 8 | _Source : _ Adapted from Carruthers , Krishnamani , and Murray ( 2009 ) . _Note : _ RAI = Rural Accessibility Index ; UAI = Urban Accessibility Index # Ports # # * * Achievements * * The Sudanese Port Authority ( SPC ) has used its large revenues to invest in infrastructure improvements at Port Sudan . The SPC revenue per ton of throughput increased by 47 percent in dollar terms between 2000 and 2005 . A combination of a higher realization per tonne handled and large increases in throughput has led to the generation of substantial surpluses . Information from the mid-2000s suggests that the SPC invested around $ 187 million in development projects . This resulted in the main areas being in good condition with a * * Figure 10 . Port Sudan faces serious congestion problems * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 150 % < br > 125 % < br > 100 % < br > 75 % < br > 50 % < br > 25 % < br > 0 % < br > Source : AICD ports database . < br > reported capacity < br > Ratio of current demand to < br > Cotonou Cape Town Luanda Port Sudan Douala Dar es Salaam Mombasa < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > number of new berths added and", "spans": [{"start": 1289, "end": 1308, "text": "AICD ports database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IBRD 47749 | MARCH 2024 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Caregiver Norm : Women ’ s most important role is to take care of her home and children < br > Misperception ofthe norm : Perceived Community Norms - Personal Beliefs ( % ) < br > a eK , \\ < br > Jaunt , ~ . < br > ~ ee a < br > Mi 40-50 ak \" i yw t | ‘ 4 | aas < br > mi 35-40 . ay Ni @ eis < br > WM 25-30 aeae ay , “ 4 < br > WH 20-25 2 < br > mmW @ 15-2010-15 Sy pe ) < br > my 0-10 : < br > my - 5-0 < br > mm - 10 - - 5 < br > ! - 20 - - 10 4 < br > No data < br > a < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Misperception is determined by the disparity between the Community perceived norm ( on a 0-100 scale ) and the Aggregate Level ofAgreement with the norm within the country ( on a 0-100 scale ) . Here we present the actual values ofthe misperception — some countries havea positive value ( overestimation ) andsome a negative value ( underestimation ) suggesting varying degrees of misperception . Darker shades ofthe map suggest an overestimation of the female caregiver norm — individuals think their community is more gender conservative or stereotypical than actual beliefs in that country . Lighter shades ofthe map suggest an underestimation of the female caregiver norm — individuals think their community is more gender progressive or counter-stereotypical than actual beliefs in that country . Source : Gender Equality at Home Data , 2020 .", "spans": [{"start": 1385, "end": 1413, "text": "Gender Equality at Home Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "market purposes . Based on the census and enumeration result , a total of 26 , 035 different sizes and species of perennial crops and fruit trees are impacted . These belong to 198 households ( 162 HHs by RoW and tower pad installation and 36 HHs by the construction of the 2 new substations ) . Page 97", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 60, "text": "census and enumeration result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consultancy services . 4 . 02 Physical contingencies of 10 % ( US $ 1 . 4 million ) have been applied to costs of civil works , equipment , training and operation and maintenance costs . Price contingencies are estimated at about 25 % of project base costs and are based on expected international price escalations of 8 % , 9 % , 9 % and 9Z , and domestic price escalations of 15 % , 10X , 8 % and 7 . 5Z per annum for 1985 through 1989 . # # # # # Project Start-Up Activities 4 . U3 Certain activities , including execution of a base-line survey in the project area , technical assistance in extension to establish work programs , and preliminary training in extension in Kenya for Soroti District agricultural staff , would permit a rapid start to the project ( see Table 2 ) . In order to ensure an efficient transfer of warehouse stocks and", "spans": [{"start": 530, "end": 546, "text": "base-line survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "am ( i . e . , July 2019 ) . The firs < br > chers . | t year of the Prog | This is expected from the second year of the Program ( i . e . , July 2019 ) . The first year of the Program will focus on training of cluster supervisors and key teachers . # # Improved quality # # ~ ~ < u > IN00701442 < / u > ~ ~ ► IR Indicator 6 . 3 : Average score of composite index of school inspection standards on teaching practi ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 54 . 00 | 54 . 00 | 54 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 07-Jul-2016 | 05-Sep-2018 | 09-May-2019 | 07-Jul-2022 | | Comments | | | | | # # Improved quality # # ~ ~ < u > IN00701443 < / u > ~ ~ ► IR Indicator 6 . 4 : % of actual teaching time relative to scheduled instructional time in P1 schools ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Time-on-task survey to be < br > conducted in Year 1 and < br > Year 2 | Not available | Not available | To be determined | | Date | 06-Jul-2016 | 05-Sep-2018 | 09-May-2019 | 06-Jul-2022 | | Comments | | | | | 5 / 29 / 2019 Page 11 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 990, "end": 1009, "text": "Time-on-task survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 67 % * * | * * 77 % * * | | _Permitting New Entrants_ | _100 % _ | _75 % _ | _75 % _ | _75 % _ | _50 % _ | _100 % _ | 90 % | | _PPA Approvals_ | _50 % _ | _67 % _ | _67 % _ | _67 % _ | _67 % _ | _33 % _ | 57 % | Note : Scores based on index developed for the Rethinking Power Sector Reform Project . For more details go to project website at http : / / www . esmap . org / rethinking_power_sector_reform The new law governing the sector was incorporated in 2015 and all institutions are adjusting to the changes made under the law . At the time , when data was collected for the study , the new regulations and framework were being implemented and not enough time had passed to judge whether the new framework was actually being implemented in their true spirit . However , the perceived index gives us an opportunity to understand how regulation is being practiced in the sector as of 2015 . A very interesting picture emerges from the comparison of the de jure and perceived indices . The overall score on regulatory framework falls from 60 percent to 28 percent ( table 9 ) . On every indicatoraccountability , autonomy , tariffs , quality and market entry the regulator is seen to be not implementing all the practices that are part of the 2015 framework . The differences are extremely egregious in quality regulation and transparency practices . The regulator is unable to exercise its authority on tariff levels and > 21For more detail about the material in this table , see the Annex . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The rigid component of public expenditure reduces the procyclical bias ( Table 4 , column 9 ) . But the effect is asymmetric over the business cycle : the mitigation of procyclicality through spending rigidity is larger during the upturns of the cycle ( column 2 of Table 5 ) . Finally , we found no evidence that fiscal space affects the procyclicality of public spending ( Table 4 , column 10 ) . However , exploring potential heterogeneity over the period , we find that the fiscal space variable affects procyclicality , with lower fiscal space inducing higher procyclicality , but only when the sample is broken to include the most recent years 2009-2016 . < sup > 10 < / sup > Finally , we find evidence of heterogeneous procyclical behavior along the cycle : at first , we find no direct evidence of the asymmetry ( Table 5 , Column 1 ) , but when the rigidity and fiscal space variables > 9 Resources-dependent countries are countries for which commodity revenues ( GGRC in WEO data set ) account for at least 10 percent of total revenues minus grants ( GGR and GGRG series in WEO data set ) at least 50 percent of the time over the considered period . This definition is derived from Konuki and Villafuerte ( 2016 ) and enables us to capture countries with a resource-dependent revenue structure . For more details , see Table E . 1 . Resources-rich countries are defined by the IMF ( 2012 ) , here is a direct access to the report ( https : / / www . imf . org / external / np / pp / eng / 2012 / 082412 . pdf ) . According to this definition , we capture countries where production on natural resources reached more than 20 % of exports . For more details , see Table A . 2 . > 10 The findings are not presented in the paper but available upon request . 12", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 994, "text": "WEO data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . N / A * *", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KNABS Kenya National Bureau * * of * * Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 # # # # * * Appendix V : Projects Implementation * * The projects implemented * * by * * the Bureau funded * * by * * development partners are as * * follows : * * | * * ProjectTitle * * | * * Donor * * | * * Period * * | * * SeparateDonor * * < br > * * Reporting * * < br > * * Requiredper * * < br > * * Agreement * * | * * Consolidatedinthese * * < br > * * FinancialStatements * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 2019 * * Populationand | | | | | | HousingCensus | * * UNICEF * * | * * 2019 / 2020 * * | Yes | Yes | | | European | | | | | * * NIPFN * * | Union | * * 2019 / 2020 * * | Yes | Yes | 64", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 616, "text": "HousingCensus", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both the basic employment outcomes and the determinants of household welfare using very simple techniques . We discuss what these problems mean for economic analysis relating these employment outcomes to other key variables at the household , sectoral or macro level in order to analyze the performance of economic development policy and processes . The outcomes focused on here are the measurement of i ) LFPR , ii ) primary employment status , and iii ) multiple economic activities and the related issues of underemployment and household livelihood portfolios . Although relevant for analysis , we do not discuss the issue of measuring individual and household earnings as we had trouble finding a baseline from which to work . # * * 3 . 2 The measurement of labor force participation * * Until the 2009 / 2010 UNHS survey ( except in the 2002 / 3 survey ) , in at least one employment status question , respondents were simply asked : “ What is your primary activity ? ” without any preparation to clarify the meaning of “ activity ” – that is , work ( Table 2 ) . The problem was compounded by the inclusion of _inactivity_ response options alongside the activity response question – which often happens with failure to screen . We cannot isolate the bias associated with the inactivity response from the bias associated with lack of screening , so we consider them together , first with the earliest survey and then with the 2005 / 6 survey . In the IHS 1992 / 93 survey , no screening was used and all employment status questions ( primary and secondary ) included inactivity responses such as “ domestic duties ” , “ too young / old to work ” and “ student ” . The inclusion of inactivity response options in employment status questions encouraged some respondents to provide these non-economic activity responses as their _primary_ employment status , and only list their economic activity as a secondary activity . < sup > 15 < / sup > Table 3 shows the magnitude of the bias induced by this methodology , and it is large . One indication of the size of the bias is found by comparing primary and secondary activity . Many of those who", "spans": [{"start": 814, "end": 825, "text": "UNHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1456, "end": 1476, "text": "IHS 1992 / 93 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . New entrants are mainly drawn from the most productive set of _OR_ firms . The extensive margin of trade composition . 3 . Product standards harmonization decreases export sales at existing exporters . The intensive margin of trade . The model presented above is fairly flexible in terms of the assumption on the level of stringency of international norms in country _R_ . Note that hypotheses 1 and 3 remain unchanged if I assume that country _F_ and country _R_ have different but equally costly product standards to begin with . In this case , harmonization involves a different composition of the extensive margin of trade ( hypothesis 2 ) . It is represented now by entry from the most productive non-exporter firms because they can now access both markets upon the payment of a single fixed cost . Alternatively , I can relax the assumption that country _R_ uses international norms and get the same theoretical results . In this scenario the only required assumption is that country _R_ has lower fixed costs to export than country _F_ and that harmonization entails some reduction on the cost to export to country _F_ due to , for example , the elimination of standards aimed to protect domestic firms . # * * 3 Data * * This analysis uses the U . S . linked / Longitudinal Firm Trade Transaction Database ( LFTTD ) , which links individual U . S . trade transactions to U . S . firms in the Longitudinal Business Database ( LBD ) < sup > 10 < / sup > , in conjunction with firm level information from the Censuses of Manufactures ( CM ) of the Longitudinal Research Database ( LRD ) of the U . S . Census Bureau . A key contribution of this study is the linking of firm level U . S . manufacturing data to industry level measures of EU product standards and their relationship with international norms . This section outlines the main features of the datasets . # # * * 3 . 1 U . S . Manufacturing firms Across Industries and Time * * The CM is conducted every five years and the empirical part of this paper makes use of CM information from 1992 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1404, "end": 1434, "text": "Longitudinal Business Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1518, "end": 1542, "text": "Censuses of Manufactures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1557, "end": 1587, "text": "Longitudinal Research Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1678, "end": 1715, "text": "firm level U . S . manufacturing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 3 , 360 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | | 2023-03-20 < br > 20 | 23-04-13 | | | 2023-05-15 | 2023-11-11 | | C2-MIES-INEC-72 / Compra d < br > e insumos para arrojar los de < br > sechos de las pruebas técnic < br > as de la encuesta de desnutri < br > ción infantil ( fundas para des < br > echo ) < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 2 , 262 . 21 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-03-20 | | | | 2023-05-15 | 2023-11-11 | | C2-MIES-INEC-85 / Adquisici < br > ón de vestimenta identificati < br > va para el operativo de camp < br > o 2023 < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Bids | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 78 , 948 . 81 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-06-15 | 2023-06-20 | | 2023-08-01 | 2023-08-31 | 2023-10-05 |", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 282, "text": "encuesta de desnutri", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | 0 . 0113 | + 14 % | + 18 % | | * * 8 * * | + 11 % | 0 . 0216 | + 6 % | + 15 % | + 13 % | 0 . 0323 | + 6 % | + 19 % | + 13 % | 0 . 0138 | + 10 % | + 16 % | | * * 9 * * | + 9 % | 0 . 0319 | + 3 % | + 16 % | + 16 % | 0 . 0361 | + 9 % | + 23 % | + 12 % | 0 . 0164 | + 9 % | + 15 % | | * * 10 * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * richest * * | - 30 % | 0 . 0764 | - 45 % | - 15 % | + 10 % | 0 . 0657 | - 2 % | + 23 % | - 3 % | 0 . 0274 | - 8 % | + 3 % | _Source : own estimates based on HIECPS 2005 and 2008_ Thus , the measurement error is not an explanation behind the observed pattern of pro-poor in the panel data . Indeed , replacing actual values with predicted on Figure 3 , we would observe very similar shape to the observed . < sup > 17 < / sup > We conclude from this , that panel data in Egypt convincingly show that the growth over 2005-2008 was pro-poor . But they also reveal a lot of mobility not only for the poor , but also for other parts of the distribution . The cross-section ( i . e . if we look only at anonymous changes ) might in fact hide tremendous amount of re-ranking that is taking place between the comparisons point and reveals only a tiny part of the actual turmoil associated with economic growth in the environment of high inflation . > 17 Results available on request . 18", "spans": [{"start": 485, "end": 491, "text": "HIECPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 605, "end": 615, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "papers . Studies on informal housing have primarily focused on two issues . The first is the estimation of price or rent differentials between squatting and non-squatting areas ( Jimenez , 1984 , Jimenez , Friedman and Mayo , 1988 ) . In these two papers , the focus is on the demand side of the housing market . Differentials in rents ( or prices ) between squatter and non-squatter units are attributed to eviction risk in the informal sector . The second ap - > 4For example , in Morocco , the 1994 Census identified about 230 , 000 households living in slums ( shacks ) , and more than 700 , 000 living in concrete informal dwellings . > 5General equilibrium effects are mentioned in introduction by Lanjouw and Levy ( 2002 ) , p 988 , but not considered afterwards . 2", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 508, "text": "1994 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "value from alternative job options within the current labor market and the option value from having alternative job options in other markets . Our model shows that the change in relative welfare of workers across labor markets is a function of only the probability of moving and the labor supply elasticity . This is a powerful result that greatly simplifies the analysis of the welfare impacts of trade shocks . The relative welfare result does not depend on the underlying moving cost structure , observed changes in future wages , or moving probabilities across jobs within a labor market . We then structurally estimate the model using the employer-employee panel data from Brazil . In the first stage of the estimation , we pin down the common value attached to each labor market and the moving cost between labor markets using a gravity-like equation . The implied probability of moving between labor markets is then calculated with the estimated value of each market and the estimated moving cost . In the second stage , we pin down the labor supply elasticity of our model . We derive an estimable equation describing the relationship between a change in the transformed value of the labor market and a change in wages , with the labor supply elasticity governing the responsiveness of the former to the latter . We exploit variation in residual wages induced by the same instrument we used earlier for motivating evidence : the exogenous change in import demand directed to the labor market . By plugging in these estimates into the relative welfare result previously mentioned , we find that , during the sample period , a 10 % rise in exports increases the lifetime welfare of a median formal sector worker by 2 . 99 % of her annual wage . Finally , we turn to the full general equilibrium simulation of our model to quantify the effect of a trade shock on workers ’ welfare and various labor market outcomes . Our benchmark trade shock is a 20 % permanent decline of trade costs in the manufacturing sector from Brazil to each of its trading partners . This positive export shock to the Brazilian manufacturing sector reallocates labor from the agriculture sector toward the manufacturing and service sectors . On average", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 684, "text": "employer-employee panel data from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Another aspect is that most female health workers are located in urban areas . Married women in Ethiopia tend to adapt to their husbands ’ professional needs rather than taking care of their own , and unmarried women , on the other hand , often face security problems when living and working in rural areas . # # * * ( b ) Institutional Change / Strengthening * * As was the case for the ESDP , during the initial two years of program implementation , a considerable amount of on the job training was provided to federal and regional staff on program implementation by Bank staff and consultants . Several formal and informal training programs were conducted to enhance procurement , financial management , planning and implementation capacities of the FMOH and RHBs . During HSDP , the capacity of the Planning and Programming Department of FMOH and of the RHBs has been strengthened . However , results are modest . In part because of the rapid turn over of staff , the effectiveness of the training has been limited ; overall , procurement and financial management have been less than satisfactory . It should be recognized that implementing an ambitious program in the context of decentralization was not an easy task , and was certainly something that required time . Actually , HSDP was designed as the first five years of a 20-year program . On the positive side , HSDP paved the way for the Protection of Basic Services Project , whose development objective is to protect and promote the delivery of basic services by sub-national governments while deepening transparency and local accountability in service delivery . # # * * ( c ) Other Unintended Outcomes and Impacts ( positive or negative ) * * Working with the regions and at the level of the woredas and kebeles under decentralized environment was not easy . But , in the process HSDP made an important contribution to decentralization . # # * * 3 . 6 Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and / or Stakeholder Workshops * * As this is a core ICR , there has not been", "spans": [{"start": 1940, "end": 1958, "text": "Beneficiary Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * S / N * * | * * Stakeholder * * | * * Designation * * | * * Issues / Comments * * | * * Response ( s ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 10 . | Dr . Paddy Kayondo | RDC | not done and people utilizing their land . < br > Is re-assessment going to be done since < br > value has appreciated ? < br > i . < br > PAPs < br > should < br > be < br > paid < br > approved < br > compensation values . A case of ongoing < br > project where people where paid less < br > than what was disclosed to them by RAP < br > Consultant team . < br > ii . Cases of land conflicts , family wrangles < br > on < br > how < br > to < br > share < br > compensation < br > received . Proper sensitization should be < br > done . < br > iii . GRCs should be independent to avoid < br > cases where they connive with team and < br > fail to achieve desired motive as < br > experienced on other projects . < br > iv . Corporate Social Responsibility e . g . < br > schools , hospitals , roads can be looked < br > at by project . | i . < br > District rates will be used and PAPs to be paid approved < br > figures as in RAP report . < br > ii . Sensitization shall be done . < br > iii . Independent GRC committees to be formed . | | * * L * * | * * OCATION : BUTAMBAL * * | * * A DLG * * | | * * DATE : 03 / 01 / 2024 * * | | 1 . | Mubiru Farouk | DNRO", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1132, "text": "RAP report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Deliver ? Evidence from the Weatherization Assistance Program . _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 2018 , 133 ( 3 ) : 1597-1644 . - < mark > Ganelli , G . < / mark > & < mark > Tervala , J . ( 2016 ) . The Welfare Multiplier of Public Infrastructure Investment , < / mark > _ < mark > IMF Working Paper < / mark > _ < mark > WP / 16 / 40 < / mark > - < mark > Garrett-Peltier , H . ( 2017 ) . Green versus brown : Comparing the employment impacts of energy efficiency , renewable energy , and fossil fuels using an input-output model . < / mark > _ < mark > Economic Modelling < / mark > _ < mark > , 61 , 439-447 . < / mark > - Gechert , Sebastian & Rannenberg , Ansgar . ( 2018 ) . Which Fiscal Multipliers Are Regime-Dependent ? A Meta-regression Analysis . _Journal of Economic Surveys_ , September 2018 , v . 32 , n . 4 , pp . 1160-82 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "breeders . Thus , the project helped to ensure that farmer-borrowers receive animals of reasonable quality . The second qualification is that in certain districts the project has had a disproportionate impact , according to Ministry of Agriculture district annual reports . For example , * * 361 * * grade cattle were reported * * by * * the District Agricultural Officer * * ( DAO ) * * to have been brought into Mirang ' a district in * * 1970 , * * 43 % which were financed under the project . Half of the grade herd in Embu district in * * 1971 * * was reported * * by * * the * * DAO * * to have been financed * * by * * the project . The third qualification is that comparison of the size of the total smallholder grade herd with the number financed under the project is not wholly valid . One of the purposes of the project credit was to assist farmers in establishing an enterprise which will expand through natural increase * * - * * in fact , animals must * * be * * certified in calf when they are obtained * * by * * borrowers . One grade animal financed by a loan in * * 1967 * * could result in a herd of four grade heifers and cows * * by * * 1974 , assuming the calving interval is about < sup > * * 15 * * months , mortality rates are < / sup > low and * * 50 % * * of the offspring are females . 4 . 4 Additionality . Did the project result in greater output than would otherwise have been forthcoming ? Very little data is available on the spontaneous rate of adoption of grade cattle , so it is difficult to suggest the extent to which the project increased the smallholder herd . As noted above , the enterprise is indeed popular . The small farmers ' rush into grade cattle has been vigorously supported * * by * * extension activity and", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 271, "text": "Ministry of Agriculture district annual reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "useless at times . < br > Tell me to what extent you : Strongly < br > agree , Agree , Disagree , or Strongly < br > disagree with this statement aboutyou . | | Subcomponent | At times think I am no good at all < br > ( Rosenberg ) | At times I think I am no good at all . < br > To what extent do respondents : Strongly < br > agree , Agree , Disagree , or Strongly < br > disagree with this statement about them | | * * Secondary * * < br > * * Outcome * * | * * Psychological well-being index * * | Summary index of 9 questions on well - < br > being in last 2 weeks and stress in last 4 < br > weeks . < br > The questions used here belong to two < br > different sets of questions . The first set is < br > the 5 WHO questions on well-being , and < br > the second set is the Cohen stress scale < br > 4 questions . |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF social risk of the project is categorized as substantial . The environmental risk rating is moderate while social risk is substantial . The potential EHS risks and impacts are mainly associated with Supporting Civil Service Efficiency ( Comp . 1 ) , Improving Domestic Revenue Mobilization ( Comp 2 ) and improving PFM systems and functions as well as enabling more responsive governance ( Comp . 3 ) - all of which will require digital solutions , including the procurement & use of ICT infrastructure such as hardware & software programs and operating systems . Component 2 will also finance development of a Tax Data Warehouse at the MoR within the compound of the Ministry . The main EHS risks and impacts linked with digital solutions could include e-waste issues and associated pollution of soil , water and air linked with the procurement and use of ICT infrastructure . The substantial social risk rating is due to the technical assistance to the civil service reform , financial management & procurement modernization , & improved revenue collection ( property tax ) , e-government services . Implementing such reforms will cause some level of retrenchment of workers . The World Bank ’ s environmental and social standards applicable to project activities are summarized below . * * Table 3 . Relevant World Bank ESS and Key Gaps with the National Framework * * | * * _E & S Standard_ * * | * * _Relevance andgaps _ * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . Assessment * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * Management * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Environmental * * < br > * * and Social * * < br > * * Risks and * * < br > * * Impacts * * | ESS1 is relevant for the project because the GMEESD sub-project activities are < br > expected to pose environmental and social risks including", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 716, "text": "Tax Data Warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hosted one out of five ( 20 % ) of the world ’ s refugees . While some 387 , 000 Afghans returned to their country during the period under review , their official total number in both countries decreased only by 4 per cent and 1 per cent respectively , owing to the fact that the vast majority of the returnees had not been part of the UNHCR registered refugee population . Bearing in mind the change in the methodology explained already for computing the active By the end of 2006 , 61 per cent of the estimated 7 . 2 million refugees hosted by developing countries had access to assistance provided by or through UNHCR . The level of international assistance , however , varies greatly from one country to another , reflecting the different opportunities provided to refugees by the host country for local integration and self-reliance . Major refugee asylum countries where less than 75 per cent of the refugee population were assisted by the end of 2006 include Sudan ( 69 % ) , the United Republic of Tanzania ( 59 % ) , Zambia ( 54 % ) , India ( 7 % ) , Armenia ( 5 % ) , the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 3 % ) , Jordan and the Syrian Arab Republic ( close to 0 % each ) . caseload of refugees , the United States of America was estimated to have some 844 , 000 refugees . The Syrian Arab Republic had 702 , 000 refugees , almost all Iraqis and Germany 605 , 000 , the figure having dropped by almost 100 , 000 due to an improved registration system that * * Fig 3 : Major refugee hosting * * yielded more accurate statistics < sup > 11 < / sup > . Along with the ( M ln ) * * countries , 2006 * * 1 . 2 Syrian Arab Republic , Jordan also moved into the Start-2006 1 . 0 top 10 asylum countries , hosting an estimated 500 , 000 Iraqi refugees . Among this group of major 0 . 8 End-2006 hosting countries , in the United Republic of 0 . 6 Tanzania , the", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 371, "text": "UNHCR registered refugee population", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that isonly modestly correlated with country size . We find many < br > skewed distributions within countries as well , with 90 % ofsmall-occurrence region species concentrated < br > in less than 10 % of WB level-2 administrative units for 50 of 167 entities analyzed . This creates a < br > significant opportunity for species protection that incorporates both extinction risk and cost-effective < br > administration within limited areas . We illustrate the potential with a Brazilian case that identifies 5 of < br > of species maps estimated from the GBIF ’ s open-source occurrence records database . < br > Our estimation < br > algorithm is designed for rapid production of new maps as more records become available . We find that < br > existing expert mapping exercises , as well as highlighting cases where existing expert maps could be < br > revised to incorporate new GBIF information . < br > In pilot applications , we use our newly-estimated maps to < br > shed new light on the global distributions ofendemicand small-occurrence region species . We hopethat < br > manymoreapplicationswillaccompanythecontinuedrapidexpansionofopen-sourceGBIFoccurrence | | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 604, "text": "occurrence records database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Successes to build * * upon . * * Guinea was a pioneer in implementing a decentralized cost-recovery system for primary health care . The success of this system might be in great part responsible for the higher decrease in infant mortality among the poor than among the non-poor in the 90 ' s , a result in equity that no other country of Africa has achieved . In the last few years however , it seems that local health committees started mismanaging the committee ' s funds due to lack of proper supervision . In addition , the bankruptcy of the Bank where all the committees ' revolving funds were held also contributed to the problem . Another success in Guinea is its tuberculosis control program which covers the whole country with the DOTS system which was established in 1990 . Since its inception , the program has never experienced a drug stock-out . All donors , under the leadership of the national TB program , plan drug supply needs , drug procurement , and drug distribution in a collaborative manner . The program detected 66 % of the estimated new infectious TB cases in 2000 , while the global target for case detection is 70 % . It is estimated that approximately 17 % of new TB patients are infected with HIV . Epidemiological Situation of HIV / AIDS . The low HIV prevalence rate reported in official records in the past few years is more a reflection of poor reporting and monitoring than of the true epidemiological situation in Guinea . The sentinel sites established to monitor sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) and HIUV / AIDS prevalence have been nonfunctional since 1996 . In the absence of data , the Guinean HIV prevalence rates were likened to those of Senegal , its neighbor , where the population of reproductive age , for example , had a prevalence rate of approximately 3 % in 2000 . However , the national prevalence survey undertaken in July 2001 showed that the HIV prevalence rate was much higher than estimated . The prevalence rate among pregnant women had reached the critical point of 4 . 4 % in the urban areas", "spans": [{"start": 1839, "end": 1865, "text": "national prevalence survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* our examination revealed < sup > no major weaknessesor irregularitiesin thesystem of internal < / sup > - control over financial expenditures . - * * k ) * * Furthermore , with respect < sup > to the interimfinancial reports ( IFRs ) subr itted during the year < / sup > ended * * 07 * * July2022 and listed on page * * 18 , * * in our opinion , - I ) . the reports , together with the procedures < sup > andinternal controlsinvolvedintheirpreparation , < / sup > can be relied upon to support < sup > the related withdrawals ; < / sup > - * * II ) . * * adequate supporting < sup > documentationhasbeenmaintainedtospporttheexpenditures < / sup > incurred ; and said expenditures < sup > areeligiblefor financing under < / sup > < sup > * * IDA * * Credit Number < / sup > < sup > * * 6798-ET * * < / sup > and Grant Number * * D745-ET * * - III ) . expenditures are eligible < sup > for financing under thefinancing agreemer < / sup > < sup > * * L * * < / sup > - _A 4PX7_ January < sup > 2023 < / sup > * Date : 4 January * * 2023 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - , 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 202, "end": 226, "text": "interimfinancial reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY Grievance Redress Committee on the other hand was instrumental in resolving any grievances that arouse in the course of the process . # # # # # * * < u > Project Affected Persons < / u > * * These are the people who reside in the settlement or derive their livelihood from the affected settlement . These people will lose their structures due to the planning and surveying activities in the Settlement . Most of the affected people were informed and consulted on major issues concerning relocation , livelihood restoration and income restoration . They all participated in the socio-economic survey . 5-2", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 720, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the IOM Flow Monitoring Registry ( FMR ) shows 7 , 092 individuals since January 2022 ( see Figure 2 ( a ) ) . In the same period , UNHCR tracked 19 , 081 movements across borders through the internal registration system , PRIMES , mainly ( see Figure 2 ( b ) ) . The movements include new arrivals , returns and secondary movements , also called onward movements or cross-border movements . The data UNHCR manages are lacking in the movements involving South Africa , while IOM FMR presents the movements of South Africa involved , providing complementary insight about PoCs ’ movements . In the end , IOM and UNHCR data collection mechanisms do not cover the same kinds of movements exactly , but there are overlaps in movements of forcibly displaced persons . The efforts should continue through interagency coordination to have a comprehensive identification mechanism of mixed movements in the region to leave no one behind . < mark > Figure 2 . Movements in IOM FMR and UNHCR Data in 2022 by Month < / mark > Notes : With the review of Mid-Year Statistics Report , the total figure of PoCs as of 30 June is revised to 8 , 492 , 731 due to the revised IDP figure in DRC and the updated figures in South Africa . Data Sources : proGres v4 ( PRIMES ) hosts the data of refugees and asylum-seekers in 11 countries . In South Africa , the data are managed by the government . In Angola , DRC , Zambia and Zimbabwe , some portions of the data are external . For IDP data , the source of DRC ’ s IDP figure is the OCHA ; the sources in Mozambique and Zimbabwe are the Displacement Tracking Matrix ( DTM ) of the IOM ; and the source in the Republic of Congo is the government , the Ministry of Social Affairs and Humanitarian Action ( MASAH ) . The mixed movement data of IOM FMR as of August 2022 are not available yet at the moment of writing . > 1 The Southern Africa region refers to the 16", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 32, "text": "IOM Flow Monitoring Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1567, "end": 1595, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1748, "end": 1778, "text": "mixed movement data of IOM FMR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "concatenated based on selected variables , and various imputation models are employed , including linear regression , predictive mean matching ( PMM ) , and truncated regression . The best-performing imputation model determined based on alignment with observed distribution , consistency of results , and performance is the predictive mean matching ( PMM ) technique . Furthermore , a comparison of model specifications reveals that a weighted PMM slightly outperforms the unweighted PMM . By imputing many variables of tax income , we recognize the uncertainty of the matching process . Predictive mean matching usually imputes less implausible values than other imputation techniques . It is also recommended if the distribution of the original variable is skewed , which is true in the case of income data . We imputed ten values of tax income into the EU-SILC data set based on the ten closest neighbors ( k = 10 ) . The imputation was handled in Stata using the multiple imputation module . EU-SILC includes survey weights , which increase the representativeness of the sample . We use the weights in the estimations reported below . * * We evaluate the performance of the different imputation methods by comparing several moments of * * There are * * the distribution of the imputed tax income to the ones of the true observable tax income . * * several possibilities for evaluating the performance of statistical matching techniques ( Leulecscu and Agafitei , 2013 ) . We start by comparing the imputed mean and standard deviation to the observed mean and standard deviation of tax income . We then compare the distribution of population subgroups ( by income percentiles ) , which is crucial because it shows how the method works in the context of distributional analyses . The chosen imputation method should effectively maintain the marginal distributions of the variables before and after imputation . However , results based on matched datasets should be interpreted with caution , as they can be sensitive to the variables included in the imputation , and the specific objectives of the imputation , such as estimating the marginal distribution of taxable income rather than estimating joint distributions . 17", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 872, "text": "EU-SILC data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1940, "end": 1956, "text": "matched datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * ANNEX II : KISUMU SETTLEMENT MAPS * *", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 49, "text": "KISUMU SETTLEMENT MAPS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "id"}
{"text": "018 ) | | Constant | 10 . 40 * * * | 10 . 41 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0288 ) | ( 0 . 0289 ) | | R-squared | 0 . 962 | 0 . 962 | | Marginal Efect + 1 SD in Index | - 0 . 015 | - 0 . 065 | | p-val . | 0 . 080 | 0 . 591 | | _Yh_ = Labor Costs to Sales Ratio ( log ) ( Obs . 15 , 021 ) | | | | Pol . Infuence | 0 . 002 * * * | - 0 . 019 | | | ( 0 . 000 ) | ( 0 . 019 ) | | Constant | - 2 . 062 * * * | - 2 . 111 * * * | | | ( 0 . 025 ) | ( 0 . 0425 ) | | R-squared | 0 . 928 | 0 . 928 | | Marginal Efect + 1 SD in Index | 0 . 013 | - 0 . 125 | | p-val . | 0 . 000 | 0 . 336 | | * * _X_ * * co-variates | ✓ | | | * * _X_ * * interacted w / Pol . Infuence | | ✓ | | Location FEs | by Sector | by Sector | | Sector FEs | by Location | by Location | * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 10 ; * * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 ; * * * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 OLS estimates . Robust standard errors , with two-way clustering at the 2-digit ISIC and region level in parentheses , per Cameron et al . ( 2011 ) . Co-variates ( not shown ) include the log of age , the years of the manager ’ s experience , dummy variables for exporters , foreign-owned firms , and those part of a larger firm . These results match the specifications in Cols . 4 and 5 from Table 5 . In those main specifications , we find that ( relative to firm _i_ ’ s industry-region , an increase in Political Influence is", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF | * * Nam * * | * * e of Contractor : _________________________________Date : _________________________Name of Respon * * | * * dent : * * | * * _______ * * | * * ______________ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No . | Criteria | Yes | No | Comment / < br > Explanation | | 22 . | Does the Contractor hold and maintain effective Relocation and Evacuation procedures ? Are these tested < br > regularly ? | | | | | 23 . | Does the Contractor request workers to sign a Code of Conduct with reference to internal safety and security < br > policies ? | | | | | 24 . | Can the Contractor furnish records of all mission information and project worker incidents , and provide them < br > to the PIU ? | | | | 132", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 758, "text": "records of all mission information and project worker incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 Robustness and Treatment Heterogeneity * * In our gravity analysis , we cannot confirm the robust trade-creating role for non-tariff provisions in TAs that has been reported by the literature so far , while tariffs — once properly measured — are robustly shown to be potent inhibitors of trade , yielding plausible trade elasticities in the estimation . We show next that this result is very robust to alternative empirical specifications and is not driven by treatment heterogeneity . We test if the results might be driven by the definition of depth . To do so , we use alternative measures that are standard in the literature . The results remain virtually unchanged in columns ( 8 ) to ( 14 ) , for which we use the number of legally enforceable provisions to determine the depth of trade agreements . When using DESTA ( results can be found in Table A1 , Panel ( A ) ) to determine the depth , the NTB effects of the “ no tariffs ” and “ WITS ” columns are much smaller than when using the World Bank ’ s DTA data — the coefficients almost halve . This result is most likely due to the more precise measure of depth in the DTA data compared to DESTA ; nevertheless , the NTB effect of deep trade agreements does not survive when controlling adequately for tariff cuts while the discriminatory changes in tariffs remain to be a significant driver for trade . The results also hold for a longer time horizon . The second release of the ITPDE extends the number of available years and starts as early as 1989 . The advantage of the longer sample is that we can cover more trade agreements entering into force . However , data on services are only available starting in 2000 . With this extended data at hand , we redo the baseline analysis including the years 1989 to 2015 for the two broad sectors manufacturing and agriculture . The coefficients , which are shown in Panel ( B ) of Table 1 , report the same pattern as in the baseline and are also robust to alternative definitions of depth ( c . f . , columns ( 8 )", "spans": [{"start": 1022, "end": 1030, "text": "DTA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1651, "text": "data on services", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Access to UNHCR : Deterrents & enabling efforts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Graph 1 : Deterrents to access < br > Cost of transport < br > Travel distance < br > Fear of arrest < br > Lack of awareness of UNHCR < br > Limited visiting hours < br > Security restrictions < br > No challenges < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In order to improve access to UNHCR , three-quarters of the offi ces ( 18 ) report that they maintain telephone information hotlines , more than half ( 14 ) use mobile teams and just less than half ( 11 ) adjust or extend visiting hours and / or maintain satellite offi ces in areas where refugees and asylum seekers live and / or work . Additionally , several offi ces report using email or bulk SMS messaging to facilitate contact with urban asylum seekers and refugees . The offi ces in Turkey and Ukraine ensure communication through a network of implementing partners ( IPs ) . The offi ce in Sudan keeps a window open for emergency inquiries at any time beyond the appointed counseling hours . Operations in Indonesia , Jordan , Cameroon and Kenya have staff posted in different locations to facilitate reception where refugees live . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Graph 2 : UNHCR methods to enable access < br > Maintain hotlines < br > Mobile teams < br > Adjusted / extended hours < br > Satellite offi ces < br > Transport ( paid or provided ) < br > Other < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > A Global Survey – 2012 13", "spans": [{"start": 1570, "end": 1583, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > source , < br > water | | | | | geotagged < br > asset | source andavailabilityof | | | | | registerspopulatedfor | ambulances . TheUganda | | | | | < br > allhealthfacilitiesinat < br > least * * 75 % * * ofLGs-2021 | HealthFacilityAtlasFinal < br > copy < br > is < br > in < br > place < br > and < br > printed | | | * * 4 . * * | Health | Regional < br > supervisory < br > structures < br > established < br > andcentralgovernment < br > positions < br > ( incl . < br > RBF , < br > technical < br > supervision < br > and < br > mentorship < br > * * by * * < br > RRHs , < br > ensure | Regional < br > Supervisory < br > Structuresarenotyetfully < br > established < br > as < br > planned . < br > Restructuringisawaiting < br > the < br > Ministry < br > of < br > Public < br > Servicetoact . However , < br > thereareongoingefforts | Workinprogress | | | | functionalityofregional | to < br > strengthen < br > regional | | | | | * * 13 * * | | |", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 250, "text": "HealthFacilityAtlasFinal", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "share of significant pairwise comparisons has fluctuated between 61 and 65 percent . This indicates that while margins of error are both substantial and important to consider when comparing countries , it also is possible to use the WGI data to identify many significant pairwise differences in estimates of governance across countries . # 4 . 2 Over Time Comparisons Figure 2 illustrates changes over time in estimates of governance , for Voice and Accountability and Rule of Law over the period 1996-2023 . We plot the estimate of governance for 2023 on the vertical axis , and for 1996 on the horizontal axis . Points above ( below ) the 45-degree line correspond to improvements ( declines ) in estimates of governance over this period . As with comparisons across countries , considering confidence intervals is important when making comparisons over time . As we discuss in detail in Kaufmann , Kraay and Mastruzzi ( 2005 ) , the same rule of thumb of considering whether confidence intervals overlap when making comparisons across countries also applies when 17", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 241, "text": "WGI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "million ) . The OE currently being recruited by SNE under sub-component 3 < sup > 48 < / sup > to support the PIU will , in a first phase , prepare a master plan for N ’ Djamena network with prioritized investments to improve service quality and extend access , based on which bidding documents will be prepared . In a second phase , the owner engineer will support SNE ’ s PIU with supervision . 13 . The HV substations of Gassi and Lamidji will be extended with one 90kV / 15kV transformer ( 25 MVA ) and four connections to the MV network to improve quality of service . In addition , the existing MV / LV network will be rehabilitated to decrease technical losses in N ’ Djamena . The rehabilitation is urgently required as about 20 percent of the MV / LV substations are overloaded . Automatization of the distribution grid and modernization of the distribution load dispatch center will improve security of supply and ensure the long-term sustainability of electrification investments . The distribution dispatch center will be equipped with a new SCADA and dedicated distribution management system ( DMS ) . The Project will also allow for remote control of 47 distribution stations and MV / LV stations by installing remote terminal units ( RTUs ) and telecommunication equipment in the distribution and MV / LV stations in order to benefit from the functionalities resulting from the SCADA / DMS in the distribution dispatch center ( detection of faults , isolation of outages ) . The distribution network will be extended and densified with the objective to double SNE ’ s clients base in Chad ’ s capital and the upgrade of the dispatching center will improve security of supply . 14 . In order to improve SNE operation and commercial performance , the project will finance SNE ’ s acquisition of an ERP software for the management of corporate resources , the roll-out of a GIS for the MV / LV network and client ’ s database . The Project will finance a revenue protection program", "spans": [{"start": 1918, "end": 1937, "text": "client ’ s database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 3 . COUNTRY FINANCE AND GOVERNANCE INDICATORS * * Private credit to GDP ratio is used to proxy of financial sector development ( Table 9 in the Appendix ) . This is in line with the literature which has generally utilized private credit to GDP ratios to proxy for financial sector development ( Beck , 2003 ; Braun , 2003 ; Classens , Stijin , and Laeven , 2003 ; Fisman and Love , 2003a ) . Financial indicators are worse in MENA than in highincome countries , and are lower than expected given their income levels ( Figure 4 ) . For example , the private credit to GDP ratio in high-income countries is 117 . 2 compared to only 49 . 25 in MENA . In the area of governance , property rights index is used as a proxy , which has also been used by Claessens and Laeven ( 2005 ) , and Hur , Raj , and Riyanto ( 2006 ) . Global Competitiveness Reports offer a wide range of scores ranging from 1 ( worst ) - 7 ( best ) on a country ’ s development . These scores are strongly correlated with income levels . High-income countries score the best across all topics , in most cases at least one-point higher than any other income group . Low-middle-income countries also have the lowest GCI scores in the group . The GCI property rights index in MENA is higher in than non-MENA countries , but much lower than in high-income countries . A second proxy for governance is the set of World Governance Indicators ( WGI ) , developed by the World Bank ( See Kauffman , Kraay , and Mastruzzi , 2009 ) . World Governance Indicators values are normalized between - 2 . 5 and 2 . 5 with a higher value being associated with better governance . The WGI Voice and Accountability indicator captures the quality of interaction between citizens and government and is particularly relevant for the MENA region , as well as being instrumental towards promoting a stable environment for production and investment ( World Bank , 2003a ) . Among all six WGI indicators , the MENA region averages the lowest in this measure . Voice refers", "spans": [{"start": 1501, "end": 1528, "text": "World Governance Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1643, "end": 1681, "text": "WGI Voice and Accountability indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 # # * * RISQUES DE PROTECTION * * * * Attaques contre des civils et autres homicides illégaux , et attaques contre des biens de RISQUE 1 caractère civil * * D ’ octobre 2024 à mars 2025 , selon les données ACLED , * * 1 444 personnes * * ont été tuées dans le cadre de la violence armée avec * * 758 incidents sécuritaires * * recensés ( conflit armé , violences contre les civils et explosions ) dans 9 régions du Mali ( Gao , Kayes Kidal Koulikoro , Ménaka , Mopti Ségou Sikasso et Tombouctou ) . Ces données représentent 50 % de diminution comparées à celles collectées dans la période du 1 < sup > er < / sup > octobre 2023 au 31 mars 2024 ( 2 876 personnes tuées dans 966 incidents ) . < sup > iv < / sup > Le monitoring de protection indique qu ’ au total * * 765 personnes * * ont perdu la vie dans les attaques contre les civils et les biens à caractère civil ( 429 personnes au 4 < sup > ème < / sup > trimestre 2024 et 336 autres au 1 < sup > er < / sup > trimestre 2025 ) < sup > v < / sup > . Ces risques de protection touchent pratiquement l ’ ensemble des 19 régions du Mali . Toutefois , les régions de Mopti , Bandiagara , Douentza , Gao et Tombouctou demeurent celles qui rapportent le plus d ’ incidents en lien avec ces risques", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 235, "text": "données ACLED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "> 15 < / sup > For each indicator , a higher score implies better performance and more attractiveness to foreign investors . Figure 13 shows a comparison of FDI openness at the sector level . < sup > 16 < / sup > A few patterns emerge from the data . First , in terms of foreign ownership restrictions , BRI countries , on average , are more restrictive than non-BRI countries and high-income OECD countries . Moreover , as shown in Figure 13 , the degree of openness varies across sectors : service sectors such as construction , tourism , retail , media , banking , insurance and telecom tend to see more restrictions in BRI countries than in non-BRI or high-income OECD countries . Second , BRI countries , on average , impose more restrictions and burdens than OECD high-income countries on starting a foreign business , accessing industrial land , and arbitrating commercial disputes . The gap from high-income OECD countries is particularly pronounced . For example , while the ease index of starting a foreign business is around 80 in high-income OECD , it is around 70 in BRI countries . > 15 The value of each index is based on the average value of sub-indices . > 16 Table A . 5 reports the summary statistics of the Investing across Borders data . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1227, "end": 1256, "text": "Investing across Borders data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 percent in good condition . The quality of paved / sealed roads is somewhat better than that of gravel and earth roads ; nevertheless , a daunting 50 percent of classified paved roads are in poor condition and require costly rehabilitation . Based on the results of this survey , the government estimates that $ 2 . 9 billion would be needed to rehabilitate Zimbabwe ‘ s entire classified network . * * Figure 11 . Benchmarking road conditions against regional peers 2006 – 08 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > South Africa < br > Mauritius < br > Swaziland < br > Malawi < br > Namibia < br > Botswana < br > Mozambique < br > Madagascar < br > Zimbabwe < br > Zambia < br > Angola < br > Lesotho < br > 0 % 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 % < br > Percentage main road network length < br > Good Fair Poor < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ AICD road sector database on southern sub-saharan african countries ( 2008 ) . 30", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 882, "text": "AICD road sector database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7994 # * * Abstract * * It is theoretically ambiguous whether growth of cities matters more to the rural poor than growth of towns . This paper empirically examines whether growth of India ’ s secondary towns or big cities mattered more to recent rural poverty reduction , noting that data deficiencies have made this a difficult question to answer previously . Satellite observations of night lights are used to measure urban growth on the extensive and intensive margins in the context of a spatial Durbin fixed-effects model of poverty measures for rural India , calibrated to a panel of 59 regions observed four times over 1993 – 2012 . The expansion of lit area had greater effect on the rural poverty measures than did intensive margin growth in the brightness of light from urban areas . For India ’ s current stage of development , growth of secondary towns may do more to reduce rural poverty than big city growth , although the theoretical model suggests that cities may eventually take over from towns as the drivers of rural poverty reduction . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at rmurgai @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in non-agriculture sectors . Finally , power outages also have negative impacts on development outcomes for households , which partially offset the benefits of electrification . Using household survey data from rural households for 2005 and 2010 in Bangladesh , Samad and Zhang ( 2017 ) find that a one hour increase in power outages per day is associated with a 0 . 3 percent reduction in annual income . Indeed , the income differential between electrified and non-electrified households disappears if the power outages last longer than 21 hours a day . The study also finds that the benefits of electrification increase over time , albeit at a decreasing rate , such that each additional year of being connected to the grid is associated with a 1 percent increase in annual income . 22", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 227, "text": "household survey data from rural households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "program can be sustained over time . | The IHfRA data collection team used electronic tablets and transmitted data to a cloud-based server , allowing the research team to conduct quality control measures in real-time , checking for consistency and errors . Additionally , IHfRA randomly selected 15 % of villages for a second round of interviews , by different interviewers , with a shorter questionnaire , to check consistency across key variables . Separately , children from two households per village had their height and weight re-measured by an IHfRA supervisor , as a quality check . # Outcomes Primary outcomes were caregiver-reported diarrhea in the last seven days among all children who were under 5 years old at the time of the survey , length-for-age Z score for a randomly selected child in each household , and a WASH governance index . If the household had one child between age 2 and 5 , we measured the length and weight of that child . If the household had more than one child between age 2 and 5 , we randomly selected one child . If the household had no children between ages 2 and 5 , but one or more children between ages 0 and 2 , we measured", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Aide Memoire , Women Entrepreneurship Development Project , October 29 – Nov 8 , 2013 43 . Entrepreneurship Development Program / UNDP : The UNDP will collaborate with the WEDP project through the recently launched Entrepreneurship Development Project ( EDP ) , which is providing intensive entrepreneurship training to micro , small and medium scale entrepreneurs through the Entrepreneurship Development Centre in Addis Ababa . Discussions with the UNDP Country Director and the Director of the Entrepreneurship Development Centre explored several pathways for close collaboration . # * * E . * * * * < u > ACTIONS FOR FOLLOW UP < / u > * * 44 . * * Preparation of One Stop Shops : * * The NPMT needs to urgently ensure the readiness of the One Stop Shops to register and issue membership cards for WEDP clients . In order to do this , FeMSEDA must do the following without delay : ( i ) complete building maintenance of the 45 OSS , including painting , renovation , and furnishing ; ( ii ) install computers and registration database in each OSS ; ( iii ) contract ID card vendors for each OSS ; ( iv ) develop clear guidelines for OSS staff , in the form of a WEDP booklet ; ( v ) assign and train three dedicated staff at each OSS to the WEDP program . In addition to the above urgent tasks , the NPMT should also focus on producing further outreach material to attract and orient clients , including a DVD with basic facts about the WEDP program , and should aim to select one OSS in each city to be a ‘ pilot OSS ’ that can serve as a demonstration to other OSSs . _If OSSs are not in a position to properly register WEDP clients by the time the MFIs receive the line of credit , then MFIs will be allowed to start their lending operations to eligible clients and either a ) clients will be directed by MFIs to register at the OSS in the interim period between their loan application and approval / disbursement of", "spans": [{"start": 1016, "end": 1037, "text": "registration database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to land for agricultural purposes . The second highest host community to have access to agricultural land was Moyo ( 83 . 5 % ) , the third location was Kamwenge ( 80 . 8 % ) , other districts with relatively higher access to arable land were Adjumani ( 73 . 0 % ) and Isingiro ( 72 . 0 % ) . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 73 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of quality-enhanced preprimary provision , although below the original target of 90 percent . In Phase 2 and Phase 3 schools , 86 . 2 percent completed QEAP , exceeding the 70 percent target . Phase 1 covered about 2 , 000 schools in randomly selected woredas ( administrative districts ) across all regions in Year 1 ; Phase 2 expanded coverage to approximately 9 , 000 schools ( 25 percent of woredas ) , and Phase 3 reached another 7 , 000 schools ( 20 percent of woredas ) . A total of 19 , 814 O-Class teachers received in-service training to strengthen pedagogical practices aligned with the new curriculum , while 16 , 421 cluster supervisors and principals were trained in coaching and supervising O-Class teachers . Under DLI 2 , 92 percent of eligible schools received performance-based awards on time , targeting the top 10 percent of schools per region ; awards were used to improve learning environments . In addition , 78 . 6 percent of schools publicly displayed report cards ( exceeding the target of 75 percent ) , reinforcing monitoring , transparency , and engagement with parents and communities to support on-time enrollment and retention . # # # * * Intermediate Results * * Output delivery translated into meaningful intermediate results . The Grade 1 Gross Intake Ratio declined from 175 . 8 to 135 . 8 percent , surpassing the 140 percent target and reflecting progress in reducing over - and under-age entry into Grade 1 . Complementary World Bank 2025 Global Education Policy Dashboard data show that Grade 1 school readiness in Ethiopia increased from 32 . 9 to 45 . 3 percent , while early childhood education ( ECE ) participation rose from 45 to 58 percent , consistent with the expected pathway from improved O-Class quality to better-prepared children entering primary school . The positive results of QEAP also contributed to scaling up the O-Class model nationwide , with REBs expanding coverage to nonintervention schools and incorporating O-Class operations into regular budgeting , while lessons from the interventions informed national policy", "spans": [{"start": 1463, "end": 1517, "text": "World Bank 2025 Global Education Policy Dashboard data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "e < br > mid-term revie < br > sed and agreed < br > rtfolio in the re | CSI ) and will be tr < br > . Baseline is for m < br > w users . The tea < br > d from the PIU in < br > w / possible rest < br > with the Bank ’ s < br > gion and globally | acked using dat < br > id-2020 and la < br > m is working on < br > Q1FY26 ) and w < br > ructuring . All th < br > quality team , tr < br > . | a from the < br > test data is for < br > the new CSIs < br > ill make < br > e CSI will be < br > acking | | People using | 6 , 657 , 720 < br > Dec / 2021 | 10 , 358 , 274 | 31-Dec-2024 | 10 , 358 , 274 | 31-Dec-2024 | 8 , 455 , 000 | Oct / 2028 | | broadband internet – < br > Female ( Number of < br > people ) CRI | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This is a new < br > females in th | corporate score < br > e Kenyan econo | card indicator a < br > my , which is est | nd will be tracked < br > imated as 50 . 4 pe | using the perc < br > rcent . | entage of | | People using | 3 , 191 , 430 < br > Dec / 2021 | 4 , 233 , 728 | 31-Dec-2024 | 4 , 233 , 728 | 31-Dec-2024 | 3 , 971 , 000 | Oct / 2028 | | broadband internet – < br > Youth ( Number of < br > people ) CRI | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This is", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 420, "text": "test data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 both by economic contraction ( mean income in the PNAD sample fell from R $ 332 in 1981 to R $ 316 in 1993 ) and by rising inequality , but rising inequality was the dominant force . The redistribution component was the larger force behind increasing poverty between 1981 and 1993 , across all poverty lines and measures , and its power was greatest for the most bottom-sensitive poverty measures , the poverty gap and FGT ( 2 ) . With the advent of economic stability , both components changed sign . From 1993 to 2004 , both growth and falling inequality contributed to declining poverty although , this time , the growth component dominated . Of the ten-point decline in poverty incidence , over six points are accounted for by growth , with redistribution responding for 3 . 5 points . The redistribution share does improve for FGT ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . Looking at the whole 1981-2004 period , there was a net decline of some seven percentage points in poverty incidence , five of which are attributable to growth , and two to redistribution . < sup > 32 < / sup > # * * 5 ) The Impact of Macroeconomic Performance . * * The dynamic decompositions in the previous section shed some light on the changes in Brazilian inequality and poverty over the last two and a half decades . In particular , a convergence in mean incomes between urban and rural areas ; a reduction in average returns to education ; and possibly a decline in inter-racial disparities seem to account for at least part of the decline in inequality during 1993-2004 . As we learned from the decomposition by income sources in Section 3 , larger volumes of better-targeted social assistance transfers may also have contributed . But the picture was less clear for the increase in inequality during 1981-1993 , when changes in the distribution of education appear to account for only a small part of the substantial overall increase in inequality , and the other decompositions fail to explain much . < sup > 33 < / sup > Bearing in mind that the outstanding economic fact of the 1980s in Brazil was macroeconomic instability and , in particular", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 64, "text": "PNAD sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; - An annual report on the results achieved , with details and analysis on applications received , reasons for rejections , approvals , funding , results achieved by projects , status , total disbursements , by window , nature of projects , type of applicant , county , etc . ; - Any other relevant information related to the HMP , such as audit reports , evaluation reports , etc . # # * * _3 . 33 . _ * * _Grievances and complaints approach_ * * _ . The KCDP shall introduce a complaints and grievances system regarding the HMP . It shall consist of at least the following elements : _ * * - Introduction of a dedicated central mobile phone number exclusively used to receive complaints ; - Introduction of a central complaints email address ( e . g . complaints @ kcdp . gov . ke ) , which will be exclusively used for receiving and communicating with persons sending complaints ; - This mobile phone number and the email address are to be controlled only by the head of component 4 ; each complaint received shall be properly documented in writing ; the head of component 4 shall also maintain a register of all complaints , with the nature of each complaint , the respective outcomes of the investigation , and reaction of the PCU , be it to address them or to judge them as non material and unjustified . - The head of Component 4 submits a monthly report on the grievances received , the outcomes of the investigation and the measures to address them to the Project Coordinator , and proposes any necessary systemic changes as a result of the complaints . 47", "spans": [{"start": 1101, "end": 1127, "text": "register of all complaints", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and connecting sectors and systems to achieve health results . The particular focus on strengthening health care services at the lowest level , addressing both demand - and supply-side constraints while providing some support to ensure functioning services at higher levels of the health system , builds on this knowledge as well as in-country experience . Strengthening the continuum of care , from community to health center to hospital , to address the many health challenges of refugees and host populations , building critical capacity , and freeing resources at all levels , is the basic premise for this operation . # # # * * C . Financial Management * * 63 . * * The Bank assessed the adequacy of the project FM arrangements at the MoPH , * * the implementing entity for the components financed by the WB ( IsDB will parallel-finance separate activities through the CDR ) . The MoPH is currently carrying out the implementation of the EPHRP through a PMU that includes a Financial Officer ( FO ) . The FM performance of this project at the start was Moderately Satisfactory , and was upgraded to Satisfactory during the last mission in October 2016 . The same PMU will carry out the implementation of the proposed project , but additional staff will be hired to carry out the additional work required . In particular , additional FM staff will need to be hired to support the FO who has gained adequate experience in handling FM arrangements and WB reporting requirements . 64 . * * The FM risk is assessed as substantial before mitigation * * . The key risks are the following : ( i ) limited dedicated staff to undertake the FM activities within MoPH and within the current PMU ; ( ii ) lack of an accounting system within MoPH to record and produce financial reports according to WB reporting > 27 . IMF Lebanon Country Report No 17 / 19 , January 2017 . > 28 Based on World Bank Development Indicators ( 2014 ) . Page 31 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 1882, "end": 1915, "text": "World Bank Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% of seat-km in aircraft of unknown age | 40 . 2 | 16 . 4 | 3 . 6 | 0 | 19 . 9 | 13 . 0 | 26 . 7 | _Source : _ Bofinger , 2009 . Derived from AICD air transport database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data — = data not available . # Water supply and sanitation # # * * Achievements * * Zambia already has relatively good access to high-end water and sanitation solutions ( table 5 ) . About 34 percent of Zambia ’ s population has access to utility water , whether from private taps or standposts ; compared with only 24 percent in other resource-rich countries of Africa . Access to septic tanks , at 18 percent , is far ahead of peer countries . As for trends in recent years , Zambia – along with other African countries – is moving fastest with intermediate options ( figures 5 and 6 ) . The real action in WSS has been in expanding access to wells or boreholes and traditional latrines , for an additional 1 percent of the population each year . By contrast , coverage of high-end solutions such as piped water and flush toilets has declined slightly in Zambia , while growth in standposts and improved latrines has been modest . This pattern is consistent with elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa . 12", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 169, "text": "AICD air transport database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ The required information on subproject objectives , descriptions , and potential impacts will be shared with the Stakeholders to make them aware about the subproject impacts , and the likely mitigation measures to be pursued and implemented . The participants will be encouraged to forward ideas , questions and comments to facilitate the implementation . NGO / CSO will be appointed for oversight . Therefore , the disclosable version of the RP will be shared with them on-demand basis . The results of these discussions will also be incorporated in the updated RP Report for future consideration and implementation . # # # # # # * * Prepare Subproject Information Package * * A dedicated Subproject Information Package shall be prepared with tools adapted to the communities by a specialized consultant . Separate meetings shall be held with women ’ s and vulnerable group to pass key and relevant compensation related data . The information packages shall include : - i ) the purpose , nature , and scale of the Subproject ; - ii ) the duration of proposed Subproject activities ; - iii ) any risks to and potential impacts on communities and relevant mitigation measures ; - iv ) compensation matrix and summary of livelihood restoration measures ; - v ) special assistance measures for vulnerable people ; - vi ) the envisaged stakeholder engagement process ; and - vii ) The grievance mechanism . It is also recommended to hold separate meetings with women ’ s group and vulnerable to pass this key piece of information . This is because public notices in written form is not sufficient for members of these community . # # # # # # * * Disclosure on EEP ’ s and WB ’ s Website * * The disclosure of the RP will be released on EEP ' s and the WB ’ s website . The Final RP report would be available in these websites and stays for certain period of time , within which it could be possible to collect", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1066, "text": "compensation related data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Judicial Performance Improvement Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2019_ * * # # # # # # * * 1 . 7 Funding summary * * The Project is for duration of six years from * * 2013 * * to * * 2018 * * extended to 2020 with an approved budget of * * US $ * * 120M equivalent to KShs 10 . 5B as highlighted in the table below : Below is the funding summary : | Association | 120 , 000 , 000 | 10 . 513 | 74 , 044 , 754 | * * 7 , 319 , 255 , 051 * * | _45 , 955 , 246_ | 3 , 180 , 744 , 949 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total | 120 , 000 , 000 | * * 10 . 5 * * | 74 , 044 , 754 | * * _7 , 319 , 255 , 051_ * * | 45 , 955 , 2416 | 3 , - 180 , 744 , 949 | # # # # # * * 1 . 8 * * Summary of Overall Project * * Performance : * * - Two courts targeted for upgrading have been completed . These includes : Kitui and Kangema - Seven newly constructed Courts have been completed These include : Kigumo , Engineer , Molo , Nyando , Makindu , Nyamira and Vihiga - Five newly constructed Courts are over * * 80 % * * to completion - Court data being collected daily through the Daily Court Returns Template ( DCRT ) . Data capture for the Judiciary case tracking system is ongoing - Performance contracts rolled out in * * 280 * * courts , directorates and Judiciary agencies - * * - * * 1 , 473 , 342 million colour coded file folders were procured and distributed to all High Courts , Magistrates", "spans": [{"start": 1143, "end": 1171, "text": "Daily Court Returns Template", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 0 . 25 < br > 0 < br > 0 . 20 < br > - 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 15 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 10 < br > - 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 05 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 5 0 . 00 < br > Standarized 10-year Difference in 1 / HDI < br > Argentina Chile Argentina Chile < br > Density < br > ( percentage points ) < br > Absolute Change in Unemployment Rate < br > - 6 . 0 - 5 . 5 - 4 . 9 - 4 . 4 - 3 . 9 - 3 . 4 - 2 . 8 - 2 . 3 - 1 . 8 - 1 . 2 - 0 . 7 - 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 9 2 . 5 3 . 0 3 . 5 4 . 0 4 . 6 5 . 1 5 . 6 6 . 1 6 . 7 < br > Density < br > ( percentage points ) < br > Absolute Change in Monetary Poverty Rate < br > - 18 . 7 - 17 . 2 - 15 . 6 - 14 . 1 - 12 . 5 - 11 . 0 - 9 . 5 - 7 . 9 - 6 . 4 - 4 . 8 - 3 . 3 - 1 . 8 - 0 . 2 1 . 3 2 . 9 4 . 4 5 . 9 7 . 5 9 . 0 10 . 6 12 . 1 13 . 6 15 . 2 16 . 7 < br > Density < br > Absolute Change in 1 / HDI < br > - 10 . 0 - 9 . 3 - 8 . 5 - 7 . 7 - 7 . 0 - 6 . 2 - 5 . 5 - 4 . 7 - 3 . 9 - 3 . 2 - 2 . 4 - 1 . 6 - 0 . 9 - 0 . 1 0 . 6 1 . 4 2 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 3D PRINTING AND TRADE As a second exercise , we exploit product level characteristics to identify heterogenous effects of 3D printing on trade . This allows to study the extent to which the impact of 3D printing on trade in the previous sections depends on the product characteristics of hearing aids . Specifically , we investigate if product weight plays a role in the decision of localizing production closer to consumers versus concentrating the production in one location . Intuitively , for products like hearing aids that are light and hence have lower transport costs , incentives to localize production closer to consumer should be lower than for heavier products . Ideally , we would also like to identify how the impact of 3D printing on trade varies based on the interplay between economies of scale intensity and product weight . Unfortunately , data on scale elasticities is available only for a limited number of 2-digit sectors ( see Bartelme , Costinot , Donaldson and Rodriguez-Clare , 2018 ) . To formally test for differential impacts of 3D printing on trade in heavy and light goods , we augment equation ( 1 ) by an interaction term between Ikt ( 3Dprinting 2007 ) and product k ’ s log of weight . The weight of product k is defined as the median unit weight of HS 6-digit products corresponding to a 4-digit SITC product . < sup > 18 < / sup > The unit weight measure for printable sectors varies from 52 grams for spectacles ( SITC 8842 ) to 98 kilograms for machine tools for deburring ( SITC 7316 ) . Before describing the results from this specification , it is important to stress some caveats . First there may be an aggregation bias , if some products in a category are light and others are heavy . In addition , the effects could be misidentified if weight is a determinant of technology adoption . Moreover , it is possible that the technology could affect product weight as it may allow to design new structures that are lighter and use less material . With these caveats in mind , Figure 11 presents the results on the impact of 3D printing on exports and imports as a function of product weight .", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 888, "text": "data on scale elasticities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "component , the ICR ’ s assessment is structured around the four main thematic areas ( Service Delivery and Quality of Care , Support Systems , Finance and Governance ) as was done for the joint evaluation of HSDP II , and it includes a section on procurement and management of the Special Account for the IDA Credit for HSDP . # # * * A . Service Delivery and Quality of Care * * 3 . Table 1 below shows the trends during HSDP in the key indicators included in the PAD , comparing the results of HSDP I ( 1997 / 98 - 2001 / 02 ) and HSDP II ( 2002 / 03 - 2004 / 05 ) to the HSDP targets ( 2001 / 02 ) . In terms of indicators , having “ ranges ” rather than specific targets complicates the analysis of the results at the end of the program . 4 . The performance of the Health , Nutrition and Population sector has improved under HSDP . Between 1997 / 98 and 2004 / 05 , the infant mortality rate has decreased by about 30 % from 110 to 77 per thousand live births . Similar progress has been made in reducing the child mortality rate and the under-five mortality rate . Between 2000 and 2005 , the child mortality rate has decreased by about 35 % from 77 to 50 , and the under-five mortality rate has decreased by about 26 % from 166 to 123 deaths per thousand live births . These results are quite remarkable . Regarding the maternal mortality rate , a comparison with the PAD baseline value is not possible , because the baseline value was greatly underestimated in the PAD . According to the DHS , the maternal mortality rate was 871 in 2000 and it decreased by about 23 % to 673 in 2005 . The fact that maternal mortality still remains extremely high may be explained in part by the very low percentage of births attended by skilled staff , which has barely improved and is now only 12 % ( in Ethiopia , pregnant women deliver at home ) . 5 . According to", "spans": [{"start": 1497, "end": 1500, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital Foundations Project ( P171034 ) # # # * * I . PROJECT STATUS AND RATIONALE FOR RESTRUCTURING * * 1 . * * The * * * * _Ethiopia Digital Foundations Project ( EDFP ) _ , which was approved in April 2021 and became effective in July 2021 , is now completing its third year of implementation . * * Disbursement has started to increase at a faster rate . The overall project rating on achievement of the Project Development Objective ( PDO ) is “ _Satisfactory_ ” and Implementation Progress is “ _Moderately Satisfactory_ ” , as confirmed during the mid-term review carried out in April 2024 . Early wins include progress towards market liberalization in telecoms , selecting a transaction advisor to assist the Government with the partial privatization of Ethio Telecom , and the establishment of an independent ICT regulator - Ethiopian Communications Authority ( ECA ) in 2019 , which is now fully operational . The Project Implementation Unit ( PIU ) has been established within the Ministry of Innovation and Technology ( MInT ) , and financial documents have been submitted in a timely manner , despite a changeover in PIU staffing in early 2023 . No environmental and social risk management issues have been reported to date . 2 . * * Several large procurements have been completed so far , * * including for some 29 Communication Rooms , technical equipment for ECA , for spectrum management equipment , a server room , a numbering database , and quality monitoring equipment , and the EthioTel transaction advisor . Some 675 registration kits have been acquired to support the piloting of Digital ID rollout , a new data center for government has been commissioned , and the existing one upgraded , and a core IP network for the Ethiopian Research and Education Network ( EthERNet ) has been selected . As of July 2024 , disbursement stands at 38 percent , which is still relatively low , but has accelerated recently with", "spans": [{"start": 1466, "end": 1484, "text": "numbering database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 program at _woreda_ level , PSNP teams at the _woreda_ level frequently have to defend their capital and equipment from demands by other sectoral / cabinet offices . 2 . 12 _Institutional strengthening_ : Under the project , the second project component focused on making investments in institutional strengthening at various levels from federal down to community level . These were necessary due to i ) new skills and responsibilities required at various levels , particularly those associated with the shift from food to cash transfers ii ) the decision to locate the PSNP within existing government systems and structures rather than creating parallel systems and iii ) the agreement that , in order to avoid a humanitarian appeal in 2005 , there would be no comprehensive testing or piloting of the program . The capacity assessment was completed only one month before the program commenced ( World Bank 2007 ) . 2 . 13 _Risks and fiscal constraints_ : In addition to institutional capacity and coordination risks , a number of other risks were identified at appraisal . Concerns about the potential inflationary impacts of the switch to cash rather than food transfers on local markets were assessed through grain price monitoring ( including a wage rate purchasing power survey that compared food prices with PSNP public works wage rates – see Alderman , Rajkumar and Wiseman , 2006 ) . 2 . 14 The risk of leakage and elite capture was monitored through regular donor supervision missions ( Joint Review Implementation Support ( JRIS ) ) as well as those of the Rapid Response Team , a joint government and donor body . Additionally , in 2006 the Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) , conducted an assessment of the targeting design , implementation and outcomes of PSNP in its first year to eighteen months of operation ( Sharp et al . 2006 ) . The assessment found : 1 ) PSNP was reaching the poor ; 2 ) PSNP institutional structures for targeting ( combined administrative and community targeting ) were in place in most areas ( though not all ) , and were functioning with varying degrees of success ;", "spans": [{"start": 1252, "end": 1285, "text": "wage rate purchasing power survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Section II , clearly illustrates that there is insufficient information on IDP and HIV programmes to provide a clear picture of their needs and the gaps . A recent report in Northern Uganda reports that basic HIV services are lacking for IDPs . A comprehensive HIV / AIDS needs assessment , combined with assessments from other sectors in a multi-sectoral fashion , is needed in all 8 IDP priority countries . # # * * 6 . Prevention * * The same points as for recommendation 5 . * * 7 . Support , Care and Treatment * * The same points as for recommendation 5 . As antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) becomes available to IDP surrounding host communities , we must ensure that IDPs also have access . # # * * 8 . Assessment , Surveillance , Monitoring and Evaluation * * Sections II and III clearly show a lack of data on HIV and IDP situations . As mentioned in recommendation 5 , a comprehensive multi-sectoral assessment should occur in all 8 IDP priority countries . Baseline data must be collected to allow for monitoring and evaluation of HIV interventions over time . In countries undertaking HIV sentinel surveillance or population-based HIV biological and / or behavioural surveys , sample size should provide sufficient power to disaggregate between IDPs and non-displaced populations , as well as gender and age . 8", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 981, "text": "Baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1126, "end": 1186, "text": "population-based HIV biological and / or behavioural surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "para cumplir con la función de registro civil del territorio nacional o en los consulados de Colombia en el exterior . Esta norma facilita la inscripción en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento a personas que , como la población desplazada , tenían dificultades para hacerlo en los lugares de donde fueron expulsados . * * Logros , vacios y retos * * * * < mark > 4 < / mark > * * Las diferentes misiones al a terreno , las entrevistas realizadas , el análisis de fuentes documentales , así como las encuestas a funcionarios de la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil ( Registradores Municipales del Estado Civil y Registradores Ad-hoc de Bogotá ) y a funcionarios de ACNUR , aportaron información valiosa respecto a los siguientes aspectos : - * * A . Eficacia * * : cumplimiento de las metas y objetivos independientemente de los recursos invertidos . - * * B . Eficiencia * * : comparación de los resultados obtenidos y los medios empleados . - * * C . Oportunidades del proyecto . * * - * * D . Sostenibilidad : * * garantizar que los objetivos e impactos positivos del proyecto perduran en el largo plazo . A continuación se presentan los resultados más relevantes en los aspectos mencionados : # # # # * * 4 . 1 . Eficacia * * # # # # # * * _Respecto a la Coordinación_ * * La encuesta revela que el 62 % de las personas entrevistadas considera que el proyecto ha desarrollado altamente", "spans": [{"start": 1281, "end": 1289, "text": "encuesta", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "implementing agencies are closely related and ( ii ) the ' implementing agencies ' petformancewas less than satisfactory due to the allocation of insufficient staff time . 6 . Lessons Learned _ ( both project-specific , and of wide general application ) _ 62 . In emergency situations , the Bank needs to be pragmatic and act rapidly to respond to clients ' needs . In response to the needs and request of the Government of Ethiopia , the Bank acted rapidly and successfully to arrest a potentially severe decline in food production . It used its flexibiHties , especially under OPIBP8 . 00 and the Global Food Crisis Response Program , and relied on the existing fertilizer supply and distribution system . The Bankdid not seek to address complex reforms under the project that could have delayed its implementation . . 63 . The concentration ~ f importation under a single entity performed adequately under this project , but is not necessary for attainment of economies of scale . Under the project , a parastatal enterprise became the single importer of fertilizer in Ethiopia . ' It remains the monopoly importer , thoug1 : lthe procedures introduced under the project make this position contestable . Currently no evidence suggested that the single importer had measurable negative effects on fertilizer prices or distribution efficiency . On the other hand , economies of scale effects in the procurement and importation of fertilizer are small beyonelcertain amounts ( 50 , 000 tons ) anel therefore do not preclude multiple importers in the medium term . 64 . Weak data on production and inadequate methodology for estimating demand for fertilizer constrain decision making \" Fert ~ lizer demand forecasts in Ethiopia are administrative exercises . Aggregate crop production data remain subject to uncertainty . Concerns about the reliability of these statistics pose challenges for project evaluations and planning more generally . While these issues should be addressed more systemically , the project ' s monitoring and evaluation system is noteworthy . Despite shortcomings , it produced regular status updates , and-based on a large rural household survey-a credible impact evaluation .", "spans": [{"start": 1758, "end": 1788, "text": "Aggregate crop production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2141, "end": 2171, "text": "large rural household survey-a", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we study the effect of the AIA on the different types of cloud included in the E-Commerce survey . These are cloud databases ( column 6 ) , storage ( column 7 ) , customer relations management ( CRM ) software ( column 8 ) , office software ( column 9 ) and email ( column 10 ) . < sup > 34 < / sup > We find that the AIA incentivized firms to invest only in the types of capital that were upon request . > 34We report results for finance software and own software in Table A6 , along with Eurostat ( 2018 ) definitions of low , medium and high-tech types of cloud technologies . 22", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 96, "text": "E-Commerce survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "process , emigration alters the composition of the home-country population on several dimensions ( notably education and ethnicity ) that can in turn a ¤ ect democracy at home . In this paper we . . . rst document these channels and then consider dynamic-panel regressions to investigate the overall impact of emigration on institutions in a large sample of developing countries . We . . . nd that openness to migration ( measured by the total emigration rate ) contributes to improve institutional quality ( as measured by standard indicators of democracy and economic freedom ) in the migrants ’ origin countries . This result is robust to the use of balanced / unbalanced panels , to the exclusion of certain groups of countries ( e . g . , former socialist countries ) or to accounting for the low-coverage of certain countries in our migration data . We also . . . nd that human capital ( measured by the share of tertiary educated in the resident labor force ) has a positive and signi . . . cant e ¤ ect on institutional quality . Since skilled emigration both increases total emigration and reduces average human capital , this raises the question of whether some countries can achieve an institutional gain through a brain drain . To answer this question we rely on numerical simulations which show a positive but generally statistically insigni . . . cant e ¤ ect of skilled emigration . However , once we account for the fact that emigration prospects provide additional incentives to invest in human capital , then the e ¤ ect of skilled emigration on institutional quality becomes positive for a limited set of countries in the short run and for many countries in the longer run . 33", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 853, "text": "migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 17 - * * neighborhood consumers and refreshment parlors in rural centers where the staple daytime drink is sweet tea heavily laced with milk . 4 . 16 The rate of increase in the administered price < sup > of milkexceeded rates < / sup > of increase in the administered prices of major crop products . The relative shift in prices would have further encouraged the diversion of project funds from crops to grade cattle , but did not play the decisive role . Farmer preference for grade cows predated the increases in the price of milk . Moreover , although one can argue that the Government might have induced a flow toward crops * * by * * announcing substantial hikes in their prices , that action was not part of the original plan and is an unusual , and in this case , certainly unwarranted way to save an appraisal strategy . In any case , as mentioned next , the profitability of the grade cow enterprise cannot be taken for granted . 4 . 17 Notwithstanding the advantages apparently available to smallholders adopting grade cattle , the financial returns accruing to the project ' s average participant may be much lower than anticipated at appraisal and lower even than the reduced estimates presented in the PCR . This introduces an apparent contradiction in the farmer ' s behavior : scrambling for grade cows offering low rates of financial return . * * 4 . 18 * * Insufficient adequate on-farm data is available to draw any definitive conclusions at this level . The PCR notes that the lack of compilation of physical records * * by AFC * * as specified in project agreements makes estimations of-the project ' s impact difficult ( paras . 4 . 05-4 . 06 ) . In spite of the massive effort that went into farm budgeting , as reflected in the farm planning input for each of the 12 , 000 applications received * * by AFC * * under the project , little effort was devoted to monitoring farm performance . No systematic evaluation procedure was developed , and only following project completion have Ministry economists", "spans": [{"start": 1403, "end": 1415, "text": "on-farm data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are themselves subject to significant variation , especially during periods of crisis . The coefficient on the liquidity channel retains its sign and statistical significance in the first two of the four specifications , and approaches statistical significance in the final two ( _p_ = 0 _ . _ 134 and _p_ = 0 _ . _ 159 , respectively ) . Its magnitude is of the same order of significance as the benchmark : the range of coefficients is between - 0 . 02 and - 0 . 04 . Overall , we regard the findings reported in this section as broadly corroborative of the benchmark results . More importantly , given the insignificance of the interest rate even when it is instrumented , we conclude that concerns about endogeneity arising from its omission from the benchmark specifications are not generally well founded . # * * 6 Conclusion * * In this paper , we have examined the transmission channels for financial shocks that affect international bank lending to developing countries , using the 2007 / 09 crisis as a case study . Our main finding is that cross-border lending by international banks contracted primarily due to liquidity difficulties faced by these banks , and to heightened uncertainty . Another key message is that the reduction in aggregate lending to developing countries by high income banks during the crisis was not the result of changes in their sensitivity to liquidity shortages or changes in their tolerance of risk , but instead was a normal reaction to an abnormally large shock to liquidity and uncertainty . The main shortcomings of our work here stem from our reliance on aggregate cross-border lending data . While such data encompasses much greater coverage of the total volume of lending to the developing world , our inferences were largely limited to broad averages — and , in Subsection 4 . 3 , U . S . and EU exposures — which limits our ability to tease out idiosyncratic elements that may be of interest , such as whether solvency considerations were altogether unimportant , or whether they were more important for certain classes of financial institutions , such as those facing more severe balance-sheet difficulties . Future research along the lines of the work considered here can", "spans": [{"start": 1600, "end": 1635, "text": "aggregate cross-border lending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Flood Management Project ( P176327 ) # # # * * Gender * * 95 . * * The project aims to address gender related differences in the vulnerability to disasters , improve the targeting of women through gender-sensitive flood early warning , and strengthen the technical capacities of female experts for flood and disaster risk management . * * A comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in disaster risk management in Ethiopia < sup > 79 < / sup > found a strong underrepresentation of women in DRM institutions and committees , including in decision-making bodies for planning , policy formulation , and evaluation in DRM . Gender also shapes how people receive and respond to warnings in Ethiopia . As reflected in the Ethiopia Gender Gap Profile < sup > 80 < / sup > , Ethiopian women have unequal access to and reduced ability to act upon hazard information and early warning communication . This relates to the different exposure of women to flood risks than men , because of their daily routines such as water collection , agricultural work , or tending to household chores including childcare , which are often in locations beyond the audible reach of sirens . The gender gap in emergency preparedness and response is further shaped by differences in the ownership and access to communication technologies such as television , radio or mobile phones , which are related to gendered social norms in Ethiopia and inequalities in terms of access to household resources between men and women . 96 . * * FMP will address gender gaps in DRM in Ethiopia through a range of activities across different project components . * * These activities are specifically informed by the latest guideline for Gender Mainstreaming in DRM . Developed in 2012 by the Women Directorate of NDRMC , the guideline specifically highlights the need ( i ) to address the low participation of women in DRM organizations and the under-representation of women in civil engineering profession ; and ( ii ) to establish gender-specific flood early warning systems to better account for women ’ s specific needs and disaster vulnerabilities", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 772, "text": "Ethiopia Gender Gap Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Commission for Reception , Truth and Reconciliation ( CAVR ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > This information has been collected from deponents to the Commission ‘ s statement-taking process . < sup > 8 < / sup > We make use of data on the number of killings that occurred during the war in order to derive patterns and variation of violence in Timor Leste over time and across space . We use this data to identify districts and years that experienced high and low violence-intensity , both at the start of the occupation and following the withdrawal of Indonesian troops in 1999 . This allows us to estimate both the impact of the first years of the conflict and the impact of the last wave of violence in 1999 . # * * 4 . 1 . Identification strategy : The impact of violence on school attendance in 2001 * * We first investigate the short-term impact of the 1999 violence . The empirical questions being addressed are : ( i ) whether the violence in 1999 imperiled school attendance < sup > 9 < / sup > and school grade deficit , and ( ii ) whether different channels of exposure to conflict – displacement and house destruction – affected boys and girls and different age groups differently . # * * _4 . 1 . 1 . Primary school attendance and grade deficit rates in 2001_ * * We make use of information in TLSS 2001 collected at the individual and household levels on displacement and house destruction to identify conflict-affected individuals . We have constructed two different variables that try to account for the degree of severity of the conflict . < sup > 10 < / sup > The first variable identifies individuals belonging to households that were displaced due to the 1999 wave of violence ( all members displaced ) . The second variable identifies individuals in households that report having their house completely destroyed by the violent attacks in 1999 . The TLSS 2001 contains also useful retrospective information on school attendance and grade attained across three different academic years : 1998 / 99 , 1999 / 00 and 2000 / 01 . We are > 7 Commission for Reception , Truth and", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 248, "text": "data on the number of killings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1298, "end": 1307, "text": "TLSS 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The highest number of incidents was reported in January 2022 , during which period 19 airstrikes and drone attacks led to more than 454 civilian casualties in Afar and Tigray ( 183 deaths and 271 injuries ) . Of the said , was the deadly attack on Dedebit IDP site in Tigray that resulted in 59 deaths , 139 injuries and 44 critical injuries , and the airstrike in Mai Aini refugee camp that resulted in the death of three refugees and injury of four others . During the month of January 2022 , on-going clashes at Abala in Afar region resulted in over 62 deaths or injuries among IDPs reported to be travelling in public transport . The total number of incidents in Afar region as recorded by ACCLED is shown in _Figure 3_ above . Looting and destruction of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population , including crops , foodstuffs , and livestock contributed to lack of critical life-saving support , particularly in Tigray . Following the attacks , unexploded ordinance poses a high risk of killings and maiming of civilians including children , and many roads and buildings are unsafe for civilian use and aid delivery . # # # # # * * 2 . 1 . 3 . Denial of life-saving and basic services * * The war resulted in damage to infrastructure , impacting delivery of life-saving services . Access to critical services such as healthcare , portable water , adequate shelter and sanitation , has been significantly curtailed by looting and damage to public infrastructure . Security measures imposed in the conflict affected areas , active conflict and lack of functional local administrative bodies for coordination have had serious implications on the population ’ s access to basic services and to humanitarian assistance , causing many relief organisations to reduce or suspend life-saving operations . 3 UNHCR ( Jan 2022 ) , Ethiopia Protection Monitoring Report for Afar region . > 4 OCHA ( April 2022 ) . In Afar , access to health services and education is assessed as bad or very bad at 100", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 700, "text": "ACCLED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "climate in the former Comecon countries . Our results can also inform the discussion of policy instruments for CO2 emissions reduction . Many policy analysts who support Pigouvian pricing also argue for a non-Pigouvian supplement : coordinated public investment in low-carbon land development , energy and transport that will accelerate the transition to low-carbon economies . We explore the non-Pigouvian proposition for subway investments , drawing on a recent global survey of subway systems . We divide our 1 , 236 regression residuals into deciles , with the largest negative residuals in the first decile , and identify the subset of 132 global subway cities in each decile . We find that subway cities are four times more numerous among first-decile cities than among tenth-decile cities . We also find that representation of subway cities declines steadily across deciles . While these results provide strong suggestive support for the non-Pigouvian view , they are subject to potential endogeneity that should be considered in future research . This research is only one of many potential applications for our global CO2 database , which covers all terrestrial areas at 10 km resolution . The same CO2 emissions model could be used to track progress for large and small cities within subregions or countries , subregions within countries , or project areas . 2", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 495, "text": "global survey of subway systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1120, "end": 1139, "text": "global CO2 database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Health Sector Support ( P074091 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P074091 | IDA-47710 | Effective | USD | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 101 . 71 | 0 . 01 | | 100 % | | P074091 | IDA-50340 | Effective | USD | 56 . 80 | 56 . 80 | 0 . 00 | 52 . 73 | 0 . 23 | | 100 % | | P074091 | IDA-53670 | Effective | USD | 41 . 00 | 41 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 33 . 17 | 4 . 40 | | 88 % | | P074091 | TF-16027 | Effective | USD | 20 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 100 % | | P074091 | TF-90490 | Closed | USD | 1 . 22 | 0 . 95 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 95 | 0 . 00 | | 100 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( HDI ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > Maternal and child mortality rates remain high . About 38 percent of children under five are stunted , 24 percent are underweight , and 10 percent are wasted . < sup > 2 < / sup > Access to education has increased , but only 57 percent of children starting first grade will complete the ninth grade . In addition , Ethiopia hosts more than 920 , 000 refugees , primarily from neighboring Somalia , Sudan , South Sudan , and Eritrea , and the number of internally displaced people has recently doubled . While Ethiopia remains one of the most income equal countries in the world , with a national Gini coefficient of 0 . 33 in 2015 , there are significant variances at the regional and woreda ( district ) < sup > 3 < / sup > level . Gender disparities are also profound nationally , and a combination of cultural norms and socioeconomic inequality greatly increases the risks of gender-based violence ( GBV ) faced by women . < sup > 4 < / sup > 1 United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , Human Development Reports : 2018 Statistical Update . 2 Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) and ORC Macro ( 2016 ) ; Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) 2016 . > 3 Woredas or districts < mark > are the third-level administrative division . They are further subdivided into wards ( kebeles ) or neighborhood associations , which are the smallest unit of local government . < / mark > 4 World Bank , Ethiopia — Priorities for ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity : systematic country diagnostic . Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1180, "text": "Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– 2005 ) and future period ( 2006 – 2100 < sup > 2 < / sup > ) at representative concentration pathways ( RCP ) 4 . 5 and 8 . 5 ( Stocker _et al . _ , 2013 ) . RCPs 4 . 5 and 8 . 5 are part of a new set of scenarios used in the new climate model simulations carried out under the framework of the Coupled Model Inter ‐ comparison Project Phase of the World Climate Research Programme . According to IPCC AR5 , the RCPs are consistent with a wide range of possible changes in future anthropogenic ( i . e . human ) greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions . RCP 4 . 5 assumes that global annual GHG emissions ( measured in CO2 ‐ equivalents ) peak around mid ‐ century and then stabilise around 2100 whereas RCP 8 . 5 emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century ( Moss et al . , 2010 in IPCC 2014 ) . From the daily river ‐ routing outputs , we extract the annual maxima value of the river water depth ( spatial resolutions : 0 . 25 ° x 0 . 25 ° ) for each AOGCM ( 1970 ‐ 2100 ( 131 years ) or 1970 ‐ 2099 ( 130 years ) . For each grid ‐ cell within each AOGCM , we extract the annual maxima river water depth of the period 1970 – 1999 to quantify the Gumbel distribution parameters , which represent extreme value statistics for the late 20 < sup > th < / sup > century . With these parameters , we estimate the return period of the annual maxima for 1970 – 2100 and 1970 – 2099 . Based on the Gumbel distribution parameters of the baseline period ( Hu et al . , 2016 , Section 3 . 4 . 1 ) , we calculate the ' equivalent ' river water depth of the baseline for each AOGCM as a way of reducing bias . > 1 The full list of AOGCMs is available in the supplementary materials section of Hirabayashi et al . ( 2013 ) , in Table S1 . > 2 For most of the AOGCMs , the period is 2006 ‐", "spans": [{"start": 812, "end": 841, "text": "daily river ‐ routing outputs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shortly after 2001 and peaked at the end of the decade . The advent of the Arab Spring in 2011 put significant downward pressure on both males and females , but between 2015 and 2020 the gap stabilized to between 10 and 11 percentage points . * * Figure 1 Unemployment rates by gender : Tunisia , 1990 – 2019 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12 < br > 30 < br > 10 < br > 25 < br > 8 < br > 20 < br > 6 < br > 15 < br > 10 4 < br > 5 2 < br > 0 0 < br > 1990 2000 2010 2020 < br > Men Women < br > Gender differnce < br > Unemployment rate ( % ) < br > Unemployment rate difference ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources_ : Modeled estimates , International Labour Organization ( ILO ) ; World Bank , World Development Indicators ( WDI ) , 2019 , https : / / databank . worldbank . org / source / world-development-indicators . Aggregated averages often mask important and substantial variations . Features such as age , education , and location can provide a more nuanced picture of the key characteristics of men and women that are likely to influence their decision to enter the labor market and subsequently find employment . For example , women in urban areas are more likely than women in rural areas to participate in the labor market . In addition , women in the 25 – 33 age group have the highest labor force participation rate ( 34 percent ) of all age groups . However , this rate drops beyond this age group , possibly following marriage . By contrast , men ’ s labor force participation rates remain high across age groups and only drop for the 55 – 65 age group ( figure 2 ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 725, "end": 753, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ii ) acquisition of about 800 line-km < sup > of < / sup > < br > offshore seismic data and the < br > reprocessing of about 3 , 000 line-km < sup > of < / sup > < br > existing seismic data ; | | | ( iii ) training of key Ministry of Mines < sup > and < / sup > < br > Energy staff ; | | | ( iv ) special studies , particularlyonthe < br > potential use of natural gas < br > domestically ; and | | | ( v ) equipment for the above . | | | ( b ) A geothermal reconnaissance < br > component < br > consisting of : | - ( i ) consulting services to evaluate the feasibility of developing geothermal sites northeast of Addis Ababa ; This document has a restricted distribution and < sup > may be used by recipients only in the performance of < / sup > their official duties . Its contents may not otherwise < sup > be disclosed without World Bank authorization . < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 87, "text": "offshore seismic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 169, "end": 190, "text": "existing seismic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to genuine economic phenomena – or reflecting the effects of measurement errors and transitory variations in income . If there is measurement error of the \" classical \" form ( uncorrelated with the true value and over time ) , then the expected income increase is positive for someone with a below-average income and negative for someone with an above-average income . As a result , some of the observed progressivity in income growth may be spurious . < sup > 11 < / sup > As Baulch and Hoddinott ( 2000 ) phrase it , “ . . . some of the observed movements in and out of poverty will be a statistical artifact . ” This is also known as “ Galton fallacy ” . > 10 In their analysis there is no contradiction between the results of cross-sections and panel . Egypt data analyzed in this paper demonstrates a more extreme case of diametrically opposite results from two types of analysis . 11 Van Kerm and Jenkins ( 2008 ) use an elegant metaphor to illustrate this point . If one rolls a standard die , the expected number of spots at any roll is 3 . 5 ( the sum of the possible scores divided by six ) . If the first roll in fact produces a 1 , then the expected increase in the score when the die is rolled again is positive ( + 2 . 5 ) . By contrast , if a > 6 comes up first , the expected gain at the second roll is negative ( – 2 . 5 ) . So , despite there being no association 5", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 767, "text": "Egypt data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | Withitsfocus on engaging with professional associations and < br > civil society , the project will help promoteamore conducive < br > atmosphere for initiating and sustaining financial sector < br > reforms . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _3 . Non-aligned expectations and_ < br > _ineflciency among various donors_ < br > _contributing to jkancial sector_ < br > _development , arising from lack of_ < br > _coordination . _ | M | Theapproach chosen , which involves strong efforts towards < br > harmonizationo fdonor involvementinthesector , should help < br > mitigate this risk . | | _4 . Complex reporting procedures_ < br > _may be too burdensome , leadingtoa _ < br > _slowdown or halt in implementation . _ | M | Reporting requirements have been built on existing systems to < br > the extent possible . < br > Timing has beensynchronized / coordinatedto minimize < br > transactioncosts < br > Adequate time lag for reporting data on financial institutions . | | * * 5 . * * _Key entities may lack capacityto_ < br > _carryoutobligations . _ | M | Throughitsvarious components , the project includesastrong < br > focus on capacity building within NBE and across the financial < br > sector . < br > PSCAP implementation . | | 6 . _Retaining skilled staffatNBE . _ | S | * * As * * parto fitsStrategic Restructuring , NBE has recently < br > reviewed and revised its incentive system and remuneration < br > policy . < br > Furthermore , the project will include strengtheningstaff < br > performance monitoring and managementatNBE . < br > Insofarasthe project will support the training of financial < br >", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 973, "text": "reporting data on financial institutions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indexes , we also report their standard deviations in the control group at the respective follow-up . < sup > 18 < / sup > # * * 3 . 4 Empirical specification * * We conducted two separate analyses for the short-term ( n = 606 ) and medium-term ( n = 619 ) follow-up samples . It is worth mentioning that individuals in these two samples were not necessarily the same . In particular , 42 % of those who completed the medium-term survey also > would count the entire difference between the two visits as a visit to the first website . To correct for the related measurement error we assumed that all visits that lasted more than 2 hours were capturing time spent away from our websites . Hence , we discarded them by replacing the values with missing data . > 17For missing values , we also followed Kling et al . ( 2007 ) . Particularly , if a respondent has a non-missing value for at least one of the variables in an index , we impute any missing values for the other variables using the random assignment group mean . This implies that differences between treatment and control means of an index coincide with the average of treatment and control means of the variables in that index ( when divided by their standard deviations ) . > 18Impact effects are divided by standard deviations derived from the control group at follow-up . An increase of two standard deviations , for example , would move someone from having average knowledge to being in the top 5 percent of the group . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Area . Modest . * * # # # < u > Outputs < / u > - 717 natural resource management ( NRM ) and environmental awareness training sessions were conducted at district and community levels and included all 28 district field offices and development partners . A minimum of 600 communities received training . - NRM plans were prepared for all 28 districts and were used for identification , prioritization and implementation of NRM micro-projects . - The vision and strategies emerging from these plans provided the framework for the design of the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ( ASAL ) Development Policy and the District and National Environmental Action Plans . Community level NRM plans constituted the major part of the 614 community development plans for the Community Driven Development ( CDD ) component . - The project supported 1 , 341 drought preparedness micro-projects . In total ( according to the Borrower ’ s ICR ) , 2 , 934 drought preparedness investments were made to improve water availability and access for human and livestock use . - 2 , 069 water activities were undertaken in 25 of the 28 districts . These activities aimed to reduce distances to water points and provide a constant supply of water to humans and livestock during droughts . - Environmental screening tools were developed for micro - projects and inter-community projects . - The Early Warning System ( EWS ) that had been developed under the preceding project was enhanced ( in terms of the data collected and analytical processes ) , and expanded from 11 to 28 districts . - Early warning information was provided to all stakeholders to ensure timely response to drought stress . A total of 2 , 965 activities were undertaken , including production of 2 , 336 ESW bulletins , as well as rapid food security assessments and community feedback meetings in all 28 districts . - Conflict flash points were identified and District Peace Committees established in all 28 districts ; 214 conflict management meetings and 219 conflict resolution events were held . # # # < u > Outcomes < / u > - Drought-related", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 917, "text": "Borrower ’ s ICR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "borders ( Herat and Nimrouz ) toward Afghanistan and compares it with our measure of economic shock . We observe that the number of exiting Afghan refugees from Iran increases when the exchange rate sharply increases . This finding sense checks our conclusion from Table 4 that a higher replacement rate of Afghan refugees translates to their higher exit rate from Iran and not only higher mobility within Iran ’ s borders . We present estimations of equation ( 1 ) for the rest of the transition variables in Appendix Table 3 , but we do not find much significant coefficient for the interaction term . This outcome is not surprising for two reasons : First , based on the above discussion , the replacement rate of Afghan refugees in the LFS sample is significantly higher than Iranians , creating a bias because the replaced sample is systematically different from remainders . Second , because of the refreshing rotating panel sample frame by SCI in 2013 and 2018 and the unavailability of the survey for 2020 , the transition variables are unknown for three crucial years in the period of study in which economic fluctuation was high . # * * 5 . 2 . The unequal effect of economic shocks on expenditure and income * * In Table 5 , we estimate the unequal effect of shocks on expenditure , income , and wage rate using HEIS data . The coefficient of the Afghan dummy in panel A of Table 5 shows that , on average , Afghan households spend less and have lower total income than Iranians . However , their earned income is higher than Iranians because of higher labor force participation . In the HEIS sample , while 88 % of Afghan households ’ heads are in the labor force ( employed or unemployed ) , this number is 70 % for Iranian households ’ heads . In column ( 10 ) , we find that the wage rate is also higher for Afghan households , consistent with the anecdotal evidence that they have more labor productivity in unskilled jobs than Iranians . The effect of economic shocks is negative on expenditure but positive on income and wage rate . Although the positive impact of economic shocks on income and", "spans": [{"start": 1323, "end": 1332, "text": "HEIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poverty gap in line with the richer states of the S-SE . This result , however , should be viewed with caution , since that state has a very small share of total population and the result could be due to sampling bias . The PNAD survey does not cover the rural areas of the Northern states , where poverty is usually concentrated . More information about the labor structure of the economy can be seen in Table 4 and Table 5 . In these tables sectoral wage bills are split into the model ' s 10 occupational groups . The occupational groups are defined in terms of a unit wage ranking . More skilled workers , then , would be those in the highest income classes , and vice-versa . As can be seen in Table 4 , Agriculture is the activity that uses more unskilled labor ( 40 . 5 percent of that sector ’ s labor bill ) , while Petroleum and Gas Extraction and Petroleum Refinery are the most intensive users of skilled labor ( 10 < sup > th < / sup > labor class ) using activities , with Financial Institutions coming next . If labor inputs were measured in hours ( rather than in values ) the concentration of low-skill labor in Agriculture would be even more pronounced . Agriculture is also the sector that hires most unskilled labor in Brazil , around 41 percent of total workers in income class 1 ( Table 5 ) . The Trade sector is the second largest employer of this type of labor . As for the higher income classes , we see that the Financial Institutions and Public Administration sectors hire the largest numbers of well-paid workers . Table 6 shows the distribution of occupation wages ( OCC ) classes among the household income classes ( POF classes ) . In this table , the rows show household income classes , while the columns show the wage earnings by occupation . It is evident from this table that the wage earnings of the higher wage occupations ( OCC10 , for example ) are concentrated in the higher income households , and _vice-versa_ . Most of the wages earned by workers in the first wage class ( OCC1 ) accrue", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 235, "text": "PNAD survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . N / A * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * < mark > Ahluwalia , M . , N . Carter , and H . Chenery ( 1979 ) . “ Growth and Poverty in Developing Countries , ” < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Development Economics < / mark > _ < mark > , Vol . 6 , No . 3 , pp . 299-341 . < / mark > < mark > Aguiar , M . , and G . Gopinath ( 2007 ) . “ Emerging Market Business Cycles : The Cycle is the Trend , ” < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Political Economy < / mark > _ < mark > , Vol . 115 , No . 1 , pp . 69-102 . < / mark > < mark > Alvaredo , F . , and L . Gasparini ( 2015 ) . “ Recent Trends in Inequality and Poverty in Developing Countries , ” in A . Atkinson and F . Bourguignon , eds . , < / mark > _ < mark > Handbook of Income Distribution < / mark > _ < mark > , pp . 697-805 . < / mark > Atamanov , A . , J . P . Azevedo , R . A . Castañeda , S . Chen , P . A . Corral Rodas , R . Dewina , C . Diaz-Bonilla , D . M . Jolliffe , C . Lakner , K . Lee , D . G . Mahler , J . Montes , R . Mungai , M . C . Nguyen , E . B . Prydz , P . Sangraula , K . Scott , A . E . Wambile , J . Yang , and Q . Zhao ( 2018 ) . _April 2018 PovcalNet Update : What ’ s New_ ( Washington , DC : World Bank ) . < mark > Bhalla , S . ( 2002 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > Imagine There ’ s No Country : Poverty , Inequality and Growth in the Era of Globalization < / mark > _ < mark > ( Washington , DC : Institute for International Economics ) . < /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2017 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments | Sum of CRI sub-indi | cators included . | | | | IN00651545 < br >  Number of childr | en immunized ( Number , Corp | orate Breakdown ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 1 , 887 , 467 . 00 | 2 , 203 , 481 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2012 | - - | 31-Dec-2012 | 30-Jun-2021 | | IN00651612 < br >  Number of delive | ries attended by skilled healt | h personnel ( Number , Corpo | rate Breakdown ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 806 , 078 . 00 | 1 , 240 , 121 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2012 | - - | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2021 | # # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * < u > DLI_IND_ < / u > ~ ~ < u > TABLE < / u > ~ ~ | ► DLI 1 Deliveries attended by skilled birth providers ( Original - DLI 1 ) ( Intermediate Outcome , 20 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 | 26 . 00 | | 26 . 00 | | 18 . 00 | 12 / 11 / 2018 Page 10 of 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and co-authors find that child labor is not a major predictor of whether or not child workers will attend school , but family and school factors are . Putnick and Bornstein ( 2015 ) , analyzing data from almost 200 , 000 families with children aged between 7 and 14 in 30 low - and middle-income countries , note that many working children continue to be enrolled in school . Their analysis confirms the findings from Ravallion and Wodon ( 2000 ) , where a school subsidy program increased schooling attainment but did not decrease child labor . The divergence in findings on the impacts of child labor on enrollment has been linked to the different definitions of child labor in the literature . Some definitions include both household and wage work , whereas others distinguish between the two . 5", "spans": [{"start": 194, "end": 229, "text": "data from almost 200 , 000 families", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "momentum to address this “ gap ” between rhetoric and reality . This paper attempts to account for this . While there might be a range of reasons for this discrepancy , one nodal one is the lack of predictable funding for transition initiatives . In spite of the creation of special transitional funding mechanisms , one still is confronted with a phenomenon of “ aid orphans ” created by risk-adverse development partners . The subtitle of the 2011 OECD / DAC monitoring survey of the implementation of the Principles for Engagement in Fragile States and Situations is : _Can ’ t we do better_ ? This could be the subtitle of this overview of UNHCR ’ s efforts ( 2001-2012 ) to engage development actors in the search for durable solutions for those displaced by conflict . 1", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 478, "text": "2011 OECD / DAC monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the mitigation measures are properly in place and social condition positively maintained . Monitoring of the implementation of the SA is an important aspect of ensuring that the commitment to environmental and social sustainability of the Project is being met . The regular monitoring of the implementation of the SA , LMP , GBV Action Plan and SEP will be overseen at regional and federal level . In addition , targeted monitoring will be conducted annually by project coordination unit . A sample woreda in each region will be visited and spot-checked in order to verify the implementation of SA procedures . The contents of a social monitoring report are provided in Annex 1 . 76", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 653, "text": "social monitoring report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coverage , and then validated it against the standard aggregated public finance data source in Brazil . We then illustrated the potential uses of this new data in two applications , uncovering new facts about local public finances in Brazil that are only measurable using the granular data we provide . First , we show that , on average , municipalities purchase 15 % - 25 % of their goods and materials from suppliers located in the same municipality . Furthermore , we document wide variation behind that average - several municipalities purchase close to 50 % from local suppliers . This average share is not meaningfully different when local officers use noncompetitive , discretionary tender methods . But it is systematically correlated with the size of municipalities – those with larger populations tend to buy more locally , perhaps reflecting the existence of a larger pool of suppliers . Second , we produce new descriptive evidence on delays in payments to government suppliers . We show that approximately 15 % of payments are delayed , meaning they are paid over the maximum allowed limit of 30 days . Furthermore , 20 % of municipality-year observations have an average delay above 30 days – suggesting they are systematically late payers . Payment timeliness is also correlated with local per capita GDP , with higher-income municipalities paying their suppliers faster . These findings open several additional research questions . For example , if suppliers know that some municipalities tend to be late payers , they might include that \" financial risk \" of mismatched assets and liabilities in their decisions when selling to these governments and increase prices . Some firms , particularly smaller and liquidityconstrained ones , might also decide not to sell to these governments in order to avoid that financial risk . Other possible questions are whether these delays are systematically different depending on government functions ( are health expenses paid faster than education for example ? ) ; whether they systematically vary with the business and / or political cycles < sup > 28 < / sup > ; and whether some suppliers benefit from better payment terms than others ( Ricca , 2019 ) . All of these have important implications for competition and value-for-money in the public sector and", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 91, "text": "aggregated public finance data source", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "processing approach . This approach relies on the use of water and machinery such as cherry hoppers , which sort the coffee cherries based on quality , after which the sorted cherries are pulped using coffee pulping machines . After pulping , the cherries are further sorted by immersion in water for several hours ( Macchiavello and Morjaria , 2021 ) . Coffee processed at these stations attracts a higher market premium than that processed through traditional methods by farmers . Estimates suggest that the prices of wet-processed coffee via the mills are 40 % higher than that of dry-processed coffee ( Macchiavello and Morjaria , 2015 ) . This suggests that the introduction of coffee mills induced significant income shocks to coffee farmers in the country . In addition , the introduction of the mills also led to an increase in employment opportunities through wage employment , as labor < sup > 1 < / sup > was hired to work in these mills ( Sanin , 2021 ) . Thus , the extent to which the local economic shocks associated with the introduction of these coffee mills affect the cognitive development of children exposed to these shocks in early life is the focus of this paper . To this end , we combine unique administrative data on test scores of the universe of primary school students in Rwanda with data on the staggered rollout of the coffee mills to estimate the effects of early life exposure to the coffee mills on students ’ performance in a high-stakes national exam . To causally identify the impact of these shocks on students ’ performance in the medium term , we leverage the staggered variations in the rollout of the coffee mills across various locations relative to the timing of birth . Using a 2 . 5km radius from a coffee mill as the catchment area for coffee mills , we measure early life exposure to coffee mills as children born in a catchment area after the opening of the coffee mill . Essentially , our identification strategy is a difference-in-difference design whereby we compare the educational outcomes of children in a catchment area born after the opening of a mill with those in the catchment area but born before the opening of a mill", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1254, "text": "administrative data on test scores", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "29 Table 2 : Decomposing growth and poverty reduction from migration , Kagera , Tanzania | * * 2010 location * * | * * N * * | | | * * Poverty headcount * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Migrants only * * < br > * * Destination * * | | * * 1991 ‐ 94 * * | * * 2010 * * | * * Change in Poverty * * < br > * * headcount * * | * * Share in poverty * * < br > * * headcount change * * | | * * Rural * * | 1086 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 35 | ‐ 0 . 21 | 0 . 40 | | * * Town * * | 720 | 0 . 45 | 0 . 14 | ‐ 0 . 31 | 0 . 38 | | * * City * * | 285 | 0 . 45 | 0 . 02 | ‐ 0 . 42 | 0 . 21 | | * * Total * * | 2073 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 23 | ‐ 0 . 27 | 1 . 00 | Source : Christiaensen , De Weerdt and Kanbur ( 2015 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the self-reported ethnicity data from the 2006 DHS ( Samak ́ e , Traor ́ e , Ba , Demb ́ el ́ e , & Diop , 2006 ) as an inverted Herfindahl-Hirschman Index ( HHI ) . The HHI , first developed to study levels of market competition , is commonly used in the literature to measure ethnic fractionalization indices . It is simply an inverse of the sum of the squares of the share of each ethnic group per population in each commune . < sup > 7 < / sup > Figure 2 shows the distribution of the index across the country for communes where we have DHS survey data . In the figure a greater index value and darker color indicates a greater level of ethnic diversity . Additionally , we gather the 2009 commune population from the Malian census reported on the Wikipedia pages ( Wikipedia , n . d . ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > Lastly , all maps are made with the administrative geographical boundaries made available by the Database of Global Administrative Areas ( University of California Berkely , n . d . ) . For outcomes measures , we use per-capita household non-agricultural income and consumption from EMOP and then calculate commune-level poverty measures and the Gini coefficient as a measure of inequality from the consumption data . One important caveat on the EMOP income data is that it captures non-agricultural household income rather than total household income . The EMOP questionnaires are structured in a way that is more suitable to collect data on income with stable flows . We believe that this likely ignores most agricultural income . In fact , about a quarter of observations on household income is reported to be zero , while there is no report on zero consumption . Therefore , we interpret the EMOP income data to be reflective of non-agricultural household income , rather than total household income . > 7Please refer to Equation 5 in the online appendix for details on the creation of the index . > 8The Wikipedia page offer both circle - and commune-level population counts . We checked its internal consistency by comparing each circle-level value to a sum of commune-level values for each", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 55, "text": "2006 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 546, "end": 561, "text": "DHS survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 727, "end": 740, "text": "Malian census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 916, "end": 955, "text": "Database of Global Administrative Areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1218, "end": 1234, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1265, "end": 1281, "text": "EMOP income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK ) ( P161387 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | 27-Apr-2018 | 30-Jun-2022 | | ► IRI 3 . 2 : Roadmap | for e-procurement upgrade inc | luding SPP , aligned to PPA | DA requirements & regul | ations ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | 27-Apr-2018 | 30-Jun-2022 | # # Consolidated Staff Data | ► IRI 4 : GHRIS enhanced to handle consolidated | HR data from | MDAs and inte | rfaces with IFMIS ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) < br > End Target | | Value < br > N | - - | | N < br > Y | | Date < br > 30-Jun-2016 | - - | | 27-Apr-2018 < br > 30-Jun-2022 | | Timely and Quality Financial Statements and Audit | | - - - | | ► IRI 5 . 1 : Audit codes that classify risk clusters to enable efficient targeting of audit resource ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "c ) capturing and populating the outstanding commitments and outstanding invoices for arrears monitoring . As a result , arrears have continued to be a problem . Jordan ’ s budgetary central government budget classification meets Government Financial Statistics / Classification of the Functions of Government standards . < sup > 31 < / sup > These classifications are included in the current chart of accounts , allowing for all transactions to be reported in accordance with the appropriate standards . The budget is published on the GBD ’ s website ( www . gbd . gov . jo ) . The final accounts and the monthly General Government Finance Bulletin , which include budgetary government finance statistics aggregated according to the economic and functional classifications ) , are also published on the Ministry of Finance ’ s website . 31 Jordan : Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability ( PEFA ) Assessment ( 2022 ) . Page | 63", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 705, "text": "budgetary government finance statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 # # # * * 6 . Inflation fell markedly because of the pandemic * * * * In spring 2020 inflation slowed in most Western Balkan countries . * * The COVID-19 crisis depressed domestic demand throughout the region , driving down price inflation ( Figure 6 . 1 ) . The effect was amplified by depressed international prices for oil and other commodities . Partly offsetting these effects were COVID-19-related disruptions to supply chains , which pushed up food inflation in some Western Balkan economies , especially Albania , North Macedonia , and Serbia . When the most severe lockdown measures were lifted at the start of the summer and international commodity prices recovered somewhat , inflation picked up again . However , by July inflation dynamics differed considerably across the region : while in BiH the CPI deflated by 1 . 3 percent , in Serbia inflation reached 2 . 0 percent , in line with expectations of the National Bank of Serbia . * * To support regional economies during the COVID-19 crisis , monetary policy was eased * * ( Figure 6 . 3 ) . In Albania and Serbia , which have floating exchange rates , and in North Macedonia , which has a de facto exchange peg , the central banks cut interest rates to support the economy : Albania ’ s policy rate was cut to 0 . 5 percent in March , Serbia ’ s from 2 . 25 percent in March to 1 . 25 percent by June , and North Macedonia ’ s was cut three times , ultimately to 1 . 5 percent . In addition , all three countries announced new precautionary swap or repo lines with the ECB so they could access additional euro liquidity as needed . In Serbia , the Central Bank used swap and repo purchase auctions to provide liquidity , and the central bank also bought dinar-denominated government securities . In all three countries , central banks intervened significantly in foreign exchange markets during the lockdown to stabilize their currencies and minimize impact on inflation dynamics .", "spans": [{"start": 867, "end": 870, "text": "CPI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 : Growth Incidence Curves , 2005-2008 , for Egypt , Urban and Rural Areas * * _Note : grey areas show95 percent confidence intervals of the estimated growth rate . Source : own estimates based on panel HIECPS survey 2005-2008 . _ This assessment should be now put to test . As stated above , there are limitations of growth incidence curves that the panel data can help to overcome . # * * V . Was growth in Egypt biased against the poor ? Assessment based on panel data * * Longitudinal changes capturing actual movement of households suggest a very different pattern of mobility compared to growth incidence curves . Growth incidence curves constructed on panel data allow us to see how each person ’ s welfare evolved over time . Panel based GICs are no anonymous , and they show the growth rates depending on where in a distribution a given person or household started . Therefore , it is not surprising to find that moving from a simple comparison across periods ( Figure 2 ) to a longitudinal perspective produces a dramatically different picture * * _ . _ * * Figure 3 plots actual household growth rates over 2005-2008 , ranking all households by their position in the 2005 distribution . 13", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 228, "text": "HIECPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 473, "end": 483, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", such as the US , but to a much lower extent . This suggests that German foreign investment played an important role . This pattern is confirmed also when considering an alternative measure of foreign ownership based on the country of origin of the Global Ultimate Owner ( GUO ) as shown in Figure A . 5 . Data on firm performance in the Orbis database , however , are limited to information on employees and revenues . < sup > 6 < / sup > Due to missing data on employment , the final sample is reduced to about 61 , 000 firms . The rest of the empirical analysis draws on a survey of firms with more than 10 employees collected by the Central Statistical Office of Poland . These data are best suited to examine overall effects on firm performance , given the limited coverage for performance variables , especially revenues , in the Orbis database . Survey data are available for the period 1995-2013 and contain information on a set of firm > 5On the other hand , when comparing the distribution of firms across sectors in Orbis and in the survey of firms provided by the Central Statistical Office of Poland ( Figure A . 3 ) , the two distributions are broadly aligned suggesting that coverage is likely to be similar across sectors . > 6In our empirical analysis of firm performance , we exclude the year 1999 due to anomalies in the data . 9", "spans": [{"start": 307, "end": 353, "text": "Data on firm performance in the Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 577, "end": 620, "text": "survey of firms with more than 10 employees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 854, "end": 865, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1045, "end": 1060, "text": "survey of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Once monitoring data has been agreed , a system of * * regular evaluation * * should be created . For example , monitoring data could be evaluated once a year . Evaluation should identify trends , challenges , and opportunities for * * continuous improvement * * . The results of the M & E should be communicated to stakeholders , including policymakers , infrastructure planners , and the public . This communication should be transparent and help to inform decision-making on future infrastructure investments . * * Example : M & E Criteria measuring resilience * * Every year collect and evaluate the following data : 1 . Number of trees in the area 2 . Number of trees over 10 years old in the area 3 . Number of culverts that include a climate change allowance in their design 4 . Square metres of infrastructure below estimate sealevel in 2100 If urban designs include resilience measures , the above metrics should improve as time goes by . 45 / 61", "spans": [{"start": 5, "end": 20, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 106 - Annex 14 Page 11 of 14 # # # UGANDA RAILWAYS CORPORATION # # # 6 . Timetable for Verification of Uganda Railyays Corporation # # # Accounts up to 31st December 1987 | | | Days | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | A . | Random testing of revenue ( Profit and Loss ) Accounts < br > in order to verify credibility ( see Section 1 , 1987 < br > accounts only ) | 22 | | B . | Detailed examination of 1981 balance sheet figures < br > and broader examination of balance sheet figures for < br > 1982183184185186 < br > ( see Section2 ) | 20-1 / 2 | | C . | Examination of 11 Bank Reconciliation < br > Accounts ( see < br > Section 3 ) | 4 | | D . | Initial examination of possible balance sheet < br > reconstruction | 1-1 / 2 < br > 48 |", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 424, "text": "1981 balance sheet figures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Chudik et al . , 2017 ) . But th < / mark > e literature does not rule out the possibility of country-specific debt thresholds — including ones in debt intolerant countries that result in “ extreme duress ” if crossed ( Reinhart et al . , 2003 and Reinhart and Rogoff , 2009 ) . More directly , our paper is related to the evidence of the impact of government debt on firms ’ investment , which is much more scant . < mark > Huang et al . ( 2020 ) is closest to our approach . They use Chinese firm-level data to estimate the crowding-out effect of rising public debt in China . They find that local public debt in China crowded out private firms ' investment by tightening their funding constraints while leaving state-owned firms ’ investment unaffected . Moreover , the impact is stronger for small firms than larger firms , a finding < / mark > 5", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 509, "text": "Chinese firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that incorporate uncertainty about the errors in our income model . The bounds are highly likely to contain the true value of the probability estimates , as was confirmed in other settings by Dang et al . ( 2014 ) and Hérault and Jenkins ( 2019 ) . In addition , sample sizes for each round are large , so that the standard errors of our estimators are generally small . # 4 . Data Our study analyzes six rounds of cross-sectional data from the Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey ( HIS ) collected by the Department of Statistics Malaysia . The data are for the years 2004 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 and 2016 ; we consider the five pairs of adjacent survey rounds . < sup > 16 < / sup > One requirement for analyzing welfare changes over time is that the measure of welfare , income in our case , is measured in a consistent and comparable manner . The Malaysian data are of high quality and satisfy this requirement . In addition , the sample sizes of the surveys are large , ranging from 36 , 000 to over 80 , 000 household-level observations per survey year ( see Table 1 ) . At the start of our analysis , the official Malaysian poverty line was very low ; poverty was virtually non-existent by those standards . < sup > 17 < / sup > Given that this line had not been updated in real terms since 1977 , it was not an appealing yardstick for the purpose of our analysis . Present-day discussions about poverty and mobility in Malaysia often refer to the living standards of the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution . Accordingly , we have chosen to employ a poverty line corresponding to the income level of the 40th percentile in the first year of our analysis , 2004 . This line is then kept constant in real terms for the subsequent years . Hence , it is initially set as a relative line , but is treated as absolute poverty line thereafter . In 2016 prices , the line stands at MYR 527 per capita per month . This is roughly equivalent to MYR 17 per day , or", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 488, "text": "Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 863, "end": 877, "text": "Malaysian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_15 Why Infrastructure Financing Facilities Often Fall Short of Their Objectives_ 35 . _Lessons Learned . _ The analysis concludes with a review of what lessons can be drawn from the case study to determine necessary preconditions , if any , for establishing infrastructure financing facilities and to learn what factors in the design of the facility are crucial to ensure the success of a financing facility . 36 . _Sources for the Analysis . _ Only published sources ( i . e . World Bank reports ) or interviews with experts familiar with individual facilities were employed . In the future , as greater attention is focused on providing efficient government support to infrastructure , there is hope that quantitative data will be available . 37 . _Selection of Cases for Detailed Analysis . _ We selected three IFFs for a more detailed analysis that were at a different stage in the development of the facility to exemplify various types of policy issues that may arise in the design of the facility and may adversely affect its success . The three IFFs are ( i ) Colombia , ( ii ) India , and ( iii ) Pakistan . As there is limited experience with the use of contingent instruments by infrastructure financing facilities , two government sponsored facilities targeted at noninfrastructure sectors which had a track record with contingent instruments were included in the analysis . These are ( iv ) Argentina , and ( v ) Moldova . # A . * * Colombia : \" Infrastructure Facility \" * * < sup > * * 23 * * < / sup > 38 . _Rationale and Objectives . _ During the last several years , the Colombian govemment , as part of its \" Economic Modernization Program \" , has attempted to improve resource allocation by attracting private sector investment in infrastructure while focusing public resources in social sub-sectors . In support of this policy a number of laws were passed in the transport , energy , telecommunications , and water sanitation sub-sectors during 1993 and 1995 . Moreover , the government has been working on setting up an infrastructure facility to ( i ) increase private capital flows to the infrastructure sectors , ( ii ) improve the conditions", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 725, "text": "quantitative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "high-cost , high-volume , and / or misuse - and abuse-prone conditions . < sup > 21 < / sup > At the request of the World Bank , an additional technical audit may be conducted to review expenses covered by Bank financing ( refer to Financial Management section ) . The MoPH admission criteria will be further elaborated as part of the Project Operations Manual ( POM ) that will be adopted by the borrower no later than four months after loan effectiveness . 31 . * * Component 3 : Strengthening project management and monitoring ( US $ 6 . 8 million ) . * * This component will finance : - Strengthening the capacities of the MoPH and Project Management Unit for implementation , coordination and management of activities under the project ( including , inter alia , procurement , financial management , technical and financial audits , environmental and social safeguards , grievance redress mechanisms , monitoring and evaluation , health information management , supervision and reporting aspects ) , all through the provision of consulting services , nonconsulting services , training and workshops , operating costs , and acquisition of goods for the purpose . - Carrying out of a comprehensive assessment of hospitals focusing on accuracy of hospital case mix , use of hospitalization data in medical auditing , development of performance indicators incorporating actual patient outcomes , resource allocation decisions , and institutional / organization structures , so as to identify gaps and make recommendations for improvement . Results of the assessments will inform the MoPH in refining their hospital > 19 On average , hospitalization costs US $ 1 , 000 . This component could finance additional admissions to approximately 33 , 000 > patients . > 20 Salaries are not covered by the contract . > 21 National Institute for Healthcare Excellence ( NICE ) , U . K . Page 20 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 1276, "end": 1296, "text": "hospitalization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income as a result of the expansion in CCTs among the poorest . In the rest of the subperiods , the coefficients are statistically indistinguishable from zero . To investigate these results further , the analysis tested the previous augmented model by adding extra controls for concepts of either public spending or revenues and with and without CCT data . Invariably , the story holds under different specifications : the positive and significant effects of initial food poverty headcount ratios on income growth are found over 2000 – 14 , in particular during the expansion of CCT coverage in 2000 – 05 . < sup > 17 < / sup > One such specification is shown in table 7 , panel c , in which the point estimates for the annualized growth rate in the number of beneficiary families exhibit positive and significant effects in the first years of the program ’ s expansion , consistent with the findings in the conditional income _β_ - convergence model above . The second channel , that is , the growth elasticity of poverty reduction , can be analyzed through a variation of equation ( 5 ) by regressing _gi_ ( _Pit_ ) on the growth rate in mean per capita income interacted with the initial poverty headcount ratios . This adjusted rate is given by the growth rate in municipality ’ s mean per capita income , multiplied by 1 minus the municipality ’ s initial poverty headcount ratio ( _Pit − τ_ ) , which penalizes more the sensitivity of food poverty to subsequent growth rates in municipalities starting out relatively poorer . The poverty-adjusted growth elasticity of poverty reduction is then defined as follows : The estimates for the whole sample of municipalities are shown in table 8 ( panel a ) . Notice that they increased in absolute value in all periods relative to the ordinary elasticities in table 5 . To illustrate the implications of the poverty-adjusted elasticity , consider , for instance , the value of – 1 _ . _ 983 in 1992 – 2014 . If a municipality ’ s initial food poverty rate is 10 percent and the municipality experiences a 4 percent annual growth rate in mean per capita income , then that municipality would expect an", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 354, "text": "CCT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "At district level , there is only one District Environmental Officer at the district who is required to oversee all environmental activities in all sectors in the district . Districts are constrained by lack of funding , equipment , transport , and qualified staff . The newly created districts are not currently staffed with District Environment Offices , exacerbating the difficulties in operationalizing environment management . Other officers who can be engaged during implementation at district level include the Natural Resources Officer , Physical Planner , Lands Officer , Forest Officer , Fisheries Officer , Community Development Officers , District Labour Officer , Gender Officer , Probation and Child welfare Officer , and so on , based on each subproject at a given location . # # # * * 8 . 4 Monitoring and Evaluation * * The PSFU , Project beneficiaries will put in place adequate institutional arrangements , systems and resources to ensure effective monitoring of the ESMF and the relevant plans associated with INVITE Project . The goals of monitoring will be : - To measure the success rate of the activities ; - Determine the effectiveness of the mitigation measures to the negative impacts ; - Determine further interventions ( such as mitigation ) are required or enhance the monitoring ; and - Complying with the World Bank ESSs , World Bank Group EHS Guidelines and the national environmental and social requirement . The goal of monitoring activities is to ensure that component activities comply with the plans and procedures laid out in the ESMF . Monitoring responsibilities and inspection activities will be carried out by PIU ( PSFU ) and Project beneficiaries who will administer the overall project-related environmental and social monitoring and implementation as laid out in this ESMF through their Environment and Social specialists . The overall project M & E , will be led by the PSFU on behalf of MoFPED in collaboration with all participating agencies , applying a Results Framework which includes baseline measurements and annual targets to monitor results and progress . The BoU M & E data and reporting will be consolidated by PSFU into an overall project report . The economic impact of program", "spans": [{"start": 2117, "end": 2131, "text": "BoU M & E data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the El Salvador COV-ES data . Sector information used as the interaction terms is taken from the baseline ES . Columns 3 through 8 report coefficients from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6 for more details . 62", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 117, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 : Exogenously Calibrated Parameters | Parameter | Value | Target / Reference | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _σ_ | 5 | Simonovska and Waugh ( 2014 ) | | _ { βa_ , _βm_ , _βs } _ | _ { _0 . 92 , 0 . 86 , 0 . 95_ } _ | Share of Energy in Production , 2010 | | _ { ωa_ , _ωm_ , _ωs } _ | _ { _0 . 204 , 0 . 272 , 0 . 524_ } _ | Value Added Shares , 2010 | | _ν_ | 0 . 93 | Expenditure Share in Electricity , 2008-2009 | | _θ_ | _ − _0 . 30 | Expenditure Share in Housing , 2002-2009 | | _γ_ | 0 . 47 | Literature ( see the text ) | Calibrated values correspond to Brazilian data , except when taken from the literature . * * Construction of the Road Network of Brazil . * * The road network is defined as _R ≡ _ ( _E_ , _V_ ) where _E_ is a set of edges or roads , and _V_ is a set of vertices or road junctions . Each microregion is associated with a point in the plane corresponding to its centroid , which we express as the set _M_ . The set of road junctions _V_ and the set of microregions centroids _M_ do not need to coincide , so to construct an adjacency matrix of the network joining _V_ and _M_ we choose to shift points in _M_ to the closest point in _V_ that is still within the microregion . That is , for each _mi_ ( _xi_ , _yi_ ) _ ∈ M_ , we associate a _vj_ ( _xj_ , _yj_ ) _ ∈ V_ such that * * Definition of Microregion Centroids . * * Instead of using geographical centroids , we opt to choose a point of economic significance . To do so , we use data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics , IBGE ( _Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica_ ) on the registration of selected locations , which offers georeferenced data on cities . A location is", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 581, "text": "Brazilian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1599, "end": 1633, "text": "registration of selected locations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use of a digital tool to provide secondary technical students with < br > information on the labor market . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Digital Platform | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Reports from the digital platform on the number of student users divided by the total number of secondary students in < br > technical secondary | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | < br > * * IRI 3 . 2 . 1 Number of schoo * * | * * ls receiving learning materials in indigenous languages * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of schools receiving learning materials in indigenous languages developed under the < br > project in indigenous languages | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Department of Statistics | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Annual end-of-year school survey . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MEP Department of Statistics | | * * IRI 3 . 2 . 2 Teachers and sch * * < br > * * students * * | * * ool administrators in schools with significant migrant intake receive training on adequately meeting needs of migrant * * | | Description | This indicator measures readiness of schools to receive migrant intake as the number of teachers and schools < br > administrators trained on migrant student needs . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Department of Statistics | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Annual end-of-year school survey . | | Responsibility for Data | MEP Dtt f Sttiti | | Collection | eparmen o ascs | | * * Component 4 : Project Ma * * | * * nagement and Technical Assistance * * | Page 30", "spans": [{"start": 814, "end": 846, "text": "Annual end-of-year school survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1420, "end": 1452, "text": "Annual end-of-year school survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Additional Financing Ethiopia Electrification Program ( P178895 ) | ii . < br > iii . | firm to assist transition to IFRS and update the procedure < br > manuals . < br > Engage a consultant firm as planned to assist on fixed asset < br > count and valuation . Clear backlog reconciliations . < br > Fill the vacant posts and design a capacity-building < br > mechanism . | | EEU | 2 . Complete fixed asset < br > valuation and < br > updated < br > reconciliations < br > 3 . Positions filled as per < br > structure | 3 . _Partially_ < br > _done_ | 3 . Carried over | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | EEU / MoWE | | | | | * * Interna * * < br > i . < br > ii . < br > iii . | * * l controls : * * < br > The MoWE and EEU resolve internal control inadequacies as < br > reported in external audit reports and internal audit < br > findings . < br > Clear recording backlogs of material consumption data and < br > bank reconciliations by program effectiveness and resolve < br > issues noted in the audit report and report the status to the < br > World Bank on a quarterly basis . < br > Internal auditors conduct internal audits on the entity and < br > on the Program and report to management on findings and < br > follow up to have them resolved . | Continuous | EEU / MoWE | 1 . Having cleaning < br > reports by addressing < br > issues ; < br > 2 . Having up-to-date < br > recording , < br > reconciliation and < br > clean", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 964, "text": "material consumption data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Inequality , Economic Growth and Nonrenewable Resources magnitude of the coefficient generally increases after the feedback effect has been taken into account . Table 7 : Estimated Results from the Non-Recursive Model Specification ( baseline model ) | | * * IV Fixe * * < br > | * * d Effect * * < br > | * * 3S * * < br > | * * LS * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | | Non Renewable resource dependence | - 0 . 149 * * * | - 0 . 443 * * * | - 0 . 151 * * * | - 0 . 467 * * * | | High-low education ratio | - 0 . 082 | - | - 1 . 110 * * * | - | | High-low education ratio square | 0 . 008 | - | 0 . 025 * * * | - | | Consumer price index ( 2005 ) | 0 . 005 | - | 0 . 027 * * * | - | | Services value added share | 0 . 072 | - | 0 . 035 | - | | Manufacturing value added share | 0 . 055 | - | 0 . 145 * * | - | | Agriculture value added share | - 0 . 124 * * | - | - 0 . 105 * * | - | | GDP | - 0 . 040 | - | - 0 . 005 | - | | Log labor force | - | - 11 . 564 * * | - | - 9 . 069 * * | | Log gross fixed capital formation | - | 9 . 842 * * * | - | 7 . 658 * * * | | Log exports of goods and services | - | 1 . 344 | - | 3 . 123 * * | | Log REER | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- population and for consultation on implications and grievance procedures . The  Urban areas lack integrated spatial and economic plans to guide both public and Act guarantees the right to fair and just compensation in case of relocation . private investments . Spatial expansion is largely uncontrolled , resulting in urban The National Land Commission Act ( 2012 ) establishes the National Land sprawl , increased infrastructure costs , environmental degradation , air and water Commission ( NLC ) . The NLC monitors and oversees land use planning including the pollution , increased floods , loss of critical natural habitats , decline of open spaces management of public land on behalf of the national and county governments . and overall reductions in quality of life . - The National Land Commission Act ( 2012 ) establishes the National Land Commission ( NLC ) . The NLC monitors and oversees land use planning including the management of public land on behalf of the national and county governments . - There is unclear urban land ownership including the absence / multiple ownership details . The lack of public land inventories leads to encroachment on public land or infrastructure wayleaves . Complex land administration impedes effective development control and delays infrastructure investments . - The Community Land Act ( 2016 ) provides for community land ownership , rights , management and administration . As much as county governments hold in trust all unregistered community land , they are prohibited by law to transact on them . Under the law , in-kind compensation for unregistered community land is acceptable . - Most cities / municipalities have limited knowledge on the key requirements on land acquisition process in Kenya as provided by the law , as well as the development of Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans ( ARAPs ) . - The UACA , 2019 provides for delineation of the boundaries of urban areas or cities may be initiated by the Cabinet Secretary or by the relevant county government making a written request to the Cabinet Secretary to appoint the ad hoc committee . The Cabinet Secretary shall , on receipt of a request or on considering it necessary , appoint by notice in the Kenya", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1139, "text": "public land inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _b . Effective tax rates by sector and sex of owner_ * * Next , we examine the effective tax rates by sex of the business owner , which are presented in rows 1 - 4 in Table 6 . The gender difference in tax burden is significant using the tax code with the most recent data ( row 2 ) where male-owned businesses bear a larger tax burden ( at 3 . 1 % ) than female-owned businesses ( at 0 . 5 % ) . Using self-reported taxes and conditional on positive tax payments ( row 3 ) , the effective tax rates are very high for both female businesses and male businesses at 12 . 4 % and 5 . 0 % , respectively , in period 2 . Such high rates could be detrimental for business growth and could potentially push them into the informal sector . For example , as a comparison in Ukraine , taxpayers deemed a presumptive tax rate of 6 percent on turnover to be too high , causing discontent in this tax regime ( Coolidge and Yilmaz 2016 ) . The results by sector show that the tax burden is low for : ( 1 ) the retail trade sector ( in rows 7 and 11 ) , as some low revenue firms in this sector ( e . g . , trading in fruits and vegetables ) are exempt , and ( 2 ) enterprises that manufacture or sell local beverages ( rows 5 and 9 ) because most fall below the exemption threshold . However , for food and beverage services – a female-dominated sub-sector , female-businesses ’ effective tax rates are high ( at 13 . 9 % in period 1 and 5 . 1 % in period 2 using the tax code in row 10 ) . Given that low revenue firms are not exempt from the presumptive tax in this sector , the effective tax rate is particularly high . Similarly , low revenue transit services - a male-dominated sector - are not exempt from tax , and so the effective tax rates for male businesses in the transit service sector are also high ( at 16 . 4 % in period 1 and 10 . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "first explore the sources of bias introduced at each stage of the phone survey selection and interview process , by comparing the profile of characteristics of the F2F and the phone survey samples . After examining the source and extent of bias , it will then assess the effectiveness of reweighting adjustment methods to correct for these biases . These adjustment methods are especially powerful when using samples drawn from existing representative face-to-face surveys , like the Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) surveys , which contain a wealth of detailed information on all sampled units . While similar adjustments can be performed under other sampling approaches , such as sampling from a list of numbers from a telecom provider or random digit dialing , the scope of the adjustments is more limited in those approaches since they often do not have detailed information on sampled units that is available in a representative F2F survey . This could present one advantage of sampling from representative F2F surveys over other sampling approaches . The remainder of this paper will proceed as follows . In Section 2 , the benefits and limitations of phone surveys will be briefly reviewed including the different sources of bias and methods available to reduce the bias . In Section 3 , data and methods will be discussed . Section 4 presents the results and Section 5 concludes . # 2 . Phone Surveys Even though F2F surveys have been the main mode of data collection in developing countries for many years , there is also a growing list of successfully implemented phone surveys ( see Tomlinson , 2", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 518, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1585, "end": 1598, "text": "phone surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productivity by 1 . 0 percentage points in 1992 while it increases productivity by about 0 . 9 percentage points in 1994 . This particular time-pattern in the regression coefficients - - starting negative and becoming ( more ) positive - - suggests the following interpretation . Initially , the allocation of financing favored subsequently worse performers , as the soft budget hypothesis would suggest . Politicians thus appear to have influenced bank lending by directing it to loss-making enterprises , leading to a negative relationship with subsequent enterprise restructuring . In later periods , relatively more financing went to firms which subsequently improve more . This suggest that the financial system improved as banks became more discriminating in their lending decisions and lent more to deserving firms , i . e . , firms which subsequently improved . Banks thus appear to have become more independent of politicians over time , i . e . , their loans became less subsidies and more genuine investments leading to productivity growth . Comparing regressions with and without the bank financing variables ( the latter is not reported ) show that the inclusion of the bank lending variable does not diminish the importance of privatization . The privatization coefficients are significantly positive in both regressions and stay about the same while the explanatory power increases . This suggests that privatization and the imposition of financial discipline are complements rather than substitutes and lends further support to the SV model . It also suggests that once the initial productivity gains from privatization are obtained , financing becomes important to sustain TFP-growth . Including the amount of net transfers each firm receives from the government as a separate variable does not change the privatization coefficients . The coefficients for SUBS are consistently negative , suggesting decreasing productivity growth by between 3 . 3 and 1 . 4 percentage points for each 100 % change in subsidies . The coefficients do decline over time , however , suggesting that the allocation of subsidies has become more rational and the role of politicians in allocating subsidies has declined . Furthermore , since subsidies tend to be concentrated in only a few firms , especially in the later years , the magnitude of the overall effect of subsidies on overall enterprise", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ Compartment records will be maintained and all activities will be recorded . # # # # * * 10 . 2 . Implementation of the monitoring system * * Monitoring tools for implementation of the various activities will be put in place . These will be as shown in table 17 . * * Table 16 : Purpose and Tools for monitoring * * | * * TOOL * * | * * PURPOSE * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * _1 . Day to day man-_ * * < br > * * _agement_ * * | * * _Smooth implementation_ * * | | Logbooks | Record use of equipment , consumption of fuel | | Stock registration | Record amount of materials used , purchased and in stock | | Book keeping sys - < br > tems | Record utilisation of funds for particular periods , activities or op - < br > erations | | Activityregistration | Record Man days / hours / years for different activities | | * * _2 . Operational man-_ * * < br > * * _agement_ * * | * * _To monitor activity on aspects of timing , quality and quantity_ * * | | Bar charts | Assessprogress of activities | | Monthly or quarterly < br > reporting | Inform supervisor of progress of activities , challenges or con - < br > straints | | Technical reports | Ad hoc report on quality of work done with regard to technical < br > aspects | | Back to office reports | Report on what has been done duringa field trip | | * * _3 . Supervision_ * * | * * _Inform supervisor of whetherpurpose and result are being achieved_ * * | | Quarterly and an - < br > nual reports | Inform supervisor of progress of activities , challenges or con - < br > strain", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 63, "text": "Compartment records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Candidate variables were selected from the NHBPS 2014 / 2015 based on a review of the existing literature , hypothesized correlations to consumption , and the following criteria important for the field implementation of the PMT ( Coady , Grosh , and Hoddinott 2004 ; Brown , Ravallion , and Van de Walle 2018 ; Sebastian et al . 2018 ) : 1 . It should be feasible and cost-effective to collect the required data on a variable for a significant share of the population in a timely manner . 2 . Each variable in the PMT should be easy to measure and observe . 3 . Each variable in the PMT should be difficult for the household to manipulate . While it may be the case that surveyed household consumption is a more accurate measure of welfare , it is often difficult and costly to obtain such information from a large number of program applicants . < sup > 10 < / sup > Additionally , if variables in the PMT are not observable and verifiable , households may have an incentive to hide or understate their assets and wealth in order to qualify for public assistance . Based on these criteria , a broad range of candidate variables were selected from the household survey covering household head characteristics , household population characteristics , asset ownership , and employment . Table A1 . 1 in Annex 1 provides a list of the candidate variables included in this analysis along with their definitions . Summary statistics of for all candidate variables are presented in Table A1 . 2 in Annex 1 . < sup > 11 < / sup > In this paper , we propose a PMT and show how the use of a PMT could improve program targeting . The final design of the PMT targeting system and final administration , including the final choice of variables and survey forms , should be developed in consultation with the government agency tasked with managing the targeting system . Certain variables may be more easily manipulatable or difficult to verify in different country contexts . Guided by the expected program design in Sudan and robustness analyses , we exclude state and area ( e . g . , rural and urban ) indicator variables", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 60, "text": "NHBPS 2014 / 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1151, "end": 1167, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 . Differences in non-Response Rates * * | | Sequence | Coaches | Coaches | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | vs . | vs . | vs | | | Control | Control | Sequence | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | Missing ( or omitting ) student test | 0 . 008 | 0 . 025 | 0 . 017 | _Source : _ Author ' s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . _Note : _ Each entry indicates the mean difference between the two experimental groups in the column for the students who missed or did not complete the student test . * indicates that the difference of means test is significant at 10 percent ; * * significant at 5 percent ; * * * significant at 1 percent . # * * Table 5 . Mean and Standard deviation of learning outcomes * * | Variable | C < br > | ontrol G < br > | roup < br > | Se < br > | quence G < br > | roup < br > | C < br > | oaches G < br > | roup < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | N | Mean | Sd | N | Mean | Sd | N | Mean | Sd | | Science score | 790 | 0 | 1 | 771 | 0 . 506 | 1 . 119 | 801 | 0 . 681 | 1 . 156 | | Science score ( Basic skills ) | 790 | 0 | 1 | 771 | 0 . 185 | 0 . 998 | 801 | 0 . 292 | 0 . 966 | | Science score ( Medium skills ) | 790 | 0 | 1 | 771 | 0 . 554 | 1 . 088 | 801 | 0 . 583", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 336, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% ) and in Lamwo about 8 . 1 % of the households reported to have sold productive assets or means of transport . Reduced essential non-food expenditures such as education , health etc was more important in Isingiro with 22 . 5 % of households reporting to have used this coping mechanim . Consuming of seed stock held for next season was high in Isingiro where 43 . 2 % of the households reported to have used this strategy . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 64 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Utility from shopping * * Perhaps people make frequent , small-quantity purchases because there is a utility value from shopping — e . g . , from the socializing and community engagement that one enjoys in the market . An obvious problem with this hypothesis is that people can visit shops and markets without making purchases , and do so frequently . That said , if one believes in a very specific social contract that relies on frequent purchasing in small quantities , that could generate the observed patterns in the SHWALITA data . It is straightforward to show that the data contradict this hypothesis . Many households make purchases both above and below _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _ . < / sup > By rearranging purchases to always purchase exactly _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _ , households could increase the total number of purchases while always < / sup > buying in bulk . To illustrate , define _Khi_ < sup > _ ∗ _ = < / sup > < sup > _e_ˆ < / sup > < sup > _hi / e ∗ _ < / sup > _min_ < sup > . Thisisthemaximumnumberoftransactions < / sup > that household _h_ could make on item _i_ at the lowest available unit price , without changing total expenditure on the item . The actual number of transactions that household _h_ makes on item _i_ , _Khi_ , could be smaller or larger than _Khi_ < sup > _ ∗ _ . Thevalue < / sup > < sup > _K_ < / sup > _h_ < sup > _ ∗ _ = � < / sup > _i_ < sup > _K_ < / sup > _hi_ < sup > _ ∗ _tellsushow < / sup > many purchases the household could make if its goal were to maximize total purchases — to shop as much as possible — while only buying at the lowest available unit prices . Table 8 shows the mean values of _Khi_ , _Khi_ < sup > _ ∗ _ , and the difference < / sup > < sup > _K_ < / sup > _hi_ < sup > _ ∗ − Khi_ , as well as the <", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 540, "text": "SHWALITA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * - Aldasoro , I . , & Faia , E . ( 2024 ) . Energy subsidies and economic efficiency : Market distortions in times of crisis . _Economic Policy_ , 39 ( 120 ) , 711-738 . - Aldy , J . E . , & Pizer , W . A . ( 2015 ) . \" The Competitiveness Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation Policies . \" _Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists_ , 2 ( 4 ) , 565 – 595 . - Andre , C . , Costa , H . , Demmou , L . and G . Franco ( 2023 ) . Rising Energy Prices and Productivity : Short Run Pain , Long term gain ? OECD Economic Department Working Paper # 1755 . - Ari , A . , Arregui , N . , Black , S . , Celasun , O . , Iakova , D . , Mineshima , A . , Mylonas , V . , Parry , I . , Teodoru , I . , & Zhunussova , K . ( 2022 ) . Surging Energy Prices in Europe in the Aftermath of the War : How to Support the Vulnerable and Speed up the Transition Away from Fossil Fuels . IMF Working Papers , 2022 / 152 - Bartelsman , E . J . , Haltiwanger , J . , & Scarpetta , S . ( 2004 ) . Microeconomic Evidence of Creative Destruction in Industrial and Developing Countries . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , No . 3464 . - Battistini , N , Bobasu , A and J . Gareis ( 2023 ) . Who foots the bill ? The uneven impact of the recent energy price shock . _European Central Bank Economic Bulletin_ , issue 2 / 2023 . - Battiston S . , Monasterolo I . , van Ruijven B . , Krey V . ( 2022 ) Mapping economic activities into climate scenarios and transition risk classes : the NACE-CPRS-IAM classification , NGFS Technical notes . - Battiston , S . , Mandel , A . , Monasterolo , I . , Schütze , F . , & Visentin , G . ( 2017 ) . A Climate", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "current depressive symptoms with lagged outcomes , which we will attempt to do with prior waves of the GHS-Panel . A final method is to construct a control group via propensity score matching . However , there may be systematic differences in outcomes between those affected ( by depression ) and not , even after controlling for observables . In this case , this would violate the identification conditions for matching . Unfortunately , we are unable to fully correct for the potential endogeneity . Thus , we frame our findings as a correlation between depression and the considered economic outcomes rather than a causal link . < sup > 18 < / sup > Regression results in Table 4 show that being over the CES-D cutoff of 10 points reduces the likelihood that one is engaged in any work by 8 percentage points ( column 1 ) , in wage work by 2 . 5 percentage points ( column 2 ) , in agricultural work by 4 . 9 percentage points ( column 3 ) , and in non-farm enterprise by 3 . 5 percentage points ( column 4 ) . < sup > 1920 < / sup > The effect of depressive symptoms on labor participation differs by gender ( See Table A . 1 in the Appendix ) . Being over the cutoff reduces the likelihood that men are engaged in agricultural work by 8 . 8 percentage points , while it is not correlated with the reduction in agricultural work among females . Instead , the indicator for depressive symptomology reduces work in non-farm enterprises by 9 . 6 percentage points ; this correlation is not observed among males . As expected , the experience of adverse events also has a relationship with labor force participation decisions ( Table 4 ) . Controlling for depression , the experience of covariate shocks increases the likelihood that one is engaged in any work by 4 . 4 percentage points , and in non-farm enterprise work by 9 . 5 percentage points ( columns 1 and 4 ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > Conflict is not associated with changes in labor activities . Next , we investigate the relationship between parents ’ mental health with children ' s well-being", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 112, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for differences in local governance efficacy , province-specific variation in relationships with the central government , < sup > 35 < / sup > or differences in conflict and insecurity that are present throughout the survey year . > 34 The NRVA does not collect detailed income data , but rather focuses on detailed consumption data primarily because it is generally assumed that consumption is more accurately measured than income in poorer countries . Total household consumption ( Afghani per month ) consists of expenditures on food , non-food , durables and rent , following guidelines in Deaton and Zaidi ( 2002 ) . > 35 As one candidate example , the World Bank ( 2008 ) identifies wide variation across provinces in the distribution of public expenditures from central funds as a key public finance concern . Comparisons of per capita , public expenditures by province produces unusually large ( and unexplained ) variation with a six-fold difference between provinces receiving the highest and lowest levels of per capita public expenditures . 13", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 332, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dummy ) | 407 | 0 . 029 | 0 . 008 | 113 | 0 . 018 | 0 . 012 | 0 . 012 | 0 . 017 | | | Experience with Jihad | | | | | | | | | 0 . 161 | | No ( dummy ) | 432 | 0 . 951 | 0 . 010 | 125 | 0 . 960 | 0 . 018 | - 0 . 009 | 0 . 021 | | | Yes ( dummy ) | 432 | 0 . 049 | 0 . 010 | 125 | 0 . 040 | 0 . 018 | 0 . 009 | 0 . 021 | | _Notes : _ Variables are constructed from self-reported information provided by recruits that is available in the Daesh personnel records database . The “ analysis ” sample consists of observations included in the analysis ; the “ left-out ” sample consists of observations dropped because of missing information on either delegation of residence , education , or age . In the last column , for each group of variables , the F-statistic reports the result of a test of joint significance of all variables in that group . 27", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 467, "text": "Daesh personnel records database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This approach , used to evaluate the adequacy of social benefits and the living wages , defines a minimum consumption basket encompassing goods and services necessary for minimum living standards . A comprehensive basket accounts for various factors beyond basic sustenance . Although the EU relies on relative poverty measures , the absolute concept of the poverty line based on a minimum cost of living is valuable for establishing appropriate social benefits or minimum wages . A food basket reflecting an adequate diet for various reference households is a valuable tool for benchmarking . Estimates based on a Romanian food basket estimated by the EC under the European Reference budget network indicate that in 2020 euros , the food basket ' s average monthly per capita cost is around 126 EUR , and approximately 180 EUR when factoring in non-food components and other functions . * * Given these EC estimates of the food basket , our results show that the net monthly statutory minimum wage in Romania ( 276 EUR ) exceeds the living wage required for food expenses ( 245 EUR ) yet falls short of covering both food and non-food components ( 351 EUR ) , holding economic implications . * * An adequate minimum wage encompassing basic consumption costs could diminish reliance on social assistance , enhance labor market participation , elevate incomes , reduce income inequality , and promote job stability . However , striking a balance between worker income and job market stability is vital , warranting an assessment of its impact on labor dynamics . Periodic adjustments to maintain purchasing power over time is also important . * * Drawing from a rich administrative tax database , we show that the minimum wage seems binding in Romania . * * According to administrative tax data , the proportion of individuals earning the minimum wage slightly surpasses 25 % . Yet , a related study ( Robayo-Abril , Balaban , Wronski , 2024 ) demonstrates that this estimate is inflated compared to survey data , including survey data supplemented with estimated tax income . Tax evasion and off-the-books wages could account for the overstated prevalence of minimum wage earners in tax records . * * The prevalence of minimum wage recipients exhibits noteworthy variation across several employee categories", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 635, "text": "Romanian food basket", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1666, "end": 1693, "text": "administrative tax database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1785, "end": 1793, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1999, "end": 2010, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "uot in Mvolo Amadi State . As a result , a number of people were reportedly killed and cattle stolen . The local authorities claimed that civilians from Bahr el Girindi were displaced to Mvolo while those civilians from Mapourdit moved to Yirol County , Lakes State . According to a local organization Mundri Active Youth Association ( MAYA ) operating in Mundri , nearly 11 , 000 people > 25 According to DRC weekly reporting there has been an increase in departures from the POC to Sudan . In their report , 1 , 317 departures for the fi rst three weeks of April 2017 were recorded , most all were to Sudan . IOM has also monitored movements of people leaving Malakal POC and other areas of the Upper Nile region indicating a regular weekly movement of a couple of hundred people . > 26 The numbers have remained similar to those reported in the last Trends report with only a 50 , 000 increase for Eastern Equatoria in the Magwi border area . Apart from an UNMISS patrol to the area no other protection assessments have been made due to lack of access for security reasons . > 27 See fn . 5 > 28 See PC Update : Grave Concerns for the Lives of Civilians in Kajo-Keji : Appeal for Immediate Ceasefi re in Kajo-Keji , Freedom of Movement and Protection of Civilians , Land and Property ( 24 February 2017 ) and previous Trends report on central Equatoria . > 29 According to UNMISS report provided with a request not to be specifi cally cited .", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 426, "text": "DRC weekly reporting", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1985 to 2011 : Global Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys . ” < / mark > _ < mark > American Journal of Epidemiology < / mark > _ < mark > 182 ( 9 ) : 791 – 798 . doi : 10 . 1093 / aje / kwv125 . < / mark > Page 39 of 47", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "beneficiaries , stakeholder consultations , field visits , and secondary sources . Data was obtained through key informant interviews and document reviews , including KIP ESIA reports . Physical observations were conducted at project sites and waste management facilities in Addis Ababa . Questionnaires were designed to collect information on the project ' s impacts and risks , aiding in the development of an environmental and social management plan at the city administration level . 3", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 183, "text": "KIP ESIA reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the management level ) on occupational health and safety and has experience of implementing some of the measures such as distributing PPE to its workers . - EEU has a better experience of distributing PPE to its workers up to service center level . - EEU keeps records of occupation and community accidents and incidents . Further , the major accidents ( leading to fatalities and injuries ) are investigated and compensated . - • Due to the nature of the work which demands a certain set of skills obtained through training in TVET colleges and EEU ’ s commitment and effort to recruit all workers ( including the contractors ’ workers ) with training from TVET colleges , the risk of child labor is limited , if not non-existent . Further , at some regions EEU and its contractors verify the age of recruits ( through ID cards and educational testimonies ) during the onboarding < u > process . < / u > # # # * * Weakness * * : - The awareness of workers in the implementing agencies ( EEU and MoWE ) on occupational health and safety is not satisfactory , often resulting in non-compliance . - The capacity of ESHS staff in the implementing agencies to enforce , supervise and monitor implementation of occupational health and safety is limited . Further , efforts in this regard are hindered by institutional capacities including staffing ( especially at lower levels ) , resources , and budgetary constraints . - Apart at the federal level , collaboration between and relationship with relevant institutions such as EPA ( and its regional counterparts ) and Ministry of Labor Skills ( and its regional counterparts ) . - • EEU is sometimes challenged by delayed or insufficient quality purchase and distribution of PPE to its workers and in some cases its procurement process creating a bottle neck for efficient procurement and distribution of PPE . - To ensure the safety of its workers , EEU is more focused on providing PPE while enforcing safe work procedures and improving communications between workers needs better attention . The cause of accidents leading to fatalities is testimony to the", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 320, "text": "records of occupation and community accidents and incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the SIA will be to determine whether the adverse impacts of project operations trigger involuntary resettlement and the preparation of a resettlement action plan ( RAP ) . Among the tasks to be considered in the TOR of the RAP are : the number of PAPs , an analysis of host community ’ s willingness to accommodate PAPs , an analysis of PAPs willingness to be relocated to identified areas , an analysis of the capacity of the receiving area ( s ) to sustain additional population under the conditions introduced by the resettlement operations . One of the key activities to be conducted at this stage is a socio-economic survey that serves as a background for the RAP . A household census survey will be conducted , describing the extent of the social impacts , thus identifying households affected by the project as well as preliminary identification of resettlement sites . The boundaries of land owned by the various groups affected should also be described . The household survey will contain general household data such as : - List of all affected households ; - Information on family size , gender and age ; - Educational background ; - Occupation for each member of the household ; - Land ownership , tenure arrangements , inheritance regulations ; - Sources of income - Inventory of wealth indicators : Land size , house type / size , crop type / annual / perennial , number and type of livestock ; - Means and ownership of transportation ; - Distance to market places , work places , schools , and health facilities ; and – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16 EEPCO , Power System Planning", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 628, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 673, "end": 696, "text": "household census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 968, "end": 984, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SUDAN LIVELIHOODS ROAD MAP ( 2023-2025 ) * * UNHCR SUDAN AHMED KHEIR STREET , P . O . BOX 2560 , KHARTOUM , SUDAN * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "| 11-Jun-2009 | 30-Jul-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | 30-Sep-2015 | |  Producer organizations adopting business plans ( Nu | mber , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 10 . 00 | 30 . 00 | 30 . 00 | 40 . 00 | | Date < br > 03-Nov-2007 | 30-Jun-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | 30-Sep-2015 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * 2 / 9 / 2015 Page 9 of 11 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Polay nning , and Rewh < br > Soc10oocnonW10 Data < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Many cross-country studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to explain how various factors affect economic growth rates in the developing economies . The data in these studies - which underlie intemational economic comparisons and serve as the basis for - economic policy recommendations give researchers the systematic and scientific information required for their investigations . But the conclusions are often fragile and sometimes contradictory . Research results are ser . sitive to the choices of components , the aim of the investigation , and the type of model used . In general , researchers need to have better statistical data , particularly on economic policy indicators , and must subject the selected sample to careful tests . Cross-country studies are particularly unreliable when it comes to estimating the economic impact of government budgetary and regulatory policies . These studies thus provide only a weak basis for developing country economic policies . This paper is a product of the Socioeconomic Data Division , Intemational Economics Department . Copies are available free from the World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Please contact Estela Zamora , room S7136 extension 33706 . The PPR Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work under way in the Bank ' s Policy , Planning , and Research Complex . An objective of the series is to get these rmdings out quickly , even if presentations are less than fully polished . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions in these papers do not necessarily represent official policy of the Bank . Copyright / 1988 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and i > elopmentmThe World Bank", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure 6 . Historical contributions of global shocks to global inflation around global recessions # # A . 1975 global recession # # B . 1982 global recession < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percentage points Percentage points < br > 0 . 8 Oil price 0 . 8 Oil price < br > 0 . 6 Global supply 0 . 6 Global supply < br > Global demand Global demand < br > 0 . 4 0 . 4 < br > Interest rate Interest rate < br > 0 . 2 0 . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > - 0 . 2 - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 6 - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 8 - 0 . 8 < br > - 3 - 2 - 1 t = 0 1 2 3 - 3 - 2 - 1 t = 0 1 2 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # C . 1991 global recession # # D . 2009 global recession < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percentage points Percentage points < br > 0 . 8 Oil price 0 . 8 Oil price < br > 0 . 6 Global supply 0 . 6 Global supply < br > Global demand Global demand < br > 0 . 4 0 . 4 < br > Interest rate Interest rate < br > 0 . 2 0 . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > - 0 . 2 - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 6 - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 8 - 0 . 8 < br > - 3 - 2 - 1 t = 0 1 2 3 - 3 - 2 - 1 t = 0 1 2 3 < br > E . 2020 global recession < br > Percentage points < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Freddie Mac Corporation ( 1999 ) In a national household survey conducted in 2001 , the Federal Reserve found a similar pattern linking household incomes to indicators of credit risk . As shown in Table 11 , lower-income households were much more likely to have such indicators than were higher income families . 25", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 63, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional employed members indeed rises more than the one for mothers in households without additional employed members . These findings , together with our findings on the presence of spouses in households , could mean that the employment of other household members indeed plays an important role in the decision-making of mothers about participating in the labor market . > 6The EU-LFS indicates if the partner of a person is present in the same household by an indicator variable . 16", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 388, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 , 002 | 1 , 978 | 1 , 978 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 243 | 0 . 244 | 0 . 264 | 0 . 264 | 0 . 321 | 0 . 321 | | _δpv − βpv_ | | 0 . 299 | | 2 . 138 | | 0 . 0213 | | S . E . | | 0 . 201 | | 1 . 327 | | 0 . 887 | _Notes_ : * p _ < _ . 1 , * * p _ < _ . 05 , * * * p _ < _ . 01 . Household-level data . All columns include fixed effects for if a household was located within 10 km . of a population center with at least 20 , 000 inhabitants , the state-level administrative center , and a market . S . E . s allow for clustering at the level of enumeration area ( EA ) . Borno state is excluded . 33", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 303, "text": "Household-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "month period ( R1 ) ; and ( 4 ) a recall-based data collection at the plot-level for a 12-month reference period , administered in a single visit ( R2 ) . The paper provides evidence for the survey practitioners to move away from R2 , given the significant underestimation of production and yield estimates , and asserts that the D2 households provided the most accurate information on annual cassava production . The latter is shown to be ensured through sustained participation in diary-keeping , which could have been connected to the relatively more valuable set of in-kind incentives these households received to be part of the experiment – though this hypothesis is not testable . However , as shown in Table 9 , D2 , while being significantly cheaper compared to the traditional diary operation , it is still more resource - and supervision-intensive compared to the recall variants . < sup > 36 < / sup > The D2 unit cost per household is US $ 330 , compared to US $ 469 for D1 , US $ 186 for R2 , and US $ 157 for R1 . P35F < sup > 37 < / sup > Thus , even if D2 may not always be an option for the survey implementing agencies , it would be more feasible if packaged within a broader effort to collect more frequent data through mobile phone calls on a wider range of topics , including but not limited to extended-harvest crop production , following baseline face-to-face interviews . In the case of Malawi NSO , an effort such as the existing Listening to Malawi ( L2M ) mobile phone survey , as part of the regional Listening to Africa initiative ( Dabalen et al . , 2016 ) , could provide such platform . In the worst-case scenario , the analysis indicates that R1 is a second-best alternative to D2 and a clear improvement over R2 . R1 , at the mean , also performs as well as the traditional diary operation , and comes with less than US $ 30 additional cost per household compared to R2 . P36F < sup > 38 < / sup > On the whole , given the contribution of cassava farming to food security and agricultural commercialization", "spans": [{"start": 1455, "end": 1474, "text": "Listening to Malawi", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rule of law lies on the supply side — for instance , the inability to collect taxes to finance a market-oriented system ( Johnson , Kaufmann , and Shleifer ( 1997 ) and Roland and Verdier ( 1999 ) ) . But financial problems reflect endogenous decisions of essentially the same kind as the demand side that we analyze here . In Russia , it was clear that the state was giving away assets of value an order of magnitude greater than the cost of administering a rule of law system . The lack of finance was a reflection of the same lack of demand for the rule of law on which we focus here . 3 The governance indicators are weighted composite scores constructed by Kaufmann , Kraay , and Mastruzzi ( 2005 ) from indicators produced by 31organizations , including Freedom House and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( which in theory reflects productivity and hence wages ) , and the presence of other women in the household . < sup > 7 < / sup > To explore the role of values in shaping women ’ s labor market decisions , we use two complementary data sources . The first is the Arab Barometer , which measures political , societal , and religious attitudes . The questionnaire distinguishes “ Employed , ” “ Inactive , ” and “ Unemployed ” individuals . While it contains basic demographic characteristics , it does not include some important data , such as household size , region , rural / urban household , or occupation . Importantly , it includes a question asking the level of agreement with the claim that “ A married woman can work outside home if she wishes , ” which we will use as a measure of the respondent ’ s attitudes toward women ’ s work . Interviewers conduct face-toface interviews in the respondent ’ s residence . There are four waves that include Morocco that are available : 2006-2009 , 2012-2014 , 2016-2017 , and 2018-2019 . The first three waves have a sample size of around 1 , 000 observations . The fourth one contains 1 , 560 women aged between 18 and 64 . < sup > 8 < / sup > The second data source is the World Values Survey , which aims to understand changes in beliefs , values , and motivations of people throughout the world . Morocco is included in three of the waves — 2001 , 2007 , and 2011 — each of which has about 1 , 200 observations , equally split between men and women , for a total of 3 , 648 individuals aged 18 or older . Questions measure cultural values , attitudes , and beliefs about diverse variables ( such as gender , family , religion , poverty , education , health , and security ) . The surveys contain a labor status variable > 7 Verme et al . ( 2016 ) , facing the same limitation , argue that in informal economies earnings play a less relevant role in shaping labor supply decisions than in formal economies . > 8 The unavailability of the", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 278, "text": "Arab Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1224, "end": 1243, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51435 # * * POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT CREDIT ( PRSC ) : UGANDA * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > # * * I . Abstract * * The Poverty Reduction Support Credit ( PRSC ) is the World Bank ’ s quick-disbursing lending instrument for supporting the poverty reduction efforts of an eligible borrower country . < sup > 1 < / sup > Two annual PRSCs were approved for the Government of Uganda ( GOU ) in 2001 and 2002 . The PRSCs are expected to serve the country ’ s strategy of reducing poverty and improving public service delivery by addressing public sector issues and initiating institutional and policy reform measures . As part of the reform measures , efforts were undertaken to induce transparency and reduce corruption in government proceedings . Public access to government information was improved and social and internal accountability mechanisms were put in place . Simplified versions of the budget and budget performance reports were published for citizen access , public notices on fiscal transfers were posted at service delivery points , and key policy issues were disseminated through the media . Public service delivery was monitored through performance and expenditure tracking surveys . A few policies on citizen participatory mechanisms were also approved . Although progress has been noted in many areas , sectoral reforms may take a long time to materialize and will require a coordinated effort across ministries and departments . An immediate challenge for Uganda is to reduce the population growth rate as it poses a serious threat to poverty-reduction and economic development efforts . # * * II . Background * * The civil war in Uganda between 1971 and 1985 had serious repercussions on the country ’ s economy . The prolonged conflict resulted in massive capital flight , emigration of the skilled workforce , and a breakdown of institutions . Despite the GOU ’ s success in rebuilding the economy after 1985 , in 2000 , more than 35 percent of Uganda ’ s population still lived in abject poverty ( World Bank 1999 – 2000 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1196, "text": "performance and expenditure tracking surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "iv ) To restore peoples ’ capacity to earn a living and their community ties ; - ( v ) Components necessary to realize project objectives are covered regardless of the source of financing ; - ( vi ) Resettlement costs are considered part of project costs . # # # * * 5 . 2 . Scope of the RAP Consultancy * * In line with the objectives of OP 4 . 12 ( See Appendix 3 at the end of this ToR ) and its related Annex ( See Appendix 4 ) , the RAP consultancy will include baseline socio economic data on the subproject affected persons ( PAPs ) , actual census of the PAPs , nature of impacts on PAPs , categorization of PAPs based on impacts on them , eligibility criteria for compensation , valuation of structures , crops / trees ( where applicable ) and total land affected , Entitlement Matrix , grievance redress mechanism ( GRM ) and a report detailing all these variables as well as a determination of the cut-off date . Note : Should the consultant encounter groups that meet the criteria of OP 4 . 10 during the RAP preparation process , the OP 4 . 10 will apply in addition to OP 4 . 12 . # # # * * 5 . 3 . Specific Tasks under the RAP consultancy * * - * * _a . Background_ * * - Description of the subproject , the subproject affected areas / location , and why resettlement is needed . - * * _b . Potential Impacts_ * * - Identify the following : 13", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 567, "text": "census of the PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation of the Uruguay Round agreements , and China ’ s progress towards WTO accession ( which alone contributed to the ratio of global exports plus imports to GDP rising from 44 to 46 percent over those four years ) . According to this dataset , the average import tariff for agriculture and food in 2001 was 16 . 0 percent for high-income countries and 17 . 7 percent for developing countries , while for manufactures other than textiles and clothing it was 8 . 3 percent for developing countries and just 1 . 3 percent for high-income countries ( Table 1 ) . The averages of course obscure large variations across countries and commodities , and are poor indicators of overall assistance to farming . For example , if high-income countries ’ tariffs on temperate farm products are at a near-prohibitive 100 percent , but zero on tropical products such as coffee , those countries ’ import-weighted average agricultural tariff could be quite low even though agricultural value added in those rich countries had been enhanced substantially . Consider also the case of a developing country with a strong agricultural comparative advantage in all but one small farming industry , and with high tariffs to stave off import competition for that industry and for all manufacturing industries . Overall agricultural value added would be depressed by that structure of protection , yet the import-weighted average tariff protection for agriculture would be high and possibly above that for manufactures . A third case is where the non-agricultural primary sector receives a similar level of import protection as the farm sector and less than the manufacturing sector , but is much more export-focused : trade reform may cause it to expand at the expense not only of manufacturing but also of farming . Hence it is not possible to say from the tariff data in Table 1 whether developing country policies have overshot in terms of moving away from an antiagricultural bias , even though the ratio of agricultural to all goods tariffs in that table is well above unity for each of the regions shown . What is needed to address that issue is a general 6", "spans": [{"start": 1844, "end": 1855, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", fi nd that variation due to teacher effects explains about 25 percent of variation in test scores . More traditional regression-based studies also validate this fi nding . Rockoff ( 2004 ) using a 12-year panel of teacher-student data from two school districts in New Jersey fi nds signi fi cant teacher fi xed effects . A one standard deviation change in the teacher fi xed effect ( unobserved quality ) is associated with gains in Mathematics and reading of 0 . 26 and 0 . 16 standard deviations respectively . Less is known about the speci fi c attributes of teachers that affect student learning . Limited evidence on teacher experience and training is provided by Rockoff ( 2004 ) and Angrist and Lavy ( 2001 ) , who fi nd that both experience and training have a positive impact on learning achievement . Closer to the results presented here are the studies by Jacobson ( 1989 ) and Ehrenberg and others ( 1991 ) . Jacobson ( 1989 ) describes an interesting policy experiment in which a pot of money 4", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 236, "text": "teacher-student data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Table 7 . Status of Compliance with Major Covenants * * | _4reement . _ | _Section : _ | _ : Descpt ' i_ | _r_ < br > _of Covenant : : _ | _Co : men_ | _S . . : : _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | DCA | 4 . 01 | 2 | The Borrower shall take appropriate measures to enable UEB to collect promptly payments for < br > electricity supplies from Govemment organizations | UEB has a debt swap agreement with the < br > Govemment | CP | | DCA | 4 . 02 | 13 | The Borrower shall consult IDA on the development of the next hydroelectric station | incompliance | C | | DCA | 4 . 03 | 2 | The Borrower shall : ( a ) take all measures necessary to enable UEB to eam a rate of return as provided in < br > section 4 . 03 of the PA ; and ( b ) approve tariff increases sufficient to enable UEB to achieve the said < br > objectives | Tariffswere increased in September 1987 , < br > August 1991 , June1992 , July 1993 and < br > August 1994 . | CP | | DCA | 4 . 04 | 10 | The Borrower shall carry out a national forestry inventory and studies of urban household energy < br > utilization and fuelwood marketing according to TORs and timetable acceptable to IDA | In compliance . < br > Forestry inventory was carried out by the < br > Forestry Department in agreement with IDA . < br > Household energy survey was carried out . | C | | DCA | 4 . 05 | 5 | The Borrower shall take measures to strengthen the Energy Department in MPPT along the lines of the < br > ESMAP report", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1052, "text": "national forestry inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1208, "end": 1226, "text": "Forestry inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1308, "end": 1331, "text": "Household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "among the wider population and school attendance among poor children . Females are more deprived in both instances . The employment indicator , meanwhile , sees no significant gender differences , while the gender gaps in legal identification are significant in all cases . The gender gaps are also larger among the displaced community , with the gap nearly five times as large among the displaced than non-displaced poor ( 24percentage point and 5-percentage point differences , respectively ) . _Table 10 : Proportion of deprived individuals across displacement status by gender , South Sudan_ | | | IDPs < br > | | | Hosts < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Male | Female | Difference | Male | Female | Difference | | _All households_ | | | | | | | | Years of schooling | 0 . 43 | 0 . 48 | - 0 . 05 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 52 | - 0 . 12 < sup > * * < / sup > | | School attendance | 0 . 20 | 0 . 25 | - 0 . 05 | 0 . 25 | 0 . 29 | - 0 . 03 | | Unemployment | 0 . 05 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 05 < sup > * < / sup > | 0 . 02 | 0 . 03 | - 0 . 01 | | Legal identification | 0 . 48 | 0 . 74 | - 0 . 26 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 60 | 0 . 74 | - 0 . 14 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | Early marriage | 0 . 08 | 0 . 75 | - 0 . 67 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 10 | 0 . 53 | - 0 . 43 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | _MPI poor households_ | | | | | | | | Years of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( i ) verify project ’ s progress towards achievement of the development objective ; ( ii ) ensure the correct use of funds on a six monthly basis ; ( iii ) verify the services received by project beneficiaries through independently checking a sample of health facilities for enrollment registers , volume , quality of services , reporting and payments , and sample of beneficiary households for verification of enrollment , receipt of services and satisfaction ; and ( iv ) look at different levels of monitoring as undertaken by MoPH to ensure that payments are being verified adequately against claims and services are actually provided . Evaluation report will be submitted once per year and will include recommendations on how to further improve project implementation and prevent fraudulent behavior or abuse . * * _Beneficiary Assessment . _ * * A beneficiary assessment will be carried out to determine the impact of the project on the household service utilization , the cost of the services used , and the capacity of PHCCs to deliver services in effective and cost efficient manner . * * _Evaluation by the Bank . _ * * As part of regular supervision , the Bank will conduct an evaluation at the mid-year to ( i ) undertake its own assessment of the project achievements and progress towards development objective ; ( ii ) review the results of both the independent evaluation and beneficiary assessment reports , and reconcile the results with its own assessment ; and ( iii ) suggest any changes to be made to the evaluation methods , scope and frequency as needed . 51 . * * Steps for Evaluation : * * In order to meet the assessment requirements , the following steps should be taken to prepare for evaluation : ( i ) data collection and analysis process , formally institutionalized ; ( ii ) baseline data established per targeted indicator ; ( iii ) clarity regarding the definition and collection of each indicator ; ( iv ) defining indicators must be a participatory effort 55", "spans": [{"start": 1808, "end": 1821, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "AfroBarometer Network ( 2008 ) . McKinney , James , Stephane Guidoin , and Paulina Marczak . “ OGD Standards Inventory : Open Government Partnership OGD Working Group Standards Stream , ” Open North ( 2015 ) . Myles , J . , and J . Quagagno . “ Political Theories of the Welfare State , ” _Social Service Review_ 76 ( 1 ) , 75 < sup > th < / sup > Anniversary Issue ( 2009 : 34 – 57 ) . O ’ Meally , Simon . _Mapping Context for Social Accountability , _ World Bank Group : Washington , DC ( 2013 ) . Pampel , F . , and J . Weiss , “ Economic Development , Pension Policies , and the Labor Force Participation of Aged Males : A Cross-National Longitudinal Study , ” _American Journal of Sociology_ 89 ( September 1983 ) : 350-72 . Pandey , Priyanka , and Sangeeta Goyal ( eds . ) . “ Community Participation in Public Schools : The Impact of Information Campaigns in Three Indian States , ” World Bank , Washington , DC ( 2008 ) . Pandey , Priyanka , Sangeeta Goyal , and Venkatesh Sundararaman . “ Public Participation , Teacher Accountability , and School Outcomes : Findings from Baseline Surveys in Three Indian States , ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series ( November 1 , 2008 ) . Peisakhin , Leonid and Paul Pinto . \" Is transparency an effective anti-corruption strategy ? Evidence from a field experiment in India , \" _Regulation & Governance_ 4 ( 3 ) ( 2010 ) : 261 – 280 . 43", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an line was initially an isolated route , serving only passengers between these two cities . However , after connecting to the BeijingGuangzhou HSR line in 2013 , its passenger volume surged by 43 percent , and passenger-kilometers increased by 72 percent . By 2016 , almost half of the passengers on the Zhengzhou-Xi ’ an line were traveling from stations beyond the immediate route ( Lawrence et al . , 2019 ) . Given the network characteristics of HSR , the effect of an HSR opening in a city on firms ’ DVAR depends not only on direct connections but also on the extent of indirect links across multiple lines . It also hinges on how many firms in those connected prefectures have potential IO linkages with the initial firm . Figure A1a illustrates the number of prefecture pairs connected via HSR , both directly and indirectly , over the sample period . As shown in Figure A1b , HSR construction surged after the financial crisis , steadily increasing the number of prefecture pairs connected both directly and > 7Ouyang et al . ( 2024 ) present recent evidence from a survey of corporate managers , revealing that site visits are crucial for both suppliers and customers in overcoming information asymmetry . These visits play a key role in building and maintaining supplier-customer relationships , especially for middle-to-long distance travel , ranging from 200 to 500 km . 8In 2013 , the average travel distance on the Beijing-Shanghai and Beijing-Guangzhou lines , two of the most important HSR routes in China , was around 500 km . Amos et al . ( 2010 ) suggests that HSR holds a comparative advantage over airlines for trips under 800 km . > 9Fang et al . ( 2023 ) highlights that delays are a persistent issue in China ’ s airline industry , making the punctuality and convenience of HSR a significant competitive threat to air travel . > 10Business interviews conducted in cities newly connected to HSR , as summarized by Lawrence et al . ( 2019 ) , reveal that while HSR has limited influence on the location choices of manufacturing firms , it significantly boosts business travel . Sales , procurement , and professional service staff , in particular , heavily rely", "spans": [{"start": 1076, "end": 1104, "text": "survey of corporate managers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The financial staternents are presented in Kenya Shillings ( Kslis ) , the project ' s functional and reporting CUrrency and all ValUes are rounded to the nearest Kenya Shilling . * * d ) * * Recognition of receipts Tile Kenya Social and Econornic Inclusion Project recognizes all receipts from various sources when an event occurs , and the related cash is received . i ) Transfers from the Exchequer Transfers frorn the ExcheqUer are recognized in tile books of accounts when cash is received . Cash is considered received when a payment inStrUCtiOn is issued to the batik and the receiving entity is notified . * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 472, "text": "tile books of accounts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10857 # Revealing Tax Evasion Experimental Evidence from a Representative Survey of Indonesian Firms _Christopher Hoy Filip Jolevski Anthony Obeyesekere_ Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice July 2024 A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access .", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 130, "text": "Representative Survey of Indonesian Firms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 9 : Post-sanction Innovation Performance among Firms in the Sanctioned Technology Field | | ( 1 ) < br > * * Pat * * | ( 2 ) < br > * * ent Applic * * | ( 3 ) < br > * * ation * * | ( 4 ) < br > * * Aver * * | ( 5 ) < br > * * age Colla * * < br > * * per Pate * * | ( 6 ) < br > * * borator * * < br > * * nt * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Total | Intl . | High-Tech | U . S . | Euro + | Adv . Asia | | Treatment_ × _Post | - 0 . 069 * * | - 0 . 095 * * * | - 0 . 035 * * * | - 0 . 025 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 030 * * | | | ( 0 . 026 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | | No . Obs | 193 , 851 | 193 , 851 | 193 , 851 | 158 , 421 | 158 , 421 | 158 , 421 | | R-squared | 0 . 410 | 0 . 425 | 0 . 481 | 0 . 409 | 0 . 269 | 0 . 390 | | Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Sector-year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Note : We estimate the coefficients using OLS . Estimates from ( 4 ) to ( 6 ) are based on firms that started patenting before 2013 . Robust standard errors clustered at the 2-digit ISIC sector level are in parentheses . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at levels 1 percent , 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 7 Sel < br > ected Informal Settlements i < br > n Wajir County ; Lot VIII – Clus < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation | < br > 2023-09-27 < br > 2023-09-2 | 2 < br > 2023-10-18 < br > 2023 - | 09-29 < br > 2023-12-01 < br > 2024-01-18 | 2023-12-29 | 2024-01-28 | 2024-03-03 | 2024-04-07 | 2025-04-07 | | KE-MOTI-382545-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to Und < br > ertake Physical Planning , Cad < br > astral Survey and Detailed T < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > di < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Bd Slti < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ti | < br > 2023-09-27 < br > 2023-09-2 | 2 < br > 2023-10-18 < br > 2023 - | 09-29 < br > 2023-12-01 < br > 2024-01-17 | 2023-12-29 | 2024-01-28 | 2024-03-03 | 2024-04-07 | 2025-04-07 | | opographical Survey of 10 Se < br > lected Informal Settlements i < br > n Kisii , Nakuru and Nandi Co <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity ( P163050 ) | IR Indicator 6 . 1 : Number of schools | n . a | Jul / 2016 | 18 , 318 | 04-Apr-2025 | 18 , 000 | Jul / 2023 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | benefiting from cascade training in < br > school-based teacherprofess ( Text ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | Target achieved . | | | | | IR Indicator 6 . 2 : % of Phase 1 schools | 0 | Jul / 2016 | 99 . 80 | 04-Apr-2025 | 95 | Jul / 2023 | | are visited by cluster supervisors and < br > key teachers at least ( Text ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | End target was excee < br > – 2022 / 23 | ded . Excluding c | onflict affected areas of T | igray and BG | | IR Indicator 6 . 3 : Average score of | 54 | Jul / 2016 | 70 . 30 | 04-Apr-2025 | 70 | Jun / 2023 | | composite index of school inspection < br > standards on teaching practi ( Text ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | Target achieved . | | | | | IR Indicator 6 . 4 : % of actual teaching < br > time relative to scheduled < br > instructional time in P1 schools | Time-on-task survey to < br > be conducted in Year 3 < br > and 4 | Jul / 2016 | 94 % | 04-Apr-2025 | To be determined | Jul / 2023 | | ( Text ) | Comments on achievin | g targets | Target achieved . | | | | | IR Indicator 6", "spans": [{"start": 1153, "end": 1172, "text": "Time-on-task survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". g . the 1 in 100 year storm ) . • Look up the relevant region in Appendix A Design rainfalls can also be supplied as an Intensity-Duration • Find the relevant graph for the region in Frequency curves . - Find the relevant graph for the region in Appendix B - Look up the percentage change using the line for average largest 1 day precipitation and the design lifetime of the project . In the absence of a design lifetime , 50 years should be used as default . Need * * current design rainfall or historical rainfall ? * * Contact the Kenya Meteorological Department ( KMD ) - Increase current design rainfalls by this percentage to obtain a new design rainfall to be used in designs . # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 4 Maximum temperature * * Maximum temperatures are relevant for specification of materials resilient to heating resulting from climate change , as well as structural design . Maps for maximum shade air temperature in Kenya are based on historic data and do not account for climate change . Therefore , once maximum shade air temperature has been determined for the location of the project , an appropriate climate change allowance ( % ) should be applied directly . To estimate the maximum temperature with climate change : > 11 < u > Kenya - Mean Projections Expert | Climate Change Knowledge Portal ( worldbank . org ) < / u > 20 / 61", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 958, "text": "historic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * 25 * * - - ( i ) Numbers of extension staff and ratio to participating farmers . - * * ( j ) * * Training program * * for * * farmers in current and subsequent years , and names of Farmer Training Centers responsible for such training . - * * ( k ) * * Amounts of credit subdivided as to purposes , e . g . : - ( i ) fertilizers ; - ( ii ) planting material ; - ( iii ) insecticides and disease control inputs ; - ( iv ) labor ; - ( v ) tools ; and - ( vi ) other . - * * ( 1 ) * * Adequacy of processing facilities and names and capacities of participating coffee factories . - * * ( m ) * * Plans for construction and rehabilitation of coffee factories in district involved . - ( n ) On request of the Association , a copy of the Appraisal Reports referred to in Part * * A . 1 ( 8 ) * * of this Schedule . - ( 2 ) The following information aggregated from the foregoing : - ( a ) Number of districts . - * * ( b ) * * Number of farmers . - ( c ) Anticipated physical development . - * * ( d ) * * Inputs required , analyzed as to fertilizers , planting material , insecticides , disease control inputs , labor , tools and others .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia PFM Project ( P150922 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # # #  Rolling out of the new Chart of Accounts at the Federal Level to facilitate expenditure reporting by PBB ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Only approved budget < br > disclosed on PBB basis | - - | 32 Federal entities | 100 federal < br > entities | | Date | 30-Dec-2015 | 08-Dec-2017 | 25-May-2018 | 08-Apr-2020 | # # Comments In 2009 EFY Agencies using new COA were 17 . As of March / 2018 32 ( thirty two ) Federal public bodies use the new chart of accounts for budget administration , cash management , and account reporting and property administration through the implementation of IFMIS system . And at the end of 2010 EFY it will reach 50 entities .  Percent of contracts awarded using competitive procurement methods in targeted agencies . ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 50 . 00 | - - | | 95 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 30-Dec-2015 | - - | | 08-Dec-2017 | 08-Apr-2020 | # # Comments This data was reported by FPPA and PPDS has use 89 % , ERA 98 % and MoANR 98 % . The average becomes 95 % for EFY 2009 ( FY17 ) . The two missed agencies will be requested to submit their reports and the result may be updated", "spans": [{"start": 1257, "end": 1291, "text": "data was reported by FPPA and PPDS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HCR | | MICS | ( Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey ) Enquête à indicateurs multiples | | MINADER | Ministère de l ’ Agriculture et du Développement Rural | | MINATD | Ministère de l ’ Administration Territoriale et de la Décentralisation | | MINEPAT | Ministère de l ’ Economie , de la Planification et de l ’ Aménagement du < br > Territoire | | MINREX | Ministère des Relations Extérieures | | MINSANTE | Ministère de la Santé | | ONG | Organisation Non Gouvernementale | | MSF | Médecins Sans Frontières | | PAM | Programme Alimentaire Mondial | | PDM | ( Post Distribution Monitoring ) Suivi Post Distribution | | PLA | Point de Livraison Avancé | | PNUD | Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement | | PRRO | ( Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation ) Intervention Prolongée de < br > Secours et de Redressement | | RGPH | Recensement Général de la Population et de l ’ Habitat | | PU | Premières Urgences | | SA | Sécurité Alimentaire | | SCA | Score de Consommation Alimentaire | | SIDA | Syndrome de l ’ Immuno-Déficience Acquise | | SMART | < br > Standardized Monitoring & Assessment for Relief & Transition | | SSP | < br > Soins de Santé Primaire | | UNHCR ( HCR ) | Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés | | < br > | < br > ( United Nations of International Children ' s Emergency Fund ) Fonds des | | UNICEF | < br >", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 51, "text": "Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "19 # * * Figure 8 . Welfare loss associated with not having one additional year of schooling , Pakistan ( upper bound ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > % 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * Alternative Pakistan simulation * * The Mincerian function was fitted to just the time-series observations for Pakistan , 19502010 . The number of observations is only 13 because the education data are available in 5-year periods ( see Table 8 ) : ( 16 ) Ln _Y_ = 6 . 319 + 0 . 290 _S_ , R < sup > 2 < / sup > = 0 . 89 , N = 13 ( t = 9 . 41 ) * * Table * * * * < u > 8 . Alternative Pakistan simulation using time series < / u > * * | Schooling / loss | 1900 | 1950 | 2010 | 2050 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Inertia_S_ | 0 . 1 | 0 . 9 | 5 . 6 | 7 . 0 | | Enhanced_S_ | 1 . 3 | 1 . 9 | 6 . 6 | 7 . 8 | | Upper bound loss ( % ) | 42 . 0 | 34 . 0 | 34 . 0 | 26 . 0 | | Loss lower bound ( % ) | 21 . 0 | 17 . 0 | 17 . 0 | 13 . 0 | The results are largely consistent with the 13 percent micro-estimated social rate of return to investment in primary education in Pakistan in 1975 ( Psacharopoulos 1985 : table A-1 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 468, "text": "education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project # 9 . 2 . 14 * * Impacts on Fauna and Proposed Mitigation Measures * * # * * Impact * * The study team during the fieldwork confirmed wildlife along the proposed transmission line route is very rare . This is because of the prevailing habitat loss , environmental degradation , expansion of cultivated lands , etc . However , in areas like Tarmaber forest ( WofWasha ) where there is relatively abundant wildlife , the transmission line may induce no or very limited physical hazard to birds and climbing animals . As the TML route and WofWasha located at distant ( see Figure 6 . 4 ) bird mortality from striking of the transmission wires will be of minimum concern in these areas . The anticipated limited impacts on Birds will be especially in the locations where there is high population of birds such as WofWasha , which is found at a distant from the TML . The transmission lines crossing Debre Sina cliffs not very close to ‘ WofWasha ’ which is one of the reserved natural forests in the country and the team reassessed the area and identified that the transmission line does not traverse this natural forest reserve . As per the recent assessment and site survey , there is an estimated 32km distance between the Kebele of Tarmaber , which is traversed by the transmission line , and the WofWasha natural forest reserve . In addition , there is a kebele in between the two areas , which is called debre-meaza . In this location , wild animals such as Gelada Baboon , Cheetah , Bushbuck , Duikers , Colobus monkey , and wild pigs are commonly observed on the cliffs and inside the forest . There are also Porcupine , Warthogs , Hyenas , and other small wild animals . However , the study team identified that the impacts of the", "spans": [{"start": 1274, "end": 1300, "text": "assessment and site survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ( 6 ) Are specific forms of restrictiveness more relevant than others for manufacturing firms ’ performance ? To answer this question we replace the aggregate ‘ rest ’ indicator with restriction-specific indicators in equation ( 2 ) . # * * 5 . Results * * # # * * 5 . 1 Reform and Perception-Based Performance * * The firm-level data available from the World Bank Enterprise survey suggest that in the Indonesian service sector , foreign firms are larger than domestic firms . While 23 percent of foreign firms in the service sector have more than 100 employees , only 1 percent of domestic firms do . In addition , foreign firms tend to use better technologies and more sophisticated processes , as suggested by the fact that they are four times as likely to have international certifications than domestic firms within the same size class . The performance of service sectors , as measured by the perceptions of their users , is negatively related to how restrictive they are toward FDI . We found that a one percent improvement in service sector performance as perceived by manufacturers was associated with a one percent reduction in the degree of restrictiveness toward FDI in those service sectors , as measured by the OECD restrictiveness index ( see Figure 10 , for visual inspection of the evolution of the two indicators ) . Formally , we regress the index of restrictiveness on the perception based performance index , using a fixed effect model , which allows us to control for time-invariant sector specific factors that affect the perceptions of services performance , The point estimate for the elasticity of performance with respect to restrictiveness is - 0 . 9 , and significant at 1 percent . We cannot reject the hypothesis of the effect being different from - 1 . The experience in freight and logistics services in Indonesia provides a concrete example of the link between policy restrictiveness and performance . If services related to freight and logistics services , for example , remain sheltered from foreign investment and competition , costs may remain high and service quality poor . This undermines the capacity of the private sector to benefit from business opportunities involving long-distance shipping logistics costs in Indonesia are", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 384, "text": "World Bank Enterprise survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1228, "end": 1254, "text": "OECD restrictiveness index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Mixed migration routes and dynamics in Libya Libya | April 2018 * * to which information about migration measures implemented in Libya since early 2017 shaped refugees ’ and migrants ’ decision making on staying or leaving Libya . It is based on 75 in-depth semi structured individual interviews with refugees and migrants outside detention centres across the country and 32 key informant interviews with smugglers , law enforcement officials and civil society activists . Refugees and migrants were asked to reflect about their living situation and mobility in the country and how it changed since early 2017 . Further longitudinal analysis on changes in routes , entry and exit points since early 2017 was conducted on the basis of comparable information REACH had collected in the framework of a partnership between IMPACT , Altai Consulting and UNHCR in late 2016 and early 2017 . < sup > 10 < / sup > # # * * ROUTES TO LIBYA * * * * Key informants reported three main entry points to Libya : * * first , via Algeria with refugees and migrants , mostly of West African origin , entering the country either on the north-eastern or southeastern border with Libya . Second , via Niger or Chad with refugees and migrants reaching the main migrant hub of Sebha in the South of Libya and , third , via the eastern route with people from mainly Central and Eastern Africa reaching the region of Alkufra transiting through both Chad and Sudan . Secondary routes include entering Libya via Egypt along the coastal town of Emsaed . * * While the main entry points into Libya reportedly did not change since early 2017 , respondents reported an increase in arrivals from crossing points in Algeria and Chad . * * < sup > * * 1 * * 1 < / sup > This was also recorded by DRC / 4MI data collected in January and February 2018 , < sup > 12 < / sup > indicating that refugees ’ and migrants ’ routes into the country may be diversifying as a result of the tightened security apparatus in the", "spans": [{"start": 1766, "end": 1780, "text": "DRC / 4MI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Institutions_ The story of Egypt ’ s utility restructuring is described in detail in the section on Egypts ’ s power sector reform strategy . In essence , in the long period through the 2014 Electricity Law ’ s adoption , much was done but little was achieved . Institutions were rearranged more than they were genuinely restructured . Incentives , performance , and behavior changed little . The 2015 Electricity Law initiated a process of restructuring , with a long transition process . Eventually , sector companies will operate autonomously of the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy and will be accountable to the regulator and to their owners for performance . More private participation is already happening in renewable energy and that may spread to conventional energy . The transmission company is being gradually made more autonomous in preparation for becoming an independent system operator within an eventually competitive wholesale electricity market . Of course , much of this depends on the sustainability of the gradual price and subsidy reform now underway . Table 5 . Utility restructuring index for Egypt and its comparators , 2015 | | * * Egypt * * | * * India , AP * * | * * India , Odisha * * | * * India , Raj * * | * * Morocco * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * International * * < br > * * benchmark * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Utility Restructuring * * | * * 31 % * * | * * 51 % * * | * * 62 % * * | * * 51 % * * | * * 0 % * * | * * 62 % * * | 40 % | | _Vertical Unbundling_ | 0 . 40 | 0 . 80 | 0 . 80 | 0 . 80 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 80 | 55 % | | _Horizontal Unbundling_ | 0 . 22 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 22 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "harvesting season . These results are statistically significant at 5 % for all but the short rainy season . The second panel reports child labor statistics at the ( unconditional ) intensive margin . Results are mostly consistent with the patterns emerging from the extensive margin of work : boys work at the farm several more hours than girls regardless of respondent type . For the pooled data , this difference reaches 10 monthly hours , or 50 % higher monthly hours than the mean for girls . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Burniaux , Jean-Marc , and Jean Chˆateau ( 2008 ) ‘ An Overview of the OECD Env-linkages Model ’ - Burniaux , Jean-Marc , and Truong P Truong ( 2002 ) ‘ GTAP-E : an Energy-Environmental Version of the GTAP Model . ’ _GTAP Technical Papers_ p . 18 - Caballero , Ricardo J ( 1999 ) ‘ Aggregate Investment . ’ _Handbook of Macroeconomics_ 1 , 813 – 862 - Caballero , Ricardo J , and Eduardo Engel ( 2003 ) ‘ Adjustment Is Much Slower than You Think . ’ Technical Report , National Bureau of Economic Research - Caballero , Ricardo J , and Eduardo MRA Engel ( 1999 ) ‘ Explaining Investment Dynamics in US Manufacturing : A Generalized ( S , s ) Approach . ’ _Econometrica_ 67 ( 4 ) , 783 – 826 - Cho , Won G , Kiseok Nam , and Jose A Pagan ( 2004 ) ‘ Economic Growth and Interfactor / Interfuel Substitution in Korea . ’ _Energy Economics_ 26 ( 1 ) , 31 – 50 - Dixit , Avinash K , and Robert S Pindyck ( 1994 ) _Investment Under Uncertainty_ ( Princeton University Press ) ESRI ( 2012 ) www . esri . ie / irish ~ ~ e ~ ~ conomy / databank , accessed on 16 . 01 . 2013 - Fuss , Melvyn A . ( 1977 ) ‘ The Demand for Energy in Canadian Manufacturing : An Example of the Estimation of Production Structures with Many Inputs . ’ _Journal of Econometrics_ 5 ( 1 ) , 89 – 116 - Gallach ́ oir , Brian P O , < sup > ́ < / sup > Alessandro Chiodi , Maurizio Gargiulo , Paul Deane , Denis Lavigne , and Ullash Kumar Rout ( 2012 ) ‘ Irish TIMES Energy Systems Model ’ - Goolsbee , Austan , and David B Gross ( 2000 ) ‘ Estimating the Form of Adjustment Costs with Data on Heterogeneous Capital Goods . ’ _Mimeograph , University of Chicago_ - Griliches , Zvi ( 1974 ) ‘ Errors in Variables and Other Unobservables . ’ _Econometrica_ 42 ( 6 ) , 971 – 998 - ( 1986 ) ‘ Economic Data Issues . ’ _Handbook of Econometrics_ 3 , 1465", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 # # # * * I . INTRODUCTION * * Au cours de l ’ année 2023 , le suivi des tendances de déplacement était complexe , avec des mouvements de retour , y compris avortés , des déplacements de courte durée ont continué à être signalés dans différentes régions du pays dans un contexte marqué par l ’ insécurité , des combats et attaques sporadiques dans plusieurs localités , occasionnant des déplacements internes de populations civiles . Le caractère violent des conflits a provoqué d ’ importants déplacements de populations à l ’ intérieur du territoire malien et dans les communes frontalières entre le Burkina Faso et le Niger . Aussi des déplacements internes à la suite de catastrophes naturelles ont été enregistrés dans certaines localités du pays avec des conséquences de plus en plus drastiques . Par ailleurs , l ’ amélioration significative des conditions de sécurité dans certaines localités a permis à de nombreuses personnes déplacées internes ( PDI ) , vivant toujours dans des conditions extrêmes à regagner leurs foyers au Centre et au Nord du pays , mais de nombreux obstacles persistent , les empêchant de trouver des solutions durables à leur déplacement . Le transfert du programme matrice de suivi des déplacements DTM ( Displacement Tracking Matrix ) permet au gouvernement du Mali d ’ obtenir une meilleure compréhension des caractéristiques des populations déplacées et retournées , ainsi que de mettre à jour leurs besoins et accès aux services de", "spans": [{"start": 1265, "end": 1293, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "determine which Article XXIV agreements can be considered to be “ deep ” . The data set on the content of RTAs maps 52 provisions in 279 PTAs notified to the WTO and signed between 1958 and 2015 . It also includes information about the legal enforceability of each provision . We define agreements as deep when they cover more than 20 provisions , hence , the variable _deepijt_ equals one if a trade agreement covers more than 20 provisions and zero otherwise , _shallowijt_ is one if at most 20 provisions are covered . The richness of the data allows for distinguishing between the simple count of all provisions and those that are legally enforceable . For the second type of depth measure , we classify trade agreements to be deep when they contain at least 20 legally enforceable provisions . These definitions are comparable to Hofmann et al . ( 2019 ) and Mattoo , Mulabdic , et al . ( 2022 ) . One drawback of the DTA data is their coverage : only agreements that are still in force in 2015 are included . This is mostly an issue for deepening agreements as the shallower ones > 6 https : / / www . usitc . gov / data / gravity / itpde . htm > 7 http : / / rtais . wto . org / UI / PublicMaintainRTAHome . aspx . > 8 The World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators are available at https : / / databank . worldbank . org / source / world-development-indicators , we use GDP , constant 2010 US $ ( time series : NY . GDP . MKTP . KD ) . > 9 http : / / ptadb . wto . org / . 12", "spans": [{"start": 923, "end": 931, "text": "DTA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Empirically identifying fiscal multipliers requires a strategy to isolate changes in public spending and / or taxes that are plausibly uncorrelated with contemporaneous economic shocks . In this paper I propose a novel method of identifying such fluctuations in public spending that relies on two features unique to many low ‐ income countries : ( 1 ) borrowing from the World Bank finances a substantial fraction of public spending , and ( 2 ) actual spending on World Bank ‐ financed projects is typically spread out over several years following the original approval of the loan . The first fact means that fluctuations in spending on World Bank ‐ financed projects are a significant source of fluctuations in overall public spending in these countries . The second fact means that fluctuations in World Bank ‐ financed spending in a given year are largely determined by fluctuations in project approval decisions made in previous years , and thus are unlikely to be correlated with shocks to output in the current year . I use World Bank project ‐ level disbursement data to isolate this component of public spending associated with past project approval decisions , and use it to estimate government spending multipliers in a sample of 29 mostly low ‐ income countries where this source of fluctuations in public spending is large relative to the size of the economy . The recent financial crisis has renewed interest in the long ‐ standing question of the size of fiscal multipliers . Knowledge of the size of the multiplier is crucial to informing policy discussions about the appropriate scale and duration of fiscal stimulus packages in response to macroeconomic crises . Years of intensive and creative research have , however , yielded a bewildering array of estimates of the multiplier , ranging from zero and even negative to well above one . Nearly all of this evidence comes from a handful of developed economies , and is based on one of three primary identification strategies . The first are VAR ‐ based identification schemes , of which Blanchard and Perotti ( 2002 ) is a leading example . These studies rely on the availability of quarterly data , together with the assumption that discretionary changes in fiscal policy", "spans": [{"start": 1058, "end": 1102, "text": "World Bank project ‐ level disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2178, "end": 2192, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evidence in either country that other policy supports preserved jobs significantly . This underscores the importance of designing and scaling policy support measures carefully to preserve viable firms and jobs in the face of large demand shocks . We find that our model-based method predicts the level of further job losses in the winter of 2020 fairly well , based on a comparison of predictions with a COVID-period labor force survey for Jordan . Whereas it predicts the distributional impacts by gender , nationality , and educational attainment well , it fails to predict the differences by age group and wage level . Predicted and actual results show a greater rate of job loss for men employed in the formal private sector than for women and for those with less education . In addition , the rates of job loss by productive sector generally rank similarly to those observed , with some exceptions . We also document differences in the two countries ’ performance in restoring formal permanent jobs versus other types of jobs ( informal , temporary , self-employment ) in the private sector . In Georgia , with its stronger export market presence and more flexible regulation of formal employment , formal firms were able to boost sales and hire full time workers back . < sup > 54 < / sup > Moreover , they did so at a significantly faster rate than appears to have been the case for informal firms , for which there was no clear sign of such a formal job recovery . In contrast , in Jordan , formal sector jobs continued to decline through the fall and early winter , and at a faster rate than informal and temporary jobs in the private sector . 54 Other drivers of this difference could be policy measures to boost local demand or better containment of the virus ; however , the evidence we present herein is not consistent with either explanation . Another key difference may be Georgia ’ s more educated workforce that is easier to train . However , this does not seem a likely explanation , since the rehiring rates are a function of a rebound in sales , rather than labor supply . 43", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 435, "text": "COVID-period labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 % | 52 . 7 % | 49 . 9 % | | Area-level model withgeospatial covariates | 39 . 1 % | 41 . 8 % | 40 . 0 % | | Direct estimates with WorldPopweights | 48 . 2 % | N / A | N / A | | Direct estimates with surveyweights | 46 . 8 % | N / A | N / A | Looking at the MSE estimates in Table 3 , the household-level model generates estimates with lower MSEs on average compared to the estimates under the grid cell-level and area-level models . A further comparison between the estimates produced with geospatial covariates and the census-based ones is to compute coverage rates by treating the assumed gold standard census-based estimates as the truth . The coverage rate is the share of Communes for which a 95 % normal confidence interval for headcount poverty , defined as the estimate plus / minus 1 . 96 times the square root of the estimated MSE , contains the census-based estimate . Overall , the coverage rate for estimates under the household-level model with geospatial covariates is 92 . 3 % . Of course , this is not an ideal test because the census-based estimates are themselves estimates , derived from the same sample data as the geospatial based estimates . Nonetheless , the high coverage rate alleviates concerns about the validity of the estimates produced under the unit context model . Recent research suggests that machine learning methods that allow for more flexible functional forms can improve small area prediction ( Krennmair and Schmid , 2022 , Merfeld and Newhouse , 2023 ) . Exploring whether the use of machine learning methods improves prediction for out-ofsample areas is an area of current research focus . The performance for out-of-sample prediction will depend on the focus country and how well geospatial data predict poverty . Therefore , out-of-sample estimates under the unit context model in the four countries that lack recent census data should be interpreted with great caution and are likely to change when the next round of census-based estimates becomes available . # * * 5 . Assessment of experimental SAE estimates of head count poverty in Burkina Faso , Chad , Guinea , Mali", "spans": [{"start": 1866, "end": 1877, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "chosen site to identify the potential PAPs on the individual , household , and vulnerable groups ’ level . The socio-economic study and the census constitute the first step in the preparation of the RAPs . This RPF will culminate in the preparation of Plans as may be required in instances of acquisition of land outside the existing road reserves rights of ways and land already in the custody of Government Institutions . Where Resettlement is required , the following steps will be undertaken : - 1 ) Step 1 : consultation and participatory approaches , preliminary evaluation shall be carried out based on the objectives through a participatory approach . The consultations shall commence during the planning stages when the technical designs are being developed , and at the land selection / screening stage . The process therefore seeks the involvement of PAPs throughout the census for identifying eligible PAPs and throughout the RAP preparation process . 16", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 146, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 882, "end": 888, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Safety & Development Control Support team , and ( iii ) Transport Planning & Strategy team . It is anticipated that in the next five years , with the planned infrastructure investments and transport policy review , the unit will be fully staffed and resourced to improve transport system within the city . Support to Physical Planning Directorate ( US $ 2 . 8m ) - Under KIIDP 1 the GIS department in the Physical Planning Directorate was upgraded with hardware ; however the basic Arc View software requires upgrading to increase capability in order to address the current KCCA data needs . Development of urban land use database from Plot , Village and Parish levels and linking it to urban services and revenue Department is therefore , an urgent need . The ArcGIS address model can provide the requisite database for KCAA not only for development control but also to inform infrastructure investments on the ground and support the institution to increase local revenue mobilization . In addition , the GIS is also expected to support the planned comprehensive city address system and cadaster information to update the valuation roles for property taxation . In order to make the Physical Planning Directorate provide the necessary support and services to the Directorate of Engineering and Technical Services and Revenue Directorate in terms of comprehensive city address system and cadaster information for OSR enhancement , the above activities need to be implemented , building on what was done under KIIDP 1 . Currently , the GIS Department in the Physical Planning Directorate is capable of working on basic GIS assignments but cannot work on complex GIS assignments given the limited access to requisite software . Consultancy services for development of the Arc GIS Address Data Model will be procured to support the update of the GIS system , in order for the GIS department to be much more useful to KCCA and the general public . Support to Revenue Directorate ( US $ 3 . 2m ) - Investment in infrastructure and its sustainable maintenance requires financial resources . While resources for investment in infrastructure ( roads , drainage , junctions etc . ) will be funded under Component 1 , sustainable", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 630, "text": "urban land use database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1088, "end": 1108, "text": "cadaster information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1388, "end": 1408, "text": "cadaster information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 , 000 | | Date | Mar . 2024 | Jun . 2024 | Dec 2024 | Mar . 2029 | Comment : Woreda Roads ( kilometers ) constructed under the Program which remain accessible and motorable during all seasons of the year throughout the design life of the roads , and road accident data management system ( RADMS ) in use # * * 3 Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | PBC Name | | Baseline | Act | ual ( current ) | Closingdate | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | value | Date | | | * * ► * * Climate resilient and all - < br > Season Connectivity assets | Value | - | 0 | Dec-2024 | Nil | | operationalized ( Number ) | Allocated < br > amount | 0 . 00 | | | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | | 125 , 000 . 000 . 00 | | | | PBC Name | | Baseline | Act | ual ( current ) | Closingdate | | | | | value | Date | | | * * ► * * Rural population that < br > benefits from improved | Value | 52 , 695 , 410 | 52 , 695 , 410 | Dec-2024 | Nil | | access to sustainable < br > transport infrastructure and < br > services ( Number | Allocated < br > amount | 0 . 00 | 0 , 00 | | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | | 22 , 500 , 000 . 00 | | | | PBC Name | | Baseline | Act | ual ( current ) | Closingdate | | | | | value | Date | | | | Value | - | | |", "spans": [{"start": 297, "end": 333, "text": "road accident data management system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Kyrgyz * * Rep . * * | | | | | 92 | 72 | 26 | 8 | | | * * Ukraine * * / 2 | | | | | 5 | 13 | 12 | 11 | | / I Estimates reported in Capek ( 1994 ) . According to other estimates , non-performing loans were 50-66 % of total loans in the early 1990s ( OECD , 1996 ) . / 2 Official data that probably underestimate the actual share of non-performing loans . _Source : EBRD Transition Report , 1998 ; International Monetary Fund ; Central Banks . _ There were significant differences in the magnitude of crises . For those crises arising from nonperforming loans inherited from the centralized system , estimates of bad loans as a share of total loans range from about 21 percent in _Hungary_ to 50-66 percent in the _Czech Republic . _ For those episodes of acute financial distress , not related to inherited bad debt , the ratio of bad loans in total loans varied from 40 percent ( in _Georgia_ in 1995 ) to more than 90 percent ( in the _Kyrgyz Republic_ in 1994 ) . While quantitative information on the magnitude of bank runs is not available for those crises involving liquidity problems , it appears that on some occasions liquidity problems were widespread ( as in _Bulgaria_ in 199697 and in _Kazakhstan_ in 1996 ) , while in others they were limited to one or two banks ( as in _Hungary_ in 1997 and in _Bulgaria_ in 1995 ) . With regard to the ownership structure of the financial institutions involved in banking crises , both state-owned and private banks incurred insolvency and liquidity problems . However , in government restructuring programs directed to clean up banks ' portfolios from non-performing loans inherited from the Socialist period , mainly state-owned banks were involved . 7", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 286, "text": "Official data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2022-09-08 < br > 2 | 022-10-1 | 9 < br > 2022-09-29 < br > 2023 - | 02-06 < br > 2022-11-12 < br > 2023-06-15 | 2022-12-10 < br > 2023-0 | 7-25 < br > 2023-01-09 < br > 20 | 23-0 | 9-18 < br > 2023-02-13 < br > 20 | 23-1 | 1-02 < br > 2023-03-20 | 2023-1 | 1-27 < br > 2024-09-10 | | KE-MOTI-312116-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES TO < br > UNDERTAKE PHYSICAL PLAN < br > NING , CADASTRAL SURVEY A < br > ND DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC < br > AL SURVEY OF 6 SELECTED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN T < br > URKANA COUNTY - LOT VI CL < br > USTER 3 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior < br > Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 250 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2022-09-08 < br > 2 | 022-10-1 | 8 < br > 2022-09-29 < br > 2023 - | 02-14 < br > 2022-11-12 < br > 2023-06-15 | 2022-12-10 < br > 2023-0 | 7-25", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parental guidance , and lack of care givers coupled with peer pressure . Cases of child marriage accounted for * * 4 % * * of the reported incidents directed towards young girls . As mentioned earlier , the cultural norms and socio-economic constraints especially during lockdown period largely led to incidents of child and forced marriage . Other contributing factors involved lack of support system among child headed households which leaves many girls more vulnerable . Boys on the other hand only accounted for * * 1 % * * with reported incidents of physical abuse . # # # # * * SGBV Trend January to June * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 % < br > 18 % 17 % 19 % < br > 12 % 13 % < br > JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > From the trend , high number of incidents were reported in the months of April , and June . This is due to COVID - 19 pandemic and related restrictions placed in Nigeria since March . However , the reported figure might not represent the actual situation because of case workers , partners and UNHCR working remotely during the month of March that led to majority of cases going underreported . However , increased level of * * 7 * * @ unhcrnigeriapage @ unhcrnigeria @ unhcr_nigeria http : / / www . unhcr . ng / | https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / nga", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Youth literacy rate ( % of people ages 15-24 ) | 69 . 1 | n . d . | 74 . 6 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Life expectancy at birth ( years ) | 42 . 3 | 45 . 3 | 47 . 8 | | Under-5 mortality rate ( per 1 , 000 live births ) | 149 . 6 | 133 . 2 | 111 . 0 | | Maternal mortality rate ( per 100 , 000 live births ) | 600 . 0 | 560 . 0 | 470 . 0 | | Prevalence of HIV ( % of population ages 15-49 ) | 14 . 2 | 13 . 8 | 13 . 5 | | Headcount Poverty ratio ( % of population ) | n . d . | 59 . 3 | n . d . | _Source : World Bank World Development Indicators . _ Aside from simple growth , fiscal policy is one of the main tools to promote economic equity and reduce poverty . Goñi , Lopez , and Serven ( 2008 ) demonstrate the redistributive potential of fiscal policy . They show that the difference in income inequality between Latin America ( the most unequal region in the world ) and Western Europe ( the most equal region ) is striking only after taxes and transfers are taken into account . < sup > 2 < / sup > In Sub-Saharan Africa , Sahn and Younger ( 2000 ) conclude that even though social spending is progressive , it is not pro-poor because social services and other public expenditures disproportionately benefit the wealthy . < sup > 3 < / sup > Similarly , analyses of Zambian public expenditures do not support the notion of a deliberate equalization policy . Giugale , Narayan and Saavedra ( 2011 ) show that greater equality in children ‘ s access to key services , such as education and immunization , are mostly explained by a scale effect , that is , an expansion of service coverage rather than the more equitable distribution of the service . At the sector level , recent evidence ( see Cuesta and Martinez-Vazquez [", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 558, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Table 14 . Stateless persons * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * , 2006 * * * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > Stateless refugees are included in Table 3 and stateless asylum-seekers in Table 8 . Data is not complete and includes estimates . Countries for which UNHCR has information about stateless persons but no reliable data have been included in the table with an asterisk ( * ) . * * | | Pop . | start-2006 | Pop . | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country < br > of < br > residence < br > Description / origin < br > | Total < br > | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ < br > | Total < br > | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ < br > | | ~ ~ Statements made by the Royal Government of Thailand have indicated that there m ~ ~ < br > Thailand . | ~ ~ ay be between 800 , 0 ~ ~ | ~ ~ 0 and 2 . 5 million persons ~ ~ | ~ ~ with an undetermin ~ ~ | ~ ~ ed nationality in ~ ~ | | 26The figure is based on an extrapolation from the number of stateless persons regist < br > with the Ukrainian Ministryof Interior . < br > | ered in the 2001 cens < br > | us in Ukraine . It includes 6 , < br > | 735 stateless pers < br > | ons officially registered < br > | | 27No official statistics on the number of stateless", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 111, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 11 : Education profile of Temporary employees . ( Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador < br > Incomplete primary ( starting point ) Incomplete primary ( ending point ) < br > Primary ( starting point ) Primary ( ending point ) < br > Secondary ( starting point ) Secondary ( ending point ) < br > Tertiary ( starting point ) Tertiary ( ending point ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys However , it should be noted that the improvement of the educational profile of workers is a generalized trend in the countries considered and cannot be considered a specific characteristic of non-standard employment since it is also observed in standard wage employment and self-employed workers . Statistics regarding the educational profile of standard employees are included in Annex II of the paper . Figure 12 presents the Kernel distribution of the labor income per working hour by country and type of employment . When we analyze what has happened at the salary level and distribution in the period under analysis , two important conclusions emerge . On the one hand , a shift to the right of the wage distribution is observed in all the countries analyzed , indicating an increase in their average . This growth in wages is simply a consequence of the economic growth experienced by these economies . Note that this average wage increase is also observed in the counterpart of standard employment in all cases . . 6 The second trend identified as generalized in the countries of study is the increase in the variance of the wage distribution . In fact , in most of the countries considered , non-standard employment wages currently show a significantly greater dispersion than that registered a decade ago . The only two exceptions are Chile and Peru in which the", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 623, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commercial performance , the project will finance SNE ’ s acquisition of an ERP software for the management of corporate resources , the roll-out of a GIS for the MV / LV network and client ’ s database . The Project will finance a revenue protection program , with the installation of a data management software and a fully integrated commercial management system , alongside with the deployment of smart / prepaid meters . > 47 This refers to infrastructure costs only , which explains the difference with paragraph 41 in the main text . > 48 For which financing has been made available under the project preparation advance to Government of Chad approved in December 2019 . Page 92", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 202, "text": "client ’ s database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to prioritise the remodelling of buildings because of increases in construction costs . < sup > As a < / sup > consequence some laboratories and pilot plants still lack refurbishing . * * ICT * * connectivity supported under MSI ( both on the local premises and to the Internet ) is considered a major asset . * * All * * equipment has been installed and is operational ; the mechanical engineering department is carrying out an extensive programme of calibration and expects to < sup > be fully < / sup > operational * * by * * September * * 2011 . * * Despite a financing shortfall for a full * * CAD / CAM * * facility , UIRI plans to offer more basic * * CAD / CAM * * services . * * All * * the new units within < sup > UIRIthat were < / sup > planned are now operational including the Industry Resource Centre < sup > ( IRC ) which providesa < / sup > variety of data on industry in Uganda for all interested parties . < sup > One < / sup > problem < sup > theIRC < / sup > encounters is that Ugandan companies are hesitant to share detailed information < sup > about < / sup > machinery they are using and other technological investments because of concerns of < sup > leakage < / sup > of information to competitors , and fears that data might be leaked < sup > to the taxauthorities . < / sup > * * 37 . * * The Technology Development Centre has a considerable number < sup > of value addition < / sup > projects at hand ( bamboo , ceramics , food processing , carpentry products , < sup > and naturalsoap < / sup > production ) . Other product development that has taken off includes : cosmetics , < sup > food-grade < / sup > * * 13 * *", "spans": [{"start": 869, "end": 895, "text": "data on industry in Uganda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Challenges in Implementation : * * - Time involved for all parties in the joint planning process . - Ensuring that agreed-to procedures and practices are followed . - Resistance of some members of the refugee community to consider SGBV a serious issue deserving of considerable time and attention . # # # # # # * * Results to Date : * * - Inter-Agency Procedures and Practices Manual on SGBV Prevention and Response produced and in use . - Host government and refugee community involved in process and follow-up . - Monthly statistics are compiled and distributed to all involved agencies . - UNHCR Protection Officers track cases through Nepalese legal system . - SGBV awareness-raising activities underway in all camps . - Psycho-social programmes established for survivors . - All involved actors and agencies know their roles and responsibilities vis-à-vis SGBV prevention and response . - Networks with the local authorities , implementing partners , informal refugee organizations and refugee community are established , allowing for coordinated and swift response to SGBV . - Changing attitudes vis-à-vis gender-related issues within the refugee community as well as with the local authorities and the implementing partners . - An Incident Referral System has been made known to all in the camps , indicating to whom an SGBV survivor should report and what happens after the reporting , i . e . , addressing specific medical and protection needs , counselling , legal aid , relocation and material assistance to SGBV survivors and their families - Systems are established that make managers of both implementing partners and government agencies and their staff ( refugees and local ) clearly accountable for their actions or omissions . All UNHCR implementing partners have developed their code of conduct based on the UNHCR Code of Conduct . - Representatives from the Camp Management Committee , together with UNHCR , governmental officials and the implementing partners were actively involved in developing and adopting the Manual of Interagency Procedures and Practices as a support to refugee communities for prevention and response to SG", "spans": [{"start": 532, "end": 550, "text": "Monthly statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 . . . mainly because the COvID-crisis has halted tourism . # # # # # # Montenegro must now deal with the deepest recession in decades … # # # # # # Real GDP growth , percent International tourists overnight stays , in thousands < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 , 000 < br > 900 < br > 800 < br > 700 < br > 600 < br > 500 < br > 400 < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > 100 < br > 0 < br > J 2015 – 19 average J 2020 < br > Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > - 5 < br > - 10 < br > - 15 < br > 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 20192020e < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ MONSTAT data , World Bank staff calculations . _Source : _ MONSTAT data , World Bank staff calculations . . . . and inflation plunged into negative territory . Employment fell in all sectors . . . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Administrative data , thousands , Jan 2015 – Jul 2020 < br > 220 55 < br > 50 < br > 200 < br > 45 < br > 190 40 < br > 35 < br > 180 < br > 30 < br > 170 < br > 25 < br > 160 20 < br > ▬ Employment ▬ Employment_tc < br > ▬ Unemployment , rhs ▬ Unemployment_tc , rhs < br > Jan-15Jul-15Jan-16Jul-16Jan-17 Jul-17Jan -", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 789, "text": "MONSTAT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1010, "end": 1029, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * _Impact on Social Services , Institutions and Infrastructure_ * * Based on inventory taken during the fieldwork for this study , the proposed power SS and TL Subproject will not affect any public infrastructure and facilities like community water tanker , local government office buildings , police station , etc . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Vulnerable Groups_ * * A total of 154 heads of households are identified as potentially vulnerable , and hence , will require special assistance during Subproject implementation and payment of cash compensation . Heads of households identified as potentially vulnerable include : 72 elderly male household heads ( 65 & older ) , 52 female household heads ( FHH ) , 11 Elderly and FHH , 8 physically disabled HHs and 11 chronically sick household heads In the interest of protecting lives and livelihoods of these groups , in addition to compensation payment and other community development support , vulnerable PAPs shall receive special assistance that would enable them to recover from the shock and re-establish themselves as quickly and effectively as possible . # # # # # # * * _Cut-Off Date_ * * This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on January 29 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for all Subproject components ( i . e . for TL tower pad , RoW and the new Limu Genet substation ) . During the census survey , all PAPs have been informed about the cut-off-date by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members . They have also been informed that no payment of", "spans": [{"start": 1444, "end": 1478, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1734, "end": 1747, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1844, "end": 1857, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Ethiopia Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project ( P174385 ) Progress under this indicator is tracked by computing , at the pixel-level ( using a spatial resolution of 30mx30m ) , the change in annual average LSWI from baseline , selecting pixels showing an improvement over the baseline after adjusting for external factors ( i . e . seasonal or climatic variables ) . LSWI values are computed using medium resolution imagery ( i . e . LandSat 8 or Sentinel-2 ) and incorporating a masking routine to exclude pixels that can result in unreliable estimates ( i . e . containing clouds , shadows , watr cover , etc . ) . The share of the project area showing an improvement in LSWI is evaluated after an appropriate lag ( i . e . 1 or 2 years ) on areas where interventions have taken place ( PDO 1 ) . Information on spatial location and timing of interventions in each of the project watersheds is required for tracking this intervention . Assessing performance under this indicator measures change from the baseline and compares this against any change that would have occurred without the intervention ( i . e . the counterfactual ) . Given the lack of satisfactio # # * * Improve carbon storage * * | | Base | line | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closing | Period | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Net greenhouse gas | 0 . 00 | May / 2021 | 0 . 00 | 17-Nov-2023 | - 149 , 038 . 00 | 31-Dec-2024 | - 915 , 000 . 00 | Apr / 2026 |", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 520, "text": "LandSat 8", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 524, "end": 534, "text": "Sentinel-2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| r-2013 | 29-Mar-2013 | 30-Ju | n-2018 | - - | # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * # # #  Deliveries attended by skilled birth providers ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 | 15 . 40 | | 16 . 00 | | | Date | 31-Mar-2012 | - - | | 30-Apr | - 2014 | # # Comments Updated information is expected from next round of DHS data in 2016 . Any new information will be provided after the upcoming MTR . # # #  Children 12-23 months immunized with Pentavalent 3 vaccine ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 65 . 70 | 65 . 70 | | 65 . 70 | | | Date | 31-Dec-2012 | - - | | 31-Dec | - 2012 | # # Comments Updated information is expected from next round of a full DHS data in 2016 . Any new information will be provided after the upcoming MTR . 12 / 23 / 2015 Page 4 of 8 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 444, "text": "DHS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> es ' Automated Management < br > Systems software implement < br > ation in the regions of Uzbeki < br > stan . < br > IDA / 62100 | Component 2 : Dispatch , Co < br > mmunications and Informati < br > on Systems < br > Po | st | | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 210 , 000 . 00 | | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-05-01 | 2023-05-06 | | | 2023 | - 06-1 | 7 | 20 | 23-0 | 7-17 | 202 | 3-08-21 | | 2024-02-17 | | EMS / 02 / RFQ / 22 / 01 / Financia < br > l support for technical mainte < br > nance of functioning of ambu < br > lance services ' Automated M < br > anagement Systems < br > IDA / 62100 | Component 2 : Dispatch , Co < br > mmunications and Informati < br > on Systems < br > Po | st | | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 87 , 000 . 00 | | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-04-03 | 2023-04-10 | | | 2023 | - 05-2 | 2 | 20 | 23-0 | 6-21 | 202 | 3-07-26 | | 2024-08-29 | | EMS / 02 / RFB / 23 / 01 / Develop < br > ment of Uzbekistan \" National < br > database of medical images - < br > < br > IDA / 62100 | Component", "spans": [{"start": 1115, "end": 1141, "text": "database of medical images", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper uses daily returns of stocks listed on the NYSE , AMEX and NASDAQ with share code 10 and 11 from July 1963 to December 2017 to compute downside betas . The data are obtained from the Center for Research in Security Prices ( CRSP ) . Stocks with prices less than five dollars are excluded . In order to ensure enough observations , stocks must have at least 100 observations in the year that downside betas are constructed . All returns reported in this paper are excess monthly returns , where risk-free returns are approximated by the one-month Treasury Bill rate provided by Ibbotson Associates . The proxy for the market return is the value-weighted return of all stocks included in CRSP . Firm characteristics are obtained from COMPUSTAT . Size is computed as the log of total assets . For computing liquidity beta , this paper obtains Pástor and Stambaugh liquidity risk factor from Professor Luboš Pástor ’ s website . To compute risk-adjusted returns , this paper also acquires the Fama-French three factors , five factors and the momentum factor from Professor Ken French ’ s website . and respectively . Panel A in Table 1 reports summary statistics of various betas , i . e . , CAPM beta , usual downside beta \" _βed_ < sup > _ − _ \" , ES-impliedbeta \" < / sup > < sup > _β_ < / sup > _es_ < sup > _ − _ \" , relativeusualdownsidebeta \" Relative < / sup > < sup > _β_ < / sup > _ed_ < sup > _ − _ \" andrelativeES - < / sup > implied downside beta \" Relative _βes_ < sup > _ − _ \" . Columns \" Mean \" , \" SD \" , \" Q1 \" , \" Median \" , and \" Q3 \" present < / sup > their mean , standard deviation , first quartile , median , and third quartile , respectively . The CAPM beta on average is less than 1 , suggesting that the sample in this paper overall is less correlated with the market and the majority may be small firms . The usual downside beta and the ES-implied downside beta are larger and more volatile than", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 39, "text": "daily returns of stocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both Saddam Hussein and the subsequent period of instability and insurgency was the country ' s informal economy . In the Afghanistan context , Ciarli et al . ( 2015 ) show that the probability that a household engages in self-employment activities with low capital intensity , or in subsistence agriculture , increases with surges in conflict . The impact of conflict could even be positive in the case of illicit activities . Stepanova ( 2012 ) argues that the war of the US-led coalition on the Taliban did not significantly reduce Afghanistan ’ s opium economy . Lind et al . ( 2014 ) note that conflict increases the perception of lawlessness while destroying infrastructure that is crucial to the production of alternative crops . In interviews conducted by Keohler and Zuercher ( 2007 ) , farmers confirm that opium poppy is one of the few available cash crops . And Goodhand ( 2008 ) even argues that in parts of Afghanistan drugs have contributed to some degree of political order . The goal of this paper is to offer an integrated assessment of the change in formal , informal and illicit economic activity in response to surges in conflict . The analysis is for Afghanistan , a country that has been repeatedly at war . The focus is on the period starting in 2012 , at a time when the intensity of conflict increased dramatically , after a decade of relative stability and rapid economic growth . The analysis relies on high-frequency data from non-traditional sources of information to measure economic activity . Satellite imagery allows us to assess nighttime light intensity for “ tiles ” measuring just one square kilometer . Remote sensing by satellites is also informative on the land surface devoted to the cultivation of poppies in every season . And anonymized cell phone traffic data from several thousand registered firms have been made available by a major telephone operator . These non-traditional sources of information make it possible to conduct rigorous empirical analyses despite the obvious shortcomings of official statistical systems in conflict-affected countries . It has been shown that nighttime light intensity is highly correlated with GDP in developing countries ( Donaldson and Storeygard 2016 , Henderson et al . 2012 ) . In South Asia ,", "spans": [{"start": 1431, "end": 1450, "text": "high-frequency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1771, "end": 1805, "text": "anonymized cell phone traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") < br > survey conducted , < br > report produced and < br > available on-line ) is on < br > track . < br > The MSE survey | Progress towards the < br > first intermediate target < br > ( Micro and small < br > enterprises ( MSE ) < br > survey conducted , report < br > produced and available < br > on-line ) has been made . < br > The MSE fieldwork is < br > ongoing and will be | All four < br > intermediate < br > targets < br > achieved | 6 / 13 / 2016 Page 7 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 124, "text": "MSE survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "policies and the other related to internal migration . To our knowledge , it is the first paper to shed light on the unique interaction between school fees and child migration . < sup > 2 < / sup > On the empirical front , we offer an empirical analysis of household survey data from China , which is a most interesting case to analyze the links between migration and access to education . Indeed , due to the _hukou_ ( household registration ) system , migrant workers in China are only granted limited access , if any , to the subsidized education and other social services available to local city residents . This contributes to many migrants leaving their children behind when migrating to cities for work . As a result , more than one-fourth of all children in China age 0 to 17 — amounting to almost 70 million children — are estimated to be left behind by their migrant parents ( UNICEF , 2013 ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > The focus on China offers relevant insights into important policy issues as recent studies overwhelmingly point to the detrimental impacts of parental migration on LBCs on educational outcomes including enrollment ( Wang , 2014 ) , grade attainment ( Meyerhoefer and Chen , 2011 ) , standardized test scores ( Zhang et al . , 2014 ; Zhou , Murphy , and Tao , 2014 ) , and health outcomes including overweight and underweight measures ( de Brauw and Mu , 2011 ) and anxiety levels and self-esteem ( Bai et al . , 2016 ) . In addition to having worse education and health outcomes , Meng and Yamauchi ( 2015 ) find that LBCs spend less time studying after school , receive fewer tutoring lessons outside school , and are more likely to be enrolled in > 2 The literature so far has mostly focused on the impacts of school fees on enrollment . For China , Yi et al . ( 2015 ) find that an unconditional financial aid program ( fee-reduction program ) had small effects on upper secondary school enrollment for Grade 9 students , but no effects for Grade 7 students ; Shi ( 2012 ) finds educational fee reductions to", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 289, "text": "household survey data from China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "welfare costs are 0 . 98 and 1 . 96 percent of lifetime consumption , respectively . Thus , our calculation suggest that both the short-run direct effects of tariff reforms and the indirect effects of the level of the tariff in amplifying the effects of macroeconomic shocks are economically significant . As we have mentioned before , the limited time series dimension of our income data might lead us to over-estimate the amount of permanent labor income risk Mexican workers face . > 34Although the welfare formula ( 15 ) is non-linear in _γ_ , this non-linearity is not very pronounced for moderate degrees of risk aversion . For example , if _γ_ = 4 , then the welfare cost of this short-run change in _σε_ < sup > 2is4 < / sup > < sup > _ . _16 % oflifetimeconsumption . NoticealsothattheresultsreportedinTableIXassume < / sup > < sup > _n_ = 4since < / sup > we use quarterly risk and preference parameters and the increase in income risk lasts for four quarters ( one year ) . 32", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 388, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # REPUBLIC OF KENYA # # # # # RAILWAY TRAFFIC FORECAST ( ' 000 ) | Average | | Actual | 1979 | 19 | 80 | 19 | 81 | 1 | 982 | 1983 | 19 | 84 | 1985 - < br > 990 | 1991 < br > 2000 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | laul ( km ) | < br > Coodities | Tonnes | Tonne-ka | Tonnes | Tonne-km | Tonnes | Tonne-km | Tonnes | Tonne-kn | Tonnes < br > Tonne-km | Tonnes | Tonne-km | % Increaee | X < br > r | | 620 | bitumen | 20 | 12 , 400 | 21 | 13 , 020 | 22 | 13 , 640 | 23 | 14 , 260 | 24 < br > 14 , 880 | 25 | 15 , 500 | | | | 625 | Cake cattle | 9 | < br > 5 , 625 | 9 | < br > 5 , 625 | 9 | < br > 5 , 625 | 10 | < br > 6 , 250 | < br > 10 < br > 6 , 250 | 10 | 6 , 250 | | | | 580 | Canned fruit < br > A . pulp | 40 | 23 200 | 43 | 24 , 940 | 45 | 26 , 100 | 46 | 26 , 680 | 48 < br > 27 , 840 | 49 | 28 , 420 | | | | 535 | < br > Cement 1 / | 416 | 222 , 560 | 433 | 231 , 655 | 450 | 240", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 62, "text": "RAILWAY TRAFFIC FORECAST", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ As per the Bank policy , the eligibility and entitlement matrix shall consider : - ( i ) all categories of affected people ; - ( ii ) all types of loss associated with each category ; and - ( iii ) All options for the types of compensation and resettlement assistance to which each category is entitled . The Subproject entitlement matrix was developed based on the FDRE ’ s standards and as per the WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements . The compensation will be paid according to the regulations as presented in Table 9 . 1 . Prior to the finalization of the RP , the entitlements matrix shall be disclosed to the affected community and consulted on . Where relevant , changes shall be made to the entitlements matrix to reflect the articulated views and concerns of the affected community , expressed during the entitlements matrix disclosure and consultation process . # # # # # * * 9 . 4 Cut-Off Date * * The cut-off date is the time when the PAHs and their properties are assessed . No person will be eligible for houses built and crops sown in the Subproject area after the census and inventory of assets . The establishment of a cut-off date is required to prevent opportunistic invasions / rush migration into the chosen land areas thereby posing a risk . Therefore , establishment of a cut-off date is of critical importance . This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . For this Subproject , different cut-off dates are adopted and these are presented below : Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on January 29 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for the new substation , tower pad and RoW . All PAPs have", "spans": [{"start": 1224, "end": 1254, "text": "census and inventory of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1610, "end": 1644, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1781, "end": 1796, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure [ 12 ] : Refugee food security status by length of registration_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Food security status by registration strata < br > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % Severe food insecurity < br > 40 % < br > Moderate food insecurity < br > 30 % < br > 20 % Mild food insecurity < br > 10 % < br > 0 % Food Secure < br > Awaiting Before 3 Between After 6 Total < br > months 3-6 months < br > months < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > As shortage of food is common in Syrian refugee households ( half of households assessed during the VASyR experienced a shortage of food in the month prior to the assessment ) , resorting to coping strategies is a widespread practice . Indeed , among households experiencing a shortage of food , some 90 % applied coping strategies related to their food consumption . The most common food-related coping strategies were : - Relying on less preferred or inexpensive food ( 89 % of households ) - Reducing the number of meals and portions sizes per day ( 69 % of households ) - Reducing portion size of meals ( 65 % of households ) - Restricting women ‟ s or adults ‟ food consumption so that children may eat ( 8 % and 49 % respectively ) _Figure [ 13 ] : Use of food-related coping strategies by type_ # # * * Food related coping strategies * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Less preferred / expensive food 89 % < br > Reduced number of meals 69 % < br > Reduced meals portion size 65 % < br > Purchased food at credit 62 % < br > Restrict consumption by adults 49 % < br > Borrowed food / help from friends or relatives 42 % < br >", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 605, "text": "VASyR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "None of these species have been listed as sensitive in East Africa . Faunal observations were also augmented through conversations with a number of local farmers who commented that the Red-tailed Monkey and the Mole-rat are pests , the latter being especially troublesome in root crops . Spot-necked Otters , _ ( Lutra maculicollis ) _ were reported by local people as being quite common in the river , although none were seen during the field visits . This species is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN ' s Red List of Threatened Species ( 2004 ) . In many parts of Uganda , the bushpig _ ( Potamochoerus porcus ) _ is also a problem , but the destruction of much of the forest in the project area and vicinity has led to the disappearance of bushpigs . Hippopotami , _ ( H . amphibious ) _ and crocodile _ ( Crocodylus niloticus ) _ have also disappeared in the last 10-20 years , the latter due to shooting by local residents ( WS Atkins , 1999 ) . Monitor lizards remain common , some exceeding a metre in length . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 2 . 4 Species of Conservation Importance * * Of the species recorded to still occur in the area only the African Spot Necked Otter _Lutra maculicollis_ is listed by IUCN as Least Concern . No species are listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered or Endangered . The main threats to Spot-necked Otters are considered to be siltation due to erosion near the source of rivers , cultivation of bank side habitats , indiscriminate bushfires , competition for fish and hunting . The use of new nylon fishing nets has also been reported as causing the death of otters , which become tangled in them and drown . The local fisherman may R . J . Burnside International Limited * * IA * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 539, "text": "Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The annual costs of being formal include a sanitary tax ( R $ 53 . 40-106 . 76 , depending on activity ) and the TFLF , a municipal inspection tax ( R $ 77 . 26 ) that firms need to pay within 30 days of formalizing and then again at the beginning of each year ; and a revenue tax . The revenue tax is a flat rate of R $ 51 . 65 per month for individuals who qualify as a MEI , and otherwise under SIMPLES ranges from 4 % to 8 . 21 % depending on revenue level and industry < sup > 4 < / sup > . In addition , it is mandatory for formal firms with two or more employees to use an accountant , who must prepare cash flow and accounting statements each month , ensure the firm makes the monthly tax payments , and each year submit a form to the federal tax authority . In Belo Horizonte the accountants charge on average R $ 300 per month for this service . Accountants are not required for MEIs with one or fewer workers and revenue under the MEI revenue threshold . For the median firm in our baseline survey ( described below ) , which reports having one worker and earning R $ 30 , 000 in annual revenues and R $ 1 , 200 in monthly profits in our baseline surveys , the annual costs of being registered would therefore be approximately R $ 750 or 5 . 2 % of their annual income . For a firm at the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of reported annual revenues ( R $ 57 , 000 ) and monthly profits ( R $ 2 , 000 ) , with the median of 2 employees , annual costs would therefore be approximately R $ 6 , 580 since they would need an accountant , or 27 . 4 % of annual income . This assumes formal firms report their full revenues . Our baseline survey asks firms what percentage of revenues they think other firms report , and the mean ( median ) is 46 % ( 50 % ) . Firms may also underreport workers , especially if this", "spans": [{"start": 993, "end": 1008, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "go < sup > 1 < / sup > < br > | 4 , 500 | 3 , 500 | | Côte d ' Ivoire < sup > 3 < / sup > | 709 , 400 | 709 , 200 | | Croatia | 4 , 800 | 4 , 000 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo < sup > 1 < / sup > | 1 , 606 , 200 | 1 , 075 , 300 | | Georgia < sup > 6 < / sup > | 234 , 200 | 246 , 000 | | Iraq < sup > 3 < / sup > | 1 , 172 , 000 | 1 , 834 , 400 | | Lebanon | - | 200 , 000 | | Liberia | 237 , 800 | - | | Montenegro < sup > 4 < / sup > | 17 , 900 | 16 , 200 | | Myanmar < br > | - | 58 , 500 | | Nepal < sup > 1 < / sup > | 100 , 000 | 100 , 000 | | Russian Federation | 170 , 500 | 158 , 900 | | Serbia | 228 , 500 | 227 , 600 | | Somalia | 400 , 000 | 400 , 000 | | Sri Lanka | 324 , 700 | 469 , 200 | | Sudan < sup > 3 < / sup > | 503 , 200 | 1 , 325 , 200 | | Timor-Leste | - | 155 , 200 | | Togo | 3 , 000 | - | | Uganda < sup > 1 < / sup > | 1 , 586 , 200 | 1 , 586 , 200 | | Total | 10 , 285 , 400 | 12 , 794 , 400 | 1 Newly reported IDPs at the start of the year and not included in previous UNHCR statistics . 2 According to the Constitutional Court of Colombia , there are serious discrepancies between the real magnitude", "spans": [{"start": 999, "end": 1015, "text": "UNHCR statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > _Yit_ = _β_0 + _βEExtensioni_ + _βI IndRecommi_ + _βGGranti_ + _βFFlexiblei_ + _αc_ + _εit_ , We include randomization strata fxed effects and compute robust standard errors . At the bottom of the table , we report the mean and the standard < br > deviation of the outcome for the omitted group of farmers , which in Column 1 corresponds to those who did not the grant ( T4 ) . In Columns 2-7 , the omitted category is the control group of farmers . We also report p-values of linear < br > combinations of the estimates coeffcients that map into the original study design . In Column 1 , the dependent variable is a dummy that takes value 1 if the farmer reported remembering the sowing recommendations were given to < br > him or her as part of our intervention . This question was asked in August 2015 during our Follow-up survey . In Column 2 , the dependent variable is a dummy that takes value 1 if the farmer kept record of the soil analysis given to < br > him or her as part of our intervention . 33 farmers did not answer this question . In Column 3 , the dependent variable is a dummy that takes value 1 if the farmer reported that he or she would probably follow the recommendations < br > in the following season . Data for Columns 2 and 3 were collected as part of the Commercialization survey , conducted in June 2016 . In Column 4 , the dependent variable is a standardized index of two individual dummies that take < br > value 1 if the farmers reported trusting the recommendations given by their input suppliers and IPAMPA , a local AES company . To compute the index , we standardize each dummy individually , add them all and standardize the < br > sum . We use the mean and standard deviation of the control group as reference for the standardized index . The questions in the index in Column 4 were asked as part of our Follow-up survey conducted in August 2015 . 40 farmers < br > did not answer these questions . The dependent variable in Column 5 is the number of", "spans": [{"start": 1288, "end": 1312, "text": "Commercialization survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or respondents did not consent for some modules to be assessed to their family members i . e . on hemoglobin measurements . Reglious reasons were mentioned . Households were assured that the shared information would be kept confidential and would remain only with the survey teams . - e . * * Recall bias : * * This is an important consideration in any retrospective survey of mortality and the one-month recall period on food security related questions . The recall period of 3 months was used with the hope that this would minimize the potential recall bias the probable days death had occured . - f . The infant and young child module resulted with smaller number of children or infants that were included in the analysis . Indicators such as “ introduction of complementary food at age 6-8 months ” , and “ continued breastfeeding at 1 year ” and the “ continued breastfeeding at 2 years ” . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 40 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we use bi-annual data of 25 countries : 11 advanced economies and 14 emerging markets during 2006H2-2018H2 . Advanced economies include Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Japan , the Republic of Korea , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Emerging markets include Bulgaria , Colombia , China , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Malaysia , Mexico , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Thailand , Turkey , and South Africa . The Euro area countries are omitted from advanced economies for the following reasons . As discussed by Ichiue and Shimizu ( 2015 ) and Wright ( 2011 ) , this is because their term structures had been highly correlated with those of Germany since the introduction of the euro . Therefore , it would be difficult to identify how much long-term interest rates in the Euro area have reflected the fundamentals of these countries . In this regard , the share of foreign private investors in the euro area has been higher relative to others ( Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014a ) ) . In the euro area , the zero percent risk weight has been a major driver of banks ’ holdings of foreign debt securities denominated in the local currency due to Basel capital regulation . Bonner ( 2016 ) shows that capital regulation encourages banks to substitute other bonds with government bonds . Because of this regulatory impact , the impact of foreign investors on interest rates for the euro area could be different from that of other countries . Hence , euro area countries are omitted . < sup > 12 < / sup > > 12Brzoza-Brzezina and Kotlowski ( 2018 ) employing the PSTR model also use data from both advanced economies and emerging markets . However , they use actual data , not forecast data 10", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 37, "text": "bi-annual data of 25 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1641, "end": 1695, "text": "data from both advanced economies and emerging markets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1717, "end": 1728, "text": "actual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10-year Treasury Bond Yield | - 0 . 501 * * * | - 0 . 576 * * * | - 0 . 203 * * | - 0 . 275 * * * | - 0 . 547 * * * | - 0 . 532 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0913 ) | ( 0 . 0954 ) | ( 0 . 0933 ) | ( 0 . 0975 ) | ( 0 . 100 ) | ( 0 . 104 ) | | ICRG Index | | | | | | | | Trade Openness | - 0 . 530 * * * | - 0 . 417 * * | | | - 0 . 510 * * | - 0 . 352 * | | | ( 0 . 180 ) | ( 0 . 175 ) | | | ( 0 . 199 ) | ( 0 . 192 ) | | Financial Openness | | | - 0 . 0899 * | - 0 . 135 * * * | - 0 . 0635 | - 0 . 148 * * * | | | | | ( 0 . 0488 ) | ( 0 . 0448 ) | ( 0 . 0486 ) | ( 0 . 0445 ) | | Transparency Dummy ( IMF ) Subscription | 4 . 656 * * | 5 . 166 * * | 7 . 351 * * * | 6 . 953 * * * | 5 . 378 * * | 5 . 718 * * | | | ( 1 . 883 ) | ( 2 . 324 ) | ( 2 . 054 ) | ( 2 . 161 ) | ( 2 . 168 ) | ( 2 . 569 ) | | Transparency ( IMF ) Subscription x ICRG | - 1 . 561 * * * | - 1 . 276 * * | - 2 . 113 * * * | - 1 . 986 * * * | - 1 . 643 * * * | - 1 . 212 * * | | | ( 0 . 465 ) | ( 0 . 509 ) | ( 0 . 499 ) | ( 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OPTIMAL SIMPLE FISCAL RULES 13 For country-specific parameters , we chose to calibrate to Algeria and Trinidad & Tobago ( TTO ) . This is mostly because Algeria is close to a “ typical ” oil producer , and TTO is close to a “ typi — — cal ” gas exporter many countries export both as measured by the size of resource exports relative to non-resource GDP . Specifically , BJS2013 ( Table 1 ) lists the 2002-07 average export revenues / non-resource GDP for 21 petroleum exporting countries which have petroleum export — revenues / non-resource GDP above 10 % running from Sudan ( 12 % ) to Saudi Arabia ( 82 % ) . The cross-country average is 38 % , which is fairly close to Algeria ’ s 33 % oil revenues and so it might be regarded as “ typical ” . BJS2013 also list five countries with natural gas exports above 10 % of non-resource GDP , and TTO ’ s 20 % is very close to the 21 % average . For the calibration of the model , we also include TTO ’ s oil exports ( 13 % non-resource GDP ) which bring total TTO resource exports to 33 % non-resource GDP . As such we calibrate _Q_ = 1 _ / _ 3 ( and _Yss_ = 1 , _Pss_ = 1 ) so total natural resource exports are 1 / 3 of non-resource GDP ( _QP / Y_ = 1 _ / _ 3 ) to reflect the relative size of resource exports to non-resource GDP in Algeria and TTO . < sup > 16 < / sup > However , we also chose these two countries based on a desire for geographic diversity ( Middle East / North Africa for Algeria , Latin America / Caribbean for TTO ) , and diversity of country size ( TTO has about 1 . 3m people with Algeria having 40 million ) . Finally , we also excluded a number of other countries with idiosyncratic features that would make optimal simple rules difficult to calculate , such as large numbers of migrant workers or political instability . < sup > 17 < / sup > Table 1 . Exogenous-Income Model Calibration to Algeria and Trinidad &", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the latest available PISA and PISA-D of 92 countries . Unweighted average . Student coverage as share of lower secondary enrollment : 100 % NAC ; 95 % LAC ; 94 % EAP ; 91 % ECA ; 76 % SAR ; 39 % MNA ; 3 % SSA . 47", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 36, "text": "PISA and PISA-D", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 12 : Vulnerability rate by decile_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 . 0 % < br > 50 . 0 % < br > 40 . 0 % < br > 30 . 0 % < br > 20 . 0 % < br > 10 . 0 % < br > 0 . 0 % < br > poorest 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 richest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS . The vulnerability measure allows identifying the most vulnerable groups of population ( see Annex , Table A4 for details ) . Those residing in small cities and rural areas have average vulnerability levels of 27 . 0 and 37 . 5 percent correspondingly . During the crisis vulnerability levels in those areas surpassed 40 percent . Despite low pre ‐ crisis vulnerability levels , residents of large cities also saw their vulnerability increase to over 30 percent of that group . Vulnerability is naturally high for those partially employed or non ‐ employed , and it increased to the 50 percent level during the peak of the crisis . Similar vulnerability levels and dynamics can be observed among individuals with low levels of education . Across the age distribution , children are the most vulnerable group , with average vulnerability of 51 . 3 percent ; and going as high as 74 . 3 percent at the peak of the crisis . Accordingly , households with children , especially households with two children , households with three and more children , and households with children and a single adult also have high vulnerability levels – 42 . 3 , 89 . 7 and 65 . 1 percent , going up to 60 . 7 , 90 . 6 and 72 . 7 percent correspondingly during the crisis . Retirees and retiree households do not fall into the vulnerable category as the minimal pension is above the official poverty line . Following Lopez ‐ Calva and Ortiz ‐ Juarez ( 2013 ) , we also estimate the vulnerability threshold in disposable income . We estimate the following regression ( see Table A17 for full", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 317, "text": "quarterly HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10505 # * * Abstract * * This paper uses data from a survey of 116 , 061 households in India to study people ’ s beliefs about inequality and demand for redistribution . The findings show that a household ’ s beliefs about inequality , implied by the perception of their position on the income distribution , is negatively correlated with support for reducing inequality . This is relevant since there are significant differences between where individuals believe their household stands and their actual position , with the gap between perceived and actual position exceeding two deciles on average . Despite these large differences , informing individuals of their household ’ s position on the income distribution has no discernible effect on support for reducing inequality . The paper posits that demand for redistribution may be unresponsive to this information because it is based on exclusively on household ’ s income and does not account for the sharing of resources within communities . In communities where group-specific public goods , such as religious and social goods , are present , class antagonism and redistribution are mitigated by community solidarity . Households benefit from these goods , and such benefits alter the individuals ’ beliefs of inequality . Consistent with this prediction , the average individual perceives their household as richer in districts with a greater supply of religious or social goods . The sharing of resources within religious or ethnic groups can shape perceptions of the income distribution and reduce support for redistribution within these groups , and thus requires serious consideration in studies of inequality . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , South Asia Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at mbussolo @ worldbank . org and at akshay_dixit @ g . harvard . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 122, "text": "survey of 116 , 061 households in India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 8 : Temporary employment by gender . ( Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s 1990s 2010s < br > Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico El Salvador < br > Female Male < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys # 4 . 1 . 2 Profile of Non-Standard Employment The next objective of this work is to investigate possible changes in the profile of non-standard employment , usually associated with lower productivity and greater vulnerability . The analysis of the employment profile was made based on access to social security benefits , education level , labor income and the task content performed by the workers . From the point of view of social security , we find that NSE shows a higher prevalence of informality compared with SE . For instance , the average prevalence of informality for our set of countries among NSE in the ending point of the study is 40 % while the prevalence among SE is 20 % . In this sense , a rise in the prevalence of NSE could be associated to a big set of workers without access to social security benefits . From a dynamic perspective , there is no a common trend across countries regarding the prevalence of informality among NSE workers ( Figure 9 ) . Indeed , several countries ( Uruguay , Brazil , Chile , and Peru ) registered a small decrease in the prevalence of informality among NSE but there is another set of countries for which the opposite is observed ( Mexico , El Salvador , Bolivia and Argentina ) . It is important to note that the changes in the prevalence of informality among SE workers between the starting and ending point of the study show a very similar dynamic compared with the", "spans": [{"start": 442, "end": 459, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 | 12157 | 26 . 8 | 6 . 0 | 50 . 0 | * For Indonesia and Korea , expressed in trillions of local currency units . For all others , in billions of local currency units \" * * Estimates . Columns 2 , 3 and 4 of Table 6 report total non-performing bank loans as a percentage of the monetary base , real output and central government revenue , respectively . Table 7 reports the analogue percentages for the liabilities associated with non-bank foreign borrowing . Note that regardless of which measure we use , Korea and Thailand exhibit high levels of total implicit liabilities . For example , in 23Our data on domestic lending are from the IMF International Financial Statistics . We have attempted , as best as possible , to net out lending from one type of financial institution to another ( for example , lending by a deposit money bank to some other type of financial intermediary ) . 32", "spans": [{"start": 602, "end": 626, "text": "data on domestic lending", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 640, "end": 678, "text": "IMF International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report – e . g . detailing corrective actions , with digital images , maps and plans showing any locations that are no-go , limited access or present risks of further chance finds ; - AWSB shall collate data and report Chance Finds and related activities on a regular basis during construction phase in accordance with the Project ’ s monitoring and reporting programme ; - The action taken and outcome will be recorded in the environmental issues register . 95", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 456, "text": "environmental issues register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". According to the Child Protection Information Management System ( CPIMS + ) , including Unaccompanied and Separated Children ( UASC ) , a total of 30 , 441 cases have been registered by the end of 2021 ( 17 % increase compared to 2020 ) . During the first quarter of 2022 , a total of 2 , 236 ( 1 , 122 girls , 1 , 114 boys have already been registered including 639 Unaccompanied and Separated Children ( 309 girls , 330 boys ) . The risk of sexual exploitation and abuse further increases , given the generalized recruitment of children in local > 32 < u > https : / / bit . ly / 3wmJAXA < / u > 11", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 65, "text": "Child Protection Information Management System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 4 : Share of workers by region of origin and risk type * * * * Panel A . Telework jobs Panel B . Essential jobs * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 % 50 % < br > 45 % < br > 40 % 45 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 % 40 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % 35 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % 30 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % 25 % < br > Natives Foreign EU15 NMS13 Non-EU28 Natives Foreign EU15 NMS13 Non-EU28 < br > born migrant migrant migrant born migrant migrant migrant < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Panel C . Income risk jobs * * * * Panel D . Health risk jobs * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 % 50 % < br > 48 % 45 % < br > 46 % 40 % < br > 44 % 35 % < br > 42 % 30 % < br > 40 % 25 % < br > 38 % 20 % < br > 36 % 15 % < br > 34 % 10 % < br > 32 % 5 % < br > 30 % 0 % < br > Natives Foreign EU15 NMS13 Non-EU28 Natives Foreign EU15 NMS13 Non-EU28 < br > born migrant migrant migrant born migrant migrant migrant < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculation based on EU-LFS 2018 data , following EC directive ( 2020 ) and Fasani and Mazza ( 2020 ) . Figure 4 highlights the heterogeneity in exposure to labor market risks between immigrants from different regions of the world , especially between migrants from high-income EU15 countries relative to the rest of immigrants . For telework jobs , the share of immigrant workers from EU15 countries is even higher than natives ’ share , whereas it is significantly lower among migrants from 17", "spans": [{"start": 1006, "end": 1022, "text": "EU-LFS 2018 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "clearing forested areas , polluting and endangering natural environments , and sometimes construction works involve the resettlement of families or communities . The IPF directly considers relevant social and environmental benefits and costs via the social and environmental index ( SEI ) , whose sub ‐ components are dependent on the evaluating government ’ s selected criteria . In Vietnam , the SEI consisted of five indicators : Direct Jobs Created ( DJ ) ; Number of Direct Beneficiaries ( NB ) ; People Affected by Repurposing of Land Use ( PA ) ; Cultural and Environmental Risks ( CER ) , and Pollution , in terms of CO2 equivalent emissions ( CO2 ) . The data required to compute each variable were primarily sourced from existing project feasibility studies . Additional variables on projected indirect effects were estimated using data routinely gathered by the National Statistic Office of Vietnam ( Marcelo , Mandri ‐ Perrott , & Haddon , 2015 ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > PCA was used to synthetize social and environmental variables into a composite social ‐ environmental index . Since many social and environmental data were > 13 . The information collected was used to populate a Microsoft Excel form , which in turn populated a database with embedded macros , programmed to transform the data using transformation functions and weights required to calculate the total SEI score for a project . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1103, "end": 1132, "text": "social and environmental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Diversification and Efficiency of Investment By East Asian Corporations * * Stijn Claessens , Simeon Djankov , Joseph P . H . Fan , and Larry H . P . Lang # # * * 1 . Introduction * * The East Asian financial crisis has at least in part been attributed to the extensive diversification of corporates , which is associated with misallocation of capital investment towards less profitable and more risky business segments . While a plethora of anecdotal evidence to support this argument has surfaced in the aftermath of the crisis , there was little discussion preceding the crisis . Quite the opposite , the rapid expansion of East Asian corporations through entry into new business segments was seen as an important contributing factor to the East Asian Miracle ( World Bank ( 1994 ) ) . In this paper , we examine the efficiency of investment by diversified corporations in nine East Asian countries , using unique panel data of more than 10 , 000 firns over the 1991-96 pre-crisis period . We offer three contributions to the literature . First , we document the degree of diversification on the corporate sector in Hong Kong , Indonesia , Japan , Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Taiwan , and Thailand , countries which have achieved enviable rates of economic growth over the last three decades . Second , we distinguish between vertical and complementary diversification and study the differences across the nine countries . Finally , we investigate whether diversification in East Asia has hurt economic efficiency . To accomplish the first two contributions , we use the inter-industry commodity flow data in the US input-output table as a common benchmark to construct vertical relatedness and complementarity indices between the primary and the secondary businesses of all sample firms in the nine countries ( see Fan , Lang and Stulz ( 1998 ) ) . These measures allow us to describe , for any pairs of businesses , the possibility of vertical integration , joint procurement , and / or sharing marketing and distribution in each firm . We document the degree of diversification in the corporate sector , distinguish between vertical and complementary diversification , and study the differences across the nine countries", "spans": [{"start": 923, "end": 933, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1601, "end": 1635, "text": "inter-industry commodity flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1643, "end": 1664, "text": "US input-output table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of picture text - - > 100 < br > 1 Finance < br > 80 X X Trade < br > 60 - < br > 40 - 1 < br > 40 < br > 1980 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 < br > Financial markets include stocks and international bonds and loans outstanding < br > Trade figures are averages of imports and exports . < br > Sources : IFC , BIS , and IMF . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _5_", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 241, "text": "Trade figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The RAP will document : - i . Size of land to be acquired . - ii . names of owners and occupiers of that land as far as they can be ascertained ; or in the case of customary land the name of the landowner who is the holder of the right over the land as ascertained by the community . - iii . local community leaders / representatives to assist in the process of land acquisition . - iv . magnitude of impacts relative to the need for resettlement and / or compensation and valuation of assets to be compensated for . - v . financial records showing the costs of relocation and compensation , the beneficiaries and indicating how these costs were arrived at . - vi . information on households or individuals eligible for relocation to their socioeconomic standing - vii . ( incomes , production material assets , debts etc . ) . - viii . details of resettlement after-care and assistance , where appropriate and . Note : Preparation and implementation of the RAP and compensation will be undertaken prior to the start of any civil works on the subproject begins . # # * * 9 . 2 Voluntary Land Donations * * ESS 5 is applicable as per clause 4 ( g ) where land rights or claims to land , or resources relinquished by individuals or communities without full payment of compensation . ESS 5 footnote 10 defines voluntary land donation as the ceding or a property by an owner who is : ( a ) appropriately informed ; and ( b ) can exercise free will , that is , can refuse to donate . There are situations in which people are willing to donate a portion of their land for project purposes for no compensation or reduced compensation . Voluntary land donations may involve some monetary or non-monetary benefits or incentives provide to the land donor by the project or by community members benefiting from a project . both can be broadly classified as a voluntary land donation because the transfer of assets takes place without payment of compensation at replacement value . Appropriately informed in this case means that the owner has all available information", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 540, "text": "financial records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * # * * | * * Issue / Comments * * | * * Responses * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 11 . | Will the project compensate < br > for affected graves as well ? | The consultant team will record all affected assets < br > including graves during the census and asset inventory < br > and then compensation will be done in line with the < br > traditional / religious norms / rites of the people affected < br > and the NLC Act . | | 12 . | For us fathers who have not < br > officially allocated land to < br > our children ( sons ) we will < br > be able to relocate with our < br > sons who have their houses < br > constructed on our lands < br > since we understand NLC < br > only < br > compensate < br > Title < br > holders . This will allow us < br > to stay close with each other < br > as a family . | This has been noted by the consultant | | 13 . | Will I be compensated for < br > any < br > crops < br > and < br > trees < br > grown / planted < br > in < br > other < br > people ’ s parcels of land ? | Yes , all the affected persons will be compensated as per < br > Kenya Law and World Bank ’ s O . P 4 . 12 . < br > So , the Land owner will be compensated for his land < br > while the crop / tree owner will also be compensated for < br > his trees and crops . | 39", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 276, "text": "census and asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mongolia is a small , transitional country with a population of slightly above three million living in a landlocked area located between Russia and China . Ethnic Mongols account for about 95 percent of the population . Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world , with almost half its population living in the city of Ulaanbaatar , the country ’ s capital . Following the dismantling of the USSR in the early 1990s , Mongolia ’ s economy changed dramatically from a centrally planned system to a market-based one , and Soviet assistance , which had accounted for almost one-third of Mongolia ’ s GDP , disappeared almost overnight . Mongolia is resource-rich , with large deposits of copper , gold , coal , and uranium . Its mining sector accounts for almost one-fifth of GDP and 40 percent of exports , although it accounts for only 4 . 2 percent of employment . Mining has transformed Mongolia in a few decades from a traditional agricultural - and herding-based economy to a resource-based economy ( World Bank Enterprise Survey , 2013 ) . Today , Mongolia has a per capita GDP of USD $ 13 , 000 ( PPP ) , which makes its economy comparable to that of South Africa or Sri Lanka . Agriculture nonetheless remains the largest employer in the country and still absorbs 30 percent of the labor force ( down from 46 percent in 2003 ) , followed by services ( 17 percent ) , public administration ( 15 percent ) , and manufacturing ( 10 percent ) ( World Bank Enterprise Survey , 2013 ) . Structural economic changes have been accompanied by two important demographic shifts that have imposed additional pressure on labor markets . Mongolia ’ s population is relatively young : the median age is 26 years , while the youth share of the working-age population is close to 55 percent . Likewise , the clearly declining trend of employment in herding and agricultural is mirrored by strong internal migration from provinces to the city of Ulaanbaatar . Indeed , since the late 1990s , population growth in Ulaanbaatar has averaged 5 . 8 percent , twice the country ’ s population growth rate . In 2013 , 20 percent", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1059, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Krugman , Paul & Elizondo , Raul Livas , 1996 . \" Trade policy and the Third World metropolis , \" Journal of Development Economics , Elsevier , vol . 49 ( 1 ) , pages 137-150 , April . Lall , S . , M . Lebrand , and M . E . Soppelsa . 2021 . “ The Evolution of City Form : Evidence from Satellite Data . ” Policy Research Working Paper 9618 , World Bank , Washington , DC . Lenzu , Simone , David Rivers , and Joris Tielens . 2019 . \" Financial Shocks and Productivity : Pricing response and the TFPR-TFPQ bifurcation . \" Available at SSRN 3442156 . Maré , D . C . and G . Graham . 2013 . Agglomeration elasticity and firm heterogeneity . Journal of Urban Economics , 75 : 44-56 Marschak , Jacob and William H . Andrews . 1944 . “ Random Simultaneous Equations and the Theory of Production . ” Econometrica 12 ( 3-4 ) : 143 – 205 McMillen , D . P . 2003 . “ Employment subcenters in Chicago : Past , present , and future . ” Economic Perspectives , Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , 27 ( 2 ) : 2 – 14 . Mendershausen , H . , 1938 , On the significance of Professor Douglas ' s production function , Econometrica 6 , no . 2 , 143-153 . Moretti , E . 2004 . “ Human Capital Externalities in Cities . ” In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics , Vol . 4 . , edited by J . V . Henderson and J-F Thisse , 2243 – 91 . Amsterdam : North-Holland . Nakamura , S . , B . Paliwal , and N . Yoshida . 2018 . “ Overview of the Trends of Monetary and Non-Monetary Poverty and Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa . ” Paper presented at the 2018 Jobs and Development Conference , World Bank , Washington , DC . Quintero , L . E . , and M . Roberts . 2018 . “ Explaining Spatial Variations in Productivity : Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean . ” Policy Research Working Paper 8560 , World Bank , Washington , DC . Redding , Stephen and", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 301, "text": "Satellite Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Disbursement will be pro - < br > rated ( 50 per cent for MELQO < br > and 50 per cent for EGRA ) | | | . < br > DLR # 5b . 2 : Nation-wide < br > baseline data on child < br > development and learning < br > collected using MELQO < br > and EGRA . | | DLR # 5b . 2 : < br > 2 , 000 , 000 | Disbursement will be pro - < br > rated ( 50 per cent for MELQO < br > and 50 per cent for EGRA ) |", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 160, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ The Project Liaison officer will ensure that each complaint has an individual reference number , and is appropriately tracked and recorded actions are completed . This will be done via a grievance log which will also contain a record of the person responsible for an individual complaint , and records dates for the following events : - Date the complaint was reported ; - Date the grievance log was uploaded onto the project database ; - Date information on proposed corrective action sent to complainant ( if appropriate ) ; - The date the complaint was closed out ; and - Date response was sent to complainant . - Nature and type of grievances being raised The entire grievance redress procedure can be sumarised in the figure below < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A PAP files grievance with < br > the PLO < br > LRCC determines the issue < br > and communicates decision Grievance < br > within 14 days resolved No further action < br > Grievance forwarded to the < br > SCRCC and communicates < br > Grievance No further Action < br > within 7 days < br > resolved < br > Unresolved grievances referred < br > to the Environment and Land < br > Court < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * _Figure 10-1 : Figure Showing the Dispute Resolution Procedure_ * * * * _Resettlement Action Plan Report for Mombasa Lot 2B Pipelines_ * * * * _10-7_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 468, "end": 484, "text": "project database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- f . A system of regular review of OHS performance and the working environment will be put in place ; - g . A safety Plan shall be provided before the beginning of these works in the project ; - h . Insurance of project workers , equipment and machinery . - i . Vulnerable or marginalized individuals or groups shall not be excluded from employment opportunities based on their particularities . * * 4 . Forced Labour , Child Labour and Age of Employment * * - a . Forced labour which consists of any work or service not voluntarily performed that is exacted from an individual under threat of force or penalty , will not be used in connection with the project . No trafficked persons shall be employed in connection with the project . - b . Persons under the age of 18 will not be employed or engaged in connection with this project . - c . Age of workers will be verified from their national identity documents . - d . If an underage worker is found on the project , the contractor who employed such workers shall be stopped from working at own cost , fined ( contractual deduction ) and be given a notification to change such workers . * * 5 . Terms and Conditions * * - a . Wages shall be paid to the project workers by the contractors according to Ugandan laws . - b . Maximum number of hours that can be worked on the project is 8 hours a day . - c . All other terms and conditions specified in the Ugandan labor law , FEDIC 1999 and World Bank Group EHSG requirements apply to the project . # # # * * 6 . Workers ’ Grievances Management Committees and Structure * * In line with the provisions of ESS2 and ESS10 , the PSFU , PFIs and implementing entities will establish accessible and functional * * < u > Worker < / u > * * < u > Grievance Mechanism for all categories of < / u > * * < u > workers < / u > * * < u > described in", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 913, "text": "national identity documents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the municipal level . The improvement due to using AGEB rather than municipal variation is much larger for male LFP , which is harder to predict , than for female LFP . In short , the results support the use of augmenting survey data with geospatial data when estimating state-level statistics and when estimating municipality-level female and male labor force participation rates . When estimating municipal unemployment rates , however , the estimates are not reliable because the sample contains insufficient information to train a linear model . In particular , the sample contains no unemployed men in 44 percent of municipalities and no employed women in 68 percent of municipalities . Modeling unemployment rates using a linear model is problematic in this setting , highlighting the usefulness of software that can conveniently estimate and apply a wider range of non-linear empirical best predictor models . > 1 While this is in spirit similar to the sub-area model proposed in Torabi and Rao ( 2018 ) , the approach outlined in that paper is difficult to implement using publicly available software . 2 Code is available from the authors upon request . 4", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 233, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "microfinance operational data analysis shows that MFI lending , loan outstanding , loan recovery , and savings mobilized are lower in lean seasons than in non-lean seasons . Seasonal patterns of financial intermediation of the MFIs or seasonality of household borrowing in response to agricultural seasonality does not necessarily mean inefficiency in the resource allocation of either MFIs or households in a rural setting . Inefficiency in resource allocation for the MFIs may occur if MFI lending is affected by seasonality , which in turn influences the MFI income portfolio such as loan outstanding and loan recovery . That means , we need to test if the seasonality of lending affects MFI loan outstanding beyond and above what is affected by agricultural seasonality . Similarly , inefficiency in resource allocation for rural households emerges if seasonality of income induced by agricultural seasonality affects borrowing in support of household consumption or investment . That is , we need to test if income seasonality affects borrowing beyond and above what is normally affected by agricultural seasonality . Econometric analysis using panel household data involves model estimation where seasonal borrowing is regressed on income seasonality after controlling for agricultural seasonality plus a host of household and community factors affecting household demand for and supply of credit . Results show that despite the outreach of MFIs and their innovative measures to deal with agricultural seasonality , seasonal income induced by agricultural seasonality affects seasonal borrowing of rural households . This means borrowing is sensitive to seasonality of income , meaning supply of credit is not forthcoming when the demand for credit is high , possibly causing inefficiency in the production and consumption of rural households . Monthly operational data on lending , loan outstanding , loan recovery , and savings mobilized by MFIs are used to test if seasonality affects MFI investment decision beyond and above what is affected normally by agricultural seasonality . We estimated the lagged dependent variable ( LDV ) method to control for joint dependence of MFI portfolio management behavior . Results confirm that despite innovative measures to deal with seasonality , asymmetric information and lack of enforcement of loan contracts 25", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 29, "text": "microfinance operational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1150, "end": 1170, "text": "panel household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1851, "end": 1875, "text": "Monthly operational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig . 2a : India ' s spatial mismatch , 1989-2005 < br > 0 . 35 < br > 0 . 30 < br > 0 . 25 Plants < br > 0 . 20 < br > Employment < br > 0 . 15 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 05 Notes : Figure plots spatial mismatch in plants < br > and employment each year using the Ideal < br > Metrics for both the organized and unorganized < br > sectors combined together . < br > 0 . 00 < br > 1989 1994 2000 2005 < br > Urban spatial mismatch index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observed correlations among expert assessments : if these are substantially higher , this would suggest that correlated perceptions errors may be playing a role . < sup > 18 < / sup > If in addition the source of this correlation among commercial business information providers is that they adjust their estimates from year to year to smooth out previous discrepancies from other commercial providers , this would imply that the correlations among commercial business information providers will increase over time as these discrepancies are reduced ( see Kaufmann , Kraay and Mastruzzi ( 2006 ) for further details ) . To assess whether this holds true in the data , Figure 3 reports summary statistics on two sets of correlations over time . We focus on expert assessments from the four main commercial business information providers in our database : Economist Intelligence Unit , Crisis24 , Political Risk Services , and S & P Global , and compare them with two firm surveys ( World Economic Forum and World Competitiveness Report Executive Opinion Surveys ) . We focus on these data sources because they are arguably the most homogenous in the sense that they all provide perception of the quality of governance primarily from a business-oriented viewpoint . For each of the six aggregate WGI measures and for every year since 2005 , we compute ( a ) the pairwise correlation between each of the commercial providers and each of the surveys , and ( b ) the pairwise correlation between each of the commercial providers . < sup > 19 < / sup > We then average all the correlations within ( a ) and ( b ) for each indicator and year and plot them over time . The six panels of Figure 3 report these correlations . The first striking feature of this graph is that for five of the six aggregate WGI measures , the expert assessments from commercial providers are no more correlated among themselves than they are with firm surveys , i . e . , the solid line ( capturing expert-expert correlations ) is very close to the dashed line ( capturing expert-survey correlations ) . The second striking feature of the graph is that there is little evidence that the expertexpert correlations are increasing over", "spans": [{"start": 1005, "end": 1059, "text": "World Competitiveness Report Executive Opinion Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "would be reduced to 60 or below with addition of new teachers - Except districts where more than 50 percent of schools meet T1 are excluded from receiving teachers based on T1 , unless their overall district PTR is above 75 : 1 . Target 2 ( T2 ) : deploys the least number of teachers needed so that PTR reduces to below 90 ( in 2017 ) or 80 ( in 2018 and 2019 ) . # * * Estimating need under the revised rules * * Employing these revised rules , we then estimate the need for teachers to fulfill these targets in each year from 2017 to 2019 . * * Table 2 . 1 * * shows the number of teachers required in each district in each year following the application of both rules , along with the number of schools needing teachers . In each year , the data on school-level PTRs is drawn from EMIS data , reflecting the previous year ’ s allocations of new teachers as well as other movements , deaths and retirements of teachers in the system . 7", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 794, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9885 # * * Abstract * * Does the internet enable the recruitment of transnational terrorists ? Using geo-referenced population census data and personnel records from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant — a highly tech-savvy terrorist organization — this paper shows that internet access has facilitated the organization ’ s recruitment of foreign fighters from Tunisia . The positive association between internet access and Daesh recruitment is robust to controlling for a large set of observable and unobservable confounders as well as instrumenting internet access rates with the incidence of lightning strikes . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at abonfield @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 168, "text": "geo-referenced population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "methodology ( Elbers _et al . _ , 2003 ) by combining the 2007 _Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Condiciones de Vida_ and 2007 Census data . This allows us to obtain estimates of poverty incidence at the municipal level . The same sources of information and methodology also allow us to obtain estimates of the average education attainment of the population living in each municipality . Finally , the _Jurado Nacional de Elecciones_ < u > ( www . jne . gob . pe ) , the public organization in < / u > charge of organizing and coordinating electoral processes , kindly made available to us information on a number of characteristics pertaining to the political landscape within each municipality . We have information on the name , political affiliation , and education of the elected mayor in each municipality for the 2006 elections . In addition , we know the share of the vote that the elected mayor received , as well as of all other candidates standing in the mayoral race . We also have this information for the 2002 electoral cycle , which allows us to know if a given mayor was an incumbent when elected in 2006 . # * * IV . Setup and results * * We regress the percentage of the allocated budget that is actually spent ( or execution rate ) by each municipality in 2007 , 2008 and 2009 on local characteristics that capture the main hypotheses under consideration – namely , issues related to budget size and allocation process , local capacity , local needs , and political economy . We do so for all fiscal expenditures , capital and current expenditures , and defined capital expenditures alone . We focus most of the analysis , however , on the latter because it is the component of the budget with the lowest rate of execution . Our basic specification is as follows : Where , represents the budget execution rate by municipality _i_ in year _t_ , is 10", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 140, "text": "2007 Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SECTION 5 * * # # * * 5 . PERSONS WITH SPECIFIC NEEDS ( PwSN ) * * The available data and MSNA SWG workshop feedback showed that the following groups are either vulnerable across sectors or particularly vulnerable with regards to the food security sector : - * * Newcomers : * * Handicap International ‟ s Livelihoods Assessment report ( August 2013 ) identified newcomers as particularly vulnerable with regards food security as , when they arrive , they often do not know about assistance systems . Handicap International states that it is very important to assist them with some household essential items / food items ( HEI / FI ) but also with advice and information about assistance systems . It recommends giving them a first assistance kit to help them focus on other priority needs . - * * Host communities : * * host communities were identified by workshop participants as being particularly vulnerable to food insecurity in Lebanon as they refuse any assistance in order to avoid being seen as refugees . Providing assistance to host communities through different distribution sites or via the government instead of humanitarian actors could be a solution for acceptance . - * * Families excluded from assistance : * * some families that have been excluded from assistance following targeting have reported not being able to afford food anymore . They are becoming more vulnerable as they are also running out of savings . - * * Elderly Palestinian refugees from Syria : * * the January 2013 Caritas assessment “ Forgotten Voices : An insight into older persons among refugees from Syria in Lebanon ” surveyed 220 households and showed that dairy , fruit and vegetable consumption among elderly Palestinian refugees was lower than that of their Syrian counterparts . Older Palestinians from Syria consumed dairy , fruits and vegetables on average two days a week , compared to three days a week for elderly Syrian refugees . Five days a week , elderly Palestinian refugees only consumed bread , compared to one day a week for elderly Syrian refugees . - * * PRL female-headed households : * * Palestinian women are", "spans": [{"start": 1506, "end": 1524, "text": "Caritas assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 3 NTM data * * We use an updated version of a novel comprehensive NTM database for Indonesia < sup > 3 < / sup > built by the World Bank . The data is hand collected through extensive regulatory checks . It has the most disaggregated NTM classification available , i . e . , 3-digit MAST level , and the highest frequency available , monthly series . This classification is the most appropriate for policy analysis as it identifies individual measures introduced or modified by each agency . There are over 600 regulations spanning 13 government ministries and agencies . A total of over 60 3-digit NTMs are available in the data set , each with values coded between 0 and 1 to signify when they were in effect on the corresponding products , that is , the data varies at the month-product pair . The starting point of this database is data collection by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia ( ERIA ) in collaboration with UNCTAD . Then the regulations are traced forward and backward from 2015 and coded accordingly , using various other sources , primarily through government repositories . This data is the most up-to-date data on NTMs and at a high-level of frequency , both of which make the data most relevant for the aim of this paper . As non-tariff measures usually serve a public policy objective , extensive evaluation needs to be made to identify those that may require reform . We focus on four measures in this analysis that previous research has found to be more restrictive to trade than necessary and requiring elimination or reform ( see Cal ` ı et al . ( 2022 ) and Cal ` ı and Montfaucon ( 2021 ) based on data up to 2018 ) . These measures are pre-shipment inspections ( PSI , MAST code C1 ) , mandatory certification with Indonesian product standards or _Standar Nasional Indonesia_ ( SNI , MAST code B7 ) , port of entry restrictions ( PoE , MAST code C3 ) , and import approvals ( IA , MAST code B14 ) . Additionally , three of these measures have been found to have higher tariff ad valorem equivalents compared to", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 102, "text": "comprehensive NTM database for Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1655, "end": 1670, "text": "data up to 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "total production will be valued < br > using constant prices from the baseline in order < br > to have a common numeraire ( Ethiopian Birr ) < br > to aggregate different agricultural products , < br > while eliminating the effect of seasonal and < br > annual price changes . This indicator will < br > capture agricultural output increases from < br > increases in yield , production intensity ( crops < br > per year ) and changes in cropping pattern . The < br > indicator will further capture the impact on < br > women by a specific analysis of agricultural < br > outputincreasesin femaleheadedhouseholds . | | Percentage increase in value < br > added per hectare | No change | This second indicator is directly related to < br > increased productivity per hectare . This < br > includes the increase in cropping intensity < br > ( crops per year ) , the increase in yields and a < br > change to higher value cropping patterns made < br > possible by irrigation . For more meaningful < br > comparison , the value added will be deflated by < br > consumer price index taking year 2011 as < br > reference . Additional price analysis may be < br > done to estimate the effect of price variation < br > ( not attributable to the project ) on the indicator . < br > Projections for this indicator were checked < br > against the updated pace of project < br > implementation and the detailed economic < br > analysis from the feasibility studies and they < br > werefound toremainadequate . | | | New : < br > ProjectBeneficiaries | This indicator will measure the number of < br > registered users oftheirrigationdevelopment | 12", "spans": [{"start": 1056, "end": 1076, "text": "consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". We nevertheless show geometric returns throughout our paper and researchers using our dataset can compute holding period returns for any period of their choosing . Eichengreen and Portes ( 1988 , 1991 ) focus on the interwar years and show that these were a bad period for investing in external bonds . Over the decade of the 1920s , nominal rates of return were around 4 % 5 % , which is similar to what we find in the 1920s and only slightly higher than the returns on UK or US government bonds . < sup > 16 < / sup > For an era that predates our Waterloo starting point , Drelichman and Voth ( 2011 ) also calculate IRRs and find substantive ( profitable ) returns on short-term loans to King Philipp II of Habsburg Spain , despite his notorious serial defaults . < sup > 17 < / sup > Klingen , Weder , and Zettelmeyer ( 2004 ) study the return performance of sovereign debt in a large sample of developing countries between 1970 and 2000 , including , importantly , the dominant form of lending in that era , syndicated bank loans . To estimate returns they use aggregate bank and bond flows , public and > 16 These averages combine sovereign , sub-sovereign ( e . g . , regional ) , and corporate bonds . Less than 20 % of bonds in Eichengreen and Portes ( 1988 , 1991 ) were issued by a sovereign . > 17 There is also a literature studying the overall portfolio return of British overseas investments before WW1 using price data , but with no emphasis on sovereign debt . Edelstein ( 1982 ) finds that British investors gained a higher return abroad than at home , using returns on 566 foreign stocks and bonds ( private and sovereign ) , 1870-1913 . Goetzman and Ukhow ( 2006 ) use the same data but apply modern portfolio theory . Chabot and Kurz ( 2010 ) compute returns on more than 4 , 000 stocks and bonds ( private and sovereign ) trading in the United Kingdom and the United States during 1866-1907 . They report significant excess returns on foreign government bonds compared with UK government bonds . None of", "spans": [{"start": 1426, "end": 1436, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) 66 . * * _Expected results_ : * * It is expected that an additional 20 , 000 farmers will be reached with e-vouchers through the scale up of the program in 10 districts . The increased access and use of pesticides and fertilizers , will necessitate extending the existing guidance ( Integrated Pest Management Plan ) and systems operational under the ongoing Agriculture Cluster Development Project to the 10 districts through the agricultural extension services . To complement a more effective agro-input market , government is preparing a national plan and early warning system to combat adverse climate change effects and migratory pests . This Integrated Pest Management Plan / Framework , for the control and management of epidemics and migratory pests ( such as locusts , army worms ) , seeks to ensure adequate capacity for surveillance , forecasting and an effective response , based on sound institutional coordination at sub-national and national levels . Without this coordination mechanism , the impacts of climate change and migratory pests will continue to have devastating effects on the agricultural sector , regardless of whether there has been an increase in agricultural productivity . In addition , strengthening the provision of agricultural extension service delivery will be vital for farmer education and dissemination of weather , pest and disease advisories . * * Prior Action # 6 . * * To enhance debt transparency , the Recipient has through the MoFPED published the verified stock of domestic arrears with a time lag of less than one year , upcoming SOE guarantees and other contingent liabilities from legal proceedings . 67 . * * _Rationale : _ Improved debt transparency yields enhanced accountability , especially critical at times of a rapid rise in total public debt , which has increased Uganda ’ s debt vulnerabilities . * * To adequately assess vulnerabilities over the medium term , the transparency of contingent liabilities is paramount . MoFPED has published detailed information on PPPs and SOE ’ s explicit and implicit contingent liabilities , including upcoming government", "spans": [{"start": 1598, "end": 1632, "text": "verified stock of domestic arrears", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assessment will be the Area of Analysis ( AoA ) described in Section 3 . The CHA approach is presented as the following four steps : # # # # * * Step 1 - Generate a List of Threatened and Range-restricted Species * * Criteria ( a ) and ( c ) require at least two key data sources , namely the global IUCN Red List and a national red list , which are supplemented from other sources as appropriate . Lists of species classified as CR or EN on IUCN Red List data ( provided by IBAT ) and the National Red List of Threatened Species of Uganda 2018 has been used . Restricted range species were determined from IBAT and Uganda National Red List reports . # # # # * * Step 2 - Screening based on Likelihood of Occurrence * * The list of species generated by Step 1 were screened for Likelihood of Occurrence ( LoO ) based on a knowledge of species occurrence in the area and the known ecological state of habitats within the AoA . Species are classified into LoO categories , namely Possible , Unlikely and Not Present ( Table 8 ) . Species with a possible presence are assessed in Step 3 below , but their status needs to be confirmed through future field surveys . # # # # * * Step 3 - Determination of Critical Habitat Status * * Reliable secondary data on a species ’ population size , extent of occurrence , other relevant information and expert opinion will be used to assess species retained after Step 2 . The following six guidelines are used for the interpretation and analysis of critical habitat : - ( i ) Recognized areas of high biodiversity value ( such as legally protected and internationally recognized areas ) , and importantly the reasons for which they are designated can provide useful indicators of potential critical habitat . A review of protected areas is therefore included as a preparatory step for the assessment of critical habitat . - ( ii ) ESS6 Criterion ( a ) requires an assessment against both global ( IUCN ) and national red list ratings . ESS", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 313, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 320, "end": 337, "text": "national red list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 442, "end": 460, "text": "IUCN Red List data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 490, "end": 544, "text": "National Red List of Threatened Species of Uganda 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 616, "end": 648, "text": "Uganda National Red List reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1237, "end": 1251, "text": "secondary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * _Economic Activities_ * * The majority of household members that were involved in agriculture was mainly from Mutunda ( 75 . 1 % ) sub-county while Masindi Port registered the least ( 45 . 6 % ) being engaged in agriculture . UBOS 2014 reports that , Mutunda sub-county had the highest percentage of people that were involved in trade ( 7 . 4 % ) and Masindi Port Sub-County had the least ( 1 . 1 % ) . Manufacturing as a main economic activity was carried out in a very small scale with Masindi Port ( 1 . 3 % ) taking the highest proportion while the least was in Kigumba Subcounty ( 0 . 2 % ) . Provision of Services as a main economic activity was mostly done in Masindi Port ( 16 . 8 % ) and the least was in Kiryandongo ( 3 . 9 % ) . Kiryandongo has abundant natural resources including fertile land , water resources , able to support commercial agricultural production . Kiryandongo district has a land area of 3 , 624 . 1 km < sup > 2 < / sup > which is largely arable with adequate surface and subsurface water reserves which can be harnessed and utilized for commercial agriculture and livestock . The findings from UBOS 2014 showed that the households in Kiryandongo district participated mainly in the growing of four major crops namely ; maize ( 67 . 2 % ) , beans ( 43 . 8 % ) , cassava ( 45 . 8 % ) and sweat potatoes ( 20 . 7 % ) . The highest proportion of household that grow maize was registered in Mutunda sub-county with 92 . 6 % and the lowest was in Masindi Port with 31 . 5 % . While for beans and cassava still the highest was in Mutunda with 82 . 7 % and 72 . 3 % respectively and the lowest was still in Masindi Port ( 10 . 9 %", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 247, "text": "UBOS 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1139, "end": 1148, "text": "UBOS 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rehabilitation safe houses were opened in Tigray , two in Afar and three in Amhara . However , humanitarian actors are still struggling to provide necessary services to address GBV response needs . The existing one-stop-centers remain limited , and are only available in main towns and cities . They are under equipped or unable to provide services due to the severe damages to health facilities and lack of supplies and frontline service providers . Moreover , several reports point to an urgent need to address the gaps in services available to survivors of GBV . Services needed include Clinical Management of Rape ( CMR ) , caring for child survivors , GBV Case Management , Mental Health , and Psychosocial Support ( MHPSS ) , sexual reproductive health , and treatment of traumatic fistula as well as support for depression , anxiety , and post-traumatic stress . Information from the one stop centers in Tigray indicated that majority of survivors sought services late , often while pregnant and seeking safe abortion or other sexual and reproductive health services . The conflict has also led to disruptions of GBV response mechanims , institutions and support structures . The Government has initiated trials to prosecute cases of sexual violence , following the Joint Investigation report , in order to complement efforts to provide redress to survivors of sexual and gender-based violence and ensure accountability . However , this effort may be hindered as the judicial system in Tigray has not been functioning since the beginning of the conflict , creating a gap in legal response for many survivors seeking legal redress . The safety and security services offered by the police have not been functioning since the conflict started , heightening the risk for women and girls . Reports show that GBV survivors ’ referrals to the informal justice system are commonly unsuccessful , due to discrimination against female survivors . Factors contributing to GBV against women and girls during displacement include overcrowding in IDP sites , due to lack of adequate shelter and inability to meet basic needs . For example , a gender analysis in Tigray by IRC", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 917, "text": "Information from the one stop centers in Tigray", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the setting up of the LIPWs ( prior action 3 ( ai ) ) did not rea_ < br > _Social Development ( MGLSD ) started a pilot with a US $ 300 , 000 grant from Int_ < br > _was launched later , in February 2021 due to unforeseen constraints and registe_ < br > _1 , 454 , 813 in FY22 . The single registry has catalyzed plans for the development_ < br > _objective information to manage emergencies and shock response_ . | _nd 304 , 155 in FY21 ( _ < br > _ch MGLSD . In FY22 , _ < br > _ernational Labor Org_ < br > _red 690 , 444 potentia_ < br > _of a national social re_ | _prior action 3_ < br > _Ministry of Ge_ < br > _anization . Th_ < br > _l beneficiarie_ < br > _gistry to pro_ | _ ( aii ) . Funding_ < br > _nder , Labor and_ < br > _e single registry_ < br > _s in FY21 and_ < br > _vide timely and_ | | * * _Pillar 2 : Supporting faster economic recovery and debt transparency_ * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Prior Action 4 : * * To provide liquidity to businesses , the Recipient has , ( a ) | ( i ) Liquidity provided | ( i ) 0 ( 2019 ) | ( i ) UGX125 | | through the Minister of Finance submitted to Parliament the Tax Procedures | to taxpayers on | | billion | | Code ( Amendment ) Bill , 2020 providing for ( i ) deferment until September < br > 2020 of corporate tax , tax on employment income and presumptive tax | account of listed <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indica | tors | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / | of | of | | Share | of age | groupi | n total | | | Pe | rcenta | e fema | leper a | gegrou | p | | at location , | Age / | Sex | | residence < br > | location | location < br > | 0-4 | 5-11 < br > | 12-17 | < 18 | 18-59 < br > | 60 + > |", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * THE WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMMITMENT PLAN ( ESCP ) : VERSION 1 . 0 - OCTOBER 2018 * * # * * Investment for Industrial Transformation and Employment ( INVITE ) – P171607 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMMITMENT PLAN DATE 7 / 06 / 2020 * * | * * _Summ_ * * < br > * * _Mitig_ * * < br > * * _Social_ * * | * * _ary of the Material Measures and Actions to_ * * < br > * * _ate the Project ’ s Potential Environmental and_ * * < br > * * _Risks and Impacts_ * * | * * _Timeframe_ * * | * * _Responsibility / Authority and_ * * < br > * * _Resources / Funding Committed_ * * | * * _Date of_ * * < br > * * _Completion_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 9 . 3 | * * UDB : * * UDB will ensure that , in addition to its < br > corporate exclusion list already contained in its < br > ESMS , the following activities will be excluded < br > from INVITE financing , both direct from UDB ( as < br > relevant ) and the PFIs via adequate clauses in < br > UDB ’ s financing agreements with PFIs : < br > - < br > Activities involving adverse impacts on < br > critical habitats ( in line with definitions < br > provided in ESS6 ) < br > - < br > Activities that would require Free , Prior , < br > and Informed Consent ( in line with < br > definitions provided in ESS < br > - < br > Activities in legally protected cultural < br > heritage areas ( in line with definitions <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "John Snow International ( JSI ) made an assessment of reproductive health in Goma and Kalima health zones from July 1-20 , 2002 but cautioned against making generalizations for the country based on these findings , as the size of the country and the dangerous security conditions made it impossible to survey more than two zones . JSI found that knowledge of the prevention of sexually transmitted infections , including HIV / AIDS is low . Condoms were rarely available , particularly in the East , and rape was used as a weapon of war by armed factions . HIV voluntary counselling and testing services were only available in a few locations , most blood for transfusions was not screened for HIV and the practice of universal precautions was unpredictable outside international NGO facilities . With the exception of HIV programmes for youth in Goma and Bukavu , reproductive health services for adolescents were generally not available . This is primarily because the public health system has been destroyed by years of neglect and conflict . Less than 1 % of government expenditure is spent on health in government territory , and the rebel government in the East has no health budget . < sup > 41 < / sup > Eastern DRC , where the majority of IDPs live , is a chronic health emergency . The minimum standards for reproductive health are not being met . The Ministry of Health estimates approximately 5 % HIV prevalence in the country . However , surveys of blood donors in the Eastern region show an HIV prevalence of approximately 20 % , which _suggests_ that HIV prevalence is higher in the rebel-controlled area of the country ; much more data are needed to substantiate this claim as blood donor data are suffer from significant biases . < sup > 46 < / sup > JSI reported that most facilities visited were using syndromic diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections . Few health facilities had condoms and none conducted Information , Education and Communication activities on AIDS . < sup > 41 < / sup > The National AIDS Control Programme ,", "spans": [{"start": 1451, "end": 1474, "text": "surveys of blood donors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1693, "end": 1709, "text": "blood donor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # Annex * * 3 : * * Socio-Economic Household Survey Questionnaire # # # # # Informed Consent Thank you for the opportunity to speak with you . We are from JVIDI Consulting Engineers working with Ethiopian Electric Power - We are conducting a household survey to learn about socio-economic characteristics of the households in this area . Your household has been selected to participate in an interview that includes questions on topics such as your family background , livelihood strategies dwelling characteristics , household income * * & * * expenditures and access to social service The survey also includes questions about the household vulnerability to shocks , trends : rd coping strategies , existing formal and informal social support mechanisms , knowledge , information and attitude towards the proposed wind farm Subproject . These questions in total will take approximately 45 minutes to complete and your participation is entirely based on your free will . Your answers will be completely confidential , we will not share information that identifies you with anyone . * * If * * you have any questions about the survey or what * * I * * have said you have the right to ask clarification and also you have full right not to participate in the survey . # # # # # Date of interview | Printnameofinterviewer | | - - - | | LNameofSupervisor | # # # # * * 1 . * * Address of the * * , * * ) u , . ) old | * * 1 . 1 * * | Zone | | - - - | - - - | | 12 | Worecla | | * * 1 . 3 * * | Kebele | | _1 . 4_ | Village | | * * 1 . 5 * * | NameofHouseholdhead | # # # # 2 . Respondent information | 2 . 1 | Nameofrespondent | | - - - | - - - | | 2 . 2 | Responsibilityofrespondents | # # #", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 59, "text": "Socio-Economic Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 250, "end": 266, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7155 # The World Bank Other achievements : Ethiopia ’ s ranking for on-line service improved from 126 to 80 and for e-participation from 170 to 19 from a total of 174 countries on the UN E-Government Index done between 2005 and 2011 . Skills are enhanced through short and long-term as well as on the job training . In an assessment made on training aspects of PSCAP , 87 % of the responses were positive and speak well of the usefulness of the training courses they had taken . Notwithstanding the above achievements , the incentive environment for the public servants has not improved and although civil service salaries increased on average by 15 % in 2005 , 23 % in 2008 , and 38 % in 2011 , these adjustments in pay have only partially compensated public servants for the loss of purchasing power . On the other hand , citizens reporting paying extra money to get public service increased from 4 . 3 % in 2005 to 6 . 5 % in 2011 . This suggests increase in petty corruption . # # # * * Locations * * | Country | First Administrative Di | vision | Location | Planned | Actual | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ethiopia | Not Entered | | Federal Democratic | Republic of Ethiopia | | | * * Results * * | | | | | | | * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * | | | | | | | Indicator Name | Core < br > Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | 1 . 1 ) Reduced budget variance | Percentage | Value | 14 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 10 . 00 | | | | Date | 23-Nov-2004 | 19-Jun-2012 | | | | | Comments | Reduced budget variance < br > contributes to increased < br > predictability and adequacy of < br >", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 220, "text": "UN E-Government Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "explicit development programs – using Brazilian data to implement the initial stages of the analysis , and plotting a course for continued research . # * * _Regional Disparities in Brazil_ * * Brazil has a long history of regional disparities . The Brazilian Northeast has historically been the poorest region in the country , with regional per capita incomes being about one half of those in the prosperous Southeast ( Lall and Shalizi , 2003 ) . Figure 1 describes the 25 < sup > th < / sup > , 50 < sup > th < / sup > , and 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles of the Brazilian monthly income distribution by state based on 1991 demographic census data . The highest median per capita household income ( $ 79 . 93 per month in Goias ) is nearly four times larger than that of the lowest median per capita household income state ( $ 20 . 49 per month in Maranhao ) . Eight states report median per capita household incomes of less than $ 1 per day , seven of which are located in the country ’ s Northeast region . Of the ten poorest states in the country , eight are in the Northeast , and two in the North region ( Azzoni et . al , 2002 ) . These large per capita income differences across regions are , moreover , surprisingly stable over very long periods . Per capita income in the Southeast was 2 . 9 times that of the Northeast in 1939 and 2 . 8 times in 1992 ( World Bank , 1998 ) . Beyond purely economic indicators , social indicators in the Northeast region are also considerably worse than the national average . The illiteracy rate is at least three times higher than that of São Paulo , the child mortality rate is twice as large as that of the Southeast ( 54 . 5 per thousand in the Northeast compared to 26 . 3 per thousand in the Southeast ) , life expectancy four years shorter , and income inequality is much worse ( Ferreira , 2004 ) . Inequality , measured by the Theil coefficient is 0 . 80 for Ceará , Bahia and", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 52, "text": "Brazilian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 626, "end": 654, "text": "1991 demographic census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * ANNEX 8 . INVESTMENT PROJECT FINANCING COMPONENT * * # * * Financial Management ( FM ) * * 1 . The World Bank team assessed MoE , TSC and JKF , the implementing entities for the IPF and established that the FM arrangements ( a ) are capable of recording correctly and completely all transactions and balances relating to the project ; ( b ) are able to facilitate the preparation of regular , timely , and reliable financial statements ; ( c ) can safeguard the project ’ s assets ; and ( d ) are subject to auditing arrangements acceptable to the Bank . 2 . MoE is currently implementing GPE PRIEDE , GPE Covid 19 Learning Continuity in Basic Education Project , SEQIP and EASTRIP all funded and / or administered by World Bank for GPE . Some of the issues raised in the FM reviews include ; Counties still submitting County Financial Reports late and with wrong reporting format despite a lot of training had been done ; the internal audits from MoE IAD very infrequent . However , the IAD indicated that the projects are audited annually only that the sharing with the World Bank may not have been done . Regular refresher trainings on the counties are recommended and internal audit department will be required to have carried out internal audit of the project activities at least annually and reports shared with the World Bank . 3 . * * Ministry of Education ( MoE * * ) : The following strengths were identified ; a ) adequate financial processes and systems that will support the program-including the Financial Management System ( IFMIS ) for capturing financial transactions and reporting and b ) development of a National Education Management Information System ( NEMIS ) that automated end to end management of education data and associated administrative functions . NEMIS tracks information on the learners instead of prior arrangement where Ministry of Education was relying on learners ’ information / data provided by the Principals / Head teachers and countersigned by the County Directors of Education .", "spans": [{"start": 1729, "end": 1743, "text": "education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In columns ( 8 ) to ( 10 ) in table 2 we look at this in a regression setting with plant and time dummies . In column ( 8 ) the OLS coefficient of 0 . 127 implies increasing the adoption of management practices by 1 percentage point would be associated with about a 0 . 1 % increase in output . In column ( 9 ) , we see the impact of management instrumented with the intervention displays a higher significant point estimate of 0 . 346 . As with quality and inventory the IV estimator is again notably higher than the OLS estimator , again indicating an endogenous adoption of better management when output falls . Finally , in column ( 10 ) we look at the ITT and see a point estimate of 0 . 056 , implying a 5 . 4 % increase in output ( exp ( 0 . 056 ) - 1 ) , although this only significant at the 11 % level . < sup > 22 < / sup > Looking at the small-sample standard errors we find the IM and permutation tests are all significant at the 5 % or 10 % level . There are several reasons for these increases in output . Undertaking routine maintenance of the looms reduces breakdowns . Collecting and monitoring the breakdown data also helps highlight looms , shifts , designs and yarn-types that are associated with more breakdowns . Visual displays around the factory floor together with the incentive schemes motivate workers to improve operating efficiency . Finally , keeping the factory floor clean and tidy reduces the number of untoward incidents like tools falling into machines or factory fires . Again the experience from lean manufacturing is that the collective impact of these procedures can lead to extremely large improvements in operating efficiency , raising output levels . # * * _V . D Results by plant_ * * We can also examine the difference in quality , inventory and output after treatment on a plant by plant basis . Figure 6 plots the histograms of the before-after changes in our performance measures for the treatment and control plants . No outliers are driving these differences , with all treatment plants improving their quality ( top-left", "spans": [{"start": 1117, "end": 1131, "text": "breakdown data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "027 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | | Observations | 2 , 200 | 2 , 200 | 2 , 200 | 2 , 200 | 2 , 200 | Note : Time Period : Investment regressions use annual data for the years 2007 to 2013 . Cloud regressions use data for 2007 and 2013 . Panel A displays separate regressions for the different types of capital investment while Panel B presents estimations for each type of could services . Capital investment variables are in ( logged ) thousands of pounds , while the cloud variables are a dummy variable . Treated firms are identified taking the average investment values for firms in 2005 / 06 and calculating if this lagged investment average is above or below the AIA threshold in any given year . Regressions use a binary AIA eligibility indicator . The regressions in Panel A are estimated using the method outlined in Callaway and Sant ’ Anna ( 2021 ) and those in Panel B use difference-in-differences . All regressions include year and firm fixed effects , as well as firm controls of lagged employment , a multi-plant dummy , foreign owned dummy and log age . These are not reported for brevity . Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the firm level . * * * , * * and * indicate significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level , respectively .", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 148, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "simulation that encompasses all levels of basic education , since the LAYS is designed to capture the education life of students from 4 to 17 years of age . Two , it has the largest country coverage , with 157 countries and 97 % of the world ’ s population aged 4 – 17 . And three , it combines access ( including dropout rates ) with quality . The second simulation exercise focuses exclusively on the expected learning losses at early secondary , as measured by PISA and defined in terms of an average PISA score . The third , and last , simulation translates the impact of a PISA mean score shock into the share of children performing below the minimum proficiency level , as defined by OECD and UIS in the context of the SDG 4 . 1 . 1c . < sup > 48 < / sup > One important element in these simulations is the possibility to present results in monetary terms . In order to do that we use expected earnings information from ILO ( 2020 ) and World Bank ( 2020c ) , and the expected long run return to education . We also compute aggregate results by bringing all expected earnings losses to their present value , assuming a work life of a 45 years and a 3 % discount rate . In order to make these results more realistic , we also adjust the aggregate loss by the expected adult survival rate ( following the World Bank HCI ) , and the fact that not all workers will always be in gainful employment ( following the measure of Human Capital Utilization described in Pennings , 2019 ) . We propose three global scenarios for the construction of our lobal simulation ( Table 1 ) . In the optimistic scenario , we assume that the length of school closures _ ( s ) _ , as defined above , is an average of 3 months . In the intermediate scenario , we expect schools to be closed for 5 months . In the last , and most pessimistic scenario , we expect schools to be closed for 7 months , or 70 % of the school year . These scenarios are aligned with what we have", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 920, "text": "expected earnings information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 27 - production is growing rapidly in the less supplied area , it has been assumed that prices will tend to level off around USh 200 per litre , and this has been used in the economic analysis . # # # # * * Economic Rate of Return * * Economic Rates of Return ( ERRs ) were calculated for the disease control and forage development components and for the project as a whole . The calculations were made over a period of 20 years . All project costs incurred and benefits accrued during implementation were reinstated to mid-1998 prices , using the consumer price index for the country . Based on the above assumptions , an ERR was calculated for the two project components and for the whole project . The results as compared to appraisal are shown below : | * * Item * * | * * Appraisal Estimates * * | * * Latest Estimatesa ' * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Animal Health & Veterinary Privatisation | 60 % | 27 % ' | | Tsetse Fly Control | 36 % | | | Forage Development | 52 % | 44 % | | Whole Project | 49 % | 31 % | a ' No separate ERRs were calculated for the veterinary privatisation and tsetse control for lack of data . b / This excludes veterinary privatisation . The ERRs currently estimated reflect the economic attractiveness of the project , although they are lower than what had been estimated at appraisal . The reason for the variance could be due to the exclusion of benefits of tsetse control and veterinary privatisation .", "spans": [{"start": 550, "end": 570, "text": "consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2019 ( i . e . , 1980 = 2019 = 100 ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > In 1986 , 55 percent of the EMDEs recorded real per capita GDP levels that were below those in 1980 . By 1990 the situation had not improved , as 58 percent of EMDEs had real per capita GDP > 22 The discussion that follows is based on the October 2020 World Economic Outlook database and projections . > 23 As already noted , even before COVID-19 , there were a number of countries in crisis . 16", "spans": [{"start": 312, "end": 359, "text": "World Economic Outlook database and projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 7 Page 5 of 7 * * ( 4 ) improving the socio-economic welfare of people in the surrounding communities . 18 . Adequate baseline data appear to be available on all of these points ( though better data will soon become available in some case , such as through the upcoming more detailed studies on the Batwa ) . The survey data currently held at Makerere University ( see MUIENR Baseline Study Report , 1993 ) do not include quantitative data on household income and expenditure . An additional survey specifically focussing on these questions would be very useful , especially if carried out prior to project implementation . Reliable estimates could be generated from a relatively small number of households , if an appropriate sample design is used . 19 . The M & E program should include replication of these baseline data at regular intervals , say every two years , with more frequent monitoring of key indicators in each area . The results of the first evaluation survey could be available for the mid-term review , although it is not to be expected that significant long-term changes in welfare can be measured over this short time period . Monitoring of indicators , to be planned by the TAU and carried out by field staff of the participating agencies and NGOs , should feed into day-to-day decisions on park management and into the process of screening proposals for the use of Trust funds . It is expected that the periodic evaluation surveys would be managed by the TAU through contracts with local institutions . 20 . Special studies should be conducted of ( a ) impacts of tourism on local communities , ( b ) the effects of compensation and resettlement on the affected people , and ( c ) the impacts of park management activities on the welfare and way of life of the Batwa . The use of participatory research methods in such studies should be encouraged , and to the extent feasible , they should be carried out by suitably qualified local institutions or individual consultants . This minimum program of special studies should be financed by the", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 334, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 967, "end": 984, "text": "evaluation survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1434, "end": 1461, "text": "periodic evaluation surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) | Value < br > IN00936016 < br > ► % of PSNP core tran | 4 , 079 , 000 . 00 < br > 4 , 113 , 060 . 00 < br > 4 , 131 , 994 . 00 < br > sfers received that have a value of at least 15 kg of cereals or its cash equivalent ( Percent < br > < br > | 4 , 079 , 000 . 00 < br > age , Custom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 80 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 95 . 00 | | Date | 31-May-2017 < br > 30-Apr-2020 < br > 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : < br > Data source : June 2020 Consumer Price Index data from CSA < br > In EFY 2012 the wage rate was increased by 16 % on average < br > Based on analysis of CPI data from CSA , despite the wage rate adjustments , < br > purchase a full 15kg of cereals with the existing wage rate . The existing wage < br > about 9 . 4 kg of cereals | none of the transfers can < br > can purchase in average | # Enhanced access to complementary livelihood services # < u > < mark > IN00936009 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of PSNP core clients with livelihood business plan financed ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 701, "end": 745, "text": "June 2020 Consumer Price Index data from CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 840, "end": 857, "text": "CPI data from CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "questions relevant to the drivers of job loss or jobs at risk were asked of permanently closed firms ( in either round ) . < sup > 33 < / sup > Therefore , we had to adopt a few simplifying assumptions to account for such closures : ( 1 ) that sales for permanently closed firms had fallen to zero ; ( 2 ) that the coefficient on sales in the job loss equation was equally valid for permanently closed firms ( even though job losses cannot exceed 100 percent ) ; ( 3 ) that newly entering firms had a negligible impact on net PFPS jobs ; and ( 4 ) that the effects of the other significant variables in the job loss equation ( which are not observed for these firms ) were swamped by the drop in sales to zero for permanently closed firms . Unfortunately , there is no avoiding such admittedly strong assumptions in the absence of more complete data . Once we have estimated job loss levels by sector , we must next adjust the proportion of job losses by occupational category . We consider it unlikely that firms adjust their staff levels for each occupation in equal proportion as they adjust their overall workforce levels . Some types of labor input are “ fixed ” and others “ variable . ” Unfortunately , there is a substantial disparity in the level of details on occupational categories in the WBES and LFS surveys . That is , the WBES survey asks only about “ production ” and “ non-production ” workers , whereas the LFS asks about occupation and job content . < sup > 34 < / sup > We attempt to estimate the share of job 32 For example , prediction models may be selected on the basis of cross validation methods , and where dimensionality reduction is required , through machine learning methods . 33 Firms that had closed permanently only answered section H questions in CFUBWES , which include closed year / month , whether they implemented certain measures before closure , and whether the firm is expected to reopen in the future . 34 These questions are intended only for manufacturing firms , but some firms with main products being services also", "spans": [{"start": 1301, "end": 1305, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1310, "end": 1321, "text": "LFS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "performance indicators , stakeholder consultative meetings , rapid appraisal , and other participatory techniques can be used to collect data for monitoring Subproject progress and performance in real-time . As far as the timing of monitoring is concerned , there is no single specific time when monitoring is needed . It ’ s an ongoing and continuing process , which needs to take place throughout the project life . Projects or programs take place in frequently changing dynamic environments which require the monitoring process to stay active at all times providing accurate and real-time information for decision making in a timely fashion . Strictly speaking , implementation of the proposed Haromaya - Chelenko TL Subproject will be considered completed only when the adverse E & S impacts have been addressed in a manner that is consistent with the relevant plan ( RP and LRP ) as well as the provisions of the national legislation and the objectives WB ’ s ESS 5 . To measure the outcomes and effects of the RP and LRP on PAHs , monitoring different aspects of the project will involve : # # # # # # * * _Day-to-day process / Activity-level monitoring_ * * This internal monitoring will be conducted by the RIT and focus on the physical progress of the RP and LRP implementation against the schedule in the approved plan . It will monitor : - Baseline survey completion ; - Progress of verification of losses ; - Preparation and disclosure of updated resettlement and livelihood restoration plans and approvals ; - Compensation payment against allocated funds ; Page 194", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1366, "text": "Baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Annex 2 – Summary of Fixed Asset Register * * | * * Asset class * * | * * Historical * * < br > * * Cost b / f * * < br > * * ( Kshs ) * * < br > * * FY 2022-23 * * | * * Additions * * < br > * * during the * * < br > * * year * * < br > * * ( Kshs ) * * | * * Dis - * * < br > * * posals * * < br > * * during * * < br > * * the year * * < br > * * ( Kshs * * | * * Trans - * * < br > * * fers in / * * < br > * * ( out ) * * < br > * * during * * < br > * * the year * * | * * Historical * * < br > * * Cost c / f * * < br > * * ( Kshs ) * * < br > * * FY 2023-24 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Buildings and Structures ( Re - < br > furbishment of buildings ) | 2 , 328 , 000 | 1 , 280 , 000 | * * - * * | * * - * * | 3 , 608 , 000 | | Transport equipment ( Vehicles < br > and Other Transport Equipment | 48 , 786 , 259 | 13 , 577 , 179 | * * - * * | * * - * * | 62 , 363 , 438 | | Office equipment , furniture and < br > fittings | 83 , 474 , 856 | 15 , 715 , 848 | * * - * * | * * - * * |", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 53, "text": "Fixed Asset Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * Management * * | Corrective actions are < br > implemented and tracked | Corrective action logs ; follow-up < br > inspection reports ; supervision notes | During supervision < br > cycles and post-incident < br > review | PIU ; Site Supervisors ; < br > Contractors / Suppliers | 58", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 110, "text": "Corrective action logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "obstacles and gather information from parents , teachers , school administration and other parties . Analyzing the reasons for dropouts , JRS undertook the following measures : < u > Primary schools : < / u > - Workshops for head teachers , deputies , Senior Women Teachers to develop guidelines for girl education , school work plans and methods to track dropout rate . - Hold assemblies to inform , counsel , provide extra lessons for girls due to sit final primary level exams . - Meetings with School Management Committees and PTAs to develop strategies and methods to track girls ’ reasons for dropping out . - Sensitize parents and pupils through music and drama competitions . - Increase number of female teachers as role models for female students ; support female teachers to increase their qualifications and recruit more female teachers . - Encourage girl-friendly environments in schools by forming girls ’ clubs , providing seperate sanitary facilities for girls and improving girl-teacher relations . # # # # # # < u > Secondary schools : < / u > - Provide partial payment of tuition fees for girls conditional on good attendance - Maintain database of information on each female student - Conduct extra classes for female students , especially in Math and English - Distribute sanitary materials , soap and underwear - Train women teachers in their special roles and responsibilities to girls - Devise strategies to track girls transferring schools or discontinuing education - JRS pastoral workers visit girls who leave school because of rape , pregnancy , early marriage or family pressure to work at home _G5_", "spans": [{"start": 1155, "end": 1201, "text": "database of information on each female student", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the survival minimum expenditure basket - SMEB ) increased from 55 percent in 2019 to 88 percent in 2020 ( UNHCR , 2019 ) . According to a recent WFP assessment , 50 percent of Lebanese and 75 percent Syrians are worried about not having enough food to eat . Loss of income and reduced production of food , essential for dietary sufficiency and diversity resulting from increased prices ( e . g . , eggs , milk , meat and fresh vegetables ) , will translate into greater food insecurity and reliance on external assistance over an extended period of time , particularly among the refugee populations and the poorest in host communities . # # # Sectoral and Institutional Context 4 . * * Agriculture constitutes one of the main livelihood sources for vulnerable communities in rural areas and is seen as a critical sector for employment creation and poverty reduction in Lebanon * * . The agricultural sector contributed 3 percent to the country ’ s gross domestic product ( GDP ) and employed 11 percent of the active working population in 2019 ( World Bank , 2021 ) ; the broader agrifood sector contributes to a higher percentage of GDP when related value chain activities are counted . Agriculture has the highest rate of those in poverty ( 40 percent ) and the highest rate of informal employment ( 85 percent ) , comprised mostly of women and refugees ( FAO , 2021 ) . According to the General Agricultural Census carried out in 2010 , the total utilized agricultural area ( UAA ) was 231 , 000 ha cultivated by 169 , 512 agricultural holders . Almost half of the agricultural holders relied solely on agricultural activities for their livelihoods and occupied around 63 percent of the UAA ( FAO , 2021 ) . Crop production represents about 60 percent of agricultural output , while livestock production accounts for 40 percent ( Dal _et al . _ 2021 ) . Exports accounted for an average of 21 . 1 percent of Sep 02 , 2021 Page 3 of 10", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 160, "text": "WFP assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1391, "end": 1418, "text": "General Agricultural Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Lower income countries , on average , collect less taxes than higher income countries , limiting their ability to invest in infrastructure and public services . This tax gap occurs despite comparable statutory rates and accounting for different levels of economic activity , suggesting the presence of deficits in lower income states ’ tax administration capacity ( Besley and Persson , 2014 ) . This paper distinguishes three key components of tax capacity that states must invest in to collect taxes effectively : identifying taxpayers ( identification capacity ) , determining how much they owe ( detection capacity ) , and taking in these liabilities to the state coffers ( collection capacity ) . Whereas traditional tax evasion models ( e . g . Allingham and Sandmo ( 1972 ) ) and a resulting large literature on third-party reporting emphasize detection capacity , this paper focuses on the two other dimensions of tax capacity , identification and collection , which are particularly relevant in lower income countries . Identifying taxpayers , a presumption in most developed economies , is a first order concern for tax collection in many lower income countries characterized by a large informal sector and the lack of proper identification systems for individuals , businesses , property and other taxable entities / tax bases . For example , 45 percent of people in Sub Saharan Africa do not have an official proof of identity ( World Bank , 2022 ) , and majority of lower income countries have sparse and inaccurate taxpayer databases ( Nyanga , 2021 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > Many contexts are reminiscent of Scott ’ s ( 1999 ) description of the premodern state as “ in many crucial respects , partially blind ; it knew precious little about its subjects , their wealth , their landholdings and yields , their location , their very identity . ” In order to tax , the premodern state sought to make society “ legible ” through the creation of permanent last names , the establishment of cadastral surveys and population registers , etc . Similarly , modern governments seeking to understand their potential tax base must increase coverage of foundational identification systems , business registries and property", "spans": [{"start": 1554, "end": 1572, "text": "taxpayer databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2024, "end": 2041, "text": "cadastral surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2046, "end": 2066, "text": "population registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply # * * Annex 4 : Developing Refugee-oriented Markets for LPG * * Examples of private-sector partnerships to supply LPG in crises and protracted refugee situations This case study provides a comparison of two recent independent efforts – in Bangladesh and Tanzania – to promote and distribute LPG for refugee cooking energy needs . While the Bangladesh context is still in crisis mode , the Tanzania context offers a contrast in terms of how LPG has been piloted in a more protracted refugee setting . Both offer lessons for engaging the private sector to achieve greater refugee access to LPG . In just four months in late 2017 , more than 600 , 000 Rohingya refugees arrived in the Cox ’ s Bazar region of Bangladesh . Their arrival overwhelmed the available supply of sustainably produced compressed rice husk ( CRH ) briquettes that UNHCR had been distributing to 95 , 000 existing refugee households in camps , and which had been covering only 20 per cent of those households ’ daily cooking needs . The camps took on a population density three times that of Dhaka , the Bangladeshi capital . The result , according to estimates by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , was a staggering three to five football fields of forest being cleared per day for firewood for cooking . ‘ Before and after ’ aerial photographs , as well as large clouds of smoke around meal times in camps , provided visual evidence of the need for an urgent and drastic shift in fuel strategy . Nyarugusu camp in Kigoma , Tanzania , has hosted Congolese refugees since 1996 , but in 2015 it saw a large influx of 85 , 000 people from Burundi in just six months . A survey by the UNEP DTU Partnership < sup > 30 < / sup > in 2017 found the average family spending 19 hours per week collecting firewood , with 52 per cent of respondents saying that they had experienced violence during firewood collection in the previous week . At that time , the", "spans": [{"start": 1747, "end": 1781, "text": "survey by the UNEP DTU Partnership", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This approach has a number of important strengths , but is not without its weaknesses as well . A significant advantage of this methodology is in the simple and powerful policy implications it produces . The analysis identifies which socioeconomic groups are benefiting the most from various fiscal policies , and highlights how these policies impact the poor . Conceptually , however , the incidence analysis rests on strong operational assumptions : for instance , the approach assumes that publicly provided services are homogeneous across all consumers , yet quality may vary enormously . Incidence analysis also assumes that benefits received by individuals are equal to the costs of service provision ; a perfect translation of taxes to consumers with no significant distortions arising from illegal behavior . Additionally , since data are more often available at the household rather than the individual level , additional assumptions must be made about the distribution of resources within the household . A common practice is to assume equitable intra-household allocations and to rely on per capita measures as the household ‘ s representative welfare measure . Finally , incidence analysis says nothing as to why the results are the way they are and rarely provides insights about how a certain program or policy influences behavior of beneficiaries ( or nonbeneficiaries ) . The precision of an incidence analysis depends on the quality and disaggregation of the available data . For example , an incidence analysis on health care in Zambia would ideally require that public healthcare expenditures be disaggregated at the provincial level by type of provision : hospitals ( levels 1 to 3 ) , clinics and health posts , and type of attention , i . e . inpatient versus outpatient . However , it is only possible to obtain data at the provincial level for combined expenditures on level 1 and 2 hospitals and combined expenditures on clinics and health posts . Additionally , only nationally aggregated expenditure data on level 3 hospitals are available . This limits the precision of the estimates . < sup > 5 < / sup > In addition , households are assumed not to change their behavior after they receive ( or fail to receive ) benefits . All households are also assumed to value the transfers", "spans": [{"start": 1993, "end": 2052, "text": "nationally aggregated expenditure data on level 3 hospitals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of pre-treatment and post-treatment waves : 1 . _Over what horizon is a pooled treatment effect relevant and of interest ? _ The analysis in this paper has assumed a common treatment effect γ . Of course if the treatment effects vary over individuals , researchers are usually content to estimate an average treatment effect , and the analysis here will still hold . However , in some experiments the effect of the treatment may also vary over time . In this case estimation of γ by pooling multiple post-treatment survey waves will yield an average treatment , where the average is over multiple waves . If the survey waves are relatively close together in time ( e . g . monthly or quarterly ) , then combining several post-treatment waves and getting the average 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the number of years between the final and initial year ; the figure is multiplied by 100 to convert to percentage terms ( Haltiwanger method ) . 2 ) The figures are a partial scatter plot of the residuals of employment growth rate ( Y axis ) plotted against residuals of informal competition ( X-axis ) . The residuals are obtained by regressing the employment and informal competition ( separately ) on industry fixed effects , year fixed effects , initial level of employment ( logs ) and ( log of ) GDP per capita . Informal competition variable equals the proportion of firms in the country ( excluding own firm ) that report competing against informal firms . 3 ) Group averages ( mean values ) of the residuals are shown . Close to the median value of the informal competition residuals is used to categorize the two groups in Figure 2A . The cut-off value used for the two groups in Figure 2B is close to the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile value of informal competition residuals . 35", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", \u0003 573 * * | * * 35 , \u0003 268 * * | * * 55 % * * | * * 73 % * * | * * 167 % * * | * * 17 % * * | * * 24 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Distortions to world trade : impacts on agricultural markets and farm incomes * * To what extent are government trade and subsidy policies still distorting agricultural markets and farmers ’ incentives around the world ? Nearly two decades ago a major World Bank study addressed that question for 18 developing countries ( Krueger , Schiff and Valdes 1988 ) , and found that farmers in those countries were discriminated against by their governments ’ policies , albeit less so directly than indirectly ( via restrictions on imports of industrial products and overvalued exchange rates ) . Another study at that time focused on time series data for developed and newly industrializing countries , and found a tendency for national governments to gradually change from taxing to subsidizing agricultural relative to industrial production ( and from subsidizing to taxing food consumers ) in the course of their economic development , and at an earlier stage the weaker an economy ’ s comparative advantage in agriculture ( Anderson and Hayami 1986 ) . Meanwhile the OECD Secretariat has been estimating direct producer supports by its member governments , and finds that they all support their farmers and that the aggregate degree of support is high and has not fallen over the past fifteen years ( Legg 2003 , OECD 2005 ) – having risen substantially over earlier post-World War II decades when manufacturing protection rates began falling to what are now very low levels in those countries . That is , developing countries ’ policies of the past had caused international prices of farm products to be above what they otherwise would have been , while the policies of high-income countries had the opposite effect . A partial equilibrium attempt to measure the net effect of those", "spans": [{"start": 634, "end": 650, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between the FSP and FISP programs is that the former has been able to graduate significant numbers of beneficiaries . Since the 2005 / 2006 agricultural season the FSP pack has been largely provided to new beneficiaries only . # * * 4 . Data Sources and Allocation of Benefits * * # * * 4 . 1 . Data Sources * * The empirical analysis presented below is based on the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey of 2010 ( LCMS VI ) , which was designed to monitor the impact of the Fifth National Development Plan ( 20062010 ) and to constitute a baseline for the Sixth National Development Plan ( 2011-2015 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > The survey includes modules covering health , education , economic activities , household expenditures and household agricultural production . The LCMS VI is a nationwide survey covering both rural and urban areas in all nine provinces . The survey includes representative samples for each of Zambia ‘ s 72 districts . The total > 14 Both plans are part of a series of medium-term strategies with the objective of ― making Zambia a prosperous middle-income country by 2030 ‖ ( Government of the Republic of Zambia , 2011 ) . 16", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 410, "text": "Living Conditions Monitoring Survey of 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 771, "end": 778, "text": "LCMS VI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "upper - and lower-bound estimates of transitions into or out of poverty at an aggregate level . < sup > 4 < / sup > An appealing feature of the method is that it also allows for delving deeper into the data to construct profiles of the groups who experience the various poverty transitions . We will focus specifically on the composition of the group of chronically poor , comparing the likelihood of chronic poverty along several dimensions , such as ethnicity and geography . The synthetic panel bounds approach has been validated against actual panel data for a range of countries and regions with good results ( Dang et al . 2014 , Cruces et al . 2015 , Perez 2015 ) . In this paper we focus on poverty dynamics in Malaysia as observed over intervals between adjacent survey rounds in the 2004-2016 period . > 3 See Deaton ( 1985 ) for the initial setup of the approach , and Bourguignon et al . ( 2004 ) for an application to poverty . Kraay and van der Weide ( 2019 ) explore the feasibility of drawing inferences about intragenerational mobility from aggregate macro data . > 4 We note that a different variant of the synthetic panel method produces point estimates , but applying it was not feasible in our case . We refer to Garces-Urzainqui et al . ( 2021 ) for further discussion of the two variants . 3", "spans": [{"start": 548, "end": 558, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1058, "end": 1078, "text": "aggregate macro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "structures and livelihood sources encroaching into road reserves provided in the plan . From the total number of PAPs presented in paragraph above , the breakdown of PAPs was 5 female PAPs among them 1 elderly vulnerable and 19 male PAPs with no vulnerable PAPs . Majority of affected assets were incomplete structure foundation , hedges , septic tanks and temporal business shed among others . # # * * Approach and Methodology * * < mark > The methodology adopted during preparation of this report was guided by World Bank OP 4 . 12 on Involuntary Resettlement , KISIP Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) 2014 , Land Act , 2012 and other relevant enabling legislations . < / mark > # # * * Public Consultations * * The process of tenure regularization was highly consultative where the community members were engaged through six meetings organized in various planning stages . The stages included ; At Introduction of the planning team to the community and SEC , Socio-economic baseline survey , preparation of settlement base map , community visioning and participatory planning , plan validation where the cutoff date 3 < sup > rd < / sup > September was declared of and at ARAP preparation stage . The PAPs were engaged during the PAPs meeting held in the settlement on 25 < sup > th < / sup > September 2019 , during this meeting , issues related to ARAP such as ; ( i ) legal and policy provisions with regard to ARAP , ( ii ) Identified ARAP impacts in the settlement after census and applicable entitlement , ( iii ) involvement of women in the ARAP process and ( iii ) Support to vulnerable v", "spans": [{"start": 966, "end": 996, "text": "Socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 # * * Authorship * * On multi-author papers , we give each author equal credit for the paper insofar as EconLit allows us to . This is in contrast to Rubin and Chang ( 2003 ) who gave authors of papers with two authors only half a paper ‘ s credit each , and authors of papers with three authors only one third a paper ‘ s credit . Unfortunately , EconLit lists only the first author when the original list includes more than three or four authors . < sup > 13 < / sup > In such cases , authors other than the first get no credit in our study as in Rubin and Chang ‘ s ; the EconLit user has no alternative in such cases . The author data required a good deal of cleaning . Many authors appear in different forms , sometimes with different spellings . The top 250 authors in terms of publication counts were all checked manually for multiple spellings and forms , and the scattered records aggregated ; the same manual cleaning was applied to other authors who ranked highly on one or more of the indicators . The trickiest person proved to be Matthias von der Schulenburg , whose name appeared in no less than ten different forms . < sup > 14 < / sup > The funniest was Adam Wagstaff , who after years of writing with Eddy van Doorslaer became ― Adam van Wagstaff ‖ in one paper . # * * Affiliation * * The EconLit author-address field gives the author ‘ s address ( affiliation ) at the time of publication of the article ( actually at the time of proof-correction ) . The field is empty until the early 1980s , so the results below are for the period 1981-2010 . The information in the authoraddress field needed some manual cleaning , and some explanation of what was done is in order . Some clarification is also in order on the issue of joint authorship . Each unit record ( one per publication ) generated multiple author-address records depending on the number of authors and whether or not they shared an affiliation . The maximum number of lines in the author-address field is equal to the", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 640, "text": "author data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "policies as most appropriate for different developing country contexts . This requires more impact evaluation studies of innovation policies targeted at green technologies . The next section explores recent data on existing patterns of green innovation . The third section then presents an overview of green innovation policies , discussing the policy rationale and the range of available instruments . A final section provides summary recommendations . # * * 2 GREEN INNOVATIONS – GROWING FROM A SMALL BASE * * Innovation in the context of development should be defined broadly as the commercialization of new ways to solve problems through improvements in technology , with a wide interpretation of technology as encompassing product , process , organizational , and marketing improvements . Besides frontier ( new-tothe-world ) innovations , this definition includes catch-up innovations , namely the diffusion ( both across and within countries ) and the adaptation to local context of existing green products , processes , organizational and marketing technologies . < sup > 2 < / sup > Green technologies comprise a vast range of fundamentally different technologies that support wealth creation and achieve more resource-efficient , clean and resilient growth : - Regarding pollution reduction and greater resource efficiency , technologies include improved recycling and energy efficiency in buildings ( thermal insulation and new materials , heating , energyefficient lighting ) , production processes ( new uses of waste and other by-products from firms into production inputs at the same or other firms ) , agriculture ( from GM crops to mechanical irrigation and farming techniques ) , transport infrastructure , and urban design ( including land use ) . - Regarding climate change mitigation , technologies include cleaner energy supply ( wind , solar , geothermal , marine energy , biomass , hydropower , waste-to-energy , and hydrogen fuels ) , end-use ( electric and hybrid vehicles , climate-friendly cement ) , and carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) . - Regarding adaptation , they include more climate-resistant products and processes appropriate for changing environments ( such as higher yield seeds for more arid and saline soils together with drought-resistant cultivation practices ) and tools to understand and insure against climate risks with improved early-warning system processes ( sea-walls , drainage capacity , reductions in environmental burden", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 252, "text": "recent data on existing patterns of green innovation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - 7 . Prole ¢ t Description . The Project would consist of : ( i ) Physical components : Expansion of water supply facilities in Kampala , Jinja , Masaka , Mbarara and Mbale simultaneously with waste reduction programs such as leak detection and repair and water meter installation in the distribution system ; rehabilitation of sewerage systems and expansion and construction of waste stabilization ponds * * li * * the same five cities ; ( ii ) institutional componentss strengthening of NWSC ' s financial , operations and maintenance capacity , through training and technical assistance , complemented by continuation of customer surveys and computerization of billing ; and ( iii ) preparation and introduction of an improved legal and institutional framework for water resources management , including pollution control . Retroactive financing up to US $ 0 . 3 million would be permitted prior to credih signing but not before February 1 , 1990 , to ensure continuity in consultants ' procurement preparation activities and the ongoing training program . The net incremental water abstraction from Lake Victoria represents only 0 . 1 percent of the outflow of the Lako into the Nile at Jinja . The Ugandan Government has notified the four riparian states , and Tanzania , Sudan and Egypt have indicated their no objection , while Kenya has not responded . It is the Bank ' s judgment that implementation of the proposed Project will not cause Kenya appreciable qualitative nor quantitative harm . 8 . Ra_tlonale for MD & Involvemont . Several donors have been involved and are Interested in further involvement in the water sector , but they look to the Association for coordination of policies and investment actions in an appropriate sector framework , in particular when it comes to assisting Government in creating an efficient , self-financing water authority , formulating and executing a humane resettlement policy and introducing sound environmental policies . In fact , an Environmental Assessment covering all Program components was part of the World Bank staff appraisal . The Association ' s preparatory work for the Program has already served as a catalyst to attract substantial donor co", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 645, "text": "customer surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 874 people – 166 , 101 in rural areas . Of the previously established water points , 211 water points have been nonfunctional for over 5 years and are considered abandoned . * * _Luwero : _ * * The water access rates in Luwero District vary from 44 % in Kamira Sub-County to 95 % in Luwero Sub-County . Luwero has 1 , 317 domestic water points which serve a total of 371 , 676 people – 301 , 231 in rural areas . Of the previously established water points , 170 have been non-functional for over 5 years and are considered abandoned . # # # * * 4 . 3 . 10 Vulnerable Groups * * The following groups have been identified as vulnerable within the study area : * * Poverty Status in the Project Districts : * * The most recent poverty estimate from the UNHS 2019 / 20 is that 20 . 3 % of the population is impoverished , based on the national poverty line . Uganda , as is the case in most African countries , attracts youth to urban centres due to perceived opportunities and better life in urban areas . It is estimated that in the urban centres within the project districts , 50 to 60 % of its population live in slum conditions . * * Orphans and children : * * Children are the single largest group of Ugandans living in absolute poverty , constituting 59 % of the absolute poor . Poor children are less likely to attend school and have little control over their situation and socio-economic environment . Orphans and children lack recognition and are often neglected and mistreated . Orphaned children also tend to be marginalised by their guardians , and may end up as street children or child prostitutes . * * Elderly : * * Studies that link old age to poverty in Uganda are very scarce . However , it is evident that older people in both rural and urban areas fall steadily into poverty as old age sets in . However , there are also", "spans": [{"start": 752, "end": 766, "text": "UNHS 2019 / 20", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan Tables . * * _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MOPH | | | Number of healthcare | | | | | | 1 . 3 Percentage of healthcare facilities < br > with triage capacity | facilities with capacity to < br > conduct triage as a < br > percentge of all the health < br > facilities . | weekly | COVID-19 < br > report | routine data | MOPH | | | Number of health facilities | | COVID19 | | | | 1 . 3 Percentage of targeted health < br > facilities with isolation capacity | with isolation capacity as a < br > percentage of all the < br > targeted health facilities | weekly | - < br > report | routine data | MOPH | | | Number of households < br > provided with food and | | | | | | 1 . 4 Number of eligible households < br > provided with food and basic supplies < br > within quarantined populations | basic supply while their < br > members are in < br > quarantine , isolation at < br > health facilities and < br > treatment centers . | weekly | COVID-19 < br > report | routine data | MOPH | Page 33", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 274, "text": "routine data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 537, "end": 549, "text": "routine data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Further analysis shows that this failure to properly frame the questions about work and inactivity primarily affected women in 1992 / 93 . Nine percent of females in a household reporting any agricultural activity at all provided the inactivity response “ domestic duties ” , but only 0 . 3 percent of men provided this response ( Table 4 ) . 72 percent of females of working age in these households who provided this response ( and hence would be coded as inactive ) , reported a secondary economic activity . Nearly half of the males reporting domestic duties did the same thing . Unfortunately , most analysts ( statistical offices and researchers ) tend to only look at the response for the “ primary ” or “ main ” economic activity when creating aggregate employment indicators such as LFPR or distribution of employment by sector . Even for unit record data analysis , many analysts do not look at the secondary activity at all . This means that all the respondents who were actually economically active , but considered such economic activities as secondary to other non-economic activities they perform ( e . g . going to school or caring for members of the household ) , would be misclassified as inactive and out of the labor force . If they are not counted , the LFPR would be understated by at least 8 percentage points in 1992 / 93 . * * Table 4 : Reports of non-domestic secondary activities among individuals whose main activities are domestic activity , 1992 / 93 * * | * * Description * * | * * Agric * * | * * ulture househ * * | * * old * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | * * Total * * | | * * _Inactive - Primarily activity is domestic work_ * * | 0 . 7 | 9 . 2 | 5 . 1 | | * * _Share of above who report non domestic secondary activity_ * * | | | | | No | 51 . 7 | 27 . 5 | 28", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 863, "text": "unit record data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . 0 User Manual . ” https : / / library . pppknowledgelab . org / documents / 5783 / download . - Iossa , Elisabetta , and David Martimort . 2012 . “ Risk Allocation and the Cost of Public-Private Partnerships . ” _RAND Journal of Economics_ 43 ( 3 ) : 442 – 474 . - — — — . 2015 . “ The Simple Microeconomics of Public-Private Partnerships . ” _Journal of Public Economic Theory_ 17 ( 1 ) : 4 – 48 . - Irwin , Timothy C . 2007 . _Government Guarantees : Allocating and Valuing Risk in Privately Financed Infrastructure Projects . _ Directions in Development : Infrastructure , Washington , DC : World Bank . - Laeven , Luc , and Fabian Valencia . 2020 . “ Systematic Banking Crises Database II . ” _IMF Economic Review_ 68 : 307-361 . - Lambert , Paul C . , and Patrick Royston . 2009 . “ Further Development of Flexible Parametric Models for Survival Analysis . ” _Stata Journal_ 9 ( 2 ) : 265 – 290 . 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on management of EHS . While majority of workers at different sites were provided with personal protective equipment ( PPEs ) and records of monthly meetings of the safety and health committee and incidents maintained , the WB team noted the following areas which require improvement : ( i ) inconsistencies in the safety incident records maintained on site ; ( ii ) lack of documentation of the status of injured workers who were referred to hospital after administration of first aid on site ; ( iii ) provision of adequate PPEs such as hand gloves to the workers including those laying stones along the buildings , and ( iv ) occasional absence of the EHS officer on site . KRA has been requested to share with the WB team , by December 31 , 2024 , a matrix showing the names of the injured persons , their status of recovery , number of days they were out of work and information on whether they were paid when they were off work . KRA has also been reminded of the need to ensure that EHS requirements are adhered to strictly . 8", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 338, "text": "safety incident records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We identify structural shocks following broadly the identification approach proposed by Blanchard and Perotti ( 2002 ) . This methodology relies on the assumption that , due to the institutional and economic constraints , governments cannot react to changes in economic activity within the same period . Originally , this approach was applied to advanced economies with quarterly data . Due to limited data availability , we have to implement it with annual data . While stronger assumptions are needed for the results to be valid in this case ( Beetsma et al . 2014 ) , there are also advantages from using annual data . First , shocks from annual data are more likely to capture actual fiscal shocks , since government spending decisions usually follow an annual cycle and new fiscal impulses typically do not appear at quarterly frequency ( Beetsma et al . 2008 , Beetsma and Giuliodori 2011 ) . This is especially true for many developing countries with larger lags in implementing fiscal policy ( Diop and Ben Abdallah 2009 ) . In addition , anticipation effects are usually present in VAR models estimated with quarterly data ( Ramey 2011 ) . With annual data , the role of anticipation effects is less relevant as a given shock is less likely to be anticipated one year before . Third , with annual data there are no seasonality effects , which can be important in many developing countries . Beetsma et al . ( 2006 ) and Beetsma et al . ( 2009 ) compare the results from quarterly and annual data for several countries for which non-interpolated quarterly fiscal data are available and show that recursive identification restrictions for spending shocks in a VAR with annual data delivers plausible results . Born and Müller ( 2012 ) provide further evidence that the identification assumptions are not too restrictive for annual data . The identification of the system is achieved by introducing restrictions that can be divided into four segments . First , we assume that there are no contemporary responses of discretionary measures of policy makers in response to each other ( a � � = a � � = 0 ) and the previous matrix is hence equivalent to the following system of equations : The first equation", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 384, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 642, "end": 653, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1554, "end": 1575, "text": "quarterly fiscal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Table 3 ( cont . ) The Gains From Agricultural Tariff Liberalization Aggregated Data | Country | Aggregate < br > Gains | St . Dev . < br > Gains | Consumption < br > Efects | Income < br > Efects | Pro-Poor < br > Bias | Gains < br > Poor | Gains < br > Rich | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Developing world | 2 . 39 | 0 . 85 | 4 . 33 | - 1 . 94 | - 0 . 33 | 2 . 16 | 2 . 48 | | Liberia | 2 . 39 | 0 . 52 | 3 . 18 | - 0 . 79 | - 0 . 87 | 1 . 81 | 2 . 67 | | Madagascar | 1 . 13 | 0 . 52 | 3 . 49 | - 2 . 36 | - 1 . 03 | 0 . 67 | 1 . 70 | | Malawi | 0 . 74 | 0 . 88 | 2 . 98 | - 2 . 25 | - 2 . 16 | - 0 . 05 | 2 . 10 | | Mali | 2 . 29 | 1 . 50 | 3 . 62 | - 1 . 33 | 3 . 58 | 4 . 18 | 0 . 60 | | Mauritania | 3 . 84 | 1 . 00 | 5 . 14 | - 1 . 29 | 2 . 30 | 4 . 79 | 2 . 49 | | Moldova | 0 . 78 | 0 . 35 | 1 . 40 | - 0 . 62 | 0 . 44 | 1 . 15 | 0 . 70 | | Mongolia | 2 . 42 | 0 . 47 | 2 . 94 | - 0 . 53 | 1 . 20 | 2 . 90 | 1 . 69 | | Mozambique | 2 . 32 | 1 . 88 | 4 . 32 | - 2 . 01 | - 4 . 76 | 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > infectious waste before disposal . < br > • < br > Secure and leak-proof containers for sharps waste , < br > followed by incineration . < br > • < br > Follow the Medicines Waste Management and Disposal < br > Directive waste , 2011 and the World Bank Environmental , < br > Health , and Safety General Guidelines disposal , 2007 < br > Section < br > 1 . 5 < br > Hazardous < br > Material < br > Management < br > Pharmaceutical Waste Management services Treat ash to < br > stabilize heavy metals before disposal in secure , lined < br > hazardous waste landfills . < br > • < br > Regularly monitor soil and groundwater around disposal < br > sites . | Availability < br > of < br > waste < br > disposal site , segregation < br > practices and availability < br > of separate collection < br > waste bin . < br > Availability < br > of < br > waste generation , < br > treatment , < br > and < br > disposal records . < br > Presence < br > of < br > constructed < br > incinerator | Akaki-Kaliti < br > subcity < br > environmental < br > protection < br > office , < br > ShieldVax , EFDA , < br > KIP , < br > AA < br > city < br > Administration < br > solid < br > waste < br > management < br > agency | ● < br > Every < br > three < br > months | 15 , 000 | 195", "spans": [{"start": 912, "end": 928, "text": "disposal records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 level , as well as at the level of individual states . < sup > 23 < / sup > A recent study applies the small area estimation methodology used here to estimate poverty at the local level in three states of India in 2004 / 5 ( Gangopadhyay et al , 2010 ) . The study confirms that in West Bengal , Orissa and Andhra Pradesh the poverty-city size gradient observed from NSS data also emerges from estimates derived out of the small-area estimation procedure ( Table 10 ) . Thus , at least in India , the finding of a poverty-city size gradient is robust to alternative empirical methods . This provides some support to the claim that the findings reported in preceding sections are not driven by our reliance on small-area estimation techniques . # * * 8 . Conclusions * * Using highly disaggregated poverty map data from eight countries drawn from all six regions of the developing world , we have shown evidence of a common – although not universal – inverse relationship between poverty and city size . In all countries in our sample , poverty is both more widespread ( higher FGT ( 0 ) ) and deeper ( higher FGT ( 1 ) ) in very small and small towns ( those with a population below 100 , 000 ) than in large or very large cities ( those with a population greater than 0 . 5 million ) . Metropolitan poverty , in particular , is considerably lower than poverty in other urban areas in all countries in our sample , except for Kenya . Dominance analysis of cumulative distribution functions indicates that the basic pattern is generally robust to the choice of poverty line . Neither is it true that , because of sheer population size , most poor people in these countries live in large cities . In fact , in all eight countries , a majority of the urban poor live in medium , small or very small towns . In four of the eight ( Albania , Brazil , Sri Lanka and Thailand ) , a majority of the urban poor live in towns smaller than 100 , 000 people . The greater incidence and severity of consumption poverty in", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 378, "text": "NSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 808, "end": 816, "text": "map data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "There is a particularly rich literature on microeconomic transport-to-development linkages , particularly for rural roads and for Sub-Saharan Africa . This brings significant evidence that rural roads reduce poverty and contribute to household welfare by raising income and consumption , expanding ( self - ) employment opportunities , and improving food security . Rural localities benefiting from improved market access also see an increase in agricultural production , more widespread uptake of modern agricultural techniques , and reduced dispersion of prices . Reducing the isolation of small towns similarly leads to expanded output , increased specialization , and higher exports . Turning to national highway networks , the findings are that these contribute substantially to boost manufacturing output and associated exports , among other things by facilitating greater industrial specialization and enhancing competition . There is evidence that over time this may lead to the convergence of lagging regions , but at the same time tending to concentrate population and economic activity in regional primate cities . In urban areas , public transportation systems have the dual effect of facilitating the decentralization of cities by improving the accessibility of lower cost outlying residential land , while at the same time facilitating the commuting of workers to access a larger range of employment opportunities in urban centers , thereby reducing informality . Turning to other transport infrastructures , railways have been found to have a long-term impact on countries ’ development patterns , with their tendency to lock-in spatial patterns of economic activity . The arrival of railroads in rural areas during the colonial period has been shown to have enhanced agricultural output and trade as well as improving food security . At the same time , inter-city railways have played a role in concentrating urban populations . Though not having comprehensive evidence in the dataset as in the other sub-sectors of transport infrastructure , the findings point out that port infrastructure also plays a vital role in international trade , significantly affecting a country ’ s international competitiveness , and – when operating efficiently – able to compensate substantially for the effect of geographical distance . The exponential expansion of the academic literature on the development impacts of infrastructure has been fueled by the availability of much richer sources of microeconomic data on firms", "spans": [{"start": 2496, "end": 2514, "text": "microeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "16 other parts of the town . Inequality appears to be considerably more widely dispersed _within_ these two broad groups . # * * 7 . Three Robustness Checks * * We noted in Section 1 an important caveat that attaches to the broad findings in this paper , namely the possibility that there may exist important cost of living differences between urban conurbations of different sizes . The findings reported above have not attempted to adjust for such cost-of-living differences , because spatial price indices across city-size categories are not generally available . It is well recognized in the literature , however , that observed differences in poverty rates between urban and rural areas can be significantly attenuated once one corrects for the fact that the cost of living in urban areas may be much higher than in rural areas ( generally because of the higher cost of food and housing ) . The possibility exists that our broad findings of lower poverty in small towns than in metropolitan areas might also be driven , at least in part , by our failure to allow for a higher cost of living in metropolitan areas . While household survey datasets are not generally large enough in sample size to permit the construction of a cost-of-living index across different city-size categories , our survey data for Brazil constitute an important exception . We are able to draw on the 2002 POF data ( see Table 1 ) to construct a cost-of-living index across the broad city size categories employed in this paper , and can check whether our findings for Brazil , reported in previous sections , are robust to this correction . There are many ways in which spatial price indices can be constructed . We follow here the approach applied by Ferreira , Lanjouw and Neri ( 2003 ) to the construction of a _regional_ price index ( that distinguished also between urban and rural areas ) using 1996 PPV data for Brazil . This approach was subsequently applied in World Bank ( 2007 ) to produce a regional price index based on the 2002 POF data , and is based on unit-value information provided in the POF survey on food items , as well as a hedonic model of rent . We", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 508, "text": "spatial price indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1126, "end": 1151, "text": "household survey datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1295, "end": 1317, "text": "survey data for Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1381, "end": 1394, "text": "2002 POF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1882, "end": 1906, "text": "1996 PPV data for Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2089, "end": 2099, "text": "POF survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "uncontested debt enforcement that would eliminate the frequent frustration of enforcement procedures through the discretionary granting of injunctions . In addition , the project will support the review of impediments to the growth of the leasing industry , including tax laws on leasing . * * _Component 5 : Strengthening Debt Management and Debt Markets . _ * * The updating of Government debt databases is handled by the individual entities in Ministry of Finance and CBK responsible for parts of debt management and there is no coordination or consolidation of data . There is also no debt management strategy function within", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 405, "text": "Government debt databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "846 * * | Yes * | | Foreign-owned | 0 . 205 * * < br > 0 . 282 | No | | Exporter | 0 . 216 * * < br > 0 . 089 | No | | Capital city | 0 . 089 * * < br > 0 . 398 * | No | | Country-survey dummy variables included | Yes | | | Sector dummy variables included | Yes | | | Number of observations | 15 , 050 firms from 51 country < br > surveys | | * Significant at the 5 percent level ; * * significant at the 1percent level ; heteroskedastic-robust standard errors The estimations for Serbian firms show that new private firms in Serbia have productivity levels that are 85 percent higher < sup > 15 < / sup > than the benchmark socially-owned firms , and the productivity of privatized firms is 60 percent higher . The estimations based only on the Serbian firms in the sample do not show that foreign ownership and export activity are associated with high TFP levels , but this result is probably due to the relatively small sample size of the Serbian surveys . The last column in Table 3 compares the effect of the firm characteristics in Serbia to those in other countries : there is no evidence that Serbia is any different from other countries , with one exception — new private firms are even more strongly associated in Serbia with higher TFP than they are in other countries . Thus Serbia provides positive evidence in support of the general pattern found internationally , and no evidence against it . These findings extend to the other three measures of performance used above . < sup > 16 < / sup > New private firms in Serbia are more likely to have higher employment growth , to have reinvested in profits , and to have invested in new plant , than state / socially-owned firms ; Serbian exporters are also more likely to have invested in new plant . Moreover , there is no evidence that Serbian firms are any different from their counterparts in other countries 8", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 957, "text": "Serbian surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 16 - ( iii ) Fisheries supplies ( US $ 0 . 5 million ) ; outboard motors , spares , fish nets , boat building material , and vehicles . # # # # # Research and Surveys 3 . 05 The project would support research and surveys aimed at providing new technology ; it would test under Uganda conditions , techniques developed elsewhere and accumulate information for future development planning . Specifically the project would sapport the following by financing vehicles , civil works , housing , boats , huts , camping equipment , office and laboratory equipment , training , technical assistance and incremental operating costs . - ( i ) An adaptive agricultural research program to be conducted on farmers ' fields ( US $ 0 . 5 million ) ; - ( ii ) Introduction and testing of a trapping technique for tsetse fly control ( US $ 0 . 3 million ) ; and - ( iii ) Surveys of fish catches on Lake Kyoga and studies of fish population dynamics ( US $ 1 . 6 million ) . # # # # # Institution Building 3 . 06 Under the project the following institutions would be strengthened by providing funds for civil works , building renovation , vehicles , office equipment , fiel . l equipment , audio visual aids , survey equipment , technical assistance , training and incremental operating costs . - i ) Agricultural extension , by rehabilitating training centers in Lira and Soroti districts and by introducing T & V in Soroti district ( US $ 3 . 0 million ) ; and - ( ii ) Monitoring and evaluatLon by supporting the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit in MAF headquarters ( US $ 0 . 7 million ) . # # # # # B . Detailed Description # # # # # Input Supplies 3 . 07 Since there is little : Lndication as yet of a return to input importation through normal comme : : cial trading operations or local manufacture , inputs would be provided and distributed under the proposed project . Where possible the requjirements for tools , equipment , recurrent supplies", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 895, "text": "Surveys of fish catches on Lake Kyoga", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 352 | 0 . 010 | | Dummy , All Members > 59 | 0 . 016 | 0 . 003 | 0 . 037 | 0 . 011 | 0 . 022 | 0 . 003 | | Dummy , HH Member Disabled | 0 . 261 | 0 . 010 | 0 . 211 | 0 . 024 | 0 . 257 | 0 . 009 | | * * Wealth * * | | | | | | | | Wealth Index | 0 . 254 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 212 | 0 . 009 | 0 . 276 | 0 . 004 | | # Mobile Phones < br > * * Notes : * * The table is constructed across all h | 0 . 902 < br > ousehold observat | 0 . 027 < br > ions used in | 0 . 746 < br > the analysis . | 0 . 050 < br > † * * Weather * * | 1 . 081 < br > * * Shock * * is a di | 0 . 025 < br > chotomous | * * Notes : * * The table is constructed across all household observations used in the analysis . † * * Weather Shock * * is a dichotomous variable that is equal to 1 if the household has been exposed to a weather shock in the current period ( irrespective of potential exposure to past weather shocks ) , and 0 otherwise . * * Current Shock * * is a dichotomous variable that is equal to 1 if the household has been exposed to a weather shock _only_ in the current period , and 0 otherwise . * * Sequential Shock * * is a dichotomous variable that is equal to 1 if the household has been exposed to a weather shock in consecutive periods , and 0 otherwise . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Le Barbanchon , T . , D . Ubfal , and F . Araya ( 2023 ) : “ The Effects of Working While in School : Evidence from Employment Lotteries , ” _American Economic Journal : Applied Economics_ , 15 , 383 – 410 . - Osman , A . and J . Speer ( 2022 ) : “ Are Soft Skills Enough ? Experimental Evidence on Skill Complementary for College Graduates , ” Working PAper . Available at SSRN : https : / / ssrn . com / abstract = 417856 . - Rwandan National Institute of Statistics ( 2020-2022 ) : “ Quarterly Rwanda Labour Force Survey Reports , ” Tech . rep . , National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda . - — — — ( 2021 ) : “ Rwanda demographic and health survey 2019-20 . ” Tech . rep . , National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda - NISR , Ministry of Health - MOH , and ICF . - — — — ( 2022 ) : “ Rwanda Labour Force Survey , ” Tech . rep . , National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda . - Sandvik , J . J . , R . E . Saouma , N . T . Seegert , and C . T . Stanton ( 2020 ) : “ Workplace Knowledge Flows , ” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 135 , 1635 – 1680 . - Ubfal , D . , I . Arraiz , D . Beuermann , M . Frese , A . Maffioli , and D . Verch ( 2022 ) : “ The Impact of Soft-Skills Training for Entrepreneurs in Jamaica , ” _World Developmet_ , 152 , 105787 . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Unpaid work burdens and the value of time use data As seen above , desire and availability for paid work , and hours worked , are not independent of unpaid responsibilities . Recent evidence from available time use surveys across countries shows that women ’ s total ( paid and unpaid ) work burdens are substantially greater than men ’ s ( United Nations , 2015 ) . Figure 5 , using the 2013-14 Uganda LSMS-ISA , shows that time spent across paid and unpaid work is also higher for rural women , stemming from their engagement across paid and contributing family employment , own use production , and domestic activity . Figure 5 also indirectly highlights the role that unpaid care work plays in rural women ’ s work burdens ; women ’ s time spent in unpaid work rises steeply in their childbearing years , whereas for men it falls , and women ’ s unpaid work burdens also fall much more slowly than time spent in paid work as men and women age . # # Figure 5 . Uganda National Panel Survey , 2013-14 : hours spent across paid and unpaid non-market activities in the last week < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural ( own-reports ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Urban ( own-reports ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Few socioeconomic surveys have detailed data on time spent across different areas of unpaid work ( among the LSMS surveys , for example , the Uganda survey has the most detailed breakdown of time spent across multiple unpaid activities ; see Figure 6 ) . Well-designed time use surveys are critical in highlighting total work burdens , but are not without significant costs and measurement issues ( Buvinic and King , 2018 ) , and may be best as standalone surveys . Among socioeconomic surveys , narrowing the set of activity categories to those that are most contextually and policy-relevant is a priority measurement initiative under the EDGE2 project with UNSD and ILO ( ILO , 2018d ) . Figure 6 shows , for", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 224, "text": "available time use surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 405, "end": 413, "text": "LSMS-ISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 966, "end": 994, "text": "Uganda National Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1421, "end": 1434, "text": "Uganda survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1548, "end": 1564, "text": "time use surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "o | 309 , 133 | 4 , 055 | 63 , 304 | 70 , 528 | 33 , 040 | 1 , 994 | 20 , 035 | 502 , 089 | | 10 . | Nakaseke | 8 , 289 | 345 | 6 , 052 | 23 , 811 | 1 , 709 | 414 | 2 , 695 | 43 , 315 | | 11 . | Luwero | 28 , 172 | 472 | 15 , 278 | 50 , 894 | 4 , 250 | 614 | 5 , 666 | 105 , 346 | _Source : 2014 National Housing and Population Census Report_ * * Table 51 * * identifies the number of households in the project-affected districts that use a given source of energy for cooking . | * * No . * * | * * Table 51 : * * * * _Dist_ * * < br > * * District * * | * * _ribution of Hou_ * * < br > * * Electricity * * | * * _sehold by S_ * * < br > * * Gas * * | * * _ource of Energy_ * * < br > * * Paraffin - * * < br > * * Stove * * | * * _for Cooking_ * * < br > * * Charcoal * * | * * Firewood * * | * * Others * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . | Lwengo | 1 , 028 | 177 | 592 | 10 , 322 | 49 , 014 | 446 | 61 , 800 | | 2 . | Masaka | 2 , 927 | 536 | 2 , 160 | 27 , 166 | 41 , 617 | 945 | 75 , 765 | |", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 342, "text": "2014 National Housing and Population Census Report_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Findings * * Each of the three evaluation questions posed by the report is addressed by triangulating analysis obtained across data collection activities . # # * * QUESTION 1 : HOW FREQUENTLY IS VALUE FOR MONEY ANALYSIS INCORPORATED INTO PUBLISHED IMPACT EVALUATIONS ? * * We estimate that 18 . 9 percent of the World Bank ’ s impact evaluations include any kind of VFM analysis , while the predicted proportion in the 3ie data set is 14 . 1 percent . Our prediction indicates that the 3ie sample has a somewhat lower , yet not statistically different , proportion of VFM studies compared to the sample of World Bank IEs . The estimated percentage of IEs with any kind of VFM analysis in the 3ie sample has not changed much over time . The estimated percentage of IEs that include VFM was : - 16 . 8 percent of IEs published prior to 2004 ; - 11 percent of IEs published between 2005 and 2008 ; and - 14 . 5 percent of IEs published between 2009 and 2012 . A majority of the World Bank ’ s IEs with efficiency analysis — around 80 percent — conducted a CBA or CEA , and the remaining conducted a general efficiency analysis . The quality of cost ingredients reporting was mixed in the sample of 30 World Bank IEs . About 13 percent of the CEAs and CBAs listed only the main cost components , whereas just over half listed several cost ingredients ; and the remaining third simply reported a Cost estimate without detailing much of what went into it . About 40 percent of World Bank IEs classified as category II ( those with any kind of VFM ) reported the cost of a program in relation to the number of beneficiaries — a common metric used in VFM analyses . Fewer than 20 percent of CEA and CBA studies reported on unit cost per impact . These percentages are very low , considering that they are included in impact evaluations where at least one measure of impact is supposed to be very available to be used in these comparisons . We find that just 25 percent of the CEAs and CBAs reported opportunity costs .", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 441, "text": "3ie data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT AND RECOMMENDTION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK WITH THE GUARANTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA 1 . I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed loan to the Industrial Development Bank with the guarantee of the Republic of Kenya for the equivalent of US $ 10 million to help finance the foreign exchange component of investments of this development finance company in large and medium-scale industrial projects in Kenya . The interest on the loan would be 8-1 / 2 percent per annum . Amortization will conform substantially to the aggregate of the amortization schedules applicable to the specific investment projects financed out of the proceeds of the loan . PART I - THE ECONOMY 2 . A report entitled \" The Second Decade : Basic Economic Report on Kenya \" ( Report No . 201-KE , dated January 15 , 1974 ) was distributed to the Executive Directors on February 20 , 1974 . It was followed by an agricultural sector survey on Kenya ( Report No . 254a-KE , dated December 20 , 1973 ) distributed on March 13 , 1974 . A special mission visited Kenya in February 1974 to review the economy ' s prospects and aid requirements in the light of the changes in international prices . The mission reported to the Consultative Group meeting held in Paris in April , 1974 . The dialogue on economic and social development strategy has been further intensified since . The accelerated world inflation , including the increase in oil prices , had a serious impact on the Kenyan economy . In response , the Government formulated an action program to restructure the economy . We have had extensive discussions with the Government about this action program in the context of our program loan negotiations and in coordination with the IMF staff . Country Data Sheets are attached in Annex 1 . 3 . Kenya ' s remarkable economic performance during the first decade of independence was fully acknowledged in the Bank ' s 1974 Basic Economic Report . Between 1964 and 1972", "spans": [{"start": 1040, "end": 1075, "text": "agricultural sector survey on Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1875, "end": 1894, "text": "Country Data Sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "istheproductionshareintheEUasshowninsectionA . 1oftheappendix . < / sup > > 36 In calculating the variable ( XI / MI ) / εI the remaining variables that we employ are at the same level of aggregation as the production data . Moreover , the import demand elasticity we calculate is for the EU as a whole , as required by the model . For this we use the structural estimates of the parameter ann for each 3-digit product from Kee , Nicita and Olarreaga ( 2004 ) along with the EU ’ s imports to GDP ratio in that industry . 22", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 222, "text": "production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) | | ( breakdown by women and Syrian refugees ) Details of Disbursement Formula DLI 2 . 1 : from the baseline of 0 , $ 1 , 000 , 000 for < br > every 1000 graduates from training programs established to provide digital skills development activities , up to $ 10 , 000 , 000 < br > Out of the graduates counted under DLI 2 . 1 , from the baseline of 0 , $ 1 , 000 , 000 additional for every 1000 females < br > graduating from training programs established to provide digital skills development activities , up to $ 3 . 500 , 000 Out of the < br > graduates counted under DLI 2 . 1 , from the baseline of 0 , additional $ 1 , 000 , 000 for every 500 Syrian refugee graduating < br > from training programs established to provide digital skills development activities , up to $ 3 , 500 , 000 DLI 2 . 2 : from the < br > baseline of 0 , $ 1 , 000 , 000 for every 1000 graduates from training programs established to provide digital skills development < br > activities employed full time for more than four months , up to $ 6 , 000 , 000 Out of the graduates counted under DLI 2 . 2 , from < br > the baseline of 0 , $ 500 , 000 additional for 2500 female graduates employed full time for more than four months Out of the < br > graduates counted under DLI 2 . 2 , from the baseline of 0 , $ 500 , 000 additional for 1 , 000 Syrian refugees employed full time < br > for more than four months | | - - - | - - - | | * * Data source / Agency * * | Training Records and Social Security Database | | * * Verification Entity * * < br > * * Procedure * * | DLI 2 . 1 and", "spans": [{"start": 1522, "end": 1567, "text": "Training Records and Social Security Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 The Modeling Framework * * The model consists of a sequentially dynamic CGE model that is linked to a microsimulation . The microsimulation takes the changes in factor and goods prices as given ; hence , there is no feedback between these two parts of the model . We consider this framework particularly suited for the questions at hand , as the CGE model captures some of the main features of structural change and the relative price changes accompanying them . The microsimulation then allows for a detailed empirical assessment of the household responses to these changes . One of the major advantages of the microsimulation is that its unit of observation is the individual rather than the household , thereby offering a much richer representation of distributional dynamics . # * * 3 . 1 The Macro Model * * A 1997 Social Accounting Matrix ( SAM ) has been used as the initial benchmark equilibrium for the CGE model . This SAM has been assembled from various sources incorporating data from the 1997 Input Output table , information from the SAM assembled by Harrison , Rutherford , Tarr , and Gurgel ( 2003 ) , and the 1997 and 2001 PNAD household surveys . For the purposes of this model the full SAM – which includes 41 sectors , 41 commodities , 12 factors ( skilled and unskilled labor by gender and by farm and non-farm occupation , agricultural and non-agricultural capital , land and natural resources ) , an aggregate household account , and other accounts ( government , savings and investment , and rest of the world ) < sup > 8 < / sup > – has been aggregated to a smaller size and it comprises the accounts shown in Table 1 . _ < u > Table 1 : CGE Model accounts < / u > _ * * < u > Model Sectors < / u > * * 1 CerealGrains 7 OilMinerals 13 MachineryEquipment 2 OilSeeds 8 LightManufacturing 14 OtherServices 3 RawSugar 9 AgriIndustriesExp 15 Construction 4 OthCrops 10 WoodProductsPaper 16 TradeCommunication 5 Livestock 11 ChemicalsOilPr 17 PublicServices 6 RawAnimalProducts 12 MetalMineralProducts * * < u > Factors of Production < / u > * * 18 Land 20 Capital 22 Non", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 852, "text": "1997 Social Accounting Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1009, "end": 1032, "text": "1997 Input Output table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1148, "end": 1170, "text": "PNAD household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Return Intention Survey ( RIS ) was conducted using a questionnaire ( Annex C ) which was slightly adapted to the current situation . Enumerators from six Protection Cluster members ( IVAP , IOM-HComms , BEST , EHSAR , PADO , PVDP , BPDO ) contributed to the exercise and were trained by the Protection Cluster on the questionnaire as well as on basic principles of confidentiality , informed consent and interviewing techniques . The debriefing with enumerators was conducted on 2 January 2015 . # # * * 3 . Results * * This section presents the main findings of the survey . # # # # * * a . Profile of the interviewed population and displacement timing * * Based on the sample of 2117 persons , 89 % of the respondents were male and 11 % were female . 6", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 27, "text": "Return Intention Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "From basic welfare economics it is known that per-unit taxes like VAT are more likely to introduce price distortions than lump-sum taxes . The question that often arises is “ who pays the tax ? ” ( McLure , 1987 : 1 ) . With consumption taxes consumers and producers share the burden , however , the producer often tries to shift the burden to the consumer . The extent to which a perunit tax can be shifted to the consumer is determined by the elasticity of supply and demand ( Ebrill et al , 2001 : 15 ) . A CGE model is very useful to analyze tax incidence because it captures the effect of each tax on prices . When we simulate the removal of the VAT ( or any other indirect tax instrument ) , the model solves for market clearing prices and quantities that are consistent with the individual optimizing behavior of consumers and producers , a given set of world prices , and the policy environment . < sup > 9 < / sup > The model also has data on consumption expenditures by households , and therefore indicates the effects of tax changes on real purchasing power for each income decile . As seen in Table 4 , poor households spend the majority ( 61 percent ) of their income on food . In contrast , high-income households spend 15 percent of their income on food . The reverse pattern holds for services : high-income households spend over 45 percent of their income on service while low-income households spend less than 20 percent on services . Low-income households do not purchase motor vehicles , an example of a luxury good . > 9 See Devarajan and Hossain ( 1995 ) for a more detailed discussion of mechanisms at work in a CGE model when one removes an indirect tax and replaces it with a direct tax . 10", "spans": [{"start": 944, "end": 990, "text": "data on consumption expenditures by households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with a discussion of its main aspects and of the database . Finally , results and conclusions are presented . # * * 1 . Poverty and income distribution evolution in Brazil : An overview * * Although Brazil is a country with a large number of poor people , its population is not among the poorest in the world . Drawing on the 1999 Report on Human Development , Barros et al ( 2001 ) show that around 64 percent of the countries in the world have per capita income less than in Brazil , a figure that mounts to 77 percent if we consider the number of persons in the same condition . The same authors show that , while in Brazil 30 percent of the total population is poor , on average only 10 percent are poor in other countries with similar per capita income . Indeed , based on the same report the authors define an international norm that , based on per capita income , would impute only 8 percent of poor for Brazil . That is , if the inequality of income in Brazil were to correspond to the world average inequality for countries in the same per capita income range just 8 percent ( rather than 30 percent ) of the Brazilian population would be expected to be poor . Taking the concept of poverty in its particular dimension of income insufficiency , the same authors show that in 1999 about 14 percent of the Brazilian population lived in households with income below the line of extreme poverty ( indigence line , about 22 million people ) , and 34 percent of the population lived in households with income below the poverty line ( about 53 million people ) . Even though the percentage of poor in the population has declined from 40 percent in 1977 to 34 percent in 1999 , this level is still very high and , it seems , stable . The size of poverty in Brazil , measured either as a percentage of the population or in terms of a poverty gap , stabilizes in the second half of the 1980s , although at a lower level than was observed in the previous period . 2", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 358, "text": "1999 Report on Human Development", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "services – can alleviate the pressure on women due to activities ( such as housekeeping , and caring for children and the elderly ) that traditionally keep them detached from the labor market . Finally , when we explore the impact across different education groups , we again fail to find any statistically significant effect . Even though the employment effect is positive for the highly educated and negative for those with lower levels of education , the effects are not precisely estimated . Finally , we examine the impact of immigration on natives ’ wages , the focus of many papers in the literature ( see World Bank 2018 for a review ) . Results in Table 17 show that we again fail to find any significant impact of migration on natives ’ wages . As a caveat to these findings , we underscore that the EU Labour Force Survey only provides information on the wage decile of workers , not their actual wages . In order to circumvent this problem , we construct a variable that measures the gap between the actual and expected probability of being in the top three income deciles given individual-level characteristics ( age , gender , education levels ) , and that varies by country and year . The impact of migrants ’ presence on the wage-gap variable , however , remains not statistically different from zero , a result that holds when looking at the share of top three wage deciles of teleworkable , essential , income-safe and health-safe jobs . These results are robust to alternative versions of the dependent variable , such as the share of employees in the bottom three deciles , or the income decile estimated using ordered probit regressions in the initial stage . Therefore , the adjustment in the labor market after the arrival of migrants seems to happen through the composition of employment but does not affect the relative or absolute wages of the different types of occupations in line with a more competitive and mobile labor market . # 6 . Conclusion This paper provides evidence that exposure to negative economic shocks and health risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is greater among immigrant workers than among nativeborn people in high-income Western European countries . Using data from", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 832, "text": "EU Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The econometric analysis examines how the evolution of urban form is closely tied to the processes of economic development . The econometric evidence is organized in three sub-sections . Section 4 . 1 examines the relationship between incomes and built-up area changes between 1990 and 2015 . Section 4 . 2 examines links between income and city heights . Section 4 . 3 provides a new approach to look at the combined effect of population growth and income growth on floor space in a city . # 4 . 1 The effects of income and population growth on built-up area As population and income grow , cities expand by building more and occupying more land . We quantify the income and population elasticities of built-up using a panel of observations from the GHSL Urban Centers database . As described in section 2 , built-up surface for all cities with more than 50 , 000 inhabitants in the world is available for four years : 1975 , 1990 , 2000 , and 2015 . City income and population estimates come from the same GHSL database . < sup > 4 < / sup > Several econometric issues arise when estimating the impacts of a growing population and income on city built-up over the past decades . First endogeneity issues may arise as factors that are not observed may affect both the dependent variable , built-up surface , and the explanatory variables , population and income of the city . Second , there may be omitted variables that are key predictors of built-up but are not observed such as geographic or weather amenities . In each case , a simple OLS estimator will be biased . Therefore , the results from different specifications based on equation ( 1 ) are reported with each of them solving an econometric issue . The panel regression analysis is based on the following specification : > 4 Similar estimates are obtained when using country income . 15", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 778, "text": "GHSL Urban Centers database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1008, "end": 1021, "text": "GHSL database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We examine the determinants of FDI flows using the gravity-type empirical specification that has been widely used in previous studies such as the seminal work by Markusen et al . ( 2001 ) and Yeaple ( 2003 ) . The specification is as follows : where subscripts i and j index host and parent countries , respectively , and the subscript t indexes year , BilateralFDI is the bilateral FDI flow from country i to country j , MktSize a vector of GDP of the host and source countries , HCdiff measures the host and source countries ’ difference in human capital , Transport is a vector of transportation cost measures between country i and country j including air distance , sea distance , driving distance and driving time , Infrastructure is a vector of indices that measure the quality of trade-related logistic infrastructure including railway , airway , and port quality , PTAdepth measures the depth of the trade agreement between the host and source countries using the WTO RTA data , X is a vector of other country characteristics including a dummy variable for sharing border , a dummy for using same language , a dummy for sharing colonial ties , and a measure of business environment using the number of days required to start a business , D � and D � are vectors of country dummies used to control for all time-invariant country characteristics , and D � ia a vector of year dummies . Figure A . 3 shows positive and statistically significant correlations between FDI inflows and host countries ’ GDP per capita , school enrollment , logistics performance , and port infrastructure quality . Countries with a higher income , higher levels of human capital , and better logistic and port infrastructure quality are shown to receive greater FDI inflows . To examine empirically the effects of host-country economic characteristics , we estimate equation ( 1 ) first for a pooled sample of countries and then separating BRI and non-BRI countries to investigate how the determinants of investment flows might vary between BRI and the rest of the world . Table 9 shows that most of the empirical regularities established in previous studies hold in our broad cross-country data . Most of the factors that have been", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 984, "text": "WTO RTA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2155, "end": 2179, "text": "broad cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using a series of linear regressions with country fixed effects , and data from the 2014-17 waves of the GWP / FIES , we find that food insecurity is associated with a decrease in both trust in national institutions and trust in friends and family . These findings also apply in all four World Bank income classes of countries . The association with trust in friends and family is larger than any other explanatory variable . For trust in national institutions , the associations of food insecurity increase monotonically with income ranking . For trust in friends and family , the results reveal nonlinear effects of food insecurity as national incomes rise . There are also differences in the determinants of vertical and horizontal trust . For example , rural / urban location strongly determines trust in national institutions , whereas being an immigrant matters more to trust in friends and family . As a robustness check on the possible endogeneity of food insecurity , we use nonparametric entropy matching methods to isolate the relationship between food insecurity and perceptions of trust . While the results may not be considered causal , they remain robust under alternative model specifications . # * * 2 . Empirical Strategy * * # * * _2 . 1 . Estimation Framework_ * * The baseline model that estimates various forms of trust on our main variable of interest ( food insecurity ) and other control variables , is given by : where _i_ and _c_ are indices for individuals and countries ; F represents respondents ’ food insecurity status , where represents the correlation of interest ; consists of individual - and household-level socioeconomic characteristics ; contains country and year fixed effects ; and εi , c represents ββ XX unobserved individual heterogeneity . The country and year fixed effects remove the crossγγ sectional variation related to unobserved heterogeneity associated with individuals in each country for each year . Possible endogeneity may still exist between food insecurity and trust . Food insecurity is not distributed randomly among the population . Observed and unobserved individual factors influence 4", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 115, "text": "GWP / FIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "right after program completion . However , treated women invest 97 % more in other businesses at endline and our index of savings and investment outcomes shows positive , significant effects . Together , results on savings and investments indi - > 5Half of the sampled women have an active business at baseline , and merely 11 % are employed outside of self-employment . Many existing businesses are in perishable goods , livestock , and energy , but we also observe service-based businesses like salons as well as restaurants , retail , and construction . 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "98 . 1 ) | 89 . 6 % ( 84 . 7-93 . 0 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 261 ) * * | 55 . 9 % ( 49 . 8-61 . 9 ) | 46 . 0 % ( 40 . 0-52 . 1 ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 84 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of annual reports on teacher | | * * Procedure * * | deployment . < br > Independent Third Party conducts verification . IVA confirms TSC-reported figures through target schools online or phone < br > based surveys and keyinformant interviews . | | * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * < br > * * DLI 3 . 2 * * | Number of new teachers deployed to primary schools in non refugee and non host communities with the highest teacher < br > shortages | | * * Description * * | TSC allocates and deploys new teacher posts to primary schools with the highest teacher shortage , on top of pro-rata < br > annual allocation to these schools . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | TSC | | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | * * Procedure * * | TSC county offices will collect data from schools for submission to the TSC for compilation of annual reports on teacher | Page 98 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 776, "text": "data from schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "given below : * * < u > Census and Inventory of Losses < / u > * * A field team conducted complete census and inventory of losses ( IOL ) of all the PAPs identified within the settlement , information gathered was used to develop an inventory of assets likely to be affected by the Project . 4-2", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 54, "text": "Census and Inventory of Losses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 99, "end": 129, "text": "census and inventory of losses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Suppose that two nations with different levels of income per capita integrate their goods and factor markets . What are the implications for industrial performance in the less developed economy ? In the standard Ricardian model of comparative advantage , both countries would gain from the reallocation of productive resources towards the industries in which they are relatively more efficient . However , integration may also induce capital flows to the less developed country , which may contribute to narrow the efficiency gap within industries . If the scope for capital flows and technology transfer is greater in the industries in which the advanced economy is specialized , the less developed country may plausibly observe stronger productivity and output growth in these sectors . In this paper , we study the interplay between specialization patterns and foreign acquisitions in shaping the effects of deeper integration on industrial performance in less advanced economies . In particular , we investigate the extent to which this interaction played an important role in driving the patterns of catch-up growth observed in Poland following accession to the European Union in 2004 — and the consequent deepening of goods and factor market integration with Germany . Using detailed data on Polish manufacturing firms during 1995-2013 and a difference-indifferences approach , we examine if and how the evolution of German acquisitions and firm performance in Poland , following EU accession , was mediated by predetermined measures of industrial specialization in Germany . If the scope for capital movements and technology transfers was higher in sectors in which Germany was relatively more specialized at the moment of accession , improvements in performance would be stronger among Polish firms operating in those sectors . Poland ’ s integration experience offers several interesting features for this analysis . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s , a comprehensive reform program enabled the country to transform its socialist-style planned economy into a market economy . Like other post-communist nations , Poland experienced slumps in social and economic standards during this transition . But it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989 income levels , which it achieved by 1995 following a period of strong economic growth . In the years preceding the", "spans": [{"start": 1306, "end": 1349, "text": "detailed data on Polish manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ | Photo 9 : | Stakeholder Consultation with Officials of Shashemene City , Hawela Tul < br > Toga Weranso Woreda and Community of Chefe Koti Kebele | a Sc , < br > 177 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Photo 10 : | Consultation Meetings with the different Communities along the TL Corri | dor < br > 182 | | * * Annexe * * | * * s * * | | | Annex 1 : | List of Documents Collected and Reviewed | 249 | | Annex 2 : | Socio-EconomicHouseholdSurvey Questionnaire | 253 | | Annex 3 : | List of Consulted Persons | 267 | | Annex 4 : | List of Flora Recorded from Hawassa - Shashemene TL Corridor and < br > Shashemene SS | 270 | | Annex 5 : | List of Birds in the Hawassa-Shashemene PTL Corridor | 278 | | Annex 6 : | Sample Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings | 281 | | Annex 7 : | Environmental & Social Clauses to be Included in Procurement & Con < br > Documents | tract < br > 286 | | Annex 8 : | Chance Finds Procedure | 302 | | Annex 9 : | Occupational Health and Safety Plan | 303 | | Annex 10 : | Community Health , Safety and Security Management Plan | 319 | | Annex 11 : | Construction Waste Management Plan | 321 | | Annex 12 : | Site Rehabilitation and Restoration Plan | 322 | | Annex 13 : | Public Grievance Form : _Afaan Oromo_Version | 323 | | Annex 14 : | Incident Report", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level . < sup > 9 < / sup > The majority of coefficients in columns 1 – 3 are negative and statistically significant . There is only one positive and significant slope coefficients , on cooking bananas ( column 2 ) , but it is statistically indistinguishable from zero when we look within vendor ( column 3 ) . For comparison purposes we estimate similar regressions using the diary data . Columns 4 and 5 of Table 3 show the slope coefficients . These estimates are not directly comparable with those in columns 1 – 3 , because for some items the quantity support is different across the two data sets . Our interest is primarily in the signs of the estimated coefficients . In columns 4 of Table 3 , all but two estimated slope coefficient are negative , and none are positive and statistically significant . Looking within household ( column 5 ) , all coefficients are negative and 16 of 19 are statistically significant . < sup > 10 < / sup > Taken together , the clear pattern in the market survey and diary data sets is that unit price is decreasing in quantity for many items . This finding holds within village-day , within-vendor , and within-household . < sup > 11 < / sup > Having established that bulk discounts exist , we turn to the non-parametric approach of Section 2 to estimate expenditure schedules . The focal-point approach is less susceptible to measurement error than one based on parametric approximations of price schedules , and it reflects the reality of shopping in these markets . We designate a quantity as focal if it accounts for at least 5 % of all observations at the item-district level . < sup > 12 < / sup > By this definition there are 1-8 focal quantities per item-district , with 3 . 4 on average . Overall , 69 % of purchases are at focal quantities . We use the median unit price at the focal quantity to estimate the focal price . To provide a visual example of the estimated schedules , Figure 2 depicts expenditures and unit prices by quantity for 702 purchases of kerosene in one of the study districts . The > 9For these descriptive", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1002, "text": "market survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1007, "end": 1017, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a ) land < br > taken for the project is a < br > small < br > fraction < br > of < br > the < br > affected < br > asset < br > and < br > the < br > residual < br > is < br > economically < br > viable ; ( b ) active markets < br > for lost assets exist and < br > there is sufficient supplyof | Land for Land provided < br > for in the Land Act < br > based on agreement by < br > the PAP . < br > Cash < br > based < br > compensation seems to < br > be the preferred mode of < br > awarding compensation < br > to < br > the < br > affected < br > population < br > by < br > Government of Kenya < br > ‘ Just compensation ’ as | Ensure < br > ALL < br > users < br > ( including < br > illegal < br > squatters , laborers , rights < br > of access ) of affected < br > lands are included in the < br > census survey or are paid < br > ( b ) If the impacts include < br > physical < br > relocation < br > include < br > measures < br > to < br > ensure that the displaced < br > persons are < br > ( i ) provided assistance < br > ( such < br > as < br > moving < br > allowances ) < br > during | 2", "spans": [{"start": 808, "end": 821, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Browning , M . , T . F . Crossley and J . Winter , “ The Measurement of Household Consumption Expenditures , ” _Annual Review of Economics_ 6 , 475 – 501 , 2014 . doi : 10 . 1146 / annurev - < u > economics-080213-041247 < / u > - Bourguignon , F . and C . Morrisson , “ Inequality Among World Citizens : 1820-1992 , ” _American Economic Review_ , 92 , 727 – 744 , 2002 . doi : 10 . 1257 / 00028280260344443 - Browning , M . , T . F . Crossley and J . Winter , “ The Measurement of Household Consumption Expenditures , ” _Annual Review of Economics_ 6 , 475 – 501 , 2014 . doi : 10 . 1146 / annurev - < u > economics-080213-041247 < / u > - Buddenberg , D . , and W . A . Byrd , _Afghanistan ’ s Drug Industry : Structure , Functioning , Dynamics , and Implications for Counter-Narcotics Policy_ , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and World Bank , New York and Washington , DC , 2006 . - Chandy , L . and B . Seidel , “ How Much Do We Really Know About Inequality Within Countries Around the World ? Adjusting Gini coefficients for missing top incomes , ” Brookings Institution , 2017a . https : / / www . brookings . edu / opinions / how-much-do-we-really-know - < u > about-inequality-within-countries-around-the-world / < / u > - Chandy , L . and B . Seidel , “ Allocating Income from Survey-National Accounts Gap to Top Incomes According to Pareto Distribution , ” Brookings Institution , 2017b . < u > https : / / www . brookings . edu / wp-content / uploads / 2017 / 02 / technical-appendix-02-13-17 . pdf < / u > - Charmes , J , “ The Informal Economy Worldwide : Trends and Characteristics , ” _Margin : The Journal of Applied Economic Research_ 6 , 103 – 32 , 2012 . doi : 10 . 1177 / 097380101200600202 - Chen , S . and M Ravallion , “ The Developing World is Poorer than We Thought , But No Less Successful in the Fight Against Poverty ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The proposed rehabilitation road project ' s main Economic activity is transporta ion of goods and people nationally and regionally . ( App 2ndix 2 ) . # # # # # # * * 3 . 4 Current Conditions of the Road * * In section 1 , the road exhibits general pavemert distress . Apart < sup > fromfewpciholes , < / sup > the riding surface is still in medium to sound con Jitions . The < sup > roadshouldersar ! worn < / sup > out and , in a few cases ; the road edges are also eroded . The same conditions described for sectionl hold or section 2 . In section 3 , there is serious drainage problem at the Sotik / Kisumu < sup > junction , which < / sup > calls for major road re-design . Otherwise , the sane conditions < sup > clescribedforsibctionl < / sup > hold . In section 4 , thus and the flat topography have ; eriously affected < sup > thedrainagi : . Here < / sup > the carriageway has become the drainage chan iel resulting < sup > in < / sup > ponding < sup > of witeron < / sup > the carriageway and roadsides . # # # # # # * * 3 . 5 Traffic Flow Statistics Along The Project Rc ad ( AADT ) * * Tables 1 ( a ) and ( b ) shows traffic flow and st mmary on the various < sup > road ; ection < / sup > based on recent sample counts . 1n _AOMDDIAI_ * * _Q . _ * * _1_ * * _ / Dn , e 1a-n , / # , t_ * * * * _CnAn . , . n , 7fl / 7A_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1039, "end": 1062, "text": "Traffic Flow Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * MATERIAL SUPPORT FOR URBAN REFUGEES : WHAT WORKS WELL ? * * - * * Linking material support to self-reliance programs has worked well * * in Lebanon , Costa Rica , and Ecuador . This includes micro-credit , income generation and entrepreneurship activities , vocational technical and skill training . - * * Including refugees in state social programs is underway in some countries . * * In Ukraine , Turkey and Macedonia , refugees with legal status who meet the criteria can access existing services and assistance including material support . - * * A rigorous system to identify the most vulnerable * * – including outreach , systematic prioritization , SOPs , regular home visits , case-by-case reviews and continuous needs assessments – helps to target material assistance effi ciently . - * * Vouchers and ATMs have worked well * * in Egypt , Ecuador , Jordan and Syria to distribute cash transfers in a manner that respects the dignity of recipients and enables them to use assistance in a manner consistent with their priorities . A Global Survey – 2012 45", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1060, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | MFB , Saccos , | Ali f Bfiii | | | Percentage of MSME Loans extended to < br > Women-Owned Enterprises | loans submitted to the Apex < br > institution that are < br > extended to women | Annual | PFIs , Digital < br > Channels | nayss o enecares < br > Data | Implementing Agency | | Number of MSME borrowers financed by | This indicator is desined to | | | | | | PFIs through the credit guarantee scheme < br > under the Project ( cumulative , new , < br > disaggregated by gender , location / region , < br > sectors ) | g < br > include all MSMEs that < br > receive financing under the < br > project ' s Component 2 | Annual | PFIs | Analysis of < br > beneficiaries ' data | Implementing Agency | | Of which , women borrowers | This indicator is designed to < br > include all women-owned < br > MSMEs that receive < br > financingunder theproject ' s | Annual | PFIs | Analysis of < br > beneficiaries ' data | Implementing Agency | 56", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 683, "text": "beneficiaries ' data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 920, "text": "beneficiaries ' data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and compensation for work accidents or occupational diseases . However , in many countries and also in Bhutan the enforcement of labor laws is relatively lax and some employers are able to avoid compliance ( cf . Fandl , Kugler , Vodopivec and Weber , 2011 , for details on compliance with Bhutan ’ s Labor and Employment Act ) . Against this backdrop , the BLFS 2014 collects data for regular paid employees , casual paid employees and contract / piece paid workers in state-owned or private enterprises , and data on their _de facto_ coverage by fringe benefits . As monetary values of fringe benefits are hard to quantify , they will not be considered in the subsequent analysis of the public / private wage differential . However , Table 2 still lists the prevalence of these benefits separately for public and private sector workers . The table shows that coverage is incomplete both in the public and the private sector . At the same time , public sector workers are more likely to be eligible for each of the eight types of benefits and all differentials are both statistically significant and economically meaningful . In fact , for each of the eight benefits , coverage among public sector workers easily exceeds 90 percent . The benefit with the lowest prevalence among public sector workers is paid annual leave . 94 . 3 of public sector workers are covered by this benefit . On the other end of the spectrum , 96 . 5 percent of public sector workers receive compensation for work accidents or occupational diseases . In contrast , only between around 25 percent and 65 percent of private sector workers are covered by each particular benefit . Only 27 . 0 percent of private sector employees are paid for overtime . Paid sick leave is the most common benefit in the private sector . 64 . 5 percent of private sector workers receive this benefit . It seems safe to assume that differences between public and private sector would be even more pronounced if data on benefit coverage were also collected for workers other than regular paid employees , casual paid employees and contract / piece paid workers in stateowned or private enterprises . # * * 4 .", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 367, "text": "BLFS 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1967, "end": 1991, "text": "data on benefit coverage", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on freight expenditures ( including insurance ) at 10-digit HS product level that are collected using importers ’ customs declarations . These data provide a direct measurement of transport costs by mode of transportation together with trade values , quantities , and port of entry ( for the US data ) . Several studies have employed this data to understand the trends in transport costs since the 1950s ( Hummels , 2007 ; Hummels and Schaur , 2010 ) , to model importers ’ choice between air and ocean ( Hummels and Schaur , 2013 ) , to explore the nature and the determinants of international transport costs and the effect of freight rate on the patterns and quality of trade ( Hummels and Skiba , 18", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 299, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * H . E . * * Dr . Abraham Tekeste March 20 , * * 2018 * * * * - 8 - * * * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . ] This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , / signed [ Positio n ] * * k WORLD BANK GROUP * *", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 737, "text": "Association records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expected ( ICR , p . 18 ) . In 2007 , the President of Uganda suspended the NAADS program without prior consultation with the development partners ( ICR , p . 7 ) . Also , the Government expanded the Medium Term Expenditure Framework ( MTEF ) ceilings to accommodate allocations to the program only in the final years of the project . Such actions hindered project activities and delayed project start up and hindered project activities . In addition , the Government frequently announced design changes without prior consultation with financing partners . This confused participants and beneficiaries and undermined the program . * * Implementing Agency Performance . * * The ICR ( p . 18 ) reported that the NAADS secretariat executed its task effectively with a lean structure and interacted effectively with other counterparts as well as the GoU when changes to the program were proposed . However , the NAADS secretariat did not collect systemic M & E data envisaged by the project design which impacted both management decisions and assessment of final outcomes < u > ( ICR , p . 18 ) . < / u > * * a . Government Performance : * * Moderately Unsatisfactory * * b . Implementing Agency Performance : * * Moderately Unsatisfactory * * c . Overall Borrower Performance : * * Moderately Unsatisfactory * * 10 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization : * * * * Design . * * The PAD ( annex 1 ) includes a set of relevant indicators that capture the outputs and outcomes of the project activities , most importantly , indicators that were geared to gauge adoption rates , productivity increments and improvement in the well being of participating farmers . The design relied on the assumption that participatory M & E ( PM & E ) would ensure that the quality of service provision met the standard required to achieve the program ' s intended outcomes . According to the PAD ( p . 36 ) \" farmers will be the primary source of data needed for agricultural , monitoring and evaluation of activities at all", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 961, "text": "systemic M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | < sup > 3 < / sup > | | 56 < br > < sup > 3 < / sup > | | < sup > 3 < / sup > | | | < sup > 2 < / sup > | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | journal | % not | _I_  = 0 | Rank | _I_  = 0 . 5 | Rank | _I_  = 1 | Rank | _h_-index < br > | _I_ | Rank | Normalized | Rank | | | | found in | | | | | | | ( _I_ < sup > 1 < / sup > ) | | | _h_-index | | | | | Google | Publication | | | | Total | | | QIF | | | | | | | Scholar | count | | | | citations | | | | | | | | 93 | Journal of Urban Economics | 5 % | 21 | 188 | 94 | 108 | 636 | 107 | 12 | 0 . 289 | 107 | 35 % | 167 | | 93 | Journal of the European Economic Association | 0 % | 16 | 277 | 90 | 111 | 598 | 111 | 12 | 0 . 273 | 112 | 38 % | 154 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times . The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn ( 1 ) . The measure _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > is", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 875, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 901, "end": 929, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET : Agricultural Growth Program ( P113032 ) # # # Moderately Satisfactory # # * * 9 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization * * # # * * a . M & E Design * * M & E took place at four levels : federal , regional , woreda , and kebele / sub-kebele . Overall M & E was coordinated at the federal level ( AGP-PCU at the Ministry of Agriculture ) by a Monitoring and Evaluation Officer in collaboration with M & E Officers based at the regional AGP offices . M & E design was complex and coordination was challenging The PDO was assessed by two outcome indicators . These were adequate and measurable to assess the project ’ s impact on productivity and commercialization . However , there was no specific outcome indicator to assess the increased participation of women and youth . M & E started with a preliminary baseline data that was obtained from a Rapid Baseline Survey with limited geographical scope and sample size . This was later updated during the first year of implementation by a full baseline sample survey that resulted in different baseline values , requiring an amendment in the results framework . The original Results Framework included 12 intermediate outcome indictors to assess the different activities under the project components . All the intermediate outcome indicators were designed to reflect disaggregated data ( total households , female headed households and youth headed households ) . # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * Implementation suffered from a weak start , capacity challenges , coordination difficulties , and data limitations . Capacity at the local level was weak which contributed to delays in implementation of M & E activities . In addition , there was poor coordination among the multiple agencies required to report on the different indicators . This resulted in reporting inconsistent figures . Collecting youth-related data was particularly weak compared to women related data . According to the ICR ( p . 13 ,", "spans": [{"start": 951, "end": 972, "text": "Rapid Baseline Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1091, "end": 1118, "text": "full baseline sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1955, "end": 1973, "text": "youth-related data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 : Sample Selection and Experimental Design < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Enrollment Survey < br > N = 6 , 258 < br > Date : August 2020 < br > Not Eligible Eligible < br > N = 1 , 540 N = 4 , 718 < br > Complete Baseline Survey < br > N = 3 , 103 < br > Date : August-September 2020 Experiment Sample Endline survey < br > N = 599 N = 3 , 027 < br > No Baseline Survey Date : October 2020 Date : December 2020-January 2021 < br > N = 1 , 615 < br > Group 1 : Group 2 : < br > CATI WhatsApp < br > N = 300 N = 299 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes_ : This figure shows the sample selection and randomization procedure applied in this survey-mode experiment design ( orange boxes ) . From the total of enrolled and eligible caregivers that participated in the impact evaluation in Amaral et al . ( 2021 ) , we randomly selected a subsample of 599 caregivers . Half of this subsample were assigned to group 1 ( CATI or phone-based survey ) and the rest to group 2 ( WhatsApp or self-completion survey ) . 35", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 105, "text": "Enrollment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TT < sup > WW < / sup > TT < sup > AA < / sup > province-level information on the number of ISAF troops by the contributing nations and on the localization of Provincial Reconstruction Teams ( PRTs ) . Placemat issues also include information on the number of Afghan National Army ( ANA ) troops and on ISAF and ANA major units . Although information on PRTs is systematically reported , information on ISAF major units at the provincial level is only available from 2011 onwards . Combat troops are measured per 1 , 000 inhabitants in the province . Foreign aid is proxied by development assistance commitments . The data come from the Development Assistance Database ( DAD ) , the main publicly available source of information on development assistance DD in Afghanistan . Data are available by donor and sector , at the provincial level . They can be disaggregated 13", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 668, "text": "Development Assistance Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "composition of the board of directors ? What percentage of board members represents management ? Major owners ( more than 5 % shares ) ? Small shareholders ? 3 . Theory suggests that debt and equity contracts give shareholders and especially creditors control rights to intervene when a contract is violated . Bank surveys , however , in general do not provide information on the financial structure and the rights of stakeholders . _Suggested questions : ( 1 ) _ What is the share of outside equity ? Share of inside equity ? Share of debt financing ? Debt-equity ratio ? What type of institutions or individuals are the main shareholders ( bank , pension funds , a holding company , a foreign investor , or a domestic investor ) ? The main creditors ? ( 2 ) What are the control rights of the equity-holder , of the debt-holder ? Would a firm become bankrupt if it defaults interest payment for debts ? Does the firm post collateral when borrowing from banks ? What is the share of tangible assets ? What are the shares of long - and short-term debts in total debts respectively ' ' # * * Internal Incentives * * Internal incentives help align managerial and employee objectives ( see Holmstrom and Tirole , 1989 , for a survey ) . There are many ways to motivate workers : - Promotion , In theory , a large wage differential between workers at different levels improves performance by spurring employees to work hard in order to advance to the next layer , but this benefit has to be balanced against the loss of control and of information . The tournament literature suggests measuring the number of layers within the firm and wage differential between production workers and managers ( Lazear and Rosen , 1981 ; Nalebuff and Stiglitz , 1983 ; Rosen , 1986 ) . - The threat of firing . Presumably , internal incentives are stronger when involuntary turnover is a real and credible threat . This may be achieved by allowing a certain percentage of contract workers . A high share of temporary workers , however , may have unintended consequences : The threat cf firing as a disciplinary option spurs worker incentives , but temporary workers", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 322, "text": "Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 28 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 78 | 0 . 87 | y | Source : World Bank Databank # * * _Qard-al-Hasan_ as a tool for financial inclusion * * Qard-al-Hasan ( QH henceforth ) is defined in _Shariah_ as an interest free loan . It is usually granted from well off lenders to poor borrowers . It can also be directed from borrowers to intermediaries that can redirect it on their behalf to poor borrowers . QH is therefore a non rewarding loan ( with no expected return ) and the borrower is under obligation to repay the loan depending on the borrower ’ s financial capacity to do so . Loan procedures are usually informal and social capital is the basic collateral for this instrument . The main objectives of Qard al-Hassan could be : < sup > 23 < / sup > - To help the needy fellow people . - To establish better relationship among poor and the rich . - The mobilization of wealth among all people in the society . - To perform a good deed that is encouraged and appreciated by the _Allah_ ( swt ) and His messenger . - To strengthen the national economy . - To facilitate the poor to create new jobs market and business ventures by using their merits , skills and expertise . - To establish a caring society . - To eradicate unemployment problem from the society . > 23 Please see ( Hossain 1955 ) for a comprehensive exposition of al-qard-al-hasan based on Quran and Sunnah . 22", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 68, "text": "World Bank Databank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "areas are listed so that a given number of households can be randomly chosen from the list to be interviewed . The advantage of this approach is that it only requires knowledge of any FDP residing in an enumeration area , so that this person can be included in the sampling frame . The more accurate the number of FDPs in an enumeration area before listing households , the more efficient is the resulting sample . This approach requires appropriate enumeration area maps that can be easily defined through satellite images for camps , but might not be available across the country for FDPs living in host communities . Implementation can be expensive especially with limited knowledge about the number of FDPs in enumeration areas . However , area-based sampling has the big advantage of not requiring FDPs to register . In contrast , list-based sampling uses an existing list of all FDPs and randomly chooses a sample among them . If additional characteristics are available , like location or country of origin , the sample can be stratified . However , the sample will only be representative of registered FDPs . Hence , it is rarely used in the context of IDPs unless a proper registration system is in place . To partly address sampling issues , the UNHCR and the World Bank have been cooperating to use the UNHCR or national refugee registration systems as initial master samples to conduct consumption surveys , similarly to what is done with censuses of regular populations . Initial experiments in this respect have been conducted in Jordan , Lebanon , Iraq , Uganda , Kenya , Ethiopia , and South Sudan , resulting in consumption surveys and poverty analyses of refugees and IDPs . Both the UNHCR and the World Bank are now also working with statistical agencies in multiple countries across the Middle East and North Africa and SubSaharan Africa regions to include FDPs in national sampling frames with initial efforts conducted in countries such as Chad , Jordan , Kenya , Niger and Uganda ( e . g . , World Bank 2021b ) . However , the political economy and data privacy can make these efforts challenging . For host countries , FDPs may be only one of the many marginalized groups", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1417, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Data and statistics summary * * In order to estimate equations ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) , we use data from the Orbis database of Bureau Van Dijk . The Orbis dataset provides retrospective information on company ownership and reports the country of origin of each foreign shareholder , although the share value is often unknown . It also provides information on employment and turnover . We extracted data on foreign ownership on all manufacturing firms ( an annual average of about 63 , 000 companies ) for the period 1997 to 2012 . The data covers about 58 % of Polish firms as reported by Eurostat and coverage varies significantly across regions ( Farole et al . , 2017 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > Figure A . 4 shows the evolution of the percentage of companies with at least one foreign shareholder from either Germany , French , the United States or the United Kingdom . In the case of German shareholders , sectors are divided into those with the highest pre-determined export share ( above median , red line ) and those with lower level of specialization ( below median , blue line ) . The figure confirms the sharp increase in German acquisitions of Polish firms ( anticipated in Figure 1 ) right after EU accession , and at a remarkable greater extent for sectors with higher export shares . The percentage of German owned companies peaked in 2007 and 2009 at about 1 . 8 % overall , corresponding to about 18 % of total employment ( according to our sample ) . While foreign acquisitions began in 2001 in concomitance with the conclusions of the accession negotiations , it was only after joining the EU that FDI experienced a sharp rise . Foreign acquisitions increased also from other EU countries , such as France and the United Kingdom , and non-EU major trade partners , such as the US , but to a much lower extent . This suggests that German foreign investment played an important role . This pattern is confirmed also when considering an alternative measure of foreign ownership based on the country of origin of the Global Ultimate Owner ( GUO", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 132, "text": "Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 158, "end": 171, "text": "Orbis dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 407, "end": 459, "text": "data on foreign ownership on all manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ “ Our hardship is like time , it never stops . ” _ – A Nepali woman in Makawanpur , Nepal , in a conversation with “ Stories of Nepal ” # * * 1 . Introduction * * In this paper , we explore some aspects of economic and social mobility in Nepal . The data required for this analysis come from a variety of national surveys conducted in the past two decades as well as from a nationally representative survey that was implemented in 2014 to specifically collect information on social and economic mobility as it is perceived in Nepal . Nepal has undergone some dramatic political , social and economic changes in the past couple of decades . In a single generation , the country has gone from being a unitary , Hindu state ruled by an absolute monarch to a secular republic that has adopted a federal structure of governance . More than 14 , 000 Nepalis lost their lives between 1996 and 2006 in a violent Maoist conflict that took the country to the brink of a civil war that has fundamentally transformed the common Nepali psyche . This experience has not only altered the relationship between the state and its citizens but continues to have a profound influence on an evolving social contract . Despite these changes , there is an enduring perception of “ structural inequalities , ” some of which are deeply encoded in the legacy of the country ’ s social structure ( e . g . , the caste system ) and some are driven by what has been widely acknowledged to be a spatially imbalanced development experience . A discussion of mobility becomes pertinent because in many ways mobility is the fundamental characteristic of any development process that can neutralize these deep inequalities . From an intergenerational perspective , a society in which children can aspire to achieve and indeed can achieve levels of education , jobs , and living standards that are materially different from the levels enjoyed by their parents is a society that will automatically begin to redress some of these inequalities . Mobility is not just important from the point of view of equity , it also has efficiency benefits . If talent is distributed more equally in", "spans": [{"start": 307, "end": 323, "text": "national surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 376, "end": 408, "text": "nationally representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # * * IV . BANK PERFORMANCE , COMPLIANCE ISSUES , AND RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME * * # # * * A . QUALITY OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ( M & E ) * * # # * * M & E Design * * 59 . * * UgIFT ' s M & E design was appropriate in its overall architecture . * * The theory of change was clearly articulated , the DLIs were logically aligned with the PDO , and the multi-tier verification system with an IVA was comprehensive . The restructured framework comprised 31 PDO indicators and 34 IRIs , providing broad coverage of the Program ' s intended outcomes . The use of the LGMSD as the primary data source for LG management performance indicators was a sound design choice . It embedded M & E within an existing government system rather than creating a parallel data collection structure , and it directly linked monitoring results to development grant allocation decisions , giving the assessment mechanism operational significance beyond reporting . The main design shortcomings were the over-ambition and outputorientation of the RF , the insufficient specification of data sources , baselines , and collection responsibilities for several indicators at entry , and the rigidity of the DLI 4 verification protocol , whose implementation complexity was not identified as a systemic risk until the third year . By that point , only US $ 2 million of the US $ 16 million allocated under DLI 4 had been disbursed in FY2021 / 22 , and the Program had accumulated an estimated US $ 36 million in foregone disbursements under this DLI . Most of these shortcomings were corrected through restructuring , though earlier attention to the DLI 4 verification design would have materially improved disbursement performance . # # * * M & E Implementation * * 60 . * * M & E data were collected and analyzed in a robust manner , while an effective verification protocol (", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 674, "text": "LGMSD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1853, "end": 1863, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | 4 . 3 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 4 | Verify and update expropriated assets and properties database for PAHs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 5 | Individual / Consultation on Compensation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 6 | Preparation of schedule for individual compensations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 5 * * | * * Resettlement Process and Compensation Payment * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 1 | Notifications / disclosure of entitlements to all PAHs ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 2 | Agreement with each PAP on Compensation Amount and Issue Payment Certificate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 3 | Payment of Compensation for loss of farmland , structures , trees and other assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 4 | Issue notice to vacate ( as applicable ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 5 | Assess additional individual losses as and when required ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 6 | Disburse additional compensation to the PAHs as and when required ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 7 | ~ ~ Assist PAHs during relocation , reestablishment and Livelihood Restoration ~ ~ < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 8 | ~ ~ ( ongoing ) ~ ~ < br > Provide special", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 151, "text": "expropriated assets and properties database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "loyalty and support , ” as evidenced by the targeting of elderly women and children in many cases . < sup > 28 < / sup > # # # * * Accusations over time and around the globe * * Historically , witch-hunts have not been confined to a specific time or place . Besides Europe and North America , there were major persecutions in such places as “ Ancient Rome … Inca Peru , Aztec Mexico , Russia , China , India , and some Bantu empires of Africa . ” < sup > 29 < / sup > Information on contemporary witchcraft in Africa abounds , while only cursory information is available from other locations . < sup > 30 < / sup > This does not mean that witchcraft persecution does not exist elsewhere , just that what has been documented comes overwhelmingly from Africa . Witchcraft beliefs are relevant for traditional African religions , but “ comparative ethnographic and historical data attest to the importance of such beliefs in Christian , Muslim , Buddhist , and Hindu contexts ” as well . < sup > 31 < / sup > # # # _Asia_ In 1998 , approximately one hundred alleged sorcerers were killed in Banyuwangi District , East Java , Indonesia . < sup > 32 < / sup > Such killings have been recorded sporadically over the past fifty years and tend to target older males . < sup > 33 < / sup > In Cambodia , eight accused witches were killed by mobs in 2003 . < sup > 34 < / sup > However , it is indicated that “ in some of these cases , political killings may have been explained away as revenge killings for sorcery . ” < sup > 35 < / sup > Belief in sorcery is widespread throughout Thailand , but accusations manifest differently based on region : “ In north-eastern Thailand people have limited the frequency of their sorcery accusations [ because sorcery is assumed to have very serious and often lethal consequences ]", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 877, "text": "comparative ethnographic and historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ETHIOPIA CLIMATE ACTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR RESULTS ( P170384 ) | Date | 27-Mar-2019 < br > 13-Apr-2021 < br > 02-Dec-2021 < br > 07-Jul-2024 | | - - - | - - - | | Comments | This indicator measures the combined total of SLLCs issued in non-rangeland areas of Ethiopia . Issuance < br > refers to : ( i ) the validation of the SLLC by the WoLAU ; ( ii ) the entry of the SLLC by the WoLAU into the land < br > registry maintained by the WoLAU ; and ( iii ) the issuance of the certificate to the land-holder . The annual < br > target values for this indicator are cumulative . | ~ ~ < u > IN01087272 < / u > ~ ~ ► Program woredas covered by operational National Rural Land Administration Information System ( NRLAIS ) with Second Level Land Holding Certificates ( SLLCs ) digitized ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 < br > 135 . 00 | 184 . 00 | 280 . 00 | | Date | 27-Mar-2019 < br > 13-Apr-2021 | 02-Dec-2021 | 07-Jul-2024 | | Comments | This indicator measures the number of woredas ea < br > issued in the woreda digitized and registered in NR < br > by the ability of a member of the WoLAU to perform < br > the verification manual . The number of SLLCs digiti < br > the number of SLLCs recorded as issued in a given <", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 790, "text": "National Rural Land Administration Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "facilities , road < br > rading works , including provision of associated < br > bicycle lanes , landscaping , road furniture , signage , have < br > ectly over 200 , 000 urban residents with improved safety < br > ed accessibility and connectivity . Additionally , over < br > over 100 , 000 urban residents within 3 km radius have < br > considerably contributed to boosting revenues for the < br > dents . < br > n the previous ISR and Current ISR ) | # ► Street lights installed under the program ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 5 , 419 . 00 | 5 , 217 . 00 | 1 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 17-Jun-2021 < br > 01-Sep-2023 | 30-Nov-2023 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments | Target Surpassed : Over 14 municipalities have inve < br > with impacts to enhanced business opportunities a < br > standards of living have been recorded , with over 8 < br > from this intervention . O & M challenges have to be < br > infrastructure . < br > ( Note : A reporting error has been corrected betwee | sted mostly in solar powere < br > nd timings for operation , im < br > 00 , 000 urban residents esti < br > addressed in order to ensur < br > n the previous ISR and Cur | d street lighting systems , < br > proved security and improved < br > mated to have benefitted < br > e the sustainability of the < br > rent ISR ) | # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * DLI_IND_ ~ ~ TABLE ~ ~ 12 / 11 / 2023 Page 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "input indicator which is included in < br > the PIM . | | Percentage O & M funds < br > collected | No change | Refers to fee collection rate which is a proxy < br > for financial sustainability and users ’ < br > satisfaction ; target value will be set at 90 % < br > instead of 100 % . | | Number of PPP contracts < br > signed | Revised : < br > Percentage of the project area < br > under contract with a private < br > operator forO & M | The number of contracts is less relevant than < br > the acreage covered by these contracts . | | | New : < br > Percentage of the project area < br > with functional Irrigation < br > Water Users Associations | This is indicator is a better proxy for < br > sustainability than the previous one ; functional < br > means legally registered , with board elected < br > according to bylaws and with a budget < br > endorsed in general assembly . Percentage of < br > the area is more significant than actual number < br > of IWUAs . | | User satisfaction with < br > irrigation O & M services | Dropped | The indicator is too subjective ; the issue is < br > considered already covered by the fee < br > collection rate ; user satisfaction surveys remain < br > part oftheM & Esystem . | | Irrigation efficiency at top and < br > bottom ends of irrigation < br > system | Revised : < br > Irrigation efficiency of main < br > supply system operation | Efficiency between the upstream intake or < br > pumping station and the outlets to tertiary < br > canals , not including unavoidable losses < br > ( methodology described in Management < br > Contract ) . This is a more accurate measure of < br > efficiency and is within the control of the < br > irrigationsystem management service provider", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1190, "text": "user satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Revenga , Ana ( 1992 ) : ” Exporting jobs ? The impact of import competition on employment and wages in U . S . manufacturing , ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 107 ( 1 ) : 255-284 . Silva , Joana , Rita Almeida and Victoria Strokova ( 2015 ) : ” Sustaining employment and wage gains in Brazil : A skills and jobs agenda . ” _Directions in Development_ , World Bank : Washington DC . Verhoogen , Eric ( 2008 ) : ” Trade , quality upgrading , and wage inequality in the Mexican manufacturing sector , ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 123 ( 2 ) : 489-530 . Yeaple , S . R . ( 2005 ) : ” A Simple model of firm heterogeneity , international trade , and wages , ” _Journal of International Economics_ , 65 ( 1 ) : 1-20 . # * * A . Appendix * * # # * * A . 1 . Definition of skill groups * * We consider four occupational groups to proxy the skill level associated with the worker ’ s occupation , as defined in the ISCO-88 classification . Table A . 1 presents the definition of skill groups . # # * * A . 2 . Summary statistics , worker-firm data * * # # * * A . 3 . Further results * * 19", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1051, "text": "worker-firm data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Table 7 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country of asylum and level in the procedure , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-06 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-06 | Protecti < br > Recognition | on indica | tors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | territory | | Cases / | | Applied | Positi | ve | | | | | rates | O / w . | Change | | of | Procedure | Persons * * * | | during | Recog - | Other | | Otherw . | | | Ref . | closed | pending | | asylum | T * < br > L * * | App . < br > Dec . | Total | 2006 | nized | ( hum . ) | Rejected | closed | Total | Total | status < br > Total | rate | cases ( % ) | | * * Total * * | | | * * 808 , 238 * * | * * 596 , 186 * * | * * 141 , 402 * * | * * 54 , 267 * * | * * 303 , 595 * * | * * 191 , 891 * * | * * 691 , 164 * * | * * 740 , 166 * * | | | | # # # # # * * < u > Notes : < / u > * * A dash", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 145, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inventory of assets and valuation for Ethio Telecom , began in 2019 and was funded under the Ethiopia Telecom Reform program ( P168536 ) . The transaction advisor was hired in October 2020 using funds from the PPA for this project , and will assist in the preparation of a data room , the organization of a roadshow for potential investors , the conducting of a bidding process and advising of the GoE on the form the transaction should take and the selection of a strategic partner . The aim would be to complete the partial privatization process in synchronization with the market opening , and the transaction advisor has committed to completing this within 9 months ( ie by mid-2021 ) . This timetable was initially slowed by the COVID-19 pandemic , but now seems to be on track . # # # * * Sub-component 1 . 2 : Strengthening independent ICT sector regulation * * ( US $ 11m ) * * 24 . * * A critical part of the overall process of telecom reform is the need * * to strengthen the newly established sector regulator , ECA , * * so that it can function effectively as an independent , transparent , efficient and accountable regulatory body . Following its creation in September 2019 , the staff of ECA were drawn initially from the Regulation and Technical Standards Directorate of the former Ministry of Communications and Information Technology ( MCIT ) < sup > 24 < / sup > . ECA is responsible for a broad range of activities , as set out in the Communications Services Proclamation 1948 / 2019 . It is also expected to acquire additional responsibilities for eCommerce , and the establishment of a future Certification Authority , under the eTransactions Proclamation . The technical assistance support provided to ECA under this > 21 One exception is in the field of fiber optic networks where both the electricity and railway utilities own their own fiber networks , and do make capacity available to virtual Internet Service Providers ( ISPs , such as Websprix , as well as Ethio Telecom itself . But real", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 51, "text": "inventory of assets and valuation for Ethio Telecom", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enf * * | * * ant ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | * * Tl * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > * * ota * * < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | * * YELIMANE * * | * * 10 * * | * * 15 * * | * * 14 * * | * * 29 * * | * * 12 * * | * * 15 * * | * * 27 * * | * * 4", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * 116 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * # # # # # * * 3 . 7 . 2 . 2 Demographic Conditions * * # # # # # * * National Trends * * The 2002 population census indicated that Uganda had a total population of 24 . 4 million with an estimated annual growth of some 3 . 3 percent per annum between 1991 and 2002 . The Statistics Department projected in 2002 that the population in the year 2005 would reach 26 . 7 million ( Government of Uganda , Statistical Abstract , 2002 ) . In 2002 , approximately 49 percent of the population was under the age of 15 years . Approximately 88 percent of the population was living in the rural areas with 12 percent in towns and cities . Average population density was 124 persons per square kilometre , or slightly more than one person per hectare . # # # # # * * Local Trends * * Demographic data at the district level was obtained from the 2002 census ( GoU , 2002 ) . The total populations of Jinja and Mukono Districts in 2002 were 387 , 573 and 785 , 393 , respectively , with population in Mukono District presumably having dropped from 824 , 606 in the 1991 census as a result of the creation of Wakiso District . The growth rates of the population in the two districts were 2 . 5 percent and 2 . 6 percent per annum respectively between 1991 and 2002 , which was below the national average of 3 . 3 percent per annum . The population of both districts was 49 percent male and 51 percent female for Jinja District ; 50 percent male and 50 percent female for Mukono District . In Mukono District 49 percent of the population was under the age of 15 while in Jinja District the proportion was 46 percent . In Mukono District 82 . 8 percent of the population lived in rural areas whilst in Jinja District the", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 261, "text": "2002 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 990, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1197, "end": 1208, "text": "1991 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "changes in distribution , we should expect a change in poverty rates between 0 . 62 * 8 . 58 = 5 . 32 and 0 . 68 * 8 . 58 = 5 . 83 percentage points if one uses a deflator reflecting the food share of the bottom 30 percent of the population to define real expenditure changes . Table 3 : Sensitivity of Headcount Poverty to the Poverty Line | | Usin | g 1996 Suse | nas Data | Using | 1999 Suse | nas Data | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage < br > increase in < br > poverty < br > line over < br > lowest < br > level | If poverty < br > line is < br > ( Rp / person < br > / month ) | Then < br > headcount < br > poverty is < br > ( percent ) | Elasticity < br > ( percent point < br > change in < br > poverty / < br > percentage < br > change in < br > expenditures ) | If poverty < br > line is < br > ( Rp / person < br > / month ) < br > | Then < br > headcount < br > poverty is < br > ( percent ) | Elasticity < br > ( percent < br > point change < br > in poverty / < br > percentage < br > change in < br > expenditures ) | | 0 | 28 , 516 | 9 . 75 | - | 62 , 877 | 9 . 75 | | | _5_ | 29 , 942 | 12 . 01 | 0 . 45 | 66 , 021 | 12 . 10 | 0 . 47 | | 10 | 31 , 368 | 14 . 39 | 0 . 50 | 69 , 165 | 14 . 55 | 0 . 51 | | 15 | 32 , 793 | 16 . 93 | 0 . 56 | 72 , 309 | 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * ABSTRACT * * Most high and middle-income countries showed symptoms of skill-biased technological change in the 1980s . India – a low income country – did not , perhaps because India ' s traditionally controlled economy may have limited the transfer of technologies from abroad . However the economy underwent a sharp reform and a manufacturing boom in the 1990s , raising the possibility that technology absorption may have accelerated during the past decade . We investigate the hypothesis that skill-biased technological change did in fact arrive in India in the 1990s using panel data disaggregated by industry and state from the Annual Survey of Industry ( ASI ) . These data confirm that while the 1980s were a period of falling skills demand , the 1990s showed generally rising demand for skills , with variation across states . We find that increased output and capital-skill complementarity appear to be the best explanations of skill upgrading in the 1990s . Skill upgrading did not occur in the same set of industries in India as it did in other countries , suggesting that increased demand for skills in Indian manufacturing is _not_ due to the international diffusion of recent vintages of skill-biased technologies . * * JEL keywords : * * O300 - Technological Change ; J240 - Human Capital ; Skills ; O530 - Economywide Country Studies : Asia ; O120 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development ; F160 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions . 1", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 593, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 639, "end": 664, "text": "Annual Survey of Industry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 | 2018-09-10 | 2018-10-15 | | 2018-11-19 | 2019-04-18 | | ET-MUDH-60160-CS-QCBS / < br > computerized comprehensive < br > municipal revenue file < br > management and data base < br > formation < br > IDA / D2770 | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | < br > Open - < br > International | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2018-06-08 < br > 2019 | - 06-21 < br > 2018-06-29 | 2019-07 | - 16 < br > 2018-08-12 < br > 2020-02-11 | 2018-09-09 < br > 2020 - | 03-27 < br > 2018-10-09 < br > 2020-06 - | 29 < br > 2018-11-13 | | 2018-12-18 | 2020-06-10 | Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 148, "text": "municipal revenue file", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of panel firms . We find that increasing the police force has a large negative association with crime under high inequality , high voter turnout , in larger cities , and when the firm is owned and managed by women . Expansion of the police force is also negatively associated with crime experienced by firms for slow-growing economies , economies with higher religious fractionalization , and economies with bad governance . It is worth noting that given the data limitations , our results may underestimate the true effect of police on crime experienced by firms , since we cannot fully limit the issue of simultaneity bias between police presence and crime . However , given the mixed empirical validation in the literature , this result of a negative impact of police on crime experienced by firms is still significant , even if this study presents a lower bound of the effects . We also concede that it may not be possible to completely address empirical issues , such as endogeneity and omitted variable bias , given the data at hand , and we caution against making any causal statements . However our results do not seem farfetched given estimates in the literature between police and overall crime instead of firm-specific crime . We hope that these preliminary findings serve as a starting point for future research in this rather under-researched area . To summarize , this paper contributes to the literature in the following ways : ( i ) This study quantifies the effect of police presence on the burden of crime experienced by firms , and thus sidesteps issues of underreporting of crime in country aggregates , and also accounts for the intensity of crime by using losses due to crime as a percentage of sales . ( ii ) The data used for this study were obtained from the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Analysis unit ( Enterprise Surveys ) , which uses the same survey and sampling methodology across surveys , allowing for cross-country comparisons , and thus addresses the issue of external validity which country specific survey 6", "spans": [{"start": 1826, "end": 1844, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "age . < sup > 27 < / sup > # * * 3 . 3 Descriptive Statistics and Balancing Tests * * Table 1 shows descriptive statistics of socio-demographic information for the full sample and separated by treatment arm . Panel A presents summary statistics of characteristics available for the full sample . On average , caregivers in our sample are 31 years of age , < sup > 28 < / sup > 52 percent are women , and have an oldest child who is 4 . 6 years old . In terms of phone exclusivity , only 23 percent of participants share a phone with other relatives within the household . Finally , 3 of each 10 participants use a money-transfer technology ( Tigo Money ) . Only 60 and 44 percent of caregivers completed baseline and endline surveys , respectively . Panel B in Table 1 shows descriptive statistics for variables that are available only for individuals who completed the baseline survey . We find that most caregivers ( 64 percent ) in our sample do not have tertiary education ( bachelor ’ s degree or higher ) . We also show that 28 percent of the sample were either unemployed or lost their jobs during the pandemic . < sup > 29 < / sup > Both treatment arms are balanced in most socio-demographic characteristics except for gender ; there are more women in the WhatsApp ( self-completion ) group . < sup > 30 < / sup > Since our sample involves participants with and without a baseline survey completed we also test for potential selection in pre-determined characteristics taking into account this feature . These results are presented in Figure A2 and show that there are no significant differences across arms . Table 2 presents summary statistics of our main outcomes . In panel A , we show that on average , the completion rate was 51 percent and the number of attempts to reach participants ( reminders ) was greater than three . Moreover , between 60 and 68 percent of participants in our study were consistent in their responses of sensitive information at baseline , and between 58 and 62 percent at endline . Among reasons for > 27In Table A10 in the Appendix ,", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 885, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and not covered . As a result , they are often suffocated as garbage is dumped in them . # # # # * * g ) Heritage * * Entebbe has important heritage places , some of the heritage sites include , a burial site of one of Buganda kingdom ’ s King , the only and first international air port in the country , the site where the first missionaries landed , the zoo ( wild life center ) . There are all kinds of religious institutions that are recognized in the Municipality . However there is a challenge with Pentecostal churches that are stabilized on vacant land without approval from the municipal councils , no structural plan for the churches , complains of noise from neighbors and the poor and unsafe building materials . # # # # * * < u > MASAKA MUNICIPALITY < / u > * * Masaka municipality is found in the Central Region of Uganda in about 130 km south-west of the capital city - Kampala , along the Trans-African highway to Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo ( D . R . C ) . It also provides the main route to the republic of Tanzania . The main Post Office is found at longitude 310 44 ’ 11 . 18 ” East and latitude 00 20 ’ 28 . 12 ” South at the heart of Masaka district and has access routes to different districts of Rakai , Kalangala , Mpigi , Kalungu , Bukomansimbi and Lwengo which makes it a transport centre for the region . Socio-environmental conditions in Masaka Municipality are described below . # # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * The population of Masaka municipality was 67 , 768 in 2002 of which 32 , 118 were males ( 47 . 4 % ) and 35 , 650 were females ( 52 . 6 % ) . A review of the previous censuses population figures revealed that there was a general reduction in the inter censual population growth rates from 5 per cent in the", "spans": [{"start": 1635, "end": 1662, "text": "censuses population figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "movable assets registry . # # # # * * _Key activities , work plan updates & key issues_ * * < u > Enactment of a new secured transactions legal framework : The Office of the Deputy President has provided an accelerated timeline for the expected < / u > enactment of the new legal framework of June 2016 . The current work plan has therefore had to be adjusted to reflect accelerated timelines for activities such as drafting of the initial bill , study tours , stakeholder workshops etc . A zero draft of the bill has been prepared by the international advisor and being reviewed by the TWG as at 1 Feb 2016 . A local law firm has been procured to provide Kenyan context . 10 / 7 / 2016 Page 3 of 12 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "movable assets registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "S < br > awareness < br > through < br > conspicuously < br > display safety caution signage < br > at strategic places within all < br > workplaces ; | sure < br >  OHS < br > Risk < br > Assessment < br > document < br >  Site < br > Specific < br > Environment , < br > Social , health and < br > Safety Management < br > Plan < br >  PPE provision and < br > monitoring plan < br >  Training < br > and < br > Competence matrix < br > outlining all training < br > that will be done and < br > all that have been < br > done on a monthly < br > basis < br > ( including < br > toolbox talks ) < br >  Availability and easy < br > access to first aid < br > kits / tools ; < br >  Records of OSHA < br > kept ; | Co < br >  Monthly < br > inspection < br > ( housekeepi < br > PPE , trainin < br >  Quarterly < br > Audits < br >  Availability < br > OHS < br > assessment < br > document < br >  Available < br > Managemen | p < br > OHS < br > ng , < br > g etc ) < br > OHS < br > of the < br > risks < br > EHSS < br > t Plan | y < br > Contractor < br > CPCT | Daily < br > for < br > activities < br > pertaining < br > to works ; < br > Monthly < br > scope < br > specific < br > monitoring < br > OHS < br > inspections < br > Quarterly < br > OHS Audits | < br > 1 , 200 , 000 | 189", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 705, "text": "Records of OSHA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WTP survey presents an important form of experimentation which lies somewhere along the spectrum of laboratory experiments and observational studies . Such survey based ‘ field experiments ’ represent a practical mix of control and realism . Control comes from the design of the survey sample and the structure of the survey instrument . Contrasted to the laboratory settings of experimental economics , realism comes from interviewing people in their homes about goods and services that are important to their daily life , and considering the infrastructure programs that are familiar to respondents . What can we get from WTP surveys for improved piped water services ? It is important to review some of the qualifications regarding the typical product – mean WTP – because the economic concept measured by WTP can be difficult to grasp , leading to misinterpretations and misuses of results . Analysis and interpretation of survey data usually generates a measure of 3", "spans": [{"start": 927, "end": 938, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on each loan received by each firm , including information on the loan amount , interest rate , and loan maturity . We complement the bank data with unique data on the credit program we analyze , including detailed information on loan applications by firms ( such as the amount requested ) as well as banks ’ decisions ( such as whether a loan request is approved or rejected and the approved amount ) . These data allow us to measure selection and to disentangle supply and demand factors in the allocation of credit across the whole economy . Second , we use confidential administrative tax records from Chile ’ s tax authority ( _Servicio de Impuestos Internos_ ) . These data sets contain monthly , firm-level information including sales , materials expenditure , value added , number of workers , wage bill , net worth , age , industry , and municipality . These data allow us to construct measures of pre-pandemic firm attributes ( such as productivity , measured as value added per worker ) as well as firm performance during the pandemic , which we do with monthly sales during 2020 . Third , we work with publicly available firm-level data on firms that use the employment program , a policy of interest for comparison purposes . These data are published monthly by the employment authority ( _Direcci ́ on del Trabajo_ ) and contain the dates that each firm uses the employment program and the number of workers in each firm that participates in the program . We merge these data sets using unique anonymous tax identification codes ( IDs ) of workers and firms that are common across sources . To secure the privacy of workers and firms , the codes are run by staff at the central bank that have the security clearance to access the full data . Furthermore , the Chilean tax authority requires all the results that are extracted and used in this paper to be calculated using at least 25 tax IDs . In sum , the merged data set allows us to study real and financial aspects of both the credit and the employment program covering the universe of firms . For most of the analysis , we use the 2018 – 2020", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 143, "text": "bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 561, "end": 600, "text": "confidential administrative tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1133, "end": 1148, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1921, "end": 1936, "text": "merged data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than the classical “ wasteful ” approaches for all possible values of c . Recall the classic approach consists in using an indicator coming from a single survey , which at global level essentially means using either H < sup > ˆ < / sup > M or H < sup > ˆ < / sup > OD when the joint distribution is missing . Even when assuming the most extreme values for cˆ , either 0 or ∞ , indicator ˆˆ ˆ ˆ 47 H yields a smaller bias than both HM and HOD . The method performs much better when assuming a value for cˆ equal to the median value for c among Nigerian states . > 44Also see Tran et al . ( 2015 ) on the overlap between monetary poverty and the global MPI . > 45The baseline version of this indicator satisfies the necessary assumptions for this exercise . Individuals are considered monetary poor when their consumption is below the extreme IPL , in which case they receive a weight of wM = 1 / 4 . The identification threshold used is also k = 1 / 4 . Note that the nonmonetary dimensions of this indicator do not correspond to those of the global MPI . > 46For instance , this difference is equal to 2 if a state is ranked 1 by the indicator considered and ranked 3 by H < sup > ˆ < / sup > . > 47 ˆ ˆ ˆ Formally , indicator max ( ˆHM , HOD ) yields the same ranking as H < sup > ˆ < / sup > ( ∞ ) when c tends to ∞ . Also , indicator H < sup > ˆ < / sup > M + H < sup > ˆ < / sup > OD yields the same ranking as H < sup > ˆˆ < / sup > ( 0 ) when H < sup > ˆ < / sup > M + H < sup > ˆ < / sup > OD ≤ 100 . 26", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 160, "text": "single survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA project report for the Proposed St . Marys Mon Sec . School Borehole-Marakwet East July 2014_ * * reasons for the abandonment of a borehole ; these include inadequate water or drying up of the aquifer due to activities uphill , poor water quality , defective construction and legal implications . During the abandonment period , a lot of caution needs to be observed so that the materials can be reused on another project and to avoid contamination of the remaining water in the aquifer . Effective abandonment of a borehole depends on knowledge of the construction carried out at the source , geology and hydrogeology of the area . The importance of a full characterization increases as the complexity of the borehole yield , site geology and the risk of aquifer contamination . Proper records should be maintained during project implementation and later filed with the Water Resources Management Authority ( WRMA ) as required . Water level and any obstruction around the vicinity of the project need to be identified . Obstructions such as pumps , pipes , wiring must be pulled out and be used in alternative project . Scrap metal such as Iron sheets can be sold to metal scrap for safe disposal . # # # # * * 5 . 12 Record keeping and documentation and environmental policy * * In accordance with the EMCA ( 1999 ) , records of environmental issues , relevant licenses and permits need to be kept and availed to NEMA officers when necessary to prove compliance . These include : water abstraction permits ; accident registers and a list of all hazardous materials on site . In addition , inspection records , environmental records , discharge-monitoring reports , relevant project licenses , amongst others are to be documented and kept safely . For efficient management of the borehole and to facilitate further assessments in compliance with the law , it is recommended that the following records be kept always in addition to those mentioned above : - a ) Records in environmental issues and periodic review notes ; - b ) Records of violations and notification of authorities ’ correspondence in relation to the", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1538, "text": "accident registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1601, "end": 1619, "text": "inspection records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1622, "end": 1643, "text": "environmental records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1646, "end": 1674, "text": "discharge-monitoring reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE Corridor serves as a link to other important corridors that branch off from it , such as the Trans-Kalahari , Beira , Lobito , Dar es Salaam , and Nacala corridors ( Curtis 2009 ) . Along the corridor , the core road artery runs 7 , 500 km from Dar es Salaam in Tanzania to Durban in South Africa , via Lusaka , Zambia , through the Chirundu border crossing and on to Harare , Zimbabwe , and then into South Africa at Beitbridge . But as a result of recent political unrest in Zimbabwe , an alternative route has opened up , bypassing Zimbabwe and going through Botswana instead . The road sector went through important institutional reforms in 2000 – 01 . Before the reforms most of the financing for roads came from government appropriations out of the national budget . But in the early 2000s dedicated road-user charges were created and assigned to the road fund , to be managed by the Zimbabwe National Road Administration ( ZINARA ) . But maintenance and rehabilitation is constrained by insufficient funding , aggravating the extent of undermaintenance . # * * Challenges * * While Zimbabwe boasts one of the most extensive road networks in the region , its condition has deteriorated rapidly over the past two decades . As of 2008 Zimbabwe has one of the lowest percentages of roads in good condition the region ( figure 11 ) . The roads in poor condition include key regional arteries , such as the corridor leading to the port of Beira in northern Mozambique , hindering the competitiveness of the port even though it is significantly closer to Zimbabwe than the port of Durban . The 2010 Zimbabwe Road Condition Survey paints an even more dismal picture of the current quality of classified roads ( table 10 ) . Only 34 percent of total classified roads are in fair or good condition and only 14 percent in good condition . The quality of paved / sealed roads is somewhat better than that of gravel and earth roads ; nevertheless , a daunting 50 percent of classified paved roads are in poor condition and require costly rehabilitation . Based on the results of this survey", "spans": [{"start": 1650, "end": 1685, "text": "2010 Zimbabwe Road Condition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Survey Population in the OCC Survey ( Percentages may not sum to 100 % due to rounding , nonresponses , or the omitted category \" other \" ) * * | * * Characteristics of the Survey Population * * | * * % of combined * * < br > * * survey popula - * * < br > * * tion * * | * * % of the NYC * * < br > * * survey popula - * * < br > * * tion * * | * * % of the LA * * < br > * * survey popula - * * < br > * * tion * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Age * * | | | | | 18to 29 years old | 29 . 8 | 22 . 2 | 37 . 5 | | 30 to 64years old | 59 . 3 | 64 . 1 | 54 . 5 | | 65or older | 8 . 0 | 10 . 2 | 5 . 8 | | Male | 45 . 7 | 44 . 2 | 47 . 3 | | * * Highest completed level of education * * | | | | | Less than high school degree | 37 . 8 | 36 . 1 | 39 . 5 | | High school degree or equivalent | 38 . 0 | 44 . 0 | 32 . 0 | | More than high school | 24 . 2 | 19 . 9 | 28 . 4 | | * * Household composition * * | | | | | No children in household | 40 . 7 | 45 . 0 | 36 . 4 | | One or two children | 41 . 6 | 41 . 6 | 41 . 7 | | Three or more children | 17 . 5 | 13 . 3 | 21 . 8 | | Other adults in household | 81 . 6 | 75 . 0 | 88 . 2 | | * * Housing status * *", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 86, "text": "OCC Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 . 3 . 1 Cut-off date * * The practical Cut-off Date for implementation of the RAP will be deemed to be the date at which the census of affected people and affected assets commenced that is * * 23 * * < sup > * * rd * * < / sup > * * March 2015 * * . No structure established or crops planted in the Project-Affected Area after 23 < sup > rd < / sup > March 2015 shall be eligible for compensation . # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 2 Database * * A database of affected households will be established for purposes of compensation management . All relevant census and socio-economic information related to both affected assets and affected households will be entered into this database . | 52", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 172, "text": "census of affected people and affected assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 442, "end": 473, "text": "database of affected households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", whose worry was movement through the construction zone . Other disruptions observed , which are likely on implementation of the Project , were interruption to electricity supply and , water and sanitation services . In connection to water and sanitation services , the disruption would be as a result of damage to verandas , manholes , water distribution lines , drainages , water tanks , septic tanks , sewer pipelines , and toilets . Damage to these water and sanitation structures , without provision of adequate mitigation measures , was further observed may result to impacts with adverse potential effects on the health and safety of PAPs , as well as residents from the beneficiary community . Toward effective implementation of the Project , also as observed from the survey , was likely : a ) disruptions to family and community values due persons from outside migrating into the beneficiary community in response to income opportunity ; and , b ) damage to property located adjacent to construction sites as a result of construction activities . Against each of the observations made from the census survey , this RAP Report proposes most feasible mitigation measure , which is guided by recommendations from PAPs , RPF , and other stakeholders . Compliance with the laws of Kenya , as well as World Bank Policy on involuntary resettlement was also taken into consideration . The table below “ _This RAP Report ’ s Proposal of How Project Affected Person Is to be Compensated / Mitigated_ ” gives a summary of the proposed mitigation measure against an observed disruption . # # # # * * 3 . OTHER * * This RAP Report , in addition , proposes the activities to be undertaken toward adequately reinstalling PAPs . Proposed as well are : a ) the grievance redress mechanism ; b ) organisational responsibilities ; c ) implementation schedule , giving the timelines against the activities ; d ) monitoring and evaluation framework of the activities proposed be undertaken toward adequately re-installing PAPs ; e ) valuation and compensation process ; and , d ) the RAP budget , which is estimated at Ksh . 20 , 736", "spans": [{"start": 1105, "end": 1118, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSTP subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2023 < / mark > the implementation of the proposed projects . One government level ( municipality level-lead by the Mayor of Semera-Logia town and the relevant sectoral offices ) consultation has been conducted with all relevant stakeholders . The consultation took place in collaboration with and facilitated by both the Woreda local authorities . The consultation participants were selected giving emphasis on their social status and representative views . Community elders also participated in the discussions . The discussions and inquiries made use of an openended checklist , as described below . - Attitudes towards the project ; - Expected benefits from the project ; - Possible adverse impacts of the project and their mitigation measures to manage / ameliorate the negative impacts ; and - Participation and cooperation from the people to support the implementation of the proposed projects . # # # # 2 . 2 . 6 Use of Relevant Data Generated by other Disciplines Data collected by the project design team ( engineering team ) were reviewed and the relevant data was used to supplement the environmental and social data and to understand the proposed technical features of the project so that to render the impact assessment as comprehensive as possible . # # # # 2 . 2 . 7 Identification and Analysis of Environmental and Social Impacts Following the evaluation of the baseline conditions and analysis of stakeholders ’ opinions , environmental impacts likely to result from the proposed sanitary project were identified and their significance was evaluated . Impact significance was assessed quantitatively / qualitatively based on the magnitude of the impact , relative importance / value of the affected environmental component , intensity and duration of the impact , and reversibility of the impact . Subsequent to the identification of potential impacts and evaluation of their significance , appropriate mitigation measures that are capable of preventing , reducing , or offsetting the negative impacts to acceptable levels were identified and recommended . Finally , an ESMP that comprises the outline of significant environmental impacts", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1090, "text": "Data collected by the project design team", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1175, "end": 1204, "text": "environmental and social data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | N 11 ° 47 ′ 29 . 246 ″ | E40 ° 0 ′ 35 . 972 ″ | Public | | 6 | Kebele 02 ( near High school ) | N 11 ° 47 ′ 39 . 048 ″ | E41 ° 1 ′ 3 . 214 ″ | Public | ESIA Report 51", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 170, "text": "ESIA Report 51", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Incorrect coding of the consumption of home production data * * In the process of working with the 1993 data , we discovered that the data , as it was originally processed , showed a dramatic decline in consumption of home production . The reason was that in 98 percent of the 25 , 570 cases , the number of months of consumption of home production were coded as one month , in contrast to 2 percent of the cases in the 1995 survey ( table 22 ) . In examining a few questionnaires it was evident that the data for the number of months of consumption of home-produced items had been incorrectly entered on the computer file . Unfortunately , INS was not able to reenter the data for 1993 . * * Table 22 CMte d ' Ivoire : Number of Months of Consumption of Home Production 1993 and 1995 * * | _Reported Months_ | _Unrevised 1_ | _993 survey_ | _1993 correc_ | _ted survev_ | _19_ | _95_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _of Consumption_ | _Frequency_ | _Percent_ | _Frequency_ | _Percent_ | _Frequency_ | _Percent_ | | 1 | 25107 | 98 . 3 | 320 | 1 . 3 | 57 | 1 . 9 | | 2 | 1 | 0 . 0 | 774 | 3 . 0 | 169 | 5 . 6 | | 3 | | | 1110 | 4 . 3 | 184 | 6 . 1 | | 4 | | | 1076 | 4 . 2 | 185 | 6 . 1 | | 5 | 4 | 0 . 0 | 752 | 2 . 9 | 123 | 4 . 1 | | 6 | 2 | 0 . 0 | 1696 | 6 . 6 | 285 | 9 . 5 | | 7 | | | 532 | 2 . 1 | 82 | 2 . 7 | | 8 | | | 886 | 3 . 5 | 128 | 4 . 2 | | 9 | | | 322 | 1 . 3", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 114, "text": "1993 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two tiers and divide by the total number of patients . < br > We then assign the resultingexpenditure to eachpatient . | | 8 | The LCMS records information about health posts and < br > clinics separately , but the official public spending data < br > does not differentiate between them . | We aggregate health post and clinic data to match it with < br > the official spending reports . | | 9 | Outlier observations . < br > ( 0 . 3 % of sample ) | Within each quintile we discard cases in which household < br > expenditures on hospitals or other facilities were larger < br > than the mean log-expenditure plus three times the < br > standard deviation ( including only positive expenditure < br > values ) . | _Source : Authors_ # * * 4 . 4 . Allocation of Fertilizer Subsidies * * LCMS VI contains information about whether a household grew maize crops during the 2008 / 2009 period or not . The survey also asked if they received fertilizer ( organic or inorganic ) or seeds , who they received them from and how much they spent to get the inputs . A household is considered as beneficiary of FISP if they grew maize crops and received fertilizer from the government or from cooperatives ( see Appendix 3 ) . Ideally , in order to identify the beneficiaries of FISP and the FSP , the LCMS VI should have included information about which households were participants in each of these programs , the amount of fertilizer and seeds they received from the programs , and the amount they paid in cash or in kind for these inputs . However , the data available are far less comprehensive and a complete reconstruction of participation in and benefits received from these programs is not possible . Table 10 summarizes the operational assumptions that were made . 21", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 244, "text": "public spending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 305, "end": 332, "text": "health post and clinic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 794, "text": "LCMS VI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-NYERI COUNTY-99639-G < br > O-RFQ / procure 100 No . eac < br > h of Maternal Child Health registers , MOH 405 , MOH 705 , IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 5 , 505 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2019-04-22 2019-05-20 2019-06-19 < br > MOH 710 , MOH 711 AND MO < br > H 717 and 101 vaccine ledge < br > r books < br > KE-NYERI COUNTY-137451-G < br > O-RFQ / Supply and install ( byconstructing a concrete base ) 3no . 10 , 000 litres water ta IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 4 , 500 . 00 4 , 046 . 76 Completed 2020-02-08 2020-05-02 2020-03-03 2020-05-19 2020-06-01 2020-06-29 < br > nks for three Health Centres ; < br > Kiuu , Ngurumo and Gumba < br > KE-NYERI COUNTY-137545-GO-RFQ / Procure 2no . fridgesfor Thungare and Hubuini Dis IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 7 , 000 . 00 6 , 208 . 43 Completed 2019-11-27 2021-01-07 2019-12-18 2021-03-30 2020-01-17 2021-06-30 < br > pensary < br > KE-NYERI COUNTY-137619-G < br > O-RFQ / Procure 750no . mama kits ( Baby bag , baby wrappe IDA / 58360 Improving Primary Health Care Results", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 139, "text": "Maternal Child Health registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) intended to reallocate funds from Market Destination Representatives to create and launch a new national destination brand , strengthening Uganda ’ s global tourism identity . * * < u > 2024 Revised project : < / u > * * Because of insufficient time to complete them , some of the activities were cancelled under the tourism component as follows : ( i ) provision of technical advisory services for destination planning and identification of investment opportunities ; ( ii ) development of regulations and codes of conduct for the tourism sector in line with international best practice ; ( iii ) building tourism regulation / oversight capacity in the appropriate organizations ; and ( iv ) census of tourism establishments and the domestic tourism household survey . Moreover , there was a change in the approach to gathering information on domestic tourism for the Tourism Information Management System ( TIMS ) , from conducting domestic tourism household survey to more sustainable and practical measures to obtain data on domestic tourism . # # # * * Component 4 : Matching Grant Facility – Cost at approval : US $ 8 . 0 million ; Disbursed amount of US $ 7 . 25 million . * * * * < u > Original project : < / u > * * < u > This component entailed provision of Matching Grants to Matching Grant Beneficiaries for < / u > implementing business development services ( BDS ) , including , among others , technology improvement , management training , record keeping , quality certification and marketing , in priority sub-sectors namely : tourism ; coffee ; grains and pulses ; horticulture ; edible oils ; fisheries and information technology / business process outsourcing . There were no changes in this component during the 2020 , 2022 and 2024 restructurings . # # # * * Component 5 : Project Implementation * * – * * ( Cost at approval : US $ 3 . 0 million ; additional", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 916, "text": "domestic tourism household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 < br > 61 . 65 | 61 . 65 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 < br > 31-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 30-Jun-2020 | | | Source : IFPRI PSNP 4 Midline Survey 2018 | | | | Comments * * : * * | Proxy Indicator used : % clients reporting the PW p < br > The endline to assess this indicator was scheduled < br > to the COVID-19 crisis , the endline data collection | roject was productive for th < br > to take place between Mar < br > has been suspended until M | e community < br > ch-May 2020 , however due < br > arch 2021 | 1 / 14 / 2021 Page 7 of 11", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 157, "text": "IFPRI PSNP 4 Midline Survey 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 developed and grow less rapidly than larger states . In this paper , we test this hypothesis using cross-country data ia a large sample that includes many microstates . In light of the grim predictions of theory , the picture of microstates which emerges from this analysis is somewhat surprising . After controlling for a range of factors , we find that microstates have on average higher income and productivity levels than small states , and grow no more slowly than large states . Per capita GDP growth rates are more volatile in microstates , due to their much greater exposure to international trade and fluctuations in their terms of trade . However , any growth disadvantages of this greater volatility are more than outweighed by the growth benefits of trade openness reaped by microstates by virtue of their necessarily large trade volumes . Finally , microstates are well-positioned to take advantage of opportunities international risk sharing , since the correlation of economic fluctuations in microstates with the world business cycles is surprisingly low . These resulls contribute evidence in support of the growing view in the literature that small size might not be a disadvantage after all . Kuznets ( 1960 ) notes that small states also have advantages : primarily that many are lucky to have good natural resources and have a small and more cohesive populations which allows them to adapt better to change . Srinivasan ( 1986 ) and Streeten ( 1993 ) argue without systematic empirical evidence that small may also be beautiful . Using a sample of 48 countries Millner and Westaway ( 1993 ) fail to find evidence that the effect of a number of growth determinants varies with country size . Armstrong et . al . ( 1998 ) uses crosssectional regressions covering a large number of small states and independent regions to argue that population size . does not significantly affect growth , controlling for initial income and regional effects . The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows . In the next section we document that small states are richer and have higher productivity levels than small states . In the following section we observe that small states suffer no obvious growth rate disadvantage , and attribute this to a number of offsetting", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 119, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ” IPCC Working Group II . Iradian , G . 2007 . “ Rapid Growth in Transition Economies : Growth-Accounting Approach . ” Working Paper 07 / 164 , International Monetary Fund , Washington , DC . Johnson , P . , and C . Papageorgiou . Forthcoming . “ What Remains of Cross-Country Convergence ? ” _Journal of Economic Literature_ . Kumar , S . , and G . Rauniyar . 2018 . “ The Impact of Rural Electrification on Income and Education : Evidence from Bhutan . ” _Review of Development Economics_ 22 ( 3 ) : 1146-1165 . Lacina , B . , and N . P . Gleditsch 2005 . “ Monitoring Trends in Global Combat : A New Dataset of Battle Deaths . ” _European Journal of Population_ 21 ( 2-3 ) : 145-166 . Lee , D . , and H . Zhang . 2019 . “ Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States : Do Country Size and Income Level Matter ? ” IMF Working Paper 19 / 118 , International Monetary Fund , Washington , DC . Loukoianova , E . , and A . Unigovskaya . 2004 . “ Analysis of Recent Growth in Low-Income CIS Countries . ” IMF Working Paper 04 / 151 , International Monetary Fund , Washington , DC . Lusty , P . A . J . , and A . G . Gunn . 2015 . “ Challenges to Global Mineral Resource Security and Options for Future Supply . ” _Geological Society , Special Publications_ 393 ( 1 ) . London . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# TABLE OF CONTENTS # I . INTRODUCTQN | | 4 | | - - - | - - - | | H . COLLECTING DATA ON HOUSEHOLD ENGY < br > | _5_ < br > | | A . Common Methodologies | _5_ | | 1 . National energy balances < br > | _5_ | | 2 . National budget surveys < br > | 6 | | 3 . Micro-surveys | 7 | | < br > 4 . Additional techniques for gathering specific | | | household energy information | 7 | | . HOUSEHOLD ENERGY SURVEYING < br > | 8 | | A . Overall Survey Design < br > | 8 | | B . Sample Design < br > | 9 | | 1 . Sampling procedures depend on goals & resources < br > | 9 | | 2 . Sample stratification should be considered < br > | 9 | | 3 . Sample size should calculated < br > | 10 | | C . Questionnaire Design < br > | 11 | | 1 . Important elements in questionnaire design < br > | 11 | | 2 . Some common mistakes | 12 | | D . Survey Fieldwork and Logistics < br > | 13 | | 1 . Logistics | 14 | | 2 . Selection and training of interviewers | 14 | | E . Data Processing and Analysis | 15 | | 1 . Cleaning the data | 15 | | 2 . Computer processing | 15 | | 3 . Reporting the results | 16 | | F . Costs and Timing | 16 | - F . Costs and Timing # IV . HOUSEHOLD ENERGY SURVEY CHECKLIST 18 # # # ANNEXES 1 . Energy Module for National Expenditure Survey 19 2 . Information to be Gathered by Household Energy Surveys 21 # SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY # # BOXES 26 - * * . * * | | Sample Design in Morocco < br > Banoladesh Village Energy Survey | 10 < br > 13 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TABLES | | | | | 2 . 1 : Ethiopia National Energy Balance (", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 236, "text": "National budget surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "revenues lost via piracy are significant , they are almost impossible to pin down . < sup > 27 < / sup > And it must be remembered that many artists and creative businesses function in informal structures . While this informality is normally invisible in official statistics , it does not mean that it is illegal altogether ( or , for that matter , that informality does not contribute to economic welfare ) . Third , there is also the ethical dimension . In the creative or cultural economy , cultural tourism as one example can be rife with ironies and ethical dilemmas . < sup > 28 < / sup > While this area has potential to contribute to development , the concerns of cultural exploitation and uneven prosperity can undercut its promise . Other sectors , from finance to housing , are not immune from ethical traps . But given the political and social sensitivity of culture , measuring cultural or creative tourism cannot be seen merely as a way to legitimize this sector . The accounting here is unlikely to winnow out the pitfalls that may cause cultural and social impairment . < sup > 29 < / sup > Fourth , on satellite accounts : < sup > 30 < / sup > In the cultural sector , satellite accounts are expanding . In the first-ever groundbreaking partnership in the United States , the Bureau of Economic Analysis teamed up with the National Endowment for the Arts to develop an “ Arts and Cultural Production Satellite Account ” ( ACPSA ) . This new account would “ identify and calculate the arts and culture sector ’ s contributions ” to GDP . < sup > 31 < / sup > < mark > But inasmuch as political debates continue to focus on economic growth , accounts labeled ‘ satellite ’ might have a hard time becoming influential . < / mark > < sup > 32 < / sup > > 24 Robinson 2013 , p . 36 . > 25 Kishtainy and others 2012 , p . 52 . > 26 See Plumer , 2012 . > 27 Ibid ; see also Kabanda 2016b , p . 5 . > 28 See Kaul 2009 , p . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1434, "text": "Arts and Cultural Production Satellite Account", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Keya Yoath Enpioyment and Opportunities Froject Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June_ * * _30 , _ * * _2017_ # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES * * ( Continued ) * Repayment * * of * * borrowing ( principal amount ) The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . * Acquisition of fixed assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # c ) * * In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # # # * * d ) Cash and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible", "spans": [{"start": 931, "end": 951, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of these firms had invested in the previous . Not only is this 7 . 36 % difference statistically significant at the 0 . 05 level , it is substantially large . These results indicate a positive relationship between the level of firm investment and the firm ’ s providing potentially false responses to corruption questions . Unfortunately there are numerous interpretations of this result since our results do not speak to the causal relationship between corruption and investment . Firms that have invested in the past more may be more exposed to corruption ( and thus be more prone to lie about corruption ) or may simply be more sensitive to answering politically sensitive questions . Alternatively , the firms that have benefited the most from corruption may also be the firms that are most concerned with providing answers to corruption related questions . While we can not definitely tell which of these theories explains this relationship , or results , at a minimum , lead to caution in the design of surveys measuring corruption and the interpretation on the relationship between corruption and investment . Firm level surveys are plagued by both nonresponse and false response bias that can have a dramatic impact on our empirical results and our substantive understanding of corruption . # * * 6 . Conclusion * * Understanding how corruption affects the business environment has important academic and public policy implications . Unfortunately , much of what we know about corruption is either through subjective evaluations of country experts or through the use of firm-level surveys that are plagued by nonresponse and possibly nonresponse bias . Using a firm-level survey of the business environment in Bangladesh , we include a series 24", "spans": [{"start": 1117, "end": 1135, "text": "Firm level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1578, "end": 1596, "text": "firm-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1669, "end": 1728, "text": "firm-level survey of the business environment in Bangladesh", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ግራር ) and 6 Bisanas ( ብሳና ) . For the substation and access road components , there will not be indigenous trees to be impacted . The households in Subproject influence area use these various species of trees for different purposes including firewood , construction material , to make household utensils , farm tools , and other purposes . * * Impact on Fruit and Other Trees due to the Construction of the new Woliso Substation * * _Impact on Fruit Trees : _ During the census survey , no fruit trees and perennial crops located within Subproject ROW and in Substation site . Therefore , there is no impact on fruit trees and perennial crops and hence no compensation payment will be required . _Impact on Eucalyptus Trees : _ Based on the census result , the Woliso substation Subproject will affect a total of 856 eucalyptus trees _Impact on Indigenous Other Trees : _ There is no indigenous trees impacted as result of the construction of the proposed Woliso substation Subproject ( All indigenous trees are impacted by ROW and for the construction of a foundation for the tower pad ) . _Impact on Grazing land : _ There is no grazing land impacted as result of the construction of the proposed Substation . - * * 7 . 8 Impact on Grazing Land and Crop-by-Product * * Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property revealed that there is no grazing land impacted as result of the construction of the proposed Subproject components . However , livestock is a crucial component of the farming systems in the Subproject area and the local households own and keep a wide range of livestock . When surveyed households were asked to indicate major sources of feed for their livestock , 78 . 6 % of the surveyed households reported using crop residue as a primary livestock feed source . The importance of crop residues as livestock feed is reported as significant and this potential livestock feed source will be affected by the construction of the Subproject and expropriation of farmland . Page 81 Official Use", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 484, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1286, "end": 1339, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 7 Breakdown of taxonomic groups represented in the species list together with their highest threatened status determined from IUCN ( global ) and National Red Lists | * * Ti G * * | * * High * * | * * est Threaten * * | * * ed Status ( I * * | * * UCN and Na * * | * * tional statu * * | * * s ) * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * axonomc roups * * | | | | | | | | | | * * CR * * | * * EN * * | * * VU * * | * * NT * * | * * LC * * | * * DD * * | * * species * * | | Mammals | 17 | 27 | 42 | 7 | 199 | 17 | 309 | | Birds | 12 | 28 | 55 | 6 | 626 | | 727 | | Reptiles | 5 | 9 | 20 | 1 | 100 | 40 | 175 | | Amphibians | 1 | 11 | 7 | | 48 | 8 | 75 | | Fish | 43 | 1 | 27 | 6 | 81 | 72 | 230 | | Butterflies | 44 | 69 | 71 | | 29 | 230 | 443 | | Dragonflies | 16 | 4 | 25 | | 194 | 2 | 241 | | Other Arthropods | | | | 1 | 51 | 8 | 60 | | Lesser Invertebrates | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 37 | 2 | 47 | | Plants | 22 | 40 | 66 | 12 | 438 | 6 | 584 | | Fungi | | | | | 7 | | 7 | | * * Total for all species * * |", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 170, "text": "National Red Lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information systems . A minimum dataset utilizes standardized registry data < br > such as : a unique facility ID , a unique patient ID , a unique provider ID , a unique product ID , an appropriate < br > or common clinical code , and / or a unique service coding . | | * * DLI 7 on the digitaliza * * | * * tion of student assessment * * | 23 Foundational registries are accessible , common , and utilized across multiple health information systems . These shall include : ( 1 ) a client registry ( that supports the unique identification and management of patient identities ) ; ( 2 ) one or more terminology registries accessible as a service ( that provide a standardized classification or a query-able source for health information exchange , including clinical terminologies , ontologies , dictionaries , code systems , and value sets ) ; ( 3 ) a universal facility registry ( that sets the unique identifier for locations where health services are provided ) ; ( 4 ) a health professional registry ( that sets the unique identifier for health workers that provide services within a country ) ; and ( 5 ) a common product catalogue ( that properly defines and categorizes medical products or commodities ) . 24 Core standards include : ( 1 ) content standards ( that dictate the structure of electronic documents and types of data they must contain by ensuring data is properly organized and represented in a clear manner ) ; ( 2 ) terminology standards ( that ensure that all parties will be able to understand and use it while exchanging health data ) ; ( 3 ) transport standards ( that facilitate data exchange between different systems by defining what formats , document architecture , data elements , methods , and application programming interfaces to use for achieving interoperability ) ; and ( 4 ) security standards ( that establish administrative and technical rules to protect sensitive data from misuse , unauthorized access , or disclosure ) . > 25 Health information systems could include the national EMR platform , supply chain management information system , and surveillance systems managed by the MOH . Selected health", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 497, "text": "client registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 853, "end": 880, "text": "universal facility registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 976, "end": 1004, "text": "health professional registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1113, "end": 1137, "text": "common product catalogue", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HH Population * * The census survey has also made an inquiry into what the subproject affected household heads , and their family members do for a living . As expected , the primary occupation of 93 . 7 % of the household heads are farming . The proportion of households engaged in other occupation is very limited and only 0 . 4 % of them reported to engage in business activities , while the primary occupation of 1 . 5 % of the HH heads are salaried employment . On the other hand , the proportion of HH heads without occupation constituted 2 . 8 % of the total Subproject affected household heads . Age and health status is the major reasons for the household heads not to engage in any productive activity . Page 84", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 35, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Disease 2019 ; and SIH / SUS . Estimates assume a price shock of 20 % . Figure 5 depicts the progressive pattern of the long-term estimated medical expenditure changes after implementing a taxation on processed and ultra-processed foods . The lowest consumption decile presents the highest gains , with estimated changes in medical expenditure being almost twice as large as the second decile , three times as large as the third , and 113 times as large as the top consumption decile . While our analysis does not allow us to estimate fiscal impacts on SUS , the public health care system , it suggests that a taxation on processed and ultra-processed foods would have a positive impact in terms of reduced demands and medical expenditure . _Figure 5_ - Changes in medical expenditure < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 7 . 00 % 6 . 56 % < br > 6 . 00 % < br > 5 . 00 % < br > 4 . 00 % < br > 3 . 17 % < br > 3 . 00 % < br > 2 . 02 % < br > 2 . 00 % 1 . 45 % < br > 1 . 00 % < br > 0 . 71 % < br > 1 . 00 % 0 . 48 % < br > 0 . 31 % 0 . 19 % < br > 0 . 06 % < br > 0 . 00 % < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Consumption decile < br > Processed and ultra-processed foods < br > Change in medical costs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Estimates based on POF 2017 / 2018 ; Global Burden of Disease 2019 ; and SIH / SUS . Estimates assume a price shock of 20 % . 20", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 28, "text": "SIH / SUS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1289, "end": 1318, "text": "Global Burden of Disease 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firm responses in 16 countries as part of the 2008 EU Community Innovation Surveys , Figure 9 shows that existing or future environmental regulations , followed by market demand from customers , are identified by firms in most countries as the main driver of introducing environmental innovations . The availability of direct public support in the form of fiscal incentives is the least important reported motivation in all countries . Figure 10 highlights the reported benefits of environmental innovations ( from the same survey ) . Interestingly , in most countries surveyed ( 15 of 19 for this question ) , a larger percentage of innovative firms perceive the environmental benefits of innovation to be on the cost side ( in terms of reduced energy use per unit of output ) than on the revenue side ( in terms of customers being willing to pay more for new products that reduce energy usage by end-users ) . This suggests that most of these innovations are likely to be incremental process rather than more radical product innovations . 31", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 82, "text": "2008 EU Community Innovation Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Summary * * This paper estimates an urban CO2 emissions model using satellite-measured CO2 concentrations from 2014 to 2020 , for 1 , 236 cities in 138 countries . The model incorporates the global trend in CO2 concentration , seasonal fluctuations by hemisphere , and a large set of georeferenced variables that incorporate CO2-intensive industry structure , emissions from agricultural and forest fires in neighboring areas , demography , the component of income that is uncorrelated with industry structure , and relevant geographic conditions . The income results provide the first test of an Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship for CO2 based on actual observations . We find evidence for an EKC that reaches a peak near or above $ 40 , 000 per capita , which is at the 90th percentile internationally . We also find that economic development has a significant effect on the direction of the relationship between population density and CO2 emissions . The relationship is positive at very low incomes , but becomes negative at higher incomes . We explore other implications of our estimates in a series of exercises . Using cities ’ mean regression residuals to index their CO2 emissions performance , we find wide variation within and across regions . Overall performance exceeds model-based expectations in India , Western Europe and the former Comecon countries , while it falls short in China , the rest of East Asia & Pacific , Middle East & North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa . We also decompose model CO2 predictions into five broad source categories for each city . We find particularly important roles for CO2-intensive industry structure in India , China and other East Asia & Pacific countries ; agricultural and forestclearing fires in Sub-Saharan Africa ; the component of income per capita that is uncorrelated with industry structure in Latin America & Caribbean , North America and Western Europe ; population and population density in Sub-Saharan Africa , India and other South Asian countries ; and climate in the former Comecon countries . Our results can also inform the discussion of policy instruments for CO2 emissions reduction . Many policy analysts who support Pigouvian pricing also argue for a non-Pigouvian supplement : coordinated public investment in low-carbon land development , energy and transport that will accelerate", "spans": [{"start": 74, "end": 111, "text": "satellite-measured CO2 concentrations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR8668 # The World Bank # # # * * < mark > Intermediate Results Indicators < / mark > * * | Indicator Name | Core < br > Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Health Extension Workers trained on revised < br > | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 79 . 00 | 85 . 00 | | curriculum : percentage out of a target of < br > 30000 to be achieved b roject comletion | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | , y p p < br > ( source : HMIS , Annual NNP Reports ; baseline < br > 2007 ) | | Comments | Source : Policy and Planning < br > Directorate , Ministry of < br > Health , FMOH ( revised < br > indicator definition ) | Source : Policy and Planning < br > Directorate , FMOH | Source : Policy and Planning < br > Directorate , FMOH | | Universal Salt Iodization policy adopted and < br > | Text | Value | Not yet achieved | Achieved | Achieved | | put in force , supporting Proclamation 200 / 2000 < br > ( Leislative Reorts Annual NNP Proram | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | g p , g < br > Reports , project evaluations ; baseline 2007 ) | | Comments | | The universal salt iodization < br > policy legislated on February < br > 18 , 2011 , came into force on < br > April 13 , 2011 | | | Establishment of inter-sectoral National | Text | Value | Not yet achieved", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 520, "text": "HMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10260 # * * Abstract * * Child workers constitute a significant share of the Myanmar labor force , which has translated into an unprotected child labor market . Given the prevalence of issues surrounding school enrollment and dropout rates , this paper investigates the relationship between child work and education . Using data from the 2015 Labor Force survey , it studies what factors explain child work and how this can in turn affect schooling outcomes . The study differentiates between children ’ s household chores and wage work . To understand if these two types of activities affect schooling differently , the paper explores if and how work intensity ( number of hours worked ) plays a role . The findings show that child work has a negative correlation with school enrollment and attendance , to differing degrees depending on the type of work and work intensity , regardless of gender . Overall , wage work is negatively correlated with enrollment and attendance disproportionately more than household chores . Work intensity seems to play a smaller role , but it still matters when looking at girls ’ participation in household chores . Working long hours does not seem to have a link with the likelihood of being enrolled and attending school , although it could affect learning outcomes as it reduces the amount of time dedicated to homework and study . However , the data source being some years old , the analysis may not fully reflect the most recent economic and social developments and conditions in Myanmar . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at emilie . perge @ unsdsn . org , cdallaglio91 @ gmail . com , and ctsimponkengne @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 391, "text": "2015 Labor Force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> reached by jobs focused WBG < br > interventions ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | Jul / 2017 | 41 , 661 . 00 | 29-Feb-2024 | 41 , 661 . 00 | 29-Feb-2024 | 60 , 000 . 00 | Dec / 2024 | # # # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | DLI Name | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Taret | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Result | Date | Result | Date | g | | 1 Number of refugees with < br > | Value | 0 . 00 | | | | | 30 , 000 . 00 | | access to economic < br > opportunities ( Number ) < br > Total < br > Allocation : 116 , 119 , 500 . 00 | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | 2 , 675 . 00 | 29-Feb-2024 | 2 , 675 . 00 | 29-Feb-2024 | 17 , 223 , 900 . 00 | | | Value | No | Yes | 29-Feb-2024 | Yes | 29-Feb-2024 | Yes | Page 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "years . The victims are nearly all elderly women , typically killed by relatives . ” < sup > 24 < / sup > The rainfall led to poor harvests and near-famine conditions , which provided the impetus for “ households near subsistence levels of consumption [ to ] kill ( or expel ) relatively unproductive elderly household members to safeguard the nutritional status of other members , in response to negative income shocks . ” < sup > 25 < / sup > Miguel notes that there is evidence that Europe and North America experienced extreme weather that lowered crop yields during the time of those witch hunts . < sup > 26 < / sup > More recently , in Angola , “ where children were accused of transforming into animals and eating crops during the night , ‘ scientific analysis of the situation at the time revealed that there was poor crop yield due to late rains . ’ ” < sup > 27 < / sup > Witchcraft accusations can also be “ a means of ridding oneself of burdensome obligations of > 21 Golooba-Mutebi _Witchcraft_ , _Social Cohesion , supra_ note 19 , at 940 . > 22 Simmons , William . _Powerlessness , Exploitation and the Soul-Eating Witch_ , 7 American Ethnologist 447 ( Aug . 1980 ) , at 448 . > 23 Golooba-Mutebi _Witchcraft_ , _Social Cohesion , supra_ note 19 , at 939-40 ( referencing Abrahams , 1994 : 13 – 14 ) . > 24 Miguel , Edward . _Poverty and Witch Killing_ , 72 Review of Economic Studies 1153 ( 2005 ) , _available at_ > http : / / elsa . berkeley . edu / ~ emiguel / pdfs / miguel_witch . pdf ( last visited Dec . 13 , 2008 ) , at 1 . Miguel ’ s study used data from 67 villages over a period of 11 years . > 25 _", "spans": [{"start": 1571, "end": 1592, "text": "data from 67 villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Sub-component 4b ) Implementation support , capacity development and M & E . * * The sub-component will support the implementation of the overall project by PSFU . The subcomponent will support regular auditing , financial reporting , all safeguards ’ assessments and monitoring and evaluation . Establishment of a web platform to enable the project to reach all beneficiaries ( particularly refugees and host communities ) and be accessible from all locations in Uganda . Monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) activities undertaken as part of this component will focus on data collection , survey implementation , and evaluating the economic impact of the program through a structured impact evaluation at the conclusion of the project . # # # * * ESMF PREPARATION METHODOLOGY * * The preparation of the ESMF included the following stages : Desktop and literature review of relevant project documents , collection and collation of baseline data on the environmental and social conditions , carrying out stakeholder consultations preparation of screening procedures to be used for project proposals , Identification of generic positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed project activities , Identification of generic environmental and social mitigation measures , Development of Guidance on formulation of Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan , and other instruments as applicable . # # # * * POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK * * A desk review of the Uganda legal framework and policies was conducted to identify relevant legislations and policy documents that should be considered during project implementation . Documents reviewed among others are listed as follows : The Project Appraisal Document for the INVITE Project , dated December 2021 ; World Bank ’ s Environmental and Social Framework and Standards , 2018 ; World Bank Group General Environment , Health and Safety Guidelines The National Environment Management Policy , 1994 ; Uganda Vision 2040 ; The National Development Plan III ; The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda , 1995 ; The National Environment Act 2019 ; The Land Act , Cap 227 , of 1998 ; Local Governments Act , Cap 243 ; The Occupational Safety and Health Act , 2006 ; The", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 953, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a short talk about the potential of technology use in education . Students in t < mark > he cross-designed information treatment group received the returns to schooling information at the close of the workshop . < / mark > < mark > Endline student testing was conducted during workshops in April 2012 , just before students sat the JS2 end of year exam All students completed a self-administered survey and were given 45minute tests on < / mark > reading comprehension and ability ( as was done at baseline ) , math , and non-verbal intelligence . < mark > The Math test included publicly released items from various years of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science study ( TIMMS ) Grade 4 test . < / mark > The timed non-verbal intelligence test was based on Raven ’ s Progressive Matrices , which assesses general intelligence or “ general cognitive ability ” by measuring the ability to form perceptual relations and to reason by analogy ( Raven 2003 ) . Students were asked to bring their eReaders to the endline workshops , and information on device use and status was collected through the self-administered student survey , direct observation of the device , and extraction of use information from the device . > 12 Nearly half of this “ attrition ” is due to class repetition . See Table 1 . 1 . > 13 Using information from a set of sampled workers from an investment climate survey , we generate information on the returns to schooling for completion of primary , junior secondary , senior secondary school and tertiary schooling . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1108, "end": 1140, "text": "self-administered student survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1377, "end": 1402, "text": "investment climate survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Proposed Borehole at Akira Ngondu , Igembe , Meru County structured interviews , observations and focus group discussions . Secondary data was obtained through literature review . # # # # * * _1 . 6 . 1 Literature Review_ * * Information obtained through literature review enabled us to know : - Amount of water required ; - Water quality criteria to apply - potable , livestock etc . ; - Hydrogeological information available ; - Data gaps to be filled ; - Social , environment , community and land ownership criteria likely to influence the sitting and operation of the project ; and - Relevant laws and regulations . # # # # * * _1 . 6 . 2 Site Visits_ * * We visited the project site in order to : - Develop a better understanding of the project area ; - Consult the local people about the proposed project and document their views ; - Carry out hydrogeological surveys ; and - Assess project impacts . # # # # * * _1 . 6 . 3 Public Consultations_ * * Consultation was also undertaken as part of the EIA in order to obtain the views of members of the immediate community and interested and affected groups within the site ’ s immediate area of influence . The consultation was done with randomly selected people in the neighbourhood of the proposed site and involved use of a semi-structured interviews . # # # # * * 1 . 7 Terms of Reference * * The environmental consultant as stipulated under the EMCA was commissioned by the proponent through Tana water services board to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) study for the intended borehole drilling and to prepare a report for further examination by the National Environmental Management Authority ( NEMA ) and subsequent authorization to implement the proposed project . 13", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 924, "text": "hydrogeological surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B . 4 : * * Land Distributions by Bank Type and Source of Landholding Data * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 1 < br > . 8 . 8 < br > . 6 . 6 < br > . 4 . 4 < br > . 2 . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > − . 5 − . 4 − . 3 − . 2 − . 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 − . 5 − . 4 − . 3 − . 2 − . 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 < br > Hectares from acre or hectare cut − off Hectares from acre or hectare cut − off < br > Non − matching land records Matching land records Non − matching land records Matching land records < br > Cumulative density Cumulative density < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Panel ( a ) plots the cumulative density of land records by source of land data ( bank data or audit of electronic land records ) for all commercial bank accounts in the sample . Panel ( b ) plots the cumulative density of land records by source of land data for all cooperative bank accounts in the sample . Finally , Figure B . 4 plots bank-reported and audit-derived landholding distributions for landholdings between 4 and 6 acres . By ignoring whether land matches or not , this allows for a comparison of the raw land distributions , as considered from bank and government sources . The distributions are visually indistinguishable , and a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test fails to reject the equality of distributions with p = 0 . 357 . This suggests that the bank-reported distribution is almost certainly a case of natural bunching , rather than the result of deliberate bank or borrower manipulation . 54", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 687, "text": "bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 845, "end": 854, "text": "land data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 Macro Determinants of the Shares of Informal employees in the Extended Labor Force . Eastern and Southern Europe , 2004-2009 * * | ( _a_ | _lternativepa_ | _nel data est_ | _imates , _ _cont_ | _inued_ ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | [ 7 ] | [ 8 ] | [ 9 ] | [ 10 ] | [ 11 ] | [ 12 ] | | | < br > ( semi - | < br > Popul < br > robust standa | < br > ation-average < br > rd errors clus | < br > d panel-data < br > tered on coun | < br > models < br > tries in paren | < br > theses ) | | Employment Protection < br > | 3 . 138 * * * | 3 . 387 * * * | 3 . 343 * * * | 3 . 426 * * * | 4 . 302 * * * | 3 . 216 * * * | | Legislation strictness , v . 2 | ( 0 . 571 ) | ( 0 . 647 ) | ( 0 . 749 ) | ( 0 . 820 ) | ( 0 . 469 ) | ( 0 . 683 ) | | Govt . Effectiveness < sup > a < / sup > < br > < sup > a < / sup > | - 5 . 097 * * * | - 4 . 401 * * * | - 4 . 301 * * * | - 4 . 003 * * * | - 3 . 397 * * * | - 2 . 926 * | | ( Rule of Law in [ 11 ] ) | ( 1 . 442 ) | ( 1 . 693 ) | ( 1 . 674 ) | ( 1 . 350 ) | ( 1 . 237 ) | ( 1 . 562 ) | | Investment Freedom < sup > a < / sup > | - 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the treatment group were more likely not to receive the ‘ GYM package ’ , thereby potentially generating sample selectivity . To deal with this , we report results excluding remote schools from the control group . We do this by excluding schools from the control group located in areas the courier was not able to reach . These results largely resemble those obtained from our main sample ( see * * Table A3 * * in the Web Appendix ) . Also , our core analysis results remain robust to controlling for school characteristics that are different between schools assigned to treatment and control . < sup > 20 < / sup > 20 Though the stratified randomization strategy was designed to minimize systematic imbalances between the treated and control samples , this possibility could not be ruled out . A key balancing test would have been to assess whether school attainment between treatment and control schools differed before treatment . Unfortunately , no school assessment data were available before 2015 . Instead , we carried out a balancing test using administrative schoollevel data obtained from the 2014 Annual School Census . Treatment and control schools do 16", "spans": [{"start": 954, "end": 976, "text": "school assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1054, "end": 1085, "text": "administrative schoollevel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1104, "end": 1129, "text": "2014 Annual School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . 4 . PIRLS ( 2016 ) The newest round of PIRLS includes 50 countries . It was designed to be comparable to prior rounds . Inclusion of PIRLS is straightforward and we use the same parameters as used in prior databases using the microdata . Overall , through the inclusion of recent rounds of PASEC , SACMEQ , and PIRLS as well as the new inclusion of EGRA , we are able to improve the quality of , and include recent data for , over 75 countries since Altinok , Angrist and Patrinos ( 2018 ) . # 3 . Methodology # 3 . 1 . Linking Methodology We build on a literature linking learning assessments starting with Barro and Lee in 2001 . Our methodological approach in this paper extends and improves on the one detailed in Altinok , Angrist and Patrinos ( 2018 ) to build the most current database covering the largest number of countries to date . Our Harmonized Learning Outcomes ( HLO ) database includes 164 countries / territories from 2000-2017 . Various methodologies can be used to make assessments comparable . We do not attempt to equate scores . Rather , we link scores to achieve comparability ( Kolen and Brennan , 2014 ; AERA , APA , NCME , 1999 ; Holland and Dorans , 2006 ; Linn , 1993 ; Mislevy , 1992 ) . This distinction is important , since we do not claim tests or test scores are equivalent across tests . Rather , we aim to compare scores on a similar scale . We do not link using Item Response Theory ( IRT ) – the technique used to generate scores for each respective international and regional assessment . IRT models the probability a given pupil answers a given test item correctly as a function of pupil and item-specific characteristics . While this methodology is used within each of the international and regional tests we use , to use it across ISATs and RSATs would require overlap in test items . This is not true for a significant enough set of tests and time intervals to create a globally comparable panel dataset . Moreover , even when there is overlap , for IRT to be reliable there must be large", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 899, "text": "Harmonized Learning Outcomes ( HLO ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * matter , feeding signs , footprints , and burrows was an important part of the field surveys . Mammal tracks were mostly looked for on the wet or muddy areas near ponds and streams where animals come to feed or drink . In addition , local people encountered near the park were contacted , and an inquiry was made into the mammals encountered in their day-to-day work , with most of the mammal names given in the local names . In addition , UWA rangers further provided information on the mammal species that frequent the proposed project area . Mammals were classified into two categories : small mammals to include only rodents , shrews , and bats , and medium to large-sized mammals . These methods are usually adopted in surveys of small , medium , and large-sized mammals , although they are more efficient with the latter two . Data from each of these methods were noted as encountered at survey locations . The conservation status for each mammal recorded was evaluated using the IUCN Red List ( 2021 ) and the Red List of Uganda ’ s Nationally Threatened Species ( WCS , 2016 ) . In these resources , species are assessed as to whether they are CR – Critically Endangered , EN – Endangered , VU – Vulnerable , NT - Near-Threatened , NE – Not Evaluated , LC - Least Concern or DD - Data Deficient . The use of both direct and indirect methods allowed for a more comprehensive and accurate survey of the mammal species present in Murchison Falls National Park . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 Herptiles ( Reptiles and Amphibians ) * * The Visual Encounter Survey ( VES ) method was used to search for Herptiles in the study area from 14 . 04 . 2023-16 . 04 . 2023 . To increase the chances of finding animals and cover a wider survey area , a random search was conducted . This method involved a", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1051, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1069, "end": 1121, "text": "Red List of Uganda ’ s Nationally Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transaction costs associated with administering credit to small producers in rural areas . In environments where these costs are high , the improved credit-worthiness brought about by possession of land title may therefore not be enough to facilitate access to formal credit by small farmers . Unless complementary measures to reduce transaction costs and ensure access to credit by this group are undertaken alongside with individualized property rights through titling , the benefits from titling programs may accrue only to medium and large landowners . The importance of the credit supply effect associated with provision of land title is supported by evidence from Feder et al . ' s ( 1988 ) study in Thailand , where farmers ' opinions and econometric evidence point towards improved credit supply as the main benefit from titling . Land ownership titles induced higher investment in farming capital ( attached investments and other capital ) , < sup > 14 < / sup > titled land had signiificantly higher market values and higher productivity per unit . In three of the four provinces covered , households ' credit supply had been significantly enhanced by the availability of title . By contrast , and in line with the above , title was found to have little impact on either investment or farm income where formal credit markets were not available ( Atwood 1990 , Carter and Wiebe , 1994 ; Migot Adholla et al . 1994 ) . 15 Additional evidence from a study based on panel date from Paraguay indicate that titling had a positive income or productivity enhancing effect through credit market benefits for at least some groups of farmers . Due to a strong impact of formal title on both credit supply and investment demand , the benefits from title are relatively large ( about 10 % of farm income ) , and significantly higher than the cost of titling , . However , the impact of awarding titles was strongly size-differentiated . Estimates indicate that producers below 20 hectares remained rationed out of the credit market and therefore did not benefit at all from the credit-supply effect of title ( Carter and Olinto , 1996 ) . This differential impact suggests that , in environments where other markets ( such as credit markets ) entail", "spans": [{"start": 1472, "end": 1496, "text": "panel date from Paraguay", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 3 : Status of Implementation Progress per DLI * * Although the achievements of the results are below expected / targeted results , counties have submitted results as summarized in the table below . | * * DLI * * | * * Progress Update * * | * * Expected FY * * < br > * * 25 Results * * | * * Overall Program * * < br > * * Target ( 2024-30 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * DLI * * < br > * * 1 : * * < br > Number < br > of < br > counties that have an < br > approved County Water < br > and Sanitation Strategy < br > and Investment Plan | An estimated 15 Counties are expected to < br > submit CWSSIPS . 6 counties have < br > already < br > submitted < br > draft < br > CWSSIPs . < br > Internally reviewed and resubmitted . < br > GCA is helping Tana River & Murang ’ a < br > to < br > incorporate < br > Climate < br > risks < br > and < br > vulnerability assessments | 15no . < br > CWSS & IPs | 19no . CWSS & IPs | | * * DLI 2 / 10 . 1 : * * Number of < br > Households < br > provided < br > with access to improved < br > water supply services | Counties < br > have < br > submitted < br > 42 , 257 < br > connections as results under this DLI . < br > Based on the County visits and the 3 < sup > rd < / sup > < br > ISM , these numbers could reduce . < br > Counties will submit results to the < br > SDWS /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 7 - # # * * SCHEDULE 1 * * # # * * Project Description * * The objective of the Project is to : ( i ) rebuild and improve access to basic services and climate-resilient community infrastructure ; and ( ii ) improve access to multi-sectoral response services for Gender-Based Violence ( GBV ) survivors ; in selected conflictaffected communities in Ethiopia . The Project consists of the following parts _subject to such modifications thereof as the Recipient and the Bank may agree upon from time to time_ : - * * _Part 1 : Rebuilding and Improving Access to Basic Services and Climate-resilient Community Infrastructure_ * * Implementation of the following program of activities designed to rebuild and improve access to basic services and climate-resilient community infrastructure in targeted communities , namely : - 1 . 1 . Provision of mobile essential services such as health , education and WASH for conflict-affected communities based on , _inter alia_ , findings of the post conflict impact assessment and recovery and reconstruction plan , and the Woreda needs , conflict , and capacity assessments . - 1 . 2 . ( a ) Carrying out of community-led ( including key stakeholders such as displaced households and host communities ) consultations and planning exercises with a view to identifying community recovery development investments such as reconstruction of existing community health , education and WASH facilities or construction of new climate-resilient facilities or communal livelihood infrastructure ( “ Community Subprojects ” ) and preparing associated community recovery development plans ; ( b ) implementation of said Community Subprojects ; and ( c ) strengthening the institutional and technical capacities at the federal , regional , Woreda and Kebele levels for implementation of said plans and Community Subprojects , all through the provision of goods , works , consulting services and non-consulting services for the purpose . - 1 . 3 . Strengthening of institutions at the federal , regional , Woreda , and Kebele levels", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 1050, "text": "post conflict impact assessment and recovery and reconstruction plan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1061, "end": 1111, "text": "Woreda needs , conflict , and capacity assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Ray , D . ( 1998 ) . Development Economics . Pricneton University Press . - Redding , S . and Turner , M . ( 2015 ) . Transportation Costs and the Spatial Organization of Economic Activity . pages 1339 � 1398 . - Robinson , R . and Thagensen , B . , editors ( 2004 ) . Road Engineering for Development . Spon Press : Taylor and Francis Group . - Singh , R . , editor ( 1995 ) . Grand Trunk Road : A Passage Through Time . Aperture Books . - Sokolo � , K . L . and Engerman , S . L . ( 2000 ) . Institutions , Factor Endowments , and Paths of Development in the New World . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 14 ( 3 ) : 217 � 232 . - Todaro , M . and Smith , S . ( 2015 ) . Economic Development . Pearson . - van Maarseveen , R . ( 2020 ) . The urban-rural education gap : do cities indeed make us smarter ? Journal of Economic Geography , 21 ( 5 ) : 683 � 714 . - Vanneman , R . and Barnes , D . ( 2000 ) . Indian district data , 1961-1991 : machinereadable data � le and codebook . Center on Population , Gender , and Social Inequality . University of Maryland . - Verdin , K . L . , Godt , J . W . , Funk , C . , Pedreros , D . , Worstell , B . , and Verdin , J . ( 2007 ) . Development of a global slope dataset for estimation of landslide occurrence resulting from earthquakes . Technical report . - World Bank ( 2018 ) . The Web of Transportation Corridors in South Asia . Technical report , World Bank Group , Washington DC . 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "title to the land . As guided by the World Bank ' s Operational Policy < sup > _4 . 20for_ < / sup > _Indigenous People , _ the resettlement policy should pay particular < sup > attention to the < / sup > needs of vulnerable groups among those displaced , especially < sup > those below the < / sup > poverty line , the landless , the elderly , women and children , indigenous < sup > groups < / sup > and ethnic minorities or other displaced persons who < sup > may not be adequately < / sup > protected through Kenya ' s land compensation legislation . # # # 2 . 1 . 2 _General Principles_ The general principles for the framework can be summarized < sup > as follows : < / sup > - a ) Resettlement and land acquisition will be minimized < sup > as much as possible . Where < / sup > land acquisition is unavoidable , the project will be designed < sup > to minimize adverse < / sup > impacts on the poorest segments of the population < sup > ( e . g . those holding less than1 < / sup > ha ) . - b ) Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) will be compensated , < sup > relocatedand rehabilitated , < / sup > if required , so as to improve their standard of living , income < sup > earning capacityand < / sup > production capacity , or at least to restore them to pre-Project < sup > levels . < / sup > - c ) All PAPs residing in , or cultivating land , or having < sup > rights over resourceswithin < / sup > the Project area as of the date of the census survey are entitled < sup > to compensation < / sup > for their losses and / or income rehabilitation . Lack of legal < sup", "spans": [{"start": 1447, "end": 1460, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( a ) The ratio of private to social rates of return . _Source : _ Staff calculations from MOL Survey 1993 Table 6 reports the basic Mincerian earnings functions , showing that the overall marginal private rate of return to one year of extra schooling , irrespective of education level , is around 12 . 5 percent . The marginal returns to education for three levels of education are displayed in the last column . These rates are consistent with the earlier 4See for example , Lockheed , Jamison and Lau , 1980 , \" Farmer Education and Farm Efficiency : A Survey in Education and Income \" _World Bank Staff Working_ Paper No 402 . Authors found that on average , farmers with four years or more of primary education were at least 7 percent more productive than those with no primary schooling . * * 5 * * Labor productivity improved slowly until 1987 . See I . J . Singh , \" Industrial productivity in Socialist Economies \" , 1991 .", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 101, "text": "MOL Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where < sup > 1 < / sup > _ / _ ( 1 _ − θ_ ) is the elasticity of substitution between capital and skilled labor while < sup > 1 < / sup > _ / _ ( 1 _ − ρ_ ) is the elasticity of substitution between capital ( or skilled labor ) and unskilled labor . Under this specification , the elasticity of substitution between capital and unskilled labor and between skilled labor and unskilled labor is the same . This production function exhibits capital-skill complementarities when _ρ > θ_ ( when the elasticity of substitution between capital and unskilled labor < sup > 1 < / sup > _ / _ ( 1 _ − ρ_ ) is higher than the elasticity of substitution between capital and skilled labor < sup > 1 < / sup > _ / _ ( 1 _ − θ_ ) ) . There are other potential combinations for the nesting of _K_ , _S_ , and _U_ , but we follow Krusell et al . ( 2000 ) who have used this production function ( distinguishing in addition between equipment and physical structures ) to quantify the role of capital-skill complementarities ( as opposed to skill-biased technical change ) in explaining the increase in the skill premium in the US that accompanied the increase in the supply of skilled labor . They estimate the parameters in Equation 5 using US data , and find that the values for _ρ_ and _θ_ are consistent with complementarities between skill and capital . Krusell et al . ( 2000 ) in turn cite the evidence in Goldin and Katz ( 1998 ) and Hamermesh ( 1996 ) for a nesting consistent with Equation 5 . More recently , Duffy et al . ( 2004 ) document additional evidence of complementarities between capital and skilled labor using the specification in Equation 5 . We divide Equation 5 by _L_ to obtain output per worker , and use _s_ and _u_ to denote the shares of skilled and unskilled workers , respectively , with _s_ + _u_ = 1 : We also assume a law of motion for physical capital as in the Solow-Swan framework and assume that there is no accumulation of skill ( the", "spans": [{"start": 1225, "end": 1232, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of this first instance mechanism will be widely disseminated to the affected people as part of the consultation undertaken for the sub-project in general . It is important that these mediation committees be set up as soon as RAP preparation starts . Disputes documented e . g . through socio-economic surveys should be dealt with by appropriate mediation mechanisms which must be available to cater for claims , disputes and grievances at this early stage . A template form for claims should be developed and these forms be collated on a quarterly basis into a database held at project level . # # * * VIII . Verification * * 11 . The Mediation Meeting Minutes , including agreements of compensation and evidence of compensation made shall be provided to the Municipality / district , to the supervising engineers , who will maintain a record hereof , and to auditors and socio-economic monitors when they undertake reviews and post-project assessment . This process shall be specified in all relevant project documents , including details of the relevant authority for complaints at the municipal / district or implementing agency level . 92", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 308, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 561, "end": 591, "text": "database held at project level", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 # * * FINDINGS * * # # # * * Duration and Stability * * Almost half of the respondents work with diverse agreements and duration of employment ; this includes both written and verbal contractual arrangements with the employer and includes those working formally and informally . _Chart 1 : Durations of Contracts with Employer ( s ) – including Verbal Agreements_ _Chart 2 : Duration of Agreement_ 47 % of Syrians working with or without work permits haven ’ t agreed with their employers on the duration of contracts or verbal agreements . By group , those having permits through an employer ( group 3 ) most often work without any specific agreement duration . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Score 2 . 4 < br > Submitted X 4 | Score 2 . 4 < br > Submitted X 4 | Score 2 . 4 < br > Submitted X 4 | Quarterly ( first < br > part ) and < br > annually < br > ( independent < br > evaluation ) . | Quarterly performance < br > contract report and < br > annual independent < br > performance < br > evaluation report . | NACC . | | ( ii ) Proportion of overall targets < br > met for NACC-funded programs in : < br > • < br > civil society / private sector < br > ( beneficiaries ) ; and < br > • < br > public sector ( beneficiaries ) . | N / A | a ) 60 % ( 1400 ) < br > b ) 60 % < br > _Revised target_ < br > _0_ | a ) 65 % ( 2000 ) < br > b ) 65 % < br > _Revised target_ < br > _650 ( 650 ) _ | a ) 70 % ( 2500 ) < br > b ) 70 % < br > _Revised Target_ < br > _1550 ( 2200 ) _ | a ) 80 % ( 2500 ) < br > b ) 80 % < br > _Revised target_ < br > _1800 ( 4000 ) _ | Annual | a ) and b ) collected < br > quarterly via < br > COBPAR | Reporting : each CBO < br > to CACC to NACC < br > and Ministries to < br > NACC . < br > Collation and < br > reporting : NACC < br > M & E Division . | | Key outcome indicators for < br > prevention and mitigation of HIV < br > and AIDS . | | | | | | | | | | • < br > Proportion of youth aged 15 - < br > 24", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 938, "text": "COBPAR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") – excluding _i_ - specific origin . < sup > 25 < / sup > The stock of immigrants from RoW is only marginally affected by the presence of bilateral visa provision . When origin and destination _ij_ share an RTA including visa provision , the stock of immigrants in _j_ from the rest of the world reduces by 0 . 1 % . The result is robust to the inclusion of the Schenghen dummy control . – Table 4 about here – > 22We base on the World Bank classification of country by income levels , and consider “ North ” as high-income countries , and “ South ” all remaining low and middle-income countries . > 23Data on the number of visas granted by US embassies is from the Report of the Visa Office ( ` https : / / travel . state . gov / content / travel / en / legal / visa-law0 / visa-statistics . html ` ) . We have data on the number of working-permit related visas granted yearly in the period 2000-2020 . > 24When we include origin fixed effects in estimation , the non-linear PPML estimator discards all those origins whose number of visa does not change over time . This explains the reduced number of observations in column ( 2 ) of Table A3 . > 25By excluding _i_ - specific origin from the total stock of immigrants in _j_ , the dependent variable used in Table 4 is indeed _ij_ specific and the number of observations almost the same as in the baseline specification ( not exactly the same because some observations are dropped by perfect collinearity with fixed effects ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 813, "end": 863, "text": "data on the number of working-permit related visas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adequate of budget for implementation of the RP and LRP . # # # # # # * * _Subproject Impact on Households Monitoring_ * * Periodic socio-economic monitoring will be undertaken to measure the progress being made towards restoring or improving income levels and living standards for PAHs , and especially for vulnerable PAPs . This will be indirectly measured and monitored by the conduct of socio-economic questionnaire surveys , the main aim of which will be to : - Field check to verify that compensation payments have been received by PAHs and will confirm levels and timing of payments ; - Identify any socio-economic change in the PAHs - change before and after relocation ; - Number of PAPs that have been given employment in the subproject ; - Type and number of livelihood restoration measures implemented ; - Income and expenditure balance conditions ; - Status of and assistance provided to vulnerable households ; - Type and number of trainings given to assist PAPs restore their livelihood ; Official Use Only Page 167", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 427, "text": "socio-economic questionnaire surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Furthermore , we do not include candidate variables that are applicable to only one segment of the population , such as farming assets and crop production , that only apply to household farmers . Although we do include categorical variables on the sources of livelihood ( e . g . , farming , aid , wages , etc . ) . Finally , we avoid variables that capture a temporary state of the household , such as a recent sickness or other shock to the household . However , a PMT could be designed for specific use cases or combined with additional information to target such households , e . g . , households impacted by recent hazardous weather and that have a low PMT score . A limitation of this analysis is that the 2014 / 15 household survey is outdated , particularly with the multiple shocks Sudan has experienced in recent years . With support from the World Bank , the Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics has started preparing a new household budget and poverty survey to update poverty and other socio-economic statistics . The survey was due to be fielded in 2022 , but has been paused following the military takeover in October 2021 . Survey preparations should resume once things return to normalcy . The PMT methodology presented in this paper can readily be applied to new household survey data when it becomes available . # _Methodology_ In an effort to avoid overfitting on specific in-sample characteristics of the data , we split the household survey data into a training and a testing set using a stratified random sample based on the outcome variable of log per capita household consumption expenditure ( Kuhn and Johnson 2019 , Chapter 3 ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > All modeling decisions are based on the training data , before arriving at a small number of potential models that are applied to the testing data to explore model performance on unseen , out-of-sample information . Statistical analyses are performed using the statistical programming language R and the Tidymodels package ( R Core Team 2022 ; Kuhn et al . 2020 ) . To select a subset of variables from all candidate variables , we use the Least Absolute Shrinkage and", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 738, "text": "2014 / 15 household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 933, "end": 968, "text": "household budget and poverty survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1279, "end": 1300, "text": "household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ - Maintain and regularly update a database of all Subproject grievances , including date of grievance , name of aggrieved , nature of the grievance , and how and when the grievance was addressed at each level of the grievance mechanism ; - Monitor the development , delivery and impact of the livelihood programmes ; and - Recommend to the PIO leadership appropriate adjustment to improve resettlement and livelihood restoration initiatives . # # # # # # * * _RP External Evaluation_ * * A completion evaluation report will be undertaken by an external agency ( independent consultant ) . The focus of the evaluation will be the outcomes of the compensation , income restoration and social development projects on the income , livelihood and well-being of PAPs and local communities in the Subproject affected areas . An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of RP / LRP implementation . # # # # # # * * _RP / LRP Progress Reviews_ * * Documentation of a RP implementation experience is very important . Therefore , it is recommended for EEP to prepare a RP completion report by external evaluator . RP progress reviews are broader than IPM with respect to the participants , time period undertaken , and objectives and purposes . The main purpose of the RP review is to share and disseminate information amongst stakeholders , review and assess the processes and problems of implementation , and based on the findings and the collective assessments , highlight achievements and best practices , and provide solutions for outstanding and major problems and challenges faced . Table 0 . 5 : Compensation Summary Sheet | * * S . No . * * | * * Variables * * | * * Data * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * A . General * * | | | 1 | Region | Oromiya | | 2 | District", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 224, "text": "database of all Subproject grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | | | Crop-residue | 41 . 7 | 45 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 48 . 3 | 36 . 7 | 34 . 3 | | * * Cooking * * < br > * * Fuels * * | Charcoal | 23 . 3 | 16 . 7 | 23 . 3 | 6 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 14 . 0 | | | Animal dung | 73 . 3 | 86 . 7 | 61 . 7 | 100 . 0 | 93 . 3 | 83 . 0 | | | Electricity | 1 . 7 | 8 . 3 | 5 . 0 | 5 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 4 . 0 | _Source : ESIA for Asela – Arsi Robe 132Kv Transmission line and Substation Subproject_ * * _ . _ * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 3 Access to potable Water * * The socioeconomic survey results regarding drinking water access reveal that the majority of households 78 . 1 % have access to safe potable water from various sources , while 21 . 9 % rely on unprotected water sources . Private taps primarily within dwelling yards serve as the main water source for 37 . 8 % of households overall . 71 . 7 % of households in Hetosa Woreda utilize private tab as their main source of potable water . In contrast , no households in Sude Woreda have access to private taps . Communal taps are the primary water source for 25 . 9 % of surveyed households with 76 . 7 % of households in Sude Woreda depending on this source . Protected ponds and springs serve as water sources for 11 . 1 % and 3 . 0 % of households respectively . The ESIA further reveals that access to safe drinking water varies significantly across subproject Woredas . All households in Hetosa Woreda report access to safe", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 547, "text": "socioeconomic survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1280, "end": 1284, "text": "ESIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER - Transfer Receipts : The VA will verify transfer receipts or equivalent financial documentation confirming that funds were disbursed from the woreda finance office to each individual refugee primary school . This is a critical step in establishing that the school actually received the REG , as opposed to funds remaining at the woreda level . - Additional Supporting Evidence : Any supplementary documentation that confirms receipt and implementation as defined in the Program Paper and POM will also be considered , including correspondence , sign-off sheets , or other administrative records . To ensure the accuracy and integrity of the documentation reviewed , the VA will cross-check all submitted materials against independent data sources . These include MoE administrative data and management information systems , school inspection reports prepared by regional or woreda education authorities , and other relevant education management systems maintained by the government . This cross-verification step is intended to identify discrepancies , flag inconsistencies , and confirm that the documentary record is consistent with what is reflected in official government systems . To validate the physical delivery and actual utilization of REG-funded activities , the VA will conduct field visits to a reasonable and representative sample of refugee primary schools . The sample will be designed to provide sufficient coverage across regions , school sizes , and implementation contexts to support credible conclusions about the broader population of schools . During field visits , the VA will : - Confirm Physical Presence and Condition of REG-Supported Items : The VA will verify that goods , materials , or infrastructure improvements funded through the REG are physically present at the school , are in appropriate condition , and are suitable for their intended educational purpose . - Verify Alignment with Standards : The VA will assess whether REG-supported inputs meet the standards applicable to both refugee and host community schools , ensuring that the support is consistent with the program ' s integration objectives and does not create disparities between school types . - Consult Key Stakeholders", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 939, "text": "MoE administrative data and management information systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Chifunde districts of Mozambique . Within each community , a random sample of 20 female farmers were surveyed along with their husbands . The survey is the baseline of an ongoing randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a human capital program targeting female farmers . The survey elicited information on both spouses ’ cognitive and socio ‐ emotional skills , as well as their time and risk preferences . The spouses were asked these modules separately and privately . Second , we use data from a survey conducted in June ‐ July 2016 across 180 villages in the Bas ‐ Sassandra , Comoé , Lacs and Lagunes districts of Côte d ’ Ivoire . The survey is the baseline of an ongoing randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of improving rubber farmers ’ access to technologies and markets . The survey elicited information on the socio ‐ emotional skills , and time and risk preferences of the farmers that applied to the program , as well as of their spouses . The spouses were asked these modules separately and privately . Third , we use data from the second wave of the Malawi Third Integrated Household Panel Survey ( IHPS ) , conducted in 2013 . This is a publicly available longitudinal survey that is representative of the Malawian population . For the rural sub ‐ sample , the survey elicited information on the cognitive and socio ‐ emotional skills of up to two plot managers . These are typically the husband and the wife , which are the focus of our analysis . In each country , we restrict the sample to couples for whom we observe the corresponding skills and preferences of both spouses , as well as the other covariates used in the analysis . This results in working samples of 2 , 280 couples in Mozambique , 1 , 407 couples in Côte d ’ Ivoire , and 531 couples in Malawi . # * * 2 . 2 . Measuring Skills and Preferences * * Socio ‐ emotional skills were measured in the three countries by asking respondents to rate their level of agreement with different attitudinal statements ( see Appendix A1 ) . In Mozambique and Malawi , these items elicit abilities commonly associated with", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1141, "text": "Malawi Third Integrated Household Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > S < br > ° Diary Data < br > Recall Data < br > 8 < br > Oo < br > e < br > > . o | | | 1 < br > ise } < br > eS < br > fa } K < br > fo } < br > ” \\ < br > \\ < br > | NT < br > 3S } IN | < br > 8 | By ] WihigstvetertesarDitnneewestececsenZ < br > Oo < br > rrcs < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 < br > Weekly consumption ( USD ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 57, "text": "Diary Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 65, "end": 76, "text": "Recall Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# II . < u > Findings based on data from host governments < / u > To obtain a more realistic picture of what is happening on the ground , the study made an effort to collect data from host country governments . Host governments tend to capture the data more comprehensively and accurately than the home government , simply because most host countries subject all FDI projects , large or small , to government approvals or registries at the point of business entry . Collecting data from African host countries has not been easy . Although all countries gather general FDI data , data specifying firms ’ origins , overtime changes , sector distributions and economic impact are not always readily available . Moreover , the quality of data is very uneven and generally poor . Many agencies in a country may be involved in FDI statistics ; each has only a limited view of the whole picture . For instance , investment agencies may be charged giving initial project approvals , company registries responsible for legal establishment of the businesses , and central banks track the actual capital flows . In addition , other line ministries may have a responsibility to track the FDI impact on economic sectors , job creation , exports and tax revenues generation . Ideally , data from all sources are needed to reflect FDI from its intentional initiation , through actualization , and to economic impact generation , but this would require sophisticated FDI data systems which few African countries have at present . To gain at least a preliminary understanding , the research started with a mini-survey among the national investment promotion agencies ( IPAs ) . Targeting IPAs as the starting point makes sense where they are mandated as the “ One Stop Shop ” for FDI promotion and facilitation . These IPAs often do their best to gather FDI statistics through coordination with other relevant government agencies even if not directly being in charge of all FDI aspects . Six national IPAs participated actively in the survey and provided extremely useful data as requested . These included four of the top five African recipients of Chinese investment according to MOC statistics : Nigeria , Zambia , Ethiopia and Ghana . < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 57, "text": "data from host governments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 174, "end": 208, "text": "data from host country governments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 568, "end": 576, "text": "FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1451, "end": 1467, "text": "FDI data systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1589, "end": 1649, "text": "mini-survey among the national investment promotion agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1837, "end": 1851, "text": "FDI statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2165, "end": 2179, "text": "MOC statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on household survey data . On the whole , the component was effectively designed and utilized . Implementation of monitoring showed some weaknesses with regard to timeliness and quality . Many investment lending projects in Ethiopia face significant challenges related to monitoring and evaluation , and the achievements under this component were better than most projects . 27 . The monitoring exercise was unique . A low-tech approach-information collected directly from a sample of geographically diverse _woredas_ ( districts ) through a five-page questionnaire-yielded basic information about the status of fertilizer imports and the market . The quality and consistency of the monitoring data and timely implementation at the institutional1evel showed room for improvement ( World Bank 2009 , 2009-2010 ) . The project revealed that MoARD suffered from a shortage of staff , skills , effectiveness , and a lack of attention to monitoring and evaluation . - . . _Monitoring . _ The monitoring exercise was conducted by ministry staff and as noted comprised a sample of about 3Shigh - and low-potential _woredas_ ( MoARD 2009 ) . About every three months , the ministry collected market information about fertilizer imports , sales , and distribution at the national , regional , and more local . administrative levels . The monitoring information was of moderate quality , but it was carefully cross-checked during supervision missions and used to inform the task team ( World Bank 2009-2010 ) . For example , at an early stage monitoring helped to identify the seriousness of the congestion at the Djibouti Port , which placed the project ' s objectives at risk . Together with recommendations from the Bank ( Hine 2009 ) , this information helped the Government of Ethiopia to forcefully address the congestion . - _Evaluation . _ The impact evaluation included a survey of about 3 , 500 households in all major regions ( DSA 2010 ) . The survey and analysis received detailed technical backstopping from the task team . The assessment also collected other information , such as secondary data , and conducted intensive", "spans": [{"start": 3, "end": 24, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 683, "end": 698, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1871, "end": 1905, "text": "survey of about 3 , 500 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2086, "end": 2100, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 As summarized in Table 1c , these indicators are constructed based on responses to the following questions asked in the Enterprise Surveys : ― Has your company undertaken any of the following initiative in the last three years : Agreed to a new joint venture with foreign partner ? ‖ and ― Has your company undertaken any of the following initiative in the last three years : Obtained a new licensing agreement ? ‖ 18 We classify firms into four size categories based on the number of full-time permanent employees : micro ( 1 to 10 ) , small ( 11 to 50 ) , medium ( 51 to 200 ) and large ( more than 200 ) . Establishment age is determined by responses to ― In what year did your firm begin operations in this country ? ‖ and is used to separate firms into three age classes : young ( less than five years old ) , mature ( five to 15 years old ) and old ( more than 15 years since started operations ) . 19 We use R & D intensity in the innovation equations as it may more accurately capture the differential effect of additional spending on R & D on the likelihood of innovation . Using an R & D indicator variable ( as is estimated in equation 1 ) in place of R & D intensity in the innovation equations does not substantively alter our results or conclusions . > 20 We calculate TFP by estimating a Cobb-Douglas production function from our enterprise data separately for each two-digit ISIC industry . Output is the real value of enterprise sales and inputs are the real value of fixed assets , total labor costs ( actual or ILO wages ) and materials expense . All variables are in logs . Each firm ‘ s residual from its 15", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 141, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1348, "end": 1363, "text": "enterprise data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activities pertaining to th < br > KE-MEACLSS-14229-GO-RFQ < br > / Purchase of computer desk < br > s and chairs for the refurbish < br > ed LMIS unit at the Ministry of East Africa Community , Labour and Social Protection - St IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 50 , 000 . 00 12 , 832 . 55 Completed 2017-06-05 2017-12-21 2017-07-06 2018-01-31 2017-07-21 2018-02-09 < br > ate Department for Labour to < br > ensure it is fully furnished an < br > d operational < br > KE-MEACLSS-7401-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of software packages SPSS , Antivirus , Microsoft office and latest window IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 25 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2017-06-09 2017-07-09 2017-07-23 < br > version < br > KE-MEACLSS-43431-GO-RFQ < br > / Purchase of 360 portable po < br > wer bank units erroneously omitted while procuring Tablet IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 23 , 000 . 00 36 , 014 . 58 Completed 2018-01-27 2018-09-26 2018-03-24 2018-10-22 2018-09-20 2019-03-11 < br > s for conducting the informal < br > sector skills and occupation s < br > ector survey < br > KE-MEACLSS-60175-GO-DIR < br > / The Ministry intends to proc < br > ure a cloud server from Dobil < br > ity which will be used for Data Management in the", "spans": [{"start": 1285, "end": 1297, "text": "ector survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "status , whether individual consider themselves a member of an ethnic or racial minority group , socioeconomic status ( upper , upper middle , lower middle , or lower ) , place where individual lives ( rural , small , or large city ) , whether individual has citizenship or a valid residence permit for the country in which they live , whether individual lives in a place with outdoor spaces during COVID-19 , log of pre-pandemic GDP per capita of 2019 , Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP ) ( constant 2017 international $ ) , and regions ( South Asia , East Asia and Pacific ; Europe and Central Asia ; Latin America and the Caribbean ; Middle East and North Africa ; North America ; and Sub-Saharan Africa ) < sup > 7 < / sup > ; and is a vector of errors . Moreover , to understand the mental health of the respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic , εε Moreover , to understand the mental health of the respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic , an ordered probit model is estimated based on the anxiety and depression measure constructed using the Patient Health Questionnaire ( PHQ-4 ) scale . For the ease of administering the survey over an app , the questionnaire includes standardized questions for constructing the PHQ-4 scale . PHQ-4 scale is used extensively in research and clinical settings as a general indicator for anxiety and depression . The advantage of the PHQ-4 over the other mental distress measurements is that it is an ultra-brief screener , which can be used to indicate whether individuals may benefit from a further in-depth assessment ( Stanhope 2016 ) . The four standardized indicators used for constructing the PHQ-4 scales are : ( 1 ) feeling of depression or hopelessness over the last 2 weeks , ( 2 ) feeling of disinterest or displeasure over the last 2 weeks , ( 3 ) feeling of nervousness , anxiety , or on edge over the last 2 weeks , and ( 4 ) feeling of inability to stop or control worrying over the last 2 weeks . For each of the four indicators , the respondents were asked to score how often they were bothered by the problem : not at all (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Assist the school community in providing adequate accommodation , communal kitchens , cooking utensils , bathing facilities and latrines for young women - In collaboration with WFP , trial a limited version of a school feeding program - Meet with parents to sensitize them to educate daughters as well as sons . - Offer motivational gifts to girls with better academic co-curricular performance . - Form Affirmative Action clubs to perform to sensitize the school community about girl education , SGBV , etc . - Organize skills-training workshops for girls , for example , knitting sweaters and sewing tablecloths to earn an income and contribute to their own school fees . - Introduce a newsletter for girls to share advice , motivation and future ambitions . # # # # # # < u > Tertiary level < / u > - Encourage O-Level girls and other educated women to become teachers . - Financially assist girls who have failed their O-Levels to re-sit for their exams - Promote affirmative action in teachers ’ colleges and curricula # # # # # # < u > Other < / u > - Maintain database of domestic violence and sexual abuse cases - Follow-up individual cases with home visits and provide support where necessary # # # # # # * * Challenges in Implementation : * * - Insecurity caused by rebel activity caused further displacement amongst refugee students and teachers , affecting attendance , making tracking of girls difficult and stretching resources in new schools . - The lack of educated women creates challenges in recruiting female teachers . - School facilities remain poor : girls ’ boarding facilities are so over-crowded that girls must sleep three to one mattress . - Sustainability of the Affirmative Action Programme remains a concern , particularly regarding financial inputs such as partial payment of school fees . # # # # # # * * Results to Date : * * - Increased numbers of female students , especially in secondary schools where the enrolment of girls has increased to 942 in 2004 compared to 748 in 2003 . - Drop", "spans": [{"start": 1069, "end": 1121, "text": "database of domestic violence and sexual abuse cases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Women Entrepreneurship Development Project ( P122764 ) ► Intermediate Number of One Stop Shops ( OSS ) , Microfinance Institutions ( MFI ) and Technical Vocational Education and Training ( TVET ) colleges reporting according to the WEDP Monitoring and Evaluation ( ( Number , Custom ) | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 72 . 00 | 72 . 00 | 68 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Oct-2012 | 05-Nov-2018 | 15-May-2019 | 31-Dec-2017 | | IN00683478 | | | | | ► Data collection and reporting ( Text , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | - - | 49 OSSs + 12 MFIs + < br > 11 TVET | 45 OSSs + 8 MFIs | | Date < br > 31-Oct-2012 | 05-Nov-2018 | 15-May-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | | IN00683480 < br > ► Number of MFIs that have adopted and implemen < br > ( Number , Custom ) | ted institution developmen | t plans and project-relate | d credit technologies | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 12 . 00 | 12 . 00 | 8 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Oct-2012 | 05-Nov-2018 | 15-May-2019 | 31-Dec-2017 | | IN00683481 < br > ► Portfolio at Risk - SME ( Percentage ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to Keep Older People in the Labor Force . Economic Studies at Brookings , January 2019 . - NCST . 2011 . Seniority Community Service Employment Program : A resource for SCSEP providers . National center on senior transportation : Washington , D . C . - Neumark , D . , I . Burn and P . Button . 2019 . Is It Harder for Older Workers to Find Jobs ? New and Improved Evidence from a Field Experiment . Journal of Political Economy , 127 ( 2 ) . - Ng , T . W . and C . Feldman . 2008 . The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance . J Appl Psychol . 93 ( 2 ) : 392-423 . - OECD . 2008 . Improving Financial Education and Awareness of Insurance and Private Pensions . OECD Publishing : Paris . OECD . 2013 . OECD Employment Outlook 2013 . OECD Publishing : Paris . OECD . 2017 : Pensions at a glance . OECD Publishing : Paris . OECD . 2018 . Working Better with Age . Belgium Country Note . OECD Publishing : Paris . OECD . 2019a . Pensions at a glance . Country profiles : China . OECD Publishing : Paris . OECD . 2019b . Working Better with Age . OECD Publishing : Paris . OECD . 2019c . Adapting to Demographic Change . Paper prepared for the first meeting of the G20 - Employment Working Group under the Japanese G20 Presidency , 25-27 February 2019 , Tokyo . Retrieved at : https : / / www . oecd . org / g20 / summits / osaka / OECD-Ageing-and-Demographic-changeG20-JPN . pdf 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", reading comprehension on EGRA maps directly onto one of the levels in Levels 1-8 on SACMEQ , the RSAT for East and Southern Africa . Analysis and work done by ACER for the UIS Reporting Scale – a global effort to compare underlying proficiencies across assessments – focuses on reading comprehension partially for this reason ( Turner et al . , 2018 ) . Abadzi ( 2011 ) also cites reading comprehension as a likely proficiency link between EGRA and ISATs and RSATs . This is born out in the data . For example , when we use reading comprehension scores , Tanzania outperforms Kenya , consistent with SACMEQ . When using ORF scores , Kenya does not outperform Tanzania , which is no longer consistent with SACMEQ . Moreover , reading comprehension was the most available subtask across all EGRA datasets we collected . To this end , we primarily analyze reading comprehension , which is available in nearly all EGRA datasets , is less sensitive to differences in context and implementation , and has a strong conceptual link to RSATs and ISATs . To ensure robustness to language effects , we only include data when students took the test in their language of instruction . 5", "spans": [{"start": 791, "end": 804, "text": "EGRA datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ information be required to ensure effective implementation , updating or monitoring of the LRP measures . The following are some of the key responsibilities of the PIO : - Establish a RIT , provide all the necessary resources and capacity building measures to discharge its responsibilities effectively and oversee the activities of the unit ; - Maintain a register of affected livelihood assets , including compensation payments and investments in LRP initiatives ; - In cooperation with the Woreda Resettlement and Valuation Committee , conduct additional assessments and valuations of assets as required ; - Establish WRC comprising of key Woreda and Kebele public officials , staff of the PIO , representatives of PAPs , NGOs , and key line offices in the Woreda ; - Assign a CLO for ongoing consultation with the Subproject affected people and communities ; - Appoint a Women ’ s Liaison and Development Officer ( WLDO ) within the RIT to organise and facilitate women ’ s participation in the implementation and monitoring of the RP and LRP ; - Presence of female members on the RIT is crucial and she would be involved in all activities in a cross-cutting capacity ( e . g . , processing compensation claims of a female-headed PAH ) . The female members shall ensure better consideration of gender issues for grievance resolution . In addition , GBV issues will be reported to and resolved in active participation of this female member ; - In consultation with PAP and affected communities , establish and operate a system for receiving , recording , and resolving Subproject-related complaints and grievances ; - Establish systems , processes and resources for delivering various livelihood interventions and entitlements ; - Facilitate interactions and communications between various organisations involved in livelihoods restoration implementation ; and - Establish a transparent process for workers to express concerns and file grievances , including anonymous complaints . Official Use Only Page 175", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 546, "text": "register of affected livelihood assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 14 : Self ‐ reported well ‐ being changes of the households ( share of households , % ) _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > Well-being worsened Well-being improved < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . The main factor determining the reduction of the well ‐ being of the population is inflation , which exceeded the growth rate of nominal income and thus led to a reduction in real incomes . However , in 2015 – 2016 significant contributors to the deterioration of well ‐ being were loss of employment and falling nominal wages , the latter registering a particularly sharp reduction . Post ‐ recession , in 2017 , these trends were less pronounced and the inflation ‐ related reduction in real incomes became again the dominant reason of well ‐ being loss for the population . Note , in particular , that this is against the background of relatively low inflation rates in 2017 , but wages did not start registering increases until the second half of 2017 . Individuals vulnerable to the risk of poverty appear to be more affected by nominal cuts in wages than the population on average – a tendency that was exacerbated during the crisis , especially in 2016 . They also faced a higher risk of losing their job compared to other population groups , although by 2017 these differences leveled off ( Figure 15 ) . In other words , the crisis resulted in the increased share of those who lost jobs or suffered a deterioration of terms of employment among vulnerable groups of the population . The effect of the crisis on the poor ( based on the official definition ) through loss of labor income is even more pronounced . Those below the poverty threshold had a substantially higher than average risk of losing their jobs and of falling nominal wages ( see Annex ,", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 378, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 | 0 . 6 | 3 . 1 | 5 . 4 | 6 . 5 | 2 . 2 | 1 . 1 | | Albania | 0 . 6 | 0 . 7 | 1 . 2 | 4 . 3 | 5 . 5 | 9 . 4 | 1 . 2 | 3 . 9 | Source : BIS Locational Statistics and IMF WEO Database October 2010 ; authors ’ calculations . A caveat is in order . On the one hand , the strength of the results may be specific to the region , which indeed experienced some of the largest external imbalances ( and , eventually , external adjustments ) that emerging markets have ever had to tackle . Moreover , it must be acknowledged that some of the global events that characterized the increased process of integration might not repeat themselves in the near future ; for example , the excessive global liquidity of 2003-07 . On the other hand , however , some regularities are evident from the data and , thus , provide policy prescriptions going forward : a better understanding of the determinants of different growth-vulnerability combinations seems warranted and this paper attempts to provide some preliminary answers . # * * 1 . Methodology and Stylized Facts * * The goal of this paper is to empirically investigate the relative importance of economic policies and other factors in defining the balance between vulnerability ( risk ) and growth ( reward ) . As mentioned earlier , a multifaceted approach to vulnerability is taken . Specifically , several indicators are 2", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 164, "text": "BIS Locational Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 169, "end": 185, "text": "IMF WEO Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "therefore do national trade balances . # * * _Equilibrium and calibration_ * * Given the transport network , endowments of labor and land , and parameters of the model ( including � productivity parameters z � � and country origin ‐ destination shift parameters A � � ) , the model generates , in each cell , prices for all goods , wages , and land rents such that markets clear . These prices shape the behavior of firms and the income levels and behavior of households , such that the associated levels of supply and demand are equal . The calibration sets values of productivity � parameters z � � and country origin ‐ destination shift parameters A � � such that equilibrium employment in each sector and cell matches the employment data , per capita incomes match country level income data , and international trade flows match the trade data . # * * _Simulations_ * * The calibrated model is then ‘ shocked ’ with new transport times in the trade network , and firms and households adjust their decisions to optimally respond to the new geography of the region . We explore different degrees of response under combinations of five different assumptions which are , in summary : - ( 1 ) Direct effect : To quantify the scale of the shock we calculate transport cost savings at unchanged base level prices and quantities , i . e . take the transport cost reduction times the base value of exports from each cell to all other cells . < sup > 4 < / sup > This allows us to observe the direct > 3 If cells are grouped by country then the matrix of values of A � � � is , for each s , a block matrix with common value A � � � � A � � � , for all i ε country c , j ε country k , and values unity on the block diagonal , i , j in the same country . > 4 This is an ‘ out of equilibrium ’ calculation , designed purely to quantify the size of the initial shock . 8", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 741, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 769, "end": 794, "text": "country level income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3862 # * * Bank Ownership Type and Banking Relationships * * # * * Allen N . Berger * * Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , Washington , DC 20551 U . S . A . Wharton Financial Institutions Center , Philadelphia , PA 19104 U . S . A . aberger @ frb . gov # * * Leora F . Klapper * * Development Research Group , World Bank , Washington , DC 20433 U . S . A . lklapper @ worldbank . org * * Maria Soledad Martinez Peria * * Development Research Group , World Bank , Washington , DC 20433 U . S . A . mmartinezperia @ worldbank . org * * Rida Zaidi * * Wolfson College , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1TN , UK . rz213 @ hermes . cam . ac . uk # * * Abstract * * We formulate and test hypotheses about the role of bank ownership types – foreign , state-owned , and private domestic banks – in banking relationships , using data from India . The empirical results are consistent with all of our hypotheses with regard to foreign banks . These banks tend to serve as the main bank for transparent firms , and firms with foreign main banks are most likely to have multiple banking relationships , have the most relationships , and diversify relationships across bank ownership types . The data are also consistent with the hypothesis that firms with state-owned main banks are relatively unlikely to diversify across bank ownership types . However , state-owned banks often do not provide the main relationship for firms they are mandated to serve ( e . g . , small , opaque firms ) , and the predictions of negative effects on multiple banking and number of relationships hold for only one type of state-owned bank . JEL Classification Numbers : G21 , G28 , G34 , F33 Keywords : Banks , Government Policies , International . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3862 , March 2006 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 862, "text": "data from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Step 4 : Project Alternatives Analysis * * Project alternatives were analyzed to identify viable options that could lead to a feasible basecase design . This initial step was crucial in minimizing potential environmental and social impacts . The alternatives evaluated included : - No Project Alternative : This scenario considered the implications of not proceeding with the project , allowing us to understand the potential benefits and drawbacks of maintaining the status quo . - Alternative Site : Different locations were explored for the project to assess whether relocating could mitigate environmental or social impacts while still achieving project goals . - Alternative Schedule : Examined different timelines for project implementation to determine if phasing or adjusting the schedule could lessen impacts on the surrounding environment and communities . - Alternative Designs : Evaluated various design options for the project infrastructure to identify configurations that would be more sustainable or less intrusive . - Waste Management Technology Alternative : This included assessing different waste management technologies to determine which would be most effective in minimizing environmental impacts while ensuring compliance with regulatory standards . # # * * Step 5 : Consultations * * Stakeholder consultation is essential in the ESIA process , focusing on effectively communicating information about the proposed VMF establishment . This involves gathering feedback on key issues , identifying potential impacts , and allowing affected parties and stakeholders to raise concerns or suggest alternatives . All relevant stakeholders were identified , and consultations were conducted at various levels to ensure that those impacted by the project had the opportunity to voice their opinions . # # * * Step 6 : Identification and Analysis of Environmental and Social Impacts * * We identified key beneficial and adverse impacts on the physical , biological , and socioeconomic environments associated with the construction , operation and decommissioning phases of the VMF project . This was achieved through checklists , site surveys , stakeholder consultations , and literature reviews . 13", "spans": [{"start": 2152, "end": 2164, "text": "site surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The current paper studies recent mobility patterns in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area ( * * * * _AMBA for its Spanish acronym_ ) – the largest urbanized area in Argentina and one of the largest in Latin America – to propose specific areas of transport policy that can target women ’ s travel needs . * * To do so , the paper leverages _big data_ and complementary data to identify transport patterns that are distinct between men and women , including in terms of the spatial patterns , distances traveled , the temporal distribution of trips throughout the day , and mode choices . Second , the paper analyzes the gender-differentiated changes in mobility patterns associated with the pandemic , a significant shock that affected both transport supply and travel preferences , some of which have persisted even three years later . Understanding these gender-differentiated responses is important for developing policy solutions that can steer the mobility choices towards more sustainable modes if a similar shock were to occur in the future . # * * 2 . METHODOLOGY * * * * The analysis takes advantage of a number of innovative data sources and methodologies that can provide complementary insights . * * These include , first and foremost , Call Detail Record ( CDR ) – mobile phone – data , that are increasingly recognized as a valuable resource for transport planning . CDR data are observed for every call / text made or received with a timestamp and GPS coordinates of the tower from where the call is made . Such data allows measuring mobility across entire cities or even countries at very fine spatial and temporal levels . The analysis in the current paper is based on CDR data obtained for three different periods ( October 2019 , October 2020 , and October 2021 ) from a major mobile phone service operator in Argentina , representing 37 percent of the national market , with over 8 million unique subscribers . The methodology fused CDR data with data from public transport validations ( the SUBTE smart card in Buenos Aires ) and publicly available household mobility survey data from 2010 / 2018 - _Encuestas de Movilidad Domiciliaria_ ( ENMODO ) . In addition , the analysis incorporates", "spans": [{"start": 1688, "end": 1696, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2072, "end": 2119, "text": "household mobility survey data from 2010 / 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", focuses on children and youth in internal displacement - » A 2021 IDAC webinar highlighted how girls and boys may experience COVID-related risks and challenges differently , informed by an < u > IDAC issue brief < / u > - In 2007 , Spain ’ s National Statistical Office ran its first < u > National Immigrant Survey < / u > with a particular focus on family reunification . In coordination with the Migration Ministry , the questionnaire was designed to employ a family-oriented approach . It provides important guidance to other Member States in navigating the often complex impacts of migration on families , particularly on children left behind - In 2020 , UNHCR and UNICEF launched the < u > Blueprint for Joint Action , a commitment to accelerate joint < / u > efforts in line with the Global Compact on Refugees . It helps host countries incorporate refugee children in national development plans and budgets and strengthens national service delivery systems , focusing on access for refugee and host community children to education , child protection services , clean water , and hygiene facilities # # # # # # OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLICY AND PRACTICAL ACTION - * * Investigate * * data needs to better understand childspecific issues and develop relevant strategies by joining webinars and other events : - » For instance , IDAC regularly organizes webinars and dialogues that address urgent issues shaping the lives of children on the move and the important role of data - * * Attend * * migration-related global events that leverage a broad platform to reach Member States and other concerned stakeholders , and engage in child-specific data dialogue , investment and partnership - » Examples include the < u > International Forum on Migration Statistics ( IFMS ) , the annual High-Level Political Forum ( HLPF ) , the UN Statistical Commission ( UNSC ) < / u > and the < u > World Data Forum ( WDF ) < / u > 7", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 317, "text": "National Immigrant Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 39 , 693 . 60 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-03-20 | | | | 2023-05-15 | 2023-11-11 | | C2-MIES-INEC-65 / Contratac < br > ión de una agencia de viaje p < br > ara la provisión de pasajes a < br > éreos en rutas nacionales par < br > a el operativo de campo de l < br > a Encuesta Nacional de Desn < br > utrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 26 , 556 . 70 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2023-03-15 < br > 2023 - | 04-06 < br > 2023-03-20 < br > 20 | 23-04-06 | 2023-05-01 | 2023-05-31 | 2023-07-05 | 2024-01-01 | | C2-MIES-INEC-84 / Contratac < br > ión de 1 Auxiliar de logística < br > y procesos de calidad ENDI p < br > ara la Encuesta Nacional de < br > Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9003 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the impact of the recent recession in Belarus on poverty and broader measures of household welfare and compares the recent recession episode to previous economic crises in Belarus . The paper constructs a measure of vulnerability to poverty , based on an estimated probability of falling below the national poverty threshold not exceeding 10 percent , which is estimated for each year of the household survey data between 2014 and 2017 . The analysis finds that the recession of 2014 – 16 was qualitatively different from earlier recent crisis episodes ( 2008 – 09 and 2010 – 11 ) in that it affected low-income households to a much greater extent , and the negative welfare effects lingered . The paper also documents that although the recession did not result in a substantial increase in absolute poverty by the official definition , it led to a considerable increase in the share of households that are vulnerable to poverty . The greater degree of vulnerability is also evident from the growing share of the population that faced a risk of poverty within a year ( going in and out of poverty ) . Household types for which the impact of the recession was most pronounced are households with multiple children , single-parent households , residents of rural areas , as well as those who were not employed , partly employed , or low-skilled employees . Coping strategies that were employed by the population were largely related to reducing expenditures and , among vulnerable households , food expenditures in particular , as well as drawing down on their savings . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at bornukova @ beroc . by , acojocaru @ worldbank . org , mmatytsin @ worldbank . org , and shymanovich @ research . by . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 487, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 % . Moreover , we find that bond prices often recover relatively quickly during and after default spells , although the variation across episodes is also large . On average , creditors recoup their pre-crisis investment ( measured one year before ) within five years after the default ; and in 25 % of cases ( upper quartile ) , investors recover their losses in less than one year . There are , of course , outlier episodes involving major upheavals such as wars , revolutions , or the break-up of empires ( e . g . , in Austria-Hungary , China , or Russia ) . However , in the majority of debt crises , investor losses are partial . Debt repudiation cases are comparatively rare . On a more general level , our results reveal many parallels to the case of equity . As is the case for stocks , we find that sovereign external bonds show high excess returns coupled with a relatively low return volatility . The seminal work by Mehra and Prescott ( 1985 ) showed that standard asset pricing models are not able to reproduce the large empirically observed wedge between risky and riskless assets . Their contribution was followed by a stream of studies on the equity premium puzzle , largely focusing on the United States after World War II ( WW2 ) ( see Kocherlakota 1996 ; Campbell 2003 ) . Compared to the literature on long-run equity returns , our analysis of external bonds covers far more countries , particularly encompassing emerging markets and developing countries . It also goes much further back . < sup > 12 < / sup > There are , however , gaps in the bond pricing series of individual countries , and the market for external sovereign bonds shrinks in the Bretton Woods era of capital controls , and all but disappears during the syndicated bank lending spell of the 1970s and 1980s ( our average country coverage is 70 years ) . There is also research on the “ credit spread puzzle ” for corporate bonds , typically using data from the past 30 years . < sup > 13 < / sup > The high excess returns on external sovereign bonds have received much less attention", "spans": [{"start": 1940, "end": 1967, "text": "data from the past 30 years", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 00 | Under < br > Implementation | 2020-01-31 < br > | 2020-03-0 | 3 < br > 2020-02-10 | | | | 2020-04-15 | 2021-06-30 | | UG-MOH-162438-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of a Consultancy < br > Services to Develop the < br > Organisational and Functional < br > Structures of the < br > Pharmaceutical Functional in < br > the Health Sector and Costing < br > of the Developed plan | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 30 , 268 . 00 | 31 , 574 . 31 | Signed | 2020-03-10 < br > | 2020-02-2 | 7 < br > 2020-03-20 < br > 202 | 0-0 | 1-03 | | 2020-05-24 < br > 2020 | - 05-04 < br > 2020-11-20 | | UG-MOH-184104-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Conduct Client < br > Satisfaction Survey 2020 for < br > the Health Sector | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 101 , 762 . 16 | 0 . 00 | Under < br > Implementation | 2020-07-17 < br > | 2020-04-3 | 0 < br > 2020-07-27 | | | | 2020-09-30 | 2021-03-29 | Page 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2023 - | 12-14 < br > 2023-12-10 | | ET-MOWE-396527-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of Digital vernie < br > r caliper for ministry of water < br > and energy by MOWE | < br > IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > P | ost | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imite | d < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 8 , 928 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-12-18 | | | | 2024-02-12 | 2024-07-11 | | ET-MOWE-396533-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of # 2 monochr < br > ome A3 printer for ministry o < br > f Water and energy by MOWE | < br > IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > P | ost | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imite | d < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 10 , 714 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-12-19 | | | | 2024-02-13 | 2024-07-12 | | ET-MOWE-396571-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of fire extinguis < br > hing equipment including ala < br > rm with all accessories for hy < br > dro-logical data library by Mi < br > nistryof Water and Energy | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1073, "text": "dro-logical data library", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contrast , export times in Sub-Saharan Africa are especially long , taking 471 ⁄ 2 days on average . In addition , the variation across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa is large , ranging from 16 days in Mauritius to 116 days in the Central African Republic . The time delays reported in the survey are probably at the lower end of the time it takes to move the average product from factory to ship . This is because the products are chosen so that they do not require cooling or any technical inspections based on use of hazardous materials . Table 2 presents correlations for the full sample of bilateral trade between the time to move goods from factory to ship and other variables included in the regression analysis . Time is positively correlated with remoteness , more remote countries tend to have longer times of getting goods to ship . Time is negatively correlated with per capita income , implying that wealthier countries tend to have better trade facilitation . The trade data are from the UN Comtrade database . GDP and GDP per capita are from the World Bank ’ s World Development indicators . We use data for 2001-2003 , convert to constant values , and average them in order to avoid idiosyncracies in any given year , though results are very similar if we use only data for 2003 ( the latest available ) . Trade data were not available for 20 of the 146 countries for which we have data on the time to move goods from factory to ship , so our final sample is the 126 countries listed in Table A1 . < sup > 11 < / sup > > 11 The 20 countries with missing trade data for 2001-2003 are Bhutan , Chad , Congo Republic , Democratic Republic of Congo , Ethiopia , Haiti , Iraq , Laos , Macedonia , Mauritania , Palau , Puerto Rico , Serbia and Montenegro , Sudan , Taiwan ( China ) , Timor-Leste , Tonga , Vanuatu , Vietnam and West Bank and Gaza . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1023, "text": "UN Comtrade database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1077, "end": 1105, "text": "World Development indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1571, "end": 1581, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "boys 14 57 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P174041 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 46 . 00 | 30 . 00 | 30 . 00 | 57 . 00 | | Date | 31-Aug-2021 | 17-May-2023 | 17-May-2023 | 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | This target fell beca | use of ongoing medicine stockouts . | | | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P174041 | IDA-67620 | Effective | USD | 12 . 50 | 12 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 7 . 36 | 5 . 00 | | 60 % | | P174041 | IDA-D9520 | Effective | USD | 164 . 30 | 164 . 30 | 0 . 00 | 102 . 56 | 48 . 76 | | 68 % | | P174041 | TF-B2865 | Closed | USD | 2 . 70 | 2 . 70 | 0 . 00 | 2 . 70 | 0 . 00 | | 100 % | | P174041 | TF-B7371 | Effective | USD | 16 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Issues in the Measurement of Consumption through Surveys * * There is a large literature on methods of collecting consumption data through household surveys . < sup > 4 < / sup > Much of the evidence from survey experiments was generated in developed countries , while studies from lowincome settings typically draw on surveys not specifically designed to systematically compare contrasting methods . < sup > 5 < / sup > The specific experimental design described in the next section was motivated by the desire to carefully investigate the divergences across the main methods of consumption data collection in common use today in a developing country setting . The primary dimensions in which these methods vary are three : the use of diary vs . recall , the level of aggregation or detail in the commodity list , and the reference period . Some existing evidence of the measurement consequences of the three aspects is reviewed in turn ; lengthier discussions of this literature can be found in Gibson ( 2006 ) , Deaton and Grosh ( 2000 ) , and Scott and Amenuvegbe ( 1991 ) . There are many potential sources of reporting error that lead survey estimates of consumption to deviate from actual consumption . Perhaps the most commonly discussed in the literature is recall error , where a household under-reports true consumption over the period of recall due to faulty memory . Presumably the longer the period of recall , the greater the cognitive demand on the respondent and the greater the divergence between reported and actual consumption . Several studies have documented that , all else equal , the longer the period of recall , the lower the reported consumption per standardized unit of time . Closely related to recall error is telescoping , where a household compresses consumption that occurred over a longer period of time into the reference period asked and thus reports consumption greater than the actual value . A third important source of error is the inability to accurately capture individual consumption by household members that occurs outside the purview of the survey respondent . Clearly this inability may be more significant for certain types of consumption goods such as transport , telecommunication , or meals outside the home", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 140, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 149, "end": 166, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( see Porto , 2003 , 2005a or 2005b or Nicita 2004a for a similar approach ) . The interaction terms that are used in both the selection and wage equations imply that the elasticities of wage and labor market participation with respect to sugar prices vary from one individual to another , according to her level of education , her geographic location , the sector where she works and the type of employment . This proves to be important in estimating the impact of changes in sugar prices on household income at different points of the income distribution . The Heckman selection model is estimated using maximum likelihood . The estimates from this model allow us not only to calculate how wages would change following a change in the price of sugar , but also to measure the impact that changes in sugar prices may have on the labor market participation of each individual . Thus , we can estimate the impact of changes in local sugar prices on both wages and employment . In order to correct for possible correlation of the error terms within survey sample strata in each year , we use cluster robust error terms , where the clusters are defined by sample strata / year . All regressions include year and state dummies . # * * 3 . 3 Simulating the impact on household ’ s labor income * * The third step consists of simulating the impact of a 10 percent increase of sugar world prices on households ’ labor income . For this task we use the 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activities to date and the team ’ s pro-active efforts to resolve problems , the project seems very likely to be completed with positive results , having helped increase the earnings and employment of women-owned MSEs in Ethiopia ” . The Mid Term Review Mission also observed that there has been continued , rapid progress on most fronts : 1 . The line of credit under component 1 has continued to disburse at an extremely fast rate . From January 2014 to September 2015 , the line of credit disbursed ETB 768 million ( approx . USD 38 mill ) to 3 , 227 final beneficiaries resulting in an average individual loan size of ETB 219 , 605 ( approx . USD 10 , 942 ) . At the current rate , approximately USD 2 million are disbursed per month . Since the last implementation mission ( endMay 2015 data ) , the line of credit has shown a progress of almost 10 . 12 % in disbursals to urban women entrepreneurs . As agreed during the last ISM , four MFIs have been added to the original eight MFIs bringing the overall number of participating MFIs to twelve . As of August 31 , 2015 , DBE has withdrawn from the World Bank the full IDA allocation for component 1 ( i . e . USD 42 . 4 million ) and USD 1 million ( out of the available USD 3 . 5 million ) from the CIDA Trust Fund . The loans of DBE to MFIs have a 5 years maturity with a 1 year grace period . In December 2014 , when the 1 year grace period for the first 5 MFIs who received loans expired , repayments to DBE started and will continue on a semi-annual basis . Since the last implementation mission , the TA program to MFIs ( delivered by the DAI / PEPE team ) has continued to provide a sound and tailored capacity building to the participating MFIs . Progresses have also been made by the WEDP team in reaching out to interested donors : the Italian", "spans": [{"start": 780, "end": 796, "text": "endMay 2015 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KenyaIntegratedHouseholdBudget Survey | | KMIS | - | Kenya MalariaIndicatorSurvey | | * * KNBS * * | * * - * * | < br > KenyaNationalBureauofStatistics | | KPHC | * * - * * | KenyaPopulationand HousingCensus , * * 2019 * * | | * * MICS * * | * * - * * | MultipleIndicatorClusterSurvey | | NIPFN | * * - * * | NationalInformationPlatformforFoodandNutrition | | * * NSS * * | * * - * * | NationalStatisticalSystem | | * * NSSF * * | * * - * * | NationalSocialSecurityFund | | PPRA | * * - * * | PublicProcurement RegulatoryAuthority | | * * SCB * * | * * - * * | StatisticalCapacityBuilding | | SIDA | * * - * * | SwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency | | * * UNDP * * | * * - * * | < br > UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme | | * * UNFPA * * | * * - * * | < br > United NationsPopulationFund | | * * UNICEF * * | * * - * * | UnitedNations Children ' sFund | | USAID | * * - * * | United StatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment | 2", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 39, "text": "KenyaIntegratedHouseholdBudget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 55, "end": 83, "text": "Kenya MalariaIndicatorSurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 177, "end": 209, "text": "KenyaPopulationand HousingCensus", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 256, "end": 286, "text": "MultipleIndicatorClusterSurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ < mark > Table 7 . 6 : Number and types of housing structures affected by Limu Genet Substation < / mark > | * * Housing structure * * | * * Number * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Main House | 4 | 20 . 0 | | Kitchen | 3 | 15 . 0 | | Toilet | 3 | 15 . 0 | | Fence | 8 | 40 . 0 | | Water Well | 2 | 10 . 0 | | Total | 20 | 100 . 0 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ # # # # # * * 7 . 5 Impact on Fruit Trees and Homesteads * * < mark > Farmers along the ROW and within the Subproject influence areas grow a wide range of fruit crops , tubers , spices and timber trees in various project Woredas . < / mark > A total of 32 , 015 fruit trees of different sizes and species belonging to 230 households ( 218 HHs by ROW & tower pad and 12 HHs by SS ) . Among identified perennial crops and fruit trees to be affected by RoW and tower pad , 51 . 80 % are coffee which is widely grown in all Subproject impact Woredas , followed by _chat / khat_ accounted for 33 . 67 % of all perennial crops affected by the subproject RoW and tower pads . Table 7 . 7 : Number of PAPs by Impact on Fruit Trees by Subproject Component | * * Woreda * * | * * PAHs Affec * * < br > * * Pads * * | * * ted by Tower * * < br > * * & ROW *", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 562, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 1 World Bank Enterprise Survey data Our data are from a recent wave of the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) that were implemented in seven Latin American economies in 2017 — Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru and Uruguay . The WBES are establishment ‐ level surveys of a representative sample of the non ‐ agricultural , non ‐ extractive , formal private economy . The surveys are carried out via face ‐ to ‐ face interviews with owners or top managers of establishments in the manufacturing , services , construction , and transport storage and communications sectors . The surveys , which do not cover informal or micro firms , are carried out using a standardized methodology that ensures representativeness at the country level , and comparability across economies and over time . The WBES covers a wide range of topics including access to finance , corruption , crime , infrastructure , as well as measures of establishments ’ performance . In recent surveys , several questions have been added to the survey instrument to capture the managerial 7", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 39, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 79, "end": 108, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", publications , guidance materials , capacity-building , strategic partnerships ) . IDAC ’ s work shows what can be achieved when we leverage expertise and know-how at local , national , regional and international levels to improve migration data for children . > 3 . See United Nations , Intergovernmental Conference to Adopt the Global Compact for Safe , Orderly and Regular Migration , Draft outcome document of the Conference , President of the General Assembly , A / CONF . 231 / 3 , United Nations , New York , 30 July 2018 , paragraph 17 . > 4 . United Nations Children ’ s Fund , ‘ Latin America and the Caribbean : About 3 . 5 million children to be affected by migration next year – UNICEF ’ , Press release , UNICEF , 3 December 2021 . . 3", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 247, "text": "migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of investments will be done by a local selection committee < sup > 28 < / sup > led by the municipality , which will comprise representatives of the main local public institutions ( local administration and regional council ) , utilities , civil society ( including women and youth ) , and economic actors ( both formal and informal ) and will comprise at least 30 percent of women and representatives of refugees ( where applicable ) . 27 . * * Infrastructure to be financed by the project will meet certain eligibility conditions . * * The eligibility conditions include some conditions typical to municipal investments : ( a ) fall within the municipality mandate , ( b ) be part of the CDP , ( c ) have mitigated social and environmental impacts ; ( d ) those investments will not compete with private investment ; ( e ) investments that have no or little economic impact as assessed by the feasibility study will not be funded ; and ( f ) to encourage greener urbanization , 5 percent of each city allocation will be dedicated to green investments , covering additional costs incurred by design features . The full selection process will be provided in the Municipal Grant Manual ( MGM ) , including selection criteria with regard to the economic impact , impact on refugees , and gender gap reduction . 28 . * * It is anticipated that infrastructure would mostly include urban roads , urban drainage systems , electricity network extension , water network extension , solid or liquid waste management infrastructure , community or cultural facilities , markets , and public spaces and parks . * * Other types of > 27 The CDP is the regulatory tool for commune investment planning . It is supposed to be prepared following local elections and help the municipality plan for its elected period , that is , it spans over five years . In practice , it is mostly an inventory of infrastructure and services , which leads to a priority investment plan established in a participatory manner . For the purpose of the project , the scope of the terms of references ( ToRs ) for the CDP was enlarged with a", "spans": [{"start": 1867, "end": 1907, "text": "inventory of infrastructure and services", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expenses . For many of those , linking of investment loans reduced and did not increase the cost of credit . This distortion , at the time unexpected , was eliminated in 1982 with the introduction of inflation > * * r * * adjusted income tax regulations which basically recognized only real interest expenses as tax-deductible . The information in Table 11 is fragmentary and collected from incomplete statistics . To double check , we consider the average cost of debt from all sources calculated from sample balance sheets . 33", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 412, "text": "incomplete statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assisted with Emergency Flood Rapid Response Kits . Humanitarian efforts continue in priority locations and additional response teams have been deployed to flood-affected areas to further expand relief efforts . Increased flood response is enabled by donor contributions , including US $ 15 million from United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund and US $ 9 . 8 million from the South Sudan Humanitarian Fund . < sup > 123 < / sup > To respond to the short-and longer-term needs exacerbated by the floods , UNDP in coordination with other disaster relief organizations is gathering hazard and exposure data to produce a comprehensive hazard risk profile for South Sudan . < sup > 124 < / sup > 5 . * * The proposed project DRM activities complement humanitarian response efforts by aiming to reduce disaster vulnerability and enhancing existing coping capacities of affected communities . * * Where possible , the ECRP will seek to build peoples ’ and communities ’ resilience on the basis of existing capacities and coping mechanisms in a way that promotes self-reliance and helps better manage shocks . The project will ensure that all interventions further develop preparedness and coping strategies and disaster adaptation processes that exist at the community level and also determine and respond to the risk perceptions and knowledge of safety systems among communities in the event of a disaster . # # 6 . * * DRM activities are developed in alignment with the subproject cycle . * * - ( a ) As part of the county and community diagnostics , a hazard screening will be performed based on available flood and drought hazard data . - ( b ) If hazard-prone communities choose to implement disaster risk reduction measures ( as per the project ’ s open menu approach ) , BDC and other community representatives are first engaged in > 119 UNEP . 2018 . _South Sudan First State of the Environment and Outlook Report_ . > 120 UNOCHA . 2020 . “ South Sudan Flooding Update Nr . 5 . ” January 10 , 2020 . ” > REACH . 2019 . “ Pibor County Flood Assessment Brief .", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 610, "text": "hazard and exposure data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1609, "end": 1638, "text": "flood and drought hazard data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ Summer 2020 ( with permanently closed firms ) _ | | Model - < br > Predicted | Survey - < br > Measured | No . of < br > Observations | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Chemicals | 4 . 9 | 9 . 9 | 26 | | 2 . Food , drink , and tobacco | 8 . 1 | 9 . 2 | 73 | | 3 . Garments | 18 . 7 | 23 . 6 | 50 | | 4 . Hotel , restaurant , and | | | | | transportation | 17 . 8 | 17 . 0 | 118 | | 5 . Machinery , electronics , < br > and construction | 16 . 3 | 22 . 6 | 36 | | 6 . Metals and non-metallic | | | | | minerals | 7 . 6 | 2 . 8 | 14 | | 7 . Wholesale , retail , and | | | | | other services | 19 . 3 | 19 . 4 | 147 | | 8 . Wood , paper , publishing , < br > and printing | 16 . 7 | 15 . 6 | 21 | | Total | 15 . 8 | 16 . 8 | 485 | Source : CFUWBES1 . Notes : Model-predicted estimates are based on projected jobs lost using a multi-stage model and the employment structure in LMPS . Survey-measured jobs lost are based on directly computed sector-average job losses . In both cases , to estimate the allocation of jobs lost to production and non-production workers , we use the 2013 and 2019 World Bank Enterprise Surveys for Jordan and estimate sector-specific Tobit polynomial models . The calibrated models are applied to estimate the numbers of production and This is somewhat to be expected as there may be new dynamics that emerge over time that affect the link 32", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1127, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We first compute total floor area using the heights data as follows : Where TFA is the total floor area . The average floor height is assumed to be 3 meters . This measure can be compared across pixels in a city , or aggregates compared across cities . Using the TFA measure , we can compute FAPD as follows : 13", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 56, "text": "heights data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the preceding 30 days ( Table 1 , Panel C ) . Balance tests indicate that treatment and control assignment groups had largely similar baseline characteristics , except for the type of trade they did and their experience with GBV . At a 10 % level of significance , there were 5 % more exporters among traders randomly selected to receive the training than among those assigned to the control group ( Table 2 ) . This could give incentives to traders from the treatment group to cross the border early at unofficial morning times , to avoid meeting with border officials , and sell their products in the neighboring country to avoid paying fees on their return border crossing . However , there was no significant difference in the border crossing times between the assignment groups at baseline ( Table 3 ) . While Table 3 shows no significant treatment-control differences in trader knowledge , crossing patterns , or bribes , it does reveal an imbalance in the incidence of GBV . Approximately 19 % of traders assigned to the control group > 15A comparison of this sample with DHS data from DRC and Rwanda suggests that these traders ’ households are at a similar welfare level to other urban households along the border ( Garc ́ ıa Mora and Roshan , 2013 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1079, "end": 1087, "text": "DHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With regards to increasing participation of women and youth , a 2017 Gender survey found that the project was effective in mainstreaming the concerns of women and youth beneficiaries . For example , women and youth were given priority access for the allocation of market shades . * * Rating * * Substantial ~ ~ PHREVDELTBL ~ ~ # # * * Rationale * * Based on the considerable gains against Objective 2 and the reasonable gains against Objective 1 the overall rating for Efficacy is Substantial . * * Overall Efficacy Rating * * Substantial # # * * 5 . Efficiency * * # # # * * Economic and Financial Efficiency * * * * _ex ante_ * * Page 9 of 18", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 82, "text": "2017 Gender survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "maps of the region differ significantly for the three poverty definitions that we have employed for this exercise . By extension , our pollution impact maps also vary by poverty indicator . Using our integrated spatial database , we also consider the implications for targeted measures to reduce traffic congestion in Dar es Salaam . For each grid cell , we calculate a composite traffic impact indicator from three elements : traffic volume in the focal cell , the vulnerability of all other cells , and the distance of the focal cell to each of those cells . Then we map the results for each poverty indicator . We find more spatial stability here than in the distribution of pollution impacts : The maps for all three poverty indicators identify the same core areas where congestion reduction would yield the greatest estimated reductions in impact . To conclude , we should stress that our assessment for Dar es Salaam is inevitably a pilot exercise because , to our knowledge , these high-resolution information sources have not previously been combined for an integrated regional assessment of any city . As more cases are studied , we will undoubtedly gain further insight into the key factors that link traffic , air pollution and distributional impacts in metropolitan regions . In closing , we should note one particularly beneficial side of this new direction for research : It depends only on free global information sources , so it can be undertaken as readily in developing-country cities like Dar es Salaam as in developed-country cities where such research has traditionally been conducted . And even those cities will benefit from the new information sources , because their pollution and distributional impact issues can be revisited with data that simultaneously offer more granularity and broader spatial coverage than has previously been available . 21", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 227, "text": "integrated spatial database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 989, "end": 1024, "text": "high-resolution information sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) # # * * < mark > ANNEX 7 : Definitions < / mark > * * * * 1 . * * This Annex provides definition of some key terms used in the proposed project . * * 2 . Information Technology Outsourcing ( ITO ) , * * is the use of service providers for delivering IT-reliant business processes , application services , and infrastructure solutions . ITO has been a business reality for decades transforming from a mere trend to a strategic necessity for enterprises worldwide . Despite the difficulties , ITO would provide huge benefits in terms of productivity , prices , profits and wages — an irresistible combination in a highly competitive world . A natural evolution of how the global marketplace operates today , ITO is on the way to becoming a mainstream business . Proximity is increasingly becoming a factor in location decisions as companies seek solutions to time zone differences , cultural issues , and * * operational * * challenges . The decline of mega outsourcing deals in favor of lower-value deals has opened a larger segment of the market to smaller and niche providers based in non-traditional locations . * * 3 . Business process outsourcing ( BPO ) * * is the contracting of non-primary business activities and functions to a third-party provider . BPO services include payroll , human resources ( HR ) , accounting and customer / call center relations . * * 4 . Disadvantaged / Vulnerable Groups / Individuals * * : Any group or sector of society that is at higher risk of being subjected to discriminatory practices due to economic hardship , natural or environmental disasters than other groups within the country . This also applies to any group or sector of society ( such as women , people with disability or the elderly ) that is at higher risk in periods of economic hardships . In order to prioritize selected of vulnerable applicants , the Project will leverage the database of NAF . More detailed", "spans": [{"start": 1966, "end": 1981, "text": "database of NAF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ accounting services ” ) , quantities , unit prices and total prices . In some cases , the item will separately describe the “ quoted ” prices , before the execution of the tender , and the price for the winning proposal . The item dataset also includes the name and document number of the winning entity , which can be a firm or individual . Each item is uniquely identified by the variable id_item_bd and can be connected to tenders by the variable id_licitacao_bd . Finally , in the _tender-participant_ table each observation is a participant in a given tender . Some municipalities will only provide winners in each tender , so in that case these will be the same as those listed in the tender-item table . Others will include all participants in a tender , including those that did not win any contracts . The data includes names and document numbers of each participant , as well as an indicator of whether they are winners . Each participant is uniquely identified by the pair of variables documento and razao_social , and can be connected to tenders by the variable id_licitacao_bd . # * * 2 . 2 Budget execution * * Budget execution refers to the implementation of the annual budget that is approved by the local legislature . While much of the analytical work presented in this paper focuses on budget execution of public procurement , the tables on budget execution include all activities performed by municipalities , including payment of salaries , transfers , and others . < sup > 13 < / sup > The budget execution process in Brazil is similar to that in other countries . < sup > 14 < / sup > It consists of three distinct steps : commitment , verification , and payment . The commitment ( _empenho_ ) phase is the moment when governments set aside part of the budget appropriated to them for a specific activity , such as buying goods from a supplier or paying salaries of health workers . From a budgetary perspective , this is often seen as the moment an expenditure is recognized , since committed amounts are deducted from the budget appropriation . The second step of the budget execution is the verification (", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 513, "text": "_tender-participant_ table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 693, "end": 710, "text": "tender-item table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The macro-financial shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic precipitated a global economic recession and put severe pressure on financial markets and institutions around the world . Policy makers reacted by implementing an unprecedented array of public health , fiscal , monetary , macroprudential , and financial measures to contain the spread of the virus and support the real economy . For example , authorities introduced travel bans , mandated the closure of businesses , limited social gatherings , and scaled up unemployment and social protection programs . Financial sector authorities undertook a complementary , wide-ranging set of temporary measures to preserve the well-functioning of core markets and maintain the provision of critical financial services to the real economy , including credit and payments , while at the same time safeguarding prudent risk management standards , bank balance sheet transparency , financial resilience , and a globally coordinated response . To date , financial sector policy measures have focused on providing liquidity to financial institutions and markets ( e . g . , lowering reserve requirements , purchasing financial assets ) ; maintaining operational and business continuity ( e . g . extensions of deadlines on supervisory reporting ) ; facilitating the flow of credit and supporting borrowers that face short-term repayment difficulties either directly ( e . g . , lowering interest rates , introducing debt repayment moratoria , facilitating loan restructuring , offering government guarantees and loans to affected sectors ) or by providing regulatory relief ( e . g . , encouraging banks to use available capital and liquidity buffers , allowing for the flexible treatment of non-performing loans and asset classification ) . Several standard-setting bodies for the financial sector have also issued guidance ( e . g . , encouraging and clarifying the use of the flexibility embedded in the global standards ) to ensure a coordinated global response and some have deferred the implementation of components of certain global standards , notably Basel III . This paper makes three contributions . First , to support policy formulation and evaluation by policy makers and researchers , the paper introduces a new global database and a simple policy classification framework . Containing over 3 , 100 individually classified measures , the database provides a", "spans": [{"start": 2293, "end": 2308, "text": "global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during the RAP implementation by the implementing agency which is CWSB , SCRCC and an independent NGO working in the area to ensure triangulation of data . LRCCs will also assist with collection of monitoring data of the RAPs implementation . Financial records will be maintained by NLC and CWSB to permit calculation of the final cost of resettlement and compensation per individual or household and they will be included in the monitoring report . The statistics will also be provided to the external independent consultant / agency that will be contracted on an annual basis to monitor the implementation of the RAPs . * * _Resettlement Action Plan Report for Mombasa Lot 2B Pipelines_ * * * * _12-1_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 213, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * 406 * * | # # # # * * _Calculation_ * * “ Population engaged in livelihoods activities ” was used as an indicator to calculate the sample size . From anecdotal information from personnel working within the camps , it was estimated that 40 % of refugees are engaged in livelihoods activities . With a precision level of 5 % , a 95 % confidence interval and a design effect of 1 . 1 ( since it is a known and familiar community ) , the sample size was calculated using the following formula : Where : n = required sample size d = design effect Zα / 2 = Confidence interval DEEF ( Design effect ) at 1 . 10 . # # 2 . 3 < mark > Limitations < / mark > There was no comprehensive and coherent secondary data for these refugee camps in terms of previous studies on livelihoods activities supported in the three camps . Furthermore , at the national * * 12 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 712, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _The request for bids / Proposal documents shall require that bidders / proposers submitting Bids / Proposal present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of and compliance with the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit right ; _ - _Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities ; _ - _Application of Standstill period and Publication of contract award information ; _ - _Maintenance of records of the procurement process ; and_ - _The Bank has the right to review procurement documentation and activities . _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . “ _Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement plan ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan . # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "similar coefficients to our baseline , the AIA policy reduced cloud use for treated firms by between 15-20 percentage points ( depending upon estimation period , 2007-2013 or 20072019 ) . Since around 43 % - 46 % of firms were treated by the AIA policy , this implies an aggregate reduction in cloud use of 7-9 percentage points . Over our sample period aggregate cloud use has been increasing roughly 6 percentage points per year ( whether measured over 2007-2013 or 2007-2019 ) . Thus , the AIA policy appears to have slowed down cloud diffusion by 1 to 1 . 2 years . Again we note the robustness of these results if we define firms ’ treatment status using a 2-year average of investment based on the years 2006 / 07 ( regression 2 ) , or a 3-year average based on the years 2005 / 06 / 07 ( regression 4 ) ( Table A4 ) , or , as we show in Table A5 , if we measure the effects of cloud for the years 2007 and 2015 ( regression 1 ) , 2017 ( regression 2 ) or 2019 ( regression 3 ) . Across these regressions the estimated effect of the AIA on cloud adoption was between - 11 and - 17 percentage points . # * * 5 . 2 Types of cloud and capital investment and the measurement of the AIA * * The detailed nature of the UK data allows us to further explore how the AIA policy is linked to different types of investment and different types of cloud services . Within Table 4 Panel A , we begin by separating the aggregate investment ( shown in the previous Table 3 ) into hardware ( column 1 ) , software ( column 2 ) , plant and machinery ( column 3 ) , vehicles ( column 4 ) , and land and building investment ( column 5 ) . Similarly , in Panel B we study the effect of the AIA on the different types of cloud included in the E-Commerce survey . These are cloud databases ( column 6 ) , storage ( column 7 ) , customer relations management ( CRM ) software ( column 8 ) , office software ( column", "spans": [{"start": 1219, "end": 1226, "text": "UK data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1727, "end": 1744, "text": "E-Commerce survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expenditure on housing , which amounts to 60-65 % of the total budgeted subsidies . The inefficient system of subsidy allocation combined with the lack of metering of utility services and with poor corporate governance and regulation of utility companies lead to the accumulation of enornous efficiency losses in the housing sector . Energy consumption in a typical Russian apartnent building is 2-3 times higher than in market economies with comparable climatic conditions ( Martinot , 1997 ) . Wealthier households tend to have larger apartments and , thus , receive more in housing subsidies . # m . * * Comments on the * * Data : * * Peculiarities of Major Indicators , Availability , Sources * * The Russian budget reporting system does not provide statistically accurate data on budgeted subsidies as a part of the overall budget spending . The budget classification in use before 1995 was based on principles quite different from those since put in place . The old classification was basically the traditional Soviet classification with small modifications and it was focused on the aggregated sectoral breakdown of total expenditures . And the data on regional spending collected by the federal Ministry of Finance did not provide sufficient information to build a detailed functional classification of budget expenditure ( Freinkman and Titov , 1994 ) . The new budget classification introduced in 1995 is based on internationally recognized principles , and , when fully implemented , will fill this informational gap . However , at the time this paper was 8 Through cash allowance or food stamp types of instruments . 9 In particular , actual beneficiaries of livestock subsidies are firms in procurement and meat processing but not livestock producers ( Serova and Melyukhina , 1995 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1177, "text": "data on regional spending", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "started working , interest in the job and youth likelihood to reach the dream job ( self-efficacy ) ; ( 2 ) household characteristics Z2i ( t − 1 ) , i . e . , household size , adult head of the household engaged in STEM-related jobs , and income quintile ; and finally ( 3 ) community characteristics T2i ( t − 1 ) , i . e . , place of residence ( urban and rural ) , highly regarded job by friends and parents and role models in the community . Lastly , we explore how personal characteristics , household characteristics and exposure to migration correlates with the desire to migrate ( Y3i ) , in a set of multivariate logit regressions ( m = 3 ) . In addition , we explore the correlation of youth ’ s characteristics X3i ( t − 1 ) , household characteristics Z3i ( t − 1 ) , and exposure to migration with the desired location selected by the youth that expressed their desire to migrate T3i ( t ) . For all set of logit regressions , household and community data are obtained from previous LSMSISA pre-COVID-19 surveys in Ethiopia , Malawi , and Nigeria . Standard errors are clustered at the enumeration-areas ( EA ) level . # * * 4 . Descriptive Results * * # * * 4 . 1 . Educational levels and aspirations * * > 6 The STEM-related occupations are defined following the PISA25 definition that includes science and engineering professionals , health professionals , science technicians and associate professionals , and formation and communication technology ( ICT ) professionals ( OECD , 2021 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 997, "end": 1025, "text": "LSMSISA pre-COVID-19 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) | * * PBCs * * | * * Desc * * | * * ription or Definition of Achiev * * | * * ement * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | provided by the NT to < br > the incorporated < br > company . | additional funding / capital < br > provided by the NT to the < br > incorporated company . | acceptable to the < br > Association . < br > • A letter from the NT < br > and / or bank record < br > confirming additional < br > funding / capital provided < br > by the NT to the < br > incorporated company . | | * * Protocol to e * * < br > * * Data source / * * < br > * * Verification e * * | * * valuate achievement of the P * * < br > * * agency * * : NT < br > * * ntity * * : OAG | * * BC and data / result * * | | | * * Procedure : * * O | AG to obtain documentation , | undertake assessment , and ver | ifydata / results . | | * * PBC 2 : * * | • Operational manuals , oth < br > minutes verifying the app | er procedural manuals , and th < br > roval of such policies / manuals | e ESMS , with signed Board < br > . | | Operational < br > readiness | • Key operational staff as o < br > • The CGC has implemente < br > the management of the g < br > • A letter from NT and / or < br > bythe NT to the incorpor | utlined in the PBC have been h", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 489, "text": "bank record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which as we saw are the most affected by changes in consumption following product taxation , are heavily SUS dependent . Therefore , changes in medical expenditure cannot be understood as a direct household expenditure change , but rather as an estimate that would reflect approximate changes in medical expenses overall as a result of the taxation , including both public and private sector patients , and using public sector cost data will provide a number that underestimates total health expenditure as it does not consider private expenditures . Once again , the most important focus in our analysis is the distribution of these medical expenditures , rather than the value . Our assumption is that the distributional effect of the underestimated medical expenditure would not have a different pattern if we included private expenditure . Finally , as diseases are linked to long-term consumption of these products , the expected medical expenditure reduction is also estimated in the long-term . Table 8 presents the results for the expected changes in medical expenditure by consumption decile . The medical expenditure analysis shows the same pattern as the previous ones , with a progressive pattern in which lower consumption deciles benefit proportionally more from the reduction of medical expenditure . There are two possible reasons for this result . The first is the higher elasticity for these lower deciles , which leads to a higher reduction in consumption after the estimated price increase due to taxation . The 19", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 436, "text": "public sector cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to value that consumption , irrespective of source , at market prices . Diaries instead collect information on food _acquired_ during the interview period regardless of when the food was consumed . There is little evidence on the best approach for managing the transition to recall interviews , with most countries accepting a break in the series on poverty , food security , and welfare aggregates , given that the survey mode affects indicators of poverty and inequality in the cross-section ( Beegle et al . , 2012 ) and over time ( Battistin , 2003 , Pudney , 2008 , Attanasio and Pistaferri , 2016 , and Coibion et al . , 2020 ) . This paper studies how to obtain the most accurate measurements of population well-being in household expenditure surveys . Specifically , we define a household ’ s well-being as their _usual_ ( or _average_ ) rate of consumption in a fixed period , which in our application is one week . Usual consumption is a longer-run average of weekly intakes and the quantity grounding welfare comparisons on the theoretical concept of consumption smoothing . The empirical challenge then is to use survey measurements collected as a snapshot , typically covering one week , to infer usual consumption . We develop a strategy to identify the distribution of usual consumption , which is _unobserved_ because of the short-term nature of interviews , without applying any corrections to raw data or assuming _ex ante_ which mode of collection – diaries or recall questions – yields the most accurate measurement . We frame the identification of consumer welfare in a general setting , encompassing “ survey errors ” – defined here as differences between survey measurements and usual consumption – related to household preferences and misreporting behavior . Specifically , households with different consumption preferences in the interview week but planning for the same dollar amount of consumption over a longer period ( e . g . , a month ) will have the same well-being . Such _irregularity of consumption_ has implications for welfare analysis even when survey measurements are not misreported ( as discussed by Kay et al . , 1984 , and Deaton and Grosh , 2000 , among others ) . In addition , our analysis allows for", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 757, "text": "household expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "temporary abode of general purchasing power and a stable function of few variables ( Friedman 1969 ) . In this sense the monetary base may be as good a definition as MI or M3 . These problems led James Lothian ( 1976 ) to focus on the demand for monetary base : _ \" The solution that Ipropose . . . is to return to a narrower definition of money , highpowered money alone . The rationale is that since high-powered money is of relatively constant quality over time and space . . specification errors are likely to be less important for high-powered money than for deposit-inclusive totals . . . . The demandfor highpowered money should be more stable than the demandfor other monetary aggregates . . . . I test this proposition by analyzing the demandfunctions for high-powered money andfor various other monetary assets estimated across an international time-section sample spanning forty countries in the postwar period . . . Ifind that high-powered money is unambiguously the most stable total across the countries in my sample . \" _ According to Lothian ( 1976 ) , the obvious implication of his findings in international studies in which the stability of the demand for money is a key assumption - for example in the monetary approach to the balance of payments or to exchange rate determinationis that a simpler definition of money might be very fruitful Moreover , we have found in this paper that real high-powered money is a key factor in the debt sustainability exercise . According to Lothian ' s analysis , the real base money would be a stable function of a few variables . The issue has not been settled and recently 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "T = Type : G = Government ; U = UNHCR ; J = Government and UNHCR jointly . 3 L = Level : NA = New Applications ; FI = First instance decisions ; AR = Administrative Review decisions ; RA = Repeat / reopened applications ; IN = US Immigration and Naturalization Service ; EO = US Executive Office of Immigration Review ; JR = Including Judicial Review ; FA = Including first instance and appeal / review decisions . 4 Data for humanitarian status in Switzerland cannot be provided by origin because of the delay between according humanitarian status and the latter entering into force . 5 UK figures are rounded to the closest five .", "spans": [{"start": 417, "end": 460, "text": "Data for humanitarian status in Switzerland", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> roviders on GBV response thr < br > ough virtual / online platform . < br > KE-MOH-268646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand planning , blood and blood products forecasting , quantification an IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 270 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2021-12-21 2022-01-04 2022-02-03 2022-03-10 2022-09-06 < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector < br > KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to guide community engagement a IDA / 65980 Community discussion and information outreach Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 100 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-01-12 2022-01-26 2022-02-25 2022-04-01 2022-09-28 < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recove < br > ry from COVID-19 in Kenya < br > KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / Pr < br > ocurement of consultancy se < br > rvices to undertake recruitment of 100 , 000 ( No . ) blood do IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-05-09 2022-06-20 2022-05-23 2022-07-26 2022-06-22 2022-09-08 2022-07-27 2023-01-23 < br > nors for the Kenya National B < br > lood Transfusion Services ( K < br", "spans": [{"start": 598, "end": 645, "text": "nationwide survey to guide community engagement", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Cultural Trade Index_ Page | * * 5 * * of * * 14 * * # * * III . Method * * The CTI would initially be web-based , and the website could be maintained by an international organization or an academic institution . As the first index of its kind , the data could be fed annually or biennially . Nonetheless , improvements in data collection could mean that it might be possible to consider shorter time periods in the future . Working with statistical agencies , trade ministries , and cultural and media organizations , the web-based system could allow self-reporting data where necessary . Some data may come from UNESCO ’ s Institute for Statistics , the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development , the World Trade Organization , the International Monetary Fund , the World Integrated Trade Solution , the United Nations Comtrade Database , Fair Trade Organizations , and other sources . With respect to ranks , in addition to the global rankings , ranking could also be regional and economic group classifications ( for example low income , mid income and upper income countries ) . The CTI could look like this : # # Table 1 * * < u > Version 1 < / u > * * < sup > * * 13 * * < / sup > | * * Country * * | Exports of < br > cultural < br > services - < br > contribution < br > to GDP < sup > a < / sup > | Exports of < br > cultural < br > goods - < br > contribution < br > to GDP < sup > a < / sup > | Percentage < br > of people < br > employed in < br > the cultural < br > sector | Cultural < br > contribution < br > and related < br > sectors to < br > GDP ( % ) | Government < br > Expenditure < br > on cultural < br > trade < br > promotion < sup > b < / sup > | Population < br > Expenditure < br > on imports < br > of cultural <", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 853, "text": "Comtrade Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "clay ; in many places rocky , bouldery and stony and in places with an acid humic topsoil : Dystric REGOSOLS , lithicphase ; with LITHOSOLS , humic CAMBISOLS , lithic phase and Rock Outcrops . On account of the prevailing steep slopes , these are soils better preserved under vegetation cover . Plate 0 . 1 The Mutito hill country of Miambani Location # # # # * * 4 . 1 . 4 : Climatic regime * * For purposes of this study , the climate of the Kamandio area has been characterized based on rainfall data for the Mutito Forest Station ( Ref 9138012 ) and evaporation data for the Kitui Agric station ( Ref 91380006 ) . Annual rainfall averages 791 mm and is delivered in 2 distinct wet seasons lasting from 27", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 533, "text": "rainfall data for the Mutito Forest Station", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 554, "end": 598, "text": "evaporation data for the Kitui Agric station", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be endorsed at management level ( heads of agencies ) . | | | ▪ < br > Continue to offer training to authorities , and especially collective centres managers , on PSEA < br > as well as practical tools to implement it in their centres . | | | ▪ < br > Explore the possibilities , as well as the advantages and disadvantages , of various forms of < br > formal vetting , beyondClear Checks , such as sex-offender databases , domestic violence < br > convictions , within the context of national legislation . | | * * Human * * < br > * * Resource * * < br > * * Systems * * | ▪ < br > Provide templates , with text in local language of self-declarations for job applications , in line < br > with minimum requirements for vetting procedures , defined within theMisconduct Disclosure < br > Scheme . | | | ▪ < br > Awareness raising surrounding insufficiency of reliance on informal vetting methods , such as < br > being local to a community . | | | ▪ < br > Translate premises of PSEA policies into norms and standards at core of national systems e . g . < br > safeguarding , child welfare , toward increased cultural resonance . | | * * Mandatory * * < br > * * Training * * | ▪ < br > Offer to provide trainings to staff of partners , surrounding dynamics of SEA , risks of < br > perpetration etc . | | | ▪ < br > Translation of training packages such as “ IASC , ‘ Saying No to Sexual Misconduct ’ – an < br > Interagency Training on Protection from SEA and Sexual Harassment for partners ’ , ‘ UN < br > Online Training on PSEA ’ , or ‘ Interaction PSEA Basics Training Guide ’ , into local languages . | | * * Reporting * * | ▪ < br > Ensure that physical reporting procedures attached to", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 421, "text": "sex-offender databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "digits make it possible to uniquely identify the firm . We use the detailed classification of occupations to identify those who switch jobs . The Brazilian Classification of Occupations changed in 2002 ( CBO-2 ) and has been reported consistently since 2003 . Although the RAIS data are available for earlier years , we restrict the analysis to the post-2003 period to ensure that this important variable is defined in a consistent way throughout the sample period . There are 2637 occupation codes at the 6-digit level during this period . We use the information on the establishment ’ s location ( municipality ) and industry , as well as worker-level data on gender , age , education , and December wage . While the RAIS data cover segments of the public sector , we restrict the analysis to the private sector . We focus on workers aged 16 to 64 years old . Using RAIS , we define a _labor market_ as a pair of a region and a sector . For sectors , we aggregate industries up to three broad sectors : agriculture , manufacturing , and services . < sup > 10 < / sup > For regions , we use the “ microregion ” concept of the Brazilian Statistical Agency ( IBGE ) to define regional boundaries as in Dix-Carneiro and Kovak ( 2017 ) . This definition groups economically integrated contiguous municipalities with similar geographic and productive attributes . We consider a set of 558 consistently > 10We combine agricultural and natural resources industries into the agriculture sector . 6", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 282, "text": "RAIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia : Transport Systems Improvement Project ( TRANSIP ) ( P151819 )  Proportion of registered grievances related to construction and implementation of the project in Addis Ababa addressed to the satisfaction of the complainant within 30 days ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 95 . 00 | | Date | 27-May-2016 | 15-Nov-2016 | 16-May-2017 | 31-Dec-2023 | # # Comments Since no construction has yet started this activity remains at baseline value . # # Overall Comments The project is still at early stage of implementation and most of the activities are at procurement stage , and hence no physical work has started . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P151819 | IDA-58160 | Effective | XDR | 213 . 00 | 213 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 10 . 13 | 202 . 87 | 5 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date |", "spans": [{"start": 851, "end": 880, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pastoralists and agro-pastoralists for their livelihoods appears to be similar although differences were observed in terms of their levels of use . In almost all of the Woredas of DRDIP-II , the ways of accessing resources seems similar that are dictated mainly through the prevailing customary systems of communal use rights of communities . The main natural resources found in the intervention areas of DRDIP-II , include , but not limited to : water , rangelands or grazing land , agricultural lands , forests , wild animals , fruits and vegetables , minerals , and aquatic life . Despite the presence of these natural resources there are various factors that threaten their existence . Few of the factors that challenged natural resources as mentioned from previous public consultations conducted with the community and project affected peoples during planning process and from federal and regional project performance quarterly and annual reports are drought , deforestation and soil erosion . Water was one of the vital natural resources mentioned again and again by the communities included in the Social Assessment . Although there have been a serious shortage of water for both animals and humans , secondary data indicated the presence of permanent rivers in the study areas such as Awash in Afar , Baro and Alwero rivers in Gambella , Wabe Shebele and Genale-Dawa in Somali that are used to serve communities for themselves and their livestock . Forests are used for house construction , fence , animal shed , charcoal , and firewood . These resources are communally owned by respective ethnic group and individual members of a given ethnic group or clan . In certain cases in Afar , it deserves a full access to use natural resources for various purposes . However , deforestation , for example , listed as one of the serious problems in the Somali , Afar due to the use of forests for various reasons including production of charcoal and collection of firewood for market . Besides , in the areas there have been inconsistent rainfall and recurrent drought that leads to high deforestation . In Gambella", "spans": [{"start": 1208, "end": 1222, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- NT-243837-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy for Medium Term < br > Survey on Affordable Housing | IBRD / 89580 | Technical Assistance | Post < br > C < br > < br > S | onsultant < br > Qualification < br > election | Open - National | 295 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-08-12 < br > 2021-09-02 | 2021-10-16 | | | | 2021-11-15 | | 2021-12-20 | 2022-12-20 | | KE-NT-243841-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy for < br > Standardization of Mortgage < br > Lending Practices | IBRD / 89580 | Technical Assistance | Post < br > C < br > < br > S | onsultant < br > Qualification < br > election | Open - National | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-08-19 < br > 2021-09-09 | 2021-10-23 | | | | 2021-11-22 | | 2021-12-27 | 2022-12-27 | Page 1", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 91, "text": "Survey on Affordable Housing", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "followed by Ghana , Ethiopia , and Cˆote d ’ Ivoire . As points of reference , the degree of misallocation measured by the dispersion in revenue total factor productivity ( TFPR ) is on average larger than in India and China , and is similar to those of the worst performing countries in Latin America in terms of allocative efficiency , such as the Rep ́ ublica Bolivariana de Venezuela and Colombia . < sup > 1 < / sup > Besides significant dispersion , we find a tight correlation between the distribution of distortions , TFPR , and the distribution of physical productivities across firms , TFPQ . Controlling for other firm characteristics , we estimate a regression coefficient for the relationship between the logarithm of TFPR and the logarithm of TFPQ to be between 0 . 42 and 0 . 53 . This statistic is an important determinant of the extent to which the estimated distribution of distortions creates a decline in aggregate productivity in the economy . As shown in Restuccia and Rogerson ( 2008 ) , when resources are diverted away from high productivity firms to relatively unproductive ones , distortions carry a larger drag on TFP . Our estimate shows that such perverse misallocation , the one “ taxing the good ” , is evident in the four economies that we study . Taken together , these findings imply that , the distortion and productivity-dependence of the distribution of distortions create a substantial decline in manufacturing productivity in the four countries . Had resources been allocated according to the output-maximizing rule , productivity would have been > 1The magnitudes of TFPR dispersion in India are our own calculations based on the Prowess database . These values , in turn , are very close to those reported by Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) from which we take the dispersion in TFPR in China . For Latin America , our reference is Busso et al . ( 2013 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1671, "end": 1687, "text": "Prowess database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Bujagali Energy Limited * * * * 281 * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * | * * Consulting * * | * * Agencies / GroupsConsulted * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Activity * * | | | | . < br > SavetheBujagaliCrusade | The key issues / comments raised during these initial consultation meetings include : - The recognition of the urgent need for new reliable electrical generation sources given current rolling power blackouts ; - The concern that the lack of power is damaging the economy ; - The need to update information in regards to the river rafting companies ; - The need to resolve issues for the affected villages in the vicinity of the hydro dam ( e . g . replacing the water pumps ) ; - The need to audit the results of the previous RAP ; - That the east bank of the river site is still to be fenced ; - The fisheries study previously undertaken in 2000 requires updating ; - The need for land to compensate the removal of land in the Mabira forest ; - Concerns remain regarding the displacement of the rafting companies and the need to improve the area as a tourist destination - what are the tourism economic effects of the project ? - Suggestions from NGOs that previous process was not transparent - it did not involve NGOs ; - The need for an EA process that promotes open dialogue ; - The need to assess the effects of the project on Lake Victoria ( particularly considering the low water levels ) ; - * The need to consider and assess other electricity generation options in the EA ; - The cumulative effects of the three dams ( Nalubaale ( Owen Falls ) , Kiira ( Owen Falls extension ) and Bujagali ) need to be considered ; - * Safety issues associated with the structural integrity of the Nalubaale Dam needs to be considered ; - The", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 901, "text": "fisheries study", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the innovation activities of firms . _International Journal of Industrial Organization_ 28 : 191-202 . Damijan , J . P . , Kostevc , C . and Polanec , S . ( 2010 ) From innovation to exporting or vice versa ? _World Economy_ 33 : 374-398 . De Rosa , D . , Gooroochurn , N . , & Görg , H . ( 2010 ) . Corruption and Productivity : Firm-level Evidence from the BEEPS Survey . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5348 , The World Bank , Washington DC . De Mel , S . , McKenzie , D . , & Woodruff , C . ( 2011 ) . What is the Cost of Formality ? Experimentally Estimating the Demand for Formalization . Working Paper , University of Warwick , Coventry . Distinguin , I . , Rugemintwari , C . , & Tacneng , R . ( 2016 ) . Can Informal Firms Hurt Registered SMEs ’ Access to Credit ? _World Development_ , 84 : 18 – 40 . Djankov , S . , and Murrell , P . ( 2002 ) . Enterprise Restructuring in Transition : A Quantitative Survey . _Journal of Economic Literature_ 40 ( 3 ) : 739-792 . Dollar , D . , Hallward-Driemeier , M . , & Mengistae , T . ( 2006 ) . Investment Climate and International Integration . _World Development_ , 34 ( 9 ) : 1498 – 1516 . 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", we discuss the data to be used in the main analysis . In Section 4 , we introduce the empirical strategy and show that the introduction > 5 Based on our preferred estimate of - 0 . 565 , and the corresponding mean cohort birth rate : ( − 0 . 565 × 100 ) / 41 . 0 . 6 The World Bank reports teenage birth rates ( in births per 1000 ) of 82 . 2 for Brazil , 12 . 7 , 28 . 1 and 46 . 2 for Germany the United Kingdom and the United States . The highest birth rate was for Niger , at 217 . 2 births per 1000 teens ( World Bank 2020 ) . > 7 This limits in many instances the data that is available on the rollout of school expansions in these settings . Brazil provides a great setting for our study by being able to investigate the largescale school expansion making use of highquality administrative data for the entire country . 6", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 311, "text": "teenage birth rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 784, "end": 803, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "initially planned via KNBS , shifted from a legal contract to a memorandum of understanding ; it was suggested to classify this as operating expenditure or continued procurable activity . The team stressed the importance of regular procurement plan reviews and prompt uploading of contract and payment documents to ensure audit-readiness , highlighting outstanding documentation and uploading backlogs needing immediate attention . Until the national e-GP system is fully functional for Bank-funded projects , existing Bank-approved procedures should remain in place . * * 21 . * * The agreed next steps aim to improve coordination and resolve bottlenecks . These actions include : making sure work-plan activities are approved and TORs prepared before adding them to STEP ; assigning contract managers and updating activity statuses in STEP ; submitting planned cancellations for Bank review ; using a standardized format for procurement progress reports in each ISM ; quickly uploading outstanding contract documents and coordinating with finance to clear the payment-posting backlog ; sending overdue staff contract addenda with supporting documents to reduce operational risk ; and finalizing the legal arrangement for the MSME survey , then updating the plan . Together , these measures are intended to boost momentum , reinforce fiduciary compliance , and enhance readiness for further implementation ahead of the mid-term review . # _ < u > Environment and Social performance < / u > _ * * 22 . The E & S rating of the project is assessed as Satisfactory * * . The MTR mission identified that the implementation of the ESCP remains on schedule , with the PIU demonstrating notable progress on actions agreed upon during the previous mission . Grievance mechanisms are now fully operational at all levels : the umbrella FI ( National Treasury PIU ) , Apex FI ( KDC ) , and PFIs , as detailed in Annex 3 . E & S personnel have been thoroughly integrated across the PIU , KDC , and PFIs . Specifically , the PIU employs an E & S specialist ; KDC has both internal E & S staff and support from an external consulting", "spans": [{"start": 1227, "end": 1238, "text": "MSME survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EASTERN A FRICI REGIONAL TRANSPORT TRADE & DEVELOPMENT FACILITATION PROJECT_ * * * * _Reports and Financial Statements For the financial_ * * _year_ * * _ended June 30 , 2020_ * * # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ( Continued ) * * # # # * * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # * * * Acquisition of fixed assets * * The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . A fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # c ) * * In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can * * be * * reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # * * d ) Cash and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and highly liquid investments with", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 1002, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s Standard Procurement Documents ( SPDs ) shall be used for procurement of goods , works , and non-consulting services under Open International Competitive Procedures . National Bidding documents as set forth in the Public Procurement and Disposal Act , 2003 may be used under Open National competitive as well as for the Request for Quotation method subject to the inclusion of the universal eligibility and ES provisions . Selection of consultant firms shall use the World Bank ’ s SPDs , in line with procedures described in the Procurement Regulations . 37 . In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals to present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the World Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the World Bank ’ s right to sanction and the World Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . 38 . * * Record keeping and management . * * All records pertaining to award of tenders , including bid notification , register pertaining to sale and receipt of bids , bid opening minutes , bid evaluation reports and all correspondence pertaining to bid evaluation , communication sent to / with the World Bank in the process , bid securities , and approval of invitation / evaluation of bids will be retained by the respective agencies in electronic or hard copy and uploaded in STEP . > 40 ( a ) open advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; ( b ) the procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; ( c ) the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the World Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the World Bank ’", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1241, "text": "register pertaining to sale and receipt of bids", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are stronger in monitoring vis - ` a-vis structured management practices relating to workers ’ incentives and target setting ( Bloom et al . , 2019a , b ) . Structured management practices may affect productivity by interacting with a firm ’ s input choices . Prior literature has focused mainly on labor and capital . Ichniowski and Shaw ( 1999 ) highlight the effectiveness of labor management practices , including problemsolving teams , orientation , training , job rotation , employment security , and profit sharing , and linked them to economic performance . Management practices also correlate positively with improved labor conditions in firms ( Distelhorst et al . , 2017 ) . Bloom et al . ( 2016 ) find that a high capital-labor ratio is systematically correlated with higher monitoring and target scores , relative to incentive scores , suggesting that management styles may differ , depending upon the nature of a firm ’ s productive activities . A subset of this literature has attempted to explicitly discern the association of management with energy use . Bloom et al . ( 2010a ) found that management practices were inversely correlated with energy intensity ( measured as the proportion of expenditure on energy relative to the value of output ) , leading the authors to conclude that management may also be good for the environment . Boyd and Curtis ( 2014 ) conducted a similar study in the United States using the Annual Census of Manufactures , and found similarly that management practices are negatively related to energy intensity , but that the negative effect was conditional on a firm ’ s level of broad target-setting practices . Using BEEPS data , Schweiger and Stepanov ( 2019 ) examine the relationship between generic management practices and energy intensity in 2 , 000 firms from 40 countries , differentiating between firms in countries with high and low fuel subsidies . They find a 23 % reduction in fuel intensity as management score improves from the 25th to the 75th percentile of the distribution . In the face of high fuel subsidies , this decline in energy intensity is only 2 % . Table A5 provides a survey of the available literature that relates management practices to firm outcomes . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1435, "end": 1464, "text": "Annual Census of Manufactures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1665, "end": 1675, "text": "BEEPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This Authorization also confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association by electronic means . The Association may rely upon such representations and warranties , including the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( “ Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC ” ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to the Agreement ( s ) referred to in the subject line of this Authorization . # * * Signatory Details * * | * * Name * * | * * Position * * | * * Email ID * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ Signatory Name ] | [ Title ] | [ Email ] | # * * Specimen Signatures * * | Signatory Name | Signature 1 | Signature2 | Signature3 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ User Name ] | | | | | [ User Name ] | | | | Yours truly , # / signed / ______________ [ Position ] < sup > 1 < / sup > > 6 Instruction to the Recipient : Use this bracket only if several individuals must jointly sign each Application ; if this is not applicable , please delete it . _Please delete this footnote in the final letter that is sent to the Bank . _ > 1 Instruction to Bank staff : please forward this letter to Country Lawyer for further processing ( Recipient : please do not delete this note ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 797, "text": "Association records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B . 1 : Missing tender identifiers < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 5 < br > 0 . 04 < br > 4 < br > 0 . 02 < br > 3 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 2 < br > 0 . 02 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 04 < br > 0 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > PB PR < br > 0 . 04 0 . 04 < br > 0 . 02 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 00 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 02 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 04 0 . 04 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > RS PE < br > 0 . 04 0 . 04 < br > 0 . 02 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 00 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 02 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 04 0 . 04 < br > 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Year Year < br > Null Tenders ( % ) Null Total Tenders Value ( % ) < br > % < br > % < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage of observations by year for which we were unable to build a unique identifier ( id_licitacao_bd ) in the _tender_ table . To calculate the percentage of “ Null Total Tenders Value ” we use the variable valor_corrigido winsorized at percentiles 0 . 01 and 99 . 9 . 48", "spans": [{"start": 1004, "end": 1018, "text": "_tender_ table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 # # * * Entraves ou restrictions illégales à la liberté de circulation , siège et déplacement RISQUE 2 forcé * * Entre octobre 2024 et mars 2025 , les régions du nord et du centre du Mali ont continué à faire face à une dégradation persistante de la situation sécuritaire et humanitaire . Dans ce contexte marqué par l ’ instabilité , un total de * * 245 cas d ’ entraves à la liberté * * , incluant les arrestations arbitraires , les détentions illégales , les restrictions de mouvement , ainsi que les menaces ou intimidations à l ’ encontre des civils , ont été documentés dans le cadre du monitoring de protection . * * 90 % de ces cas * * ( 218 cas ) affectent directement les enfants . De plus , les menaces contre les enfants ont augmenté de 22 % au premier trimestre 2024 à 34 % au quatrième trimestre 2024 , puis 38 % au premier trimestre 2025 . Parallèlement , * * 2 753 cas de déplacements forcés * * ont été signalés , essentiellement en raison d ’ actes de violence , d ’ attaques des groupes armés et de conflits intercommunautaires . Ces déplacements massifs témoignent de l ’ intensification des violences et du climat d ’ insécurité qui poussent les populations à fuir leurs villages d ’ origine , souvent dans des conditions précaires et sans accès aux services de base . Ces données illustrent l ’ ampleur des atteintes aux droits hum", "spans": [{"start": 617, "end": 641, "text": "monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ") | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 42 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 47 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 2018 S < br > verified by SARA 2020 . | ervices Availability and Rea | diness Assessment ( SARA ) | report . Result will be | ► DLI 18 Developed and Implement postnatal Care Service directive to improve the quality of Postnatal services ( New - DLI13 ( 2 ) ) ( Process , 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Source : Postnatal c | are directive developed on August | 5 , 2017 and verified by Part | ners . | ► DLI 19 Improve quality of adolescent services ( New - DLI 13 ( 3 ) ) ( Process , 6 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Source : Adolescen | t and Youth Health National Strate | gy endorsed on", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 197, "text": "Baseline data from 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ( 2004 ) and Nordas and Piermartini ( 2004 ) use a standard gravity equation to estimate how trade facilitation costs and infrastructure affect trade flows using a gravity model . They use data on port efficiency from the Global Competitiveness Report . These data are based on perception surveys and may not be comparable across countries . > 2 In a related paper , Hummels and Skiba ( 2004 ) provide evidence that trade volumes affect the timing of adopting containerized shipping and reduce shipping costs . 2", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 214, "text": "data on port efficiency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 224, "end": 253, "text": "Global Competitiveness Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 280, "end": 298, "text": "perception surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to perform the internal audit work effectively * * . At MoH , out of the 16 positions approved for the directorate , 10 positions are already filled ( 4 TA and 6 regular government staff ) . Although the staffing of the unit is progressing , given the volume of transactions and funds that the ministry manages , the directorate should be given utmost attention and all vacant positions should be filled . The unit also follows up on the actions taken both on the internal and external audit reports . The unit has also started conducting performance audit . The mission has discussed and agreed that the internal audit department will work together with the finance department on the status report of audit report findings to review and verify selected the rectification of audit findings . 89 . * * At EPSA , the internal auditors produce report for each assignment and submits to the General Director * * . As per previous recommendations , branch auditors are reporting technically to the internal audit directorate . It is also decided to base internal auditors back to branches from the cluster approach . The issue regarding the accountability structure of the internal audit directorate reporting directly to the board of the agency has been decided , however as the board is not meeting frequently , the directorate still hasn ’ t met with the board yet . Furthermore , the draft internal audit charter which was prepared a while ago has not been approved by the board . In addition , attention to audit report findings is weak and needs further strengthening . Despite repeated request for recent internal audit reports , these were not availed to the mission . However , based on the progress report submitted , it can be noted that most of the internal audit work is focused on auditing shortages of commodities . 90 . * * The overall internal control risk is rated as “ substantial ” . * * To mitigate the risks identified , the FMM which is under preparation will provide guidance on management of channel 2 projects and is expected to provide guidance to key internal control aspects . The internal audit units must 29 * * Official Use *", "spans": [{"start": 1607, "end": 1629, "text": "internal audit reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8592 # * * Abstract * * This paper presents the most expansive and current cross-country dataset on education quality . The database includes 164 countries / territories covering over 98 percent of the global population from 2000 – 2017 . Of these countries , 111 are low or middleincome economies . Harmonized learning outcomes are produced using a conversion factor to compare international and regional standardized achievement tests . These tests include PISA , TIMSS , PIRLS , SACMEQ , LLECE and PASEC . In addition , this paper includes the Early Grade Reading Assessment ( EGRA ) for the first time . This enables extension of the database substantially . This methodological update paves the way to include a series of assessments that are increasingly common in developing countries that are often excluded from large international assessments . The database includes mean scores and disaggregates the data by subject , level , and gender . This paper further presents a series of methodological improvements including measures of uncertainty , fixed conversion factors for greater comparability over time and year-by-year data . This paper — prepared as a background paper to the World Bank ’ s _World Development Report 2019 : The Changing Nature of Work_ — is a product of the Education Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at hpatrinos @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 147, "text": "cross-country dataset on education quality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1149, "end": 1166, "text": "year-by-year data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 Points de suivi des mouvements de populations / Flow Monitoring Points ( FMP ) : Cet exercice n ’ a pas vocation à être exhaustif et vise avant tout à produire des tendances en termes de déplacement ainsi qu ’ à agir comme système d ’ alerte précoce en cas de déplacements massifs et soudains de populations , • Formation : Comme pour l ’ enregistrement , les équipes déployées aux FMP sont composées d ’ agents de la DNDS et de l ’ OIM . Ces équipes ont été formées sur la méthodologie retenue pour cet exercice , sur l ’ utilisation du questionnaire employé ainsi que sur des questions essentielles relatives à la protection . • Collecte des données : Les équipes FMP sont placées dans certains lieux d ’ entrée et de transit clés tels que les gares routières et fluviales . Le recensement des personnes déplacées se rendant du centre vers le sud , du nord vers le sud ou entre les régions nord ou du centre se fait généralement à l ’ intérieur des moyens de transport empruntés par ces personnes ( bus ou pinasses ) . La collecte de données aux points FMP permet également d ’ identifier les personnes déplacées les plus vulnérables durant leurs voyages ou une fois arrivées à destination . Si besoin , ces personnes bénéficient d ’ un référencement aux partenaires présents sur le terrain . - B . RAPATRIES : Documents des réfugies : Les réfugiés régulièrement enregistrés dans les pays d ’ asile reviennent avec deux", "spans": [{"start": 1060, "end": 1082, "text": "données aux points FMP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "of Male PAPs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | MZ28 | Watamu | 46 | 18 | 28 | | | MY54 | Watamu | Nil | Nil | Nil | | * * 2020 * * | MZ27 | Watamu | Nil | Nil | Nil | | | MY35 | Watamu | Nil | Nil | Nil | | | * * To * * | * * tal * * | * * 46 * * | * * 18 * * | * * 28 * * | Majority of the affected structures are made of mud or iron sheet walls , Makuti roof on mud floor others were wooden walls , GCI roof and cement floor as detailed in the Asset Register provided as a separate file to this Report . # # # # # # * * 6 . 5 RESETTLEMENT IMPACTS IN MAMBRUI AND GONGONI TRADING CENTRE * * The RAP study identified that all the Water Lines _ < u > ( MY43 , MY58 and MY44 for Gongoni and MY45 for Mambrui ) < / u > _ had no PAPs and are free from encroachment as of the applicable cut-off date . * * 6-2 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 472, "end": 486, "text": "Asset Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * There is widespread evidence of both a wage and an employment premium at exporting vis - ` a-vis non-exporting firms ( Bernard and Jensen , 1999 ; Bernard , Jensen , Redding and Schott , 2007 ) . In the literature , a leading mechanism behind these premia is the skilled labor utilization of exports . The production of goods for export utilizes skilled labor because exporting requires activities such as quality upgrades and operational services that are both intensive in high-quality labor ( Verhoogen 2008 ; Matsuyama 2007 ) . The supporting literature is large and includes Bernard and Jensen ( 1997 ) , Brambilla , Lederman , and Porto ( 2012 ) , Brambilla and Porto ( 2016 ) , Caron , Fally and Markusen ( 2014 ) , Fieler , Eslava and Xu ( 2017 ) , Munch and Skaksen ( 2008 ) , Serti , Tomasi and Zanfei ( 2010 ) , S ̈ oderbom and Teal ( 2000 ) , Verhoogen ( 2008 ) , Yeaple ( 2005 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > In this paper , we look within skills and explore the type of skilled tasks demanded by exporting firms in Chile . We investigate whether these firms hire higher skilled workers for all possible tasks or , rather , whether the utilization of skilled labor is concentrated on more specific tasks in production or non-production activities . The literature on differential impacts of exports across tasks is much more scant and is circumscribed to developed countries ( Bernini , Guillou and Treibich 2016 ; Caliendo and Rossi-Hansberg 2012 ; Caliendo , Monte and Rossi-Hansberg 2015 ; Caliendo , Mion , Opromolla and Rossi-Hansberg 2016 ; Friedrich 2016 ; Spanos 2016 ; Tag 2013 ) . To study the behavior of Chilean exporters , we use the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( ENIA ) — an annual census of manufacturing firms — and exploit detailed information of the firm demand of employment categories such as directors , specialized workers ( engineers , professionals ) , administrators , blue-collar operatives , and maintenance services workers . The firm data from the ENIA is combined with administrative customs data on firms ’ exports . This allows us", "spans": [{"start": 1677, "end": 1711, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1726, "end": 1762, "text": "annual census of manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1995, "end": 2018, "text": "firm data from the ENIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2036, "end": 2063, "text": "administrative customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "order of rehabilitation of the various units at Tuzla and Kakanj has been evaluated by Verbundplan , \" Long Term Rehabilitation Study - TPP - Tuzla \" , and \" TPP - Kakanj \" ( November , 1997 , in the Project File ) . These studies take as given that the 32 MW units will be rehabilitated early , because of their importance for meeting existing demands for district heat ( Tuzla and Kakanj ) and industrial steam ( Tuzla ) . The economic justification for giving priority to Gacko and Ugljevik is that the cost of electricity from the rehabilitated units would be no greater than the costs at Tuzla and Kakanj ( Bechtel Consulting , \" Coal and Thermal Power Cost Study for Bosnia and Herzegovina \" ( August 1997 , page 7 . 7 , in the Project File ) . In order to verify whether the coal-fired plants that would benefit from the project would be competitive with electricity from a new power station , the costs of production of electricity at Gacko , Ugljevik , Tuzla Gland G2 , and Kakanj G2 and G4 were compared with the costs of a new combined-cycle gas-fired 120 MW power plant . ( This comparison is not really needed for the justification of the Tuzla and Kakanj 32 MW units since their rehabilitation is required in order to ensure continuity in supply of district heat and industrial steam to existing consumers over the next few years before a new power station could be brought into operation or before altemative heat sources could be established . The 32 MW units are expected to be retired by 2002 ) . The estimates for the comparison are based partly on data presented in Bechtel Consulting , \" Coal and Thermal Power Cost Study for Bosnia and Herzegovina \" ( August 1997 ) ( in Project Files ) . On the basis of comparison with selected new power generation options , Bechtel concluded that a combined-cycle plant would be the", "spans": [{"start": 1568, "end": 1604, "text": "data presented in Bechtel Consulting", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Collection Frequency : _ project ’ s M & E system outputs are designed to share information , ensure maintenance of the system , and allow for adaptive management of the project . Outputs from the M & E system include quarterly reports from within MECNT , semi-annual reports from international NGO projects , and an Annual Report distributed to other donors . Internal monitoring arrangements include short quarterly reports ( no more than 15 pages ) to record and aggregate those data for which collection must be made monthly . A semi-annual report will provide a fuller picture of the program and give a status update on indicator data and project implementation progress and challenges for NGOs and contractors . Finally , an annual report will be prepared that includes information on all Results Framework indicators and will be distributed to other Congolese Ministries , donors , international NGOs , and other interested stakeholders . # # # # # # * * Documentation * * 15 . _Detailed M & E_ procedures including , task assignments , reporting methods and format of M $ E documents will be included as an annex to the project ’ s implementation manual which will be prepared by project effectiveness . 16 . _Annual Workplans_ will be consolidated by the CU and submitted to the Bank for prior review and to the Steering Committee for approval . The review of MOD contracts will be part of this process . > * * 19 * * State o f Forest Report - Published under the auspices o f the Congo Basin Forest Partnership 50", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report county # # # * * Min . 03-03 / 09 / 2019 : Plenary Session . * * * * All * * The members asked comments and questions as follows : * * Question : * * Jacinta Makau asked the consultant to show the extent of M27 so as to make sense of the initial cadastral boundary of M26 and the full extent of M27 . * * Response : * * The consultant went ahead to show the extent of M27 and explained how the survey overlap was resolved . * * Question : * * Jacinta also asked what informed the location of the ECD . * * Response : * * The M26 community proposed the site for the location of a public ECD for the children in the settlement . The site on which it was proposed was also unclaimed . * * Question : * * Eric Randu asked why there were so many open spaces in the base map but the same is not reflected in the plan , which has fewer open spaces . * * Response : * * The consultant responded that the “ open spaces ” in the base map were pockets of space which had not been built on yet but were already claimed by their respective owners . * * Question : * * What are the cost implications for the project ? * * Response : * * The consultant went back to the Capital Investment Plan slide for the project and highlighted the costs for each proposal . * * Question : * * What informed the upgrading priorities of the settlement ? * * Response : * * The upgrading priorities of the settlement were informed by the settlement ’ s socio-economic survey as well as the visioning exercise of the settlement . * * Comment : * * Mr . Ngombo commented the proposed commercial area is on private land . In the previous meeting , it was proposed that the consultant was to go", "spans": [{"start": 1547, "end": 1568, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "classes completed and ability through linear regressions , lack of effort measures might bias the estimates . We investigate this issue in Table 8 . We begin with the regression of log classes completed , ln ( _xt_ ) _ , _ on log ability using the observed data ( column 1 ) and the simulated baseline ( column 2 ) . The coefficients on log ability in columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are very close , which is additional evidence of our good fit . In both cases , log ability explains about 20 percent of the variation in log classes completed . * * Table 8 : Classes Completed Per Year . * * | | Actual data | Si | mulated Dat | a | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | ln ( ability ) | 0_ . _166 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0_ . _156 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0_ . _090 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0_ . _085 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | | | ( 0_ . _015 ) | ( 0_ . _005 ) | ( 0_ . _005 ) | ( 0_ . _000 ) | | ln ( efort ) | | | 0_ . _854 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0_ . _915 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | | | | | ( 0_ . _004 ) | ( 0_ . _000 ) | | ln ( shock to classes completed ) | | | | 1_ . _000 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0_ . _000 ) | | Constant | 2_ . _060 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 2_ . _748 < sup > _", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 261, "text": "observed data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- related records ( from advertisements to final invoices ) are also maintained in hard copy . The execution of Program procurement transactions through the JONEPS will ensure the systematic tracking , recording , and processing of procurement . It will also facilitate the enhancement of procurement performance and the retrieval of procurement records when needed . The JONEPS developed a contract management module . However , it is not fully operational , and it is being enhanced to accommodate works contracts as well . In parallel , the JONEPS is having discussions with the GFMIS to develop an Application Programming Interface ( API ) to connect both systems and consolidate data . Once the contract management function is tested , consolidation will be meaningful . * * 68 . According to Article 84 of the Procurement Bylaw No . 8 / 2022 , Jordanian courts will be referred to for the settlement of disputes during the execution of contracts . * * However , the contract may provide other dispute resolution methods , starting with amicable settlement and escalating to arbitration . The contracting parties may have recourse to a third party for the settlement of disputes using conciliation and mediation . This could be done by appointing dispute experts or dispute review boards , along with the related appointment procedures for such conciliators . # # # _Internal Controls and Internal Audit_ * * 69 . The overall control environment continues to be acceptable for Program implementation * * . Internal controls and the internal audit function are governed by the applicable Financial By-law ( 1994 ) and its Amendment ( 2015 ) and the Financial Control By-law ( 2011 ) and its Amendment ( 2015 ) . Each ministry has its own internal audit unit in the Finance Department , and an Internal Control Unit ( ICU ) is responsible for the effective operation of the internal financial control system . In the ministries participating in the Program , there is also a financial control unit comprised of employees from the MOF , which performs a financial controller function . The MOF also has a central ICU that ensures that line ministries ’ ICUs", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 353, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _3 . 2 . The micro module : linking household surveys to the CGE model_ * * The poverty and distributional effects of the Canal expansion are estimated using a top-down approach . The top CGE-generated prices and labor reallocation are used to ̳ shock ‘ the bottom micro module so that a counterfactual income distribution can be estimated . No feedback from the micro module to the macro model is explicitly accounted for in this model . The following equations represent the core of the micro module : Income of household _h_ , _Yh_ , is defined as the sum of labor remunerations , (   _h_  , _l_ < sup > _w_ < / sup > _l_ ) , and an exogenous , non-labor income ( _Yho_ ) . Welfare effects are _l_ approximated by changes in real household incomes which , in turn , depend on : 1 ) changes in the prices of purchased goods (  _pg_ ) and the initial share of expenditure on each good (  _hc_ , _g_ ) < sup > 11 < / sup > ; 2 ) changes in the returns to skilled and unskilled labor in the different labor market segments (  < sup > _w_ < / sup > _l_ ) ; and 3 ) changes in the allocation of workers in the different labor market segments , i . e . agricultural and non-agricultural sectors as well as formal and informal activities within urban areas (   _h_  , _l_ ) . A new household welfare aggregate is computed based on the sum of the exogenous income plus the _simulated_ labor income for each member of the household given his or her skill endowments and sector of employment . Based on the simulated welfare aggregate , a counterfactual distribution of income is generated and compared with the initial distribution . A key issue in this modeling framework is the connection between the macro CGE part and the micro module and therefore a major difficulty consists of satisfactorily mapping the sources of incomes from the CGE model to the micro model . For example , in the CGE model it is possible to clearly distinguish labor remunerations from capital earnings ; however", "spans": [{"start": 42, "end": 59, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "occurred — collapsing the data by municipality and year . By our definition , a new school is introduced in a municipality if a new unique school identification number appears in the school panel . < sup > 12 < / sup > Information on municipality codes allows us to locate every school in Brazil to the corresponding municipality . The school census provides information on primary school enrolment , the availability of nursery classrooms , and the number of pre-school classrooms , which we use as control . _Childbearing data_ Data on birth outcomes come from the microdata of Brazilian vital statistics , which cover approximately 45 million births occurring between 1997 and 2009 . Vital statistics data are based on birth certificates issued by health institutions or midwifes attending homebirths and are collected through the states ’ health secretariats . The vital statistics microdata are publicly available through the System of Information on Life Births ( SINASC ) of the Brazilian public health system ( DATASUS ) . These data provide information on the age and municipality of residence of the mother , as well as gestational length of the pregnancies , and the mother-reported race of the child . For each year , we collapse these data to create a summary measure of births by municipality and mother ’ s age at conception . < sup > 13 < / sup > We calculate age at date of conception using information on gestational length recorded in the birth certificates to provide a municipal panel of births by mother ’ s age at conception . < sup > 14 < / sup > Brazilian vital statistics data show close to universal coverage of all occurring births ; information from the 2010 population census shows that more than 99 % of all births occurring between 2000 and 2010 were registered and entered into the vital statistics data > 12 We restrict the school count to schools that are active in a given year and report a positive number of enrolled students to limit measurement error in the school panel . > 13 This works in the Brazilian context , as the school year coincides with the calendar year . > 14 Using date of conception rather than date of birth of the child", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 606, "text": "microdata of Brazilian vital statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1581, "end": 1602, "text": "vital statistics data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1683, "end": 1705, "text": "2010 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "force participation , income , and access to basic services . By 2003 , the surveys covered over 25 million individuals . < sup > 13 < / sup > Data from SIFA and _Sisben_ were carefully merged using confidential information on date of birth , full name , and national identification numbers . The resulting dataset ( ― SIFA + > 11 Nearly 12 percent of the households interviewed in treatment municipalities were not registered with the program ( Attanasio et al . , 2005 ) . > 12 We merged the household survey data with administrative data from the standardized test score _Icfes_ . Using this merged dataset , we identified that 95 percent of the population that presented the test in the 2000-2009 period were born during the period1975-1994 . In order to study the indirect effects of participant children on non-eligible young adults that were still in school or could rejoin , this sample also includes individuals 19 to 23 years old that were listed as dependents , but are not eligible to the program . > 13 A new _Sisben_ survey was fielded between 2003 and 2007 to update the information , improve the effectiveness of the targeting scheme , and change the algorithm due to concerns regarding manipulation by local authorities ( Barrera , Linden , and Urquiola , 2007 ; Camacho and Conover , 2011 ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 515, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-05-15 | 2023-05-20 | | 2023-07-01 | 2023-07-31 | 2023-09-04 | 2024-03-02 | | , < br > C2-MIES-INEC-77 / Adquisici < br > ón equipo informático , comp < br > utadoras para la implementa < br > ción del proyecto < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Bids | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 67 , 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-04-15 | 2023-04-20 | | 2023-06-01 | 2023-07-01 | 2023-08-05 | 2024-02-01 | | C2-MIES-INEC-73 / Adquisici < br > ón de insumos para las prueb < br > as de cloro e E-coli en agua d < br > entro de la Encuesta Naciona < br > l de Desnutrición Infantil ( bo < br > tellas de agua ) < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 3 , 360 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | | 2023-03-20 < br > 20 | 23-04-13 | | | 2023-05", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * explored by Neumark and Wascher , 2006 , among others ) . * * This adverse employment impact is attributed to employers potentially substituting minimum wage workers with alternative resources like skilled nonminimum wage workers or capital . Economic theory also posits that heightened wages can lead to higher input costs , reduced production , and decreased labor demand . However , if the labor market operates under monopsonistic competition , a market structure where employers wield influence in determining wages , < sup > 6 < / sup > a minimum wage hike might paradoxically lead to augmented employment . Moreover , the potential ramifications of minimum wages could also hinge upon factors like coverage and adherence to regulations ( as highlighted by Posadas and Sanz-de-Galdeano , 2018 ) . * * A potential risk of high minimum wages is an increase in the informality of the economy . * * Since undeclared work is , by definition , not reported to authorities , accurately estimating its size is challenging . Due to the availability of information in the EU labor force surveys , < sup > 7 < / sup > Eurostat does not publish statistics on informal employment . Estimates of temporary work and self-employment are available , but they are considered imperfect proxies of informality . Other global databases of informality do not include recent Romania estimates . < sup > 89 < / sup > An EC study used an indirect approach ( the Labour Input Method ( LIM ) to measure the size of the undeclared economy . The results indicate that Romania was one of the countries with the highest share of informal employment in the European Union . In 2013 , the share of undeclared work in the private sector ' s gross value added was 26 . 2 % . This was significantly more than the EU average ( 16 . 4 % ) and the second-highest result in the EU after Poland ( 27 . 3 % ) . Romania also stands out when undeclared work is measured in terms of total labor input , with one of the highest shares of the EU ( European Commission , 2017 ) . The standard dual economy models of labor market segmentation suggest increasing", "spans": [{"start": 1072, "end": 1094, "text": "EU labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Contracted survey agency , supervised by FPCU | | Indicator Name | * * Female livelihood beneficiaries whose income increases by 25 % or more ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of female beneficiaries whose income increased byat least 25percent as a result ofproject support . | | Frequency | Baseline , MTR , Endline | | Data source | Project evaluation report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indepdenent evaluation surveys at baseline , midline and endline stages . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Contracted survey agency , supervised by FPCU | | Indicator Name | * * Male livelihood beneficiaries whose income increases by 25 % or more ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures maleproject beneficiaries whose income increased byat least 25percent as a result ofproject support . | | Frequency | Baseline , MTR , Endline | | Data source | Project evaluation report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indepdenent evaluation surveys at baseline , midline and endline stages . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Contracted survey agency , supervised by FPCU | | PDO Outcome | * * Enhance environmental management * * | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Land area under sustainable landscape management practices ( Hectare ( Ha ) ) * * | Page 36", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 398, "text": "Project evaluation report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : authors ’ calculations based on Business Pulse Survey data . # 3 . Methodology To investigate the effect of Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine on private businesses in the Central Asia region , this paper exploits the panel dimension of our data . Our empirical analysis is divided into two main parts . First , we provide a descriptive overview of our outcomes of interest , highlighting how the distribution of these firm-level outcomes ( sales and employment ) changed as Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine affected the region . Second , we interact this time variation with the cross-sectional heterogeneity present in our sample of firms . Specifically , we use firm-level exports to Russia as a proxy to measure the exposure of individual businesses to the negative spillovers caused by the invasion . We then analyze the interaction between this proxy and the onset of the invasion to identify the intensity of the invasion shock . Next , we examine the relative performance of firms with higher or lower exposure to the invasion compared to matching peers . This allows us to assess how firms with varying levels of exposure to the invasion were affected by the invasion . # # * * Dynamics of firm-level sales and employment * * First , we analyze the dynamics of outcome variables of interest . The analysis focuses on the differences observed between 2022 when Central Asian economies were affected by the shock triggered by Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine , and previous years . We are interested in two outcome variables : firm-level employment and firm-level sales . For every firm _j_ and every year _t_ , the analysis uses the following specification : ( 1 ) where is the invasion year dummy , YYjj tt = bb WWtt + αα TTtt is a vector of dummies for non-invasion BPS waves – one dummy + γγ SSjjtt + ρρ CCjjtt + θθXXjjtt + eejjtt for each of the two pre-2022 waves , is a vector of sector dummies , is a vector of country dummies tt tt – one dummy for each of the three countries covered in the analysis , WW TT is a set of controls , and is the jjtt jjtt SS CC outcome variable", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 67, "text": "Business Pulse Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 . 0 | 22 . 2 | 22 . 3 | 24 . 7 | 25 . 8 | 25 . 8 | 25 . 9 | 27 . 1 | 28 . 2 | | Portugal | 36 . 4 | 37 . 6 | 37 . 4 | 37 . 4 | 36 . 8 | 37 . 5 | 37 . 3 | 36 . 9 | 36 . 5 | 37 . 1 | 38 . 0 | 37 . 6 | 41 . 4 | 41 . 2 | | Spain | 38 . 9 | 39 . 1 | 38 . 6 | 38 . 8 | 39 . 0 | 39 . 1 | 39 . 0 | 38 . 0 | 38 . 3 | 39 . 7 | 40 . 0 | 40 . 6 | 40 . 7 | 40 . 7 | | EU ‐ 28 < sup > * < / sup > | 42 . 9 | 42 . 7 | 42 . 7 | 42 . 8 | 40 . 7 | 40 . 6 | 40 . 4 | 40 . 9 | 40 . 5 | 40 . 4 | 40 . 9 | 41 . 1 | 41 . 0 | 41 . 0 | * : Simple average . Source : Joint European Commission ‐ OECD project , Tax & benefits indicators database . Recent ECB research notes that wages and prices have begun to be more flexible in these countries , responding to underlying conditions . < sup > 78 < / sup > However , when comparing levels and ranking across countries , Figures 15a ‐ c show that GPS still have very restrictive labor markets ‐ their ranking remains very poor , while the tax wedge remains high . # * * Lesson 11 : The short term affects the long term . * * _ < u > Hysteresis effects are real and can be large ; “ stabilization ” policies have short and long ‐ run effects . Labor and product market reforms are effective when they reduce the length of time that resources remain unemployed or underused . < / u > _ _ < u > Large losses", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 621, "text": "Tax & benefits indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | | 1994 | 86 . 1 | 78 . 5 | 81 . 5 | 81 . 2 | 87 . 2 | 87 . 8 | 84 . 2 | 76 . 1 | 82 . 3 | 84 . 6 | | 1995 | 85 . 4 | 74 . 6 | 78 . 6 | 78 . 8 | 90 . 0 | 100 . 5 | 79 . 0 | 85 . 0 | 68 . 6 | 96 . 7 | Note : Price data obtained the office d ' Aide A la Commercialization des Produits Vivriers . Price data covers 10 markets in C6te d ' Ivoire and is collected monthly . Mean price for each commodity was obtained by regressing logarithm of the price on dummies for years , markets , and month of observation . Nominal prices were deflated by the CPI series shown in Table 10 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 312, "text": "Price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 * * Figure 4 : Total FDI and privatization proceeds from all developing countries , 1990-2003 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 200 < br > 180 < br > 160 < br > 140 < br > 120 < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 < br > FDI , net inflows Privatization Proceeds < br > Billions < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank Development Data Platform and FDI Database # * * B . Regional trends * * 13 . Proceeds are highly concentrated in a few countries in three regions . Regional shares have changed over time — with Latin America declining sharply and both Europe / Central Asia and East Asia increasing their shares in recent years . # _Latin America_ 14 . Latin America is the biggest contributor to developing country proceeds , raising $ 195 billion or 47 percent of total proceeds from 1 , 300 transactions over the entire time period ( Figure 5 ) . But its share fell dramatically over time from almost 60 percent in the 1990s to under 20 percent between 2000 and 2003 ( Figure 6 ) and to only two percent at its lowest point in 2003 . The decline is largely attributable to the drop-off in activity in Argentina and Mexico , which together with Brazil accounted for over 80 percent of regional proceeds in the 1990s , mainly from telecoms and electricity ( 65 percent of regional proceeds ) and energy ( 20 percent ) . As activity in Argentina and Mexico tapered off due to the dwindling stock of enterprises and / or political will , Brazil became more or less the only active Latin American country after 2000 : large transactions in electricity ( CELPE ) , energy ( Petrobras ) , and banking ( Banespa ) accounted for its 85 percent share of regional proceeds , and made it the number two revenue generator among all developing countries since 2000 .", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 488, "text": "FDI Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; - iii . The magnitude of the expected loss — total or partial — of assets , and the extent of displacement , physical or economic ; - iv . Information on vulnerable groups for whom special provisions may have to be made ; and - v . Provisions to update information on the displaced people ' s livelihoods and standards of living at regular intervals so that the latest information is available at the time of their displacement . - ( b ) Other studies describing the following - i . land tenure and transfer systems , including an inventory of common property natural resources from which people derive their livelihoods and sustenance , nontitle-based usufruct systems ( including fishing , grazing , or use of forest areas ) governed by local recognized land allocation mechanisms , and any issues raised by different tenure systems in the project area ; - ii . The patterns of social interaction in the affected communities , including social networks and social support systems , and how they will be affected by the project ; - iii . Public infrastructure and social services that will be affected ; and Urban Local Government Development Project Page 40", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 764, "text": "inventory of common property natural resources", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "according to WBG poverty map - 60 percent of microproject financing awarded to communities with population less than 5 , 000 - 60 percent of beneficiaries express satisfaction with the level of citizen involvement in preparation and implementation of a microproject in their comnrnunity , according to survey of beneficiaries - 60 percent of surveyed beneficiaries express the microproject had a positive impact on their access to service . # # * * B . Strategic Context * * * * 1 . Sector-related Country Assistance Strategy ( CAS ) goal supported by the project : * * ( see Annex * * 1 ) Document number : Date of latest CAS discussion : * * N / A The current crisis in WBG is having a highly damaging effect on the Palestinian economy and negatively impacting the living standards of the Palestinian people . It is estimated that the share of the Palestinian population living below the poverty line has jumped from 20 to nearly 40 percent since September 2000 . Consequently , over 1 million Palestinians are believed to be living below the poverty line . Under the current situation the World Bank ' s short to medium-term strategy is to continue focusing on poverty reduction interventions while supporting emergency interventions - * * 2 - * *", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 28, "text": "WBG poverty map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 302, "end": 325, "text": "survey of beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | * * PRIEDE PROJECT DIS * * < br > * * FOR THE FINANCIAL * * | * * BURSEMENT TO COUNT * * < br > * * YEAR 2021 / 2022 * * | * * IES * * | | * * S / NO . * * | * * ACTIVITY * * | * * EXPECTED DATE * * < br > * * OF * * < br > * * DISBURSEMENT * * | * * DATE DISBURSED * * | * * AMOUNT DISBURSED Kshs * * | | 1 | STRENGTHENING < br > SCHOOL BASED < br > TEACHER SUPPORT | 01 / 07 / 2021 | 16 / 09 / 2021 | 129 , 178 , 900 . 00 | | 2 | REFRESHER TRAINING < br > OF SCHOOL KEY < br > STAKEHOLDERS | 18 / 07 / 2021 | 08 / 10 / 2021 | 186 , 631 , 300 . 00 | | | | | | * * 315 , 810 , 200 . 00 * * | | Exchang | e Kshs 107 = USD | | | | 24 . * * Key potential risks and actions : * * a ) there are some delays in exchequer releases to MoE and from MoE to counties and schools b ) Misstated capitation per school due to wrong data arising from manual intervention rather than fully relying on NEMIS . 25 . * * Proposed actions : * * a ) The Exchequer in National Treasury should ensure timely release of funds and MoE to ensure fast verification and monitoring process for the DLIs achieved . b ) Fix / upgrade NEMIS to eliminate human intervention . Meanwhile , cleansing and harmonizing of the NEMIS data vs actual enrollment in the schools is necessary . ( c ) MoE to address issues for late release of capitation as well as delays in release of funds for county-based activities .", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 895, "text": "NEMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1193, "end": 1203, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the subproject on members of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups , - e ) Procedures and options for compensation payments , - f ) Potential income generating schemes ( including skills , raw material , technology and market and other infrastructure facilities ) that could help PAHs restore their incomes to pre-project levels and beyond , - g ) Access to social services , infrastructure and common property resources in subproject-affected communities , - h ) Any displeasure or discontent with the transparency and the whole process of census enumeration registration of affected property , and - i ) Proposed mitigation , compensation and livelihood restoration measures proposed by participants at various levels . Page 112", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 556, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EN ; < br > Northern Brown-throated Weaver , LC ; Red-chested Sunbird , LC ; Bronze < br > Sunbird , LC ; Afep Pigeon , LC ; and Papyrus Gonolek , VU * . | Wob-Mas | | Nabugabo wetland < br > AZE site and IBA | Only known site where two plant species occur : _Senecio navugabensis , _ < br > CR and_Xyris ednae , _EN . < br > IBA recognized for seven bird species : Papyrus Gonolek , VU * ; Northern < br > Brown-throated Weaver , LC ; Carruthers ' s Cisticola , LC ; White-winged < br > Swamp-warbler , LC ; Papyrus Canary , LC ; Red-chested Sunbird , LC ; and < br > Black-lored Babbler , LC . | Wob-Mas | | Sango Bay Area IBA | Recognized for 45 bird species , including one VU , one NT and 43 LC < br > species . | Wob-Mas | * denotes species where the Uganda National Red List provides the highest threatened status The TL route avoids all of the internationally recognized areas listed in , with the exception of the Lake Wamala Catchment KBA . This water catchment is recognized for three fish species , a dragonfly and a plant species . The TL passes through the higher-lying ground of eastern-most edge of the catchment , 157", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 781, "text": "Uganda National Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The financial sector is ready to meet the challenges * * We all face great challenges to improve access to financial services : the financial institutions ; the government ; the regulators and the users of the financial system . For the financial sector the challenges are : first recovering public trust as financial intermediaries ; second , continuing to improve the quality and efficiency of day-to-day service delivery . Recent surveys suggest that there has been tangible progress in this area . Sector studies report that the cost of managing $ Col 100 have dropped from $ 6 . 2 five years ago to $ 5 . 8 today . Third , maintaining the process of technological innovation in service delivery and meeting the consumers ’ needs . Finally , building a stable institutional framework , since it is clear that a healthy business environment is essential to financial sector depth . And here the government must play a fundamental role . Factors such as the guaranteed creditor rights , a stable regulation framework , interest rates based on market realities , an efficient judicial system , market transparency based on public disclosure of financial information and clear accounting regulations are crucial < sup > 4 < / sup > for this development . How does Colombia fare in each of these points ? a . According to an IDB study of indicators of credit risk , Colombia has one of the worst ratings of protection to creditors , along with Peru and Mexico < sup > 5 < / sup > ; this necessarily means higher transaction costs and generates inefficiencies in financial intermediation . b . Regarding a stable regulatory framework , the most impeding issue is the current tax on financial transactions . Initially it was meant as a “ short term measure ” , with a tax of 0 . 2 % on financial transactions ; today , we find ourselves with a permanent tax of 0 . 4 % . We have repeatedly remarked the negative effects of this tax on the overall economy : it has greatly reduced the average returns on savings , making them less attractive ; it has increased preference for cash transactions and has generated an increase in the “", "spans": [{"start": 1330, "end": 1368, "text": "IDB study of indicators of credit risk", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* . The RAP team will use the services of a surveyor to mark way leaves and road reserves as shown on the approved PDPs or Registry Index maps ( RIMs ) . The affected or encroached assets will be clearly marked . The process of marking the encroached assets will be undertaken in collaboration with the county government . # # * * Socio-economic Survey of affected Households : * * The RAP Team will undertake socio-economic surveys to identify all affected PAPs for purposes of capturing their social-economic parameters such as household size , income levels , education levels , housing condition , access to basic services , asset ownership etc . The inventory will also identify potentially affected properties , the extent of potential acquisition , diversity of stakeholders to the property , status of legal tenure and the development thereon etc . and will thus serve _to_ revalidate the Register of PAPs and respective claims . The socio-economic survey will be fully consultative and will employ _household interviews , group discussions , Focus Group Discussions ; Key Informant Interviews etc_ . Appendix 8 provides a checklist for the baseline socio-economic survey . # # * * Inventory of Vulnerable Groups : * * As part of the Socio-economic baseline survey , people considered to be disadvantaged as compared to rest of society will be inventoried to ensure provision of soft landings in the compensation process . Such groups should include ; - - i ) < u > Indigenous people : These are people who are closely tied to their traditional or < / u > customary lands and natural resources on these lands , but these lands may not be under legal ownership . Going by tradition , indigenous peoples are rarely encountered in urban 11", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 142, "text": "Registry Index maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 331, "end": 375, "text": "Socio-economic Survey of affected Households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 942, "end": 963, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1158, "end": 1179, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1242, "end": 1272, "text": "Socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Approaches and methods to register urban refugees * * More than three-quarters of the UNHCR offi ces ( 19 ) register refugees who come to the offi ce and almost half of the offi ces note that they use mobile registration teams , while 41 % of the offi ces use mapping and profi ling of urban refugees and registration at selected locations . Almost half of the offi ces note that registration takes place at government sites . Several offi ces note that they also register refugees at emergency transit sites , in detention , in hospitals and exceptionally at home . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Graph 4 : Methods used to register urban refugees < br > Registration at host < br > government sites < br > Registration of refugees at < br > selected locations < br > Mapping and profi ling of < br > urban refugees < br > Mobile registration teams < br > Registration of refugees who < br > come to the UNHCR offi ce < br > Other < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # * * Using proGres for urban refugees ? * * UNHCR has developed a database called , “ proGres ” and uses it as a case management tool to enable staff to record and track individual protection incidents , RSD events , provision of documents and individual assistance interventions . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Graph 5 : Use of proGres < br > Provision of documentation < br > RSD events < br > Individual assistance < br > interventions < br > Individual protection incidents < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > No Sometimes Yes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > A Global Survey – 2012", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1066, "text": "proGres", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1134, "end": 1141, "text": "proGres", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1383, "end": 1390, "text": "proGres", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1647, "end": 1660, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of high-rise buildings is increasing the vulnerability of Ethiopia ’ s cities to urban fires . While data on urban fires is scarce , there are indications that their magnitude has increased over the past years . _DRM Institutional Context and Challenges_ 13 . * * The institutional set up for DRM in Ethiopia has been subject to multiple reforms . * * The EDRMC is the formal focal government institution responsible for coordinating disaster response , risk management , preventive measures , and recovery programs . It also assumes responsibilities in the coordination of humanitarian relief and provision of support to conflict - and disaster-displaced people . > 34 World Bank , 2020 . Challenges and Opportunities for Water in Development in the Lowlands of Ethiopia . > 35 See Figure 2-1 in Annex 2 . > 36 World Bank , 2020 . Challenges and Opportunities for Water in Development in the Lowlands of Ethiopia . > 37 World Bank / GFDRR ( Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery ) . 2019 . _Ethiopia Disaster Risk Profile_ . 38 Ibid . Page 10 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 120, "text": "data on urban fires", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | a . The steps followed by the consultant in the preparation of the < br > VMGP ; < br > b . Detailed information on each of the items in section III above ; < br > c . A summary of the key outcomes of consultations with VMGs ; | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 3 . | a ) < br > b ) | A final RAP report that has incorporated comments from the client < br > SA and VMGP report that has incorporated comments from the < br > Client . | 13 weeks < br > after < br > contract < br > signing | | 4 . | Annex < br > follow | es will be included as appropriate , including but not limited to the < br > ing : | | | | For RA < br > i ) < br > ii ) < br > iii ) < br > iv ) < br > v ) | P < br > Minutes of consultation meetings < br > Detailed outcome of the consultation process < br > Photo gallery for the consultation process < br > Land values per location along the transmission lines < br > GPS coordinated of each land parcel and structure within the < br > wayleave corridor | | | | For SA < br > i . < br > ii . < br > iii . < br > iv . < br > v . < br > vi . < br > vii . | and VMGP < br > Detailed outcomes of the consultation process with VMGs along the < br > relevant T-Lines or their representative organisations ; < br > Photo gallery of the consultation process with VMGs or their < br > representative organisations ; < br > List of participants consulted for the preparation of the VMGP ( with < br > signatures ) ; < br > VMG / Stakeholders Consultation Plan < br", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 894, "text": "Land values per location along the transmission lines", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "per square kilometer and per year over the period 1995-2010 . < sup > 8 < / sup > This is a strong instrument as is evidenced by the Kleibergen and Paap ( 2006 ) test ( henceforth KP ) statistic of 66 reported in the bottom panel of column 7 of Table 2 . As was shown in Figure 1b areas buffeted by more intense lightning strikes have worse internet access . The 2SLS estimate of the impact of the internet on Daesh recruitment is statistically significant at the 10 percent level and is three times as large as its OLS counterpart . Our exclusion restriction hinges on the assumption that lightning strikes affect the propensity to join Daesh only through the availability and quality of internet . As lightning is correlated with rainfall ( _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 63 in the data ) , which could affect economic development ( e . g . through higher agricultural productivity ) , column 7 controls for averages of nighttime lights and rainfall over the period 1995-2010 , which is also the time interval the instrumental variable is constructed from . Choosing lagged variables further mitigates the possibility that internet access has had an impact on nighttime lights , which could bias the first stage . In column 8 , we revisit these results by controlling for delegation-level measures of radicalization into violent extremism used in column 5 ; if anything , doing so produces larger estimates for the of internet access . * * Robustness * * Table 3 shows the results of a number of robustness checks . Where applicable , we present both OLS regression results ( with delegation , age , and education fixed effects as in Table 2 , column 6 ) in panel A and 2SLS estimates in panel B , using lightning strikes as instrument for internet access rates ( as in Table 2 , column 7 ) . We start by estimating three alternative specifications . In Table 2 , column 7 , we argued that satisfying the exclusion restriction requires controlling for GDP proxies and climatic data . We therefore added rainfall and nighttime light intensity variables as controls , and averaged these variables over the same time span as for the instrument ,", "spans": [{"start": 1953, "end": 1966, "text": "climatic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 # * * S2 Table . Intervention effects on WASH institutions index and index sub-components * * | | | Control | | In | tervention | | | CI < br > Lower | 95 % < br > Upper | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Outcomes | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | ITT | Bound | Bound | | WASH institutions index | 185 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 144 | 0 . 46 | 0 . 75 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 65 | | Committee ( y / n ) | 185 | 0 . 70 | 0 . 46 | 144 | 0 . 97 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 32 | | Committee mtg freq * | 88 | 2 . 91 | 1 . 49 | 104 | 2 . 62 | 1 . 61 | - 0 . 29 | - 0 . 79 | 0 . 20 | | WASH expenditures ( CDF < br > per month , IHS ) | 130 | 2 . 12 | 4 . 07 | 140 | 3 . 28 | 4 . 58 | 1 . 14 | 0 . 07 | 2 . 20 | | Track health ( y / n ) | 185 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 46 | 144 | 0 . 84 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 25 | | Track sanitation ( y / n ) | 185 | 0 . 74 | 0 . 44 | 144 | 0 . 78 | 0 . 41 | 0 . 05 | - 0 . 06 | 0 . 15 | ITT = intention-to-treat effect estimate . CDF = Congolese francs . IHS = inverse hyperbolic spline . Effects are estimated with models that include controls for randomization blocks based on province and number", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our results have important implications for developing countries seeking to expand exports . The recent Doha trade negotiations focused on import barriers in the United States and European Union . However , since OECD tariffs are already quite low , estimates of increased exports by developing countries from eliminating them are also relatively small — around 2-10 percent . < sup > 22 < / sup > For the least developed countries , which already have preferential access , the benefits from additional market access are in some cases negative . < sup > 23 < / sup > In contrast , our estimates imply that improving trade facilitation can have relatively large effects on exports . For example , in Sub-Saharan Africa it takes 48 days on average to get a container from the factory gate loaded on to a ship . Reducing export times by 10 days is likely to have a bigger impact on exports ( expanding them by about 10 percent ) than any feasible liberalization in Europe or North America . > 22 Amiti and Romalis ( 2005 ) use detailed data on tariffs and trade volumes , incorporating preference schemes , and show that average tariffs on non-LDC developing country products in the U . S . and the EU are below 3 percent . Tariffs on comparative advantage goods are also below 3 percent . They estimate market access gains of 2 . 28 percent following a 40 percent reduction in tariffs in the EU and US , with no exclusions . Anderson , Martin and van der Mensbrugghe ( 2005 ) estimate that _world_ exports would increase by about 10 percent if there was complete global trade liberalization . > 23 Francois , Hoekman , and Manchin ( 2005 ) estimate an export expansion of 6 percent on average , ranging from - 8 to 20 percent in poor countries , from full elimination of OECD tariffs . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1034, "end": 1067, "text": "data on tariffs and trade volumes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kenya Urban Support Program ( P177048 ) | * * Dimension * * | * * Government program ( p ) – KenUP2 * * | * * PforR Program ( P ) – KUSP2 * * | * * Reasons for non - * * < br > * * alignment * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Duration * * | 2022-2026 | 2023-2028 | GoK / World Bank < br > programming | | * * Geographic * * < br > * * coverage * * | Nation-wide , all 47 counties , all urban < br > areas ( cities , municipalities , towns and < br > market centers as per UACA ) | Nation-wide except Nairobi and < br > Mombasa – 45 counties and a < br > total of 79 urban areas , < br > including 2 refugee hosting < br > urban areas . | Focus is on municipalities < br > and secondary cities as < br > the main engines of < br > growth . Nairobi and < br > Mombasa excluded due < br > to size and unique < br > characteristics , as well as < br > towns and markets . | | * * Results * * < br > * * areas * * | Components : < br > C1 . Urban space and shape < br > C2 . Economy and livelihoods < br > C3 . Infrastructure provision and service < br > delivery < br > C4 . Building climate resilience < br > C5 . Governance , institutions and finance < br > C6 . Policy development | Results Areas : < br > RA1 : strengthened institutions < br > for urban service delivery < br > RA2 : integrated planning for < br > resilient and inclusive urban < br > area", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > proportion of households that state they have some or complete trust in other people . < / mark > - < mark > Quality of public services such as police , courts , education , health , and social assistance contribute toward adaptive capacity . Areas with good services will find it easier to respond to climate risks and to craft the public-private collaboration required to prepare for climate change . We measure this variable using LiTS data on the average number of public services ( out of 8 max ) for which households declare that they are either satisfied or very satisfied . If all households in a region were satisfied with the quality of all 8 public service areas , the value becomes 8 . If no household is satisfied with any of the services , the value becomes zero . < / mark > - < mark > Corruption in daily interactions measures a key hindrance for adaptive capacity and , vice versa , absence of corruption makes adaptation easier and proxies institutional strength . We measure corruption using LiTS data on the average number of public services ( out of 8 max ) for which households declare that they never or seldom find it necessary to pay bribes in order to obtain the service in question ( the services are the same as above , namely police , courts , education , health , and social assistance services ) . < / mark > < mark > Compared to adaptive capacity , constructing indices of exposure and sensitivity proved relatively straightforward . We construct the exposure index from variables measuring temperature and precipitation variability and natural disaster frequency . We construct the sensitivity index from variables measuring agricultural , demographic , health , poverty , and disaster-related sensitivity to climate variability . This is described in the following section . < / mark > # * * < mark > Variables in the index < / mark > * * < mark > The exposure sub-index is comprised of the following six variables measuring exposure to variability and extreme values of temperature and precipitation as well as to natural disasters : ( i ) Standard deviation of the average monthly temperature 1950-90 ( see formulas in Appendix", "spans": [{"start": 443, "end": 452, "text": "LiTS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accueillant des réfugiés ; - incluant les communautés locales et les populations concernées dans la conception , la mise en œuvre , le suivi et le maintien des programmes , notamment en consultant systématiquement les groupes à risque d ’ exclusion , tels que les filles , les jeunes femmes , les personnes handicapées et les personnes LGTBI , afin d ’ identifier des solutions innovantes qui profiteront à tous les élèves ; - adaptant les programmes aux objectifs des plans du secteur éducatif ; - assurant un suivi et une évaluation efficaces ainsi qu ’ une recherche universitaire longitudinale à l ’ appui de la modification des programmes et des contributions à la base de données probantes sur ce qui fonctionne dans le domaine de l ’ éducation dans les régions en crise concernées par les programmes ; - encourageant l ’ innovation dans les programmes et en partageant les enseignements tirés des initiatives réussies et non réussies ; - soutenant l ’ amplification expérimentale des programmes ayant fait leurs preuves dans les régions , les pays et / ou les cohortes de population ; - dans les pays où le Partenariat mondial pour l ’ éducation soutient le secteur éducatif , en veillant à ce que les contributions sectorielles soient visibles et augmentent les possibilités offertes par le Fonds multiplicateur aux gouvernements ; 36 ÉDUCATION DES RÉFUGIÉS 2030", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Community Health Workers as Key Providers of Easy-to-Use Contraceptive Injectables : Experimental Evidence from Rural Burundi < sup > 1 < / sup > Michele Andreottola < sup > 3 < / sup > Olivier Basenya < sup > 4 < / sup > Victor Orozco-Olvera < sup > 3 < / sup > Arndt Reichert < sup > 5 < / sup > Paula Spinola < sup > 2 < / sup > < sup > _ , _6 < / sup > # * * Key words : * * Family planning , fertility preferences , contraceptive injections , community health 1 Computational replicability was verified by the World Bank Development Impact ( DIME ) Analytics team . We thank the World Bank ’ s Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund for providing financial support for this research . We are grateful to the Burundi ’ s Ministry of Health , particularly Cyrille Sindahabaye , Stanislas Nyabenda , Olivier Gahungere , and Anaclet Nahayo , for promptly sharing relevant information on the evaluated intervention . We appreciate the detailed feedback provided by Ann-Kristin Reitmann , Christoph Strupat , and Jan Priebe . We also thank the participants of the 2024 German Health Economics Association conference and the University of Hannover internal seminars . This study was registered with the stated objective of assessing the privacy benefits of Sayana Press at the American Economic Association ’ s registry for randomized controlled trials ( https : / / www . socialscienceregistry . org / trials / 3947 ) . This research received ethical clearance from Solutions IRB under the protocol 0373 ) . - 2Corresponding author : paulade @ iadb . org - 3DIME , The World Bank . > 4Burundi Country Office , The World Bank . - 5Institute of Health Economics , University of Hannover , Germany . > 6Inter-American Development Bank - IDB .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugee under previous international agreements by parties to the 1951 Convention . < sup > 306 < / sup > A refugee is deemed _not_ to possess a valid travel document in the following cases : if no such document has been issued to him ; if it has expired ; if it is not valid either because it has expired or is not considered valid in the territory concerned ( usually due to the absence of a required stamp or visa ) ; or in the event that is has been temporarily surrendered in order to have it extended to obtain a visa . < sup > 307 < / sup > It is noteworthy that article 27 of the 1951 Convention does not require that these identity papers < sup > 308 < / sup > assume any particular form or serve any purpose other than simply establishing the identity of the refugee . < sup > 309 < / sup > Indeed , the degree of obligation imposed on the State by article 27 depends largely on whether or not there is a general practice of issuing identity papers in that country , and as mentioned already whether the refugee has a valid travel document . Thus , in countries not having a practice of identification papers , a driving license , immigrant ’ s record of landing or even a postal identity card may suffice , rendering a separate identification card unnecessary . < sup > 310 < / sup > In other countries , including many countries in Europe , where there is a long-standing practice and sometimes an obligation under law > 304 Grahl-Madsen ( see above at footnote 53 ) , pp . 114-115 . The obligation to provide refugees with identification documents is also reiterated in a number of UNHCR ExCom Conclusions , ( see box in introduction to this chapter ) . > 305 Articles 11 and 28 of the 1951 Convention , and para . 6 , of the Schedule to the 1951 Convention . > 306 Grahl-Madsen ( see above at footnote 53 ) , p . 116", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Secondary Education Quality Improvement Project ( P160083 ) A midline student learning assessment was conducted in November 2021 . The report was finalized in April / May 2022 . Immense effort is required through the school based teacher support initiative to maintain Comments * * : * * these indicators on track . Utilization of the learning assessment data is critical .  PDO sub-indicator 1 . 1 : Average student test score in biology at Form 2 at public schools in targeted sub-counties ( Number , Custom Breakdown ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 17 . 70 | 20 . 50 | 20 . 50 | 20 . 35 | | Date | 15-Aug-2018 | 15-Jun-2022 | 25-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 |  PDO sub-indicator 1 . 2 : Average student test score in chemistry at Form 2 at public schools in targeted sub-counties ( Number , Custom Breakdown ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 26 . 00 | 28 . 00 | 28 . 00 | 29 . 90 | | Date | 15-Aug-2018 | 15-Jun-2022 | 25-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 |  PDO sub-indicator 1 . 3 : Average student test score in physics at Form 2 at public schools in targeted sub-counties ( Number , Custom Breakdown ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 427, "text": "learning assessment data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Project will be delivered under an Engineering , Procurement , Construction ( EPC ) mode of contracting . A contractor will be competitively selected for the Project . Thus , the information provided in this section may change once the preferred contractor has been selected . Any such changes will be incorporated into the Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Project . The first task ( engineering ) involves the design and specification of all TL components including the Wobulenzi Substation . The remaining tasks involve the actual procurement of these components , and the logistics of transportation to the site . Detailed engineering will include completion of geotechnical and engineering surveys to provide detailed information needed for , placement of towers , design of foundations , design of towers , and the substation design . The proposed construction of the planned TL will involve , among others : acquisition of the RoW for the TL and a substatoion ; and survey and mapping of the routes which will involve detailed line route survey ( Line profiling , soil studies , pegging and tower spotting ) . The proposed TL will be approximately 166 km in length and will occupy about 9 , 960 , 000 m < sup > 2 < / sup > ( 996 ha ) of land . An additional 40 , 000 m < sup > 2 < / sup > ( 4 ha ) will be occupied by the proposed Wobulenzi Substation , for a total project footprint of 1 , 000 ha . UETCL identified 3 feasible alternative routes within the entire study area . These alternatives were examined to determine which of the options would have the least physical , biological and social impacts . During the second stage of the process ( the ESIA phase ) detailed baseline studies and impact identification of the area was undertaken as required by the Ugandan laws as well as the World Bank Environment and Social Framework . On this basis , the most optimal line route was selected . The Project involves development of extensive infrastructure that runs across different ecosystems and community setups . It involves the erection of", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 721, "text": "geotechnical and engineering surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "103206-CS-UN / Te < br > chnical support on the followi < br > ng < br > • Livestock and Fisheries D < br > ata Analysis and Monitoring S < br > ystem ( DAMS < br > • Animal identification and < br > traceability < br > • Strategy and approach fo < br > r Extension Advisory System < br > ( EAS ) Good Animal Husbandr < br > y Practice GAHP < br > • Performance | < br > < br > IDA / 61650 | Linking More Productive Far < br > mers to Markets | Prior | UN Agencies ( Dire < br > ct ) | < br > Direct | 3 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | | | | | | 2019-05-11 | 2019-11-07 | | < br > ET-MOLF-103213-CS-UN / Ba < br > seline survey / by Internationa < br > l Livestock Research institute < br > / | < br > IDA / 61650 | Strengthening National Instit < br > utions and Programs | Post | Non-Profit Organi < br > ations | z < br > Direct | 433 , 000 . 00 | 433 , 911 . 00 < br > Signed | 2019-03-14 < br > 2018-10-15 | | | | | | 2019-04-23 < br > 201 | 9-02-01 < br > 2019-05-28 < br > 2019 - | 02-08 < br > 2020-02-12 | | ET-MOLF-119580-NC-RFP / R < br > ecruitment for External Audit < br > or to Audit Project Financial S < br > tatements ( PFSs ) is to enable < br > the auditor to express a prof <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT # # # # # # * * UNHCR partners managing protection services , including at community centres , remain key intermediaries between UNHCR , refugees , asylum seekers , displaced Yemenis , and members * * * * of their host communities . * * UNHCR partners lead activities at the community level , such as awareness-raising sessions , mass information campaigns , door-to-door visits , and monitoring in sites and at services points , such as community centres . These activities ensure that UNHCR partners are in direct and regular contact with communities affected by displacement . 35 % of displaced Yemeni reported that they learned about UNHCR activities through UNHCR partner staff . 27 % of displaced Yemeni contact UNHCR and its partners using hotlines . 22 % of refugees and asylum seekers in the north of Yemen contact UNHCR and its partners through complaints and feedback boxes . 69 % of refugees in asylum seekers in the south of Yemen prefer face to face meetings with service providers to raise their concern . 15 % of refugees and asylum seekers in the north of Yemen contact UNHCR and its partners through UNHCR staff . _Complaints and Feedback Mechanism in Yemen_ UNHCR Yemen ’ s Complaints and Feedback Mechanism is a system through which refugees , asylum-seekers , displaced Yemenis and returnees can share their feedback and complaints regarding their protection and assistance concerns . The existing channels include hotlines , complaint and feedback boxes in Community Centers and UNHCR Offices and emails managed by UNHCR staff . UNHCR / September 2020 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "used by practitioners in preparing welfare aggregates for distributional analysis : the log-linear hedonic model and the self-assessment method . According to a World Bank survey on the main characteristics of the welfare aggregates used for measuring poverty in 70 developing countries , only 28 cases include housing . Among these 28 , 12 use a hedonic model , 11 use self-assessment , and other four adopted a combination of hedonic model and self-assessment ( World Bank 2015 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > While we refer the reader to Balcázar et al . ( 2017 ) for an extensive review of the literature on rent imputation for welfare analysis , we briefly discuss in the following the log-linear hedonic model and the self-assessment method . As underlined by Malpezzi ( 2002 ) , the semi-logarithmic model has several advantages . First , the coefficients have a straightforward interpretation : they show approximately the percentage change in the imputed rent for a given unit-change in the covariates . < sup > 10 < / sup > It also mitigates the heteroskedasticity problem ( Diewert 2003 ) . Second , it allows for flexible specifications of the covariates that can be either continuous or binary . Third , and most importantly , it allows the marginal rental value to be a nonlinear function of size and quality of the dwelling , which is a theoretical requirement of the hedonic model ( Rosen 1974 ; Freeman 1993 ) . The second imputation approach used in this analysis is self-assessment . The self-assessment method relies on the assumption that owners can provide a good estimate of the market value of their dwellings , perhaps with the help of interviewers , as suggested in Garner and Kogan ( 2007 ) . This information is frequently found in household budget surveys , where home-owners and tenants enjoying subsidized arrangements are asked to estimate the rental price they would pay to live in the current dwelling ( Frick et al . 2010 ) . The question may be asked in two ways that differ in whether the homeowner is asked to play the role of the landlord or the tenant . In the first case , the question would be some variant of “ _How much", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 178, "text": "World Bank survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1752, "end": 1776, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APATRIDIE ET NATIONALITE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE DE L ’ AFRQUE DE L ’ EST de demandes ont été envoyées à Kampala en vue d ’ un contrôle et d ’ une décision finale . < sup > 104 < / sup > Malheureusement , ces affaires n ’ ont pu être entendues en personne , et les décisions ont été prises uniquement sur la base de documents . À compter de janvier 2016 , l ’ enregistrement de la population n ’ a plus été fait dans le cadre de cette structure de projet conjoint , mais sur une base plus régulière avec l ’ entrée en vigueur de la nouvelle législation , la Loi sur l ’ enregistrement des personnes de 2015 ( _Registration of Persons Act_ ) et la mise en place d ’ une nouvelle agence , l ’ Autorité chargée de l ’ identification nationale et de l ’ enregistrement , la NIRA ( _National Identification and Registration Authority_ ) , responsable de sa mise en œuvre . L ’ enregistrement de la nationalité ou la naturalisation ont à nouveau suivi les procédures habituelles ; toutefois , il restait encore une certaine confusion quant aux liens entre le _National Citizenship and Immigration Board_ créé par la Constitution ( Article 19 ) et le comité de la NIRA mis en place en vertu de la législation de 2015 ( Section 9 ) . < sup > 105 < / sup > Au Soudan du Sud , des premiers rapports font état de problèmes importants dans l ’ administration de la carte d ’ identité nationale pour les membres des groupes ethniques transfrontaliers et pour les personnes", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Draft Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) Kenya Electricity Systems Improvement Project ( KESIP ) their environmental and social performance . A breakdown for the cost of noncompliance for each mitigation measure will be enclosed in bidding documents . These will include : - Mitigation measures to be included in the contract will be specified in the subproject ESMP - Deductions for environmental noncompliance will be added as a clause in the Bill of Quantities ( BOQ ) section - Environmental penalties shall be calculated and deducted in each submitted invoice - Any impact that is not properly mitigated will be the object of an environmental / social notice by KETRACO - For minor infringements and social complaints , an incident which causes temporary but reversible damage , the contractor will be given a notice to remedy the problem and restore the environment . No further actions will be taken if the Project engineer confirms that restoration is done satisfactorily . - For social notices , the Project engineer will alert the contractor to remedy the social impact and the follow the issue until solved . If the contractor does not comply with the remediation request , work will be stopped and considered under no excused delay - If the contractor hasn ’ t remedied the environmental impact during the allotted time , the Project engineer will stop the work and give the contractor a notification indicating a financial penalty according to the non-complied mitigation measure that was specified in the bidding document . - No further actions will be required if the Project engineer sees that restoration is done satisfactorily . Otherwise , if Contractor hasn ’ t remedied the situation within one day any additional days of stopping work will be considered no excused delay . - Environmental notifications issued by the Project engineer might include one or more environmental penalty . - In the event of repeated noncompliance totaling 5 % of the contract value , the Project Engineer will bring the environmental and social notices and the deduction history to KETRACO procurement in order to tack a legal action . # # * * 10 . 4 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM FOR", "spans": [{"start": 2081, "end": 2098, "text": "deduction history", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The average employment ratio for CEE is presently about 64 percent , virtually the same as for the European Union ( before the enlargement ) and for the OECD . In the CIS it is even higher , above the OECD average . This somewhat surprising observation reflects the fact that under central planning the employment ratio tended to be at an unusually high level . The transition has been thus associated with a movement of employment rates towards a level characteristic of market economies . Such process is called a regression toward the mean . In many transition economies the current employment rates may be close to the equilibrium rates , which implies that there will be no return to the high employment rates prevailing before the transition . Obviously , there is a substantial variation in employment ratios across countries . On the one hand , there are transition economies where the ratio is around 70 percent , which is high by international standards . These include the Czech Republic , Estonia , Lithuania in CEE , Belarus and Russia , and Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan among the other CIS ( Figure 2 ) . # * * Figure 2 Employment rates vary among transition economies * * # # * * Change in the Employment Rate , 1989-2001 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 < br > CEE BRU 0ther CIS < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > - 6 < br > - 8 < br > 1995-2001 < br > 1989-1995 < br > - 10 < br > - 12 < br > - 14 < br > - 16 < br > - 18 < br > percentage points < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : UNICEF TransMONEE database ; Bank staff calculations On the other end of the spectrum are countries such as Bulgaria , Poland and Slovakia among the CEE countries , and Armenia and Tajikistan among the CIS , where the employment ratio is significantly below the OECD average . # * * High employment rates in slowly restructuring countries may not be sustainable * * High employment rates may imply a", "spans": [{"start": 1514, "end": 1540, "text": "UNICEF TransMONEE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "D . J . , Brück , T . , Hanmer , L . C . & Klugman , J . ( 2021 ) . Introduction to the Special Issue on ' Gendered Dimensions of Forced Displacement ' . Under review . - Baliki , G . ( 2017 ) . Empirical Advances in the Measurement and Analysis of Violent Conflict . Doctoral dissertation , Humboldt University Berlin . - Bastia , T . ( 2014 ) . Intersectionality , migration and development . Progress in Development Studies , 14 ( 3 ) , 237-248 . - Bello , A . R . S . , & Baig , M . B . ( 2014 ) . Coping strategies of Darfurians displaced women in Khartoum . Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development , 6 ( 5 ) , 168-174 . - Brück , T . , & Stojetz , W . ( 2020 ) . Data Options for Assessing Gendered Dimensions of Forced Displacement , Background Note for the World Bank ' s Gendered Dimensions of Forced Displacement Program . Berlin : ISDC - International Security and Development Center . - Brück , T . , Justino , P . , Verwimp , P . , Avdeenko , A . , & Tedesco , A . ( 2016 ) . Measuring violent conflict in micro-level surveys : Current practices and methodological challenges . The World Bank Research Observer , 31 ( 1 ) , 29-58 . - Charmes , J . ( 2012 ) . The Informal Economy Worldwide : Trends and Characteristics . Margin : The Journal of Applied Economic Research , 6 ( 2 ) , 103 – 32 . - Crenshaw , K . ( 1990 ) . Mapping the margins : Intersectionality , identity politics , and violence against women of color . Stan . L . Rev . , 43 , 1241 . - Davies , A . , & Jenner , A . ( 2020 ) . A Tale of Two Cities-IDPs Plan for Their Durable Solutions in Darfur . Refugee Survey Quarterly , 39 ( 4 ) , 507-513 . - Doss , C . R . , & Quisumbing , A . R . ( 2020 ) . Understanding rural household behavior : Beyond Boserup", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "km | | Secondarydata | | Health | < 0 . 5 km | < 1 km | < 1 . 5 km | < 2km | > 2 km | | Secondarydata | | Education | < 0 . 5 km | < 1 km | < 1 . 5 km | < 2km | > 2 km | | Secondarydata | | * * Total * * | | | | | | | | N . B . Actual vulnerability scores to be determined based on real distances / access standards in SPHERE standards . The Information Management team is currently working with the Data Analysis Group to determine the distance parameter . This should be available within the next two weeks < sup > 3 < / sup > . It is however important to recognize that the single parameter of distance to a service is not sufficient to determine access . For example a Syrian refugee family may be living close to a school but their children may be unable to attend it because it is oversubscribed . This measure therefore needs to be supplemented by other indicators . This measure should therefore be viewed as a short term solution while a better community / household level vulnerability index is developed and applied to the different Geographical areas . # * * 3 . 2 Community / Household level Vulnerability * * In order to be able to determine community level vulnerability it is important to collect key variables in order to provide a comprehensive picture of vulnerability . The variables to collect should include physical , economic , social , and political components of vulnerability . Annex 2 contains a proposed specific multi-dimensional Community level Vulnerability score card for Zaatari camp . Annex 3 contains a proposed multi-dimensional Community level Vulnerability score card for urban areas . This information can be collected through secondary data < sup > 4 < / sup > when available and through community level focus group discussions . The frequency of data collection depends on the rapidity of change experienced . Initially , a quarterly data collection mechanism could operate in the camp whereas a 6", "spans": [{"start": 1667, "end": 1681, "text": "secondary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stratification by firms ’ location , sector , and size . < sup > 5 , 6 < / sup > Since the onset of the pandemic , two rounds of the COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys ( COV-ES ) were conducted in both countries , re-contacting all of the ES respondent firms and asking questions on a wide range of topics , including whether they have received any government support during the pandemic . We use these three sets of data in both countries , and we merge them through the unique firm identifier . Table 1 shows the timing of all three surveys . The latest ES in El Salvador was conducted between March and August 2016 , interviewing 719 firms , whereas the Georgia ES was implemented between March 2019 and January 2020 , covering 581 firms . The first round of the COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys ( COV-ES , R1 ) started in June 2020 in both countries . It took almost two months to complete it in El Salvador , but Georgia COV-ES , R1 was completed within the same month . The second round of the COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys ( COV-ES , R2 ) was completed in October 2020 through January 2021 in El Salvador and October-November in Georgia . Importantly , the reference period for many questions appearing in ES is the last completed fiscal year prior to the survey implementation . This means that the reference year in ES is 2015 and 2018 for El Salvador and Georgia , respectively . The reference period for many questions appearing in COV-ES is the last completed month . Both ES and COV-ES contain a rich set of information on firm characteristics , covering topics of sales , employment , finance , among others . As per the standard methodology , the ES data is obtained through face-to-face interviews with firm owners or top managers , lasting on average one hour , while COV-ES interviews were conducted by phone through much shorter interviews , lasting on average 25 minutes . All three datasets of each country contain sampling weights . COVES data combines the information contained in the ES sampling weights with the information about firm closures obtained during the implementation of COV-ES survey and provides updated sampling weights . Since the", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 159, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2090, "end": 2103, "text": "COV-ES survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and labor < br > influx awareness and sensitization to < br > attendant social and health risk < br > management | | | | The labor influx during construction may < br > also disrupt the social lives of the VMGs < br > especially their languages , taboos , and < br > norms . Workers from outside may bring in < br > new ways of life including diets and < br > relationships with people of the opposite < br > or same sex that may be offensive to VMG < br > social organization . | Induction of workers from outside < br > VMG areas and sensitization to the < br > culture of various VMGs . < br > Preparation of Codes of Conduct to < br > protect VMG interests and culture to < br > be < br > signed < br > and < br > adhered < br > to < br > by < br > contractor ’ s workers . | | | | Labor influx will also be a threat to the < br > safety of children , girls , and women . < br > Gender-based Violence will likely increase < br > in the VMG territories as transactional sex < br > set in . | Preparation of GBV Prevention Plans < br > and their judicious implementation . < br > Child < br > Protection < br > through < br > labor < br > practices compliant to the Children ’ s < br > Act Laws of Kenya . | | | | Increased crime . If internet connections < br > improve through the KDEAP there is a < br > likelihood that small businesses such as < br > cyber cafes and online jobs will flourish in < br > those isolated VMG areas and crime may < br > set in due emerging inequality . | ICTA will inform the security sector in < br > VMG areas to anticipate and link crime < br > increases to ICT development trends <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our results are robust to different ways of coding and aggregating policies and to various robustness checks , which include analyzing a more stringent country sample , removing large hydropower from outcome variables , and assessing absolute instead of relative outcome variables , among others . We see several venues for future research . Understanding of the causal mechanism explaining our results can be further improved . Studies that utilize more granular data at the industry level are necessary to elucidate the effects of unobserved factors in developing countries , such as the extent to which renewable policies are enforced . Another important direction for future research is to study firm-level responses to renewable energy policies , including implications for productivity , entry and exit , the turnaround of capital stock , and other constraints to renewable energy technology adoption . # REFERENCES Bacon , R . ( 2018 ) . _Taking Stock of the Impact of Power Utility Reform in Developing_ _Countries A Literature Review_ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 8460 . Bailey , M . A . , Strezhnev , A . , Voeten , E . , & Walsh , E . A . ( 2017 ) . Estimating Dynamic State Preferences from United Nations Voting Data . _Journal of Conflict Resolution_ , _61_ ( 2 ) , 430 – 456 . Bang , G . , Underdal , A . , & Andresen , S . ( 2015 ) . The domestic politics of global climate change : Key actors in international climate cooperation . _The Domestic Politics of Global Climate Change : Key Actors in International Climate Cooperation_ , 1 – 216 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 4337 / 9781784714932 36", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not _Applicable_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "components are derived from the indicators data pooled for all countries in the sample . The resulting index for each country would then be relative to the world and time sample average . The underlying indicators for each index are listed below . ' < sup > 4 < / sup > We have selected these indicators on the basis of both their relevance in previous theoretical and empirical work and > X2This valuation of capital is admittedly crude . We are aware that , if adjustment costs are present , conventional investment theory predicts that the market value and replacement costs of capital should diverge in the short run . > We should note one major caveat concerning our constructed wealth measure , namely the neglect of nonreproducible assets ( land , oil , etc ) , on whose volume and value little information is available for the vast majority of countries . Our definition of wealth in ( 3 . 4 ) above is admittedly incomplete in this regard , especially for resourceintensive countries . > 14 The main data sources are the World Development Indicators ( World Bank ) , International Financial Statistics > ( IMF ) , Exchange Rate Arrangements ( IMF ) , Civil Liberties Index ( Freedom House ) , and Kaufman et al . * * ( 1999 ) . * * * * 16 * *", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 47, "text": "indicators data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1030, "end": 1058, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1076, "end": 1110, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1123, "end": 1149, "text": "Exchange Rate Arrangements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1160, "end": 1181, "text": "Civil Liberties Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "L | 1111 . 5m AMSL | | MinimumOperatingLevel | 1109 . 5mAMSL | | Energywaterhead ( m ) | 19 . 7m-21 . 9m * | | FirmEnergy ( GWh ) Min and maxflows ( 100 < br > yr ) 95 % probability | 923GWhr / yr493m < sup > 3 < / sup > / s - 605m3 / s * | | AverageEnergy ( GWh ) < br > Minandmaxflows ( 100yr ) 50 % probability < br > | 1438GWhr / yr797m < sup > 3 < / sup > / s - 937m < sup > 3 < / sup > / s * < br > | | Hydrologylongtermmeanoutflowrangem < sup > 3 < / sup > / s | 660m < sup > 3 < / sup > / s - 1200m < sup > 3 < / sup > / s * | | Median flowrate ( 100yr data ) | 870m3 / s * | | Plantloadfactor | 0 . 66 ( basedonFlowof840m < sup > 3 < / sup > / s ) * | | LANDTAKE | | | Totallandtake , permanent + temporary ( ha ) | 238ha | | Permanentlandtake , notinundated ( ha ) Total | 44 . 9ha | | Westbank | 25 . 17ha | | Eastbank | 6 . 67ha | | IslandsandriverD / S | 13 . 06ha | | Permanentland take , inundated ( ha ) Total | 80 . 0ha | | Islands | 35 . 28ha | | Riverbank | 44 . 72ha | | Temporarylandtake ( ha ) Total | 113 . 0ha | | Westbank | 106 .", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 565, "text": "100yr data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # * * Necessary Mitigation Measures * * The mitigation measures to be taken to minimize impacts on trees or compensate for unavoidable losses include the following : - Minimize removal of trees esp . important indigenous trees like fig trees and Acacias by carrying out thorough site planning during the detailed design stage and modifying the TL transmission line route where technically feasible ; - Register the number of mature indigenous trees removed during the construction works , and implement a replanting program to compensate for the trees lost , covering a sufficient maintenance period of the planted trees to ensure their proper rooting . - Where avoiding removal of trees is not possible , conduct a detail census and valuation of the affected trees in a wholly transparent manner by involving representatives of PAHs and pay compensation for the owners of the trees as per the applicable GoE ’ s law and regulation . This mitigation measure shall be implemented before start of the subproject construction works . # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 . 5 Impacts on Grazing Land * * Based on the land use and land cover data of the TL corridor shown in Table 4 . 2 , about 11 . 4ha of grazing land falls within the 30m RoW of the TL . Of this , only a very small area of land ( 0 . 14ha ) will be permanently affected due to construction of pylon foundations . The rest may be temporarily affected during construction of the power line . However , herders will continue using the grazing land within the TL RoW after completion of construction works . Additional rangeland may be affected due to construction of access road through grazing areas . As observed during field visit all the potentially affected rangeland is communal grazing land . However , this shall be further confirmed during detail property survey before", "spans": [{"start": 1311, "end": 1339, "text": "land use and land cover data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Multiple , consistent age classifications that allow data on children to be classified into different groups must be made available to enable policymakers to analyse the evolving aspects of children ’ s well-being . - Data must be disaggregated by migratory status ( usually based on country of birth or citizenship , but other criteria can be used additionally , such as displacement status ) to ensure children on the move are not left out of efforts to achieve the 2030 Agenda ( see box on p . 6 for further details ) . These data foster understanding of living conditions and of important indicators of well-being , such as access to education , health and other vital services . To date , disaggregation by migratory status remains low . - Standardization of the definitions and methodologies needed to foster disaggregation is a considerable challenge given Member States ’ differing statistical and administrative set ups . Standardization is necessary for data integration , comparability , sharing and analysis at regional , continental and global levels . The < u > revised conceptual framework and accompanying definitions for statistics on international migration and mobility – endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission < / u > in 2021 – provides a benchmark for standardizing statistical definitions and methodologies . Member States ’ implementation of the framework will strengthen the production of reliable statistics on international migration and ensure that data systems are developed using comparable frameworks and mechanisms for data collection and sharing . > 5 . “ Migratory status ” has been added to this action point per recommendation of the Expert Group on Migration Statistics . 5", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 71, "text": "data on children", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Have governments complied with the rules ? _ * * * * Consider first compliance * * . As noted above , it is possible for rules to influence fiscal policy even if compliance with them is low ( and it is also possible for them to have little influence even if compliance is high ) . The crucial question is the counterfactual one : what would have happened in the absence of the rules ? The available data are not sufficient to answer this question . Nonetheless , it is useful to have an idea of the extent of compliance , because a high rate of noncompliance is suggestive of problems . Given the complexity of fiscal rules — including the existence of escape clauses and subtle differences in accounting — it is difficult to provide definitive evidence even about this question . * * A quick review suggests that fiscal rules in the Western Balkans have been followed a little more often than not . * * The evidence is set out in Table 3 , in which green shading shows compliance with the rules , red shading shows noncompliance , and absence of shading implies that no rule was in force . The table is rough in several ways . Only the debt and overall-deficit rules are considered ; no account is taken of rules on current and primary deficits , expenditure , and guarantees . The data on actual debts and deficits also come from the World Bank ’ s database , and may differ in some respects from the data used domestically to define the debts and deficits that are subject to the rules . Third , no account is taken of escape clauses and other subtleties in the rules . Subject to the provisos mentioned above , the table suggests the following : - Albania has followed its debt rules in most years , though the original debt rule was repealed as soon as it was breached . - Kosovo has followed its debt rule every year and its deficit rule most of the time . - Montenegro has generally not complied with its debt and overall-deficit rules . - Serbia has usually not complied with its debt rule , but , according to the", "spans": [{"start": 1343, "end": 1366, "text": "World Bank ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "urban poverty rate reduced by 11 percentage points , while in rural areas poverty decreased by 4 percentage points ( from 30 percent in 2011 to 26 percent in 2016 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > Low levels of inequality have largely been maintained but vulnerability to poverty remains high , especially for > 1 The 2015 / 16 rural poverty figures likely reflect the severe El-Nino drought during that year Page 3 of 14 Jun 06 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 339, "text": "2015 / 16 rural poverty figures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * * * * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ * * * * The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indic | ators | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / | of | of | | Share | of age | groupi | n total | | | P | ercenta | ge fema | leper a | gegro | up | | at location , | Age / | Sex | | residence | location | location | 0-4 | 5-11 | 12-17 | < 18 | 18-59 | 60 + > | 0-4 |", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that is currently estimated at 7 . 8 % per annum in the urban regions of NMR . The master plan proposes development of Ruiru II Sewerage Treatment Works for the growing population of Ruiru municipality estimated to grow to 237 , 413 persons from 174 , 877 persons _ * 2009 Population and Housing census * _ Development of Ruiru Sewerage project is a step toward achieving Millennium Development Goal 7 : Ensuring Environmental Sustainability . The interventions adopted from the Millennium Project Model include ( a ) water supply access through household connections , public stand posts , boreholes with hand pumps , rainwater collection ( roof catchments ) , and protected dug wells ; and ( b ) sanitation access through conventional sewerage , septic tank , pour flush toilet , ventilated improved pit latrine , and improved pit latrine . Nairobi Metropolitan Development Strategy stipulates the goal of improving the quality of life in the NMR which is currently characterized by intense pressure on land , water , roads , sewerage and other basic infrastructure need in any developing urban centres . Developing", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 302, "text": "2009 Population and Housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the GRM committee levels . The log and resolution form shall be in triplicate . For any case heard , closed or referred , a copy of the case shall be sent to the upper and lower levels for records . For example , if the case is handled and resolved at Woreda level , one copy of the resolution record shall be sent to the city and another copy shall be sent to the Kebele GRMC for official records . Similarly , if a case is handled and resolved at City level , a copy of the resolution shall be sent to the Woreda and another copy shall be sent to subproject level Grievance Redress Committee to notify them how the referred case is handled and resolved . This shall enable the City , Woreda / Kebele and subproject level committees to keep a register of all cases recorded and handled by any GRM committee in their area . Using this information , the GRM monitoring officer will be able to generate a matrix of cases and agreed resolutions and be able to follow up if the resolutions being implemented . 59", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 765, "text": "register of all cases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The use committees of enquiry , of interpellations and of the ombudsman offices follows a different pattern . The survey data suggest that the use of interpellations as an oversight tool is very common in high-income countries , less common in low-income countries and least common in middle-income countries : they are used in about 81 % of the high-income cases , in about 77 % of the low-income cases , and in less than 70 % in the middle-income cases . Data are presented in Table 11 . * * Table 11 . Use of Interpellation by Income Level * * | Do the countries in these < br > | income level | use interpellati < br > | ons ? < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Incomelevel < br > no | Yes | Total | % yes | | Low < br > 5 | 17 | 22 | 77 . 3 | | Middle < br > 8 | 18 | 26 | 69 . 2 | | High < br > 3 | 13 | 16 | 81 . 3 | | Total < br > 16 | 48 | 64 | | Finally , the presence of committees of enquiry and of Ombuds offices as oversight tools is most common in middle-income countries , less common in highincome countries and least common in low-income countries . Data concerning the presence of committees of enquiry and of the Ombuds offices by are presented in Table 12 and 13 . * * Table 12 . Committees of Enquiry by Income Level * * | Do the countries in these income lev | els have Com | mittees of En | quiry ? | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Incomelevel < br > no | Yes | Total | % yes | | Low < br > 2 | 20 | 22 | 90 . 9 | | Middle | 30 | 30 | 100 | | High < br > 1 | 19 | 20 | 95 | | Total < br > 3 | 69 | 72 | |", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 125, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "description . If a segment is associated with multiple SIC codes , it is broken down equally so that each segment is associated with one SIC code . In the second step , we redefine segments at the two-digit SIC level and aggregate segment sales to that level . We classify firms as single-segment if at least 90 percent of their total sales are derived from one two-digit SIC segment . Firms are classified as multi-segment if they > * * 6 * * Although China is also an interesting case , we can locate only a handful public firms from Worldscope . The dominant corporate units in China are state-owned enterprises . The few publicly traded firms are far from representative of the census of firms in China . 6", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 706, "text": "census of firms in China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 4 . Breakdown of built-up proportion by agro-ecological zones | | | S | oil quality | | | So | il humidity | | No info | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Year | | Poor | Moderate | Good | . | ep | Moist / dry | humid | Humid | | | 1975 | 0 . 55 % | 0 . 30 % | 0 . 21 % | 0 . 41 % | 0 . 09 % | 0 . 21 % | 0 . 47 % | 0 . 15 % | 3 . 56 % | | 1990 | 0 . 89 % | 0 . 70 % | 0 . 43 % | 0 . 81 % | 0 . 23 % | 0 . 37 % | 0 . 88 % | 0 . 42 % | 5 . 88 % | | 2000 | 1 . 31 % | 1 . 08 % | 0 . 66 % | 1 . 07 % | 0 . 29 % | 0 . 50 % | 1 . 32 % | 0 . 66 % | 8 . 09 % | | 2014 | 2 . 03 % | 1 . 69 % | 1 . 02 % | 2 . 71 % | 0 . 75 % | 0 . 69 % | 2 . 07 % | 1 . 34 % | 9 . 32 % | | N . obs . | | 1 , 447 , 084 | 1 , 816 , 564 | 282 , 295 | 64 , 568 | 189 , 485 } | 648 , 635 | 2 , 666 , 937 | 484 , 424 | 53 , 277 | Table 5 . Breakdown of built-up proportion by presence of a road | Year | Road in | 1976 | Road in | 1986 | Road in 2 | 008 | Road in | 2014 | | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimates of informal trade are accounted for it is implausible to characterize the South Asian countries as “ natural trading partners ” based on their trade volumes . # _Trade Intensity and Geographical Proximity_ It is argued that countries in relative geographical proximity tend to trade more with each other than with more distant countries owing to lower transport and communications costs ( Deardorff and Stern , 1994 ) . Wonnacott and Lutz ( 1989 ) also refer to transport costs , suggesting that geographical proximity between countries tends to increase trade between them and reduce trade diversion . Regional trade in South Asia tends to be centered around India , which , for most of the smaller countries , is the closest neighboring country . However , as demonstrated in Annex Table A1 , there exists very little or no trade among the smaller countries , such as Bhutan , Maldives , and Nepal , which are in relative proximity compared with the more distant industrial countries with whom they trade more . This suggests that there may be other factors — such as transport and logistical impediments that give rise to high transaction costs , or the lack of trade complementarities — which account for the apparent low levels of trade . Taneja ( 2000 ) points out that high transaction costs induced by inefficient institutional designs are the premier factors diverting trade between India and its smaller neighbors into informal channels , circumstances that may also explain the low levels of trade between the landlocked countries and others in the region . This might imply that tariff preferences alone would not be sufficient to stimulate regional trade . While the preceding analysis , based on broad trade trends , has shed some light on prospects for further regional integration , it would be informative to evaluate whether the South Asian countries , given the size of neighboring markets , export to the region as much as could be expected and whether regional trade , from this perspective , has changed over time . The trade intensity index ( TII ) is a useful tool for evaluating these questions in the context of South Asia . 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 presents the Global Findex data and some descriptive statistics on the differential use of financial services by gender across income groups and regions across the globe . Section 3 describes the additional data used in the regression analysis , including our data on legal discrimination against women and gender norms . Section 4 discusses the regression methodology used in the paper and section 5 presents the results . Section 6 concludes . # * * 2 . Measuring Financial Inclusion * * # * * _2 . 1 Global Findex Data_ * * Our data on the use of financial services come from the 2011 Global Findex database . < sup > 5 < / sup > The Global Findex data was collected in conjunction with the annual Gallup World Poll Survey . The 2011 Gallup World Poll surveyed at least 1 , 000 individuals in 148 economies , using randomly selected , nationally representative samples . < sup > 6 < / sup > The target population is the entire civilian , non-institutionalized population , age 15 and older . In our descriptive analyses , we focus on 140 countries < sup > 7 < / sup > ( see Appendix A for the list of countries in the sample ) . The Global Findex dataset includes 41 indicators on the use of financial services around the world . In this paper , we focus on three main dimensions of financial inclusion : ( 1 ) ownership – individual or joint – of an account at a formal financial institution ; ( 2 ) savings in the past 12 months ; and ( 3 ) credit in the past 12 months . For savings and credit , we distinguish between cases when individuals save at or borrow from a formal financial institution ( such as a bank ) or if they use only informal means . > 5 See Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper ( 2012 ) for a more description of the database . > 6 The complete individual-level database , as well as detailed country-level information about the data collection dates , sample sizes , excluded populations and margins of error can be found at : www . worldbank . org", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 89, "text": "Global Findex data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 641, "end": 668, "text": "2011 Global Findex database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 759, "end": 783, "text": "Gallup World Poll Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1201, "end": 1215, "text": "Findex dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requested , because they are active in identifying potential borrowers and assisting them to prepare loan applications , particularly for investment activities which the Ministry is promoting . Other factors influencing the loan amount are conditions and restrictions agreed upon with the donor agencies financing the scheme under which a particular loan is made ( paras 2 . 42-2 . 43 ) . Although AFC requires a farm-budget for all of its loans , and loan officers attempt to determine each loan amount on the basis of the technical and financial features of the individual investments being considered , in practice , the most important factor in determining loan size has been the appraised value of the security pledged as collateral , in most cases , land . 2 . 32 While this practice of using the collateral criterion to determine loan size may be financially prudent , it results in a situation where intended farmer investments are often inadequately financed . The failure to mobilize required funds can affect the profitability of the investment , and in turn , the ability of the farmer to repay the loan . In the past , neither AEC nor the Ministry extension services have had adequate resources to monitor actual use of loan proceeds against the original farm plan . Lack of supervision and follow-up , coupled with the problem of insufficient financing , has increased the risk of bad debts and use of loan proceeds for other than agreed purposes . No comprehensive survey has been completed , but some evidence suggests that over one-half of AFC small scale loans are diverted to non-agricultural purposes . The strengthening of both AFC field staff capability and timely information systems should assist AFC in monitoring loan use more carefully in the future .", "spans": [{"start": 1466, "end": 1486, "text": "comprehensive survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was not possible to control directly for school fixed effects in the econometric analysis . < sup > 33 < / sup > This , however , seems to be less problematic in the RDD since treatment and control groups are in some cases comprised of children that attend the same > 33 It was not possible to control for school fixed effects in the econometric analysis for at least three reasons . First , high school completion is observed only for individuals in the relevant ages that registered for the ICFES test and therefore it is impossible to know the school of children that were not matched to the ICFES database . Second , information with the name and code of schools exists only for a – probably not random - subsample of the students who took the ICFES test . Third , in many cases – particularly in small municipalities where the school supply is fixed – the inclusion of municipality fixed effects is expected to remove any existing school fixed effects . 27", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 609, "text": "ICFES database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "males ( 47 . 4 % ) and 35 , 650 were females ( 52 . 6 % ) . A review of the previous censuses population figures revealed that there was a general reduction in the inter censual population growth rates from 5 per cent in the period 19801991 to 2 . 68 per cent in the period 1991-2002 . The municipality has both formal and informal businesses and agricultural related activities . A lot of people are employed in the informal sector , which comprises trade ranging from food vending , to barber shops , to garage or metal workshops . The people employed in the informal sector , are mostly poor earning less than Ug . Shs 1 , 500 ( less than 1 US dollar ) per day . 58", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 112, "text": "censuses population figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . The Data * * We study corporate diversification in nine countries : Hong Kong , Indonesia , South Korea , Japan , Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , Taiwan and Thailand . < sup > 6 < / sup > Our primary data source is the Worldscope database . Worldscope contains financial and segment informnation on companies from 49 countries . The database has been used in several international studies of corporate diversification ( Lins and Servaes ( 1997 ) and Fauver , Houston , and Naranjo ( 1998 ) ) . We initially selected all companies from the nine countries covered by the June 1991-1998 CD-Rom version of annual Worldscope database . In each of the annual database , Worldscope provides historical financial data . We are able to assemble several years of financial data for most of the companies . Historical segment data for many of the companies are missing , however , since Worldscope reports only the latest available segment data . To increase sample size , we collected additional segment data for Worldscope companies from the autumn edition of the 1994-1998 _Asian Company Handbook_ and _Japan Company Handbook . _ All financial data were converted to US dollars using fiscal year end foreign exchange rate for each firm . In order to determine the types of the companies ' businesses , we group the companies ' segments according to the two-digit Standard Industry Classification ( SIC ) system . This procedure involves two steps . In the first step , we assign the four-digit SIC codes reported by Worldscope to appropriate segments . In many cases we are able to obtain one-to-one matches between SIC codes and segments . For some companies , the number of reported SIC codes is not the same as the number of reported segments . If a segment can not be associated with a reported SIC code , we determine the segment ' s SIC code according to its business description . If a segment is associated with multiple SIC codes , it is broken down equally so that each segment is associated with one SIC code . In the second step , we redefine segments at the two-digit SIC level and aggregate segment sales to that level . We", "spans": [{"start": 624, "end": 643, "text": "Worldscope database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 936, "end": 948, "text": "segment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report Kihuyo Informal Settlement in Nyeri County | * * Stage * * | * * Activities * * | * * Primary * * < br > * * Actor * * | * * Secondary * * < br > * * Actor * * | * * Indicators * * | * * Timelines * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | accessibility and < br > facilitate titling | | | | Plan < br > Validation and < br > Approval | A community led < br > validation of plan < br > ensured < br > community vision < br > is represented < br > Community < br > endorsed and < br > approved Plan < br > Plan approved by < br > county and < br > Director of < br > Physical planning < br > | Community < br > SEC < br > Consultant < br > | KISIP < br > County < br > Governmen < br > t < br > | < br > Community < br > approval of plan < br > County and < br > Director of < br > Physical Planning < br > approval of Plan < br > step towards < br > tenure < br > regularization and < br > issuance of titles < br > | Undertake < br > n < br > | | | * * Surveying stag * * | < br > * * e * * < br > | | | | | | | Surveying and < br > beaconing of < br > plots | Physical Survey < br > of Plots < br > Women asked to < br > be present during < br > exercise and < br > shown boundaries < br > of new plot where <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increasing the range of households who remain in autarky , again likely because of more limited credit supply . # * * 5 . Conclusions and policy implication * * An emerging literature has identified high levels of land holding fragmentation as an important constraint to higher productivity in Eastern European countries that radically restructured their agricultural sector . While consistent with _prima facie_ evidence , detailed study to assess productivity impacts as well as the channels through which they materialize has been limited . This makes it difficult to derive more specific policy recommendations regarding conditions that need to be in place for consolidation to be costeffective and sustainable , as well as the magnitude of expected benefits which would in turn be relevant for justifiable levels of program costs and performance indicators . Although it is not based on a special survey explicitly designed for this purpose , our analysis allows better understanding of constraints to higher rural productivity . We find little effect of fragmentation on productivity of currently cultivated land . At the same time , with some 10 % of potentially productive land lying idle , patterns of land holding affect economic outcomes . One-off consolidation programs will be appropriate if a structure with many uneconomically small plots is an impediment to productive land use and land market operation . However , if other barriers prevent land markets from transferring land to more efficient producers , such programs may be ineffective and / or unsustainable . In the case of Albania , 99 % of the area where land remains uncultivated can be attributed to ill-functioning land markets rather than reasons that would be amenable to systematic consolidation efforts . While the generic nature of the LSMS data limits the ability to explore obstacles to land market functioning in more detail , it allows formulation of hypotheses and identification of proxy indicators that could be used to test these . Having data on transactions in markets ( land type , intensity of use , potential productivity , contract terms , level of formality , length , price , transaction cost incurred etc . ) would allow for doing so easily and at modest cost . Land fragmentation and abandonment in the context of apparent economic decline and ageing of", "spans": [{"start": 1819, "end": 1828, "text": "LSMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2030, "end": 2061, "text": "data on transactions in markets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "76 % | | * * Middle 40 % income share * * | 46 . 55 % | 45 . 38 % | 43 . 94 % | | * * Top 10 % income share * * | 20 . 66 % | 32 . 75 % | 30 . 30 % | | * * Top 1 % income share * * | 2 . 91 % | 8 . 28 % | 7 . 19 % . | _Source : own estimation based on the EU-SILC and tax data . _ > 14 To get a sense of magnitudes , Atkinson et al . ( 2011 ) and Burkhauser et al . ( 2012 ) have analyzed income data for the United States and found that the survey-based estimates of the top 1 % income share are lower by several percentage points compared to the estimates based on tax return data . 22", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 276, "text": "EU-SILC and tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 389, "end": 400, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 582, "text": "tax return data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economies since the mid 1990s * * After an initial sharp drop in the early 1990s , real wages in virtually all transition economies have been growing at a pretty high rate since the mid 1990s , following gains in labor productivity . < sup > 9 < / sup > However , the pattern of wage adjustment has differed considerably across ECA sub-regions . Generally , the wage drop has been much deeper in the CIS than in CEE . While in the CIS real wages are currently at around 50 percent of their pre-transition level , they close to it in CEE ( Figure 10 ) . After all in a few CEE countries wages are already higher than before the transition . Coupled with the earlier analysis of employment dynamics , these data suggest that while in CEE the brunt of adjustment to the transition shock was borne by employment , in the CIS it was borne by wages . > 9 In most transition economies real wages are still lower than before the transition , but this result needs to be treated with caution . The actual real wages decline was most probably much less then the measured one This is due to the fact that the pre-transition level of real wages was overestimated in most of the transition economies . This overestimation resulted from prices being set at below-the equilibrium level , as attested by pervasive consumer good shortages . If prices were set so as to equate the demand for and the supply of goods , as it is the case in a market economy , then real wages before the transition would be correspondingly lower . In other words , real wages before the transition were often not quite “ real ” in terms of consumer purchasing power . If this factor were taken into account , the reported wage drop would be much less , although the degree of the correction varies by country . In addition , wage data are likely to be affected by wage arrears and non-payment of wages , a problem particularly pronounced in CIS ( particularly at the early stage of the transition ) . Finally , a widespread practice of underreporting of wages to avoid tax payments also means that", "spans": [{"start": 1788, "end": 1797, "text": "wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the main sewer line ; iii . Alternatively , provide temporary toilet facilities ; and , iv . On completion of construction of the formal sewer infrastructure in the Settlement , and after this infrastructure has been tested and approved , effect individual connections to all households in the Settlement as proposed in the Project ’ s infrastructure improvement initiatives for the Settlement . * * h ) Increase of Morbidity , and Proposed Mitigation Measures * * Observed from the field survey , resettlement to new areas outside the beneficiary Settlement is unlikely ; and , should it be likely for re-installation of population , highly recommended under this RAP Report is that it takes place within the Informal Settlement which is synonymous to the beneficiary Settlement . Subsequently , the potential impact of increase in morbidity as a result of implementation of the Project is expected to be within the boundaries of the beneficiary Settlement . In the Project beneficiary Settlement , during the engineering works phase , expected are negative impacts with potential undesirable effects on the health and safety of residents from the beneficiary community . As noted from the foregoing discussion , there are structures that will be damaged toward effective implementation of the Project . Of particular interest to this section are verandas , manholes , water distribution lines , drainages , water tanks , septic tanks , sewer pipelines , and toilets . Damage to these structures without providing adequate mitigation measures will result to impacts with adverse potential effects on the health and safety of PAPs as well as residents from the beneficiary community . In connection , for the mitigation measures to follow to alleviate the adverse potential impact of increase of morbidity , refer to the relevant sections above , which discuss them in-depth . 35 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 483, "end": 495, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in MoFPED , and > 2 FY 21 Ratio 11 . 9 percent of GDP , FY 20 Ratio – 11 . 3 percent of GDP , and FY 19 Ratio - 11 . 5 percent . > 3 World Bank Revenue Dashboard > 4 MWE / CCD : 2022 , Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ( NDC ) . Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 161, "text": "World Bank Revenue Dashboard", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2011 ) . The framework suggests an identification strategy that relies on the following reasoning : the more a country competes with China in a third market , the more a given depreciation of the renminbi is likely to hurt its exports in that market . We develop indices of competition between China and its competing exporting countries at the exporter-importer-product level to implement this strategy . The empirical specification , with a battery of very general fixed effects that control for all observable and unobservable importer-exporter-product , importer-exporter-time , exporterproduct-time and importer-product-time varying characteristics , helps us overcome to a large extent the problems of omitted variables that plague estimation of trade-exchange rate equations using aggregated data . Moreover , our estimates are less susceptible to reverse causality concerns as exports , measured at a disaggregated level , are unlikely to affect a macroeconomic variable like the exchange rate , more so when the latter is the exchange rate of another country , China . < sup > 2 < / sup > We find robust evidence for the existence of a statistically and economically significant spillover effect . In particular , exports to third markets of countries with a greater degree of competition with China tend to rise / fall significantly more as the renminbi appreciates / depreciates . Our estimates suggest that a 10 percent appreciation of the renminbi increases a developing country ’ s exports at the product-level on average by about 1 . 5-2 percent . For high indices of competition , the increase could be as large as 6 percent . The results imply that , going forward , an appreciation of the renminbi could provide a substantial boost to developing country exports . Our spillover estimates are robust to a variety of statistical tests , to alternative measures of exchange rates , to alternative disaggregation of the trade data , and also across exporting and importing regions . They are also robust to incorporating the effect of competition from countries ( other than China ) whose currencies move with the renminbi . We also find that the magnitude of the spillover effect is consistent with the predictions from the analytical framework . For example , as implied by theory , the spillover effect is greater for", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 805, "text": "aggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1936, "end": 1946, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Change ? _Ecology and Society_ , _19_ ( 1 ) . < u > https : / / www . jstor . org / stable / 26269470 < / u > - Muttarak , R . , & Pothisiri , W . ( 2013 ) . The role of education on disaster preparedness : case study of 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes on Thailand ’ s Andaman Coast _ . Ecology and Society_ 18 ( 4 ) : 51 . < u > http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 5751 / ES-06101-180451 < / u > - Nguyen , M . C . , Yang , J . , Dang , H . A . , Gonzalez , S . , & Gerardo , C . ( 2023 ) . On the Construction of the World Bank ’ s Subnational Poverty and Inequality Databases : Documentation ( English ) . Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Note no . 31 . Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . - Pape , U . J . , & Ali , R . ( 2023 ) Indonesia Poverty Assessment - Pathways towards Economic Security ( English ) . Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . - Pega , F . , Liu , S . Y . , Walter , S . , Pabayo , R . , Saith , R . , & Lhachimi , S . K . , ( 2017 ) . Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities : Effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low - and middle-income countries . _The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews_ , _2017_ ( 11 ) . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1002 / 14651858 . CD011135 . pub2 < / u > - Pesaresi , M . , et al . ( 2017 ) . Atlas of the Human Planet 2017 : Global Exposure to Natural Hazards , EUR 28556 EN , doi : 10 . 2760 / 19837 . - Pople , A . , Hill , R . , Dercon , S . , & Brunckhorst , B . ( 2021 ) . Anticipatory Cash Transfers in Climate Disaster", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "particularly in the case of India . Consequently , the true or “ inherent ” comparative advantage of South Asian countries may somewhat , are different than the following empirical results suggest . < sup > 24 < / sup > Table 8 provides , for each of the South Asian countries , their import structure < sup > 25 < / sup > and the corresponding RCAs of South Asian partners . A review of complementarity by each SAC ’ s major imports and partner ’ s comparative advantage does not seem encouraging for the potential success of the FTA . For example , India , the major market in the region , shows that its major imports can be identified mostly in semi-manufacturing ( which is a consequence of its import policies ) for which the rest of the region largely shows neither the capacity nor comparative advantage . This is reflected in the meager share of imports from the regional members on each item and the corresponding RCAs . India ’ s sugar imports ( SITC 0612 ) reported a substantial ( 70 percent ) share of its total imports from the region . However , sugar represents a mere 0 . 4 percent of India ’ s global imports . The prospects of the rest of the SACs substantially increasing their current low share of exports to India seems less promising based on their current trade structures . However , with sufficient reduction in India ’ s existing trade barriers — the new incentives bringing about an adjustment of resources among competing industries between India and its neighbors , enhancing current , as well as new capacities , its neighbors could make progress . In the meantime , prospects that may exist are confined to what are often termed “ niche ” markets ( identified at HS 6-disaggregated level ) , which are unlikely to have a substantial impact on transforming their meager export shares with India unless quality and product features are compatible with those imported from elsewhere by India . The statistics of the second largest economy , Pakistan , suggest a similar scenario . The region , which barely accounts for 2 percent share of Pakistan ’ s imports , overall demonstrates a negligible capacity to fulfill", "spans": [{"start": 1928, "end": 1979, "text": "statistics of the second largest economy , Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "owned businesses , and their relatively higher ( compared to male-owned firms ) returns from producing or selling under contract and from security payments have narrowed the productivity gap . It is important to note that a sizeable portion of the productivity gap is explained by the location fixed effects or is unexplained by the covariates in the data . The study builds on the few others that have explored gender gaps in labor productivity among informal firms . Many of these studies have documented gender gaps in informal firms in rural areas ( Nagler and Naude , 2017 ; Rijkers and Costa , 2012 ) . In contrast , this study examines informal firms in largely urban areas . Nagler and Naude ( 2017 ) use household enterprise data in rural areas for four Sub-Saharan African economies - Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria , and Uganda and find that enterprises owned by women are less productive than those owned by men . Rijkers and Costa ( 2012 ) similarly find gender gaps for rural informal enterprises in Ethiopia , Bangladesh , Indonesia , and Sri Lanka . However , with the addition of control variables , half the gender gap disappears in Ethiopia , and no gender gap is observed in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka . Some studies are also region-specific . Bruhn ( 2009 ) explores the gender gap in productivity in 9 economies in Latin America and the Caribbean , with 3 economies - Mexico , Peru and Bolivia including data on informal firms . The study finds that female-owned micro and small enterprises are less productive than male-owned enterprises in Mexico ( 9 percent ) and Peru ( 16 percent ) but not in Bolivia . Hallward-Driemeier ( 2013 ) explores the gender gap in 19 Sub-Saharan African economies using enterprise modules of various labor force surveys as well as surveys of micro-enterprises that are assumed to be all informal . The study finds that female-owned enterprises are 50 percent less productive than male-owned enterprises . The corresponding gap is 6 percent for the formal sector , implying that the gender gap may be much larger in the informal than formal sector . However , the gender gap in the informal sector narrows considerably after including controls . Finally ,", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 738, "text": "household enterprise data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1421, "end": 1443, "text": "data on informal firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1749, "end": 1768, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1808, "text": "surveys of micro-enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Website R & D New product New process Quality certificate < br > J SRB J BIH J MKD J ALB J KOS J MNE ▬ ECA average … WBES average < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ 2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey findings ; World Bank staff calculations . * * _Why have some Western Balkan firms been slow to adopt IT , new services , or new processes ? _ * * * * The incentives of firms to adopt new products or processes to raise their profits and market shares by ( temporarily ) breaking away from their competitors depends on various aspects of the business environment that undermine a level playing field among all firms . * * The WBES capture 15 different dimensions of the business environment ranging from access to finance , human capital , and different types of infrastructure to regulatory and administrative barriers . Here we focus on two specific aspects of the business environment which rank prominently in the region as business constraints : inconsistent enforcement of regulation and corruption . Both rank among the top 10 and top 5 constraints on growth as perceived by firms in all six Western Balkan countries . Inconsistent enforcement of regulations favors some firms over others by lowering their costs relative > 2 . COvID-19 hAs CAUsED DEEP RECEssIONs IN ThE wEsTERN BALkANs | 7", "spans": [{"start": 227, "end": 260, "text": "2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 686, "end": 690, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "delivery , and ( 4 ) planning for urban growth . The details of the four components and the proposed activities are presented below . 3 . * * Component 1 : Strengthening institutions and program management * * _ ( IDA US $ 10 . 0 million ) _ . This component will support institutional strengthening and capacity building of the MoH , the MoL , and the selected municipalities . It will also support development of policies , frameworks , systems , and guidelines for slum upgrading . The component will support an institutional analysis of the MoH to clarify the roles and responsibilities of the ministry under the new constitution . It will support municipal-level housing strategies to serve as input into the broader city strategic plans being developed under the KMP . This component will finance the community mobilization in slums to ensure that slum residents participate fully in designing and overseeing implementation of upgrading plans . It will support implementation of a systematic training and capacity building program for the MoH and the MoL . It will also assist with studies or technical advisory services identified during project implementation to strengthen the MoH , the MoL , and the municipalities . Finally , it will finance the management activities associated with program implementation . 4 . * * Institutional strengthening for MoH * * . The role of MoH is to act as a facilitator in provision of housing for low and middle income households . This includes leading the development of new or revised policies for housing and delivery of serviced land . To strengthen the capacity of the MoH to perform its current and future responsibilities , component 1 will support activities that include - An institutional analysis of MoH to define its new roles and responsibilities under the new constitution . - Establishment of a housing quality index . - Development of a database with a slum inventory . 5 . * * Institutional strengthening for MoL . * * To strengthen the capacity of the MoL and selected land institutions to perform their current and future responsibilities , component 1 will support activities that include : -", "spans": [{"start": 1914, "end": 1928, "text": "slum inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "about efficiency-enhancing transfers is constrained by potential tenants ' endowment of assets and other means of production ( bullocks ) . Thus , while land rental markets improve the allocation of resources in the presence of factor market distortions by bringing land to imperfectly or non-tradable factors of production ( experience , family labor , animal power ) , the gains are constrained by endowments of potential transactors . In addition , there is evidence of fixed transaction costs which preclude some poor households that would desire only relatively minor adjustments , from entering the tenancy market . Similarly , data from India suggest the prevalence of imperfect adjustment whereby , on average , farmers realize only about 75 % of the desired level of land transactions ( Skoufias 1995 ) . The latter study also indicates that the adjustment effected by the land rental market is asymmetric for net in-renters and out-renters ; consistent with the view that market power depends on relative scarcity of factors ; in this environment of land scarcity , it is easier to rent out than to rent in . What , then , are the magnitudes of the productivity effects that are brought about by the operation of land rental markets ? A comparison can be performed between sharecropped and owned ( or cash-rented ) plots for the same household ( in order to control for unobservable farmer attributes ) allows to estimate the loss due to the second-best nature of sharecropping . Bell ( 1976 ) was the first to conduct such an analysis , finding that farmers indeed exert less effort on tenanted plots . Applying the same methodology , Shaban ( 1987 ) found that , on average , tenancy was associated with a 32 percent lower output ; but the difference was only 16 percent once adjustments were made for differences in land quality . Inputs of family labor and draft animals were significantly lower on sharecropped plots than on owned parcels . No statistically significant differences in productivity were found between owned plots and plots rented on a fixed-rent basis , confirming that fixed-rent contracts induce higher productivity . Other studies yield results that point in the same direction ( Sen 1981 ) . The productivity loss entailed in sharecropping can be", "spans": [{"start": 634, "end": 649, "text": "data from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children ( P111545 ) # # Comments The mid-line survey for the IE was cancelled due to lack of time . However the end-line survey is expected to commence September , 2016 . It is however worth noting that the baseline value seem higher than expected ( from the baseline report ) , but there is need to confirm the correct figure for the results framework with the IE firm and revise baseline and targets accordingly . |  Project beneficiaries ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 478000 . 00 | 478000 . 00 | 478950 . 00 | | Date < br > 08-Oct-2009 | 17-Nov-2015 | 29-Mar-2016 | 31-Dec-2016 | # # Comments These numbers refer to original WB and DFID financed HHs . The total number that will be paid by the program by June 2016 is however 355 , 000 households ( estimated 1 . 8 million beneficiaries ) |  of which female ( Number , Custom Breakdown ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 287000 . 00 | 287000 . 00 | 239475 . 00 | | Date | 08-Oct-2009 | 17-Nov-2014 | 29-Mar-2016 | 31-Dec-2016 | # # Overall Comments # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Social Protection str | ategy and policy framework established | ( Text , Custom", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 198, "text": "mid-line survey for the IE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 68 * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > | 100 | | Distribution losses | % production | 43 . 6 | * * 44 . 9 * * | 27 . 4 | | Cost recovery | % total costs | 55 . 6 | * * 65 . 4 * * | 80 . 6 | | Total hidden costs as % of revenue | % | 270 . 4 | * * 236 . 4 * * | < br > 855 . 2 | | US cents per m < sup > 3 < / sup > | * * Zambia * * | Scarce water re | sources | Other developing regions | | Residential tariff | * * 48 * * | 60 | | | | Nonresidential tariff | * * 59 * * | 120 | | 3 . 0 – 60 . 0 | _Source : _ Banerjee and others 2008 . Derived from AICD water and sanitation utilities database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data _Note : _ < sup > * * * * * < / sup > Average of three largest utilities . # * * Challenges * * The share of the population without access to safe solutions is increasing over time ( figures 5 and 6 ) . Despite doing well at the high end of the coverage spectrum , Zambia does not fare much better than its peers when it comes to the percentage of the population relying on surface water or practicing open defecation . A full 19 percent of Zambia ’ s population continues to rely on surface water and as much as 27 percent of the population continues to practice open defecation . Moreover , trends in household access to WSS services from successive household surveys show that the share of the population living in these insanitary conditions continues to increase . An additional 0 . 8 percent of the population each year relies on surface water and an additional 0 . 4 percent of the population practices open defecation . The high health risk associated with these practices makes this a very troubling finding", "spans": [{"start": 550, "end": 594, "text": "AICD water and sanitation utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1331, "end": 1348, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Bangladesh ) . The data set we use does not cover the 5 . 1 million Palestinian refugees who are under the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) . The definition of Palestinian refugees in international law is distinct from other refugees . Palestinian refugees are people “ whose normal place of residence was Mandatory Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 , who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict ” . Importantly , their patrilineal descendants are also considered refugees regardless of citizenship ( UNRWA 2009 ) . For the purpose of the analysis , we do not include Internally Displaced Persons ( IDPs ) , who are defined as “ persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or leave their home or place of habitual residence , in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict , situations of generalized violence , violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters , and who have not crossed an internationally recognized border ” ( United Nations 2004 ) . The categories “ returnees ” , “ Stateless ” , and “ Others of concern ” are also not included . Overall , we account for more than 99 percent of the total number of persons of concern for UNHCR who are not either IDPs , Stateless , asylum-seekers , or returnees . # * * 2 What do UNHCR data tell us ? * * Figure 1 plots the total number of refugees worldwide since 1960 . The total count stood at 15 . 5 million at the end of 2015 . It has recorded wide variations since 1951 , with a substantial increase over the last period . The current crisis is the second largest since UNHCR was established in 1951 . The earlier peak , in the first half of the 1990s , was concommitant to the collapse of the Soviet Union , the dislocation of Former Yugoslavia , and the Rwanda genocide . 5", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 30, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1417, "end": 1427, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We call researchers ’ attention to the fact that COVID-19 also did not result in any longlived crises in financial markets , although these markets are not the main focus of this article . U . S . stock markets fell sharply initially , and demonstrated a strong negative reaction in the skewness and total market price of risk , more negative even than the GFC ( Delis , Savva , and Theodossiou , 2021 ) . The contagion effects across stock markets in different nations was also quite pronounced during COVID-19 ( e . g . , Iwanicz-Drozdowska , Rogowicz , Kurowski , and Smaga , 2021 ) . However , the market came back even stronger during the pandemic , likely due in part to the policy interventions that helped the real economy and Federal Reserve policies that boosted financial markets . The S & P 500 index achieved a record closing high of 3 , 386 on February 19 , 2020 . However , 16 sessions later , the market closed at 2 , 481 on March 12 , 2020 , a decline of about 26 percent , a bear market . Nonetheless , financial markets have now recovered , with the S & P 500 closing at 4 , 163 on May 17 , 2021 . However , Demirguc-Kunt , Pedraza , and Ruiz-Ortega ( 2021 ) analyze stock price data to show that banks around the world , particularly those that operate in countries with little fiscal space , were put under stress in 2020 despite many policies introduced to moderate this impact . < sup > 20 < / sup > We recommend that future research extend this analysis to monitor these vulnerabilities and developments across the world . # * * 5 . Key Reason for the “ Economic Surprise ” – Government Stimulus Programs during COVID-19 * * We argue in this section that a key reason why the COVID-19 economic outcomes in the U . S . became a favorable “ surprise ” may be the large government stimulus programs that were quickly put into place during the crisis . Both the COVID-19 and GFC crises featured many stimulus programs in the U . S . from government payments to households , to aggressive Federal", "spans": [{"start": 1186, "end": 1202, "text": "stock price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development Project ( P163980 ) Annual targets . # # * * 6 . 2 Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * # # * * Component 1 - Governance and Management of Marine Fisheries * * | | Basel | ine | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closin | gPeriod | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Policies , regulations and < br > national plans of action < br > ( NPOAs ) for fisheries and < br > mariculture completed and < br > submitted to Cabinet < br > ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | Mar / 2020 | 1 . 00 | 08-Dec-2023 | | | 5 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | | 0 . 00 | Mar / 2020 | 2 . 00 | 08-Dec-2023 | | | 3 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | Score on Fishery Information < br > and Monitoring System < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | The indicato < br > system : 1 ) a < br > year , and ve < br > or BMU effo < br > catch estim < br > accessed on < br > by project c | r measures whether < br > t least 75 % of mont < br > rified to have been < br > rt data is verified to < br > ates and other dashb < br > monitors nationally < br > ompletion . Cumulati | the FIMS is es < br", "spans": [{"start": 1205, "end": 1212, "text": "rt data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Acknowledgments * * Our most sincere thanks to Maria Teresa Correa who for eight months relentlessly collected the vast amount of information necessary to conduct the current analysis . We would also like to thank the following individuals for their collaboration and support : in Argentina , Hugo Medina and Osvaldo Mignini ; in Chile , Carlos Parra ; in Mexico , Alejandro Ritch and Ricardo Rivera ; in the Philippines , Sergio Marquez and Socorro Clemente for allowing us access to the appropriate stock market data and answering our numerous questions . We also thank Miodrag Deric and Craig Meisner for their research assistance . Finally , we thank the participants at the Canadian Environmental and Resource Economists Workshop ( October 1997 ) , Randy Wigle , and David Wheeler , for their generous comments . 2", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 524, "text": "stock market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to end the distribution of the public registry data to banks in 2002 . # * * _2 . Banking supervision_ * * A second main objective for establishing a public credit registry is to strengthen banking supervision . In a prior survey of PCRs from 2000-2001 , approximately half indicated that banking supervision was the most important reason for operating the public registry . In that same survey , 65 % stated that the PCR had been “ very important ” in strengthening supervision of > 16 PCR data is shared with private credit reporting firms or bureaus in Bolivia , Chile , the Dominican Republic , Peru and Slovenia . In Argentina , negative data from the PCR is publicly available and included in private credit reports . 16", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 51, "text": "public registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 643, "end": 660, "text": "data from the PCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s consent reduces the overall impact of the data and limits the role they can play in contributing to transparency in an economy . In only a handful of countries do PCRs share their data with private credit bureaus ; this also restricts the development of the credit information industry . Finally , only 15 of the 57 PCRs in the survey are required by law to allow consumers access to their own credit reports and 29 PCRs explicitly deny borrowers any access – a violation of internationally recognized data protection rules . Not surprisingly therefore , countries with PCRs tend also to > 14 Argentina ’ s PCR does include data from credit card companies given on a voluntary basis under an agreement of reciprocity . > 15 According to survey results , non-financial firms may access PCR data in only 2 countries , insurance firms may only access PCR data in 3 and in general small businesses cannot request reports from the PCR , even with the authorization of the borrower - these remarks exclude the case of Argentina where information was freely available to all on the internet for “ punctual inquiries ” - inquiries regarding a single individual . 15", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 795, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nonetheless consider this the best feasible way to examine the role of e-commerce participation on income growth in Taobao Villages . # * * _ < u > Common support < / u > _ * * 0 < P P P P P PP ( PP = 1 | XX ) < 1 The assumption of common support states that It ensures that persons with the same X values have a positive probability of being both participants and nonparticipants ( Heckman et al . 1999 ) . In other words , X values will not be perfect predictors of e-commerce participation . < sup > 12 < / sup > This assumption can be checked by looking at whether the matching variables are balanced across the treatment and control groups . Specifically , t-tests on household and village characteristics between the matched treatment and control observations are provided in the results section . Critiques of PSM are usually based on violations of the unconfoundedness assumption in empirical settings . However , to the extent that observational surveys can capture most of the factors that influence treatment status , PSM remains one of the workhorses in impact evaluation literature . Several studies used PSM to analyze development issues in a cross-sectional and non-experimental > 11 We observed a high share of returned migrants in Taobao Villages . In the absence of the opportunity to participate in e-commerce , some of the individuals / households that currently reside in Taobao Villages would have migrated in pursuit of better employment opportunities . > 12 In plain English , common support means no attributes should perfectly predict participation . For example , if all participants are males , then being a male perfectly predicts participation , common support fails . Instead , if we observe both males and females as participants , common support is satisfied . 12", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 962, "text": "observational surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Moreover , it might also lower producer price inflation by increasing firms ’ abilities to substitute domestic for foreign inputs . Table 5 studies this link using gross trade data in column ( 1 ) and value added trade data in column ( 2 ) . Results show that , controlling for each country ’ s average level of inflation as well as global changes in inflation for each time window , an increase in trade in both final goods and intermediate goods re-exported further ( forward linkages ) is indeed associated with a downward pressure on the level of the GDP deflator inflation . This is in line with global inflation trend observed in figure 1 . Column ( 2 ) confirms these results when using trade in value-added terms . Turning to columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) , we use more “ standard ” GVC participation indicators to analyze the link between GVC and inflation level . The negative coefficients of these indices suggest that greater GVC integration contributed to the decrease in inflation levels . Again , those results also hold when using CPI inflation as the dependent variable , as shown in table 8 in appendix . # * * Graphical representation of some results * * In an effort to make our results more accessible for a wide audience , we present our main insights in figures 4 and 5 . First , focusing on backward GVC participation , figure 4 shows the strong association between an increase in bilateral inflation correlation using the GDP delfator and bilateral backward participation . In this graph , each dot is a pair of World Bank Region , with the vertical axis representing the change in inflation correlation between domestic CPI inflation and World inflation between 2001 and 2011 , while the horizontal axis represents the change in backward GVC participation for the same period . This representation , in changes , allows to control for country fixed effects in an intuitive way since the only variation that is used is the _within region pair_ change in both inflation correlation and GVC participation . Second , figure 5 shows that stronger backward GVC participation ( in the horizontal axis ) is associated with an increase in CPI inflation correlation", "spans": [{"start": 164, "end": 180, "text": "gross trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 201, "end": 223, "text": "value added trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * ANNEX 9 . LIST OF SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS * * 1 . Independent Panel Review of the World Bank Group Department of Institutional Integrity , Paul A . Volcker , September 13 , 2007 ; 2 . Rural Integrated Health Services – Kenya ; Sida , Health Division Document 2002 : 3 ; by Gordon Tamm ; 3 . Baseline Study for the Decentralized HIV / AIDS and Reproductive Health Project , Ministry of Health Final Report , June 2001 ; 4 . A Review of the Health Sector In Kenya , Kenya Institute for Policy Research and Analysis , KIPRA Working Paper No . 11 , March 2004 ; 5 . Kenya Health SWAp , a Concept Paper ( Principals for a Joint Start ) , First Draft ; 26 October 2005 ; 6 . Project Document on Rural Integrated Health Services , Swedish Support to the Health Sector in Kenya 2000 – 2003 , March 2000 ; 7 . Review of the Essential Drugs Programme in Kenya and Development of an Interim Strategy ; Final Report , Crown Agents ; May 2001 ; 8 . Evaluation Report , Support to the Rural Integrated Health Services Programme in Kenya . Final Report to the Swedish Embassy Nairobi / Sida , August 2005 . Peter Njoroge and Jan valdelin ; 9 . Completion Report : Rural Integrated Health Services Program ( 2001 – June 2006 ) , Ministry of Health September 2006 ; 10 . The Second National Health Sector Strategic Plan of Kenya ( 2005 – 10 ) ; Ministry of Health , 2005 ; 11 . Health Sector Performance Report , July 2005 – June 2006 , Reversing the Trends , Ministry of Health , Health Sector Reform Secretariat , November 2006 ; 12 . Facts and Figures at a Glance . Health and Health Related Indicators ; Ministry of Health , 2006 ; 13 . Institutional Assessment , Kenya Decentralized HIV / AIDS and Reproductive Health Project ( DARE ) , 29 February 2000 ; 14 . Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 1998 ; 15 . Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003 16 . Kenya HIV / MCH SPA , Service Provision Assessment", "spans": [{"start": 1754, "end": 1789, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1802, "end": 1837, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the < br > global climate | ECMWF Reanalysis < br > v5 ( ERA5 ) | 0 . 25 ° , three - < br > hourly , 1979 – < br > 2018 | ECMWF | | Precipitation | Atmospheric < br > precipitation < br > estimates from < br > rain gauge and < br > satellite < br > observations | CHIRPS 2 . 0 | 0 . 05 ° , dekadal < br > ( 10-day ) , 2000 – < br > 2020 | CHIRPS | | Soil moisture | Soil Water Index < br > ( SWI ) at a depth of < br > 40 cm | SWI10-40 | 0 . 1 ° , dekadal , < br > 2007 – present | Copernicus Global < br > Land Service | | Vegetation index | Normalized < br > Difference < br > Vegetation Index | MOD13C2 Version 6 | 0 . 05 ° , monthly , < br > 2000 – 2020 | MODIS | _Source : _ Blanchard and Sousa 2021 . _Note : _ CHIRPS = Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station ; ECMWF = < mark > European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ; < / mark > MODIS = Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer . The approach is based on random sampling of stochastic perturbations of historical data to generate stochastic realizations of precipitation values over Malawi . The stochastic catalogs of NVDI and SWI are then derived from the stochastic precipitation catalog . More specifically , the 10 , 000-year stochastic precipitation catalog has a spatial resolution of 0 . 05 ° and dekadal temporal resolution . It was developed using random sampling of stochastic perturbations of atmospheric moisture data ( ERA5 [ ( < mark > European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ) < / mark > Reanalysis v5 ] ) between 1979 and 2018 , at a native resolution of 0 . 25 ° and three-hour intervals ( as an input to the process ) . While CHIRPS data could not be used in place of ERA5 at the modeling stage , they were used to augment a climatological adjustment to reflect “ real ” rainfall readings and climatology compared to ERA5 . 41", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 47, "text": "ECMWF Reanalysis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 369, "end": 385, "text": "Soil Water Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 527, "end": 543, "text": "Vegetation index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1233, "end": 1265, "text": "stochastic precipitation catalog", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1658, "end": 1669, "text": "CHIRPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1700, "end": 1704, "text": "ERA5", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entry regulation required for a significant impact on new firm registration . A priori , it is not clear what magnitude of reduction in costs ( or other parameters such as days or procedures ) is necessary to cause a significant impact on firm registration . In other words , what exactly constitutes a reform ? Is a 20 percent reduction in the costs of registration sufficient or is a 50 percent reduction necessary to encourage a significant number of firms to register ? We further examine the effect of simultaneous and sequential reforms across measures of entry regulation . Finally , we examine how the impact of reform depends on the level of regulation prior to the reform . We use a new dataset that is uniquely suited for this purpose : a cross-country , time-series panel dataset on the number of newly registered limited liability firms . We supplement this dataset with information from Doing Business reports on the cost , days and number of procedures required for the registration of new companies . Importantly , both datasets focus comparably on only limited liability firms . Our results show that the costs , days and procedures required for business registration are important predictors of new firm registration over time . However , on average , small reforms - in general less than 40 percent for procedures and 50 to 60 percent for costs and days - do not have a significant effect on new firm registration . In addition , reforms in multiple indicators ( e . g . the cost and number of procedures required to register a business ) have a larger impact on business registration and simultaneous reforms have a larger impact than sequential reforms . Furthermore , we find that a country ’ s initial conditions matter : Countries that start out with relatively higher initial costs need larger reforms to result in a significant increase in number of new registered firms . 3", "spans": [{"start": 750, "end": 791, "text": "cross-country , time-series panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_-5-_ # # * * SCHEDULE 1 * * # # # * * Project Description * * The objective of the Project is to improve the competitiveness < sup > of enterprisesin < / sup > the Recipient ' s territory * * by * * providing support < sup > for : < / sup > * * ( 1 ) * * < sup > the implementationof business < / sup > environment reforms , including land administration reform ; < sup > and ( 2 ) the developmentof < / sup > priority productive and service sectors . The Project consists of the following parts : # # * * Part 1 : Land Administration Reform * * - ( a ) Improving land administration through : - ( i ) Construction of zonal land offices in Kabale , Luwero , Mityana , Mpigi , Moroto , Rukungiri , Soroti , Mukono and Tororo ; - ( ii ) Developing and implementing a land information < sup > systemincorporating < / sup > registration , valuation and physical development < sup > planningfunctionsin < / sup > all zonal land offices ( including conversion of associated < sup > land records ) ; < / sup > - ( iii ) Strengthening land use planning functions , < sup > including , developmentof < / sup > geographic information system data < sup > basesandsystems andpreparation < / sup > of physical development plans at the national , < sup > regional , district andlocal < / sup > levels ; - ( iv ) Strengthening land valuation functions , including , < sup > reviewingthe policy < / sup > and legal framework , developing valuation < sup > data basesandsystemsand < / sup > collecting necessary field data , developing < sup > capacityinthepublicand < / sup > private sectors , and", "spans": [{"start": 1102, "end": 1136, "text": "geographic information system data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Economic growth in the Latin America and Caribbean ( LAC ) region has slowed significantly since the start of the decade . While there is evidence of an uptick in growth since 2017 , driven largely by external factors such as improved commodity prices ( Vegh et al . , 2018 ) , recent projections forecast an annual growth rate of 1 . 9 percent for 2018 , which is below that of the region ’ s major trading partners — the US and EU , and indeed is below the global average . If this pattern continues going forward , the region ’ s share in the global economy is forecast to decline . What is at the root of this problem ? Low productivity growth in addition to low levels of capital accumulation have been highlighted as the principal explanations for the region ’ s poor economic progress ( see , for example , Crespi and Zuniga ( 2012 ) , Pagés ( 2010 ) and IDB ( 2018 ) ) . Indeed , the possible causes underlying low productivity in the region are numerous ; a recent report by the Inter ‐ American Development Bank ( IDB , 2018 ) notes that factors such as tax administration , labor regulations , and a lack of innovation may all contribute to the problem . What kind of policies could be implemented to boost productivity ? While regulatory and institutional reform have an important role to play , in this research we consider policies at the firm level . In the past decade , a growing body of evidence has emerged , pointing to the strong impact that improved management practices can exert on firm ‐ level productivity . It is this link — that between management practices and productivity — that we focus on in this paper , using data from recent Enterprise Surveys of seven countries in the region , namely Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru and Uruguay . While acknowledgment of the link between management practices and productivity has been gaining ground in the past decade or so , the concept is not new . Indeed , as far back as the mid ‐ 1980s , Gershenberg ( 1986 )", "spans": [{"start": 1680, "end": 1698, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the post-Suharto era . The negative correlation between broad connectedness and the summary competition index also attenuates slightly after Suharto ’ s fall , but not significantly so . > 16 Note the contrast with the results from the firm level descriptive statistics , which show that politically connected firms have higher foreign ownership shares ( see Table 3 ) . 17 The natural rate of entry is based on US data , which assuages concerns about entry rates being endogenous to political connections . In principle , entry rates in the U . S . could also be endogenous to political connections and correlated with Suharto connectedness . Existing literature , however , suggests that this is not very likely . Fisman et al . ( 2012 ) estimate the value of being connected to former vice president Dick Cheney to be zero . Lobbying and fostering effective state-business relationships can still be an important determinant of corporate success in the U . S . , but business-politics relationships are less personalized , and arguably more institutionalized in more advanced countries . Consistent with this argument , Faccio ( 2006 ) documents that political connections are less prevalent in countries which are more democratic and in which politicians are required to disclose their assets . 19", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 419, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a short questionnaire is necessary for the majority of the respondents . Some compromises are inevitably made . The problem is that the tradeoffs being made with respect to the quality and consistency of labor force and employment data may not be considered at the time because the good practice approaches are often not even tested against the “ shortcut ” . Only after the survey is complete does it become clear that the shortcut actually cost more because the data have too much non-sampling error to be reliable , or even usable . The result of shortcuts can be poor quality data on employment outcomes , leading to ill-informed policy choices . < sup > 11 < / sup > In the remainder of the paper , we demonstrate how serious these non-sampling error biases can be , using the case of Uganda . > 11 Although failure to properly screen and measure economic activity is most common in censuses , it is also found in SSA in CWIQ and DHS surveys , and in some cases in multipurpose integrated household surveys . Both the CWIQ and the DHS surveys were not designed to measure individual or household economic activity , but in both surveys employment status is often used by analysts as an the key independent variables to explain the demographic , health , and service delivery outcomes for which the surveys were designed . 10", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 235, "text": "labor force and employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 935, "end": 946, "text": "DHS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 970, "end": 1011, "text": "multipurpose integrated household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| PIT | Project Implementation Team | | - - - | - - - | | PO | Production officers | | POM | Program Operations Manual | | PPDA | Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets | | PPP | Private-Public Partnership | | PPSD | Project Procurement Strategy for Development | | PSC | Project Steering Committee | | PSFU | Private Sector Foundation Uganda | | PTC | Project Technical Committee | | RHD | Refugee-Hosting District | | SOPs | Standard Operating Procedures | | SORT | Systematic Operations Risk-rating Tool | | STEP | Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement | | UBOS | Uganda Bureau of Statistics | | UGGDS | Uganda Green Growth Development Strategy | | UIA | Uganda Investment Authority | | UIRI | Uganda Industrial Research Institute | | UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | | UNHS | Uganda National Household Survey | | UEW | Unsafe Environment for Women | | UWEP | Uganda Women Entrepreneurship Program | | VSLAs | Village Savings and Loans Associations | | WEE | Women ’ s Economic Empowerment | | WHR | Window for Host Communities and Refugees |", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 855, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT # # # # What did we ask ? The survey was designed to help to capture the understanding that displaced people and their host communities have of the services offered by UNHCR and its partners . It also aimed to understand how displaced communities communicate with UNHCR and its partners , in particular their use of complaints and feedback mechanisms and their main challenges that may prevent them from using such mechanisms in order to identify how UNHCR could adapt its two-way communication . The survey also included questions related to the knowledge amongst displaced persons of COVID-19 preventive measures and the main barriers in implementing them . # # Key findings - * * Displaced Yemenis , refugees , asylum seekers , and host communities ' families do not always know the full range of services offered by UNHCR and partners . * * They are generally well informed mainly of UNHCR cash support , a lifeline for most of them . - Refugees and asylum seekers interviewed in the north of Yemen are well-aware of the psychosocial support offered by UNHCR and partners , including as psychological first aid in the field . - Displaced Yemenis are aware of non-food items assistance , given UNHCR presence on the frontline of the emergency response , when families lose their home and belongings due to conflict or flooding . - They are less aware of other available protection services , including psychosocial support , legal assistance , specialized services for SGBV survivors , and children , which may be explained by an overall lack of familiarity with such services that , even before displacement , were limited and sociocultural norms . UNHCR / September 2020 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > Misinformation spillovers generate correlated NCME , which considerably complicates econometric correction for measurement error , because incomplete correction of measurement error in the presence of correlated NCME can aggravate rather than reduce bias in key parameter estimates ( Abay et al . , 2019 ) . We embedded an information experiment within an agricultural household survey in Malawi , providing an uncommon opportunity to study the nature of NCME and learning in response to corrective information to subjects ' erroneous self-reports regarding cultivated land areas . Part of the appeal of this design is that most economics studies on inattention , learning , or > 2 For example , if providing farmers with GPS measures of their plots ' size affects self-reported input use , introducing GPS-based plot area measurement in follow-up longitudinal data collection ( as part of national panel surveys or impact evaluation studies ) may compromise the inter-temporal comparability of self-reported , non-land variables . 3", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 395, "text": "agricultural household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 922, "text": "national panel surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 and attached to hospitals and health centers . where high risk pregnant we en could spend their last weeks of pregnancy with access to specialist car . , yet attended and financed by family members . The aim would be to provide a cheap , culturally acceptable way of encouraging institutional deliveries . Second . the project would include experimentation with delivery by community workers ( CHAs and TBAs ) of a simple package of MCH services , including provision of barrier methods of contraception and resupply of oral pills . The aim would be to establish a method of extending family planning , as well as the basic health services for which CHWs are already responsible , to areas outside the reach of clinic facilities . In view of the importance of the community workers to the success of the project , Government submitted during negotiations to IDA a detailed plan to reduce the dropout rate of community health workers in the Shewa regions . Assurances were obtained from the Government at negotiations that it would limit an experiment with the delivery of contraceptives by community workers in the first three years of the project to the catchment areas of 4 health centers in Shewa regions to be expanded to the rest of Shewa regions by the end of the project period if the proposed mid-project review concluded that the first phase had been technically successful & nd culturally acceptable . 3 . 12 During negotiations Government agreed to exchange views with IDA from time to time on the results of the measures introduced to improve the effectiveness of the community health workers and other innovations in bealth care such as maternity villages in the Shewa regions . Progress in implementation would be monitoted against annual implementation plans and through the service statistics system , which contains indicators for each of the specific targets above ( para . 3 . 06 ) . In addition . an evaluation of the component effectiveness would be carried out in the middle and final years of the project by MOH with the assistance of 2 man-months of project financed technical assistance . These evaluations would include sociological surveys", "spans": [{"start": 1793, "end": 1818, "text": "service statistics system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2149, "end": 2169, "text": "sociological surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT the time series . After the January-2023 restart , the PIU and M & E firm rolled out the cloud-based PMIS as the main results repository , clarified reporting responsibilities with management firms , and strengthened verification linked reimbursement and Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) / safeguards reporting . M & E ended substantially stronger than it began , but early inertia , the standstill , and low GRM use , support a _Modest_ overall rating . # # * * < u > M & E UTILIZATION < / u > * * 37 . * * M & E utilization improved as the project restarted , as PMIS and management-firm data became available and were used more systematically to guide implementation , though cross-component learning stayed limited . * * Evidence from PMIS dashboards and partner reports on delays , pipeline size , and verification bottlenecks shaped the May 2024 restructuring , which revised targets and reduced the SME cohort . During and post-restructuring , reviews of PIP progress and verification findings refined SME action plans , standardized tools , and operationalized reimbursement-on-verification in updated manuals . PMIS dashboards and a shared repository strengthened PIU – provider review meetings and reduced earlier ISR reporting gaps . However , analysis remained siloed , keeping M & E utilization at a _Modest_ level . # # * * < u > JUSTIFICATION OF OVERALL RATING OF QUALITY OF M & E < / u > * * 38 . * * Overall , evidence quality and attribution within the M & E system were mixed warranting an overall * * * * _ < u > Modest < / u > _ rating * * . Verified grant files , milestone evidence , and periodic field checks substantiate reported achievements ; however , construct validity gaps ( e . g . , intensity of productivity change ) and timing lags reduced the", "spans": [{"start": 652, "end": 681, "text": "PMIS and management-firm data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | Comments | 75 latrines have been < br > constructed between the start < br > of the project and end of EFY < br > 2002 ( FY 10 ) | 73 additional latrines have < br > been constructed up to the < br > reporting period . | Not applicable as investments < br > are demand driven | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 09-Oct-2013 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | < br > Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P101474 | IDA-44560 | Effective | 29-May-2008 | 13-Jun-2008 | 10-Nov-2008 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | | P101474 | IDA-49940 | Effective | 05-Jul-2011 | 15-Sep-2011 | 14-Dec-2011 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P101474 | IDA-44560 | Effective | XDR | | 93 . 80 < br > 93 . 80 | < br > 0 . 00", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 325, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "report should include budget allocation and expenditure data that should be consistent with the KPI report . 39 . While the KPI data has quality issues particularly related with the comprehensiveness of the data capture , the practice if encouraging . It is understood , the system building effort is a process that passes through obstacles and challenges and the end result cannot be achieved in one go . The effort requires continuous engagement and resource . The aim is to streamline the thinking and necessity of collecting data and measuring performance of procurement through KPIs . In the past none of the regulatory bodies considered this to be their basic duty , instead investing all their time on audit and trainings . The regulatory bodies are now putting great effort in the endeavor . It requires collecting and entering data at each stage of procurement process for each item . The envisaged capacity and streamlining of the system take time to reach a dependable stage . The initial aim was to make the exercise be a catalyst and eye opener for the regulatory bodies to improve the oversight system and achieve higher . And the exercise has fulfilled this objective . The below figures indicate the results of the two indicates using data collected the past three years ( EFY2010-2012 ) . Table 8 : Average Bid Process Period [ days ] | * * Region * * | * * EFY 2010 * * | * * EFY 2011 * * | * * EFY 2012 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Amhara | 51 | 52 | 44 | | Oromia | 85 | 76 | 100 | | SNNP < br > | 36 < br > | 66 < br > | 42 < br > | | Tigray | 52 | 47 | 59 | Figure 1 : Share of Open Bid < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Amhara SNNP < br > Share of Open Bid Share of Open Bid < br > 150 % 150 % < br > 100 %", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 60, "text": "budget allocation and expenditure data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 124, "end": 132, "text": "KPI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1251, "end": 1286, "text": "data collected the past three years", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | 15 . 4 % ( 9 . 3-24 . 4 ) | 58 . 2 % ( 47 . 8-68 . 0 ) | | * * Yumbe ( 99 ) * * | 25 . 3 % ( 17 . 6-34 . 8 ) | 65 . 7 % ( 55 . 7-74 . 4 ) | # # # * * Special Nutritional Products * * Both Lipid Nutrient Supplement and Micro Nutrient Powder are not widely given applied in the districts hosting refugees . The intake in children aged 6-23 months of Micro Nutrient Powder ranged from 0 % in Kyegegwa to 9 . 1 % in Yumbe districts . Other districts that had at least noticeable intake of MNP among children 6-23 months were Kiryandongo ( 6 . 1 % ) , Moyo ( 5 . 9 % ) , Isingiro ( 4 . 8 % ) , Kamwenge ( 4 . 8 % ) and Arua ( 4 . 1 % ) . The Lipid Nutrient Supplement intake in * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 55 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 7 The district poverty incidence in 1999 and 2006 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 200 400 600 < br > Districts < br > 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > 1999 2006 The poverty incidence in 1999 < br > Source : Authors ’ estimation from VHLSS 2006 and ARFC 2006 < br > Figure 8 presents the relation between poverty reduction in the period 1999-2006 < br > and the inequality level in 2006 . It shows that provinces and districts with a larger < br > poverty reduction in the period 1999-2006 tend to have a lower level of inequality in < br > 2006 . It means that poverty reduction can be associated with inequality reduction . < br > Figure 8 Poverty reduction and inequality during 1999-2006 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 - 20 0 20 40 < br > Poverty reduction during 1999-2006 Poverty reduction during 1999-2006 < br > Source : Authors ’ estimation from VHLSS 2006 and ARFC 2006 < br > 100 < br > 40 < br > 80 < br > 60 20 < br > 40 < br > The poverty incidence 20 0 < br > Poverty reduction during 1999-2006 < br > 0 < br > - 20 < br > . 35 . 5 < br > . 4 < br > . 3 < br > . 3 < br > Gini coefficient Gini coefficient < br > . 25 < br > . 2 < br > . 2 . 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 8 presents the relation between poverty reduction in the period 1999-2006 and the inequality level in 2006 . It shows that provinces and districts with a larger poverty reduction in the period 1999-2006 tend to have a lower level of inequality in 2006 . It means that poverty reduction can be associated with inequality reduction . # * * V . Estimates of Income Poverty and Inequality * * Since the government of Vietnam is using the income poverty line , we also estimate income poverty and inequality measures for provinces and districts .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and implemented at community level , the environmental assessment framework in NUSAF includes simplified checklists for identifying and mitigating environmental effects ( see attachment 2 ) which can be used by the communities , CBOs and NGOs , as well as district technical staff , to screen identified projects for any likely environmental impacts they are likely to generate if implemented . In the national context , in order to facilitate the conduct and review of ElAs as required in the EIA process , developers ( who in the NUSAF case are the communities ) , district developmental staff and project officials , will be equipped with basic guidelines and checklists that will enable them to identify the potential environmental implications of the proposed development program and at a later stage , the individual development projects identified under the program . These checklists will also be the basis for facilitating communities as well as the technical staff engaged in review of these projects to screen them for likely environmental impacts before early enough at the planning stage before implementation . * * Guidelines for social assessments / surveys * * Community needs assessments have been conducted in one district in each of the five sub-regions NUSAF will cover . Beneficiary assessments will be conducted throughout the project . The first activity in NUSAF for any community is an extended PRA ( Participatory Rural Appraisal ) which empowers the communities to define their needs , prioritise them and determine their ability to utilise NUSAF funds .", "spans": [{"start": 1177, "end": 1204, "text": "Community needs assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which predicts that a country will specialize in the production and export of goods more intensive in the country ’ s abundant factor endowments ( Kletzer and Bardhan , 1987 ) . This paper considers a country ’ s levels of financial sector development ( FSD ) and governance as among the country ’ s endowment basket . The paper then uses product and firm level data from the BACI International Trade Database < sup > 4 < / sup > and the World Bank ’ s Export Dynamics Database ( EDD ) < sup > 5 < / sup > to assess how FSD and governance matter for export levels and specialization profiles . Delving deeper into the existing literature , we find that export shares of sectors more dependent on external financing — funding external to the firm , i . e . , from sources other than cash flow from operations — are higher in countries with more developed financial sectors ( Beck , 2003 ; Svaleryd and Vlachos , 2005 , Rajan and Zingales , 2001 ) . Another strand of research finds that export shares > 2 Andrew Bernard and Bradford Jensen “ Exporters , Jobs and Wages in U . S . Manufacturing . . . > 3 See Beck , 2003 ; Braun , 2003 ; Braun and Larrain , 2005 ; Claessens , Stilin , and Laeven , 2003 ; Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic , 1998 ; Fisman and Love , 2003a ; Fisman and Love , 2003b ; Hur , Raj , and Riyanto , 2006 ; Raddatz , 2006 ; Rajan and Zingales , 2001 ; Svaleryd and Vlachos , 2005 . > 4 BACI : International Trade Database at the Product Level , Gaulier and Zignago ( 2010 ) . > 5 EDD website : http : / / econ . worldbank . org / exporter-dynamics-database 2", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 366, "text": "product and firm level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 376, "end": 409, "text": "BACI International Trade Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 453, "end": 477, "text": "Export Dynamics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 2006 Global Trends * * * * < u > Stateless persons < / u > * * are persons not considered as nationals by any State under the relevant national laws . The statistics in this report on statelessness include persons with undetermined nationality . UNHCR has been called upon by the General Assembly to contribute to the prevention of and reduction of statelessness and to report regularly on the magnitude of the phenomenon . It has been tasked to fulfil the functions under Article 11 of the _1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness_ and act as an intermediary between States and stateless persons . * * < u > Other persons of concern < / u > * * < u > , refers , first , to persons who , while they may fall under any of the < / u > preceding categories , have not formally been determined or agreed to be so for one or another reason , but benefit from the protection , assistance or other activities of UNHCR . Also included are persons who may not necessarily fall directly into any of those groups but to whom UNHCR may extend its services for humanitarian or other special reasons . # # * * Overview of global trends * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig 1 : Total population of concern to < br > ( M ln . ) UNHCR , 1997-2006 ( end-year ) < br > 35 < br > Total pop . of concern < br > 30 Refugees < br > 25 IDPs protected / assisted < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > - < br > 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > At the end of 2005 , the global figure of persons of concern stood at 21 million . By the close of 2006 , 32 . 9 million , or an increase of 56 per cent was the figure . As elaborated further below , the single largest", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 201, "text": "statistics in this report on statelessness", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Marshallian economies_ ) or interactions with diverse sectors ( _urbanization or Jacobian economies ) . _ Workers may gain human capital by interacting with a larger number and quality of workers , thus contributing to the dynamic learning effects ( see dotted diagonal line in figure 2 ) . US cities that experience higher growth in the number of college graduates also see a rapid increase in average wages , beyond the obvious compositional effects , than those with stagnating stock of human capital , suggesting important knowledge spillovers ( Moretti 2004 ) . More recently , researchers have recognized that it is not only about bringing more and better “ clones ” to the city but also a greater variety of them , which is arguably part of agglomeration externalities ( see Duranton , 2016 ; Diamond , 2016 ; Atkins , Faber , Navarro , 2018 ; Handbury and Weinstein 2015 ) . _Agglomeration / Congestion Costs : _ However , cities also present agglomeration costs due to higher crime , disease and congestion in transport , land and housing . Such costs — and the necessary compensation for them - - are often not considered in interpreting estimates of the wage elasticity but they should be as they may create a positive elasticity in the absence of any productivity gains . < sup > 5 < / sup > The same issue affects other measures of city-level productivity , namely , revenue based firm level productivity measure , TFPR , which is the residual of the _value_ of output controlling for capital , labor , and sometimes human capital . Firms charging higher output prices may appear as more productive , even if these gains are actually representing higher costs or market power ( Foster et al . 2008 ) . The next section attempts to isolate these distinct effects empirically , focusing particularly on wages , total factor productivity and marginal costs , each of which captures one or more elements discussed above , and has limitations relating to interpretation , measurement and endogeneity . # * * III . Measurement Challenges and Estimation Methodology * * # Data Table 1 details the sources of data for the four countries used . Each is an annual manufacturing survey containing the", "spans": [{"start": 2161, "end": 2188, "text": "annual manufacturing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") for 2008-2013 . < sup > 7 < / sup > For higher education graduates , we restrict entry age in the labor market to be at least 20 years . Our datasets do not include labor market information for students who did not enroll in higher education , enrolled but dropped out , or enrolled but were still in college by 2013 . For these students , we use Colombia ’ s Integrated Household Survey ( GEIH , in Spanish ) from the Socioeconomic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean ( SEDLAC ) to impute labor market participation and wages between 2008-2013 . We estimate regressions of formal labor market participation and wages as a function of gender , age , household characteristics , an indicator of urban area , and region fixed effects for the cohort of individuals who were 14-24 years old in 2005 , and use predicted labor market outcomes for the imputations ( see Appendix A . 3 for further details ) . > 7About 3 % of students who enroll in higher education graduate after 2013 and we therefore lack OLE data for them . We classify students who graduate after 2013 as having incomplete higher education . Dropping them from the estimation sample does not affect our results ( not shown ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 389, "text": "Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 421, "end": 479, "text": "Socioeconomic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 Data Our primary data source is household survey data on disposable income or consumption available in PIP . We use data from 1 , 989 surveys covering 168 countries for the period 1991 and 2020 . We exclude data before the 1990s as the quality was generally worse then , particularly for low - and middle-income countries . The data are standardized as far as possible but differences exist with regards to the method of data collection , and whether the welfare aggregate is based on income or consumption . We use information on per capita household welfare expressed in 2017 USD PPPs . We use PIP ’ s public percentile database ( version 20230919 ) , utilizing 99 percentiles on the distribution from each income or consumption vector . Concretely , we use the values of income or consumption such that the cumulative density function takes the following values { 0 . 01 , 0 . 02 , . . . , 0 . 99 } . That is , we retain the 99 poverty lines that result in poverty rates of FF ( yy ) { 1 % , 2 % , . . . , 99 % } . The final dataset consists of 196 , 903 quantile-country-year observations on pairs of daily per-capita welfare and the associated quantile in the distribution . We combine this survey data with various possible predictors of welfare at the country level . We use data from the World Development Indicators ( WDI ) of the World Bank , which is one of the largest databases of country-year development indicators spanning a wide range of topics . The WDI contains information on around 1 , 400 indicators covering topics such as health , agriculture , education , climate change , infrastructure and more . We also use all data from the World Economic Outlook of the International Monetary Fund , which contains dozens of variables on macroeconomic indicators , and all data from the UN ’ s World Population Prospects , which contains dozens of variables on population , health , and demographics . We compliment GDP data from the sources above with estimates from the Madison Database ( Bolt and Van Zanden 2024 ) . We also use country and region classifications", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 93, "text": "household survey data on disposable income or consumption", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1300, "end": 1328, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1658, "end": 1680, "text": "World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1812, "end": 1838, "text": "World Population Prospects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1990, "end": 2006, "text": "Madison Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 400, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "monitoring should be made regarding the currency exchange rate fluctuation ( iii ) follow up should be strengthened regarding advances to implementing cities ( iv ) cash balance reconciliation should be made at ADCSI ( v ) withdrawal application should be submitted to DBE immediately ( vi ) project audit reports should be submitted ( vii ) reconciliation of loans with the financial data at PFIs should be looked into . It has been noted that the procurement activities are carried out on the basis of an approved procurement plan . However , it has been agreed that the plan should be updated regularly and used as monitoring tool to evaluate the efficiency of project procurement management . It has also been recommended that PIU should rectify the procurement challenges and finalize all the pending activities . 12 / 29 / 2015 Page 2 of 10 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 397, "text": "financial data at PFIs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the manufacture of precious and non-ferrous metal ( mainly aluminum ) . As exports started expanding after the independence of the country in 1992 , the share of aluminum in total export declined from more than 80 percent to less than 25 percent in 1997 , mainly due to the civil war as world prices for aluminum were trending up between $ 1 , 200 and $ 1 , 600 per ton during that period . Then the share of aluminum started to increase again , to stabilize at around 70 percent of total export since 2008 . Add to that farming activities and you cover more than 80 percent of the country ’ s total trade . Other sectors contribute moderately to Tajikistan exports : manufacture of textile , manufacture of chemicals and chemical products , manufacture of food and beverages and scrap metal . The manufacture of textile is mainly yarns and cotton fabrics produced from cotton mainly grown in the 3 We use the third revision of the STIC trade classification along with its corresponding ISIC sector classification . The 5-digit STIC and their corresponding 4-digit ISIC classifications are used . 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * * < mark > pervasive regulations , a large state footprint with an overhang from debtfinanced SOE investments , and financial repression have resulted in deep structural distortions in the economy . < / mark > * * < mark > These distortions have held back productivity and job creation , undermined external competitiveness , and c < / mark > rowded out the private sector . Alongside large , structural current account and trade imbalances , growth has visibly slowed since 2015 to about 6 percent . Amid growing FX shortages and external financing pressures , and with < mark > macroeconomic buffers depleted , Ethiopia has requested debt relief in 2021 through the G20 Common Framework . < / mark > While the Ukraine conflict and high global commodity prices have contributed to sustained inflation over 30 percent over the past year , prices pressures are also increasingly policy driven , reflecting the Government ’ s increasing reliance on the central bank to finance the deficit . < sup > 7 < / sup > > 1 https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / NY . GDP . PCAP . CD ? locations = ET > 2 Extreme poverty is measured at the international poverty line of US $ 1 . 9 per day in 2011 purchasing-power-parity terms . > 3 2015 and 2020 poverty rates based on the datasheet of the Macro Poverty Outlook , 2022 , World Bank > 4 Ethiopia Resilient Recovery and Planning Framework ( ERRRF . Volume B ) , January 2023 > 5 Wieser et al . 2021 and Ambel et al . 2021 and World Bank estimates based on the High-Frequency Phone survey ( HFPS ) of households > 6 Damage Needs Assessment ( Volume A ) , December 2022 . The GoE , with the support of the World Bank and development partners , conducted a damage needs assessment to provide a comprehensive inventory of damage , losses , and needs resulting from the recent conflict in the North ( including Tigray , Afar , and Amhara ) and the spillover", "spans": [{"start": 1294, "end": 1315, "text": "Macro Poverty Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1512, "end": 1539, "text": "High-Frequency Phone survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "abuse . The highest number recorded in 2021 , over 5 . 38 million people were displaced . Moreover over 4 . 6 million people were forcibly displaced in 2022 . * * IDPs * * are significantly exposed to vulnerabilities . Women and children are the most vulnerable groups . More than 2 . 5 million IDP children ’ s physical , social and psychological development has been severely affected by the conflict in Ethiopia < sup > 20 < / sup > . It obvious that displacement exposes youth to unemployment and lack of means of income and training . * * Risk of dropping out of trainees due to economic problem * * : The current high escalation of the prices of goods and services as well as house rent in Ethiopia worsen the living condition of the people . As a result , trainees from poor families are more likely to drop out because of financial constrain to cover their food and dormitory requirement . As most of the trainees are from poor households , they have serious economic problem . Those who live in a rented dormitory could be forced to leave if they cannot pay the rent timely . Female trainees might face problem with the purchase of personal sanitary material . Living in poor economic situations also exposes female trainees to risk of SEA / SH . * * There are dormitories and accommodation services * * for short term trainees in the Jigjiga PTC . Therefore , in Somali region , regular trainees have 400-birr pocket money every month in Jigijiga PTCs . Though there is no such experience and facilities in the rest PTCs , it is important to consider such benefits to vulnerable groups in regions where there are historically underserved peoples or people who need special support to attend TVET . Community representatives participated in FGDs in Sebeta said there is demand for establishing some dormitories for trainees who serious economic problem . > 17 World Bank and World Health Organization : World Report on Disability , Washington , D . C . , 2011 > 18 Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs ( MO", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / mark > - FAO . ( 2023 ) . Agricultural Stress Index System ( ASIS ) : Historic Agricultural Drought Frequency ( Global - 1 Km ) . http : / / www . fao . org / giews / earthobservation / Foster , J . , Smallcombe , J . W . , Hodder , S . , Jay , O . , Flouris , A . D . , Nybo , L . , & Havenith , G . ( 2021 ) . An advanced empirical model for quantifying the impact of heat and climate change on human physical work capacity . _International Journal of Biometeorology_ , 65 , 1215-1229 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1007 / s00484-021-02105-0 - Gallardo , M . ( 2018 ) . Identifying vulnerability to poverty : A Critical Survey . _Journal of Economic Surveys_ , 32 ( 4 ) , 1074-1105 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1111 / joes . 12216 - Gascoigne , J . , Baquie , S . , Vinha , K . , Skoufias , E . , Calcutt , E . , Kshirsagar , V . , Meenan , C . , & Hill , R . Forthcoming . The Welfare Cost of Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa . Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . - Gehrke , E . ( 2019 ) . An Employment Guarantee as Risk Insurance ? Assessing the Effects of the NREGS on Agricultural Production Decisions . The World Bank Economic Review , World Bank Group , vol . 33 ( 2 ) , pages 413-435 . - Gelb , A . , Giri , A . , Mukherjee , A . , Rautela , R . , Thapliyal , M . , & Webster , B . ( 2022 ) . Beyond India ’ s Lockdown : PMGKY Benefits During the COVID-19 Crisis and the State of Digital Payments . CGD Policy Paper 257 . Washington , DC : Center for Global Development . https : / / www . cgdev . org / publication / beyond-indias-lockdown-pmgky-benefits-during-covid-19-crisis-and-state-digital-payments - Gentilini et al . 2022 . Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19 : A Real-Time Review of Country", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Gross Secondary Enrollment < br > 72 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 9 . Efficiency Frontier Shift Over Time * * The detailed comparison between observed input-output combinations in different time periods distinguishes whether variations in the levels of input utilization or output production levels are due to changes in efficiency or changes in technology . This testing is possible with observed levels of inputs and outputs , and are based on the concept of a Malmquist Index ( Fare , Grosskpof , Norris and Zhang , 1994 ) . This method has been used to study productivity change in the OECD economies , as well as productivity in agriculture across the world ( Coelli and Rao , 2003 ; Nin , Arndt , and Preckel , 2003 ) . Appendix D describes details of the method that uses some of the efficiency scores calculated in previous sections , and the index that will facilitate the analysis of productivity change through time . > 14 Scores for individual countries are available at the PRMED website indicated in footnote 1 . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "method consists of leveraging income or consumption distributions from more than 2 , 000 household surveys available in the World Bank ’ s Poverty and Inequality Platform ( PIP ) for 168 countries covering the period between 1991 and 2000 . We combine these distributions with more than 1 , 000 predictors at the country-year level , including remote sensing variables , across various databases . We develop a simple model which predicts distributions for all countries in the world from a regression on country-level data . Guided by variable-selection techniques , we try various versions of such regressions , each time sequentially excluding all surveys available for one of the 168 countries available in our dataset to predict the distribution for the excluded country using the remaining 167 ones . We then calculate the absolute deviation between the true welfare and predicted welfare at 99 points on each distribution . Once we have these deviations for all surveys in the 168 countries , we calculate the mean absolute deviation across all surveys and all countries . We find that when predicting distributions with GDP per capita ( or income groups if GDP / capita is unavailable ) , under-5-mortality , life expectancy , and rural population shares , no additional feature significantly reduces the error further . Our preferred model predicts log welfare off by around 30 % on average . Though this may sound high , we show that a random forest using all 1 , 000 + predictors is unable to reduce the error , suggesting that much of the remaining error is likely to be noise . 19", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 170, "text": "Poverty and Inequality Platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 505, "end": 523, "text": "country-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "elimination of all forms of GBV in Kenya . The policy seeks to : ensure a coordinated approach in addressing GBV and effective programming ; enhance enforcement of laws and policies towards GBV prevention and response ; increase access to quality and comprehensive support services across sectors ; and improve the sustainability of GBV prevention and response interventions . Through this policy , various structures at county level have been established with the aim of preventing GBV and supporting survivors . Although refugees are not mentioned expressly in the policy , structures serve both refugee and host communities without discrimination . The coordination structures in the camps and in urban areas link with national and county mechanisms with a common objective of addressing and preventing GBV . There is no available data to assess the extent to which members of host communities benefit from GBV services , though GBV survivors within the refugee community are generally believed to have better access to comprehensive services , particularly medical and psychosocial support . Policy shortcomings include the following : - GBV remains prevalent across Kenya despite the policy and legal instruments and service delivery mechanisms in place at national and county levels . - < sup > The concept of protecting survivors is still not well formulated and operationalized , partly due to weak < / sup > institutional capacities , persistent cultural practices and social norms , and gender inequality . Additionally , issues of intersectionality , particularly in terms of gender identity and sexual orientation , traditional concepts about masculinity , religious beliefs and traditional constructs on issues such as women ’ s and children ’ s rights , continue to perpetuate a system of gender inequality and oppression that can lead to GBV . - < sup > The GBV coordination mechanisms established under the National Policy for Prevention and Response < / sup > to Gender Based Violence have not been fully implemented and lack operational efficiency , which affects implementation . Coordination mechanisms and service delivery guidelines and protocols need strengthening . - < sup > GBV data collection , analysis and reporting is still fragmented by different stakeholders , resulting in <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nevertheless , and despite the limited services designed to meet the needs of male survivors in the GBV programming , several organizations are reporting new projects that work on engaging men and boys in the GBV programming . Data from the second quarter of 2022 show that adults accounted for * * 89 percent * * and children accounted for * * 11 percent of the GBV cases reported through the GBVIMS . * * The percentage of children seeking services decreased by 7 percent compared to the first quarter of 2022 . Despite this decrease in numbers , partners reported an increase in available services targeting children in the region , in addition to the fact that the majority of Child Protection actors might not report to GBV IMS . Additionally , and according to the gender findings of UNICEF recent report on multidimensional child poverty < sup > 3 < / sup > , girls and women due to their gender are facing different and specific repercussions of the crisis . Girls , regardless of nationality , shared experiences of harassment in public spaces , restricting their movement and mobility and confining them to their homes . Girls ’ right to play is further restricted due to harassment societal gender norms , as they are more likely to be confined to the home due to their parents ’ concerns about their safety . Syrian refugees remain the main group of population seeking GBV services , accounting for * * 75 percent * * of all the individuals who sought out support in the second quarter of 2022 . * * 23 percent * * of the survivors seeking services were Lebanese . Lebanese nationals have also been affected by the escalating socioeconomic crisis , with the country ' s limited capacities to provide basic public services such electricity , water , health and sanitation services , health care and protection services . According to the GBVIMS report covering the second quarter of 2022 , * * 1 percent * * of survivors receiving services are persons with disability , with 1 percent decrease compared to the first quarter of the year . According to Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon", "spans": [{"start": 227, "end": 263, "text": "Data from the second quarter of 2022", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1849, "end": 1862, "text": "GBVIMS report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 84 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * * * Table 3 . 10 : Summary of Timed Species Count ( TSC ) Data for Birds * * | | * * Embankmen * * < br > * * tWest * * | * * Embankment * * < br > * * East * * | * * Bujaga . i * * | * * Overall * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Meannumberofspecies | 24 . 4 | 22 . 8 | 23 . 8 | 23 . 7 | | perhour | | | | | | Jack-knife estimateof | 65 | 63 | 63 | 92 | | totalspecies | | | | | Source : WS Atkins , 1999 The full results of the 1998 bird survey are given in Appendix C . 3 . In summary , a total of 77 species were recorded , as compared to a figure of about 550 for the Kampala area including water birds and migrants ( Carswell , 1986 ) . During the field survey there were few migrants since most arrive later in the year . For comparison , the current list for the whole of Uganda is about 1 , 010 species ( Carswell , 1986 ) . Results for the three sites were generally similar , with the same few species being most common in all of them . The sites were also similar in the numbers of species recorded per hour , with the figure of around 23 being fairly typical for moist agricultural areas ( in the most species-rich habitats , scores may reach 50 ) . None of the species recorded are globally endangered or threatened . However , four of the species recorded are listed as sensitive in East Africa ( Bennun _et al . , _ in press ) . The Brown Snake Eagle _", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 606, "text": "1998 bird survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ـ * * ون الج * * ـ * * مليون32 . 8 وفى الخارج ، هاجر * * ـ * * ا يتعلق بالهجرة إل * * ـ * * ي م * * ـ * * في44 شرا ً من البلدان العربية ، وبقي * * ـ * * خص أو نزحوا قس * * ـ * * . المائة منهم داخل المنطقة * * ـ * * عدد المهاجرين والالجئين في البلدان العربية . 2 الشكل 2020-1990 ، ( بالماليين ) حسب مجموعات البلدان < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 45 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > - < br > 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 < br > بلدان المغرب بلدان مجلس المنطقة العربية < br > العربي التعاون الخليجي < br > ً أقل البلدان بلدان المشرق < br > العربية نموا العربي < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > . DESA , International Migration Stock , 2020 حسابات اإلسكوا استنادا ً إلى * * : المصدر * * تشير البيانات المتعلقة ببلدان مجلس التعاون الخليجي بشكل أساسي إلى * * : مالحظة * * . المهاجر", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 704, "text": "International Migration Stock", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "insightful analyses that are not possible with traditional economic reform data or surveys . < sup > 3 < / sup > For example , the paper measures engagement in economic reforms by constructing the share of news articles that discuss economic reforms . Sections III and IV discuss this in detail . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows : Section II takes stock of the GCC ' s past and current economic reforms . It constructs a novel data set of passed laws and decrees by web-scraping national legislative archives from 1980 to 2019 . Section III uses tweets in Arabic and text analysis techniques to understand the population ' s engagement and support for economic reforms . Section IV provides a similar analysis using a large data set of newspaper articles on economic reforms in English and Arabic . Finally , Section V concludes . Section II reveals that reform efforts have intensified in recent years . The number of laws and decrees passed in the GCC has been quickly rising , driven partly by GCC countries ’ efforts to diversify their economies . However , these nations tend to pass more laws and decrees in stronger than weaker policy areas , indicating that reforms do not address lagging policy areas . Section III documents increasing engagement but declining support for economic reforms from the population in recent years . The number of engaged users who tweet about economic reforms has increased in recent years . In addition , the number of economic reform tweets per engaged user has been rising dramatically . However , the sentiment of economic reform tweets is worsening , suggesting either growing discontent about the current economic situation or shrinking support for the current direction of economic reforms . Section IV shows that international media is more engaged in economic reform discussions in the GCC countries than local media ( and potentially domestic participants , more broadly ) . In addition , international media is more critical of the GCC ’ s current economic situation or the directions of current economic reforms compared with local media . Sentiment from international media matters because it is correlated with FDI inflows into the GCC . # II . Taking Stock of Economic Reforms in the GCC", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 527, "text": "national legislative archives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 737, "end": 773, "text": "large data set of newspaper articles", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "First , we re-estimate moving costs with these alternative definitions , since the moving costs are estimated based on mobility observed from changes of positions . The results are summarized in Table A3 . We find that the first two moving cost parameters from all three definitions are very similar . The additional cost of changing both sector and region is more different overall , but it is relatively insignificant for the overall moving cost level compared to the other two cost components . Second , we re-estimate the implications of export shocks for welfare , the number of job options , and option values reported in Table 5 , using alternative definitions of positions . We use the same IV strategy discussed in the earlier sections , where the first-stage results are presented in Table 4 . The new results are presented in Table A4 . We find that most results are very close across all definitions of a position . We can conclude that as long as the detailed occupation is a part of the definition of position , as suggested by the theoretical framework , the model produces very robust results . # * * 8 Conclusion * * We introduce a new general equilibrium framework to quantify the impacts of trade shocks on labor mobility and workers ’ welfare , combining the advantages of the structural and reduced-form methodologies . The key new mechanism of our model is the endogenous number of job options workers can choose from . We show that a labor market experiencing a positive trade shock attracts more workers because of the larger number of job options that are created there . More job options translate into higher welfare , as workers can choose the best job after comparing more options . We first provide empirical evidence on the causal effects of export shocks on labor markets using rich employer-employee panel data combined with customs records on export transactions from Brazil during 2003-2015 . Using changes in import demand directed to the labor market as a source of variation in exports , we document a positive causal effect of positive export shocks on employment , residual wages , and job turnover rates in the corresponding labor market . Motivated by this reduced-form evidence , we develop", "spans": [{"start": 1815, "end": 1843, "text": "employer-employee panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1858, "end": 1908, "text": "customs records on export transactions from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) | * * Policy Program * * | | * * Results * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | horticulture and < br > floriculture sectors < br > with a turnover < br > below UGX 500 < br > million < br > ( ii ) Number of < br > restructured loans < br > to mitigate the < br > impact of COVID-19 < br > on borrowers | ( ii ) 0 < br > ( FY2019 ) | ( ii ) 500 , 000 < br > ( Q4 of < br > FY2020 ) | | * * Prior Action # 5 : * * To improve effective distribution of agricultural inputs , the Recipient has through the < br > Ministry of Agriculture , Animal Industry and Fisheries ( MAAIF ) rolled out the e-voucher system to 10 < br > additional districts * * . * * | * * Results Indicator # 5 : * * < br > Farmers registered < br > for e-vouchers | 268 , 991 < br > ( FY2020 ) | 288 , 900 < br > ( FY2021 ) | | Evidence : Letter from Permanent Secretary MAAIF to Permanent Secretary MoFPED confirming the < br > rollout of the e-voucher system to 10 additional districts . | | | | | * * Prior Action # 6 * * To enhance debt transparency , the Recipient has through the MoFPED published the < br > verified stock of domestic arrears with a time lag of less than one year , upcoming SOE guarantees and < br > other contingent liabilities from legal proceedings . < br > Evidence : By Public Debt Report dated March 2020 published on MoFPED website at < br > _https : / / www . finance . go", "spans": [{"start": 1192, "end": 1226, "text": "verified stock of domestic arrears", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1377, "end": 1395, "text": "Public Debt Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "particularly prevalent in project-supported regions of Afar and Oromia where the recurrence of drought is aggravating poverty and food insecurity , diminishing development gains . Droughts are one of the leading causes of climate related school disruptions in Ethiopia . Ethiopia ranks _extremely high_ on the Child Climate Risk Index . < sup > 2 < / sup > In 2024 alone , more than 1 . 2 million children experienced school disruption due to hazards , in particular , water shortage caused by droughts . < sup > 3 < / sup > At the same time , Ethiopia is also increasingly experiencing flash floods and river floods . By the end of the century , extreme high rainfall events are expected to increase by 20 percent . < sup > 4 < / sup > These have compounding effects on conflict-affected communities where many live in poverty without access to basic services , clean water and adequate sanitation . These also deepen conflict affected communities ’ vulnerabilities against vector-borne and water-born diseases , which are on the rise due to climate impacts as well as conflicts . Sectoral and Institutional Context 4 . * * The GoE remains committed to the recovery of conflict affected regions * * . The _Resilient Recovery and Reconstruction Framework ( 2023-2028 ) _ guides GoE and development partners in the planning , coordination , financing and implementation and monitoring of Ethiopia ’ s recovery effort . The framework sets the following guiding principles : > 1 This is the latest figure available from Internal Displacement Monitoring Center . The figure quoted is as of end of 2024 . > 2 UNICEF ( 2021 ) . _The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis : Introducing the Children ’ s Climate Risk Index_ . > 3 Geneva Global Hub for Education in Emergencies , 1 January 2026 _ , Ethiopia ’ s Education Crisis : Brief on key needs and recommendations . _ > 4 Climate Risk Profile : Ethiopia ( 2020 ) ; The World Bank Group Page 3 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 334, "text": "Child Climate Risk Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Firm located in Antioquia region < br > Firm located in Cundinamarca region < br > Firm located in Valle de Cauca region < br > Firm age ( years ) < br > Firm sales in 2016 ( millions of pesos ) < br > Firm profits in 2016 ( millions of pesos ) < br > Number of employees in 2016 < br > Business Practices Index < br > _Administrative data on exports_ < br > Exported at all in 2017 < br > Winsorized number of products exported 2017 < br > Winsorized number of countries exported to in 2017 < br > Winsorized number of country-products in 2017 < br > Number of other firms in same country-product in 2017 < br > Exported a new country-product in 2017 < br > Free on board export value 2017 ( 1000s of USD ) < br > Exports per worker in 2017 < br > Overall Export Performance Index in 2017 < br > * * Sample Size * * | 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decision making . Analysts found , for example , that even though the CDP II Operations Manual specified that community consultation methods be verified prior to microproject approval , in some cases the human resources with the experience , time and know-how were unavailable to ensure that community participation was genuine and effective . There also were instances of insufficient analysis of social indicators specified in the Operations Manual . To improve the quality of social analysis , two champions of community development with extensive field experience in Arabic-speaking countries would be hired to redirect the ICDP away from a narrower focus on physical works to a stronger model of community-driven development . The Community Development Coordinators would supervise local consultants to perform social appraisals , deliver training and act as facilitators of community-centered participatory planning , help communities identify their problems , propose solutions and assess whether they are achieving the desired improvements . _Community-Based ICT . _ Despite numerous private sector initiatives in ICT investment in urban areas of the WBG , the Palestinians still lack experience with community-based ICT development . Several surveys suggest strong community support for such projects , even with limited knowledge of the technology ' s potential impact on social and economic opportunities . Lessons learned from ICT projects in rural communities in other parts of the world have been incorporated into telecenter design under the proposed ICDP . They include : ( i ) assess community-specific needs and perform an institutional assessment , including the willingness and capacity of community members and local authorities to pay for ICT services ; ( ii ) pilot telecenters rather than embark on a full ICT project ; ( iii ) foster local ownership and strong participation of communities in the design and operation of the centers ; ( iv ) provide intense monitoring and regular evaluation of services and costs of telecenter operation ; ( v ) obtain direct feedback from users during telecenter operation , and allow user-initiated modification of the centers ' service structure ; ( vi ) develop links with existing initiatives , such as the Palestinian Development Gateway", "spans": [{"start": 1251, "end": 1258, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is likely because of the adjustment we make to account for possible informality of consumption , which is likely to be more prevalent among households at lower parts of the income distribution . This would be consistent with other recent evidence that shows that VATs can be progressive when informality of consumption is accounted for . ( Bachas et al 2023 ) . Had we not accounted for the possible informality of purchases as we do here , the marginal contributions of VAT would be closer to - 0 . 60 , which suggests that the informality of purchases in rural areas ( which we proxy for using measures from Thailand ) shields poorer households from VAT to a certain extent . # Discussion and Conclusion In this paper we have applied the standard fiscal incidence analysis to data from the China Family Panel Study 2018 to study the effect of government taxes and spending on inequality in China . The analysis includes fiscal elements such as personal income tax , contributions to social insurance , value-added tax , consumption tax , cash transfers , contributory pensions , and spending on education and health and accounts for 63 percent of overall total revenues and 43 percent of total government spending . The findings suggest that China already achieves quite a bit of inequality reduction through its fiscal policies but there is ample room for the country to do more . Greater reliance on progressive fiscal instruments such as PIT would not only enhance redistribution but also generate fiscal resources China could use to address future drivers of inequality such as population aging and climate change . In addition , there is scope to make social assistance more effective in responding to economic transitions and demographic trends . Cash transfer programs could expand dynamic monitoring systems ( currently being piloted in a few cities such as Chongqing and Hangzhou ) to be able to quickly respond to vulnerable families that experience unexpected income falls or increases in critical spending ( such as on health care ) . Rapid aging of the population also requires reconsidering reforms to increase the adequacy of the resident pension system while ensuring its sustainability . Social spending and human capital investment already contribute significantly to reducing inequality , but the", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 821, "text": "China Family Panel Study 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Flood Management Project ( P176327 ) | | survey will ensure gender < br > disaggregated data < br > collection , and make a < br > reference to global good < br > practices . The indicator will < br > measure the percentage of < br > users satisfied with early < br > warningservices . < br > Satisfaction of female users < br > will be measured through | | Implementin < br > g Agencies | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IR Indicator 2 . 2 . 2a Increase in < br > satisfaction of female users on early < br > warning and hydromet services < br > developed or improved under the < br > Project | user surveys . The increase in < br > the percentage points from < br > the baseline are indicated as < br > targets . The design of the < br > survey will ensure gender < br > disaggregated data < br > collection , and make a < br > reference to global good < br > practices . The indicator will < br > measure the percentage of < br > users satisfied with early < br > warningservices . | Baseline , < br > mid-term , < br > and end < br > evaluation | Progress < br > report from < br > the MoWE < br > PMU with < br > inputs from < br > relevant < br > Implementin < br > g Agencies | User survey jointly < br > conducted by MoWE , < br > EMI , and EDRMC | EMI , MoWE , and EDRMC | | IR Indicator 2 . 3 . 1 Sub-project sites where < br > community-level flood preparedness < br > activities are conducted | This indicator measures < br > number of sub", "spans": [{"start": 652, "end": 664, "text": "user surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ ግራር | 73 | 48 | 82 | 24 | 227 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 231 | 3 . 1 | | Kerero | 4 | 6 | 8 | - | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 . 2 | | Oleaeuropaea / ወይራ | 1 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 . 3 | | Korich | 11 | 2 | 70 | 0 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 1 . 1 | | Girawa | 3 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 . 3 | | Sesbaniya | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 . 3 | | Others | 30 | 24 | 58 | 9 | 121 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 125 | 1 . 6 | | All | 1 , 257 | 1 , 476 | 3 , 391 | 7 , 861 | 6 , 908 | 3 | 4 | 345 | 112 | 464 | 7 , 386 | 100 . 0 | | * * Percent * * | | | | | * * 93 . 7 * * | | | | | * * 6 . 3 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ # # # # # * * 7 . 8 Impact on Grazing Land and Crop-by-Product * * < mark > Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property further revealed that construction of the Subproject will affect a total of 0 . 014ha of grazing land belonging to 4 households . All grazing land", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 732, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 861, "end": 914, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not applicable_ * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While the project development objectives should not have proven to be overly-ambitious , given the history of GoK-Bank collaboration in this sector , they proved to be out of reach largely due to capacity and financial management constraints which were not identified as risks in the Staff Appraisal Report ( SAR ) . Despite the improvement in fertility indicators , the project did not achieve its objectives . This is explained not by a lack of progress in the population sector , but rather by the project ' s failure to significantly contribute to that progress . While a case can be made that the cumulative investments under the first three population projects continue to yield returns , the incremental impact of this project was small . Population I-III provided a framework that could have formed a strong foundation for a well-designed , well-implemented project . However , with much of implementation and nearly two-thirds of total disbursements taking place within the last year , the accomplishments to date in the population sector , as measured by the 1998 KDHS , owe little to Population IV . # # # # # # * * IMPLEMENTATION EXPERIENCE AND RESULTS * * 3 . Implementation progress was unsatisfactory throughout the project life , albeit with significant improvement during the one-year extension . While many factors contributed to this unsatisfactory experience , the major causes were ( i ) weak procurement capacity ; ( ii ) weak financial management ; and", "spans": [{"start": 1069, "end": 1078, "text": "1998 KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Tax Evasion : Evidence from a Revealing Experimental Representative Survey of Indonesian Firms < sup > ∗ < / sup > Christopher Hoy < sup > † < / sup > Filip Jolevski < sup > ‡ < / sup > Anthony Obeyesekere < sup > § < / sup > Originally published in the Policy Research Working Paper Series on _July 2024 . _ This version is updated on _August 2024 . _ To obtain the originally published version , please email prwp @ worldbank . org . * * Keywords : * * Tax Evasion ; Experiment ; Firms ; Public Finance , Compliance * * JEL Codes : * * H25 , H26 , E26 , D22 , O17 , O53 , C83 , C93 > ∗ The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . The authors are incredibly grateful for the support received throughout this study from Jorge Luis Rodriguez Meza , Habib Rab , Alexandre Laure , Rong Qian and Stephen Davenport . We also want to thank Revocatus Paul for his outstanding support with data analysis . The authors are also very appreciative of comments received from Lars Christian Moller , Emilia Skrok , Anne Brockmeyer , Jonathan David Timmis , Mahvish Shaukat , Khudadad Chattha , David C . Francis , Norman Loayza , Joshua Wimpey , Davide Mare , Attique Ur Rehman , and Nazım Tamko ̧ c . In addition , we are very thankful for comments and suggestions provided by staff at the Indonesia Directorate General of Taxation , participants in the World Bank DECIG Seminar . The work was made possible by funding support from European Union , SECO and Canada under Indonesia PFM MDTF Phase III Program , together with funding from the World Bank Global Tax Program and the Gates Foundation . > † Christopher Hoy ( corresponding author , choy @ worldbank . org ) is an Economist with the Poverty and Equity Global Practice at the World Bank . ‡ Filip Jolevski ( fjolevski @ worldbank .", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 94, "text": "Experimental Representative Survey of Indonesian Firms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Wk | C ≥ 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach and Direct < br > Contracting | ` All contracts at or above USD 10 ` < br > ` million are subject to international ` < br > ` advertising and the use of the Bank ’ s ` < br > ` SPDs ( or other documents agreed with ` < br > ` the Bank ) , as well as", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mediterranean : * * http : / / data . unhcr . org / mediterranean / regional . php * * ; UNHCR Regional Overview : * * https : / / data . unhcr . org / mediterranean / highlights . php ? Country = & Region = & Settlement * * = ; IOM Missing Migrants Project . Facebook Post February 4 at 3 : 58pm * * https : / / www . facebook . com / MissingMigrants / * * ; IOM Deaths in the Mediterranean by route , 2016 * * http : / / missingmigrants . iom . int / mediterranean * * ; IOM Mixed Migration Flows in the Mediterranean and Beyond Compilation of Available Data and Information Reporting Period 2015 * * http : / / doe . iom . int / docs / Flows % 20Compilation % 202015 % 20Overview . pdf * * ; UNHCR , UNFPA and WRC . 2015 . Initial Assessment Report : Protection Risks for Women and Girls in the European Refugee and Migrant Crisis Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ; UNICEF ( 2015 ) A Call for Action : Protecting of the rights of refugee and migrant children arriving in Europe _ ; _ IOM and UNICEF ( 2015 ) Data Brief : Migration of Children to Europe Migration of children to Europe ; Press release : Madar al-Youm , The Syrian Observer Mar 9th , 2016 Why Are Syrian Refugees Interested in Learning to Swim ? Accessed on 11 . 3 . 2016 from : http : / / syrianobserver . com / EN / News / 30686 / Why_Are_Syrian_Refugees_Interested_Learning_Swim / ; Calais Migrant Solidarity . Deaths at the Calais Border . Available from : https : / / calaismigrantsolidarity . wordpress . com / deaths-at-the-calais-border / ( accessed on 21 . 1 . 2016 ) #", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 112, "text": "UNHCR Regional Overview", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition to the information collected using this youth module , the analysis incorporates data from the latest rounds of nationally representative face-to-face LSMS-ISA surveys conducted in Ethiopia , Malawi , and Nigeria before the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic . This inclusion allowed us to integrate respondents ' demographic characteristics into our analysis . < sup > 4 < / sup > # * * 3 . 2 . Sampling Strategy * * The ‘ Youth Aspirations and Employment Module ’ for High-Frequency Phone Surveys ( HFPS ) was implemented in a single round of data collection in Ethiopia , Malawi , and Nigeria from April to July 2021 . The youth sample was randomly selected from households that had previously participated in HFPS rounds . Within each household , a youth respondent aged between 15-25 years was randomly chosen for the interview , and proxy respondents were not permitted . To ensure that the individual weights were representative of youth aged 15-25 years in their respective countries , household weights were adjusted using sample-based reweighting techniques . < sup > 5 < / sup > A consistent methodology was adopted in sampling , weighting , and implementing the survey across the countries , facilitating cross-country comparisons . In the case of Nigeria , data collection occurred in April 2021 . The sample comprises 52 % male respondents and 48 % female respondents . Among the respondents , 44 % fall in the 15 to 18 years age group , 36 % are aged between 19 to 22 years , and 20 % are in the 23 to 25 years age bracket . Notably , male respondents tend to be younger than their female counterparts . In Malawi and Ethiopia , data collection took place in May and June 2021 , and both countries reported a similar distribution of respondents by sex and age . # * * 3 . 3 . Statistical Analysis * * A set of logit regressions was used for estimating the probability of personal , household and community factors to have a significant association on the aspirations of youth aspirations for higher education ( complete university degree or post-graduate studies ) , working on STEM-related jobs and for migrating to seek better life opportunities . The core specification", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 179, "text": "LSMS-ISA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SECTION 3 * * # # * * 3 . DATA SOURCES * * At the start of the process , SWGs developed a list of information needs ( i . e . those themes that they required information on within their sector ) . These were built from RRP6 indicators and a consultation within the working group . For the purpose of Phase 1 , MSNA analysts reviewed and examined the available data on each theme . See Section 4 for results . The table below highlights the information needs and whether or not they were met by the available data . Note there is data available across all information needs . Several information needs were covered in the Basic Needs chapter . Please refer to sector chapter 1 for more information on them . _Table [ 1 ] : Extent to which information needs have been met through data available to the MSNA team_ | * * Chapter Themes * * | * * Information needs * * | | - - - | - - - | | Diet Diversity and Food | Average Daily Diet diversity score | | Groups Consumption | Average Weekly Diet diversity score | | | Food Groups Consumption | | Number of Meals | Number of Meals comparable to breakfast , lunch and dinner that were eaten < br > yesterday | | Coping Strategies | Consumption-Based Coping Mechanisms | | | Assets Depletion Coping Mechanisms | | Food Sources | Food Sources | | Food Prices | Food Prices | | See Basic Needs | Income sources | | See Basic Needs | Level of debts | | See Basic Needs | Food expenditure | | Access to Water for < br > Cooking | Access to Water for Cooking | | < br > Infant and Young Child < br > Feeding Practices | Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices | | See Basic Needs | Access to fuel for cooking | | See Basic Needs | Ability to cook | | * * Legend * * | | < mark > No data available to the MSNA team at the time", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 238, "text": "RRP6 indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a shock ( loss of crop or livestock ) at baseline ( when the child was in utero or recently born ) . Given the richness of the YL data , there are several potential exogenous shocks that can serve as instruments for maternal depression or additional controls that can be included in our model . Since the IV estimator is biased when the number of instruments is large , we use IV-LASSO to select the instruments that we include in our model . This method helps to also avoid overfitting the model or omitted variables bias by selecting the vector of control variables that fits better to the data . We also strengthen the robustness of the analysis by considering variations of the indicator used for maternal depression , exploring heterogeneous effects of household characteristics , such as mother ’ s education , household wealth , and the presence of a male partner and some of his characteristics . 3", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 134, "text": "YL data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Gender-Based Violence Risks * * The operational activities of the proposed VMF laboratory will have limited interactions with members of the public . The VMF staff will consists of males as well as female members . # # * * Mitigation Measures for Gender-based Violence * * To mitigate the impacts of gender-based violence during the operational phase , the following measures will be implemented : - Establish a gender mainstreaming and monitoring committee , - Implement a code of conduct for staff to prevent gender-based violence , - Provide awareness to the newly joined workers about the incidence and impact of domestic violence , sexual assault , and stalking , including reporting requirements and options , - Conduct continued sensitization and awareness raising to VMF staff on the prevention of GBV , - Strengthen the Gender and women office of MoH , - Provision of gender-disaggregated data , separate bathing , changing , sanitation facilities for men and women shall be ready by institution , - Impose zero tolerance on sexual harassment , all forms of gender-based violence and discrimination at all phases of the project . # # * * Risk of Social Conflict and Crime * * * * Operation Phase : * * Workers who have different political and religious interns may be employed by this project , which will in turn lead to distrust , suspicion and lack of tolerance among workers . * * Mitigation Measures for Risk of Social Conflict and Crime : * * To mitigate the risk of social conflict and crime during the operational phase , the following measures will be implemented : - Transparent local community engagement and participation shall begin during initial project decision-making and continue routinely throughout the life of the project , - Awareness-raising among the local community , contract workers and staff about the cultures and norms of the local community , - Provision of cultural sensitization training for all staff regarding engagement with the local community , - Provide awareness creation program about tolerance of diversity and , - Develop a code of conduct for", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 910, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "municipalities ’ needs may also affect spending ability . Our visits suggested that communities with more basic needs may find it easier to identify their needs during stakeholders ’ consultations , and that the types of projects implemented in these municipalities may ease spending since they tend to be smaller , and of simpler design . In spite of the strong attention that fiscal decentralization has received in the academic and policy literature , existing quantitative studies limit themselves at looking at specific constraints , and fail to assess the relative importance of the various factors highlighted above . On the other hand , more comprehensive studies reviewing factors affecting decentralization , which tend to be more of a policy nature ( see , among many , Smoke , 2001 ; Tanzi , 2001 ; and Eaton _et al . _ , 2010 ) , remain for the most part qualitative . In this paper we bridge these two strands of literature by assessing quantitatively the relative importance of each factor in determining spending ability . In looking at spending ability , our research also complements existing literature looking at the extent to which various factors , such as gender , elite capture , or revenues from natural resources affect the type of spending ( Chattopadhyay and Duflo , 2004 ; Araujo _et al . _ , 2008 ; Caselli and Michaels , 2009 ) and spending efficiency ( De Borger and Kerstens , 1996 ; García-Sánchez , 2006 ; and Balaguer-Coll _et al . _ , 2007 ) . While it would be of great interest to complement the analysis of spending ability with information on spending efficiency , to the best of our knowledge these data currently only exist for high income countries . # * * III . Data * * The analysis draws on a combination of particularly rich databases containing information at the municipal level . For each of the more than 1 , 830 municipalities in Peru we have information on public spending undertaken by the municipality , population , staffing levels at the municipality , poverty , reported social conflicts , and a number of features of the political process . The public expenditure data at the municipal level is particularly detailed . For each municipality in", "spans": [{"start": 2105, "end": 2128, "text": "public expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "they understood and acknowledged the importance of such support . After the separation , abusive men often manipulated the children , telling them that their father had moved out and that their mother was wrong for not wanting to return . This further intensified the women ’ s feelings of guilt . My daughter would write letters to Santa Claus , asking him to convince me to go back to her father because he had changed and wouldn ’ t hit us anymore . I would read them and feel devastated , not knowing what to do . My sister-in-law tells me that this will pass , that it is better for a child to live with one parent but in peace . I only decided to leave my husband when a friend told me she had an apartment , and I could stay there for free after she heard him yelling at me one day when she called me . He had hit me a few days before . The day after I heard I had a place to stay , I picked up my daughter from daycare and went directly to her apartment . I only took a few clothes and basic things . He was not home when I left . I was looking for apartments to rent but could not afford it . When I found one , the landlords heard I was alone with my baby and decided not to rent it for me . V . , INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW ✓ ✓ V . , INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW ✓ ✓ # # # Barriers and enablers to disclosure Approximately 60 % of women ( 175 out of 298 responses ) identified themselves as victims or survivors of GBV , having experienced violence regularly or periodically . Around 43 % reported witnessing violence at some point in their lives . Among those who experienced violence , nearly half identified their partner or husband as the perpetrator , while 30 % pointed out to their father , 19 % to someone outside of the family circle , and 11 % to their mother . According to the data collected , about 22 % of victims and survivors do not report the violence they experience . Among those", "spans": [{"start": 1786, "end": 1800, "text": "data collected", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the participating companies . The campaign has been ongoing since June 2019 and as of September 30 , 2019 , the selected marketing agency had carried out 162 market activations and reached over 20 , 000 people in and around Kampala . Over 500 stoves have been sold during these market activations and almost 6 , 000 people have pledged to buy a clean cookstove in the near future . 11 . The same component is continuing to fund the Independent Verification and Results Monitoring Agency . The agency is verifying the sales and eligible expenditures under the DCF is crucial for the accountability of the results-based finance aspects of the project . At the same time , the firm is carrying out consumer surveys and field-based Kitchen Performance Tests to assess the benefits of the stoves to households ( fuel and financial savings ) . The data collected will be reported in the ICR . 12 . Considering results achieved to date on the main PDO indicator of _Households that gained access to more energyefficient cooking and / or heating facilities , _ it is likely that the project will exceed the end target of 45 , 000 . Consequently , the indicator on reduction of net C02 emissions will also be exceeded . The team is collecting detailed documentation on results , which will be fully presented in the forthcoming ICR of the project . 13 . Due to continued progress in achieving the adoption of cleaner and more efficient cooking technologies , the ratings for progress towards achieving the PDO and overall implementation progress were upgraded from _ ‘ Moderately Unsatisfactory ’ _ to _ ‘ Moderately Satisfactory ’ _ in June 2019 . The ISR prepared in December 2019 is proposing to upgrade the PDO and overall implementation progress to _ ‘ Satisfactory ’ _ based on the evidence shown herein and in the latest ISR . # # * * _C . Rationale for Restructuring_ * * 14 . Closing date extension . A request for project closing date extension from the Government of Uganda was received by the Bank on December 6 ,", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 711, "text": "consumer surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which could benefit from < br > the project | Baseline Surveys | KISIP and VMGOs | Community transect reports < br > Information from consultations verified by < br > VMGs and VMGOs as correct and a true < br > representation of natural , cultural and social , < br > technical resources critical to their survival | | Development of strategies < br > for participation of VMGs < br > and mitigation measures | Social Screening | KISIP and executing < br > partner agencies and < br > VMGOs | Activities implemented respect the conditions < br > and < br > do < br > not < br > leave < br > the < br > VMGs < br > worse off than they were . Activities respect < br > the rights , culture and dignityof the VMGs | | Prepare < br > and < br > implement < br > VMGP ( s ) , if the need arises | If the inventory documents < br > that < br > the < br > proposed < br > sub < br > projects might impact on the < br > indigenous peoples : prepare < br > and implement VMGPs | KISIP < br > PCT < br > and < br > VMGs | The VMGPs are accepted by the GoK , the < br > World Bank and the VMGs | | | Carry < br > out < br > training < br > and < br > provide backstopping | | | | Capacity Building | Trainings / Information < br > dissemination < br > on < br > policy | KISIP and executing < br > partner agencies and | VMGs and VMGOs aware of policy and < br > project requirements . | 45", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 62, "text": "Baseline Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 83, "end": 109, "text": "Community transect reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries such as Brazil , Mexico , China and Russia and there were only a few documents on the subject from the Middle East North Africa or South Asia . It is unclear whether the lack of literature in these regions is due to lack of importance of SPSPs or a result of low priority accorded by sector practitioners . # * * 3 . 2 Summary of Literature Review : Electricity SPSPs * * For electricity , literature from 32 countries with SPSPs was reviewed , with a focus on dealers of solar panels and other household electricity generating equipment as well as networked services . < sup > 9 < / sup > The level of SPSP activity is high in 15 of these countries , primarily in rural areas and small settlements . Data on micro-power systems show that the total number of such systems in developing countries has more than doubled over the past decade . This gradual expansion took place over a period in which public investment in power was declining and private funding for large-scale investments was inconsistent . An estimated 10-50 million clients are served by the 7 , 000 SPSPs currently operating in the electricity sector < sup > 10 < / sup > . About 85 percent of these are in Asia . In Africa , the Middle East and Latin America the number of SPSPs identified in each region was less than 500 . In Latin America and the Caribbean , SPSP activity , particularly in large countries such as Brazil , was focused largely in remote regions of the country and provided only a small fraction of electricity service . In Africa , SPSP activity was largely limited by access to financial markets , high transaction costs , and the monopolistic rights granted to national utilities . That said , a few post-conflict countries such as Mozambique demonstrated a notable incidence of SPSPs . The maps in Annex 1 shows countries which were found to have significant levels of SPSP activity in water supply and electricity according to available literature . > 9 For the purposes of this study , literature on battery recharging businesses , categorized as “ point source ” systems in the typology , was not reviewed . This level", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 738, "text": "Data on micro-power systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We detect strong program impacts on monthly earnings . We measure earnings as an individual ’ s total earnings in the past month , including income from all IGAs , but not including unearned income . < sup > 52 < / sup > We observe a statistically significant ( at the 1 percent level ) increase in monthly earnings for the treatment group by 850 to 921 NRs ( ≈ 12 USD ) , from a baseline average of 1 , 272 NRs ( ≈ 17 USD ) . < sup > 53 < / sup > In percentage terms , this earnings increase translates to a 72 percent for the pooled sample . With alternative measurements of earnings , we detect even larger program impacts . To account for the highly skewed nature of earnings distributions , we examine the impact on logged earnings and we find impacts of over 100 percent . A third way to examine the impact on earnings is to consider the proportion of participants who earned a “ decent living . ” The Employment Fund considers 3 , 000 NRs per month ( ≈ 40 USD ) as “ gainful employment ” and considers this amount as “ being productively employed . ” At baseline , only about 20 percent of the sample was “ gainfully employed ” . The EF training program increased the “ gainful employment ” rate increases by 13 to 14 percentage points , a result statistically significant across all three models . The surveys of the 2011 and 2012 cohorts provide data on self-employment and work outside of home , conditional on having non-farm employment . We find an increase in self-employment ( significant at the 5 percent level ) and no increase in the proportion of people working outside the home . # * * c . Non-Employment Impacts for the Full Sample * * The last four rows of Table 8 present the estimated impacts on savings and borrowing behavior . We find no systematic impacts of the EF training program on loans . The program had a significant and positive impact on individual total savings – a year into the program , savings increased by 901 to 1 , 171 NRs ( ≈ 12 to 15 USD ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1310, "end": 1346, "text": "surveys of the 2011 and 2012 cohorts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "d the country and led to severe humanitarian needs . As of January 2020 , there were 442 , 672 refugees settled in 19 camps in the East , the South and Lake Chad regions . < sup > 1 < / sup > Climate change has contributed to the region ’ s social fragility ( particularly in the Lake Chad Region and the pastoral areas in the Sahelian part of the country ) and has seriously affected Chadians ’ livelihoods . 3 . * * The direct impact of COVID-19 and the anticipated slowdown in the global economy will likely reduce trade and disrupt supply chains of basic goods * * . The effects of a pandemic-driven global economic downturn and its impact on Chad ’ s economy are difficult to predict at this stage . However , its impact on the education sector is already widespread and is reflected by students not having access to learning opportunities and a large number of students being at risk of malnutrition following their loss of school meals . Sectoral and Institutional Context 4 . * * Chad ’ s performance in terms of human capital outcomes is closely linked to the structural weaknesses of its education sector . * * Results from large-scale learning assessments in Chad indicate that 97 percent of > 1 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) Refugee Protection Assessment for Chad , January 2020 . Page 3 of 13 August 14 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 1134, "end": 1174, "text": "large-scale learning assessments in Chad", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1263, "end": 1301, "text": "Refugee Protection Assessment for Chad", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using the Cholesky decomposition of the variance-covariance matrix , as in Christiano et al . ( 1999 ) and many others . The monetary policy instrument ( i . e . , policy interest rates ) is placed after the output and price variables , in line with the Taylor-rule type monetary policy reaction function , and before financial variables — interest rates , exchange rates , and stock price — to reflect the transmission channel of monetary policy shocks through financial markets . Despite using monthly data , endogeneity issues may still persist . To address this , our model includes several exogenous variables ( SVAR-X ) that account for global demand and supply shocks , capturing the simultaneous movements of variables in small open economies . In addition , the main model is augmented with economic and financial forecasts by consumers , businesses , and professional forecasters . We first estimate the SVAR models for each country using a Bayesian approach , where the routine aims to find 1 , 000 successful draws from at least 2 , 000 iterations with 1 , 000 burn-ins . The impulse response functions for each individual country are derived as the medians of these > 9 These are the endogenous variables typically included in VAR models of monetary policy transmission ( Rey 2015 ; 2016 , Passari and Rey 2015 , Bjørnland 2009 ) . Summary statistics are shown in Table A1 . > 10 While our main interest in this paper is in the transmission of domestic monetary policy shocks into EMEs , we also summarize the results on the transmission of U . S . monetary policy shocks in Appendix III . > 11 See Table A2 in appendix I for further details . > 12 For instance , Consensus surveys report annual growth rates or expected inflation for the current and the next year on a monthly basis . We obtain one-year-ahead inflation expectation as a linear combination of the inflation expectations for the current ( Eπ � ) and next years ( Eπ � � � ) . Specifically , we calculate it as Eπ � � � � � = ( 12-m ) / 12 * Eπ � + m / 12 * Eπ � � � , where m", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 508, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1677, "end": 1694, "text": "Consensus surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix A : Data construction and variable description * * # # * * Data construction * * Our data set of reference is the WEO ( October 2016 version ) to capture the general government primary expenditures ( GGX and GGEI series ) , gross domestic product , current prices ( NGDP series ) , the GDP deflator ( NGDP_D series ) , and the terms of trade ( TT series ) . < sup > 20 < / sup > We consider the period of reference by Frankel et al . ( 2013 ) from 1960-2009 , extended to 2016 . To select our countries , we apply the following criteria : 1 . We first drop every observation with strictly fewer than one million inhabitants , following Alesina et al . ( 2008 ) . The underlying idea is those tiny countries are exposed to very large shocks , making the comparison with larger countries more difficult . < sup > 21 < / sup > 2 . Then , we drop every country with strictly fewer than 16 years of data ( over 1960-2016 ) for general government primary spending and gross domestic product series , still following Alesina et al . ( 2008 ) . The underlying idea is that we need to observe at least two or three cycles in each country as we study fiscal procyclicality . 3 . We drop all the countries which are simultaneously ( i ) classified as “ high income ” for the year 2017 by the World Bank ( https : / / datahelpdesk . worldbank . org / knowledgebase / articles / 906519 < u > world-bank-country-and-lending-groups ) ; and ( ii ) were members to the OECD strictly before < / u > the fall of the Soviet Union ( year 1992 ) . Under this double selection process , we safely remove all established developed countries , and we keep Turkey , high-income non-OECD countries ( such as Saudi Arabia or Singapore ) and recent OECD members ( such as Israel , Mexico , and Slovenia ) . By keeping these countries in a first step , we are able to capture more variability in our results and eventually to remove them in a second", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 132, "text": "WEO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > The Uganda Reproductive , Maternal and Child Health Services Improvement Project Financial Statements for 12 Months Ended 30 June 2020 < / mark > * * # # # * * Strengthening Neonatal care Services in the Health facilities as a strategy to reduce neonatal mortality * * Uganda still has a high neonatal mortality rate of 27 per 1000 live births ( UDHS 2016 ) . The top neonatal causes of deaths are : birth asphyxia , prematurity , and sepsis . To manage these conditions , specialized care is required . As elaborated in the Investment Case for RMNCAH , the Project is implementing the following interventions for improving neonatal health : conducting rapid assessment of neonatal care in health facilities , training of essential staff and continuous mentorship and supervision of health workers . The Ministry is scheduled to start placing health workers in centres of excellence in neonatal care for mentorship including but not limited to : Nsambya Hospital , Women ’ s Hospital Mulago , and Kiwoko Hospital among others . With support from the Project , the Maternal and Child Health Department has worked with pediatricians including neonatologists to undertake assessments and mentor health workers in several parts of the country and this will continue . Some of the key findings from these assessments include : lack of essential equipment ( baby warmers , incubators , chairs for kangaroo mother care and oxygen concentrators for new born care ; limited space for provision of neonatal care services , lacks of essential drugs for management of new born conditions ; and limited knowledge and skills on the management of neonatal conditions among others . The assessment revealed that where NICUs have been set up and training provided , the neonatal deaths are considerably lower . ( See Annex I on assessment of equipment in selected hospitals and HCIVs across the country ) . Recent assessments also reveal that even at tertiary level of care ( Regional and National Hospitals ) , the care provided does not meet the needs of the high-risk newborns such as preterm and the full-term babies with complications .", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 368, "text": "UDHS 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 La VBG au Mali , comme ailleurs dans le monde , entraîne des conséquences profondes et durables non seulement sur les survivant . e . s , mais également sur leurs familles et l ’ ensemble du tissu social . Elle affecte à la fois la * * santé physique et mentale * * , * * les conditions de vie , les dynamiques communautaires * * , ainsi que les perspectives des femmes , des filles et des garçons exposés à ces violences . Selon le GBVIMS , 80 % des survivant . e . s ont bénéficié d ’ un soutien psychosocial . Cependant , cette réponse reste ponctuelle et non durable dans plusieurs localités telles que Ménaka , Douentza ou Goundam , dépourvues de professionnels de santé mentale qualifiés Dans ce contexte marqué par l ’ expansion des conflits armés vers les régions de Ségou , Koutiala et Sikasso , la réalité des violences est largement sous-estimée , en raison des lacunes dans la collecte des données et dans les mécanismes de prise en charge existants . Le système GBVIMS , bien qu ’ opérationnel à travers les 20 One Stop Centers existants , ne couvre actuellement que 22 % du territoire national . Cette limitation géographique et opérationnelle entrave la documentation complète et l ’ analyse holistique des tendances des VBG à l ’ échelle nationale . La présente analyse se concentre donc sur les quatre régions humanitaires prioritaires disposant de données exploitables , not", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 463, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 999, "end": 1005, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 6 . 2 . Real per capita expenditure by selected expenditure per capita deciles , Thailand , 2007 : M1 – 2010 : M6 * * Source : Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . Shaded area marks period of recession . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 7000 < br > 6000 < br > 5000 < br > 4000 < br > 3000 < br > 2000 < br > Urban < br > HH size = 2 < br > 1000 < br > HH size = 6 + < br > 0 < br > 2007m1 2007m7 2008m1 2008m7 2009m1 2009m7 2010m1 < br > Figure 7 . 1 . Real per capita expenditure by urban areas , and selected household sizes , < br > Thailand , 2007 : M1 – 2010 : M6 < br > Source : Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . Shaded area marks period of recession . < br > 7000 < br > 6000 < br > 5000 < br > 4000 < br > 3000 < br > Nominal income < br > 2000 < br > Nominal expenditure < br > Real Expenditure < br > 1000 < br > 0 < br > 2007m1 2007m7 2008m1 2008m7 2009m1 2009m7 2010m1 < br > Real expenditure / capita , baht / month < br > Real expenditure / capita , baht / month < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 7 . 2 . Real per capita income ( dotted line ) and expenditure , Thailand , 2007 : M1 – * * Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 14", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 171, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 2021-11-23 | | UR - 28 / Procurement of go < br > ods for Communications Cam < br > paign - Three ( 3 ) Digital Billb < br > oards signs Islandwide ( Mand < br > eville Square , Manchester ; M < br > ontego Bay , St . James ; Cross < br > Roads , Kingston ) | IBRD / 85810 | Technical Assistance for Imp < br > roved Disaster and Climate < br > Resilience < br > Po | st | Direct Selection < br > | Direct | | 26 , 000 . 00 | 27 , 085 . 85 < br > Completed | 2021-03-29 < br > 2021 - | 03-18 < br > 2021-04-05 < br > 2021-03-31 | | | 2021-05-31 < br > 2021-05 - | 18 < br > 2021-11-27 < br > 2022-02-08 | | RISK REDUCTION - 8 / Equip < br > ping for Fire Stations ( Furnitu < br > re , Adminstrative items ) | IBRD / 85810 | Risk Reduction < br > Po | st | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2020-12-14 | 2020-12-19 | 2021-01-30 | 2021-03-01 | 2021-04-05 | 2021-10-02 | | UR - 35 & RR - 8M - 5 / Procu < br > rement of Software & License < br > s ( incl . for Risk Atlas ) for NRI < br > P andJFB | IBRD / 85810 | Technical Assistance for Imp < br > roved Disaster and Climate <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indirectly by the intervention and , as a result , even the estimates of columns 2-4 in Table 3 could be downward biased . We use two strategies to assess spillover effects beyond the geographical cluster . First , we use the GPS location of every household in the study to compute the number of other treated and control households within a given distance radius and run the following OLS regression equation : Where is an indicator for whether household _h_ is not treated but has at least one treated household within a distance radius of _d_ meters , and is the total number of surveyed households within distance radius _d_ of household _h_ . < sup > 26 < / sup > According to Table 1 , the average distance between any two households in a cluster is 194 . 2 meters ( 0 . 12 miles ) and the median distance is roughly 100 meters . In contrast , the median distance between any two surveyed households in a village is roughly one kilometer ( 0 . 67 miles ) . We consequently use a radius of 75 , 100 and 200 meters , which corresponds roughly to the 25 < sup > th < / sup > , 50 < sup > th < / sup > and 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of the distance between any two households within a cluster . The rest of the terms are as defined in Equation ( 1 ) , and as before , standard errors are clustered at the geographical cluster level . The coefficients of interest are and . This specification allows for a simple test of the extent to which female turnout among control households near treated households resembles female turnout among directly treated households . Panel A of Table 4 reports the results from Equation ( 3 ) . The treatment effects are robustly significant and range between 12 to 15 percent . The estimate of is also significant in columns 1 and 2 , and is comparable to the direct treatment effect , suggesting that geographical spillovers are large . Indeed , the _t_ - test for is never rejected . The coefficient on the number of households within a given radius ,", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 238, "text": "GPS location", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interviews with small numbers of women who have sought legal redress . Population-based data collection , control groups , or follow-up among more than a handful of survivors are rare . Nonetheless , the following initiatives illustrate the types of efforts that have produced important lessons learned . # * * _Training personnel in the police and judiciary and other parts of the justice system_ * * Throughout the world , organizations have launched efforts to improve the knowledge , attitudes , and practices of justice sector personnel regarding gender-based violence . Some law enforcement institutions organize training internally , as did South Africa following passage of the 1998 Domestic Violence Act ( Usdin et al . , 2000 ) . In other settings , NGOs such as Rozan in Pakistan ( Rashid , 2001 ) , Profamilia in the Dominican Republic ( Guedes et al . , 2002 ) , and the Musasa Project in Zimbabwe have trained law enforcement personnel on issues related to gender-based violence . Elsewhere , governments have collaborated with the United Nations to provide training and support for the police and judiciary . For example , ILANUD is a joint institute of the government of Costa Rica and the United Nations that works with governmental agencies throughout Latin America to improve the work of prosecutors , judges , lawyers , police and other professionals in criminal justice generally , and gender-based violence specifically ( Villanueva , 1999 ; ILANUD , n . d . ) . Most of these initiatives have been evaluated using key informant interviews and pre and post questionnaires before and after training-if they have been evaluated at all . Nonetheless , training appears to be both constructive and urgently needed ( Rashid , 2001 ; Villanueva , 1999 ) . Other lessons learned include the finding that changing attitudes of law enforcement is a challenging , long-term process . The quality of the trainings ’ content and the skills of the trainer are essential . Training appears to be most effective when all levels of personnel ( especially high-level officials ) participate , and when training is backed up with changes throughout the institution , such as policies , procedures , adequate resources , and continual monitoring and evaluation . # * * _Special", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "allowing them to directly purchase fertilizers from the suppliers of their choice . The program was to be accompanied by an electronic database , which could assess eligibility to subsidized fertilizers based on farm size , with eligibility limited to an agricultural land area of up to 4 acres for the pilot . The subsidy payment was made through mobile deposits as this constituted a more efficient mechanism to reach target beneficiaries . - * * PA9 * * ( DPO2 ) followed the reforms which began under PA8 ( first DPO series ) by expanding access to subsidized fertilizers to farmers through the e-voucher fertilizer subsidy program , from 20 , 000 farmers under PA8 ( ii ) to 150 , 000 famers under PA9 . The piloting of the e-voucher program for fertilizer distribution under PA8 ( ii ) supported targeted subsidies to small scale farmers with agricultural yields lower than large-scale farmers , and who were more vulnerable to food insecurity ; the adoption of the NIA supported the development of non-national irrigation schemes to support small-scale farmers and pastoralists who were particularly affected by droughts . PA9 expanded the fertilizer subsidy scheme , increasing support for farmer incomes and food security through a credible results chain * * ( relevance of PA8 = S ; relevance of PA9 = S ) * * . * * PA10 * * sought to protect Kenya ’ s territorial waters from illegal exploitation and degradation of marine ecosystems through the passing of the _Kenya Coast Guard Service Act_ which established the Kenya Coast Guard Service charged with monitoring and prosecuting illegal fishermen . The main challenges in Kenya ’ s fisheries sector consisted of : ( i ) a lack of monitoring on fish stocks ( which posed a risk to the sustainability of the fisheries resources ) , and ( ii ) inadequate monitoring and protection of territorial waters . PA10 sought to address these challenges by establishing the Kenya Coast Guard Service , which was expected to improve the monitoring of fishing activities and fish stocks . . The relevance of PA10 is", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 143, "text": "electronic database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Ethiopia that exists today ( 21 percent for Kebele IDs ) and will ensure that Fayda ’ s systems and processes are gender sensitive , thereby improving their access to services and economic opportunities . Furthermore , the project will contribute to improving human endowments , removing constraints to more and better jobs for women , and removing barriers to women ’ s ownership and control over assets ( Annex 3 ) * * . * * - b . * * IDA-20 policy commitments ( PCs ) . * * This includes closing gaps in digital technology for women ( Gender PC5 ) , expanding adaptive social protection ( Human Capital PC4 ) , expanding access to services for persons with disabilities ( Human Capital PC6 ) , and enabling digital government services ( Governance PC3 ) . - c . * * Mobilizing finance for development ( MFD ) . * * < sup > 25 < / sup > By removing binding constraints ( such as the current inability to effectively verify the identities of people ) the project is supporting sustainable private sector solutions . This will be achieved by leveraging the competitive advantage of the private sector to provide Fayda registration activities in hard-to-reach areas through the super-agent model and enabling private sector service providers to verify identities , which in turn would incentivize the expansion of private sector-led service offerings and corresponding investments . - d . * * Fragility , Conflict , and Violence ( FCV ) . * * By ensuring that Fayda is accessible for refugees , host communities , and IDPs , the project will be contributing to fulfilling the principle of inclusion and mitigating the spillovers of FCV , as well as helping Ethiopia to transition out of fragility . Impactful results are expected especially to those who do not have access to pre-Fayda forms of identification that are required for access to services and economic opportunities . 28 . * * In terms of Paris alignment , the project is aligned with Ethiopia ’ s", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of March but did not get to the January 2019 performance . The 4 < sup > th < / sup > ANC visit ranged between 39 % and 41 % through the whole of 2019 and reduced to 7 % in March . There have been reductions in reporting in the DHIS2 in the Jan-March 2020 quarter , URMCHIP has provided resources to address this issue . * * _Figure 11 : National trends in performance of selected indicators for all health facilities from Q3 Fy 2018 / 19 to Q3 FY 2019 / 20_ * * First visit attendance within 1 < sup > st < / sup > trimester remains low even though there a gentle upward trend from 20 . 4 % in Jan 2019 to 27 % in Jan 2020 . ANC is beneficial if majority of women receive all interventions and this can only be assured if they start 26 Year 4 of the Project", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 233, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 10 < / sup > . In upholding AAP , the views of women , men , girls and boys of diverse backgrounds need to inform UNHCR ’ s interventions , advocacy , and programmes . This includes : - AGD-inclusive programming and communication , including disaggregation of all UNHCR data by age and sex and by other diversity considerations , as contextually appropriate and possible , for the purposes of analysis and programming ; - Efforts to ensure that women and girls can participate equally and meaningfully in all decision-making , community management and leadership structures , and committees of persons of concern . - Advancing gender equality , such that women and girls have equal access to refugee assistance and services , as well as individual registration and documentation ; women and girls have equal access to - and control over management and provision of food , core-relief items ( including menstrual hygiene kits ) , and cash-based interventions ; and women and girls have equal access to economic opportunities , including decent work and quality education and health services , as well as comprehensive SGBV prevention and response services . > 9 UNHCR Tool on Participatory Assessment in Operations ( May 2006 ) : > http : / / www . unhcr . org / publications / legal / 450e963f2 / unhcr-tool-participatory-assessment-operations . html 10 UNHCR Policy on Age , Gender and Diversity 2018 : > http : / / www . unhcr . org / protection / women / 5aa13c0c7 / policy-age-gender-diversity-accountability-2018 . html 11", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 276, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where A denotes ordinary wealth , Y L denotes net of tax labor income in the . . . nal preretirement year and SSW denotes social security wealth de . . . ned as the present value of retirement bene . . . ts . Note that � measures the e ¤ ect of the stock of pension wealth on the stock of ordinary wealth . This should be taken into account when comparing the results with time series studies that usually measure the e ¤ ect of the stock of pension wealth on the ‡ ow of saving . A value of � = : 66 , for example , would be consistent with the results obtained in Feldstein ( 1996 ) . The most pure life cycle model suggests that � = 1 if net social security wealth is equal to zero . Relaxing the assumptions of the pure life cycle model , � can take any value from greater than unity to less than zero . Using The Survey of Financial Characteristics of Consumers for 126 married couples , the point estimates indicate that � is signi . . . cantly di ¤ erent from zero but not signi . . . cantly di ¤ erent from one . In other words , the estimates generally show that � is somewhat less than unity . By exploiting a sample of more than 2 , 000 observations obtained from a series of surveys of male household heads aged 45-59 conducted by the Bureau of Census , Kotliko ¤ ( 1979 ) used a similar econometric speci . . . cation to the one employed by Feldstein and Pellechio ( 1979 ) . He also included other controls in the regression such as : dummies for marriage , race , and heads who are separated , widowed , or divorced , the head and the wife ’ s ages and the square of their ages as well as the number of family members . His results are in line with those that were obtained by Feldstein and Pellechio 17", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 866, "text": "Survey of Financial Characteristics of Consumers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1187, "end": 1218, "text": "surveys of male household heads", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In many urban areas ( particularly in developing countries ) , the prevailing wind direction is regularly recorded at only one location ( typically the airport ) . Taken together , the scarcity of wind direction information and aggregation of capacity measures across dispersed facilities in different microclimates eliminate any chance of incorporating meaningful wind effects . Of course , all locations in some urban areas may be subject to identical wind-direction effects during some periods , in which case radially-symmetric inverse-distance weighting would generate errors for some observations . However , our study calculates daily averages from hourly data , with consequent summation over random changes in wind directions for multiple , widely-scattered points over five annual cycles . Some measurement error probably remains , but we believe that it compares favorably with measurement errors for other variables in our model ( e . g . , facility capacities , local heating degree days , neighboring fire locations ) . # * * 3 . 4 Urban Scale * * How many grid cells should be assigned to each city in our sample ? Comparative analysis must confront the difference between arbitrary administrative boundaries and the actual extent of urban economic regions . Any attempt to define the latter will also include an arbitrary element . For all cities in this exercise , we standardize by including grid cells that lie within the same radial distance from their centroids . Then we test the robustness of the model by varying the radial distance . Another possible approach involves identification of a functional urban area ( FUA ) for each city region , as in Schiavina et al . ( 2019 ) . FUAs are identified from urban mobility data for the OECD and Colombia , and estimated for other cities using a machine learning algorithm trained from estimated travel times , population distributions and incomes . We provide a further robustness test by estimating the model for FUAs as well . # * * 4 . CO2 Measures across Cities and over Time * * # * * 4 . 1 Annual CO2 Concentrations * * The global reference standard is provided by CO2 measurement at Mauna Loa Observatory , Hawaii ( Keeling et al . 1976 ; Thoning et al . 1989", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 667, "text": "hourly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1727, "end": 1772, "text": "urban mobility data for the OECD and Colombia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "An example was shared from Dadaab , where only annual funding has been available , which makes it very difficult to plan for long term challenges associated with climate change related displacement . Predictability and a forward-looking approach across both Compacts are needed to be better prepared and anticipate how climate change will impact people ’ s resilience , ability to maintain livelihoods , and their protection needs . # # # # # * * Meeting joint commitments to refugees and migrants * * _ “ In the absence of regular mobility , human smugglers have become vectors of irregular migration . They shape who moves , how they move , and in what quantity they move . Those with responsibilities to better manage migration and to implement systems for international protection , need to be more sensitive to the vector and drivers of human mobility that smugglers are . ” _ Tuesday Reitano , Global Initiative Against Transitional Organized Crime _ “ The CRRF gives us the opportunity to look at refugee protection from a whole-of-society approach . This includes consultations directly with children and youth . “ _ # # # # # # Rez Gardi , Empower Youth Trust The New York declaration specifically acknowledges that , though their treatment is governed by separate legal frameworks , refugees and migrants have the same universal human rights and fundamental freedoms . They also face many common challenges and have similar vulnerabilities , including in the context of large movements . Thus seven joint commitments were established in the New York declaration , including commitments to tackle xenophobia , smuggling and trafficking , to protect children and improve data on mixed flows . The discussion was structured to take participants along the shared journey of a refugee or migrant . In doing so , this session used UNHCR ’ s 10 Point Plan of Action on Refugee Protection and Mixed Migration to highlight good practices of successfully responding to the common needs of persons in mixed flows at various points in that journey and reflected on ways in which States can meet the aforementioned joint commitments to refugees and migrants . The New York declaration also foresees the development", "spans": [{"start": 1679, "end": 1698, "text": "data on mixed flows", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * KENYA COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT ( P173820 ) # Ensuring availability of safe blood and blood products < u > < mark > IN01205339 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of designated blood transfusion centers ( regional and satellite centers ) with TTI diagnostic equipment and reagents ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 13-Apr-2020 | 19-May-2022 | 14-Nov-2022 | 31-Mar-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | Numerator : Number < br > equipment and reag < br > satellite ) . < br > Testing is carried ou | of desginated blood transfusi < br > ents Denominator : Number of < br > t in 5 RBTCs and at the Natio | on centers ( regional and sat < br > designated blood transfusio < br > nal Testing Laboratory . | ellite ) with TTI diagnostic < br > n centers ( regional and | < u > < mark > IN01205346 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of KNBTS satellite centers linked to and using blood service information system ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 13-Apr-2020 | 19-May-2022 | 14", "spans": [{"start": 1101, "end": 1133, "text": "blood service information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prior to commencing construction . The following set of criteria is necessary to be adopted for adequately compensate for loss of farm land and properly rehabilitating the affected people : - - Compensate farmers for loss of farmland and other land uses as per the Ethiopian federal legislation ( Proclamation * * No . 1161 / 2019 ) ; * * - The process of compensation shall be preceded * * by * * a detailed inventory of individual and communal land ; - The inventory shall include size of individual holdings of agricultural land , homestead and gardens including immovable property ; - Consult and involve Subproject-affected people ( PAPs ) in the estimation of costs for lost assets ; - Assessment of cash compensation for the forgone benefit from agricultural land shall be carried out in a wholly transparent manner , resulting in payments which truly reflect current rebuilding costs ; - No construction shall commence until land expropriation procedures have been completed and cash compensation paid as appropriate ; - Allow enough time for PAPs to remove their crops ( perennial or annual ) and trees ; and - Give priority in the employment of casual workers for household members of PAPs that have lost their land for the road construction works . Therefore , EPP will prepare a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) asippr the requirements of GoE ' s land expropriation laws and WB ' s * * ESS5 - * * Land Acquisition , Restrioticiils Land Use and voluntary Resettlement , i . e . , prior to start of the works . As is the case in most patrilineal societies , consultations revealed t lAmt th6 project area were the main decision makers on issues regardi ng land , T1herere , R . ring * * - - - - - - - . . . . . * *", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 450, "text": "detailed inventory of individual and communal land", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of repair of existing health facilities , the project would finance the rehabilitation , including furnishing and re-equipment as necessary , of about 180 health stations , and 18 health centers and 3 rural hospitals which would provide referral back-up to the health stations . The project would also finance construction of 3 new health centers in Chebo-Gurage , Kembata-Hadiya and Selale awarjas , where existing health centers must now supervise from 14 to 24 health stations instead of the norm of 10 . Appraisal estimates for civil works and equipment costs were derived from surveys of a sample of health facilities . It is expected that surveys and architectural design work for at least 6 health centers and 60 health stations would be completed by September 1988 , by MOH ' s architectural unit . Sites would be acquired for the 3 new health centers , Chebo-Gurage , Kembata-Hadiya . and Selale awrajas also by that date . Completion of survey and architectural design work for all remaining health facilities would be completed by September 1989 . 3 . 08 Most health stations in the Shewa regions now have only 1 health assistant ( HA ) . as against the 10 year plan target of 3 , making the provision of regular outreach services and supervision of community workers impossible . PDRE would therefore finance outside the project , the salaries", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 622, "text": "surveys of a sample of health facilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Article 27 ( 1 ) of the Proclamation allows the MoWE ( described as the \" Supervising body \" in the proclamation ) to encourage the establishment of Associations of Water Users Associations ( AWUAs ) , in consultation with appropriate public bodies \" as it deems necessary to utilise water for beneficial uses \" . The WRM Proclamation is framework legislation , reqUIring elaboration by means of regulations and directives . Some regulations have already been adopted pursuant to Article 27 of the WRM Proclamation . These are contained in Council of Ministers Regulations No . 115 / 2005 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Regulations ( the \" WRM Regulations \" ) . Article 28 of the Regulations provides that water resource permit holders as well as those exempted from holding such a permit may establish \" water users ' cooperatives societies \" in accordance with the Cooperative Societies Proclamation No . 1471 / 1998 ( the \" Cooperatives Proclamation \" ) . Article 29 ( 1 and 2 ) regarding registration appears to be designed to apply specifically to irrigation water users . Its two sub-articles state that cooperative societies established to undertake medium or large scale irrigation shall be registered by the Ministry , and those that undertake small scale irrigation shall registered by \" an organ established by law at regional or city administration level to organize and register cooperatives \" . MoWE has drafted an AWUA national proclamation and its related legal instruments . The AWUA proclamation incorporates lessons from Ethiopia ' s rich history of traditional irrigation management by institutions such as _ye wuha abat_ ( BRU 2009 ) and is now undergoing parliamentary processes . # # # # # # 3 . 3 . 2 * * Land * * # # # # # # _3 . 3 . 2 . 1 Land Tenure_ As stated in the RIDP FS , the Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation ( Proclamation No . 456 / 2005 ) defines the state ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant , including rights to \" property produced", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "33 While capacities of local social work centres were strengthened with different projects throughout the year , practice observed on a daily level showed a necessity for continuous further support of the child protection system . For example , after extreme influx of UASC in summer of 2018 and pressure upon the local police station in Belgrade central area , UASC were provided with accommodation in Krnjaca AC without registration papers . Furthermore , regarding the practice of the local CSW in border areas ( mostly in Sid ) it was observed that outreach social workers upon phone call from HCIT field teams were mostly giving advice to identified UASC to immediately return to their designated centres . Regarding the registration in PS Sid , in all cases that were referred by HCIT , a social worker was present as a temporary guardian during the asylum registration . It is important to highlight that , for the first time in 10 years since the adoption of the first Law on Asylum in Serbia , one unaccompanied child , a girl from Nigeria , was granted asylum in the Republic of Serbia , in December 2018 . < sup > 32 < / sup > To conclude , in 2018 many UASC continued trying to leave Serbia for Western EU . Family pressure and the obligation to pay back the initial debt contracted for the travel to EU were two major factors that urged UASC to continue their journey . Even after they were informed about the risks and dangers of such attempts , UASC continued to expose themselves to extremely dangerous situations . It seems that the pressure which has been put on them by their families and smugglers to reach an EU country might be stronger than all their fears and provided counselling together . 32 AIDA , Asylum Information Database , Country Report Serbia , 2018 Update , available at https : / / www . asylumineurope . org / reports / country / serbia", "spans": [{"start": 1726, "end": 1753, "text": "Asylum Information Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Women , NCLW , UNFPA , and WHO 2020b , Salti and Mezher 2020 ; The World Bank 2021 ) . 81 . * * Gender-based differences also exist in intentions to receive the COVID19 vaccine uptake and in the share of those getting vaccinated . * * At the beginning of the vaccination campaign , data from a Facebook survey indicated that fewer women expressed intent to get vaccinated compared to men ( 20 percent of surveyed women compared to 37 percent of surveyed men ) . However , as of March 2022 , the share of women among those registered on the national platform for the vaccine and the share of doses administered to women are almost equal to that of men ( Table 8 ) . These figures are reflective of the population distribution ( 50 percent of total population are female in 2020 ) . When focusing on sub-groups of the population , the disparity may tilt to the disadvantage of women . Among Page 35 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 309, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2037 | 0 . 2030 | 0 . 1904 | | Bottom 50 % income < br > share | 26 . 43 % | 26 . 46 % | 27 . 16 % | | Middle < br > 40 % < br > income < br > share | 44 . 33 % | 44 . 32 % | 43 . 93 % | | Top10 % income share | 29 . 23 % | 29 . 22 % | 28 . 90 % | _Source : Own simulations based on administrative tax data . _ _ * Sample includes wage earners and those who move out of formal employment ( assumed to move to other employment opportunities in the formal or informal sector with zero earnings ) . This represents the lower bound of inequality reduction . _ _ * * Sample restricted to wage earners , assuming all dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivity . _ _Note : The Gini coefficient and Theil Index are measured over labor income and do not include non-labor income sources . _ * * Overall , these policy simulations under scenarios 1 and 2 show the minimum wage increase does not result in substantial wage hikes among the formal employee population . * * Nevertheless , noteworthy wage adjustments can be observed for those employees directly affected by the wage increase ( individuals earning more than the 2021 minimum wage but less than the newly simulated minimum wage ) . However , it is crucial to note that a significant portion of this wage increase is counterbalanced by an income drop of those employees who lose their jobs after the minimum wage increase . Additionally , over the long term , the wage increase tends to be less pronounced than in the short term , primarily due to the heightened elasticity of labor demand . This result could be sensitive to the assumption of non-compliance , as non-compliant firms could , in principle , 40", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 308, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 30 | | | KE-KPLC-204027-CS-CDS / P < br > ROCUREMENT OF CONSULTA < br > NCY SERVICES FOR PROJECT < br > SUPERVISION AND MANAGEM < br > ENT OF WORKS – LAST MILE C < br > ONNECTIVITY PROJECT UNDE < br > R - KENYA ELECTRICITY MODE < br > RNIZATION PROJECT ( KEMP ) | IDA / 55870 | Component C : Electrification < br > Program | Prior | Direct Selection | Direct | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 2 , 411 , 269 . 36 | Signed | 2020-11-11 | 2020-12-02 | 2020-11-21 | 2020-12-03 | | 2021-01-25 | 2021-06 - | 10 < br > 2021-07-24 | | | KE-KPLC-296721-CS-INDV / < br > Consultancy Services for Trai < br > ning of Staff on Meter Data A < br > nalytics and Recommendatio < br > n on Relevant Complementar < br > y Software and Computer Ba < br > sed Tools for Revenue Assura < br > nce and Optimization | IDA / 55870 | Component D : Technical Ass < br > istance and Capacity Buildin < br > g . | Post | Individual Consult < br > ant Selection | Limited | 190 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2022-06-24 | | 2022-06-29 | | 2022-07-20 | 2022-08-24 | | 2022-12-22 | | Page 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 187 , 740 . 59 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-22 2022-12-30 2023-12-28 < br > rición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-57 / Contratación de 24 Encuestadores ENDI para el operativo de campode la Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 356 , 772 . 70 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-23 2022-12-29 2023-12-29 < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 19 * * # # # * * 2 . 1 . 2 Mityana Hospital * * # # # * * 2 . 1 . 2 . 1 General district profile * * Mityana district in central Uganda region , named after its “ chief town ” of Mityana , was created in 2005 by taking Mityana and Busujju counties from Mubende District . The district headquarters at Mityana are located 77 kilometers by road west of Kampala , Uganda ' s capital city . During the 2002 national census , Mityana District had a population of 269 , 800 people < sup > 1 < / sup > and it is estimated that in 2009 , its population was about 357 , 700 . Agriculture is the main income-earning activity in the district and Mityana is home to large tea plantations including _Namutamba Tea Esta_ te , _Toro-Mityana Tea Estate_ and _Mwera Tea Estate_ all of which have a considerable size of plantation workers . With 100 beds , Mityana hospital is the main healthcare facility in the district . It is an old hospital and its capacity now outstripped by prevailing patient numbers . According to local doctors , many diseases exist in the district but malaria and HIV / AIDS are notable prevalent ailments < sup > 2 < / sup > . Lack of facilities and inadequate staff are key challenges at Mityana Hospital . Table 6 : Mityana population by < u > parish , sub-county , sex , households and household size . < / u > | * * County * * < br > * * Sub County * * | * * Households * * | * * Male * * < br > * * Population * * | * * Female * * < br > * * Population * * | * * Total * * | * * Average * * < br > * * Household Size * * | | -", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 432, "text": "2002 national census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> and will conduct site visits and spot < br > checks in a sample of randomly < br > selected schools to verify < br > enrollment numbers . | | * * DLR # 2 * * Number of additional < br > children enrolled in public and < br > private KG2 | Number of students enrolled in public or freely provided < br > private KG2 . Data should be reported disaggregated by type of < br > school , directorate , gender , and nationality . | MOE ( OpenEMIS ) | Third Party | Enrollment data and disaggregation < br > is provided to the verification < br > agency . The verification agency will < br > conduct site visits and spot checks < br > in a sample of randomly selected < br > schools to verify enrollment < br > numbers . The sampling framework < br > should be acceptable to the WB . | | * * DLR # 3 . 1 * * Comprehensive and < br > harmonized quality assurance < br > system adopted for public and < br > private KG2 schools | A quality assurance system will be developed and adopted for < br > both public and private ( for profit , community ‐ based , NGO ) < br > KG2 schools . The system will include clear standards for early < br > childhood education along a quality continuum , which are < br > harmonized with licensing procedures for market entry and < br > renewal for private KGs . Moreover , it includes a system of < br > incentives and sanctions to incentivize compliance with said < br > quality standards and promote continuous quality < br > improvement . It also includes the development of a set of < br > evaluation tools with corresponding protocols for assessing < br > KG2 schools against saidqualitystandards . | MOE website , < br > signed documents at < br > MOE | Third Party | The verification agency will check < br > that the quality assurance", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 475, "text": "Enrollment data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| and promptly | | preparation | Points | County | guidelines | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | receive | Create awareness on | phase and | County / Sub - | Coordinators | and | | supportive | disciplinary actions | mid-term | county Social | | procedures | | response . | against anyone that | | Officers and | National | | | | breaches the Code of | Quarterly | Children | Project | Number of | | | Conduct . | | Officers , | coordinator | SEA-SH | | | | | Gender | | cases | | | Regularly update the | | Officers | | document | | | information sharing | | | | Number of | | | protocol to enhance | | National | | referrals of | | | who is receiving | | Project | | SEA / SH in | | | information and how < br > best it is used . | | Coordinator < br > Social | | providers . | | | Update disclosure and | | Specialists | | % of | | | reporting guidelines / | | and GM | | SEA / SH | | | protocol for SEA / SH | | Officer | | complaints | | | with a provision for | | E & S Focal | | not resolve . | | | survivor protection and | | Points | | | | | assistance . | | National | | Number of | | | | | Project | | cases | | | Review logs for SEA / SH | | Coordinator | | closed . | 56", "spans": [{"start": 1151, "end": 1168, "text": "logs for SEA / SH", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | the extent < br > practical . < br > • < br > Disposal of < br > salvage will be < br > done with < br > approval of < br > local forest < br > authorities or < br > those with < br > | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | tenure rights | | | | | | | | Loss of habitat for fauna | • < br > Construction < br > facilities such as < br > worker ’ s camps , < br > construction < br > camps , hot mix < br > plants , and < br > batching plants < br > should avoid < br > protected areas < br > as much as < br > possible < br > • < br > Construction < br > activities will be < br > properly < br > managed well < br > during the < br > driest season . < br > • < br > Construction < br > activities will < br > only be allowed < br > during day-light < br > hours so as to < br > allow species to < br > cross the < br > alignment | Foot print of < br > tower bases < br > recorded < br > Records of fauna < br > and flora in < br > place | All project < br > sites | While < br > construction < br > is underway < br > at each site | 12000 | Contractors | EHS Specialists < br > Consultant < br > UETCL | 331", "spans": [{"start": 936, "end": 952, "text": "Records of fauna", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "set at different rates across sectors within countries . Here we begin by inquiring whether there are some sectors that uniformly receive more import protection than others , and if there are patterns to this variation across countries . Figure 2 provides detail on the average applied MFN rates and legal bindings by industry for three groups of policy-imposing countries - the G20 high-income , the G20 emerging , and the other developing countries as classified in Table 1 . We break up the universe of imported goods in the Harmonized System into sixteen different sectors . < sup > 14 < / sup > The figure illustrates a number of relatively clear patterns to the cross-sectoral variation in applied tariff levels . First , high-income countries have lower average applied MFN tariffs than emerging economies and other developing countries almost universally across sectors ; sector-bysector , higher-income economies have lower tariffs than emerging economies which , in turn , have lower tariffs than poorer developing countries . Second , across country groupings , the average applied MFN tariffs are also typically higher in sectors such as agriculture ( animals , vegetables , and > 13As a point of comparison , consider the importance of customs revenue in total fiscal revenue in the United States before the ratification of the 16th Amendment in 1913 which made constitutional the US federal income tax . Data from International Historical Statistics ( Palgrave MacMillan , 2013 ) reports that customs revenue made up an average of 47 percent of total federal tax revenue collections during the decade of 1900-1909 . On the other hand , after both the income tax and the beginnings of the GATT tariff liberalization , customs revenue made up an average of less than 1 percent of US total federal tax revenue collections during the decade of 1950-1959 . > 14Industry classification is given in Table Appendix B . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1428, "end": 1463, "text": "International Historical Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of government support . While many firm characteristics are significantly correlated with having received government support in Round 1 or 2 , many of these correlations turn insignificant when we unbundle government support into Round 1 versus Round 2 support . Large firms , and those with foreign ownership are more likely to have received support in both rounds , possibly because these firms have stronger political connections . Also , having a credit or loan , and having a website are characteristics that are positively correlated with receiving government support in both rounds . This may be because firms with an existing financial relationship and online presence may be better placed to apply for and receive government support electronically where this option is available . < sup > 8 < / sup > > 8 We also find inconsistent or insignificant associations between government support and firm characteristics when we consider a multivariate OLS regression controlling for the same firm characteristics and country fixed effects . These results differ from our earlier findings reported in Demirguc-Kunt , Bruhn , and Singer ( forthcoming ) where we show in a different sample of government support data — corresponding to Round 1 in 11 countries and Round 2 in 13 countries — that more productive firms were less likely to receive any COVID-19 government support . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1192, "end": 1215, "text": "government support data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rates using minimization criteria of the sum of the squares of the residual adjustment results . h . _Deferred Life annuities . _ The parameters _ ( ) _ were calibrated by the Chilean mortality tables [ Pension Superintendent of Chile ( 2004 ) ] using the same criteria as above . i . _Individual Account Contributions_ . The dynamics for the contributions were characterized by the following equation : , where is the volatility of the process , is a random shock with standard normal distribution . The parameters _ ( _ were calibrated by adjusting the trajectory of the expected contributions used by Viceira ( 2010 , pg . 223 ) for the Chilean case utilizing the previously mentioned criteria , while utilized the figures used by Munk and Sørensen ( 2010 ) for the U . S . economy . _Minimum Wage . _ The minimum wage was characterized by : _ . _ . Other parameters . R = 2 , 5 y T = 35 . # * * c . * * * * < u > Optimal portfolio calculation < / u > * * 161 . The calculation of the optimal portfolio is preceded by the implementation of the proposed analytic solution in Appendix A , through the simulation of the conditional hopes involved . Based on the developed expression ( that is , ) , which makes the theoretical model solution numerically implementable , the calculation of the optimal portfolio requires computing the quantities : , , , , , , , , problems that are possible to solve by means of simulations , according to the work of Detemple et al . ( 2003 ) . 162 . The quantities in question can be written as _ ( _ with _ , _ and _ ) : _ where 45", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 200, "text": "Chilean mortality tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significantly correlated with connectivity to global knowledge ( as reflected by use of internet , and also export participation and use of consulting services for the SLLSE data ) and access to skills ( as reflected by use of training , namely whether the firm trains its workers in the case of the WBES , and by the highest level of education that the entrepreneur has completed and whether the entrepreneur has taken part in training to improve business skills in the case of the SLLSE ) . In the 2011 WBES , use of internet and whether the firm trains workers are both statistically significant ( at the 1 % level ) and positively associated with all four available measures of innovation ; the average education level of employees is statistically significant ( at the 1 % level ) and positively associated with process innovation ( the introduction of new or significantly improved methods of manufacturing products or offering services ) . In the 2009 SLLSE , whether the firm used a consulting service is statistically significant ( at the 1 % level ) and positively associated with four of the five measures of innovation , while internet use is statistically significant and positively associated with introducing new products or services , and with organizational innovation ; the highest level of education completed is significantly associated with three measures of innovation , while training to improve business skills is associated with two measures . Access to finance , on the other hand , is not significantly associated with any of the four measures of innovation in the 2011 WBES data , and only significantly ( at the 1 % level ) associated with two of the five measures of innovation ( organizational and marketing innovation ) in the SLLSE data . What is most striking in these findings is the similar patterns of association across two very different datasets sampled in two different years ( in 2010 and 2008 , respectively ) . We also explore how different types of training are associated with innovation . In addition to whether or not managers received business training , the SLLSE collected information on the type of organization providing the training . In Table 12 , we replace our measure of whether the manager has", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 178, "text": "SLLSE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 954, "end": 964, "text": "2009 SLLSE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1597, "end": 1606, "text": "WBES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * - Local individuals preparing food for the workers at the site will be controlled to ensure that food is hygienically prepared . Allow only authorized food vendors to supply food for the workers in the site - The Contractor will be having workmen ’ s compensation cover . It should comply with Workmen ’ s Compensation Act , as well as other Ordinances , Regulations and Union Agreements . - Workers will always be sensitized on social issues such as drugs , alcohol , diseases etc . - Ensure trained personnel are employed to install solar panels and provide grid electricity connection to the respective sites . - Provide appropriate safety wear during electrical installations to reduce the risks of electrocution of the workers . > * * Cumulative * * Yes * * Impact * * > * * Reversibility * * No # # # * * 8 . 3 . 3 . 3 Violence against Children ( VAC ) * * Violence against Children ( VAC ) is also very common case in Uganda . In the 2018 , Violence against Children Survey conducted by MGLSD reported that the most common cases of VAC included sexual abuse and exploitation child sacrifice , child labor , child marriage , child trafficking among others ( no district data is available so national data was used ) . It is , therefore , very possible that a construction project may attract underaged workers seeking employment and opportunities to earn a living . With the implementation of the suggested mitigation measures , the significance of the impact can be reduced from * * MODERATE NEGATIVE to LOW NEGATIVE . * * | * * IMPA * * | * * CT * * | | * * MITIGATION * * | * * IMPACT * * | | | | * * SIGN * * | * * IFICANCE * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 1000, "end": 1032, "text": "Violence against Children Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1219, "end": 1232, "text": "district data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1249, "end": 1262, "text": "national data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "windows – i . e . , one window timed around the _imposition_ of the original import restriction and one timed around its _removal_ . Our results provide evidence of a number of previously undocumented features of the export response to TTB removals . On average and relative to other exporters , China ’ s exports resume quickly and aggressively after a foreign trading partner removes an antidumping import restriction . However , for all other exporters , the evidence is not nearly as positive . Other emerging economy exporters have a particularly difficult time regaining lost export sales and restoring export market share after a trading partner removes an import restriction , especially in the case of exports sent to _other_ emerging economies . Section 5 concludes with a discussion of a number of questions these results raise for future research as well as policy implications . # * * 2 Temporary Trade Barriers Imposed by Emerging Economies * * An increasing number of emerging economies have imposed antidumping , countervailing duties and safeguards – collectively referred to here as temporary trade barriers ( TTBs ) – over an increasing share of their imports . Table 1 summarizes newly constructed indicators on TTB use through 2011 for fifteen emerging economies broken into two cohorts – members and non-members of the G20 . < sup > 4 < / sup > The approach follows the methodology proposed in Bown ( 2011 ) , which reported data on policy use through 2009 for a more limited set of countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > As a point of comparison , the lower third of the table reports policy use by nine high-income economies also included in the _Temporary Trade Barriers Database_ . Consider first column ( 1 ) of Table 1 which reports the share of import product lines , at the 6 - digit Harmonized System ( HS-06 ) level , over which the policy-imposing economy had at least one import-restricting TTB in effect in 2011 . To clarify , this measure captures the “ stock ” of products covered by the accumulation of TTBs over time and that were in effect in 2011 . The emerging economy > 4 The only G20 countries not included in the policy-imposing economy", "spans": [{"start": 1447, "end": 1478, "text": "data on policy use through 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B ULG , in consultation with the local community members , chooses a site with the least environmental and social impacts , and lowest chance of resettlement . The screening process presented below will ensure that ULGDP investment projects presented for ULGDP funding comply with the requirements of Ethiopian Law according to _Proclamation No 455 / 2005_ and _Council of Ministers Regulations No . 135 / 2007 . _ Screening will be undertaken by the relevant ULG infrastructure office ( roads , water , sanitation , etc . ) that proposes the ULGDP investment project , with the use of the screening tool as attached to the RPF ( see Annex A ) and ESMF < sup > 7 < / sup > . This will be part of the environmental and social screening process for each ULGDP investment project as detailed in the ESMF . It will take place as early in the ULGDP investment project process as possible and will identify land that is to be taken for the project and Projected Affected Persons who will need to be resettled and / or compensated . This will be in consultation with the affected parties to ensure that it takes all considerations into account and all potential impacts are identified . The Screening Report will be submitted by the ULG IO to the ULG Executive ( City Manager and Mayor ’ s Committee ) for review . If the Screening Report shows that no resettlement is required , the development of an Abbreviated or full Resettlement Action Plan is not necessary . If the Screening Report shows that resettlement will be required : - a . If 200 or more persons are affected , a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) will be developed ; - b . If 25 to 199 persons are affected an Abbreviated Resettlement Plan ( ARAP ) will be developed ; - c . If 1 to 24 persons are affected , a census of affected people and affected assets is required ; delivery of compensation and other entitlements as per this RPF , including resettlement if needed", "spans": [{"start": 1811, "end": 1856, "text": "census of affected people and affected assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Core Indicators for Determinants and Performance of Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries_ * * social impact indicators under Table IX , suc h as welfare effects among income groups , < sup > 2 < / sup > may be extremely time consuming to collect on a consistent basis . As in some other areas of social and economic studies , data collection work can be initiated by relevant international organisations and can then be carried forward through co-operation with other international and national bodies . The International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , the US Department of Energy ’ s Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , the Latin American Energy Organisation ( OLADE ) and the African Energy Policy Research Network ( AFREPREN ) provide a good starting point for international energy data . Due to the dynamic nature of electricity reform it is important that data is collected on a consistent , ongoing basis . Not all data will be available for all countries in all years but this does not necessarily mean that the process cannot begin . Existence of a shared framework and co-ordinated effort is a first step and an incentive to join such an effort or to integrate them into the existing data collection programs . Costs and required resources are justified by the social and economic importance of the electricity sector . Electricity reforms can have a significant effect on many development goals ( such as contained in the Millennium Development Goals < sup > 3 < / sup > ) that are directly or indirectly dependent on developing sustainable energy systems in developing countries . We tentatively suggest the following strategy for World Bank data collection in order to build a comprehensive resource base on electricity sector reforms : - i . Agree a list of desirable indicators and countries , - ii . Begin a search and summarise the main published ( international ) data resources , - iii . Conduct a systematic search of internal World Bank resources e . g . by collecting latest country mission reports on energy sector , - iv . Make inventory of missing data and countries , > 2 Although welfare impacts would seem to be extremely important we do not highlight these as", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 808, "text": "international energy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the program . All estimates are weighted to account for the sampling scheme . Of the original cohort of 7 , 922 children age 0-4 , 86 percent ( or 6 , 774 children ) were successfully followed up _in the same barangays_ in the first follow-up survey in 2002 ( Round 2 ) and the second follow-up survey in 2003 ( Round 3 ) ( see Table B . 1 ) . For cost reasons , we only tracked and attempted to interview children in households whose members migrated to another barangay within the same province ( 399 children or 5 percent of the sample ) . Out-migration to a non-sample barangay outside the sample municipality or province was the main reason for attrition ( 552 children ) . Another 197 children were lost due to deaths , refusals or incomplete interviews . The overall attrition rate by Round 3 was 9 percent ( or 749 / 7922 ) . This attrition rate is comparable to other longitudinal surveys in developing countries ( e . g . , Alderman , _et al . _ 2001a ) though higher ________________ 7 The baseline survey was conducted in April-August 2001 ; the first follow-up survey was fielded in September-November 2002 , and the second follow-up in September – November 2003 . 8 Although the pilot barangays were supposed to have received initial ECD project inputs prior to the data collection phase of this study , these project inputs were delayed . As discussed in the section on Data and Methodology , we exclude from our estimation sample all barangays that received project inputs prior to the baseline Round 1 data collection . 9 This classification was based on a list of program barangays provided by the Project Management Office ( PMO ) and verified with the DSWD field offices in the respective areas . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1577, "end": 1602, "text": "list of program barangays", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition , limited primary data was collected through a rapid assessment using participatory methodologies to supplement the secondary data . A list of guiding questions was developed based on a checklist of items often used for social assessment . The primary data collection was undertaken using one set of instruments , i . e . , interview protocol guides for different categories of respondents were used . The analysis from primary sources was conducted using frequencies and percentages to determine the opinions of respondents on each of the cluster questions . There are three UNESCO heritage sites in Uganda , two of them are National parks and one is a cultural site . UNESCO sites are tourist destinations which are highly recognized worldwide or internationally . The three UNESCO sites in Uganda include : Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park ( Home of Mountain Gorillas ) ; Mountain Rwenzori National Park or Mountains of the moonl and Kasubi Tombs . Kasubi Tombs are located in Kampala City . Based on a review of documents and a reconnaissance site visit to the project area that were conducted as part of ESIA scoping , no culturally important historic buildings or sites were identified . # # # * * 4 . 3 . 3 . 3 Role of Women in Local Society and Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) * * * * _Gender Profile : _ * * Women within the project area have substantial economic and social responsibilities . The women come from a range of economic and educational backgrounds . The project area , like any other part of Uganda , faces multiple obstacles in its movement toward gender equality despite the fact that the female population is larger than the male population . Actions taken to bridge these gender gaps and bring justice have served as a catalyst for development , empowering Ugandan woman to obtain various rights , positions and opportunities . Women in this area play a major role in agriculture , where they are mainly involved in food production , though they complain of limited access to available open land . However , irrespective of where they are located , there are", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 34, "text": "primary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 256, "end": 268, "text": "primary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Construction of the Main Variables * * # # * * _4 . 1 Short-term Performance_ * * To examine the hypothesis by Shin and Stulz ( 1996 ) that investment policy of segments in diversified firms differs from that of similar specialized firms , we employ the \" chop-shop \" procedure of Lang and Stulz ( 1996 ) to construct our short-term and long-term performance measures . In addition to adjust for sectoral differences in performance , the measures can be interpreted as the performance of a multi-segment firm relative to singlesegment firms in its industries . These measures allow us to compare the performnance differences between multi-segment ( diversified ) and single-segment ( focused ) firms and associate the perfornance differences with their different investment strategies . We measure a firm ' s short-term performance by its profit margin , calculated as one minus the costs of goods sold over sales . We first use the sub-sample of single-segment firns in each country to compute the median profit margin for each two-digit SIC code industry . We then multiply the sales share in each segment of a firm by the corresponding industry median profit margin . We sum the sales-weighted profit margin across segments to obtain the imputed profit margin of the firm . Lastly , we subtract the imputed profit margin from the actual profit margin to obtain the industry-adjusted excess profit margin ( EPM ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > In the computation of industry median profit margin , we restrict the number of single-segment firms to be at least three . In some cases , we do not have sufficient number of firms to compute the median profit margin . In these cases , we use the median profit margin of broader industry groups as defined by Campbell ( 1996 ) . This procedure avoids the loss of observations . Table 2 compares the differences in the excess profit margin measures between single - and multi-segment firms . Overall , multi-segment firms are less profitable than single-segment firms . The difference in mean and median EPM between the multi - and single-segment firms is negative and statistically significant at the 1-percent level . # # [ Table 2 here ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the financial fragility of many household businesses , < sup > 24 < / sup > the observed rapid recovery indicates the resilience of this sector . More broadly , the result also speaks to the success of the Vietnamese government ’ s containment strategy in introducing early and effective domestic and international restrictions to suppress infections . By being able to contain the disease , the country was able to transition quickly to the reopening phase . # * * 4 . 3 Heterogeneities by sector and business revenue size * * We next analyze the impact of the pandemic on household business activities and earnings across sectors and firm sizes . Table 3 shows that household businesses operating in the services industries were the most affected from the pandemic . These results are consistent with sector-specific quarterly output growth in Vietnam in 2020 A . 5 . The most detrimental impacts are observed in Transportation and Accommodation , Restaurants , and Entertainment ( ARE ) ( panel A ) . There was an average 164-percent increase in the number of ARE firms filling for suspension , and 108 percent increase in business closure ( percentage-change statistics shown in square brackets ) . The average work > 21The government imposed a national lockdown on April 1 , 2020 . The lockdown was lifted after 22 days , on April 22 , 2020 . There were scattered targeted lockdowns imposed in different parts of the country since April 2020 in response to local outbreaks . > 22Monthly income ( column 2 ) is reported with a one month lag . For income , the LFS asks respondents for income earned during the last month . Thus , the “ May X Post Covid ” estimate reflects the income effect of the pandemic in April 2020 . > 23Data on the daily government lockdown stringency index ( Figure A . 3 ) was obtained from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker ( OxCGRT ) . Data on mobility ( Figure A . 4 ) is obtained from the Google ’ s COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports . > 24This evidence is consistent with the finding in Bartik et al . ( 2020 ) for small businesses in the United States . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1825, "end": 1868, "text": "Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1948, "end": 1983, "text": "COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table IV . 2 ( cont ' d ) | | | | S | ubsadlzation | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Title of Project . < br > Country | Contraceptives < br > Donated | Company Subsidy | Donor Subsidy < br > for Serviceg | Client Pays Fees | Pollcy < br > * nd Estimates < br > of < br > Coats / Revenues < br > or BWget | | uNOTlrCPfITAhXINY | EXlS < br > IN < br > * * _DAN * L ? _ * * PL * L | IN ( cont-d ) | | | | | Thaillnd : < br > Family Planning < br > Narket Survey < br > q < br > Marketing < br > Capa - < br > bility Evaluation | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | Project cost - $ 59 . 038 | | Ibxicos < br > Nedical Service < br > NicGenterprises < br > In metropolitan < br > Areas | In first year < br > only | N / A | Only for first < br > M . D | Yeo | Project cost - $ 150 , 039 | | Self-Financing < br > Family Planning < br > Project | Sold to NDs at < br > cost and donated < br > to Social < br > Security < br > na | Social Security < br > services only | so | * * eas * * butbelow < br > market price for < br > IUDbecauseof < br > subsidy . < br > Consul - < br > tationfeefor < br > private < br > M6Dm | Over 3130 , 096 / year | | SOCIALhAWING | | | | | | | * * N15erla : * * < br > Sterling Products < br > Private Sector < br > Family Planning < br > Project | Tea to both dis - < br > tributlon projects | * * Tea . * * for provider", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "different from that for developed countries . This remains true even when we instrument . The results imply that a 10 percent increase in export time reduces developing country exports by 8-12 percent . One drawback using relative bilateral exports is that we eliminate country pairs which export to different locations . In addition , the main variable of interest is the ratio of time which varies only at the country-pair level . As an additional robustness test , we examine relative exports to the world , which allows us to use all country pairs and all exports within the regional groups . The disadvantage is the control group is not as carefully defined since we include exports to different partners . The results , reported in Table 6 are similar , implying that a 10 percent increase in the time to move goods from factory to ship reduces aggregate exports by about 3-4 percent . # * * V . Time-Sensitive Exports * * Time delays should have a greater effect on the export of time-sensitive goods . < sup > 20 < / sup > To examine the extent to which they are hampered , we also estimate “ difference-indifference ” gravity regressions using trade data of products for which time matters the most and the least . This specification reduces the endogeneity problem coming from reverse causality because the products account for only a small fraction of trade on average ( 5-6 % and 0 . 3-0 . 4 % for manufacturing and agricultural trade , respectively ) so it is unlikely they have a large effect on establishing trade facilitation processes ( Table 7 ) . We examine a set of time-sensitive manufacturing and agricultural goods . The three time-sensitive manufacturing industries ( SITC 2-digit ) are office equipment ( 75 ) , > 20 Evans and Harrigan ( 2005 ) show that time-sensitive apparel products are more sensitive to distance than time-insensitive products . 18", "spans": [{"start": 1153, "end": 1163, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 20-Dec-2010 ) Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P090867 | IDA-43720 | Effective | | 18-Dec-2007 | 20-Feb-2008 | 19-Nov-2008 | 31-Dec-201 | 1 | | * * Disbursements * * | * * ( in Millions ) * * | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan No . | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled < br > Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | P090867 | IDA-43720 | Effective | XDR | 35 . 1 | 0 < br > 35 . 10 | 0 . 00 < br > 17 . 82 | < br > 17 . 28 | 51 . 00 | | * * Disbursemen * * | * * t Graph * * | | | | | | | | Page 4 of 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample attend schools with a vocational focus while the remaining 20 % are enrolled in general schools that traditionally prepare them for tertiary education . We randomly assign half of the graduating students in each school to be eligible for the wage incentive and test its effect on employment outcomes over two years using survey and high-frequency social security data . We offer four main results . First , the employment incentive does not lead to ( short-run ) changes in employment for graduates of general schools , nor for students who plan to continue their education at baseline . This is an important finding for policymakers who are concerned that programs offering ( short-term ) benefits to encourage formal work may have hospitality and 41 % in warehousing ( Moon et al . , 2021 ) . High turnover can adversely affect firm performance . Moon et al . ( 2022 ) find that an additional percentage point in turnover among Chinese consumer mobile devices workers increases quality failure rates by 0 . 74 % - 0 . 79 % . 2", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 374, "text": "survey and high-frequency social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that poverty rates in denser urban areas , such as urban centers in the DOU approach and urban cores in the DB approach , are significantly lower than in other types of area . On the other hand , less dense urban areas , like urban clusters in the DOU approach and suburbs in the DB approach , tend to have poverty rates relatively close to rural areas . The adoption of DOU and DB approaches leads to an increase in urban poverty rates as more rural households are reclassified as urban households . This finding is consistent with the study by Combes et al . ( 2023 ) , which suggests that official national definitions of urban areas tend to underestimate levels of urbanization in African countries . Figure 5 compares urban poverty rates based on the official urban definitions ( x-axis ) and DOU or DB definitions ( y-axis ) . Countries closer to the 45-degree line have similar poverty rates for both definitions . Several countries have higher urban poverty rates in the DOU or DB approaches than in the official urban definition , as they appear above the 45-degree line . For example , the urban poverty rate in Malawi ( MWI ) is more than 50 percent in the DOU and DB approaches , a significant increase from 20 percent with the official urban definition . Similar substantial increases are observed in a few other countries , such as Niger ( NER ) and Uganda ( UGA ) . The comparison of urban poverty rates in the DOU and DB approaches in Panel C show that most countries have similar poverty rates between the two approaches , with a handful of countries ( such as Malawi , Niger , Chad [ TCD ] , etc . ) having higher poverty rates with the DB approach . While the negative cross-country correlation between poverty rates and GDP per capita is well known ( see Panel A in Figure A1 in Appendix A ) , it is unknown whether such a correlation is observed for urban and rural poverty rates . Figure A8 demonstrates a linear relationship between urban and rural poverty rates observed across countries : countries with lower urban poverty rates also tend to have lower rural poverty rates", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 # # # # * * 18 Afghans , 16 adult men and 2 UASC expelled from Croatia , November 2018 * * The group managed to enter Croatia irregularly by using GPS . After seven days of walking and sleeping rough , they managed to reach Zagreb , the capital of Croatia . One police officer approached them and immediately called for a backup . Soon after , one police van arrived , and all persons were taken to a police station . There , they were detained , fingerprinted and photographed . Afterwards , police officers drove them to the border with Serbia and expelled them in the vicinity of the city of Sid . # # # * * III Hungary * * Movements towards Hungarian and Romanian areas showed patterns similar to 2017 . Both CRPC and HCIT protection teams collected testimonies of 185 pushback incidents from Hungary relating to 951 persons . Compared to two previous years , 2018 brought drastically lower number of push-back incidents from Hungary to Serbia , with more than 900 foreign nationals who were unlawfully expelled from Hungary and ordered to go back to Serbia . Through an analysis of documented testimonies , two distinctive ways of entering Hungary were observed : - _on foot_ , crossing into Hungary through open fields , outside the official border crossing , using smugglers or going in a “ game ” on their own , cutting the wire fence or jumping over it , - _hidden_ , attempting to enter Hungary in train wagons , cargo trucks and even private vehicles at official border crossing point . Among different practices observed throughout the year , a certain number of foreign nationals tried to enter Hungary hidden in train wagons or cargo trucks and they were usually discovered and apprehended right at the very border crossing point . Despite the fact that each country has a sovereign right to control entry of foreign nationals into its territory , basic international standards especially in the field of protection of fundamental human rights guaranteed by essential international conventions and treaties must be respected . For example , HCIT collected testimonies of foreign nationals that were taken to police", "spans": [{"start": 1090, "end": 1112, "text": "documented testimonies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS6042 Policy Research Working Paper 6042 Impact of Social Fund on the Welfare of Rural Households Evidence from the Nepal Poverty Alleviation Fund _Dilip Parajuli Gayatri Acharya Nazmul Chaudhury Bishnu Bahadur Thapa_ The World Bank South Asia Region Sustainable Development Unit and Human Development Unit April 2012", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "timeliness , price , efficacy , and satisfaction . For the sake of simplicity , service delivery will be operationalized in two dimensions : ( i ) provision of services and ( ii ) outcomes of services . The rationale for this is that provision ( e . g . number of teachers in a district , number of books purchased ) may be more easily impacted by improvements in OGD as opposed to outcomes ( e . g . primary school completion , literacy , etc . ) . This index will likewise draw upon the IIAG , which rates education and health at the aggregate level . Based on a review of the sub-indicators , the IIAG aggregate indicators were remixed in order to better parse out provision and outcomes in both the health and education sectors . Annex 2 provides a listing of all the sub-indicators used . 119 See https : / / opendatabarometer . org / barometer / 120 For instance , these indicators measure the existence and extent of OGD based on the following questions , for which countries receive a score between 1 – 100 : Do the data exist ? Are data available online from government in any form ? Is the data set provided in machine-readable formats ? Are the machine-readable data available in bulk ? Is the data set available free of charge ? Are the data openly licensed ? Is the data set up to date ? 121 In the regression specification related to the relationship between OGD on government accountability , the Open Data Barometer Raw Scores were used for the Overall OGD Index , which measure the extent to which data are open on a de facto basis across more than a dozen categories . This figure averages the performance across all data categories on a yearly basis in order to provide an aggregate snapshot of the openness of the data environment . These broad scores were used since they best reflect the actual situation on the ground , and have the most direct effect on accountability , irrespective of the different dimensions of OGD that they may cover . These include the aggregate score for data on maps , land ownership , census , government budget , government spending ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "jectory for EEP < br >  EEP Board has adopted and PEA has approved a new rolling < br > three-year Least Cost Generation and Transmission Expansion < br > Masterplan | | |  EEP has produced segregated audited annual accounts for its < br > Generation , Transmission , Trading , and System Operation < br > businesses | # # # # # * * d ) Proposed Procurement Contract Summary * * * * _1 ) Component-2 : Transmission Network Strengthening and_ * * # # # # # * * _Modernization ( IDA : US $ 281M ) _ * * # # # # # # _a ) _ * * _Sub-Component-2a : Constructing Fourteen new Transmission Lines & Substation_ * * Investments selected under this component form a part of the least cost transmission expansion study conducted by EEP . Based on the requirement of Distribution network strengthening across 72 towns under component-1 , Ten new substations and associated transmission lines from the least cost transmission expansion study were identified as priority . In addition , four more transmission lines and associated substations were identified as high priority for the purpose of ensuring system reliability and carrying capacity . # # # # # # b ) * * _Sub-Component-2b : _ Support on Grid Modernization * * The Gird modernization package includes : _System Defense Project ( SDP ) , Digital Twin Project ( DTP ) , and System Instrumentation Improvement Project ( SIIP ) . _ The _SDT_ will establish a dynamic model of the power system to replicate the responses from the real system ; the SDP helps to improve grid resilience through effective and efficient system frequency response performance ; and the _SIIP_ will help improve the system SOLOMON 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ET-MOLF-103206-CS-UN / Te < br > chnical support on the followi < br > ng < br > • Livestock and Fisheries D < br > ata Analysis and Monitoring S < br > ystem ( DAMS < br > • Animal identification and < br > traceability < br > • Strategy and approach fo < br > r Extension Advisory System < br > ( EAS ) Good Animal Husbandr < br > y Practice GAHP < br > • Performance < br > IDA / 61650 | Linking More Productive Far < br > mers to Markets < br > Prior | UN Agencies ( Dire < br > ct ) < br > Direct | 3 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | | | | | | 2019-05-11 | 2019-11-07 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ET-MOLF-103213-CS-UN / Ba < br > seline survey / by Internationa < br > l Livestock Research institute < br > / < br > IDA / 61650 | Strengthening National Instit < br > utions and Programs < br > Post | Non-Profit Organiz < br > ations < br > Direct | 433 , 000 . 00 | 433 , 911 . 00 < br > Signed | 2019-03-14 < br > 2 | 018-10-1 | 5 | | | | 2019-04-23 < br > 2019-0 | 2-01 < br > 2019-05-28 < br > 2019-0 | 2-08 < br > 2020 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : * * Timeline of Activities | * * Season / Date * * | * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | | _Pre-planting 2015_ | | | January 2015 < br > February 2015 | Farmer Registration < br > Soil sampling < br > Baseline survey ( farmer characteristics < br > and 2014 practices ) | | _Planting 2015_ | | | March 2015 < br > April-July 2015 | Delivery of soil analysis < br > Orders of fertilizers < br > Intervention | | August 2015 | Follow-up survey ( 2015 practices ) | | _Harvest 2015_ | | | October-December 2015 < br > February 2016 | Yield estimation < br > 2015 Self-reported yields survey | | _Commercialization 2015_ | | | June 2016 | 2015 Commercialization survey < br > ( prices , sales and costs ) | | _Planting 2017_ | | | May 2017 | Follow-up survey ( 2017 practices ) | 31", "spans": [{"start": 570, "end": 602, "text": "2015 Self-reported yields survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 650, "end": 679, "text": "2015 Commercialization survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * ATMIS DRAWDOWN : * * On 15 November 2023 , the United Nations Security Council adopted in two resolutions the extension of its authorization of the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia ( ATMIS ) until 30 June 2024 . These resolutions delayed the drawdown as requested by the government of Somalia and will allow review of the transition plan including Somalia ’ s future security requirements . The drawdown process will resume in January 2024 and the withdrawal of ATMIS troops from Kismaayo district would have direct consequences on the humanitarian access and protection of both displaced and civilian population . The Protection Cluster will analyze the drawdown process in Kismaayo from the Protection of Civilians perspective and draw strategic and operational recommendations to mitigate and minimize its impact . The most reported protection issues in Kismaayo are : - * * < mark > PERIOD TRIGGERS REPORT < / mark > * * Protection issues reported during the incident : • Ongoing escalation poses insecurity negatively - PRMN field monitors recorded 551 impacting the conditions of displaced persons . - households , approximately 3 , 306 • Lack of adequate housing and essential services . individuals , largely pastoralists and farmers , - 9 – 12 • Child protection issues . forced to leave their homes . The ongoing - March 2023 • Strain on social cohesion . displacement is triggered by recent fighting • Heightened protection risks : The elderly , women , - between Non-State Armed Groups ( NSAGs ) and children are exposed to protection risks . - and government security forces . Women and girls face risks of gender-based violence , such as rape and physical assaults . - Protection issues reported during the incident : • Child protection issues - Heightened insecurity displaced over 7 , 230 • Strain on social cohesion - individuals in Lower Jubba areas around • Heightened protection risks : The elderly , women , - 21 – 25 July Kismaayo town . The ongoing displacement and children are exposed to protection risks . - 2023 is triggered by", "spans": [{"start": 1048, "end": 1067, "text": "PRMN field monitors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant potential impact due to the large number of youth and project workers to be engaged in the project as direct beneficiaries . The rising number of infections in the country calls for more intensified focus on prevention ( Kenya Demographic and Health Survey ( KDHS , 2022 ) . HIV / AIDS awareness campaign for the project staff as well as trainees which should be done throughout the project implementation period . Other services to be considered will include linkages to health facilities for voluntary counselling and testing ( VCT ) and / or provision of anti-retroviral treatment as necessary . The project will also address Covid-19 , which is still a key public health concern . 39 . The _Sexual Offences Act , 2006 and its amendment , 2012_ requires workers to observe a standard work ethic to ensure persons from both genders are not subjected to sexual offences . A conducive working environment should prevail in all workplaces in the project , to be enhanced through implementation of the SEAH Prevention and Response Plan . All workers shall sign a CoC with clear provisions over the breach of the code . The CoC shall be translated into Kiswahili to ensure that all workers are able to read , sign and apply . 40 . The _Persons with Disability Act , 2003 , _ Chapter 133 outlines the following entitlements : a legitimate expectation of being able to enjoy accessibility and mobility ; a legitimate expectation of being able to access public buildings ( that must be adapted to suit the needs of PWDs ) ; and a legitimate expectation of being able to access public service vehicles ( that must be adapted to suit the needs of PWDs ) . 41 . The _Children ’ s Act , 2022_ is a comprehensive law on all matters to do with children . It provides that the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration in all actions concerning children including protections related to employment . # # # # # * * 4 . 2 Occupational Health and Safety * * 42 . The _Occupational Safety and", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 268, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ~ d ~ ulse ~ ~ ~ ucti ~ ~ _ ( i . ! ! . ~ | __ < br > io_ ~ ~ ~ . __ . __ . | __ < br > ___ . _ . _______ . _ . ___ . __ | | __ < br > Value < br > quantitative or < br > q , ! ~ lit ~ ! i . ~ ~ L . _ | < br > 16 . 1 < br > 17 . 9 < br > , _ . . _______ . . ___ . . ____ . _ . _____ . . ____ . _ . . . . . . __ | ______ | 18 . 1 < br > . . ___ . . _________ | | Date achieved | < br > _ ' ' 112008_ | | < br > _7 / 2009_ | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | Significant discrepancies in erop production a < br > from CSA surveys , FAO and WFP ( 2010 ) , an < br > production and cereals yields have been above | ndestimat ~ dy < br > d DSA ( 2010 ) . < br > a five-year tr | ield information < br > Nonetheless crop < br > end . | | < br > ! : ; ' dI ~ ~ ! ~ ~ i ; ~ | < br > _Yieldof ~ reals ~ ~ oilseeds , andp ; ' - ~ - Q ~ tonsl | < br > hectare ) . - - = | < br > = = - - = = ~ = ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ | | Value < br > quantitative", "spans": [{"start": 536, "end": 547, "text": "CSA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Surveyed ( No . ) * * | * * % of the Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Isingiro * * | 240 | 482 | 201 % | | * * Kyegegwa * * | 294 | 285 | 97 % | | * * Hoima * * | 280 | 306 | 109 % | | * * Kamwenge * * | 270 | 287 | 106 % | | * * Kiryandongo * * | 252 | 281 | 112 % | | * * Arua * * | 308 | 278 | 90 % | | * * Adjumani * * | 306 | 296 | 97 % | | * * Koboko * * | 235 | 221 | 94 % | | * * Lamwo * * | 390 | 268 | 69 % | | * * Moyo * * | 290 | 249 | 86 % | | * * Yumbe * * | 242 | 309 | 128 % | Of the 3262 children , aged 6 to 59 months surveyed about 50 . 7 % and 49 . 2 % were boys and girls respectively . The younger children , aged 6-17 months old were 26 . 3 % of the total sampled children . The second majority were children aged 18-29 months whereby 375 ( 48 . 4 % ) were boys and 400 ( 51 . 6 % ) were girls . In total there were 775 children in this age group , representing 23 . 8 % * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 43 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PR * * < br > * * Risks ) * * | | Use of public resources for private gain is not < br > considered widespread or systemic . Ethiopia ’ s scores < br > on the Transparency International 2008 Corruption < br > Perception Index suggest that it ranks near the middle < br > of sub-Saharan African countries on perceptions of < br > corruption . This contrasts with in-depth country < br > diagnostics that are starting to suggest that corruption < br > in Ethiopia is less frequent than in other low-income < br > African countries . < br > MOFED has shown its commitment to ownership of < br > this high-profile Program , evidence of which comes < br > from improved basic service results . It recently < br > created a new department to manage all programs that < br > finance resources flowing directly to regions . The < br > defined mandate , appropriate staff mix and oversight < br > ~ ~ of this unit are strong To improve local ~ ~ | of internal and external auditors will continue and be < br > expanded to regions . < br > The bi-annual Woreda City Benchmarking Survey < br > has shown encouraging results regarding corruption – < br > only 4 % of respondents reported payments outside < br > the legal requirement for Government services . < br > The Public Sector Capacity Building Project focuses < br > on strengthening , and making transparent , < br > Government systems and has made significant efforts < br > to improve human resource management . < br > At the local level , the PBS Program supports < br > increased accountability and transparency in the < br > decentralized delivery of basic services . | 28", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1075, "text": "Woreda City Benchmarking Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "growth . It was only with the recent quantification of specific improvements in management practices , such as better ways to monitor production information , to set binding operations , inventory and quality control targets , and to incentivize workers with merit-based pay and promotion , that it has become possible for economists to rigorously compare management technologies across firms . Based on data across 17 countries , Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2010 ) rank average Indian , Chinese and Brazilian management practices of domestic firms ( the only developing countries in the sample ) as significantly below those of OECD countries , with a large lower tail of very badly-managed firms ; foreign multinationals residing in these countries , on the other hand , are well managed across all countries . Robust positive associations are found between the average firm management score and labor productivity ( sales per employee ) , profitability , Tobin ‘ s q , sales growth and survival , controlling for country and industry fixed effects and general firm-level controls . And in a follow-on randomized experiment on large multi-plant Indian textile firms , Bloom et al . ( 2011 ) show the causal impact of adopting better management technologies : five months of extensive consulting to upgrade management practices raised average TFP by 11 % in the first year , increased the use 12", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 428, "text": "data across 17 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "existence of a verbal lease agreement . < sup > 68 < / sup > Other court decisions have regarded the existence of electricity and phone bills , as well as an investment license for a coffee shop , as proofs . < sup > 69 < / sup > In one instance , the occupation for a long period ( more than seven years ) in a known and calm manner without the opposition of the original property owner was sufficient to prove the existence of a lease agreement . < sup > 70 < / sup > However , other court decisions have considered that continuous occupation alone is not enough , stating that the judge must in each case examine the context surrounding such occupation to determine whether or not a lease agreement exists . < sup > 71 < / sup > Invoices of rent allocations have acted as evidence in that regard as well . Additionally , as per Article 542 of the COC , the duration of verbal lease agreement is to be determined according to local customs . After the end of that duration , in case the tenant remained in the property without opposition from the landlord , the lease contract is then considered to have been implicitly renewed under the same conditions . # # # # # # REGISTRATION OF LEASE AGREEMENTS AT THE PUBLIC NOTARY AND THE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY According to Law No . 60 / 88 , < sup > 72 < / sup > all lease contracts must be registered at the relevant municipality . The tenant should then pay a yearly tax of 5 percent of the total rent paid by him / her in case of habitation . In order to do so , it is enough to present a notarized version of the contract to the municipality . The fees paid at the Public Notary in that respect vary from LBP 60 , 000 to LBP 100 , 000 , in addition to 4 / 1000 of the value of the contract . If the contract was not registered at the municipality , the owner will have to pay a fee equivalent", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the social cohesion index ( i . e . “ willingness to interact with outgroups ” ) , participants were asked to imagine that they need to become part of a committee to decide what type of amenities should be provided in the park that they saw in the VR experience . They were then told that in this committee they would be working with one other person , who was always shown to be a member of the opposite sex and of a randomly assigned ethnic group . The selection of the social cohesion indicators was informed by Naef and Schupp ( 2009 ) , Wilson ( 2017 ) , and Glaeser , et . al . ( 2000 ) for the measures of trust ; Strangor ( 2012 ) on stereotypes and prejudice ; and UNICEF ’ s Compilation of Tools for Measuring Social Cohesion , Resilience , and Peacebuilding on inclusion and tolerance . They were relevant for the study context , where other data sources had shown that perceptions and trust toward other groups were low — according to the 2018 World Values Survey , nearly 70 percent of the Pakistanis mistrust people of another religion and 74 percent believe that most people cannot be trusted . The variable definitions are provided in Table 1 . < sup > 14 < / sup > Because the survey included a wide set of questions , four indices were constructed to reduce the dimensionality of the data and the number of statistical tests performed : where refers to the index score for each individual , defined as the sum of the z-scores of the variable DD included in the index . The control mean and standard deviation were used to construct the z - DDii II DD zz scores . Additionally , was standardized for ease of interpretation . Cronbach ’ s Alpha , which shows the ii strength of the consistency of the components included in each index , indicates that three of the indices DD II ( “ use of public spaces ” , “ trust toward outgroups ” and “ perceptions toward outgroups ” ) have a coefficient higher than 0 . 6 , while one index ( “ willingness to interact with outgroups ” ) has a", "spans": [{"start": 954, "end": 978, "text": "2018 World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 : Reports of secondary activities by recall period , 1992 / 92 – 2009 / 10 * * < sup > * * a * * < / sup > | | Survey < br > IHS 1992 / 93 < br > | UNHS 2005 / 06 | UNPS 2009 / 10 < sup > 16 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Short Recall ( 7day recall ) | 25 . 3 < sup > ~ ~ b ~ ~ < / sup > | 17 . 4 | 21 . 0 | | Long recall ( 12 month ) | 30 . 7 | 36 . 7 | 33 . 7 | | Difference | 5 . 4 * * * | 19 . 3 * * * | 12 . 7 * * * | * * Source : * * Authors calculations from the IHS 1992 / 93 , UNHS 2005 / 06 , UNPS 2009 / 10 . Note : a ) ages 15 – 65 , unweighted b ) Based on 30 day recall period , c ) * * * indicates significant at 0 . 1 % level of significance ( LOS ) . The symmetry of the questions across recall period in the Uganda National Household Panel survey ( UNPS ) , 2009 / 10 allows a comparison of which secondary jobs are missed in the 7 day recall . Missing jobs were mainly wage work ( see Figure 1 ) , both farm and non-farm . In both cases , the missing activity in the 7 day recall could be daily labor , meaning that both demand and supply can vary by week , month or season . Not surprisingly , family farm work ( reported either as own account or contributing family member ) was also under reported in the 7-day recall . * * Figure 1 : Comparison of reported secondary jobs by activity type : 7 day versus 12 month recall , 2009 / 10 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12 month recall 7 day recall < br > Family worker-farm 317 533", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 502, "text": "IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 755, "end": 793, "text": "Uganda National Household Panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3RP PROGRESS REPORT JUNE 2015 responding to environmental issues through the provision of solar water heating , energy-efficient lighting or water saving kits . To date , a total of 246 properties in the programme have been fitted with water saving devices , saving approximately 428m < sup > 3 < / sup > of water per month , the equivalent of the water consumption of approximately 35 properties . Furthermore , factsheets on water saving measures are being distributed to households participating in the programme , potentially further reducing water use . A project is also under discussion to install solar water heaters on properties hosting Syrian refugees , in exchange for a negotiated extension of the rentfree lease agreement . In Lebanon , bi-annual shelter surveys , regular mapping of various shelter types , and the 3W ( who does what where ) are tools which allow for common baselines and standards among shelter partners , thereby decreasing overall transaction costs . The shelter temporary technical committees regularly review shelter options to harmonize costs and implementation modalities . For instance , specific guidance was provided to all shelter partners to assist refugees living in substandard buildings through standardized rehabilitation and weatherproofing . # # # REGIONAL FUNDING STATUS ( USD ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 15 % Iraq $ 7M $ 55M < br > 36 % < br > Total Agency Jordan $ 23M 76 % $ 194M < br > Funding < br > Requirements < br > $ 396M Lebanon $ 29M $ 147M < br > 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % < br > 85 % < br > Funding Received Funding Requirements < br > Current Funding Funding Gap < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # CONSEQUENCES OF UNDERFUNDING With funding at 15 per cent across the region , the Shelter Sector has achieved 24 per cent of its target for assistance to households outside of camps , and 22 per cent of", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 776, "text": "bi-annual shelter surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on sustainable use of land , species and ecosystems . In most areas of Uganda , the combination of several conservation practices is recommended and packages will depend on area and crops , livestock and tree species on the land . Measures concern land moving works and cultivation / agro-forestry . * * The proposed TL route will pass through farmlands and pasture lands as well as sloping areas . Some project activities such as vegetation clearance , establishment of access roads and excavations for TL tower placement may accelerate soil erosion in hilly areas , * * and removal of plant species of conservation importance . Therefore , soil conservation measures and guidelines will be followed by the Project . - * * 2 . 3 . 30 National Environment ( Management of Ozone Depleting Substances and Products ) Regulations , 2001 ( S . I . No . 63 of 2001 ) * * The objective of these regulations is to : - Regulate production , trade and use of controlled substances and products ; - Provide a system of data collection that will facilitate compliance with relevant reporting requirements ; - Promote the use of ozone friendly substances , products , equipment and technology , and - Ensure the elimination of substances and products that deplete the ozone layer . Importing or exporting controlled substances and products requires a license . Licenses are to be issued only to applicants that have adequate and appropriate facilities and equipment to handle a controlled substance or product without causing damage to the environment . A register of all licenses is kept . A person who buys or receives a controlled substance or product shall sign an end-user declaration Form . * * These regulations may be triggered by the Project in the event that operation of construction equipment ( e . g . , machinery , generators , etc . ) or substation equipment requires cooling systems using CFCs and / or HCFCs ( regulated ozone-depleting substances ) . * * - * * 2 . 3 . 31 National Environment ( Noise Standards and Control ) Regulations , 2003 ( S . I . No . 30", "spans": [{"start": 1543, "end": 1567, "text": "register of all licenses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of income among host community , the second most livelihood income source was sale of food and some livestock products . The third most important source of income was sale of food products . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 70 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "la protection des apatrides . En outre , la non-reconnaissance d ' importants transferts de population à l ' époque coloniale et le refus d ’ accorder systématiquement la nationalité aux populations résidant dans les pays de la CAE au moment de la transition vers l ' indépendance ont encore des conséquences aujourd ' hui . Ainsi , l ' administration des questions relatives à la nationalité et les lois y afférentes au niveau régional ne prévoient pas de manière effective la possibilité pour les migrants et leurs descendants de s ' intégrer en tant que ressortissants d ' un nouveau pays , ce qui laisse un nombre important de personnes sans aucune reconnaissance de la nationalité du pays où elles vivent , mais également sans réelles connexions avec un pays « d ’ origine » leur permettant d ’ en revendiquer la nationalité . Une cause profonde de ces problèmes est la faiblesse des systèmes d ' état-civil . Seul le Burundi a un taux d ' enregistrement des naissances supérieur à 80 pour cent ; au Kenya , il est de 67 pour cent et au Rwanda de 56 , tandis que le Soudan du Sud , la Tanzanie et l ’ Ouganda , il est respectivement de 35 , 26 et 32 pour cent – parmi les plus bas d ’ Afrique . Le nombre de personnes possédant des actes de naissances qui témoignent de cet enregistrement est encore moins important . Un acte de naissance ne confère pas la nationalité , mais il constitue une preuve des éléments qui doivent être présentés pour prouver qu '", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1256, "text": "actes de naissances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ". China “ reached over 40 billion yuan ( $ 6 . 5 billion ) in 2012 , surpassing the United States for the second year to become the largest musical instrument market in the world . ” < sup > 14 < / sup > Statistics released by the China Musical Instrument Association “ showed that , in 2012 , the total world output of pianos was 500 , 000 , with China accounting for 80 percent . Of the two million Western orchestral instruments in the world , 60 percent of them were made in China , and the country produced 80 percent of the 1 . 3 million violins made worldwide in 2012 . ” < sup > 15 < / sup > On just piano exports , consider Box 1 . It must be noted nonetheless that just as the Human Development Index ( and other indices ) may correlate with GDP in some areas , the Cultural Trade Index , and the Cultural Exchange Index may also do the same . For example , China ’ s economic rise in recent years may explain why China has become the largest instrumental music market in the world . Yet that might not be | * * Box 1 | Top P * * < br > * * Country * * | * * iano Exporters * * < br > Amount in < br > US Dollars | * * in 2014 by Cou * * < br > Percentage of < br > total Piano < br > Exports | * * ntry * * < br > Rank | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | China | $ 150 , 625 , 000 | 19 . 9percent | 1 | | United States | $ 134 , 090 , 000 | 17 . 7percent | 2 | | Germany | $ 60 , 176 , 000 | 7 . 9percent | 3 | | France | $ 35 , 777 , 000 | 4 . 7percent | 4 | | Canada | $ 30 , 416 , 000 | 4percent | 5 | | Japan | $ 27 , 668 , 000 | 3 .", "spans": [{"start": 807, "end": 830, "text": "Cultural Exchange Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Concluding remarks * * This paper provides new evidence on the positive impacts of mobile broadband coverage on household consumption and poverty status in Nigeria . Unlike previous studies , it uses a data set that is nationally representative with detailed data on consumption and living standards , which tracks households over time and matches them with precise mobile broadband coverage data from operators . It finds that mobile broadband coverage had positive and significant impacts on consumption and poverty reduction , particularly among initially poorer and rural households . These results suggest that the economic benefits of mobile broadband coverage are not limited to households who already participate in more developed economic sectors outside subsistence agriculture or formal wage employment . The results are driven by improved labor market outcomes and are robust to several specifications . The study also represents an important contribution to the policy discussion about the costs and benefits of expanding internet access . First , by showing that mobile broadband coverage can in fact reduce poverty and improve consumer welfare , the results provide important evidence that policy makers can use when considering the cost-benefit ratio of public policies that seek to achieve universal internet access . Second , the fact that the increase in consumption occurs mostly through improvements in labor market outcomes — particularly among women — highlights the importance of complementary policies to remove barriers to job creation , particularly for more vulnerable groups . Finally , the study highlights the importance of data collection efforts to better understand the potential benefits of digital infrastructure investments in developing countries . 14", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 220, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 376, "end": 406, "text": "mobile broadband coverage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 - e . Retail and wholesale - f . Food and beverage ( restaurants and catering ) - g . Accommodation - h . Other - i . Don ’ t know / refused to answer - f . Do you have a valid work permit ? - a . Yes - i . Is the employer listed on the work permit is the same employer you worked for during the last 7 days ? 1 . Yes 2 . No ii . Is the employer listed on the work permit as : 1 . Agricultural cooperative iii . Through agricultural cooperative ? a . Yes b . No 2 . Construction union GFJTU iv . Through construction union GFJTU ? a . Yes b . No 2 . Private / public employer v . Through the employer ? a . Yes b . No - c . Don ’ t know / refused to answer vi . What was the total cost associated with receiving the work permit ? 1 . Amounting JD _____ 2 . What did this cost include ? a . Cost to MOL ( 10 JD ) - b . Fees charged by agricultural cooperative or GFJTU ( 2JD ) - c . Fees charged by facilitators / intermediaries ? i . Amounting JD______ ii . Don ’ t know - d . Fees charged by “ sponsors ” who are not employers ? - i . Amounting JD______ ii . Don ’ t know - e . Health certificate cost ( which shouldn ’ t be charged since they should be able to use the same health certificate they used for the MOI card ) ( 5 JD ) - f . Private insurance that is required for work permits associated with GFJTU . ( 45 JD ) - g . I ’ m not aware h . Don ’ t know / refused to answer vii . Who paid for the work permit 1 . Employer 2 . Myself 3 . Shared between", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assessments through simulations to predict the direct distributional effects of changes in market concentration could serve as a useful starting point for inputs into a proposed reform program . The simulation tool presented in this paper , the Welfare and Competition tool ( WELCOM ) , has minimum data requirements : a representative household survey with detailed expenditure data , along with explicit parameters that define the market structure of the industry of interest . This simulation approach builds a set of flexible theoretical models ( monopoly , oligopoly with a homogeneous good , and partial collusive oligopoly ) into a user-friendly interface that can be used to assess the impact of market concentration on household welfare , poverty , and inequality . WELCOM is a Stata-based package conceived as part of a larger effort by the World Bank to improve the understanding of the links among competition , growth , and shared prosperity as well as to promote policies that foster competition , especially in developing countries . < sup > 10 < / sup > This simulation approach contributes to development policy in three ways . First , it provides a simple tool for practitioners and scholars to implement a first-stage analysis of the distributional effects of changes in market concentration . Second , the simulation approach intends to attract the interest of and use by practitioners to motivate discussions on procompetition policy reforms , as well as to improve the understanding of the likely distributional impacts by identifying potential winners and losers of policy changes . Third , the technique contributes to the emerging literature on the effects of competition on household welfare described above , as well as to the literature on simulation methods , which , to the best of our knowledge , does not include other tools to measure the distributional effects of market concentration . As with any microsimulation tool , WELCOM is not without limitations . First , the tool follows a partial equilibrium approach that relies on the expenditure of households on the products expected to be affected by the policy reform . It thus only captures the first-order effects of competition on welfare . Second , the current version of WELCOM only analyzes the distributional effects of changes in market concentration through the price", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 383, "text": "representative household survey with detailed expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "society . Given the growing trend of globalization and increased migrant movements , these links need to be better understood , particularly in major migration corridors . India has been the largest country of origin for international migrants since the turn of the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century ( IOM 2019 ) , as well as being the world ’ s top recipient of remittances ( World Bank 2019 ) . < mark > Migration to industrialized countries from India began to increase with the liberalization of immigration laws in those countries during the 1960s . Since the 1980s , most of this migration has been permanent and comprised of highly skilled and well-educated migrants , with return migration being short-term in nature ( Jain , 2013 ) . Furthermore , migrants to industrialized countries are richer and well educated compared to the short-term migrants to the Gulf and Saudi Arabia ( Rajan and Amuthan , forthcoming ) . With the increase in oil prices in the mid-1970s , temporary m < / mark > igrant flows surged from India to the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) countries : Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates < mark > ( Kurian 1979 ) . < / mark > Migration to the GCC was partly driven by severe shortage of skills and large-scale dependence on skilled and unskilled foreign labor in these countries . < sup > 2 < / sup > In 2015 , 7 . 8 million Indian migrants out of a total of 11 . 4 million , or about 68 percent , were destined for the GCC ( Chanda and Gupta 2018 ) . Many of the Indian migrants in the GCC are from the South Indian state of Kerala , although there has been an increase in the number of low-skilled workers from northern states in recent years . Kerala has been exposed to international trade for thousands of years , < sup > 3 < / sup > but emigration on such a large scale is a relatively recent phenomenon . The first Kerala Migration Survey reported that nearly 1 . 4 million migrants from Kerala were in GCC countries in 1998 and that", "spans": [{"start": 1893, "end": 1916, "text": "Kerala Migration Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SCRP , reviewed and approved by the World Bank and subsequently disclosed in 2014 . The VMGP discussed OP . 4 . 10 requirements including Free Prior and Informed Consultation ( FPIC ) and the affected Vulnerable Group being entitled recipients of the additional project support besides compensation for directly affected assets . These aspects of the VMGP are incorporated in this RAP . Refer to * * Annex 11 * * for the VMGP Report # # # # # # * * Eligibility for Compensation * * Eligibility is based on the nature and scope of losses . All affected persons are eligible for compensation and resettlement assistance under the OP 4 . 12 and Kenya ’ s land laws . # # # # # # * * In this project , displaced persons are classified in one of the following two groups : * * 1 . Those who have formal legal rights to land ( including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of Kenya ) 2 . Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets provided that such claims are recognized under the Kenyan laws or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan According to the RAP 1b census , the PAHs have formal legal rights to land including customary rights recognized under the laws of Kenya and hence falling under category 1 as described above . restoration . iii", "spans": [{"start": 1180, "end": 1193, "text": "RAP 1b census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to strengthen and increase the length of existing road transport infrastructure and improve its reliability ; ( ii ) expand low class roads ; ( iii ) strengthen the institutional capacity in quality and efficiency of road construction , management and maintenance ; and ( iv ) create conditions conducive to growing private sector participation in the road transport sector , supported by strengthened mechanism to monitor and evaluate performance of contractors / consultants , construction costs and unit rates . These objectives should lead to improving the road condition by strengthening existing road pavement structures and expanding road access to regional rural areas , with value for money , so as to enhance the efficiency of the existing main road network and improve access for the rural poor . In this context , by combining the proposed investments and capacity building in APL3 with the overlapping activities of APL1 and APL2 as well as the continuing policy reforms , it is expected to contribute to : ( i ) sustaining APL ’ s momentum to achieve the road condition targets through construction , rehabilitation , upgrading and preserving the priority federal and regional road network ; ( ii ) providing a sustainable level of essential road infrastructure to people in rural areas and improve rural access and mobility through the ERTTP ; ( iii ) strengthen ERA reform program to improve the capacity and the ability to monitor implementation performance and costs to ensure the high standards of performance ; ( iv ) complete the commercialization process ; ( v ) establish efficient and self-sustaining construction industry through providing projects under national competitive bidding ( NCB ) ; ( vi ) establish a monitoring system of construction costs / unit rates and contractors / consultants performance - to ensure that ERA maintains necessary performance and cost data as a basis of evaluating their performance , consultants ’ cost estimates , and bid price ; and ( vii ) identify future road and transport projects . Through this process , the", "spans": [{"start": 1874, "end": 1899, "text": "performance and cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "return to three levels of education , based on \" elaborate \" or \" complete \" method with the data from 1993 Labor Survey by the Ministry of Labor , is presented in Table 5 . Both the private and social returns to each level of education were high in 1993 , making investments in education socially profitable in China .", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 120, "text": "1993 Labor Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Safeguard Policies Triggered * * | * * Yes * * | * * No * * | * * TBD * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | monthly basis to obtain direct feedback from coastal villagers , < br > to the Project monitoringand evaluation unit . | compiling | that input a | nd reporting | | * * Natural Habitats ( OP / BP 4 . 04 ) * * | * * X * * | | | About 50 % of the marine coastal area is classified with some form of protection . There are also national parks within coastal districts . Very few of the marine protected areas are under any form of active management or monitoring , and many of these protected areas are severely degraded . The Project will undertake a review of these gazetted areas to determine whether the current status should be maintained . Where continued protection is needed , the Project will facilitate a sustainable and participatory approach to their management . The assessment of current status of marine protected areas will consist of collection of existing data for a data gap analysis under preparation grant support . The indicated gaps in data ( coral reef quality , no fish zones and their justification , etc . ) would then help in the design of studies and management effort in a rationalized protected area program funded during implementation . * * < u > Forests ( OP / BP 4 . 36 ) X < / u > * * The Project is very unlikely to impact on any existing primary or mature secondary forest areas . There is a possibility that , based on land use planning , degraded or poorly producing agricultural land may be converted to forest crops ( along with intercropping ) . Any such area will need to conform to the participatory spatial planning process to be instituted under the Project at the local government level ( including offsite environmental and social impact ) . * * Pest Management * * * * < u > ( OP 4 .", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 993, "text": "existing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > - 8 < br > - 10 < br > MNE SRB KOS ALB BIH MKD WB6 < br > J Expenditure J Revenue Q Change in fiscal deficit < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources : _ National statistical offices , Ministries of Finance , and World Bank staff estimates . _Note : _ North Macedonia data excludes the October budget revision . > 5 . COUNTERING ThE CRIsIs hAs hAD A sIzABLE FIsCAL COsT | 19", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 286, "text": "North Macedonia data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 028 < br > | - 27 . 619 < br > | - | - | | | ( 32638 ) | ( 41821 ) | - | - | | Lag9 | . < br > - | . < br > - | - 9 . 744 | - 20 . 598 | | | - | - | ( 31 . 496 ) | ( 27 . 281 ) | | Constant | 918 . 692 * * * | 549 . 824 * * * | 1266 . 384 * * * | 892 . 179 * * * | | | ( 78 . 346 ) | ( 87 . 163 ) | ( 153 . 775 ) | ( 154 . 173 ) | | Observations | 243526 | 243526 | 848983 | 848983 | | Number of pair id | 44792 | 44792 | 120298 | 120298 | | R-squared | 0 . 011 | 0 . 020 | 0 . 017 | 0 . 027 | Note : Estimation was conducted on the monthly trade data using a fixed effects estimator that accounts for cross-country-product heterogeneities . Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses . Asterisk indicate the level of significance , * * * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 , * * * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , _p < _ 0 _ . _ 1 . 34", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 553, "text": "monthly trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1985-1989 3 . 56 3 . 54 3 . 59 3 . 68 Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys from 2000 to 2015 . Earnings are in constant Mexican Pesos 2014 : 1 . Earnings refer to full-time workers ( at least 30 weekly hours of work ) with a valid wage . Includes workers with college education : salaried , self-employment and owners . Earnings below and above the 1 and 99 percentile ( within gender and education group ) are dropped . Sample restricted to male workers between 23-65 years old . Table 3 shows the results for male earnings with college education ( the Appendix includes the calculation for women ) . There are several important aspects to highlight . First , the oldest cohort ( 1950-1954 ) shows declines in wages since the beginning of the period . The earnings of that cohort have declined close to 40 percent . This is the largest decline in earnings for any cohort . Second , the cohorts 1955-1959 , 1960-1964 , and 1965-1969 show stagnant earnings between 2000 and 2008 ; nevertheless , their earnings all decline after the macroeconomic crisis . This decline is largest for the oldest cohort in this group , 1955-1959 . Third , mid-age cohorts , 19701974 and 1975-1979 , show the largest gains in earnings between the period 2000 and 2008 . Their earnings increase between 11 and 22 percent . However , after the macroeconomic crisis , their earnings fall , arriving at the same level as in 2000-2002 . Fourth , the younger cohorts , 1980-1984 and 1985-1989 do not show a decline in earnings even after the macroeconomic crisis . However the gains of this cohort are modest , 5 and 2 percent between the first and final year observed . These gains are substantially lower than for older cohorts . Is there evidence that workers of newer cohorts are receiving a lower wage when they enter the workforce ? This phenomenon could be interpreted as evidence consistent with the hypothesis that new entrants are , on average , of increasingly lower quality than new entrants in the preceding cohorts . As Table 3 shows , there is no evidence that this is occurring in the Mexican labor market", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 104, "text": "quarterly Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex : Data * * Most of the data utilized in this study come from a series of Encuesta de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares ( ENIGH ) , collected by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Geografica e Informatica ( INEGI ) , and conducted in the third quarters of 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 and 2000 . ENIGH is a rich household survey built for the purpose of measuring the consumption and earnings of Mexican households . Even if the size of the ENIGH has varied from year to year , and its questionnaire updated from survey to survey , the conceptual framework remains the same . This ensures that ENIGH ’ s results are comparable across years . The survey is stratified according to urban and rural location . The sampling is done to assure that households are representative of geographic clusters with probability of being included proportional to cluster size . Most of the analyses ( specifically the welfare calculations ) are based on the 2000 survey , which has a sample of about 10 , 000 households . Trade data was obtained by the UN COMTRADE database . Tariff data was obtained from the TRAINS UNCTAD database . Further data comes from other national account statistics and from the World Bank WDI database . A key input in the paper is represented by the price changes estimated by the GTAP model . The GTAP model ( Hertel , 1997 ) is a standard multi-region applied general equilibrium model . It has perfectly competitive markets , constant returns to scale technology , and a supply-side that emphasizes the role of inter-sectoral factor mobility in the determination of sectoral output . Product differentiation between imports and domestic goods , and among imports by region of origin , allows for two-way trade in each product category , depending upon the ease of substitution between products from 28", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 129, "text": "Encuesta de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 959, "end": 970, "text": "2000 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1054, "end": 1074, "text": "UN COMTRADE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1111, "end": 1133, "text": "TRAINS UNCTAD database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1166, "end": 1193, "text": "national account statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1207, "end": 1230, "text": "World Bank WDI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in coresidency rate . The analysis and findings presented below have important and wide ranging implications for research on intergenerational economic mobility . First , our analysis implies that much progress in understanding intergenerational mobility can be made with the household surveys available in developing countries by focusing on IGC as the measure of mobility . These data sets are currently shunned by most researchers because of the worry that the estimates from the coresident sample suffer from bias of unknown direction , and possibly of very high magnitude . < sup > 10 < / sup > Second , the results in this paper can be helpful in sorting out often 9As we discuss later , the difference in biases between IGRC and IGC becomes smaller as the coresidency rate increases . > 10We focus on IGRC and IGC , as they are two of the most widely used measures of mobility . But 3", "spans": [{"start": 276, "end": 293, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sporting goods | 294 . 6 | 451 . 8 | 157 . 1 | 53 . 3 | | Garments , other fiberproducts , footwear | 1336 . 2 | 2064 . 9 | 728 . 7 | 54 . 5 | | Leather , Fur , Feather & relatedproducts | 578 . 6 | 906 . 5 | 327 . 9 | 56 . 7 | | Electrics and Telecommunications | 1623 . 8 | 3250 . 8 | 1627 . 0 | 100 . 2 | | Furniture Manufacturing | 180 . 5 | 364 . 4 | 183 . 9 | 101 . 9 | Source : Banister and Cook , Monthly Labor Review March 2011 , and NBS , China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2010 ( for 2009 data ) . Sectors marked in yellow are sunset sectors . The NBS stopped publishing statistics on rural enterprises in 2002 , thus decomposition of employment by subsector for the entire economy is not available . 54", "spans": [{"start": 449, "end": 486, "text": "China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Three seasonal swampy vegetation habitat types of variable phytosociological combinations and characterized by seasonal streams that retain water flow during the peak of the wet seasons , were categorized as per the descriptions below : - Upper vegetation layer dominated by _Acacia polycantha_ , _Erythrina abyssinica , Ficus valls-choude , Phoeni reclinata , Bridella micrantha , Sapium ellipticum_ and _Raphia farinifera_ trees ; - Mid-layer consisting of _Acanthus pubscens_ , _Vernonia amygdallna_ and _Flueggea virosa varie_ ; and - Lower layer _Imperata cylindrical , Digitaria spp_ , _Typha capensis_ , _Cryperus spp , Triumfetta spp , Setaria sphaceilata , Panicum arundinaceum_ and _Pennisetum purpereum_ in the lower vegetation layer . Sensitivity of the project area was assessed to establish species among the records of the respective species that are potentially critically endangered ( CR ) and / or endangered ( EN ) , endemic and / or restricted habitat range species as per the international and national red lists ( IUCN 2018 , WCS 2016 ) . Bird species that may not be globally threatened but are at regional level were considered using the classification system by Bennum and Njoroge ( 1995 ) , recognizes birds in the category RR-Regional Responsibility . Other ecological attributes that were considered included highly threatened and / or unique ecosystems , landscape and sociological processes , i . e . , areas prone to erosion and disturbance regimes like floods that would require maintenance , or protection for the survival of biological resources . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 Survey Methods and Baseline Data for Selected Taxa * * # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 . 1 Flora * * Plants are used as indicators", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Most of these groups had multiple companies listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange . The total sample of firms for which we can revisit Fisman ’ s analysis is 51 , which is lower than the original sample of 79 firms analyzed by Fisman ( 2001 ) because Bloomberg data were only available for surviving firms . 26 Recall that Bloomberg does not retain information on the stock prices of de-listed companies . This forces us to reduce our analysis to 51 firms instead of the 79 firms that Ray Fisman included in his original analysis . These 51 surviving firms do not seem to be systematically more or less connected than those included in Fisman ’ s original sample as is shown in Table B1 in the online appendix . Replicating key regressions from Fisman ’ s ( 2001 ) seminal paper using our smaller sample , as is done in Table B3 , offers additional suggestive evidence that survivor bias is limited . 42", "spans": [{"start": 252, "end": 266, "text": "Bloomberg data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the majority of beneficiaries , at or shortly after six months , the wage paid by employers exceeds the sum of the salary and incentive they accepted at the start of the job . By this time , the incentive may thus not be necessary to keep people in their job . # * * 3 . 3 Data sources * * For our main employment outcomes , we use monthly social security data ( IMSS ) . In Mexico , employers are required to register contributions on behalf of formally employed workers . IMSS data are reported monthly and include information on the type of contract the worker holds ( temporary or permanent ) and the daily salary reported by the employer . The administrative data are comprehensive of private sector employees , but exclude public sector employees since their social security contributions are managed through a different agency . Given that the public sector is small in San Luis Potosi ( the study region ) and only 2 % of the study sample report holding a public sector job in our endline survey , this omission is unlikely to affect our estimated program impacts . We consider the use of administrative data as an important contribution of this paper . Most existing studies from developing countries in this literature rely on self-reported employment data , which are prone to surveyor demand effects and recall biases ( McKenzie , 2017 ) . High-frequency administrative data also allow us to accurately estimate cumulative treatment effects on work experience and income required to conduct a cost-benefit analysis . We complement administrative data with two rounds of in-person data collection : a baseline survey prior to the workshop and a follow-up survey completed in June 2021 , two years after the treatment . Both surveys are administered through a professional survey firm . < sup > 20 < / sup > For the endline survey , we successfully surveyed 75 % of participants . The overall attrition rate is slightly lower for treatment participants : 23 . 2 % for the treatment and 27 . 2 % for the control group . In addition , we administered an SMS survey in October and November 2021 to collect data on people ’ s time preferences and", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 364, "text": "monthly social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1241, "end": 1270, "text": "self-reported employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1371, "end": 1390, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percentage points ( 23 . 7 % and 7 . 5 % ) more likely to work in low-skilled occupation and the agricultural sector ( Columns ( 3 ) – ( 4 ) ) . Finally , worse mental health reduces the number of work hours by 10 . 1 ( 30 . 9 % ) and life satisfaction by 0 . 6 points ( 7 . 9 % ) on a 0-to-10 scale ( Columns ( 5 ) – ( 6 ) ) . This is perhaps unsurprising given that mental health and life satisfaction are closely related ( Danzer and Danzer , 2016 ) . Our estimation results are thus consistent with the negative impacts of worse mental health on the probability of being employed and labor income discussed earlier ( Table 1 ) . Once we establish strong evidence of the impacts of mental illness on refugees ’ labor market outcomes , we shift our attention to its spill-over effects on their family members . Table 3 shows that higher mental health scores lead to a lower probability of refugee partners being employed , although the coefficient is statistically insignificant ( Column ( 1 ) ) . Mental illness also reduces life satisfaction of the partners by 1 . 0 point ( 13 . 4 % ) , although the impact is statistically significant at only 10 % level ( Column ( 2 ) ) . Next , we employ the unique data on refugee children in wave 3 and examine two child outcomes , mental health status and school performance . The medical literature suggests that the mental health of refugee parents has an important role in child refugee mental health ( Fazel et al . , 2012 ) . For example , lack of parental support is shown to be a predictor of PTSD in children . Our study reaffirms this finding by showing that a one standard deviation increase in refugee mental health scores causes a 3 . 2 unit increase ( 35 . 4 % ) in the mental health score of their children ( Column ( 3 ) ) . A one standard deviation increase in parental mental health scores also leads to a 1 . 6 percentage point ( 26 . 2 % ) increase", "spans": [{"start": 1207, "end": 1231, "text": "data on refugee children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", who received a comparable returnee flow from Algeria , Portugal was less developed at the time , and the economy was in a downturn . Two published studies looked at the impact of these returnees on the local labor market . Carrington and de Lima ( 1996 ) used time series econometrics to observe the evolution of the Portuguese labor market before and after 1974 . They find a sharp deterioration of labor market indicators after 1974 . However , the immigration rate had no impact on the unemployment rate , the employment to population rate or wages except for a small one year lagged effect on the unemployment rate and real wages . Interestingly , these results hold whether the authors control for Portuguese macroeconomic indicators or the Spanish labor market , which had similar characteristics to the Portuguese labor market in the 1970s . Using a separate longitudinal model and focusing on the construction sector , the same authors find a large and significant effect on earnings in this sector . However , the authors ’ challenge their own results considering the unobserved heterogeneity that affects the latter model leaving conclusions somewhat open to interpretation . They also argue that the persistence of the effects raises question if the returnees were the cause . Makela ( 2017 ) uses a SCM approach based on comparator countries ( see empirical models section ) to estimate the impact of the returnees on average annual productivity , wages and the unemployment rate . The author finds a significant negative effect of immigration on all three outcomes . The estimate impact on productivity is around 26 percent in the five years after the shock , the one on wages is from 8 up to 55 percent from 1977 to 1985 whereas the unemployment rate rises by about 2 . 3 percentage points between 1975 and 1980 but declines by a similar amount between 1980 and 1985 . The author also combines the SCM approach with a Difference approach working with Portuguese regions rather than countries and focusing on the agriculture and construction sectors . In addition , a fixed effects and and a generalized synthetic control method are used as robustness tests . All these estimations are consistent in finding a significant negative effect on", "spans": [{"start": 705, "end": 740, "text": "Portuguese macroeconomic indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entire sample period 1970-2004 , for 172 countries , graphed against the log-level of GDP per capita in 2000 . From this figure it is apparent that countries with higher income are somewhat less likely to engage in “ sovereign theft ” . However , this relationship is not particularly strong . In fact , a somewhat surprising feature of the data is that both types of sovereign theft have at one time or another occurred in countries of nearly all income levels . And similarly , there are countries at nearly all income levels that have not chosen to engage in either form of sovereign theft . * * Table 1 * * provides a basic description of the joint distribution of the two types of sovereign theft events across countries . The first panel distinguishes between countries that have never defaulted or expropriated over the entire sample period 1970-2004 and those that have defaulted or expropriated at least once over this period . On the one hand , most countries have either never committed sovereign theft of any kind , or they have both defaulted and expropriated at least once ( a total of 137 out of 191 countries fall in these two categories ) . On the other hand , only a few countries have either only defaulted but never expropriated ( 20 of 191 countries ) , and somewhat more have expropriated but never defaulted ( 34 of 191 countries ) . A simple chi-squared test of the null hypothesis that the two events ( ever expropriating , or ever defaulting ) are independent strongly rejects the null with a p-value of 0 . 00 . This basic feature of the data was first noted in Tomz and Wright ( 2010 ) , Table 3 . 1 , over the longer period since 1929 covered in their full dataset . At higher frequencies , however , the coincidence between the two types of events diminishes . The second panel of * * Table 1 * * reports the same information , but focusing on a pooled sample of 1050 5-year periods for the same set of countries . At this quinquennial frequency , there are only 20 cases of countries that have engaged in both forms of sovereign theft within", "spans": [{"start": 1681, "end": 1693, "text": "full dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 Introduction Over 130 preferential trade agreements ( PTAs ) were formed in the last ten years — more than in the previous 50 years combined . Nearly all countries are currently members of at least one PTA and nearly a third of world trade is carried out under such agreements . Although most economists favor multilateral trade liberalization ( MTL ) , there is no such consensus on the desirability of preferential liberalization . The original concern with PTAs was their ambiguous effect on welfare : positive if the preferential partner is more efficient than the rest of the world but negative otherwise ( Viner [ 1950 ] ) . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , MTL was stalled while the United States and the European Union pursued PTAs , generating much debate on whether PTAs are a “ building block ” or a “ stumbling block ” toward MTL . ( Bhagwati [ 1991 ] ) This issue is also prominent in the current multilateral round with several developing countries fearing that MTL by the countries that provide them with preferential treatment will erode those preferences . < sup > 1 < / sup > An important source of concern with PTAs is that they can hurt non-members . One direct channel by which this occurs is if the PTA members divert their import demand away from the non-members and that effect is large enough to reduce non-members ’ export prices . There is evidence of trade diversion and also some direct evidence that PTAs do lower export prices for non-members . < sup > 2 < / sup > This and other costs to the non-members due to discrimination disappear if the preference is fully eroded by MTL . Thus , it is crucial to determine if PTAs hold back MTL and entrench these costs , particularly given that two-thirds of world trade is not covered by any preferences . After much debate there is still no theoretical consensus about , and scant empirical evidence of , a “ clash of liberalizations ” . We provide evidence of such a clash during the last multilateral trade round by applying product-level protection data to estimate a model of the interaction of preferential and multilateral liberalization . Most of the", "spans": [{"start": 2013, "end": 2042, "text": "product-level protection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") for relevant Federal Government entities and local institutions within the selected Woredas , to ensure that these institutions can respond to , and engage in respective prevention activities . This includes rapid emergency deployment of response services as implemented under sub-component 1 . 1 , and strengthening of dialogues between different social groups identified by the local conflict assessments to strengthen social inclusion and cohesion within communities . At the Federal level , institutional assessment and technical assistance activities can be financed . At the Woreda level , capacity enhancement activities will focus on existing local civil servant workforce whose capacity for engaging with communities will be enhanced , and whose standard working procedures and systems for citizen engagement ( on the prevention side ) and deployment of rapid resources ( on the response side ) will be strengthened . At the Kebele level , interventions will focus on strengthening formal and informal community structures . Integration of project-related community structures with more formal processes may be supported via consultancies that recommend policy reforms and training of formal government structures to engage with local and national stakeholders . Component 2 : Improving Access to GBV Response Services ( Cost : US $ 70 . 0 million + US $ 20 . 0 million from AF1 ) Sub-component 2 . 1 will strengthen short and medium-term GBV response services for survivors of conflict-related GBV within selected Woredas ; sub-component 2 . 2 will finance the piloting and testing of innovative GBV prevention programming , both as a mechanism to address underlying norms and dynamics that contribute to violence , and to address factors that prevent GBV survivors from seeking care ; and sub-component 2 . 3 will finance activities that strengthen institutional capacity for coordination , policymaking , and delivery of quality , confidential , and survivorcentered care across the country . The component will be implemented through coordination between relevant government actors with mandate for GBV prevention and response , notably MoWSA , MoH , and Attorney General , in Page 5 of 21 Mar 13 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 408, "text": "local conflict assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the construction of single tower pad requires 64m < sup > 2 < / sup > of land , while access road will be expropriated 937m < sup > 2 < / sup > of land . Therefore , farmland affected by construction of tower pads and access road is not significant . The affected farm plots are used by local farming households to grow cereal crops like _teff_ and vegetables ( onion & garlic ) The level of impact on individual landholding families will obviously vary considerably , depending on the proportion of the total holding lost , the productivity of the land in question . Table 7 . 2 : Number of PHAs , size of farmland affected by tower pads | * * Woreda * * | * * No . of * * < br > * * PAHs * * | * * Size of farmland * * < br > * * affected ( in ha ) * * | * * Average size of affected * * < br > * * farmland ( in ha ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Woliso | 1 | 0 . 0064 | 0 . 0064 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties ( December 2024 ) _ # # # # # # * * Impact due to Construction of the new Woliso Substation * * < mark > Total land required for the construction of the new Woliso substation is 9 . 0ha . It is a farmland owned by the 23 smallholder farm households ( See Table 6 . 3 ) . < / mark > Table 7 . 3 : Number of PHAs , size of farmland affected by the Woliso substation | * * Description * * | | | - - - | - - - | | No . of PAHs | 23 | | Affected Farmland ( in ha ) | 9 . 0 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 954, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) | | ( breakdown by women and Syrian refugees ) Details of Disbursement Formula DLI 2 . 1 : from the baseline of 0 , $ 1 , 000 , 000 for < br > every 1000 graduates from training programs established to provide digital skills development activities , up to $ 10 , 000 , 000 < br > Out of the graduates counted under DLI 2 . 1 , from the baseline of 0 , $ 1 , 000 , 000 additional for every 1000 females < br > graduating from training programs established to provide digital skills development activities , up to $ 3 . 500 , 000 Out of the < br > graduates counted under DLI 2 . 1 , from the baseline of 0 , additional $ 1 , 000 , 000 for every 500 Syrian refugee graduating < br > from training programs established to provide digital skills development activities , up to $ 3 , 500 , 000 DLI 2 . 2 : from the < br > baseline of 0 , $ 1 , 000 , 000 for every 1000 graduates from training programs established to provide digital skills development < br > activities employed full time for more than four months , up to $ 6 , 000 , 000 Out of the graduates counted under DLI 2 . 2 , from < br > the baseline of 0 , $ 500 , 000 additional for 2500 female graduates employed full time for more than four months Out of the < br > graduates counted under DLI 2 . 2 , from the baseline of 0 , $ 500 , 000 additional for 1 , 000 Syrian refugees employed full time < br > for more than four months | | - - - | - - - | | * * Data source / Agency * * | Training Records and Social Security Database | | * * Verification Entity * * < br > * * Procedure * * | DLI 2 . 1 and", "spans": [{"start": 1522, "end": 1567, "text": "Training Records and Social Security Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 . * * Payments under Component 1 ( US $ 9 million ) . * * Payments under Component 1 will subsidize the Essential Healthcare Package ( US $ 60 per beneficiary ) for a total of 150 , 636 beneficiaries . 20 . The PHCCs payment computation and schedule will be as follows : - Phase 1 : payment advance consisting of 20 % of the cost of the package : 20 % x 150 , 636 x US $ 60 . - Phase 2 : actual enrollees ’ payment : 40 % x actual enrollees x US $ 60 . - Phase 3 : enrollees receiving a second visit : 30 % x second visit enrollees x US $ 60 . - Phase 4 : User satisfaction : 10 % payment end of year 2 and end of year 3 . 21 . In addition , each PHCC will also receive support for an amount of US $ 26 , 150 divided between an advance of US $ 10 , 500 covering start up logistics , and administrative charges for outreach and enrollment activities and US $ 15 , 650 to support facilities in recruiting additional needed personnel and purchasing basic equipment to implement the EHCP , as needed and based on the results of the rapid facility survey . 22 . * * External Auditing . * * The PFS will be audited by an independent private external auditor acceptable to the World Bank . The audit will cover all aspects of the project , including compliance with the financial management manual , review of effectiveness of the internal controls system , and compliance with the Financing Agreement . The audit will be carried out in accordance with International Standards on Auditing . The audit report and audited PFSs , along with management letter , will be submitted to Bank no later than six months after the end of each fiscal year . In addition , the project management letter will contain the external auditor assessment of the internal controls , accounting system , and compliance with financial covenants in the Grant Agreement . The audit TORs will be finalized and agreed upon with the Bank three months after project effectiveness . The", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1052, "text": "rapid facility survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "09-29 < br > KE-MOH-57584-NC-DIR / Provision of WIBA andMedical insurance cover forPMT members based at IDA / 58360 Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-04-09 2018-04-14 2018-05-19 2018-11-15 < br > CoG < br > KE-MARSABIT COUNTY-84491-NC-RFQ / Printing ofMother and Child Booklets4 , 738 No . IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-19 2018-12-16 2019-05-03 < br > KE-KERICHO COUNTY - < br > 84668-NC-RFQ / Refurbish < br > 6 motor bikes by buildinga carrier to be used ineach sub county for IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-12 2019-03-02 2019-05-01 < br > collection of medical waste < br > Labour and service < br > KE-TURKANA COUNTY - < br > 84688-NC-DIR / procure 8Radio Talks showssessions on ReproductiveHealth , Maternal and child IDA / 58360 Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-12-03 2018-12-08 2019-01-12 2019-07-11 < br > Health at Maata Radio < br > station < br > KE-BARINGO COUNTY - < br > 84756-NC-RFQ / Printing of < br > 180 immunization tally < br > sheets , 180 MOH 710registers , 180 child welfareregister , 100 maternityregister , 180 MOH 711 IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage", "spans": [{"start": 1205, "end": 1226, "text": "child welfareregister", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1233, "end": 1250, "text": "maternityregister", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# The Energy-Management Nexus in Firms : Which Practices Matter , How Much and for Whom ? Arti Grover < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > Valerie J . Karplus < sup > _ † _ < / sup > * * Acknowledgments : * * This paper has been financed by the World Bank ’ s Climate Innovation Trust Fund supported by the governments of Australia , Denmark , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and Norway . We are deeply grateful to Denis Medvedev for providing intellectual guidance for this project , and to Manuela Francisco , Michael Ehst , Gonzalo Varela , Adja Mansora Dahourou , and Rafay Khan for their kind support . The project has benefited from excellent research assistance by Yiran He , Jasdeep Mandia , and Joanna Slusarewicz . We thank Joshua Wimpey for his guidance in using the World Bank Enterprise Survey data , in particular the Green Economy module . < sup > 1 < / sup > > _ ∗ _ Please address correspondence to : Arti Grover , World Bank , 1818 H Street , Washington DC , USA , E-mail : agrover1 @ worldbank . org > _ † _ Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 5113 , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , PA 15213 USA , E-mail : vkarplus @ andrew . cmu . edu > 1 * * Disclaimer : * * The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 805, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "complete panels of 5 periods ( i . e . , quarters ) each , spanning a total of 12 years ( 48 quarters ) . Table I presents a summary description of the workers surveyed by the ENEU . Other aspects of our ENEU data _ − _ the evolution of the mean and variance of earnings and returns to education over time ( not presented here but available on request ) _ − _ matched the facts about earnings in the Mexican labor market reported by previous authors . < sup > 14 < / sup > Data on sectoral trade barriers and other sectoral and macroeconomic variables were obtained from the World Bank . # _II . 2 . Specification_ Our survey data provide us with earnings ( wage rate times number of hours worked ) of individuals . As in previous empirical work , we assume that the log of this labor income of individual _i_ employed in industry _j_ in period _t_ , _log yijt_ , is given by : In ( 1 ) _αjt_ and _βt_ denote time-varying coefficients , _xijt_ is a vector of observable characteristics ( such as age and education ) , and _uit_ is the stochastic component of earnings . The stochastic component _uijt_ represents individual income changes that are _not_ due to changes in the return to observable worker characteristics . For example , income changes that are caused by an increase in the skill ( education ) premium are not contained in _uijt_ . In this sense , _uijt_ measures the unpredictable part of changes in individual income . Notice that we allow the fixed effects _αjt_ to vary across sectors , but that the coefficient _βt_ is restricted to be equal across sectors . The latter assumption is made in order to ensure that the number of observations is large compared to the number of parameters to be estimated . > 14See Hanson ( 2003 ) for a broad analysis of wage patterns in Mexico in the 1990s based on population census data . 9", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 630, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1818, "end": 1840, "text": "population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Page 1 9 * * government budget were * * respectively about 2 . 1 percent and * * 13 . 9 percent in 1997 . In addition , at least until recently , there has been a * * serious problem of problems * * of arrears in the education budget , partly due to the absence of a fully functioning * * treasury system . For * * example , at the beginning of 1998 , the stock of government arrears was about 1 . 8 percent of GDP . Revenue collection is usually uncertain , budget revisions are common at the central and local levels , and spending plans are often approved only for a period of a few months . The sharp decline ( until recently ) in public spending on education contributed to a rapid deterioration in the quality of education and increased inequalities in education at all levels . Informal payments by parents have been increasing to cover a larger share of recurrent expenditures over the past several years , but these private payments are not reflected in the budget data . According to the 1999 budget , the priority expenditure areas are wages , health , education and the social safety net . Moreover , the Government has committed itself to allocating at least 22 percent of the total budget to the education and health sectors in 1999 . In 1998 , the budgeted figure for the education sector was about 13 . 4 percent of the total , and the Government has indicated that it plans to increase the share of the education budget in the total government budget to 15 percent in 1999 . The Government has also committed itself to clearing all arrears ( especially of wages ) , and to ensuring that the budget shares for these social sectors are actually realized in practice . Against the financial background depicted above , these are concerns that even a modest increase in operating costs may not be sustainable beyond the life of the project . In particular , funds will be needed for the following : ( i ) to maintain the refurbished schools and new equipment , and to ensure an appropriate inventory necessary for quality teaching ; (", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 982, "text": "budget data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178478 ) | | supported facilities visited < br > by the Third Party < br > Monitoring Agency in each < br > quarter of the project life - < br > time . This will be calculated < br > by dividing the number of < br > the visited facilities divided < br > by the number of the total < br > number of supported < br > facilities . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage of interviewed vaccine < br > recipients reporting to be satisfied with < br > the COVID-19 vaccination service that < br > they received < br > * * ME IO Table SPACE * * | This indicator measures the < br > proportion of vaccine < br > recepients interviewed by < br > the TPM who report to be < br > satisfied with the < br > vaccination service | 3 months | MOPH and < br > TPM reports | TPM reports | PMU and TPM | ~ ~ < mark > . < / mark > ~ ~ Page 47 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 848, "end": 859, "text": "TPM reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 862, "end": 873, "text": "TPM reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 377 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * section of the river , using the same model . This increase is solely attributable to the increased surface area of the reservoir , and therefore , the additional habitat that it represents . The fact that the predicted increase is so slight reflects the small increase in reservoir area over the area of the existing river channel . This minor increase in fisheries yield in the reach between Nalubaale and Dumbbell Island translates to approximately a 1 . 7 million UGX increase in catch value ( c . USD 1 , 000 ) at 2006 prices , which is roughly the average income of three full-time fishers . # # # # # * * Overall Conclusions Regarding Fish Resources and Fisheries * * Overall , the studies have concluded that the project will result in minor changes to the balance between populations of certain fish species upstream of the dam , and no noticeable change downstream of the dam . However , the reservoir has potential to produce a slightly higher fisheries yield than the existing river supports between Nalubaale and Dumbbell Island . The project area is within the known range of occurrence of three species that are listed as endangered according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . The main threats to these species are competition and predation from introduced fish species ( notably Nile Perch ) and fish harvesting , including the use of illegal nets . Habitat reduction is a comparatively minor threat . All three species are known to prefer lake or slow-flowing water habitats to fast-flowing ( rapids ) habitats , and the main habitats for two of the species are listed by IUCN as inshore areas of lakes ( principally Lake Victoria ) and quiet parts of rivers . The 8 km reach of the Victoria Nile that will be affected by the Bujagali HPP is not considered to be critical habitat for any of these", "spans": [{"start": 1323, "end": 1358, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "37 . _Basic Service Block Grants Sub-program A1_ . The commitments related to the Basic Service Block Grants have been fully or substantially met , as determined during the three joint review missions held since effectiveness . - _Sustainability with Additionality_ . As a sign of Government ’ s commitment to decentralization , PBS 2 seeks to monitor increases in the overall , medium-term financing for Federal Block Grants . The PBS 2 SAFE framework measures Government commitment to decentralize resource flows through the share of total discretionary expenditures dedicated to the Federal Block Grant . As a follow up to the April 2010 JRIS , the Government and DPs agreed on a new approach to verifying the Additionality principle . For EFY02 , the federal government fully disbursed to all regions the budgeted amount for the Federal Block Grant , ETB 19 . 6 billion . This was ETB 3 . 2 billion ( or a 20 percent increase ) over the previous year . Moreover , the planned Federal Block Grant for EFY03 ( ETB 23 . 6 billion ) was proclaimed in the _Negarit Gazette_ , reflecting the same level of Additionality as in EFY02 . As encouraging trends towards sustainability , domestic revenue mobilization increased by 38 percent in EFY02 over EFY01 as did the proportion of federal block grants financed by domestic resources . - _Fairness_ . Under PBS 2 , rigorous analysis of public spending data has continued to confirm that Federal Block Grant disbursements from federal to regional and from regional to woreda levels are adhering to objective intergovernmental fiscal formulas . The fairness test , which under PBS 1 was focused only on the four large regions , has been enlarged under PBS 2 to include all regions . The development partners found that allocations from federal to region and from region to woredas consistently followed objective formulae , and disbursements very closely matched these planned amounts . 38 . _Pilot LIG Sub-program A2_ . The Pilot LIG sub", "spans": [{"start": 1382, "end": 1402, "text": "public spending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda : Roads and Bridges in the Refugee Hosting Districts Project ( P171339 ) also aimed at capacity enhancement of Uganda National Roads Authority in management of environmental , social and road safety risks . # # The proposed project components are : 1 . Component 1 : Road Upgrading Works : This component will support civil works for widening and upgradation of the approximately 105 km-long Koboko-Yumbe - Moyo road corridor to bituminous paved road standards adopting Bank ’ s guidelines and requirements with respect to the procurement , social and environmental safeguards . The civil works will include a coterminous Defects Liability Period and Maintenance Period of 5 years post completion of construction of works . This component will also support the associated ( i ) construction supervision consultants , ( ii ) third-party audit consultants to perform semi-annual integrated performance audits covering , among others , engineering designs , management of social and environmental issues including implementation of the SEA / SH action plan , and quality assurance , ( iii ) safeguards management consultants for implementation of the Resettlement Action Plans , ( iv ) Consultants / Non-Governmental Organizations for implementation of Gender Based Violence , Violence Against Children , and HIV / AIDS action plans , ( v ) Road User Satisfaction Survey consultants to carry out baseline , midterm , and end-stage user satisfaction surveys - disaggregated by gender , refugees and hosts , ( vi ) consultants for monitoring and evaluation of Project ’ s outcome and intermediate indicators ; and ( vi ) land acquisition , resettlement & rehabilitation , and shifting of utilities . 2 . Component 2 : Institutional Strengthening : This component will support Uganda National Roads Authority in ( a ) management of social and environmental risks with focus on managing risks in refugee areas through acquiring new skill sets required , ( b ) review and strengthening of Environmental , Social , Health and Safety Management System and its piloting including annual system audits , ( c ) acquiring and use of in-situ pollution monitoring equipment , ( d ) analysis of", "spans": [{"start": 1368, "end": 1397, "text": "Road User Satisfaction Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * BUE ^ \" - T * * # # # # # Kenya National Bureau of Statistics # # # # # * * Meetings and workshops * * - Agriculture , Nutrition , Environment Statistics * * ( ANES ) * * committee held all its * * 2015 / 16 * * quarterly meetings . The committee is charged with the responsibility of reporting , harmonizing and validation of agriculture , nutrition and environment statistics . - * * 2015 * * African Statistics day celebrations : These celebrations are held annually every 18 th day of November with an objective of increasing public awareness on statistics . The theme was ' Open data for accountability and inclusiveness ' . - * Inter-Agency collaboration meetings . The department hosted several missions from Statistics Sweden with an aim of improving production statistics . # # # # # * * Challenges : * * - i ) Inadequate staff and technical capacity - ii ) Inadequate office space - iii ) The Impending relocation to new headquarters made us postpone some of the implementations so as to do them in the new offices . - iv ) Data quality at the county level is wanting and in some cases , it is not available . - v ) Some clusters are affected * * by * * insecurity in different pockets of the country . vi ) Inadequate data quality in the Counties due to inadequate technical capacity vii ) Poor working environment mainly due to staff congestion and inadequate sanitation - viii ) Inability to produce and avail County disaggregated data # # # # # * * Way Forward * * - Carry out the scheduled activities with the resources available - Request for more staff - Undertake training to * * fill * * the skills gaps - Allocation of office space In conclusion , I laud the efforts of the Board , entire staff and other stakeholders for the support provided during the period that ensured the Bureau implemented majority of the planned activities . Sincere appreciation to our development partners who have been a great help in the development of statistics not only at the Bureau", "spans": [{"start": 1427, "end": 1452, "text": "County disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> _USD_ < / sup > _odt_ is a depreciation of the USD , which we interpret as a depreciation in the exporter ’ s pricing currency ( we come back below to the issue of currency denomination of prices and exchange rates in our estimated equations ) . The coefficient of interest _α_ is the elasticity of export prices to changes in the destination ’ s exchange rate and maps oneto-one onto an exchange rate pass-through elasticity into USD prices ( pass-through is complete when _α_ = 0 and is zero when _α_ = 1 ) . < sup > 22 < / sup > Equation ( 3 ) , as the rest of the specifications , is estimated by OLS with robust standard errors clustered at the dyad-product-year level . We will also report specifications using alternative clustering strategies ( Section C . 9 ) . * * FE * * _fpd_ accounts for all time-invariant firm , product or destination characteristics that might affect prices . * * FE * * _ot_ captures changes in economic conditions , in particular changes in costs at the origin country level – for instance supply shocks affecting prices across firms and correlated with exchange rates . We also systematically report results of specifications that include fixed effects in the firm _ × _ product _ × _ year dimension , i . e . those that capture entirely changes in costs at the firm-product level : < sup > 23 < / sup > > 21Note that as our dataset does not contain information on firm ownership , all firms in our sample are treated as independent entities . Thus in the presence of firm subscripts we omit the origin country subscripts . > 22Note that _α_ may suffer from attenuation bias due to classical measurement error : because we use annual data , the exchange rates applied in our estimations are ( potentially ) not exactly the ones actually faced by the firms at the time they export . The only way to solve this issue would be to use higher frequency data which would allow us to match transactions with daily or monthly exchange rates . Indeed , Fosse ( 2012 ) shows using Danish data that moving from annual to monthly", "spans": [{"start": 2009, "end": 2020, "text": "Danish data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "periods potentially understates participation in specific economic activities . For example , if an interview takes place in a month after the agriculture season , a person who primarily works on a family farm during the agriculture season could accurately report being inactive or a non-farm main activity if asked their main employment in the 7 day recall but would report the farm activity in the 12 month recall . Consequently the 7 day recall questions can underestimate overall participation ( if the person reported no economic activity during the post harvest season ) as well as producing a distorted picture of the categorization by activity type . Do the differences between the answers to the 7 day and 12 month recall matter ? In the UNHS 2009 / 10 respondents were asked if their primary activity in the past 12 months was the same as their 7 recall primary status , 7 day recall secondary activity or some other activities . As shown in Table 6 about 10 percent of the respondents reported a 12 month main employment status different from the 7 day recall main employment status . Below , we consider how in practice different recall periods actually affect the analysis of employment outcomes , at the aggregate level ( e . g . structure of employment ) and the individual level . 16", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 761, "text": "UNHS 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IMSS | . 318 | . 451 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 1748 | | Business registered with guild or association | . 225 | . 418 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Amount of business organization dues paid | 7 . 04 | 43 . 8 | 0 . 00 | 1500 | 9019 | | Any business organization dues paid | . 156 | . 363 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Enumerated in the 1989 Census | . 331 | . 471 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 5220 | | Fraction of all institutions | . 279 | . 301 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Fraction of all institutions ( excluding guild , dues ) | . 325 | . 371 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Types of work site : | | | | | | | Transportation : people or merchandise | . 064 | . 245 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Makeshift stand in a public road | . 041 | . 199 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Fixed stand in a public road | . 017 | . 130 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Makeshift stand inside a marketplace | . 023 | . 149 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Fixed stand forming part of a marketplace | . 019 | . 138 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Door-to-door or street vendor | . 045 | . 207 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Services offered via vehicle or cart | . 034 | . 181 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Own home : without specialized equipment | . 123 | . 328 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Own home : with specialized equipment | . 051 | . 220 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Other non-permanent work site | . 008 | . 088 | 0 . 00 | 1 | 9036 | | Fixed work site in a public", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "surveys . For example , in the COVID-19 NLPS round 4 conducted in August 2020 , households were asked to compare their current income from various sources to their income in August 2019 , and to indicate whether these incomes had increased , decreased , or remained the same . > 17See UNICEF Nigeria , 2013 . Education . Available online at ` https : / / www . unicef . org / nigeria / education ` 19", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 52, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS round 4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8037 # * * Abstract * * Like many emerging economies , South Africa has identified exports as an engine for more inclusive , job-intensive growth . However , employment growth did not follow the substantial export growth that South Africa experienced in the 2000s . This paper uses a newly developed World Bank database — the Labor Content of Exports — to show that the composition of South Africa ’ s export growth helps to understand the weak relationship between export and employment growth . Minerals exports , which propelled export as well as wage growth , are not job intensive and as a result supported far less job growth . Minerals have also increasingly become an enclave sector with few backward linkages to the domestic economy . In contrast , manufacturing exports support jobs and wages primarily in input-providing sectors , where indirect manufacturing employment is nearly 4 . 5 times greater than direct manufacturing employment . The paper also documents a shift in the labor content of global value chain – intensive manufacturing sectors away from direct manufacturing to indirect services . Such a shift has been biased toward skilled labor . As a results of these trends , labor in services sectors has been the main beneficiary of South Africa ’ s export growth , absorbing more than half of the growth in wage income from exports over the 2000s , primarily by supplying inputs to other sectors ’ exports . This paper is a product of the Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at chollweg @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited", "spans": [{"start": 330, "end": 349, "text": "World Bank database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 356, "end": 380, "text": "Labor Content of Exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 . The main characteristics of data sources - Tax Administrative Data vs . EU-SILC . * * | | * * Tax Administratve data * * | * * EU – SILC * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Partcipaton * * | Compulsory < br > ( includes < br > all < br > employees who paid tax based < br > on their declared labor income ) | Voluntary | | * * Coverage * * | Cover the full labor income < br > distributon | Underreportng at the top is < br > usually a problem in the survey < br > data | | * * Tax evasion * * | Data is impacted by tax evasion , < br > as the informal economy is not < br > covered | Partcipants report their total < br > income earned in the formal and < br > informal economy | | * * Data quality * * | The employers report income to < br > the tax ofce | Income is self-reported ; recall < br > errors and rounding may be a < br > problem | | * * Income defniton * * < sup > * * 4 * * < / sup > | Gross salary , 24 monthly fles | Gross labor income , annual | | * * Data size * * | 6 . 9 – 7 . 4 million taxpayers < br > monthly | 16 , 630 individuals ; 5 , 758 with < br > positve labor income | | * * Source * * | Ministry of Public Finance | Harmonized data from Eurostat < br > based on data collected by the < br > Natonal Statstcs ofce | _Source : Own elaboration_ * * To compare the coverage of both data sources , we compare the aggregate value of labor income in national accounts and administrative tax data , and EU-SILC . * * One option to check for potential biases > 4 While in the EU-SILC , the income was initially collected in local currencies in a data set shared with researchers , it is recorded", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 80, "text": "Tax Administrative Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 108, "end": 130, "text": "Tax Administratve data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1165, "end": 1194, "text": "Harmonized data from Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1429, "end": 1437, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1444, "end": 1451, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shows a clear difference in firm size distribution between the two datasets . For the case of Kenya , a comparison of the ES ( for the years 2007 and 2013 ) against the 2010 Census of Business Establishments ( CBE ) reveals that the size distributions of firms in the two datasets track each other quite closely . This can be explained by the fact that , unlike in the other countries , the CBE is actually being used to create the sampling frame in Kenya . < sup > 20 < / sup > Even though there is no unique mechanism through which biases in the size distribution could be conveying biases in the distribution of distortions , one would be , in principle , more reassured about Kenya ’ s distribution being close to the Census-based one , assuming the latter is the best representation of the true distribution of firm sizes . We will see below , however , that one also needs to worry about the representativeness of the distribution of sectoral value added shares . # * * 7 . 2 Extent and Cost of Misallocation : Survey vs Census * * We turn now to evaluating the degree and costs of misallocation as measured from the ES . The goal is to see whether the divergence in the size distribution in the case of Ghana , and its similarity in the case of Kenya , are informative about differences or similarities in the extent of misallocation in these economies when compared to the calculations based on the Census . < sup > 21 < / sup > There are a number of challenges involved in making the analysis of misallocation in the ES comparable to that in the Census . First , the surveys for the four countries under study are not built to ensure representativeness of in terms of disaggregated sectoral coverage . As mentioned above , there is stratification across two broad categories , manufacturing and services , in the case of Ethiopia , while representativeness is captured only at the two digit level in Ghana and Kenya . Adequate sectoral representativeness is important for our calculation because aggregate sufficient statistics of misallocation and the aggregate counterfactual gains in productivity are all constructed based on", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 207, "text": "2010 Census of Business Establishments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 391, "end": 394, "text": "CBE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has been awarded and t | een rehabilitated and is no < br > he contractor has commen | w in use . The contract for < br > ced works . | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * | * * Disbursem * * | * * ents ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | P148853 | IDA-56380 | Effective | USD | 500 . 00 | 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 217 . 53 | 289 . 26 | 43 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P148853 | IDA-56380 | Effective | 11-Jun-2015 | 20-Ju | l-2015 | 16-Nov-2015 | 31-De | c-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * 8 / 16 / 2020 Page 5 of 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * How do trade shocks impact workers ? What can be done to facilitate labor adjustment in response to trade shocks ? Answering these questions requires an understanding of how trade shocks impact not only wages but also labor mobility . If workers can easily move across occupations , sectors , or regions , they would readily pursue alternative job options following a trade shock . For this reason , there is now a substantial body of research studying the drivers and implications of imperfect labor mobility in the international trade context . < sup > 1 < / sup > Empirically , labor mobility is pro-cyclical : it tends to increase with positive shocks and decrease with negative shocks . As an illustration of this empirical pattern , Figure 1 depicts a positive correlation between labor mobility and GDP growth using data from Brazil . Figure 1 : GDP growth rate and labor mobility , 2004-2015 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 300 < br > 200 < br > 100 < br > 0 < br > - 100 < br > - 200 < br > - 300 < br > 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes_ : The figure shows the ratio between the number of movers ( workers who switch occupation , sector , or region ) and the number of stayers . We use the same definitions of occupation , sector , and region as those adopted in the main analysis of the paper . See Section 2 for data sources and the precise definitions of each variable . Both series are in terms of deviations from the mean and multiplied by the inverse of their standard deviations for comparison . There is a simple and intuitive explanation for this empirical regularity : the number of job options available to workers tends to increase with positive shocks and decrease with negative shocks . If we conceptualize workers ’ mobility decision based on the choice of a _job_ , rather than the choice of occupations , sectors , or regions – all of which have empirically invariant", "spans": [{"start": 848, "end": 864, "text": "data from Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| # * * Overall Comments IR * * The first portfolio being refinanced by KMRC has a high proportion of mortgage loans extended to women or joint ownership ( 46 % , of these 1 . 5 % are joint ownership ) . This seems to be due to the loan amount considered eligible as women make out a bigger proportion of borrowers in the lower loan segments . The average maturity of new loan is not being measured for this first refinancing because it is on existing loans . and include few SACCOS . The intent is to measure the gradual lengthening of loans by the SACCOS thanks to KMRC so this will be undertaken on subsequent refinancing . The survey on beneficiaries will be done in 2022 , once KMRC has refinanced new mortgage loans issued as part of the affordable housing program The volume of mortgage lending does not capture the increment properly because the figure has to be translated in USD . If it was kept in Kenyan Shillings , it would show an increase from KES 225 billion in 2018 to KES 238 billion in 2019 , a 5 . 7 % increase which is commensurate 3 / 4 / 2021 Page 4 of 7", "spans": [{"start": 631, "end": 654, "text": "survey on beneficiaries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", supplemented by interviews as appropriate . The consultant would then design AFC ' s replacement planning and career development system , including the preparation of the policies , procedures and required forms . In addition , the consultant would design and conduct a series of workshops to coach senior and middle managers in the use of the career development planning system . Finally , the consultant would assist the Training Department in preparing a series of specialized courses addressing staff development needs . 3 . 27 ( iv ) Continuing Training Program . Following on the recommendations of the Career Development and Performance Improvement Programs , the main objectives of a Continuing Training Program would be : ( a ) to ensure that all AFC staff receive some form of training , re-training , or refresher training at least once every four years ; ( b ) to establish a corporate value system that considers staff training and development a regular role of management and supervision ; ( c ) to develop from the data generated by the Performance Improvement Program an ongoing system for reviewing and identifying the training needs of all AFC staff ; and ( d ) to develop a set of in-house , national , and overseas training programs to meet the training and development needs of AFC staff . 3 . 28 The Training Department would carry out this program and be adequately staffed with additional technical assistance from USAID ( para 3 . 22 ) . It is estimated that during the Project period , about 125 staff would be", "spans": [{"start": 1032, "end": 1085, "text": "data generated by the Performance Improvement Program", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", farmers , traders , hoteliers and aviation related occupations . Entebbe Municipality is one of the areas with low poverty levels in Uganda . According to the 1999 poverty mapping and the 2005 report released by Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) . # # # * * < mark > c ) Education and literacy < / mark > * * The Education sector in EMC is adequately gender-representative and in some schools , enrolment of girls is higher than of boys . According to the education census carried out in 2003 enrolment of pre-primary was 1029 children ; 13425 in primary schools and 6009 in secondary schools is students . # # # * * < mark > d ) Healthcare < / mark > * * Entebbe Municipality has one general hospital and 4 health centers all of which are owned by Uganda government . All people in Entebbe live at within 5km of a healthcare unit but apart from Entebbe General Hospital which offers specialized services like x-ray other health units offer general curative services only . Existing records show a steady increase in number of people utilizing OPD services at Entebbe Hospital between 2003 / 04 and 2008 / 09 . Notably , since 2006 the number of patients utilizing OPD services exceeded total population of Entebbe Municipal Council , which indicates that a considerable number of patients come from outside the Municipality . By far the commonest illness is malaria which had 26 , 938 cases diagnosed in 2007 / 08 , probably due to abundant water and many lakeshore swamps . Table 11 : Visitors to Entebbe Hospital Out Patient Department ( OPD ) | * * Year * * | * * 2003 / 2004 * * | * * 2004 / 05 * * | * * 2005 / 06 * * | * * 2006 / 07 * * | * * 2007 / 08 * * | * * 2008 / 09 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Patients | 60", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 181, "text": "1999 poverty mapping", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 461, "end": 477, "text": "education census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 27 - last category were industrial labor force growth , high demand to sit for trades tests and requests for manpower from specific industries ( Kenya V ) . Use of such indicators has increased , particularly in later sector work . 3 . 12 Benefit / cost ratios were calculated as part of the justifications for the technical colleges in Turkey II and the vocational training centers in Morocco VI . 3 . 13 The data available from project evaluations do not permit a comparison of the relative effectiveness of these various planning approaches . Few addressed the issue of actual manpower supply and demand , and the use of enterprise surveys and other shorter-term indicators of demand is too recent to have been evaluated . However , the SAR for Egypt IV noted that manpower planning is hampered by the rapidity of social and economic change , a general lack of useful data , a lack of coordination between ministries and agencies , and the effect of government recruitment and wage policies . Similarly , sector analyses in Jordan and Tanzania demonstrated the inaccuracy of longer-term manpower requirements forecasting . These dif ' iculties have also been documented elsewhere in the literature ( Dougherty , 1988 forthcoming ) . 3 . 14 Labor market factors received very little attention in the bulk of these investments . However , these became more important in later projects in middle income countries and sector-specific training operations . The occasional use of enterprise surveys is noted above ( paragraph 3 . 11 ) . The Sixth Morocco project was in part justified on analysis of occupational trends from census data showing increases in private sector employment of skilled workers and stagnation in government hiring . Census data on employment was also used in the Turkey II Industrial Training Project , which is also partially addressed to falling worker productivity , and includes both skill and management training . Free standing training projects designed to support one sector were justified on employment demand analyses for public and private enterprises ( Sri Lanka I and II , Indonesia Public Works Manpower Development ) . # Sector Work 3 . 15 Sector analysis has made important contributions to the development of national training systems across all regions .", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 644, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1624, "end": 1635, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1740, "end": 1765, "text": "Census data on employment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "behavior . Future research on this topic could take several directions . Firstly , additional research could be conducted measuring levels of tax evasion in Indonesia to validate our findings by analyzing tax administrative data with third-party information and / or survey data that directly captures tax evasion and tax morale . In addition , there may be value in exploring 17", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 228, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 267, "end": 278, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the child is indeed not deprived of any dimension or is in fact deprived in the dimension where the information is missing . # 5 . 2 Chronic Poverty and intergenerational poverty regression analysis # # 5 . 2 . 1 Chronic Poverty The chronic poverty analysis in Figure 40 a and b presents large differences across regions , as well as an urban rural divide , with higher levels of chronic and transient child poverty in rural and northern regions . Whereas in urban South East over 80 percent of the children are never poor , this holds only for about 9 percent of the children in the rural North West . In rural areas in the North West of the country 43 percent of the children are chronically poor , defined as living in households that were always poor during the three waves of the GHS spanning from 2010-2016 with an additional about 47 percent of children transitory poor , meaning , considered poor at least once within the three waves . Compared to an earlier aggregate chronic poverty estimate by Dang and Dabalen ( 2019 ) , this study ’ s twice higher chronic poverty estimate over a longer period seems alarming and requires further research . Figure 41 a : Chronic Poverty Status ( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Chronic Poverty Status ( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > aggregate urban rural < br > never poor transitory poor chronic ( always ) poor < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 41 b ) Chronic Poverty Status by Geographic Region - ( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Chronic Poverty Status by Geographic Region - ( USD 1 . 90 $ International Poverty Line ) < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 788, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Across borders , governments , regional bodies , the United Nations and international organizations , collaboration should be strengthened . # # # # # # INITIATIVES FOR BETTER DATA - * * IOM created the * * < u > Global Data Institute , < / u > which brings together the IOM Global Migration Data Analysis Center ( GMDAC ) and Displacement Tracking Matrix ( DTM ) . Both GMDAC and DTM provide vital support to IDAC ’ s technical work . IOM is also developing regional data hubs and engaging with regional mechanisms like the African Union to strengthen data capacities and promote sharing of experiences - UNICEF leads child protection efforts at country , regional and global level to mitigate the impacts of migration - Eurostat is improving the dissemination of statistics in light of recent EU policy initiatives to provide more details on the integration and inclusion of migrant children . Pilot studies for further disaggregation of statistics on unaccompanied minors ( e . g . , access to education ) are foreseen by 2024 - < u > UNHCR ’ s data transformation strategy < / u > presents a vision , strategic priorities and key actions that will be undertaken to enhance strategic and responsible use of timely , quality data and information . It hinges on collaboration , collective efforts and joint engagement with partners and stakeholders # # # # # # OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLICY AND PRACTICAL ACTION - * * Strengthen * * traditional data sources ( e . g . , censuses , household surveys ) and identify and leverage innovative data sources ( administrative data , frontier data , big data and citizengenerated data ) to bolster the evidence base on migrant children ( see IDAC working group activities ) - * * Build * * synergies with regional mechanisms by expanding expert networks , sharing experiences and promoting good practices - * * Establish * * policies that foster migrantsensitive data collection ( such as safeguards to protect sensitive data and usage of anonymized data ) while protecting migrants from harmful actions from the host government / community , by ,", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 357, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1468, "end": 1476, "text": "censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1479, "end": 1496, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1551, "end": 1570, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1573, "end": 1586, "text": "frontier data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1589, "end": 1597, "text": "big data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 14 . 3 | - 29 . 4 | | Armenia | - 14 . 2 | - 16 . 5 | - 11 . 9 | - 19 . 4 | | Russia | - 7 . 9 | - 14 . 1 | - 4 . 7 | - 30 . 4 | | Romania | - 7 . 1 | - 12 . 6 | - 5 . 5 | - 20 . 6 | | Moldova | - 6 . 5 | - 16 . 4 | - 7 . 8 | - 19 . 3 | | Hungary | - 6 . 3 | - 11 . 5 | - 9 . 1 | - 15 . 4 | | Croatia | - 5 . 8 | - 9 . 3 | - 16 . 2 | - 20 . 7 | | Bulgaria | - 5 . 0 | - 15 . 0 | - 9 . 8 | - 22 . 3 | | Turkey | - 4 . 7 | - 7 . 2 | - 5 . 3 | - 14 . 3 | | Georgia | - 3 . 9 | - 11 . 6 | - 0 . 9 | - 19 . 4 | | Bosnia & Herzegovina | - 3 . 1 | - 6 . 7 | - 4 . 0 | - 11 . 0 | | FYR Macedonia | - 0 . 8 | - 2 . 5 | - 7 . 9 | - 10 . 5 | Source : IMF WEO Database , October 2010 . Note : Albania , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Poland are excluded as they have not suffered a decline in real GDP . Latvia and Estonia are the only two countries that reached their GDP peak in 2007 ; all others did so during 2008 . Comparing countries across multiple dimensions is never straightforward . Debt-to-GDP ratios might increase , but banking sector developments might be a source of stability ; or , on the contrary , add to already weak balance sheet developments . This paper looks at these indicators simultaneously using a methodology known as cluster analysis ( CA ) . The advantage of", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 660, "text": "IMF WEO Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2b - with the consultant . These officers and existing officers of MIU would receive both overseas and inservice training and at the end of the second project year the MAIF officer would assist in the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation unit in MAIF . 3 . 56 At the district level , the District Monitoring Ufficers presently assigned to monitor ARP would continue to operate and would report directly to MEU . Data collection would be through existing DUA field staff , especially the district statisticians , economists and enumerators employed by the DOA Planning and Statistics Section . Information on fish catches would become available from the sarvey of Lake Kyoga fisheries ( para 3 . 30 ) . 3 . 57 Monitoring would be continuous and periodic evaluation would be made of all project components . The consultant would establish a routine system for monitoring and would determine the variables to be monitored . This would include measurements of input delivery and of outputs needed for analysis . At negotiations , assurances were obtained that , before June 30 , 1985 , LOU would submit the monitoring and evaluation system for the project to IDA / IFAI for review and comment , and upon receipt of comments make the system operational . The following reports would be produced : - ( i ) quarterly reports recording progress with reference to planned targets , price data etc . ; - ( ii ) six-monthly reports on the input distribution system ( para . 6U02 ) ; - ( iii ) annual reports compiled from quarterly reports and including analysis of problems and constraints and recommendations for adjusting and reorientating project activities ; - ( iv ) special reports on selected topics , such as surveys to determine the extent of adoptationi of extension packages ; - ( v ) a project completion report , summarizing project performance and evaluating its impact , which would be submitted to IDA / IFAD not later than six months after the project closing date . 3 . 5b A mid-term review of project progress would be made", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 693, "text": "sarvey of Lake Kyoga fisheries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1383, "end": 1393, "text": "price data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "section uses tariffs to provide a first round of answers to each of our five major questions : Do some countries have lower tariffs than others ? Within countries , which sectors receive the most tariff protection ? How do tariffs change over time ? Do countries set tariffs so as to discriminate among their trading partners ? Finally , how liberalized are tariffs ? Much of our formal analysis in this section relies on cross-country and inter-temporal data comparisons where , for reasons of data quality , we do not attempt to be comprehensive . Instead , we focus on a sample of 31 economies listed in Table 1 . < sup > 6 < / sup > These major economies were not chosen randomly - they include the Group of 20 ( G20 ) economies plus an additional set of developing countries each with 2013 populations of over 40 million . Collectively in 2013 , these 31 economies represented 83 percent of the world ’ s population , 91 percent of GDP , 80 percent of imports , and 79 percent of exports . Figure 1 illustrates their geographic diversity . < sup > 7 < / sup > We begin in Section 2 . 1 by introducing and describing _ad valorem_ import tariffs under the WTO . In the contemporary data , we find the tariffs that countries apply are relatively low on average . However , for many countries , these applied tariffs are substantially lower than the maximum tariffs allowed under the WTO , implying that trade is much less liberalized when viewed through the lens of the tariffs that countries are legally permitted to apply . There are also surprisingly large differences across countries in the average level of tariffs : high income countries have more liberal trade regimes than middle income countries which , in turn , have more liberal regimes than low income countries . Across the board , countries tend to charge higher tariffs in the agricultural sector , in manufacturing industries such as textiles , apparel , and footwear , and in final goods relative to intermediate inputs . Finally , over the most recent twenty year period ( 1993-2013 ) , we find a general downward trend in tariffs for many , but", "spans": [{"start": 1172, "end": 1189, "text": "contemporary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "opportunities and rely on dwindling aid , while struggling amidst tensions over perceived inequities , the increased _Source : UNHCR January 2026_ presence of internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , and infrastructure degradation . The AF will respond to the changing humanitarian aid environment by increasing funding for job creation and self-reliance . The AF emphasizes investments in economic infrastructure , allocates a large proportion of financing for the livelihood component and will increase the number of refugee livelihood beneficiaries . 10 . * * The scale of the refugee inflows over the last three years has challenged government preparedness * * . Combined with declining humanitarian aid , some new camps or sites have been established with insufficient funding , leaving refugees without basic services or job opportunities , in turn placing a strain on host communities . To enhance preparedness and adaptability in what is a fluid operating environment , the AF will introduce a contingency response mechanism to rapidly disburse funds to refugee-hosting districts that experience large-scale inflows . 11 . * * Government policy changes . * * The policy environment on development responses to forced displacement has evolved significantly since ET-DRDIP II commenced . The Government of Ethiopia has demonstrated strong political > 1 Data from UNHCR and approved by Refugees and Returnees Services ( RRS ) , accessed February 16 , 2026 : https : / / data . unhcr . org / en / country / eth 2 Note that the refugee population in Tigray has reduced from 37 , 000 in April 2022 to 2 , 355 in January 2026 . Most of the refugees who were previously located in Tigray are now in Amhara region . Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 1358, "end": 1373, "text": "Data from UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Household consumption is typically the core concept at the center of any attempt to measure living standards , inequality and poverty in the developing world . < sup > 1 < / sup > Measures of consumption are derived almost exclusively through survey , however a review of survey practice will quickly reveal extensive variation over several dimensions , such as the method of data capture ( diary versus recall ) , the level of respondent ( individual versus household ) , the reference period for which consumption is reported ( anywhere from 3 days to one year ) and the degree of commodity detail ( from less than 20 items to over 400 items ) . Variations occur both across countries and over time as statistical offices alter survey designs , with little understanding of the implications of such changes for accurate and consistent measurement of consumption . Such variation hampers both crosscountry studies of poverty and inequality measures as well as the measurement of welfare trends within a country ( Lanjouw and Lanjouw , 2001 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > For example , the national living standards survey in South Africa found a decline in real food expenditure from 2000 to 2005 even though the same data sources indicated increases in overall consumption and declines in self-reported hunger / food insecurity . This contradictory finding is largely attributed to a change in survey design from recall to diary for food consumption measurement in 2005 ( Yu , 2008 ) . Changes in survey design , if they matter , need to be considered in analysis of trends in consumption or poverty over time . By extension , analysis that pools surveys of different types to study economic growth and inequality should take these differences seriously . Consider , for example , the widely used UNU / WIDER World Income Inequality Database ( WIID ) on income distribution and inequality . Concerns about consistency in such cross-country databases focus on whether the source surveys are income or consumption surveys ( such as Atkinson and Brandolini , 2001 , and Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin , 2009 ) , and the comprehensiveness of the consumption measure ( Chen and Ravallion , 2008 )", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1142, "text": "national living standards survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1819, "end": 1863, "text": "UNU / WIDER World Income Inequality Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2022, "end": 2041, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Yes < br > Yes < br > re and code < br > ss survey mo < br > e by survey m < br > r “ Interactive | | Sample < br > Recruitment | * * RDD * * < br > RDD , National surveys < br > National surveys < br > RDD < br > Survey frm < br > National surveys < br > National surveys < br > RDD < br > RDD < br > National surveys < br > Social enterprise < br > Recruitment team < br > RDD < br > Social enterprise < br > RDD , Midwestern university < br > e the description of each featu < br > ntact mode was the same acro < br > tact participants were the sam < br > ed Self-Interviewing ; “ IVR ” fo | | Sample < br > Size | * * 599 * * < br > 2016421 < br > 450 < br > 2196 < br > 1043 < br > I < br > 895 < br > 8273 < br > 6056 < br > 2265 < br > 1579 < br > 2603 < br > 1821 < br > 3673 < br > 1057 < br > 156 < br > re . We includ < br > ( iv ) if the co < br > empts to con < br > puter-Assist | | Compared < br > Methods | * * CATI , SMS * * < br > CATI , IVR , SMS , FTF < br > CATI , SMS , SMS modular design < br > CATI , IVR < br > E-mail web link , FTF < br > Monthly - Weekly FTF , Weekly CAT < br > FTF , ACASI , List Experiment < br > IVR , SMS < br > IVR , CATI : Sequential < br > FTF , CATI < br > SMS , Web link < br > CATI , FTF < br > SMS , Web link < br > CATI , FTF : Sequential < br > SMS , Web link < br > eriment we identifed in the literatu < br > was", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 248, "text": "National surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) WHO recommends MDA deworming , the estimated treatment effect is 0 . 148 kg [ 95 % CI : 0 . 039 , 0 . 258 ; p = 0 . 008 ] . In areas with more than 50 % prevalence , where the WHO recommends multiple doses annually , the estimated effect is 0 . 182 kg [ CI : 0 . 070 , 0 . 293 ; p = 0 . 001 ] . Our full sample estimate has more statistical power than TMSDG . Using the same approach as above , we find an MDE of 0 . 15 kg in the full sample , roughly half the MDE of 0 . 28 kg using the TMSDG sample . Using the random effects estimate of 0 . 13 kg , we find that the full sample analysis has 72 % statistical power to detect a significant effect at 95 % confidence . This compares to 18 % statistical power to detect an effect of 0 . 08 kg , or 31 % statistical power to detect an effect of 0 . 13 kg using the TMSDG sample ( see Figure 3 ) . < sup > 25 < / sup > This full sample effect remains robust ( at p < 0 . 05 ) when any individual trial estimate is dropped from the meta-analysis , as shown in Table 4 . The level of significance with which the null hypothesis that the mean effect is zero can be rejected remains high even when simultaneously dropping any two of the 22 estimates : among the 231 possible combinations of two studies that could be dropped simultaneously , in 96 % of cases the estimated effect remains statistically significant at p < 0 . 05 , and the largest p value is just 0 . 067 ( not shown ) . The results are similarly robust to dropping any one or two studies in > Cochrane pre-analysis plan ( Dickson , Awasthi , and Demmellweek , 1997 ) . Examining all studies conducted in environments in which the WHO recommends MDA while excluding studies where the WHO does not recommend MDA would enhance policy relevance . > 25 Using an effect of 0 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 37 - 5 . 05 The Deputy Commissioner for Production , who reports directly to the Commissioner for Agriculture would be responsible for the input supply program , and agricultural extension and training ( chart 26057 ) . At district level , the extension services would continue to be administered by DAO , assisted by consultant experts . DAO would also be responsible for the organization and management of the extension training courses . Travel and vehicle operating expenses would be made available through the Transport Account ( para 4 . 06 ) . The Deputy Commissioner in charge of the Planning and Statistics Section would be responsible for ensuring that sufficient MAE and MAIF field and headquarters staff were allocated to the monitoring and evaluation program . The consultant monitoring and evaluation expert would be initially responsible for the direction of the program , but would ultimately hand over to the head of MEU . The consultant ( and the unit head ) would report directly to the Coordinating Committee . The Chief Research Officer who also reports to the Commissioner for agriculture would be responsible for the on-farm adaptive research . 5 . 06 Within L4AIF , the Commissioner for Tsetse Control would be responsible for the tsetse fly trapping study and would allocate necessary staff resources . All other livesock related aspects of the project would be under the control of the Commissioner for Veterinary Services and Animal Industry who would arrange the use of veterinary supplies provided under the project in the department ' s ongoing vaccination and disease control programs . The Commissioner for Fisheries would be responsible for project fisheries inputs and for fisheries surveys and studies . Since the two surveys are to operate out of separate shore bases and under the direction of different consultants they would be implemented by separate groups rather than both being conducted by a single joint team . The surveys would be organized to operate through the regular fisheries field and research institutions . The Commissioner would be responsible for arranging for the use oa the Uganda Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization facilities by the scaff working on the fish stock assessment survey . B", "spans": [{"start": 2224, "end": 2252, "text": "fish stock assessment survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # ( c ) Other Unintended Outcomes and Impacts ( positive or negative ) 49 . Based on stakeholder views and preliminary forecasts , this ICR notes that , partly due to continued timely availability of fertilizer , in combination with relatively high domestic grain prices and favorable rainfall , Ethiopia is expecting a good crop h ~ st . In other words , theJarge carryover stock ofFSP fertilizer into 2010-2011 may have generated positive short-run production externalities . 50 . Owing to the design of the procurement process , AISE became the de facto single importer of fertilizer , acting onits own behalf as well as that of cooperative federations and unions . The ministry has maintained this procurement process and practice , and AISE remains the sole importer . This practice facilitates bulk procurement , the allocation of foreign exchange , and the ministry ' s coordination tasks . The net impact of this arrangement on Ethiopia ' s fertilizer sector is uncertain , however . Economies of scale at the macro level need to be weighed against possible _inefficiencies_ in the marketing and distribution chain at the micro level associated with concentration in the sector . These effects however are uncertain , because currently there is no measurable evidence suggesting that the single importer had negative effects on prices or distribution and efficiency . 51 . Prioritization offertilizer imports over emergency cereal imports delayed the WFP ' s response to the Ethiopianfood crisis in 2009 and significantly increased that institution ' s transport costs . 3 . 6 Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and / or Stakeholder Workshops 52 . The beneficiary survey collected data from 3 , 500 rural households in early 2010 . This dataset was the basis for assessing the project ' s impact on fertilizer distribution and use at the regional , _woreda , · and kebele_ ( administrative village ) level ~ ( see Annex 5 for details ) . The assessment ' s main findings are : - Aggregate fertilizer supply has increased but fertilizer consumption among survey households declined marginally due to erratic rainfall , difficulties", "spans": [{"start": 1610, "end": 1628, "text": "Beneficiary Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1669, "end": 1687, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 | * * Land & * * < br > * * Assets * * | * * Types of Impact * * | * * Person ( s ) Affected * * | * * Compensation / Entitlement / Benefits * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | trees + allowance up to a maximum of 12 < br > months while short - term crops mature ) | | | | Tenant / Lease < br > holder | Cash compensation equivalent to average < br > of last 3 years ’ market value for the < br > mature and harvested crop , or market < br > value of the crop for the remaining period < br > of tenancy / lease agreement , whichever is < br > greater . < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting + < br > assistance in re-establishing economic < br > trees + allowance up to a maximum of 12 < br > months while short - term crops mature < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting + < br > assistance in re-establishing economic < br > trees + allowance up to a maximum of 12 < br > months while short - term crops mature ) < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting + < br > allowance ) . | | Commercial < br > Land | Land used for < br > business partially < br > affected < br > Limited loss | Title holder / < br > business owner | Cash compensation for affected land , < br > taking into account market values for the < br > land < br > Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 5 % of net annual income < br > based on tax records for previous year ( or < br > tax records from comparable business , or < br > estimates where such records do not < br", "spans": [{"start": 1416, "end": 1427, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1458, "end": 1494, "text": "tax records from comparable business", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schooling ( 51 percent had completed high school ) and prior labor experience ( 60 percent ) . The p-values for the coefficients of OLS models that regressed treatment status on baseline covariates ( left panel ) are above 0 . 10 in all cases , indicating that individuals in the treatment and control groups came from the same population . These baseline characteristics are broadly similar to those of poor individuals aged 15-30 in Ulaanbaatar as reported in the 2014 Mongolian socioeconomic survey , which shows similar share of idle youth , age mean composition and average years schooling . The MVTP sample , however , shows a higher proportion of women ( 65 vs . 55 percent ) , a higher share of individuals living in gers ( 82 vs . 56 percent ) , smaller household size ( 4 vs . 6 ) , and higher marriage rates ( 45 percent vs . 35 percent ) . Put differently , these differences suggest that the MVTP served , on average , a poorer set of Mongolian youth . For the newsletter-treatment group , on the other hand , the right panel in Table 2 shows that the p-values for most variables do not reject the equality of means between experimentally determined treatment groups . Equality is rejected regarding a few variables , with the exception of those related to chosen vocations . This is expected because the random allocation of MVTP participants to the newsletter-treatment group occurred at the course rather than at the individual level . Compared to other vocational-training programs for youth in developing countries ( see Table 1 ) , administrative data reveal that lack of full compliance with the treatment is relatively high for the MVTP . Out of the 766 applicants randomly assigned to receive vocational-skills training , 439 ( 57 percent ) did show up for training , while other studies have reported take-up rates from 77 to 99 percent . Appendix Table S1 . 4 gives detailed information on enrollment numbers . Self-reported survey information indicated that , among those who did not take-up the treatment , 35 percent cited family and personal commitments ( e . g . , household chores or 16", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 501, "text": "2014 Mongolian socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1551, "end": 1570, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1935, "end": 1967, "text": "Self-reported survey information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that liberalization of agricultural products marketing induced entry in subgroups of the food marketing channel , but not in groups where entry barriers were high . Vakis et al . ( 2003 ) measured the transaction costs occurring when a farmer sells his crops on the market . They showed that the level of transaction costs will determine which market ( farmgate , local or distant market ) farmers enter . The literature ’ s relative disregard of entry costs in and out of commercial agriculture is understandable given that those costs can be expected to be small in magnitude , as poor farmers are unlikely to switch altogether to sophisticated input-intensive farming . However what matters is not the absolute magnitude of entry costs but their magnitude relative to the income of subsistence farmers , in particular when credit markets are deficient so that sunk costs must be self-financed . Moreover , populations on the fringe of markets are likely to be vulnerable ones , and even well-wishing reforms can have the unwanted effect of destroying fragile markets , as changes in relative prices can be too small to cover switching costs or make intermediation profitable . When middlemen ’ s trucks no longer come , rural roads are left to decay and entire regions can shrink into subsistence . A report by Oxfam ( Oxfam-IDS 1999 ) argued that this is precisely what happened in Zambia after the maize reform ( cited in Winters 2000 ) . This paper is an attempt to bridge the literature ’ s gap . We propose a method to evaluate entry costs based on a simple asset-return model of farm specialization , the gist of which is as follows . Suppose that being in subsistence or in the market depends on a given household characteristic _z_ . High - _z_ farmers are in the market whereas low - _z_ are in subsistence , with cutoff _z_ < sup > + < / sup > . Each sector of activity can be thought of as an asset whose dividend is the net value of production ( evaluated at market prices for subsistence farmers , leaving aside for the moment the issues involved in that valuation ) . The asset ’ s price is the present discounted value", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MLYTWIAL 9MRY OF THIITY EET SDtIES < ! - - Start of picture text - - > INwEmur VMIAlES < br > NTH RATE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > tNIC - CALOAATIN RMSTSAL SECTOA R VIALES < br > PRDUCT ISTICS OF PERID AM AND ECDlC - _EPT IS soCio < br > FINCPh TYPE AM AN AMLYSIS MEIN ITIAL POLICY IETIu FOLITICAL < br > OF STI MC W RllXIES PERIOD WRAILES VAIALES UWIN FACTOS WVtAUIfr < br > FAIlN , eimpet of GP 69 eaitries 1 VOWr Per eqilta Exprfi 9rcmth Popiatein puirth R-s r emt ) Ule < br > ANiEZ edlitoy ( World ( r amtl ( polirg ino + + for * ll r qasnl < br > ad - p-dIF Pir ) orc ep etIF 1952-70 ) n . a Vriatihn in ( but Africa - ) afsu s . btu < br > TAYLO prsented , Silent eilitry Coital 9cuth 40 . 31 . Nobda < br > ( 1981 ) or by dmlep - weriables by apandiuta n . s . widthut eqplicit < br > Mnt Leel ) coutry pro-tien < br > ( fixed f ect ) ( but n . m . for functien < br > irdLtrial < br > cantries ) < br > ExtwmL aid < br > ( + or ns . ) < br > MFR ShN that OaWt GDP Smi-ln * ktr . 10 Ets EJIort gradt lint rate i-sr 0 . 69 < br > ( 193 ) MGh he a ( World cmaitries in Avuag ratrte wighted + < br > favrdbte Iqiact Ra ) broed m16-13 by apart Popastien pwmh < br > en pr It g th ( 31 ) , strIt aef ra < br > be spt MM ( 19 ) , pract 4 < br > matar ha hidhr act . 4 < br > a_gmt oil-mqxertiru <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the ESF , which accounts for Management of Green Environment and Section 59 of the NEA ( 2019 ) , as well as the ESIA regulations of Uganda 2020 . Equally , the National Forests and Tree Planting Act 2003 makes provisions for implementing the CBD locally . Therefore , the CBD will be operationalised in the Project , especially with reference to biodiversity affected in forests or rangelands falling within the project area of influence ( AoI ) , as defined . * * 2 . 6 . 1 . 2 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands ( 1971 ) * * Originally the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was for the conservation and sustainable use ( \" wise use \" ) of wetlands as habitat for water birds . In recent years , the convention ’ s objectives have broadened , now covering the comprehensive protection of wetlands as important ecosystems for the maintenance of biological diversity and provisioning of environment services . By acceding to the Ramsar Convention , the member states commit to designating at least one wetland within their territory as a \" Wetland of International Importance \" , to take steps to maintain and develop this site and , if possible , further sites . In addition , the contracting states must take steps to ensure wise use of other wetlands within their territory , which includes for this proposed TL project . The contracting states are also called upon to engage in international cooperation . The Montreux Record is an important instrument of the Convention . It lists wetlands of international importance whose ecological character has deteriorated significantly or is likely to deteriorate in the foreseeable future . Measures to improve the situation of the sites are elaborated . Implementation 87 * * | * * Page", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "35 | - 0 . 17 | | Uruguay | 0 . 49 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 32 | - 0 . 17 | | Gabon | 0 . 33 | 0 . 36 | 0 . 12 | - 0 . 20 | | N . Zealand | 0 . 88 | 0 . 66 | 0 . 60 | - 0 . 29 | | Venezuela | 0 . 78 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 34 | - 0 . 44 | | UAE | 1 . 65 | 1 . 49 | 0 . 50 | - 1 . 15 | | Kuwait | 3 . 02 | 0 . 71 | 0 . 41 | - 2 . 61 | | Qatar | 3 . 18 | 1 . 55 | 0 . 56 | - 2 . 62 | | _Memo / _ | | | | | | _Saudi Arabia_ < br > _Memo / _ | _0 . 23_ | * * _0 . 71_ * * | _0 . 27_ | _0 . 04_ | _Former Soviet Union / E . European countries with data only since 1990_ | | _1990_ | _2008_ | _Change_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Moldova_ | _0 . 27_ | _0 . 11_ | _-0 . 15_ | | _Georgia_ | _0 . 33_ | _0 . 19_ | _-0 . 14_ | | _Serbia / Montenegro / Kosovo_ | _0 . 22_ | _0 . 12_ | _-0 . 10_ | | _Ukraine_ | _0 . 26_ | _0 . 16_ | _-0 . 10_ | Source : Authors ‘ calculations based on Maddison data . In addition , many low-income countries are still trapped in poverty , and they are failing to achieve the MDGs . While the global headcount poverty MDG ( MDG 1 ) is likely to be achieved , many countries remain off-track — in particular , countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are not likely to meet the MDG for halving headcount poverty ( Figure 7 ( a ) and ( b ) ) . In addition , 11", "spans": [{"start": 867, "end": 880, "text": "Maddison data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is worth noting , however , that not all types of trade openness are equivalent . An increase in the differential between export and import growth rates ( that is , exports growing faster than imports ) reduces the probability of the worst outcome ( cluster V ) . It also increases the probability of being in a higher growth and lower vulnerability ( G ) cluster and , even more , the probability of being in a lower growth and lower vulnerability ( L ) cluster . Thus , a country ’ s export orientation reduces the worst of all possible outcomes ( cluster V ) . It does provide a metric to gauge a country ’ s choice of development path . # * * Figure 4 . Probability and Shocks in 2-Year Average Estimation * * # * * A One Standard Deviation Increase in : * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Trade Openness L GV H < br > Export-Import Growth Diff . V H GL < br > Financial Openness G L VH < br > FDI , Net , % GDP VH GL < br > Counter-Cyclical Fiscal Policies HGV L < br > Monetary Tightening VH L G < br > Exchange Rate Flexibility VL G H < br > Capital Account Liberalization G H VL < br > Initial Income , % of G7 GDP GH L V < br > Market Volatility , VIX HL G V < br > Oil Balance , % Exports & Imports V L H G < br > - . 3 - . 2 - . 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 < br > Change in the Predicted Probability < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook database and authors ’ calculations . Notes : The horizontal axis measures the change in the predicted probability in each individual cluster following a change ( a one standard deviation shock ) in the indicator specified in the vertical axis . A positive value represents an increase in the probability of being in that cluster ; e . g . , greater exchange rate flexibility increases the", "spans": [{"start": 1366, "end": 1397, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "depth of RTAs . In this case , the positive effect of migration-related provision shown so far can simply be the consequence of the overall depth of RTAs on bilateral migration and not that of a reduction in bilateral migration cost . To address this concern , in columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of Table 10 we control for the overall depth of the RTA ( i . e . the total number of provisions covered by the RTA from World Bank Deep Trade Agreement database ) , and show that our variable of interest keeps its sign and magnitude even after controlling for the overall depth of the RTA . It is not the overall depth of an RTA that affects bilateral migration , but the specific inclusion of migration related provisions reducing the bilateral migration costs . – Table 10 about here – > 30See Appendix section B for a detailed discussion on the construction of right wing nationalist party share of votes . The share of vote for the right wing party is comprised between 0 and 1 . The median share of votes for the right wing party in our sample is 9 % ( i . e . 0 . 09 in our data ) , and the maximum level is 54 % . 14", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 449, "text": "World Bank Deep Trade Agreement database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | * * Additional controls * * | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) and WDI ( World Bank ) . Notes : Robust standard errors in brackets , clustered at the country level for models 3-10 . * significant at 10 % ; * * significant at 5 % ; * * * significant at 1 % . The additional control variables include the log of GDP per capita , the log of the real exchange rate against the US Dollar ( both from WDI ) , and the log of a tariff index . Column 8 includes the log of a minimum wage index compiled by ILO ( available only for 1995-2009 ) . The regressions in column 10 only include the nine countries for which there is a relatively long , continuous and homogeneous data source : Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Costa Rica , Mexico , Panama , El Salvador , Uruguay and Venezuela . 32", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 151, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 182, "end": 185, "text": "WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P ) . The report < br > brings out several proposed interventions , legal and < br > institutional framework to be incorporated into < br > sectoral development plans and programs . Its < br > implementation is monitored through the Annual < br > State of the Environment Reporting | < br > The Action Plan guides on the legal and < br > institutional framework which the Employer is < br > guided by in the development , operation and < br > decommissioning of every component of the < br > proposed project . | 62", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 281, "text": "State of the Environment Reporting", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 2 < / sup > While most of this empirical evidence is based on the use data for advanced economies , it allows us not only to keep the discussion limited to the scope of the paper , but also to contextualize our results based on a broader set of both develop and developing countries . GVCs expansion and the consequent change in the nature of trade can help to > 2For a literature review of the range of factors that could be responsible for the global synchronization of inflation see for instance Ha et al . ( 2019 ) . 5", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 105, "text": "data for advanced economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "employment in modern tradable services and non-textile and apparel manufacturing and a need for more increases in TFP across all sectors . Underlying this cross-sectoral resource reallocation are patterns of enterprise dynamics that include a changing size and regional distribution of firms , and an increase in the number of firms and participation of workers in export processing zones ( EPZs ) . Figure 3 , based on manufacturing establishments , highlights : a shift between 1993 and 2007 in the number of establishments and employment shares from smaller firms ( less than 40 employees ) to medium and large firms ( panel A ) ; a shift in the number of establishments and employment shares from Central and Uwa regions to North-Central , North-West and Western regions ( panel B ) ; an increase in total employment in EPZs from 24 to over 100 thousand between 1983 and 2003 ( panel C ) ; and an increase in employment and export shares from roughly 4 and 8 percent in 1983 to over 9 and 30 percent by 2003 . # * * IV . Empirical Approach for Productivity and Innovation Analyses * * # * * Subjective and objective indicators affecting performance outcomes * * A commonly-used metric to assess the severity of business environment constraints has been the percentage of firms that subjectively report a given constraint as ‘ major or severe ’ to their business operations . Corruption , electricity and political instability are typically top bottlenecks affecting business operations as reported by enterprise managers across South Asian countries . < sup > 4 < / sup > Figure 4 , panel A illustrates the ranking of constraints as perceived by manufacturing firms between 2003 and 2010 , ranked by top perceived 2010 constraints . Interestingly , while electricity has remained the top subjective constraint ( for 42 percent of firms in 2003 and 36 percent in 2010 ) , followed by tax rates ( up to 29 from 19 percent ) , inadequately educated labor ( up to 27 from 22 percent ) , access to financing ( up to 25 from 20 percent ) , and tax administration ( up to 22 from 13 percent ) ; political instability is no longer in the top five , falling from", "spans": [{"start": 420, "end": 448, "text": "manufacturing establishments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the past have proved extremely useful learning mechanisms . < sup > 2 9 < / sup > The Kanagaratnam Mission to Kenya is one recent relevant example . # Inhibiting Factors - Frequent changes in the mission leadership or the top program management . - Lack of follow-up mechanisms to learn about sustainability of project benefits after the project is completed . - Massive base-line , mid-project and end-project field surveys which take too long to provide meaningful feedback at the right time . There is a need to simplify and shorten the methodology , instruments and analytic procedures for such surveys to ensure selective but timely feedback . Ocher methods of research such as case research , action research , focus group discussions , brainstorming , joint sessions with beneficiaries , etc . , can also provide less rigorous but useful instruments of organizational learning . - Project designs which are not flexible enough to allow midcourse correctiQns . - Limited supervision time and tight visit schedules which do not allow open-ended wandering around to learn from the project implementation experience . - Lack of broad-based participation in project formulation and evaluation from different levels of administration and different agencies . The PPAR for Egypt-I and the PCR for India-I mention inadequate involvement of country counterparts in project formulation . Even where there is an attempt to involve program managers , the project dialogue is confined to one or two ministries and that too only with top management . Even if the next project is in another location or another country , it would help to include one of the more perceptive members of the first project team in the formulation mission . For example it would be useful to have an Indonesian program manager attached to an Indian mission or vice versa . - Lack of involvement of beneficiaries in project formulation process . The project design is not adequately influenced by client needs or the nature of worker-client transactions . A recent review of the community participation component in Bank projects concludes that some of the successful PHN 29Lauren Chester , \" Monitoring and Evaluation Components in Completed Population Projects , \" April 1985 , pp . 14-15 . 58", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 427, "text": "field surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Transport Sector Support Project ( P124109 )  Marking the boundaries for Right of Way and secure KeNHA ’ s road assets ( Class A roads ) - 3 , 500 km completed ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | N | N | Y | | Date | 01-Mar-2011 | 31-Dec-2014 | 15-Aug-2015 | 31-Dec-2018 | |  Navigational charts for Kenyan Coast developed to ac | ceptable international stand | ards and in use ( Yes / No | , Custom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > N | N | N | Y | | Date < br > 01-Mar-2011 | 19-Dec-2014 | 15-Aug-2015 | 31-Dec-2018 | |  Air accident investigation hangar constructed , equipped and staff trained ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | N | N | Y | | Date | 01-Mar-2011 | 19-Dec-2014 | 15-Aug-2015 | 31-Dec-2018 | |  Area on the runway , aprons and taxiways completed to international standards ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual (", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 518, "text": "Navigational charts for Kenyan Coast", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The first question we explore is a routinely asked question in the Bangladesh survey on changes in the level of corruption . The question asks about increases or decreases in the level of corruption over the last quarter . The exact wording of this question is presented in the Appendix . In Table 1 , we present the responses from 1 , 417 firms surveyed . These results indicate a general stability in the level of corruption , with a slightly higher percentage of managers ( 21 . 81 % ) indicating a decrease in corruption compared with that who indicates an increase in corruption ( 13 . 83 % ) . These results provide some insights into changing levels of corruption over time , one of the important drivers in changes in business activities ( investment , sales , etc ) . These general questions on corruption mask important differences in firm managers ’ personal experiences with corruption . General levels of corruption may have a low correlation with actual firm experiences with corruption . * * Table 1 : Evaluations of Changes in Corruption * * | | Number | Percent | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No Response | 230 | 16 . 23 % | | Much Lower | 54 | 3 . 81 % | | Somewhat Lower | 309 | 21 . 81 % | | About the Same | 582 | 41 . 07 % | | Somewhat Higher | 196 | 13 . 83 % | | Much Higher | 46 | 3 . 25 % | | Total | 1 , 417 | 100 % | An alternative approach is to directly ask firms about their evaluation of the role of corruption in affecting business activity . The second question that we explore is a question on the relationship between a number of different factors and business activity . Along with a number of questions related to economic factors affecting business , one 9", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 84, "text": "Bangladesh survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 15 < / sup > > 12 Wald tests of equality of coefficients confirmed that the differences in trends between the numbers of domestic and international issuers in Table 4 , Panel A are statistically significant at the 1 percent level . These unreported tests were computed within each of the subsamples of economies . 13 For robustness , we run regressions using total assets of listed firms ( instead of our proxy based on issuance size ) and find an even larger decline in the size of domestic bond issuers between 1990-98 and 2008-16 ( Appendix Table 2 ) . 14 The fact that the sum of different types of issuers is close to 100 percent in the first decile means that most of the smallest issuing firms raised funds in only one ( domestic ) market . The sum of these percentages does not need to be 100 percent because firms in each decile can issue in more than one market and thus belong to more than one group of issuers . 15 There is a high correlation between firm size ( in terms of assets ) and age . Using Worldscope data on listed East Asian firms , a 1 percent increase in age is associated with a 0 . 5 percent increase in size . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1014, "end": 1056, "text": "Worldscope data on listed East Asian firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Prof . Ndungu * * - 9 - * * November 21 , * * 2023 * * * * Annex IV * * * * SCHEDULE 3 * * # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators Matrix * * | | * * Year1 ( FY19 / 20 ) * * | * * Year2 ( FY20 / 21 ) * * | * * Year3 ( FY21 / 22 ) * * | * * Year4 ( FY22 / 23 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * DLI1 : Scope , * * < br > * * coverage , and * * < br > * * functionality of * * < br > * * SingleRegistry * * < br > * * enhanced * * | * * lb * * ( i ) * * - * * Re - < br > registrationexercise < br > inthefouroriginal < br > * * HSNP * * Counties < br > completedand < br > beneficiarylist < br > updatedaccordingly < br > * * ( US $ 500 , 000 ) * * | * * lb * * ( ii ) < br > Registrationof < br > householdsinthe < br > fourexpansion < br > * * HSNP * * Counties < br > complete < br > * * ( US $ 500 , 000 ) * * | | | | * * coverageand * * < br > * * government * * < br > * * financingof * * < br > * * HSNP * * | * * 5b - 100 % * * of < br > existing * * HSNP * * < br > householdsinthe < br > originalfour < br > Countiesfinanced < br > * * by * * theGovernment < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > | From the MoH Repo | rt , 296 facilities have been upgr | aded to HCIII . | | | ~ ~ IN01298996 ~ ~ < br > ► IR Indicator 4 . 6 - He < br > Custom ) | alth : Number of existing HCIIIs o | r HCIVs rehabilitated , expande | d and / or equipped to meet | basic standards . ( Text , | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 15 . 00 | 155 . 00 | 500 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > | The MoH reports a t < br > rehabilitated under t | otal of 15 HC III reahbilitated un < br > he Uganda Reproductive Mater | der UgIFT program and 81 < br > nal and Child Health Impro | HC IIIs and HC IVs < br > vement | | ~ ~ IN01298998 ~ ~ < br > ► 4 . 4 - Education : Num | ber of learners enrolled in scho | ols transitioned to the LG syste | m in refugee hosting district | s ( Number , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 103 , 133 . 00 | 90 , 287 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments | Transitioning to be d | one FY 2021 / 22 . | | | # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * < u >", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 62, "text": "MoH Repo", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ra ) broed m16-13 by apart Popastien pwmh < br > en pr It g th ( 31 ) , strIt aef ra < br > be spt MM ( 19 ) , pract 4 < br > matar ha hidhr act . 4 < br > a_gmt oil-mqxertiru < br > acktlvlty then countrie < br > ret of ecoy < br > wd beam < br > Latter miju < br > acea mnp < br > _eertd by < br > 00rt - 11b < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > FER Test iqucta of DP 30 emi-indstr . 10 yers Vaighted Inveetamt dhre R-sqr t 0 . 75 < br > ( 1986 ) - ifaturi . g World contrie . ( 19-73 ) grwth of of prct N l of _m < br > ad pWrt Ot Tet With othr mfemcwtur i * type m fEO < br > tmactar duatis \" ( lets Test en sector Populatfn growth ( 195 ) : < br > dr # Lcped 1955-3 + rate reallocatfen of < br > caitrim ) ad eighted + factors taumd < br > grath of mt efficient < br > apart sectors ard < br > + extemrality < br > . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya National Bureau of Statistics * * SUREAU OF STATISTICS * * _K , eping_ * * _you_ * * _binfrmd_ * * Appendix 1 : County Bank Account Balances * * * * _as at_ 30 . 06 . 2016 * * | | | * * NAE * * < br > * * - A * * | * * UM . . * * | * * Bal30 . 06 . 2016 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | < br > Baringo | KCBKabarnet | * * 1108009875 * * | * * 46 , 538 . 70 * * | | 2 | Bomet | K . C . BLitein | * * 1105682595 * * | 35 , 344 . 00 | | * * 3 * * | Bungoma | KCBBungoma | * * 1102068675 * * | * * 1 , 528 . 85 * * | | 4 | Busia | KCBBusia | * * 1105253384 * * | * * 1 , 739 . 00 * * | | * * 5 * * | ElgeyoMarakwet | K . C . BIten | 1103240242 | * * 259 . 10 * * | | * * 6 * * | Embu | KCBEmbu | * * 1102969087 * * | * * 62 , 302 . 00 * * | | * * 7 * * | Garissa | KCBGarissa | * * 1107852897 * * | * * 757 . 40 * * | | * * 8 * * | Homabay | K . C . BHomabay | * * 1106831063 * * | 13 , 704 . 00 | | * * 9 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 146, "text": "County Bank Account Balances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "id"}
{"text": "21 # # # * * Annex 1 * * # # # * * Project Design Summary Logical Framework * * | * * Narrative Summary * * | * * Targets / Key Verifiable Indicators * * | * * Means of Verification * * | * * Important Assumptions * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * I . Bank Country Assistance * * < br > * * Strategy Objectives * * < br > Accelerated agricultural growth to : < br > * < br > meet the rising food requirements of < br > the growing population ; < br > * < br > provide sufficient supply of raw < br > materials for local agro-industries ; < br > * < br > generate foreign exchange earnings < br > through diversification of < br > agriculture ; < br > * < br > reduce rural poverty and raise the < br > standard of living of the rural poor < br > by increasing farm household < br > incomes . | 15 % increase in output of < br > * < br > non-grain starchy staples < br > * < br > cereals < br > * < br > grain legumes < br > * < br > oil seeds < br > * < br > livestock products < br > 15 % increase in output of < br > * < br > fisheries < br > * < br > forestry | * < br > National statistics < br > * < br > MAAIF statistics < br > * < br > Local industry survey reports < br > * < br > National household income < br > survey reports | * < br > Political stability and good < br > govemance are maintained < br > * < br > Favorable macro-economic < br > environment exist in country < br > * < br > Good institutional infrastructure <", "spans": [{"start": 1086, "end": 1105, "text": "National statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1122, "end": 1138, "text": "MAAIF statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1155, "end": 1184, "text": "Local industry survey reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1234, "end": 1248, "text": "survey reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Development Bank . - Nini , G . P . ( 2004 ) . The Value of Financial Intermediaries : Empirical Evidence from Syndicated Loans to Emerging Market Borrowers . International Finance Discussion Paper 820 , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . - OECD ( 2018 ) . ODA by sector ( indicator ) . doi : 10 . 1787 / a5a1f674-en ( Accessed on 29 November 2018 ) . - Oster , E . ( 2019 ) . Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability : Theory and Evidence . _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics_ , 37 ( 2 ) : 187 – 204 . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 3 . 3 . 4 Progress of UqIFT as of June 2025 , based on restructured targets * * * * A * * review of the Verification report of the Independent Verification Agent for 2024 revealed that the UgIFT Results Framework comprises Thirty-One * * ( 31 ) * * Program Development Objective ( PDO ) indicators and Thirty-Four ( 34 ) Intermediate Results ( IR ) < sup > indicators . < / sup > An Analysis of the performance data from May 2022 to June * * 2025 * * showed that ; - PDO indicators improved from 48 % in May 2022 to * * 94 % by * * June * * 2025 . * * - IR indicators increased from * * 26 % * * to * * 94 % * * over the same period . With the project scheduled to close in December * * 2025 , * * the current rate of progress indicates that some outcomes may be achieved late in the project cycle , limiting time for < sup > sustainability < / sup > and impact assessment as summarised in Table * * 13 * * below ; * * Table 13 : Showing a summary of UgIFT progress in line with restructured tarqets * * | * * Indicatorlevel * * | * * No . * * < br > * * of * * < br > | | * * A * * | * * chieved * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * indicators * * | * * May . 2022 * * | * * Nov . 2023 * * | * * April . 2024 * * | * * Jun-24 * * | * * Oct-24 * * | * * Jun-25 * * | | Program < br > Development", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 429, "text": "performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 * * Figure 2 : * * Migration stock among country-pairs with different income levels . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > South-North migration ( in millions ) North-South migration ( in millions ) < br > 1990 2000 2010 2020 1990 2000 2010 2020 < br > North-North migration ( in millions ) South-South migration ( in millions ) < br > 1990 2000 2010 2020 1990 2000 2010 2020 < br > 140 7 . 5 < br > 7 < br > 120 < br > 100 6 . 5 < br > 80 6 < br > 60 5 . 5 < br > 40 5 < br > 90 < br > 40 < br > 80 < br > 35 < br > 30 70 < br > 25 60 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : United Nations Population Division . * * Figure 3 : * * Density of bilateral migration stocks among country-pairs with and without visa provisions . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1990 1995 2000 < br > 2005 2010 2015 < br > 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 < br > 2020 < br > 0 5 10 15 < br > Log of migration stock < br > Migration stock density with visa provision < br > Migration stock density without visa provision < br > . 15 < br > . 1 < br > . 05 < br > 0 < br > . 15 < br > . 1 < br > . 05 < br > 0 < br > Density < br > . 15 < br > . 1 < br > . 05 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : United Nations Population Division and World Bank Deep Trade Agreement database .", "spans": [{"start": 1248, "end": 1277, "text": "Deep Trade Agreement database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "metal mining ( - 48 . 7 % / + 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C ) and timber ( - 41 . 2 % / + 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C ) ( Chen and Yang , 2019 ) . Losses in agricultural TFP in China are estimated at 2 . 6 % for every additional day with a temperature of more than 33 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C during the year ( Chen and Gong , 2021 ) . These findings are consistent with county-level payroll evidence from the US indicating that labor productivity in highly-exposed non-agricultural industries , such as utilities , mining , and manufacturing , declines by as much as 50 % on a workday above 95 < sup > ◦ < / sup > F ( 35 < sup > ◦ < / sup > C ) , a ninefold impact relative to less exposed industries , although there seems to be adaptation when evaluating cross-county differences ( Behrer and Park , 2017 ) . < sup > xxxv < / sup > In indoor controlled environments , productivity tends to be similarly negatively associated with temperature , often in a non-linear , U-shaped way . A meta-analysis of indoor office , laboratory , and classroom settings finds task performance to increase until reaching a ceiling at 21 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C - 22 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C , with further increasing temperature from 23 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C to 30 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C resulting in a 9 % productivity loss ( Seppanen et al . , 2006 ) . Student performance among college entrants in China declined by 2 . 9 % of a standard deviation for a 1 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C increase in mean temperature of 23 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C during the exam period — with a more pronounced effect for highperforming students ( Graff Zivin et al . , 2020 )", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 399, "text": "county-level payroll evidence", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 ) different sample size ( OECD only versus pooled sample / all observation ) ; ( 3 ) different distributional assumptions ( GLM versus OLS versus Ordered Probit ) ; ( 4 ) different robustness tests ( reweighting observations to eliminate outliers ) ; and ( 5 ) the inclusion of different control variables ( Basic Controls , All additional Controls , Coordinated Capitalist Economies ; see above and Hamilton 2012 for details ) . Regression Model 1 of Table 4 . 03 is the simplest model possible , and conveys how the additive index of limited government ( higher EDD / NEDD ratio ) affects the level of perceived rent extraction utilizing only the most basic control variables , and restricted to the sub-sample of OECD countries . The results , which are significant at the 1 % level and consistent with the theoretical expectations of the model , suggest that more limited government ( a higher EDD / NEDD ratio ) is associated with less perceived rent extraction . Regression Model 2 is identical to Regression Model 1 , but also includes a control for ‘ coordinated capitalist economies ’ in which peak organizations play a critical role in policy-making ( Hall and Soskice , 2001 ) . These may , therefore , provide an alternative incentive for public policy-makers to minimize their rent extraction ( Olson , 1981 ) . While this control has the expected negative sign ( more peak organizations engender less rent extraction ) the results are insignificant and do not alter the basic result of the Regression Model 1 . Here , a higher EDD / NEDD ratio is associated with less rent extraction . Utilizing the factor analysis measure of limited government ( higher EDD / NEDD ratio ) , Regression Model 3 yields the same qualitative results , indicating that measurement error due to miss-specified weights may not be a major problem . Once again , the dependent variable , assuming it is ordinal and discrete , rather than interval and continuous ( Regressions 4 and 5 ) has no effect on the results which are still significant at the 1 % level , and have the theoretically anticipated sign . Utilizing the pooled dataset and all possible determinants of rent extraction identified in", "spans": [{"start": 2114, "end": 2128, "text": "pooled dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- term priorities include : ( 1 ) supporting the Department of Civil Registration to improve access to birth registration , including by establishing civil registrars in Kakuma and Dadaab and facilitating late birth registration for all refugees born in Kenya whose birth has not yet been registered ; ( 2 ) supporting the completion of the digitization process to enable linkages and interoperability between the civil registration database and other user systems ( including in the areas of education , health care , social protection and financial services ) ; and ( 3 ) supporting the process of legal reforms to facilitate the implementation of NIIMS and ensure the inclusion of refugees , asylum-seekers and stateless persons and the issuance of a unique identifier for access to national services . 10 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > * * K E N YA * *", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 441, "text": "civil registration database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 1 – Assessed implementing entities * * 1 . MoH 2 . EPSA 3 . Oromia BoH 4 . Addis Ababa 5 . SNNPR 6 . Harreri 7 . Dire dawa * * Annex 2 : PEFA 2018 : Overall summary of PFM performance scores * * | | | * * Federal * * | * * Addis * * < br > * * City * * | * * Oromia * * < br > * * Region * * | * * Amhara * * < br > * * Region * * | * * Tigray * * < br > * * Region * * | * * SNNP * * < br > * * Region * * | * * Somali * * < br > * * Region * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * HLG - 1 * * | * * Transfers from a higher-level * * < br > * * government * * | * * NA * * | * * NA * * | * * D + * * | * * D + * * | * * A * * | * * D + * * | * * B + * * | | HLG 1 . 1 | Outturn of transfer from < br > higher-levelgovernment | * * NA * * | NA | A | A | A | A | A | | HLG 1 . 2 | Earmarked grants outturn | * * NA * * | NA | D | D | A | D | B | | HLG 1 . 3 | Timeliness of transfer from < br > | * * NA * * | NA | A | A | A | A | A | | | higher-levelgovernment |", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 156, "text": "PEFA 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the falling purchasing power . For poor and vulnerable households in Uganda , the impact of COVID-19 is especially severe . Since the COVID-19 outbreak , 91 percent of > 1 2020 . _Uganda Economic Update_ , _Strengthening Social Protection to Reduce Vulnerability and Promote Inclusive Growth_ , 2020 . World Bank . > 2 Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . 2015 . _The_ , _World Population Prospects : The 2015 Revision_ . > 3 2020 . Uganda Economic Update , Strengthening Social Protection to Reduce Vulnerability and Promote Inclusive Growth , 2020 . World Bank . > 4 World Bank . 2016 . _The Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016_ . Washington , DC : World Bank . > http : / / pubdocs . worldbank . org / en / 381951474255092375 / pdf / Uganda-Poverty-Assessment-Report-2016 . pdf > 5 World Bank Data . > 6 World Bank Data . > 7 World Bank . 2020 . _Uganda Economic Update_ , _Strengthening Social Protection to Reduce Vulnerability and Promote Inclusive Growth_ , 2020 . World Bank . > 8 World Bank . 2020 . _Uganda Economic Update , 1_ 6 _th Edition , December 2020 : _ Investing in Uganda ’ s Youth . December 2020 . Page 1 of 76", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Iceland , Italy , Japan , Korea , Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , South Africa , Sweden , Thailand , United Kingdom , United States . It should be remarked that our database includes some cases that deserve comment . For example , it includes Australia for which we obtained pension assets time series corresponding to the sum of both mandatory and voluntary pensions but we could not . . . nd separate series for each of them . It also includes countries such as Japan , Canada , Korea , Philippines and Panama for which we found just a fraction of pension assets . Finally , it also includes the case of Netherlands . Although we consider it voluntary because there is no legislation on the contrary , some people consider it mandatory because pension plans are the result of collective labor agreements . The old dependency ratio , odr , is de . . . ned as the number of people older than 65 , op , divided by the number of people in working age ( people older than 15 and younger than 65 ) , mp . The young dependency ratio , ydr , is de . . . ned as the number of people younger than 15 , yp , divided by the number of people in working age , mp . The urbanization ratio , ur , is de . . . ned as the ratio between the number of people living in urban areas , up , and total population , tp . Annual time series of each of the variables were obtained from The World Development Indicators . The terms of trade , tot , is an index that shows the national accounts exports price index divided by the imports price index , with 1995 as base year . Annual time series of tot for each country were obtained from The World Development Indicators . Per capita gdp , pcgdp , is de . . . ned as per capita gdp at constant prices 28", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 400, "text": "pension assets time series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1464, "end": 1492, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and revenue streams . < mark > Migrants , refugees , stateless persons are particularly vulnerable in these circumstances , not benefiting in the same way as nationals from formal or informal safety nets . < / mark > 10 < mark > P < / mark > rogress made in self-reliance has been severely undermined . 11 > 6 _Source : The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project ( ACLED ) ; see also the report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies on irregular armed groups stepping up operations during COVID : _ _ < u > https : / / www . csis . org / analysis / extremist-groups-stepping-operations-during-covid-19-outbreak-sub-saharan-africa < / u > _ > 7 _The World Bank estimates that a 1 % decrease in GDP brings 14 to 22 million people below the extreme poverty line ( USD 1 . 90 a day ) . The current projected global decrease of the GDP for 2020 is estimated at 3 % and may be higher for several African countries . _ > 8 _Including both welfare services and social safety nets . _ > 9 _ < u > https : / / blogs . worldbank . org / opendata / impact-covid-19-coronavirus-global-poverty-why-sub-saharan-africamight-be-region-hardest < / u > See also : https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / topic / poverty / brief / poverty-and-distributional-_ _ < u > impacts-of-covid-19-potential-channels-of-impact-and-mitigating-policies < / u > _ > _10 70 % of refugees globally live in countries with restricted right to work and 95 % are self-employed . 50 % of them are employed in temporary / transient jobs ( on a", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 368, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 . * * Notwithstanding their lower income , education levels , and location , home ownership among the unbanked is high . * * 61 % of the unbanked in Bogotá own their home , showing a similar level of home ownership than the banked ( 66 % , see figure 3 . 6 ) . These levels are similar to home ownership rates in the United States ( 65 % ) . The minimal difference in home-ownership rates for banked and unbanked suggests that access to bank loans is not a limiting factor in accessing homes . The high rate of ownership overall suggests that both unbanked and banked Colombians view their homes as key to their asset-building strategies . The high rate of home ownership among the unbanked indicates their capacity to accumulate assets , and , as a result , to potentially benefit from access to financial services . * * Figure 3 . 6 Home-Ownership among the banked and unbanked * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Banked Unbanked < br > 6 % < br > 4 % < br > 9 % < br > 13 % < br > 53 % 52 % < br > 30 % 33 % < br > Owned by Household , totally paid Owned by Household , totally paid < br > Rented by Household Rented by Household < br > Owned by Household , being paid Owned by Household , being paid < br > Used by household without paying Used by household without paying < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ 11 . * * The unbanked are further from access to banks than the banked . * * The DANE survey does reveal that over 60 % of the unbanked either don ’ t know where a bank branch is in relation to their homes , or report the closest banking institution to be over ten blocks away . In the case of the banked population in Bogotá , 50 % of respondents report a distance to the next bank of over 10 blocks or an unknown distance . In particular , 22 % of", "spans": [{"start": 1335, "end": 1365, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1455, "end": 1466, "text": "DANE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 PendingImplementation 2017-03-21 2017-04-04 2017-05-02 2017-05-30 2017-06-13 2017-07-11 2017-08-08 2018-08-08 < br > Legislative Database ) < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / Credit No . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > KE-JRK-7101-CS-INDV / < br > Technical assistance for < br > developing and installation ofPSRP service that allows forshort code bulk SMS from all the IDA / 51810 Court Infrastructure Post Individual ConsultantSelection Open 35 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2017-03-01 2017-04-06 2017-04-19 2017-05-10 2017-06-14 2017-09-12 < br > providers and is integrated into < br > the existing system < br > KE-JRK-7102-CS-INDV / < br > Technical assistance forpreparation of guidelines forODCJ IDA / 51810 Court Administration and CaseManagement : Post Individual ConsultantSelection Open 30 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2017-04-03 2017-05-22 2017-06-12 2017-07-17 2017-10-15 < br > KE-JRK-7103-CS-INDV / Technical assistance in the formof a Cartoonist for ODCJ IDA / 51810 Court Administration and CaseManagement : Post Individual ConsultantSelection Open 15 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "number of < br > teachers requiringtraining . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Teacher TrainingRecords | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Calculate the percentage by dividing the number of teachers trained in inclusive education by the total number of teachers requiring training | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * Primary School Leaders Certified ( Number ) * * < sup > * * DLI * * < / sup > | | Description | Monitors the number of primary school leaders who have completed training and achieved certification based on framework developed . ( Including 100 % of < br > school leaders in host communityand newlyintegrated refugee schools ) | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Certification Records | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The number is calculated by counting school leaders who have completed training and obtained certification and compared to a total number of primary < br > school leaders . Certification must be achieved for a school leader to be included in the count . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | Page 43", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 117, "text": "EMIS , Teacher TrainingRecords", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 813, "end": 841, "text": "EMIS , Certification Records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exclude those who are not part of the organization ( or their friends ) . Ethically , ‘ snowballing ’ increases the risk of revealing critical and potentially damaging information to members of a network or subgroup . Many researchers ‘ test ’ the validity of their findings by reporting them to their respondents and asking for their opinions . These findings can , for example , include sensitive information about political , religious , or personal affiliations , which can create problems amongst the group . Levels of wealth ( or poverty ) or access to opportunities can also be revealed in ways that will negatively affect respondents ’ relationships with each other . While the difficulties of refugee research often make it very difficult to meet desired standards of randomness , there are tested and accepted techniques that enable researchers to avoid many of the worst pitfalls associated with ‘ convenience ’ sampling . Through the use of these techniques it may also be possible to produce a sample that is ‘ random enough ’ to subject the data to statistical analysis . Where it is impossible ( or not desirable ) to use such techniques , researchers must be very explicit in recognizing the limits of their claims . Doing otherwise means those policies recommended for one group may , on the assumption of representativeness , end up harming other refugees ( and hosts ) not included in the sample . # # * * The Johannesburg project : putting principles into practice * * The remainder of this paper discusses some of the data collection problems we encountered in the course of conducting a survey of urban refugees and migrants in Johannesburg in February-March , 2003 , and the ways in which we have sought to address them . Among other things , the Johannesburg Project sought to produce data that would be comparable with other data sets over space and time . We wanted to understand not only how forced migrants come to and live in Johannesburg , but how they interact with South Africans and how South Africans perceive or value those interactions . The project seeks to addresses gaps in our understanding of Africa ’ s urban refugees and migrants from", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The finding that the process of direct democracy increases villagers ‘ satisfaction is consistent with Olken ( 2010 ) . However , our finding that selection and prioritization procedures affect allocation outcomes differs from Olken ( 2010 ) , who finds no effect of procedure on the choice of general projects , but does observe some differences between procedures in project location . < sup > 20 < / sup > Although this difference might be driven by the differences in sample size between the two studies , < sup > 21 < / sup > there are also reasons to believe that the differences in results are driven by differences in the local context . Two differences in context can be particularly important in explaining the differences between the results of the two studies . First , Indonesian villages generally consist of several hamlets separated by as much as two kilometers , whereas Afghan villages generally consist of a single hamlet . As a result , project location is highly salient in the selection process in Indonesian villages , but less important in Afghan villages . In Afghanistan , project type is thus more likely to be the main source of disagreement between villagers in the allocation process . This is confirmed by monitoring data which indicates that only 19 percent of villagers consider location to be the most important consideration in project choice , and by the absence of a correlation between this share and the geographical size of the village . < sup > 22 < / sup > Second , Indonesian villages receive funding for general projects periodically , which allows for ̳ logrolling ‘ and inter-temporal trade between different interest groups within a village , so that each part of the village gets its most preferred projects in turn . Repeated interactions can sustain such intertemporal trade under both procedures , which make the analysis of a single instance of selection quite misleading . However , a women ‘ s project included in the sample studied by Olken ( 2010 ) was considered a one-shot event , which is comparable with the situation in Afghanistan where no commitments for follow-up grants were made to villagers . In both cases , the analysis reveals that , absent opportunity for inter-temporal", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1252, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * - h ) An Implementation schedule including public consultation program , disclosure , individual delivery of the entitlement compensation package , offer notice period and agreement finalization date where applicable , etc . ; - i ) Particular aspects of the description of organizational responsibilities , as applied to the sub-project ; - j ) Details of public consultation and participation , and planning for the sub-project , including community engagement strategy ; - k ) Particular aspects of the description of provisions for redress of grievances , as applied to the sub - project ; and - l ) Particular aspects of the Framework for monitoring , evaluation , and reporting , as applied to the sub-project . In case some of the affected PAPs lose more than 10 % of their productive assets or require physical relocation , the plan will also cover a socioeconomic survey to determine the livelihood provision impact and , if needed , income restoration measures . After preparation of RAP , the following steps shall be undertaken : - a ) The draft version of RAP will be shared with WB for clearance for implementation before disclosure and implementation . - b ) After no objection has been obtained , the final version will be disclosed on the Ministry ’ s website and World Bank ’ s external website . - c ) Sourcing / mobilization of budget for RAP implementation . - d ) RAP implementation : Compensation , resettlement and rehabilitation activities will be initiated , and will be completed before awarding contracts of construction works . - e ) A RAP completion report will be prepared and submitted to the Bank - f ) Contracts for the works or the process of issuance of titles can be finalized . # # * * 4 . 8 Approach to RAP development * * # # * * Public sensitisation meetings : * * Upon determination of the full extent of physical coverage of the project and the potentially affected lands , meetings will be held in the project area with a view to publicising the project . The mode of", "spans": [{"start": 923, "end": 943, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Miner , Luke * * , “ The Unintended Consequences of Internet Diffusion : Evidence from Malaysia , ” _Journal of Public Economics_ , 2015 , _132_ , 66 – 78 . - * * Mitts , Tamar * * , “ From Isolation to Radicalization : Anti-Muslim Hostility and Support for ISIS in the West , ” _American Political Science Review_ , 2019 , _113_ ( 1 ) , 173 – 194 . - * * , Gregoire Phillips , and Barbara Walter * * , “ Studying the Impact of ISIS Propaganda Campaigns , ” _The Journal of Politics_ , forthcoming . - * * Morris , Andrea Michelle * * , “ Who Wants to be a Suicide Bomber ? Evidence from Islamic State Recruits , ” _International Studies Quarterly_ , 2020 , _64_ ( 2 ) , 306 – 315 . - * * M ̈ uller , Karsten and Carlo Schwarz * * , “ Fanning the Flames of Hate : Social Media and Hate Crime , ” _Journal of the European Economic Association_ , 2021 , _19_ ( 4 ) , 2131 – 2167 . - * * Qin , Bei , David Str ̈ omberg , and Yanhui Wu * * , “ Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media ? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda , ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , February 2017 , _31_ ( 1 ) , 117 – 40 . - * * Raleigh , Clionadh , Andrew Linke , H ̊ avard Hegre , and Joakim Karlsen * * , “ Introducing ACLED : An Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset : Special Data Feature , ” _Journal of Peace Research_ , September 2010 , _47_ ( 5 ) , 651 – 660 . - * * Redmond , Sarah , Nickolas Jones , Alison Holman , and Roxane Cohen Silver * * , “ Who Watches an ISIS Beheading — And Why . , ” _American Psychologist_ , 2019 , _74_ ( 5 ) , 555 . - * * Rød , Espen Geelmuyden and Nils B Weidmann * * , “ Empowering Activists or Autocrats ? The Internet in Authoritarian Regimes , ” _Journal of Peace Research_ , 2015 , _52_ ( 3 ) , 338", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1217, "text": "ACLED", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 174 . 00 | 0 . 99 | | | * * Slope between 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > < br > * * and 2 * * < sup > * * nd * * < / sup > * * kink ( value * * < br > * * at 2 * * < sup > * * nd * * < / sup > * * kink ) * * | 0 . 13 | 32 . 00 | - 0 . 09 | 255 . 00 | - 0 . 27 | | | * * Slope above second * * < br > * * kink * * | 0 . 11 | | 0 . 04 | | - 0 . 04 | | | * * p-value * * | 0 . 63 | | 0 . 18 | | 0 . 71 | | | | < br > * * Two spline * * | < br > * * s ( goodnes * * | < br > * * s of fit maxi * * | * * mizing ) * * | | | | * * Slope low * * | - 0 . 07 | 10 . 00 | 0 . 27 | 234 . 60 | 0 . 63 | 42 . 20 | | * * Slope medium * * | 1 . 08 | 13 . 30 | - 0 . 27 | 332 . 20 | - 2 . 97 | 51 . 00 | | * * Slope high * * | 0 . 11 | | 0 . 13 | | 0 . 12 | | | * * p-value * * | 0 . 38 | | 0 . 06 | | 0 . 35 | | | Source : Author ‘ s calcu | lations based | on ES and | DB data . | | | | 11", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 867, "text": "DB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accounting for time-specific effects ( with the inclusion of period-specific dummies ) , equation ( 7 ) could be rewritten as < sup > 11 < / sup > : or This differencing , however , introduces a new bias since the error term ( ε _it - _ ε _it-1 ) _ is correlated with the lagged dependent variable ( _git-1 - git-2 ) _ . Under the assumptions that the error term ε is not serially correlated , Arellano and Bond ( 1991 ) propose a two-step generalized methods of moments ( GMM ) estimator using as moment conditions : > and if the explanatory variables _x_ are predetermined but not strictly exogenous : In the first step , the error terms are assumed to be independent and homoskedastic across countries and time . In the second step , the residuals obtained in the first step are used to construct a consistent estimate of the covariance matrix , and thus relax the assumptions of independence and homoskedasticity . Using the moment conditions in ( 16 ) and ( 17 ) and denoting θ = [ αβ ’ ] ’ , the GMM estimator of θand corresponding covariance matrix Σθ are given by : where _ ~ ~ x ~ ~ _ = [ g _it-1 x_ ] , _Z_ is the matrix of instruments , and Ω < sup > ˆ < / sup > is a consistent estimate of the covariance matrix of the moment conditions constructed with the residuals of the first step regression . The consistency of the GMM estimator above depends on the validity of the assumption that the error terms do not exhibit serial correlation as well as on the validity of the instruments . We present two specification tests to address these issues . The first is the Sargan test of overidentifying restrictions . The second test examines whether the error term ε is not serially correlated , which in turn would imply that the difference error in ( 14 ) does not present second-order serial correlation . We rely on two main sources of data . Inequality data come from Dollar and Kraay ’ s database on inequality . This database expands the inequality data used in their 2002 paper and contains 953 observations of", "spans": [{"start": 1853, "end": 1868, "text": "Inequality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1879, "end": 1922, "text": "Dollar and Kraay ’ s database on inequality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "population growth , and other contingencies ; timetables for expenditures ; sources of funds ; and arrangements for timely flow of funds , and funding for resettlement , if any , in areas outside the jurisdiction of the implementing agencies . 6 21 . * * _Monitoring and evaluation_ * * . Arrangements for monitoring of resettlement activities by the implementing agency , supplemented by independent monitors as considered appropriate by the Bank , to ensure complete and objective information ; performance monitoring indicators to measure inputs , outputs , and outcomes for resettlement activities ; involvement of the displaced persons in the monitoring process ; evaluation of the impact of resettlement for a reasonable period after all resettlement and related development activities have been completed ; using the results of resettlement monitoring to guide subsequent implementation . # # # # * * Abbreviated Resettlement Plan * * 22 . An abbreviated plan covers the following minimum elements : < sup > 7 < / sup > ( a ) a census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets ; ( b ) description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided ; ( c ) consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives ; ( d ) institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for grievance redress ; ( e ) arrangements for monitoring and implementation ; and ( f ) a timetable and budget . 62", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1069, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 . 8 | 2 . 7 | 2 . 6 | 2 . 5 | 2 . 4 | 2 . 2 | 2 . 1 | 2 . 0 | 1 . 7 | 2 . 3 | | Moldova | Consumptionper capita ( US $ ) * | 1 , 434 | 1 , 916 | 2 , 209 | 2 , 460 | 2 , 710 | 2 , 973 | 3 , 309 | 3 , 764 | 4 , 402 | 6 , 496 | 3 , 166 | | | Share of tobacco expenditures * * | 5 . 4 % | 5 . 3 % | 4 . 9 % | 5 . 1 % | 4 . 7 % | 4 . 5 % | 5 . 9 % | 4 . 8 % | 5 . 3 % | 4 . 9 % | 5 . 1 % | | | Share of smoker households * * * | 12 . 9 % | 13 . 5 % | 18 . 3 % | 15 . 2 % | 11 . 6 % | 15 . 8 % | 17 . 7 % | 17 . 2 % | 14 . 7 % | 17 . 8 % | 15 . 7 % | | | Population | 14 , 684 , 116 | 14 , 700 , 576 | 14 , 577 , 382 | 14 , 671 , 621 | 14 , 616 , 341 | 14 , 694 , 883 | 14 , 642 , 140 | 14 , 640 , 598 | 14 , 650 , 698 | 14 , 621 , 629 | 146 , 499 , 985 | | | Household size | 4 . 0 | 4 . 0 | 4 . 1 | 3 . 5 | 3 . 6 | 3 . 4 | 3 . 5 | 3 . 3 | 3 . 0 | 2 . 8 | 3 . 5 | | Russian < br > Fdti | Consumptionper capita ( US $ ) * | 2 , 124 | 3 , 506 | 4 , 436 | 5 , 384 | 6 , 415 | 7 , 682 | 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0436 ) | | | avetar | | | 0 . 890 * * * | | | 0 . 798 * * * | | | | | ( 0 . 0525 ) | | | ( 0 . 0532 ) | | SPS / TBT NTMs | | | - 9 . 221 * * * | | | - 8 . 764 * * * | | | | | ( 1 . 302 ) | | | ( 1 . 272 ) | | Other NTMs | | | - 3 . 621 * * * | | | - 3 . 598 * * * | | | | | ( 1 . 267 ) | | | ( 1 . 256 ) | | Observations | 256 , 711 | 250 , 432 | 153 , 084 | 251 , 934 | 245 , 615 | 150 , 582 | | Importer Fixed E ¤ ects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Exporter Fixed E ¤ ects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Product Fixed E ¤ ects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Notes : Robust standard errors in parentheses are clustered by importer-product ; * , * * and * * * indicate that coe ¢ cients are signi . . . cant at 90 % , 95 % and 99 % , respectively . 42", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * - Beegle , Kathleen , Joachim de Weerdt , Jed Friedman , and John Gibson . 2012 . “ Methods of Household Consumption Measurement through Surveys : Experimental Results from Tanzania . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 3 – 18 . - Betts , Alex , Remco Geervliet , and Claire MacPherson . 2018 . _Self-Reliance in Kalobeyei ? Socio-Economic Outcomes for Refugees in North-West Kenya . _ Oxford : Refugee Studies Center . - Deaton , Angus , and S . Zaidi . 2002 . _Guidelines for Constructing Consumption Aggregates for Welfare Analysis . _ Washington DC : World Bank . - Department of Water Agriculture and Irrigation , Turkana County Government . 2017 . _Turkana County Water , Sanitation Services Sector Strategic Plan 2017 – 2021 . _ Turkana County Government . - Foster , J . , Greer , J . , and Thorbecke , E . 1984 . “ A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures . ” _Econometrica 781 . _ - Garlick , M . , Guild , E . , Proctor , C . , and Salomons , M . 2015 . _Building on the foundation : formative evaluation of the refugee status determination ( RSD ) . _ UNHCR . - Haughton , J . , and Khandker , S . 2009 . _Handbook on Poverty and Inequality . _ Washington DC : World Bank . - IFC , International Finance Corporation . 2016 . _DHS Analytical Studies . Using Household Survey Data to Explore the Effects of Improved Housing Conditions on Malaria Infection in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa . ” DHS Analytical Studies No . 61 . _ USA : IFC . https : / / dhsprogram . com / pubs / pdf / AS61 / AS61 . pdf . - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation ( IHME ) . 2017 . _Global Burden of Disease Study . _ Seattle : IHME . - Kabir", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "terms dictionary includes 347 green terms , of which 308 are considered strict green because they are directly linked to the green economy . Another 39 terms are added to generate the broad green list of terms . These terms are not explicitly linked to environmental sustainability and climate change , but they could become directly linked if green technology or practices are adopted . These are added to the database to capture tasks that could be green . For example , the statement “ land use ” might not be directly linked to the green economy , but if greener technologies and practices are adopted in land use then this statement would be linked to the green economy . Any green terms clusters ( a grouping of similar terms ) can include only strict green terms , only terms that could be green that are used for the broad green definition , both , or neither . That said , the strict green list of terms is a subset of the broad green list of terms . Table 1 shows a sample of terms in the dictionary . 17 To build the GEP , the O * NET team reviewed the literature and identified 12 green sectors . Work activities identified as green included those that reduce the use of fossil fuels , decrease pollution and greenhouse gas emissions , increase the efficiency of energy usage , have to do with recycling materials and developing and adapting renewable sources of energy ( Dierdorff et al . 2009 ) . To identify green tasks within occupations and develop a definition of green jobs , the United States Department of Labor conducted representative surveys of job incumbents and interviewed industry experts . This information has been integrated into the United States standard occupations classification ( SOC ) and can be matched with labor force surveys . 18 Including the O * NET GEP , Burning Glass Technologies ( BG ) green list , US Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ) , GTP survey , IAB Janser ( 2018 ) list , UN Environmental GS , and the European Skills , Competences , Qualifications and Occupations ( ESCO ) skills taxonomy . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1543, "end": 1583, "text": "representative surveys of job incumbents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1747, "end": 1766, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1800, "end": 1844, "text": "Burning Glass Technologies ( BG ) green list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1887, "end": 1897, "text": "GTP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1900, "end": 1924, "text": "IAB Janser ( 2018 ) list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1927, "end": 1946, "text": "UN Environmental GS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the ENLACE . Furthermore , in conversations with INEE , the suggested proportion of students copying was reported to be in nearly all cases less than 10 % . Thus , we consider unlikely that the presence of some cheating / copying biases our results on the ENLACE scores . For our main analysis , we begin with the database of all sixth graders taking the ENLACE test in the school year 2007-2008 , the second year in which ENLACE was applied . We focus on this group because it is the group for which we can merge the largest number of follow-up tests . In particular , we can merge to this database of sixth graders in 2007-2008 , test results in 2008-2009 ( seventh grade for most ) , 2010-2011 ( ninth grade for most ) and 2013-2014 ( twelfth grade for most ) . In this way we construct a panel of achievement tests over a period of six years . Because program effects on enrollment and attendance in the primary level are lower than in subsequent levels ( Behrman , Sengupta and Todd , 2005 ) , we treat the 2007-2008 sixth grade scores as a baseline , that is unlikely to have been significantly impacted by PROSPERA although households in which the children in our database reside , may have been receiving grants before this period . To the extent achievement of PROSPERA children had already been affected in our data before the school year 2007-2008 , the results we report here represent an underestimate of total program effects on achievement . < sup > 5 < / sup > This approach also allows us to treat taking the ENLACE test as a proxy for being enrolled in school . Although defining enrollment in this way underestimates the overall level of children enrolled in school , estimates of the impact of PROSPERA on enrollment will be unbiased assuming the implementation of the ENLACE does not differentially affect who attends school the day of the application with regard to PROSPERA receipt . This seems a reasonable assumption . The construction of the panel allows us to study educational trajectories of youth between sixth grade and twelfth grade beginning with sixth graders in 2007-2008 . We choose this panel as it", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 343, "text": "database of all sixth graders", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 591, "end": 616, "text": "database of sixth graders", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have contributed significantly toward convergence in aggregate labor productivity . Interestingly , productivity growth in agriculture was the main driver of aggregate convergence . Nevertheless , agricultural productivity in low-income countries still markedly lags and is weakly converging relative to advanced countries . As for manufacturing , they find evidence in support of unconditional convergence consistent with Rodrik ( 2013 ) albeit with a slower convergence rate . In line with Bakker et al . ( 2020 ) , their findings also imply addressing barriers to sectoral reallocation through human capital development , good governance , and a favorable business environment would boost productivity growth and accelerate convergence . # * * _Regional convergence_ * * Studies have also examined the patterns of regional inequalities and convergence within countries . Gennaioli et al . ( 2014 ) , based on regional data from 83 countries , show that rich countries experienced faster regional convergence than poor countries , mainly attributed to better capital markets in the former and limited factor mobility in the latter . Their results further show that the pace of convergence across regions within countries is relatively faster than the one observed across countries . Yet , the regional convergence rate is generally slow , as indicated by lower resource mobility . This is despite regions being more likely to exhibit homogeneity in technology , productivity , and institutions compared to countries . Examining the determinants of regional growth , Gennaioli et al . ( 2014 ) show that geography ( e . g . , resource endowment , temperature , proximity to the ocean ) and human capital ( e . g . , educational attainment ) are important factors but not culture ( e . g . , ethnic heterogeneity , trust ) and institutions ( e . g . , business environment ) factors . More importantly , they highlight the crucial role of human capital through the mechanisms of worker education , entrepreneurial / managerial education , and externalities while noting the ease with which firms , workers , and entrepreneurs move across regions than countries . Coming to country-specific studies , Kinfemichael and Morshed ( 2019b ) argue that the slowdown of labor productivity convergence in recent years in the United States is possibly due to", "spans": [{"start": 912, "end": 943, "text": "regional data from 83 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10840 # * * Abstract * * Submarine cables enable international connectivity and are essential for high-speed internet access . This paper tests their potential to improve the affordability of internet access by supporting a price drop through cost savings or increased competition intensity . The empirical framework relies on a dataset that combines the capacity of submarine cables with price data on fixed and mobile internet across 150 countries over a decade . Using a two-way fixed effects estimator , the analysis finds that the expansion of submarine cables is associated with a statistically significant drop in the price of internet access , up to 14 – 21 percent , depending on the technology , for every doubling of the capacity of submarine cables , and with large regional disparities . These effects stem from cost savings in the short run and tend to decline over time , concomitant with a rise in domestic telecom market concentration . The analysis also finds that these effects can be enhanced by telecom regulations , especially de-jure independence of the regulator , and the regulation of network interconnection and access , shared telecom infrastructure , and competition from international players across the broadband value chain . The main findings are robust to alternative estimation strategies , including an instrumental variable and a staggered difference in differences . This paper is a product of the International Finance Corporation . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at joel . cariolle @ ferdi . fr , ghoungbonon @ ifc . org , tsilue @ ifc . org , and dstrusani @ ifc . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited", "spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 429, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Expenditure Survey , ” _Food Policy_ , SI : Food Counts , 72 , 72 – 80 , 2017 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . foodpol . 2017 . 08 . 014 - Farfán , G . , M . E . Genoni and R . Vakis , “ You Are What ( and Where ) You Eat : Capturing Food Away from Home in Welfare Measures , ” _Food Policy_ , SI : Food Counts , 72 , 146 – 56 , 2017 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . foodpol . 2017 . 08 . 020 - Ferreira , F . H . G . , S . Chen , A . Dabalen , Y . Dikhanov , N . Hamadeh , D . Jolliffe , A . Narayan , E . B . Prydz , A . Revenga , P . Sangraula , U . Serajuddin and N . Yoshida , “ A Global Count of the Extreme Poor in 2012 : Data Issues , Methodology and Initial Results , ” _Journal of Economic Inequality_ , 14 , 141 – 72 , 2016 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10888-016-9326-6 - Gibson , J . , K . Beegle , J . D . Weerdt and J . Friedman , “ What Does Variation in Survey Design Reveal About the Nature of Measurement Errors in Household Consumption ? ” _Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics_ , 77 , 466 – 74 , 2015 . doi : 10 . 1111 / obes . 12066 - Holden , K . , and D . A . Peel , “ On Testing for Unbiasedness and Efficiency of Forecasts , ” _The Manchester School_ , 58 , 120 – 27 , 1990 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1467-9957 . 1990 . tb00413 . x - Jäntti , M . , V . M . Törmälehto and E . Marlier , “ The Use of Registers in the Context of EU-SILC : Challenges and Opportunities , ” Eurostat Statistical Working Papers , Publications Office of the European Commission , 2013 . - Jolliffe , D . , “ Measuring Absolute and Relative Poverty : The Sensitivity of Estimated Household Consumption to Survey Design , ” _Journal", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Do the parties rely on legal mechanisms to enforce their contracts or on alternative enforcement devices ? If a contract dispute arises , does the contract stipulate an arbitration mechanism ? Does the contract require \" hostages \" for deterring opportunistic behavior , such as collateral , and down payments ? What devices do the parties involved in the exchange employ to economize on transaction costs ? Are organizational forms and the scope of the firm affected by transaction costs considerations-for instance , because of contract enforcement problem , are family firms over-represented ? Does the firm become more vertically-integrated to reduce contracting costs ? Bank surveys have collected a significant amount of data on these issues , especially in recent years . Four major surveys-RPED , ICS , Bosnia , and _Survey of Russian Enterprises-all_ gather detailed information on the type of relationships firms had and the devices used to regulate transactions . Together , these surveys yield a rich picture of the enviromnent in which firms operate . The following extracts from existing bank surveys may serve as nice recipes for future surveys on transaction environments : - The nature of contract : Do contract specifications cover price , methods of adjusting price to rate of inflation , quantity , quality , delivery date , method of payment , warranty , penalty for late payment , penalties for breach of contract , and the method of resolution if a dispute arises ? ( RPED Survey and the survey of Russian Enterprises ) . - The contractual relations with suppliers , with subcontractors , and with clients : ownership , payment method , frequency of purchase , relationship with the firm , whether the other party comes from the same ethnic group , whether there is a trade discount , whether there is subcontracting , the amount of credit purchase , interest , guarantee to supplier ( none , physical collateral , third-party checks , witnesses , signed invoices , group guarantees ) ; whether using written contracts more frequently with new trading partners than old trading partners ; whether using written contracts more frequently with new private enterprises than other new trading partners ? ( The survey of Russian Enterprises ) . - Informal lending : the amount , maturity , the", "spans": [{"start": 805, "end": 808, "text": "ICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1102, "end": 1114, "text": "bank surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1491, "end": 1502, "text": "RPED Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1511, "end": 1540, "text": "survey of Russian Enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s Environmental and Social Risks Framework . Nonetheless , the environmental management systems and still nascent and there is low compliance with the environmental provisions at the county level due to the devolution of certain environmental responsibilities to the counties . > 29 According to the 2021 FinAccess Household Survey ( https : / / www . knbs . or . ke / wp-content / uploads / 2021 / 12 / 2021-FinaccessHousehold-Survey-Report . pdf ) . > 30 Suri . T . and Jack , W . ( 2016 ) . “ The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money ” . Science 354 ( 6317 ) . > 31 These counties are Garissa , Madera , Marsabit , Wajir , Turkana , Samburu , Isiolo , Tana River , and Baringo . Page 43", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 331, "text": "2021 FinAccess Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rather than estimating emissions equations across many sectors in one country , we analyze explicitly-observed abatement activity in one sector - - pulp and paper - - across several countries . We also distinguish between possible Pigouvian and Coasion interpretations of abatement . In Section 2 of the paper , we review the Pigouvian and Coasian approaches and introduce the distinction between ' formal ' and ' informal ' regulation . Section 3 presents our analysis of the plant-level data . Section 4 summarizes the paper . # 2 . PIGOUVIAN * * vs . COASIAN REGULATION * * The Pigouvian approach places responsibility for an externality on its generator ( the polluter ) and imposes a pollution tax ( effluent fee ) as the policy prescription . Its optimality rests on a set of restrictive neoclassical assumptions . 10 Most importantly , the Pigouvian approach does not address the reciprocal nature of externalities . Nor does it analyze the abatement behavior that will be induced by the Pigouvian tax . In contrast , the Coasian approach assumes that an externality is reciprocal ( i . e . , both polluter and pollutee cause > * * 10 * * See Baumol [ 1972 ] . This optimality of the Pigouvian * * tax holds whether * * participants merge or operate independently . Buchanan [ 1969 ) and Davis and Whinston [ 19731 question this optimality in the case of monopoly and / or oligopoly . However , for a workably large number of participants , the Pigouvian results are unassailable . 8", "spans": [{"start": 477, "end": 493, "text": "plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transferred by the government might be as important as those invested by households in determining human capital outcomes , information on private spending is very limited and difficult to compare across countries . < sup > 2 < / sup > For this reason , we primarily focus on domestic government spending on education , health and social protection . However , data limitations extend to public spending as well , since these three sectors often adopt different definitions when classifying their spending and this makes it almost impossible to achieve a common definition of social spending that holds across countries . The objective of this note is to describe the trends in government spending in health , education and social protection across countries and over time , starting from 2000 onwards , and the association between spending and human capital outcomes , as proxied by the HCI and by its sector-specific components . Far from providing a full answer to the question raised above , the analysis will help to identify those countries for which increasing the amount of social sector spending represents a first order concern when thinking of strategies to improve their outcomes . It is important to stress that also for those countries , increasing the amount of social sector spending represents a necessary , but not sufficient , condition to improve human capital outcomes . The note is organized as follows . In section II , we will define the main variables of interest and present the main data sources for spending and human capital outcomes . We will devote great attention to highlighting the gaps in spending data . In section III , we discuss how government spending in the social sectors has evolved over time , by region and income group . In section IV , we will analyze how aggregate and sectorspecific spending correlate with the HCI , and its key ingredients . In section V , we provide a discussion about the main messages and a possible research agenda moving forward . # II . Data # A . Sources and definitions The data on social spending come from a variety of sources and adopt different definitions that are discussed below . Information on the variables and the sources used for our analysis is summarized", "spans": [{"start": 1624, "end": 1637, "text": "spending data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a 7 . 3 percent higher labor income , while the gain for final imports is 4 . 9 percent . Additional analysis by region and country is shown in Appendix Figures 9 . 1 to 9 . 3 . # 2 . 2 Which sectors are associated with the highest job and income increases ? Manufacturing sectors show the highest job and income growth associated with expanding exports in a sector , in particular those with high-medium technology intensity . Focusing on broad sectors reveals that export-employment elasticities are driven by manufacturing . A 10 percent growth in manufacturing exports is related to a 5 . 3 percent job growth ( Figure 2 ) . The potential for job creation through exports is particularly high in high-medium technology intensity manufacturing , including in motor vehicles , electrical equipment and computer and electronics ( Figure 3 , upper panel ) . This is despite the higher capital intensity of high-tech sectors , implying that capital and labor in these sectors are complementary . < sup > 14 < / sup > Similarly , intermediate import growth in high-medium tech manufacturing sectors is related with high job growth which , to a large extent , is also used for export production ( Figure 2 ) . * * Figure 2 : Trade-employment elasticities , by broad sector * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 . 2 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 0 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > Agriculture , Mining Manufacturing Mfg - low tech Mfg - medium Mfg - high - Business Other services < br > fishing tech med . tech services < br > Exports Intermediate imports Final imports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE and TiVA data , covering 48 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Note : Trade-employment ( trade-income , resp . ) elasticities at", "spans": [{"start": 1697, "end": 1719, "text": "OECD TiE and TiVA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other members of their families and communities . EEP and the Contractor shall organize , facilitate and execute a programme of basic training to prospective PAH employees depending on what the jobs would require . - * * b ) Woreda Resettlement Committees ( WRCs ) in cooperation with the staff of EEP ’ s RIU * * will prepare a list of eligible PAH households and inform them in advance about the opportunities and communicate the same with the management of the Contractors . If eligible heads of affected households could not participate in such jobs for any reason , other family members , who could support the household as an economic unit , should be given a chance to be employed as a replacement to actual PAHs . Once the employment needs and interests of PAH households are addressed satisfactorily ( on a priority basis ) , the remaining employment opportunities may be offered to other members of affected communities at large . The number of PAHs-relevant jobs that would be created by the TL Subproject are likely to be limited . In such cases , it is important to think outside the narrow confines of “ Subprojectrelated ” employment opportunities and take a wider community perspective where other employment opportunities may already exist , or efforts to create employment opportunities might be underway . In this regard , publicly funded job creation initiatives of the “ Job Creation Commission ” ( JCC ) are important candidates . Although the initiatives might be confined to urban areas , the JCC initiatives are known to have been organizing unemployed youth into some forms of cooperatives , provide skills training , and financial and TA support to newly established small businesses and enterprises . Therefore , Management of the EEP shall make efforts to closely coordinate and work with JCC and similar other programs to create synergies in its effort to restore livelihoods and improve incomes of PAHs inside the Subproject corridor . # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 . 3 Administrative Measures and Support * * Findings of the census survey revealed that in Jiren Kebele – incorporated into Jim", "spans": [{"start": 2050, "end": 2063, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Improved financial performance of Water Services Providers in participating counties . * * This RA will provide incentives for county governments and county-owned WSPs in the 19 participating counties to achieve full regulatory compliance , good corporate governance and autonomous operation of WSPs , progressive improvement in operational efficiency , and financial performance and as a result of these improvements in the WSP ’ s enabling environment and creditworthiness , leverage public funds to secure private capital for WSS expansion . Through a blended financing model with commercial banks , the RA will also provide matching funds to WSPs for bankable projects that contribute to an increase in their operational cost coverage ratio ( OCCR ) . - ( d ) * * RA 4 : Improving sector reforms , coordination , and M & E Capacity for integrated water management . * * This RA aims to improve the institutional , policy , and regulatory framework to increase public and private investment for WSS in Kenya by incentivizing the implementation of a performance-based intergovernmental financing mechanism ( with integrated indicators on downward accountability to citizens / consumers based on active WASREB key performance indicators [ KPIs ] ) , operationalizing the intergovernmental water sector coordination framework to improve collaboration between national and county governments , and implementing an annual water sector performance reporting system that is aligned with the SDGs . This is intended to improve the capacity of national and county governments to jointly monitor and fully implement NAWASIP . These improvements will also directly improve the creditworthiness and financial viability of the WSP ’ s and the regulatory environment to enhance private sector financing in the water and sanitation sector . - ( e ) * * RA 5 : Improving integrated WASH services delivery for refugees and host communities . * * This RA will incentivize , through WHR funding , integrated access to WASH services for households , public ECD and primary schools , and health care facilities to facilitate the transition of water services to a development-led county-focused management model as part of the broader transition of refugee camps into integrated host > 32 The", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Cutting jobs in the corporate and investment division | | UniCredit SpA ( Italy ) |  Restructuring its investment banking operations , and reorganizing its CEE < br > businesses ; Launching a Є7 . 5 billion capital increase ; Planning to narrow its < br > geographic focus in Eastern Europe , retreating from less profitable markets and < br > focusing on its profitable markets ( Poland , Turkey , Russia and Croatia ) ; Cutting its < br > reliance on funding from abroad at their units in CEE countries and focusing more < br > on local funding | | Volksbank ( Austria ) |  Selling its subsidiaries from its diversified presence in nine CEE countries ( except < br > for its Romanian operation ) to a Russian bank ( Sberbank ) , reflecting the reduced < br > ability of diversified banks to move resources across their operations in different < br > jurisdictions as national regulators try to prevent outflows of capital and liquidity < br > ( through ring-fencingof their subsidiaries ) | | Wells Fargo ( USA ) |  Acquiring loan and securities portfolios being sold off by ailing European lenders < br > Purchased $ 2 . 6 billion worth of loans from Irish banks | Sources : ECB and IIF Survey of Lending Standards ; JP Morgan Analyst Reports , various news sources ( including the _Financial Times_ , the _Wall Street Journal_ , _The Economist_ , Reuters .", "spans": [{"start": 1191, "end": 1222, "text": "IIF Survey of Lending Standards", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3907 # * * Trade and Harmonization : If your institutions are good , does it matter if they are different ? * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > # * * Roumeen Islam World Bank * * # * * Ariell Reshef New York University * * # Abstract Good institutional quality ( function ) and similar institutional design ( form ) can promote international trade by reducing transactions costs . We evaluate the relative importance of function versus form in a gravity model , using an indicator of different legal systems as a proxy for differences in form together with indicators of overall institutional quality . We find that good institutions promote trade much more than similar legal systems and have much more explanatory power . This effect is economically large – up to 10 times the effect of different legal systems . Moreover , better infrastructure matters as much as good institutions . # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3907 , May 2006 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ > 1 We wish to thank Decio Coviello , William Easterly and William Martin for helpful suggestions . Authors ’ contact details : rislam @ worldbank . org , ariellr @ nyu . edu", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sharing of information on utilities on the right of way is a necessary for smooth implementation of public works . * * The project faced significant challenges due to lack of accurate information on the location of utilities , delays in relocation of utilities and high costs incurred in effecting the relocations . Improved coordination and effective information sharing would improve on planning of these services and harmonize their locations that would result in savings of time and money . 84 . * * Projects should take a holistic view of urban mobility , incorporating the measurement of travel times , road safety , pedestrian counts , and other indicators . * * For example , the project did not include cycle lanes in the designs and yet the motor cyclists pose road safety risks to the pedestrians by riding on the pedestrian walkways . Stakeholder surveys suggest that road users are highly satisfied with the improvements made by KIIDP2 to urban transportation in the city . However , the M & E indicators selected for this project focused on infrastructure improvements to provide indication on the various aspects of urban mobility in the city . A more comprehensive approach would have considered the convenience , safety , and comfort of moving through the city , including via public transportation . 85 . * * Infrastructure investments must carefully consider sustainability of development outcomes to avoid the risks associated with low O & M capacity . * * The provisions in the project did not fully mitigate the risks to infrastructure investment ( roads , streetlights , traffic cameras , drainage channels , etc . ) sustainability . There is need to ensure that detailed O & M plans and budgets are developed with guidance as to what actions would be necessary for the partners to maintain the infrastructure and how it could realistically ensure the availability of necessary financial resources to do so in the medium term . Acquiring the right of way for both roads and drainage channels is time consuming and yet encroachment of rights of way once acquired remains a challenge . Clearly demarcating the rights of way for infrastructure with permanent or natural markers needs to be adopted as a long -", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 866, "text": "Stakeholder surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : Supporting Open Data Initiative ( P156400 ) | Open Data | Open Data Portal | portal in place . | launched in 2016 . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Some 29 datasets | | | | | have been uploaded . | | | 01-Dec-2015 | 01-Dec-2015 | 01-Apr-2019 | * * Comments ( achievements against targets ) : * * The government of Ethiopia launched the National Open Data Portal in March 2016 ( www . data . gov . et ) but there were no data sets on the portal for the first one year . The dialogue and the signing of a formal signing of MOU between the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology and the Central Statistics Agency ( CSA ) prompted training of CSA experts on managing and uploading data on the Open Data Portal and as a result some 29 datasets are now posted in an Open Data format . However , the investment in the open data portal and the signed MOU fell short in institutionalizing systematic and regular posting of CSA data during the project life . * * < mark > A . 2 Intermediate Results Indicators < / mark > * * * * Component : * * COMPONENT 1 : National Open Data Guidelines Formulation | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Original Target * * | * * Formally Revised * * < br > * * Target * * | * * Actual Achieved at * * < br > * * Completion * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No . of trained technical staff | Number | 0 . 00 | 58 . 00 | | 26 . 00 | |", "spans": [{"start": 979, "end": 987, "text": "CSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "farm wage employment . Second , when looking at the local and temporary migrant employment separately , cadre households are more likely to have a family member employed locally but _less_ likely to be employed as migrants . * * _To What Extent do Cadre Subsidies Drive the Off-Farm Income Result ? _ * * The income return to cadre households might be driven by the possibility that cadres receive wages or compensation from their administrative position while non-cadre households do not . Then the higher incomes of cadre households are mechanically related to the additional job that is performed . To address whether the income return reflects the contract that the cadre may have with the village , the most direct solution would be to further break down employers and sources of income . The design of the RCRE survey makes it difficult to separately observe the cadre wage . Specifically , additional wage income earned in a household with a cadre comes from two non-overlapping sections of the survey . The first is found in the local wage income category which includes compensation and subsidies from serving as a cadre . The second section with relevant information is in the ― transfer from government category ‖ , which includes compensation and subsidies from government treasury for being a cadre . < sup > 25 < / sup > As the compensation and subsidies from village coffers and the government treasury are lumped together in the RCRE survey with _other incomes_ in the local wage income category and the transfer from the government treasury > 25 Essentially these two components distinguish regular wages from cash and in-kind subsidies . The incomes for being a cadre are commonly called compensation and subsidies rather than wage because cadres do not work a fixed number of hours , but take time for village affairs besides managing their own family economic activities . 24", "spans": [{"start": 812, "end": 823, "text": "RCRE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bureau of Statistics conservatively estimates that , within Nairobi ‘ s administrative boundary , at least 30 percent of the population lives in slums . < sup > 3 < / sup > With the 2009 census reporting Nairobi ‘ s total population as 3 . 2 million , the city ‘ s slum population now stands at almost one million people . Recent indepth research supported by the World Bank reveals both encouraging and discouraging development indicators in Nairobi ‘ s slums . < sup > 4 < / sup > Taking economic poverty , employment , education , and living conditions as four dimensions of deprivation in Nairobi ‘ s slums , the study finds the following . On the positive side , Nairobi ‘ s slum residents are educated ( 78 percent have completed primary school ) and the vast majority of them ( 68 percent ) are working . Work includes not only regular and casual jobs , but also self employment . In fact , 30 percent of households operate a small enterprise and , all else being equal , these businesses are helping in the fight against poverty . < sup > 5 < / sup > On the negative side , the incidence of economic poverty is very high — an astounding 73 percent of slum residents fall below the poverty line . Unemployment is also high ( 26 percent ) , and living conditions are appalling — only 3 percent live in a house with permanent walls , water and electricity . Among the four dimensions of poverty , then , Nairobi ‘ s slums score the worst on living conditions . Overall , the results show > 3 This estimate is based on a stringent definition of slums devised by Central Bureau of Statistics ( 1999 ) and it excludes slums on the periphery of Nairobi ‘ s administrative boundary . For details see World Bank ( 2006 ) . > 4 World Bank . 2006 . ― Inside Informality : Poverty , jobs , housing and services in Nairobi ‘ s slums . ‖ Report No . 36347-KE , Africa Urban and Water 1 . > 5 > Gulyani , S .", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 193, "text": "2009 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 , 300 | 596 | 0 . 2 | < br > 6 . 3 | 4 . 0 < br > | L < br > 21 , 515 < br > < br > | 14 , 6191 < br > | | 1997-2024 | < br > 537 | 252 | 45 | 0 | 596 | 0 . 2 | < br > 6 . 3 | 4 . 0J | < br > 24744 [ | < br > 24148 | | Net Present < br > 12 | Value @ < br > % | | | | | | | | < br > , | < br > , < br > 11 , 858 | | IR | R | | | | | | | | | _13 . 6 % | # # # # # # _Notes : _ _1 . All values are expressed in 1985 prices . _ _2 . 1994 values are preliminary and 1995 and 1996 values are projections . _ _3 . Capital investment costs per UEB data . _ _4 . O & M costs . 0 . 4 % of investment costs , according to the SAR . _ _5 . Plant output when rehabilitated is estimated at about 980 GWh and total sales at about 834 GWh ( based on the SAR ) _ - _6 Above results are preliminary asfinal data on project costs and benefits was not available because the project was_ - _notfully completed at the time of the preparation of the PCPR_", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 547, "text": "UEB data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > 6 10 were < br > . = ras < br > D > * - < br > ® weeo — — a ee ee < br > ° @ — — < br > s * ~ ~ < br > c * % — eee < br > 9 * . — se < br > 2 * e , — ee < br > & - 10 \" ee , = < br > 20 asseerseenoper ? < br > 0 5 10 15 < br > Length of spell < br > = = Median = = 25th and 75th percentile < br > 10th and 90th percentile = = * = 5th and 95th percentile < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 < br > £ . aN 7 < br > © NN yy < br > 52 - 10 SQ + ~ - - “ 7 < br > S < br > 2 < br > < 1 ) < br > 2-15 < br > o < br > ao < br > 0 10 20 30 < br > Length of spell < br > = — — Poverty & Inequality Platform < br > = = = World Inequality Database < br > World Income Inequality Database < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 764, "text": "World Income Inequality Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transfers ) ; a positive contribution is a reduction in Gini , negative contribution is an increase in Gini . Budget Is the budget identified in the survey . Effectiveness is marginal contribution / budget . GST and SST include the cascading indirect effect of GST exemptions . Total electricity and water subsidies include residential subsidies and the indirect effect of commercial and industrial ( cross ) subsidies . Source : 2017-18 HIES , 2018 Government Budget , administrative data and World Bank analysis . # Results in International Context In this section we compare Jordan ’ s performance to other countries in terms of fiscal space and distributional impact ( all data are included in an appendix ) . The database we use is from the CEQ Institute and includes 42 different countries , some with multiple years of studies . We begin by looking at the overall progressivity of Jordan ’ s fiscal system relative to other countries . Figure 9 presents the extent to which fiscal policy in 42 countries ( with five countries having two entries ) reduces inequality as measured by the Gini Index . It shows both the reduction in Gini when moving from market income to consumable income — that is , taking only cash taxes and benefits into account ( upper panel ) — and from market income to final income — that is , including public spending on health and education ( lower panel ) . The charts are ranked from most inequality reducing to least . Whether we consider inequality in strictly monetary terms or also", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identifying assumption is that the effect of reforms in specific services sectors should be more pronounced in manufacturing sectors relying more heavily on those services inputs . The specification also controls for the level of import tariffs on output and inputs as well as for firm and year fixed effects . The analysis is based on firm-level data from the Capitaline database , a commercially available database including balance sheets , profit and loss statements , and ownership information on large private and public firms operating in India . Firms included in the database account for 62 percent of India ‟ s total manufacturing output during the period covered by the analysis . Our data set forms an unbalanced panel covering 3 , 771 firms or 22 , 558 firm-year observations during the 1993-2005 period . Our results suggest that policy reforms in services sectors had a significant impact on firms in the manufacturing sector . The aggregate effect of services liberalization was an increase in productivity of 11 . 7 percent for domestic firms and 13 . 2 percent for foreign firms for a one-standard-deviation increase in the liberalization index . When the individual services sectors are examined in the same specification , a one-standard-deviation change in the banking sector index corresponds to a 6 . 5 percent change in productivity for both domestic and foreign firms . A one-standard-deviation change in the telecommunications liberalization index corresponds to a 7 . 2 percent increase in productivity for domestic firms and a 9 . 8 percent increase in productivity for foreign firms . A similar change in the transport index leads to a 19 percent improvement in productivity of all firms . Only foreign firms appear to benefit from the insurance reform enjoying a productivity boost of 3 . 3 percent . Our results are confirmed by an instrumental variables approach in which we instrument for reform in India using measures of services reform in two countries that can be viewed as India ‟ s competitors , namely China and Indonesia . The results are also robust to focusing on structural breaks in services reform instead of using the reform index . Finally , the results remain unchanged if we control for delicensing and lifting of restrictions on FDI inflows in a given manufacturing", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 380, "text": "Capitaline database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "understanding the actual determinants , drivers , and mechanisms of fragmentation in production networks — and especially under what circumstances firms decide to outsource — whether motivated by strategic or cost-saving decisions ( for a complete review of the literature on outsourcing , see Mankiw and Swagel , 2006 ; and Escaith et al . , 2010 ) . A substantial portion of empirical work devoted to trade almost invariably suggests that reductions in logistics costs have a positive impact on aggregated trade flows ( e . g . , Hoekman and Nicita , 2010 ) . Similarly , recent work on the determinants of trade costs has found that logistics performance plays an important role ( Arvis et al . , Forthcoming ) . However , the link between reduction of logistics costs and GPNs has been mostly neglected in applied research , except for a few cases discussed above . Logistics costs have not been captured in a straightforward manner in those cases , leaving open the question for further examination in the remainder of this paper . # * * 3 Data and Methodology * * # # * * 3 . 1 Data * * For full details of our data and sources , see Table 1 . In this section , we discuss two novel aspects of our dataset . First , we rely on a parts and components product list based on Ando and Kimura ( 2005 ) and Obashi and Kimura ( 2010 ) , which allows us isolate trade in parts and components from trade in final goods . According to the Harmonized System , manufactured goods range from Chapters HS28 to HS92 . Hence , we include all relevant goods classified as part of general machinery ( HS84 ) , electric machinery ( HS85 ) , transport equipment ( HS86-89 ) , and precision machinery sectors ( HS90-92 ) . According to these authors , the distinction between intermediate goods and finished products is far from obvious , not only because of the level of aggregation in HS 6-digit information , “ but because the HS classification is not designed on the basis of the functionality of goods ” . Hence components are only incorporated into this 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 , 288 < br > Rohingya Boat Arrivals in Indonesia < br > Pre-registration figures * < br > 669 < br > 574 < br > 392 < br > 186 < br > 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 < br > * Pre-registration data refers to a headcount upon arrival or at disembarkation sites . Some individuals departed prior to registration with UNHCR . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > UNHCR / 1 November 2024 3", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 233, "text": "Pre-registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts of innovation that are positive for aggregate social welfare without additional benefits of providing uplift for those in greatest need . In a market environment where enterprise expansion is stultified and repressed by the absence or distortions of needed business inputs , by limitations on access to pertinent output market opportunities , or by regulatory limitations on business flexibility and returns , a firm can profit from lower costs or higher value products , but not nearly as much as it could in a more competitive business environment . Without the practical ability to expand , a firm that has attained lower costs or higher value products through innovation and heightened TFP can gain by maintaining output and ( quality-adjusted ) price and adapting its production technology to its cost-saving or value-enhancing opportunities . The result is likely more and > 14 The approach taken in this paper falls within the ambit of inclusive growth analysis as it explicitly analyzes growth through firm-level data and the overall statistical distribution of innovation , TFP and employment growth outcomes rather than only economy-wide aggregates and the statistical mean of outcome variables . It also explicitly explores whether growth has the potential to raise the living standards of broad segments of the population and the reasons why this is so . See Ianchovichina and Lundstrom ( 2009 ) for a variety of definitions for inclusive or more shared growth . > 15 For an overview of the conceptual and empirical literature , the econometric challenges , and supportive evidence , see among others Gruen , Mahringer and Rhein ( 2011 ) and Knabe and Plum ( 2010 ) _ . _ 11", "spans": [{"start": 1018, "end": 1033, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # # # * * < u > MIN 5 / 08 / 2018 : EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES TO THE LOCALS < / u > * * The area Assistant Chief requested that job opportunities be given to the locals in priority to outsiders . The available vacancies will be given to the qualified locals who will apply for the positions using the lawful channels as the positions will be advertised publicly . The PAPs present also suggested the contractor to source the construction materials available in the town from the hardware in the town to bring revenue to the town in general . # # # # # # * * < u > MIN 7 / 08 / 2018 : CUT-OFF DATE DECLARATION < / u > * * The cut-off date was discussed and agreed upon during consultative meetings as the date of start of PAPs census activities , for Watamu Town the date was adopted as 24 < sup > th < / sup > July 2019 . Further , PAPs were informed that only PAPs enumerated by the agreed cut-off date will be eligible for compensation . # # # # # # * * < u > MIN 8 / 08 / 2018 : AOB & ADJOUNMENT < / u > * * The residents present unanimously agreed the project should commence soon to reduce water shortage and high-water expenses in the town . There being no other business the forum adjourned at 1300hrs with a word of prayer . * * Table 1 : Plenary issues discussed * * | * * Issues * * < br > * * Way Forward * * | | | - - - | - - - | | * * Watamu", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 998, "text": "PAPs census activities", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quality consultants . Obviously the trade-off was that this led to a small cross-sectional sample size . We discuss the estimation issues this generates in section III . D below . < u > Treatment and control plants : The 17 firms in our sample had 28 plants . Due to < / u > manpower constraints we could collect detailed performance data from only 20 plants , so we designated 20 plants as “ experimental ” plants and randomly picked 6 control plants and 14 treatment plants . As Table 1 shows , the treatment and control firms were not statistically different across any of the characteristics we could observe . < sup > 13 < / sup > The remaining 8 plants were then the “ non-experimental plants ” : 3 in control firms and 5 in treatment firms . These nonexperimental plants did not themselves receive consulting services , but data on their management practices and organizational and IT outcomes were collected in bi-monthly visits . < u > Timing : The consulting intervention was executed in three waves because of the capacity < / u > constraint of the six-person consulting team . The first wave started in September 2008 with 4 treatment plants . In April 2009 a second wave of 10 treatment plants was initiated , and in July 2009 the diagnostic phase for the 6 control plants was carried out . Firm records usually allowed us to collect data going back to a common starting point of April 2008 . We started with a small first wave because we expected the intervention process to get easier over time due to accumulated experience . The second wave included all the remaining treatment firms because : ( i ) the consulting interventions take time to affect performance and we wanted the longest time-window to observe the treatment firms ; and ( ii ) we could not mix the treatment and control firms across implementation waves . < sup > 14 < / sup > The third wave contained the control firms . We picked more treatment than control plants because the staggered initiation of the interventions meant the different treatment groups provided some cross identification for each other , and because we believed the treatment plants would be more", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1316, "text": "Firm records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * No . * * | * * Activities * * | * * 1 * * < br > * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * < br > * * 5 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 7 * * | * * 8 * * | * * 9 * * < br > * * 10 * * < br > * * 11 * * | * * 12 * * < br > | * * 13 * * | * * 14 * * | * * 15 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 6 * * < br > * * 17 * * < br > * * 18 * * | | * * 1 * * | * * Establish Project Level Resettlement Implementation Office * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 2 * * | * * Pre-Construction Preparation Phase * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 1 | Appointment of RAP Implementation Officer at RIU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 2 | Familiarization and Review of the RAP report by RIU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 3 | Training of RAP / RIU staffs in RAP implementation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 4 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 917, "end": 946, "text": "Household Files from Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| a Except for month and district fixed effects which are included in all models in this table . b Joint test that the coefficients are equal across all eight columns . Sample sizes for each module are reported in Table 1 . Standard errors in parentheses ; < sup > * < / sup > , < sup > * * < / sup > and < sup > * * * < / sup > denote statistical significance at 10 % , 5 % and 1 % level . The consumption modules that match the numbers in the column headings are : - 1 Long list ( 58 items ) , 14 day - 2 Long list ( 58 items ) , 7 day - 3 Scaled subset list ( 17 items ) , 7 day - 4 Collapsed list ( 11 items ) , 7 day - 5 Usual month ( 58 items ) - 6 Household diary , Frequent - 7 Household diary , Infrequent - 8 Individually-kept diary , Frequent 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "perhaps the poorest-are underrepresented . However , because of the high replacement rate in Abidjan , INS decided to keep the 1680 households in Abidjan that had been surveyed in 1992 as part of the sample , and to reject those that had been surveyed in 1993 . Presumably , therefore , the Abidjan sample suffers less from this bias . Another worrisome finding is the relatively large number of households in the 1993 survey that reported zero value for the sum of purchased expenditure and imputed value of consumption of home production ( Appendix C ) . About one percent of households fall in this category . Some of these households did report receiving transfers of food from people outside the household , but is unlikely that transfers from outside the household would be the sole source of food . The relatively large number of households with zero food expenditure suggests that there may been problems with implementation of the survey or with data entry . # # * * Decline in household size * * A troubling finding is the decline in household size between 1993 and 1995 ( table 19 ) . This would tend to raise per capita expenditure , all other things being equal , assuming that per capita household expenditure and household size are inversely correlated as is usually the case . Mean household size fell from 5 . 9 persons in 1993 to 5 . 5 persons in 1995 , with the fall particularly acute in the West Forest . For Cote d ' Ivoire as the whole , the 1993 estimate is not too dissimilar to the 1988 estimate of 6 . 2 persons . For export crop farmers , the 1988 estimate was 6 . 8 , compared to the 1993 estimate of 6 . 7 and the 1995 estimate of 5 . 9 persons ( table 20 ) . The fall in household size is particularly large among export crop farmers who grow cocoa : household size declined from 7 . 1 to 5 . 9 persons between 1993 and 1995 ( table 21 ) . In contrast , food crop farmer household size did not decrease : mean household size rose slightly from 5 . 5 to 5 . 7 persons . Both", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 425, "text": "1993 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": Own computations . Data : OECD TiE data , covering 51 countries and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Income categories as of 1995 are used to classify countries into high - and low - and middle-income countries ( see Appendix 8 ) . Several underlying factors could explain the decline of export-linked employment in emerging markets over the past decades . While country experiences differ and the data sample does not cover all LMICs , the trend of declining jobs in exports has been linked to increased technology-intensity of production especially within GVCs because new technologies are related to higher-quality standards and high-skilled labor , raising the barriers for low-skilled labor in LMICs to participate in GVCs ( Rodrik 2018 ) . As part of their own upgrading efforts , some countries have started to outsource labor-intensive production themselves , most notably China , to lower-cost locations within the region , also increasing intra-regional trade . In fact , the number of jobs sustained by manufacturing exports in China plummeted after the global financial crisis , plateaued at the new lower level until 2015 and declined further ( Figure 10 , bottom left panel ) . The emergence of new low-wage countries on the global trade landscape , not included in the dataset , such as Vietnam has further helped this development . By contrast , the number of jobs in exports increased steadily in high-income countries , driven by business services exports , showing only a brief dip after the global financial crisis . The number of jobs in 14", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 41, "text": "OECD TiE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "∂ _P_ < u > ( < / u > _D_ < u > ) < / u > ∂ _P_ < u > ( < / u > _D_ < u > ) < / u > which by definition is negative . Therefore , in addition to , is also of interest . ∂ π ∂ α > Although we do not observe _P_ ( _D_ ) directly , we do observe the total number of discoveries , which is an increasing function of the probability of discovery of a particular good _P_ ( _D_ ) . The relationship between total discoveries and variables that affect π and _α_ is therefore the object of study . If a significant negative relationship is found , this supports the market failures hypothesis : _q_ is affecting _P_ ( _D_ ) , meaning that imitation is hindering discovery . In section 6 we apply this framework to our discovery data , suggesting variables that affect π and _α_ and determining their relationship with discovery . However , we first describe the data and methodology used to identify discoveries , followed by some stylized facts based on the results . # * * 3 . Data , Methodology , and Stylized Facts * * _Data_ In the search for economic discoveries , domestic production data would be the first choice . However , as production data are not available at a highly disaggregated level , we use export data . The problem with using export data is obvious : a product emerging as a new export may have been produced domestically for some time , and therefore would not represent an economic discovery . However , the main advantage is that export data are recorded at highly disaggregated levels for customs purposes . In addition , exporting a particular good for the first 11", "spans": [{"start": 710, "end": 724, "text": "discovery data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1063, "end": 1087, "text": "domestic production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1204, "end": 1215, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Delaporte & Pena , 2020 ) to assess the ability to working from home . For example , Hatayama et al . ( 2020 ) utilize data from 53 countries on the task content of jobs to assess the amenability to working from home and find that lower income countries and male , less educated and self-employed workers have jobs less amenable to working from home . Other studies considering the issue of remote work and closures predicted a job crisis disproportionately affecting lower income and female workers , who tended to hold more jobs requiring faceto-face interactions ( Avdiu & Nayyar , 2020 ) . The IMF ( 2020 ) also found that the high proportion of jobs involving personal contact and low amenability to working from home in Latin America made that region ’ s jobs particularly vulnerable to loss relative to sales losses – largely due to exits from the labor force . Some recent studies have also quantified adverse impacts on employment in developing countries , such as India ( Beyer , Franco-Bedoya & Galdo , 2021 ; Deshpande , 2020 ; Dhingra & Machin , 2020 ) and Nigeria ( Avenyo & Ndubuisi , 2020 ) . Other studies such as Khamis et al . ( 2021 ) and Kugler et al . ( 2021 ) have conducted cross country analysis using data from high-frequency phone surveys ( HFPS ) conducted by the World Bank , covering countries across all developing regions . The former estimates that 19 percent of workers in lowincome countries , 37 percent in lower-middle-income countries , 41 percent in upper-middle-income countries , and 26 percent in high-income countries experienced a work stoppage . The latter finds that larger shares of female , young , less educated , and urban workers stopped working than others . Gender gaps in work stoppage were particularly pronounced and stemmed mainly from differences within sectors rather than differential employment patterns across sectors . As the crisis continues to unfold , more papers have turned to the importance of labor demand shocks . Using real-time surveys , a number of researchers have documented the impact on layoffs by private firms of sales loss , closures , or liquidity issues ( Bachas , et al . , 2020 ; Bartik et", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 141, "text": "data from 53 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1237, "end": 1265, "text": "high-frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1991, "end": 2008, "text": "real-time surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "paper is that it provides some answers to this question drawing from a comprehensive and unique firm-level survey conducted across South Asian countries . While there has been ample empirical work focused on the efficacy of zone programs in economically advanced countries ( Neumark and Simpson ( 2015 ) provides an extensive 2", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 113, "text": "firm-level survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 The Role of Justice in Development : Empirical Evidence 7 respect to potential extra jurisdiction have 28 . 3 % less congested courts and a 5 % larger increase in secured loans per firm . In other words , firms with lower potential extra jurisdiction experienced higher increase in secured loans to manufacturing firms , and higher increase in firm investment and output after the introduction of the reform . Given these results , the authors make the case that an efficient judiciary is a necessary precondition for firms to benefit from financial reforms . In India , Chemin ( 2009 ) examines the effects of judicial trial duration on credit markets , agricultural development , and manufacturing performance , using measures of procedural complexity of judicial institutions as instruments . The author finds that slower judiciaries reduce access to credit markets in the agriculture sector , leading to depressed agricultural outputs . In addition , contractintensive sectors of the economy , such as registered manufacturing , are negatively affected by weak judiciaries . Thus , these papers suggest that improvements in legal enforcement of contracts would result in a significant increase in the availability of credit and , as a result , spur economic outcomes . Judicial efficiency also affects interest rate spread across countries , as shown by Laeven and Majnoni ( 2005 ) . The paper uses a measure of the ex-ante cost of bank credit to study the relationship between judicial efficiency and the cost of financial intermediation . The authors find that judicial efficiency is an important determinant of interest rate spreads across countries . They suggest that improvements in judicial efficiency and judicial enforcement of debt contracts are critical to lowering ness to lend . Shvets ( 2013 ) studies whether the creditor ’ s willingness to lend to a firm is affected by the quality of courts that protect the creditor ’ s rights . The author analyzes loans to 11 , 000 Russian firms between 1996 and 2002 . Court quality is measured through the share of the court ’ s decisions appealed . Using panel data regressions and matching firms and courts , the authors find that creditors make more loans when their rights are protected by courts with lower appeal rates . Visaria", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , it is interesting to observe the changes of the physical capital coefficients by level of education . In the IV specification for primary and secondary schooling , capital only enters as weakly significant . By contrast , the coefficient for physical capital becomes very significant and alters its long-run elasticity if tertiary education is entered into the estimate . To the extent that this effect does not merely reflect statistical arbitrariness , a possible interpretation would be that the productivity of physical capital is affected by tertiary schooling . These findings support the conjecture of Romer ( 1990b ) that the level of scientific education should be correlated with the rate of growth and the share of output devoted to investment in physical capital . It should be kept in mind , however , that the reliability of tertiary education data is comparatively poor in Guatemala . Moreover , according to Anderson ( 2001 ) , low quality and internal inefficiency plague university education . Hence , some care should be taken before drawing too strong conclusions from the observed changes . # * * 5 . 4 Mincerian Human Capital Specification * * An important question is how the effect of schooling at the macro level compares with the microeconomic evidence . The macro returns could be higher because of externalities from education . For example , if post-primary schooling leads to technological progress that is not captured in the private returns to education , or if education produces externalities in the form of the reduction of crime , more informed political decisions , better health and so on . To reconcile the macro effect of schooling with the micro level , Cohen and Soto ( 2001 ) estimate the following production function : where _Y_ is output , _A_ total factor productivity , _K_ physical capital , and _HM_ human capital . As first suggested by Bils and Klenow ( 2000 ) , the micro evidence derived from a log-linear Mincer ( 1974 ) formulation can be used to specify the aggregate human capital stock as follows : where _hmt_ is the human capital per worker , _ht_ is average years of schooling and _ψ_ corresponds to the returns to education . This Mincerian approach has become popular in the", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 872, "text": "tertiary education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) # * * II . SUMMARY OF PROJECT STATUS AND PROPOSED CHANGES * * The project has thus far progressed well and was initially meant to close in December 2020 . However , given the COVID-19 pandemic , several high value contracts could not be completed to December 2020 , and the project closing date was extended to June 2021 . However , the challenges caused by COVID have persisted , and the recent crisis in Tigray have further affected the completion of these contracts . The client has requested an extension of closing date from June 30 , 2021 to December 31 , 2021 , in order to ensure the few outstanding deliverables for these contracts are successfully completed . The contracts to be completed are below : Consultancy service for Design and Development of Management Information System Primary Data Collection and Development of PSNP Beneficiary Household Registry ( BHH ) ( 12 Clusters with 7 firms ) Purchase of 30 , 000 MT Wheat grains Purchase of 80 , 000 MT wheat grains Third-Party Monitoring Spot-Checks of PSNP BHH Primary Data Collections PSNP End line survey Independent procurement audit EFY 2012 Primary Data Collection and Development of PSNP BHH ( 4 Clusters ) # * * III . DETAILED CHANGES * * # * * LOAN CLOSING DATE ( S ) * * | | | * * Original * * | * * Revised * * | * * Proposed * * | * * Proposed Deadline * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Ln / Cr / Tf * * | * * Status * * | * * Closing * * | * * Closing ( s ) * * | * * Closing * * | * * for Withdrawal * * | | | | | | | * * Applications * * | | IDA -", "spans": [{"start": 915, "end": 950, "text": "PSNP Beneficiary Household Registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1134, "end": 1154, "text": "PSNP End line survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> the PAPs . | | What is the process of census survey , asset < br > identification and valuation ? | The RAP consultants have prepared survey < br > questionnaires that will be used to enumerate < br > the PAPs , undertake census survey and < br > conduct valuation of assets . | | How will you handle land disputes ? Because in < br > the area there are a lot of cases in regard to < br > land disputes . | We haven ’ t come to resolve land cases , instead < br > we will encourage parties in any disputes to try < br > and resolve their cases before we carry out any < br > census . | | How will the compensation be undertaken < br > because in previous projects , locals have be < br > complaining over low compensation | The compensation will be determined by the < br > local current market rate . Also the NLC will < br > also check what the consultant has proposed as < br > compensation to the PAPs . |", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 53, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 224, "end": 237, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "but it is unfortunate because rural non-farm enterprises account for about 35-50 % of rural income and roughly a third of rural employment in developing countries ( Haggblade , Hazell and Reardon , 2010 ) and because women account for an important share of such non-farm activity ( FAO , IFAD and ILO , 2011 ) . Moreover , the sector appears to be growing ( Lanjouw and Lanjouw , 2001 ) and rural off-farm diversification is widely considered a potentially promising poverty alleviation strategy as the vast majority of poor people continue to live in rural areas ( Dercon , 2009 , Chen and Ravallion , 2010 ) . This paper draws on Rural Investment Climate Pilot Surveys from Bangladesh , Ethiopia , Sri Lanka and Indonesia , unique matched household-enterprise-community datasets recently collected by the World Bank , to analyze gender differences in non-farm entrepreneurship rates as well as differences in entrepreneurial performance . More specifically , the paper addresses two questions : - 1 ) _Which income-earning activities do men and women engage in and what accounts for gender differences in activity portfolios_ ? In particular , how do human capital , household characteristics , domestic responsibilities such as childcare and the investment climate < sup > 2 < / sup > affect the decision to run a non-farm enterprise ? - 2 ) _How and why does non-farm enterprise performance , in terms of productivity , vary by gender ? _ To what extent are gender differences in performance driven by i ) differences in endowments in ( access to ) factor inputs and human capital ii ) sorting into different activities and iii ) differences in returns , either due to gender differences in returns to human and physical capital , or differences in returns to scale and iv ) differences in constraints . The remainder of this paper is organized as follows . Section 2 selectively reviews related literature and discusses the country context . Section 3 briefly describes the data and presents a bird ’ s eye view of the rural non-farm sector . A more detailed explanation of how our key variables of interest are defined is provided in the appendix . Section 4 examines gender differences in activity 3", "spans": [{"start": 632, "end": 670, "text": "Rural Investment Climate Pilot Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 733, "end": 780, "text": "matched household-enterprise-community datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Each column shows the OLS estimates of Equation ( 1 ) including dummies for each treatment arm and controlling for the baseline measure of the dependent variable ( ANCOVA ) , camp and enumerator fixed effects , and sociodemographic controls as determined through a double-selection LASSO procedure ( Belloni , Chernozhukov , and Hansen , 2014 ) , run separately by respondent gender . Each row presents the coefficients of the specified treatment relative to the control group ( which received a small weekly cash payment ) . All outcomes are standardized . The ‘ Household Power Index ’ is an index of a series of questions around who in the household makes key decisions , with a higher household power index signaling greater decision-making power for the female head of household . The ‘ Work Rights Index ’ is an index of a series of questions around whether women should be permitted to work outside of the home . Standard errors are clustered at the block level . The row labeled “ Shrp . q-val Work ” reflects p-values , referred to as ‘ sharpened q-values , ’ adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing using Anderson ( 2008 ) . The adjustments are made within gender for all outcomes in this table . The row labeled “ Test Male = Female ” reflects the unadjusted p-value for the test of equality between the Male and Female work treatment effects based on a pooled regression ( not shown ) where the treatment indicators were interacted with the gender of the respondent . The row labeled “ Shrp . q-val Male = Female ” reflects the adjusted p-value for this test of equality across all five outcomes . 39", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Heterogeneous Effects * * In seeking to examine the effects of the Employment Fund ’ s training program , it is important to keep in mind that different people within the intervention may respond differently to the same policy intervention — a possibility that researchers refer to as “ treatment heterogeneity . ” We might be concerned that people with particular social or demographic characteristics may fare differently than the average program participant . Because treatment heterogeneity has important policy implications , we estimate heterogeneous treatment effects by estimating the impact both for the full sample of participants as well as for several subpopulations . For example , we may want to know how well the program works for the average participant or how well the program works specifically for women , young women , and different ethnic groups that are especially targeted by the EF . Different effects for various demographic groups can assist us in informing the policy debate regarding whether specialized investments are paying off or whether further strategies might be needed to ensure that various groups participate and benefit equally from the program . The AGEI sub-group ( _i . e . , _ young women aged 16-24 ) , in particular , merits special attention because of the Employment Fund ’ s outreach activities towards this particular age group . > 35 Conceptually , the ITT estimates are equal to or lower than the ATT estimates , since they include all the people to whom the program was targeted but chose not to participate , or who did not complete the program in the treatment group . ATT estimates may overestimate true program impact , since they represent the impact among a self-selected group of people who chose to take part and complete the program . It may be that those who are more motivated and capable are more likely to remain in the program , and the less capable drop out ; on the other hand , it may be that the more capable decide that they don ’ t really need what the program provides . > 36 Data on training program completion were obtained from the Employment Fund ’ s administrative records , and cross-checked with self-reported training program participation collected at follow-up . 12", "spans": [{"start": 2049, "end": 2084, "text": "Data on training program completion", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2176, "end": 2220, "text": "self-reported training program participation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "timetable to monitor expected delivery of tasks and control further release ; presenting the status of Semi-annual report of long outstanding advances MoF and BoF could enhance the timely settlement . MoH should also consider taking action on outstanding balances which couldn ’ t be recovered following the government procedure . 18 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 150, "text": "Semi-annual report of long outstanding advances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "urban poor , for whom expenditure on utilities reaches about 15 percent of total consumption ( as opposed to 7 percent in rural areas ) . < sup > 40 < / sup > The continued provision of water will have a substantial effect on the consumption of the poor , especially through the standpipes . The latter supplies about 2 million poor in urban areas and around 4 million in rural areas . 78 . * * Prior action # 3 under the first pillar is expected to have significant direct positive effects on the wellbeing of the poor . * * To mitigate the immediate impacts of the crisis for a limited period , PA # 3 will provide cash transfers to senior citizens and income support through labor-intensive public works to vulnerable families . This direct income support will enable poor households to maintain their human capital and avoid harmful mitigation strategies . Government will also strengthen the framework for identifying and supporting the vulnerable through the operationalization of the single national registry . 79 . * * Similarly , the prior actions under the second pillar – supporting faster economic recovery and debt transparency – will have a modest direct effect on the labor income of households and will thus help buffer the negative impacts of COVID-19 . * * PA # 4 ( i ) will defer , until September 2020 , payments related to Corporate and Employment Income and Presumptive taxes ( due between April 2020 and June 2020 ) for MSMEs in the manufacturing , tourism , horticulture and floriculture sectors with a turnover below UGX500 million . While the deferral of Corporate and Employment Income taxes will benefit mostly firms in the formal sector ( which employ only about 12 percent of those in wage employment in Uganda , Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) 2016 ) , the deferral of the Presumptive tax will benefit firms in the informal sector ( which employ 88 percent of those in wage employment ) . At the same time , PA # 4 ( ii ) will allow necessary restructuring of loans on a case by case basis by commercial", "spans": [{"start": 991, "end": 1015, "text": "single national registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1743, "end": 1775, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unprotected child labor market countrywide . Data from ILO ’ s 2015 Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) indicates that 9 . 3 percent of Myanmar ’ s total child population ( 12 . 14 million children aged 5-17 years ) were engaged in child labor at the time of the survey . Working for pay or profit , child workers fall into one of four main categories : ( 1 ) children aged 5-17 engaged in hazardous work < sup > 3 < / sup > for at least one hour per week ; ( 2 ) children > 1 In this study , a child is defined as anybody between the ages of 5 and 17 . > 2 What is child labor ? https : / / www . ilo . org / ipec / facts / lang - - en / index . htm . > 3 The definition of hazardous work includes the following : ( 1 ) work which exposes children to dust and fumes ; fire , gas and flames , loud noise or vibration ; extreme cold or heat ; ( 2 ) work underground , under water , at dangerous heights or in confined spaces ; ( 3 ) work with dangerous machinery , equipment and tools , or which involves the manual handling or transport of heavy loads ; ( 4 ) work in an unhealthy environment which may , for example , expose children to hazardous substances , agents or processes , or to temperatures , noise levels , or vibrations damaging to their health ; and ( 5 ) work under particularly difficult conditions such as working long hours or during the night or work where the child is unreasonably confined to the employer ’ s premises ( Department of Labour 2016 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 86, "text": "2015 Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 6 : Trends in Students ’ average Academic Performance by Cohort : 2010 – 2014 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 61 < br > 60 < br > 59 < br > 58 < br > 16 − 18 years old cohort < br > 19 − 23 years old cohort < br > 57 < br > 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > Academic Year < br > Student Overall Weighted Mean ( OWM ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Own calculations using the NUL students records data for the academic years 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . _Notes_ : OWM is the overall weighted mean . between the FPE-treated and FPE-untreated groups ( Abadie , 2005 ) . In such a case , therefore , the FPE effect identified by the standard DID would be biased . It is , therefore , important to check whether the pre-PFE characteristics are balanced between the control and treatment groups . Table 2 presents the pre-FPE compositional differences between the control and treatment groups . Specifically , the table shows pre-FPE mean differences , by treatment group , in the main outcome variable ( OWM ) and the individual characteristics ( APS , age , gender , and location ) . Column ( 3 ) shows the _p − _ value of the _t − _ test for differences in mean characteristics of the control and treatment groups pre-FPE . Looking at these _p − _ values , we can see that there are statistically significant differences between the control and treatment group with respect to their age , pre-university ( i . e . COSC ) academic performance , gender and location ( e . g . Berea and BothaBothe district ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > Undoubtedly , these characteristics are associated with the changes in student ’ s academic performance over time . For example , because early and current investments in human > 12Column ( 5 ) of the table presents the normalized difference in characteristics between groups . The normalized difference between means is a scale-free measure ̄ of the difference", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 430, "text": "NUL students records data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 44 ) | ( 0 . 42 ) | | Perc . of rights needing permission | | 0 . 77 * * * | 0 . 32 * * * | | 0 . 87 * * * | 0 . 35 * * * | | | | ( 0 . 38 ) | ( 0 . 42 ) | | ( 0 . 24 ) | ( 0 . 43 ) | | Observations < br > Notes : Permission statistics for non-h | 165 < br > olders were n | 90 < br > ot provide | 289 < br > d as very fe | 416 < br > w individuals | 76 < br > in this cate | 319 < br > gory held ri | < u > Notes : Permission statistics for non-holders were not provided as very few individuals in this category held rights . < / u > 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 61 | 2 . 84 | 0 . 19 | 14 . 97 | | Non-AGP2 Woredas | beehive ) | Total | 82 | 3 . 76 | 3 . 72 | 76 | 3 . 94 | 2 . 61 | 0 . 725 | 4 . 82 | | | | MHH | 19 | 4 . 48 | 3 . 28 | 15 | 4 . 08 | 2 . 88 | 0 . 708 | - 9 . 08 | | AGP2 Woredas | honey yield | FHH | 5 | 2 . 57 | 1 . 13 | 2 | 3 . 33 | 2 . 36 | 0 . 558 | 29 . 87 | | | ( kg / year / modern < br > | Total | 24 | 4 . 08 | 3 . 05 | 17 | 3 . 99 | 2 . 76 | 0 . 919 | - 2 . 33 | | Non-AGP2 Woredas | beehive ) | Total | 4 | 5 . 58 | 5 . 89 | 4 | 3 . 38 | 1 . 80 | 0 . 5 | - 39 . 55 | _Source : _ AGP2 EIER ( based on survey data collected in March 2017 and May 2024 ) . Page 35", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 558, "text": "AGP2 EIER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 570, "end": 581, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "~ < br > ~ ~ Access to Sanitation ( WHO / UNICEF ) ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ • ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ Access to Improved Sanitation ( WHO / UNICEF ) ~ ~ < br > * * Health Outcomes Sub-Index * * < br > • < br > Child Mortality ( IGME ) < br > • < br > Maternal Mortality ( MMEIG ) < br > • < br > Undernourishment ( WB ) < br > • < br > Disease ( WHO ) < br > Malaria ( WHO ) < br > • < br > Tuberculosis ( WHO ) < br > • < br > ~ ~ Open Defecation Sanitation ( WHO / UNICEF ) ~ ~ | _Source : Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance Indicators , 2017_ 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - The problems and challenges faced in the process of implementation of the above mentioned and other resettlement activities ; and - Effectiveness and timing of public participation and consultation activities . The LRP contains several categories of LR strategies and support measures all of which will have to be monitored regularly to track progress and performance in real-time ; and with an eye on obtaining fee-back needed for taking corrective actions where / when necessary . Examples of Key Performance Indicators ( KPIs ) include the following : - Number or percent of eligible PAHs who received agricultural input supply , - Number and types of nurseries established - Number of coffee , fruit crop and exotic tree seedlings distributed to PAHs , - Number or percent of eligible PAHs who received cattle for fattening , dairy farming , and bee-keeping ( each indicator separately ) - Number or percent of eligible PAHs who received training , seed capital , and established small business enterprises , - Number of eligible PAHs who gained opportunities for Subproject-related employment ( permanent and temporary employment separately ) , - Number of eligible PAHs who received replacement land for urban housing construction , - Number of eligible PAHs who are issued with rural farmland ownership certificates - Number of public meetings conducted in affected Kebeles by local authorities and number of eligible PAHs who attend the meetings # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 4 Responsible Bodies and Reporting Procedures * * The responsible entities and reporting procedures are outlined below : - The main sources of data and information for IPM will be internal or in-house documents and records generated from the RP implementation ( e . g . records on compensation ) and the day to day observations by the RIT ; and - The main responsible entity for IPM will be the PIO / ESAO ( the monitoring , review and", "spans": [{"start": 1904, "end": 1927, "text": "records on compensation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Given the prospect of faster growth in the future than during the period 1982-1999 and the enabling effect of all-weather roads , I hazard the guess that _gb_ will average 2 percent a year over the next 30 years . With this preliminary , it is instructive to return to the actual examples in Section 4 . 1 . The estimated value of _B_ 1 < sup > + ( < / sup > < sup > _ρ_ = 0 < / sup > < sup > _ . _10 < / sup > < sup > _ , _0 ) fortheaffluentvillageinHimachalPradeshis < / sup > Rs 3 . 28 million a year . A conservative estimate of the aggregate commercial benefits is Rs 2 . 05 million , leaving Rs . 1 . 23 million to be found in other forms . As noted earlier , the villagers had rather good access to education and health facilities even before the road was completed , so help from those quarters may well be limited . Data of the kind provided by the Orissa Survey are lacking , moreover , which adds to the uncertainties in the calculations that follow . There are about 2 , 000 persons in some 350 households , with a school-age population of , say , 500 . In the light of the findings for Orissa , the annual savings in travel-time and reductions in days lost due to bad weather are unlikely to exceed 5 days each per child . Suppose the daily wage rate for juveniles in counting . Since the discount rate also affects the present value of costs , it is essential to modify _ρ_ ; but the per capita benefits may not be scaled up . In what follows , we do neither . 19", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 871, "text": "Orissa Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Matthew Crawford got a PhD in Political Philosophy from the University of Chicago . Then he abandoned academia after a year , abandoned a Washington DC think-tank job after five months , and opened a one-man motorcycle repair shop . He thinks more now than when he worked at think-tank . He ’ s part of a vibrant , intuitive , well-educated community . He ’ s proud of his work , which matters deeply to his customers . His decisions aren ’ t arbitrarily changed by a superior . His job won ’ t suddenly be shipped to India . Of course , most people assume fixing motorcycles was the only job he could get . _ Business Insider , May 24 , 2009 . Among the key questions trade economists need to be able to answer is : When a trade shock strikes such as liberalization , trade agreement , or expansion of a foreign export power , who benefits and who is hurt , and by how much ? There are as many ways of approaching these questions as there are ways of dividing people into economically meaningful subgroups . The oldest literature divided people by what can be called ‘ class ’ lines , making a distinc – tion between workers and the owners of physical or human capital the Stolper-Samuelson approach . More recent approaches have divided up workers based on their industry of employment ( Revenga ( 1992 ) , Pavcnik , Attanasio and Goldberg ( 2004 ) , Artu ̧ c , Chaudhuri and McLaren ( 2010 ) ) ; region of residence ( Topalova ( 2007 ) , Kovak ( 2010 ) , Hakobyan and McLaren ( 2010 ) ) ; and age ( Artu ̧ c ( 2012a ) ) , in each case attempting to quantify how trade shocks affect people in the different groups differently . More recently , several studies have focussed on a division of workers by _occupations_ , often making use of a data set explored by Autor , Levy , and Murnane ( 2003 ) that breaks down the ‘ task ’ composition of a wide range of occupations in US labor data . Authors who exploit these distinctions to look at the differential effects of trade shocks on", "spans": [{"start": 1876, "end": 1889, "text": "US labor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was built by applying the same rent-imputation method in both years . Except for Bangladesh , where including rents does not affect shared prosperity , in all other countries the housing component has a sizable and statistically significant effect . In the case of Iraq and Albania , including rents , obtained via the log linear model , reduces shared prosperity . The log-linear model has instead a positive effect on shared prosperity in the case of Peru . However , it is worth noticing that in the case of Albania selfassessment was recorded only for 3 percent of the total non-market-tenants in the 2008 survey . Therefore , the large increase in shared prosperity observed in the analysis ( 4 . 7 percent ) is due to the missing information in 2008 : for 97 percent of the non-market-tenants , a vector of zeros was added in 2008 as self-assessment value . Our results suggest that , although size and magnitude of the effect of including housing in the consumption aggregate are not predictable and might vary within country according to the imputation method selected , shared prosperity does change as a result and the change can be substantial and might imply churning in country-rankings ( see the case of Peru and Iraq ) , or altering our estimates of a country ’ s performance over time . # * * 4 . 4 . Non-anonymous Distributional Implications * * Gini index , poverty indices and shared prosperity all satisfy anonymity : a permutation of the underlying welfare vector does not affect the distribution as long as welfare levels do not change . Nevertheless , rent imputation may determine a proportional shift in the welfare vector with no distributional consequences ( e . g . on the Gini index , which is invariant to scale ) , but at the same time it may imply a churning of individuals along the distribution . In an extreme scenario , it may be possible that after rent is included in the welfare aggregate all individuals below the poverty line become non-poor and the same number of initially nonpoor individuals become poor . In this case , poverty indices may remain the same , leading us to conclude that rent imputation has no effect on poverty", "spans": [{"start": 605, "end": 616, "text": "2008 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that have been superseded by a deeper one are not included . For example , the association agreements of the EU with the new member states that preceded the Eastern Enlargement are not included . As we do not have any information about their depth , we assume that they are shallow ones . As an alternative measure for depth , we use on the DESTA database provided by Dür et al . ( 2014 ) , which focuses on only seven policy areas ( c . f . , Hofmann et al . ( 2019 ) for a discussion of the two methodologies ) . We classify an agreement as deep whenever the depth index is larger than three . DESTA provides for almost all agreements information about their depth ; if no information is available , we assume that the trade agreement is shallow . # * * 4 The NTB Effects of Deep Trade Agreements Revisited * * Next , we show how accounting for misreported tariffs and globalization trends affects the finding of the literature that deep trade agreements reduce NTBs . We also discuss potential treatment heterogeneity and perform numerous robustness checks . # # * * 4 . 1 Baseline Results * * Table 1 shows the baseline results . We start by estimating Equation ( 4 ) without controlling for ( 1 + _τijkt_ ) , which yields the combined effect of tariff reductions and NTB effects without accounting for globalization trends . The results can be found in column ( 1 ) . To tease out the pure NTB effect , we control for tariffs , first using information downloaded from WITS ( column ( 2 ) ) , then from the cleaned GTD that accounts for misreporting ( columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) ) . Lastly , we add the border dummies to control for globalization trends ( columns ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) ) . All specifications include importer-sector-time , exporter-sector-time , and pair-sector fixed effects . Panel ( A ) includes data for the three broad sectors of agriculture , manufacturing , and services and the years 2000 to 2015 . When using all provisions of the World Bank ’ s DTA data to determine the depth of", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 355, "text": "DESTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1967, "end": 1975, "text": "DTA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2018 . This includes 1 , 458 service jobs created in the IPs , such as cleaning and food services and transportation of employees . The target for the share of women for this indicator was achieved , reaching 64 . 04 percent against a target of 64 percent . - The target for the number of jobs created by activities linked to the supported IPs , including jobs created in the firms operating in the supported IPs , was partially achieved , reaching 12 , 294 against a target of 45 , 000 and a baseline of nil . However , Table 2 of the ICR also notes that this includes jobs attributed to the skills development program ( 6 , 182 ) that should not be counted as a development outcome as this program facilitated employment but did not create jobs . The target for the number of jobs created by firms in the industrial parks was increased from 30 , 000 to 45 , 000 in the additional financing . The target for the share of women for this indicator was exceeded as it reached 94 percent against a target of 64 percent . - The target for the number of jobs created by activities linked to the supported IPs , of which , jobs created by local suppliers supported by the linkage fund was partially achieved , reaching 307 against a target of 1000 , and a baseline of nil . The target for the share of women for this indicator was also exceeded , reaching 64 percent , against a target of 53 percent . - Women have been the primary beneficiaries of this project . Of all the jobs created in the factories , 90 percent were held by women . Since most of them came from rural areas , their income increased substantially compared to what they would have earned in agriculture . A beneficiary survey conducted as part of the borrower ’ s completion report found that of the 215 randomly selected female workers in Bole Lemi II and Kilinto factories , 25 percent were very satisfied while 67 percent were somewhat satisfied . - Most employees come from low-income households . It is estimated that 90", "spans": [{"start": 1672, "end": 1690, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > Document - UNHCR 2021 Multi Sectorial Rapid Assessments - Analysis . < / u > < mark > Similar to the topic of safety , qualitative findings from FGD show that a high proportion of male respondents indicate that they are free to move , slightly higher than female respondents . This perception was overall lower in the first half of 2021 , and still lower in the second half of 2021 . These findings were mirrored by qualitative findings from KII and in general terms , there is a greater sense amongst populations of being freer to move and this , again , is potentially linked to the fact that widespread conflict has ended . However , as articulated under 2 , restriction of freedom of movement for women and girls is institutionalized with the instruction of requirement of mahram , which may not be clearly captured through protection monitoring . < / mark > # # # # * * < mark > c . Psychosocial Effects < / mark > * * < mark > The protracted conflict has led to the loss of livelihoods and opportunities coupled with extreme coping mechanisms for all population groups including host communities , IDPs , IDP returnees , and returnees from neighboring < / mark > Respondent gender ( FDG ) < mark > countries . These threats have physical and psychosocial effects that impact the population . 34 % of the respondents reported that they experienced psychological distress . < / mark > 61 % 64 % 66 % < mark > Furthermore , interviewed acknowledged / reported that 21 % of the households < / mark > 39 % 36 % 34 % < mark > there were changes in the behaviors of the family members , they were mostly distressed , < / mark > First half of Second half of First quarter of < mark > aggressive , withdrawn , and had eating < / mark > 2021 2021 2022 < mark > disorders while 79 % reported not noticing any < / mark > Male Female changes in the behaviors of family members . < mark > Whereas the study indicated that children did experience a lot of", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 61, "text": "UNHCR 2021 Multi Sectorial Rapid Assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* PHAs * * | * * Size of farmland * * < br > * * affected ( ha ) * * | * * Average size of * * < br > * * affected * * < br > * * farmland ( ha ) * * | * * No . of Towers * * < br > * * to be placed * * < br > * * in Farmland * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Hetosa | 44 | 58 . 7 | 0 . 1440 | 0 . 0033 | 40 | | Lode Hetosa | 78 | 46 . 2 | 0 . 2664 | 0 . 0034 | 74 | | Diksis | 23 | 40 . 4 | 0 . 0792 | 0 . 0034 | 22 | | Sude | 5 | 100 . 0 | 0 . 0180 | 0 . 0036 | 5 | | Arsi Robe | 30 | 54 . 5 | 0 . 0936 | 0 . 0031 | 26 | | * * Total * * | * * 180 * * | * * 49 . 9 * * | * * 0 . 6012 * * | * * 0 . 0033 * * | * * 167 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Lode Hetosa will have the highest number of towers placed in farmland ( 74 ) , followed by Hetosa ( 40 ) . Lode Hetosa Woreda has the highest number of affected PAPs and the largest size of affected farmland by tower pads making it the most impacted Woreda . The impact on farmland due to tower pads is relatively low in Sude Woreda due to the small number of towers to be placed . Photo 1 : View of affected farmland due to tower pad Page 87 Official", "spans": [{"start": 658, "end": 705, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". * * Of * * all Subproject impact woredas Hetosa woreda is believed to be better coverage of electricity service even of a total * * 23 * * rural Kebeles found in Hetosa woreda only 12 of the rural Kebeles reported to access electricity service . On the other hand , the overall electricity coverage of Sude woreda is estimated to * * ( 18 . 1 % ) . * * Based on information obtained from Sude woreda administration out of * * 33 * * total kebeles * * ( 6 * * urban and * * 27 * * rural kebeles ) in the district only * * 3 * * rural and * * 3 * * urban kebeles are electrified . Therefore , the overall electricity coverage of the Subproject woredas are very minimal and access to electricity service is among the major development need of the Subproject woredas the socio-economic survey results as well as consultation meeting conducted with various stakeholders also confirmed this fact . For example , electricity is not reported as main source of household lighting among majority of Subproject affected households and even most of those sample households reporting to use electricity for lighting purpose also depending through illegal connection to access electricity service . The consulted community members also showed strong demand for electricity service during the consultation meeting . This clearly indicate that access to electricity service remain one of the major problems in Subproject woredas and as well as among the priority needs of Subproject affected households . Regarding household source of energy for cooking purpose , energy assessment conducted in all Subproject impact woredas in 2021 * * E . C * * revealed that traditional sources of energy remain the major source of cooking fuel in Subproject woredas . Based on this household energy assessment firewood and their importance charcoal crop residue , kerosene and animal dung are the five cooking in urban areas of the Subproject woredas . On the other hand , firewood , crop residue ,", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 798, "text": "socio-economic survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1550, "end": 1567, "text": "energy assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1755, "end": 1782, "text": "household energy assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 14 . Poverty reduction in simulated scenarios by 2030 . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 14a . EU-IDN , FTAAP and TPP-15 scenarios 14b . RCEP and TPP-11 scenarios < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Poverty reduction , change wrt baseline < br > Poverty reduction , change wrt baseline < br > 3 . 3 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 2 . 1 < br > 1 . 8 < br > 1 . 3 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 1 < br > $ 3 . 20 $ 5 . 50 < br > - 0 . 3 < br > EU-IDN FTAAP TPP-15 $ 3 . 20 $ 5 . 50 < br > RCEP TPP-11 < br > 4 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > millions millions 2 < br > 1 1 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Incidence curves in Figure 15 below depict deviations from baseline conditions that result from each additional simulation step , by scenario . The larger net effects are caused by growth . Indeed , the EU-IDN CEPA yields the highest expected growth of income relative to the other PTAs at every point of the income distribution . The distributional effects are relatively smaller , considering that at most they account for around 1 . 75 percent deviations in per capita household consumption from baseline conditions , after growth . In all cases , sectoral reallocation of labor contributes only marginally to changes in the income distribution . This follows from the assumption of fixed labor , for instance PTAs are assumed not to change the willingness of people to join the labor force . The size of the gains grows monotonically with income for the EU-IDN CEPA while the growth incidence curve has a U-shape in the case of RCEP ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) advances . However , the measurement of the first IRA on filling data gaps was not adequately reflected by improvements in the SCI , which depended on activities outside the program ’ s remit . The design of the DLIs was appropriate as each emphasized a different aspect of data collection / dissemination . For activities such as the 2015 / 16 KIHBS , separate DL [ JC1 ] [ VC2 ] Rs ( disbursement linked results ) were used to reward the completion of tasks such as conducting fieldwork , producing indicators , and disseminating microdata . This allowed periodic progress measures and a consistent flow of funds to reimburse the National Treasury . The Internal Audit Department of the National Treasury verified most DLRs promptly . However , the verification of one DLR , verifying the operationalization of the FMIS , was conducted by the Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) Authority , and required approximately one year due to an audit undertaken by the authority and follow-up meetings with stakeholders . Nevertheless , due to the efficient design of the DLR , scheduling it early within the program ensured that disbursements could occur despite a lengthy verification procedure . # # * * b . M & E Implementation * * Until the Covid-19 pandemic , formal ISMs regularly monitored progress and provided extensive support to the program . Progress in achieving results was measured during ISM meetings and reflected in Aide Memoires and Implementation Status Reports ( ISRs ) . These included updates on the SDDS and the SCI . In addition , updates toward the completion of DLR 7 . 0 were measured using the EACC reports resulting from audits throughout the program ’ s life . Training provided by the World Bank was vital to the program ’ s success . KNBS had good-quality staff , including trained statisticians and economists with many years of experience , but the program demanded", "spans": [{"start": 1773, "end": 1785, "text": "EACC reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "holding size of PAHs to 0 . 5ha per household which is much lower than the regional average farmland holding size of 1 . 4ha per household . The census survey result also confirmed that about 75 . 1 % of the subproject affected households reported that they have official land ownership certificate for their land holding . * * _Agronomic Practices : _ * * < mark > Although the subproject affected households owned relatively small size of farmland , the PAHs and other farming households in Subproject impact area grow different types of annual and perennial crops on their farmland . Khat , sorghum and maize is widely grown by farming households in Subproject influence area . Among 178 PAHs whose farmland will be impacted by the proposed subproject components , sorghum is grown by 67 . 6 % of the PAHs , while maize and khat is reported to be grown by 36 . 9 % and 22 . 7 % of Subproject affected households respectively . < / mark > * * _Ownership of Livestock : _ * * < mark > With regard to livestock ownership and production of households reside in Subproject influence Kebeles , the sample socioeconomic survey finding revealed that 85 . 6 % of the sample HHs reported that they have at least one or more livestock , while the remaining ( 14 . 4 % ) of them did not have any kind of livestock . Across Subproject impact Woredas while 88 . 5 % of the sample HH in Meta Woreda owned livestock , whereas the proportion of HHs owned livestock was reduced to 81 . 6 % among the sample HHs in Haromaya Sub city . Poultry followed by goat is the dominant livestock type owned by the sample households . < / mark > * * _Household Income and Expenditure : _ * * Based on a comparative analysis of average annual household income and expenditure obtained from the survey results , households in Subproject impact Kebele earn , on average , Etb 165 , 623 income", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 158, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1102, "end": 1122, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exporters to international markets , manufacturing companies and start-ups . The floriculture industry , for example , which employs over 10 , 000 people , is facing severe disruptions in its supply chains as air cargo companies have suspended flights , but similar disruptions will also arise due to cancelation of orders , closures of restaurants , coffee shops , etc . Restarting or continuing economic transformation will require the provision of new loans and products in the market , leaner more efficient firms and rapid adaptation to new market conditions , and the capacity to identify new markets and sources of demand , particularly for new and exporting firms . This is consistent with the WBG ’ s economic response is to promote sustainable business growth and job creation by assisting countries to help firms survive the initial crisis shock , restructure , and become more resilient in the recovery < sup > 3 < / sup > . * * MSMEs in Uganda face severe liquidity constraints caused by the sharp drop in demand due to the COVID-19 crisis . * * This may be especially true for firms owned by women as they tend to be less profitable < sup > 4 < / sup > , so have less room for absorbing such shocks , and may be disproportionately impacted in their operations by the pandemic because of their higher concentration in consumer-facing sectors and the greater share of responsibility for looking after children and sick household members that tends to fall on women . Indeed , emerging data collected from several countries in the region ( including Uganda ) in the Facebook Future of Business Survey shows that women ’ s businesses have been significantly more likely to be temporarily closed during the pandemic < sup > 5 < / sup > . Recognizing the pressure on Micro Small and Medium Enterprises ( MSMEs ) liquidity , the Bank of Uganda ( BoU ) has encouraged banks to provide moratoria on their loans to their liquidity-constrained borrowers for up to 12 months . The BoU also took measures to reduce both the cost and risk", "spans": [{"start": 1577, "end": 1611, "text": "Facebook Future of Business Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scale in financial transactions : while shoe-leather costs may not vary with the amount involved in a financial transaction aimed at protecting assets from inflation , the benefits do . This would remain the case even if there were no barriers to entry into certain asset markets . ( ii ) But these barriers to entry are widespread , and restrict access to some assets that are particularly effective in avoiding the inflation tax , to larger depositors . Neri presents revealing evidence about the incidence of ownership of overnight deposits and credit cards across the distribution of income . ( iii ) Tighter > the rise in inequality . > 34 Easterly and Fischer ’ s results suggest that an increase in inflation from zero “ to hyperinflation ” would decrease the income share of the poorest quintile by 1 . 7 percentage points ( from an average of 6 . 2 % ) . They also study opinion poll responses from some 32 . 000 households across thirty-eight countries , and find that “ inflation aversion ” declines with self-reported socio-economic status , even after controlling for education .", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 902, "text": "opinion poll responses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | Guinea-Bissau | 2019 ( MICS ) | Nigeria | 2018 ( DHS ) | | | | | 2009 ( DHS ) , < br > 2014 ( MICS ) , | | 2011 ( MICS ) , | | | | Guyana < br > _Notes : _DHS means tha < br > ( https : / / dhsprogram . co | < br > 2020 ( MICS ) < br > t the survey was < br > m / ) , whereas MI | North Macedonia < br > sourced from the D < br > CS means that the | < br > 2019 ( MICS ) < br > emographic an < br > survey was sou | d Health Surveys Program < br > rced from the Multiple Indi | < br > cator | _Notes : _ DHS means that the survey was sourced from the Demographic and Health Surveys Program ( https : / / dhsprogram . com / ) , whereas MICS means that the survey was sourced from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys by UNICEF ( https : / / mics . unicef . org / ) . 37", "spans": [{"start": 691, "end": 725, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "land is expected to have displaced current cropland , 27 percent ( 21 percent ) forests , and 12 percent ( 6 percent ) grassland . Under SSP5 , the land conversion proportions to urban expansion are expected to be 51 percent from cropland , 29 percent from forests , and 15 percent from grasslands . This projected conversion of cropland and grassland into urban land has important implications for crop and livestock production . Chen et al . ( 2020 ) show that urban expansion is projected to result in a 1 . 8 – 2 . 4 percent reduction in global cropland by 2030 , and 80 percent of this loss is likely to take place in Asia and Africa . As mentioned above , d ’ Amour et al . ( 2017 ) show that urban expansion is expected to take place on cropland that is 1 . 77 times more productive than the global average . Under SSP5 , the significant increase in urban land demand and the resulting land conversion may lead to the greatest amount of crop production losses among the scenarios , due to the rapid urban expansion and the potential displacement of highly productive cropland . # _SSPs and projected urban expansion data_ The urban expansion projection data ( Chen et al . 2020 ) are calculated using panel data regression methods based on historical population , urbanization rate , and gross domestic product ( GDP ) data . Here , the urbanization rate is defined as the percentage of urban population to total population . The settlement extent data ( i . e . all artificial cover and paved surfaces , not limited to urban ) for the years 1975 , 1990 , 2000 , and 2015 are from the Global Human Settlement Layer ( GHSL ) , a dataset developed by the European Commission . The population and GDP data are from the World Bank and the United Nations . These data are fed into the built panel data regression model to project the built-up areas for each SSP scenario based on the predictions of future population , urbanization rate , and GDP from the SSP database . The projection outputs are then combined with other geographical information and inputted into the Future Land-Use", "spans": [{"start": 1133, "end": 1164, "text": "urban expansion projection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1592, "end": 1621, "text": "Global Human Settlement Layer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1686, "end": 1709, "text": "population and GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1958, "end": 1970, "text": "SSP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Where _g o jt_ and _g e jt_ stands for the growth rate of outputs and exports , respectively ; _D j_ is a dummy < sup > _A_ < / sup > _t_ variable indicating ― dirty ‖ industries ; is a dummy variable indicating the period post-negotiations ; and _X jt_ is a collection of variables that can help to explain a change in composition . Regressions for the Central American region might also include country-specific fixed effects . Table A . 1 in annex 1 presents the variables included in the regression . # _Data_ The exercises focus on four Central American countries ( CA4 ) for which data are available : Costa Rica ( CRI ) , El Salvador ( SVL ) , Honduras ( HND ) , and Nicaragua ( NIC ) . The study covers a 10-year period ( 1999 – 2008 ) and takes 2004 ( the beginning of DR-CAFTA negotiations ) as the threshold ( 1999 – 2003 = before ; 2005 – 08 = after ) . While the ratification and beginning of implementation took place between 2005 ( for the United States ) and 2007 ( for Costa Rica ) , we believe that part of the changes in the patterns of production anticipate the actual ratification . Moreover , the choice of the beginning of negotiations as a threshold is convenient because it allows for additional observations in the post-agreement period . Annual statistics on pollution emissions are constructed using pollution intensities from the Industrial Pollution Projection System ( IPPS ) of the World Bank . This database provides information on pollution intensity and abatement costs at the industry level < sup > 8 < / sup > . More specifically , the IPPS reports the amount of each of 14 pollutants , in pounds per million dollars of value added , that are generated from each of 459 four-digit Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC ) codes . The predicted pollution levels are constructed by multiplying the industry ’ s value added by the industry ’ s IPPS coefficient . Industries are then classified into dirty and clean industries following Mani and Wheeler ( 1998 ) . Annex 4 presents a list of industries by category . While numerous studies use the results", "spans": [{"start": 1359, "end": 1397, "text": "Industrial Pollution Projection System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * < u > Glossary < / u > * * * * Antenatal ( HIV ) sentinel surveillance * * : anonymous and unlinked HIV testing of blood voluntarily drawn from pregnant women during their first-time visit to antenatal clinics to test for syphilis . The data are used as a proxy measure for HIV prevalence of the population between 15-49 years of age . * * Antiretroviral treatment ( ART ) * * : is a mixture of medications that slows down the reproduction and replication of HIV in the body . * * Behavioural Surveillance Survey ( BSS ) * * : a population-based survey that monitors , evaluates and tracks trends in HIV / AIDS-related knowledge , attitudes and behaviours in the general population as well as subgroups that are particularly vulnerable to the infection . * * Staging of HIV Infection * * : - * * Low * * : less than 1 % HIV prevalence among the high-risk groups . - * * Concentrated * * : high prevalence ( > 1 % ) in high risk groups and a low prevalence ( < 1 % ) in the general population . - * * Generalised * * : > 1 % HIV prevalence among the general population . * * HIV Prevalence * * : the ratio of the number of HIV cases present in a statistical population at a specified time and the number of individuals in the population at that specified time . Prevalence is useful because it is a measure of the commonality of disease . It helps physicians with the probability of certain diagnoses and is routinely used by epidemiologists , health care providers , government agencies , and insurance companies . This measure is the norm when reporting on HIV infection . * * HIV Incidence : * * a measure of occurrences of the disease in a specified time interval . In contrast , prevalence involves all affected individuals , regardless of the date of contraction . This is difficult to measure and thus generally not reported . * * Internally Displaced", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 520, "text": "Behavioural Surveillance Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fewer survived . Here gender also played a key role in survival and injury , as it was found that nearly two-thirds of those reported dead or missing were female , with females more than 1 . 4 times more likely to die than males . In the highest impact areas of Aceh , the risk of injury was lower among females than males , yet in the lesser-affected areas , the opposite was observed where females faced increased injury risk . < sup > 41 < / sup > In addition in the 2015 Nepalese earthquake , it was found that 28 % of the deceased were children . < sup > 42 < / sup > , < sup > 43 < / sup > > 32 UNICEF ( 2014 ) . Children and emergencies in 2014 : Facts & Figures ; and UNICEF ( 2015 ) Nigeria + Sub-Regional Crisis Update Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad and Niger November 2015 . > 33 Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 : IHME > 34 UNICEF ( 2013 ) . The State of the World ’ s Children 2013 : Children with Disabilities > 35 B Williamson ( 2011 ) . The Impact of ERW on Children . The journal of ERW and mine action . Fall 2011 . Available from > http : / / www . jmu . edu / cisr / journal / 15 . 3 / notes / williamson / williamson . pdf > 36 UNICEF Evaluation Office ( December 2013 ) Evaluation of UNICEF Programmes to Protect Children in Emergencies : Synthesis Report > 37 WHO , 2011 , Disaster Risk Management for Health Fact Sheet : Disaster Risk Management for Health - Child Health > 38 Kolbe et al . , 2010 , ‘ Mortality , crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake : a random survey of Port-au-Prince Households ’ , _Medicine , Conflict and Survival , _ 26 : 4 , 281-297 . > 39 IBID > 40 S . Doocy C . Robinson , C . Moodie and", "spans": [{"start": 1510, "end": 1552, "text": "random survey of Port-au-Prince Households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * AN UNCERTAIN RECOVERY * * # # # * * 8 . External imbalances widen in all Western Balkan countries * * * * The disruption to world trade the COVID-19 pandemic has caused is unprecedented : production and consumption have scaled back across the globe . * * The disruption was particularly pronounced in the first half of the year when according to the WTO merchandise trade was falling by an estimated 13 percent y-o-y , though there has been some recovery since June . The pandemic is causing supply and demand shocks to both goods and services . Goods were affected immediately by the disruption in global value chains ( GVCs ) and a decline in aggregate demand , but by the end of May the drop in trade in services was steeper , 22 percent y-o-y , led by tourism and related services exports , which were affected by the confinement measures imposed by countries around the world . As in other parts of the world , the pandemic has upended trade flows in the Western Balkans and played havoc with the gains from trade integration the countries achieved over the last decade . * * The impact of the trade slowdown on countries in the Western Balkans has varied with their trade structure . * * For countries like Albania , Kosovo , and Montenegro that are more dependent on services trade , especially tourism , the deterioration in their current account deficits ( CADs ) has been much worse Figure 8 . 1 . In these countries , trade in services before the pandemic was either larger than the goods trade ( Albania ) or contributed far more to trade openness ( Montenegro and Kosovo ) . The slowdown in tourist arrivals has also negatively affected related industries like food , entertainment , and retail and has also deeply discouraged tourism-related investments , thus lowering aggregate demand . Of the three countries , for Albania the effect has been to push up the CAD from 7 . 6 percent of GDP in 2019 to as much as 11 . 9 percent , because the negative effects", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 375, "text": "WTO merchandise trade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition , the parameter estimate yields a long-run elasticity in the range of 0 . 290 . 39 . This magnitude is similar to the benchmark results obtained in the earlier estimate . Given the interpolated nature of these sources , a too strong interpretation of the associated changes makes little sense . Insofar , the sign and significance of the variables are more important than their magnitude . All in all , employing alternative data on human capital confirms the earlier conclusions about the importance of education on growth . # * * _Population Instead of Labor Force Estimate_ * * The regression in column 6 employs population data ( 15-64 years ) instead of the labor force . Alternatively ILO labor force estimates could be used . The time series properties , however , are almost identical , and population statistics refer to a longer time period . In any case , the results are rather disappointing . That is , the significance of the coefficients and the overall fit of the model are poor . In order to ameliorate the estimate , the lag structure of the short-run capital coefficients was modified . Human capital still enters positively but is only weakly significant . A puzzling finding is that long-run capital accumulation has now a negative impact on growth , which is a counterintuitive and implausible result . Overall , given the absence of fluctuations and considering the civil war , Guatemalan population data seems to be a poor proxy for labor as well . # * * 6 . 3 Additional Explanatory Variables * * When the conditioning set of data in the regressions is modified , it is interesting to observe changes in the explanatory variables , such as schooling . For example , the production elasticities of human or physical capital could be larger than their factor shares because of presumed externalities . The benchmarks of the following analyzes are the results in section 5 . When possible , the following paragraphs differentiate for the effect of primary , secondary and tertiary schooling . # * * _Quality-Adjustment Capital_ * * Column 2 of Table 10 shows an OLS estimate for the period 1971-2002 when the capital stock is adjusted for quality . For comparative purposes ,", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 643, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1413, "end": 1439, "text": "Guatemalan population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were involved in project design and are expected to play an active role in project implementation . They will be provided with capacity building support and will assist communities in the design , implementation , and monitoring of community-led initiatives . NGOs are also likely to be involved in KAP surveys , training of trainers , and monitoring and evaluation . 6 . 4 What institutional arrangements have been provided to ensure the project achieves its social development outcomes ? The participatory approach used in project preparation will be continued and expanded during project implementation . In fact , all community HIV / AIDS action plans will be developed with the assistance of a community facilitator and by using participatory planning methods . In addition , NGOs , PLWHA , and private sector representatives will be members of H / V / ASDS commnittees and will be systematically included in the steering and supervision of the project . 6 . 5 How will the project monitor performance in terms of social development outcomes ? An NGO capacity assessment was conducted with PHRD grant resources . In addition , KAP studies for the major high risk groups have been / will be carried out . These reports will provide a baseline for the Guinea MAP . Technical reviews will be conducted under contractual arrangements to assess NGO and CBO performance and take corrective action . Since the MAP will use the PACV as a channel to fund activities in the rural areas , H [ V / AIDS situation analysis and social development indicators have been added to the TORs of the NGOs who carry put social mobilization in the rural communities for PACV now . Indicators of beneficiaries ' satisfaction will be regularly monitored during project implementation . Moreover , technical reviews will be conducted under contractual arrangements with selected private sector firms to assess NGO and CBO performance and take corrective action . Finally , an NGO capacity assessment was undertaken during preparation , with PHRD grant resources . This report - 21 -", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 310, "text": "KAP surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7921 # * * Abstract * * The WHO has recently debated whether to reaffirm its long-standing recommendation of mass drug administration ( MDA ) in areas with more than 20 percent prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths ( hookworm , whipworm , and roundworm ) . There is consensus that the relevant deworming drugs are safe and effective , so the key question facing policymakers is whether the expected benefits of MDA exceed the roughly $ 0 . 30 per treatment cost . The literature on long run educational and economic impacts of deworming suggests that this is the case . However , a recent meta-analysis by Taylor-Robinson et al . ( 2015 ) , ( hereafter TMSDG ) , disputes these findings . The authors conclude that while treatment of children known to be infected increases weight by 0 . 75 kg ( 95 percent CI : 0 . 24 , 1 . 26 ; p = 0 . 0038 ) , there is substantial evidence that MDA has no impact on weight or other child outcomes . This paper updates the TMSDG analysis by including studies omitted from that analysis and extracting additional data from included studies , and finds that the TMSDG analysis is underpowered : Power is inadequate to rule out weight gain effects that would make MDA cost effective relative to comparable interventions in similar populations , and underpowered to reject the hypothesis that the effect of MDA is different from the effect that might expected , given deworming ’ s effects on those known to be infected . The hypothesis of a common zero effect of multiple-dose MDA deworming on child weight at longest follow-up is rejected at the 10 percent level using the TMSDG dataset , and with a p value < 0 . 001 using the updated sample . In the full sample , including studies in settings where prevalence is low enough that the WHO does not recommend deworming , the average effect on child weight is 0 . 134 kg ( 95 percent CI : 0 . 031 , 0 . 236 , random effects ) . In environments with greater than 20 percent prevalence , where the WHO recommends mass treatment , the average effect on child weight is 0", "spans": [{"start": 1640, "end": 1653, "text": "TMSDG dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GRM had not been rolled out due to delayed effectiveness of the main ( credit ) component of the project that would have supported preparatory GRM activities . Accordingly , no grievances have been registered or addressed to date . * * 72 . Gender inequalities and norms are critical considerations when designing policies and interventions in emergency situations and pandemics . * * They play an important role in who gets access and how fast , to critical health services . Gender norms also influence risk of exposure to disease , as well as of spreading it . At the same time , biological sex can influence how susceptible a person is to disease and how well they respond to treatment and / or vaccines . In a pandemic , this has multiple implications . On the one hand , pandemic response must be cognizant of the gender-based differences in access to and use of services due to limited mobility and financial capacity ; and on the other hand , support needs to be provided to at-risk groups such as family caregivers ( the majority of whom are women ) to reduce their risk of getting ill and / or passing it on to others . Moreover , pandemics can create or exacerbate the conditions that especially put women and girls at greater risk of gender-based violence . * * 73 . * * Biologically , women and men may have a different risk level to a pathogen or response to treatment . Females and males may also differ in their immunological responses due to underlying conditions . The elderly , especially women , are especially vulnerable to illness and lack of access to services . Pregnant women are especially at risk during a pandemic / epidemic . Women , whether as formal or informal care givers , are at the forefront of the healthcare response for the sick and elderly . This makes them more vulnerable to infection . * * 74 . The project design seeks to address gender gaps in the burden of COVID-19 and access to interventions . * * Administrative data of August 11 , 2021 showed that 57 percent of CO", "spans": [{"start": 1946, "end": 1965, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", etc . ) . Moreover , there is little recourse for both parties — but especially the tenants — in the rental market processes in case of disputes . That is why , the legal system would protect the tenants ’ rights and strengthen their position , especially as they often find themselves in delicate and critical situations . A woman living in Akkar , for instance , reported in an FGD that the landlord evicted her and her family because she did not allow him to go into the house whenever he felt like it . In addition , the negotiations after occupancy starts often result in the two parties being trapped in unhappy situations . On the one hand , tenants find themselves confronted with heavy servicing costs that they had not taken into account . And on the other , tenants — who are already struggling to pay the agreed-upon rent — find themselves facing eviction if they do not answer the landlords ’ demands of steeper costs that cover services they thought to have been included within the initial rent agreement . Such points that are left undecided ( e . g . electricity or water supply bills , etc . ) have been reported in FGDs as some of the main causes of conflicts between landlords and tenants . For example , a woman from Tripoli reported in an FGD that the landlord asked her to pay electricity bills without giving her the actual bill , and whenever she asked for it , he threatened to evict her . < mark > 33 < / mark >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > No antitrust investigation ever < br > At least one antitrust investigation < br > Commerce and transport < br > Manufacturing < br > Construction , mining , and utilities < br > Professional services < br > Recreation < br > Social services < br > Agriculture < br > 0 5 10 15 < br > Total sales ( Trillions Mex $ , 2018 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 1 : About 40 percent of economic activities have been subject to at least one antitrust investigation * * . Sales are coded as being derived from an activity that has had at least one antitrust investigation if the six digit activity corresponding to those sales has been investigated by the Federal Competition Commission . The source is the Economic Census ( INEGI , 2020 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 755, "end": 770, "text": "Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Within the next four years , the output capacity of the Panama Canal will roughly double as a new set of locks is installed , enabling ships larger than the current Panamax standard to transit the Canal . Several studies ( ACP , 2006a ; IMF , 2007 ) anticipate significant employment creation and growth effects of the Canal expansion through increased domestic resource utilization and large multiplier effects . This view , however , is not consistent with the long-standing characterization of Panama as a dual economy , where a dynamic services exports sector has few linkages with the rest of the economy . More importantly , the methodology of these studies cannot provide insights into the potential distributional consequences of the Canal expansion — an aspect of crucial importance in Panama where inequality is a serious concern . This paper adopts a methodological framework that is focused on the likely effects of the Canal expansion on the distribution of income . The findings of the paper are obtained by linking a dynamic computational general equilibrium ( CGE ) model of Panama with a micro-simulation framework based on a recent Panamanian household survey . The objective of the simulations is to contrast the counterfactual income distribution that would have resulted in the absence of the Canal expansion project with the income distribution resulting from the Canal expansion during both the construction and operation phases . Compared to earlier studies , this framework is much less suited for comprehensive growth analysis , especially in the near to medium term ; on the other hand , it has the advantages of explicitly recognizing the inter-sectoral linkages in Panama ‘ s economy , clearly identifying the income sources of households , and providing a direct mapping of changes in macroeconomic aggregates to household welfare . Thus , it is important to interpret the results of this paper not as forecasts , but as a consistent set of scenarios for the likely poverty and inequality consequences of the Canal expansion . The paper is organized as follows . The next section discusses the data and presents some background information on Panama and the Canal shock . Section 3 summarizes the model framework , while section 4 discusses the macro", "spans": [{"start": 1177, "end": 1204, "text": "Panamanian household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > * * C * * | | * * Enf * * | * * ant ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * ommunes * * | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Individus * * | | COMMUNE DE < br > TOMBOUCTOU | 739 | 954 | 852 | 1806 | 709 | 692 | 1401 | 101 | 62 | 163 | 17", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | DIOUNGANI | 402 | 323 | 436 | 759 | 321 | 307 | 628 | 44 | 29 | 73 | 688 | 772 | 1460 | | DOUGOUTENE I | 492 | 1242 | 1149 | 2391 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "for the EU-15 from being a net exporter to being a net importer of rapeseed oil and a substantial expansion of EU-15 rapeseed production . All world vegetable oil prices increase considerably . The expansion of bio-ethanol induces a dramatic reduction of EU soft wheat exports . The analysis also accounts for set-a-side land coming back into agricultural production and for the impact on the livestock sector . Gohin ’ s land supply is similar to that of Keeney and Hertel ( 2009 ) , with land being allocated in two steps , first between forest , pasture , and crops , and then among crops . Gohin does not explicitly mention the values of his CET parameters . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Lwheat Lcoarse grains Loilseeds < br > σCET 3 < br > L L L < br > pasture other field crops grains & oilseeds & protein < br > σCET 2 < br > Lmisc Lrice Lfield crops & pasture < br > σ3 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ1 < br > σCET 1 < br > L _ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 5 . Land allocation in Huang et al . ( 2004 ) Bouët et al . use the MIRAGE model of the Centre d ' Etudes Prospectives et d ' Informations Internationales ( CEPII ) to analyze the same policy and use a land decomposition also based on AEZ data . They show that EU mandates would increase EU ethanol production by 373 percent and EU sugar beet production by more than 15 percent by 2025 . EU biodiesel production would increase under a mandate by 34 percent in 2025 . To reach EU consumption mandated targets , the full removal of tariffs on EU imports of ethanol and biodiesel would have to be complemented by a domestic consumption subsidy . Only the trade liberalization scenario stimulates foreign production of sugar cane with Brazilian production increasing by 7 . 6 percent in 2025 . These EU biofuel policies imply a significant reallocation of land in favor of sugar cane / sugar beet and oilseeds for biodiesel sectors , in Europe and / or in South America . EU land allocated", "spans": [{"start": 1203, "end": 1211, "text": "AEZ data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Two prevailing theories evaluate the link between political trust and citizen participation , but their perspectives differ greatly . On the one hand , the stealth democracy theory posits that trust in government is inversely related to citizen participation . Put another way , citizens only participate when they feel compelled to prevent corrupt politicians from embezzling the public . Individuals ’ lack of trust in the government may push them to speak out in order to change the behavior of the authorities or replace them . Conversely , people who have confidence in the government see no reason to engage , as they trust those in power to do what is best for society . In sum , trust in government discourages citizen involvement ( Hibbing and Theiss-Morse , 2002 ; Theiss-Morse and Hibbing , 2005 ; Lee and Schachter , 2019 ; Lavezzolo and Ramiro , 2018 ; Muhlberger , 2018 ) . Deliberative theorists , on the other hand , believe that a trustworthy political system encourages citizens to participate in government processes . If people feel the political system is rigged or uncaring , they are less inclined to engage with it . Apathy stems from a lack of trust , while a responsive government prompts citizen participation ( Lee and Schachter , 2019 ; Bächtiger et al . , 2018 ; Neblo et al . , 2010 ) . Assessing which ( if any ) of the two theories most applies to Latin America and the Caribbean is not only an academic exercise but of policy relevance , given that most countries throughout the region display low levels of citizen participation . While a growing body of research links citizen participation and accountability , few comparable empirical studies have investigated the relationship between citizen participation and trust . In one recent paper , Lee and Schachter ( 2019 ) investigate the relationship between trust in government and citizen participation in the United States using data from the World Values Survey . However , we did not find similar studies across developing countries in general and the LAC region in particular . < sup > 2 < / sup > Hence , it is not possible to draw any conclusions about whether the above theories are borne out in the", "spans": [{"start": 1931, "end": 1950, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Geothermal Sector Development Project ( P133613 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 45 . 00 | | Date | 21-Apr-2014 | 07-Jun-2022 | 11-Dec-2022 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Training has so far f | ocused on EEP , and not other i | nstitutions | | | IN01231692 < br > ► Feasibility study com | pleted ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 21-Apr-2014 | 07-Jun-2022 | 11-Dec-2022 | 31-Dec-2023 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P133613 | IDA-54680 | Effective | USD | 178 . 50 | 128 . 50 | 50 . 00 | 75 . 19 | 31 . 69 | 70 % | | P133613 | TF-17206 | Effective", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 774, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Africa . < sup > 3 < / sup > MSMEs are generally characterized by low firm productivity , innovation , and competitiveness , with negative effects on business survival , scale-up , and productivity ( productivity is lowest in informal micro-sized firms ) . While there are many firms being registered in Kenya , most are not scaling up : approximately 46 percent of Kenyan MSMEs do not survive their first year , and 80 percent fail within the first five years , again on par with the average five-year failure rate for enterprises in Africa . < sup > 4 < / sup > Most quality jobs are created by larger firms , but they are fewer in number , and MSMEs in Kenya rarely scale up to become larger firms . # # * * _1 . 1 . 2 Existing Market Failures and Interventions to Address Them_ * * The challenges related to low levels of firm growth , weak productivity , and eroding competitiveness in Kenya reflect various market failures , notably regulatory barriers to entry and growth and diversification of productive firms , lack of market access ( reflecting coordination failures ) , and low firm capabilities ( reflecting information asymmetries ) . In 2022 , the World Bank undertook a deep-dive analysis of value chains located in the counties of Kisii , Kirinyaga , Mandera , and Uasin Gishu . < sup > 5 < / sup > The analysis highlighted several constraints to productivity and growth related to institutions and regulations , market access , enterprise support and finance , and skills and innovation . It also highlighted potential viable investment opportunities in the edible oils ( e . g . , avocado pressing line ) and apparel ( e . g . , linking existing MSMEs that manufacture garments to international markets ) . These findings echo results from earlier national-level surveys and endline data collected under the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) Kenya Investment Climate Project III : MSME respondents to the 2018 Enterprise Survey were mostly likely to cite practices", "spans": [{"start": 1767, "end": 1806, "text": "national-level surveys and endline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1932, "end": 1954, "text": "2018 Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > CONSULTING FIRMS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Request for ProposalsShort List and Draft Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Technical Proposal Evaluation of Combined EvaluationNeReport and Draftgotiated Contract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 223748-CS-LCS / Component 1 : Upscaling < br > environmental andhydrological social impactsurvey report for IDAKHO IDA / 59450 Climate-Smart AgriculturalPractices ( US $ 163 . 8 millionequivalent , of which IDA Post Least CostSelection Open - National 18 , 121 . 30 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-06-07 2021-06-12 2021-06-26 2021-07-01 2021-07-15 2021-07-27 2021-08-08 2021-10-07 < br > North African leaf vegetable US $ 150 . 0 million eq uivalent ) < br > project < br > KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY-245941-CS-CQS / consultancy services forProducer Organization groups IDA / V0320 Component 1 : UpscalingClimate-Smart AgriculturalPractices ( US $ 163 . 8 millionequivalent , of which IDAUS $ 150 . 0 million eq uivalent ) Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-10-11 2021-10-12 2021-11-25 2021-12-09 2022-01", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 912, "text": "environmental andhydrological social impactsurvey report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impose distinct legal conditions under which use of each can be permitted . While all three require evidence of injury to the domestic , import-competing industry , antidumping also requires evidence that this was caused by low-priced ( ‘ dumped ’ ) imports , countervailing duties require evidence that this was caused by foreign-government subsidized imports , and safeguards require evidence that injury was caused by an unexpected import surge . < sup > 48 < / sup > Overall , according to metrics such as frequency of use and import coverage , the most empirically important of the policies is antidumping . Nevertheless , safeguards use has been important for certain countries and especially during certain periods , and there is also some evidence that countervailing duty use may be increasing for some countries over time . The data on TTBs is sufficiently comprehensive - at least relative to the other border policies we examine in Section 3 - that we are also able to present measures that illustrate policy variation and thus which can address some of our chapter ’ s main questions . < sup > 49 < / sup > > 47More recent research has utilized these data for other purposes , including studies such as Broda , Lim ̃ ao and Weinstein ( 2008 ) and Blanchard , Bown and Johnson ( 2016 ) ) , so as to validate their primary results ( that focus on determinants of applied tariffs ) with empirical analysis of other border barriers . > 48For a comprehensive survey of economics research on antidumping , see Blonigen and Prusa ( forthcoming ) ; on countervailing duties and subsidies , see Lee ( forthcoming ) ; and on safeguards , see Beshkar and Bond ( forthcoming ) . > 49The empirical analysis in this section updates and extends much of the information initially presented in 28", "spans": [{"start": 838, "end": 850, "text": "data on TTBs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA # # THIRD FORESTRY PROJECT # # Forest Department Expenditure Projections ( December 1981 - KSh ' 000 ) | Without Projec | t3 / | | | With P < br > | roject < br > - - < br > | - - - - - - - - - - < br > | - - - - - - - - - < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | All < br > years | Personnel Costs | 1981 / 82 | 1982 / 83 | 1983 / 84 | 1984 / 85 | 1985 / 86 | 1986 / 87 | | 155 , 000 < br > - | Personnel emoluments 1 / < br > ( including housing and < br > other allowances ) < br > Tecniical assistance and < br > training | 165 , 000 < br > 2 , 000 | 170 , 000 < br > 5 , 000 | 165 , 000 < br > 4 , 000 | 160 , 000 < br > 4 , 000 | 152 , 000 < br > 2 , 000 | 152 , 000 | | 155 , 000 | Subtotal | 167 , 000 | 175 , 000 | 169 , 000 | 164 , 000 | 154 , 000 | 152 , 000 | | 22 , 000 | 0 & M Costs 2 / | 38 , 000 | 55 , 000 | 59 , 000 | 61 , 000 | 61 , 000 | 42 , 000 | | | Capital Costs | | | | | | | | 8 , 000 | Equipment and transport | 23 , 000 | 30 , 000 | 24 , 000 | 24 , 000 | 16 , 000 | 16 , 000 | | 16 , 000 | Building and staff housing | 21 , 000 | 21 , 000 | 21 , 000 | 21 , 000 | 21 ,", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 78, "text": "Forest Department Expenditure Projections", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . 10 . Case 2 : Construction of Bypass Road in a Tsunami-Prone Area The second case project is another bypass road intended to reduce travel time and provide an alternative route to avoid a tsunami-prone area ( see Figure 9 ) . The existing National Highway No . 42 runs through the nearby coastal area along the Pacific Ocean , which is characterized by steep slopes and serves as the only primary route available to connect cities along the coastal area . If the existing highway is disrupted , there is no alternative route available for the coastal cities it serves . This road section is exposed to the high possibility of a tsunami caused by the Nankai Trough Earthquake which is expected to occur in the next few decades . The proposed bypass runs outside the tsunami-prone area , and , therefore , works as the alternative route during disruption of the existing national highway . Most residents live along the existing national highway and would lose access to the major hospital if the road is obstructed . Therefore , even with the bypass , the population suffering due to the tsunami would remain the same . However , the critical impact of the bypass would be on the recovery time since it allows for additional points to start road clearance work . # # Indicator Data Table 2 lists the data in Case 2 . The economic loss calculations required knowing the traffic volume of the ordinary and disrupted states between the representative O-D pair ( KamitondaKushimoto ) . The existing national highway is the only primary route connecting towns in the coastal area . If the existing highway is disrupted , the only available detour is a secondary route including narrow roads in the mountainous area . While it usually takes 60 minutes between Kamitonda and Kushimoto under the ordinary state , the disruption of the highway would result in a 119-minute travel time . The bypass consists mostly of tunnels and runs through areas away from the coast and hence , is free from the risk of a tsunami . The travel time between 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "flooding are expected to have a lower price tag than equivalent properties not exposed to flooding . This price discount can be interpreted as the welfare cost of flood exposure , or in other words the willingness to pay to avoid flooding . Numerous studies which focus on high - or middle - income countries use hedonic price models to calculate the property price discount for location in an area exposed to flooding . < sup > 1 < / sup > This study is one of very few analyses of the relationship between flooding risk and rents in low - and lower-middle income countries . Meta-analysis of 37 published papers and 364 point estimates shows that all of them focus high-income countries , mainly the United States ( Beltr ́ an et al . , 2018 ) . These metaregressions show that properties located in flood plains which suffer from inland flooding are 4 . 6 percent cheaper on average than a similar property not exposed to flood risk . However , the effects of flooding on property prices in the 37 papers studied by Beltr ́ an et al . ( 2018 ) vary between a 75 . 5 discount to a 61 percent price premium . Thus , their study finds very high levels of heterogeneity between the effects of flooding on property prices even in an efficient housing market . Examples of studies of the relationship between the housing market and flooding in upper-middleincome economies include Rabassa and Zoloa ( 2016 ) , and Alvarez and Resosudarmo < sup > ́ < / sup > ( 2019 ) who study La Plata , Argentina , and Jakarta , Indonesia respectively . Rabassa and Zoloa ( 2016 ) estimate the benefits of a new hydraulic infrastructure based on estimation of the willingness to pay to avoid flood exposure using data on real estate prices and a flood risks map . They find that flood plain areas have a 3 . 5 percent price discount compared to other areas , and that this discount can be five times higher in areas of higher flood risk and less resilience . ́ Alvarez and Resosudarmo ( 2019 ) measure the correlation between the water level of floods in Jakarta in 2007 and housing rental", "spans": [{"start": 1695, "end": 1721, "text": "data on real estate prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1728, "end": 1743, "text": "flood risks map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Projected crop losses by 2040 b . Projected crop losses by 2100 < br > } < br > / < br > ecce € . Se | < br > S3 fh Nf < br > a a Ls < br > = “ = vegetables ¢ ? — = A / “ = vegetables < br > S 2 re ! ~ mot é , ° — — ~ f f ~ rots < br > 6 . 3 = yy < br > & < a ) Vv ~ cereals z A ie = < br > a . | ~ cits & i . J ~ of < br > c ° 4 : i co 7 . < br > 1 < br > 5 = : — — ~ pulses ; 1 . ‘ ' ° ~ pulses < br > r ) 0 < br > SSP1 SSP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5 SSP1 S $ SP2 SSP3 SSP4 SSP5 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 69, "text": "Projected crop losses by 2040", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 74, "end": 103, "text": "Projected crop losses by 2100", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * # * * | * * Type * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Loss / Impact * * | * * Category of Affected * * < br > * * Person * * | * * Description of Entitlements * * | * * Eligibility * * | * * Livelihood * * < br > * * Restorative * * < br > * * Entitlement * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Compensation for loss of income for the < br > period of the time required to re - < br > establish the business elsewhere : 3 - 6 < br > months ’ income ( or longer if justified ) < br > 3 months ’ written notice to vacate the < br > project area . < br > Assistance with transport for their < br > property and salvaged properties during < br > resettlement for all PAHs who will be < br > physically displaced < br > Any other transitional costs such as < br > extended storage , lost wages , deposits < br > and transaction fees , etc . | receipt has to be provided . < br > PAP must provide proof of < br > business income generation < br > at the affected structure and < br > by the related business < br > carried out at the structure < br > through business records < br > In the absence of business < br > records to proof business < br > income , the value of the < br > affected business will be < br > determined < br > through < br > observations < br > and < br > interviews among other < br > methodologies < br > done < br > by < br > NLC / Registered Valuers | Monitoring mechanism at main < br > stages of resettlement <", "spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1096, "text": "business records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Dating of crisis periods is not straightforward , however . One approach is to let the data on exchange market pressure ( the sum of exchange rate changes and reserve changes , appropriately weighted ) identify crisis periods . A recent application is Kaminsky ( 2003 ) , and we use the crisis dates she identifies ( Kaminsky , 2003 , table 2 ) , but instead of assuming that the duration of each crisis is 24 months , we use a much smaller window , six months following the crisis date in her list — except for Argentina . In practice , the period of very high spreads has been limited to a few months , when a resolution has been in sight . Argentina ’ s 2002 default is an exception , and we make the crisis dummy continue to the end of our sample . We also add the Russian crisis , starting in August 1998 , since Russia is not in her sample . # * * IV . Estimation Results * * We first describe the long-run ( static ) regressions of the log of spreads on both push and pull factors . Of especial interest is the relative importance of the two sets , and evidence of non-linearity in the relationship . Table 1 gives the coefficient estimates , with the sample divided into crisis and non-crisis periods , with the latter dominating in our sample ( 1497 months versus only 54 crisis periods < sup > 14 < / sup > ) . Country specific variables seem to dominate US interest rates in influence over emerging market spreads . In particular , trade openness has a strong negative effect on spreads , which is plausible since more open countries are better able to adjust their > 14 As noted above , our choice of a small crisis window ( 6 months ) limits the number of crisis periods . In addition , our reliance on Kaminsky ( 2003 ) for the crisis dates no doubt misses some crises , since not all the countries in our sample are on her list . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are usually available for firms listed in stock exchanges across a wide set of economies , but not for unlisted firms that conduct issuances and constitute about 60 percent of all corporate bond issuers ( Table 1 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > As an alternative measure of size that is comparable across firms and covers the whole universe of issuers , we proxy firm size by the average amount raised per issuance , measured over all issuances per firm during 1990-2016 . To make sure that the average amount raised is a reasonable proxy for issuer size , we plot the average amount raised and the average assets ( also from SDC ) for listed firms . The scatter plot shows a high correlation between the two size variables ( Appendix Figure 1 , Panel A ) . Regressions of the log of average assets on the log of the average amount raised per issuance yield a point estimate of 0 . 99 , not statistically different from one but statistically different from zero . To the extent that a similar correlation exists for unlisted firms , the average amount raised should be a reasonable proxy for the analysis of issuer size . A comparison of the firm size distribution ( FSD ) of listed and unlisted bond issuers illustrates the importance of using a comprehensive and complete measure of firm size . Focusing on the bottom quantiles , the FSD of unlisted bond issuers lies to the left of the FSD of listed issuers , indicating that the smallest firms tapping bond markets are unlisted ( Appendix Figure 1 , Panel B ) . If we were to use assets from only listed firms , we would be disregarding the smallest bond issuers . To link capital raising issuances with firms ’ balance sheet and income statement data , we merge the transaction ‐ level data from SDC with financial statement information for publicly listed firms from Worldscope . Using these data , we could also check that our results on firm size are not specific to the proxy we use . We explored two alternative measures of firm size from the Worldscope data : total assets and net sales , taking the end-of-year values reported by firms", "spans": [{"start": 1713, "end": 1746, "text": "transaction ‐ level data from SDC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1995, "end": 2010, "text": "Worldscope data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". This approach was subsequently applied in World Bank ( 2007 ) to produce a regional price index based on the 2002 POF data , and is based on unit-value information provided in the POF survey on food items , as well as a hedonic model of rent . We re-apply the method here , but focus solely on urban areas and construct a Laspeyres price index that captures price differences across city-size categories ( and regions ) . Because of the limited sample size of even the unusually large POF household", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 192, "text": "POF survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> / YY the sale of industrial and commercial goods and services . They include government-owned and / or government-controlled companies . The government ’ s monitoring and reporting are focused on major NFPCs , which have government ownership of more than 50 percent of total equity , minimum annual sales of at least MYR100 million and / or significant impact to the economy ( Ministry of Finance Malaysia 2018 ) . 8 In a list of 21 countries with the highest shares of SOEs among their top 10 firms and which also have at least 10 firms on the Forbes Global 2000 list ( Kowalski et al . 2013 ) , Malaysia is ranked fifth . Among the top 10 countries on this list ( China , United Arab Emirates , the Russian Federation , India , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Indonesia , Brazil , Norway and Thailand ) , we calculate the median value for average over 2006-2015 as 7 percent . Our calculations also indicate that the baseline projection of 6 percent for Malaysia ’ s is slightly below the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile value for average over 2006-2015 ( 6 . 8 percent ) of high-income fuel-based economies ( fuel exports / merchandise exports > 15 percent ) . II < sup > GG < / sup > / YY II < sup > GG < / sup > / YY 9 II < sup > GG < / sup > / YY", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 570, "text": "Forbes Global 2000 list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Chapter 2 * * of the ESMF outlines the methodology that was used in undertaking and developing this framework . - Detailed and comprehensive environmental and social baseline data which provide the environmental and social management process with key baseline information when identifying adverse impacts is found in * * chapter 3 * * . The information contains data on Kenya ’ s bio-physical environmental features such as its , climate , hydrology in terms of ground and surface water resources , major and sensitive wetlands , flora and fauna . On social baselines the report discusses the main features of Kenya in terms of demographics , public health features , education , water and sanitation and poverty . - * * Chapter 4 * * presents a description of the administrative , policy and regulatory framework related to environmental concerns in Kenya . - A review of the World Banks Safeguards Policies is made in chapter 5 . The triggered policies are : - Environmental Assessment ( OP4 . 01 , BP 4 . 01 , GP 4 . 01 ) - Involuntary Resettlement ( OP / BP 4 . 12 ) - Natural Habitats ( OP 4 . 04 , BP 4 . 04 , GP 4 . 04 ) - Forestry ( OP 4 . 36 , GP 4 . 36 ) may apply - Projects Implemented on International Waterways ( OP / BP 7 . 50 ) - Dam Safety OP / 4 . 73 - Indigenous People OP / BP 4 . 0 Potential adverse environmental and social concerns and impacts from anticipated project activities have been identified and presented in detail in * * chapter 6 * * in a generic format . A monitoring plan for the mitigation measure is in the same chapter . * * Chapters 7 and 8 * * highlight the project coordination and implementation agreements , approvals and reporting . The ESMF report is organized as follows : - Acronyms and abbreviations - Executive summary - Chapter 1-Introduction Chapter and description of the proposed project - Chapter 2-Study Methodology and consultation - Chapter 3-Baseline information - Chapter 4-Description of", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 185, "text": "environmental and social baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "06 ) | | PNB Index_ Public Space * * ( * * α ) | | - 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | - 0 . 03 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | | SNE Index_ Public Space # < br > Madheshi * * ( * * β ) | | - 0 . 12 * * * < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | - 0 . 13 * * * ( 0 . 04 ) | | SNE Index_ Public Space * * ( * * α ) | | 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 03 ) | 0 . 02 < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | Madheshi | - 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 13 ) | - 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 07 ) | 0 . 05 < br > ( 0 . 13 ) | | Obs . | 2 , 000 | 2 , 000 | 2 , 000 | | Adjusted R2 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 03 | | Controls | YES | YES | YES | | Regional FE | YES | YES | YES | _Notes : _ ( 1 ) Controls include a binary variable for belonging to the Madheshi ethnic group , respondents ’ age , years of education , having children younger than 5 years , log of household ’ s total income , at least one among mother-in-law or father-in-law living in the household , being a migrant household , living in an urban area , and provinces . ( 2 ) Interaction term ( β ) can be interpreted as the difference between the two subgroups ( in this case , Madheshi vs Madheshi respondents ) in the association between conservative beliefs and women ’ s paid work status . If the interaction term is negative and statistically significant , it means that the association is stronger for Madheshi compared to non-Madheshi respondents . If the interaction term is positive and statistically significant , the association is stronger for non-Madheshi compared to Madheshi respondents . 49", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DLI . < br > Based on the County visits and the 3 < sup > rd < / sup > < br > ISM , these numbers could reduce . < br > Counties will submit results to the < br > SDWS / PMU by 30 < sup > th < / sup > April 2025 . | < br > 42 , 257 < br > households in < br > 19 counties | 820 , 000 < br > households in 17 < br > counties . < br > 179 , 999 < br > households in 2 < br > refugee counties | | * * DLI 4 / 10 . 2 : * * Number of < br > households < br > provided < br > with access to improved < br > sanitation services | Counties < br > have < br > submitted < br > 38 , 894 < br > households as having accessed improved < br > sanitation services . This number is likely < br > to reduce . Counties will submit results to < br > the SDWS / PMU by 30 < sup > th < / sup > April 2025 . | 38 , 894 < br > households | 820 , 000 < br > households . < br > 179 , 999 < br > households in 2 < br > refugee counties | | * * DLI 3 / 11 : * * Number of < br > sustainably functioning < br > water schemes | There is no expectation of results to be < br > submitted during the first year of < br > verification | - | 1 , 000 water < br > schemes in 17 < br > counties . < br > 200 water schemes < br > in 2 refugee < br > counties . | | * * DLI 5 / 12 : * * Number of < br > villages achieving ODF < br > and community wide < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ # # # * * 6 . ENTITLEMENTS AND VALUATION METHODS * * # # # * * 6 . 1 . Specific Compensation Components * * The RAP study of the three project lines has established the project impacts through the valuation of affected properties after the survey was completed . However , it is worth noting that REA only compensates for Crops and Trees which fall in required way leaves of the power line unless the if the plot is small and the pole support strings occupy all of it then the owner is compensated for that land . # # # * * _Determination of Crop Compensation Rates_ * * Prevailing prices for cash crops would have to be determined . Each type of crop is to be compensated for , using the same rate . This rate should incorporate the value for the crop and the value for the labor to be invested in preparing new land . # # # * * _Compensation Rates for Labour_ * * The value of labor invested in preparing agricultural land will be compensated for at the average wage in the community for the same period of time . The labor cost for preparing replacement land is calculated on what it would cost a farmer to create a replacement farmland . # # # * * _Compensation for Horticultural , Floricultural and Fruit trees_ * * Given their significance to the local subsistence economy , fruit trees will be compensated on a combined replacement value . Fruit trees commonly used for commercial purposes in Uganda will be compensated at replacement value based on historical production statistics . # # # * * _Compensation for Public Trees managed by National Forestry Authority_ * * Power lines usually pass through planted forests by NFA and compensation will be for the trees destroyed . NFA will define areas where REA will support replanting of trees under the management of NFA based on the compensation for", "spans": [{"start": 1543, "end": 1575, "text": "historical production statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 11 - pastoralists . Both centers have relinquished some of their former research sites or land area , and are now seeking to reassess their future programs , but the field of livestock and range research requires greater focus and coordination . 39 . With regard to * * natural r esources management , * * particularly , soil and water management , KARI has tested several soil conservation and water harvesting techniques and developed low cost soil fertility maintenance and improvement products and recommendations for managing acidic soils . KARI has determined fertilizer response ( nitrogen , phosphorus , potassium , and farmyard manure ) under a variety of local conditions and generated a series of recommendations for extension . KARI also provides important analytical and advisory services on soil and plant management , fertilizer quality , and animal feed . The Fertilizer Use Recommendation Project ( FURP ) implemented for several years by researchers in farmers ' fields at 71 sites in 31 districts has established a solid base to predict crop responses to NPK and farmyard manure , and to develop useful extension recommendations . In the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ( ASAL ) , different soil and water management practices and their effect on agricultural production were investigated ; soil \" pitting \" and \" tied \" ridges were found to be effective for water conservation and are being adopted in several areas . Research on the longterm impact of land-use systems in important agro-ecological zones established the effectiveness of several low-cost sustainable soil fertility management strategies . # # * * H . FUTURE OPERATIONS * * 40 . NARP I was seen as the initial time slice of a fifteen-year development program . Follow-up assistance by IDA is envisaged through a second-phase project , whose preparation is now virtually complete . Bilateral assistance is planned to continue and Govemment is also expected to confirm the availability of adequate funding for the follow-on project . Donors and the private sector are expected to contribute some US $ I 10 million ( of which the IDA Credit", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We include these targeting category dummy variables as instrumental variables for household receipt of aid , omitting the correct inclusion , poor district dummy under shocks and the correct exclusion , non-poor district under no shocks . * * Table 3 : Targeting Categories and Errors in 2016 * * | | * * IH * * < br > | * * PS * * | * * FI * * < br > | * * AS * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | # Obs | Percent | # Obs | Percent | | * * Shock Occurred * * | 1003 | | 569 | | | Moderate + distribution , poor district | 351 | 35 % | 293 | 51 % | | Limited distribution , non-poor district | 232 | 23 % | 71 | 12 % | | Moderate + distribution , non-poor district | 229 | 23 % | 149 | 26 % | | Limited distribution , poor district | 191 | 19 % | 56 | 10 % | | * * Shock Did Not Occur * * | 1504 | | 383 | | | No distribution , non-poor district | 552 | 37 % | 16 | 4 % | | No distribution , poor district | 262 | 17 % | 52 | 14 % | | Positive distribution , poor district | 456 | 30 % | 244 | 64 % | | Positive distribution , non-poor district | 234 | 16 % | 71 | 19 % | # * * 4 . 2 . Instrumental Variables , Zero Stage Results * * Table 4 presents select coefficient results from the zero stage BRGLMs for the IHPS sample and using the current period shock specification . < sup > 20 < / sup > The second column gives results for the probability that a household receives aid ( Aid ) , while the third column gives results for the probability of receiving aid when a shock occurred ( Aid * Shock ) . We first note that experiencing a weather shock increases the probability of receiving aid and receiving", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "53 # Table 11 : Topical distribution of the most-cited 50 publications of the top four countries | | Canada | Netherlands | United Kingdom | United States | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Health and its value | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | | Efficiency and equity | 2 | 16 | 9 | 3 | | Determinants of health and ill-health | 5 | 3 | 4 | 12 | | Public health | 2 | | | 4 | | Health and the economy | 6 | 4 | 2 | 7 | | Health statistics and econometrics | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | | Demand for health and health care | 4 | | 1 | 3 | | Medical insurance | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | | Supply of health services | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | | Human resources | 2 | 1 | | 2 | | Markets in health care | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | | Economic evaluation | 10 | 10 | 17 | 1 | | _Total_ | _46_ | _49_ | _47_ | _49_ | | Normalized Herfindahl index | 0 . 100 | 0 . 163 | 0 . 185 | 0 . 113 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication , but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions . Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution , so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University . As explained in the text , only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating . Institutions were", "spans": [{"start": 872, "end": 916, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 942, "end": 970, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MAY 2025 # ROADMAP FOR THE INCLUSION OF REFUGEE CHILDREN IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA # # OVERVIEW The Republic of Moldova ’ s Ministry of Education and Research ( MER ) in collaboration with the Refugee Education Working Group < sup > 1 < / sup > co-chairs , UNICEF and UNHCR , has developed a comprehensive roadmap whose goal is to facilitate the inclusion of all refugee children in the country in its education system by the end of 2026 . With the war in Ukraine extending into its fourth academic year , only a fraction of the estimated 25 , 000 refugee children ( including nearly 10 , 000 pre-school and 15 , 500 school-age ) are currently enrolled in Moldovan schools . The large number of children studying outside of a school setting poses risks such as academic underachievement , social isolation , and increased vulnerability to protection risks . The Roadmap outlines coordinated actions to support refugee children and , in parallel , strengthen Moldova ’ s educational system to benefit all children in the country . # # REMAINING CHALLENGES IN REFUGEE EDUCATION * * Enrollment gaps : * * Approximately 21 , 500 refugee children remain outside the Moldovan formal education system ( either studying online or possibly not at all ) , widening existing educational disparities . * * Language and curriculum barriers : * * Differences between Ukrainian and Moldovan instructional systems and Romanian language barriers hinder effective integration and academic progress . * * Funding deficits : * * Current MER funding from the government budget is insufficient to meet the education needs of all refugee students in the country . Increased enrollment , without complementary funding , may negatively impact both refugee and Moldovan students . * * Infrastructure needs : * * Schools , especially in high-refugee-density regions , require upgrades and additional resources ( classroom equipment , technology , and personnel ) to accommodate additional children . * * Current funding formulas constraints : * * Funding formulas based on older enrollment data cause delays in financial responses , thereby", "spans": [{"start": 2077, "end": 2092, "text": "enrollment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", water and sanitation , and power supply ) . About 8 . 2 % of persons aged 18 years and above are illiterate and 32 . 1 persons 60 years and above are illiterate . * * _Bukomasimbi : _ Table 37 * * includes data on the number of primary and secondary schools in the district by category of ownership . * * Table 37 : * * * * _Number of Primary Schools by Ownership in Bukomasimbi District_ * * | * * Primary * * | * * Ownership * * | * * Number of schools * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Gov ’ t Aided | 73 | | | Private | 89 | | | Total | 162 | | * * Secondary * * | * * Ownership * * | * * Number of schools * * | 186", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 259, "text": "data on the number of primary and secondary schools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| a . Child development workers are found in ECD program areas only ( see text ) . n . a . not applicable to this provider type . _Source_ : OPS ( 2005 ) . The program has also significantly increased several primary health care and other services designed to promote ECD . Table 3 shows the percentage of municipalities that had functioning elements of various ECD-related services in the first round and the latest available round depending on whether they are in program or non-program regions . This table omits many of the programs listed in Appendix A , because these services were present in all municipalities in Round 1 and Round 3 , but received important upgrades of equipment , training and supplies in program areas . Between the baseline and latest round , there is a clear positive trend in the spread of functioning feeding programs , parent education programs , and home-based day care in program areas that is either not observed or not as strong in non-program areas . * * Table 3 . Percentage of Municipalities with ECD-related Programs by Program Regions and * * * * < u > Survey Round , Philippines ECD Study < / u > * * | Type of Program < br > Program Areas | Non-Program Areas | | - - - | - - - | | _Feeding Programs_ | | | Round 1 < br > 32 . 3 | 28 . 1 | | Round 3 < br > 69 . 4 | 38 . 6 | | _Parent Education / Effectiveness Seminars_ | | | Round 1 < br > 77 . 4 | 68 . 4 | | Round 3 < br > 100 . 0 | 63 . 2 | | _Home-Based Day Care_ | | | Round 1 < br > 16 . 1 | 8 . 8 | | Round 3 < br > 44 . 4 | 0 | | _Number of Municipalities_ | | | Round 1 < br > 31 | 57 | | Round 3 < br > 36 | 57 | _Source_ : Calculated based on data shown in OPS ( 2005 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1109, "end": 1130, "text": "Philippines ECD Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of < br > statistical calendar - Consultancy service on whatshould be the content of the IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 74 , 956 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-02-26 2020-03-30 2020-04-24 2020-05-22 2020-06-21 2020-07-13 2020-08-04 2021-08-04 < br > statistical calendar , its < br > revision and feedback < br > procedure both from the < br > producers and users . < br > ET-CSA-155440-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment of < br > consultancy service providing < br > firm for Revision of Statistics < br > law - Consultancy service onwhat should be the content IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 58 , 223 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-05 2020-04-03 2020-05-07 2020-06-04 2020-07-04 2020-08-08 2020-08-22 2021-08-22 < br > and proposed structure of the < br > new statistics law based on < br > the Un Fundamental Principles < br > and African Charter of < br > ET-CSA-156235-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Trade in Service Survey - < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues ofquestionnaire development , IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 308 , 674 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > testing , sample design , < br", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1061, "text": "Trade in Service Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contingencies averaging about 9 percent have been applied to the base cost . Price contingencies total about 20 percent of the base cost plus physical contingencies . Price contingencies for local costs have been estimated at 8 percent for 1984 , 9 percent for 1985 , and 10 percent for 1986 and thereafter . For foreign costs , they have been estimated at 3 . 5 percent for 1984 , 8 percent for 1985 , 9 percent for 1986-1988 , and 7 . 5 percent for 1989 . 60 . An advance of US $ 410 , 000 under the Project Preparation Facility ( PPF ) has been approved by the Association to help expedite project start-up , and is being used to finance consultant services and technical assistance services to begin preparation of architectural designs and equipment lists , to strengthen the management and procurement capabilities of the EMPDA , and to carry out a transmitter field strength survey . 61 . The proposed IDA credit of SDR 67 . 3 millin ( US $ 70 . 0 million equivalent ) will finance about 72 percent of the total project cost , net of taxes and duties , including the foreign exchange costs and about US $ 14 . 3 million equivalent ( 34 percent ) of the local costs . The Gover , ment will finance US $ 27 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 855, "end": 888, "text": "transmitter field strength survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Country / Organisation : * * < br > * * Project / Programme : * * | Uganda < br > MSI | | | | | | * * Procuremen * * | * * t Plan-Non - * * < br > | * * Consulting Se * * < br > | * * rvices * * < br > If Post-Review , No < br > | - objection Dates are | not needed | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Loan # : * * | | < br > * * BAS * * | * * IC DATA * * | | | * * Plan vs . * * < br > | * * Initiate Prepa - * * < br > * * ration Bid * * | < br > * * Draft Bid Doc * * < br > * * specs and quan * * | * * ments , including * * < br > * * tities , draft SPN * * | * * Spec Proc Notice * * < br > * * Advert * * < br > < br > | * * Bidding Period * * | | * * Bid Ev * * | * * aluation * * | | | * * Description * * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Reference # * * < br > | * * Estimated * * < br > * * Amount * * < br > * * in US $ ’ 000 * * < br > | * * Procurement * * < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor market effects from import competition differing from those of GVC participation . While the former type of trade directly competes with domestic production over consumer demand , the latter emphasizes the role of imported inputs for export production . Given that over half of international trade happens within the boundaries of GVCs ( World Bank 2020 ) , it is critical to not only focus on exports and imports , but also assess the role of GVC participation for labor market outcomes . In addition , renewed attention has been devoted to assessing the role of technology versus trade as both can create and destroy jobs . In a world characterized by GVCs , the trade and technology nexus is increasingly merged , as producers play off trade , investment , and technology to maximize profits ( Farole et al . 2018 ) . Drawing on novel datasets with a good coverage of developing countries , this paper re-visits the relationship between trade and jobs across countries at the level of sectors and activities . This study reexamines the relationship between trade and jobs both indirectly , i . e . , through econometric analysis applying an instrumental variables ( IV ) approach , and directly relying on new employment , income and input-output data that allow to characterize changing jobs and job specializations in exports . The combination of these methodologies and different datasets not only allows us to address endogeneity concerns , but also to provide new insights into the various trade and labor relationships , in particular ( i ) how the type of trade shapes within-sector job creation , ( ii ) how exports create employment directly in the export sector and indirectly in its supplying sectors , and ( iii ) which job activities embodied in exports are performed across countries , sectors , and occupations . Importantly , the analysis aims to disentangle some of the complexities characterizing trade-and-jobs relationships , in particular the role of different types of trade , sectors , activities , and labor market > 5 At the firm level , evidence for LMICs is less ambiguous , suggesting a positive association between a firm ’ s trading status ( especially GVC participation ) and employment . While the positive link between exporting", "spans": [{"start": 1219, "end": 1260, "text": "employment , income and input-output data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "‘ back on the agenda . ’ Internal displacement from conflict alone topped forty million in 2017 < sup > 3 < / sup > with tens of millions more impacted by disaster and climate change related displacement . With the twentieth anniversary of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement in 2018 , NGOs will engage with UNHCR and other relevant actors to encourage protection and solutions for Internally Displaced Persons ( IDPs ) to remain a top global strategic priority . Finally  as was echoed repeatedly at the Consultations  it is critical to shift the narrative around women , youth and children ; they are the majority of the forcibly displaced , not just vulnerable groups . As we move to make ‘ leave no one behind ’ a reality of the 2030 Agenda , we must do so in ways that put women and children at the centre of refugee response . This must include whole-of-society approaches where women and youth are empowered to be decision makers and leaders . > 1 The Rapporteur ’ s discussion paper on burdenand responsibility-sharing is available at < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / enus / events / conferences / 596329e57 / 2017-ngo-rapporteurs-discussion-paper-past-current-burden-sharing-arrangements . html < / u > It also references ten NGO papers that were shared at the Annual Consultations . > 2 See : http : / / www . unhcr . org / 2017-annual-consultations-with-ngos > 3 GRID Report 2017 , < u > http : / / www . internal-displacement . org / global-report / grid2017 / < / u > Report 2017 ● UNHCR Annual Consultations with NGOs * * 3 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1392, "end": 1408, "text": "GRID Report 2017", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Households with uneducated heads are significantly more likely to be poor or vulnerable . Middle class households appear to be generally further away from agricultural employment and the likelihood of being in the middle class is highest among Nepalis who are in salaried professional employment or in other forms of self-employed services . Vulnerability on the other hand is highest among those self-employed in agriculture and service sector employment , most likely in blue collar occupations . ( See Figure 7 . ) Overall , poverty and vulnerability are highest among households deriving their livelihoods from wage employment in agriculture . Among the various caste / ethnic groups , middle class prevalence is highest among Newars , followed by Brahmin / Chhetris and Hill Janajati groups . Dalits have the lowest middle class prevalence . Vulnerability on the other hand is highest for Muslims and other minorities , Terai Janajatis and Terai Middle Castes and lowest among Newars . ( See Figure 8 . ) * * Figure 7 : Distribution of the Poor , Vulnerable and the Middle Class in 2011 by Education and Occupation of the Household Head * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > Agri Self 35 49 15 < br > Servi . Self 21 30 42 < br > Agri Employ 58 38 3 < br > Professional Employ 8 31 54 < br > Other services Employ 33 46 20 < br > 0 < br > No schooling 42 46 12 < br > 11 + years of schooling 7 29 57 < br > Poor Vulnerable Middle class Upper class < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank staff estimates based on data from three rounds of NLSS data for 1995 / 96 , 2003 / 04 and 2010 / 11 * * Figure 8 : Distribution of the Poor , Vulnerable and the Middle Class in 2011 by Household Head Caste and Ethnicity * * 13", "spans": [{"start": 1629, "end": 1638, "text": "NLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Recent estimates indicate a rapid decline in poverty in India . The Government of India ’ s Planning Commission ( 2013 ) estimates the annual average decline in poverty to be 2 . 2 percent between 2004 / 05 and 2011 / 12 — from a poverty headcount ratio of 37 . 2 percent to 21 . 9 percent . While there were hints of acceleration in poverty reduction between 1993 / 94 and 2004 / 05 , the next seven years significantly stepped up in pace . The poverty headcount rate fell at an average annual rate of 1 . 5 percentage points between 2004 / 05 and 2009 / 10 and at nearly 4 percentage points per year between 2009 / 10 and 2011 / 12 . < sup > 2 < / sup > There are many possible drivers of falling poverty over this period . There is evidence of a stronger feedback effect from urban economic growth to rural poverty reduction ( Datt , Ravallion , and Murgai , 2015 ) , consistent with growing linkages — through trade , migration , and transfers — between rural and urban areas ( see also United Nations , 2011 ) . Deininger and Liu ( 2013 ) find evidence that implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) since 2006 has significantly increased consumption and accumulation of financial assets . Sen and Himanshu ( 2013 ) point to the role of the Public Distribution System ( PDS ) as a major contributor to poverty decline . And Dang and Lanjouw ( 2015 ) find that more education , salaried work and social capital contribute to upward mobility during this period . In this paper , we examine the relative contributions of different sources — at the household level — to poverty reduction in India during the latter part of the decade of the 2000s . We use panel data from the nationally representative India Human Development Survey ( IHDS ) for 2005 and 2012 . Poverty rates estimated from this survey using a similar welfare standard ( consumption levels below official poverty lines ) as in the NSS ( National Sample Survey , on which official poverty estimates are", "spans": [{"start": 1777, "end": 1807, "text": "India Human Development Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Impact * * < br > * * Description * * | * * Proposed Mitigation Measures * * | * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicators * * | * * Responsible * * < br > * * Parties * * | * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Frequency * * | * * Budget * * < br > * * required / yr , * * < br > * * monitoring ETB * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | and stalking , including reporting requirements and < br > options , < br > ● < br > Conduct continued sensitization and awareness raising to < br > VMF staff on the prevention of GBV , < br > ● < br > Strengthen the Gender and women office of MOH to < br > address GBV cases when it occurs , < br > ● < br > On-going prevention training for staff ; and < br > ● < br > Provision of gender-disaggregated data , separate bathing , < br > changing , sanitation facilities for men and women shall be < br > ready by institution < br > ● < br > Impose zero tolerance on sexual harassment , all forms of < br > gender-based violence and discrimination at all phases of < br > the project | Percentage of women < br > employed . < br > Availability < br > of < br > day < br > worktime limit . < br > Availability of training < br > attendance of the GBV < br > prevention and response < br > Availability < br > of < br > GBV < br > sensitive GRM | | | | | Community < br > Health < br > & < br > Safety < br > Concerns | • < br > Regular community engagement", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 763, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information about the partner across treatments , while Banuri and Eckel ( 2012c ) are interested in the level of nepotism across cultures . However , since the basis of the groups differs in both studies , they cannot be perfect comparisons . Nevertheless , we can draw a few insights from each of these studies . First , Fershtman et al . ( 2005 ) demonstrate the importance of groups at the micro-level when studying nepotism . Since both Belgium and Israeli societies are fairly individualistic at the aggregate level , group size or religiosity may be the driving factors behind their results . Furthermore , the US and Pakistan are farther apart on Hofstede ‟ s individualist-collectivist rankings , and on rule of law indices . The results ( greater levels of nepotism in Pakistan driven by risk aversion ) in light of this makes sense . Future > 21 Selecting a non-in-group member as partner in this game means that the trust amount sent is multiplied by 3 . Selecting an in-group member as partner means that the trust amount sent is multiplied by 2 . 5 . Thus , there is a 0 . 5X cost of selecting an in-group member as partner . > 22 By “ nepotist ” we mean subjects choosing to partner with their group members . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Reviewing the latest traffic < br > studies data | Review of traffic data < br > collected byKeNHA in 2021 | Traffic volumes in terms of AADT by vehicle < br > type , composition , trafficgrowth rates , etc . | | 4 | Performing economic < br > analysis | HDM-4 analysis , including < br > sensitivity analysis | Traffic projections , trends of road < br > deterioration , road works and costs , project < br > benefits , economic indicators , etc . | | 5 | Documenting the findings < br > in an Economic Analysis < br > Report | Report outline and write-up | Economic Analysis Report | # # * * Data Requirements * * 6 . The primary data sets required as inputs for HDM-4 analyses are categorized as follows : - ( a ) Road Network Data : include inventory , geometry , pavement type , pavement strength , road condition , etc . - ( b ) Climate Data : include details of moisture index , duration of the dry season ( months ) , mean monthly precipitation ( mm ) , mean temperature ( ° C ) , average temperature range ( ° C ) , no . of days with temperature exceeding T > 32 ° C , freeze index , etc . - ( c ) Traffic Data : include traffic composition , volumes and growth rates , speed-flow types , and traffic flow patterns . - ( d ) Vehicle Fleet Data : include physical vehicle characteristics , tires , utilization , loading , and performance . - ( e ) Road Works Data : include a range of construction and maintenance work items together with their unit costs . - ( f ) Economic Analysis components and parameters 7 . The sources of data used in this study includes the following : - ( a ) KeNHA Economic Re-Evaluation Report ( dated May 2021 ) - ( b ) Monthly Progress Reports for August 2021 - ( c ) Project Appraisal Document , PAD ( dated May 2015 ) - ( d", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 75, "text": "traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 719, "end": 736, "text": "Road Network Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 837, "end": 849, "text": "Climate Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1109, "end": 1121, "text": "Traffic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1236, "end": 1254, "text": "Vehicle Fleet Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1358, "end": 1373, "text": "Road Works Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1596, "end": 1631, "text": "KeNHA Economic Re-Evaluation Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1659, "end": 1699, "text": "Monthly Progress Reports for August 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1708, "end": 1740, "text": "Project Appraisal Document , PAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Next , we perform an analogous analysis for each IEA sub-region . The results from these exercises are presented in panels B to F . Nearly all sub-regions are expected to see an increase in FHD , with sub-regions like the Caribbean and Southern South America particularly hard hit . One notable exception is the Andean Region ( Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru ) , which is expected to see a reduction in the FHD of roughly 25 percent . Given the location of the Andean Region and the anticipated evolution of hydrological droughts , this result highlights the potential that cross-border trade may hold in mitigating drought-induced air pollution . In the second exercise , we project the evolution of premature deaths in LAC up to 2059 . Specifically , we extend the premature deaths counterfactual calculation presented in Section 4 . 1 but compute excess air pollution using the runoff projections from the climate models instead of the observed runoff . We also allow for demographic changes using the demographic projections of the SSPs . The SSPs do not include projections on the evolution of electricity generation . However , because we expect the retirement schedule of combustion power plants to have significant implications for this exercise , we include information on possible retirements of combustion power plants by taking advantage of the region ’ s IEA electricity generation scenarios and attaching the most closely aligned scenario to each SSP . For SSP1-2 . 6 , we use the Announced Pledges Scenario ( APS ) . This scenario is described in IEA ( 2023 ) and is consistent with an expected temperature rise of 1 . 7 _ ◦ _ C by 2100 . This scenario outlines how total electricity generation by fuel type will evolve if countries fully honor existing pledges . This scenario is optimistic as it does not mirror what governments are doing but rather governments ’ aspirations . In this scenario , gas , coal , and oil power generation are expected to decline , while bioenergy generation is expected to increase . For the exercise , we omit the increase in bioenergy generation ( no new plants are included ) and use the information on the decline in generation from coal , gas , and oil", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 922, "text": "runoff projections from the climate models", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1004, "end": 1039, "text": "demographic projections of the SSPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 186, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 422, "end": 445, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "even rate . The key assumptions were that in the project area 55 % of farmers would be contacted and 60 % of these farmers would adopt improved technologies , giving an adoption rate for all farmers of 33 % . Based on these parameters , as little as a 1 . 2 % increase in project area productivity would be sufficient to generate an incremental return of US $ 8 per adopting household and an aggregate 15 % IRR for the project . This level of increase was judged feasible . For the ICR , an _expost_ analysis of the same sort has been carried out using data from AEP surveys < sup > 6 < / sup > , other related study findings , and secondary data sources . Allowing for a multiplier effect , it was assumed for the purposes of the economic analysis here that directlycontacted farmers ( around 2-4 % of all farmers ) spread the information they received to their neighbors so that an estimated total of 8 % of all farmers gained awareness of the messages being disseminated by the AEP extension staff ( an assumption consistent with the beneficiary assessments of the program . The 8 % of farmers regularly becoming acquainted with FEWs ' messages was much lower than planned , and the adoption of improved technologies at 40 % was also lower . At these levels a productivity increase of 14 . 5 % , equating to an incremental return of US $ 97 per adopting farm household , would have been required to achieve an overall IRR of 15 % for the project . The feasibility of achieving the incremental production and increased farm household returns has been assessed using indicative enterprise budgets and farn household returns based on regional farming system models incorporating the improved technologies and practices extended by AEP . The models indicate that with farmers adopting four to six of the improved technologies for annual crops and bananas , the incremental return per household for the different regions ranged from US $ 23 to US $ 4 1 . These levels of household incremental return are inadequate for the project to generate", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 574, "text": "AEP surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distinguished between wet and dry season and are assessed using detailed farm surveys for more than 25 different crops ( and different varieties of these crops ) . Major staple crops to be produced are rice , sorghum and maize , followed by a large variety of other crops , including horticulture , such as onions , garlic tomatoes and pepper . # # * * 3 . Methodology and Data * * 11 . The farm models used in the analysis typify the ‘ average ’ farm in the Ribb and Megech project areas . Benefits and costs are computed from farm budgets which were collected as part of the feasibility studies . From the representative farm-models , the net benefits are then aggregated for the total net irrigation surface areas . The economic analysis computed net cash flows and average incremental incomes . The crop models are afterwards aggregated to obtain the global incremental project benefit , computed on a yearly basis over a horizon of 25 years using economic prices . Yearly aggregated benefits of the farm models of farms are finally related to total annual project costs . 12 . The analysis benefits from detailed price and household data collected in 2008 as part of the feasibility studies as well as efforts to reconcile baseline information obtained during appraisal in 2007 . The data collected under the feasibility analysis was supplemented by detailed field assessments of the two schemes , supported by a survey of more than 500 households ( currently being updated by another larger impact evaluation baseline survey ) . Financial prices were collected at the farm gate and economic conversion factors were calculated to obtain economic prices ( ranging from about 0 . 8 to 1 . 1 ) . Domestic price data has been selectively updated , using trends in food and non-food price developments for the Amhara region , as provided by CSA ( over the period mid-2007 to mid-2010 food and nonfood prices increased by almost similar levels of 71 percent ) . # # * * 4 . Results * * 13 . The calculations assume a project life of 25 years . The resulting economic rate of returns (", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 85, "text": "detailed farm surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1109, "end": 1142, "text": "detailed price and household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1418, "end": 1452, "text": "survey of more than 500 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1497, "end": 1530, "text": "impact evaluation baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1698, "end": 1717, "text": "Domestic price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strengthen the competitiveness of domestic companies and reduce imports of firms without foreign exchange earnings . Furthermore , with the price outlook for Robusta coffee , gold , maize , cotton and tobacco positive over the medium term , growth in exports are expected to exceed the growth in imports , particularly if in the downside scenario net FDI inflows remain muted and , thus , > 20 For example , the French oil company Total acquired Tullow ’ s oil interests in Uganda Lake Albert development project with a transaction of US $ 575 million . Under the terms of the deal , Total will acquire all of Tullow ’ s existing 33 . 3 percent stake in each of the Lake Albert project licenses EA1 , EA1A , EA2 and EA3A and the proposed EACOP System . In addition , conditional payments will be made to Tullow linked to production and oil price , which will be triggered when Brent prices are above US $ 62 / bbl . > 21 World Bank Commodities Price Forecast ( April 2020 ) . > 22 See World Bank , 2020 , Uganda - Oil Revenue Management – Closing Gaps in the Fiscal and Savings Frameworks to Maximize Benefits Page 19", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 958, "text": "World Bank Commodities Price Forecast", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "369 ) | | Crop suitability score | 1 . 251 * * | 0 . 996 * * | | | ( 0 . 583 ) | ( 0 . 443 ) | | N | 4 , 388 | 4 , 388 | | R2 | 0 . 54 | 0 . 60 | | Province FE | Y | Y | | Average of outcome | 4 . 19 | 7 . 05 | * * Notes . * * This table examines the determinants of the share of refugees in 1923 and 1928 and the change in the share of refugees between the two years across municipalities . The unit of analysis is the municipality as defined by the 1920 population census of the Kingdom of Greece . All specifications controls for province fixed effects and a set of municipal-level covariates , which comprises : log population density in 1920 ; dummy variables indicating whether the municipality was a city in 1920 and whether it is an island ; distances to railway network in 1920 , shoreline , and national borders ; altitude , mean annual precipitation and temperature , and crop suitability of the municipality . * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 10 , * * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , * * * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 . 41", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 473, "text": "1920 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "areas ( this < br > should be verified by perusal < br > of records in complaints log ) | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | Comprised in < br > above cost ( for < br > control of flying < br > debris ) | None | | 6 . 2 . 2 . 4 | * * Traffic accidents * * | | | | | | | | Ensure drivers respect < br > speed < br > limits < br > through < br > built areas and urban < br > centers . < br > No road accident by < br > project traffic | No accident occurs in each < br > month of construction < br > duration | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | Negligible | Contractor needs < br > speed awareness < br > through built areas < br > and urban areas |", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 85, "text": "records in complaints log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in one sitting prior to any plot visits . The only contact with these households was made during the time that the field teams returned to the EA for the post-harvest visit to the treatment households . At the conclusion of each interview , one maize plot was then selected at random , and the enumerator accompanied the farmer to the selected maize plot , whose area and plot outline was obtained using the handheld GPS device . This protocol mirrors the current interview flow in the household surveys that have been supported by the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture ( LSMS-ISA ) initiative , including the IHS5 for Malawi . Table A1 provides an overview of the fieldwork implementation timeline , and the distribution of interviews with treatment and control households over time . # * * 3 . NCME as a Window on Behavioral Anomalies * * NCME in self-reported plot areas has been widely reported ( e . g . , Carletto et al . , 2013 ; Carletto et al . , 2015 ; Dillon et al . , 2019 ; Abay et al . , 2019 ; Gourlay et al . , 2019 , Abay et al . 2021 ) . This analysis corroborates prior findings and allows us to make more nuanced observations and link these patterns to behavioral anomalies observed in the broader economics literature . These findings lay the foundation for section 4 ' s exploration of the causal impacts of providing objectively verifiable information that might resolve NCME . Table 1 reports the descriptive statistics for sampled households and plots . Most households are male-headed and literate with about three-quarters of them relying on farming as main source of livelihood . On average , the plots are half an acre while the average farm size is roughly 1 . 5 acres . Table 1 shows that the randomization worked . Most of the observable characteristics are balanced across the treatment and control groups , and we cannot reject the null hypothesis of jointly zero coefficients associated with the regressors in Table 1 . < sup > 9 < / sup > Most importantly , pre-treatment self-reported plot area appears to be statistically similar across the control and treatment group", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 503, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kiryandongo District * * lies at 3 , 514 ft elevation with modest variations in elevation . The maximum elevation variation is 190 feet . Within a radius of 10 miles the elevation variation is 453 feet while a radius of 50 miles contains variations in elevation of 2 , 697 feet . * * Kyegegwa District * * topography within 2 miles ’ radius contains significant variations in elevation , with a maximum elevation change of 492 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 4 , 464 feet . Within a radius of 10 miles , it contains significant variations in elevation ( 1 , 053 feet ) while within 50 miles contains very significant variations in elevation ( 3 , 934 feet ) . # # # # * * Annex 5 . 2 : Socioeconomic Environment * * # # # # * * Hoima District * * Hoima District is located in the mid-western region of Uganda . It shares boarders with Masindi and Buliisa Districts in the North , Kyankwazi District in the East , and Kibaale District in the South . The district stretches to the national boundary of DRC in the Western . The District Headquarters is situated at Hoima Municipal Council , a road distance of about 220 km from Kampala . It has risen to become a major destination for the country thought after investment following the discovery of crude oil . The district has a total area of 5 , 735 . 3km2 with a land area of 3 , 612 . 17km2 . The western border is completely covered by Lake Albert amounting to 2 , 123 . 13km2 of water . # # # # * * _Population_ * * According to population and housing census 2014 provisional results , Hoima District is among the most populated districts in Uganda , with total population was 573 , 903 persons , comprising of 49 . 95 % males ( 286 , 705 ) and 50 . 04 % females ( 287 , 198 ) . The findings show that the distribution of", "spans": [{"start": 1503, "end": 1537, "text": "population and housing census 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR1949 The World Bank | Indicator | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Value | Value | Value | | Comp 2 - % of LGs which are collecting property rates for at least 60 % < br > of the valuation rolls | 0 < br > Date < br > 12-Oct-2007 | 0 < br > Date < br > 23-Nov-2010 | To be provided by MoLG < br > Date < br > 31-Dec-2011 | | Type < br > Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator < br > Text | Due to delay in Effectiveness , < br > baseline information has been < br > updated from 2005 / 06 to 2007 / 08 . | Data being compiled | | | Indicator | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Indicator Name | Value | Value | Value | | Comp 2 - % of LLGs using the Harmonized Participatory Planning < br > Guide ( HPPG ) | 64 < br > Date | 98 % < br > Date | To be provided by MoLG < br > Date | | | 12-Oct-2007 | 23-Nov-2010 | 31-Dec-2011 | | Type < br > Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator < br > Text | Due to delay in Effectiveness , < br > baseline information has been < br > updated from 2005 / 06 to 2007 / 08 . | 984 out of 1006 lower LGs are < br > using the HPPG . | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 20-Dec-2010 ) Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decision-making . More generally , understanding the role of skills in agricultural decisions can be key to inform policy interventions that directly aim to improve skills , or the success of which could be conditional on the skills of the target population . Almund et al . ( 2011 ) suggests that different skills and personality traits might help predict different outcomes , with cognitive ability being more important for complex tasks , while > 3 Measures of risk aversion and time preferences , which have a longer history of use in developing country surveys , have received more scrutiny . > 4 While there is a literature in psychology regarding the validity of scales across cultures ( Benet-Martinez and John , 1998 ; John , Naumann , and Soto , 2008 ) , these studies typically focus on highly-educated populations in different countries , and often are limited to high or middle income settings . > 5 While explanatory factor analysis is used elsewhere in the economics literature on skills ( Cunha and Heckman , 2010 ; Heckman , Stixrud and Urzua , 2006 ) , we also build on insights from the psychometrics literature , such as for the corrections for acquiescence bias . > 6 Following McKenzie ( 2012 ) , in order to reduce the noise in the outcome variables , the measures of yield and practices are obtained from the average over the four seasons that followed the collection of skills data . 3", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 565, "text": "developing country surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1395, "end": 1406, "text": "skills data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We derive two main testable predictions , respectively related to non-tariff measures and to tariffs . Specifically , we show that NTMs applied in a non-discriminatory fashion – that is , in compliance with the WTO ’ s “ national treatment ” clause , whereby imported and domestically-produced products must be treated alike – raise market power and PTM for incumbents if they induce the exit of smaller firms , e . g . through higher fixed costs . < sup > 4 < / sup > Import tariffs , on the other hand , decrease the sales of incumbents but also induce the exit of small firms , leading to an ambiguous impact on market power . However , given their discriminatory nature , tariffs are more likely to displace foreign firms in favor of domestic ones , implying that the intensive margin effect dominates and in net tariffs reduce the market shares of exporters and thus their incentive to engage in PTM . < sup > 5 < / sup > We then test these predictions using a large multi-country firm-level data set obtained from customs administrations in twelve developing countries , ranging from low income to middle income . We combine the firm-level data with destination-product specific data on bilateral applied tariffs as well as non-tariff measures . The latter cover a wide range of measures ranging from sanitary and phytosanitary measures to technical barriers to trade . Pooling together firm-level data from several developing countries allows us to provide evidence on the extent of exchange rate pass-through for countries and regions that have received little attention so far . It also allows us to explore more systematically the impact of trade policy on competition and market power using a sample of countries facing different trade policy arrangements , in particular preferential tariffs . Importantly , the high dimensionality of the data enables us to account for unobserved heterogeneity and for a large set of confounding influences at the level of both the firm and the market using a powerful array of fixed effects . The fact that our unit of observation is the firm rather than the product or the country also implies that our estimates are unlikely to be driven by large firms , which is important given the", "spans": [{"start": 966, "end": 1005, "text": "large multi-country firm-level data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1393, "end": 1442, "text": "firm-level data from several developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and in North Macedonia those that received support had to retain workers for two additional months . In some countries salary subsidy schemes were complemented by development bank “ soft ” loans for paying salaries ; other countries offered support to cover social security contributions . Montenegro and Kosovo provided salary subsidies for newly registered employees in order to stimulate business and job formalization . * * Despite all these efforts , by June 2020 unemployment in the Western Balkans had risen * * ( Figures 3 . 1 and 3 . 2 ) . < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > Though 40 percent of all private sector employees in the Western Balkans ( 2 . 1 million ) were covered by wage subsidies , the average unemployment rate in June 2020 was an estimated 15 . 9 percent , up 0 . 5 pp from June 2019 , although Serbia had avoided a rise in unemployment . In North Macedonia , despite government support to protect the labor market ( see Box 3 . 1 ) , the unemployment rate was 16 . 7 percent , the first increase since 2011 . Although Serbia ’ s unemployment rate hit a record low of 7 . 3 percent in June , the decline was due to more inactivity rather than more employment ; the Serbian labor force had shrunk by 120 , 000 people , mostly from the destruction of informal jobs . * * In Q2 of 2020 close to 139 , 000 jobs were lost , half of them in Albania and Serbia . * * The drop > 1 See Western Balkans RER No . 17 , “ Coping with the Effects of COVID-19 in the Western Balkans : A firm-level Perspective . ” http : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 444031591289647448 / pdf / The-Economic-and-Social-Impact-of-COVID-19-PrivateSector . pdf > 2 The COVID-19 crisis caused delays in publication of Q2 labor force survey data for Kosovo and", "spans": [{"start": 1723, "end": 1749, "text": "Q2 labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Sustainable Land Management Project ( P133133 ) |  16 . Irrigated area ( Hectare ( Ha ) , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 3 , 139 . 00 | 8 , 254 . 00 | 8 , 254 . 00 | 4 , 000 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Dec-2016 | 31-Oct-2017 | 31-Oct-2017 | 07-Apr-2019 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P133133 | IDA-53180 | Effective | USD | 50 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 45 . 85 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | P133133 | TF-15838 | Effective | USD | 40 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 30 . 78 | 9 . 22 | 77 % | | P133410 | TF-15868 | Effective | USD | 8 . 33 | 8 . 33 | 0 . 00 | 7 . 93 | 0 . 40 | 95 % | | P133410 | TF-15869 | Effective | USD | 4 . 63 | 4 . 63 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 63 |", "spans": [{"start": 470, "end": 499, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 30 | Latin America and Caribbean | VEN | Venezuela , RB | 88 % | yes | | | | 31 | South , East Asia and Pacific | VNM | Vietnam | 88 % | | | yes ( telephone sets ) | | 32 | Middle East and North Africa | YEM | Yemen , Rep . | 100 % | yes | | | Notes : The repartition is based on the principal exportation according to OEC ( http : / / atlas . media . mit . edu / en / visualize / tree_map / hs07 / export / fra / all / show / 2014 / ; dataset HS07 ) for the last year available ( 2014 ) . 51", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 452, "text": "HS07", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our findings so far have provided strong evidence of the effects of poor mental health on refugees ’ labor outcomes . While the BNLA survey does not allow us to examine whether the mental health impacts are more pronounced for refugees than other groups , we explore a quick comparison between migrants and the general population using longitudinal data from the HILDA survey over the period 2001-2019 . Migrants in this survey are identified based on their country of birth . We create an interaction term between migrant status and mental health score with the latter being measured by the Mental Health Inventory ( MHI-5 ) scale . Employing the non-IV individual FE model , we find a negative correlation between mental illness and labor outcomes for both population groups , but no evidence of differential impacts between the groups ( Appendix A , Table A17 ) . This finding , however , should be interpreted with caution given the endogeneity of mental health . # * * 5 . Conclusions * * The wide-ranging labor market consequences associated with mental illness have been well documented in the literature . However , hardly any economic study currently exists on the causal effects of mental health on refugee labor market outcomes . Understanding this relationship is important given that many richer countries are facing a large influx of refugees . We provide an early study that identifies the causal effects of mental illness on refugees by instrumenting for it with past exposure to traumatic events interacted with time after resettlement , which is further strengthened with individual fixed effects . Our findings indicate that worse mental health lowers the probability of having paid employment and labor income . Worse mental health also reduces LFP , job quality , and life satisfaction and exerts negative externalities on refugee partners and children . Yet , these effects appear more pronounced for refugees who recently arrived or are without a social network . At the same time , the effects are weaker for those who receive benefits from the government . This 20", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 139, "text": "BNLA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 363, "end": 375, "text": "HILDA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "can lead to the emergence of zombie firms , low aggregate investment , and debt overhang ( Caballero et al . , 2008 ; Schivardi et al . , 2017 ; Kalemli-Ozcan et al . , 2019 ; Xiao , 2020 ; Chari et al . , 2021 ) . But public programs can also reduce bankruptcies and firm failures ( Carletti et al . , 2020 ; Demmou et al . , 2020 ; D ́ ıez et al . , 2021 ; Cros et al . , 2021 ; Gourinchas et al . , 2021 ) . What makes our paper unique is that we study how a sizable and sudden government credit program available to most firms has worked in practice . By analyzing the universe of bank loans and formal firms in a country , which we match with their credit history and firm-level attributes , we can obtain a systemic view . That is , rather than focusing on a single segment of firms ( e . g . , either SMEs or publicly listed firms ) , we can speak to the allocation of credit across the entire firm distribution and the program ’ s aggregate impacts on both banks and the government . Having the complete set of bank transactions , firms , and credit history can be important for evaluating the behavior of the supply and demand of credit since firms and banks can substitute across lenders , borrowers , and loan types . Moreover , it provides precise estimates of the macroeconomic impacts of the loans granted by characterizing the ex-post credit exposure of firms with different risk of default . It also enables us to identify different contributors and mitigating factors of aggregate risk accumulation . Calibrating our model to these data allows for counterfactual simulations of different policies and scenarios . Our data on loan applications and approvals allow us to estimate the actual behavior of firm demand and bank supply of public guaranteed credit and what determines the equilibrium outcome . Although we find adverse selection , as the existing literature does , we show that its contribution to aggregate risk can be contained . # * * 3 Data * * We use three administrative data sets from various sources in", "spans": [{"start": 1634, "end": 1673, "text": "data on loan applications and approvals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1988, "end": 2012, "text": "administrative data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "response probability to construct the response weight variable for each IHPS adult household member that was interviewed in private ; ( 2 ) winsorize the response weights at the top 3 percent to account for potential outliers ; and ( 3 ) set it equal to 1 for all adults in the IHS4 sample . Henceforth , all statistics are weighted using the response weight . Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics on selected individual and household attributes . Individuals in the IHS4 are slightly older , more likely to be the household head or spouse , female and less educated , and they live in smaller households . Although these are statistically significant differences , the magnitude of the differences is negligible . < sup > 12 < / sup > * * < u > Table 1 . Descriptive Statistics by Survey Approach < / u > * * | IHPS < sup > ( 1 ) < / sup > | IHS4 < sup > ( 2 ) < / sup > | T-test < br > ( 1 ) – ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Age ( years ) < br > 33 . 01 | 33 . 46 | * * | | Female < br > 0 . 52 | 0 . 53 | * * | | Never attended school < br > 0 . 09 | 0 . 13 | * * * | | No primary degree < br > 0 . 52 | 0 . 51 | | | Primary degree < br > 0 . 12 | 0 . 12 | | | Lower secondary degree < br > 0 . 12 | 0 . 12 | | | Higher secondary degree < br > 0 . 15 | 0 . 12 | * | | Married < br > 0 . 68 | 0 . 66 | | | Household head or spouse < br > 0 . 73 | 0 . 76 | * * | | Log household size < br > 1 . 61 | 1 . 52 | * * * | | Dependency ratio < br > 0 . 89 | 0 . 93", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 3 Avian Resources * * # # # # # # * * Birdlife Habitats : * * The habitats in the subproject corridor are mostly highly disturbed due to anthropogenic activities mainly farming , settlements and livestock grazing . Yet , the wetland habitat along the Tikur Weha ( Bishan Guracha ) river , which is crossed by the TL route , and the nearby Cheleleka Swamp area are important habitats for different bird species particularly waterbirds . As observed during the field survey , the above-mentioned wetlands and residential / settlement areas along the TL route provide suitable foraging and breeding ground for birds such as water-fouls . In addition , the extensive commercial farmland and smallholder farms on right bank of T . Weha river ( between km 3 . 7 & km 9 . 30 ) and the seasonal wetland along the first 3 . 5km section of the TL provide suitable foraging habitat for different bird species that is they support high diversity of avian species . The northern part of the subproject area , which is dominated by highly disturbed habitats including farmlands , settlements and road infrastructure contain low diversity and population of birds . Unique bird species found within > _13The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2022-2 . _ _ < u > https : / / www . iucnredlist . org < / u > _ _ < mark > . Downloaded on November 27 , 2023 . < / mark > _ Page 86", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1229, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MALI ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE Mali has also made significant improvements in the nonresidential market . According to enterprise surveys in 2003 and 2007 , the share of firms relying on their own generator fell from 45 percent in 2003 to just over 23 percent in 2007 , and the share of power consumption supplied by own generation fell by half to 16 percent over the same period . This was a result of Mali improving not only electricity coverage but also the quality and reliability of the service . In fact , for those Malian firms with access to power , the quality of service is relatively good compared with neighboring countries . Losses due to power outages are less than 2 percent of sales , which is among the lowest on the continent . The duration of power outages is also below that of most of neighboring countries ( table 11 ) . * * Table 11 . Performance of the electricity sector in West African countries * * | | Burkina Faso ( 2009 ) | Cape Verde ( 2006 ) | Côte d ' Ivoire ( 2009 ) | Ghana ( 2007 ) | * * Mali ( 2007 ) * * | Mauritania ( 2006 ) | Niger ( 2006 ) | Nigeria ( 2007 ) | Senegal ( 2007 ) | * * Simple average * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of power outages in a typical month | 10 . 8 | 12 . 5 | 4 . 5 | 9 . 7 | * * 4 . 4 * * | 3 . 7 | 20 . 7 | 26 . 8 | 11 . 8 | 14 . 4 | | Average duration outages ( hours ) | 3 . 3 | 5 . 3 | 4 . 6 | 12 . 6 | * * 3 . 9 * * | 2 . 9 | 0 . 5 | 8 . 2 | 6 . 2 |", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 158, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Across Subproject woredas , while all farmland owning households in Hetosa woreda reported to cultivate wheat crop , whereas the proportion of wheat crop growing households in Diksis woreda is lower than other Subproject woreda * * by ( 70 . 2 % ) . * * With regard to barely crop the highest proportion * * ( 85 . 0 % ) * * of the households in Lude Hetosa grown barely , whereas the lowest percentage * * 10 . 3 % * * of households in Arsi - Robe reported to grow this crop . On the other hand , overwhelming majority ( 94 . 8 % ) of households in Arsi-Robe woreda cultivate teff crop , while only * * ( 1 . 8 % ) * * of the households in Hetosa woreda reported to grow teff crop ( See Figure 4 . 24 below ) . Results of the current baseline survey confirmed that rising price and lack of farm inputs are the main constraints with crop production as reported * * by * * ( 94 . 9 % ) and * * ( 83 . 0 % ) * * of the survey households respectively , Acute farmland shortage is another challenge related to crop production that reported * * by * * 44 . 2 % of the survey households . About * * 26 . 2 % * * of the sample households also stated crop disease as one of constraint in the Subproject woredas with crop production . Flood and damage * * by * * wild animals are also among reported constraints in the Subproject area * * by * * the households . Across Subproject woredas , increased price of Inputs is the major constraints with crop production for all the survey households in Hetosa and Diksis - - woredas < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 < br > Page 118 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > *", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 754, "text": "current baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / < br > | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Deci < br > | sions durin | g2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > nition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | territory | | | | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | rate | s | O / w . | Change | | Origin | of < br > asylum | Pr < br > T | ocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 . 2 : Original Altman Z-score model * * # # * * Z-Score = 1 . 2A + 1 . 4B + 3 . 3C + 0 . 6D + 1 . 0E * * Where : A = Working Capital / Total Assets B = Retained Earnings / Total Assets C = Earnings Before Interest & Tax / Total Assets D = Market Value of Equity / Total Liabilities E = Sales / Total Assets _Source_ : Altman , 1968 . When based on internal data to be estimated , a statistical model can capture specific risks the government is exposed to and be based on actual performance by beneficiary entities . Calibrating a model based on internal data requires a significant amount of historical information . # * * _Scenario analysis_ * * In scenario analysis , various scenarios for key risk drivers ( e . g . macroeconomic variables , revenue drivers , cost drivers , etc . ) are constructed . Risk managers then estimate how scenarios impact financial performance of beneficiaries and their ability to service debt . < sup > 19 < / sup > A scenario analysis model has to make assumptions about how key risk drivers interact with each other and how they affect an entity ’ s performance . Also , risk managers may need to define a threshold beyond which financial performance translates into a credit event , such as a default . Scenarios can be constructed using deterministic or stochastic processes . Scenario analysis based on deterministic processes usually uses a smaller number of discrete scenarios and often no probabilities are attached to the respective scenarios . Risk managers may define a base case ( most likely scenario ) and several risk scenarios defined by an adverse development in individual risk drivers or a combination of a few risk drivers . If stochastic processes are constructed , a probability distribution for key risk drivers and their dependent relationships are estimated . A large number of scenarios can be simulated ( e . g . using Monte Carlo simulation ) . < sup > 20 < / sup > The outcome of scenario analysis can be an estimate of the frequency of default events . A default probability distribution", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 374, "text": "internal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "following section . The second part of the literature review presents the available qualitative and quantitative empirical literature , which highlights the current understanding of the relationships between OGD , transparency , accountability , and service delivery . # * * _Theoretical Perspectives , Definitions , and Differentiations_ * * The primary topic of this research — Open Government Data ( OGD ) — touches on a very active and ongoing contemporary debate on the boundaries of a number of concepts which have emerged over the past decade . While not entirely scholarly in its nature , numerous governments , international institutions , and private sector entities have proffered differing definitional propositions with respect to terms such as “ Big Data , ” “ Open Data , ” and “ Open Government Data , ” albeit with significant overlap and interconnection . Accordingly , as a first step , it is necessary to disentangle the various concepts to best specify a clear , working definition of OGD , which is the main topic of this research . Distinctions in terminology have been provided by various sources , with differing levels of conceptual specificity . For instance , McKinsey and Co . , refer to “ Big Data ” as data sets that are “ voluminous , diverse , and timely , ” with modifier “ big ” referring to the size and complexity of these sets . “ Open , ” in McKinsey ’ s definition , describes how liquid the data are — that is , how “ transferable ” these data are across platforms and users . < sup > 22 < / sup > Relatedly , the World Bank ’ s research on the topic posits that the term “ Big Data ” describes very large and complex data sets that must be processed using advanced analytic techniques , whereas the key defining characteristic of “ Open Data ” is that it is made available as a public good . < sup > 23 < / sup > These distinctions are related to those of other authors , such as those of the Open Data Barometer , who describe knowledge “ as ‘ open ’ if anyone is free to access , use , modify , and share it — subject", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "deterioration of per capita consumption levels during the recession ( 2008 : Q4 through 2009 : Q3 ) , or any real rise subsequently . Indeed for most of the regions there is no discernible trend in these numbers . The bottom panel of Figure 6 shows the evolution of real per capita expenditure for a selection of deciles , with very little apparent variation over time in the bottom decile ( decile 1 ) or the fifth decile , and some variation but no apparent trend in the top decile . The SES data for 2007-2010 are combined ; the measures we used are based on a consistent set of survey questions and protocols that did not change over the period in question . Households are grouped into deciles based on the combined data , so that the deciles represent consistent levels of per capita expenditure over time . Figure 7 presents two other series . The top line in the upper panel shows the evolution of urban expenditure per capita , which again shows no trend after the beginning of 2008 . When expenditure per capita is disaggregated by household size it is clear that larger households have lower levels of per capita expenditure , but they were neither more nor less affected by the crisis than urban households . The bottom panel of Figure 7 compares real with nominal expenditures per capita for the population as a whole ; while nominal expenditures trend upwards , the level of real spending , as we have seen , has remained remarkably steady . This graph also shows nominal income per capita for 2007 and 2009 , the two years for which the numbers are available . Not only is expenditure less variable than income – evidence of consumption smoothing – but there is some evidence of higher saving rates in 2009 than in 2007 . While the graphical evidence is striking , it is not completely compelling because it does not include controls . To address this problem , we ran a series of regression equations for which the dependent variable is always real per capita expenditure , and the independent variables include geographic and household variables , as well as dummy variables for each quarter ( with 2007 : Q1 being the", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 498, "text": "SES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Table 31 Share of Stapl * * < br > _Expenditure Categories_ | * * e Foods in House * * < br > _Share of_ < br > _maize , millet , _ < br > _manioc and_ < br > _yams in food_ < br > _expenditure_ | * * hold Expenditu * * < br > _Share of_ < br > _rice and_ < br > _plantain in_ < br > _food_ < br > _expenditure_ | * * re Based on th * * < br > _Food share_ < br > _in total_ < br > _expenditure_ | * * e 1993 Survey * * < br > _Share of_ < br > _maize , millet , _ < br > _manioc and_ < br > _yams in total_ < br > _expenditure_ | * * Results * * < br > _Share of rice_ < br > _and plantain_ < br > _in total_ < br > _expenditure_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Region_ | | | | | | | Abidjan | 12 . 0 | 20 . 1 | 34 . 8 | 4 . 2 | 7 . 0 | | Other Cities | 18 . 4 | 33 . 6 | 43 . 9 | 8 . 1 | 2 . 7 | | East Forest | 29 . 8 | 23 . 4 | 56 . 8 | 16 . 9 | 13 . 3 | | West Forest | 28 . 7 | 33 . 5 | 59 . 9 | 17 . 2 | 10 . 3 | | Savannah | 43 . 5 | 17 . 2 | 61 . 5 | 26 . 8 | 4 . 6 | | CPI | | | | | | | Blue collar worker CPI | 10 . 3 | 7 . 2 | 48 . 0 | 4 . 9 | 8 . 3 | | White collar worker CPI | 6 . 8 | 15 . 5 | 38 . 8 | 2 . 6 | 6 . 0 | Offsetting this difference , however", "spans": [{"start": 408, "end": 421, "text": "e 1993 Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Checklist Registration * * # # # # # # * * I . In emergencies * * ✓ Identify host government counterparts for registration activities . - ✓ Assess capacities of host government counterparts and training and technical assistance needs . - ✓ Develop plan of action for government or joint government – UNHCR registration including addressing training and resource needs . - ✓ Involve Project Profile , UNHCR - Geneva . - ✓ Delineate roles and responsibilities with NGOs and the refugee community . - ✓ Jointly plan pilot or full registration exercise – based on the size of the refugee community and available personnel resources ( UNHCR , government , NGOs and refugee representatives ) . - ✓ Assess needs , challenges and possible pitfalls and how to address them . - ✓ Carry out sensitization campaign with refugee community . - ✓ Pilot registration exercise with one camp or one group of refugees – focused on individual registration of every targeted refugee women , man , girl and boy . - ✓ Ensure that refugees with specific needs are identified . - ✓ Develop / utilize data base for collection , storage and retrieval of all refugee registration data including data disaggregated by age and gender . - ✓ Evaluate pilot to assess strengths , weaknesses , and areas for improvement . - ✓ Modify / adapt registration according to lessons from pilot . - ✓ Continue registration exercise until all refugees are registered with individual documentation . - ✓ In partnership with host government , determine how best to register births , deaths and marriages within the refugee community . # # # # # # * * II . In stable situations * * - ✓ Develop mechanisms for continuous registration to keep all data current . - ✓ Conduct verification / re-registration exercises , as necessary . - ✓ Ensure that de-registration mechanisms are in place for refugees who have died , repatriated , or been resettled . _76_", "spans": [{"start": 1145, "end": 1170, "text": "refugee registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 After completion of all expropriation / compensation operations , PAPs will be consulted about their views through a household survey to be carried out by an external consultant employed for the purpose . The objective of the household survey is to assess those mitigation measures taken to address the adverse social impacts and also to assess the implementation of the RAP and compensation payment . In general , the survey will assess the impact created by the project on the livelihood of PAPs . Likewise , the municipality and other woreda administration also will be consulted to provide their assessments of the impacts of the social mitigation measures applied . Actors : The EMT of EEPCo ( planning , coordination and monitoring ) Municipality and woreda administrations ( monitoring and evaluation ) PAPs and NGO ’ s or private consultants wherever required ( evaluation ) Regional / Federal EPA and other concerned body The findings of the survey and the workshops will be presented in the Project Completion Report , which will be established by the EEPCo . 65", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 186, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 279, "end": 295, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "How much are poor customers penalized by fixed charges and block structures ? As noted above , over 50 percent of the sample countries have incorporated fixed charges in their tariff schemes . Fixed charges in African countries range from US $ 0 . 43 cents to US $ 5 . 00 per month ( figure 23a ) . Furthermore , these charges constitute a large portion of the aggregate monthly bill particularly at subsistence levels of consumption ( figure 23b ) . At 50 kWh / month — subsistence consumption — the fixed charge represents more than 40 percent of the monthly bill in over 30 percent of the countries . At higher levels of consumption — 75kWh / month and 100 kWh / month — the weight of the fixed charge is less prominent . This indicates the disproportionate weight of the fixed charge in the bills of households consuming at the subsistence level . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 23 . Fixed portion of residential tariffs < br > a . Residential fixed charge per month ( $ ) b . Fixed charge as a share of monthly bill ( % ) < br > Niger < br > Nigeria 70 % < br > Ghana < br > Côte d ' Ivoire 60 % < br > Ethiopia 50 % < br > Malawi < br > Uganda 40 % < br > Burkina Faso < br > 30 % < br > Zambia < br > Tanzania 20 % < br > Botswana < br > Kenya 10 % < br > Mozambique 0 % < br > Madagascar < br > Cameroon 50 kWh / mo 75 kWh / mo 100 kWh / mo < br > Congo , Rep . < br > 1 % - 20 % 21 % - 40 % > 40 % < br > - 1 2 3 4 5 < br > Percentage of countries < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . # * * e . Are there any other kinds of hidden subsidies ? * * Besides tariffs , there are also other less", "spans": [{"start": 1522, "end": 1584, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | QCBS < br > Time Based | 7192 . 8 < br > Post < br > Plan < br > 31-Aug-10 | | 13-Sep-10 < br > 28-Sep-10 | 12-Oct-10 NA < br > 01-Nov-10 | 29-Nov-10 < br > 13-Dec-10 NA | 03-Jan-11 < br > 10-Jan-11 < br > 17-Jan-11 | 24-Jan-11 NA | 07-Feb-11 < br > 14-Feb-11 | NA < br > 01-Feb-12 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The WGI draw exclusively on perceptions data on the quality of governance . Perceptions of governance matter because individuals and firms are likely to act on those perceptions . In addition , for hard-to-measure dimensions of governance such as corruption ( which by definition leaves no “ paper trail ” ) there often are few alternatives to relying on perceptions when comparing outcomes across countries . This is not to say that perceptions are the only thing that matters when measuring governance across countries . However , they can provide a valuable “ reality check ” relative to more objective or factual measures of specifics of the legal , regulatory and institutional environment , particularly in environments when there is likely to be a substantial gap between de jure rules and their de facto implementation . In this paper we have also updated and expanded our earlier analysis on three key methodological issues relevant to the WGI : the possibility of correlated perceptions errors , the robustness of the WGI to alternative weights , and the possibility of global trends in governance that are not captured by our baseline methodology . Our updated analysis confirms our earlier findings that these issues are not major concerns for the WGI . Admittedly imperfect indirect evidence suggests that correlated measurement error across expert assessments may not be significant . While such correlations might indicate a different weighting scheme , we also find that the baseline WGI estimates do not change very much when compared with an alternative approach that imposes equal weights . Finally , our updated analysis continues not to show any evidence of substantial trends in global averages of governance . This in turn implies that our baseline WGI estimates which are rescaled to have zero mean in every year are informative about both relative and absolute movements in governance over time . We conclude with a final caveat worth reiterating . While the WGI can be a useful resource for broad cross-country and over-time comparisons of various dimensions of governance , they are not a panacea for measurement – particularly when evaluating specific governance reforms in specific countries . In these cases , the WGI must be supplemented with more granular country-specific data that can shed light on the likely impacts of reforms to", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 44, "text": "perceptions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2288, "end": 2309, "text": "country-specific data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Returned | + 11 , 000 ( returned < br > IDPs ) ; + 155000 IDPs | | | | Timor-Leste * | < br > IDPs ( during2006 ) | , < br > ( end-year ) | Newdisplacement during the year | | * * 2 . Expanded mandat * * | * * e with regard t * * | < br > * * o IDPs ( \" Cluster app * * | * * roach \" ) * * | | | | Côte d ' Ivoire | IDPs | + 671 , 000 | Cluster approach . This figure includes all IDPs due to < br > UNHCR ' s protection cluster-lead and has been derived < br > from a UNFPA-led IDP survey . | | | | | | Cluster approach . This figure includes all IDPs | | | Dem . Rep . of < br > the Congo | IDPs | + 1 . 1 million | irrespective of whether UNHCR is actively involved or < br > not . | | | < br > Dem . Rep . of | Returned IDPs | | Cluster approach . This figure includes all returned IDPs < br > irrespective of whether UNHCR is actively involved in | | | the Congo < br > | ( during 2006 ) < br > | + 490 , 000 < br > | reintegration activities or not . < br > | | | Nepal | IDPs | + 100 , 000 | Clusterapproach . Newlyreportedfigure . < br > | | | Uganda | IDPs | + 1 . 6 million | Cluster approach . This figure includes all IDPs < br > irrespective of whether UNHCR is actively involved or < br > not . | | | | | | Cluster approach . This figure includes all returned IDPs | | | | Returned IDPs < br > |", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 489, "text": "UNFPA-led IDP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Livestock , 2010 , mt | 2 , 014 , 887 | 13021 . 28 | < br > 73234 . 23 | 0 | 1060007 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Buffaloes , _ | 2 , 008 , 899 | 94 . 980 | 906 . 527 | 0 | 119607 . 5 | | _Goats_ | 2 , 014 , 567 | 475 . 125 | 2351 . 833 | 0 | 237936 . 2 | | _Cattle_ | 2 , 014 , 533 | 723 . 358 | 1943 . 561 | 0 | 328070 . 9 | | _Sheep_ | 2 , 014 , 215 | 558 . 121 | 1885 . 496 | 0 | 344862 . 1 | | _Horses_ | 2 , 013 , 909 | 30 . 783 | 153 . 932 | 0 | 105564 . 2 | | _Pigs_ | 2 , 014 , 572 | 484 . 444 | 2889 . 772 | 0 | 411115 . 7 | | _Chickens_ | 2 , 014 , 564 | 9994 . 698 | 67859 . 33 | 0 | 10500007 | | _Ducks_ | 2 , 012 , 134 | 663 . 042 | 7095 . 628 | 0 | 1311365 | Note : Data for livestock cover not available . One grid cell has a spatial resolution of 1 / 12 degree - about 9 to 10 sq km . Urban extent is the percentage of urban area in a grid cell ( ranging from 0 to 1 ) . Crop production for each grid cell is defined as the yield multiplied by harvested area in metric tons . Food crops include cereals , fruits , oils , pulses , roots , sugar , vegetables food groups . Livestock production is the global population densities of eight types of livestock : cattle , buffaloes , horses , sheep , goats , pigs , chickens and ducks in each land pixel at a spatial resolution of 1 / 12 degree degrees ( approximately 10 sq km at the equator ) . Missing values in the crop production dataset are specifically distinguished", "spans": [{"start": 1408, "end": 1431, "text": "crop production dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Also , δ < sup > B < / sup > = ( δ11 , δ12 , δ13 ) ; δ < sup > S < / sup > = ( δ21 , δ22 , δ23 ) ; and ZtB and ZtS are matrices of explanatory variables accompanying the δ ’ s of the decisions to intervene as defined in equations ( 4 . 1 ) and ( 4 . 2 ) . We use the probit ML to estimate the parameters in ( 4 . 1 ) and ( 4 . 2 ) , taking into account ( 5 ) and using intra-daily data for the sol / USD between 2004 and 2009 . Now , μtB and S μt are random disturbances with the following distributions : # _4 . 2 Empirical specification of the model for the exchange rate_ Estimation of the model containing equations ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) requires identification and estimation of their parameters . Note that the central bank is assumed to minimize the cost of intervening , which implies minimization of K ( Yt – _Y_ ) , R ( m ) , and L ( ξj ) > 0 . Once this minimization is achieved , the exchange rate is expected to evolve as described in ( 2 ) . We need to determine an econometric specification to estimated parameters of equation ( 2 ) . Let us consider a possible econometric specification for the conditional mean of sol / USD : 15", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 403, "text": "intra-daily data for the sol / USD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Poverty lines How to establish a relevant poverty line for FDPs is another important question . The choice is between international poverty lines such as 1 . 90 USD / day at PPP value ( Ravallion , Chen and Sangraula , 2009 ) , national poverty lines of host countries or contextual poverty lines specific to FDPs . International and national poverty lines can be considered after the use of appropriate deflators . These choices can be controversial for regular populations and carry additional complexities when FDPs are considered . One question is how to adapt poverty lines for FDPs living inside and outside camps . FDPs in camps often receive shelter , education and health assistance that is not – or not in the same way – provided to the population residing outside camps . This can create a paradox that refugees that pay rents in urban areas would appear much richer than refugees living in camps as their shelter is free of charge and not necessarily accounted for in the consumption aggregate . In traditional poverty estimations , a similar challenge occurs when one considers poverty lines for urban and rural populations since the rental market is often absent in rural areas making it impossible to estimate or impute rent . To allow for the inclusion of rent for urban populations , separate urban and rural poverty lines are estimated , called contextual or regional poverty lines . Only the urban poverty line and its corresponding consumption aggregate would include rent . Similarly , other services like education and health are extremely hard to value given that cost data for camps ’ services are incomplete and grossly available only in aggregate form . Hence , they would also need to be excluded in the contextual poverty line for camps . Given the difficulty to estimate contextual poverty lines , however , this approach is usually not feasible in FDP contexts , while it also adversely affects the comparability of estimated poverty rates . Furthermore , a comparison between camp and non-camp population would ignore differences in housing , health and education between these populations , substantially limiting the value of a comparison . These questions are still largely unresolved and the search for poverty lines adapted to FDP contexts is still", "spans": [{"start": 1589, "end": 1598, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ANNEX 1 : HIGH RESOLUTION MAP OF KWAHAKATSA * * 12-24", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 47, "text": "HIGH RESOLUTION MAP OF KWAHAKATSA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "2 . RegulatoRy enviRonment and goveRnanCe committee and its working groups convene regularly . The committee facilitates engagement with stakeholders , fostering exchanges and consultations on refugee affairs . Refugee input and feedback on actions and decisions are gathered through community-based governance structures , including Refugee Central Committees ( RCC ) , women ’ s committees , dispute resolution committees , children and GBV committees . New RCC member elections are scheduled for August 2023 , with a 50 per cent female representation goal . Since the 2016-2017 academic year , refugee education data continue to be integrated into the national Education Management Information System . On 24 February 2022 , the National Development Plan 2020-2024 , known as < u > Djibouti ICI < / u > ( Inclusion Connectivity and Institutions ) was developed through a participatory approach including all ministries , regional authorities , the private sector , civil society organizations and development partners . With a view to leaving no one behind , the National Plan aims through the Inclusion axis to improve the quality of life and well-being of all Djiboutians , including refugees and asylum-seekers , by ensuring a better distribution of the fruits of growth , increasing social inclusion , and promoting private initiatives to diversify the economy . Djibouti being part of the IGAD , refugee management and coordination is not only limited to country level . Regular regional meetings on refugees are held on education in line with the Djibouti Declaration ( 2017 ) on < u > Jobs , Livelihoods and Self-Reliance < / u > aligned with the < u > Kampala Declaration < / u > ( March 2019 ) and recently on health online with the < u > Mombasa Declaration < / u > ( March 2022 ) . # # # * * 2 . 4 Access to civil registration and documentation * * The < u > 2017 Decree Governing the Fundamental Rights of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers < / u > governing the fundamental rights of refugees and asylum-seekers", "spans": [{"start": 597, "end": 619, "text": "refugee education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial exclusion in Colombia as revealed in the Bogotá survey and banks ’ risk-averse behavior following the crisis , it is unlikely that private banks will provide basic account services at their own initiative , and thus , Regulation could be catalyst . The Superintendencia Bancaria could support this by , for example , monitoring the share of basic accounts as a percentage of total accounts in defined lower income categories . 43 . All of the initiatives will require the concerted efforts of the Colombian Bankers ’ Association , as well as a continued dialogue within the banking sector , so that they can effectively lead to the acquisition of new profitable clients and the expansion of the banking sector . 44 . Existing anti-money laundering regulation clearly is an impediment for the unbanked to access formal financial services . In particular , multiple account opening requirements could be reduced to one simple 63", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 64, "text": "Bogotá survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This figure presents the percentage deviation in total amount of budget payments , at the municipality-year level , between our dataset and SICONFI , the public finance dataset of the Brazilian Treasury . Values are positive whenever the total amount in our dataset , aggregated from individual payments , is larger than that of SICONFI . See Table 1 for more details on our data coverage . We truncate observations at - 25 % to the left and at 25 % to the right . 38", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 336, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Eq 11 ) _Sct_ < sup > [ 2 ] < / sup > = α _Sct_ + ( 1 ‐ α ) _Sc , t ‐ 1_ < sup > [ 2 ] < / sup > , where _Sct_ < sup > [ 2 ] < / sup > is the smoothed original series from _Sct_ = α _Xct_ + ( 1 ‐ α ) _Sc , t ‐ 1_ , and α is the smoothing parameter estimated by minimizes the in ‐ sample sum ‐ of ‐ squared predicted errors ; _Xct_ is the original series . - 4 ) For each country _c_ , we estimated the following regression where β represents the yearly difference in OOPPC over the previous year , and ε _ct_ is a random error term : ( Eq 12 ) _OOPPCct_ = α + β _Year trendct_ + ε _ct_ - 5 ) For each country _c_ , we estimated the following regression that additionally accounts for non ‐ linearities in the time trend of OOP : ( Eq 13 ) _OOPPCct_ = α + β1 _Year trendct_ + β2 ( _Year trendct ) _ < sup > 2 < / sup > + ε _ct_ - 6 ) For all countries _c_ , we estimated the following pooled regression that includes country fixed effects ( γc ) as well as a flexible time trend : ( Eq 14 ) _OOPPCct_ = αc + β1 _Year trendct_ + β2 ( _Year trendct_ ) < sup > 2 < / sup > + γc + ε _ct_ - 7 ) For all countries _c_ , we estimated the following pooled regression that includes three dummy indicators for World Bank ( Wr ) income group classifications as well as a flexible time trend : - 8 ) The same regression for Equation 9 , but correcting for AR1 serial correlation . The estimated parameters were then applied to the testing data set to obtain predicted values for 2009 through 2013 . These predicted values were then compared with actual data in 2009 ‐ 2013 . To assess the fit of each model , we again calculate the mean square root of the squared error , displayed in Table C . 1 . > � � (", "spans": [{"start": 1420, "end": 1436, "text": "testing data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stimulating activities with any caregiver in the previous three days ) . A Z-score of 0 would indicate that a child in this sample has a similar developmental status to that of a child in the CREDI reference sample who is the same age . As demonstrated by Figure 1 , the average child in this sample has a developmental status almost 2 standard deviations ( 1 . 72 ) below the mean , indicating much lower levels of child development in this sample compared to the global population . Distributions varied by various characteristics of interest , such as maternal education , living in a rural area and refugee status ( Figures 2-4 ) . # * * Figure 1 * * _Sample Distribution Compared to Global Distribution ( n = 1397 ) _ # * * Figure 2 * * _Sample Distribution for Children with Mothers with Less than a Primary Education Compared to Global Distribution ( n = 824 ) _ 13", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 214, "text": "CREDI reference sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 * * Figure 1 : Global privatization proceeds * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > East Asian crisis < br > 70 Russian debt < br > crisis < br > 60 < br > Brazil crisis < br > 50 < br > Turkey crisis < br > 40 Mexico < br > peso Argentina < br > crisis < br > crisis < br > 30 < br > 20 9 / 11 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 < br > ECA LAC Others < br > Billions of $ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank Privatization Database 10 . The average value of transactions increased over time as larger companies were privatized . While close to 70 percent of the 7 , 800 plus transactions occurred before 1997 , they consisted mostly of small and medium firms resulting in an average transaction value of $ 30 million ( Figure 2 ) . The bulk of the transactions were concentrated in Europe and Central Asia where the early years of transition involved a massive transfer of small-scale firms to the private sector , followed by Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa . By contrast , fewer but larger firms were privatized after 1997 in these and other regions ( East Asia in particular ) , increasing the average transaction size to $ 96 million . Another indicator of increasing average size shows the top ten transactions in 1990-99 accounting for 16 percent of total proceeds , compared to 40 percent in 2000-03 .", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 520, "text": "World Bank Privatization Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Employment Fund ’ s donors , < sup > 9 < / sup > the Adolescent Girls Employment Initiative ( AGEI ) was launched in 2009 to expand the program ’ s reach to an additional 4 , 410 Nepali women aged 16-24 over a three-year period . Unique characteristics of this impact evaluation include : - A large study sample ( 4 , 677 individuals in the pooled 2010-2012 cohorts examined in this report ) - Particular focus on the outcomes of women aged 16-24 as well as the outcomes of a broader category of youth ( men and women aged 16-35 ) - Socioeconomic survey data of participants and a control group of non-participants as well as administrative follow-up data on program participants - Exhaustive tracking of program participants over time that produced high response rates . - Examination of a large set of outcome domains , including employment and earnings , empowerment and self-confidence , risky behaviors , and impacts on the household . We find , approximately two years into the program , the EF program positively improved employment outcomes . EF training program participation generated an increase in non-farm employment of 15 to 16 percentage points for an overall gain of 46 percent . The program also generated an average monthly earnings gain of 921 NRs monthly (  12 USD ) . Given that the average monthly income at baseline was 1272 NRs (  17 USD ) , the EF program impact generated an economically meaningful income gain of about 72 percent for the combined 2010-2012 cohorts . ) . We find that the program ’ s impacts on employment were larger for women than for men , though the impacts on other economic outcomes were similar for both sexes . We also detect no difference in impacts when comparing older ( 24-35 ) and younger women ( age 1624 ) , indicating that the program is equally effective for the younger women targeted under the AGEI . This report ’ s employment estimates are comparable , though somewhat higher , than other recent experimental interventions in developing countries . Estimates of employment impacts in job training programs in Latin America by Attanasio et al . ( 2008 ) and Alzua et al . ( 2013 )", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 558, "text": "Socioeconomic survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 626, "end": 655, "text": "administrative follow-up data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A few remarks are in order regarding our migration variable . First , a general caveat is that it measures whether a household sent one or more migrants in-between waves , but it does not incorporate detailed information regarding the nature of these migration decisions . Therefore , based on the conceptual framework illustrated in Section 2 , we are assuming that most of the migration observed in the data is voluntary and economically motivated . To be able to disentangle economically motivated versus involuntary and low-return migration and thoroughly identify the respective transmission channels , we would need more detailed data on migrant individuals e . g . , regarding the purpose of their migration , their current location , work status , and financial links with the origin household . Second , despite these limitations , our definition of migration is more precise than other recent studies using household survey data ( e . g . , Di Falco et al . , 2023 ; Kafle et al . , 2020 ; Mueller et al . , 2020 ) which simply used changes in household size or short-duration absence from the households as proxies for migration . Third , consistent with the conceptual framework outlined in Section 2 , it is defined at the household rather than individual level . This is important not only from a conceptual point of view ( the household as the decision-making unit , rather than the individual , in line with the NELM perspective ) , but also for technical and practical reasons due to the rare-event nature of the migration phenomenon . One of the main concerns when using nationally-representative household surveys for studying migration is that the migrant sample size is often ( too ) small . While this is certainly a limitation if one wants to infer individuallevel relationships , it is a less serious problem for household-level statistical analysis . As noted by Carletto et al . ( 2023 ) , collapsing individual migration data at the household level provides enough of a gain in statistical power and sufficient outcome variation needed for estimation . In our case , we observe just above 3 % of migrant _individuals_ across the panel ( 2010-2019 ) but almost 27 % of migrant-sending _households_ over", "spans": [{"start": 917, "end": 938, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1927, "end": 1952, "text": "individual migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "o < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The characteristics of climate in Ethiopia are mainly caused * * by * * the topography and the movements of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) during the year . * * As * * per the climatic classification in the traditional agro-ecological zones developed * * by * * Ethiopia , the Subproject Area falls in Weina Dega agro-climatic zone for most of the route corridor which covers the sub-humid highlands of the country . Gathering five years ' climatic data at the Eteya and Robe stations , two local meteorological stations located in the Subproject area , all considerations were made using their data . Figure 4 . 2 below shows the mean monthly temperature and distribution structure for the minimum and maximum temperatures for the transmission line Subproject corridor in which the Subproject road falls . The mean minimum temperatures varies from 4 . 1T0C - a-nd the mean maximum temperatures of the Subproject area varies from 14-1 * * 8 * * < sup > * * 0 * * < / sup > * * C * * Howevar , there is a slight variation of temperature by monthf * * Mid-Day * * Et ~ hlu a", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 510, "text": "climatic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 . The share of minimum wage earners in survey data , imputed survey data , and tax data ( only full-time employees ) . * * | | * * EU-SILC * * | * * Imputed EU-SILC * * | * * Tax data ( July 2020 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Less than 95 % of MW * * | 5 . 11 % | 5 . 44 % | 2 . 7 % | | * * 95 – 105 % of MW * * | 6 . 84 % | 17 . 6 % | 24 . 7 % | | * * More than 105 % of * * | | | | | * * MW * * | 88 . 06 % | 76 . 96 % | 72 . 6 % | _Source : Own estimation based on the imputed EU-SILC data . _ # * * IV . Conclusion * * * * This paper focuses on assessing tax compliance and underreporting of income in Romania , with a specific emphasis on minimum wage workers . * * The study aims to understand the distributional implications of tax compliance and its links with minimum wage policy and design . The paper highlights that tax evasion has significant redistributive impacts , affecting the incidence and distribution of taxes . Reducing tax evasion is crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of the tax system and promoting greater income equality . The study also emphasizes the links between tax evasion and social policy , particularly regarding the distribution of social benefits . Tax evasion can undermine the progressivity of the tax system , leading to fiscal losses and reduced social welfare for eligible recipients . The research also explores the interaction between labor tax evasion and minimum wage policy , emphasizing that payroll tax evaders may be overrepresented among minimum wage earners . This raises concerns about the effectiveness of minimum wage policy and the need to address tax compliance issues among this demographic . The study underscores the importance of addressing tax compliance , evasion , and transparency issues to enhance fiscal position and generate", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 62, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 91, "end": 99, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 161, "end": 176, "text": "Imputed EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 510, "end": 522, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income from PSNP in 2010 | 0 . 066 | 0 . 248 | | Household net consumer of food | 0 . 481 | 0 . 5 | | Household owns land | 0 . 913 | 0 . 283 | | Household has own fush toilet / pit latrine < br > | 0 . 388 | 0 . 487 | | Household uses fush toilet / pit latrine | 0 . 5 | 0 . 5 | | Household has corrugated iron roof | 0 . 382 | 0 . 486 | | Household has electricity | 0 . 1 | 0 . 3 | | Dummy : urban household that rents | 0 . 085 | 0 . 278 | | * * Geographic characteristics * * | | | | Rural Household | 0 . 849 | 0 . 358 | | Ln Distance to market ( km ) | 3 . 726 | 1 . 229 | | Close to market ( less than median minutes ) | 0 . 49 | 0 . 5 | | Distance to town ( minutes ) | 288 . 226 | 201 . 758 | | * * Shocks * * | | | | Household sufered death of member | 0 . 043 | 0 . 204 | | Household sufered job loss of member | 0 . 007 | 0 . 086 | | Household sufered self-reported food price shock | 0 . 121 | 0 . 326 | | Infation rate ( 3-month moving average ) | 1 . 545 | 1 . 412 | | Drought : proportion lost crops | 14 . 848 | 18 . 928 | | N | 3 | 7 , 964 | Notes : Descriptive statistics for 2005 and 2011 pooled . 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A . 8 : Number of firms acquired by German shareholders by location < ! - - Start of picture text - - > year < br > Border region No border region < br > 500 < br > 400 < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > 100 < br > Number of firms with a German Shareholder 0 < br > 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculation based on the Orbis database . Border regions are : Dolnoslaskie , Lubuskie and Zachodniopomorskie . Figure A . 9 : Event study : the effect of pre-determined measure of German comparative advantage on the acquisition of Romanian firms . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . 3 < br > . 25 < br > . 2 < br > . 15 < br > . 1 < br > . 05 < br > 0 < br > - . 05 < br > - . 1 < br > - . 15 < br > Year # export share Germany ( log ) - . 2 < br > - . 25 < br > - . 3 < br > 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculation based on the Orbis database . The sample includes only Romanian firms . The plot is created by regressing a dummy variable indicating German ownership on a full set of event time indicators interacted with the pre-determined measure of German comparative advantage and controlling for firm and year fixed effects . The omitted baseline is the last pre-treatment year , 2003 . The vertical bars indicate 95 % confidence interval . Results include only firms established before 2004 . Germany ’ s comparative advantage is measured by average sector-level export shares over the period 1994-2004 . 30", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 450, "text": "Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Brazilian economy proves to be able to sell a large number of products in many markets . This suggests a considerable potential to be explored in terms of export growth , since the initial fixed costs to start new markets have been largely overcome . < sup > 3 < / sup > Figure 3 . Product and Markets ( 2008 – 10 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CHN < br > IND < br > KOR < br > THA < br > MEX BRA < br > IDN < br > ARG < br > COL VNM < br > CHL < br > PER PHL < br > URY < br > 0 50 100 150 < br > Number of countries < br > 5000 < br > 4000 < br > 3000 < br > 2000 < br > 1000 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Integrated Trade Solution . Figure 4 . Markets and Products — the Herfindahl Index ( 2008 – 10 and 1998 – 2000 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Herfindahl Index - Markets Herfindahl Index - Products ( HS6 ) < br > ARG 0 . 063 0 . 108 ARG 0 . 023 0 . 036 < br > BRA 0 . 060 0 . 082 BRA 0 . 013 0 . 035 < br > CHL 0 . 0800 . 087 CHL 0 . 067 0 . 122 < br > CHN 0 . 076 0 . 158 CHN 0 . 0050 . 008 < br > COL 0 . 151 0 . 249 COL 0 . 0930 . 101 < br > IND 0 . 047 0 . 079 IND 0 . 0250 . 029 < br > PER 0 . 088 0 . 148 PER 0 . 043 0 . 061 < br > RUS 0 . 0370 . 039 RUS 0 . 072 0 . 188 < br > ZAF 0 . 0480 . 054 ZAF 0 . 0230 . 023 < br > 0 . 05 . 1 . 15 . 2 . 25 0 . 05 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relevant licenses , permits , and approvals required to start operations . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | NT | | * * Verification Entity * * | NT | | | _Supporting documents : _ | | * * Procedure * * |  < br > Copy of KMRC license by CBK . < br >  < br > KMRC Bank Record showing funding provided by National Treasury and Planning |", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 277, "text": "KMRC Bank Record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 16 - Transport ( NMT ) Study undertaken by the Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Programme ( SSATP ) . This program looks more deeply at the mobility needs of low-income urban communities , and identifies small-scale works designed to meet these needs . The traffic management component of the project includes provision for minor improvements to intersections , pedestrian crossings and bus stops , aimned at safety , congestion and public transport needs . While this component is not directly targeted at the poor , many of its benefits will accrue to pedestrians and bus passengers - - most of whom are the poor . # # # C . * * Project Preparation * * 4 . 05 The project has been prepared by the TMU , financed by a Project Preparation Facility ( Nos . 635-0 , 635-1 and 635-2 ) in the amount of US $ 2 . 0 million . The PPF funds have been utilized for : ( a ) identifying high priority and high return sub-projects and completing their detailed engineering design ; ( b ) a study of traffic management improvement requirements in Nairobi ; ( c ) preparing a roads inventory and other traffic indicators for establishing an initial base for the allocation of the RMLF receipts between the two major claimants - MLG and MPWH - and from MLG to the local authorities ; ( d ) defining implementation arrangements , including development of the implementation manual ; ( e ) designing the work program for a maintenance management and works inspectorate ; ( f ) conducting physical routine maintenance audits in project towns , ( g ) defining institutional arrangements and termns of reference for the construction supervision consultants ; ( h ) up-stream financing of technology capacity building and design of a computerized project management and contract / procurement management system ; and , ( i ) preparing various terms of references and draft bid documents . In addition , consultant support through a bilateral grant from the Belgium government of about US $ 800 , 000 equivalent also assisted the TMU in detailed", "spans": [{"start": 1068, "end": 1112, "text": "roads inventory and other traffic indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Jones , D . , D . Molitor , and J . Reif ( 2018 ) : “ What Do Workplace Wellness Programs Do ? Evidence from the Illinois Workplace Wellness Study , ” Working Paper 24229 , NBER . - Karlan , D . and M . Valdivia ( 2011 ) : “ Teaching entrepreneurship : Impact of business training on microfinance clients and institutions , ” _Review of Economics and Statistics_ , 93 , 510 – 527 . - McKenzie , D . ( 2020 ) : “ Small Business Training to Improve Management Practices in Developing Countries : Re-assessing the evidence for “ training doesn ’ t work ” , ” Mimeo . World Bank . - McKenzie , D . and C . Woodruff ( 2014 ) : “ What are we learning from business training and entrepreneurship evaluations around the developing world ? ” _World Bank Research Observer_ , 29 , 48 – 82 . - MICAF ( 2017 ) : “ Jamaica : Micro , Small , and Medium Enterprises ( MSME ) and Entrepreneurship Policy , ” Ministry of Industry , Commerce , Agriculture and Fisheries ( MICAF ) : Kingston . - Nelson , P . ( 1970 ) : “ Information and Consumer Behavior , ” _Journal of Political Economy_ , 78 , 311 – 329 . - The Economist ( 2018 ) : “ In Jamaica ’ s tourist hub , a state of emergency , ” Available at : https : / / www . economist . com / the-americas / 2018 / 01 / 25 / in-jamaicas-tourist-hub-astate-of-emergency . - Ubfal , D . , I . Arraiz , D . Beuermann , M . Frese , A . Maffioli , and D . Verch ( 2019 ) : “ The impact of soft-skills training for entrepreneurs in Jamaica , ” Discussion Paper Series 12325 , IZA Institute of Labor Economics . - Van Lieshout , S . and P . Mehtha ( 2017 ) : “ The Next 15 Million : Start and Improve Your Business Global Tracer Study 2011-2015 , ” International Labour Organization : Geneva . - Westfall , P . H . and S . S . Young ( 1993 ) : “ Resampling-based multiple testing : Examples", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * 104 * * | | # # # # # 3 . INTERNAL CONTROL AND INTERNAL AUDIT 16 . _Internal Controls : _ The Project internal controls follow the government control procedures . In addition , the FM manual provides detail program specific controls , procedures , and policies . All the entities assessed have reported on presence of fair control . All have reported that dual signature is required to withdraw cash from bank . Control over advance , payroll , and fuel have also been reported to be working as designed . Separate asset register was not maintained by some ( like water bureau of Oromia and all bureaus in Somali ) and when maintained it was not updated for recent purchases ( Water and Education Bureaus of Dire Dawa ) or it lack important information like asset number ( health bureau of Dire Dawa ) . Project assets are also incorporated in the government asset records . Bank and record balances are reconciled monthly , but transaction recording and preparation of bank reconciliation was not up to date in the water and health bureaus of Harari and Somali regions while it was up to date in others . Absence of updated record means absence of updated account balances . This will limit ability of the project to monitor progress as well as to reconcile bank and record balance . This could hinder timely submission of reports . Presence of significant unsettled advance ( ETB 1 . 63 billion ) and liability ( ETB 298 . 73 million ) as of July 7 , 2024 , is also another concern ( see details below ) . We have further noted that the detail of outstanding checks of the bank reconciliation statement of the MoWE include payments ( ETB 58 , 210 . 36 ) which have been outstanding since EFY 2014 , and there was also unreconciled difference of ETB 500 in the Water Bureau of Oromia region . These balances should be investigated and cleared . Payment documents were not also cancelled by stamping ‘ paid ’ in the visited offices . 17 . _Internal Audit : _ It is", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 882, "text": "government asset records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "growth also exposed some non-poor to negative dynamics , making them poor . Panel data also reveal that many middle-class households were exposed to significant risks . In the period 2005-2008 , only 45 percent of the population in Egypt remained out of poverty and near-poverty . This means that 55 percent of Egyptians experienced poverty or near-poverty between 2005 and 2008 , even though the poverty and near-poverty rates at a given point of time within his period fell from 46 percent to 36 percent . This high mobility is a reflection of real economic phenomena and not a statistical artefact . The paper looks in detail at the statistical indices of mobility and mobility profiles , and finds that new HIECPS data 2005-2008 generate reasonably robust estimates of mobility . In the face of strong mobility upward and downward mobility even considerable increases of inequality observed over the period are minor factors of social welfare dynamics . 20", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 86, "text": "Panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 711, "end": 722, "text": "HIECPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 4 . 5 Food Prices * * * * Summary of assessment findings : * * Several studies have found that food is the biggest expense for Syrian refugees and PRS . For Syrian refugees , it ranges from USD 151 to USD 275 per household per month . Food expenditure is largely influenced by food prices , and the Syrian crisis has led to food prices increases . WFP ‟ s latest prices survey monitoring reports found that the value of the commodity basket differs between North Lebanon and the Bekaa Valley , and Beirut , Mount Lebanon and South Lebanon , with prices higher in Beirut , Mount Lebanon and South Lebanon . For more information on expenditure data for Syrian refugees , please refer to the Expenditure section of the Basic Needs chapter . _Table [ 8 ] : Assessment coverage by geographic area and target population_ | | * * Vulnerable Local * * < br > * * Commnities * * | * * Lebanese * * < br > * * Retrnees * * | * * PRS * * < br > * * Syrian refug * * | * * ees * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * u * * < br > * * ( Lebanese and PRL ) * * | * * u * * | * * Registered * * | * * Unregistered * * | | * * National * * | | | | | | * * North / T + 5 * * | | | | | | * * Akkar * * | | | | | | * * Mt . Lebanon * * < br > * * and Beirut * * | | | | | | * * Bekaa * * | | | | | | * * South * * | | | | | | * * Palestinian * * < br > * * Camps * * | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 399, "text": "prices survey monitoring reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 634, "end": 650, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| been effective for a short period and it is too early to asses | s target | | | 0 . 00 | Jan / 2024 | 0 . 00 | 06-Feb-2025 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 20-Mar-2026 < br > 30 . 00 | Jun / 2029 | | of which women : < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | The Project has < br > achievementsb | been effective for a short period and it is too early to asses < br > ecome effective | s target | | Reform Action Plans | 0 . 00 | Jan / 2024 | 0 . 00 | 06-Feb-2025 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 20-Mar-2026 < br > 3 . 00 | Jun / 2029 | | approved and implemented < br > in Public Bodies ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | The Project has | been effective for a short period and it is too early to asses | s target indicators | | Gender disaggregated data | 0 | Jan / 2024 | 0 | 06-Feb-2025 < br > 0 < br > 20-Mar-2026 < br > 2 | Jun / 2029 | | on civil servants informs the < br > development and < br > implementation of Gender < br > targeted Human Resource < br > Development Strategies in < br > Federal Ministires < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | The Project has | been effective for a short period and it is too early to asses | s target indicators | | * * Improving Domestic Revenue * * | * * Mobilization Capa * * | * * bilities * * | | | | Official Use Only May 22 , 2026 Page 6 of 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children ( P111545 )  Percent of NSNP beneficiaries who can name two means of making a complaint ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 15 . 00 | - - | - - | 47 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2013 | 17-Nov-2015 | 29-Mar-2016 | 31-Dec-2016 | # # Comments PIBS survey still to be finalized by April , 2016 . |  Percent of OVC payments disbursed to payment service providers on time ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 26 . 00 | 59 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 60 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2013 | 17-Nov-2015 | 29-Mar-2016 | 31-Dec-2016 | # # Comments Payments are currently being made retroactively and no payments have been made on time this financial year . # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 500, "text": "PIBS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # ACCOUNTABILITY AND REMEDIES 76 . Documentation and monitoring of implementation is a necessary precursor to enforcement , accountability , and remedies . < sup > 60 < / sup > These , in turn , are integral to building trust in processes and institutions associated with planned relocation and preventing the potential for fraud and corruption . When creating an enabling environment to carry out planned relocation , States should also consider and establish mechanisms throughout the planned relocation process that enable decision-makers and other relevant actors to be held accountable . Where rights have been violated , complaint mechanisms , access to justice , and effective remedies are necessary . # # # FUNDING 77 . For planned relocation to produce successful outcomes , adequate and sustained funding is essential at all stages of the process : from risk assessment , vulnerability mapping , and the collection of primary data , through to extended monitoring and evaluation . < sup > 61 < / sup > Potential options for accessing funds include the Adaptation Fund and the Green Climate Fund under the climate finance regimes for relocation plans that are part of States ’ adaptation strategies ( i . e . NAPs ) as well as for climate change mitigation and adaptation projects with a relocation component . Other potential options for funding are respective government ministries through their existing funds , < sup > 62 < / sup > development agencies , development banks , and the private sector . In providing funding for undertaking planned relocation , the risk that governments may relocate populations primarily due to the availability of funding should be appraised . < sup > 63 < / sup > * * a . * * Building and training a community of resettlement or planned relocation specialists , by institutionalizing the training function through the creation of specific centers ( e . g . China Nanjing Institute , World Bank training program in different regions ( Asia , Africa , Latin America and the Caribbean ) , India Council of Social Development training program ) , and through incorporation of the subject matter in existing academic and professional institutions", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 944, "text": "primary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # * * DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THIS REPORT * * The following terms shall have the following meanings , unless the context dictates otherwise < sup > 1 < / sup > : * * Census * * : A field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Project Affected Persons ( PAP ) or Displaced Persons ( DPs ) within the project area boundaries . The meaning of the word also embraces the criteria for eligibility for compensation , resettlement and other measures emanating from consultations with affected communities . * * Project Affected Person : * * This is a person affected by land use or acquisition needs of the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project ( KISIP ) . The person is affected because s / he may lose “ title to land or right to its use ” , and / or “ title rights or other rights to structures constructed on the land ” ( thus s / he may lose , be denied , or be restricted access to economic assets , shelter , income sources , or means of livelihood ) . The person is affected whether or not s / he must move to another location . * * Compensation : * * The payment in kind , cash or other assets given in exchange for the acquisition of land including fixed assets thereon . * * Cut-off date : * * The date of commencement of the census of PAPs or DPs within the project area boundaries . This is the date on and beyond which any other person who occupies the land delineated for project use , will not be eligible for compensation . * * Effective cut-off date : * * The date of the meeting held at the conclusion of the census survey but before disclosure of the Resettlement Action Plan , when the list of Project Affected Persons identified from the census survey will be finalised , and all Project Affected Persons will be officially notified", "spans": [{"start": 1407, "end": 1428, "text": "census of PAPs or DPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1698, "end": 1711, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Given the existing structure of markets in Mexico , the results indicate that the effects of multilateral trade liberalization would concentrate in the northern states , which are more closely connected to international markets . Conversely , households living in the southern states are largely insulated from these effects , not because of the composition of their consumption or income bundle , but rather because of the very limited effect of trade reforms on prices in those areas . The remainder of this paper is organized as follows . Section 1 describes the extent and distribution of poverty in Mexico . Section 2 analyzes the Doha implications for Mexican households . Section 3 illustrates the empirical framework . Section 4 presents the results . Section 5 concludes . The annex discusses the household data base as well as its reconciliation with , and mapping to , the macro data ( GTAP ) . # * * 1 . Poverty in Mexico * * Despite Mexico ’ s status as a middle-income country and a member of the OECD , poverty in Mexico is widespread . Poverty levels have moved substantially during the 1990s decreasing in periods of economic growth and increasing in economic downturns . Extreme poverty < sup > 3 < / sup > was estimated to be about 24 percent in the early 1990s . Economic reforms and growth produced a reduction of about 3 percentage points by 1994 . The economic crisis of 1995 and the sharp devaluation of the peso then led to a sharp increase in poverty ( to 37 percent in 1996 and 34 percent in 1998 ) . Finally , economic recovery in the late 1990s produced the largest decline in poverty , with extreme poverty falling to pre-crisis levels in 2000 and declining thereafter to about 20 percent in 2002 . The > 3 This corresponds to the food poverty line . The food poverty line is defined as the minimum expenditure necessary to guarantee a 2200 calories intake per day . 3", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 825, "text": "household data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 884, "end": 903, "text": "macro data ( GTAP )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Sustainable Land management Project ( KAPSLMP ) ( P088600 ) | Overall Risk Rating |  Moderate < br >  Moderate | | - - - | - - - | # * * Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * The project ’ s Global Environment Objective ( GEO ) is “ to reduce and mitigate land degradation in the targeted operational areas and to contribute to maintenance of critical ecosystem functions and structures ” . The Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Sustainable Land Management ( KAPSLM ) is a GEF / grant of USD 10 . 0 million seeking to promote the sustainable use of natural resources to achieve higher productivity and incomes for the rural populations of Kenya and the maintenance of critical ecosystem functions in fragile areas . The project contributed to this objective by facilitating agricultural producers and other natural resource users to adopt environmentally sound land management practices without reducing their income . According to its design , the project GEO is being achieved through : ( i ) building capacity for Sustainable Land Management ( SLM ) ; ( ii ) investing in Community SLM micro-projects ; ( iii ) strengthening the enabling environment for SLM ; and ( iv ) supporting project coordination , monitoring and evaluation . This project was approved in 2010 and will be closing on December 31 2016 after an extension period of one year . There has been a remarkable project implementation progress over the last one year of the project life . According to the management information system ( MIS ) , the project has achieved a 79 percent increase ( against the end of project target of 50 percent ) in cultivated area ( from 4 , 484 to 8 , 059 hectares ) in which SLM technologies and practices , such as terracing , cut-off drain ( COD ) , retention / infiltration ditches , and trash lines / grass strips have been adopted . According to the Implementation Progress report , there has been an", "spans": [{"start": 1642, "end": 1671, "text": "management information system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "used to predict future poverty levels . Such an analysis would require an extremely large and detailed dataset . For example , predicting future poverty values in Guatemala would require CDR data from 2006 and 2011 , as well as corresponding poverty survey data for the same time periods . However , this analysis was based on CDR data from 2013 and rural poverty levels for 2006 and 2011 , and no national or urban poverty data were provided . As a result , the predictive model was trained with the 2013 CDR data and the 2006 rural poverty data , and the 2013 CDR data were used to predict rural poverty levels in 2011 . While this is the best methodological approach given the data constraints , the preliminary results showed low R < sup > 2 < / sup > values at around 0 . 29 for regression and maximum F1 scores of 0 . 6 . * * 15 * *", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 214, "text": "CDR data from 2006 and 2011", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 242, "end": 261, "text": "poverty survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 501, "end": 514, "text": "2013 CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 trillion of external sovereign bonds ( BIS 2018 ) , about the same as total German government debt or about 10 % of total gross US government debt . > 10 Dimson , Marsh , and Staunten ( 2001 ) gather annual data on equities , bonds , and bills for 16 countries back to 1900 . Their data on government bonds mostly builds on representative domestic currency instruments . Jordá et al . ( 2017 ) compile yearly country-level indices of asset returns , 1870-2015 , for 16 countries , including housing . 2", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 449, "text": "yearly country-level indices of asset returns", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2000 ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > It is difficult to tell whether those households who had high incomes or engaged in a particular activity in one month would also have high incomes or would they have been engaged in similar activities in different months . Measurement errors also occur with occupational choice , since the individual level 7 day recall status can deviates from the 12 month recall status . These measurement errors will result in inconsistent estimates in regressions using earnings at both the individual and household level as well as analysis involving individual employment variables . In sum , while the recall period has a negligible impact on aggregate indicators of primary employment , it matters a lot for indicators capturing multiple activities both at aggregate and household / individual level analysis . A short recall period biases any kind of individual and household level analysis because it understates participation in secondary activities , and by implication gives a misleading picture of livelihoods and overstates underemployment . It also makes it difficult , if not impossible , to measure annual earnings for important segments of the labor force – likely the poor . It follows then that indicators based on the 12 month recall period are the more reliable , especially for earnings and livelihood level analysis < sup > 18 < / sup > . # * * 4 . Suggestions on minimizing measurement error when calculating LFPR in low-income countries * * The Uganda analysis , as well as other analysis cited above , showed that there is significant variation in the LFPR depending on the questionnaire design . There are categories of respondents – specifically women and those in school - whose labor force participation is systematically understated . The key question is how to construct a meaningful indicator for LFP in a given country , in the presence of non-sampling measurement error traced to the type of questionnaire or the implementation . The first step is to recognize that the bias of the error is to underestimate the labor force . But then , what can the analyst do after the data have been collected ? Guarcello et al ( 2010 ) offer one option . Using data from 24 countries , they", "spans": [{"start": 2200, "end": 2222, "text": "data from 24 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Exhibit 1 ) . The plants operate a continuous production process that runs constantly ( Exhibit 2 ) . The factories ’ floors were rather disorganized ( Exhibits 3 and 4 ) , and their yarn and spare-parts inventory stores lacked any formalized storage systems ( Exhibits 5 and 6 ) . # * * III . THE MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION * * # # * * _III . A . Why use management consulting as an intervention_ * * The field experiment aimed to improve management practices in the treatment plants . To achieve this we hired a management consultancy firm to work with the plants as the easiest way to > 7 The main reasons we were given for refusing free consulting were that the firms did not believe they needed management assistance or that it required too much time from their senior management ( 1 day a week ) . But it is also possible these firms were suspicious of the offer , given many firms in India have tax and regulatory irregularities . 8 For example , the program firms had slightly less assets ( $ 12 . 8m ) compared to the non-program firms ( $ 13 . 9m ) , but this difference was not statistically significant ( p-value 0 . 841 ) . We also compared the groups on management practices using the BVR scores , and found they were almost identical ( difference of 0 . 031 , p-value 0 . 859 ) . 9 Dunn & Bradstreet ( August 2009 ) lists 778 , 000 manufacturing firms in the US with only 17 , 300 of these ( 2 . 2 % ) with 270 or more employees and only 28 , 900 ( 3 . 7 % ) with $ 7 . 5m or more sales . > 10 Note that most international agencies define large firms as those with more than 250 + employees . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . DATA AND ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK * * This section begins by describing the survey designed to collect the data that have never been available before on enterprise skills . It is followed by a description of the analytic framework used to model firms ’ choices of skill mix and strategies to mitigate skill deficits – the mismatch between needed and available skills – and to estimate their impacts on firm performance . In this analytic framework , firms are distinguished by whether they are high-skill or low-skill firms . The section concludes with a broad overview of the data , including simple pair-wise correlations between key skill variables and indicator measures of skills demand , and comparisons of high-skill and lowskill firms in terms of their labor productivity and job creation over the past two years . # * * Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey * * The data needed to study the determinants and outcomes of skill shortages and strategies firms use to mitigate them are from the 2015 Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey ( TESS ) . Piloted by the Development Economics Vice-Presidency and Education Global Practice of the World Bank , TESS was designed to provide insights into the composition and demand for skills , and the relationship between skills ( and skill constraints ) and firm performance in selected economic sectors in five regions of Tanzania . The five regions include Dar es Salaam , the autonomous region of Zanzibar , and three mainland regions of Arusha , Mbeya , and Mwanza . The economic sectors are food , textiles and garments , fabricated metals , and furniture in manufacturing , and IT , hotels and restaurants , construction and transportation in non-manufacturing . Firms were classified into three sizes – small firms with 5-19 employees , medium with 20-99 employees , and large with 100 or more employees . The survey included 424 enterprises stratified by sector , region and size , with between 40 and 76 enterprises in each sector . About half the sample ( 224 firms ) is located in Dar es Salaam and the balance divided rather evenly across each of the remaining regions ( each with about 50 firms ) . Overall , small firms make up 63 percent of the sample", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 868, "text": "Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1040, "text": "2015 Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Data on marital status of the sample survey shows * * 90 * * percent of the household heads are currently married and * * ( 1 . 1 % ) * * of the heads of the household are never married . The remaining * * ( 6 . 7 % ) , ( 1 . 9 % ) * * and ( 0 . 4 % ) of the household heads are widowed , divorced and separated respectively . The proportion of widowed and divorced household heads are slightly higher in Diksis woreda , whereas never married household heads are relatively higher in Hetosa woreda . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > All ' 1 Aw . l < br > Suo e Sude N < br > Lode Heto Lode Hetosa S t < br > Hetosa < br > Hetosa 3 < br > Diks is M / . o < br > Ars ; Robe < br > Ars ! Robe < br > 0 . 0 50 . 0 100 . 0 150 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 50 , 0 100 . 0 50 . 0 < br > Never Marr ed WMarried < br > Never Ma ried I Married Separeted < br > Sepa eted Jivorced < br > Divorced Widowed < br > Widowed < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Regarding household members marital status , based on legal age at marriage , which is * * 18 * * years and older , majority * * ( 71 . 7 % ) * * of the household population reported that they are \" currently married \" and * * ( 22 . 6 % ) * * are \" single \" . The proportions of household population that reported their marital status as \" divorced \" \" widowed \" and \" separated \" are ( 4 . 5 % ) , * * ( 1 . 1 % ) * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 22, "text": "Data on marital status", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As the crisis wore on , job losses mounted . As shown in Table 5-2 , Jordan ’ s formal firms experienced broadly similar conditions by the time of the second CFUWBES wave as they had earlier . They reported only an additional 1 . 8 weeks of closures since the previous CFUWBES ( June-July ) , when they reported 8 . 7 weeks on average , and a similar share of firms reported supply disruptions ( 85 percent ) . The share of sales comprised of exports fell relative to 2018 , in contrast to the rise as of wave 1 , and sales declines were of a similar magnitude as the previous round ( 50 percent ) . Meanwhile , a lower share of workers was operating remotely ( 2 . 8 percent on average relative to 8 . 7 ) , and the share of firms newly engaging in online or modified ( delivery ) activities fell . A lower share of remaining firms still in operation was experiencing financial issues , despite the fact that fewer received policy support . By wave 2 , we predict the cumulative loss of PFPS jobs to be 25 . 2 percent , including 9 . 4 percent from permanent firm closures ( Table 5-1 ) . < sup > 41 < / sup > The survey-measured result is 25 . 5 percent , which is very close to the jobs at risk model prediction . These estimates are also close to the net observed job loss rate of 23 . 3 percent in the CMMHH for the most similar group available in that data — formally employed private sector workers in the WBES sectors ( PFPS workers ) of either Jordanian , Palestinian , or Syrian nationality ( “ PFPS ” workers ) . According to the CMMHH , 18 . 2 percent of these workers became unemployed ; 2 . 8 percent were newly out of the labor force , and 2 . 3 percent had become employed as irregular workers or outside of the formal private sector . Even with the differences in the _Table 5-3 Jordan : Rates of Net Job Loss by Type of Job , Percentage Change in Employment Levels from March to December 2020_ | Employer Type", "spans": [{"start": 1307, "end": 1312, "text": "CMMHH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 5 . Assessment of Bank and Borrower Performance _ ( relating to design , implementation and outcome issues ) _ 5 . 1 Bank Performance ( a ) Bank Performance in Ensuring Quality at Entry _ ( i . e . , performance through lending phase ) _ 54 . Rating : Satisfactory . The project design , rapidly conceived during the global food crisis , was based on the strategic assumption that supporting domestic crop production would best be possible through assuring the availability of chemical fertilizer through a fast-track emergency lending operation . This strategic approach was effective . < sup > 8 < / sup > The limitations of the analytical underpinnings , due to rushed preparation of the emergency operation , were partly compensated through a thorough internal review process . The simple project design was adequate and allowed timely implementation ~ Monitoring and evaluation progressed at the intermediate stage , and a satisfactory impact assessment based on a large household survey was produced . 55 . ' As with all projects , for this project one can say with the benefit of hindsight that some things should have been done differently . The transport and port congestion risk could have been anticipated through more careful review and intersectoral dialogue in the Ethiopia country team . More emphasis could have been placed on creating a better knowledge base . A better knowledge base would have allowed the evaluation of institutional and policy questions related to the project ( e . g . , questions related to whether the project helped cement a rather unique fertilizer supply structure , the expected net effects of a revised procurement process that led toa single importer , the use af DAP and urea only , and the private sector ' s limited role in the supply chain ) . ( b ) Quality of Supervision _ ( including ofjiduciary and safeguards policies ) _ 56 . Rating : Satisfactory . SupervIsion was regular , constructive , and proactive . The team produced three supervision missions during key milestones of the fertilizer procurement and distribution process ( March 2009 , May 2009 , and December 2009 ) . During the", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 996, "text": "large household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Geotools < br > ( Magnetotelluric and TDEM < br > Intepretation software ) | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Direct Selection | Direct | | 15 , 000 . 00 | 23 , 000 . 00 < br > Signed | 2018-02-21 | 2018-02-26 | | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-09-29 | | UG-MEMD-40434-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of AERIAL < br > Imagery Equipment and < br > Software for MEMD | IDA / 56530 | Off-grid Energy Access < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - Nationa | l < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 48 , 420 . 00 | 77 , 373 . 07 < br > Signed | 2018-04-20 | 2018-04-25 | 2018-06-06 | 2018-07-06 | 2018-08-10 | 2019-02-06 | | UG-MEMD-48036-GO-DIR / < br > Supply of six ( 6 ) porous pot < br > electrode for Magnetotelluric < br > equipment | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Direct Selection | Direct | | 15 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-02-21 | 2018-02-26 | | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-09-29 | | UG-MEMD-47591-GO-DIR / < br > Supply of geophysical data < br > processing software ( Empower ) < br > & Training | < br > IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ate lag order . The international Stress scenario based on the actual historical cross-country crisis experience is presented under the “ Stress Int . ” heading . In addition , we compute the corresponding probabilities of the “ Stress Int . ” values vis-a-vis the VAR ( 1 ) model forecast distributions , and report them in the last column of Table 3 under the Pr ( Stress Int . ) heading . < sup > 40 < / sup > The bank level balance sheet data are as of 2010 : Q4 . Notice from Table 3 that under the TTC , PIT and Stress VAR scenarios the change in the nominal exchange rate is set to 0 % . This is due to the fact that the economy operates under a fixed exchange rate regime vis-a-vis the Euro , and we assume that the current conversion rate to the EUR is sustained under the TTC , PIT and country specific VAR Stress scenario . Nevertheless , since there exists ample historical evidence suggesting that rate break down or are abandoned the authorities severe exchange pegs by during financial crisis periods ( Reinhart and Rogoff , 2004 ; W ̈ alti , 2005 ) we also consider a 31 . 5 % depreciation of the local currency relative to the Euro under the “ Stress Int . ” scenario . The magnitude of this depreciation was determined from historical cross-country data as described in Section 3 . 3 . # * * 7 . 1 . 2 . Bank Level Data * * The construction of the idiosyncratic ( bank specific ) risk component as described in Section 4 requires bank level data on credit growth at the peak of the last credit cycle or the most recent period of positive credit growth , and if available , data on the share of foreign currency denominated lending ( SFX ) . Table 4 below shows summary statistics of annual credit growth in each asset class across the considered ten banks as of end-2007 . The year > 40These probabilities were constructed by taking the values under the “ Stress Int . ” heading in Table 3 and plugging them into the four step-ahead multivariate normal forecast density of the VAR ( 1 )", "spans": [{"start": 417, "end": 446, "text": "bank level balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1242, "end": 1271, "text": "historical cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1322, "end": 1337, "text": "Bank Level Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1448, "end": 1480, "text": "bank level data on credit growth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * TABLE II . Correlations between Shocks and Maternal Mental Health Indexes ( MHI ) in 2002 * * | * * in 2002 * * | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Panel A . Descriptive statistics of Maternal MHI_ | Mean | S . D . | N | | MHI-1 | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 50 | 1095 | | MHI-2 | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 98 | 1095 | | MHI-3 | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 92 | 1095 | | _Panel B . Shocks experienced by mothers during pregnancy or_ < br > _within thefirstyear after the child was born ( in 2002 ) _ | Mean | S . D . | N | | Crop or livestock loss | 0 . 03 | 0 . 16 | 1095 | | Death , severe illness , divorce | 0 . 13 | 0 . 34 | 1095 | | Birth / new household member | 0 . 06 | 0 . 24 | 1095 | | _Panel C . Correlations between shocks and Maternal MHI in_ < br > _2002_ | MHI-1 | MHI-2 | MHI-3 | | Crop or livestock loss | 0 . 34 * * * | 0 . 70 * * * | 0 . 65 * * * | | Death , severe illness , divorce | 0 . 15 * * * | 0 . 32 * * * | 0 . 29 * * * | | Birth / new household member | 0 . 13 * * | 0 . 27 * * | 0 . 24 * * | Table II present summary statistics ( mean and standard deviation ) of maternal mental health indexes and shocks experienced by mothers of our sample of analysis . These variables are available in the first round of the Peruvian Young Lives Survey ( 2002 ) . Sample is restricted to children with available information on maternal mental health in 2002 and PPVT scores in 2006 and 2009 . Mental health index 1 is the standardized average", "spans": [{"start": 1239, "end": 1266, "text": "Peruvian Young Lives Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 Household Annual Income * * In the attempt to capture the annual cash income of households found within Subproject impact corridor , the sampled households were requested to indicate their households cash income from all income sources in the past 12 months preceding the sample survey . Accordingly , a total of 270 households who were covered by the survey earned a combined _Etb_ 35 , 652 , 440 in the past 12 months preceding the survey from all income sources . This brings the average annual income to _Etb_ 132 , 046 per household per year . With regard to annual income source as expected , the study finding revealed that 24 . 6 % of the household ’ s annual income comes from selling perennial crops . As discussed above , perennial crops such as coffee and chat are important source of cash income for majority of farming households in Subproject influence areas . Next to perennial crops , about 20 . 1 % of the household annual income is drawn from selling annual crops , while selling vegetables and fruits constituted 10 . 4 % of the household annual income . Other important household annual income sources include livestock trade ( 8 . 4 % ) , income from agricultural related forest products like forest coffee , honey ( 4 . 1 % ) and dairy products ( 3 . 7 % ) . The study also looked at the most common forms of activities that the sample households are engaged in with the objective to draw some inferences from what the survey households are engaged in outside their usual agricultural activities . In this regard income from petty trade , which accounted for 10 . 2 % of all household annual income , stood first , followed by income from employment ( 4 . 6 % ) and remittance ( 4 . 2 % ) . Therefore , as expected , the lion share of the", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 465, "text": "sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approximately 72 , 000 children were unable to write their examinations in the North ( UNICEF , 2005 ) . A recent study by UNESCO ( 2010 ) used 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) to conduct a quantitative study on the relationship between education and war in Côte d ‟ Ivoire . This study finds an increase in the uneducated proportion of male cohorts in war-affected areas . Looking separately at the educational attainments for males and females , it concludes that for both genders the average educational attainment has dropped since the conflict broke out . To our knowledge this is the only quantitative study so far that examined the impact of war on education in Côte d ‟ Ivoire . However , this study does not draw any causal inference on the potential impact of war on education . In addition , the MICS survey was undertaken in 2006 just after conflict had reached its peak , and as a result it might not have demonstrated the full impact of war . This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap . We calculate the average causal effect of civil war on education in Côte d ‟ Ivoire using the Household Living Standards Survey ( HLSS ) data collected in 2008 and the data on local incidences of conflict taken from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Database ( ACLED ) . We use a number of empirical strategies to identify the causal effect of war on education for the school-going age-cohort . First , we use year and department of birth to determine an individual ‟ s exposure to war . The difference-in-difference outcomes indicate that the average years of education for individuals aged 10 to 22 is . 94 years fewer compared to the individuals aged 23 to 32 in war-affected regions . However , the underlying assumptions for difference-in-difference estimation can possibly be violated in the present study by several factors - internal migration , heterogeneous selection into victimization within regions and varying intensity of conflict across regions . These could be potential sources of bias in the estimated causal effect . The causal inferences on the impact of war can also be affected if education itself worked as a catalyzer of war . Moreover , there", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 182, "text": "2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 822, "end": 833, "text": "MICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1113, "end": 1146, "text": "Household Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1187, "end": 1223, "text": "data on local incidences of conflict", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1239, "end": 1281, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Even though the 41 articles reported in Table 3 surely do not constitute the entire literature , it is notable that only four focus on the experiences least developed countries . Few studies attempt cross-country comparisons of reform experiences or procurement practices — exceptions being Trepte ( 1998 ) for Bhutan and Laos and Wittig ( 1999 ) for South Africa and Uganda . Moreover , only a few of the articles < sup > 11 < / sup > attempt any form of quantification of the costs , benefits , or effects of existing procurement practices or reform proposals . Another source of information are the Country Procurement Assessment Reports prepared by the World Bank and other development agencies . These reports provide a diagnostic assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the procurement systems in individual developing countries . < sup > 12 < / sup > The CPARs that are publicly available are listed in Appendix 2 of this document . The CPAR process has led to recommendations and financing of action plans to modernize or reform existing procurement systems in a number of countries . As is true of the more academic literature , the impact of this work on the performance of national public procurement systems has not been well documented , in the sense that the CPARs tend to focus primarily on legal compliance – whether laws and required procedures have been implemented . There is little focus on quantifying performance , the actual return to having applied processes aimed at enhancing competition , transparency and combating the scope for corruption , or the expected return to adopting new procedures that have such outcomes as objectives . The only cross-country data that is available on the procurement ‘ performance ’ of countries are international surveys . An example is the survey of perceptions of > the WTO Working Group on Transparency in Government Procurement Practices , at < u > http : / / www . wto . org / english / tratop_e / gproc_e / gproc_e . htm ; the World Bank ’ s Country Procurement < / u > Assessment Reports ( not all of which are publicly available ) ; and Individual Action Plans of APEC members , at < u > http : /", "spans": [{"start": 1675, "end": 1693, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1764, "end": 1785, "text": "international surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1806, "end": 1827, "text": "survey of perceptions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data sources for understanding refugee education ; - Improve the quality of data by developing shared definitions and indicators : Ensuring that shared indicators , with standardized definitions and methodologies , are used within national data systems across partners . This would improve comparability of data and facilitate uptake into policymaking processes . # # * * Conclusion * * This brief provides a current snapshot of effective policy and practices in the inclusion of refugees in education systems . There is a critical need to increase the understanding of both those leading decisions on policies and programming relating to refugee educational inclusion and those interacting with refugee learners directly within schools and learning institutes on how best to support refugee learners in their education . Understanding and building on existing good practices , while also continuing to address key barriers and gaps , is an important means to do this , and in turn , to break potential cycles of marginalisation and to help refugee children lead better lives in and after displacement . The findings presented here can inform host government , humanitarian , and development policy and programming and in so doing contribute to changing the reality of educational exclusion into one of inclusion that better prepares refugees around the world for durable solutions . Building Inclusive Education Systems for Refugees * * 11 * *", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 252, "text": "national data systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country of asylum and level in the procedure , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * | Country / | | | | | Pending < br > start-06 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-06 | < br > Recog | Protecti < br > nition | on indicato | rs < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | territory | | | Ca | ses / | | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | rat | es | O / w . | Change | | of < br > asylum | Proc < br > T * | edure < br > L * * | Pers < br > App . | ons * * * < br > Dec . | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed < br > rate | pending < br > cases ( % ) | | Canada | G | FI | P | P | 20 , 552 | 22 , 868 | 9 , 252 | - | 8 , 117 | 2 , 458 | 19 , 827 | 23 , 593 | 53 . 3 | 53 . 3 | 12 . 4 | 14 . 8 | |", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 139, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relative to the starting point of 2014 , which is normalized to 100 . As we can see , the poorest decile indeed experienced the sharpest drop in real cash income , which also came at the very beginning of the crisis . The poorest decile was also the first to recover from the crisis , and the recovery appears to be quite rapid . Deciles 2 ‐ 9 were also heavily affected by the crisis , and did not manage to recover fully by the end of 2017 . The richest decile , by contrast , experienced the least income decline during the crisis , and still no recovery in the second part of 2017 . _Figure 7 : Cash income by deciles of disposable income , in real terms , 2014 set to 100_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 98 < br > 96 < br > 94 < br > 92 < br > 90 < br > 88 < br > 86 < br > 84 < br > 82 < br > 80 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > Poorest decile Deciles 2-3 Deciles 4-7 Deciles 8-9 Richest decile < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Cash income measured in real 2014 roubles per capita , with the 2014 level set to 100 . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS . Consider Figure 8 , where each circle represents a socio ‐ economic group as defined through residence , education , age , labor market status and household composition . As we can see , income changes differed significantly for different socio ‐ economic population groups . There is also a positive relationship between income growth rates and pre ‐ crisis income levels ‐ ‐ groups with the highest income level in 2014 experienced milder income declines during 2015 ‐ 2016 . For example , the residents of Minsk , one of the highest ‐ income groups , only experienced 5 . 4 percent income decline . On the other hand , people residing in small cities and rural areas experienced 16 . 4 and 14 . 6 percent declines in incomes correspondingly", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1108, "text": "quarterly HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specified , expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages is separated into two categories in this paper : food and non-alcoholic beverages purchased for home consumption , including takeaway food ( “ food ” ) ; and food and non-alcoholic beverages consumed in restaurants , canteens and cafeterias ( “ restaurant food ” ) . 5 Food made up 18 . 5 % of total household expenditure , on average , in 23 OECD countries examined by Thomas ( 2020 ) using household budget survey microdata . In contrast , the next most common expenditure categories – newspapers and books – together made up only around 1 % of total household expenditure , on average , in the same 23 countries . 4", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 485, "text": "household budget survey microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # * * 14 . Conclusion and Main Commitments * * # # # # * * 14 . 1 Conclusion * * In this report , the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of the construction of Hawassa Shashemene 230 kV SS & Power Transmission Line subproject on the physical , biological and socio-economic environment are identified and discussed . The report also identifies and recommends appropriate benefit enhancement and / or mitigation measures . Improved power transmission will boost electricity supply capacities of the national grid making it not only accessible physically , but also affordable financially . In the medium to long term , improved electricity transmission , by enhancing supply and curbing transmission losses , will facilitate rural electrification and make it possible for rural communities in Ethiopia as a whole to gain access to electricity – modern and affordable energy – an important milestone to achieving the National Electrification Program Goals . However , like all other infrastructure development subproject , notwithstanding the farreaching social and economic benefits , admittedly , the subproject would also have adverse impacts on the biophysical and socio-economic environment that need to be accounted for and avoided or mitigated when and wherever feasible . - No new access will be created to previously undeveloped areas . - There are no significant areas of natural or semi-natural forest all along the subproject corridor , and no designated or protected areas of terrestrial ecological interest that will be affected by the proposed construction activities . - A terrestrial vegetation survey confirms that no locally or regionally endangered species will be affected as a result of land clearing along the TL corridor . Therefore , no special mitigation measures or Biodiversity Management Plan will be required . - There is no critical habit that will be affected by the subproject - There are no endangered or rare species or species with restrict range of distribution that entirely dependent on the sub", "spans": [{"start": 1794, "end": 1823, "text": "terrestrial vegetation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the LAP lays out the process for land acquisition for both sites , including the consultations held , relevant legal framework , and implementation and monitoring arrangements . The LAP will substitute for a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) . The LAP was reviewed for consistency with Bank Policy , and has been translated and disclosed both in-country and at the Infoshop . # # # * * Description of Land Acquisition Plan ( LAP ) * * 21 . Component 5 of the project involves the replacement of unsafe buildings and the upgrading of facilities to support the education reform initiatives for transformations in learning for the knowledge economy and additional schools and extensions to deal with significant population growth . This will help provide quality physical learning environments for kindergartens , basic and secondary schools , alleviating overcrowding , and reducing rented and doubles-shift facilities . 22 . To this end , a school mapping exercise ( GIS ) was implemented by the Directorate of Educational Planning in the MoE and provided the information necessary for a rationalization of existing enrolment disparities and the selection of sites for the allocation of additional student places ( both new schools and school extensions ) . As a result of this exercise , the Ministry was able to identify the needs of newly constructed schools and extensions that will be implemented during ERfKE II and based on specific site selection criteria . The Ministry has an annual allocation for the acquisition of lands . During the last five years the Ministry has acquired the necessary lands that will be used for the construction of schools and extensions under ERfKE II as well as for construction of other MoE buildings . This secures the lands for 80 identified schools out of 82 schools that would be constructed during ERfKE II . 23 . For the remaining two sites , both of which have been identified , land will need to be acquired . The two sites are located in the Governorates of Zarqa and North Ghor , and both are privately owned . The owners of the two sites have been identified and approached by MoE", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 964, "text": "school mapping exercise", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # < mark > TABLE 11 < / mark > * * Applications submitted by country of asylum and origin * * # # # # # # | Second quarter 2014 Top-20 ranking of countries based on applications lodged during the second quarter . An asterisk ( * ) denotes a value between 1 and 4 . | Origin < br > | Albania | Australia | Austria | Belgium | Bosnia and < br > Herzegovina | Bulgaria | Canada | Croatia | Cyprus | Czech Rep . | Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Syrian Arab Rep . | * | 19 | 1 , 221 | 365 | - | 765 | 116 | 25 | 264 | 19 | 902 | * | 21 | 661 | 6 , 705 | | Eritrea | 9 | 9 | - | 186 | - | * | 60 | * | - | - | 238 | * | - | 152 | 2 , 961 | | Iraq | - | 81 | 126 | 129 | - | 44 | 84 | - | 6 | * | 19 | - | 174 | 30 | 819 | | Afghanistan | - | 36 | 743 | 116 | * | 332 | 134 | 8 | - | - | 80 | - | 39 | 159 | 1 , 716 | | Pakistan | * | 198 | 199 | 30 | - | 19 | 170 | 7 | 13 | - | 16 | - | 5 | 503 | 816 | | China | - | 398 | - | 33 | - | - | 225 | - | * | * | 11 | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". An international consultant will additionally be hired under this AF and both consultants will work with IMF ’ s staff to support the NPC in rebasing the Ethiopian National Accounts . The CSA is also developing IT equipment preform as to develop NPC ’ s networking and data storage system , and 5 ) Vital Statistics - The CSA is support the Federal Vital Event Registration Agency ( VERA ) in their development of Vital statistics . # # # # * * Component 3 : Statistical Methodology , Standards and Data Quality Assurance and Information Dissemination * * Data Dissemination was supported through media promotion , publishing of survey reports , and organizing meetings and workshops including press conferences . Results from the 2015 / 16 Poverty Survey were publically disseminated during a launch event in late 2017 . The CSA holds refresher courses on Ethiopia ’ s Data Quality Assessment Framework ( EDQAF ) for those engaged in the production of administrative statistics . The TOR for the infrastructure upgrade of the library is being developed and will be finalized by the end of June 2018 . The CSA is also developing a strategy on how to digitize hard copies of previous publications to electronic copies . The CSA has also developed a communications strategy for the upcoming Population Census , and trained the agency ’ s regional communications officers on disseminating statistics to the media # # # # * * Component 4 : Project Management * * : Project implementation is rated satisfactory . Major achievements include : organizing a consultation workshop for the new AF ; preparing interim financial reports ; preparation of audit report for 2016 / 2017 ; documenting ; publishing and disseminating key lessons and best practices ; publishing newsletters ; and following up of construction works , trainings and other procurement activities . 6 / 25 / 2018 Page 2 of 11 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 733, "end": 757, "text": "2015 / 16 Poverty Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1291, "end": 1308, "text": "Population Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( e . g . , through their mobile money loan products ) are exorbitantly priced . This has created a vicious cycle of non-repayments , further reducing the ability of these segments of the population to access finance . The government of Kenya sees a role in addressing the existing acute market distortions by leveraging the digital finance network in Kenya and putting in place innovative but prudently managed mechanisms . This is in line with the government ’ s BETA , prioritizing the poor and low-income households in informal urban settlements , small and microlevel businesses , rural areas , and women . The new administration established the Financial Inclusion Fund with the objective of developing and deploying affordable , accessible , and appropriate financial services and products for the bottom of economic pyramid . 72 . * * Gender aspects . * * While one in four start-ups in Kenya are female co-founded , their businesses are smaller compared to those of men as they access less funding or debt due to irregular cashflows . According to KNBS ’ s 2016 MSME Survey , 57 percent of businesses that had to close were owned solely or jointly by women , compared to 35 percent for men . The main reasons for closures included shortage of operating funds and personal reasons , particularly related prenatal and postnatal care of children . While the gender gap has declined , exclusion rates remain higher for females ( 12 . 4 percent ) , compared to males ( 10 . 8 percent ) , with the percentage of women using informal groups ( 6 percent ) , almost twice that for men ( 3 . 2 percent ) . Informal channels can include unregulated money lenders that can charge higher than market rates due to the credit risk perception of this underserved group . 73 . * * Substance of the reform . * * The National Treasury and Economic Planning issued the Financial Inclusion Fund regulations on November 23 , 2022 . The regulations support the operation of the Fund in an efficient and transparent manner , including its source of funding , governance framework , eligibility conditions , and", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1082, "text": "2016 MSME Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 2 . Long clearance through customs adds to transport costs . . . * * _Average days required for customs clearance for imports_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > High Income < br > Morocco < br > Poland < br > Malaysia < br > Turkey < br > Hungary < br > Mexico < br > Brazil < br > Ukraine < br > Russia < br > Korea < br > Panama < br > Thailand < br > China < br > Argentina < br > Indonesia < br > Peru < br > Chile < br > Bolivia < br > India < br > Ecuador < br > 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Bank , World Business Environment Surveys and Investment Climate Surveys , reproduced in Bagai , Newfarmer , Wilson ( 2004 ) . Complex requirements in cross-border trade increase the possibility for corruption . For example , at the key border crossing point between India and Bangladesh as many as 1 , 500 trucks queue up on both sides of the border with waiting times varying between one and five days to complete documentation requirements . Expediting customs clearance procedures reduces the discretionary power of customs officials , thus reducing the scope for corruption . An efficient , friendly and corruption free customs can help boost trade and investment . An empirical study by Cudmore ( 2004 ) finds that reducing border delays is critical for trade liberalization to have a positive impact on welfare . TF in the context of customs involves the avoidance of unnecessary trade restrictiveness – while strengthening the quality of controls in an internationally harmonized manner . Customs can play an important role in TF by speeding up its reforms , providing best practices to other trade sectors , enhancing implementation capacity – contingent on support from all stakeholders ( See Box 3 ) . 13", "spans": [{"start": 569, "end": 634, "text": "World Business Environment Surveys and Investment Climate Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the farmer attended the training by himself : attendance of the spouse was only permitted for the gender reflection portion . # * * 2 . 2 Data * * We collected data on study participants through in-person interviews and self-administered assessments throughout the training . Specifically , the data used for this study consists of three primary sources : ( i ) a household baseline survey administered approximately a month before the training , ( ii ) data provided by the farmers themselves during the training , which we collected and transcribed and ( iii ) an endline survey administered approximately two years after the training . Source ( ii ) includes farmers ’ responses to questions on decision - and income-sharing , the content of the filled-out action plans , and a quiz capturing gender attitudes and agricultural knowledge . This quiz was administered to farmers during the training after the gender sensitization but before the action plan creation 6", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 391, "text": "household baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Decoupling and recoupling * * ( 2000-Q3 2010 ) period , and assuming for simplicity that trend growth remained stable within each sub-period , the specification is simple enough : - ! ! \" ! \" ! ! \" ! < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ! ! ! ! ! ! \" ! \" ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! \" ! \" ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! \" # $ ! ! ! ! ! \" ! \" ! ! ! ! \" # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! \" ! \" ! ! ! ! \" # ! ! ! ! ! \" # $ < br > ( 1 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > a regression of the annual q / q growth rate of country _i_ ’ s cyclical output ( relative to a log linear GDP trend ) on the G7 and Chinese cycles , based on quarterly data , identifying the late period ( 2001-Q3 2010 ) with an interacting dummy . In passing , such a specification also allows us to estimate the long-term growth convergence ( the EM “ alphas ” ) as the constant of the regression . Note that we deliberately exclude China from the EM sample . For sheer size and growth dynamics , China represents a class in itself that , if grouped with other EM , could bias the conclusions of this exercise ( as it does , most notably , in the typical analysis of EM aggregate output ) . Indeed , it remains a global driver that should be treated as an additional exogenous force behind EM growth and , thus , be included as an additional control , as we do here . * * Table 2 * * summarizes the results . The first thing to note is the fact that emerging economies display mostly “ positive alphas ” relative to the G7 group : a median 2 . 5 % growth differential ( Column 4 ) per year over the whole period , roughly in line with the back-of-the-envelope illustration in * * Figure 5 * * . Is", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 609, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ < ) St ovpnv_ / _h_ v : The baseline survey was conducted in December * * 2023 . * * The survey was conducted on a sample of * * 270 * * sample households that would be affected * * by * * the construction of the proposed Subproject and residing along the TL corridor as well as near the future substation ' s sites . Baseline information were collected from the sample households using structured questionnaire . The household baseline survey collected a wide range of key demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the households including age and sex structure , religious and ethnic affiliations , educational status , and occupation or employment status of household members . The household survey also collected data on farm landholdings , livestock ownership . housing and household amenities , livelihood assets and strategies , annual cash income and expenditure , access to and utilization of communally owned natural resources , access to social services ( healthcare , education , potable water ) ; and knowledge and information about and attitude towards the proposed Subproject and preferred methods of compensation for property that would be affected * * by * * the Subproject ( see Annex 2 for sample Socio-Economic Household Survey Questionnaire ) . * * A * * brief discussion of the sampling design , the survey process and data management and analysis protocol is presented hereunder : _Sampling Design : _ The survey was conducted in all three Subproject Woredas . There are nine Kebele Administrations that are likely to be affected * * by * * the proposed Subproject . Based on likely severity of impact , five Kebele Administrations that are likely to be impacted relatively more severely were selected on purpose . Once the Kebele Administrations are selected using Purposive Sampling method , sample households were selected randomly from communities residing in and around the TL corridor in each sample Kebele Administration . Thus , the main sampling unit of the survey was the household . Despite some logistical challenges , conscious efforts were made to include as many households", "spans": [{"start": 420, "end": 445, "text": "household baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 695, "end": 711, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1226, "end": 1257, "text": "Socio-Economic Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observations from item-district cells that have insufficient representation to construct a price schedule ( fewer than 15 observations ) . This reduces the sample size by roughly 1 % . A further cleaning step was required to standardize units . Respondents reported many quantities in kilograms and liters , but others in bunches , heaps , tins , ladles , buckets or bundles . For some items these units were measured during the market price survey . For other commonly reported units , the team went back specifically to measure the kg or liter conversion . We use the median , district-level conversion rates to convert local units into kilograms or liters . < sup > 7 < / sup > The final data set contains details for 48 , 501 purchase transactions . Descriptive details for the final set of 19 study items are reported in Table 1 . Maize and cooking bananas — staple carbohydrates — are the items purchased in the largest kilogram quantities . Comparing transaction quantity to total 2-week consumption in Table 1 , it is clear that households tend to buy items multiple times over two weeks . Table 2 provides more details on this and other patterns in the diary data . The total number of observed transactions ranges from 688 ( maize ) to 5319 ( cooking oil ) . The average item was purchased by just under half of the sample ( 733 households ) , and was purchased multiple times by just over a third of the sample ( 505 households ) . Some items , such as cooking oil , kerosene , sugar , dried sardines , and onions , were purchased more than once by a majority of households . Among the households that purchase each item , the highest average expenditure is on maize at 7 , 354 TZS / household , and the lowest is on matches at 187 TZS / household . The average number of purchases per item is 3 . 6 . < sup > 8 < / sup > The SHWALITA team also conducted a market price survey in each village , in conjunction with the household survey . Markets are relatively dense in Tanzania : 97 % of study households live within 10 kilometers of", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 448, "text": "market price survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1162, "end": 1172, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1930, "end": 1946, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ector survey < br > KE-MEACLSS-60175-GO-DIR < br > / The Ministry intends to proc < br > ure a cloud server from Dobil < br > ity which will be used for Data Management in the upcomi IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Direct Selection Direct 60 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2018-05-18 2018-06-06 2018-06-25 2019-06-24 < br > ng informal sector survey tha < br > t has been designed to use C < br > omputer Application Personal < br > Interview ( CAPI ) . < br > KE-MEACLSS-69009-GO-RFQ < br > / The Ministry intends to procure 140 pieces of tablets foruse in data collection for the IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 37 , 800 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2018-08-18 2018-09-10 2018-09-17 < br > Informal Sector Skills & Occu < br > pations Survey < br > KE-MEACLSS-145070-GO-RF < br > Q / The State Department int < br > ends to procure a multi-functional photocopier to enhanc IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 8 , 000 . 00 6 , 189 . 07 Signed 2020-04-03 2020-06-02 2020-05-29 2020-06-23 2020-11-25 < br > e the PIU team operations a < br > nd the newly established Lab < br > our Market Observatory Unit < br > KE-MEACLSS-165726-GO-RF < br > Q / The State Department forLabour intends to procure 2No . 4 drawer fireproof cabine IDA / 58120", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 367, "text": "informal sector survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- a range of labour-intensive economic opportunities are available in areas nearby - there is access to productive resources and markets , - a good credit culture has been established , underpinned by the commitment of the host government - micro-credits are combined with other development activities such as education , training , primary health care , and business development services - good relationship of the microfinance institution with the community and regular communication and follow-up visits - good timing of the intervention : microfinance is likely to be a more appropriate intervention once the situation has stabilized . - donor and microfinance institutions are committed to sustainable – read longer term - service delivery # # # * * Investing in education and skills training * * 99 . Skills training and education are no luxuries . A society ’ s level of economic growth and prosperity is intimately linked to the quality of education and training . Education and training should not be seen as ancillary but vital , primary and no less important than the provision of food and health care . 100 . According to research among refugees in Guinea ( Kaiser , 2001 ) , refugees regard education and training as anti-conflict strategies , and as the principal means of making capital out of their exile and perceive education as a key to escape poverty . This is also illustrated by Kuhlman ( 2002 ) who states that Liberians refugees in Côte d ’ Ivoire have gone to great lengths and made considerable sacrifices to ensure that their children could go to school . 101 . Providing skills training for youth should be a key component in promoting livelihoods for refugees . It is important for young people to develop the practical , intellectual and social skills that will serve them throughout their lives . However , concrete possibilities for putting education and skills training to income-generating - be it in the field of farming or trade and services - must be assessed realistically . According to Sesnan , Wood , Anselme and Avery ( 2004 ) , the rule should be simple : no market demand , no training . Vocational", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19km or * * 93 . 50 % * * of the total route length . _Soils : _ Soils along the proposed power TL route vary with geology , landscape and land cover . The TL crosses two major soils which include : Cambisols and Vertisols < sup > of < / sup > < sup > * * FAO * * < / sup > Global Digital Soil Map Data . However , Vertisols are the dominant soil types accounting about 41 . 35km or * * 69 % * * of the TL length . _Geology : _ The Proposed Power Transmission Line traverses five geological formations namely Nazreth Series , Chilalo Formation , Rhyolitic volcanic centers , Dino Formation and Plateau Basalt . The Chilalo Formation and Nazret Series formation , which makes up around 47 . 22 km * * ( 80 % ) * * of the TL route , is the primary geological feature * * of * * the Subproject < sup > corridor . < / sup > _Water_ * * _Supply . _ * * The main water resources in the Subproject area for both humans and animals are piped potable water ( towns ) and collected water from springs , boreholes , seasonal and annual rivers . The surface water sources traversed * * by * * the proposed Subproject include Wodecha , Kerta , Shaya and Robe Rivers and other several < sup > streams < / sup > which are tributaries of the Awash and Genale Rivers . _Air Ouality : _ The project affected areas along the transmission line corridor and within the * * SS * * has a rural setting and there are low population density , no commercial and industrial sites and limited traffic along . Based on expert observation during the field investigation , the ambient air quality is good , apart from elevated dust levels close to the existing Iteya < sup > * * - *", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 302, "text": "Global Digital Soil Map Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "disrupted after round 1 , but this is not observed in round 2 . Because we attempt to control for selection bias , whether due to non response or firm exit , we still in principle have unbiased impact estimates . Moreover , it does not appear that the inability to model firm exit and entry biases our aggregate results , given that in practice our forward-projected estimates without this aspect modeled match the CMMHH data well ( see subsequent sections ) . 18 First stage regression results are provided in Appendix 2 of the long version of the paper . In Jordan , we found that missing values for key variables were more likely if the respondent was not the same , the firm was not medium-sized , and the top manager had fewer years of experience . In Georgia , having mixed or foreign ownership was associated with lower rates of missing values . 15", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 425, "text": "CMMHH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The OCOB recommends that the verification of ineligible bills is completed and that all eligible bills are factored into the budget for payments . Further , all verified legacy pending bills should be paid in the order in which they were incurred . _ - b ) Noncompliance with the prescribed format for reporting pending bills . The Controller of Budget Circular OCOB Circular No . 12 of 2023 required Counties to submit an aged pending bill status report indicating the pending bills to be settled in FY2023 / 24 . However , some Counties submitted pending bill payment plans that did not adhere to OCOB requirements making it difficult to ascertain whether the bills were aged as per OCOB requirement - _The County Executive Member for Finance should ensure that the payment plan adheres to the prescribed format and that the records of each bill show the contract dates and invoice dates_ | * * Key Achievements * * | * * Emerging Issues * * | * * Implementation Chal - * * < br > * * lenges * * | * * Recommendations / Way * * < br > * * forward * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * < br > Conducted monitoring and < br > evaluation in 21 Counties and < br > published reports | The office was unable < br > to carry out monitoring < br > and evaluation of the < br > budget implemented by < br > the Ministries Depart - < br > ment and Agencies and < br > 26 Counties because of < br > budgetarylimitations | | Lobby Parliament to allo - < br > cate sufficient resources < br > to undertake the exercise < br > in all counties | # # # # # * * ii . Legal Services * * The Directorate of Legal Services ( DLS ) ensures that the Controller of Budget operates within the legal framework , by providing advisory to ensure compliance with the relevant laws", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 455, "text": "aged pending bill status report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Table 1 . 04 Extensive Regression Analysis with Additional Bureaucratic Control Mechanisms ( High-Income Democracy Sub-Sample ) _ | | < br > | * * Corruption Perceptions Index * * < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * ( 1 ) * * < br > * * ( GLM ) * * | * * ( 2 ) * * < br > * * ( GLM ) * * | * * ( 3 ) * * < br > * * ( GLM ) * * | | | * * Additive * * | * * Additive * * | * * Factor * * | | * * Higher EDD / NEDD * * * < br > * * DEM * * | | | - 0 . 60 * < br > ( 0 . 33 ) | | * * Higher EDD / NEDD Ratio * * | - 0 . 50 * * * < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | - 0 . 46 * * * < br > ( 0 . 10 ) | - 0 . 30 * * * < br > ( 0 . 09 ) | | * * High-Income Democracies * * | | | - 0 . 82 * * < br > ( 0 . 27 ) | | * * Oversight Index * * | - 0 . 30 * * < br > ( 0 . 10 ) | - 0 . 23 * < br > ( 0 . 12 ) | | | * * Government Effectiveness * * | | - 1 . 02 * * * < br > ( 0 . 09 ) | - 1 . 00 * * * < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | | * * Coordinated Market Economies * * | - 0 . 33 < br > ( 0 . 48 ) | - 0 . 34 < br > ( 0 . 39 ) | - 0 . 17 < br > ( 0 . 35 ) | | * * Standard * * < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * VIII . RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 2017 * * - Train the different refugee committees ( SGBV , community watch , women , AME , etc . ) ; on the community-based protection approach to the identification , response and prevention of SGBV cases ; - Continue advocacy to assign female staff to the DPHR teams ; - Improve qualitative data collection and explore the possibility of introducing GBVIMS in the camps to better analyze the situation of SGBV among refugees ; To this end , capitalize the first training session organized in 2016 by UNFPA and provide sessions for capacity building of stakeholders by Sub-Office on GBVIMS ; - Strengthen partners ' capacities in the overall management of SGBV ( medical , health and psychosocial , legal redress , security , etc . ) ; - Promote women ' s empowerment projects as a strategy to combat sex for survival and sexual exploitation ; - Promote alternative techniques to firewood ; - Establish clear procedures for the protection of LGBTI persons within the UNHCR ( identification and response to SGBVs , access to refugee status determination procedures in confidentiality ) ; - Continue advocating for the increase of financial resources allocated for identification , response and prevention of SGBV among refugees ; - Working with adolescents and parents in the fight against child marriages ; - Strengthen the commitment of men and boys in the fight against SGBV ; - Update the five-year SGBV strategy ; - Explore the complementarity between the implementation of the five-year SGBV strategy , child protection and education in Chad # # # # * * IX . AKNOWLEDGES * * At this point of completion of the statistics report , we would be remiss if we did not acknowledge the contribution of , and thank all the focal points ( staff and refugee leaders alike ) , the UNHCR Sub-Offices and the partners who monitor and follow on a daily basis these SGBV problems . We wish also to express our deep-felt appreciation to the municipal and justice systems and", "spans": [{"start": 1655, "end": 1672, "text": "statistics report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expand and this will happen when exchange rate changes make Chilean exports relatively cheaper . Given these exogenous changes , a firm will be more likely to take advantage of these export opportunities if it is exposed to those markets . A natural measure of destination exposure in this case is the share of a firm ’ s exports to that destination in total firm sales . Access to the administrative customs records allows us to do this for the Chilean ENIA firms . Formally , we define the instrument _z_ < sup > 0 < / sup > as where _sdij_ is the share of exports of firm _i_ ( in industry _j_ ) to export destination _d_ at the initial time period ( year 2001 ) , and _rdt_ is the bilateral exchange rate between Chile and country _d_ at _t_ . Hence , _zijt_ < sup > 0isaweightedaverageoftherealexchangeratefacedbyChileanexporters , < / sup > where the firm-specific weights are the initial shares of exports in sales . As in Brambilla , Lederman and Porto ( 2012 ) , we also interact _z_ < sup > 0 < / sup > with initial firm sales ( i . e . , log sales in 2001 ) to include any firm advantages in profiting from export opportunities based on firm size . Averages for the value of these instruments are reported in panel E ) of Table 1 . < sup > 2 < / sup > The statistical validity of the instrument can be checked with first-stage results for the > 2In all our specifications , we use both _z_ 0 and its interaction with initial sales as instruments . We do this to maintain consistency with the literature that utilizes a similar approach as ours . However , all the results in the paper remain unaltered by a specification that keeps only the average firm-level exchanger rate , _z_ < sup > 0 < / sup > , and drops the interaction with initial sales . These results are reported in an Online Appendix available at the authors ’ websites . 5", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 416, "text": "administrative customs records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Trickle Down Tax Morale : A Cross-Country Survey Experiment Jonathan Mellon , Tiago Peixoto , Fredrik M Sjoberg , and Varun Gauri _Keywords : TAX MORALE , CROSS-NATIONAL EXPERIMENT , RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE , TAX EVASION , TAX AVOIDANCE_ _Classifications : H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance ; H41 - Public Goods ; H50 - Government expenditures General_", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- > # # # # # # Active population shrank significantly in Q2 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Employed and unemployed , thousands < br > 3 , 500 < br > 3 , 000 < br > 2 , 500 < br > 2 , 000 < br > 1 , 500 < br > 1 , 000 < br > 500 < br > 0 < br > J Registered employment J Informal employment < br > J Number of unemployed < br > Source : LFS - Statistics Office of Republic of Serbia . < br > Public sector wages are again growing faster < br > than private . < br > Difference in percent < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Q1-17Q2-17Q3-17Q4-17Q1-18Q2-18Q3-18Q4-18Q1-19Q2-19Q3-19Q4-19Q1-20Q2-20 < br > Q1-18 Q2-18 Q3-18 Q4-18 Q1-19 Q2-19 Q3-19 Q4-19 Q1-20 Q2-20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > - Fiscal balance ( 12-month cumulative , lhs ) ▬ Public debt , rhs _Source : _ Ministry of Finance . The trade deficit and the CAD have begun to decline . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12-month cumulative , percent of GDP , 2017 – 20 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > - 6 < br > - 8 < br > - 10 < br > - 12 < br > - 14 < br > - 16 < br > ▬ Trade balance ▬", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 347, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . 2 . Impact of treatment on PqTRs in treated schools * * | | * * 2016-17 / 2017 - * * < br > * * 18 * * | * * 2017-18 / 2018 - * * < br > * * 19 * * | * * 2018-19 / 2019 - * * < br > * * 20 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Control | 111 . 067 * * * | 108 . 804 * * * | 106 . 133 * * * | | | ( 1 . 066 ) | ( 1 . 284 ) | ( 0 . 860 ) | | Time | 5 . 231 * * * | 3 . 585 * | 1 . 845 | | | ( 1 . 789 ) | ( 2 . 058 ) | ( 1 . 508 ) | | Treatment | 3 . 193 * * | 1 . 433 | 2 . 392 | | | ( 1 . 393 ) | ( 1 . 535 ) | ( 1 . 549 ) | | DiD ( Treatment and | - 46 . 187 * * * | - 40 . 099 * * * | - 37 . 431 * * * | | Time ) | ( 2 . 036 ) | ( 2 . 263 ) | ( 2 . 085 ) | | Control ( N ) | 415 | 299 | 470 | | Treatment ( N ) | 912 | 714 | 330 | _Data Source : EMIS 2016-2019 Note : Robust standard errors in parentheses . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01_ * * Table 5 . 7 . Robustness check : Impact of PqTR reduction on repetition rate ( PqTR 80 ) * * | | * * Overall * * | * * Lower Primary * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Control in 2018 | 0 . 260 * * * | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 765, "end": 769, "text": "EMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the High Court ( ACD ) and the Anti-Corruption Institution ( ACI ) . The Accountant General ’ s office was able to function more independently and equipped with more than 100 CPAs ( compared with only 5 at the beginning of the program ) and the IGG was strengthened . Improvements in PFM and procurement also increased institutional capacity and transparency in government operations , and the flow of money through the government can be better tracked while procurement practices at the local level are now aligned with those at the central level . Legislative achievements such as the CRB will improve the climate for businesses and consumers . The MoLG was restructured and staff was added , thereby strengthening its capacity . LG staffing was also strengthened with the help of the PRSCs from an average of 35 percent to 46 percent , ( although the subsequent expansion of districts has undermined this improvement ) . * * ( c ) Other Unintended Outcomes and Impacts ( * * _positive or negative_ * * ) * * None . # # * * 3 . 5 Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and / or Stakeholder Workshops * * _ ( optional for Core ICR , required for ILI , details in annexes ) _ Not applicable . # # * * 4 . Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome * * There are a number of risks to development outcomes . These include the upcoming election in 2011 , and unfavorable demographic trends which threaten fiscal sustainability and service delivery . The public sector is weak , undermining implementation capacity and effectiveness , 41", "spans": [{"start": 1058, "end": 1076, "text": "Beneficiary Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- QCBS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Child < br > ren ( VAC ) survey and various < br > activities to deliver safe scho < br > ols in 326 secondary schools < br > divided into 5 lots ; Lot 1 : 68 s < br > chools , Lot 2 : 64 schools , Lot < br > 3 : 93 schools , Lot 4 : 93 scho < br > ols , Lot 5 : 7 schools < br > | IDA / D7010 | Expansion of Lower Seconda < br > ry Education < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > < br > l | Open - Internationa < br > | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2022-12-29 | 2023-01-19 | 2023-03-04 | 2023-04-01 | | 2023-05-01 | 2023-06-05 | 2023-07-10 | 2024-07-09 | | UG-MOES-359642-CS-QCBS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Child < br > ren ( VAC ) survey and various < br > activities to deliver safe scho < br > ols under Lot 1 in 68 schools < br > located 39 districts in East C < br > entral , Elgon , Teso , Lango an < br > d Acholi sub regions < br > | IDA / D7010 | Expansion of Lower Seconda < br > ry Education < br > Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > < br > l | Open - Internationa < br > | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implem < br > ation | ent < br > 2023-05-11 < br > 2023-05-31", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 105, "text": "( VAC ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sources * * < br > Trust parliament / national assembly < br > Satisfaction with democracy < br > Freeness and fairness of the last national election < br > Political participation ( SI ) < br > Stability of democratic institutions ( SI ) < br > Political and social integration ( SI ) < br > Civil liberties < br > Accountability and public voice < br > Confidence in Parliament < br > Elections are Not Free and Fair < br > Independent media ( NIT ) < br > Civil society ( NIT ) < br > Electoral Process ( NIT ) < br > Elections < br > Public management < br > Access to information and openness < br > Rights < br > Right to Opinion and Expression < br > Right to Participate in Government < br > Right to Assembly and Association < br > Policies and framework for rural development and rural poverty alleviation < br > Legal frameworks for and autonomy of rural people ' s organizations < br > Electoral index < br > Satisfaction with democracy < br > Trust in parliament < br > People have rights to create , share , and consume information ; people have adequate access to channels of information ; there are < br > appropriate channels for government information ; there are diverse channels for information flow ; and information channels are independent . < br > Open budget index < br > Trust in parliament < br > Satisfaction with democracy < br > Transparency of government policy is satisfactory < br > Factor 1 : Limited government powers < br > Factor 4 : Fundamental rights < br > Factor 3 : Opengovernment | 45", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 913, "text": "Electoral index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1272, "end": 1289, "text": "Open budget index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Ethiopia Resilient Landscapes and Livelihoods Project ( P174385 ) Certificates ( SLLCs ) have been issued to 40 , 627 landholders . Construction of Woreda Information Centers ( WICs ) has commenced in select regions . The Knowledge Management Information System ( KMIS ) and drone / GEMS-based geospatial analysis are strengthening monitoring and evidence-based decision-making . 4 . * * Action Plan . * * To support timely completion , a comprehensive action plan agreed with the Ministry of Agriculture is in place , featuring close coordination with regions , regular meetings , joint working groups , and technical support to expedite implementation . The action plan includes : ( i ) rigorous quality checks — including crossreferencing field reports and geospatial data — to ensure data accuracy and completeness ; ( ii ) finalizing all vacant specialist positions — including the FM , procurement , biodiversity , payment for ecosystem services , and communications roles — by April / May 2026 , as staffing gaps are a critical bottleneck to effective field operations ; ( iii ) strengthening community mobilization and speeding up MYDP implementation to complete restoration within the remaining micro-watersheds without compromising quality ; ( iv ) accelerating the implementation of buffer zones , Green Corridors , and Participatory Forest Management to meet the end target ; ( v ) conducting monthly meetings and quarterly technical field missions between the WB and NPCU / RPCUs to review progress and take corrective measures ; and ( vi ) updating the Income Generating Activities ( IGA ) manual and strengthening skills training , monitoring , and advisory services . The PDO remains achievable with the proposed extension . 5 . * * E & S . * * The proposed RLLP-II restructuring does not entail any changes to the environmental and social ( E & S ) risk rating , project activities , applicable environmental and social standards , or the project area ' s geographic scope . The environmental and social assessment conducted for RLLP-II covered the Central Ethiopia Regional State and", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 805, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2018 ; Laczko _et al . _ , 2009 ; Raleigh _et al . _ , 2008 ) . While informal coping mechanisms may be good enough for dealing with shorter-term impacts of the weather in subsistence agricultural contexts , those same circumstances are poorly suited to deal with longerterm effects of climate change ( Collier _et al . _ , 2008 ) . Examples of such coping mechanisms are holding of low-return liquid assets or diversification of crops and economic activities . In addition , households can sell productive assets ( Deaton , 1992 ) or seek to enhance their families ’ human capital ( Jacoby & Skoufias , 1997 ) . Compared to these remedies however , migration often has superior potential to increase migrants ’ welfare gains ( Clemens , 2011 ) . Unsurprisingly , migrants believe that these welfare gains can often be realized by moving to rapidly growing cities because of their capacity to offer alternative sources of income such as wage labor ( Porter , 2012 ) . That this belief may be reasonable is evidenced by Henderson _et al . _ ( 2017 ) who find a link between climate and urbanization in a large panel of districts and cities across Sub-Saharan Africa . Crucially , the key dimension of heterogeneity is whether cities are likely to have manufacturing for export . In regions where cities presumably offer manufacturing jobs , drier conditions lead to an increase in both urbanization and total urban incomes . This research builds on earlier studies such as Barrios _et al . _ ( 2006 ) , who estimate an increase in national urban share of 0 . 45 percent for a 1-percent reduction in national rainfall . Specifically , they find that shortages in rainfall have increased rates of urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa but not elsewhere in the developing world . They report that this association has strengthened since colonial independence , convincingly arguing that the end of the colonial era coincided with lifting of movement restrictions previously imposed on native populations . # * * 3 Data and Empirical Strategy * * To investigate how adverse climatic conditions affect urban extent over the long term , we build a novel panel dataset that covers the entire globe between 1985 and", "spans": [{"start": 2144, "end": 2157, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". # 2 . 2 Poverty in Nigeria There exists limited evidence on aggregate poverty and child poverty in Nigeria . As in the literature in general , there is a lack of evidence on child poverty that connects the findings of studies focusing on specific poverty indicators and or in specific regions in isolation . Related to education Kazeem and Musalia ( 2016 ) highlight the historical colonial roots of the ethnic and socio-economic education discrepancy observed based on data from 2004 . Western style education brought by Christian missionaries initially only spread in the Southern Igbo and Yoruba ethnic group dominated regions , whereas it was longer resisted by the Muslim Hausa and Fulani dominated ethnic groups with nomadic lifestyles in the North . Besides , poorer children needing to provide for their family face higher opportunity costs of completing > 2 “ Recognizes that children living in poverty are deprived of nutrition , water and sanitation facilities , access to basic health-care services , shelter , education , participation and protection , and that while a severe lack of goods and services hurts every human being , it is most threatening and harmful to children , leaving them unable to enjoy their rights , to reach their full potential and to participate as full members of society ” ( UN , 2007 , paragraph 46 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 472, "end": 486, "text": "data from 2004", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collected for up to three different units at the item-vendor level , with the units determined by the vendor based on the most common units of trade . This was done for three vendors per market , with 1-3 visits per vendor . The team repeated the exercise at multiple markets if there was more than one in a village . While writing this paper we collected two types of additional data . The first came from informal interviews and focus groups in Tanzania , during the years 2012-2015 . We conducted 10 interviews with consumers or shopkeepers , and held three informal focus groups , each with 5-6 people . These discussions helped us identify hypotheses for why households might forego bulk discounts , and provided relevant anecdotes about consumer behavior . Our second data collection effort was an on-line survey conducted in June-July 2016 . This short survey was sent to a group of Tanzanians with extensive knowledge of household decisionmaking around economic issues . We describe this survey in the relevant subsection of Section 5 . # * * 4 Quantifying the value of forgone consumption * * In this section we estimate the value of consumption that households forego by not buying in bulk . The first subsection describes the bulk discounts and the estimated expenditure schedules . The next subsection uses the estimated expenditure schedules to provide estimates of the financial losses and quantity losses , and examines heterogeneity . # # * * Bulk discounts in the data * * While our main analysis uses focal points in the diary data to estimate price schedules ( as described in Section 2 ) , it is easy to see that bulk discounts are present in simple linear models . We first estimate such regressions using the market price survey data , which was collected in tandem to the diaries . Columns 1 – 3 of Table 3 show slope coefficients from itemspecific , transaction-level regressions , with log unit price as the dependent variable and log quantity as the independent variable . These regressions include district ( column 1 ) , village ( column 2 ) , or vendor ( column 3 ) fixed effects , with standard errors clustered at the village 13", "spans": [{"start": 804, "end": 818, "text": "on-line survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1539, "end": 1549, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1731, "end": 1755, "text": "market price survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "micronutrient deficiencies from 1990 to 2019 : A secondary trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study . eClinicalMedicine , 44 : 01299 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . eclinm . 2022 . 101299 . - Harris-Fry , H . , Prost , A . , Beaumont , B . , Fivian , E . , Mohanty , S . , Parida , M . , Pradhan , R . , Sahu , S . , Padhan , S . , Mishra , N . , Rath , S . , Rath , S . , Koniz-Booher , P . , Allen , E . , & Kadiyala , S . ( 2023 ) . Intrahousehold power inequalities and cooperation : Unpacking household responses to nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions in rural India . _Maternal Child Nutrition_ , 19 ( 3 ) : e13503 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1111 / mcn . 13503 . < / u > - Hassen , H . , Ali , J . , Gebreyesus , S . , Endris , S . , Temesgen , A . ( 2020 ) . National incidence , prevalence and disability-adjusted life years ( DALYs ) of common micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2017 : Estimates from the global burden of disease study . _Global Health Action_ , 13 ( 1 ) : 1776507 , DOI : 10 . 1080 / 16549716 . 2020 . 1776507 . - Isler , J . , Sawadogo , N . H , Harling , G . , Barnighausen , T . , Adam , M . , Sie , A . & McMahon , S . A . ( 2020 ) . ‘ If he 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure C2 * * * * High school-dropouts wage skill premium and relative supply over time Deviations from each country ’ s mean * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ARG BOL BRA CHL < br > COL CRI ECU HND < br > MEX NIC PAN PER < br > PRY SLV URY VEN < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > Wage Premium Relative Supply < br > . 5 . 4 . 5 . 5 < br > . 2 0 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 - . 5 < br > - . 5 - . 2 - . 5 - 1 < br > . 2 . 2 . 1 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 . 1 < br > 0 0 0 < br > - . 2 - . 1 - . 1 < br > - . 4 - . 2 - . 1 - . 2 < br > . 2 . 2 . 4 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 . 2 . 1 < br > 0 0 < br > - . 2 - . 1 - . 2 0 < br > High School-Dropouts - . 4 - . 2 - . 4 - . 1 < br > . 4 . 5 . 2 . 4 < br > . 2 0 . 2 < br > 0 0 - . 2 0 < br > - . 2 - . 4 - . 2 < br > - . 4 - . 5 - . 6 - . 4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 47", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 931, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "l * * l * * ) ] # # # # * * 4 . 0 ACCOUNTING CONVENTION * * The financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention . # # # # * * 4 . 1 Basis of Accounting * * The financial statements have been prepared on cash basis of accounting . # # # # * * 4 . 2 Receipts * * Receipts are recognized in the project financial statements in the period in which they are received , apart from direct payments which are recognized at the time they are submitted to the fund for payment . # # # # * * 4 . 3 Expenditures * * Fixed assets are expensed in full in the period in which they are purchased . However , assets are included in the comprehensive asset register report . # # # # * * 4 . 4 Foreign currency translation * * Translations denominated in foreign currency are translated into Uganda Shillings at the rates ruling at the time of the transaction . Balances are translated at the rate of the last transfer to the operating account . # # # # * * 4 . 5 Receipts from GOU * * These relate to Government of Uganda counterpart funding operated under GOU Ministry funding on Project No . 1775 . # # # # * * 4 . 6 Reporting Currency ( UGX ) * * The amount spent for the period 2023-2024 is UGX * * 26 , 357 , 392 , 724 * * * * _ ( Twenty Six Billion Three Hundred Fifty Seven Million Three Hundred Ninety Two Thousand Seven Hundred Twenty Four Shillings only ) . Of_ * * this UGX 4 , 410 , 398 , 479 is from IDA / WB and UGX 21 , 946 , 994 , 245 is from Counterpart Funding ( GOU ) # # # # * * 4 . 7 Exchange rate * * The reporting currency is Uganda Shillings . However , the financial statements have been translated in US Dollars using the spot rates provided by Bank of Uganda for Financial", "spans": [{"start": 642, "end": 677, "text": "comprehensive asset register report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fixed * * asset register is mainlained * * by * * cach public * * ently * * and a sumnmry provied for purposes of consolidation . This suimmay is disceose * * aS * * an annexre to the conv ided financial statemients . # # # # # # * * c ) In-kind * * donations In-känd contribut ie goods and / or serqi es s * * are * * ratwr donations than in eonrv that are made to the Project in the ( orm of actual or cash terms T hese donations may include vel-icles , ncuipent or * * personiel * * sdevices . Where the [ inancial value received hr inkild stiteaen eontributiios of receipts can and * * be * * relialy lthri ents determined * * both * * as receipts * * the * * Project and as ineludes payments such valuc in equal in * * and * * the opposite amouits otheise . the contribtiin is not * * recorded * * # # # # # t ) * * Cash and cash equivalents * * on _call_ and hily lique Cash and cash cquivalents compri se eash * * on * * hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits iid m , esimenis måtli an oj-iginal midturitv of ihrec months or less , which are readily convertible to known * * al * * nojis of ash and are sfthece to intsigiica * * I * * risk of changes in value . Bank account blances inelude anounsd arecsuet lt , Centran Bank oflKenya and at various commercial banks it the endao the o finn l", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 24, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of CWD and strengthen systems so that CWD and their families are better protected and supported . Continued support to strengthen national monitoring and surveillance systems on accidents and injuries provide accurate data for planning and monitoring , measuring programme impacts and facilitate advocacy and awareness raising ; continued support to national partners to coordinate and enforce MRE minimum standards , develop new materials and training and contingency planning . Figure 24 Source : UNICEF Cambodia MRE Report 2013 ( Internal project document ) ; and UNICEF and C . M . A . A , 2013 , Impact Assessment of Flood in mine / ERW contaminated areas in the provinces of Battambang , Pailin , and BanteayMeanChey # # # # # * * MRE in Syria * * UNICEF has placed a significant focus on MRE in Syria in partnership with the Ministry of Education . A joint MRE toolkit was developed in 2013 that includes a variety of awareness raising materials and training guide . A training of trainers was held for ‘ Master trainers ’ , who roll it out through schools ; the programme has focused mainly in government-controlled areas in and around Damascus but hopes to expand to other areas , and to increase its use by other organisations . One million children have been reached through this programme so far . The materials are also integrated into psychosocial activities . Challenges and lessons learned include : - Operational constraints mean the toolkit has not yet been thoroughly evaluated , and rigorous monitoring of message content and the effectiveness of facilitation is extremely difficult . - It is difficult to tell how children ’ s response differs after receiving the messages . - Children attending schools and PSS activities are the better-resourced children . More communitybased mobilisation is needed to reach the most vulnerable and out of school children . - The operating environment is extremely challenging and active conflict and political constraints prevent humanitarian access to many areas , resulting in opportunistic programming where access allows , and significant gaps in the locations served by child protection activities and MRE . There are now comprehensive data", "spans": [{"start": 2185, "end": 2203, "text": "comprehensive data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "US import bills of lading . These data scope out a large portion of a shipment ’ s journey ; a typical observation includes where a shipment originated , ports of lading and unlading , vessel-specific IMO Number , where the shipment is ultimately sent within the US ( shipment destination ) , and some product characteristics ( e . g . , shipment HS8 code , TEU volume , and weight ) . Unfortunately , Panjiva ’ s US Imports lack _direct_ measures of freight cost , and the value of the shipments are reported for a striking minority of observations . Another useful data supplier is Clarksons Research — the world ’ s leading shipbroker . Its Shipping 19", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 25, "text": "US import bills of lading", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Clean cooking * * | Affordability for clean cooking is still a major < br > challenge to its adoption in Uganda | rooms / huts with limited ability to < br > pay . < br > ● UECCC should focus on islands < br > to boost the Blue Economy for < br > tourism < br > and < br > hotels < br > and < br > employment opportunities < br > ● Subsidizing gas and other clean < br > cooking technologies is one of < br > the opportunities for relieving < br > forests from degradation for < br > charcoal . < br > ● The country should be zoned < br > based on feasible clean cooking < br > technologies . < br > ● Feasible sustainable cooking fuel < br > in and around protected areas is < br > needed as an incentive for their < br > conservation efforts < br > ● The charcoal sector is informal . < br > EASP should support household < br > charcoal production to save the < br > CFRs from degradation . < br > ● Charcoal < br > production < br > from < br > Bamboo is being piloted to save < br > the CFRs . < br > ● Survey on affordability and < br > assessment of the most energy < br > mix should be undertaken | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Policies * * | A number of policies are recommended during the < br > implementation of EASP | ● Uganda Wildlife Act , 2019 < br > ● The Tourism Act < br > ● National Environment Act ( NEA , < br > 2019 ) < br > ● The Museums and Monuments < br > Act < br > ● NFA operates under the NFTPA , < br > 2003 and the Forest Policy of < br > 2001 < br > | | | | ● Employment Act , 2006 | | * * Culture", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of bypassing standard procurement procedures . These changes compromised the procurement principles of transparency , equal value and value for money in public funds , and weakened the act rather than strengthening it . The Bank expressed serious concern to the GoU about these changes ; nonetheless the second tranche was disbursed according to schedule in September 2009 as it was judged that the prior action required only that the amendments be submitted to Cabinet , not that they be acceptable to the Bank . < sup > 17 < / sup > The status of the PPDA Amendments continues to be an outstanding issue between the Bank and the GoU specifically on the unrestricted use of force account . Following discussion with the Government and the DPs , the GoU has subsequently assured the Bank that a revised amendment to be submitted to Parliament – or the associated regulations to the Bill – will meet best practices . Currently , PRSC 8 board presentation has been delayed until FY11 to ensure that the outstanding procurement act loophole is closed . * * Reduced Corruption : * * Despite a strong anti-corruption framework , Uganda has had difficulty translating its anti-corruption laws into practice and there has been a perception in recent years of > 13 Staffing of the local procurement offices ( establishing procurement disposal units ) lagged behind schedule . Only 50 percent of LGs had recruited officers at all levels , below the target of 70 percent > 14 The January 2008 PRSC 7 mission established that the quality of the draft amendments prepared by PPDA was not acceptable to the Bank . At that point , the Government set up a technical working committee to take over the preparation of the amendments . > 15 The other two requirements for release of the second tranche were : ( i ) maintain a stable macroeconomic environment ; and ( ii ) approve a 2008 / 09 budget consistent with PEAP 3 and its medium-term growth objectives . > 16 A 2008 review of public procurement contracts showed that out of 200 contracts , 74 percent had not fully met at least", "spans": [{"start": 1951, "end": 1994, "text": "2008 review of public procurement contracts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "e < br > Pr | ior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2025-05-10 | | 2025-05-31 | 2025-07-14 | 2025-08-11 | 2025-09-10 | 2025-10-15 | 2025-11-19 | 2026-11-19 | | ET-NIDP-491112-CS-QCBS / < br > A firm to conduct M & E on ind < br > icators , including a satisfacti < br > on survey on digital ID servic < br > es < br > IDA / E2720 | Inclusive ID issuance < br > Po | st | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 400 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation | 2025-05-14 < br > 2 | 025 - | 12-14 < br > 2025-06-04 | 2025-07-18 | 2025-08-15 | 2025-09-14 | 2025-10-19 | 2025-11-23 | 2028-11-22 | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSU * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * LTANTS * * < br > | | | | < br > | < br > < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 394, "text": "survey on digital ID servic", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "human intervention . Meanwhile , cleansing and harmonizing of the NEMIS data vs actual enrollment in the schools is necessary . ( c ) MoE to address issues for late release of capitation as well as delays in release of funds for county-based activities . # # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Accounting and financial reporting . * * 26 . The reforms implemented under PFMR 2013-2018 were successful in establishing a solid foundation for PFM . These are : Government SCOA developed and in use , IFMIS was rolled out to MCDAs , Public Sector Accounting Standards Board formulating accounting standards and templates was established , and financial reporting improved with timely and consolidated financial statements prepared . The PFMR 2018-2022 has built on the successes of PFMR 2013-18 . This has resulted to improvements in the accounting and reporting . Page 8 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 76, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the capacity of Federal and local government and non-government institutions to engage in prevention and respond to conflict disasters , thereby strengthening communities ’ resilience . Sub-component 1 . 1 : Community-based Rapid Response Basic Services ( Cost : US $ 53 . 0 million ) The project will address some of the selected communities ’ current needs for basic services , drawing on available and / or rapid needs assessments . This response is , on the one hand , necessary to address urgent needs of communities , and , on the other hand , it allows the commencement of consultations and planning processes for sustainable solutions , thereby showing the necessary material commitment of the GoE to addressing IDP and host community needs . The project will not duplicate ongoing humanitarian interventions , which are focused on provision of subsistence cash , food , or non-food household items . Rather , support will focus on delivery of mobile basic services , which take into consideration the potential mobility of target populations and do not preclude or influence IDPs ’ decision to integrate or relocate at a later stage . As the situation is fluid , response support may be provided as needed during the course of the project . Based on the model of mobile clinics , speed schools , and the existence of IDP self-help organizations , the subcomponent will finance mobile interventions , for example , in health , education , and WASH in conflict-affected communities to address their respective needs . Where government structures are sufficiently strong ( including in terms of meeting procurement requirements ) , the project may finance specialized vehicles , equipment , other goods for provision of services , and the deployment costs of staff . It is expected , however , that in most cases the government would outsource large parts of the delivery of respective mobile services to external actors . The mobile teams will provide services , such as medical assessment and distribution of medication , building on learning of similar health interventions conducted in Tigray . Education interventions will similarly seek to build on existing experience from World Bank-supported operations , for example", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 433, "text": "rapid needs assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Having already demonstrated that plot size is correlated with a farmer ' s propensity to over / under-estimate plot size , we explore these relationships econometrically by estimating the following triple difference regression : following triple difference regression : 0 1 2 3 p 4 5 p 6 p 7 p + θ ( 1 ) pph pp whereRR = αα + αα stands for continuous ( bidirectional ) measurement error as well as percentage over - or TT + αα XX < sup > ∗ < / sup > + αα RR + αα TTXX < sup > ∗ < / sup > + αα TTRR + αα RR XX < sup > ∗ < / sup > + αα TTRR XX < sup > ∗ < / sup > + εε under-estimation in the post-harvest , post-treatment survey , and pph stands for an indicator variable RR for those households / plots exposed to the informational treatment , stands for ( log-transformed ) TT GPS plot size measure , p is pre-treatment measurement error in self-reported plot size , XX < sup > ∗ 17 < / sup > is a vector of controls , additional observable characteristics of plots and households collected before pp RR θθ the informational treatment , and is a mean zero error term . In the interest of exploring heterogenous and asymmetric responses we interact the treatment dummy with true plot size and εε pre-treatment measurement error . To facilitate interpretation , we center both the plot size and measurement error variables . The most important parameters in equation ( 1 ) are 1 , 4 , 5 , and 7 . 1 quantifies the impact of the informational treatment at the average plot size and αα αα αα measurement error in our sample , when the centered and p variables take value zero . 4 αα αα captures heterogeneous information impacts associated with plot size , holding constant pre-XX < sup > ∗ < / sup > RR αα treatment measurement error . Similarly , 5 captures heterogenous information impacts based on a farmer ' s prior misperception ( measurement error ) , holding constant plot size . Finally , 7 reflects αα the interactive effect of plot size and pre-treatment measurement error . Before we", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 627, "text": "post-harvest , post-treatment survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * KENYA - * * * * < mark > AF FOR PRIMARY EDUCATION EQUITY IN LEARNING PROGRAM ( P179670 ) < / mark > * * # * * FINAL ADDENDUM TO TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT * * * * Findings of the detailed assessment of the parent Program ’ s strategic relevance and technical soundness are valid for the AF , considering that it is expected to mainly expand the scope of the newly approved parent Program whose design has factored in the additional resources from a GPE grant . * * As such , scaled-up interventions that are supported by the proposed AF are fully aligned with the technically sound parent Program interventions to improve learning outcomes , increase the retention of poor and vulnerable girls , and strengthen reform implementation capacity . Furthermore , the AF ’ s added emphasis on sector coordination and effective use of data for planning and budgeting is strategically relevant to the objective of improving efficiency in the use of resources for delivery of quality and equitable education services . To assess progress on this objective , the AF ’ s design includes an IPF-supported Public Expenditure Tracking Survey on key government spending in basic education . Finally , the technical soundness of interventions that will be supported by the AF to strengthen sector coordination and data utilization is evidenced by good practices of GPE local education groups worldwide that are highlighted in the ITAP assessment .", "spans": [{"start": 1079, "end": 1127, "text": "IPF-supported Public Expenditure Tracking Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional unit of fertilizer use . When moving from no fertilizer use to fertilizer use , a marginal analysis can indicate whether the value of the incremental yield is equal to , less than , or more than the incremental costs . Higher benefits do not attract farmers if costs are also higher . Many researchers typically contend that marginal agronomic responses must be at - least twice the nutrient-to-grain price ratio for significant fertilizer adoption to occur . This assumption suggests that the VCR should ' be equal or greater than 2 ( equivalent to a marginal rate of return of 100 ) to provide an incentive for efficient fertilizer use by farmers . The DSA study generated estimates of crop-wise VCRs ; reliable estimates are scarce in Ethiopia . VCRs from SG-2000 survey data in 2010 have been used in the cost-benefit calculations . The estimates are conservative in the sense that the upper-bound estimates ( best possible scenario ) are always derived from DSA data , whereas the lower-bound estimates ( worst possible scenario ) are derived from other study or survey data . - 25 -", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 789, "text": "SG-2000 survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 974, "end": 982, "text": "DSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1070, "end": 1090, "text": "study or survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "less efficient judiciaries , greater corruption , lower quality bureaucracies , higher rates of tax evasion , lower rates of participation in civic activities , lower importance of large firms in the economy , inferior infrastructure and higher inflation . The results remain unchanged when hierarchical religion is used as an instrument for trust . Developed industrialized countries are over-represented in the sample . Finally , Knack and Keefer ( 1997 ) , also using the same World Values Data set from 29 market economies , conclude that trust and civic co-operation are associated with stronger economic performance . However , associational activity is not correlated with economic performance , contrary to Putnam ' s findings about Italy . They speculate that any positive effects of groups may be balanced by the damage done by distributional coalitions - the Olson ( 1982 ) thesis . This speculation is not borne out by their analysis , however , since the measure of associations is weak and does not include intensity of participation in groups or the nature of 22", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 501, "text": "World Values Data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "theoretical framework of the gravity-models see Deardorff ( 1995 ) or Anderson and van Wincoop ( 2003 ) . In terms of our Heckman selection model we estimate the following : and we assumed that X is observed if ijk and u1 and u2 have correlation ρ . Xijk is the utilization rate of preferences for product k , in other words the percentage of country _i ' s_ imports of product k from country _j_ which requested preferential access . The data originates from Eurostat and contains import data at 8-digit level for the year 2001 . As a proxy for the trading countries ' _income_ and _size_ the GDP ( GDPi is the level of income in country _I ) _ and population ( POPi is the population in country i ) of both partner countries are included in the regression . GDP and population data is taken from the World Development Indicators database . Dij is distance between the partner countries proxying _trading costs_ . Previous empirical results showed that distance had an important negative impact on trade . The further away the trading partners are located from each other the higher the costs will be for transporting the products . Distance is thus also included in our regression and is expected to have a significant and negative impact on preferential trade . The distance data originates from the CEPII distance database and calculated following the great circle formula , which uses latitudes and longitudes of the capital cities . To investigate the importance of the quality of economic environment in a given exporting ACP country an _indicator of economic freedom_ was used ( Freedomindex ) . The index was obtained 17", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 468, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 802, "end": 839, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1303, "end": 1326, "text": "CEPII distance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1587, "end": 1599, "text": "Freedomindex", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to increase , the capacity of the existing and decaying infrastructure will no longer be sufficient to meet the excess demand , and urgent public investments will be needed – imposing further and potentially substantial burdens on Lebanon ’ s already stretched public finances . In the road sector alone , the investment needs to cope with the influx of Syrian refugees are estimated at about US $ 50 million per year for road rehabilitation and road capacity increase . > 3 World Economic Forum . Global Competitiveness Index 2014 / 2015 . > 4 UNHCR refers to 1 million registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon , however , there are many Syrians in Lebanon who have not registered as refugees , bringing the estimated number of total Syrians in Lebanon to about 1 . 5 million . > 5 The World Bank . Lebanon Economic and Social Impact Assessment of the Syrian Conflict . 2013 . Page 11 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 526, "text": "Global Competitiveness Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Agreed Action Items | | - - - | | No | Actions | Responsibility | Timeframe | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Envir | onmental and Social | | | | | Appoint the remaining 2 E & S specialists for the | < br > < br > | | | 1 | < br > vacant regional positions at Dire Dawa and < br > southwest | National < br > PCO < br > Regional < br > WASH PMUs | November 15 , < br > 2024 | | 2 | Prepare a capacity development plan and share < br > with the Bank ES team | National < br > WASH < br > PMU , < br > Regional WASH PMUs | October 30 , < br > 2024 | | 3 | Cascade the capacity development trainings for < br > woreda focal persons and relevant project < br > workersatworeda level | National < br > WASH < br > PMU , < br > Regional WASH PMUs | Before < br > November 15 , < br > 2024 | | 4 | Assess , compile , and consolidate data on the ES < br > instruments for the number of subprojects < br > implemented and , under implementation | National < br > WASH < br > PMU , < br > Regional WASH PMUs | November 30 , < br > 2024 | | 5 | Share the available ESIA / ESMP for CR WASH < br > with the Bank E & S team | National < br > WASH < br > PMU , < br > Regional WASH PMUs | October 22 , < br > 2024 | | 6 | Share a compile Corrective action plan for the < br > internal due diligence reports from all regions | National < br > WASH < br > PMU , < br > Regional WASH PMUs | December", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1297, "text": "internal due diligence reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MALI ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Table 13 . Benchmarking ICT indicators * * | | | Unit | Low-income < br > countries , nonfragile | * * Mali * * | Middle-income < br > countries | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | 2005 | 2005 | 2007 / 08 < br > 2005 | | GSM coverage | % populat | ion under signal | 48 | 18 | 22 < br > 97 | | International bandwidth | Mbps / cap | ita | 6 | 2 . 2 | 17 < br > 30 | | Internet | subscribe | rs / 100 people | 0 | — | 0 . 8 < br > 2 | | Landline | subscribe | rs / 100 people | 1 | 0 . 6 | 0 . 7 < br > 9 | | Mobile phone | subscribe | rs / 100 people | 15 | 7 | 35 . 4 < br > 87 | | _US dollars_ | | * * Mali * * < br > 2007 | Countries without < br > submarine cable | Countries with subm < br > cable | arine < br > Other developing regions | | Price of monthly mobile ba | sket | 11 . 0 | 11 . 1 | 11 . 12 | 9 . 9 | | Price of monthly fixed-line | basket | 13 . 1 | 13 . 6 | 13 . 58 | nav | | Price of 20-hour Internet p | ackage | 56 . 5 | 68 . 0 | 47 . 00 | 11 . 0 | | Price of a call to US per m | inute | 0 . 34 | 0 . 86 | 0 . 48 | 0 . 66 | | Price of an intra-Africa cal | l per minute | 0 . 29 – 0 . 33 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 57 | non applicable | Source : Mali 2005 data together with benchmarks are taken from the AICD Database . Mali 2007 / 8", "spans": [{"start": 1296, "end": 1309, "text": "AICD Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to substitution into foreign currency-indexed loans . Kraft and Galac ( 2011 ) estimate a simple VAR model based on Brzoza-Brzezina et al ( 2010 ) . The impulse response functions suggest that most of the decrease in domestic currency loans is compensated for by increased foreign currency loans . They also look at the effect of the central bank measures to increase the price of foreign currency ( - linked ) lending to borrowers who are not hedged against currency risk , from mid-2006 to early 2010 . The conclusion is similar , at least in the pre-crisis period , but this time it is the increase in domestic currency lending that compensates for decreased foreign currency ( - linked ) lending . It is interesting to note that neighboring Serbia chose to issue central bank bills despite these arguments . Ultimately , high interest rates did limit loan demand because the elasticity of loan demand was not in fact zero . But this approach , while relatively transparent in the sense that interest rates on central bank paper were formed in the market , allowing monetary policy to use an interest rate channel , was also quite costly and may have increased capital inflows and appreciation pressure . The Croatian approach , in contrast , relied on high and uniform reserve requirements on bank deposits in both domestic and foreign currency , coupled with a marginal reserve requirement on increases in bank foreign liabilities . Remuneration of required reserves was kept > 2 For time series data on financial system shares through mid-2007 , see the CNB Macroprudential Bulletin # 6 , p . 29 . 3 Naturally , any form of sterilization that succeeded in limiting the money supply would raise interest rates , ceteris paribus . There would always be a large positive differential between the interest rate on bank loans in Croatia and the interest rate on similar loans in the euro zone ( unadjusted for risk ) . However , if sterilization were done via the issuance of central bank paper at market rates , the central bank would pay this market rate on its liabilities , whereas sterilization through increased reserve requirements at least would not create large interest costs for the central bank .", "spans": [{"start": 1489, "end": 1532, "text": "time series data on financial system shares", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 4 * * # # # # * * WEST BANK AND GAZA : Integrated Community Development Project * * # # # * * Analysis and appraisal of microprojects * * # # # * * _General approach_ * * Given that microprojects to be financed under ICDP would be identified , approved , and implemented during ICDP implementation , and given the nature and size of such microprojects , no detailed economic analysis for the entire project would be undertaken _ex ante , _ i . e . no attempt would be made to estimate overall economic and financial rates of return . The project is designed to finance simple and cost-effective community infrastructure , with priorities identified by the beneficiary communities . Project analyses would therefore concentrate on an analysis of individual microprojects based on technical , economic , financial , social and environmental criteria to be specified in the Operations Manual . The financial and economic assessments would follow the model currently applied by PECDAR for the preceding CDP H , combining several indicators in a composite index of microproject preference including cost-effectiveness ratios . Agricultural microprojects would require higher cost-sharing ( as only part of the community would benefit , and in order to enhance ownership and sustainability ) ; and in the case of income-generating investment , a more rigorous economic analysis including cost / benefit-analyses would be recommended . The appraisal of individual telecenter microprojects would be based on a location-specific business plan and risk analysis . # # * * _Indicators and scoring system for investment under component 1_ * * Based on data taken from a microproject appraisal form , the following economic and financial parameters would be calculated : # # # Economic : - labor content , i . e . labor cost as proportion of total microproject cost - cost per person-day of employment , i . e . total microproject cost per total number of person-days of employment Financial : - cost per construction day , i . e", "spans": [{"start": 1650, "end": 1695, "text": "data taken from a microproject appraisal form", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ 5 | | Day Two | Novocaine | 5 | | | Vengeance | 4 | | | HairoftheDog | 4 | | | Kulu Shaker | 4 | | | NileSpecial | 4 | | | Malalu | 4 | | ( FutureExtension ) | Weleba | 3 | Source : AESNP 2001 EIA Report with updates by C McCleay ( Adrift Rafting ) , 2006 R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 205, "text": "AESNP 2001 EIA Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > Ongena , S . and Smith , D . C . , 2001 . The duration of bank relationships . Journal of financial economics , 61 ( 3 ) , pp . 449-475 . < / mark > Ornelas , J . R . H . , Silva , M . S . and van Doornik , B . F . N . , 2020 , Informational Switching Costs , Bank Competition and the Cost of Finance . Central Bank of Brazil Working Paper Series N . 512 . < mark > Pazarbasioglu , Ceyla ; Byskov , Steen ; Bonomo , Marco Antonio Cesar ; Carneiro , Igor Andre ; Martins , Bruno ; Azevedo Hernandez Perez , Adriana . ( 2017 ) . Brazil - Financial intermediation costs and credit allocation . Discussion paper for workshop . Washington , D . C . World Bank Group . < / mark > < mark > Petersen , M . A . and Rajan , R . G . , 1994 . The benefits of lending relationships : Evidence from small business data . < / mark > _ < mark > The journal of finance < / mark > _ < mark > , 49 ( 1 ) , pp . 3-37 . < / mark > < mark > Petersen , M . A . and Rajan , R . G . , 1995 . The effect of credit market competition on lending relationships . The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 110 ( 2 ) , pp . 407-443 . < / mark > < mark > Rajan , R . G . , 1992 . Insiders and outsiders : The choice between informed and arm ' s ‐ length debt . < / mark > _ < mark > The Journal of finance < / mark > _ < mark > , 47 ( 4 ) , pp . 1367-1400 . < / mark > < mark > Rajan , R . and Zingales , L . , 1998 . Financial Dependence and Growth , American Economic Review . < / mark > 88 ( 1998 ) : 559-586 Ru , H . , 2018 . Government Credit , a Double ‐ Edged Sword : Evidence from the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 | | < br > 3 . 5 . 4 A | < br > mphibians and reptiles survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 | | 3 . 6 | Avifauna Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 | | 3 . 6 . 1 | Timed Species Count ( TSC ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cooperatives and credit unions . In New York City , one of the more highly concentrated urban markets in the U . S , the five largest banks account for 54 percent of all deposits . Competition for deposits is also more varied in the United States . Large commercial banks compete with community banks , thrifts , and credit unions , all of which are regulated and offer deposit insurance . In Mexico , non-bank savings institutions are much smaller and many have traditionally been largely unregulated . Second , computerized credit histories for consumers and automated credit risk assessments are highly developed in the U . S . and cover nearly all working adults . In Mexico , such institutions are far less comprehensive and sufficiently less developed that there can be little meaningfully predictive automated credit risk assessments for most lower-income Mexican households . Third , labor costs are significantly less in Mexico compared to the U . S . This means that labor-displacing financial service technologies employed in the U . S . may not be appropriate in the Mexican context . Despite these differences , however , this paper identifies many parallels in the issues that the two countries face in trying to improve financial services for lower-income households , even if the scale and context of the problem differs . # Who are the unbanked ? In both countries , the unbanked are characterized by lower incomes and lower education levels than the population at large , and they also tend to be marginalized in socio economic terms . In Mexico this is inferred by the high percentage of unbanked dependent on the informal sector , while in the U . S . it is defined by the disproportionate representation of immigrant and minority groups . ( According to US Federal Reserve Bank reports based on surveys of consumer finance from 1997 , 54 % of the unbanked are Latin American migrants , compared with 15 . 1 % over the population as a whole < sup > 3 < / sup > . ) However , although in line with income and education levels overall , the percentage of unbanked is markedly greater in Mexico than in the U . S . Surprisingly , home ownership among", "spans": [{"start": 513, "end": 542, "text": "computerized credit histories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1816, "end": 1843, "text": "surveys of consumer finance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the sample and replaced by new dwellings from the same PSU or the next PSU on the list . PALMS is well suited for this paper ’ s analysis . It includes occupational information up to the four-digit level and uses the South Africa Standard Classification of Occupations ( SASCO ) from 2003 ( Statistics South Africa 2003 ) . SASCO 2003 is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations of 1988 ( ISCO-88 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > To ensure comparability , DataFirst has gone to great lengths to harmonize the PALMS dataset in terms of variable names over time . Additionally , the data set comes with re-calibrated weights using a cross entropy ( CE ) approach ( Branson and Wittenberg 2014 ) to ensure continuity and comparability between surveys over time . For this study , we restrict our analysis to the period 2012-2019 . Data are available for more recent years but to avoid contaminating the results with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic , we exclude data collected in 2020 or after . We pool data from the four quarters of each year resulting in 32 quarters ( waves ) of data . < sup > 15 < / sup > The pooling of the data over the 8 years gives a sample size that will allow analysis at the 4-digit SASCO level . Using these data , we profile the labor force working in green occupations by age , gender , location , skill , and education level . # 2 . 1 Methodology to Generate the List of Green Occupations We adopt the occupational task approach and use Dierdorff et al . ( 2009 ) to adapt our definition of green jobs to reference occupational tasks . Specifically , we define strictly green jobs as occupations that require tasks that have environmental impacts . We define broadly green jobs as occupations that are strictly green or occupations with tasks that could have environmental impacts if green technology is used . Some of these jobs benefit from the green revolution , such as miners of lithium for electric car batteries . Others are negatively affected , such as coal miners and those working in coal-fired plants . We include both in our", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 539, "text": "PALMS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _ ~ ~ Leased Assets ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ Procurement of Second Hand Goods ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ Domestic preference ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ ( Goods and Works ) ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Specify for each ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; ~ ~ ~ ~ Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ~ ~ * * ~ ~ Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with HEIS . Otherwise delete ] ~ ~ _ # # * * ~ ~ Other Relevant Procurement Information . ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ Provide any other relevant procurement information such as procedures for CDD components , Procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints etc . ~ ~ _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", it will help develop a national health information system which will provide the Government with relevant and timely epidemiological data ; and ( ii ) for improved service quality and efficiency at the health facility level , help develop management information systems for patient records , services , inventory , and personnel . Financing would be provided for equipment , technical assistance , software development / purchase , and training . _C . Improving Hospital Financing and Management . _ This component will include the development and implementation of a financing system for paying hospitals and physicians which supports the efficient use of resources in public hospitals . Developing this new system will involve : ( i ) establishing clear and consistent accounting standards that would apply to all public health facilities ; ( ii ) setting up hospital-based financial management systems ; and ( iii ) adopting in RMS and JUH hospitals modern approaches to pay hospitals such as case - i These allocations represent base costs and include the estimated fees for architectural / engineering services .", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 139, "text": "epidemiological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 3 . 5 . 2 . 1 Sighting ( casual encounters ) * * The presence and / or absence of large mammals at the proposed sites was recorded along transects aligned for vegetation survey . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 2 . 2 Reports from local residents * * Local people were randomly selected and interviewed to give information about the presence or absence of large mammals at the proposed site and adjacent areas . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 2 . 3 Animal traces ( signs / indices ) * * Different signs / indices indicating the presence of large mammals at sites were traced along transects aligned for vegetation sampling and randomly while walking within the site . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 3 Small Mammals Survey * * Small mammals are a group of flying and non-flying species grouped together because of their relatively small size ( Corominas , 1999 ) . Different from other fauna group , small mammals include species with individuals that do not exceed 5 kg , despite obvious anatomical and ecological differences ( Davies and Howell , 2002 ; Hayward and Phillipson , 1979 ; Fleming , 1979 ) . In Africa , small mammals are found in the orders _Rodentia , Insectivora , Carnivora , Lagomorpha , Chiroptera_ , Primates and _Pholidota_ . A combined array of commonly used methods was used to sample small mammals at the site as described below . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 3 . 1 Sherman traps * * Rodents and insectivores were sampled using Sherman traps ( standard size ) baited with toasted groundnuts and peanut butter and sardines . At main trap sites , traps were placed around three bucket pitfall lines , approximately 5m apart . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 3 . 2 Bucket pitfall traps * * Small mammals , amphibians and reptiles were sampled using bucket pitfall", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Macro returns to years of schooling 36 . 9 % , or each year of < br > schooling is statistically significantly associated with a long-run < br > growth rate thatis 0 . 58 percentage pointshigher | Hanushek and < br > Woessmann ( 2008 ) | | Controlling for physical capital stock , the rate of return to the < br > average year of schooling is 12 . 1 % | Barro and Lee ( 2010 ) | Such a function has also been applied in a macro context where _Y_ refers per capita income or output per worker in country _i_ and _S_ to the mean years of schooling of the population or the work force . The enrolment ratio at different levels of education has also been used in lieu of years of schooling as an independent variable . Table 4 gives typical results of application of such function fitted to pooled cross-country-time data . Another methodological line of estimating the contribution of education to economic growth has been instigated by the work of Solow ( 1956 , 1957 ) who added technical change ( _T_ ) as an independent variable in an aggregate production function , along with the traditional factors of production physical capital ( _Kp_ ) and labor input ( _L_ ) in order to explain output ( _Y_ ) . Omitting time subscripts for expository simplicity , the Solow function takes the form ( 3 ) _Y = f ( Kp , L , T ) _ Schultz ( 1961a , b ) challenged Solow ‘ s formulation and added education as a determining factor of income . A stream of empirical research followed along two alternative measures of the education input : \" Schultz-type \" and \" Denison-type \" growth accounting .", "spans": [{"start": 796, "end": 819, "text": "cross-country-time data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exp ( _ − _ 0 _ . _ 095 ) _ − _ 1 = 0 _ . _ 090 ) after controlling for crime . We next explore the differential effects of returned migrants on wages by gender . Considering that most Salvadoran migrants are men ( around 80 percent in our sample ) , it is possible that they will mostly affect male salaries upon their return . However , it is also likely that the reduction in the cost of labor would induce firms to hire women too . Estimated effects on wage data separated 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 * * ANNEX A * * # # # * * Annex A : Basic Data Sheet * * * * ETHIOPIA ECONOMIC REHABILITATION SUPPORT CREDIT ( CREDIT : C3512-ET ) * * # # # # # # * * Key Project Data * * _ ( amounts in US $ million ) _ | | * * _Appraisal_ * * < br > * * _estimate_ * * | * * _Actualor_ * * < br > * * _current estimate_ * * | * * _Actual as_ * * % * * _of_ * * < br > * * _appraisal estimate_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total project costs | 150 | 150 | 100 | | Loan amount | 150 | 150 | 100 | | Cofinancing | | | | | Cancellation | | | | | Institutional performance | | | | * * Project Dates * * | | * * _Original_ * * | * * _Actual_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Initiating memorandum | | 01 / 1 8 / 2001 | | Negotiations | | 06 / 05 / 2001 | | Boardapproval | | 06 / 05 / 200 1 | | Signing | | 0611 91200 1 | | Effectiveness | | 07 / 05 / 2001 | | Closing date | | 06 / 30 / 2002 | # # # # # # * * Staff Inputs * * ( staff * * weeks ) * * | * * _StageofProject Cycle_ * * | * * _ActuaLZatest Estimate_ * * | * * _StageofProject Cycle_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * No", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "energy efficiency : ( a ) _System Defense Activities_ to cover all the generation and transmission assets and help improve grid resilience through effective and efficient system frequency response performance based on international standards and best practices ; ( b ) _System Digital Twin Activities_ to establish a dynamic model of the power system to replicate the responses from the real system based on data from tests performed on the generating units , allowing for effective simulation of impacts of a changing climate ; and ( c ) _System Instrumentation Improvement Activities_ to help improve the system instrumentation by establishing an electrical equipment calibration and testing lab . - _Subcomponent 2 . 3 : Consulting services , capacity building and project implementation support ( IDA US $ 22 million equivalent ) . _ This subcomponent will finance ( a ) consultancies to assist in activities ’ preparation and implementation and project implementation support and ( b ) technical support and capacity building on structural and operational reform . EEP will engage consultancy firms for required assistance during preparation and implementation of project activities , including support on technical designs and preparation of bidding documents and contract management . In addition , the subcomponent will provide implementation support to the implementing agency including monitoring , environmental and social compliance , annual audits , training , and operating costs . This subcomponent will also provide support to EEP specifically for structural and operational reform-related technical assistance as well as institutional capacity building , including on the design of structural reforms , tariff options to reflect variations in inflation and currency exchange rate , and least cost generation and transmission expansion planning . Institutional capacity building also covers project management , contract administration , procurement , and environment and social standards . 37 . * * Subcomponent 2 . 2 will be linked to PBCs to track progress on specific structural and operational reforms relevant for EEP . * * The PBCs , as detailed in Table 2 , are aimed at ( a ) securing adequate tariff revenues for EEP given fluctuations in inflation and currency exchange rate ; and ( b ) achieving economically optimal", "spans": [{"start": 408, "end": 457, "text": "data from tests performed on the generating units", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the measurement of global and national poverty . Those who are forcibly displaced and in need of international protection tend to be persons who have lost their assets , financial resources , and social networks . They are typically very poor with no obvious path out of poverty . For refugees , their number vanishes from poverty statistics of their own country because they are no longer counted in the place of origin . Both IDPs and refugees are also not properly accounted for in the country in which they reside . Their numbers – even though high in absolute terms – are often low relative to the non-displaced population ( with some exceptions like Lebanon and South Sudan ) . Hence , they do not explicitly show up in official statistics . Even if – as in some but not all countries – their locations are appropriately included in the sampling frame , they are unlikely to be sampled due to their small proportion relative to the population and high clustering in specific locations . > 3 https : / / www . unhcr . org / refugee-statistics / 4 Note that the IASC definition of IDPs explicitly includes those fleeing from disasters . 2", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 344, "text": "poverty statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Wk | C ≥ 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach and Direct < br > Contracting | ` All contracts at or above USD 10 ` < br > ` million are subject to international ` < br > ` advertising and the use of the Bank ’ s ` < br > ` SPDs ( or other documents agreed with ` < br > ` the Bank ) , as well as", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] | * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * < br > Settlement | | - - - | | No < br > PAP Category < br > < br > * * Lakeview * * | | 1 < br > Structure owners < br > 17 | | 2 < br > Tenants < br > 0 | | 3 < br > Number of female PAPs < br > 11 | | 4 < br > Number of males PAPs < br > 6 | | * * Total * * < br > * * 17 * * | | Settlement < br > * * PAPs * * < br > * * Implementation Budget ( Kshs ) * * | | Lake < br > < br > 17 < br > 392 , 500 . 00 | | View < br > | | Disclosure Copy < br > he Project will not lead to displacement of people as the roads are designed to follow th < br > esignated road reserves on the physical development plans ( PDPs ) . However , there ar < br > ncroachments on the road reserves mostly of temporal structures for informal traders . A RA < br > as been prepared to mitigate against this to ensure that their livelihoods are not negativel < br > mpacted upon . < br > * * 4-12 : Conclusion * * < br > he proposed project will provide the much-needed service infrastructure aligned to th < br > enyan development agenda . The activities for the proposed projects are not likely to interfer < br > ith the existence of the neighborhood significantly . The project has been", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", labor force participation , income share of labor , investment rate , openness to international trade , world governance indicator , life expectancy , innovation , employeeemployer cooperation , severance pay , labor tax and social contribution rates , inflation rate , gross government debt as a share of GDP , and budget balance as a share of GDP . < sup > 18 < / sup > The X3 variable includes income groups ; X1 * X3 refers to the interaction term between income groups and UB and ALMP ; and ei denotes robust white noise residuals . The analysis also controls for fixed effects across regions . Outliers were removed using a standard method . < sup > 19 < / sup > To increase the number of observations , control variables were averaged over 2017 – 2019 ( real GDP per capita , income share of labor , labor force participation , world governance indicators , life expectancy , severance pay , and labor tax and contribution > 15 Models using micro data or data from certain local geographic areas are not able to capture the secondary effects of UB and ALMP on other sectors and geographic locations , and yield results that are limited to that sector or location . > 16 Since UB and ALMP data used in this analysis did not change much from mid-2019 to mid-2020 , it was not possible to conduct a panel data analysis . Moreover , given that the labor market outcome indicators were only available until 2019 , we used the 2019 values of UB and ALMP in the regression analysis instead of their 2020 values . Number of countries in the analysis changes based on the availability of indicators on labor market outcomes and control variables . > 17 The maximum length of the UB indicator is the average of the maximum length of UB specified in labor laws for employees with one - , five - and ten-year tenures . > 18 Please see Table A9 in the appendix for the definition , source , and summary statistics of all variables used in the regression model and Table A10 for the sample size and summary statistics of indicators used in the analysis after dropping outliers . > 19 We", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 864, "text": "world governance indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1353, "end": 1384, "text": "labor market outcome indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * SERVICE EXPORT SOPHISTICATION AND EUROPE ’ S NEW GROWTH MODEL * * SUSANNA LUNDSTROM GABLE AND SAURABH MISHRA * * * OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ECONOMIST EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA THE WORLD BANK * * * * Keywords : * * services , trade , structural transformation , productivity , economic growth , sophistication , economic integration , globalization , Europe . * * JEL Classification : * * F01 , O4 , O52 * _Gable_ : The World Bank ( e-mail : < u > slundstrom @ worldbank . org ) and < / u > _Mishra_ : The World Bank ( e-mail : < u > saurabhmishra @ thepulselab . org ) . This research paper was prepared as a background paper for the 2011 Europe < / u > and Central Asia Flagship Report ― Restoring the Luster of the European Growth Model ‖ . We are grateful for valuable comments from Indermit Gill and Yue Li . We are also grateful to Ivan Kandilov , Thomas Grennes for sharing their data on direction of trade . The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors , and do not necessarily represent those of the World Bank group or its executive directors . Any remaining errors are solely ours .", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 911, "text": "data on direction of trade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A1 : Effects of a Workerʹs Unexpected Illness on the Labor Supply of Other Household Members in the Daily Labor Supply Data * * | Dependent variable | 1 ( Work ) | Hours Worked | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Other worker ill | ‐ 0 . 024 | ‐ 0 . 147 | | | [ 0 . 035 ] | [ 0 . 343 ] | | Other worker ill X Female | ‐ 0 . 001 | ‐ 0 . 065 | | | [ 0 . 041 ] | [ 0 . 443 ] | | Mean Dependent Variable | 0 . 538 | 4 . 309 | | Observations | 8 , 409 | 8 , 409 | | R ‐ squared | 0 . 417 | | _Notes : Other worker ill = 1 if another household member reported missing work for a day in which s / he was planning to work and the reason for missing work was injury / illness . Sample includes respondents employed at baseline . All specifications include individual fixed effects and gender interacted with day ‐ of ‐ the ‐ week dummies and week ‐ of ‐ interview dummies , week ‐ of interview dummies interacted with city , a dummy for whether the report was for the day before yesterday interacted with gender , and a control for the number of household members planning to work in that round interacted with gender . Cape Coast dropped due to a small number of respondents in the daily sample . Column 1 is estimated by OLS and column 2 is estimated using least squares with trimming to account for censoring of the dependent variable ( Honore , 1992 ) . Standard errors in brackets , clustered at the household level : * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . _", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 133, "text": "Daily Labor Supply Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ < mark > inter alia < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > 67 Ibid . > 68 In 2015 , 77 Haitians were detained in the context of migration . In 2016 , the migratory detention numbers soared to 17 , 078 . In 2017 , they fell to 1 , 190 . Based on government statistics , of those detained , 30 , 21 and 27 , respectively , returned voluntarily to Haiti . See < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2015 / Bole tin_2015 . pdf , pp . 134 and 147 , accessed : September 2018 ; http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2016 / Bole tin_2016 . pdf , pp . 136 and 147 , accessed : September 2018 ; and http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2017 / Bole tin_2017 . pdf , pp . 136 and 146 , accessed : September 2018 , respectively . < / u > 69 See also Amnesty International , supra note 66 ; Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos ( CNDH ) , “ Solicita CNDH Más Medidas Cautelares Ante El Gran Flujo de Personas Africanas y de Haití , Que ha Rebasado la Capacidad de Albergues y Recintos Que Ofrecen Ayuda Humanitaria en Tijuana y Mexicali ” , Comunicado de Prensa DGC / 256 / 16", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 264, "text": "government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > # * * Interventions focusing on workplace health should help increase worker retention and increase * * * * mature workers ’ productivity ; however , there is little evidence as to what works to encourage these * * . The United Kingdom targets SMEs with a specific national occupational health service to this effect . < sup > 172 < / sup > Occupational health and safety programs have been shown to improve risk factors for injuries and chronic illnesses , many of which increase with age . < sup > 173 < / sup > This can include both access to health care and support for healthy lifestyles – diet , exercise , and social interaction , which also affects labor market participation as well as productivity . < sup > 174 < / sup > However , there is no conclusive evidence of positive impacts of such interventions on productivity or labor force participation , largely due to lack of quality studies . < sup > 175 < / sup > Some positive examples on which to build do exist , however . In the United States , an occupational health intervention involving access to physicians was associated with a significant reduction in both sickness absence and early retirement . < sup > 176 < / sup > Interventions could also be adapted to the informal sector context . A study of informal sector workers in Thailand showed that safe working practices improved older workers ’ work ability , suggesting that targeted information / promotion programs could help increase their productivity . < sup > 177 < / sup > 167 UNESCO 2022 . 168 Singer and Toomet 2013 . 169 Picchio 2021 . 170 OECD 2019b . 171 EBRD 2020 , Loch et al . 2010 . 172 OECD 2019b . 173 Anger et al . 2015 . 174 Prinz et al . 2018 . 175 Poscia et al . 2016 . 176 Crawford et al . 2009 . 177 Thanapop and Thanapop 2021 . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Steering Committee and IDA , would be a prerequisite for telecenter microproject approval and the release of funds . _Institutional arrangements and business model . _ It is widely acknowledged that local ownership is essential for the design of local-needs-oriented and eventually sustainable telecenters . Such ownership and control could be exerted by either of the following options : ( 1 ) A community , represented by its LGU , owns and manages the telecenter : or ( 2 ) a community engages a contract with a private sector telecenter operator . Even if a community initially opts for the LGU model , a concession for telecenter operation could be contracted out to the private sector at the end of the start-up phase . In the LGU model , a telecenter manager would be recruited by the LGU for the day-to-day management and operation of the MCT , including personnel recruitment , accounting , financial reporting , program development and delivery , and for running a monitoring system acceptable to the LGU . The LGU would be responsible for mobilizing financial and in-kind cost sharing from the community , submitting the proposal to the respective Coordinating Committee , and overseeing telecenter operations if the proposal is approved . Under the \" least-subsidy private sector \" model , the LGU would administer the preparation of the tender documents , select the bidder who requires the least subsidies for the provision of services as specified in the tender documents , and sign the contract with the successful bidder . Under both options , it would also evaluate MCT performance and request modifications based on monitoring reports of the telecenter manager . _Implementation . _ Telecenter preparation , appraisal and implementation would follow the same guidelines as other microprojects , with the following mnodifications : i ) The Steering Committee pre-selects the location of telecenters and invites selected communities to present a telecenter - 29 -", "spans": [{"start": 1635, "end": 1679, "text": "monitoring reports of the telecenter manager", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda Project ( P176747 ) # # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements * * # # * * Monitoring and Regular Reporting * * 79 . * * Objectives and design * * . The objective of the M & E system is to track the project ’ s implementation progress and achievement of expected outcomes to enable the government ( national and sub-national ) and World Bank to address issues as they arise . An integrated web-based data collection platform will be established at the MGLSD into which data on implementation progress and outcomes will be entered will be entered to track implementation of project interventions and their outcomes . The MGLSD will contract a consulting firm to design and develop the integrated data platform , which will include an interface that allows the persons responsible for M & E at all implementing agencies to enter monitoring data that they collect . 80 . * * The MGLSD will lead the overall M & E efforts . * * The MGLSD already has an experienced Planning Unit which has been responsible for leading the efforts to track government programs . Staff with specialized skills in ( a ) survey design , implementation , and analysis ; ( b ) operations and maintenance of management information systems ; and ( c ) data manager ; and ( d ) others as needed will comprise the M & E team at the MGLSD . 81 . * * M & E teams will be established as members of the PITs at both the national . * * They will be responsible for collecting and sharing information presented in the results framework in accordance with the procedures laid out in the M & E monitoring plan , and entering the data into the integrated data platform . Data from each implementing agency will be aggregated with the data of others and used as the basis of quarterly progress reports . 82 . * * Data generation and reporting * * . The data to track the key performance", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 630, "text": "data on implementation progress and outcomes", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 944, "end": 959, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1748, "end": 1782, "text": "Data from each implementing agency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": * * The date of the meeting held at the conclusion of the census survey but before disclosure of the Resettlement Action Plan , when the list of Project Affected Persons identified from the census survey will be finalised , and all Project Affected Persons will be officially notified of intention for land acquisition . * * Displaced Person : * * A person who , for reasons due to involuntary acquisition or voluntary contribution of their land and other assets under the project , will suffer direct economic and or social adverse impacts , regardless of whether or not the said Displaced Person is physically relocated . The person will have his or her : standard of living adversely affected , whether or not the Displaced Person must move to another location ; lose right , title , interest in any house , land ( including premises , agricultural and grazing land ) or any other fixed or movable assets acquired or possessed , lose access to productive assets or any means of livelihood . * * Involuntary Displacement : * * The involuntary acquisition of land resulting in direct or indirect economic and social impacts caused by : loss of benefits from use of such land ; relocation or loss of shelter ; loss of assets or access to assets ; or loss of income sources or means of livelihood , whether or not the Displaced Person has moved to another location or not . * * Involuntary Land Acquisition : * * This is the repossession of land by government or other government agencies for compensation , for the purpose of a public project against the will of the landowner . The landowner may be left with the right to negotiate the amount of compensation proposed . This includes land or assets for which the owner enjoys uncontested customary rights . > 1 Water Supply and Sanitation Service Improvement Project ( WaSSIP ) . 2007 . Resettlement Policy Framework , RP 583 . Government of the Republic of Kenya > Repcon Associates . 2011 . The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Programme : Resettlement Policy Framework . Ministry of Land , Housing and Urban Development – Government of the Republic of Kenya March 2014 v", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 73, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 10 * * community outreach . Notably its toll-free Child Helpline ( Sauti 116 ) will be widely disseminated to report cases of Violence Against Children ( VAC ) and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA ) . # # # # * * Step 2 : Recording of grievance and providing the initial response : * * The complainant will fill a form in writing and signs it , or fill it electronically including all personal information of the complaint . The complainant will attach all copies of documents that support their complaints . Staff at MoH PIU and GCs will ensure that the form is filled accurately . The complainant will receive a receipt or a confirmation email of acknowledgment with a reference number to track their complaint ( s ) . The following information will be registered in the grievance log : - a ) Complaint Reference Number - b ) Date of receipt of complaint - c ) Name of complainant ( Depending on sensitivity of the complaint details will be kept anonymous ) - d ) Confirmation that a complaint is acknowledged - e ) Brief description of Complaint - f ) Details of internal and external communication - g ) Action taken : ( Including remedies / determinations / result ) - h ) Date of finalization of complaint The PIU staff or GC members will inform the complainant that an investigation is underway within seven business days . The complainant shall be informed of the estimated duration for resolving their complaint , which is no later than fourteen business days from the date of receipt of the complaint . Where the complaint is unlikely to be resolved within the estimated duration , the staff or GRC members will promptly contact the complainant to request additional time and explain the delay . In any event , the complaint must be resolved no later than twenty-one days from the date of receipt of the complaint . # # # # * * Step 3 : Investigating the grievance : * * The updated SEP will include details on who will be responsible for investigating grievances , following the steps below : -", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 803, "text": "grievance log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "local governments share the same tax bases and the center is responsible for tax collection , tax base data can be easily obtained from the central tax authorities . In cases where local tax bases differ from central tax bases , local tax authorities should be required to provide annual tax base figures to the central government agency in charge of # # 20 Hen : \" local governments \" refers to subnational governments in general . 45", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 107, "text": "tax base data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use non-competitive modalities , in some municipalities the share of these is above three-quarters . Using this dataset and auxiliary tables also easily accessible in the ‘ basedosdados ‘ package , we could also explore additional questions , such as whether the use of non-competitive tenders vary systematically over time and whether it correlates with other municipality traits , such as GDP per capita . 42", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 185, "text": "basedosdados", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 8 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Entry * Exit * Total < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database Figure 19 . Cumulative change in weighted average log labor productivity , 2014-2021 ( wholesale trade , constant 2010 prices ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 8 < br > - 1 < br > - 1 . 2 < br > - 1 . 4 < br > - 1 . 6 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Entry * Exit * Total < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database 12", "spans": [{"start": 944, "end": 959, "text": "CIT database 12", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 Calculation of modified and natural habitat extent along the Wobulenzi-Masaka TL route based on CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 meter resolution ) and ground truthing | | | * * Correctio * * | * * n * * < sup > * * Note ( a ) * * < / sup > | * * Estimated Habit * * | * * at Extent ( ha ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Landcover Unit * * | * * Land cover * * | | | | | | * * Wobulenzi-Masaka TL route * * | * * extent ( ha ) * * | * * Modified * * < br > * * habitat * * | * * Natural * * < br > * * Habitat * * | * * Modified * * < br > * * Habitat * * | * * Natural * * < br > * * Habitat * * | | Built up areas | 254 . 6 | 100 % | 0 % | 254 . 6 | - | | Cropland | 49 , 236 . 6 | 100 % | 0 % | 49 , 236 . 6 | - | | Tree cover ( includes tree crops ) | 9 , 003 . 4 | 80 % | 20 % | 7 , 202 . 7 | 1 , 800 . 7 | | Shrubs cover ( includes tree crops ) | 904 . 2 | 80 % | 20 % | 723 . 4 | 180 . 8 | | Grassland ( includes wet grassland < br > with cultivation ) | 7 , 611 . 9 | 80 % | 20 % | 6 , 089 . 5 | 1 , 522 . 4 | | Aquatic or flooded vegetation | 130 . 4 | 20 % | 80 % | 26 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 126, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dummy | ( 0 . 33 ) | ( - 0 . 85 ) | ( - 0 . 99 ) | | Time trend | 0 . 0172 | 0 . 323 * * * | 0 . 288 * * * | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( 0 . 68 ) | ( 7 . 19 ) | ( 6 . 11 ) | | n | 1 , 378 | 1 , 392 | 1 , 378 | | R-squared | 0 . 134 | 0 . 300 | 0 . 232 | | RMSE | 4 . 75 | 8 . 03 | 7 . 97 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 11", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 425, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . Data # # 3 . 1 The Sample The sources of firm-level data we employed are the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) and the COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys , both conducted by the World Bank . WBES offers an expansive array of economic data on 171 , 000 firms in 148 countries , and the data has been widely used in economics , finance , international business , and management research . Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic , to measure the pandemic ’ s impact on the firms , the Followup Enterprise Surveys re-interviews those firms that had been interviewed in WBES in selected countries . The follow-up surveys contain information on sales changes , business operations , labor adjustments , access to finance , expectations about the future , and support from the government in response to COVID-19 . We combine the WBES data with COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys data . The former provides us with the pre-determined firm characteristics which are employed as independent or control variables ; the latter provides seven indicators measuring firm responses during the pandemic . By April 2021 , the Follow-up Enterprise Survey has been implemented in 41 countries , and firms in 26 countries out of them have been re-contacted in the second round . The relevant WBES of these 41 countries have been posted in different years during 2016-2019 . We choose to use the data of the latest survey , which means that for firms having been interviewed in two rounds , we only keep the second-round survey data and for firms that have only one round survey , we just use the data . The reason is that the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing , and the surveys add a few new interview questions over time , thus using the latest survey could help to examine the impact of COVID-19 more accurately . We also use the first-round survey to check the robustness and compare the results with the results of the second-round survey to explore the dynamic of firm responses during COVID-19 . We further collect country-level data from various sources . GDP per capita is from the World Development Indicators database ( WDI ) . The stringency of government policy to contain COVID19 is from", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 112, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 130, "end": 167, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 852, "end": 894, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2019, "end": 2037, "text": "country-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2088, "end": 2125, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a unique experiment embedded into a national agricultural survey in Malawi , this paper investigates the extent , drivers , and persistence of NCME in farmer-reported plot areas . We also examine how farmers learn and adjust to demonstrably accurate information about plot size , both in terms of correcting pre-existing measurement error in plot size as well as their reporting behavior ( responses ) on non-land agricultural inputs . Prior to the information treatment , farmers ’ self-reported plot areas exhibit considerable NCME . Measurement error is negatively correlated with true plot size , which accounts for close 29", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 74, "text": "national agricultural survey in Malawi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Cross-country and bank-level evidence has shown the poor performance of government-owned banks , especially in developing countries ( La Porta et al , 2001 , Dinc , 2005 ) , so that privatization could be expected to improve performance and thus boost efficiency of financial intermediation . Evidence from individual countries that have undertaken large privatization programs , however , has been mixed ( Cull , Clarke , and Shirley , 2005 ; Megginson , 2005 ) . For example , in Mexico in the early and mid-1990s , privatization outcomes were bad enough to prompt re-nationalization of the banking sector in the wake of the Tequila crisis ( Haber , 2005 ) . Banking sector performance eventually improved , but only after a second round of privatization in the late 1990s in which foreign ownership participation was encouraged . Initial attempts at bank privatization in the Czech Republic , and to a lesser extent Poland , were also not fully successful , at least in part because the state maintained relatively large shareholdings in the privatized banks and discouraged ownership by foreign investors ( Bonin , Hasan , and Wachtel , 2005 ) . Assessing the effects of privatization across countries is made difficult by countryspecific circumstances that are hard to control for . < sup > 1 < / sup > Researchers have therefore turned to country-level studies , which offer natural experiments if data availability allows the performance assessment of privatized banks before and after privatization , relative to other banks in the financial system and controlling for other bank and country-level but time-variant characteristics . 1 Otchere ( 2005 ) examines the effects of share issue bank privatizations for twenty-one banks in nine developing countries using pooled econometric tests . In the case of direct sales to strategic investors , this type of crosscountry analysis is more difficult , because share prices cannot be used as performance indicators and listed banks are generally subject to lower disclosure standards . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Transition and Development : * * The alignment of the RRP with national systems , inclusion of transitional elements , and support for law / policy development in the previous RRP was praised . However , there ' s a call for increased focus on transition and inclusion in government systems . Suggestions include leveraging operational functions , strengthening key sectors and piloting area-based approaches to better connect humanitarian efforts with long-term development cooperation . * * Realistic Planning : * * Given the decreasing availability of humanitarian funds , there ' s an emphasis on considering realistic funding requests in future planning . This approach would help in optimizing the use of limited resources and setting achievable objectives . * * Key Recommendations from Session 1 : * * * * 1 . Optimize assessment timing to better align with the RRP planning cycle : * * Adjust the timing of the Multi-Sector Needs Assessment ( MSNA ) to better align with the RRP planning cycle . * * 2 . Simplify project submission for NGOs and local CSOs : * * Simplify project submission for NGOs and local CSOs to reduce duplication and frequent revisions . This requires sectors to prioritize activities and indicators . * * 3 . Improve funding transparency through improved usage of the refugee funding tracker : * * Enhance the use and promotion of the refugee funding tracker among partners to provide clearer visibility on resource allocation and gaps and promote strategic discussions on funding allocation across sectors . * * 4 . Increase visibility of host community projects : * * Improve the visibility and communication of activities targeting host communities , particularly peaceful coexistence projects . * * 5 . Clarify RRP processes , including project submission and funding mechanisms : * * Improve communication about the RRP process , including clear guidelines on project submission procedures and funding mechanisms . # # # * * Session 2 : Expectations for the Upcoming RRP ( 2025-2026 ) * * The discussion centered on expectations for the 2025-2026 RRP , emphasizing the need for a responsible transition to government systems , strengthening localization ( including sharing capacities", "spans": [{"start": 1305, "end": 1328, "text": "refugee funding tracker", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "migration in Eastern Africa . In contrast , Di Falco et al . ( 2023 ) also use data from LSMS-supported longitudinal surveys conducted in Ethiopia , Malawi , Niger , Nigeria , and Uganda to analyze the effects of cumulative drought shocks on the migration decisions of rural households and find that a positive effect of multiple droughts accumulates over time . A study by Dillon et al . ( 2011 ) uses data from Northern Nigeria and finds that households respond to agricultural risk by sending males to migrate . None of these studies , however , carries out a systematic search for the drivers underlying the heterogeneity of climate ( im ) mobility outcomes , nor tries to disentangle the relationship between migration and local adaptation . Furthermore , a methodological limitation common to all these works is that they employ simple linear probability models , which not only impose restrictive functional forms , but by design can only estimate average treatment effects and check whether they differ across pre-specified subgroups ; they do not allow for arbitrary and unrestricted treatment effect heterogeneity nor for nonlinear responses . We provide three contributions to the existing research . The first is substantive : we produce datadriven evidence on the key channels that mediate the microeconomic relationship between climate shocks and mobility , providing empirical support for the hypothesis of climate immobility traps . This is a particularly relevant notion from a policy perspective as it implies the existence of climate-induced wealth and liquidity constraints . The evidence we document is in line with recent meso - and macro-evidence on the topic ( Benveniste et al . , 2022 ; Cattaneo & Peri , 2016 ; Peri & Sasahara , 2019 ) as well as with more general findings that the most vulnerable are often not those who migrate , as they are too credit-constrained and lack the necessary resources to do so ( Cai , 2020 ; Dustmann & Okatenko , 2014 ) . An increasing number of studies suggests that policy makers should be concerned about immobility as much as mobility ( Findlay , 2012 ; Cattaneo et al . , 2019 ) . Indeed , it is now commonly acknowledged that too often the policy focus has been placed on", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 124, "text": "LSMS-supported longitudinal surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 403, "end": 429, "text": "data from Northern Nigeria", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 83, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 146, "end": 169, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * < mark > 2 . 2 KAHAWA SOWETO < / mark > * * Kahawa Soweto is located in the north-eastern part of Nairobi in Kahawa West Location , Kasarani Division . It lies adjacent to the Kahawa Barracks , separated only by the railway line . The settlement is situated approximately 20 km from the Nairobi Central Business Centre . It is estimated that the village has a total population of about 7 , 000 people who live in 700 structures on approximately 15 acres of land . # # # # * * Excreta Disposal * * Data and information collected in Kahawa Soweto indicate that despite being adjacent to a sewage treatment plant , Kahawa Soweto does not have sewer line connections . Residents rely on on-site systems ( mainly pit latrines ) or WCs connected to septic tanks for excreta disposal . # # # # * * Ownership of Excreta Disposal Facility * * Assessment of the ownership status of the existing excreta disposal facilities revealed that 38 % of the facilities are individually owned while 21 % access a landlord shared facility as illustrated . 29", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 554, "text": "Data and information collected in Kahawa Soweto", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Loveland , T . R . , Kommareddy , A . , Egorov , A . , Chini , L . , Justice , C . O . , and Townshend , J . R . G . ( 2013 ) . High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change . _Science_ , 342 ( 6160 ) : 850 – 853 . - Horowitz , J . L . ( 2011 ) . Applied Nonparametric Instrumental Variables Estimation . _Econometrica_ , 79 ( 2 ) : 347 – 394 . - Kent , J . T . and Tyler , D . E . ( 2001 ) . Regularity and Uniqueness for Constrained M - Estimates and Redescending M - Estimates . _The Annals of Statistics_ , 29 ( 1 ) : 252 – 265 . - Kullback , S . and Leibler , R . A . ( 1951 ) . On Information and Sufficiency . _The Annals of Mathematical Statistics_ , 22 ( 1 ) : 79 – 86 . - Micchelli , C . A . , Xu , Y . , and Zhang , H . ( 2006 ) . Universal Kernels . _Journal of Machine Learning Research_ , 7 : 2651 – 2667 . - Perman , R . and Stern , D . I . ( 2003 ) . Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the Environmental Kuznets Curve does not exist . _Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics_ , 47 ( 3 ) : 325 – 347 . - Peters , G . P . , Andrew , R . M . , Boden , T . , Canadell , J . G . , Ciais , P . , Qu ́ er ́ e , C . L . , Marland , G . , Raupach , M . R . , and Wilson , C . ( 2013 ) . The challenge to keep global warming below 2 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C . _Nature Climate Change_ , 3 ( January ) : 4 – 6 . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The construction of these outcome variables is detailed in Table A . 1 in the Appendix . Descriptive statistics are shown in Table A . 2 in the Appendix . # * * 4 . 4 Internal validity * * We discuss four threats to the identification of causal impacts : imbalances between the treatment and control groups , spillovers , attrition , and multiple testing . * * Balance * * The treatment and control groups are well balanced across a series of baseline demographic and economic characteristics ( Table A . 2 in the Appendix ) . For all but one variable analyzed , the magnitude of the differences between the treatment and control groups is smaller than 0 . 1 standard deviations of the control group , which indicates good balance ( Imbens and Rubin 2015 , p . 310 ) . Only two out of 75 differences are statistically significant at conventional thresholds . The p-values of omnibus F-tests of joint significance are above 0 . 90 for both treatment arms . Overall , these results suggest that the control and treatment groups are well-balanced . * * Spillovers * * Important spillovers between the treatment and control groups are unlikely given the relatively small scale of the program — only 0 . 3 % of the rural population of Jendouba received a cash grant . * * Attrition * * Attrition could be an issue in this study , especially since the endline survey took place about 2-2 . 5 years after the intervention and 4-4 . 5 years after the baseline survey . Furthermore , previous research has shown that cash transfer interventions can affect migration decisions ( Angelucci 2015 ; Adhikari and Gentilini 2018 ; Imbert and Papp 2019 ; Gazeaud et al . 2021a ) . The overall attrition rate in our study is 8 . 8 % ( Table A . 3 ) , which is relatively low and on par with comparable studies in other developing country contexts . The attrition rate in the control group is 11 . 2 % , which is significantly larger than the attrition rate of 6 % and 6 . 8 % observed in the two treatment groups . Differential attrition is mainly driven by higher migration rates", "spans": [{"start": 1346, "end": 1360, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "embre , une trentaine de personnes ont été kidnappées et un tracteur a été ravi dans une ferme entre Dumi et Duale ( groupement de Mbankana ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > # # < mark > INONDATIONS < / mark > - Au cours de la période sous rapport , des pluies diluviennes ont occasionné des inondations , des éboulements de terrains aussi bien à Kinshasa que dans des provinces du pays . - Selon le communiqué de la régie des voies fluviales ( RVF ) du 27 décembre 2023 , le niveau d ’ eau du fleuve Congo a considérablement augmenté et ne cesse d ’ augmenter . Il se situe actuellement à 5 , 9 . Une telle montée des eaux n ’ a jamais été enregistrée depuis 1961 et risque non seulement de provoquer des pertes en vies humaines , en infrastructures , mais aussi des maladies hydriques dans les zones inondables . - Dans la première semaine du mois , en * * Ituri * * , plus de 350 familles de la localité de Gobu-njii ( groupement Dhendo en territoire de Djugu ) ont été affectées par les inondations des eaux du Lac Albert . - Dans la Province de * * Maï-Ndombe * * , à la suite des pluies du 25 décembre , tous les sites riverains du Fleuve Congo et de la rivière Kwa , en l ’ occurrence , Kwamouth , Ngambomi , Mbole , etc . ont connu une montée des eaux . > 7 < u > Rapport mensuel de monitoring de protection Bandundu mois de déc", "spans": [{"start": 1262, "end": 1314, "text": "Rapport mensuel de monitoring de protection Bandundu", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "POC to town for Displacement Trends Mar2014 - Apr2017 ( in million ) < sup > * < / sup > | 0 . 8m | 1 . 5m | 1 . 7m | 1 . 5m | 1 . 85m < br > 1 . 93m < br > 1 . 81m | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0 . 4m | 0 . 6m | 0 . 77m | 0 . 85m | 1 . 29m | | Mar | Dec | Dec | | Dec < br > Apr | | 2014 < br > IDPs | 2014 < br > Refugees | 2015 | Fighting in Juba < br > forced thousands < br > to flee their homes < br > inside and outside < br > the country < br > Jul 2016 | 2016 < br > 2017 | * The refugee data is up to 15 April 2017 .", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 517, "text": "refugee data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 17 : Direct job content per $ 1 million of gross exports across macro sectors 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Agriculture < br > Construction < br > Electricity , gas and water < br > Financial services < br > Manufacturing < br > Mining and Energy < br > Other commercial services < br > Public services < br > Real estate , renting < br > Trade , sales and accomodation < br > Transport and communication < br > 0 100 200 300 400 < br > Jobs per $ 1 mil . exports < br > ZAF BRA RUS CHL COL THA TUR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . # # * * 5 . Labor Content of Exports in Global Value Chains * * In this section , we narrow our focus and measure the labor content of non-resources intensive manufacturing exports traditionally governed in GVCs , to examine how growth in non-traditional export sectors has impacted the level and nature of labor in South Africa . South Africa has become more integrated in GVCs , and is looking to upgrade in GVCs as an avenue to generating higher quality jobs ( Farole 2015 ) . GVCs are fundamentally about restructuring the location of economy activity : what used to be produced under one factory roof may now take place across a number of different countries . This has fundamental impacts on where jobs go , who gets them , and what types of jobs they are ( Farole 2015 ) . A priori , the net impact of joining and upgrading in GVCs on labor markets in developing countries is unclear and not well studied in the literature , < sup > 16 < / sup > as it can occur in opposite directions through a variety of channels . < sup > 17 < / sup > Separating the domestic content from the foreign content contained in a country ’ s exports — as achieved in the LACEX data — is a necessary step when disentangling the impact of production across multiple borders . However", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 616, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1777, "end": 1787, "text": "LACEX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "spatially dependent inequality outcomes . Households located in physical proximity to mining districts in Peru tend to experience the largest gains in living standards , consumptions and literacy , while consumption inequality increases in all districts of a resource-producing province . Although many empirical studies have investigated the link between natural capital , growth and inequality , very limited research is available on how all three factors interact . Moreover , much of the existing literature on the subject fails to adequately account for the role of wealth stocks . A thorough review of the literature would seem to indicate that the quantitative relationship between the exploitation of natural resources , economic growth and income inequality has been studied only by Gylfason and Zoega ( 2002 ) and Alessandrini and Buccellato ( 2009 ) . The following analysis tests the existence of a relationship between the dependence on nonrenewable natural resources ( hereafter dependence ) and per capita income and income inequality . The analysis is conducted in the spirit of Sachs and Warner ( 1995 ; 2001 ) and uses panel data for 43 countries for which data is available from 1980 to 2012 to examine , under different specifications , a system of two equations in which the dependent variables are per capita GDP and the Gini index and the independent variable is the dependence on nonrenewable natural resources . While Gylfason and Zoega ( 2002 ) and Alessandrini and Buccellato ( 2009 ) use a recursive model and focus on crosssectional data , this analysis attempts to account for the endogeneity problem generated 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 One striking facts concerning the maturity structure of financing is that there is a large number of firms that appear to be cut-off altogether from any access to long term debt . In the SC 1 sample , which is the one to be used to draw inferences about access given the more detailed figures on debt , 214 firms ( 29 . 3 % of the total ) never received long term financial credit , 311 firms ( 42 . 5 % of the total ) had long term debt during some years , while only 211 firms ( 28 . 2 % of the total ) always had long term debt ( see Table 6 , Part I ) . In the SC2 sample , which , because of the more aggregate nature of the debt variables is bound to present a rosier picture , 25 firms ( 2 . 9 % of the total ) never had long term liabilities , 538 firms ( 63 . 3 % ) had long term liabilities during some years , and 287 ( 33 . 8 % of the total ) had it during the whole period . It is interesting to note that according to the SC1 sample , access to long term financing improves over time ( see Table 6 , Part II ) . In 1984 , only 37 % of firms had long term debt . This number increases to 59 . 2 % in 1987 and decreases slightly to 58 . 9 % in 1988 . Unfortunately , we cannot track the question of access in the more recent years because the SC2 sample is less informative in this sense ; If we split the SC1 sample by size , we can see that access to long term credit varies positively with size ( see Table 7 , Part I ) . Among the largest group of companies , 58 % had long term debt in every year of the period . Conversely , only 11 % of the micro firms and 17 % of the small firms had similar access to long term financing . Half of the micro firms and 44 % of the small firms never had long term debt , while only 1 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Viscusi , 2010 ; Dávila , Mora and González 2011 ; < mark > Zavodny , 2015 ) , but also in Spain ( D < / mark > íaz-Serrano , 2010 ; Solé , Díaz-Serrano and Rodríguez , 2010 ) , Germany ( Giuntella et al . , 2015 ) , Canada ( Premji et al . , 2010 ; Smith , Kosny and Mustard , 2009 ) and Australia ( Corvalan , Driscoll and Harrison , 1994 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > The economics literature has shown that immigrant workers are concentrated in occupations that are more sensitive to business cycle fluctuations , exposing them to economic downturns and shocks ( Dustmann , Glitz and Vogel , 2010 ; Orrenius and Zavodny , 2010 ) . In this paper , we show that the greater exposure of immigrant workers to employment-related risks also manifested itself in the specific context of the COVID-19 pandemic , and we provide descriptive evidence of the drivers behind this greater risk exposure . < sup > 3 < / sup > The remainder of the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 describes our measurements of occupational vulnerability to COVID-19 . Section 3 describes the datasets used in the paper . Section 4 provides descriptive statistics on occupational exposure to COVID-19 in the EU member countries . Section 5 discusses the empirical strategy . Section 6 explores the main contributors of the greater occupational exposure of immigrant workers to the COVID-19 shock . It investigates whether systematic differences in observable characteristics between native and migrant workers can explain differences in exposure , and it explores additional factors , such as the effects of networks and the imperfect transferability of skills . Section 7 examines actual job losses in the first year of the pandemic and their correlates by migrant status , using recent data from 2020 . Section 8 concludes . # 2 . Measurement of Occupational Exposure to COVID-19 # # 2 . 1 Different Measures of Risk Exposure Risk exposure is an ex-ante measure ; it needs to be assessed _before_ the harmful events take place and people react to them . Otherwise , people ’ s endogenous responses to the events and resulting changes in their behavior will", "spans": [{"start": 1755, "end": 1776, "text": "recent data from 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Mar-2015 | 30-Jun-2014 | |  Total number of training weeks provided by third party providers ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | - - | 143448 . 00 | 158429 . 00 | 100000 . 00 | | Date | - - | 31-Mar-2015 | 23-Oct-2015 | 30-Jun-2014 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 11 / 20 / 2015 Page 5 of 7 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A10 : Workers who are more idle at baseline do not benefit more from employment | | ( 1 ) < br > PS Index | ( 2 ) < br > PHQ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Work | 0 . 212 | 0 . 242 | | | ( 0 . 041 ) | ( 0 . 075 ) | | Cash | 0 . 060 | 0 . 013 | | | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 089 ) | | Work * Baseline | - 0 . 002 | 0 . 039 | | Idleness | ( 0 . 023 ) | ( 0 . 049 ) | | Cash * Baseline | - 0 . 021 | 0 . 035 | | Idleness | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 049 ) | | Test : Work X Idle = Cash X Idle | 0 . 346 | 0 . 925 | | Observations | 726 | 726 | * * Notes : * * This table reports the treatment effect of receiving employment , and the interaction effect of receiving employment and baseline hours reported idle , relative to the control group . The columns show OLS estimates of a regression of the outcome on a dummy for assignment to the work treatment , baseline hours idle , the interaction of the two , the parallel for the cash group , as well as camp and enumerator fixed effects , the baseline value of the independent variable , and sociodemographic controls as determined through a double-selection LASSO procedure Belloni , Chernozhukov , and Hansen ( 2014 ) . 54", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Financial Analysis of ENREP AF * * | NPV < br > ( 1 . 5 % discount rate ) | FIRR | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 : Reinforcement and Expansion of the ElectricityNetwork | US $ 21 . 8 million | 5 . 6 % | | 2 : Access Scale-up | US $ 137 . 8 million | 15 . 9 % | # # # * * Technical Analysis * * < mark > PHHASTA < / mark > # # # Explanation : The investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure proposed for financing under the AF have been selected based on the Ethiopia Power System Expansion Master Plan Study , which identified priority lines to be built / rehabilitated and operational bottlenecks to be addressed to meet fast growing electricity demand . The dissemination of stand-alone renewable energy products is also critical to promoting off-grid access in areas far removed from the grid . The market-based approach promoted under Component 3 can greatly contribute to this objective . * * Transmission investments . * * The three proposed transmission lines are meant to improve the supply of electricity to areas currently connected through overloaded and unreliable MV lines . They are also intended to enable supply to new areas that are expected to be electrified under the UEAP and for planned irrigation schemes . Given projected loads , different options were considered and optimal network configurations were selected based on system analysis ( including load flow and short circuit analysis using PSS / E ) . Voltage level , conductor sizes , and basic equipment specifications were selected taking into account technical and operational standards , as well as planning criteria in line with international practices . Further refinement is expecting during design stage . EEP has implemented similar transmission projects with acceptable standards of quality , including previous Bank-funded projects . They agency has well-qualified staff to undertake / supervise the design engineering , planning , and implementation of investments . However , the staff is overstretched given", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation phase were important in changing management practices . The control firms typically did not adopt the more complex practices like daily quality meetings , formalizing the yarn monitoring process or defining roles and responsibilities . Fifth , the non-experimental plants in the treatment firms also saw a substantial increase in the adoption of management practices . In these 5 plants the adoption rates increased by 17 . 5 % . This increase occurred because the owners of the treatment firms copied the new practices from their experimental plants over to their other plants . # * * V . THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT ON PERFORMANCE * * Previous work has shown a strong correlation between management practices and firm performance in the cross-section , with a few papers ( e . g . Ichniowski et al . 1998 ) also showing this in the panel . < sup > 16 < / sup > Our unique panel data on management practices and plant level performance , coupled with the experiment , enables us to examine the extent to which these relations are causal . We begin with a panel fixed-effects specification : OUTCOMEi , t = αi + βt + θMANAGEMENTi , t + νi , t ( 2 ) where OUTCOME will be one of the key performance metrics of quality , inventory and output . The concern is that management practices are not exogenous to the outcomes that are being assessed , even in changes . For example , a firm may start monitoring quality only when it starts to experience a larger than usual number of defects , which would bias the fixed-effect estimate towards finding a negative effect of better management on quality . Or firms may start monitoring product quality as part of a major upgrade of workers and equipment , in which case we would misattribute quality improvements from better capital and labor to better management . To overcome this endogeneity problem , we instrument the management practice score with log ( 1 + weeks since the implementation phase began ) < sup > 17 < / sup > . We use this logarithmic form because of the concave adoption path of management practices shown in Figure 2 , with the results robust to alternative functional form", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 896, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ Therefore , the subproject will be an important electricity transmission facility to contribute for achieving National Electrification Program goals . # # # # # # _Improved and Reliable Power Supply_ The main goal of the subproject is to strengthen the existing 132kV ShashemeneI SS by building a new 230kV substation near Shashemene town and a 230kV TL connecting the existing 230kV Yirgalem – Hawassa TL and the new Shashemene-II SS . Power quality and reliability are currently very low in Shashemene and the surrounding towns and rural areas . This is impacting the economic momentum of the areas . Therefore , implementation of this subproject will improve the quality and reliability of the power supply in the areas . Both the household survey and the public consultations with local authorities and communities revealed that urban residents and rural households , existing institutions and infrastructures suffer from shortage of power supply and frequent power cut . Thus one of the anticipated benefits of the TL is to alleviate this critical shortage of power supply in subproject in the cities and peri-urban areas and nearby rural settlements . According to the HH survey results 98 . 8 % of the respondents anticipated benefits of access to electricity service from implementation of the subproject . However , as the objective of the current subproject is only construction of a transmission line , it can ’ t directly benefit the affected communities . Therefore , the EEP-EEU collaboration to prioritize that affected communities ’ request for electrification will materialize latest during the construction phase of the subproject so that further project work with EEU is arranged in order to satisfy the energy requirement of the affected communities . _Attracting and Expanding Investments into the urban and rural economy_ During the public consultation at the sub", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 949, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1374, "end": 1383, "text": "HH survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> < br > time andspecifiedstrict timelinesand < br > deliverableswassigned on3rdFebruary < br > 2020 . | | Submission * * by * * theconsultantofthe * * 2nd * * < br > MilestoneDeliverable * * - * * 20 % ofthe < br > complete boreholereportsdo | Partiall < br > Pril < br > ne | TheConsultantgaveanoticeon * * 31st * * March < br > 2020that ithad stoppeditsfieldworkand < br > recalledstaffdue totheprevailing * * COVID - * * < br > * * 19 * * pandemic . < br > Theconsultant < br > made < br > a < br > commitmenttocompleteandsubmitreports < br > for < br > 74 < br > reports < br > boreholes < br > that < br > ithad < br > completedaswellasorganizetoresume < br > fieldworkinthecounties . * * By * * theendofthe < br > reporting period , only_54_softcopiesofthe < br > reportshadbeensubmittedandnoprogress < br > inthefieldworkhad been achieved . | | Submission * * by * * theconsultant < sup > ofthe < / sup > < sup > * * 3rd * * < / sup > < br > Milestone Deliverableon < sup > * * 8th * * May , 2020 < / sup > < br > * * - * * thenext * * 30 % * * ofthecomplete < br > boreholereports . | Ongoing | TheConsultanthashoweversubmitted , in < br > piecemeal fashion , atotalof < sup > _54_reports , only < / sup > < br > ( Klifi-31", "spans": [{"start": 1074, "end": 1089, "text": "boreholereports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "16 # * * The Basic Public Extension Service ( ATPb ) * * Although not directly the focus of this paper , ATPb is an extension program that will play an important role in the political agricultural arena . Bearing in mind that of the total population of more than 200 , 000 agricultural producers , only 40 , 000 are approached by the three ATP programs , and only 25 , 000-30 , 000 will be contacted through ATP1 and ATP2 by 1999 . In order to reach the big producer population that is not approached through ATP 1 and ATP2 , policy makers will need to enhance , and diversify the coverage of ATPb . Data on ATPb in Nicaragua became available from a study by ESECA ( 1997 ) based on 270 representative sample farms . Some of the information in that study can be used in conjunction with the performance indicators suggested in the previous section . Figure 5 shows participation trends of producers in ATPb between 1993 and 1996 . Figure 5 : Participation in ATPb in the sample of the study by ESECA ( 1997 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 300 < br > 250 < br > e 200 < br > X 150 < br > X100 < br > 50 < br > 1993 1994 1995 1996 < br > Year < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Based on data from ESECA ( 1997a ) # * * Measuring Paid-Extension Costs and Performances in Nicaragua * * In this section we will apply the analytical procedures that were presented earlier . First we will use some of the findings of ESECA ( 1997 ) to derive several performance measures . Without distinction between extension programs ( see footnote ) in the sample of the study by ESECA ( 1997 ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 625, "text": "Data on ATPb in Nicaragua", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 683, "end": 714, "text": "270 representative sample farms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1206, "end": 1221, "text": "data from ESECA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Jobs and Economic Transformation ( KJET ) Project ( P179381 ) | of which accessed new < br > market opportunities < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Baseline data on markets and channels accessed has been collected for the in < br > beneficiary clusters under Component 2 . The first follow-up survey to measur < br > of post-intervention market access improvements is scheduled for July 2026 , < br > subsequent cohorts having baseline and follow-up survey data collected as th < br > onboarded into the project . | itial cohort of < br > e the quantum < br > with < br > ey are | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 < br > Aug / 2023 | 0 < br > 01-Dec-2025 < br > 0 < br > 15-Jun-2026 < br > 27 , 000 , 000 | Dec / 2028 | | Private capital mobilized < br > ( PCM ) through project < br > interventions ( Amount < br > ( USD ) ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This indicator will track the total volume of additional private capital into the < br > Green Investment Fund ( GIF ) by private limited partners investing alongside K < br > select potential investors including DFIs and / or sovereign wealth funds ( if the < br > PCM definitions under the MDB methodology ) . In addition , the indictor will ac < br > private capital mobilized by beneficiaries as part of their matching upfront co < br > co-investments under Component 2 . The PIU will track the numbers through r < br > KDC and its own records on coinvestments . < br > PCM is expected to be generated as the first cohort of coinvestments", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 291, "text": "Baseline data on markets and channels accessed", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1511, "end": 1535, "text": "records on coinvestments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | | procedures is availablehere . Full access to the data is < br > availablehere . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | WBS | World Bank | World Bank < br > Enterprise < br > Surveys | 56 economies from all < br > regions and income < br > groups . | Every three < br > years on a < br > rotatng three - < br > year cycle . | Survey / Firm | These surveys are implemented by the World Bank ’ s Enterprise < br > Survey program which has been operatng since the early < br > 2000s and has covered over 150 countries , although with < br > irregular frequency . Startng in 2023 , the Enterprise Surveys < br > will cover global sample of 180 countries on a rotatng three - < br > year cycle . This table entry refers to the frst round of this < br > expanded coverage . A complete descripton of the WBES < br > methodology , including survey questonnaires and sampling < br > methodology , is availablehere . Full public access to the < br > record-level data is availablehere . Note that the Business < br > Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys are also a < br > product of the Enterprise Survey program and treated as a < br > separate source in the WGI between 2000 and 2015 , see entry < br > for BPS above . | | WJP | World Justce < br > Project | Rule of Law < br > Index | 142 economies < br > covering a global < br > sample . | Annual . Used in < br > the WGI since < br > 2011 . | Expert / NGO < br > and < br > Survey / HH | The Rule of Law Index is a hybrid of expert assessments and < br > household survey data . The expert assessments are scored by < br > locally recruited subject mater experts following a detailed < br", "spans": [{"start": 1043, "end": 1089, "text": "Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1547, "end": 1568, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "overidentifying restrictions is not rejected for all conventional levels of significance , thus we cannot reject the null that all the instruments are valid . We also reject that the estimation is underidentified at 5 % level of significance . However , the results should be treated with caution . It is possible that the instruments may not satisfy the exclusion restriction . Selection of right-wing politicians may not be random ; consequently preferences of citizens for right-wing politicians may be correlated with unobservables that are related to crime , since crime typically ranks high in the list of voter concerns . Similarly , a higher migrant stock may be correlated with several country-level unobservables that are also correlated with crime . Although the IV results are retained after controlling for corruption and the quality of government , the potential endogeneity of our instruments cannot be ruled out completely . # * * 5 . Panel Estimation * * Thus far , all estimates provided have been cross-sectional . The implication is that it is hard to account for certain country-specific of firm-specific unobservable variables . However , panel data are available for a few surveys . The Enterprise Surveys typically re-interview a subset of firms across multiple waves of surveys . This is typically done for two waves of surveys given the especially high attrition rates that occur in a span of 3 to 4 years . In order to account for firm specific unobservables , we use panel data for 644 firms in a subset of 12 Eastern European economies for 2004 and 2007 . Column 1 of table 4 presents these results using country and year fixed effects , while column 2 of table 4 presents firm and year fixed effects estimation . We use 20", "spans": [{"start": 1161, "end": 1171, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1210, "end": 1228, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1495, "end": 1519, "text": "panel data for 644 firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "would be discussed with the Bank subsequently . # # The Market for Sugar 11 . Sugar Consumption and Production . Consumption records in Kenya show a constant annual increase of about 10 % for the period 1955-74 . The sugar retail price increases in the most recent years reduced consumption levels from a high of 225 , 000 tons in 1975 to a low of 199 , 000 tons in 1976 , however 1978 estimates are 237 , 000 tons . As a result , per capita consumption declined from 17 . 6 kg in 1974 to 14 . 5 kg in 1976 before rising again to 15 . 1 kg in 1977 . Total domestic consumption is estimated at 237 , 000 tons in 1978 , with an estimated domestic production of about 195 , 000 tons ; 43 , 000 tons of imports have already been arranged ( Annex 14 , Table 2 , Volume II ) . 12 . With major expansion of Mumias , implementation of the Nzoia and South Nyanza projects and the rehabilitation project , total annual sugar production is estimated to increase to 478 , 000 tons in 1985 and to reach about 540 , 000 tons from 1990 onwards ( Annex 14 , Table 4 , Volume II ) . If per capita consumption were to build up gradually at an annual rate of 4 . 5 % from the 1977 level of 15 . 1 kg and with the projected population growth of 3 . 5 % per annum , domestic consumption would reach a total of 402 , 000 tons in 1985 and 595 , 000 tons in 1990 . With an annual per capita consumption growth rate of 3 . 5 % , domestic consumption would reach 372 , 000 tons in 1985 and 524 , 000 tons in 1990 ( Annex 14 , Table 5 , Volume II ) . Projections used by the Ministry of Agriculture presume similar growth rates .", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 141, "text": "Consumption records in Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Table A8 : Outcomes List and Description | Outcome | Source | Outcome construction | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Survey < br > completed < br > ( completion < br > rate ) | Monitoring data | Dummy indicator that takes the value of 1 if the < br > KI survey was completed ( either by phone or < br > SMS ) , and 0 if it was incomplete after 3 days . | | Consistency on tolerance towards < br > child punishment as in baseline < br > ( follow up ) survey . < br > Outcome de - < br > fned as ” physical punishment is ef - < br > fective ” | Survey instruments < br > ( KI , < br > baseline , < br > and < br > follow up surveys ) | Dummy indicator that takes the value of 1 if the < br > response in the KI survey was the same as in the < br > baseline ( follow up ) survey , 0 otherwise . | | Consistency on high stress level as < br > in baseline ( follow up ) . < br > Outcome < br > defned as ” High stress ” | Survey instruments < br > ( KI , < br > baseline , < br > and < br > follow up surveys ) | Dummy indicator that takes the value of 1 if the < br > individual reported having high stress level in < br > the KI survey and in the baseline ( follow up ) sur - < br > vey , 0 otherwise . | _Notes : _ This table describes the outcomes used in the main analysis of the survey-mode experiment . It also presents the source of the data and a description of how the outcome was constructed . “ KI ” stands for Knowledge Incorporation Survey . 45", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 258, "text": "KI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of crops obtained from the land and added up the cost spend for land improvement . The crops which are on the affected land at the time of census survey have been valued based on the schedules prepared by the Woreda Office of Agriculture for various types of crops and age . _Valuation of Trees : _ The amount of compensation for trees shall be determined on the basis of various species , the level of growth of the trees and the current local price per unit . The trees have been valued based on compensation schedules proposed by the Woreda Office of Agriculture . The Subproject will affect privately-owned farmlands , and trees and therefore compensation will be paid . According to results of the census enumeration and property registration , the Subproject will affect a total of 26 households of which - 26 households will lose about 9 . 06 ha of farmland ( 9 . 0ha by substations ) - 1506 eucalyptus trees - 9 common trees and 120 bundles of Bamboo trees # # # # # # * * _Compensation for Loss Protected Grassland and Crop Residue_ * * There is no grazing land impacted as result of the construction of the proposed substation Subproject . However , there will be a loss of crop residue as a livestock feed . This is an annual forgone benefit caused by expropriation of farmland . Therefore , the following procedures and methods are used to set values for loss of cropby-product : - The highest yield was used to calculate production per hectare of land ; and - The price is taken as the highest value from the previous 3 years . Official Use Only Page 9", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 152, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 703, "end": 747, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indica | tors | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / < br > residence | of < br > location | of < br > location | 0-4 | Share < br > 5-11 < br > | of age < br > 12-17 | groupi < br > < 18 | n total < br > 18-59 < br > | 60 + > | 0-4 | Pe < br > 5-11 | rcentag < br > 12-17 | e fema < br > <", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entering the data into the integrated data platform . Data from each implementing agency will be aggregated with the data of others and used as the basis of quarterly progress reports . 82 . * * Data generation and reporting * * . The data to track the key performance indicators come from ( a ) project-specific surveys and questionnaires , ( b ) project service providers ( women ’ s entrepreneurship platform managers , trainers , PFIs , facility managers ) ; ( c ) local governments ; ( d ) consultant reports ; and ( e ) supervising engineers ’ reports on construction progress . The MGLSD PIT is responsible for preparing the quarterly financial and progress report , consolidating information from each and from the integrated data platform . It will submit the submit quarterly project progress reports to the World Bank , the PTC , the PSC , and to other the stakeholders within 45 days of the end of each quarter . The government and World Bank will prepare a comprehensive midterm review of the project implementation and results in 2024 / 25 , during which the target values will be reviewed and any required adjustments to project design agreed . 83 . * * Capacity building for M & E * * . The project will provide support to strengthen capacity for M & E of the MGLSD and of the national and subnational PITs . Specifically , the project will finance consultants who will work with the MGLSD to prepare a detailed M & E and reporting system plan , provide on-the-job and other training for M & E specialists ( at both the MGLSD and other implementing agencies ) , and provide other capacity support required to establish and operate an effective M & E system . The project will also finance follow-on training and workshops with M & E specialists to ensure that normal staff turnover does not disrupt the M & E effort . # # * * C . Sustainability * * 84 . * * The project aims to support female entrepreneurs grow and transform their micro and small enterprises to larger more", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 339, "text": "project-specific surveys and questionnaires", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 723, "end": 747, "text": "integrated data platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A . 1 / MyAnMAr 2013-2016 / coordinAtion * * COMPLEX / MULTIPLE * * * * ASIA - PACIFIC * * cluster in Sittwe town was set up differently – separate Shelter and cccM / nFi clusters – both under the coordination of the national cluster coordinator in yangon . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > National Cluster Coordinator Shelter / NFI / CCCM ( Yangon ) < br > National IM ( Yangon ) < br > CCCM / NFI Shelter CCCM / NFI < br > Coordinator Coordinator Coordinator < br > Technical Technical < br > CCCM IM < br > Coordinator Coordinator < br > Rakhine Kachin / Northern Shan < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Myanmar Shelter / NFI / CCCM Cluster Organigram , 2013-2015 . _ # # # * * RESPONSE IN KACHIN / NORTHERN SHAN * * the initial response was carried out by the local community and faith-based organizations through the construction of * * temporary five-unit shelters in camp-like settings , * * evolving mainly around church compounds . While having distinct advantages ( knowledge of the local context , access to non-governmental areas , extensive networks and positive relation with state and local authorities ) , the initial response suffered from the organizations ’ lack of technical and sectoral expertise , as well as limited donor confidence and support . temporary shelters provided in the early stages of the emergency varied significantly across the 167 camps in terms of covered living area , quality of construction materials used , occupancy criteria and surrounding infrastructure . By March 2013 , there were 85 , 000 registered idPs and an additional 35 , 000 individuals in need of humanitarian assistance . the international community engaged late and access to non-government controlled areas was limited . this caused a lack of basic data to support identification of gaps and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- TAGP RPCU-77361-GO - < br > RFB / Fruit Seed / Mango & < br > Avocado ) | IDA / 56050 | Agriculture Marketing and < br > Value Chains < br > | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 17 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-08 | 2018-10-13 | 2018-11-12 | 2018-11-27 | 2018-12-17 | 2019-02-15 | | ET-TAGP RPCU-77362-GO - < br > RFB / IT Equipment to < br > strengthen FTC data < br > management | IDA / 56050 | Agricultural Public Support < br > Services < br > | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 53 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-08 | 2018-10-13 | 2018-11-12 | 2018-11-27 | 2018-12-17 | 2019-04-16 | | ET-TAGP RPCU-41284-GO - < br > DIR / Tomato seedlings ( The < br > justification for the direct < br > contracting is uploaded on < br > the system ) | IDA / 56050 | Small Scale Irrigation < br > | Prior | Direct Selection | Direct | 4 , 800 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-01-03 | 2018-01-08 | | | 2018-01-19 | 2018-03-05 | | ET-TAGP RPCU-41273-GO - < br > RFQ / Electric generator | IDA / 56050 | Small Scale Irrigation", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 431, "text": "FTC data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya_ * * < sup > * * _Urban Support Programme_ * * < / sup > * * _Reports_ * * < sup > * * _and Financial Statements_ * * < / sup > * * _For the financial_ * * < sup > * * _yearendedJune 30 , 2020_ * * < / sup > # # # August , < sup > * * 2019 * * < / sup > - August , < sup > * * 2019 * * < / sup > - xxxix . Consultancy < sup > servicesforconductingmunicipalurbanplanningneedsandpreparednessfor < / sup > * * KUSP * * through < sup > CountyGovernments < / sup > < sup > * * - 60M - * * completedon August , < / sup > < sup > * * 2019 * * < / sup > - xl . * * KUSP * * participated < sup > in10thWorldUrban Forumasanexhibitorandfacilitate the best < / sup > performing < sup > counties ( KerichoandMeru ) withreferenceto < / sup > < sup > * * APA2 * * resultsandother best < / sup > counties < sup > likeKirinyaga , Wajir , Migori , Homa Bay . Also facilitatedthree membersof National < / sup > - Assembly , < sup > Councilof GovernorsandChairpersonUrban Committee . < / sup > - xlii . xli . Have Facilitated conducted < sup > andparticipated severalneed based onTechnical training Deep withrequest Dive ( TDD ) conference , fromthe nounties / Municipality . heldatNaivasha , < / sup > 29th February < s", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 69 - Annex 11 page 2 of 7 strengthening of the interdepartmental coordination at the top in the critical years of rehabilitation and recovery . The Managing Director therefore needs to get support from at least one Deputy Managing Director to coordinate the work of the various departments more effectively . ( In case URC decided later on to create two posts of Deputy Managing Director , one , designated Finance and Administration , would supervise the Personnel , Accounts and Supplies Departments , the other , designated Operations , would supervise the Mechanical Engineering , Civil Engineering , Traffic Management and Signalling and Telecommunications Departments . The adjusted organizational structure will become effective before December 31 , 1989 , and URC will appoint the Deputy Managing Director no later than that date ( para 2 . 15 ) . 5 . Because of the importance of sifnallinR and telecommunications to URC ' s future performance , this division will be turned into a fullfledged department with a Chief Signalling and Telecommunications Engineer reporting directly to the Deputy Managing Director . This change will be effective and URC will appoint the Department Head no later than December 31 , 1989 . ( para 2 . 15 ) 6 . URC and IDA agreed at negotiations on performance targets for 1989 ( see Annex 11 , pages 6 and 7 ) . By September 1989 , URC will establish performance criteria - based on Management Information System ( MIS ) data for 1990 and by September 1990 for 1991 , to be used to monitor and control performance . The targets for subsequent years will be set in light of experience in the previous years and if necessary adjusted in consultation with IDA ( para 2 . 17 ) . Building up URC ' s track renewal and repair capability 7 . On October 27 , 1988 , URC ' s Board of Directors has approved establishment of a URC track renewal and repair unit , called Civil Works Construction Unit . URC management has designated a Ugandan engineer as head of the unit , who will report to the Chief Civil Engineer .", "spans": [{"start": 1424, "end": 1466, "text": "Management Information System ( MIS ) data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Executive Summary # # Strengthening Advocacy and Partnership : UNHCR seeks sustainable partnerships with key government actors as primary partners in SGBV prevention and response throughout the MENA region . UNHCR also collaborates and coordinates with other key stakeholders including sister UN agencies , NGOs as well as communities and refugees themselves to maximise the effectiveness and efficiency of SGBV prevention and response through complementary interventions , standards and tools , joint programming , and common advocacy interventions # # Improving Data Collection and Analysis : Data collection and analysis are the backbone of results-based SGBV programming . It is critical to the effectiveness of targeted service delivery , advocacy , policy development , and accountability and monitoring . UNHCR has supported the rollout of the Gender-Based Violence Information Management System ( GBVIMS ) to ensure the safe , ethical , and confidential collection , management and sharing of SGBV data in various operations . # # Advancing Global Initiatives : UNHCR is committed to advancing the global initiatives “ Safe from Start ” and “ Call to Action ” to reinforce SGBV prevention and response programming in its operations across the world . “ Safe from the Start ” is an initiative supported by the United States of America ( US ) Department of State to ensure quality services are available for SGBV survivors at the onset of an emergency through timely and effective humanitarian action . The “ Call to Action on Protecting Girls and Women in Emergencies ( Call to Action ) ” initiative was launched by the United Kingdom ’ s Department for International Development ( DFID ) to mobilize donors , UN agencies , NGOs , and other stakeholders in better protecting women and girls in humanitarian emergencies . * * 5 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1010, "text": "SGBV data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sharing venture rather than one of risk-transfer . However , this reason alone is not satisfying in explaining the access to finance gap among the MENA countries in this report . Figure 2 . Export Indicators , 2012 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Logistics performance index , other B . Delay to export , other < br > IRQ < br > ARE < br > QAT < br > TUN MLT SAU < br > MAR BHR < br > EGY < br > YEM OMN < br > KWT < br > JOR LBN < br > IRN < br > DZA YEM < br > IRN < br > IRQ LBN < br > DZA KWT QAT < br > MAR TUNEGY JOR OMNBHR MLTSAUISR < br > ARE < br > 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 < br > Log GDP per capita ( 2012 , USD ) Log GDP per capita ( 2012 , USD ) < br > C . Documents to export , other D . Cost to export , other < br > IRQ < br > EGY DZA < br > IRN BHR OMN KWT IRQ < br > YEM < br > MAR JOR MLT SAU QAT < br > TUN LBN ISR < br > ARE IRN < br > DZA < br > YEM EGYMARJORTUN LBN MLTOMNBHRSAUISRKWTARE QAT < br > 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 < br > Log GDP per capita ( 2012 , USD ) Log GDP per capita ( 2012 , USD ) < br > Source : WDI < br > 4 80 < br > 3 . 5 < br > 60 < br > 3 p < br > 40 < br > y < br > 2 . 5 < br > g < br > 20 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 0 < br > 15 8000 < br > 6000 < br > 10 < br > p < br > p < br > 4000 < br > 5 < br > 2000 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 282, "text": "Logistics performance index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "64 . * * _Fiduciary . _ * * Procurement risks under the project are assessed as high , though these will be mitigated to substantial ( details in section D below ) . Financial management ( FM ) risks are assessed as substantial , to be mitigated to moderate ( details in Section C below ) . As such , the overall fiduciary risk of the project is assessed as Substantial . 65 . * * _Environment and social . _ * * The construction of the transmission line is expected to adversely affect approximately 3 , 281 PAPs , who will need to be compensated adequately prior to commencement of project civil works as detailed in the project RAP . To ensure swift implementation of the RAP , an adequately funded escrow account ( for counterpart funds required for resettlement compensation ) will be established . This account is expected to have sufficient resources available at any time to fully compensate PAPs well in advance of the start of physical works for each section of the transmission line , requiring careful advance planning on compensation and procurement . Compensation and land acquisition will be implemented by sections , requiring completion of one section before moving to another . The UETCL will hand over a section for the start of civil works once compensation is fully concluded . Additionally , targeted technical assistance is included under the project for the UETCL and MEMD to ensure proper implementation and monitoring of the ESIA and RAP . An assessment of the necessary human and institutional capacity for RAP implementation is considered as part of the overall UETCL ’ s capacity assessment . 66 . * * _Climate and disaster risks_ * * . The project ’ s vulnerability to climate and disaster risk is minimal . While climate projection data in Uganda is relatively scarce , there is limited data and some relevant studies to inform the assessment . The United States Agency for International Development ’ s Uganda Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in 2013 concluded that : ( a ) a robust and significant warming signal has been found across all temperature records ; ( b ) there", "spans": [{"start": 1744, "end": 1767, "text": "climate projection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | | Controls | _yes_ | _yes_ | _yes_ | _yes_ | _yes_ | | Number of observations | 388 , 602 | 69 , 101 | 106 , 410 | 100 , 728 | 112 , 363 | _Notes : _ Models estimated using entropy-weighted individual-level data from the 2014-17 Gallup World Poll . Standard errors are in parentheses . References categories are single or never married , elementary education , employed fulltime , poorest quintile , rural area or farm , and the year 2014 . Each model includes country and years fixed effects . Low-income countries are defined as those with a gross national income ( GNI ) per capita of $ 995 or less , lowermiddle-income countries are those with a GNI per capita of more than $ 996 but less than $ 3 , 895 , and upper-middleincome countries are those with a GNI per capita of more than $ 3 , 895 but less than $ 12 , 055 , and high-income countries are those with a GNI per capita of more than $ 12 , 055 . * Significance at the 0 . 10 level . * * Significance at the 0 . 05 level . * * * Significance at the 0 . 01 level . Column 1 of Table 4 presents the results from the total sample after matching , while Columns 2 through 5 represent the matched sample decomposed into economic development rankings . Overall , the results are very similar when compared to the non-matched sample ( Table 3 ) : food insecurity in each income category is associated with a decrease in both dimensions of trust across 15", "spans": [{"start": 271, "end": 288, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS | AfDB | African Development Bank | | - - - | - - - | | ALM | Asset andLiabilityManagement | | AWPB | Annual Work Plan andBudget | | BPS | Business Pulse Survey | | CBK | Central Bank of Kenya | | CE | Citizen Engagement | | CGC | Credit Guarantee Company | | CGS | Credit Guarantee Scheme | | COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 | | CPS | CountryPartnershipStrategy | | CSD | Central Securities Depository | | DA | Designated Account | | DFIs | Development Finance Institutions | | DT Sacco | Deposit TakingSavings and Credit Co-operative Society | | E & S | Environmental and Social | | ESMS | Environmental and Social Management System | | FI | Financial Intermediary | | FIF | Financial IntermediaryFinancing | | FM | Financial Management | | FSD | Financial Sector Deepening | | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | | GoK | Government of Kenya | | GRM | Grievance Redress Mechanism | | IDP | Institutional Development Plan | | IFC | International Finance Corporation | | IFI | International FinancingInstitution | | IFMIS | Integrated Financial Management System | | IFR | Interim Financial Report | | IP | Indigenous People | | KfW | Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau | | KPI | KeyPerformance Indicator | | KIEP | Kenya Industryand EntrepreneurshipProject | | KYEOP | Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities Project | | LDR | Loan to Deposit Ratio | | MFB | Microfinance Bank | | MFI | Microfinance Institution | | MNO | Mobile Network Operator | | MoiTED | Ministryof Industrialization , Trade and Enterprise Development | | MSME | Micro , Small and Medium Enterprise | | NPL | Non-performingloan | | NT", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 191, "text": "Business Pulse Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi ( ARAP ) Report county - e . < mark > Proposing an acceptable entitlement matrix to guide compensation and other mitigation actions to PAPs . < / mark > - f . < mark > Compilation of an accurate PAP and asset register that is acceptable to the PAPs . < / mark > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > DISCLOSURE COPY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 3", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 325, "text": "PAP and asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | | _ρy_ | 0 | Persistence of non-resource income shocks | Insig | 0 . 3 * | Estimate of _ρ_ based on HP Filtered data . * * | | _ρp_ | 0 . 93 | Persistence of commodity export prices | 0 . 94 | 0 . 91 | TTO : weighted ave of _ρoil_ = 0_ . _94 and _ρgas_ = 0_ . _89 < br > Algeria : _ρoil_ = 0_ . _94 . ( from BJS2013 ) | | _σy_ | 4 % | Std . deviation of non-resource income | 4 % | 2 % | SD of error from AR ( 1 ) reg on fltered data * * | | _σp_ | 24 % | Std . deviation of resource prices | 23 % | 26 % | Average of SD export prices ( BJS2013 ) | Notes : * In part due to oil prices , see Section 6 on “ correlated shocks ” * * Regression of _lnXt_ = _α_ + _ρlnXt − _ 1 + _et_ Despite their other differences , in most cases Algeria and TTO have very similar characteristics relevant for the model ( in the cases where parameters differ , we usually take the average ) . We calibrate the tax rate _τ_ = 0 _ . _ 15 as non-resource taxes are 15 % of GDP in Trinidad and Tobago ( IMF 2014 Article IV ) and 16 % of GDP for Algeria ( IMF 2016 Article IV ) . Algeria and Trinidad & Tobago also have very similar sized SWFs . The Algerian SWF represents a share of 33 % of the > 16Note that Algeria also exports natural gas , though these are not included in the calibration . In general , the results of the paper are fairly insensitive to the exact size of resource exports around a reasonable baseline . > 17For example , Gulf Co-operation Countries ( GCC ) have a high share of migrant workers . This could mean that in times of low oil prices , governments reduce migration — a channel of adjustment not available to other countries — which might affect the optimal fiscal rule .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 their way into the research world . I will focus here on a single question recurring in policy circles : is there a dominating bias in favor of working on the alleviation of rural poverty rather than urban poverty ? < sup > 14 < / sup > Is the story the same across sectors ( i . e . water vs . energy vs . telecoms vs . transport ) ? Are the needs of tomorrow ’ s poor well anticipated ? Are tomorrow ’ s poor likely to be mostly urban ? There is plenty of evidence showing that poor people urbanize faster than the population as a whole , which implies that anticipating their needs will require a stronger focus on urban issues . < sup > 15 < / sup > Yet in many regions , the sheer numbers argue otherwise . In Africa , for instance , more than two-thirds of the population remains rural , and it will likely be a while until the urban population becomes the majority . More generally , experiences across countries suggest that a majority of poor people will still live in rural areas long after most people in the developing world live in urban areas ( Ravallion 2002 ) . So , if there were a rural bias , would it not be rational ? This is not a new debate . Almost 30 years ago , Lipton ( 1977 ) and Mellor ( 1976 ) were concerned with the opposite question : was the urban bias of the international community rational ? Ultimately , the choice of the priority is an empirical question ( Reardon 2001 ; Sahn and others 2003 ) . In some regions , such as Africa , rural infrastructure needs are likely to continue to drive the agenda ( Mwabu and Thornbecke 2004 ) . In others , such as many parts of Latin America and Asia , urban needs should take priority . Since the priority is an empirical matter , sector-specific poverty data on access for various income groups are needed — but are not available for most developing countries . There are reasonably good databases on the number of poor ( although the measurement of poverty continues to be a source of conflict", "spans": [{"start": 1714, "end": 1742, "text": "sector-specific poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Dataset assembled by projecting prevalence of IWS found in IBNET onto JMP measures of access to piped-on-premise water supplies . * * * LMI = Low-middle income . * * * * 95 % confidence intervals within parenthesis . _ * * Figure 6 : Impact of Intermittent Water Supply on health . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 < br > Annual infections ( millions ) < br > 30 Annual diarrheal cases ( millions ) < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Source : Bivins et al . ( 2017 ) < br > Africa nean Europe Pacific Global < br > Americas Eastern Mediterra South & East Asia Western < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 13", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 68, "text": "IBNET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "r-2013 | 29-Mar-2013 | 30-Ju | n-2018 | - - | # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * # # #  Deliveries attended by skilled birth providers ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 | 16 . 00 | | 16 . 00 | | | Date | 31-Mar-2012 | - - | | 30-Apr | - 2014 | # # Comments Updated information is expected from next round of DHS data in 2016 . Any new information will be provided after the upcoming MTR . # # #  Children 12-23 months immunized with Pentavalent 3 vaccine ( Percentage ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 65 . 70 | 65 . 70 | | 65 . 70 | | | Date | 31-Dec-2012 | - - | | 31-Dec | - 2012 | # # Comments Updated information is expected from next round of a full DHS data in 2016 . Any new information will be provided after the upcoming MTR . 2 / 23 / 2016 Page 5 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 442, "text": "DHS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 shows the AGEBs and municipalities that appear in the main sample . Panel A shows AGEBs , with individual AGEBs colored based on whether they are in the estimation sample ( “ Yes ” ) , are not in our estimation sample but are urban ( “ No ” ) , or are rural AGEBs that are not considered in the analysis ( “ Not in results ” ) . Panel B shows the same , but for municipalities . Specifically , a municipality is coded as included in the sample if at least one AGEB within that municipality is contained in the sample . As such , a municipality in our sample could have a relatively small proportion of its total population actually included in our sample . There are 1 , 641 municipalities that contain at least one urban-AGEB with non-missing data . Of these , 1 , 034 – or 63 . 0 percent – have at least one AGEB in the sample . # * * b . Auxiliary geospatial data * * Auxiliary data is drawn from two sources : Google Earth Engine , and Open StreetMap , utilizing the 2020 shapefile of urban AGEBs provided by INEGI . These sources were largely selected because they are publicly available , cover a large portion of the world , and convenient to obtain . However , both contain a large number of candidate predictors that could be plausibly correlated with spatial patterns in labor force participation . From Google Earth engine , we extracted summary statistics by AGEB from six datasets : Nitrogen Dioxide from Sentinel 5P , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ( NDVI ) from the Sentinel 2 Multi-spectral Instrument , Nighttime lights from VIIRS , estimated population from WorldPop , land cover classifications from the Copernicus dynamic land cover map , and the year of development , as proxied for by the change in pixels from pervious to impervious surfaces ( Gong et al . , 2020 ) . All summary statistics were taken over March 2020 , except for land cover , which pertains to the period between January and December 2019 . From Open StreetMap , indicators were obtained representing the total length and number of highways in each AGEB . Two measures of", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 1009, "text": "2020 shapefile of urban AGEBs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1438, "text": "Sentinel 5P", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1441, "end": 1488, "text": "Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ( NDVI )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1593, "end": 1601, "text": "WorldPop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1640, "end": 1673, "text": "Copernicus dynamic land cover map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have since attained a considerable degree of socio-economic integration , and are largely self-sufficient . In a country where half the population is under the age of 15 , the vast majority of Congolese refugees have never seen their homeland . They speak Portuguese like the local population , while only the older refugees know the French they spoke in the DRC . In 2005 the UNHCR reported that “ positive signs came from the authorities for the provision of legally secure local integration possibilities in the form of a permanent residence permit under the Immigration Act or naturalization under the Nationality Act . ” < sup > 12 < / sup > On 15 February 2006 , Angolan authorities made an announcement of their commitment to finalize a local integration policy for the Congolese . They have indicated the possibility of residency rights as a prelude to full legal local integration for the 90 % of refugees who have indicated they would choose to remain indefinitely in Angola . < sup > 13 < / sup > # # _Côte d ’ Ivoire_ Liberians started fleeing to Côte d ’ Ivoire in 1989 when civil war in their home country . At the height of the war , over 400 , 000 Liberians had fled to Côte d ’ Ivoire and renewed violent conflict caused further population displacement in 1998 and > 11 UNHCR , ( 2007 ) . _Protecting Refugees and the Role of UNHCR_ . ( UNHCR , Geneva ) , p . 13 . > 12 UNHCR , ( 2006 ) . _Angola 2005 Annual Protection Report_ . ( UNHCR : Geneva ) , p . 4 . > 13 MINARS Survey , 2005 . See UNHCR , ( 2006 ) . _Angola 2005 Annual Protection Report_ . ( UNHCR : Geneva ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1481, "end": 1494, "text": "MINARS Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "277 | 0 . 307 | 0 . 343 | - 0 . 000 | - 0 . 030 | - 0 . 066 * * | | | [ 0 . 016 ] | [ 0 . 022 ] | [ 0 . 024 ] | [ 0 . 024 ] | | | | | * * Highlands region * * | 0 . 388 | 0 . 367 | 0 . 383 | 0 . 326 | 0 . 021 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 063 * * | | | [ 0 . 018 ] | [ 0 . 024 ] | [ 0 . 026 ] | [ 0 . 024 ] | | | | | * * Islands region * * | 0 . 154 | 0 . 178 | 0 . 152 | 0 . 200 | - 0 . 024 | 0 . 001 | - 0 . 046 * | | | [ 0 . 013 ] | [ 0 . 019 ] | [ 0 . 019 ] | [ 0 . 021 ] | | | | | * * Momase region * * | 0 . 276 | 0 . 263 | 0 . 253 | 0 . 313 | 0 . 012 | 0 . 022 | - 0 . 038 | | | [ 0 . 016 ] | [ 0 . 022 ] | [ 0 . 023 ] | [ 0 . 024 ] | | | | | * * Southern region * * | 0 . 182 | 0 . 192 | 0 . 211 | 0 . 161 | - 0 . 009 | - 0 . 029 | 0 . 021 | | | [ 0 . 014 ] | [ 0 . 019 ] | [ 0 . 022 ] | [ 0 . 019 ] | | | | | * * Observations * * | 740 | 415 | 358 | 377 | | | | Notes : * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent critical level . The values displayed for t-tests are the differences in the means across the groups . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - 46 The highest cost overruns broken down by project component were for generation projects , wlth an average 28 % overrun ( for projects approved In 1967-78 ) . X detailed study of hydro projects approved In the 1970s showed far higLer cost verruns of 40 % for hydro components compared to 18 % for non-hydro . Transmission and distribution projects Incurred lower overruns of 16 % and 11 % , respectively , but these estimates are not reliable because the quality and extent of technical Information available from both Bank reports and utilities do not permit sound conclusions to be drawn about costs . This situation Is due In part to the large number and diversity of technical specifications , small-size of equipment , and frequent force account activities Involved In transmission and distribution projects , all of which make It difficult to monitor project performance . One might expect to find a high correlation between the amount of cost and project Implementation overruns , given that delays can result In cost Increases . However , there appears to be little correlation . This lack of correlation between Increased costs and project delays can be partly explained by the fact that delays In project start-up need not affect project costs . Also , projects may be reduced In size so as to avoid total cost overruns . # Disbursements Taking disbursements from the time of Board approval to the date of the final disbursement , the average perlod for a loan to be disbursed was 69 months compared to an average Implementation period of 66 months . Most loans were disbursed over 5-8 years . Two thirds of the loans were disbursed over six or more years and 10 % were disbursed over nine or more years ; only 3 . 5 % were disbursed within three years , as shown In Table 1 . - 4 / Geological Complicatlons and Cost Overruns - A Survey of Bankfinanced Hydroelectric Projects , Energy Department Note No . 61 , July 1985 .", "spans": [{"start": 1846, "end": 1891, "text": "Survey of Bankfinanced Hydroelectric Projects", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on its face , can be even more demanding than the EU law . For example , the Cybersecurity Law seems to make consent the exclusive basis for information collection , unlike EU law which allows a variety of bases for collecting personal information , including a category of “ legitimate interests . ” < sup > 46 < / sup > A draft proposal from the Cyberspace Administration of China would require network operators to inform “ the local cyberspace administration when they collect important data or sensitive personal information ; ” < sup > 47 < / sup > this would enhance the ability to regulate for security-related goals . Security is also a key motivation for other aspects of the data regime . In comparison to the US ’ s all-permissive approach to cross-border data flow and the EU ’ s careful control on outward flows of personal data , China has moved towards highly restrictive policies to keep data within its own borders . < sup > 48 < / sup > On June 13 , 2019 , China released a draft regulation on the outbound transfers of personal information , separating its treatment of “ important data ” and “ personal information , ” which it had previously categorized under one umbrella . < sup > 49 < / sup > With regards to the outbound transfer of personal information , the 2019 draft permits domestic network operators to enter into contractual agreements with foreign data receivers to allow for the transfer of personal data . < sup > 50 < / sup > In order to transfer or access personal data outside the China , data controllers must ( 1 ) inform the data subject of the overseas transfer , ( 2 ) obtain express consent from the data subject , ( 3 ) store a copy of the data within China , ( 4 ) conduct a security assessment and file this with the local CAC , 5 ) establish data transfer agreements with overseas data receivers , 6 ) submit an annual report to the CAC on all related data transfers , 7 ) keep a record of all cross-border data transfers for a minimum of five years and 8 ) to appoint an officer >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 026 ) _ | _ ( . 000 ) _ | _ ( . 632 ) _ | _ ( . 050 ) _ | _ ( . 367 ) _ | | Treatment | All | All | All | All | All | All | | Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Time fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Country fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Continental trends < br > | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | _R_ < sup > _2_ < / sup > ( within ) | 0 . 239 | 0 . 146 | 0 . 228 | 0 . 279 | 0 . 391 | 0 . 424 | | Country-sectors | 519 | 440 | 269 | 238 | 80 | 112 | | Observations | 13 , 278 | 9 , 558 | 8 , 932 | 6 , 920 | 2 , 510 | 3 , 869 | _Source : _ Own calculations based on the data described in the text . _Notes_ : _p_ values based on robust standard errors clustered at country-sectors in parentheses . Additional controls include the _log of per capita GDP_ , the _log of population_ , _agricultural employment share_ , _land per capita_ , and _product value shares_ . All regressions include time and country fixed effects and interactions between years and continental dummies ( for African , Asian , and Latin American countries ) . 21", "spans": [{"start": 638, "end": 664, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY * * _UNHCR Kenya & EHAGL RB Economic Advisory Unit January 2023_ - Controlling for age , gender , education and location , the analysis finds employment , hours worked , and household incomes were slower to recover and often stagnant for refugees compared with nationals . - This suggests that an unobservable “ refugee factor ” inhibits refugees ’ recovery after a significant shock and aggravates preexisting vulnerability . # # * * Socioeconomic Surveys ( SES ) * * # # # # * * Surveys * * < u > Kalobeyei SES ( 2018 / 19 ) , Kakuma SES ( 2019 / 20 ) , Shona SES ( 2019 ) , and Urban SES ( 2020 / 21 ) < / u > # # # # * * Publications * * < u > Comparative Analysis of Urban and Campbased Refugees < / u > # # # # * * Objectives / research questions * * - ➢ Generate high-quality socioeconomic data based on national statistical tools and standards from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey ( KIHBS ) and Continuous Households Survey ( KCHS ) . - ➢ Inform area-based strategy and planning , including Kalobeyei < u > Integrated Socio-Economic Development Plan < / u > ( KISEDP ) - ➢ Facilitate comparison between key population groups , including refugee , stateless and national populations . - ➢ Promote inclusion in national surveys and statistics . # # # # * * Key findings on urban and camp-based refugees * * - ➢ Camp-based refugees are more likely to live in unimproved houses , to suffer from overcrowding , and use biomass fuels for cooking than those in urban areas ( by 65 , 17 , and 65 percentage points , respectively ) . - ➢ Urban households in non-protracted situations are more likely than protracted households to live in unimproved houses , but the latter are more likely to suffer", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 478, "text": "Socioeconomic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 521, "end": 534, "text": "Kalobeyei SES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 551, "end": 561, "text": "Kakuma SES", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 578, "end": 587, "text": "Shona SES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 603, "end": 612, "text": "Urban SES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 883, "end": 923, "text": "Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 938, "end": 966, "text": "Continuous Households Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 07-Dec-2018 | 31-Dec-2019 | - - | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Comments * * | This is DLR 9 . 6 : Procuremen < br > based on KPIs on three basi < br > 2009 . This is achieved . | t performance is reported < br > c sectors ( agriculture , hea | by four regions ( Amhara , Or < br > lth , education ) pertaining to | omia , SNNPR , Tigray ) < br > analyzed data for EFY | | ► DLI 18 DLI # 9 . 6 and 9 < br > 20 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | . 7 Oversight function of Regional P | rocurement regulatory b | odies has been improved ( Int | ermediate Outcome , | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2020 | | Value | Procurement performance < br > monitoring guideline < br > developed and data < br > collection started EFY2009 | Acheived | Acheived | Procurement < br > performance is < br > reported by four < br > regions ( Amhara , < br > Oromia , SNNP , < br > Tigray ) based on < br > KPIs on three basic < br > sectors . | | Date | - - | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | This is DLR 9 . 7 : Procuremen < br > based on KPIs on three basi < br > 2010 . This is achieved . Verifie | t performance is reported", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 538, "text": "analyzed data for EFY", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tosa | 3 | 75 | 0 | 75 | | | Lude Hetosa | 9 | 169 | 0 | 169 | | Arsi | Diksis | 4 | 57 | 0 | 57 | | | Sude | 1 | 5 | 0 | 5 | | | Arsi Robe | 3 | 46 | 9 | 55 | | * * Total * * | * * 5 * * | * * 20 * * | * * 352 * * | * * 9 * * | * * 361 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Page 85 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 300, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Isingiro District : Buhungiro PTC * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Mugisha Silver - Chairperson | ❖ How will the project benefit the community ? | • < br > Final Construction designs to | | LCIII / Board member | ❖ How will the site be managed be managed between now and when the | be shared with stakeholders | | 2 . Mugume Silver-Board Member | centre is ready to start operating ? < br > | • < br > Code of conduct to be | | 3 . Abenaitwe Godfrey - Priest | ❖ When is the project commencing | reviewed and shared | | 4 . Fr . Nicholas Asingwire-Priest | ❖ The institution should be considered for studies due to the backwardness of | • < br > Land details to be shared | | 5 . Tumwine Dauda-Deputy Principal | the area in education . < br > | • < br > Transition of Core PTC to be | | 6 . Tushabeomwe Matias-Chairperson < br > Parish Council | ❖ Need to skill children ( both ) since many do not have work and have now < br > resorted to stealing . < br > | communicated and guided < br > • < br > Accidents logs will be shared | | 7 . Arinaitwe Maxima - principal | ❖ Both male and female , nationals and refugees as well as school dropouts and < br > P . 7 leavers should be skilled . < br > ❖ The project is timely and should begin as soon as possible to deal with the < br > current challenges in the area . < br > ❖ The institution should be turned into a centre of excellence for skills < br > development since it is the highest institution in Isingiro district . < br > ❖ Need to have many courses offered to cater for", "spans": [{"start": 1016, "end": 1030, "text": "Accidents logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT In addition to common obstacles such as lack of phone , electricity and internet access , 40 % of displaced Yemeni and host communities interviewed countrywide and 33 % of refugee and asylum seekers in the north of Yemen say that lack of knowledge on how to contact UNHCR prevents them from accessing information . - * * Both refugees and asylum seekers , as well as displaced Yemenis and their host communities , do not know enough about the existing complaints and feedback mechanism . * * 76 % of refugees and asylum seekers in the north of Yemen , most of the refugees and asylum seekers in the south of Yemen and most of the displaced Yemeni countrywide have * * not used UNHCR feedback and complaints mechanism . * * # # Key recommendations - * * UNHCR and its partners should continue to diversify modalities of communication with communities , mainly through community structures . * * - With displaced Yemenis : strengthen face to face communication through UNHCR staff , partners , community-based protection networks ( CBPNs ) , and community centres , considering that displaced Yemenis face various physical barriers accessing to information such as lack of phones , electricity , and illiteracy . - With refugees and asylum seekers : strengthen communication through the existing community structure , including community leaders and specialized committees . - Leaflets adapted to the level of literacy of the targeted audience need to be made available in places such as community centres and distributed through community networks . - * * UNHCR should multiply efforts to ensure that displaced people receive adequate information on how to contact UNHCR and its partners . * * - UNHCR will increase its efforts to enhance complaints and feedback mechanisms in place , including hotlines , boxes inside the facilities , and dedicated e-mails in addition to receiving feedback at community centres and through protection monitors . Locations of feedback and complaint boxes , as well as hotline numbers , will be further disseminated to displaced people . - UNHCR will review the existing complaints and feedback mechanism to ensure timely reply to feedback and", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Chronic poverty Moving out of poverty < br > Surmipuiers Chinese Malaysian Indian Malaysian Burniputera Chinese Malayan Indian Maknysian < br > Ao < br > z ~ z < br > = A cae ] = < br > \\ 2 4 _ < br > 2 ° — 2 - < br > : 27ioe — a e \\ 7 : aia SNSBess A JN — — < br > BPE2 eS SEob BLESSaBah oO dhBOEahah ESoh — FREES . Bee Oda ahabFREESlh PLESee ee < br > Moving into poverty Non-poorin both rounds < br > Surmipuiers : Chinese Malaysian Indian Malaysian Burniputera ‘ Chinese Malayan Indian Maknysian < br > > — < br > za % < br > = = < br > = = < br > 2 < br > A \\ _ 7 < br > ijo4 — _ ~ | TM < br > re re rs i ee < br > SoCegee eeee eeeeeeS SP SeeeeEe LESSSt see geMESESshoe ee eeESEseh ee < br > — _ — _ — — — — — Bounds « = Point estimate fr + i - two Standard deviations < br > TheSharespoverty are basedline used on syntheticis RIM 527 ; panelnoteestimates that the vefo r householdticalads scalesheadsvary agedacross between graphs . 25 and 60 in the first round of each interval . < br > Conditional probabilities < br > Remaining poor Moving out of poverty < br > Bumiputera Chinese Malaysian Indian Malaysian Bumiputera Chinese Malaysian Indian Malaysian < br > © © Zé < br > + > . + < br > oO oO < br > SP a a < br > SS SSTEMOSSVO oD SFSPS K SLMSMLO D S SPMoKEMSKOO OD SP SSTSP MVPSS2 SESSSP KVMKOO D S SP KNKEM SSKOO oD < br > Moving into poverty Staying out of poverty < br > mS Bumiputera Chinese Malaysian Indian Malaysian Bumiputera Chinese Malaysian Indian Malaysian < br > : > ~ ~ — _ — = ! < br > oy 2 : - an < br > N Ss < br > = ~ © < br > Se SPX Tr strstr . t - T —", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _Generator use : _ The alternative response to the absence of public electricity often sought by businesses is the use of generators . Therefore , at the firm level , self-generation may explain why some firms experience power outages and others do not . To capture this effect , we include a dummy variable in the covariates that takes 1 if the firm uses a generator , and 0 otherwise . # * * 6 . * * * * < u > Country-level covariates < / u > * * - _Country-level variables : _ We control for the effect of several macroeconomic variables . These variables first serve as covariates , making treated and untreated companies comparable . Then they are introduced in the second stage to study their effect on dependent variables . These variables come from the World Bank and WDI databases : GDP per capita * * ( t-1 ) * * , GDP growth * * ( t-1 ) * * , electricity losses during transmission and transport * * ( t-1 ) * * , and the rule of law growth * * ( t-1 ) * * . - 3 . 3 . Statistics Table 1 summarizes statistics for the variables described above . Regarding dependent variables , it appears that the bulk of SSA manufacturing firms ’ sales is made on domestic markets . Overall , 90 % of manufacturing company sales are within the domestic economy , with the remaining 10 % being exported . This highlights the poor export performance of SSA manufacturing firms . In the case of the main variable of interest , only 19 % of manufacturing companies declare not experiencing power outages , revealing the poor access to electricity by this group of firms in SSA . On average , the companies considered are 17 years old , the average status being a shareholding company with non-traded shares or shares traded privately , and only 12 % of managers are women . The SSA manufacturing sector employed , on average 78 people and sold thirteen billion one hundred million products three years ago ( US $ ) . Most of the manufacturing firms in SSA consider access to transport a moderate obstacle . For firm-level covariates , we", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 791, "text": "WDI databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 8 Why Don ’ t People Have Bank Accounts ? * * | | * * Percentage * * < br > * * among the un - * * < br > * * banked * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * What are the main reasons why you do not have a bank account ? * * | | | Do not have the amount of moneybanks require to open an account | 25 . 0 % | | Bank fees are too high | 16 . 5 | | Are notquite sure how to open an account | 6 . 7 | | Banks hold checks for too long | 2 . 3 | | Banks are not located conveniently | 2 . 6 | | Banks are not open whenyou need to use them | 2 . 1 | | Most bank staff onlyspeak English | 1 . 5 | | None of the reasons listed above | 57 . 9 | | * * Which bank fees are too high ? ( among those citing bank fees as a barrier ) * * | | | Monthlyaccount fee | 55 . 4 % | | Bounced check fee | 29 . 8 | | Per check fee | 21 . 8 | | Fee for use of \" foreign \" ATMs | 16 . 9 | | Annual fee for ATM card | 4 . 7 | | Other fee | 24 . 2 | | Have heard of \" basic \" checking accounts that charge low fees , set low minimum < br > balancerequirements , and permit you to write alimitednumberof free checks | 76 . 6 | | Have never had a bank account | 63 . 3 | Because of the shortcomings of the OCC survey regarding the reasons that people do not have a bank account , we include the results from one other survey that addressed the same issue . In a 1996 survey of 900 lower-income urban households , Caskey ( 1997 ) asked households without deposit accounts , why they do not have an account . He provided respondents with a list of possible reasons from which they could", "spans": [{"start": 1177, "end": 1187, "text": "OCC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1333, "end": 1381, "text": "1996 survey of 900 lower-income urban households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "areas that may be the subject of a dispute between Kenya and any of the neighboring countries . The proposed Project has three main components plus a separate component for project implementation : COMPONENT A : Petroleum Sector - Reforms and Capacity Building ( total costs US $ 39 . 68 million , of which IDA US $ 36 . 68 million ) . The objective of Component A is to support strengthening the capacity of the Recipient ’ s major institutions engaged in the development and governance of the petroleum sector to allow them to execute their mandates in a way that is conducive to investments while ensuring that safeguards and safety standards are met in accordance with international standards . Through Component A , at the policy level , the Project would support the drafting of a comprehensive Petroleum Policy outlining a vision and policy for the petroleum sector . Also , through this Component the Project would provide technical assistance to develop a Petroleum Master Plan that considers strategic options and decision hierarchies for policies and investments in the Project Area on a sound economic basis . A National Communication Strategy ( NCS ) would also be developed to empower a greater proportion of the Kenyan public to effectively access , understand and participate in the ongoing dialogue on using the petroleum and mining deposits as a source of national wealth . At the regulatory level , the Project would support the implementation of a comprehensive , clear and workable regulatory framework for the development of Kenya ’ s petroleum resources . At the same time , the Project would support the implementation of institutional reforms including the identification and division of roles , establishment of new institutions if needed and capacity building for relevant institutions . At the transaction level , the Project would also support capacity building for negotiation of petroleum deals . Also , through this Project , GoK would hire and contract consultants for provision of transaction advisory services . The Project would also support the acquisition , interpretation and promotion of geodata in the Project Area and capacity building related to petroleum cadastre database of the Project Area . The Project would also provide technical assistance to manage", "spans": [{"start": 2189, "end": 2216, "text": "petroleum cadastre database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the largest share of all households within each decile that are beneficiaries ( red bars ) . The differences between the top three deciles and the remaining ones are remarkable in all countries , although less pronounced in Nigeria . As noted above , in Niger , the poor ( i . e . , the first four deciles ) do not benefit from the subsidy at all ; Uganda shows a similar pattern , and in Mali only the fourth decile shows a very small amount of beneficiaries . We conclude that in the five African countries analyzed , and using the household data , tariff data , and the methodology described , consumption subsidies are regressive ( albeit relatively less so in Nigeria ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 552, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 555, "end": 566, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial difficulties ( JJii = α + βQQii + ρωωii + ∀ XXii ii + εεii ) , the use of new or expanded electronic platforms ( ) , and the share of work from home ( ) ; is a vector of exogenous ii ωω FF ii AA EEIIssh XX 15 We elect a standard econometric approach to arrive at the best linear unbiased estimates of coefficients on explanatory variables . We estimate multiple versions of the same equation and use a T-test of the significance of an included regressor is a test of whether it should be included in the model . We found the coefficient estimates to be generally stable . In general , we prefer a parsimonious model . This increases potential applicability to other contexts and improves efficiency of the estimations . For some tables , we report insignificant regressors of interest , nonetheless . Generalized residuals that are not significant show that the correction is not a significant determinant of the outcome variable and should be excluded . Cross-validation is another method for model selection and provides the best linear unbiased predictor , but our main focus in this phase is to estimate and test the significance of various contributors to job loss . In practice , cross-validation would be computationally complex and impractical when there are multiple stages in the general causal model . 16 In practice , we find that unobservable determinants of the propensity to receive policy support were not significant in later stages of the estimation . 17 We cannot model firm entry and exit given data limitations . The sampling frames were not refreshed with each round of the CFUWBES . Moreover , we cannot model firm closures as of round 1 within the same model structure as that used for firms in operation , because variables are not captured for those that have shut down . For example , some of those firms may have received wage subsidies or had supply chains disrupted after round 1 , but this is not observed in round 2 . Because we attempt to control for selection bias , whether due to non response or firm exit , we still in principle have unbiased impact estimates . Moreover , it does not appear that the inability", "spans": [{"start": 1606, "end": 1613, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to be less active and represented than men . Phase II incorporates specific targets to ensure women ’ s participation and leadership in local bodies to shape decisions on how development resources are allocated . > 58 World Bank ( 2019 ) Ethiopia Gender Diagnostic Report : Priorities for Promoting Equity . Washington DC : World Bank . > 59 World Bank ( 2018 ) Informing Durable Solutions by Micro-data : A Skills Survey for Refugees in Ethiopia . Washington DC : World Bank . Page 31 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 408, "end": 446, "text": "Skills Survey for Refugees in Ethiopia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "key livelihood strategies , ownership of grazing land is paramount importance within the Subproject impact area . Based on the census survey results excluding absentee PAHs , a total of 259 ( or 42 . 9 % ) of the households reported to have privately owned grazing land . Overall , a total of 259 grazing land owning PAHs reported to own a total of 91 . 5ha of grazing land which put the average grazing land holding to 0 . 35ha per household . Highest average grazing land size of 0 . 39ha is reported among PAHs in Kersa Woreda and the lowest average holding of grazing land is recorded among PAHs in Limu Kosa Woreda with 0 . 13ha per household . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 3 Land ownership Certificate * * Land ownership certificate is a legal document that establishes proof of ownership of a specific piece of land with details such as the location , size , and borders of the land , as well as the name of the owner and any other pertinent information regarding the property . Therefore , it is an especially important document in time of land acquisition and to facilitate compensation for the land affected by the Subproject components . According to the census survey result 80 . 8 % of the subproject affected households reported to have official land ownership certificate for their land holding , 17 . 8 % of them do not have the certificate and the remaining 1 . 5 % are the missing PAHs . Across the Subproject Woredas , all the PAHs in Kersa , 90 . 9 % in Limu Seqa and 90 . 9 % in Mana Woredas own land ownership certificate . Only 36 . 1 % of subproject affected households in Jima town owned land ownership certificate . Page 73", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 148, "text": "census survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1161, "end": 1181, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bill shares ( employment shares ) are de fi ned > 23A detailed de fi nition of these fi ve types of workers is available from the authors upon request . In the Chinese survey , some of the worker types have different labels ( professionals are called engineering and technical personnel , skilled production workers are called basic production workers and unskilled production workers are called auxiliary production workers ) and some worker types are actually different but can be mapped into these fi ve worker types ( service personnel and other employees are mapped into other nonproduction workers ) . > 24In this case , unskilled workers are production workers de fi ned as the sum of skilled production workers and unskilled production workers . > 25In this case , unskilled workers are de fi ned to be the sum of skilled production workers , unskilled production workers and other nonproduction workers . > 26An example of such workers would be janitors . > 27In this case , unskilled workers are de fi ned as workers that have completed secondary education or less . 11", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 174, "text": "Chinese survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2004 . Nepal Living Standards Survey : Statistical Report . Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics . - Ohashi , Hiroshi . 2009 . ― Effects of Transparency in Procurement Practices on Government Expenditure : A Case Study of Municipal Public Works . ‖ _Review of Industrial Organization_ 34 : 26785 . - Paarsch , Harry J . 1992 . \" Deciding between the common and private value paradigms in empirical models of auctions , \" _Journal of Econometrics , _ Elsevier , vol . 51 ( 1-2 ) , pages 191-215 - Paarsch , Harry J . 1997 . ― Deriving an Estimate of the Optimal Reserve Price : An Application to British Columbian Timber Sales . ‖ _Journal of Econometrics_ , 78 ( 2 ) : 333-357 . - Porter , Robert , and Douglas Zona . 1993 . ― Detection of Bid Rigging in Procurement Auctions . ‖ _Journal of Political Economy_ 101 : 518 – 38 . - Price , Michael . 2008 . ― Using the Spatial Distribution of Bidders to Detect Collusion in the Marketplace : Evidence from Timber Auctions , _Journal of Regional Science_ 48 : 399417 . - Rezende , L . 2005 . Auction econometrics with least squares . Mimeograph , University of Illinois , Urbana-Champlain , IL .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * 1 . Abdi , H . ( 2007 ) . The Kendall rank correlation coefficient . _Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics . Sage , Thousand Oaks , CA_ , pages 508 – 510 . 2 . Alatas , V . , Banerjee , A . , Hanna , R . , Olken , B . A . , and Tobias , J . ( 2012 ) . Targeting the poor : evidence from an experiment in Indonesia . _American Economic Review_ , 102 ( 4 ) : 1206 – 40 . 3 . Alix-Garcia , J . M . , Sims , K . R . E . , and Costica , L . ( 2019 ) . Better to be indirect ? Testing the accuracy and cost-savings of community leader surveys for poverty targeting . Working paper , University of California Davis . 4 . Baird , Sarah , Craig McIntosh and Berk Ozler ( 2013 ) The Regressive Demands of Demand-Driven Development , Journal of Public Economics , Vol . 106 , pp . 27-41 . 5 . Basurto , M . P . , Dupas , P . , & Robinson , J . ( 2019 ) . Decentralization and efficiency of subsidy targeting : Evidence from chiefs in rural Malawi . _Journal of Public Economics_ , 4047 . 6 . Brown , C . , Ravallion , M . , and Van de Walle , D . ( 2016 ) . A poor means test ? Econometric targeting in Africa . Technical report , The World Bank , Washington , DC . 7 . Cameron , L . and Shah , M . ( 2014 ) . Mistargeting of cash transfers , social capital destruction , and crime in Indonesia . _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ , 62 ( 2 ) : 381 – 415 . 8 . Conning , J . and Kevane , M . ( 2002 ) . Community-based targeting mechanisms for social safety nets : A critical review . _World development_ , 30 ( 3 ) : 375 – 394 . 9 . Friedman , J . , Hastie , T . , and Tibshirani , R . ( 2001 ) . _The elements of statistical learning_ , Volume 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were sent out in May 2019 . Before randomization , some of the identified property owners had become compliant and were thus excluded . The final sample to which notices were sent included 529 individuals who own 580 properties . Of these , 3 percent did not receive notices due to not meeting anyone at the property during all delivery attempts . The delivery rates for both the treatment and control groups were equal at 97 percent of property owners ( table A5 ) , so we use this subsample for the subsequent analysis . # * * 5 . 2 Data and Empirical Specification * * The data for this study come from two main sources : the property location verification data and administrative records on tax payments . The property location verification data provide the name of the property owner , as well as the address ( directions ) , a photograph , and the GPS coordinates of the property . They also include descriptions of external property characteristics provided by the verification team on the basis of their observations , such as the number of floors , the presence of a fence , the quality of landscaping , and the kind of road the property is on . The administrative tax records provide the payment history of each property owner from 2014 to 2020 . In addition , clerks at the tax office made note of each property owner that visited the tax office in response to the notice : even if no payment was recorded , taxpayers might visit the office to set up a payment plan or dispute the tax notice . Table 3 provides summary statistics and shows that the randomization achieved balance across different characteristics . The average property value is about US $ 38 , 000 . About 8 percent of property owners own more than one property , and over 90 percent own solely residential properties . About 84 percent of properties have only one floor , and 56 percent do not have a fence . For property owners with multiple properties , we use the characteristics of the highest-value property . We use the following equation to examine the impact of the enforcement notice in promoting the payment of property tax arrears : 19", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 664, "text": "property location verification data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 669, "end": 707, "text": "administrative records on tax payments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1159, "end": 1185, "text": "administrative tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > City Cost of water per cubic metre ( US $ ) < br > House connections Public taps Water vendors < br > Bandung ( Indonesia ) 0 . 38 0 . 26 3 . 60 < br > Bangkok ( Thailand ) 0 . 30 ~ 28 . 94 < br > Chennai ( India ) 0 . 30 0 . 58 - < br > Chonburi ( Thailand ) 0 . 38 ~ 19 . 33 < br > Colombo ( Sri Lanka ) 0 . 04 0 . 02 - < br > Dhaka ( Bangladesh ) — 0 . 08 0 . 84 < br > Hanoi ( Vietnam ) 0 . 09 0 . 55 ~ < br > Karachi ( Pakistan ) 0 . 10 — 1 . 14 < br > Kathmandu ( Nepal ) 0 . 18 0 . 24 2 . 61 < br > Lae ( Papua New Guinea ) 2 . 20 5 . 96 — < br > Malé ( Maldives ) 5 . 08 - 11 . 20 < br > Manila ( Philippines ) 0 . 29 - 215 < br > Mumbai ( India ) 0 . 07 0 . 07 0 . 50 < br > Phnom Penh ( Cambodia ) 0 . 13 - 0 . 96 < br > Port Vila ( Vanuatu ) 0 . 42 0 . 86 8 . 77 < br > Seoul ( South Korea ) 0 . 25 14 . 13 2152 < br > Shanghai ( China ) 0 . 08 0 . 06 - < br > Tashkent ( Uzbekistan ) 0 . 01 0 . 02 = < br > Thimphu ( Bhutan ) 0 . 03 0 . 05 - < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : UN-HABITAT ( 2003 ) Water and Sanitation in the World ' s Cities . Local Action for Global Goals . Earthscan , London , Table 2 . 8 . Based on consumer surveys by Asian Development Bank , reported in McIntosh , A . C . and Yfiiguez , C . E . ( 1997 ) Second Water Utilities", "spans": [{"start": 1183, "end": 1225, "text": "consumer surveys by Asian Development Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 2 . 8 . 2 . Project Development Option * * The construction of the proposed Tana River county fisheries headquarters is anticipated to bring services closer to fishers , enhance rapid easy response to fisheries related issues , improve the working conditions of the officers and enhances marine fisheries management and governance in the county , contribute towards the counties objective of improving the extension services to fish farmers and to consolidate all CPIU team members under one roof to improve staff productivity . The implementation of the sub-project is anticipated to enhance : Development of fisheries infrastructure in the county , improved management of priority fisheries and mariculture in Tana River county , improving local communities livelihoods , improved Service Delivery to the fish farmers , improving the productivity of county workers , improving extension services among the farmers , jobs opportunities and contribution to the national economic development through the blue economy . # # # # # # * * 2 . 8 . 3 . Alternative Site Selection Option * * Relocation to a different site is another option available for consideration , but currently , the proponent does not have an alternative site since the proposed point is on land earmarked for construction of Tana Delta sub-county headquarters . The physical plan for Minjila area showed that zoning of the land has been done and the site is allotted for government offices . Considering the above concerns and assessment of the current proposed site , relocation of the project is not a viable option . Besides , it is not easy to find a similar suitable site to accommodate the proposed development . This is because the site is already developed and has connection to most social amenities , which could not be a guarantee if an alternative plot is sought . The general area is also at risk of river flooding but the proposed office site was noted to be at a higher elevation . # # # # # # * * 2 . 8 . 4 . Alternative Technologies * * The application of the best technology is important in reducing the impacts of the project to the environment", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transfer , is positive , significant , and strikingly high when self-reported information about demobilization status is cross-checked against official demobilization registers ( columns [ 1 ] to [ 4 ] ) . It suggests that the consumption of demobilized FNL households is between 77 % and 144 % higher < sup > 23 < / sup > than the consumption levels of FNL _returnee_ households that did not benefit from reinsertion allowances but had the same consumption level in 2006 as the demobilized households . This effect is also positive when using the definition of demobilization status based on self-reported information ( columns [ 5 ] and [ 6 ] ) , but it loses its significance . This reduced precision can be explained by the presence of noise due to misreporting ( Hausman , 2001 ) . The long-run evolution of total consumption per adult equivalent does not seem to differ between civilian households and CNDD + _returnee_ households that did not benefit from the DDR . In contrast , the long-run evolution of total consumption turns out to be negative for households that benefited from the first wave of the DDR program from 2004 ( hypothesis 2 ) . The coefficient of the variable _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + < / sup > is significant and large but negative . These estimates suggest that the consumption of CNDD + households that benefited from the first wave of the program is between 40 % and 50 % lower in 2010 than the total consumption of nonbeneficiary CNDD + households that had the same consumption level in 2006 as beneficiary households . This observation holds for all three definitions . The coefficients associated with the variables _Di_ < sup > _FNL_ < / sup > and _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + < / sup > are of similar size , but of opposite sign ( the F-test _p_ - values reported at the bottom of table 3 are above 0 . 48 for all specifications ) . Table 3 also highlights the presence of spillovers ( hypothesis 3 ) . The coefficient associated with the proportion of ex-FNLs in collines _S i_ < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 176, "text": "demobilization registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wealth . As poverty becomes more spatially concentrated , the effectiveness of geographic targeting is likely to improve . We take advantage of the high resolution available in our poverty maps to show that the more finely defined the beneficiary populations , the greater the gains from geographic targeting of anti-poverty resources over a uniform lump-sum transfer . For instance , in 2009 district level targeting is found to result in a 58 percentage point reduction in poverty severity 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hpa-An Environmental Scoping Report | | NEAT + | | October 2019 | 45 # # # # # * * Part 2 : Environmental data in humanitarian contexts * * The second part of the workshop focused on environmental data use in humanitarian contexts , including a discussion on data sharing and geospatial data . The discussion followed a presentation of MapX and some results from participatory mapping exercises held in Hpa An Township with local communities ( see presentation in Annex 1 ) . The questions posed to participants included : - ➔ How does your organization use environmental data in operations ? If you are an environmental organization , do you use humanitarian data in your organizations ? - ➔ What challenges do you face in accessing and using data ? - ➔ Where are the gaps ? Participants were interested in learning more about MapX and connections of spatial data to the NEAT + . To summarize the discussions specifically about MapX and NEAT + : - While country-level data was gathered and used for pilots to assess accuracy of field results and data availability , a future version of the NEAT + tool will connect users to verified global-level spatial datasets . This is to ensure that data is timely , relevant , and best-available , as national datasets cannot be verified at the same rate . - MapX is open-source and built on OSM infrastructure . The code can be viewed here : < u > https : / / github . com / fxi / map-x-mgl < / u > - While MapX is open-source , the data on it is not necessarily open . Some verified global datasets have a “ view only ” license , and some projects choose to keep their data private and only visible to members . During the presentation , the story map displayed results from the participatory mapping exercise , including the issue of St . Chaung village river erosion , and subsequent scheme to quarry a sandbar from the Salween river . The villagers", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 973, "text": "country-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1134, "end": 1163, "text": "global-level spatial datasets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1516, "end": 1540, "text": "verified global datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Economic transformation of individuals ’ welfare * * The role of ICT adoption in promoting economic development has been studied from a wide range of perspectives including the effects on market outcomes , poverty , income inequality , and human capital formation . In this section , we engage with studies particularly associated with the effects of ICT adoption on income and wealth equity , as well as its effects on social and human capital formation and correction of market failures that could ultimately affect consumer welfare . Moreover , ICT can also foster opportunities to promote human development through the creation and communication of new knowledge , impacts on agricultural production , and increased connection with the rest of the world ( Heeks 2010 ; Prado et al . , 2011 ) . As devices that increasingly rely on mobile broadband technologies , such as smartphones , have become more widespread there has been a significant change in consumers ’ access to information ( Rennhoff and Routon , 2016 ) . For instance , according to Aker and Mbiti ( 2010 ) , services such as text-messages are helping development in SSA by increasing access to information on a wide range of topics like communication about fair prices , HIV / AIDS medicine provision and reminders , and crime reporting . Carabregu et al . ( 2019 ) study the re-distributional effects of mobile phone and network penetration by looking at the correlation between mobile broadband and income inequality in Western Balkan countries ( Albania , Bosnia , Serbia , among others ) . The analysis uses as dependent variable income inequality , and cell phone diffusion as one of the predictors , and finds that a 1 percent increase in mobile penetration decreases the Gini index between - 0 . 049 and - 0 . 055 points . In addition , Iqbal et al . ( 2019 ) study the correlation between ICT adoption and the Human Development Index ( HDI ) in South Asian countries during 1990 and 2016 . The authors find a positive and significant effect of mobile phone usage on human development . Namely , the findings suggest that a 1 percent increase in mobile phone penetration leads to a 0 . 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 5 : Market < u > Conditions By State Capital < / u > | * * _Market_ * * | * * _Cereal_ * * < br > * * _Production_ * * | * * _Cereal_ * * < br > * * _Surplus_ * * | * * _Area_ * * | * * _Consumption_ * * < br > * * _PC_ * * | * * _Consumption_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Aweil_ | 60 , 457 | - 36 , 780 | 30 , 543 | 60 | 48 , 600 | | _Bentiu_ | 19 , 210 | - 38 , 793 | 37 , 837 | 72 | 38 , 500 | | _Bor_ | 65 , 177 | - 74 , 615 | 122 , 581 | 98 | 118 , 000 | | _Kajok_ | 107 , 239 | - 8 , 976 | 45 , 567 | 67 | 80 , 500 | | _Juba_ | 100 , 103 | - 43 , 474 | 43 , 033 | 127 | 140 , 000 | | _Malakal_ | 41 , 044 | - 45 , 598 | 77 , 283 | 144 | 153 , 000 | | _Rumbek_ | 70 , 370 | - 13 , 382 | 43 , 595 | 110 | 75 , 000 | | _Wau_ | 42 , 666 | - 2 , 814 | 91 , 076 | 114 | 35 , 500 | Note : All figures refer to the states where the towns are located . Cereal production in net , cereal deficit is the difference between production and consumption ( and it is reported as the average over 2008-2013 ) , area is expressed in squared kilometers , consumption expresses total consumption in thousands , as indicated in the Household survey for year 2012-2014 , consumption per capita is the ratio of consumption and population . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on FAO / WFP . 2012-2014 # * * 3 . 6 . City Characteristics and Price Differentials * * When markets are integrated and well-functioning", "spans": [{"start": 1153, "end": 1169, "text": "Household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "does not suffer the same defect ; more populous settlements tend to be in villages without a low-caste dominant school . Thus , Policy 2 > 14From the village census , we know that only 0 . 1 % of the high-caste population resides in settlements that are more than 90 % low-caste and that 3 . 7 % of the low-caste population resides in villages that are more than 90 % high-caste . > 15 Throughout our simulations we ignore the fact that building new schools will also reduce distance to school . In this sense , the enrollment gains from the policies that we consider are somewhat understated . > 16The population proportion of girls among 9-12 year old children is calculated from our sample and , along with household size , is assumed to be constant across settlements and caste-types . 17", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 164, "text": "village census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5718 # * * Abstract * * Socioeconomic segregation is often decried for denying poorer children the benefits of positive ‘ peer effects ’ . Yet standard , linear-in-means models of peer effects ( a ) implicitly assume that segregation is zero sum , with gains and losses to rich and poor perfectly offsetting , and ( b ) rule out theories of ‘ social distance ’ whereby peer effects are strongest among similar pairings . The paper exploits the random assignment of pupils between classes to identify more general peer effects in Argentine test-score data . Estimates violate both assumptions ( a ) and ( b ) , and provide micro foundations for the correlations between school segregation , average test-scores , and test-score inequality in municipality-level data . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Latin America and the Caribbean Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at mlugo1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 584, "text": "Argentine test-score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 771, "end": 794, "text": "municipality-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as SOEs firms for which the main ( top 1 ) shareholder is a government-related entity ( following Ma et al . , 2021 ) . We merge our main dataset with 2007-20 firm-level data on firm ownership structure downloaded from Wind . We consider SOEs to be all firms with a government-related principal shareholder any year between 2007 and 2020 . Around 37 percent of firms in our domestic listed sample are SOEs . They are about twice as large as the rest of the ( private ) firms . > 28 As two additional robustness tests , we use the log of equity raised as dependent variable ( instead of the amount raised over assets ) and exclude financial firms ( right columns in Table 7 ) . The log of equity raised as dependent variable provides an alternative equity issuance measure that is not scaled by firms ’ assets . Financial firms only constitute around 3 . 4 percent of our sample and excluding them barely changes the results . 17", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 202, "text": "2007-20 firm-level data on firm ownership structure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "e captured in the LSMS survey where questions on participation in agricultural land markets appear in the agricultural module that is administered only to those who currently cultivate agricultural land ( Deininger and Jin 2008 ) . > 17 A number of countries have initiated promising efforts to foster structural change and transfer of land to young producers by allowing those who transfer their entire land on a long-term basis ( 12 years or longer ) to access pensions early , akin to early retirement schemes in other sectors . 15", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 29, "text": "LSMS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "establish its independent environmental agency with the responsibilities to < br > coordinate and follow-up efforts to ensure public participation in the decision-making process , to play an active role in coordinating < br > the formulation , implementation , review , and revision of regional conservation strategies as well as to foster environmental < br > monitoring , and protection and regulation . < br >  < br > Set up its environmental unit with the responsibilities to coordinate and follow-up to ensure that its activities are in harmony < br > with national efforts to protect and preserve the environment . < br >  < br > coordinate and follow-up efforts to ensure public participation in the decision-making process , to play an active role in < br > coordinating the formulation , implementation , review , and revision of regional conservation strategies as well as to foster < br > environmental monitoring , protection , and regulation . < br >  < br > provide environmental clearance certificate through reviewing ESIA reports with their respective region < br > Sectorial Environmental Units : Each Federal and Regional organization dealing with environmental matters is required by < br > Proclamation No 803 / 2013 to set up its Environmental Unit with the responsibility to coordinate and follow-up to ensure that its < br > activities are in harmony with national efforts to protect and preserve the environment . < br > _Sector Offices from Project Affected Woredas and Kebeles : _ Will be involved oversight of the land acquisition process , review and < br > verify the valuation process and compensation schedule and participate in the implementation of the resettlement packages and < br > compensation payments | Page 48", "spans": [{"start": 1037, "end": 1049, "text": "ESIA reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "presents only half the possible answers . The responses do not allow firms to say that they favor the issue or regulation in question and convey to the respondent that the interviewer believes the answer should be negative . An unbiased response scale , therefore , would include as many positive as negative responses , with \" no obstacle \" as the middle , indifferent , category . By presenting \" not concerned \" or \" no obstacle \" as an endpoint , the positive responses have . in effect , been truncated . Often , however , there is no other obvious way to ask the question as including the positive responses may seem inappropriate . Asking a filter question first can mitigate the bias that these truncated response distributions would otherwise impose . Sterngold , Warland , and Herrmann ( 1994 ) found that including a filter that asks respondents _whether_ they were concerned about an issue before asking them _how concerned_ they were dramatically reduced the percentage of respondents expressing concern . Moreover , the drop in those expressing concern came not just from those who expressed \" a little concern , \" but also among those who were \" somewhat \" and \" very \" concerned . The authors concluded that \" standard degree-of-concern items may be leading questions that encourage res-pondents to overstate their concerns about issues . \" Filters and branches could be used effectively in many World Bank surveys , especially when the question itself may bias the respondent ' s answers . For example , The World Bank often wishes to measure whether institutional features of a country impede firm growth . Such surveys often ask firms to rate regulations or potential production bottlenecks from \" no obstacle \" to \" major obstacle . \" These questions may suggest to the firm that the interviewer believes that the issues in question are obstacles . In effect , the question leads the respondent to an answer , and thus to biased results . An acceptable , although perhaps unlikely , response is also that the regulations are \" very helpful . \" Presenting these positive responses may make the question seem awkward . Few firms are likely to report that tax inspectors are \" very helpful .", "spans": [{"start": 1412, "end": 1430, "text": "World Bank surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in its construction in terms of the data , and it should not be understood as equivalent to the official PMT . The adjustments include use of different years of SUSENAS to the current set , corresponding to data available when this project was initiated , as well as the simplification of the dataset . We eliminate a number of household demographic and work status interaction terms that were too numerous for the sequential approach proposed below , while offering only a marginal predictive gain . Despite these differences , the targeting metrics are of broadly comparable magnitude < sup > 5 < / sup > , and we would not expect a change in the qualitative conclusions if the current PMT were used instead . # * * 3 Methods * * We already identified accuracy , cost and verifiability as the three major design considerations of a statistical targeting method . An additional consideration for methods that require on-the-fly prediction in the resourceconstrained , often geographically remote setting of PMT deployment is that they need to be computationally feasible . The approaches proposed here meet this criterion by virtue of being relatively simple to implement and deploy on hardware with modest storage , memory and computational power at inference time . If we consider verifiability to be embedded in the selection of variables that can be queried reliably , accuracy and cost remain as desirable outcomes . A more extensive variable set improves the predictive power of household data , as long as the additional variables contain additional information about its consumption level , but it also requires higher collection cost . Consequently , statistical targeting requires a choice along the length-accuracy trade-off in a resource-constrained setting . The standard PMT approach described above has become widespread since its publication by Grosh and Baker [ 1995 ] to design models that use a moderate number of explanatory variables that also achieve a suitable level of targeting accuracy . In its pure form of automated variable selection , it selects the point on the accuracy-vs-enumeration-cost spectrum that maximizes model accuracy . This section revolves around the idea that other points – and especially earlier points – along the variable sequence should also be considered . A shorter questionnaire may be less accurate ,", "spans": [{"start": 1486, "end": 1500, "text": "household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) * * competitiveness . * * Good performance by the customs administration is crucial for the recovery of import duties such as TIC and for the VAT . In 2015 , 65 . 9 percent of VAT was collected by the DGDDI . Hence , there is a need to strengthen the DGDDI ’ s information system ( Automated System for Customs Data [ ASYCUDA World ] ) and ensure the interface for effective cross-checking with the DGI ’ s information system . Furthermore , the DGDDI continues to experience significant challenges with regard to the assessment of merchandise values and in improving clearance times . These challenges need to be addressed to ensure competitiveness and increased integration in the chain of international trade ( for example , with China ’ s New Silk Road ) . 24 . * * As the Government is called upon to quickly improve the efficiency of its tax and customs administration to increase fiscal space in the context of rising public debt , the development of e-Tax and e-Customs is also top priority for ANSIE * * . The tax and customs administrations are plagued with inefficiencies , a low compliance rate , and limited revenue mobilization capabilities . Revenue forecasts based on the existing fiscal policy indicate that domestic revenues could fall to 17 . 3 percent of GDP in 2019 , down from 19 . 3 percent in 2015 . Strengthening tax administration and domestic resource mobilization systems should result in more fiscal space and less accumulation of public debt . Establishing e-Tax and e-Customs to ensure online filing and payment will require a thorough business process reengineering , digitalization , and upgrade of the tax and customs IT systems . # # * * C . Higher Level Objectives to which the Project Contributes * * 25 . The proposed Project is aligned with the strategic goals of the World Bank Group ( WBG ) to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity in a sustainable manner , the World", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 394, "text": "Automated System for Customs Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper contributes to several related strands of the literature . Recently published volumes such as Baldwin and di Mauro ( 2020 ) have reviewed the range of emerging policy responses to COVID-19 and provided advice on how policy frameworks should evolve – although most of the focus has been on high-income economies and China . Authors such as Cororaton and Rosen ( 2020 ) , Granja et al . ( 2020 ) , De Marco ( 2020 ) , Kozeniauskas et al . ( 2020 ) , and Cui et al . ( 2020 ) have focused on the reach and targeting of specific programs in China , Italy , Portugal , and the United States . Additionally , this paper contributes to the emerging literature by authors including Chetty et al . ( 2020 ) , Granja et al . ( 2020 ) , and Cui et al . ( 2020 ) that have provided some early evidence on the effectiveness of programs to help firms weather the impacts of the pandemic in the same countries , as well as previous studies such as De Mel et al . ( 2012 ) and Bruhn ( 2020 ) that focused on experimental and quasi-experimental evidence from previous crises in Sri Lanka and Mexico . The rest of the paper is structured as follows . The next section presents the data . The following two sections present policies that have been announced , including evidence on access to policies , as well as policies that firms identify as more needed . Then , we present evidence on mismatches between the demand and supply of policies , mistargeting , and barriers to accessing public support . Recognizing that the COVID-19 crisis has significantly altered firms ’ outlook and heightened uncertainty ( Altig et al . , 2020 ) , the section that follows specifically focuses on the relationship between receiving policy support and firms ’ expectations and uncertainty . Lastly , we present some preliminary evidence about the effectiveness of different policies . The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications and directions for future research . # * * 2 . Data * * We rely on data from the first wave of the Business Pulse Surveys ( BPS ) developed by the", "spans": [{"start": 2024, "end": 2046, "text": "Business Pulse Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "travel < br > for work outside < br > the village / city | 0 . 74 < br > ( 0 . 02 ) | 0 . 47 < br > ( 0 . 02 ) | 0 . 63 < br > ( 0 . 02 ) | 0 . 41 < br > ( 0 . 02 ) | - 0 . 12 * * * | - 0 . 06 * * | | Her job is | 0 . 67 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 63 | 0 . 47 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 03 | | physically < br > demanding | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | | | | She works in a | 0 . 56 | 0 . 31 | 0 . 45 | 0 . 25 | - 0 . 11 * * * | - 0 . 06 * * | | hotel / restaurant | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | | | | Observations | 5 | 15 | 6 | 35 | 1 , | 150 | * * Table 18 . 2 Approval of women ’ s work under different contexts , non-migrant vs . migrant households * * | | Females w / o < br > Mea < br > | migrant spouse < br > n / ( SE ) < br > | Females with < br > Mea < br > | migrant spouse < br > n / ( SE ) < br > | Pairwi < br > differen < br > | se t-test Mean < br > ce < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Individual * * < br > * * approval * * < br > * * ( PNB ) * * | * * Perceived * * < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a household survey for the period after the shock is not yet available . However , and this is even more important , even if survey data were available , they may not provide an adequate counterfactual given that , simultaneously to the oil price drop , the Russian economy has been influenced by other shocks , for example , economic sanctions . For these reasons , the analysis is performed using a macro ‐ micro simulation model which allows to generate a counterfactual scenario in which the oil price change is the only shock affecting the economy . > 2 The economic effects of a natural resource boom were modeled by Corden and Neary ( 1984 ) who distinguished between a _resource movement effect_ – related to the reallocation of labor and capital from the tradable sectors to the booming natural resource sector – and a _spending effect_ – which brings a real exchange rate appreciation and further de ‐ industrialization . The real exchange rate appreciation is caused by the fact that higher incomes from natural resources raise demand for both tradable and non ‐ tradable goods , but while domestic prices of tradables are linked to international prices and thus remain constant , domestic prices of non ‐ tradables go up . 2", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 18, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 125, "end": 136, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "common pot ) , and more difficult to recall . The interaction coefficients for the household diaries are also negative but not significant . These coefficients are also smaller in magnitude , suggesting again that performance with respect to household size differs dramatically by recall or diary format . Urban households with recall modules do not perform appreciably worse than their rural counterparts vis-à-vis the benchmark . No interaction term for urban location is significant for any recall module except module 5 , the “ usual ” month recall . For this module , the difference in total and food consumption from the benchmark is attenuated in urban areas , suggesting that the cognitive demands of the usual month construct present particular challenges for rural households . This may be because urban households rely more on the market for their consumption , with potentially smoother prices and availabilities over time so that rule-of-thumb extrapolations from daily consumption to a “ usual ” month are more accurate . Alternatively , this may reflect the higher education of urban respondents since in the results that control for the education of the household head , the only significant interaction term with years of education is again for module 5 . Education of the household head does not affect the performance of the household diaries relative to the individual diary but urbanity does , with household diaries performing significantly closer to the benchmark in rural areas . In fact the lower mean consumption of the infrequent household diary ( module 7 ) summarized in panel A of Table 5 is entirely due to urban households – there is no significant consumption difference among rural households that were administered module 7 or module 8 . However , urban households with module 7 report 29 percent lower total consumption , 26 percent lower food consumption , 45 percent lower frequent non-food , and 31 percent lower non-frequent non-food . The frequently supervised household diary ( module 6 ) also reports significantly lower non-food consumption ( of either category ) when administered to urban households . These results are consistent with the supposition that urban settings provide more diverse personal consumption choices ( such as outside meals and public transport ) than rural areas , and much of this consumption out", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 100, "text": "household diaries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1546, "end": 1572, "text": "infrequent household diary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1980, "end": 2017, "text": "frequently supervised household diary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "test however is applied only to a sample of students in each school . An important issue related to using the ENLACE for this study is the possibility of cheating and , in particular , student copying on the ENLACE exams . When the government stopped applying the ENLACE tests , one of the stated concerns was over an increased incidence of suspected student copying . Unless the level of student copying was extremely high with the majority of students engaging in copying , the main way in which cheating might affect the results presented here is if there were differential rates of cheating between PROSPERA and nonPROSPERA students , e . g . that results on achievement tests would reflect both performance on the test and cheating . We are unaware of publicly available data either on the overall level of cheating detected by the Ministry of Education ( SEP ) / National Institute of Education Evaluation ( INEE ) . Individual answer sheets would be necessary to directly analyze whether there are differential rates of cheating between PROSPERA and non-PROSPERA students based on standard statistical cheating detection methods developed in the education literature . ( e . g . Wollak , 2003 ) . However , since the ENLACE exams are not used to calculate student grades , it is not obvious that PROSPERA and non-PROSPERA students would have different incentives for cheating on 9", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 780, "text": "publicly available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > * * CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC * * According to the results of protection monitoring activities ( _Project 21_ ) that were put in place soon after the start of the influx , 54 percent of the interviewed household indicated that during the flight , they were involuntarily separated from family members who have remained in Sudan . As a result , most of the displaced persons ( 90 percent ) are women and children , including unaccompanied and separated children , often arriving undocumented . According to the testimonies collected by the protection teams , adult men have mostly preferred to remain in Sudan to monitor the evolution of the situation , to protect their property or possibly to take part to the conflict . Family separation therefore remains one of the main concerns according to surveys conducted with the households arrived in CAR . Amongst the new arrivals , 16 , 066 individuals including 11 , 365 refugees and 4 , 701 returnees have been registered in the Vakaga prefecture , bordering Sudan . The Government of CAR and UNHCR have also registered 656 Sudanese refugees who reached CAR transiting through Chad and moved onward towards the town of Ndélé ( prefecture of Bamingui-Bangoran ) . Arrivals have also been reported in the town of Sam Ouandja ( Haute-Kotto prefecture ) and the city of Bambari ( Ouaka prefecture ) where UNHCR and the National Commission for Refugees ( _Commission Nationale pour les Réfugiés_ , CNR ) have pre-registered 2 , 408 and 618 refugees respectively . ) The Government of CAR has maintained a favourable border policy regime since the beginning of the crisis , granting access to territory to all people fleeing the conflict . CAR is a State Party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol as well as the 1969 OAU Convention . In a very welcomed development , on 19 August , the Government of CAR signed a Decree granting refugee status on a _prima facie_ basis to all Sudanese nationals who have fled the", "spans": [{"start": 814, "end": 866, "text": "surveys conducted with the households arrived in CAR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report county # # * * 10 . 5 ARAP Implementation Schedule * * The implementation schedule for this ARAP covers the period from the preparation of the ARAP to the conclusion of the envisaged tenure regulation activities in the settlement . As part of ARAP implementation , disclosure of ARAP will be a critical task , disclosure will be achieved through meetings organized at settlement level coordinated by the KISIP RIC . In the disclosure meeting , a summary of the main findings and recommendations , entitlements , and PAPs register will be presented to the community in the local language . The process of disclosure will include more stakeholder involvement that includes the County Government of Kilifi and the National Land Commission among other relevant stakeholders . In addition , the ARAP will be made available on the Ministry of Transport , Infrastructure , Housing and Urban Development website and the World Bank ’ s Info shop . Copies of the report will also be made available to the SEC , Grievance Committees , and the County offices . This ARAP ’ s executive summary will also be translated appropriately to ensure all PAPs are aware of its implementation process . This will include translating to the community by use of an interpreter during ARAP disclosure meetings . The process of RAP implementation will also involve other tasks as summarized below ;  Audit of PAP register and compensation package due to each PAP . This can also include - Audit of PAP register and compensation package due to each PAP . This can also include negotiation on the facilitation packages . - Resolution of emerging grievances - Notification and sensitization of PAPs prior to the commencement of the activities that - Notification and sensitization of PAPs prior to the commencement of the activities that will affect them . Facilitation - Commencement of project operations including issuing of titles - - Monitoring and evaluation , including baseline information update \\ Table 10 . 4 on the next page presents ARAP implementation", "spans": [{"start": 640, "end": 653, "text": "PAPs register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "40 % target for women ’ s < br > representation in community < br > committees ( up from 37 % in Phase I ) . < br > • 30 % target for women ’ s leadership in < br > local committees ( new in Phase II ) . < br > • 12 , 000 women to be trained in < br > female-onlyleadership program . | | * * High incidence of * * < br > * * GBV and lack of * * < br > * * access to quality * * < br > * * services to * * < br > * * respond to the * * < br > * * needs of GBV * * < br > * * survivors * * | _Under Component 1 : new activities in Phase II_ < br > • Appoint and train 120 GBV focal persons < br > • GBV training for project staff , officials , and contractors < br > • GBV awareness-raising and prevention campaigns , < br > working with NGOs , officials and schools < br > • Connect project implementing agencies with referral < br > pathways for survivor-centered services < br > • Safety audits / consultations with women to inform design < br > and placement of infrastructure < br > _Under subcomponent 2 ( b ) _ < br > • Focus on renewable energy sources to decrease < br > dependence on firewood | • Community planning committees < br > and project implementers connected < br > with referral pathways for GBV < br > survivors via other WB operations < br > • Design of supportive infrastructure < br > informed by consultations with < br > women or women ’ s groups < br > • Number of women with access to < br > renewable energy sources | 60 Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) [ Ethiopia ] and ICF . 2016 . Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 : Key Indicators Report . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , and Rockville , Maryland ,", "spans": [{"start": 1514, "end": 1557, "text": "Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * | * * Table 15 . To * * < br > Sort order based | * * p-40 cou * * < br > on June da | * * ntries of * * < br > ta . | * * origin b * * | * * y main as * * | * * ylum region , s * * | * * econd qu * * | * * arter 200 * * | * * 8 * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Industr * * | * * ialized cou * * | * * ntries ( 44 * * | * * countries ) * * | | | * * Europe ( 3 * * | * * 8 countries * * | * * ) * * | | * * Euro * * | * * pean Uni * * | * * on ( 27 co * * | * * untries ) * * | | | Origin | April | May | June | Total | Origin | April | May | June | Total | Origin | April | May | June | Total | | Iraq | 2 , 826 | 2 , 951 | 3 , 026 | 8 , 803 | Iraq | 2 , 708 | 2 , 829 | 2 , 919 | 8 , 456 | Iraq | 2 , 055 | 2 , 014 | 2 , 071 | 6 , 140 | | China | 1 , 589 | 1 , 564 | 1 , 412 | 4 , 565 | Somalia | 1 , 156 | 1 , 292 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "particularly because of the centralization of the registry in Kampala and a requirement to value each transaction for tax purposes . Computerization of the companies register has not yet started , and banks described it as slow and prone to fraud and incomplete information . 78 . * * Credit information remains insufficient . * * The establishment of the Credit Reference Bureau ( CRB ) has helped bridge the information gap . Stakeholders underscore the need to expand the scope of CRB , to capture nonbank credit and payments data ( such as utility payments ) that could provide individual borrowers with bankable credit histories , and thus improve their access to credit . 79 . * * Financial literacy is limited . * * Micro , Smalle and Medium Enterprise ( MSME ) access to credit is limited by a severe lack of basic business skills on the part of entrepreneurs . Banks highlighted the need for extensive outreach programs to develop skills in the areas of bookkeeping , accounting , business plan preparation , and borrower education . Banks identified these issues as the driving force behind the high real rejection rate for loan applications discussed above . Furthermore , the increasingly critical shortage of trained bank staff reinforces this constraint by limiting the availability of staff to work with potential borrowers . The need for furthering financial literacy promotion efforts is compounded by the relative importance of the informal – hence poorly or not regulated – financial institutions . _Government ’ s reform program_ 23", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 533, "text": "nonbank credit and payments data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | Kenya | Central Province | Kiambu District | | | | Kenya | Rift Valley Province | Kajiado District | | | | Kenya | Rift Valley Province | Elgeyo-Marakwet District | | | | Kenya | Rift Valley Province | Cherangany Hills | | | | Kenya | Rift Valley Province | Rift Valley Province | | | | Kenya | Central Province | Nyandarua | | | | Kenya | Coast Province | Taita Taveta | | | | Kenya | Rift Valley Province | Trans Nzoia | | | | Kenya | Rift Valley Province | Keiyo | | | | * * Results * * | | | | | | * * Global Environmental Objective Indicators * * | | | | | Page 2 of 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 . Regression Estimation of the Impact of Women ’ s Decision-making power on Budget Share | Theta < br > Ln ( # of peple in HH ) | Food < br > - 0 . 074 < br > [ 0 . 056 ] < br > - 0 . 010 * * * < br > [ 0 . 004 ] | | - - - | - - - | | Ln ( per capita consumption expenditure ) | - 0 . 134 * * * < br > [ 0 . 005 ] | | Observations | 5 , 104 | | * * Rural * * | | | Theta | 0 . 082 | | | [ 0 . 082 ] | | Ln ( # of peple in HH ) | - 0 . 001 | | | [ 0 . 005 ] | | Ln ( per capita consumption expenditure ) | - 0 . 149 * * * < br > [ 0 . 009 ] | | Observations | 2 , 546 | | * * Urban * * | | | Theta | - 0 . 195 * * * < br > [ 0 . 062 ] | | Ln ( # of peple in HH ) | - 0 . 021 * * * < br > [ 0 . 005 ] | | Ln ( per capita consumption expenditure ) | - 0 . 128 * * * < br > [ 0 . 005 ] | | Observations | 2 , 558 | 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Overall , Destination and Product Overall lockdown < br > 100 % 100 % < br > Overall import survival No Lockown < br > Destination survival Lockdown < br > 75 % Product survival 75 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 25 % 25 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 < br > Survival time ( months ) Survival time ( months ) < br > Destination lockdown Product lockdown < br > 100 % 100 % < br > No Lockown No Lockown < br > Lockdown Lockdown < br > 75 % 75 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 25 % 25 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 < br > Survival time ( months ) Survival time ( months ) < br > Estimated survival probability Estimated survival probability < br > Estimated survival probability Estimated survival probability < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 : Philippine ’ s import survival before and under the lockdown * * Source : Authors ’ compilation using PSA data rate across destinations , as observed in Figure 4 , originated from the rest of the world . The mean survival period of exports to the top ten destinations of exports was 0 . 6 months higher than to the rest of the world during the lockdown . The second part of Table 4 shows results for imports . Columns 2 and 3 indicate no major difference in survival rates of intermediate and Other Products . Roughly two-thirds of these goods survived beyond the first month of trading . The survival rates in the 6 < sup > th < / sup > and 12 < sup > th < / sup > months were 39 % and 37 %", "spans": [{"start": 997, "end": 1030, "text": "PSA data rate across destinations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| The universal salt iodization < br > policy legislated on February < br > 18 , 2011 , came into force on < br > April 13 , 2011 | | | Establishment of inter-sectoral National | Text | Value | Not yet achieved | Achieved | Achieved | | Nutrition Coordination Body ( source : Terms of < br > Reference for bod Annual NNP Proram | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | y , g < br > Reports , project evaluations ; baseline 2007 ) | | Comments | | FMOH Administration reports | FMOH Administration reports , < br > NP Report | | Percentage of national salt production iodized | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 44 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | in previous year | | Date | 28-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | | | Comments | FMOH routine reports < br > ( revised indicator definition < br > and baseline value ) | Source : HSDP IV Annual < br > Performance Report < br > 2011 / 2012 | Source : FMOH routine reports | | Number of health personnel ( health center to < br > | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 12380 . 00 | 12000 . 00 | | federal level ) receiving training on CBN | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | | | Comments | Source : Routine reports , < br > FMOH | Source : Routine reports , < br > FMOH | Of a target of 1412 in 353 < br > woredas . Source : Routine < br > reports , FMOH | | Percentage of CBN woredas providing monthly | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 54 . 50 | 50 . 00 | | nutrition data", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 750, "text": "FMOH routine reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1412, "end": 1426, "text": "nutrition data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a II – Limu Genet 132kV TLP traverses through 20 Kebele Administrations in four Woredas and two town administrations in Jima Zone . Based on findings of the census survey , the proposed Subproject will directly affect various assets and properties ( housing structures , farmland , cash crops , fruit crops , timber trees ) of 613 households of which 63 households are female household heads . The total population of the households was 3 , 050 persons and the average family size was 5 . 1 persons per HH . Over 46 . 5 % of the PAHs are in Limu Kosa , 4 . 9 % in Limu Genet town , and 39 . 5 % in Mana Woredas – both Woredas known nationally for their production of high-quality Arabica Coffee in large quantities . As we shall see more in the proceeding section , the significance of the adverse livelihood impact of the proposed Subproject varies between households as well as from one group of PAHs to the other . The number of PAHs whose assets and properties are affected by the proposed Subproject are presented in Table 11 . 1 below . Table 11 . 1 : Summary of PAHs by Woreda and Types of Property Affected | * * Subproject Impacts * * | * * Jima * * < br > * * Town * * | * * Kersa * * | * * Limu * * < br > * * Kosa * * | * * Limu * * < br > * * Seqa * * | * * L . Genet * * < br > * * Town * * | * * Mana * * | * * All * * < br > * * PAHs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _All Subproject Affected Households_ * * <", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 170, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ea_ | Riverine . Juvenilesprefer riverbanksand < br > associatedmacrophytebeds . Adultsprefer < br > turbulentwaterswith hardsubstrate . < br > Schoolingbehaviourenablesittoevade < br > NileperchandNiletilapia . | Primarilyinsectsandshrimps ( e . g . < br > _Caradina ) _ | Spawnsyear-round , butJune-Julyis < br > peak spawningtime . | | _ ' Mbipi ' _ < br > _haplochromines_ | Several speciesinLakeVictoriaandthe < br > VictoriaNile . Benthopelagic - generallyin < br > rockyhabitats . AdverselyimpactedbyNile < br > perch_predation . | Exploitsawidevarietyoffoodresources < br > ( Fryer & Iles , 1972 , Seehausen_etal . , _ < br > 1998 ) | Manyspeciesaremouthbrooders . | Source : Fishbase Database ( wwx . fishbase . org ) unless stated otherwise . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * I-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 701, "text": "Fishbase Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "v # # * * Preface * * This is the Project Performance Assessment Report ( PPAR ) for an Adaptable Program Loan ( APL ) in the amount of SDR47 . 8 million ( US $ 70 . 0 million equivalent ) to Ethiopia to support the Productive Safety Net Project . It was approved by the Board of the World Bank on November 30 , 2004 with a mid-term review on June 1 , 2006 and a closing date of December 31 , 2006 . This project was chosen for review as a contribution to the Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) evaluation of World Bank support to social safety nets . Ethiopia was selected as one of six countries for which PPARs and additional country case studies would be carried out . The project is the first of a series of APLs providing support to Ethiopia ‘ s Productive Safety Net Program ( PSNP ) . It is referred to in this PPAR as APL1or the project and the evaluation covers the project objectives , with some reference to the wider series of APLs . This report was prepared by Rachel Slater and Alison Evans , IEG consultants . PPARs draw on World Bank project files , government project reports and evaluations , and independent published and grey materials as sources of evidence . This PPAR also drew on interviews conducted during a mission to Ethiopia in April 2010 with government officials , development partners and representatives of civil society organizations . Field visits were conducted in two regions ( SNNPR and Oromia ) in three _woredas_ and included _woreda_ and community-level PSNP staff and other members of the community . Further interviews were carried out with World Bank and development partner staff outside Ethiopia . A list of people interviewed is attached in Annex B . The authors are grateful to those who made time for interviews and provided documentation and information . Mission support provided by Samrawit Beyene in the World Bank Ethiopia office and members of the Donor Coordination Team was greatly appreciated . Following standard I", "spans": [{"start": 1042, "end": 1066, "text": "World Bank project files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1069, "end": 1111, "text": "government project reports and evaluations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on both the lending and borrowing entity , the size of the loan , the year the loan was agreed and confirmation that the loan had a repayment period beyond a single year . Our data set is by no means comprehensive , and there are certainly more RBLs which match our criteria but for which insufficient information was readily accessible . The data set , and therefore the analysis , is limited by the information that is publicly available . As described further in Section 5b , the RBL landscape remains largely opaque , with limited information publicly available about the terms , and at times even the existence , of RBLs . # 4 . Results : Key characteristics of RBLs # # a . Overview of the RBLs analyzed Our research identified 30 RBLs in Africa signed between 2004 and 2018 . Included in our review were 11 African countries which borrowed RBLs during the period : Angola , Chad , the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) , Ghana , Guinea , Niger , the Republic of Congo , São Tomé and Príncipe , South Sudan , Sudan , and Zimbabwe . The relevant RBLs totaled USD $ 46 . 5 billion agreed in this period , of which Angola accounted for nearly half the total . 6 , 7 > 5 < u > http : / / ResourceContracts . org < / u > > 6 For the purpose of this paper , commitment is defined as amounts committed under signed loan agreements . In the cases of large credit lines that support multiple projects , disbursed amounts are used when available . > 7 All dollar signs ( $ ) refer to United States dollars ( USD ) in this paper unless otherwise specified . 5", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 184, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 6 : Premature deaths . Based on the concentration-response function of Deryugina et al . ( AER , 2019 ) for adults 65 or older < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 < br > Year < br > 15000 < br > 10000 < br > Premature deaths < br > 5000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ This figure plots the evolution of drought-induced premature deaths in LAC . Details of the calculation of premature deaths are presented in Section 4 . 1 . The spread of the box plot displayed each year results from the uncertainty in our estimation of excess PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations and the value of the observed FHD . Dots represent outliers . To descriptively assess in our setting whether the population residing near power plants tends to be worse off than the overall population , we use down-scaled Human Development Index ( HDI ) data from Sherman et al . ( 2023 ) to compute power plant level mean HDI relative to country-level HDI . As illustrated in Figure 7 , in nearly four of every five combustion power plants , the population residing near the plant has a considerably lower relative level of HDI . Moreover , this pattern is systematic across all types of combustion power plants ( i . e . , coal , gas , oil , biomass ) . This finding is consistent with previous work on air quality and inequality , which has highlighted the correlation between poverty and exposure to PM2 _ . _ 5 both across and within countries ( e . g . , Rentschler and Leonova , 2023 ; Jbaily et al . , 2022 ) . The association of lower HDI levels near combustion power plants can be a result of socioeconomic sorting into cheaper housing near industrial zones , siting decisions to place plants in areas with less political power , often coinciding with low-income 20", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 854, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "post supply of credit , effectively worsening the financial access of poorer borrowers . < sup > 8 < / sup > Since , analogous to many households in developing countries , all households in the sample are producers as well as consumers ( Banerjee and Duflo , 2007 ) , this paper also relates to the literature on credit and investment constraints among low-income households and micro-entrepreneurs . Dupas and Robinson ( 2012 ) study the impact of access to savings accounts on microenterprise development , and provide evidence of significant barriers to saving that constrain productive investment . de Mel et al . ( 2008 ) provide unconditional cash transfers to micro-entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka and find similar evidence of significant investment constraints and high returns to capital . In an evaluation of a program that extended access to microfinance in India , Banerjee et al . ( 2010 ) find a positive but economically small impact on business creation . Karlan and Zinman ( 2010 ) study the effect of randomized access to credit on microenterprise investment in the Philippines and find no impact . Similarly , Kaboski and Townsend ( 2011 ) study a field experiment expanding access to microcredit in Thailand and find strong consumption effects but no impact on investment . The present study differs from the literature on investment constraints in two important ways . First , in contrast to studies analyzing a credit expansion , I focus on a population of existing rather than new bank clients , who are excluded from bank credit due to high levels of pre-existing debt . Second , unlike programs expanding access to credit , debt relief ( like a bankruptcy settlement ) reduced debt on the books , but did not automatically provide beneficiaries with improved liquidity . The remainder of the paper is structured as follows . Section two provides details on the debt relief program and eligibility criteria . Section three presents a simple model of the household ’ s investment decisio to motivate the empirical analysis . In section four , I outline the identification strategy . Section five describes the dataset and household survey . Section six presents the results and Section seven concludes . > 8See also Djankov , McLiesh and Shleifer ( 2007", "spans": [{"start": 2128, "end": 2156, "text": "dataset and household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ work opportunities . Consolidation will focus on handing over services to line ministries with costrecovery being introduced for refugees , strengthening livelihood programing where necessary , and introducing targeted cash-based interventions ( CBI ) for extremely vulnerable cases . This will begin for refugee camps that have been identified as being largely self-reliant through a household-level socio-economic survey conducted by UNHCR in December 2015 , as well as the Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey ( SENS ) . Consolidation will be initiated for Fau 5 , followed by Girba and Abuda . # # # # # * * Cash Based Interventions ( CBI ) * * CBI is a particularly appropriate tool for addressing protection needs of refugees and other persons of concern within a context of UNHCR ’ s solutions mandate and multi-year assistance programming . UNHCR has witnessed a gradual but significant increase in the number of refugees moving to urban centres in Sudan in search of better economic opportunities . Refugees often form part of the “ urban poor ” struggling to meet their basic needs , leaving them at heightened risk of harassment , exploitation and abuse , with women and children being particularly at-risk . CBI is increasingly being recognized as a tool that can help meet humanitarian needs while promoting the principles that guide the work of UNHCR . Hence , wherever new interventions are anticipated , UNHCR will assess the possibility of implementing CBI activities either as stand-alone activity or in combination with in-kind assistance . UNHCR will also play a catalytic and coordinating role within the interagency context for agencies exploring CBI as an implementing modality for refugee assistance . 13", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 498, "text": "household-level socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 552, "end": 590, "text": "Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ * * Net labor income gains encompass both the losses incurred from job displacements and the earnings increases resulting from higher wages for those who retained their employment . Since it is assumed that all dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivity , this represents a lower bound of the net gains ( or an upper bound of the earning losses ) . If workers move to formal or informal employment and have a positive labor income , net labor gains could be higher . _ _ * * * This column presents information on the share of full-time employees who become unemployed or inactive after the minimum wage increase . 95 % confidence intervals are provided in parentheses . _ _Source : Own simulations based on administrative tax data . _ * * < mark > Overall , the simulation shows a relatively small reduction in labor income inequality due to the minimum wage increase , < / mark > as it * * * * < mark > narrows the wage gap between low-wage and higher-wage workers , promoting a more equitable income distribution . < / mark > * * < mark > Table 6 presents the impact of a minimum wage ( MW ) increase on various income inequality indicators . The baseline values represent the conditions before the MW increase , and subsequent columns show simulations after the increase . The impact of labor inequality depends on the final labor market status of the dismissed workers , which can affect their new earnings ( or lack of earnings ) . When dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivity ( Table 6 , column 3 ) , we observe moderate declines in labor income inequality driven by a compression in the income distribution . The Gini coefficient , a measure of income inequality , decreases from 0 . 3560 to 0 . 3498 . The Theil Index and Mean log deviation , which also gauge income inequality , follow a similar trend , indicating a reduction after the MW increase . The income shares for different population percentiles demonstrate minor shifts , with a slight increase in the bottom 50 % income share and marginal decreases in the middle 40 % and top 10 % income shares . On", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 742, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that most electricity use will be replacement of existing non-electric energy sources such as kerosene ( for lighting ) and batteries ( for information and entertainment ) , with a likely increase in the level of consumption of both . Recent research on the demand for these applications indicates that a demand curve with a constant price elasticity provides an excellent fit for observed consumer behavior ( with adjusted R2 in excess of 80 % ) . Fitting a demand curve with a constant price elasticity between the 2 points on the demand curve and integrating under the resultant curve gave an average WTP for new residential customers of 49 . 8 US cents / kWh . 13 . The IREMP survey found that the pattern of energy use of non-electrified small enterprises and for public services in the Masaka region ( churches , health centers , schools , etc ) is very similar to that of households . That is , they use candles and kerosene for lighting and dry cell , batteries or car batteries for medium-large appliances . It is estimated that these applications will be replaced by electricity . However , larger enterprises use their own generators as their main source of electricity and sometimes batteries for medium-small appliances . In these cases , grid electricity will replace mainly the use of the generator . The survey inventoried the number and current energy consumption patterns of non-electrified enterprises in the regions . These data provided a basis for estimating the extent and weighted average cost of substitutes that would be displaced in the event of increased electricity access ( P1 and Q1 for the commercial and industrial sectors ) . P2 and Q2 were assumed to be the tariff and the total incremental consumption of industrial and commercial customers in the region in the ‗ with project ‘ scenario . Using a constant price elasticity and integrating under the demand curve , it was estimated that the average WTP of new residential and commercial customers was 25 . 0 US cents / kWh . # _Net Benefit to Transmission Investments_ 14 . As with", "spans": [{"start": 674, "end": 686, "text": "IREMP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rate is less than a sixth that of men ( 10 % vs 66 % ) . The same is true in Egypt , where employment rates for skilled women are 60 % of men ’ s whereas for the unskilled it is around a fifth . This implies that if gender employment gaps were closed , more of the women who would start work would be unskilled , with potentially significant effects on the wage distribution and the size of potential gains . The final reason is that the past 75 years have seen an increase in the skill premium in the US and elsewhere , which standard Cobb-Douglas production functions ( as in earlier sections ) are unable to explain . If skills are particularly important in production for operating complex capital equipment , then changes in the skill distribution of the economy through changes in female employment and education can have large knock-on effect on the stock of capital per worker , which could amplify output changes . In this section we estimate the effects of changes in skills shares with higher female employment using the production function in Krusell et al . ( 2000 ) and first posited by Stokey ( 1996 ) , where physical capital and skill are complements . This production function helps us also to examine the potential distributional impacts on changes in wages from changes in female employment rates . > 19Source : World Bank World Development Indicators for 2020 , the latest year available . > 20The exceptions are Qatar and United Arab Emirates , where employment rates are similar across men and women . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1332, "end": 1371, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "experts ( RLAU ) . FEACC / REACCs have recognized the limitation in staff capacity as was reflected by the lack of Fraud and Corruption records that match what has been discussed orally . Effective complaint handling system is expressed by the availability and quality of records and database . Its absence hinders the disclosure , transparency and accountability to combat F & C . The functions of tracking , monitoring F & C as well as future planning and research in this area has to be informed by reliable and organized data . The proposed mitigation measure is to build strengthen the capacity of recording , organizing and reporting in the sector as well as creating awareness on procurement procedures ; on F & C risk prone areas and complaints in land administration and use , agriculture research ; and on investigation and research tasks . The proposed combined areas of training for Ethics and Anticorruption Officers and public complaint handling experts and experts of Legal Support , Appeal and Follow up unit are : ( i ) M & E , systematic tracking , recording , organizing and reporting of F & C incidents and complaints in the institutions . ( ii ) Procurement procedures ( iii ) land administration and use , agriculture research , F & C risk prone areas and complaint , and strategies or anticorruption reforms for culminating corruption in the agriculture and natural resource development sector , investigation and research tasks . - * * _Transparency and Information sharing : _ * * There is Low level of Transparency and People ’ s Participation ; the system of information communication to the public and among Woreda offices / Officers is weak . In relation , all offices should be aware of and be responsible to disclose information as has been used in the Financial Transparency and Accountability ( FTA ) . Such information sharing , and communication should include disclosing the procedure of complaint handling to the public , disclosing procurement undertakings and procurement complaints , audit findings , budgets and expenditures , particularly as it stands for the operation of the CALM PforR . It will be therefore advisable to provide capacity -", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 143, "text": "Fraud and Corruption records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Share Engaged * * | * * I * * < br > * * Mean * * | * * ncome ( USD ) * * < br > * * Standard Deviation * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Livestock Product Income | 0 . 187 | 93 | 178 | | Wages | 0 . 260 | 1 , 598 | 1 , 419 | | Non-Farm Enterprises | 0 . 624 | 2 , 926 | 4 , 109 | | Domestic Remittances | 0 . 266 | 110 | 115 | | Foreign Remittances | 0 . 034 | 267 | 295 | | In-Kind Remittances | 0 . 125 | 47 | 61 | | Cash , Food , or In-kind Assistance | 0 . 042 | 54 | 54 | | Pension | 0 . 030 | 689 | 900 | | Rental Income ( Non-Ag ) | 0 . 049 | 347 | 437 | | Rental Income ( Ag ) | 0 . 039 | 45 | 88 | | Savings , Interest , Investment | 0 . 021 | 277 | 804 | | Other | 0 . 011 | 610 | 485 | | Observations | | 1 , 950 | | _Note_ : The table displays the share of households engaged in each category of livelihood activity and the mean and standard deviation of income earned from that category . In the LSMS-ISA data , income is reported in the local currency . To allow for cross-country comparisons , we convert income values to US dollars using 2019 exchange rates . 29", "spans": [{"start": 926, "end": 939, "text": "LSMS-ISA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is hoped that through provision of key equipment and training and mentorship , the project investments will directly contribute to improvement of the number of health centre IVs performing ceasarian sections and those able to offer comprehensive emergency obstetric care which are key indicators upon which project performance is measured . As a more comprehensive mentorship program is awaited , the Ministry has been in discussions with the Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Uganda ( AOGU ) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) who intend to roll out Essential Training in Operative Obstetrics course to in-service doctors in public health facilities . This activity has been partly delayed by the limitation on allowances where per diem is US $ 36 a day and this is limiting participation of specialists . From the annual report of FY 18 / 19 , the proportion of HC IVs offering CEmOC services ( Caesarean Section ( C / S ) and blood transfusion ) decreased slightly from 48 % ( 87 / 186 ) in 2017 / 18 to 47 % ( 90 / 190 ) in 2018 / 19 although in absolute terms there was increase by 3 HC IVs being able to provide CEmOC services . The number of HC IVs conducting C / S including those conducting C / S without blood transfusion services also increased to 81 % ( 155 / 190 ) from 78 % ( 142 / 186 ) in FY 18 / 19 . 23 Year 4 of the Project", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 893, "text": "annual report of FY 18 / 19", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "selected are cataracts , pneumonia , coronary bypass , appendectomy , and hip replacement . These 5 procedures were selected because they were common procedures , a mix of different types of cases , and the procedure codes existed through all the different payment methods . Four are surgical , and pneumonia is a medical procedure . Table 2 shows how the procedural codes correspond across the different payment systems from 20002009 . < sup > 5 < / sup > Hospitalization claims data over 10 years ( 2000-2009 ) were collected from HZZO for > 4 A few studies have used a differences-in-differences approach between treatment and comparison providers such as Yipp and Eggleston ( 2001 ) and Dafny ( 2005 ) . Serra and Wagstaff ( 2010 ) use a differences-indifferences approach to examine treatment and comparison countries . > 5 Pneumonia did not have a code in the 2002-2005 PPTP period , so codes for pneumonia were based on the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD ) . Fortunately , our analysis focuses on the impact of the PPTP period beginning in 2005 , when all five procedures had PPTP codes . 5", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 484, "text": "Hospitalization claims data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Such disaster-related infrastructure disruptions are widespread in developing countries . From descriptive studies of survey results , we know that households in both affected and not affected areas suffer from indirect impacts of disasters . For example , in Ghana , 29 % of all households that reported being affected either indirectly or directly by the 2015 flood in Accra , Ghana , experienced electricity , water or road disruptions ( Erman et al . , 2018 ) . Preliminary results from a household survey in Dar es Salaam , show that 62 % of households that reported being affected by floods in any way stated that roads were inaccessible because of floods and 75 % and 22 % reported experiencing electricity and water disruptions respectively ( Erman et al . , 2019 ) . Building infrastructure reliability by improving operation and maintenance help mitigate the impacts of natural disasters . Picarelli , Jaupart , & Chen ( 2017 ) provide evidence that performant infrastructure , and in particular high-quality drainage systems , help reduce the impact of climatic shocks on health . In Dar es Salaam , heavy rainfalls are associated with high rates of cholera incidence , but the impact is lower in neighborhood with a functional drainage system that prevents water from stagnating . Well-maintained roads of high-voltage transmission line corridors might play the role of firebreaks – gap in vegetation that slows down or even stops a fire progression – or have an influence on flood flows ( Jones et al . , 2000 . All the evidence presented in this analysis tend to conclude that building resilient infrastructure would directly benefit households , improving health conditions , educational , and professional outcomes as well as building household resilience to natural disasters . There is also widespread evidence that resilient infrastructure allows firms to thrive ( Braese , Rentschler , & Hallegatte , 2019 ) . Therefore , in addition to closing the infrastructure gap , policies should seek to improve the quality of local infrastructure . While building consensus and acknowledging the strategic importance of infrastructure in mitigating the impacts of natural disasters , we now need evidence on large-scale policy intervention to understand priorityinvestments that increase resilience . 22", "spans": [{"start": 493, "end": 526, "text": "household survey in Dar es Salaam", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where there is a risk that the randomization may not get implemented in practice or a risk that take-up of a program may be lower than anticipated . However , when the outcome has low autocorrelation , the baseline does not reveal very much about likely future outcomes , and thus can be an expensive undertaking . Researchers attempting to implement large-scale evaluations with governments or NGOs , where there is reasonable uncertainty as to whether randomization will actually be carried out and whether they will have sufficient take-up . For example , consider a micro-savings intervention , where a government or NGO agree to randomly choose villages in which to introduce a new savings product . There is a risk that after doing baseline surveys in the treatment and control villages that the government changes its mind , and decides to introduce the product in all villages ( or decides not to introduce the product at all ) . There is also a risk that no one uses the new product , in which case there is no possibility of measuring the impact of savings accounts on household outcomes . In such a case , practical considerations may suggest it is optimal to not carry out a baseline , and then wait and only carry out post-treatment surveys if the product is indeed randomly introduced and take-up is high . # * * 5 . Conclusions * * This paper has shown that when the autocorrelation in outcome data is low , as is common with outcomes of interest like business profits , expenditure , and income , the standard paradigm of single baseline and follow-up , followed by difference-in-differences analysis , is unlikely to be optimal . Large improvements in power can be obtained from multiple post-treatment measures in experiments with fixed treatment and control group sizes , and from using ANCOVA instead of difference-in-differences . Researchers choosing how to allocate a fixed budget over multiple surveys may find they can obtain more power by not conducting a baseline at all , and if they use a baseline , will often get more power doing two follow-up waves with a smaller cross-sectional sample size than a single follow-up with a larger cross-sectional sample . These findings are particularly likely to be of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | Average Private Credit / GDP ( MENA ) | 43 . 57 | | 49 . 25 | | | Average Private Credit / GDP ( non-MENA ) | 57 . 49 | | 54 . 70 | | | Average EXTFIN ( MENA ) | 0 . 239 | | 0 . 250 | | | Average EXTFIN ( non-MENA ) | 0 . 285 | | 0 . 258 | | | Average TAN ( MENA ) | 0 . 382 | | 0 . 32 | | | Average TAN ( non-MENA ) | 0 . 316 | | 0 . 30 | | _Notes : Estimation results from Equation 2 . Panel dimension : country-sector . Average EXTFIN and TAN values for MENA and non-MENA regions are simple averages of trade weighted country values . Source : WB staff calculations , BACI , EDD . _ Similar to HRR ( 2006 ) , a relationship is found between trade specialization and the interplay between property rights and asset tangibility ( column 2 , Table 4 ) . Sectors with high shares of intangible assets are expected to benefit the most from secure property rights , the exact attribute that the GCI indicator captures . Significant correlations between governance and asset tangibility level of export sectors are also observed when governance is proxied by the GCI Legal Rights index and World Governance indicators ( columns 3-8 ) . Considering the legal framework or governance factors of a country to be endowments , it can thus be expected that in countries with well-developed legal frameworks , trade is specialized in sectors having lower shares of tangible assets . When the legal framework is strong , banks are more likely to enter into contracts and less prone to worry about risks associated with default . The quality of a country ’ s legal framework influences financial sector development as well as the ease of access to external financing . < sup > 20 < / sup > > 20 La Porta , Lopez-de-Silanes , Shleifer , and Vishny , 1998 ; Jensen and Meckling , 1976 ; Williamson , 1988 ; Grossman and Hart , 1986 ; Hart and Moore , 1990 ; Hart , 1995 17", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 915, "text": "GCI indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1069, "end": 1091, "text": "GCI Legal Rights index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1096, "end": 1123, "text": "World Governance indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Entitlements < br > PAPs by type of Eligibility for Assistance for < br > Compensation for the loss of assets Other assistance < br > loss compensation resettlement < br > Assets Crops Trees Income < br > Impacts on < br > vulnerable < br > persons , < br > households and < br > ▪ Additional assistance ( e . g . , < br > groups ▪ Special measures for < br > associated with effective participation , food supply , medical < br > assistance , construction of < br > land acquisition compensation , assistance < br > houses , transporting < br > for the Project and livelihood restoration < br > movable items , and live < br > 154 HHs are as defined in the RP . < br > stocks , etc . ) < br > identified as < br > vulnerable , and < br > hence , will require < br > special assistance < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : RP Census Survey ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Page 136", "spans": [{"start": 1027, "end": 1043, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors : An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program < sup > ∗ < / sup > Leonardo Iacovone ( World Bank ) David McKenzie ( World Bank ) Rachael Meager ( LSE ) _JEL Classification : C11 ; C93 ; F14 ; O12 ; O14_ _Keywords : _ Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Prior Elicitation ; Randomized Experiment ; Management > ∗ We thank : Darío Rodríguez Pérez for his collaboration on the initial stages of this project ; staff at the Colombian government agencies PTP and DNP ; the academic and policy experts who provided priors for this project ; Andrew Gelman for feedback on our pre-analysis plan ; seminar audiences at BREAD , Chicago , Dartmouth , DeNeB , Fudan , Maryland , St Andrews , and Yale ; and Juan Sebastián Leiva , Daniela López , Sofía Jaramillo , Marta Carnelli , Maria Juliana Otalora and Kyle Holloway of IPA Colombia . We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Knowledge for Change Program and the World Bank ’ s CIIP Trust Fund . This study was pre-registered in the AEA Social Science Registry on June 26 , 2018 ( AEARCTR-0003109 ) and was accepted as a stage 1 registered report at the Journal of Development Economics .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assistance ( e . g . credit facilities , training , or job opportunities ) and opportunities to improve or at least restore their income – earning capacity , production levels , and standards of living to economically displaced persons whose livelihoods or income levels are adversely affected . - f ) Provide transitional support to economically displaced persons , as necessary , based on a reasonable estimate of the time required to restore their income earning capacity , production levels , and standards of living . # # # # # # * * 7 . 1 . 1 Eligibility for Compensation * * The affected persons would be eligible for some form of assistance should they engaged in any livelihood income-generating activity at the affected sites before the * * < u > cut-off < / u > * * < u > date . < / u > The cut-off date was discussed and agreed upon during consultative meetings as the date of start of PAPs census activities as indicated below . - * * ( i ) * * Malindi Town – Cut-off Date was * * 24th July 2018 * * - * * ( ii ) * * Watamu Town – Cut-off Date was * * 25 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * July 2018 * * The PAPs enumerated in MAWASCO project area will suffer economic displacement associated with loss of residential structures , temporary business structures and loss of livelihood associated with such business . * * 7-1 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 920, "text": "PAPs census activities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # Box 5 . Summary and ways forward : Earnings and decision making - Particularly in contexts where seasonal / irregular wage employment is common , using community data on average wages for men and women , across more disaggregated categories / sectors of employment , can help complement individual-level data on wage / salary earnings — and enhance an understanding of expected labor market returns . - Within household farms / businesses , given difficulties in valuing individual family members ’ labor contributions to household income , decision-making questions over earnings and management of operations can be helpful . Reported decision-making roles , however , may not be consistent across different household members , and trying to ensure the same respondents across modules is important ( for example , across labor and non-farm enterprise modules ) . Asking about contributing family workers ’ decision-making roles is also important for policies on rural women . # V . Rural transition and barriers to economic mobility Rural economies are in transition around the world , although country experiences vary in the pace of growth . In some countries , rural women have benefited from improved access to improved inputs and technology , as well as greater access to labor and output markets and accelerated growth in production stemming from agricultural commercialization ( see IFC , 2016 for case studies from Bangladesh and Indonesia ) . However , rural women have been left out in many other cases . This section discusses areas of data collection needed to better understand , for policy making , how ( a ) rural women ’ s employment is affected by structural changes occurring in rural economies and ( b ) factors affecting their ability to take advantage of new economic opportunities . # # Additional features of women ’ s employment amid rural transitions # # # _Migration_ Rapid out-migration to urban areas has significant implications for rural women . Rural women often face greater barriers to migrating for work , but nonetheless find their work and time allocation are affected when other male household members do so . Mu and van de Walle ( 2011 ) and Slavchevska et al ( 2016 ) , for example , discuss how rapid economic development and rural-urban migration", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 174, "text": "community data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Chad COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Project ( P173894 ) education . An underlying driver of Chad ’ s Human Capital ( and broader development ) challenges is its high population growth . With a Total Fertility Rate ( TFR ) of 6 . 4 Chad is among the fastest growing countries in the world ( DHS 2014 / 15 ) . Nutrition outcomes , in turn , are very poor with 40 percent of children under five being stunted ( World Bank , 2018 ) . Further , while Human Capital outcomes are poor for both boys and girls , girls are particularly vulnerable and perform lower on the HCI , particularly in terms of expected years of schooling and survival rates . 10 . * * Chad is highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change and it has repeatedly experienced security threats over the last decade * * . With a Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ( CPIA ) of 2 . 7 in 2018 , Chad is classified as a Fragility , Conflict and Violence ( FCV ) country . Regional security risks destabilize the country and lead to severe humanitarian needs . As of January 2020 , there were 442 , 672 refugees settled in 19 camps in the East , the South and Lake Chad regions . < sup > 5 < / sup > Climate change has contributed to the region ’ s social fragility ( particularly in the Lake Chad Region and the pastoral areas in the Sahelian part of the country ) and it seriously affected Chadians ’ livelihoods . 11 . * * There is a World Bank-financed Refugees and Host Communities Support Project ( P164748 / 172255 ) being implemented in Chad . * * This project will finance projects in water and sanitation ( water points , latrines , wells , rainwater harvesting facilities ) and provide shock-response cash transfers to approximately 14 , 000 households . These project activities will go a long way to also help in the COVID-19 control . The COVID-19 project will", "spans": [{"start": 327, "end": 330, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Student Retention * * As mentioned above , about 2 . 5 years following the intervention a student tracking survey was undertaken to determine which students were still in school . Assuming no repetition , these students would have been in Senior Secondary 1 grade ( Grade 10 ) . The methodology for tracking is laid out in Section 2 . 2 . Note that this does not rely on speaking to students directly . Instead we rely on teachers and head teachers at the students ’ Junior Secondary Schools . We were unable to trace 11 percent of the original sample ( 55 of 497 students ) . Of the students we were able to trace , 365 were still engaged in some kind of educational activity ( school , vocational training ) while 78 were not . Impacts of eReader provision and informational provision on student retention are presented in * * Tables 10 * * and * * 11 * * , respectively . To explore the potential influence of attrition ( missing students ) on our findings , we calculate Lee ( 2009 ) bounds on the potential treatment effect given extreme assumptions on attrition bias and report the results in * * Table 12 * * . Consistent with some of the predictions of the reciprocity literature , we find that , compared to the control group , assignment to receive an eReader with non-curriculum content ( T1 ) has a positive impact on student retention of 13 percentage points ( significant at the 5 percent level ) . This positive impact is mostly concentrated among the more disadvantaged students - those with lower than median baseline reading ability , low maternal education , and low wealth . On the other hand , compared to the eReader with just the digital library , receiving additional curriculum content _reduces_ retention in school ( * * Table 10 * * ) . Finally , we document positive impacts of the information treatment on student retention ( * * Table 11 * * ) . Those who received the scripted message on returns to secondary education in Lagos were 11 percentage points more likely to continue their education ( significant at the 5 percent level ) .", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 123, "text": "student tracking survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consulted to understand additional security threats and be able to develop potential mitigation measures . Information dissemination and consultations will be based on the Project ’ s Stakeholder Engagement Plan ( SEP ) . The SEP presents the stakeholder consultation and engagement process for the project . It describes a systematic approach to stakeholder engagement , thus contributing to the development and maintenance of a constructive relationship with stakeholders throughout the project implementation . The SEP provides a stakeholder identification and analysis of the project . It further presents strategies for information disclosure , consultation , timing , incorporation of vulnerable groups , and timelines . Different engagement methods are proposed in the SEP and cover different stakeholder needs including structured agendas , public workshops , community consultations , beneficiary surveys , formal meetings , meaningful consultation methods tailored to the culture and languages of HUCs , one-on-one interviews , focus group discussions , separate interview / discussion for vulnerable groups , and online platforms ( e . g . emails and Social Medias ) . For details in this regard , please , refer to the SEP provided as a stand-alone document . # # # # # 3 . 2 . 2 Project-Level Grievance Redress Mechanism Under the World Bank ESF , Bank-supported projects are required to facilitate mechanisms that address concerns and grievances that arise in connection with a project . One of the key objectives of ESS 10 ( Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure ) is ‘ to provide project-affected parties with accessible and inclusive means to raise issues and grievances and allow the implementing agencies to 120", "spans": [{"start": 894, "end": 913, "text": "beneficiary surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "movement between rural and urban and between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors , and changes in wages of various types of labor . These simulated economic effects are used in the GIDD model in Box 5 together with the new set of recalibrated weights in Box 3 . The GIDD model uses all this information to calculate the income distribution and poverty effects of largescale expansion in biofuels in some year in the future . In projecting the data in the household survey into the future using the simulated results of key economic variables from the CGE and the recalibrated new sampling weights , two other processes are undertaken in the GIDD model . Detailed discussion of the processes is also given in Bussolo , de Hoyos and Medvedev ( 2008 ) . where _Xj_ , and _Zj_ are vectors of personal and household characteristics of individual j , respectively . The vector of coefficients in equation 11 is * * βp * * . Given this set of coefficients and the personal and households characteristics , workers are then ordered based on probability score calculated using equation 10 . Workers with higher probability to be in non-agriculture are moved out of agriculture up to a point where the predicted share of workers by sector ( a macro constraint ) is satisfied . Once the labor movement takes place , the second process involves adjusting income of those who have moved . This income assignment to the “ new entrants ” in the expanding sector is done through a Mincer equation in agriculture ( _A_ ) and non-agriculture ( _NA_ ) . where s = ( _A , NA_ ) . The “ new entrants ” will carry their personal endowments * * X * * j and their residual _εj_ to sector where they move . However , those who have moved from agriculture to nonagriculture will be paid with prices * * β * * _NA_ . In order to incorporate the variances in the distribution 10", "spans": [{"start": 459, "end": 475, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "∗ _ < / sup > ( _I_ ; _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 10 ) , namely , Rs 20 . 5 million . Some help is now arguably needed from other quarters . Taking the middle of the range for _PV_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ( _I_ ; _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 10 ) , the value of _B_ < sup > + < / sup > ( _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 10 ) is Rs 2 . 71 million , so that Rs 0 . 43 million must be found from elsewhere . If none can be , the project will just pass at _ρ_ = 7 _ . _ 4 percent . In fact , the Orissa Survey provides strong support for the contention that the benefits in the domains of education and health are even more substantial relative to the ‘ commercial ’ ones . The respondents in those villages that had received an all-weather road – by December 2009 were asked to rank the three domains commercial , education and – health according to the size of the corresponding benefits they had enjoyed from the new road thus far . The commercial and health domains were roughly equally ranked ( with 31 and 29 first , and 23 and 28 second ranks , respectively ) , whereas education lagged far behind ( Bell and van Dillen , 2012 ) . It is possible that the latter reflects the fact that 28 of the 30 villages have their own primary school , but only two have a secondary school , whereby these poor families may place little value on secondary education . The respondents were also asked to rank the benefits stemming from the commercial domain against those from education and health combined : 24 ranked the former first , 18 put them on a par , 28 ranked the latter first , and one expressed no opinion . These rankings suggest that in the respondents ’ eyes , the benefits in the domains of education and health are roughly as large as those in the commercial domain , which are much more readily measurable to outsiders . These self-reported assessments 21", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 458, "text": "Orissa Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Results * * We provide three sets of results . In the first set of results , we analyze the labor response driven by exposure to herder-related violence . We show these results by season ( i . e . , in the post-planting and post-harvest seasons ) , estimate differential effects based on previous exposure to herder-related violence , and report results both for the full sample and for sub-samples of men and women . In the second set of results , we further explore the “ shadow of violence ” mechanism by estimating effects specifically in the survey waves collected after the 2018 spike in violence and within Nigerian states that implemented open grazing bans . Finally , in the third set of results , we examine household consumption patterns , agricultural marketing choices , and non-farm enterprise sales using a cross-sectional subset of our panel data to understand the possible welfare implications of the measured labor responses after exposure to herder-related violence . # # * * 4 . 1 Labor Response to Herder-Related Violence * * We first estimate how exposure to herder-related violence influences labor allocation decisions of individuals . As previously mentioned , we analyze three main types of work documented by in the GHS : self-employed , informal work ( that is , own-account work or work for a non-farm enterprise run by someone in the household ) , agricultural work , and work for someone outside the household , including paid , wage work . We consider both outcomes on the extensive ( whether they worked in each category at all in the last week ) and intensive margin ( how many hours they worked ) for each type of work . One specific caveat applies : due to the fact that the majority of HRV incidents immediately precede and occur in the planting period , and because the measures of hours worked were only reported from 2015 onward , we do not observe a satisfactorily high number of observations for specification ( 2 ) for the intensive margin in the post-harvest period . As a result , we only report intensive-margin estimates for the post-planting period . The total number of hours worked is also presented as a key outcome variable", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 567, "text": "survey waves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 860, "end": 870, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1251, "end": 1254, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * ol * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * How many children are * * < br > * * going to school ? * * | * * Kiruhura * * | | | * * Mbarara * * | | Primary | 427 | | | 144 | | Secondary | 127 | | | 46 | | Tertiary | 27 | | | 11 | | University | 28 | | | 12 | | * * Total * * | * * 609 * * | | | * * 214 * * | * * _Source : Field Datafrom social economic survey in October 2017_ * * The land survey revealed that no social infrastructure will be negatively affected by the construction of the line ; instead , the access to electricity will improve the services provided at these facilities . Some of the schools to benefit will include ; Byanamira Modern P . S , Byanamira P . S . Excel P . S , Kabushwere P . S . , Rwanyange High School , Rwantsinga S . S . among others . Given that no schools are likely to be negatively affected ; this demographic characteristic is likely to improve given the increased access to electricity . # # # # * * 3 Access to Water * * The household survey conducted revealed that the common sources of domestic water were rivers / swamps , communal boreholes and protected wells . In Kiruhura District Rivers were recorded highest at 40 % , protected wells were at 24 % , rain water harvesting represented 10 % , and boreholes were at 12 % . In comparison Mbarara recorded rivers at 33 % , boreholes at 20 % and protected wells at 18 % . It was established that major centres such as Kashongi and Kyenshama had access to piped water systems although most households", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 388, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 414, "end": 425, "text": "land survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 998, "end": 1014, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "externality inherent to green innovation , it may be that demand-side policies are also needed to create sufficient incentives to make the leap to greener products . * * Figure 7 : Export of Green + Close-to-Green Goods and Services * * ( as % of all exports ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 % < br > 16 % < br > 12 % < br > 8 % < br > 4 % 2000 < br > 0 % < br > 2005 < br > 2010 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : COMTRADE and Proximity Matrix based on 6-digit COMTRADE # * * 2 . 5 Little BoP green innovation to-date * * BoP ( Base-of-Pyramid ) innovations are defined as innovations to meet the needs of poor consumers . They include formal innovations for the poor , namely innovations by global and local private companies and public institutions , whether fully privately provided , supported by public subsidies , or produced through public-private partnerships ( such as medicines for neglected diseases and seeds for ̳ neglected ‘ soil types and climates ) . They also include informal innovations by local grassroots inventors largely through improvisation and experimentation . < sup > 14 < / sup > Often facilitated by co-creation with poor consumers themselves , the innovations typically seek to better meet the needs of poor households at dramatically lower costs per unit , aided by significant scale-up in volumes – hence they seek ― to create more ( products ) with less ( resources ) for more ( people ) ‖ . < sup > 15 < / sup > An exhaustive survey of green BoP innovations indicates that very few BoP ( and related low-tech ) green innovations have been sufficiently scaled-up to-date . Whether there may be a need for more focused policy efforts in this area requires a better understanding of the constraints , both on the supply and demand side , impeding scaled-up commercialization , and the benefit-cost of appropriate policies and their implementation to improve market outcomes . Box 1 highlights a few representative green BoP innovations that have been documented . # # * * <", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 467, "text": "COMTRADE and Proximity Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1474, "end": 1516, "text": "exhaustive survey of green BoP innovations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Northern Uganda Business Support Program ( P147258 ) Based on the investments made by the project and estimates of household incomes , certain efficiency rations have been presented below : | Particulars | Amount | Efficiency ( planned ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project Investment | | | | JSDF Grant | US $ 2 . 857 million | Per HH Investment : $ 240 . 58 | | Village Revolving Fund ( part of JSDF < br > grant , directlyto communities ) | US $ 1 . 28 million | Per HH Investment : $ 107 . 78 | | 1 < sup > st < / sup > round of VRF loans ( 50 % funds ) | $ 0 . 663 million | Per HH Investment : $ 55 . 84 | | LeveragingInvestments | | | | Community ’ s Own Capital | $ 0 . 785 million | Per HH leverage : $ 66 . 13 | | Commercial Bank lending | NA | | | Total interestgained on VRF | $ 0 . 0182 million | Per HH leverage : $ 1 . 53 | | Total financial Investment at the < br > communitylevel | $ 1 . 466 million | Per HH leverage : $ 123 . 51 | | Total Investment | $ 3 . 66 million | | | Annual increase in Household Income | $ 5 . 608 million | Per HH Income : $ 472 . 32 | The above table shows that the project has overall invested $ 240 per household , which has leveraged $ 66 . 13 per HH of savings as community ’ s own capital for investment and $ 1 . 53 per HHs as interest gained on VRF . This has resulted in in annual increase in incomes of HHs by $ 472 . 32 . * * Economic analysis : * * The analysis of the economic rate of return uses the data on food and cash crop production , value", "spans": [{"start": 1484, "end": 1521, "text": "data on food and cash crop production", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we define our three key indicators which reflect , respectively : local-area community-level remoteness ; the geographical scale of population dispersion across a country ; and , country-wide , dispersion-adjusted population density , or inversely sparsity . The second section presents empirical estimates for each of the PICs and compares the results of our new measures to other spatial geography-related indicators . The third section contextualizes the results for the PICs in a broader global context , capitalizing on data available for countries included in the World Bank ’ s sub-national geographic database . A final section describes some extensions to our benchmark work and concludes . # 1 . Indicator definitions Population settlement patterns vary considerably across countries , and sometimes in nuanced ways which are difficult to capture in a simple , empirical indicator . This section presents three related indicators which reflect variation in population settlement patterns : ( i ) an indicator of community remoteness within a country context ( a local-area-level indicator ) , ( ii ) an indicator of the geographical scale of population dispersion ( a country-level indicator ) , and ( iii ) an indicator of dispersion-adjusted population density , or inversely , sparsity ( a country-level indicator ) . These indicators are designed with practical evaluation in mind . They can be calculated using commonly available geo-coded population census data , disaggregated at a local-area level ; e . g . by enumeration area , or jurisdictional district areas . In theory , all three of our indicators can be rooted in a conceptualization of remoteness at the individual level and evaluating the indicators at the individual-level would yield the most accurate picture of the depth and severity of remoteness of settlements across the country . However , census data are rarely made available geo-coded at the individual level ( i . e . indicating where each individual in the country lives ) for obvious reasons . As such , we focus the definitions and discussion below on indicator definitions at the more applicable , community level ( which effectively assumes that all individuals in a local area are located at the centroid of that area ) . For readability , we use the term 3", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 617, "text": "sub-national geographic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1445, "end": 1477, "text": "geo-coded population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1876, "end": 1887, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) | Date | 30-Mar-2012 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724957 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 2 < br > EDHS . Update to be | 011 Ethiopia Demographic Hea < br > provided by 2019 Mini-DHS . | lth Survey ( EDHS ) Report | and previous data from 2016 | | ► Children 12-23 month | s immunized with Pentava | lent 3 vaccines ( Percentage | , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 65 . 70 | 65 . 70 | 65 . 70 | 76 . 70 | | Date | 31-Dec-2012 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724958 ~ ~ | Source : 2012 EPI C < br > survey to use for the | overage ( Cluster ) Survey Repor < br > verification . | t . Decision is expected to b | e made by MOH on which | | ► Contraceptive prev | alence rate ( Percentage , Cus < br > | tom ) < br > | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 27 . 30 | 35 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 35 . 00 | | Date | 30-Mar-2012 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 |", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 290, "text": "EDHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 356, "end": 369, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _Countries of asylum : an African perspective_ * * Within the humanitarian community , discussions of the ‘ politics of numbers ’ almost invariably turn to the way in which countries of asylum in developing regions make exaggerated claims about the number of refugees present on their territory . According to the conventional wisdom , they do this for a number of reprehensible reasons : to embarrass the government of the country of asylum and to besmirch its human rights record ; to attract large amounts of humanitarian assistance into the country , which can then be siphoned off to members of the political , military and business elite ; to provide employment to large numbers of bureaucrats and refugee camp workers , many of whom would otherwise be without work or an income ; to ensure a generous supply of food and other relief items to exiled groups which are engaged in political and military campaigns against their country of origin ; to maximize the amount of foreign exchange brought into the country by humanitarian agencies , which can subsequently be converted at rates favourable to the government ; and to cast the most favourable light possible on the country ’ s commitment to humanitarian norms , thereby bolstering its international reputation and external support . While the truth of such allegations may be beyond dispute in certain cases , the notion that ‘ host countries always cheat with the figures ’ is a crude and , given its prevalence in expatriate circles , perhaps even a racist one . Rather than simply repeating the well-worn stories of exaggeration , corruption and statistical sleight of hand ( the most lurid of which almost invariably relate to Somalia and other countries in North-East Africa ) this section of the paper considers the role of the asylum country in a different , and to some extent more positive perspective . While much attention has been given to those countries in which refugee statistics appear to have been inflated , far less attention has been devoted to those situations in which the ‘ politics of numbers ’ leads host country governments to report artificially low refugee statistics . As Yash Tandon pointed", "spans": [{"start": 1946, "end": 1964, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2147, "end": 2165, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Year 1 : identify and address any remaining obstacles to the development o f the financial leasing industry . - * * _e Develop the stock nwrket Actiorzs : _ * * - Years 1-2 : Develop the necessary institutional , legal and regulatory framework for stock market development , as needed ; - Years 3-5 : Begin implementation o f the above # # # # # # * * Theme D : Rural , SME and low-income finance * * - Years 1-3 : ( a ) Diversify product m i x o f MFIs to support their transformation towards limited service bank ; ( b ) Develop and establish a pilot agricultural risk insurance facility ; ( c ) Develop and establish a pilot SME finance facility - Years 3-5 : Improve outreach o f savings & loans institutions ( SACCOs and RUSACCOs ) b y strengthening their capacity and improving the regulatory and supervisory framework for these institutions # # # # # # * * Theme E : Legal and information infrastructure * * - * * _e Indepideiit credit information IJUIYWU estahlislieri Actions : _ * * - Years 1-3 : Upgrade the existing credit information bureau within NBE so that it can better serve the credit information needs o f banksiother financial institutions - Year 3 : Amend the Banking Proclamation so as to allow the credit information bureau to share information with the public ; hrther upgrade the credit information bureau to prepare it for sharing data with the public ( i . e . , beyond financial institutions ) - Year 4 : Establish an independent credit information bureau , outside NBE - * * _e Setting 11p ( in asset / collaterrrl registry to Jircilitate secured lorriz trarrsactioris Actions : _ * * - Years 1-3 : Develop a feasibility study for the asset registry , amend any lawslregulations , as necessary", "spans": [{"start": 1527, "end": 1555, "text": "asset / collaterrrl registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ed | | 2018-02-25 < br > 2018-02-20 | | | 2018-04-22 < br > 2018-03 - | 07 < br > 2018-10-19 | | IN-IWT-96333-NC-RFB / Sele < br > ction for Architect for Upgrad < br > ation & Refurbishment of exi < br > sting Crew Training Centre , I < br > WT , Guwahati . | IBRD / P4830 | Institutional , regulatory and < br > safety strengthening | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 4 , 221 . 00 | 3 , 483 . 19 < br > Signed | | 2019-02-20 | | | 2019-04-17 < br > 2019-06 - | 18 < br > 2019-10-14 | | IN-IWT-96337-NC-RFB / Sele < br > ction of Film maker firm for fi < br > lming the Assam Inland Wate < br > rways Transport - History , Tra < br > nsition and its future . | IBRD / P4830 | Institutional , regulatory and < br > safety strengthening | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 28 , 141 . 00 | 6 , 106 . 13 < br > Signed | | 2019-02-24 | | | 2019-04-21 < br > 2020-10 - | 07 < br > 2019-10-18 | | IN-IWT-96350-NC-RFB / Aeria < br > l Drone survey of Assam Inla < br > nd water transport Project | IBRD / P", "spans": [{"start": 1071, "end": 1097, "text": "Drone survey of Assam Inla", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . * * Data * * We have selected our sample of countries and banks as follows . We want to include a number of Asian countries to see whether the gross safety net subsidies are different between countries that have been heavily affected by the East Asian financial crisis of 1997 and countries that have not . As a second control group we include a number of highly developed Western countries , which are expected to provide us a benchmark for a low degree of risk taking . To assess the impacts of the crisis we need data for the crisis years 1997-98 as well as for some years before the crisis . Within each country we restrict our sample to the number of exchange listed banks , since we need data on bank market capitalization and dividend yields . We have collected data on daily stock market capitalization and annualized dividend yields from Datastream . Total deposits at year end , net loans at year end and ownership data are taken from BankScope . For missing observations we have consulted Bloomberg . Ownership data is collected as follows . We distinguish between four concentrated ownership forms . State-owned ( the state , treasury , military or other government-institution owns shares in the bank ) , family-owned ( a family or individual owns shares in the bank ) , company-owned ( a manufacturing company owns shares in the bank ) , and owned by another financial institution ( another financial institution owns shares in the bank ) . Banks that have no concentrated owners ( dispersed ownership ) are classified as being widely held . We define a number of ownership dummnies that are related to the above classification of ownership and that are based upon different thresholds of shareholdings . Our threshold for a majority shareholding is 50 % of shares , and our threshold for a major shareholding is 20 % of shares . We have also collected country-specific data . GDP per capita figures and inflation rates are taken from International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . As a proxy for the quality and enforcement of the legal system of a country we have collected figures from the Law and", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 935, "text": "ownership data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 951, "end": 960, "text": "BankScope", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1018, "end": 1032, "text": "Ownership data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1873, "end": 1894, "text": "country-specific data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1955, "end": 1989, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or perfectly elastic in supply ( Z2 ) ( Bell and Hazell 1980 ) . In supply-constrained sectors ( Z1 ) , firms operate at full capacity , and output cannot increase without additional capital investment or introduction of new , more productive technology . Total supply in each sector ( Z ) is modeled as the sum of inter-industry input demand ( AZ ) and final demand ( F ) , where final demand includes consumption by households (  Y ) and exogenous sources of demand such as exports ( E ) . Income ( Y ) is related to production through a fixed value added share ( v ) in gross commodity output ( Z ) , ( Equation 1 ) . As indicated in equation ( 2 ) , the SIO model permits output responses only in those sectors with excess capacity ( Z2 ) . Perfect substitutability between domestic and > 12 Surveys of foreign tourists were implemented at two main entry points into the country — Tocumen Aiport and Canoas Pass — over the course of six weeks throughout different seasons in 2006 and 2007 and include data for 1 , 626 foreign tourists ( surveyed at the Tucuman Airport and at Paso Canoas ) that account for a total of 4 , 687 trips . Surveys of domestic tourism were implemented in July 2006 and April 2007 and collected data on trips completed throughout 2006 ; these surveys collected data for 3 , 498 Panamanian households ( of which 34 percent report having gone on trips in the previous year ) . Data on expenditures is available for 1 , 604 foreign tourists in the sample ; 252 tourists travel with a package and their expenditures are not included in the calculations in this paper . Thus , results shown here are based on averages for 1 , 352 foreign tourists with non-missing data on expenditures and who did not travel with a package . > 13 This presentation of the SIO model is derived from Dorosh and Haggblade ( 2003 ) , ― Growth Linkages , Price Effects and Income Distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa ‖ . Journal of African Economies , 12 ( 2 ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 824, "text": "Surveys of foreign tourists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1139, "end": 1166, "text": "Surveys of domestic tourism", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1406, "end": 1426, "text": "Data on expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# I . * * INTRODUCTION * * A centerpiece of Russia ' s real sector reforms-the privatization of 15 , 000 enterprises through vouchers-was to make the transition to a market credible , irreversible , and rapid . The objective of the mass privatization program ( MPP ) was to establish a critical mass of profit-seeking corporations , no longer dependent upon state support for their survival , and a class of owners willing to invest in their enterprises and manage their restructuring . ' The Russian MPP , however , has brought few tangible benefits to enterprises privatized in voucher auctions . Ineffective corporate governance , little new investment , and the distortions of continuing government intervention have limited the amount of restructuring these firms could undertake in practice . A diverse constellation of indicators now suggests that , among firms in other transition countries of comparable wealth , Russian firms are ranked at the bottom in terms of output , factor productivity , profitability , and cost efficiency . Recent surveys of Russian industrial sectors , moreover , conclude that the policies of regional governments tend to favor lowproductivity incumbents , protecting them from takeovers and more productive new entrants . < sup > 2 < / sup > In this paper we suggest that the absence of restructuring and investment are the consequences of interactions between insiders ( manager-owners ) , and regional governments within a particular property rights system . Two inter-related features of this system are consequential to the Russian real-sector problem . First , regional governments still use enterprises to protect local employment . In the Russian regions , govermments face a tradeoff between enforcing cash-based tax collections and maximizing tax revenues , on the one hand , and extracting \" social \" benefits in the form of excess employment on the other . If the managers-owners were to maximize the value of the firm , the firm would be left vulnerable to expropriatory policies that alter the net return on investment-e . g . , restrictions on layoffs , costly regulations or tariffs , etc . Anticipating that , managers choose instead to maximize the private benefits of control , and no restructuring is accomplished . The regional governments , knowing that the taxable revenue of", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1086, "text": "surveys of Russian industrial sectors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Poverty Measurement in the Era of Food Away from Home : Testing Alternative Approaches in Vietnam * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > _Gabriela Farfan , Kevin Robert McGee , Julie Perng , Renos Vakis The World Bank_ < u > Keywords : survey methodology , food consumption , welfare measurement , poverty , data collection . JEL codes : O1 , C81 , C93 , I31 , I32 . < / u > 1 This was joint work with the World Bank ’ s Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) and in response to the UN Statistical Commission ’ s call for improved guidelines on data collection . We are grateful to colleagues at the General Statistics Office of Vietnam , especially Lo Thi Duc , for their continuous support during design , implementation , and analysis of this study . We appreciate the support from Michael Lokshin , Zurab Sajaia , and Michael Wild who assisted with the retrieval and analysis of the paradata ; as well as Tu Chi Nguyen , Linh Hoang Vu and Ha Thi Ngoc who helped us throughout the implementation of the project . The study also benefited from comments from Gero Carletto , Alberto Zezza , Gabriel Demombynes , Talip Killic , Obert Pimhidzai ; as well as participants of various workshops at the WB . Financial support for this research has been received from the World Bank ’ s Knowledge for Change window as well as the Food and Agriculture Organization ’ s funding through the “ Global Strategy for Improving Agricultural and Rural Statistics ” initiative . The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank or any of its affiliated organizations . All errors and omissions are our own .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "health care in the national health system . * * This integration of public service is a result of displaced Syrians settling in Lebanese communities rather than in camps . Like Lebanese , displaced Syrians access PHC services through the MoPH network of 204 primary health care centers ( PHCCs ) , 220 MoSA Social Development Centers ( SDCs ) , and an estimated 700 dispensaries around the country . Currently , displaced Syrians receive subsidized services at around 100 health facilities , including MoPH-PHCCs , MoSA-SDCs , and other health outlets , supported by international > 5 Ministry of Public Health ; Presentation , Biostatistics Department , March 2017 . > 6 LCRP 2015-2016 . > 7 LCRP 2015-2016 ; WFP , UNICEF , and UNHCR , Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon , 2015 . > 8 Lebanon : Mental health system reform and the Syrian crisis . Elie Karam et al . _BJPSYCH International_ 13 ( 4 ) . November 2016 . Page 12 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 686, "text": "LCRP 2015-2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 737, "end": 791, "text": "Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( 0 . 0529 ) | ( 0 . 0543 ) | ( 0 . 0404 ) | | Momase region | 0 . 00354 | - 0 . 0807 | - 0 . 0731 | - 0 . 0622 | | | ( 0 . 0460 ) | ( 0 . 0473 ) | ( 0 . 0490 ) | ( 0 . 0365 ) | | Secondary school or less | - < br > 0 . 0959 * * * | - 0 . 0566 * | - 0 . 0611 * | - 0 . 0539 * | | | ( 0 . 0274 ) | ( 0 . 0280 ) | ( 0 . 0288 ) | ( 0 . 0220 ) | | Constant | 0 . 167 * * | 0 . 258 * * * | 0 . 249 * * * | 0 . 236 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0525 ) | ( 0 . 0533 ) | ( 0 . 0555 ) | ( 0 . 0431 ) | | Observations | 917 | 878 | 896 | 1521 | Note : This chart is based on answers to question 34 in Appendix B . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent critical level . Standard errors in parentheses . 44", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commenced using CSPro database management tool The data was exported to Excel spreadsheet for further analysis and report production . The field investigation also included extensive consultations with various community members along the proposed Subproject Transmission Line Corridor , as well as different stakeholders and local authorities in the Subproject-affected area . The consultation was carried out to obtain the views of the Subproject affected communities and local public authorities on the beneficial as well as adverse impacts of the Subproject , background information relevant to impact assessment ( identify any areas of specific concern which needed to be addressed in this assessment ) and identification * * of * * locally informed mitigation measures . _Field Investigation . _ Having reviewed various Subproject related documents , maps and images , the * * ESIA * * Team have carried out site investigations along the Subproject Area of Influence ( Aol ) . During the field investigation , information on physical , ecological * * _I_ * * biological resources , cultural heritages , socio-economic aspects , health , sensitive receptors and other valued * * E & S * * components ( VECs ) in the Subproject Area have been collected . Various quantitative and qualitative data collection and information gathering techniques were used in this assessment . _A4apb and Images : _ Topographic maps prepared * * by * * Ethiopian Mapping Agency and Central Statistical Authority were also used to identify and delineate villages , resources and facilities that could potentially be affected when the proposed scheme is realized . The current national and regional conservation area map issued * * by * * the Federal Government of Ethiopia is also used . Satellite images have also been used to assess the land use , vegetation cover , infrastructure , settlements and other socio-economic activities within the TL corridor . The assessment of * * E & S * * risks and impacts is an iterative process . As an iterative process , therefore , assessment of * * E & S * * risks and impacts involves a number of important processes and seeks", "spans": [{"start": 1660, "end": 1703, "text": "national and regional conservation area map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis Figure 8 – Question 13 - Do your partnership agreements with national and local actors include a dedicated budget for capacity strengthening / organisational development ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 . Resourcing projects in this way can prevent national and local organisations from keeping up basic operational standards and competing with their international counterparts e . g . paying decent salaries to attract and maintain high quality staff , or ensuring that their financial systems are up to standard . In some cases it may even increase the likelihood of poor quality programming – leading to waste and even corruption – contributing to a more risky funding environment overall . Undoubtedly this reluctance to cover operational costs prevents longterm investments in staff development , and the ability to undertake meaningful research – a major impediment to actual capacity-building ( USAID , 2016 ) . Capacity building is an ongoing process ; one that requires investment and commitment over long-term timeframes . The short-term nature of humanitarian funding , therefore , is often at odds with capacity development objectives and can lead to high staff turnover , loss of institutional memory , and interruptions to strategic partnerships ( Chatham House interview , 2017 ) . International actors can support national and local institutions by looking for opportunities to link capacity building with development initiatives , more suited to the required timeframe for strengthening national and local institutions and systems . Despite evidence from the online survey of dedicated funding for capacity building within partnership agreements , national and local organisations rarely receive flexible overheads or programme support costs in the same way as UN agencies and international NGOs ( with the exception of funding from CBPFs , see section 8 . 1 ) . This is particularly the case when receiving funds indirectly as implementing partners of international organisations . A lack of flexible financial support prevents national and local actors from investing in their own institutional capacity development and building a solid financial base . At best , local and national organisations may receive minimal funding for organisational overheads", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 295, "text": "Online survey conducted with 3RP partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Occasionally , the RBL borrowing entity is a joint-venture between the SOE of the borrowing country and a commercial company from the lender side or a special purpose vehicle ( SPV ) that has been formed . In 2008 , a consortium of Chinese companies led by Sinohydro and China Railway Engineering Corporation ( CREC ) formed the joint-venture company Sino Congolaise des Mines ( Sicomines ) with DRC ’ s state-owned mining company La Générale des Carrières et des Mines ( Gécamines ) . The Chinese companies owned 83 % of the copper / cobalt venture . This newly formed joint venture company , Sicomines , then borrowed from the Eximbank [ # 9 ] . This loan also has an explicit financial guarantee from the government to 10 11 repay the loan in case the designated revenues were not sufficient to fully repay the loan . As the modified loan agreement states : Article 10 . 3 . « The Democratic Republic of Congo has guaranteed repayment of the debt , in line with the current Convention on Collaboration , through the granting of mining concessions or concessions for other natural resources to SINOHYDRO if repayment of the loan due to JV Minière falls short of the repayment needed to cover its investment in the Infrastructure Projects . » Article 13 . 3 . 4 . « In the case that JV Minière has not been reimbursed for the investments and interests from the Infrastructure Projects within 25 years of the start of the loan , the Government of the Congo is committed to paying the outstanding balance by any means necessary . » Loans taken by Republic of Congo ’ s Société Nationale des Pétroles du Congo ( SNPC ) from commodity traders were kept off the Ministry of Finance ’ s books . The IMF and other observers became aware of these loans in June 2017 as soon as SNPC experienced difficulties servicing them . 12 [ # 19 ] [ # 21 ] [ # 22 ] Publicly available data on sovereign guarantees that support SOE debt is sparse ( see section 5 / b ) . It was therefore difficult to ascertain how commonplace such arrangements were . # c . RBLs by type of lender From our", "spans": [{"start": 1847, "end": 1894, "text": "Publicly available data on sovereign guarantees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Size of Fiscal Revenue from Taxes < br > 50 < br > 43 . 3 < br > 45 < br > 37 . 5 38 . 0 < br > 40 35 . 6 < br > 33 . 2 36 . 7 < br > 35 30 . 3 33 . 0 4 . 1 < br > 27 . 4 28 . 0 2 . 5 < br > 30 24 . 3 2 . 8 < br > 2 . 7 12 . 0 11 . 2 < br > 25 23 . 0 < br > 20 17 . 9 19 . 7 3 . 6 21 . 3 0 . 9 21 . 4 3 . 4 4 . 3 < br > 5 . 6 0 . 3 7 . 2 6 . 0 < br > 15 7 . 1 1 . 8 6 . 0 10 . 3 25 . 1 6 . 0 < br > 10 < br > 3 . 8 2 . 4 17 . 1 < br > 5 7 . 0 12 . 6 11 . 4 13 . 3 6 . 9 9 . 0 < br > 0 - 0 . 4 < br > 2014 2016 2014 2013 2017 2015 2016 2015 < br > - 5 < br > RUS KYG ARM GEO MDA TJK UKR BLR < br > Indirect Taxes PIT SIC Other direct Taxes Total Revenue Total Taxes < br > % of GDP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * Figure 7 * * : Share of Major Revenue Sources in the GDP _Source : _ Authors ’ calculations using CEQ Master Workbooks ( MWBs ) . _Note_ : Figures in black bold are governments ’ total revenues from taxes comprising PIT , SIC , other direct taxes and indirect taxes . Countries are sorted in the ascending order of the total revenues from taxes . Total revenues in red are general government revenues which also includes social contributions ( which Armenia and Georgia don ’ t have in referenced years ) as well as oil revenues ( which", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 891, "text": "CEQ Master Workbooks ( MWBs )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 81 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 97 | 0 . 31 | | Kenya | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 99 | | | Lesotho | 0 . 79 | 1 . 00 | | | | Madagascar | 0 . 93 | | 0 . 92 | | | Malawi | 0 . 62 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 92 | | | Mali | 0 . 79 | 0 . 95 | | | | Mozambique | 0 . 87 | 1 . 00 | | 0 . 31 | | Namibia | 1 . 00 | 0 . 97 | | | | Niger | 0 . 44 | 0 . 47 | 0 . 55 | | | Nigeria | 0 . 44 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 97 | | | Rwanda | 0 . 88 | 1 . 00 | | 0 . 01 | | Senegal | 1 . 00 | 0 . 35 | 1 . 00 | | | South Africa | 0 . 84 | 0 . 72 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 41 | | Sudan | | | | | | Tanzania | 0 . 52 | 0 . 91 | 0 . 99 | | | Uganda | 1 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 02 | | Zambia | 0 . 44 | 0 . 36 | 1 . 00 | | | Zimbabwe | | 0 . 47 | | | | * * Average * * | * * 0 . 78 * * | * * 0 . 82 * * | * * 0 . 87 * * | * * 0 . 29 * * | _Source : _ Derived from Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . What becomes immediately clear is that some countries rank very high for cost recovery but do very poorly for equity and affordability and vice versa ( table 11 ) . Countries such as Chad , Mozambique , Rwanda , and Uganda tend to rank well for cost recovery but poorly for affordability and equity . On the other end , countries such as South", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 859, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For countries with multiple data waves , a subset of firms is re-interviewed over time , producing a panel component . This study exploits this panel component for 57 economies < sup > 1 < / sup > surveyed at least twice between 2006 and 2019 , amounting to approximately 14 , 000 unique firms . The panel data allows for the empirical estimations to include firm-level fixed effects , thereby accounting for time-invariant firm-specific omitted variables . However , there are some limitations of the panel subset of firms . First , typically less than 50 percent of firms surveyed in the first round are followed between the two waves , and thus the selection of firms may not be random and consists of survivor firms . Second , there are also high rates of attrition between the two waves . An important feature of the ES data is the breadth of coverage in terms of topics . The surveys cover a wide range of topics , including access to finance , corruption , infrastructure , crime , competition , labor , the business environment , and performance . This enables the analyses to explore various channels of the effects , allowing for the possibility to build on studies using datasets based on registration lists ( Huang et al . , 2018 ) . The data have been widely used by several studies to explore the private sector in developing economies ( Paunov , 2016 ; Besley and Mueller , 2018 ; Chauvet and Ehrhar , 2018 ; Hjort and Poulsen , 2019 ) . Firm-level investment is the main outcome , captured by two types of variables . The first is a binary variable that takes a value of 1 if the firm purchased any fixed assets such as machinery , vehicles , equipment , land , or buildings were purchased ( new or used ) in the previous fiscal year . The second variable is the amount of expenditure on the fixed assets . These variables can be further broken down into type of investment – ( a ) land and buildings and ( b ) equipment and machinery . Summary statistics can be found in Table 1 . The main variable of interest is central government debt as a percentage", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 310, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 822, "end": 829, "text": "ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1200, "end": 1218, "text": "registration lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # * * 5 . 3 Demographic Details of PAPs * * # # # * * 5 . 3 . 1 Household Heads and Gender * * Most PAPs are males , at 83 % , and females , at 17 % . 4 of the PAPs were identified as vulnerable i . e . , four were elderly people , with one being a widow and female head of household . The gender representation of the PAPs is shown in Figure 5 . 1 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HHH < br > GENDER < br > 17 % < br > 83 % < br > Female Male < br > Fig . 5 . 1 : Gender of the PAPs < br > Household size < br > The average household size of the PAPs is 11 . 8 , with the highest household size reported being < br > 17 and the least being 2 . < br > Figure below shows the representation of household size . < br > Disclosure Copy < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # * * 5 . 3 . 2 Household size * * The average household size of the PAPs is 11 . 8 , with the highest household size reported being 17 and the least being 2 . Figure below shows the representation of household size . * * _Fig . 5 . 2_ : Household sizes * * # # # * * 5 . 3 . 3 Household heads and Marital status * * From the survey , 87 % of the PAPs reported being married , 9 % being single , and 4 % being widowed . 32", "spans": [{"start": 1299, "end": 1305, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the National Agency for Employment , and Professional Trainings database . This aims to link refugees to potential employers . Refugees have also been informed about their right to contact and file complaints to the Labor Inspection for any abuses from their employers . # # # * * 3 . 3 Land , housing , and property rights * * Under the < u > 2017 Refugee Law < / u > and the < u > 2017 Decree Governing the Fundamental Rights of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers refugees continue to enjoy the right to hold a property in line with the provisions of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees . < / u > 7 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > * * D J I B O U T I * *", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 75, "text": "National Agency for Employment , and Professional Trainings database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Supervision and < br > Management Consultant for t < br > he Construction of the four st < br > orey BSL 3 Laboratory , Office < br > Complex and ancillary buildin < br > gs , andparkingfor ZNPHI / RC | < br > < br > < br > < br > IDA / 65030 | Public Health Assets | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open < br > l | - Inte | rnationa | 3 , 800 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2020-12-01 < br > 2020-12-22 | 2021-02-04 | | 2021-03-04 < br > 2021-04-03 | | 2021-05-08 | 2021-06-12 | 2 | 022-0 | 6-12 | | ZM-MOH-139349-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services for the D < br > evelopment of a Legal Frame < br > work | IDA / 65040 | Governance , Advocacy , and < br > Operational Frameworks | < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Open | - Nati | onal | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2021-05-03 < br > 2021-05-24 | 2021-07-07 | | | | 2021-08-06 | 2021-09-10 | 2 | 022-0 | 3-09 | | ZM-MOH-259373-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy Services for the D < br > evelopment of Surveillance S < br > ystem DHIS2 Tracker | < br > IDA / 65030 | Public Health Assets | Post | Consultant Qualifi", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1064, "text": "DHIS2 Tracker", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 78 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bulagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * # # # # * * 3 . 6 Biological Conditions * * # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 1 Terrestrial Flora * * The lands in the project area are generally composed of intensive settlement and agriculture . The vegetation in Naminya , Kikubamutwe and Malindi generally forms an agro-ecosystem with bananas , coffee , maize and vanilla as the main crops . Grasses and other vegetation has quickly filled in the portions of project area that were fenced following implementation of the resettlement programme by AESNP in 2002 . The remnant natural vegetation is characterised as moist semi-deciduous forests _ ( Celtis-Chrysophyllum ) , _ commonly referenced as vegetation type DI ( LangdaleBrown et al . , 1964 ) . The youngest stages of DI are usually dominated by _Albizia_ spp . , with a shrub layer of _Teclea nobilis , _ though on the shallow soils _Celtis africana , Diospyros abyssinica_ and _Antiaris toxicaria_ are more abundant . DI vegetation is prevalent in the Mabira Central Forest Reserve ( CFR ) approximately 7 km west of the proposed hydropower facility . It is also represented on some of the islands in the River Nile where natural forest areas still remain . Botanists from the Makerere Institute of Environment and Natural Resources ( MUIENR ) completed botanical inventories of the project area in July-August 1998 and March-April 2006 , in order to produce a representative species checklist of flora and to evaluate its importance . Surveys were carried out in Naminya , Namizi , Bujagali campsite and islands , Malindi and Kikubamutwe to identify both wild and domestic plant species . A single transect line method was used along the riverbank . This method was suitable because", "spans": [{"start": 1396, "end": 1437, "text": "botanical inventories of the project area", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * VI . OPERATION IMPLEMENTATION * * # * * POVERTY AND SOCIAL IMPACTS * * 100 . * * The measures supported by this operation are expected to have a positive poverty and social impact . * * The operation focuses on reforms aimed at : promoting financial inclusion ; promoting SME access to finance ; fostering the development of term finance market ; strengthening financial sector regulations and supervision , including for pension schemes ; and strengthening consumer protection . As such , the series is expected to yield direct benefits to lower income segments of the population . Supported policies under this first operation will not have a significant distributional impact , however , the policy measures on the reform of the Public Sector Pension Fund envisaged for the second operation will likely have a negative distributional impact on civil servant . The authorities are still at the early stages of assessing the different reform options , and the Bank has been providing analytical support to help evaluate the different options , including their distributional impact . A first policy note was prepared simulating two basic reform options , and estimating in particular the reduction of replacement rates and the transfer rates from general budget to civil servant . As options are refined in coming months , the Bank will continue to provide analytical support , including performing a more detailed analysis of the redistributive effects . 101 . * * The Government remains committed to monitor the distributional impact of its policies . * * Impact assessments are conducted on a regular basis through the national monitoring system , which relies notably on periodic surveys such as the biannual Household Survey . # * * ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS * * 102 . * * This operation does not pose any significant direct environmental risk . * * None of the supported policy reforms are likely to pose any significant risk for the environment and natural resources . Complementary World Bank operations specifically address environmental risks . The World Bank maintains a diversified investment lending portfolio of operations , which , as deemed necessary , include sector-specific measures for", "spans": [{"start": 1711, "end": 1736, "text": "biannual Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9273 # * * Abstract * * This study examines the asset gains to households in Kerala , India , from two types of labor migration : moving overseas versus moving within India for employment . It draws on panel data from waves of a representative household survey conducted in 1998 and 2003 . Migrant households as a whole experienced higher asset gains than non-migrant families over this five-year period . Contrary to theoretical expectations , asset gains were similar for households with an overseas migrant and those with a domestic migrant . Although less educated individuals tend to venture overseas , a wage premium over non-migrants enables them to earn as much in low-skill jobs abroad as more educated workers relocating within India can . This paper is a product of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at gseshan @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 290, "text": "representative household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STRONGER DATA , BRIGHTER FUTURES | Protecting Children on the Move with Data and Evidence # # # # # # * * MIGRATORY STATUS : THE VALUE OF VARIABLES * * For policymakers to better support children on the move , they first need to be able to identify them in statistics – most importantly through disaggregation . Collecting data on migratory status is key to these efforts , which should aim to capture both country of birth and country of citizenship to more accurately indicate whether a person is a migrant , in addition to age and sex . Disaggregation by migratory status is important . Not considering migrants , including those who are children , in national and local policymaking may limit its effectiveness . For example , in countries or cities with a large population of children on the move – in some contexts , they may outnumber native children – it will be near impossible to meet education-related targets , as the needs of migrant children may differ significantly from their native peers . If possible , information on the following variables may also be considered : - * * Country of birth of parents * * ( in addition to the individual ’ s country of birth ) offers insight into varying characteristics between firstand second-generation migrants and helps policymakers better assess the range of needs across populations at different stages of migration and integration processes . - * * Year / period of arrival or duration of migration * * can help differentiate those who have recently migrated from those who arrived many years ago . Newly arrived migrants , in particular children and young people , may need assistance navigating new languages , schools , health care systems and more . This type of information also helps policymakers analyse migrant characteristics and outcomes over time . - * * Reason for migration ( of the individual and / or parents ) or admission into a country * * helps identify different migrant subgroups . Key categories may include work , study , family reunification and asylum – each of which will come with its own set of needs and social protection", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 347, "text": "data on migratory status", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , to whom do these countries offer bilateral tariff preferences ? Figure 8 illustrates the export recipients in 2014 ; consider again the data for the European Union . The EU offered a bilateral tariff preference to developing country exporters in 89 percent of these preference possible products and to middle income countries in 95 percent of products . < sup > 43 < / sup > On the other hand , it offered a tariff preference to high-income countries in only 32 percent of available products . In general , high-income economies in Figure 8 tend to provide the largest share of their realized offerings of preference possible products to developing countries , primarily through GSP-type programs ( see again Table 3 ) but also increasingly through FTAs . With the exception of Australia , high-income economies offer the fewest preferences to other high-income economies ; they offer much more to emerging and developing countries . Indeed , Japan ( and Saudi Arabia ) offered zero tariff preferences to other high-income economies in these data . However , this pattern may also change if the Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) ( which includes Australia , Canada , Japan , and the US ) and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( which includes the EU and US ) negotiations result in FTAs that include the standard comprehensive reciprocal tariff reductions between members . Figure 8 also reveals substantial variation for the bilateral preferences offered by emerging economies . India has the most preference possible products and yet offers the fewest preferences overall ( see again column 3 of Table 4 ) . Argentina and Brazil also tend to offer relatively few bilateral preferences to the countries in this sample ; on the other hand , China and Turkey offered the most preferences in the set of emerging economies and have levels of offerings comparable to some high-income countries . Mexico , on the other hand , stands out by way of the concentration of its tariff preferences toward high-income economy exporters - recall its NAFTA participation ( with the US and Canada ) and its bilateral FTAs with the EU and Japan . The lowest panel of Figure 8 reveals the pattern of bilateral tariff preferences that developing countries offered in 2014", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 173, "text": "data for the European Union", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 | | Global banking CDS | 990 | 128 . 9 | 64 . 9 | 33 . 7 | 229 . 7 | | Asset volatility | 990 | 1 . 4 | 1 . 1 | 0 . 3 | 4 . 0 | | Loan demand | 990 | - 0 . 3 | 0 . 2 | - 0 . 6 | - 0 . 1 | | Infation < sup > * < / sup > | 986 | 9 . 9 | 13 . 3 | - 29 . 4 | 122 . 9 | | Growth | 990 | 3 . 1 | 6 . 3 | - 40 . 5 | 67 . 5 | | GDP | 990 | 58 , 897 | 137 , 326 | 157 . 2 | 1 , 197 , 708 | > _ † _ Summary statistics are provided for the sample between 2001Q4 and 2011Q1 . The crisis period was defined as the period between 2007Q3 and 2009Q2 . > * The inflation statistics reported here suppress the outlier cases where QoQ inflation exceeds 1 , 000 percent . 24", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 566, "text": "inflation statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3511 # * * Bank Privatization and Performance * * # * * Empirical Evidence from Nigeria * * # # * * Thorsten Beck * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * , Robert Cull * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * * , and Afeikhena Jerome * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > 1 The World Bank 2 University of Ibadan * * Abstract : * * We assess the effect of privatization on performance in a panel of Nigerian banks for the period 1990-2001 . We find evidence of performance improvement in nine banks that were privatized , which is remarkable given the inhospitable environment for true financial intermediation . Our results also suggest negative effects of the continuing minority government ownership on the performance of many Nigerian banks . Finally , our results complement aggregate indications of decreasing financial intermediation over the 1990s ; banks that focused on investment in government bonds and non-lending activities enjoyed a relatively higher performance . Keywords : Bank privatization ; Nigeria ; Bank performance JEL Codes : G21 , G28 , G34 , O55 # # # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3511 , February 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ * Corresponding author : World Bank , Mail Stop MC 3-300 , 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 , USA , Ph : 202-473-6365 , Fax : 202-522-1155 , E-mail : Rcull @ worldbank . org . We would like to", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 Border measures traditionally have been the main means by which governments distort prices in their domestic markets for products , with the price of tradables relative to nontradables affected by interventions in the market for foreign exchange , and the relative prices of the various tradables affected by trade taxes-cum-subsidies or quantitative trade restrictions . Product-specific domestic producer or consumer subsidies have played a more limited role ( because of their much greater cost to the treasury ) , with a few exceptions most notably in agriculture in high-income countries ( Legg 2003 ; OECD 2005a ) . With the freeing up of most foreign exchange markets over the past two decades ( Hinkle and Montiel 1999 ) , the phasing out of most export taxes ( Piermartini 2004 ; Theile 2004 ) , and the conversion of many non-tariff trade barriers into tariffs including for farm products ( Ingco 1996 ) , the task of measuring the extent of distortions to goods markets is made much easier in that attention can focus on import tariffs and OECD agricultural subsidies . Services regulations also could distort incentives in the agricultural and industrial sectors , so it is worth exploring their effects on farm income too - - although much controversy still surrounds their measurement and how they should be modeled . The latest release of the GTAP dataset , Version 6 , includes estimates of bilateral tariffs and of domestic and export subsidies as of 2001 for 87 countries and country groups spanning the world , and for 57 aggregated sectors of the economy . This is a substantial improvement over Version 5 of the GTAP dataset , which relates to policies in 1997 . The new protection data come from a joint CEPII ( Paris ) / ITC ( Geneva ) project . The product of this joint effort , known as MAcMaps , provides HS6 tariff level", "spans": [{"start": 1635, "end": 1647, "text": "GTAP dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1815, "end": 1822, "text": "MAcMaps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the year 2019 . Data are available for all 133 jurisdictions reported to have used trade measures in the first half of 2020 in the GTA trade policy data set ( Appendix Table 1 ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > PP processes in richer countries tend to require both a smaller number of steps and less time for completion on average ( Figure 3 , bottom panels ) . The total number of steps range from a low of 12 ( Singapore ) to a high of 21 ( Honduras , Hungary , the Islamic Republic of Iran , the Lao People ’ s Democratic Republic , Myanmar and Oman ) . The total time taken to complete a procurement process ranges from 270 ( Korea ) to 2062 ( the República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) days . The sample mean is 18 steps and 717 days , respectively . Richer countries also tend to use e-procurement more on average ( Figure 3 , top right panel ) . The share of e - procurement in total procurement ranges from less than 25 % for most African countries to more than 75 % for EU and ASEAN Member States . _GPAj_ is constructed using information on membership of the WTO ’ s Agreement on Government Procurement as of July 2020 ; and _Num_DPAj_ is constructed using data from Shingal and Ereshchenko ( 2020 ) , which cover all PTAs in effect until March 2017 . < sup > 16 < / sup > On average richer countries tend to be members of more DPAs ( Figure 3 , top left panel ) . The number of non-zero DPAs ranges from 1 for West Asian countries to 26 for the EU . There are 32 WTO GPA members in the sample , mostly comprising high-income countries . E The control variables are sourced as follows : population and GDP data are from the World Bank World Development Indicators ; market penetration ( _MPj_ ) is computed using bilateral distance data from CEPII ( Head et al . 2010 ) ; and government effectiveness ( _GEj_ ) is sourced from the Worldwide Governance Indicators ( Kaufmann et al . 2011 ) . Trade data to construct the import share and RCA", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 159, "text": "GTA trade policy data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1158, "end": 1191, "text": "data from Shingal and Ereshchenko", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1664, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1714, "end": 1748, "text": "bilateral distance data from CEPII", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1832, "end": 1863, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Secondary * * * * Connected * * * * < mark > Thematic < / mark > HEA * * * * Primary * * * * Tertiary * * * * Emergencies * * * * The following sections summarise key findings from each study , and look across this portfolio of research to explore a variety of overarching questions : * * 1 . * * What evidence exists of effective policies and practices on the inclusion of refugees in national education ( including data ) systems ? * * - * * a . * * How are these policies and practices enacted in diverse contexts ? - * * b . * * What are the facilitating factors to support case study countries to report on refugee learning outcomes ? What changes would be required to ensure EMIS can track individual children ? - * * c . * * How are the different existing education data systems structured from the school level to the national level ? - * * d . * * How does EMIS interact with other education data sources to provide a fuller picture of refugee education ? 2 . * * What factors have underpinned these effective policies and practices ? * * 3 . * * What factors have challenged the inclusion of refugees in national education systems ( including data and policy ) ? * * - * * a . * * What are the challenges associated with including refugees and displaced learners into EMIS ? 4 . * * What evidence is there of efforts to address intersecting inequalities to boost the inclusion of particularly marginalised groups of refugee learners ? * * # # * * Effective policies and practices for refugee inclusion in education systems * * From a policy perspective , the inclusion of refugees in national education systems requires a holistic approach across key areas , beginning at the time of arrival in the host country . The pathway presented in Figure 1 highlights these areas and indicates the policy elements needed for full inclusion . * * Figure 1 . Key policy areas for the inclusion of refugees in education systems * *", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 789, "text": "education data systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 895, "end": 917, "text": "education data sources", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- assess the proposed transmission line areas ' importance as migratory birds ' flyways ; - assess the presence of species of concern ( e . g . threatened and near-threatened species ) in the Subproject area ; - determine the potential impacts of the Subproject on avian species ; and - Recommend mitigation measures needed for the proper protection of the birds and their habitat from the potential impact of the Subproject . Both reviews of previous studies and published literature as well as field survey was conducted to get the baseline information on the importance of the Arsi Robe * * 132 kV * * power transmission line corridor and the substation Subproject sites for birds and to identify the potential impact on resident as well as migratory species . a ) Review of previous studies and published literatures * * A * * desk review was conducted to collect information regarding avian species composition and habitat association in the proposed Subproject sites and surrounding habitats . Information on the type of bird species in the Subproject area was collected from previous studies . Field guides of birds of Africa and East Africa were used for bird identification and distribution range assessment . In addition , information on bird species studies conducted in the past in this part of Ethiopia * * by * * different researchers and organizations such as the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority ( EWCA ) and Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society * * ( EWNHS ) * * was used . * * 832 * * P < sup > age < / sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "But the twin shocks of 2014 more than eroded five years ’ worth of progress in poverty reduction , with the poverty rate climbing back to 22 . 5 percent in 2014 ( Krishnan and Olivieri 2016 ) . Three years after the onset of the crises , the living standards are still below the 2012 level , with the poverty rate in 2017-18 estimated at 20 . 0 percent ( World Bank 2019 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > The crises have especially affected internally displaced persons . The immediate impacts of the crises on IDPs were severe , when per capita _income_ in IDP households dropped by 62 percent , while per capita _consumption_ fell by 22 percent ( Krishnan and Olivieri 2016 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > By 2017-18 , the displacement impact had only compounded , with IDPs almost three times as likely to be poor and be vulnerable to poverty as nonIDPs ( World Bank 2019 ) . # 3 . Data This study uses data from the 2017-18 Rapid Welfare Monitoring Survey ( SWIFT ) conducted by the Central Statistical Organization ( CSO ) and Kurdistan Regional Statistics Organization ( KRSO ) . The survey was conceived with the express purpose of tracking household well-being at a time when it was infeasible to implement full-scale household surveys in Iraq . Its objective was to provide interim estimates of welfare and well-being until another survey comparable in scope and coverage to the Integrated Household and Socioeconomic Survey ( IHSES ) could be fielded . Many questions in the 2017 questionnaire were taken from previous rounds of IHSES . A few new modules were added to the 2017 survey to understand how the crises might have left the population more vulnerable , the mechanisms through which people coped with shocks , and how they assessed their own life situation . > 6 The 2012 , 2014 , and 2017-18 poverty estimates are not strictly comparable . The 2014 estimates are based on microsimulation . The 2017-18 survey collected consumption information using recall method ( compared to diary method for 2012 and 2014 ) , and the survey was not collected over a 12-month period to account for seasonal variation . >", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 941, "text": "Rapid Welfare Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1370, "end": 1415, "text": "Integrated Household and Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "td * * | * * PAHs Aff * * < br > * * Tower Pad * * | * * ected by * * < br > * * s & ROW * * | * * PAHs Af * * < br > * * subs * * | * * fected by * * < br > * * tation * * | * * PAHs Affe * * < br > * * Comp * * | * * cted by All * * < br > * * onents * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * rucure ece * * | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | | Adele Sc | 28 | 23 . 5 | 0 | 0 . 0 | 28 | 22 . 0 | | Haromaya | 7 | 5 . 9 | 2 | 25 . 0 | 9 | 7 . 1 | | Kersa | 20 | 16 . 8 | 0 | 0 . 0 | 20 | 15 . 7 | | Meta | 64 | 53 . 8 | 6 | 75 . 0 | 70 | 55 . 1 | | * * All * * | * * 119 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 8 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 127 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 93 . 7 * * | | * * 6 . 3 * * | | | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January - March 2025_ The census survey furthermore revealed that 141 residential houses and related structures owned", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 875, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 902, "end": 915, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ # # # * * 10 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS * * # # # * * 10 . 1 INTRODUCTION * * The proposed project will slightly infringe on peoples ’ right to property and / or livelihood and readjustment to new life conditions as such the resettlement process is bound to elicit grievances from the PAPs or from other interested parties . It is therefore imperative to have a workable grievance redress mechanism to take care of any such disputes arising from the resettlement so that they do not have an adverse effect on the project . This chapter briefly outlines a mechanism for settling the anticipated disputes . This procedure will not replace the existing legal system for dealing with grievances , however the PAPs will be persuaded to use the proposed mechanism , and make use of the legal redress as a last resort at their own cost . # # # * * 10 . 2 POSSIBLE SOURCES OF GRIEVANCES * * Some of the issues that may elicit disputes in the resettlement process include : - Failure to understand the essence of the project and the need for the proposed resettlement - Clerical errors in data entry that leads to delays in processing of compensation for the PAPs - Emerging issues such as change in estate administration of affected properties causing delays to payment of compensation - Disputed ownership of an affected asset particularly where documentation is not reliable - Unavailable PAPs during the census , who have been identified wanting to have a say in the compensation - Rejection of a compensation award considered not adequate and representative of market value - Handling of cultural issues where there are no clearly agreed precedents such as relocation of graves or payment for compensation in a polygamous marriage # # # * * 10 . 3 COMMITTEES INVOLVED IN THE GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCESS AND THE MANAGEMENT * * # # # * * PROCESS * * # # # * * _10 . 3 . 1 Sub-County Resettlement and Compensation Committee ( SC", "spans": [{"start": 1451, "end": 1457, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "imprestwas notrecordedin < / sup > the imprest register . In the circumstances , the effectiveness < sup > oncontrolsonissuanceandrecordingofimprest < / sup > could not be confirmed . The audit was conducted in accordance < sup > with < / sup > < sup > * * ISSAI2315 * * and < / sup > < sup > * * ISSAI2330 . * * The standards < / sup > require that * * I * * plan and perform < sup > theaudittoobtainassuranceaboutwhethereffective < / sup > _Report of the Auditor-General on Covid-19_ < sup > _HealthEmergencyResponseProjectGraCrt / CeditNo . 6598-KE forthe_ < / sup > _year ended 30 June , 2022_ _4_", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 55, "text": "imprest register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the deep trade agreement dummy as the trade-creating effect of the agreements is not appropriately accounted for by the mismeasured tariff variable . Taking Specification ( 3 ) at face value , non-tariff provisions in TAs do not _per se_ increase bilateral trade . In principle , this can be due to two reasons : either the non-tariff provisions in TAs do not lower trade costs at all , or they lower trade costs in a non-discriminatory ( MFN ) fashion so that trade costs fall with all trade partners ( not just the ones in an FTA ) . Since we include domestic trade flows in our analysis , so that different treatment of domestic versus international trade flows is possible , the failure to find a significant TA effect would imply that TAs put foreign trade partners at par with domestic ones . In contrast , tariffs — by their very definition discriminatory — have a strong and precisely identifiable effect . One interpretation of this finding is that if policy makers want to use trade preferences for geostrategic purposes , they should focus on tariff reductions . Deep non-tariff provisions tend to diffuse and benefit all trade partners , potentially including those that the agreement does not directly address . The larger sample used in Specification ( 4 ) resuscitates a marginally statistically significant effect of deep TAs , which now have an independent effect of increasing bilateral trade by 15 % . > 10 ( 1 + 3 _ / _ 100 ) < sup > _ − _ < / sup > ( < sup > _ − _ < / sup > 1 _ . _ 08 ) _ − _ 1 = 0 _ . _ 0324 14", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 573, "text": "domestic trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS * * # # # * * 9 . 1 Project Context and ESIA * * Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited ( UETCL ) plans to construct the 400 kV TL , initially operating as a 220 kV line , from the proposed new Wobulenzi substation ( SS ) to a new substation in Kakunyu ( Masaka ) . The transimission line from Masaka SS will interconnect to the Tanzanian grid at Mwanza . The Wobulenzi to Masaka TL is expected to be approximately 166 km in length , but may modified based on final TL route verificiation . The proposed project is among those outlined in schedule five of the NEA No . 5 , 2019 and in the WB ESF 2016 that requires the preparation of an ESIA . This document forms the project ESIA Statement , prepared based on reconnaissance level TL route surveys undertaken by UETCL and NEK consult Limited . Work done to prepare this ESIA Statement included reconnaissance surveys , limited field studies , site visits , and public and stakeholder consultations . # # # * * 9 . 2 Summary of Project Benefits * * The proposed Wobulenzi-Masaka Transmission Line Project and associated substation will boost investment and industrialization thereby improving the GDP leading to social and economic development within the region . # # # * * 9 . 3 Summary of Project Impacts * * Impact predictions were be based on previous experience with similar projects ; review of secondary data ; primary data collected in the field ; international good practice guidelines such as the WB EHS Guidelines ; and discussions with local communities , relevant and knowledgeable government officials and relevant experienced technical specialists . Overall , project impacts were predicted in line with typical . as well as similar high voltage TLs , with the caveat that the Project routes through sensitive ecosystems and , therefore , generates some significant impacts . Pre-construction phase impacts are primarily related to project siting , including surveying and staking the TL route and substation site", "spans": [{"start": 760, "end": 797, "text": "reconnaissance level TL route surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1400, "end": 1414, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- planned program . Refresher training will be done on a semi-annual basis or as and when situation demands . Before entering the site , all visitors must undergo * * OHS * * induction process . An induction module for visitors will be designed * * by OHS * * Specialist for the contractors . The visitors will be provided with an overview of * * OHS * * rules particularly * * OHS * * risks , risky areas , significance of PPE they need to wear before entering the site and emergency protocols . Visitors ' induction records will be maintained . _Toolbox Talks : _ Tool box talk is a * * 5-10 * * minutes communication between ewsi , wotk * * d * * site supervisor / site engineer related to * * job * * specific safety issues , roles sponsibili daily basis and as and when required . Contractors will ensurq that the tool box k document is available with safety department . During the meetiig he sita - sir ev * * I * * always ensure all the work force is aware of their duties , Dos and ' , o ' ts an d i . vplve < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 ' o I7Ns < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Mid-Day g5j ~ ~ ~ g * * j * *", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 525, "text": "induction records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper_ . - DellaVigna , S . and La Ferrara , E . ( 2015 ) . Economic and Social Impacts of the Media . In Anderson , S . P . , Waldfogel , J . , and Strömberg , D . , editors , _Handbook of Media Economics_ , pages 723 – 768 . Elsevier . - Deszö , C . and Ross , D . G . ( 2012 ) . Does Female Representation in Top Management Improve Firm Performance ? A Panel Data Investigation . _Strategic Management Journal_ , 33 : 1072 – 1089 . - Dharmalingam , A . and Morgan , S . P . ( 1996 ) . Women ’ s Work , Autonomy , and Birth Control : Evidence From Two South Indian Villages . _Population Studies_ , 50 : 187 – 201 . - Duckworth , A . L . and Quinn , P . D . ( 2009 ) . Development and Validation of the Short Grit Scale . _Journal of Personality Assessment_ , 91 ( 2 ) : 166 – 174 . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "arid lands . In conjunction with an in-depth review of traditional finanicial services to highligilt suitable entry points , a market research process will identify appropriate financial services products which will then be piloted * * in * * five locations with varied cultural and economilic characteristics . Following the pilot , a careful review will be carried out to assess performance and impact and to provide recommendationis on appropriate roll-out strategies and approaches I . A . 4 . Project Locationr ( Geographic location , information about the key environmental and social characteristics of the area and population likely to be affected , and proximity to any protected areas , or sites or critical natural habitats , or any other culturally or socially sensitive areas . ) All three components would continue to be implemented in the arid districts of Kenya ( Turkana , North Baringo , Samburu , Isiolo , Marasbit , Moyale , Mandera , Wajir , Garissa , Ijara and Tana River . These districts are populated almost entirely by pastoral communities , witih the exception of some riverine communities along the Tana and Dawa rivers The total population of these districts is 2 . 3 million people , according to the latest census Only one componienit , the droLight preparedness and management componenit , would be expanded to ten additional semiarid districts These districts were chosen due to their agro-ecological characteristics ( ramifall , and vegetation types of zones 5-7 ) and levels of food insecurity ( measured by qualification as WFP emergency food distribution districts in the 2001 droughit assessment ) These districts are Narok , Transmara , Kajiado , Makueiii , Kitui , Mwingi , Tharaka , Mbeere , Laikipia and West Pokot . Several divisions of Nyeri which qualify will be included as well , and managed from Laikipia . The total population of these districts is 3 . 5 million people , who practice agropastor", "spans": [{"start": 1609, "end": 1633, "text": "2001 droughit assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "but does not change the direction or statistical significance of the relationships we identify between participatory institutions and tax outcomes in the broader sample . Municipal tax rates are statistically significant determinants of some tax outcomes ( sales , per capita tax revenue ) in Arellano-Bond models , but participatory institutions also remain statistically significant . We take these results as good omens for the independence of relationships between participatory institutions and tax outcomes , though we would be more certain with full data on sales tax rates for all Brazilian municipalities . Next , we address the possibility of non-linear relationships between participatory institutions and tax outcomes at different levels of taxation and tax shares of revenue . This is because participatory institutions might promote tax collection differently in different socioeconomic environments . For example , participation could be associated with tax compliance in places where tax revenue is low , but face diminishing marginal returns in areas where tax collection is already relatively high . < sup > 10 < / sup > We find that the average treatment effects of participatory institutions on tax outcomes are consistent across municipalities with different levels of tax collected . The one exception is the number of years that PB has been in place , which is not statistically connected to the municipal tax share of revenue or per capita tax revenue in municipalities where tax collection is more than one standard deviation above the mean . Finally , we address concerns for our matching exercise in general . We use matching because it provides highly-targeted hypothesis tests connecting participatory institutions to tax compliance . However , our goal is not to build comprehensive models of tax compliance because we lack strong , direct measures of local enforcement and facilitation . Instead , we build theory and test hypotheses surrounding alternative , complementary ways to generate compliance using propensity score matching to isolate participatory institutions ’ independent effects . Nevertheless , we also provide the results of estimation for tax outcomes using Arellano-Bond Dynamic Panel Estimation , allowing a full range of covariates to vary across our models . Participatory institutions remain statistically significant determinants of tax outcomes in these models , along with measures of local administrative capacity and local GDP per capita .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "One of the driving incentives for IE producers — whether in academia or ( to a lesser degree ) in international organizations — is the opportunity to publish in professional journals . From a researcher ’ s perspective , there is little incentive to take time out of the preferred activity — measuring benefits — to collect high quality cost data and work through tricky cost estimates and assumptions to achieve a VFM analysis with the same level of rigor as the IE if it is not rewarded . Evidence from our journal editor survey indicates that demand for VFM from top journals is mixed at best . Perhaps most illustrative of the low esteem held for VFM by journals is the fact that while nearly all of the top economics and economic development journals that we investigated had statements on the standards of estimating benefits ( often termed effects , outcomes , results , and so on ) , none addressed quality control criteria for Cost estimates , much less efficiency . Additionally , 13 of 14 journal editors surveyed reported neither formal nor informal editorial practices governing inclusion of ( CEA , CBA , or other VFM analysis ) in published impact evaluations . Twelve of the journal editors did not give special consideration to VFM analysis — an IE with VFM is generally no more likely to be published in the top academic journals than is an IE without VFM analysis . Journal editors mainly thought that Value for Money is so infrequently incorporated into impact evaluations because so few studies can obtain high quality cost data . “ While such calculations are helpful in ‘ ball parking ’ the magnitude of an intervention , and whether it is ‘ worth it , ’ I suspect most researchers don ' t believe that the estimated numbers are of sufficient precision or reliability to require people to put dollar figures on interventions . ” Several journal editors noted methodological issues and a lack of standardization could cause the analysis to be rejected : “ Because careful valuation of Costs and benefits involves difficult decisions on certain parameters , such as shadow prices , discount rates and welfare weights , which may be arguable , and thus expose authors to additional rejection risks", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 530, "text": "journal editor survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1540, "end": 1549, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant impacts . A second is what type of statistical inference is appropriate given the sample size . Third , the sample may be too small to be representative of large firms in developing countries . We discuss each concern in turn and the steps we took to address them . < u > Significance of results : < / u > Even though we have only 20 experimental plants across 17 firms , we obtain statistically significant results . There are five reasons for this . First , these are large plants with about 80 looms and about 130 employees each , so that idiosyncratic shocks – like machine breakdowns or worker illness – tend to average out . Second , the data were collected directly from the machine logs , so have very little ( if any ) measurement error . Third , the firms are homogenous in terms of size , product , region and technology , so that time dummies control for most external shocks . Fourth , we collected weekly data , which provides high-frequency observations over the course of the treatment and the use of these repeated measures can dramatically reduce the sample size needed to detect a given treatment effect ( McKenzie , 2010b ) . Finally , the intervention was intensive , leading to large treatment effects – for example , the point estimate for the reduction in quality defects was over 50 % . < u > Statistical inference : A second concern is over using statistical tests which rely on < / u > asymptotic arguments in the N dimension to justify the normal approximation . We use three alternatives to address this concern . First , we use firm-clustered bootstrap standard errors ( Cameron et al , 2008 ) . Second , we implement permutation procedures ( for both the Intent to Treat ( ITT ) and Instrumental Variables estimators ) that have exact finite sample size and so do not rely upon asymptotic approximations . Third , we exploit our large T sample to implement procedures that rely upon asymptotic approximations along the time dimension ( with a fixed N ) . _Permutation Tests : _ Permutation tests use the fact that order statistics are sufficient and complete statistics to derive critical", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 935, "text": "weekly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wards were identified . The next step involved matching the bridge with survey data to obtain treatment assignments for each ward surveyed . The survey data included 119 unique wards , all of which were successfully matched using the ward name as the unique identifier . The final step involved linking the survey bridge with TRA data using the street location name as the unique identifier . This reduced the sample size from 3 , 585 wards to 119 wards and from 408 , 106 taxpayers to 40 , 180 taxpayers . Throughout this process , matches were consistently ensured to be within similar tax regions . Balance tests were conducted to assess payment trends across treatment and control wards . The results indicate no statistically significant differences in the average payment amounts between treatment and control wards during the 3 - and 5-month periods preceding the intervention ( see Table 2 ) . Table 2 : Balance Tests | | ( 1 ) | Control | ( 2 ) | Treatment | ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) | Pairwise t-test | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Variable | N | Mean / ( SE ) | N | Mean / ( SE ) | N | Mean diference | | pay_trend_ | 3 < br > 17 , 938 | 87 , 330 . 319 < br > ( 2 , 834 . 644 ) | 22 , 239 | 80 , 620 . 056 < br > ( 5 , 541 . 215 ) | 40 , 177 | 6 , 710 . 263 | | pay_trend_ | 5 < br > 17 , 938 | 1 . 27e + 05 | 22 , 239 | 1 . 18e + 05 | 40 , 177 | 8 , 179 . 031 | | | | ( 3 , 450 . 451 ) | | ( 5 , 742 . 526 ) | | | If the table includes missing values ( . n , . o , . v etc . ) , see the Missing values section in the help file for the Stata", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 156, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 326, "end": 334, "text": "TRA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . Global estimates of population dispersion and sparsity for more than 100 countries Estimates of the geographical scale of population dispersion and dispersion-adjusted population sparsity were calculated for each country with sufficiently detailed data ( a minimum of five sub-national areas ) in the World Bank ’ s subnational geography database . Across the global database , the geographical scale of population dispersion ranges from a maximum of 3 , 600km in Russia , to a minimum of 40km in Trinidad and Tobago ( Figure 5 , Appendix E shows the numerical values and country rankings according to the new dispersion measures ) . None of the PICs lies at the extremes of this range , but dispersion for FSM and Kiribati is at the higher end of the distribution , while Fiji and Tonga are at the lower end . The scale of dispersion in Russia is considerably larger than every other country across the database , with the estimated average distance between every two Russians more than 3 , 600km . The three countries with the next highest dispersion levels are Brazil ( 1 , 300km ) , China ( 1 , 300km ) and Kazakhstan ( 1 , 200km ) . Dispersion is smallest in the Caribbean countries of Trinidad and Tobago ( 40 km ) and Jamaica ( 60 km ) . After accounting for population size , the PICs stand out as having extremely low levels of dispersionadjusted population density compared to other countries ( Figure 6 ) , and equivalently , an extremely high degree of population sparsity ( Figure 7 ) . Figure 6 illustrates the cross-country distribution of dispersionadjusted population density . This measure ranges from a maximum of 1 , 200 people per square kilometer in Bangladesh , to a minimum of 0 . 05 people per square kilometer in FSM . The inverse of this density measure , the dispersion-adjusted population sparsity , is illustrated in Figure 7 . With the exception of Fiji , the degree of population sparsity in the PICs completely dwarfs that recorded for other countries in the database ( the first panel shows a complete scale on the vertical axis ; the second panel reduces the scale to better reveal the variation across the non-PIC countries ) .", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 350, "text": "subnational geography database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "very low trade diversion compensated by the trade creation related to the agreement . On the other hand , joining the CPTPP along with other major Southeast Asian economies would generate a positive economic impact for Indonesia with an expected 0 . 58 % increase in GDP . These macro effects translate into reductions of poverty , albeit the growth incidence curves ( along the income distribution ) have important differences between the agreements . The EU-IDN CEPA yields the highest expected growth of income relative to the other PTAs at every point of the income distribution . However , the size of the gains grows monotonically with income for the EU - > 3 See : https : / / www . cnbc . com / 2018 / 04 / 18 / indonesia-is-on-path-to-joining-the-trans-pacific-partnership-financeminister-says . html . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of and field testing of survey tools . ii . Consultations and involvement of the Project Affected Persons and other stakeholders . iii . Census and Socio Economic Survey of PAP ’ s . iv . Valuation of affected assets and livelihoods . v . Preparation ARAP report , which included PAP ’ s Assets Register . vi . ARAP Disclosure and follow-up consultations will be undertaken by KISIP Project Coordinating Team ( PCT ) after approval and disclosure of the ARAP by the World Bank . * * 4 . 2 . 1 Phase 1 : Literature Review , Planning and Scoping * * The desktop review assessed relevant information and documents including sector specific policies strategies , put in place by the Government of Kenya related to ARAP . The task involved design of an asset inspection questionnaire that was used to identify potential project impacts to people ’ s assets and sources of livelihood provided in Annex 2 in this report . The asset inspection questionnaire assisted in collection of Inventory of Losses ( IoL ) information from PAPs which included the following : - i . Structures by construction type , use , area , ownership / use rights and location , as well as the extent of loss ; - ii . Business losses , by types , amounts and duration of losses ; structures , incomes , jobs , etc . 4-1", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 169, "text": "Census and Socio Economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 280, "end": 303, "text": "PAP ’ s Assets Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 976, "end": 995, "text": "Inventory of Losses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Box 1 Measurement of employment : household vs . firm based surveys * * The magnitude of measured employment decline in transition economies depends on the statistical source . It tends to be much larger if data come from firm based Employment surveys , and relatively smaller if data comes from the household based Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) . The discrepancy stems from the fact that firm based surveys cover only registered , formal sector firms , while the LFS in principle provides data on all employed individuals . Thus , the difference in employment between those two sources is an approximate measure of informal sector employment , employment in small private firms , which often are under-represented in employer based-surveys , and self-employment . This difference also reflects the changing nature of jobs in ECA . There has been a partial shift from regular full-time jobs toward casual jobs , often in the informal sector , as well as a partial shift form wage and salary employment towards self-employment . The firm based employment surveys do not account for irregular jobs and overestimate the actual job loses , however they show quite accurately the decline in the number of traditional , regular jobs . # * * Despite the substantial job loses the employment ratio is still relatively high * * The substantial job loses that have occurred during the transition are reflected in the lower degree of the utilization of labor resources . The employment ratio – which shows the percentage of the population of working age that is employed – is presently much lower than before the transition in virtually all transition economies . On average it dropped by close to 20 percentage points in CEE , around 15 percentage points in Belarus , Russia and Ukraine , and some 10 percentage points in other CIS ( Figure 1 ) . This means that 10 to 20 percent of the working age population which would have been employed under the old regime , is currently without work . Apparently , this is a large decline in the utilization of labor . However , despite this big decline , the employment ratio in most transition economies is still within the OECD range . # * *", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 259, "text": "firm based Employment surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 308, "end": 342, "text": "household based Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1048, "end": 1066, "text": "employment surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private for profit health facilities . This is in addition to services provided by Health implementing partners including ; Infectious Diseases Institute ( IDI ) , Meeting Point , HUDIPU , Eco-Agriculture , UNASO , CARITAS , THETA , among others . The information available suggests that the highest mortality in Hoima is caused by malaria , followed by respiratory infections , anemia , AIDS , meningitis and dysentery . Although the Health indicators in the district have improved over the years , most indicators are still below the national average . These indicators could be further improved with the current high levels of immunization for BCG ( 95 % ) , Polio 3 ( 88 % ) , DPT 3 ( 85 % ) and measles ( 80 % ) . # # # # * * _Kiryandongo District_ * * Kiryandongo district is located in the mid-western part of Uganda , with its headquarters 218 Km from Kampala . It borders Nwoya District in the North , Oyam in the North East , Apac in the East , Masindi in the South and South West and Buliisa in the North West . The District has a land area of 3 , 624 . 1 km < sup > 2 < / sup > of which 1 , 747km < sup > 2 < / sup > is arable . Kiryandongo refugee settlement is located near the town of Bweyale in Kiryandongo District , Western Uganda and hosts refugees predominantly from South Sudan and Kenya . # # # # * * _Population_ * * The 2014 Population and Housing Census recorded Kiryandongo population at 266 , 197 of which , 133 , 701 ( 50 . 3 % ) are males and 132 , 496 ( 49 . 7 % ) are females . The population density stands at 74 persons / km < sup > 2 < / sup > . UBOS 2014 , reveals that Kigumba sub-county in Kir", "spans": [{"start": 1344, "end": 1378, "text": "2014 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1580, "end": 1589, "text": "UBOS 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "? ____ . < br > 8 Animal Health Post < br > f - - . : : - . - \\ - . . . = . . : : ~ . . ; c . : . . - - - - - . - - - - - - - - _ + _ : _ . ~ ~ ~ - - - - - ~ - ~ . - - - - - - ~ - - - - . < br > 1 - . : : : 9_j - - - : . = : . : . . : . : . : : : : . : . . z . . . : : : . = - , - , . : : : : : . : : . . . __ - + . : . . A : . : . ; mc : : h . : ; : a ; : . : . r = . a - , C - : : r . : - : e . . : : . dl : . : : l . . . : : a ; . : : nc : : d . = Savings Institute ~ ~ I < br > 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 58 Table 2 . 3 in the PASDEP ( MoFED 2006 ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > BRIJ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _EllvilOnmenta / and Impact Assessment of about 20 . 000 / ] a iluqation al ; d OlAJil8fjB_ SGhe1 ! It : ' s _at Pwnp ; af S ( 2Iaha ) . RrbIJ and Angel Darn - ESIA_ Sellc ' We ­", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a ) fleet management service providers in the management of the project fleet ; ( b ) decentralized procurement of mobile phones and use of post-paid airtime services with predetermined cost threshold ; ( c ) direct contracting for non-consulting services for equipment maintenance and escrow contracts , and ( d ) harmonized structure for the payment of allowances and reimbursable expenses across implementing agencies . 36 . The mission further emphasized the need for the establishment of maintenance of an asset register , tagging and the provision of requisite insurance covers for all equipment procured under the project . 37 . _Training and Research : _ The mission emphasized the need to develop an annual project training and research plans that are closely linked with project objectives and indicators . Current proposals are not sufficiently aligned with the PDO . Training and research will not be eligible expenditures until the training and research plans are approved by the Bank . The mission agreed that a revised training plan would be forwarded to the Bank for No Objection by April 30 , 2012 . 38 . On training , the mission emphasized the need to develop a training strategy to link the project ’ s many training activities with enhanced capacity to deliver expected results on the coast . As such , the mission recommended that any training - - including seminars , workshops , and study tours - - must be consistent with and must contribute to achievement of the project objective . The annual training plan must also include : ( i ) description of the training and the staff to be trained ( including their names and positions ) , ( ii ) training institution and location , ( iii ) duration of the training , ( iv ) specific cost estimates , broken down by category ( eg . tuition , airfare / travel , DSA ) . Lastly , the training plan should emphasize cost-effectiveness ( e . g . , bringing outside experts to the Coast to maximize training impact rather than sending limited numbers to external training facilities ) . 39 . The mission notes that academic degree programs ( such as M . Sc . and", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 525, "text": "asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "source ( i . e . the respective website ) . After all the preparatory steps , the data collection starts , using robust web scraping and parsing algorithms which are replicable and scalable allowing for continuous data collection at a comparatively low cost ( assuming source data format and structure remain the same ) . The last stage is the data evaluation . Even the best source annotation and data collection effort can result in data scraping or parsing errors . Evaluating the collected data is therefore critical for assuring quality data which is well structured and accurately mirrors the official government data . Once the first version of the collected data is ready , our research team verifies that the data structure corresponds to the GCO legislative data template ( variable names and contents are permissible ) . Moreover , data content is checked on a sample to verify if information is correctly parsed from the web into our database and that there are no obvious errors such as variables are completely missing or stored in the wrong table . We check if the missing rates or rates of non-sensical values ( e . g . zeros ) for each variable are low . These checks typically reveal data quality and scope errors which then are fed back into improving the data collection and parsing algorithms . We cycle through data collection , checking and updates until data quality is sufficiently high . * * Table B1 . Overview of GCO legislative datasets * * | * * Country * * | * * Coverage * * < br > * * ( Years ) * * | * * n ( laws ) * * | * * n ( total ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Bulgaria | 2006-2022 | 1 , 659 | 3 , 061 | | Chile | 1900-2022 | ( 2 , 504 ) | 13 , 971 | | Colombia | 1998-2022 | 1 , 598 | 10 , 657 | | France | 2012-2022 | 473 | 1 , 700 | | Hungary | 1998-2022 | 4 , 365 | 5 , 743 | | Jordan * |", "spans": [{"start": 1441, "end": 1465, "text": "GCO legislative datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lives can therefore have positive impacts on the economy and is important to mitigate declines in GDP growth resulting from a fall in the working age population in aging societies . * * A major consideration when thinking about if and how to support the employment of older persons is the potential impact on the employment of younger persons . * * This notion relates to what is often called the lump of labor fallacy , or the belief that there is a fixed number of jobs in an economy , which means that increasing employment opportunities for older persons would decrease employment opportunities for younger persons ( Gruber , Milligan and Wise 2010 ) . In practice , the number of jobs in an economy is not fixed , and an increase in labor demand ( for older persons or otherwise ) translates to an increase in aggregate demand in an economy through an increase in consumption by these workers . Subsequently , this increases the demand for labor further . In other words , a growing economy with an increasing demand for older workers will likely also experience an increase in demand for other workers , including younger workers ( Apella 2024 ) . Moreover , older and younger persons are not necessarily substitutes . They are likely to prefer different types of jobs , and have different skills . For example , jobs that are more physically demanding are less conducive for older persons ( Acemoglu , Mühlbach and Scott 2022 ) . Thus , older workers are less likely to crowd out younger workers in such jobs . * * The high degree of informality in the Indonesian economy exacerbates concerns of substitutability between older and younger persons . * * Following the definition of informal employment put forward by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians in 2017 ( ICLS-17 ) , at 76 . 7 percent , informal employment made up more than two-thirds of total employment in Indonesia in 2023 ( see Footnote 6 ) . Since informal work is more likely to be low-skilled and require minimal formal education ( discussed in Section 2 ) , there is a possibility that older and younger workers are more substitutable in Indonesia compared to economies with low informal employment", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * d Reporting * * < br > < br > Responsibility < br > for Data < br > Collection | Directorate of < br > Educational < br > Planning / EMIS | < br > NCHRD | | Directorate of < br > Educational < br > Planning / EMIS | DTQS | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Collection an * * < br > < br > Data < br > Collection < br > Instruments | EMIS | Study < br > commissioned | | EMIS | MoE Reports | | * * Data * * < br > Frequency < br > and < br > Reports | Annual | Mid-term | | Annual | Annual | | YR6 | | | | 60 % | 100 % | | YR5 | | | | 59 % | 99 % | | * * t Values * * < br > YR4 | | | | 58 % | 98 % | | * * Targe * * < br > YR3 | | | | 57 % | 97 % | | YR2 | | Review < br > completed , < br > revisions in < br > place | | 55 % | 96 % | | YR1 | | | | 54 % | 94 % | | Baseline | TBD | None | * * Education * * | 51 . 8 % | 93 % | | Project Outcome < br > Indicators | 3 . 7 Number / < br > percentage of < br > schools / classrooms < br > meeting basic < br > standards for < br > learning tools and < br > resources . | 3 . 7 The content and < br > design of NAfKE is < br > reviewed for overall < br > technical soundness < br > and alignment with < br > the", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 416, "text": "MoE Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 12 - 3 . 10 Input SuRply . Neither fertilizer availability nor use increased measurably after the date of ASAO agreemenLs , despite Borrower compliance with many of the supposedly enabling actions : namely , an expansion in the number of distributors and improved bases for allocating supplies to importers ard coordinating commercial imports and ' aid ' fertilizer ( see related data for 1986187 and 1987 / 88 in the PCR ' s Annex 1 , Table 2 ) . Possible explanations for this slow response cited in the PCR include : uncertainty arising out of late price announcements ; technical deficiencies in the pricing formula ; lack of complementary liberalization of foreign exchange allocations ; mixed signals on fertilizer aid in kind ; and the effects of substantial domestic fertilizer price increases . In the audit ' s view , this experience reveals the frustrations of reforming an economic system so penetrated by government interventions . Removing one layer of controls reveals several more . Nevertheless , the data show that the much higher plateau of fertilizer availability and consumption reached in 1985 / 86 ( para . 2 . 12 ) was largely maintained over the ASAO implementation period . Despite disappointments , there was progress . 3 . 11 The Borrower increased user charges for seed certification and livestock services , but not retail prices for maize seed or tractor hire fees . The audit could not determine the outcome regarding a program for national livestock development . In its report to the Board on second tranche release , Bank management excused GOK ' s failure to increase tractor hire fees by noting GOK ' s decision to phase out the tractor hire service . The audit understands that this service continues . 3 . 12 Incentives . The Borrower continued to employ border pricing principles in setting domestic producer prices for commodities ( it is questionable whether these act as \" floor \" prices as required in the DCA and para . 2 . 07B above ) . After adjustments for inflation to the PCR ' s gross margin figures for maize , it is apparent that the real value of these producer incentives was not", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 412, "text": "related data for 1986187 and 1987 / 88", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Urban Support Program ( P156777 ) Preparation challenges of 4 guidance notes ( on Municipal Finance , Urban Planning and Management , Participatory Slum Upgrading and Urban Mobility ) with UN Habitat were encountered . Drafts were prepared but the finalization was dropped and will be reconsidered under KUSP 2 implementation . ~ ~ < u > IN01361074 < / u > ~ ~ ► APA results ( UIG and UDG allocations ) made on time ( before end of FY and prior to start of next FY ) ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No < br > Yes < br > Yes | Yes | | Date | 06-Jul-2017 < br > 01-Sep-2023 < br > 30-Nov-2023 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments | Target Achieved : The Third and Final Annual Performance Assessment ( APA < br > concluded . The process was led by the Office of Auditor General ( OAG ) and p < br > executing the task . The APA 3 results were used to inform the final disbursem < br > ( US $ 37 . 4million ) in June 2021 . No new APA was undertaken as the program | 3 ) was successfully < br > roved to be very efficient in < br > ent of the PforR component < br > was fully disbursed . | County and Urban Area Results : Urban Management Systems in place # ~ ~ < u > IN01361055 < / u > ~ ~ ► Counties that qualify for the UIGs ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > End Target | | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "log will be updated from time to time and the will be used to monitor grievance resolution . The grievance log will contain records on the name of the complainant , date complaint was received , contacts of the aggrieved , nature of complaint , and action to be undertaken . Timeline : up to 3 days . - ii . _Acknowledgement_ : The Aggrieved party will be furnished with a stamped copy of the grievance form as evidence of receipt . Timeline : 1day , following the lodging of the complaint . - iii . _Sorting and investigation_ : The Concessionaire Grievance ’ s Officer will sort the various grievances ( within 48 hrs ) and allocate them to the grievance committee which will investigate and report back with findings . The grievance committee members will be responsible for undertaking investigation and analysis of the reported grievances to enable understanding of the complaints and suggest grievance resolution within the shortest time possible . The Committee will work out with support from the CLO , their mode of handling the grievance at hand , depending on its nature , but examples could include listening to the aggrieved party , identifying and interviewing witnesses if applicable and suggesting to the aggrieved party the possible modes of resolving the matter . Timeline : 3-7 days . - iv . If the aggrieved party agrees to a proposed resolution mode , then the resolution is implemented and if the aggrieved party is satisfied , then the grievance is logged as completed and the matter is closed . A matter that is not successfully closed at the first tier is submitted to the second tier , together with the investigation report and recommended mode of resolution by the first tier . Finally , a grievance that fails to be satisfactorily addressed by the second tier will be recommended for mediation , which is the final tier in the project level GRM . 32", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 110, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "waves of the RPED surveys . But we need more detailed survey data to enhance our understanding of investment dynamics . In particular , very limited information is available on the fixed costs of investment , the degree of reversibility or on the perceived risk that firms associate to a certain investment decision . # * * Unemployment and the labor market * * Recently , researchers have investigated the high rates of job creation and job destruction experienced by market economies . ' < sup > 2 < / sup > This continuous reallocation of resources , which occurs within industries and is somewhat obscured by the aggregate measures of unemployment , is an important part of economic adjustment and growth . The smoothness of these reallocation processes impacts economic performance by affecting the evolution of firms and industries and thus productivity growth . Reallocating jobs and factor inputs from less efficient to more efficient plants may help improve industry-level productivity in an environment with frictions and imperfect infornation ( Baily , Hulten and Campbell 1992 , and Olley and Pakes 1996 ) . The same theoretical approach , which allows for frictions in reallocating workers and jobs , helps also to shed light on business cycle behavior of gross worker flows ( Mortensen , 1994 ; Ramey and Watson , 1997 ) . World Bank coverage of employment dynamics is limited in part because the literature itself is limited . The firm-level data necessary to test hypotheses is not yet fully available even for industrialized economies . Moreover , empirical research on this front is hampered by the lack of micro time-series data . Some notable exceptions include the East Asia Competitiveness Survey , the RPED , and the data collected by Haltiwanger and Vodopivec in Poland and Estonia ( 1995 ) . The East Asia survey collects detailed infornation on the workforce , but has limited data on average tenure . The Labor section of the RPED questionnaire focuses on the structure of the workforce , but less on the dynamic aspect of employment flows . The RPED collects informnation on seasonal hires , apprentices , paid and unpaid relatives of the owner , but mainly for the second or third waves of the survey . In addition , the usefulness", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 25, "text": "RPED surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 54, "end": 65, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1446, "end": 1461, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1647, "text": "micro time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1686, "end": 1718, "text": "East Asia Competitiveness Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1821, "end": 1837, "text": "East Asia survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1953, "end": 1957, "text": "RPED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Disease < / mark > * * # # # # # # * * Source : Kanoti J et al , 2019 * * From the water chemistry perspectives , groundwater is of good quality . However , fluoride levels exceed the WHO limits in a number of borehole ( World health organization , 2017 ) . The recommended maximum is 1 . 5 mg / l . Concentrations above this value carry an increasing risk of dental fluorosis , and much higher concentrations lead to skeletal fluorosis . The nitrate levels are within the WHO limits ( nitrate max 10mg / L ) . Presence of nitrate is an indicator of contamination either through grey water or sanitation ( Kanoti J et al , 2019 ) An inadequate water supply enhances the prevalence of water borne diseases such as typhoid , cholera and diarrhea . Prevalence of these diseases varies from one KISIP site to the other where the high incidence of these diseases could be attributed to people drinking untreated water some directly from the rivers . There could also be the risk of contamination of ground and surface water by sanitation facilities especially during the rainy season when there is flooding . The Table below summarizes disease prevalence as reported in the Kisumu KISIP social economic survey report undertaken as part of the implementation of the KISIP Project . * * Table 5 . 7 : Disease Prevalence in the KISIP Sites * * | < br > * * Settlement * * | | < br > * * Type of Dise * * | < br > * * ase * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | < br > * * Typhoid * * | < br > * * Cholera * * | < br > * * Malaria * * | < br > * * Diarrhea * * | | * * Manyatta A * * | 41 . 5 | 27 | 17 | 6 . 4 | | * * Many", "spans": [{"start": 1169, "end": 1211, "text": "Kisumu KISIP social economic survey report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5500 # * * Abstract * * This paper proposes a novel method of isolating fluctuations in public spending that are likely to be uncorrelated with contemporaneous macroeconomic shocks and can be used to estimate government spending multipliers . The approach relies on two features unique to many low-income countries : ( 1 ) borrowing from the World Bank finances a substantial fraction of public spending , and ( 2 ) actual spending on World Bankfinanced projects is typically spread out over several years following the original approval of the project . These two features imply that fluctuations in spending on World Bank projects in a given year are in large part determined by fluctuations in project approval decisions made in previous years , and so are unlikely to be correlated with shocks to output in the current year . World Bank projectlevel disbursement data are used to isolate the component of public spending associated with project approvals from previous years , which in turn can be used to estimate government spending multipliers , in a sample of 29 aid-dependent low-income countries . The estimated multipliers are small , reasonably precisely estimated , and rarely significantly different from zero . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at akraay @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations ,", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 901, "text": "World Bank projectlevel disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Egypt to monitor the situation of same households over extended period of time . The study compares Growth Incidence Curves ( GIC ) based on a cross section of data with GICs based on the panel data . Panel data follows the same households over time ( unlike the cross section which has an anonymous approach ) and allows the analysis of factors that affects household ’ s welfare over time . It captures the dynamic aspects of poverty and growth and it is therefore an essential tool in assessing social mobility . This study finds indeed opposite results in terms of pro-poor growth between cross-section and longitudinal data . It therefore attempts to identify the main factors behind these apparently contradictory results . This paper is divided in seven sections . The next section provides a brief review of the literature , and the subsequent ( third ) section contains description of data and methodologies used . Main facts about changes > 2 These data refer to the panel component of the Household Income , Expenditure and Consumption Panel Survey ( HIECPS ) , i . e . they are comparing data from February 2005 with February 2008 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 201, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OCoB has an Occupational Safety and Health Policy aligned with the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2007 , ( OSHA ) . # # # # # * * v . First Aid Kits * * The OCoB acquired functional First Aid kits and trained staff . The aim is to ensure first aid is given to staff in the event of minor injuries or accidents before the case is handed over to professional medics . As part of the Kenya government safety requirements within the work environment , organizations must train at least five staff to handle the kits . # # # # # * * vi . Safety Risk Management * * OCoB continues to undertake a risk assessment of its operations to strengthen the controls and prevent disruptions . This entails developing measures to prevent an incident occurring at the work place . A risk register is maintained and regularly reviewed for relevance , as the conditions of our workplaces are dynamic . Where an incident occurs , the OCoB focuses on the protection of life and has put measures to safeguard life and property . These include ; - § Adherence to safety designs in the OCoB , - § Strengthening barriers that reduce the spread of harm and - § Continuous training and awareness programs undertaken to equip staff with skills to detect and appropriately respond to emergencies . - § Disaster recovery and continuity planning to enable the resumption of the operation of critical services as fast as possible . The OCoB has completed the development of the following policies ; - § Revised HR Policies and Procedures Manuals to address gaps in the schemes of service and succession management . - § Talent Management Policy to cater for rewards and sanctions for staff to ensure staff retention . - § Safety and Occupational Policy # # # # # * * ( e ) Operational practices * * # # # # # # * * • Anti-corruption issues * * The OCoB has made remarkable strides in the prevention of corruption and unethical practices as provided in the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act , 2011 . Key", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 785, "text": "risk register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent decrease in the poverty rate . The GEP with respect to GDP per capita is higher , with a 1 percent increase in GDP per capita being associated with a 2 . 8 percent decrease in the poverty rate , on average within countries ( Column ( 4 ) of Table 3 ) . If economic growth is measured by HFCE per capita , the GEP is only slightly lower compared to using GDP per capita and ranges from - 2 . 2 to - 2 . 5 depending on whether or not country effects are controlled for ( Columns 5 and 6 of Table 3 ) . The first salient observation from these results is just how robust the estimated elasticities are to different samples . Based on a sample of 120 spells , Ravallion ( 2004 ) writes “ _The elasticity of the “ $ / day ” poverty rate to growth in the survey mean is around – 2 , _ [ . . . ] ” , which is remarkably close to the GEP with respect to the survey mean we find in our sample of 575 spells . < sup > 10 < / sup > The second salient observation is that in our sample , the GEP with respect to per capita GDP is larger than the GEP with respect to survey means , which is contrary to earlier research on smaller samples . Based on 126 spells , Adams ( 2004 ) finds a GEP of - 2 . 3 with respect to GDP per capita , which is statistically indistinguishable from zero ( compared to a significant - 2 . 8 with respect to survey means ) . Ravallion ( 2001 ) also finds a lower elasticity when growth is measured by GDP per capita . We however find elasticities based on GDP per capita to be consistently larger than those based on survey means . < sup > 11 < / sup > Next , we add a number of variables that influence the relative pace of poverty reduction ( our left-hand side variable ) . As expected , a higher poverty rate at the beginning of a spell is associated with a significantly slower relative reduction in poverty , as large relative reductions", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Reason and implications of splitting RAP 1 into RAP 1a and RAP 1b * * RAP 1b has been prepared as a Vol . 2 of RAP 1 as a result of a need to split the original RAP 1 into RAP 1a and 1b . The reasons for splitting the RAP into 1a and 1b is because of the following reasons : The decision by the group ranch management committee and the group ranch members to dissolve the ranch and thereby provide for individual and direct compensation of members for land acquired by project instead of compensation being made the group ranch management committee as provided for by ranch charter was made very late a decision that required surveying of the affected land an action that was previously not necessary or required . During continued consultation with the Mwavumbo Group Ranch Management Committee , they agreed that compensation money should be paid to the affected Ranch Members . A series of additional meetings were held between KWSCRP , Kwale County Government , the World Bank and the RAP Consultant where it was agreed that new RAP Census was needed for the PAPs affected by the Dam project within the Ranch and a new RAP prepared . Further , it was noted that much more time was required to complete the new census within the Mwavumbo Group Ranch where approximately 314Ha of land under RAP1 would be acquired ( 40Ha under RAP 1a and 274Ha under RAP 1b ) out of a total area of 24 , 908Ha which is occupied by the entire Mwavumbo Group Ranch . Upon consultation with the World Bank team , the Ministry of Water , Sanitation and Irrigation team decided to split RAP1 into RAP 1a and RAP 1b to enable completion and approval of RAP 1a in June 2019 as had been envisioned and hence propagate other processes in the dam project cycle . However , the splitting of RAP 1 would have NO implications on the integrated RAP implementation-construction schedule as the timing of implementing and completing resettlement", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1059, "text": "RAP Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Productivity improvement is the foundation of economic growth and , consequently , development and well-being ( Hall and Jones , 1999 ) . Understanding the sources of economic growth is crucial to devise policies that efficiently and effectively promote economic development ( Kim and Loayza , 2019 ) . The topic has attracted substantial attention from policy makers and researchers alike . While physical and human capital accumulation are important drivers of economic growth , the evidence indicates that productivity growth accounts for most of the cross-country differences in income per capita growth ( Easterly and Levine , 2001 , and Caselli , 2005 ) . Measuring productivity is challenging . First , multiple definitions of productivity exist . Labor productivity ( output or value added per worker ) is commonly used . The measure does not impose extensive data requirement , and its simplicity allows for easy comparability over time and place ( sectors and / or countries ) . However , it depends on more than efficiency : firms can raise labor productivity by investing in capital and not only by improving the use of their resources . Total factor productivity ( TFP ) is a more precise but harder to estimate measure . It provides an estimate of economic efficiency , accounting for the contributions from labor , capital , and possibly intermediate products . In practice , this implies that TFP is measured as a residual , carrying , therefore , the measurement errors of outputs , inputs , and production functions . Difficulties arise in measuring the contribution of the factors of production , starting with , for instance , estimating the value of capital and skill-adjusted labor . In the words of Hicks ( 1981 ) , “ the measurement of capital is one of the nastiest jobs that economists have set to statisticians , ” and this applies to human capital as well . Data problems also extend to the measure of revenue and output . Measuring gross output relies on sales and inventory data , both prone to statistical errors . Moreover , price data are usually not available for different products at the firm , so that inferring quantities from revenues may be inaccurate as products and", "spans": [{"start": 2011, "end": 2035, "text": "sales and inventory data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2084, "end": 2094, "text": "price data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fox and Gaal ( 2008 ) proposed another alternative , arguing that knowledge of the biases by module design ( e . g . exclusion of screening questions for economic activity ) can be used to make an adjustment in the data and bring better ( but not complete ) comparability . This method involves recognizing that a satisfactory measure of economic participation should be able to capture participation in any form of economic activity , irrespective of whether the respondent deems such an activity primary or secondary . In the absence of screening questions that capture participation in all economic activities over a 12 month period for example , information from various questions in the labor module ( primary and secondary employment status ) and other modules where economic activities are separately captured ( e . g . a household enterprise module , agriculture module and time use or non-labor market activities module ) , can be used to get a complete picture of LFP . This search of the questionnaire and the data should also include looking at time use data to pick up some domestic duties technically classified as work such as fetching wood and water . < sup > 19 < / sup > This method was applied in Table 10 to estimate the extent of the non-sampling bias in the Uganda data . The steps are as follows . - a . _Use secondary activity information_ . In the absence of screening , users can identify those who are reportedly inactive , or are missing the status variable in the main employment status question . Then , the user can search for a secondary activity response . If they report a secondary economic activity , the person would be recoded as active , and the secondary activity would be recoded as the primary . For example in 1992 / 93 a woman might report domestic activity ( i . e . economically inactive ) in the main employment status question but reports helping without pay in a household enterprise or farm in the secondary employment status question . She should be coded as active . This is the same adjustment shown for Uganda in Table 3 which compared LFPR based on primary activity only to the LFPR including secondary", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1070, "text": "time use data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lack of value for money ( iv ) < mark > Lack of authenticity for payment made leading to loss of public funds . ( v < / mark > i ) Enrolment numbers at the school did not tally with NEMIS data which was the basis by which capitation funds were disbursed . ( vii ) Weakness in accountability of capitation grants : - cash books not updated , no payment vouchers to support payments ( viii ) some schools unable to account for rice received under school feeding program 35 . * * < mark > Mitigating measures : < / mark > * * < mark > ( i ) Training on auditing via NEMIS platform would address the capacity issue < / mark > ( ii ) Fix / upgrade NEMIS to eliminate human intervention . Meanwhile , cleansing and harmonizing of the NEMIS data vs actual enrollment in the schools is necessary . ( iii ) The Government to allocate adequate funds to finance the Internal Audit work plans including follow up audits to ensure recommendations are fully implemented . ( iv ) Ensure no gaps in audit committee terms of service ( v ) Enhance internal controls in the in the supply and distribution of the food items at all levels in order to realize the full benefit of the program and to ensure that the program has self-checking mechanisms . # # * * 3 . 3 . 3 Program governance and anticorruption arrangements * * # # * * _Assessment of Legal and Institutional Arrangements for Fighting Fraud and Corruption ( F & C ) _ * * * * 36 . * * _The Constitution and legal framework have strong provisions on combating F & C . _ This legal framework gives significant and independent powers to the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions ( ODPP ) , National Police Service Commission ( NPSC ) , and Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission ( EACC ) to exercise their relevant mandates at both national and county government levels . The responsibility for investigating F & C is shared between the Directorate of Criminal Investigations ( DC", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 192, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "v ) a project completion report , summarizing project performance and evaluating its impact , which would be submitted to IDA / IFAD not later than six months after the project closing date . 3 . 5b A mid-term review of project progress would be made in the beginning of the third project year . This would be arranged by HEU and assurances were obtained at negotLations that not later than September 3U , 1987 , GOU would furnish to IDA / IFAO a detailed review of the overall project performance with recommendations for any changes in project design . 3 . 59 The consultant would be responsible for designing and implementing a base-line survey needed before the start-up of the agricultural extension component , and for the system to be used for monitoring the distribution and sale of goods provided through the project warehouses at Tororo , Lira and Soroti ( para 7 . 08 ) . At negotiations , assurances were obtained that planning targets would be set in annual work programs which would be prepared by each Ministry involved and submitted to IDA / IEAD for review and comment before April 1 each year . The work plans of the implementing ministries for the first twelve months , which would include an initial assessment of goods to be imported , would be submitted to IDA / IFAU as a condition of effectiveness .", "spans": [{"start": 631, "end": 647, "text": "base-line survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "293 | | Stanford U | B . Douglas Bernheim ; Antonio < br > Rangel ; | Journal Article | 2004 | American Economic Review | Addiction and Cue-Triggered Decision Processes | 275 | | Stanford U | < br > Victor R . Fuchs ; | Journal Article | 1996 | American Economic Review | Economics , Values , and Health Care Reform | 274 | | Stanford U | Kenneth J . Arrow ; | Journal Article | 1997 | Environment and Development < br > Economics | Is There a Role for Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental , Health , < br > and Safety Regulation | 249 | | Stanford U | Robert E . Hall ; Charles I . Jones ; | Journal Article | 2007 | Quarterly Journal of Economics | < br > The Value of Life and the Rise in Health Spending | 192 | | Stanford U | David M . Cutler ; Mark B . McClellan ; < br > Joseph P . Newhouse ; | Journal Article | 2000 | RAND Journal of Economics | How Does Managed Care Do It ? | 160 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication , but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions . Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution , so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University . As explained in the text , only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating .", "spans": [{"start": 999, "end": 1027, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( including the UK ) , < sup > 7 < / sup > ( ii ) high-income European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) countries , < sup > 8 < / sup > ( iii ) the new member states of the EU ( referred to as NMS13 ) < sup > 9 < / sup > , ( iv ) non-EU European countries < sup > 10 < / sup > , ( v ) Latin America , ( vi ) Asia , ( vii ) the Middle East and North Africa , ( viii ) Sub-Saharan Africa , and ( ix ) other high-income OECD countries that are not in Europe ( mainly , the US , Australia , Canada and New Zealand ) . We have detailed information on various labor-market outcomes of the individuals in the dataset . In terms of labor market status , people are labeled as ( i ) out of the labor force , ( ii ) seeking employment , or ( iii ) currently employed . For the employed workers , there is detailed information on the characteristics of their jobs . These variables include the sector of activity at the one-digitdisaggregation level ( using NACE classifications ) and detailed occupational categories at the three-digit level ( using ISCO-08 classifications ) . This information enables us to categorize jobs according to the degree of exposure to COVID-19 . The 2014 survey of the EU-LFS includes a special migration module that contains further information on immigrants . These variables include the reason for migration , the level of language fluency of the migrant , the main barriers to labor-market participation ( legal documents , recognition of foreign qualifications , language fluency , ethnic or religious background ) , and the extent to which the migrant is overqualified for the job . These data allow us to better understand the skill profiles of migrants in comparison to those of native-born workers . To assess the task content and different characteristics of occupations , we use two surveys administered by O * NET , the program sponsored by the US Department of Labor to improve the understanding of the nature of work . The O * NET database contains a vast array of standardized , occupation-specific", "spans": [{"start": 1168, "end": 1193, "text": "2014 survey of the EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1955, "end": 1971, "text": "O * NET database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "trust on tax morale , potential endogeneity issues must be addressed . I tackle potential endogeneity issues using an instrumental variable approach . An appropriate instrument for trust is one that is correlated with trust but uncorrelated with tax morale . I employ a set of three variables that meet these requirements based on previous research on the slave trade and social capital . The first instrument relies on the pioneering work of Murdock ( 1959 ) on slavery at the tribe level . Murdock ( 1959 ) mapped the spatial distribution of ethnic groups and the number of slaves exported during the transatlantic and the Indian Ocean slave trade . The identification strategy consists first in matching the number of slaves exported and the initial land area to the corresponding ethnic group information collected in the WVS . I then generate a variable capturing the intensity of the slave trade at the tribe level as the ratio of the number of slaves exported during the transatlantic and the Indian Ocean slave trade over the initial land area of the ethnic group . I argue that this variable is a suitable instrument for several reasons . The trade of slaves caused a culture of mistrust , which may have persisted to this day and alter taxpayers ’ trust both in public institutions and in the neighborhood . The literature supports the argument on the long-term legacy of slavery in Africa and the receiving countries . < sup > 12 < / sup > The trust shocks caused by slavery , an event lasting for more than 400 years , may remain persistent and affect the actual level of trust ( Nunn and Wantchecon , 2011 ) . The slaves were captured through state-organized raids and warfare , and a ubiquitous environment of insecurity caused individuals to turn on each other ( Piot , 1996 ) . The slave trade results , therefore , in a general environment of mistrust in the ethnic groups affected ( Nunn and Wantchecon , 2011 ) . The historic nature of the data on slavery provides a solid basis of the exogeneity of the instrument as there is no apparent reason for which the slavery origin of the ethnic group could affect the actual tax morale directly , except", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 829, "text": "WVS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1959, "end": 1974, "text": "data on slavery", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of resources and responsibilities to subnational governments and strengthens claims of citizens for access to basic services , including adequate housing and water and sanitation . * * The constitution gives many of the responsibilities now held by central ministries to county-level administrations . County governments will now be responsible for provision of health and education services , construction and maintenance of county roads and street lights , stormwater management , and water and sanitation services . County governments will also be responsible for land surveying and mapping , housing , and markets in addition to other tasks . The law outlining the structure of counties is expected to be ready by February 2012 , but the constitution allows until 2014 for the establishment of the new structure . The constitution as part of its bill of rights also guarantees each person specific economic and social rights , including the right to accessible and adequate housing , to reasonable standards in sanitation , and to clean and safe water in adequate quantities , among others . The constitution requires that an urban local government law defining the governance structures for urban areas be prepared by August 2011 . A sessional paper is currently being prepared to serve as input to the new law . The new constitution makes the Bank-financed municipal projects even more relevant . However , the evolving policy environment on decentralization may call for changes in the projects ‘ implementation arrangements to ensure that they are in line with government ‘ s new institutional architecture . 7 . * * Governance and accountability : * * The governance record in Kenya is mixed . While Kenya ‘ s actionable governance indicators , based on the Bank ‘ s country policy and institutional assessment ratings and _Doing Business_ reports , among others , indicate that the 2", "spans": [{"start": 1719, "end": 1751, "text": "actionable governance indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > expectancy at birth | | * * Indicator 2 : * * | Decrease infant mortalityrate | | | | Value < br > quantitative or < br > Qualitative ) | < br > 110-128 / 1000 < br > 90-95 / 1000 | | 77 / 1000 | | Date achieved | 10 / 27 / 1998 < br > 01 / 07 / 2003 | | 06 / 30 / 2005 | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | According to the DHS , the infant mortality rat < br > 2005 . | e decreased t | o 97 in 2000 and 77 in | | * * Indicator 3 : * * | Decrease maternal mortalityrate | | | | Value < br > quantitative or < br > Qualitative ) | < br > 500-700 < br > 450-500 | | 673 | | Date achieved | 10 / 27 / 1998 < br > 01 / 07 / 2003 | | 06 / 30 / 2005 | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | The baseline value was greatly underestimated < br > DHS , the maternal mortality was 871 in 2000 | in the PAD . < br > and decreased | According to the < br > to 673 in 2005 . | * While the Life Expectancy ( LE ) showed increase from 52 to 54 in 2001 / 02 , the LE dropped to 48 in 2005 . Available documented evidences indicate decreasing trends in malaria epidemic , Infant and Maternal Mortality rates and undernutrition . It may also be difficult to believe that the drop in LF can be attributed to Ethio-Eritean war which ended in 2000 and increase in LE was noted in 2001 / 02 . Given this situation , a possible explanation may lie with the increasing deaths of the young and productive age groups due to AIDS . Massive Anti-Retro-Viral Treatment was introduced only in late 2005 whose", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 351, "text": "DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Legal Origin and Latitude explain 2 . 16 % of the total variation in firms ’ responses that amounts to about 13 % of the cross-country variation although Legal Origin has a more significant drop in explanatory power when compared to the full sample of 80 countries ( - 44 % ) than Latitude ( - 3 . 6 % ) . # * * Insert Table 4 * * Taken together , all the institutional factors explain approximately 52 % of the cross-country variation in this reduced sub-sample , while they explained 50 % of the cross-country variation in the full sample that included the former Socialist countries . At the firm level ( not shown in the table ) , legal organization of the firm explains 0 . 94 % < sup > 20 < / sup > which is more than ownership structure ( 0 . 44 % ) . Size explains 0 . 28 % and there is very little variation explained by the industry sector in which the firm operates ( - 0 . 03 % ) . When we look at the marginal contribution of the firm effects in Table 4 ( second row in each panel ) , the variables with the maximum explanatory power across models is legal organization . The strongest country-firm interactive effect is that of Latitude-Legal Organization ( 0 . 93 % ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > # * * _5 . 1 . 2 . Using Settler Mortality_ * * Given the strong performance of the latitude variable , we use another measure of geographical endowments , * * Settler Mortality * * , as stressed by Acemoglu , Johnson and Robinson ( 2001 ) . Table 5 shows the results for a sub-set of countries for which data on settler mortality is available . The sample is now restricted to 40 countries with 3222 observations . This sample of countries is similar to the sample of non-socialist economies in Table 4 . # * * Insert Table 5 here * * We construct the table using the five point categorization applied to settler mortality . The results of Table 5 once again dramatically change the order of explanatory > 20 Legal organization is still the dominant", "spans": [{"start": 1511, "end": 1536, "text": "data on settler mortality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * H * * # # # # # # UGANDA # # # # # # AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT # # # # # # FARMGATE , LOCAL MARKET AND URBAN MARKET PRICES ( 1982 ) | District | | ' Kumi | | | Soroti | | | Lira | | | Apac | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Product | On < br > Farm | Local < br > < br > Market | Town | On < br > < br > Farm | Local < br > < br > Market | Town | jOn < br > < br > Farm | Local < br > < br > Market | < br > Town | On < br > < br > Farm | Local < br > < br > Market | Town | | aize ( grain ) | 25 | 35 | 40 | 25 | 35 | 40 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 20 | 25 | 30 | | inger Millet | 25 | 35 | 40 | 25 | 35 | 40 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 15 | 20 | 25 | | Sorghum | 20 | 30 | 40 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 15 | 20 | 25 | | RIce ( milled ) | _70_ | lbU | 160 | 70 | 150 | . 160 | 140 | 145 | 160 | 140 | 150 | 170 | | Beans ( mixed ) | 35 | 40 | 50 | 35 | 40 | 50 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 20 | 25 | 35 | | Beans tone colour ) | 40 | 50 | 60 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 30 | 40 | 50", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 133, "text": "FARMGATE , LOCAL MARKET AND URBAN MARKET PRICES", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * There is an urgent need to strengthen linkages amongst the various programs in various sectors affecting nutrition and food security , to maximize impact . Currently , these programs operate in a manner largely independent of one another . * * Target woredas or kebeles for any one program are often chosen with little consideration of the coverage of other programs impacting nutrition and food security . There are typically no linkages between different systems of identification of household beneficiaries ; one does not know if a safety net beneficiary ( in PSNP ) is also a beneficiary of targeted supplementary feeding ( in TSFP ) or of the government ’ s Food Security Program , for example . This lack of coordination among programs , together with the lack of a system of localized tracking of nutritional indicators and other indicators affecting nutrition , results in an overall picture of programs that are quite poorly targeted and harmonized . Illustrating some of these points , the recent ESW on malnutrition in Ethiopia ( World Bank , 2007 ) provides data showing that there are many woredas ( districts ) with high malnutrition rates but poor or no coverage by major programs combating malnutrition . At the same time , as demonstrated by this ESW , there are other woredas with similar malnutrition rates , that are covered by several overlapping programs . The reason for this is that most programs tend to focus on the woredas that are considered food insecure and that are already receiving food aid ( see map 1 ) . The so-called food secure woredas , especially in the west of the country , are largely ignored even though they too often have high malnutrition rates ( see maps 2 and 3 ) . The focus on the “ food insecure ” woredas results partly , in turn , from the lack of a good nutritional information system that would allow a program to target woredas based on nutritional status ( rather than food security status ) , even if so desired .", "spans": [{"start": 1013, "end": 1044, "text": "ESW on malnutrition in Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "length of the road should be sequenced by the smaller geographical grouping , and coordinated in such a way that : a ) provided is movement of vehicles through the Settlement when work is underway , and maintained is pedestrian access through the construction zone ; and , b ) disruption to vehicle and pedestrian access through the Settlement is minimised to the extent possible . These mitigation measures proposed should be implemented alongside the environment and social management plan developed under the ESIA Report of the Project . # # # # * * g ) Loss of Access to Natural Resources and Health Facilities , Water and Sanitation , and Energy , and Proposed Mitigation Measures * * From the infrastructure improvement design proposed for the beneficiary Settlement and to be implemented by the Project , the field survey conducted from the 19 < sup > th < / sup > to 31 < sup > st < / sup > October 2013 established that no household will be moved ; and proposed as a mitigation measure , should it be found otherwise during engineering works phase of the Project , highly recommended is re-installation within the Informal Settlement , which is synonymous to the Project beneficiary Settlement . In the Project beneficiary area , established from the field survey carried out in October 2013 : # # # # 1 ) < u > Loss of access to natural resources , and health facilities are not anticipated . < / u > The land on which the proposed infrastructure improvements will be carried out is largely public land reserved for roads and way leaves . On this land : no health facility was observed to be constructed on it ; no part of the land was observed to be a protected area that takes the complete ban on the exercise of private rights ; and , no part of the land was observed to have a predominant land use comparable to a park . The predominant land use of the informal settlement is residential . # # # # 2 ) < u > Temporary disruption to electricity supply to the Settlement is anticipated . < / u > On the roads targeted for", "spans": [{"start": 816, "end": 828, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 during the 1980s . In 1981 the question did not appear in the core questionnaire and in 1985 less than 5 % of the sample responded to the question . In the last two or three years of the 1980s the response rate to the race question grew , and it became almost universal following a successful information campaign implemented in the run-up to the 1991 Census < sup > 22 < / sup > . Hence race is only used here for the analysis of 1993 and 2004 . Following the standard practice in studies of Brazil , mixed race heads of households are grouped together with black and indigenous heads . � _Household type . _ Five types of households are identified : ( i ) “ single adult ” households comprised of only one adult ; ( ii ) “ couple , no kids ” households comprised of only adults , i . e . all aged over 14 or over ; ( iii ) “ couples with kids ” households with more than 1 adult plus children ; ( iv ) “ single parent ” households with a single adult plus children ; and ( v ) elderly households whose head is aged 65 or over , with or without children . This is a simplification of the categories used by Tanner ( 1987 ) for Northeast Brazil . - _Region . _ There are five official , standard geographical regions in Brazil : North , Northeast , - Southeast , South and Centre-West . - _Urban / Rural location of household . _ Urban and rural areas are those so defined by IBGE - and used in the PNAD . The point of the static decompositions is to separate total inequality in the distribution into a component of inequality _between_ the above groups in each partition ( _IB_ ) - the explained component - and the remaining _within_ - group inequality ( _IW_ ) - the unexplained component . Unfortunately , many widely used inequality measures are not decomposable , in the sense that overall inequality can not be related consistently to the constituent parts of the distribution . In particular , we are interested in measures where _IB_ + _IW_ = _I_ . This is not generally", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 361, "text": "1991 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1402, "end": 1406, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Since the beginning of 2022 , and due to the continuous and escalating multi-layered crisis , several services and administrative offices and courts were reported functioning poorly with limited number of human resources attending to the offices . The services , including the legal , were interrupted by the judges being off-duty due to the fuel shortage , salary issues and the operability of duty stations . The low functionality of service centers , and courts in specific , had a severe impact on the protection of women and girls . Consequently , it was manifested that no more protection orders are issued by the judges who aren ’ t operating , no more implementation of rulings even those issued before such as custody and family violence cases , and a state of total chaos in courts especially against women and the re-enhancement of the idea of impunity of the criminals / perpetrators . Additionally , the repercussions of the courts ’ dysfunctionality included a decrease in the number of emergency cases reported to KAFA , requesting legal assistance . Additionally , and in reference again to KAFA ’ s analysis of women and girls ’ survivors of GBV access to justice services , it revealed that women migrant domestic workers survivors of gender-based violence are severely affected by the limited functionality of courts and justice systems . Migrant domestic workers have always faced significant obstacles to access to justice . Now , the law enforcement orders are not responding to reported case of abuse against them , with serious risks to their safety because there are no alternative channels to immediately reach domestic workers in isolated and high risk environments , Additionally , Migrant domestic workers are continuously exposed to abuse perpetrated by employers or by recruitment agencies , and even if they manage to exit the abusive employer ’ s house they are exposed to high risks of exploitation and abuse . These data are supported by the GBVIMS reports on the 1 percent increase in the percentage of survivors from nationalities other than Syrian , Lebanese , and Palestinian seeking GBV services and reporting on the GBVIMS , in the second quarter of 2022", "spans": [{"start": 1977, "end": 1983, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2157, "end": 2163, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 4 . 9 * * Awareness and comprehension of “ microfinance , ” “ profit , ” and “ loans ” < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Awareness and Awareness and Awareness and < br > comprehension of the comprehension of the comprehension of the < br > word “ microfinance ” word “ profit ” word “ loans ” < br > “ I am going to read out some “ I am going to read out some “ I am going to read out some < br > words , please tell me whether words , please tell me whether words , please tell me whether < br > you [ … ] ? ( Bank ) ” you [ … ] ? ( Profit on you [ … ] ? ( Loans from formal and < br > - K-town 311 interviews , in % - savings / business etc . ) ” informal institutions ” < br > - K-camp 1 , 106 interviews , in % - - K-town 311 interviews , in % - - K-town 311 interviews , in % - < br > - K-camp 1 , 106 interviews , in % - - K-camp 1 , 106 interviews , in % - < br > A I never heard 79 % B I never heard 56 % B I never heard 55 % B < br > of it of it of it < br > B 50 % 23 % 20 % < br > A < br > I have heard 12 % I have heard 14 % B I have heard 16 % B < br > B of it but I don ’ t of it but I don ’ t of it but I don ’ t < br > understand it 17 % A understand it 10 % understand it 10 % < br > A I have heard 9 % I have heard 31 % I have heard 29 % < br > of it and I of it and I of it and I < br > B understand it 33 %", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # _6 . 1 Rationale for sustainability rating : _ Overall sustainability is judged _unlikely_ . This rating is based on the fragility of the private sector component at exit . Some of the actions under the private sector component were historical breakthroughs for Ethiopia , and some were taken almost to the point of no return with the introduction of new laws . Nonetheless they are judged unlikely to be sustained without continued attention from the Government of Ethiopia and its development partners . In nearly all aspects amendments to Directives and laws are needed to achieve the intended impact . Technical assistance is required to amend , implement , and even communicate many of the measures supported under ERSC and ESAC , in particular the competition policy and privatization . Government commitment to fully implement these reforms , to fully liberalize the transport sector , and to fully withdraw from investment regulations has still to be proven . Furthermore , whereas ERSC and ESAC created openings in terms of export opportunities , these are necessary but not sufficient to attract new investment . As the Bank ’ s recent investment climate assessment shows , improvements in the performance of the telecoms and financial sectors are needed to mobilize new investment . These issues as well as further follow up on privatization , competition policy , the investment code , urban land , and transport sector are likely to be followed up in the forthcoming multi-year PRSC . Nevertheless , the Government ’ s commitment to stable macroeconomic management , social sector development , and decentralized public sector capacity building , have deepened with the pro-reform political consensus which emerged in September 2001 . On the public sector management aspects , ERSC and ESAC should not be seen in isolation from the broader Public Sector Capacity Building Program ( PSCAP ) which the Bank is now at the point of appraising . PSCAP will build on the initial improvements in rules for managing civil servants and financial resources . PSCAP will also ensure that necessary technical assistance is provided to sustain public sector reforms initiated under ESAC . The", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 / 16 , 70 percent in FY 16 / 17 and 68 percent in FY 17 / 18 . The Local Government Performance Assessment Tool indicate that the greatest improvement was in Procurement and Contract Management , with an average score of 79 percent , up from 70 percent in 2018 and 60 percent in 2017 . • Government carried out further amendments to the PPDA Law , which were passed by Parliament on 31st January 2020 < sup > 46 < / sup > aimed at enhancing accountability , efficiency and integrity of the procurement system . In September 2019 , the Government amended the Works Bidding documents to incorporate Environment and Social Safeguards ( provisions to ensure that any adverse impact of civil works on the communities and environment are mitigated ) . The Government since 2015 adopted open contracting to improve transparency in public procurement , through the Government Procurement Portal where procurement plans , bid notices and contract information are published . The PPDA has partnered with Civil Society Organizations < sup > 47 < / sup > in monitoring Government Contracts . The adoption and roll out of e-Government procurement to all Government agencies over the next two years will improve public procurement in Uganda through improved transparency , accountability , and efficiency in the procurement system . - Therefore , the procurement processing using Government procedures has been strengthened to ensure - transparency , efficiency , integrity , accountability , and value for money for Government funds . # # # * * 5 . 4 . MONITORING , EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY * * 95 . * * The MoFPED is responsible for supervision and monitoring of the reform program supported by this operation * * . The monitoring will be closely coordinated with the National Task Force responsible for managing the > 45 The public procurement integrity survey of 2006 and 2011 revealed that corruption was still a major concern in public procurement . The PPDA audits , PEFA assessments , and the Auditor Generals reports also highlighted delays in completion of procurement processes , low levels of competition , lack of transparency , delays in", "spans": [{"start": 1822, "end": 1857, "text": "public procurement integrity survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The last rows of Panel C of Table 5 show the decomposition of long-run export growth of continuing exporters in their continuing destinations across the HS 6-digit product dimension . Continuing products account for 77 % of the growth of continuing exporters in their continuing destinations during the whole 2002-2008 period . But the introduction of new products by continuing exporters in their continuing destinations in gross terms plays a meaningful role , accounting for more than a third of that growth . This implies that the new products that survive see their export volumes grow fast subsequently . During the whole 2008-2011 period the thin export growth of continuing exporters in continuing destinations ( 1 . 6 % ) is entirely driven by the positive contribution of net entry of products given that growth in continuing products is actually negative ( - 1 . 2 % ) . Overall , there is a high degree of churning across HS 6-digit products , thus a high degree of reallocation of resources within continuing Turkish exporters in their continuing destinations . The pattern of turnover across HS 6-digit products for Turkish continuing exporters in their continuing destinations shows a similar role for the product extensive margin as what is shown for Portuguese continuing exporters for which Amador and Opromolla ( 2012 ) report that exports of continuing products account for about 75 % of short-run export growth in continuing destinations . Finally , to exploit the unique highly disaggregated nature of the product classification in the Turkish dataset , we present in Panel D of Table 5 the decomposition in Eq . ( 3 ) focusing on products at the HS 12-digit level . While continuing HS 12-digit products represent the bulk of short-run export growth in continuing destinations by continuing exporters in every pair of consecutive years from 2002 to 2011 , the role of net entry is much larger than was the case in Panel C for HS 6-digit products . This can be rationalized by the fact that firms can innovate in their continuing destinations by introducing small variants of their products through a new HS 12-digit variety within the same HS 6-digit and dropping other variants of their products at relatively low cost . Interestingly , the last rows of Panel", "spans": [{"start": 1558, "end": 1573, "text": "Turkish dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10241 # * * Abstract * * This study seeks to support the efforts of Sudan in the targeting of the Sudan Emergency Safety Nets Project ( SESNP ) and any other future safety net programs in Sudan to those most in need . Sudan has faced numerous challenges for several years . Since its separation from South Sudan in 2011 , the economy has experienced macroeconomic imbalances that have lasted for over a decade . In addition , the country has faced political instability , internal conflicts , and challenging climatic conditions . All of these challenges pose direct consequences to the poor . More recently , the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine crisis have only exacerbated the economic and social situation in the country . In this context , the number of poor and vulnerable is expected to have increased considerably since the last reported official poverty rate , which accounted for 61 . 1 % of the population in 2015 . In light of these events , there is a growing consensus on the need of social safety net programs in the country . The proposed program , the SESNP , is expected to provide unconditional cash and food transfers to nearly 2 million Sudanese people ( i . e . , about 5 % of the population ) . To support this program in targeting beneficiaries to improve the poverty impact of the program , we develop a Proxy Mean Tests ( PMT ) for Sudan based on the National Household Budget and Poverty Survey ( NHBPS ) 2014 / 2015 . The results indicate that the use of a PMT could considerably improve the program in reaching those most in need , while reducing expenditure towards those with adequate resources . This could improve both the poverty impact , as well as the sustainability of the program . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org /", "spans": [{"start": 1428, "end": 1472, "text": "National Household Budget and Poverty Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for us to make comparisons across owners . Only 5 . 14 % of the firms in our survey are publicly listed and over 67 % are sole proprietorships . Only 8 observations are foreign owned firms and 26 observations are government owned enterprises . This lack of variation in ownership type limits our ability to analyze how different ownership types affect firm ’ s experiences with corruption . While the limited variation in the types of firms operating in Bangladesh constrains our ability to examine certain questions , such has the differences in foreign versus domestic firm experiences with corruption , Bangladesh has other advantages for the study of how corruption affects firm activities . Bangladesh ranks 134 out of 178 in 2010 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index and is thus one of the most corrupt countries in the world . Bangladesh ranks in the bottom third in global governance indices such as the Doing Business rankings , the World Bank Institute ( WBI ) indicators for government effectiveness , rule of law , and control of corruption . Reviews of the country ’ s governance , most notably by Bangladeshi experts such as BRAC University ’ s State of Governance Reports , have noted entrenched problems in many key public institutions ( IGS 2009 ) . Our research on corruption and investment in Bangladesh complements existing cross-national and single country studies of corruption . Researchers attempting to measure firm level corruption have the options of directly asking respondents on the level of corruption , or ask firms about their overall perceptions of corruption . The first strategy requires firms to potentially incriminate themselves , while the second strategy requires meaningful subjective assessments . < sup > 7 < / sup > > 7 Olken ( 2009 ) finds that individual perceptions of corruption , while containing some information , is highly noisy and subject to bias . 8", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 790, "text": "2010 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 930, "end": 953, "text": "Doing Business rankings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 3 : Entitlement Matrix * * An entitlement matrix with respect to both temporary and permanent displacement is important , and it identifies : - all categories of affected people , including property owners and land right holders , tenants , squatters , sharecroppers , grazers , pastoralists and other natural resource users , shopkeepers , vendors and other service providers , communities , and vulnerable groups ; - all types of loss associated with each category , including loss of physical assets ; loss of access to physical assets ; loss of wages , rent , or sales earnings ; loss of public infrastructure and elements of cultural significance ( as identified in the inventory of losses ) ; and , - all types of compensation and assistance to which each category is entitled , including compensation for or replacement of land and natural resources ; compensation for structures , assets , wages , rent , or sales earnings ; moving assistance and post-resettlement support ( such as technical assistance , extension and skills training , and access to credit . 78", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 708, "text": "inventory of losses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 | | Mean ( geometric , < br > annualized ) | 2 . 7 | 1 . 8 | 1 . 6 | 1 . 5 | 6 . 8 | 6 . 5 | 6 . 3 | 6 . 2 | 6 . 3 | 6 . 3 | 6 . 4 | 6 . 5 | 6 . 5 | < br > 6 . 5 | _Note : _ This table shows holding periods ranging from Q1 to year 10 . The average geometric mean is reported for quarterly holding periods on a quarterly basis , that is , it gives the average , real compounded return for one quarter . For the annual holding periods , the geometric mean states the average , annualized return for the specific holding period . All return statistics are based on a global portfolio of outstanding foreign-currency sovereign bonds . Figure 6 zooms in on the subsample of the worst-performing bonds , in which the repudiation cases figure prominently . We calculate the share of bonds with negative real compounded returns after different holding periods . In the full sample , in year one , more than 26 % of the observations see negative returns , and this drops to below 20 % in year 10 ( Panel A ) . Moreover , there are about 10 % of observations with substantial losses , showing a negative return of - 30 % or worse , as well as a small but growing share of bonds with returns between - 30 % and - 60 % . Observations in this bottom bin are dominated by spells after the Great Depression and around WW2 , for example , in many Communist countries ( China , Russia , and Eastern Europe ) , which saw a large initial collapse in bond prices and defaults that persisted for decades . In the modern ( post-1995 ) period , the share of bonds with negative returns is much lower than in the historical sample ( Panel B ) , partially reflecting the relative absence of full repudiation cases . After three years , only about 7 % of the country observations remain in negative territory . The share with very low 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Resources and Responsibilities for Implementing Stakeholder Engagement 5 . 1 Implementation Arrangements and Resources * * The overall coordination and resource allocation for implementation of this SE Plan will be the responsibility of EEP & EEU . The E & S team may provide some high-level supervision , guidance and technical support to the implementation of engagement and disclosure activities at the Project level , but it cannot directly implement them due to Project level engagement and disclosure activities are not only diverse , multiple and geographically disperse , but they are also permanent in nature requiring day to day management and close supervision . This means that EEP & EEU PIUs would be required - at the Project level - to implement activities of this SEP . Whenever needed , depending on the demands of the engagement activities EEP & EEU E & S experts can also invite other staff of the PIU in order to successfully implement Stakeholder Engagement activities of PRIME-1 Project . Owing to the reach and complexity of the design and the intensity and nature of the impacts and corresponding enhancement and mitigation measures , this Stakeholders Engagement Plan ( SEP ) , the PIU E & S experts will be responsible for the implementation of all engagement and disclosure activities at the level of Project affected communities at their respective sites . Key responsibilities of the PIU include the following among others : - Carry out ongoing stakeholder consultation , information disclosure and related engagement activities throughout the pre-implementation , construction and operation phases of the Project ; - Record and follow up grievances ; - As and when required , provide assistance to and supervise various sectoral agencies and organizations that will implement the ESRM tools ; - Develop and keep an up-to-date record of all consultations with stakeholders ; - Regularly prepare and file minutes of all stakeholder meetings and document actions agreed during meetings and follow up ; - Review and update stakeholders database from time to time ; - Solicit and keep record of feedback from stakeholders ; and - weekly report back to stakeholders using appropriate medium", "spans": [{"start": 2059, "end": 2080, "text": "stakeholders database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Source * * | * * Percentage * * | | - - - | - - - | | | * * 2001-2002 * * < br > * * 2004-2005 * * | | Government , including public enterprises | 33 < br > 31 | | Households | 36 < br > 31 | | Rest ofthe World – donors ( public ) | 16 < br > 18 | | NGOs ( international & local ) | 11 < br > 19 | | Private ( employers & others ) | 04 < br > 01 | | Total | 100 < br > 100 | Source : Health JBAR ( October 2006 ) and National Health Accounts ( NHAs ) 14 . In 2004 / 05 , Government and household each financed about 31 % of health expenditures . Household is out-of-pocket spending by individuals , including direct payment to private practitioners , traditional healers , private pharmacies and government facilities in the form of user charges . Out of pocket expenditure still accounts for a significant proportion of health expenditure in Ethiopia imposing heavy financial burden and risk of catastrophic expenses on users , particularly the poor . This calls for the need to design and implement appropriate and efficient health insurance mechanisms that would pool risks among the healthier and the sick as well as the poor and the better off . The recent decrease in the government ’ s share of total health expenditures is the continuation of an older trend , since the government ’ s share decreased from 41 percent in 1995 / 96 , to 33 percent in 2001 / 02 , and then to 31 percent in 2004 / 05 . Donors ( public ) and NGOs ( international & local ) each contribute a lower , but significant amount , their contribution reaching eighteen and nineteen percent , respectively , of all health spending ( however , donor assistance to Ethiopia still appears to be considerably lower than the average donor assistance received by other least developed countries ) . On the other hand , the contribution of private enterprises has decreased", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 401, "text": "Health JBAR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 423, "end": 447, "text": "National Health Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Estimating Small Area Population Density Using Survey Data and Satellite Imagery : An Application to Sri Lanka * * < sup > ∗ < / sup > Ryan Engstrom < sup > † < / sup > David Newhouse < sup > ‡ < / sup > Vidhya Soundararajan < sup > § < / sup > * * Keywords : * * Population density predictions , Satellite imagery , Machine learning . * * JEL Code : * * J19 , C52 , C53 . > ∗ We thank Sarah Antos for help with the data , and Jonathan Hersh for comments and discussions , and presenting an earlier version of this paper . We also thank Sarosh Sattar , Ani Silwal , and Walker Bradley for detailed comments , and the participants of Geo4dev symposium 2017 , Population Association of America Annual conference 2018 , and seminar participants of the World Bank for comments and suggestions . We acknowledge the funding for this project from the World Bank group . All remaining errors are our own . > † George Washington University , Washington , DC . Email : rengstro @ gwu . edu > ‡ The World Bank , Washington DC . Email : dnewhouse @ worldbank . org > § Indian Institute of Management Bangalore . Email : vidhyasrajan @ iimb . ernet . in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 41 | 16 . 74 | 16 . 67 | 55 . 43 | 0 . 05 | 2 . 59 | 17 . 00 | 2 , 057 . 40 | | age 15-19 | 5 . 09 | 35 . 76 | 16 . 68 | 53 . 25 | 0 . 66 | 12 . 33 | 142 . 98 | 4 , 384 . 87 | | age 20 + | 9 . 14 | 53 . 66 | 20 . 10 | 57 . 79 | 3 . 79 | 71 . 00 | 48 . 07 | 933 . 99 | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) < sup > b < / sup > For Pakistan only 23 firms with information available # 5 . Innovation Patterns We start the analysis of innovation patterns by distinguishing innovations into two types : ( i ) technological innovations , which involve product and process inventions , and ( ii ) non-technological innovations , which involve organizational and marketing inventions . # # 5 . 1 Overall Pattern Countries in the South Asia region can be divided into two groups : leaders , i . e . , Bangladesh and India , and laggards , i . e . , Nepal and Pakistan , according to technological innovations ( Table 4 ) . On the one hand , we find Bangladesh and India , as strong innovators , with innovation rates around roughly 80 percent , respectively , showing a performance that surpasses the average of the ECA and Africa regions . On the other hand , we find Pakistan and Nepal , with innovation rates of 14 . 8 percent and 21 . 2 percent , respectively , displaying a performance below the average of the ECA and Africa regions . 10", "spans": [{"start": 307, "end": 324, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between importables and exportables is important , because of the changes terms of trade that occurred at the same time as the devaluation , and also because of differences in domestic taxes on importables and exportables . As we discuss below , on the price side , the evidence shows that there was relatively little difference in the increase in the prices of tradable and nontradable consumer goods . Thus , one would not expect that the impact of the devaluation would vary significantly among socioeconomic groups . The relatively similar composition of their consumption baskets would also tend to reduce differences in the impact of the devaluation . The impact of the devaluation on real incomes earned from production of exportables and nontradable goods ( or wages in these sectors ) is likely to be a far more important determinant of how different households fared . This section looks at some of the theory and evidence for what we would expect to have happened on the consumer price and income side , and then compares the expected outcomes with the household survey results based on the 1993 and 1995 surveys . # Devaluation , inflation , * * and the * * implications * * for poverty * * CMte d ' Ivoire was among the more successful of the CFA franc zone countries in containing inflation following the devaluation of the CFA franc by 100 percent in local currency terms . In 1994 , inflation ( based on the blue collar consumer price index ) at the end of the first year following the devaluation was 32 percent . At end 1995 , prices had risen a total of 44 percent since the devaluation . The relatively low rate of overall inflation was due to imported prices rising less than would be expected assuming a simple doubling of prices in local currency , to the small rise in wages , and also to the subsidies on rice consumption which accounts for 5 percent of the consumption basket . As Leenhardt and Massuyeau ( 1995 ) point out , there was not , however , a large difference in the behavior of prices of consumer tradable and nontradable goods . 1 < sup > 3 < / sup > They found a difference", "spans": [{"start": 1424, "end": 1456, "text": "blue collar consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Because of disruptions in international travel and a steep second wave of COVID-19 in the Western Balkans since midJune , the 2020 tourism season is expected to be the worst on record . Since tourism usually peaks from July to September , tourism receipts in 2020 are expected to drop from 2019 by 75 percent , pushing down exports of goods and services by an estimated 45 percent . As a result , private consumption is estimated to decline by 12 . 5 percent , though government consumption is expected to rise by 6 . 6 percent . Meanwhile , the high uncertainty , disruptions in supply chains , and restrictions on worker movement are projected to reduce investment , including construction of the priority section of the motorway , by an estimated 21 percent . Lower investment and consumption and plummeting tourism are expected to cause imports to contract by 32 percent . # # # # # # * * The crisis has wiped out recent employment * * * * gains . * * Over 80 percent of jobs in Montenegro are in services , which have been heavily affected by the crisis . The administrative data show that by July employment had plunged 9 percent . While all sectors registered declining employment , the labor-intensive tourism , retail , and construction sectors were hit the hardest . Registered unemployed rose from 34 , 576 in July 2019 to 42 , 367 in July 2020 . Households are suffering from lost jobs and income . Still larger layoffs were prevented by the government wage subsidy programs for 6 All comparisons are year-on-year unless otherwise stated . > MONTENEGRO | 63", "spans": [{"start": 1067, "end": 1086, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rs and contract as shared between the client and JBN management . This is also re-echoed in the communications plan for this SEP . The Consultant specialist officers and CLOs in charge of planned engagements will prepare daily debriefs and reports about stakeholder engagements carried out . Minutes will be prepared of all engagements and will be filed for reference later analysis . These minutes will ; upon permission from the client be made available to respective stakeholders as feedback whenever possible . All issues raised at the meetings will be recorded with the response of the consultant , client ( where represented ) or any other party , who is responsible for the engagement on which the issue is raised . The consultant ( Team Leaders ) will also prepare weekly and monthly engagement activity reports for submission to the Constancy Coordinator for review and subsequent submission to the client . These weekly and monthly reports will provide the following information . - 1 ) Stakeholder consultation activities planned carried weekly and monthly and variations including reasons for such variance . - 2 ) Stakeholder information disclosure activities planned and carried out weekly and monthly and variations including reasons for such variance . - 3 ) Key outputs achieved during the planned stakeholder engagement activities carried out - 4 ) Challenges encountered during the implementation of planned stakeholder engagements - 5 ) How stakeholder views and concerns have been taken into consideration . - 6 ) How grievances have been managed and recorded including nature of grievances , location , resolution taken , feedback given . These issues will be reflected as entries to the grievance register too . 54", "spans": [{"start": 1710, "end": 1728, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > program . 4 , 825 customers < br > have been connected to the < br > grid and received 9 , 650 CFLs . | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 29-Nov-2011 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P101556 | IDA-43440 | Effective | 03-Jul-2007 | 13-Jul-2007 | 31-Mar-2008 | 31-Dec-2011 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revised | Cancelled < br > Disbursed < br > Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P101556 | IDA-43440 | Effective | XDR | 86 . 00 < br > 86 . 00 | < br > 0 . 00 < br > 10 . 59 < br > 75 . 41 | 12 . 00 | # # * * Disbursement Graph * * Page 5 of 6", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 148, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "standard errors from linear models of the primary outcomes on intervention group , fixed effects for randomization strata , fixed effects for province , and intervention-by-province interaction terms . Standard errors are clustered by cluster ( group of villages ) . There were 121 clusters in total . The WASH institutions index was calculated by rescaling each variable in the index ( e . g . , presence of WASH committee ) so that higher values imply better outcomes , then standardizing relative to the control group , following Kling _et al_ . Effects are in standard deviation units . The Wald F is a test statistic for the null hypothesis that all of the interaction term coefficients are zero . * p < . 1 , * * p < . 05 , * * * p < . 01 \"", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "number of people living in each of those populated centers . This allows us to exploit the information content in the dispersion of population within a given municipality . The human resources of each municipality are available through the annual National Registry of Municipalities ( _Registro Nacional de Municipalidades , RENAMU_ ) , a census of municipalities run by the National Institute of Statistics . This registry allows us to know not only the total number of staff working in a given municipality but also the type of work they perform , whether it is managerial , administrative and technical , or manual and support work . The living standards of the population in a given municipality are available thanks to the work produced by World Bank staff for operation purposes using the Poverty Maps 9", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 282, "text": "National Registry of Municipalities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 795, "end": 809, "text": "Poverty Maps 9", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private sector as a percent of GDP ( World Bank FinStats , end-2019 ) , and iv ) adoption of the capital requirements of the Basel III framework ( which include the creation of new buffers and the need for more and higher-quality capital ) ( World Bank Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey , 2016 ) . However , the country sample size decreases significantly , so we report regression results in Appendix C as they need to be interpreted with more care . # * * 4 Determinants of the Financial Sector Policy Response to COVID-19 : Empirical Results * * # _4 . 1 Time until the first policy response is taken : Kaplan-Meier survival estimates_ Table 2 reports the descriptive statistics on the time taken ( measured in days ) to implement the first policy measure by category . < sup > 14 < / sup > With a median of 50 days , _Banking Sector_ and _Liquidity and Funding_ measures were implemented faster compared to other categories . By the end of March 2020 , around 21 percent of countries had taken their first measure in the _Banking Sector_ and _Liquidity and Funding_ categories . In contrast , by that time , around 10 percent of countries had implemented measures in the _Financial Markets and NBFIs_ and _Payments Systems_ categories . * * Table 2 . Descriptive Statistics : Time Until First Policy Measure by Category ( in days ) * * | * * Category * * | * * Countries * * | * * Mean * * | * * Std . Dev . * * | * * Min * * | * * Median * * | * * Max * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Banking Sector | 154 | 56 . 5 | 31 . 8 | 2 | 50 | 216 | | Financial Markets and NBFIs | 154 | 128 . 6 | 80 . 7 | 20 | 97 | 216 | | Liquidity and Funding | 154 | 63 . 6 | 46 . 7 | 6 | 50 | 216 |", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 56, "text": "World Bank FinStats", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 242, "end": 291, "text": "World Bank Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The ring fenced accounting system is currently installed at the DCU and will be installed at the GBD . The previous experience under ERfKE I showed that the software that is currently used by the DCU is capable of generating the Project financial reports . The two systems at the DCU and GBD will be linked via a network . The DCU will have read – only access to GBD data that would enable the DCU to perform its oversight function and generate financial reports on an ad hoc basis , when needed . The main database will be kept at the DCU . 4 . To ensure that funds are readily available for Project implementation , two US Dollar Designated Accounts ( DA ) will be opened at the Central Bank of Jordan . These accounts will be managed separately by the MoE and GBD . 5 . The Project , through the DCU and GBD , will be required to issue quarterly interim un-audited financial reports ( IFRs ) . These reports will reflect the project sources and uses of funds , contracts expenditures as well as uses of funds by project component and by financier . These reports , which will be required by the Project ’ s Loan Agreement , shall be submitted to the Bank 45 days following the end of each calendar quarter starting from the quarter where the first loan disbursement took place . The Finance Officer at the DCU will be responsible for compiling the IFRs for both entities in one package and sending the IFRs on a timely basis to the World Bank . 6 . The Project financial statements will be < u > compiled < / u > by the DCU Finance Officer . An external independent auditor with international experience , acceptable to the Bank , will be engaged to perform the Project audit and issue an independent opinion on the Project compiled financial statements . The audited report with audited financial statements should be submitted to the Bank no later than six months following the closing date of each fiscal year being audited . The MoE will recruit the external auditor and", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 373, "text": "GBD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cherry-coffee crops . Thus , and similar to the main rainy season , there are fewer opportunities for monitoring child labor activities in the harvesting season relative to the short rainy season . We thus estimate the following multivariate equation , _yijt_ = α + β 1 _SRij_ + β 2 _Gij_ + β 3 ( _SRij_ × _Gij_ ) + β 4 ( _SRij_ × _rainit_ ) + β 5 ( _SRij_ × _harvit_ ) + β 6 ( _Gij_ × _rainit_ ) ( 2 ) + β 7 ( _Gij_ × _harvit_ ) + β 8 ( _SRij_ × _Gij_ × _rainit_ ) + β 9 ( _SRij_ × _Gij_ × _harvit_ ) + _X ijt_ ' γ + _St_ + _c j_ + ε _ijt_ where _rainit_ is and indicator for the main rainy season and _harvit_ is an indicator for the harvesting season . The coefficients of interest are β 8 and β 9 . We formally test the null that β 8 = β 9 = 0 # * * 4 . Results * * # * * 4 . 1 Differences in child labor statistics by respondent type and by season * * Table 2 presents differences in means for child labor indicators by treatment assignment and disaggregated by gender for the pooled data and each season separately . The upper panel shows means at the extensive margin while the lower ones at the intensive margin . In each case , we test for differences in means between self - and proxy statistics based on a 30-day recall period . Descriptive statistics for the 7-day recall period depict similar patterns and thus are not discussed but are available in the Appendix Table A . 1 . 2 . By looking at the left panel for the pooled data , we observe that participation in farm work obtained from the child ( 60 . 4 % ) is statistically significantly different from the one obtained from the proxy-respondent ( 56 . 1 % ) . This discrepancy is driven by the girls ’ subsample that reports 7 . 2 percentage points ( or 15 % ) higher rate of participation than the mean participation obtained from the proxy . On the contrary , the difference in reports is marginal", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", charcoal , candles , and kerosene to meet their household lighting and heating needs . For businesses with electricity , poor reliability of service delivery imposes high costs ( including the capital cost of self-generation and loss of production ) , which is a constraint to competiveness and undermines employment potential . The 2013 enterprise survey in Uganda ( January 2013 - July 2014 ) shows that nearly 23 . 2 percent of the firms identified unreliable electricity services as the main obstacle for conducting business in the country . # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 8 . The GoU initiated a series of power sector reforms in 1997 with the objective of creating a financially viable sector capable of supplying electricity efficiently and at reasonable prices . The role of competition and private sector participation was seen as central to improving supply reliability and sector efficiency . This resulted in the unbundling of the vertically integrated Uganda Electricity Board ( UEB ) into three separate government-owned corporate entities : the Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited ( UEGCL ) ; the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited ( UETCL ) ; and the Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited ( UEDCL ) . An operation and management contract was awarded for the governmentowned hydropower plants . Private investors were able to operate in Uganda as independent power producers ( IPPs ) . On the distribution side , the management and operation of legacy distribution assets were leased to Umeme Limited , a private company , and subsequent distribution assets developed outside the Umeme concession area were leased to several smaller licensed distribution companies ( LDCs ) . The UETCL , given its central role as the transmission operator , remains a government owned company . 2", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 367, "text": "2013 enterprise survey in Uganda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* nancing Data * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ X ] < br > Loan < br > [ X ] | < br > Grant | [ ] Other | | | | [ ] < br > Credit | | | | | | * * For Loans / Credits / Ot * * | * * hers ( US $ M ) : * * | | | | | Total Program Cost : | 700 . 0 | | Total Bank Financing : | 200 . 0 ( PforR Component : 192 . 0 & TA IPF : 8 . 0 ) | | Total Cofinancing | 500 . 0 | | Financing Gap : | 0 . 00 | | ( Borrower ) : | | | | | ii", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of spatial econometrics to a research question that has traditionally been investigated datasets . We instead use a framework that allows for more using cross-country panel accurate of the fact that both climatic shocks and urbanization are modeling potentially correlated over time and across space . The structure of is in our a spatial dependence approach approximated by symmetric row-standardized weighting matrix _W_ . The spatial lag of each variable can then be derived by multiplying the matrix by a vector of observations . Our baseline approach relies on calculating Queen contiguity-based spatial weights . The Queen approach implies that spatial dependencies for each cell are calculated based on the eight neighboring cells that surround the destination cell . Given that each cell corresponds to roughly 55 _ × _ 55 km , this approach captures spatial dependencies within square-shaped areas whose sides are 165 km in length each . Spatially lagged drought is then calculated by taking the average value of drought from across the neighboring cells . As part of our robustness checks , we vary the assumed structure of spatial dependence by introducing alternative weighting matrices . # * * 3 . 2 Measuring Urban Extent * * To measure the extent of land within each cell in a we use built-up grid given year , remotely sensed data from the World Settlement Footprint ( WSF ) ( Marconcini _et al . _ , 2020 ) . Employing multitemporal optical satellite imagery , the WSF provides a global 30m resolution of human settlements . Using this novel resource , we first calculate the total number of built-up pixels that a given grid cell contained in 1985 and we use this variable as a baseline control of urban land present in each grid cell . As our dependent variable , we calculate the increment , i . e . the total number of new built-up pixels that were built in a given cell in a given year . Figure 1 below illustrates this methodology by displaying the trajectory of urban growth in Uganda ’ s capital city , Kampala . The figure displays five-year increments in built-up pixels , showing how Kampala ’ s urban extent gradually expanded within the specific grid cell where it is located . < sup > 6", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1382, "text": "World Settlement Footprint", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Do Global Trade Distortions Still Harm Developing Country Farmers ? * * While developing country farmers contribute less than 3 percent of global GDP , they account for 43 percent of global employment , 64 percent of global agricultural value added , and a similarly large share of global poverty as measured by earnings of less than $ 1 a day . Raising net farm incomes is therefore a key to meeting the Millennium Development Goal of halving global poverty by 2015 . If that can be done by policy reforms that also boost the efficiency of resource use and raise developing country and world GDP , so much the better . This paper asks if reducing trade policy distortions ( including agricultural subsidies in high-income countries ) could provide such a magic bullet . Two decades ago , the answer to that question was unequivocally affirmative . A number of studies provided a clear picture of the adverse effects of government policies on farmers ’ incentives in developing countries in the 1980s . Farm subsidies and import restrictions of developed countries depressed the international prices of farm relative to non-farm products ( Tyers and Anderson 1986 , 1992 ) , while developing countries ’ own trade and exchange rate policies further depressed their farmers ’ incentives ( Krueger , Schiff and Valdes 1988 ) – as they had since at least the 1960s ( Little , Scitovsky and Scott 1970 ; Balassa and Associates 1971 ) . Time series data for developed and newly industrializing countries up to that time also indicated a clear tendency for national governments to gradually change from taxing to subsidizing agricultural relative to industrial production ( and from subsidizing to taxing food consumers ) in the course of their economic development ( Anderson and Hayami 1986 , Lindert 1991 ) . Had that", "spans": [{"start": 1438, "end": 1454, "text": "Time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "question but reports helping without pay in a household enterprise or farm in the secondary employment status question . She should be coded as active . This is the same adjustment shown for Uganda in Table 3 which compared LFPR based on primary activity only to the LFPR including secondary activity . - b . _Use additional information from the survey to verify and recode those who still remain inactive_ . Where there is a household enterprise module , identify household members working in the enterprise . If they have been coded as inactive , recode them as active , and their primary activity as a contributing family worker in the nonfarm enterprise sector . - c . Use the relationship to head information to code all domestic servants as _economically active , and as wage workers_ . - d . For those who are still inactive , look for _time use or household chores modules_ . Code as active those who reported economic activities in either the detailed household chores or time use modules ( e . g . activities such as agriculture , or fetching water or wood ) _ . _ - e . Identify agriculture households ( i . e . where at least one household member reports agriculture work ) and code all “ inactive ” women who reported ‘ domestic duties ’ as reason for inactivity as _active_ , in the agriculture sector . Mostly likely , they did participate , but were doing unpaid and unrecognized work , and this should be captured . - f . For those still coded inactive or missing use the education , health , and age information to verify reasons for inactivity . > 19 Many surveys check for participation in household chores unpaid but considered “ economic ” ( such as fetching water ) in a separate section on household chores , not in the screening section . This approach works as long as the analyst is careful to include this information when constructing indicators of LFP . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1489, "end": 1529, "text": "education , health , and age information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 13 : Innovation Capacity and Post-Sanction Innovation Performance | | ( 1 ) < br > * * Patent A * * < br > Total | ( 2 ) < br > * * pplication * * < br > Intl . | ( 3 ) < br > * * ( Intensive Margin ) * * < br > High-Tech | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Treatment_ × _Post | - 0 . 237 * * * | - 0 . 260 * * | - 0 . 214 * * * | | | ( 0 . 042 ) | ( 0 . 107 ) | ( 0 . 064 ) | | Treatment_ × _Post_ × _Top | 0 . 260 * * * | 0 . 033 | 0 . 083 * * * | | | ( 0 . 039 ) | ( 0 . 070 ) | ( 0 . 027 ) | | No . Obs | 5 , 442 | 2 , 040 | 3 , 690 | | R-squared | 0 . 653 | 0 . 515 | 0 . 610 | | Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Sector-year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Note : We estimate the coefficients using OLS on a set of patenting firms . Robust standard errors clustered at the 2-digit ISIC sector level are in parentheses . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at levels 1 percent , 5 percent , and 10 percent , respectively . Table A . 14 : Knowledge Distance and Post-Sanction Innovation Performance | | ( 1 ) < br > * * Patent * * | ( 2 ) < br > * * Application * * | ( 3 ) < br > * * ( Intensive * * | ( 4 ) < br > * * Margin ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Treatment_ × _Post | - 0 . 851 * * * < br > ( 0 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on international financial transactions are often imposed to give the government greater control over the flow of credit within the economy , as well as greater control over the exchange rate . These restrictions can take various forms , from transactions taxes to outright restrictions on inflows and / or outflows . We measure the extent of capital account restrictions by the widely used Chinn-Ito index . This is an index measuring a country ’ s degree of capital account openness initially introduced by Chinn and Ito ( 2006 ) and updated frequently . < sup > 19 < / sup > The index is based on the tabulation of restrictions on cross-border financial transactions reported in the IMF ’ s Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions . It is therefore a measure of _de jure_ restrictions . We take the latest available value of the series , which is available up to 2017 . Given that higher values of the Chinn-Ito index imply greater capital account openness , we expect a positive association with our measure of interest rate repression . - * * Entry barriers * * : To maintain control over credit allocation , governments may restrict the entry into the financial system of new domestic banks or of other potential competitors , for example foreign banks or non-bank financial institutions . Entry barriers may take several forms , including outright restrictions on foreign banks ; bank activity restrictions ; or excessively restrictive licensing requirements . We proxy entry barriers by an index of legal requirements needed to obtain a banking license . This indicator , first developed by Barth et al . ( 2001 ) , can be calculated using data systematically collected by the World Bank as a > 16 While an important financial repression measure used in many jurisdictions , we do not include lending quotas that , to the best of our knowledge , are not systematically tracked and cannot be meaningfully proxied by a quantitative variable . > 17 We did not calculate correlation coefficients for deposit IRCs due to the low number of observations . There are only 9 countries with deposit rate ceilings , and while there are 25 countries with deposit rate floors , 8 of them are ECCU members and", "spans": [{"start": 1673, "end": 1720, "text": "data systematically collected by the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for women . The survival probabilities can thus be estimated as  < sup >  < / sup > = 1 − 0  014 = 0  986 for men and  < sup >  < / sup > = 1 − 0  013 = 0  987 for women . This yields , given that κ = 0  501 , The family savings rate for Brazil ,  , is set equal to the private saving rate , which reached an average of 17 percent during the period 2003-10 . Solving ( 30 ) backward for the preference parameter   yields , using the intergenerational discount factor 0  97 < sup > 25 < / sup > , which , using ( 44 ) , yields According to 2010 IBGE data , average expenditure of a Brazilian family , in proportion of average income , is R $ 2626 . 3 / R $ 2763 . 4 = 0  942 percent , whereas the number of children per family , in proportion of the number of people per family is equal to 1  9  3  1 = 0  613 . Assuming that family income is spent evenly between adults and children would suggest that the share of spending on children , in proportion of total income , is 0  942 · 0  613 = 0  58 percent . However , to account for scale economies in raising children , we reduce this share to 0  45 percent . In terms of the model , this can be taken as an approximation of the share of total family income devoted to child rearing , which corresponds to   < sup >  < / sup > . The gross fertility rate ( number of births per woman ) for Brazil ,  , is equal to 2  1 over the period 2000-09 ; given that value , the share of family spending on each child can therefore be estimated at  < sup >  < / sup > = 0  45  2  1 = 0  214 . We assume that male spouses prefer to spend a smaller fraction ,  <", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 566, "text": "2010 IBGE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Katonga Wildlife Reserve has a viable sitatunga population inhabiting the Katonga Wetland System . The reserve also harbors a high population of waterbucks . The population of hippos and birds is also growing in addition to primates . In the 1960s , the reserve was home to a variety of animals including the zebra , topi , and eland , which are no longer seen in the reserve . Elephant , buffalo , waterbuck , bushbuck , reedbuck , and sitatunga still occur in the reserve . The current bird checklist numbers over 150 species , including species that are specific to wetlands , savannah , and forests . Other mammals include Black and White Colobus Monkey , the River Otter , and Olive Baboon , Uganda Kob , Waterbuck , Leopard , Buffalo , reedbuck , bushbuck and duiker , and chevrotain . The reserve is also home to various reptiles , amphibians , and butterflies . > 13 Plumptre , A . J . , Ayebare , S . , Pomeroy , D . , Tushabe , H . , Nangendo , G . , Mugabe , H . , . . . & Nampindo , S . ( 2017 ) . Conserving Uganda ’ s Biodiversity : Identifying critical sites for . link > 14 Kibwage , J . K . , Onyango , P . O . , & Bakamwesiga , H . ( 2008 ) . Local institutions for sustaining wetland resources and community livelihoods in the Lake Victoria basin . African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology , 2 ( 5 ) , 097-106 . 143", "spans": [{"start": 492, "end": 506, "text": "bird checklist", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cut-off date . # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 . 1 Vulnerable people * * _Vulnerable people_ are people who by virtue of gender , ethnicity , age , physical or mental disability , economic disadvantage , or social status , may be more adversely affected by resettlement than others and who may be limited in their ability to claim or take advantage of resettlement assistance and related development benefits . In this case , stakeholders form the PAP identified vulnerable people as the following : - i ) Widows ; ii ) Orphans ; iii ) Disabled or seriously sick people , particularly people living with HIV / AIDS and other illnesses ; - iv ) Second or third wives , particularly those where there is a risk that they will be abandoned by their husbands after compensation ; - v ) The elderly ; vi ) Households whose heads are female and who live with limited resources . vii ) Households whose heads are orphans ( child-headed households ) . It should be noted that vulnerability is not a static condition . For instance PAPs who were normal at the time valuation / surveys might be found vulnerable a year later at the time AWE Engineers www . awe-engineers . com", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Geotools < br > ( Magnetotelluric and TDEM < br > Intepretation software ) | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Direct Selection | Direct | | 15 , 000 . 00 | 23 , 000 . 00 < br > Signed | 2018-02-21 | 2018-02-26 | | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-09-29 | | UG-MEMD-40434-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of AERIAL < br > Imagery Equipment and < br > Software for MEMD | IDA / 56530 | Off-grid Energy Access < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - Nationa | l < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 48 , 420 . 00 | 77 , 373 . 07 < br > Signed | 2018-04-20 | 2018-04-25 | 2018-06-06 | 2018-07-06 | 2018-08-10 | 2019-02-06 | | UG-MEMD-48036-GO-DIR / < br > Supply of six ( 6 ) porous pot < br > electrode for Magnetotelluric < br > equipment | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Direct Selection | Direct | | 15 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-02-21 | 2018-02-26 | | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-09-29 | | UG-MEMD-47591-GO-DIR / < br > Supply of geophysical data < br > processing software ( Empower ) < br > & Training | < br > IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on community-level flood preparedness ( Sub-component 2 . 3 ) will further strengthen the awareness and capacity of target communities to prepare for , and respond to , floods . 50 . * * Institutionally , the project will benefit government officials and practitioners in multiple ministries and agencies at the federal level as well as in decentralized levels of the government through technical assistance on DRM and flood risk management . * * The EDRMC and various federal ministries and agencies ( such as MoUDI and MoF ) as well as the decentralized levels of the government , will benefit from technical assistance under Component 1 through the strengthening and mainstreaming of DRM and DRF activities . Component 1 will also benefit the first responders from Addis Ababa City and selected regions that receive communications and search and rescue equipment , as well as training to enhance EP & R capacity . Under Component 2 , the MoWE , Basin Offices in the Awash , Abbay , and Rift Valley Lakes basins , MoUDI , and relevant regional governments and urban local governments will be involved in technical assistance activities related to strategic studies , analytical work , and investment planning for flood risk management . Collaboration for hydromet and FEWS among MoWE , EMI , and the EDRMC will also be strengthened under Component 2 . # # # * * Indirect Beneficiaries * * 51 . * * The project will indirectly benefit about 33 million people ( roughly 29 percent of total population of Ethiopia ) living in the priority basins of Awash , Omo , and Rift Valley Lakes basins through * * > 64 According to 2020 population projections from the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia . > 65 These beneficiaries may include a sub-set of the 635 , 000 beneficiaries from improved flood risk reduction infrastructure under Sub-component 2 . 1 . > 66 The exact number of people directly benefitting from the project depends on the combination of sub-projects prioritized and selected as the investment plan for FMP through the strategic investment framework . The direct beneficiary numbers mentioned", "spans": [{"start": 1621, "end": 1648, "text": "2020 population projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "flow . Therefore , there is no evidence of a shift towards a eutrophic state following completion of the hydropower facility . This is largely attributable to the short retention time of the reservoir . The actual risk will depend on several factors including nutrient loads from upstream and terrestrial run-off . Although there are no forecast data available for these factors , and therefore it is not possible to apply the OECD model to predict future critical nutrient concentrations , it is not anticipated that the hydropower development alone will cause the upstream nutrient load to increase . As the new NEMA effluent quality standards are now in force , discharge of nutrients into the Upper Victoria Nile should decrease from current levels . Therefore , the risk of future development making this stretch of the Victoria Nile more susceptible to eutrophication should be reduced . # # # # # * * 7 . 5 . 3 . 3 Impacts on Aquatic Ecology and Fisheries * * Section 3 . 6 . 4 describes the current status of fish species in the Upper Victoria Nile and their conservation and commercial importance . Potential effects on fish species of commercial and conservation importance are discussed below . The surveys carried out by FIRRI identified two macrohabitat types in the upper Victoria Nile : fast-flowing habitats and slow-flowing habitats . The fast flowing zone R . J . Burnside International Limited * * I-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 350, "text": "forecast data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1210, "end": 1238, "text": "surveys carried out by FIRRI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( IoL well as the extent of loss ; and Business losses , by types , amounts < br > and duration of losses ( structures , incomes ) ; < br > In general , the compensation for affected structures was < br > Valuation of < br > determined on the basis of the replacement cost based on < br > Assets < br > prevailing market prices . During the fieldwork the valuation team < br > conducted systematic surveys within the project area to determine < br > the prices of acquiring or reconstructing similar structures . The < br > prices were used to determine full replacement value of the affected < br > assets . < br > Quantitative data sets were analyzed using excel data sheets , upon < br > Data analysis completion of the data entry transcriptions , the study team leader < br > carried out qualitative and quantitative data analysis , which < br > included a search for patterns and for concepts that help explain < br > the patterns . < br > ARAP This phase involves detailed analysis of the census data and < br > Report preparation synthesizing the results of community consultations and other < br > consultations , previous socio-economic survey work and Local < br > Physical and Land Use Development Plan . This was done in order < br > to prepare proposals and strategies for compensation packages to < br > be included in the ARAP . < br > DISCLOSURE COPY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 20", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 638, "text": "Quantitative data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 995, "end": 1006, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "June * * 18 , 2015 * * * * - 7 - * * H . * * E . * * Ato Ahmed Shide the Association * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC \" ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . ] This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , / signed * * / * * [ Position ] Yours truly , / signed * * / * * [ Position ] * * 5 * * Instruction to the Recipient : * * Add * * this paragraph if the Recipient wishes to authorize the listed persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials and to deliver Applications * * by * * electronic means ; if this is not applicable , please delete the paragraph . _Please delete this footnote in final letter that is sent to the Association . _ * * k WORLD BANK GROUP * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "about 2 ppts per year . The LTGM also addresses the first concern by allowing for steady capital accumulation based on prevailing rates of investment as a share of GDP in each country . In order to produce trajectories of adjustment , we calibrate the LTGM to each of the 19 countries in our MENA sample . For the 10 resource rich MENA countries ( Algeria , Bahrain , the Islamic Republic of Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Libya , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates ) we used the LTGM Natural Resource extension ( LTGM-NR ; Loayza et al . ( 2022 ) ) rather than the standard LTGM since growth analysis using standard neoclassical models can be misleading . The LTGM-NR incorporates a resource sector ( which does not use labor ) , and so takes into account the differential growth dynamics as well as reduced sensitivity of output to employment rates . < sup > 15 < / sup > The details of the calibration are in Appendix Tables A2 and A3 . In short , we calibrate key parameters like the labor share _β_ , the capital depreciation rate _δ_ , and the initial capital-to-output ratio based on Penn World Tables 10 data ( with some exceptions ) . Future investment rates are based on IMF forecasts from the World Economic Outlook ( WEO ) until 2028 ( their final year ) , which converge linearly to the historical average for each country by 2050 . Total Factor Productivity ( TFP ) growth rates are chosen to replicate WEO GDP growth forecasts to 2028 ( given other growth drivers ) which then converge linearly to a cross-country average by 2050 . < sup > 16 < / sup > Future human capital growth comes from the LTGM-Human Capital Extension , with a few exceptions , which uses the same definition of human capital as the World Bank Human Capital Index ( Kraay ( 2018 ) ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > We assume that females and males have identical human capital , which is a reasonable assumption in most countries , but we relax this assumption in the next section . Our analysis focuses on the _difference_ between the", "spans": [{"start": 1107, "end": 1132, "text": "Penn World Tables 10 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1627, "end": 1655, "text": "LTGM-Human Capital Extension", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1737, "end": 1767, "text": "World Bank Human Capital Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or lack of need , or unawareness , or some other reason . The exact variables used for this purpose are described in detail in Section 4 . 6 , along with a brief discussion of the corresponding caveats . # * * 4 . Data and Main Variables * * This section describes the data sources , discusses the variables we use , and provides summary statistics for both El Salvador and Georgia . # # * * 4 . 1 . Data * * As a baseline pre-pandemic data source , we use the most recent Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) completed in El Salvador in 2016 and Georgia in 2019 . The ES are firm-level surveys with a representative sample of a country ’ s private sector , implemented through a standard methodology with 10", "spans": [{"start": 473, "end": 491, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 565, "end": 583, "text": "firm-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Panel c . Income-risk jobs ( non-essential and non-teleworkable ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 % < br > 48 % < br > 46 % < br > 44 % < br > 42 % < br > 40 % < br > 38 % < br > 36 % < br > 34 % < br > 32 % < br > 30 % < br > Natives Foreign EU15 NMS13 Non-EU28 < br > born migrant migrant migrant < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Panel d . Health-risk jobs < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > Natives Foreign EU15 NMS13 Non-EU28 < br > born migrant migrant migrant < br > % of health-risk jobs < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculation based on EU-LFS 2018 data , following EC directive ( 2020 ) and Fasani and Mazza ( 2020a ) . 34", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 684, "text": "EU-LFS 2018 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- J ̈ antti , Markus , T ̈ orm ̈ alehto , Veli-Matti and Marlier , Eric ( 2013 ) . _The Use of Registers in the Context of EU-SILC : Challenges and Opportunities_ . European Union . - Kim , Nak Nyeon and Kim , Jongil ( 2013 ) . Sodok jipyo ui jaegumto [ reexamining income distribution indices of korea ] ( in korean ) . _Journal of Korean Economic Analysis_ , * * 19 , * * number 2 , 1 – 57 . - Korinek , Anton , Mistiaen , Johan A . and Ravallion , Martin ( 2006 ) . Survey nonresponse and the distribution of income . _The Journal of Economic Inequality_ , * * 4 , * * number 1 , 33 – 55 . - Lakner , Christoph and Milanovic , Branko ( 2015 ) . Global income distribution : From the fall of the berlin wall to the great recession . _World Bank Economic Review_ ; Advance Access published August 12 , 2015 . - Larsen , Erling ( 2014 ) . The Engel curve of owner-occupied housing consumption . _Journal of Applied Economics_ , * * 17 , * * number 2 , 325 – 352 . - Morelli , Salvatore , Smeeding , Timothy and Thompson , Jeffrey ( 2015 ) . Post1970 trends in within-country inequality and poverty : rich and middle-income countries . In _Handbook of Income Distribution_ ( eds Anthony B . Atkinson and Franois Bourguignon ) , volume 2A . Elsevier . - Sz ́ ekely , Miguel and Hilgert , Marianne ( 1999 ) . What ’ s behind the inequality we measure : An investigation using latin american data . _Research Department Working Paper Inter-American Development Bank_ . - van Veelen , Matthijs ( 2002 ) . An impossibility theorem concerning multilateral international comparison of volumes . _Econometrica_ , * * 70 , * * number 1 , 369 – 375 . - van Veelen , Matthijs and van der Weide , Roy ( 2008 ) . A note on different approaches to index number theory . _American Economic Review_ , * * 98 , * * number 4 , 1722 – 1730 . - Verme , P . , Milanovic , B . , Al-Shawarby", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Each Sociologist / Anthropologist and Resettlement Specialist shall the following qualifications : - A degree in Sociology / Anthropology / Community / Rural Development or any social science discipline from a recognized university - Five years ’ experience in socio-economic surveys - Experience of at least three projects of similar scope and nature - Experience in the World Bank ’ s social safeguard policies is an added advantage - The Social and Resettlement Specialist will be required to spend at least 75 % of their time in the subproject sites to ensure the right level of supervision for the various succeeding social aspects of the various studies – ESIA , RAP , Social Assessment and VMGP . # # # # * * _8 . 3 . 3 . Land Valuer / Valuation Expert_ * * The Consultant will employ one Valuation Expert to carry out valuation of structures and land . The Valuation Expert must be a registered and licensed Valuer with the following minimum qualifications : - Degree in land economics / valuation / real Estate , from a recognized University - Certificate of registration / professional certificate - Valid annual operating license - 10 years ’ experience in valuation - 5 years experience in valuation for wayleave compensation - Experience in the World Bank ’ s OP 4 . 12 is an added advantage The valuation expert will be stationed in Nairobi , Kenya and is expected to spend considerable time in the field . # # # # * * _8 . 3 . 4 . Land Surveyor / Survey expert_ * * The Consultant will employ one Survey Expert who will work closely with the RAP team to guide on the extent of the wayleave corridor and determine the assets within the corridor for valuation purposes . The surveyor will have the following minimum qualifications . - Degree in survey from a recognized university - Valid annual practicing license - Membership in relevant professional bodies - 5 years ’ experience in survey related to wayleave acquisition - Experience in the World Bank ’ s OP 4 . 12 is an added advantage # # # # * * _8 .", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 283, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the way in which smugglers are adapting to changing conditions in order to avoid detection , frequently switching between different unofficial tracks or “ panyas ” . Overland travel is undertaken in buses , trucks , containers , cars and also on foot . In the course of their journey , the physical and mental condition of the people concerned often deteriorates and they are exposed to severe abuse and exploitation . It is impossible to say how many people set out on such journeys but lose their lives in the process . Smuggling networks appear to bring their clients together in large groups so as to save costs and maximize profits . IOM and UNHCR research suggests that people may start out in relatively small groups of between eight and 30 people , but may be part of a group of more than 100 people by the time they have reached the Mozambique border ( IOM 2009b : 50-51 ; Crisp and Kiragu 2010 ) . As these groups expand , encompassing people from a variety of source countries and with different motivations for moving , the task of identifying those with protection needs and providing them with appropriate services and assistance becomes increasingly difficult . Overland journeys from the Horn of Africa to Southern Africa tend to begin in Kenya for both Somalis and Ethiopians , where there are well-established Somali and Ethiopian communities , both in the Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps and in Nairobi . They then cross into Tanzania . In 2008 , the TMTF recorded a total of 74 , 215 11", "spans": [{"start": 1470, "end": 1474, "text": "TMTF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 3 FDI Flows into the Service Sector in Indonesia * * The relaxation of regulatory restrictions , together with an increasingly attractive domestic market and relatively lower labor costs have contributed to an increase in FDI flows . Having dipped in 2009 with the onset of the global financial crisis , FDI flows have since surged , reaching $ 18 . 9bn USD in 2011 . FDI has been strong across all sectors , but particularly in the services sector , which accounted for 40 . 1 % of all inward investment into Indonesia in 2011 ( Figure 6 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > To a large extent , this has been driven by FDI into the two service sub-sectors that were both the largest and the fastest growing in 2011 : Transport & Communications and Trade , Hotel & Restaurant ( of which the bulk is accounted for by Wholesale & Retail ; Figure 7 ) . While FDI flows now broadly reflect the size of Indonesia ’ s economy , the country accounting for both 1 . 2 % of world FDI flows and 1 . 2 % of world GDP , it lags far behind regional peers . In 2011 , the South East Asia region accounted for 3 . 1 % of global GDP , but 5 . 3 % of global stocks of FDI and 7 . 6 % of global FDI flows . Cross-country evidence suggests that the statutory restrictions measured in the OECD FDI regulatory restrictiveness index are negatively correlated with FDI stocks ( Figure 8 ) . # * * 3 . 4 Liberalization Path in the Indonesian Telecom Sector * * Between 1966 and 1998 , Indonesia ’ s telecommunications sector was tightly controlled , and reform was incremental . From 1980 onwards , government acted as both regulator and monopoly operator . With investment capital in short supply , however , the government began to allow the incumbents to form strategic alliances with foreign firms as of 1989 . Although a degree of competition emerged in the mobile phone sector after partial privatizations in 1995 , government remained the dominant player until the East Asian crisis . In 1998 , given the commitments made", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 862, "text": "FDI flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1266, "end": 1307, "text": "OECD FDI regulatory restrictiveness index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024 # # # * * INTRODUCTION * * Depuis plusieurs années , le Mali est affecté par des crises politiques , sécuritaires et humanitaires liées aux violences armées , aux tensions intercommunautaires et à des désastres naturels ( inondations ) . La situation sécuritaire durant les neuf premiers mois de l ’ année 2024 marquée , les attaques ciblée par des individus armées et par des affrontements militaires sporadiques entre les Forces Armées Maliennes ( FAMA ) et les groupes armés non-étatiques . Le transfert du programme matrice de suivi des déplacements DTM ( Displacement Tracking Matrix ) au Gouvernement par l ’ OIM , en novembre 2014 et la signature de deux accords de partenariat entre le Gouvernement et l ’ UNHCR pour la gestion des sites PDIs et l ’ enregistrement des rapatriés , ont permis au Gouvernement du Mali d ’ obtenir une meilleure compréhension des caractéristiques des populations déplacées et retournées , ainsi que de mettre au jour leurs besoins et accès aux services de base . Ces informations sont collectées puis disséminées auprès de la communauté humanitaire et des pouvoirs publics afin de leur fournir une analyse complète des caractéristiques , mouvements et besoins des populations déplacées dans le pays et d ’ orienter les programmes d ’ aide humanitaire . # # # * * I . METHODOLOGIE * * Les activités de la DTM sont basées sur la méthodologie approu", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 614, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "census . It is a date , after which people who are not included in the list of PAPs as defined by the census will not be considered eligible for compensation . The census will be carried out to collect socio-economic data on the affected households . The specific cutoff date will be included in the RAP and clearly communicated to the affected communities through the available media platforms including social , print and electronic . After the cut-off date , no new developments in or entrants to the project area claiming to be cases of affected people will be considered for compensation . This process is explained during the census and valuation exercise to all stakeholders in the area , including project-affected people , relevant stakeholders in which consultations are undertaken . Failure in setting and clearly communicating this date often leads to speculative development along the project route in an effort to target compensation . This affects project schedule and unduly increases resettlement cost . Communicating and enforcing the cut-off date will be the role of ICTA . Continued information on the cutoff-date will be communicated as part of the community engagement on the eligibility to avoid speculative encroachment on project areas . Measures for alerting absent affected people / households on eligibility for compensation will include the following : reaching project-affected people by telephone ; putting up official notices on project counties , sub counties , community notice boards and affected houses ; and informing other affected households at community meetings so that they may pass on the information to the absent affected persons . 24", "spans": [{"start": 202, "end": 221, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are plotted in Figure 2 . Over the period as a whole , all three poverty measures fell for both lines , although the declines were quantitatively modest for such a long period . The proportional decline in poverty incidence ( according to the Administrative Poverty Line ) from 0 . 296 to 0 . 222 is of exactly 25 % . This contrasts , for instance , with a poverty reduction of 62 % ( from 0 . 418 in 1975 to 0 . 157 in 1992 ) in > 13 In fact , this was done for the nine metropolitan areas ( Belém , Fortaleza , Recife , Salvador , Belo Horizonte , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Curitiba and Porto Alegre ) , as well as Brasília and Goiânia , using the 1987 expenditure survey - Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares ( POF ) . For the other urban and rural areas , conversion factors were borrowed from an earlier work by Fava ( 1984 ) , which was based on the most recent available data for these areas , namely the 1975 Estudo Nacional da Despesa Familiar ( ENDEF ) . These were updated to 1990 prices using the INPC price index . > 14 For an alternative approach to dealing with regional differences in the cost of living , using a regional price index defined for a fixed basket , see Ferreira et . al . ( 2003 ) . > 15 ' The poor ' amongst whom she computes non-food expenditures are those who , according to information recorded in the POF , were unable to meet _minimum_ caloric requirements as specified by FAO .", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 676, "text": "1987 expenditure survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 679, "end": 712, "text": "Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 918, "end": 953, "text": "Estudo Nacional da Despesa Familiar", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1010, "end": 1026, "text": "INPC price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1338, "end": 1341, "text": "POF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 11 . MONITORING AND EVALUATION ARRANGEMENTS * * Monitoring and evaluation will be a continuous process . EEPCo will continuously take stock of all expropriation compensation reports and discuss it on regular basis . After completion of the resettlement / rehabilitation operations , it is expected that PAPs will have a better or improved way of life compared to their prior resettlement situation . Therefore , resettlement / rehabilitation operations need to be monitored with regard to performance and compliance with the above objective . The Actors in the monitoring and evaluation process include : - The EMT of EEPCo ( for planning , coordination and monitoring ) - Municipality and woreda administration ( for monitoring and evaluation ) - PAPs and NGO ’ s or private consultants as required ( for evaluation ) Regional / Federal EPA and other concerned agencies Since resettlement / rehabilitation is the byproduct of construction activities , the principal actor of the resettlement / rehabilitation operations will be EEPCo , in close co-ordination and co-operation with municipality and woreda authorities . However , in the case of largescale resettlement projects , EEPCo may conduct the monitoring through a consultant or an NGO who might have experience in the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) . The frequency of monitoring may vary , depending on the magnitude and complexity of the operations . Field visits by EEPCo will be conducted at least once a month . Municipalities and woreda administrations will conduct their own monitoring , but when possible , this will be done together with EEPCo . MoME will be the responsible body to review the results of the monitoring and evaluation . # # # * * 11 . 1 . Monitoring Principles * * For each project with adverse social impacts , a monitoring and an evaluation plan of the mitigation measures will be established . The scope of the plan will , however , take into account the size of the social impacts to be mitigated while respecting the", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 244, "text": "expropriation compensation reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 - ( i ) A socio-economic survey will be completed to determine scope and nature of resettlement impacts . - ( ii ) The socio-economic study will be carried out to collect data in the selected sub-project sites . - ( iii ) The socio-economic assessment will focus on the potential affected communities , including some demographic data , description of the area , livelihoods , the local participation process , and establishing baseline information on livelihoods and income , landholding , etc . Annex describes the requirements for the RAP in detail . In general , the RAP contains the following information : - ( i ) Baseline Census ; - ( ii ) Socio-Economic Survey ; - ( iii ) Specific Compensation Rates and Standards ; - ( iv ) Entitlements related to any additional impacts ; - ( v ) Site Description ; - ( vi ) Programs to Improve or Restore Livelihoods and Standards of Living ; - ( vii ) Detailed cost estimates and Implementation Schedule . Where relocation or loss of shelter occurs , the RPF requires that measures to assist the displaced persons be implemented in accordance with the Resettlement Action Plans . If community members elect to voluntarily donate land / assets without compensation , they must be fully informed about the project and its grievance redress arrangements ahead of the agreement , and it must be documented that this act is performed freely and voluntarily without any coercion . 60", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 84, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 371, "end": 387, "text": "demographic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 673, "end": 688, "text": "Baseline Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 700, "end": 721, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Linking a worker ' s pay to firm performance . Supposedly a close link should increase employee incentives . Understand internal incentives may help policy makers provide better advice on private sector reforms . For instance , suppose surveys reveal little correlation between pay and firm performance in a particular country . Such a finding may imply that the labor force is not properly motivated , perhaps due to poor performance measurement or the many layers of hierarchy . Alternatively , if all employees perceive their jobs as permanent , increasing the share of contract workers may be a valid option to motivate workers . Many World Bank surveys do not measure internal incentives at all . Some have a minimum number of measures , such as the percentage of work being contracted out , employment benefits , bonuses , payment method ( e . g . , piece rate or hourly rate ) , total wages , non-wage costs , and labor turnover rates . The RPED covers internal incentives most extensively . It asks many useful questions , including the payment scheme ( piece rate , time rate , or based on firms ' sales ) , the number of people fired , the presence of a union , overtime pay , and detailed wage data by worker category . An especially innovative feature of the RPED is its survey of a subsample of workers in the surveyed firms , which asked workers about issues such as bonuses , wages , and housing allowances . Despite the strong advances made by the RPED , Bank surveys leave many questions unexplored . For example , we still know little about pay differences between different levels of workers , and between managers and production workers . Likewise , in few countries and industries do we have any sense of the involuntary turnover rate . Without such data we cannot understand the effects and determinants of firm internal incentives , and whether performance improves with better internal incentives in different countries . # * * B . Human Capital * * Human capital theory emphasizes the importance of schooling , labor market experience , seniority , and training in explaining individual productivity ( Willis 1986 ) . In the context of firms we should", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 659, "text": "World Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1473, "end": 1485, "text": "Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 . 1 Tetrachoric correlation catrix and eigendecomposition * * Table 5 presents the tetrachoric correlation matrices among the seven components of the job quality index for 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , and 2021 . As expected , the correlation coefficients are higher among the first four components , which assess a job ’ s regulatory and income dimensions . For example , in 2007 , access to social security benefits exhibited a strong correlation ( coefficient of 0 . 77 ) with minimum wage compliance , and this association remained consistent across the years . Similarly , minimum wage compliance and the incidence of relative underpayment showed a correlation coefficient above 0 . 85 . On the other hand , compensatory moonlighting , job stability , and the incidence of overqualification demonstrated low levels of correlation with the other variables . Furthermore , most of the relationships between the components maintained similar magnitudes over the decade , suggesting a time-independent and structural correspondence between the components used to assess job quality . Table 6 presents the results of the eigen-decomposition of the covariance matrix between 2007 and 2021 . This table provides the eigenvalues associated with each principal component and allows for calculating the explained variance . Generally , it is observed that for almost every year , only the first three components had eigenvalues above one , which collectively accounted for 60 percent of the total variance . For further exploratory analysis , we present the rotated principal components ( eigenvectors ) for 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , and 2021 in Table 7 ( including only components with eigenvalues larger than one ) . Column ( 1 ) illustrates that across different years , the first principal component predominantly consists of variables such as access to social security benefits , minimum wage compliance , child labor , and relative underpayment . Consequently , the underlying factor behind this component could be interpreted as labor market formality or a rule of law dimension . Column ( 2 ) shows that labor stability and the incidence of overqualification have a higher weight in constructing the second component , suggesting a likely dimension related to career advancement and opportunities . Column ( 3 ) also reveals that the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 64 % des rapatriés ont indiqué n ’ avoir jamais été enregistré dans les registres de l ’ Etat civil , 13 % ont déclaré avoir perdu les documents pendant la fuite , 12 % ont indiqué avoir perdu les documents dans le pays d ’ asile , 3 % représente les enfants nées dans le pays d ’ asile . # # # * * Moyens de subsistance des rapatriés * * S ’ agissant des moyens de subsistance , la majorité des ménages rapatriés ont perdu leur autonomisation et vivent désormais d ’ aides et dons humanitaires ( 41 % ) , d ’ aides communautés et / ou de tierces personnes ( 17 % ) . De ce qui précède , on remarque que les personnes rapatriées dépendent fortement de l ’ assistance . Pour ce faire , d ’ autres secteurs d ’ activités doivent être créés dans l ’ objectif d ’ offrir de l ’ emploi à une partie de la main-d ’ œuvre agricole vers de nouvelles activités autres que l ’ agriculture . Par rapport à l ’ élevage , vu que les espaces à vocation pastorale sont abondants , l ’ élevage d ’ animaux de petite taille ( caprins / ovins ) est possible et rentable dans diverses localités du pays . * * 22 * *", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 123, "text": "registres de l ’ Etat civil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "- 27 - Equation ( 2 ) can be estimated by a generalized count regression model , i . e . , zero-truncated negative binomial model , because the observed number of bidders _num_ is a positive integer and typical of count data ( e . g . , Li and Perrigne , 2003 ; Li and Zheng , 2006 ; Ohashi , 2009 ) . The bidder participation is assumed to depend on security conditions , auction design , contract size , and other project-specific technical characteristics in _X_ . As discussed , the impact of security issues is of particular concern in Nepal . Aggravating security might be discouraging firms from applying for public tenders . _Z_ is a vector of instrument variables that particularly affect the firms ’ entry decisions . The equation can also be estimated as a first stage regression , when the bid function is estimated with the number of bidders instrumented directly by _Z_ . Another approach to estimate the bidders ’ entry strategy is a binary probability model where each bidder ’ s decision about whether to apply for a public tender is regressed on explanatory variables . Letting a binary variable , _entryit_ , be 1 if bidder _i_ participates in auction _t_ and zero otherwise , the probability of bidder _i_ ’ s participating in auction _t_ is : In this case , bidder-specific characteristics , such as _dist_ and _ethnicity_ , can be incorporated in the model . Following the endogenous auction literature , three instruments are considered for _Z_ : ( i ) the number of prospective contractors who can potentially apply for each tender , ( ii ) costs of bidding documents , and ( iii ) the length of bid preparation periods . The first instrument is the number of firms who bought the bidding documents ( denoted by _bdnum_ ) . This is considered as the maximum number of contenders that could participate in each auction . The underlying idea is the same as the use of the number of plan holders or", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "States consider the data needs of children on the move as a priority , matched by political , technical and financial investments . Over the next four years , let ’ s pledge to fill the gaps , learning from , building upon and expanding on the progress that has been achieved . This must happen at all governance levels , and we must hold ourselves accountable to new standards in the migration data landscape . For instance , by the 2026 IMRF , Member States can pledge to voluntarily report on their progress toward implementing the data-related objectives of the GCM , vis-à-vis established standards and indicators on child migration data . A cooperative approach hinging on shared responsibility between governments and key stakeholders in humanitarian and development communities is vital to improving the data on children on the move and ensuring that every child is counted , seen , heard and protected , no matter how far away from home they may be . 10", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 642, "text": "child migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 . Estimating the effect of percentage changes in domestic food prices on changes in the $ 1 . 25 / day and $ 2 / day poverty headcounts in robust and IV GMM models | Regression Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Poverty line for headcount measure | $ 1 . 25 / day | $ 1 . 25 / day | $ 2 / day | $ 2 / day | | Estimator | OLS | IV GMM | OLS | IV GMM | | Change in log of domestic food prices | - 19 . 27 * * | - 81 . 67 * * | - 17 . 65 * * * | - 71 . 87 * * | | | ( 9 . 24 ) | ( 40 . 10 ) | ( 7 . 48 ) | ( 36 . 09 ) | | N | 302 | 300 | 313 | 310 | | Tests | | | | | | Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F statistic | | 12 . 20 | | 13 . 68 | | Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistic | | 0 . 01 | | 0 . 01 | | Stock-Wright LM statistic | | 0 . 04 | | 0 . 04 | _Source_ : Author ’ s estimates from World Bank ( 2013 ) poverty data and ILO ( 2013 ) food price data . _Notes_ : See text for definitions of the variables . * , * * , and * * * indicate significance at the 10 % , 5 % and 1 % levels , respectively . Standard errors clustered at the country level are reported in parentheses . For the IV GMM , errors are clustered at the country level and the excluded instrument is the change in international prices ( see section III for details ) . All regressions control for time dummies . The null hypothesis of the Hausman tests is that the variable under consideration can be treated as exogenous . The Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F statistic measures weak instruments , with critical values varying between", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We use the terms Eastern Croatia and Slavonia interchangeably . ‘ Slavonia ’ is used as a shorthand for the region of Slavonija , Baranja & Srijem , consisting of five counties in Eastern Croatia . These five counties are : Brod-Posavina county , Osijek-Baranja county , Pozega-Slavonia county , Virovitica-Podravina county , and Vukovar-Srijem county . > 4 Apart from data availability , it makes sense to compare Slavonia with the federal districts covered in Russia because , in both cases , the regions are part of a transition economy in Europe , although arguably Russian districts are much larger in size as well as in per capita GDP terms than any region in Croatia . Comparison with Mexico is also revealing in the sense that Mexico ’ s per capita GDP is closer to Slavonia ( but lower than Croatia ) , but has a strong manufacturing base , and thus offers another perspective for comparison , apart from the United States , which is the benchmark frontier economy ( upper bound ) . In fact , to minimize error margin , we took advantage of access to Mexican survey data on management capabilities at the sample stratification stage and the count of firms to be interviewed by sector within each region is based on an analogous comparator state in Mexico . For example , the sample distribution across sectors in Dalmatia is based on Quintana Roo , a state in Mexico with similar economic structure and relative income ranking as Dalmatia . Likewise , the target sample distribution of firms in Zagreb is based on Mexico City . > 5 We are concerned that the higher score in Croatia may be a result of a low response rate and a likely selection bias . However , it should be noted that we did not find a significant selection bias based on observable characteristics of firms such as size , age , sector and export status . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1060, "end": 1106, "text": "Mexican survey data on management capabilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participation on attending village council meetings . For women without NREGS cards , we find that participation in _Mahila Samakhya_ significantly increases the ability to go out without permission . The positive effect on attending village council meetings is also significant at the 90 percent level . We thus find that _Mahila Samakhya_ improves the bargaining power of not only women who work , but also of those who do not have access to outside employment . This effect may come from a combination of increasing the woman ’ s reservation wage and increasing her information set about alternative choices . However , all but one of the first-stage F-statistics for these regressions are lower than 10 , ranging from 7 . 27 to 8 . 54 . The only exception is the physical mobility regression for women without NREGS cards , where the F-statistic is 11 . 75 . While we might be concerned about weak instruments in this case , the Sargan test indicate that the instruments are exogenous . Restricting the sample further to those women who do not work _and_ do not have NREGS cards , we have 73 observations in the physical mobility regression and 78 in the political participation regression . The first-stage F-statistic for the physical mobility regression is 8 . 23 , but is only 6 . 33 for the political participation regression ; as a result , we do not report the results from this regression . We find that program participation increases a woman ’ s ability to leave the house without permission ; the associated t-statistic is 1 . 83 , meaning that the estimate is significant at the 90 percent level . Although the sample is small and weak instruments are a concern , these results suggest that the indirect effect of _Mahila Samakhya_ , working through increased reservation wages and expanded information sets , can improve women ’ s physical mobility , and thereby empower them . In summary , using PSM , 2SLS , and ITTs , we find that the _Mahila Samakhya_ program empowers women in a variety of ways , via both direct and indirect routes . In addition to directly increasing access to outside employment , political participation , and physical mobility , our results suggest the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) | Value | 15 % | Data not yet available | Data not yet available | 25 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 14-Sep-2017 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 01-May-2020 | | Comments | | | | | | Results and Data Quality < br > ~ ~ IN00781745 ~ ~ < br > ► Analytical products ( | Assurance < br > Text , Custom ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | N / A | 3 . 00 | 3 . 00 | At least two per year < br > for each sector / agency < br > supported | | Date | 14-Sep-2017 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 02-Nov-2020 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00781748 ~ ~ < br > ► HIES survey publish | One output on Gend < br > ed ( Text , Custom ) | er , another on Health DQA , and an | alytical work on Ag Census | have been completed . | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | Household Income < br > Consumption and < br > Expenditure Survey has < br > been carried out and < br > published . | Household Income < br > Consumption and < br > Expenditure Survey has < br > been carried out and < br > published . | Household Income < br > Consumption and < br > Expenditure Survey < br > has been published , < br >", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 760, "text": "HIES survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 884, "text": "Ag Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "various scenarios , the Company also manages its fair value interest rate risk by using floating – to - fixed interest rate swaps , where applicable . # # # _Sensitivity analysis_ The Company analyses its interest rate exposure on a dynamic basis by conducting a sensitivity analysis . This involves determining the impact on profit or loss of defined rate shifts . The sensitivity analysis for interest rate risk assumes that all other variables , in particular foreign exchange rates , remain constant . The calculation excludes borrowing costs capitalised in terms of the Company ’ s accounting policy . The analysis has been performed on the same basis as the prior year . Using the end of the year figures , the sensitivity analysis indicates the impact on the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income if current floating interest rates increase / decrease by one percentage point as a decrease / increase of KShs 1 , 112 million ( 2015 : KShs 873 million ) . A rate increase / decrease of 5 % would result in a decrease / increase in profit before tax of KShs 5 , 560 million ( 2015 – KShs 4 , 368 million ) : | | Change in currency rate | Effect on Profit before tax < br > and equity | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 2016 * * | | KShs ’ 000 | | | 1 % | 1 , 112 , 000 | | | 5 % | 5 , 560 , 000 | | | | = = = = = = = = | | * * 2015 * * | | | | | 1 % | 873 , 000 | | | 5 % | 4 , 368 , 000 < br > = = = = = = = = | 41", "spans": [{"start": 687, "end": 710, "text": "end of the year figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conflict resolution efforts ” ( ICR , pp . 27-28 ) . The ICR acknowledges that a reduction in tension and violence in the arid and semi - arid lands cannot be inferred from this since there are , as yet , insufficient long - term data to support such an assessment . # # # * * Objective 3 : to improve access to basic services in 28 drought prone and semi - arid districts in Kenya * * . * * Substantial . * * < u > Outputs < / u > - More than 2000 water activities - - including drilling and rehabilitation of boreholes , purchase of pumps , provision of fuel supplies , support to rapid response teams to ensure continuous functioning of boreholes , and water trucking , among other actions – were undertaken in all but three project districts . - A total of 223 health and nutrition emergency responses were realized , including rapid responses to disease outbreaks ( malaria , cholera , diarrhea , measles and aflatoxicosis , among others ) . - About 3 , 000 micro-projects , benefiting a total of some 1 . 9 million people ( 55 % of whom were women ) were implemented in 614 communities . These are additional to the drought-preparedness micro-projects but may include some of the 2 , 000 water activities , referred to above . The most common projects included water , agriculture , education , health and sanitation . Livestock , access roads , and other income - generating activities , were also supported . # # # < u > Outcomes < / u > - The ILRI Impact Evaluation compared changes in access to basic services between 2004 and 2009 in beneficiary and control locations . The former experienced statistically significant improvements in access to quality water sources , primary , secondary and adult education , and to veterinary medicines . The percentage of households consulting medical professionals , using bed nets , and seeking veterinary extension services also increased , and negative health-related outcomes , including prevalence of child diarrhea and livestock mortality ,", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 234, "text": "long - term data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | BORKO | 124 | 175 | 149 | 324 | 156 | 126 | 282 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 338 | 278 | 616 | | KENDIE | 270 | 737 | 776 | 1513 | 303 | 293 | 596 | 17 | 8 | 21", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE AND PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PROJECT - AF ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 , 2021 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For nodci ending 30TH JUNE , 2021 < br > Account No 1000368403 < br > Depository Bank CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > Adcross CBK < br > Rela : ec Loan INFRASTRUCTURE FIN . PUB . PRIV . PTNSHIP < br > Credit Agr-ement 6121-KE < br > Currency EUR < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July 2020 < br > as per C B K Ledger Accou : nt 2 . 03 < br > Add : < br > Tcta , Anrount deposited ny \\ orld Bank 0 . 00 < br > Tot c , t-n ! rr n . ecse < br > Totlj amount reuoned to cover ine , pbie < br > expend ture < br > Deduct : < br > Total arount OMnthrawn 0 00 < br > Toral service chrarges : f not inciuded above in < br > amount nithdranv . r < br > Ending balance on 30th June 2021 24 . 03 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > DATE < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * NOTE * * * * _The_ * * endng baiance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Scecal Account as", "spans": [{"start": 550, "end": 568, "text": "C B K Ledger Accou", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1216, "end": 1252, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 tracker , which facilitates reporting by frontline workers using mobile phones , tablets , and computers . Prior to entry into the DHIS-2 , the data is manually documented on Client Cards , Client Registers , vaccines , and Injection Materials Control book , AEFI forms and vaccine stock report . Other forms of digital technologies being explored include the use of SMS text messaging to alert people of second dose of vaccination . There is scope to further strengthen the role of digital technologies in the vaccination exercise and in COVID-19 response more generally . The Bank has facilitated discussions between the MoH , the Digital Development Partnership , and the National Information Technology Authority ( NITA-U ) , to explore leveraging resources through other Bank-financed projects , with a focus on digital technologies , to bridge current gaps . 21", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 139, "text": "DHIS-2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Monthly summaries and internal reports on public grievances , enquiries and related incidents , together with the status of implementation of associated corrective / preventative actions will be collated by responsible staff and referred to the senior management of the project ( s ) . The monthly summaries will provide a mechanism for assessing both the number and the nature of complaints and requests for information , along with the Project ’ s ability to address those in a timely and effective manner . Contact Reports are to be prepared by Social Safeguards Specialist for the project or other relevant function whenever an external consultation event is conducted . Meeting minutes are also to be kept for community meetings and other ESHS engagement activities held with affected stakeholders . Where considered beneficial , participative community monitoring programmes will be introduced to check project impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation programs ) . The Safeguards Teams will establish suitable environmental and / or social topics for this approach , identify potential participants from amongst the affected communities , and provide any capacity building / training . The output ( reports from participants ) from such monitoring is likely to be verbal ( meetings or telephones ) and will be recorded . In addition , the project will implement a World Bank financed Enhanced implementation Support and Monitoring entity to assess level of non-discrimination under the project . Other project teams shall maintain suitable monitoring measures for engagement with interested parties / other stakeholders such as national government and its agencies , NGOs and the general public . All new commitments made by UCSATP or its representatives to stakeholders are to be entered into the Commitments Register . Information on public engagement activities undertaken by the Project during the year may be conveyed to the stakeholders in a standalone annual report on project ’ s interaction with the stakeholders . # 5 . 16 . 2 MONITORING INDICATORS A number of Key Performance Indicators ( KPIs ) will also be monitored by the project on a regular basis , including the following parameters : - a . Number of public hearings , consultation meetings and other public discussions / forums conducted within", "spans": [{"start": 1807, "end": 1827, "text": "Commitments Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _Not Applicable . _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Not Applicable . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "five countries studied here – Ethiopia , Nigeria , Somalia , South Sudan , and Sudan . As the MPI is a household-level measure of multidimensional poverty , strictly reporting the MPI headline results obscures the divergent experience of individuals within the household . This paper builds on the work of Alkire , Ul Haq , and Alim ( 2019 ) with its focus on individual deprivations and intrahousehold analysis using the gender-sensitive refugee > [ † ] World Bank , Washington , D . C , USA > [ ‡ ] Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an agrarian reform program , including a land reform ; and , finally , the deregulation of domestic markets for agricultural goods – were important drivers of the observed agricultural performance . < sup > 5 < / sup > However , the increase in agricultural productivity was accompanied by a massive lay-off of hired labor and by important changes in the size distribution of farms . According to the agricultural census from 1996 , the number of small farms declined dramatically and agricultural employment shrank by 23 percent between 1986 and 1996 , although these figures should be taken with some caution ( Helfand and Rezende 2004 ) . Our analysis based on the 1997 and 2001 household surveys ( PNAD ) suggests that this decline in agricultural employment has continued after 1996 . In 2001 , agriculture accounted for 20 . 6 percent of employment in Brazil down from 24 . 2 percent in 1997 . > 5 See Helfand and Rezende ( 2004 ) and Dias and Amaral ( 2002 ) for details . 6", "spans": [{"start": 401, "end": 420, "text": "agricultural census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 677, "end": 699, "text": "2001 household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "months * After one year Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile 133 sub-districts reporting # # # # * * 1 . 8 . 1 Replenishment of NFIs : Percentage of reporting sub-districts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 52 % < br > 26 % < br > 18 % < br > 5 % < br > After one ( 1 ) year After six ( 6 ) months After one ( 1 ) month Less than a month < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 13", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 121, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to place a lower weight on development objectives , relative to other donors , and a higher weight on “ private ” objectives related to commercial interests . Descriptive statistics for these variables are provided in table 1 for the main sample of 1959 observations for the year 2007 . Standard errors were adjusted for donor clustering of observations . Note that all observations where the donor is a multilateral aid agency are excluded from the sample , because they exhibit no variation in the dependent variable . All but the EC have no tied aid , and all of its aid is classified as partially tied < sup > 6 < / sup > . Several small non-DAC donors are also dropped from the analysis , because they do not report aid tying status . The sample of donors thus includes 22 DAC members ( all but the EC ) . All recipients of aid in the OECD ’ s Creditor Reporting System ( CRS ) are included , with the exception of a small number of countries that were already classified as high income by the World Bank . Although our aid share measure varies across donors within each recipient , the number of donors does not . We therefore test the model ’ s prediction that more donors will be associated with higher tied aid using a cross section of 133 recipient countries for 2007 . Specifically , we estimate the following equation : where _σi_ represents the share of aid recipient _i_ receives that is tied , _Ni_ is the number of donors present in recipient country _i_ , _LDCi_ is a dummy indicating whether the recipient country is classified as a Least Developed Country , and _Xi_ is a vector of recipient-specific controls . Summary statistics of these variables are found in table 2 . Standard errors robust to possible heteroskedasticity are reported in all tests . Data on aid tying shares were computed from the AidData portal , a database which provides development financing data at the project level < sup > 7 < / sup > . AidData uses the CRS as a main source . The CRS reports for each project the total commitment amount , the amount of tied aid , the amount of partially", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 874, "text": "Creditor Reporting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1822, "end": 1836, "text": "AidData portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s on the east bank of the Nile at Namizi near the embankment site . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 5 . 5 Onchocerciasis ( River Blindness ) Vectors * * The blood-sucking flies , _Simulium damnosum , _ transmit river blindness . These flies breed in well-oxygenated , rapidly flowing water . In the past , suitable breeding sites occurred at many points in the Nile between the Nalubaale dam and Lake Kyoga . Breeding was widespread and human infection common . Control measures were initiated in about 1950 . Regular applications of DDT were initially targeted against adults by aerial application and spraying along the banks and subsequently against larvae by application into the river itself . Larval control was achieved at a dose rate of 0 . 1-0 . 5 ppm . Treatment had a short-term adverse effect on aquatic organisms but these quickly recovered . Adult flies regularly re-invaded the river but in steadily declining numbers and were finally eradicated around 1975 ( McCrae , 1977 ; Ayele & Walsh , 1991 ) . Surveys conducted by WS Atkins ( 1998 ) demonstrated the presence of other nonvector _Simulium_ species ( S . _alcocki_ and S . _medusaeforme ) _ in the river , the adults of which are thought to feed on birds and cattle . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 5 . 6 Trypanosomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness ) Vectors * * Two morphologically identical organisms , _Trypanosoma gambiense_ and T . _rhodesiense_ cause human trypanosomiasis . The diseases they cause in man are R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 1006, "end": 1036, "text": "Surveys conducted by WS Atkins", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The local vernacular radio station will also be used as a channel of communicating and disseminating information about the project to the vulnerable groups . - _Posters_ Posters in local language will also be used to disseminate information about the project to the vulnerable groups for instance in announcing proposed meetings which will be placed in strategic points like market centres , hospitals , schools etc . - _Background Information Document_ The purpose of the background information document ( BID ) is to offer the vulnerable groups a clear , non-technical and consistent explanation of the project activities , proponent , and mechanisms for stakeholder engagement and communication about the project . This reduces misinformation and miscommunication about project activities and impacts . - The BID will be distributed to all the vulnerable groups and posted in projectaffected communities in advance of the start of project activities . The BID will be a single sheet of paper printed on both sides . Information on one side in local language will be replicated on the reverse side in English . Information will also be made available in Kiswahili as needed . # # # # # # 4 . 1 . 5 Documentation The opinions , views , concerns , and recommendations of meetings and consultations held with the vulnerable groups must and will be properly recorded and acknowledged . Responses and actions in relation to the result of the consultations shall be provided and made public . All communications with stakeholders , including grievances , will be recorded in a stakeholder engagement record . It is the responsibility of PIU to maintain this record and are responsible for accurate and timely management and maintenance of the stakeholder engagement record . 39", "spans": [{"start": 1573, "end": 1602, "text": "stakeholder engagement record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1739, "end": 1768, "text": "stakeholder engagement record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As mentioned above , the model has two main emissions matrices , which track all emissions in the economy . The second emissions matrix tracks emissions in all economy activities ( except deforestation , which is dealt with in the transition matrix described above ) , where emissions are associated to each productive sector and final demand , and can be of two broad types ( sources ) : emissions associated to fuel use and emissions associated to the level of activity of each sector ( like fugitive emissions in mining , or CH4 emissions in livestock for example ) . All emissions are accounted by the original GHG gases , and transformed to CO2 equivalents using the Global Potential Warming for 100 years ( GPW-100 ) coefficients from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report – SAR ( IPCC , 2014 ) . These emissions are in fixed coefficients in either fuel use or the level of sector activity . # * * 4 . Simulation strategy * * The TERM-BR model was used to perform a series of stylized simulations aiming to illustrate the importance of sectoral technological changes for deforestation , under different scenarios . The first step is to build a baseline from 2015 to 2030 , which was used as a reference for the policy shocks . The period 2015-2018 is the historical period , when the model reproduces the observed pattern of the Brazilian economy . The policy scenarios start in 2019 , the results of interest being the difference between the baseline and the policy trajectory . Three main regional broad scenarios were used : a total factor productivity shock ( increase ) in Brazil , in the Legal Amazon states , and in the South / Southeast Brazil . In the first two cases , the productivity shocks were applied to different broad sectors , one by one : agriculture , mining , services and manufacturing . All activities within those broad sectors received the same productivity shock . An annual 0 . 5 % increase in productivity was considered in the simulations , for each region and sectoral scenario . # * * 5 . Results * * Table 2 depicts the cumulative impact of a permanent 0 . 5 percentage point increase in the displayed variables", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a part . < sup > 73 < / sup > As early as November 2010 , a working group was created inside CNIg , being a representative body composed of personnel from government ministries and nongovernment actors , to assess Haitian arrivals and needs . Refugee status was certainly considered as an option to respond to Haitian movements . However , it appears there was a general perception , among members of CONARE and more generally , that refugee status was unsuitable or inapplicable , as Haitians did not face a well-founded fear of persecution on Refugee Convention grounds . If Haitians were refused recognition as refugees by CONARE , a scenario that was perceived as likely , it was thought that Haitians might remain in Brazil without timely recourse to regularize their status . The extent to which the earthquake and the ensuing disaster , the most prominent and proximate factor prompting flight , played into these perceptions , and overshadowed other underlying conditions in Haiti cannot be dismissed . Recognition or > 70 UNHCR , supra note 2 . Numbers are as at the end of 2009 . > 71 Based on Federal Police records , there were 524 pending claims ; exchange with UNHCR on file with author . > 72 See Subsection 3 . 2 . 2 of the report . > 73 See e . g . references listed in footnote 5 . 180", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1126, "text": "Federal Police records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 7 : Cobb-Douglas Production Function Estimations Sri Lanka Invesment Climate / Business Environment Surveys 2003 & 2010 Own Response | * * _Dependent variable is natural log of total annual sale_ * * | * * _s_ * * < br > ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( | 4 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Sample_ * * | Pooled | 2003 | 2010 | Pooled | | | * * _Specification_ * * | | ( 1 ) , 2003 only | ( 1 ) , 2010 only | Base effect | 2010 Interactions | | Ln ( labor ) | 0 . 382 + + + | 0 . 348 + + + | 0 . 419 + + | 0 . 367 + + + | | | | ( 0 . 078 ) | ( 0 . 078 ) | ( 0 . 178 ) | ( 0 . 078 ) | | | ln ( capital ) | 0 . 084 + + < br > ( 0 . 039 ) | 0 . 164 + + + < br > ( 0 . 048 ) | 0 . 007 < br > ( 0 . 060 ) | 0 . 080 + + < br > ( 0 . 040 ) | | | ln ( materials ) | 0 . 466 + + + < br > ( 0 . 029 ) | 0 . 447 + + + < br > ( 0 . 038 ) | 0 . 494 + + + < br > ( 0 . 044 ) | 0 . 470 + + + < br > ( 0 . 029 ) | | | > 10 % government ownership | - 0 . 153 | - 0 . 167 | - 0 . 781 + + | - 0 . 173 | - 0 . 481 | | | ( 0 . 183 ) | ( 0 . 192 ) | ( 0 . 385 ) | ( 0 . 187 ) | ( 0 . 400 )", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 113, "text": "Sri Lanka Invesment Climate / Business Environment Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the measure of revenue and output . Measuring gross output relies on sales and inventory data , both prone to statistical errors . Moreover , price data are usually not available for different products at the firm , so that inferring quantities from revenues may be inaccurate as products and their quality change . Roughly speaking , there are two main sources of productivity growth . The first source is withinfirm productivity growth ; that is , firms becoming more productive thanks to better technology or management practices . In this case , policy prescriptions to increase productivity are geared towards increasing technological diffusion and innovation , learning and skill upgrading , and infrastructure provision . This conventional understanding of productivity growth has been the subject of a long-standing literature and dominated much of policy discussions until the end of the twentieth century . The second source consists of improving allocative efficiency , that is , the reallocation of resources towards more productive uses . This can imply the transfer of capital and labor across firms and across sectors , as well as the entry and exit of firms . This second source of productivity growth has been emphasized in the literature since the turn of the century ( see , for example , Banerjee and Duflo , 2005 and Restuccia and Rogerson , 2008 ) . Policies associated with allocative efficiency emphasize correcting or reducing market distortions . In this paper , we focus on the second source of productivity improvement , concentrating our analysis on resource allocation across firms within a narrowly defined industry . What is resource misallocation in a narrowly defined industry ? It is misallocation of production inputs across firms that produce similar products and compete with each other , while retaining some degree of control over their prices . In an economy with low levels of distortion , more 2", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 93, "text": "sales and inventory data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 142, "end": 152, "text": "price data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Scheve and Slaughter ( 2001 ) and Mayda and Rodrik ( 2003 ) , which use survey evidence to evaluate determinants of individual preferences . They find that factor endowments guide trade preferences . But their focus is on the relationship between individual characteristics and protectionism and not on the conditions for trade barriers to be considered acceptable by a majority . Loss aversion may play a very important role in people ’ s perceptions , as the argument for free trade relies on the same weight being given to gains and losses . In order to test to what extent loss aversion carries over to peoples perception of trade policy , we conducted a simple survey . The following three questions were asked with each person answering only one of the questions : < sup > 4 < / sup > 1 . A manufacturing industry faces competition from imports . Its losses are expected to be $ 20 million this year and firms are expected to reduce salaries by 10 % . If a tariff is placed on imports of competing goods then losses will be avoided and salaries will be maintained . The tariff will cause the price of the good , which everyone consumes , to rise from $ 30 to $ 40 . Do you support the tariff ? N = 102 Yes : 60 percent No : 40 percent 2 . A manufacturing industry faces competition from imports . If a tariff is placed on imports of competing goods then profits will increase by $ 20 million and firms in the industry will increase salaries by 10 % . The tariff will cause the price of the good , which everyone consumes , to rise from $ 30 to $ 40 . Do you support the tariff ? N = 100 Yes : 37 percent No : 63 percent 3 . A manufacturing industry faces competition from imports , which are subject to a tariff . Removal of the tariff will cause profits to decline by $ 20 million and > 3 We would like to thank Sendhil Mullainathan for suggesting us to conduct a survey to motivate the paper . > 4 The survey was given to 303 people visiting the Washington Mall in June 2004 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * FORCED DISPLACEMENT * * © Rocco N / UNHCR # # # # IDPs as of December 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 . 85 million < br > total IDPs < br > 200 , 000 in < br > UNMISS < br > POC sites < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > South Sudanese Refugees as of December 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 46 % in 23 % in < br > Uganda Ethiopia < br > 1 . 48 million < br > total Refugees < br > 20 % in < br > Sudan < br > 0 . 3 % in 6 % in < br > CAR Kenya < br > 5 % in < br > DRC < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > At present ( end January 2017 ) the estimated number of IDPs is 1 . 85 million and the number of refugees is now more than 1 . 48 million . This brings the total of conflict displaced persons to over 3 . 3 million . The IDP population has increased by 9 % over the last year and the number of South Sudanese seeking asylum in surrounding countries has increased by 92 % and by 35 % since the third quarter of 2016 . Given the lack of protection in most areas of the country , people who had been and are presently being forcibly displaced are increasingly moving across the border to Uganda and Ethiopia and more recently a greater number to Kenya and the Sudan seeking security and assistance . With conflicts erupting in new areas near international borders and in areas where there has been sustained insecurity and the populations ’ resources depleted , people are increasingly choosing to flee out of South Sudan where they can find security and assistance . From monitoring of new arrivals in Uganda , a number have been living as IDPs in Juba and as far away as Bentiu stating they can no longer afford to provide", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The fourth lesson is that the IPF can take into account both efficiency and efficacy considerations . This is shaped by the construction of variables . For example , one could use the absolute number of beneficiaries as an input to the SEI to consider policy effectiveness when service expansion is a priority . On the other hand , ‘ beneficiaries per dollar spent ’ may be more appropriate if the goal is fiscal efficiency . In the case of Panama , where development of water services in rural areas was an important policy goal , the decision was made _not_ to control indicators by project size in order to protect against the possibility of privileging urban projects with greater economies of scale ( Marcelo , Mandri ‐ Perrott , & House , 2015 ) . The final lesson is that IPF can be used as an opportunity to strengthen data weaknesses . The process of discussing relevant indicators by which to select projects is a catalyst for improving information levels to move towards more complex economic analysis . In Panama , the discussions prompted by the IPF have resulted in improved data project data collection . The IPF , as a process , can be a valuable starting point for improving appraisal by inciting aspirational discussions about the kinds of data that would be most helpful to deciding among projects within a sector . # * * Implementing IPF * * The sequence of implementing IPF , as described in the technical description and pilot applications above , is summarized in Figure 10 . With respect to this sequence , the pilot in Panama also gave rise to an important discussion of requirements for implementing IPF and factors of particular interest in further piloting to improve its applicability . These issues are discussed in the following section . Some are process ‐ oriented and relate to overall infrastructure planning ; some are organizational and deal with issues of resources , authority , and capacity ; and some are technical , relating to the informational inputs required . Figure 10 . Sequence of the IPF < ! - - Start of picture text - - > I < br > Criteria • Deliberation and consultation with decision < br > Identification makers and experts", "spans": [{"start": 1089, "end": 1106, "text": "data project data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024 # # # * * SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS * * | * * CMP * * | Commission Mouvements de Populations | | - - - | - - - | | * * COVID-19 * * | Maladie à coronavirus 2019 | | * * DNDS * * | Direction Nationale du Développement Social | | * * DRDSES * * | Directions Régionale du Développement Social et de l ’ Economie Solidaire | | * * DTM * * | Displacement Tracking Matrix | | * * FMP * * | Flow Monitoring Points ( Points de suivi des mouvements de populations ) | | * * FRV * * | Formulaire de Rapatriement Volontaire | | * * MSDS * * | Ministère de la Santé et du Développement Social | | * * NINA * * | Numéro d ' Identification Nationale | | * * OIM * * | Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations | | * * OMS * * | Organisation Mondiale de la Santé | | * * ONG * * | Organisation Non Gouvernementale | | * * PAM * * | Programme Alimentaire Mondial | | * * PDI * * | Personne Déplacée Interne | | * * POS * * | Procédure Opérationnelle Standard | | * * UNHCR * * | Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés | | * * WASH * * | Water , Sanitation and Hygiene ( Eau , Hygiène et Assainissement ) | * * iv * *", "spans": [{"start": 360, "end": 388, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "‘ commercial ’ , education and health , which are taken up _seriatim_ . The first lends itself much more readily to estimation than the other two ; but even in the commercial sphere , there are considerable uncertainties . Indeed , the empirical basis for estimating the main effects leaves much to be desired . The only available primary sources that provide reasonably reliable evidence are field-notes on a tour of Assam , Himachal Pradesh and Orissa ( Bell , 2009a ) , a special re-survey of 240 households drawn from 30 villages in Orissa ’ s uplands ( Bell and van Dillen , 2012 ) , and materials on agricultural marketing provided by Grahame Dixie . < sup > 2 < / sup > A useful secondary source is Khandker et al . ( 2009 ) , which yields estimates of certain effects of rural roads in Bangladesh . The secondary literature is otherwise disappointingly thin for present purposes . In keeping with the aim of developing a robust estimate of the Project ’ s social profitability , we adopt some extreme alternatives , as near polar as possible . # * * 4 . 1 Commercial * * The household is endowed with labor , land and other resources . As a consuming unit , it has preferences over goods and leisure . Faced with the prices * * p * * ruling in the marketplaces in which it trades , it draws up a production plan * * y * * and a consumption plan * * x * * . The difference * * y * * _ − _ * * x * * is the vector of its net exports , and its total outlay on transportation is * * c * * _ · | _ * * y * * _ − _ * * x * * _ | _ , where the vector of associated unit costs of transporting goods to and fro is * * c * * . If there is complete market integration , the farmgate price of a good that is exported ( imported ) will be _qi ≡ pi − ci_ ( _qi ≡ pi_ + _ci_ ) . An all-weather feeder road is now built , which", "spans": [{"start": 483, "end": 510, "text": "re-survey of 240 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "46 - Rents 6 . 05 Shortly before nationalization , rents for popular housing were frozen and then cut in half for all low-income dwellings a year later . Construction of new housing thereafter dropped sharply so the scarcity value of housing has risen faster than general inflation while rents have been held constant . Only hotels rent rooms at market prices . Due to the acute housing shortage , some families have occupied hotels for months while seeking permanent accommodation . The sale of private housing is permitted , but is rare , since housing is in such short supply that new accommodation usually cannot be found . The rental value of proposed residential development was therefore imputed from hotel rents and scattered sales data . Rental prices in hotels of a quality comparable to dwellings being built under the project range from B3-B7 per person per night , usually occupying one room depending on location and quality . The increase in rental value of dwellings in the area to be upgraded is conservatively estimated at about 1 . 5 % . # # Land 6 . 06 Since breaking the highly concentrated pattern of land ownership existing before the revolution remains a prime government objective , land distribution to low-income people is of high priority regardless of its value for alternative uses . Moreover , in the absence of this project there is the likelihood the Nefas Silk sites would become an unplanned settlement . In estimating economic rates of return , however , it was assumed that the best alternative use for project sites would be high-income residential development and land values were established on this basis . The opportunity cost of the Nefas Silk site is therefore relatively high , since it is well located near job opportunities , markets , and transport links . The estimated value was checked against pre-nationalization prices inflated by the retail price index . The resulting land values are B50 per m2 along the Debre Zeit road and B30 per m2 for the rest of Nefas Silk . Land value constitutes about half of the total investment in housing and site", "spans": [{"start": 724, "end": 744, "text": "scattered sales data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1888, "end": 1906, "text": "retail price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Ethiopia has no major traditional bilateral source of technical and financial assistance . The Bank Group was for some years the largest source of loans and credits , but in recent years the European Economic Community , the African Development Bank , the Soviet Union , the German Democratic Republic , and Czechoslovakia have expanded their support , while development assistance is continuing from Sweden , and Italy . As noted earlier ( para . 6 ) , in response to the current drought situation , which has received much international attention recently , there has been an unprecedented increase in relief assistance both from official sources as well as non-government organizations . But the level of concessionary aid to Ethiopia for long-term development has been very low ( para . 8 ) . Ethiopia is in need of substantial resource transfers to support investments that will enable a reasonable rate of growth to be achieved , particularly in view of the country ' s poverty , low level of savings and weak balance of payments position . Within the limits imposed bv its perceived security needs , over the past few years the Government has directed available resources towards economic and social development ; it has restrained salaries , squeezed the import of non-essentials , and increased taxes significantlv . 19 . According to debt information provided bv the Government to the Bank ' s Debt Reporting System , the total debt outstanding and disbursed was about USSI . 2 billion as of December 31 , 1983 . The ratio of Ethiopia ' s debt", "spans": [{"start": 1346, "end": 1362, "text": "debt information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1406, "end": 1427, "text": "Debt Reporting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "home , and require extensive face-to-face interactions . The measures of income safety by occupation are strongly correlated with the relative task content of those occupations , as shown by the literature ( Autor , Levy and Murnane , 2003 ; Autor and Handel , 2013 ) . To calculate the task content of a given occupation , we use the US Department of Labor O * NET abilities survey , which provides information on various characteristics of occupations . We follow the same “ basic ” definitions of manual and communication skills used in the literature . We thus define manual tasks as those that require “ movement and strength , ” and we define communication tasks as those that require oral and written expression and comprehension . We then determine the extent to which various jobs entail such tasks by merging these measures with the EU-LFS data and constructing concordances between SOC and ISCO categories of occupations . 12", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 382, "text": "O * NET abilities survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 843, "end": 854, "text": "EU-LFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Seats for intercontinental travel < br > ( seats per year ) | 165 , 776 | 297 , 891 | 832 , 895 | 1 , 230 , 000 | 147 , 095 | 2 , 437 , 702 | | Seats available per capita | 0 . 06 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 09 | | Herfindahl index – air transport < br > market ( % ) | 11 . 75 | 9 . 75 | 6 . 28 | 11 . 64 | 22 . 89 | 11 . 28 | | _Quality_ | | | | | | | | Percent of seat-km in newer aircraft | 95 . 6 | 90 . 9 | 96 . 8 | | 93 . 4 | 71 . 42 | | Percent of seat-km in medium or < br > smaller aircraft | 54 | 52 . 3 | 15 . 7 | 39 . 3 | | 29 . 6 | | Percent of carriers passing < br > IATA / IOSA audit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 . 0 | 0 | 28 . 6 | | FAA / IASA audit status | No audit | Fail | Fail | No audit | No audit | No audit | Source : Bofinger 2009 . Derived from AICD national database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data Note : All data as of 2007 based on estimations and computations of scheduled advertised seats , as published by the Seabury Aviation Data Group . This captures 98 percent of worldwide traffic , but a higher percentage of African traffic is not captured by the data . The HerfindahlHirschmann Index is a commonly accepted measure of market concentration . It is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm competing in the market and then summing the resulting numbers . A HHI of 100 indicates the market is a monopoly . The lower the HHI , the more competitive the market is . Recent investments on several local airports — including refurbishment of Bamako Airport — total over 30 billion FCFA ( US $", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 797, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "its Debt Sustainability Framework for Market Access Countries . < sup > 4 < / sup > Fourth , they are used – together with many other indicators – to inform environmental , social and governance ( ESG ) investment strategies and corporate social responsibility policies by firms in the private sector . < sup > 5 < / sup > The rest of this paper is organized as follows . Section 2 defines the six governance dimensions , provides an overview of the 35 WGI data sources , and describes how the individual variables from each > 2 The top five most cited WGI methodology papers ( with hyperlinks to their Google Scholar listings ) are Kaufmann , < u > Kraay and Mastruzzi ( 2011 ) , Kaufmann , Kraay and Mastruzzi ( 2009 ) , Kaufmann , Kraay and Mastruzzi ( 2004 ) , Kaufmann , Kraay and Zoido-Lobaton ( 1999b ) and Kaufmann , Kraay and Zoido-Lobaton ( 1999a ) . < / u > > 3 For information on MCC eligibility criteria , see htps : / / www . mcc . gov / who-we-select / scorecards / . > 4 For example , for information on the Fitch sovereign rating methodology , click here and for Moody ’ s , click here . See also IMF ( 2021 ) > 5 For example , the WGI are included in the World Bank ’ s Sovereign ESG Data Portal , they are used in the Morgan < u > Stanley Capital Internatonal ( MSCI ) ESG Government Ratngs Methodology < / u > and the FTSE-Russell Sustainable < u > Sovereign Risk Methodology , and they are used by the Disney Corporation to inform its Permited Sourcing Countries policy . < / u > 3", "spans": [{"start": 1188, "end": 1213, "text": "Sovereign ESG Data Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Building on previous studies , our paper offers three main contributions . Firstly , we explore the effect of severe drought conditions on the labor market . Using the Standardized Evapotranspiration Precipitation Index ( SPEI ) , we identify the Moroccan provinces that have been hit by extreme drought events and frame the analysis in a staggered difference-indifferences setting in order to estimate the effects on three outcomes : the employment rate in the agri - culture sector ( including the most climate-sensitive activities ) ; the employment rate in other sectors ; and the unemployment rate . This provides an overall picture of the labor market dynamics at the local level for a period of up to five years after the drought ’ s shock . Secondly , we have conducted a rich analysis of the effects of heterogeneity by disentangling the impacts across age , gender , educational levels and formal / informal work participation for each of the three outcomes considered . Therefore , our analysis also speaks to the important strand of literature on climate injustice , which highlights how climatic shocks tend to have a significant distributional impact with unequal effects among the most vulnerable and most exposed population groups ( Sovacool , 2013 ) . Finally , we explore how drought events of different intensities affect the labor market ; this provides a useful picture for understanding how the market responds to drought shocks of increasing severity , and how the policy response should be targeted accordingly . Our estimates show that in Morocco severe drought events , measured by a 12-month SPEI lower than - 2 s . d . , caused a drop of up to 6 . 5 percentage points ( p . p . ) in the agricultural employment rate compared to provinces that were not affected by severe drought . In the same period , we also observe an non-significant increase of 4 . 8 p . p in the employment rate of other economic sectors , and a significant increase in the unemployment rate of nearly 2 . 5 p . p . Even though our data do not allow observing the same workers over time , overall , those figures provide strong evidence of a large displacement of agricultural workers and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2017 | | * * 3 . 35 * * | | * * AUTHORISEDREPRESENTATIVE * * | * * SIGNATURE : * * | | | * * CENTRALBANKOFKENYA * * | * * DA T E * * < br > | * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * | | * * AUTHORISEDREPRESENTATIVE * * < br > * * EXTERNAL RESOURCES * * | * * SIGNATURE : * * | | | * * DEPARTMENT-TREASURY * * | * * DATE * * | | NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2017 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 395, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 427-462 . Ferreira , F . , J . Messina , J . Rigolini , L . López-Calva , M . A . Lugo , and R . Vakis ( 2013 ) . _Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class_ ( Washington , DC : World Bank ) . Frankel , J . , C . Vegh , and G . Vuletin ( 2013 ) . “ On Graduation from Procyclicality , ” _Journal of Development Economics_ , Vol . 100 , pp . 32-47 . Galeano , L . , A . Izquierdo , J . Puig , C . Vegh , and G . Vuletin ( 2021 ) . “ Can Automatic Government Spending Be Procyclical ? NBER Working Paper No . 28521 . Gasparini , L . , F . Gutiérrez , and L . Tornarolli ( 2007 ) . “ Growth And Income Poverty In Latin America And The Caribbean : Evidence from Household Surveys , ” _Review of Income and Wealth_ , Vol . 53 , No 2 , pp . 209-245 . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * II : The Urban Unbanked in the United States * * This section uses a survey of households conducted in lower-income communities in New York City and Los Angeles to profile the unbanked and to explain why they are unbanked . The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) , the agency that charters and regulates national banks , conducted this high-quality survey of the use of financial services by residents in low - and moderate-income census tracts in both cities in 1998 . The survey sampled 2 , 000 adults asking , among other things , numerous questions about how they receive and make payments . The surveys were conducted by telephone and in face-to-face interviews . The interviews were conducted in either English or Spanish depending on the respondent ’ s choice . Because of careful design and persistent efforts , the OCC obtained a remarkable 70 percent response rate . For people using the survey data , the OCC supplies a set of weights to convert the sample responses into responses representative of the 2 . 6 million adults living in the low - and moderate-income census tracts of the two cities . All of the tables in this paper based on the OCC survey use the weighted data . For our purposes , there are two weaknesses to the survey . First , it focused on only the residents of two large cities who may not be representative of urbanized lower-income households generally . As a result the percentage of unbanked in this survey is higher than that given by the Federal Reserve ’ s 1997 percentage for the country at large < sup > 5 < / sup > . Both of these cities , for example , have much larger Hispanic and immigrant populations than is typical of American cities . And New York has a lower percentage of homeowners than is typical of American cities . Second , the OCC with little discernable rational basis decided to omit a number of survey responses from the publicly released data base . Consider one example . The OCC survey asked people without bank accounts why they did not have an account and read a list of reasons that they could agree with ,", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 95, "text": "survey of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 919, "end": 930, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1176, "end": 1186, "text": "OCC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Andres et al . ( 2019 ) , and the average of total cost-reflective tariffs across countries from the same paper . # * * 2 . 3 Definition of variables of interest * * In the following subsections we describe how we classify households by economic status ( i . e . , poor or not ) , identify whether they benefit from water consumption subsidies , and estimate the magnitude of the subsidies they receive . ( Further information on how each variable is constructed for each country is provided in the appendix . ) # # * * Poor households ( P ) and all households ( H ) * * Although we conduct our analysis at the household level , we construct deciles of expenditure ( or income ) on the basis of per capita expenditure ( or income ) . Poor households are defined as belonging to the first four deciles of the national distribution of expenditure ( or income ) per capita in each country , and denoted by the subscript _P . _ All households in each country are denoted by the subscript _H . _ Sampling weights were used to correct for the bias inherent in representative household surveys , which tend to underrepresent poorer households in low-income countries . Because we 7", "spans": [{"start": 1054, "end": 1086, "text": "representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _594_ * * < br > * * _95_ * * < br > * * 9e * * < br > * * 97 * * | | < br > Imrt rice index ( 1995 = 100 ) | | | 1146 | 1105 | GExports < br > _UtmPorts_ | | po p < br > Termsoftrade_ ( 1995 = 100 ) _ | . . < br > _ . . _ | . < br > _ . _ | . < br > 94 . 8 | . < br > 95 . 2 | < br > | | BALANCE < br > of PAYMENTS | | | | | | | _ ( US $ millions ) _ | * * 1976 * * | * * 1986 * * | * * 1996 * * | * * 1997 * * | * * Current account balance * * to * * GDP * * ratio | | < br > Et < br > f d < br > d i | | | 800 | * * 804 * * | * * 0 * * | | xpors < br > o goos < br > an servces < br > Imports of goods and servces | . . < br > . | | < br > * * 838 * * | < br > * * 868 * * | * * 9Si * * < br > * * 9 * * | | < br > Resource baiance | | | * * 36 * * | * * S63 * * | * * - s * * | | Net income | | | * * - 68 * * | * * - 36 * * | * * - 10 * * | | < br > Net current transfers | . . | . < br > . . | < br > 30 | < br > 40 | - Is | | Current account balance | |", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 96, "text": "Imrt rice index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Loan / Credit No | . < br > Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approach | < br > rocuremen < br > Process | requacaon < br > ( Y / N ) < br > smae < br > Amount ( US $ ) | cua mou < br > ( US $ ) | < br > rocess < br > Status < br > ra r < br > Do | - quacaon < br > uments < br > requaca < br > Evaluation R | on < br > port | ra ng ocumen < br > / Justification | pecc rocuremen < br > Notice / Invitation < br > | ng ocumens as < br > Issued | roposa umsson < br > Opening / Minutes | and Recommendation < br > | Signed Contract | Contract Completion | | | | | | | | | | Planned | < br > < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > A | < br > ctual | < br > Planned < br > Actual | < br > Planned < br > Actual | Planned < br > Actual | < br > Planned < br > Actual | for Award < br > Planned < br > Actual | Planned < br > Actual | Planned < br > Actual | | KE-KRC-7781-CW-RFB / ICT - < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Document handling system . < br > Kenya Railways will scan and < br > store 27 million records . They wil < br > be accessed through a document < br > handling system . < br > IDA / 51400 | Support to the development of < br > selected Mass Transit Corridors | < sup > Post < / sup > < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1016, "end": 1034, "text": "27 million records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ / biogeo . ucdavis . edu / data / gadm3 . < br > 6 / gadm36_shp . zip | Global Administrative Areas . 2012 . < br > GADM database of Global < br > Administrative Areas , version 2 . 0 . | | GAUL – Global < br > Administrative < br > Unit Layers < br > ( Gaul0 – Gaul1 ) | Information is provided at two spatial levels : < br > national ( Gaul0 ) and subnational ( Gaul1 ) . The < br > reference spatial layers are derived from the < br > GAUL data set , implemented by the UN Food < br > and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) within the < br > CountrySTAT and Agricultural Market < br > Information System ( AMIS ) projects . | https : / / data . europa . eu / euodp / en / data / < br > dataset / jrc-10112 - < br > 10004 / resource / 609a472e-7e26-4b63 - < br > 8003-17298cb45e2a < br > https : / / mars . jrc . ec . europa . eu / asap / files / < br > gaul1_asap . zip | Europa . EU < br > http : / / data . europa . eu / eli / dec / 2011 / 8 < br > 33 / oj . | | Crop coverage – < br > Copernicus Global < br > Land Cover Layers | Mapped crop coverage data layer ( 2019 < br > vintage ) . | https : / / land . copernicus . eu / global / produ < br > cts / lc | Buchhorn , M . , B . Smets , L . Bertels , B . < br > De Roo , M . Lesiv , N . - E . Tsendbazar , M . < br > Herold , and S . Fritz . Copernicus Global < br > Land Service : Land Cover 100m : < br > Collection 3 : epoch 2019 : Globe 2020 . | | Population – GHS - < br > POP R2019A | This spatial raster data set depicts the < br > distribution of population , expressed as the <", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 453, "text": "GAUL data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1036, "end": 1067, "text": "Mapped crop coverage data layer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1436, "end": 1446, "text": "POP R2019A", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1454, "end": 1477, "text": "spatial raster data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 . Project Context , Development Objectives and Design 1 . 1 Context at Appraisal * * 1 . * * _Country and Sector Background_ * * _ : _ At the time of project appraisal Ethiopia had a population of over 72 million , 45 % of whom were under 15 years old . The first AIDS case was reported in 1986 and by 2005 adult HIV prevalence had reached 1 . 4 % ( DHS + , 2005 ) – 5 . 5 % urban , 0 . 7 % rural . In 2007 , an estimated 1 . 32 million people were infected , with over 130 , 000 new infections a year . The country had a mixed epidemic with HIV transmission among both Most At-Risk Populations ( MARPs ) , particularly Sex Workers ( SWs ) and their clients , and the general population . Findings from an epidemiological synthesis study , carried out with Bank support , highlighted the importance of addressing the epidemic in MARPs , and were available to inform project design < sup > 1 < / sup > . Life expectancy was falling as a result of the epidemic , and was expected to drop to 50 years by 2010 ( from a previous estimate of 59 ) . 2 . * * _Economic and social context_ * * : The economy is predominantly agricultural , 80 % of the population is rural ( 60 million ) , and in 2005 around 39 % of Ethiopians were living below the poverty line . AIDS had become the leading cause of mortality in 15-49 year olds ( 43 % of all adult deaths ) , and was seen as a major threat to economic growth and poverty alleviation . Major factors thought to contribute to the epidemic included poverty , illiteracy , widespread transactional sex , gender disparity , population movement and harmful traditional practices such as Female Genital Mutilation . There was a significant difference in infection rates between men and women ( seven times higher in 15-19 year old girls ) . 3 . * * _R", "spans": [{"start": 360, "end": 365, "text": "DHS +", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "complementarities . Karakaplan ( 2021 ) finds that conventional small business loans of up to $ 1 million went up on the order of magnitude of an additional dollar of conventional loans for a marginal dollar of PPP loans , particularly for small banks . Berger , Karakaplan , and Roman ( 2021 ) similarly find strong positive effects especially for smaller banks and smaller businesses . Marsh and Sharma ( 2021 ) also find significant increases in lending by small banks , while Lopez and Spiegel ( 2021 ) find increases in small business and farm lending by all bank sizes . In contrast , another study using the Federal Reserve ’ s Y-14 data on conventional loans over $ 1 million suggests strong substitution effects . Chodorow-Reich , Darmouni , Luck , and Plosser ( forthcoming ) find firms that receive PPP loans obtain fewer conventional credits over $ 1 million from very large banks . Thus , there may be key differences by firm and bank size that need more research to obtain a clearer picture of the answer to this important question . < sup > 29 < / sup > Some research focuses on the financial institutions that issued the PPP loans . Several studies find that small , community banks played an outsized role in PPP , disbursing outsized shares of the PPP loans ( e . g . , Levine , Lin , and Xie , 2020 ; James , Lu , and Sun , 2021 ) . Another study finds that FinTech firms also played a key role in distributing PPP funds , providing greater roles in local markets with fewer bank branches , lower incomes , larger minority shares of the population , in industries with bank small business lending ( Erel and Liebersohn , 2020 ) . There may also be some long-term costs of PPP to the extent that the funds were misused or were allocated to unproductive firms that should otherwise not be kept alive . One theoretical study emphasizes the potential for misallocation of the PPP funds to firms by banks ( Joaquim and Netto , 2021 ) . Some empirical evidence suggests that some PPP funds were not employed as > 29 Although it is not our focus here ,", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 644, "text": "Y-14 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EMBI + ( r = 33 . 6 % ) Debt / GDP ( r = 43 . 2 % ) Reserves / GDP ( r = 46 . 4 % ) < br > Latent factor Latent factor Latent factor Latent factor < br > 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 < br > 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 20092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > to incorporate such data . However , remote-sensing data requires considerable geospatial preprocessing , domain-specific expertise as well as significant computational resources . # * * 5 . 3 Lack of regional focus * * At the outset of this study , we selected the largest possible set of countries to identify general relationships between natural capital and government yields . This meant , however , that countryor region-specific characteristics had to be abstracted from for the sake of generality . There is little doubt that narrowing the scope to a region , e . g . Latin America and Caribbean or Southeast Asia , would allow us to account for relevant variables such as local crop types , resource dependencies or the effect of the El Niño – Southern Oscillation . Comparison of such regional studies with this extended set of countries would produce interesting insights and lead to relevant takeaways for local governments and policy makers . 25", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 618, "text": "remote-sensing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Study limitations * * A high drop-out rate among the population receiving less or no assistance was observed during the second JPDM . Those households were likely to be dissatisfied about the reduction and were unwilling to participate in the followup survey . Reduced participation resulted in a lower representation among those two groups of households , particularly when disaggregated by camp . Because of this , the panel analysis was only conducted on the whole sample , while the disaggregation of panel findings by camp and eligibility group was impossible . However , sample panel data was adequate to conduct statistical analysis on relevant outcome indicators . Findings of the surveyed panel sample cannot be applied to the reference population , limiting the generalizability of the findings to the broader population . * * Table 4 : Panel household sample distribution by eligibility groups * * | * * Eligibility Group * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | | Full food ration | 757 | | Half food ration | 61 | | No food assistance | 74 | | * * Total * * | * * 892 * * | The changes in the outcome indicators were observed at the same time as seasonal price changes of some food items and seasonal variability in livelihood opportunities . Such contextual changes – including the closure of Gihembe camp shortly after data collection in September 2021 which led to a significant increase in population size in Mahama camp - might have impacted JPDM results , so further monitoring rounds are required to validate the observed trends . For more details on the methodology , the sampling method , etc . please refer to the Annex .", "spans": [{"start": 598, "end": 608, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "response for a policy maker who cannot perfectly identify the poor ) is to use a Proxy Means test and distribute the additional budget to the poorest households ( columns 5 and 6 ) . Again , in the case of Albania , and under the baseline shock , it looks like the better response would be to distribute the additional resources to only the pre-shock poor as identified through the PMT , because the shock did not affect much extreme poverty . Note , also , that while using the PMT is an effective , practical response , exclusion errors become substantial – less than 60 percent of the post-shock poor would be covered by the transfer . The third-best response would be to distribute additional benefits to existing social assistance beneficiaries ( column 1a ) , which is the actual government response . Because the social programs do not cover all the poor , this remains however an inferior response than a more generous coverage which , even if the transfer per household remains lower , would cover all the pre-shock poor . Next , the fourth - and fifth - best responses would be to cover all the poor classified as such through a PMT , plus people who suffered a loss as identified through an indicator ( columns 9 and 10 ) . Again , this remains a worse response than just covering the pre-shock poor because the specific shock we considered did not affect much extreme poverty . Note also that while a universal transfer would be the only way to guarantee that all the poor would be covered , providing a universal , flat transfer to all households would deliver extremely low poverty impacts ( column 4 ) , because to ensure that all the poor are covered the transfer would have to be given to all non-poor households as well , which lowers substantially the amount given to each poor household . There is therefore an important tradeoff between equity considerations ( i . e . , covering all the poor ) , and poverty impacts . 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data well suited to analyzing this issue ; data drawn from evaluations of Ethiopia ’ s Productive Safety Net Programme ( PSNP ) . The PSNP is the second largest safety net program in Africa reaching about eight million chronically food insecure people . A feature of the program is that its beneficiaries receive their payments either in cash or food – or in some combination of both . Further , the share of cash and food payments in total payments have varied over the years since the program began in 2005 . Household and locality panel data were collected bi ‐ annually over five survey rounds fielded between 2006 and 2014 . In each round , beneficiary households were asked whether they would rather receive payments in cash or in ‐ kind ( food ) . These data make it possible us to describe predilections for cash and for food , show how these change over time , and allow an assessment of associations between them and household and locality characteristics . Ethiopia is an especially appropriate country to situate such a study as , since the beginning of the PSNP , there has been an active debate on whether the payments should be made in cash or in ‐ kind . Thus , while speaking to the international literature on this topic , this study also contributes to this local policy debate in Africa ' s second most populous country . # * * 2 . Context and data * * This section provides contextual information . It describes the data used in the paper including information on sampling , household and market characteristics , PSNP payments , market prices and beneficiary views on cash and food payments . > cash . Beneficiaries who belong to villages that are very far from a bicycle store were less likely to prefer cash over kind as were older beneficiaries . 6", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 544, "text": "Household and locality panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) # < u > < mark > IN00935966 < / mark > < / u > ► % of clients receiving contingency resources within 60 days of identification of need ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 85 . 00 | 85 . 00 | 75 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | There is no update | after December 2019 | | | Productive safety nets and links to livelihoods services # < u > < mark > IN00935955 < / mark > < / u > ► % of clients that feel PW sub-projects reflect their needs ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 75 . 00 | 51 . 61 < br > 51 . 61 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 30-Apr-2020 < br > 30-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : IFPRI 2018 < br > Proxy Indicator Used < br > The endline to asses < br > to the COVID-19 cris < br > data collection has b | Midline Evaluation < br > : % clients reporting the building of the PW infrastructure < br > s this indicator was scheduled to take place between Mar < br > is ,", "spans": [{"start": 1033, "end": 1043, "text": "IFPRI 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not paid for during the period where goods / services are consumed , they shall be disclosed as pending bills . # # # # iii ) Interest on * * borrowing * * Borrowing costs that include interest are recognized as payment in the period in which they incurred and paid for . # # # # iv ) r-epayment * * of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal arount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # v ) Acquisition of fixed assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non - exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . * * 27 * * | * * P * * a g e", "spans": [{"start": 1023, "end": 1043, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) Baseline data from 2016 Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey ( EDHS ) Report . Update to be provided by Comments 2019 Mini-DHS . # # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Results Areas * * | Improve Delivery and < br > ~ ~ IN00724962 ~ ~ < br > ► Introduction of Proc | use of a comperhensive p < br > urement Key Performance I < br > | ackage of maternal and child < br > ndicators developed by Federa < br > | health services < br > l Public Procurement < br > | Agenc ( Yes / No , Custom ) < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 27-Jun-2017 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724963 ~ ~ < br > ► Automate the PFSA < br > Custom ) | Core Business Fiduciary Sy | stem using selected software i | n PFSA HQ and Addi | s Ababa ( Yes / No , | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 27-Jun-2017 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724964 ~ ~ < br > ► PFSA submission o | f Backlog audit reports and t < br > | imely quality audit reports ther < br > | eafter (", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 170, "text": "Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 236, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improve the perception of security of tenure and the real property market financing and to attract foreign investors , including a change of the urban land concept provided by the current Constitution . # * * Conclusion * * In the international context , the econometric analysis in this article shows that , although ownership has recently received less attention in global policy debates , according to our econometric analysis of productivity in 55 countries , half of which are transition economies , private ownership is an equally or more important determinant of productivity than other components of the investment climate . We thus consider privatization , bankruptcy , competition and restructuring polices to be complementary to investment climate reform and therefore policy makers need to be advised to consider them in tandem . Unfortunately , the investment climate literature has focused almost exclusively on regulatory burden , access to finance , corruption and taxation . The latter may be due to the fact that surveys usually point out to managers ’ complaints about “ what hurts , ” rather than “ what to do ” . Evidence based on surveys of firms in PICS-BEEPS countries and in Serbia itself shows that private ownership , FDI and export-orientation are all strongly associated with firm productivity , investment and growth . The surveys also show that firms with the characteristics associated with strong firm performance are the firms that complain the most about investment climate constraints on the operation of their businesses . Reducing investment climate constraints will benefit primarily the firms that can generate growth . Although we find that the new private firms are better performers , their scope for growth , and the possibility of entry by new entrepreneurs , are both severely limited by the investment climate and crowded-out by the unrestructured enterprises . In view of these findings , it is important that Serbia accelerate its enterprise reform program . The development of the private sector still has a long way to go . The share of the private sector in GDP , circa 50 percent , compares unfavorably to other countries in the area < sup > 25 < / sup > . FDI per capita in Serbia was also lower than in the neighboring countries < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1168, "text": "surveys of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ing attitudes with measures of perceived norms ( i . e . what individuals think others might approve or disapprove of ) since perceptions are likely to matter for decision-making ( see for example , Bernhardt et al . , 2018 ; Bicchieri , 2016 ; Bursztyn and Yang , 2022 ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > An influential study by Bursztyn , Gonzalez and Yanagizawa-Drott ( 2020 ) documented that perceptions of peers ’ opinions toward female employment outside the home influenced behavior beyond an individual ’ s own opinions . In this paper , we fill data and knowledge gaps by leveraging a unique dataset that includes data both on personal attitudes and perceived norms and link them to individual-level employment outcomes on a global scale . We use data from over 150 , 000 individuals across 111 countries from all regions of the world collected through a survey implemented online via the Facebook platform , namely the Survey on Gender Equality at Home . < sup > 4 < / sup > The survey has a greater coverage of low - and middle-income countries than alternative global databases that measure gender attitudes . < sup > 5 < / sup > We designed questions for the survey to capture an individual ’ s personal belief and perception about others ’ beliefs around traditional gender roles to study how gender norms relate to specific behaviors for women and men . We complement two levels of beliefs - what individuals think and what they think their community thinks - and correlate them with labor market , time use and decision-making behaviors . Specifically , this paper asks how do personal attitudes and perceived community norms towards a _broad norm on rights to equal opportunities_ , and the stereotypical gender roles of the _male breadwinner_ and _female caregiver_ correlate with labor force participation , intrahousehold decision-making power , and time spent on paid work , care and domestic activities for both men and women globally ? The stereotypical roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver are hypothesized to have been born between the mid-19th and mid-20th century in many countries as industrialization gave rise to the separation of home and work . In this model of the family men", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 780, "text": "data from over 150 , 000 individuals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 917, "end": 950, "text": "Survey on Gender Equality at Home", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1061, "end": 1077, "text": "global databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . Reflections for the future Private sector engagement in IDP contexts is a complex and cross-cutting issue . A multitude of private sector actors operate at a number of levels . Initiating and sustaining partnerships therefore requires differentiated and sophisticated approaches by governments , humanitarian and development actors . Noting this , UNHCR would strongly encourage the Panel to endorse continued research and exploration of this topic by relevant entities within the United Nations system , the Joint Data Centre , and research organizations , with a view to strengthening the evidence base . UNHCR stands ready to continue contributing its expertise and experience in IDP contexts , and with private sector engagement , as part of this process . The following are key considerations for the High-Level panel , organized by stakeholder type . # # # * * _All stakeholders : _ * * - Systematic mapping of private sector actors ( including private sector umbrella groups such as business associations ) , and inclusion of relevant actors in participatory , government-led peace processes . This analysis and dialogue should result in the definition of common interests and strategies , and result in long-term , constructive engagement by companies rather than marginal philanthropic initiatives ; - The more systematic application of a Fragility Lens Framework in IDP-hosting contexts < sup > 19 < / sup > , as a means to gage if private sector investments are likely or not to promote resilience and peace while avoiding contributing to the drivers of fragility ; - Direct and indirect support or incentives to businesses to make full use of their knowledge , communication , and logistical capabilities , and to ensure their constructive participation in multi-stakeholder initiatives , ideally government-led ; - The creation of cross-sector data platforms that pull together data on IDPs collected by different actors , including the private sector - with appropriate safeguards ( which may be formalized e . g . , through data sharing agreements ) . This data should help public and nogovernmental actors generate context-specific development plans and interventions aimed at IDPs ; - The creation", "spans": [{"start": 1897, "end": 1909, "text": "data on IDPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication , but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions . Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution , so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University . As explained in the text , only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating . Institutions were then assigned a country . An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times . The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn ( 1 ) . The measure _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > is defined in eqn ( 2 ) . The final rank column denotes the global rank among all institutions .", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 67, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 93, "end": 121, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ risks and potential adverse impacts on the community health and safety , including clear reference to required timing of each measure . - d ) _Monitoring : _ Implementation of the Community Health , Safety and Security Management Plan will be monitored regularly to ensure its compliance with all relevant national and international standards , including ESS4 of the World Bank and to ensure that the Contractor is fulfilling its commitments specified in its management plan . - e ) _Reporting and Notification : _ _Internal Reporting : _ Monthly reports must be generated and lodged with the contractor as part of Contractor ’ s Environmental and Social Monitoring . The reports must summarise the data collected through the monitoring programme , identify any occasions where specific remediation was taken . The reports must also summarise any complaints received from the local communities , setting out the complaint , whether it was substantiated and any actions taken to alleviate the impact . _Community Complaints : _ Community complaints and concerns must be captured and addressed through regular community consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism . The procedure has been designed to provide a simple , fair and transparent process for all external parties to provide feedback and to raise grievances . _Community Reporting : _ A summary report suitable to a non-technical community audience must be developed and disclosed quarterly by EEP . This report shall focus upon graphical representation of information , and in particular outcomes of any community complaints and those actions taken to remedy significant impacts . This shall be undertaken in non-technical languages and in suitable local languages in a culturally appropriate manner . - f ) _Training and Capacity Building : _ Those responsible for the community management , particularly community health service implementers , and operation of any aspect of the Community Health , Safety and Security Management Plan shall be trained and awareness creation programs shall be done at all levels of the community .", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 945, "text": "data collected through the monitoring programme", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity ( P163050 ) # * * The World Bank * * | IR Indicator 8 . 12 : Number of refugee - | 0 . 00 < br > Feb / 2021 | 6 | 04-Apr-2025 < br > 6 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | hosting areas in which innovation < br > activities ( technology supported or < br > manual ) for self-directed learning for | Comments on achieving targets | Target achieved | | | | COVID-19 recovery completed < br > ( Number ) | | | | | # # * * 7 . 3 Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | PBC Na | me | Baseline | Actual ( Pre < br > | vious ) | Actual ( Curr < br > | ent ) | Closing Period | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Value | Date | Value | Date | | | 1 : Quality < br > enhancement and < br > assurance program < br > for O-Class ( Text ) < br > Partially achieved | Value | Not available | DLR 1 . 0 , 1 . 1 < br > achieved . DLR 1 . 2 . < br > achievedDLR 1 . 3 . < br > achieved nationally , < br > achieved partially < br > for regional < br > levelDLR 1 . 4 . < br > achieved nationally , < br > achieved partially < br > for regional < br > levelDLR 1 . 5 . < br > Achieved ( deadline < br > extended to < br > December 31 , < br > 2021 ) D", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 : Alternative measures of import market concentration | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Dependent variable | Share of | Share of | Log number | Log number | Log | Share of | | | the largest | the 4 largest | of | of source | unit | commodity | | | importer | importers | importers | countries | value | exporters | | Panel A ) | | | | | | | | Commodity export share ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] | 0 . 04 * | 0 . 02 | - 0 . 25 * | - 0 . 23 * * * | 0 . 33 * | 0 . 00 | | | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 13 ) | ( 0 . 08 ) | ( 0 . 18 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | | R-squared | 0 . 73 | 0 . 85 | 0 . 94 | 0 . 90 | 0 . 82 | 0 . 56 | | Number of observations | 2 , 176 , 363 | 2 , 176 , 363 | 2 , 176 , 363 | 2 , 176 , 363 | 1 , 818 , 137 | 1 , 969 , 637 | | Dependent variable mean | 0 . 530 | 0 . 807 | 2 . 616 | 1 . 762 | 1 . 739 | 0 . 189 | | Panel B ) | | | | | | | | Export commodity price index ( 1 = 2012 ) | 0 . 09 * | 0 . 04 | - 0 . 40 | - 0 . 58 * * * | 0 . 95 * * * | 0 . 01 | | | ( 0 . 05 ) | ( 0 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 35 ) | ( 0 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or traditional beliefs that occur in both public and private spaces . - GBV , including violence against women and SEA , can manifest in different ways and have life-threatening and lasting consequences , such as trauma , health complications , and mental health issues that often result in isolation and hinder a person ’ s ability to function in society . Violence against women frequently impacts communities , and the normalization of violence – regardless of its type – creates additional barriers for survivors to disclose their experiences . - Although there is overall recognition of some types of violence , like intimate-partner violence or sexual violence , others are often overlooked , including psychological violence , denial of resources and opportunities , forced marriage and technology-facilitated violence . Very commonly , different types of violence overlap and further hinder the survivor ’ s ability to disclose the incident and find support . Violence can be perpetrated both by people close to and known to the survivor , and by strangers , and both involve the use of unequal power relations to sustain these situations and scale up the violence . - A feminist approach strongly advocates for victim and survivor-centred service provision and support , as well as prevention and ethical data collection . This is directly linked with respecting the survivor ’ s wishes and decisions about when and how to leave a situation of violence and abuse . Furthermore , services should always be efficient , quality , sustainable and tailored to meet the different emergency and long-term needs of survivors . These needs range from safety and security , such as shelter , to psychosocial support and case management , legal aid , health , financial and social assistance . # # # Methodology Much of the research on women ’ s rights , including in the field of violence against women , revolves around statistical data on cases , often required to justify interventions , scale up or reduce programmes , and advocate for funding . However , despite a general understanding that GBV , including violence against women and SEA , are underreported , little attention is given to the different and overlapping", "spans": [{"start": 1920, "end": 1936, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Fig . 2 : New Zealand and United States * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 95 < br > 0 . 9 < br > 0 . 8 0 . 9 < br > GDP < br > Priv Employment + < br > 0 . 7 Consumption 0 . 85 Unemp with Jobs < br > Investment Priv Employent < br > Q1-19 Q3-19 Q1-20 Q4-20 < br > 1 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 95 < br > 0 . 9 < br > 0 . 8 0 . 9 < br > 0 . 7 0 . 85 < br > Q1-19 Q3-19 Q1-20 Q4-20 Q1-19 Q3-19 Q1-20 Q4-20 < br > Jan-19 Jun-19 Nov-19 Apr-20 Sep-20 Feb-21 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Aggregate macroeconomic data for the United States is from FRED . New Zealand data from https : / / www . stats . govt . nz / and data on unemployed with jobs from the Current Population Survey as reported in Hall and Kudlyak ( 2020 ) . The dotted black lines in the top right panel are the monthly averages for each 2020 quarter of the sum of US private employment and unemployed persons with jobs . 5", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 577, "text": "Aggregate macroeconomic data for the United States", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 657, "end": 685, "text": "data on unemployed with jobs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 695, "end": 720, "text": "Current Population Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # INTRODUCTION This report is mainly based on the results of the survey about intentions , challenges and obstacles encountered during participation in the compensation programme for damaged / destroyed housing objects launched within CMU resolution № 767 . In addition , a significant deal of information was gathered during our monitoring visits to plenty of settlements in Donetska and Luhanska oblasts in the period of October-December . Our outreach workers and legal team also took part in some of the commission assessment sessions either as observers or members , thus they had an opportunity to obtain firsthand experience on the implementation of the programme . By focusing on the perspective of claimants , this report complements a survey conducted by UNHCR in November 2020 , which focuses on the functioning of the local assessment commissions , based on observations from R2P and other NGO members or observers in these commissions . R2P launched this survey primarily to find out whether this programme is relevant for its target audience , as well as to reveal the pitfalls of the programme from the perspective of participants . Therefore , we decided to survey our beneficiaries of IDP and conflict-affected background who reportedly had problems with damaged / destroyed housing objects and those potential beneficiaries whom our outreach workers already knew or got to know during field trips . The survey has been conducted in the period of October-November in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts via phone and face-to-face interviews . Besides , upon the completion of the survey , some cases were directed to R2P legal team for further investigation . As a result , our team not only conducted research but also promptly provided assistance to those who were willing to participate in the programme but for some reason experienced difficulties with applying for monetary compensation / assistance . This publication has been produced with the assistance of the UN Refugee Agency ( UNHCR ) . The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of « Right to Protection » and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of UNHCR . 3", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 789, "text": "survey conducted by UNHCR in November 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 1 : Energy spending shares ( income-based ) and energy poverty rates ( 10 percent threshold ) by income quintiles ( in percent , 2019 ) : _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 . 0 < br > 78 . 4 < br > 80 . 0 71 . 3 < br > 56 . 0 < br > 60 . 0 < br > 37 . 3 < br > 40 . 0 < br > 21 . 9 < br > 20 . 0 18 . 1 15 . 7 13 . 6 10 . 5 < br > 7 . 7 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 < br > Energy spending share Energy poverty ( > 10 ) < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : The graph shows the energy spending share in overall household income at the household level ( in percentages ) by income quintiles in Blue and the related energy poverty rates in Green . Energy poverty rates use a 0 . 1 threshold by income quintiles . Energy spending shares are income-based . Income quintile 1 is the 25 percent of households with the lowest average per capita income , while income quintile 5 is the 25 percent of households with the highest average per capita income . We weigh each observation by household survey weights . N = 2 , 952 . _ _Source : Own estimates based on HBS ( 2019 ) . _ * * We impute energy spending shares from the HBS 2019 into the EU-SILC 2020 ( with the income year * * * * 2019 ) . * * Ultimately , we are interested in generating information on energy poverty for households sampled in the EU-SILC . While we could also impute energy poverty indicators directly , imputing energy spending shares gives us the flexibility to explore several expenditure-based measures at once because these measures directly result from energy spending shares . # * * One important caveat is that energy poverty indicators that take a purely monetary perspective * * * * suffer from conceptual limitations . * * Energy", "spans": [{"start": 1100, "end": 1103, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the WTP for a principal SWM service ranges between 1-3 % of household income , while the WTP for an SWM service improvement ranges between 0 . 1-0 . 9 % of household income . # * * 3 . The Context * * # 3 . 1 SWM Service in China Along with fast economic development , the quantity of municipal solid waste generation is increasing rapidly in China . With an annual average increase rate of 3 . 7 % , the per capital municipal solid waste generation < sup > 8 < / sup > in China has reached 1 kilogram per day per person in 2002 ( Huang et al . , 2006 ) . World Bank ( 2005 ) indicates that China has surpassed the U . S . in 2004 and became the world ’ s largest municipal solid waste ( MSW ) generator . In 2004 , the urban areas of China generated about 190 million tons of MSW . Considering China ’ s relatively low level of per capita GDP and that over 56 % of population still live in rural areas , the projected future MSW generation in 2030 for this country will be up to 480 million tons ( World Bank , 2005 ) . No country has ever experienced such a large and rapid increase in waste generation . Along with the rapid increase in municipal solid waste generation is significant improvement in the waste management sector in China . The treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste was only started in the 1980s . By 1990 , the total disposal rate of municipal solid waste was lower than 2 % , but the quantity of disposed municipal solid waste has increased continuously since then . In 2007 , the ratio of the disposed municipal solid waste reached 62 % of the total quantity collected and transported . < sup > 9 < / sup > Landfill is the main disposal method for municipal solid waste in China ; in 2007 , over 80 % of the disposed municipal solid waste was land filled , about 15 % was incinerated , and about 2 . 6 % was composted ( China Statistic Yearbook , 2008 ) . Even though the pace of China", "spans": [{"start": 1851, "end": 1875, "text": "China Statistic Yearbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both privately and publicly owned and some are government owned . A number of these plantations are made up of eucalyptus trees . Basically , the tropical rain and natural forests are centrally owned and , additionally , the plantation forests are operated by the National Forest Authority ( NFA ) . Three seasonal swampy vegetation habitat types of variable phytosociological combinations and characterized by seasonal streams that retain water flow during the peak of the wet seasons , were categorized as per the descriptions below : - Upper vegetation layer dominated by _Acacia polycantha_ , _Erythrina abyssinica , Ficus vallschoude , Phoeni reclinata , Bridella micrantha , Sapium ellipticum_ and _Raphia farinifera_ trees ; - Mid-layer consisting of _Acanthus pubscens_ , _Vernonia amygdallna_ and _Flueggea virosa varie_ ; and - • Lower layer _Imperata cylindrical , Digitaria spp_ , _Typha capensis_ , _Cryperus spp , Triumfetta spp , Setaria sphaceilata , Panicum arundinaceum_ and _Pennisetum purpereum_ in the lower vegetation layer . Sensitivity of the project area was assessed to establish species among the records of the respective species that are potentially critically endangered ( CR ) and / or endangered ( EN ) , endemic and / or restricted habitat range species as per the international and national red lists ( IUCN 2018 , WCS 2016 ) . Bird species that may not be globally threatened but are at regional level were considered using the classification system by Bennum and Njoroge ( 1995 ) , recognizes birds in the category RR-Regional Responsibility . Other ecological attributes that were considered included highly threatened and / or unique ecosystems , landscape and sociological processes , i . e . , areas prone to erosion and disturbance regimes like floods that would require", "spans": [{"start": 1325, "end": 1334, "text": "red lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > l | 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2025-05-10 | 2025-05-31 | 2025-07-14 | | 2025-08-11 | 2025-09-10 | 2025-10-15 | 2025-11-19 | 2026-11-19 | | ET-NIDP-491112-CS-QCBS / < br > A firm to conduct M & E on ind < br > icators , including a satisfacti < br > on survey on digital ID servic < br > es | IDA / E2720 | Inclusive ID issuance | Post < br > < br > B | Quality And Cost - < br > ased Selection | Open - Internationa < br > l | 400 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2025-05-14 | 2025-06-04 | 2025-07-18 | | 2025-08-15 | 2025-09-14 | 2025-10-19 | 2025-11-23 | 2028-11-22 | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSU * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * LTANTS * * < br > | | | | < br > | < br > < br > | | | | < br > | | | | | | | | < br > Description | Loan / Credit < br > o . | < br > Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approac < br > h < br > Contract T | ype < br > Estimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > A | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Process Status | Terms of Reference < br >", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 325, "text": "survey on digital ID servic", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 3 | 4 . 1 | 2 . 6-4 . 5 | 3 . 6 | 2 . 9-4 . 4 | 3 . 7 | | Demeke and others ( 1998 ) | 1 . 3-3 . 9 | 2 . 6 | . . . | . . . | LO-1 . 7 | 1 . 4 | | Stepanek ( 1999 ) | 2 . 8-4 . 9 | 3 . 8 | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | | Rashid and Ayele ( 2009 ) | 4 . 5-5 . 0 | 4 . 8 | . . , | . . . | . . . | . . . | | DSA ( 2010 ) * | 2 . 0-5 . 0 | 3 . 5 | 2 . 0-6 . 0 | 4 . 0 | 2 . 0-3 . 0 | 2 . 5 | | SG-2000data ( 2010 ) * | 2 . 6-4 . 2 | 2 . 6 | 1 . 3-3 . 4 | 3 . 3 | 1 . 0-2 . 3 | 1 . 7 | _Note : _ * Indicates preferred studies and datasets . Bold numbers indicate selected data for defining upper and lower bounds , as well as the most likely scenario . The upper bounds are from DSA , the lower bounds from any available source . The most likely scenario is based on SG-2000 data . - 28 -", "spans": [{"start": 393, "end": 404, "text": "SG-2000data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 677, "end": 680, "text": "DSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 765, "end": 777, "text": "SG-2000 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reforms targeting SSI repealed the historical product reservations protecting small businesses ( Tewari and Wilde , 2015 ) . The staggered removal of these international and domestic protections boosted competition . We use a long-difference strategy similar to the one applied in Ghani , Goswami and Kerr ( 2016a ) by analyzing differences in the timing of the implementation of reforms across industries . We conduct a panel analysis for a total of 50 industries that allows us to exploit this industry level timing variation and differences in traits across industries . Industries are defined at the three-digit level within the manufacturing sector . Specifically , to measure the direct effect of any industry level reform , we consider the following reduced form estimating equation : where ∆ � � is the outcome variable of interest relating to female activity or gender segmentation for industry _i_ . Female activity is measured through two alternative indices : ( i ) share of female-owned plants and ( ii ) share of females in total employment . Segmentation , broadly defined , is the extent to which people of the same gender tend to segregate and work together . Thus , segmentation in a workforce could be measured from two perspectives : ( i ) the gender of the owner and ( ii ) the gender 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "[ Number ] . | | Frequency | Annually . | | Data source | Annual reports on DPI implementation byMODEE andpublic - andprivate-sector relying parties . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indicator values will be collected from the administrative data of MODEE and public - and private-sector relying parties < br > on the use of transactional digital services that incorporate trusted , people-centric DPI , and cross-checked by the IVA < br > through spot surveys . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MODEE . | | * * Improving trusted , peop * * | * * le-centric data sharing * * | | Description | Availabilityof trusted , people-centric data sharing [ Yes / No ] . | | Frequency | Annually | | Data source | ( a ) Annual reports on DPI implementation from MODEE , sectoral ministries , and the private sector , ( b ) MODEE ’ s < br > software documentation and testingreports , and ( c ) Third-partyassessment reports . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indicator values will be collected from ( a ) DPI implementation reportsreleased by MODEE , sectoral ministries , and the < br > private sector , ( b ) MODEE ’ ssoftware documentation , and testing reports , and ( c ) Official reports submitted by third - < br > party assessment bodies recruited to carry out the Privacy Impact Assessments . All indicator values will be cross - < br > checked bythe IVA . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MODEE . | | * * Enhanced management * * | * * of medical records * * | | Description | Promoting digital transformation in health servcie delivery by scaling up the coverage of an existing EMR platform to all < br > MOH facilitysites , prioritizingfacilitysites in districts with a high concentration of", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 268, "text": "administrative data of MODEE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 < sup > o < / sup > C . _Drainage and Water Resources : _ The proposed subproject is entirely located within the Hawassa sub-basin of the Rift Valley Lakes Basin . The power line runs through catchments that drain from east to west and from northeast to southwest directions all to Lake Hawassa . Tikur Weha River , a major tributary of L . Hawassa , is the only perennial river crossed by the transmission line . _Land Use and Land Cover : _ The land cover map of the subproject corridor reveals that the power transmission line traverses cultivated lands , range lands , built-up areas , and trees cover . The dominant land use / land cover crossed by the TL is cropland that covers for about 40 . 9ha or 68 % of the total 30m wide route corridor followed by rangeland and built-up areas comprising about 19 % ( 11 . 42ha ) and 8 . 4 % ( 5 . 07ha ) of the route corridor respectively . _Soils : _ The subgrades of the soils in the subproject area are largely alluvial and lacustrine in origin . Three major soil types are identified in the PA , and these are Vitric Andosols , Haplic Xerosols and Eutric Cambisol comprising about 53 . 5 % , 26 . 6 % and 19 . 9 % respectively of the mapping units of FAO Global Digital Soil Map Data . _Geology : _ According to the Geological Survey of Ethiopia , the subproject corridor is covered by Quaternary Deposits and Rocks of Volcanic origins . The major geological formations of the study area include recent lacustrine and alluvial deposits ( 44 % ) , pyroclastic deposits , basalt , scoria cones , rhyolitic lava flows ( 46 % ) , and associated ignimbrites , tuffs ( lapilli tuff ) and volcanic ash ( 10 % ) . _Air Quality", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 491, "text": "land cover map of the subproject corridor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1205, "end": 1237, "text": "FAO Global Digital Soil Map Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "neglect of children , HIV / AIDS , family conflicts , etc . UNHCR recognizes that mental health and psychosocial support ( SMSPS ) is an essential component for enhancing the resilience of SGBV victims . In this context , in the health centers of most camps , it has integrated a program of psychosocial care . The 2016 statistics show that 78 . 9 % of identified SGBV victims have received psychosocial support ( counseling , reflective activities , support group , etc . ) . Indicator : # of identified SGBV cases for which survivors received psychosocial support : 984 13", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 330, "text": "2016 statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * reinstateme * * < br > * * nt * * | | | osure < br >  < br > Fences , barriers and demarcations < br > associated with the construction < br > phase must be removed from the < br > site < br >  < br > Fences , barriers and demarcations < br > associated with the construction < br > phase must be removed from the < br > site < br >  < br > Rehabilitation < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9205 What Do 50 Years of Census Records and Household Survey Data Tell Us about Human Opportunities and Welfare in Latin America ? _Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez_ _German D . Caruso R . Andres Castaneda Aguilar Eduardo A . Malasquez_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice April 2020", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 69, "text": "Census Records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 74, "end": 95, "text": "Household Survey Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The marginal value of consumption is very high for poor households . For this reason , one expects households in low-income countries to be especially mindful of ways to arrange purchases so as to maximize consumption per dollar . This paper studies the surprising , contrary finding that many households in Tanzania purchase non-perishable goods in small increments , multiple times , over a two-week period . If price schedules were linear and transaction costs minimal , frequent purchasing of small quantities would have no impact on the budget set . If bulk discounts were available , but only for large quantities representing several weeks or months of consumption , there could be many reasons not to buy in bulk . However , we find that many items exhibit bulk discounts over modest quantity ranges . Households appear to be systematically over-paying for consumption goods in order to maintain a pattern of frequent , small-quantity purchases . The goal of this paper is to better understand this phenomenon . We aim to answer two questions . First , how much consumption is foregone because of small-quantity purchasing ? Second , why do households make purchases in this way ? To answer the first question we analyze transaction diaries maintained by 1 , 493 Tanzanian households over a two-week period . Diary respondents recorded the date , quantity , price , and detailed description of every purchase . From these data we calculate the total quantity purchased at the household-item level over two weeks , the total amount paid , and the counterfactual cost if the household had purchased the total quantity in one transaction . This last step makes use of expenditure schedules that we estimate from the data ( and validate with market price surveys ) . We limit our analysis to 19 standardized items that are non-perishable over the relevant quantity and time ranges . The item list includes numerous staples : maize , rice , cooking oil , kerosene , onions , dried sardines . We find that across items purchased multiple times over two weeks , the value of forgone consumption is equal to 8 . 7 % of the value of expenditure . By simply bundling purchases made over a short period", "spans": [{"start": 1254, "end": 1273, "text": "transaction diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1771, "end": 1791, "text": "market price surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Hetosa | _92 , 928_ | * * 93 , 237 * * | * * 186 , 165 * * | * * 20 . 5 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sude | * * 103 , 974 * * | 104 , 518 | 208 , 492 | * * 23 . 0 * * | | Arsi-Robe | * * 122 , 895 * * | 122 , 042 | 244 , 937 | * * 270 * * | | LudeHetosa | 79 , 432 | * * 80 , 700 * * | * * 160 , 132 * * | * * 17 . 8 * * | | Deksis | * * 52 , 616 * * | * * 53 , 781 * * | * * 106 , 397 * * | * * 11 . 7 * * | | Total | 451 , 845 | 454 , 278 | * * 906 , 123 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | Percent | 49 , 9 | * * 50-1 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | According to information collected from respective woreda administration offices , vast majority of the Subproject woreda population residing in rural area . For example , overwhelming majority * * ( 96 . 2 % ) * * of Sude woreda ' s population is reported to live in rural area , similaIrly vast majority * * ( 83 . 1 % ) * * of population in Hetosa woreda also belived to reside in rural areas . The ethinic composition of the Subproject impact woredas and communities were largely dominated * * by * * the Oromo ethnic group . Based on * * CSA , 2007 * * document , majority ( 84 . 1 % ) of the population in the Subproject impact zone belongs to Oromo ethnic group and", "spans": [{"start": 573, "end": 640, "text": "information collected from respective woreda administration offices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 7 % and a high estimate of 12 . 4 % . < sup > 52 < / sup > However , there is no reliable information on the HIV prevalence for the country . No countrywide HIV sentinel surveillance system has yet been established . There are no HIV seroprevalence data for the IDP population . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > The NSP 2004-07 mentions IDPs and has specific activities listed for them . The World Bank ’ s MAP does not have an HIV approved proposal for Liberia . < sup > 53 < / sup > The GFATM round 2 approved proposal with an HIV component for 2004-06 does mention IDPs but has not list any specific activities . < sup > 54 < / sup > # # * * 5 . * * * * < u > Nepal : < / u > * * # # < u > IDP Situation : < / u > Since 1996 , the Royal Nepalese Army has fought the Communist Part of Nepal ( Maoist ) . While originating from the western heartlands of Nepal , the conflict has spread to nearly all of the 75 districts of the country . There have been no reports of a mass displacement strategy by either warring parties . Some 200 , 000-400 , 000 people have been displaced since the beginning of the conflict . < sup > 55 < / sup > The most recent estimate by the Global IDP Project estimates 100 , 000-200 , 000 IDPs . < sup > 56 < / sup > The far western regions of the country are less economically developed and are affected by the current insurgency , which explains why the highest number of IDPs comes from these districts . Families of the army are specifically targeted by the Maoists , but persons from the poorer strata of society are also affected by the ongoing conflict . Most displaced people flee rural areas for the safety to the urban areas", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 255, "text": "HIV seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "46 # # # # # * * 8 . 2 Assistance for carrying out a forest and plantation inventory * * This project was not undertaken by the Ministry of Energy because it constituted a component of another project , under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . The National Biomass Study , financed by sources outside the Second Power Project . The National Biomass Study has been completed . # # # # # * * 8 . 3 Assistance for a fuelwood marketing survey as well as an urban household energy survey in the major towns of Uganda * * A fuelwood marketing survey was not undertaken but an urban household energy survey was undertaken and completed by September 1990 under what w ' 1s called the \" Household Energy Planning Program ( HEPP ) \" . The study was fairly exhaustive but has now been overtaken by events and needs to be revised to adapt it to present day circumstances . # # # # # * * 9 . OUTAGES * * AND LOSSES - * * 9 . 1 * * Maximum system demand has shown a steady increase as the units in Owen Falls Power Station have been rehabilitated . Not only has the system demand increased ( 136 . 2 MW in 1991 , 151 . 0 MW in 1992 and 157 . 2 MW in 1993 ) but the maximum load sent to Kenya has also shown an upward trend , although in 1993 there was a decrease from 1992 because of the increased Ugandan demand . - 9 . 2 The availability of energy has improved markedly during the last 12 months . During the 7 month period June to December 1993 , there was an average of 163 hours per month of load shedding due to distribution shortfalls and 89 hours per month due to generation outages at Owen Falls Power Station ( a total of 202 hours / month ) . The average monthly energy loss was 690 MWh . This situation did not change markedly during the first months of 1994 , but in the quarter April to June 1994 there were NO loadsheds due to distribution deficiencies ( and this", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 84, "text": "forest and plantation inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 421, "end": 446, "text": "fuelwood marketing survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 461, "end": 490, "text": "urban household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 526, "end": 551, "text": "fuelwood marketing survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 578, "end": 607, "text": "urban household energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "migration ( of the individual and / or parents ) or admission into a country * * helps identify different migrant subgroups . Key categories may include work , study , family reunification and asylum – each of which will come with its own set of needs and social protection requirements , especially for vulnerable groups like children . For more information on disaggregation and sample questions , see IOM ’ s Leave No Migrant Behind : The 2030 Agenda < u > and data disaggregation . < / u > < sup > 6 < / sup > # # # # # # INITIATIVES FOR BETTER DATA - < u > Eurostat < / u > now regularly collects statistics on children applying for asylum , children subject to asylum decisions , and children subject to returns . These statistics are disaggregated by citizenship , age , sex , and , importantly , unaccompanied minors - The UN Statistics Division developed a < u > technical report to help national statistical < / u > offices and other statistical entities monitor migration-related SDG indicators - To improve international migration statistics collected through national censuses and sample surveys , the UN Statistics Division prepared < u > a guidance note < / u > on a set of suggested questions on international migration with feedback from the Expert Group on Migration Statistics - UNICEF and UNHCR developed the < u > IDEAS tool < / u > to guide Member States through the process of mapping their national data ecosystem and forge standardization across data collection mechanisms - IOM ’ s < u > Leave No Migrant Behind : The 2030 Agenda and data disaggregation < / u > offers guidance to practitioners on disaggregation of SDG-related data by migratory status - The Expert Group on Refugees , Internally Displaced Persons and Statelessness Statistics ( EGRISS ) developed two statistical frameworks ( IRRS , IRIS ) – with a third under development ( IROSS ) – that apply disaggregation to overcome statistical challenges on those who have been forcibly displaced or are stateless . The EGRISS model offers a road map", "spans": [{"start": 602, "end": 644, "text": "statistics on children applying for asylum", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1019, "end": 1053, "text": "international migration statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _2 . 4 . Institutional Investors Data_ To analyze what types of investors are behind the purchases of East Asian corporate bonds , we use data on foreign and domestic investors for 2008-16 . The data come from different sources and with different breakdowns . Regarding foreign investors , we have data on East Asian corporate bond holdings by all types of investors from the United States ( U . S . investors ) as well as mutual funds domiciled outside East Asia ( including mutual funds in the United States ) . The former come from the U . S . Treasury International Capital ( TIC ) System , whereas the latter come from information collected by Calomiris et al . ( 2019 ) . East Asian corporate bonds are those issued by a firm located in East Asia either in an East Asian market or an international market . Regarding domestic investors , we collect data on security holdings for pension and insurance as well as mutual funds . Data on investments by pension and insurance funds cover Hong Kong SAR , Korea , Malaysia , and Taiwan and come from the financial supervisory authorities , insurance associations , and pension fund websites . For these investors , we typically have data on their total security holdings , which include public bonds , corporate bonds , and equity from issuers located in East Asia and abroad . These data distinguish whether a pension / insurance fund holds securities issued in their own local capital market or abroad . For Hong Kong SAR , we have data on pension funds only . For pension funds in Korea , we have additional data on corporate bond holdings . For East Asian mutual funds , we have data on their East Asian corporate bond holdings ( issued in East Asian and international markets ) . # * * 3 . Corporate Bond Financing : Domestic vs . International Markets * * We document the role of domestic and international bonds markets in East Asia in terms of issuance activity and types of firms using each market , focusing on three periods , 1990-98 , 1999-2007 , and 2008-16 . This allows us to compare trends before and after two important milestones : ( i", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 178, "text": "data on foreign and domestic investors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 300, "end": 342, "text": "data on East Asian corporate bond holdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 882, "text": "data on security holdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 935, "end": 985, "text": "Data on investments by pension and insurance funds", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1185, "end": 1222, "text": "data on their total security holdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1486, "end": 1507, "text": "data on pension funds", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1563, "end": 1594, "text": "data on corporate bond holdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1683, "text": "data on their East Asian corporate bond holdings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper employs a novel data set on agricultural distortions that was recently developed by the World Bank ( see Anderson and Valenzuela 2008 ) . This data set offers consistent and comparable protection indices for a large number of countries over a 50year period . Employing this data set allows us to take advantage of not only cross-country variation but also within-country variation in the data and thus to overcome the strong identification assumptions that characterize previous cross-country studies . Because the relationship between democracy and public policy may conceal potential feedback effects , we also study the reverse causality problem and exploit the timing of democratization . To control for potential nonlinearities and to better address unobserved heterogeneities , we estimate both linear specifications and semiparametric models . Specifically , we study the effects of democratic reform using the difference-indifference ( D-in-D ) technique combined with propensity score matching methods , as in Persson and Tabellini ( 2008 ) . By studying agricultural and food policies , our analysis contributes to a broad body of literature on the impact of political reforms on economic policies ( see Rodrik and Wacziarg 2005 ; Giavazzi and Tabellini 2005 ; Eichengreen and Leblang 2008 ) . The remainder of this paper is organized as follows . Section I presents stylized facts on trends in agricultural and food policies over time and across political regimes . Section II discusses conceptual issues and summarizes previous findings linking political reforms to public policies . Section III presents our empirical strategy . Section IV presents the data and key variables . In section V , the empirical results are presented and discussed , and in section VI , we test the robustness of our findings . Finally , section VII concludes . 3", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 63, "text": "data set on agricultural distortions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # 1 . 6 . 4 < u > Impacts on Natural Habitats < / u > Field studies found that most municipalities contain some land of environmental sensitivity . In most instances this is recognized by law , including protected wetlands , water bodies , and forest reserves . The assessment process has not so far looked at the location of these resources with regard to the sub-projects , and there is a risk that the sub-projects could entail conversion of valuable natural habitat providing important ecosystem service functions . Whilst any instance of a project occurring in land with a protected designation should automatically be picked up and subjected to an ESIA , it is clear from past experience that this has not been sufficient to ensure their protection . It is possible that some projects may be located in wetlands , or degraded peri-urban forests , but equally likely is that increasing competition for land , including for municipal development , will further displace marginalized people to wetland and forest areas . There also exists a potential for program benefits to occur in such areas , where project planning and mitigation explicitly requires the clean-up of existing degraded resources , in order to restore them to a better than pre-project state . _Wetlands : _ In 1964 , the total area of wetlands in Uganda was estimated at 32 , 000 km < sup > 2 < / sup > but by 1999 , it had decreased to 30 , 000 km < sup > 2 < / sup > , or about 13 percent of the total area of Uganda . Preliminary data from the National Biomass Study Unit of the National Forestry Authority ( NFA ) ( 2008 ) suggest that Uganda ’ s wetlands cover , as estimated in 2005 , has now been reduced to 26 , 308 km < sup > 2 < / sup > , or 11 percent of total land area . The key underlying causes of this decline is the conversion of wetlands for economic activity , such as reclamation for agriculture ( rice in Eastern", "spans": [{"start": 1500, "end": 1553, "text": "Preliminary data from the National Biomass Study Unit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Panel C : Guinea # Panel D : Mali < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Guinea Mali < br > Error term Random Effect Error term Random Effect < br > 2 4 . 4 < br > . 2 < br > 1 . 1 . 2 < br > 2 < br > 0 0 0 < br > 0 < br > - 1 - . 1 - . 2 < br > - . 2 < br > - 2 - 2 - . 4 < br > - 2 - 1 0 1 2 - . 2 - . 1 0 . 1 . 2 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 - . 3 - . 2 - . 1 0 . 1 . 2 < br > Inverse normal Inverse normal Inverse normal Inverse normal < br > Quantiles of Pearson residuals Quantiles of Random Effects Quantiles of Pearson residuals Quantiles of Random Effects < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Panel E : Niger < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Niger < br > Error term Random Effect < br > 3 < br > . 2 < br > 2 . 1 < br > 1 0 < br > 0 - . 1 < br > - 1 - . 2 < br > - 2 - . 3 < br > - 2 - 1 0 1 2 - . 2 - . 1 0 . 1 . 2 < br > Inverse normal Inverse normal < br > Quantiles of Pearson residuals Quantiles of Random Effects < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * 4 . Evaluation exercise : Comparison of geospatial and census-based estimates of headcount poverty in Burkina Faso * * Before presenting estimates of headcount poverty rates for the four focus countries that lack recent census data , we conduct a sensitivity analysis with data from Burkina Faso . The availability of a recent census in Burkina Faso creates an opportunity to assess the estimates produced with geospatial covariates and the unit context model against officially adopted EBP census-based estimates as described below", "spans": [{"start": 1184, "end": 1195, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1237, "end": 1259, "text": "data from Burkina Faso", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# ANALYTICAL UNDERPINNINGS 30 . * * The design of this operation is underpinned by various diagnostic work completed in recent years . * * These include World Bank report on Making Finance Work for Uganda ( 2009 ) ; a consultant report on Development of PPP frameworks in Uganda ( 2010 ) ; FINSCOPE survey report ( 2010 ) ; a policy note on Reform Options for the Public Service Pension Fund in Uganda ( 2011 ) ; a review of National Social Security Fund investment policies ( 2011 ) ; and the Financial Sector Assessment Program ( FSAP ) ( 2001 ) and its first update ( 2005 ) . A new update of the FSAP is scheduled to take place in late August 2011 ; its outcomes will inform further authorities ‘ financial sector reform program and help refine and identify specific triggers for the subsequent operation under this programmatic series . This analytical work was fed into policy dialogue and contributed to Government ‘ s policy formulation . # * * V . THE PROPOSED FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY CREDIT * * # OPERATION DESCRIPTION 31 . * * The proposed Development Policy Operation for the sum of US $ 50 million would be the first in a series of two programmatic single-tranche operations . * * The proposed operation will support the implementation and consolidation of Government ‘ s financial sector reforms as outlined in the National Development Plan and the Financial Markets Development Plan for 2008-2012 . The programmatic approach defines the medium-term framework for policy reform while accommodating the unpredictability and uncertainty of these complex policy reforms . 32 . * * The overarching development objective of the operation will be to help build a more efficient , robust and deeper financial sector which can support broad-based private sector growth . * * The specific reforms supported by the operation will be organized around two main objectives : ( i ) supporting the development of the market for term finance ; and ( ii ) improving access to financial services . Under the first area , the operation would support the pension system reform , and", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 312, "text": "FINSCOPE survey report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", it is mostly an inventory of infrastructure and services , which leads to a priority investment plan established in a participatory manner . For the purpose of the project , the scope of the terms of references ( ToRs ) for the CDP was enlarged with a local economic development lens . > 28 The selection committee will be an extension of the Municipal Consultative Committee , which is the official body for municipal planning . Page 15 of 76", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 58, "text": "inventory of infrastructure and services", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 | | Figure 11 | Layout of internationally recognized areas of biodiversity importance within a 50 km < br > buffer of the Masaka-Mutukula transmission line route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 | | Figure 12 | Evidence of Hooded Vultures and Gray Crowned Cranes along the Masaka-Mutukula TL < br > route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 | | Figure 13 | Botanical drawing of_Aldrovanda vesiculosa_ , referred to as Waterwheel Weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 | | Figure 14 | Bar charts generated for waterbirds qualifying as critical habitat species using eBird data < br > for Western Uganda ( vertical bars = presence ; orange shading – breeding season ) . . . . . . . 35 | | Figure 15 | View of the 200kv Kawanda-Masaka Transmission Line not fitted with Bird Flight Diverters < br > as it", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 920, "text": "eBird data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# ( b ) < u > Implementation < / u > Packages were prepared in July 2015 , at GRADE premises ( in Lima ) . Each ‘ GYM package ’ was personalized for each school based on the number of classrooms in grades seven and eight , as reported in the 2014 Peru School Census . < sup > 16 < / sup > Once packages were ready , a private courier company was hired to deliver them to all schools in the treated group . Each package contained an official letter from MINEDU ( signed by the Director of the Secondary Level ) addressing the head teacher of the school . This letter was placed on the outside of the package so that it was visible to the person who received it . To locate schools , the courier was given the name of the institution , full address and ( when available ) contact phone numbers , as reported in the publicly available information system of MINEDU called ESCALE . The initial aim was to deliver all packages during August 2015 . However , there were problems with some of the deliveries because the information given to the courier company was not detailed enough and / or was not accurate . For this reason , for a group of schools the courier company was given a physical map to locate the district ( elaborated with Google Maps , using the geo-referenced location from the school ) and the most up to date information about phone numbers ( which was not necessarily information that was publicly available at that time ) . This information was obtained from the data division of the Ministry ( _Sistema de Información de Apoyo a la Gestión de la Institución Educativa_ , SIAGIE ) . Based on this strategy , the delivery of packages was completed between August and September 2015 . As part of the protocol , each school that received the package signed a delivery receipt . # ( c ) < u > Monitoring delivery and compliance < / u > A small tracking team , composed of two individuals with experience in telemarketing , was trained to monitor – through phone calls – all schools that had received the ‘ GYM package", "spans": [{"start": 242, "end": 265, "text": "2014 Peru School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 874, "text": "ESCALE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 0 % < br > 0 < br > 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 < br > LRMC , trade expansion , US cents / kWh < br > level of LRMC recovery < br > cents / kWh < br > percentage of countries < br > Effective Residential Tariffs US < br > cost < br > 0 % - 30 % 30 % - 50 % 50 % - 80 % 80 % - 99 % recovery < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Adapted from Vennemo and Rosnes 2008 and Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . 27", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 439, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "found print media < br > disseminated relevant to their needs and < br > satisfied with multi-media support | * < br > Project progress reports ; < br > media effectiveness studies ; < br > field surveys ; third party < br > farmers ' satisfaction surveys < br > * < br > Multi-media evaluation < br > reports ; reports of farmers ' < br > surveys ; project progress < br > reports . | |", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 255, "text": "farmers ' satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Previous research * * Three studies in the literature on the impact of conflict on economic activity are especially relevant for the design of the methodology in this paper . These studies deal with the impact on aggregate output , on the formal sector and on illicit activities respectively . Differences in the approaches used in each case provide a useful backdrop to guide the empirical work for Afghanistan . At the aggregate level , Abadie and Gardeazabal ( 2003 ) use a quasi-difference-in-differences approach to assess the impact of terrorism on the GDP per capita of the Basque Country from 1955 to 1977 . To do so they construct a “ synthetic control region ” , as a weighted combination of other Spanish regions . The economic evolution of this synthetic control region without terrorism is compared to the actual experience of the Basque Country using an autoregressive distributed lag model . experience of the Basque Country using an autoregressive distributed lag model . The gap in per capita GDP between treatment and control is the dependent variable in the analysis , and the number of fatalities from terrorism ( almost 800 over time ) is the independent variable . The ∆ YY study estimates the impulse-response function to conflict assuming that the output gap in year is CC determined by the number of deaths from terrorism both in the same year and in the two previous ∆ YY tt years , as well as by the output gap in the two previous years : CC The error term in this equation is assumed to follow a first-order auto-regressive model . Therefore , the parameters in equation ( 1 ) are estimated using data on conflict and the output gap lagged for up to three tt uu years . No other control variables are considered in the proposed specification . The results reveal a negative impact of deaths from terrorism in the previous year , but not in the same year or two years earlier ( is statistically significant but and are not ) . Based on the estimated coefficients , after the outbreak of terrorism , per capita GDP in the Basque Country declined about 10 μμ < sup > 1 < / sup > μμ < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1631, "end": 1647, "text": "data on conflict", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "size of the circles corresponds to the number of transactions at the circle center . The triangles represent the estimated focal points , and the solid lines mark the unit price ( left panel ) and expenditure ( right panel ) schedules . At left , the downward orientation of the unit prices is clear . On the right , the changing slope of the expenditure line represents the drop in unit prices as quantity increases . The clustering of purchases at focal quantities is also clear . In each district there are some items that do not exhibit bulk discounts . Estimated unit price schedules are flat for 51 of the 126 item-district groups in the data ( 40 % ) . Some items exhibit bulk discounts in every district , such as maize , cooking oil , kerosene , and tea leaves . Other items , including sweet bananas , cooking bananas , onions , salt , sugar , and dried sardines , have downward-sloping price schedules in three or more districts . Cigarettes , beans , rice , cassava , and matches only exhibit discounts in 1 or 2 districts . < sup > 13 < / sup > A natural concern with price schedules estimated from observational data is that unobserved quality variation could be misinterpreted as bulk discounts , if higher quality versions of each item are disproportionately purchased in smaller quantities , and unit prices factor in quality . There are three reasons to believe that this is not the case here . First , as described in Section 3 , we are able to use the item descriptions in the diaries to create highly standardized item groups . This mitigates unobserved variation from different product types being grouped together . Second , there is no quality variation across quantities in the market survey price data , because enumerators asked vendors to provide prices for different quantities of the exact same item . Yet , we see clear evidence of bulk discounts in those data ( Table 3 , columns 1-3 ) , and there is no clear pattern as to whether the market price data or the survey data exhibit larger discounts ( 4 out of 10 coefficients in column 3 of Table 3 are larger in", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1130, "text": "observational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1703, "end": 1727, "text": "market survey price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and brings together participants to work on practical measures to help combat people smuggling , traffi cking in persons and related transnational crime in the Asia Pacifi c region . Recently , there has also been progress on incorporating a regional cooperation framework on refugee protection in the Bali Process which goes way beyond the people smuggling and traffi cking issues . The Process is co-chaired by Indonesia and Australia and involves 46 members including UNHCR and International Organization for Migration . > 10 A Convention Travel Document ( CTD ) is a travel document issued to a refugee by the state in which she or he has residency and that allows him or her to travel outside that state and to return there States which are parties to the 1951 Convention are obliged to issue CTD to refugees who lawfully reside in their territory . A Global Survey – 2012 51", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 870, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assessments < br > for target < br > schools and < br > prepares < br > school specific < br > summary < br > sheets on < br > performance < br > to inform the < br > target schools < br > on areas < br > needing < br > remedial . | assessments for target < br > schools and prepares < br > school specific summary < br > sheets on performance < br > to inform the target < br > schools on areas < br > needing remedial . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Improved retention of girls from poor and < br > vulnerable populations , including in < br > refugee populations , in upper primary < br > ( grades 7-8 ) . | boys in upper primary will < br > be tracked under the < br > Operation . However , this < br > indicator will focus on < br > trackingthepercentage | Annual | MoE , KNBS | MoE-Annual educational < br > Statistical booklets and < br > KNBS surveys < br > MoE | Page 60 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 874, "text": "KNBS surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Uganda Clean Cooking Supply Chain Expansion Project ( P153679 ) | Date < br > 28-Oct-2016 | 28-Jul-2017 | 21-May-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | # # Overall Comments # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Number of new enterprises in the clean cooking sector ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 13 . 00 | 7 . 00 | | Date | 28-Oct-2016 | 28-Jul-2017 | 01-Apr-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P153679 | TF-A2295 | Effective | USD | 2 . 20 | 2 . 20 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 07 | 1 . 13 | 49 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 - materials . It has been noted that the PIER of the First Smallholder Agricultural Credit Project ( Cr . 105-KE ) concluded that the impact of dairy loans on overall productivity was probably marginal ( para 2 . 55 ) . Although this conclusion was qualified by the fact of poor data , it is suggested that much of the investment facilitated by project credit would have occurred anyway ; thus , the major production impact would have had to result from changes in husbandry practices and management of grade cattle transferred from the large farm subsector to the small farm subsector . However , given the growing demand for dairy products and the rising price of grade cattle and the continued improvement of dairy extension and other farm services throughout the 1970s , it is likely that the provision of additional credit facilities for dairy investments will have a larger impact on production today than it did in the early 1960s . At that time , small farmer dairy investments were still relatively few and credit demand did not spur a marked increase in national herd size and when the adoption of improved husbandry practices was still low . The provision of credit under the proposed Project is expected to enable small farmers who would not otherwise have adequate financial resources to purchase a grade cow and to encourage farmers to make the necessary farm improvements to increase dairy productivity . 4 . 05 A sufficient supply of water is necessary to achieve high milk yields . In ecological zones II and III ( Map 1 ) , a minimum of 100 liters of water per cow per day is required for body maintenance , a daily milk yield of about 15 liters and for washing udders and utensils . WIater is in short supply on many farms , and rain water is still not effectively conserved . Investments in guttering and galvanized water tanks would enable farmers to collect rain water . In addition , by installing guttering , farmers would prevent soil erosion now caused by rainwater pouring off their roofs . More intensive use of the land can also be achieved by developing forage crops for zero grazing", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 286, "text": "poor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfant * * | * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | | * * Adult * * | * * e ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle - * * < br > * * Commune * * | * * Ménage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | Bourem Inaly | 457 | 694 | 532 | 1226 | 532 | 486 | 1018 | 46 | 23 | 69 | 1272 | 1041 | 2313 | | Lafia | 2177 | 2098 | 1644 | 3742 | 1594 | 1364 | 2958 | 130 | 64 | 194 | 3822 | 3072 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * Refugee Policy Review Framework Country Summary as at 30 June 2020 * * # * * THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO * * The Democratic Republic of the Congo offered protection to 528 , 364 refugees and asylum-seekers from 22 countries in 2020 . Most of these came from Rwanda , the Central African Republic , South Sudan and Burundi . Most registered Rwandan refugees arrived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo around 1995 , fleeing the 1994 Rwanda genocide . Refugees from the latter three countries arrived in waves from 2016 onwards due to conflict and targeted abuses in their home countries . The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a fragile , low-income country , with an estimated 5 , 502 , 059 internally displaced nationals in 2020 as a result of ongoing conflict within its own borders . In addition , an estimated 941 , 755 of its citizens are currently refugees in neighbouring countries . Despite its own challenges , the country commonly pursues an openborder policy regarding refugees . * * KEY POPULATION DATA * * * * 525 , 586 Refugees * * * * 2 , 778 Asylum-seekers * * * * 0 . 61 % of the country ’ s population ( 86 , 790 , 567 ) are refugees and asylum-seekers * * * * IDA 18 RSW / * * IDA 19 WHR * * ELIGIBILITY : NOVEMBER 2018 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Central South Sudan < br > African < br > Republic Nord - < br > Cameroon Ubangi Bas-Uele Haut-Uele < br > Sud-Ubangi < br > Cuvette < br > Ouest Ituri < br > Tshopo < br > Republic of Equateur < br > Gabon the Congo Tshuapa Uganda < br > Nord - < br > Democratic Kivu < br > Republic of < br > Rwanda < br > Mai-Ndombe the Congo < br > Sud", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| resource areas and provide adequate measures to < br > avoid , minimize , or mitigate adverse effects . | iii . < br > If such impacts involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats , have the < br > activities been excluded from the Program ? < br > iv . < br > Does screening include the use of the best available science ( e . g . reference to authoritative source < br > materials such as maps , lists of threatened or endangered species prepared by recognized experts , < br > direct advice from recognized experts , advice from peer-reviewed technical literature ) to inform the < br > assessment of potential impacts ? < br > v . < br > Are Program activities planned and carried out in the context of land use or other management plans < br > that identify sensitive habitat areas ? < br > vi . < br > Is screening at a sufficient level of detail and granularity to identify the location and geographical < br > extent of natural and critical habitats ? < br > vii . < br > Would Program activities lead to the fragmentation of existing habitat areas , both at the level of < br > localized Program activities and at larger landscape levels ? < br > viii . < br > Do management plans require appropriate conservation and mitigation measures to be in place , < br > includingthose required to maintain ecological services ? | | - - - | - - - | | Support and promote the protection , conservation , < br > maintenance , and rehabilitation of natural < br > habitats . | i . < br > Does the Program include management measures to protect , conserve , or rehabilitate habitats that are < br > at risk ? Are these measures consistent with recognized international good practice ? < br > ii . < br > Do management systems include measures to avoid , restrict , or otherwise forbid the introduction of < br > exotic or invasive species that may threaten ecosystems or value ? < br > iii . < br > Are", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 475, "text": "lists of threatened or endangered species", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "support to the MSEs through linkages with the city TVET colleges , the MFIs , and for receiving and mitigating complaints from women entrepreneurs ; - ( f ) One Stop Shops , with the responsibility for , _inter alia . _ ( i ) acting as the entry points for MSEs into the Project ; ( ii ) providing basic services including issuing membership cards to eligible participants ; ( iii ) supplying information about available support including about the various Project components and where to get additional information ; ( iv ) providing guidance on filling out application forms for credit ; and ( v ) contributing to the collection , integration and reporting of monitoring and evaluation data for the Project ; * * ( g ) * * the National Technical Vocational Educational Training Agency ( \" TVET Agency \" ) , with the responsibility for : ( i ) collaborating with * * FUJCFSA * * to design specific training modules with detailed curricula and material for teachers , in a manner that meets the demands of the Project participants ; and ( ii ) ensuring that a coherent technical capacity development program", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 692, "text": "monitoring and evaluation data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In one of the few studies that asks directly about preferences , Kusago and Barham ( 2001 ) ask each member of a couple in Malaysia how they would spend an additional $ 40 across thirteen expenditure categories . They then calculate a measure of preference heterogeneity within the household . When this measure is included , it improves the estimation of expenditure decisions . Demographic studies examining fertility decisions do occasionally explicitly ask both husbands and wives about preferences , especially with regard to the number of desired children ( e . g . Bankole 1995 ) . Prabhu ( 2010 ) asks husbands and wives about their willingness to pay for malaria vaccines , eliciting their different preferences . But most analyses of bargaining within the household simply infer preferences . _Consumption : _ Consumption measures , broadly defined , are a measure of people ’ s well-being . Consumption or expenditure measures are often used as a better measure of well-being than income ; incomes fluctuate more than expenditures . Thus , examining consumption outcomes may provide direct or indirect evidence on the allocation of resources among household members . Because most household surveys do not include individual level expenditure or consumption data , it is not possible to tell which individuals consume particular goods . For any goods that are public or shared goods within the household , it is impossible to attribute expenditure to individuals without making strong assumptions . In the case of private goods , those consumed by individuals , it may be possible to obtain information on expenditures on men ’ s goods , women ’ s goods , or children ’ s goods . For example , Dunbar et al ( 2010 ) categorize clothing expenditure in this way . Deaton ( 1989 ) uses adult clothing as a private good to analyze 24", "spans": [{"start": 1192, "end": 1209, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measured using estimated consumption expenditures . The poverty line threshold measurement it uses , i . e . the poverty line below which people are deemed poor , is based on the monetary poverty line used by the Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005 / 06 . This poverty line is determined and based on the expenditure required to purchase a food basket that allows minimum nutritional requirements to be met ( set at 2 , 250 calories per adult equivalent per day ) in addition to the costs of meeting basic non-food needs such as education , health , transportation and rent ( KNBS , 2008 ) . The 2008 Constituency Report on Well-Being in Kenya estimated this poverty line to be about Ksh . 2 , 331 for rural areas and Ksh . 6 , 673 for urban areas < sup > 17 < / sup > . The _National Report Exploring Kenya ’ s Inequality : Pulling Apart or Pooling Together ( 2013 ) _ basis its analysis on the 2009 Kenya housing and population census . # # # * * 2 . 1 . 4 Proliferation of Informal Settlements in Kenya * * As the foregoing discussion illustrates , Kenya has urbanised rapidly , and so has Machakos Municipality . This however has been against poor urban planning , which has resulted in the proliferation of informal settlements . These informal settlements are generally of two types : squatter settlement , and illegal sub-division of either government or private land . Characteristic of these settlements is : ( a ) they are located in proximity to areas with employment opportunities ; ( b ) they are located on insufficiently serviced land – land wanting on infrastructure such as roads , water , electricity , and sanitation ; ( c ) they are overcrowded ; ( d ) poor housing ; ( e ) they have insecure land tenure status ; ( f ) a number are > 16 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ( KNBS ) ; and , Society for International Development – East Africa ( SID ) . 2013 . National Report Exploring Kenya ’ s Inequality : Pulling Apart or Pooling Together", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 247, "text": "Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 940, "text": "2009 Kenya housing and population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 9 | ‐ 0 . 7 | 2 . 5 | ‐ 15 . 7 | ‐ 1 . 9 | 15 . 4 | | | | Type | of househo | ld ( HH ) | | | | | | | HH without children | ‐ 2 . 9 | ‐ 1 . 0 | 1 . 0 | ‐ 1 . 3 | ‐ 1 . 2 | ‐ 0 . 1 | ‐ 8 . 2 | ‐ 9 . 4 | 16 . 4 | | Retiree HH | ‐ 2 . 0 | ‐ 0 . 4 | 1 . 0 | 0 . 3 | 3 . 1 | ‐ 4 . 2 | ‐ 5 . 2 | ‐ 4 . 3 | 10 . 8 | | HH with children | ‐ 0 . 2 | ‐ 5 . 1 | 1 . 8 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 1 | 5 . 0 | ‐ 13 . 5 | ‐ 0 . 6 | 2 . 7 | | 1 child | 0 . 0 | ‐ 5 . 6 | 1 . 1 | ‐ 1 . 8 | ‐ 0 . 1 | 3 . 5 | ‐ 16 . 1 | 0 . 4 | 0 . 8 | | 2 children | ‐ 4 . 6 | ‐ 3 . 2 | 2 . 6 | 0 . 3 | ‐ 0 . 2 | 7 . 9 | ‐ 9 . 5 | ‐ 1 . 5 | 4 . 3 | | 3 and more children | ‐ 2 . 7 | ‐ 7 . 1 | 4 . 4 | 2 . 4 | 3 . 6 | 7 . 5 | ‐ 17 . 5 | ‐ 6 . 3 | 15 . 2 | | singleparent | ‐ 1 . 9 | ‐ 2 . 4 | 2 . 8 | ‐ 0 . 3 | ‐ 3 . 3 | 6 . 2 | ‐ 4 . 1 | ‐ 18 . 4 | 24 . 9 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 36", "spans": [{"start": 850, "end": 858, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "including ala < br > rm with all accessories for hy < br > dro-logical data library by Mi < br > nistryof Water and Energy | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > P | ost | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imite | d < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 43 , 225 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-12-30 | | | | 2024-02-24 | 2024-07-23 | | ET-MOWE-394791-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Hardware Se < br > rver , for Hydrology lead exec < br > utive office , by MoWE | IDA / 64450 | Climate Resilient Water Sup < br > ply , Sanitation , and Hygiene < br > ( Climate Resilient WASH ) < br > P | ost | Request for Bids < br > | Open | - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 682 , 370 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-12-22 | 2023-12-27 | | 2024-02-07 | 2024-03-08 | 2024-04-12 | 2024-08-10 | | ET-MOWE-292463-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of 12 Automatic < br > Weather Stations for National < br > Meteorology by Ministry of W < br > ater and Energy | < br > < br > IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > P | ost | Request for Bids < br > | Open | - National < br > Single", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 83, "text": "dro-logical data library", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / topic / poverty / brief / poverty-and-distributional-impacts-of-covid-19potential-channels-of-impact-and-mitigating-policies In the case of Tunisia , the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to exacerbate the existing development challenges by potentially reversing the trend of poverty reduction in recent years with the risk of increasing the number of people falling below the poverty line and increasing the degree of poverty severity of those who are already poor . Recent evidence generated by phone surveys during the COVID-19 period , conducted by the National Institute of Statistics ( _Institut National de la Statistique_ or INS ) in collaboration with the World Bank , highlight this disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on the poor and vulnerable Tunisians through the channels highlighted in Figure 1 . The first round < sup > 1 < / sup > of the phone survey revealed that almost two-thirds of households interviewed were affected by COVID-19 , either through rising food prices or through loss of employment . More specifically , a third of respondents feared not being able to afford food in the month prior to the survey . This concern was more evident for rural and poorer households . In addition , households seemed to have altered their eating patterns ; especially poorer households reduced the quantities consumed or started consuming foods that they do not normally like . To cope with rising food prices or make up for the loss of employment , more than 25 percent of the households interviewed drew on their savings , 25 percent of the households received help or borrowed money from relatives and 15 percent used deferred payment of their obligations . Most of those employed prior to COVID-19 reported loss of job as well as lower income . Indeed , only a third of the respondents who worked before confinement were able to continue their work . Among those who were out of work during the survey period , only 40 percent received all or part of their salary . Family-owned businesses were also heavily impacted by the crisis . During the second round of the survey , some progress was reported as the economy was partially able to respond to challenges associated with food shortages . Less than 40 percent of those", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 554, "text": "phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of quiescence . Fractures , faults , fissures and joints are also useful . Water is mainly of bicarbonate type with low total dissolved solids . Local pockets of high fluoride are believed to be of volcanic and fumarolic origin . # # # # # # * * _4 . 3 . 1 Hydrology_ * * Kenya ’ s four largest inland water bodies ( Lake Victoria , Lake Turkana , Lake Naivasha , and Lake Baringo ) account for about 1 . 9 per cent of the land area . The majority of Kenya ’ s lakes , including both saline and freshwater , and closed and open basin systems , are located within the Great East African Rift Valley . Kenya ’ s major permanent rivers originate in the highlands . The Nzoia , Yala , SonduMiriu , and Migori rivers drain into Lake Victoria . The EwasoNgiro River is found in the northeastern part of the country and the Tana and Athi rivers flow in the southeastern part . The rivers draining into Lake Victoria ( covering over 8 per cent of Kenya ’ s land area ) provide about65 per cent of Kenya ’ s internal renewable surface water supply . The Athi River drainage area ( 11per cent of Kenya ’ s land area ) provides 7 per cent , the lowest share among Kenya ’ s major drainage areas ( Survey of Kenya 2008 and MOWI ) . * * Page | 25ESMF KENYA GPE PRIMARY EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection woith Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC \" ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , * * / * * signed [ Position ]", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 545, "text": "Association records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Beyond the traditional theoretical explanations of economic models , other explanations , either non-standard or not well explained by the economic science , have been reviewed by Schiff and Winters ( 2004 ) who surveyed alternative rationales spanning from domestic policy anchoring , importing good regulatory practices , supra-national coordination to achieve regional policy goals , hegemons exporting regulatory standards , to foreign policy consideration . The rest of this section reviews in more detail the economic societal and political economy motives to conclude a PTA . # * * 2 . 1 * * * * < u > Economic motives < / u > * * # * * _2 . 1 . 1 Market access : A lesser driving force ? _ * * Market access mercantilism is the traditional force behind the push for trade liberalization . Led by the false logic that import barriers should be lowered only if reciprocal access abroad for exports is granted , countries mutually agree to liberalize their market resulting in most cases in welfare enhancing liberalization . In a globalized world , countries seek to gain competitive advantage over their neighbors by negotiating special – preferential – market access with key destination markets . * * Figure 1 . MFN tariff rate , weighted mean , all products ( % ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 26 < br > 21 < br > 16 < br > 11 < br > 6 < br > 1 < br > High income : nonOECD High income : OECD Lower middle income < br > Upper middle income Low income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Development Indicators 7", "spans": [{"start": 1521, "end": 1549, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figures 18 ( a ) - ( b ) : Net Lending by World Bank Since 1970 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( a ) Disbursements of IBRD + IDA , % of GDP of Low and ( a ) Net Disbursements of IDA , % of GDP of < br > Middle Income Countries Low Income Countries < br > 1 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > Net Disbursements Gross Disbursements 1 . 6 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 0 . 4 1 . 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 2 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > - 0 . 1 < br > 970 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 < br > 1 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ‘ calculations based on data from the World Development Indicators . Already , many loans to middle-income countries are sought after for an embodied knowledge function : why else would China continue to seek project finance from IBRD ? It is highly likely that the main function of the WBG will increasingly shift to knowledge — whether that knowledge is produced as a stand-alone service , or bundled within the project preparation and supervision activities of a loan . This is also occurring to some extent in the regional development banks . The Bank and other multilaterals have a long history of knowledge services bundled into lending activities . The concept of a project design involves Bank staff assessment of the technical and economic viability of the project . For example , Bank staff engineers examine the technical specifications and project economists assess the economic impact – in conjunction with government staff . The first developing country loan proposed", "spans": [{"start": 788, "end": 816, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a global panel including LAC , finds only weak and borderline significant effects . One key transmission mechanism , an increased wage elasticity of labor driven by higher product elasticities , has not materialized in Colombia or Chile and shows only fragile appearance in Mexico ( Fajnzylber and Maloney , forthcoming ) . Further , extracting the permanent component of worker income variance in the Mexican urban labor survey , Krebs , Krishna and Maloney ( 2004 ) find no increase in the permanent component of risk , but a transitory increase corresponding to the adjustment period . In sum , there are transitory impacts of trade liberalization , but openness does not appear correlated with many of the expected evils . There is actually surprising low reallocation after liberalization , no permanent changes in unemployment , mixed impacts on wages in the medium term , an expansion of the wage gap , and overall increased job quality in exporting and import competing industries . # * * Further work * * - * * < u > Measurement of labor market outcomes : < / u > * * There is some concern about lack of crosscountry comparability of labor market indicators . It may be that Mexico ’ s consistently lower unemployment rates reflect a better functioning labor market than , say than that of Argentina with much higher secular levels , or it may perhaps reflect measurement differences , including those arising from how workers approach the standard survey questions . - * * < u > Complementary policies : < / u > * * Recent work in the region , particularly on NAFTA , increasingly stresses that trade reform offers opportunities , but it is not a panacea that obviates reforms in other areas . Exposure to international competition may make certain labor market distortions more critical , but as yet there is little work studying the necessary complementary policies in the areas of legislation , collective bargaining , skill accumulation , and active labor market policies . It goes without saying that raising the 4", "spans": [{"start": 402, "end": 428, "text": "Mexican urban labor survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _HORN OFAFRICA GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 301 ' 2025_ * * - The ToRs cleared , advertised for Expression of Interest for Consultancy Services for Feasibility , Detailed Engineering Design Studies and Supervision of Construction of the OSBPs . * * 8 * * consultants were shortlisted . - KRA and KeNHA jointly evaluated the proposals . KeNHA submitted the World Bank approved RFP to the * * 8 * * shortlisted consultants . Opening of the proposals was completed in October * * 2024 . * * Evaluation of the proposals completed on 12th December * * 2024 . * * Report submitted to the World Bank for review and approval . - Report is in review * * by * * the World Bank and pending award . * * Wajir : * * Wajir County Government has allocated KRA * * 26 * * acres of land . The PDPs were advertised on the National dailies * * by * * the County Government giving a 60 days ' notice period for any objection to the allocation and use of the land * * by * * KRA . The 60 days have since lapsed and a cadstal survey has been done on the property and the authenticated survey plan obtained . The County Government ' s Physical Planning office is required to circulate the PDP to various Government agencies , upload the documents at Ardhisasa Nairobi Data Center , for no-objection letters and approval in the Month * * July 2024 . * * The land has been beaconed and signage erected . KRA received the land ownership documents in the month of March * * 2025 . * * * * Meru : * * KRA received No objection approval from World Bank for facilitation of stakeholder engagement exercise on Land acquisition on * * 13 th * * March * * 2024 . * * The land is required for the construction of Customs facilities in Meru . The County Government of Meru had allocated KRA * * 25", "spans": [{"start": 1072, "end": 1086, "text": "cadstal survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household members ’ individual incomes is divided by the number of household members to give the income per capita . We use regional poverty lines taking a R $ 80 per capita poverty line ( in current 2001 prices ) for urban Rio de Janeiro as a basis and adjusting for regional price differences following Paes de Barros ( 2004 ) . The poverty lines are reported in appendix 7 . 4 . # _3 . 2 . 4 Shortcomings_ The household income generation process is of course much more complex than the proposed micro-simulation model suggests . Many structural features of the Brazilian labor market , such as a high degree of informality in wage-employment and the important role of self-employment , are only accounted for rudimentarily . Additionally , the data used to estimate the mover-stayer model may capture long-term transitions from agricultural into non-agricultural employment , but also some temporary job shift , for example due to seasonality . Doubts have emerged regarding the reliability of the information drawn from the PNAD , in particular on rural , informal sector , and capital income ( World Bank 2003 ) . Finally , it may seem natural to assume that the sectoral movements are somehow related to geographical migration from rural to urban areas , either within or even between the Brazilian regions . < sup > 28 < / sup > Traditionally , migration has acted as an important adjustment mechanism in Brazil . Nearly 40 percent of all Brazilians have migrated at one point in their lives ( Fiess and Verner 2003 ) . However , the data does not allow to link intersectoral movements to geographical migration . First , migration-related questions of the PNAD do not cover rural-urban migration . The available information is on whether an individual has moved between municipalities and / or between federal states . Second , using the information on migration in combination with the employment history from the PNAD 2001 suggests that only a minor share , of about 12 percent of those leaving the agriculture , actually migrates to another municipality . Approximately half of these migrants move to another federal state . In light of the importance of migration as an adjustment mechanism and the fact that the decline in", "spans": [{"start": 1028, "end": 1032, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1923, "end": 1932, "text": "PNAD 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Unfortunately , it is not possible to directly compare our projected outcomes for PFPS workers with observations in the GHFPS , as this group is not distinguishable from other private sector wage workers in that survey . < sup > 45 < / sup > One can find little indication from the GHFPS that , by December 2020 , there was a recovery in private sector jobs overall . However , by the third quarter of 2021 , Georgia ’ s labor force participation rate ( 52 . 8 percent ) surpassed its level in Q3 of 2012 ( 51 . 8 percent ) and unemployment fell from its pandemic era peak in Q2 2021 ( 22 . 1 ) to 19 . 5 percent . < sup > 46 < / sup > As in Jordan , Georgia ’ s labor market impacts varied greatly by the type and sector of job . Relatively few public sector workers faced jobs losses ( an estimated 3 . 9 percent ) . Moreover , private sector waged workers fared slightly better than the self-employed : 24 . 1 percent of them lost their jobs due to COVID and were no longer working , versus 27 . 2 percent of the previously self-employed ( Table 5-7 ) . < sup > 47 < / sup > Only and 1 . 8 percent stopped working due to the risk of exposure to the virus . If the GHFPS is taken as reliable , these data may indicate either that the rebound in jobs for core productive sectors captured in the WBES drew in different workers than those originally losing their jobs ( with a net effect similar to our projected level ) or that job losses were much more persistent for informal and temporary work . Based on aggregate rates of job loss due to COVID-19 , our comparisons for Jordan broadly _Table 5-7 Georgia : Percentage of Jobs Lost due to COVID-19 , by Employer Type , December 2020_ | * * By employment category * * | * * Due to * * | * * To avoid * * | * * Other * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | |", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 125, "text": "GHFPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a < br > ddressed in each progress repo < br > ation . | nd Safety ( OHS ) measures < br > rt . Guidelines for OHS hav | , including a plan of action < br > e been developed and are | # ► Women in complaint and appeal committees ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 55 . 00 | 55 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2020 | 15-Dec-2022 | 24-May-2023 | 01-Jul-2025 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P169943 | IDA-D7320 | Effective | USD | 400 . 00 | 400 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 298 . 30 | 79 . 00 | | 79 % | | P169943 | TF-B8764 | Effective | USD | 6 . 00 | 6 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 6 . 00 | | 0 % | | P169943 | TF-B8808 | Effective | USD | 11 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 11 . 00 | | 0 % | | *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With nine million hectares planted to wheat at a seed rate of about 100 kg / ha , total planted seed would come to about one million tons . Private sales of 4 , 000 tons of seed of new varieties would plant only 0 . 4 percent of total wheat area . TIGEM sales of seed for new varieties might supply another 3 percent of planted area . However , the share of wheat cropped area reached by these new varieties could be much larger than 0 . 4 or 3 percent . An average farmer buying commercial seed of a new variety keeps his own seed for several years before buying new seed ; also , many multiply seed for sale to neighbors . If farmers buy new seed every four years and do not sell seed to neighbors , then annual sales of seed for x percent of wheat area would deliver a new variety to 4x percent of area in four years . If farmers buying commercial seed also sell seed to one or two neighbors in the first year , then annual sales of seed for x percent of wheat area would deliver a new variety to 7x - I Ox percent of area in four years . With these estimates , new private varieties may be reaching 1 . 6-4 . 0 percent of wheat area , while new TIGEM varieties could reach 12-30 percent of planted area . The above estimates agree with some other available information on wheat varieties . CIMMYT estimates that share of wheat area planted to improved varieties increased from 50 percent in 1984 to 71 percent in 1990 . In that year , almost 30 percent of wheat area was planted to varieties from CIMMYT , Italy , US , and Eastern Europe , some of which were introduced after 1982 . While people shifting to new varieties are responding to economic incentives , aggregate data on wheat yields after reform do not give any indication of the effect of these incentives . Over the 1980s , Turkey ' s average wheat yield grew more slowly than in previous decades and did not even keep pace with increases in world average yield . Part of the explanation for slow growth in wheat", "spans": [{"start": 1666, "end": 1696, "text": "aggregate data on wheat yields", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The existing price indexes for Mexican states do not allow comparisons of cost of living across states . For this reason we create two indices using the ending module of the National Survey of Household Income and Spending ( ENIGH 1992 / 8 Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares ) . Since food likely comprises a larger share of the consumption basket in LDCs , < sup > 6 < / sup > we generate a Laspeyres Index of a consumption basket of 200 items where the price and basket of reference are the national average in 1992 . The housing price index was created using hedonic prices for rented houses only and is analogous to those used in the industrial country literature . Housing characteristics include number of rooms ; kitchen ; bathroom ; electricity ; telephone ; water drainage and potable water ; and type of walls , floors and ceilings and community size . Both indexes were included separately and as an average measure of the cost of living and were included free standing to allow for the effects described above . The most satisfactory results were gained with an average measure and these we report . < u > Amenities : < / u > Price indices , however , may also simply reflect amenities available in the new area , implying a positive relation with migration decisions . Further , as Roback ( 1982 ) showed , they affect equilibrium wages as well and hence should be included as part of the net utility change of moving from one region to another . A measure of amenities across Mexican states was created by the National Institute of Economic and Geographical Information using the 2000 General Census of Population and Housing . However , it includes measures of labor market tightness as well as migration variables ( percentage of resident population who were born in other states and percentage residing in other states ) , variables whose influence we are trying to separate out . We therefore create a new index incorporating information on the percentage of the population living in urban areas , mortality rates , health infrastructure ( number of nurses per capita , doctors per capita , hospitals per capita , beds ) education", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 222, "text": "National Survey of Household Income and Spending", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1613, "end": 1658, "text": "2000 General Census of Population and Housing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROSPERA brings children into school who might have otherwise stayed home or engaged in work . These children may be more likely to be in the lower part of the test score distribution . If selective school attendance is not taken into account , then estimated program impacts on test scores are likely to be downward biased . A related caveat is that little is known about how impacts might vary by available school quality . Maintaining and / or improving the supply of schools and their quality are responsibilities of the Ministry of Public Education in Mexico . However , PROSPERA impacts in the area of education are intimately intertwined with school quality . First , schooling quality may , in fact , have deteriorated for schools where PROSPERA beneficiaries attend due to crowding induced by increased enrollment . Second , the extent of benefits accruing to children from attending school may depend on school quality . Third , changes in school quality may affect decisions about which schools to attend , which is more likely to be the case in urban areas and at higher school grade levels where households can choose among multiple schooling options . < sup > 3 < / sup > This study analyzes nationally applied achievement test data that have recently been linked to administrative data on beneficiary receipt , socio-economic characteristics of children taking the tests and school quality characteristics to study how the PROSPERA program affects school enrollment , type of school attended and academic achievement . Nationwide standardized administrative test score data from schools ( ENLACE National Evaluation of Academic Achievement in Schools “ Evaluacion Nacional de Logro Academico en Centros Escolares ” ) were merged with information on which students come from PROSPERA households and with contextual information on family background obtained from a school survey . These data allow study of how students from beneficiary and non-beneficiary households differ in terms of their enrollment decisions , their grade progression and in terms of learning and academic achievement , as measured on standardized tests in math and Spanish . As previously noted , a major challenge in assessing program effects on learning and academic achievement is the problem of selection . In primary school ( up through grade 6 ) , attendance at", "spans": [{"start": 1206, "end": 1246, "text": "nationally applied achievement test data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1281, "end": 1300, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1534, "end": 1588, "text": "Nationwide standardized administrative test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1878, "end": 1891, "text": "school survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 127 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 332 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 195 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | * * _Unemployed willing to work_ * * | 0 . 723 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 872 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 908 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 911 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 906 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | * * _Other ( inactive ) _ * * | 0 . 089 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 264 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 254 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 171 < sup > * * * < / sup > | 0 . 493 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | * * Other controls * * | Gender , fam < br > and time f < br > origin , ru | ily status , chil < br > ixed effects , p < br > ral residence , < br > disabilitys | dren , age , age < br > arental backgr < br > economic acti < br > tatus , househo | squared , educa < br > ound , ethnic / i < br > vity of last em < br > ld size ( log ) | tion , country < br > mmigration < br > ployment , | | * * Pseudo R-sq . * * | 0 . 1160 | 0 . 1435 | 0 . 0692 | 0 . 0913 | 0 . 1157 | | * * N obs . * * | 24889 | 46357 | 20288 | 21393 | 19578 | _Notes : _ South : ES , PT , IT , GR , CY", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 4 . 3 . 2 Demography * * < mark > The current population estimate of Uganda is 47 , 317 , 289 based on projections of the latest United Nations data , as of November 2022 , a 3 . 04 % increase from 2021 , having registered a 3 . 26 % increase in 2020 and a 3 . 39 % increase in 2019 . Uganda ’ s population growth rate is currently 3 . 32 % . The growth rate has remained around 3 % for the past several decades in Uganda . This is influenced heavily by the country ’ s fertility rate of 4 . 78 births per woman . At this growth , over 1 million people are added to the population each year . Uganda ’ s rapid population growth is a cause for concern . Issues cited include rapid urbanization , poor waste management , high poverty , unemployment , environmental degradation , and inadequate infrastructure , among other things . 84 % of the population lives in rural areas . < / mark > Uganda is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the region with the Baganda making up 16 . 9 % of the population , followed by the Banyankole , Basoga and Bakiga tribes , which make up 9 . 5 % , 8 . 4 % and 6 . 9 % respectively . There are many other tribes such as the Iteso , Lango , Acholi , Bagisu , etc ; however , they constitute a very small percentage of the total population . The population size reflects the number of people that are likely to be impacted by the project . The appropriate number of beneficiaries from the INVITE project will be determined upon the confirmation of the project areas within which the project will be implemented . * * FIGURE 6 : UGANDA POPULATION PROJECTIONS * * * * ( Source : United Nations 2022 ) * * 40", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 156, "text": "United Nations data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1577, "end": 1606, "text": "UGANDA POPULATION PROJECTIONS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this frequency can change if demanded * * by * * the financer ( i . e . WB ) . Monthly monitoring report will be submitted to * * EEP * * and financer ( WB ) , The Environmental Monitoring Plan is presented in Table * * 10 . 1 . * * Prior to decommissioning activities , and as a part of the Site-Specific Decommissioning Plan , a Monitoring Plan shall be developed and submitted * * by * * EEP ' s * * ESAO * * to the Subproject Management Office for approval and receive no-objection from the Competent Authority . The plan is to cover proposed monitoring during and after the closure of the facility . * * NMid-Day * *", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 104, "text": "Monthly monitoring report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "all-weather road reduced and the targets set for 2012-13 and 2013-14 were almost achieved . Also , the targets of maintaining the roads in fair and good conditions were fully achieved . Besides , the road sector has established and maintained 500 woreda road desks with appropriate staff . # # # # # # * * Mission findings on basic service delivery * * _ < u > Findings based on KIIs in select regions / woredas < / u > _ < u > : Most of the woredas follow the practice of grading their < / u > primary / secondary schools using some criteria , while much lesser number of woredas evaluates the performance of the health facilities . Both the findings indicate opportunity for developing an appropriate ‘ results based , and incentivised ’ system to monitor service delivery at provider level . The woredas are faced with some recurrent challenges / constraints such as shortage of skilled / trained manpower , high staff turnover , and budget constraint for operating expenditure and capital investment . Besides , there are some sector problems ( see text for examples ) . _ < u > Findings based on FGDs < / u > _ : Most of the community members at kebele level feel that basic services have improved marginally compared to earlier years . They also perceive that education , health , agriculture , and sanitation services have improved relative to water and rural road services . # # # # # # * * Progress in strengthening local accountability and transparency * * _ < u > Citizen engagement < / u > _ : The FTA initiatives have been well integrated with the GoE ’ s public financial management 31 _Process Evaluation of PBS-3 , Final Report : Program Effectiveness ( Progress in Achieving Results ) _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "frequency , and severity of trauma experienced by the target populations . 18 . * * The Government has also requested expansion of socio-economic empowerment interventions to enhance effectiveness of interventions under the parent project and to reduce economic vulnerability of women in target communities more generally . * * Addition and layering of complementary programming to VSLA and livelihoods activities are envisaged to deepen impact , improve sustainability and strengthen stability and resilience of participating women . Quality childcare services to be established under the AF will ensure that parents can participate meaningfully in economic activities ( including trainings ) , and will contribute to development of a childcare workforce with benefit beyond the project itself . Childcare services also provide children with the opportunity to learn playfully and develop their physical , cognitive , and socio-emotional skills , particularly critical for those children from conflict-affected communities who may also suffer from mental health impacts . 19 . * * The parent project focuses on investments in climate-resilient infrastructure intended to withstand changes in climate conditions and a focus on low carbon emitting sub-projects . * * Climate indicators for the parent project are included in the results framework . < sup > 14 < / sup > Given that GBV risks and impacts are often exacerbated by the interaction or overlap of climate change and FCV impacts , criteria for targeting GBV interventions include consideration of vulnerability to climate change , particularly as related to selection of livelihoods and economic empowerment interventions . > 13 < mark > Exposure to violence during childhood or at later stages of life , including during conflict , can result in severe trauma , mental health issues , and in some instances , ‘ appetitive aggression ’ , an acquired fascination by or pleasure in violence . ‘ Appetitive aggression ’ is often defined as positive feelings being associated with the perpetration of violent behavior . Elbert , T . , Schauer , M . , Hinkel , H . , Riedke , H . , Maedl , A . , Winkler , N .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 4 . 3 . 3 Youth * * The NDP2 indicate that youth constitute 21 . 3 % of the total population and constitute 57 % of the Labour force . 79 % live in rural areas and the major economic activity is agriculture . Youth face multi - dimensional challenges such as : inadequate employable skills ; limited access to assets and other means of production ; limited access to basic health services , including sexual and reproductive health services . Youth experience early marriages and pregnancies , substance and drug abuse and these are attributed to lack of employment , peer influence and other social pressures . # # * * 4 . 3 . 4 Gender * * Gender disparities in almost all areas of development continue to exist in Uganda due to patriarchal and traditional perceptions and practices . Women continue to face constraints related to access to , control over and ownership of businesses and productive resources such as land and credit . The National Development Plan DP2 shows that only 27 % of registered land is owned by women . Although 70 % of the women are engaged in agriculture , less than 20 % control outputs from their efforts . Women comprise of the majority of labour force in the Agricultural Sector while men form the majority of the labour force in the Industry and Service Sectors . Female headed households comprise 80 . 5 % of the agricultural subsistence workers compared to 67 . 5 % of the male headed households . However , plots managed by women produce 17 % less per acre on average than plots managed by men or jointly by other family members * * . * * 42", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to conduct rigorous empirical analyses despite the obvious shortcomings of official statistical systems in conflict-affected countries . It has been shown that nighttime light intensity is highly correlated with GDP in developing countries ( Donaldson and Storeygard 2016 , Henderson et al . 2012 ) . In South Asia , this high correlation holds even at the subnational level ( Beyer et al . 2018 ) . It has also been documented that data from mobile phone records can be exploited to understand a large array of social phenomena from land use to wealth and asset distribution to traditional measures of firm activity ( Pei et al . 2014 , Blumenstock et al . 2015 , Blumenstock et al . 2018 ) , among others . And the land surface devoted to poppy cultivation has already been used as a direct measure of the size of illicit activities ( Lind et al . 2014 ) . While there is no readily-available data source to assess economic fluctuations in the informal sector , these can be inferred from the other high-frequency series considered . Aggregate output is the sum of output by the formal , informal and illicit sectors , and there is a sense of the relative weight of these sectors 3", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 463, "text": "data from mobile phone records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1001, "end": 1022, "text": "high-frequency series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( GCC ) countries , and government support . However , critical gaps remain , including the mismatch between the workforce and job market requirements , the size of the domestic market , restricted access to export opportunities , and limited access to funding for business development and expansion . * * 9 . Although Jordan is well known for its growing number of university graduates in computer science , math and engineering fields , it remains ill-equipped with specialized skills to thrive in a digital economy . * * The findings of a 2016 Labor Market Study conducted by the ICT Association of Jordan ( Intaj ) revealed five core weaknesses underlying the skills mismatch : ( i ) an outdated university curriculum ; ( ii ) lack of soft skills ; ( iii ) lack of awareness of and experience with global technology trends ; ( iv ) little to no practical hands-on experience ; and ( v ) brain drain to neighboring countries . A recent research of a leading TVET ( Technical and Vocational Education and Training ) provider in Jordan , Luminous , revealed that a mix of essential technical , English , and soft skills is needed to better equip youth for future jobs . Technical skills carry more importance and include Python programming , artificial intelligence , Internet of Things , and cloud computing , among others ; and soft skills include accountability , adaptability , communications , and creative thinking among others . A two-pronged approach is required to address the gaps in the supply of digital skills : ( i ) immediate attention to the stock of educated youth with skills gaps ; and ( ii ) a systematic focus on foundational issues in the education system that result in a flow of unprepared students . Innovative rapid skills enhancement models to train a few hundred graduates every year on skills for future jobs have been piloted by the Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship ( MoDEE ) and have produced promising preliminary results . These models represent a nimble approach to closing the skills gap among the stock of youth in the job market and will be part of the ongoing offering of skills", "spans": [{"start": 542, "end": 565, "text": "2016 Labor Market Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rough estimate suggests that the debt and overall-deficit rules have been complied with a little more than half the time . This is not out of line with the experience of other regions and is consistent with the difficulty of enforcing national fiscal rules . - An online survey conducted for this paper reveals public awareness of fiscal rules , but also suggests that understanding of the rules may not be sufficient to give governments strong political incentives to comply with them , partly explaining imperfect compliance . - A qualitative assessment of the rules against established criteria finds that the rules have both strengths and weaknesses . Some rules require fairly prudent levels of debt , but others are arguably too permissive for countries that borrow mainly in currencies that they do not control . Some rules are admirably flexible or impressively comprehensive , but these benefits come at the cost of considerable complexity , which may explain why they are not always widely understood . - Quantitative analyses show that some countries in the region with high debt will have to do more than merely comply with their overall-deficit rules to get their debt down to prudent levels by the time of possible EU membership . That does not make the achievement of prudent debt levels impossible : the countries have sometimes run deficits 3", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 277, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 % ( 82 . 9-98 . 9 ) | 35 / 41 | 85 . 4 % ( 70 . 8-93 . 4 ) | | * * Kiryandongo * * | 54 / 93 | 58 . 1 % ( 47 . 8-67 . 7 ) | 23 / 54 | 42 . 6 % ( 30 . 1-56 . 2 ) | | * * Arua * * | 34 / 59 | 57 . 6 % ( 44 . 7-69 . 6 ) | 21 / 34 | 61 . 8 % ( 44 . 4-76 . 6 ) | | * * Adjumani * * | 28 / 33 | 84 . 8 % ( 68 . 0-93 . 6 ) | 25 / 28 | 89 . 3 % ( 71 . 0-96 . 6 ) | | * * Koboko * * | 34 / 51 | 66 . 7 % ( 52 . 6-78 . 4 ) | 27 / 34 | 79 . 4 % ( 62 . 3-89 . 9 ) | | * * Moyo * * | 53 / 92 | 57 . 6 % ( 47 . 3-67 . 3 ) | 22 / 53 | 41 . 5 % ( 28 . 9-5 . 2 ) | | * * Lamwo * * | 31 / 40 | 77 . 5 % ( 61 . 9-88 . 0 ) | 30 / 31 | 96 . 8 % ( 79 . 8-99 . 6 ) | | * * Yumbe * * | 31 / 55 | 56 . 4 % ( 43 . 0-68 . 9 ) | 23 / 31 | 74 . 2 % ( 55 . 9-86 . 7 ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 60 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "id"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8929 # Impacts of Improved Biomass Cookstoves on Child and Adult Health Experimental Evidence from Rural Ethiopia _Daniel LaFave Abebe Damte Beyene Randall Bluffstone Sahan T . M . Dissanayake Zenebe Gebreegziabher Alemu Mekonnen Michael Toman_ Development Economics Development Research Group June 2019", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coverage of each survey . The VHRS 2015 has a sample that is representative of the population in five provinces — Ho Chi Minh City , Ha Noi , Da Nang , Binh Duong , and Dak Nong — while the HLSS 2012 is supposed to be nationally representative . bThe figures for urban and total are higher than the figures published in JMP for the latest year . The data for Bangladesh used in this analysis differ from the data used in JMP . We use the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016 , and the figures presented here are consistent with the official figures published in the Preliminary Report on Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016 , page xiii ( BBS 2016 ) . Table 2 summarizes the number of providers ( as listed in the IBNET dataset ) whose service areas are also covered in the household surveys , the average cost-reflective tariffs , and imputed unit prices ( conditional on the reporting of positive expenditure on water ) . ( More information about IBNET data for each country can be found in the appendix . ) Most countries in the sample try to target subsidies using increasing block tariff structures , though two African countries , Nigeria and Uganda , have fixed rates . In Bangladesh , some service providers charge a flat consumption rate while others use increasing block tariffs . El Salvador is the only country that has a volumedifferentiated tariff structure . Some countries or providers also place a value-added tax on tariffs . For the analysis carried out in the following section , we use all the households surveyed in each country , and information from the utilities serving them . As explained earlier in this section , when a household is located in an area or region with no available tariff structure , we use information from other households in that country to impute quantities and unit prices paid . Remarkably , all countries show higher cost-reflective tariffs than the average unit price paid by all households that report paying a positive amount for piped water . This already shows that all countries operate in a way that on average subsidizes residential consumers . However , six of the ten countries show a unit price", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 39, "text": "VHRS 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 190, "end": 199, "text": "HLSS 2012", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 596, "end": 640, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 730, "end": 743, "text": "IBNET dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 965, "end": 975, "text": "IBNET data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1998 , the same author found that Japanese firms have a tendency to favor investment in countries where Japan has agreements to claim foreign tax credits for income taxes that they would have paid to foreign governments in the absence of tax holidays . 1 < sup > 2 < / sup > From a policy perspective , these two findings seem to indicate that tax incentives are more effective when they apply to firms from countries whose governments do not tax their foreign activities . Some recent evidence has shown that the home country ' s taxation system is likely to influence the way their multinational companies do business abroad . Hines and Hubbard ( 1990 ) and Grubert ( 1998 ) found that it is attractive for U . S . firms to use debt to finance foreign investment in high tax countries ( compared to the U . S . ) and equity in low tax countries . The argument is that the debt generates interest deductions for the subsidiary and so reduces its taxable income in the host country ( note that the parent firm has to pay additional taxes , but at a lower rate , in the U . S . ) . Harris ( 1993 ) uses firm-level data to illustrate that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 in the United States pushed U . S . firms with higher equipment / structure ratios to invest abroad more heavily because their tax regime encouraged such an action . A series of other recent studies have found similar results for preferred stock issuances ( Collins and Shakelford ( 1992 ) ) or domestic versus foreign borrowing ( Atshuler and Mintz ( 1995 ) . An interesting finding is that the 1986 Tax Reform has also influenced the form of business organization that the multinational will select in the foreign country . For example , since 1986 , American investors have had fewer tax incentives to participate in joint ventures , particularly in low tax foreign countries , and the number for this type of foreign investmnents fell sharply as reported by Desai and Hines ( 1999 ) . Finally , the importance of the home-country tax system can also be illustrated by the efforts of tax authorities to", "spans": [{"start": 1102, "end": 1117, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relatively large increases in depth for countries with explicit schemes should , perhaps , be attributed to a host of other factors . Section III offers a more formal attempt to disentangle the relationship between the circumstances surrounding deposit insurance decisions and their eventual impact on financial depth . Table * * 2 : Characteristics of Countries with Explicit and Implicit Deposit Insurance Programs * * | * * Variable * * | Exp | licitProgra s | | I | * * plicit Progra * * s | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Mean | St Dev | Obs | Mean | St Dev | Obs | | PerCap Inc * | 7268 | 4406 | 131 | 4042 | 4377 | 45 | | Inflation | 14 . 3 % | 16 . 8 % | 33 | 19 . 0 % | 20 . 4 % | 31 | | 3yr Deficits | 3 . 0 % | 3 . 4 % | 32 | 3 . 9 % | 4 . 6 % | 39 | | M2 Instabil * | 6 . 9 % | 6 . 3 % | 35 | 15 . 3 % | 9 . 5 % | 23 | | Law Index * | 3 . 92 | 1 . 79 | 43 | 2 . 74 | 1 . 31 | 43 | | Bank Crisis | 25 . 8 % | | 31 | 14 . 3 % | | 56 | Notes : Per capita income measured in 1985 $ US . For explicit countries , income and inflation figures are for the year of the program ' s adoption , deficits and M2 stability are for the three years prior to adoption , and bank crises are for the five years prior to adoption . For implicit countries . income , inflation , deficit , and M2 stability are averaged over all years for which data were available . Bank crisis data are for the five years leading up to the last decision to retain an implicit program ( i . e .", "spans": [{"start": 1391, "end": 1407, "text": "Bank crisis data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA ANXf 20 ( a ) GITARU HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT # # # # # THE P . ENYA POWER COMPANY LIM1TED , TANA RIVER DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LIMITED THtE EAST AFRICAN POWER AND LIGrHTING COMAPNY LIMITED CO11INED BALANJCE SJEET AS OF DECEMBER 31 . 1972-1980 ( KL THOUSANDS ) | | | AC | TUAL | | | EST | IMATED | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | T72 | 973 | M7W | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | | ASSETS | | | | | | | | | | | PLANT INOPFRATION < br > LESS : DEPRECIATION | 39060 < br > 14129R | 41117 < br > < br > 15457 | 57830 < br > 16603 | 62540 < br > 18289 | 681h14 < br > 20127 | < br > 6q8It < br > 22164 | 119211 < br > 24262 | 1 ? 335 ¶ < br > 27420 | ¶ 5351 < br > 30693 | | NFTPLANT | 24762 | 25660 | 41227 | 44251 | 47987 | 4765n | 94949 | 95931 | 94658 | | WORK IN PROGRESS | 6553 | 12892 | 3759 | I3933 | 25112 | 4Q343 | 3000 | 60on | 8n00 | | L / TTNVFSTMFNTS | 966 | 832 | 710 | 589 | 637 | 68F | 733 | 781 | _829_ | | CURRENT ASSFTS < br > | | | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Post | Direct Selection < br > Direct | | 23 , 000 . 00 < br > Signed | 2018-02-21 | 2018-02-26 | | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-09-29 | | UG-MEMD-40434-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of AERIAL < br > Imagery Equipment and < br > Software for MEMD < br > I | DA / 56530 | Post | Request for Bids < br > Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 77 , 373 . 07 < br > Signed | 2018-04-20 | 2018-04-25 | 2018-06-06 | 2018-07-06 | 2018-08-10 | 2019-02-06 | | UG-MEMD-48036-GO-DIR / < br > Supply of six ( 6 ) porous pot < br > electrode for Magnetotelluric < br > equipment < br > I | DA / 56530 | Post | Direct Selection < br > Direct | | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-02-21 | 2018-02-26 | | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-09-29 | | UG-MEMD-47591-GO-DIR / < br > Supply of geophysical data < br > processing software ( Empower ) < br > & Training < br > I | DA / 56530 | Post | Direct Selection < br > Direct | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-08-15 | 2018-08-20 | | | 2018-09-24 | 2019-03-23 | | UG-MEMD-72497-GO-RFB / < br > Supply and installation of < br > two ( 2 ) fixed", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fishery and timber production to provide a prior estimate of gridded agricultural GDP . The estimate is then reconciled with national and sub ‐ national agricultural GDP values using an entropy ‐ based data fusion method . The second is a “ spatial disaggregation ” method that relies on imposing a data ‐ generating process at the gridcell level with the variable of interest ( in our present case , agricultural GDP , though the technique can be applied to many types of questions ) – which is not measured at the gridcell level ‐ ‐ being defined by a combination of known gridded explanatory variables and a set of parameters to be estimated . The equations are aggregated up to the level at which the variable of interest is known , and a multiple regression is used to solve for the parameters , which in turn can be used to make predictions at the gridcell level . In this paper , we use Brazilian agricultural GDP data to test these two new techniques against the traditional technique of using rural population to distribute the agricultural GDP . We have data available at the municipio level , with 5 , 564 units . However , we instead use the data at a more aggregated microregion level , with 558 units . Then we make predictions at the gridcell level and aggregate up to the municipio , at which level we compute two measures of predictive accuracy . # # Review of Previous Work Previous analyses use two primary geographically ‐ referenced data types to locate GDP . The one that has been used the longest is nighttime light emissions captured by satellite imagery ( Doll , Muller , and > 5 It should be pointed out that gridded population data sets are technically not satellite data sets but GIS raster ( gridded ) data sets , but they may include satellite data sets as inputs to their construction . 2", "spans": [{"start": 894, "end": 925, "text": "Brazilian agricultural GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1523, "end": 1578, "text": "nighttime light emissions captured by satellite imagery", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1663, "text": "gridded population data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1764, "end": 1783, "text": "satellite data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "meet financial accountability . # # # # # # * * SURVEY FINDINGS : PARTNERSHIPS * * Survey respondents gave several examples of different kinds of partnership agreement in place in the context of the Syria response , including procurement contracts , project grants , partnership agreements , costsharing agreements and long-term memorandums of understanding ( MOUs ) . As shown in Figure 6 below , the most-used form of agreement between international and national and local organisations working on the Syria response are partnership agreements . Figure 6 – Question 12 - What kind of agreements does your organisation use when partnering with local and national actors ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 . Notes : Survey respondents were able to select multiple responses to the question . The percentages , therefore , add up to more than 100 % # # # # # # * * Partnerships that align with national and local priorities * * Partnership models in emergency contexts can be developed for the convenience of international organisations and to align with the mandates of international agencies . During consultations for this research , examples were given of national and local organisations that had been encouraged to quickly and radically respond beyond their areas of expertise . Particular examples were highlighted of women ’ s organisations with a background in activism , empowerment or dialogue facilitation required to deliver goods and services , or oversee cash-based transfer programmes , sometimes with minimal training or other capacity building support from international organisations . As well as challenging the capacity and professionalism of these organisations , it also marginalises the contribution of rights-based organisations and limits their potential to positively impact on women ’ s rights and gender equality within the response . Nationally-driven plans , such as the JRP and LCRP , as well as national chapters of the 3RP in the case of Turkey , Iraq and Egypt , can provide direction for partnership approaches and priorities , assuming that a good level of consultation with local actors has taken place . Projects that", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 723, "text": "Online survey conducted with 3RP partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure 4 Expenditure Shares Across the Income Distribution < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 4 6 8 10 12 < br > log per capita expenditure < br > Agriculture and Food Manufacturing < br > Services Other < br > Home consumption < br > . 5 < br > . 4 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > expenditure share < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : non-parametric kernel regressions of budget shares on the log of per capita household expenditure across the 54 countries included in the HIT database . 20", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 521, "text": "HIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "70 UN fertility data ( 2017 ) _https : / / www . un . org / en / development / desa / population / publications / dataset / fertility / wfd2017 . asp_ > 71 World Bank ( 2015 ) Systematic Country Diagnostic , Chad . _http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 764161468190178476 / pdf / 96537-SCDP151731-IDA-R2015-0244-IFC-R2015-0257-MIGA-R2015-0077-Box393200B-OUO-9 . pdf_ pg 15 . > 72 World Bank ( 2015 ) Systematic Country Diagnostic , Chad . _http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 764161468190178476 / pdf / 96537-SCDP151731-IDA-R2015-0244-IFC-R2015-0257-MIGA-R2015-0077-Box393200B-OUO-9 . pdf_ pg 22 > 73 UN Country profile ( 2016 ) _https : / / www . uneca . org / sites / default / files / uploaded-documents / CountryProfiles / 2017 / tchad_cp_eng . pdf_ Page 123", "spans": [{"start": 3, "end": 20, "text": "UN fertility data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * KENYA * * # # # * * SECOND EDUCATION PROJECT * * # # # * * PROJECT DATA - PHYSICAL FACILITIES * * ( in K . Sh . thousandt ) | | | Capac | ity | | Enrol | rn : ; . , | Gron | nAreaIi . | | 2uCsts < br > * * mFI , l * * | urpital | CoEs | C . < br > __________ | . r : . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | I < br > A | < br > A | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < br > s | < br > r | | | Present < br > | f < br > | | < br > | | PPer < br > Pt | Aralsal | Actual | Student | | | | AppraLa | * * p1nnef161 * * | * * 7 * * | P | 7aanned | % resent < br > * * CapaciL3 * * | | BOlm < br > 1Lfer | nc < br > fferenc | uae < br > o < br > Place | pp < br > - Estimate | < br > Costs | Place | | | FacultycfAgriculture | - | | 366 | ' | \" . | | li , 1 . | ; , ma | - < br > * * 5 * * | * * 25 * * | *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the plot , in view of the possibility of non-labor input applications not having been finalized at the time of the post-planting interview . Conversely , control group households received a single , post-harvest visit during which they completed a unified agricultural questionnaire , including the same self-reporting of plot size , > 4 A parcel is defined as a continuous piece of land that is not split by a river or a path wide enough to fit an oxcart or vehicle . A plot is continuous piece of land on which a unique crop or a mixture of crops is grown , under a uniform , consistent crop management system . > 5 After walking the perimeter of a given plot with the plot manager to identify the boundaries , the enumerators measured the area with the GPS unit . The NSO enumerators were experienced users of the handheld GPS technology , which was adopted by the NSO for land area measurement in 2010 in the context of the Third Integrated Household Survey and the Integrated Household Panel Survey ( IHPS ) . > 6 Once the GPS-based plot area information was imputed into the Survey Solutions Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing ( CAPI ) application , the measurement error was calculated and displayed automatically . > 7 We cannot gauge the extent to which the sampled farmers trusted the GPS-based plot area measures and therefore cannot test whether mistrust of objective evidence might help explain highly imperfect updating of self-reported plot area . > 8 The post-harvest visit was scheduled according to the households ’ harvest calendars , as the primary purpose of this visit was to harvest and weigh the crops on pre-designated crop cut sub-plots on the selected maize plot . 6", "spans": [{"start": 928, "end": 961, "text": "Third Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 970, "end": 1003, "text": "Integrated Household Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Regional State . > 23 2019 projection based on the 2007 Census , Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) . > 24 Ibid > 25 Ibid > 26 EDHS 2016 , p . 84 . > 27 See EDHS 2005 and 2011 . > 28 International Organization for Migration , Displacement Tracking Matrix , Round 15 , March 2019 15", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 62, "text": "2007 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 226, "end": 254, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * * findings and * * < br > * * base map * * < br > * * presentation * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * visioning * * | 25 < sup > th < / sup > July < br > 2019 | • National KISIP < br > representatives < br > • Kilifi County < br > PCT < br > • Consultant team < br > working Under < br > KISIP < br > • Kibokoni M26 < br > Community < br > members | 50 | 17 < br > • Review of Socio Economic < br > Findings with Kilifi County < br > before presenting the < br > community < br > • Receipt of Comments on < br > Settlement base map < br > • Consultative forum where < br > community members agreed on < br > a common vision for the < br > settlement < br > • collectively planned for < br > developmentinthe settlement | # # * * 5 . 2 Stakeholder Consultations Schedule . * * 21", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 534, "text": "Settlement base map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nevertheless , the unpredictability of monsoon rains left colonial India highly exposed to famines , given its dependence on rain-fed agriculture . By reducing internal transportation costs , the arrival of the railroad networks could potentially allow food to be moved around the country as a means of improving food security . Burgess and Donaldson ( 2010 ) investigate the issue of how trade changes the weather-to-death relationship , by employing a colonial era Indian district database for the period 1875 to 1919 . They show that the arrival of railroads in Indian districts dramatically limited the ability of rainfall shocks to cause famines in the colonial era . On average , before the arrival of railroads , local rainfall shortages led to a significant rise in the index of famine intensity . But after a district gained railroad access , the effect of local rainfall shortages on famine intensity was significantly muted . Burgess and Donaldson ( 2010 ) suggest that investments in transportation infrastructure like railroads that enable internal trade can play an important part in improving food security . Chen et al ( 2016 ) study the heterogeneous effects of inter - and intra-city transportation infrastructure on the growth of 219 Chinese cities for the period 1999 - 2012 . The long-term contribution of inter-city infrastructure in the form of highways or railways accounts for 6 percent of city growth , that of intra-city public transit being 2 percent . The core cities are found to benefit more from these infrastructures than peripheral cities . The impacts of transport infrastructures on economic growth are heterogeneous across regions , with more productive impacts in the west . Policy-wise , cities seem to benefit from intra-city transit in the short run , but most of the long-term benefits are brought by inter-city transportation facilities . In addition , infrastructure investments are most productive in core cities at the expense of peripheral cities . It is important to consider these trade-offs between regional inequality and efficiency while designing investment strategies . * * Table 14 : Survey of selected papers on the development impact of railroads for freight * * | * * Author * * | * * Level of * * < br > * * Analysis * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 491, "text": "colonial era Indian district database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ASEAN | 13 . 2 | 14 . 6 | 16 . 9 | 20 . 9 | 17 . 2 | 18 . 2 | 23 . 4 | 19 . 8 | 15 . 2 | 16 . 3 | 20 . 0 | 20 . 3 | | EU ( 15 ) | 57 . 3 | 65 . 9 | 62 . 4 | 61 . 8 | 52 . 9 | 63 . 2 | 61 . 0 | 59 . 4 | 55 . 0 | 64 . 5 | 61 . 7 | 60 . 6 | Sources : IMF Direction of Trade Statistics . Notes : Shares for Bhutan are based on partner data ( mirror statistics ) . Please note the presence of discrepancies between FOB and CIF values in mirror statistics . Intra-regional trade patterns in South Asia suggest that all members increased their relative importance in the region toward the late 1990s . < sup > 9 < / sup > Although the relative importance of the > 9 Pitigala and Baysan ( 2001 ) argue that the revival of intra-regional trade in the late 1990s has ostensibly occurred due to unilateral trade reforms rather than regional or bilateral agreements . However , increased 8", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 335, "text": "partner data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 1 . TheNationalTreasury * * | | | | * * COVID-19 * * HouseholdImpact | | | | SurveyFunds | 28 , 443 , 561 | | | RegionalIntegration | | | | ImplementationProgramme | * * 5 , 000 , 000 * * | * * 5 , 000 , 000 * * | | | * * 33 , 443 , 561 * * | * * 5 , 000 , 000 * * | | * * 2 . OtherDevelopment * * | | | | * * Partners * * | | | | * * OECD - * * DataPlanningTool | * * 1 , 059 , 660 * * | | | OXFAM * * - * * TimeUseSurvey | 594 , 900 | | | WorldBankConsultingService ! | * * - * * | * * 22 , 232 , 056 * * | | * * UNFPA / UNICEF * * | * * 18 , 533 , 400 * * | | | * * COMESA-CIP * * Funds | * * - * * | * * 1 , 207 , 834 * * | | StatisticsSweden | * * 2 , 301 , 948 * * | 2 , 159 , 400 | | PPRA * * - * * MarketPrices Survey | * * 3 , 911 , 700 * * | * * 15 , 215 , 100 * * | | | * * 26 , 401 , 608 * * | * * 40 , 814 , 390 * * | | * * Total * * | * * 59 , 845 , 169 * * | * * 45 , 814 , 390 * * | The management sought funds from The National Treasury to carry out The * * COVID-19 * * Household Economic Impact Assessment . The overall objective of the survey was to assess the economic impact of the COVID-19 on the Kenyan Households", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 731, "text": "MarketPrices Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * COVID-19 has worsened gender inequalities in many countries around the world . In particular , the pandemic resulted in more job losses and labor income decreases for women than men ( Dang and Nguyen , 2021 ; Alon _et al . . _ , 2022 ) . Yet , the existing literature focuses on richer countries and there are fewer studies for poorer countries , perhaps due to a shortage of nationally representative survey data that span the pandemic in the latter . < sup > 1 < / sup > Furthermore , recent studies offer mixed evidence on the impacts of COVID-19 on gender gaps in employment for poorer countries . Examining the pandemic effects in India , Deshpande ( 2022 ) finds that in August 2020 , for women , the likelihood of being employed was 9 percentage points lower than for men , compared to April 2019 , conditional on previous employment . However , by December 2020 , gender gaps in employment were at the pre-pandemic December 2019 levels . Alfonsi _et al . _ ( 2023 ) find that lockdowns imposed in Uganda reduced employment by 69 % for women and by 45 % for men , and the gap persisted 18 months after the onset of the pandemic . On the other hand , Dang , Nguyen , and Carletto ( 2023 ) analyze Viet Nam ’ s Labor Force Surveys spanning 2015 to 2020 and find negative pandemic effects on employment , temporary layoff rates , and employment quality , but this study does not find differential effects for women . Halim _et al . _ ( 2023 ) even observe that the pandemic has reduced the gender gap in employment and participation for Indonesia . We offer an early study on the pandemic impacts on the labor market in the Islamic Republic of Iran . The Islamic Republic of Iran offers an interesting , even unique , case study for several reasons . Female labor force participation ( LFP ) in the Islamic Republic of Iran is among the lowest > 1 Most existing studies for developing countries rely on high-frequency phone surveys ( Egger _et al . _ , 2021 ; Khamis _et al . _ ,", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 440, "text": "nationally representative survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1243, "end": 1262, "text": "Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1934, "end": 1962, "text": "high-frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". # # * * Project Component 2 - Total Cost : US $ 3 . 3 million Developing and Implementing Health Information Systems * * # # hntroduction This component will address two sets of needs : ( i ) for improved public health , it will help develop a national health information system which will provide the Government with relevant and timely epidemiological data ; and ( ii ) for improved service quality and efficiency at the health facility level , help develop management information systems for patient records , services , inventory , and personnel . # # Current Situation MOH hospitals have limited information systems . For example , Al Bashir Hospital , the largest public hospital with over 500 beds , 32 specialities and an enormous campus , has only a few computers . Small hospitals and primary care sites have nothing . The MOH headquarters has developed a database for reporting and analyzing utilization and statistical data which is submitted by hospitals manually . JUH is fairly advanced in its use of information systems . They started development of an information system but became dissatisfied with the progress and acquired their own internal resources to move the project along . They have developed a long list of applications . While these applications are shallow in functionality for a tertiary care facility , an initial examination of them revealed that they might be quite acceptable for the vast majority of hospitals in this project . The possibility of using this already available suite of software should be considered . The smaller hospitals of the RMS have limited computers . The King Hussein Medical Center has a data center , an obsolete mainframe , and some smaller , acceptable applications , like archiving of medical records over a fiber optic network .", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 360, "text": "epidemiological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 905, "end": 937, "text": "utilization and statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Municipal solid waste management ( SWM ) continues to be a major challenge for local governments in both urban and rural areas throughout the world . This challenge is particularly important for the developing world . The available statistics show that , although the municipal solid waste generation in the developing countries is still low per-capita level compared to that in the developed world , the developing countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world ’ s solid waste generation relative to their share of world income < sup > 2 < / sup > . Moreover , from a dynamic point of view , the municipal solid waste management in developing countries faces even greater challenges in the future because of their rapid urbanization and economic growth . Empirical analyses using macroeconomic data < sup > 3 < / sup > indicated that the per capita generation of solid waste was at least 0 . 3-0 . 4 kilograms per day even for the poorest people . In general , a 1 percent increase in population is associated with a 1 . 04 percent increase in solid waste generation , and a 1 percent increase in per capita income is associated with a 0 . 34 percent increase in total solid waste generation . Considering that most of the developing countries are still in the early stage of their urbanization and economic development process , people generally believe that a fast increase in solid waste generation should be unavoidable in the developing world . The current practice of collecting , processing and disposing municipal solid wastes is also considered to be least efficient in the developing countries . The typical problems are ― low collection coverage and irregular collection services , crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution control , the breading of flies and vermin , and the handling and control of informal waste picking or scavenging activities ‖ ( Bartone , 1995 ) . Although some cities do spend significant portions of their municipal revenues on waste management ( Coitreau , 1984 , 1994 ; Thomas-Hope , 1998 ; Schübeler , 1996 and Bartone , 2000 ) , they are often unable to keep pace with the scope", "spans": [{"start": 829, "end": 847, "text": "macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of explosives . Going by existing developments in the neighboring villages surrounding the park and existing park buildings and the soil samples that were analyzed , the load bearing capacity of the underlying soil is adequate and safe to support the foundations without additional stabilization . # # # * * 3 . 3 . 1 . 2 Construction inputs and equipment and the environment * * The major construction raw materials include sand , cement , stones , crushed rock ( including gravel / ballast ) , steel metals , roofing materials ( including iron sheets , timber ) , rain water harvesting materials ( tanks , pipes , gutters ) , solar system ( solar panels , batteries etc ) , painting materials , among others , will be obtained from neighboring communities where available . 36 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 144, "text": "soil samples", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > appropriate accounting policies ; and ( vi ) making accounting < sup > estimatesthatarereasonableinthe < / sup > circumstances . The Principal Secretary for the State Department for Investment < sup > andIndustry , andtheProject < / sup > Coordinator for Kenya Petroleum technical Assistance Project accept < sup > responsibilityfortheProject ' s < / sup > financial statements , which have been prepared on the Cash Basis < sup > Method < / sup > < sup > * * of * * Financial Reporting , using < / sup > appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International Public < sup > Sector AccountingStandards . < / sup > The Principal Secretary for the State Department for Investment < sup > and Industry , andtheProject < / sup > Coordinator for Kenya Petroleum technical Assistance < sup > ProjectareoftheopinionthattheProject ' s < / sup > financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s < sup > transactionsduringthefinancial < / sup > year / period ended June * * 30 , 2018 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position < sup > asatthatdate . Principal < / sup > Secretary for the State Department for Investment and Industry , and the Project Coordinator < sup > forKenya < / sup > Petroleum technical Assistance Project further < sup > confirmthecompleteness < / sup > < sup > * * of * * the accountingrecords < / sup > maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon < sup > inthepreparationof theProjectfinancial < / sup > statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of < sup > internalfinancialcontrol . < / sup > The Principal Secretary for the State Department * * for * * Investment and Industry , < sup", "spans": [{"start": 1342, "end": 1359, "text": "accountingrecords", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with informality . Directly affected households have more insecure tenure arrangements than non-affected ones . Regression analysis shows that they are less likely to hold proof of tenure for the dwellings they rent . Female headed households are more likely to be directly affected than male headed households . Since women often have the double responsibility of provider and caretaker , they may face particular challenges when coping with floods . This will be discussed in more detail in the following sections . Directly affected households are less likely to pay for garbage services – a potential proxy for garbage collection quality . Finally , being directly impacted by floods is not related to housing quality or access to public services . This is in contrast with results found in Accra , Ghana ( Erman et al , 2018 ) , where a similar study was carried out . Indirectly impacted households tend to be located in areas without access to reliable infrastructure . These households are less likely to have drains outside their dwelling and drains in the area tend to be overall rare and of poor quality as measured by data collected by Ramani Huria 2 . 0 . < sup > 23 < / sup > There is also evidence that other services such as water and sanitation are of lower quality among the indirectly affected households compared to the non-affected population . This seems to suggest that indirectly affected households live in areas where heavy rain can more easily affect infrastructure due to poor quality and bad drains . Therefore , improving the quality of infrastructure could mitigate the indirect effects of floods . In addition , indirectly affected households also tend to have a higher number of household members than other households . This is intuitive since having more household members increases the risk of having one of them miss work , school or fall ill due to floods . Households residing in flood risk areas tend to live closer to work . The travel time of breadwinners of directly affected households is comparatively shorter than non-affected households . < sup > 24 < / sup > They live 13 minutes closer to work . This suggests that households potentially face a trade-off between living close to work and", "spans": [{"start": 1130, "end": 1166, "text": "data collected by Ramani Huria 2 . 0", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Data and Empirical Strategy * * In this section we first describe the design of the high-frequency survey which allows us to identify the labor market impacts of unanticipated illness shocks , and then outline the characteristics of sample households and the empirical strategy we use to identify the labor market effects of these shocks . # * * 2 . 1 Data Collection and Identification of Illness Shocks * * The data come from a 10-week high-frequency data collection experiment we conducted in urban Ghana from August to October , 2013 . The participants in this experiment were drawn from respondents of the Ghana Household Urban Panel Survey ( GHUPS ) , who had previously been surveyed in 2010 and / or 2012 . < sup > 4 < / sup > This section summarizes the key aspects of the data collection that are relevant for estimating the effects of illness shocks on labor outcomes ; more details on the overall data collection process are available in Heath et al ( 2019 ) . The survey encompassed 949 individuals in 365 households . The experiment was designed to examine how survey modality and the reference period affect the reporting of labor market outcomes . Participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatments – weekly surveys conducted by phone , weekly surveys conducted face to face , or tri-weekly surveys conducted by phone . While Heath et al ( 2019 ) aggregate the triweekly data to weekly data to assess the role of survey modality and reference period on reporting of labor outcomes measured over comparable > 4 The GHUPS was run by the Centre for the Study of African Economies at the University of Oxford . See < u > https : / / www . csae . ox . ac . uk / households / the-ghana-and-tanzania-urban-household-panel-surveys-2004-2006 < / u > for more detail on the original sample selection for the GHUPS . 8", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 115, "text": "high-frequency survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 621, "end": 655, "text": "Ghana Household Urban Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1552, "end": 1557, "text": "GHUPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 130 | 164 , 595 , 130 | 164 , 298 , 452 | 164 , 298 , 452 | 164 , 298 , 452 | 164 , 298 , 452 | | R-squared | 0 . 338 | 0 . 338 | 0 . 340 | 0 . 340 | 0 . 156 | 0 . 156 | 0 . 156 | 0 . 156 | | Firm-prod-year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | Dest-prod-year FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | Firm-prod-dest FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | Robust standard errors , clustered at the firm-product level , are in parentheses . The dependent variable _yijp , t_ is a dummy variable equal to 1 if firm _i_ exported ( or started exporting ) product _p_ to country _j_ in year _t_ . STC = 1 if a Specific Trade Concern ( STC ) on product _p_ has been raised in the WTO . * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 # * * 5 Robustness analysis * * This section presents a series of robustness checks . First , we use different measures of products ’ regulation intensity : continuous STC measure and FDA prior notice requirements . Second , we use an alternative measure of depth to provide further evidence that the positive spillover effects are driven by deeper forms of regional integration . Finally , we include additional fixed effects to control for firm-destination-year effects . All regressions in the robustness analysis include spatial exporting controls , although coefficients are not reported for brevity . # # * * 5 . 1 Continuous measure of regulation intensity * * The baseline specification uses a binary variable as a proxy for the regulation intensity of products . We can also construct a continuous measure from the STC data by counting the number of times each product was raised as a concern in the SPS / TBT committees 16", "spans": [{"start": 1610, "end": 1618, "text": "STC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | | | * * En * * | * * fant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle-Commune * * | * * Ménage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans ) * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | Fatoma | 1782 | 1357 | 1041 | 2398 | 1041 | 950 | 1991 | 90 | 45 | 135 | 2488 | 2036 | 4524 | | * * Tenenkou * * | * * 1006 * * | * * 1193 * * | * * 914 * * | * * 2107 * * | * * 914 * * | * * 835 * * | * * 1749 * * | * * 81 * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # * * Photos * * | Photo 1 : | Partial View of Farmland within Woliso Substation Site and along the TL | 80 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Photo 2 : | Consultation with Southwest Shewa Zone administration Officials | 93 | | Photo 3 : | Consultation with Woliso town ( Left ) and Woliso Woreda administration Of < br > ( right ) | ficials < br > 93 | | Photo 4 : | Partial Views of PAPs & Community member participated In Consul < br > meeting | tation < br > 101 | | Photo 5 : < br > * * Annex * * | Partial Views of Women Consultation Participants at Subproject Kebele < br > * * es * * | 105 | | Annex 1 : | Baseline Socio-Economic HH Survey and Census Questionnaire | 172 | | Annex 2 : | Demographic Characteristics of PAHs | 181 | | Annex 3 : | Compensation for Loss of Assets by PAHs | 182 | | Annex 4 : | Impact on Farmlands | 184 | | Annex 5 : | Impact on Eucalyptus , Bamboo and Other Indigenous Trees | 185 | | Annex 6 : | List of PAHs by Severity of Impacts and Recommended Assistance | 186 | | Annex 7 : | List of Vulnerable Groups and Recommended Assistance Measure | 187 | | Annex 8 : | List of Contacted Persons at Zonal , Woreda and Kebele Levels | 188 | | Annex 9 : | Sample Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings | 189 | | Annex 10 : | Public Grievance Form : _Oromiffa Version_ | 195 | | Annex 11 : | List of Documents Collected and Reviewed | 197 | |", "spans": [{"start": 763, "end": 812, "text": "Socio-Economic HH Survey and Census Questionnaire", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The experimental approach focuses on the households that are located between 5-16km of a 3G site . One can split this group into two categories – those relatively close to a site and those relatively far away . Figure A1 above shows that the majority of treated households were within 5km of site . < sup > 39 < / sup > After this point , the likelihood of being covered for each incremental kilometer of distance is relatively stable , suggesting that these households may not have been the primary targets for operators to cover . Meanwhile , Figure A3 suggests that when looking at the untreated group , there is a degree of randomness in the likelihood of being treated when 5-16km from the nearest site ( as the likelihood is not obviously declining as distance increases ) . We therefore use 5km as a threshold to determine the point at which households are unintentionally covered . If the main reason why some households more than 5km from a site received coverage and some did not was driven by exogenous factors , then we can use this to isolate the impact of 3G coverage . In order to assess this , we used the Terrain Ruggedness Index ( TRI ) sourced from EarthEnv . < sup > 40 < / sup > The TRI represents the mean of absolute differences in elevation between a focal cell and its eight surrounding cells – a higher value therefore represents more rugged terrain ( for example mountain areas with steep ridges ) . The dataset we use is aggregated to pixels of 10km , which is merged with our survey dataset . Initial analysis we carried out shows that the average TRI is greater for untreated households than treated households that are between 5-16km from the nearest 3G site . < sup > 41 < / sup > This suggests that exogenous factors such as terrain are indeed a relevant factor in determining whether households have coverage when more than 5km from the nearest 3G site . # _Results_ As in our main specification , we estimate the following equation : ( 1 ) i 1D i 2 i i ii ii ii ii ii ii YY = αα + ββ + ββ XX +", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1146, "text": "Terrain Ruggedness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1505, "end": 1519, "text": "survey dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Crop Fields | * * No * * | * * Valuation for Sorghum * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Land Area ( ha ) | 1 | | 2 | Annual Yield ( qt / ha ) | 35 | | 3 | Production ( 1x2 ) ( qt ) | 35 | | 4 | Market Price in Birr / qt | 6 , 000 | | 5 | Annual income ( 3x4 ) Birr / ha | 210 , 000 | | 6 | Cost of Land Improvement ( Cost of Labour & Material ) ( in Birr / ha ) | 12 , 500 | | 7 | Total Compensation for loss of income from crop Residue 15yrs = < br > ( 5x15years + 6 ) ( birr / ha ) | 3 , 162 , 500 | Therefore , based on this procedure the total recommended compensation for forgone benefits from teff farm is * * 3 , 162 , 500 birr / ha * * and the total compensation for the loss of 7 . 56ha of farmland is * * 23 , 895 , 850 * * birr . # # # # # # * * < mark > 10 . 4 Compensation for Loss of Perennial Crops ( Fruit Trees ) < / mark > * * The displacement costs for the loss of fruit bearing trees and perennial trees are computed on the basis of the level of the growth of the plant , which classifies the crops into ripe and unripe . The methods to compute the rates for both ripe and unripe crops are as follows : - The data on the number of fruit trees and perennial crops were collected from the field belonging to the Subproject-affected people themselves . - Basic data on the agronomic characteristics of the plant , time required for plant maturity ; manpower requirement for land preparation and planting ; seedling rate per Page 147", "spans": [{"start": 1138, "end": 1191, "text": "data on the number of fruit trees and perennial crops", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( 5 ) < br > ( 6 ) < br > ( 7 ) < br > ( 8 ) < br > Average < br > p-value < br > p-value < br > recomm . in 2015 < br > Individual < br > Control vs . < br > Mean < br > p-value < br > vs . Average < br > Individual < br > T2-T4 < br > T2-T4 vs . C < br > recomm . < br > recomm . | 138 . 90 < br > 0 . 94 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > ( 12 . 38 ) < br > 18 . 67 < br > 0 . 91 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > ( 16 . 73 ) < br > 30 . 34 < br > 0 . 98 < br > 0 . 07 < br > 0 . 00 < br > ( 17 . 45 ) < br > 1 , 672 . 20 < br > 0 . 94 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 55 < br > ( 215 . 33 ) < br > 404 < br > sample . Column 1 reports self-reported average amounts applied and total cost of fertil - < br > nd report in column 2 the p-value of an F-test that the dummies are jointly equal to zero . < br > mn 4 we compare the individual recommendations to those that the control group would < br > s to columns 3 and 4 for the average input recommendations and costs for farmers in _T_2 , < br > nd individual recommendations given to farmers in _T_1 by regressing each variable on a < br > amounts of each fertilizer and costs of individual and average recommendations by using < br > eports the p-value of a t-test that_T_1 = 0 . We use administrative data on recommendations < br > 4 . | | - - - | - - - | | ( 4 ) < br > idual < br > in 2015 < br > p-value", "spans": [{"start": 1238, "end": 1257, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 2024-03 - | 26 < br > 2024-02-13 | 2024-03-19 | 2024-11-14 | | ET-MINT-381332-GO-RFP / T < br > he Supply & Installation of IT < br > Equipment for Integrating th < br > e National Databases < br > IDA / 68560 | 2 . Digital government and c < br > onnectivity | Prior | | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 | Under Revie < br > w | 2023-10-15 < br > 20 | 24-06-17 | 2023-10-20 < br > 2024-06-21 | | 2023-12-04 | 2024-02-16 | 2024-03-22 | 2025-03-22 | | ET-MINT-381330-GO-RFP / S < br > upply , Delivery and Installati < br > on of IT Related Equipment f < br > or Federated System of Inter < br > net Exchange Points - Rebid < br > IDA / 68560 | 2 . Digital government and c < br > onnectivity | Prior | | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 | Under Imple < br > mentation | 2023-10-05 | | 2023-10-10 | | 2023-11-21 | 2024-02-03 | 2024-03-09 | 2024-11-04 | | ET-MINT-387453-GO-RFP / D < br > evelopment , Supply and Conf < br > iguration of Online Transact", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identified through a separate survey effort in Tanzania . The suggestive evidence that households purchase in small quantities in order to avoid social taxation — non-household members consuming a portion of their purchases — aligns with recent work on redistributive pressures in similar settings ( Anderson and Baland , 2002 ; Platteau , 2006 ; Goldberg , 2016 ; Baland , Guirkinger and Mali , 2011 ; Alby , Auriol and Nguimkeu , 2013 ; Jakiela and Ozier , 2016 ; Squires , 2016 ) . > which we hold constant in calculating the value of foregone consumption . Hence , the expected financial savings over the course of an entire year is still in the neighborhood of 9 % . Of course , the household might have other ways to reinvest that 9 % savings and further improve its financial position . 3", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 55, "text": "survey effort in Tanzania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 1 . 3 Degree of Norm Misperception across the World * * Figures 5 to 7 present maps of the degree of misperception across the globe with respect to the broad norm , the breadwinner norm , and the caregiver norm . These maps are color-coded to represent the varying degrees of misperception across different countries . Where darker shades indicate a greater disparity between personal beliefs and perceived community norms ; and lighter shades suggest that norms are more closely aligned with actual beliefs . In Figure 5 , the map quantifies the misperception of the broad norm at the country level and presents the absolute value of the difference . We show a universal underestimation of support for gender equality . Figures 6 and 7 explore misperceptions around the gender role specific norms . Here , positive values signify a perception that society is more traditional or gender-stereotypical than personal beliefs , while negative values indicate the opposite . Darker shades of blue highlight countries where the breadwinner norm is believed to be more conservative or stereotypical in society than actual beliefs held by the Facebook sample . Light blue and yellow-green shades demonstrate a closer match between perceived norms and beliefs or a slight underestimation of the norm i . e . they think their community is more gender progressive or counter-stereotypical than actual beliefs . Collectively , these figures reveal regional patterns where certain areas consistently show misperceptions across all norm constructs , while others display varying degrees of misperception depending on the norm in question . To discern whether misperceptions regarding gender norms are more prevalent among men or women , we delve into a comprehensive analysis in Appendix D . This examination leverages individual responses from our dataset to evaluate the discrepancies between perceived community norms and actual beliefs , dissected by gender and geographic region . According to Table D1 , the extent of misperception is substantial , with the frequency of under - and over-estimation eclipsing the instances of accurate assessments of community beliefs . It is important to note that when evaluating the level of misperception ( i . e . , whether an individual overestimates or underestimates a norm ) , we juxtapose an individual ’ s perception of", "spans": [{"start": 1146, "end": 1161, "text": "Facebook sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "support from donors through the UNHCR , coverage for hospital care for displaced Syrians does not meet the growing demand * * . UNHCR ’ s limited admission criteria leave a significant number of patients and conditions not covered . The fact that the hospitalization rate among displaced Syrians ( 6 percent ) is half that of Lebanese ( 12 percent ) < sup > 14 < / sup > raises concerns about unmet needs . The MoPH authorized the treatment of around 4 , 000 displaced Syrians < sup > 15 < / sup > with conditions not subsidized by UNHCR , including dialysis , treatment for cancer , catastrophic illnesses , and acute cases . This resulted in accrued fees of US $ 15 million to public hospitals . However , efforts by the MoPH , international agencies , and NGOs to fill the coverage gap remain inadequate . Thus , there is a pressing need to support and sustain the Government ’ s efforts to provide hospital care for displaced Syrians , especially for those with serious chronic conditions . 17 . * * The refugee situation has also exacerbated the challenges the hospital sector was facing before the Syrian crisis . * * Although the GoL covers hospital care for all uninsured nationals ( around 1 . 6 million ) , the ceiling and the tariffs at which the Government reimburses hospitals are historically low . Before the crisis ( 2002-2011 ) , the MoPH had a sizable budget deficit , delaying some US $ 80 million in payments to contracted hospitals . < sup > 16 < / sup > This problem has worsened considerably with the increased demand generated by the refugee crisis , affecting access by uninsured Lebanese . Between 2011 and 2013 , the proportion of Lebanese patients admitted to public hospitals decreased from 89 percent to 71 percent . Results from an analysis of unmet needs over the last five years < sup > 17 < / sup > indicate that approximately > 11 LCRP 2017-2020 . > 12 UNHCR data , 2016 . > 13 Hariri University Hospital data , 2017 . > 14 LCRP", "spans": [{"start": 1888, "end": 1898, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1913, "end": 1944, "text": "Hariri University Hospital data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 56 . 3 % were claims of maturity up to and including one year . This figure was an average of all the claims to banks , the public sector and the non-bank private sector . For the claims to banks , it is likely that a higher percentage was of short-tern . According to the Turkish Treasury , the short-term external debt of the deposit money banks reached US $ 8 . 4 billion at the end of 1996 and US $ 8 . 5 billion at the end of 1997 , out of total external debt of the deposit money banks of US $ 1 1 . 1 billion and US $ 13 . 6 billion at the end of 1996 and 1997 respectively < sup > 1 7 < / sup > . Thus in 1996 75 % of deposit money banks ' foreign borrowings were short-term , and in 1997 the ratio declined to 62 % . It is noteworthy that short-term loans and credits from abroad have been subject to a levy of 4 percent by the Resource Utilization Support Fund . ' < sup > 18 < / sup > Thus despite the existence of 17 There is sorne discrepancy between Treasury data and Central Bank data of the foreign liabilities of the banking system . The Treasury data show larger foreign liabilities of the banks than Central Bank data . The discrepancy may have to do with the definition of \" banks \" in their prospective coverage . * * 18 * * This levy was lifted in early 1999 in response to the Russian crisis .", "spans": [{"start": 984, "end": 1001, "text": "Central Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1057, "end": 1070, "text": "Treasury data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 * * | * * 9066 . 5 * * | * * 9100 . 8 * * | | * * Population projections * * | 1 , 896 , 833 | 1 , 902 , 707 | 1 , 909 , 321 | 1 , 916 , 573 | Source : Matsoso ( 2015 ) The dominant manufacturing sector in terms of employment and output remains textiles and clothing , employing 33 , 686 people in the fourth quarter of 2015 . However , this represents a decline of 25 . 7 % against the previous year ( Bureau of Statistics 2016 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > The sector has considerably lower average wages than other manufacturing sectors such as leather and footwear , food and beverages and other manufacturing sectors . > 5 A recent compilation of data on the textiles and apparel sector , based primarily on surveying 57 individual firms , found that the sector provides 41 , 706 jobs and supports many more individuals indirectly . 6", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 74, "text": "Population projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with direct compensation for work as a cadre . In short , our results indicate that in rural China cadre households may have some advantage from cadre status to in gaining privileged access to jobs in businesses and economic activities managed by villages , but these may derive from either political connections or the information advantages that come along with cadre status . These jobs were usually well paid relative to farming and in high demand by villagers . According to the RCRE panel data , this is the only source of higher incomes associated with cadre status in rural China . < sup > 28 < / sup > * * _Relationship to Returns to Communist Party Membership_ * * _ . _ Cadre status and membership in the Communist Party are closely related in rural China . First , only Communist Party members can be inducted into the village party committee . Second , although the village committee ( as opposed to village party committee ) does not require its members to be a Communist Party members , being a Communist Party member helps one to be nominated to the village committee . In the early period covered by this survey , when the township government appointed village cadres , it typically gave priority to Communist Party members in the village . However , since the introduction of village elections , the village committee is elected by villagers and as a result it is not necessarily comprised of Party members . > 28 One of the potential indirect benefits of being a cadre could be that being a cadre helps the other members of the family gain access to local off-farm employment or higher wages in such employment . If some of the benefited family members move out and form their own households and their income is no longer included in the cadre ‘ s own household income , then the long-term benefits of being a cadre will be understated by the income returns to cadre households shown in the paper . Unfortunately , since the RCRE survey was conducted at the household level and did not collect data on each family member and track each family member , we are not able to examine how being a cadre affects the incomes", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 499, "text": "RCRE panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1944, "end": 1955, "text": "RCRE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * < mark > 10 . 1 Implementation schedule < / mark > * * The implementation schedule for this RAP covers the periods from the preparation of the RAP to the conclusion of the envisaged infrastructure in the settlement . The procedure in the schedule , starting from the sensitization of the PAPs on the project impacts , to compensation and resettlement , will be rolled out progressively as the project continues . The major tasks for the RAP implementation include : - Preparation of RAP ; - Consultation and Disclosure of RAP ; - Audit of the PAP register and compensation package due to each PAP ; - Signing of agreements on compensation packages by PAPs ; - Notification of PAPs to relocate ; - Commencement of project operations ; - Resolving emerging grievances ; - Compensation and / or supplementary assistance ; and - Monitoring and evaluation . | 71", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 571, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specify our core identification strategy and discuss the interpretation of our preferred estimates . Finally , we discuss the potential consequences of sample attrition and discuss how we address these concerns . # # * * 3 . 1 Data * * We combine two detailed panel datasets . The first set of data is from the Nigeria General Household Survey ( GHS ) , which is a product of the Nigeria Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank ’ s Living Standard Measurement Study ( LSMS ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > The GHS was conducted over four rounds in 2010 – 2011 , 2012 – 2013 , 2015 – 2016 , and 2018 – 2019 , and each survey round includes two data points for each household : one in the post-planting ( rainy season ) period and one in the post-harvest ( dry season ) period , regardless of whether the household engages in agricultural activities . Data collection in the post-planting period generally occurs in the later fall months , while fieldwork in the post-harvest season occurs within the first few months of the next year . Figure 2 illustrates the timing of GHS survey rounds and shows how these data collection periods correspond with the trend in herder-related violence in Nigeria . The GHS is designed to include a nationally ( and zonally ) representative set of enumeration areas , > 23These data ( and all documentation ) were accessed via the World Bank ’ s microdata catalog . Data were downloaded on November 8 , 2019 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 343, "text": "Nigeria General Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 432, "end": 465, "text": "Living Standard Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the male headed households . Kenya Demographic Health survey ( KDHS 2022 ) , Kisumu County 36 % of women reported of having experience physical violence since age15 . Most settlements are in urban centers where sexual violence was reported by 12 . 8 % of the respondents with 5 . 7 % and 5 . 1 % women and men respectively have experienced sexual violence in the last two months . In Kisumu , 10 . 8 % of women recorded of having experienced sexual violence . During the project implementation , the implementation team should ensure Gender mainstreaming in the construction activities of the project . The gender rule of 30 % should be enforced during recruitments and put in strategies to encourage more women to access employments and benefits of Enforcement of Code of conduct to ensure zero sexual exploitation , sexual harassment and GBV cases taking place should be put in place as this will encourage uptake of Jobs and retention of jobs - Men tend to earn more than women . - More males are employed as casual workers and while women are more in petty trading than men . - More men ( 65 % ) than women ( 62 % ) indicated that they were able to spend the money earn without consulting partners . - More men were considered head of household at 91 % . - 54 % of respondents indicated that domestic violence happens irregularly while 29 % though it happens regularly . - Most of the households earn a monthly income of over kshs . 12000 with more male headed household earning 12000 compared to female headed household . From the GAP analysis conducted its proper to deduce that despite the vulnerability of the settlement population , more women or female headed households are more vulnerable compared to the male headed households . Kenya Demographic Health survey ( KDHS 2022 ) , Kisumu County 36 % of women reported of having experience physical violence since age15 . Most settlements are in urban centers where sexual violence was reported by 12 . 8 % of the respondents with 5 . 7 % and 5 . 1 % women and men respectively have", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 60, "text": "Kenya Demographic Health survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ities and late payment of wages ; adequate meals ; site safety plans ; internal and external GRMs ; documented internal work regulations including conditions for overtime pay ; medical evacuation ; reporting ( monthly , quarterly including accident statistics , workers grievances and social security contributions , etc . ) ; preparation and approval of sitespecific EMSPs ; etc . The OEs to be contracted by SONATREL and SNE will ensure that execution of works by EPC contractors comply with established EHS contractual requirements and the OEs ’ may be required to hire EHS and social development specialists to monitor contractors ’ EHS performance . Cameroon has an existing institutional structure overseeing environmental and social safeguards , notably including MINEPDED and other sector ministries ( Ministry of Domain , Cadastral and Land Registration Affairs ; Ministry of Public Health ; MINEE , etc . ) , which are responsible for approving ESIAs . The country also has a comprehensive environmental legal framework , including the 1996 Environmental Law and its 43 Baseline : 0 Target : 19 . 3 percent . See Results Framework . Page 53", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 259, "text": "accident statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consistent with targeted action since female students have lower test scores at baseline . Finally , data from the school inspections suggest an improvement in teaching preparation and practice . Teachers in the in-kind treatment arm made better use of resources in the classroom , were better prepared for the class , and implemented better teaching practices . Consistent with the results on student learning , the impacts on teaching practice are no longer statistically significant at endline . Our paper adds to a growing literature with experimental evidence from teacher pay-forperformance interventions in low - and middle-income countries . This literature documents a range of findings : some studies find no impacts ( Barrera-Osorio and Raju , 2017 ) ; others document positive impacts ( Behrman et al . , 2015 ; Cilliers et al . , 2018 ; Filmer et al . , 2020 ; Leaver et al . , 2020 ; Loyalka et al . , 2019 ; Muralidharan and Sundararaman , 2011 ) ; and others have shown impacts only in the presence of complementary resources ( Gilligan et al . , 2018 ; Mbiti et al . , 2019 ) . Last , one study finds impacts on the incentivized test , but no evidence of impacts on any other learning outcomes ( Glewwe et al . , 2010 ) . In contrast , null and negative impacts have been typically been found in experiments in high-income settings 3", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 133, "text": "data from the school inspections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Tools Pilot Project . It will have three subcomponents : ( i ) improving agrometeorological forecasting and monitoring ; ( ii ) developing climate-smart , agroweather and market information system and advisories using ‘ big data ’ ; and ( iii ) building institutional and technical capacity for agro-meteorological observation , forecasting and market advisory dissemination . # # * * Component 4 : Project Coordination and Management * * 26 . This component will finance activities related to national and county-level project coordination and management , including annual work planning and budgeting ( AWP & B ) ; fiduciary aspects ( financial management and procurement ) ; human resource ( HR ) management ; safeguards compliance monitoring ; development and implementation of management information system ( MIS ) and information , communication technology ( ICT ) - based platforms ; monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) and impact evaluation ( IE ) studies ; and communication strategy and citizen engagement . In addition , in the event of a national disaster affecting the agricultural sector , the project would respond through this component via a contingency emergency response facility . # # * * H . Environmental and Social Issues Relevant to the Project * * 27 . Results from previous projects undertaken under the CDD approach within the agricultural sector showed that there is potential for minor and reversible negative impacts within the envisaged subprojects . Therefore , the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project ( KCSAP ) has prepared this Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) to ensure that all investments are adequately screened for their potential environmental and social impacts , and that correct procedures will be followed , for all the types of the investment to be made by ( KCSAP ) as stated in the ESMF objectives . 28 . The objectives of the ESMF are to : - ( i ) Comply with the legal framework , and establish procedures , and methods for environmental and social screening , planning , and review , approval and implementation of the investments to be financed ; - ( ii ) Identify roles and responsibilities , including reporting", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 228, "text": "big data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Refugee Policy Review Framework Country Summary as at 30 June 2020 * * # * * BURUNDI * * By mid-2020 , Burundi was offering protection to 85 , 952 refugees and asylum-seekers from the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 99 per cent ) , Rwanda and five other countries ) . The country has been hosting mainly refugees from the DRC for almost 20 years . Given that the security situation in eastern DRC is not expected to stabilize in the foreseeable future , most of these refugees will likely remain in Burundi for years to come . Burundi also contains about 131 , 000 internally displaced persons , eighty per cent of which are displaced due to cyclical flooding as well as drought and landslides . The other twenty per cent are experiencing protracted displacement since the months of unrest that followed the political upheaval in 2015 , which also caused a sharp drop in the urban formal and semi-formal economies . Burundi is currently a low-income country and ranked 185 out of 189 on the 2019 Human Development Index ( HDI ) . Despite these challenges , the Government of Burundi has generally maintained an open-door policy to people seeking international protection , subject to restrictions in response to COVID-measures , and has shown a willingness to increase refugee access to livelihoods and public services , in line with relevant provisions made in the national legislation but subject to limitations of the overall adequacy of such services . # # * * KEY POPULATION DATA * * * * 76 , 880 Refugees * * * * 9 , 072 Asylum-seekers * * * * 0 . 75 % of the country ’ s population ( 11 , 530 , 580 ) are refugees and asylum-seekers * * * * IDA 18 RSW / * * IDA 19 WHR * * ELIGIBILITY : NOVEMBER 2018 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rwanda < br > Kirundo < br > Cibitoke < br > Muyinga < br > Ngozi", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1026, "text": "2019 Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1472, "end": 1491, "text": "KEY POPULATION DATA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> While our stock perspective is not new , its empirical applicability has been hampered * * by * * the lack of comprehensive data on foreign asset and liability stocks . In section * * 3 * * of the paper we present a new data set on foreign assets and liabilities , recently put together * * by * * Kraay , Loayza , Serv6n , and Ventura * * ( 1999 ) , * * that covers a large number of developing and industrial countries and spans the years from * * _1965_ * * to * * 1997 . * * The section also describes the variables used to measure domestic investment returns and risks as well as wealth , relative to the rest of the world . Section 4 presents the empirical results obtained estimating our panel error-correction model for various groups of countries . The model is first implemented on the * * full * * available sample , and robustness checks are then performed * * by * * estimating it on country groups that differ in per capita income level and restrictions to portfolio diversification . The estimated parameters are then used to gauge the degree of disequilibrium in external positions - - judged from a stock perspective - - over time for selected sample countries . Section * * 5 * * summarizes the main results and concludes * * by * * proposing extensions for further research . # * * 2 . Methodology * * # * * 2 . 1 A stock approach to external sustainability * * Our approach views external sustainability as driven * * by * * portfolio equilibrium conditions in the long run , and * * by * * the dynamic forces resulting from asset reallocation in the short run . Long-run external equilibrium is achieved when international and domestic investors obtain their desired portfolio allocation of assets across countries . The current account balance is just the mechanism through which investors acquire their desired asset positions . However , imperfections in financial and factor markets may prevent the instantaneous achievement of the optimal portfolio . Short-run external equilibrium is then given * * by * * the currentaccount deficit consistent with the dynamics along the adjustment", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 264, "text": "data set on foreign assets and liabilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Engage with affected people and stakeholders and provides opportunities for affected people to express their concerns , preferences , and views regarding the resettlement process . The study ensures that consultations are conducted in an inclusive and culturally appropriate manner , allowing affected people to contribute to decision-making processes . - Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the implementation framework to track the implementation of the resettlement measures . It establishes indicators , targets , and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement process . - Identify clear institutional arrangements and responsibilities for the implementation of the resettlement measures including the livelihood restoration measures . It defines the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders at national regional , Woreda and Kebele levels . - Establishment of a functional grievance mechanism for the Subproject affected persons to address concerns raised by displaced persons or other stakeholders regarding compensation , relocation , or livelihood restoration measures . # # # # # * * 2 . 2 Scope of the RP * * The scope of this consultancy service basically includes overall detailed study of RPs in the target Subproject areas . Therefore , the resettlement plan involves conducting census of the affected persons and assessing socioeconomic conditions , identifying the vulnerable groups including special assistance they require , examining the legal framework , evaluating impact on land and natural resources ( both private and public ) , assess the scope of displacement ( economic and physical ) and involuntary resettlement , conducting stakeholder analysis , conducting community consultations , developing livelihood restoration measures , establishing a functional grievance redress mechanism , and designing a monitoring and evaluation framework . # # # # # # * * Detailed Tasks of Resettlement Plan * * As part of RP studies , the following important tasks were undertaken : - Engage and consulted the affected communities , communities ’ leaders and vulnerable groups , as well as relevant stakeholders such as government sectors , civil society organizations , and non-governmental organizations .", "spans": [{"start": 1494, "end": 1524, "text": "census of the affected persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effect with the interaction term is - 0 . 256 , so the total reduction in forest cover lost for this type of land overall is 29 . 6 % ( 0 . 256 / 0 . 865 ) . For the cohorts that have been enrolled for longer in the program ( 2011-2012 ) , this effect is 38 . 1 % ( 0 . 491 / 1 . 294 ) . For the combined and the 2011-2012 cohorts , the impact on avoided deforestation is statistically significant at the 1 and 5 percent level respectively . We also observe a smaller ( but not significant ) effect in the expected direction for program recipients that have only been in the program a short period of time ( 2013-2014 ) . We believe that the larger and statistically significant impacts in high risk areas can be ascribed to the fact that there is more scope for behavioral change in an area with high risk of deforestation – in other words , it is easier to have an impact when there is greater possibility for change . In addition , the program has differential impacts across regions ( see * * Appendix Figure A8 ) * * . While effects on percent of avoided deforestation were not detected in the north , center and southwest regions , the program ’ s effectiveness was high in the Yucatan peninsula , which is an area of high risk of deforestation . # _Robustness Checks_ The above results are consistent across a series of robustness checks . Results for the fuzzy design ( i . e . , the instrumental variables approach where the discontinuity is used as an instrument while controlling for the point score ) are shown in * * Appendix Table A3 * * . The point estimates for the different outcomes and for the different windows are very similar to our intent to treat estimates . We conducted two further robustness checks . First , we ran a placebo test using deforestation outcomes from the years 2007-2010 . These estimates are shown in the * * Appendix Table A4 * * . As expected , this effect shows no pattern of program impacts in the years prior to enrollment . Second , our", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE percent of the market . Two other operators each hold over a quarter of the market , however , so that the overall market concentration is quite good with a Herfindahl index of 0 . 31 . Liberia ’ s mobile footprint ( the percentage of the population living within range of a mobile signal and hence able to subscribe to service ) grew substantially between 2003 and 2009 , from 18 percent to 32 percent . At the start of the period , there were many more potential subscribers than actual subscribers , with penetration rates of less than 0 . 1 percent in 2003 ( figure 11 ) . This shortfall took some time to bridge , but by 2008 penetration rates were around 20 percent and had almost caught up to the mobile footprint . The latest figures for 2009 suggest that penetration has exceeded the population within the signal area . This is possible if individuals subscribe to more than one service , which is not unusual in Africa . The evidence based on industry statistics is corroborated by Liberia ’ s 2007 Demographic and Health Survey , which found that 29 percent of households had a mobile telephone — a coverage level many times higher than the electrification rate for the country . In fact , Liberia ’ s mobile penetration rates are now on par with other low-income countries in Africa ( table 10 ) . * * Figure 11 . Liberia ’ s mobile footprint has grown steadily while penetration has burgeoned * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > subscribers within range of a GSM signal < br > % of population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Mayer and others 2008 . While no official statistics on mobile prices could be found for Liberia , there is evidence to suggest that prices have fallen over time . The cost of a SIM card , for example , is reported to have fallen from $ 65-85 in 2001 to $ 3-5 at present . The average revenue per user ( ARPU ) for the main operator fell from $ 43 per month in", "spans": [{"start": 1008, "end": 1027, "text": "industry statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1059, "end": 1093, "text": "2007 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ # # # * * 2 . APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY * * A variety of methods were applied to identify the project impact and compensation assessments based on the current and verifiable socio-economic and demographic information . Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies used are described below ; # # # * * 2 . 1 . Quantitative Methods * * * * Socio-Economic Survey and Census : * * Quantitative methodology using a household questionnaire was used to capture detailed data at household level including inventories for all project affected households . The questionnaire captured the following information : - Household Bio data ( Demographic information ) . - Characteristics of Households and Houses . - Current energy sources . - Income , Livelihood and Economic Activities . - Infrastructure inventories including land , common and cultural properties and social services infrastructure . # # # * * 2 . 2 . Qualitative Methods * * Qualitative methodologies including Key Informant Interviews , Focus Group Discussions , Community Meetings , Observation and Photography were used to get information regarding the project areas . The World Bank OP 4 . 12 on Involuntary Resettlement requires the people likely to be affected by a development project to be consulted so that their views and fears are incorporated in planning . Knowledge of what the community perceives will go a long way to help during the compensation and resettlement action plan . Therefore , during the RAP process , consultations were conducted with relevant stakeholders , including potential beneficiaries , affected groups and local authorities about the project ’ s social aspects . The RAP team held consultation with the District Local Authorities and Communities in all villages that were near and around the power line area as indicated in the table 6 below . Other methods used in the RAP preparation work included ; focus group discussion , key informant interviews with several stakeholders , photography and field observations . * * Table 6 : Venues and Dates of Consultative Meetings * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 458, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey and Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 692, "end": 710, "text": "Household Bio data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 863, "end": 889, "text": "Infrastructure inventories", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As we will show in this paper , market reforms have been another important source of another important source of change in environmental performance . The reforms have shifted production away from state-owned-enterprises and toward larger plants . With these changes have come substantial increases in productive efficiency and o decreases in the cost of abating pollution , both important sources of declining pollution intensity . These two factors may have had as great an impact on industrial pollution as changes in direct regulation . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Atmospheric ~ ~ ~ Sulfur Dioxide . Emissions _ andI I < br > Atimospheric Concentration in Chinese Cities , 1991-1993 < br > cn 2 . 5 < br > C 2 < br > C < br > O0 < br > 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5 5 . 5 6 < br > S02 Emissions ( Log ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 1 : S02 Emissions and Air Pollution in Chinese Cities * * Although the general trend is positive , there remain great regional disparities in industry ' s environmental performance . In provinces with stricter regulation and a strong commitment to economic reform , many industrial facilities have already shown the way to a cleaner future . However , the legacy of the past remains strikingly apparent in thousands of highly-polluting plants . With industry expected to maintain rapid growth during the next 20 years , a steep decline in pollution intensity will be necessary just to keep emissions constant . The consequences of current pollution are tragically apparent in public health statistics for polluted areas . As we will show , the best available evidence suggests that approximately 4 , 000 people suffer premature death from pollution-related respiratory illness each year in Chongqing ; 4 , 000 in Beijing ; and 1 , 000 in both Shanghai and Shenyang . < sup > 2 < / sup > If current trends persist , we project large cumulative losses in human life through 2020 . Figure 2 illustrates the grim stakes : Beijing could lose nearly 80 , 000 people , Chongqing 70 , 000 and", "spans": [{"start": 1531, "end": 1555, "text": "public health statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "39 Breheny , M . , 1992 . Sustainable development and urban form . Pion , London . Burchfield M , Overman H , Puga D , Turner M ( 2006 ) Causes of sprawl : A portrait from space . _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 121 : 587 – 633 - Cao , Z . , Wu , Z . , Kuang , Y . , Huang , N . , & Wang , M . ( 2016 ) . Coupling an intercalibration of radiance-calibrated nighttime light images and land use / cover data for modeling and analyzing the distribution of GDP in Guangdong , China . _Sustainability ( Switzerland ) _ , _8_ ( 2 ) . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 3390 / su8020108 Cervero , R , Kockelman , K . ( 1997 ) . Travel demand and the 3Ds : Density , Design and Diversity . _Transportation Research . Part D Transp . Environ_ . , 2 ( 3 ) : 199 – 219 . Cervero , R ( 2001 ) . Efficient Urbanisation : Economic Performance and the Shape of the Metropolis . _Urban Studies_ , 38 ( 10 ) : 1651-1671 . - Champion , A . G . , 1992 . Urban and regional demographic trends in the developed world . Urban Stud . 29 ( 3 / 4 ) , 461 – 482 . - Cheng , Y . , Zhao , L . , Wan , W . , Li , L . , Yu , T . , & Gu , X . ( 2016 ) . Extracting urban areas in China using DMSP / OLS nighttime light data integrated with biophysical composition information . _Journal of Geographical Sciences_ , _26_ ( 3 ) , 325 – 338 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1007 / s11442-016-1271-6 - Cheshire , P . , 1995 . A new phase of urban development in Western Europe ? The evidence for the 1980s . Urban Stud . 32 ( 7 ) , 1045 – 1063 . - CEC , 1992 . Commission of the European Communities . DG Regional Policy . Urbanisation and the Functions of Cities in the European Communities . European Institute of Urban Affairs", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 8 trillion in June 2014 , with US $ 1 . 8 trillion in dry powder < sup > 5 < / sup > as of December 2014 . < sup > 6 < / sup > Almost 60 percent of PE / VC AUM was accounted for by North America ; while Europe comprised almost a quarter and Asia 13 percent of total AUM . In 2014 PE / VC funds raised a total of US $ 495 billion in capital , down 6 percent from the $ 528 billion raised in 2013 . According to data from Preqin , global fund raising for private equity in 2015 is expected to jump , projected to surpass US $ 790 billion . Investment deal flow remained active in 2014 with 5 , 305 completed PE deals totaling US $ 996 billion of capital invested , which marked an 8-year high , according to Pitchbook . < sup > 7 < / sup > Venture capital comprised US $ 86 billion in deal value in 2014 ; while buyout activity was US $ 332 billion . < sup > 8 < / sup > 2014 saw the recent trend of increasing numbers of firms focusing on minority and growth investments , add-on investments , and liquidity continue , with US $ 445 billion in capital exited from such investments , up 46 percent from 2013 ’ s US $ 305 billion . < sup > 9 < / sup > > 2 This section draws from “ Private Equity and Venture Capital in SMEs in Developing Countries : The Role for Technical Assistance , ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6827 co-authored by Shanthi Divakaran , Patrick McGinnis , and Masood Shariff . It also draws from Private Equity : Fund Types , Risk and Returns , and Regulation . Douglas Cumming , 2010 . 3 See IFC job study . www . ifc . org . 4 \" Private equity \" or \" PE \" references encompass the following strategies : buyout , growth , PIPE , mezzanine and venture capital . 5 Capital committed but not yet paid-in and deployed . > 6 Preqin 2015 . > 7 Source : Pitchbook , http : / / pitchbook . com /", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 430, "text": "data from Preqin", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Using these data , we could also check that our results on firm size are not specific to the proxy we use . We explored two alternative measures of firm size from the Worldscope data : total assets and net sales , taking the end-of-year values reported by firms . Both sets of results with the alternative measures are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the ones reported in the paper . > 6 This statement also holds when considering as “ listed firms ” subsidiaries owned by listed parent companies . 11", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 184, "text": "Worldscope data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > August | 140 000 < br > Households | | Famille « Istimarat » ( excluding < br > Families with limited income ) < br > | 200 TND < br > ( 70 dollars ) | May 2020 | 301149 < br > Households | Source : Data accessed from Ministry of Social Affairs Simulating the impacts of the pandemic on welfare in the presence of all the above mitigation measures announced , < sup > 14 < / sup > we observe that compensatory transfer measures initiated by the government will have a positive impact on poverty . Specifically , the increase in poverty will be 6 . 5 percentage points if mitigation measures are in place vis-à-vis in their absence when the increase in poverty will be 7 . 3 percentage points < sup > 15 < / sup > ( see Table 4 ) . * * Table 4 : Impact of COVID19 with mitigation measures * * | Before | | After mitigation | Difference | Difference | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | COVID | After COVID | measure | ( without | ( with | > 14 We provide a description of the government measures announced on March 21 , 2020 . The simulations are based on the announced measures as there is no access to information on actual spending under these measures announced . > 15The data used to estimate these welfare impacts in the presence of mitigation effects do not allow us to focus on a region , hence we do not provide estimates of these impacts across regions . Moreover , the activities targeted by government measures are more concentrated in coastal regions . The South Region , where some of the riots are concentrated , is characterized by the oil extraction industry and some chemical industries , which do not employ a large workforce . 17", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 251, "text": "Data accessed from Ministry of Social Affairs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Overall , Nigeria ’ s figures in terms of both child labor and child marriage underscore the importance of schooling as a protective strategy for children against vulnerability to harmful practices known to undermine children ’ s schooling outcomes ( Edmonds , 2006 ; Field and Ambrus , 2008 ) . It is against this background that we estimate the effect of temschool closures due to COVID-19 on the school attendance of porary Nigerian children aged 5 ́ 18 . # * * 2 . 2 Data and Measurement of Variables * * In this section , we present the data , the construction of relevant variables , and summary statistics . # # * * 2 . 2 . 1 Data * * This uses data from the COVID-19 National Phone paper Nigeria Longitudinal Survey ( COVID-19 NLPS ) , implemented by the National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria with support from the World Bank . The COVID-19 NLPS collects monthly data to monitor the socioeconomic effects of the evolving COVID-19 pandemic in nearly real time . The sample of the COVID-19 NLPS is a subsample of households that had been interviewed face-to-face prior to the COVID-19 pandemic as part of the Nigeria General Household Survey ( GHS ) - Panel 2018 / 19 , designed to be representative at the national level as well as at the zonal level . Linking the near real time information of the COVID-19 NLPS data with the very extensive set of information collected just over a year prior to the pandemic in the GHS - Panel 2018 / 19 ( January / February 2019 ) allows exploring heterogeneous effects of school closure on school attendance . The study selected 3 , 000 households from the frame of 4 , 934 households with a phone number contact for at least one household member or a reference individual . Of these , 1 , 950 households were successfully interviewed in Round 1 of the COVID-19 NLPS and the same households were called about every four weeks for the subsequent round interviews . Excluding from the final sample households with no access to a mobile phone and 11", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 723, "text": "COVID-19 National Phone paper Nigeria Longitudinal Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 990, "end": 1003, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1118, "end": 1150, "text": "Nigeria General Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1309, "end": 1327, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1448, "text": "GHS - Panel 2018 / 19", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_FM Supervision Report Second Phase of One WASH-CWA_ | * * # * * | * * Result Indicators * * | * * UoM * * | * * Base - * * < br > * * line * * | * * End * * < br > * * Target * * | * * Last * * < br > * * mission * * < br > * * Feb 2024 * * | * * Current - * * < br > * * Oct 2024 * * | * * Progress * * < br > * * since last * * < br > * * mission * * | * * % age * * < br > * * against * * < br > * * target * * | * * Remark * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 4 | Proportion of Kebeles under the < br > Program Woredas declared and < br > verified ODF | % | - | 80 % | 53 . 72 % | 56 % | 2 % | * * 70 % * * | In the 358 Program woredas , 5012 Kebeles are found . Of this 3147 < br > kebeles are targeted . Of this 2248 Kebeles have declared and < br > verified ODF . | | 5 | Proportion of RPSs and Urban < br > Water Supply Scheme designs using < br > data < br > from < br > water < br > resource < br > information system | % | | 75 % | | 67 % | 67 % | 89 % | Out of 292 Rural Pipe systems and Urban Water supply projects < br > ( 224 RPSs , 50 Urban WS and 18 multi village water supply < br > schemes ) 75", "spans": [{"start": 963, "end": 981, "text": "information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lopment plan of the region . The project is progressing well but behind appraisal schedule due mainly to delays in road construction and installation of the lIumra water system . Construction of infrastructural facilities in the project farm is satisfactory . Progress on consultant ' s study on the second phase project is generally satisfactory . Education II : Credit No . 243-ET of May 6 , 1971 . The credit of _ $ 9 . 5_ million is to assist in ( i ) the construction , expansion , furnishing and equipping of : one academy of pedagogy , four teacher training institutes , 12 new and extension to 42 secondary schools , extension to two agricultural institutes , three new agricultural training institutes , three new rural education institutes and ( ii ) technical assistance for an Education Sector Survey , manpower studies and strengthening of teacher training . Project implementation is generally on schedule and good progress has been achieved in the design of project institutions . The Educational Sector Survey has been completed . The project is expected to be completed by June 30 , 1975 , as scheduled . Addis Ababa Dairy Dsvelopment Project : Credit 269-ET of August 30 , 1971 . A credit * * of * * $ 4 . 4 million to assist ( i ) on-farm development including importation and breeding of cattle , ( ii ) technical ser-vices to farmers , ( iii ) investment in additional facilities for collection , processing and marketing of Trrilk , and ( iv ) hiring of consultants to carry ollt feasibility studies . Credit was slow in becoming effective due to recruitment problems , but has now made a good start under competent Ethiopian and expatriate staff . Coffee Processing Project : Credit 290-ET of March 20 , 1972 . A credit of $ 6 . 3 million for the construction of about 100 coffee washing stations , improvement of 100 existing stations and investment in the construction of 400 km of access roads , and provision of funds for technical assistance , project preparation , and research . The project", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 812, "text": "Education Sector Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Hired labor loading / unloading < br > Council cess | 0 . 11 < br > 41 . 40 < br > 4 . 00 < br > 0 . 0 | | | * * Sub total * * | * * 45 . 51 * * | | | * * Total * * | * * 90 . 53 * * | Search costs are extremely common in many markets . As consumers , most of us have experienced this phenomenon , for instance , when searching for the best price for a new computer online or on the high street . Anderson & Renault ( 1999 ) provide another informative example of how search costs function is given by : the tourist trap . Tourist areas are often dominated by low quality , high cost restaurants that offer relatively undifferentiated menus , but that nevertheless have full tables . Their good fortune is caused by the high search costs faced by the average tourist , who is unaware of the local alternatives and that values leisure time highly . > 12 This refers to transaction costs that are normally measured in surveys , which exclude , amongst others , costs related information , search and bargaining . > 13 Source : World Bank survey carried out in November-December 2008 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 923, "end": 930, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1032, "end": 1049, "text": "World Bank survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The past decades have witnessed remarkable progresses for women on most fronts . According to the World Development Indicators for 187 countries ( World Bank , 2019 ) , while the labor participation rate for males has declined from 76 . 2 percent in 1990 to 72 . 3 percent in 2018 , that for females has increased from 48 . 5 to 51 . 8 percent . In 2016 , the average share of females ( over the age of 25 ) with a bachelor ’ s degree or above was 19 . 7 percent , surpassing that for males ( i . e . , 18 . 3 percent ) . Similarly , based on harmonized learning outcome ( HLO ) , the latest cross-country indicator of comparable human capital from the World Bank , girls out-perform boys on average in the world ( Angrist et al . , 2019 ) . The advancement of women , however , is not uniform . In leadership jobs , women continue to lag significantly behind ( Goldin et al . , 2006 ; Blau and Kahn , 2017 ; Fairlie et al . 2017 ; OECD 2019 ) . In this paper , we focus on the determinants of female leadership in businesses , and in particular , the role played by foreign direct investment ( FDI ) , around the world . Understanding female entrepreneurship is important . Entrepreneurship , by turning ideas into business ventures and new products , is a key driver of economic growth ( Schumpeter , 2017 ) . The body of research on entrepreneurship , however , does not say much about what determines female entrepreneurship . With increasing participation of women in economic life , and with their relatively faster growth in human capital , commonly viewed by economists as the driver of growth ( Lucas , 1988 ; Romer , 1990 ) , understanding female entrepreneurship around the world gains urgency , and could be a key area to facilitate development , especially among countries where women traditionally do not play important roles in working in and / or running formal firms . FDI could be an important determinant of female entrepreneurship . In less than two decades", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 171, "text": "World Development Indicators for 187 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 570, "end": 605, "text": "harmonized learning outcome ( HLO )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9030 # * * Abstract * * Parents play a crucial role in the promotion of early childhood development , and understanding parental perceptions of early childhood development may help enhance parental investments early in life . To explore this question , caregivers were asked to rank their child ’ s intelligence in comparison with other children in the community , and the rankings were compared with children ’ s scores on an assessment of developmental abilities across multiple domains . Using cross-sectional data on children ages 16 – 42 months in rural Madagascar , this paper documents the discordance between caregivers ’ perceived early childhood development with an interviewer-based measure of early childhood development . The paper examines the determinants of caregivers ’ under - and over-estimation of child development using multinomial logistic regressions . The study finds that caregiver perceptions of early childhood development in Madagascar do not align consistently with an interviewer-based measure . Approximately 8 percent of the caregivers under-estimated and almost 50 percent over-estimated their children ’ s abilities . Better child nutritional status , caregivers with a greater belief in their influence on child intelligence , and higher socioeconomic status were associated with lower odds of under - or over-estimation of early childhood development . Further research is needed to understand the common cues that caregivers use to identify child development milestones , to inform the design of parenting interventions . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at egalasso @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 547, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "land * * | * * Lack of * * < br > * * tools * * | * * Lack of * * < br > * * market * * | * * Lack of * * < br > * * good * * < br > * * access * * < br > * * to * * < br > * * market * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Kiruhur < br > a | Kiruhura < br > TC | 50 . 0 | 18 . 2 | 13 . 6 | 4 . 5 | 13 . 6 | | | | Kashong < br > i | 37 . 4 | 25 . 8 | 20 . 3 | 9 . 5 | 7 . 0 | | | | Kazo | 32 . 8 | 18 . 8 | 21 . 9 | 17 . 2 | 9 . 4 | | | | Kitura | 46 . 5 | 20 . 6 | 14 . 8 | 15 . 5 | 2 . 6 | | 2 | Mbarar | Kashare | 44 . 4 | 20 . 6 | 15 . 9 | 12 . 7 | 6 . 3 | | | a | Rubaya | 29 . 9 | 32 . 0 | 26 . 8 | 9 . 3 | 2 . 1 | | * * Total * * | | | * * 38 . 6 * * | * * 24 . 6 * * | * * 19 . 7 * * | * * 11 . 1 * * | * * 6 . 0 * * | * * Source : 2014 Social Economic Data * * However , given that most of the crops are seasonal crops they are likely to be affected during construction . Therefore it is recommended that prior to construction , the contractor considers management of this risk using", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 803, "text": "2014 Social Economic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the effect of FA . We used data from SIFA , an information management system that compiles information on a number of operational aspects of the program including historical records of all beneficiaries . When merging it with the _Sisben_ scores , these databases allow identification of the universe of individuals in households that lie below or above ( in a smaller proportion ) the cutoff of eligibility and participate in the program between 18", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 41, "text": "data from SIFA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 34 - enterprise credit projects found that all have B / C ratios in excess of one ( Kinly and d ' Zmura , 1985 ) . Overall it appears , as Kilby ( 1979 ) originally suggested and subsequent appraisals have confirmed , that programs which aim to provide a complete package of financial , technical and management assistance - - nursery industrial estates , for example - - are generally less effective than programs that identify and provide a single missing ingredient necessary for enterprise success . * Women dominate many of the nonfarm activities that will grow most rapidly during structural transformation - - activities such as food processing and preparation , tailoring , trading and many services . They likewise hold major interest in many of the declining rural nonfarm occupations - - basket making , mat making , ceramics and weaving . Consequently , women will be key actors in the economic transition of Africa ' s rural economy . 15 / To facilitate their contribution to an accelerated rural transformation will require assistance agencies and governments explicitly recognizing the key role to be played by women . B . Implications for Research This review , in sorting through the delicate and spotty available evidence , has identified several key priorities for future research . * To improve our confidence in estimates of growth multipliers , the key parameters to be measured are the marginal budget shares and expenditure elasticities for rurally-produced nontradables . Those who analyze , and especially those who collect , rural consumption data can perform a vital service by tagging and highlighting the locational features of rural consumption decisions . a On the supply side of the rural nonfarm economy , it will be particularly important to start filling in descriptive and analytical profiles of the service and commercial sectors of the rural economy as a complement to the important , detailed work already undertaken on rural manufacturing", "spans": [{"start": 1554, "end": 1576, "text": "rural consumption data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 04 2022-02-03 2022-03-10 2022-09-06 < br > tocking system for all transfu < br > sing facilities in the public sector < br > KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / Co < br > nsultancy services to conduct < br > a nationwide survey to guidecommunity engagement acti IDA / 65980 Community discussion and information outreach Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 100 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-01-12 2022-01-26 2022-02-25 2022-04-01 2022-09-28 < br > vities that will support comm < br > unity resilience and recovery < br > from COVID-19 in Kenya < br > KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / Pr < br > ocurement of consultancy services to undertake recruitment of 100 , 000 ( No . ) blood don IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-05-09 2022-06-20 2022-05-23 2022-07-26 2022-06-22 2022-09-08 2022-07-27 2023-01-23 < br > ors for the Kenya National Blo < br > od Transfusion Services ( KNB < br > TTS ) < br > KE-MOH-306936-CS-CQS / Re < br > cruitment of ( 2 ) Two MedicalLaboratory Technologist Quality Management Systems for IDA / 65980 Response , capacity buildingand training Post Consultant Qualification Selection Open - National 25 , 380 . 00 0 . 00 Signed 2022-08-05 2022-08-08 2022-08-26 2023-04-10 2022-10-09 2022-11-07 2022-11-08 2022-11-07 2022 -", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 216, "text": "nationwide survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 14 Land Use and Tenure * * On average according to the Household Baseline Survey Report ( 2014 ) land allocation to different uses was as follows : subsistence crops ( 34 % ) , natural pastures ( 34 % ) , commercial crop production ( 18 % ) and homesteads ( 7 % ) . About 1 % of the lands constituted woodlots while 18 % was classified as not utilizable . Very little land was identified to have been set aside for conservation purposes that have potential to negatively affect water , soil nutrients , plants and animals ( GoK , 2014 ) . | < br > The mean land hold < br > smaller parcels is h < br > traditional land inhe < br > individuals ( 78 . 8 % ) < br > ( 4 . 9 % ) and Commu < br > low in the county w < br > Within the KISIP si < br > socio-economic sur < br > Nyawita , Sangoro , < br > said they owned th < br > Bondeni , the respo < br > opportunities . The < br > * * Table 5 . 15 : Land Ten * * | < br > ing size at 1 . 6 acres w < br > igh mostly driven by < br > ritance practices . Ab < br > . Other land tenure < br > nal land ( 0 . 4 % ) . The < br > ith the exception of < br > tes , great variations e < br > vey . In Manyatta A f < br > Chemilil , and Kibuye , < br > e land , only a small < br > ndents owned land el < br > main land use in mos < br > * * ure in the KISIP", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 304, "text": "Household Baseline Survey Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the census data in the focus countries of this paper are not up to date , we explore the use of more current geospatial data as covariates instead of old census data . We opt for a household-level model of welfare over a grid cell-level model of poverty rates because it utilizes more detailed information about the distribution of the welfare variable , and it is easier to interpret . In addition , defining the grid cell-level poverty rate as the outcome to be estimated , as in the case of an area-level model , requires accounting for the corresponding sampling variability , which may be challenging at such a small level of aggregation . We also prefer a household-level model to an area-level model because the former allows for the use of auxiliary data at the grid cell level rather than at the target area level , which can improve the accuracy and precision of the estimates , as demonstrated in Masaki et al . ( 2022 ) and Newhouse et al . ( 2022 ) . We model the household log per capita consumption as a linear function of a subset of geospatial covariates selected through Lasso . The procedure is described in detail in Appendix B . The model equation takes the form : l r r 1 r 2 3 r , ( 1 ) , where l r represents the log per capita consumption of household YY rrh = XX rrββ + XX ββ + DDrrββ + ννrr + εε rrh _h_ , for which the centroid of their survey enumeration area falls in grid _g_ within target area _a_ and region _r_ . This rrh YY value of consumption has been spatially deflated using estimated local prices . r represents the vector of grid cell geospatial zonal statistics , and r represents the vector of unweighted rr XX averages of the geospatial variables at the target area level . represents a set of regional dummy variables , is a random effect specified at the target area level with XX ) , and rr r is a household-specific error term with r ) . Survey weights are incorporated DD rr rr vv < sup > 2 < / sup > νν νν ~ NN ( 0 , σσ", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 17, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 111, "end": 126, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as well . By definition , all bonds in the sample are denominated in GBP or USD , so we need historical inflation data for the United Kingdom and the United States to compute real returns . For this purpose , we rely on the historical inflation indices provided by the Bank of England ( for GBP bonds ) and by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics ( for USD bonds ) . For a USD bond , the monthly inflation rate is measured as U = U U U , so that the real ex-post return for this USD bond is given by , mm = ππ , mm U . A comparable process applies to UK bonds . , mm − 1 , mm − 1 < sup > 35 < / sup > ii , jj , mm � CCNNCC − CCNNCC � / CCNNCC rr jj , ii , mm , mm RR − ππ To arrive at yearly global portfolio returns , < sup > 36 < / sup > we compute the monthly weighted global average across all bonds actively traded in month _t_ . > 35 Appendix B5 . 5 shows that the results are similar when using inflation rates 12 months ahead . > 36 Our results are similar when comparing bond prices at the beginning and end of a year ( adding all within-year coupon payments ) instead of annual averaging . 21", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 118, "text": "historical inflation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 224, "end": 252, "text": "historical inflation indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 | | Kiganda | 8 , 173 | 18 , 683 | 19 , 397 | 38 , 080 | 4 . 7 | | Myanzi | 9 , 485 | 20 , 972 | 20 , 768 | 41 , 740 | 4 . 4 | _Source : Population & Housing Census , 2002 . _ # # # * * b ) Age group distribution * * Table 5 : Interest population age groups in Mubende district | * * Populationgroup Age bracket * * | * * % age Population * * | | - - - | - - - | | Children under 5yrs < 5yrs | 19 . 7 | | SchoolgoingChildren ( 5-14yrs ) | 29 . 2 | | Adolescents ( 10-24yrs ) | 26 . 8 | | Childrenpopulation ( 0-18yrs ) | 57 . 1 | 1 UBOS , 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census , District Report , November 2005 , p . 11 .", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 168, "text": "Population & Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 543, "end": 584, "text": "2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "If e-commerce participation is random across the population , one may use the following model to assess the causal impact of e-commerce participation on household income : ( 1 ) where is household income per capita of household i , ii ii is a constant term , ii takes value one if YY = αα + γγPP + εε household _i_ participates in e-commerce and zero otherwise , gives the difference in average ii ii household income per capita between the e-households and non-e-households , YY αα PP contains both the observed and unobserved ( to an econometrician ) characteristics of household γγ _i_ . Under the ii εε assumption that e-commerce participation is random , is independent of . As a result , captures the average treatment effect on the treated ( ATT ) of e-commerce participation on ii ii PP εε γγ household per capita income . However , our survey data are collected in an un-experimental setting , where e-commerce participation is not random but determined by household _i_ ’ s choice based on . The dependence between and introduces selection bias in the estimate of . In other words , the choice of ii ii PP εε treatment and control groups simply based on e-commerce participation is far from scientifically ii ii PP εε γγ rigorous . In addition , the linearity assumption in equation ( 1 ) can be strong and could lead to serious bias if specified inaccurately ( Imbens 2015 ) . To remediate the un-experimental setting , we use propensity score matching ( PSM ) . Rosenbaum and Rubin ( 1983 ) developed the use of the propensity score — the probability of receiving treatment conditional on covariates — to reduce the dimensionality of the matching problem . Since then , PSM has been widely employed in empirical economic studies ( Heckman et al . 1997 , Dehejia and Wahba 1999 , and Davies and Kim 2003 ) , and many other fields where there is a treatment , a group of treated individuals , and a group of untreated individuals . After matching , PSM does not assume any parametric relationship between outcome variables and participation decisions to calculate the treatment effects , which is another reason PSM is more reliable than the model in", "spans": [{"start": 845, "end": 856, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "including among educated youth who aspire to white-collar jobs . In a recent survey among unemployed youth in Bhutan , 50 . 3 percent of respondents said they would prefer to work for the government and another 32 . 4 percent aspired for a job in a state-owned enterprise ( MoLHR and UNDP , 2014 ) . Similar data from the 2014 edition of the Bhutan Labour Force Survey confirm that the majority of unemployed persons would like to work in the public sector . Highly educated persons are particularly keen to find a job in the public sector and the perceived superior salary , good benefit packages and high job security of public sector jobs are cited among the main reasons for why work in the public sector is so attractive . - 5 -", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 116, "text": "survey among unemployed youth in Bhutan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 342, "end": 368, "text": "Bhutan Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "glow ( Andreoni , 1990 ) as the willingness-to-pay for another farmer whom the participant does not know and who produces no spillovers from the participant ’ s standpoint . I assume that spillovers related to either contagion or knowledge externalities decay to zero beyond a certain plot or home distance threshold respectively . At the 95th percentile in plot and home distance ( for a home distance larger than 1 . 7 miles and an average plot distance larger than 35 walking minutes ) , the median willingness-to-pay for a farmer whom the participant does not know is zero , pointing to a lack of warm-glow giving behavior ; the same holds true at the 90th percentile . # * * 6 . 3 The Social Benefit of the Training Is Large and Heterogeneous * * The willingness-to-pay data allow me to evaluate three policy-relevant objects : the value of the per capita externality generated by training one farmer ; the social benefit of the training ; and how different targeting criteria for the training generate different levels of social benefit . In what follows I will show how to calculate the per capita externality and social benefit of training one farmer , and then compare two targeting criteria . The first allocates the training according to a _price criterion_ : the farmer with the highest willingness-to-pay gets the training . The second allocates the training according to an _externality criterion_ : the farmer producing the highest per capita externality gets the training . While it is trivial to foresee that the externality criterion will produce a higher social value than the price criterion , farmers ’ valuations allow us to fine tune this intuition by quantifying the change in social benefit when externalities are accounted for in targeting decisions . I use farmers ’ willingness-to-pay for others to calculate the externality generated by a trained farmer _t_ in village _v_ : Where _Nj_ is the number of sampled farmers _j_ = _t_ in village _v_ . Column ( 2 ) in Table 2 shows the mean , standard deviation , median , maximum and minimum value of the per capita externality , calculated using equation ( 11 ) ; it ranges from 500 to 24 , 250 UGX and has a median", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 779, "text": "willingness-to-pay data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "season up to USD 31 per person . Comparing the average food expenditures with the average amount received by beneficiaries from WFP shows that there was still a major shortfall of USD 108 for refugees to meet their needs in term of food per month . _Figure [ 5 ] : Food expenditure versus WFP assistance for Syrian refugees_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Shortfall Food ( Syrian refugees ) < br > 250 < br > 200 < br > 227 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 119 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > Food expenditures UN vouchers < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In terms of assistance from INGOs , Handicap International ‟ s assessment found that although a lot of INGOs are working in Lebanon , providing assistance in all the necessary sectors , the humanitarian needs are massive and funding is too limited for such a crisis . Local and regional associations are also involved with the refugees but their actions are hard to quantify and locate . They seem to be mostly distributing household essential items ( HEI ) , food or providing cash assistance and distributions are mainly one off and targeted to certain areas . The VASyR 2013 found that most of the refugees surveyed relied on the assistance of either friends or family , or humanitarian organisations to meet their basic needs . The percentage of households that receive food vouchers increased in accordance with the length of stay in Lebanon . The table below shows the types of food assistance in percentage : _Table [ 7 ] : Food assistance for Syrian refugees by type_ | | * * Awaiting * * | * * Registration 0 - * * | * * Registration * * | * * Registration * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * registration * * < br > * * ( N", "spans": [{"start": 1126, "end": 1136, "text": "VASyR 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Kenya primary education equity in learning program_ * * _ ( Pl 7686 7-KE ) _ * * _inual Report and Financial Statement for the financial year ended June_ * * _30 , _ * * < sup > * * _2025_ * * < / sup > | | andKI < br > ahybri < br > Results < br > whichi | Barethesubimplementingagencies . The KPEEL Programis < br > doftheProgramFor Results ( PforR ) component whichis < br > BasedandtheInvestment FinancingProjectComponent ( IPF ) , < br > sinputbased . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Areasthattheprojectwas < br > formedtointervene | The pro < br > ( i ) | jectwasformedtointerveneinthefollowingareas : < br > Disparitiesinlearningoutcomesbetween Schoolsinhigh < br > performing countiesandlowperformingcounties . | | | ( ii ) < br > ( iii ) < br > ( iv ) < br > ( v ) < br > ( vi ) < br > ( vii ) < br > ( viii ) < br > ( ix ) < br > ( x ) < br > Insuffi | Inequityinshareofstudentsachieving highorder < br > proficiencylevelinnumeracyandliteracyatgrade * * 3 * * based < br > onthe * * 2018NASMLA . * * < br > Insufficient inputs inschoolsin laggingregions < br > Highdrop-outrateforgirlsinupperprimary < br > Completionofthe Primaryeducationcycle < br > Transitiontosecondaryschoolforpoorandvulnerable < br > populations < br > Gapsintheimplementationofinitiatedreforms < br > ( Compet", "spans": [{"start": 992, "end": 1002, "text": "2018NASMLA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "production . The presence of strong farmers Cooperatives in Subproject woredas also play great role in the expansion of modern agricultural innovations to farming households , The cooperatives provide agricultural inputs , agricultural and industrial marketing services , credit , flour mill , saving , potable water and modern crops storage services and facilities for the members * * b ) * * Crop production using irrigation Even though rainfed agriculture has been the dominant farming system in all Subproject woredas , however , recently irrigation agriculture become popular in Subproject areas . Some of the Subproject woredas including Hetosa , Deksis , Arsi robe and Lote Hetosa have high poitantial for irrigation . For example , based on data obtained from Robe woreda Irrigation Agency , the woreda has a potential area of 3214 . 46 hectare of land for irrigation and from this about 328ha or * * ( 26 . 7 % ) * * was cultivated in 2022 * * E . C . * * Co 21 * * E . C * * the total land size of irrigated land in the woreda increased from 123 \" a 2022 * * E . C . * * Similarly , in Hetosa woreda the total irrigated land increased fr 147ha in 1 to 273ha in 2022 . Generally , the overall irrigation land in the Subptoject woredq ' s are Iited as well as limited use modern irrigation system , however , the trend of irriq ; r _u e and use of modern pumping system in Subproject woredas are prc \\ misin * * MI id-Day * * par , * * 51 * *", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 797, "text": "data obtained from Robe woreda Irrigation Agency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 86 < br > 80 < br > 62 < br > 60 < br > 40 32 < br > 20 13 < br > 6 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > Down Same Up < br > Experienced Expect < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank staff estimates based on data from Perceptions of Poverty , Prosperity and Economic Mobility in Nepal , 2014 Households in urban areas , in the Western Development region , in the hills , with heads employed in semiskilled , non-agriculture sector , in the top 40 percent of the wealth distribution and with both domestic and overseas migrants have the highest odds of perceiving upward mobility . In contrast , households in rural areas , in the Far Western Region , in the mountains and the Terai , and the bottom two quintiles are likely to have higher odds of lower mobility . Expected upward mobility , on the other hand , is highest in MidWestern region , mountains and lowest in the Terai and among semi-skilled workers in non-agricultural sectors . The fact that this latter group has experienced the highest upward mobility among all other occupation categories and yet is also the group that has the lowest expectation of upward economic mobility underscores an important aspect of the nature of structural transformation that has underpinned Nepal ’ s living standards improvement . The growth in labor income that has driven the improvements in living standards at the bottom of the distribution have come from expansion of opportunities as well as the rise in low productivity service sectors in rural as well as urban areas . But given the high degree of informality as well as the low prospects for productivity growth in these sectors , there is a dimmer outlook for continued improvements in living standards into the future . This is the population that constitutes Nepal ’ s growing vulnerable class . This point is supported by evidence from other sources of data . Gallup World Survey , for example , also asks respondents similar questions about their perceived position in an", "spans": [{"start": 1926, "end": 1945, "text": "Gallup World Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") the presence of escape clauses , and ( vi ) flexibility features are associated with less procyclicality than non-FR countries , highlighting the relevance of adequate design of national FRs to mitigate procyclicality . # * * [ insert Table C . 1 and Figure C . 1 ] * * # * * _Top-down solution : Fiscal councils_ * * The other potential top-down solution we explore is another fiscal institution , namely the fiscal councils . Fiscal councils ( FCs ) are defined as independent , non-partisan agencies with an official mandate to assess fiscal policies , plans , rules , and performance ( Debrun et al . , 2013 ) . They do not have a direct role in setting policy instruments , but they can influence fiscal behavior through three main channels . First , by fostering transparency of fiscal policy , an FC might reduce the rationale for voters to “ starve the Leviathan . ” Second , they can increase the reputational costs for politicians on unsound policies and broken commitments . Third , they can provide direct inputs to the budget process , with forecasts or assessments of structural positions ; as suggested in the previous paragraph they can close technical loopholes that allow governments to circumvent numerical fiscal rules ( Debrun et al . , 2017 ) . Taking advantage of the FC data set from the Fiscal Affairs Department , we check ( i ) whether the FC > 13 We account for numerical fiscal rules . For a literature review on procedural rules , see Alesina and Perotti ( 1999 ) . 14 On procyclical bias , a petition signed by 1 , 100 economists and 11 Nobel economists in the New York Times claimed that attempts to strictly keep the budget balance ( in US states ) would aggravate recession ( see Levinson , 1998 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1293, "end": 1304, "text": "FC data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_and Vulnerable Children Mid-term Review_ _Aide Memoire_ developer to see how it can be done . It will involve upgrade on several modules of the MIS . - MIS Team and the social protection team of experts are Developing recommendations for customization required to existing MIS in order for them to conform to requirements of single registry as illustrated below . This will enhance the social assistance programmes in Kenya and link them to the social protection single registry . # # # * * Programme monitoring and evaluation * * Internal monitoring and evaluation is done regularly as indicated in the annual work plan . The outcome of the process is documented inform of reports that are shared among staff . Monitoring and evaluation shapes programme implementation as it helps programme implementers to confirm whether or not the programme is moving in the right direction . In case it is not remedial actions are put into place . The Internal and External monitoring and evaluation structures complement each other in monitoring the progress of the programme . The operational manual provides a clear direction as to how the implementation is to be conducted . Some of the major issues that have emerged as major concerns in previous monitoring and evaluation have included exclusion and inclusion errors during targeting of households and some community members soliciting for money from beneficiaries during payment . # # # * * Conclusion * * To a reasonable extent , the programme implementation has been successful , and has provided lessons to other upcoming social protection programmes in the country . However , this has not been without challenges though surmountable . There has been delay in some of procurement procedures which has not only delayed disbursement but also inhibited the implementation of the programme . Funding variations due to different sources of funding has affected standard implementation of the programme in the districts . Lack of specialized skills i . e . Finance and communication has made the programme to continually be dependent on consultants . With the impending phase out of IDA credit in 2013 , it is quite necessary that an exit strategy be devised early enough . 18", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 479, "text": "social protection single registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Turning to our own results , data from the Enterprise Surveys reveal notable differences between the management practices of establishments within the LAC region . According to our survey data , establishments in Colombia have the most structured management practices in place , while establishments in Bolivia have the least structured practices ( Figure 2 ) . The poor management of establishments that we see , on average , in Bolivia appears to be driven , at least in part , by a number of very badly ‐ managed firms , shown by the longer left tail of the distribution for Bolivia ( Figure 3 ) ; this echoes the results highlighted by Bloom and Van Reenen in their 2010 paper showing that much of the variation between countries in terms of management practices is due to a tail of poorly ‐ managed firms present in some countries . Our results also show that certain establishment characteristics are important predictors of better management ; larger establishments , as well as those that export , have higher management scores . Establishments that recruit their manager from outside the establishment ( as opposed to those who promote internally ) , and establishments with formal workforce training programs in place , also have higher management scores . Furthermore , we confirm what was shown in the seminal Bloom et al . ( 2007 ) paper — that better management practices are associated with better outcomes . We show that more structured management practices are associated with higher labor productivity and , for a subset of larger manufacturing establishments , higher total factor productivity also . When we break down the results by each individual country , we find notably different impacts across the seven countries studied — for three of the seven countries analyzed ( Argentina , Paraguay and Peru ) , we find no evidence of a positive relationship between management and labor productivity based on the average across all establishments . However , in Argentina and Paraguay , there does appear to be a positive link for establishments of 50 of more employees , while in Peru the data show that establishments must employ at least 100 workers before a significant relationship between management practices and labor productivity can be detected . We make several", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 61, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 181, "end": 192, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reliefweb . int / sites / reliefweb . int / files / resources / OHCHR-EHRCTigray-Report . pdf . < / u > allegations of sexual violence in Tigray , Amhara and Afar , < sup > 12 < / sup > following reports and evidence of an increase in GBV incidents since the conflict started . 57 % of key informants in assessed site in Tigray reported the community to be less safe for women and girls since the crisis occurred . Some key informants reported rapes perpetrated by armed groups and intimate partner violence including rape as the main safety and security issue for adult women and girls . < sup > 13 < / sup > Reports indicate an increase in demand for services to address GBV . Yet availability of the services remains limited due to insecurity and other factors such as lack of supplies . For example , displaced women and girls have been unable to access services in Western Tigray , where few humanitarian actors operate . < sup > 14 < / sup > Reports indicate that women and girls are exposed to unwanted pregnancy , and some are infected with sexually transmitted diseases , including HIV . Therefore , lack of access to quality specialized lifesaving GBV services , such as the Clinical Management of Rape ( CMR ) , caring for child survivors , psycho-social support ( PSS ) , GBV case management and referral mechanism compounds the effects of GBV on survivors . According to humanitarian reports < sup > 15 < / sup > only a minority of survivors can access Post Exposure Prophylaxis ( PEP ) kits and Sexually Transmitted Infections ( STI ) treatments , and even fewer have access to psychological support , due to a general lack of services , lack of awareness , fear of stigma and weak and / or non-existent referral systems . With the support of humanitarian partners , six one stop centers and three 12 United Nations ( Dec . 2021 ) , Statement of SRSG , available at", "spans": [{"start": 1384, "end": 1404, "text": "humanitarian reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _The request for bids / Proposal documents shall require that bidders / proposers submitting Bids / Proposal present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of and compliance with the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit right ; _ - _Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities ; _ - _Application of Standstill period and Publication of contract award information ; _ - _Maintenance of records of the procurement process ; and_ - _The Bank has the right to review procurement documentation and activities . _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . “ _Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement plan ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan . # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Recipient , as measured against specific indicators ( “ Disbursement Linked Indicators ” or “ DLIs ” ) in the amount allocated against Categories ( 1 ) through ( 6 ) of the below table ; and ( b ) with respect to the Project , finance Eligible Expenditures in the amount allocated and , if applicable , up to the percentage set forth against Category ( 7 ) of the below table .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Core Indicators for Determinants and Performance of Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries_ * * impacts of the privatisation program in Gran Buenos Aires area in Argentina using a family expenditure survey of about 5 , 000 households . Also , firm-level data are far more suitable for comparative efficiency analysis of identifiable units such as distribution utilities within or across countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > # * * _Essentiality and complementarity_ * * Collection and analysis of the range of data needed for a thorough study of electricity reform requires an efficient allocation of limited data . Therefore individual core indicators should reflect useful information that is essential to the evaluation of some important aspect of reform . When identifying and defining the core indicators , it is important to view them as part of a wider system with various inter-relationships and feedback loops . While an individual indicator provides insight into some essential aspect of reform , the core indicators should collectively represent the reform system , plus the broader framework within which it resides and operates . # * * 4 . Reform model and typology of indicators * * # * * _Framework for analysis of electricity sector reforms_ * * Electricity sector reforms are multi-faceted activities with inte racting factors and a variety of impacts . The process generally involves a set of concrete steps or measures based on a specific model of reform . At one level , these measures involve structural and organisational changes to the industry , and at another level there is a requirement for appropriate institutional arrangements such as legislation and new agencies . In addition , sector endowments and characteristics such as size , resource mix , historical development , define the initial market structure and starting point and can influence the reform path and outcome . Market structure is then influenced by various measures , such as unbundling of vertically integrated enterprises , as well as institutional factors such as regulatory authorities and legislation . > 1 See e . g . Jamasb et al . ( 2003 ) for a review of the use of efficiency studies of electricity utilities in developing countries . 8", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 274, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < mark > Social Norms Atlas : Understanding Global Social Norms and Related Concepts . April 2021 . The Social Norms Learning Collaborative . Washington , DC : Institute for Reproductive Health , Georgetown University . < / mark > - < mark > Talukder , A . , Hasan , M . M . , Razu , S . R . , & Hossain , Z . ( 2020 ) . Early marriage in Bangladesh : a cross-sectional study exploring the associated factors . Journal of International Women ' s Studies . , 21 ( 1 ) , 68-78 . < / mark > - < mark > United Nations Children ’ s Fund , Ending Child Marriage : A profile of progress in Bangladesh , UNICEF , New York , 2020 . < / mark > - < mark > Verbeek , M . & Nijman , T . ( 1992 ) , Can cohort data be treated as genuine panel data ? Empirical Economics , 17 , 9 – 23 . < / mark > < mark > Verick , S . ( 2014 ) . Female labor force participation in developing countries . IZA World of Labor . < / mark > - < mark > Weitzman , A . ( 2014 ) . Women ' s and men ' s relative status and intimate partner violence in India . Population and Development Review , 40 ( 1 ) , 55-75 . < / mark > - < mark > Weber , A . M . , Cislaghi , B . , Meausoone , V . , Abdalla , S . , Mejía-Guevara , I . , Loftus , P . , . . . & Gupta , G . R . ( 2019 ) . Gender norms and health : insights from global survey data . The Lancet , 393 ( 10189 ) , 24552468 . < / mark > - < mark > World Bank . 2012 . World Development Report 2012 : Gender Equality and Development . World Bank . © World Bank . https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 4391 . < / mark > - < mark > World Bank . 2017 . “ Jobless Growth", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "relationships , to have many relationships , or to diversify relationships across bank ownership types . Our Indian data set provides an excellent opportunity to test the hypotheses , with information on firms , banks , and their relationships , as well as data on local market conditions . The data set includes information for 3 , 423 nonfinancial firms for the year 2001 from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy ( CMIE ) . The firms are either listed on a national exchange or have sales or assets exceeding the equivalent of about US $ 4 million . In addition to firm characteristics , the data include the identities of the banks with which these firms have relationships . Firms with multiple relationships assign priorities to them , and we designate the bank with the highest priority as the firm ’ s main relationship bank . For firms with only one relationship , we treat their only bank as their main bank . These data are matched to information from the central bank on the size , financial condition , and ownership type of the commercial banks in the country . We identify four bank ownership types – foreign banks , two types of state-owned banks , and private domestic banks . The state-owned banks include the State Bank of India ( SBI ) and its associates , established in the 1950s with a substantial rural footprint . These are treated separately from the other type of state-owned bank : more recently nationalized large banks that are managed more as corporate entities and retained some prior management , staff , and relationships with large firms . For convenience , we refer to the four ownership types as foreign , SBI , nationalized , and private , respectively . < sup > 1 < / sup > We estimate three models of bank ownership types and firm-bank relationships . These are reduced forms that embody the preferences and needs of the firms , the abilities of the different types of banks to meeting these needs / preferences , and local market characteristics . Our first empirical model examines the determinants of the ownership type of the firm ’ s main bank . The results are generally consistent with the hypothesis that foreign banks tend", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 124, "text": "Indian data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a similar LGA outside of the region was not provided , we replaced it with the next most similar within the region . If any of these listed LGAs was actually in the program , then we moved down the list to the next most similar not in the program . Similarly , if any of these LGAs were participating in the Tanzania Strategic Cities Program ( another major World Bank project ) , then we moved down the list to the next most similar LGA not in the program . 2 . Propensity score list : The 2 LGAs with the closest propensity scores . Finally , we selected the comparison LGA for each program LGA with the following procedure ( with allowed repetition of non-program LGAs among comparators ) in three steps : 1 . If the top comparison LGA in both lists was the same , then that one was chosen . 2 . If Step 1 did not hold , then if there was any overlap for the top 2 comparison LGAs across the 2 lists , then we chose the LGA highest on the survey list for which there is overlap between the survey list and the propensity score list . 53", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > Becker , Bettina ( 2013 ) . “ T < / mark > < u > he Determinants of R & D Investment : A Survey of the Empirical Research , ” Discussion Paper Series < / u > < mark > 2013_09 , Department of Economics , Loughborough University . < / mark > Becker , Bettina . 2015 . “ Public R & D Policies and Private R & D Investment : A Survey of the Empirical Evidence . ” Journal of Economic Surveys 29 ( 5 ) : 917 – 42 . Bernard , A . B . , & Jensen , J . B . ( 1999 ) . Exceptional exporter performance : Cause , effect , or both ? _Journal of International Economics , 47_ ( 1 ) , 1-25 . Bloom , N . , & Van Reenen , J . ( 2007 ) , “ Measuring and Explaining Management Practices Across Firms and Countries , ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 122 ( 4 ) : 135 – 1408 . Bloom , Nicholas , Heidi Williams and John Van Reenen . 2019 . “ A Toolkit of Policies to promote Innovation ” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33 ( 3 ) : 163 – 184 . Blundell , R . , Griffith , R . , Van Reenen , J . ( 1999 ) . Market share , market value and innovation in a panel of British manufacturing firms . Review of Economic Studies 66 : 529-554 . Broadberry , S . and Crafts , N . , 2001 , ‘ Competition and Innovation in 1950 ’ s Britain , ’ _Business History_ , 43 , pp . 97 – 118 . Brown , J . R . , Fazzari , S . M and Petersen , B . C . ( 2009 ) Financing innovation and growth : Cash flow , external equity , and the 1990s R & D boom . _Journal of Finance_ 64 : 151-185 . Brown , J . R . , Martinsson , G . and Petersen , B . C . ( 2012 ) Do Financing Constraints Matter for R & D ? _European Economic Review_ 56 : 1512-1529 . Brouwer , E . , Kleinknecht , A .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be undertaken . For efficient and meaningful engagement , a wide range of individual participants , groups in the local community and other stakeholders will be involved . The consultations will involve verification of PAPs covering the occupants of the affected area and vulnerable persons and groups ; awareness raising , sensitization of PAPs and gauging attitude to the project ; training and capacity building for livelihoods restoration , grievance redress , execution of site - specific surveys among others . The activities will lead to close interaction between the proponent and the community members leading to a high risk of spreading COVID19 amongst community members during the consultation process . < / mark > < mark > To minimize the risk of spread of COVID-19 amongst community members , measures will be required to ensure social distancing and appropriate communication measures . The mitigation measures will be supervised by a communications / stakeholder engagement / social safeguards expert in the project proponent ’ s team . < / mark > # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 RESETTLEMENT IMPACTS IN MALINDI TOWN * * * * Table 6 . 1 * * below provides a summary of Resettlement Impacts for Water Distribution Lines targeted for construction in Malindi Town . The total number of Project Affected Persons was * * < u > 194 PAPs out of which 64 PAPs were women . < / u > * * Affected sub locations in Malindi were Shella and Barani Sub Locations . * * 6-1 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 501, "text": "site - specific surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nevertheless , rigorous validation strategies must be developed . At a minimum , in-sample validation techniques should be used . < sup > 18 < / sup > The potential for out-of-sample validation remains unknown , but access to longer CDR data series , which include more than one household survey , could help address this concern . # # * * _Privacy_ * * Data privacy is a sensitive and often controversial issue , and certain precautions must be taken before analyzing CDR data . Identifiers should be obscured before records are exported from MNO systems , so that cell phone numbers or similar fields do not remain in the output data . This process is referred to as “ pseudonymization . ” In general , pseudonymization should ensure that the same pseudonym is applied to a given user ’ s entire call history . Research suggests that simple pseudonymization can be reversed by a determined individual armed with relatively easy-to-obtain auxiliary information , such as a person ’ s home and work addresses and one or two other locations that they are known to visit at particular times . < sup > 19 < / sup > Therefore , additional technical and institutional measures are necessary to restrict access to the data . This has generally entailed nondisclosure agreements between MNOs and researchers , and the research , development and MNO communities are striving to streamline this process . In addition , any final data produced as a result of the CDR analysis should not compromise individuals ’ privacy . Similar precautions to those used when releasing tabulations from traditional survey data can reinforce the privacy of CDR data . These measures may include grouping data where cell sizes fall below some fixed number of people ( e . g . 5 or 10 ) , or top - and bottom-coding variables in cases where extreme values could be revealing . # * * Other Promising Applications of CDR Analytics * * CDRs offer a rich dataset for studying populations , and numerous applications are emerging in areas beyond poverty measurement . Two applications of particular relevance to the World Bank ’ s work in Guatemala and the Latin America region are described below . < sup > 20 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 248, "text": "CDR data series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 469, "end": 477, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1590, "end": 1601, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 18 : Impacts by time spent on Daraz < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Estimated coefficient of time spent on Daraz < br > with 95 % CI , for various outcomes < br > Product management Order management Review < br > Customer messenger Financial statements Promotion tools < br > . 1 < br > . 05 < br > 0 < br > - . 05 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In Table A . 14 , we look at the impact of tenure on Daraz on registration status , as a rough test of the hypothesis that participation in digital platforms induces firms to register their businesses . We find that time on Daraz is positively correlated with business registration – that firms on Daraz are less likely to report being unincorporated – but has little impact on VAT registration . This result is robust to the inclusion of controls for firm age and country fixed effects . # * * 5 E-commerce Sellers Are a Selected Group of Firms * * The Chaldal and Daraz surveys reveal that while the firms selling on these e-commerce platforms may vary substantially in terms of size and other key characteristics , they are a selective group of firms . Specifically , their owners or senior managers have above average levels of education and are also comparatively young . Consider the case of Chaldal . Since the average size of Chaldal sellers is quite large , it would be misleading to compare Chaldal sellers to typical small and micro firms in Bangladesh . A recent World Bank survey of small to large-sized Bangladeshi manufacturing firms provides a more useful comparison point ( Gu , Nayyar and Sharma ( 2021 ) ) . Note that the sample of the World Bank manufacturing sector survey is tilted towards large firms , compared to the Chaldal seller sample : 86 percent of the firms in the former have more than 20 employees , compared to only 60 percent in the latter . And yet , only 54 percent of the senior managers of the firms in the Bangladesh 25", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 946, "text": "Chaldal and Daraz surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1442, "end": 1459, "text": "World Bank survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1622, "end": 1660, "text": "World Bank manufacturing sector survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* ernment ’ s Road Sec * * | * * Stage Ii Project ( APL 2 ) in Support * * < br > * * tor Development Programme * * | | | | | * * Loan # : * * | _________ | * * Basic * * | * * Data * * | | | * * Draft Bid Documents , including specs * * < br > * * and quantities , draft SPN * * | * * Spec Proc Notice * * < br > * * Advert * * < br > | * * Biddi * * | * * ng Pe * * | * * riod * * | * * Bid Evaluation * * | * * C * * | * * ontract Finalization * * | | * * Contract Imp * * | * * lementation * * | | | | < br > | * * Estimated * * | | < br > | * * Plan * * < br > * * Prep & * * < br > | * * On-line UNDB * * | | | | * * Plan * * | | * * Date * * < br > * * Date * * | * * Mobilization * * | | * * Final * * | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Number * * < br > * * Lumpsum or Bill of * * < br > * * Quantities * * < br > * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Amount in * * < br > * * Milllion US $ * * | * * Pre-or Post * * < br > * * Qualification * * | * * Prior or Post * * < br >", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 606, "text": "On-line UNDB", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # 4 . 1 Refugee livelihoods as part of intra-settlement networks While refugees of the same nationality tend to cluster in specific areas of both Meheba and Mayukwayukwa , we found evidence of significant economic interactions between refugee communities of different nationalities within those settlements . Since most refugee settlements have been closed in Zambia , the two existing settlements host refugees and former refugees from different countries . As of December 2016 , Meheba was host to refugees and former refugees from seven different countries ( Angola , DR Congo , Rwanda , Burundi , Somalia , Sudan and Uganda ) while Mayukwayukwa mainly hosts refugees and former refugees from four countries ( Angola , DR Congo , Rwanda and Burundi ) – with the majority being Angolans and Congolese . According to our survey findings , on average across these two rural settlements , 52 . 3 % percent of regular customers to refugee businesses are refugees of other nationalities . Customers from refugees of own nationality only account for 13 . 6 % of the regular customers of the businesses – a figure that is much lower than the 18 . 2 % of Zambians who serve as customers to refugees businesses in settlement camps . Given their remoteness , both settlements have an active in-kind and cash economy based on internal trade across their refugee populations , and carried out via a network of trading centres and markets , including a maize bulking centre within Mayukwayukwa . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A market place in Mayukwayukwa refugee settlement < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In Meheba the largest market in Block D ( Road 36 ) that houses the settlement ’ s administrative offices has a large and diverse market that sells foodstuffs ; alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages ; household supplies ; wholesale shop ; locally refugee grown rice ; goats and chickens ; etc . 28 * * _February 15 , 2017_ * * * * _UNHCR appreciates", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 841, "text": "survey findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ( where required ) < br > Short < br > List | | Cons < br > Prop | ultant < br > osals | Prop | osal Evaluation and Negotiation for P < br > Technical ( T ) & Financial ( F ) and | rojects after Ma < br > Negotions ( N ) | y 2002 | Draft | Contract < br > Contract Finalizati | on | Contract Imp | | con pack < br > no / 10 < br > Description * | Selection < br > Method < br > | Estimated Amount < br > in US $ Prior / Post < br > Review < br > Plan vs . Actual | | | < br > Plan vs . < br > Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lumpsum < br > or < br > Time-Based | | Prep & < br > Submission < br > by Ex Ag | No-objection < br > Date | On-line UNDB < br > Gateway < br > Nat Press < br > Lead-time before < br > shortlist < br > Submission < br > Date < br > No-objection < br > Date | Invitation < br > Date | | Submission / < br > Opening < br > Date | Submission < br > Evaluation < br > Report ( T ) | No-objection < br > Evaluation < br > Report ( T ) < br > Opening < br > Financial < br > Proposals | Preparation < br > Eval Report < br > ( T ) ( F ) | Negotiations < br > ( N ) < br > Plan vs . Actual | Submission < br > Date | < br > No-objection < br > Date < br > Contract < br > Amount in < br > US $ Contract < br > Award | Contract", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10818 # * * Abstract * * Energy poverty has gained attention in the context of increasing energy prices and the recent energy crisis in Europe . However , measuring energy poverty and characterizing the energy poor are challenging , given that expenditure surveys ( household budget surveys ) often need more information to characterize the energy poor . Additionally , there is no consensus on how to measure and monitor energy poverty . It is also unknown how and why it differs from income poverty . While income poverty relies on a well-defined poverty line , energy poverty does not have a clearly defined energy poverty line that indicates the minimum energy necessary for satisfying basic needs . In addition , monetary poverty and other welfare measures are measured with income in EU countries using the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions . Therefore , it is not straightforward to characterize energy affordability among the monetary income poor or to estimate the overlap between official income poverty and energy poverty . This paper explores statistical matching as a potential strategy to overcome these data challenges in the context of Bulgaria . Via data fusion , a unique dataset is generated that contains information on energy spending shares , income-based indicators of poverty and inequality , and additional variables on households ’ living conditions and welfare . For this purpose , the paper first generates a harmonized dataset , which consists of the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions and household budget survey data . It then employs different imputation models and chooses the best-performing one to impute energy spending shares into data . Based on the resulting dataset , it overlays energy poverty with monetary poverty . The findings show that a large share of the energy poor is not income poor , calling for differentiated policy measures to tackle energy poverty . Importantly , these findings depend on the underlying definition of energy poverty . This paper contributes to a growing body of literature exploring the potential of statistical matching to improve the current data environment in the European Union . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 293, "text": "expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 296, "end": 320, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 843, "end": 890, "text": "European Survey of Income and Living Conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1576, "end": 1604, "text": "household budget survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Since Mishra ’ s ( 2007 ) paper , a few other studies that focus on national wage effects have found similar results . Using data drawn from the Canadian , Mexican , and U . S . Censuses , Aydemir and Borjas ( 2007 ) conclude that a 10 percent change in labor supply is associated with a 3 to 4 percent change in wages in the opposite direction . In a study of Puerto Rican workers , Borjas ( 2008 ) finds that a 10 percent emigration-induced fall in the number of workers in a particular skill group raises the average wage by about 2 percent . The literature on emigration and wages has thus far focused only on the North American experience with international migration — particularly in Canada , the United States and Mexico . In large part , this has been out of convenience , as close to all migrants from Mexico and Puerto Rico are in the U . S . , allowing for empirical analysis drawing on U . S . data . Recent evidence shows that although United States is the largest immigrant recipient ( in absolute size ) of any country in the world , most of the top emigration source countries ( in percent of the population ) are outside North America . There is , however , no accumulated empirical evidence on the impact of migration on wages in these other countries . Thus , there is a significant knowledge gap in the emigration literature on countries outside North America . Examining the impact of emigration empirically is challenging because source countries typically do not maintain data on emigrants . In this paper , we examine for the first time the impact of emigration on wages in Moldova using demographic and labor market information on emigrants documented by a recent , nationally representative survey . Moldova provides an ideal case study , given that Moldova ’ s emigrants represent 17 percent of its population and about 30 percent of its labor force , placing it at the highest end of the global distribution of emigrants as a share of ( source country ) labor force . < sup > 4 < / sup > The majority of workers are in Russia , close", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 186, "text": "U . S . Censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 899, "end": 911, "text": "U . S . data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1692, "end": 1724, "text": "nationally representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Tax compliance across the sectors of the economy * * * * < u > ( measured at median income ) < / u > * * | * * Economic Sector * * | * * NACE code * * | * * Share of employees * * < br > * * in the EU-SILC data * * | < br > * * Tax compliance * * < br > * * ( median imputed tax * * < br > * * income / median * * < br > * * survey income ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Agriculture * * | a | 3 . 55 % | 92 . 33 % | | * * Mining , manufacturing , * * < br > * * electricity , and water supply * * | b – e | 28 . 66 % | 85 . 13 % | | * * Constructon * * | f | 9 . 13 % | 74 . 06 % | | * * Trade * * | g | 16 . 92 % | 96 . 67 % | | * * Transport * * | h | 7 . 30 % | 68 . 37 % | | * * Accommodaton and food service * * | I | 2 . 67 % | 81 . 79 % | | * * Informaton and communicaton * * | j | 3 . 69 % | 65 . 72 % | | * * Financial services * * | k | 1 . 63 % | 76 . 93 % | | * * Real * * < br > * * estate , * * < br > * * professional , rental * * | l – - n | 6 . 37 % | 84 . 18 % | | * * Public administraton * * | o | 5 . 90 % | 81 . 81 % | | * * Educaton * * | p | 4 . 72 % | 94 . 05 % | | * * Human health", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 224, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cette loi , soit d ’ origine , soit par naturalisation s ’ ils sont résidents depuis plus de dix ans . Toutefois , la définition fondamentalement ethnique de la nationalité figurant à la Section 8 ( 1 ) ( b ) du Code de la nationalité du Soudan du Sud crée des difficultés pour déterminer les groups qui constituent en fait les “ communautés ethniques autochtones du Soudan du Sud ” . Ni la Constitution provisoire , ni le Code de la nationalité du Soudan du Sud ne donnent la liste de ces groupes ( contrairement à l ’ Ouganda ) ou ne fixent de critères pour être considéré comme un membre de l ’ une de ces communautés . Cette définition crée d ’ éventuels problèmes pour les personnes d ’ origine sud soudanaise qui résident dans le ( nord du ) Soudan depuis des années ou des générations et pour les groupes ethniques minoritaires ou transfrontaliers qui ne sont pas forcément considérés comme l ’ une des communautés ethniques du Soudan du Sud . Dans la pratique , la mise en œuvre de la législation sur la nationalité a été lente et compliquée . Même sans la faillite du gouvernement fin 2013 , l ’ absence de registre d ’ état-civil national , l ’ histoire du déplacement forcé et le manque d ’ infrastructures administratives dans de nombreuses parties de ce nouveau pays créeraient des obstacles significatifs pour la mise en œuvre efficace de la législation relative à la nationalité . Dans la pratique", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1148, "text": "registre d ’ état-civil national", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "SUDAN ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE # * * Achievements * * Installed electricity generation capacity in Sudan tripled between 2005 and 2007 . Sudan ’ s installed capacity increased from 801 MW ( AICD 2005 ) in 2005 to around 2 , 687 MW in 2009 ( Platts 2009 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Compared to its African peers , Sudan ’ s installed capacity far exceeds what lowincome countries have put in place but lags behind that of resource-rich countries . In 2005 around 70 percent of the electricity was generated via thermal generation and around 20 percent using hydropower resources . But the composition mix seems to have changed since 2005 ; with the construction of new hydropower plants , the generation mix has now shifted to 55 percent hydropower and 45 percent thermal . * * Table 12 . Relatively high usage of modern fuels for cooking in Sudan * * | Usage of modern fuels | | | - - - | - - - | | | All households < br > Richest households | | * * Sudan ( 2009 ) * * | * * 36 . 10 * * < br > * * 64 . 90 * * | | Kenya ( 2003 ) | 3 . 45 < br > 16 . 52 | | Nigeria ( 2003 ) | 1 . 19 < br > 5 . 51 | | Uganda ( 2001 ) | 0 . 87 < br > 4 . 34 | | Ethiopia ( 2005 ) | 0 . 31 < br > 1 . 48 | | South Sudan ( 2009 ) | 0 . 30 < br > 0 . 80 | | Tanzania ( 2005 ) | 0 . 24 < br > 1 . 22 | | _Source : _World Bank 2010 | b and c DHS various years . | The National Energy Corporation ( NEC ) enjoys healthy bill collection . The utility reports that all of the billings are routinely collected by the utility . These rates are higher than all other African peer groups ( table 13 ) . Sudan boasts a relatively high use of modern fuels ( gas and electricity )", "spans": [{"start": 1329, "end": 1340, "text": "b and c DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > water sources ; < br >  Grievance records < br >  Map showing the < br > approved sources of < br > water < br > and < br > water < br > abstraction point < br >  Water < br > abstraction < br > permit | < br > Grievance records | < br > Contractor < br > SEC < br > CPCT | Water < br > abstraction < br > permit < br > before < br > abstraction < br > begins < br > Other < br > measures < br > monitored < br > monthly | 100 , 000 < br > ( to < br > facilitate < br > consultative < br > meeting ) | 190", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 47, "text": "Grievance records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 219, "end": 236, "text": "Grievance records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\" relaxation \" in macro stringency as a result of the real devaluation , which has led to an improvement in enterprise liquidity . < sup > 34 < / sup > Further , the government has not been able to borrow commercially , and has reaffirmed its desire to stay the course ( see Slay ( 1999 ) for an account of the government ' s behavior post-meltdown - hyperinflation was avoided but although there has been no reversal , further implementation of reform has been on hold ) . No new net government borrowing and greater pressure on the energy monopolies to pay taxes means a reduction in the ability to finance implicit subsidies . This push factor , combined with the pull of a large and sustained real devaluation , has lowered NCS use , consistent with the analytical framework presented in this paper . < sup > 35 < / sup > However , the nonpayments system is not about to disband itself spontaneously . Thus , while surveys by the Russian Economic Barometer indicate that NCS as a share of sales in medium-sized and small enterprises has come down from 50 percent , it has stabilized at 35 percent for the last three months of 1999 . 36 Similarly , arrears as a share of GDP have fallen at end-1999 , but this is at least partly , if not substantially , due to inflation erosion . Likewise , while Gazprom and RAO UES have increased the share of cash in their sales , the level achieved as of the end of 1999 is still low by central European standards - - 33 percent for Gazprom , 39 percent for RAO UES . At the same time , there has been no perceptible change in other factors that perpetuate nonpayments . One important example is the politics of tax sharing between the subnational and federal governments , which is such that the former may well encourage noncash tax payments ( part of NCS ) to retain more taxes at the local level . < sup > 37 < / sup > Another critical factor ( discussed next ) is the personal enrichment enabled by a new form of industrial organization spawned by nonpayments . Thus , the core of", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 960, "text": "surveys by the Russian Economic Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "women-led enterprises . | Gender sensitization programs to expose < br > financial institutions to the needs of women-led < br > enterprises in addition to improved awareness < br > strategies targeting women-led enterprises . | 40 % | | Less women compared < br > to men have property < br > rights and therefore < br > often lack collateral that < br > is required to access < br > financing from formal < br > financial institutions . | are affected by < br > COVID-19 and in need < br > of financing . | Gender sensitization programs to expose < br > financial institutions to the needs of < br > women-led enterprises in addition to < br > improved awareness strategies targeting < br > women-led enterprises . | Gender sensitization programs to expose < br > financial institutions to the needs of women-led < br > enterprises in addition to improved awareness < br > strategies targeting women-led enterprises . | 37 , 760 | | Lower level of financial < br > literacy among women - < br > owned enterprises . | Gender sensitization < br > sessions to expose < br > financial institutions | Percentage of beneficiary firms reporting < br > project financing reflected their needs - < br > of which , women-owned . | A mid-term beneficiary feedback survey will < br > measure the satisfaction of women-owned < br > project beneficiaries . | 70 % | | | to the needs of < br > women-owned < br > MSMEs in addition to | Number of women-owned MSMEs that < br > participate in targeted sessions . | This indicator captures the number of eligible < br > women-owned MSMEs that participated in < br > targeted sessions aspart of the Project . | 88 , 285 | | | awareness sessions < br > targeting women - < br > owned MSMEs . | Percentage of women-owned MSMEs < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1224, "end": 1260, "text": "mid-term beneficiary feedback survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 | | | Rwanda | 10 | 35 . 7 | - | - | 0 | 0 | | | Somali | 3 | 7 . 5 | - | - | - | - | | * * Communication * * < br > | Total | 115 | 75 . 2 | 12 | 10 . 0 | 88 | 40 . 0 | | * * with customers * * < br > * * and suppliers * * | Angola | - | - | 5 | 8 . 3 | 25 | 31 . 3 | | | Burundi | 16 | 64 . 0 | - | - | 25 | 36 . 8 | | | DRC | 37 | 61 . 7 | 7 | 11 . 0 | 37 | 53 . 6 | | | Rwanda | 22 | 78 . 6 | - | - | 1 | 33 . 3 | | | Somali | 40 | 100 | - | - | - | - | | 6 . 3 Refugees ’ | use of energ | y serv | ices in liv | elihoo | ds activi | ties | | Access to clean , reliable and affordable energy services has been a major determinant of economic growth and improvements in the standards of life world over . That Africa is the least region of the world with access to clean , reliable and affordable energy services is directly linked to the continent ’ s high rates of poverty , diseases burden and general poor standards of living . In this context , would we expect refugees who are generally vulnerable in host nations to have optimal and different access rates to energy services when compared to the national average access rates ? Our empirical data shows ( fig 6 . 1 ) that refugees in Lusaka have better energy access rates than the national averages . For Lusaka , electricity from the national grid , at 83 . 7 % , is the main source of energy used in primary livelihoods activities ; followed by charcoal for cooking and space heating at 49 percent ( the charcoal rates", "spans": [{"start": 1144, "end": 1158, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Trehan-Waish and Hakkio-Rush findings is no coincidence . If the auxiliary assumptions two approaches are satisfied , the two tests are equivalent . That is , if Gt + r , B , , is cointegrated with Tt and the cointegration vector is ( 1 , - i ) , then must be stationary . The cointegration of G , + rB , l and T , with a cointegration vector ( 1 , - 1 ) means that the left-hand side of ( 38 ) is stationary . Under the assumption that r , is stationary with unconditional mean r , r , - r and hence ( r , - r ) B , 1 are stationary . Therefore , G , + r , B , - T is stationary if and only if rBt , - - SURP , is stationary . What if the assumption of a constant expected real rates of return on government debt is not provide a good characterization of the data ? ' < sup > 6 < / sup > The Hakkio-Rush and Trehan-Walsh cointegration tests , as well as the Hamilton-Flavin test , are no longer valid . Wilcox ( 1989 ) presents a stationarity test that does not require expected real interest rates to be constant . In the presence of stochastic expected real rates , one can use the _ex post_ real rates to discount the government debt outstanding in period t to a fixed point , say , period 0 . Then the time series characteristics of the discounted debt series q , , iB , + i can be examined . If this series is stationary with mean zero , then the NPG condition ( 25 ) must hold . Applying this test to US fiscal policy for the period 1960-1984 , Wilcox finds that the discounted debt series is not ( mean ) stationary . We can not be sure from this evidence that recent US fiscal policy is not sustainable , however , since mean-zero stationary of q , , iB , , i is only _a sufficient , _ 6 Using data for eighteen OECD countries , Rose ' s ( 1988 ) econometric examination of nominal interest rates and inflation rates implies that _real_ interest", "spans": [{"start": 1703, "end": 1735, "text": "data for eighteen OECD countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EAREP I procurement status - updated as of November 1 , 2007 * * Country / Organisation : * * Ethiopia / Electric Power Corporation | * * Project / Programme : * * | EAREP I | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | * * Draft Bid D * * | * * ocuments , * * | | | | | | | | | | | | * * Loan # : 4200ET * * | * * B * * | * * ASIC DATA * * | | < br > * * including s * * < br > * * quantities , * * | < br > * * pecs and * * < br > * * draft SPN * * | * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * Notice * * < br > * * Advert * * | * * Bidding * * | * * Period * * | * * Bid Eval * * | * * uation * * | * * Contract Fin * * | * * alization * * | | * * Contract I * * | * * mplementation * * | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | < br > * * Lot * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Plan vs . * * < br > * * Actual * * | < br > * * Prep & * * < br > * * Submission * * < br > * * by Ex * * < br > *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2022a ) Education , Children on the Move and Inclusion : Lessons learned and scalable solutions to accelerate inclusion in national education systems and enhance learning outcomes . New York : UNICEF . UNICEF ( 2022b ) Child Displacement . Webpage , available at : < u > https : / / data . unicef . org / topic / child-migration-and-displacement / displacement / < / u > UNICEF ( 2022c ) As children return to school in Poland , UNICEF highlights importance of getting those who ’ ve fled war in Ukraine back to learning . Webpage , available at : < u > www . unicef . org / eca / press-releases / children-return-school-poland-unicef-highlights-importance-gettingthose-whove-fed l < / u > UNHCR ( 2022 ) All Inclusive : The Campaign for Refugee Education . Geneva : UNHCR . Available at : < u > https : / / www . unhcr . org / media / unhcr-education-report-2022-all-inclusive-campaign-refugee-education < / u > UNHCR / Oxford MeasurEd / Cambridge Analytica ( 2022b ) Evidence on Learning Outcomes for Refugees : A rapid review . Education Series : Evidence Brief 03 . Available at : < u > https : / / www . unhcr . org / publications / education / 634fc3b74 / evidence-learning-outcomes-refugees-rapidreview . html < / u > # # * * Endnotes * * < u > [ 1 ] UNESCO ( 2019 ) estimates that around 39 % of refugees globally lived in camps or collective centres with these settlements being most common in Africa . < / u > < u > [ 2 ] Data from 2018 show that 78 % of refugees were living in protracted situations , up from 66 % the previous year ( UNHCR , 2019 ) . < / u > [ 1 ]", "spans": [{"start": 1434, "end": 1448, "text": "Data from 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| EC-SENPLADES-203901-CS-C < br > DS / Gerente Proyecto Red d < br > e Protección Social < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > | Post | Direct Selection < br > | Direct | 35 , 247 . 24 | 35 , 247 . 24 < br > Co | mpleted | 2020-11-12 < br > 2 | 020-11-10 | 2020-11-16 | 2020-11-19 | | 2020-11-21 | 2020-12-0 | 2 < br > 2021-11-30 | 2021-12-11 | | EC-SENPLADES-195077-CS-I < br > NDV / Análisis , Procesamient < br > o e Implementación de Regis < br > tros Administrativos en corre < br > spondencia a la Actualización < br > Continua y Validación de la b < br > ase de datos del Registro Soc < br > ial , ejecutado en el marco del < br > Proyecto denominado “ Red d < br > e Protección Social ” < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > | Post | Individual Consult < br > ant Selection < br > | Limited | 20 , 879 . 00 | 23 , 384 . 00 < br > Co | mpleted | 2021-01-22 < br > 2 | 021-01-15 | 2021-01-27 | 2021-03-09 | 2021-02-03 < br > 2021-04-15 | 2021-02-24 | 2021-05 -", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 682, "text": "datos del Registro Soc", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "the majority of the land is densely settled . Clustered settlements in the Municipality are mainly found in the emerging rural growth centres as a result of petty trade . However , with increasing population , this type of settlement is not common . Kahoora Division on the other hand has nucleated settlement with an estimated population density of 561 . 2 persons per sq . km ( 2002 census ) . # # # # * * c ) Education and literacy * * There are 33 Primary and 5 Secondary schools sponsored by the government and 23 Primary and 14 Secondary schools under private ownership in Hoima municipality . There are 426 school teachers with 311 holding Grade III certificates while 25 hold a Diploma in Primary Education ( DPE ) and 10 are graduate teachers . The education sector is facing a number of challenges some of which include ; - Inadequate teachers - Inadequate sanitation facilities - Inadequate funds and their late release - Poor attitude towards Education by the community - HIV / AIDS amongst Teachers Much as the National Standards requires that the pupil teacher ratio be 55 : 1 , in Hoima municipality , it is not applicable . In some instances , you find a teacher handling 120 learners or even above . According to the National Standards , one latrine stance is supposed to accommodate 25 girls and the same stance to accommodate 40 boys . In schools of Hoima Municipal Council , in some instances you find one stance being used by 80 girls and the same stance being used by more than 100 boys . With the introduction of UPE and USE , many people took it that everything in education has to be provided by the Government , which is not the case . As a result , this has increased dropouts in schools because sometimes learners don ’ t have what to use at school e . g . books , uniform and pencils / pens . # # # # * * d ) Infrastructure and services * * # # # # * * _Roads and transport_ * * The main form of transport in Ho", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 391, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . Among the relatively well ‐ off population groups , another line of expenditures that underwent adjustments during the crisis was communication services , as well as culture , sports and recreation services , as in these households the consumption of these services is higher ( Figure 26 ) . Those who are employed , those with high or secondary specialized education , and residents of Minsk recorded the largest reductions in these expenditure categories . Households with children , retirees as well as non ‐ employed spend much less on these services , and adjusted them during the crisis years to a much smaller extent compared to the population on average , despite significant price increases . 22", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 46, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 3 . 2 Vulnerability and Health in Zaatari Camp * * In Zaatari camp the health partners and UNHCR have used the Specific Needs Codes ( group approach to determining vulnerability ) . There are two factors to consider in terms of vulnerability analysis and Health in the camp : - The need to identify individuals with specific needs - The multi-dimensional nature of vulnerability associated with health ( e . g . the interaction with other sectors such as WASH and protection ) Currently targeting of assistance is predominantly based on the ability of individuals / families being able to access services . This suggests that in fact UNHCR and partners don ’ t know if they are reaching the most vulnerable individuals / families in the camp . Group vulnerability , is one dimensional and does not say why a person is vulnerable , e . g . one disabled person is not necessarily as vulnerable as another vulnerable person who doesn ’ t have family support . There is also no recognition currently that a family may have more than one member with specific needs making that family more vulnerable than another family who only has one member with specific needs . Medical forms in use by partners < sup > 10 < / sup > do not collect any socio-economic data that can enable vulnerability analysis . In addition service locations are not necessarily the best location to collect such data since it is safe to assume that those accessing services are less vulnerable than others that are unable to access services . This suggests that a household level data collection process is required in order to understand vulnerability in the camp . There are two potential approaches to collecting household / individual level vuInerability data . It may be possible to collect data during the planned re-verification exercise for the camp . This data could then be recorded directly into RAIS . This would form a god baseline . Monitoring could then be held on a quarterly basis by the IRD Community Health Volunteers . Should it not be possible to use the reverification", "spans": [{"start": 1244, "end": 1263, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1884, "end": 1888, "text": "RAIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Is it then possible to use these estimates to avoid the assumption of conditional independence . In the absence of such data , one can rely on at least one matching variable that is highly correlated with the target variables . If X and C are perfectly correlated , we can rely on the regression function in the donor dataset between both variables to predict C in the recipient dataset . While the set of matching variables that are > 7 Examples are information on the number of household members , the age and gender of household members , or their labor market status . 8", "spans": [{"start": 312, "end": 325, "text": "donor dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "oya < / sup > < br > tocarry outa < br > beneficiary < br > satisfaction survey < br > Facilitation to | * * 88 . 6 * * | * * 315 , 000 * * | | 03-Aug - < br > 21 | * * 1310W0522080006 * * | SubhashSeth < br > Chander < br > | KyenjojoKabwoya < br > tofollowupthe < br > implementation < br > progress < br > 0020998504-4 * * NOA * * < br > and * * 1SDA - * * < br > < br > | * * 232 . 05 * * | * * 825 , 000 * * | | 03-Aug - < br > 21 | * * 1310WOS22080007 * * | . Fa < br > Mutabazi < br > Nicholas | cilitation < br > to < br > Kyenjojo Kabwoya < br > tofollowupthe < br > implementation < br > progress < br > Facilitationto | * * 116 . 73 * * | 415 , 000 | | 03-Aug - < br > 21 | * * 1310W0522080008 * * | PaulSsetimba | KyenjojoKabwoya < br > tofollowupthe < br > implementation < br > progress | * * 285 . 5 * * | * * 1 , 015 , 000 * * | | 03-Aug - < br > 21 | * * 131 * * 0W0522080002 | Daniga | March ' 21-Field < br > facilitation | * * 457 . 07 * * | * * 1 , 625 , 000 * * | | * * 1 * * 0-Aug - < br > 21 | 1Otim < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "96 Another innovative approach is being tested under USAID ' s TIPPS project in Zimbabve . A business analysis is being undertaken vith . CIMAS , the country ' s largest health Insurance company vith 135 , 000 clients and 2 , 100 member companies . The company anticipates that it vill be able to reimburse for family planning with little or no increase in premiums based on a preliminary assessment . Tvo different projects in Nexico involve innovative approaches to increase the number and types of outlets that offer family planning products . The Enterprise Program ' s Micro-enterprises Project . is assisting private physicians to set up family planning clinics , and Enterprise is absorbing all of the investment risk in the first fev monthr by guaranteeing the physicians ' salary ; however , the project ' s risk is systematically reduced over 12 months after vhich donor support is totally withdrawn and the clinics must operate on their own without a subsidy . This type of project should be carefully assessed and vill be discussed further in Section V . Enterprise ' s Self-Financing Project in Mexico is training private and social security physicians in IUD insertion and selling contraceptives to them at cost to ensure that the lov income populations they serve can afford and will pay for the contraceptive . No other subsidy is contemplated . Uhile the latter raises the issue of vhen or if the contraceptive subsidy can be vithdravn , the incentive structure of the project is to encourage the private sector to operate in response to market forces . Tvo Enterprise projects , one in Thailand ( Family Planning Products Market Survey and Marketing Capability Evaluation ) , the other in Indonesia ( the YKB Entr2preneurial Development Project ) propose to assist local NGOs in improving their management , financial viability , and effectiveness in distributing family planning . Both efforts are aimed at making these enterprises more competitive * * al . wp : Vaily rlzmning Pp e lwhole ) * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Conclusion_ In this paper we have documented striking cross-country patterns in education enrollment and attainment in 35 countries . While many others have examined the differences in enrollment rate behavior between the rich and poor , a major advantage of this analysis is that the data are comparable . The attainment data are derived consistently and , while the levels of the asset index are not directly comparable across countries , they are derived using an identical methodology . There are two overall conclusions that emerges from these results . First , many ( if not most ) countries the bulk of the deficit from universal enrollment up to primary ( or basic ) comes from the poor . The achievement of higher levels of enrollment for this group is an exercise in social inclusion , reaching out and bringing the poorest into what is already the norm for the rich and , in many cases , the middle class . Second , the evidence suggests that , except in the very poorest settings , the key to closing wealth gaps in enrollment and attainment will require actions which raise the demand for schooling of the poor . Raising the _quality_ of schooling received at the primary level is likely to be the key ingredient to attract and retain poor children in school . 36", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "section . < / u > # # # # # # 3 . 4 . 5 NEBBI – ARUA LINE ROUTE OPTIONS ’ COMPARISON Table 3-5 below provides a comparison of line route options 1 , 2 and 3 based on the VESCs described above , for the project ’ s Nebbi – Arua section .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in 1963 to about 1 . 05 million tons in 1973 . Of the total , about one-fourth is motor gasoline , another two-fifths kerosene ( including jet fuel ) , and the remainder diesel oils . 2 . 09 For forecasting purposes , the market was divided into three areas : Kenya ; Uganda ; and other countries . Between 1975 and 1979 consumption is expected to grow at close to 7 % per year in Kenya and Uganda , and at 6 % in the adjacent areas served from the depots in Uganda . These expec-tations are based on detailed oil company forecasts which provide the basis for their marketing operations . Beyond 1979 , the appraisal mission expects growth rates to decline gradually to 5 . 5 % for Kenya and 4 . 0 % for Uganda and the other areas ( Table 1 ) . These compare with a cumulative growth of 7 % overall forecast by the consultants in their feasibility study . 2 . 10 Total annual demand in the areas to be served by the pipeline will increase from 1 . 2 million tons in 1975 to almost 4 . 4 million tons in 1997 . Details are given in Tables 2 , 3 and 4 . The forecast is conservative in relation to the basic projection of a 7 . 5 % GDP growth rate per year discussed", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 531, "text": "detailed oil company forecasts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | < br > of < br > access < br > for < br > deliveries < br > and < br > services and any future works | o | | | | | * * Access * * < br > * * to * * < br > * * campsites * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * construction * * < br > * * sites * * | Environmental < br > degradation < br > risks | < br > Mediu", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) will leverage both the existing GoK mechanisms , as well as dedicated , Program - specific citizen engagement mechanisms under the IPF component . The Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) , successfully implemented under the ongoing education projects , will be extended , and tailored to this Program in the first year of Program implementation . Existing MoE community accountability mechanisms , such as the public displays of information and public reporting on expenditures will be leveraged to strengthen the engagement with Program beneficiaries in the area of school grants . In addition , the MoE will engage with UNHCR and RAS / DRA on the engagement mechanisms and grievance and referral systems in place in the refugee camps . The intermediate results indicator “ Level of satisfaction of beneficiaries ( Citizen Engagement indicator and part of GRM ) ” involves a sub-indicator specifying that refugee learners , including in camp-based refugee schools and host communities , are included in the surveys . Within the IPF Component , the Program will conduct online and phone-based annual beneficiary surveys for direct beneficiaries at the school level to assess the progress , efficacy and targeting of the key interventions , including the roll out of the CBC , scholarships provision , and implementation of the school grants . The exact questionnaire will be developed when the Program becomes effective . The surveys will target the relevant beneficiary groups and ensure adequate representation among female respondents , respondents with disabilities , refugees , and other vulnerable groups . The survey mechanisms will also ensure accessibility for children , people with disabilities , refugees , and other vulnerable groups . Findings from the surveys will be used on the annual basis as ‘ feedback loops ’ to inform the validity of the interventions and determine a Program course correction , as appropriate . Midterm review assessments will leverage lessons generated by the surveys . Aggregate feedback collected will be regularly communicated via GoK public information campaign channels , as well as Operation specific communication strategies . The Operation intends to close the loop", "spans": [{"start": 1173, "end": 1199, "text": "annual beneficiary surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 156, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 246, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "below : Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on December 21 , 2024 and therefore this date is the cut-off date for all subproject components ( the new substation , TL tower pad and RoW ) . All PAPs have been informed by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members that there will be no payment of compensation with respect to any construction or perennial crops planted or any improvement to land where such activity is done after PAHs ’ census and inventory of their assets . Official Use Only Page 114", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 67, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ministry of Education ( MoE ) | | Sub Indicator | Refugee schools , Host community schools , Gender | | PDO Outcome | * * Improve learning outcomes inpre-primary andprimary education * * | | Indicator Name | * * Share ofprimary school teachers achieving minimumproficiency on subject content knowledge ( Percentage ) * * < sup > * * DLI * * < / sup > | | Description | This indicator measures the proportion of primary school mother-tongue language and Mathematics teachers ( including host community teachers ) who < br > meet the minimumproficiencyin the subject content theyteach . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | School Inspection report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The percentage is calculated by dividing the number of primary school mother-tongue / language and Mathematics teachers who meet the minimum < br > proficiency in the subject content they teach by the total number of such teachers . Each observed teacher will be assessed and categorized as either meeting < br > or not meeting the minimum proficiency in content knowledge for the subject they teach based on the minimum standard set for teachers under the < br > inspection framework . < br > The categorization is based on whether the teacher achieves at least a minimum score from an index of the enhanced school inspection standards , which < br > focuses on observing effective teaching practices in the classroom and assessing teachers . These standards are defined by a framework on effective teaching < br > skills . Additional / Specific standards related to subject-content knowledge will be identified and included in the index as needed , and a minimum score will < br > be set to defineproficiency . | | Responsibilityfor Data | Ministryof Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | Page 40", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 650, "text": "School Inspection report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > relevanttothepreparationandfair < / sup > presentation of the financial statement , and ensuring that they are < sup > freefrom materialmisstatements , < / sup > whether due to error or fraud ; ( iv ) safeguarding the assets of the project ; ( v ) Selecting < sup > andapplying < / sup > appropriate accounting policies ; and ( v ) Making accounting estimates < sup > thatarereasonableinthe < / sup > circumstances . _The_ * * _Principal Secretary_ * * for the State department for Blue Economy and Fisheries and the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * _for_ * * _Kenya Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development project_ * * ( KEMFSED ) accept responsibility for the Project ' s financial statements , which have been prepared on the Cash Basis Method of Financial Reporting , using appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards . * * _The Principal Secretary_ * * for the State department for Blue Economy and Fisheries and the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * _for_ * * _Kenya Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development project_ ( KEMFSED ) are * * of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year / period ended June 30 ' 1 ' 2024 and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . * * The * * * * _Principal Secretary_ * * for the State department for Blue Economy and Fisheries the * * _Project Coordinator_ * * _for_ * * _Kenya Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development project_ * * ( KEMFSED ) further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal", "spans": [{"start": 1618, "end": 1636, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Need to promote holistic ECD programs Despite the challenges , Pakistan already has programs and platforms in place to effectively promote holistic ECD ( Devercelli et al . , 2022 ) . Pilot interventions have shown that low-cost mental health interventions such as the Thinking Healthy Programme , delivered by community health workers , show modest benefits including reduced maternal depression and disability , improved knowledge about play and development , and improved breastfeeding practices ( Rahman et al . , 2012 ; Sikander et al . , 2019 ) . Community-based health interventions have been shown to promote newborn survival , improve children ’ s health , and reduce stunting ( Lassi et al . , 2016 ; Khan et al . , 2019 ; Yousafzai et al . , 2018 ) . In addition , teaching stimulation and nurturing care in parenting programs delivered through community health services and family physicians has been shown to significantly benefit children ’ s development and care in Pakistan ( Khan et al . , 2019 ; Yousafzai et al . , 2014 ) . Resources and attention directed toward families with children under age 3 who provide inadequate psychosocial stimulation would boost outcomes for this vulnerable population and would engender greater opportunities for healthy development and learning longitudinally . This population is likely to be larger than it appears in this study because the sample excludes the most disenfranchised families , those who lack the resources to have a cell phone and are therefore likely among the poorest households . Providing caregivers — including the more than one-tenth of the population lacking early stimulation knowledge and skills — with the support needed , for example , through parenting programs or health-based services , to responsively engage with their young children will facilitate disadvantaged children ’ s likelihood of reaching their developmental and productivity potential . # Implications for data collection Better and more data are needed through national and provincial surveys to explore the nexus between ECD services and children ’ s cognitive and social-emotional development . At present , household surveys such as PSLM , MICS and National Nutrition Survey , along with administrative data on service uptake , allow for analyses of some ECD outcomes , such as nutritional status and ECE", "spans": [{"start": 2186, "end": 2190, "text": "PSLM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2193, "end": 2197, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2202, "end": 2227, "text": "National Nutrition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2241, "end": 2260, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) |  Improved wealth equity in health service delivery outcomes based on Penta 3 Vaccine indicators for the Bottom Wealth | | - - - | | Quintile group ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 37 . 00 | 37 . 60 | 37 . 60 | 39 . 50 | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 21-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 01-May-2018 | |  Assignment of ethic | s officers at woreda level ( Percen | tage , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 15 . 00 | 76 . 00 | 76 . 00 | 75 . 00 | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 19-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 01-Nov-2017 | # # #  6 regions have assigned staff / officers in GRM in 80 % of their woredas ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 4 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 6 . 00 | 6 . 00 | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 21-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 01-Nov-2017 | Comments Baseline and end target value corrected to 4 and 6 respectively .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 7 | 79 . 7 | 94 . 8 | 104 . 5 | 111 . 5 | 89 . 3 | 105 . 2 | 114 . 8 | 116 . 7 | 102 . 2 | 111 . 9 | 115 . 3 | | 1 child | 100 . 0 | 81 . 7 | 97 . 4 | 95 . 3 | 92 . 0 | 79 . 7 | 96 . 0 | 103 . 2 | 111 . 9 | 88 . 4 | 103 . 9 | 112 . 9 | 117 . 6 | 101 . 2 | 113 . 1 | 116 . 5 | | 2 children < br > 3 and more | 100 . 0 | 79 . 5 | 95 . 7 | 93 . 3 | 93 . 0 | 75 . 7 | 89 . 1 | 103 . 5 | 108 . 8 | 89 . 0 | 105 . 3 | 119 . 2 | 115 . 2 | 104 . 4 | 109 . 5 | 117 . 2 | | children | 100 . 0 | 81 . 8 | 115 . 3 | 110 . 7 | 120 . 4 | 93 . 3 | 107 . 5 | 118 . 3 | 119 . 2 | 97 . 4 | 114 . 6 | 111 . 7 | 115 . 2 | 101 . 3 | 111 . 2 | 98 . 0 | | singleparent | 100 . 0 | 90 . 7 | 90 . 1 | 79 . 4 | 101 . 6 | 91 . 3 | 99 . 0 | 104 . 0 | 104 . 6 | 111 . 8 | 117 . 0 | 118 . 2 | 108 . 2 | 104 . 4 | 110 . 4 | 114 . 9 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 41", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 851, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . The Urban Unbanked in Mexico * * This section uses a survey of households in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City to profile the unbanked and to explain why they are unbanked . In Mexico there has been no systematic national analysis of the extent to which people are inside and outside of the banking system . In 2002 , the World Bank commissioned a survey in Mexico City Metropolitan Area . The survey , known as the _Encuesta Nacional de Servicios Financieros_ ( ENDSFI ) was conducted by _Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía , e Informática_ ( INEGI ) as an addendum to the _Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano_ . The survey sampled 1 , 500 households . The surveys were conducted in face-to-face interviews with an 80 percent response rate . For people using the survey data , INEGI supplies a set of weights to convert the sample responses into responses representative of 11 . 4 million adults living in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City . All of the tables in this paper are based on the ENDSFI survey and use the weighted data . One basic weakness of the survey is that it focuses only on the largest city of the country . The population in this city differs from that in most other urban environments and differs dramatically from that in the rural areas , where almost 30 percent of the population lives . Data from Mexico City , for example , could be misleading because it has the highest average income in the country , $ 14 , 180 U . S . dollars per capita in 2003 compared to a national average of $ 5 , 450 . < sup > 15 < / sup > Undoubtedly , due to this difference in average income and other factors , a national survey would find a larger percentage of the population to be unbanked compared to the percentage found in the capital city . In terms of comparison , the Mexican survey drew on the city with highest per capita earnings , while the two cities surveyed in the U . S . were considered below average for that country . Table 12 presents an overview of the socioeconomic characteristics of the", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 85, "text": "survey of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1020, "end": 1033, "text": "ENDSFI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1341, "end": 1362, "text": "Data from Mexico City", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1648, "end": 1663, "text": "national survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1812, "end": 1826, "text": "Mexican survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 6 Ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP in six middle ‐ income countries , 2000 – 15 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 160 % < br > 140 % < br > 120 % < br > Egypts < br > 100 % < br > South Africa < br > 80 % < br > Turkey < br > 60 % Morocco < br > 40 % Malaysia < br > 20 % Thailand < br > 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Data from the World Bank ’ s Financial Structure Database ( 2017 ) . # _Competitiveness of the Egyptian banking sector_ The spread between the lending and deposit rates fluctuated by about 5 percentage points in Egypt over the last four decades ( figure 7 ) . The largest spread was 8 . 3 percent , in 1992 ; the smallest was 3 . 7 percent , in 1998 . These figures suggest that despite reforms and the liberalization of the banking sector , the sector ’ s competitiveness has remained steady . # * * Figure 7 Net interest rate spread in Egypt , 1976 – 2016 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > Deposit interest rate ( % ) < br > Lending interest rate ( % ) < br > Net interest rate spread % ( Lending interest rate ‐ Deposit interest rate ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Data from IFS ( 2017 ) . 14", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 423, "text": "Financial Structure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1233, "end": 1246, "text": "Data from IFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Based Violence in Roma Community , Voices of Romni - 2024 < / u > lii UN Secretary General Annual Report on Conflict Related Sexual Violence , Security Council - April 2024 liii Danish Refugee Council , Rapid GBV Assessment : Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts – Febraury 2024 liv Danish Refugee Council , Rapid GBV Assessment : Chernihiv and Sumy Oblast - February 2024 lv Danish Refugee Council , Rapid GBV Assessment : Chernihiv and Sumy Oblast - February 2024 > lvi < u > Service Barriers Faced by Male Survivors of Sexual Violence in Ukraine , WRC and GBV AoR in Ukraine – December 2023 < / u > lvii The list of 10 vulnerable categories was extended to 15 categories in the next round of amendments of 22 March 2024 , following the advocacy efforts by the Protection Cluster and Ukrainian NGOs . > lviii < u > Update on changes in payment of IDP allowance ( CMU Resolution # 332 ) – May 2024 < / u > lix Ukraine Protection Cluster Legal Aid Bulletin – April 2024 > lx < u > Third Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment ( RDNA3 ) – February 2024 < / u > > lxi < u > IOM Ukraine — Internal Displacement Report — General Population Survey Round 14 – October 2023 < / u > > lxii < u > Danish Refugee Council , Quarterly Protection Monitoring Report Ukraine – May 2024 < / u > > lxiii < u > Ukrinform – Ukraine National News Agency < / u > > lxiv < u > Report on Human Rights Situation in Ukraine , 1 March 2024-31 May 2024 < / u > > lxv < u > Ukraine Government Website News - 13 May 2024 < / u > > lxvi < u > OCHA Ukraine : Humanitarian Access Severity Overview as of 31 May 2024 ; Humanitarian Access Snapshot March-April 2024 . < / u > lxvii For example , the latest summary observations", "spans": [{"start": 1115, "end": 1149, "text": "General Population Survey Round 14", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > onsultancy services to devel < br > op a national demand planni < br > ng , blood and blood product < br > s forecasting , quantification < br > and stocking system for all t < br > ransfusing facilities in the pu < br > blic sector | IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood an < br > d blood products < br > | Post < br > Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > L | imited | 270 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-12-21 | 2022-01-04 | | 2022-02-03 | 2022-03-10 | 2022-09-06 | | KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to gui < br > de community engagement < br > activities that will support co < br > mmunity resilience and reco < br > veryfrom COVID-19 in Keny | < br > < br > IDA / 65980 | Community discussion and i < br > nformation outreach < br > | Post < br > Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > L | imited | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2022-01-12 | 2022-01-26 | | 2022-02-25 | 2022-04-01 | 2022-09-28 | | KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS / P < br > rocurement of consultancy s < br > ervices to undertake recruit < br > ment of 100 , 000 ( No . ) blood < br > donors for the Kenya Nation < br > al Blood Transfusion Service < br > s (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5652 # * * Abstract * * Food price inflation in Brazil in the twelve months to June 2008 was 18 percent , while overall inflation was seven percent . Using spatially disaggregated monthly data on consumer prices and two different household surveys , we estimate the welfare consequences of these food price increases , and their distribution across households . Because Brazil is a large food producer , with a predominantly wage-earning agricultural labor force , our estimates include general equilibrium effects on market and transfer incomes , as well as the standard estimates of changes in consumer surplus . While the expenditure ( or consumer surplus ) effects were large , negative and markedly regressive everywhere , the market income effect was positive and progressive , particularly in rural areas . Because of this effect on the rural poor , and of the partial protection afforded by increases in two large social assistance benefits , the overall impact of higher food prices in Brazil was U-shaped , with middle-income groups suffering larger proportional losses than the very poor . Nevertheless , since Brazil is 80 percent urban , higher food prices still led to a greater incidence and depth of poverty at the national level . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist and the Social Protection Unit , Latin America and the Caribbean Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at fferreira @ worldbank . org , afruttero @ worldbank . org and pleite @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are", "spans": [{"start": 186, "end": 241, "text": "spatially disaggregated monthly data on consumer prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 260, "end": 277, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sheets as firms become more leveraged as they deal with the shocks ( Benincasa et al . , 2024 ) . Weather shocks can also create liquidity shortages , increase loan default , deteriorating credit scores and thus access to future credit ( Aguilar-Gomez et al . , 2023 ) . Huang et al . , ( 2018 ) show that extreme weather events are associated with lower and more volatile earnings and cash flows . Exposed firms tend to hold more cash to generate more financial slack and build resilience . An additional channel that we uncover in this study that has not yet been found in the literature is that of governance . Negative precipitation shocks increase the amount of time senior management spends dealing with the requirements of government regulations . Negative precipitation shocks also increase the likelihood that a firm expects to make bribes _to get things done_ . Findings are presented in table 5 . The negative precipitation shock coefficient with regards to government regulations is statistically significant at the 1 percent level regardless of whether ADM1 fixed effects or country fixed effects are used . For bribe expectations , the coefficient is statistically significant at the 1 % level for the country fixed effects specification and 5 % for the ADM1 fixed effects specification . These findings suggest that weakening economic conditions might lead to more rent seeking behavior . Governments may burden firms with more regulations or extract more rents due to the budget effects of dealing with extreme weather events . # * * 3 . 3 Adaptation * * The 2019 MENA Enterprise Surveys wave includes a green module that contains information on whether firms adopt climate friendly measure ( see table A2 indicates which surveys have this information ) . Benincasa ( 2024 ) provides some evidence that firms exposed to extreme weather events are more likely adapt by adopting climate-friendly measures . The replenishment of physical capital damaged due to extreme weather may result in new investments that lead to vintage effects where newer equipment have lower environmental footprint . It is also possible that firms may become environmentally aware and therefore engage in green investments or green management practices . Benincasa ( 2014 ) find that firms 12", "spans": [{"start": 1580, "end": 1603, "text": "MENA Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "78 . Contract administration is handled by a dedicated Contracts Follow-up Team and Transit Case Team under the Procurement Directorate from issuing PO , followed by all L / C activities , extending to inspection as team with FMHACA , and temporary acceptance at port . Subsequently after receiving the products from the assigned transistor the Storage and Distribution Directorate takes over remaining responsibilities such as storage and distribution activities . There is a highly formalized internal approval process within EPSA . 79 . The assessment team noted a robust system in place that tracks status of contract deliverables . One observable gap is the contract follow-up that does not systematically track timeliness of processes as per the contractual commitments . The existing system does not readily show contract effectiveness dates , contractual delivery dates , and delays in the process , which would further help EPSA to better identify where delays are happening and effectively address them . 80 . In general , it can be concluded that EPSA has the capacity to undertake procurements operation of the agency . However , staff capacity in terms of number and qualification needs to be upgraded with increase of volume and complexity of the procurements . The EPSA also needs to have strategy of retaining experienced staff by improving on the compensation system . 81 . The HCMIS , which was developed using USAID support , used to capture the entire PO and the subsequent delivery of contract products to EPSA warehouse . Each week PO status report used to be generated that indicates the position of all contract transactions undertaken by EPSA . However , the rigorous practice of capturing PO data has recently declined as reflected in the poor quality and comprehensiveness of data on the recent year . The contracts follow up and transit case team does not systematically track timeliness of all procurement processes as per the contractual terms and conditions . Hence , the system does not readily show a report about contractual delivery dates , contract effectiveness dates , contract variation and delays in the process , which would further help EPSA to understand and improve its effectiveness in future procurement operations", "spans": [{"start": 1715, "end": 1722, "text": "PO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 | | Annex 6 . List of Supporting Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 | | Annex 7 . Methodology , Results , and Conclusions of the Special KAP Survey Commissioned | | by HAPCO on HIV / AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 | | IBRD Map 35214 | ii", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 428, "text": "Special KAP Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9457 # * * Abstract * * Financial repression resurfaced in the wake of the global financial crisis and might become a common feature in the post Covid-19 world . To advance knowledge and inform policy advice , this paper presents a new database on interest rate controls , a popular form of financial repression , based on a survey of 108 countries , representing 88 percent of global gross domestic product . The data cover such aspects of interest rate controls as types of controls , legal basis , intended objectives , methodologies , and enforcement rules . In an attempt to provide a meaningful characterization of the data , the paper also provides a preliminarily estimate of the degree of bindingness of the interest rate control regime in a country and presents simple correlations with other financial repression policies . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at pcalice @ worldbank . org ; fdiazkalan @ worldbank . org ; and omasetti @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 300, "text": "database on interest rate controls", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 355, "end": 378, "text": "survey of 108 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In this report , the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of the construction of Arsi Robe * * 132kV * * Power Transmission Line Subproject on the physical , biological and socio-economic environment are identified and discussed . The report also identifies and recommends appropriate benefit enhancement and / or mitigation measures . Improved power transmission , will boost electricity supply capacities of the national grid making it not only accessible physically , but also affordable financially . In the medium to long term , improved electricity transmission , * * by * * enhancing supply and curbing transmission losses , will facilitate rural electrification and make it possible for rural communities in Ethiopia as a whole to gain access to electricity * * - * * modern and affordable energy * * - * * an important milestone to achieving National Electrification Program Goals . However like all other infrastructure development subprojects , notwithstanding the farreaching social and economic benefits , admittedly , the subproject would also have adverse impacts on the biophysical and socio-economic environment that need to be accounted for and avoided or mitigated when and wherever feasible . No new access will be created to previously undeveloped areas . - There are no significant areas of natural or semi-natural forest all along the subproject corridor , and no designated or protected areas of terrestrial ecological interest that will be affected * * by * * the proposed construction activities . - * * A * * terrestrial vegetation survey confirms that no locally or regionally endangered species will be affected as a result of land clearing along the TL corridor . Therefore , no special mitigation measures or Biodiversity Management Plan will be required . - There are no endangered or rare species entirely dependent on the subproject corridor . - There are no wildlife species with restrictive habitat preferences within the subproject influence corridor that suffer the consequence of land clearing for the implementation of the subproject . Therefore , no special mitigation measures or Biodiversity Management Plan will be required . - The subproject corridor is neither contiguous with , nor in close proximity with any of the nationally protected", "spans": [{"start": 1540, "end": 1569, "text": "terrestrial vegetation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * * * This paper aims to assess the level of tax compliance and under-reporting of income in Romania , including among minimum wage workers , and understand the distributional implications and its links with minimum wage policy and design . * * This study reflects a collaboration between the Romanian Ministry of Public Finance and the World Bank to evaluate the extent to which taxpayers , particularly those earning minimum wages , comply with tax obligations and report their income accurately to tax authorities . It also examines the distributional implications of tax compliance and under-reporting of income in Romania by assessing how tax compliance affects the distribution of tax burdens and benefits across different income groups , including minimum wage earners . By doing so , the study can provide insights into how tax policies and design can address inequalities and promote greater equity . Furthermore , the study aims to identify the links between minimum wage policy and tax compliance . Finally , it examines the impact of the minimum wage policy on tax compliance and under-reporting of income . Additionally , the study assesses how tax policies can be designed to support minimum wage earners and promote greater tax compliance . * * Understanding the extent and distribution of tax evasion is relevant for several reasons . * * * * Improving tax collection is a critical component of domestic revenue mobilization and addressing fiscal deficits . * * It can help the country address its fiscal deficits and outlook ; enhancing domestic tax capacity is also critical for strengthening social protection and human capital development . Among other factors , the country ' s response to the pandemic has required significant public expenditure , putting pressure on its fiscal resources . According to the IMF Fiscal Monitor Database of Country Fiscal Measures in Response to the COVID – 19 Pandemic , the value of additional spending and foregone 2", "spans": [{"start": 1855, "end": 1882, "text": "IMF Fiscal Monitor Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level . Official poverty figures are consumption-based , and the official consumption aggregate does not include rent or imputed rent . It is important to note that we were not able to access to the methodology for determining the official poverty line . Therefore , in the following , Albania does not appear in some parts of the analysis . Data for Bangladesh come from the 2005 and 2009 / 10 Household Income and Expenditure Survey ( HIES ) . The surveys are representative by divisions at urban / rural / statistical metropolitan area . Official poverty statistics are based on a consumption aggregate that includes imputed rents , although is not clear which imputation method is adopted in the official methodology . The data sets used for Iraq are the 2007 and 2012 rounds of the Iraq Household Socio Economic Survey ( IHSES ) . IHSES is representative by governorate at urban / rural / statistical metropolitan area . The consumption aggregate for official poverty statistics includes rents following the self-assessment approach . Finally , figures for Peru are based on the 2010 and 2013 rounds of the Peruvian Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty ( _Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza_ - ENAHO ) . Official distributional statistics are based on consumption and the official consumption aggregate includes rents following the self-assessment approach with adjustments for nonresponse . < sup > 8 < / sup > Typically , the housing section of household budget surveys contains a question about occupancy status of households , allowing selection of different categories , broadly referable to ( i ) owners ( sometimes specifying whether outright or still paying mortgage ) , ( ii ) tenants , ( iii ) tenants living in subsidized dwellings , ( iv ) individuals living for free in dwellings provided by relatives or employer . These categories sometimes are more finely > 7 The World Bank classifies countries by region ( East Asia and Pacific ; Europe and Central Asia ; Latin America & the Caribbean ; Middle East and North Africa ; South Asia ; Sub-Saharan Africa ) and by development stages ( low - , lower middle - , upper middle - , high-income ) . The four countries analyzed in this paper", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 434, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 823, "text": "Iraq Household Socio Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 836, "end": 841, "text": "IHSES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1112, "end": 1170, "text": "Peruvian Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * List of Abbreviations and Acronyms * * | AICCRA Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa | | - - - | | ATI Agricultural Transformation Institute | | BDS Business Development Support | | CAPP Cluster Area Project Personnel | | CAGs Common Action Groups | | CDD Community Driven Development | | C-ESRS Concept-Environment and Social Review Summary | | CEDAW Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women | | CGMC Community Grievance Management Committee | | CH Critical Habitat | | CIF Community Investment Fund | | CIGs Common Interest Groups | | CIS Climate Information Services | | COC Code of Conduct | | CRSL Climate Resilient Sustainable Livelihood | | CSA Central Statistical Agency | | CSO Civil Society Organization | | DHS Demographic Health Survey | | DPRSIPs Disaster Preparedness and Resilience Strategic Investment Plan | | DRM Disaster Risk Management | | E & S Environmental and Social | | ECC Ethiopia Cooperative Commission | | EDHS Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey | | EDRMC Ethiopia Disaster Risk Management Commission | | EIAR Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research | | EMI Ethiopia Meteorology Institute | | EPHI Ethiopia Public Health Institute | | ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan | | ESF Environment and Social Framework | | ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment | | ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework | | ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan | | ESS Environmental and Social Standard | | ESS Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey | | EWR Early Warning Response | | FAO Food and Agriculture Organization | | FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | | FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Authority | | FGD Focus Group Discussion | | FGM Female Genital Mutilation | | GAP Gender Action Plan | vi", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 804, "text": "DHS Demographic Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 992, "end": 1035, "text": "EDHS Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1519, "end": 1553, "text": "ESS Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "applying it generally . This is easier said than done , however . In order to validate the methodology , it is best to use a census – or an unusually large survey – as a measure of ground truth . Furthermore , either the survey or ground truth must have either geolocated enumeration areas or , as in this case , highly disaggregated geographic identifiers that can be matched with a shapefile . A final important issue pertains to the appropriate weighting strategy for the conditional random effect models relied upon here and in other small area estimation applications . We make three points regarding weights . The first relates to the choice of whether to give equal weight to each municipality or to weight by population when evaluating the estimates . We consider only the former , as is common in the literature on small area estimation . However , in some policy contexts , there is a strong argument that it is more important to generate accurate estimates for more populous areas than less populous areas . This is a decision best made based on political rather than technical grounds . Second , properly weighing the estimates of a sub-area model such as this one is not trivial . In this case , the weights for each AGEB in the sample were normalized by dividing each weight by its municipal average . This ensured that each municipality was given weight proportional to its sample size , while appropriately giving more weight to more populous AGEBs within municipalities . The latter is important because population weights are used to aggregate AGEBlevel estimates to municipalities . Furthermore , in most sub-area models , it would be beneficial to adjust the weights further to correct for heteroscedasticity , to the extent that the number of 33", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 131, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix C : Self-reported technical and comprehension difficulties * * Table C1 : Debriefing Survey on Technical Issues with ACASI Module | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Mean ( = | 1 if yes ) | | | Malawi | Liberia | | Was the audio loud enough to hear ? | 0 . 99 | 0 . 98 | | Was the audio speaking speed okay ? | 0 . 99 | 0 . 98 | | Observations | 866 | 616 | Note : Questions were asked only to those in the ACASI treatment group ( i . e . , the FTFI group did not get these questions ) . Table C2 : Relationship between Reporting Technical Difficulties and Passing Screening | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | = 1 | if passed | SI screeni | ng < sup > a < / sup > | | | Ma | lawi | Lib | eria | | = 1 if said : | | | | | | audio loud enough to hear | 0 . 203 | | - 0 . 043 | | | | ( 0 . 143 ) | | ( 0 . 127 ) | | | audio speaking speed okay | | 0 . 016 | | - 0 . 044 | | | | ( 0 . 220 ) | | ( 0 . 127 ) | | R-square | 0 . 002 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | Outcome mean when said no | 0 . 42 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 75 | 0 . 75 | | Observations | 866 | 867 | 616 | 615 | Note : Standard errors clustered at individual level are in parentheses . * * * , * * , and * represent significance at 1 % , 5 % , and 10 % , respectively . a", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have the same well-being . Such _irregularity of consumption_ has implications for welfare analysis even when survey measurements are not misreported ( as discussed by Kay et al . , 1984 , and Deaton and Grosh , 2000 , among others ) . In addition , our analysis allows for survey errors from any of two broad sources . The first source is _infrequency of acquisitions_ , which arises because cash outlays occurred during the interview week may present extreme values resulting from no acquisition or positive acquisition of infrequently purchased items . < sup > 2 < / sup > The second source of survey errors arises because of _misreporting_ , which is the object of a voluminous literature spanning both developed and developing countries ( see Deaton and Zaidi , 2002 , and Carroll et al . , 2015 ) . Our investigation disentangles the relative contribution of any of the above channels in both diary and recall data . We leverage a unique large-scale experiment on consumption measurement in Iraq designed for the Iraq Household and Socio-Economic Survey ( IHSES ) in 2012 . The survey ran continuously for one year and was administered to approximately 25 , 000 households across the country . All households filled out a 7-day diary on their acquisitions with the assistance of enumerators during regular visits . One-third of households were randomized to an additional survey module , administered before the diary , that asked them to recall food consumption in the last 7 days . The size of the experimental sample , approximately 8 _ , _ 000 households , is of a different order of magnitude compared to other studies on consumption measurement in developing countries . The household diary employed was of the standard acquisition type , with one respondent recording on behalf of the household . Diaries were filled out by the same person > 2If stocks are observed , one can impute consumption from diaries by measuring stock inflows and outflows ( as in Beegle et al . , 2012 ) . However , the measurement of stocks is costly , prone to additional measurement concerns ( Sharp et al . , 2019 ) , and seldom available in empirical work . 2", "spans": [{"start": 899, "end": 920, "text": "diary and recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1019, "end": 1059, "text": "Iraq Household and Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1687, "end": 1702, "text": "household diary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 1 . Afghan refugees in Iran * * Iran is one of the leading refugee host countries in the world . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) reports that 800 , 000 refugees live in Iran , of which 780 , 000 are Afghans . These are Afghans with a valid residence card ( Amayesh card ) whose stay is regularized as refugees . Besides , 275 , 000 Afghans live in Iran with passport and visa ( UNHCR , 2021 ) . However , the Afghan population living in Iran is much larger . Many Afghans live without any valid document to state their legal residence ( undocumented Afghans ) . According to Iran ’ s 2016 census , more than 1 . 58 million Afghans live in Iran ( 2 % of the population ) . For decades , Iran has been the destination of seasonal workers , merchants , and pilgrims from Afghanistan . From the 1960s onwards , young Afghans migrated to Iran to seek temporary employment or study in Islamic seminaries . Nevertheless , the mass displacement of Afghans in Iran started 40 years ago . There were four significant phases of forced displacement of Afghans in the past four decades ( Abraham , 2013 ) . The military coup by the People ’ s Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) , followed by Soviet occupation to assist the party against the Mujaheddin rebels in the early 1980s , created massive instability in Afghanistan . The spread of violence initiated the first phase of displacement and the two neighboring countries , Pakistan and Iran , were the major destinations . Even after the withdrawal of Soviet forces , the instability continued due to the internal power struggle and created another phase of displacement . The Taliban rise in the mid-1990s and the conflicts following the United States war in 2001 led to the third and fourth phases of Afghans ’ forced migration . The first phase of Afghans displacement resulted from the transformative vision of the Islamic revolution in Iran . With an emphasis on Islamic brotherhood , Iran followed an open-door policy toward Afghan refugees after the 1979 revolution . In the 1980s and early 1990s , the", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 633, "text": "Iran ’ s 2016 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Water and Sanitation Service Improvement Project ( WaSSIP ) * * Resettlement Action Plan for Ghetto Informal Settlement # # * * 7 . 3 Eligibility * * Eligibility in this report is used in the context of the person that is entitled to or qualifies for any of the following provisions : compensation , resettlement , and rehabilitation assistance . Under this report , a person is determined amongst those that have qualified for any of the identified provisions when s / he meets in full the following conditions : a ) Part or whole parcels of his or her land is tagged for compulsorily acquisition for the effective implementation of the Project ; b ) S / he occupied this land earmarked for project activities , prior to the cut-off date – i . e . the date recommended for the census . c ) His or her rights or claim to the tagged land falls into any of the following categories : i . Formal legal rights to land as recognised by the national and customary Laws of Kenya . Persons considered here are those that hold leasehold land , freehold land and , land held within the family or passed on through generations . ii . No formal legal rights to the land or assets at the time the census begins , but has recognised claim of use of such land or ownership of assets through the national and customary Laws of Kenya . Persons taken into account here are those that come from outside the country and have been given land by the local dignitaries to settle , and or to occupy . iii . No recognisable legal rights or claim to the land s / he is occupying , using or getting his or her livelihood from . Persons allowed under this class include encroachers and illegal or bona fide occupants . An affected person who satisfies paragraph ( a ) and ( b ) , and his or her land tenure complies with either sub-paragraph ( i ) or ( ii ) , is determined under the Project as eligible for compensation , resettlement and rehabilitation assistance for the land , building or fixed assets", "spans": [{"start": 782, "end": 788, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1188, "end": 1194, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # * * Thresholds for Procurement Methods * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | C ≥ 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 1 | Works | 200 , 000 < C < < br > 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition National Market < br > Approach | | | | C ≤ 200 , 000 | RfQ | | | Goods , IT and < br > | C ≥ 2 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 2 | non - < br > consulting < br > services | 100 , 000 < C < < br > 2 , 000 , 000", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "any materials or stationery ( other than pens ) into the testing area . The grades selected for the QAT are tested simultaneously in the same testing area and the seating for the students is mixed . All test materials provided to the test takers are collected back . All unused test materials are retained by the testing agency . ADU also reports that test item recycling across QAT rounds is presently rare given the size of its test item bank . The QAT serves as the main source of data for the analysis of learning dynamics in program schools . While PEF has conducted nine QATs since the inception of the FAS program ( QAT 9 , the latest QAT , was administered in March 2010 ) , this study uses data from QAT 4 − QAT 8 which spans November 2007 – November 2009 , a two-year period , covering , in whole or in part , three academic years . QAT 4 is the first QAT round in the analysis as it represents the 13", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 722, "text": "data from QAT 4 − QAT 8", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In Figure 3 . 3 we provide a pictorial view of the war victimization based on household responses . We plot the average responses at the department level ; darker shades imply a higher average rate of victimization experience for the inhabitants in a department . It is evident that the civil war had an adverse effect on the livelihood of the entire population in Côte d ‟ Ivoire ; however the impact was more prevalent in the Middle and the Northwest of the country . Overall , between 30 to 50 percent of the respondents experienced declines in their income . The incidence of war victimization was more prominent in the departments located near the UN-peace keeping line and to the West where the civil war was more intense . Nearly 30 percent of the respondents had to hide during the war in the Northwestern departments . The conflict in the mid-West of the country is also marked by high levels of internal displacement . The adverse effect of the war on jobs and land is prevalent throughout the country . However , the people in the mid-West reported to have experienced loss of livestock and non-land assets . Finally , we turn to the education system in Côte d ‟ Ivoire . It mostly follows the centralized French education system , where the government plays a key role in curriculum development , coordination and allocation of resources and the organization of national examinations through the ministries of Education , Vocational Education and Higher Education . The _Certificat d ’ etude primaries elementaires_ ( CEPE ) is awarded after completing six years of primary education , which is followed by seven years of secondary schooling . In the final year of secondary school students earn a baccalaureate degree . Universities , technical and vocational trainings are part of the higher education system in Côte d ‟ Ivoire ( Sany , 2010 ) . As is evident from the ENV-2008 data , in the sub-population consisting of individuals aged 12 and above , about 35 percent earned a CEPE whereas only 10 percent completed the baccalaureate degree . However , almost 40 percent from the same group of people did not complete the CEPE . The average years of education stands a little above", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 97, "text": "household responses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1883, "end": 1896, "text": "ENV-2008 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 The positive impacts of the projects : improved tenure security , connectivity through roads and footpaths , improved drainage , water and sanitation , access to electricity and improved security in the settlements will also accrue to the VGMs . Moreover , - a ) VMGs would get an opportunity to integrate development model within their traditional economies towards livelihood improvement while preserving their identity and dignity , - b ) Targeted support on VMGs that is based on baseline survey will inform inclusive socioeconomic benefits that are culturally relevant . - c ) Women groups among the VMGs will be able to access employment and incomegenerating activities . - d ) Understanding of VMGs by the county government and other development will : - Draw attention to the marginal status of the VMGs and - Attract development resources from alternative sources like the county development funds and other donor or development partners # # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 Adverse Impacts * * * * Permanent effects * * - Permanent effects could result in loss of use of property , vegetation , or land by the affected person as a result of the subproject activities . Such effects are anticipated to affect : - Vulnerable groups whose land is found suitable for these infrastructures and this can translate into either loss of land , pasture and crop cover or all . The mitigation is for KISIP to avoid the need for land acquisition and displacement of people . Where land acquisition is inevitable , the provisions in the RPF should be followed . - Increase of infectious diseases like HIV / AIDS due to new interactions of communities , ’ specifically “ foreign ” workers who will be engaged in the construction activities . Sensitization and awareness about HIV / AIDs will be carried out as a mitigation measure for reducing incidence of contracting HIV / AIDs and other sexually transmitted diseases . - Some of the sites chosen for sub-projects may be culturally important", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 623, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mozambique ) to be terminated . 47 . Compared to the large number of privatization transactions there have been few instances of outright reversal or re-nationalization . Those that have taken place usually occurred when very large heavily indebted privatized firms failed , or in times of crisis and / or political change . Among the prominent examples : Rail Track in the UK ( as a result of bankruptcy ) , Air New Zealand ( a $ 300 million rescue package ) , La Paz and El Alto water concessions in Bolivia , and banks in Chile and Mexico that had been poorly privatized in the first rounds with protection from foreign competition , then renationalized , and subsequently reprivatized . 48 . Though relatively few in number these and other recent transactions under stress have contributed to declining public support , worldwide , for privatization . Recent public opinion polls show the following : - In Latin America , about 75 percent of the population in 1995 supported privatization ( Estache 2004 ) , but a more recent Latinobarómetro poll found that between 1998 and 2002 the percentage of people who say that the state should leave productive activity in private hands fell from 51 to 35 percent . During the same period the percentage of those who believed that privatization has been beneficial for their country fell from 46 to 28 percent ( Figure 12 ) . And when asked specifically whether the state or the private sector should be responsible for service delivery in the water and power sectors , 70 percent of respondents wanted the state to take charge ;", "spans": [{"start": 863, "end": 883, "text": "public opinion polls", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1030, "end": 1050, "text": "Latinobarómetro poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . 0 | 2 . 5 | 3 . 9 | | Wholesale and trade | 3 . 8 | 5 . 0 | 1 . 3 | 3 . 3 | | Transport , storage and communications | 6 . 2 | 7 . 5 | 3 . 4 | 5 . 9 | | Banking | 6 . 9 | 8 . 3 | 6 . 1 | 5 . 3 | | Public administration and defense | 4 . 6 | 4 . 5 | 5 . 6 | 4 . 5 | | Other services | 3 . 4 | 4 . 2 | 2 . 4 | 2 . 9 | | Total GDP growth | 3 . 9 | 4 . 9 | 2 . 3 | 3 . 5 | _Source : _ Author ’ s calculations based on data from Banco de Guatemala . a / Information for 2002 ( 2003 ) is preliminary ( estimated ) . The current human capital base is essentially a product of past agricultural growth and eminently anti-distributional policies . The World Bank ( 2003a ) and UNDP ( 2002 ) document that insufficient cheap labor , in particular for coffee , was the main barrier for the expansion of export crops during earlier periods . Hence , in order to create a low-wage labor force , the campesino and indigenous society was excluded from education . The plantation economy that resulted provided little incentives to accumulate human capital . Historically , the low level of schooling is also an outcome > 7 During a very brief episode in the early 1990s , inflation increased and fiscal discipline eroded . More recently , the World Bank ( 2003b ) presents arguments suggesting that short-run growth _may_ be related to the cyclical stance of fiscal and monetary policies . - 6 -", "spans": [{"start": 418, "end": 446, "text": "data from Banco de Guatemala", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in documentation exercise - It is vital to have clear budget or source of finance for paying compensation as it will not be a challenge when it comes to project implementation - The program will try to avoid any structure , rerouting the Row , unless necessary to do so . - EEU has documented the process of compensation for HV lines and including sex , age disaggregated data for HV-transmission line projects , such experiences might be utilized AF-ELEAP . - Strong and readily accessible grievance redressal mechanisms were available for parent ELEAP < u > program . Including institutional capacity strengthening of implementing sectors . < / u > - * * Threats * * : - Down to the earth implementation of compensation to affected people is largely depends on the power of the affected individual or protective stance of local leaders , which has risk of making vulnerable groups not benefit from his / her compensation right - EEU ’ s compensation policy that explicitly states that it does not pay compensation for distribution line ( LV ) related land acquisitions , crop or tree losses . - No special considerations for high-risk groups such as women , children , the elderly , ethnic minorities , indigenous people , landless , & those living under the poverty to ensure that they are benefiting from the project * * Risks * * : The risk is relatively low , since minimal land acquisition for on-grid distribution line or AF-ELEAP last mile connection activities . Yet in the event of crop or perennial fruit tree loss the impact on individual livelihoods could be substantial . EEU or its contractor ’ s site selections consider avoiding major impacts . Inability to consult with , rehabilitate and adequately compensate affected people while acquiring land or erasing crops / trees for the project activities will adversely affect livelihoods and living standards of affected people . Given the limited scope of investment activities , * * these risks are deemed to be moderate . * * # # # * * Annex 1 . 5 Core Principle 5 : Indigenous Peoples and Vulnerable Groups", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 376, "text": "sex , age disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . 1 . Empirical Specifications To explain firm performance during the pandemic , we consider several strategic changes : _Stable demand , Stable input , Stable liquidity , _ and _New product_ . As discussed earlier , during the turbulent pandemic , the normal is deterioration in demand , input , and liquidity , and the capacity to make these aspects stable represents firms ’ vigorous strategic efforts . Similarly , during the times of crises , innovations are perhaps the most proactive moves that firms could make . We thus estimate the following three equations to investigate the determinants of firm performance , of firms ’ changing circumstances and innovation strategy , and to what extent the changing circumstances and strategy affect firm performance . Whereas _c_ , _k , _ and _i_ represent country , industry , and firm . _Y_ is firm performance , including _Survival_ , and revenue growth , respectively . _S_ represents firms ’ strategic choices . In particular , _S_ includes _Stable demand , Stable input , Stable liquidity , _ and _New product_ . _X_ is firm-level variables , including indicators of firm organizational resources , which include _Sizable , Foreign , SOE , Subsidiary_ ; an indicator of firm leadership , _Log experience_ ; and other controls , such as log firm age . Since the COVID-19 firm surveys were conducted in two waves , we also control for a 2 < sup > nd < / sup > - wave dummy to control for the general trend . _Z_ represents country-level characteristics , which include the level of GDP per capita ( in the log ) and _Policy stringency_ . Equation ( 3 ) aims to show , after conditioning on firm situations and strategy , how basic firm and country characteristics contribute to firm performance . It also shows whether and how firm strategies contribute to its fortunes . # 4 . 2 Baseline Results Table 4 reports the baseline results , with the first two columns on firm performance , the next four columns on firms ’ strategic responses , and the last two columns the combined version for firm performance . 13", "spans": [{"start": 1320, "end": 1341, "text": "COVID-19 firm surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sustainable arrangements for CWG co-leadership and is planning to increase the number of local observers to the forum itself . The issue of * * resourcing * * was another major focus for the review . In terms of the CAG , a resourcing task team has been established with the global Donor Cash Forum < sup > 5 < / sup > which has contributed to a draft resourcing strategy . The recruitment of a dedicated , UNHCR-funded , Inter-Agency Cash Based Intervention Officer has also provided a significant boost . However , this is the only dedicated resource for the CAG , with all other members participating alongside other responsibilities and contributing from > 1 Original composition included : Co-chairs : OCHA and UNHCR ; Members : WFP , UNICEF , IOM , Plan International , CCD , International Federation of the Red Cross / Crescent ( IFRC ) , Kenyan Red Cross ( KRC ) / British Red Cross , Common Cash Delivery ( CCD ) representative , Catholic Relief Services ( CRS ) , Cash and Learning Partnership ( CALP ) , MA ’ AN Development Centre – Occupied Palestinian Territory ( oPt ) , Dhaka Ahsania Mission – Bangladesh : Observers ( 2 ) : Alliance for Empowering Partnership ( A4EP ) , CashCap > 2 Full ToR here : https : / / interagencystandingcommittee . org / global-cash-advisory-group-terms-reference-2022 > 3 Localisation , resourcing , communications , capacity building and the QCCF > 4 Local Engagement Online Survey , Zebs , March 2024 > 5 Canada , DG ECHO , Finland , Germany , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , the UK , and the US ( BHA and BPRM ) 1", "spans": [{"start": 1396, "end": 1426, "text": "Local Engagement Online Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Contestability Effects : The Relationship Between the Pace of Creative Destruction and Productivity Growth * * The analysis above focuses on the direct contribution of the reallocation process for productivity growth ( either with the dynamic or cross sectional decomposition ) . These decompositions lead one to think about the reallocation contributions and the within firm contributions as being alternative explanations of productivity growth . The reallocation contributions are often interpreted in the literature as reflecting the creative destruction processes while the within firm are interpreted as reflecting more traditional sources of productivity growth ( the average firm becomes more productive with advancing technology . However , rather than being alternatives , these effects ( within vs . reallocation ) may be closely related . That is , the pace of the creative destruction process might be interpreted as a measure of the c _ontestability or competitive of markets . _ As such , greater competitive pressures may induce incumbents to perform more efficiently . A first look at such _contestability effects_ is provided in Figure 13 . In this figure , we exploit not only the cross country variation but the variation across industries in order to be able to increase the number of observations ( and since in principle the above arguments should apply across sectors as well as countries ) . In particular , we examine the relationship between the contribution of net entry in a country / sector ( using time averages from the country / sector / year data ) and the productivity growth from incumbents ( the within term in the FHK decomposition ) . Interestingly , we find a strong positive and statistically significant correlation between the net entry contribution and the productivity growth of incumbents . This finding is suggestive that there is a relationship between the creative destructive and within firm sources of productivity growth . If nothing else , this strong correlation suggests that these components are not orthogonal alternatives but rather closely related . It might be , however , that the correlation in Figure 13 is readily explained as reflecting the impact of technological advances for both continuing firms and for the creative destruction process . That is , it may be that with technological advances we observe incumbents", "spans": [{"start": 1558, "end": 1586, "text": "country / sector / year data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Preparation of ESMF * * The preparation of the ESMF included the following stages : - Desktop and literature review of relevant project documents listed under Section 0 ; - Collection and Collation of baseline data on the environmental and social conditions of Uganda from existing studies ; - Stakeholder Consultations , cutting across the country covering all the regions , including specific Refugee Hosting Districts and Settlements therein , Manufacturing Industries , selected SACCOs , etc ; - Preparation of screening procedures to be used for project proposals ; - Identification of generic positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed project activities ; - Identification of generic environmental and social mitigation measures ; - Development of Guidance on formulation of environmental and social monitoring plan . # # # * * Detailed & In-depth Literature Review * * A review of the existing project information ( PAD ) and literature helped deepen the consultant ’ s understanding of the Project . A desk review of the Uganda legal framework and policies was conducted to identify relevant legislations and policy documents that should be considered during project implementation . Documents reviewed are listed as follows : # # # * * _PSFU Documents_ * * - The Project Appraisal Document for the INVITE Project , dated 2022 . - Terms of Reference for preparation of Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) , Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , Stakeholders Engagement Plan ( SEP ) , and Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) for INVITE Project , September 2022 . # # # * * _World Bank Related Documents_ * * - World Bank ’ s Environmental and Social Framework and Standards , 2018 - World Bank Group General Environment , Health and Safety Guidelines , 2007 # # # * * Stakeholder Consultations and Discussions * * The first stakeholder consultation meetings were conducted as part of the preparation of the first ESMF in December 2020 and the findings have been included and considered in this report . Additional consultations were undertaken as part of preparation of", "spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 224, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project - Additional Financing 1 ( P181168 ) # * * The World Bank * * Bank-financed Read @ Home Program and more formal education approaches with a focus on accelerated learning , for example , through speed schools with accelerated programs . WASH and other basic services may also be provided based on rapid needs assessments . The sub-component will be facilitated by the project ’ s Federal Project Coordination Unit ( FPCU ) in close coordination with the respective Regional Bureaus of health , education , social affairs , and WASH . The FPCU staff will lead the establishment of requirements and standards for such mobile interventions and teams , provide guidance to the respective local stakeholders on meeting these standards , and facilitate procurement activities , including of third parties as relevant . Sub-component 1 . 2 : Community-based Recovery Activities ( Cost : US $ 151 . 0 million ) This sub-component will finance recovery activities , starting with community planning and consultations and consequent community-focused and community-driven investments in basic services recovery . With regards to community planning , the GoE ’ s ongoing sub-regional impact assessments will be complemented by project-financed local detailed exercises that will collect , and later keep updated , data on affected communities and households , conflict impacts on household assets , local climate change impacts , and available response services for communities and households , as well as gender-specific assessments . The project will also finance an integrated local conflictmapping to understand potential tensions among different socioeconomic groups . Where a cluster-approach is taken for geographic targeting , assessments will take into consideration challenges and opportunities for cross-Woreda cooperation . The assessments will be conducted through consultations with local stakeholders and directly inform the consequent development of community recovery plans . Such community recovery plans may also include support for trainings that enable sustainable solutions for return , relocation , and local integration scenarios . The recovery plans will be aligned with the formal development plans of the", "spans": [{"start": 1246, "end": 1277, "text": "sub-regional impact assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1389, "end": 1432, "text": "data on affected communities and households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS7672 Policy Research Working Paper 7672 Skill Use , Skill Deficits , and Firm Performance in Formal Sector Enterprises Evidence from the Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey , 2015 _Hong Tan Sajitha Bashir Nobuyuki Tanaka_ Education Global Practice Group May 2016", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 173, "text": "Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "represent only a few days to a couple weeks ’ worth of consumption . One way to see this is to compare average total 2-week purchase quantities with _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _ , theminimumquantity < / sup > required to pay the lowest unit price . Because price schedules are estimated at the district level , there are up to seven possible values of _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _ ( andtheassociatedexpendiurelevel , < / sup > _e_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _min_ < sup > ) foreachitem . Table6showsthemean , minimum , andmaximumvaluesofthesetwo < / sup > statistics , across the seven districts . In columns 3 , 4 , 6 , and 7 we see substantial spatial variation in the minimum and maximum of _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _and < / sup > < sup > _e ∗ _ < / sup > _min_ < sup > — whatitmeansto “ buyinbulk ” < / sup > varies across districts . Column 1 shows the mean quantity purchased over 2 weeks . Among households that purchase each item , the mean quantity purchased substantially exceeds the average value of _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _ . < / sup > To estimate the number of days ’ worth of consumption represented by _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _ , we divide < / sup > _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _by the average total quantity purchased ( at the district level ) , and multiply by 14 . Figure < / sup > 4 shows the histogram of results for the item-district pairs that exhibit bulk discounts ( if we include the other items the distribution shifts significantly left ) . The median is 8 . 51 days . In half of cases , “ bulk purchasing ” involves buying roughly a week ’ s or less worth of consumption . The 75th and 90th percentiles are at roughly 2 and 3 weeks ’ worth of consumption . Hence , even though the data are from 2-week transaction diaries , for most items the relevant time frame for storing and consuming a bulk purchase is substantially shorter . Bulk purchasing in this setting involves avoidance of very small", "spans": [{"start": 1680, "end": 1706, "text": "2-week transaction diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of this paper comes from the coresidency restriction ; most of the surveys suffer from sample selection due to coresidency used to define household membership . As noted before , this has been a strong discouraging factor for researchers worried about rejection by their peers , journal referees and the editors . The recent economics research on intergenerational economic mobility in developing countries includes Behrman et . al . ( 2001 ) , Hertz et al . ( 2007 ) , Binder and Woodruff ( 2002 ) , Thomas ( 1996 ) , Lillard and Willis ( 1995 ) , Lam and Schoeni ( 1993 ) , Emran and Shilpi ( 2011 , 2015 ) , Bossuroy and Cogneau ( 2013 ) , Maitra and Sharma ( 2010 ) ) . Most of the studies on economic mobility in developing countries rely on education and occupation as markers of economic status , because reliable data on income for long enough time periods to calculate permanent income are not available . < sup > 13 < / sup > Most of them also use data selected nonrandomly due to the residency requirement for household membership . There is , however , no uniformity in the definitions of ‘ household ’ across different surveys , although all are concerned with ‘ living together ’ , ‘ eating together ’ , and sometimes with ‘ pooling of funds ’ ( Deaton ( 1997 ) ) . Examples of household surveys that usually include coresidency as a defining criteria include Household Income and Expenditure Survey ( HIES ) , Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) , and Living Standard Measurement Survey ( LSMS ) . There are some household surveys which include limited information on the parents of household head and spouse , but do not include the nonresident children of the household head . Hertz et al . ( 2007 ) use household surveys from 21 developing countries ( 10 Asian , 4 African , and 7 Latin American ) and 8 formerly Communist countries where household surveys provide information on household head ’ s parents , but do not include the nonresident children . < sup > 14 < / sup > When non-resident children are excluded from the survey , it results in truncation", "spans": [{"start": 1374, "end": 1413, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1425, "end": 1454, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1469, "end": 1503, "text": "Living Standard Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1723, "end": 1769, "text": "household surveys from 21 developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1859, "end": 1876, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Figure 8 . Skills developed in training ( among firms with training programs ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Job-specific technical skills < br > Managerial and leadership skills < br > Numeracy / math skills < br > other < br > Problem solving / critical thinking skills < br > Foreign languages skills < br > Interpersonal and communication skills < br > 0 . 0 % 10 . 0 % 20 . 0 % 30 . 0 % 40 . 0 % 50 . 0 % 60 . 0 % < br > Source : Enterprise Survey data , authors < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # _Shaping factors of firm capabilities_ The dynamics on firm capabilities are often shaped by underlying structural factors , especially in differences by industry , location and type of firm . Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2010 ) point to the importance of competition in shaping management practices . They hypothesize that in a competitive economy , firms with low management practices would be outcompeted by more productive firms with higher levels of firm capabilities . It is therefore expected that in sectors / locations with higher degrees of competition , higher levels of firm capabilities are found . For Mozambique , our analysis does not find evidence for this relationship between competition and firm capabilities ( see also McKenzie and Woodruff , 2017 , for similar finding in developing countries ) . Table 5 shows regressions of management practices and skills on the HerfindahlHirschman Index ( HHI ) < sup > 11 < / sup > , a measure of market concentration , calculated at the nationwide industry level , province-industry level and district-industry level . There is little evidence for a negative relationship between market concentration and management practices : most of the coefficients are positive and insignificant . This lack of significant relationship does not necessarily > 11 The Herfindahl Hirschman Index ( HHI ) is a commonly used measure of market concentration , among others ( Syverson 2019 ) . It is calculated by taking the sum of squared market shares of a firm in a particular market ( H 12", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 475, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > nition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Pr < br > T | ocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Posit < br > Recog - < br > nized | ive < br > Other < br > ( hum ) | O < br > Rejected < br > | therw . < br > losed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w . < br >", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the efficiency level of the project . * * The project was well designed with clear project development objectives ( PDO ) and measurable indicators . Even though the project was approved by the World Bank in , 2014 , the project had four extensions , which resulted in a longer duration of 3 years five months . Some of the causes of the extension were : acquisition of rights of way , safeguards challenges , mobilization of contractors , COVID-19 pandemic and the cessation of movement requirements , Inspection Panel request and dispute resolution service . # # # * * NON-QUANTIFIABLE BENEFITS * * * * 12 . Non-Quantifiable Benefits associated the project included improved visibility and scenic view of the city . * * Streets in Kampala had experienced a lot of crime and therefore considered unsafe by most residents . However , the installation of streetlights improved visibility and therefore increased business activities into the night . With beautified roads that are well marked , and pedestrian walkways lined with beautiful trees , the city has become scenic and is expected to attract more visitors . These initiatives can also be considered as climate smart as they mitigate the effects of greenhouse emissions and overheating . * * 13 . Enhanced institutional efficiency due to investment in revenue collection system ( * * * * _Component 2_ ) has resulted in has resulted increased revenue collection . * * Revenue collected during the duration of the project increased from UGX 17 . 65bn in FY 2014 / 15 to UGX 43 . 55 bn in FY 2021 / 22 ( Figure 4 ) . The increase in revenue can be attributed to the improved property valuation ( valued at US $ 90 . 11 billion ) , resulting in increased rates collection , and secondly , the development of robust revenue management systems which include revenue database , assessment , billing , collection , enforcement , dispute resolutions and taxpayer education . The increase in revenue collected implies that more resources could be allocated in the provision of services and operation & Maintenance of the improved infrastructure as well as", "spans": [{"start": 1813, "end": 1829, "text": "revenue database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- site inspections ; ( iii ) improved compilation and monitoring o f foreign exchange statistics ; ( iv ) regular and accurate liquidity forecasting ; ( v ) improved balance o f payments statistics and analysis . Data collection and reporting to monitor and evaluate progress against these criteria will be coordinated by the NBE . I t s regular reports will be a key element o f the M & E system for this component . While based on existing systems , the formats o f reports will be enhanced . - Progress on Component _2_ will be monitored , and results evaluated , against the following criteria : ( i ) increase in value o f non-cash transactions in FY06-07 , _07-08_ and _08-09 ; _ ( ii ) annual target for the establishment and operationalization o f regional clearing houses ; and ( iii ) automation o f the credit information center at NBE by end June _2009 . _ NBE ’ s regular reports will be a key element o f the M & E system for this component . While based on existing systems , the formats o f reports will be enhanced . - Progress on Component 3 will be monitored , and results evaluated , against the following criteria : ( i ) preparation for a pilot SME guarantee facility completed , and the required training and T A delivered ; ( ii ) agricultural risk insurance pilot scaled-up ; and ( iii ) housing finance facility feasibility study completed . Information to monitor and evaluate progress on ( i ) and ( iii ) will be collected and reported by the PCC . The M & E for ( iii ) will involve surveys on household access to agricultural insurance 12", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 96, "text": "foreign exchange statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1513, "end": 1566, "text": "surveys on household access to agricultural insurance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Baird , McIntosh , and Ozler ( 2010 ) show significant impacts of 0 . 14 standard deviations on English achievement tests and 0 . 12 on math achievement tests after two years of operation of a CCT program in Malawi . Our study builds on two recent studies which use the ENLACE data to study impacts of PROSPERA . Acevedo , Ortega and Székely ( 2018 ) use several sources of variation to estimate impact of PROSPERA on achievement tests , including comparing beneficiaries with nonbeneficiaries and comparing beneficiaries with less time in the program to beneficiaries with more time in the program . Depending on the method used , they find varying sizes of impacts , ranging from effects on the order of 0 . 3 SD to insignificant effects . Our study uses different methodologies to estimate impact as well as combining socio-economic characteristics and school characteristics as conditioning variables and as potential sources of program impact heterogeneity . De Hoyos , Estrada , and Vargas ( 2018 ) analyze a longitudinal panel of ENLACE data for a group of students that took the test in sixth grade in 2007 and then again in grade 9 and in grade 12 . They also merge the grade 12 test scores with a special module of the Mexican labor force survey ( ENOE ) applied to individuals aged 18 to 20 years old in 2010 . They find that the ENLACE test scores have strong predictive power for future education and labor market outcomes . They show that grade 6 learning outcomes are an important predictor of lower - and 8", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 283, "text": "ENLACE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1017, "end": 1050, "text": "longitudinal panel of ENLACE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1231, "end": 1257, "text": "Mexican labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 5 Page 8 # # # Credit - Description of each institution providing credit in the project area ; - Status and effectiveness of credit institutions ; - Part played by non-institutional credit ( e . g . moneylenders ) ; - The purpose ; amount ; terms and conditions of the loans , and types of farmers to whom credit is extended . # # # Cooperatives Discussion of the situation concerning cooperatives in the various fields related to the project . # # # Farms and Farmers - Present farming methods ; - Standards of farm management ; - Cropping patterns and yields ; - Present use of farm inputs ( fertilizers , pesticides , improved seeds ) ; - Obstacles to a greater utilization of these inputs ( costs , lack of transportation or distribution facilities , lack of experimental data ) . # # # Mechanization - Types and numbers of tractors and allied machinery at present in use ; - Suitability of existing equipment for the work required ; - Economics of operating existing equipment , including output capabilities and operation costs ; - Main reason for mechanical failures ; - Supplies of spares and servicing facilities ; - Quality of operators and training requirements ; - Factors limiting the efficient use of equipment ; - Supply and storage of fuel ; - Recommendations for more efficient use of equipment .", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 786, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "store maize , only two percent do so to sell it later in the season < sup > 19 < / sup > . Their main reason for storing maize is for household consumption . _Table 4 : Household farm size by distance to market_ _ < u > ( terciles ) < / u > _ | | Iringa | Arusha | Dodoma | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lowest | 3 . 1 | 2 . 8 | 4 . 9 | | Middle | 6 . 9 | 2 . 6 | 7 . 1 | | Highest | 4 . 0 | 2 . 7 | 6 . 1 | Source : Author ‟ s calculations from HBS 2007 . > 18 Data of the quantity of maize produced by household was not available . > 19 Tanzania Sample Census of Agriculture 2002 / 03 . 19", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 582, "text": "Tanzania Sample Census of Agriculture", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 3 . 4 . 3 . 5 RECOMMENDED OPTION * * Considering the information mentioned above and line route option comparative evaluation results , WSP < u > hereby recommends the selection of line route option 1 for the Olwiyo – Nile crossing section . < / u > # # # # # # 3 . 4 . 4 NILE CROSSING – NEBBI LINE ROUTE OPTIONS ’ COMPARISON Table 3-4 below provides a comparison of line route options 1 , 2 and 3 based on the VESCs described above , for the project ’ s Nile crossing – Nebbi section .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 | 4 . 16 | - 0 . 98 | - 2 . 76 | 1 . 25 | 4 . 01 | | Georgia | 1 . 86 | 0 . 23 | 2 . 39 | - 0 . 53 | 0 . 15 | 1 . 78 | 1 . 64 | | Ghana | - 0 . 56 | 0 . 47 | 1 . 23 | - 1 . 79 | - 0 . 77 | - 0 . 95 | - 0 . 18 | | Guatemala | 3 . 15 | 0 . 32 | 4 . 02 | - 0 . 87 | 0 . 15 | 3 . 04 | 2 . 89 | | Guinea | 3 . 15 | 0 . 84 | 5 . 90 | - 2 . 75 | - 1 . 57 | 2 . 46 | 4 . 03 | | Guinea-Bissau | 3 . 10 | 1 . 62 | 6 . 88 | - 3 . 78 | - 3 . 09 | 0 . 71 | 3 . 79 | | Indonesia | 1 . 57 | 0 . 24 | 1 . 87 | - 0 . 30 | 0 . 48 | 1 . 77 | 1 . 28 | | Iraq | 1 . 33 | 0 . 25 | 1 . 79 | - 0 . 46 | 0 . 57 | 1 . 48 | 0 . 91 | | Jordan | 4 . 49 | 0 . 56 | 4 . 95 | - 0 . 46 | 1 . 38 | 5 . 07 | 3 . 69 | | Kenya | 2 . 54 | 1 . 11 | 6 . 63 | - 4 . 09 | - 2 . 18 | 1 . 39 | 3 . 57 | | Kyrgyz Republic | 1 . 97 | 0 . 32 | 2 . 77 | - 0 . 79 | 0 . 18 | 2 . 02 | 1 . 84 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the elimination of country ’ s own agricultural import tariffs . 31", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 895, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector development and growth ( World Bank Investment Climate Database ) . Thus the longer governments wait to address these issues , the greater the economic and financial burden and the greater the barriers to achieving economic growth . # * * IV . EMERGING ISSUES * * 44 . A vast body of empirical work on the impact of privatization that has been summarized in detail elsewhere shows that in competitive sectors privatization has improved firm performance ( Megginson and Netter 2003 and Kikeri and Nellis 2004 provide recent reviews ) . Available studies conclude that privatization in these sectors improves performance and", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 70, "text": "World Bank Investment Climate Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 238 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 Diversion Works * * At the proposed site , the Victoria Nile divides into two fast-flowing channels that cascade down each side of Dumbbell Island . The hydropower development will be constructed in two stages , with the river flow to be diverted to either side of Dumbbell Island using coffer dams as outlined below . Drawings D103332-914-0113 and 0114 in Appendix E show the layout of road and cofferdams during stage 1 and stage 2 . Water levels have been estimated for various sections for the two stages , based on the available current information . During Stage I Diversion , the maximum water levels at Q = 2 , 200 m < sup > 3 < / sup > / s ( Q = discharge ) , are estimated at 1 , 097 m AMSL at the upstream end of Dumbbell Island and approximately 1 , 091 m AMSL at the downstream end . Detailed underwater surveys at the commencement of the construction phase may result in small adjustments in the predicted water levels , with the heights of cofferdams adjusted accordingly . In order to prevent vegetation being carried downstream , it will be cleared from the respective river channel immediately prior to construction of each coffer dam , such that no vegetated land is inundated during diversion . This will require clearance up to the 1 , 100 m AMSL contour above the cofferdam , sloping down to the 1 , 091 m AMSL level at the northern tip of Dumbbell Island . After demarcation of this area , clearance will be carried out using hand tools to remove trees and shrubs at ground level . In order to minimise erosion , no digging will be carried out and root systems and grasses will be left intact . Cleared material will be made available for use by", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 994, "text": "underwater surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 91 % < br > 86 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % 62 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % 44 % < br > 40 % < br > 29 % < br > 30 % 26 % < br > 20 % < br > 20 % 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > High income Low income Upper middle Lower middle < br > income income < br > 2014 2017 < br > ( age 15 + ) < br > Sent or received digital payments in last year < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Findex . Digital payments empower digital businesses meanwhile brings significant benefits to traditional businesses . Businesses that provide products or services online rely on digital payment mechanisms . Traditional businesses find digital payments to be three times more cost-effective than purchase order processes , with additional benefits of convenience and security . < sup > 67 < / sup > By reducing travel time and expenses , digital payments help accelerate business registration and payments for business licenses and permits . < sup > 68 < / sup > In 2018 Argentina launched an online portal for businesses to enroll with the tax authorities and adopt an electronic wallet for tax payment . According to the _Doing Business_ data set , the time to register a business fell from 24 . 5 days to 11 days thanks to the reform . This outcome shows the great potential of digital payment tools in reducing informality . < sup > 69 < / sup > The traceability of digital payments also enables governments to better prevent fraud , money hoarding , and tax evasion . < sup > 70 < / sup > The key players providing digital payment services differ in developed and developing countries . Developed countries have been using modern cashless payment methods by means of credit and debit cards since the 1950s . Banks are at the center of this payment system . Acquiring banks", "spans": [{"start": 1172, "end": 1197, "text": "_Doing Business_ data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 In this paper total federal budget transfers to regions were defined as the sum of mutual settlements , subventions , short-term loans , and budget loans received by the regions ( World Bank , 1995a ) . Additionally , in 1994 and 1995 , grants received by the regions under the Federal Fund for the Support of the Regions ( created in 1994 ) were included . At the very least , mutual settlements were received by all regions and thus , total transfer data exist for all regions in all years . ' < sup > 5 < / sup > All information on non-fiscal indicators derive from various Goskomstat publications . Many of them are the same used by Kitty Stewart in her study ( Stewart , 1996 ) , who kindly provided us with access to her data base . Data for the autonomous regions , which are the smallest administrative units in terms of population , are not available in the case of some variables , and for this reason sample sizes of 77 and 78 instead of 87 will be noted in some regressions . No significant differences in statistical results associated with the change in the sample size were found . In the regressions for each year , variables from that year are used , unless otherwise indicated . In 1995 , a number of social and demographic variables from 1994 were used in the absence of these data for 1995 ; but these would not have changed appreciably from one year to the next . The estimates for real household incomes for 1995 were calculated based on the nominal mid-year data , while for other years average annual nominal incomes were used . # * * Factors used in the analysis * * Our analysis was focused on the identification of determinants of overall national economy expenditures as well as the components of those expenditures . In all , a total of twentyfour unique ( that is , not counting twice the same type of data for different years ) independent variables were examined as potential subsidy determinants in the regression analysis . These variables represent both supply-side factors characterizing the availability of financial resources in regions which potentially might be spent on subsidization , and", "spans": [{"start": 1467, "end": 1488, "text": "nominal mid-year data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 indicators of child mortality are more pronounced in large cities than in towns and medium sized cities . This study finds that while infant mortality amongst the wealthiest classes in large cities are particularly low , infant mortality rates amongst the poorest classes are quite pronounced – and indeed are higher than amongst the poorer segments in small and medium sized towns . These are suggestive findings and may be related to the particularly unhealthy living conditions in over-crowded slum areas of large cities . However , evidence on health outcomes across city sizes categories remains scarce and there does not appear to be a broad consensus in the literature on the relatively higher health risks in large cities . For example , Kapadia-Kundu and Kanitkar ( 2002 ) argue , also with reference to India , that urban public health services generally place greater emphasis on mega-cities and metro-centers , to the relative neglect of smaller cities and towns . We probe this concern by examining the gradient across city size categories in Mexico of child anthropometric outcomes . We draw on a small area estimation effort undertaken by Rascón ( 2010 ) that parallels the work reported in preceding sections , but focuses on anthropometric outcomes rather than income poverty . Rascón combines the Mexican National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006 with the Second Count of the Population and Dwellings 2005 in order to apply a variant of the Elbers et al . ( 2003 ) small area estimation procedure to the incidence of stunting and underweight amongst children aged 5 and below in Mexico . < sup > 20 < / sup > Lanjouw and Rascón ( 2010 ) examine the correlation of child health outcomes in urban areas with city size . Table 8 summarizes their results and documents that the incidence of low height for age ( stunting ) and low weight for age ( underweight ) among children displays a similar gradient across city sizes as we have seen for income poverty . In Mexican cities that are larger than 500 , 000 inhabitants , the incidence of stunting and of underweight among children is 9 % . In the case of stunting the incidence rises monotonically as cities decline in size . Amongst the smallest", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1370, "text": "Mexican National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1380, "end": 1429, "text": "Second Count of the Population and Dwellings 2005", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the influx of population and urbanization with an increase in the number of traders , and the general population . - Project components were amended to suit the allocated budget and community priority projects guiding the Consultant to re-assess the re-alignment of project components to the Employer ’ s budgetary guidelines . - Design of the roads were amended to fit within the wayleaves to reduce the risk of involuntary re-settlement of the people , hence previously affected PAPs may not be impacted in some sections while impacted in others . The developments mentioned above guided the consultant to take a more wholesome approach to review each section of the initial ESIA and update it accordingly . Previous of ESIA , ESMP and RAP studies , as well as the implementation of ESMP in similar projects was also taken into account . # # # # # # * * Task 2 : Field Reconnaissance Survey and Review of Earlier Studies * * The field reconnaissance survey has been carried out within the various settlements to understand salient environmental and social attributes that are likely to be most adversely affected by the project components . These feature included - The general topography of the informal settlements - Roads geometry 10", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 892, "text": "Field Reconnaissance Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 931, "end": 958, "text": "field reconnaissance survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The project encountered challenges in the implementation of safeguards and in response to these challenges , the project team instituted numerous capacity building sessions for the client and provided hands-on support to the client in developing and implementing corrective actions . There was severe non-compliance to environment , social , health and safety ( ESHS ) measures at Ruiru and Juja / Thika sewerage sites ( see section 10a below ) . The ICR does not provide sufficient detail on how the Bank ensured compliance with the ESHS measures ; it only notes ( para 59 ) that Bank supported the improvement of the capacity of the Project Coordination Team ( PCT ) from the fourth year of project implementation . Following the fatalities , the PCT started accident tracking records at each active construction site , which were monitored by the Bank . Page 14 of 19", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 786, "text": "accident tracking records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Walton , G . M . , and G . L . Cohen . 2011 . “ A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students . ” _Science_ 331 ( 6023 ) : 1447 – 1451 . - Weissberg , R . P . , J . A . Durlak , C . E . Domitrovich , and T . P . Gullotta . 2015 . “ Social and emotional learning : Past , present , and future . ” in J . A . Durlak , C . E . Domitrovich , R . P . Weissberg , and T . P . Gullotta ( Eds . ) . _Handbook for social and emotional learning : Research and practice_ . New York , NY , US : Guilford . - World Bank . 2018 . “ Why Do Indonesian Adolescent Boys have Poorer Schooling Outcomes than Girls ? ” _EAPGIL Brief_ 5 . East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab . Washington , DC : World Bank . Available at : http : / / hdl . handle . net / 10986 / 31487 . - Yeager , D . S . , P . Hanselman , G . M . Walton , J . S . Murray , R . Crosnoe , C . Muller , E . Tipton , B . Schneider , C . S . Hulleman , C . P . Hinojosa , D . Paunesku , C . Romero , K . Flint , A . Roberts , J . Trott , R . Iachan , J . Buontempo , S . M . Yang , C . M . Carvalho , P . R . Hahn , M . Gopalan , P . Mhatre , R . Ferguson , A . L . Duckworth , and C . S . Dweck . 2019 . “ A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement . ” _Nature_ 573 : 364 – 369 . 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of tree nurseries ; a wildlife control program . to lfmit damage to crops by wild animal · ; ; studies to esta ~ lish baseline data on the district , monitoring , and evaluation of project progress , · · ~ . md studies and field trails to prepare projects for the future development of the N ~ rok * * DistrJct * * . PROCUREMENT : Procurement of equipment and materials for extension and credit services , soil and water conservation , and the wildlife control program will follow government procurement procedures which are satisfactory . Most contracts for road development and construction works are too small and locations too scattered to attract international bids . Consultants will be needed for the baseline studies of * * CONSULTANTS : * * population , ecology , and resources of the Narok District , which * * will * * be financed under the CIDA grant to the project . Consultant engineers will also be used for the road development components of the project . * * CONSULTANTS : * * ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN : 13 % ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE : 1984 • - 0 -", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 131, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > nition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | territory | | | Applied | Positi | < br > ve | | | | | rate | s | O / w . | Change | | Origin | of < br > asylum | Procedure < br > T < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed < br > rate | pending < br > cases ( %", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * During the recent global financial crisis , several countries were forced to nationalize failing private banks . Abn Amro in the Netherlands , for instance , is now fully owned by the Dutch government . As a result , the average share of government ownership of banks by bank assets has increased in high-income countries form 7 . 3 % in 2007 to 10 . 8 % in 2009 , to fall back slightly to 9 . 9 % in 2010 . The increased prevalence of state banks is providing renewed impetus to the debate on the economic costs and benefits of state banking . While previous research has shown that state banks tend to perform badly , misallocate resources and lead to lower economic growth , relatively little is known about how state banks react to business cycle fluctuations . To fill this gap , this paper examines the lending behavior of state banks over the business cycle , and also fluctuations in the main types of bank funding that make this lending possible . In addition , this paper considers the relative accounting for non-performing loans by state banks , as differences in the reporting of bad loans over the business cycle by state and private banks are a potential mechanism to explain different capacities to provide new loans . Our analysis is based on a sample of 1 , 633 banks from 111 countries over the 1999-2010 period . We find that lending by state banks is less procyclical than the lending by private banks , especially if the bank is located in a country with good governance . We capture good governance by an index of government effectiveness , which increases with perceptions of the quality of public services , the degree of independence from political pressures and the credibility of a government ‟ s commitment to its own effectiveness . Moreover , lending by state banks located in high-income countries is even countercyclical . State banks also expand their credit relatively more during banking crises , which points at a stabilizing influence of state banks at a time of financial instability . Among private banks , we find that foreign-owned banks ‟ lending is especially procyclical , perhaps because these banks", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9404 # * * Abstract * * Many Sub-Saharan African countries have instituted free primary education policies , and this has led to a significant increase in the primary school enrollment rate . However , many children who are in school are not learning . It is not clear whether free primary education policies have contributed to the decline in the quality of education and whether these learning effects are long-lasting . This paper addresses the latter question and estimates the long-term effects of free primary education on educational achievement in Lesotho where the program was phased-in on a grade-by-grade basis , beginning with grade one in 2000 . The timing of the implementation created changes in program coverage across age ( and grade ) groups over time . A semiparametric difference-in-differences strategy is employed that exploits these variations to identify the long-term effects of the free primary education policy on educational achievement , using university examinations records data for student cohorts with and without free primary education . The results indicate that the effect of free primary education on academic performance is bounded between 2 and 19 percentage points , implying that the program increased enrollment without hurting education quality . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at rmoshoeshoe @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1039, "text": "university examinations records data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "overall project management . In tandem , spending on social sectors declined , which alongside inefficiencies in use of resources and the huge pressures from a fast-growing population , severely hampered delivery of social services . 5 . * * To enhance public services and enable growth , Government of Uganda ( GoU ) is interested in increased efficiency of public investment management ( PIM ) . * * Given the rigidity of the budget and stiff competition among development priorities for limited fiscal space in the coming years , it is important to increase the output for each shilling spent on public investment . Government recognizes the importance of exploiting the significant dividend from improving PIM and urgency to address the existing inefficiencies , especially in infrastructure development . The inefficiencies manifest themselves as low completion rate of core projects and decline in the level of efficiency in the utilization of public capital or assets . 6 . * * In addition , GoU is keen on incorporating climate considerations into the PIM reforms . * * Uganda is highly vulnerable to climate change ; projections show that both temperatures and precipitation are expected to increase . Priority sectors for adaptation remain ecosystem , water , agriculture , and forestry . < sup > 4 < / sup > Other sectors at risk of climate effects are general business sector , mining and quarrying , energy , transport and cities and the built environment . In response to her commitment to the Paris Agreement , Uganda has prepared the updated National Determined Contribution ( NDC ) in 2022 . The PIMA found that current methodological tools for project preparation and appraisal do not incorporate climate change aspects . To achieve climate-resilient investments and environmental sustainability and meet international commitments , PIM aspects must be strengthened . These include : strengthening institutional capacity of the Climate Change Department ( CCD ) in MoFPED , and > 2 FY 21 Ratio 11 . 9 percent of GDP , FY 20 Ratio – 11 . 3 percent of GDP , and FY 19 Ratio - 11 . 5 percent . > 3 World Bank Revenue Dashboard > 4 MWE /", "spans": [{"start": 2113, "end": 2141, "text": "World Bank Revenue Dashboard", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "would be expected to have a comparative advantage in the sectors that use these factors more intensively ( Levchenko ( 2007 ) ; Debaere ( 2014 ) ) . Industries that are intensive in skilled labor and capital would also be expected to have higher capabilities , which could be transferred to Polish firms through foreign investment . Data for these measures of German influence are obtained from Eurostat , OECD and UNIDO . Finally , we use data on exports from COMTRADE to construct a measure of Germany ’ s revealed comparative advantage ( RCA ) relative to Poland and to the world . < sup > 7 < / sup > To mitigate concerns about endogeneity , all these measures are constructed using data for Poland ’ s pre-accession period . For example , data on Germany ’ s pre-accession exports and output by sector refer to the averages over the period 1994-2004 . Table A . 2 in the Appendix reports summary statistics on the main measures . To conduct placebo tests , we further collected data on outputbased measures for Poland itself , Russia and other neighbour countries , notably Ukraine and Lithuania . # * * 5 Empirical results * * # # * * 5 . 1 Effects of German acquisitions on firm performance * * Results in this section draw on the Orbis data set , and for this reason refer only to employment as the outcome variable . Unfortunately , the variable turnover presents an excessive amount of missing values , which makes it unreliable . Figure 2 plots the regression coefficients of the event-study ( equation ( 1 ) ) including firm and year fixed effects . Before 2004 there is no discernible difference in employment growth between domestic and to-be-acquired firms . However , after 2004 we observe a positive effect of foreign acquisition on employment growth that persists throughout the period of analysis . Overall , average treatment effects are reported in Table A . 3 and indicate that German acquisition increases firm-level employment by 15 % . Positive effects are also found when using an alternative measure of foreign ownership based on the number of foreign shareholders ( column 2 of Table A . 3 ) and when excluding firms that exit", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 469, "text": "data on exports from COMTRADE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1238, "end": 1252, "text": "Orbis data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Government Capacity and Reforms : * * Discussions highlighted the ongoing government reforms , including the RESTART reform . It emphasized the need for support in capacity sharing and building , strengthening internal mechanisms , and increased engagement with local authorities . The goal is to make the system more efficient and improve services for vulnerable groups , including refugees . This reform is seen as key for the long-term sustainability of refugee support and integration efforts . * * Inclusion Across Sectors : * * Participants stressed the importance of meaningful inclusion of refugees in healthcare , education , labor markets , and economic systems , including in rural areas . There was recognition that inclusion levels vary by sector , with some areas like social assistance needing significant improvement / support . The focus shall be on supporting strategies that address the needs of refugees while also benefiting host communities . * * Expansion of Temporary Protection Rights * * : Participants highlighted the urgent need to expand rights entitlements for TP holders , which currently limits inclusion into social protection systems and does not provide a legal pathway for local integration , limiting the scope of any transition effort . * * Refugee Self-Reliance * * : Participants highlighted the importance of prioritizing support for refugees to become self-reliant , recognizing this as essential for long-term sustainability of the response / transition and reduced dependence on humanitarian aid . * * Social Assistance and Data Management : * * The need for better refugee inclusion in social assistance programs was highlighted , with suggestions to categorize refugees based on socioeconomic and protection vulnerability and provide technical guidance to the government to refine existing eligibility criteria for their inclusion . Improving data management and harmonizing statistics , while including refugee in national and sub-national datasets was suggested to ensure accurate representation of refugee needs , particularly in child protection services . * * Key Recommendations from Session 3 : * * * * 1 . Support government reforms : * * Mobilize support through the RRP to provide targeted support for ongoing reform , aiming at refugee inclusion –", "spans": [{"start": 1965, "end": 1999, "text": "national and sub-national datasets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and / or Invasive . The IUCN Red list of threatened species was used to assess the plants ' conservation status . The tree layers ranged from 3m + high . The Shrub layers ranged from 1 - 3 m , whereas the herb layer was from 0-1m . Any herb that was > 3m was recorded here as a tree and likewise , a tree seedling that was < 1m high was recorded in the herb layer ( Kent and Coker , 1992 ; Magurran , 1988 ) . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . 1 Mammals * * The methods used for mammal survey in QENP were visual encounter surveys from 30 . 04 . 202304 . 05 . 2023 , local consultations , and indirect methods involving identification of mammalian dung , calls , tracks , footprints , and asking of local informants on the presence of mammals . The surveys were focused mainly on small to medium-sized mammals , while direct sighting and species counts were used to count large and conspicuous mammals . Since several mammal species of 42 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 59, "text": "IUCN Red list of threatened species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; grade points in each subject ; age and gender of the student ; and unique school ID . We match this data with a dataset on the geolocation of each school using the school IDs . Figure 3 shows the geographic footprint of primary schools and coffee mills in Rwanda . < sup > 7 < / sup > NESA uses a nine-point grading system in order from best to worst - 1 ( Excellent ) to 9 ( Poor ) . Since we are interested in students ’ aggregate performance in all subjects as well as individual subjects , we use the grades in the respective subjects to generate a standardized grade point . Specifically , following Denteh et al . ( 2022 ) , we reverse the scales so that a high grade means better performance . Essentially , we re-order the ranking of the grades such that 1 means Poor > 6It is noteworthy to emphasize that Rwanda introduced 6-year compulsory primary education . However , in 2009 the country extended the program to a 12-year free and compulsory education system . 7Our data on the location of coffee mills was obtained from Rwanda Geoportal 6", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 155, "text": "dataset on the geolocation of each school", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 980, "end": 1016, "text": "data on the location of coffee mills", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "samples suggest that persistence is about 33 percent higher for daughters , while the correct estimate from full samples is 45 percent . In contrast , the gender gap estimates based on IGC are similar across full ( 4 . 5 percent higher for daughters ) and coresident ( 4 . 8 percent higher for daughters ) samples . Thus , consistent with the cross-country comparisons discussed above , when working with coresident samples , it is preferable to use IGC as a measure of intergenerational persistence to understand gender gap in educational mobility . # * * 5 . Additional Evidence * * # * * 5 . 1 Alternative Age Ranges for the Children * * The age range used so far in Tables 1-3 is 13-60 years . This is motivated by the fact that the average schooling attainments in rural Bangladesh and India remain low in the survey years , so that a 13 years lower threshold may not be binding for most of the rural children . In Bangladesh data , the average years of schooling is only 4 . 43 years ; for sons it is 5 . 5 years and for daughters 3 . 4 years . The average schooling in India is 5 years , and for sons it is 7 years and for daughters 3 . 7 years . To explore the sensitivity of the conclusions with respect to the age range of children , we estimate the IGRC and IGC across a number of different age ranges . For the sake of brevity , we report estimates from the following age ranges : ( _i_ ) 13-50 years , ( _ii_ ) 16-60 , and ( _iii_ ) 20-69 years . Since many children start first grade at age 6 , a 13 years age cut-off implies 7 years of potential schooling as the minimum threshold in our sample ( primary schooling is 5 years ) . The observed schooling attainment , however , may vary across 13 year old children for a variety of reasons . For example , children from poor households may start schooling later than usual , and they may also have to interrupt schooling because of negative economic shocks . < sup > 22 < / sup > The", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 935, "text": "Bangladesh data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characteristics , such as urban or rural residence , household size , education level , gender , and race of household head . # 3 . 2 . Change in medical expenditure The long-term change in spending on health care that would result from a reduction in the consumption of each product is estimated using the static model described by equation 4 . Estimates of the cost of treating diseases related to the consumption of each product are distributed proportionally to the number of households in decile jj that consume product . The list of diseases that are considered related to consumption comes from the Global Burden of Diseases dataset and will be explored in section 4 . 2 . pp jj To analyze the long-term impact on health care spending resulting from a reduction in the consumption of each product , we employ a static model as outlined in equation 4 . In this model , estimates are generated by attributing the public expenditures from administrative data on treating diseases associated with the consumption of each product to the number of households in decile jj that engage in the consumption of said product . The data source for the associated medical expenditure estimates is described in section 4 . 3 . pp jj T T < u > j < / u > p j j � − 1 � ∗ T T E Eq . 4 CCTTCCTT TToo TTE ttE TT TToo E TTEEjj jjEECCEETTCCEECC ∆ MMp iippu EEeep IIppiiu = � � 1 + εε ∗ ∆ PPjj TT E EEjjEETTE EEjj # 3 . 3 . Change in years of productive life The impact of a reduction in the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods on long-term income is derived from the reduction in years of life lost ( YLL ) and the associated loss of income in those years . The use of both processed and ultra-processed foods is due to a data limitation that will be explored in section 4 . 2 . Equation 5 provides an estimation of the average number of working years lost within decile and is derived from the years of life lost due to diseases associated with product . This estimation takes into account the proportional distribution based on the number of households", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 639, "text": "Global Burden of Diseases dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 943, "end": 983, "text": "administrative data on treating diseases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) | the project activities | who think / feel that their < br > relationship has been < br > improved as a result of the < br > project activities . The value < br > of this indicator is < br > measured / calculated by < br > dividing the number of host < br > and refugee beneficiaries | endline | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | that think their cohesion are | | | | | | | increased / improved to the | | | | | | | total number of surveyed | | | | | | | beneficiaries of the project | | | | | | | multiplied by 100 % | | | | | | | separately by hosts and | | | | | | | refugees . This enables to | | | | | | | measure the extent to | | | | | | | which both beneficiaries are | | | | | | | thinking or believing social | | | | | | | cohesion is improved | | | | | | | because of the project | | | | | | | intervention . Results will be | | | | | | | disaggregated by gender < br > and by refugee / host | | | | | | | communitymember . | | | | | | Percentage of beneficiaries who feel < br > project investments reflect their needs | This indicator measures the < br > percentage of project < br > beneficiaries who feel that < br > the different project < br > investments are relevant to | Baseline , < br > mid-term < br > and < br > endline | HH surveys | HH survey | FPCU , supported by < br", "spans": [{"start": 1392, "end": 1402, "text": "HH surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1414, "text": "HH survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". of countries | 33 | 33 | 33 | | RMSE | 5 . 07 | 4 . 50 | 4 . 38 | _Note_ : Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries with fuel > 25 percent of total exports . Country fixed effects are included in the regression . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 29", "spans": [{"start": 197, "end": 225, "text": "Annual data from 1996 – 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Implications for Poverty Analysis_ The fact that both mean consumption and distributional measures vary substantially across the modules implies that there will be complex comparability problems when poverty estimates from different modes of consumption measurement are combined . For example , consider a poverty monitoring survey that switched from 14-day to 7-day recall . This switch would raise reported mean consumption ( see Table 3 ) and lower measured inequality ( see Table 7 ) . In a setting where the poverty line is set below median consumption , these effects will work in concert to make poverty look lower than it would if the method of consumption measurement had not changed ( as occurred with changes in India ’ s NSS ) . Conversely , if a switch was made from a disaggregated recall list to a collapsed list ( as the Indonesian _Susenas_ does every 3 < sup > rd < / sup > year ) , it would lower the mean ( implying higher measured poverty ) and lower inequality ( lower measured poverty ) with ambiguous implications for poverty measures . Hence there are unlikely to be simple correction factors that can be used to enforce comparability on different consumption modules when attempting to measure poverty consistently over either time or space . Similarly , the literature that reacts to possible survey understatement by combining survey measures of inequality with national accounts measures of mean consumption ( such as Bhalla , 2000 , and Sala-i-Martin and Pinkovskiy , 2010 ) is likely to be misguided since survey design changes will also affect estimated inequality . We attempt to quantify the implications of survey design for poverty analysis in a setting like Tanzania by presenting aggregate poverty numbers based on an international poverty line , as well as the characteristics of those households deemed poor by each module . Figure 1a presents the poverty headcount rate based on a common international poverty line of $ 1 . 25 / person / day converted into 2008 Tanzanian shillings on a PPP basis . < sup > 25 < / sup > With this absolute poverty line fixed at the same value regardless of module , we see dramatically different headcount rates depending on how consumption is measured . The benchmark personal", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 334, "text": "poverty monitoring survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consumption and < br > Expenditure Survey has < br > been carried out and < br > published . | Household Income < br > Consumption and < br > Expenditure Survey < br > has been published , < br > with gender < br > disaggregated data . | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 01-May-2018 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00781751 ~ ~ | | | | | | ► DHS survey publishe | d ( Text , Custom ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | DHS has bee carried out < br > and published | DHS has bee carried < br > out and published | DHS has been carried < br > out and the results < br > published | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 19-Dec-2016 | 19-Dec-2016 | 01-May-2017 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00781758 ~ ~ < br > ► Completion of Agricu | ltural Census with revised metho | dology ( Text , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | | | Methodology was | | | | Value | No | < br > completed . Ag Census < br > implementation < br > completed . Report is in < br > print house for < br > dissemination . | Methodology was < br > partially completed . Ag < br > Census planned to be < br > conducted in 2020 . | Yes | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 01-Nov-2018 | 2 / 21 / 2020 Page 22 of 30", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 364, "text": "DHS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 4 . 77 | 4 . 15 | | Savannah | | | | | | Export crop farm | | | 6 . 06 | 5 . 75 | | Food crop farmer | | | 5 . 50 | 6 . 10 | | C6te d ' Ivoire | | | | | | Export crop farm | 6 . 92 | 6 . 70 | 6 . 70 | 5 . 86 | | Food crop farmer | 7 . 06 | 6 . 38 | 5 . 47 | 5 . 66 | Source : 1985 and 1988 : Demery and Grootaert ( 1993 ) ; 1993 and 1995 : Priority Surveys . * * Table 21 Mean Size of Cocoa - Growing Export Farmer Households * * | | _House_ | _hold size_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Region_ | _1993_ | _1995_ | | East Forest | 7 . 49 | 6 . 10 | | West Forest | 6 . 65 | 5 . 38 | | Savannah | 7 . 16 | 6 . 25 | | C6te d ' Ivoire | 7 . 09 | 5 . 92 | 23", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 360, "text": "Priority Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 035 | 70 | ( 13 ) | - 0 . 446 | * * * | 0 . 038 | 26 | ( 3 ) | - 0 . 546 | * * * | 0 . 026 | | North America | 81 | ( 2 ) | - 0 . 511 | * * | 0 . 034 | 32 | ( 1 ) | - 0 . 564 | | 0 . 000 | 49 | ( 2 ) | - 0 . 501 | * * | 0 . 024 | | South Asia | 48 | ( 7 ) | - 0 . 535 | * * * | 0 . 053 | 47 | ( 7 ) | - 0 . 534 | * * * | 0 . 054 | | | | | | | Sub-Saharan Africa | 196 | ( 45 ) | - 0 . 386 | * * * | 0 . 037 | 193 | ( 45 ) | - 0 . 385 | * * * | 0 . 037 | 3 | ( 2 ) | - 0 . 586 | * * | 0 . 041 | * * Notes : * * The gap is estimated as the proportional difference ( per cent ) of survey means with respect to national accounts means . It is estimated as the ratio of per capita survey mean over the per capita national accounts mean , minus one . A negative ( positive ) gap estimate indicates that surveys means within the sample are smaller ( larger ) than national account means . Number of countries in each group given in parenthesis . Robust standard errors clustered at the country level ( based on sandwich estimator ) . Statistical significance from zero , denoted by * p < = . 1 , * * p < = . 05 , * * * p < = . 01 . Each country is given equal weight within each sub-sample / group estimate , regardless of the number of observations for the country . Additional estimates with alternatives weights are available in Appendix 2 . The column labelled “ All surveys ” pools consumption and income surveys . Due", "spans": [{"start": 1386, "end": 1416, "text": "consumption and income surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Cash-for-Work * * < br > * * Activities * * | Activities assigned are low - < br > risk and appropriate to < br > program design | Field observation ; activity records ; < br > supervisor reports | Prior to implementation < br > and during activity < br > execution | Implementing Agency ; Local < br > Supervisors ; PIU monitoring | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Cash-for-Work * * < br > * * Activities * * | Workers receive basic OHS < br > orientation and demonstrate < br > awareness of safety practices | Training / attendance records ; worker < br > interviews ; supervision reports | Prior to work < br > commencement and < br > periodically as needed | Implementing Agency ; Local < br > Supervisors ; PIU verification | | * * Emergency Service * * < br > * * Restoration * * < br > * * ( Generators and * * < br > * * Equipment ) * * | Generators are installed and < br > operated safely in ventilated < br > areas | Site inspection ; equipment log ; < br > observation of placement and < br > operation practices | During installation and < br > operation ; periodic < br > supervision | Contractors / Service < br > Providers ; Facility < br > Supervisors ; PIU oversight | | * * Emergency Service * * < br > * * Restoration * * < br > * * ( Generators and * * < br > * * Equipment ) * * | Equipment maintenance and < br > fuel handling are conducted < br > safely | Maintenance records ; inspection of < br > refueling practices ; supervisor < br > reports | During operation and < br > periodic monitoring < br >", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 173, "text": "activity records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1402, "end": 1421, "text": "Maintenance records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "One possible explanation is that during the period in which households were interviewed in 1995 ( April-May ) , food expenditures were at a seasonal low and nonfood expenditures were at a seasonal high for West Forest export crop farmers . However , the 1985-1988 data do not support this hypothesis . Carrying out regressions similar to those presented in table 24 , the regression coefficient for West Forest * cocoa and coffee farners * April-May dummy is positive but not significant with respect to food , and negative but not significant for nonfood expenditures . Using these coefficients to produce a seasonally corrected estimate of food expenditure would reduce food expenditures and increase nonfood expenditures , thus further reducing the food shares of West Forest export crop households in 1995 . A second finding that casts some doubt on the large decline in poverty in the West Forest is the apparent undersampling of cocoa-growing households in 1995 compared to 1993 . We suspect that there may have been undersampling because the percentage of cocoa-growing households in the West Forest fell from 63 . 3 percent to 50 . 6 percent of the total regional population , a drop of 20 percent . < sup > 30 < / sup > As a result , in the West Forest , mean cocoa revenues per capita showed no increase - - from 16200 to 16032 CFAF - - between 1993 and 1995 , in contrast to the East Forest , they increased by 30 percent from 11942 CFAF to 15489 CFAF ( table 35 ) . For the subset of households that declared earning cocoa revenues , mean real cocoa revenues went up 17 percent in the East Forest and 24 percent in the West Forest ( table 36 ) . Thus the stagnation in cocoa revenues in the West Forest is due to a decline in the percentage of households declaring cocoa revenues , rather than to a decline in the revenues of the households that do grow cocoa . * * Table 35 Mean Export Crop Revenues Per Capita by Region * * _ ( in 1985 CFAFper year ) _ | _Region_ | _Cocoa_ | _Coffee_ | _Cotton_ | _Total_ | | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 268, "text": "1985-1988 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and enforcement agencies who may enrich themselves through bribes at the cost of the Zambian state that could benefit from increased fiscal revenues arising from increased refugees ’ economic intermediation . # # # 5 . 1 Refugees ’ contributions to employment creation Economic theory posits that the demand for labour is derived from the demand for goods and services that employers produce by combining labour with other factors of production ( capital , land and entrepreneurship ) to produce outputs that are in turn sold to consumers . In that sense , the purchase by refugees ’ primary livelihood persons of the various stock-intrade items and services that they use in their respective primary livelihood activities and for household consumption contribute to the Zambian economy ’ s capacity to create extra jobs to meet this demand . Figure 5 . 1 shows that the largest source of refugees ’ stocks-intrade are Zambian businesses at 57 % for rural settlements and 73 % for Lusaka urban . In urban areas where refugees are dispersed and less concentrated , sourcing from refugees of the same country of origin is much lower at 5 . 3 % for Lusaka urban and 24 . 4 % for the two rural settlements ; and even much lower from refugees from different countries of origin . In terms of direct employment creation by refugees ’ business and primary livelihood activities , empirical data from the survey ( figure 5 . 2 ) shows that a higher proportion of urban based refugees ( at 40 % ) employ people from outside their households than their rural based counterparts at 10 % . The highest communities with the highest employment of persons outside the households in primary livelihood activities were Somalis at 75 % ; followed by Rwandese at 67 % and Burundians at 24 % . The rural based livelihood activities tend to be on a much smaller and micro scale when compared to small and medium enterprises ( SMEs ) 36 * * _February 15 , 2017_ * * * * _UNHCR appreciates the generous support of various co-operating partners_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1373, "end": 1403, "text": "empirical data from the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > | Post | Individual Consult < br > ant Selection < br > | Limited | 24 , 000 . 00 | 19 , 196 . 43 < br > Co | mpleted | 2020-09-28 < br > 2 | 020-11-06 | 2020-10-03 | 2020-11-20 | 2020-10-10 < br > 2020-12-01 | 2020-10-31 | 2020-12-2 | 9 < br > 2021-05-31 | 2021-07-27 | | EC-SENPLADES-187304-CS-I < br > NDV-2 / Especialista en Inves < br > tigación de Campo < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > | Post | Individual Consult < br > ant Selection < br > | Limited | 42 , 840 . 00 | 10 , 710 . 10 < br > Co | mpleted | 2020-09-28 < br > 2 | 020-11-12 | 2020-10-03 | 2020-11-27 | 2020-10-10 < br > 2020-12-08 | 2020-10-31 | 2020-12-2 | 4 < br > 2021-12-31 | 2021-05-01 | | EC-SENPLADES-197040-CS-C < br > DS / VERIFICACIÓN TÉCNICA < br > DE LAS BASES DE DATOS DE < br > L REGISTRO SOCIAL < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > | Post | Direct Selection < br > | Direct | 385 , 000 . 00 |", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 927, "text": "L REGISTRO SOCIAL", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "markets through advised bans on share tenancy and limits on cash rental fees . From a theoretical point of view , the expected impact would be ambiguous . On the one hand , there is a negative direct effect as prohibition of tenant eviction precludes the landlord from using the threat of eviction as a device to elicit higher effort by the tenant and would therefore be expected to reduce productivity . On the other hand , the reallocation of bargaining power in favor of the tenant would increase incentives to supply effort and thus productivity . While one would expect the adverse incentive effect to dominate at low wealth levels , the positive effect would be dominant for farmers with intermediate wealth ( Banerjeeand Ghatak , 1997 ) . Empirically , district level data from West Bengal suggest that effective implementation of tenancy registration which protected tenants from being evicted and fixed an upper ceiling for rent yielded significant productivity gains of about 40 % - larger than the static loss estimated by Shaban ( Banerjee and Ghatak , 1997 ) . While this suggests that tenancy reforms can be effective , one should not forget that the study area is thie only state in India where regulation of tenancy was actually implemented , that costs of implementation need to be considered in making an assessment of the economic benefits from such a measure , and that tenancy reform may not have been the only alternative available . Regulatory interventions such as tenancy regulation lead to reduced investment incentives on the part of the landlord , while tenants may not perceive sufficient security to invest at what would be a socially optimal level . The trade-off between the positive effect of greater security to tenants and the investment incentives of owners is not easily balanced . Therefore , scarce financial and administrative resources might be better spent in efforts to foster general pro-poor development ( e . g . education , infrastructure , credit and insurance , markets , and off-farm employment opportunities ) that improve the bargaining position of would-be tenants , and that facilitate more fixed rent contracts , than in trying to enforce tenancy regulations . The difficulty of striking such a balance is illustrated by the fact that ,", "spans": [{"start": 760, "end": 796, "text": "district level data from West Bengal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2006 . The survey was requested by the Ministry of Planning and designed by the World Bank . Data collection was coordinated by the University of Burundi . The CWIQ Survey Technology has been applied in different African countries for the purpose of generating standardized indicators of poverty and welfare . Developed by the World Bank > 9For example , in their evaluation of Progresa in Mexico , Gertler et al ( 2012 ) estimated that for each peso transferred , households consumed 74 cents and invested the rest , increasing long-term consumption by only 1 . 6 cents . > 10 “ Questionnaire des Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être ” or “ Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire ” . 9", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 171, "text": "CWIQ Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 580, "end": 630, "text": "Questionnaire des Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respondents may be unwilling to give candid responses to sensitive questions about corruption or other dimensions of governance , particularly in countries where governance is weak . < sup > 6 < / sup > On the other hand , a shortcoming of expert assessments is that they reflect the views of a narrower set of respondents than household or firm surveys . It also is possible that the ratings provided by one expert assessment to some extent reflect the views of other expert assessments , so that each assessment does not bring completely independent information on the underlying governance concept of interest . To guard against this , we do not use expert assessments that are explicitly based on other existing data sources . < sup > 7 < / sup > In Section 5 . 1 we provide further analysis of this issue . The WGI include 12 expert assessments produced by NGOs . The data provided by these organizations cover a range of specific topics , including press freedoms ( Reporters without Borders ) , political rights and civil liberties ( Freedom House ) , human rights ( Human Rights Measurement Initiative ) , budget transparency ( Open Budget Project ) , and electoral integrity ( Africa Electoral Index ) . A number of these data sources cover a broader range of topics relating to governance , including the Bertelsmann Transformation Index and the Varieties of Democracy Project . The organizations providing the data are geographically diverse , based in Europe ( Varieties of Democracy , Reporters with Borders , Bertelsmann Foundation ) , Africa ( Africa Electoral Index and Africa Integrity Indicators ) , New Zealand ( Human Rights Measurement Initiative ) , in addition to the United States ( e . g . Freedom House , Open Budget Project , World Justice Project ) . The WGI also include eight data sources provided directly or indirectly by public sector organizations . Most notable among these are four very similar expert assessments of the quality of policies and institutions produced by the African Development Bank ( Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ) , Asian Development Bank ( Country Performance Assessment ) , World Bank ( Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ) , and the International Fund for Agriculture and Development", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 997, "text": "Reporters without Borders", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1136, "end": 1155, "text": "Open Budget Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1186, "end": 1208, "text": "Africa Electoral Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1315, "end": 1347, "text": "Bertelsmann Transformation Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1356, "end": 1386, "text": "Varieties of Democracy Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1586, "end": 1613, "text": "Africa Integrity Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1632, "end": 1667, "text": "Human Rights Measurement Initiative", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 47 - Net foreign reserves have grown rapidly in recent years in Turkey , and Table 23 below shows that the ratio of broad money to foreign reserves have declined . Though the ratio does not look particularly high as compared to a number of other large capital importer countries , whether the reserves are all freely usable is an issue of concern in the case of Turkey . While the central bank has fairly conservative foreign exchange management policies , and it does not engage in foreign exchange guarantees , forward contract or swap positions , a large part of the net international foreign reserves represent foreign currency deposits with the central bank by foreign residents of Turkish origin through the Dresdner Scheme ' < sup > 9 < / sup > or similar arrangements . Although the balance of such deposits does not exhibit high volatility , its stability cannot be taken for granted . * * Table 23 * * | | | Turkey : System | Uquidity | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ratio < br > to | of Short-term Debt < br > Foreign Reserves | < br > Short-term Debt < br > as Flrcentage of Total Debt | Ratio of Broad Money < br > to Foreign Reserves | Ratio of Broad Money + Repos < br > to Foreign Reserves | | 1993 | 2 . 4 | 28 % | 4 . 3 | * * 4 . 3 * * | | 1994 | 1 . 3 | 17 % | 4 . 0 | 4 . 1 | | 1995 | 1 . 1 | 21 % | 3 . 4 | 3 . 4 | | 1996 | 1 . 2 | 26 % | 3 . 0 | 3 . 1 | | 1997 | 1 . 2 | 27 % | 3 . 0 | 3 . 2 | Source : Own calculation based on Central Bank data . * * Table 24 * * | | * * System Uquidity in * * < br > | * * Seleted Countries as of June 1 * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 1468, "end": 1485, "text": "Central Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10255 # * * Abstract * * The assignment of social programmes to their target population , known as targeting , is key to effective policy implementation . Proxy means testing is a widely used targeting approach where means testing is infeasible due to economic informality . This paper proposes a novel , practically feasible assessment approach that aims to reduce average proxy means test data collection costs , or allow more extensive data collection within a given resource envelope . Combining variable selection and prediction intervals , it develops a household-level truncated early stopping algorithm , which can reduce average interview length while maintaining predictive accuracy close to a standard proxy means test baseline . Applying the approach to Indonesian data , simulation of a 40 percent population coverage programme shows that targeting questionnaires could be shortened by 61 percent while maintaining PMT-level accuracy . A case study of a large health insurance programme in an urban area suggests that the share of intended beneficiaries who are among the targeted population can potentially be increased from 65 . 6 percent to 78 . 3 percent if enumerators conducted more of the shorter surveys that the truncated early stopping algorithm generates . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at email @ timohlenburg . com , jpinxten @ worldbank . org , d . fricke @ ucl . ac . uk , and f . caccioli @ ucl . ac . uk . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely", "spans": [{"start": 796, "end": 811, "text": "Indonesian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 9 : Small-occurrence region species spatial clustering by size class , Group 1 countries have the highest spatial concentrations of small-occurrence region species and the greatest potential for cost-effective protection , other things equal . In this group , 5 % or less of WB2s account for 90 % of small-occurrence region species . The remaining groups are partitioned as follows : countries have strong spatial clustering of small-occurrence region species . In an additional 49 countries , To summarize , our results identify a relatively small subset of countries where clustering of smalloccurrence region species offers exceptional opportunities for cost-effective protection . In many cases , we believe that such an assessment will be a useful future application of our GBIF species maps database . However , we perform an illustrative exercise for Brazil , which has 6 , 058 small occurrence region species and high spatial clustering ( 6 . 5 % of municipios account for 90 % of small-occurrence region species ) . Highlighting the degree of clustering , Table 10 shows that only 5 of Brazil ’ s 5 , 510 municipios account for < ! - - Start of picture text - - > — fDiamanting | < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 811, "text": "GBIF species maps database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 22 : Structure of household expenditure by decile_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % taxes , insurance , debt servicing < br > 90 % alimony , help to relatives < br > 80 % construction and purchase of real estate < br > deposits and savings < br > 70 % < br > other goods and services < br > 60 % < br > healthcare < br > 50 % < br > sports , leasure , hotels , restaurants < br > 40 % < br > transport and communcations < br > 30 % purchase of a car < br > 20 % durables < br > 10 % utilities < br > 0 % clothes , footwear < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 food products < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . As food is a main line of households ’ expenditures and their share in total expenditures depends on the well ‐ being of the household , food consumption was most affected by the crisis , with households either cutting their expenditures on food items , or switching to cheaper items . In relative terms , the downward adjustments in food expenditures were the largest for the bottom decile , and become progressively smaller ( although still negative ) as we move up the income distribution ( Figure 23 ) . In addition to cutting food expenditures , the recession years are also characterized by reductions in expenditures on utilities across the whole distribution , but with higher income households adjusting their utilities expenditures to a greater extent , as many households in the bottom decile are either already consuming the minimum necessary energy amounts for basic needs , or lack the ability to make energy efficiency increasing alterations . The population vulnerable to the risk of absolute poverty reduced mainly food expenditures , not adjusting expenditures on utilities , public transportation , communication and other basic services in contrast to other population groups . Households from the richest decile , for the most part , did not have to reduce their expenditure on food", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 669, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parts of Somalia in July 2011 does not appear to have been a key marker with regard to the recognition of Somalis . As alluded to earlier , while Article 19 of the Refugee Proclamation allows the NISS to declare a class of persons as refugees , public documents evincing such declarations do not appear to exist . It seems that detailed , authoritative pronouncements on the grant of recognition using a group-based approach for different “ classes ” of refugees , including Somalis from southern or central Somalia , have never been issued . Fear of creating a > 36 Even if recognition through a group-based approach began at that time , the legal basis under which Somalis were recognized at that time is not known . While Ethiopia was already a party to the Refugee Convention and the OAU Convention , Ethiopia did not have a national legal framework . In this context , RSD was likely conducted under UNHCR ’ s mandate . > 37 Whether this system worked seamlessly in practice is unclear . When this geographic limitation began does not seem to be documented . See also United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , “ World Refugee Survey 2009 – Ethiopia ” , 2009 , available at : http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 4a40d2a594 . html , accessed : September 2018 . > 38 The statistics included in this paragraph were taken in 2018 rather than at the end of 2010 . Since that time , there may have been changes related to deaths , births , returns , possible data errors and other factors . Therefore , these statistics may not reflect a completely accurate picture of the numbers . Nonetheless , they are included to highlight , in broad terms , the way recognition was referenced in UNHCR ’ s data and provide a sense of the differences in numbers . 156", "spans": [{"start": 1701, "end": 1715, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "maximum resident populations are the same in more than one cell , the algorithm makes a random selection . > 3 We compute average protected area size from WDPA ( 2024 ) and country area from the World Bank ’ s country shapefile ( World Bank , 2024 ) . > 4 The t-statistic is the estimated regression coefficient divided by its standard error . Classical significance with 95 % confidence generally requires a t-statistic above 2 . 0 . > 5 We could compute mean PA size directly for individual countries , but across the 212 countries and political units we observe great variation in both the numbers and sizes of PAs . We believe that our logarithmic regression provides more robust and stable results for the computation of appropriate grid scales . 3", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 168, "text": "WDPA ( 2024 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 210, "end": 227, "text": "country shapefile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "around 108 million ( 2018 ) with a forecast 2 . 3 percent annual net increase makes it the second most populous nation in Africa , after Nigeria , requiring strong growth in labor market demand to keep up with the increasing labor supply . * * 4 . In terms of climate change , Ethiopia is vulnerable to frequent irregularities and variability in climate patterns while its adaptive capacity is low . * * In particular , increased variability in rainfall has been observed with the persistence of extremes , e . g . heavy rainfall causing floods in urban areas such as Addis Ababa , and drought in several regions . Large-scale floods occur mostly in the lowland areas , while flash floods resulting from intense rainfall events occur mostly in the highlands . The capital , Addis Ababa , experiences annual flood events , which pose a significant threat to urban infrastructure . Frequent floods are also expected to increase incidences of malaria in the highlands though it has not been endemic so far . At the same time , over the past three decades , Ethiopia has experienced many localized drought events and seven major droughts . Meteorological records also show that mean annual temperatures have increased by 1 < sup > 0 < / sup > C since 1960 , with a marked increase in the number of hot days and a decline in the number of cold days < sup > 2 < / sup > . The great variance in the weather and rainfall also increases the risks of wildfire and an expansion of the wildfire hazard zones . * * 5 . The situation in Tigray remains volatile . * * The Ethiopian government declared a state of emergency for the Tigray Region on November 4 and Ethiopian Defense Forces captured the region ’ s capital on November 29 , 2020 . Communication with Tigray remains limited , hampering the availability of reliable information . The UN has reported that 2 . 3 million persons are in need of humanitarian assistance and over 50 , 000 refugees have fled from Tigray to neighboring Sudan . There are also reports of the destruction of major infrastructure .", "spans": [{"start": 1136, "end": 1158, "text": "Meteorological records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assumption of price-taking in output markets seems unrealistic as well , because the loan markets in the five East Asian countries are not highly competitive . Berger and Mester ( 1997 ) derive alternative profit efficiency from the following prespecified profit function , in log _form , _ _ln ( Qr_ + S ) _ = f ( w , y , z , e ) _ + In _v , _ - In u , , where xr is the variable profits of the firm , 4 is a constant added to every firm ' s profit so that the natural log is taken of a positive number , _f_ denotes some functional form , w is the vector of prices of variable inputs , y is the vector of quantities of variable outputs , z indicates the quantities of any fixed inputs , _e_ is a set of environmental or market variables that may affect efficiency , _u , r_ denotes an inefficiency factor that may lower profits below the best-practice level , and v , f denotes the random error that incorporates measurement error and luck that may temporarily give banks high or low profits . The inefficiency factor u , incorporates both allocative inefficiencies from failing to react optimally to relative prices of inputs , and technical inefficiencies from employing too much of the inputs to produce y or setting sub-optimal output prices . As Mester ( 1996 ) points out , the profit concept assumes that all financial institutions use the same technology . This assumption seems to be a strong one , because it is likely that foreign banks use superior technology compared to domestic financial institutions . Application of both techniques on the same banking data can lead to very different results as Ferrier and Lovell ( 1990 ) have shown . The choice of technique depends on the situation . Possible reasons to prefer SFA over DEA are plentiful . Firstly , as pointed out by Schmidt ( 1986 ) , DEA estimates give only an upper bound to efficiency measures so that it is difficult to use DEA to compare efficiency among frms . Secondly , DEA does not assume statistical noise which means that all the error term in the estimation is attributed to", "spans": [{"start": 1563, "end": 1575, "text": "banking data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Total income decreased ( vs . prepandemic ) < br > 80 — < br > = < br > 2 = £ fe ) 60 - < br > o < br > 3 < br > 3 40 - < br > = fe ) < br > & » i < br > wo 20 - < br > o - < br > HICs UMICs LMICs LICs < br > GB Apr-Jun20 . ) Jul-Dec20 . = ) 2021 < br > HICs : 8 ; UMICs : 22 ; LMICs : 16 ; LICs : 5 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Total income decreased ( vs . prepandemic ) < br > 80 — < br > & < br > S 60 - < br > £ ° o < br > a < br > 3 40 - < br > £ < br > fo ) < br > @ < br > © 20 - < br > norat < br > o - < br > EastAsiaand Europeand Latin America Middle East and Sub-Saharan < br > Pacific CentralAsia and Caribbean North Africa Africa < br > GB Apr-Jun20 . ) Jul-Dec20 . = ) 2021 < br > EAP : 8 ; ECA : 8 ; LCA : 24 ; MNA : 2 ; SSA : 9 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second , we contribute to the literature on the role of trade policy when such a shock takes place , particularly non-tariff measures . Until now , only a few studies have focused on Covid-19 and trade policy , mainly looking at the trade policy responses to the pandemic ( Baldwin and Evenett , 2020 ) . We contribute to this literature by focusing on pre-existing trade policy measures and how they amplify the effect of the pandemic on GVC firms . Our use of a novel data set for NTMs , an updated version of that used in Cal ` ı et al . ( 2022 ) , makes such an exercise possible . The rest of the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 describes the data used , Section 3 analyzes the trends prior to and during the Covid-19 crisis , Section 4 outlines the empirical strategy and results from the regression analysis and Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 Data * * The trade data is obtained from Panjiva , which is a private data provider collecting daily highfrequency customs data . We obtain the daily firm-to-firm import and export data for Indonesia from February 2019 to June 2021 . The data is checked and cleaned rigorously with respect to firm identities , data completeness , quantity units , product codes , and partner countries , as detailed in Appendix subsection A1 . Further , we validated the data quality by comparing the annual aggregates with the World Integrated Trade Solution ( WITS ) and found that Panjiva ’ s exports and imports data in 2019 captured about 94 % and 79 % of WITS , respectively . A summary of the firm-level data is given in Table A1 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 487, "text": "novel data set for NTMs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1003, "end": 1044, "text": "daily firm-to-firm import and export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1371, "end": 1402, "text": "World Integrated Trade Solution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1439, "end": 1463, "text": "exports and imports data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1543, "end": 1558, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 23 - Transportation networks and proximlty to rural towns appears to contributo to the much higher Asian incro ental consumption on rurallyproduced goods and services . A comparison of the African consumption studies reveals that households ln Zaria Region , Nigeria spend a significantly greater portion of their income on nonfoods , especially servlces , than do consumers in Sierra Leone and in Gusau . This difference arises , at least in part , because Simmons ( 1976b ) dellberately selected her three Zaria study villages for their proximity to ths urban center of Zaria . Consequently consumers in the study villages had easy access to a wider range of consumer goods and services than are available in most rural African villages . Contrasting the Gusau and Nuda studies reinforces this conclusion . In Mudt , with its dense population and sx ¢ ellent transportation system , consumers spend larger income increments on rurally-produced nonfarm goods and services than do households in Gusau where villages are typically much more removed from market centers and are faced with very limited means of transport . The Sierra Leone study ( King and Byerlee , 1977 and 1978 ) also supports two themes that emerged from the time-series and locality-size employment data . First , it indicates that consumption linkages are much stronger for rural services than for rurally-manufactured goods . Marginal budget shares for rural services stand at 11 . 2 percent while those for rurally-manufactured goods reach only 1 . 1 percent . Second , King and Byerlee ' s results underline the Importance of rural towns . Their data indicate that consumers allocate 5 . 5 percent or incremental expenditure on goods and services produced in rural towns , almost triple the rate of spending on products made in large urban areas . F . Caution The available evidence examined thus far has suggested that African farm-nonfarm linkages may be lower than those found in Asia .", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1275, "text": "time-series and locality-size employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "had recovered almost completely . Women ’ s employment grew by more percentage points than men ’ s over the five-year period from 1997 to 2002 . Evidence suggests that both labor market entry ( added workers ) and exit ( discouraged workers ) during crises might operate simultaneously , affecting different groups of women differently . Bhalotra and Umana ( 2009 ) find considerable heterogeneity in women ’ s labor market response by education . Specifically , women with more education often behave pro-cyclically ; i . e . , they reduce labor market participation during economic downturns . This coincides with the findings of Humphrey ( 1996 ) in an analysis of women ’ s labor market participation during Brazil ’ s debt crisis of the 1980s . No aggregate added worker effect was detected in the Brazil data due to the simultaneous occurrence of both added and discouraged worker effects , as poor women joined the labor force and non-poor women exited . The two effects canceled each other out . In summary , increasing labor force participation and exiting the labor force do not necessarily represent competing hypotheses , since they do not apply to the same sections of the population . In particular , entry into the labor force ( added worker effect ) appears to be strongest for low-income households , among women with low education , and among older women , while the discouraged worker effect appears to be strongest for the more educated , younger women in the labor force . Evidence on the impacts of the 2007-2009 financial crisis on women and families is yet not available . We can expect that some women in developing countries will be “ protected ” from the short-term impacts of this financial downturn because they do not have access to global markets ( and are solely involved in subsistence or home 11", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 814, "text": "Brazil data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 5 - PART II - BANK GROUP LENDING TO KENYA 15 . Kenya has to date received nine Bank loans and fourteen IDA credits amounting to $ 129 . 0 million and $ 98 . 7 million , respectively . In addition , Kenya has been one of the beneficiaries of ten loans totalling $ 229 . 8 million which have been extended for the development of common se : vices ( railways , ports , telecommunications and finance for industry ) operated reg : ; onally for the three Partner States of the East African Community - - Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda . Annex II contains summary statements of Bank loans and IDA credits to Kenya and the East African Community organizations , a summary of IFC investments in Kenya , and notes on the execution of ongoing projects . 16 . Ongoing projects in Kenya are on the whole progressing satisfactorily , but manpower constraints in engineering and other technical fields continue to present problems and have slowed down progress on some projects . Because of the difficulties in attracting qualified expertise , no immediate remedy can be expected ; however , the gradual increase in suitably trained Kenyans to fill such positions should eventually alleviate these problems . 17 . Most of the Bank Group ' s direct lending to Kenya in the past has been for infrastructure , particularly transportation and power , although other sectors such as agriculture and forestry , education and water supply have also received support , We intend in the future to give greater emphasis to agriculture and other directly productive sectors , particularly for projects which are likely to bring more immediate benefits to large numbers of people and will , as much as possible , increase Kenya ' s foreign exchange earnings . With such objectives in mind , the Bank agreed witlh the Government on a program for expanding the Bank ' s technical assistance in agriculture , beginning with the agricultural sector survey that was mounted in late 1972 . We have offered an expanded program of assistance in project identification through the Regional Mission in Eastern Africa , and have provided a senior agricultural advisor to assist the Government in charting a", "spans": [{"start": 1898, "end": 1924, "text": "agricultural sector survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not actively seeking work < sup > 5 < / sup > because of unpaid work burdens , lack of suitable economic opportunities , not being allowed to work / other barriers to seeking work , or other social / cultural norms affecting their time allocation ( see Section V as well ) . The ILO LFS study found , for example , that a much higher percentage of women cited family responsibilities as a reason for not searching for employment ( Walsh , 2018 ) . Wording can also matter — the ILO LFS study found that more women tended to report job search when the question on search was split into two ( seeking a job , and seeking to start their own business ) as opposed to a single question on seeking work for pay or profit ( Benes and Walsh , 2018c ) . > 5 19th ICLS defines the concept of unemployment as “ active job search by persons not in employment who are available to work . ” 12", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 292, "text": "ILO LFS study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Northern Uganda Business Support Program ( P147258 ) motor vehicle mechanics , milling , arts and crafts . All the enterprise data used for estimating the rates of return are from the Northern Uganda . Livelihood Portfolio : With comprehensive institutional and capacity development at all levels , almost all SHGs were involved in a business enterprise . 34 percent increase ( from 3 percent to 37 percent ) in households with crop farming as main income generating activity . Average income of SHG members increased by 43 . 8 percent . Crop and livestock farming are main sources of household livelihood among SHG members . There was increased diversification in the income-generating enterprises ( i . e . Crop produce sellers , shop , agricultural input stores , clothing / shoe stores , crafts ( basket making and weaving ) & charcoal dealers – was attributed to preparatory activities such as training & mobilization , and followup activities . The table below shows household engagement in business enterprises . | Livelihood collectives | Baseline < br > ( N = 610 ) | Midline < br > ( N = 957 ) | Difference | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value addition and Processing ( Honey , cassava , g / nuts , Simsim < br > etc . ) | - | 6 % | - | | Produce buying and selling / Lending | 59 % | 57 % | - 2 % | | Catering and events services | 2 % | 4 % | 2 % | | Trading ( Hardware , Second hand clothes , bicycle spares , < br > general merchandise , fish , Farm equipment ) | - | 8 % | - | | Livestock trade ( Cattle buying and selling , goats buying , < br > poultry buying and selling ) | 2 % | 8 % | 6 % | | Bakery and Confectioneries | - | 1 % | - | | Butchery | -", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 153, "text": "enterprise data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bratsberg et al . ( 2018 ) provide evidence that migrants from less developed countries have more precarious jobs and are more exposed to the adverse consequences of firms ’ bankruptcy and closure . Although displaced workers are the last hired and first fired and earn much less than natives , they may stay and work even longer during a crisis in the destination because conditions at home could be even worse . Danzer and Dietz ( 2018 ) find that Tajik workers stayed longer in Russia during the crisis of 2007-09 , even though they earned less , became more exposed to illegal work , harassment , and deportation . Turbulent economic conditions may also escalate social tensions between host and displaced communities by increasing competition over scarce resources . Given the lack of evidence for anti-refugee sentiments during a crisis , we refer to works on change in attitude toward migrants during bad economic times . Studies using European Social Survey suggest that the crisis of 2007-09 raised negative attitudes toward migrants , especially in countries more influenced by the crisis ( Hatton , 2016 ; Isaksen , 2019 ; Turner & Cross , 2015 ) . More recent papers explore the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on the rise of negative attitudes towards migrants ( Daniele et al . , 2020 ; Dipoppa et al . , 2021 ) . The papers focusing on displaced populations mostly struggle with scarce and unreliable data ( Ruiz & Vargas-Silva , 2012 ) . Refugees are normally excluded from household budget surveys , and the available data is mostly collected by humanitarian organizations without sufficient experience in measuring welfare and poverty ( Verme , 2017 ) . The scarcity of reliable data can explain the relative absence of refugees-related articles in the literature on the impact of economic shocks . However , the advantage of our paper is having access to the two national surveys conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran , the Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) and the Household Expenditure and Income Survey ( HEIS ) , with a suitable coverage of Afghan refugees . # * * 4 . Research design * * In this section , we first describe data sources and the matching strategy . Then we", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 965, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1490, "end": 1514, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1949, "end": 1967, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1984, "end": 2023, "text": "Household Expenditure and Income Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 6 . Policy discussion The adoption of tax and pricing policies to discourage the consumption of ultra-processed foods and beverages ( making resources available to strengthen health promotion ) has been proposed in the context of Brazil ’ s ongoing efforts to introduce broader tax reforms . The NUPENS NOVA food classification system , developed at the University of São Paulo , can be used as the basis for these policies , and is increasingly being applied globally through both research and to reduce NCDs , overweight , and obesity , and resulting morbidity and mortality . While the NOVA classification requires regulatory specifications to enable its application through fiscal policy , it can offer several advantages in providing a more holistic approach to nutrition promotion . Evidence also indicates that this approach may more accurately and effectively target the association between foods and health outcomes when compared to single-nutrient-based taxes ( e . g . , targeting sugar , sodium , or fat content ) ( Leonie et al . , 2022 ) . This paper contributes to this policy discussion through results demonstrating that processed and ultraprocessed food taxes in Brazil can have a progressive effect in terms of : ( i ) changes in product expenditure , ( ii ) changes in medical expenditure ; and ( iii ) changes in years of life lost . Our findings suggest that processed and ultra-processed food taxation would benefit households at the lower end of the consumption distribution , contributing to reduce the prevalence of diet-related health issues and decreasing medical expenditure , particularly among households reliant on the public health system . Consumption data indicates that there may be a narrowing window of opportunity to harness the potential progressiveness of processed and ultra-processed food taxes in Brazil . While currently , urban , wealthier , and more educated population groups in Brazil consume a higher proportion of ultra-processed food groups relative to minimally processed / in natura food groups , increasing consumption of ultraprocessed foods by rural , poorer , and less educated population groups over the last decade is reducing this gap in consumption profiles ( Louzada et al . , 2022 ) . This indicates that Brazil could follow the path of more industrialized countries , increasing inequities in", "spans": [{"start": 1676, "end": 1692, "text": "Consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "drive inclusive growth * * . In 2013 , Uganda faced structural barriers to inclusive growth , including an agriculture-dependent economy , poor infrastructure , limited financial access , and inefficiencies in land administration and tourism . These constraints hindered productivity and private sector job creation , leaving rural poverty and youth unemployment high despite prior progress . The Competitiveness and Enterprise Development Project ( CEDP ) was launched to address these challenges by improving land governance , streamlining business registration , and developing tourism . As part of Uganda ’ s economic transformation agenda , the CEDP aimed to enhance competitiveness , attract investment , and lay the foundation for equitable growth . * * The Project supported land reform and tourism development as strategic levers for economic transformation and job creation in Uganda . * * The project prioritized land reform and tourism to drive investment and job creation . At inception , only 11 % of Uganda ’ s land was registered under a slow , partially digital system . Building on earlier digitization efforts , the project expanded the Uganda National Land Information System and introduced Systematic Land Adjudication and Certification ( SLAAC ) to accelerate first-time registrations and strengthen tenure security . In tourism , the project aimed to build a competitive and resilient sector by improving workforce skills , modernizing institutions , and enhancing Uganda ’ s global visibility through strategic branding and marketing . Page 6 of 26", "spans": [{"start": 1156, "end": 1195, "text": "Uganda National Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A . * * The Firm * * # * * Corporate governance6 * * The fast growth of the corporate sector throughout the world makes corporate governance increasingly important . However , we have an especially poor understanding of corporate finance in developing countries , largely because of the lack of firm-level data . For instance , what are the ownership patterns in the developing countries ? How are firms financed ? Do firms face financial constraints ? How well are creditors and shareholders protected in these countries ? The answers to these illustrative questions can have important policy implications . The recent East Asian Crisis , for example , has been attributed to the poor protection of minority shareholders rights . The policy implications of these questions call for the collection of such data . Bank surveys ask many good questions about corporate governance , although the coverage varies greatly . Consider the contrast between what theory suggests we should measure and what Bank surveys actually collect : 1 . Theory suggests that competition in the managerial labor markets and reputation concerns force managers to perform well for future career prospects , making it important to measure aspects of managerial labor market , such as turnover , performnance criteria , rewards and punishment . Such questions are hard to find in Bank surveys . _Suggested questions : _ What determines managerial pay ( current profits , stock options , relative performance , regulators ' evaluations , etc ) ? If profits increase by one percent , what percentage increase does the managerial wage ? Has a manager ever been removed because of poor performance ? Can shareholders replace the CEO when performance is bad ? What was the worst performance in the past x years ? What consequences did the then-CEO suffer ( income losses , demotion , or others ) ? 2 . A firn ' s board of directors can be an important disciplinary force . Theory suggests that because of the free-riding problem associated with monitoring by shareholders , concentrated ownership may emerge to internalize the benefits and costs of monitoring . Thus it is important to uncover the ownership stake of the largest shareholders . Most Bank surveys ask about ownership type , but ask few questions beyond", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 310, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 813, "end": 825, "text": "Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Outstanding Commitments . Outstanding commitments relating to non-cancelable contractual or statutory obligation where goods have been delivered or service provided are included in the statement of financial position as payables and in the Statement of Outstanding Commitments to the extent of the appropriation . # # # # * * Other Notes to the Financial Statements * * # # # * * Note 1 : Exchange Rates * * * * All * * monetary amounts in the financial statements are expressed in Uganda Shillings , the functional currency . For transactions made in * * US * * Dollars , the spot rates on the date of transactions are used to translate to the reporting currency . The cash balance at the end of the year were translated at the closing spot rate . The spot rates are obtained from bank of Uganda archives or forex chart . | * * CurrencyUGXVs USD * * | * * 30Jun . 2020 * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Opening foreignexchangerat1 / 7 / 2020 * * | * * 3 , 725 . 33 * * | | * * ClosingRateon3 0thJune , 2021 * * | * * 3 , 549 . 07 * * | * * 18 * *", "spans": [{"start": 782, "end": 805, "text": "bank of Uganda archives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 809, "end": 820, "text": "forex chart", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ The exact positions of the boundaries are shown on Boundary Plans no . 1555 for North Rwenzori Central Forest Reserve . Most of the boundaries are artificial , consisting of straight lines which originally ran between earth cairns while the rest of the boundary length is marked by natural features like rivers . The northern boundary of the reserve is marked by River Sempaya while the Southern boundary is marked by River Nyakabale . The east side of the reserve is marked by the Fort Portal Bundibugyo road . From River Nyabisokoma the boundary is marked by road as it extends to Buranga pass . The Western Boundary follows approximately the Crest of North Rwenzori hills from the source of River Nyakabale to the source of Mongiro River and is marked by a cut and cairned line and some _Eucalyptus_ and _Erythrina_ trees planted at wide intervals . The boundary then follows the Mongiro River from its source to the main Fort Portal Bundibugyo road south of Sempaya River . The boundary has been recently re-surveyed and marked with concrete pillars measuring 1 metre above the ground . # # # # * * 1 . 2 Legal status * * North Rwenzori CFR is managed by the National Forestry Authority ( NFA ) , on behalf of the Government of Uganda based on Section 54 of the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act 8 / 2003 . The reserve was first gazetted in 1940 under Legal Notice No . 275 of 1940 and subsequent Legal Notice Numbers 247 / 1947 as Crown Land and 167 of 6th July 1963 that left Forest Department in control of all Central Forest Reserves until the Forest Department was later replaced by the National Forestry Authority in 2004 . The present constitution of the Reserve is contained in Statutory Instruments of 1998 No . 63 supplement No . 23 ( Forest Reserves – Declaration Order ) . No rights", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 119, "text": "Boundary Plans no . 1555", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project implementing partners for international aid organizations ( Bhargava , 2007 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > These efforts gained recognition as the pace of economic and social development in Rajasthan intensified . Between 1991 and 2001 literacy rates for females doubled from 20 % in 1991 to 44 % , and literacy rates for scheduled castes doubled from 26 % to 52 % ( Census of India , 1991 and 2001 ) . These achievements were met with national as well as international acclaim and insights from several Rajasthani programs shaped national policies such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan at the national level . Over time , some NGOs expanded the scope of their activities even further to include political mobilization of the rural poor ( Bhargava , 2007 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > A particularly notable NGO in this regard is the Social Work and Research Center ( SWRC ) in Tilonia , Rajasthan ( John , 2003 ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > Offshoots of this organization eventually spread all over the state of Rajasthan . PRADAN ( Professional Assistance for Development Action ) was established in Alvar in 1987 , and also noteworthy was PEDO ( People ’ s Education and Development Organization ) . A distinctive feature of PEDO and its offshoots is the focus on promoting _sangathan_ ( organization ) , _sangharsh_ ( agitation ) and _samrachna_ ( constructive work ) across the state ( Rajvansi , 2007 : 326 ) . While the SWRC has retained a broad focus on economic self-reliance and environmental issues at the local level , some of the offshoots have addressed other issues . Both PRADAN and PEDO for example , have focused on women . They favored the creation of new institutions and platforms such as women ’ s self-help groups , cooperatives and collectives . < sup > 13 < / sup > The efforts of these groups have been successful enough to influence national legislation . The National Right to Information Act , passed in in 2005 , makes it mandatory for the government to share information with any citizen of India who requests it . The law was largely shaped by citizens ’ movements ,", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 384, "text": "Census of India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( see Annex 2 for details ) , and several mini-grids under discussion . The commercial Shilling loans would be 90 % refinanced on a matching maturities basis , at a variable interest rate equivalent to the average weighted deposit rate of six leading banks ( Standard Chartered , Stanbic , Barclays , Orient , Citibank and Baroda ) that are accredited for the on-going EIB apex scheme ; the average weighted deposit rate was chosen after considering Bank of IJganda time series data showing its lower volatility and range of variation over the two year 1999-2000 period as compared with the 91-day Treasury bill . For dollar denominated loans , the Bank of Uganda will - 44 -", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 482, "text": "Bank of IJganda time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 10 % < br > 7 % 5 % 3 % 2 % < br > Other < br > skills Problem thinking < br > skills < br > Interpersonal and Numeracy or math solving / critical Managerial and leadership skills Foreign languages < br > Job-specific technical communication skills < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Enterprise Survey data , authors 21", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 323, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Page 5-22_ _Ministry of Water and Energy_ _Photo_ 5-2 : _Informal bridge over new canal in Koga Irrigation Project_ # # # # # # * * _5 . 3 . 4 . 8 Employment of Outsiders_ * * * * Impact C20 : * * the project will require labour for construction . Work may be taken by \" outsiders \" rather than local residents , creating tensions and missing opportunities for mitigation of disruption to local lifestyles due to project implementation . * * Analysis : * * the population is poor and resources are scarce . Therefore , although construction wages are not high , the temporary employment opportunities offered by the project will be significant and competition is likely to be intense . \" Outsiders \" are likely to be attracted to the area in search of work . The FS does not contain information on construction planning , so the probable size and skills of the workforce are unknown at this stage . The project involves a large volume of earthworks , but much of this has to be carried out with considerable accuracy and therefore is likely to be machine-intensive rather than labour intensive . However , there will still be a large unskilled labour requirement . * * Mitigation options : * * recruitment policies will need to consider social issues and project acceptability . Considering the high local impact of the project in terms of land and disruption of existing lifestyles , together with the distrust of \" outsiders \" , it is probably wise to maximise local employment . Local residents are looking forward to construction-related employment opportunities , especially women and landless youth . Local benefits would be maximised and some of the negative impacts of construction mitigated if local residents , especially the most severely project-affected people ( PAPS ) , are given priority for recruitment . This will require : - Social preparation and the incorporation of eligibility for priority in employment into the RAP Entitlement Matrix , together with an official mechanism for providing names to the construction contractor", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 7 . Effective tariffs across various consumption levels < br > a . Highly increasing b . Moderately increasing < br > 40 40 < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > 10 10 < br > 0 0 < br > 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 450 500 900 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 450 500 900 < br > monthly consumption , kWh monthly consumption , kWh < br > Cape Verde Côte d ' Ivoire Madagascar < br > Chad Kenya Mali Tanzania Uganda Zimbabwe < br > c . Neutral d . Decreasing < br > 40 40 < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > 10 10 < br > 0 0 < br > 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 450 500 900 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 450 500 900 < br > monthly consumption , kWh monthly consumption , kWh < br > Cameroon Malawi Senegal < br > Burkina Faso Congo , Dem . Rep . Niger Zambia Congo , Rep . Botswana < br > US cents per kWh US cents per kWh < br > US cents per kWh US cents per kWh < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database # * * b . What is the level of average effective nonresidential tariffs ? * * As for residential tariffs , one commercial and one industrial schedule per country were selected for our analysis of nonresidential tariffs . Representative or typical _commercial_ customers are defined as small to medium business users with an average consumption level of 900 kWh / month . Representative or typical _industrial_ customers are medium to large business users usually associated with high-voltage , highusage tariffs . But in order to exclude very large industries with preferential tariffs from our analysis , we did not use the highest voltage bracket included in tariff schedules ( box 1 ) . In cases where tariff schedules for commercial and industrial users are not differentiated or where several tariffs apply to commercial users , tariff", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 995, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Cartels , Antitrust Enforcement , and Industry Performance : Evidence from Mexico * * < sup > ∗ < / sup > Tristan Reed < sup > a < / sup > , Mariana Pereira L ́ opez < sup > b < / sup > , Ana Urrutia Arrieta < sup > c < / sup > , Leonardo Iacovone < sup > d < / sup > Originally published in the Policy Research Working Paper Series on _December 2022 . _ This version is updated on _March 2023 . _ To obtain the originally published version , please email prwp @ worldbank . org . < u > JEL Classifications : < / u > K21 , L40 , 047 < u > Keywords : < / u > abuse of dominance , antitrust , antitrust enforcement , cartels , collusion , competition law , Federal Competition Commission , Federal Economic Competition Commission , market power , Mexico , monopolistic practices , per se illegal , rule of reason > ∗ The authors thank Alejandro Casta ̃ neda Sabido , Seidu Dauda , Santiago Levy Algazi , Penny Goldberg , Charl Jooste , Pete Klenow , Eduardo Mart ́ ınez Chombo , Graciela Miralles Murciego , James A . Robinson , James Sampi , Chad Syverson , Ekaterina Vostroknutova , Shang-Jin Wei and seminar participants at Banco de M ́ exico , CIDE , COFECE , Colegio de M ́ exico , Universidad Iberoamericana , and the World Bank for extremely valuable comments and suggestions . Francisco Lucero Bravo and Joaquin Ramirez Cabaracas provided excellent research assistance . Reed thanks the Development Research Group Research Support Budget and the Knowledge for Change Program III for funding . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank or its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank , their Managements , or the governments they represent . The authors thank Natalia Volkow and INEGI for access to the Economic Census microdata . All results have been reviewed to ensure that confidential information is not released . Any errors remain our own . a : World", "spans": [{"start": 1883, "end": 1908, "text": "Economic Census microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It means that poverty reduction can be associated with inequality reduction . # * * V . Estimates of Income Poverty and Inequality * * Since the government of Vietnam is using the income poverty line , we also estimate income poverty and inequality measures for provinces and districts . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the effect of non-price determinants of competitivity . A body of research shows that depreciating or undervaluing the real exchange rate is an effective way of promoting manufacturing exports ( Rodrik , 2018 ; Freund and Pierola , 2012 ; Bernard and Jensen , 2004 ) . According to the authors , exchange rate depreciation is an indirect subsidy . Reducing distortions faced by manufacturing firms , the depreciation gives manufacturing firms a competitive advantage . However , it is not clear if this competitive advantage increases exports more than domestic sales . The real exchange rate is from Penn World Table 10 . 1 . # * * 5 . * * * * < u > Firm-level covariates < / u > * * Covariates are variables used in both the first and second stages of entropy balancing . They are the determinants of the treatment ’ s occurrence ( access to electricity ) . Company-level covariates are therefore company ' s characteristics that can explain a specific company ' s access to electricity . - _Firms ’ size : _ It is reasonable to say that the ability of firms to respond to challenges in access to electricity is strongly correlated with their size . Thus , the difference in terms of size can explain the fact that some companies have access to electricity whereas others may not . Since firms ' size can explain the occurrence of electricity access , it is among the covariates in the first stage of entropy balancing , and a control variable in the second stage . It is important to note that the size in covariate and control variable only in the overall sample . In the WBES , small-sized companies are those employing no more than 19 people , medium-sized companies are defined as those employing between 20 and 99 people , while large-sized companies are classified as having more than 100 employees . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1576, "end": 1580, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Botswana_ # # # # # # * * PRICES and GOVERNM EN1 FINANCE * * | * * Domestlc prlcer * * < br > ( % change ) | * * 1986 * * | * * ISS6 * * | * * 2005 * * | * * 2006 * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > Consumer prices | 0 . 0 | * * 0 . 1 * * | * * 8 . 6 * * | * * 116 * * | | | < br > Implicit GDP deflator | * * 14 . 1 * * | * * 14 . 3 * * | * * 114 * * | * * Q . 5 * * | | | Government * * finance * * | | | | | | | _ ( % of_GDP , includes current grants ) | | | | | | | Current revenue | * * 55 . 2 * * | * * 42 . 8 * * | * * 39 . 4 * * | * * 414 * * | | | Current budget balance | * * 34 . 4 * * | * * 8 . 5 * * | * * Q . 0 * * | * * 8 . 5 * * | | | < br > Overall surplus / deficit | * * 8 , 4 * * | * * 6 . 2 * * | * * 6 . 5 * * | * * 0 . 6 * * | | | * * TRADE * * | | | | | | | * * _ ( US $ _ * * _mi / / / ons ) _ | * * 1966 * * | * * IS06 * * | * * 2005 * * | * * 2006 * * | * * Export and Importlevels ( US $ mill * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "eaux reculés . Les régions de Ségou et San , réputées conservatrices , exacerbent la vulnérabilité des femmes et des filles . La femme , considérée comme le pilier familial , voit la violence basée sur le genre normalisée , avec des pratiques telles que les mariages forcés et les mutilations génitales féminines . La situation sécuritaire et humanitaire a également un impact économique négatif , en particulier pour les femmes dans les secteurs informels , exposées à une exploitation accrue en raison de la présence croissante d ' organisations humanitaires . L ' absence de services spécialisés et de coordination aggrave la situation dans ces régions , confrontées à une détérioration sécuritaire et à un risque accru de VBG . Les données recueillies par le monitoring de protection du HCR indiquent que ces régions ont enregistré un total de 1 155 < sup > 2 < / sup > incidents sur toute l ' année 2023 . En revanche , rien qu ' au cours du premier trimestre de 2024 , ce nombre est passé à 1279 incidents . Cette hausse significative des attaques en début de trimestre met en évidence des lacunes en matière de coordination du au faible partage d ’ informations , au manque de planification stratégique entre acteurs , à la faiblesse des mécanismes de signalement et de suivi ne permettant pas une vision globale et cohérente des besoins de protection . Une coordination insuffisante entre acteurs impliques dans la protection entraine une fragmentation des efforts , des informations incomplète", "spans": [{"start": 763, "end": 794, "text": "monitoring de protection du HCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "practices . Nevertheless , the actual amount of schooling of the student cohort affected by COVID19 will be compromised if no mitigation or remediation takes place . In addition , the economic shock is likely to affect student drop out , and we should expect long term consequences . We used microdata from the latest available household survey for 130 countries to estimate country specific dropout-income elasticities using the observed cross-sectional variation between educational enrollment and welfare . Following the HCI framework , we estimated this relationship for pre-school and primary-age students ( 4-11 ) and secondary-age students ( 12-17 ) separately ( for more information see Annex A . 2 ) . If a country did not have a household survey , we used the average values from the countries in the same income level classification . In alignment with the existing literature , on average , older-age students seem to be more vulnerable to income shocks than younger students . The patterns for high and upper middle income countries are distinct from those of low - and lower-middle income countries . The primary pathway for this is the income shock _ ( γ ) _ from reduced economic activity . Given the dropout-income elasticity _ ( d ) , _ this will lead to more families pulling their children out of school to work ( which particularly affects children in the secondary school age group ) , or because they cannot afford schooling . There are important differences across countries in terms of gender and being out of school . In low - and lower-middle income countries , girls are more likely to be out-of-school especially at the 12-17 age range . In contrast , in upper-middle and high-income countries boys are more likely to be out of school . Despite this , the estimations of dropout-income elasticities show no systematic differences between boys and girls ( see Figure A . 2 . 1 ) . As more data become available in terms of policy actions taken by government , the behavior of households , and the effectiveness of the proposed alternative modalities , we will be able to refine some of these assumptions . The availability of additional data is particularly important to better understand the intrahousehold dynamics and school safety", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 362, "text": "household survey for 130 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 739, "end": 755, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * B . 2 Robustness * * In the first robustness check , we estimate the average treatment effect in levels as percentage changes from the controlled mean using a negative binomial . Specifically , we estimate the following model : where _yij , t_ is the count number of patent applications . _Zi_ is the number of pre-determined , time-invariant firm characteristics that might affect firms ’ patenting capability . Following Blundell et al . ( 1999 ) , we use the average pre-sample patent applications to control for firms ’ fixed effects in the negative binomial model . We use the firm ’ s patent age and patent stock to approximate firm _i_ ’ s patent capability . Table A . 7 displays the estimated coefficients and the implied average treatment effect , _exp_ ( _β_ + _ψ_ ) _ − _ 1 . Table A . 7 : Estimated Average Treatment Effect using Negative Binomial | | ( 1 ) < br > Total | ( 2 ) < br > * * Patent Ap * * < br > International | ( 3 ) < br > * * plication * * < br > Triadic | ( 4 ) < br > High-Tech | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Treatment_ × _Post | - 0 . 365 * * * | - 1 . 249 * * * | - 3 . 389 * * * | - 0 . 571 * * * | | | ( 0 . 057 ) | ( 0 . 299 ) | ( 0 . 360 ) | ( 0 . 108 ) | | Treatment | 0 . 125 * * * | 0 . 266 * * | 0 . 561 * * * | 0 . 400 * * * | | | ( 0 . 040 ) | ( 0 . 135 ) | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 108 ) | | Implied ATE | - 0 . 213 * * * | - 0 . 630 * * * | - 0 . 941 * * * | - 0 . 157 *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | 134 , 210 | 133 , 454 | * * 13 , 589 * * | * * 712486 * * | * * 1 , 096 , 345 * * | * * 29 . 5 * * | | Beehives | * * 6 , 105 * * | * * 4 , 389 * * | * * 2 , 759 * * | * * 7 , 802 * * | * * 8602 * * | * * 29 , 657 * * | * * 0 . 8 * * | | Total | * * 508 , 363 * * | * * 589 , 083 * * | * * 792 , 677 * * | 393 , 241 | 1433574 | * * 3 , 716 , 938 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | Percent | * * 13 . 7 * * | * * _15 , 8 * * | * * 21 . 3 * * | * * 10 . 6 * * | * * 38 . 6 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | | _Source : _ < br > _Res_ | _pectiveWoreda_ | _ ' sAgricultur_ | _eOffices , De_ | _cember , _ * * _2023_ * * | | | | As seen in the table above , of the total livestock population reported in the Subproject woredas , about * * ( 60 % ) * * of the livestock population was cattle and Poultry . The proportion of sheeps and goats was also significant and constituted * * ( 16 . 3 % ) * * and * * ( 15 . 9 % ) * * of all livestock population respectively . According to this livestock data , the proportion of Mule was relatively small in terms of number with ( 0 . 4 % ) of all the livestock population . Across Subproject woredas while * * ( 38 . 6 % )", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 982, "text": "livestock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 | Married | 54 | 82 % | 149 | 73 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Single | 04 | 6 % | 20 | 10 % | | Divorced | 01 | 2 % | 8 | 4 % | | Widower | 01 | 2 % | 2 | 1 % | | Widow | 06 | 9 % | 24 | 12 % | | * * Total * * | * * 66 * * | * * 100 * * | * * 203 * * | * * 100 * * | This implies that during decision making for compensation spousal consent should be given attention in order to ensure gender equity within households . This is also in line with the National Gender Policy of 1997 , a tool to guide and direct the planning , resource allocation and implementation of development programs with a gender perspective . # # # # * * 6 Household size * * In the “ project hosting ” areas , the social survey indicated that the average household size is 6 and 7 people for Kiruhura and Mbarara respectively . This is higher than national mean household size of 5 . 08 . This implies a relatively large household size in the project area , which is associated with less wealth and high poverty levels according to Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( 2015 ) # # # # * * 7 Level of Education attainment * * In both Mbarara and Kiruhura Districts it was observed that the level of education was lower than the national literacy level which is at 72 . 2 % according to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2016 statistical abstract . There were more primary dropouts in both districts as compared to tertiary or university graduates . An indication that the projects should design programs that cater for such and emphasis should", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 867, "text": "social survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1421, "end": 1474, "text": "Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2016 statistical abstract", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Therefore , we use a vintage of the national accounts data that is different , even for the same years and countries . Similarly , survey data is sometimes revised , or could also be removed . Deflators – both for surveys and national accounts are also often revised – but are not a concern in our assessment of gaps levels , as we rely on survey and national accounts data in the current values . In terms of methodology , in our analysis we use weights that differ from those used in Deaton . Our preferred weighting scheme is to give each country equal weight within each sub-sample for which we provide estimates . Ravallion uses only one observation per country and thus also give each country equal weight . Deaton uses two weighting schemes . The first is unweighted – giving each observation equal weight regardless of the number of observations per country , and a second uses population weights . Given the differences in both the time periods covered , data sources , and weighting methods , it is useful to try to understand the source of the differences . To this end , we examine our estimates by decade . About three-quarters of our observations are from the period after 2000 , a period not covered by either of the previous studies . Thus , our overall estimates are heavily weighted towards a time period not covered by earlier studies . The HHS-NAS gap estimated separately for each decade ( see Table 1 ) reveal much smaller gaps for the periods prior to 2000 also in our data . Comparing survey and HFCE means , we estimate a gap of about - 15 % in the 1980s and 1990s and about - 25 % for the 2000s and 2010s , a difference which is statistically significant ( t = 2 . 38 when comparing 1990s and 2000s samples ) . Our point estimates of around - 15 % for 1980s and 1990s are similar to the corresponding estimates of gaps of - 12 % and - 17 % for Deaton and Ravallion , respectively . The fact that our sample is heavily weighted towards more recent years than previous studies , contribute to our overall finding of larger gaps", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 60, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 133, "end": 144, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) newly recruited cohorts of staff . Scaling up these models in a sustainable manner remains a challenge but also presents an opportunity for development as well as an opportunity to learn and inform the content of university curricula . * * 10 . The passage of the Vocational and Technical Skills Development Law in July 2019 has created the institutional framework for sector-specific skills development , including in the digital or ICT sector . * * The law approved the establishment of the Vocational and Technical Skills Development Commission ( VTSDC ) , which is mandated to set standards and foundations for the formation of sectoral councils and will lead the development of vocational and technical education and training , governed by a bylaw that will be issued by the Council of Ministers by March 2020 . The government established a National Skills Council for ICT ( NSC-ICT ) as an advisory body for the VTSDC in February 2019 . Most of the council members come from the private sector , and it includes representatives from the government , employers and relevant employee associations . * * 11 . The private sector has expressed interest in contributing to a sustainable mechanism that supports building youth competencies and talents to support growth . * * A World Bank ( WB ) survey of digital firms in Jordan in January 2019 suggested that 48 percent of firms perceive finding technical talent an obstacle in the local market . The recent experience of Injaz in rolling out financial literacy in Jordanian public schools by using allocated funds from commercial banks ( 0 . 5 percent of profits on annual basis ) suggests a good model to replicate in digital skills development . Preliminary discussions with telecom operators in Jordan confirmed that interest , with the condition of putting in place an efficient digital skills development model that produces graduates of high employability . Leading domestic and foreign ICT firms in Jordan would participate in such a mechanism to ensure that their demand for specific talents informs the design of training provided . * * 12 . The Jordanian", "spans": [{"start": 1375, "end": 1408, "text": "survey of digital firms in Jordan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 4 : The working-age population could become more skilled due to demographic change , if educational attainment rates are constant * * Share of working-age population with at least 9 years of schooling if educational attainment rates constant ( percent ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2015 2050 < br > High-income OECD < br > Upper-middle-income countries < br > Lower-middle-income < br > Swaziland < br > South Africa < br > Namibia < br > Lesotho < br > Botswana < br > 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates Note : Data from UN ( 2015 ) and GMD household surveys . The data for upper-middle-income countries and high-income OECD are simple averages . Projections presented for SACU countries and two potential educational attainment convergence targets . High income OECD , upper-middle income , and lower-middle income country groupings are based on the World Bank Group ’ s income based country classification . While an understanding of the mechanisms and demographic trends can provide a sense of how policy impacts may differ across the region , a purely analytical approach may not provide any insight on their relative magnitudes , possibly confounding policy priority setting . These assessments are additionally complicated by the fact that the demographic changes can induce general equilibrium effects whose magnitude cannot be clearly identified in a multi-agent and multi-sector economy . However , widely cited work on the growth impact of changes in agestructure generally rely on empirical estimation of growth accounting relationships . < sup > 6 < / sup > These provide some robust estimates of the importance of demographic changes on income per capita and savings , but do face some constraints . For example , since these empirical studies rely on historical variation in data to drive results , the studies may not necessarily find statistically significant impacts on economic indicators , even if the intuition would suggest otherwise . This may be why early empirical work for Africa , as in Bloom and Sachs ( 1998 ) , found no significant impact of demographic change on growth . More recently", "spans": [{"start": 618, "end": 639, "text": "GMD household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "suppliers that do not engage in exports and thus are absent from the customs transaction data . Second , it miss intermediate that are but not this may products produced domestically imported . Lastly , approach assumes that products classified under the same HS 6-digit code are substitutes , implying that imported goods can be replaced with their domestically produced counterparts , which may not always hold true in practice . Based on the definition of potential domestic suppliers , the CI for a single imported product ( _j_ ) of each exporting firm ( _i_ ) in each year ( _t_ ) is calculated as follows : where _Njt_ is the total number of potential suppliers of product _j_ in year _t_ , which equals the total number of exporters of product _j_ in year _t_ . The indicator variable , _Mjit_ , takes on the value 1 if firm _i_ imports product _j_ in year _t_ , and 0 otherwise ; Likewise , the indicator variable , _dnit_ , takes on the value 1 if the potential supplier _n_ is connected to firm _i_ via the HSR network in year _t_ . So the denominator is the total number of potential suppliers of a given imported product in a given year , and the numerator is the total number of potential suppliers that are connected via HSR to the exporting firm in a given year . In short , for each imported product _j_ , the variable , _CIjit_ , is the share of potential suppliers that are connected to firm _i_ via HSR . The variable _CIjit_ takes a value of 0 if firm _i_ does not import product _j_ in year _t_ or if none of the potential suppliers are connected to firm _i_ through the HSR network . Conversely , if all potential suppliers of product _j_ are connected via HSR , _CIjit_ equals 1 . A higher value of _CIjit_ indicates a greater likelihood that firm _i_ can source material _j_ domestically through HSR-enabled connections . For firms importing multiple products , the variable _CIit_ represents the weighted average share of potential suppliers connected to the firm via HSR . The weights correspond to the share of each product _j_ in firm _i_ ’ s total imports for", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 93, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "acquire food for the household ( such as buying 5 kilograms of rice ) , which is entered in the diary of the person acquiring the food . So the personal diary is a not an individual ’ s record of food consumption . Rather , it records the food brought into the household by each member even if for several members to consume ( as well as food consumed outside the household ) . This intensive supervision of the personal diary sample would be impractical for most surveys but these investments were made in order to establish a benchmark for analytic comparisons . Each of the eight designs varies how food expenditures ( including value of home production and consumption ) are collected along the lines specified in Table 1 . Non-food items are divided into two groups based on frequency of purchase . Frequently purchased items ( charcoal , firewood , kerosene / paraffin , matches , candles , lighters , laundry soap , toilet soap , cigarettes , tobacco , cell phone and internet , and transport ) were collected by 14-day recall for modules 1-5 and in the 14-day diary for modules 6-8 . Non-frequent non-food items ( utilities , durables , clothing , health , education , contributions , and other ; housing is excluded ) are collected by recall identically across all modules at the end of the interview ( and at the end of the two-week period for the diaries ) and over the identical one or 12-month reference period , depending on the item in question . Any cross-module differences in measured nonfrequent non-food consumption we take as due to spillovers from the different amount of memory training or conditioning of respondents that may be induced by the different food consumption modules . The survey experiment conducted was termed the Survey of Household Welfare and Labour in Tanzania ( SHWALITA ) , and was implemented by a well-established data collection enterprise , Economic Development Initiatives ( EDI ) . This survey was designed and fielded to study the implications of the alternative survey designs for consumption expenditure measures and labor market indicators ( see Bardasi et al . , 2010 for a description of the labor survey experiment ) . Here we focus on the component", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 134, "text": "diary of the person acquiring the food", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1752, "end": 1802, "text": "Survey of Household Welfare and Labour in Tanzania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level of detail needed at the assessment and planning stage relates to the need to prioritize fundamental needs – i . e . _how much and what kind of data is good enough ? _ The data needed by responders in the first few days following a major natural disaster is much different than what can be effectively integrated by planners years into addressing a protracted refugee situation for example . In principle disability data needs to be placed on a level of demographics , with sex and age data : that is , when sex and age data on individuals is collected during a humanitarian action , at that point it is also appropriate to collect data regarding disability . Key take-aways : - Time is a factor . In some humanitarian contexts it would be irresponsible to undertake a major data collection exercise prior to taking action when lives were at risk . To mitigate this limitation the earliest humanitarian interventions following a crisis must be accessible . - Where humanitarian access is limited because of security or other factors , qualitative methods might produce better results than a small quantitative sample . - Different types of emergencies play out along very different time-scales . This has very large implications for choosing appropriate modalities for data collection . Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 9", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 425, "text": "disability data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 479, "end": 495, "text": "sex and age data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 513, "end": 529, "text": "sex and age data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * this Syrian asylum-seeker * * represents one of thousands of “ red card holders ” living in greece without State support . Unable to see the way forward , he struggles to care for his wife and two children one day at a time . * * 14 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The second dataset , SIFA , is used by the national agency that runs FA for administration and monitoring purposes . The data set is a longitudinal census of program beneficiaries from 2001 to the present . There is information on nearly 2 . 5 million families who have participated or are currently participating in the program . We limit this dataset to all adults from beneficiary households with a valid identity card ( needed to vote ) and match it with the electoral census ( using each person ’ s national identification number ) . Overall , most people in SIFA ( 96 . 5 % , corresponding to 3 , 608 , 733 program participants ) are registered to vote . Finally , we use the _SISBEN_ to identify non-participants that are comparable to FA beneficiaries , namely that they live in households with similar socio-economic and demographic characteristics as determined by their corresponding poverty index score . These data are also matched with the electoral census . Then we append Sisben-electoral census with SIFA-electoral census to produce a sample that is comprised of individuals below and above the cutoff score that establishes eligibility to FA . The matched sample shows that 86 % of the FA beneficiaries are registered in the _SISBEN_ . The rest is mostly comprised of displaced individuals and indigenous people , who by law are not required to have a score below the eligibility threshold to participate in FA , and thus are not included in our analysis . The sample is restricted in two ways . First , considering that the program is offered only to families with children under 18 years , the data are restricted to only include adults 25-46 years old at the moment of the presidential election . This age range is determined by the age distribution of mothers in urban Colombia as reported in vital statistics records in 2010 . This is done to ensure that we focus on the group of parents whose voting behavior is more likely to be influenced by FA given the timing in which the program was rolled out throughout the country . The second restriction limits the data to only urban households . The reason for doing this is that by design , the algorithm", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 179, "text": "longitudinal census of program beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 564, "end": 568, "text": "SIFA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 954, "end": 970, "text": "electoral census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 988, "end": 1011, "text": "Sisben-electoral census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1017, "end": 1038, "text": "SIFA-electoral census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1815, "end": 1839, "text": "vital statistics records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_and Vulnerable Children Mid-term Review_ _Aide i . , femoire_ Figure 1 : No . of households enrolled in the CT-OVC Programme , by source ofsupport ( FY 2004 / 5-FY2011112 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 160 , 000 < br > 140 , 000 + - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - ~ < br > 120 , 000 + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . , < br > 100 , 000 + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . , < br > i 80 , 000 < br > . 60 , 000 + - - - - - - - - - - ­ < br > 40 , 000 + - - - - - - ­ < br > 20 , 000 + - - - ­ < br > 0 + - - \" \" \" ­ < br > 2004 / 05 2005 / 06 2006 / 07 2007 / 08 2008 / 09 2009 / 10 2010111 2011112 < br > • GoK Support 1iI ' UNICEFIDFID Support • World Bank Support < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Programme administrative data 6 . Financing . Increasing financing to the Programme has underpinned this expansion in coverage . As Table 1 shows , financing to the Programme has risen significantly since its inception in _FY2004 / 05 . _ Financing has increased from Ksh 50 million in FY _2004 / 05_ to Ksh 3 . 5 billion in the _FY2011 / 12 . _ At the same time , sources of financing to the Programme have also expanded . _Notes : _ From FY _2005 / 2006-_ 2009-2010 these figures include financing from DflD channelled through UNICEF . 2SIDA also finances", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 769, "text": "Programme administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Statelessness can be a root cause and consequence of forced displacement . < sup > 55 < / sup > Stateless refugees and those at heightened risk of statelessness have specific protection needs . This session discussed how stateless refugees and those at risk of statelessness can be identified , the challenges they face , and what can be done to address these . _Identification of stateless refugees / those at risk of statelessness_ For Syrian refugees in Lebanon there is a lack of refugee law framework ; complicated civil registration procedures ; lack of documentation ; lack of legal stay ; and nationality law that includes gaps ( including genderdiscrimination ) . Individuals at heightened risk in this context are : children born in country of asylum not by statutory deadline ; female-headed households ; children born in child marriage . In Niger , there are mix flows of refugees , IDPs and returnees as well as the host community . Niger is very low on the human development index and has a very high population growth . A statelessness study showed that eighty-two percent of the population in Diffa is currently without identification cards . Difficulties accessing administrative bodies and getting civil status documentation are common barriers to securing identification here . Zimbabwe is also a mixed flow context with displacement , labour migration , and statelessness together . # # # # # _Specific challenges for this vulnerable group_ Syrian refugees : Prevalence of early / child marriages ; babies born in Syria but not registered before coming to Lebanon ; lack of financial means ; missing documents ; lack of legal stay . Families cannot cross the border without documentation , but birth registration documents from Lebanon may not be adequate upon return to confirm nationality . Additionally , UNHCR had to stop refugee registration in 2015 , but NGOs continue assisting both registered and non-registered refugees . Access to data on birth registration is also challenging . South Africa : Corruption in the South African refugee system and significant indirect discrimination . Asylumseekers stay in the asylum-system for five to fifteen years", "spans": [{"start": 1037, "end": 1056, "text": "statelessness study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1961, "end": 1987, "text": "data on birth registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "response to the illness of others in their household , we acknowledge that other explanations are possible . For instance , perhaps wage workers fill in for each other in order to make sure timesensitive work gets done . Even if one of these alternate mechanisms is behind the labor supply result for wage workers , our results nonetheless provide new insight linking illness to labor supply in low-income countries . # * * 4 . Household-level outcomes * * We now examine the overall effects of a member ’ s illness-related absence on household level income and labor supply , including both the direct effects of the missed work and the compensatory responses of other household members documented in the previous two subsections . We also look separately at households for whom these compensatory responses are likely to be strongest – those with two or more earners at baseline < sup > 22 < / sup > and those with at least one male worker – and households in which there are no male earners or a female is the highest earner , given the minimal net response by females shown in table 2 . In each case , we conduct a back-of-the-envelope exercise that estimates the fraction of the expected income loss of the sick individual covered by the household income inclusive of compensatory behavior . Specifically , we compute the expected income loss of a sick individual in a specific class of households by taking the average usual reported income from the baseline survey of individuals in those households who are unexpectedly sick over the course of the survey . We then compute the fraction of the expected loss covered by the coefficient estimate > 22 These are also the households providing the majority of the identifying variation in the individual-level results , since a worker in the regression would need to have another family member who was planning to work in order to have identifying variation in the _Other Worker Ill_ variable . While we estimate equation 1 on the whole sample of workers employed at baseline ( workers who are the only worker in their family over the entire survey help to identify the week fixed effects ) , results are almost identical if we use only the sample", "spans": [{"start": 1456, "end": 1486, "text": "baseline survey of individuals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These adaptation measures will enhance the project ’ s adaptive capacity to climate variabilities and geologic hazards . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 4 Air Quality * * Ambient air quality conditions reflect both anthropogenic and natural sources in the project districts . These include : dust ; smoke particles ; and vehicle fumes . In general , Uganda does not have governmentcontrolled air quality monitoring stations and , therefore , there is no regular air quality monitoring in any of the project districts and , therefore , no air quality data . However , private entities such as research organisations , embassies ( such as that of the United States ) monitor air quality within cities like Kampala , Jinja , Masaka and others to collect baseline data of their interest . Additionally , project developers are expected to collect baseline air quality data and monitor air quality parameters within their areas of operation in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations . Traffic volumes are significant in the most traversed districts and notably in the project area , which can result in elevated NO2 levels . Elevated fugitive dust levels from gravel road surfaces are the major cause for air pollution within the project districts during the dry season . Dust particles blown from the gravel road surface by wind action or by traffic flow is the major source of the local air pollution , especially in trading centres traversed by the TL . Passive air quality measurements were obtained from five locations ( AP 01 , AP 09 , AP 19 , AP 21 and AP 27 ) as shown in the three orthomaps of * * Figure 20 * * . Results of passive air quality monitoring are presented in * * Table 13 * * . It should be noted that these comparisons are for indicative purposes only , given the sampling was undertaken for 2 weeks and the guidelines are over 24-hour or annual means . All the results of the baseline passive air quality assessment indicate that all parameters SO2 , NO2 , Benzene , Toluene , Ethylbenzene and Xylene ( BTEX ) are within permissible emission", "spans": [{"start": 524, "end": 540, "text": "air quality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 838, "end": 854, "text": "air quality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "programs surveyed by Coady et al . < sup > 20 < / sup > The median _CGH_ across the 122 programs is 1 . 25 . By this measure , DB is a clear outlier in targeting performance internationally . Turning to our fourth measure of targeting performance we find that while 29 % of the poor receive DB , this is only true of about 2 % of the non-poor ; thus we find that _TD_ = 0 . 27 . The mean DB payment across all those with _Y_ < _Z_ is 87 . 61 Yuan per person per year , while the > 19 These are sample means . If one weights by city population then the proportion receiving DB rises to 4 . 69 % of which 2 . 64 % had incomes below the DB line . The estimated proportion below the DB line falls slightly , to 7 . 64 % , of which 5 . 00 % were not receiving DB . > 20 _Trabajar_ is a combination of a workfare program and social fund , whereby participants are offered low-wage work to do things of value to poor communities ; see Jalan and Ravallion ( 2003 ) . Coady et al . , calculate _CGH_ from _Trabajar_ from Jalan and Ravallion ( 2003 ) who estimate that 80 % of _Trabajar_ participants come form the poorest 20 % of the Argentine population ranked by income net of _Trabajar_ receipts ( which are roughly constant across recipients ) . The corresponding _CGH_ for the poorest decile is much higher , at about 6 . 0 , though still less that for DB . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "autres , au manque d ’ informations sur comment contacter ces organisations . Selon les rapports du GBVIMS du dernier trimestre 2024 et du premier trimestre 2025 , les incidents de VBG impliquant des acteurs armés représentent environ 11 % des cas enregistrés , dont 4 % attribués aux forces de défense et de sécurité maliennes et 7 % aux groupes armés . Cependant , à observer de plus près , 64 % des incidents de violences sexuelles rapportés ( viols et agressions sexuelles ) au cours de la période d ’ analyse , auraient été perpétrés par des acteurs armés , soulignant la gravité de la violence sexuelle dans le contexte de conflit armé au Mali . Toujours selon le GBVIMS , les * * femmes et les filles * * représentaient respectivement 98 % des personnes survivantes au dernier trimestre 2024 , dont 33 % de filles , et 95 % au premier trimestre 2025 , dont 20 % de filles ( 7 % de 0-11 ans et 13 % de 12-17 ans ) . Sur les 251 incidents de violences sexuelles rapportés au premier trimestre 2025 , 147 cas , soit 58 % des incidents concernaient les filles . Sur 83 incidents de mariage forcé , 38 % étaient des mariages d ’ enfants . Ceci est corroboré par les résultats d ’ une enquête de perception menée par UNICEF et PREMISE au premier trimestre 2025 avec 45 % des répondants indiquant le mariage et 45 % indiquant les abus sexuels comme risques majeurs", "spans": [{"start": 1186, "end": 1207, "text": "enquête de perception", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# III . 2 . 2 . FDH and DEA Analysis : Health This section considers the case of one input ( public expenditure on health per capita in PPP terms ) and four alternative output indicators : life expectancy at birth , DPT immunization , measles immunization , and the disability adjusted life expectancy ( DALE ) index which takes into account both mortality and illness . The efficiency frontiers for each indicator are computed using both the FDH and DEA methodologies . Figures 8a-d show the efficiency frontier for one indicator . The specific country rankings for two of the health indicators are listed in Table B . 4 of Appendix B . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Free Disposable Hull ( FDH ) Data Envelopment Analysis ( DEA ) < br > Life Expectancy vs Health Expenditure Life Expectancy vs Health Expenditure < br > KORMYSMUSARETT OOMN THADOMIDNKWTMEXBHSPHLCHLIRNMARBHRBLZKA ZAZECHNINDLKAEGYLBNGTMKNAFJIPERALBDZASY RL CAECUPAKGEOVUTVNMPRYATGBRATONVENKGZUKRTJKGRDHNDJ AMARMCPVUZBTKMSLVBOLNI CTURCOLMDABGRLVARUSSAUMNGVCTSLBGUYJORW SMDMABLRROMBRBPOLTUNLTUCRIPANURYESTMKD ARGSVKHUN HRV CZESVN KORMYSMUSARETT OOMN THADOMKWTIDNMEXBHSPHLCHLIRNMARBHRAZEKA ZBLZCHNINDLKAEGYLBNGTMKNAFJIPERALBDZASY RL CAECUPAKGEOVUTVNMPRYATGBRATONVENKGZUKRTJKGRDHNDARMJ AMCPVUZBTKMSLVBOLNI CTURCOLMDABGRLVARUSSAUMNGVCTSLBGUYJORW SMDMABLRROMBRBPOLTUNLTUCRIPANURYESTMKD ARGSVKHUN HRV CZESVN < br > BGDCOM BGDCOM < br > NPL NPL < br > SDNGHAYEMPNG SDNGHAYEMPNG < br > GA B SWZCMRKHMCIVAGOGI NLAOTGONGAMRTBENCAFHTICOGKE NZARBFAUGAMDGNERETHMLISENTCDBDIGMBRWATZAGNBZMBMWIERIMOZBWAZAFDJILSOZWE NAM GA B SWZCMRKHMCIVAGOGINLAOTGONGAMRTBENCAFHTICOGKE NZARBFAUGAMDGNERETHMLISENTCDBDIGMBRWATZAGNBZMBMWIERIMOZBWAZAFDJILSOZWE NAM < br > SLE SLE < br > 300 400 500 600 700 800 300 400 500 600 700 800 < br > Orthogonalized Public Expditure on Health Orthogonalized Public Expditure on Health < br > Daat Source : World Bank WDI Daat Source : World Bank WDI < br > ( a . 1 ) ( a . 2 ) < br > Immunization DPT vs Health Expenditure Immunization DPT vs Health Expenditure < br > KORMYSMUSARETT OOMN THADOMKWTIDNMEXBHSPHLCHL IRN MARBHRBLZAZEKA ZCHNLKAEGYGTMLBNSWZKNAFJIPERSY RDZAALBLCAECUGEOVUTVNMPRYATG BRA BGDCOMGHANPLTOKGZTJKBENUKRKE NGRDJ AMARMHCPVTKMUZBBDIRWASLVGMB N TZABOLZMBNI CTURMWIERIBWADCOLMDABGRZAFRUSLVASAUMNGVCTSLBGUYLSOZWEJORW SMDMABLRROMBRBPOLTUNLTUNAMCRIPANURYESTMKD ARGSVKHUN HRV CZESVN KORMYSMUSARETT OOMN THADOMKWTIDNMEXBHSPHLCHL IRN MARBHRBLZAZEKA ZCHNEGYLKAGTMLBNSWZKNAFJIPERSY RDZAALBL CAECUGEOVUTVNMPRYATGBGD BRA COMGHANPLTOKGZTJKBENUKRKE NGRDJ AMARMHCPVTKMUZBBDIRWASLVGMB N TZABOLZMBNI CMWITURBWAERIDCOLMDABGRZAFRUSLVASAUMNGVCTSLBGUYLSOZWEJORW SMDMABLRROMBRBPOLTUNLTUNAMCRIPANURYESTMKD ARGSVKHUN HRV CZESVN < br > YEM YEM < br > IND VEN IND VEN < br > PAKCIVLAOTGOUGAMDGSENPNGMOZ PAKCIVLAOTGOUGAMDGSENPNGMOZ < br > KHM KHM < br > CMRSDNGI NMLIETHGNB CMRSDNGI NMLIETHGNB < br > GA B MRTCAFHTISLE GA B MRTCAFHTISLE < br > BFA DJI BFA DJI < br > AGO AGO < br > COG COG < br > NGAZARNERTCD NGAZARNERTCD < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Second Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2025_ * * _ii ) _ * * _Physical progress based on outputs and outcomes since project commencement_ * * During the reporting period , KISIP 2 made significant milestones in implementation of project activities . Under the component * * 1 . 1 * * Land Tenure Regularization , the key achievements during the year under review include ; finalization of ground survey and beaconing and published the Notices for completion for Local Physical * * _ & _ * * Land Use Development Plans for all settlements under the initial four contracts ; Participated in various stakeholders ' engagement workshops for the presentation of the Draft Local Physical * * _ & _ * * Land Use Development Plans * * _ & _ * * final lists of beneficiaries in Tana River , Kilifi , Taita Taveta , Kiambu , Makueni , Machakos , Homa Bay , Trans Nzoia , Bungoma , West Pokot , and Tharaka Nithi counties ; Participated in the presentations of the socio-economic survey findings to the counties and communities ; Obtained approval of 30No . Local Physical & Land Use Development Plans . In addition , ( 13No . ) settlements survey plans for in West Pokot , Homa Bay , Machakos , Makueni , Tharaka Nithi and Taita Taveta were submitted to the Director of Survey ; * * A * * Land Information System * * ( LIS ) * * was also formed for all these settlements . As part of next steps , the project carried out Assessment and verification of the next batch of settlements ( Phase JIB * * _ & _ IIC * * respectively ) in Kwale , Tana River , Nakuru , Marsabit , Laikipia , Wajir , Kisii , Uasin Gishu , Turkana , Baringo , Machakos , Embu , Nyeri , Kirinyaga counties ;", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1072, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1376, "end": 1399, "text": "Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "autocorrelation data available for the study populations being considered . We see from Table 2 that autocorrelations are often in the 0 . 2-0 . 3 range for household income and consumption . In rural Ghana , the autocorrelation in Boozer et al ( 2010 ) ’ s data is 0 . 32 when wives report on both their own and their husband ’ s consumption , but increase to 0 . 58 to 0 . 66 when husbands and wives report separately on consumption and the results are combined . The autocorrelations are lower for the poor – in both Mexico and Argentina the autocorrelation of labor income is around 0 . 2-0 . 3 for individuals with first period labor income below the median , compared to autocorrelations of 0 . 5-0 . 8 for those with this income above the median . This is consistent with the evidence in Collins et al . ( 2009 ) that incomes for the poor are very volatile . The autocorrelation will typically be lower in the more homogeneous samples typical of many randomized experiments than it is in general samples of the population . It will also be lower if one stratifies the randomization or uses fixed effects and thereby controls for time-invariant reasons why one household or firm may have higher income , expenditure or profit levels than another . To see this in a simple example , write the error term , where _X_ is a characteristic that is used to stratify the randomization on , or to restrict an experiment only to individuals with certain values of _X . _ Then : And Controlling for _X_ via stratified randomization , or restricting the sample only to those with certain values of _X_ will therefore reduce the variance of , which increases the power of an experiment . However , it also reduces the autocorrelation ( by removing a factor which would otherwise cause the error term to be correlated from one period to the next ) , thereby increasing the value of more measurements . # * * 2 . 4 . What should one do if the autocorrelations are not constant ? * * The empirical evidence therefore suggests that the assumption that the autocorrelation is constant over different time", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 20, "text": "autocorrelation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "according to observable characteristics that are correlated with income . In response 5 we distribute equally the fixed budget to all households below PMT threshold , up to the point where the number of beneficiaries corresponds to the number of pre-shock poor ; while in response 6 we do the same , but up to the point where the number of beneficiaries corresponds to the number of post-shock poor ( so that there will be more beneficiaries , but the transfer will be lower ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > Once again payments are in addition to any pre-shock transfer that households may have received but exclude households that may have benefitted from other COVID-19 support programs . Note that , while the proxy-means indicator may be relatively efficient in identifying pre-shock poor , it may not necessarily be a good indicator of _new_ poor because asset holdings may not change immediately nor predict vulnerability to the shock , and PMT scores are usually not recalculated in the aftermath of a shock . Hence , accurate identification of post-shock beneficiaries using a pre-shock PMT index may vary substantially according to the nature of the shock , depending on whether the shock affected distributional rankings . At times , however , policy makers may be able to make use of an indicator identifying which households may have suffered a shock . For instance , following a drought one may not be able to perfectly identify the value of the loss , but a good approximation could be obtained by estimating households ’ land holdings . Similarly , information of an informal workers ’ sector of activity could provide some indication of the extent of the income loss she may have suffered during a crisis . To reflect the availability of this “ imperfect ” information , we consider two additional responses ( 7 and 8 ) . In response 7 we distribute the fixed budget among households that suffered the shock with certainty . We call this a “ perfect loss ” indicator . In response 8 , we introduce an exclusion error of 25 % to mimic the case of imperfect information . The final two responses ( 9 and 10 ) combine the PMT indicators with the “ perfect", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ j . apenergy . 2017 . 10 . 089 Palmer , M . , & Truong , Y . ( 2017 ) . The impact of technological green new product introductions on firm profitability . _Ecological Economics_ , _136_ , 86-93 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . ecolecon . 2017 . 01 . 025 < / u > - Pan , X . , Ai , B . , Li , C . , Pan , X . , & Yan , Y . ( 2019 ) . Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation , technological innovation and energy efficiency based on large scale provincial panel data in China . _Technological Forecasting and Social Change_ , _144_ , 428-435 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . techfore . 2017 . 12 . 012 < / u > - Papadopoulos , S . , Kontokosta , C . E . , Vlachokostas , A . , & Azar , E . ( 2019 ) . Rethinking HVAC temperature setpoints in commercial buildings : The potential for zero-cost energy savings and comfort improvement in different climates . _Building and Environment_ , 155 , 350-359 . < u > https : / / doi . org / https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . buildenv . 2019 . 03 . 062 < / u > Park , W . Y . , Shah , N . , & Phadke , A . ( 2019 ) . Enabling access to household refrigeration services through cost reductions from energy efficiency improvements . _Energy Efficiency_ , 12 ( 7 ) , 1795-1819 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1007 / s12053-019-09807-w 51", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . 5 Processing the Simulated Vectors * * A set of commands that facilitate the processing of the outputs from the simulation are provided . This subroutine is useful for post-estimation calculations based on the output of Mata data created in the simulation stage ( 6 . 3 ) . It provides the user the ability to further calculate poverty and inequality indicators . Those indicators may be based on new aggregated levels , new poverty lines , or different weights that were not implemented in the simulation stage . In the case of new weights , it is necessary for the user to have included these new weights in the ` addvars ` option . # # * * 6 . 5 . 1 Process Indicators * * This sub-routine allows for processing the simulated vectors to obtain poverty and inequality indicators . The command ’ s structure is : ` ` ` saeprocindicator , matasource ( string ) aggids ( numlistsort ) [ INDicators ( string ) plinevar ( string ) plines ( numlistsort ) area ( string ) weight ( string ) ] ` ` ` - ` matasource ( ) : ` The ` matasource ` option allows users to specify the source ydump file created by the ` sae simulate ` routine . Because the size of the file can be quite large , it is advisable to use this with the ` numfiles ` option . - ` aggids ( ) : ` The ` aggids ` option indicates the different aggregation levels for which the indicators are to be obtained , values placed here tell the command how many digits to the left to move to get the indicators at that level . Using the same hierarchical id specified in the ` area ` option , AAMMEEE , if the user specifies 0 , 3 , 5 , and 7 , it would lead to aggregates at each of the levels E , M , A and the national level . - < u > ` indicators ( ) : ` < / u > The ` indicators ` option is used to request the indicators to be estimated from the simulated vectors of welfare . The list of possible indicators is :", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 239, "text": "Mata data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 - ( f ) A legal framework reviewing the fit between borrower laws and regulations and Bank policy requirements and measures proposed to bridge any gaps between them ; - ( g ) Methods of valuing affected assets ; - ( h ) organizational procedures for delivery of entitlements , including , for projects involving private sector intermediaries , the responsibilities of the financial intermediary , the government , and the private developer ; - ( i ) A description of the implementation process , linking resettlement implementation to civil works ; - ( j ) A description of grievance redress mechanisms ; - ( k ) A description of the arrangements for funding resettlement , including the preparation and review of cost estimates , the flow of funds , and contingency arrangements ; - ( l ) A description of mechanisms for consultations with , and participation of , displaced persons in planning , implementation , and monitoring ; and - ( m ) Arrangements for monitoring by the implementing agency and , if required , by independent monitors . 25 . When a resettlement policy framework is the only document that needs to be submitted as a condition of the loan , the resettlement plan to be submitted as a condition of subproject financing need not include the policy principles , entitlements , and eligibility criteria , organizational arrangements , arrangements for monitoring and evaluation , the framework for participation , and mechanisms for grievance redress set forth in the resettlement policy framework . The subprojectspecific resettlement plan needs to include baseline census and socioeconomic survey information ; specific compensation rates and standards ; policy entitlements related to any additional impacts identified through the census or survey ; description of resettlement sites and programs for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living ; implementation schedule for resettlement activities ; and detailed cost estimate . # # # * * Process Framework * * 26 . A process framework is prepared when Bank-supported projects may cause restrictions in access to natural resources in legally designated parks and protected areas . The purpose of the process framework is to establish a process by which members of potentially", "spans": [{"start": 1639, "end": 1682, "text": "census and socioeconomic survey information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 11 | 28-Feb-11 | | 21-Mar-11 < br > 28-Mar-11 | | v < br > * * Ethiopia * * < br > * * Rural Capacity Building * * < br > * * Loan # : * * | | * * Gambella Purch * * < br > * * B * * | * * ase for th * * < br > * * ASIC DAT * * | * * e Year 2010-2011 * * < br > * * A * * | If Post-Revi < br > * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * Notice * * < br > * * Draft Bid Documents , * * < br > * * including specs and * * < br > * * quantities , draft SPN * * | ew , No-objec < br > * * Biddin * * | tion Dates are n < br > * * g Period * * | ot needed < br > * * Bid Evaluation * * | * * Contract Finaliza * * | * * tion * * | * * Contra * * | * * ct Implementation * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Numbe * * < br > * * Estimate * * < br > * * d * * | * * Procure * * < br > * * ment * * | * * Pre-or * * < br > * * Post * * < br > * * Prior or * * < br > *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Instrumental Variables Approach_ A second methodological approach is to find instrumental variables that correlate with the measure of bargaining power but not directly with the outcome measure . Many of the studies discussed throughout this paper that use income or assets as an indicator of bargaining power use this approach . Several authors use rainfall patterns as an instrument for agricultural production ( Doss 2001b ; Duflo and Udry 2004 ) . Brown ( 2003 ) investigates how the size of a woman ’ s dowry affects the intrahousehold allocation of time between household chores and leisure and the share of household spending that goes to women ’ s goods . To account for unobservable confounding factors that affect both dowry and women ’ s bargaining position in the household , the author instruments dowry using regional grain shocks in the year preceding marriage and sibling sex composition of the bride and groom . Higher dowries are associated with more potential leisure time for wives . One of the advantages of this approach is that often large sample household survey data sets include variables that can be used as instruments . # _Randomized Experiments_ The third and final methodological approach is to use experimental games or randomized control trials ( RCTs ) to isolate the relationships between bargaining power and outcomes . The experimental games discussed above are a means to analyze the processes of decision-making . In RCTs , participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group . In practice , the randomization may be at the community level , such as when programs are rolled out over time ; but the choice of which communities receive the program first is randomly assigned . Many RCTs , but relatively few of them are designed explicitly to analyze bargaining within the household . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1073, "end": 1099, "text": "household survey data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement including a Community Environment Management Plan ; g ) preparing engineers estimate / confidential cost estimate ; h ) preparing bidding documents ; and , i ) supporint KISIP in evaluation and preparation of evaluation report ( s ) for selection of contractors . Vis-à-vis , outputs expected of the consultancy , and by Phase are : * * Phase 1 : * * * * _Draft Settlement Upgrading Plan for each settlement_ * * , which includes : a ) results of the socion-economic survey ; b ) indicators ; baseline and estimated post-intervention values ; c ) report on priorities identified by the community and design decisions taken as a result of the community consultations ; d ) preliminary design and cost estimates for prioritised infrastructure ; e ) design criterial and packaging of works contract report ; and , f ) Environment and Social Screening Report ; and , * * Phase 2 : * * * * _Final Settlement Upgrading Plan for each settlement_ * * , which includes a final version of the socio-economic report and detailed design of prioritised infrastructure in the main report . To be contained as Annexes to the main report are : a ) Operations and Maintenance manual of the facilities ; b ) Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) report for approval by NEMA ; c ) Environmental Management Plan ( EMP ) ( inclusive of contract clauses to be included in the bidding documents ) ; d ) Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) ; e ) bidding document based on WB guidelines dated May 24 < sup > th < / sup > revised October 2006 and May 2010 for procurements of works and goods ; f ) Engineer ’ s estimate / confidential cost estimates ; and , g ) Bid Evaluation Report for section of contractors . This report is in fulfilment of the consultancy task under Phase 2 and its related output : preparing a RAP in accordance with the Environment and", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 613, "text": "socion-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 model is providing such an accurate measure . In effect , the regulators ' piggyback ' on a bank ' s existing risk-management model to determine levels of risk capital to be held . At the heart of this approach lies the VAR model described above . # _IV 2 . 2 . The IMA Process_ < sup > _3 8_ < / sup > Setting capital adequacy standards under this regime is a three-stage process . Firstly , the regulators set the quantitative standards ( risk parameters ) for capital calculation which are the following39 : - the model must cover all material risks in the trading book and must have a minimum number of thirteen ( six for United States banks , under the corresponding Fed proposal ) risk factors ( maturity bands ) . Moreover , it must be able to account for the non-linear pricing characteristics of option instruments ; - a 99 % one-sided ' conservative ' confidence interval , in order to account for adverse movements only . This amounts to a risk estimate of three standard deviations away from the mean of a normal distribution of portfolio value changes ; - a ten trading-day ( that is , two weeks ) holding period . This has been imposed to extend the period sufficiently to be of interest to regulators , and can be justified by appealing to concerns about illiquidity and the inability to wind down positions during extreme market movements ; - a minimum of one year as the observation period for historical data to be used in calculating volatility , to be updated at least once a quarter . This is intended to resolve problems of differential volatilities and correlations arising from the choice of the size of the sample period ; - all correlations are allowed , both within and across different asset classes ( risk categories ) , to be estimated with equally-weighted daily data ; 38 See the _Federal Register ( 25_ July 1995 ) for a more detailed description of the BSM and the BIMA as proposed to be applied to the United States . 39 Quantitative standards were placed in an attempt to make consistent estimates across institutions . This was in response to important differences in model practice", "spans": [{"start": 1791, "end": 1801, "text": "daily data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "201 | 29 , 702 | 4 , 593 | 15 , 549 | 32 , 281 | 42 . 6 | 55 . 6 | 50 . 5 | Source : IMF Direction of Trade Statistics . Notes : Oil imports are excluded from the South Asia ’ s data . All Middle East , the post-Soviet Republics and Eastern European countries are categorized under “ Other Developing Countries ( which excludes South Asia ) ; East Asia also includes the Rep . of Korea , Taiwan ( China ) , and Hong Kong ( China ) . China is among the “ Other Developing ” category , as it is not traditionally identified under East Asia . The above indicates that South Asia has gradually adjusted its direction of trade as it has evolved through both domestic reform and international competitive conditions . In the process , the South Asia region , as a trading partner , has also relatively increased in importance among regional members . But how significant is this emergence and can the South Asian countries be characterized as “ natural trading partners ” ? Table 2 provides a review of intra-regional trade between 1981 and 1998 at an aggregate level . The overall ( official ) intra-regional trade as a share of total trade has remained below 5 percent throughout this period . However , these aggregate figures are biased by India ’ s trade patterns , the dominant economy in the region , and therefore do not reflect the extent of intraregional trade of the smaller countries . There are , in fact , large differences in the relative importance of South Asian markets for individual member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > For example , Bhutan and Nepal trade disproportionately with the region , with shares of regional trade as high as 71 percent and 33 percent , respectively , in 1998 as seen from Table 2 . Due to the landlocked nature of these two countries , trade takes place primarily with India . While Nepal has made some efforts to reduce its > 8 See Annex Table A1 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 118, "text": "IMF Direction of Trade Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and technical expertise lead to Functional e-Procurement system , and public < br > Efficient and Transparent Procurement < br > project delays , cost overruns , and weak procurement and asset disposal portal . < br > accountability in public procurement . < br > Fragmented and inconsistent human < br > resource data limits decisionmaking and Functional payroll data base and data < br > Consolidated Staff Data < br > planning on wage bill , human resource cleaning . < br > management , and budgeting . < br > Capacity challenges hinder OAG ' s ability to < br > Risk based audit codes ; Implementation of < br > meet its mandate in auditing public funds Timely and Quality Financial Statements and < br > Quality Control , and Assurance Framework ; < br > with implications on timeliness and quality Audit < br > Use of Audit Management Software . < br > of audit reports submitted to Parliament . < br > Transparency and external accountability Establishment of dedicated budget < br > undermined by limited access to , and lack of portal in NT ; Disclosure of budget and Strengthened Fiduciary Assurance and Risk < br > ownership of , service delivery information spending ; NT quality assurance of Annual ; Management < br > provided by existing systems . Financial Statements . < br > MDAs < br > PDO : To improve utilization and transparency of resource management in selected service delivery < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 6 of 59", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . 3 . Impact of PqTR reduction on repetition rates * * | | * * 2017-18 * * | * * 2018-19 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Control | 0 . 266 * * * | 0 . 253 * * * | | | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | | Time | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 001 | | | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | | Treatment | 0 . 007 | - 0 . 016 | | | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | | DiD ( Treatment and Time ) | - 0 . 028 * | - 0 . 021 | | | ( 0 . 016 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | | Control ( N ) | 118 | 292 | | Treatment ( N ) | 379 | 134 | _Data Source : EMIS 2016-2019 Note : Robust standard errors in parentheses . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 2017 / 18 compares Repetition rates at end 2016 / 17 and end 2017 / 18 . Treated schools are those where PqTR brought below 90 in 2017 . _ _2018 / 19 compares Repetition rates at end 2017 / 18 and end 2018 / 19 . Treated schools are those where PqTR brought below 90 in 2018 . _ * * Table 5 . 4 * * focuses on repetition rates in lower primary ( Grades 1-4 ) . Again , we find significant impacts from the 2017 allocation of teachers , with lower primary repetition rates reduced by 3 . 5 percentage points , but we do not observe similar impacts from the 2018 deployment . * * Table 5 . 4 . Impact of PqTR reduction on repetition rates in lower primary * * | | * * 2017-18 * * | * * 2018-19 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Control | 0", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 512, "text": "EMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figures 11 a ) to i ) display a clear urban rural and north south divide , with lower shares of children of school going age being out of school in the urban and southern areas . Moreover , the figures demonstrate a difference in age group behavior . While in urban areas the share of children not in school doubled in wave 3 when moving from the 10-14 year olds to the 15-17year olds age group ; in rural areas , children appear to start attending school in larger shares only at 10-14 years and results do not display the a similar decrease in school attendance among the older children . When comparing northern and southern areas this pattern is even more extreme . A potential reason might be that in urban and southern areas the opportunity costs of staying in school are higher with more job opportunities available than in rural and northern areas . The observed pattern is consistent among the GHS and MICS surveys and does not seem to have changed much over time until wave 4 . Interestingly also school attendance patters do not seem to differ by gender until wave 3 , not even in rural areas - at least not at the aggregate level , despite education projects oftentimes targeting rural girls . Wave 4 shows a jump in drop-out rates for children aged 15-17 in all areas and most extreme in urban and southern areas , whereby the surge of southern girls compared to a limited increase in southern boys dropping out of school is particularly noteworthy . More research is needed whether this is a result of higher opportunity costs for girls staying in school due to the availability of jobs , or girls being forced to work to provide for their families as monetary poverty rates started to rise for households with children in this age group in the South East and South South , as displayed in Figure 5 . Looking beyond aggregates into the potential heterogeneities across the six regions , Figure 12 shows in addition to the rural-urban divide a north-south divide at a regional level . The highest share of children not in school , hence , the lowest school enrollment rates are observed for rural children of any age", "spans": [{"start": 903, "end": 906, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 911, "end": 923, "text": "MICS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Full range Zooming in < br > \\ “ ~ < br > 8 ai ) / < br > = 1 \\ \\ % / < br > ~ te ) a © % , < br > rat2 \" | \\ = 371 NS et ams \\ < br > a of we We , — ‘ < br > cc ce ~ ~ < br > Co ) \\ © < br > — “ Sieses spo ste — — o / — < br > Foo i — \\ < br > ao ) 7 sn i . . ) a ae — ts , < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > = } f \\ = > oY < br > ie } e } | < br > BY / \\ < br > | < br > e \\ < br > 510 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9095 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 < br > Quantile Quantile < br > — — — _ Individual Treatment — — — _ Individual Treatment < br > — — — _ Group Treatment — Group Treatment < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "following template , plans not approved by authorized person , not choosing the right method in the plans or not including method , , implementations not done per the procurement plan , ( ii ) issues in the bidding documents such as use of brand names in specifications , not bidding document no prepared using standard , missing conditions of contracts , unclear evaluation criteria , unspecified bid validity period , not specifying bid opening date and time etc . , ( iii ) bid invitation without completing the bidding documents , inviting same bidders repeatedly when limited tender and shopping method were used ( iv ) issues in bid evaluations such as evaluations not based on the bid evaluation criteria , disqualifying bidders for minor deviations , applying evaluation criteria not disclosed in the bidding document , not opening bid at the date and time indicated in the bidding documents , unavailability of bid opening attendance record and bid opening minutes , ( v ) issues in contract management such as not taking corrective action during implementation . < u > Table 9 : Procurement Audit Coverage [ EFY 2011 ] < / u > | | | * * Wored * * | * * a Audit * * | * * Sector * * | * * s Audit * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * S / N * * | * * Regions * * | * * No . * * < br > * * Woredas * * | * * Coverage * * < br > * * in % * * | * * No . * * < br > * * Sectors * * | * * Coverage * * < br > * * in % * * | | 1 | * * Amhara * * | 49 | 26 . 9 | 10 | 18 . 2 % | | 2 | * * Oromia * * | 218 | 64 . 9 % | 16 | 28 . 0 % | | 3", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 949, "text": "bid opening attendance record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Gender in Education Policy ( GEP ) , 2009 was developed in line with the Education Sector Strategic Plan ( ESSP 2007-2015 ) to guide gender mainstreaming in Education and Sports countrywide . It was guided by the National Gender Policy ( 2007 ) , and it complemented other existing policy initiatives that address the barriers to girls ’ and women ’ s education in Uganda . Through the implementation of policy , the Education Sector has registered progress in improving enrolment of both girls and women and boys and men at all levels of Education and Sports . Despite the achievements , there are still wide gender gaps in retention , transition , performance and completion at all levels , which continue to disadvantage girls and women and therefore require new innovative strategies to address them . Similarly , the Education Sector is witnessing new developments at the International and national levels , which require that new performance targets are set and indicators are defined in view of these global and national developments . The Ministry of Education and Sports ( MoES ) in 2015 conducted a participatory process to review the implementation of the Gender in Education Policy whose outcome is this Second Gender in Education Sector Policy ( GEP II ) . The vision of GEP II is an inclusive and equitable quality education and sports and lifelong learning opportunities for all girls and boys , women and men in Uganda . # # # 1 . 3 . 5 National Gender Based Violence Policy 2016 The National GBV policy 2016 provides for prevention and GBV response interventions through the MoGLSD GBV database . The policy also sets priority areas of action at the National , Sectoral , District and Community levels with all levels of planning , resource allocation and implementation of development programs redressing gender imbalances and acting with a gender perspective . In line with the policy requirements , the Project should come up with strategies of reducing GBV , Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA ) and Violence Against Children ( VAC ) during planning and implementation of the project . # # # 1 . 3 . 6 National", "spans": [{"start": 1596, "end": 1615, "text": "MoGLSD GBV database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 3 : Full mammal species densities , Marsh et al . ( 2022 ) vs . GBIF occurrence reports < ! - - Start of picture text - - > : = a ¢ < br > myoGroupRankGroupRank : ae 4 gfs oFam , me ; \" < br > \" < br > i 2 na < br > Pi 3 ; < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rank < br > myoGroupRankGroupRank < br > i 2 < br > Pi 3 < br > i < br > my 66 < br > i7 < br > TM < br > Pi 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 66 < br > i7 < br > TM < br > 10 * y * . : ws < br > xSS Se a < br > a < br > = < br > Li a w y < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 94, "text": "GBIF occurrence reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Albania and Bangladesh , under the log-linear approach , and in Iraq with both methods , rent shares are a decreasing function of households ’ consumption . As a reminder to the reader , in the following analysis we report all results using also the official consumption aggregate ( denoted in the tables that follow as _original_ ) . The main tables are shown only for the most recent year , with the exception of shared prosperity , where both years are used , and poverty results for Bangladesh , where we show 2005 instead of 2010 . This is because the 2005 HIES was used to update the official poverty line , and we were able to get hold and to modify the original code for this year . # * * 4 . 1 . Inequality * * The impact of including rent on inequality is assessed by looking at changes in the Gini index . Table 5 shows the Gini index calculated on the consumption aggregate without the rental component ( first row ) and the difference , in absolute value , between the initial Gini index and the value of the same indicator calculated on consumption aggregates that include imputed rents according to one of the two imputation methods , namely the self-assessment approach and the log-linear model . Albeit always statistically significant , only in few instances the impact on inequality of including rents in the consumption aggregates is over one percentage point , although the exact magnitude of the changes varies across countries and for the same country across rent-imputation approaches . A notable exception is Iraq 2007 ( Table 5 , panel a ) , where we observe an increase of almost 3 percentage points in the case of the log-linear model relative to the case of no rent . In Albania and Peru , the increase in inequality is as large as 2 percentage points when the self-assessment approach is used . This is likely explained by the large variation introduced by selfassessed values of home-owners , who in most cases tend to overestimate the rental market price due to their attachment to the dwelling they own and in some cases they built ( see Heston and Nakamura 2009 for the home-owner pride effect ,", "spans": [{"start": 560, "end": 569, "text": "2005 HIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "register their titles and any transactions . The digitization of the lands records and transactions has not been completed . Ensuring that refugees have better access to registration procedures , including through inclusion in NIIMS and issuance of a unique identifier , could be addressed in the Refugee Regulations that are under development . As noted above , under Article 40 of Kenya ’ s Constitution , non-citizens can only own land on a leasehold title for a maximum of 99 years . The same applies to companies that are not 100 % owned by Kenyan citizens if they buy land or property . The Lands Act , 2012 guarantees access , equal recognition , and enforcement of land rights arising , as well as non-discrimination in ownership , under all tenure systems . It does not distinguish between refugees and foreign nationals and categorizes persons transacting in land and property simply as citizens and non-citizens . In this regard , the Refugees Act , 2021 confirms that the refugee identity card has the same status as a Foreign Nationals Registration Certificate , which should support equal treatment between refugees and other foreign nationals . Kenya continues to impose an encampment policy and the majority of refugees reside in the camps in Kakuma and Dadaab . Refugees residing in urban areas , however , are able to access rental housing on the same terms as nationals . The Affordable Housing Programme is an initiative of the Government of Kenya under the Big Four Agenda , targeting low - and medium-income households . To enhance affordability the Government has created a National Housing Development Fund for employees and created the Kenya Mortgage Refinance Cooperation with the World Bank in coordination with local banks . Even though the majority of refugee households fall in the low - to medium-income category , they are at present left out of the initiative . To register for allocation , one has to be a Kenyan citizen and hold a Kenyan national identity card . Further , to qualify for long-term mortgage facilities , the household must earn a monthly income of USD 500-1 , 500 , which is well beyond the", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 82, "text": "lands records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 227, "end": 232, "text": "NIIMS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STAYING SAFE : INTER-AGENCY INSIGHTS ON PROTECTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE values for these countries were excluded from the 2023 – 2024 comparison . To maintain accuracy , only valid responses were included in the calculations , with responses such as ‘ prefer not to answer ’ or ‘ do not know ’ excluded . To facilitate interpretation , certain response options were consolidated into broader categorical variables . To protect data privacy and maintain confidentiality , informed consent was obtained and documented from all participants , with clear explanations provided regarding the purpose and use of the data . The complete questionnaires , along with the consolidated anonymized dataset , are available in the < u > UNHCR Microdata Library . < / u > # # * * Limitations * * This analysis has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the findings . First , due to sampling constraints ( lack of complete sampling frame ) and the non-probabilistic selection of respondents , the results may not fully represent the entire Ukrainian refugee population . Additionally , the choice of sampling locations may have introduced a bias toward more vulnerable segments of the population . Variations in sampling approaches and data collection periods across countries can also affect comparability . The findings on disability , chronic illness , and vaccination are based on self-reports and were not verified against medical records , which may impact their accuracy . A high non-response rate was observed for sensitive questions related to mental health , psychosocial well-being , protection , income and expenditure which could affect the completeness of the data . Additionally , the survey results for certain indicators , such as infant and young child feeding and SRH barriers , should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size or low response rates . As a result , some indicators could not be further analyzed to assess how factors such as gender , age , disability , or place of residence impact access to health and MHPSS services . Therefore , the regional trend analysis was limited to questions", "spans": [{"start": 686, "end": 717, "text": "consolidated anonymized dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| opographical Survey of 12 Se < br > lected Informal Settlements i < br > n Nyeri , Kirinyaga and Marsa < br > bit Counties ; Lot VII – Cluster | ng | ase eecon < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Page 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", we use information on the presence of visa-related provisions for a wider set of RTAs : while Orefice ( 2015 ) and Figueiredo et al . ( 2016 ) rely on a sample of 96 RTAs , the present paper benefits from recent World Bank data on the content of 279 RTAs . Third , we consider the specific type of visa provision in RTAs in affecting the bilateral settlement of immigrants ( i . e . provisions directly reducing the administrative burden to get a visa , legally enforceable provision implying dispute settlement , etc . ) . Finally , we explicitly consider the effect of Job Posting provisions in RTAs on bilateral migration . To the best of our knowledge this is the first paper that looks at the migration effect of each specific type of visa provision . Finally , we highlight an important heterogeneity in the effect of visa-related provisions on bilateral migration stocks among countries with different income levels and attitudes towards immigration . Our results have two relevant policy messages . First , the inclusion of visa provisions in RTAs may be used by countries as an indirect migration policy : when governments have their > 1Bertoli and Fernández-Huertas Moraga ( 2015 ) exploit the cross-section variation in the presence of visa requirement on the bilateral stock of immigrants . With respect to Bertoli and Fernández-Huertas Moraga ( 2015 ) we also extend the sample of countries covered in the analysis . See section 2 . 1 . > 2To obtain data on a wider set of destinations countries , Figueiredo et al . ( 2016 ) use World Bank data on the _stock_ rather than _flows_ of migrants . > 3Figueiredo et al . ( 2016 ) rely on cross-section identification ( i . e . they do not control for country-pair fixed effects ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 229, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dominates for low incomes . We use inverse log income because the log transformation increases our ability to differentiate effects at very low income levels . For the relationship between CO2 concentration and income per capita , we expect ( β12 > 0 ) . In the income-squared term , we expect β13 < 0 ( the EKC case ) or β13 = 0 ( a linear relationship ) . Heating requirements are greater in colder climates , so we expect the effect of heating degree days on CO2 emissions ( β14 ) to be positive . Clearly-exogenous variables in the model include fires in neighboring areas and the demographic and climate factors . We include georeferenced data on CO2-intensive industrial facilities because they should have important effects on observed CO2 concentrations above their locations . Their inclusion serves our principal objective , a relatively complete econometric accounting of city-level CO2 emissions that can be used for comparative performance benchmarking and exploration of residuals . However , we recognize the possibility of some estimation bias from interactions with income and local air pollutants . Industrial facilities emit locally-significant air pollutants ( e . g . , NO2 , SO2 , fine particulates ) along with CO2 . Technical measures to reduce local air pollutants ( e . g . , stack scrubbers for SO2 emissions ) do not reduce CO2 emissions directly , but the associated costs may have significant indirect effects by altering facility location decisions . Stricter environmental regulation in higher-income cities may enhance this effect . In principle , we could treat the potential bias problem by using measures for input costs to instrument the facility-level variables . In practice , however , we have no prospect of measuring the relevant variables at the requisite spatial resolution . Joint determination of income and CO2 emissions could also be a significant problem for the EKC component of the model . Our results discussion will include some estimation exercises that shed further light on these issues . # * * 3 . Data * * # * * 3 . 1 Sources * * Several satellite platforms provide CO2 measures ( Pan et al . 2021 , Table 1 ) . Data from these platforms have been collected by different instruments , over", "spans": [{"start": 630, "end": 687, "text": "georeferenced data on CO2-intensive industrial facilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Dynamics of utilization of cooking energy in Kyangwali Settlement_ FINAL REPORT # * * 3 . 3 What is the evaluation criteria ? * * The < u > proposals will be evaluated based on the criteria below . < / u > | * * Criterial * * | * * Weight * * | | - - - | - - - | | Well-written systematic methodological approach | 15 | | Well-designed studytools for data collection | 20 | | Excellentqualifications of the key personnel ( Resumes ) | 15 | | Evidence of similar assignments ( Reference & past contracts ) | 10 | | Well-resourced and realistic time line ( work Plan ) | 10 | | Appropriate and cost efficient budget ( costproposal ) | 30 | # * * 4 . 0 : RESOURCES FOR SUPPORT * * # * * 4 . 1 Who are the key personnel ? * * The following personnel will be helpful during the consultancy - AAH Uganda ; Country Director - AAH Uganda ; Head of Programmes - AAH Uganda ; Program Area Manager – Kyangwali - AAH Uganda ; Livelihoods Coordinator – Kyangwali The consultant will be required to work very closely with Program Area Manager on day to day operations while reporting to the Head of Programmes for any administrative matters . # * * 5 . 0 APPLICATION PROCESS * * # * * 5 . 1 How to submit ? * * The competent consultant ( s ) will be sourced locally through available database and network of known consultants . ALL interested qualified applicants should submit their proposals based on the guidelines in section 3 . 2 above . Applications should be submitted via e-mail with relevant attachments to tendersug @ actionafricahelp . org . # * * 5 . 2 What is the deadline ? * * The deadline for receipt of the applications will be Wednesday , * * 20 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The paper contributes to a literature on the value and incentives of rural leaders in China , while demonstrating the importance of panel data and controlling for unobserved ability in estimating the returns to cadre status . While a preponderance of empirical studies to date have concluded that officials in rural China benefit from their political status and connections , the vast majority of these studies are based on single cross-sections of data and do not allow the researcher to control for unobserved dimensions of ability . < sup > 2 < / sup > Higher incomes of cadres or Party members may not be driven by political connections , but simply the fact that high ability individuals are recruited into public service . < sup > 3 < / sup > Li et al ( 2007 ) , for example , demonstrate the importance that unobserved heterogeneity may play in biasing estimates of the returns to Communist Party membership in urban China . Using a set of data on 870 pairs of identical twins , the authors show that the apparent returns to Communist Party membership disappear after controlling for the effects of unobserved ability and family background . Using the wide geographic coverage and the lengthy span of the survey , from 1986 to 2003 , we examine both the geographic variation in returns to being in a rural cadre household and the evolution of returns during the period of transition from plan to market in rural China . By controlling for household fixed effects and exploiting the fact that we have information before and after households have a member who is a cadre , we control for unobserved ability , leadership and family background and obtain consistent estimates of the effect of cadre status on household income . Even if unobserved > 2A partial list of studies suggesting significant returns to local officials in rural China include Nee ( 1996 ) , Cook ( 1998 ) , Walder ( 2002 ) , Morduch and Sicular ( 2000 ) , Parish , Zhe and Li ( 1995 ) and Parish and Michelson ( 1996 ) . 3Morduch and Sicular ( 2000 ) provide one exception among these studies in that they use a longitudinal data set ( 1990 to 1993 ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 142, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 947, "end": 983, "text": "data on 870 pairs of identical twins", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2088, "end": 2109, "text": "longitudinal data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 . _ * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "easy entry and exit allow poorly performing firms to leave the market and dynamic new ones to enter . Exit of un-restructured enterprises has proven key for putting the assets , including the real estate , of loss-makers back to productive use . It has been especially helpful to the important SME sector , where entrepreneurs are in particular need of the land and storefronts , as well as other assets , so often controlled by non-productive large firms . Exit in the sense of stopping production activity ( plant closures ) is not enough . What is also needed is the reallocation of the assets that are freed up , and this is what a good bankruptcy framework facilitates . Although the capacity utilization rate depends on many factors , including business sector , market conditions or business cycle , the high rates of excess capacity reported by the PICS data – 30-40percent - indicate that the exit mechanism is not working . Persistent and large scale excess capacity indicates that there are plants with obsolete machinery that is unlikely ever to be used again on a large scale , and many of these plants are occupying buildings and land and located next to infrastructure ( electricity , water and sewage connections ) that can be better used in other productive activities . Access to land is another pre-requisite for the movement of factors of production across enterprises , a source of productivity growth . Lack of clear title and uncertain ownership claims remain a major constrains to the investment climate in Serbia . There is a need to 16", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 866, "text": "PICS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "led to a differential increase in German acquisitions and performance improvements in sectors in which Germany had a comparative advantage at the moment of accession . # * * 6 Concluding remarks * * The belief that integration with high-income markets can help firms in less developed countries to reduce efficiency gaps is a key argument for pursuing deep agreements . In this paper , we studied the interplay between industrial structure and foreign acquisitions in shaping the effects of deeper integration on firm performance . We examined the extent to which this interaction played a role in driving the patterns of catch-up growth observed in Poland following accession to the European Union in 2004 . Drawing on detailed data on Polish manufacturing firms 17", "spans": [{"start": 720, "end": 763, "text": "detailed data on Polish manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Background * * The Rohingya ethnic minority population in Myanmar have been persecuted over generations and are denied of their fundamental human rights . Violence , discrimination and persecution in Myanmar have eventually led the stateless Rohingya people to flee to Bangladesh from Rakhine State in successive waves over the last four decades . Since August 2017 , an estimated 745 , 000 Rohingya refugees arrived in Cox ’ s Bazar , Bangladesh , reaching the total number of 914 , 998 people and constituting the largest refugee camp in the world . The rapid and sizable influx of Rohingya refugees now outnumbers locals nearly three to one in the two sub-districts , _Ukhiya_ and _Teknaf , _ where refugees and the subsequent humanitarian response have had an impact on the host community . This inter-agency research is commissioned by ActionAid in collaboration with UNHCR and CARE Bangladesh to investigate how age , gender and diversity issues are addressed in the humanitarian response amongst Rohingya refugees and the host communities . The quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 03 December 2019 to 07 January 2020 . This transdisciplinary < sup > 1 < / sup > , < sup > 2 < / sup > research aims to fill a significant gap by providing a critical analysis of the present status of gender relations addressed in humanitarian response , taking into consideration the intersectionality among specific needs based on age , gender and other diversity factors contributing to a person or group ’ s vulnerability . * * This study was conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic . Due to the change in context , it has now become even more imperative to adapt existing mechanisms within the ongoing response , especially the need for increased Age , Gender and Diversity ( AGD ) analysis and monitoring of vulnerabilities . While COVID-19 was not a factor in this report , the recommendations of this report need to be addressed and implemented with the changing context in mind . * * 4", "spans": [{"start": 1062, "end": 1095, "text": "quantitative and qualitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "y to explore O & M business m < br > odels for sustainability < br > IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectivi < br > ty in selected areas < br > Po | st | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Open - National | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2024-04-14 < br > 2024-06-0 | 7 < br > 2024-05-05 < br > 2024 - | 06-12 < br > 2024-06-18 < br > 2024-08-16 | | | 2024-07-18 | 2024-1 | 0-01 < br > 2024-08-22 < br > 2024-1 | 1-27 < br > 2025-02-18 | | UG-NITA-U-418640-CS-CQS / < br > Study for the development of < br > a National ICT Spatial Data In < br > frastructure Store < br > IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectivi < br > ty in selected areas < br > Po | st | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Open - National | 150 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2024-04-15 < br > 2024-04-2 | 2 < br > 2024-05-06 | 2024-06-19 | | | 2024-07-19 | | 2024-08-23 | 2025-02-19 | | UG-NITA-U-446523-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy Services for Bas < br > eline Studies on Developmen < br > t of a National ICT Infrastruct < br > ure Spatial Datastore ( NISDS ) < br > IDA / 68980 | Contingency Emergency Res < br > ponse", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decision-making within firms . The measure of the decentralization for investment was in terms of “ The largest expenditure ( in rupees ) a plant manager ( or other managers ) could typically make without a Director ’ s signature ” , which had an average of 12 , 608 rupees ( about $ 250 ) . Finally , the number of days the owners spend each week at the factory is a revealed preference measure of decentralization . The owners are usually located either at their head-offices in Mumbai ( which they prefer as it dramatically reduces their commute ) or at the factory ( if it needs direct management from them ) . To combine all eight decentralization measures into one index we took the first principal component , which we called the decentralization index . We found changes in this index were strongly and significantly correlated with changes in management across firms , as better management led to more decentralization . Table 3 looks at this in a regression format : 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) Overall , social and environmental compliance had shortcomings at the time of project closure . Consequently , the World Bank project team ensured that a post-project action plan be prepared to address the pending safeguards compliance issues . # # * * b . Fiduciary Compliance * * * * Financial Management ( FM ) : * * The project maintained sound fiduciary compliance throughout implementation , with timely annual work plans , budget approvals , and Interim Financial Reports ( IFRs ) that consistently met World Bank standards . Final audit reports were unqualified , and while PSFU regularly submitted internal audit reports , those from MoLHUD remained pending — though no accountability issues were identified . * * Procuremen * * t : Procurement followed World Bank guidelines , ensuring compliance and transparency . Despite capacity-building efforts , delays in civil works and late contract signing — especially for major activities — affected implementation . Nonetheless , most contracts were completed , enabling delivery of core results . Initially , procurement was managed by MoFPED and the PIU , following a capacity assessment that identified key risks and led to targeted mitigation measures and training . Procurement plans were updated regularly , and standardized bidding documents and RFPs were introduced midproject . While training and transparency strengthened the procurement function , the project faced significant challenges in contract management , including delays in civil works , contract negotiations , and conclusion . Despite these constraints , the procurement framework enabled successful contracting of most activities and delivery of key results in land , tourism , and institutional capacity building . # # * * c . Unintended impacts ( Positive or Negative ) * * * * Increased revenue generation * * . Although revenue generation was not an explicit project objective , the Uganda National Land Information System ( UgNLIS ) generated over US $ 75 million from land transactions between 2019 and 2024", "spans": [{"start": 2066, "end": 2105, "text": "Uganda National Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# I n s t a l l ( i f not yet i n s t a l l e d ) and load packages r e q u i r e ( ggplot2 ) r e q u i r e ( basedosdados ) r e q u i r e ( dplyr ) # Set user ’ s BigQuery b i l l i n g ID s e t _ b i l l i n g _ i d ( \" < BILLING − ID > \" ) # Define SQL query to e x t r a c t data query < − \" SELECT id_municipio , ano , AVG ( CASE WHEN modalidade = ’ 8 ’ OR modalidade = ’ 10 ’ THEN 1 ELSE 0 END ) AS s h a r e _ d i s c r e t i o n , COUNT ( i d _ l i c i t a c a o _ b d ) AS count FROM ‘ basedosdados . world_wb_mides . l i c i t a c a o ‘ GROUP BY id_municipio , ano \" # Execute query and c r e a t e data frame from output data < − r e a d _ s q l ( query ) # Create histogram of share of non − competitive tenders data % > % f i l t e r ( count > 50 ) % > % ggplot ( ) + geom_histogram ( aes ( x = s h a r e _ d i s c r e t i o n ) , bins = 100 , c o l o r = \" black \" , f i l l = \" # 02075 d \" ) + xlab ( \" Share of non − competitive tenders \" ) + t h e m e _ c l a s s i c ( ) 43", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 524, "text": "basedosdados . world_wb_mides", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "ca"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 1 . Relative size of Telework , Essential and Non face-to-face jobs in EU-LFS * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Telework 6 % Essential < br > 12 % 17 % < br > 6 % < br > 14 % 9 % < br > 17 % < br > 19 % < br > No face-to-face < br > Total < br > employment < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own elaboration based on EU-LFS data ( 2018 ) and O * NET surveys ( 2019 ) . There is a strong and positive correlation between the relative intensity of communication and manual tasks required in occupations and the share of teleworkable jobs ( our Measure # 2 ) at the three-digit ISCO level ( Figure 2 ) . The Pearson correlation coefficient is 0 . 87 and statistically significant at the 1 % level . As the O * NET survey shows , jobs classified as teleworkable also tend to require a higher intensity of communication-oriented tasks . The correlation between incomesafe jobs ( teleworkable _or_ essential ) and the relative share of communication to manual tasks is also positive , although slightly weaker than for telework jobs alone . < sup > 12 < / sup > This is due to the fact that certain essential jobs , such as low-skilled delivery jobs , require fewer communication tasks . Similarly , there is also a positive correlation < sup > 13 < / sup > between health-safe jobs and the relative share of communication tasks . > 12 The correlation is 0 . 45 but still statistically significant at the 1 % level . > 13 This correlation coefficient is 0 . 31 and again significant at the 1 % level . 13", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 362, "text": "EU-LFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 376, "end": 391, "text": "O * NET surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 737, "end": 751, "text": "O * NET survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "services ‖ . The study also noted that ― traditional high-risk groups such as sex workers seem to be reducing some of their risky behaviors ‖ . This was a clear endorsement of the project approaches and development objectives : it confirmed the value of the emphasis placed on expansion of HCT ; and also underlined the importance of interventions addressing sex-workers and their clients . 57 . An evaluation of the second SPM < sup > 14 < / sup > completed in Feb 2009 reaffirmed the focus on MARPs , observing that ― high risk groups are increasing in number and type : college students and MSM are increasingly recognized as most-at-risk population groups ‖ . The project MidTerm Review carried out in March 2009 noted the importance of assessing the effectiveness of interventions for these groups , the need to increase prevention activities targeted to MARPs relative to those for the general population , and agreed that a national survey of MARPs ( updating the Epidemiological Synthesis study carried out in 2007 ) would be carried out that year ( there is no record that this survey took place ) . This reflected some initial concerns over government reluctance to discuss and provide targeted prevention services for sex workers ( most notably condoms ) . The project made a major contribution to discussion of this issue and provision of these services . > 14 Ethiopia Strategic Plan for the Multi-Sectoral Response for 2004-2008 14", "spans": [{"start": 931, "end": 955, "text": "national survey of MARPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities ( P151831 ) delays caused by COVID-19 restrictions , which caused disruption of activities for 6 months and a slower pace of implementation after resumption of activities . The extension will allow on-going Project Cycles adequate time for completion . In addition , the impact evaluations and tracer studies also need to be concluded to be able to provide key information and data on the PDO level impact indicators . 13 . * * Reallocation of funds between Components . * * An analysis of budget of the Project shows that there will be funds under Components 1 , 3 , and 4 that will remain unutilized . Therefore , it is proposed that these identified funds be reallocated to business grants , under sub-Component 2 . 1 . The business grants have shown ability to disburse faster and have consistently shown high employment results ( 93 percent ) and relatively higher earnings from tracer study results and SMS surveys conducted with beneficiaries from Cycles 1 to 3 . The proposed reallocation will require changes in the financing agreement as follows : - * * ( a ) * * Reallocate * * SDR 6 Million ( About US $ 8 . 4 Million ) * * savings as a result of unaccomplished training milestones in results-based contracts under Component 1 from Category 1 ( a ) and ( b ) to Category 3 . - * * ( b ) * * Reallocate * * SDR 3 . 57 Million ( About US $ 5 Million ) * * that will remain unutilized under Component 3 from Category 6 to Category 3 . - * * ( c ) * * Reallocate * * SDR 1 , 563 , 528 . 36 Million ( About US $ 2 . 18 Million ) * * unutilized Project preparatory funds under Component 4 from Category 8 to Category 3 . 14 . These reallocations will increase the target number of youths receiving a grant and / or BDS by at least an additional 20 , 000 , positioning the Project to contribute", "spans": [{"start": 973, "end": 984, "text": "SMS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ie , price changes are uniform across regions . Percent changes in demand for each of the 12 factors vary in addition by sector and region . Each adult in the PNAD microdata is identified by region and labour type ; those employed are also identified by sector . Changes in microdata poverty levels are driven by wage changes and by the redistribution of jobs between sectors and regions ( and hence between households ) . 15 In real terms , since the CPI is the model ’ s numeraire . 15", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 173, "text": "PNAD microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . 1 . 1 Skills Measures Measures of skills are needed to construct the dependent variables in the regressions : wage bill shares and employment shares of skilled workers . Our surveys provide information on employment , wages and the average number of years of education for fi ve types of workers ( management , professionals , skilled production workers , unskilled production workers and other nonproduction workers ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > We consider total compensation i . e . , wages and salaries plus bonuses and other bene fi ts as the measure of wages . Our fi rst measure of skilled workers is based on occupation : nonproduction workers de fi ned as the sum of management , professionals and nonproduction workers . < sup > 24 < / sup > Most previous studies use datasets for which the skilled / unskilled workers distinction can be proxied only by this nonproduction / production worker distinction . However , this is imperfect since , for example , some of the nonproduction workers are in fact engaged in low skilled tasks . Our second measure of skilled workers is also based on occupation but improves upon the nonproduction / production worker distinction : workers in managerial , engineering and technical occupations , de fi ned as the sum of management and professionals . < sup > 25 < / sup > This measure excludes the type of workers called in our surveys other nonproduction workers i . e . , those that are not directly involved in production but that are neither part of management nor classi fi ed as professionals . < sup > 26 < / sup > Our third measure of skilled workers is based on education : workers with at least some college education . < sup > 27 < / sup > For China , we use information on average educational levels for each type of workers . Skilled worker wage bill shares ( employment shares ) are de fi ned > 23A detailed de fi nition of these fi ve types of workers is available from the authors upon request . In the Chinese survey , some of the worker types have different labels ( professionals are called engineering and", "spans": [{"start": 1968, "end": 1982, "text": "Chinese survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "workers . This combination suggests a strong increase in the relative demand for skilled labor . In contrast , the 2000s have > 25 The pattern of a roughly constant wage skill premium and sizeable increase in the relative supply of skilled labor in the 1990s , and the conclusion on the relevance of changes in the relative demand for this factor over the decade , coincide with the findings of Gallego ( 2011 ) , who uses a longer data series that covers only the Greater Santiago metropolitan area . 41", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 443, "text": "longer data series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Cabinet approved ( i ) a new National Water < br > Policy ; and ( ii ) regulations for the < br > implementation of the Water Act 2016 and the < br > Irrigation Act 2019 . | * * PA17 * * : To enhance access to water and < br > sanitation services and improve the < br > management and conservation of water < br > resources : ( i ) the MoWSI has approved the < br > medium-term framework for a National Water < br > and Sanitation Investment Program < br > ( NAWASIP ) ; ( ii ) the Water Resources < br > Authority has designated six basin areas under < br > section 24 of the Water Act 2016 ; and ( iii ) the < br > MoWSI has stipulated new water use charges < br > and water conservation levies . | | _Healthcare system_ | | | * * PA18 * * : The Recipient has submitted to its < br > Parliament the National Hospital Insurance < br > Fund ( Amendment ) Bill , 2021 which seeks to < br > align the National Hospital Insurance Fund ’ s < br > mandate with the goal of universal health < br > coverage ( UHC ) , and strengthen its < br > governance and performance . | * * PA19 * * : To strengthen Kenya ’ s infectious and < br > non-infectious disease prevention and < br > response capabilities , including by < br > consolidating existing public health emergency < br > preparedness and response functions under < br > one authority , the Borrower has established < br > the Kenya National Public Health Institute . | Source : ICR , Table 1 . # # # * * PDO1 * * : * * Strengthening fiscal management * * Page 7 of 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Grievance Resolution * * Following case validation , the committee shall deliberate on a resolution . This resolution will then be shared with the aggrieved person for consideration . The resolution will be shared in writing as well as be read out to the complainant . In case the resolution is acceptable to the aggrieved person , the complainant will inform in writing or will be required to sign the closure section in the Grievance Log and Resolution Form . Two members of the committee ( preferably the chairperson and secretary ) shall be required to counter sign . This shall signify that the complaint or grievance has been fully discussed , resolved and closed . All grievances received will be publicly entered into an accessible recording system known as the GM registry , which will be maintained at all levels . If the resolution is not acceptable to the complainant , a summary of the resolution and how it was arrived at will be recorded in the referral section of the GRM Form . It is the responsibility of the committee to provide options for referral of the case to the next tier . The GRC will maintain the confidentiality and only key information such as sex and age of complainant , date that case was reported , nature of case , resolution made , and date of closure or referral will be recorded . In case complainant agrees to disclose his or her name , GRC will register the name . # # # * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * Monitoring and evaluation of the GRM will be undertaken regularly alongside any other monitoring and evaluation exercises for the project . This will assist in establishing the levels of functionality and identify areas for improvement to optimize the efficiency of the GRM system . The committee will keep a Grievance Resolution Form or a Grievance Log that will indicate the date the complaint was lodged , action taken , and personnel or team responsible for the complaint . 63", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 789, "text": "GM registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", as well as studies to determine a sustainable financing model for the ongoing production of ID documents . At the time of enrollment in the population registry , individuals will be issued a low-cost preliminary credential . This will serve as a proof of enrollment and will facilitate the future delivery of other credentials , such as national ID cards . - ( e ) * * Communications , grievance redress , and citizen engagement . * * An awareness-raising campaign outlining rights and responsibilities will be developed and made publicly available . The design of the e-ID would also include the development of a grievance redress mechanism to collect and respond to beneficiary issues with the implementation and rollout of the national ID system . Page 48 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 161, "text": "population registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 31 | 884 . 60 | | Prob _ > F_ | 0 . 0000 | 0 . 0000 | 0 . 0000 | 0 . 0000 | 0 . 0000 | | frm and year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | log employment | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | industry-specifc trends | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | frm-specifc trends | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | | imported inputs | No | No | No | No | Yes | NOTES : First-stage results of IV-FE regressions of ( log ) employment ( for various types of skilled and unskilled workers ) on export intensity ( exports / sales ) . Column ( 1 ) : firm fixed-effects and year fixed-effects ; column ( 2 ) : adds log total employment ( firm size ) ; column ( 3 ) : adds controls for industry-specific trends ( i . e . , interactions between year dummies and industry dummies ) ; column ( 4 ) : adds initial conditions to control for firm-specific trends ; column ( 5 ) : adds the share of imported inputs . Data are from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( National Annual Industrial Survey ) , Chile 2001-2005 . 17", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 932, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 935, "end": 968, "text": "National Annual Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # * * List of Photos * * | Photo 1 : | View of affected farmland due to tower pad < br > 87 | | - - - | - - - | | Photo 2 : | Partial View of Farmland within Arsi Robe Substation Site < br > 88 | | Photo 3 : | View of Typical Housing structure Affected by the TL < br > 90 | | Photo 4 : | View of Eucalyptus Trees Affected by the Substation ( above ) and TL RoW < br > ( below ) < br > 92 | | Photo 5 : | View of Grazing Land Affected by Tower Pads < br > 93 | | Photo 6 : | Consultation Meeting with Arsi Robe Woreda ( left ) and Diksis Woreda ( right ) < br > Administration Officials < br > 106 | | Photo 7 : | Consultation Meeting with Bulalala ( left ) and Ataba Robe ( right ) Kebele < br > Administration Officials < br > 106 | | Photo 8 : | Partial Views of PAPs & Community member participated in Consultation < br > meeting < br > 116 | | Photo 9 : | Partial Views of Women Consultation Participants at Subproject Kebele < br > 117 | | * * Annex * * | * * es * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Annex 1 : | Baseline Socio-Economic HH Survey and Census Questionnaire | 192 | | Annex 2 : | Demographic Characteristics ofPAHs | 201 | | Annex 3 : | Compensation for Loss of Assets by PAHs | 218 | | Annex 4 : | Impact on Farmlands and Crop Residue | 237 | | Annex 5 : | Impact on", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mancini ( 2019 ) . Finally , the segmentation of production across countries does not only impact the synchronization of GDP but also inflation ( Auer et al . ( 2017 ) , Auer et al . ( Fort ) ) . GVCs also impact the trade elasticities ( Amiti et al . ( 2014 ) , Gunnella et al . ( 2019 ) , de Soyres et al . ( 2018 ) ) as well as the extent to which regional trade agreement divert trade flows with the rest of the world ( de Soyres et al . ( 2019 ) ) . # * * 2 Data Sources * * * * GDP . * * We use GDP data from the Word Development Indicators of the World Bank . It is measured using constant 2010 prices in US dollars . < sup > 8 < / sup > For our analysis , GDP series need to be filtered in order to extract the business cycle component from the trend . We use three different filtering methods that capture different but related information . Our main filter is the standard Hodrick-Prescott filter ( HP ) with a smoothing parameter of 100 which is consistent with the yearly frequency of our data . Such a transformation allows us to capture the standard business cycle fluctuations . < sup > 9 < / sup > Second , we also use a Baxter and King filter ( BK ) to isolate medium-term fluctuations in the spirit of Comin and Gertler ( 2006a ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Finally , we also present results with a more “ agnostic ” transformation which is a simple log-first difference . Such a measure of growth rate accounts for both the cyclical and the trend components embodied in any year-toyear fluctuation , but it is sometimes considered as less sensitive to researcher ’ s assumptions and preferences regarding the parameters of the filtering method . * * Trade Proximity . * * We collect data on bilateral trade flows from the Observatory of Economic Complexity ( MIT ) . This database covers 215 countries over the period 1962-2014 . The data are classified according the 4-digit Standard International Trade Classification ( SITC ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 1697, "end": 1726, "text": "data on bilateral trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- se concentrant sur les programmes qui contribuent à une intégration réussie dans les systèmes nationaux pendant les phases d ’ urgence , tels que les programmes intensifs de langue et d ’ alphabétisation , ou les programmes d ’ éducation accélérée accrédités et amplifiés ; - soutenant l ’ harmonisation , l ’ expansion et le renforcement des programmes d ’ éducation non formelle et accélérée sous la supervision des autorités nationales ; - contribuant à des projets ponctuels au profit des réfugiés et des communautés d ’ accueil , tels que l ’ agrandissement des écoles , et en collaborant avec d ’ autres ONG nationales et internationales sur des projets pour lesquels les sources de financement uniques sont insuffisantes ; - encourageant les communautés par le biais de programmes liés à l ’ éducation qui perdureront en cas de réduction du financement humanitaire , tels que les programmes sportifs , les groupes de travail à domicile , les services de garde d ’ enfants et d ’ éducation de la petite enfance et les tuteurs et aides en classe ; - aidant les gouvernements à généraliser les tests nationaux de niveau scolaire dans les régions en crise afin d ’ identifier les besoins et les programmes d ’ apprentissage pour les enfants et les jeunes déplacés et autochtones , et de réduire le surpeuplement dans les petites classes ; - adaptant les programmes de formation professionnelle afin qu ’ ils permettent l ’ accès à l ’ enseignement professionnel certifié", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "modest rebound of economic growth expected in 2021 and 2022 would lead to a marginal decline in poverty with the share of the population living under US $ 1 . 9 / day reaching around 21 . 9 percent by 2022 . * * Risks and Challenges . * * Domestically , the violent conflict in the South-West and North-West regions remains the major source of social and economic risk . On the external side , delay in the recovery or further deterioration of economic activity in the Euro Area and China economies ( first and second trading partners , representing 49 . 1 percent and 13 . 1 percent of total exports , respectively in 2014-2018 ) would further affect Cameroon ’ s external position . Under a downside scenario of a drop of oil price , from US $ 30 per barrel to US $ 27 per barrel in 2020 and from US $ 39 . 8 to US $ 31 in 2021 , the current account deficit would widen by 0 . 2-0 . 6 percent of GDP in 2020 and 2021 . The regional central bank current concerns about rebuilding its foreign exchange reserves and the possible adverse effects of the virus on the region ’ s external position will limit the room for an easing in the monetary stance . Additional financing needs may require increasing bilateral and multilateral concessional budget support . To mitigate risks , further structural reforms are vital to improve the business environment , diversify the economy , and build resilience to external shocks as well as continued efforts in implementing the regional strategy defined by the CEMAC , including by complying with CEMAC ’ s convergence criteria and foreign exchange regulations to rebuild fiscal and external buffers . # # * * _Chad_ * * 11 . * * Chad is a low-income fragile country with substantial and multifaceted development challenges * * . Chad is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world , ranking 187 < sup > th < / sup > out of 189 countries and territories on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) in 2018", "spans": [{"start": 1918, "end": 1941, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix 3 : Tests Items * * # * * Table A3 . 1 Description of the levels of skills addressed in the Science Test * * | Basic skills | Medium skills | Higher-order skills | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Recall of scientific knowledge | Describe scientific phenomena . | < br > Identify research questions . | | Read information from tables . | Interpret conclusions from < br > Science experiments . | Design Science experiments to < br > test hypothesis . | | | | Explain more complex Science < br > phenomena ( such as the < br > integration of the systems in < br > the Human Body ) . | Author ’ s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . 12", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 640, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > nters for Kenya National Bloo < br > d Transfusion Services | IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 156 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | 2022-10-30 < br > 2023-02-20 | | | 2022-12-25 < br > 2 | 023-05 - | 10 < br > 2023-06-23 < br > 2023-06-27 | | KE-MOH-323698-GO-RFQ / S < br > upply , Delivery Installation , t < br > esting and commissioning of < br > 768 , 000 liters Oxygen Tanks < br > in 4 lots : Lot 1 Nakuru Count < br > y Hospital 10000 Liters Lot 2 < br > Kitui County Hospital 8000 Lit < br > ers Lot 3 Kitui County Hospita < br > l 8000 Liters Lot 4 Pumwani < br > Hospital 6000 Liters | IDA / 65980 | Medical supplies and equipm < br > ent | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 555 , 343 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | | 2022-12-21 | | | 2023-02-15 < br > 2 | 023-07 - | 11 < br > 2023-08-14 | | KE-MOH-330324-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > ocurement of the following R < br > egisters for KNBTS : Clinical / L < br > aboratory Register 1500 Piec < br > es , Cross Match Register 600 < br > Pieces , Blood Component Re < br > gister", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is not sustainable , however , since mean-zero stationary of q , , iB , , i is only _a sufficient , _ 6 Using data for eighteen OECD countries , Rose ' s ( 1988 ) econometric examination of nominal interest rates and inflation rates implies that _real_ interest rate are , in fact , nonstationary . Even if the real rate was stationary , the assumption of a constant expected rate implies the absence of serial correlation in the series , which is clearly contradicts the facts for U . S . T-bill rates . 27", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 142, "text": "data for eighteen OECD countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 33 | _19_ | 2 < br > 1 | 1 | - - | 50 | 148 | | 11 | 36 | 10 | 2 < br > 1 | 1 | - - | 53 | 1148 | | 12 | 36 | 10 | 2 < br > 1 | 1 | - - | 53 | 148 | | 13-25 | 36 | 10 | 2 < br > 1 | 2 | - - | 54 | 148 | | | | Economic < br > With Shado < br > Basic ( < br > Benefits < br > Benefits | Rate of Return < br > w-Pricing of Foreign Exchange 1 < br > Import Substitution ) < br > Minus 10 % < br > Minue20 % | 24 < br > 21 < br > 17 | | | | | | | Costs Pl < br > Costs Pl < br > Export : < br > Without Sh < br > Basic | us 10 % < br > us 10 % , Benefits Minus 10 % < br > / < br > adow-Pricing of Foreign Exchange | 21 < br > 18 < br > 20 < br > 21 | | | | - j Based on cost data presented in * * ANNEX 11 . * * / Includes the costs of research , the Kenya Sugar Authority , net value of production foregone and farm family labor ( i . e . KShs . 3 million per year at full development ) . - 3 Based on sugar import parity price of KShs . 4 , 796 / t for 1978-84 and KShs . 5 , 363 / t for 1985 and onwards , and export parity price of KShs . 350 for molasses . - 4 / The assumed shadow foreign exchange rate is KShs . 11 . 00 = US $ 1 . 00 . Based on sugar export parity price of KShs . 4 , 189 / t", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 677, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wenge * * | _270_ | _270_ | _270_ | _135_ | _135_ | _135_ | _135_ | | * * Yumbe * * | _242_ | _242_ | _242_ | _121_ | _121_ | _121_ | _121_ | | * * Moyo * * | _290_ | _290_ | _290_ | _145_ | _145_ | _145_ | _145_ | | * * Koboko * * | _235_ | _235_ | _235_ | _118_ | _118_ | _118_ | _118_ | | * * Kiryandongo * * | _252_ | _252_ | _252_ | _126_ | _126_ | _126_ | _126_ | | * * Kyegegwa * * | _294_ | _294_ | _294_ | _147_ | _147_ | _147_ | _147_ | | * * Hoima * * | _280_ | _280_ | _280_ | _140_ | _140_ | _140_ | _140_ | | * * Lamwo * * | _390_ | _390_ | _390_ | _195_ | _195_ | _195_ | _195_ | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 29 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of traditional questions on corruption , along with a set of randomized response questions to evaluate these problems . Our analysis suggests that there is a large underreporting of corruption in firmlevel surveys . One mechanism driving these erroneous results is through the systematic pattern of nonresponse rates by firms . We also show evidence that firms providing nonresponses are also the types of firms exhibiting patterns of answers consistent with false responses . Unfortunately , our paper shows that RRT clearly is not a panacea for solving problems for biased responses . Even with the anonymity provided with this technique , we observe systematic patterns that suggest at least 10 % of the sample is providing false responses to survey questions . Yet this technique does allow researchers to ex post evaluate systematic problems with nonresponse and potential false responses in survey research . Perhaps most importantly , it allows us to examine the types of firms ( or managers ) that provide false responses to politically sensitive questions . 25", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 213, "text": "firmlevel surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APPENDIX < u > Sample : Our original historical database contains 329 , 637 monthly bond price quotes of 1 , 712 bonds < / u > traded in London and New York and listed in the original sources under categories such as “ Foreign Government ” . Upon closer inspection , we drop roughly one third of these observations , so as to get to a homogenous sample of foreign-currency sovereign bonds issued by independent states in US dollars or British pounds . Specifically , we drop : - 388 bonds that were issued by a state under colonial status . These are colonial bonds by Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Fiji , Ghana , Grenada , Guyana , Hawaii , Hong Kong , Iceland , India , Indonesia , Iran , Jamaica , Kenya , Liberia , Mauritius , Morocco , Newfoundland , Nigeria , Palestine , Philippines , Saint Luca , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Southern Rhodesia , Sri Lanka , Straits Settlement , Sudan , Tanganyika , Trinidad and Tobago , and Zanzibar . This reduces our dataset to 292 , 000 monthly bond prices . - 256 sub-national bonds , issued by provinces and municipalities but not the central government , reducing the sample to 233 , 968 monthly bond prices . - 80 local currency bonds as well as 7 bonds denominated in other foreign currencies ( e . g . , German Mark or French Franc ) . - 12 bonds that were explicitly guaranteed by other governments , via a respective clause in the bond contract . These include the Greek 1833 bonds whose interest and principal payments were fully guaranteed by Great Britain , France and Russia , or the Austrian 6 % guaranteed bond of 1923 which had been issued under the auspices of the League of Nations with guarantees by several European governments . Investor reports of the time regard these bonds not as debt owed by the issuing sovereign but as a liability of the guarantor sovereign . For example , the IMM lists guaranteed bonds in the section of the guaranteeing nation , for example , Great Britain . - Finally , we exclude three sets of bonds : 10 bonds with erratic and infrequent price quotes ( this", "spans": [{"start": 984, "end": 1003, "text": "monthly bond prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A third way in which labor market could be impacted is through the impact of COVID-19 related measures on commuters traveling to work . Not only could labor mobility be limited during the outbreak , but there is also a higher risk to contract the infection while using public transport due to contact with fellow commuters . About 43 percent of those employed in Tunisia rely on public transport to get to work ( Figure 5 ) . The more well-off individuals are more likely they are to use public transport . This is because a high share of the poor walk to work . Looking at regions , as expected , about two-thirds of those employed in Grand Tunis use public transport . * * Figure 5 : Use of public transport to travel to work * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . By consumption decile b . By region < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Grand Nord Nord CentreCentre Sud Sud < br > Tunis Est Ouest Est Ouest Est Ouest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s calculations based on EBCNV 2015 Note : Public transport is defined as the use of any of the following to go to work : metro , train , bus , taxi , driver car or passenger car A fourth way through which labor market could be impacted is by the viability of certain jobs to be performed from home . Dingel and Neiman ( 2020 ) compute a score measure of teleworking or homebased work ( HBW ) which illustrates the possibility of working from home . Hence , workers with the lowest HBW scores may be most likely to immediately lose their job due to COVID-19 . Analysis using this approach shows that most jobs in sectors such as education , finance and", "spans": [{"start": 1129, "end": 1139, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _None . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assessment and identification of mitigation measures . During the consultation , the study team ensured to disseminate the following information to all participants : - The subproject objectives and justification ; - Potential impacts ; - Compensation strategy and mitigation measures ; - Entitlement categories ; - Grievances mechanism ; and - Livelihood restoration plan activities . * * Meeting Place / Venue : * * In consideration of the communities ’ culture and livelihood activities , every meeting was conducted on their own preferred meeting venue and time . * * Language Issue : * * During all the consultation meetings with members of the PAHs and the community , the medium of communication was _Amharic and / or Oromiffa_ the local languages . The engagement conducted were led and facilitated by well-trained experienced experts . However , as and when required for the benefit the experts a local interpreter was used . In addition , all household interviews ( census ) were also carried out by members of the local community with appropriate training provided and supervised by the Consultant Team . * * Consultation Records : * * List of meeting participants along with sample copies of minutes of consultation meetings are presented in the Annex 6 and 7 respectively . Page 110", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 982, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- iii . * * Data Validation and Verification : * * Data validation and verification will be done internally by MoPH . Internal verification will be aligned with the system used by the MoPH and will take place at two levels : ( i ) at the district level ( Caza ) , the Caza Coordinator verifies a sample of 5 percent of all claims made through a combination of telephone and / or home visits ( the sample is generated monthly by the HIS and sent through the Coordinator tasked with this activity ; and ( ii ) at the central level , a random sample of 2 percent of claims validated at the district level is then re-validated by the central team at MoPH . Also at the central level , the MoPH will conduct trend and pattern analysis of the claims being processed to identify outlying data as an established anti-fraud tool . - * * b ) Developing reporting mechanisms which will include : * * ( i ) monthly reports from implementing partners to PMU ; ( ii ) quarterly reports from PMU to the Bank ; and ( iii ) an Annual Project Implementation Report , consolidating progress in the project implementation by each of the institutions involved , based on administrative data , survey data , beneficiary assessments and independent evaluations . # _Evaluation_ 50 . Evaluation will comprise mainly of an independent project evaluation , beneficiary assessment and evaluation by the Bank . The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives , development effectiveness and sustainability . * * _Independent Evaluation_ : * * The independent project evaluation will be contracted by the MoPH , using the Word Bank procurement processes and with Terms of Reference ( TORs ) acceptable to the Bank . The purpose of the independent evaluation will be to : ( i ) verify project ’ s progress towards achievement of the development objective ; ( ii ) ensure the correct use of funds on a six monthly basis ; ( iii ) verify the services received by project beneficiaries through independently checking a sample of health facilities for enrollment", "spans": [{"start": 1150, "end": 1169, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1172, "end": 1183, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We test whether , in selecting the poorest , local leaders are more likely to rely on information about assets , likelihood of hunger , or subjective perception of immediate need . While assets are likely to capture long-term welfare , likelihood of hunger is a better proxy of current welfare , and perception of immediate need may reflect exposure to shocks . Third , we check whether local leaders rely on accurate information when making targeting decisions : i . e . whether what they know about household ’ s landholdings corresponds to landholdings as reported by the household . Another contribution of our paper is in analyzing the effectiveness of targeting by local leaders in the specific context of a public works program . We focus on a program in the Lao People ’ s Democratic Republic where village heads played an important role in selecting program beneficiaries . Constraints on effective targeting are likely to differ by program type . For example , the likelihood of nepotism may be higher for programs where there are no implicit participation costs ( e . g . unconditional cash transfers , food vouchers ) , compared to programs with strings attached , such as public works programs , especially if working conditions are difficult . In contrast to the workfare setting of our study , much of the existing targeting literature is focused on conditional cash transfers , including work focused on the targeting of health insurance ( Alatas et al . , 2012 ) , food subsidies ( Alatas et al . , 2012 and Basurto , Dupas and Robinson , 2019 ) , and fertilizer subsidies ( Basurto , Dupas and Robinson , 2019 ) . We collect detailed welfare data on those who were identified as eligible to participate in the program by the village heads , as well as on a random sample of households from the same village . We also administer a series of ranking exercises to the village heads , aimed to elicit guiding principles for their selection , and to assess the quality of information they rely on . The paper is organized as follows : the next section describes the Road Maintenance Groups program , the process of beneficiary selection and provides 3", "spans": [{"start": 1652, "end": 1664, "text": "welfare data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "us to show that South-to-South investments have grown the fastest . We ensure that data on investment types are comprehensive and mutually exclusive . For example , our bilateral data on bank loans and deposits improve over previous studies by stripping out banks ’ portfolio holdings , because these are already included in countries ’ aggregate data on portfolio investment ( CPIS ) . Relative to 5", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 210, "text": "bilateral data on bank loans and deposits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 337, "end": 375, "text": "aggregate data on portfolio investment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the actual sales may be made * * by * * referring to Annex * * 6 . * * The forecast and actual energy generated , sales , maximum demand and effective generating capability may be found in Annex * * 7 , * * and the sales and maximum demand * * by * * geographical area may be found in Annex * * 8 . * * While the forecast of the average annual growth in energy requirements from * * 1975 * * through * * 1978 * * was * * 10 . 8 % , * * the actual annual average rate was * * 8 . 9 % , * * due mainly to an overestimation of probable industrial growth . However , the maximum demand of * * 256 * * MW for * * 1978 * * was close to the forecast of * * 263 * * MW . From the generation statistics for the interconnected system which may be found on Annex * * 9 , * * it will be noted that in * * 1979 * * Gitaru provided * * 656 * * GWh of the total system requirements of * * 1655 * * GWh , i . e . 40 % . In effect , the Gitaru project provided more than enough energy to meet the load growth from * * 1975 * * to * * 1979 ( 506 * * GWh ) . # # # # 4 . 2 Least-Cost Solution 4 . 2 . 1 During appraisal , the project was compared with two alternative generation programs to meet the expected growth in demand . The next best alternative was the installation of gas turbines rated at 22 MW , one each in * * 1978 . 1979 , * * and * * 1980 , * * the installation of a third unit at Kindaruma . and the commissioning of the Gitaru units in * * 1981 . * * Other development strategies were also analyzed including a second thermal power plant in Mombasa based on fuel oil or coal , and the possibility of importing power from Tanzania .", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 723, "text": "generation statistics for the interconnected system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their health , there could be a tendency for them to become more adherent . Therefore , we cannot conclude definitely as to the impact of the crisis on adherence between these two years , as we do not have a good counterfactual , that is , we do not know how adherence would have evolved without the crisis . # * * 5 . Is there an impact of the food crisis on the frequency of visits to the health facility ? * * As mentioned in the introduction , cost of transportation to get a prescription refill at a health facility is a strong barrier to adherence . Essential expenditures such as food , schooling and health are competing inside the household budget . An economic crisis , by reducing income and increasing food prices can shift the equilibrium in the household allocation of resources and reduce expenditures devoted to health . In addition to the food crisis , a sharp increase in fuel prices potentially increased even more the cost of transportation for patients . In this context , another way to look at the impact of a food crisis on adherence to treatment and on the livelihoods of people living with HIV / AIDS is to consider the change in the frequency of visits to the health facility . The frequency of visits can also be understood as a proxy for good adherence to treatment . The biomedical data , which collected health related information on 498 HIV positive patients of the survey , allows us to calculate the number of weeks between two visits , with one to six observations for each patient ( data on the last seven visits ) . For the analysis we keep only those observations that are in the proper timeframe , that is , between the two waves of the survey . The time between two visits in itself is not a sufficient indicator of regularity because the visit protocol varies across health facilities . Therefore , the outcome studied is the standardized deviation from the mean frequency of visits in the health facility of the considered observation . A positive number means that the patient visited the facility less often than average . We merged the biomedical records with the living standards", "spans": [{"start": 1301, "end": 1316, "text": "biomedical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation ( EEPCo ) Alalobad Geothermal Site Development # * * _Description of the Project Environment_ * * # * * _Physical Environment_ * * The Alalobad Geothermal Site Development component will be carried out near Logiya town some 23 km from Semera , Afar Regional State Capital . The total area of Doubti Woreda is 539 , 044 . 13 hectare and the total area of land required for this development project is about 40 km < sup > 2 < / sup > . # * * _Topography_ * * The area of potential interest is predominately a flat / plain terrain at an elevation of 1319 feet , covering a surface area of thousands of square kilometers , locally surrounded by volcanic hills , rising a few hundred meters above the flat plain . Alalobad geothermal field is located in a geologically active zone with a history of naturally occurring earthquakes and smoking springs . # * * _Climate_ * * From 2003 - 2009 , the maximum mean annual temperature is around 36 . 27 < sup > 0 < / sup > C , minimum mean annual temperature is around 23 . 20 < sup > 0 < / sup > C and mean monthly temperature ranges from 18 . 14 to 42 . 02 < sup > 0 < / sup > C , with a little difference from month to month . The mean annual precipitation is around 15 . 94 mm . July to September and April are the wettest seasons , while October to March is dry season with low level of rainfall . # * * _Soil_ * * The quality of the soil is generally not good for agriculture and is low in natural fertility . Soil analysis carried out on surface soil samples , collected at a depth of 0 - 20 cm inside the project area appeared to have low contents of organic matter and nutrients . The soil is essentially alkaline with good exchange capacity owing to the high clay content . It", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1540, "text": "surface soil samples", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _Registeredij_ corresponds to an indicator variable of whether an individual _i_ in municipality _j_ registered to vote . The coefficient of interest is _π_ 1 . Here we assume that the eligibility indicator affects registration to vote only through enrollment in FA . This is a plausible assumption given the smoothness of the distribution of the _SISBEN_ score and other covariates at the program eligibility threshold ( Figure 2 and Figure 3 ) . Since eligibility is assigned at the household level , we cluster the RD results at this unit . We identify tables using this RD methodology with the word “ RD ” in the title . # * * 4 . 2 Fixed Effects and 2SLS Regressions * * Individual level voting data is rarely ( legally ) recorded . To overcome the absence of information on the actual vote for each person , we use voting outcomes at the voting booth level , which is the most disaggregated level available . We start by using OLS polling station fixed effects regressions of the variable of interest ( turnout , incumbent ’ s party vote share , margin of victory ) on the proportion of FA participants ( men and women or women ) in the voting booth ( _b_ ) of the form : Where _p_ designates a polling station , _b_ a voting booth , and _r_ an electoral round ( first round or runoff ) . _Y_ is the outcome of interest which is identified in each table . _Prop_ _ ~ ~ F ~ ~ A_ is the proportion of registered voters at the booth who are FA beneficiaries ( men and women beneficiaries , or women beneficiaries ) . _SISBEN_ corresponds to the booth level average of the _SISBEN_ score to proxy for poverty . _controls_ corresponds to a vector of other booth ( _b_ ) level characteristics specified in each table and usually includes : female proportion , age , household size , children , cohabitation , education level , employment status , homemaker , student status , renter , pensioner , and length of time between the _SISBEN_ interview and the elections ( distance ) , and all of the 13", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 710, "text": "Individual level voting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the media can play in disseminating information to hold government to account . < sup > 89 < / sup > In addition to investigating the role of OGD , the present research also seeks to build on previous efforts ( Joshi 2013 ) investigating the efficacy of transparency and accountability initiatives , the findings of which are mixed in terms of service delivery . < sup > 90 < / sup > To be sure , Gaventa and McGee ( 2014 ) have evaluated the efficacy of a number of transparency and accountability mechanisms , < sup > 91 < / sup > and note that where there is “ positive evidence in one setting , this is often not corroborated — and sometimes even contradicted — by findings in another setting where different , or even similar , methods have been used . ” < sup > 92 < / sup > Likewise , Carothers and Brechenmacher ( 2014 , 2018 ) note that evidence on the impact of accountability , transparency , participation , and inclusion is “ often long term , indirect , and difficult to isolate from other factors , and the evidence base to date is still too thin to arrive at firm conclusions . ” < sup > 93 < / sup > > 85 Priyanka Pandey , Sangeeta Goyal , and Venkatesh Sundararaman , “ Public Participation , Teacher Accountability , and School Outcomes : Findings from Baseline Surveys in Three Indian States , ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series ( November 1 , 2008 ) . > 86 N . Awortwi and A . Nuvunga ( 2019 ) Sound of One Hand Clapping : Information Disclosure for Social and Political Action for Accountability in Extractive Governance in Mozambique , IDS Working Paper 523 , Brighton : IDS > 87 Alina Mungiu-Pippidi , “ Quantitative Report on Causes of Performance and Stagnation in the Global Fight against Corruption . ” available at http : / / anticorrp . eu / publications / quantitative-report-on-causes / ( 2014 ) . 88 Claudio Ferraz and Frederico Finan . \" Exposing Corrupt Politicians : The Effects of Brazil ’ s Publicly Released Audits On Electoral Outcomes . \" _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ ( 2008 ) . 89", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "database . The transition matrix in Table 1 shows , for example , that 0 . 53 million hectares ( Mha ) of physical units of land of the Cerrado biome in the state of Mato Grosso , which was natural vegetation in 2002 , became Pasture in 2010 , while 13 . 16 Mha remained as natural vegetation . In the same state and period , 0 . 82 Mha of Pasture was transformed into Crops . The model has , therefore , for each biome in every state , a complete transition matrix . The data observed in the period mentioned above was processed to show the Markov probability that each hectare under given use in a certain year will be in another use the following year . These transitions are also price influenced . Transition from pastures or forests to crops , for example , accelerates with the growth of the relative prices of agricultural products . Moreover , the model is flexible enough to allow exogenous projections of the level of deforestation according to desired patterns . In this case , the Transition Matrix ensures information consistency , that is , the increase of pasture , crop and forestry area in a given year must respect the increase in the available area given by deforestation in the previous year . The transition matrices , then , determine the total land available for each broad land use group ( Crops , Pasture , Forestry and Natural Forests or Unused ) . Once the amount of each aggregate category is determined , the model will allocate land among the activities within each category . Crop area , for example , will be allocated among the eleven agricultural activities of the model , through a CES ( Constant Substitution Elasticity ) function , based on the relative prices of the products of these activities . An emissions matrix in LUC is associated to the transition matrices described above . This matrix accounts for emissions in LUC , and has the same dimensionality . The GHG emissions matrix associated to the LUC module ( MCT , 2015 ) , then , shows observed emissions on LUC transitions , by state and biome . This allows a detailed accounting of emissions on land use transitions", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "‐ 0 . 05 | ‐ 0 . 01 | | 30 . 73 | | 29 . 40 | | | Completed upper secondary but | | | | | | | | | | | not post ‐ secondary | 12 . 00 | 13 . 50 | 0 . 13 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 01 | 18 . 50 | 0 . 02 | 22 . 50 | | | Post ‐ secondary | 24 . 00 | 25 . 50 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 01 | | 25 . 50 | | 25 . 50 | Source : Income and Expenditure Survey , 2010 , Department of Statistics and own calculations . 59", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 324, "text": "Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank ’ s human capital index ( HCI ) and country statistical capacity index ( SPI ) . ( We provide more technical details on these methods in Appendix 1 , Part A . ) There are , unsurprisingly , pros and cons with each method . The simplest is the dashboard method employed by the United Nations ( 2018c ) , which analyzes the SDG indicators as is ; that is , it tracks progress on each and every indicator . This method offers straightforward interpretation , but its disadvantage is that , with so many indicators , it is difficult to evaluate progress for them as a whole . For example , it is hard to compare a country with good poverty reduction but weak environment protection with another which has the opposite performance . Sachs et al . ( 2017 ) combine the dashboard approach with an index that is an average ( i . e . , the arithmetic mean ) of all the standardized indexes obtained from Equation ( 1 ) . While this procedure is somewhat more complicated than the dashboard approach and requires making certain assumptions , it offers a way to evaluate overall progress for all the indicators . But note that this index is driven by data availability . < sup > 25 < / sup > In fact , Sachs et al . ( 2017 ) also offer a dashboard-based approach to keep track of progress on each of the 17 goals . An alternative to Sachs et al . ’ s ( 2018 ) method of constructing the SDG index by the arithmetic mean is to construct it using either the geometric mean or the product of all components . ( The former is the latter raised to the power of _1 / N_ , where _N_ is the number of components in the product . ) Put differently , we can multiply them together in a similar way to the World Bank ’ s recent HCI ( Kraay , 2018 ) . Alternatively , after obtaining this product , we can then take the geometric mean , as does the UNDP ’ s human development index ( HDI ) ( UNDP , 2010 ) . The advantage of the latter is the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 52 | 0 . 84 | 1 . 55 | 2 . 40 | 3 . 90 | | 26 | Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products | 1 . 49 | 0 . 76 | 1 . 39 | 1 . 50 | 2 . 76 | | 27 | Basic Metals | 4 . 88 | 33 . 52 | 41 . 64 | 1 . 57 | 8 . 07 | | 28 | Fabricated Metal Products | 3 . 37 | 2 . 05 | 2 . 51 | 1 . 95 | 6 . 04 | | 29 | Machinery and Equipment , not elsewhere classifed | 16 . 36 | 4 . 11 | 6 . 59 | 4 . 30 | 7 . 22 | | 30 | Ofce , Accounting and Computing Machinery | 2 . 82 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 28 | | 31 | Electrical Machinery and Apparatus , not elsewhere classifed | 5 . 42 | 1 . 44 | 2 . 69 | 2 . 78 | 5 . 85 | | 32 | Radio , Television and Communication Equipment | 4 . 92 | 0 . 68 | 0 . 67 | 4 . 50 | 3 . 80 | | 33 | Medical , Precision and Optical Instruments | 4 . 12 | 1 . 55 | 1 . 22 | 1 . 15 | 0 . 79 | | 34 | Motor Vehicles , Trailers and Semi-Trailers | 20 . 14 | 2 . 35 | 1 . 37 | 5 . 93 | 12 . 23 | | 35 | Other Transport Equipment | 3 . 94 | 5 . 10 | 4 . 42 | 4 . 78 | 5 . 72 | | 36 / 37 | Manufacturing not elsewhere classifed ; Recycling | 1 . 89 | 2 . 77 | 0 . 51 | 4 . 03 | 7 . 98 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . Table reports export shares by sector over the period 1994-2004 for sectors are classified according to NACE Rev . 1 ( 2-digit ) classification", "spans": [{"start": 1128, "end": 1139, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "them audited by auditors appointed by the Bank . We agree to preserve all accounts , records , and other documents ( whether in hard copy or electronic format ) related to the procurement and execution of the contract . Name of the Bidder / Consultant : Name of the person duly authorized to sign the Bid / Proposal on behalf of the Bidder / Consultant : > 2 For the avoidance of doubt , a sanctioned party ’ s ineligibility to be awarded a contract shall include , without limitation , ( i ) applying for pre-qualification , expressing interest in a consultancy , and bidding , either directly or as a nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider , in respect of such contract , and ( ii ) entering into an addendum or amendment introducing a material modification to any existing contract . > 3 A nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider ( different names are used depending on the particular bidding document ) is one which has been : ( i ) included by the bidder in its pre-qualification application or bid because it brings specific and critical experience and know-how that allow the bidder to meet the qualification requirements for the particular bid ; or ( ii ) appointed by the Borrower . > 4 Inspections in this context are usually investigative ( i . e . , forensic ) in nature : they involve fact-finding activities undertaken by the Bank or persons appointed by the Bank to address specific matters related to investigations / audits , such as evaluating the veracity of an allegation of possible Fraud and Corruption , through the appropriate mechanisms . Such activity includes but is not limited to accessing and examining a firm ' s or individual ' s financial records and information , and making copies thereof as relevant ; accessing and examining any other documents , data , and information ( whether in hard copy or electronic format ) deemed relevant for the investigation / audit , and making copies thereof as relevant ; interviewing staff", "spans": [{"start": 1817, "end": 1850, "text": "financial records and information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 options , and offered opportunities to participate in planning , implementing , and monitoring resettlement . Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms are established for these groups . - ( b ) In new resettlement sites or host communities , infrastructure and public services are provided as necessary to improve , restore , or maintain accessibility and levels of service for the displaced persons and host communities . Alternative or similar resources are provided to compensate for the loss of access to community resources ( such as fishing areas , grazing areas , fuel , or fodder ) . - ( c ) Patterns of community organization appropriate to the new circumstances are based on choices made by the displaced persons . To the extent possible , the existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and any host communities are preserved and resettlers ' preferences with respect to relocating in preexisting communities and groups are honored . # # # * * Eligibility for Benefits * * 14 . Upon identification of the need for involuntary resettlement in a project , the borrower carries out a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project ( see the < u > Annex A , para . 6 ( a ) ) , to determine who will be eligible for assistance , and to < / u > discourage inflow of people ineligible for assistance . The borrower also develops a procedure , satisfactory to the Bank , for establishing the criteria by which displaced persons will be deemed eligible for compensation and other resettlement assistance . The procedure includes provisions for meaningful consultations with affected persons and communities , local authorities , and , as appropriate , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and it specifies grievance mechanisms . 15 . _Criteria for Eligibility_ . Displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups : - ( a ) those who have formal legal rights to land ( including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the country ) ; - ( b ) those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time", "spans": [{"start": 1164, "end": 1170, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 We study next the properties of the ECM on different sample periods in order to answer the following questions : Can we quantify the response of POLDIS to a shock to MEXDIS ? To which extent the volatility of POLDIS is due to the volatility of MEXDIS ? These questions can be answered through what is generally referred to as _innovation accounting , _ i . e . the _impulse response function_ and _the forecast error variance decomposition . _ The impulse response function uses the estimated parameters of the model to trace out the effects of one standard deviation ( SD ) change in the errors on the time path of MEXDIS and POLDIS sequences ; the forecast error variance decomposition uses the estimated parameters and indicates the proportion of the forecast errors on a variable which is due to its own shocks ( residuals ) as opposed to shocks ( residuals ) to the other variable . 22 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 600 < br > 400 < br > 200 < br > 0 , < br > - 200 , < br > . 400 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ < br > Long Run Residuals < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Figure 8_ The impulse response function in figure 9 shows that : 1 ) a one standard deviation innovation to MEXDISI ( the SD of the residuals on MEXDIS I being of 91 bs . pts . ) has a permanent effect of _36 bs . pts_ on MEXDIS I and of _35 bs . pts . _ on POLDIS ; 2 ) a one standard deviation innovation to POLDIS ( the SD of the residuals on POLDIS being of 44 bs . pts . ) has a permanent effect of _29 bs . pts . _ on MEXDIS I and of _27 bs . pis . _ on POLDIS . We can conclude that a 22 The only problem with this methodology is that an estimated VAR is underidentified : an additional restriction must be imposed on the two variable VAR system in order", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "human health and social work activities ; arts , entertainment and recreation , activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies . The remaining taxpayers are classified as unskilled . The share of skilled workers in our sample is 35 . 97 % . In the EU-SILC 2021 , where the information on skill level is provided , the share of skilled employees is 32 . 91 % . Therefore , our proxy is close to the true distribution of skilled and unskilled workers in the Romanian labor force . However , the similarity on the aggregate level does not guarantee the similarity on the sector level . In EU-SILC data , we can identify high-skill workers in all sectors of the economy . Using administrative tax data , we can only use the sector as a proxy of skill level and thus assume that skilled workers do not work in some sectors . * * In this study , we utilize labor demand elasticities based on international research to model the potential impact of changes in the minimum wage on employment and wages . * * We quantify the “ disemployment ” effect by examining the proportion of workers earning wages between the existing and proposed minimum wage who transition to a non-employment status with zero wages ( referred to as \" losers \" ) . 32", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 269, "text": "EU-SILC 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 595, "end": 607, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ratio that is substantially larger than what the DHS show . For example , in Chad the WDI imply a male / female ratio of 1 . 80 whereas . the DHS imply a ratio of 1 . 53 . Relying on the WDI one would overstate the male \" advantage \" by almost 30 percentage points . Outside of this region , the data for Bangladesh , > * * 13 * * The primary net enrollment rate is defined as the percentage of children of primary school age who are indeed in primary school . Unlike the 6 to 11 years cutofl used in Table 3 the definition of primary school age varies across countries . In 8 of the 41 countries the range in 6 to 11 , in another 8 it is 7 to 12 , in another 5 it is 6 to 10 , in another 4 it is 6 to 12 , and another 4 it is 7 to 13 . The rest are somewhere around a similar range . 13", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 315, "text": "data for Bangladesh", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "state of disrepair , and poorly equipped ; drugs are out of stock ; customer care is poor ; and health care is very expensive compared to the incomes of the majority of the residents . * * _Nakaseke : _ * * Nakaseke District has seven health units including the 100-bed public Nakaseke Hospital , administered by the Uganda Ministry of Health ( MoH ) . Nakaseke Hospital is connected to other health units by two-way radio service . There is also a community hospital at Kiwoko ( Kiwoko Hospital ) , which is administrated by the Church of Uganda . * * _Luwero : _ * * Only 43 % ( 59 / 136 ) of the parishes have at least one health unit ( HU ) , while 57 % ( 77 / 136 ) of the parishes do not have any HU . This means that the majority of people walk a distance of more than 5 km to the nearest health facility for care . However , all HU are easily accessed via all-weather motorable roads . Doctor to population ratio in the district is low at 1 : 25 , 000 . Access to safe water stands is 75 % . Health and sanitation conditions will be most relevant for implementation of the Project which is expected to utilize a number of construction workers . The risk of accidents at construction sites means that easy and quick access to health care units is essential . # # # * * 4 . 3 . 6 . 3 Health - Morbidity and Diseases * * * * _Morbidity Levels and Trends : _ * * Morbidity refers to the prevalence of a disease in a particular population or the number of cases of a particular disease per unit of population . Understanding the prevalence of diseases in a population gives vital information on how to control them . All persons who had suffered an illness or injury in the 30 days prior to the UNHS ( 2019 / 20 ) were asked to report the major symptoms", "spans": [{"start": 1698, "end": 1702, "text": "UNHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "modifying the age threshold for the “ old group ” indicator we include in each separate regression . We can see that coefficients are increasing with the age threshold that defines the old-group indicator variable , suggesting that older respondents are more responsive to the treatment . For example , although we observe no difference when comparing respondents older and younger than 25 years old , respondents who are older than 40 years old are 41 percentage points more likely to answer the survey . > 35Although existing evidence has shown differences in the quality of data that can be collected from women using different survey modes , further research is required to understand differences in the quality of data or response rate by gender . For example , Lamanna et al . ( 2019 ) find that the use of mobile phones to collect nutrition data from rural women in Africa may result in differences of between 0 and 25 percent in nutrition estimates , relative to collecting this information in face-to-face interviews . 18", "spans": [{"start": 838, "end": 852, "text": "nutrition data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 8 * * and warranties , including < sup > without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the < / sup > _Terms and Conditions_ < sup > _of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection withUse of Electronic_ < / sup > _Means to Process Applications_ < sup > _and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" TermsandConditionsofUse < / sup > < sup > * * of * * < / sup > * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient < sup > representsand warrantsto the Associationthat it will causesuch persons < / sup > to abide * * by * * those terms < sup > and conditions . < / sup > This Authorization < sup > replacesandsupersedesanyAuthorizationcurrentlyin the < / sup > Association records with < sup > respect to thisAgreement . < / sup > [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature ; Yours truly , * * / * * signed [ Position ]", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 687, "text": "Association records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR4581 The World Bank | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Each ULG submits approved CIP with < br > evidence of adequate participation | | Text | Value | 0 | 19 | 19 | | | | | Date | 15-Dec-2008 | 02-Sep-2011 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | | Comments | | All have submitted CIP for < br > EFY 2003 ( FY 11 ) , with < br > evidence of participation | | | Infrastructure asset inventories updated < br > annually indicating additional assets and | | Text | Value | 0 | 18 | 19 | | < br > condition of existing assets . | | | Date | 15-Dec-2008 | 02-Sep-2011 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | | Comments | | 18 cities updated their asset < br > inventories for EFY 2003 < br > ( FY11 ) . Addis is about to < br > start preparation of its first < br > inventory . | | | Each ULG prepares 3-year rolling budget . | | Text | Value | 0 | 19 | 19 | | | | | Date | 15-Dec-2008 | 02-Sep-2011 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | | Comments | | All participating cities have < br > updated budget for EFY < br > 2003-2005 ( FY 11 to 13 ) | | | Urban Local Governments prepare annual < br > finacial reports on time and as per required | | Text | Value | 0 | 19 | 19 | | < br > format ( number ) | | | Date | 01-Sep-2008 | 02-Sep-2011 | 01 -", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 494, "text": "Infrastructure asset inventories", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be about 20 pilot schools in these rayons ( about 5 in Dushanbe and 15 in Leninsky ) . Although testing innovations in the MOE and in only two rayons limits somewhat the ability to generalize the results to other rayons , Tajikistan is a relatively small country ; and including more rayons in the pilot project will complicate the project design and increase the danger of overloading the limited design , implementation and evaluation capacity of the MOE . ( c ) Inclusion of the textbook component . The printing and distribution of textbooks for primary education in Tajikistan might not be considered to be a \" typical \" investment component of a LIL . Nevertheless , as confirmed by the social assessment , the shortage of textbooks is so extensive that it is necessary to address this", "spans": [{"start": 693, "end": 710, "text": "social assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Conclusion There is policy and academic demand for a measure of education quality that is comparable across countries and over time . The growth of international standardized achievement tests is a huge step in this direction . However , the countries that participate in these tests are often high and middle-income countries . This limits the ability to track , compare , or understand education patterns in developing countries – the countries that often have the most to gain from quality education and human capital formation . One option is to wait to make comparisons for low-income countries to participate in international assessments . Although this is a worthy aspiration and we hope it occurs , it will take time and render a rich array of retrospective data null , limiting longitudinal data analysis . Alternatively , we can use a rigorous approach – albeit with caveats – to harmonize available learning data across different types of international and regional assessments . This is the approach we take in this paper , creating a Harmonized Learning Outcomes ( HLO ) database . Until there is a global proficiency assessment for numeracy and literacy , and to enable rich longitudinal panel data analysis , the harmonization of existing learning assessments provides the next best alternative to compare education quality on a global scale . Moreover , as more countries join international and regional assessments , and do so for longer , the accuracy and robustness of the harmonization exercise will improve . We build a globally comparable database of 164 countries / territories from 2000-2017 , approximately two-thirds of which are in developing economies , representing more than 98 percent of the global population . While our methodology has limitations , our robustness tests indicate that this dataset produces similar results to each underlying assessment used , as well as Item Response Theory ( IRT ) - linking methodologies where there is overlap . We include double the number of countries of any individual assessment or IRT-linking methodology while demonstrating consistent estimates where there is overlap . We contribute to the literature in several ways . This is the most current and expansive cross-country dataset on education quality , including the most developing countries . We include , for the first time , the", "spans": [{"start": 754, "end": 772, "text": "retrospective data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1049, "end": 1094, "text": "Harmonized Learning Outcomes ( HLO ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # 5 . 1 Management functions and responsibilities The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development ( MEMD ) , through the Project Coordination Unit ( PCU ) , will provide overall coordination and oversight of stakeholder engagement activities for the project . MEMD will ensure implementation of the Stakeholder Engagement Plan ( SEP ) , coordination with government institutions and development partners , disclosure of project information , monitoring of stakeholder engagement activities , and compliance with the World Bank Environmental and Social Standards ( ESSs ) . UEDCL will be responsible for stakeholder engagement activities related to grid rehabilitation , electricity connections , and network strengthening activities under Component 1 of the project . This will include community consultations , disclosure of project schedules , management of grievances related to construction and connection works , coordination with local governments , and engagement with Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) and local communities . UECCC will be responsible for stakeholder engagement activities related to financial intermediation , off-grid solar systems , clean cooking technologies , productive use of energy , and private sector participation under Component 2 of the project . UECCC will engage participating financial institutions , SACCOs , Energy Service Companies ( ESCOs ) , private sector actors , beneficiary communities , and vulnerable groups to support awareness creation , implementation coordination , and grievance management . Contractors , consultants , and service providers engaged under the project will support implementation of stakeholder engagement activities at field level , including community sensitization , occupational health and safety awareness , grievance uptake , disclosure of construction schedules , and engagement with workers and local communities . District Local Governments , community leaders , refugee settlement leadership structures , and Grievance Management Committees will also support mobilization of stakeholders , dissemination of information , conflict resolution , and grievance handling within project implementation areas . The stakeholder engagement activities will be documented through stakeholder consultation reports , attendance registers , meeting minutes , photographs , grievance registers , field visit reports , supervision reports , monitoring and evaluation reports , stakeholder feedback forms , quarterly progress reports , and project implementation reports prepared by MEMD ,", "spans": [{"start": 2255, "end": 2287, "text": "stakeholder consultation reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2345, "end": 2364, "text": "grievance registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "secondary education ii , ii − 5 < sup > ( at tt = 2001 ) is constructed from the 1996 wave of the Brazilian School Census . < / sup > ( which is the responsibility of the states ) . Excluding education expenditure leaves the estimates virtually unchanged . Results available from authors . > 24 In an earlier version of this paper , we instrumented secondary school enrolment using the expansion of secondary schools in year t-4 . This has the benefit of normalizing the estimates to be in terms of per student enrolled , rather than “ school ” which is not a well-defined unit of measurement and can vary in size across municipalities . It has the disadvantage in that it may ignore important effects of introducing schools into a municipality that arise through channels other than school enrolment . The results reported here are qualitatively similar to our previous findings ( Foureaux Koppensteiner and Matheson 2019 ) . 16", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 121, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Program for Results ( Hybrid ) for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services . ( P175167 ) # # # * * ANNEX 2 : PROGRAM ACTION PLAN * * | @ # & OPS ~ Doctype ~ OPS < br > * * PROGRAM ACTION PLAN * * < br > * * PAP_CHANGE_TBL * * < br > * * Action Description * * | ^ dynamics @ pfrres < br > * * Source * * | trannexprog < br > * * DLI # * * | ramactionplan # doctemplate < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Completion * * < br > * * Measurement * * | * * Action * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Prepare < br > implementation plan < br > and training < br > guidelines for self - < br > care package to < br > improve service < br > access including < br > among adolescents . | Technical | | MOH | Due Date < br > 30-Jun-2023 | Guidelines and < br > implementation plan < br > prepared | No change | | MOH to conduct < br > comprehensive data < br > quality assurance < br > and prepare an < br > action plan to < br > address the < br > weakness identified | Technical | | MOH / RHB | Recurrent < br > Yearly | 2023 RDQA data < br > collection was < br > initiated but not yet < br > finalized due to the < br > security situation . < br > Hence , the RDQA | No change | Page 16", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1113, "text": "RDQA data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _0 . 07_ | 2009q4 | 72 . 54 | _0 . 23_ | | No . with just primary edn . | 457 . 51 | _0 . 00_ | 2010 q1 | - 39 . 42 | _0 . 62_ | | No . with just second . Edn . | 774 . 53 | _0 . 00_ | 2010 q2 | - 220 . 46 | _0 . 01_ | | No . with upr . Vocatl . Edn . | 1244 . 85 | _0 . 00_ | 2010 q3 | - 45 . 04 | _0 . 57_ | | No . with university edn . | 2230 . 56 | _0 . 00_ | 2010q4 | - 133 . 99 | _0 . 09_ | | No . withpost-graduate edn . | 4085 . 72 | _0 . 00_ | Constant | 9421 . 57 | _0 . 00_ | Source : Data from Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007-2010 . Data are pooled . Sample size : 176 , 141 households . Adjusted R < sup > 2 < / sup > = 0 . 29 . Quarterly fixed effects are relative to 2007 : Q1 . * * Table 2 . Measuring the Impact of the 2008-09 Recession on Real Expenditure , Thailand * * | Change in real expenditure per capita | | | - - - | - - - | | compared to 2007 : Q1 | Number of | | 2007 < br > 2008 < br > 2009 < br > 2010 | households | | _baht / month_ | | Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 16", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 539, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pattern and corroborating evidence from surveys and community consultations , Cereal Crop Production Improvement is proposed as one of the key LR strategies that should be supported by the Subproject and implemented by PAHs in partnership with local implementation agencies , respective Woreda Agriculture Offices in particular . Therefore , the main aim of the cereal crops production component sub-component is primarily for household subsistence and , as such , it is aimed at ensuring PAHs ’ food security at the household level in a self-sustaining manner . The key Subproject inputs and support services are required to materialize the cereal production improvement sub-component . These are : * * Agricultural Input Supply – * * improved seed varieties and artificial fertilizer in particular * * and Training and Extension Service * * . - * * a ) Agricultural Input Supply : * * Agricultural productivity in general and productivity of cereal crops in particular , is very low in the Subproject affected communities . It is , therefore , proposed that EEP ’ s support shall cover agricultural inputs supply namely , improved seed variety and fertilizer at least for one farming season . Under the Cereal Crops Production Improvement sub-component , it is recommended that each PAH should receive one quintal of artificial fertilizer and 0 . 5 quintals of improved seeds ( of their choice ) up to three farming seasons . While the cost of agricultural input supply will be covered by EEP , it is anticipated that existing supply channels such as Farmers ’ Service Cooperatives will be used for supplying the inputs . It is also anticipated that the same channels will continue supplying the inputs in a regular manner after the Subproject support phases out . It should be noted that there are two types of artificial fertilizer , Di-ammonia Phosphate ( DAP ) and Urea . Depending on recommendations of the Woreda Agriculture Office as well as annual crops they would like to grow , PAHs shall be allowed to use one or the other or both types of artificial fertilizer as long as they", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 75, "text": "surveys and community consultations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ * * Impact on Grazing Land due to the Construction of the new Limu Genet Substation * * There is no grazing land impacted as a result of the construction of the proposed substation . Therefore , no compensation measures will be required . # # # # # # * * Impact on Crop-by-Product * * The importance of crop residues as livestock feed is reported as significant by surveyed households and this potential livestock feed source will be affected by expropriation of farmland . A total of 4 . 374 ha of crop land will be expropriated by the substation and the tower foundation and access road and the corresponding crop-by-product will be lost as well from these crop fields . The production rate is 1 , 125 bundle crop-by-product per ha . Forgone benefits from farmland and crop-by-product will be considered in the cash compensation . # # # # # * * 7 . 9 Impacts on Properties Belonging to Public Institutions * * Based on the inventory survey , the Subproject will also affect farmland , eucalyptus and indigenous trees belonging to 4 Mosques along the TL . Accordingly , 0 . 0072 ha of farmland which belongs to 2 mosques , 3 , 716 eucalyptus and 12 , 640 indigenous trees of varied sizes located within a Muslim burial site as well as a toilet inside a mosque compound will also be impacted by the proposed subproject . < mark > Since the Subproject impact will not interrupt the usual activities of the impacted institutions , the impact can be mitigated through compensation payment . < / mark > Table 7 . 15 : Institutions by Impacted properties and Woreda | * * Woreda * * | * * Name of * * < br > * * Institution * * | * * Farmland * * < br > * * Size", "spans": [{"start": 1079, "end": 1095, "text": "inventory survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Weber , “ Politics as a Vocation , ” in _From Max Weber_ , ed . H . H . Gerth and C . W . Mills , Oxford University Press ( 1946 ) p . 95 . > 78 Frederick Winslow Taylor , _The Principles of Scientific Management_ , New York and London : Harper & Brothers ( 1911 ) . > 79 T . Davies , “ Open Data in Developing Countries : Emerging Insights from Phase 1 , ” World Wide Web Foundation ( 2014 ) . 80 Ibid . > 81 Jesuit Hakimani Centre , “ Open Government Data for Effective Public Participation : Findings of a Case Study Research Investigating Kenya ’ s Open Data Initiative in Urban Slums and Rural Settlements , ” Nairobi Kenya ( 2014 ) . > 82 ODAC , “ The Right to Know , the Right to Live : Turning the Right to Information into a Living Reality , ” Cape Town ( 2010 ) . 83 R . Hazell , B . Worthy , and M . Glover , \" The Impact of the Freedom of Information Act on Central Government in the UK : Does FOI Work ? \" Palgrave Macmillan ( 2010 ) . > 84 L . Peisakhin and P . Pinto , \" Is transparency an effective anti-corruption strategy ? Evidence from a field experiment in India , \" _Regulation & Governance_ 4 ( 3 ) ( 2010 ) p . 261 – 280 . 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Physical Planning Committee ( PPC ) , 3 , 437 road signage were installed at different locations and 12 , 555 house number plates were installed at different locations . The citizen and stakeholder survey revealed that 92 . 5percent had seen the signposts erected by KCCA with names of streets to ease location of places . These respondents equally agreed that this initiative had improved mobility and the addressing system around Kampala . As a result , majority ( 85 . 4 percent ) , agreed that mobility and the addressing system in Kampala was better today than it was in 2017 . More than three quarters ( 78 percent ) of survey participants were satisfied with the process of naming the streets of Kampala . Page 46 of 52", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 211, "text": "citizen and stakeholder survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _55_ - The elasticity estimates presented in Table 11 show how responsive consolidated budget per capita infrastructure expenditures are to each of the factors . The urbanization rate , labor force participation rate and level of development are the most important determinants of consolidated budget infrastructure expenditures . All have elasticities greater than 1 in absolute value at the sample mean . Population density , the sectoral balance , and commercial bank flows also have a substantial impact on consolidated budget per capita infrastructure expenditures with elasticities greater than 0 . 3 , but less than 1 . 0 in absolute value , at the sample mean . The stock of infrastructure , the internal balance , and the size of the foreign sector only have a modest impact on consolidated budget infrastructures , with elasticities ranging between 0 . 1 and 0 . 3 in absolute value . Institutional development , the level of foreign savings flows , and the share of foreign investment in foreign savings flows only have a tiny impact on consolidated budget per capita infrastructure expenditures . The estimated elasticities are below 0 . 1 in absolute value at the sample mean . The relative importance of the different factors , especially those factors with nonlinear relationships , will differ for countries where the value of the factors concerned deviate substantially from the sample mean . # D . A Comparison * * of * * Analyses * * of Per Capita Infrastructure Expenditure Using Central Budget * * vs . Consolidated * * Budget Data * * Most of findings regarding the determinants of public infrastructure expenditures are broadly consistent regardless of whether central budget or consolidated budget expenditures are the focus of concern . The most important determinants of infrastructure expenditures are the level of development , the urbanization rate and the labor force participation rate . The size of the foreign sector , sectoral balance , and the stock of infrastructure are also important determinants of per capita infrastructure expenditures . The level and mix of foreign funding play a lesser role , but influence central and consolidated budget per capita infrastructure expenditures in a similar fashion . There is only weak evidence that terms of trade shocks and debt service obligations significantly influence either", "spans": [{"start": 1543, "end": 1554, "text": "Budget Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "45 Annex 2 Page 1 of 1 # # Documents Available in Proiect File 1 . World Bank . ' Ethiopia Population , Health and Nutrition Sector Review , \" September , 1985 . 2 . World Bank . \" Ethiopia - A Study of Health Financing : Issues and Options , \" draft , April 1987 . 3 . Government of Ethiopia , MOH . Preposal for Family Health Project , October , 1986 . 4 . World Bank . Detailed Cost Tables for the Proposed Family Health Project . 5 . Wickham , R . S . Working Papers on Manpower Development Component of Proposed Family Health Project . 6 . Levy , T . Working Papers on Health Education Component of Proposed Family Health Project . 7 . Robinson , I . Working Papers on Pharmaceuticals Development Component of Proposed Family Health Project . 8 . Government of Ethiopia , MOH . Comprehensive Health Service Directory for 1983 / 84 , January 1986 . 9 . Cooper , Lauren . Analysis of the Community Health Worker Problem , October 1987 . 10 . Government of Ethiopia , Proposals for Reducing the Drop-Out Rates of Community Health Workers , November 1987 . 11 . Walker , F . Architectural Report , July 1987 .", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 835, "text": "Comprehensive Health Service Directory for 1983 / 84", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . Impute or not impute monetary outcomes into DHS and MICS , and how ? Imputing monetary outcomes into a non-monetary survey is one way of avoiding “ wasting ” some of the data present in separate surveys , like LSMS and DHS . However , imputation methods have limitations , mainly that their underlying assumptions may not hold in practice . One open empirical question is whether they still improve ( inter-households and / or cross-regions ) well-being comparisons when their underlying assumptions do not hold . Hence , is it the case that using data from two separate surveys more than compensates for the errors made on their joint distribution ? Another empirical question is which imputation method performs best to impute monetary outcomes into non-monetary surveys . The paper should study these questions and quantify how different are the well-being comparisons based on these imputations from currently used comparisons and from “ ideal ” comparisons made when the joint distribution is known ( see sections 3 . 4 . 1 and 3 . 4 . 2 ) . 4 . Accounting for local public services through the total consumption approach - LSMS consumption surveys often provide very limited information on households ’ outcomes in dimensions such as health , education or security . One pragmatic solution is to construct a household ’ s “ total consumption ” from monetary valuations of the public services provided in their area . The paper should investigate the best approach to make these monetary valuations at scale given prevailing data constraints . It should then quantify the impact of such valuations on well-being comparisons . Conceptually , it remains an open question how to aggregate consumption aggregates with monetary valuations of public services . Indeed , households cannot freely allocate the monetary valuations from these services . As a result , assuming perfect substitution ( i . e . , summing these valuations ) may not be conceptually ideal . The paper should provide a conceptual discussion of alternative aggregation methods . 5 . Multidimensional poverty weights selected from information on preferences The “ equal-weights ” procedure is regularly used when designing national multidimensional poverty measures and always used for global measures . The use of this obviously ad-hoc procedure runs two risks .", "spans": [{"start": 1138, "end": 1157, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS , PROTECTION RISKS AND NEEDS OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # The protection situation of persons with specific needs 22 % of assessed households reported at least one family member with specific needs , such as disabilities and serious medical conditions , with a higher percentage in Hungary . Previous < u > research < / u > by UNHCR demonstrated that persons with specific needs face increased obstacles to accessing their rights under the TPD , partly due to a lack of systematic identification procedures in host countries . Protection monitoring data also indicates that households with members with specific needs experience greater challenges and vulnerability in meeting their socio-economic needs . As the displacement period extends , the vulnerability of these households may increase , impacting decisions to return to Ukraine even in sub-optimal conditions . # # # * * Persons with disabilities * * 12 % of respondents reported at least one household member with a disability . A higher proportion of households with a person with a disability ( PWD ) reported difficulties accessing healthcare ( 39 % ) as compared to other households ( 23 % ) , predominantly due to long waiting times . Moreover , in contrast to other households surveyed , a higher portion of households with a PWD are missing their biometric passport ( 27 % ) . Persons with disabilities may face increased challenges to replace missing documentation due difficulties reaching locations where these services are offered , among other factors . Protection monitoring data indicates that , as compared to other households surveyed , households with a PWD are likely to reside in collective sites ( 24 % ) , with relatives ( 13 % ) and hostels by provided government ( 12 % ) rather than in rented accommodation , indicating more limited access to financial resources . Prejudice against persons with cognitive disabilities is additionally cited as a barrier for families searching for housing . < sup > 8 < / sup > > 8 . UNHCR ( 2023 ) , Risks of Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) , and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA ) , Relating to Private and", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 573, "text": "Protection monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the other components . For the macro-framework , a government development plan can be used , or other growth regressions such as Barro ’ s can be employed . For the poverty module , one could use POVCAL or PovStat or even a microsimulation model . 19 . Easterly ( 1999 ) refers to the current version of the growth model employed at the World Bank as the “ financing gap model ” in view of the fact that its most important uses involve determining growth prospects and the associated financing shortfalls . 20 . One could add a fourth asset : bonds issued by the government to borrow money from the general public . This addition would not alter the basic logic presented in the text . 21 . In a critique of the use of this model in short-term growth analysis , Easterly ( 1999 ) notes that , in both the neoclassical and endogenous growth models , the ICOR can be constant in a steady state . In the neoclassical framework , this steady state ICOR is equal to the ratio of the investment rate to the sum of population growth and the rate of laboraugmenting technical progress . Furthermore , this constancy does not imply a causal and proportional relationship between investment and growth . Finally , he argues against viewing the ICOR as an indicator of the quality of investment . 22 . This is possible because , once imports are known , all other components of this identity are determined except private investment . In particular , real GDP is determined from the ICOR and the total investment during the previous period . Exports are projected exogenously . Private consumption is specified as a fraction of disposable income , and government consumption and investment are each a fraction of GDP . 23 . The current level of the overall price index is equal to the money supply multiplied by the velocity of money , divided by nominal income . 24 . The simplest version presented in textbooks is commonly called the Keynesian cross . 66", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT COUNTY # # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 Phase 2 : Consultations with Project Affected Persons * * The task involved detailed stakeholder identification and mapping as part of the planning . The aim of this was to ensure that all the stakeholders affected are identified and targeted as part of the planning process . Stakeholders who were engaged in the assignment included but were not limited to ; - i . Mombasa County Government including , Town Administration , County Executive Committee Member and Chief Executive Officer for Lands and Physical Planning , Sub County and Ward - ii . KISIP National Coordination Unit from Ministry of Infrastructure , Housing and Urban Development . - iii . County Administration including County Commissioners , Deputy County Commissioners , Assistant County Commissioners , Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs in the settlement . - iv . Settlement Executive Committee Members . - v . Beneficiary Community Members in the settlement . - vi . Project Affected Persons . # # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 Phase 3 : Census Field Activities * * - This task involved enumeration of PAPs at household-level in order to come up with a census and inventory of losses ( IoL ) . This involved the following : - i . Coordination with Mombasa County Government representatives who were tasked to participate in the fieldwork , as agreed in the initial consultations . - ii . Household surveys with PAPs to collect information for the census and inventory of losses ( IOL ) . - iii . Replacement cost surveys carried out by the valuation team to establish market rates for affected assets as a basis for compensation . # # # # # Details of the Census Field Activities are given below : # # # # # * * < u > Census and Inventory of Losses < / u > * * A field team conducted complete census and inventory of losses ( IOL ) of", "spans": [{"start": 1255, "end": 1285, "text": "census and inventory of losses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1490, "end": 1517, "text": "Household surveys with PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1598, "end": 1622, "text": "Replacement cost surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effects models . < sup > 12 < / sup > Below , as a robustness check , we show that giving equal weight to each municipality worsens the predictions . Finally , we ignore heteroscedasticity in the dependent variable , which is the average AGEB labor market outcome taken from the sample . A sample of 40 individuals was taken from each AGEB , except for the few cases where AGEBs contain fewer than 40 working aged persons , which implies that heteroscedasticity is not a first order concern when estimating labor force participation rates . Different rates of labor force participation across sample AGEBs will affect the number of labor force participants used to calculate unemployment rates from the sample , but we do not adjust for this source of heteroscedasticity . < sup > 13 < / sup > Population counts for each AGEB taken from the 2020 census were used as population weights when aggregating AGEBs to municipal estimates . We used a modified version 2 . 0 of the EMDI package in R , modified to incorporate sample and population weights , to estimate the model ( Kreutzmann et al . , 2018 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > # * * e . Evaluating the estimates * * To evaluate the estimates , we compare each estimate to the population values from the 2020 census . We calculate the following statistics to compare these four separate estimation methods : - Estimated mean squared error . For the direct estimates , this is assumed to be equal to the estimated variance of the mean , estimated using the Horwitz-Thompson approximation . < sup > 15 < / sup > For the small area estimates , MSE estimates were generated using the parametric bootstrap procedure . - The median estimated relative standard error across municipalities , where the relative standard error for each municipality is defined as the square root of the estimated mean squared error divided by the point estimate . - Coverage rate : This is the share of municipalities for which the actual census value falls within the 95 % confidence interval generated by the estimate . > 12 See Rabe-Hesketh and Skondral ( 2006 ) . In conditional random effect models ,", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 852, "text": "2020 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "answering the recall module . The latter module was specifically designed to inform the national statistics agency on the transition from diary to recall , which is planned for 2021 . Our methodological innovation is in the use of diary and recall measurements for the _same_ household . Compared to prior work , we derive conditions – building on Hu and Schennach ( 2008 ) – to identify nonparametrically any functional of the underlying distribution of usual consumption allowing for errors in both survey measurements . Our strategy also yields identification of survey error distributions for recall and diary measurements without assuming that errors are mutually independent or independent of usual consumption . < sup > 3 < / sup > Moreover , our estimation framework leaves unrestricted the functional forms of usual consumption and survey error distributions . The availability of repeated diary-recall measurements of food spending or acquisition is not unique to our setting , the Consumer Expenditure Surveys in the United States and the Canadian Food Expenditure Survey being notable examples . This substantiates the external validity of our approach in a number of contexts beyond the specific case study . Among the conditions needed for identification , three play a fundamental role ( as shown in Figure 3 ) . First , we assume that household acquisition in the diary week is a random variable centered on household usual consumption . We make the theoretical case for this assumption using a model of consumer demand ( as in Meghir and Robin , 1992 ) . This model also sets the reasons for expecting good estimates of consumption _averages_ from diary data , but not of inequality or poverty rates in general . < sup > 4 < / sup > Second , we seek variability in survey measurements induced by a change in usual consumption . Specifically , we build on the IHSES sampling design and assume that household usual consumption covaries with the average acquisition of same-income households located in other census enumeration areas and interviewed the same week . Our key restriction is that the average acquisition of these peers correlates with household diary and recall measurements only through the household ’ s own consumption . Third , while we allow survey errors in recalled consumption and diary", "spans": [{"start": 992, "end": 1020, "text": "Consumer Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1050, "end": 1082, "text": "Canadian Food Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1665, "end": 1675, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1876, "end": 1881, "text": "IHSES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aggregates in Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ’ s data might point to even greater financial integration of the South . > 3 In appendix table 1 , we consider a country to be a source ( destination ) of international investment if there are nonmissing data for at least one year in our sample period for that country as a source ( destination ) of that investment type . 4 For instance , the series “ other investment ” in the IIP data also includes some insurance and pension-related assets , such as technical reserves and entitlements ( IMF 2009 , table 6 . 1 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 47, "text": "Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 419, "end": 427, "text": "IIP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) | * * Completion * * < br > * * Measurement * * | Disclosed awa | rd decisions of UN Agencies | based on the developed tracking system | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Comments * * | Though the tra < br > system / list of | cking system was in place d < br > all contracts with UN agencie | uring the previous missions , MOH could not provid < br > s indicating their contract value and current contr | e the improved tacking < br > actual status | | * * Action Description * * | Undertake ass | essment study and develop c | oding and categorization system of procurable ite | ms | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | | Client | Recurrent < br > Yearly | In Progress | | * * Completion * * < br > * * Measurement * * | Developed an | d implemented the coding an | d categorization system of procurable items | | | * * Comments * * | Action met an < br > evaluation . Ap | d a booklet shared and this is < br > plication of the classification | expected to address the PSA current practice of < br > and codes for procurement and its impact need to | applying item by item < br > be monitored . | | * * Action Description * * | Gender based < br > disaggregated | violence strategy for the hea < br > HMIS data is conducted . | lth", "spans": [{"start": 1440, "end": 1449, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# II . Trends In Education # * * Patterns * * and Trends This section traces the growth of educational opportunities in Peru from 1940 through 1980 and describes the economic and educational policy contexts in which they occurred . Due to minimal data prior to 1950 , most of the discussion pertains to the years 1950-1980 . For these decades , educational trends are traced by quinquennia in order to capture the effects of different administrations ' policies on levels of educational attainment . To provide a basis for explaining variations in adult educational attainment , each quinquennium is matched with the birth cohort whose educational experience most likely corresponds to that period . Trends in Enrollment . In the early 19408 , schooling opportunities in Peru were quite limited . As a consequence , over one-half of all adults could neither read nor write ( Appendix Table A . l ) ; l ' only one child in three enrolled in a primary or lower secondary school ( Appendix Table A . 2 ) . Moreover , raising school attendance was particularly challenging . Two-thirds of all Peruvians were scattered in rural areas , and 35 percent of the population spoke only Quechua or Aymara , the two main Indian languages , while Spanish was the language of the schools ( Censos Nacionales , 1981 ) . 1 / By way of comparison , among Latin American countries , only El Salvador , Nicaragua , Honduras , Bolivia , Guatemala , and the Dominican Republic had higher illiteracy rates than Peru in the early 1940s ( Drysdale and Meyers , 1975 ) . * * 2 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1275, "end": 1292, "text": "Censos Nacionales", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - | - | 3 . 492 . 263 | - < br > | 3 . 530 . 218 < br > | | Varios / desconocido < br > * * Total * * < br > | 99 . 617 < br > * * 13 . 685 . 607 * * | 1 . 564 < br > * * 694 . 487 * * | 101 . 181 < br > * * 14 . 380 . 094 * * | _1 . 260_ < br > * * 10 . 794 . 497 * * | 455 . 863 < br > * * 1 . 796 . 310 * * | - < br > * * 126 . 823 * * | - < br > * * 32 . 274 . 619 * * | - < br > * * 1 . 822 . 591 * * | - < br > * * 3 . 492 . 263 * * | 16 . 350 < br > * * 1 . 052 . 767 * * | 573 . 394 < br > * * 54 . 945 . 467 * * | * * . . . ⁄ . . . * * * * 52 * * ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "16 specially-designed questionnaire forms to speed data entry and tabulation . This can be a more costly option in the short-run but it may save time and money if new survey work is anticipated in the future . RepoingLd the Resul . Data should be presented in such a way that they can be easily used as instruments for decisionmaking . For effective use of reports , careful consideration is needed in the choice of the title and format . A survey covering different subjects and policy issues may need separate reports or working papers . A general presentation of the socio-economics of the survey area and the linkages between the survey findings and national policy should be included . Specific tables should reflect the policy issues that are important to the survey and not be just a description of the facts uncovered in the survey . Reports should summarize the survey methodology ( including sample stratification ) , conversion factors , technical aspects of energy data , results and findings . Use of tables , graphs , diagrams and charts should be made to clarify the data and major conclusions . The report should also provide information on the actual time spent gathering data , the period of the survey and a listing of pertinent unusual events which might affect the validity of the results . In any energy survey , certain findings are liable to be inconsistent or difficult to explain . These should be mentioned and their significance discussed . Lastly , while it is not practical or recommended that unconverted survey data be included in the report , a survey codebook should be prepared so that others can use the data , if requested . Effective reporting requires apprepriate analysis . Results reported in terms of average energy consumption by end-use ad type of energy , as is done in most household energy consumption surveys , provide only a backgrou . or identifying needs and formulating broad energy policies and interventions . Information for policy analysis on prices , equity and economic growth should show whether significant differences or variations exist among households or types of energy consumers , as well as the factors influencing such differences . # Costs and Timing The pricetag of a household energy survey will", "spans": [{"start": 1820, "end": 1856, "text": "household energy consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". This is under the context of a fixed exchange rate regime that has been in effect for a couple of decades and which has become a central pillar of the Lebanese economy . Poverty rates are relatively high , at 27 . 4 percent based on the latest household survey of 2011 / 12 , and are estimated to have increased to 32 percent in 2017 . Furthermore , a notable share of youth is employed in a growing informal sector which provides limited social protection and growth . For example , informality affects six in 10 young workers in Lebanon with young women more likely to be affected than men . < sup > 2 < / sup > 3 . * * The economy is highly dependent on external financing , which undermines its ability to invest in infrastructure . * * Funding the economy ' s substantial financing needs is highly dependent on foreign inflows , mainly from donor aid and remittances , that are intermediated via a banking sector whose balance sheet is over three times of GDP . Banque du Liban ( BdL ) , the country ' s central bank , ensures that banks keep attracting foreign deposits to fund gross financing needs of the public and private sectors , thereby financing the sizable twin ( fiscal and current account ) deficits . To attract foreign deposits , BdL offers certificate of deposits and various subsidized refinancing schemes . Lebanon ' s currency peg is sustained in good part by these foreign currency inflows . To meet Government needs , BdL is the residual buyer of Government debt in the primary and secondary markets . The result is a banking-sovereign feedback loop with amplification effects that generate systemic macro-financial risks . The ensuing high interest rates reflect the risk premia that need to be paid in such a context to maintain the attractiveness of Lebanese assets and generate capital inflows . > 1 This indicator is ranked out of 183 countries in 2010 and 190 in 2019 . > 2 ILO : Towards Decent Work in Lebanon : Issues and Challenges in Light of the Syrian Crisis , 2015 ; ILO Work for Youth", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 262, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ii - | Page No . | | - - - | | | External Borrowing < br > Project Implementation | 28 < br > 28 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | The IMF Program | 29 | | | Impact of the Strategy on Evolution of the Economy | 30 | | | Growth < br > of < br > Output | 31 | | | Balance < br > of < br > Payments and Creditworthiness | 34 | | | Development < br > with and without Structural Adjustment | 36 | | | Summary of Structural Adjustment Actions | 37 | | | Specifics of the Operation | 42 | | | Amount of the Loan and Credit | 42 | | | Policy Action | 42 | | | Monitoring | 42 | | | Disbursement < br > and Procurement | 43 | | | Counterpart < br > Funds | 44 | | | The Technical Assistance Credit | 44 | | | Risks | 44 | | IV . | BANK GROUP OPERATIONS < br > IN KENYA | 45 | | | International < br > Finance Corporation < br > ( IFC ) | 46 | | V . | LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY | 46 | | VI . | RECOMMENDATION | 47 | | ANNEX | I < br > Country Data | 48 | | ANNEX | II < br > Status of Bank Operations * * iti * * Kenya | 54 | | ANNEX | III < br > Supplementary < br > Data Sheet | 69 | | ANNEX | IV < br > Letter of Development < br > Policy | 70 |", "spans": [{"start": 930, "end": 942, "text": "Country Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "review for IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-25 2019-01-20 2019-05-20 < br > County Referral HospitalIten < br > KE-GARISSA COUNTY-84505-GO-RFQ / PURCHASE OF 10LAPTOPS AND 4 IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-18 2019-02-01 2019-03-03 < br > DESKTOPS . < br > KE-UASIN GISHU < br > COUNTY-84515-GO-RFQ / Procure 3 delivery sets forBurnt forest Subcounty IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-12 2019-03-09 2019-09-05 < br > Hospital < br > KE-KERICHO COUNTY - < br > 84517-GO-RFQ / Purchaseof 30 gas cylinders for 30newly opened level 2facilities IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-12-08 2019-02-02 2019-08-01 < br > KE-SAMBURU COUNTY - < br > 84522-GO-RFQ / Purchase < br > of 6 Laptops for RHcordinators , THS UCaccountant and the Director IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-24 2019-01-26 2019-02-25 < br > for monitoring RMNCHindicators < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1965 and 2009 , as a share of GDP , agriculture value-added decreased from 50 to 32 percent , but the transformation was not in favor of manufacturing which also decreased from 11 to 7 percent . In Tanzania , between 1990 and 2006 , the share of agriculture decreased slightly from 46 to 45 percent and of manufacturing declined from 9 to 7 percent ( World Development Indicators , 2011 ) . These patterns also corroborate the empirical analysis by McMillan and Rodrik and are elaborated in Lin and Lin and Monga ( 2011 ) . Trends in the allocation of labor usually reflect value addition at the sector level as also noted by Kuznets . In the developed countries , in the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution as the share of manufacturing increased , labor moved from agriculture to manufacturing to support growth in the latter . This pattern continued until the 1960s when rising wages in manufacturing dampened the sector ‘ s growth and created space for the service sectors . Today , the predominance of services is notable in all Western countries ( Figure 1 . 4 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 379, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2020 < br > Account No . 0810260885749 < br > Depository Bank EQUITY BANK < br > Address < br > Related Loan EQUITY-JUD . PERFORM . IMPROV . PRJ < br > Credit Agreement 5181-KE < br > Currency USD < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2019 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account . - . . . . . . . . 2 , 546 . 53 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank < br > 7 , 312 , 840 . 00 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > 9 , 348 , 239 . 00 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn - - - - - < br > Ending balance . on 30th June , 2020 < br > 2 , 037 , 945 . 53 < br > kUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > SIGNATURE : < br > ' ENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > DATE < br > kUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE - - < br > XTERNAL RESOURCES < br > SIGNATURE : < br > ) EPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > DTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore ) ecial Account as at 30th June , 2020 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting econciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 413, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1171, "end": 1207, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy * * Research Working Paper Series * * | | Title | Author | Date | * * Contact * * < br > * * for paper * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | WPS1760 | Credibiiity of Rules and Economic < br > Growth : Evidence from a Worldwide < br > Survey of the Private Sector | Aymo Brunetti < br > Gregory Kisunko < br > Beatrice Weder | April 1997 | M . Geller < br > 31393 | | WPS1761 | Bending the Rules : Discretionary < br > Pollution Control in China | Susmita Dasgupta < br > Mainul Huq < br > David Wheeler | May 1997 | E . de Castro < br > 89121 | | WPS1762 | Strategies for Pricing Publicly < br > Provided Health Services | Paul J . Gertler < br > Jeffrey S . Hammer | May 1997 | C . Bernardo < br > 31148 | | WPS1763 | China and the Multilateral Investmen < br > Guarantee Agency | t Yushu Feng | May 1997 | E . Beers < br > 36175 | | WPS1764 | A Reversal of Fortune for Korean < br > Women : Explaining 1983 ' s Upward < br > Turn in Relative Eamings | Yaba vab der Neykeb < br > Rodgers | May 1997 | D . Ballantyne < br > 87198 | | WPS1765 | Explaining Agricultural and Agrarian < br > Policies in Developing Countries | Hans P . Binswanger < br > Klaus Deininger | May 1997 | D . Housden < br > 36637 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "836 * * | * * 13 , \u0003 813 * * | * * 23 , \u0003 707 * * | * * 24 , \u0003 100 * * | * * 15 , \u0003 438 * * | * * 23 , \u0003 482 * * | * * 18 % * * | * * 36 % * * | * * 61 % * * | * * - 19 % * * | * * 22 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 11 . Continue to advocate for improvements in disability disaggregated data in humanitarian action * * Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 79, "text": "disability disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 7 | | Farmhouse | 11 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 12 . 8 | | * * Total * * | * * 36 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 25 * * | * * 76 * * | * * 141 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 25 . 5 * * | * * 2 . 8 * * | * * 17 . 7 * * | * * 53 . 9 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January-March 2025_ Page 96", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 331, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "multisectoral , the DDCs report to the Office of the President and not to specific technical ministries , a bifurcation that may also have implications on performance accountability . 15 . The Budget Analysis study , Phase II was intended to link resource allocation with output performance , with field work planned to derive standard workload and output measures based on cost and physical achievement figures from a sample of 37 public health facilities ( from 5 provinces , 12 districts , 12 health centers , and 12 medical training centers ) . The aims of the study are to carry out a detailed analysis of resource availability and utilization , to assess the extent to which policies and priorities are being met at various levels , and to identify potentials for resource reallocations and savings . 16 . The study intended to analyze the following variables : number and distribution of personnel , personnel costs ( salaries , allowances and gratuities ) , cost of drugs and supplies , cost of maintenance , and administrative costs . The intention was to generate standard cost and output measures for the Provincial Medical Office , general hospital , district hospital , and health centers / dispensaries , and to apply these in the formulation of", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 411, "text": "cost and physical achievement figures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- bidders / proposers shall be required to confirm acceptance at the bidding stage itself , that Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines including Bank ’ s inspection , audit and sanction rights , shall apply in the resulting contracts - appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities in the contracts ; - publication of contract award ; - rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities regardless of the review type ; - an effective complaints mechanism ; - maintenance of procurement records according to National requirements and in the Bank ’ s STEP system - There shall be no mandatory requirements for inclusion of local experts and firms for the consulting assignments ; - Use of reservation and preference schemes based on thresholds prescribed in the PPDA Act and its Regulation , BUBU Policy and any other policy that prohibits eligible bidders from bidding is not acceptable ; - Negotiations with the lowest evaluated bidder to reduce price in the case of goods , works and non-consulting services where competitive methods have been used shall not be allowed ; - The fixed budget method shall not be used for goods , works and non-consulting services ; - Established and approved procurement standards by the government may be used , provided that they are not restrictive When * * < u > other national procurement arrangements < / u > * * other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 4 ( c ) and 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals / request for quotations document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals / quotations present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 535, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the overall design so that one does not re-invent the wheel and that the right answers are sought by asking the right people the right questions . In most countries , useful information on residential energy consumption may have already been gathered for other purposes . Such data can usually provide a starting point for identifying critical issues as well as selecting population groups and areas for in-depth research . Previous studies and surveys will help narrow the objectives and amrnunt of information sought in the household energy survey , thus saving time and money . Interviews with those previously involved in similar tasks can also help improve survey design and implementation . For instance . preliminary research may highlight the possible seasonality of fuel consumption , migration patterns or accessibility of survey sites , and thus aid in survey timing and logistics . The services of a sociologist or anthropologist can be used to assist in understanding household consumption patterns to better design and implement a relevant survey . After reviewing the available information and identifying gaps in the data , care must be taken in determining which information will be most useful in understanding energy problems and their solutions . While it would be difficult and , indeed , unwise to assume an advance knowledge of the outcome of the survey , one can develop a general ret of expectations about how the database will be used . For example , in Morocco , a series of working papers were outlined which would then be written based on information generated by the household energy survey . Their structure was by no means fixed but they did provide useful guideposts in the important areas of sample and questionnaire design . In Indonesia , an interministerial committee on household energy was established to review the survey design process so as to guarantee that the survey would provide each ministry with information that would be useful . These are just two techniques which can be used as a check on ultimate worth of the survey .", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 549, "text": "household energy survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IT * * 346 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Buiagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 # # # # # * * Project-Affected Persons ( PAPs ) * * A Project-Affected Person ( PAP ) is any person who , as a result of the implementation of the Project , loses the right to own , use , or otherwise benefit from a built structure , land ( residential , agricultural , or pasture ) , annual or perennial crops and trees , or any other fixed or moveable asset , either in full or in part , permanently or temporarily . Not all PAPs need to move due to the Project . PAPs may include : - Physically Displaced People , i . e . people subject to Physical Displacement as defined hereunder ; and , - Economically Displaced People , i . e . people subject to Economic Displacement as defined hereunder . Physical Displacement is the loss of shelter and assets resulting from the acquisition of land associated with the Project that requires the affected person ( s ) to move to another location . Economic Displacement is the loss of income streams or means of livelihood resulting from land acquisition or obstructed access to resources ( land , water or forest ) caused by the construction or operation of the Project or its associated facilities . Not all economically displaced people need to relocate due to the Project . The total number of PAPs who were affected in one way or other by the Bujagali Hydropower Facility is 1 , 288 households , or 8 , 700 individuals . This number includes all \" dependents \" declared as such by the household head during the socio-economic survey , some of whom may be children over 18 years , or other dependents who are not household members in sociologic or economic terms . When these latter are deducted , the number of project-affected persons is 5 , 158 . The Assessment of Past Resettlement Activities and Action Plan ( APRAP ) is provided", "spans": [{"start": 1601, "end": 1622, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "highest on Hofstede ‟ s ( 1980 ) masculinity index , suggesting that differences between genders would be starker in those cultures . Indeed , Gneezy et al . ( 2009 ) show that gender differences are subject to cultural forces . Banuri and Eckel ( 2012b ) implement an ABA design using the same game as above in the US and Pakistan . The study the long-term impacts of a short term policy shock on bribing behavior by conducting 10 rounds with no punishment , 10 rounds with punishment , and then 10 rounds without punishment . As in their previous experiment , subjects are matched once at the beginning of the session , and then keep their roles throughout the session . Their punishment between-subjects results are largely replicated . They show , however , that bribing behavior > 17 This is not true for bribe acceptances , however . They find that a significantly lower percentage of women accept bribes in the neutral frame , but not in the loaded frame . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it . < mark > Components < / mark > Adaptive Productive Safety Net Improve Shock Responsiveness of the Rural Safety Net Systems , Capacity Development , and Program Management Support # # * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions ) * * * * SUMMARY-NewFin1 * * | * * Total Project Cost * * | 350 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | | * * Total Financing * * | 350 . 00 | | * * of which IBRD / IDA * * | 350 . 00 | | * * Financing Gap * * | 0 . 00 | Page 2 of 13 May 26 , 2022", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lacked spatial representativeness , and the resulting RAIs were not necessarily comparable between countries . Ten years later , ( Iimi et al . , 2016 ) proposed a new method based on GIS data and applied it in eight countries . They assessed the RAI using WorldPop data for rural population distribution and digitized road network data , including road condition , provided by national road agencies . However , to be able to inform global policy for improving road access in rural areas , global-wide estimates are required . This is the first global study that attempts to provide such estimates . We go on to explore how rural access might be optimally increased via a sequential road upgrading strategy . In this paper , we build on the approach developed by ( Iimi et al . , 2016 ) and use road networks extracted from OpenStreetMap ( OSM ) for 166 countries , to assess road access globally . Population data for these countries is , similar to Limi et al . ( 2016 ) , taken from WorldPop . < sup > 1 < / sup > We find that while most European countries have an RAI close to 100 percent , most developing countries are below 60 percent , all SubSaharan countries are below 51 percent , and 24 countries are below 20 percent . We then explore the cost of increasing rural access in 19 countries with good quality data , using an algorithm that prioritizes investment in individual rural road segments based on their impact on rural access and connectivity . The results show that costs quickly balloon as the RAI increases , but also that they depend on geography , road network connectivity , population distribution , and road unit costs . Finally , as a thought experiment , we assess the cost of providing regular food and medicine supply by drones to remote areas in Sierra Leone and compare the cost of doing so with the cost of paving roads . We find that even though drones cannot generate the same socio-economic benefits as roads , they can be a good short-term solution to increase rural integration until roads become affordable . > 1 < mark > www . worldpop . org < / mark", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 270, "text": "WorldPop data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 309, "end": 336, "text": "digitized road network data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 825, "end": 838, "text": "OpenStreetMap", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 915, "text": "Population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 987, "end": 995, "text": "WorldPop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "networks , sharing experiences and promoting good practices - * * Establish * * policies that foster migrantsensitive data collection ( such as safeguards to protect sensitive data and usage of anonymized data ) while protecting migrants from harmful actions from the host government / community , by , for example , establishing firewalls between immigration authorities and government entities collecting data # # # MAKE SPECIAL EFFORTS TO COLLECT AND ANALYSE DATA ON CHILDREN - Despite increasing global awareness of the importance of better data for evidence-based policies and programmes , very little attention has been paid to data on children on the move . National strategies for the development of statistics must channel the necessary financial resources to child migration-related statistical programmes and activities in the national statistical system . - Governments need to explore innovative approaches to strengthening national data systems to ensure that migrant children are seen and counted . Partnerships with international organizations , the private sector , NGOs and academics are needed to close the data gaps created by traditional data approaches . - Given the delicate nature of children ’ s data , however , sufficient care must be observed at all stages of data collection , analysis and sharing , especially when these activities involve the participation of children on the move themselves . Data collection efforts must comply with child protection standards and abide by the principle to “ do no harm ” . # # # # # # INITIATIVES FOR BETTER DATA - The < u > EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child and the European Child Guarantee < / u > better protect all children , help them fulfil their rights and place them at the centre of EU policymaking . The < u > European Child Guarantee ensures access to quality < / u > key services for children in need , including migrant background children . The < u > European social scoreboard of indicators has been updated to include children < / u > among its indicators - The < u > ASEAN Declaration on the Rights of Children in the Context of Migration < / u > protects migrant children by increasing child - and", "spans": [{"start": 1937, "end": 1977, "text": "European social scoreboard of indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the program ’ s priority road sections , including for the World Bank ‐ funded project , is ongoing based on a number of criteria . * * Given the important size and scope of the program , and to objectively prioritize and select the road sections to be rehabilitated , a number of selection criteria was agreed that take into account the road condition , the level of traffic , the balancing of roads between regions and communities , the balancing of road sections by categories ( primarily , secondary , and tertiary ) , and the labor creation potential and broader socioeconomic impacts . A visual survey is currently ongoing to assess the road condition of the network ( about 6 , 000 km of primary , secondary , and tertiary roads are being covered ) , as well as to produce a road safety rating of the network based on the methodology of International Road Assessment Program ( IRAP ) . The visual survey will also produce some indication and verification of current traffic volumes . Meanwhile , the World Bank and the ILO are producing estimates on the direct and indirect job creation potential of road investments for various road types , works , and categories ; as well as the broader socioeconomic benefits of such investments . The finalization of the program ’ s priority road sections selection is expected by the end of February 2017 . 33 . * * Meanwhile the project first year ’ s work program is being identified for timely start of project implementation . * * To move quickly with project implementation , immediate road works of about US $ 50 Page 20 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 594, "end": 607, "text": "visual survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 63 . 8 | 57 . 0 | 79 . 0 | 83 . 8 | | Percent of seat-km in medium or < br > smaller aircraft | 42 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 50 . 6 | 42 . 5 | 28 . 3 | 32 . 8 | | Percent of carriers passing IATA / IOSA < br > audit | 33 . 3 | 0 | 0 | 100 . 0 | 100 | 33 . 3 | | FAA / IASA audit status | Failed | No audit | No audit | No audit | No audit | Passed | _Source : _ Bofinger 2009Derived from AICD national database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . _Note : _ The Herfindhal-Hirschmann Index ( HHI ) is a commonly accepted measure of market concentration . It is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm competing in the market and then summing the resulting numbers . A HHI of 100 indicates the market is a monopoly ; the lower the HHI , the more diluted the market power exerted by one company / agent . FAA = U . S . Federal Aviation Administration ; IASA = International Aviation Safety Assessment ; IATA = International Air Transport Association ; IOSA = IATA International Safety Audit . n . a . = Not applicable . # * * Challenges * * The air transport sector is not immune from Zimbabwe ‘ s political and economic challenges . Air Zimbabwe is struggling financially , and anecdotal evidence of poor schedule reliability and service quality show an airline with many operational challenges . The economic difficulties faced by the airline are potentially affecting its ability to import spare parts for maintenance . Zimbabwe ‘ s overall spending needs for the transport sector are estimated at $ 218 million annually for a decade , which would restore the road network to good condition and make improvements to other transport modes . By far the largest component of transport spending needs is rehabilitation of the road network , which accounts for 87 percent of total transport needs ( table 13 ) . Moreover , as much as 70 percent of total road sector spending", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 400, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 5 Availability of NFIs by type of item * * Respondents were provided with a list of basic NFIs and asked whether they were always available , sometimes available or not available Data sources : Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile : 158 sub-districts reporting - Few sub-districts reported any item types as being unavailable ; most types were either always or sometimes available - Lattakia , Tartous and Damascus have almost complete availability of all types of NFIs - Al-Hassakeh , Hama and Deir-Ez-Zor have the least reliable supplies of NFIs available in the markets # # # # * * 1 . 5 . 1 Availability of item types by governorate ( no . of sub-districts ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Bedding Items Cooking Items Water containers Source of light Clothing Winter < br > 7 < br > 24 9 < br > 22 < br > 25 < br > 11 18 < br > 13 < br > 21 < br > 1 16 7 12 < br > 10 < br > 2 5 13 10 10 2 11 < br > 10 9 10 < br > 20 9 8 13 21 11 8 6 11 < br > 21 11 7 4 8 2 < br > 11 1 1 1 26 2 3 7 4 1111 111 1 53 1 3 998 5 1 1086 111 5 3 442 1313 2 23 111 14 1 5 8 1 44 4444 1113 11 7 3 2 9 4 888 10107 3 1 9 4 2 1214 1 22 5 111 2 55555 3 9 2 2122 2 1 < br > D A M A S C U S A L E P P O R U R A L H O M S H A M A L A T T A K I A I D L E B A L - D E I R -", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 278, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "component in determining food security in developing economies . Market concentration in the food production chain has been growing , driven by retail chains , raising concerns of higher commodity prices for consumers ( McCorriston 2016 ) . Mexico is no exception to this trend , with high market concentration among key food items such as corn grains . In 2014 , the four largest firms amassed 31 . 2 percent of total gross production per INEGI ’ s economic census . A closer look at corn flour , an important Mexican dietary staple used to make tortillas , reveals that the firms Gruma and Minsa produced more than 90 percent of corn flour ( Zahniser 2004 ) . This concentration resulted in a 26 percent price margin increase due to high market concentration in the tortilla market ( Aradillas 2018 ) . Figure 4 shows that Mexico ’ s maize and maize tortilla consumer price index has been consistently greater than the total consumer price index . Since 2010 , both have increased significantly in Mexico , suggesting an increase in the consumer food basket . 13", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 465, "text": "INEGI ’ s economic census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 861, "end": 881, "text": "consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the spike in food prices . Most studies on the global food crisis use pre-crisis national household survey data to simulate the short-run effects of price increases on poverty . See for example , Robles and Torero ( forthcoming ) who examine simulated results from four Latin American countries , < sup > 2 < / sup > Woden _et al . _ ( 2008 ) who summarize simulations for 12 African countries , < sup > 3 < / sup > Ul Haq _et al . _ ( 2008 ) who simulate welfare changes in > 1 According to the Economic Research Service ( _Food Security Assessment , 2008-2009_ ) , in 2008 Afghanistan had a nutrition gap – the difference between available food and food needed to support a 2 , 100 per capita calorie intake – of 1 , 999 thousand tons . Only North Korea was estimated to have a larger nutrition gap in that year . 2 The countries are Guatemala , Honduras , Peru and Nicaragua . > 3 The countries are Burkina Faso , Democratic Republic of Congo , Ghana , Gabon , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Niger , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone , and Togo . Their findings suggest overall increases in poverty as a result of the food crisis , with a large share of the increases in poverty due to a worsened situation for the already poor . 2", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 111, "text": "pre-crisis national household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | UG-MEMD-15330-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 50 Tablets for < br > the ERT III Baseline Survey | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access | Post | Request for < br > Quotations < br > Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 30 , 000 . 00 | 26 , 914 . 05 < br > Signed | | | 2017-06-06 < br > 2017-07-14 | | | 2017-07-29 < br > 2017-07 | - 17 < br > 2017-09-10 | | | UG-MEMD-15112-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Satellite < br > Imagery Requirements for ERT < br > III | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access | Prior | Request for Bids < br > Open - International | < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 988 , 041 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2017-05-18 | 2017-05-31 | | 2017-07-14 < br > 2017-08-04 | 2017-09-20 | 2017-12-20 | | | UG-MEMD-48035-GO-DIR / < br > Supply , Installation & training < br > of geophysical data < br > processing software Geotools < br > ( Magnetotelluric and TDEM < br > Intepretation software ) | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring | Post | Direct Selection < br > Direct | | | 15 , 000 . 00 | 23 , 000 . 00 < br > Signed | | 2018-02-21 < br > 2018-04-3 | 0 < br > 2018 -", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 100, "text": "ERT III Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Survey ( PIHS ) of 2001-02 shows that enrollment decisions for girls in rural areas are more responsive than those of boys to proximity to school ( see World Bank , 2005 ) , but this analysis does not account for settlement boundary-crossing . More suggestive evidence comes from the 2001-02 PRHS-I , in which parents of children never enrolled were asked the main reason for the child ’ s non-enrollment . For boys , far and away the most important reason is economic ( \" school too expensive \" cited by 43 % of parents ) , but the picture is quite different for girls . While economic motives still dominate ( 32 % reported \" school too expensive \" ) , social constraints become an important consideration . Respondents were much more likely to report that they did not \" approve \" of > 4Veiling or purdah in this context is the use of a large shawl ( chador ) to cover the head and the body , and sometimes also part of the face . 5", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 298, "text": "PRHS-I", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Capparis tomentosa_ | _Capparidaceae_ | Goora | Shrub | NE |  | | Native | | 16 | _Casimiroa edulis_ | Rutaceae | Kasmir | Tree | LC |  | | Introduced | | 17 | _Casuarina cunninghamiana_ | Casuarinaceae | | Tree | LC |  | | Introduced | | 18 | _Casuarina equisetifolia_ | Casuarinaceae | | Tree | LC |  | | Introduced | | 19 | _Celtis africana_ | _Ulmaceae_ | Amalaqqa | Tree | |  |  | Native | > _18_ _ < mark > IUCN 2023 . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2022-2 . < https : / / www . iucnredlist . org > . Downloaded in November 2023 . < / mark > _ Page 270", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 471, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "employability ” is rated MU * * due to slow progress toward achieving target numbers of beneficiaries ( 31 , 245 out of 70 , 000 in year 5 of the Project ) and the slow progress in engaging the private sector employers to support placement in internship and employment . The slow progress is partly due to attrition , which continues to be an issue : Through the five program Cycles implemented and completed , a total of 40 , 935 out of 55 , 184 youth targeted completed Job Specific Skills Training ( JSST ) under Component 1 , representing a 74 percent completion rate . 3 . * * Component 2 on support to self-employment and job creation is progressing well and is rated MS . * * It also continues to show high employment results . Cycles 1 , 2 and 3 beneficiaries of business grants exhibit 93 percent employment rate ( mostly in self-employment ) . These results are based on the tracer study conducted on Cycle 1 beneficiaries and bulk SMS surveys on Cycles 2 and 3 beneficiaries . The MbeleNaBiz business plan competition ( BPC ) is well under way and has been able to disburse the first tranche of business awards . Similarly , the Future Bora Initiative , which aims to identify interventions for hard-to-serve youth , is on track and will be unveiling the successful awardees early in FY 22 . The challenge in this Component emanates from the slow progress in the digital learning for Access to Government Procurement Opportunities ( AGPO ) and catalytic funds , which targets over 180 , 000 individuals and has not been able to meet its targets within the required time frame . 4 . * * Component 3 has made some progress but continues to keep a slow implementation pace . * * This Component completed the Informal Service Sector Occupational Survey ( ISSOS ) , has established the Labor Market Observatory ( LMO ) and prepared a road map for the Kenya Labor Market Information System ( KLMIS ) . There has been progress on updating the Kenyan National Occupational Classification ( KNOCS ) and plans", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 932, "text": "tracer study conducted on Cycle 1 beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 937, "end": 953, "text": "bulk SMS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1716, "end": 1759, "text": "Informal Service Sector Occupational Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1857, "end": 1894, "text": "Kenya Labor Market Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "90 . While this process is a surprisingly orderly one , it is evidently an arduous and exhausting experience , not only for the Zimbabweans but also for DHA officials , especially the 20 RSD officers who are expected to process between 10 and 15 cases a day in order to deal with the backlog of asylum applications ( well over 300 , 000 at the end of 2009 ) . 91 . The South African asylum system is coordinated countrywide by a sophisticated electronic database , making it possible for each refugee centre to detect ‘ recyclers ’ who attempt to submit more than one application . Recycling is punishable by law , entails a sentence of up to six months imprisonment and has been evoked from time to time to act as a deterrent to this practice , sometimes with unfortunate results . 92 . At the Lindela deportation centre near Johannesburg , for example , the evaluation team encountered a young Burundian woman , who had reportedly been subjected to sexual violence at some stage of her journey to South Africa . She was being returned to her country of origin because , on the advice of a woman from DRC , she had submitted a second application for refugee status , rather than renewing her asylum seeker permit , as the law requires . UNHCR monitors the situation at Lindela through its partner Lawyers for Human Rights , and this arrangement has reportedly been successful in securing the release of refugees and asylum seekers . Even so , and in view of the recent concerns expressed by civil society in relation to Lindela , a more direct UNHCR involvement in the monitoring process would be advisable . < sup > 4 < / sup > 93 . In some parts of the world , states have effectively abdicated responsibility for many aspects of the refugee issue , expecting UNHCR to manage refugee camps , to process asylum applications and to organize the resettlement of those asylum seekers who are recognized as refugees . To the great credit of South Africa , the country has not taken this easy way out of the issue . Indeed , it has embraced the principle of", "spans": [{"start": 443, "end": 462, "text": "electronic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "converted into output , while TFP incorporates adjustments in other production factors ( e . g . , capital stock and intermediate inputs ) as well as technology , innovation , management practices , and other ways of augmenting firm output with the same input endowment ( Syverson 2011 ) . Although TFP presents a more complete view of productivity , this analysis relies on LP given the lack of reliable data measuring capital or investment , which is a key prerequisite for TFP estimation . As no data on firm-level prices or quantities are available for Zambia , this paper calculates LP in revenue terms rather than in terms of physical quantity . LP calculated in revenue terms reflects not only firm physical efficiency in production but also prices that reflect product quality and marketing in addition to input costs ( Cusolito and Maloney 2018 ) . This analysis is unfortunately unable to capture these price-related dimensions and thus cannot definitively conclude that phenomena such as productivity dispersion are the result of allocative efficiency ( or lack thereof ) , quality , or markups . The specific analytical implications of this limitation are further discussed in the subsequent discussion of the results . Labor productivity is defined as value added per worker for the purposes of this paper . Value added is defined as sales less non-labor cost of sales . The number of workers is estimated by dividing firms ’ total wages bills by average annual wages at the ISIC A * 38 level ( calculated from the PAYE database ) . Value added is deflated in line with sectoral deflators obtained from ZamStat , which are roughly in line with the ISIC A * 38 level of aggregation . The methodology for decomposing labor productivity growth is drawn from Olley and Pakes ( 1996 ) , Melitz and Polanec ( 2015 ) and Patiño Peña and Ferro ( Forthcoming ) . Labor productivity is estimated and decomposed at the ISIC 1-digit level given the low number of observations per sector at the ISIC 2-digit 5", "spans": [{"start": 1528, "end": 1541, "text": "PAYE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1616, "end": 1623, "text": "ZamStat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the perceived truthfulness of the respondent . In our survey of firms , enumerators were instructed to classify respondents as “ very truthful ” , “ somewhat truthful ” or “ somewhat untruthful ” or “ very untruthful ” at > 8 The exact differences is . 0588 with a standard deviation of . 0196 . 15", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 69, "text": "survey of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable * * * * VII . * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable . * * - * * VIII . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . - ( a ) Goods : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * . - ( b ) Works : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * * * IX . Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable # # # # # * * X . Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "could match 275 to the 1928 census . # * * 4 . 1 . 3 Integration outcomes of refugees * * I measure the integration of refugees by examining different generations of refugees : ( i ) those born in turkey who were forcibly resettled in Greece at a different age ( ii ) those born in Greece to refugee parents , i . e . the second-generation . * * First-generation * * I measure the socio-economic integration of first-generation refugees by comparing the educational attainment of refugees displaced at a different age , i . e . , either when adults ( above 15 ) or when children ( below 15 ) . I rely on the 1928 census to obtain the literacy rate of refugees at arrival , and focus on those older than 15 years in 1923 . To measure the socio-economic outcomes of refugees at a later period , I unfortunately cannot draw on population censuses as no information on country of birth is available . The earliest census to provide this information is the 2001 census and I use the 10 percent extract provided by IPUMS . < sup > 19 < / sup > I identify as refugees the 3 , 486 sampled individuals born in Turkey between 1908 and 1922 , who represent about 9 % of the population born in the same period . Reassuringly , the share of individuals born in Turkey drops to less than 2 % among cohorts born after 1922 , while the share of foreign-born ( in other countries than Turkey ) remains stable across cohorts and start increasing only after the 1950s ( see Figure A . 1 in the appendix ) . The 2001 census also allows to construct the rate of intermarriage between refugees and natives . Among the 2 , 102 refugee women in the sample , 293 report to be married with a currently co-residing husband – the other women being mostly widowed . When the husband belongs to the surveyed household , I can identify mixed refugee-native couple as instances in which the wife is refugee and the husband is born in Greece . Theoretically , although native-born , the husband could still be the child of refugee parents , which would hardly", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 34, "text": "1928 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 824, "end": 843, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 952, "end": 963, "text": "2001 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Increased bulk supply < br > capacity in the project areas | Construction of a double circuit HV < br > transmission line and HV substations with < br > capacity that is significantly higher than < br > the current capacity on 33kV feeders to < br > enhance reliabilityand supplyavailability . | Annual | UETCL monthly report | UETCL | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Reduction in technical < br > losses in the project area | The reduction is defined solely for the < br > segment between Lira and Gulu where the < br > new 132kV will have technical losses that < br > are considerably lower than the current < br > losses < br > on < br > the < br > overextended < br > 33kV < br > distribution line linkingLira and Gulu . | Annual | UETCL database | UETCL | | Direct project beneficiaries | Direct beneficiaries are people or groups < br > who directly derive benefits from an < br > intervention ( i . e . , children who benefit < br > from an immunization program ; families < br > that have a new piped water connection ) . < br > Please note that this indicator requires < br > supplemental information . Supplemental < br > Value : Female beneficiaries ( percentage ) . < br > Based on the assessment and definition of < br > direct project beneficiaries , specify what < br > proportion < br > of < br > the < br > direct < br > project < br > beneficiaries are female . This indicator < br > is calculated as apercentage . | Annual | UETCL database | UETCL | | Female beneficiaries | Based on the assessment and definition of < br > direct project beneficiaries , specify what < br > percentage of the beneficiaries are female . | Annual | UETCL database |", "spans": [{"start": 307, "end": 327, "text": "UETCL monthly report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 750, "end": 764, "text": "UETCL database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the measures developed to control the Fall Army Worm ( FAW ) to be demonstrated and disseminated in all districts . A further end-line survey and impact assessment is also planned for the extension period . 6 . This extension is requested on the basis that : ( i ) there are no pending audit reports nor outstanding fiduciary or safeguard issues . The Interim Financial Reports have been submitted on time and quality of these reports is satisfactory and meets Bank standards . The external audit has been conducted in line with International Audit Standards , the reports have been submitted on time as indicated in the Financing Agreement , and the reports were unqualified . ; ( ii ) the project complies with the conditions for extension of the closing date as outlined in OP / BP10 . 00 on Investment Project Financing ( IPF ) ; and ( iii ) there are no open INT investigations related to the sector or project .", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 167, "text": "end-line survey and impact assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) containing infected individuals , creates an apparent paradox , since if there are effects of deworming among those known to be infected then one would expect a smaller but still positive average effect of MDA in endemic populations . A simple exercise suggests that this hypothesis cannot be rejected using TMSDG ' s data . Under the assumption that MDA does not affect weight in uninfected children , < sup > 12 < / sup > the expected average effect of MDA on weight is given by multiplying prevalence by the expected effect on infected children . Thus we calculate each study ’ s expected MDA treatment effect by multiplying the studyspecific STH prevalence by TMSDG ’ s random effects estimate for the impact of deworming on infected children , which is 0 . 75 kg . < sup > 13 < / sup > We generate a standard error for this expected MDA treatment effect by multiplying the study-specific prevalence by TMSDG ’ s standard error of 0 . 26 kg . These hypothetical data represent MDA effects that would be reasonable to expect in each setting , with standard errors that reflect our uncertainty about the expected treatment effects . < sup > 14 < / sup > We apply a random effects model to these expected MDA effects , which yields a point estimate of 0 . 20 kg and a confidence interval of ( 0 . 13 kg to 0 . 28 kg ) . We cannot reject that this expected average effect of MDA is different from TMSDG ’ s estimate of 0 . 08 kg ( with p = 0 . 23 ) . Thus , TMSDG ’ s MDA results are consistent with their estimates of the effect of deworming on infected > 12 This assumption may not hold if deworming creates epidemiological externalities and also affects weight , but it will hold under the null hypothesis that worms have no impact on weight . > 13 For the expected effect on infected children , we use TMSDG ’ s random effects estimate of 0 . 75 kg ( 95 % CI : 0 . 24 , 1 . 26 ) . Note that these calculations use estimated prevalence for", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 345, "text": "TMSDG ' s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transformation has to be used to assign first period characteristics to the second-period observations ( Inchauste et al . , 2012 ; Azevedo et al . , 2013a ; Azevedo et al . , 2013b ) . Rank preservation implies anonymity , where the identity of the individual experiencing a particular outcome ( such as income ) is irrelevant — a permutation of outcomes between any two individuals in any of the two distributions being compared has no effect on the comparison . With this assumption , one can compare across the same quantiles of two distributions ( including distributions at two periods of time ) _as if_ they are the same observations . But such a comparison may not account for the true nature of mobility trajectories ( Bourguignon , 2010 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > By using panel data , where the assumption of rank preservation is not needed since households can be observed over both periods , we account for the true trajectories of mobility , which results in more precise estimates of the contribution of each component to poverty reduction . As we will see later , the ability to account for mobility is particularly important in this case , given the vast differences in the distribution of income growth across households that are observed , depending on whether one uses an anonymous or nonanonymous measure of growth incidence . # * * 3 . Data and Descriptive Statistics * * We use the India Human Development Survey ( IHDS ) for 2005 and 2012 , a nationally representative survey that was conducted in all states and union territories of India ( with the exception of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep ) . Both rounds of the IHDS provide household level aggregates for job status , job sector , earnings from labor activities and other sources of income ( i . e . , remittances , government transfers , etc . ) , and consumption . The data presents some limitations , which require making the reasonable assumption that only individuals 15 years of age or older can be considered as workers , which also implies that households with positive labor income must be deemed to have at least one working adult . < sup", "spans": [{"start": 1402, "end": 1432, "text": "India Human Development Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "course this also implies that excess external imbalances have to be managed as their fruits are less supportive of growth . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 1 . Absolute Convergence and Excess Growth in Europe Prior to the Crisis < br > Convergence among European Countries Actual vs . Predicted Growth < br > ( 1997-2008 ) ( 2005-2008 ) < br > GEO < br > ARM < br > 10 10 BLR < br > BIH < br > 8 8 < br > ARM BIH < br > MNE < br > SVKLTULVA BGRROM < br > 6 LVAPOLEST SVK BLRSVN IRL 6 SVNCZE ESTPOLHRV UKRSRB ALB < br > 4 4 < br > GRCESPFIN LUX FINGRC < br > AUTESP < br > 2 MDA TURMNEMKDSRB UKR PRT FRAITADEU 2 FRA PRT < br > ITA < br > 0 0 < br > 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 < br > Initial Level of Income , in logs Predicted Growth , % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations based on the World Bank and IMF data ( 2011 ) . Note : Labels refer to countries placed outside the confidence bands . The dots are countries in between the bands . # * * 2 . Unprecedented Flows of Capital in Emerging Europe * * From a pure financing perspective , the foreign capital inflow ( i . e . , the current account deficit ) serves to augment the economy ’ s scarce resources and to close the saving-investment mismatch . The reliance on external finance can be an outcome of domestic imbalances ( e . g . , low and stagnant saving rates ) and of the behavior of non-residents ( e . g . , foreigners perceive a country ’ s productive or financial assets as attractive ) . This implies that the net amount of foreign capital in the recipient economy is simultaneously determined along with the saving and investment decisions of domestic economic agents . < sup > 3 < / sup > Yet , before we undertake an empirical exploration of simultaneity , some stylized facts", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 854, "text": "World Bank and IMF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Geographers_ , 106 ( 5 ) , pp . 1135 – 1151 . - Field , E . et al . , 2016 . On Her Own Account : How Strengthening Women ' s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms . _Working Paper_ . - Gauri , V . , Rahman , T . & Sen , I . , 2019 . Measuring Social Norms about Female Labor Force Participation in Jordan . _Policy Research Working Papers_ . - Gindling , T . H . et al . , 2019 . Are Public Sector Workers in Developing Countries Overpaid ? Evidence from a New Global Data Set . _Policy Research Working Papers No . 8754_ . World Bank , Washington DC . - Jensen , R . & Oster , E . , 2009 . The Power of TV : Cable Television and Women ' s Status in India . _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 124 ( 3 ) , pp . 1057 – 1094 . - Kurdistan Regional Government ( 2016 ) . Social Protection Strategic Framework . A Time for Reform . Available at : https : / / us . gov . krd / media / 1317 / social-protection-strategic-framework . pdf - Paluck , E . L . et al . , 2010 . Social Norms Marketing Aimed at Gender-Based Violence : A Literature Review and Critical Assessment . _International Rescue Committee_ . - Mackie , G . et al . , 2015 . What Are Social Norms ? How Are They Measured ? _University of California San Diego Center on Global Justice_ .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "highlighted the need for a more holistic approach to input and output markets . _5 . 2 Factors generally subject to government control : _ _Currency Depreciation . _ There was a 35 % depreciation of the local currency , from 6 . 29 Birr / US $ in 1995 , to 8 . 51 Birr / USS in 2002 . Although the benefits to the country ' s export sector cannot be overemphasized , it unfortunately washed away the potential gains by the farmers from falling intemational fertilizer prices . Intemational DAP prices went down by 31 percent , and Urea prices by 33 percent over the same period . However , local DAP prices went up by 33 percent , with Urea prices declining by a modest 8 percent . Whereas rising grain prices during 1996-2000 helped farmers absorb these increases , their collapse during the past two years has led to a sharp decline in fertilizer consumption . _Input Credit Program . _ To the extent that the credit program has not been market neutral , it could have indeed affected market structure seriously compromising Government ' s own private sector promotion strategy , as discussed in Section 4 . 2 . _Regional Trading Houses . _ The persistent charges of uncompetitive behaviors allegedly exercised by the party-affiliated regional trading houses could have received much more attention from both the central govemment , and most particularly the regional govemments . _5 . 3 Factors generally subject to implementing agency control : _ _Fertilizer Demand Projections . _ As discussed in Section 4 . 2 , one of the key factors affecting large carryover stocks is unrealistically high demand projections . The NFIA could have been effective in moderating the fertilizer demand projections , which were finalized in the annual national fertilizer workshops attended by all stakeholders . - 13 -", "spans": [{"start": 1672, "end": 1701, "text": "fertilizer demand projections", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < br > * * Baseline * * | hrough biodiversity assessm < br > utside protected areas ( i . e . , < br > p a coastal biodiversity info < br > * * Original Target * * | ents in protected areas ( i . e < br > Lamu , Lake Kenyatta , Lake < br > rmation system to support < br > * * Formally Revised * * < br > * * Target * * | . , Shimba Hills Ecosystem < br > Jipe ( Taita ) ) , geo-referen < br > the management of ma < br > * * Actual Achieved at * * < br > * * Completion * * | | Number of Management Plans < br > developed or updated | Number | 0 . 00 < br > 01-Jun-2011 | 3 . 00 < br > 01-Jun-2011 | | 4 . 00 < br > 30-Jun-2017 | * * Comments ( achievements against targets ) : * * Target achieved ( 250 % ) : Through biodiversity assessments in protected areas ( i . e . , Shimba Hills Ecosystem , Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Park and Reserve and its environments ) and outside protected areas ( i . e . , Lamu , Lake Kenyatta , Lake Jipe ( Taita ) ) , geo-referenced biodiversity data has been generated , and subsequently used to develop a coastal biodiversity information system to support the management of marine and coastal resources . The data was collected annually . * * Comments ( achievements against targets ) : * * Target achieved ( 133 % ) : Four management plans including the Mangrove Management Plan , the Witu Forest Management Plan , the Kisite Mpunguti and Malindi Marine Management Plans , have been completed . The Mangrove Management Plan has been integrated into County Integrated Development Plans , and is being implemented by the government through the Kenya Forest Service . In addition", "spans": [{"start": 952, "end": 984, "text": "geo-referenced biodiversity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1041, "end": 1080, "text": "coastal biodiversity information system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Cambodia | | - - - | | Lao PDR | | Lesotho | | Ethiopia | | Sri Lanka | | Tanzania | | Southeast Asia | | Rest of Africa | | Rest of the world | # * * _Baseline_ * * The GTAP database is benchmarked to 2011 . We run the model to 2018 , replicating the key macroeconomic aggregates from the World Bank ’ s _Global Economic Prospects_ ( GEP 2016 ) < sup > [ 3 ] < / sup > report . Population growth is based on the medium fertility variant of the 2012 UN ’ s population projections . Labor force growth follows the growth of the working age population – defined here as the demographic cohort between 15 and 64 years of age . The evolution of supply of skilled and unskilled workers is consistent with the IIASA constant educational trends ( CET ) scenario , where growth rates of the supply of skilled workers exceed that of unskilled . Capital accumulation is equated to the previous period ’ s ( depreciated ) capital stock plus investment . Productivity growth in the baseline is “ calibrated ” to achieve the growth rates for the baseline scenario ( as in the GEP ( 2016 ) ) up to 2018 , then we fix the productivity growth for 2018-2030 to be equal to its 2017 value . These productivity growth rates remain fixed in the counterfactual scenarios . The baseline scenario also incorporates tariff and NTM reductions in existing FTAs . These are based on the data set provided by the International Trade Center , including all TPP members ’ FTA commitments up to 2046 ( MacMaps , 2016 ) . The congressional AGOA Extension and Enhancement Act of 2015 has created greater uncertainty for Lesotho ’ s exporters and their trading partners . The Act provides the United States with greater flexibility in reviewing countries on an ongoing basis , allowing the privileges to be either withdrawn or suspended throughout the calendar year . The possibility of quarterly reviews of Lesotho ’ s compliance with AGOA requirements could lead to lower orders from the United States depending on investors ’ assessment of the likelihood of Lesotho retaining the AGOA privileges . Potential changes to", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 185, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1362, "end": 1413, "text": "data set provided by the International Trade Center", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _4 . 3 Poverty correlates_ * * This section considers a few province - and district-level correlates of local headcount rates , in an attempt to look beyond its spatial distribution to more generalizable patterns . The results refer to figures 1-5 in the appendix . The data displays a clear positive relationship between poverty rate and Gini index . A more equal distribution is associated with a lower poverty rate ( Figure A . 1 appendix ) . However , what is also clear from this Figure is that at any particular poverty rate there is heterogeneity across provinces and districts in terms of inequality outcomes . Although Vietnam remains a rural country , the urbanization process has been accelerating in recent years . About 30 percent of people now reside in urban areas ( General Statistics Office , 2011 ) . Overall , urban areas tend to have lower poverty , and as a result it is a general tendency that poverty is lower as the urban population share increases ( Ravallion et al . , 2007 ) . In Vietnam , poverty is negatively correlated with the urban population share at the provincial and district level ( Figure A . 2 Appendix ) . Also , poverty is substantially higher in areas with large concentrations of ethnic minorities ( Figure A . 3 Appendix ) . This finding relates to the earlier one that the poor are now concentrated in Northern mountain and central highlands where there are large population shares of such ethnic minorities . It also follows that poverty rates are higher in areas with low population and low population density ( Figures A . 4 and A . 5 Appendix ) . # * * 5 . The 2009 inequality and wealth maps * * We now turn , briefly , to the spatial distribution of inequality across provinces and districts . Table A . 9 in the Appendix presents the Gini index and the ratio of the 90 < sup > th < / sup > to 10 < sup > th < / sup > expenditure percentile ( a measure of “ absolute ” inequality ) for all provinces . In addition , we also estimate the percentage of people belonging to the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to remain a relatively invisible group , even though they constitute the largest group of all forcibly displaced populations . But available evidence indicates that , in many conflict-affected countries , internal displacement has put huge strains on already inadequate educational infrastructure . In Nigeria , for instance , violent attacks on civilians by Boko Haram have since 2009 left widespread devastation in the northeast of Nigeria , with approximately 2 million IDPs ( IDMC , 2014a ) . By early 2016 , an estimated 952 , 029 school-age children had fled the violence ( HRW , 2016 ) . The International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) ’ s Displacement Tracking Matrix reported that in 19 out of 42 displacement camps in six states , children did not have access to any formal or non-formal education facilities in June 2015 ( IOM , 2015 ) . In Iraq , the conflict between armed groups and government forces has escalated rapidly and resulted in around 3 million IDPs as of 2014 ( IDMC , 2015 ) . At the end of the academic year in July 2015 , only 32 % of internally displaced children and adolescents had access to any form of education , which left about 600 , 000 of them missing an entire year of schooling . The enrolment rate of the 78 , 000 IDP children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 living in camps stands at only 45 % . The situation for 730 , 000 IDP children and adolescents not in camps is even worse , with only 30 % having access to education . In Dohuk Governorate , 63 % of children had missed 6 to 12 months of schooling and 11 % had lost over a year of learning ( OCHA , 2015a ) .", "spans": [{"start": 652, "end": 680, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 3 - * * thereafter would be standardized and gradually reduced . * * All * * imports were in fact subject to import control and during the two years up to the approval of * * SAL * * II , the Government reformed the system of licensing and removed the arrangement * * by * * which local manufacturers had to indicate they had no objection before import licenses were granted for competing goods . - * * ( b ) * * To encourage exports the system of export compensation would be improved and export insurance and financing would be considered . The rate of compensation payments was raised but after study an export insurance scheme was rejected . - ( c ) To improve external debt management and limit debt service payments , a full debt service recording system was to be set up and annual external borrowing programs prepared . With technical assistance from * * IDA * * a new debt recording office was set up and the first external borrowing plan prepared in * * 1982 . * * - * * ( d ) * * The level and structure of interest rates was to be examined with a view to encouraging saving and profitable investment . Subsequently commercial bank savings deposit rates and lending rates were raised several times . - ( e ) To provide a realistic framework for public expenditure in the three fiscal years ending in * * 1982 / 83 * * the Forward Budget was to be recast . In the event a forward budget was prepared for the three years ending * * _1983 / 84 , _ * * but even this was incomplete and was based on department submissions of varying quality . * * 6 . * * The agreed program was conceived as the first phase of a more comprehensive structural adjustment process and , if successful , was to be followed * * by * * further SALs over a span of several years . The Borrower was found to be firmly committed to the program and carried out most of the measures in the Letter of Intent albeit with substantial delays . In * * 1982 * *", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 766, "text": "debt service recording system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET : Agricultural Growth Program ( P113032 ) drought that impacted the country , which was described by the ICR \" as the worst in 50 years . \" On the positive side the results reported in the ICR ( p . 20 , para 41 ) showed that the agricultural yield index for the average AGP beneficiary was 56 % higher than for the average household that did not benefit from the project . Compared to the average non-beneficiary household , the crop and milk yields for project beneficiaries were 58 and 43 % higher , respectively . Similarly , female-headed households who benefited from AGP interventions had 52 % percent higher crop yields and 41 % higher milk yields compared to nonbeneficiary female-headed households . While youth headed households who benefited from the project showed a 44 % increase in milk yields compared to non-beneficiary youth headed households , the results did not show a significant impact on agriculture productivity . With regards to increasing participation of women and youth . The impact of the project on women was expected to be captured through a specific analysis of women ’ s activities ( dairy ; sheep and goats ; poultry ; and possibly backyard vegetables ) . While the project did a commendable effort to record gender disaggregated data for various activities , \" many livestock-related activities , such as animal fattening , were not assessed because they were not captured in the household data \" ( ICR , p . 19 , para 40 ) . Women participation in training activities was generally lower than expected . For example , only 57 women participated in an experience sharing event after crop harvest which was planned for 556 women . Similarly , only 603 women attended a capacity building training designed for 1 , 139 women . The ICR ( p . 50 , para 24 ) attributed the low participation of women to the time constraint faced by women given their multiple roles in the household , including cooking", "spans": [{"start": 1340, "end": 1365, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1512, "end": 1526, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "particularly appealing as it is more readily comparable across different group definitions as a result of the normalization by maximum BGI . < sup > 23 < / sup > # * * 3 . Evidence * * Expressing observed between-group inequality as a fraction of the maximum possible BGI can provide additional insight in the analysis of inequality . Figures 4-6 decompose inequality on the basis of three different sub-group definitions for a number of developed and developing countries . Our data come from nationally representative household surveys from each of the countries and all refer to a year during the 1990s . We consider three ways of breaking down the population in each country : by social group membership , rural-urban location of residence , and education of household head ( not all countries ’ data permit a breakdown along all three dimensions , however ) . Of these groups , only social group membership ( which loosely refers to racial , ethnic , or caste breakdown relevant to each country ) can be truly considered as a ‘ circumstance ’ or a predetermined characteristic , and as such consistent with measuring inequality of opportunity . In the rest of our empirical work , we would have ideally used _place of birth_ instead of _rural-urban residence_ , and _parents ’ education_ in place of _education of household head_ . However , many of the household surveys in our database do not permit us to break the population down by these circumstance variables , and hence the variables we use instead can be viewed at best as crude proxies for an individual ’ s circumstances . < sup > 24 < / sup > For each country and for each sub-group definition , the between-group share is calculated > 23 We are grateful to Sam Bowles for suggesting to us this interpretation of _Rb ́ . _ > 24 Such data on individual circumstances , of course , exists for an increasing number of countries . For example , drawing on the distinction between ‘ circumstance ’ and ‘ effort ’ variables in Roemer ’ s work on equality of opportunity , Bourguignon , Ferreira , and Menéndez ( 2003 ) uses a different method to decompose earnings inequality in Brazil into a", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 537, "text": "nationally representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1359, "end": 1376, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1800, "end": 1832, "text": "data on individual circumstances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "find that self employment allows a better balancing of home and work responsibility . For some workers , informality offers more flexibility and mobility opportunities than the patronage-tenuredbased formal sector , for instance , Bolivian indigenous workers do not face earnings gaps with respect to non-indigenous in informal jobs contrary to the formal sector . < sup > 9 < / sup > A sizable group of informal salaried workers would value at least partially the benefits that usually are tied with a formal labor contract , but they cannot afford these benefits due to their lower productivity and / or due to the fact that benefits are usually bundled with other undesired but costly programs . In this light , the equation of “ decent work ” to formal work is probably not helpful . The informal sector is very heterogeneous and maybe best approximated by an upward tier of largely voluntarily informal workers ( including most selfemployed and some informal salaried ) and a smaller lower tier for which the sector functions as a safety net . The relative size of these groups may vary across countries depending on overall productivity levels and labor institutions . * * _The relative size of the informal sector is , in the long run , related to demographic and productivity related factors rather than to distortions . _ * * Crude regressions using pooled OECD / LAC data sets show that the relationship of the share of self employment and formal sector productivity is log linear and most of the variance is driven by demographic variables , suggesting the that decision to go into self employment is partly driven by the opportunity cost measured in terms of formal employment foregone . Firing cost measures and social security taxes appears significant but of second order . < sup > 10 < / sup > Wage gaps between workers in small and large firms in the region are similar to those in the U . S ( IDB 2004 ) . * * _In the short to medium term , sector size does reflect the macro economic situation and how much adjustment occurs through quantities v . real wages and the incentives of firms to become formal . _ * * The large expansion of the sector", "spans": [{"start": 1366, "end": 1386, "text": "OECD / LAC data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The role of structural reforms in raising economic growth in Central America . ” _IMF Working Papers_ ( 2011 ) : 1-20 . * * Williamson , John . * * “ What Washington means by policy reform . ” In John Williamson , ed . , _Latin American Adjustment : How Much Has Happened ? _ , Washington DC : Institute for International Economics ( 1990 ) * * Williamson , John . * * “ What should the World Bank think about the Washington Consensus ? . ” _World Bank Research Observer 15 . 2_ ( 2000 ) : 251-264 . * * Winter , Carolyn , and T . H . Gindling . * * “ Women ' s labor force participation and earnings in Honduras . ” Case Studies on Women ’ s Employment and Pay in Latin America . Washington , DC , United States : World Bank ( 1992 ) . * * World Bank . * * “ World development indicators . ” The World Bank , Washington DC ( 2019 ) . * * World Bank . * * “ World Bank country and lending groups . ” The World Bank , Washington DC ( 2020 ) . 35", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as to whether “ satisfactory progress ” was made in these sectors - - were linked to the annual sector reviews , which were established ministerial processes involving ministry staff and development partners . The sector review process was built upon a series of technical reviews , design reviews for sub-sector issues , consultations for drafting sector budgets , as well as surveys and management information systems to gauge progress regularly . Using these inputs , these annual Sector Reviews assess the performance for the previous year , identify gaps and decide on priorities for the following years . In practice , this process tended to be not particularly rigorous and most of the triggers did not refer to any specific indicators , but the sector reviews are nationally driven and the DPs had little voice or leverage over them ( although they did reserve the right to draw their own conclusions regarding the Government ’ s performance ) . Again , the Bank ’ s commitments ( beginning under the preceding series of operations ) to use national systems as much as possible , involved a trade-off whereby the rigor of the assessments was somewhat reduced . Nonetheless , the team continued to make clear to the Government the Bank ’ s discomfort as to how national assessments were made , and the 2008 and 2009 PERs on education and health served as realistic , fact-based inputs into the sector policy dialogue . * * Complementarity with Other Bank Programs : * * The PRSCs were designed to facilitate reforms and complement the implementation of sector-specific projects under each Pillar . Under Pillar 4 ( Governance ) , for example , PRSC efforts to improve governance , fight corruption , and increase efficiency in the public sector was were complemented , _inter alia_ , by the Second Economic and Financial Management Project ( EFMP II ) , the Second Local Government Development Project , and the Local Government Management and Service Project ( with a component for Financial Management and Accountability – FINMAP ) . < sup > 34 < / sup > * * Donor Harmonization :", "spans": [{"start": 1323, "end": 1351, "text": "PERs on education and health", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > Table 10 shows the budget shares for each of the categories of good and services using both the standardized and national consumption aggregates . This table shows that Maldivian households only spend 37 percent of consumption expenditure on food on average , and 53 percent on nonfood non-durables . < / mark > < sup > 18 < / sup > < mark > Households in the rest of the countries spend between 43 to 59 percent of their consumption expenditure on food , and somewhere between 19 to 32 percent on non-food , non-durables . The countries spend less than 10 percent of their consumption on health , and on education and durable goods respectively . Housing , which includes rent , imputed rent ( if included in the national consumption aggregate ) , and expenditure on utilities , shows wide variation , from a low of 6 percent for Nepal to as high as 33 percent in Maldives . < / mark > < mark > Within India , rural households spend 8 percentage points more on food , reflecting lower levels of well-being in rural India . There is some difference between housing expenditures - while rural Indian households report spending 12 percent of their average budget on housing , urban India spends 16 percent ( excluding imputed rent ) . This implies that much of the differences in poverty rates between rural India and the rest of South Asia is driven by the lack of housing expenditure ( imputed rent ) data in the national consumption aggregate for rural India . < / mark > * * Table * * * * < u > 9 . Average daily per capita expenditure by category of goods and services ( USD 2011 PPP ) < / u > * * | | | * * Banglade * * | * * sh * * | * * Bhutan * * | | * * India * * | | * * Maldives * * | * * Neal * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * Sri * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 27 . 3 % ) . Romania also stands out when undeclared work is measured in terms of total labor input , with one of the highest shares of the EU ( European Commission , 2017 ) . The standard dual economy models of labor market segmentation suggest increasing the minimum wage can drive the least productive workers from the formal sector into the informal one . However , other effects may be observed . Gindling ( 2018 ) contends that certain evidence suggests wage hikes in the informal sector due to \" lighthouse effects , \" where employers compete for workers with the formal sector , resulting in higher wages and reduced employment in the informal sector . In contrast , other studies , such as Papps ( 2012 ) and Carneiro and Corseuil ( 2001 ) , have found no discernible impact on wages in the informal sector . * * The empirical literature examining the impact of the minimum wage on employment is extensive , yielding a range of mixed findings ; research focused on the least-skilled workers reveals more * * > 6 < mark > Due to constraints binding workers to particular firms , hiring additional workers increases the cost of existing ones . Consequently , market-driven employment may drop below the economically efficient competitive level . Furthermore , in the monopsony model , a minimum wage can occasionally result in increased employment . < / mark > > 7 For example , the EU-LFS allow distinguishing between permanent and temporary contracts . However , it does not allow identification of workers without a contract . > 8 The World Bank has constructed an informal database of informality covering up to 196 economies over the period 1990-2020 , but Romania was not included . https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / research / brief / informal-economy-database 9 The ILO publishes a database with global statistics on informal employment , but Romania estimates are not available . < u > https : / / ilostat . ilo . org / topics / informality / # , . < / u > 7", "spans": [{"start": 1577, "end": 1609, "text": "informal database of informality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1806, "end": 1860, "text": "database with global statistics on informal employment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial performance reports and audited financial statements to their parent ministries / bureaus , but the preparation of consolidated fiscal risk reports are not yet prepared . Access by the public to fiscal information has improved but not for all Regions . Internet connectivity issues that have surfaced since the 2010 assessment have held back progress , but these are a national issue and entirely out of the control of regional governments . Implementation of the Financial Transparency and Accountability Program ( FTAP ) , which started in 2009 and still is on-going , has done much to strengthen transparency . - * * _Policy based budgeting_ * * - There still continues to be robust annual budget preparation systems in most places , BoFEDs and sector bureaus in the other regions met by the assessment team all seemed to have no issues concerning the annual budget preparation process . A medium-term perspective to budgeting aligned to GTP is being established at regions but rather slowly though primarily due to capacity constraints . MoF is leading the process , mainly through the establishment of a program budgeting framework as an integral part of the MTEF . It is now being piloted in SNNPRG , which ironically is where capacity constraints are very demanding . - * * _Revenue Administration : _ * * Revenue administration performance is still generally good and has strengthened , thereby providing additional financing for the provision of public services . The main improvement since the 2010 assessment has been under taxpayer education . Also , performance is strengthening on registration system controls due to the rolling out of the biometric finger printing system ; the roll out of electronic cash register systems-linked central treasury accounts ; the beneficial impact of the strengthened taxpayer educations ; and the periodic surveys . The tax audit function is gradually strengthening with increasing focus being placed on risk assessment as the basis for auditee selection , but capacity constraints have limited this pace . In regard to the effectiveness of tax collection , the system for monitoring tax debts has greatly improved through its incorporation into automate direct taxes software system (", "spans": [{"start": 1855, "end": 1871, "text": "periodic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where a government might be a real or perceived contributor to displacement or is harboring an overt or covert policy to reduce the number of refugees in the country . With limited results in including FDPs in national sampling frames , alternative approaches remain necessary . The UNHCR , the World Bank and numerous scholars and practitioners worldwide are experimenting with satellite images and phone surveys to try detecting refugee and IDP populations that may escape the UNHCR and national registers with some initial encouraging results . In Lebanon , Jordan and the Kurdistan region of Iraq , Aguilera et al . ( 2020 ) designed sampling strategies for Syrian refugees with known ex-ante selection probabilities . They used a variety of data sources , including data collected by humanitarian agencies , and also employed geospatial segmenting to create enumeration areas where they did not exist . Systematic field experiments are also underway to test different sampling approaches for IDPs living in camps . For example , Himelein , Pape and Wild ( forthcoming ) compare the performance of five alternative sampling approaches ( satellite mapping , segmentation , grid squares , “ Qibla method , ” and random walk ) . Different indicators are assessed including household size , consumption , poverty and ownership of assets . Using empirical evidence from a field experiment in an IDP camp in South Sudan , the total survey error of each sampling approach is compared to a census , allowing for the disaggregation of the total error into sampling and non-sampling components . One of the main findings is that the implementation of all approaches suffers from over-estimation of household sizes caused by a systematic tendency of enumerators to select larger households because they are more likely to find an adult respondent . Such studies with a focus on ground truthing remain important to validate sampling approaches for displaced communities . Sampling FDPs outside camps faces a different challenge , especially when a list-based approach is not possible . FDPs can be spread in low density across a larger population requiring an area-based adaptive sampling approach . The approach continues to list additional enumeration areas systematically selected , e . g . , by selecting neighboring enumeration areas , until a sufficient number of FDPs are", "spans": [{"start": 771, "end": 810, "text": "data collected by humanitarian agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "food items have also expanded with the shift to settlement , which the influx of highlanders has also helped . The main crops that are grown in Lare woreda are maize , sweet potato , sesame and peanuts , which are produced in two farming seasons , using rain-fed and flood-receding farming . An estimated 90 % of the land is flat and suitable for farming . The Nuer community keeps mixed herds of cattle , sheep and goats . Lare woreda is the newly targeted woreda of DRDIP-II . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 4 . Somali National Regional State * * The Somali Regional State is easternmost of the eleven regions of Ethiopia . The regional state borders Afar , Oromia and the Dire Dawa City to the west , as well as Djibouti and Somaliland to the north and northeast , Somalia to the east and south and Kenya to the southwest . The region is divided in to 9 Administrative Zones ; Afder , Degehabur , Fik , Gode , Jigjiga , Korahe , Liben , Shinile and Werder and 54 Woredas . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA , the Somali Region has a total population of 5 , 748 , 998 , consisting of 3 , 094 , 002 male and 2 , 654 , 996 female and urban inhabitants of 838 , 000 ( 14 . 58 % ) and 4 , 911 , 00 rural inhabitants . From the total population of the region 4 , 911 , 000 ( 85 . 42 % ) are pastoralists communities . With an estimated area of 279 , 252 square kilometers , this region has an estimated population density of 20 . 59 people per square kilometer . Ethnic groups include Somalis more than 97 % , next Amhara , Oromo , and Gurages . Other major languages included Amharic , and Oromifa . 98 . 4 % of the population is Muslim , 0 . 6 % Orthodox Christian and 1", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 1018, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * review of imprest records revealed < sup > thatatotalofKshs . 497 , 000waspaidin < / sup > _Report of the Auditor-General on Judicial Performance_ < sup > _Improvement Project-_ < / sup > < sup > * * _IDA_ * * < / sup > < sup > _Credit No . 5181-KE for the year_ < / sup > _ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , _ * * _2019 - _ * * _The Judiciary_ 2", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 29, "text": "imprest records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10864 # * * Abstract * * Laws and regulations represent a central tool for governments to achieve policy objectives , and they also represent a fundamental condition for making desirable individual and business decisions . While laws and regulations regularly have to be adapted to changing circumstances , frequent and sudden modifications indicate legislative unpredictability and are expected to impose considerable costs on citizens and businesses . Legislative predictability is assumed to be the consequence of high-quality laws , and existing evidence shows that regulatory management systems indeed impact legislative predictability . This paper proposes and implements an innovative legislative big data analytics approach to measuring legislative predictability in the Kingdom of Jordan and selected global comparator countries . It also maps out the feasibility of such an approach for the wider Middle East and North Africa region . Legislative data gathered from official government sources point to the high frequency of modifications in Jordan compared to a wide range of countries where data are available Around 10 to 15 percent of the original laws have been modified within 24 months of enactment over the past 20 years . In addition to prevalent modifications of new laws , even older laws face a comparatively high risk of modification in Jordan . Additional data collection following the template outlined in this paper could deliver a comparative data set , enabling a better understanding of the drivers and trends of legislative predictability and hence better evidence-based policies . This paper is a product of the Governance Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at FazekasM @ ceu . edu , BrennerD @ ceu . edu and pladegaard @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished", "spans": [{"start": 975, "end": 991, "text": "Legislative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 236 | 6 , 939 , 667 | 14 , 337 , 250 | 32 , 820 , 500 | 83 , 057 , 000 | 824 , 328 , 000 | | Financial < br > cooperatives < br > * * _Total active accts_ * * | 429 , 409 < br > * * _306 , 791_ * * | 6 , 775 , 080 < br > * * _6 , 577 , 066_ * * | 13 , 558 , 793 < br > * * _12 , 987 , 120_ * * | 27 , 872 , 800 < br > * * _27 , 912 , 376_ * * | 68 , 375 , 462 < br > * * _55 , 461 , 244_ * * | 242 , 573 , 867 < br > * * _1 , 042 , 339 , 394_ * * | _Source : Own calculations based on Superintendencia Bancaria data Note : Inactive accounts are those which have not been used in the past six months_ 22 . * * Following the banking crisis , the relative supply of loan services has changed . * * The total amount of gross loans in the period 1998-2003 has remained flat at around COP53 trillion . However , commercial loans increased by 18 % over this period and now account for over 60 % of available credit . In contrast , mortgage loans suffered a reduction of 38 % between 1998-2003 . The decline in mortgage lending is a direct result of the crisis , as asset problems in the mortgage sector and the closing of - 17 Exchange rate of 1US $ = COP2 , 585 ( as of October 27 , 2004 ) . > 18 Minimum monthly salary in Colombia for year 2004 is COP358 , 000 , or US $ 138 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 517, "text": "Superintendencia Bancaria data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ministry of Water and Energy_ _Page 3-22_ # # # # # # * * 3 . 4 GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE * * # # # # # # * * _3 . 4 . 1 . 1 General_ * * The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is administered through a hierarchical system as follows : - Regions ( National Regional States ) - Zones ( within Regions ) - Woredas ( similar to districts ) - Kebeles ( similar to parishes ) The powers of regional governments include establishment of a State administration that advances self ­ government and democratic order , protection of the Federal Constitution , enactment of the State constitutions and subordinate laws ; formulation and execution of economic , social and development poliCies , strategies and plans of the State ; administration of land and other natural resources in accordance with Federal laws and establishment and administration of the state police force ; maintaining public order and peace within the State . The Federal Government and the States have concurrent power on matters of taxation . Accordingly , they jointly levy and collect profit , sales , excise and personal income taxes on enterprises they jOintly establish . They also jointly levy and collect taxes on the profits of companies , on dividends due to shareholders , on incomes derived from large-scale mining and all petroleum and gas operations , and royalties on such operations ( GoE 2006 ) . As stated in the RIDP FS , at the regional level , the Bureau of Water Resources Development is mandated to , among other things , supervise the balanced distribution and utilization of the region ' s water resources for various types of service , grant permits to and supervise waterworks engaged in the construction of dams and other works for the use of the water resources of the region , and collect charges for water use . Other relevant offices include the agriculture and rural development , health , investment , and tourism and culture offices , and Lake Tana marine transport office . # # # # # # * * _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # * * 11 Livelihood Restoration Measures and Plan * * # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 Background , Objective and Rationale * * # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 1 Background * * The socio-economic baseline survey and census enumeration and property registration - conducted for the proposed Asela – Arsi Robe 132 kV Power Transmission Line and Substation Subproject indicated that its implementation would affect livelihood assets ( physical , natural , social , human and financial ) of about 361 households currently residing within the Overhead Transmission Line ( OHTL ) . Like many other infrastructure development projects , the adverse impacts of the Subproject extend beyond mere land acquisition and affect residential houses and land-based livelihoods and assets of PAPs . This means that the Subproject involves both physical as well as economic displacement of project affected households ( PAPs ) . According to results of the census enumeration and property registration 188 households will lose about 5 . 2974 ha of farmland . The land acquisition for the Substation is estimated to be 4 . 6757 ha , while tower pads affect 0 . 6012 ha of farmland and 0 . 0576 ha of grazing land , whereas 0 . 0205 ha of farmland is going to be impacted for construction of access road to the substation site . PAPs affected by the proposed Subproject are largely farmers ( mixed farming ) and this LRP is prepared for PAPs affected by the proposed substation and associated TL Subproject . # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 1 . 1 Overview of Livelihood Systems * * The following are some of the salient features of livelihoods systems that characterize the proposed the Subproject areas : - The Subproject is located in primarily agricultural ( mixed farming ) livelihood system , - Average landholding size in", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 349, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 354, "end": 398, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1077, "end": 1121, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". and Koch , S . ( 2018 ) . ’ Exploring child poverty and inequality in postapartheid South Africa : A multidimensional perspective ’ , _Journal of Poverty and Social Justice_ , 26 ( 3 ) , pp . 417 – 437 . - Pape , U . J . , Petrini , B . , and Iqbal , S . A . ( 2018 ) . _Informing Durable Solutions by Microdata : A Skills Survey for Refugees in Ethiopia_ ( English ) . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . - - < u > http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 996221531249711200 / Informing durable-solutions-by-micro-data-a-skills-survey-for-refugees-in-Ethiopia . < / u > 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 2 . 2 Estimating the relationship between management practices and performance To test the relationship between establishments ’ management scores and performance metrics , we run the following OLS regression : Where y � , � , � is the outcome variable — the performance of establishment , i , operating in sector , j , and country , c . In our analysis performance is measured either as an establishment ’ s labor productivity — log of sales per worker , or total factor productivity — the portion of output that is not explained by the amount of inputs used ( which , due to data constraints , can be calculated for manufacturing establishments only ) . MGT � , � , � is the establishment ’ s management practices score , and the coefficient β � � � describes the relationship between management and performance — a positive coefficient indicates that a higher management score is associated with improved performance . X � , � , � represents a vector of establishment ‐ level characteristics that we control for ; the variables included in the vector X � , � , � are those that may be related to both management practices and to productivity , and so we include them to disentangle their effects from the impact of management , per se . These are establishment size ( measured in terms of the number of employees ) ; exporting status ; multinational status ; whether the establishment is part of a multi ‐ establishment firm ; the establishment ’ s legal status ( sole proprietorship , limited liability company , etc . ) ; the top manager ’ s years of experience in the sector ; and the gender of the top manager . D � and D � represent country and sector dummies respectively and , finally , ε � , � , � is the error term . # 3 . Data and descriptive statistics # # 3 . 1 World Bank Enterprise Survey data Our data are from a recent wave of the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) that were implemented in seven Latin American economies in 2017 — Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru and Uruguay . The", "spans": [{"start": 1781, "end": 1814, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1854, "end": 1883, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # # # # # * * 3 . Socio-economic Description of Project Affected Historically Underserved Regions and Communities * * As per the provisions in Article 89 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , Somali , Afar , Benishangul-Gumuz , Gambella , and parts of Oromia and South Ethiopia regions are recognized as the least advantaged in economic and social development . The pastoral and agro-pastoral communities living in these areas are recognized as Historically Underserved Communities ( HUCs ) . The proposed Governance Modernization Project affects all the regions and communities recognized as socioeconomically disadvantaged or historically underserved . The discussions that follow provide socioeconomic descriptions of these regions and communities . # # # # # 3 . 2 Somali Region The Ethiopian Somali region is located in the south-eastern part of the country sharing borders with the Afar region , the Republic of Djibouti and the de facto state of Somaliland in the north , Kenya in the south , Oromia region in the west , and mainland Somalia in the east and south . The region has a land size of 350 , 000 km < sup > 2 < / sup > comprising nine administrative zones and 68 woredas . Based on the Central Statistical Agency Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions ( 2017 ) , the Somali region has a total population of 5 , 748 , 998 ( 3 , 094 , 002 male and 2 , 654 , 996 female ) . Of the total population , 4 , 911 , 000 ( 2 , 643 , 000 male and 2 , 268 , 000 female ) are rural population while 838 , 000 ( 451 , 000 male and 387 , 000 female ) are urban population . The Somali region occupies 52 % of the total pastoral communities in Ethiopia . It is the region with the largest livestock population as well . According to the Ethiopian Livestock and Livestock Characteristics Survey ( 2021", "spans": [{"start": 1869, "end": 1925, "text": "Ethiopian Livestock and Livestock Characteristics Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- iv . Development and dissemination of referral directories : County-specific referral directories will be prepared and shared with SEA / SH focal points , project staff , contractors , and communities . - v . Integration into project materials : Referral pathways will be integrated into community sensitization programs , awareness campaigns , and GRM communication materials to ensure accessibility and visibility . - vi . Funding arrangements : Operational costs for service providers , including personnel , transport , and other service delivery expenses , is be budgeted for under SEA / SH component to ensure uninterrupted service provision . Periodic updates to the referral directories will be undertaken annually to maintain accuracy , relevance , and accessibility of services across all project locations . # # # * * 5 . 7 SEA-SH Reporting Process * * The process of handling a SEA-SH complaint will include ; ( i ) The person that receives the complaint / report will inform KEWASIP national PCU ( NPCU ) immediately ; ( ii ) The NPCU will facilitate for any required emergency support and care in coordination with the designated SEA-SH service provider and simultaneously refers the case to the service provider ; and , the NPCU shall inform the World Bank of the SEA-SH incident within 48hours . Due to the sensitivity of SEA-SH incidents , the only information to be obtained from the complainant will be : - i . demographic data , such as age , gender and name ( optional ) ; - ii . the nature of the complaint ( what the complainant says in her / his own - words ) ; iii . whether the complainant believes the perpetrator was related to the project ; and - iv . Whether they received or were offered referral services . 42", "spans": [{"start": 1432, "end": 1448, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the customs duties collection ( which is primarily of interest to customs ) but indirectly in the whole port clearance processes . In this section we intend to make use of explanatory statistics to analyze shipment level data collected through ASYCUDA by customs administration and test the assumptions and findings presented in previous sections and recalled in table 12 below . Different models are tested and areas for further research are identified . | * * Factor * * | * * Type * * | * * Impact * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Fiscal regime * * | Shipment specific | High fiscal pressure leads to high dwell time | | * * Bulking of containers * * | Shipment specific | LCL containers stay longer in the port | | * * Density of value * * | Shipment specific | Higher value leads to higher dwell time | | * * Commodity type * * | Shipment specific | Commodity category is a crucial determinant | | * * Concentration of C & F market * * | External Factor | Dominant C & F players have a low < br > performance | | * * Low volume per operation * * | External Factor | Lack of regularity leads to poor performance | | * * Concentration of shipping flows * * | External Factor | Disruption in ship arrivals leads to discrete < br > behaviors | * * Table 12 – Early assumptions about determinants of long dwell times * * # * * Parametric fit using continuous distributions * * We first attempt to fit the distribution of container dwell times using parametric asymmetric distributions of continuous data with positive values . The analysis of cargo dwell time qualifies as survival analysis since the research output is the expected time at which cargo will exit the port ( continuous positive values with right-censoring patterns < sup > 30 < / sup > ) . Such methods have not been successful however at this stage . Univariate analysis shows for example that standard parametric distributions ( Gamma , Lognormal , and Weibull ) are not fitting the dwell time data well . Data", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 225, "text": "shipment level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 244, "end": 251, "text": "ASYCUDA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1956, "end": 1971, "text": "dwell time data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we have seen for income poverty . In Mexican cities that are larger than 500 , 000 inhabitants , the incidence of stunting and of underweight among children is 9 % . In the case of stunting the incidence rises monotonically as cities decline in size . Amongst the smallest cities ( of less than 10 , 000 inhabitants ) the incidence is as high as 16 % . In the case of underweight , the incidence also rises , but less markedly : from 9 % in the largest cities to 11 % in the small cities . The higher incidence of child malnutrition in small towns also translates into more malnourished children : 27 % of stunted children in urban > 20 Fujii ( forthcoming ) adapts the Elbers et al procedure for the estimation of anthropometric outcomes and applies this methodology to Cambodia . Rascón adapts this procedure further to apply it to Mexican data .", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 846, "text": "Mexican data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This section of the paper discusses some of the stylized facts found after analyzing the census information for 12 countries in Latin America , as well as their correspondent harmonized household surveys . # * * 3 . 1 . The evolution of growth and poverty in Latin America * * Economic growth in the region was an important driver for reducing poverty and improving the lives of many poor people during the last 50 years . The trend of the gross domestic product ( GDP ) in the LAC region was positive during half a century , although growth in the LAC region lagged other economies in the globe , such as the Four Asian Tigers . < sup > 5 < / sup > At the same time , during the last 20 years the increase in GDP has been accompanied by a decline in poverty rates at the regional level ( Figure 1 ) , although recent weakening of economic conditions during 2015 and 2016 were accompanied by a relative slowdown of the social gains in the region ( World Bank , 2016a ) . Over the last decade , poverty reduction in LAC was driven mainly by economic growth , such that weak economic conditions in 2015 and 2016 raised concern on the challenge faced by further reductions in poverty and the growth of the middle class ( World Bank , 2016a ) . Along with the reduction in poverty rates , improvement in other welfare indicators associated with development outcomes suggests that inequality has also been falling ( the Gini index declined from 0 . 57 to 0 . 51 5 The Four Asian Tigers are Hong Kong SAR , China ; Singapore ; the Republic of Korea ; and Taiwan , Chian , which experienced and maintained high growth rates between the early 1960s and the 1990s . 9", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 141, "text": "census information for 12 countries in Latin America", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 175, "end": 203, "text": "harmonized household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are not necessarily poorer . < sup > 16 < / sup > For these reasons , the impact on the overall distribution is muted as shown by the GIC 1 , the dashed line in Figure 3 . < sup > 17 < / sup > > 14 Note , however , that this effect cannot be currently assessed given the data limitations of the available household survey where income from capital is not accurately measured . > 15 Because of the segmentation , two separate wages are clearing the rural ( agriculture ) and urban ( non ‐ agriculture ) segments . The urban premium , i . e . the ratio of the wage of unskilled workers in non ‐ agriculture sectors over that of unskilled workers in agriculture is initially equal to 1 . 3 . A labor migration function allows for some imperfect mobility across segments and this , together with sectoral demand for labor , determines the shift in the urban premium shown in Table 1 . > 16 Moving workers are identified using a probit estimation , as explained in the methodological section , see the Appendix for more details . > 17 The line ‘ GIC 1 ’ in the figure almost overlaps with the horizontal straight line that intercepts the vertical axis at ‐ 6 . 9 . This horizontal line represents the average percentage welfare loss , i . e . the loss that everyone would incur were the shock uniformly distributed . The case represented by GIC 1 takes into account the losses of displaced unskilled workers , but the impact is minor , visible only because of the small blips on the GIC 1 line . 16", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 321, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) ICR DOCUMENT the national team involved in AGP2 . Consequently , the \" without project \" situation in the crop models could not assume that all farmers would start from traditional practices ; rather , it assumed some use of the proposed improved practices and higher yields than those obtained under traditional practices . The Project intervention aimed to allow smallholders to enhance access to ( a ) improved technologies ( use of improved certified seeds , higher doses of fertilizers , pooled mechanization services ) ; ( b ) output markets ; ( c ) financial services ; and ( d ) higher yields . 18 . To avoid the risk of overestimating revenue / cash income under each crop model , it was assumed that surpluses were sold at different times and prices after harvest for both scenarios , \" without project \" and \" with project \" . In both situations , various shares of the surplus production would be marketed : a ) the largest share of the surplus would be sold at harvest ( at the lowest price as per available market data ) ; b ) a smaller share after short storage - maximum 1-2 months ( at medium price ) ; and c ) a limited share after 2-5 months storage - depending on crop types - at a peak price during the lean season . Thanks to increased marketing opportunities offered to smallholders , increased cash incomes and savings capacity , lesser dependence on collectors , and reduced pressure to sell at harvest to meet urgent expenses , it was assumed that the share of surpluses sold at higher prices after storage would increase in the \" with project \" situation . 19 . Based on the crop models and the actual cropping patterns used by the farmers at completion , a rainfed farm model of 0 . 8 hectares was constructed . The model showed substantial increases in total net income and cash income . In the “ with project ” situation , net income increased by 30 % from ETB 41 , 368 to ETB 54", "spans": [{"start": 1091, "end": 1102, "text": "market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6313 # * * Abstract * * Utilizing four-dimensional ( firm-product-destinationyear ) Brazilian firm-level export data , the paper shows that antidumping ( AD ) duties result in a significant and dramatic increase in the unit values of the products that firms export to duty-imposing countries . Furthermore , it examines the effect of potential ( retaliatory ) AD duties on the unit price of the firms ’ shipments . The findings suggest that AD activities in Brazil lead Brazilian exporting firms to increase their unit export prices for the named industries ’ products to decrease the dumping margin and avoid the threat of retaliation by the target countries . This paper is a product of the Partnerships , Capacity Building Unit , Development Economics Vice Presidency . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at veysel . avsar @ antalya . edu . tr . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 146, "text": "Brazilian firm-level export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thematic report | 28 December 2023 # # * * FORCED EVICTION FIGURES * * According to data from the Global Camp Coordination and Camp Management ( CCCM ) Cluster and the NPC , more households residing in rented accommodation experience eviction threats than those in managed IDP sites . In December 2023 , 29 % of households in privately rented accommodations received eviction threats , compared to only 7 % in managed IDP sites ( UNHCR unpublished ; UNHCR accessed 06 / 12 / 2023 ) . Map 1 . Number of households evicted from IDP sites by district , January – September 2023 Source : UNHCR ( accessed 06 / 12 / 2023 ) Figure 1 . Households in rental accommodation ( left ) compared to households in IDP sites ( right ) who received eviction threats from July – December 2023 Source : UNHCR ( unpublished ) According to the CCCM tracker , in 2023 , the five districts with the highest number of IDP households evicted from hosting sites were Al Ma ’ afer ( Ta ’ iz governorate ) , Dar Sa ’ d ( Aden ) , Ma ’ rib City , Qatabah ( Ad Dali ) , and Tuban ( Lahj ) . Figure 2 . Districts with the highest number of households evicted from IDP sites , January – September 2023 Source : UNHCR ( accessed 06 / 12 / 2023 ) 2", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 835, "text": "CCCM tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Monitoring < br > / MIS | Regular < br > Reporting / M < br > IS | MUI and < br > MOWSA | | * * Institutional * * < br > * * strengthening , Project * * < br > * * Management and M & E * * < br > i | | | | | | | | | | | | Cities providing regular < br > quarterly progress < br > reports ( Percentage ) | 0 | 100 | 100 | 88 | 100 | 100 | Quarterly | Regular < br > Monitoring < br > / MIS | Regular < br > Monitoring / < br > MIS | MUI | | PW and PDS < br > beneficiaries included in < br > i | | | | | | | | PMT data < br > i | PMT data < br > i | | | i < br > the beneficiary registry < br > with full PMT data < br > ( Percentage ) | 0 | 100 | 100 | 94 | 94 | 94 | Quarterly | collection < br > system | collection < br > system | MUI | | Complaints to GRM < br > committees < br > satisfactorily addressed < br > within three months of < br > initial complaint being < br > recorded ( Percentage ) | 0 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | Annual | Process < br > evaluation | Process < br > evaluation | MUI | | Availability of Report on < br > Occupational Health < br > and Safety ( OHS ) < br > measures ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | yes | Quarterly | Project < br > Progress < br > Reports | Project < br > Progress < br > Reports | MUI | 36", "spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 522, "text": "PMT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 534, "end": 542, "text": "PMT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 571, "end": 591, "text": "beneficiary registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 5 Numerical Calibration To calibrate the model for Brazil , several data sources are used . The World Development Indicators ( WDI ) database of the World Bank , data from the 2009 National Household Sample Survey ( PNAD ) , produced by IBGE , and data available in published papers , as needed . On the household side , the annual discount rate is set at 0  03 , as in Glomm and Rioja ( 2004 ) . This implies that the discount factor is equal to 0  97 on a yearly basis . Interpreting a period as 25 years in this framework yields an intergenerational discount rate of 0  97 < sup > 25 < / sup > = 0  467 . To calibrate women ’ s bargaining power , as defined in equation ( 38 ) , requires setting six parameters :   , κ ̄ ,  < sup >  < / sup > ,  3 ,  4 , and   , and knowing the equilibrium value  < sup >    < / sup > . As discussed below , coefficients  3 and  4 are set equal to 0  7 and 0  1 , respectively , and  < sup >    < / sup > = 0  185 . The parameter   is set to a “ neutral ” value of   = 1 and   is set at 0  5 , to capture the fact that endogenous “ macro ” factors play only a limited role in determining women ’ s bargaining power . It is also assumed that there is some initial bias in mothers ’ rearing time allocation toward boys and therefore set  < sup >  < / sup > = 0  6 . The initial bargaining power of women κ is calibrated as in Agénor ( 2012a ) , by using the relative literacy rate of adult females ( ages 15 and above ) , divided by the sum of literacy rates of adult males and females – which can be viewed as a measure of the relative human capital of women . As noted earlier , this", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 126, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 178, "end": 215, "text": "2009 National Household Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these fixed and recent boundaries is useful because it allows us to analyze changes in the same area aiming to answer the question of how city form has changed through time . The Global Human Settlements population grid ( GHS-POP ) uses data from the Gridded Population of the World and reallocates these estimates using the GHS BUILT data set . An alternative would have been to use data from LandScan , which uses a proprietary algorithm to provide population estimates information on elevation , slope , and land cover , as well as locations of road and rail networks , hydrologic features and drainage systems , utility networks , airports , and populated urban places ( Henderson et al 2020 ) . While LandScan reports estimates of ambient population averaged throughout the day , GHS POP reports nighttime ( residential ) population estimates . The entire data set consists of 13 , 135 cities with at least 50 , 000 inhabitants in 2015 . The data set focuses on measures of city built-up and city population for four points in time : 1975 , 1990 , 2000 , and 2015 . It also includes other economic , geographic and environmental variables such as city GDP , elevation , precipitation and temperature , CO2 emissions , PM 2 . 5 emissions and concentration levels , for similar points in time . We construct a sample of cities that have recorded positive built-up and GDP since 1990 . We drop the 1975 layer as it potentially underestimates built-up areas due to the coarser resolution of the Landsat2 Multispectral Scanner ( 60m compared to 30m ) . Using the 1975 data would introduce an upward bias in city growth estimates . To further reduce measurement errors and avoid outliers , we drop cities with population less than 10 , 000 inhabitants in 1990 and 2000 , and those with a population / builtup coefficient larger than 500 , 000 in 1990 . This gives us a final sample of 9 , 468 cities , which includes cities of all sizes ( Table 1 ) . More than half the cities in the sample have less than 200 , 000 inhabitants . * * Table 1 : Distribution of Cities by City Size and Region * *", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 282, "text": "Gridded Population of the World", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 325, "end": 343, "text": "GHS BUILT data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 384, "end": 402, "text": "data from LandScan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 . 17 | 12 . 44 | 17 . 08 | 2 . 56 | | Rest of Sub - < br > Saharan < br > Africa | 0 . 13 | 13 . 43 | 86 . 01 | - 28 . 44 | - 32 . 15 | - 34 . 30 | | S . Asia < br > | 0 . 15 | - 2 . 41 | - 11 . 09 | 5 . 40 | - 3 . 76 | 8 . 89 | | Southern < br > Africa | - 0 . 11 | - 43 . 46 | - 2 . 49 | 25 . 86 | 0 . 04 | - 49 . 22 | | Tanzania | 1 . 00 | 18 . 60 | 15 . 84 | - 0 . 10 | - 13 . 10 | - 16 . 69 | | Uganda | 0 . 20 | 16 . 84 | - 25 . 59 | - 28 . 96 | - 3 . 22 | - 0 . 07 | | USA | - 0 . 01 | - 14 . 96 | - 0 . 47 | - 0 . 33 | 19 . 26 | - 40 . 63 | | W . Europe | 0 . 01 | - 8 . 69 | 0 . 74 | - 0 . 59 | 8 . 22 | 3 . 12 | | Zambia | 0 . 29 | - 29 . 00 | - 14 . 53 | - 22 . 26 | - 37 . 99 | - 22 . 64 | | Zimbabwe | - 0 . 13 | - 52 . 31 | 6 . 07 | - 14 . 77 | 1 . 90 | - 48 . 75 | Note : Global maize production time series data for the period 1971-2001 were obtained at the national level from FAOSTAT ( 2010 ) , and then de-trended using a statistical model that explains physical production of maize as a function of time . The time series of estimated residuals , expressed as percentages of predicted production , is taken to represent the percentage deviations of production from trend . Percent", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 830, "text": "Global maize production time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 Fauna * * Murchison Falls National Park is home is home to over 109 mammal species including the African Elephant , Hippopotamus , Giraffes , Antelopes , Buffalos , among others and over 451 bird species have been recorded in the park . A detailed description of the faunal species that were observed at the project sites is elaborated below ; # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 . 1 Mammals * * # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 . 1 . 1 Small mammals * * A total 3 small mammals belonging to order Rodentia were recorded . There was minimal to no ecosystem disturbance in the proposed sites , species such as _Rattus rattus_ is known to inhabit disturbed areas was only recorded in sites with existing housing facilities . * * _Table 13 : _ * * _Small Mammals identified in the project areas_ | * * Order * * | * * Family * * | * * Species name * * | * * IUCN * * < br > * * status * * | * * Conservation * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rodentia | Muridae | _Mus musculoides_ | LC | | | | Muridae | _Rattus rattus_ | LC | | | | Muridae | Aethomys hindei | LC | | # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 . 1 . 2 Medium to large mammals * * The survey conducted in Murchison Falls National Park recorded a total of 10 medium-to-large mammals , representing 4 different orders and 4 families . Among the recorded families , Bovidae had the highest number of sightings , followed by Cercopithecidae . It is worth noting", "spans": [{"start": 1184, "end": 1233, "text": "survey conducted in Murchison Falls National Park", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_contractors and subcontractors , in relation to the project . The CoC shall form part of the induction process and the routine awareness sessions . _ _NITA U will require bidders for contracts for the project to submit a statement confirming their firm compliance with national labor and employment and occupational health and safety laws , and labor management procedures in accordance with Environmental and Social Standard 2 “ Labor and Working Conditions ” ( ESS2 ) and the LMP for the project . _ _NITA-U will make reasonable efforts to ensure that parties awarded contracts for the project are reliable law-abiding entities that do not have a history of problems relating to disrespect for national labor law , unresolved labor disputes , or frequent work-related accidents . _ _As part of the selection process for contractors , NITA-U will request and review from prospective contractors the following information as a bare minimum : _ - _a ) Information in public records , for example , corporate registers and public documents relating to violations of applicable labor law , including reports from labor inspectorates and other enforcement bodies_ - _b ) Business licenses , registrations , permits , and approvals . _ - _c ) Documents relating to a labor management system , including OHS records , for example , labor management procedures . _ - _d ) Identification of labor management , safety , and health personnel , their qualifications , and certifications . _ - _e ) Workers ’ certifications / permits / training to perform required work for example Work at Height certification and Permit to Work training certification among others . _ - _f ) Records of safety and health violations , and responses . _ - _g ) Accident and fatality records and notifications to authorities . _ - _h ) Records of legally required worker benefits and proof of workers ’ enrollment in the related programs . _ - _i ) Worker payroll records , including hours worked and pay received ; and_ - _j ) Identification of safety committee members and records of meetings_ _", "spans": [{"start": 1299, "end": 1310, "text": "OHS records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1733, "end": 1762, "text": "Accident and fatality records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1807, "end": 1850, "text": "Records of legally required worker benefits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1920, "end": 1942, "text": "Worker payroll records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 In the first study , Beck , Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria ( 2008 ) report that the average share of SME lending is smaller in developing countries ( 16 percent of total lending ) by comparison with the average share in developed countries ( 22 percent of total lending ) . Banks in developing and developed countries are primarily attracted by the potential profitability of the SME sector and serve SMEs primarily through dedicated SME units . Government programs are considered favorable and prudential regulations are not perceived as burdensome . Scoring models are used by most banks but they are just one of the inputs in loan decision . Banks in developing countries report that macroeconomic instability is the main obstacle to SME lending , rather than flaws in the legal and contractual framework . However , the second study ( Beck , Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria , 2009 ) , based on the statistical analysis of the dataset concludes that the differences in SME lending between developing and developed countries are actually explained by differences in the quality of the legal and contractual environment ( weaker in developing countries ) . Overall , their analysis suggests that the enabling environment is more important than firm size or bank ownership in shaping bank financing to SMEs . The study by de la Torre , Martinez Peria and Schmukler ( 2009 ) relies primarily on on-site interviews with 37 banks in Argentina , Chile , Colombia and Serbia . The survey did not focus on measuring SME lending , but included 92 questions covering the strategic approach to SME lending , business models , and risk management . The authors complement the information from the interviews with a survey by the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) across 8 developed and developing countries and annual surveys undertaken by FRS ( Inmark Group ) in 7 countries . All in all , data from 48 banks and one leasing company in 12 countries was used in the analysis . This study investigates to what extent the conventional wisdom on SME lending holds in practice – the conventional view is that large banks are not attracted to SME lending and that the SME business is dominated by small banks and based on relationship lending .", "spans": [{"start": 1894, "end": 1936, "text": "data from 48 banks and one leasing company", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 35 | | | * * Total outflows * * | 0 . 15 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 50 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 25 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 35 | | | * * Net Cash Flow * * | ( 0 . 15 ) | ( 1 . 00 ) | ( 1 . 50 ) | ( 0 . 60 ) | ( 0 . 25 ) | 13 . 12 | 14 . 15 | 15 . 25 | 16 . 45 | 17 . 73 | 19 . 12 | | | * * NPV * * | | | | | | | | | | | | $ 39 . 64 | | * * IRR * * | | | | | | | | | | | | 90 % | # # * * Customs Administration Modernization * * # # _Economic Analysis_ 11 . Some of the major economic benefits of customs administration modernization include a reduction in administrative costs , a reduction in compliance costs , and a reduction in customs clearance . Better customs clearance procedures and lower trader costs would provide dynamic benefits through enhanced competitiveness , which will , in turn , result in faster export growth . According to the 2018 Doing Business survey , the average border compliance cost ( import and export ) is estimated at US $ 1 , 077 . With the IT system upgrade , customs inspection will become more targeted and efficient , leading to a reduction in compliance costs . The Project is expected to reduce the clearance time by 25 percent . In addition , the number of customs declarations for both imports and exports will significantly improve . Page 66 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 886, "text": "2018 Doing Business survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "procurement , logistics , stockpiling , and planning practices and strategic investments in domestic market infrastructure may help to reduce domestic food prices in the medium-run ( Lampietti _et al_ , 2011 ) . Such measures would need to be country-specific and depend on the local cost-build-up of imported food commodities . Countryspecific identification of major infrastructural bottlenecks may , therefore , be advantageous . Other areas may include an assessment of the role of regional trade , overall supply chain efficiency , and instruments of modern price risk management – all of which could help to smooth supply and cereal stock shortages . This paper looks at aggregate food price pass-through effects only . We do so because of data limitations , but also because we are interested in the question of countries ‟ vulnerability to global food price shocks in general . For a more in-depth understanding of pass-through effects , one would need to go beyond aggregate food price analysis , and estimate these effects by commodity and country . Thus , there should be efforts to collect more systematically domestic commodity price data . For a few MENA countries , we had only short time series , which arguably lowers the precision of the pass-through estimates . Finally , in countries where pass-through effects are large , in-depth country studies might be beneficial to disentangle more effectively the role and nature of different domestic factors of food inflation . - 28 -", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1151, "text": "domestic commodity price data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "now have different currencies , and prices are no longer equalized across regions and republics . Still , as a robustness check , we use the fitted values of past trade from the simple gravity equation in the regression ( Column five of Table 3 ) . The results remain robust implying that a significant amount of current trade is determined by past linkages . # 3 . 4 . 1 Interpretation and Implications * * for the Future * * The results in this paper show that trade has been reoriented within Russia , primarily as a result of trade barriers , and that trade flows within the FSU are still significantly impacted by past linkages . We have also shown that the elasticity of trade with respect to tariffs increases over time , likely as a result of a reorientation of production , infrastructure , and networks . This implies that the Russian bias we estimate will continue to increase over time . Decreasing trade between Russian regions and republics will affect production , infrastructure maintenance and development , and business networks . As these linkages for trade deteriorate , the cost of international trade will increase , which will cause trade between FSU countries to decline further . At present this process is likely show up in only marginal improvements or neglect of existing infrastructure . To examine the extent to which this process has begun , we first examine passenger train speed within the FSU as a proxy for investment in infrastructure that links regions to republics , and then we discuss how nascent projects in the FSU countries are likely to alter international linkages . < sup > 8 < / sup > Using train schedules between FSU countries and Russian regions , we find that trains got faster between most Russian regions from 1989 to 1996 , and trains to the former republics slowed . Table 4 reports the average percent change in time of travel between and among regions and republics from 8Train schedules for 1989 and 1996 are from the National Railways archives in Moscow . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1638, "end": 1695, "text": "train schedules between FSU countries and Russian regions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "experts assigned from its ESHS departments at central and at each PIU level will keep a log of the complaints at hand . Complainants can seek redress from the judicial system at any time . The step-by-step process of this GRM does not deter them from approaching the courts . All grievance-related correspondence shall be documented , and the grievance resolution process will be systematically tracked and reported to the WB . # # # * * 6 . 1 Basic Grievance Management Process * * The assigned PRIME-1 Project Social Risk Management experts at EEP & EEU oversee the management and reporting of GRM related issues of the Project . The complaint , to be filed , should be related to the Project components and / or to their implementation and management ( for this case , PRIME-1 activities under Components 1 for EEU and 2 & 3 for EEP ) and IPPs in their respective project activities . . The grievance resolution process involves the following main steps : - _Receipt of grievances_ : anyone from the affected communities or believing to be affected by the Project can submit a grievance ( written , verbal , telephone , etc . as chosen by the complainant ) . Anonymous complaints will also be accepted . - _Registering the complaint_ : the focal point ( to be assigned at each subproject site ) who received the complaint will use the GRM logbook for registering . - _Referral and examination of complaints : _ a GRM Committee shall be established at each PRIME-1 Project implementation site / Kebele ( comprising of members from EEP / EEU , PAPs , elders , a representative from Woreda Women , Youth and Children Affairs office , etc . ) who will examine the complaint , resolve , or refer . * * 27 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1338, "end": 1349, "text": "GRM logbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hours , and 60 to 120 MW during off-peak hours . Load shedding is occurring 24 hours a day . The GoU is rationing the power with concessions to the industrial and commercial sectors . The demand for electricity has steadily increased in step with the strengthening and expansion of the economy . The total domestic demand grew from about 250 MW in 2001 to about 340 MW in 2006 , and it is possible that a shortage of capacity could occur in the future even with the Bujagali HPP in service . To address the short term load shedding the government is implementing a costly emergency thermal generation programme using high-speed reciprocating engines fuelled with diesel oil to generate 100 MW of power . This power will be costly due to the need to import relatively expensive diesel fuel , and the high operating cost of high-speed units . Therefore , the high-speed units are only planned to operate until 2010 when more economical , renewable and clean power becomes available from the Bujagali HPP . The system data in this section was taken from unpublished data provided by UETCL , Sept 2006 R . J . Burnside International Limited * * I-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1085, "text": "unpublished data provided by UETCL", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fixed vegetable oils | 4239 | 157859 | 0 . 4 | | 0 . 0 | | 0 . 1 | | | Weaving , knitting mach . for preparing yarns , parts | 7245 | 155098 | 0 . 4 | | 0 . 1 | | 0 . 0 | | | Digital central storage units , separatelyconsigned | 7524 | 154536 | 0 . 4 | | | | 0 . 0 | | | Other non-electricparts & accessories of machiner | 7499 | 153353 | 04 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | | | y < br > Transmission shafts cranks bearing housings etc | 7493 | 153350 | . < br > 04 | . < br > 00 | . < br > 00 | . < br > 00 | . < br > 00 | | | , , . < br > Medical instruments and appliances | 8720 | 148094 | . < br > 0 . 3 | . < br > 0 . 0 | . < br > 3 . 3 | . < br > 0 . 0 | . < br > 0 . 0 | | | Sheets & plates , rolled > 4 . 75mm of iron / steel | 6744 | 144164 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 0 | | | 0 . 0 | | | < br > Radiotelegraphic & radiotelephonic transmitters | 7643 | 143939 | 0 . 3 | | | | 0 . 0 | | | Machinery for extruding man-made textiles and parts | 7244 | 139461 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 2 | | 0 . 0 | | | Eltil ihkiliitt | 8748 | 136689 | 03 | | 00 | | 00 | | | ecrca measurng , cecng , anayzngnsrumens | | | . | | . | | . | | | Copper ores & concentrates ; copper matte / cement | 2871 | 135642 | 0 . 3 | | | | | | _Source_ : Calculated using UN COMTRADE Database _Notes_ : A value of 0 . 0 represents less than US $ 100 in exports ; blanks represent zero exports .", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1240, "text": "UN COMTRADE Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Lebanon Health Resilience Project ( P163476 ) state the capacity needs of the PHCCs while the contract will state the targets to be achieved , quality measures , and payment terms and modalities . Contracting with PHCCs will rely on the existing draft contracts already used by the MoPH . To mitigate the risk of inability to attract and enroll beneficiaries , as well as possible fraud and errors in enrollment of beneficiaries , the project will support : ( i ) expanding the outreach program ; ( ii ) a timely information campaign at the community level , engaging community volunteers for outreach and demand generation ; and ( iii ) utilization of the existing NPTP system and individualized photo identification cards to ensure that the project reaches the targeted poor , avoids potential enrollment errors , and minimizes fraud . - c ) * * Institutional capacity for implementation and sustainability risks * * are substantial and are associated with : ( i ) inadequate capacity at the central and facility levels , especially for managing the additional load of beneficiaries and enhanced requirements for monitoring and supervision ; ( ii ) expected delays in implementation due to the time required to start the enrollment process , and contracting with PHCCs ; and ( iii ) slow disbursement due to the flow of funds mechanism between the Ministry of Finance ( MOF ) and MoPH . _Mitigation : _ Component 3 of the project will strengthen the capacity of the existing PMU . In addition , the MoPH is already undertaking tested measures that will be further supported by the project , including : ( i ) providing a lump sum up-front budget to PHCCs as part of their contracts to advance their implementation readiness and provide flexibility to recruit additional health workers and provide training as needed ; ( ii ) completing a facility survey that will help identify needs and gaps among the PHCCs and hospitals to allow for targeted capacity strengthening ; ( iii ) preparing and maintaining a disbursement plan that will be based on the overall", "spans": [{"start": 1863, "end": 1878, "text": "facility survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including : ( a ) The results of a census survey covering : ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; ( ii ) standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labor and household organization ; baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived , from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; ( iii ) the magnitude of the expected loss – total or partial - of assets , and the extent of displacement , physical or economic ; ( iv ) information on vulnerable groups or persons as provided for in para . 8 of OP 4 . 12 , for whom special provisions may have to be made ; and ( v ) provisions to update information on the displaced people ’ s livelihoods and standards of living at regular intervals so that the latest information is available at the time of their displacement . ( b ) Other studies describing : ( i ) land tenure and transfer systems , including an inventory of common property natural resources from which people derive their livelihoods and sustenance , and non-title-based Prepared by Wubshet Berhanu", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 119, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1297, "end": 1343, "text": "inventory of common property natural resources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We find that firms in the lower 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of sales and the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of employment were more affected in the aftermath of Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine than other firms . We try to explain the heterogeneity by examining two candidate structural factors : firms ’ export links to Russia and digital gains prior to the invasion . Firms with export links to Russia are estimated to have suffered significantly more in terms of dropping sales and employment . We do not find any significant mitigating effect of digitization after the invasion shock that the existing literature would suggest . However , the results suggest that digitization helped firms increase employment on average during the studied period . While export links to Russia appear to increase sales on average during the studied period , this effect does not survive all the robustness tests we apply . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the employed data and their summary statistics . Section 3 explains the estimation approach and methodology . Section 4 discusses the results . Section 5 concludes and highlights some policy implications . # 2 . Data We use data from the Business Pulse Survey ( BPS ) developed by the World Bank to measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the private sector . The Business Pulse Survey ( BPS ) is a novel dataset that tracks the potential impact of the pandemic on the private sector along critical dimensions of business performance , such as sales revenue , liquidity , and solvency , labor adjustments , adoption of technology , business expectations and uncertainty , and access to government support programs . In most countries , the survey interviews were conducted over the phone . The data include micro , small , medium , and large businesses across all main sectors ( i . e . , agriculture , manufacturing , retail , and other services , including construction ) . The sampling frame excluded micro-firms and / or businesses in agriculture in some countries . In other countries , when micro-businesses were included , the survey instrument offered simplified versions of some questions", "spans": [{"start": 1231, "end": 1252, "text": "Business Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tear on axles , springs and tires ; < sup > lowerconsumptionof fuel andlubricants ; < / sup > reduced wastage and spoilage of goods ; < sup > fewer lossesthrough breakdowns and < / sup > accidents . IJhile these rea . l economies < sup > cannot bedefinitely assessed , theyare < / sup > known to be large . 613 As a result of these savings in vehicle < sup > timeandthereductionin < / sup > vehicle operating costs truck transport < sup > chargesonthemainroadshavefallen < / sup > greatly . According to ! FIA investigations summarized < sup > below , truckingcharges < / sup > for important hauls have decreased 50-75 % < sup > inthepast10years . < / sup > If proper allowance could be made for the rises in prices < sup > andwagesintheinterimthe < / sup > true reductions might well be of the order < sup > of75-9co . < / sup > | | TruckTransportTariffs < br > ( Eth < > perton ) | EquivalentT < br > ( Eth | KICharg ' e < br > ¢ ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Haul | 1953 < br > 1961 | 1953 | 1961 | | Addis-Assab ( 860km ) | 87 . 50 < br > 49o00 | 10 . 1 < br > | 3G4 < br > | | Addis-Jimma ( 335km ) | 45 , 00 < br > 20 ; 00 | 13 . 5 | 6 . o | | Addis-Lekempti ( 331km ) | 67-50 < br > 12-50 | 20 . 4 |", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 524, "text": "FIA investigations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * KENYA COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT ( P173820 ) Date 13-Apr-2020 19-May-2022 14-Nov-2022 31-Mar-2025 Numerator : Number of vulnerable and marginalized communities reached in their indigenous language . Denominator : Number of vulnerable and marginalized communities . Comments * * : * * Updated status will be measured in the ongoing 7th KAP survey . < u > < mark > IN01205355 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of beneficiaries reporting community engagement and outreach meet their needs ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 82 . 00 | 82 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 25-Sep-2020 | 19-May-2022 | 14-Nov-2022 | 31-Mar-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | Updated status will b | e measured in the ongoing 7th | KAP survey . | | # Project Implementation and Monitoring # < u > < mark > IN01205340 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of quarterly assessments ( using check list ) of PoEs , isolation & quarantine centers , and designated treatment units ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 16 . 00 | | Date | 13-Apr-2020 | 19-May-2022 | 14-Nov-2022 | 31-Mar-2025 | | Comments * *", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 423, "text": "KAP survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the planting materials conform to quality standards , that the varieties distributed are adapted to the agro-ecological zones where they will be grown , and that they are validated by the authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment . 21 . Criteria for selecting beneficiary households will be detailed in the PIM and include : ( i ) access to land and ( ii ) a history of agricultural activities . Access to land has been facilitated by village leaders in all of the host communities to allow the refugees / returnees to produce their own food . A rapid assessment carried out by FAO revealed that at least 50 percent of the returnees / refugees were farmers in CAR and are willing to resume agricultural activities if given the opportunity . 29", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 598, "text": "rapid assessment carried out by FAO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tionable things when they are just doing what an authority figure told them to do \" . It ’ s worth noting , however , that for all items a significant majority of all respondents do not agree with the statements . Overall , politicians score on average 0 . 32 standard deviation lower than bureaucrats on the aggregate Integrity Index . Panels B and C present results on personality traits . Politicians do fare better than bureaucrats in other non-cognitive dimensions . They score 0 . 12 s . d . higher on average in the Big-Five Index , though their advantage is restricted to two domains in which we would indeed expect politicians to perform better : Extraversion and Agreeableness . When we consider other measures of non-cognitive ability , bureaucrats fare better on Grit , Decision Making and Hostility Bias , such that we find no distinction between the two groups when pooling all dimensions above in a Non-Cognitive Index . We find no significant difference between politicians and bureaucrats in the Public Sector Motivation Index : bureaucrats report higher Compassion but score lower on Civic Duty and Self-Sacrifice ; in other dimensions we observe no gap . < sup > 15 < / sup > . Finally , Panel D presents results on cognitive traits and measured attitudes of altruism and risk preferences . Consistent with large differences in educational attainment , politicians fare significantly worse in both cognitive measures : on average they can recall 0 . 3 fewer numbers than bureaucrats , and are also 3 p . p . more likely to choose a dominated option on a simple risk game ( choosing a UGX 1 million reward instead of a gamble of equal probability between UGX 1 million and UGX 2 million ) < sup > 16 < / sup > . Regarding altruism , politicians donate a slightly larger fraction of a hypothetical prize on average , and also make less risky choices in lottery games . < sup > 17 < / sup > > 15One advantage of using the same modules as other surveys in the literature is comparing the results obtained in Uganda with other settings . This paper uses the same modules for measurement of PSM and Big-Five as Dal Bo", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the case groupings were often more costly . Providers believed that the intensity of resource use was underestimated for more complicated medical cases . In 2009 , PPTP groups were abandoned and formal diagnosis-related groups ( DRGs ) were introduced , known locally as _dijagnostičko terapijske skupine_ ( DTS ) . DRGs , which have much more refined case-groupings , are the most effective system of classification in health care and are used in most European countries , the United States , and Australia . DRG classifies cases of acute care into groups requiring similar consumption of hospital resources and that have similar clinical characteristics . Unlike PPTP , DTS has 671 groups of therapeutic-diagnostic procedures , which means that it is much more accurate in the pricing process . An example of the groups for cataract procedures is shown in Figure 2 . Croatia ’ s DTS system is based on the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups ( AR-DRG ) version 5 . 1 , but modified for the Croatian context . < sup > 1 < / sup > DTS was first piloted in four hospitals beginning in February 2006 . As of April 2007 , it was introduced in all Croatian hospitals , initially running in tandem with the existing billing system . During this period , HZZO actively worked with hospitals to ensure the appropriateness and quality of coding . One of the greatest challenges with the introduction of the Australian system in Croatia was the difference in DRG / DTS costing between the two countries . The original AR-DRG system used Australian data on resource use , clinical practice , and hospital billing . A second challenge was related to a form of ― gaming ‖ known as ― code creep ‖ in DRG systems , i . e . coding patients as having more serious or complicated conditions than they actually have . In Australia six different mechanisms are now employed to reduce this risk of upcoding < sup > 2 < / sup > . Using data over 10 years , this study examines the efficiency and quality impacts across three provider payment systems in Croatia : ( 1 ) the original fee-for-service ( FFS ) ; ( 2 ) broad case-based groupings under the PPTP system", "spans": [{"start": 1923, "end": 1941, "text": "data over 10 years", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 | 201 . 5 | 275 . 9 | 299 . 0 | 227 . 1 | | From international capital | 19 . 4 | 26 . 2 | 52 . 2 | 100 . 0 | 89 . 6 | 96 . 1 | 149 . 5 | _135 . 5_ | 72 . 1 | | Markets | | | | | | | | | | | Private debt flows | 15 . 7 | 18 . 6 | 38 . 1 | 49 . 0 | 54 . 4 | 60 . 0 | 100 . 3 | 105 . 3 | 58 . 0 | | Commercial bank loans | 3 . 2 | 4 . 8 | 16 . 3 | 3 . 3 | 13 . 9 | 32 . 4 | 43 . 7 | 60 . 1 | 25 . 1 | | Bonds | 1 . 2 | 10 . 8 | 11 . 1 | 37 . 0 | 36 . 7 | 26 . 6 | 53 . 5 | 42 . 6 | 30 . 2 | | Others | 11 . 4 | 3 . 0 | 10 . 7 | 8 . 6 | 3 . 7 | 1 . 0 | 3 . 0 | 2 . 6 | 2 . 7 | | Portfolio equity flows | 3 . 7 | 7 . 6 | 14 . 1 | 51 . 0 | 35 . 2 | 36 . 1 | 49 . 2 | 30 . 2 | 14 . 1 | | Foreign direct investment | 24 . 5 | 34 . 4 | 46 . 1 | 67 . 0 | 88 . 5 | 105 . 4 | 126 . 4 | 163 . 4 | 155 . 0 | a . Preliminary Source : World Bank , Debtor Reporting System 6", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 860, "text": "Debtor Reporting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sixth recommendation would be to consider in greater detail whether the limited time frame of the priority survey will yield accurate estimates of expenditure given seasonality in expenditures . If a limited time frame is adopted , including questions on normative monthly food purchases would be a useful supplement to the monthly recall estimate for those households that do not purchase an item during all months of the year . Three puzzles emerge from the household survey data that merit special consideration in future household surveys in CMte d ' Ivoire . First , what accounts for the huge increase in poverty at various points in time in the West Forest ? Are there special sampling problems in the West Forest ? Or special difficulties in estimating the value of consumption of home production ? Second , why did the Savannah do relatively much better than the Forest region after the devaluation ? Here one suspects that the problem may be misspecification of the regional deflators . But perhaps off-farm sources of income may vary significantly from the rest of the country . And third , did the situation of agricultural workers really improve between 1993 and 1995 ? If so , will it continue to improve ? What will happen to labor earnings as the land frontier vanishes ? Labor will become a less scarce commodity , and the forms of labor hire , which have depended heavily on sharecropping-type contracts which give the sharecropper eventual rights to the land , will likely shift . It would be useful in future surveys to think about ways of distinguishing among different types of agricultural workers . At this point in time , the household surveys in C6te d ' Ivoire raise as many questions as they answer about the changes in poverty over time . 33 Unfortunately the analyses that have been carried out of poverty rates among different socioeconomic groups with respec * * t * * o the 1985-1988 do not provide information about how the classification of the socioeconomic groups correlates with sources of income . 47", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 481, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1651, "end": 1687, "text": "household surveys in C6te d ' Ivoire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "al . ( 2018 ) , “ Understanding interpersonal violence : the impact of temperatures in mexico . ” Technical report , Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment . - Colmer , Jonathan and Jennifer L Doleac ( 2022 ) , “ Access to guns in the heat of the moment : More restrictive gun laws mitigate the effect of temperature on violence . ” _Available at SSRN 4195573_ . - Correia , Sergio , Paulo Guimar ̃ aes , and Thomas Zylkin ( 2019 ) , “ Ppmlhdfe : Fast poisson estimation with high-dimensional fixed effects . ” _arXiv preprint arXiv : 1903 . 01690_ . - Davis , Lucas W and Paul J Gertler ( 2015 ) , “ Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming . ” _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ , 112 , 5962 – 5967 . - Denissen , Jaap JA , Ligaya Butalid , Lars Penke , and Marcel AG Van Aken ( 2008 ) , “ The effects of weather on daily mood : a multilevel approach . ” _Emotion_ , 8 , 662 . - Department of Public Safety , Texas ( 2019 ) , “ Seventeenth report examining reporting compliance to the texas computerized criminal history system . ” Technical report . - Donohue , John J , Samuel V Cai , Matthew V Bondy , and Philip J Cook ( 2022 ) , “ More guns , more unintended consequences : The effects of right-to-carry on criminal behavior and policing in us cities . ” Working Paper 30190 , National Bureau of Economic Research , URL ` http : / / www . nber . org / papers / w30190 ` . 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "facilities to < br > disposeofhospitalwasteand < br > usethem regularly < br > - 85 % ofyouthbetween15-24 < br > yearshave knowledgeof < br > symptomsfor STDs andof < br > waysto preventHIV / AIDS | CNLSProgressReports < br > AnalysisofMOHReports < br > AnalysisofMOHReports < br > Surveys < br > Surveys | Healthservicesareavailable < br > andimproving | | Coordinationandevaluation < br > mechanisisareinplaceand < br > operatesatisfactorily < br > * * Capacity Building * * | Dataforoutcomeandimpact < br > dicatorsarecollected < br > regularlyfromallline < br > rninistries , fromregions , from < br > NGOs andcommunityprojects . | CNLSProgress reportsand < br > surveys | Good qualityofCNLS < br > personnelwith full < br > understandingofM & Easpects < br > ofitsmandate | | heeffectiveparticipationof < br > NGOsisstrengthened , and the < br > capacityofNGOsandprivate < br > andpublicsectortoimprove < br > coverage andqualityofservices < br > sreinforced . | 90 % ofall salepointsdidn ' t < br > have lackofcondomsin last < br > monthby 2004andthereafter . < br > - 5newprivateservicedelivery | Reportfromsocialmarketing < br > program < br > NLSProgress Reports | Capacityofcontractedagencies | - 26 -", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1171, "text": "NLSProgress Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Section 4 . 2 and Appendix 2 ) provides information on household expenditures on various types of school fees faced by migrants and local residents in 15 cities across China . Figure 1 graphs the distribution of mean ( total ) school fees paid by migrant households , which ranges from 1 , 100 yuan in Bengbu ( a city with a dominant food industry in the Northern Anhui province ) to more than 4 , 500 yuan in Shenzhen ( the fastest growing migrant receiving city in the South ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > School fees as a share of migrant households ’ consumption range from 4 percent in Hangzhou to 25 percent in Shenzhen , and represent , on average , 10 percent of migrant household consumption . For local households ( i . e . , urban residents with a _hukou_ ) , school fees represent on average 11 percent of their consumption . School fees can be further broken down into different components , with tuition fees representing 40 percent and 31 percent of total school fees for migrants and urban residents respectively . Figure 2 plots the shares of migrant households that bring school-age children with them against the median school fees at the city level . These two variables show a negative relationship , with a correlation coefficient of - 0 . 28 . < sup > 8 < / sup > Tuition fees in rural areas were formally abolished by the central government in 2006 , thus the urban school fees paid by migrant households represented additional education expenses to their budget ( which they would not have to pay in rural areas ) . The central government announced the abolition of these fees in urban areas as well after 2008 ( State Council , 2008 ) , but in practice , migrant households still often have to pay various “ hidden ” school fees ( Li , 2013 ; Lu and Zhou , 2013 ) . Using the RUMiC survey , we estimate that migrant households received a school fee reduction of approximately 20 percent , but not 100 percent , in 2008 ( Appendix 3 , Table 3 . 4 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1798, "end": 1810, "text": "RUMiC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Repetition * * Tables 5 . 3 and 5 . 4 show DiD results for repetition rates . * * Table 5 . 3 * * focuses on overall repetition across grades . We find that in schools treated in 2017 , repetition rates were significantly reduced by 0 . 28 percentage points . We do not observe significant impacts on overall repetition rates from treatment in 2018 . > 9 The total enrollment in Malawi ’ s primary schools fell for the first time in over a decade following the closure of schools , with 4 , 815 , 286 students enrolled in public primary schools in 2020 / 21 versus 5 , 274 , 819 in 2019 / 20 . > 10 To identify treated schools , we compare data from EMIS 2016 and EMIS 2017 . As repetition and dropout rates are decided at the end of the school year and reported in the following year ’ s EMIS , for repetition and dropout rates , we compare data from EMIS 2017 and 2018 . > 11 To identify treated schools , we compare data from EMIS 2017 and EMIS 2018 . As repetition and dropout rates are decided at the end of the school year and reported in the following year ’ s EMIS , for repetition and dropout rates , we compare data from EMIS 2018 and 2019 . 18", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 665, "text": "EMIS 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 670, "end": 679, "text": "EMIS 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix 5 : Impacts on Individual Management Practices Table A5 . 1 shows the breakdown of significant improvements in management practices within the Anexo K index : * * < mark > Table A5 . 1 : Summary of Impacts at the Sub ‐ Index and Individual Practice Level < / mark > * * | | # | * * Sub ‐ In * * < br > # sig . Ind . | * * dices * * < br > # sig . Group | # | * * Individual Prac * * < br > # sig . Ind . | * * tices * * < br > # sig . < br > Group | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Finances | 8 | 6 | 5 | 29 | 17 | 15 | | HR | 7 | 3 | 2 | 20 | 11 | 6 | | Logistics | 7 | 5 | 2 | 31 | 8 | 9 | | Marketing | 5 | 3 | 3 | 22 | 9 | 13 | | Production | 8 | 6 | 8 | 39 | 22 | 30 | | TOTAL | 35 | 23 | 20 | 141 | 67 | 73 | < mark > Note : lists number of practices that are statistically significant at the 5 % level post ‐ intervention . < / mark > Table A5 . 2 details the individual management practices that have treatment effects of 0 . 8 or more ( on a 5-point scale ) . | * * Table A5 . 2 : Practices that increase by 0 . 8 or more from at least one ‐ treatment * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Individual | Group | | _Finance Practices_ | | | | System of monitoring and control of financial goals in place | * * 0 . 827 * * * * * | 0 . 666 * * * | | | * * ( 0 . 175", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; the ranking will < u > Source : WDI 2014 GDP ( US $ ) / Workman 2015 / Kemoe and Aymele 2016 < / u > remain unchanged — so Vietnam ’ s relative size is one . Using this method , the ranking is totally different from Box 1 ( where each country was ranked based on its piano export earnings ) . In Box 2 Vietnam , which was number 16 , is now number one , and China , which was leading is now number nine . But more immediately , as cultural statistics get improved , it would be helpful to know , which country leads in the exportation of traditional instruments like drums . Is it Senegal or Mali ? How about the ukulele ? Is it Zimbabwe or Brazil ? Even more important , what is the contribution of such sectors , to the employment of women , the young and the old formally and informally ? In an attempt to consider how cultural commerce might better contribute to sustainable development , such questions deserve attention . < sup > 17 < / sup > Also , since the issue of measuring the quality of life is > 16 ( I ) The figures in column 3 are achieved by dividing the country ’ s piano exports figures by the total ( piano exports ) of the 16 countries provided ( bottom of column one ) . E . g . for Vietnam , $ 13 , 390 , 000 ÷ 617 , 432 , 000 = 0 . 021686599 . ( II ) The country size is calculated by dividing the country ’ s 2014 GDP with that of a reference county ( in this case , Vietnam ’ s 2014 GDP ) . E . g . Vietnam ’ s 2014 GDP ( $ 186 . 205 billion ÷ $ 186 . 205 billion ) = 1 , Honk Kong SAR , China ( $ 291 . 23bn ÷ $ 186 . 205 billion ) = ~ 1 . 56403 , etc . ( III ) The normalized share , which provides the rank , is the result of Step 1divided by Step II . E . g . for Hong Kong SAR ,", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 452, "text": "cultural statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Grain Production in China_ , MacMillan , London , 1994 . 27 A household survey in Zouping County , Shandong Province , collected between 1990 and 1994 , shows that , when controlling for household off-farm employment , the effect of per capita land on incomes increases by approximately 10 % . This result may be due to the effect of moving labor out of agriculture . As labors move off the land , other resources may be more efficiently allocated and the returns to land also increase . Controlling for employment , a one _mu ( Chinese measure , equaling 1 / 15_ < sup > _th_ < / sup > _of a hectare ) _ increase in per capita land leads to a 36 % increase in per capita household income . See Cook , S . , “ Employment , Enterprise and Inequality ” , from Cook , Sarah , Shujie Yao and J . Zhuang , ed . , _The Chinese Economy Under Transition , _ MacMillan ( London ) and St . Martin ’ s ( New York ) , 2000 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 116, "text": "household survey in Zouping County , Shandong Province", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District # # # # * * 8 . 3 Verification and Disclosure * * During the implementation phase , the local government structures i . e . the LGs and the lower councils ( LCs 1-3 ) will work very closely with REA on aspects of verification of data and information related to the compensation and payment processes up to the level of the Accounting Officer of REA . Roles and responsibilities will be discussed prior the RAP implementation . All PAPs identified in the census will be informed through the announcements and information flow from their technical and political leadership . Consultation and information will not be limited to clearly identified owners or users of land to be compensated , REA , and the respective Local Government administrations through the lands officers and the local council leaders of the respective communities where the land is located will be solicited to help identify owners or users in order to sensitize them on the project and its implications . It is proposed : - That the display of strip maps and project affected persons should be both at the sub-county headquarters and at the growth centers where meetings took place . This reduces the transaction costs relating accessing information and promotes more accountability and transparency especially when it comes to verifying who the actual PAP is . - Grievance management committees should be accessible on ground preferably at the sub-county and at community level to handle all grievances . Having a focal person at the rural growth centers ensures that everyone has access to these structures . - It is proposed that a timetable for verification be communicated to sub-county leadership so that they are able to equally mobilize their counterparts prior to the verification process . # # # # * * 8 . 4 Procedures for Compensation Payment * * Payment will be made in the following ways : - - a . By agreement between the REA and the PAPs or entities ( individuals / households /", "spans": [{"start": 596, "end": 602, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for a household to shift from autarky to being net purchaser ( seller ) of land . In addition , imperfections in credit and labor markets imply that higher levels of wealth or family labor will affect a household ‟ s marginal productivity . < sup > 11 < / sup > # * * 4 . Empirical evidence * * The frontier production function provides interesting insights , but does not support the notion that fragmentation reduces the level of productive efficiency on land currently cultivated . However , the survey points towards a significant share of land having remained idle for a sustained period of time because of land market imperfections . Descriptive and analytical evidence on land market functioning suggests that lease but not sales markets transfer land to younger and more productive farmers . Eliminating impediments to their functioning would appear to offer an opportunity to increase the level of economic activity and welfare in Albania ‟ s rural areas . # * * 4 . 1 Determinants of technical efficiency in agricultural production * * > 11 As the survey includes data on land sales for the last 5 years , the number of observations is comparable to what is available for rental markets . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1074, "end": 1092, "text": "data on land sales", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This view about the importance of revenue mobilization in countries with low levels of provision of public goods and social and infrastructure gaps is , indeed , in line with the evidence presented in Figures 3 and 4 In a similar vein , and mainly due to the need to reduce the fiscal deficit , Costa Rica ’ s fiscal authorities sent to Congress in 2016 a draft law to increase the VAT rate by one percentage point in 2016 ( i . e . , from 13 to 14 percent ) and another one in 2017 ( from 14 to 15 percent ) . # 3 Policy implications II : On revenue mobilization in commoditydependent countries Since the fall in commodity prices in 2014 , most commodity-rich countries ( especially those whose fiscal revenue structure depends “ excessively ” upon commodity revenues ) have been facing a growing fiscal challenge as the price fall has increasingly been perceived as more permanent than temporary in nature . Indeed , Figure 5 shows , for a sample of 55 countries for which commodity revenue data were available , that the share of commodity revenues ( as percentage of total revenues ) tracks very well that of commodity prices . < sup > 3 < / sup > Since commodity prices are expected to remain low in the years to come , so will commodity revenues . This , in turn , shows the serious challenge faced by commodity-rich countries and particularly by those with high commodity revenue dependency . Figure 6 shows the association between the economy ’ s dependency on commodities ( proxied by the commodity GDP as a percentage of total GDP ) and the commodity revenue dependency ( proxied by commodity revenues as a percentage of total revenues ) . Not surprisingly , the fitted line shows that the higher is commodity GDP , the larger is the share of commodity revenues in total revenues . < sup > 4 < / sup > For example , in a country like Kuwait , where oil production represents about 60 percent of total GDP , oil revenues constitute about 90 percent of total revenues . In contrast , in the Philippines , oil production represents less than 1 percent in both GDP and", "spans": [{"start": 975, "end": 997, "text": "commodity revenue data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "correlation between all of our variables of interest and Entry Density ( Table 2 ) . In addition , many of our control variables are significantly correlated with each other . For this reason we do not include multiple variables simultaneously in the regressions . However , because many of the control variables are also correlated with GDP per capita , we control for GDP per capita in all regressions . # * * _3 . 2 Entrepreneurship and the Financial Crisis_ * * Business Entry , for the most part , increased gradually between 2004 and 2007 ( , as shown for the complete ( unbalanced ) sample of 95 countries in figure 5 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > Looking at a balanced panel of 57 countries for an even longer horizon , entry density in high-income countries increased from less than 3 percent in 2002 to about 4 . 5 percent in 2008 ( Appendix 2 ) . With the onset of the financial crisis in 2008 , however , the trend reversed and Entry Density declined . While the drop appears to be most pronounced for high and upper-middle income countries , a closer look at other income groups shows that the crisis also impacted new business entry in other countries , though notably , entry density generally did not decrease in many lower income countries until 2009 . For example , in the United Kingdom , the number of newly registered limited-liability firms steadily declined from 449 , 700 in 2007 to 372 , 400 in 2008 and 330 , 100 in 2009 . In comparison , new firm registrations in Madagascar were 1 , 050 in 2007 and 1 , 183 in 2008 , and then declined to 724 in 2009 . > 11 Entry Density data is trimmed for outliers at 99 % . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1580, "end": 1598, "text": "Entry Density data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) | * * Completion * * | Biannual report on fraud and corruption complaints verified and submitted by Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption | | - - - | - - - | | * * Measurement * * | Commission . | | * * Comments * * | The Federal Ethics and Anti Corruption Commission has submitted the report on April 18 which was supposed to be < br > submitted in December 2018 . | | * * Action Description * * | Ensure inclusiveness of Fraud and Corruption and complaint hand < br > Regional Health Bureaus joint forum discussions semiannually . | ling processes or priority acti | ons in FMOH and | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * < br > * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | Client < br > Recurrent | Continuous | In Progress | | * * Completion * * < br > * * Measurement * * | Fraud and corruption and compliant handling process discussed at | joint FMOH - RHB meeting | | | * * Comments * * | Discussion was held in the previous joint MOH-RHB meeting . how < br > of the agenda items to be discussed regularly . | ever , there is a need to consi | der this issue as one | | * * Action Description * * | Availing appropri < br > compliance with | ate temporary storage faci < br > MWM and Disposal Direct | lities for collection of < br > ive in HF constructed | hazardous wastes until final < br > before issuance of the Dire | disposal , enforce < br > ctive", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 185, "text": "Biannual report on fraud and corruption complaints", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; Ariely , 2016 ) , but the agricultural development community has been slow to do so . Second , we know little about whether and how farmers incorporate objective information to correct mistaken beliefs , although this surely matters for information-based interventions , such as agricultural extension programming , cadastral surveys , and market information services . If there exists heterogeneity or asymmetries in learning – i . e . , the updating of reported beliefs – or learning > 1 Berazneva et al . ( 2018 ) , Burke et al . ( 2020 ) , Wineman et al . ( 2020 ) , Michelson et al . ( 2021 ) and Wossen et al . ( 2021 ) provide similar evidence of misperception in soil quality , plot size , crop variety , chemical fertilizer quality , and crop variety , respectively . 2", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 335, "text": "cadastral surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to estimate windspeeds at the province level . This , in turn , implies that all households in each of the 81 provinces were assigned the same wind speed irrespective of a household ’ s distance from the typhoon ’ s path . Figure 2 below presents the total number of typhoons ( defined as windspeeds over 119mph ) by barangay between 2000-2015 , whereas Figure 4 , presents the total number of barangays experiencing windspeeds over 119mph by year . Clearly , moving from the southern tip of the Philippines towards the north , more and more barangays experience windspeeds over 119 mph , and many barangays in the northeastern tip of the archipelago experience such extreme windspeeds many times ( up to 21 times ) between 2000 and 2015 ( see figure 2 ) . Also , the number of barangays experiencing windspeeds over 119mph varies significantly by year ( see figure 3 ) . 14 The CPI by province , year , and month was downloaded from the PSA OpenStat website : < u > http : / / openstat . psa . gov . ph / PXWeb / pxweb / en / DB / DB__2M / ? tablelist = true & rxid = bdf9d8da-96f1-4100-ae09-18cb3eaeb313 . < / u > 15 To check the sensitivity of the estimates to a better accounting of the spatial cost of living differences , we have also tried an alternative approach that consists of first regressing the log of nominal PCE on a complete set of interactions across three sets of binary variables identifying the semester of interview of the household within a calendar year ( 2 in total ) , the year of interview ( 5 in total ) and the region of residence ( 17 in total ) . This amounts to a total of 170 different dummy variables . The residual from such a regression is the “ adjusted ” lnPCE at any given point in time and region , that is expenditures comparable to the nominal expenditures in the reference time period ( 2003 semester 1 ) and region ( region 1 , which is the Ilocos region ) . The results were practically the same as to those reported in tables 1 and 2 . 16 Annex 1 provides an", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 913, "text": "CPI by province , year , and month", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | | - 4 . 8 | - 2 . 0 | _ - - _ < br > _GOP_deflator < br > \" 0 ' CPI | | < br > Overall surplus / deficit | - | | - 5 . 8 | - 3 . 3 | | | TRADE | | | | | | | _ ( USSmdlions ) _ | * * 1976 * * | * * 1986 * * | * * 1996 * * | * * 1997 * * | Export and import levels ( USS millions ) | | < br > Total exports ( fob ) | < br > . . | < br > . . | < br > 770 | < br > 746 | < br > * * 1 . ooo * * | | Aqriculture | | | 304 | * * 319 * * | | | < br > Other | . < br > . | . | < br > * * 466 * * | 427 | * * 750 * * | | Manufactures < br > Total imports_fcif_ | . < br > _ . . _ | _ . . _ | 808 | 759 | * * soo * * | | Food | . | . | * * 122 * * | 107 | < br > * * 25 * * | | Fuel and energy < br > Capital goods | . | | 281 | * * _356_ * * | | | < br > Export price index_ ( 1995 = 10O ) _ | | _ . _ | 108 . 6 | 105 . 2 | 01 < br > * * 92 * * < br > _99_ < br > * * _594_ * * < br > * * _95_ * * < br > * * 9e * * < br > * * 97 * * | | < br > Imrt rice index ( 1995 = 100 ) | |", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 954, "text": "Imrt rice index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 3 ) Reversionary interest of such land shall lie with the community in the first instance upon expiry of such public use interest . ( 4 ) Transfer of community land shall , subject to the approval of the members of the registered community in a community meeting , be done in accordance with the Land Act , 2012 ( No . 6 of 2012 ) and any other applicable law . In the project affected area , there are PAHs who own land under communal land ownership and these are specifically those PAHs in the Mwavumbo Group Ranch . In addition , much of the land immediately surrounding the project area into which displaced people intend to buy land and relocate to are a mix of registered and adjudicated land and the larger Mwavumbo Group Ranch . # # # # # # * * < u > Relevance < / u > * * The provision of this Act on the conversion of the community land into public land through compulsory acquisition will be followed . The Act also stipulates that ‘ nothing in this Act limits The Land Act , 2012 ( No . 6 of 2012 ) and any other compulsory acquisition of land . This therefore gives the The Land Act an upper hand in proving direction on how to acquire community land in Mwavumbo Group Ranch . # # # # # # * * The Land Registration Act 2012 * * This is an Act of Parliament intended to revise , consolidate and rationalize the registration of titles to land , to give effect to the principles and objects of devolved government in land registration , and for connected purposes . Section 7 ( 1 ) of the Act provides for establishment of a land registry in each registration unit which shall keep registers of the following regarding land : - A land register , in the form to be determined by the Commission ; - The cadastral map ; - Parcel files containing the instruments and documents that support subsisting entries in the land register . - Any plans which shall , after a date appointed by the Commission , be", "spans": [{"start": 1642, "end": 1655, "text": "land register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1713, "end": 1726, "text": "cadastral map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1824, "end": 1837, "text": "land register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "related to family planning , safe motherhood , child survival and sexually transmitted infections by supporting integrated district ` workplans for training , maternal death audits , procurement of family planning commodities and equipment . Furthermore , this component was meant to support financing of integrated HIV / AIDS / TB and reproductive health , integrated management of childhood illnesses ( IMCI ) and malaria as part of the overall decentralization focus of the project district workplans . * * Outputs : * * The output indicators under the component comprised : ( a ) percentage of health workers trained in IMCI , ( b ) percentage of facilities equipped to provide obstetric and family planning services , ( c ) immunization coverage , ( d ) antenatal care coverage and percentage of deliveries in health facilities . For the limited period of implementation , the project built capacity of the MOH ’ s Division of Child Health , supported training of health workers in IMCI , and procurement of vaccines including equipment for reproductive and child health : vacuum extraction sets , incubators , resuscitation sets and sterilizers . Overall , 55 out of 77 districts were reached through training , with 30 % of the districts training over 60 % of health workers in IMCI . The project also supported the provision of 27 out of the original plan of 52 boreholes . US $ 7 . 5 million was disbursed under this component . As explained in section 2 . 2 , a number of activities under this component were not implemented ; some were also suspended during implementation . The problem of fragmented reproductive health activities that the project was meant to tackle still persists in Kenya . * * Outcomes : * * The 2003 KDHS showed that a number of critical reproductive health and child health indicators had worsened since 1998 . The infant mortality rate increased from 73 . 7 in 1998 to 77 per 1000 life births in 2003 ( DHS 2003 ) and 79 in 2005 ( UNICEF ) . Other intermediate outcome indicators in the PAD also worsened ; the percentage of births attended to by qualified > 1 I", "spans": [{"start": 1729, "end": 1738, "text": "2003 KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1939, "end": 1947, "text": "DHS 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 7 * * # # # # * * 2 . ACCOUNTING POLICIES * * Consistent with the government manual , the OFLP accounting follows modified cash basis of accounting in that the cash basis of accounting applies except for recognition of the following transactions : - * * - * * Revenue and expenditure are recognised when aid in kind is received * * - * * Expenditure is recognised : - When payroll is processed , based on payroll and attendance sheet - At the end of the year when a grace period payable is recognised . - When goods are received or services are rendered . * * - * * Intergovernmental transfers are recognised in the absence of actual cash movement . * * - * * Transactions resulting from salary withholdings are recognised in the absence of actual cash movement * * - * * Fixed Assets : Fixed Assets will be charged to expense up on purchase and no depreciation shall be charged . The program is required to maintain a fixed asset register for items that : * * - * * Have life expectancy of more than * * 1 * * year , and * * - * * Have a value of Birr * * 1 , 000 . * * Accounts Recording : The project uses Peachtree accounting software to record transactions based on the actual source documents . The project uses Ethiopian Government budget calendar i . e . from * * 8th JUly * * to * * 7th * * July of the following year for planning , budgeting and reporting purposes .", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 437, "text": "payroll and attendance sheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 923, "end": 943, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Climate Immobility Traps : * * # * * A Household-Level Test * * < sup > * * * * * < / sup > Marco Letta < sup > § < / sup > , Pierluigi Montalbano < sup > † < / sup > , Adriana Paolantonio < sup > ‡ < / sup > * * JEL-Codes : * * C31 ; O15 ; Q54 . * * Keywords * * : climate migration ; immobility traps ; adaptation ; causal forests ; household data . * * Replication package : * * Available at the World ’ s Bank Reproducible Research Repository . * * Declarations of interest : * * None . § Department of Social Sciences and Economics , Sapienza University of Rome ; marco . letta @ uniroma1 . it † Department of Social Sciences and Economics , Sapienza University of Rome ; pierluigi . montalbano @ uniroma1 . it ‡ Development Data Group , World Bank ; apaolantonio @ wordbank . org * For valuable comments , we are grateful to Gero Carletto , Augusto Cerqua , Talip Kilic , Kevin McGee , Donato Romano , Asmelash Haile Tsegay , Alberto Zezza and seminar participants at the World Bank . We also thank Thomas Patrick Bentze , Pauline Castaing , Josephine Durazo , Siobhan Murray , Federica Petruccelli , Akiko Sagesaka , and Philip Randolph Wollburg .", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 355, "text": "household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix B : An extension : Remoteness and dispersion at the province level The conceptual approach that we have outlined for measuring local-area level remoteness and countrywide population dispersion can also be applied at a sub-national regional level . For example , we can calculate the remoteness of each local area within a provincial context , and the associated dispersion of the population within each province . We can also derive a province-level indicator of the remoteness of each province within a country ’ s broader context . In the analysis that follows , we derive indicators of remoteness and dispersion at the sub-national level for seven of our case-study PICs ( Figure B1 ) . We do not complete the exercise for Tuvalu due to its small size . We reconceptualize community-level remoteness as remoteness within the provincial context . Dispersion of the province population is then calculated as the population-weighted average remoteness of each local area within the province ; that is , the average distance from that local area , to all other local areas ( within the province ) , weighted by those areas ’ populations . Remoteness of a province as a whole is conceptualized within the broader country context . For the calculations , we anchor the location of each province ( or sub-national area ) at the provincial capital ( or other regional ‘ urban hub ’ < sup > 14 < / sup > ) , and measure province remoteness as the ( province ) population-weighted average distance from that provincial capital to province capitals across the country . For many countries , the results indicate that the more central provinces tend to have less dispersed ( and often larger populations ) , while the most remote provinces often have widely dispersed ( and small ) populations . This likely reflects both geographical characteristics and ( endogenous ) settlement patterns , and the ( endogenous ) way in which administrative boundaries are determined . In Fiji , for example , Rewa Province ( which captures the urban area of Suva , and had a population of around 101 , 000 at the time of the 2007 census ) has a remoteness estimate ( population-weighted average distance to all provinces ) of 82km and an internal", "spans": [{"start": 2113, "end": 2124, "text": "2007 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Gender < br > Inclusivity < br > in < br > Project < br > activities | D < br > Low | isclosure < br >  < br > The < br > contractor < br > will < br > mainstream < br > Gender < br > Inclusivity in hiring of < br > workers and entire Project < br > Management as required < br > by Gender Policy 2011 and < br > 2 / 3 Gender Rule . < br >  < br > The existing community <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis . Specifically , educational indicators are averaged over two periods ( 1975-80 and 1996-2002 ) and health indicators over two periods ( 1996-99 and 2000-02 ) . This discrepancy in the sub-period construction is due exclusively to the lack of data for earlier years . The averages are treated as separate observations . The advantages of this approach are threefold . First , the averages may serve as a better measure of the educational and health attainment , which can hardly be substantially improved on a yearly basis ; Second , the averaging maximizes the coverage of countries for each period , since one observation of a certain year is sufficient to help the country survive in the cross sectional comparison ; Third , the time series thus constructed for each country , although short , facilitates the implementation of econometric techniques on panel data to explore the efficiency variations across countries and through time . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 0019 ) | ( 0 . 0019 ) | ( 0 . 0019 ) | ( 0 . 0019 ) | | Same jati mean education level | 0 . 016 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 016 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 016 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 017 < sup > * * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 0069 ) | ( 0 . 0069 ) | ( 0 . 0067 ) | ( 0 . 0067 ) | | Other jatis mean education level | 0 . 0058 | 0 . 0054 | 0 . 0029 | 0 . 0030 | | | ( 0 . 0063 ) | ( 0 . 0062 ) | ( 0 . 0067 ) | ( 0 . 0068 ) | | Observations | 3238 | 3238 | 3238 | 3238 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 88 | 0 . 88 | 0 . 88 | 0 . 88 | | Household level controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Agricultural controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Group controls | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Controls for other group | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Additional group controls | No | No | No | Yes | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research . _Note_ : < sup > * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 1 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 01 . Robust standard errors clustered at the village level are reported in parentheses . The coefficients on the other controls are reported in table S1 . 1 in the supplementary appendix", "spans": [{"start": 944, "end": 953, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "41 1990 , 2000 , 2015 ) . European Commission , Joint Research Centre ( JRC ) [ Dataset ] PID : http : / / data . europa . eu / 89h / jrc-ghsl-ghs_pop_gpw4_globe_r2015a . Gascoigne , Bamber . ( 2001 ) “ History of Latin America ” HistoryWorld . From 2001 , ongoing . http : / / www . historyworld . net / wrldhis / PlainTextHistories . asp ? groupid = 850 & HistoryID = aa87 & gtrack = pthc ( retrieved 2017-06-12 ) . Gencer , E . A . ( 2013 ) . Natural Disasters , Urban Vulnerability , and Risk Management : A Theoretical Overview . In The Interplay between Urban Development , Vulnerability , and Risk Management . Volume 7 of the series SpringerBriefs in Environment , Security , Development and Peace ( pp . 7-43 ) . New York , NY : Springer Berlin Heidelberg . Glaeser EL ( 1998 ) Are cities dying ? _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 12 : 139 – 160 Hasse , J . E . and Lathrop , R . G . ( 2003 ) Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl , Applied Geography , _23_ , 159 – 175 . - Hsu , F . C . , Baugh , K . E . , Ghosh , T . , Zhizhin , M . , & Elvidge , C . D . ( 2015 ) . DMSP-OLS radiance calibrated nighttime lights time series with intercalibration . _Remote Sensing_ , _7_ ( 2 ) , 1855 – 1876 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 3390 / rs70201855 Huang , J . , Lu , X . X . , & Sellers , J . M . ( 2007 ) . A global comparative analysis of urban form : - Applying spatial metrics and remote sensing . _Landscape and Urban Planning_ , _82_ ( 4 ) , 184 – 197 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . landurbplan . 2007 . 02 . 010 - Inostroza , L ; Baur , R ; Csaplovics , E ( 2013 ) . Urban sprawl and fragmentation in Latin America : A dynamic quantification and characterization of spatial patterns . Journal", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) # # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation * * 58 . The project Results Framework ( RF ) is presented in section VII . The PCU / ANSIE is responsible for M & E of the project outcomes and intermediate indicators . The PCU will include a dedicated M & E expert who will produce annual reports , which will rely on administrative data and feedback from citizens . 59 . Implementation support missions will report on project progress through Implementation Status and Results Reports , a midterm review , and at the completion of the project , through an Implementation Completion and Results Report . A midterm review is expected to take place in the third year of implementation . # # * * C . Sustainability * * 60 . The sustainability of this Project is underscored by the high levels of government commitment to the Project and its potential development impact . Making public administration more efficient and capable of providing better services to citizens requires a great deal of coordination , as well as business process reengineering , and change management . It also requires a government committed to reducing tensions , particularly from the unemployed youth , to avoid the kind of turmoil that is affecting some neighboring countries . The successful development of the unique e-ID can support sustainability through its use in the interoperability portal , linking information from multiple registries and enabling critical data exchange between agencies . The project ’ s incorporation of government-identified priorities has strengthened the counterpart ’ s ownership of the Project . 61 . The outcomes and outputs generated by the Project are permanent system improvements and include capacity building ; more efficient provision of government administrative and revenue services ; improved access to services through digital platforms and physical locations ; and changes to tax policy , the administrative framework , and business processes . # # * * D . Role of Partners * * 62 . The project design reflects feedback and inputs provided by development partners , including the IMF , the European Union , the United Nations Development Programme", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 414, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * II . The Customs Administration in Madagascar : Context * * Customs plays a very important role in revenue collection in Madagascar . The size of the customs administration is limited in terms of the number of customs officers ( in comparison to other countries with similar characteristics ) . Customs controls are still largely ineffective . In 2014 , imports accounted for 31 percent of GDP ( US $ 3 . 29 billion ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > Accounting for 22 percent of imports , the European Union is the biggest supplier of non-oil goods ( cf . Table 11 , appendix A ) . Due to large tax rates , taxes on petroleum products are the main source of revenues collected by customs ( 26 percent ) . # * * < u > A . The Importance of Revenues Collected by Customs < / u > * * As for many other African countries , revenues collected at the border from trade remain significant in Madagascar ( see _i . e . , _ Keen ( 2003 ) , Zake ( 2011 ) , Montagnat-Rentier and Parent ( 2012 ) ) . Customs collected 45 percent of total tax revenues in 2014 ( see Figure 1 ) . Due to the decline in tariff protection and the rise of indirect taxation , value-added tax now represents 72 percent of revenues collected by customs ( see Figure 2 ) . As duties on petroleum products account for 30 percent of revenues collected at the border , revenues from customs are consequently heavily dependent on oil prices . A comparison of the data on revenue collected by Madagascar customs with that of other African countries ( especially low-income countries ) , yields the following results ( see Table 1 ) : - There is potential to improve the level of effective taxation . - The customs administration of Madagascar is plagued by a lack of human resources , with around 15 percent lower resources than the administrations of countries in a similar category . This explains why the level of revenues collected by each customs officer is higher than the median . * * Table 1 : International Comparison with Madagascar Customs * * |", "spans": [{"start": 1419, "end": 1466, "text": "data on revenue collected by Madagascar customs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lamwo ( n = 258 ) * * | 71 . 8 % ( 66 . 0-77 . 0 ) | 88 . 8 % ( 84 . 3-92 . 1 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 292 ) * * | 68 . 7 % ( 63 . 2-73 . 8 ) | 92 . 9 % ( 89 . 3-95 . 3 ) | # # # * * Vitamin A Supplementation Coverage * * All eleven districts hosting refugees were assessed for vitamin A supplementation coverage . The MoH leads efforts of ensuring that 6-59 months children are fully protected with preventive vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months , and especially when given twice annually . Vitamin A supplementation coverage which is the proportion of 6-59 months children received at least one high-dose vitamin A supplement in the past six months was found highest in Kamwenge ( 97 . 9 % ) , this was followed by , Lamwo ( 95 . 9 % ) , Kyegegwa ( 94 . 4 % ) ; Yumbe ( 93 . 9 % ) , Moyo ( 92 . 0 % ) , Adjumani ( 91 . 9 % ) , Koboko ( 91 . 0 % ) and Kiryandongo ( 90 . 7 % ) . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 49 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "argument goes , do race , disability , gender , caste , place of birth , etc . If that is so , can one compute acceptable summary indicators of this ex-ante set of potential outcomes ? Initial attempts have been made , but the area is in its infancy , and more work is needed . < sup > 14 < / sup > Since inequality of opportunity is closer to the concept of distribution that is relevant to the theoretical literature on inequality and growth than income inequality , a related question is whether turning to such an indicator might shed light on the inconclusive empirical cross-country literature on the subject . While most cross-section regressions of growth on initial income inequality ( with controls ) have returned negative and significant coefficients on inequality , most panel regressions of growth on lagged , time-varying income inequality ( with controls ) have returned positive and significant coefficients . < sup > 15 < / sup > If we were able to measure inequality of opportunity directly for a number of countries , so that one no longer needed to rely on income inequality as a proxy , would the crosscountry result shed light on the ‘ macroeconomic ’ effect that corresponds to the microeconomic impacts identified through studies such as those discussed in Section 3 ? The question remains open . > 14 See Bourguignon , Ferreira and Menéndez ( 2003 ) , Cogneau and Gignoux ( 2005 ) and O ’ Neill , Sweetman and Van de Gaer ( 2000 ) . 15 See Bénabou ( 1996 ) for a survey of the cross-section results , Forbes ( 2000 ) and Li and Zou ( 1998 ) for two influential panel studies , and Banerjee and Duflo ( 2003 ) for a possible interpretation of the differences .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "953 | 1 , 908 | 507 | 36 | 0 . 000 | 2 , 667 | | ( ETB ) , all sample | Non-AGP HHs | 1 , 536 | 1 , 669 | 1 , 536 | 2 , 007 | 338 | 20 | 0 . 036 | 2 , 007 | | | MHHs | 4 , 906 | 1 , 592 | 4 , 769 | 2 , 275 | 682 | 43 | 0 . 000 | 3 , 267 | | | FHHs | 2 , 047 | 940 | 2 , 184 | 1 , 106 | 167 | 18 | 0 . 099 | 1 , 463 | | Revenue from | THH | 3 , 715 | 2 , 154 | 3 , 275 | 2 , 968 | 815 | 38 | 0 . 000 | 2 , 968 | | livestock products < br > | AGP HHs | 2 , 957 | 2 , 045 | 2 , 653 | 2 , 956 | 911 | 45 | 0 . 000 | 2 , 956 | | sales , for sub - < br > samle of | Non-AGP HHs | 758 | 2 , 577 | 622 | 3 , 022 | 445 | 17 | 0 . 177 | 1 , 876 | | p < br > households who | MHHs | 2 , 217 | 2 , 047 | 2 , 001 | 3 , 074 | 1 , 026 | 50 | 0 . 000 | 3 , 448 | | produced at least a < br > livestock product < br > ( ETB ) | FHHs | 740 | 2 , 038 | 652 | 2 , 595 | 557 | 27 | 0 . 036 | 2 , 595 | _Source : _ AGP2 EIER ( based on survey data collected in March 2017 and May 2024 ) . Page 36", "spans": [{"start": 893, "end": 902, "text": "AGP2 EIER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 914, "end": 925, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and analyzing these points . The following chapters are based on interviews with refugees from two refugee settlements – Imvepi , in Arua district and Ikafe , in Yumbe district , both in West Nile region . Imvepi refugee settlement has approximately 23 , 000 refugees – all Sudanese of a range of different ethnic backgrounds , apart from approximately 500 Congolese . The IP agency is the German Development Agency [ DED ] . The settlement is quite established , having been operational since 1996 . The SRS was implemented in Imvepi , leading to the transfer of education , health , forestry and community services functions from DED to the district . The other services – for example , water and sanitation – are still in the hands of DED , and the integration of services has halted . The SRS also entailed reductions in food ration , to between 40 to 60 % of a full food ration for ‘ old caseload ’ – the 7 , 290 refugees who had arrived between 1996 and 2002 , while ‘ new caseload ’ – the 14 , 760 who had arrived in Imvepi after 2002 – still receive a full ration , as do the 860 refugees classified as ‘ extremely vulnerable individuals ’ ( all data from DED Imvepi ) . Ikafe , in the newly formed district of Yumbe , has around 9 , 000 refugees , primarily from the Acholi ethnic group , in a very spread out area centring around Ikafe Basecamp , from where the implementing partner , International Rescue Committee [ IRC ] , provides the full range of services . Ikafe was not targeted for the SRS , given it is a new settlement for refugees displaced from Achol-Pii by the LRA and moved from Kiryandongo by GoU ( see Case Study Five , chapter V . ) . It provided a comparative example to contrast to Imvepi and also produced relevant findings 35", "spans": [{"start": 1154, "end": 1174, "text": "data from DED Imvepi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # # # # # * * SURVEY FINDINGS : FUNDING * * An online survey was conducted with 3RP partners as part of this research . Not all of those who responded to the online survey provided data on the amount of funding that they received and passed on in response to the Syria crisis . Of those organisations that did ( approximately 45 % of respondents ) , their total funding amounts to approximately US $ 1 . 6 billion . Survey respondents were asked to estimate the proportion of their funding in 2017 that has been passed to local and national actors . As shown in Figure 3 , the proportions varied considerably . Between US $ 351 million and US $ 584 million of the funding reported to the survey was passed to local and Figure 3 : Question 7 of online survey - Approximately what share of your 3RP-related funding in 2017 is passed on to national and local organisations ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 # # # # # # * * Access to predictable , quality financing * * As well as the quantity of funding , the quality of funding going to local and national actors is also key . Previous research on resources for national NGOs concluded that their international funding is often “ unpredictable , volatile , difficult to access , insufficient and does not adequately support the strengthening and capacity development of national NGOs that is central to improving preparedness , standing response capacity and resilience to disasters ” ( Poole , L . , 2014 ) . Humanitarian funding cycles in emergency contexts are often short-term – typically between six to twelve months – preventing the long-term investment needed to build the capacity of local actors . Figure 4 : Question 11 of online survey - What is the reason for the increase in 3RP-related funding passed on to national and local actors ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017", "spans": [{"start": 122, "end": 135, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 233, "end": 246, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 956, "end": 997, "text": "Online survey conducted with 3RP partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 9 . 3 . 5 Step 5 : Verification of corrective action * * To verify satisfaction , the aggrieved person will be approached by the GO and SGRC to verify that the corrective action has been implemented . A signature of the complainant will be obtained and recorded in the grievance register ( see Step 3 ) . If the complainant is not satisfied with the outcome of the corrective action , additional steps may be undertaken to reach agreement between the parties . If additional corrective action is not possible , the matter is referred to the RIC . * * 9 . 3 . 6 Step 6 : Action by RIC * * If the complainant remains dissatisfied and a satisfactory resolution cannot be reached , the complaint will be handled by the RIC , whose membership has already been discussed under earlier sections of this report . This committee however must have a quorum of at least five persons . Decisions will be reached by simple majority . The Grievance Committee should be constituted for as long as grievances are being lodged , and a register ( annex 6 ) kept to track progress on the resolution of grievances Once the RIC has determined its approach to the lodged grievance , this will be communicated to the GO , who will communicate this to the complainant . If satisfied , the complainant signs to acknowledge that the issue has been resolved satisfactorily . The RIC has 14 days to resolve the grievance . If the complainant is not satisfied , however , the complainant notes the outstanding issues , which may be re-lodged with the Grievance Committee or the complainant may proceed with judicial proceedings . 9-4", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 291, "text": "grievance register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We examine the bivariate relationship between demand and key firm and owner characteristics in more detail in Figure 5 . This figure allows us to see how demand varies with different characteristics at different prices . We see the demand curves look similar for men and women , and that demand is higher for those who are wealthier , more risk-seeking , with higher sales , higher expected returns to training , and younger owners . We also test ( not reported ) whether the slopes vary by characteristic , and find that younger owners and those who have higher expected returns from training have more inelastic demands ( flatter slopes ) . Table 6 looks further at the correlates of willingness to actually pay . Column ( 1 ) repeats the last column of Table 5 in terms of the BDM WTP . Column ( 2 ) examines the correlates of actually paying for training in the BDM exercise , conditional on drawing a positive price to pay , and what that price was . We see that only education is significant , with more educated individuals being more likely to pay for training . Column ( 3 ) shows this continues to hold when using LASSO to reduce the number of coefficients . Columns ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) look at who reneges on payment after having a WTP greater than the price , and finds those with more education are less likely to renege . Finally , Columns ( 6 ) and ( 7 ) present the correlates for paying for the course in the TIOLI sample . Price offered is negatively correlated with paying , as we saw before . We see demand is higher for wealthier owners , and those with larger firms ( more employees ) , as with the BDM . We find that those who think their practices compare well with other firms have lower demand . In contrast to the BDM , we find a marginally positive impact of age on demand ( but note that the magnitude is small , and that the TIOLI sample is younger to begin with than the BDM sample ) . # * * 4 . 3 How Does Pricing Affect Training Attendance ? * * We", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-967-GO - < br > RFB / Books and reference < br > material for AABE | IDA / 57660 | Strengthening Accountability < br > Institutions | Post | Request for < br > Quotations < br > Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 0 . 00 < br > C | ancel | anne < br > cu < br > ed | a < br > anne < br > cua | anne < br > cua | anne < br > cua < br > 2017-02-14 < br > 2016-12-22 | anne < br > cua | anne < br > cua | anne < br > cua | anne < br > cua < br > 2017-04-20 | anne < br > cua < br > 2017-05-22 | | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-975-GO - < br > RFQ / Furniture and IT < br > Equipment for e-GP unit | IDA / 57660 | Strengthening Accountability < br > Institutions | Post | Request for < br > Quotations < br > Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 0 . 00 < br > U < br > I < br > o | nder < br > mplem < br > n | entati | | | 2016-12-14 < br > 2018-05-23 | | | | 2017-02-10 | 2017-03-13 | | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-923-GO - < br > RFB / Procurement of IT < br > equipment for IFMIS data < br > center | IDA / 57660 | Expenditure Management < br > amd Information Systems < br > Support | Prior | Request for", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 40 < br > 40 < br > 20 20 1 20 < br > 0 < br > 0 0 0 < br > 1990s 2000s 2010s SAR SSA LAC ECA < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 < br > 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : IMF WEO , Peace Research Institute of Oslo ( PRIO ) , Roser ( 2019 ) , Haver Analytics , World Bank _Pink Sheet_ , World Bureau of Metal Statistics , World Bank staff calculations . B . Agriculture includes 23 commodities , Industrial Metals includes 7 metals , and Energy includes coal , crude oil and natural gas . Index 100 = 2000 . D . Only conflicts in which at least one party was the government of a state and which generated more than 25 battle-related deaths are included . The data refer to direct violent deaths only and exclude outbreaks of disease or famine . Country-level data unavailable . E . Unweighted averages . 2001 LICs includes 61 countries . F . Committed debt relief under the assumption of full participation of creditors . Bars represent average debt relief per region in US $ billions for all Highly-Indebted Poor Country ( HIPC ) and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative ( MDRI ) LICs . Diamonds reflect average debt relief per region relative to countries ’ GDP . The commodity boom of 2001-11 supported above-average growth in those 2001 LICs that were , or became , commodity exporters . Exports of primary commodities in these countries rose by onehalf of GDP between 2001 and 2011 . Higher export earnings helped improve fiscal positions , with government revenues of commodity-exporting LICs rising by close to 4 percentage points of GDP , on average , and fiscal deficits narrowing by around 1 percentage point of GDP , between 2001 and 2011 . This , as well as debt relief , allowed a doubling of social expenditures between the 2000s and 2010s . The commodity-driven growth surge was accompanied by a decline in inflation to single digits and an annual 3 percent real exchange rate appreciation between 2001 and 2011 , on average ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | 2 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 3 | 99 . 5 | | * * From : 3001 to3500 * * | 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 2 | 99 . 7 | | * * From : 4001 to 4500 * * | 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 2 | 99 . 8 | | * * Actual : 6000 * * | 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 2 | 100 | | * * Total ( valid ) * * | * * 583 * * | * * 91 . 1 * * | * * 100 * * | | | * * N / A * * | * * 34 * * | * * 5 . 3 * * | | | | * * Missing * * < br > * * System * * | * * 23 * * | * * 3 . 6 * * | | | | * * Total * * | * * 57 * * | * * 8 . 9 * * | | | | * * Total * * | * * 640 * * | * * 100 * * | | | Source : Field Survey * * Table 16 : Average Area of Business Premise by Affected Business Type * * | * * Type of Affected Business * * | * * Average * * < br > * * Area * * < br > * * of Premise ( m * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > * * ) * * | * * Average No . * * < br > * * of Employees * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Water kiosk / water vending | 56 . 66 | 1 | | Sellingof charcoal and / or firewood | 39 . 40 | 1 | | Garage | 16 . 34 | 1 | | Metal works | 8 . 65 | 1 | | Sellingof raw vegetable and / or fruitproduct ( s", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 531, "text": "Field Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) |  Strengthened capacity of woredas to effectively respond to | fraud and corruption com | plaints ( Text , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > Baseline not available in < br > PAD . | Ethics officers have < br > been assigned to 76 % < br > of all woredas . 80 % if < br > zonal officers are < br > included . | Ethics officers have < br > been assigned to 76 % of < br > all woredas . 80 % if < br > zonal officers are < br > included . | Fraud and < br > corruption < br > complaints < br > registered by < br > WoFEDs are < br > recorded in < br > accordance < br > with < br > REACC / FEAC < br > C complaint < br > registration < br > formats ( incl . < br > disaggregation < br > by sector and < br > type of case ) in < br > at least 75 % of < br > woredas . | | Date < br > 16-Dec-2015 | 19-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 01-Nov-2017 | | L < br >  HIES survey published ( Text , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > No | Yes | Yes | Household < br > Income < br > Consumption < br > and < br > Expenditure < br > Survey has < br > been published , < br > with", "spans": [{"start": 1100, "end": 1111, "text": "HIES survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 02 / 19 / 80 * * | | Credit Agreement | 04 / 02 / 80 | 04 / 02 / 80 | | Effectiveness | * * 06 / 02 / 80 * * | * * 05 / 01 / 80 * * | | * * Closing * * | * * 12 / 31 / 80 * * | * * 12 / 31 / 82 * * | # # # # * * MISSION DATA * * | | Month , Year | No . < br > of < br > Weeks | No . of < br > Persons | Manweeks | Dateof < br > Report | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Identification | * * 07 / 79 * * | 2 | * * 3 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 08 / 79 * * ( InitiatingMemo ) | | Appraisal | * * _09 / 79_ * * | 2 | * * 3 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 12 / 79 * * ( DraftPR ) | | Supervision | * * 07 / 80 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 07 / 25 / 80 * * | # # # # FOLLOW-ON PROGRAM * * OPERATIONS * * * * US $ 70 . 0 * * a Second Reconstruction Program , Cr . * * 1252-UG , * * approved on May * * 25 , 1982 . US $ 50 . 0 * * m Third Reconstruction Program , Cr . * * 1474-UG , * * approved on May * * 15 , * * < sup > 1984 . < / sup > / a Includes the Netherlands grant of * * US $ 17 . 5 * * m . * * 7-b", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the growth of private schools has had a positive impact on educational outcomes , both in terms of enrollment and learning outcomes . In a representative sample of households in the country ( the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey 1998 ) , overall enrollment is higher for villages with private schools ( 61 percent versus 46 percent ) , as is female enrollment ( 56 percent versus 35 percent ) . Moreover , Kim et al . ( 1999 ) provide strong causal evidence that private schools increase enrollment by showing that a randomly 4", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 232, "text": "Pakistan Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "upgrading , but other factors are admittedly excluded . In particular , Ferreira and Paes de Barros ( 2005 ) find the increase in extreme poverty in urban Brazil to be related to rising unemployment and informality . Elbers , Lanjouw , Lanjouw and Leite ( 2004 ) report that the poverty incidence among informal sector employees and the urban self-employed is almost as high as among rural self-employed . In addition , educational expansion has been identified as a major tool in the fight against urban poverty and , for good reasons , it has become a major policy focus of the Brazilian government . < sup > 7 < / sup > > 6 Data from employment histories in the PNAD reveal that in both 1997 and 2001 about 6 percent of those who became unemployed in the last year were employed in agricultural sectors before . Taking into account that approx . 20 percent of the workforce are employed in agriculture , this figure is rather low and may be taken as a sign that the rise in urban unemployment is not causally linked to the decline in agricultural employment . > 7 The Bolsa Escola Program , a means-tested conditional cash transfer program that reaches 6 million households in Brazil , is one of the major policy instruments in this regard . See Bourguignon , Ferreira and Leite ( 2002 ) for an assessment of Bolsa Escola using a microsimulation model . 7", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 669, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of which 10 goc-n uhould be anol yontein . Thes scandr-fleccingcge-sex crurr of the populatin . , and long rim treed . A ards are loser thar chose of _75_ grant of ntotl protein and 21 groan _of_ fee entiates are from Cetienal sources . anigu1 proteic at - vrago fur the world , proposed by FAO in the Third fonnoic Dependency . Rati - Ratir of popslution under 15 end 65 and oer torld _Fond_ Surey ; 1961-65 , 1970 aud _1977_ darn . to the total labor forue . Poe capita pnoein supply froa ai p I Pand tle-Protein unpply of fund derived from ecbmals und puines in grotn per dop ; 1961-65 , 1970 and 1977 date . 191101 DISTE13UTIOY Child ( agea 1-4 ) Death tatc ( per thousund ) - Auu . al deaths per thusnand in Percentage of Private Income ( both in ceuh and kied ) - Received by ricehst ago groCp 1-4 year . , to uhildren in this age group ; fur svsc developing coon5 percent , richeot 20 rprcent , poorest 20 pecent , aod poorent 40 percent trien data derived from life tables ; 1960 , 1970 cad 1980 data . of households . HEALTH POVERTY TARGbT GROOPP Life Expectancy at Birth ( years ) - aceage nn ber of ypas of lif resaining Th . following uesttaes are vroy approoimate - - eatree of poverty levels , cc birth ; 1960 , 1970 and 1900 data . und should be interpreted", "spans": [{"start": 951, "end": 980, "text": "data derived from life tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "monitors its school enrollment records each year through site visits conducted by officials based in each region and in the central office , rather than relying on self-reports from school administrators . Nonetheless , in recognition of concerns about over-reporting we rely on enrollment data from the Ministry sparsely , largely for descriptive statistics . We address the potential bias from enrollment data used in more formal analysis when discussing results . # _Descriptive Statistics_ Given our focus on grade 12 outcomes in this paper , it is instructive to understand how Gambian students ’ progress through secondary school . The enrollment data do not track individual students over time , preventing us from constructing true grade progression rates . However , we can approximate progression through secondary school by comparing enrollment totals in grade 7 , the first year of secondary school , with grade 10 enrollment three years later , when students transition from Upper Basic to Senior Secondary School . We can do the same for grade 12 enrollment and test taking five years later . Although these estimates will be biased due to mortality , migration , and grade repetition , they nonetheless give a sense of secondary school continuation and completion . For the seventh grade cohort entering in 2000 , the year before the program began , enrollment in tenth grade three years later was only 29 % of initial cohort size . Grade 12 enrollment and test-taking were each 25 % of the initial seventh grade enrollment . These estimates suggest that secondary school progression is rare , but that students who persist to the upper secondary grades are likely to continue . Table S1 of the supplemental appendix presents these results , with additional breakdowns by gender , urban / rural , and region , as well as how grade progression changed over time for subsequent seventh grade cohorts . The Gambia made considerable strides in reducing the gender enrollment gap since implementing the scholarship program . Figure 3 shows Ministry of Education data on enrollment in grades 7 – 12 , aggregated across all public schools in regions 2 – 6 . Panels ( a ) – ( b ) rescale time so that _t_ = 0 corresponds to the first year of program receipt", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 312, "text": "enrollment data from the Ministry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 396, "end": 411, "text": "enrollment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 , 180 | 3 . 28 | 2 , 392 | 9 . 06 | 2 . 18 | 40 . 62 | 29 . 04 | | 1997 | 2 , 185 | 6 . 06 | 1 , 200 | 3 . 33 | 2 , 450 | 9 . 28 | 2 . 22 | 41 . 78 | 29 . 66 | 1 / Only hplf the total upcountry traffic assumed to move by train , with remainder going < sup > by road 300 days per year . < / sup > 2 / 1 , 900 tons trailing load , or about 1 , 2CO tons of freight per train . 3 / General traffic is heavier in the down direction and determines the total number of trains in both directions . TT / 1 , 600 tons trailing load , or about 880 tons of freight per train . § . A 2 % annual growth assumed . _ ' / _ Tw4ce the number of trains in the predominant direction . Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 693, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > EstoniaHungaryCroatiaCzech R . LatviaSloveniaSlovakia _CEEPolandBulgariaLithuaniaKazahstanRussiaUkraineAzerbaijan _BRUGeorgia_CIS-7 + KRomaniaMoldovaBelarusKyrgyzstanUzbekistanTajikistan < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : ILO LABORSTA database ( LFS data ) The employment share of market services is the highest in fast reforming and most advanced transition economies , such as Estonia , Hungary , and the Czech Republic ( above 30 percent ) , and is the lowest in slow reforming and less advanced economies , such as Belarus and most of the low-income CIS countries ( below 20 percent ) . 18", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 310, "text": "ILO LABORSTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 93 . 50 | 93 . 50 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 29-Jan-2016 | 30-Sep-2021 | 07-Apr-2022 | 01-Oct-2022 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01119920 < br > ► Beneficiaries receiving ap | Evaluation data not < br > propriate training that recei | yet available . < br > ved a livelihood grant ( Percenta | ge , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 97 . 00 | 98 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 29-Jan-2016 | 30-Sep-2021 | 07-Apr-2022 | 01-Oct-2022 | | IN01119921 < br > ► Training recipients reporti | ng improved skills as a resu | lt of the training provided by th | e project ( Percentage , Cus | tom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 29-Jan-2016 | 30-Sep-2021 | 07-Apr-2022 | 01-Oct-2022 | | Comments * * : * * | Impact Evaluation is | on progress . | | | | IN01119924 < br > ► Businesses with approved | business plans that are se | t up within 6 months of receivin | g livelihood grant support ( | Percentage , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 80 . 00 | 4 / 21 /", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 240, "text": "Evaluation data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6078 # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes the impact of large-scale expansion of biofuels on the global income distribution and poverty . A global computable general equilibrium model is used to simulate the effects of the expansion of biofuels on resource allocation , commodity prices , factor prices and household income . A second model based on worldwide household surveys uses these results to calculate the impacts on poverty and global income inequality . The study finds that the large-scale expansion of biofuels leads to an increase in production and prices of agricultural commodities . The increased prices would cause higher food prices , especially in developing countries . Moreover , wages of unskilled rural labor would also increase , which slows down the rural to urban migration in many developing countries . The study also shows that the effects on poverty vary across regions ; it increases in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa , whereas it decreases in Latin America . At the global level , the expansion of biofuels increases poverty slightly . This paper is a product of the Environment and Energy Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at gtimilsina @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 409, "text": "worldwide household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by weighting average DAP and urea prices between old and new stocks . For the analysis ~ n this report , the current stock is estimated to result in an overall price decrease of about 8-10 percent . The same figure has been assumed for individual crop ' s . - Potential losses due to moisture or caking are assumed between 1 percent and 3 percent . Field evidence generally suggests that moisture or caking is a rather isolated problem , as confirmed by DSA data and , project supervision reports . Primary cooperatives appear to store their fertilizer carefully . - Storage costs at the cooperative level are estimated assuming that about 5 percent of the cooperatives need to pay for storage of 110 , 000 tons for three months . Average costs of about ETB 2 . 5-5 . 0 per ton are from supervision mission field observations . Similar figures have been employed for teff , wheat , and maize . Key assumptions for the benefit stream are : - Production benefits due to increased fertilizer supply are calculated . It is expected that some VCRs may be better for the 201 ( ) ' - 2011 season , however , mainly - 26 -", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 462, "text": "DSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "public expenditure only – it is an issue of overall investment in physical as well as human infrastructure . Some existing studies , such as Jimenez ( 1994 ) , Devarajan et al . ( 1996 ) , also point out this research gap . There might not be a generic answer to this question . The optimal mix of investments between the physical infrastructure and human capital could vary across countries , depending on their specific situations . It would , therefore , be interesting to investigate this variation and provide insights to policy makers . # * * _6 . 6 Long-Run Impacts of Infrastructure Investment_ * * Panel data studies such as Calderón and Servén ( 2010 ) pick up the combined effects of infrastructure adjustment processes over time for countries with differing initial economic and institutional levels of development . Such studies can be used to assess statistically both the impact effects of changes in infrastructure development and longer-term effects . However , such research does not in itself provide insight on how infrastructure affects development over the longer-term . Experimental studies ( e . g . , Lenz et al . 2017 ) can provide insight on short-term impacts of infrastructure changes for certain users but have less to say about the longer-term impacts across the economy . Long-term structural models can provide that information , but such models are more complex to build and estimate , and the literature contains only a few exceptions ( see , e . g . , Roberts et al . 2012 ) . # * * 7 . Conclusion * * Developing countries are facing a crucial question : what to prioritize when the financial resources needed for economic development are limited . Should they invest more in physical infrastructures , such as roads , rail , electricity supply systems , or should they focus on services , such as health care and education ? Researchers have attempted to address this question through empirical analysis over the past three decades . This paper aims to review the literature and summarize the insights coming from the existing studies . Both types of studies - - those analyzing the impacts of public investment in general , and those examining the effects of physical infrastructure", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5493 # * * Abstract * * This paper uses panel data on the number of new firm registrations in 91 countries to study how the ease of registering a business and the magnitude of registration reforms affect new firm registrations . The authors find that the costs , days and procedures required to start a business are important predictors of the number of new firm registrations . However , they find that small reforms , in general less than a 40 percent reduction in procedures or 50 to 60 percent reduction in costs and days , do not have a significant effect on new registrations . They also find important synergies in multiple reforms of two or more business environment indicators . Finally , they show that countries with relatively weaker business environments prior to reforms require relatively larger reforms in order to impact the number of newly registered firms . This paper — a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Team , Development Research Group — is part of a larger effort in the department to study entrepreneurship and growth . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at ilove @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 80, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report # # * * Annex 7 : Minutes of final draft plan presentation * * # # # * * < u > MINUTES OF THE M26 FINAL DRAFT PLAN PRESENTATION MEETING HELD ON 3 < / u > * * < sup > * * RD * * < / sup > * * < u > SEPTEMBER 2019 FROM 2 : 30 PM AT KILIFI LAND ’ S OFFICE . < / u > Agenda * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - >  Introduction and Opening Remarks < br >  Presentation of the M26 Final Draft Plan . < br >  Plenary Session . < br >  Closing Remarks and A . O . B < br > DISCUSSION ACTORS < br > Min . 01-03 / 09 / 2019 : Introduction and Opening Remarks . < br >  The meeting started at 2 : 30pm with a round of introductions from the All < br > members present . Michael Gachoki , the principal consultant , introduced his < br > team and introduced the agenda for the meeting . < br >  Mr . David Ngombo , the County KISIP Coordinator conveyed apologies on < br > behalf of the CECM and the Chief Officer , Lands and mentioned that they < br > were unable to attend as they were unwell . < br >  He also mentioned that they ( Kilifi County ) had already sent a letter to < br > KISIP requesting for the survey of the extent of M26 that lies in what was < br > thought to be M27 . < br >  Mr . Ngombo expressed his expectations , saying that he hopes that the < br > comments given in the last meeting have been incorporated into the plan . < br > Min . 02-03 / 09 /", "spans": [{"start": 1239, "end": 1266, "text": "survey of the extent of M26", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a Program course correction , as appropriate . Midterm review assessments will leverage lessons generated by the surveys . Aggregate feedback collected will be regularly communicated via GoK public information campaign channels , as well as Operation specific communication strategies . The Operation intends to close the loop by informing citizens about how the feedback has been integrated . Relevant local communities , including refugees and vulnerable groups , will be sensitized , and provided with information about the GRM procedures and complementary feedback tools . Complementary capacity building interventions will be designed , as appropriate , to ensure that the utilization rate by the public of these mechanisms is satisfactory . - iv . * * Climate change Co-Benefits . * * _Climate change and vulnerability context_ - Kenya is considered highly vulnerable to climate change impacts , especially floods and droughts . < sup > 58 . < / sup > It is estimated that currently over 70 percent of natural disasters are attributable to extreme climatic events . While the country is endowed with different climates , a warming trend in temperatures across the country is evident . The number of hot days and nights , as well as extreme heat conditions , will increase , resulting in significant impacts to human health , as well as agriculture and livelihoods in general . Average annual temperatures rose by 1 ° C between 1960 and 2003 and by 1 . 5 ° C in the country ’ s drier regions . Projections to 2030 show mean annual temperature in Kenya increasing again by 1 . 0 – 1 . 5 ° C . Arid and semiarid areas are particularly at risk from increased aridity and periods of drought . In addition , extreme rainfall events are expected to increase in frequency , duration and intensity and the proportion of heavy rainfall that occurs in heavy events will also increase . - The principal source of volatility in Kenyan growth is extreme weather events , which are increasing in frequency and intensity with climate change . From 1981 to 2011 , Kenya suffered from drought once every three years on average . Drought was widespread in 13 of those 31 years", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 120, "text": "surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . Comparison between the analyzed sample and the Emergency Events database * * | | | Proportion < br > in the < br > sample | EMDAT < br > proportion | Difference | P value | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Type of shock | Drought | 0 . 0637 | 0 . 0405 | 0 . 023 * * * | < 0 . 01 | | | Flood | 0 . 0306 | 0 . 4060 | - 0 . 375 * * * | < 0 . 01 | | | Heat | 0 . 1201 | 0 . 0194 | 0 . 101 | 0 . 040 | | Country or region | South Asia | 0 . 1765 | 0 . 1055 | 0 . 071 * * * | < 0 . 01 | | | Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 . 1826 | 0 . 1942 | - 0 . 012 | 0 . 447 | | | East Asia and Pacific | 0 . 1409 | 0 . 2294 | - 0 . 088 * * * | < 0 . 01 | | | Europe and Central Asia | 0 . 0380 | 0 . 0807 | - 0 . 043 * * * | < 0 . 01 | | | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 . 0980 | 0 . 1621 | - 0 . 064 * * * | < 0 . 01 | | | Middle East and North Africa | 0 . 0331 | 0 . 0475 | - 0 . 014 | 0 . 072 | _Note : _ CCDR = _Country Climate and Development Report . _ EMDAT = Emergency Events database . It was last accessed on November 28 , 2023 . Proportion in the sample refers to the share of 70 studies in the sample that analyzed the specific shock or region . 17", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 86, "text": "Emergency Events database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 138, "end": 143, "text": "EMDAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "below the national poverty line of IQD 110 , 000 and eligible for support . Despite having the same qualification cutoffs ( IQD 110 , 000 ) , the difference in the estimated eligibility rates between the SEVAT and MoLSA PMT can be attributed to : ( i ) difference in targeting model - while the MoLSA PMT is devised to assess households ’ monetary poverty , the SEVAT model evaluates vulnerability , ( ii ) difference in the survey methodologies between the GOI ’ s SWIFT and the CLCI ’ s MPCA surveys – the SWIFT collected detailed household food and non-food expenditures from a nationally representative sample to estimate monetary poverty in Iraq , whereas the MPCA asked only about the total expenditure in a single question ; research shows that these measures can be significantly different ( Beegle et al . , 2012 ) . _Table 2 : Share of households eligible in each targeting ( n = 10818 ) . _ | Eligible criteria | Cutoff | IDQ ( Monthly per capita < br > consumption ) | Number < br > eligible | Share of the total < br > sample ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | SEVAT | Log10 | | | | | Extreme vulnerable | < 4 . 84 | < 70 , 000 | 2 , 921 | 27 % | | Extreme - Mid vulnerable | < 4 . 96 | < 92 , 000 | 5 , 029 | 46 % | | All vulnerable group | < 5 . 04 | < 110000 | 6 , 815 | 63 % | | Non < br > vulnerable < br > / < br > not < br > qualified | > 5 . 04 | > 110 , 000 | 4 , 003 | 37 % | | Legacy-VA | | | | | | Extreme vulnerable | from 17 - < br > 26 | Host or displaced > 3 < br > months | 4 , 868 | 45 % | | Extreme - Mid vulnerable | from 17 - < br > 26 | Host or displaced | 6", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 501, "text": "MPCA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to another . In a first time , people moved to escape the disaster area and , in a second time , they came back home . Despite its lack of representativeness , the survey does , however , provide very useful information on the allocation of assistance programs after the earthquake . In particular , using asset index as a proxy for household wealth , we can firstly specify the dynamics of poverty after the earthquake . Second , it is possible to assess the targeting performance of assistance programs . Previous results based on a similar survey in February , a few weeks after the earthquake , highlighted the limited ability of assistance programs to target households according to their preearthquake household wealth or asset losses after the quake . On the other hand , modelling the impact of various covariates on both assistance allocation and food consumption score , we find that the fact of being in a camp had at that time a sizeable effect on assistance , especially for food assistance . Hence , the emergency assistance principle appears to be connected with selfselection strategies since food-insecure people had little choice but to move to the camps in order to have access to food assistance . We also find that both the pre-earthquake asset index and asset losses have a significant impact on food consumption score , with asset losses making up for about half the effect of the pre-earthquake asset index , which demonstrates that households who enforced coping strategies have been able to buffer the impact of the shock . So , shortly after the earthquake , assistance programs allocation prove not to have been effective in targeting the most vulnerable people in the directly affected area . Five months after the earthquake , it appears that things had not really changed : although food assistance may have contributed to decrease the prevalence of food insecurity over the period , authorities still seemed unable to provide an efficient allocation of assistance programs . The location of households stands out as the main criterion that emerges from the regression analysis , yet this method of targeting is not sufficient : indeed , assistance also appeared to benefit less to families headed by women and less to households with", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the needs assessment and on the outputs of the response analysis where appropriate , relevant and feasible interventions and modalities to respond to the humanitarian needs of the population are identified . Feasibility includes constraints due to physical access , legal issues , operational capacity , availability of support structure or financial delivery services . < sup > 29 < / sup > * * People Targeted * * _is “ a sub-set of People in Need and represents the number of people humanitarian actors aim or plan to assist . This projected number is typically smaller than the number of People in Need , given : ( a ) it is rare that international humanitarian actors can meet all needs ; ( b ) needs are also being addressed by actors not participating in the joint_ # # # # # * * FIGURE 15 SELECTION OF 2019 HRPS : CHILD PROTECTION NEEDS AND TARGETED POPULATION * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 < br > CP PIN < br > 5 < br > CP target < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 5 . 6 < br > 4 . 3 < br > 3 . 4 3 . 2 < br > 3 . 0 < br > Millions 1 . 9 1 . 9 < br > 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 3 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 50 . 2 0 , 3 0 . 7 0 . 40 . 3 0 . 50 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 1 0 . 7 0 . 5 0 . 7 0 . 5 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 20 . 1 < br > Afghanistan Burkina Faso CAR Chad DRC Iraq Mali Niger Nigeria oPt Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria Ukraine Venezuela Yemen Zimbabwe < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 8 % of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * Egypt achieved rapid growth during 2005-2008 . In this period reforms and economic shocks produced gains for some groups , and losses for others . The main objective of this paper is to analyze to what extent the rapid growth experienced in Egypt between 2005 and 2008 has been pro-poor . Pro-poor growth is about changing the distribution of relative incomes through the growth process to favour the poor . This paper will refer to the “ relative ” definition of pro-poor growth when discussing to what extent growth benefitted the poor in Egypt between 2005 and 2008 . There are two definitions for measuring pro-poor growth used in recent literature and policy-oriented discussions . The first and relative definition compares changes in the incomes of the _poor_ with changes in the incomes of the _non-poor_ . Using this definition , growth is pro-poor when the distributional shifts accompanying growth favour the poor . This is the definition that will be used throughout this paper . The second and absolute definition considers growth to be pro-poor if and only if poor people benefit in absolute terms , as reflected in some agreed measure of poverty ( Ravallion and Chen , 2003 ; Kraay , 2003 ) . In this sense , growth in Egypt was indeed benefitting the poor between 2005 and 2008 , as the country achieved a substantial reduction in the poverty headcount ( from 23 . 4 to 18 . 9 ) < sup > 2 < / sup > . The paper presents a detailed picture of how different groups above and below the poverty line were affected by this period of positive growth . This analysis is based on the Household Income , Expenditure and Consumption Panel Survey ( HIECPS ) conducted by CAPMAS ( Egypt ’ s national statistical agency ) to trace household consumption and living standards over 2005-2008 . The survey is the first large scale data collection in Egypt to monitor the situation of same households over extended period of time . The study compares Growth Incidence Curves ( GIC ) based on a cross section of data with GICs based on the panel data . Panel data follows the same households over time ( unlike the", "spans": [{"start": 1619, "end": 1678, "text": "Household Income , Expenditure and Consumption Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2064, "end": 2074, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participates in the paid labor force ; for example , women ‘ s participation rate in MGNREGS is about twice their share of other ( non-PW ) casual wage work . < sup > 28 < / sup > The variation across states is striking ; between the two extremes , only 7 % of the work goes to women in Jammu & Kashmir as compared to 88 % in Kerala ( Table 1 ) . The female share on MGNREGS work is greater than their share of the work in the casual wage labor market in all states . Women are less likely to participate ( relative to men ) in MGNREGS in poorer states . Figure 7 plots the share of person days of employment going to women against the poverty rate . We see a negative correlation ( r = – 0 . 47 ) . By contrast , women ‘ s share of casual ( non-PW ) wage work tends to be slightly higher on average in poorer states , though the difference is not statistically significant ( r = 0 . 09 ) . While the scheme is clearly bringing women into the paid workforce , it is less effective in doing so in states with higher poverty rates . Why do we see less of the available work going to women in poorer states ? The NSS does not allow us to identify rationing at the individual level ( it is a household variable ) . However , we can gain some clues to how rationing has affected women from the inter-state comparisons . It would seem unlikely that the effect of household poverty on demand for work amongst women is any different than amongst men . Assuming that the effect of being a poorer state on demand for work is the same for men and women , the pattern in Figure 7 suggests that the rationing process is less favorable to women in poorer states . Do women have equal access to the scheme , when they need it ? Again , we cannot give a direct answer from the survey data . However , the patterns in the inter-state data are suggestive . We observe a negative correlation between the female share of work and the", "spans": [{"start": 1761, "end": 1772, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1805, "end": 1821, "text": "inter-state data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ités a mis la pression sur une partie des déplacés pour un retour dans les zones encore en ébullition < sup > 2 < / sup > . Des milliers de personnes ont encore été victimes de déplacement et redéplacement forcés . Plusieurs zones qui constituaient jadis des localités de refuge étant devenues , à leur tour , des théâtres d ’ intenses affrontements armés . Dans certaines zones , notamment dans le territoire de Rutshuru dans la province de Nord-Kivu , les mouvements de populations sont tellement soudains , brusques et fluctuants que les acteurs humanitaires peinent à planifier et à réaliser l ’ acheminement des rares ressources disponibles vers les personnes dans le besoin et complètement dépourvues de tout . # # * * < mark > RECOMMANDATIONS < / mark > * * * * A l ’ Equipe Humanitaire Pays * * Le nombre de violations des droits humains et les risques de protection associés à ces affrontements et déplacements massifs restent colossaux et pas correctement documentés . Les mécanismes de monitoring de protection ont rapporté 25040 incidents de protection au mois de septembre et octobre 2022 . - _ < mark > Rappeler aux parties aux conflits la nécessité de protéger les civils ( résidents et déplacés ) , ainsi que leurs biens et les infrastructures civiles ( sites de déplacés , écoles , hôpitaux ) lors des opérations militaires . < / mark > _ - _ < mark > Engager le", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1021, "text": "mécanismes de monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * _ANNEX_ 1 * * Page * * 1 * * Statistical Analysis of the Distribution of Smallholder Loans Issued Under the Project * * 1 . 1 * * Table * * 1 * * in , this anne x shows variables used as an input for the analysis of loan distribution * * by * * District mentioned in the text , page * * 26 . * * The data was assembled to test the hypothesis that the geographical distribution of project loans was determined * * by * * political considerations and that areas inhabited * * by * * dominant groups obtained a disproportionately large share of project funds relative to areas inhabited * * by * * politically less powerful groups . The dependent variable is the number of project loans per thousand registered holdings * * by * * Districts . The distribution of this variable is in itself sufficient to indicate that the hypothesis cannot be supported , and hence the results of an inconclusive multiple regression exercise are not presented in this annex in the interests of economy . - 1 . 2 The independent variables are : - a . Number of years the project has operated in each District between * * 1967 * * and * * 1973 . * * - * * b . * * Rainfall levels in each District . Rainfall relates to the attractiveness of the grade cattle enterprise , given greater fodder and water availability in higher rainfall zones and greater animal health problems in lower rainfall zones . - c . The approximate size of the extension establishment in each District around * * 1970-71 , * * the middle of disbursement period . This data was extracted from District annual reports compiled * * by * * Ministry of - - Agriculture field staff , and must be regarded as approximate . Adjustments were made , where possible , to exclude extension officers in no way concerned with the project * * - * * e . g . , range officers in Districts covering both range and smallholder agriculture . - * * d . A * * subjective rating of cooperative performance , adjusted", "spans": [{"start": 1548, "end": 1571, "text": "District annual reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample , information on both the dependent and explanatory variables for them is missing from the data set . This also implies that , in most of the cases , it is not possible to estimate a sample selection equation to correct for the biases , because it is not possible to identify if a household is missing children from the survey . The maximum likelihood approach developed by Bloom and Killingsworth ( 1985 ) can be applied in this case if multivariate normality is a reasonable assumption . Although non-random sample selection due to coresidency has been a major methodological issue in the research on intergenerational mobility , evidence on the magnitude of coresidency bias has been scarce , with the exception of the analysis of occupational mobility in the UK by Francesconi and Nicoletti ( 2006 ) . In an interesting paper , they use British Household Panel Survey to estimate the extent of coresidency bias in the estimates of intergenerational persistence in occupational prestige between father and son ( s ) . They use the occupational prestige index due to Goldthorpe and Hope ( 1974 ) , and estimate intergenerational elasticity as a measure of persistence . The evidence reported in their paper shows that the coresidency bias is substantial , ranging between 20-40 percent . < sup > 15 < / sup > They , however , do not address the question whether intergenerational correlation ( IGC ) and intergenerational regression coefficient ( IGRC ) are affected differently by the truncation due to coresidency , which is the focus of our analysis . We are not aware of any analysis of coresidency bias in the context of educational mobility , either in developed or developing countries . Our analysis can also claim broader applicability as we use data from two developing countries with substantial differences in the coresidency rates , and provide evidence on both father-son and mother-daughter links in educational persistence . # * * 3 . Data and Variables * * We use two rich data sets particularly suited for the analysis of the extent of coresident > 15They provide an extensive analysis of alternative econometric approaches for selection correction . Their findings indicate that the inverse probability weighted estimator is the most reliable to tackle coresident sample", "spans": [{"start": 848, "end": 878, "text": "British Household Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1764, "end": 1798, "text": "data from two developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stakes cognitive performance : Evidence from the national college entrance examination in china . _Journal of Environmental Economics and Management_ , _104_ , 102365 . Retrieved from https : / / www . sciencedirect . com / science / article / pii / S0095069620300887 doi : https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jeem . 2020 . 102365 - Graff Zivin , J . , Hsiang , S . M . , & Neidell , M . ( 2018 ) . Temperature and Human Capital in the Short and Long Run . _Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists_ , _5_ ( 1 ) , 77-105 . Retrieved from https : / / ideas . repec . org / a / ucp / jaerec / doi10 . 1086-694177 . html doi : 10 . 1086 / 694177 - Heutel , G . , Miller , N . H . , & Molitor , D . ( 2021 , October ) . Adaptation and the Mortality Effects of Temperature across U . S . Climate Regions . _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ , _103_ ( 4 ) , 740-753 . Retrieved from https : / / ideas . repec . org / a / tpr / restat / v103y2021i4p740-753 . html doi : 10 . 1162 / rest ~ ~ a 0 ~ ~ 0936 - Jacob , B . A . ( 2005 ) . Accountability , incentives and behavior : the impact of high-stakes testing in the chicago public schools . _Journal of Public Economics_ , _89_ ( 5 ) , 761-796 . Retrieved from https : / / www . sciencedirect . com / science / article / pii / S0047272704001549 doi : https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jpubeco . 2004 . 08 . 004 - MEF . ( 2015 ) . _ETHIOPIA ’ s Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) _ ( Report ) . Ministry of Environment and Forest ( MEF ) . Retrieved from http : / / unfccc . int / resource / docs / natc / ethnc2 . pdf - Niang , I . , Ruppel , O .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 32 * * - Child defilement / sexual abuse , and other child rights abuse - Silent sex trade along the Lake Albert shore - Insufficient healthcare - Lack of primary , secondary education and facilities and vocational training centers - Lack of training in income generation activities - Alcohol abuse # # # Box 4 : Household characteristics in Bulisa . _Source : Bulisa District Local Government , 2007 : A 5 - Year District Integrated Strategic Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children 2008 – 12 . _ The majority of people ( over 90 % ) in Bulisa District are rural folks , reflecting predominance of fishing and agriculture ( mostly livestock farming ) as the major economic activity . # # # * * c ) Education and Literacy * * Some statistics about primary school education in Bulisa ( as at end of 2006 ) < sup > 1 < / sup > is given below : - i ) Only 1 in 6 children who begin school reach Primary Seven ( P7 – the last year of Primary education ) , - ii ) Only 4 % reach P7 without repeating , - iii ) There is a 1 : 74 teacher / pupil ratio , - iv ) There is a 1 : 100 classroom / pupil ratio , - v ) Three pupils share one book , - vi ) 25 % absenteeism rate , > 1 Buliisa District Local Government , 2007 : A Five Year District Integrated Strategic Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children 2008 – 12 .", "spans": [{"start": 752, "end": 803, "text": "statistics about primary school education in Bulisa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Minutes and List of Attendance to Consultative Meetings * * * * Appendix 3 - * * # # * * < u > MINUTES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION FORUM HELD ON THE 30TH MARCH 2021 AT LANGO BAYA ASSISTANT CHIEF ’ S OFFICE . < / u > * * # # * * PRESENT : * * | * * Local Administration * * | | - - - | | * * Emmanuel Karisa Baya * * < br > * * Chief Lango Baya Location * * < br > * * Fredrick Chembe Charo * * < br > * * Assistant Chief Lango Baya Sub Location * * | | * * Coast Water Works Development Authority Representative . * * < br > * * Patrick Syengo Kaluva * * < br > * * CWWDA * * | | * * Consultant * * < br > * * Eng Patrick Wambuki * * < br > * * Engineer * * < br > * * Obra Mmaitsi * * < br > * * Environmentalist * * | | * * Residents , Village Elders and Nyumba Kumi Representatives of Lango Baya Location - see * * < br > * * attached list * * | | * * KEY PROJECT DATA * * | | | - - - | - - - | | * * Client / Employer * * | * * Coast Water Works Development Agency ( CWWDA ) * * | | * * Financing Agency * * | * * World Bank * * | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > MINUTES < br > Item Minutes Action By < br > 1 . Introduction < br > The meeting was called to order by the Assistant Chief Lango Baya < br > sub Location at 10 . 00 AM and a word of prayer done by a Village Assistant Chief < br > elder who was in", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6354 # * * Abstract * * This study investigates the impact of key business environment indicators on productivity , innovation , and growth in Sri Lanka through a cluster-level productivity analysis , a firm-level total factor productivity analysis , and a firm-level innovation analysis . For the clusterlevel productivity analysis ( as measured by output and value added per worker ) , it combines two established data sources in a novel way by importing average ‘ industry-size-location ’ cluster-level business environment variables from the World Bank Enterprise Survey to the comprehensive Sri Lanka Census of Industry productivity data available for similar clusters of enterprises . For the firm-level total factor productivity analysis , it compares data from the 2011 World Bank Enterprise Survey with those from 2004 . For the firm-level innovation analysis , it compares findings from the 2011 World Bank Enterprise Survey with a representative sample of enterprises collected as part of the Sri Lanka Longitudinal Survey of Enterprises . The empirical findings highlight the importance — for cluster-level productivity , firmlevel total factor productivity , and innovation — of connectivity to global knowledge ( reflected by one or more of export participation , directly imported inputs , foreign ownership , and use of the internet ) , availability of skills , access to finance , and competition . The paper also presents evidence , under the assumption that the samples are statistically representative , that both allocative and average technical efficiency have improved , with allocative efficiency increasing roughly four-fold between 2003 and 2010 , and accounting for the overwhelming share of the aggregate increase in total factor productivity over this time period . Most of the improvement in allocative efficiency has occurred among larger firms , and in large rather than small cities . This paper is a product of the Economic Policy and Debt Department , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at mdutz @ worldbank .", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 604, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 626, "end": 672, "text": "Sri Lanka Census of Industry productivity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 931, "end": 964, "text": "2011 World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1034, "end": 1078, "text": "Sri Lanka Longitudinal Survey of Enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to EMF ( not only high voltage power lines and substations , but also from everyday household uses of electricity ) , there is no empirical data demonstrating adverse health effects from exposure to typical levels from power transmissions lines and equipment . However , while the evidence of adverse health risks is weak , it is still sufficient to warrant limited concern Hazardous Materials : Hazardous materials in this case include mainly insulating oils gases such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ( PCB ) , sulphur hexafluoride * * ( SF6 ) , * * and fuels , in addition to chemicals or products for wood preservation for poles and associated wood construction material . # # # # # * * b ) * * Occupational Health and Safety : Live Power Lines : There is a possibility that workers may be exposed to occupational hazards from contact with live power lines during construction , maintenance , and operation activities on transmission lines . Working at Height ( on poles and structure ) : Like in the case of live power lines , workers may be exposed to occupational hazards when working at elevation during construction , maintenance , and operation activities on transmission lines . Slectric and Magnetic Fields ( EMF ) : Due to the nature of the Project , electric utility workers typically have a higher exposure to EMF than the public due to working in proximity to electric power lines . E xpo-ure to Chemicals : Occupational exposures to chemicals include hpnd pesticides ( herbicides ) used for right-of-way maintenance , etc . s , e < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ; tdisba < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a < br > th I ~ 5 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "answer for a typical household in a typical village , not to self-assess their own temptations . The survey was conducted online in June-July 2016 . Across the 43 responses that we received , we assign each item its average score on the 5-point scale , and classify the top third ( 6 items ) as the temptation goods in the study . These are : sugar , rice , cooking oil , soap , cigarettes , and sweet bananas . < sup > 19 < / sup > For this analysis , household fixed effects are identified , so we can examine a specific behavior associated with not buying in bulk , rather than base tests on variation in losses . The primary outcome of interest is _Khi_ , the number of purchases of item _i_ by household _h_ . We first examine whether households make fewer purchases when bulk discounts are present , a response that indicates at least some attending to bulk discounts . We then test the hypothesis that households ration their stocks of temptation goods by purchasing them more frequently than non-temptation goods . Finally , we estimate the joint effects of temptingness and bulk discounts on _Khi_ , and test for differential responses between high - and low-loss households . Identification in these regressions is from three sources : household fixed effects control for average purchasing behavior ; the temptation survey provides an objective , exogenous measure of the temptingness of a good ; and the fact that households face some flat and some non-flat unit price schedules in their local markets provides exogenous withinhousehold variation in the presence of bulk discounts . < sup > 20 < / sup > We include item fixed effects , when Regression results are in Table 9 . Column 1 shows that after controlling for both household and item fixed effects , the average effect of a bulk discount is to induce fewer purchases . The average household does react to bulk discounts , to some degree . Column 2 shows that this result does not hold without the item fixed effects . Households also react to the temptingess of the good , but in the opposite direction ( column 3 ) . Households make 0 . 65 more purchases on", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1333, "text": "temptation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Among the neighboring countries , Indonesia was the first to impose lockdown measures ( January 18 ) followed by China ( January 23 ) , Vietnam ( January 25 ) , Malaysia ( January 30 ) , and Thailand ( March 6 ) . Of these countries , only China started by implementing three internal measures concurrently : restraint of internal movements , imposition of stayat-home requirements , and closure of public transport . It also had the strictest lockdown policies in the world for most of the first quarter of 2020 ( Islamaj et al . , 2021 ) . Other countries started with international travel controls and progressively introduced domestic measures . Malaysia ’ s stringency index was the lowest , of all neighbors of the Philippines , before November 2020 because of the delay in closing public transport . China had the highest stringency index , followed by Malaysia , Indonesia , Thailand , and Vietnam , respectively , by the end of 2020 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > China < br > Indonesia < br > 20 Malaysia < br > Philippines < br > Thailand < br > Philippines ' lockdown ( 31-Jan-2020 ) Vietnam < br > 0 < br > Date < br > Stringency Index < br > 01-Jan-2020 01-Feb-2020 01-Mar-2020 01-Apr-2020 01-May-2020 01-Jun-2020 01-Jul-2020 01-Aug-2020 01-Sep-2020 01-Oct-2020 01-Nov-2020 01-Dec-2020 01-Jan-2121 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 1 : COVID-19 Stringency Index of the Philippines and nearby countries in 2020 * * Source : Author ’ s compilation using data from Hale et al . ( 2020 ) 6", "spans": [{"start": 829, "end": 845, "text": "stringency index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1425, "end": 1441, "text": "Stringency Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sued < br > Opening < br > Actual < br > Planned | / Minutes < br > < br > for A < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > ward < br > g < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > p < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | | ET-CSC-472910-NC-DIR / En < br > gage central statistical servic < br > e for national census of gove < br > rnment employees < br > * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > | IDA / 76190 < br > * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N | | Prior < br > < br > | Direct Selection < br > | Direct - National < br > Market Approac | Contract Type | Estimated Amo | 5 , 840 , 000 . 00 < br > Actual Amount < br > | 0 . 0 < br > | 0 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation < br > < br > | < br > Expression | of Interest < br > Short List a | 2025-03-16 < br > 2025 < br > nd Draft R < br > Req | - 11-1 < br > uest | 1 < br > 2025-04-07 < br > for Proposals | 2025-12-10 < br > < br > Opening of Technical | Evaluation of Technic | Combined Evaluation < br > | 2025-06-04 < br > | 2026-03-02 < br > | | Description | o . | Component | Review Type | Method | h | | unt ( US $ ) | ( US $ ) < br > P | rocess Stat | s < br > Terms of R < br > Planned | eference < br", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 321, "text": "national census of gove", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A4 . Contributions of global shocks to alternative measures of global inflation : Robustness checks | | | | Struc < br > | tural Shocks < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sensitivity | Proxy variables | Oil < br > Price | Global < br > Supply | Global < br > Demand | Global < br > Interest rate | | Core CPI | Baseline < br > Global Factor Measures < br > ( Simple average of G7 ) < br > Global Factor Measures | 6 . 9 < br > [ 0 . 5 14 . 5 ] < br > 11 . 9 < br > [ 1 . 7 25 . 0 ] < br > 17 . 9 | 41 . 1 < br > [ 8 . 3 77 . 3 ] < br > 41 . 9 < br > [ 11 . 7 65 . 9 ] < br > 38 . 5 | 25 . 7 < br > [ 1 . 9 55 . 6 ] < br > 25 . 5 < br > [ 2 . 9 55 . 8 ] < br > 23 . 2 | 26 . 4 < br > [ 2 . 5 54 . 3 ] < br > 20 . 7 < br > [ 1 . 9 45 . 4 ] < br > 20 . 4 | | | ( US variable ) < br > Alternative narrative approach | [ 0 . 8 32 . 9 ] < br > 13 . 7 < br > [ 1 . 8 28 . 7 ] | [ 8 . 0 71 . 3 ] < br > 40 . 9 < br > [ 8 . 7 73 . 4 ] | [ 4 . 6 43 . 1 ] < br > 18 . 1 < br > [ 1 . 0 35 . 5 ] | [ 1 . 0 44 . 6 ] < br > 27 . 3 < br > [ 3 . 5 54 . 6 ] |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0193 ) | | Under 35 years | 0 . 0164 | 0 . 0304 | 0 . 0394 * | 0 . 0452 * | 0 . 0473 * | 0 . 0138 | | | ( 0 . 0154 ) | ( 0 . 0159 ) | ( 0 . 0198 ) | ( 0 . 0198 ) | ( 0 . 0199 ) | ( 0 . 0148 ) | | Rural | - 0 . 00774 | - 0 . 0294 | - 0 . 0171 | - 0 . 0110 | - 0 . 0101 | - 0 . 0268 | | | ( 0 . 0251 ) | ( 0 . 0259 ) | ( 0 . 0322 ) | ( 0 . 0321 ) | ( 0 . 0321 ) | ( 0 . 0239 ) | | Complete Secondary School | - 0 . 0275 | - 0 . 0407 * | - 0 . 0521 * | - 0 . 0527 * | - 0 . 0509 * | - 0 . 0283 | | | ( 0 . 0161 ) | ( 0 . 0166 ) | ( 0 . 0206 ) | ( 0 . 0206 ) | ( 0 . 0207 ) | ( 0 . 0153 ) | | Richest 20 % | 0 . 0343 | 0 . 0557 * * | 0 . 0656 * * | 0 . 0695 * * | 0 . 0726 * * | 0 . 0360 | | | ( 0 . 0198 ) | ( 0 . 0205 ) | ( 0 . 0254 ) | ( 0 . 0254 ) | ( 0 . 0256 ) | ( 0 . 0190 ) | | Constant | 0 . 0858 * * | 0 . 0711 * | 0 . 205 * * * | 0 . 172 * * * | 0 . 154 * * * | 0 . 123 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0318 ) | ( 0 . 0329 ) | ( 0 . 0452 ) | ( 0 . 0420 ) | ( 0 . 0406 ) | ( 0 . 0341 ) | | Observations | 1843 | 1843 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "land plots , the paper assumes that the relative change in illicit economic activity is proportional to the relative change in the land surface devoted to opium cultivation . yy < sup > AA < / sup > The data on land use are generated by the Ministry of Counter Narcotics ( MCN ) of Afghanistan in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) . The extent of opium poppy cultivation is assessed on an annual basis through a methodology that combines field work with remote sensing techniques . The latter are needed because field work is dangerous , given the security conditions on the ground and the illegal nature of the crop . Image interpretation of geo-referenced ground and aerial photography allows to generate digital maps of poppy fields ( UNODC 2007 ) . The data on opium poppy cultivation used for this study are at the district level , for the period from 2007 to 2016 ( UNODC 2016 ) , measured in hectares per 1 , 000 inhabitants . _Conflict intensity_ The intensity of conflict is derived from the number of killings , a metric associated with terrorist attacks generated by the Global Terrorism Database ( GDT ) . This is a comprehensive source produced by the CC National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism , at the United States Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence . Data on casualties for Afghanistan are available from May 1973 to December 2016 . The raw data are georeferenced and available on a monthly basis ; for this paper , they are aggregated at the district level . The intensity of conflict is defined as the number of killings and normalized by their standard deviation across the sample . _Control variables_ Information on the presence of international and Afghan combat troops – and respectively – comes from the NATO ISAF placemat for each Regional Military Command ( NATO 2018 ) . Placemats report TT < sup > WW < / sup > TT < sup > AA < / sup > province-level information on the number of ISAF troops by the contributing nations and on the localization of Provincial Reconstruction Teams ( PRTs ) . Placemat issues also include information on the number", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 219, "text": "data on land use", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 797, "end": 828, "text": "data on opium poppy cultivation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1122, "end": 1147, "text": "Global Terrorism Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1360, "end": 1394, "text": "Data on casualties for Afghanistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1821, "end": 1839, "text": "NATO ISAF placemat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aux dates de rédaction / publication . Ce rapport fournit une vue d ' ensemble des développements clés , illustrés par des exemples de violations des droits de l ' homme et des points clés du plaidoyer et n ' inclut pas tous les incidents et violations survenus au cours de la période . Les chiffres du suivi de la protection peuvent ne pas correspondre aux derniers développements pour diverses raisons , notamment l ' insécurité dans de nombreuses zones de conflit , qui rend impossible la collecte de données . Les chiffres finaux seront publiés à travers les différents mécanismes de rapportage établis . Si vous avez des commentaires ou des informations pour compléter et améliorer le rapport , merci de bien vouloir nous contacter . 9 < u > Caritas International Belgique < / u > 10 Bulletin d ’ information n ° 01 Inondations et éboulements au Sud-Kivu Si vous avez des commentaires , questions , ou données supplémentaires , veuillez contacter : Steve Ndikumwenayo ( ndikumwe @ unhcr . org < u > ) ou Lorraine de Limelette ( lorraine . delimelette @ nrc . no ) < / u > 14", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 325, "text": "chiffres du suivi de la protection", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| * * MOSQUITO NET COVERAGE * * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Mosquito net ownership * * | | | | | | | Proportion of households owning at least one < br > LLINT | 415 / 479 | 86 . 6 % ( 83 . 3-89 . 4 ) | 142 / 319 | 44 . 5 % ( 39 . 1-50 . 0 ) | | | Average number ofpersonsper LLINT ( mean ) | | 2 . 0 | | 2 . 4 | | | * * Mosquito Net Utilisation * * | | | | | | | Proportion of household members ( all ages ) < br > who slept under an LLINT | 1699 / 2056 | 82 . 6 % ( 80 . 9-84 . 2 ) | 603 / 984 | 61 . 3 % ( 58 . 2-64 . 3 ) | Target of > 80 % | | Proportion of children 0-59 months who slept < br > under an LLINT | 320 / 371 | 86 . 3 % ( 82 . 4-89 . 4 ) | 158 / 253 | 62 . 5 % ( 56 . 2-68 . 4 ) | | | Proportion of pregnant women who slept < br > under an LLINT | 64 / 73 | 87 . 7 ( 77 . 8-93 . 5 ) | 41 / 51 | 80 . 4 % ( 66 . 9-90 . 2 ) | | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 13 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year / period ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 , and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . Chief Registrar of the Judiciary and the Project Coordinator for The Judicial Performance Improvement project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Chief Registrar of the Judiciary and the Project Coordinator for * * The Judicial Performance Improvement project * * confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . # # # # # # * * Approval of the Project financial statements * * The Project financial statements were approved * * by * * the Chief Registrar of the Judiciary and the Project Coordinator for The Judicial Performance Improvement project on 2020 and signed * * by * * them . 2020 and * * CHIEF REGISTRAR OF THE JUDICIARY PROJECT COORDI ATOR PROJECT ACCOUNTANT : ANNE . A . AMADI NANCY KANYA60 ) MARY MUCHOKI ICPAK MEMBER NUMBER : 6621 * * vi", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 340, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan Tables . * * _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The success with which the Government has been able to judge the appropriate level of producer prices is remarkable considering the absence of meaningful statistics . The Government has taken steps to improve the data base , including conducting a study on costs of production , processing and marketing of major crops . An agricultural Census is planned for 1985 . Second , while producer prices have been sharply increased , the farmer ' s share of the export proceeds has fallen since 1980 for all the four major export crops . Processing and marketing costs for these exports , on the other hand , have grown as a share of export proceeds . This has happened despite an increase In the volume of produce handled by the processors and marketing boards . Over the medium-term , it is vital that measures be undertaken to reduce the margins of the processing and marKeting intermediaries . Third , Government receipts from the export tax on coffee have continued to increase , from USh4 billion in 1980-81 to USh3l billion in 1982-83 and an estimated USh60 billion in 1983-84 . These receipts are a major source of Government revenue . Producer prices will continue to be an important policy tool for the Government . The right balance must be sought between maintaining Government revenues and encouraging production , and efforts must be made to ensure that changes in the exchange rate are fully reflected in the producer prices through periodic price adjustments .", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 345, "text": "agricultural Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 55 . * * Project monitoring and verification will be undertaken by the implementing agency to ensure the project is being implemented in line with the proposed objectives and is on track to achieve expected results . * * Project progress reports will be prepared by CDR , with inputs from MPWT and the SNRSC where needed , on a semi ‐ annual basis and submitted to the Bank for review and comments within 45 days from the end of the reporting period . These reports shall include among others : ( a ) an update on the results achieved based on the indicators and target values established in the results framework ; ( b ) breakdown of jobs created by type , location , gender , and nationality based on contractors ’ and supervision consultants ’ reports ; ( c ) the activities carried out throughout the reporting period under each component ; ( d ) key issues / constraints or risks affecting project implementation that require attention with corresponding proposed measures to address them ; ( e ) disbursement calendar for the next six months ; and ( f ) progress achieved in the implementation of the environmental and social safeguards instruments ( ESMPs , RAPs , Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans [ ARAPs ] ) . CDR will be responsible for project data collection and compilation as well as the overall project monitoring and evaluation . In addition , an in ‐ depth project implementation progress assessment will be carried out at the midterm review ; CDR will prepare a report and make a formal presentation of the progress made during the project life up to that point . 56 . * * The World Bank , with potential support from other donors , will ensure continuous implementation support . * * The key World Bank specialists are based in Beirut and will have regular interaction with CDR and frequent field visits . This will allow the Bank to provide continuous monitoring and verification support far exceeding the regular one or two implementation support missions generally required for such projects . The World Bank will also consider the continuous collaboration with ILO , and possibly other donors , for", "spans": [{"start": 1254, "end": 1266, "text": "project data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "huu_ * * _the_ * * anndne nd _w Om_ - * * _ial ' ; p , : om , _ nLnwes fi hoth ihe * * iocgulum e ind * * of ) imp11lemeligii paruulnen * * * * _are ätlf ; ' , , _ * * - h ) Ascts prenured tim pogragnme unds * * exist ad * * there is * * _a_ * * verifiable ownerip * * ' ' * * Pre gumme imiplementing agencies or benelicinries in line witli the financing agrecmert ; at : - * * \\ c * * did _not_ * * come * * across with any inoli expenditures included in withidrawal application ' ; - * * 0 - : * * c \\ ination reealed no njor weaknesses < sup > or < / sup > irregularities < sup > inthesystemof ' nterna . < / sup > - _con : o : _ * * _o \\ cr_ * * tina : cial < sup > ex < / sup > penditures . - * * kl * * Fårirnore , with respect to the interimr financial reports ( IFRs ) submitted < sup > duringthe year < / sup > cn00d * * 07 * * Julyå025 and listed on page * * 18 , * * in our opinion , - * * in : er * * tother with the procedures and internal controls involved < sup > intheirpreparation . < / sup > - _ar . _ . relied upon to support the related withdrawals ; - I . de \" at supporting documentation has been maintained to support < sup > the", "spans": [{"start": 741, "end": 767, "text": "interimr financial reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Wave 1 * * | * * Wave 2 * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * By monthly nominal net * * < br > * * earnings interval LCU * * | CFUWBES1 < br > Modeled | CFUWBES2 < br > Modeled | CFUWBES2 < br > SurveyMeasured | | * * 400 or less * * | 21 . 1 | 11 . 2 | 10 . 2 | | * * 401 – 600 * * | 19 . 1 | 7 . 5 | 8 . 6 | | * * 601 – 800 * * | 18 . 4 | 4 . 0 | 6 . 1 | | * * 801 or more * * | 16 . 4 | - 3 . 0 | 4 . 3 | | * * Total * * | 19 . 0 | 5 . 9 | 7 . 8 | Sources : CFUWBES1 and LFS 2019 . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * This paper analyzes the channels of impact from COVID-19 on the loss of permanent formal private sector ( PFPS ) jobs in two upper middle-income countries — Jordan and Georgia — and provides a methodology to estimate such job losses in other countries where there is no timely or nationally representative labor market survey to measure actual losses . We take into account labor supply conditions ( essentialness of industries , 42", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 146, "text": "CFUWBES1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 190, "end": 198, "text": "CFUWBES2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 485, "end": 493, "text": "LFS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 828, "end": 847, "text": "labor market survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 HNO , 2022 > 23 See A / HRC / 40 / CRP . 1 paras . 961-984 and A / HRC / 49 / CRP . 4 paras 178-184 > 24 < u > https : / / www . maputoprotocol . up . ac . za / < / u > > 25 A / HRC / 49 / CRP . 4 as the African Commission on Human and Peoples ’ Rights ( ACHPR ) , the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Women in Africa , the ACHPR Study on Human Rights and Conflict , and the African Union Transitional Justice Policy ( AUTJP ) < sup > 25 < / sup > . The decade-long conflict has been having an additional devastating impact on women and girls . On one hand , the conflict has left many female-headed households ( around 80 % of the displaced households are female-headed < sup > 26 < / sup > ) , thereby increasing their general vulnerability to the worst effects of harmful cultural and tribal gender norms . On the other , the conflict has been increasing sexual violence , with around 65 % of women experiencing physical and / or sexual violence in their lifetime < sup > 27 < / sup > . # # 3 . PRIORITY PROTECTION RISKS # # # < mark > RISK 1 : < / mark > Attacks on civilians and other unlawful killings and Attacks on civilian infrastructure The people of South Sudan continued to be impacted by violence throughout 2021 and during the first quarter of 2022 . According to HNO data , at least 1 , 042 civilians were killed between July 2020 and June 2021 , and according to UNMISS Human Rights Division ( HRD ) , 982 violent incidents < sup > 28 < / sup > have affected at least 3 , 414 civilians ( 75 % men , 14 % women , 11 % children ) during January and December 2021 . Between February and the beginning of April 2022 , 147", "spans": [{"start": 1284, "end": 1292, "text": "HNO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "folding the US $ 100 million CERC activation into component 1 . 4 , raising this component ’ s budget from US $ 6 million to US $ 106 million . * * The first PDO indicator has been revised to include mention of IDPs and returnees which benefitted from the US $ 100 million CERC activation . The targets for original intermediate indicators have been revised to reflect the additional beneficiaries targeted under the CERC and the scale-down due to reallocation from non-CERC components . - * * Beneficiaries of social safety net programs ( Number ) . * * The target is revised from 531 , 800 , to 1 , 590 , 200 to include IDPs and returnees . - * * Beneficiaries of social safety net programs – Female ( Number ) . * * The target is revised from 265 , 900 to 795 , 100 to include the changes in the total social safety net beneficiaries . - * * Beneficiaries of job-focused interventions ( Number ) . * * The target is revised downward from 80 , 000 to 57 , 498 . - * * Beneficiaries of job-focused interventions – Female ( Number ) . * * The target is revised downward from 40 , 000 to 28 , 749 . - * * Urban destitute / homeless receiving services for their reintegration ( Number ) . * * The target is revised downward from 22 , 000 to 14 , 000 . - The following new intermediate results indicators have been added to reflect the new activities under the CERC and to provide standalone tracking of public work beneficiary numbers : - IDPs that benefited from unconditional temporary cash transfers ( Number ) : 733 , 200 3 UPASS = Urban Payroll and Attendance Sheet System .", "spans": [{"start": 1534, "end": 1575, "text": "Urban Payroll and Attendance Sheet System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in ascending and descending order ) . Finally , the abstract reasoning section was modeled on the Ravens Progressive Matrices . Students were presented with an image that was missing a small section and asked to select the missing pieces from six options , based on color , pattern , and orientation . Like in the case of health outcomes we see a strong positive gradient between child performance on each of these tests and maternal education . Figure 3 reveals a clear positive gradient between scores and maternal education . When looking at raw scores we see that children of literate mothers get rates of correct responses that are approximately 13 . 6 p . p . ( Language ) , 15 . 8 p . p . ( Math ) , and 10 . 7 p . p . ( Reasoning ) higher than their peers whose mothers cannot read , for example . > 7Panel A in Table A5 presents descriptive statistics for the raw scores in the working sample ( in terms of percentage of correct answers ) . 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| No | | Observations | 574 | 574 | 574 | 574 | | R-squared | 0 . 466 | 0 . 481 | 0 . 489 | 0 . 473 | Notes : Table shows results of a regression of the annualized log change in poverty headcount on the annualized log change in survey means . Sample consists of all consecutive spells between 1981 and 2021 , dropping spells with baseline and endline poverty rates lower than 2 percent . Robust standard errors in brackets . * * * : Statistically significant at 1 % ; * * : Statistically significant at 5 % ; * : Statistically significant at 10 % . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * eooogy or aa * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * esponsy or aa * * < br > * * Collection * * | | RIS-RIN HV transmission line | This indicator measures the < br > length of the 225kV double < br > circuit transmission line < br > from Nachtigal ( RIS ) to < br > Hourou Oussoua - < br > Ngaoundere ( RIN ) financed < br > under theproject . | Annual | SONATREL | SONATREL PIU reports | SONATREL PIU | Page 60", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 500, "text": "SONATREL PIU reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 4 MWAVUMBO GROUP RANCH ( MGR ) * * Six ( 6 ) villages affected by Mwache Dam areas covered by RAP 1b are located within Mwavumbo Group Ranch which has a single title deed / land certificate ( Kwale / Mwavumbo / 1 ) . The Group Ranch title deed is held in trust by the ranch management committee on behalf of the members . Therefore , some ranch members in these villages are PAHs . Mwavumbo Group Ranch was issued a land certificate to operate as Group Ranch on 26th March 1984 ( Refer * * Annex 8 ) . * * During the initial RAP census , Mwavumbo Group Ranch was considered as one land PAP but those members who owned affected structures , trees and crops were considered individual PAPs . However , during this initial RAP preparation phase , the Ranch Management Committee Members were not thoroughly consulted and hence did not participate sufficiently in the initial RAP process . Therefore , differences arose on who to receive compensation money for land affected by Mwache Dam within the Group Ranch . While the Group Ranch Management Committee members were of the opinion that any compensation money in respect to affected land in the Group Ranch be paid and received by Committee on behalf of the affected members and later distributed to the affected members by the committee , the members wanted the compensation money paid to each affected member directly without any involvement of the management committee nor other intermediary parties . Later , when consulted appropriately , the committee members disclosed that the Ranch had through the committee applied for dissolution of the Ranch in 2015 and approval given by NLC the same year . The approval outlined that the group representatives will finally be dissolved after they have signed all the necessary documents transferring the created subdivisions to the individual members of the group . This meant that every registered member could then be apportioned their parcels of land after subdivision according to how members currently own , occupy and use their land . Adjudication would then", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 551, "text": "RAP census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "confirmation , self-esteem or self-serving bias study prediction tasks concerning choice _outcomes_ – e . g . , the returns to stock choices , entrepreneurial efforts , technology adoption , etc . or the welfare gains from consumption choices among goods or services ( Foster and Rosenzweig , 1995 ; Handel , 2013 ; Hanna et al . , 2014 ; Handel and Kolstad , 2015 ; Bhargava et al . , 2017 ; Hastings et al . , 2017 ; Kohlhas and Walther 2021 ) . However , estimation of respondent learning about outcomes requires accurately specifying the outcome data generating process , typically represented as a production , cost , or profit function . The possibility always exists that a respondent ' s beliefs accurately reflect unobservable farmer attributes that cause their outcome distribution to deviate from the analyst ' s estimates . Our experimental design , by contrast , rules out the possibility of unobserved heterogeneity by studying directly measurable , observable , and valuable agricultural inputs . No unobservables should materially influence answers to questions such as : what is the size of this plot ? Nor should it influence responses to questions about how much fertilizer or labor the farmer applied to the plot before or during planting . Errors in reporting observable production inputs almost surely reflect either misreporting or systematic behavioral errors that lead to mistaken beliefs . NCME in directly measurable inputs are less likely confounded by other , unobserved arguments to the respondent ' s mental model of the relevant data generating process . Furthermore , failure to update completely in response to demonstrably accurate , corrective information about an objectively verifiable value , such as the size of a plot , signals asymmetric or incomplete learning – or even complete learning failures , i . e . , no updating at all – carries important implications for information-based interventions , such as extension messaging , market information services , cadastral surveys , public health , and nutrition education . The literature on attention and learning typically focuses on learning about outcomes , technologies , or some other phenomena that are not directly observable . By studying response to corrective information about a directly observable variable , we offer a more direct test of incomplete", "spans": [{"start": 542, "end": 554, "text": "outcome data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fair_ that designates the air is moderately polluted and is greater than the maximum limit established by WHO . A long-term exposure constitutes a health risk . # # # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 8 Ambient Noise * * The baseline environment along the transmission line corridor is largely rural with some cluster of villages and sparse settlement patterns . Hence , existing noise levels in the vicinity of the transmission line and the substation localities reflect rural acoustical environment and are generally characterized by sounds of nature and moderate road traffic along the main roads such as the Shashemene-Hawassa and Shashemene-Alaba roads . There are a number of noise sensitive receptors including schools , health clinics , and religious places ( mosques & churches ) along the TL route . These may be exposed to noise and vibration during construction of the transmission line . # # # # * * 4 . 3 Biological Environment * * # # # # # # * * 4 . 3 . 1 Terrestrial Ecology : Vegetation Types and Flora * * The objective of terrestrial ecology study was to assess the baseline vegetation and establish the vegetation types and flora species occurring along the Power TL route corridor and at the substation . # # # # # # * * Habitat Classification * * The dominant land use of the TL corridor and substation is rain-fed crop cultivation with agro-forestry practices . This situation has resulted in deforestation of the natural vegetation for conversion of the land to farmlands and settlement areas . As a result , practically little natural vegetation has been left in the TL route corridor except scattered trees that are preserved within farmlands , grazing areas and around settlements as agro-forestry system . In the LULC Map ( Figure 4 . 4 ) the unit mapped as ‘ Trees ’ represents totally man-made plantations predominantly Eucalyptus trees . Livestock grazing is also very important along the first 3 . 5km section of the TL . As observed during the present", "spans": [{"start": 1726, "end": 1734, "text": "LULC Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Reproductive Health Voucher Project ( P144102 ) uniformity in pricing , and so on ) . However , during the course of implementation , given other competing responsibilities along with limited resources , the MoH was unable to fully carry out these roles . 58 . * * Finally , there were factors outside of the Government / implementing agency ’ s control that affected the project implementation . * * The delay in the project becoming effective had some negative implications . It affected the MoH ’ s ability to source the VMA and the IVEA ( the IVEA recruitment process had to be restarted ) . Also , when the project became effective , it had lost about 18 months . This delay also substantially shortened the length of implementation during the first year . The actual service delivery started in March 2016 in the South Western Region and July 2016 in the East Region following the selection and training of service providers . At the time , the project was scheduled to close on December 29 , 2017 . The initial delays contributed to the project requiring two additional years of implementation ( with the total deliveries assisted under the project increased to 156 , 400 ) . # # * * IV . BANK PERFORMANCE , COMPLIANCE ISSUES , AND RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME * * # # * * A . QUALITY OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ( M & E ) * * # # * * M & E Design * * 59 . * * The World Bank team worked together with the MoH to ensure that the M & E design emphasized on intermediate outcomes and focused on accountability for results . * * It also indicated change expected in the primary target group . The indicators in the Results Framework were aligned to the theory of change , < sup > 37 < / sup > and the service delivery-related indicators were chosen from those in the national health information system for which the tools were already in place from the participating service providers and CBDs", "spans": [{"start": 1801, "end": 1835, "text": "national health information system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Number of people working in business | 2 | 2 | 2 . 1 | 2 | 0 . 2 | | Number of owners | 1 . 1 | 1 . 1 | 1 . 1 | 1 . 1 | 1 . 9 | | Owner started business | 89 . 7 | 88 . 7 | 91 . 9 | 91 . 2 | 1 . 4 | | Owns space where operates business | 36 . 2 | 31 . 1 | 32 . 6 | 35 . 3 | 1 . 5 | | # new products introduced past 12 months | 0 . 6 | 0 . 8 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 5 | 1 . 4 | | Business with access to electricity | 26 . 9 | 25 . 3 | 28 . 1 | 25 . 1 | 0 . 8 | | # of competitors | 14 . 1 | 13 . 8 | 15 . 2 | 14 . 6 | 0 . 2 | | < br > Time to nearest bank ( minutes ) | 21 . 3 | 18 . 9 | 20 . 5 | 21 . 3 | 3 . 3 * * | | * * _Individual Characteristics_ * * | | | | | | | Owner age | 33 . 6 | 32 . 8 | 33 . 3 | 34 | 1 . 8 | | Married / Living with someone | 78 . 9 | 79 . 9 | 80 | 81 . 5 | 0 . 5 | | HH decision making index ( 0-100 ) | 83 . 5 | 83 . 7 | 84 . 3 | 84 . 9 | 0 . 6 | | Main provider of income to household | 77 . 6 | 76 | 78 | 74 . 7 | 1 | | Literate | 92 . 7 | 92 . 8 | 90 . 7 | 91 | 1 . 1 | | Primary school completed is max education | 34 . 8 | 34 . 8 | 35 . 9 | 36 . 5 | 0 . 2 | | Secondary school completed is max education | 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "covered , and ventilated < br > conditions < br > Workers use appropriate PPE < br > and follow hygiene practices | Visual inspection of storage facilities ; < br > warehouse records ; photographic < br > documentation where applicable < br > Observation of workers ; PPE < br > availability records ; worker < br > interviews | During storage and < br > distribution periods < br > During handling and < br > distribution activities | Suppliers / Warehouse < br > Supervisors ; PIU oversight < br > Suppliers / Distribution < br > Supervisors ; PIU spot checks | | * * Distribution of * * < br > * * Emergency Supplies * * | Distribution sites are < br > organized and managed to < br > prevent congestion and safety < br > risks | Site observation ; supervision < br > checklists ; review of site layout and < br > crowd control arrangements ; < br > incident / grievance records | During each distribution < br > event and periodic < br > supervision | Implementing Agency / < br > Distribution Teams ; Site < br > Supervisors ; PIU field < br > monitors | | * * Distribution of * * < br > * * Emergency Supplies * * | Worker welfare measures < br > ( water , sanitation , rest ) are < br > available and adequate | Site inspection ; worker interviews ; < br > supervisor records | During distribution < br > operations | Site Supervisors ; < br > Implementing Agency ; PIU < br > oversight | 57", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 182, "text": "warehouse records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 279, "end": 299, "text": "availability records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 853, "end": 881, "text": "incident / grievance records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1264, "end": 1282, "text": "supervisor records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "must often queue to receive assistance , imposing time and physical constraints on more vulnerable recipients such as women , the elderly and disabled . Once again , technology is able to play a role in speeding up the delivery of cash or voucher assistance through e-voucher and mobile money , but , as mentioned above , challenges in registering beneficiaries can limit outreach . Mobile phones were also cited as a promising technology to delivering assistance as they can provide real-time monitoring to make sure cash gets to the correct beneficiary and to bypass corruption . Caution should be noted however , as surveys have shown that it is especially difficult for elderly or disabled persons to access cash assistance on mobile phones , so rely on others do it < sup > 39 < / sup > . This reliance is open to abuse , although trust between family members is typically high and no instances of cash diversion were cited during the interviews conducted . # # # * * Strategies used to maximise the impact of cash-based interventions * * # # # # * * Combining assistance modalities : * * There appears to be little continuity between humanitarian cash-based interventions and CBIs with longer-term developmental goals , as these are typically carried out by different organisations with different priorities . However , reductions in donor funds have stimulated a re-think in humanitarian response strategies amongst several NGOs . For example , cash for work ( CfW ) is being used alongside other cash assistance modalities to help minimise the impacts of natural disasters , such as flash floods , by working with communities to build flood defences . It is hoped that such development-based initiatives will reduce the cycle of emergency responses within disaster-prone regions of Afghanistan and ease the pressure on donor funds . Some donors interviewed have questioned the effectiveness > 38 Samuel Hall ( 2013 ) , Humanitarian Assistance through Mobile Cash Transfer in Northern Afghanistan , op . cit . > 39 Samuel Hall ( 2014 ) , Cash-Based Assistance Programmes for Internally Displaced Persons in the", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 626, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "treatment 2 were 7 . 5 p . p . more likely than the control to add the VAW frame “ End violence against women ” to their picture , an increase of 91 % ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ToT estimates were twice as large : individuals who watched at least half of the documentaries were 15 . 3 p . p . more likely to add the banner , an increase of almost 190 % ( p < 0 . 05 ) . For treatment 1 , the observed increases are not statistically significant . Although these impacts were recorded only four months after program exposure , we were able to observe their potential cascade effects within the social network in the long run . We found that about one and a half years after the frame was first presented to the respondents , it was used by more than 34 , 000 people all over the world . < sup > 37 < / sup > This is 55 times larger than the sample receiving the frame at first , and almost 500 times larger than the number of respondents who used it initially . Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that treatment 2 alone was responsible for about 6 , 300 of such uses . > 35We discard the possibility that recall bias from the short-term survey drives this result . In fact , we find no medium-term information-seeking effects even when focusing on the subsample of individuals who were not interviewed at the short-term followup ( 58 % ) . > 36This outcome was only measured in the four-month data collection . > 37The figure was objectively measured by the Facebook Frame Manager . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Figure 6 . 3 : Proportion of Ethnicity Affiliation of HHHs by Woreda * * Ethnicity and Religion : * * The ethnic affiliations of both household heads and household members within the surveyed households reveal an overwhelming majority of individuals identifying as part of the Oromo ethnic group . Specifically , 86 . 9 % of household heads and 89 . 2 % of the household population belong to the Oromo ethnic group . The remaining 13 . 1 % of household heads and 10 . 8 % of the household population identify as part of the Amhara ethnic group . In Diksis and Sude Woredas , the ethnic composition is even more homogeneous . 100 % of household heads and household members in these Woredas are identify as Oromo . The data in Figure 6 . 3 highlights the significant presence of the Oromo ethnic group within the surveyed Woredas , with a smaller but notable representation of the Amhara ethnic group . In terms of religious affiliations , the 53 . 2 % of the household heads are followers of Orthodox Christianity , followed by Islam 45 . 9 % , and the remaining 0 . 9 % are followers of Protestant Christianity . Across the subproject Woredas , the highest proportion of Muslim household heads are found in Diksis Woreda ( 72 . 4 % ) . On the other hand , 80 % of household heads in Sude Woreda are followers of Orthodox Christianity . All Protestant household heads in the sample survey HHs live in Arsi Robe and Hetosa Woredas . Figure 6 . 4 : Proportion of Religious Affiliation of HHHs by Woreda Page 71 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 888, "text": "data in Figure 6 . 3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Annex 8 Page 4 of_ * * _6_ * * Musgrove , P . , \" Public and Private Roles in Health : Theory and Financing Patterns , \" Discussion Paper , World Bank , Washington , D . C . , February 1996 . Musgrove , P . , \" Measurement of Equity in Health , \" World Health Statistics , 39 ( 4 ) , 1986 . - Newhouse , J . , \" Reimbursement Under Uncertainty : What to Do if One Cannot Identify , r An Efficient Hospital , \" Report prepared for the U . S . Health Care Financing Administration , Baltimore , 1993 . - Obemeyer , C . M . , and Potter , J . , \" Maternal Health Care Utilization in Jordan : A Study of Patterns and Determinants , \" Studies in Faniily Planning , 22 , 3 : 177-87 , 1991 . _OECD_ 1995 , New Directions in Health Policy , OECD , Paris . 1995 , Eco Sante Database , OECD , Paris . 1994 , The Reform of Health Care Systems : A Review of Seventeen Countries , OECD , Paris . 1992 , The Reform of Health Care : A Comparative Analysis of Seven OECD Countries , OECD , Paris . \" Oman - Child Health Survey , \" Ministry of Health , 1992 . \" Qatar - Child Health Survey , \" Ministry of Health , Qatar , 1991 . - Schieber , G . et al . , \" Health System Performance in OECD Countries , \" Health Affairs , Summner , 1994 . - Schieber , G . , \" Preconditions for Health Reform : Experiences From the OECD Countries , \" Health Policy , ( 32 ) , 1995 . - Siegfried , R . J . , Study on Health Insurance Scheme , United Nations Development Programme , 1991 . - Taylor , R . , \" Health Services Organization and Management , \" Report from the November 1995 World Bank Mission to Jordan , World Bank , Washington , D . C . , 1995 .", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 774, "text": "Eco Sante Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 16 MONITORING * * Monitoring is a key component of the RAP . There will be monitoring in two forms internal and external . # # # # # # * * Internal monitoring and reporting * * The RAP requires Safeguards PIU to engage in continuous , pro-active and comprehensive self-monitoring of the activities related thereto all adverse impacts , and compliance . Starting from the beginning of preliminary works and consequent construction phase Safeguards PIU will be responsible for monitoring the infrastructure construction of the resettlement areas and will establish a monitoring group for this purpose . The monitoring staff will report regularly to the KWSCRP safeguards unit of the NPMU . Self-monitoring and reporting by the Safeguards PIU to KWSCRP is intended to be the chief ( but not exclusive ) means of ensuring compliance with its obligations . # # # # # # * * Monitoring of Construction Activities * * The Safeguards PIU will undertake , on daily basis , a compliance monitoring of the contractors ’ environmental and social activities as per the RAP , Environmental , Health , and Safety guidelines , the approved Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan , sub plans and site-specific environmental plans prepared by the contractors . The contractors are also required to report to the ISC about their progress , their monitoring system and their monitoring data on a monthly basis . # # # # # # * * Monitoring of Resettlement Activities and Measures * * To closely follow actual social impacts by the resettlement activities , including compensation of affected households , appropriate monitoring and feedback of monitoring outputs will be conducted . The project aims to have all resettlement and livelihood restoration activities well in place before impacts occur during project construction . The Safeguards PIU will monitor not only its own progress in resettlement and compensation activities for affected households against an agreed schedule , but also the changes in household income ( cash and imputed ) from affected land uses , as well as from livelihood restoration and development activities .", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1391, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during its implementation to address any issues that might have been missed out in earlier studies . Additional measures may include thorough screening at project preparation , the project proponent ’ s commitment to monitoring , implementing agreed measures and institutional strengthening measures . All affected properties will be subjected to a transparent valuation process and will be promptly and adequately compensated . A Livelihood Restoration Plan has been developed as part of the RAP , and will implemented and monitored throughout the project cycle . Additionally , a general Grievance Redress Mechanism will be put in place to , among other , record and solve grievances associated with land acquisition . # # * * ESS6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources * * Trees of various species are likely to be cut during road works , especially of private tree planters . Trees are refugee sites for birds , reptiles and small mammals . They support the carbon dioxide sequestration process especially in this era of Global warming and climate change . Based on the ESIA report and site visits , it was noted that there are dotted / degraded forest plantations / modified habitats along the road , including Lodong Central Forest Reserve ( CFR ) , seasonal swamps and rivers . Lodong is a plantation CFR under cultivation by Tobacco Farmers . By virtue of being a CFR , Lodong CFR is protected under Uganda ’ s National Forestry and Tree Planting Act 2003 , the National Forestry and Tree Planting Regulations 2016 and applicable to ESS6 requirements . The preliminary assessment further cited and recorded presence of three ( 3 ) tree species of conservation concern ( IUCN Red-List ) along the proposed road corridor on various occasions . These include Melicia excelsa ( Muvule ) Termarindus indica ( Tamarinds ) and Vitellaria paradoxa ( Shea butter ) . A total of 95 Muvule and 78 Shea butter trees were counted and potentially to be affected by the proposed road works . The tree species are protected by the constitution of Uganda because they are threatened by communities through charcoal burning", "spans": [{"start": 1117, "end": 1128, "text": "ESIA report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Kenya Urban Support Program ( P177048 ) | risk considerations < br > ( Percentage ) | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Participating urban board | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2023 | 0 . 00 < br > 14-Mar-2025 | 0 | 05-Sep-2025 | 30 . 00 | Jun / 2028 | | that has developed , < br > approved and implemented < br > development control tools < br > ( Percentage ) < br > * * RA 3 - More inclusive and resi * * | Comments on < br > achieving targe < br > * * lient urban services * * | ts < br > * * and infrastru * * | To be measured in APA2 < br > * * cture * * | | | | | | Indicator Name | Baselin < br > Value | e < br > Month / Year | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Value < br > Date | Actual ( < br > Value | Current ) < br > Date | Closin < br > Value | gPeriod < br > Month / Year | | Trainings conducted by NPCT | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2023 | 0 . 00 < br > 14-Mar-2025 | 0 . 00 | 05-Sep-2025 | 10 . 00 | Jun / 2028 | | on ESRM , GRM , public < br > participation , infrastructure < br > designs , and urban < br > development for counties < br > and urban boards . < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | Trainings planned in October | 2025 . | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of matching all observations with each other within each country-type panel maximizes our potential power in estimation , but we also conduct analyses of > 13 Global Database of Shared Prosperity , circa 2013-2018 , available at < u > http : / / www . worldbank . org / en / topic / poverty / brief / global-database-of-shared-prosperity ( accessed May 8 , < / u > 2021 ) . > 14 See Yang and Nguyen ( 2021 ) for a description of the data and methodology . Access to the data is available at : < u > https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / topic / poverty / brief / global-database-of-shared-prosperity . < / u > > 15 When a household survey spans more than one calendar year , we construct a weighted national accounts aggregate where the weights correspond to the distribution of months of survey fieldwork across the years . This is consistent with the practice of dealing with surveys in PovcalNet that run over multiple years , as described in Chen and Ravallion ( 2010 ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 195, "text": "Global Database of Shared Prosperity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > nters for Kenya National Bloo < br > d Transfusion Services | IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 156 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | 2022-10-30 < br > 2023-02-20 | | | 2022-12-25 < br > 2 | 023-05 - | 10 < br > 2023-06-23 < br > 2023-06-27 | | KE-MOH-323698-GO-RFQ / S < br > upply , Delivery Installation , t < br > esting and commissioning of < br > 768 , 000 liters Oxygen Tanks < br > in 4 lots : Lot 1 Nakuru Count < br > y Hospital 10000 Liters Lot 2 < br > Kitui County Hospital 8000 Lit < br > ers Lot 3 Kitui County Hospita < br > l 8000 Liters Lot 4 Pumwani < br > Hospital 6000 Liters | IDA / 65980 | Medical supplies and equipm < br > ent | Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 555 , 343 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | | 2022-12-21 | | | 2023-02-15 < br > 2 | 023-07 - | 11 < br > 2023-08-14 | | KE-MOH-330324-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > ocurement of the following R < br > egisters for KNBTS : Clinical / L < br > aboratory Register 1500 Piec < br > es , Cross Match Register 600 < br > Pieces , Blood Component Re < br > gister", "spans": [{"start": 1153, "end": 1173, "text": "Cross Match Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With respect to operationalizing and testing the large literature on measuring rent-extraction and economic voting provide clear guidance regarding which variables need to be utilized for this exercise to be valid . Specifically , most of the variables of interest are available from Persson and Tabellini ’ s ( 2003 ) canonical dataset , which includes a dummy variable for high-income democracies < sup > 13 < / sup > . In order to construct the EDD / NEDD ratio the World Bank ’ s ( 2011 ) measure of regulatory quality ( regulatory density < sup > 14 < / sup > ) is added to the dataset ( 1998-2000 ) . # * * The Sample * * The data used to test the model is the same dataset used by Persson and Tabellini ( 2003 ) in their seminal analysis of the economic effects of constitutions . The dataset has been augmented to include a measure of regulatory quality ( one of the independent variables of interest ) as well as additional control variables identified in the literature as being potentially critical determinants of rent extraction . Furthermore , two separate analyses of the dataset are undertaken . One utilizes only high-income democracies ( n = 19-21 ) < sup > 15 < / sup > , with the aim of establishing whether the theoretically anticipated relationship between the EDD / NEDD ratio holds , given a relatively homogenous set of countries . The other utilizes all countries available ( n = 52-58 ) < sup > 16 < / sup > , which introduces heterogeneity in the sample ( hence a need to control for more variables ) , but also enables more tests of the robustness of the initial results . In both cases , the substantive results should be the same . Specifically , it should be observed that an increase in the EDD / NEDD ratio is associated with a reduced level of rent extraction . # * * The Dependent Variable * * There is a lively debate regarding how to measure corruption and rent extraction ( see for example Tresiman , 2007 , Olken 2009 , and Kauffman et al 2007 ) . However , despite continued controversies over ( 1 ) the validity of", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 336, "text": "canonical dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The budget for rural road and bridge construction was posted to inform the community in Dila Aferara kebele ( Shebedino woreda , SNNPR ) . As per construction budget , the contractor was supposed to use new wood . But the community noticed that the contractor was using old wood , and they lodged a complaint with the road office . The contractor was asked to use new wood as per budget provision . 109 . One of the avowed objectives of FTA is to increase citizen ’ s understanding of the budget and expenditure posted through different media . All regions have been conducting Budget Literacy Training ( BLT ) for citizen , sector officials , council members , and the PFM team members . So far 420 thousand citizens have attended BLT < sup > 48 < / sup > . However , female participation in BLT continues to be a challenge and needs special attention < sup > 49 < / sup > . Apart from low female participation , there are other on-going challenges affecting FTA _viz_ . frequent turnover of trained PFM members , and lack of commitment of some PFM team members < sup > 50 < / sup > . 110 . * * Social accountability * * : Under ESAP-2 , the social accountability activities are implemented by 48 SAIPs in 223 woredas as against target of 150 woredas < sup > 51 < / sup > . As per latest information , 39 , 872 citizens and 16 , 154 local officials and service providers have received training on how to use social accountability tools ( community scorecard , citizen ’ s report card , participatory planning and budgeting , gender responsive budgeting , public expenditure tracking survey , etc . ) < sup > 52 < / sup > . There are 272 SAP wordas that have developed joint action plans for service quality improvement based on interface meetings between service users and providers < sup > 53 < / sup > . 111 . The results", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for three quarters of EFY 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 | | Annex 3 : Budget / Spending numbers / trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 | | Annex 4 : Financial management Staff data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 | | Annex 5 : External Audit-visited implementing entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 | | Annex 6", "spans": [{"start": 393, "end": 424, "text": "Financial management Staff data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 , 400 m3 / day of domestic wastewater . As it was constructed with the support of the World Bank Group , the plant adheres to national and World Bank EHS standards , including treated effluent quality ( Kality Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Quality trend is shown in Table 7 ) , occupational health and safety , stormwater management , and monitoring . It also implements 66", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 262, "text": "Kality Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Quality trend", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the rich variation afforded by disaggregated trade data and does so in a manner that is motivated by and consistent with theory . We study the case of China and find that its exchange rate changes can have significant and robust spillover effects . These findings may have important policy implications for developing countries and for the multilateral system if exchange rate movements ( or the lack thereof ) stem from policy actions . Since we have found that the resulting spillover effects are significant , one country ’ s policies can then potentially have substantial export implications for other countries . Importantly , we would emphasize that this paper identifies precisely and in a robust way a very specific mechanism of influence from exchange rates to trade ( the ― spillover effect ‖ of Chinese exchange rate movements on exports of competitor countries to third markets ) . There could be other beneficial effects on developing country exports to China which we do not measure . For example , a depreciation of the renminbi could increase developing country exports of raw materials and intermediate goods to China to be used in the production of China ’ s exports to third countries . Similarly , if China ’ s depreciation boosts its own growth , that could increase its demand for all goods and services , which could also lead to greater developing country exports . Thus , the effect of China ’ s exchange rate on overall exports of other countries remains an open question . Finally , we have not directly estimated any effects of China ’ s exchange rate movements on its own exports . Further research is needed to precisely identify all these other effects . 24", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 55, "text": "disaggregated trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Table 2 ) . Only 12 . 1 percent of MENA firms have a loan or line of credit , compared to over 40 percent in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia and Latin America and Caribbean regions respectively . Figure 3 . GCI Financial Markets Indicator ( 2005-2009 ) , MENA vs Non-MENA < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ISR < br > BHR < br > MLT < br > QAT < br > KWT ARE < br > JOR OMN < br > SAU < br > TUN < br > MAR < br > EGY < br > SYR < br > DZA < br > 7 8 9 10 11 < br > Log GDP per capita ( 2005 , USD ) < br > Source : GCI , WDI < br > 6 < br > 5 < br > gci8finmkt < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Table 2 . Finance < u > Characteristics , By Region < / u > | | % Firms with a checking < br > orsavings account | % Firms with a bank < br > loan / line ofcredit | Proportion of loans < br > requiring collateral ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MENA | 59 . 3 | 12 . 1 | 75 . 2 | | EAP | 87 . 7 | 37 . 6 | 76 . 6 | | ECA | 90 . 2 | 40 . 1 | 80 . 3 | | LAC | 92 . 9 | 47 . 6 | 72 . 4 | | SAR | 78 . 9 | 34 . 8 | 84 . 3 | | AFR | 88 . 1 | 23 . 8 | 79 . 7 | _Notes : Surveys were implemented following the GLOBAL sampling methodology . However , the MENA average includes nonGLOBAL surveys since region has not had a complete survey roll-out . MENA average includes Algeria 2007 , Egypt 2008 , Iraq 2011 , Jordan 2006 , Lebanon 2009 , Morocco 2007", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 244, "text": "GCI Financial Markets Indicator", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the new Limu Genet substation ) . During the census survey , all PAPs have been informed about the cut-off-date by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members . They have also been informed that no payment of compensation will be made with respect to any construction or any improvement on land where such activity is done after the cut-off date . # # # # # # * * _Compensation for Temporary Losses_ * * Temporary land acquisition impact of ROW on agricultural land will be considered for compensation payment as per the provisions stated in the Ethiopian law ( Proclamation No . 1161 / 2019 and Amendment Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 , and in compliance with the principles of WB ’ s ESS 5 . Provision of a temporary area to be used by the contractor include temporary access road , construction office , store and camp facilities , temporary storage area for materials , equipment , machinery and tools , supplies , etc . related to civil and electrical works . Preliminary access road alignment along the TL corridor has been assessed the temporary impacts are identified and quantified . However , the locations of the other auxiliary activities have yet to be selected . Therefore , in consultation with the Local government officials and community representatives , the Contractor will arrange the required land . The Subproject will use this land temporarily for up to 2 years and return it to the original owners after payment of appropriate compensation and restoration . Therefore , the impact will be compensated accordingly . # # # # # # * * _RP Addendum_ * * For any temporary and / or permanent land acquisition impacts to be caused by the Subproject while the scope and location of activities were not specifically known at the time of this Resettlement Plan ( RP ) development , or due to any design changes , realignment , etc . , an Addendum to the existing RP shall be prepared , consulted upon and disclosed . All the required review and clearance activities shall pass through WB ’ s Team", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 58, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 155, "end": 168, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was built to be as representative as possible at the global level of the GHSL sample of cities . As a first check , the same regression is run using both the universe and the subsample . The within-estimator of the income and population elasticities of built-up is obtained for each sample and are shown to be very similar . These estimates can be shared on request . > 9 Given that most surface is expected to be built around the highest point of the city , the measured height per pixel in this 5-kilometer radius will correspond to both the average over the buildings and the average for the total area of the pixel . DLR data provide height averages over the area of the pixel . > 10 Population and Income from year 2000 are used for two reasons . First , height data have been collected between 2007 and 2011 , with the year of collection reported in the data . Second , adding some lag in the explanatory variable can be thought as an instrumental strategy to deal with the endogeneity issues associated with the initial specification . 20", "spans": [{"start": 621, "end": 629, "text": "DLR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 760, "end": 771, "text": "height data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of this research . Respondents should be asked to estimate the number of purchases made over a fixed reference period , anchoring questions on consumption rather than on acquisitions ( as in the 2016 Barbados Survey of Living Conditions and the 2017 / 18 Jordan Household Income and Expenditure Survey ) . If information on purchasing behavior is available , simple models can be used to estimate the effects of using diaries on inequality measurements . A third implication of our findings is that surveys should be designed to elicit repeated measurements from the same respondents . In our case , for example , a recall module was administered to all households before starting the diary week . The same setting can be found in other important family expenditure surveys , such as in Canada and the United States . The methodology we have presented can be applied to any of these contexts to study how consumption inequality has evolved over time , raising the problem of how our approach can be extended to allow for longitudinal information . We hope to address this and some of the related problems in future research . 29", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 236, "text": "2016 Barbados Survey of Living Conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 255, "end": 301, "text": "Jordan Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 747, "end": 773, "text": "family expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | | | 2015 / 16 | 2016 / 17 | 2015 / 16 | 2016 / 17 | | GDP growth | - 2 . 6 | 1 . 2 | 1 . 4 | 1 . 4 | | Govt Revenue | 15 . 4 | 15 . 1 | 9 . 9 | 12 . 0 | | Govt Expenditure | 18 . 3 | 11 . 8 | 0 . 5 | 3 . 5 | | Net Lending | - 2 . 9 | 3 . 2 | 9 . 4 | 8 . 5 | | Gross Public Debt | 13 . 5 | 17 . 8 | - 9 . 0 | - 9 . 0 | _The figures in the table show the difference between the outcome for each variable and the projection made just before the disaster . Net lending is equivalent to the overall fiscal balance . _ < u > Source : WEO database < / u > > 12 The government debt data for Samoa were not available in the 2012 WEO . 12", "spans": [{"start": 576, "end": 606, "text": "government debt data for Samoa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * E / CN . 3 / 2020 / 15 * * # # * * I . Introduction * * 1 . Recognizing the critical importance of functioning and universal civil registration for the production of reliable , comprehensive , regular and accurate small area vital statistics , the Statistical Commission adopted the International Programme for Accelerating the Improvement of Vital Statistics and Civil Registration Systems at its twenty-sixth session ( E / 1991 / 25-E / CN . 3 / 1991 / 32 , para . 121 ( a ) ) . Under the Programme , the Commission approved and endorsed three revisions of the _Principles and Recommendations for a Vital Statistics System_ , < sup > 1 < / sup > as well as extended series of handbooks and guidelines on the management , operation and maintenance of civil registration and vital statistics systems , < sup > 2 < / sup > on the legal framework , < sup > 3 < / sup > on communication < sup > 4 < / sup > and on policies and protocols for safeguarding civil registration records . < sup > 5 < / sup > 2 . In implementing the International Programme , the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat developed , organized and conducted a series of workshops in all regions of the world ( with the exception of Europe ) , introducing the methodological framework for civil registration and vital statistics , with the participation of over 100 countries and over 400 professionals from civil registration , official statistics , public health and identity management , as regularly reported to the Statistical Commission in yearly reports . # # * * II . United Nations Legal Identity Agenda * * 3 . Having noted substantial initiatives in a number of Member States to institute and deploy biometric identity credentials to the population that were unconnected to the functioning of civil registration and vital statistics systems , and in an effort to provide Member States with consolidated advice , the Deputy Secretary-General established the United Nations Legal Identity Expert Group ,", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 981, "text": "civil registration records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nonrenewable resources , Income Inequality and per Capita GDP : An Empirical Analysis the dataset based on a likely explanatory variable , which in this case is country income level . # 4 . 2 Controlling for Heterogeneity between Income Groups The model specification presented below attempts to differentiate the impact of resource dependence on higher - and lower-income countries . The model has been adjusted to include a dummy variable equal to 1 for low - and lower-middle-income countries and to 0 for high - and upper-middle-income countries . Within this framework , the coefficient associated with the interaction variable will measure the association between resource dependence , GDP per capita and the Gini index among lower-income countries , while the coefficient associated with the non-interaction variables permits to isolate the average relationship for higher-income countries . Table 8 summarizes the results obtained from the recursive model . Table 8 : Estimated Results from the Recursive Model Specification ( income-group heterogeneity ) | | * * Fixed * * < br > | * * Effect * * < br > | * * SU * * < br > | * * RE * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | | Nonrenewable resource dependence | - 0 . 082 * * * | - 0 . 006 | - 0 . 190 * * * | 0 . 124 | | Lower income | dropped | dropped | 4 . 386 * | 47 . 628 * * * | | Lower income * Nonrenewable resource dependence | 0 . 068 | - 0 . 370 * * * | 0 . 115 * * | - 0 . 720 * * * | | High-low education ratio | - 0 . 622 * * * | - | - 0 . 179 | - | | High-low education ratio square | 0 . 021 * * * | - | 0 . 010 * * | - | | Consumer price index (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 7 - # # # * * SCHEDULE Implementation Program * * # # # < u > Section I . Implementation Arrangements < / u > 1 . ( a ) DLC shall : ( i ) prepare and furnish to the Association , a Project Implementation Plan for Part B of the Project , in form and substance satisfactory to the Association ; ( ii ) carry out Part B of the Project in accordance with said PIP ; and ( iii ) except as the Association shall otherwise agree , not amend , abrogate or waive any provision of said PIP which , in the opinion of the Association , may materially and adversely affect the implementation of Part B of the Project or the achievement of the objectives thereof . ( b ) Without limitation upon the provision of Paragraph 1 of this Section , the PIP shall include : ( i ) a Project implementation plan ; ( ii ) a Project monitoring and evaluation plan ; ( iii ) a Project procurement plan ; ( iv ) a Project financial management manual ; and ( v ) such other administrative , financial , technical and organizational arrangements as shall be required for Part B of the Project . 2 . ( a ) DLC shall prepare a Business Plan , in form and substance satisfactory to the Association , which shall set out in such detail as the Association shall reasonably request , market data , budget and sources of financing , training and other services to be provided under Part B of the Project , sources and programming of training , pricing policy for different types of training and financial projections in the form of a budget , operating account and marketing strategy . ( b ) DLC shall , no later than November 15 of each year , furnish the Business Plan for the following year to its Board for approval and to the Association for review and comments . DLC shall update the Business Plan annually and promptly furnish each updated plan to its Board for approval and to the Association for review and comments . ( c ) DLC shall prepare and furnish to its Board , no later than 30", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1261, "text": "market data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the three months . To calculate , we measure missed or partial coupon payments based on our newly collected bond-level dataset on default and restructuring outcomes ( see Appendix B2 ) . Appendix ii , jj , mm CC B2 also explains how we account for bond haircuts when calculating , that is , how we deal with exchanges of old into new bonds at a loss . In a nutshell , to compute returns in restructuring months , we ii , jj , mm NN combine the old defaulted bonds and the new instruments that creditors receive in the exchange , with the implicit assumption that creditors keep the newly restructured bond in the portfolio . We then account for the share of debt written off ( face value debt reductions , if any ) as well as potential cash payments that are made in the wake of a restructuring ( including for the settlement of past arrears ) . In case the restructuring only involves a rescheduling of maturities but no face value debt reduction ( sometimes called “ debt reprofiling ” ) , the write-off is zero , while the change in maturities should be reflected in the secondary market price of the new bond . This also implies that the exact NPV haircut estimation approach chosen ( see Section 3 ) is not decisive for the computation of the returns series . In fact , the haircut estimate is a snapshot at one point in time , while returns are measured continuously on a monthly level . Ultimately , the key default-related variable that matters for the returns is missed coupons , since much of the returns come from interest payments and if these are not made , total returns drop . We do not account for transaction fees or taxes ( See Appendices B2 and B5 for further details ) . We use _real_ ex-post returns as the baseline measure , although we show results for nominal returns as well . By definition , all bonds in the sample are denominated in GBP or USD , so we need historical inflation data for the United Kingdom and the United States to compute real returns . For this purpose , we rely on the historical inflation indices provided by", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 167, "text": "bond-level dataset on default and restructuring outcomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1888, "end": 1913, "text": "historical inflation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2019, "end": 2047, "text": "historical inflation indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evaluated on item-by-item basis leading to situations where some contracts become very low value and suppliers lose interest , forfeiting bid securities . There is a need to undertake assessment study for purpose of categorization and coding of items for optimized packaging for procurement as well as tracking purposes . 68 . * * There is too much repetitive approach to the market for similar products thereby reducing efficiency and increasing the transaction load on the EPSA procurement unit * * . To address the issue , EPSA has taken a big step and has introduced framework contracting , whereby repetitive items are identified , a competitive bid is issued for such items , framework contract is made for certain duration , and supplies of such items is made using the framework supplier during the period . Since its introduction in 2017 , a total amount of USD 289 million procurement has been undertaken through framework contracts according to PO data . By source of fund , RDF constitute 45 % , Global Fund 44 % and SDG 9 % of the total amount through framework contract . The share of framework amount has reached 19 % of total amount procured since framework introduction . * * Figure 6 : Framework amount versus non-Framework amount by method * * 24 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 956, "end": 963, "text": "PO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inter-city prices differences are on average , 43 percent . These differences within South Sudan exceed those reported in the literature for inter-countries price gaps in Central and Western Africa ( Brenton et al . , 2015 ) . Second , price volatility has increased substantially since the imposition of the trade restrictions with Sudan . Groundnuts and sorghum , for example , show the most geographically widespread increase in price volatility when comparing the pre - and the post-border closure periods . These increases in price volatility tend to hurt disproportionately the poor , who cannot smooth purchasing decisions over time due to liquidity constraints . Third , trade restrictions associated with the Sudan border closure in mid-2011 have increased market segmentation , particularly for cities in northern states . The border closure increased price differences in northern states by about 6 percent , on average . And this segmentation does not include that induced by other restrictions to trade within the country , chiefly the formal and informal tolls charged in checkpoints throughout the country to users of the road network . Fourth , transportation costs explain up to 33 percent of the variation of food price differences across South Sudan . In particular increasing the portion of primary roads by 10 percentage points > 3 See World Bank ( 2014 ) “ Trade , Poverty , and Economic Diversification in South Sudan ” , PREM Africa Region , World Bank , mimeo . > 4 The ‘ greenbelt ’ comprises the states of Western Equatoria , Central Equatoria and portions of Eastern Equatoria , and it is so named because of the usual rainfall , beginning in March and ending in October . The soils there are generally productive , ranging from coarse-textured sands to loamy clays . See World Bank ( 2012 ) “ Agricultural Potential , Rural Roads and Farm Competitiveness in South Sudan , Report No . 68399-SS . > 5 The major towns with available data considered are Aweil , Bentiu , Bor , Kajok , Juba , Malakal , Rumbek , and Wau . 6 For Sorghum , for example , data for Malakal and Wau are available since 2006 and 2007 respectively . For Sesame , most data are available since 2010 . For diesel", "spans": [{"start": 2076, "end": 2100, "text": "data for Malakal and Wau", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "includes administrative costs of running the program ( e . g . verifying employment status , transfer fees ) . We additionally consider benefits both on the extensive and intensive margin . One factor that decreases the cost of our intervention is that a substantial share of eligible youths do not complete the paperwork required to receive the incentive . Despite receiving SMS reminders and replacing lost debit cards , only 46 . 2 % of youths with formal employment completed the registration and 38 . 3 % submitted pay stubs ( Appendix Table A4 ) . While these figures are substantially higher than those of many related programs that pay wage subsidies to firms ( e . g . Galasso et al . ( 2004 ) ; Levinsohn et al . ( 2014 ) ) , it raises the question of how the process can be simplified to increase program take-up . When we ask eligible beneficiaries in the endline survey why they did not complete the paperwork , the most frequent responses include that the registration process was too complicated ( 23 % ) , people forgetting about it ( 21 % ) , and that they lost the payment card or contact information ( 20 % ) . Focusing on vocational school graduates , we find a narrow ( broad ) cost-benefit measure of US $ 1 , 177 ( US $ 1 , 404 ) per _additional_ person with formal sector work experience compared to the control group over the first two years . The corresponding figure for permanent formal sector experience is US $ 739 ( US $ 882 ) per person . These figures compare favorably to alternative ALMPs such as vocational training , which tend to cost at least $ 10 , 000 per additional person with formal work experience . Other interventions such as search and matching assistance tend to be cheaper but in most cases fail to lead to significant employment gains ( see McKenzie ( 2017 ) for a review ) . Turning to our cumulative results , we find that the program costs US $ 63 ( US $ 75 ) per additional month with formal sector work experience and US $ 5 . 3 ( US $ 6 . 4 ) per", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 882, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A5 : Future employment expectations and outcomes do not differ by treatment | | ( 1 ) < br > Day labor | ( 2 ) < br > Salaried | ( 3 ) < br > Any work | ( 4 ) < br > Daily wage | ( 5 ) < br > Expects work | ( 6 ) < br > Total expected | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Work | 0 . 001 | - 0 . 004 | - 0 . 111 | - 0 . 009 | - 0 . 064 | - 0 . 619 | | | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 043 ) | ( 0 . 341 ) | ( 0 . 143 ) | ( 2 . 713 ) | | Cash | 0 . 023 | - 0 . 011 | - 0 . 070 | 0 . 119 | 0 . 120 | - 1 . 787 | | | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | ( 0 . 049 ) | ( 0 . 344 ) | ( 0 . 200 ) | ( 3 . 588 ) | | Shrp . q-val Work | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | 0 . 060 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | | Test Work = Cash | 0 . 321 | 0 . 113 | 0 . 356 | 0 . 635 | 0 . 327 | 0 . 681 | | Shrp . q-val Work = Cash | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 000 | | Observations | 743 | 743 | 698 | 193 | 698 | 698 | * * Notes : * * This table reports the treatment effect of receiving employment or cash relative to the control group on future employment . The columns show OLS estimates of a regression of the outcome on a dummy for assignment", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 The consultants assisted UEB to set up a project accounting manual for Second Power Project . As a variation to the contract allowed the consultants to join hands with UEB staff in finalising the accounts for 1988 - 1989 which were in arrears . Their recommendations have formed the basis for computerising the accounting and reorganisation within the Finance Department . # # # # # * * 5 . 4 Billing and Revenue Collection Study . * * Following the final breakdown of the KL 1902A computer in 1986 the billing and collection system was then converted to run on third party equipment on a bureau basis In 1987 Consultants who carried out a study of current practices in the areas of billing and revenue collection recommended the purchase of new computer equipment as well as proposing improved procedures and practices . Implementation was not satisfactory . It took a long time to supply all the equipment and problems were encountered in running an outdated software programme . The accuracy of the consumer standing data was also over estimated . # # # # # 5 . 5 * * National Electrification Planning Study * * Related to the study mentioned at para 5 . 1 was the National Electrification Planning study undertaken under African Development Bank funding . The objective of the study was to examine the technical , financial and economic feasibility of a programme for providing electricity to a substantial number of areas in Uganda during the next 20 years . # # # # # 5 . 6 * * Loss Reduction Study * * The Loss Reduction Study was funded by ADB and was meant to close the gap in overall system planning and system reliability improvements . # # # # # * * 5 . 7 Tariff Study . * * At the inception of the Project it was evident that the Board lacked finances for capital development , debt service and a reasonable rate of return . Therefore , Consultants were engaged in 1990 to carry out a tariff study . The study established the Long Run Marginal Cost ( LRMC ) as the basis for setting tariffs . Recommendations about tariff structures and new tariff levels", "spans": [{"start": 1005, "end": 1027, "text": "consumer standing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 40 < / sup > We estimate a probit model to assess the likelihood of consistent answers between the original and the back-check interviews , controlling for firmlevel fixed-effect . Reporting the use of a technology in the back-check interview is associated with 80 . 6 % of likelihood of reporting the use of the same technology in the original interview . Conversely , reporting that a technology is not used in the back-check interview , is associated with a 29 . 3 % likelihood of being reported in the original survey . # * * Additional validation exercise with employer-employee census ( RAIS ) in Brazil * * Some final ex-post checks were conducted with the Brazil data and takes advantage of the fact that we have access to the RAIS administrative data , which is a matched employeremployee dataset that covers the universe of firms in the sampling frame . This allows us to > 39The pilot coincided with the beginning of the data collection for phase two which includes new countries , and Kenya is one of them . Despite the fact that Kenya is not in the sample , the pilot is informative about the significance of response bias . The re-interviews produce 1 , 661 answers ( 106 interviews times 3 business functions times an average of 5 . 2 technologies per function ) . > 40The consistency ranges from 65 % in business administration to 77 % in sales across business functions , and from 85 % among the most basic technologies to around 61 % in intermediate , and 77 % at the most advanced technologies across functions . 109", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 592, "text": "employer-employee census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 737, "end": 761, "text": "RAIS administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 775, "end": 807, "text": "matched employeremployee dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nizations such as UNHCR , and national and international non-governmental organizations . Data is compiled from a number of sources , including but not restricted to individual registration of refugees and asylum seekers ( information typically includes name , gender , date of birth , country of origin , marital status , and place of displacement ) , tracking of population movement in situations where the movement is fluid or continuous , standardized surveys such as Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) surveys , Labor Force Surveys ( LFS ) , Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) , and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys ( MICS ) , administrative records and registries . Yet , data collection is a difficult exercise , due to both methodological issues ( UNHCR 2014 ) and practical challenges , especially in situations of heightened insecurity or mass refugee situations . To date , UNHCR maintains the most comprehensive statistical database under a uniform methodology . UNHCR publishes annual data on refugee flows and stocks by countries of residence and origin dating back to 1951 , shortly after the Office was established . UNHCR publishes annual statistical reports ranging from “ Global Trends ” , “ Mid-year trends ” , “ Asylum trends ” , to a “ Statistical Yearbook ” . There is a consensus that these data provide the most reliable source of information ( Sarzin 2016 ) . Our analysis exclusively uses data from the 1951-2015 UNHCR Population Statistics Reference database ( extracted September 18 2015 ) . Data were provided for 173 countries : 77 percent of these data were based on individual refugee registration , 13 percent on estimates , 5 percent on combined estimation and registration , and 5 percent on other sources . The data are structured as follows : for each situation , the database records annual numbers of persons of concern , which comprise “ Refugees ( including refugee-like situations ) ” , “ Asylum seekers ” , “ Internally Displaced Persons ” , “ Returnees ” , “ Stateless ” persons , and “ Others of concern ” . A situation is a pair country of origin / country of destination . For example , Somali refugees in Kenya account for one situation , Somali refugees in Ethiopia", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 220, "text": "individual registration of refugees and asylum seekers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 472, "end": 506, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 526, "end": 545, "text": "Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 556, "end": 586, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 601, "end": 635, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 647, "end": 669, "text": "administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1045, "text": "annual data on refugee flows and stocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1455, "end": 1501, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Reference database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Does Maternal Depression Undermine Childhood Cognitive Development ? Evidence from the Young Lives Survey in * * # * * Peru * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > Magdalena Bendini < sup > 2 < / sup > Lelys Dinarte < sup > 3 < / sup > _Keywords_ : Child Development , Child Vocabulary , Maternal Mental Health , Peru _JEL classification_ : I15 , J13 , O15 > 1 We are very grateful to Omar Arias , Monserrat Bustello , Rafael de Hoyos , Deon Filmer , Carol Graham , John Giles , Asif Islam , Kabir Malik , Amparo Palacios , Veronica Schiariti , and Pamela Surkan , whose comments and suggestions improved different drafts of the paper . We also gratefully acknowledge the Young Lives Project for permission to use the data . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely ours and not those of the Young Lives Project , the University of Oxford , DFID or any other funders . They also do not represent the views of the World Bank . > 2 Education Global Practice . The World Bank . email : mbendini @ worldbank . org > 3 Corresponding author . Development Research Group . The World Bank . email : ldinartediaz @ worldbank . org 1", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 111, "text": "Young Lives Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lack of accessible accommodation increasing dependence on institutions and trade-offs in choosing to remain in Ukraine or relocate to institutions within neighbouring countries ) . Ukrainian women of Roma origin , consulted within FGDs , were unanimous in calling for the revision of the legislation necessitating contributions to collective accommodations costs among the Ukrainian community , following 120 days stay . > 5 Ukrainian women were reported to form the majority of sex workers present in Poland , prior to onset of the conflict . However , sex workers fleeing Ukraine were also reported to have arrived in Poland due to armed conflict . 5", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 235, "text": "FGDs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Households , Population and Headship Pattern : _ * * There are a total of 713 Subproject affected households residing in 21 Kebeles affected by the Subproject . Based on census enumeration survey out of the total 713 PAHs about 635 of them are male headed , while 68 are female headed and the remaining information of 10 households are missing . The average family size of Subproject affected households is calculated as 5 . 8 persons which slightly higher than the national average of about five persons per household . * * _Age Structure : _ * * The age structure of subproject affected household heads shows that about 78 . 1 % of the heads are between 30 and 64 years of age , while 9 . 0 % of them are relatively younger household heads whose age are 29 years old and younger . The proportion of young people ( below 25 years old ) dominated the age structure of the Subproject affected household members . * * _Marital Status : _ * * Data on marital status of interviewed subproject affected household heads revealed that 87 . 5 % of the PAHs were married , while 1 . 8 % of the heads were never married during the census survey . The marital status of about 9 . 3 % of the household heads is reported to be widowed . 65 . 2 % of household population aged 18 and above were married during the present survey . * * _Ethnic Affiliation : _ * * Based on the census survey result , 92 . 8 % of PAH heads are belonging to Oromo ethnic group , followed by Amhara ethnic group which accounted for 5 . 8 % . * * _Religious Affiliation : _ * * Similarly , the survey finding reveals the high presence of Muslim religion affiliated household heads among the PAHs and about 92 . 0 % of the HH heads are reported that they are followers of Muslim religion , while only 6 . 6 % of the HH heads are affiliated with Orthodox Christianity and the remaining are missing PAHs", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 196, "text": "census enumeration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 941, "end": 963, "text": "Data on marital status", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1122, "end": 1135, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "507 | | Kirguistán | 2 . 437 | - | 2 . 437 | _294_ | 1 . 837 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 4 . 276 | | Kiribati | 3 | - | 3 | _-_ | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | | Kuwait < br > | 994 < br > | - | 994 < br > | _25_ < br > | 273 < br > | - | - | - | - | - | 1 . 267 < br > | | Lao ( Rep . Dem . Popular ) < br > Lesotho | 7 . 482 < br > 17 | - < br > - | 7 . 482 < br > 17 | _3_ < br > _-_ | 117 < br > 666 | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | 7 . 599 < br > 683 | * * . . . ⁄ . . . * * * * 50 * * ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "da"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 . 15 Demography * * < mark > The current population estimate of Uganda is 47 , 317 , 289 based on projections of the latest United Nations data , as of November 2022 , a 3 . 04 % increase from 2021 , having registered a 3 . 26 % increase in 2020 and a 3 . 39 % increase in 2019 . Uganda ’ s population growth rate is currently 3 . 32 % . The growth rate has remained around 3 % for the past several decades in Uganda . This is influenced heavily by the country ’ s fertility rate of 4 . 78 births per woman . At this growth , over 1 million people are added to the population each year . Uganda ’ s rapid population growth is a cause for concern . Issues cited include rapid urbanization , poor waste management , high poverty , unemployment , environmental degradation , and inadequate infrastructure , among other things . 84 % of the population lives in rural areas . < / mark > Uganda is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the region with the Baganda making up 16 . 9 % of the population , followed by the Banyankole , Basoga and Bakiga tribes , which make up 9 . 5 % , 8 . 4 % and 6 . 9 % respectively . There are many other tribes such as the Iteso , Lango , Acholi , Bagisu , etc ; however , they constitute a very small percentage of the total population . The population size reflects the number of people that are likely to be impacted by the project . The appropriate number of beneficiaries from the INVITE project will be determined upon the confirmation of the project areas within which the project will be implemented . Figure 0-3 : Uganda Population Projections _ ( Source : United Nations 2022 ) _ Table 4-1 : Showing Uganda Population distribution by Gender 42", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 153, "text": "United Nations data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1572, "end": 1601, "text": "Uganda Population Projections", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 10 | 208 | 242 | | * * Moyo * * | 74 , 066 | 15759 | 4 . 7 | 8 . 0 | 11 , 999 | 3 . 5 | 16 % | 1 . 7 | 10 | 177 | 290 | | * * Koboko * * | 140 , 613 | 20987 | 6 . 7 | 4 . 7 | 21 , 092 | 3 . 0 | 15 % | 1 . 2 | 10 | 191 | 235 | | * * Kiryandongo * * | 157 , 275 | 30838 | 5 . 1 | 8 . 0 | 26 , 422 | 3 . 5 | 17 % | 1 . 6 | 10 | 177 | 252 | | * * Kyegegwa * * | 130 , 548 | 27776 | 4 . 7 | 8 . 2 | 22 , 063 | 3 . 0 | 17 % | 1 . 8 | 10 | 190 | 294 | | * * Hoima * * | 121 , 512 | 28259 | 4 . 3 | 7 . 3 | 19 , 199 | 3 . 0 | 16 % | 1 . 7 | 10 | 166 | 280 | | * * Lamwo * * | 72163 | 14727 | 4 . 9 | 8 . 0 | 12 , 123 | 3 . 5 | 17 % | 1 . 6 | 10 | 196 | 390 | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 27 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "sw"}
{"text": "Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > ET-DBE-170395-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of six units of < br > laptop computer . The reasonof Buying 6 Units of laptop / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 5 , 560 . 89 Completed 2020-04-25 2020-05-01 2020-05-04 2020-06-19 2020-05-11 2020-06-21 < br > computer is to conduct works < br > at home Due to Covid 19 . < br > ET-DBE-209379-GO-RFQ / Microsoft SQL Server 2019Standard Edition ( EnglishLanguage , 64-bit ) Licenses ) / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 25 , 984 . 92 UnderImplementation 2020-12-22 2021-01-11 2021-01-15 2021-01-31 < br > ET-DBE-219072-GO-RFQ / < br > 42 unit of Core i 7 Laptop < br > computers for virtual capacity < br > building on carbon financingand It training on Java / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 Canceled 2021-02-16 2021-02-17 2021-03-04 2021-03-23 < br > Fundamentals for Android < br > Development and Google < br > associate android developer . < br > ET-DBE-231076-GO-RFQ / < br > Re - collection of quotation for < br > the procurement of 42 units < br > of Laptop computers forvirtual capacity building oncarbon financing and ITtraining on Java Fundamentals / Bio", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial support from other entrepreneurs ; and 4 ) Sharing of tools , inputs , equipment or employees with other entrepreneurs . < / mark > - * * < mark > Work ‐ life balance ( WLB ) < / mark > * * < mark > was measured using the composite scores of work ‐ life balance as measured by the 8 ‐ item Work ‐ life Balance Questionnaire . WLB is described in the current study as the balance that an individual requires between the time allocated for work and other aspects of life . < / mark > - * * < mark > Counterproductive work behavior ( CWB ) < / mark > * * < mark > was measured using the composite score of counterproductive work behaviors as measured by 4 counterproductive work behavior questions . CWB is non ‐ productive behavior of entrepreneurs that goes against the legitimate interests of an organization . As such , it can harm organizations or people in organizations , including employees and clients , customers . Entrepreneurs were asked whether they thought they should have stayed home , had angry outbursts , complained about insignificant things at work , or thought of leaving the business in the previous three months . < / mark > Business Performance Variables : Sales , asset turnover , employee turnover etc . Since improvements in mediating variables and business performance are likely to take longer to manifest , these outcome variables will only be measured at endline . 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 10 . Alternative Estimates for Age-Stratified Fatality Ratios < ! - - Start of picture text - - > China Italy < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Spain South Korea < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 + 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 + < br > Age cohorts < br > Fatality ratio ( percent ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Istituto Superiore di Sanità ( 2020 ; March 30 ) , Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare ( 2020 ; May 6 ) and Spanish Ministry of Health ( 2020 ; May 4 ) . As noted , the results are sensitive to the age gradient present in the base epidemiological parameters . While according to Verity and others ( 2020 ) the assumption of age-neutral infection prevalence is robust , the J-shaped gradient implicit in the age-stratified infection fatality data by the same authors will matter . For these reasons it useful to conduct a robustness check to ensure that the variation seen across other estimates does not fundamentally change the results . To verify robustness , we recalculated the results based on age-stratified case fatality ratios from Italy , Korea and Spain ( Figure 10 ) . These case fatality ratios do not correct for ascertainment and censoring biases and hence show a steeper age gradient since ascertainment bias is more significant for older cohorts ( Verity and others , 2020 ) . Relative to the baseline of Figure 9 , the case fatality rates of Italy would boost the HIC share by 0 . 1 ppts ; the Korean data would raise it by 3 . 1 ppts ; and the Spanish data would raise it by 0 . 2 ppts . The fact that these deviations are small suggests that the first-order effect of demographic structure is robust and outweighs reasonable variations one might see in underlying epidemiological assumptions providing that we apply the same assumptions across all countries . # * * Comorbidities and Environmental Factors May", "spans": [{"start": 795, "end": 833, "text": "age-stratified infection fatality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1087, "end": 1122, "text": "age-stratified case fatality ratios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1499, "end": 1510, "text": "Korean data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1550, "end": 1562, "text": "Spanish data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * INTRODUCTION * * In the past two decades , aid organizations , multilateral institutions and national governments have increasingly sought to involve local communities in development . The assumption is that mobilizing poor communities and involving them in all aspects of project design and implementation leads to more effective and equitable service delivery ( WDR 2004 ) . Billions of dollars have been spent on such community-driven anti-poverty interventions ( Mansuri and Rao 2012 ) . However , the scale and complexity of these interventions make such programs vulnerable to a number of challenges and considerable variations in local capacity ( Woolcock 2009 ) . Even if projects are able to build small islands of success in their first phase , they are unable to sustain the intensity and momentum required to induce participation as they scale-up ( Mansuri and Rao 2012 ) . But why does the intensity of community participation decrease as projects expand ? One important reason is what we might call ‘ implementation failure . ’ Expanding the scope of the project from a few communities to a large number puts pressure on the project ’ s implementation unit , which in turn weakens its intended impact . Several papers and project documents highlight this phenomenon ( Mosse 2004 , Barron et al . 2011 , Swidler and Watkins 2015 ) . Little scholarly attention , however , has been paid to identifying the processes and mechanisms that constitute implementation failure during scale-up , and few studies have compared ‘ successful ’ and less successful implementation _within_ the same project . In this study , we draw on qualitative data that cover four years ( 2011 – 15 ) in the life of one of the largest World Bank-assisted , anti-poverty projects in India . We observed the project at a unique juncture in its trajectory , when it was scaling-up from its first phase ( covering 400 , 000 households ) to its second phase ( covering 800 , 000 households ) . Impact evaluations found stark differences in outcomes in the first phase ( Datta 2015 ) and the second phase ( Hoffmann et al . 2017 ) . Our own qualitative work found that the first phase was akin to a mini-social movement that", "spans": [{"start": 1641, "end": 1657, "text": "qualitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . Who Benefits from Fertilizer Subsidies in Indonesia ? The incidence of benefits from fertilizer subsidies is analyzed using two different rural household surveys by BPS : the Agriculture Census 2003 and the BPS Rice Household Survey 2008 . The first survey comprises a random sample of 46 , 144 farmers for the rice subsector in 29 provinces . It was collected in 2004 and asked farmers about their usage of inputs in 2003 . The latter survey entails data from a smaller sample of 11 , 297 rice farmers from 15 provinces regarding the harvest in 2007 ( covering the 15 largest rice producers in Indonesia and collected in 2008 ) . # # _Methodology_ The incidence analysis looks at two types of fertilizers , urea and SP36 , and estimates the spending share captured by farmers according to their land size . The subsidy is defined as the difference between the market price for fertilizer and the actual prices paid by farmers as reported in these two BPS surveys . In addition , the GoI established a ceiling price for fertilizer ( HET ) that is below the market price and market prices are reported by the State Audit Agency ( BPK ) , the ‘ cost of goods sold ’ or CoGS . < sup > 2 < / sup > Thus , one can estimate if farmers received subsidy benefits by looking at their paying prices . Those farmers reporting paying at the HET captured fully subsidized fertilizer , while those farmers paying below the market and above the HET , received partial subsidy assistance . The analysis looks at the volume of fertilizer used and at what price and divides the farmers in 5 equal quintiles by the size of their total agricultural land ( where quintile 1 groups the smaller-plot farmers and quintile 5 the largest ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > By aggregating the amount of subsidy spending captured by each farmer in a quintile , one can see how much subsidy assistance benefited each group . ( See Annex I for a more detailed discussion on the methodology . ) Small farmers on average use more fertilizer per hectare . In 2007 , the smaller rice producers used twice as", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 204, "text": "Agriculture Census 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 213, "end": 243, "text": "BPS Rice Household Survey 2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 958, "end": 969, "text": "BPS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * female * * | * * male * * | * * female * * | * * male * * | * * female * * | * * male * * | | * * 2019 / 20 * * | 17 | 71 . 1 | 14 . 02 | 64 . 69 | 17 . 53 | 9 . 01 | | * * 2020 / 21 * * | 13 . 9 | 68 . 66 | 11 . 72 | 62 . 9 | 15 . 65 | 8 . 39 | | * * _Difference ( yoy ) _ * * | _-3 . 1 * * * _ | _-2 . 44 * * * _ | _-2 . 3 * * * _ | _-1 . 79 * * * _ | _-1 . 88 * * * _ | _-0 . 62 * * * _ | | * * _Differential covid impact ( F / M ) _ * * | _1 . 27_ | _ * * * _ | _1 . 28_ | _ * * * _ | _3 . 03_ | _ * * * _ | Note : Notes : Stars indicates levels of significance of t-test on equality of means between the two years : * p < 0 . 1 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 . Survey weights used in the analysis Source : LFS 2019-20 , 2020-21 * * _Table 4 : Changes in work hours and underemployment 2019-20 / 2020-21 , by_ * * * * _ < u > gender < / u > _ * * | | * * Hour worke * * < br > | * * d ( total ) * * < br > | * * Hours w * * < br > * * ( mainj * * < br > | * * orked * * < br > * * ob ) * * < br > | * * Under-em * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 771, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Issue * * | * * Recommendation * * | | - - - | - - - | | | individual labor module ( after the screening questions ) . < br > For activities which are either ( i ) entrepreneurial and / or ( ii ) communal to the < br > household ( e . g . farming ) , separate modules are preferable . Usually this < br > means including : < br > ( i ) a specifically designed module to collect data on household agricultural < br > activities . Data would be collected on land and other inputs , including < br > household labor inputs , and on the value of production sold or retained at < br > the household ; and < br > ( ii ) a specific non-farm household enterprise model . | | | Both modules could be used to measure the inputs ( hours ) of all household < br > members rather than ask these questions individually , but asking both < br > individual questions on hours and enterprise / plot level questionsof labor < br > inputs is preferable to make sure that all activities get covered for all < br > individuals . See Grosh and Glewwe ( 2000 ) for examples of each < br > approach . | | _Source : Authors_ | | These techniques are often not used . One excuse sometimes offered for not using these good practice techniques is that they make the questionnaire “ too long ” . It is certainly true that trying to collect too much data within a multi-purpose household survey can result in a long and tedious questionnaire , and a very expensive survey – which then will become imprecise exactly because of interviewer and respondent fatigue ( Grosh and Glewwe , 2000 ) . Certainly in the case of a census , for example , to keep costs down a short questionnaire is necessary for the majority of the respondents . Some compromises are inevitably made . The problem is that the tradeoffs being made with respect to the quality and consistency of labor force and employment data may not be considered at the time because the good practice", "spans": [{"start": 1840, "end": 1871, "text": "labor force and employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultant Selection Open 120 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2021-08-10 2021-09-28 2021-10-19 2021-11-23 2022-05-22 < br > MS FOR ONE YEAR < br > KE-MOH-329067-CS-INDV / H < br > ire of an Individual Consultant to support the Project to do the 7th Knowledge , Attitude IDA / 65980 Community discussion and information outreach Post Individual Consultant Selection Limited 12 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2022-12-09 2022-12-02 2022-12-14 2022-12-08 2023-01-04 2023-04-24 2023-02-08 2023-04-27 2023-08-07 2023-06-29 < br > and Practice ( KAP ) Survey . < br > KE-MOH-330340-CS-CDS / St < br > ep Wise Accreditation of Regional Blood Transfusion Centers by African Society for Blood Transfusion Standards IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood andblood products Post Direct Selection Direct - International 52 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-12-16 2023-02-02 2022-12-26 2023-09-20 2023-03-01 2023-08-28 < br > KE-MOH-07-2022 / 2023-CS-IN < br > DV / Procurement of a Consul < br > tant to undertake Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) IDA / 68230 Response , capacity buildingand training Post Individual Consultant Selection Limited 10 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-05-14 2023-09-03 2023-05-19 2023-09-20 2023-06-09 2023-07-14 2024-01-10 < br > for the proposed RenovationWorks at Mathare National T < br > eaching and Referral Hospital < br > < ! - - End", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 543, "text": "and Practice ( KAP ) Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) psychosocial and other support ( e . g . GBV kits ) to survivors ; ( iii ) sensitize host communities and refugees on GBV and resources for accessing protection services ( hotlines , community mechanisms , etc . ) ; and ( iv ) improve the quality of data on gender-based violence in host communities and refugee settlements , in order to inform interventions . * * 38 . * * In addition to the new activities proposed , the component costs under the parent project will be revised to US $ 7 . 8 million , consisting of US $ 7 . 1 million under IDA credit and US $ 0 . 7 million under PEFF . * * 39 . Component 3 : Project Management , Monitoring and Evaluation * * * * _ [ Total Financing of US $ 4 . 10 million of which AF is US $ 3 million ( consisting of US $ 1 million from the WHR ; US $ 1 million from the IDA grant ; and US $ 1 million from the GFF ) ] . _ * * The AF will support : ( i ) recruitment of additional staff under the existing PIU which will ensure effective management and monitoring of activities ; ( ii ) procurement of ICT tools to facilitate data capture , analysis , and reporting ; and ( iii ) strengthening of internet connectivity to allow real-time data reporting from the sub-national levels ( including RHDs ) to the central database . Coordination and implementation between MoH , Office of the Prime Minister ( OPM ) , UNHCR and other refugee-hosting stakeholders will be strengthened through : ( i ) appointing a program officer , within the PIU , for the refugee related activities linked to the HSIRRP secretariat ; ( ii ) improving the governance and leadership mechanisms at central to district level , necessary to implement the HSIRRP ; ( iii ) appointing designated liaisons at", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 398, "text": "data on gender-based violence", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * PDA * * | Procedimento de determinação da apatridia | | - - - | - - - | | * * PDN * * | Plano de Desenvolvimento Nacional | | * * PF * * | Ponto Focal | | * * PIB * * | Produto interior bruto | | * * PIDCP * * | Pacto Internacional sobre os Direitos Civis e Políticos | | * * PIDESC * * | Pacto Internacional sobre os Direitos Económicos , Sociais e Culturais | | * * PNUD * * | Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento | | * * RGPH * * | Recenseamento Geral da População e da Habitação | | * * RDC * * | República Democrática do Congo | | * * SADC * * | Comunidade de Desenvolvimento dos Países da África Austral | | * * SDB / VIS * * | Salesianos de Dom Bosco / Volontariato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo | | * * SEF * * | Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras ( Portugal ) | | * * SIAC * * | Serviço Integrado de Atendimento ao Cidadão | | * * SME * * | Serviço de Migração e Estrangeiros < br > ( “ DEFA ” = Direcção de Emigração e Fronteiras de Angola , até 1999 ) | | * * UA * * | União Africana | | * * UNFPA * * | Fundo das Nações Unidas para a População ( pelas siglas em inglês ) | | * * UNHCR * * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "Improved livelihood Opportunities and Accessibility for Underserved Urban Communities in Meru Town Audited Reports and Financial Statements For the Period Ended 317 December , 2025 . 4 . 0 SUMMARY OF AUDIT OF INTERNAL CONTROLS 4 . 1 Internal Control Systems The Auditor assessed the internal control systems of the project . Those which included aspects such as adequacy and effectiveness of accounting , financial and operational controls and any needs for revision , level of compliance and established policies , plans and procedures . The reliability of the accounting system data and financial reports , methods of remedying weak controls or creating them where there are none . Verification of assets and liabilities and integrity controls security and effectiveness of the operation of the computerized system . The audit report covered the following : a ) All bank funds have been used in accordance with the conditions of the Grant Agreement with due attention to economy and efficiency and only for the purposes for which the funds were provided . b ) Goods and services financed have been procured in accordance with the Grant Agreement and in accordance with the World bank procurement policies and procedures . c ) All necessary supporting documents , records and accounts have been kept in respect of all project activities . Clear linkages exist between the books of account and the project financial statements presented to the bank as well as level of disbursement and physical completion stage . d ) Confirmation on whether grants have been disbursed according to the grant procedures described in the Project Implementation Manual and the duly identified beneficiaries have received funds to which they are entitled to . - e ) The Project Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and give a true and fair view of the financial position of the project as at 3 15t December , 2025 . - f ) The Auditor to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of the accounting and overall internal control system to monitor expenditures and other financial transactions and ensure safe custody of project financed assets . - Page | 6", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 584, "text": "accounting system data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 . 3 % < br > Food crop production / sales 9 . 1 % < br > 36 . 3 % < br > 82 . 4 % < br > Sale of food assistance 54 . 0 % < br > 25 . 7 % < br > 2 . 4 % < br > Livestock production ( Animal Husbandry ) 8 . 8 % < br > 12 . 9 % < br > 2 . 8 % < br > Small business / self-employed 7 . 8 % < br > 11 . 8 % < br > 1 . 3 % < br > Agricultural wage labor 4 . 0 % Third < br > 2 . 8 % < br > 0 . 2 % Second < br > Borrowing 1 . 2 % < br > 1 . 7 % < br > 0 . 3 % Most Important < br > Non-agricultural wage labor 1 . 0 % < br > 1 . 2 % < br > 4 . 8 % < br > Gifts / begging 10 . 0 % < br > 0 . 1 % < br > 3 . 0 % < br > Handicrafts 2 . 9 % < br > 0 . 1 % < br > 0 . 0 % 10 . 0 % 20 . 0 % 30 . 0 % 40 . 0 % 50 . 0 % 60 . 0 % 70 . 0 % 80 . 0 % 90 . 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 6 : Livelihood income sources , Host Community , October 2017 , Uganda * * Food crop production ( 36 . 3 % ) was the main source of income among host community , the second most livelihood income source was sale of food and some livestock products . The third most important source of income was sale of food products . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 70 of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "deficit on a fixed exchange rate regime we assume that at time 0 agents receive information that future deficits will be larger than they originally believed . The government ' s intertemporal budget constraint implies that a speculative attack is inevitable . This is true regardless of the government ' s initial level of foreign reserves or its initial debt position . Once the government learns that the present value of future deficits has risen , the only choices left to it are when and how to raise the seignorage revenues required to meet its intertemporal budget constraint . We analyze the date of a speculative attack , i . e . the date at which the economy switches from a fixed to a floating exchange rate regime , under two assumptions . First , we assume that the government follows a threshold rule according to which the fixed exchange rate regime is abandoned in the first period that net government debt reaches some exogenous upper bound . Second , we consider the case in which the only constraint faced by the government is its intertemporal budget constraint . In both cases we depart from the speculative attack literature by distinguishing between the time of the speculative attack and the time at which the government implements the new monetary policy required to balance its intertemporal budget constraint . Disentangling these two events considerably enriches the dynamic implications of the model . Using versions of the model calibrated to Korean and Thai data , we show in Section 4 that the speculative attack occurs after the information about higher future deficits arrives but _before_ the new monetary policy is implemented . An econometrician looking at the data would see an exchange rate crisis - but he would not see large deficits , high growth rates of money or high rates of inflation prior to the speculative attack . The econometrician could well conclude that the attack was a multiple equilibrium phenomenon . In fact it reflects fundamentals : high prospective deficits . While the government cannot prevent a speculative attack , it can affect its 4", "spans": [{"start": 1474, "end": 1494, "text": "Korean and Thai data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of ninis over this period ; in fact , the share of male ninis increased marginally during those years ( for both age groups ) . And over the same period , the increase of 14 percent in the total number of ninis ( 1 . 8 million individuals ) is entirely explained by the increase in the number of male ninis . Simultaneously , the number of female ninis has fallen in the case of those aged 15 to 18 ( decreasing by 5 . 6 percentage points , or over 400 , 000 individuals ) and stayed relatively constant for those aged 19 to 24 . These trends , which are likely explained by the general increase in women ’ s education levels and labor-force participation rates in the region , combine to produce a shift in the gender composition of ninis towards men . * * Figure 10 : Total number and percentage of youth who are ninis in LAC by gender and age , 1992-2010 * * Panel A : Percentage of youth who are ninis in LAC by gender , ( 15-18 years ) Panel B : Number of ninis in LAC by gender , ( 15-18 years ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 . 4 24 . 9 5 . 8 6 . 0 5 . 9 6 . 0 5 . 9 < br > 23 . 3 < br > 20 . 5 < br > 19 . 8 < br > 18 . 4 18 . 3 17 . 6 4 . 1 4 . 1 4 . 0 3 . 8 < br > 3 . 7 < br > 15 . 6 15 . 5 < br > 11 . 1 11 . 7 12 . 0 11 . 0 11 . 5 1 . 9 1 . 9 2 . 1 2 . 2 < br > 1 . 7 < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > Year Year < br > Total Men Total Men < br > Women Women < br > Panel C : Percentage of youth who are ninis in LAC by Panel D : Number of ninis in LAC by <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the International Classification of Diseases , 10th revision ( ICD-10 ) . It is important to note that these expenditures primarily reflect the public sector ( based on reimbursement rates ) . To establish the medical expenditures associated with each risk factor-related disease , we link them to the diseases outlined in the Global Burden of Disease dataset . For each specific disease , we deflate the monthly treatment expenditures incurred during 2018-2022 using Brazil ’ s National Consumer Price Index and calculate the average , as shown in Table 4 . Subsequently , the average medical expenditure associated with each disease related to the risk factor “ dietary risks ” is determined by computing the average cost across all related diseases and dividing it by the average number of approved Hospital Admission Authorizations ( AIH ) . In other words , the average cost for each disease is calculated as the ratio between the total medical costs for that disease and the number of admitted patients due to that disease , using the ICD classification . 12", "spans": [{"start": 330, "end": 362, "text": "Global Burden of Disease dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with hosting agreed by KEPSA pending formal handover . KIEP also consolidated the role of ASSEK as the national ecosystem association by supporting an ecosystem census / mapping , organizational capacity assessment , and the preparation of a 2024 – 27 Strategic Plan and resource mobilization approach . Over the life of the project , ASSEK expanded its dues paying membership ( from roughly 89 to 115 members ) , strengthened its policy voice through CEO and policy dialogues , and developed tools such as ecosystem guides and an ESO portal that structure coordination among incubators , accelerators , and bootcamps . On the public sector side , parastatals built durable technical and service capacity : KIRDI developed more than 35 technical training manuals , formalized incubation and Common Manufacturing Facility protocols , and helped generate a pipeline of upgraded products ( including about 72 market ready offerings and 35 KEBS certified products ) , embedding these into its statutory training , testing , and incubation functions ; KIE used KIEP to deepen its entrepreneurship and Business Development Services ( BDS ) / Business Development Center ( BDC ) style advisory offer , roll out nationwide entrepreneurship training to over 10 , 000 participants , and develop industrial mapping and an Industrial Database / Directory to support firm prospecting and policy analysis . In parallel , SKIES worked through 13 intermediaries and 8 public universities , strengthening their internal systems , curricula , and placement pathways as they delivered startup support and rapid tech training . Taken together , iTATU , ASSEK , KIRDI , KIE and SKIES partner institutions constitute a durable ecosystem of platforms and capabilities that can underpin future SME and innovation programs . # # * * _ < u > MOBILIZING PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCING < / u > _ * * * * KIEP leveraged its public funding to crowd-in meaningful private cofinancing and investor engagement , even though this was not a formal objective . * * Under KIEP 250 + , SMEs were required to contribute at least 30 percent of project costs ;", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 177, "text": "ecosystem census / mapping", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1311, "end": 1342, "text": "Industrial Database / Directory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "form of the transportation costs and that the freight rate contains the specific component . < sup > 20 < / sup > They also were the first to point out that the assumption of ad-valorem transport costs is not innocuous as it underplays the effects of transportation costs and tariffs on the quality composition of exports and imports . This paper has instigated the importance of the functional form of the transportation cost for multiple aspects of trade . Feenstra and Romalis ( 2014 ) used the specific transport costs to estimate traded quality . Due to the presence of the specific component in transport costs , remote economies were predicted and found to specialize in higher quality by Lugovskyy and Skiba ( 2015 ) and in lighter varieties by Harrigan ( 2010 ) and Lashkaripour ( 2020 ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > Wong ( 2021 ) showed that specific transport costs reduce welfare and trade by more than an equal-yield ad-valorem transport costs because they are more price-distorting . We summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the ad-valorem measure as follows . * * Stylized Fact 14 . * * _The advantages of the ad-valorem measure of transport costs are : ( i ) it is in line with many trade models ( ii ) it is available for many countries and years ; and ( iii ) it is intuitive and comparable with tariffs . _ _At the same time , the functional form of the transportation cost contains a significant specific ( per unit ) component . This fact is important for estimating the traded quality and welfare gains from trade . _ The data on the per-unit measure of transport costs are relatively sparse . Earlier papers on the specific freight rates explored the determinants of the per-weight freight rates . Mainly because in the BTI dataset — the pioneering dataset for measuring specific freight rates — other units were not reported . Lashkaripour ( 2020 ) made a point that consumers buy units , not kilos of manufactured goods , and thus the per-unit measure is more relevant from the perspective of trade models . The per-unit freight rates are available only in a handful of datasets : e . g . ,", "spans": [{"start": 1745, "end": 1756, "text": "BTI dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * Yumbe * * | 30 / 309 | 9 . 7 % ( 6 . 9-13 . 6 ) | DPT3 which is the measure for « fully vaccinated » children was assessed . The survey teams assessed the vaccination status of the children based on vaccination cards or mother ’ s verbal reports using a pre-tested semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire through houseto-house visits . With an exception of Hoima and Yumbe the rest of the districts registered impressive coverage above 90 % acros the settlements , with the highest coverage in Kamwenge ( 98 . 6 % ) followed by Moyo ( 96 . 0 % ) and Kyegegwa ( 95 . 8 % ) . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 50 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Second Kenya Urban Support Program ( P177048 ) RA 4 - Improved private sector engagement ~ ~ < u > IN01413387 < / u > ~ ~ ► Participating urban board with up-to-date business enterprise database ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2023 | 11-Oct-2023 | 14-Mar-2024 | 30-Jun-2028 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN01413391 ~ ~ | Percentage of urban < br > activityandpublicly | boards that have developed < br > available in accordance with t | a database of local business < br > he dataprotection act of 201 | es , clustered by economic < br > 9 . ( PS11 ) | | ► Participating urban boards o < br > dialogue ( Number , Custom ) | perating within the count | y government ' s private sector | engagement framework to | promote public private | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2023 | 11-Oct-2023 | 14-Mar-2024 | 30-Jun-2028 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN01413396 ~ ~ | Percentage of urban < br > urban IDeP has bee | boards that have held at least < br >", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 256, "text": "business enterprise database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 689, "text": "database of local business", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 . 4 | 25 . 0 | 8 . 3 | | * * Total * * < br > Sources : CFUWBES1 , LMPS 20 | 15 . 8 < br > 16 , and CMMHH | 25 . 2 < br > Jordan 2021 . | 25 . 5 | 23 . 3 | In contrast to _Table 5-25 Jordan : Percentage of PFPS Jobs Lost , by Wage Quintile_ Jordan , for * * Wave 1 Wave 2 * * Georgia our * * National nominal hourly * * method * * wage quintile * * CFUWBES1 Modeled Modeled projects declining job * * Q1 ( bottom ) * * 19 . 0 < u > 30 . 4 < / u > losses as wage * * Q2 * * 16 . 6 26 . 5 levels rise . In * * Q3 * * 14 . 0 22 . 6 the early * * Q4 * * 14 . 1 21 . 0 stage of the * * Q5 ( top ) * * 13 . 5 21 . 4 crisis an * * Total * * 15 . 8 25 . 2 estimated 21 . 1 Sources : CFUWBES1 , LMPS 2016 , and CMMHH Jordan 2021 . # # percent of workers in the bottom wage range are projected to have lost their jobs and 16 . 4 percent of those in the top range ( Table 5-26 ) . By the winter , the top paying Georgian PFPS jobs are predicted to have completely recovered , whereas those jobs paying in the bottom range still are estimated to have experienced a cumulative job loss of approximately 11 . 2 percent . Because the GHFPS does not collect data on pre-COVID individual wages , we cannot provide any comparison to the larger population of private sector workers . . _Table 5-26 Georgia : Percentage of PFPS Jobs Lost , by Earnings Interval_ | | * * Wave 1 * * | * * Wave 2 * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * By monthly nominal net * * < br > * * earnings interval LCU * * |", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 108, "text": "CMMHH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> As expected , employing a lower pass-through rate leads to considerably lower poverty estimates possibly reflecting household capacity to smooth consumption in face of a shock . However , the possibility for households to continue smoothing their consumption over a prolonged conflict spell is dubious . Given the amount of uncertainty around the most appropriate passthorough rate to be used in the case of Syria , we can use the poverty projections based on different values of the pass-through as providing likely lower and upper bounds for the extent of poverty in the country . > 32 Corresponding estimates obtained using poverty lines in 2011 PPP ( $ 3 . 2 and $ 2 . 15 ) are provided in Annex 5 . 33 See section 4 . 1 . 1 . > 34 Corresponding estimates obtained using poverty lines in 2011 PPP ( $ 3 . 2 and $ 2 . 15 ) are provided in Annex 5 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Household-Reported Spending Effects . _The B . E . Journal of Macroeconomics_ , 12 ( 1 ) . - Li , S . , & Spencer , A . ( 2016 ) . Effectiveness of the Australian Fiscal Stimulus Package : A DSGE Analysis . _The Economic Record_ , 92 ( 296 ) , 94 – 120 . - Liebenau , J . , Atkinson , R . , Kärrberg , P . , Castro , D . & Ezell , S . ( 2009 ) . _The UK ' s digital road to recovery_ LSE Enterprise Ltd . & the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation . - < mark > Liu , P . , Mumtaz , H . , Theodoridis , K . & Zanetti , F . ( 2017 ) . Changing macroeconomic dynamics at the zero lower bound , < / mark > _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics_ Volume 37 , 2019 - Issue 3 . - Mallett , W . J . ( 2020 ) . Transportation Infrastructure Investment as Economic Stimulus : Lessons from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Congressional Research Service , May 5 , 2020 . - Mian , A . & Sufi , A . ( 2012 ) . “ The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus : Evidence from the 2009 Cash for Clunkers Program . ” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ ( June 22 , 2012 ) . - Michel , A . ( 2021 ) . Why Infrastructure Spending Will Not Help the Pandemic Recovery , The Heritage Foundation . - < mark > Misch , F . , & Seymen , A . ( 2019 ) . The effects of fiscal stimulus : firm-level evidence from selective temporary consumption tax cuts . < / mark > _ < mark > Oxford Economic Papers < / mark > _ < mark > , 71 ( 4 ) , 1026 – 1049 . < / mark > - < mark > Mitra , P . ( 2010 ) . The Impact of Global Financial Crisis and Policy Responses : The Caucasus , Central Asia and Mongolia . < / mark > _ < mark > Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies < / mark > _ < mark > ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "corrective measures , and preventive measures ) ; - date of resolution and closure provision of feedback to the complainant . If the GRC at both Woreda and Regional level is unable to address the issues raised by immediate corrective action , a long-term corrective action will be developed . The complainant will be informed about the proposed corrective action and follow-up of corrective action within 05 calendar days upon the acknowledgement of grievance . In situations when the implementing agency is unable to address the particular issue verified through the grievance mechanism or if action is not required , it will provide a detailed explanation / justification on why the issue was not addressed . The response will also contain an explanation on how the person / organization that raised the complaint can proceed with the grievance in case the outcome is not satisfactory . At all times , complainants may seek other legal remedies in accordance with the legal framework of Federal Republic of Ethiopia , including formal judicial appeal . For the workers who will be engaged in the implementation of the project activities , a separate grievance mechanism will be available as indicated in the labor management procedures . # # # 7 . 3 Monitoring and Reporting on Grievances The GM will be monitored throughout the project cycle . The E & S Specialists at MoF , other relevant ministries , and parastatal organizations responsible for implementation of CERP activities will be responsible for monitoring of GM to ensure its functionality and accessibility . The specialists will be responsible for : - The E & S specialists of implementing agencies will collect data from the Regions / Woredas on the number , substance and status of complaints and share it with the E & S specialist of MoF to upload them into the single database at federal level ; - Maintaining the grievance logs on the complaints received ; - Monitoring outstanding issues and proposing measures to resolve them ; - Submitting quarterly reports on GM - Monitoring outstanding issues and proposing measures to resolve them ;", "spans": [{"start": 1831, "end": 1863, "text": "single database at federal level", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1884, "end": 1898, "text": "grievance logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > indicator is calculated using < br > the sample WB loan size | | | | | | Number of business borrowers financed < br > by MFB / SACCOs and digital platforms < br > under the Project ( cumulative , new , < br > disaggregated by gender , location / region , < br > sectors ) | under Component 1 to < br > target beneficiaries through < br > the digital channel ( MNOs ) < br > and MFBs and Saccos . The < br > average loan size of loans to < br > micro and small enterprises < br > through MNOs is ( $ 70 - < br > $ 1500 ) and the average loan < br > size of loans to SMEs < br > through MFBs is ( $ 1 , 000 - < br > $ 5 , 588 ) . | Annual | MFBs and < br > SACCOs | Analysis of < br > beneficiaries ' data | Implementing Agency | 55", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 708, "text": "beneficiaries ' data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 . 58 | 1 . 49 | - 0 . 42 | - 0 . 80 | - 0 . 04 | | | South Kivu | 399 | - 2 . 49 | 1 . 48 | 395 | - 2 . 50 | 1 . 50 | 0 . 02 | - 0 . 16 | 0 . 19 | | WASH institutions index | Kongo Central | 18 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 66 | 20 | 0 . 59 | 0 . 57 | 0 . 31 | - 0 . 06 | 0 . 68 | | | Kasai | 43 | - 0 . 48 | 1 . 10 | 48 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 75 | 0 . 70 | 0 . 21 | 1 . 19 | | | Kasai Central | 65 | - 0 . 18 | 0 . 85 | 16 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 61 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 68 | | | South Kivu | 59 | 0 . 46 | 0 . 96 | 60 | 0 . 67 | 0 . 78 | 0 . 23 | - 0 . 25 | 0 . 71 | ITT = intention-to-treat effect estimate . Effects are estimated with models that include controls for randomization blocks based on province and number of villages per cluster . There were 121 clusters in total . The WASH institutions index was calculated by rescaling each variable in the index ( e . g . , presence of WASH committee ) so that higher values imply better outcomes , then standardizing relative to the control group , following Kling _et al_ . Effects are in standard deviation units .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Introduction * * Conflict can affect a country ’ s development through various channels , including the loss of physical and human capital , the disruption of production processes , and the undermining of markets ( Blattman and Miguel 2010 ) . Not surprisingly , the empirical evidence available shows a negative correlation between economic activity and conflict intensity . But the available evidence is diverse in nature . Of the 42 studies reviewed for this paper , 20 assess impacts on aggregate economic activity and 12 focus exclusively on the formal sector of the economy . Only seven of the 42 studies deal with the impact of conflict on illicit activities , while just three focus on the informal sector . Estimates of the impact of conflict on aggregate economic activity differ in their magnitude , but they are all negative and sizeable . De Groot et al . ( 2016 ) claim that global gross domestic product ( GDP ) would have been 15 . 7 percent higher in 2007 , had there been no conflict since 1960 . According to Collier ( 1999 ) , civil wars result in a 2 . 2 percent decline in GDP per capita annually , primarily because of slow production but also due to the loss of capital . Similarly , Acemoglu et . al ( 2011 ) find that cities that suffered the Holocaust most intensely have grown less since then , and that administrative districts where the Holocaust had the largest impact have lower GDP per capita and lower average wages today . And Singh ( 2013 ) reports that Punjab districts experiencing a major terrorist incident saw their long-term fixed investment decline by around 17 percent . A more recent literature has relied on detailed microeconomic data , rather than on aggregate GDP , average wages or fixed investment . And again , the estimated impact is unambiguously negative . For example , Besley and Mueller ( 2012 ) show that house prices in Northern Ireland declined with conflictrelated killings . Berman et al . ( 2013 ) find that construction permits decreased in number in the Philippines when rebel groups triggered an escalation of conflict . And Blumenstock et al . ( 2018 ) report that mobile phone", "spans": [{"start": 1660, "end": 1687, "text": "detailed microeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7616 # * * Abstract * * Industry and financial profiles of MENA firms may underpin the observation that MENA country exports are below potential and skewed toward low value-added goods that are unable to spur rapid job creation and inclusive growth . To assess this link , the paper combines analysis highlighting external financing as a determinant of export performance , and analysis highlighting sector asset tangibility and governance . Why ? Because high value-added sectors tend to have higher shares of intangible assets and to create innovative products requiring substantial research and development or investments , thereby making these sectors more dependent on external financing . Using sector - and firm-level export data with country-level indicators , the results indicate that countries with more developed financial sectors and stronger governance tend to have higher exports from sectors that are more reliant on finance external to the firm , and lower exports from sectors with higher shares of tangible assets . Interestingly , financial sector development boosts exports less in MENA than in non-MENA countries . To foster expansion of higher value exports , the results suggest a critical need for : ( i ) deeper financial sector development that strengthens market-based systems , such as asset registries and credit reporting agencies , and ( ii ) strengthening of legal and governance frameworks . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Middle East and North Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at cwood @ worldbank . org and jyang4 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 766, "text": "sector - and firm-level export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) reflect institutional and political economy considerations in terms of program design , to also ensure that the approach taken is operational , realistic , and flexible should implementation arrangements shift . ” ( p . 27 ) * * As noted in Section 9a , the M & E framework was inadequate for assessing the project ' s theory of change . * * * * Quality-at-Entry Rating * * Moderately Satisfactory # # * * b . Quality of supervision * * * * RPSNP was beset by a range of destabilizing factors that slowed implementation and necessitated a high degree of involvement of Bank staff to ensure continued program functioning . * * These factors included , COVID-19 , a locust plague , outbreak of conflict and civil unrest in the country , unusually high food price inflation and a 2019 governmental restructuring which eroded internal governmental support for the planned consolidation of HFA under PSNP . In response , difficult decisions had to be made with regard to the degree of support to be given to households against a backdrop of limited budgets and rapidly rising needs . In addition , the pandemic resulted in delays to several key activities under the RPSNP , notably testing and deployment for the MIS , data collection for the social registry and the endline impact evaluation . According to the ICR ( p . 25 ) , it was challenging to prioritize systems-building and policy development in the context of recurrent crises , and the level of effort allocated towards supervision of the RPSNP – notably in terms of human resources – was substantial . This included regular supervision , technical assistance , continuous research and evaluation , donor coordination efforts , government engagement and capacity building . * * According to the ICR ( p . 20 ) , the World Bank played a strong leadership role in ensuring continued and streamlined donor support , including both technical and financial assistance , despite persistent", "spans": [{"start": 1379, "end": 1394, "text": "social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during the course of implementation . Taken together , project monitoring and the performance studies fell short of providing the information which would have been required to undertake the quantitative assessments of the project ' s performance which were foreseen in the SAR . The AEP studies which were undertaken did not use a standard methodology and this has limited their applicability as bases for definitive assessment of project effectiveness or impact . The key studies completed during the course of the project were the following : the Baseline Survey ; the Farmer Follow-up Surveys ; the Extension Staff Survey ; and the Beneficiary Assessment . VVhile in some of the studies the survey data collection method employed resulted in potential bias , the studies do make it possible to do some qualitative assessment . A systematic comparison of the surveys and the beneficiary assessment findings on adoption rates was not possible due to the use of different numbers of project impact points in the earlier survey studies and aggregation of the findings . # # # * * 1 . 3 Related studies * * The limited reliability of statistical data collected and reported by the project has made it important to supplement this data with that collected and reported in a number of other related projects and studies . These are : - South West Region Agricultural Rehabilitation Project ( SWRARP ) Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) , 1997 . The agricultural extension activities under this project were taken over by AEP ; - Agricultural Research and Training Project ( ARTP ) II Project Appraisal Document , Economic Assessment of Agricultural Research in Uganda , 1999 ; - World Bank Uganda Agricultural Sector Memorandum , 1998 ; - Ministry of Planning and Economic Development , Agricultural Policy Secretariat , Report on Economics of Crops and Livestock Production 1997 ; - Uganda Bureau of Statistics . 2 . * * Assessment Methodology * * # # # * * 2 . 1 Methodology * * The analysis reported here is based on a two part approach : 1 ) * * Sector Program Approach . * * The AEP SAR used a sector program approach to assess the minimum required", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 564, "text": "Baseline Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 571, "end": 595, "text": "Farmer Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 602, "end": 624, "text": "Extension Staff Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 635, "end": 657, "text": "Beneficiary Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1148, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Parsons , L . ( 2005 ) . _Refugee Resettlement in New Zealand and Canada . _ Retrieved at < u > http : / / www . refugeeservices . org . nz / resources_and_links / ? a = 211 < / u > Pieters , S . ( 2004 ) . _Assessing of Credibility in the Context of a Refugee Protection Division Hearing is Not an exact Science-It is the Art that Makes or Breaks a Refugee Claim . _ Retrieved at http : / / www . selwynpieters . com / about_pprofile_public . htm R v Lavallee , 1 Supreme Court of Canada . ( 1990 ) . Retrieved from Judgements of the Supreme Court of Canada at < u > http : / / scc-csc . lexum . com / decisia-scc-csc / scc-csc / scccsc / en / item / 599 / index . do < / u > Robjant , K . , Hassan , R . , and C . Katona . ( 2009 ) . Mental Health Implications of Detaining Asylum Seekers : Systemic Review . _The British Journal of Psychiatry_ , 194 : 306-312 . Rousseau , C . , Crepeau , F . , Foxen , P . , and France Houle ( 2002 ) . The Complexity of Determining Refugeehood : A Multi-Disciplinary Analysis of the Decision-Making Process of the Canadian and Immigration Refugee Board . _Journal of Refugee Studies_ , 1 , 15 : 1-28 . Rousseau , C . , Pottie , K . , Thombs , B . , Munoz , M . , and T . Jurcik . ( 2011 ) . Post Traumatic Stress Disorder : Evidence Review for Newly Arriving Immigrants and Refugees . Canadian Collaboration for Immigrant and Refugee Health ( CCIRH ) . Sadrehashemi , L . ( 2013 ) . Vulnerable Asylum", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "farmer keeping others ’ actions constant . < sup > 1 < / sup > The feature of keeping others ’ actions constant is achieved by allowing a maximum of one farmer to receive training per village through a lottery ; it allows to shut down complementarities and substitutabilities in demand that would confound the observed willingness-to-pay for others . The upside of such a design choice is that it ensures I measure the externalities produced by one farmer ( at the margin ) neatly , although at the expense of measuring how externalities change when more than one farmer is trained in a village . I find farmers anticipate substantial positive spillovers from others : the median value a farmer attaches to another farmer receiving the training is equivalent to the wage received from two days of agricultural labor ( or $ 8 . 6 ) , about half the median willingness-to-pay for themselves ( equal to $ 17 . 3 ) . I use my valuation data to show that targeting choices can produce large and quantifiable social gains if they account for externalities . I identify which targeting criterion for the training produces a higher social benefit in two steps . First , I calculate the per capita externality generated by training one farmer - the average willingness-to-pay of > 1This setup rests on the assumption , supported by the data , that farmers are self-interested and do not engage in altruistic behavior in this setting . 1", "spans": [{"start": 922, "end": 936, "text": "valuation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "associated actors in each event . The recorded events are based on accounts from media , NGOs , international organizations , partner reports , and new media ( e . g . , social media such as Twitter or Facebook ) . A single account can include several events ( as would be the case of one news article describing a series of violent attacks ) , however , the ACLED database includes one observation per event-location . We use the detailed information provided by the ACLED project to code individual events . Since the ACLED project also provides information on events such as treaties and peaceful protests , events are classified as i ) violent and / or ii ) herder-related . Violent events are defined as those with an ACLED coding with a clearly defined violent event type or sub-type . These events include attacks , murders , and kidnappings , but also civil unrest ( e . g . , mob violence ) , which may emanate from reprisal or public reaction . The violent destruction of property ( such as arson or burning of fields ) is also included , given that such events were frequent around the farmer-herder conflict . All fatal events are considered violent . We code all incidents as herder-related if they include the terms “ pastoralist , ” “ herder , ” or “ herdsmen ” as either an actor or associated actor . < sup > 25 < / sup > As noted above , the incident data largely rely on public accounts , and so one risk is that the narrative framing of events could affect the terms used to record each event in the ACLED database . This would occur if terms like “ herder ” are used when these groups were considered perpetrators , but if another term is used when such groups were the victims of , say , reprisal violence . To > 24Nigeria includes 6 geopolitical zones , which are one administrative level up from states . > 25Or variants of these terms , including e . g . “ Herder . ” 9", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 373, "text": "ACLED database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1360, "end": 1373, "text": "incident data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dropped in | | * * Indicator 8 : * * | Credit Information center | automated and upgraded | | | Value | | | | | < br > ( quantitative < br > orQualitative ) | partially automated | fully automated < br > and upgraded | fully automated and < br > upgraded | | Date achieved | 06 / 30 / 2006 | 06 / 30 / 2009 | 06 / 30 / 2011 | | Comments | | | | | ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | Target achieved . ( Credit I | nformation center automated and u | pgraded ) | | * * Indicator 9 : * * | Preparation for establishin | gSMEguarantee facilitycomplete | d | | Value | | < sup > i < / sup > | | | ( quantitative < br > orQualitative ) | start preparation for study | < sup > ncreased number < / sup > < br > of study completed | Not applicable | | Date achieved | 06 / 30 / 2007 | 06 / 30 / 2009 | 06 / 30 / 2011 | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | this subcomponent was dr | opped after budget cut | | | * * Indicator 10 : * * | Agricultural risk based ins | urance scaled up | | | | | increased number | | | Value < br > ( quantitative < br > or Qualitative ) | < br > TBD based on a baseline < br > survey to be launched | of households < br > have access to < br > agricultural risk < br > insurance | Not applicable | | Date achieved | 06 / 30 / 2006 | 06 / 30 / 2009 | 06 / 30 / 2011 | | Comments | | | | | ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | this subcomponent was dr | opped after budget cut | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is not applicable ] ; Works : [ is not applicable ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * : Not Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proposal that is culturally appropriate , and both reasonable and proportionate to the grievance . Initial responses should be developed and reviewed internally , as resulting resolutions may affect policies or set precedence for future complaint responses . The Council of Elders , along with a CDA / PIU staff , will then meet with the complainant to discuss the provisional proposal and consider any alternative remedies . The complainant then may accept the proposed resolution , reject it , or consider alternative remedies . The final agreed resolution should be specific , time bound , and mutually agreed by both parties . If the resolution is not self-executed , a monitoring plan must be included . In the event that the complaint is found to be unsubstantiated , the grievance manager will explain the reasons as found during investigation , and may suggest other possible recourse for the complainant . # # # # # # 8 . 1 . 3 . 8 Follow up and close out Upon agreement or resolution , the final process step of the grievance mechanism is to implement the resolution and any appropriate monitoring of outcomes , and then close out the grievance . Following verification that the agreed resolution has been implemented , the PIU will note the resolution particulars and close out date in the grievance register . If appropriate , involved parties may be asked to give feedback on their experience of the grievance mechanism process and outcome in order to improve the GM . Close out and documentation of results will be done in cases where no agreement has been reached , and the parties ' evaluation of the GM process should be requested . # # # # # # 8 . 1 . 4 Second Level : Resort to the Justice system In case this mechanism will not allow an amicable agreement to be reached , the complainant or the defendant can resort to the Justice system ( courts ) . . and could at any time in the grievance process . 63", "spans": [{"start": 1301, "end": 1319, "text": "grievance register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "G . * * ( 1989 ) ‘ LOCAL SETTLEMENTS IN AFRICA : A MISCONCEIVED OPTION ? ’ _JOURNAL OF REFUGEE STUDIES_ 2 ( 4 ) : 473-474 . - * * MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SPORTS ( MoES ) * * ( 2001 ) ‘ The Development of Education in Uganda in the Last Ten Years ’ , Report delivered at the _46_ < sup > _th_ < / sup > _Session of the International Conference on Education_ , Geneva , 5 < sup > th < / sup > - 7 < sup > th < / sup > September 2001 , Government of Uganda . - * * MUGAYA , S . * * ( 2008 ) ‘ Re : Success Stories of Kyangwali Programme ’ , Internal Report , Aktion Afrika Hilfe Uganda . - * * NUSSBAUM , M . * * ( 2000 ) _Women and Human Development : The Capabilities Approach_ , New York , Cambridge University Press . - * * OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER ( OPM ) * * ( 2007 ) ‘ Population Statistics for Refugee Living in Settlements ’ , Internal Report , Government of Uganda . - * * _____ * * ( 2008 ) ‘ PLAN FOR VERIFICATION EXERCISE IN KYANGWALI REFUGEE SETTLEMENT ’ , INTERNAL REPORT , GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA . - * * PRESTON , R . * * ( 1991 ) ‘ The Provision of Education to Refugees in Places of Temporary Asylum : Some Implications for Development ’ , _Comparative Education_ 27 ( 1 ) : 65 . - * * REED , H . * * ( 1987 ) ‘ Conflicting Images of Nonformal Education ’ , _Lifelong Education : An Omnibus of Practice and Research_ 10 ( 6 ) : 22 – 25 . - * * RESPECT INTERNATIONAL * * ( n . d . ) _K", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > During assessments , 31 % of respondents indicated that children are involved in child labour and the worst forms of child labor in accordance with the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention ( 1999 ) , No . 182 . Children face exploitation especially along Afghanistan ’ s borders in the form of trafficking contraband or illegal goods , being sent to work in another part of the country , or in neighboring countries away from the care of their families . Findings from protection monitoring assessments conducted from ( Jan – March 2022 , 8 % of respondents indicated that children are engaged in hazardous work , and 23 % in child labor < / mark > 4", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 517, "text": "protection monitoring assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "all urban growth in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s and about 25 % of urban growth in the 1980s and 1990s ( Brockerhoff , 1995 ) . In Brazil , at the peak of its urbanization process , it is estimated that over 20 million people moved from rural to urban areas between the 1950s and the 1970s . In comparison , 20 . 5 million people in India ( 30 % of national urban growth ) moved from rural to urban areas in the 1990s ( Census of India , 2005 ) . > 1 In this survey , we do not focus on amenity-based migration which explains the migration of students or of retired people . Nor do we focus on forced migration ( due to war or civil unrest ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 440, "text": "Census of India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The * * epidemic context * * , in particular , drives community responses and the types of activities undertaken . In Sub ‐ Saharan Africa community responses are often described in terms of PLHIV and OVC support , whereas in Asia , examples tend to highlight responses driven by group most at risk of HIV infection , such as sex workers and MSM . Community responses have also evolved as the epidemic has evolved . NGOs working on AIDS issues in Brazil focused initially on fighting social exclusion and pressuring the government to be more responsive . NGO leadership subsequently was instrumental in creating the legislation to mandate nationwide HIV testing of blood donations , and NGOs created home ‐ care programs , established HIV support groups , and launched preventive efforts . In Zimbabwe , the Families , Orphans and Children Under Stress ( FOCUS ) program has evolved from an initial focus on home ‐ based care and awareness raising to encompass support for affected children . As treatment has become more widely available , community organizations have increased their involvement in treatment ‐ related activities or changed the emphasis of their work . For example , in South Africa , the Treatment Action Campaign has expanded its work on treatment access to include mobilizing community involvement in treatment education and treatment adherence . Responses are also characterized by * * location * * . A mapping of community responses ( M ’ Zamani et al . 2007 ) in three settings in South Africa ‐ a large urban township , a small town , and a rural area ‐ found very few organizations operating in the rural area . In the rural area , community response , instead , emerged as outreach conducted by churches and home care provided by a local NGO . In contrast , there were 67 and 104 organizations in the town and urban township , respectively , involved in a range of activities . These included support groups , home ‐ based care , spiritual support , condom distribution , and provision of transport to clinics for PLHIV . Another review of a subset of faith ‐ based organizations in a South African database ( Birdsall 2005 ) found that the nature of services provided", "spans": [{"start": 2113, "end": 2135, "text": "South African database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Conclusion * * This short analysis of UNHCR data provides several insights . First , it shows that available refugee data can be used to clarify some important parts of the policy debate . Much of this debate has been informed by advocacy on the one side , and xenophobia on the other . Using evidence can help provide a more nuanced perspective of a complex issue . Second , it highlights the limitations of available data . In particular in the absence of individualized data , it is not possible to calculate the average duration of exile , but only an over-estimate . It is also not possible to calculate an expectancy which could be useful for policy makers . Should individualized data be available , such calculations would become possible . Third , it provides an over-estimate of the mean duration of exile at around 11 years and of the median duration at about 4 years . The mean duration of exile has been fairly stable since the late 1990s , at 11 to 15 years . Fourth , it underlines the plight of those who are in protracted exile . Their number has remained steady since the mid-1990s , at 5 million to 7 million people . The mean duration of their plight , however , has gradually increased and exceeds 20 years . Fifth , it suggests that all these numbers are very sensitive to two country contexts : Afghanistan , which pushes all averages up ( and without which the average duration of protracted situations is reduced by almost half ) and the Syrian Arab Republic which still brings them down . Yet , when both situations are excluded , neither the mean nor the median varies substantially . And sixth , it shows that in many cases a reduction in the average duration of exile is the result of an inflow of new refugees , and hence of an aggravation of the situation . Unfortunately , comparable data are not available to carry out similar calculations for IDPs . The definition of a “ protracted situation ” for IDPs is also complex , considering that there is no clear definition of what would constitute a measurable end-point for their ordeal . Case studies may", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 129, "text": "refugee data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 680, "end": 699, "text": "individualized data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > per day and 20 grams | < br > y < br > g < br > < br > . < br > Newspaper circulation < br > ( per < br > thousand < br > population ) < br > - < br > Shows the average < br > circula - < br > tion < br > of \" daily < br > general < br > interest < br > newspaper \" , < br > defined < br > as a periodical < br > publi - < br > cation < br > devoted < br > primarily < br > to recording < br > general < br > news . It is considered < br > to < br > be \" daily \" < br > if < br > it appears < br > at least < br > four times a week . | | < br > < br > < br > of animal < br > and pulse < br > protein , < br > of which 10 grams should be animal protein . < br > Thesestandards < br > are lower than those < br > of 75 grams of total < br > protein < br > and < br > 23 grams of animal < br > protein < br > as an average < br > for the world , < br > proposed < br > by < br > FAO in the Third World Food Survey . | < br > < br > < br > Cinema annual < br > attendance < br > per capita < br > per year < br > - Based on the number oftickets < br > sold during < br > the year , < br > including < br > admissions < br > to drive-in < br > cinemas < br > and mobile < br > units . | | Percapitaprotein < br > supply < br > from animal and pulse < br > - Protein < br > supply of food < br > < br > <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 and ( e ) acceptable levels of knowledge about good maternal and child nutrition habits would have been established among 50 % of the population . 3 . 21 Progress toward the above targets would be measured first by monitoring against annual workplans key products and processes such as radio , audio-visual , press and other health learning materials developed ; curriculum development , training and workshop activities held ; institutional , house visits and community meetings held etc . Second , impact would be monitored on a periodic basis by the Shewa Regional Health Departments through administration by nurses , HAs and literate CHWs of simple questionnaires to check the degree of knowledge in key MCH areas . More systematic KAP surveys would be undertaken annually by the MOH ' s Health Education Department , timed so that the results would feed in to the formulation of the ne-t year ' s annual plan . 3 . 22 MOH has located its new health education department ( HED ) in existing buildings at Ras Imru , adjacent to the site of the proposed Health Learning Materials Development Unit ( HLMDU ) . The newly-formed department ( see Chart 1 ) would be responsible for developing and implementing a national health education strategy coordinating the work of the MOH ( including the Ethiopian Nutrition Institute ) and the Ministry of Education . the Ministry of Information , the Ministry of Agriculture , the Ministry of Labor , the mass organizations , and the Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia . Project funds would be channeled through the HED to these organizations for the implementation of specific educational activities . A condition of project effectiveness would be the provision by Government of evidence that the 7 ' ! M had been established and posts within it sanctioned ; and that MOH would have established a health education coordinating committee , including the above implementing organizations , for the purpose of coordinating the implementation of the overall health education strategy . 3 . 23 The broad outlines of the health education strategy were agreed at appraisal . A mix of centrally monitored mass media campaigns and interpersonal", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 751, "text": "KAP surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A comparison of social returns to education to the discount rate used in social projects gives an indication of the social efficiency of the investment . Since the advent of human capital theory in economic thought , estimating the returns to investment in education has been a very popular subject among researchers ( see Psacharopoulos and Patrinos 2018 for a recent review on the subject ) . We distinguish between private and social returns . We provide estimates using the Mincerian earnings function as well as the full-discounting method . This paper provides the first estimate of the returns to education in Azerbaijan since 1995 ( Newell and Reilly 1999 ) . Newell and Reilly ( 1999 ) estimated a high 13 . 8 private return to tertiary education . Using the same data , a very low return of 3 . 7 percent overall , and 5 . 5 , 4 . 2 and 4 . 0 percent for primary , secondary and tertiary education , as well as 3 . 8 and 4 . 5 percent for males and females , was estimated by Peet et al . ( 2015 ) . Montenegro and Patrinos ( 2014 ) obtain a 7 . 2 percent return overall return , but 19 . 8 , 2 . 2 and 8 . 1 for primary , secondary and tertiary education . There is a sizeable overall gender wage gap in Azerbaijan ’ s workforce ( Pastore et al . 2016 ) . Using a unique database from a survey of young people ages 15-29 years shows that new labor market entrants begin with little or no gender differences in earnings , but a wage gap gradually emerges over time closer to the childbearing years . The gender wage gap grows from virtually zero , or even a small , positive gap in favor of women , until age 20 years , to about 20 percent two years later and even more than 30 percent at age 29 years . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1298, "end": 1320, "text": "survey of young people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Ministry of Health also sought a more comprehensive HIV / AIDS strategic plan for 2003-07 , and arranged in 2002 a nationwide survey consisting of two parts ; the situation analysis , comprised of both behavioural and epidemiological studies , and the response analysis , which evaluated the level of commitment of government ministries , as well as international and local organizations . In June and July 2002 , blood samples were tested for HIV from both women attending ANC clinics as well as high-risk groups defined as commercial sex workers , truck drivers , tea sellers , prisoners , university students , soldiers , street children , patients attending sexually transmitted infection clinics , tuberculosis patients , refugees and IDPs . The ANC sentinel surveillance covered 14 of the 26 states . Among the 3 , 355 ANC samples , the prevalence was 1 . 0 % among the Sudanese non-displaced pregnant women ( N = 2 , 548 ) , 1 . 0 % among the IDP pregnant women ( N = 417 ) and 4 . 0 % among refugee pregnant women living in the Eastern States ( N = 390 ) . The IDPs came from Bahri , Kassala state , Khartoum , and Omdurman . The Sudanese National AIDS Control Programme ( SNAP ) explained the low HIV prevalence among IDPs by the fact that most of those surveyed lived in isolated camps outside cities and had little access to them . IDPs were also originally from the South ( Upper Nile and Bahr El Ghazal states ) , which are known for their low prevalence . SNAP referred to the IDPs tribal origins as an additional influencing factor , as the Nilotic tribes are seen a conservative community . < sup > 19 < / sup > SNAP also conducted a BSS among some of the populations surveyed , however , unlike for refugees , there were no data for IDPs . < sup > 19 < / sup > A 2003 population-based HIV sero-behavioural survey undertaken in post-conflict areas of Yei and Rumbek in", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 136, "text": "nationwide survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 755, "end": 780, "text": "ANC sentinel surveillance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1654, "end": 1657, "text": "BSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ble Mangers < br > are established in all Kebeles . < br > Additional Note : < br > - According to the 2011 < br > woreda and city < br > benchmarking survey , citizens < br > who know what taxes and < br > fees they are legally required < br > to pay are 81 % , those who < br > know woreda budget are < br > 19 % , those who know their < br > woreda strategic plan are < br > 19 % and those who < br > knowcouncil meetings are < br > open to the public are 32 % . < br > - Ethiopia ’ s E-participation < br > ranking in the UN Index is 19 < br > out of 174 countries in < br > 2011 / 12 . | 6 . 4a ) Information act to be < br > issued and institutional focal < br > points for information to be < br > established . | | | | Date | 23-Nov-2004 | 19-Jun-2012 | | | y | | Comments | | | Target is met . | | Cop < br > * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | | | | | | Page 8 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 157, "text": "benchmarking survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Digital Acceleration Program ( P171305 ) # # # * * < mark > BASIC INFORMATION < / mark > * * | * * A . Basic Project DataOPS TAB * * | * * LE * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country < br > Uganda | Project ID < br > P171305 | Parent Project ID ( if any ) | Project Name < br > Uganda Digital < br > Acceleration Program < br > ( P171305 ) | | Region | Estimated Appraisal Date | Estimated Board Date | Practice Area ( Lead ) | | AFRICA | Feb 11 , 2019 | May 15 , 2020 | Digital Development | | FinancingInstrument | Borrower ( s ) | Implementing Agency | | | Investment Project Financing | Ministry of Finance | National Information < br > TechnologyAuthority | | # # # * * < mark > Proposed Development Objective ( s ) < / mark > * * < mark > The Project Development Objectives are to expand access to high-speed internet , improve efficiency of digital government services , and strengthen the enabling environment for digital technology adoption . < / mark > # # # * * < mark > PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions ) < / mark > * * | * * SUMMARY-NewFin1 * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Total Project Cost * * | | 200 . 00 | | * * Total Financing * * | | 200 . 00 | | * * of which IBRD / IDA * * | | 200 . 00 | | * * Financing Gap * * | | 0 . 00 | | * * DETAILS-NewFinEnh1 *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 4 . Refugee population and changes by origin , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * # # # # # * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatr < mark > iation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Incr | eases durin | g2006 | | | | De | creases d | uring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryr | epatriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | | | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ | Prima", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1040, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transiting through the country , having already organised and paid for a ‘ travel package ’ which included their journey until Italy . This was comparable to the profiles of refugees and migrants transiting through Libya recorded in early 2017 . < sup > 17 < / sup > All refugees and migrants who had the intention to reach Italy reported using smugglers to move within the country . Refugees and migrants mainly transiting through Libya were all found along the coast . < sup > 18 < / sup > * * Most reported that their living situation was poor , as they were staying in often overcrowded shelters with no electricity , waiting to be transferred by smugglers to the beach . * * However , as they only intended to stay for short time in the country , they did not intend to invest into paying for better and safer accommodation as their priority was to leave the country as quickly as possible . Having been in Libya for only a short time , respondents could not compare their living situation in the country over time . # # # * * How information shapes decision making on mobility in Libya * * All refugees and migrants interviewed had arrived in Libya after the outbreak of the first civil war in 2011 . The vast majority of them were reportedly well informed about the difficult situation in Libya before leaving their country of origin and were not dissuaded by it . Most had extended family or friends in Libya who had told them about the difficulties they may face in the country . As respondents were well aware of the risks they would face in Libya , only a small minority of refugees and migrants interviewed reported having changed their mind over their stay in Libya once they reached the country . Respondents reportedly knew about the low level of security in parts of the country , the discrimination they may face , as well the risk of militias and kidnapping ; most reported having made a calculated decision to come to Libya . This did not change between individuals interviewed who had planned to reach Libya for work and those who intended to transit to Italy", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 220, "text": "profiles of refugees and migrants transiting through Libya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B # # # # * * < u > Recommendations : < / u > * * Requires an RAP is to be submitted on date Requires an ARAP to be submitted on date Requires an Census & Land Inventory to be submitted on date Does not require further environmental or social studies Reviewer : Name : Signature : Date : Urban Local Government Development Project Page 31", "spans": [{"start": 188, "end": 211, "text": "Census & Land Inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and which she can mitigate through effort . We estimate the model with unique administrative data on the universe of higher education students in Colombia — a country highly representative of Latin America — and use the parameter estimates to simulate free college programs which differ in eligibility requirements . We study whether free college affects students ’ risk and effort , and perform a simple cost-benefit analysis of free college . Understanding the trade-offs in free college is critical , particularly in developing economies . In Latin America , higher education enrollment rates rose from 23 to 52 percent between 2000 and 2017 . Since only 14 percent of the working age population has completed higher education , Mincerian returns are high — 104 percent on average relative to a high school diploma ( Ferreyra et al 2017 ) . Although such high returns should attract many individuals to higher education , liquidity constraints severely limit access , as countries subsidize public but not private higher education and often lack credit markets . College subsidies are therefore a promising avenue to broader access . While students in several of these countries have recently taken to the streets in demand of full subsidies , the feasibility of free college has been called into question by these countries ’ low growth and tight fiscal constraints in recent years — conditions , of course , that have been seriously aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic . Even if free college were implemented , the cross-country evidence presented above suggests that it might not raise the stock of skilled human capital . One possible explanation is that free college might attract academically weak students , yet another is that it might discourage student effort . Free college raises consumption during college , therefore enhancing the attractiveness of being a college student ( the “ college experience ” ) and potentially unleashing three effects on effort . First is the _loss-of-urgency effect_ , whereby the student wishes to enjoy the enhanced college experience and loses the urgency to graduate . Second is the _substitution effect_ , whereby the enhanced consumption compensates for greater effort . Third is the _risk effect_ , as the effort changes induced by the other two effects affect not only current but also future performance", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 97, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * ES 7 . 3 . 11 Traffic and Road Safety * * While increased traffic volumes are not a safety concern in isolation , increases in the volume of heavy goods vehicles ( HGV ) could pose additional safety risks to local communities . Those risks include vehicle collisions resulting in injuries , fatalities , property damage , and material spills . These safety risks ( and thus the project ’ s impacts on transportation safety ) rise in proportion to the number of HGV trips associated with the Project . In addition to potential impacts and accidents with other road users and pedestrians , increased traffic and vehicles travelling at speed could increase the risk of vehicle-wildlife road collisions . The severity of the potential impacts on accidents and safety is directly related to changes in traffic volumes and traffic types and in the absence of baseline traffic data . As such , appropriate control and mitigation measures need to be implemented to reduce the potential impact of construction traffic on accidents and ensure safety on the roads . Key among mitigation measures will be implementation of a Traffic Management Plan . # # * * ES 7 . 4 Summary of Project Risks and Impacts * * * * Table 2 * * and * * Table 3 * * present each of the project ’ s impacts and predict the pre-mitigation and postmitigation ( residual ) significance of these impacts for the project ’ s construction and operation phases , respectively . The pre-mitigation risk significance takes into consideration the magnitude , duration , and extent of the potential impact and assigns a low , moderate , substantial or high risk significance . The post-mitigation risk significance reflects the Project ’ s residual risks that would remain after application of the proposed mitigation measures , but taking into consideration the normative context of Uganda ( e . g . , the presence of prevailing norms in Uganda that may complicate the implementation of mitigation measures ; the limited organizational capacity and experience of UECTL and most local contractors in successfully delivering a large capital project in accordance with international", "spans": [{"start": 863, "end": 884, "text": "baseline traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". > 2 Given the restrictions on the foreign exchange market , a “ parallel ” market for foreign exchange has emerged where foreign currencies trade at a premium . The Ethiopian authorities have acknowledged the need for a more flexible and market-determined exchange rate regime . Between 2019 and 2022 , the Birr was devalued by a cumulative 80 percent in nominal terms as part of a plan to gradually align the exchange rate with fundamentals . Despite this adjustment , the real exchange rate remains heavily overvalued as high inflation and the onset of the war in Ukraine brought the gradual adjustments to a halt for fears of stoking further inflation . > 3 Tiruneh , 2020 . COVID-19 school closures may further widen the inequality gaps between the advantaged and the disadvantaged in Ethiopia . _Education in Emergencies , April_ . > 4 IPC , 2020 . IPC Acute Food Insecurity Analysis October 2020 – September 2021 , Issued December 2020 . > 5 As of November 7 , 2022 , the country reported 7 , 572 coronavirus-related deaths ( WHO , 2022 . Health Emergency Dashboard ( COVID-19 ) . > 6 UN , 2020 . The Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Ethiopia . Page 6 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1073, "text": "Health Emergency Dashboard", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1459 % | | Uzbekistan | 60 | 51 | 43 | 58 | 70 | 86 | 68 | 92 | 88 | 95 | 41 % | 17 % | 65 % | 14 % | | Romania | 131 | 167 | 124 | 163 | 122 | 183 | 81 | 62 | 90 | 90 | 2 % | - 41 % | - 40 % | 26 % | | Sri Lanka | 168 | 209 | 131 | 143 | 103 | 107 | 81 | 89 | 123 | 88 | - 44 % | 0 % | - 44 % | 24 % | | Nicaragua | 89 | 83 | 61 | 67 | 52 | 83 | 58 | 73 | 73 | 86 | - 22 % | 18 % | - 8 % | 21 % | | dominican Rep . | 95 | 107 | 78 | 71 | 77 | 52 | 48 | 61 | 75 | 79 | - 36 % | 19 % | - 24 % | 41 % | | other | 4 , 336 | 4 , 162 | 3 , 546 | 3 , 648 | 2 , 775 | 2 , 840 | 2 , 801 | 2 , 770 | 2 , 851 | 3 , 284 | - 34 % | 9 % | - 28 % | 10 % | | * * total * * | * * 21 , \u0003 959 * * | * * 22 , \u0003 955 * * | * * 20 , \u0003 596 * * | * * 21 , \u0003 195 * * | * * 17 , \u0003 781 * * | * * 20 , \u0003 377 * * | * * 20 , \u0003 206 * * | * * 20 , \u0003 261 * * | * * 22 , \u0003 916 * * | * * 25 , \u0003 701 * * | * * - 15 % * * | * * 27 % * * | * * 8 % * * | * * 20 % * * | Asylum Trends ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis consultations with national women ’ s or gender-focused organisations , who highlighted similar gaps in their own organisational capacity , as well their ability to scale up operations and develop a strategic vision moving forward . Certain technical skills were also identified as gaps , related to particular sectors and cross-cutting issues ; as well as knowledge and understanding of internationally-driven processes and how to access international funding . inputs while simultaneously supporting integration into national mechanisms and strengthening referrals to government services . This is with the aim of enabling refugees to benefit from national services and integrating them into national and local development plans . There are many other examples where national and local actors demonstrate strong capacity . Within the subregion , there is already a substantial pool of capacity and expertise , often surpassing the capacities of international staff deployed to support the response to the Syria crisis ( Wilton Park , 2017 ) . # # # # # # * * SURVEY FINDINGS : CAPACITY * * The online survey asked respondents to indicate the areas in which capacity building support is being provided , based on the assumption that such support is provided in response to perceived gaps in the required knowledge and expertise of national and local partners . As shown in Figure 7 , the main area of capacity development support for both government and civil society relates to specific technical skills and standards . A significant amount of capacity building also focuses on compliance with humanitarian principles ; and individual and organisational project management capacities , such as proposal writing , financial management , reporting , etc . # # # # # # Figure 7 – Questions 14 and 15 - What type of capacity building support do you provide to national and local actors ? < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 < br > October and 10 November 2017 . < br > Understanding and complying with anitarian principles Technical skills and standards Organisational capacity eg proposal and reports writing Gender mainstreaming", "spans": [{"start": 1169, "end": 1182, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2004, "end": 2045, "text": "Online survey conducted with 3RP partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "number of antidumping import restrictions . Such breaks remind us that these barriers are temporary as they reveal a sudden foreign market access liberalization facing the exporter – at least with respect to it confronting less TTB policy coverage of its _potential_ exports . Nevertheless , none of the indicators presented thus far address whether exports previously confronted by a TTB _actually_ resume . The next section turns to this question . # * * 4 The Removal of Antidumping Import Restrictions : Do Exports Resume ? * * The indicators of the previous two sections document at least two pieces of important evidence . First , major emerging markets have increased the scope of their imports covered by TTBs . Second , major emerging countries have a sizeable share of their total exports and exports sent to other emerging economies impacted by foreign-imposed TTBs . An important question yet to be addressed is what happens to exports when these _temporary_ trade barriers are finally removed ? To what extent do exports resume ? # * * 4 . 1 Regression approach and data sample * * We use the _Temporary Trade Barriers Database_ to construct a baseline sample of TTBs that one of the fourteen member economies of the G20 ( listed in Table 1 ) imposed and removed between 1992 and 2008 . Let _t_ be the year that the TTB was first imposed and let _T_ be the year that the TTB was ultimately removed . Given the need for two years of data both prior to _t_ and subsequent to _T_ , we use the 19922008 period because of constraints imposed by the availability of the HS-06 import data . We also focus on antidumping alone ( and not all TTB policies ) as it is most frequently used TTB policy and one for which the decision to impose and remove barriers is undertaken on a trading-partner specific basis . < sup > 9 < / sup > The approach is to investigate the trade impact associated with a sample of 746 antidumping cases pooled across fourteen policy-imposing G20 member economies . We take information from the _Temporary Trade Barriers Database_ regarding when the import restriction was imposed , when it was removed , and the product codes associated with", "spans": [{"start": 1577, "end": 1594, "text": "HS-06 import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Some of them are on censuses , post census enumeration surveys , statistical Designs and Development , Sampling and weighting of data , Strategic Leadership Development Programme , Risk Management , Quality Management System , among many others Ms . Ann Mburu holds a Master of Science Degree in Human Resource Management from SALFORD University in the * * UK . * * She also holds a Bachelor ' s Degree in Economics and Government from the University of Nairobi in Kenya . Ann has attended various Management / Leadership courses to include : Change Management from the Royal Institute in the * * UK , * * Labour Management Course under the World Bank in Washington * * - USA , * * Strategic Management Skills from University of Connecticut * * USA , * * Strategic Planning Course * * Ms . Ann M . Mburu , * * from University of Wits Waterberg in South Africa , Strategic * * HSC * * Leadership program from Kenya School of Government , * * Director , Corporate * * Gender Mainstreaming Management from East and Southern * * Services * * African Management Institute , among others . * * 17 * *", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 64, "text": "post census enumeration surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The following attempts to provide more detail on these three impacts . # # * * 1 . Reduction , delay and suspension of critical protection services * * < u > National Protection Cluster Activity Info Reports , July 2024 < / u > 5", "spans": [{"start": 158, "end": 207, "text": "National Protection Cluster Activity Info Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "number of women - | | | The PFIs will maintain < br > databases of the | The MGLSD to collect the | | Women microenterprises accessing credit | owned microenterprises | Continuous | PFI d | enterprises to which | data from the PFIs each | | from a formal financial institution | benefiting from finance | . | ata . | they provide credit , | month , and compile and | | ( Number ) | from a PFI supported by the < br > project . | | | disaggregated by social < br > profiles . | report . | | Women small enterprises accessing credit < br > from a formal financial institution < br > ( Number ) | The number of women - < br > owned small enterprises < br > benefiting from bridging < br > finance from a PFI < br > supported by the project . | Annual | PFI data . | The PFIs will maintain < br > databases of the < br > enterprises to which < br > they provide credit , < br > disaggregated by < br > refugee status , district , | The MGLSD to collect the < br > data from the PFIs each < br > month , and compile and < br > report it . | Page 48 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 231, "text": "data from the PFIs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 750, "end": 758, "text": "PFI data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 960, "end": 978, "text": "data from the PFIs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "operating in Lebanon . 45 . Detailed description of implementation arrangements , including the functioning of the citizen engagement in subproject identification and monitoring , will be given in the Project Operational Manual ( OM ) , which will be prepared and updated as required by CDR , and approved by the Bank . The OM will be completed within thirty days of Project effectiveness . # * * B . Results Monitoring and Verification * * 46 . Monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) arrangements will be supported under Component 3 : Project Implementation Support ( see detailed Results Framework in Annex 1 ) . The Project will track inputs , outputs and results through the following modalities : - On a routine basis , the Project will track expenditures and other fiduciary data relevant to project implementation . This will be carried out by the PMU via semi-annual progress reports and financial statements and annual financial audits by independent auditors contracted under the Project . CDR will report on this data semi-annually to the World Bank , the LSCTF and any potential donor partners . - On a half yearly basis , the Project will track key activities and outputs implemented at the union / municipal level — for example , the number of community infrastructure 13", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 782, "text": "fiduciary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( irrespective of when ) , and ( iii ) those that received support only in Round-2 , and not in Round-1 . In the context of fixed effects regression , the third group – i . e . , those that switched government support status across rounds – serves as the treatment group . While firm characteristics are captured by the firm fixed effects , the endogeneity and selection concerns remain , as discussed above , which we try to address by adding a wide range of time-varying controls from the COV-ES data ( see Section 4 . 5 ) . To further address the selection issue , we estimate the same model for restricted samples . As discussed in Section 4 . 6 , this is done differently for El Salvador and for Georgia . In particular , for El Salvador , we use firms ’ responses to the question on reasons that they did not receive government support and drop firms saying that either that ( i ) they are not eligible for the support , or ( ii ) they do not need it , or ( iii ) they applied but did not get it , or ( iv ) they were not aware of any such support . The firms that provided one of these responses are unlikely to be a good comparison for the firms that received government support because of the likely discrepancy in the way the pandemic shaped firms ’ demand and supply . The question on reasons for not receiving support was not asked in Georgia . There , the firms that did not receive government support but also do not expect to receive it in the next three months are excluded from the sample . Table 11 and Table 12 report results from our main panel fixed effects regressions for El Salvador and Georgia , respectively . We use linear estimation when the outcome variable is the percentage change of permanent full-time workers and logistic regressions for the remaining three outcome variables , which are binary . For each outcome variable , we estimate fixed effect regressions first using the full sample and next using the restricted sample , hence two columns for each outcome variable . Similar to matching estimation results ,", "spans": [{"start": 491, "end": 502, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hypothetical nature of the contingent valuation surveys can be kept to the minimum , as it is real project under preparation . A multiple-stage stratified random sampling approach was adopted to select sample in Qiubei County . In the first stage , based on the project area and beneficiaries , geographical boundaries ( e . g . districts , urban and rural ) were determined so that the sample can cover all the geographical areas and spatial representations of the project . Qiubei County was therefore selected in this first stage . After considering the survey cost and the population covered in Qiubei , a total sample size of 500 was determined . In stage two , Qiubei County was further divided into several functioning zones based on their relations to the project implementation and the impacts by the project , and a list of representative functioning zones were chosen to conduct the survey . In stage three , those selected functioning zones were further divided into communities , and a number of communities were randomly selected to conduct the survey . In stage four , a list of households in each community was obtained with the help of local project workers , and the team randomly picked households from the list to ensure the principle of representation in sampling . The sample sizes were determined to be proportional to the population sizes of different categories . * * Table 2 * * illustrates the detailed sampling statistics in Qiubei . We obtained totally 507 relatively well-filled questionnaires . Among them , 245 coming from the urban areas : 100 coming from the Qiubei county town ( County government area , Donghu , Zhenxing , Xiazhai , Qiaotoucun / Xiaoxinzhai / Shuizhai ) , and the rest of sampled respondents from rural area ( 82 from 8 villages within the lake area , 125 from 56 villages around the lake , 200 from remaining rural districts in the county ) . Specifically trained enumerators from Yunnan Environmental Information Center conducted in-person interviews . Care was taken that only the head of a household was interviewed , who should be well aware of overall income and expenditure of the household , and who can decide about additional expenditures . Neutrality as well as anonymity of", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 55, "text": "contingent valuation surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_K , K_ tial competitive equilibrium is the period-by-period sequence of * * L * * _t_ , * * w * * _t_ , * * b * * _t_ , and * * m * * _t_ = � _m_ < sup > _kl_ < / sup > 1 _ , t_ � _k_ = 1 _ , l_ = 1 which solve the labor mobility model in every period , conditional on the initial labor allocation * * L * * 0 and fundamental parameters of the model . # * * 4 Estimation * * In this section , we describe how we structurally estimate the labor part of our model using RAIS from Brazil . The main objects to be estimated are the moving probabilities , between-market moving costs , and the inverse labor supply elasticity _ν_ which is identified by the empirical strategy described in Section 2 . With these estimates , we turn to our variables of interest : changes in relative welfare , option values , and the number of job options due to trade shocks . In our reduced-form analysis , we did not study the effect of trade shocks on these variables , because they do not have direct data counterparts . Once we estimate our model , we can use the sufficient statistic result in equations ( 14 ) and ( 15 ) . In other words , we can study the effect of trade shocks on the welfare-related variables in a reduced-form way , before doing full general equilibrium counterfactuals in the next section . We restrict the sample to the labor markets where at least 100 workers move in and out respectively in every year of our sample period 2004-2015 . Since the identification of moving probabilities is based on workers ’ mobility , values of labor markets with little labor mobility cannot be identified . Unlike ACM or CDP , we include corridors with zero mobility . < sup > 38 < / sup > After this restriction , we have 804 labor markets in our sample . # # * * 4 . 1 Estimation of the Flows * * In practice , it is not possible to obtain _m_ � < sup > _kl_ < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 473, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "six months . Despite some achievements made by the Ministry , delays in completion of some critical actions resulted in : ( i ) the target date of Disbursement Linked Result ( DLR ) 2 . 1 ( March 31 , 2019 ) related to school performance awards being missed ; ( ii ) very little time left to achieve two upcoming dated DLRs ( DLR 6 . 1 and DLR 8 . 1 ) related to textbooks and teacher training curriculum ; and ( iii ) high risk of DLR 6 . 2 and DLR 6 . 3 on textbooks not being achieved , given that they are interlinked with and dependent on the achievement of DLR 6 . 1 . Besides , the Ministry of Education ( MoE ) has not yet signed a contract with the Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) as the Independent Evaluation Agency . This would result in significant delay in disbursement . Another issue of concern is the slow implementation progress of the Program Action Plan , particularly in recruiting critical staff ( procurement , safeguards ) to address the identified capacity gaps . Considering these slippages , the Implementation Progress rating is Moderately Satisfactory ; however , if MoE management gives immediate attention to the decisions and time-bound actions and the commendable effort of the technical teams continues , the risk of further slippages can be mitigated . It is suggested that MoE , Ministry of Finance and Economic Cooperation , and Donor Partners will jointly discuss planning and budgeting for the next fiscal year in May 2019 . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project < br > P163050 | Loan / Credit / TF < br > IDA-D2620 | Status < br > Effective | Currency < br > USD | Original < br > 300 . 00 | Revised < br > 300 . 00 | Cancelled < br > 0 . 00 | Disbursed < br > 62 . 06 | Undisbursed", "spans": [{"start": 1473, "end": 1502, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Since the Covid-19 pandemic started in early 2020 there has been an increasing interest in understanding firms ’ resilience to economic shocks . Since firms are increasingly operating within global value chains ( GVCs ) , it is of particular interest to scholars and policymakers to understand the vulnerabilities that come along with this interconnectedness in order to better prepare for future shocks . Covid-19 disrupted many GVCs and led to supply shortages in different sectors all around the world ( Cerdeiro and Komaromi , 2020 ) . Additionally , the pandemic revealed structural impediments in the trade sector that could be addressed with the right policy changes . However , determining whether participation in GVCs is beneficial or detrimental for firms during a global crisis situation remains a difficult endeavor , as illustrated by the fact that previous studies reveal heterogeneous effects between different firms ( Cirera et al . , 2021 ) , sectors ( Espitia et al . , 2022 ) , countries ( Bruhn et al . , 2021 ) and outcome measures ( Constantinescu et al . , 2022 ) . In this paper , we analyze how the pandemic affected firm-level imports and exports in Indonesia as well as quantify the role of non-tariff measures on imports , using detailed monthly firm-level trade data from February 2019 to June 2021 . We measure the effect of the pandemic on a variety of outcomes , including firm-level export and import values , volumes , number of transactions , and number of products . To measure the effects of NTMs on firm-level trade , we compare various firmlevel import and export outcomes before and after Covid-19 for firms exposed to NTMs compared to firms that were not , including firm - , HS-8 product - , and partner country fixed effects . We find evidence that certain types of NTMs , such as the port of entry restrictions on imports , negatively affected firm-level exports during the pandemic . In the second step , we compare the impact of the pandemic on firms that participated in GVCs with those that did not . GVC firms are defined as firms that both imported and exported in the Covid-19 pre-period ( February 2019-November 2019 )", "spans": [{"start": 1292, "end": 1321, "text": "monthly firm-level trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the percentage of the value of equipment can be recouped if the firm is to quit ) , and the existence of exclusive patents . < sup > 9 < / sup > * * The scope of the firm . * * The scope of the firm is characterized by its mix of activities ( Viscusi , et al . , 1990 ) . Several issues of interest to the Bank and to development more generally may be related to fimn scope . For example , firms may be more likely to be vertically integrated in countries with weak contract enforcement . Whether this is true is , again , an empirical question requiring much data to answer . Few World Bank surveys have paid much attention to > 8 Weaker because one has to average profitability and price-costs ratios with those of the competitors , for which the profitability and price-cost ratios are lower > * * 9 * * This measurement has some problems . It is hard to measure costs , especially because it is subject to accounting methods and may be easily manipulated . 12", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 599, "text": "World Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # 1 . 13 . Institutional Setup of the GRM for UPSNJP The GRM for the UPSNJP provides for negotiation and agreement by consensus between the project and affected persons as the first avenue to resolve issues and grievances expressed by the affected person by the project . Kebele Grievance Focal Persons selected by the community , public and project beneficiaries are the main support for complainants at community level . The main Focal Persons should always be women , unless there are exceptional circumstances . < u > The Focal Person should be available to assist all complainants to fill out Complaint Forms or to receive complaints verbally . In the case that the Focal Person becomes aware of < / u > * * serious complaints , * * they are responsible for keeping it confidential and rapidly reporting the complaint to city level . Kebele / woreda Grievance Focal Persons will be trained in types of grievances they will be expected to receive and their roles and responsibilities . When receiving a grievance / during the intake process , the Grievance Focal Person receiving the complaint shall respect the wishes , choices , right and dignity of the complainant . In the case of GBV / SEA survivors , if they choose not to be referred to the city GRM , the Grievance Focal Person must seek their consent to share basic monitoring data . In order for the survivor / complainant to consent to file a complaint , he / she needs to be provided with clear and simple information on the functioning of the system , on the possible outcomes , and what the timelines are , on what type of support can be provided , etc . to be able to make an informed choice . _ < u > For GBV / SEA cases , it is important to ensure that access to the complaints processes is as easy and as safe as possible for the complainant / survivor . The Focal Person should not ask for or record information on no more than three aspects related to the GBV incident : < / u > _ -", "spans": [{"start": 1327, "end": 1348, "text": "basic monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In all , the municipality characteristics variables paint a vivid picture of the types of markets where agent services seem to be flourishing . These are low income , highly and densely populated areas with a relatively high level of commercial activity . These patterns suggest strongly that FINCA DRC agents are targeting and effectively reaching the urban poor . Note also that the r - squared of models 9 and 10 with municipality characteristics is 0 . 136 , an indication that these variables can account for a large share of the substantial gain in the overall fit of the regressions when controlling for municipality-level fixed effects . Finally , we include the variables describing financial development at the municipal level in models 11-16 . Agents perform 49 fewer cash-in transactions in municipalities with a dense network of financial service providers , an indication that their services compete with , and thus are substitutes for , those of other providers . In models 13-16 , we include the dummy variables describing the predominant type of financial services provider in each municipality . As hypothesized , agent cash-in transactions are more prevalent where microfinance institutions are identified as the dominant providers . This could be a reflection that clients have greater demand for and familiarity with the services from that type of provider since FINCA DRC is itself a microfinance institution . While the patterns for the financial development coefficients are suggestive of where FINCA DRC agents are best fitting into the local financial sector , we put less stock in those results since they are generally insignificant when we use standard errors clustered at the municipality level . In Table 2 , the number of cash-out transactions replaces cash-in transactions as the dependent variable and we rerun the same set of regressions . Results are very similar to those for cash-in transactions . Two minor differences are that significance levels for some variables , especially those describing agent and retail business characteristics , are lower and the magnitudes 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "persons with disabilities . Data of this type can be used for program planning , setting targets , measuring progress and evaluations . During a humanitarian action , this kind of data may be easier to obtain . This kind of data looks at the proportion of WASH facilities are accessible , for example , or what proportion of protection staff had received adequate disability awareness training etc . This type of information can be captured very early in a humanitarian action as needs are assessed by the different humanitarian Cluster teams8 . 3 . A third type of disability-related data can record * * activities and outputs * * , and these are actually the most common type of data in humanitarian situations . In a project , several activities might be specifically targeted at persons with disabilities . Data of this type are used for performance monitoring , tracking achievements against targets , such as the number of assistive devices that were distributed compared to the plan , or the number of shelters that were modified to be made more accessible . During the implementation of a humanitarian action it is feasible that data related to administrative processes , service levels and activities and outputs can be collected in a disability inclusive manner . > 8 The Protection Mainstreaming Toolkit recommends the approach to proactively look for needed services or services being provided by humanitarian actors that are not accessible . < u > http : / / www . globalprotectioncluster . org / _assets / files / aors / protection_mainstreaming / gpc-pm_toolkit-2017 . en . pdf See < / u > questions about access , p . 46 . Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 10", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 589, "text": "disability-related data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 39 . 2 | 37 . 1 | 76 . 3 | 6 . 8 | 3 . 0 | 4 . 9 | | IV | 95 . 1 | 94 . 8 | 94 . 9 | 66 . 3 | 71 . 4 | 68 . 8 | 7 . 9 | 3 . 3 | 5 . 6 | | V | 97 . 6 | 97 . 2 | 97 . 4 | 72 . 9 | 78 . 6 | 75 . 8 | 9 . 2 | 3 . 8 | 6 . 5 | | Rural | 92 . 3 | 87 . 6 | 90 . 1 | 34 . 8 | 31 . 0 | 32 . 9 | | | | | Urban | 96 . 8 | 96 . 6 | 96 . 7 | 70 . 2 | 75 . 0 | 72 . 5 | | | | Source : Staff estimates from SSB and State Education Commission data . This trend owes much to the increasing enrollments in private universities and introduction of user fees in public higher education . However , the differences in the rates of cost recovery and unit costs within higher education are not captured here . But , it is very unlikely that a more sophisticated calculation would reverse the finding that Chinese system of education is fairly egalitarian in its global structure of access and public expenditure . Yet , the structural equity has not translated into equitable educational benefits across provinces . While primary education are relatively targeted to poor provinces , accessibility to post-primary education shows marked interprovincial variance . When provinces are ranked by per capita income from poor to rich , the avowed policy of the government to ensure an egalitarian distribution of educational expenditure increasingly vanishes ( Fig 5 ) . Per-pupil expenditures are disproportionately higher in rich provinces compared to those in poor provinces . The richest quintile of provinces Shanghai , > 3 Cumulative public spending on education refers to the total amount of public resources appropriated to a generation of people passing through their schooling years . It captures the distribution of cumulative benefits ( education ) among people with different school careers ,", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 431, "text": "SSB and State Education Commission data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nations accounting for at least 90 percent of world IT trade . These zero-tariff bindings were on an MFN basis and thus available to exports from any other WTO member country . Table 4 reports average tariff and non-tariff trade costs across SIC4 industries for five-year interval from 1992 to 2002 . European tariff rates decline across a broad range of industries over time in the Electronic sector . Indeed , over the entire period , tariffs were halved for approximately 40 percent of industries . The rate of tariff declines , however , varies substantially across industries . According to the directives laid down by the Lugano and the Dresden agreements , European product standards have progressively been harmonized to international norms . The decline in the non-harmonized share of standards also differs across industries . The highest reduction is among industries producing household appliances , including cooking equipment , refrigerators , laundry equipment , and vacuum cleaners . In addition to being a good match to the theory , the trade costs constructed here have several advantages . First , they are derived directly from a database used by firms to document the regulation requirements to export to the European Union . Second , they vary across industries and time . Even with these advantages , some caveats should be noted . First , the EUESDB does not > 17Blind ( 2010 ) proposes a partial concordance from ICS codes to SITC codes . However , this bridge is too aggregate at the ICS level so individual SITC codes are mapped to a large number of ICS codes . > 18PERINORM is a bibliographic database maintained by the British , French and German standard-setting bodies . It is designated to facilitate industry access to product standards and technical regulations . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1150, "end": 1172, "text": "database used by firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "81 % | 8 . 8 % | 53 . 7 % | 16 . 4 % | 27 , 348 | 34 , 045 | 77 % | | Finland | 5 , 960 | 96 % | 19 . 0 % | 50 . 5 % | 37 . 7 % | 29 , 904 | 35 , 426 | 61 % | | Denmark | 9 , 210 | 72 % | 23 . 6 % | 53 . 1 % | 44 . 5 % | 38 , 433 | 37 , 304 | 86 % | | Memo Items : | | | | | | | | | | Memo Item : India Rs . < br > Avge 1999-2004 | 678 | 5 % | 0 . 8 % | 33 . 8 % | 2 . 3 % | | 2 , 972 | 29 % | | Rs . Converted to | | | | | | | | | | Euros < br > Sources : Dexia : 2008 a | 13 < br > nd Mohanty et alia : | 2007 , World Deve | lopment Indicators . | | | | | | Comparing all these countries to India shows it to be an outlier in most respects , even when taking into account the low level of income in India . The country in the EU whose finances appear to most resemble India ’ s is Malta , a tiny country with a population of only 400 , 000 , a mere neighborhood in one of India ’ s major cities . Bulgaria ’ s per capita income is six times that of India , but spending at the municipal level is 18 times that of a sample of 35 of the larger municipal corporations in India . India ’ s municipal spending as a share of sub-national spending , at only about 5 % , is a small fraction of even the most federalized country in this group , Spain . This is particularly noteworthy given India ’ s size and complex city system . 8", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 545, "text": "lopment Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3030 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Celade printout < br > 2 / 87 | Celade printout < br > 2 / 87 | | Peru | Jul 81 | 17005 F | Bank projection from census , | 1980-85 , Bank assessment ; | 1980-85 . Bank assessment ; | | | | | adjusted for 4 . 1X undercount | 1985-90 , Bank projection | 1985-90 , Bank projection | | . ilippines | May 80 | 48098 J | Bank projection from census , | Based on 1986 Contraceptive | Based on 1983 National | | | | | adjusted for 1 . 9X undercount | Prevalence Survey | Demographic Survey | | Pitcairn < br > Island | < br > Dec 85 | b F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | | | Poland | Dec 78 | 35061 J | Official < br > est . . StatisticaL < br > Year Book | Based on INED 10 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | Portugal | Mar 81 | 9833 F | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | | Puerto Rico | Apr 80 | 3197 F | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 88 ( official < br > est . ) | 1980-85 , UNPVSR < br > 1984 < br > Special Supplement ; < br > | 1980-85 , UNPVSR < br > 1984 < br > Special Supptement ; < br > | | | | | | 1985-90 , Bank projection | 1985-90 , Bank projection | | Qatar | Mar 86 | 369 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Based an U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | | Reunion | Mar 82 | 516 J | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( preLim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( pretim . ) | | Romania | Jan 77 | 21560 F | Bank projection from", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 167, "text": "Bank projection from census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * _Economic Activities_ * * According to the census report about 80 % of the households in Moyo District depend mainly on subsistence agriculture as their main economic activity . Only 9 . 7 % of the population was dependent on earned incomes and 0 . 4 % on property income . The major crops grown include sweet potatoes , sorghum , cassava , simsim , groundnut , finger millet , maize , cowpeas and beans . Fishing is another main economic activity in the district . The Nile River is the main source of fish within the district . # # # # * * _Gender Aspects_ * * Gender imbalances still do exist in the district especially in ownership and access to productive assets such as land . Generally , women do not own nor control land . They only have access to the land but the decisions on what to produce and in what quantities remain the domain of men . Furthermore , although it is estimated that about 70 % of the work force in agriculture are women they do not control proceed of neither whatever is produced nor what they sell in the market . Gender Based Domestic Violence ( GBV ) is also common . Although there is no clear statistics on this matter but from the crime rate in Moyo District for 2010 it is clear that assault , defilement and rape have been common and most of the assault cases were directed towards women . According to Uganda HIV Sero-Behavioral Survey conducted in 2014 / 2015 the HIV prevalence rate is also higher among women 7 . 5 % than it is among men 5 % . The percentage of girls in total primary school enrolment is still low at only 48 . 9 % for girls compared to 51 . 1 % for boys as per 2009 school enrolment statistics . Although , this has improved , there is low retention which also exhibits gender disparity with about 45 % of boys and 35 % of girls completing primary seven . Girls also lag behind boys in grade promotion and learning achievements . The percentage of passes among boys", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 68, "text": "census report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1353, "end": 1386, "text": "Uganda HIV Sero-Behavioral Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1633, "end": 1665, "text": "2009 school enrolment statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the sides . Such units are designed so that the whole < br > container can be disposed of with other biohazardous < br > waste , with the support of the government . | ● < br > Incidence report < br > ● < br > availability of safety < br > box for sharps | Akaki-Kaliti sub - < br > city Environmental < br > protection < br > office , < br > ShieldVax , EFDA | Every < br > three < br > months | 3200 | | | * * vi . * * < br > * * Risk related to Electricity Mitigation Measures * * < br > • < br > All electrical installations and equipment must be < br > inspected < br > and < br > tested < br > regularly , < br > including < br > earthing / grounding systems . Circuit breakers and earth - < br > fault-interrupters shall be installed in appropriate < br > laboratory electrical circuits , < br > • < br > Implementing lockout / tagout ( LOTO ) communication < br > system during maintenance . < br > • < br > All < br > laboratory < br > electrical < br > equipment < br > shall < br > be < br > earthed / grounded , preferably through three-prong plugs , < br > • < br > All laboratory electrical equipment and wiring would < br > conform to national electrical safety standards and codes , < br > • < br > Disconnect equipment attached to high-voltage or high - < br > amperage power sources from the source or provide a | ● < br > Implementation of a < br > lockout / tagout < br > ( LOTO ) < br > communication < br > system < br > during < br > maintenance . < br > ● < br > Provision of secure < br > storage < br > for", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 193, "text": "Incidence report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Data * * # * * Sampling design * * The overall evaluation design includes a series of household and child surveys , beginning with a baseline survey in 2001 . Three surveys of the same sample of about 5 , 000 households from two of the program regions ( Region 6 and 7 ) and a non-program region ( Region 8 ) have been completed . < sup > 7 < / sup > In each round , data were collected also from local officials and ECD service providers . The sampling strategy involved stratifying the barangays in each province into ( 1 ) pilot barangays that were supposed to have participated in a pilot phase launched in 1998 , < sup > 8 < / sup > ( 2 ) program or target barangays in Phase 1 of the project , and ( 3 ) non-program barangays or non-targeted barangays in the ( pilot and Phase 1 ) program and non-program municipalities in the region . < sup > 9 < / sup > In each program region , five pilot and five non-program barangays were randomly chosen , while the remaining barangays were drawn at random from the program barangays . In Region 8 , sample barangays were randomly chosen from all barangays , with the number of barangays chosen proportionate to the total number of barangays in each province . In each sample barangay , an average of 24 eligible households ( i . e . , households with 0-6 year-old children or households with pregnant women ) in Regions 6 and 7 and 14 households in Region 8 were selected . The overall response rate was high at 96 percent . During the baseline survey , 7 , 922 children aged 0-4 were selected to be followed up in the succeeding rounds ; children aged 5-6 years old were not included for the evaluation sample because they were too old to be exposed much to the program . All estimates are weighted to account for the sampling scheme . Of the original cohort of 7 , 922 children age 0-4 , 86 percent ( or 6 , 774 children ) were successfully followed up _in the same barangays_ in the first follow-up survey in", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 123, "text": "household and child surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1493, "end": 1508, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Actual | Specific Procurement < br > Notice / Invitation < br > Planned < br > Actual | Bidding Documents < br > as Issued < br > Proposal Submission / < br > Opening / Minutes < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | Bid Evaluation < br > Report and < br > Recommendation for < br > Award < br > Signed Contract < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | Contra < br > Comple < br > Planned | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > GOODS < br > Bid Evaluation < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method ApproachMarket ProcurementProcess Prequalification ( Y / N ) Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) ProcessStatus Draft Pre-qualificationDocuments Evaluation ReportPrequalification Draft BiddingJustificationDocument / Specific ProcurementNotice / Invitation Bidding Documentsas Issued Proposal Submission / Opening / Minutes Recommendation forReport and Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Award < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > ET-DBE-170395-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of six units of < br > laptop computer . Thereason of Buying 6 Units oflaptop computer is to / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 8 , 400 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-04-25 2020-05-04", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lastly , the impact is larger for mothers of six-year-old children who are self-employed . These results are not surprising , as entrepreneurs might themselves be especially affected by a lack of childcare possibilities , and drop out of leading businesses or entrepreneurial activities . In sum , these findings indicate that women who faced more impediments to labor market opportunities previously to the reform , for example in the form of less infrastructure in rural areas , the lower possibility to combine work with childcare responsibilities in the case of entrepreneurial activities , or due to a greater security network in form of other incomegenerating individuals in the household , experience greater effects of the reform . # * * 5 . 3 DDD Effects * * An omitted variable that affects the employment of mothers of six-year-old children differently than the employment of mothers of three - to four-year-old children could bias our estimates from difference-in-difference regressions . Adding a third difference might generate more reliable results ( Angrist and Pischke 2009 ) . We add a third difference by differentiating between mothers of children who indeed participated in preparatory classes and preprimary childcare , and those who did not . This approach allows us to control for any factors that might impact mothers of six-year-old children differently than those of younger children . At the same time , it allows us to control for unobservable factors that could drive the employment of mothers who send their children to public childcare and early childhood education facilities and those who do not tend to take advantage of these services . One important shortfall of our triple difference estimation is the fact that preparatory classes are compulsory while all forms of early childhood education and childcare that target children younger than six years old are voluntary . To identify these groups , we leverage data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions ( EU-SILC ) from 2010-2020 . In contrast to the EU-LFS , the EU-SILC , which collects data on living conditions and income in the European Union , contains infor17", "spans": [{"start": 1961, "end": 2018, "text": "European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2080, "end": 2087, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > rest in applying < br > t needs accordi | e sub projects ex < br > ll track the indica < br > in Fall 2026 , with < br > for coinvestment < br > ngly . | ecuted with co < br > tor through se < br > 67 Tier 1 BDS < br > s and provided | - investments < br > mi-annual < br > beneficiaries < br > preliminary | | | 0 < br > Oct / 2023 | 0 | 01-Dec-2025 | 0 | 15-Jun-2026 | 60 | Dec / 2028 | | Percentage of beneficiaries in < br > project clusters with < br > improved business practices < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This indicato < br > business pra < br > through ded < br > Baseline dat | r will track the pe < br > ctices - including < br > icated annual sur < br > a on businesspra | rcentage of ben < br > greening of ope < br > veys . < br > ctices adopted h | eficiaries in proj < br > rations . The PIU < br > as been collecte | ect clusters wit < br > will track this in < br > d for the initial | h improved < br > dicator < br > cohort of | Official Use Only Jun 25 , 2026 Page 5 of 14", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 626, "text": "Baseline dat", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rates to tertiary education are highly correlated with family income : three times as many students in university come from the upper two income quintiles . - * * Physical facilities * * : A recent school utilization study indicates that the number of MoE students is expected to increase by 124 , 634 between 2008 and 2013 . It is estimated that there will be a need to provide an additional 3 , 360 classrooms over this time period . The same study also reveals a dichotomy in the provision of educational infrastructure in the Kingdom . There exists concurrently considerable excess capacity and wide-scale overcrowding of schools – much of it linked to rented facilities , but not exclusively . - * * ECE ( Early Childhood Education ) * * : Significant achievements in construction , teacher training , curriculum development , teacher professional development , parent involvement and standards setting have helped make this one of the more dynamic elements of Jordan ’ s education system . The private sector is responsible for 90 percent of provision ( down from 95 percent in 2003 ) , and improvements in regulation and guidance regarding standards have helped this subsector mature as it expands . Yet significant challenges remain : continued expansion of access to Kindergarten Year Two ( KG2 ) for the roughly half of children without access to KG2 classes competes with growing demand for greater public investment in Kindergarten Year 1 ( KG1 ) level provision ; poor urban communities and children in rural areas compete for access to public provision ; quantitative expansion competes with the need for consolidation of quality . - * * Technical , and Vocational Education and Training ( TVET ) : * * Enrollment in secondary vocational education as a share of total secondary enrolment declined from 18 percent in 2000 to 12 percent in 2005 , suggesting a critical demand side problem , at a time of growing need for skills for the economic transformation articulated in the National Agenda . This suggests the need for significant realignment of MoE vocational programs to be undertaken based on input from the employer community and deeper analysis of labor market information derived from Al", "spans": [{"start": 2170, "end": 2194, "text": "labor market information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proposed that the Body Corporate ' s initial capitalization be provided by GOK , NHIF and other interested development partners . The experience gained by the MOH in operation a FP Logistics Management Unit has been a useful input in this effort . * * OBJECTIVE 2 : PROMOTION OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES : * * Over all the objective of promoting Family Planning Services has been achieved . The Preliminary 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey ( KDHS ) Report presents evidence rates and an increase in the use of famnily planning methods since the 1993 KHDS . The report also shows an increase in infant and under five mortality during the 1990 ' s . The 1998 KHDS data shows that the Total fertility rate for the three years before the current survey is 4 . 7 children per woman , down from _5 . 4_ children per woman based on the 1993 KHDS ( NCPD , CBS , and MI 1994 ) and 6 . 7 children woman based on the 1989 KHDS ( NCPD and IBD / Macro , 1989 ) . Fertility has fallen recently at every age except amongst the youngest women , age 15-19 . The 1998 KHDS shows that there has been a steady rise in contraceptive prevalence rates among those aged between 1-49 years . Nearly two-thirds ( 64 % ) of currently married women in Kenya have had experience in using family planning methods at some time in the past ; up from 55 % in 1993 KHDS . The pill ( 33 % ) ; injectables ( 25 % ) and periodic abstinence ( 19 % ) are the most commonly used methods . Overall , 39 % of married women in Kenya are currently using a contraceptive method . Modem methods are much preferred over traditional methods . Contraceptive use , especially use of modem methods , has risen sharply since the early 1980s and is probably the principle cause of the sharp fertility decline during the period 1989 to 1998 . As a result of these demographic changes population growth rate has declined from", "spans": [{"start": 407, "end": 447, "text": "1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 553, "end": 562, "text": "1993 KHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 660, "end": 674, "text": "1998 KHDS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 837, "end": 846, "text": "1993 KHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 914, "end": 923, "text": "1989 KHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1053, "end": 1062, "text": "1998 KHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "factors , upstream innovations have permitted a representative Mexican fertilizer company to improve its operating margin by 9 . 7 percent . < sup > 5 < / sup > Based on the Mexican case study , it was realized that the only way to get a meaningful sense of what is happening in such economies in terms of upstream-downstream linkages is to design a purpose-specific set of questionnaires . Available enterprise-level panel datasets were not sufficiently detailed to allow econometric analysis of these linkage issues . In particular , panel datasets generally do not include disaggregated data on the number of providers of specific logistics services employed by downstream users and conversely on the number of customers served by providers of innovative services . They do not allow inferences to be made about the relative importance of upstream innovations versus other locality-specific institutional factors on the level of costs and sales , and on the introduction of new goods and services by downstream firms . More generally , manufacturing censuses typically do not ask questions about changes in upstream business service availability and quality . As well , censuses generally are less comprehensive in their coverage of new entrants . * * Hypotheses . * * The analysis begins downstream , by exploring the impact of innovative upstream services on user enterprises . It then explores what factors drive or hinder the development by the upstream service providers of these innovations . At the downstream user enterprise level , the hypotheses to be tested are : _H1 : Improved performance in user enterprises is significantly positively associated with upstream innovations in business service delivery . _ The focus is to explore the linkages between utilization of innovative road freight logistics services by user enterprises , on the one hand , and various measures of improved performance by user enterprises ( especially cost reductions and revenue increases ) , on the other hand . _H2 : The benefits of upstream business service innovations as they impact on user enterprises are skewed towards larger and older , established enterprises within the intensive-use sectors . _ The focus is to better understand the relative importance of variables such as enterprise size , age ( start-ups versus more established firms ) , foreign ownership , and the", "spans": [{"start": 401, "end": 432, "text": "enterprise-level panel datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1039, "end": 1061, "text": "manufacturing censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is to investigate the trade impact associated with a sample of 746 antidumping cases pooled across fourteen policy-imposing G20 member economies . We take information from the _Temporary Trade Barriers Database_ regarding when the import restriction was imposed , when it was removed , and the product codes associated with the TTB , and we match this to annual HS-06 trade data available from UN Comtrade . We require sufficient time coverage in the trade data so as to trace out ten > 9 We also clean the data set of instances in which a policy-imposing country may have removed an antidumping duty over a particular product _h_ but left in place another TTB over the same product against the same trading partner . 11", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 378, "text": "HS-06 trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-MOTI-382540-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to Und < br > ertake Physical Planning , Cad < br > astral Survey and Detailed T < br > opographical Survey of 10 Se < br > lected Informal Settlements i < br > n Baringo and Turkana Count < br > ies ; Lot VII – Cluster 2 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2023-09-20 | 2023 - | 09-27 < br > 2023-10-11 < br > 2023-0 | 9-29 < br > 2023-11-24 < br > 2024-01-15 | 2023-12-22 < br > 2024-0 | 3-05 < br > 2024-01-21 < br > 2024-0 | 6-10 < br > 2024-02-25 < br > 2024-0 | 8-19 < br > 2024-03-31 | 2024-0 | 9-30 < br > 2025-03-31 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-MOTI-382541-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to Und < br > ertake Physical Planning , Cad < br > astral Survey and Detailed T < br > opographical Survey of 8 Sel < br > ected Informal Settlements i < br > n Tana River County", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Vietnam ’ s Evolving Poverty Map : Patterns and Implications for Policy * * Peter Lanjouw , Marleen Marra and Cuong Nguyen < sup > 1 < / sup > JEL classification : I31 , I32 , O15 Keywords : Poverty , inequality , small area estimation , population census , household survey , targeting efficiency , Vietnam . > 1 Development Economics Research Group ( DECRG ) World Bank , DECRG , World Bank , and National Economics University , Hanoi . This study is an outgrowth of analysis undertaken as part of the Vietnam Poverty Assessment managed by Valerie Kozel under the POV Sector Board . We are grateful for her advice and guidance . The study is funded by the World Bank . We would like to thank Tran Ngoc Truong and Lo Thi Duc ( GSO ) for assistance in data analysis . Email : planjouw @ worldbank . org ; mmarra1 @ worldbank . org ; c_nguyenviet @ yahoo . com", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * History provides examples of media incentivizing street protests , which spread across borders . The popular discontent that ended communism in Eastern Europe < mark > began in Poland in the early 1980s , and swept through Hungary , East Germany , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Romania . < / mark > Radio Free Europe played a critical role as a vehicle for the spread of the information about protests and catalyzed its spillovers across borders ( Puddington 2000 ) , as did a network of radio stations of the Catholic Church ( Stehle 1982 ) . Fast forward 30 years to the wave of street protests that sparked the Arab Spring in 2011 following the death of a Tunisian street vendor who set himself ablaze — after having been harassed and humiliated by municipal officials . These protests established social media as the new conduit for the spread of protests . In 2019 , a second wave of protests that started in Sudan and Algeria spread to other Arab countries , including the Arab Republic of Egypt , Lebanon and Iraq , eventually resulting in a global contagion of protests spanning from Chile to the Russian Federation to Hong Kong SAR , China . Just as the global pandemic put a damper on street protests , the death of George Floyd in US police custody powered a global protest movement against police brutality and racial injustice . Again , social media was the main channel of protest engagement . In this paper we systematically explore spillovers of spontaneous street protests across countries , with social media acting as the catalyst . We use data on nonviolent and unorganized demonstrations for 200 countries for the period 2000 to 2020 . Using an autoregressive spatial model , we find strong evidence for contagious protests with a catalyzing role of social media . Social media penetration in the source and destination of protests leads to protest spillovers between countries . There is evidence for parallel learning between streets of nations alongside the previously documented learning between governments . Our research is related to three strands of previous work . First , our paper is related to the emerging literature on social media and protests . Battaglini (", "spans": [{"start": 1588, "end": 1637, "text": "data on nonviolent and unorganized demonstrations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix A2 : Do Reform Efforts Focus on Lagging Policy Areas ? The World Economic Forum ’ s Global Competitive Index ( GCI ) measures each country ’ s performance across the policy pillars through unit-less ‘ progress scores ’ on a scale of 0 to 100 ( 100 being the highest performance ) . Formally , each indicator is scaled according to the formula below : p = < u > , , < / u > R R < u > , , < / u > ∗ 100 R R R ii EE tt ii EE tt vvaav RR − wwR pptt ppR aaIIssRR ii , EE , tt We scale these progress scores into distance-to-frontier metrics as : ppR ppR ppssR RR RRIIttiiR ii , EE , tt − wwR pptt ppR aaIIssRRii , EE , tt p The GCI has all twelve indices for each of the six GCC countries from 2007 to 2017 . This period is the only IIiippttaaIIssRR ttRR R RRIIttiiR ii , EE , tt = 100 − ppR ppR ppssR RRii , EE , tt The GCI has all twelve indices for each of the six GCC countries from 2007 to 2017 . This period is the only time where the GCI scores are methodically consistent and comparable across years . The final source , UNCTAD ’ s Export Concentration Ratio ( also known as the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index ) , measures a country ’ s export market concentration as follows : where Hc is the index for country _c_ , xi is the value of exports for product _i_ , X is the sum of export values across all products , and n is the number of products . We rescale the index so that 0 is the least concentrated portfolio while 100 is the most concentrated . This transformation allows us to include diversification as an additional ‘ pillar ’ to complement the GCI ’ s ten . We obtain for each GCC country for the years 2007 to 2017 . Table A2 . 1 shows the average Distance to Frontier . Overall , the GCC performs well in Macroeconomic Environment , Health and Primary Education , and is underperforming in Diversification , Innovation and Technological Readiness . * * Table A2", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1072, "text": "UNCTAD ’ s Export Concentration Ratio", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1093, "end": 1120, "text": "Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Repackaging of < br > existing Engineering Designs , < br > procurement < br > documents , Updating RAPs & < br > ESIA Reports and Supervision < br > of Construction works in the < br > counties of Kilifi and < br > Mombasa . | / < br > < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement < br > upgrading | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - International | 500 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review | 2021-02-15 < br > 2021 | - 04-22 < br > 2021-03-08 < br > 2021 - | 08-09 < br > 2021-04-21 | 2021-05-19 | 2021-06-18 | 2021-07-23 | 2021-08-27 | 2022-08-27 | | KE-MOTI-235017-CS-QCBS < br > Consultancy Services to < br > undertake Physical Planning , < br > Cadastral survey and detailed < br > Topographical Survey of 11 < br > selected informal settlements < br > in Tana River county . Lot V - < br > Cluster 4 | / < br > < br > < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement < br > upgrading | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - International | 1 , 400 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2021-05-21 < br > 2021 | - 06-29 < br > 2021-06-11 < br > 2021 - | 08-09 < br > 2021-07-25 | 2021-08-22 | 2021-09-21 | 2021-10-26 | 2021-11-30 | 2023-05-24 | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schooling attainment remains low in rural areas of both Bangladesh and India at the time of the survey years . The mean and median years of schooling are 4 . 97 and 5 . 00 respectively for Bangladesh , and 6 . 23 and 7 for India . The relatively lower education attainments in Bangladesh compared with India were present during parents ’ generation as well : median years of father ’ s education was 2 years in Bangladesh compared with 2 . 50 years in India . The average number of children per household in Bangladesh is about 5 . 74 compared with 3 . 53 in India . This difference probably reflects the fact that Bangladesh data include information on children from other marriages while India data do not . There are some differences in the age distribution of children also : median age for Bangladesh data is 30 years compared with 33 years for India . The gender gap in education between boys and girls is about 1 year in Bangladesh in contrast with 2 years in India . Table A . 1 also reports the ratio of standard deviation of parent ’ s education to that of children ’ s education for both all and coresident children in columns 3 and 7 . The ratio is unambiguously smaller in the full sample ( including both coresident and non-resident children ) compared with that in the coresident sample . This is consistent with the observation noted earlier in the introduction that a higher estimate of this ratio in a coresident sample is likely to partially offset the biases in IGC estimates . Figures 1 . A ( Bangladesh ) and 1 . B ( India ) plot the probability of nonresidency at the time of the survey against the schooling of children . The graphs in both Bangladesh and India show that probability of nonresidence is higher in the tails . Also , the probability of nonresidence is higher for girls at any given level of schooling , although the gender gap closes substantially at the right tail in the case of Bangladesh . # * * 4 . Empirical Results * * We begin the discussion with a graphical presentation of the data , following the classic analysis of truncation", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 630, "text": "Bangladesh data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ştirilmesi . Veri toplama ve analizi , sonuç odaklı bir cinsel ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddet programının belkemiğini oluşturmaktadır . Hedeflenen hizmetin tahsis edilmesi , savunuculuk , politika geliştirme , hesap verilebilirlik ve izlemenin etkililiği için kritik önem taşımaktadır . BMMYK , cinsel ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddet verilerinin çeşitli operasyonlarda güvenli , etik ve gizli bir şekilde toplanmasını , yönetimini ve paylaşımını sağlamak amacıyla Toplumsal Cinsiyete Dayalı Şiddet Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi ’ nin ( GBVIMS ) tanıtılmasını desteklemiştir . # # Küresel Girişimlerin İlerletilmesi . BMMYK , dünya çapındaki operasyonlarında cinsel ve toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı şiddetin önlenmesi ve müdahalesi programının güçlendirilmesi için ” Başlangıçtan İtibaren Güvende ” ( Safe from Start ) ve “ Eyleme Davet ” ( Call to Action ) küresel girişimlerinin geliştirilmesini taahhüt etmektedir . “ Başlangıçtan İtibaren Güvende ” , acil bir durum olduğunda zamanında ve etkili insani eylem aracılı", "spans": [{"start": 338, "end": 356, "text": "şiddet verilerinin", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "tr"}
{"text": "Q2 2011 Q3 2011 Q4 2011 Q1 2012 Q4 2009 Q1 2010 Q2 2010 Q3 2010 Q4 2010 Q1 2011 Q2 2011 Q3 2011 Q4 2011 Q1 2012 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : International Institute of Finance , Emerging Market Lending Survey . * * 33 . Host country banking systems may also be vulnerable to parent bank attempts to cut back their host operations and transfer resources from subsidiaries . * * In addition to affecting local credit conditions , such attempts may trigger mutually harmful policy responses from host authorities , hurting the banking group in turn — a source of tension that requires close coordination and cooperation between home – host regulatory and supervisory authorities : - As noted , some European banks have been withdrawing , to varying degrees , from CEE , Latin America , Asia , and the Middle East : for example , by cutting back on capitalintensive activities ; reducing jobs ; and withdrawing from jurisdictions with less profitable operations and higher dollar funding costs to focus on ― core ‖ markets , including the home market as well as strategically important host markets ( see appendix table A . 3 ) . While ― home bias ‖ has emerged , in part , as a result of the need to shrink balance sheets", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 229, "text": "Emerging Market Lending Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "represents the official figure on stateless persons in Azerbaijan ( 1 , 800 persons ) as well as UNHCR estimates of ethnic Armenians . 3 The increase over 2005 is due to a revised estimate based on a survey of Bihari settlementsconducted by UNHCR . According to Bangladeshi court decisions , these individuals should be considered as citizens of Bangladesh , however , Biharis often have difficulties establishing their nationality and are generally not issued passports . 4 The figure is based on the Belarus definition of a stateless person as \" a person who is not a citizen of Belarus and who has no proof of citizenship of another country . \" 5 It has yet to be determined whether statelessness has remained a significant problem after the November 2004 Congolese Nationality Law was enacted . 6 Revised statistics provided by the Danish Immigration Service . 7 Almost all persons recorded as stateless have permanent residence and enjoy more rights than foreseen in the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons . 8 Revised statistics provided by UDI Finland . 9 Data refers to 1 January 2006 ( no data available for 2006 ) . 10 Data refers to 1 January 2005 ( no data available for 2006 ) . ~ ~ Ethnic Kazakhs with foreign citizenship who move to Kazakhstan and who may find themselves in a stateless situation for a period of time while applying for Kazakhstan ~ ~ citizenship . After reviewing the naturalization process and accompanying safeguards , UNHCR is satisfied that Kazak citizenship will be accorded . Thus , this caseload is not expected to be reflected in 2007 statistics . 12 Revised Government estimate . Previous estimate was determined to be inaccurate . 13 The Republic of Latvia enacted a Law on Stateless Persons on 17 February 2004 , which replaced the Law on the Status of Stateless Persons in the Republic of Latvia of 18 February 1999 , and which determines the legal status of persons who are not considered as citizens by the legislation of any State and whose status is not determined by the 25t April 1995 Law ( quoted below ) . 14 The Republic of Latvia by the", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 237, "text": "survey of Bihari settlementsconducted", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 801, "end": 862, "text": "Revised statistics provided by the Danish Immigration Service", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * National Agricultural and Rural Inclusive Growth Project ( P153349 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # * * B . KEY OUTPUTS * * | * * Increase agricultural productivity and profitability * * | * * of targeted rural communities * * | | - - - | - - - | | PDO Indicators | 1 . Direct project beneficiaries < br > 2 . Direct beneficiaries who have adopted improved agricultural technologies , innovations and < br > management practices ( TIMPs ) promoted by the project ( Number ) < br > 3 . Yield increase in the selected priority agricultural value chains supported by the project < br > 4 . Producer Organizations supported by the project reporting increase in profitability | | Key Outputs < br > ( linked to the achievement of the PDO Outcome ) | 1 . 528 , 945 beneficiaries reached , of which 59 . 30 percent were female against targets of 360 , 000 and < br > 50 percent , respectively < br > 2 . 358 , 260 trained beneficiaries , of which 59 percent were female and a total of 342 , 966 adopted at < br > least one TIMP against a target of 176 , 400 < br > 3 . 44 . 1 percent yield increase in the selected value chians supported by the project against a target of < br > 30 percent < br > 4 . 84 percent of FPOs supported by the project reported increase in profitability against a target of 70 | Page 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "packaging securities based on mortgages , which resulted in these firms also holding large inventories of these hard-to-value securities . In the cases of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers , the results were disastrous . High leverage was widespread in the U . S . leading up to the GFC , from households to firms to financial institutions . Between 2000 and 2008 , household debt approximately doubled from $ 7 . 2 trillion to $ 14 . 1 trillion , while debt in the financial sector more than doubled from $ 8 . 7 trillion to $ 18 trillion according to Federal Reserve data . < sup > 2 < / sup > Some of the investment banks were leveraged on the order of 30 : 1 , so a three percent portfolio loss could potentially destroy their net worth . A key event that triggered the GFC was the reduction in housing prices that started in 2006 , which created losses on MBS and related securities , as well as questions about how to value them . By August 2007 , losses of confidence and freezes impaired the operations of these and other financial markets . Issues in the interbank lending market and syndicated loan market created liquidity problems for some banks that could no longer easily borrow or sell portions of the loans they originated . These problems worsened considerably after a number of financial institutions failed or needed rescues , including Bear Stearns , Indy Mac , Countrywide , and finally Lehman Brothers , which declared bankruptcy in September 2008 . The public became well aware of the problems associated with mortgages and the securities based on them , and public confidence eroded . The commercial banks suffered liquidity problems from the market freezes and capital losses on their mortgages and securities based on mortgages , resulting in significantly reduced credit supplies . These reduced credit supplies were key factors in initiating the Great Recession . > 2 < u > https : / / www . wsj . com / articles / from-dutch-tulips-to-internet-stocks-bubbles-often-burst11620379809 ? st = 6lbwxzg8iuywthu & reflink = article_email_share < / u > 9", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 572, "text": "Federal Reserve data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BNLA survey provides rich information on labor outcomes such as ( current ) employment status , work sectors , labor income , and receipt of government benefits . Following the existing literature ( e . g . , Beaman , 2012 ; LoPalo , 2019 ) , we use two measures of labor market outcomes available from the BNLA : ( i ) employment status conditional on being in the labor force ( i . e . , this variable equals one if having a paid job in the last seven days and zero otherwise ) ; and ( ii ) weekly labor income ( as measured by total real income of all jobs in thousand Australian dollars ) . We also examine other outcomes such as refugees ’ own labor market outcomes ( including labor force participation ( LFP ) , employment type , and employment skills levels and sector ) and life satisfaction outcomes as well as their partners ’ and children ’ s outcomes ( including partner ’ s employment status , child mental health , and school performance ) . Mental health of refugees is measured by the six-item Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress ( K6 ) , developed by Kessler et al . ( 2002 ) . The six items ask individuals how often , during the past four weeks preceding the survey , an individual felt : ( 1 ) nervous , ( 2 ) hopeless , ( 3 ) restless or fidgety , ( 4 ) so depressed that nothing could cheer them up , ( 5 ) everything was an effort , and ( 6 ) life is meaningless ( worthless ) . The answers are subsequently scored on a five-point scale , with total scores ranging from 6 to 30 , where a higher score indicates worse mental health . For easier interpretation , we follow the common practice in the literature by standardizing mental health scores , such that the total score has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one ( e . g . , Frijters et al . , 2014 ) . Respondents in the BNLA survey were also asked whether they had experienced or witnessed any traumatic events before arriving in Australia . These include extreme living", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 11, "text": "BNLA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Informality is pervasive in the developing world , accounting for about one-third of GDP and around 70 percent of employment ( Loayza , 2018 ; Medina and Schneider , 2019 ) . A large informal sector tends to be associated with low productivity , threatening developing economies ’ long-term growth potential ( Ohnsorge and Yu , 2021 ) . Firm-level survey evidence shows that the average informal firm < sup > 2 < / sup > in developing economies is only one-quarter as productive as the average firm operating in the formal sector ( Amin and Okou , 2020 ) . The drivers behind the differences in productivity between the formal and informal sectors have been well examined . Some studies point to the formal and informal sectors catering to their own unique markets ( Perry et al , 2007 ; La Porta and Shleifer , 2014 ) . Other more recent studies point out that productivity differences between formal and informal firms largely reflect differences in observed characteristics : informal businesses tend to be smaller , are run by less educated individuals , employ less educated workers , and have limited access to finance , which , in turn , prevent them from adopting new technologies ( World Bank 2019a ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > Empirical evidence suggests that digital technologies , which are often not scale-intensive , benefit small firms , including those in the informal sector , by improving their access to markets ( Jensen 2007 , Muto and Yamano 2009 ) . Paunov and Rollo ( 2016 ) show that cell phone use at the industrylevel positively improves sales for informal businesses . However , technology adoption remains low in informal businesses , and other supporting registration efforts , such as management training through business advisory services , vouchers , and other financing approaches , have yielded limited success ( McKenzie and Woodruff 2008 ; Fafchamps et al . 2014 ; De Mel et al . 2011 ) . The limited success of those programs is largely due to the limited skillsets of informal business owners , management practices , and constrained access to finance ( Aga et al . 2021 ; Aberra et al . 2022 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "although exports fell sharply ( by 9 . 1 % ) , imports fell even more ( by 12 . 6 % ) , so the current account played a strong role in moderating the drop in GDP . Real government spending _on goods and services_ rose by 0 . 9 % in 2009 , but Figure 1 shows that the contribution to economic growth was rather modest , despite the stimulus programs of 2009 and 2010 . However , this understates the potential role of government in maintaining GDP , since it also transfers resources to households directly , thereby helping to maintain private consumption spending . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 % < br > 8 % < br > 6 % < br > 4 % < br > 2 % < br > 0 % < br > - 2 % < br > - 4 % < br > - 6 % < br > - 8 % < br > 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 < br > C I G X-IM GDP World GDP < br > % change p . a . ( lines ) or decomposition ( bars ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 1 . Decomposition of GDP growth into its macroeconomic components * * Source : Data reported by Bank of Thailand ; IMF ( 2012 ) . Note : C = consumer spending ; I = investment spending ; G = government spending on goods and services ; X-IM = net exports . The annual data that are summarized in Figure 1 are not fine-grained enough to allow us to date the onset of recession very accurately . Figure 2 presents quarterly data on real GDP growth ( at annualized rates ) . GDP growth was negative for four quarters , starting in the last quarter of 2008 . Compared to the crisis of 1997-1998 , this recent downturn was substantially smaller and shorter . One of the ways in which the global economic slowdown was transmitted to Thailand was through a dramatic reduction in the dollar value of merchandise exports , which dropped from US $ 170 billion in 2008 to", "spans": [{"start": 975, "end": 1008, "text": "Data reported by Bank of Thailand", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1156, "end": 1167, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1307, "end": 1340, "text": "quarterly data on real GDP growth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > market . In addition , del Rio - < / mark > Chanona et al . ( 2020 ) estimate supply and demand shocks in the U . S . in the earlier stage of the pandemic using pre - and postCOVID datasets . In Australia , the impact on unemployment and reduced working hours was in the low single digits . However , workers with up to high-school education experienced larger reductions in their labor force participation and working hours than others . Moreover , immigrants and individuals with shorter job tenure or occupations unsuitable for remote work were hit the hardest in terms of unemployment ( Guvet et al . , 2020 ) . Garrote Sanchez et al . ( 2020 ) use information on essential sectors in Italy and the U . S . and the recent 2018 European Labour Force Survey ( EU LFS ) to identify workers in non-essential industries . They find that jobs most at risk account for 30 percent of all EU employment , and a larger share of jobs in economically disadvantaged regions tend to be vulnerable ones . After lockdown orders had eased , some studies consider the potential shocks to labor supply arising from workers ’ reluctance to work due to infection risk on the job . For example , Aum et al . ( 2020 ) show that fear of infection contributed to reductions in employment in the Republic of Korea , where the government used intensive testing and contact tracing rather than enforcement of lockdown measures . They find that workers in high-contact industries can be affected the hardest and experienced the greatest reductions in local employment . Empirical studies on developing countries were much fewer given the data limitations . Some authors focused on anticipating both the magnitude of impacts and how they would likely be distributed by taking lessons from the developed world . Some posited that certain job characteristics raised the risk of job loss . For example , Zheng et al . ( 2020 ) and Adams-Prassl et al . ( 2020 ) estimated the degree to which people can work from home during the pandemic to mitigate workplace closures or capacity limits . Other studies relied on occupation-level data from O * NET", "spans": [{"start": 735, "end": 768, "text": "2018 European Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 771, "end": 777, "text": "EU LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2093, "end": 2127, "text": "occupation-level data from O * NET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER # * * The World Bank * * | Frequency | Annual | | - - - | - - - | | Data source | EMIS , PLC report , School Inspection report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Count the number of schools that have established and maintained PLCs meeting the specified criteria . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * Number of foundational learning teacher-instructors in Colleges of Teacher Education participating in targeted pre-service professional development * * < br > * * ( Number ) * * | | Description | Measures the number of Pre-primary and primary pre-service teacher - instructors in colleges of teachers Education ( CTEs ) who go through CPD training to < br > improve their pedagogical skill and ensure their preparation to deliver the new curriculum effectively and ultimately aiming to improve the classroom < br > practice of future teachers . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | REBs , CTEs trainingreport , & MoE report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Count the number of pre-service teacher - instructors in each CTEs trained . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | REBs and MoE | | Indicator Name | * * Share of teachers trained in Inclusive Education ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | Measures the proportion of itinerant and satellite-school teachers trained in effective inclusive education teaching methods to the total number of < br > teachers requiringtraining . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Teacher TrainingRecords | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Calculate the percentage by dividing the number of teachers trained in inclusive", "spans": [{"start": 1127, "end": 1137, "text": "MoE report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1664, "end": 1687, "text": "Teacher TrainingRecords", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 3 . Economic Costs and Benefits * * The analysis of economic costs and benefits has been made following the methodology used in SAR . However , some of the assumptions involved in SAR have been modified based on the latest estimates and actual data . The cost benefit analysis is done for the project towns . The population of the project towns is estimated to grow at 4 % ( CSA ’ s data ) per annum instead of 3 % , which was assumed at appraisal stage . The population of other areas , which was assumed at appraisal stage to be indirectly benefited from the project , is not included at this stage due to high uncertainty of information . The level of water consumption has shown an improvement due to rehabilitation of schemes even without the implementation of the newly developed systems . The annual per capita consumption , which was 2 . 9 m3 ( 7 . 9 l / cap / day ) at appraisal increased to 4 . 8 m3 ( 13 . 2 l / cap / day ) in 2001 and to 6 . 4 m3 ( 17 . 5 l / cap / day ) in 2003 for sample of project towns . This trend shows a further improvement of water consumption after implementation of the new systems and hence daily per capita consumption has been assumed to reach 20 liters in year 2005 when the new system will be fully operational and then increases by 2 liters per annum until it reaches 40 liters in the year 2015 . Average tariff , which was about birr 1 . 00 per m3 during appraisal , had shown an increase between 1999 and 2003 to birr 2 . 00 per m3 . This rate is assumed to prevail up to 2004 and will gradually improve towards full cost recovery level and an average of birr 3 . 50 per m3 ( 2005-2010 ) , birr 4 . 50 per m3 ( 2011-2015 ) and birr 5 . 00 per m3 ( 2015-2020 ) has been assumed for the purpose of this", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 399, "text": "CSA ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Libor due to concerns about the credit worthiness of banks , so the Libor-CD spread is viewed by some as a measure of pure liquidity scarcity . We view the premise that purchasers of CDs are not liquidity constrained during a crisis as questionable , but Libor-CD is nonetheless a clear candidate for a robustness check of our main liquidity variable . When Libor-CD is included in lieu of Libor-OIS ( column _R1_ ) , the coefficient is close to zero and statistically insignificant . When both Libor-CD and Libor-OIS are included ( column _R2_ ) , Libor-OIS retains its sign , magnitude , and significance . Our preferred measure of balance sheet problems is an index of CDS spreads , which has the advantages of being forward-looking , and of being based on rates faced by a wide sample of banks in both the U . S . and Europe . However , more direct measures of solvency issues can be found in bank financial data . As a robustness check , loss allowances as a fraction of outstanding loans , as reported by U . S . banks to the FDIC , are included in place of the CDS index ( column _R3_ ) . The coefficient is insignificant , as is that on CDS in the benchmark estimates that do not include lagged channel variables . Although not reported , similar results are found for other variables reported to the FDIC : measures of noncurrent loans and net charge-offs as fractions of outstanding loans , and the fraction of lenders which are unprofitable . These results are broadly supportive of the idea that balance sheet problems have little , if any , contemporaneous impact on cross-border bank lending . In the benchmark estimates , we rely on a GARCH ( 1 , 1 ) conditional volatility index as a measure of uncertainty , for reasons given above . Here , we consider the robustness of this measure by instead using an unconditional measure of volatility : an index of the rolling standard deviations of prices in the same 7 asset markets , along with VIX , used to compute the conditional volatility measure . < sup > 17 < / sup > Results with this alternative measure of volatility are reported", "spans": [{"start": 897, "end": 916, "text": "bank financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Bibliography * * Arnold , J . , B . Javorcik and A . Mattoo ( 2011 ) “ The Productivity Effects of Services Liberalization : Evidence from the Czech Republic ” , _Journal of International Economics_ , Vol . 85 , No . 1 , pages 136 ‐ 146 . Arnold , J . , B . Javorcik , M . Lipscomb and A . Mattoo ( 2015 ) “ Services Reform and Manufacturing Performance : Evidence from India ” , _The Economic Journal_ , Vol . 126 , Issue 590 , pages 1 ‐ 39 . Bauer , M . , F . Erixon , H . Lee ‐ Makiyama , M . Krol ( 2013 ) “ The Economic Importance of Getting Data Protection Right : Protecting Privacy , Transmitting Data , Moving Commerce ” , Washington DC : US Chamber of Commerce . Bourlès , R . , G . Cette , J . Lopez , J . Mairesse and N . Nicoletti ( 2013 ) “ Do Product Market Regulations in Upstream Sectors Curb Productivity Growth ? Panel Data Evidence for OECD Countries ” , _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ , Vol . 95 , No . 5 , pages 1750 ‐ 1768 . Christensen , L . , A . Colciago , F . Etro and G . Rafert ( 2013 ) “ The Impact of the Data Protection Regulation in the EU ” . Intertic Policy Paper , Intertic . Ferracane , M . F . ( 2017 ) , “ Restrictions on Cross ‐ Border data flows : a taxonomy ” , ECIPE Working Paper No . 1 / 2018 , European Center for International Political Economy , Brussels : ECIPE . Ferracane , M . F . and E . van der Marel ( 2018 ) “ Do Data Flows Restrictions Inhibit Trade in Services ? ” , ECIPE DTE Working Paper Series No . 2 , Brussels : ECIPE . Ferracane , M . F . , H . Lee ‐ Makiyama and E . van der Marel ( 2018b ) “ Digital Trade Restrictiveness Index ” , European Centre for International Political Economy , Brussels : ECIPE . Ferracane , M . F . , J . Kren and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cost effective for the delivery of simple low cost technologies , while the higher cost direct FEW farmer group contact is more appropriate for more complex technologies . The issue is raised in the Govemment Statement to the Consultative Group Meeting ( December 1998 ) , where estimates are provided of the cost of government extension services in terms of contact farmers of US $ 60 per farmer , compared with other delivery systems used in the IDEA project of US $ 2 per farmer per demonstration , and for the Sasakawa-Global 2000 program of US $ 15 per farmer per demonstration site . While such comparisons are only indicative , they demonstrate that depending on the crop and technology alternate dissemination systems are available and may be more cost effective . # # # # * * _5 . _ Agricultural Production * * # # # # * * 5 . 1 National Agricultural Production * * The agricultural GDPhas increased over the period of the project ( 1992-1998 ) . The agricultural sector GDP has increased in real terms by 26 per cent , with an average annual real increase of 4 per cent over this period . The agricultural sector GDP figures are detailed in Appendix 1 , Table 3 . At an aggregate level in 1998 crop enterprises accounted for approximately 74 per cent of agricultural GDP and livestock enterprises 17 per cent . Based on the agricultural production data ( refer Appendix 1 , Tables 4 to 6 ) yields have remained relatively constant over the project period with the production increases being from increases in the crop area . Productivity has not increased , being affected by : lack of modern technology inputs ; availability and access to improved varieties ; low fertilizer use and the increase in land use intensity resulting in reductions in soil fertility . The national agricultural statistical data is generally of poor quality , as the data collection systems used are non uniform and often fragmentary , and based on estimates and outdated survey 40", "spans": [{"start": 1334, "end": 1362, "text": "agricultural production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1777, "end": 1815, "text": "national agricultural statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Politics , Cambridge University Press , 2019 . - * * Ferraz , Claudio and Frederico Finan * * , “ Electoral Accountability and Corruption : Evidence from the Audits of Local Governments , ” _American Economic Review_ , June 2011 , _101_ ( 4 ) , 1274 – 1311 . - * * Finan , F . , B . A . Olken , and R . Pande * * , “ Chapter 6 - The Personnel Economics of the Developing State , ” in Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee and Esther Duflo , eds . , _Handbook of Economic Field Experiments_ , Vol . 2 of _Handbook of Economic Field Experiments_ , North-Holland , 2017 , pp . 467 – 514 . - * * Forand , Jean Guillaume , Gergely Ujhelyi , and Michael M Ting * * , “ Bureaucrats and Policies in Equilibrium Administrations , ” _Journal of the European Economic Association_ , 09 2022 , _21_ ( 3 ) , 815 – 863 . - * * Fouirnaies , Alexander and Andrew B . Hall * * , “ How Do Electoral Incentives Affect Legislator Behavior ? Evidence from U . S . State Legislatures , ” _American Political Science Review_ , 2021 , pp . 1 – 15 . - * * George , Siddharth E . * * , “ Like Father , Like Son ? The Effect of Political Dynasties on Economic Development , ” Working Paper 2024 . - * * Guiteras , Raymond P and Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak * * , “ Does Development Aid Undermine Political Accountability ? Leader and Constituent Responses to a Large-Scale Intervention , ” Working Paper 21434 , National Bureau of Economic Research July 2015 . - * * Gulzar , Saad and Benjamin J . Pasquale * * , “ Politicians , Bureaucrats , and Development : Evidence from India , ” _American Political Science Review_ , 2017 , _111_ ( 1 ) , 162 – 183 . - * * Jablonski , Ryan and Brigitte Seim * * , “ What Politicians Do Not Know Can Hurt You : The Effects of Information on Politicians ’ Spending Decisions , ” _American Political Science Review_ , 2024 , _118_ ( 3 ) , 1497 – 1517 . - *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - The overall macroeconomic situation , which sets the broad incentive structure for the operations of banks , has affected the financial sector . As a result of predictable depreciation of the currency , banks borrow at cheaper rates abroad and lend it at high rates domestically , expecting to earn more in net interest income than they lose from currency depreciation . As a result of the moral hazard created by extensive government guarantees and the lack of effective prudential regulation and supervision , the banks take on substantial risks in their interest rate exposures due to maturity mismatches , in unhedged foreign currency positions , and in potential loan losses . Such risks and the existence of large confidence-sensitive claims by nonresidents make the banking sector vulnerable to business cycles and shifts in market sentiment . Although the state banks have much less exposure in market risks , their operations are distorted by their heavy involvement in quasi-fiscal activities and the failure of the government to reimburse the banks for the subsequent \" duty losses \" . Their losses are a major source of liquidity risk to the banking system . The rest of the paper is organized in three main parts . First , we analyze capital flows data and the determinants of capital flows and their impact on the real sectors of the economy . Seconcl , we consider macroeconomic management issues relating to capital flows . Thirdly , we review the interactions of capital flows with the financial sector . Section II presents the basic capital inflows and outflows data and , discusses the main characteristics of these flows and provides a decomposition of the capital account . In section III the setting for capital account liberalization and the initial conditions with regard to the key macroeconomic aggregates are presented , followed by some econometric evidence on the determinants of capital flows . Section IV discusses the effects of capital flows on consumption and investment . Section V turns to macroeconomic management issues , including the exchange rate , monetary and fiscal policies , that relate to capital flows and point out macroeconomic vulnerabilities . Section VI turns to the financial sector and analyzes banking intermediation of capital flows and issues surrounding the process . Section VII", "spans": [{"start": 1253, "end": 1271, "text": "capital flows data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1558, "end": 1591, "text": "capital inflows and outflows data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _None . _", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 365, "end": 388, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improvements in product , process , organization and marketing technologies ) . In this context , we examine wherever possible _which_ forces constrain productivity and innovation in the manufacturing sector and _to what degree_ these constraints matter relative to each other . For the cluster-level productivity analysis , we combine two established data sources in a novel way by importing average ‘ industry-firm size-location ’ cluster-level business environment variables from the World Bank Enterprise Survey ( WBES ) to the comprehensive Census of Industry productivity data available for similar clusters of enterprises . We use a novel empirical approach by comparing the relative importance and distance to a ‘ productivity frontier ’ given the potential relaxation of constraining business environment indicators . For the firm-level TFP > 2 The importance for growth of three main classes of intangible assets has been explored recently , namely firm investment in computerized information ( software and databases ) , innovative property ( R & D spending , product development in the financial industry , architectural , engineering and other designs ) , and economic competencies ( reputation and branding , employee training , and business process improvements ) . Based on the quantification of these classes of intangible assets , intangible investment is actually greater than tangible investment in the UK , US and Sweden , ; and in Canada , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany and Japan , it comes close ( OECD 2010 ) . See Dutz et al . ( 2012a ) for a recent application to another middle-income country , Brazil . 3", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 515, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 532, "end": 582, "text": "comprehensive Census of Industry productivity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 4 - transport and railways so as to achieve a more efficient allocation of resources , making the railways the principal means of transport over long distances . The overall size of the Transport Sector Plan is ambitious , and will probably be reduced given financial and implementation constraints . However , the relative allocation of funds between sub-sectors appears adequate . Although there are no expenditures allocated for railway extensions in the Plan , there are provisions for feasibility studies of various branch lines . The Government is about to contract consultants to carry out a feasibility of the Kerio Valley Railway , a 230 km branch line from Solai to Marich Pass . Given that this and other proposed branch lines are , in all probability , not economically justified at this time , it is recommended that Kenya Railways ( KR ) does not take on the financial burden of any such investments in branch lines ( paras 5 . 14 and 6 . 01 ) . # # # Transport Policy 1 . 12 During the 1960s most long-distance freight was transported by rail , mainly because commercial road transport was subject to considerable operational restrictions , primarilj through licensing , which protected the differential tariffs of the railway . In the late sixties , road transport regulations were relaxed and this , together with improved roads , particularly the paving of the Mombasa-Nairobi road led to a substantial rise in road transport throughout the seventies . Furthermore , from 1974 to 1978 the Railways faced severe operational and capacity problems during the gradual breakup of the EARC and the eventual formation of KR , which naturally increased the competitiveness of road transport , but the purchase of additional rolling stock in 1979 has now given the railways additional capacity . Given the Railways problems over the last five years it is difficult to assess how much traffic is going by road because of consumer preference , rather than force of circumstance ( i . e . , because the Railways were unable to carry more goods ) . Information obtained from railway customers shows that private manufacturing companies and dealers transport", "spans": [{"start": 2056, "end": 2099, "text": "Information obtained from railway customers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", December 2020_ | * * By employment category * * | * * Due to * * | * * To avoid * * | * * Other * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * business or * * < br > * * job losses * * < br > * * from COVID * * | * * exposure to * * < br > * * the virus * * | * * reasons * * < br > * * ( Including * * < br > * * non-COVID - * * < br > * * related ) * * | | Public sector employees | 3 . 9 | 0 . 6 | 12 . 4 | | All private sector employees < br > All private sector employees , | 24 . 1 | 1 . 8 | 17 . 0 | | core sectors | 29 . 0 | - | - | | Self-employed | 27 . 2 | 3 . 1 | 29 . 8 | | Employers | 33 . 9 | 0 . 0 | 4 . 0 | Source : the COVID-19 Georgia High-Frequency Phone Survey ( GHFPS ) . Notes : “ Individuals who lost jobs because of job or business losses due to COVID-19 ” : Those who had a job in March 2020 but don ’ t have a job in December 2020 and answered that they stopped working because they lost jobs or no business because of COVID 19 . Other reasons include contract end , validate the method we propose for quantifying the level of risk of job loss for PFPS jobs . An additional test of our methodology and its limits would be to see whether it can predict the realized distribution of net job losses across different categories of workers that would have most likely held the jobs that were lost . # 5 . 4 Projected Job Losses by Sector In this sub-section we assess how well projections of job loss align across various methods and sources of data by sector of employment . Because neither survey ( WBES and LFS ) on which", "spans": [{"start": 640, "end": 684, "text": "COVID-19 Georgia High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1526, "end": 1530, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Ministry of Local Government . Local Authorities in the respective project regions will be involved , including County , City ( Municipal ) , and Town Councils . Project coordination at the provincial and district levels will be defined in the KESSP Project Procurement Manual . # # # _8 . 2 COMPENSATION PROCESS_ The compensation process for subprojects will involve several steps to be carried out in accordance with the measures set out in the subproject RAPs . These steps include the following : # # # _ ( a ) Public Participation_ Public participation with local communities will be an ongoing process through out resettlement planning . PAPs will be notified during the identification of subprojects and consulted with as part of the screening process . The subsequent socio-economic survey will record all relevant information about the PAPs , and ensure that this is accurately reflected in the RAP in order to allocate the appropriate compensation . Periodic monitoring will ensure that PAPs have been consulted and that compensation and relocation has been carried out satisfactorily . # # # # _ ( b ) Notification_ Landowners are to be notified that their property is required for development of the subproject . In rural areas , the user will be informed through both a formal notification , both written and verbal , to be delivered in the presence of the village chief and the village Coordination Committee . To ensure that any sensitive areas are accurately identified during this procedure , all necessary authorities and community representatives ( village chiefs , religious leaders , other elders and individuals who control fishing areas , wild trees and bee hives ) will accompany the survey team to the site . # # # _ ( c ) Documentation of Holdings and Assets_ Village officials , urban authorities , and the local community will arrange meetings with PAPs / PAFs to discuss the compensation process . For each individual or household affected , the local community completes a compensation dossier containing necessary personal information on , the affected party and those individuals considered as household members , total", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 799, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation problems in a single meeting that would previously have required months of formal back-and-forth . 32 . * * The related DLI 4 on central MDAs conducting their core oversight functions was the most challenging throughout implementation but was ultimately achieved * * . In FY2021 / 22 , the verification protocol proved too demanding , and only US $ 2 million of the US $ 16 million allocated could be disbursed . The June 2024 restructuring revised the protocol to allow partial disbursement when each criterion was met individually rather than requiring simultaneous compliance across all of them . By FY2024 / 25 , DLI 4 was fully met , unlocking US $ 20 million ( 100 percent of the allocated amount ) . # # * * _Outcome 3 : Improving LG Management Performance – Rated High_ * * _This outcome measures the extent to which LGs improved their management of service delivery resources , both overall and for the weakest-performing LGs , as measured by the annual LGMSD assessment . _ | * * Indicators * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Target * * | * * Actual * * | * * Achieved * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * PDO Indicator 3a : Improvement in the LG performance in the management of service delivery and investments * * | | | | | | Education - improvement in LG Management Performance Overall ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | | | Health - improvement in LG Management Performance Overall ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | | | Water and Environment - improvement in LG Management Performance Overall ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | | | Small-scale Irrigation - improvement in LG Management Performance Overall ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | Yes | | | * * PDO Indicator 3b : Improvement in", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 994, "text": "LGMSD assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2019-10-21 < br > 2019-12-16 | 2020-04-14 | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-84400 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 22 < br > autoclave machines for < br > health facilities to general < br > store and will be issued using < br > store cards | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 5 , 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-12-25 < br > 2019-02-19 | 2019-03-21 | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-85110 - < br > GO-RFQ / Purchase 7 LCDs < br > for 6 Sub Counties to facilitate < br > RMNCAH Data review < br > meetings and 1 for CHMT for < br > 6 sub counties | < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 4 , 900 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2020-02-02 < br > 2020-03-29 | 2020-05-28 | | KE-NANDI COUNTY-137763 - < br > GO-RFQ / PURCHASE OF 30 < br > CRATES OF SODA , 30 CRATES < br > OF WATER | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Post", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 675, "text": "RMNCAH Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Other channels of transmission of the shock can also contribute to its uneven incidence . For example , rents in oil producing and closely related sectors ( such as refineries ) will be directly hit . Given the large capital stocks of the oil sector , capital returns may also suffer larger losses vis ‐ à ‐ vis labor returns . This shift > 13 Note that if rich consumers purchase a larger share of imported goods , they may be impacted more severely than poorer ones by the increase in import prices . Some authors [ Broda and Romalis 2008 ] have studied this issue for the case of the US . They found that lower import prices of goods originating in China have actually helped the poorer consumers in the US . However , the current household data for Russia do not allow to investigate this channel . 15", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 761, "text": "household data for Russia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "autaires de protection et la non-rupture des services dans les zones difficiles d ’ accès . - Soutenir la coordination GBV en finançant les postes de coordinateurs et IMs GBV dans les deux provinces afin de garantir l ’ efficacité et l ’ accès aux services , éclairer la prise des décisions de l ’ EHP et des bailleurs , le plaidoyer , etc . # # # # * * ACTEURS HUMANITAIRES ET DE PROTECTION * * - Renforcer la prise en compte de la transversalité de la mitigation des risques VBG dans tous les secteurs . - Assurer le respect des principes directeurs dans les services de prise en charge ainsi que dans le processus de collecte , validation et communication sur les données VBG . Destruction des biens personnels et conflits fonciers liés aux occupations * * RISQUE 4 * * secondaires des maisons et champs dans les zones de retour # # # # * * AUTORITES PROVINCIALES ET LOCALES ( RECONNUES OU DE FACTO ) . * * - S ’ abstenir des actes ou initiatives qui pourraient inciter ou favoriser les occupations forcées ou de mauvaise foi des maisons et champs des personnes en déplacement forcé ou retournées , et soutenir la résolution des conflits d ’ occupation secondaire de manière pacifique . - Encourager la gestion des conflits fonciers ( occupations des parcelles / maisons / champs ) à travers des mécanismes de médiation et d ’ arbitrage entre les parties concernées et impliquant éventuellement les leaders communautaires ( Nyumbakumi ) , les déplac", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 678, "text": "données VBG", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| resource areas and provide adequate measures to < br > avoid , minimize , or mitigate adverse effects . | iii . < br > If such impacts involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats , have the < br > activities been excluded from the Program ? < br > iv . < br > Does screening include the use of the best available science ( e . g . reference to authoritative source < br > materials such as maps , lists of threatened or endangered species prepared by recognized experts , < br > direct advice from recognized experts , advice from peer-reviewed technical literature ) to inform the < br > assessment of potential impacts ? < br > v . < br > Are Program activities planned and carried out in the context of land use or other management plans < br > that identify sensitive habitat areas ? < br > vi . < br > Is screening at a sufficient level of detail and granularity to identify the location and geographical < br > extent of natural and critical habitats ? < br > vii . < br > Would Program activities lead to the fragmentation of existing habitat areas , both at the level of < br > localized Program activities and at larger landscape levels ? < br > viii . < br > Do management plans require appropriate conservation and mitigation measures to be in place , < br > including those required to maintain ecological services ? | | - - - | - - - | | Support and promote the protection , conservation , < br > maintenance , and rehabilitation of natural < br > habitats . | i . < br > Does the Program include management measures to protect , conserve , or rehabilitate habitats that are < br > at risk ? Are these measures consistent with recognized international good practice ? < br > ii . < br > Do management systems include measures to avoid , restrict , or otherwise forbid the introduction of < br > exotic or invasive species that may threaten ecosystems or value ? < br > iii . < br > Are", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 475, "text": "lists of threatened or endangered species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capacity ; and some are technical , relating to the informational inputs required . Figure 10 . Sequence of the IPF < ! - - Start of picture text - - > I < br > Criteria • Deliberation and consultation with decision < br > Identification makers and experts < br > • SEI and FEI based on existing appraisal data < br > II < br > • PCA when objectivity in criteria weighting is preferred < br > SEI and FEI < br > • CBA elements incorporated when available / calculable < br > calculation < br > • Sensitivity analysis < br > • ( SEI , FEI ) coordinates < br > III < br > Visual interface • Quadrants defined by budget < br > constraint < br > • Based on informed political < br > IV and technical debate < br > Selection • Quadrant A projects high < br > priority to invest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 23", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 310, "text": "appraisal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A . 2 : Validation with SICONFI data : verification phase , by function < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 10000 100000 < br > 7500 75000 < br > 5000 50000 < br > 2500 25000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PB PR < br > 30000 < br > 8000 < br > 6000 20000 < br > 4000 < br > 10000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > RS SP < br > 30000 60000 < br > 20000 40000 < br > 10000 20000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > % difference from SICONFI data % difference from SICONFI data < br > Frequency < br > Frequency Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage difference of verification data from the budget execution dataset in relation to data on verified expenses from SICONFI , as described in Section 3 . Figure A . 3 : Validation with SICONFI data : payment phase , by function < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 6000 80000 < br > 60000 < br > 4000 < br > 40000 < br > 2000 < br > 20000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 43, "text": "SICONFI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 940, "end": 964, "text": "budget execution dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 980, "end": 1018, "text": "data on verified expenses from SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 464 ) | ( 0 . 476 ) | ( 0 . 491 ) | ( 0 . 459 ) | ( 0 . 353 ) | ( 0 . 367 ) | ( 0 . 384 ) | ( 0 . 362 ) | ( 0 . 498 ) | ( 0 . 463 ) | ( 0 . 465 ) | ( 0 . 508 ) | | Number of observations | 469 | 469 | 469 | 469 | 473 | 473 | 473 | 473 | 522 | 522 | 522 | 522 | 427 | 427 | 427 | 427 | | r2_w | 0 . 340 | 0 . 358 | 0 . 335 | 0 . 355 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 066 | 0 . 035 | 0 . 077 | 0 . 074 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 066 | 0 . 038 | 0 . 074 | 0 . 073 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 669 | 0 . 697 | 0 . 674 | 0 . 701 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the Georgia COV-ES data . Sector information used as the interaction terms is taken from the baseline ES . Columns 3 through 8 report coefficients from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6 for more details . 64", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 685, "text": "Georgia COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Estimated with weighted OLS , normalised survey stratification weights applied . Standard errors in parenthesis , clustered on region . Significance levels : * * * 0 . 01 , * * 0 . 05 , * 0 . 10 . First , these estimates suggest a robust and significant negative impact of infrastructure disruptions on firm utilization rate . Power outages , water outages , and transportation issues all contribute to reducing utilization , and therefore productivity and revenues . Second , estimates indicate that for water and transport , indirect effects may be as or even more important than direct impacts , while the indirect impact of power outages seems to be smaller . However , indirect effects are imperfectly measured using regional disruption levels , as point estimates for regionlevel variables are sensitive to different controls and show large standard errors . < sup > 3 < / sup > Nonetheless , one implication is that estimates looking only at direct impacts of infrastructure disruptions may be missing a large part of the economic cost . Third , the interaction term ( between direct and indirect impacts ) is positive for all types of infrastructure . This means that direct impacts are less severe if the firm ’ s backward and forward linkages are disturbed anyways – and conversely : supply chain mediated indirect effects cause less harm when the firm already suffers from direct disruptions . The estimated model suggests that infrastructure disruptions have a significant economic cost in the form of reduced business utilization rates . In the case of electricity outages , measured by the annual selfreported total blackout duration , this effect is robust significant across model specifications . Following this estimate , 100 additional hours of blackout decrease utilization by 0 . 13 to 0 . 32 percentage points on average ( Table 4 model III ) . 4 Note that this estimate is close to the results in section 4 . 1 . based on selfreported losses , which suggest that 100 hours of blackout would decrease the annual utilization rate by about 0 . 29 percentage points in the model without interaction ( Table 4 model I ) . This makes us confident that our identification strategy in the previous section is valid and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-09-11 < br > 2018-03-27 < br > 2018-10-02 < br > 2018 | - 03-27 < br > 2018-11-15 | 2018-12-15 | 2019-01-19 | 2019-07-18 | | ET-MOST-43022-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service to < br > develop a long-term business < br > plan and proposal for < br > financial funding for < br > equipment and infrastructure | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-01 < br > 2018-03-30 < br > 2018-10-22 < br > 2018 | - 03-30 < br > 2018-12-05 | 2019-01-04 | 2019-02-08 | 2019-08-07 | | ET-MOST-69291-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of consulting < br > firm for standards need < br > assessment survey | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 100 , 000 . 00 | 97 , 904 . 57 < br > Completed | 2018-07-19 < br > 2018-08-15 < br > 2018-08-09 < br > 2018 | - 08-21 < br > 2018-09-22 < br > 2019-03-01 | 2018 -", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 844, "text": "assessment survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "periods , the income divided by 12 may differ from the monthly income of the job at the time of the interview in the previous or current year . This issue is particularly significant for individuals with unstable careers , including job changes and unemployment interruptions , as the varying periods can result in substantial biases . To address these limitations , we decided to analyze yearly incomes instead of monthly incomes by aggregating administrative tax data , which is available every month , to a yearly level . 10", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 469, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Increasing the schooling attainment of girls is a challenge in much of the developing world . In a large number of countries , especially in the Middle East and parts of Asia and Africa , overall education for girls is low , and lags significantly behind that of boys . Nonetheless , over 180 governments have adopted universal primary education and gender parity in schooling as Millennium Development Goals . These commitments notwithstanding , there is surprisingly little evidence on policies and programs that effectively raise school attainment , including for girls ( see the reviews by Glewwe 2002 ; Case 2004 ) . In this paper we evaluate the impact of a program designed to increase the enrollment of girls in secondary school in Cambodia . Cambodia is recovering from many years of internal and external strife . The Khmer Rouge regime of the 1970s and Vietnamese occupation in the 1980s had severe repercussions for all aspects of the economy and society , including the education sector ( see De Walque 2004 ) . Most Cambodian children attend some schooling , but a large share complete only very few grades . According to the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) , 85 percent of 15 to 19 year olds had completed grade 1 while only 27 percent had completed grade 7 , the first year of lower secondary . These percentages are lower for rural areas , 83 and 21 percent , respectively , and lower yet for rural girls , 78 and 17 percent , respectively ( Filmer 2005 ) . To address these problems , the Cambodian government has initiated a series of reforms in the education sector , including scholarship programs for students from disadvantaged backgrounds . The program we evaluate is the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction ( JFPR ) scholarship program . This program selected 93 lower secondary schools and , within each of these schools , approximately 45 girls who were beginning 7 < sup > th < / sup > grade were awarded scholarships of $ 45 each . The value of the scholarship is large — in 2002 , mean per capita GDP in Cambodia was approximately $ 300 ( World Bank 2005 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1201, "text": "2000 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _β_ : Coefficient of interest , measuring the impact of TRA officials ’ presence on the outcome . - _εiw_ : Error term . Standard errors were clustered at the ward level to account for intra-ward correlation in responses . # * * 4 Results * * We collected data from a random sample of firms across the country in two waves . We surveyed one individual representing each firm in December 2022 at the same time as the treatment was implemented . After this primary data collection , we matched each ward with administrative tax records . A second wave of data was collected to understand the first wave results as well as persistence in May 2024 . # # * * 4 . 1 Data Collection Wave 1 : Survey * * We report findings for different subgroups of outcomes for our treatment - the presence of agents of the state when conducting surveys in the field . Our first set of outcomes is about the firm ’ s own behavior . We find that our treatment led to an increase in tax morale in general ( Table 3 ) . We create an index using four different measures of own tax morale : whether firm pays on tax obligations , whether not paying taxes is considered wrong and punishable , whether firm would pay taxes even if the probability of being caught for non compliance is low , and firms should not refuse to pay taxes until services improve . We find no effect on the first three outcomes , but find a statistically significant effect on not refusing to pay tax in the absence of services . We estimate a coefficient of 0 . 086 over a control mean of 0 . 395 . This shows the agreement with this statement is already high 15", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 535, "text": "administrative tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF Center under the CSC and Ethiopian Institute of Certified Public Accountants include procurement of a large amount of goods and equipment . Further , all components have sub-project activities that require the supplies of office equipment and secretarial materials . As per the government procurement policy , therefore , the project will bid for the Primary Suppliers that provide the necessary goods and equipment for the project on an ongoing basis . Given this , the table below gives an estimate of the number of Primary Supply workers . * * Table 1 : Estimated number of project workers * * | * * Category * * | * * Estimated Number * * | | - - - | - - - | | Direct workers | | | NPCU staff in the MoF ; PIUs ’ staff in the CSC , and MoR | 100 | | E & S Safeguards focalpersons in the MoH and MoA | 4 | | E & S Safeguards focalpersons in the respective Regional Bureaus | 100 | | Contracted workers | 500 | | PrimarySupplyworkers | 350 | | * * Total * * | * * 1054 * * | # # # # # # * * 1 . 2 Characteristics of Project Workers * * The likely characteristics of the project workers are described based on the nature of work required in the project as categorized above . In addition , Labor Force and Migration Surveys are the most important sources of data that provide information regarding the characteristics of the labor force in a country . Hence , the 2021 Ethiopia Labor Force and Migration Survey ( ELFMS ) findings are used as a source of information to provide the likely characteristics of project workers . The proposed project activities are largely implemented at the ministerial and line regional bureaus . This means that the project locations are Addis Ababa , Dire Dawa , and other regional capitals . As Per the findings of the 2021 ELFMS , the formal and informal labor", "spans": [{"start": 1278, "end": 1311, "text": "Labor Force and Migration Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1452, "end": 1498, "text": "2021 Ethiopia Labor Force and Migration Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1841, "end": 1851, "text": "2021 ELFMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "` ` ́ ` ́ ` ́ . saesimpovmapyxvar [ aw = hhw ] , area ( localityid_n ) uniqid ( hhid ) psu ( thepsu ) zvar ( zvar ) / / / > eta ( normal ) epsilon ( normal ) varest ( h3 ) lnypwcensus ( p_hhsize_hh ) / / / > vce ( ell ) rep ( 100 ) seed ( 89546 ) ydump ( ` sfiles ́ ) res ( ` result ́ ) addvars ( pline / / / > pline2rdefrdef2rentdefrdef_rentroom2rdef_rentall2 ) / / / > matin ( ` matadata ́ ) col ( 10 ) bootebeststage ( second ) aggids ( 0 ) indicators ( fgt0 ) / / / > plines ( 5291 . 52 ) note : p_ageomittedbecauseofcollinearity Note : Dependentvariableinlogarithmicform WARNING : 76observationsremovedduetolessthan3observationsinthecluster . ` ` ` ` ` ` OLSmodel : ` ` ` | ` lny ` | ` Coef . ` | ` Std . Err . ` | ` z ` | ` P > | z | ` | ` [ 95 % Conf . ` | ` Interval ] ` | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ` dw_bath ` | ` . 1397767 ` | ` . 0200267 ` | ` 6 . 98 ` | ` 0 . 000 ` | ` . 100525 ` | ` . 1790283 ` | | ` dw_btype_d3 ` | ` . 0496587 ` | ` . 0211568 ` | ` 2 . 35 ` | ` 0 . 019 ` | ` . 0081921 ` | ` . 0911253 ` | | ` edu_postsec ` | ` . 0816588 ` | ` . 0883387 ` | ` 0 . 92 ` | ` 0 . 355 ` | ` - . 0914818 ` | ` . 2547994 ` | | ` edu_prim ` | ` - . 8848284 ` | ` . 1744707 ` | ` - 5 . 07 ` | ` 0 . 000 ` | ` - 1 . 226785 ` | ` - . 5428722 ` | | ` j_firm_access1 ` | ` . 0382874 ` | ` . 0129973 `", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 389, "text": "matadata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _d ) _ * * Recognition of receipts Public Financial Management Reforms Secretariat recognizes all receipts from various sources when an event occurs , and the related cash is received . # # # # i ) Transfers from the Exchequer Transfers from the Exchequer are recognized in the books of accounts when cash is received . Cash is considered received when a payment instruction is issued to the bank and the receiving entity is notified . * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 303, "text": "books of accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 | 6 . 0 | 2 . 4 | 40 . 8 | | Access to improved latrines | % pop | 9 . 9 | 40 . 8 | 47 . 6 | 1 . 4 | | Access to traditional latrines | % pop | 50 . 1 | 30 . 8 | 28 . 6 | 30 . 4 | | Open defecation | % pop | 40 . 3 | 22 . 2 | 21 . 3 | 14 . 3 | | Domestic water consumption | liter / capita / day | 72 . 4 | 39 | 44 | 165 . 9 | | Revenue collection | % sales | 92 . 7 | 96 . 0 | 96 . 0 | 100 . 0 | | Distribution losses | % production | 34 . 3 | 37 . 0 | 25 . 5 | 26 . 8 | | Cost recovery | % total costs | 56 . 0 | — | 70 | 80 . 6 | | Operating cost recovery | % operating costs | 65 | — | 98 | 145 | | Labor costs | connections per < br > employee | 158 . 6 | 170 . 4 | 210 . 8 | 368 . 7 | | Total hidden costs as % of revenue | % | 162 . 7 | 184 | 124 | 140 . 4 | | | | * * Mali * * | Countr | ies with scarce w | ater resources | | Residential tariff ( US cents per m < sup > 3 < / sup > ) | | 25 . 2 | | 60 . 26 | | Source : Demographic and Health Survey and AICD water and sanitation utilities database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data . DHS figures are as of 2006 . Utility numbers are as of 2001 and 2007 . Note : Tariff data as of mid 2000s In less than two decades , Mali has managed to provide access to improved water and sanitation to more than half of its population , or in the worst case ( figure 10 ) . The share of", "spans": [{"start": 931, "end": 960, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 965, "end": 1009, "text": "AICD water and sanitation utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1174, "end": 1185, "text": "Tariff data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "eligibility for compensation will be terminated . New inhabitants coming to the project affected areas will not be considered for compensation . The ToR for the RAP will be drafted by the PCU site planning officer and the monitoring and evaluation officer and focus on the following : - Technical design alternatives to avoid resettlement ; - Land tenure , household survey ; socio-economic baseline study ; - Selection of resettlement area and provision for alternative sites ; - Organizational structures ; - Community participation of both resettles and hosts , including also community institutions or organizations of both groups and NGOs ; - Legal framework ; - Plan and design of development assistance to cover both project affected persons ( PAPs ) and host community ; - Valuation methodology , title registration , time frame in compensation procedures , appeal mechanisms ; - Impact on marginal groups , old people , women , ethnic minorities and pastoralists ; - Cultural identity and preservation ; - Access to training , employment and credit ; - Housing , including criteria for house plot allocation , infrastructure and social services ; - State of natural resources , land suitability and carrying capacity at resettlement site estimated at least two generations ahead taking into account population and livestock growth , as well as water availability and water quality ; - Immediate as well as foreseen health implications at resettlement site in relation to water-borne diseases , nutrition , environmental hygiene , availability of clinics or other health extension services , hazardous chemicals , toxic wastes , food contamination and the work environment ; - Possibilities and constraints regarding assimilation or integration of resettles into host communities ; - Staff requirements , staff training needs , necessary equipment , - Cost estimation , budget , synchronized resettlement implementation action plan with the project implementation schedule ; and - Monitoring and evaluation procedures . The final output of the ToR is a RAP . After preparation , the RAP should be submitted to the World Bank ( ASPEN ) for clearance and makes it available to the general public . After the World Bank clearance , the project and the World Bank will again disclose the RAP to", "spans": [{"start": 357, "end": 373, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # * * 3 . 4 Right of Way * * Right of Way ( RoW ) is required to ensure the safe construction , maintenance and operation of the power line . * * Right of Way : * * According to the Ethiopian Electricity Agency directives of overhead electric line clearance 30m wide ROW is required for 230kV . # # # # # * * 3 . 5 Salient Features of Woliso Substation * * For Woliso power transmission subproject , the scope of the substation is to build a new 230 kV substation at Woliso town . This substation has an outdoor conventional , 230kv double bus bar configuration . The electrical layout of all substations will involve different number of lines , transformer and bus coupler according to the size of substation . The Google location of the proposed new Woliso substation site is shown in Figure 3 . 3 . Figure 3 . 3 : Location of the Proposed Woliso Substation # # # # # * * 3 . 6 Construction Phase Activities - Transmission Line * * The Contractor is required to prepare and submit to the Subproject Engineer a detailed Method Statements in order to safely construct and install the overhead transmission lines . However , the key construction phase activities for the transmission lines and substations will include the following : - Site Clearing ; - Foundation Excavation ; Official Use Only Page 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 trees to be compensated have been valued at Uganda Shillings * * 517 , 489 , 425 / = . * * # # # # * * Summary of the social Impacts * * In summary no other properties will be affected except crops , fruits , herbal trees , bananas and other trees of either economic or cultural importance . In principal land will be affected except that this land is located within the prescribed road reserve area for which no compensation would normally be applicable . In practice the portion of land needed for the distribution poles is about 1 . 5 feet in diameter which will be enough to erect a pole . In this study the land has not been valued . # # # # * * Impact on livelihoods * * The predominant economic activity in the project area is crop farming . The crops produced in large numbers are bananas with 20 , 000 tons followed by maize and beans which have 10 , 000 tons each . Coffee , ground nuts and sweet potatoes are the third with yields of 5 , 000 tons each . Cassava and Irish potatoes have the least registered number of yields with only 3 , 000 and 1 , 000 tons respectively . The largest numbers of animals reared by the people of Kiruhura are indigenous cows , followed by poultry , goats , pigs and others respectively while rabbits are the least animals raised by the people of Kiruhura . It is recommended that these disturbances are kept to a minimum by ensuring that fresh gardens for annual crops are avoided where possible during the construction phase . # # # # * * SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY * * This section presents the 2017 social baseline of the project area , that is , Kiruhura and Mbarara . # # # # * * Data handling during the review * * The socio-economic survey took place between October 9 to 28", "spans": [{"start": 1631, "end": 1652, "text": "SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1811, "end": 1832, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial intermediation does not operate efficiently due to such covariate risks in production , rural households cannot borrow from local credit markets or handle efficiently seasonality of income and consumption . < sup > 19 < / sup > Over time , group lending and other innovative mechanisms have been developed in many places to deal with the moral hazard of rural lending . These measures have helped reduce loan default costs for lenders and handle covariate risks caused by agricultural seasonality . Also , where agriculture is highly seasonal , institutions such as MFIs have sought to diversify income by supporting rural nonfarm activities . To help reduce negative effects of covariate risks on income and consumption , they have introduced seasonal loans . Weekly loan repayment schedules and peer monitoring are enforced to avoid non-payment , especially during lean seasons . The question is whether these measures are adequate to reduce the role of covariate risks in financial intermediation and to help households cope with the seasonality of income and consumption . No study has yet been done , to the best of our knowledge , to demonstrate whether financial inclusion and innovations have sufficiently reduced the negative consequences of covariate risks in financial intermediation in a rural setting . The paper analyzes both household and institutional data from Bangladesh to examine both issues , namely , ( i ) whether seasonality still matters in household borrowing in a rural setting with extensive coverage of microfinance , and ( ii ) whether seasonality still matters in the portfolio management of the MFIs with innovative means to deal with the moral hazard of rural lending . Descriptive analysis of seasonal patterns of household borrowing data exhibits pronounced seasonality in that borrowing is the lowest during the lean season when households need to borrow most . On the other hand , monthly > 19 Predictable seasonality does not pose a risk if the means to avert its negative consequences does not involve a great degree of uncertainty . 24", "spans": [{"start": 1350, "end": 1398, "text": "household and institutional data from Bangladesh", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1758, "end": 1782, "text": "household borrowing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services Project ( P179040 ) 18 . * * According to the latest data available from UNICEF , only 3 percent of children under 5 years of age have their birth registered . * * < sup > * * 18 * * < / sup > Through the World Bank-funded Health SDG Program ( P123531 ) , the percentage of births occurring in a given year that were registered attained 20 . 9 percent in 2022 . < sup > 19 < / sup > In 2016 , kebeles introduced paper-based and manual recording of births , deaths , marriages , and divorces . In May 2021 , the Immigration , Nationality and Vital Events Agency — now known as Immigration and Citizenship Services ( ICS ) — unveiled a Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Improvement Plan for 2022 – 2026 . < sup > 20 < / sup > Digitalization is a major component , supported by the World Bank ’ s Program for Results ( Hybrid ) for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services ( P175167 ) project . 19 . * * In line with the Digital Ethiopia 2025 Strategy , * * < sup > * * 21 * * < / sup > * * the GoE began an initiative in 2019 to establish a foundational ID system as a complement — not a replacement — to the existing Kebele IDs . * * The intention of the new ID system is to provide a trusted source of identity , including for online transactions , while Kebele IDs will continue to provide proof of address and residence . In the same year , the GoE developed the Principles and Governance Structure of the National Identity Program , which emphasized inclusion for all residents ( including refugees ) of Ethiopia and alignment with the Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development . < sup > 22 < / sup > Responsibility was transferred from the Ministry of Innovation and Technology ( MInT ) to the", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 149, "text": "data available from UNICEF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . 9 | 97 . 1 % | | Wealthquartile 4 | 57801 . 7 | 32906 . 3 | 3 . 3 | 56 . 9 % | | Head education , primary | 28259 . 2 | 28236 . 9 | 3 . 9 | 99 . 9 % | | Head education , middle school | 33908 . 9 | 31735 . 8 | 5 . 0 | 93 . 6 % | | Head education , high school | 39011 . 6 | 28946 . 6 | 1 . 9 | 74 . 2 % | | Head education , technical school | 54367 . 1 | 45777 . 1 | 3 . 0 | 84 . 2 % | | Knew e-commerce | 48461 . 3 | 35820 . 9 | 3 . 1 | 73 . 9 % | | No urban experience or did not hear about e - < br > commerce while in urban | 33205 . 6 | 29294 . 6 | 7 . 1 | 88 . 2 % | | Agequartile 1 , mean age 29 | 46054 . 0 | 32914 . 8 | 3 . 4 | 71 . 5 % | | Agequartile 2 , mean age 40 | 38653 . 5 | 30434 . 9 | 3 . 9 | 78 . 7 % | | Age quartile 3 , mean age 52 | 30761 . 9 | 29404 . 0 | 4 . 9 | 95 . 6 % | | Agequartile 4 , mean age 66 | 25608 . 8 | 26346 . 8 | 2 . 6 | 102 . 9 % | Note : The wealth index is constructed from principal component analysis of the household ’ s ownership of automobiles , trucks , motorcycles , tractors , personal computers , laptops , air conditioners , televisions , cellphones , and dwellings . However , one should use caution when interpreting this result as the estimated direct effect of e-commerce participation on household income growth represents mainly an upper bound while the indirect effect of e-commerce development on the local economy in Taobao Villages is likely to be positive ( for the reasons discussed in the previous section ) . In addition ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data for 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . Any device that is effective in reducing inflation , and therefore seigniorage revenue , might have the effect of improving the fiscal balance in the same way as hard pegs . Table 4 shows the effect of adding a dummy for an inflation-targeting regime to the table 1 regression . This variable is never significant , however . Do countries behave differently when they first become commodity exporters ? To examine this issue , we construct a dummy variable that is equal to one in the five years after a country first exceeds the 25 percent threshold for fuel exports , or the 10 percent threshold for ores and metals ( even if the other threshold is already exceeded ) . Thus this dummy is zero for countries that do not specialize in natural resource exports and also for those that have been exporting resources of the specified type for more than five years . In table 5 this dummy is added to the regressions in table 1 , together with an interaction term between this dummy and political stability , which is designed to test whether political stability affects the behavior of new commodity exporters . Neither of these new variables is significant , even at the 10 percent level , for total revenues or total expenditures , but they are each significant at 10 percent level for the fiscal balance . The interaction term has a positive coefficient , and the new commodity exporter dummy has a negative one . This suggests that with low political stability ( below 11 . 91 / 0 . 176 = 68 ) new commodity exporters have somewhat worse fiscal balances , whereas those with high political stability have slightly better ones . These results imply that new fuel exporters shift to the higher revenue and expenditure patterns of fuel exporters as soon as they become significant fuel exporters . We have also investigated whether there is an anticipation effect whereby", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 141, "text": "Annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 10 . The long-run impact of the indexation of minimum wage by inflation ( Scenario 1 ) across regions ( NUTS-3 ) of the country . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 2 . 5 < br > 20 2 < br > 15 1 . 5 < br > 10 1 < br > 5 0 . 5 < br > 0 0 < br > Impacted ( % ) Job losses ( % ) Wage increase ( % ) < br > Impacted ( % ) < br > Job Losses and Wage Increase ( % ) < br > Suceava Constanca Buzau Valcea Braila Botosani Harghita Bihor Ialomita Neamt Calarasi Vaslui Teleorman Tulcea Caras-Severin Galati Hunedoara Olt Giurgiu Mehdinti Maramures Bacau Satu Mare Alba Gorj Dambovita Vrancea Arad Salaj Bistrita-Nasaud Prahova Iasi Arges Dolj Mures Covasna Ilfov Cluj Brasov Sibiu Timis Bucharest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own estimates based on administrative tax data and microsimulation model Note : Sample is restricted to wage earners , assuming all dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivi 46", "spans": [{"start": 780, "end": 803, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "major seed markets ; for example , the leading maize seed company reports that its market share is being eroded by smaller firms undercutting its price . Overall , the large number of companies in Turkey ' s seed industry favors competitive markets despite some tendency toward over-regulation ( eg , continuing compulsory variety registration ) . Seed Imports and Exports : Reforms lowering barriers to varietal introduction and to seed imports led to more imports for some crops , such as maize and sunflower . Soon , however , production expanded to take care of demand and then pushed into export markets as well ( see Figures 3 . 1 and 3 . 2 ) . From 1988 maize seed exports exceed imports ; for sunflowers , exports exceed imports from 1990 . Once reforms allowed seed technology to enter , Turkey has been able to exploit its comparative advantage in seeds based on climate , scientific skills , and low cost labor . Table 3 . 4 shows Turkey ' s exports and imports for all seeds . Chile , another early reformer , shows the same progression from maize seed imports , to local production , and then to exports . Maize and sunflower seed imports in the early 1980s assisted introduction of new varieties , allowing farmers to adopt them before locally produced seed was available . During the 1960s , imports of Mexican wheat seed played a similar role , facilitating rapid expansion of area planted to new varieties . A recent study of maize yields for 50 countries over 25 years found strong correlation between yield increases and volume of seed imports ( Pray and Echeverria 1992 , pp 372373 ) . Considering the importance of imported seeds to introduce new varieties , Government efforts to discourage seed imports ( see Section 2 . 1 ) may be more effective in slowing technology transfer than in protecting domestic seed producers . In the early 1 990s , Turkey has been importing seeds for _-15-_", "spans": [{"start": 1443, "end": 1486, "text": "maize yields for 50 countries over 25 years", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "On the other hand , for this sub-sectoral group , the gender wage gap markedly increased , particularly for female workers at the lower end of the distribution . As seen in Figure A . 7 , the gender gap is actually larger within the low-productivity service sector than in the economy as a whole . Men earn on average 35-45 percent more than women , whereas the gap is 25 percent when looking at the entire economy . Estimating the gender gap across the distribution for this sector shows that women in the lower quantiles received particularly less than their male counterparts in 2012 , with a 60 percent wage gap compared to 2007 . The realities of this sector point to the larger issues of Haiti ’ s labor market and its challenges to become more inclusive and productive . While informality continues to define the lower-productivity jobs , a reduction in the gaps between formal and informal could be encouraging . However , the growing gender gap for poor female workers of this sub-sector testifies to the persisting hurdles that the poor and vulnerable face in getting returns to their labor that will allow them to exit poverty within a reasonable horizon . # * * Box 3 - Making the Most of Existing Data in Haiti : The Way Forward * * Analyzing labor markets in Haiti has obvious limitations due to the paucity of data . The release of the 2012 ECVMAS considerably improved this situation and enabled the definition of a new baseline analysis of labor markets ( and poverty ) following the 2010 earthquake , and five years after the 2007 EEEI survey . The recent release of the 2012 survey of Haitian firms opens further possibilities to refine the analysis , particularly through the use of a spatial lens . Both the ECVMAS and the firm census are geo-referenced , which enables expansion of the analysis to take into account the economic and labor context — both formal and informal . < sup > 16 < / sup > This analysis could further be enhanced by including infrastructure data to identify patterns of firm locations , typologies , and synergies ( such as sectors , size , status , and agglomeration effect ) . Such analysis", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1362, "text": "2012 ECVMAS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1544, "end": 1560, "text": "2007 EEEI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1589, "end": 1617, "text": "2012 survey of Haitian firms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1729, "end": 1735, "text": "ECVMAS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1744, "end": 1755, "text": "firm census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1972, "end": 1991, "text": "infrastructure data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", SISQE-UNICEF online poll ( through SISQE web portal ) – June – July 2020 , U-Report Poll ( SMS , Facebook , Telegram , App for smartphones ) : May 2020 , Listening to the Citizens of Uzbekistan – May 2020 . > 2 There are slight variations in results by surveys and by student grade . 7", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 90, "text": "U-Report Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda : Roads and Bridges in the Refugee Hosting Districts / Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road Corridor Project ( P171339 ) | Contingent Emergency < br > IN01179104 | Response | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ► Preparation and ado | ption of a CERC manual ( Yes / No | , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 23-Jun-2020 | 03-Dec-2021 | 03-Dec-2021 | 23-Jun-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | CERC manual | | | | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P171339 | IDA-D7200 | Effective | USD | 130 . 80 | 130 . 80 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 133 . 84 | 0 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Evacuations * * * * Mandatory evacuation orders from border areas have resulted in the movements of civilians * * both within their own oblasts , and to other regions of the country . In Kharkivska and Sumska oblasts , most evacuations occurred to other areas within these regions , whilst from Donetska , Khersonska and Zaporizka oblasts evacuations occurred mostly to other regions . These evacuations are organized by Government authorities , and often supported by NGOs , CSOs and volunteers who also conduct humanitarian evacuations even when mandatory evacuations are not announced . In some cases , evacuations are also selforganised . Most recently , evacuations of civilians took place at larger scale as a result of the ground offensive and deterioration of the security situation in the north of Kharkivska oblast in May 2024 . According to data published by the Relief Coordination Center ( RCC ) ¹ , as of May 31ˢᵗ , a total of 3 , 853 individuals were evacuated and registered at the transit center in Kharkiv . Evacuations also continue from hotspot areas in Donetska oblast , including state-organized evacuations to Rivnenska and Volynska oblasts . Despite the deterioration of the security situation in these frontline areas , some people have not left due to a combination of factors , including high risks _en route_ , the destruction of bridges and roads , landmines , and lack of means for safe exit . Some individuals do not have information about accommodation options or have concerns about the length of displacement as well as the quality of services that will be provided at the reception site , others do not want to leave their homes or livestock . < sup > xxxix < / sup > Considering that humanitarian evacuations often occur from areas under active hostilities , people arrive at the place of displacement without ID documents . Sometimes issuance of such documents takes a long time and evacuees may consequently face * * impediments in accessing medical , social and other services * * provided by the State .", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 904, "text": "data published by the Relief Coordination Center", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with significantly lower gains from resource reallocation . We interpret this finding as indicative of the importance of counting with a database that properly accounts for the real distribution of value added shares in the economy . # # * * 7 . 1 Firm-Size Distribution : Survey vs Census * * To give some background to the analysis , the ES is briefly described as follows . The ES is an ongoing project of the World Bank to collect establishment-level data from several countries , particularly from low and middle income countries . < sup > 17 < / sup > The dataset contains firm-level information including output and input measures in a harmonized fashion for 135 countries for at least one year since 2002 . Two rounds of surveys were conducted in each of our sample countries . To ensure the proper sample representation , the surveys rely on a stratified sampling technique . Three levels of stratification were used : sector of activity , firm size , and geographical location . In each country , regions are selected based on the extent of economic activity . The population of firms is stratified into three size strata : small ( 5 to 19 employees ) , medium ( 20 to 99 employees ) , and large ( more than 99 employees ) . The degree of industry stratification depends on the size of the economy . In Ethiopia , sectors are classified into two strata : manufacturing and service , whereas in Ghana and Kenya the manufacturing is subdivided further into selected 2-digit industries according to their contribution > 16Although there are some studies in Africa that examine productivity dynamics over the life cycle of firms using panel data Van Biesebroeck ( 2005 ) , they rely on revenue-based measures of productivity . As a result , the dynamics of “ productivity ” over the life cycle may be misleading . > 17The data are freely available from http : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1641, "end": 1651, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "review for IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-25 2019-01-20 2019-05-20 < br > County Referral HospitalIten < br > KE-GARISSA COUNTY-84505-GO-RFQ / PURCHASE OF 10LAPTOPS AND 4 IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-18 2019-02-01 2019-03-03 < br > DESKTOPS . < br > KE-UASIN GISHU < br > COUNTY-84515-GO-RFQ / Procure 3 delivery sets forBurnt forest Subcounty IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-12 2019-03-09 2019-09-05 < br > Hospital < br > KE-KERICHO COUNTY - < br > 84517-GO-RFQ / Purchaseof 30 gas cylinders for 30newly opened level 2facilities IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-12-08 2019-02-02 2019-08-01 < br > KE-SAMBURU COUNTY - < br > 84522-GO-RFQ / Purchase < br > of 6 Laptops for RHcordinators , THS UCaccountant and the Director IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-24 2019-01-26 2019-02-25 < br > for monitoring RMNCHindicators < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 1198, "end": 1213, "text": "RMNCHindicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > primary school teachers | % | na | 38 . 4 | 49 . 7 | 61 . 0 | Annual | EMIS | MOE | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 . Ratio of health extension < br > workers to population | Ratio | 1 : 4 , 369 | 1 : 2 , 500 | 1 : 2 , 500 | 1 : 2 , 500 | Annual | HMIS | MoH | | | 3 . _Woreda_road desks with < br > appropriate resources | Number | 8 | 120 | 155 | 190 | Annual | RSDP < br > Reports | RSDP / PBS | | | 4 . Development agents deployed | Number | 49 , 946 | 55 , 000 | 65 , 000 | 71 , 000 | Annual | MoA < br > reports | MOA | | | 5 . Average share of capital < br > expenditures as share of total < br > spending ( LIG woredas ) | % | 7 | 30 | 30 | na | Annual | LIG < br > pilot < br > expenditure < br > reports | MOFED | Pilot < br > LIG < br > antici - < br > pated to end FY11 | | 6 . LIG projects with < br > “ satisfactory technical quality ” | % | na | 90 | 90 | na | Annual | LIG < br > Technical < br > Output < br > Assessment | MOFED | Pilot < br > LIG < br > antici - < br > pated to end FY11 | 20", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 82, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 311, "end": 315, "text": "HMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "766 | 2 . 712 | 3 . 630 | | Slope over lowest tercile of DB | 0 . 616 | 0 . 422 | 1 . 228 | 0 . 119 | 0 . 743 | - 0 . 005 | | ( t-stat ) | 1 . 179 | 1 . 732 | 1 . 849 | 0 . 482 | 0 . 640 | - 0 . 012 | | Slope over middle tercile of DB | 0 . 287 | 0 . 074 | 0 . 010 | 0 . 195 | - 0 . 210 | - 0 . 015 | | data ( t-stat ) | 0 . 371 | 0 . 204 | 0 . 010 | 0 . 524 | - 0 . 118 | - 0 . 024 | | Slope over upper tercile of DB | 0 . 126 | 0 . 012 | - 0 . 018 | - 0 . 027 | 0 . 105 | 0 . 036 | | data ( t-stat ) | 0 . 289 | 0 . 059 | - 0 . 029 | - 0 . 119 | 0 . 121 | 0 . 116 | | N | 88 | 88 | 72 | 72 | 87 | 87 | | R2 | 0 . 088 | 0 . 081 | 0 . 076 | 0 . 055 | 0 . 011 | 0 . 004 | | F-test of spline terms | 0 . 545 | 0 . 203 | 0 . 166 | 0 . 435 | 0 . 855 | 0 . 963 | | Outliers deleted | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | # * * VI . Comparing changes in Doing Business with changes in ES * * The results shown so far are based on cross-national comparisons in which we have matched the DB indicator to the year of the ES survey . DB has been updated annually since its introduction in 2003 . However , the ES have been repeated in only a few countries , generally with a 3-5 year lag . This section uses only those countries for which an ES was fielded , there was then a formal", "spans": [{"start": 1011, "end": 1020, "text": "ES survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "postcensal < br > | Bank est . | | | | | | demographic survey | | | Cameroon | Apr 76 | 7090 F | Bank projection < br > from census , < br > adjusted for 7 . 4X undercount | 1980-85 , world Fertility < br > Survey ; 1985-90 , Bank < br > projection assuming < br > reduced sterility | Bank assessment of Uorld < br > Fertility < br > Survey child < br > survival < br > rates | | Canada | Jun 86 | 25309 J | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Official < br > est . , < br > Population < br > Projections for Canada , < br > 1984-2006 | Official < br > est . ( population < br > projections < br > for Canada , < br > 1984-2006 ) | | Cape Verde < br > | Jun 80 < br > | 296 F < br > | Bank projection < br > from census < br > < br > < br > | Bank assessment of official < br > CBR est . | Bank assessment of official < br > CDR est . | | Cayman Islands | Oct 79 | 17 F | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 88 ( official < br > est . ) | - - | - - | | Central African < br > Rep . | Dec 75 | 2055 F | Bank projection < br > from census , < br > adjusted for 11 . 3XLradercount | Bank est . | Bank assessment of census < br > data on child survival | | Chad | - - | - - < br > - | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | Chamnel Islards | Mar86 | 136 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 | |", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1143, "text": "data on child survival", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OIC countries . We also included the developing countries in our analysis as another benchmark to see whether the OIC countries are lagging behind the average developing economies on a global level in terms of financial inclusion enhancement . Below , we discuss main gaps in current implementation of _Shariah_ - compliant microfinance , SME , and micro-insurance which are hindering their effectiveness to enhance the financial inclusion . # * * IV . 1 . Gaps in Financial Inclusion – Microfinance ( MF ) * * # * * Strong demand for Islamic microfinance services in OIC countries is not met by the * * * * supply . * * An IFC-commissioned market studies in the MENA region suggest that between 20 and 60 percent of interviewed microenterprises and low income individuals indicated a preference for _Shariah_ - compliant products . For some , the lack of _Shariah_ - compliant products is an absolute constraint to financial access , while for others , this is a preference and they continue to use conventional financial services in the absence of competitive Islamic ones . < sup > 27 < / sup > This gap is supported by statistics in * * Figure 3 * * , which suggests that despite the fact that OIC countries have more MF deposits and accounts per thousand adults , values of MFI deposits and loans as percentage of GDP are still much lower in OIC countries ( 0 . 61 % and 0 . 79 % ) compared with developing countries ( 0 . 78 % and 0 . 97 % ) and low income countries ( 0 . 92 % and 1 . 19 % ) . # * * Figure 3 Limited scale of Microfinance deposits and loans * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 68 1 . 19 % < br > 62 < br > 0 . 97 % < br > 0 . 92 % < br > 48 < br > 44 OIC countries 0 . 78 % 0 . 79 % OIC countries < br > 35 0 . 61 % < br > 30 < br > Developing Developing < br > countries countries < br > Low ‐ income Low ‐ income", "spans": [{"start": 624, "end": 655, "text": "IFC-commissioned market studies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report Kihuyo Informal Settlement in Nyeri County move to ensure that once the titles have all been issued , there are no cases of conflicts between neighbours on inter-boundary overlap and roads are protected from occupation so as to maintain the purpose of the plan . # # # # # * * 3 . Discussions / reactions * * The team managed to identify 18 families who were relocated from the neighbourhood of the dispensary to a new vacant place within the settlement . The relocation was out of the plan done by the Nyeri municipal in 2007 to create room for dispensary expansion . The displacement was due to political pressure to have the ground for Dispensary availed for the proposed expansion . KISIP was not involved in the displacement . The SEC members also identified some PAPs who already moved their structures on the road reserve to inside their plots and others who have not moved their fences and structures . The identification was done on the survey plan . Not all who were to be relocated have reconstructed their homestead in the new plots and therefore they have rented houses in the neighbourhood . 4 persons of the affected persons are vulnerable due to advanced age widowed . * * 4 . Transect Walks * * The SEC and both KISIP teams members walked across all 55 residential plots of the settlement , and the 14 public utilities including a secondary school , A . I . P . C . A Church , Catholic church , Presbyterian Church of East Africa , coffee factory , two nursery schools , polytechnic , playing ground , two cemeteries , Water tank , cattle Dip , Dispensary , This was guided by the survey plan of 04 / 09 / 2014 i . e . RIM SA 37 / A . N . O . 4 ( 120 / 4 ) and the corresponding list of beneficiaries in the possession of the community based on the 2007 plan . The exercise involved walking from plot to plot in a systematic manner starting from the PAPs who were relocated due to", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identify trends , and respond to client needs . * * Impact Evaluation : * * The European Union ( EU ) provided funding for the impact evaluation component of the project . The impact evaluation activities are being carried out by the Ethiopian Development Research Institute ( EDRI ) and the World Bank . The baseline survey , including 784 leasefinanced SME profiles , was completed , and a baseline report has been prepared . A second round of data collection is being done . A survey of over 1 , 400 workers in the sampled SMEs was also completed , and EDRI and the World Bank are now exploring potential firm-level experiments with the sampled workers . 6 / 8 / 2019 Page 2 of 6", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 510, "text": "survey of over 1 , 400 workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mexico ) . We exploit the survey data on 585 small and medium enterprises ( SMEs ) in the manufacturing and services sectors . Of these 585 firms , 145 firms are from Eastern Croatia . The survey was conducted from January 2019 to June 2019 . The FINA database provides the sample frame for this survey , where the sample was stratified by region and sector . < sup > 2 < / sup > Firms were randomly sampled and interviewed face to face . Firm responses to questions on managerial practices are aggregated into a single management score , > 1 In 2008 and 2009 , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) in cooperation with the World Bank ( WB ) conducted a new survey , the EBRD-WB Management , Organization and Innovation ( MOI ) survey . > 2 The Financial Agency ( Fina ) is the leading Croatian provider of financial data services . The database comprises of all tax registered firms in Croatia . 2", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 73, "text": "survey data on 585 small and medium enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 247, "end": 260, "text": "FINA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "41 them - - in relatively morp iuccessful programs in Malaysian and Nicaraguan , midvives received compensation , in the former from the program , in the latter , from clients . Since many traditional oidwives receive remuneration from deliveries , to an extent , family planning acceptance reduces their potential business . Many different remuneration methods have been tried , but the Malaysian program is the only one in vhich midvives are paid based on their recruitment of family planninig acceptors which is verified by supervisors . No pro4ects have recompensed midvives on the basis of continuation rates or paid them based on the amount she forgoes from not attending a birth attributable to a couple year of protection . A study by Bailey et . al ( 1982 ) examined the pattern on side effects , continuation and pregnancy rates associated vith obtaining oral contraceptives from pharmacists , private physicians , and the public sector . They found no significant differences between the continuation and pregnancy rates that prevailed for women vho had initially obtained their orals from one of the three sources . No systematic differenc * * e * * merged in terms of side effects either . In fact , they found that for one subgroup , older , higher parity vomen , continuation rates vere higher for pharmacy users than for those vho had obtained their supplies from either of the two other sources . They concluded that this subgroup , either vere more highly motivated contraceptors or had interacted more vith their pharmacist . The family planning services of nurses and physicians vere compared in a Bogota study ( Einhorn and Trias , 1978 ) . Vhile there vas no difference in the continuation or pregnancy rates or in the incidence of side effects of vomen vho had seen a nurse compared to vomen vho had seen physicians , the array of methods chosen by these two groups of vomen vas quite different . Those vho sav physicians vere generally prescr4bed more effective methods ( the pill , IUD , or * * Al . fp : tamdly Planning Paper Nbole ) * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ * * RRR * * Return , Recovery and Reintegration * * RRRP * * Regional Refugee Response Plan * * RSD * * Refugee Status Determination * * RWG * * Refugee Working Group * * SAF * * Sudan Armed Forces * * SENS * * Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey * * SGBV * * Sexual - and gender-based violence * * SDG * * Sudanese Pound * * SHF * * Sudan Humanitarian Fund * * SOP * * Standard operating procedure * * TAG * * Technical Advisory Group * * UN * * United Nations * * UNAMID * * United Nations African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur * * UASC * * Unaccompanied or separated children * * UNCT * * United Nations Country Team * * UNDAF * * United Nations Development Assistance Framework * * UNDSS * * United Nations Department for Safety and Security ( UNDSS ) * * UNFPA * * United Nations Population Fund United Nations Refugee Agency / United Nations High Commissioner for * * UNHCR * * Refugees * * UNICEF * * United Nations Children ’ s Fund * * UNODC * * United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime * * US * * United States of America * * VRRC * * Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission * * WFP * * World Food Programme 42", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 325, "text": "Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and take “ the income from other sources ” out of total income of the household in the econometric analysis by considering this income as exogenous . < sup > 17 < / sup > Table 1 describes the sample characteristics of the remaining 742 households . > 11 In 1996 , the GDP per capita of these Liaoning and Hebei ranked 8th and 12th respectively among the 30 provinces in China . > 12 The LSMS is designed to provide a comprehensive picture of household welfare and the factors that affect it . In order to minimize non-sampling error and ensure high quality data , the samples of the LSMS are relatively small . Substantial efforts and resources , including long interviewer trainings , use of direct informants , concurrent data entry with in-field corrections taking place at the households , and low supervisor-interviewer ratios , are devoted to enhance data quality . See Munoz and Scott ( 2005 ) . > 13 See “ China Living Standards Survey 1995-1997 : Basic Information Document ” , http : / / www . worldbank . org / lsms / , for further information on the survey data . > 14 See Lanjouw and Lanjouw ( 2001 ) . > 15 In rural China , households work on small plots of cultivable land . In general , no households need to hire extra labor . Income earned from agricultural wage employment is limited . > 16 Some households have incomes from non-productive activities , such as pensions , transfers , grants / subsidies , financial income , etc . > 17 Among the 45 households that do not have farm income , 70 % of them do not have land ; among the remaining 30 % households that have land , most of them have less than 2 . 5 _mu_ ( compared to 10 . 5 _mu_ in average for the 742 households with farm income in the sample ) . The members of these households work as village teachers , village 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We use both discovery filters described in section 3 on the HS 4-digit and HS 6-digit data during the 1990s . In addition , we examine the SITC data in the same manner , first with a crosssection of discoveries in the 1990s , and with a conditional fixed-effects negative-binomial regression on discoveries since 1972 ( including year dummies ) < sup > 8 < / sup > . The results are shown in Table 4 . * * < u > Table 4 : Stages of Discovery < / u > * * | | * * HS 4-Di * * < br > | * * git 1990s * * < br > | * * HS 6-Dig * * < br > | * * it 1990s * * < br > | * * SITC * * < br > | * * 3-Digit * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Filter 1 * * | * * Filter 2 * * | * * Filter 1 * * | * * Filter 2 * * | * * 1990s * * | * * 1972-1991 * * < br > * * ( FE ) * * | | Coefficient : ln < br > GDPpercapita | 15 . 65175 < br > ( 5 . 68 ) | 13 . 95415 < br > ( 3 . 72 ) | 15 . 72022 < br > ( 5 . 89 ) | 12 . 06436 < br > ( 4 . 57 ) | 22 . 38211 < br > ( 4 . 38 ) | 19 . 53553 < br > ( 7 . 47 ) | | Coefficient : ln < br > GDP per capita < br > squared | - . 9280328 < br > ( - 5 . 92 ) | - . 821797 < br > ( - 3 . 85 ) | - . 9114158 < br > ( - 6 . 03 ) | - . 695039 < br > ( - 4 . 65 ) | -", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 90, "text": "HS 6-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 139, "end": 148, "text": "SITC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Times from 1950 onwards . For more recent decades , the data comes from the Central Statistical Office of the British government for the years 1939-1988 and from Eurostat from 1989 until today . # # < u > UK inflation / CPI series , monthly < / u > The monthly UK CPI series comes from the Bank of England ’ s ( BoE ) historical dataset sheet called “ A Millennium of UK Data ” , Version 3 . 1 , by Thomas and Dimsdale ( 2017 ) . From 1914 onwards , we use the spliced monthly consumer price index . For the period before WW1 , we use the spliced monthly wholesale / producer price index . These series are those recommended by the BoE . # # < u > US CPI series , monthly < / u > The monthly “ Historical Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ” is from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and starts in 1913 . For the period before that we rely on series gathered and cited by Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) , in particular from the Historical Statistics of the United States . Note that we only have ten USD bonds in our sample that were issued before 1913 . # # < u > US Corporate bond total return index , monthly , since 1900 < / u > The US corporate bond return series is spliced by combining the returns on the S & P 500 AAA Investment Grade Corporate Bond Index from GFD until 1984 with data from the Bank of America Merrill Lynch US Corp AAA Total Return Index thereafter , which we retrieved from the Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis database . # * * References Appendix A * * ( those not cited in the main paper ) : British Central Statistical Office ( various issues ) _Annual Abstract of Statistics_ . London : CSO . Hayek , Friedrich A . ( 1935 ) _Prices and Production . _ London : Routledge . A2", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 375, "text": "A Millennium of UK Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 648, "end": 661, "text": "US CPI series", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 936, "end": 978, "text": "Historical Statistics of the United States", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1073, "end": 1109, "text": "US Corporate bond total return index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1413, "end": 1456, "text": "Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "points higher than that of males , suggesting the increase of inactivity might be caused by discouraged women . As for inactivity , the reasons women give for staying out of the labor force vary across education levels and marriage status . Married women report childcare and domestic duties as their main reasons , while single women report other voluntary reasons . When incorporating the education variable to the analysis , women with less education state family opposition and domestic chores as the main constraints , which is related to the fact that social norms worsen FLFP . In rural areas , the non-educated population has the highest labor participation . For women with higher education , one-third are unemployed , which may be related to the lack of suitable jobs for educated workers . Overall , these patterns reveal the existence of two different labor markets : one in rural areas where employment and participation are higher for both genders , and another in urban areas where inactivity is extremely high for women and relatively low but increasing for men . Using data from the LFS we find there are individual and household characteristics keeping women out of the labor force , besides the precondition of an overall decrease in labor force participation rates for both genders , since urban job creation in Morocco has not offset agricultural job destruction . Being married , and the educational attainment of the head of the household — which are variables related with traditional gender roles — are found to deter FLFP . This is also reflected in the later multinomial logit where we find a positive correlation between women who agree that women should be able to work outside home if they wish are and the higher probability of being employed and lower of remaining inactive , suggesting there might be a social stigma toward female keeping women out of the labor force . 36", "spans": [{"start": 1101, "end": 1104, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tantly , they could also improve inter-personal comparisons across men . Such advantage is easier to grasp when thinking of another type of individual level data that depends less on household level circumstances . This is arguably the case of ( self reported ) disabilities . The extreme disability of one senior individual may drastically affect her well-being , but it needs not necessarily have the same impact on other household members . If such disability is accounted at the household level as a moderate deprivation , this leads to many identification mistakes . For instance , the ( “ extremely ” ) disabled person may not be identified as poor if her household does not face other types of deprivations . Alternatively , her relatives may wrongly be identified as poor if the household ’ s moderate disability deprivation pushes the household beyond the identification threshold . Interestingly , accounting at individual level for deprivations that affect one category of individual ( e . g . , seniors ) may improve well-being comparisons across another category of individuals ( say children ) . # * * 3 . 6 Beyond ad-hoc weights * * One key data constraint is that non-monetary data typically do not contain information on the relevant preference u . As a result , selecting appropriate values for the weights of a multidimensional indicator is challenging for practitioners . This explains the popularity of the “ equal-weights ” procedure , which allows accounting for non-monetary data without requiring any information on u . < sup > 60 < / sup > The main risk is that equal weights deviate too much from the weights that would best reflect preference u ( Ravallion , 2012 ) . < sup > 61 < / sup > Another risk is that the “ equal-weights ” procedure decreases the perceived legitimacy of multidimensional poverty measures because of this obviously ad-hoc procedure . Improving on this issue requires some information on the relevant preference u . This information can potentially be taken from different sources ( Decancq and Lugo , 2013 ) . Subjective well-being data may be one source of information on u , as suggested by Decancq et al . ( 2015 ) or by in Decancq et al . ( 2019 )", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 161, "text": "individual level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1486, "end": 1503, "text": "non-monetary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2063, "end": 2089, "text": "Subjective well-being data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 Empirical strategy * * Our main empirical specification identifies the conditional correlation between radicalization into violent extremism and internet access at the delegation-education-age level ( see section 3 for a discussion of how the data are constructed ) . The dependent variable is the inverse hyperbolic sine ( ihs ) transformation of _Rdea_ , the number of recruits in district _d_ who joined Daesh in Syria and Iraq that have education level _e_ ( primary or below , secondary , and tertiary and above ) and belong to age group _a_ ( where individuals have been grouped in 5-year age categories ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > We estimate where _Internetdea_ is the share of men in delegation _d_ with education level _e_ in age group _a_ who have access to the internet , _Populationdea_ is the ( log of the ) total number of men in a delegation-age-education cell _ { d , e , a } _ , and _Xdea_ is a vector of controls . All these independent variables are measured in 2014 , the year the data on Daesh recruits are believed to be from ( Dodwell et al . , 2016a ) . The coefficient of interest , _α_ , measures the impact of internet access on the propensity to join the terrorist organization . Theoretically , the sign of _α_ is ambiguous . On the one hand , the internet enables Daesh to spread propaganda and thus increase its “ labor supply ” ( Bloom et al . , 2017 ) . It also reduces transaction costs associated with recruiting , similar to the effect internet has on licit recruitment efforts by regular firms ( Autor , 2001 ) . On the other hand , the internet facilitates law enforcement , repression of dissent ( Greenberg , 2016 ; Conway et al . , 2019 ; Gohdes , 2020 ) and can reduce grievances against the government by positively ( re - ) shaping citizens ’ views ( Gunitsky , 2015 ; Rød and Weidmann , 2015 ; King et al . , 2017 ; Qin et al . , 2017 ; Guriev and Treisman , 2019 ) . Which channel dominates is , therefore , an empirical question ;", "spans": [{"start": 1006, "end": 1028, "text": "data on Daesh recruits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the labor management procedure / Human resource manual six months after the credit effectiveness , and will implement it throughout the project . # # * * E . Gender * * 80 . * * The project will support the development of a more gender-inclusive financial sector by building the capacity of NBE , CBE , and DBE to collect and monitor supply-side gender-disaggregated data . * * TA to NBE will include an initial diagnostic on the availability and quality of gender-coded data , followed by the development of a framework for the systematic collection and monitoring of these data by NBE according to international best practices . This will strengthen the capacity of NBE as well as other GoE stakeholders and development partners to : ( a ) identify sector wide gender gaps in the access to and use of financial services ; ( b ) design relevant policies and programs ; and ( c ) measure progress toward their achievement . TA provided to CBE and DBE will similarly support the ability of these institutions to assess gender imbalances in their current client base / portfolios and identify challenges in product design and service offerings that limit service provision to women . The project will coordinate with ongoing work at the Africa Gender Innovation Lab ( GIL ) that supports a more gender-inclusive Ethiopian banking sector . The Results Framework includes an indicator to capture the project ’ s contribution in closing gender gaps in the financial sector . An intermediate indicator will capture the implementation of a monitoring and collection framework to capture gender-disaggregated data in the sector . # # * * F . Citizen Engagement * * 81 . * * The project has prioritized meaningful engagement with key stakeholders during the design and preparation stage . * * This includes five rounds of TA missions and consultations with the MoF , NBE , CBE , DBE , EDIF , EIH , selected private commercial banks , development partners , and the private sector . During implementation , the project will continue stakeholder engagement to ensure ownership and", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 371, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "plow use to be negatively associated with current attitudes towards gender equality , and female participation in labor , politics , and entrepreneurial activities . Therefore , the work of Alesina , Giuliano and Nunn ( 2013 ) suggests that norms around gender roles may have been established even earlier in the pre-industrial period . Restrictive or conservative gender norms may translate into behaviors that disadvantage female labor supply and earnings , and / or discourage male engagement in childcare and household chores . Norms are expected to influence behavior through expectations of what others in your reference group do or approve of ( Gauri , Rahman and Sen , 2019 ) . In addition , when measuring gender beliefs , there may be expectations that men and women should play different roles in society ( gender role beliefs ) and that men and women are essentially different ( gender category beliefs ) . The questions included in the Survey on Gender Equality at Home mainly capture measures of gender role beliefs rather than measures of beliefs in gender essentialism . Both genders may face norms costs imposed by those community members who disapprove of certain behaviors that contradict the expectations of the roles of men and women in their society ( Bernhardt et al . , 2018 ) . Women or men who defy stereotypical norms potentially do so at a personal cost . For example , Bertrand , Kamenica and Pan ( 2015 ) show in the US that it is relatively unlikely that a woman will earn more than her husband , and when she does , marital satisfaction is lower and divorce is more likely . Friedson-Ridenour and Pierotti ( 2019 ) find that some women in Ghana explicitly limit their business growth in order to reinforce their husband ’ s role as a primary provider . In addition , for many men , engaging in care and housework is inconsistent with male gender roles and indicates weakness ; and when men feel threatened in their role as providers , they may be even less inclined to engage in behavior associated with female gender roles ( Munoz-Boudet et al . , 2013 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > A first contribution of the paper is to", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 982, "text": "Survey on Gender Equality at Home", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hybrids , after which expansion of hybrid maize area slowed . Figures for seed production and trade support these estimates . Hybrids have replaced open-pollinated varieties on irrigated land in Cukurova near the Mediterranean , along the Aegean , and in Marmara . In the north along the Black Sea , where maize is planted in small upland plots , farmers continue to grow OPVs . With a simple yield response function , we estimate the impact of post-reform hybrids on yields . Since Turkey is a small producer and regularly imports maize , we assume that changes in maize productivity and production have no impact on price . With some assumptions about input costs , we then calculate the impact of higher yields on farmer net incomes . We model maize yields in tons per hectare as a function of hybrids , fertilizer , irrigation , and rainfall . Hybrid use is shown as percent of maize area sown to private hybrids , all of which came in after and because of reform ; we do not include pre-reform public hybrids , which covered only I percent of maize area in 1992 ( CIMMYT 1994 ) . We also include a trend variable to capture impact of transport improvements , extension , and other activities which could increase yields . Annual fertilizer use on maize is calculated from 1980 share of fertilizer applied to maize times annual total fertilizer use ( FAO reports that share of fertilizer going to maize drops slightly from 1980 to 1988 ; we use 1980s share throughout ; see Ange 1994 , p 10 ) . Maize irrigated area is not available , so percent of total area under irrigation is used . For rainfall , we use national annual rainfall . - 22 -", "spans": [{"start": 1613, "end": 1637, "text": "national annual rainfall", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * IV . PCR Objectives and Design Parameters : A Policy Discussion * * As reviewed , the original motivations for the development of PCRs around the world have been many and varied . However , in many instances PCRs are now used for purposes going beyond their original objectives . In particular we argue below that irrespective of the original motivation , it is likely that an established PCR can be useful to bank regulators to analyze , more scientifically , banking regulations pertaining to capital and provisioning . However , we provide a broader policy discussion here on the often-competing objectives of PCRs and the implications and tensions in their design thus created . We focus the discussion on 5 basic objectives : ( 1 ) to improve credit - \\ access , ( 2 ) to strengthen bank supervision , ( 3 ) to promote competition , ( 4 ) economic research to inform macroeconomic policy making , and ( 5 ) to improve bank regulation . The final objective is dealt with in somewhat more depth . A theme throughout is also the relation between private credit bureaus and a PCR . # * * _1 . Improving access to credit_ * * Perhaps surprisingly , according to World Bank survey results , two-thirds of the respondents ( 39 / 57 ) consider supervised financial institutions the primary users of PCR data , while bank supervisors were identified by only one-third ( 18 / 57 ) as the primary users . Moreover , more than three-quarters of supervisors ( 44 / 57 ) , indicated that the PCR was the primary source of credit data for financial institutions – Miller ( 2003 ) . There are several ways PCRs may enhance credit access . First , and as illustrated in the empirical results above , the use of a PCR may , for a constant level of risk , allow a financial institution to expand its loan portfolio . The marginal increase in the loan portfolio will particularly benefit those companies or individuals that have a sound repayment history but lack other obvious indicators of creditworthiness such as wealth or that lack guarantees . The use of PCR data may then enable lenders to predict credit risk more", "spans": [{"start": 1168, "end": 1193, "text": "World Bank survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1302, "end": 1310, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IDA / SME / SH / G-03 / 19 / Stationery and office supplies IDA / 57930 Project Management , Communication and Impact Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 8 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2019-10-08 2019-11-05 2019-12-05 < br > FESMMIDA / SME / SH / G-04 / 19 / Car Tire for vehicles IDA / 57930 Project Management , Communication and Impact Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 5 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-02-08 2020-03-07 2020-03-22 < br > FESMMIDA / SME / ICB / G-01 / 19 < br > / Supply , Development and I < br > nstallation of Movable Property Security Rights Registry A IDA / 57930 Enabling Environment for SME Finance Prior Request for Bids Open - International Single Stage - One Envelope 880 , 000 . 00 1 , 463 , 316 . 49 Signed 2019-04-10 2019-06-14 2019-04-15 2019-05-27 2019-08-15 2019-06-26 2019-12-05 2019-07-31 2020-02-14 2020-01-27 < br > pplication Software and Hard < br > ware , including IT System Sof < br > tware < br > FESMMIDA / SME / SH / G-01 / 19 / procurement of office furniture for SME staff IDA / 57930 Project Management , Communication and Impact Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 6 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2019-11-14 2019-12-12 2020-01-11 < br > MOI / SME / SH / G-02 / 16 / OfficeFurniture IDA / 57930 Project Management , Communication and Impact Evaluation Post Request for", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) * * Rationale * * : Before the Program , the quality of Kenya ’ s official statistics for the real and external economic sectors was poor . There was insufficient capacity to meet international data quality standards represented by the IMF ’ s SDDS . Kenya also lacked the DQAF for macroeconomic datasets . The program helped the KNBS produce better quality real and external sector data ( DLI 3 ) and compile the DQAF for five macroeconomic datasets ( DLI 4 ) . This improved the quality of critical official statistical products and processes ( IRA2 ) and met SDDS requirements in all real and external sector data categories . # # # * * _B1 . Improving the quality of real and external economic sector data_ * * OUTPUTS i * * . * * Rebased ( 2009 ) National Accounts produced and published ( Target partially achieved ) . Yet , its release was delayed until after the end of the program . ii * * . * * KNBS conducted the Foreign Investment Survey , produced the report , and made it available online ( Target achieved ) . iii * * . * * KNBS upgraded and updated the business register ( Target achieved ) . iv * * . * * KNBS produced the rebased CPI series and made it available online ( Target achieved ) . v * * . * * KNBS produced the rebased PPI series and made it available online ( Target achieved ) . KNBS fully achieved four of the five targets and partially achieved one . OUTCOME 1 * * . * * KNBS produced better real and external sector economic data ( coverage and quality ) , meeting the IMF ’ s SDDS standard ( IRA2 ) . 2 * * . * * Quality of critical official statistical products and processes improved ( IRA2 ) . 3 * * . * *", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1091, "text": "Foreign Investment Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1567, "end": 1605, "text": "real and external sector economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for investments to address the consequences of indoor air pollution which is mainly derived from the wide use of unimproved stoves and build a Climate Resilience public health infrastructure in Ethiopia . Furthermore , the Ethiopian government formulated its initial Health National Adaptation Plan to Climate Change ( 2018-2020 ) and updated the plan ( 2024-2028 ) to mitigate the detrimental impacts of climate change on health and subsequently revised it ( 2024-2028 ) based on the finding of the Ethiopia Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment ( CHVA ) to effectively address emerging issues . Page 6 Feb 29 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 552, "text": "Ethiopia Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | East Asia & < br > Pacific < br > ( N = 35 ) | South < br > Asia < br > ( N = 19 ) | Sub-Saharan < br > Africa < br > ( N = 52 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Annual change in $ 1 . 25 / day poverty rate < br > ( % points per year ) | - 2 . 2 | - 1 . 2 | - 1 . 5 | | Annual change in $ 2 / day poverty rate < br > ( % points per year ) | - 2 . 3 | - 1 . 2 | - 0 . 9 | | Annual percentage change in domestic food prices < br > ( % per year ) | 0 . 6 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 6 | | Annual percentage change in food production < br > ( % per year ) | 4 . 4 | 3 . 3 | 4 . 0 | | | Europe & < br > Central Asia < br > ( N = 41 ) | Latin America < br > & Caribbean < br > ( N = 157 ) | Middle East & < br > North Africa < br > ( N = 4 ) | | Annual change in $ 1 . 25 / day poverty rate < br > ( % points per year ) | - 1 . 6 | - 0 . 5 | - 0 . 4 | | Annual change in $ 2 / day poverty rate < br > ( % points per year ) | - 1 . 7 | - 0 . 7 | 0 . 0 | | Annual percentage change in domestic food prices < br > ( % per year ) | 0 . 2 | 0 . 4 | 0 . 0 | | Annual percentage change in food production < br > ( % per year ) | 0 . 9 | 3 . 5 | 4 . 2 | _Source_ : Author ’ s estimates from World Bank ( 2013 ) poverty", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) # # # * * ANNEX 1 : DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION * * * * COUNTRY : Lebanon * * * * Roads and Employment Project * * 1 . The Project includes three components namely : ( i ) Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance ; ( ii ) Improving Road Emergency Response Capacity ; and ( iii ) Capacity Building and Implementation Support . * * Project Component 1 : Roads Rehabilitation and Maintenance ( US $ 185 million ) * * 2 . This component will include the rehabilitation and maintenance of 500 km of primary , secondary and tertiary roads , including road safety and spot improvement . The current road classification of the network depends on the roads ’ functional characteristics : A primary road is a road that connects two Lebanese regions , a secondary road connects to districts or Casa , and a tertiary road connects towns within a Casa . The geometric characteristics of the roads , and particularly road width , is a function of its classification . While not all roads characteristics are based on the same standards , even within the same category , the general width and observed / estimated road condition is according to table 1 . 1 below . The ongoing visual survey will permit a better assessment of these characteristics and conditions . * * Table 1 . 1 . National Road Categories , Characteristics , and Observed Traffic and Road Condition * * | * * Road Category * * | * * Definition * * | * * Width in * * < br > * * Meters * * | * * Traffic Range ( ADT ) * * | * * Roughness Range * * < br > * * ( IRI ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Primary Road | Links two Lebanese < br > Regions | 14 | > 10 , 000 , most sections in < br > the 20 , 000 to 30 , 000 < br", "spans": [{"start": 1222, "end": 1235, "text": "visual survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to any group or sector of society ( such as women , people with disability or the elderly ) that is at higher risk in periods of economic hardships . In order to prioritize selected of vulnerable applicants , the Project will leverage the database of NAF . More detailed selection processes will be described in the POM , including possible quota for each gender group and by targeted regions . Syrian refugees benefit under the project will be implemented in accordance with Jordanian laws and regulations . * * 5 . Information , and Communication Technology ( ICT ) * * refers to all technologies ( software , hardware , data , transactions , internet access , etc . ) that enables people and firms to interact in a digital world . Digital technology falls under the ICT umbrella and therefore “ digital work ” refers to jobs that leverage digital technology tools . The proposed project categorizes two types of tech-related jobs : ( i ) _ICTdependent jobs_ : defined as jobs that cannot be performed without the use of technology , including digital ; and ( ii ) _ICT-enabled jobs_ : defined as jobs that uses technology as a tool to improve efficiency and effectiveness , although it could be performed without it . Both category of jobs would however require different levels of digital skills . * * 6 . * * To simplify , the Project will categorize the * * “ * * * * _ICT-enabled jobs ” _ * * as jobs that would require basic level of digital skills which are essentially generic skills required to safely use technology , including digital , to improve productivity on the job . Those types of jobs will be accessible to Syrian Refugees beneficiaries , whereas the ICT-dependent jobs will be accessible to Jordanians only . For example , a farmer could become ICT-enabled with basic digital skills , if his capacity is built to leverage his phone to access clients and markets via online platforms or applications ( e . g . WhatsApp ) that would require sharing information in a digital form . A waiter in a restaurant could leverage", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 254, "text": "database of NAF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> nt of Government Certificate < br > Authority - ECA < br > IDA / 68560 | 1 . Digital economy , enabling < br > legal and regulatory environ < br > ment | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pe < br > e | nding Impl < br > mentation | 2023-10-12 | | 2023-10-17 | | | 2023-12 - | 01 | | 2024-02-13 | | 2024-03-19 | | 2 | 024-11-14 | | ET-MINT-381332-GO-RFP / T < br > he Supply & Installation of IT < br > Equipment for Integrating th < br > e National Databases < br > IDA / 68560 | 2 . Digital government and c < br > onnectivity | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pe < br > e | nding Impl < br > mentation | 2023-10-15 | | 2023-10-20 | | | 2023-12 - | 04 | | 2024-02-16 | | 2024-03-22 | | 2 | 025-03-22 | | ET-MINT-381330-GO-RFP / S < br > upply , Delivery and Installati < br > on of IT Related Equipment f < br > or Federated System of Inter < br > < br > IDA / 68560 | 2 . Digital government and c < br > onnectivity | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In <", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 557, "text": "National Databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "work because they are economic services such as fetching water and wood because these are not accessible within the household ( e . g . the household has no access to piped water ) . Research shows that the large female presence among economically active contributing family workers may lead to an undercounting of female LFPR if the questions are not worded carefully ( DixonMueller and Anker , 1988 ) . This is particularly a big problem for women and youth , as their tasks are more likely to be ignored by a respondent yet they are classified as employment according to the ILO-SNA definitions . Beegle , et . al . ( 2010 ) found that if economic activity and inactivity were included in the same question , as mutually exclusive alternatives , women are more likely to report not being economically active because they are engaged mainly in domestic activities . Yet after screening questions , many of these same women did report being engaged in economic activities . In the simple formulation , asking them if their main activity was work or domestic duties , they chose the vague phrase “ domestic duties ” because that described their life to them , even it did not describe the types of activities the survey was meant to measure . Fox and Gaal ( 2008 ) used Tanzania Household Budget Survey data on economic activities of female heads of households to show that ( i ) when screening questions were not used and ( ii ) “ homemaker ” and other inactivity variables were offered as responses _together_ with activity variables in one activity question ( to save space ) , the share of household heads in the working age population reporting that they were out of the labor force doubled . In urban areas , it nearly tripled as women heads of households chose homemaker as a status in much larger numbers . With increased incomes in urban areas , it is possible that some female heads of households withdrew from the labor force , but not this magnitude , given that they have to support children . > 9 From the dataset collected for World Bank ( 2011 ) ; emphasis added . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1270, "end": 1307, "text": "Tanzania Household Budget Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2020, "end": 2052, "text": "dataset collected for World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Investment for Industrial Transformation and Employment ( INVITE ) – P171607 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMMITMENT PLAN DATE : 25 November 2021 * * | * * _Summary of the Material Measures and Actions to_ * * < br > * * _Mitigate the Project ’ s Potential Environmental and_ * * < br > * * _Social Risks and Impacts_ * * | * * _Timeframe_ * * | * * _Responsibility / Authority and Resources / Funding_ * * < br > * * _Committed_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | includes areas with high biodiversity value that meet the < br > criteria < br > of < br > the < br > World < br > Conservation < br > Union < br > ( IUCN ) < br > classification , including habitats of significant importance for < br > required for critically endangered or endangered species as < br > defined by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ; habitats < br > of significant importance for endemic or restricted-range < br > species ; < br > habitats < br > supporting < br > globally < br > significant < br > concentrations of migratory species and / or congregatory < br > species ; areas with unique assemblages of species or which < br > are associated with key evolutionary processes . Primary < br > Forests or forests of High Conservation Value shall be < br > considered Critical Habitats . < br > 5 . Also known as ‘ cultural heritage ’ , ‘ cultural patrimony ’ , < br > ‘ cultural assets ’ or ‘ cultural property ’ . Physical cultural < br > resources are defined as movable or immovable objects , < br > sites , structures , groups of structures , and natural features < br > and landscapes that have archaeological , paleontological , < br > historical , architectural , religious ,", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 820, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and unskilled labor nominal wages will remain constant as these factors experience high levels of unemployment . < sup > 10 < / sup > The only factor that would change for semi - and unskilled labor is employment . We assume investment is savings driven . The marginal propensity to save for all nongovernment institutions will be fixed , while capital formation is flexible . The level of savings determines investment . Nell ( 2002 ) examines the long-run exogeneity between saving and investment in South Africa and finds that private savings is strongly exogenous to private investment in the period 1977 to 2001 . This implies that the savings level will determine investment . ( Nell , 2002 : 26 ) . When analyzing tax reforms , we assume government revenue does not change . Instead , other tax rates adjust when we remove or reduce the VAT . > 10 Depending in the choice of numeraire , real wages may also be held constant when the nominal wages are held constant . For example , when the consumer price index is the numeraire , real wages are held constant . In this version of the model , the producer price index is the numeraire . Tax changes can affect the consumer price index . 11", "spans": [{"start": 997, "end": 1017, "text": "consumer price index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cent of the population , and the province with the smallest is Corrientes ( 0 . 5 percent ) . Figure 1 : Percentage of Natives by Province < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( 7 . 6 , 8 . 7 ] < br > ( 6 . 5 , 7 . 6 ] < br > ( 5 . 4 , 6 . 5 ] 7 . 9 < br > ( 4 . 3 , 5 . 4 ] < br > ( 3 . 3 , 4 . 3 ] < br > ( 2 . 2 , 3 . 3 ] 6 . 6 6 . 1 < br > ( 1 . 1 , 2 . 2 ] < br > [ 0 . 5 , 1 . 1 ] < br > No data 3 . 9 < br > 1 . 3 1 . 2 < br > 1 . 9 < br > 1 . 3 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 1 . 2 < br > 1 . 2 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 6 1 . 1 < br > 1 . 9 < br > 2 . 4 2 . 2 < br > 1 . 9 < br > 4 . 5 < br > 8 . 0 < br > 7 . 2 < br > 8 . 7 < br > 3 . 6 < br > 2 . 9 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2010 ) . _Disclaimer : _ Falkland Islands - Islas Malvinas : A dispute concerning sovereignty over the islands exists between Argentina who claims this sovereignty and the U . K . which administers the islands . How does our measure of Native self-identification relate to native ancestry ? To answer this , we study the correlation of our self-identified measure of Native prevalence with a measure of prevalence based on genetic studies ( Wang et al . , 2008 ; Corach et al . , 2010 ; Avena et al . , 2012 ; Parolin", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 722, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 | | Figure 13 : Prevalent wind in the three seasons of Addis Ababa Bole station ( Bega , Belg & Kiremt ) . 51 | | Figure 14 : Surface Water Crossing the KIP , Addis Ababa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 | | Figure 15 : Recent earthquake activity in Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 | | Figure 16 : Map illustrating Addis Ababa city prone area to greatest flood risk ( Dusseau et al . , 2023 ) 55 | | Figure 17 : Estimated distance and slope of the proposed project site relative to nearby rivers ( Based < br > on Google Earth Image Analysis ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 928, "text": "Google Earth Image Analysis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reliable data sources ( Robayo-Abril and Rude , 2023a ) . One important limitation is that monetary measures of energy poverty rely mainly on data gathered via household budget surveys ( HBS ) , which often consist of small sample sizes and are only representative at high geographic levels . In addition , these surveys gather limited information on individual and household characteristics . Consequently , it is difficult to > 2 In this case , energy poverty is the share of households unable to keep their homes warm , which is a non-monetary measure of energy poverty . 2", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 184, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appropriateness and inclusiveness of the consultation settings as well as gender and other sensitivities that may prevail in the local communities . Knowledge and advice of the community representatives and local NGOs are invaluable to ensure that these aspects are fully observed . If deemed necessary , separate meetings and focus group discussions will be held , as described above . An attendance list is made available at the commencement of the consultation / hearing in order to record all participants who are present at the meeting and their affiliation . Wherever possible , attendees ’ signatures should be obtained as a proof of their participation . Details of the attendees who were not initially on the list ( e . g . those participating in place of somebody else , or general public ) should be included in addition to those who have registered for the meeting in advance . In most cases and as a general practice , the introductory initial part of the meeting or a hearing should be delivered in a format that is readily understandable to the audience of laypersons and should be free of excessive technical jargon . If necessary , preference should be given , whenever possible , to the oral and visual methods of communication ( including presentations , pictorials , illustrations , graphics and animation ) accompanied by hand-out materials imparting the relevant information in understandable terms rather than as text laden with technical intricacies . Where technical specifics of the project ’ s particular activities or solutions are required to be delivered in a greater level of detail , it will be ensured that the information conveyed remains comprehensible to all members of the audience and that the description of complex technicalities is adapted to their level of understanding , thereby enabling productive feedback and effective discussion . If a large audience is expected to attend a public meeting or a hearing , necessary arrangements will be made to ensure audibility and visibility of the presentation and any demonstrations involved . This includes provision of a microphone , proper illumination , projector , places allocated for the wheelchair users , etc . Taking records of the meeting is essential both for the purposes of transparency and the accuracy of", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 405, "text": "attendance list", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "committing considerable resources for a wider development of infrastructure and social service facilities in and around the Subproject area . Therefore , what would be required for the implementation of this LRP is to own and incorporate it into the ongoing national , regional , and local development programs and projects and effectively coordinate , follow up , and monitor its implementation . # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 3 Methodology * * The main source of data and information used in the preparation of this LRP is the census enumeration of PAHs and registration of their affected assets and property . In addition to undertaking an inventory and valuation of assets affected by the Subproject , the census survey collected a wide range of useful demographic ( age , gender , family size ) and socioeconomic ( ethnicity , health , religion , education , occupation , income sources , farmland size , cropping patterns , livelihood assets , productive capacity , preferred compensation methods , and livelihood restoration needs , preferences , opportunities and constraints ) information . The census and inventory of assets and affected property were undertaken working jointly with PAHs and representatives of local ( Woreda and Kebele ) authorities . Thus , the census survey forms the basis for developing the livelihood restoration activities presented in this LRP . It provides the baseline against which to measure the change in PAHs ’ livelihoods and standards of living . Based on the census survey data , this livelihood restoration plan is designed to ensure that persons adversely affected by the Subproject receive benefits and have their livelihoods , standards of living , and living conditions improved - or at least restored - in real terms . As part of the effort to triangulate the census data as well as gain deeper insights and understanding of issues in the resettlement planning and implementation ; and choices of livelihood restoration opportunities , needs , preferences , and constraints of displaced persons ; a series of consultative meetings were held with representatives of PAHs , local public officials as well as some NGOs actively operating in the Subproject area . The information", "spans": [{"start": 524, "end": 550, "text": "census enumeration of PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 705, "end": 718, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1270, "end": 1283, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1499, "end": 1517, "text": "census survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Several partnership agreements on illegal migration between host and source countries have been concluded or are being considered . For example , exchange of information on migrant smuggling is promoted by means of technical cooperation agreements between Japan and Korea , Japan and China , Hong-Kong , China and the US , the EU and some of its neighbors . Readmission agreements are being used to facilitate the return of illegal immigrants back to their countries of origin or transit , and are elements of the dialogue between a cluster of South Caucasus and Western European countries ( OECD , 1999 ; page 74 ) . Highlighting the importance of such agreements , a report by the Council of Europe ( 1997 ) noted that “ the return of illegal migrants can be made effective only through the full co-operation of the authorities of the country of origin and , as appropriate , of those of the transit countries . ” The report goes on to recommend that “ readmission clauses , relating to both nationals and third country citizens , be inserted in general co-operation agreements with countries which are sources of irregular migration , such as agreements relating to economic or political cooperation . ” < sup > 2 < / sup > The Binational Study on Migration ( 1997 ) conducted jointly by the U . S . and Mexico has also emphasized the need for a joint effort by the two countries to resolve the problem of illegal migration . There is already evidence suggesting that Mexico can play an important role in this respect . For example , the government of the Mexican state Baja California Norte has taken the initiative of designating zonas de exclusion ( off-limit areas ) at especially treacherous border areas and stationed agents to prevent illegal crossings . Although these measures are limited in scope , they have signi fi cantly boosted United States ’ efforts at securing part of its > 2 Chinese officials have also accepted US demands to pursue smugglers more aggressively and to impose severe punishment on illegal immigrants ( Djajic , 2001 , page 150 ) . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 Customary Land-related Dispute Resolution * * In Ethiopia in the regions of Afar , Somali and Gambella pastoralists and agro-pastoralists are living in the peripheral areas of the country where they are bordered with the nation ’ s people and with other countries people . In this respect , it is worthy to see the causes of conflicts as internal and external . From federal and regional project performance quarterly and annual reports of DRDIP-I , shows that there have been recurring conflicts among the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities due to various reasons . The main sources of conflicts in these areas are shortage of grazing land and water resources . These areas are characterized by arid and semi-arid where there is irregular and low rainfall leading to scarcity of water , grass and bushes . In these areas since recently rainfall has been unpredictable and for very short time . Sometimes the rain does not appear for longer months even in the usual rainy season . Due to this , in areas under the current SA , there was recurrent drought . The main conflicts encountered were usually between ethnic groups residing in their neighboring areas . Even though the conflicts are minimal , there were also internal conflicts within the same clan . In this respect , poor families , female headed and children are mostly affected . In order to overcome the problem of grazing land and water resources for their livestock , communities are forced to travel by crossing their boundaries where they can get available feeds and water . In this situation conflict may occur with the neighboring ethnic groups as traditionally it is known that land belongs to a certain ethnic group and that group claims its physical boundaries . In this respect , whenever new comers cross their ideal border , they can enter into conflict . < mark > For example , < / mark > results obtained from previous public consultations , < mark > reviewing of DRDIP-I baseline survey and mid-term report , i < / mark > ndi", "spans": [{"start": 1965, "end": 1988, "text": "DRDIP-I baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 poverty assessments are based – are seldom representative at the level of any but the largest metropolitan areas in the developing world . They are certainly not representative for smaller towns and cities , and information is not usually disaggregated along these lines . < sup > 5 < / sup > In this paper , we draw upon the considerable additional insights generated by small area poverty estimation ( based on the combination of welfare estimates from household surveys with “ sample ” sizes from National Censuses ) to investigate the relationship between poverty and city size in eight developing countries , namely Albania , Brazil , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Mexico , Morocco , Thailand and Sri Lanka . We find substantial variation in the incidence and depth of consumption poverty across city sizes in seven of the eight countries . For all seven countries where the data permits some kind of disaggregation of the incidence of public service access , there is also considerable variation across city sizes . In all cases , poverty is lowest and service availability is greatest in the largest cities – precisely those where governments , the middle-classes , opinion-makers and airports are disproportionately located . This leads us to ask whether , alongside Lipton ’ s original urban bias , there might also exist a “ metropolitan bias ” in the allocation of resources ( including policy attention ) to larger cities , at the expense of smaller towns , where most of the urban poor are located . There are a number of caveats which require that our results be treated with care . First , although our samples within countries are representative , our _sample of countries_ is not . Although these eight countries are located in all six regions into which the World Bank routinely divides the developing world , they are not random draws . < sup > 6 < / sup > They are countries where there was an early interest in ( and the data required for ) constructing a poverty map . Second , we use national , rather than international , poverty lines . This has the advantage that poverty is measured in the terms which each particular country ’ s residents feel is appropriate .", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 474, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 502, "end": 519, "text": "National Censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SMEs Micro Small Medium Total < br > Jan 2010 Mar 2010 May 2010 Jul 2010 Sep 2010 Nov 2010 Jan 2011 Mar 2011 May 2011 Jul 2011 Sep 2011 Nov 2011 Jan 2012 Mar 2012 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Panel a , ECB Statistics – MFIs Loans to Non-financial Corporations ; Panels b and c , ECB Survey ( SAFE ) .", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 310, "text": "ECB Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "forecast . < sup > 5 < / sup > For global term spread , the dispersion is computed from the monthly Consensus Economics survey for each country of the G20 and aggregated using real GDP weights . < sup > 6 < / sup > - The balance of risks for each factor is captured by the skewness of its forecast distribution . A negative skewness indicates a balance of risks that is tilted to the downside . The skewness of the risk-neutral probability distributions of option price on S & P 500 returns as well as on Brent and WTI prices are approximated from the slope of their respective implied volatility curves , following the methodology of Mixon ( 2011 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > For the term spread , the skewness is computed from the monthly Consensus Economics survey for each country of the G20 and aggregated using real GDP weights . Several episodes of heightened uncertainty stand out from the analysis of these risk factors ( Figure 1 ) . The first one is the global financial crisis of 2008-09 . Its unexpected severity was associated with financial market disruptions and a broad-based increase in volatility and risk aversion ( Stock and Watson 2012 ; Allen , Bali , and Tang 2012 ) . This was also reflected in the rising degree of uncertainty of all three risk factors . The second and third , albeit milder , episodes were around intensifications in the Euro Area sovereign debt crisis in 2011 and 2012 , when financial market indicators also pointed towards a greater level of uncertainty surrounding global growth forecasts . Recent episodes of market stress , such as those associated with the Taper Tantrum in 2013 , sharply declining oil prices since mid-2014 and the ongoing emerging market slowdown have also raised forecast uncertainty . Around these episodes , downside risks to growth have been more prevalent . # * * 3 . Risk indicators and global growth * * To characterize the evolution of uncertainty around global growth forecasts , a similar approach to that proposed by Blix and Sellin ( 1998 ) and Kannan and Elekdag ( 2009 ) is used . More specifically , changes in the degree of uncertainty (", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 762, "text": "monthly Consensus Economics survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reservoir areas and PART of Priority 3 areas ( part of main dam operational and impoundment areas and part of the lower check dam reservoir areas , silt pile ) and Access roads A , F , & H , C , G and J . RAP 1b ( this report ) covers PART of Priority 3 i . e . the rest of the main dam and lower check dam reservoir areas all of which are within Mwavumbo Group Ranch . ( Refer to the RAP 1 Cadastral Map - * * Annex 3 ) * * # # # # # # * * RAP 2 * * RAP 2 will cover all resettlement activities associated with the upper check dam and pilot irrigation scheme areas . Works for upper check dam and pilot irrigation scheme are at design stage while the RAP is under preparation as well . # # # # # # * * RAP 3 * * RAP 3 will cover all the remaining roads ; E2 ( 15 . 8km ) , D ( 2 . 5km ) , the proposed permanent diversions ( 3km + 1 . 5km ) which will all be greenfield roads and roads B ( 5 . 4km ) and E1 ( 4 . 2km ) which are existing roads . The development of the greenfield roads will involve acquiring additional land and will be needed and constructed in preparation for impoundment of the main dam and lower check dam reservoirs while the existing roads will be upgraded . 2", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 404, "text": "RAP 1 Cadastral Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ - Census survey and baseline socioeconomic studies . The findings of a householdlevel census identifying and enumerating PAHs , and , with the involvement of PAHs , surveying land , structures , and other fixed assets to be affected by the respective Subproject Component / activity . The census survey also serves other essential functions . Such would include : - a ) Identifying characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labour , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population , etc . , - b ) Information on vulnerable HHHs for whom special provisions may have to be made , - c ) Identifying public or community infrastructure , property or services that may be affected , - d ) Providing a basis for the design of , and budgeting for , the resettlement action , - e ) In conjunction with establishment of a cut-off date , providing a basis for excluding ineligible people from compensation and resettlement assistance , and - f ) Establishing baseline conditions for monitoring and evaluation purposes . - RP implementation schedule providing anticipated dates for displacement , and estimated initiation and completion dates for all resettlement plan activities . The schedule shall indicate how the resettlement activities are linked to the implementation of the overall Subproject . - Categorized cost estimates for all resettlement activities , including contingencies , as well as arrangements for timely flow of funds . Page 86 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 233, "text": "householdlevel census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 430, "end": 443, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA project report for the Proposed St . Marys Mon Sec . School Borehole-Marakwet East July 2014_ * * # # * * 4 . 0 PROJECT DESIGN , WORKS AND ACTIVITIES * * # # # # * * 4 . 1 Groundwater Survey * * In compliance with the provisions of the Water Act 2002 , a hydro-geologist conducted a ground water survey . The survey indicated that there is sufficient underground water to meet the desired water requirements by the proponent . The report was submitted to Water Resources Management Authority seeking an authority to drill the proposed borehole . A copy of the report has been submitted to NEMA along with this EIA report . # # # # * * 4 . 2 Drilling * * The maximum recommended drilling depth by the hydro geologist is180 metres . From the Dupuit equation for steady flow and holding all other factors remaining constant , increasing the well diameter enhances the yield only marginally i . e . about 10 % . The diameter should therefore be in the range of 203 – 230 mm . The logging data must be collected successively throughout the drilling process for analysis . # # # # * * 4 . 3 Water Well Design * * For the purposes of monitoring of groundwater abstraction and the static water level measurements , a water meter and an airline respectively must be installed . An airline consists of an open tube or several pipes . These pipes are connected together and are normally attached to the pump ’ s drop pipes . A water meter and the airline are required for the purpose of determining the relationship between the rate of groundwater abstraction and the static or dynamic water level in the borehole at any given time . # # # # * * 4 . 4 Casing * * The two main purposes of a well casing are to support the borehole and to help protect the aquifer from contamination . The casing serves as a housing for the pumping equipment and as vertical conduit for water flowing upward from the aquifer to the pump intake .", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 997, "text": "logging data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2019 ) , as well as the ESIA regulations of Uganda 2020 . Equally , the National Forests and Tree Planting Act 2003 makes provisions for implementing the CBD locally . Therefore , the CBD will be operationalised in the Project , especially with reference to biodiversity affected in forests or rangelands falling within the project area of influence ( AoI ) , as defined . # # # * * 2 . 6 . 1 . 2 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands ( 1971 ) * * Originally the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was for the conservation and sustainable use ( \" wise use \" ) of wetlands as habitat for water birds . In recent years , the convention ’ s objectives have broadened , now covering the comprehensive protection of wetlands as important ecosystems for the maintenance of biological diversity and provisioning of environment services . By acceding to the Ramsar Convention , the member states commit to designating at least one wetland within their territory as a \" Wetland of International Importance \" , to take steps to maintain and develop this site and , if possible , further sites . In addition , the contracting states must take steps to ensure wise use of other wetlands within their territory , which includes for this proposed TL project . The contracting states are also called upon to engage in international cooperation . The Montreux Record is an important instrument of the Convention . It lists wetlands of international importance whose ecological character has deteriorated significantly or is likely to deteriorate in the foreseeable future . Measures to improve the situation of the sites are elaborated . Implementation of the Convention rests essentially upon cooperation between the contracting states , the Standing Committee , the Secretariat , the Scientific and Technical Review Panel ( STRP ) and the Communication , Education and Public Awareness ( CEPA ) Panel . The Conference of the Contracting Parties ( CoP ) meets * * 87 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 1322, "end": 1337, "text": "Montreux Record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Feb-08 | 26-Feb-08 | NA | 8-Mar-08 | 22-Apr-08 | 7-May-08 | NA | | 011 / 00 | | gaps and thereby strengthening the < br > implementation capacity of the program . | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * Sub-total - DLDP * * | | | * * 13 . 30 * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 < br > ORO / Con / | Oromia - ICT | Developing contents in local language | SBCQ | Lumpsum | 22 . 1 | Post | Plan | 12-Feb-08 | NA | 22-Feb-08 | 5-Mar-08 | 15-Mar-08 | NA | 25-Mar-08 | 9-May-08 | 24-May-08 | NA | | 015 / 00 | | for users . | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 < br > ORO / Con / | Oromia - ICT | Developing Webpage for 10 ( Ten ) | QCBS | Lumpsum | 50 . 0 | Post | Plan | 15-Dec-07 | NA | 26-Dec-07 | 7-Jan-08 | 17-Jan-08 | NA | 27-Jan-08 | 12-Mar-08 | 27-Mar-08 | NA | | 016 / 00 | | governmental Offices in the Regions . | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 < br > ORO / Con / | Oi ICT | Digitalizing data of Bureaus whose MIS | QCBS | Lumpsum | 80 . 0 | Post | Plan | 20-Jun-08 | 30-Jun-08", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 15 : Asset returns around major financial crises Panel A : New York Panic of 1907 : An Episode of Financial Contagion < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 150 < br > 125 < br > 100 < br > 75 < br > 50 < br > - 3 - 2 - 1 t 1 2 3 < br > Years around financial crisis < br > US equities US Treasuries ( 10 year ) < br > External sovereign bonds < br > Cumulative total return index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Panel B : Great Depression : A Global Crisis < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 150 < br > 125 < br > 100 < br > 75 < br > 50 < br > 25 < br > 0 < br > - 3 - 2 - 1 t 1 2 3 < br > Years around financial crisis < br > US equities US Treasuries ( 10 year ) < br > External sovereign bonds < br > 150 < br > 125 < br > 100 < br > 75 < br > 50 < br > - 3 - 2 - 1 t 1 2 3 < br > Years around financial crisis < br > US equities US Treasuries ( 10 year ) < br > External sovereign bonds < br > Cumulative total return index < br > Cumulative total return index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Panel C : Global Financial Crisis of 2008 : An Advanced Economy Crisis _Notes : _ This figure shows a cumulative real return index around three financial crisis events : the New York Panic 1907 , starting in October , the Great Depression ( dated on Black Tuesday in October 1929 ) and the Global Financial Crisis ( culminating in September 2008 ) . The series are indexed at 100 in the starting month of the crisis . The series on external sovereign bonds is based on the sub-sample of serial defaulters ( see Section 4 for details ) . 42", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| v < br > * * Ethiopia * * < br > * * Rural Capacity Building * * < br > * * Loan # : * * | | * * Bnishangul Purc * * < br > * * B * * | * * hase for the Year * * < br > * * ASIC DATA * * | * * 2010-2 * * | * * 011 * * | I < br > < br > * * Draft Bid Documents , * * < br > * * including specs and * * < br > * * quantities , draft SPN * * | f Post-Revi < br > * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * Notice * * | ew , No-objection Dates are < br > * * Bidding Period * * | not needed < br > * * Bid Eval * * | * * uation * * | * * Co * * | * * ntract Finalization * * | * * Contract Implemen * * | * * tation * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Numbe * * < br > * * Estimate * * < br > * * d * * | * * Procure * * < br > * * ment * * < br > * * Pre-or * * < br > * * Post * * | * * Prior or * * < br > * * Post * * | < br > * * Plan vs", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "example , we gain insights into whether poverty is more of a chronic or transient nature , and how this changes over time and differs between regions . Moreover , we are able to estimate conditional probabilities , such as chances of escaping poverty . Nevertheless , the caveat remains that these results are not based on true panel data and depend on our willingness to assume that actual income correlation coefficients from other countries can , as a group , proxy for the correlation of Malaysian incomes over time . Considering poverty dynamics , we observe a large decrease in chronic poverty over the study period , to between 2-3 percent of the population over the interval 2019-2022 . This decline is evident across all three poverty lines applied . It also means that those living in poverty now have much better chances of escaping poverty . In addition , poverty entry figures have continued to decline . These poverty dynamics went hand-in-hand with larger transfers to low-income households in the wake of the Covid-19 crisis . This is important to bear in mind when interpreting these results . In contrast to the Department of Statistics Malaysia , we do not observe an increase in poverty from 2019 to 2022 . This is likely due to a significant increase in the poverty line employed by DOSM from 2019 to 2022 . If we pick either of these lines and keep its real value constant over time , we observe a decrease in poverty . Poverty conditions are worst in rural East Malaysia : around 15 percent of the population here lives in chronic poverty , and over each interval in our study , around 10 percent falls into poverty . Those in poverty here have the lowest chance of all Malaysians of escaping poverty . Moreover , those out of poverty face the highest chances of falling into poverty . Looking at three-way income mobility , an important conclusion is that results depend on which income thresholds are used to define the three groups . If we use relatively lower poverty and vulnerability lines , a bit over 50 percent of the population is persistently secure , and downward mobility has declined . However , if we employ higher income thresholds , the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the US , becomes the weight of the estimated function . In practice , the estimates differed some , but not greatly from those previous . Figure 4 presents the elasticity of migration to the US with respect to FDI above the axis and below the axis , the impact of an investment of $ US100 million on the number of people who migrate . The elasticities are quite low - - on average a doubling of FDI would lead only to a 1 . 5-2 % reduction in migration . Further , for many states the impact of a single $ US100 million plant opening decreases migration little . However in some areas , such as Veracruz , where there is little FDI and a substantial amount of migration , the decline in outflows is substantialin the first case approaching 4 , 000 people . Again , these are intended as back of the envelope calculations that rely heavily on the assumption that the US is considered broadly as the 32 < sup > rd < / sup > destination for a migrant leaving his state . And again , we are only capturing the impact of redirection of existing migration to other Mexican states , not the overall decline in migration so these must be seen as lower bounds . # * * Conclusions * * This paper evaluated the mechanisms through which NAFTA related variables might work to reduce migration to the US using data from within Mexico . We make three contributions to both the literature on migration more generally , and the impact of trade and FDI flows on migration . First , we offer the first estimates of determinants of migration flows within Mexico and make some advances in the LDC migration literature . In line with recent innovations in the industrialized country literature , we generate proxies for both the level of amenities , costs of living and networks and generally find significance . Contrary to much of the literature , our specification generates intuitive and significant signs on home state labor market variables : a rise in home earnings or employment levels does deter migration . We argue that part of the traditional poor performance of the origin state variables is that they capture a", "spans": [{"start": 1299, "end": 1322, "text": "data from within Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were substantial : for example , a mother received 255 pesos per month , or 40 % of the typical male laborer ’ s monthly earnings in these rural communities , if her ninth grade daughter was enrolled in school . Using this setting , we first estimate income and price effects . To identify price effects , we exploit the fact that the introduction of the CCTs was randomized at the locality level : 63 % of the localities received transfers immediately , while the other 37 % started two years later . To identify income effects , we use variation in transfers to younger siblings below the age of 12 years , as enrollment below the age of 12 is almost 100 % , implying the conditions of these transfers were non-binding . < sup > 5 < / sup > In other words , transfers to younger siblings can be viewed as unconditional transfers to the household . Using detailed panel data from 1997-1999 , we estimate income and price effects for secondary school aged children ( children aged 12-15 years ) . We find substantial income effects , with average income effects around one-third as large as average price effects . These estimates imply a relatively high degree of curvature in the utility of consumption , with an implied coefficient of relative risk aversion of 1 . 05 . < sup > 6 < / sup > Using these estimates , we proceed to evaluate the size of the targeting benefit relative to the exclusion cost for households in Progresa villages with secondary school age children . Under the observed Progresa transfers , we find that this ratio is substantial : the targeting benefit is 88 % as large as the exclusion cost . We then calculate the share of the Progresa budget that should be allocated to a CCT over a UCT based solely on targeting grounds ( i . e . , we calculate the share that equates the targeting benefit to the exclusion cost ) . We find that 41 % of the Progresa budget should go to a CCT , implying that the targeting benefit is a quantitatively important benefit of CCTs in this setting ( in comparison , under the observed transfers , 65 %", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 890, "text": "detailed panel data from 1997-1999", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "setting to estimate the causal impact of intervention programs or collective behaviors . The seminal paper by Jalan and Ravallion ( 2003 ) uses PSM to estimate the effects of piped water on children ’ s diarrhea incidence and duration in India . With a cross-sectional data set , the authors match the households with and without piped water based on propensity scores estimated from observable household characteristics . They further stratify the cross-section by household income per capita and the highest education of a female family member , and then estimate the treatment effects with PSM in each subgroup . Imbens ( 2015 ) illustrates the application of PSM using non-experimental data with examples such as the lottery winnings effects on labor market outcomes and the job training program impact on subsequent earnings . Chiputwa et al . ( 2015 ) use PSM to identify the impact of food standard certification on poverty among coffee farmers in Uganda . Fischer and Qaim ( 2012 ) employ PSM to match farmers that form and do not form farmers groups to analyze the impact of farmer collective action on income in Kenya . Also using a cross-sectional household data set from Uganda , Kassie et al . ( 2011 ) use PSM to find that adopting improved groundnut varieties ( technology ) significantly increases crop income and reduces poverty . We follow the same methodology to study the role of e-commerce participation on household income growth in Taobao Villages . # * * _3 . 2 Logit model of participation_ * * We start by estimating a logit model of participation decision on a set of observed characteristics . At the household level , we include the following variables : 1 . _Gender of the household head_ . This is a dummy variable that equals one if the head is male and zero if female . E-commerce allows more flexible working hours and location ( many people work at their own homes during periods they choose ) and is often less manually demanding than traditional farming . This might make it especially suitable for female participation . We expect the coefficient to be negative . 2 . _Age of the household head_ . As e-commerce is technology-intensive and new to rural areas , the younger", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 277, "text": "cross-sectional data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1143, "end": 1189, "text": "cross-sectional household data set from Uganda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) ► IR Indicator 4 . 3 – Education : Number of LGs where the school performance assessment and improvement framework has been implemented ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > | School Performance < br > July to September 2 | Assessment is being designed < br > 022 . School closure during the | and should be piloted in F < br > COVID 19 Pandemic affec | Y2022 / 23 . SPA to start in < br > ted this indicator . | | ~ ~ IN01298993 ~ ~ < br > ► IR Indicator 4 . 5 – Health : N < br > levels . ( Number , Custom ) | umber of HCIIs upgraded | to HCIII which are completed , | equipped and staffed up to | at least minimum staffing | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 124 . 00 | 296 . 00 | 252 . 00 | 380 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > | From the MoH Repo | rt , 296 facilities have been upgr | aded to HCIII . | | | ~ ~ IN01298996 ~ ~ < br", "spans": [{"start": 1240, "end": 1248, "text": "MoH Repo", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "HIV Incidence : * * a measure of occurrences of the disease in a specified time interval . In contrast , prevalence involves all affected individuals , regardless of the date of contraction . This is difficult to measure and thus generally not reported . * * Internally Displaced Person ( IDP ) : * * are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence , in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict , situations of generalized violence , violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters , and who have not crossed an internationally recognised State border . < sup > 3 < / sup > * * Knowledge , Attitude , Practice and Behaviour ( KAPB ) surveys * * : similar to a BSS . * * Refugee * * : is a person who \" owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race , religion , nationality , membership of a particular social group , or political opinion , is outside the country of his nationality , and is unable to or , owing to such fear , is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country . . . \" < sup > 4 < / sup > * * Seroprevalence * * : the frequency of individuals in a population that have a particular element ( e . g . antibodies to HIV ) in their blood serum . 12", "spans": [{"start": 709, "end": 754, "text": "Knowledge , Attitude , Practice and Behaviour", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 791, "end": 794, "text": "BSS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tend to agree with this statement . A higher value of this variable is interpreted as stronger demand for government redistribution . Information on demand for redistribution is available for more countries and years than equality perceptions . However , we only use those country-years for which equality perceptions is also available . In order to have some quantitative measure of ideology , we choose two different variables . The first of them , available only for a subset of respondents , corresponds to the political placement in a leftright axis . This variable is obtained from a direct question to interviewees on their position in that axis or inferred from their affiliation or sympathy to a political party . Out of our sample of 46 , 894 individuals , 30 % have missing information on political ideology and 13 % express no ideology ; thus , we have valid information of the political ideology for 57 % of our sample – around 26 , 800 individuals . To overcome this sample limitation , we also look at an additional variable that we take , as robustness check , to be a proxy for political ideology . This question derives from Question 12 of the Social Inequality module of ISSP which is available for almost all the sample . Question 12 asks respondents to give their opinion on the importance of several factors in determining how much people ought to earn for a job . We focus on one factor : what individuals need to support their family . We argue that this variable correlates with ideology : rewarding individuals taking into account their needs seems related to social justice . In terms of the economic context , the paper uses data from different sources : ( i ) Gini indices on per capita household income mainly drawn from the Luxembourg Income Study Database ( LIS ) and , when not available , from “ All the Ginis ” data set of Milanovic ( 2018 ) ( ii ) data on unemployment rate and government expenditures are taken either from Eurostat ( 1999 and 2009 ) , from the Milanovic ' s Household Expenditure and Income Dataset for Transition Economies ( HEIDE ) data ( 1992 ) , or from the World Development Indicators", "spans": [{"start": 1755, "end": 1787, "text": "Luxembourg Income Study Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1830, "end": 1843, "text": "All the Ginis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1884, "end": 1937, "text": "data on unemployment rate and government expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1960, "end": 1968, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2012, "end": 2077, "text": "Household Expenditure and Income Dataset for Transition Economies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2116, "end": 2144, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "African Case revisited » , _Public Law_ ( 2002 ) , Spring Issue , pp . 52-72 . > 200 _Kulraj Singh Bhangra v Director General , Kenya Citizens and Foreign Nationals Management Service , _ Haute Cour de Nairobi , Petition No . 137 , 5 décembre 2014 . > 201 Abiud Ochieng , « Stateless ’ man to be granted Kenyan citizenship » , _The Nation_ ( Nairobi ) , 17 juillet 2016 . 202 Certains auraient peut-être en théorie le droit de demander la nationalité au Royaume-Uni . Elle est extrêmement difficile à obtenir . Il faut aussi que la personne obtienne la preuve qu ’ elle n ’ a pas la nationalité kenyane , ce qui , étant donné le fait que pour la plupart des Kenyans , c ’ est précisément ce qu ’ ils cherchent à obtenir , risque d ’ arriver simultanément avec une demande pour obtenir l ’ enregistrement en tant que Kenyans . > 203 _Kenya : Presidential Proclamation : In the Matter of the Petitions by the Asian Community for Formal Recognition as a Tribe in Kenya , Gazette Notice No . 7245 , Kenya Gazette , Vol . CXIX — No . 102 , 21 July 2017_ . Le Kenya est généralement considéré comme composé de 42 tribus , sur la base des catégories du recensement utilisées sous l ’ ère coloniale ( voir Samantha Balaton-Chrimes , « Counting as Citizens : Recognition of the Nubians in the 2009 Kenyan Census » , _Ethnopolitics_ , Vol . 10 , No . 2 , 2011 , pp . 205-218 ) ; les Makondé ont été officiellement déclaré être la 43 < sup > ème", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "nologies < br > * * ( ICT ) * * < br > leadership , technology-enabledbusinessesandtechnology < br > talentpoolthatwilltransformKenya . < br > * * iv . * * < br > SMEsalsohavedifficultiesinimprovingtheirproductivity < br > duetopoormanagerialpracticesandinformation < sup > failures < / sup > < br > around howtoupgrade . Firm-leveldata < sup > inKenyareveals < / sup > < br > most * * firms * * havelowproductivityduetoaskills < sup > deficitbothat < / sup > < br > themanagerialandtechnicallevels | * * V * *", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 336, "text": "Firm-leveldata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - | | | Large | 14 . 2 % | 9 . 1 % | 17 . 6 % | 84 . 0 % | - | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) Further , the composition of the innovation portfolio highlights another difference between both country groups . While process innovation is more important in Bangladesh and India , product innovation is more important in Nepal and Pakistan . However , there is convergence in the pattern of non-technological > 6 Size classification consists of : small , less than 20 employees ; medium from 20 to 100 employees ; large more than 100 employees . 11", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 119, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hpa-An Environmental Scoping Report | | NEAT + | | October 2019 | 17 areas that need further research before programme implementation . As mentioned above , even the process of going through the mitigation tips and determining whether they are applicable to the local context can be a useful starting point for dialogue and planning . - * * Agile first step without environmental expertise which frames technical concepts within humanitarian jargon and priorities : * * Almost all the questions were answered easily without environmental expertise and the level of questioning worked well for all types of users . The only questions where there was some debate or confusion were on soil types , gradient and topography . - * * Links to MapX data sets from the hints and prompts would help users answer questions : * * In particular those that they might not know , such as climate type or proximity to water bodies or international borders - * * Answering the environmental sensitivity module as a group exercise worked well : * * This allowed for discussion on each question and increased the collective understanding of the issues . 17", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 750, "text": "MapX data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the refugee field . Prompting these overtures was the recognition that institutions in Haiti were unable to function and to support and protect people ; even if humanitarian assistance was provided by various actors , the protection and security environment for Haitians was precarious , chaotic and had certainly been negatively affected by the impacts of the earthquake . Former COMAR officials indicated that assessing claims under the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria was difficult , including because Haitians were suffering from > 52 It appears that public requests for similar information have been effective in the past . For example , in the past COMAR has responded to a public request which sought information on the grounds upon which refugee status was recognized between 2013 and 2017 . This request did not relate to a specific nationality , however . > 53 Cantor , supra note 12 , p . 18 . Based on correspondence with UNHCR ’ s Mexico Office , it seems that information on file with civil society at Ibero-American University in Mexico City also suggests that at least two Haitians were recognized in 2011 on the grounds of “ other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order ” . > 54 Arguably , refugee issues have become more and more prominent in Mexico in recent years , primarily due to the growth in claims by applicants from the Northern Triangle countries . At the time of the Haitian earthquake , informants noted that changes were taking place in terms of the status and capacity of the UNHCR Mexico Office . 199", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 1012, "text": "information on file with civil society", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - * * * * _17 - _ * * # SCHEDULE 3 In reviewing the progress achieved * * by * * the Borrover in the carrying out of the economic program referred to in paragraphs * * ( A ) * * and * * ( U ) of * * the Preamble to this Agreement , the Borrower and the Administrator shall focus in particular on : - * * ( 1 ) * * The adequacy of the Forward Budget for the Fiscal Years * * 1980 / 81 * * to * * 1982183 ; * * - ( 2 ) Improvements in debt management , including : - * * ( a ) * * the provision * * of * * technical assistance to and the strengthening of staff of the Treasury dealing with external debt ; and - * * ( b ) * * the establishment * * of a * * record of private external debt ; - * * ( 3 ) * * Implementation * * of * * measures to phase out Letters * * of * * No Objection Privileges , including enforcement of the Borrover ' s directive providing that no new Letters of No Objection Privileges shall be granted , and that existing Letters of * * No * * Objection Privileges shall not * * be * * renewed or extended but shall to the extent permitted * * be * * terminated ; - ( 4 ) The _Borrower ' s_ measures to ensure adequate incentives for export , including : - ( a ) a plan * * of * * measures , to be implemented during the Borrower ' s Fiscal Year * * 1980 / 81 , * * for the administrative simplification of its existing export compensation system ; - * * ( h ) * * progress made * * in * * the design of an export insurance and financing system , which * * is * * expected to * * be * * introduced * * by * * September * * 1980 ; * * - * * ( 5 ) * *", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 690, "text": "record of private external debt", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT # # # # # ▪ * * Refugees , asylum seekers , displaced Yemenis , and members of their host communities play a crucial role in supporting the information flow on UNHCR ' s assistance and services . * * - * * Displaced persons trust people they know : * * more than half of refugees and asylum-seekers respondents in the north and one-third displaced Yemenis and host communities interviewed countrywide rely on their * * family , friends , and relatives * * to access information ; - * * Informal communication remains the preferred way to receive information * * : fortytwo per cent of displaced Yemenis and host communities interviewed countrywide , and 35 per cent of refugees and asylum seekers interviewed in the north rely on * * ' word of mouth ' ; * * - * * Organised community structures help transmit information * * : forty-four per cent of refugees and asylum seekers interviewed in the north of Yemen rely on * * community leaders * * while 25 per cent on refugee specialised committees . - * * UNHCR * * primarily relies on local and community-based organizations that are often well-rooted and respected in the communities they serve . * * How do you obtain information in your community about Services provided by UNHCR ? * * UNHCR / September 2020 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for “ risk-free ” UK and US government bonds ( marked in blue ) using the full 200-year series for both countries ( the average yearly real return is 3 . 4 % for US bonds and 4 . 1 % for UK bonds , with standard deviations of 12 % and 10 % , respectively ) . Figure 9 focuses on country credit histories and plots the average yearly real ex-post bond returns on the vertical axis against the total number of external sovereign default events ( on private external debt ) since 1815 on the horizontal axis , using the updated Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) default data . Similar to Figure 7 , we find that bond returns increase in the riskiness of a country , as measured by the number of past defaults . In Appendix B7 , we add to these results with a capital asset pricing model ( CAPM ) analysis . Serial defaulters have higher betas , as bond returns for these countries are more sensitive to US / UK stock market conditions . Figure 9 : The role of credit history : Returns and default frequency , by country , 1815-2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CIV < br > 15 ECU < br > CHE PAK < br > EST < br > NGA < br > IRQ UKR < br > FIN MEX < br > 10 DEU POL SRB CRI < br > VEN < br > FRA CZK < br > PHL < br > LBN JPNITA PAN ZWEMARHTICUB PRTGRC COLSLVBRA URYPRYNICDOMGTM CHLARG < br > 5 NLDSWEMYSDNKBEL VNMHRV HUN BGR RUSIDNHNDAUT EGY ESP PER TUR < br > NORIRL THA ROUZAF < br > US bondsNZLAUS < br > CAN < br > UK bonds CHN BOL < br > t-statistic : 1 . 87 < br > p-value : 0 . 07 < br > 0 < br > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 < br > Number of external defaults < br > Serial defaulters All others < br > Mean annual real return in % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ This figure", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 566, "text": "Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) default data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "predict stock price responses to elections during the post-Suharto era , nor stock price responses to news about President Wahid ’ s impeachment . < sup > 8 < / sup > In addition , we use data on the appointment dates of the Suharto appointed mayors from MartinezBravo et al . ( 2013 ) . We supplement the data they have made publicly available with data we collected ourselves from the Government of Indonesia ’ s Official Directories at Cornell University . We also construct new data on entry regulation from presidential decrees issued in 1993 , 1995 , and 2000 . We create a ( stringent ) entry regulation indicator variable that equals 1 if an industry is completely closed to investments or closed unless the firm in question meets certain conditions and zero otherwise . Industries that are reserved for small businesses are not considered as regulated . # * * 4 The Impact of Political Turnover on Manufacturing Firms * * # * * 4 . 1 Characteristics of Politically Connected Manufacturing Firms * * Even though the 86 Suharto family firms account for only 0 . 4 percent of firms in our sample , they matter for macroeconomic performance . As Table 1 ( panel A ) shows , Suharto family firms accounted for 1 . 3 percent of jobs and exports , 2 . 9 percent of all imports , and 3 . 8 percent of output in 1996 . The larger group of firms with broadly defined political connections ( presented in panel B ) comprised 1 . 1 percent of all firms , employed 4 . 4 percent of all manufacturing workers , and produced 15 . 8 percent of total manufacturing output . They also accounted for 5 . 0 percent of manufacturing exports and for 12 . 7 percent of all imports . Politically connected firms were thus among the larger firms and were oriented toward production for domestic consumption . By 2000 the aggregate contributions of politically connected firms had diminished somewhat . Suharto connected firms nonetheless remained important and continued to account for 13 . 4 % of all output . Table 2 shows the average characteristics of politically connected and nonconnected firms and compares the difference between these averages during the", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 506, "text": "data on entry regulation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2018-2019 GHS survey rounds and within Nigerian states implementing opengrazing bans , which have been attributed as a contributor to increased violence in the conflict . We find that the shift toward informal work and away from agricultural work is larger within states implementing an open-grazing ban and during the 2018-2019 survey round , especially during the post-harvest season . Finally , we investigate the consequences of this labor response to exposure to herder-related violence . We specifically estimate “ knock-on ” or lagged effects that materialize during the post-harvest period of the 2018-2019 GHS survey and are associated with exposure to herder-related violence in the previous planting season . We find that households exposed to herder-related violence and who have also been previously exposed to this violence ( i ) shift their consumption toward food and away from other expenditures , ( ii ) are more likely to sell raw crops to relatives / friends or via the farmgate , and ( iii ) are more likely to operate a non-farm enterprise . Despite our finding that agricultural households exposed to herder-related violence in Nigeria might use the informal sector as a way to cope with the increased risk associated with agricultural production , this ‘ safety net ’ does not seem to effectively guard against these households experiencing adverse economic consequences . Therefore , herder-related violence can have wide-reaching indirect costs beyond the direct costs associated with the loss of human life and the destruction of property . In the absence of the elimi21", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 20, "text": "GHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 605, "end": 625, "text": "2018-2019 GHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Ratio of loans to deposits_ The loans to deposits ratio is a measure of the liquidity of financial institutions as well as the ability of the banking sector to use available resources . These ratios were highest in South Africa for most of the period ( figure 5 ) . They were very low and declining in Egypt . The ratio rose consistently in Turkey over the period , increasing from 37 . 1 in 2002 to about 130 . 4 in 2015 . * * Figure 5 Ratio of loans to deposits in six middle ‐ income countries , 2000 – 16 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 160 % < br > 140 % < br > 120 % < br > Egypts < br > 100 % < br > South Africa < br > 80 % < br > Turkey < br > 60 % < br > Morocco < br > 40 % < br > Malaysia < br > 20 % < br > Thailand < br > 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Data from the World Bank ’ s Financial Structure Database ( 2017 ) . # _Ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP_ The ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP declined in Egypt between 2008 and 2012 ( figure 6 ) . It was higher than the ratio in Turkey and South Africa . Malaysia had the highest ratio . Morocco experienced a continuous increase in the ratio between 2000 and 2015 . 13", "spans": [{"start": 832, "end": 860, "text": "Financial Structure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second , we must separate the role of the CF subsidies from that of unobserved local attributes . The CF is a subsidy to promote entry into lagging regions . Regions with high subsidies are therefore likely to be unattractive for entry in a variety of other dimensions . Data to control parametrically for these other factors are incomplete , creating a problem of ( negatively ) correlated unobservables . We exploit useful features of the RAIS data set to control for this problem with agglomeration fixed effects . Finally , in determining the role played by other factors in the entry decision ( e . g . , classical determinants like transportation cost and market size , along with agglomeration effects and other forms of local spillovers ) , we are confronted with problems of severe multicollinearity . In Brazil , development ( as measured by the IDH ) is highly correlated with measures of education , infrastructure ( e . g . , sewage , electrification ) , and even transport accessibility . This will limit our ability to deduce the separate causal role of many of these factors . In dealing with these complications , we undertake a multi-stage estimation procedure . The following sub-sections describe each of these stages . The next section provides a discussion of the results . # * * _Stage # 1 : Maximum Likelihood Entry Model_ * * In the first stage , we recover non-parametric estimates of each agglomeration ’ s overall attractiveness for entry ( separately for each sector ) , taking into account the possibility that a firm might consider the proximity of the new site to its headquarters . 13", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 454, "text": "RAIS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries . Total accumulative FDI inflows rose rapidly from $ 1 . 8 billion in 1983 to $ 446 . 3 billion in 2002 . 3 All these achievements so far have been unmatchable in the rest of the world . # * * II . Daunting Challenges Ahead * * At the same time , China is undertaking a transformation toward knowledge and servicebased economy and undergoing wrenching structural changes . In the context of knowledge revolution , as China is further opening up to international competition after its WTO accession , it faces enhanced pressures to keep up with new knowledge and restructuring economic activities to take advantage of new and better ways of producing goods and services . Internally , it faces many daunting challenges ahead . By 2002 , China ’ s labor force accounts for 25 . 4 % of the world ’ s total , apparently higher ( due to age structure ) than the proportion of its population in the world ’ s total ( 20 . 7 % ) . 4 The biggest challenge is : how to productively employ its labor force of over 744 million as it shifts from an agricultural to an industrial and soon a service-based economy , especially how to absorb or reemploy the millions of laid-offs and rural emigrants . It is estimated that China will have to create around 100 – 300 million new jobs in the coming decade . So it must maintain a high rate of GDP growth , implement an effective employment strategy , and deal with income and > 1 World Bank SIMA database , 2003 . > 2 The World Bank , _China : Promoting Growth with Equity_ , Country Economic Memorandum , Washington , DC , September 2003 . > 3 National Bureau of Statistics of China , _China Statistical Abstract 2003_ , China Statistics Press , Beijing . > 4 Author ’ s calculation based on data from the World Bank SIMA database 2003 . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1423, "end": 1447, "text": "World Bank SIMA database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1736, "end": 1779, "text": "data from the World Bank SIMA database 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "context of the two crises considered here . Though dual agency problems are likely ( to some degree ) behind market responses , this hypothesis is difficult to test empirically . A second explanation lies in the information content of fundamentals during crises . More precisely , to the extent that fundamentals are not independent from systemic factors , rapidly changing systemic innovations may detract from the predictive power of bank fundamentals that are released at lower frequencies and with a delay . This second explanation is easier to test in the data . To see how systemic factors can influence standard fundamentals it is enough to consider the case of non-performing loan ratios , which are likely to deteriorate due to the increase in borrowing costs and the downturn in economic activity associated with a systemic crisis . To illustrate this point , consider the case of a depositor that attempts to assess the future evolution of a bank ’ s portfolio ( summarized here by its non-performing loan , NPL , ratio ) over different time horizons , based on the most recently released ratio and readily available measures of systemic risk . < sup > 17 < / sup > Assuming , as before , that balance sheet data are released with a four-month delay , this exercise amounts to predicting future values of the non-performing ratio using its four-month lag and systemic risk indicators that are currently available . We replicate this exercise by estimating regressions of the type illustrated by the equation below , where _NPL_ refers to the non-performing loan ratio , _S_ is a matrix of systemic factors ( country risk and exchange rate risk ) , α _i_ refer to the individual bank effects , and ε _t_ is the error term . _k ( j ) _ denotes the number of lags in the systemic indicators ( _NPL_ ) used for predicting the evolution of bank ’ s non-performing loan ratio . > 17 We focus on the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans , since we expect this variable to reflect bank conditions better than bank capital ( which can be increased at any time by bank shareholders ) and return on assets ( which tends to be a more volatile measure of", "spans": [{"start": 1205, "end": 1223, "text": "balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . 3 Trust , Political preferences and civic engagement * * Was the successful integration of refugees sufficient to lead to full cultural assimilation and the disappearance of refugees ’ distinctive identity and values ? Or , to the contrary , has the historical strife between refugees and natives ( detailed in section 2 ) cemented into persistent mistrust , discrimination , and polarized political attitudes ? * * Trust and self-perceived discrimination * * To address these questions , I first look at trust and selfperceived discrimination , as elicited in the ESS survey . Table 2 shows that only 3 % of secondgeneration refugees report to have ever felt discriminated against , no differently from natives . This stands in stark contrast with first-generation Albanian immigrant , 50 % of whom declare to have been discriminated against , as Table 3 shows . This difference is also related to the fact that only 54 % of Albanians report to speak Greek at home , while 99 % refugees do . Another crucial difference is that only 12 % Albanians report to have the Greek citizenship while all refugees have it . With respect to self-declared trust in others or in institutions ( legal system , police , politicians ) , I find no significant differences between refugees and natives , with a gap of typically less than 5 % of the standard-deviation in the attitudinal scale between the two groups . * * Voting * * I also examine the voting patterns of second-generation refugees and of Greek natives . The ESS asks respondents the political party they have voted at the last national election . Table 2 shows that , on average , the voting patterns of refugees and natives are virtually identical . Self-reported political preferences measured with a 11-point left-right scale are also very similar between refugees and natives , with a gap of less than 2 % of the standard-deviation of this scale between the two groups . * * Political values * * Forced displacement , a life-changing experience of “ uprootedness ” , can have longlasting effect on individual preferences . An important body of evidence has documented how exposure to violence , conflicts , or economic shocks , even temporary ,", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 585, "text": "ESS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may be unwilling to respond to a follow-up . Therefore a listing stage was done which did not involve talking to the firm owner . # * * 4 . 1 . Listing Survey * * We started with a list of all 2 , 563 census blocks in Belo Horizonte . Using information from official government lists of registration , as well as a list of partially informal firms ( firms who had acquired a license to display a sign outside the firm , but had not registered for a municipal or tax license according to the databases ) , we found that the number of formal and informal firms were reasonably highly correlated across blocks ( 0 . 67 ) , reflecting that some census blocks are residential neighborhoods with few firms and others have more firms . Based on this , we dropped census blocks with below the median number of formal firms ( 11 formal firms ) since these were likely to be mostly residential . This dropped 1 , 236 blocks . We then also dropped blocks in the top 5 percent of formal firm density , since high density blocks indicated high rise buildings with mainly formal firms and in which surveyors would not be able to enter without permission . We then stratified the remaining 1 , 260 blocks by sub-district , and randomly selected 600 census blocks to be listed , along with substitutes to be used in case some of the census blocks did not contain any informal firms . The survey firm Gauss Estatística & Mercado was then hired by the Minas Gerais government through a public procurement process to undertake this listing survey . Listing consisted of enumerators visiting every firm operating out of a fixed building in the census block . It excluded individuals operating informally on the street since our interest was in larger informal firms , and excluded transportation firms since the rules for formalizing are different for them . Enumerators recorded basic information about the firm that could be observed without talking to the firm owner – the full street address , the business sector , the “ fantasy name ” of the firm ( the name on a sign outside the firm if they had one ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 258, "end": 299, "text": "official government lists of registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 315, "end": 347, "text": "list of partially informal firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1513, "end": 1527, "text": "listing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "remittances ( Pooled waves ) * * | | Women | Girls | Men | Boys | Remittances | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | ( All outcomes as % i | n household inco | me ) | | | selected | 2_ . _21 * | 0_ . _13 | 0_ . _27 | 0_ . _78 * | 5_ . _13 * * * | | | ( 1_ . _14 ) | ( 0_ . _59 ) | ( 0_ . _53 ) | ( 0_ . _46 ) | ( 1_ . _50 ) | | N | 350 | 109 | 350 | 100 | 349 | | Nominated mean | 5_ . _71 | 1_ . _53 | 4_ . _31 | 1_ . _37 | 6_ . _31 | | Nominated SD | 4_ . _52 | 1_ . _63 | 3_ . _58 | 1_ . _51 | 9_ . _39 | Notes : Selected is a dummy variable indicating whether the female sewing-line operator is quasi-randomly selected for the promotion program . Nominated is a dummy variable indicating whether the female sewing-line operator is an eligible , shortlisted runner-up that was quasi-randomly not selected for the promotion program , and represents the comparison group for the selected group . Standard errors clustered at the individual level in parentheses . Controls chosen using pdslasso from wife ’ s demographic controls and baseline bargaining measures , their squares , and factory , enumerator and month dummies . Where available , the baseline outcome is included in the amelioration set . The sample in Panel C , Column 2 ( Column 4 ) is limited to those respondents with a daughter ( son ) , or a female ( male ) child in the household . * * Table C . 23 : Phone surveys — Effects on women ’ s decision-making and expenditures * * | | ( 1 ) < br > Involvement in < br > decisions ( Index ) | ( 2 ) < br > Women ’ s and girls ’ < br > expenditures < br > ( Taka", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regular channels . In contrast , Hardy and McCasland ( 2016 ) use the data from the NAP experiment in Ghana and find no displacement among firms in our sample . Although they do not examine a typical apprenticeship program , Alfonsi et al . ( 2017 ) compare the effectiveness of an on-the-job training program with that of a formal vocational training program in Kampala , Uganda . They find that both forms of training improve labor market outcomes , but individuals assigned to formal vocational training had greater earnings growth because of their acquisition of “ transferable skills ” rather than “ firm-specific skills , ” highlighting the importance of skills acquisition . Alfonsi et al . ( 2017 ) also find evidence that firms are labor constrained . This is consistent with the findings of Hardy and McCasland ( 2016 ) for our study context . Rather than focus on firm outcomes , we use the randomized match between trainers and apprentices to identify the characteristics of training providers ( firms ) that deliver the best outcomes for youth . This novel exercise provides us with a better understanding of the production function for apprenticeship training . To our knowledge , our study is the first to explore this dimension in the context of training programs . This exercise is important , as it can help governments improve the effectiveness of training by introducing a more selective recruitment process for trainers . Our findings are more pessimistic than those of studies of apprenticeships in European contexts ( for example , Acemoglu and Pischke ( 1998 ) ; Fersterer , Pischke , and WinterEbmer ( 2008 ) . These studies have generally found positive effects of the apprenticeship training on individual participants and have also highlighted the potential for firms to benefit from providing such training . Observational studies of apprenticeship training in Ghana have argued that returns to training are greatest for individuals with low levels of education and are not significantly different from zero for those with more than six years of schooling ( Monk , Sandefur , & Teal , 2008 ; Teal , 2016 ) . Our results are consistent with this notion , since the average duration of schooling in our sample exceeded seven years . Further", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of HMIS < br > reporting tools , 300 mother < br > child booklet , 3600 maternity < br > register , 3600 Antenatal < br > register , 3600 CWC register , < br > 3600 Logbook Register , 3600 < br > Household Register , 3000 EPI < br > tally sheet , 3000 < br > immunization monthly < br > summary , < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 32 , 750 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | 2018-11-22 | | | 2018-12-06 | | 2019-06-04 | | | KE-WAJIR COUNTY-84995 - < br > GO-RFQ / procurement of < br > 2000 mama kits to all L2 and < br > L3 facilities . < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | 2019-01-26 | | | 2019-02-08 | | 2019-06-08 | | | KE-WAJIR COUNTY-85096 - < br > GO-RFQ / Procurement of 15 < br > EPI fridges < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 90 , 000 . 00 | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 150, "text": "CWC register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 196, "end": 214, "text": "Household Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and value flexible work arrangements , including both those related to flexible time schedules and changes in work roles and assigned tasks , and that providing such arrangements serves to delay retirement . < sup > 72 < / sup > Particularly in HICs but also in some middle-income countries , COVID-19 has given rise to structural changes in the organization of work , with a rapid move towards more home-based and flexible solutions for many white-collar jobs , as well as a shift to independent work , that over the long run may benefit working conditions for mature workers . < sup > 73 < / sup > * * Family and the availability of care services also matter for labor market participation , especially for * * * * women . * * Grandmothers all over the world hold a central responsibility for the care of their grandchildren , and hence support the labor market participation of the parents of these children . Towards the end of working life , many are also caring for elderly parents or even their spouse . In Europe , one-third of grandparents provide regular care and women who do are also less likely to be working . < sup > 74 < / sup > Care obligations are even more prevalent in L / MICs , where three in four elderly people live in the same household with members of younger cohorts , compared to one in four in HICs , and where formal care services are often lacking in supply and quality . < sup > 75 < / sup > A study of time use allocation in a set of OECD countries , China , and India , showed that the time share allocated to paid work fell successively as of age 45-50 across the sample , whereas unpaid work was highest when people were in the their late 30s ( likely related to child bearing and rearing ) , and again increased after age 60 . < sup > 76 < / sup > In countries with significant outmigration , whether international or intranational , grandparents may be the main caregivers in so-called “ skipped-generation ” households consisting of only older people and children . < sup > 77 < / sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> be < br > safeguarded by a correct territorial < br > planning and protection of surface < br > waters since these are strictly linked to < br > ground water resources . < br >  Establish a database on water quality < br > monitoring records < br >  Ensure regular disinfection of the water . < br >  Regularly conduct water quality analysis < br > to ascertain quality of the water < br >  Ensure that all potential sources of < br > pollution are eliminated for example by | Water quality records < br > Availability of water < br > disinfection agents |  Community < br >  LVNWSB | Construction < br > and operation < br > phases | 20 , 000 | 43", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 218, "text": "database on water quality", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 226, "end": 244, "text": "monitoring records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 483, "end": 504, "text": "Water quality records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "heavily after 2004 independently of EU membership . The small increase after 2007 also reflects weaker economic ties between Germany and Romania . # # [ Figure 3 about here . ] It is worth noting that the sharp increase in foreign acquisitions was not likely driven by the lift of restrictions on FDI . OECD data on FDI restrictiveness for Poland show that screening and legal restrictions on FDI in manufacturing sectors had already been greatly removed by the time of accession . Hence , the observed increase in FDI could be attributed to the removal of the uncertainty regarding the future relationship with EU members and the progressive alignment of regulations associated with EU membership . # * * 5 . 3 Differential effects of EU accession on firm performance across sectors * * In this section , we examine how Germany ’ s initial specialization patterns shaped the overall effects of EU accession on firm performance . These effects capture not only the direct effects of German acquisitions on firm performance , but also horizontal and vertical spillovers from FDI , as well as broader knowledge transfers ( which may be unrelated with FDI ) . # # * * 5 . 3 . 1 Main results * * Table 3 reports the point estimates yielded by estimating equation ( 4 ) , using Germany ’ s initial export shares in the sector during 1994-2004 as measures of industrial specialization . The specification in column ( 1 ) considers the effects of accession on TFP . The one reported in column ( 2 ) considers effects on revenue . Finally , the estimates in columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) estimate effects on employment and exports , respectively . The point estimates reveal that Polish manufacturing firms operating in sectors in which Germany was more specialized at the moment of accession experienced significantly higher TFP growth in the post-2004 period . More specifically , a 10 % increase in Germany ’ s export share is associated to a 0 . 5 % increase in the productivity of Polish firms . The point estimates on revenues and exports are also positive and of slightly larger magnitude . This may reflect the fact that German acquisitions may have targeted Polish firms", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 346, "text": "OECD data on FDI restrictiveness for Poland", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* N ’ Djamena-MBH to * * < br > * * HFO / Diesel * * | HFO / Diesel | 4 | 2022 | - | 0 . 54 | | * * Reconversion of * * < br > * * VPower to HFO / Diesel * * | HFO / Diesel | 16 | 2022 | - | 0 . 54 | | * * Reconversion of NRC * * < br > * * ( Refinery ) to * * < br > * * HFO / Diesel * * | HFO / Diesel | 12 | 2022 | - | 0 . 54 | | * * Aggreko * * | HFO | 20 | Existing | - | 0 . 497 | | * * Djermaya * * | HFO | 20 | 2025 | 1 . 8 | 0 . 497 | | * * Farcha3 * * | HFO | 90 | 2023 | 1 . 61 | 0 . 497 | > 60 _Source_ : Le Secteur de l ’ Energie au Tchad – Pistes de Solutions pour une Electricité Disponible et Accessible , Technidev , Octobre 2019 / SNE Activity Report – 2017 / World Bank Power Sector Note for the Republic of Chad , June 2018 . 61 Existing plants are assumed to be available for 95 % of the time . 62 List of plants and CAPEX for HFO plants based on SNE ’ s Development Plan 2017-2021 . Other cost estimates are from EIA or collected by World Bank staff . Future HFO plants are assumed to be available for 90 % of the time . Solar plants have a maximum capacity factor of 20 % ( based on the Global Solar Atlas - https : / / globalsolaratlas . ino ) . 63 The reconversion of the diesel plants is assumed to be possible at negligible cost . After conversion , the plants will run on a mixture of 80 %", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1128, "text": "Global Solar Atlas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Final * * _GTG Consultancy PLC_ with rigorous imprisonment ranging from 15 to 25 years and with fine from 150 , 000 to 300 , 000 Eth . Birr . - Due to the e-waste and technical skill requirement of the e-waste of the project activities under ADELE component 3 . 1 , the project will not employ / engage any person under the age of 18 years of age . - ADELE component 3 . 1 unit and respective Regional and Woreda offices E & S focal person will undertake monitoring , at a minimum every six months , of all project workers , to ensure that there are no workers under 18 years of age , and that all contractors and subcontractors involved , private sectors and cooperatives , etc . in the project are not employing / engaging anyone under 18 years of age for work in relation to the project . - The project will use the following process , prior to the employment or engagement of an applicant for work on the project , to verify the person ’ s age . The MoWE will ensure that each contractor / subcontractor also uses this process and provides the PIU with written confirmation that each worker they employ or engage in relation to the project is at least the minimum age of 18 years . This following information will be kept on file in the ADELE component 3 . 1unit administrative offices : - Written confirmation from the applicant of their age ; and - Where there is reasonable doubt as to the age of the applicant , requesting and reviewing available documents to verify age ( such as a birth certificate , national identification card , medical or school record , or other document or community verification demonstrating age ) . - If a person under the minimum age of 18 years is discovered working in relation to the project , the MoWE will take measures to terminate the employment or engagement of that person in a responsible manner , considering the best interest of that person . - To ensure that the best interests of the child under 18", "spans": [{"start": 1546, "end": 1570, "text": "medical or school record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Country Group < br > This table presents estimations of annual eco < br > weighted average of each individual countr < br > i_growth + i_growth * late = 0 where i represents < br > presented in italics . * , * * and * * * denotes sig | EM < br > nomic growth ( q / q data ) < br > y belonging to that grou < br > G7 or China . Both panel < br > nificance at the 10 , 5 and 1 | EM < br > * * The R * * < br > of EM against G7 < br > p . Growth is wei < br > and country by co < br > % level respective | EM < br > * * Tab * * < br > * * eal Decoupling h * * < br > and China growth < br > ghted by PPP-meas < br > untry ( taken median < br > ly . Source : IMF IFS | EM < br > C b C < br > * * le 2 * * < br > * * ypothesis among EM * * < br > . CRB Commodity Index G < br > ured GDP in current price < br > values ) are presented . Pane < br > Statistics , IMF WEO , Bloo | EM < br > C b C < br > rowth is the log change in < br > s from a year before . The < br > l estimations have country < br > mberg . | EM < br > C b C < br > the CRB general commod < br > last four rows of the tab < br > fixed effects . P-values from | ity index . G7 growth is a < br > le present a joint test of < br > robust standard errors are | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Estimations | Panel | Panel | Panel | ountry y ountry < br", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 273, "text": "q / q data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 657, "end": 664, "text": "IMF IFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * UKRAINE * * | JUNE 2023 year old ; 5 % of households have children aged 1 to 5 years old ; and 47 % have children aged 5-17 years old . A majority of children are girls and thus more susceptible to risks of GBV and trafficking . An estimated 501 children were killed and 991 injured between February 2022 and April 2023 , with real figures considered to be higher due to continued , widespread use of highly explosive weapons in populated areas and ongoing hostilities . UNICEF suggests the percentage of children living in poverty has almost doubled , from 43 % before 2022 to 82 % in 2023 . More than 3 , 000 educational facilities have been damaged or destroyed across Ukraine , leaving many school-aged children without access to education . In general , children are increasingly socially isolated , having lost contact with friends who were evacuated or unreachable due to communications outages . Without safe spaces , such as educational institutions and child friendly spaces , many out-ofschool children are at heightened risk of violence , abuse , and neglect . An estimated 250 , 000 children have experienced regular shelling in areas of active conflict , leaving 7 . 8 million children at acute risk of post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and 1 . 5 million at risk of depression and anxiety disorders . To combat these risks , the Child Protection Area of Responsibility estimates 3 . 4 million children , including 10 % of children with disabilities , require immediate protection services , including psycho-social support . According to protection monitoring , psychological trauma , stress and anxiety are the central issues impacting children , followed by lack of access to education . In Kharkivska , Poltavska , Zaporizka , Dnipropetrovska , Odeska , Vinnytska and Mykolaivska oblasts partners report 21 . 6 % of children suffer from psychological trauma , stress and anxiety ; 19 . 7 % do not have access to recreational activities ; 11 . 3 % cannot access education ; and 8 .", "spans": [{"start": 1562, "end": 1583, "text": "protection monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "E over a three-year period and is expected to run until May 2019 . The current disbursement rate is 43 % and is based on successful achievement of the Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLIs ) due until now . The GoE has shown pro-active engagement with concerned implementing and verifying agencies in reporting on the due DLIs and recent program supervision efforts have seen strong engagement with regional counterparts . As a result , the program is contributing to improve service delivery outcomes in the areas of health , education and agriculture and is continuing to strengthen service delivery systems at the decentralized levels . 4 / 11 / 2017 Page 1 of 14 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "revealed the limits of using standardized data sets in seeking to understand the heterogeneity of drought impacts across household types . We find that consumption is reduced by 10-20 percent in the worst weather observations in our surveys ( corresponding to about a 1 in 10-year drought event ) . We use the estimated vulnerability functions and the full hazard distribution in each household location to calculate the cost drought poses to welfare outcomes . The results indicate that risk is large . Poverty is 1 – 12 percent higher under the worst weather conditions relative to the best conditions observed in the last 13 years . This amounts to an increase in the total national poverty gap that ranges from US $ 4 million to US $ 2 . 4 billion ( 2011 PPP ) across countries . Estimates are more precise for countries with a large share of production in maize , highland and pastoral areas . Potential biases in estimating impacts mean this is likely an underestimate of the true cost . The cost of weather shocks on welfare provides an indication of the size of the increased need that would need to be met by adaptive social protection systems or access to financial services . The cost of weather shocks on consumption could be reduced by investments in adaptation policies such as soil management and tree cover or by other adaptive farming techniques . Investments in development that enable households to switch into less rainfall-dependent economic activities , either when droughts occur or as part of broader structural transformation , would also reduce the welfare cost of drought . Further work is needed to estimate how different investments would reduce the welfare cost of drought . This type of work is needed to help prioritize investments . Statistical analyses that rely only on observed historical data are generally limited by their short observation periods . In the context of drought risk , patterns and severity of future drought events might differ from what has been observed historically . Stochastic data sets provide a synthetic view of all events that could occur in a given year , together with their likelihood of occurring . These data sets typically allow for a more reliable analysis of drought risk , especially for events", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 51, "text": "standardized data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1805, "end": 1829, "text": "observed historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2025, "end": 2045, "text": "Stochastic data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productivity — while in both cases the coefficients are positive , they are not statistically significant . However , column ( 5 ) shows that the component of management practices that deals with the communication of targets to personnel is significantly associated with higher labor productivity . This suggests that it is not the number , nor the difficulty of targets that motivates workers to achieve better outcomes , but the communication of the targets throughout an establishment ’ s workforce and not just to the upper echelons of management . Finally , column ( 6 ) shows that there is no significant link between the basis of managers ’ performance bonuses and labor productivity . The absence of a link between bonuses and performance is surprising , as previous analyses based on Chinese data by Kato and Long ( 2006 ) , Lin , Shen , and Su ( 2011 ) , and Feng , and Johansson ( 2017 ) all found a positive and significant relationship between executive pay and firm performance . Table 6 : Determinants of labor productivity | * * Y = Log ( salesper worker ) * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) < br > Average < br > score | ( 2 ) < br > Response to < br > problems | ( 3 ) < br > No . of metrics < br > monitored | ( 4 ) < br > Difficulty of < br > targets | ( 5 ) < br > Knowledge < br > of targets | ( 6 ) < br > Basis of < br > bonuses | | * * Management score * * | 0 . 537 * * * | 0 . 266 * | 0 . 0744 | 0 . 143 | 0 . 287 * * * | ‐ 0 . 0940 | | | ( 0 . 205 ) | ( 0 . 147 ) | ( 0 . 116 ) | ( 0 . 107 ) | ( 0 . 0939 ) | (", "spans": [{"start": 793, "end": 805, "text": "Chinese data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "responses to the threat of foreign multinational competition by upgrading productivity , raising innovation , investment and wage rate , and altering product composition . # 2 . 3 The Determinants and Impacts of Chinese Outward FDI Within the broad FDI literature , a new emerging strand of research focuses on China ’ s outward FDI . < sup > 5 < / sup > In its earliest stage , research in this area is primarily descriptive in nature . For example , Cai ( 1999 ) proposes that Chinese firms invest overseas to seek markets , natural resources , technology , managerial skills , and financial capital . Wu and Chen ( 2001 ) suggest two additional motives , namely , to transfer excessive production capacity overseas and to diversify production lines . A study by Morck , Yeung and Zhao ( 2008 ) shows that Chinese multinational firms tend to perform better than other foreign firms in environments with weak domestic institutions , possibly because Chinese firms are better at dealing with governments and operating in a country with inefficient domestic institutions . < sup > 6 < / sup > A new wave of empirical work examines the determinants of Chinese ODI at the aggregate level . For example , Cheung and Qian ( 2009 ) find Chinese ODI tends to be attracted to countries with a larger market size and richer resources . Buckley et al ( 2007 ) find that Chinese ODI is positively correlated with the levels of host-country political risk and cultural proximity to China . Ramasamy et al ( 2012 ) use annual report data from the 200 largest Chinese firms listed in Shenzhen and Shanghai stock markets to compile Chinese ODI measures . They find that while state-controlled firms are attracted to countries with greater natural resources and more risky political environments , private There are also studies analyzing Chinese ODI from the home country perspective . At the regional level , You ( 2015 ) finds that Chinese local government policy measured by willingness to approve local ODI and investment in R & D has a positive impact on regional ODI . Another home country characteristic found to have a significant effect is lagged inward FDI . Yao et al ( 2016 ) find", "spans": [{"start": 1506, "end": 1524, "text": "annual report data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Specifically , we assess how share price returns respond to news about president Wahid ’ s potential impeachment < sup > 27 < / sup > by running regressions of the following form : i i Where i is the return on the price of security iiVV _I_ during episode _e , _ P i is a measure of political RR = αα + ρρP LL + εε connectedness , notably the Suharto Dependency Index developed by the Castle Group , and i is an error RR LL term . The coefficient on _POL_ should be negative if political connections remained relevant . We also run εε regressions in which we augment the specification with an indicator of the return on the Jakarta Stock Exchange Composite Index net of broader Southeast Asian Effects ( referred to as _NR JCI_ ) and its interaction with the indicator of political connectedness . _NR JCI_ serves as a measure of event severity . If the severity of an adverse rumor affects politically dependent more than less dependent firms the interaction term _NR JCI * POL_ should be positive . < sup > 28 < / sup > To set the scene for the analysis Figure B1a shows the response of share prices , as measured by average daily returns , by level of political connectedness to rumors about Suharto ’ s health ; connected firms experienced greater reductions in their share prices than firms less dependent on Suharto . Such a pattern is not present in Figure B1b , which examines share prices responses to six salient events leading up to Wahid ’ s impeachment . The 51 surviving firms we use for our analysis of share prices responses to political news in the post-Suharto era do not seem to be systematically more or less connected than the original sample of 79 firms used by Fisman as is shown in Table B1 below . Since these 51 firms operate in different sectors , as is shown in column 2 , the stock market data also allow us to examine sectoral heterogeneity in both the prevalence and valuation of political connections , which helps shed light on the external validity of our 27 Specifically , we focus on six salient events . ( i ) On February 1", "spans": [{"start": 1805, "end": 1822, "text": "stock market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ can be beneficial to a developing country borrower under a range of circumstances ” , but also points to risks and discourages this practice when the proceeds are not spent on assets which can be used to repay the loans , when loans are excessively large and when the details of such borrowings are opaque . The policy paper also touches on a number of considerations , many of which are also stated in this paper , including the fact that such loans are often over-collateralized ( they use excessive amounts of collateral ) to enhance the borrower ’ s creditworthiness . They also highlight how the secured nature of certain RBLs might run afoul of negative pledge clauses in loan contracts , including loans made by multilateral development banks . There are also multiple case studies focused on a single or small number of RBLs . These include Alves ( 2013 ) who compares the experience of Angola and Brazil ; Gillies and Quaghe ( 2018 ) who discuss a proposed deal in Nigeria ; and Landry ( 2018 ) who looks at the Democratic Republic of Congo ’ s ( DRC ) Sino-Congolaise des Mines ( Sicomines ) case . The current paper adds to the literature by providing a more detailed large-scale empirical review of existing RBLs based on data that we reviewed . Our work builds on earlier findings published by the Natural Resource Governance Institute ( NRGI , 2020 ) , and extends it significantly using novel data and further analysis . # 3 . Data The analysis in this paper is based on an extended database of 30 major resource-backed loans . These loans cover the period 2004-2018 across Sub-Saharan Africa , covering 11 countries . This database builds on a data set of RBLs first published by NRGI ( 2020 ) which itself built primarily on the Johns Hopkins SAIS China-Africa Research Initiative ’ s ( CARI ) data set on Chinese lending to Africa . 4 > 4 CARI-BU ( 2021 ) https : / / chinaafricaloandata . bu . edu / 4", "spans": [{"start": 1491, "end": 1542, "text": "extended database of 30 major resource-backed loans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1662, "end": 1678, "text": "data set of RBLs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1813, "end": 1850, "text": "data set on Chinese lending to Africa", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * PROTECTION ANALYSIS UPDATE – Q1 2022 * * # # # * * REPORT SUMMARY * * The current operational context shows both significant opportunities as well as risks and challenges for exploring durable solutions for IDPs . IDPs have decreased since August 2021 and access has been expanded throughout the country , while meaningful access , particularly related to restrictions on freedom of movement of women and girls , is still hindered . The resumption of school for girls above grade six was postponed by the De facto Authorities which constitutes a major concern for the humanitarian community in Afghanistan as well as the civil society . In the first quarter of 2022 as in the previous year , food insecurity , acute malnutrition , reduced access to health care and the scarcity of basic products continued to be the major issues affecting the concerned population . Limited income generation opportunities and lack of services are negatively impacting the well-being of boys , girls , men , and women . The civilian population dependent on precarious employment in the sector informal , those in underserved areas and those who are residing in informal settlements , including IDPs have been identified as the most at-risk populations and many protection concerns are reported among them . The Household Survey revealed that the presence < sup > 1 < / sup > of mines and other explosives showed an increase across the country in quarter one , having effects on the livelihood and the well-being of the community population including , children ’ s safety , school attendance , and the population ’ s ability to access to services . Due to various challenges including the aforementioned issues , an inclined pattern has been observed that vulnerable populations are adopting negative coping strategies such as borrowing money , child labor , sale / exchange of children for debt relief , street begging , forced marriage , child marriage , and etc . rights and the equal participation of female staff in the humanitarian responses require a serious and collaborative effort from all fronts including diplomatic channels . # # # * * METHODOLOGY * *", "spans": [{"start": 1298, "end": 1314, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and replace missing observations by zeros . We then keep only the pairs ( for the whole period ) that ever invested at some point during the period . < sup > 14 < / sup > Finally , we do not make any assumption regarding the motives of investments . The data and its relatively broad industry / activity classification do not us allow to distinguish between vertical and horizontal FDI . Even though the theoretical literature has long distinguished market seeking ( i . e . horizontal ) FDI and efficiency seeking ( i . e . vertical ) FDI ( Markusen 1984 , Helpman 1984 ) , recent works have shed light on the complex mixed-strategy of multinationals . In this paper we study the impact of deep integration on the intention to invest in Greenfield projects in general . # # c . Control variables We control for existence of expired trade agreements by including a corresponding dummy variable . Past agreements are taken from Mario Larch ' s Regional Trade Agreements Database from Egger and Larch ( 2008 ) . We also control for bilateral investment treaties to isolate the effect of investment disciplines included in PTAs only . Finally , we use fixed effects to minimize the scope for endogeneity . We initially include country pair , source-time and destination-time fixed effects . When we move to the business activity level , we control additionally for pair-industry , sourceindustry-time and destination-industry-time fixed effects . # 4 . Effect of PTAs on FDI # # a . Empirical strategy The gravity model is the workhorse estimation technique for applied international trade analysis . This model has both empirical and theoretical advantages ; it successfully predicts trade flows and can be derived from a large class of structural general equilibrium trade models . Theoretical studies of multinationals and trade > 14 This way , at the aggregate activity level our estimation sample is composed of 35 percent ( 38 , 300 ) non-zero against 65 percent ( 71 , 033 ) zero observations for FDI announcements . 13", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 977, "text": "Regional Trade Agreements Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "032 | - | | Log Labor Force | - | - 15 . 487 * * * | - | - 15 . 901 * * * | | Log gross fixed capital formation | - | 7 . 880 * * * | - | 7 . 164 * * * | | Log exports of goods and services | - | 3 . 043 * * | - | 3 . 765 * * * | | Log REER | - | 2 . 477 | - | 2 . 754 | | World oil price index | - | 0 . 069 * * * | - | 0 . 064 * * * | | World metal price index | - | 0 . 004 | - | 0 . 009 | | Gini index | - | - 0 . 616 | - | - 0 . 616 | | Observations | 873 | 873 | 873 | 873 | | R2 | 0 . 119 | 0 . 445 | 0 . 911 | 0 . 863 | Note : * * * and * * * denote significance at the 10 % 5 % and 1 % levels , respectively . Accounting for the heterogeneity between country income groups yields a very different picture than that shown in the baseline models . From a methodological perspective , this heterogeneity affirms the importance of considering structural differences between countries at different stages of development . From a macroeconomic perspective , it lends credibility to the idea that the “ resource curse ” is a function of country-level structural characteristics , such as the management of natural resources rents , the sophistication of public financial management systems and the impartiality of policy processes . # 4 . 3 Analyzing a Subsample of Resource-Rich Countries The model presented below focuses on a subset of countries defined as nonrenewable resource rich according to the IMF ’ s 2013 Resource Governance Index Report . < sup > 16 < / sup > The full sample included countries in which nonrenewable natural resources played a relatively modest economic role . Excluding these countries can shed light on the possibility that the empirical associations between resource dependence and the Gini index and GDP", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix 1 : Registration Process in Belo Horizonte * * A firm wishing to formally register must undertake the following steps : * * Step 1 * * : Access the Chamber of Commerce ( JUCEMG ) website ( www . jucemg . mg . gov . br ) and fill out a Consulta de Viabilidade ( feasibility consultation ) . The main purpose of this step is to find out if the desired business name is available and if they can open their firm at the desired address . This step will also show the licenses needed and the costs involved , based on the main activity of the business . * * Step 2 * * : Once a positive response is received , access the Receita Federal do Brasil - RFB ( Federal tax service ) website ( https : / / www14 . receita . fazenda . gov . br / cadsincnac / inicioAction . do ) - CadSinc ( Synchronized Database ) and fill out the Coleta WEB . CadSinc brings together the cadastral ( land ownership ) procedures of agencies and entities involved in the process of formalization and legalization of companies . * * Step 3 * * : After receiving the response from step 2 , print the DBE ( Document Basic Input ) . * * Step 4 * * : Go to the website of JUCEMG ( www . jucemg . mg . gov . br ) and click on Portal de Serviços ( Serviços WEB / Integrador ) . Click on the link Integrador and then the link Gerar Novo FCN / REMP . This step will integrate the Consulta de Viabilidade data with the CadSinc data and generate the documents that will be the base of the Contrato Social ( state registration for limited liability companies ( LLC ) ) or REMP ( state registration for individuals ) . * * Step 5 * * : Click on DAE and print it . The DAE is the document with the amount the entrepreneur should pay to continue the formalization process . All the steps up to now are online and free of charge . If the firm is a LLC the entrepreneur will pay R $ 165 . 53", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1384, "text": "Consulta de Viabilidade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1394, "end": 1406, "text": "CadSinc data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > oS + < br > Recall Data < br > Diary Data < br > a 8 . 75 USD < br > 2 < br > 4 = < br > o < br > I [ ) 2 < br > > < br > a < br > a ° < br > J < br > 10 15 20 25 30 < br > Weekly consumption ( USD ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ° = < br > 8 . 75 USD < br > © < br > So < br > 23 < br > eS < br > > < br > = Vv < br > a < br > cS ) < br > oN < br > Recall Data < br > Diary Data < br > So < br > 5 10 15 20 25 30 < br > Weekly consumption ( USD ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 59, "text": "Recall Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 452, "end": 462, "text": "Diary Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "limit information in accordance with the survivor ’ s wishes regarding confidentiality , and in case the survivor agrees on further reporting , information will be shared only on a need-to-know-basis , avoiding all information which may lead to the identification of the survivor and any potential risk of retribution . # # # # 6 . 6 Reporting on Grievances Routine documentation and reporting of GM to the WB will be the responsibility of the SDS based at the NPCT . At the county level , the GM focal person shall maintain a grievance log that captures the following information which should be submitted on quarterly basis to the SDS at the NPCT level for consolidation and reporting to the Bank . The documentation of grievances needs to capture aspects such as : - - - Date of the complaint , - Individual grievance reference number , - Name of the person submitting the complaint , question , or other feedback , address and / or contact information ( unless the complaint has been submitted anonymously ) . - - Details of the complaint , feedback , or question including his or her location , - Name of person assigned to deal with the complaint ( acknowledge to the complainant , investigate , propose resolutions , etc . ) . - Details of proposed resolution , including person ( s ) who will be responsible for authorizing and implementing any corrective actions that are part of the proposed resolution . - - Date when proposed resolution was communicated to the complainant ( unless anonymous ) . - Date when the complainant acknowledged , in writing if possible , being informed of the proposed resolution . - Details of whether the complainant was satisfied with the resolution , and whether the complaint can be closed out - - - If necessary , details of escalation procedure - Date when the resolution is implemented ( if any ) . # # # # 6 . 7 GM Monitoring and Implementation The monitoring of the GM implementation will be undertaken on a periodic basis by the NPCT and CPCT . Monitoring aspects will be elaborated in the project wide GM that will be set", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 540, "text": "grievance log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Drilling down deeper , strong associations are found between OGD and certain aspects of education service delivery . As mentioned , when education service delivery is regressed on the OGD education index , a positive and significant association is found in terms of provision . Importantly , the positive and significant correlation between education provision and OGD is strongly driven by indicators linked to quality and management of education provision . In terms of outcomes , when education service delivery outcomes are regressed on the OGD education index , a positive and significant association is found in terms of certain outcomes as well . For instance , the association between OGD and education completion is only significant for primary levels of education , whereas it is insignificant for secondary and tertiary completion . In the health sector , OGD displays associations which are heterogeneous . First , OGD is found to be positively associated with health outcomes , but there is not such statistical evidence of an association with health provision . Second , with respect to health provision , Public Management capacity appears to be a more important determining factor than OGD ( see column 5 ) . Likewise , when controlling for the public management condition , the OGD coefficient linked to health outcomes remains significant , but slightly declines , suggesting that the impact of OGD on health outcomes ( see column 6 ) is partly driven by changes in the index of Public Management , although both are independently significant . Finally , when controlling for the client power condition , this relationship remains unaltered , suggesting that this condition has little impact on the relationship between OGD and health service delivery in the countries included . In summary , it can be shown that overall , public management plays a role in health provision and outcomes , while OGD seems to further contribute to the outcome channel but not provision . | | * * ( 1 ) * * < br > * * Health * * < br > * * Provision * * | * * ( 2 ) * * < br > * * Health * * < br > * * Outcomes * * | * * ( 3 ) * * <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) * * revising timelines and priorities in response to legislative delays . * * Beneficiary feedback , collected through satisfaction surveys and community assessments , ensured interventions remained responsive to target group needs . This participatory approach strengthened the project ’ s effectiveness in reducing poverty and fostering economic resilience . By embedding M & E within the institutional framework , the project promoted transparency , accountability , and continuous learning . This structured design enhanced adaptability to challenges and opportunities while consistently tracking progress toward improving Uganda ’ s business environment and economic development . Overall , the project ’ s Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) function played a pivotal role in guiding implementation , enabling timely adjustments and informed decision-making . Regular quarterly and annual progress reports provided real-time insights , allowing the team to respond to emerging challenges and reallocate resources effectively . However , the multiple restructurings reflected shortcomings in the design of activities and the extended period of project implementation . # # * * M & E Quality Rating * * Substantial # # * * 10 . Other Issues * * # # * * a . Safeguards * * * * Environmental Safeguard Compliance * * : The project was classified as a Category B project , since it involved activities with limited readily predictable adverse environmental impacts that were short-term , sitespecific , and could be adequately avoided , mitigated , or managed . The project triggered three environmental safeguard policies as follows : ( i ) Environmental Assessment ( OP 4 . 01 ) ; Pest Management ( 4 . 09 ) ; and Physical Cultural Resources ( OP 4 . 11 ) . Safeguard policies were integrated into project design through an Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) , which guided environmental and social assessments and Environmental and Social Management Plans ( ESMP ) preparation . While performance was mostly Moderately Satisfactory , ratings declined to Moderately Un", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 288, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 293, "end": 314, "text": "community assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Impact Evaluation to Development Impact ( i2i ) fund , the Trade and Competitiveness Impact program ( Compel ) , the Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund ( SIEF ) , the Knowledge for Change Program ( KCP ) , the Korea World Bank Group Partnership Facility ( KWPF ) , the Development Economics Research Support Budget ( RSB ) and the Development Research Group ( DECRG ) at The World Bank . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its executive directors , or the countries they represent . The authors declare that they have no relevant or material financial interests that relate to the research described in this paper . This study was pre-registered in the AEA RCT registry with RCT ID AEARCTR-0001001 . Ethical clearance was granted by the Ethics and Scientific Review Board at the African Medical and Research Foundation ( Approval no . AMREF-ESRC P94 / 2013 ) , the Kenyan Ministry of Health and authorities at participating facilities . Computational reproducibility verified by DIME Analytics . > † Development Impact Evaluation ( DIME ) department , World Bank > ‡ Georgetown University and NBER", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix B . Numerical implementation * * 153 . In this section we present the numerical implementation of the portfolio selection model presented in the previous section . The implementation consists of three stages : - characterization of the dynamics of the variables of interest ( asset returns , contributions to an individual account , minimum wage , etc . ) - estimation / calibration of the parameters involved - calculating the optimal portfolio for the expected trajectory # # * * a . * * * * < u > The dynamics of quantities of interest < / u > * * 154 . The following specific dynamics were considered from the base of available assets : < sup > 49 < / sup > where is the price of a bond index with duration _ , _ , , for with as the _constant_ risk reward associated to the risk factor . In this case , corresponds to the interest rate risk factor , while _ { } _ represents independent risk factors linked to the remaining available assets . For their part , , for . The correlation between assets and , with , coming from . 155 . Note that the dynamics considered imply risk reward , volatilities and constant correlations over time , a modeling alternative that is mainly due to the short data series available , which make non-linearity models less reliable in asset dynamics , like mean reversion , or changes of regimen . # # * * b . * * * * < u > Estimation and calibration of parameters < / u > * * 156 . In the calibration process diverse market indices were considered in order to allow a reduction in the dimensionality of the problem and greater stability in the solution . < sup > 50 < / sup > At the domestic level , the asset indices COLCAP and IGBC were considered , as well as the fixed income index IDXTES drawn up by Reveiz and León ( 2008 ) . Additionally , state bond indices were constructed from the interest rate curves > * * 49 * * The dynamics in question correspond with the Cholesky decomposition of an asset base with correlated shocks , and", "spans": [{"start": 1736, "end": 1742, "text": "IDXTES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "little evidence of increased subcontracting ( Sanchez , Joo and Zappala 2001 ) in Mexico that would suggest a large subcontracting out of formerly formal jobs for competitiveness purposes . * * _Wages have probably benefited over the medium term : _ * * Conditional wages are , in fact , higher in industries more exposed to trade . IADB ( 2004 ) documents numerous studies suggesting employment declines during the adjustment process , particularly in industries with substantial rents , and among specific demographic groups but assert that there is no empirical basis for a permanent decline . The widening skill earnings gap discussed below is observed in all countries that liberalized their economies , but seems less directly related to trade _per se_ than to greater skill biased technology flows common around the world . * * _The emerging jobs seem desirable . _ * * Though sample sizes are small , surveys of _maquila_ workers suggest these jobs are as attractive ( see for example , Sargent and Matthews 1999 ) or more so than alternatives and Feenstra and Hanson report ( 1996 ) that such firms tend to demand more in terms of skills than other industries . Employees in the flower industry in Ecuador and the fruit industry in Chile earn more and have more stable incomes than those in traditional industries ( de Ferranti , et al 2002 ) in the agricultural sector . Sanchez , Joo and Zappala ( 2001 ) argue that micro firms that are more closely linked to large ( and hence more likely to be tradeables producing ) firms earn premia of around 30 percent on non-linked micro firms . * * _Worker risk_ * * Despite concerns that trade liberalization would lead to greater worker uncertainty ( Rodrik 1997 ) , at present there is little evidence of it . Most recently , IADB ( 2004 ) finds no evidence of reallocation between industrial subsectors and Wacziarg ( 2001 ) , using a global panel including LAC , finds only weak and borderline significant effects . One key transmission mechanism , an increased wage elasticity of labor driven by higher product elasticities , has not materialized in Colombia or Chile and shows only fragile appearance in Mexico ( Fajnzylber and Maloney ,", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 937, "text": "surveys of _maquila_ workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > * * Collection * * < br > Periodic data collection < br > using structured < br > checklists and review of < br > administrative data and < br > verification reports | < br > * * Collection * * < br > M & E Specialist , CHS < br > Epidemiology and < br > Disease Surveillance . | | Number of laboratory tests done for < br > COVID-19 suspected cases in RHDs | Number of laboratory tests < br > done for COVID-19 for < br > suspected cases in RHDs . < br > This includes both the < br > number of host and < br > refugee communities | Biannually | Laboratory < br > reports | Review of Laboratory < br > reports | M & E Specialist and < br > Commissioner of Public < br > Health Emergencies | | Number of laboratory tests done for < br > COVID-19 suspected cases in refugee | Number of laboratory tests < br > done for COVID-19 | Biannually | Laboratory < br > activity | Review of laboratory < br > data and reports | M & E Specialist and < br > Commissioner | | settlements | suspected cases in refugee | | reports | | LaboratoryPublic Health | 77", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 140, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Asia , and Pacific_ | | | | Europe and Central Asia | 0 . 339 * * * | 0 . 070 * * * | | | ( 0 . 017 ) | ( 0 . 020 ) | | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 . 237 * * * | - 0 . 011 | | | ( 0 . 025 ) | ( 0 . 026 ) | | Middle East and North Africa | 0 . 426 * * * | 0 . 146 * * * | | | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 033 ) | | North America | 0 . 142 * * * | 0 . 140 * * * | | | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 040 ) | | Sub Saharan Africa | 0 . 040 | 0 . 070 | | | ( 0 . 048 ) | ( 0 . 057 ) | | Observations | 7 , 427 | 7 , 427 | | | 0 . 1227 | 0 . 0368 | Note : * * * 1 % , * * 5 % , and * 10 % level of significance . Lastly , the cutback in consumption and feelings of insecurity and loneliness are likely correlated with the heightened anxiety and depression experienced by individuals . The analysis of the full PHQ-4 scale shows that compared to cismen , the other groups experienced a higher rate of moderate to severe psychological distress during the pandemic . More than half of the transgender people reported feeling moderate to severe psychological distress over the last 2 weeks from their survey interviews ( Figure 6 ) . For non-binary people , an equally high percentage , 45 percent , experienced moderate to severe 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Irrigation Modernisation Project ( P163836 ) # # # * * BASIC INFORMATION * * | * * A . Basic Project DataOPS TAB * * | * * LE * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country < br > Uganda | Project ID < br > P163836 | Parent Project ID ( if any ) | Project Name < br > Uganda irrigation < br > development and < br > climate resilience < br > project ( P163836 ) | | Region | Estimated Appraisal Date | Estimated Board Date | Practice Area ( Lead ) | | AFRICA | Jan 15 , 2019 | May 30 , 2019 | Water | | Financing Instrument | Borrower ( s ) | Implementing Agency | | | Investment Project Financing | Ministry of Finance , Planning < br > and Economic Development | Ministry of Water and < br > Environment | | # # # * * < mark > Proposed Development Objective ( s ) < / mark > * * To provide irrigation and drainage services , and develop institutional capacity for irrigated agriculture production in the project areas . # # # * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions ) * * | * * SUMMARY-NewFin1 * * | | | - - - | - - - | | * * Total Project Cost * * | 200 . 00 | | * * Total Financing * * | 200 . 00 | | * * of which IBRD / IDA * * | 195 . 00 | | * * Financing Gap * * | 0 . 00 | | * * DETAILS-NewFinEnh1 * * | | | * * World Bank Group Financing * * | | | International Development Association ( IDA ) | 195 . 00 | | IDA", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The dependent variable F refers to the fraction of households being tenants in prefectureSShFFDDFF PPoo PPF _i_ in yearPP hPPRRPPFFhPPMMRRPP _t_ between 1918 and 1921 . ii , tt F F F is a dummy variable indicating the occurrence of famine in prefecture _i_ during the land survey ii , tt period . We allow both contemporaneous and lagged measures of famines since it might take time for the effects of famines to show up on land ownership . We control for prefecture and year fixed effects and cluster standard errors at the province level . The first three columns of Table 10 show that the occurrence of a famine is associated with a higher fraction of tenant households by 1 . 7 percentage points in the following year , indicating that many peasants lost their land completely and had to work on rented land . The significant increases in the number of landless peasants after famines likely played into the hands of the CCP . To see if this is true , we now assess the association between the share of landless peasants and the subsequent communist revolution : C ( 13 ) Here C is the logarithm of the number of fallen communist soldiers in the communist PPii = ββLLF RRMMFFP ii + γγXXii + TTkk + εεii revolution , PPii _Landless_ takes the form of the fraction of tenant households in 1918 . Column ( 4 ) of Table 10 shows that the share of landless peasants in a prefecture is positively related to the number of local people who died for communism in subsequent decades . Consistent with the seminal study by Moore ( 1966 ) , the CCP indeed gained support from landless peasants . We conclude that rural land inequality , exacerbated by the warlord-era famines , was one of the many factors that helped bring down the Republic of China , as it did to the Republic of Rome . # * * 7 . Conclusion * * A century ago , after millennia of imperial rule , the founding President of a new Republic died . This unexpected death was followed by a dozen years of warlord fragmentation and an increasing incidence of famines . This period also witnessed the spread of Communist ideology into China", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 282, "text": "land survey ii", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "purposes of implementing the project : ( a ) Designated Account ( DA ) denominated in U . S . dollars where disbursements from IDA will be deposited and payment in U . S . dollars will be made from and ( b ) Project Account : This will be denominated in local currency . Transfers from the DA ( for payment of transactions in local currency ) will be deposited on this account in accordance with project objectives . 27 . The signatories for the project accounts will be in accordance with the Public Finance Management Act , Treasury Accounting Instructions , and the National Information Technology Authority Act 2009 . # # * * Disbursement Arrangements * * 28 . The project will be on a Report Based Disbursement Method . An initial disbursement will be deposited in the project DA based on a six-month cash flow forecast for the project based on the approved work plan . Subsequent disbursement will be based on the semi-annual IFRs submitted to the World Bank together with the relevant applications . The IFRs will be submitted for disbursement every six months as a minimum but can submit more requests as need arises . In compliance with the report-based guidelines , the project will be expected to : ( a ) sustain satisfactory FM rating during project supervision , ( b ) submit IFRs consistent with the agreed form and content within 45 days of the end of each reporting period , and ( c ) submit a Project Audit Report by the due date . Page 59 of 76", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Footnotes * * 1 Blimpo ( 2014 ) evaluated the effect of financial incentives on secondary school children in Benin and found large gains on test scores . This policy , however , did not target access directly and provided no additional resources upfront . 2 Schools serve as test centers . In almost all cases , students take the exams at the school they attend . 3 The major sub-national units in The Gambia are 6 regions . Region 1 includes the capital Banjul , with regions 2 – 6 at increasing remove heading east along the Gambia River bisecting the country . Below these subnational units , there are 43 districts as of 2013 . > 4 For purposes of this paper , public schools refer to both government and grant-aided schools , the latter of which are publicly funded but administered privately . Both types of public schools are eligible for the scholarship program , while private schools are not . > 5 We follow the Gambian convention in referring to the 2000 – 2001 academic year as 2001 , to 2001 – 2002 as 2002 , and so on . > 6 The average value changed over time because of changes in the exchange rate ( the average value of a US dollar per Gambian Dalasi was approximately 13 , 15 , 20 , 27 between 2000 and 2003 ) and also changes in the composition of students covered ( middle and high school students ) over time as the program got scaled . 7 Although it is possible that girls were previously paying less than 100 % of the nominal fee , leading to an increase in school resources due to the policy , denial of school services for non-payment was a common practice . 8 We omit exam data from 2004 because student gender is missing for that year . 9 The map in figure S1 of the supplemental appendix shows secondary schools in 2011 , the most recent year for which location data are available . Region 1 schools and Upper Basic ( middle ) schools are excluded from the estimation sample but shown on the map to illustrate the locations of secondary schools throughout the system . Not all schools in the sample", "spans": [{"start": 1600, "end": 1609, "text": "exam data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1787, "end": 1800, "text": "location data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "acceptable limits , provided that the appropriate mitigation measures are adopted . Construction phase impacts will also be mitigated * * by * * specific * * E & S * * protection clauses included in the construction contract documents , and enforcing compliance with them during construction supervision . # # # # # Main Commitments The Arsi Robe * * 132kV * * power Transmission Line and Substation Subproject is technically feasible and economically attractive . * * If * * the benefit enhancement and mitigation measures recommended in this * * E & S * * Impact Statement are adopted , there are no environmental and social grounds for not proceeding with implementation of the Subproject in the form in which it is presently envisaged . Such a worthwhile scheme , which will bring net benefits to the nation in general and the local communities in particular shall be implemented at the earliest possible date . However , it is necessary for * * EEP * * to implement the following : - * * 1 ) * * _Resettlement Action Plan_ Results of the property surveys along the TL route revealed that privately owned farmland , residential houses and eucalyptus trees will be affected * * by * * the project . Therefore , a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) and Livelihood Restoration Plan ( LRP ) shall be prepared and implemented to mitiqate the land acquisition impact of the Subproject as per the requirements of GoE ' s land expropriation laws and WB ' s * * ESS 5 - * * Land Acquisition , Restrictior * - on ta * * U - , * * and voluntary Resettlement . Therefore , * * EEP * * who is the imple * * ZeI g * * Authority m t prepare a RAP * * & * * LRP once the SubprQject is committed for ( truL n * * Mid * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > C , < br > 0 < br > ( ' tr < br > < ! - - End of picture", "spans": [{"start": 1043, "end": 1059, "text": "property surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * a . Change in the likelihood of receiving benefits by consumption deciles of 2005 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural areas Urban areas < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Consumption decile in 2005 Consumption decile in 2005 < br > 95 % confidence intervals 95 % confidence intervals < br > 40 40 < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > 10 10 < br > Change in the likelihood of receiving benefits < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : IHDS , 2005 and 2012 # _4 . 3 . Vulnerability_ Although poverty has fallen , the mean income ( 658 rupees ) and median income ( 516 rupees ) for 2005 are very close to the poverty line ( 446 rupees ) . This raises the question : how vulnerable are those escaping poverty to the risk of falling into poverty ? To identify the vulnerable population we use a threshold that comes from Dang and Lanjouw ( 2015 ) , who define a vulnerability threshold of 760 rupees ( expressed in 2004-05 All India Rural Rupees ) for India . By constructing synthetic panels using NSS data , they derive this threshold as one that yields a probability of 20 percent of falling into poverty conditional on household and demographic characteristics over the seven year period . < sup > 23 < / sup > In our data , this threshold lies around the 76 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of consumption per-capita . We plot the poverty line and the threshold on the kernel estimates of the distributions of consumption per-capita for 2005 and 2012 ( Figure 10 ) . As the poverty rate has fallen , the percentage of vulnerable individuals ( those between the poverty line and vulnerability threshold ) has increased slightly , from 36 percent to 38 percent . Of those who climbed out of poverty between 2005 and 2012 , 64 percent remained below the vulnerability threshold ; and among those who remained", "spans": [{"start": 1046, "end": 1054, "text": "NSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of uniform performance measured in terms of emissions per unit of product output ) by using a second-order approximation of the costs around the baseline emissions . Their approach was based on variation in baseline emission rates , thus estimation of the cost function required data on baseline and project emissions . In contrast , Newell , Pizer , and Shih ( 2003 ) developed a quadratic abatement cost function in which the cost of pollution abatement per unit of output depends on abatement rather than emissions . Using project-level census data on compliance costs and emissions abatement in four industries , they estimated the parameters of the cost function and compute gains from emission trading . 5", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 551, "text": "project-level census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RIU staffs in RAP implementation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 . 4 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 3 * * | * * Resettlement Committee Formation and Awareness Creation Phase * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 1 | Liaison with local administration and local government office | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 2 | Establish Woreda and Kebele Resettlement Committee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 3 | Organize Joint Visit to the Project Affected Areas for all Committee Members | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 4 | Provide Training to all Resettlement Committee Members | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 5 | Appoint Witness NGO / SCO for oversight | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 6 | Establish Grievance Redress Committee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 4 * * | * * Prepare Compensation Process * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 1 | Information disemination to Woreda and Kebele Resettlement Committee ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 2 | Verify names and start interaction with PAHs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 3 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 4 | Verify and update expropriated assets and properties database for PAHs | | | | | | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 1185, "end": 1228, "text": "expropriated assets and properties database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 - Principle 1 : Physical resettlement must be avoided or minimized - Principle 2 : Meaningful consultation must take place - Principle 3 : Establishment of a pre-resettlement baseline data - Principle 4 : Compensation assessments must be at full replacement cost and prior to commencement of any works - Principle 5 : Resettlement ensures that project affected communities benefit - Principle 6 : Resettlement cost as an upfront project cost - Principle 7 : Availability of an independent functioning grievance procedure # # # # * * Valuation Methodology and Compensation Costs * * An inventory all perennial crops was developed and they were categorized based on their type , age , and condition . An appropriate rate from the current district compensation rates was applied to each property . The compensation budget for the project affected persons computed amounts to Uganda Shillings * * 517 , 489 , 425 . * * # # # # * * Social Economic Surveys * * The socio-economic survey took place between October 9 to 28 , 2017 and it was an update of the one conducted in 2014 . It involved interviewing affected PAPs , heads of institutions , and literature review . The cut-off date for the asset inventory was set as November 29 , 2017 . This was the last day of the assessment , and it was communicated to the PAPs . The date was communicated in the presence of the respective LC1 Chairpersons as witnesses . Sampling was done at every point where there had been a design review leading to changes in the Way leave hence capturing new PAPs . A total of 269 were interviewed . Supplementary consultative meetings were held as follows : | * * DATE * * | * * VENUE * * | | - - - | - - - | | 22 / 11 / 2017 | Kashongi Central | | 22 / 11 / 2017 | Rwemamba I County", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 761, "text": "inventory all perennial crops", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1106, "end": 1127, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "error . However , even with a seemingly generous allowance for the fact that our survey-based incomes need not accord with the targeting criteria used by the program , we find that half the eligible population is not being covered . Also , there are signs that the program is doing better at reaching the chronically poor than the transiently poor , which will impede its ability to act as a safety net . Performance in both targeting and reducing poverty varies greatly across the municipalities in charge of implementing _Di Bao_ . However , the cities that are better at targeting DB are generally not the ones where the scheme has the most impact on poverty . Our comparison of poverty impacts across China ’ s cities reveals that only one of the various measures of targeting performance found in the literature has significant power in predicting the program ’ s impact on poverty . Prevailing measures of targeting performance that put heavy weight on the program ’ s ability to concentrate benefits on the poor are largely irrelevant to the scheme ’ s total impact on poverty , though one of these measures has some value as an indicator of cost-effectiveness . In considering future efforts to achieve a greater impact on poverty from this program , policy makers should focus instead on assuring more complete coverage of the poor . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Health Sustainable Development Goals Program-for-Results ( P123531 ) | N / A | 38 . 00 | | 20 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * DLI IN01047025 ACTION * * < br > * * DLI 5 * * | Contraceptive preva | lence rate for rural women o | nly ( New DLI - 4a ) | | | * * Type of DLI * * | * * Scalability * * | * * Unit of Measure * * | * * Total Allocated Amount ( USD ) * * | * * As % of Total Financing Amount * * | | Intermediate Outcome | Yes | Percentage | 17 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | * * Period * * | * * Value * * | | * * Allocated Amount ( USD ) * * | * * Formula * * | | Baseline | 32 . 00 | | | | | N / A | 38 . 00 | | 17 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | * * DLI IN01047028 ACTION * * < br > * * DLI 6 * * | Health Centers repo | rting HMIS data in time ( restr | uctured - DLI - 5a ) | | | * * Type of DLI * * | * * Scalability * * | * * Unit of Measure * * | * * Total Allocated Amount ( USD ) * * | * * As % of Total Financing Amount * * | | Process | Yes | Percentage | 7 , 770 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | * * Period * * | * * Value * * | | * * Allocated Amount ( USD ) * * |", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 799, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * b . Relevance of Design : * * # # * * Relevance of design was substantial . * * The results framework of the project was developed in the Annex I of the PAD on pp . 50-54 . The results matrix was strong and detailed . It delineated the results chain of the operation from the project components , through the project outputs , the outcomes and the development objectives . However , the results chain had two weaknesses : ( i ) it didn ' t have baseline data nor the target indicators at the closure of the project , ( ii ) while the first project restructuring provided some progress toward outcome , the omission of initial target indicators was not totally corrected . Furthermore , the project design was complex with too many components ( 14 ) and too many sectors in the Bank-supported program ( 6 ) as well as multiple levels of governments and implementing agencies such as the Ministries of finance , capacity building , justice and so on . With some 16 PDO indicators and over 27 intermediate indicators , the project was very complex to manage . # # # * * 4 . Achievement of Objectives ( Efficacy ) : * * * * Objective I : To improve the scale , efficiency , and responsiveness of public service delivery at the federal , regional , and local level : Substantial * * Progress towards the first objective when the project closed was as follows : * * Predictability and adequacy of financial resources flows had increased as * * the variation between budgeted and actual expenditures narrowed to 4 % between 2004 and 2012 , and the domestic revenue transfer from the federal state to the regions increased from 51 . 6 % in 2004 / 05 to 79 . 9 % in 2012 / 13 . * * Revenue performance and fiscal autonomy were enhanced * * as illustrated by ( i ) an increased own revenues and unconditional transfers as a share of total expenditures at sub-national levels , and ( ii ) an achieved nationwide tax collection target for 2011 /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dimensions besides bonding and bridging < sup > 7 < / sup > , and 2 ) that people face a trade-off in enjoying social relationships , either within their kinship and existing ties , or across new social ties . # # [ TABLE 3 ] # * * 5 Bridging , bonding and life satisfaction * * In this section , we turn to the life satisfaction equations which we use to try determining how bonding and bridging attitudes relate to happiness . We first use the pooled world sample with the disaggregated proxies for bonding and bridging attitudes , assuming these variables as two separate concepts ( Table 4 ) . We then use the constructed proxies of the locus of socializing . We assume bonding and bridging attitudes as two sides of the same variable and test these proxies on the world sample and across groups of similar countries ( Tables 5 , summarized in Table 6 ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > Table 4 shows that all bonding indicators are positively and significantly correlated with life satisfaction , and with a sizeable coefficient as compared to the standard controls . The most important indicators are ‘ importance of family ’ , ‘ importance of religion ’ , and ‘ trust in institutions ’ . But also ‘ importance of work ’ and ‘ child obedience ’ are positively and significantly correlated with life satisfaction . The positive correlations of the bonding indicators used with life satisfaction are not new results with respect to those in the literature ( see section 2 ) . However , our previous analysis and the estimations in Table 4 show in more detail how different and interlinked components of bonding can affect life satisfaction . The results for the bridging indicators are more mixed . We find ‘ trust in people ’ to be positive and significant , ‘ homosexuality is justifiable ’ negative and significant , while ‘ child independence ’ and ‘ child imagination ’ are non-significant . Whereas the finding on trust is not new , the finding on tolerance of homosexuality is rather surprising . The proportion of homosexuals in the population has been used in some studies as a proxy for bridging attitudes in the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the trip for about 15 percent of foreign visitors , while cultural tourism is still in a nascent stage ( Table 1 ) . * * Table 1 . Activities realized during the trip . * * | _Forei_ | _gn tourists_ | _Domestic to_ | _urists_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Shopping | 82 % | Recreation | 32 % | | Entertainment | 46 % | Vacation | 24 % | | Beach | 22 % | Family visit | 24 % | | Ecotourism | 15 % | Rest ( _descanso_ ) | 10 % | | Etnotourism | 2 % | Religion | 5 % | | Other | 11 % | Health | 2 % | | | | Other | 3 % | Source : Authors ’ calculations using the data from tourism surveys for Satellite Tourism Accounts , 2008 . For foreign tourists , 1 , 626 tourists ( and more than one response was permissible ) ; for domestic tourists-1 , 423 trips ( states only the main purpose ) . Investments in infrastructure and hotel accommodations , which are not yet sufficient for meeting the growing tourism demand in most areas outside of Panama City , are expected 4 Results for October and November 2007 of the ongoing tourism survey conducted by PSM SIGMADOS . Each month ’ s sample size is 500 tourists ( with the total sample size of 6 , 000 once all rounds of the survey are completed ) . 5 Tourism survey conducted in June 2006 by Dichter & Neira Latin Research Network . Sample size : 843 foreign tourists . 3", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 627, "text": "tourism surveys for Satellite Tourism Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * RWANDA Joint UNHCR / WFP Post Distribution Monitoring * * September 2021 JOINT PROGRAMME EXCELLENCE AND TARGETING HUB", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 57, "text": "RWANDA Joint UNHCR / WFP Post Distribution Monitoring", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MOH-182114-GO-RFQ / Procurement of 5 No . Laptopcomputers and 5 No . mobilePhones IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 9 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-07-02 2020-10-19 2020-07-21 2020-12-01 2021-01-17 2021-06-30 < br > KE-MOH-173603-GO-RFQ / procurement of 368 hand washing stations and accessories IDA / 65980 Medical supplies and equipment Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 552 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-06-08 2020-06-09 2020-08-03 2020-11-09 2021-01-30 2020-12-10 < br > KE-MOH-184648-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 500 copies of Grievance Redress Mechanism on < br > e pager , 1000 copies of Gender Based Violence / SEA one pager , 1000 copies of Abbreviated Code of Conduct , 200 c IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 7 , 700 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-07-20 2020-07-28 2020-10-30 < br > opies of Grievance Redress < br > Mechanism Register Log and < br > 1000 copies of Patient feedb < br > KE-MOH-188957-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 38 , 286 copies of booklets , forms , charts , Regist IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood and blood products Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 111 , 852 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-08-28 2020-10-26 2020-09 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Air pollution from urban traffic is a major source of health damage in developing countries . In a global study , Dora et al . ( 2011 ) find that urban road transport often accounts for more than 50 % of dangerous air pollutants ( e . g . , fine particulates , nitrogen oxides , carbon monoxide , ozone , sulfur dioxide ) . The World Health Organization ( 2016 ) attributes about 3 . 3 million annual premature deaths to outdoor air pollution in low - and middle-income countries : 72 % from heart disease and strokes , 14 % from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , and 14 % from lung cancer . The World Bank ( 2016 ) estimates welfare losses from ambient fine particulate and ozone pollution at 4 . 8 % of GDP equivalent in East Asia , 3 . 5 % in South Asia , 2 . 1 % in the Middle East and North Africa , 1 . 6 % in Latin America and 1 . 5 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . Urban traffic and pollution problems are essentially geographic , because their incidence and impacts depend on the spatial distributions of economic activities , households , and transport links . Although urban planners , researchers and policy makers are sensitive to this spatial component , incomplete information has hindered their attempts to identify and implement cost-effective strategies . Local traffic and pollution are often poorly measured because monitoring systems are sparse , costly and difficult to maintain . Since this problem is pervasive in developing countries , rigorous empirical analyses of alternative strategies are rare . As a consequence , urban planners and policy makers have little guidance on appropriate spatial measurement techniques , spatiallyoriented methodologies for benefit-cost assessment of policy alternatives , and transferable empirical models from other urban areas . In practice , they have frequently been forced to estimate city-wide traffic volume from observations on a few traffic arteries , and air pollution from aggregate fuel consumption data , coupled with air pollutant emission factors for gasoline and diesel vehicles that may have been generated from small samples in other places . As a result , educated guesswork has often guided the placement of subway", "spans": [{"start": 1970, "end": 2001, "text": "aggregate fuel consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The last decades have seen a remarkable expansion in the number of subnational units across the world and their roles in providing public services ( Gadenne and Singhal , 2014 ; Grossman and Lewis , 2014 ; Dahis and Szerman , 2023 ) . As their role in service provision increased , so did their economic relevance – in Brazil , municipal procurement was equivalent to approximately 3 % of GDP between 2002 and 2019 , or about 25 % - 30 % of total purchases by all levels of government – federal , state , and municipal ( Thorstensen and Giesteira , 2021 ) . Data on local governments are often only available at an aggregate level , e . g . the total amount of purchases of goods and services , the total amount spent on health services , and the total amount of accrued liabilities . Consequently , many simple yet important questions related to the public finances of these units remain unanswered . Which are the suppliers of local governments , and what are their characteristics ( e . g . , size , location ) ? What is the share of purchases that happen through competitive tenders versus non-competitive methods ? When competitive auctions take place , what is the degree of competition ? Another crucial dimension of local governments ’ finances is how they execute their budgets . While aggregate commitment and spending amounts are easier to come by , we know little about the details of the budget execution . For instance , how long does it take to pay suppliers after deliveries are recognized ? Is there a large variability in the payment timeliness across purchases within the same government ? Do governments treat suppliers equally regarding payment timeliness ? Answers to these questions can shed new light on the effectiveness of local governments and on their interaction with other economic agents . Similarly , when facing liquidity constraints , do governments prioritize the payment of some government functions at the expense of others ? Payment delays impose several costs on suppliers and might affect the provision of public goods ( Flynn and Pessoa , 2014 ) . The importance of this issue is reflected in several recent regulations", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 608, "text": "Data on local governments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < mark > work closely with the district Water Officers in LG during implementation of water infrastructural projects . < / mark > - < mark > • MWE has developed several guidelines for water supply including the Water Source Protection Guidelines , Design Guidelines for the Water Supply Infrastructure , the EIA Guidelines for Water related projects , Environment and Social Safeguards Policy , among others . Hence , these will be useful references during project implementation . < / mark > - < mark > • Under UgIFT AF , MWE intends to utilise existing ground and surface water sources and point sources and to extend small piped water network to approximately 100 households per network . < / mark > - < mark > • Limited funds have affected the frequency of monitoring of the on-going activities in rural water supply and sanitation . < / mark > - < mark > • Lower Local Government ( LLG ) levels have limited control over the management of environment and natural resources at the sub — county level , this has left implementation challenges for projects related to natural resources management . < / mark > - < mark > • Rural Water Supply will work closely with DESS under UgIFT AF . However , the Forestry component ( under environment and natural resources ) will be brought on board in the following year , partly because the data on forestry is not yet readily available . DESS is already reporting on emissions from the country to the UNFCCC . < / mark > - < mark > • With regard to siting of water sources and point sources , LG will take the lead in site selection , while MWE will provide technical back stopping under the program . < / mark > - < mark > • MWE highlighted the need for capacity building of LGs in the areas of safeguards , among others . < / mark > - < mark > The meeting was also informed that up to 3 % of project costs will be set aside for Operations and maintenance ( O & M ) , including catchment and water", "spans": [{"start": 1336, "end": 1352, "text": "data on forestry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 Three unportant caveats should be noted at the outset . First , some key variables may be difficult to analyze in a houses o ! d survey . For instance , price elasticities are difficult to measure because , in many cases , there is very small variation at the time of the survey . Second , household data may be inappropriate for analyzing macro-issues . Household surveys are for understanding patterrs at the micro-level , especially the relationships between different types of household characteristics . Just because one finds , for example , a relationship between expenditure and energy use at the micro-level does not mean that the same relationship will hold at the village or national level . Macro-structural changes in energy use may be better explained by migration patterns , government policy or changes in the industrial structure of the country , rather than the characteristics of a household . Third , the level of detail which a household energy survey should achieve depends on the informational requirements and implementational capabilities of policymakers and energy planners . Thus , in designing a survey , one should not lose sight of the impact which a marginal increase in valuable information may have on feasible policy decisions . Given these overal ! onsiderations , one can proceed to the mechanics of actual household energy surveying . # Sample Design Sample design is an important procedure which usually makes use of formal probability theory . While it may be necessary to deviate from this process for practical reasons , this can result in scicction of an unrepresentative sample which may render subsequent results unreliable when extrapolated to the population as a whole . Some of the factors which may limit the application of statistical techniques include : ( a ) lack of a master sample or data on the overall population from which the sample is to be drawn ; ( b ) physical inaccessibility of population sub-greups ; ( c ) language barriers ; and ( d ) insufficient financial or human resources . Whether or not statistically valid samples are drawn , they should be designed so that they reflect the survey ' s objectives , especially household characteris ¶ ics which are thought to be relevant to energy consumption .", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 306, "text": "household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 951, "end": 974, "text": "household energy survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | 25 . 0 % | | | | | 29 . 5 % | | 20 . 0 % | | | | 32 . 1 % | | | 15 . 0 % | | 22 . 0 % | 20 . 8 % | | | | 10 . 0 % | 15 . 9 % | | | | | | 5 . 0 % | | | | | 10 . 5 % | | 00 % | 1 . 9 % | 4 . 7 % | 3 . 1 % | 3 . 7 % | | | . | 6-17 | 18-29 | 30-41 | 42-53 | 54-59 | | | | * * Severe Stunting * * | * * Moderate S * * | * * tunting * * | | * * Figure 3 : Distribution of Stunting by Age and Sex for Children 6-59 Months , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 * * * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 48 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "first step is to recognize that the bias of the error is to underestimate the labor force . But then , what can the analyst do after the data have been collected ? Guarcello et al ( 2010 ) offer one option . Using data from 24 countries , they constructed a model which would predict LFPR for an individual or group based on characteristics observed consistently in all surveys for that country , as well as dummies for type of questionnaire . They used this model to estimate the LFPR for children aged 10-14 in each country . While their predicted ( “ harmonized ” ) LFPR based on individual / household characteristics showed a more consistent pattern than the one derived from the different types of surveys , they noted that a large share of the variation in estimates across surveys is explained by _the type of survey_ , not individual characteristics . They therefore found these results less than satisfactory , since type of survey ( CWIQ , DHS , LSMS ) is only a weak proxy for the extent of non-sampling error . > 17 The measurement of earnings encounters many difficulties beyond ; recall period is only one of these . > 18 See annex 1 of World Bank , 2012 which among other things , discusses the analytical implications of the absence of a 12 month recall secondary activity question in the UNHS 2009 / 10 . 21", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 236, "text": "data from 24 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1306, "end": 1320, "text": "UNHS 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lee et al . ( 2021 ) provide further evidence on the importance of recall unemployment in 2020 . The second important assumption is the institutional setup in which firms can costlessly lay off workers during the shutdown , unemployed workers collect unemployment insurance benefits with a 100 % replacement rate ( Ganong et al . , 2020 ) , and the unemployment insurance is financed with long-term debt . This institutional setup captures the policy adopted by the US government through the Coronavirus Aid , Relief , and Economic Security ( CARES ) Act . Other countries , for example the UK , supported firms and workers in non-essential sectors during the pandemic through transfers to firms to cover wage bills during the shutdown . < sup > 5 < / sup > In our model , supporting firms ’ balance sheet by covering their labor costs and providing income insurance to workers are equivalent . They only differ in the label of the workers who are not working and whose wage is paid for by taxes . > employment extracted from an online firm survey . > 4Without these frictions , a pure reallocation shock would have no aggregate effect . > 5The Paycheck Protection Program ( PPP ) in the US CARES Act did the same , but only for small businesses . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1047, "text": "online firm survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 illustrates that water deprivation is the largest though slowly decreasing personal concern for the bestoff children in Nigeria . On the other hand , up until wave 3 rising shares of children at the top of the consumption distribution are severely shelter deprived . Also , the share of sanitation deprived children at the top of the income distribution displays a rising pattern though with shares in wave 3 already lower again than in wave 2 . This may suggest that monetary and deprivation-based poverty may be in large shares transient and during the second wave potentially affected by the economic crisis . Overall , the results in Table 4 however suggest that the majority of the children in top income households still facing at least one deprivation , seem to be facing just one deprivation , as the share of children facing more than one , thus at least two deprivations is much lower . Moreover , results not presented here show that no children in the top 10 percent income level are deprived along all dimensions . Hence , even though still a remarkable share of children at the top of the income distribution is severely deprived on some dimension , the extensiveness of multi-dimensional deprivation-based poverty rises with lower income . This further stresses the importance to look beyond monetary poverty . Results in Table A . 2 display unweighted observations . Comparing the total number of individuals in each income group with the column of missing information , however stresses the need to treat especially the results of GHS wave 1 with caution , as up to 20 percent of the individuals in the respective wave ’ s income categories have been excluded given the lack of information on one or more deprivations . Table 4 : Deprivation Status among children living in top consumption level households ( weighted ) | | | | | | | * * Multi-Dimensional Pove * * < br > * * At least one * * | * * rty in % * * < br > * * At least one * * | * * At least one * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 1550, "end": 1560, "text": "GHS wave 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Observations | 52 | 52 | 52 | | Adjusted_R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 941 | 0 . 898 | 0 . 629 | OLS regression with all variables expressed as percentages . Standard errors in parentheses * _p_ < 0 . 10 , * * _p_ < 0 . 05 , * * * _p_ < 0 . 01 # * * 5 . The BRI : Infrastructure improvements and border effects * * A large component of transport times between countries in Central Asia and with the rest of the world is the time spent at borders . De Soyres et al . ( 2018 ) produced separate estimates of changes in border delays based on reductions in importing and exporting times from the ‘ trading across borders ’ section of the World Bank ’ s Doing Business Database . < sup > 10 < / sup > Table 12 combines these estimates with those of the preceding section to give combined reductions in transport time . The table indicates that the estimated reduction in border times yield greater average time saving than do the physical investments alone ( the simple average of numbers in table 12 is a 39 % reduction in travel times , as compared to a 15 % average reduction in the previous experiment , the average of numbers in table 4 ) . Furthermore , there are considerable differences in the geographical pattern of these changes . For example , reduced border delays bring Kyrgyzstan very large reductions in transport times , with many falling by over 60 % . China ‐ 3 has lower travel times with Pakistan and improved access to the rest of the world through Gwadar . > 10 For any border , the data on “ Border Compliance ” and the total delay is assumed to be the sum of export time from the exporting country and the import time from the importing country . Documentary compliance is not included as it does not relate to travel time . All data are available at http : / / www . doingbusiness . org / data / exploretopics / trading ‐ across ‐ borders . 24", "spans": [{"start": 649, "end": 672, "text": "Doing Business Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1511, "end": 1528, "text": "Border Compliance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| PMO | Prime Minister ' s Office | | - - - | - - - | | PMU | Project Management Unit | | PP | Procurement Plan | | PPSD | Project Procurement Strategyfor Development | | PSC | Project SteeringCommittee | | PSNP | Productive SafetyNet Program | | RRS | Refugees and Returnees Service | | SEA / SH | Sexual Exploitation and Abuse / Sexual Harassment | | SEP | Stakeholder Engagement Plan | | SESRE | Socioeconomic Surveyof Refugees in Ethiopia | | SPD | Standard Procurement Document | | STEP | Systematic Trackingof Exchanges in Procurement | | TC | Technical Committee | | UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | | WHR | Window for Host Communities and Refugees |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Selection | Limited | | 20 , 834 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-05-29 | | 2021-06-03 | | 2021-06-24 | 2021-07-29 | 2022-01-25 | | | NG-LAGOS APPEALS-158941 - < br > CS-INDV / Market Price Survey | IDA / 59930 | Project Management and < br > Coordination | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Limited | | 13 , 890 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Canceled | 2020-04-02 | | 2020-04-07 | | 2020-04-28 | 2020-06-02 | 2020-11-29 | | Page 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The World Bank has an independent Operations Evaluation Department ( OED ) that reports directly to the shareholders ( not the management ) and that makes an ex post assessment of each project financed by the Bank . OED makes a number of different evaluations ; we use its most fundamental “ thumbs up , thumbs down ” measure of whether a project was satisfactory in meeting its stated objective . We take as our universe all of the countries in which the Bank carried out at least three projects in the 1990s ( taking the view that if there were only one or two projects in a country then we do not have a very reliable estimate of the expected success rate of donor-financed projects ) . For each country , we thus calculate the proportion of World Bank projects , conducted between 1990 and 1999 , that were determined to have been successful by the OED . In practice , this success rate varies considerably : in the largest borrowing country , China , 90 % of projects succeeded ; contrast this with Pakistan ’ s 67 % success rate or Nigeria ’ s 47 % . We consider a number of hypotheses about why this success rate varies across countries . First , in line with the discussion in the introduction , we consider that the overall quality of the recipient country ’ s institutions and policies may affect the likelihood of project success . We use several different measures of institutions / policies . From ICRG we take the Rule of Law Index . This variable \" reflects the degree to which the citizens of a country are willing to accept the established institutions to make and implement laws and adjudicate disputes \" ( Knack and Keefer 1995 ) . Higher scores indicate : \" sound political institutions , a strong court system , and provisions for an orderly succession of power . \" Lower scores indicate : \" a tradition of depending on physical force or illegal means to settle claims . \" We take this as a key economic institution that indicates whether agents are secure in making transactions . It has been found in other work to be an important determinant of growth and to be correlated", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "vastly devoted to examining the importance of resource reallocation for aggregate productivity growth . Economic growth models emphasizing the role of creative destruction may explain the link between firm-level dynamics and aggregate productivity growth . A new firm enters the economy with new technology and competes with existing firms with old , conventional technology . As newer , more-productive plants become successful , less-productive ones are driven out , and resources are reallocated from incumbents to new entrants . As a result , the economy ’ s overall efficiency level rises , and aggregate productivity increases . Following the most common approach to decomposing aggregate productivity growth ( e . g . , Baily et al . ( 1992 ) and Foster et al . ( 2001 ) ) , we can quantify the role of plant-level reallocations in aggregate productivity growth . # * * 3 . 4 Decomposition Methods and Results * * Using plant-level data , we examine the extent to which changes in the share of outputs across plants affect the aggregate productivity growth . There is a growing literature on the decomposition methods of aggregate productivity . While we primarily focus on the method by Foster , Haltiwanger , and Krizan ( hereafter FHK ) , we also use the Dynamic Olley Pakes method developed by Melitz and Polanec ( 2015 ) . First , following Baily et al . ( 2001 ) and Foster , Haltiwanger , and Kriza ( 2001 ) , we have decomposed the time series changes in aggregate productivity into components that reflect withinplant productivity growth and other effects that reflect the reallocation of shares across plants including the effect of entry and exit : < sup > 13 < / sup > > 13 See Foster et al . ( 2001 ) for the reviews of previous studies using different decomposition methodologies and measurement issues . 14", "spans": [{"start": 927, "end": 943, "text": "plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Shrimp | - 0 . 05 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 05 | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 03 | | Soya | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Sugar | 0 . 09 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 19 | - 0 . 10 | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 08 | | Tea | 0 . 13 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 18 | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 08 | | Tomato | 0 . 03 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 04 | - 0 . 00 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 02 | | Vanilla | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Vegetable oils | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Wheat | 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | | Wine | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the ( country by country ) elimination of Vietnam ’ s own agricultural import tariffs . 35", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 777, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "receiving food assistance remained fairly stable over the last months , with 76 % of refugees having acceptable food consumption scores , and an acceptable average daily diet diversity ( _Syrian Refugee Response : Lebanon InterAgency Update_ , UNHCR , February 2014 ) . However , the dietary situation of unregistered refugees is currently unknown . > 9 More than 1 , 400 Syrian refugee households ( awaiting and registered refugees ) were interviewed for the VASyR in May and June 2013 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 465, "text": "VASyR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-05-03 < br > 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-18 / Contratac < br > ión de 12 Supervisores de op < br > erativo de campo ENDI para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 31 , 287 . 86 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-05-04 < br > 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-19 / Contratac < br > ión de 16 Supervisores de op < br > erativo de campo de Enlista < br > miento para el operativo de c < br > ampo de la Encuesta Nacion < br > al de Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 76 , 874 . 28 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-03-04 < br > 2022-04-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-2 / Contrataci < br", "spans": [{"start": 217, "end": 244, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnut", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "labor , stable income or employment ; ( 4 ) school age family members receive lower secondary school education ; ( 5 ) have access to clean water and stable sources of energy ; ( 6 ) have access to primary public health services . Decree suggests that implementing ministries should divulgate its provisions to local governments . The extent to which village heads adhere to these criteria when selecting beneficiaries in practice depends on several factors , such as success in disseminating the decree and village heads training on it , potential differences in interpretation of some of these criteria ( e . g . stable employment ) and village heads ’ access to information about these criteria for all households in the village . Lastly , village heads may still select on a different criterion , as in Basurto , Dupas and Robinson ( 2019 ) , especially given that there are no formal checks of accuracy in place . We study the outcomes of village heads selection process in 85 villages across 7 provinces in northern and southern Lao PDR where the RMG program was implemented . < sup > 8 < / sup > # 3 . Data To understand how village heads determined household eligibility and to assess the quality of their decisions in terms of targeting the poor , RMG baseline data collection included two targeting assessment components . First , in addition to collecting data on RMG and WL households that form the treatment and control groups for the impact evaluation , we administered the same survey to a Random Sample ( RS ) of village households with a woman of eligible age to participate in the RMG program ( limited for simplicity in the random sample to ages 18-55 ) . Households selected into the random sample could be replaced if they did not have a female household member of eligible age , if they had moved out of the village , if they could not be located after multiple attempts spanning at least two days , if they refused to participate , or if they were already part of the RMG or WL sample . < sup > 9 < / sup > This sampling strategy enables comparison of household characteristics between the RMG-eligible and", "spans": [{"start": 1257, "end": 1285, "text": "RMG baseline data collection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Members < 14 | 1 . 93 | 1 . 92 | 1 . 93 | 0 . 24 | | members 14-60 | 3 . 97 | 4 . 04 | 3 . 95 | 1 . 15 | | Members > 60 | 0 . 42 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 43 | 1 . 35 | | Head ' s years of education | 4 . 92 | 5 . 00 | 4 . 89 | 0 . 65 | | Head completed primary | 0 . 51 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 17 | | < br > Head completed middle school | 0 . 31 | 0 . 31 | 0 . 31 | 0 . 16 | | Head ' s age | 49 . 50 | 48 . 97 | 49 . 70 | 1 . 53 | | < br > Female head | 0 . 05 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 05 | 1 . 3 | | Area of cropland ( acres ) | 2 . 75 | 2 . 78 | 2 . 74 | 0 . 21 | | Value of physical assets ( Rs . ) | 43127 | 41358 | 43810 | 0 . 9 | | Value of total assets ( Rs . ) | 52564 | 51829 | 52848 | 0 . 34 | | Household total income ( Rs . ) | 15549 | 15380 | 15615 | 0 . 21 | | < br > Share of crop income | 0 . 52 | 0 . 53 | 0 . 52 | 0 . 44 | | Share of agriculture | 0 . 67 | 0 . 68 | 0 . 66 | 1 . 22 | | Share of off-farm income ( Rs . ) | 0 . 32 | 0 . 31 | 0 . 33 | 1 . 18 | | < br > Household total expenditure ( Rs . ) | 37769 | 37807 | 37755 | 0 . 04 | | Household consumption ( Rs . ) | 9274 | 9367 | 9239 | 0 . 45 | | No . of observations | 4 , 275 | 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | | Adele SC | 75 | 29 . 8 | 4 , 519 | 14 . 5 | | Haromaya | 9 | 3 . 6 | 541 | 1 . 7 | | Kersa | 64 | 25 . 4 | 12 , 629 | 40 . 6 | | Meta | 104 | 41 . 3 | 13 , 450 | 43 . 2 | | * * Total * * | * * 252 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 31 , 139 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January-March 2025_ < mark > Across the Subproject affected Woredas , 43 . 2 % of the impacted eucalyptus trees are found < / mark > in Meta Woreda , followed by Kersa ( 40 . 6 % ) . < mark > With regard to impact by sizes and usage , 43 . 6 % is “ < / mark > _ < mark > Korkoro Mager ” , < / mark > _ < mark > followed by < / mark > _ < mark > “ chefeka ” < / mark > _ < mark > ( 37 . 3 % ) and < / mark > _ < mark > Gidgida Mager < / mark > _ < mark > ( 11 . 2 % ) . On the other hand , the proportion of eucalyptus trees size such as , big , medium , small , kuami and seedling are very small compared to other < / mark > impacted eucalyptus trees size . < mark > The number and size of eucalyptus trees affected by Tower , RoW and Substation is presented in table 7 . 11 below . < / mark > Page 99", "spans": [{"start": 280, "end": 322, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and composition of expenditures for intra-urban roads is not readily available , it is generally acknowledged that such expenditures ( for both new investments and maintenance ) have been minimal . Neglect over many years has resulted in much of the network deteriorating to the point where rehabilitation is necessary before maintenance is possible . 2 . 08 According to the Project Completion Reports of prior road projects , these projects experienced implementation delays , cost overruns and their economic retums were generally below the appraisal estimates . However , these projects were , on the whole , completed satisfactorily and met their two principal development objectives : ( a ) reduced vehicle operating costs ; and ( b ) improved rural accessibility . From the implementation of these projects it has become increasingly apparent that much greater emphasis has to be given to the issue of long-term sustainability in the sector . The issues of adequate maintenance caoacity and increased domestic funding for maintenance have become central to the long-term sustainability of all road sector investments . Achieving sustainability will require substantial assistance to remove the backlog of periodic maintenance , starting an urgently needed rehabilitation work program and strengthening capacity of sector institutions . # # # D . * * Financing Road Maintenance * * 2 . 09 Because the economic costs of poor road infrastructure are not so apparent as , for example , inadequate electric power or water supply , road maintenance and improvements have generally received a lower priority in budgetary allocations than warranted by their true economic value . As roads fall from a maintainable condition to one requiring rehabilitation or reconstruction , the cost rises dramatically . It is estimated that a cost of K Sh I to maintain a stretch of paved road rises to K Sh 13 to rehabilitate and K Sh 36 to reconstruct it . For unpaved roads , the corresponding ratio is about 1 : 8 to 1 : 10 . 2 . 10 At the national level , the overall expenditure on roads ( development plus maintenance ) fell steadily during the 1980s dropping from 5 . 5 % of total expenditures in FY84 to 2 .", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 402, "text": "Project Completion Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 Figure 1 : A process for estimating the political risk associated with institutional reforms < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Evaluation of the potential winners < br > and losers from the reforms < br > Identification of the various reform < br > performance levels < br > Identification of means by which the various parties < br > could influence the level of achievement of various reforms < br > Application of the Delphi process < br > Reporting < br > Probabilities Repetition of the Delphi process as necessary < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE WATER AND DRAINAGE SECTOR IN PAKISTAN Because data was available for the NDP project in Pakistan ( World Bank , 1997 ) , we applied the analytical framework from the previous section to estimate the political risk of institutional reforms in the water and drainage sector in Pakistan . # # THE AGRARIAN ECONOMY An understanding of the country ' s agrarian economy is essential to the proper realization of the political economy of the water and drainage sector in Pakistan , at least among the various segments of the fanning community . Naved et al . ( 1991 ) and Nabi et al . ( 1986 ) provide an excellent background on the agrarian sector of Pakistan . The agrarian sector of Pakistan is characterized", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 689, "text": "NDP project in Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "female entrepreneurship . The government and / or international organizations could use the more nuanced findings to target firms of specific sizes if they aim at enabling women entrepreneurs . To shed light on this question , in Table 8 , we separate the sample firms into two groups : those hiring 50 or fewer permanent employees three years ago ( i . e . , three years before the firm survey ) ; and the other larger firms . The general FDI effects on _Female Entrep_ are much larger for small firms than for medium-and-large firms . The coefficient of is more than twice larger for small firms than for medium-and-large firms . Interestingly , the within-industry FDI crowding out cc FF effect on _Female Entrep_ does not differ significantly between these two types of firms . These results support the _FDI-size-bias hypothesis . _ # * * Firm sector affiliation and FDI effects on female entrepreneurship * * Given women ’ s general lack of comparative advantage ( relative to men ) in brawn , and women ’ s advantage in handling interpersonal relationships , it is generally believed that women tend to do better in service-sector jobs than manufacturing jobs ( Buera et al . , 2013 ; Ngai and Petrongolo , 2017 ) . Indeed , women ’ s job growth in service sectors tends to outpace that in other sectors ( Lan and Shepherd , 2018 ) . Given the higher share of women being employed in services , and the consistency between gender norms and job requirements in services than in other sectors , we now examine whether the FDI effects on female entrepreneurship differ by sectors . To this end , in Table 9 we allow the FDI effects to differ by sectors . The FDI spillover effects are 70 percent larger for firms in services than in manufacturing ( i . e . , 0 . 70 vs 0 . 41 ) . Furthermore , once controlling for country fixed effects , the within-industry FDI premium has further positive spillover effects only in service sectors . In contrast , though statistically insignificant , the negative sign of c in manufacturing is consistent with the existence of within-industry FDI crowding out effects FF on female entrepreneurship in", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 394, "text": "firm survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 14 - adopt would be promoted and demonstrated , tools and equipment would be made available and training in conservation practices would be provided for extension staff and farmers . Funds would be provided for soil conservation works which farmers cannot undertake , such as digging cut-off drains and cutting waterways . Small tree nurseries would be established in every division to sell seedlings to farmers for reafforestation and as a source of domestic fuel . These nurseries would also produce grasses to be used in conservation works . In Kwale and Kilifi districts , where much reafforestation is required , there would be two additional district nurseries . # # Small Scale Irrigation Rehabilitation 52 . Rehabilitation of five small-scale irrigation schemes with a total area of about 300 ha in Tana River District would increase rice production there and reduce the need for Government food relief . General extension and cooperative services for marketing and input supplies would be established and a survey of the soil and ground water resources of the area carried out to determine its agricultural potential . A mobile irrigation construction unit would be set up ; the unit ' s earth moving equipment would also be used to build and upgrade roads in the area . # # Cooperative Development 53 . To remedy the present weakness of the cooperative movement , MOCD would employ consultants to review cooperative employment conditions and practices and make recommendations on the setting up of a Cooperative Service Commission . MOCD would also recruit qualified staff for employment by eligible unions and societies . Newly appointed union managers would receive support training from internationally recruited management consultants . Estimates of senior staff required include a manager , treasurer and credit supervisor for each of the eleven unions expected to participate in IADP II and 20 society managers . In addition , it is expected that 17 new senior positions would be created and others upgraded at MOCD headquarters to reflect an increased level of qualifications required and higher job responsibilities , and salary structures and career opportunities would be improved to attract better qualified staff . These organizational changes at MOCD headquarters (", "spans": [{"start": 1018, "end": 1063, "text": "survey of the soil and ground water resources", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) burdens , and disruptions in access to education and basic health services . < sup > 15 < / sup > Pregnant women have reported difficulties in accessing any form of maternal care and have been particularly affected by the lack of access to clean water and sanitation . < sup > 16 < / sup > Lack of access to health care has been a persistent challenge for IDPs even prior to the crisis . The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey reported that 26 percent of all women aged 15 – 49 had experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime ; with intimate partner violence higher at 34 percent . According to the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission ( EHRC ) and the Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) , GBV has become more common , and has taken more extreme forms . < sup > 17 < / sup > The government has scaled up support to respond to the crisis , but basic services for survivors of GBV , including mental health support , remain limited . # # * * Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 10 . * * Ethiopia ’ s power sector is underpinned by a broad policy , legal , and strategic framework and structured by the National Energy Policy ( 2013 ; updated in 2019 ) . * * The Ministry of Water and Energy ( MOWE ) oversees planning , coordination , and monitoring of overall energy development . In 2013 , through the Council of Ministers Proclamation No . 302 / 2013 , the vertically integrated utility , Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation ( EEPCo ) was unbundled into two public enterprises : ( a ) the Ethiopian Electric Power Company ( EEP ) , responsible for generation , transmission , and system operations ; and ( b ) the Ethiopian Electric Utility ( EEU ) responsible for power distribution , sales , and customer services . The Proclamation also established a regulatory", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 543, "text": "2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are needed under this program . The highest priority is given to the following three categories : ( i ) primary schools ’ expansion and extension ; ( ii ) KG classrooms to meet enrollment targets ( going from the current figure of 51 percent to 56 percent in five years ) ; and ( iii ) special education schools . Within the first category , the following priority will be followed : ( i ) unsafe schools , overcrowded rented and / or double-shift schools ; and ( ii ) classroom extension to meet requirements of knowledge economy learning requirements . # # # * * _Addressing Overcrowding and Expansion_ * * 48 . Within the MoE planning process , and based on data from the School Planning Study , a total of 70 new schools have been identified for replacement . In addition , to achieve better efficiency , a number of schools will have vertical and horizontal extensions . The following tables show the total requirements for new schools and classroom extensions . * * Table 1 : New School Construction * * | * * 2010 * * | * * 2011 * * | * * 2012 * * | * * 2013 * * | * * 2014 * * | * * 2015 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 18 * * New | * * 18 * * New | * * 5 * * New | * * 10 * * New | * * 12 * * New | * * 7 * * New | | Schools | Schools | Schools | Schools | Schools | Schools | 49 . In terms of extensions to support enrollment projections , the allocation of new classroom extensions for MoE-owned schools is based on the specific overcrowding needs and level of utilization of respective schools . For example , extensions will first be allocated to MoE-owned , double-shift and overcrowded schools ; second to double-shift schools ; third to single-shift and", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 696, "text": "School Planning Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "developing countries increasing access to non-concessional financing as they continue to develop ; ( iii ) or increasingly relying on more expensive domestic debt financing , as saving increases and the domestic markets develop . Under this scenario the countries with an upward shift in debt dynamics include Cambodia , and Tajikistan , among the LIDCs , with the debt to GDP of Tajikistan reaching above 50 percent , and Albania , Georgia and Malaysia among the EMs , with all countries with a debt to GDP ratio above 50 percent . Figure 18 . Scenario 2 : Interest Rates at least at One Percent ( Change in debt-to - GDP ratio , 2016-30 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > LIDCs EMs < br > 20 % 70 % 20 % 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 60 % 15 % < br > 15 % < br > 80 % < br > 50 % line < br > 50 % 10 % 70 % < br > 10 % < br > 60 % < br > 40 % 5 % < br > 50 % line < br > 5 % 50 % < br > 30 % 0 % 40 % < br > 0 % 20 % - 5 % 30 % < br > 20 % < br > - 5 % 10 % - 10 % 10 % < br > - 15 % 0 % < br > - 10 % 0 % < br > ALB MYS GEO < br > TJK KHM < br > Baseline BRI Debt to GDP ratio including BRI Baseline BRI Debt to GDP ratio including BRI < br > In percent of GDP In percent of GDP < br > Debt to GDP at end-2030 Debt to GDP at end-2030 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : WEO , WIND Database , LIC DSF DSAs and de Sources : WEO , WIND Database , LIC DSF DSAs and de Soyres ( 2019 ) . Soyres ( 2019 ) . Debt dynamics in the medium term , during the construction phase of BRI infrastructure , signal that 12 countries ( or", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the number of structures they are . This is discussed later . - * * Three ( 3 ) of the counts are for a PAP that is a service provider , and this PAP ’ s facilities are found in three of the routes identified to improve infrastructure under the Project . The other two ( 2 ) counts are with respect to two PAPs that are not service providers . Case Summary | Type of affected structure vs * | | | C | ases | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Classification of the structure | V | alid | Mi | ssing | T | otal | | | N | % | N | % | N | % | | | 609 | 95 . 2 % | 31 | 4 . 8 % | 640 | 100 . 0 % | Source : Field Survey Towards effective implementation of the proposed Project , services would be interrupted . One worth mentioning is power supply . On some of the routes identified for upgrading as per Project terms , are electricity poles and a flood light . Their respective numbers , and by road to be improved , are as described * * Table 12 : Number of Electric , and Flood Light Poles * * in Table 12 . Other services that would * * Table 12 : Number of Electric , and Flood Light Poles by Road to be Improved * * be affected are with respect to manholes , drainage , sewer lines , and water pipelines ( distribution lines ) . A bridge too would be affected . | * * Type of Structure * * | * * Ro * * | * * ad * * | * * Number of * * < br > * * Poles on the * * < br > * * Road * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1 . | R", "spans": [{"start": 632, "end": 644, "text": "Field Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B . 3 : Missing verification identifiers < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 104 0 . 04 < br > 102 0 . 02 < br > 100 0 . 00 < br > 98 0 . 02 < br > 96 0 . 04 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > PB PR < br > 104 0 . 04 < br > 102 0 . 02 < br > 100 0 . 00 < br > 98 0 . 02 < br > 96 0 . 04 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > RS SP < br > 60 0 . 20 < br > 50 0 . 15 < br > 40 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 05 < br > 30 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 20 < br > 0 . 05 < br > 10 < br > 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 < br > Year Year < br > Null Verifications ( % ) Null Total Verified ( % ) < br > % < br > % < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage of observations by year for which we were unable to build a unique identifier ( id_liquidacao_bd ) in the _verification_ table . 50", "spans": [{"start": 952, "end": 972, "text": "_verification_ table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sectoral average number of days to clear direct exports through customs in a country ( in natural logarithms ) from the Enterprise Surveys Indicator Database as an inverse instrument . One could argue that longer waiting times at customs motivate foreign firms to rely more strongly on the host market for sales . The coefficient signs in the IV 2SLS regressions are also positive , but insignificant ( columns 6 and 7 ) . However , the Hansen J-test of over-identifying restrictions implies that the instruments are not accepted in these specifications . Analogously , a sector ’ s average percentage of domestic input purchases of FDI firms in a country ( _inp_ ) might be endogenous , as the sectoral share of inputs purchased locally might be > 18 Görg and Strobl ( 2001 ) and Görg and Greenaway ( 2004 ) , however , argue that studies using cross-sectional data tend to find positive FDI spillovers , which they relate to potential time-invariant effects across units ( firms or sectors ) that are correlated with the FDI presence variable without being caused by it . Interestingly , we find negative FDI spillover effects regardless of whether we control for this potential endogeneity ( IV 2SLS ) or not ( OLS ) . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Future prospects There are now a wide variety of survey instruments that are being designed for or adapted to measure income or consumption among FDP populations . Home visits initially designed by the UNHCR to question FDPs for protection purposes are being revised to ask questions on income and consumption , becoming in this way viable instruments for poverty measurement . Large home visit exercises are conducted every year in countries such as Jordan and Lebanon and these data have been used to conduct poverty assessments of Syrian refugees ( Verme et al . , 2016 ) . The WFP conducts vulnerability assessments that have been used by the WFP , UNHCR and World Bank to make gross poverty estimates using the consumption modules of these surveys , even if these modules are typically very short , with few items . The UNHCR conducts Multisector Needs Assessment such as the one conducted in Cox ’ s Bazar , Bangladesh , in 2018 , Socio-economic assessments such as the one conducted in Zimbabwe in 2017 , or nutrition surveys such as the one conducted in Tanzania in 2017 . < sup > 12 < / sup > All these surveys contain some information on income , consumption , or expenditure that is being used to assess the well-being of FDPs . The World Bank has conducted welfare assessments of Venezuelans in various Latin American countries including Colombia , Peru and Ecuador , with a forthcoming study expected for Chile . The welfare of Afghan refugees has now been studied in their main host country , Pakistan , and in Afghanistan upon return , providing elements to compare the living conditions of this population in the two locations . Again , all these surveys and studies are either very recent or were not used before for poverty / welfare analyses . Whereas individual and household data on refugees are now more systematically collected , data collection for IDPs remains extremely scarce when compared to refugees , mostly limited to head counting . Refugees and IDPs are very different in that they have a different legal status , which leads to different access to public services , labor markets , government , and international assistance . Surveys for IDPs are often more difficult to conduct because", "spans": [{"start": 1773, "end": 1814, "text": "individual and household data on refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 31 , 523 . 17 27 , 653 . 55 Signed 2022-03-30 2022-04-04 2022-04-27 2022-05-31 2022-06-11 < br > de la Encuesta Nacional de D < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-39 / Compra d < br > e insumos para arrojar los desechos de las pruebas técnicas de la encuesta de desnutri IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 2 , 763 . 81 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-09-14 2022-11-09 2022-11-23 < br > ción infantil ( fundas para des < br > echo ) < br > C2-MIES-INEC-43 / Adquisici < br > ón de suministros de impresión y repuestos ( materiales de impresión , repuestos y accesorios ) , para la Encuesta Na IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 24 , 640 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2022-09-11 2022-10-09 2022-11-23 < br > cional de Desnutrición Infanti < br > l , fase encuesta < br > C2-MIES-INEC-44 / Adquisici < br > ón de equipos informáticos , dispositivos móviles para el levantamiento de informaciónde la Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post", "spans": [{"start": 158, "end": 180, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de D", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1226, "end": 1248, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de D", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "trade , I use the European agreement to harmonize product standards to international norms as a natural experiment . This agreement was achieved thanks to the cooperation between CENELEC — the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization — and the IEC — the International Electrotechnical Commission — laid down in the Lugano and Dresden agreements in 1991 and 1996 . I combine this information with U . S . linked / longitudinal firm trade data and the U . S . Censuses of Manufactures to empirically confront the results of my theoretical model for the Electronic sector . An important contribution of my analysis is the creation of a new set of industry level measures of EU product standards for the Electronic sector . Since there is currently no official mapping between the classification of standards and any industry or product classification , I develop a method to obtain a concordance between five-digit ICS codes and the four-digit standard industrial The empirical findings largely confirm the theoretical results . First , I confirm that industries with relatively high harmonization and high reduction in tariff rates exhibit relatively high U . S . export value to the EU . Furthermore , I show that product standards harmonization increases the 18", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 497, "text": "U . S . Censuses of Manufactures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The major difference is poor households spend a much greater proportion of their expenditure on housing and utilities than is indicated by the CPI basket . Even m non-poor Abidjan households the share of expenditure on housing and utilities as revealed by the survey exceeds the share in the CPI basket . Moreover , the difference is actually understated , since remittances are part of the survey consumption basket , but not part of the CPI . If remittances were eliminated from the survey consumption basket , the survey share of expenditure on housing would be even greater . Since lodging and utilities had the lowest rates of inflation of any category in the CPI between December 1993 and March 1995 ( table 30 ) , a higher share of expenditure allocated to housing and utilities would result in a lower inflation rate , and thus in higher real per capita expenditures on 1995 . As a rough indication of how the inflation rate would change if one were to use the survey consumption weights base , mean expenditure per capita on average would be about 2 percent higher using the survey expenditure shares . However , this calculation abstracts from the fact that the composition within the * * 26 * * various groups of expenditure may differ significantly between the CPI and the household surveys , as the discussion of the composition of the food subcomponent , below , illustrates . A second shortcoming of the INS CPI series is that there is no CPI series for the rural areas . To deflate expenditures in the household surveys , INS constructed a deflator for each region for 1985 based on price differentials calculated from the International Comparison of Prices survey data ( Grootaert and Kanbur , 1994 ) . The price deflator for Abidjan was used to construct the price series * * 26 * * We assume that the inflation rates for the categories in the remittances , non-food in kind and education in the survey is equal to the weighted inflation rate of the other categories . This calculation is based on the December 1993 and March 1994 CPI inflation rates . 33", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1537, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1641, "end": 1687, "text": "International Comparison of Prices survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Percentage ) * * | | Description | Assesses improvements in student learning outcomes in pre-numeracy , using standardized assessments of pre-primary numeracy . ( This is inclusive of the < br > host community and newly integrated refugee schools ) < br > This indicator measures the mean percent scores of children performances in numeracy domain subtasks , which are : Producing a set ; Mental addition ; < br > Number comparison ; Number identification ; Mental transformation ; Spatial vocabularyand Verbal counting | | Frequency | 2027 | | Data source | ECE assessment Reports , EMIS | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Scores from the ECE assessments are used to determine the indicator . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MoE , EAES | | Sub-indicator | Gender | | Indicator Name | * * Primary schools withprofessional learning communities ( Number ) * * | | Description | Monitors the number of schools with active professional learning communities ( PLCs ) that foster school-based teacher learning , mentorship , and support < br > systems . A professional learning community is defined as meeting the following criteria ( i ) meets 2 times in a month or more , ( ii ) contains teachers with < br > some common aspect of their work ( e . g . same grade level or same subject taught ) , ( iv ) contains between 3 and 10 teachers , ( v ) content of meeting focuses < br > on specific improvements in teaching practice or content knowledge , and ( iv ) sources outside the group are regularly consulted ( e . g . books , master < br > teachers outside the group , trusted internet sources , articles , officials from the Woreda , REB , Zone , or MoE ) . May also be facilitated by online community < br > or usingtechnologyas a resource . | Page 42", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 583, "text": "ECE assessment Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | 47 . 1 | | | | | _Baltics_ | | | | | | | | | | | * * Estonia * * | | * * 126 . 9 * * | 30 . 2 | 28 . 4 | 26 . 9 | 25 . 5 | 27 . 0 | 30 . 3 | 28 . 4 | | * * Latvia * * | | | | 31 . 6 | 34 . 2 | 23 . 4 | 23 . 0 | 27 . 4 | 25 . 4 | | Lithuania | | | | 23 . 1 | 25 . 8 | 23 . 3 | 15 . 8 | 19 . 0 | 19 . 5 | | * * Average * * | | | | 27 . 7 | 29 . 0 | 24 . 1 | 21 . 9 | 25 . 6 | * * 24 . 4 * * | | CIs | | | | | | | | | | | * * Georgia * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Kazakhstan * * | | | | | | | | 10 . 2 | | | * * Kyrgyz Rep . * * | | | | | | 17 . 2 | 14 . 2 | 13 . 7 | 14 . 6 | | * * Ukraine * * | | | 50 . 1 | 32 . 5 | 26 . 7 | 12 . 7 | 11 . 5 | 13 . 6 | | | * * Averae_ * * | | | | | | 14 . 9 | * * 12 . 8 * * | | | | * * OECD / 2 * * | 79 . 6 | 77 . 5 | 82 . 1 | 71 . 0 | 83 . 8 | 84 . 5 | 87 . 4 | 88 . 4 | | _Source : International Monetary Fund , \" International Financial Statistics . \" _ / I Data for high-income OECD countries except for Germany ( 1990 ) and Luxembourg ( 1993 ) , for which data is not", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 891, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 902, "end": 937, "text": "Data for high-income OECD countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 2 : Distribution of gap of survey to national accounts consumption * * _Panel A : Survey mean vs HFCE mean_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 1 - . 5 0 . 5 1 < br > Gap < br > All surveys Income surveys Consumption surveys < br > 200 2 . 5 < br > 2 < br > 150 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 100 < br > Density < br > Frequency 1 < br > 50 < br > . 5 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > All surveys Income surveys Consumption surveys < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | adult . As net wage data for 2023 are not yet available , a comparison using 2022 data indicates that the value of the < br > minimum consumption basket exceeds the net salary at the economy level ( 3 , 801 RON ) in 2022 , except for < br > Bucharest and Cluj , all other NUTS 3 regions had an average net wage lower than the value of the consumption < br > basket . | | - - - | - - - | | c ) | * * Prices for the goods included in the basket were not provided by the National Institute of Statistics . Still , * * < br > * * they were collected in the five cities from supermarkets and markets ( for food , household , and personal * * < br > * * hygiene products ) . * * Prices collected from the five cities were also used for other products and services ( housing , < br > transportation , cultural activities , etc . ) . | | d ) < br > e ) < br > f ) | * * The periodic update of the minimum consumption basket for a decent living does not involve indexing * * < br > * * with the inflation rate , as it is a consumption basket with different weights compared to the standard * * < br > * * basket considered by the National Institute of Statistics for calculating the Consumer Price Index . * * < br > Updating the minimum consumption basket is complex and needs to be more predictable . The * * National Institute * * < br > * * of Statistics * * does not provide price indices by categories of goods with this granularity . Additionally , other < br > methods of indexing are applied to specific expense categories . < br > * * Equivalence Scales . * * For calculating the value of the consumption basket for families other than the reference < br > one , higher equivalence scales than those used by the OECD and the European Commission were used , leading < br > to a potential overestimation of the consumption", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 28, "text": "net wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 81, "end": 90, "text": "2022 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Food Price Inflation Policy Note . Washington , DC . Processed . - MoARD ( Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ) . 1992 . Results of ADDINFIU trails . Addis Ababa . Processed . - MoARD ( Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ) . 2009 . Various memos offertilizer market information from sample woredas , fertilizer supply and sales data , and fertilizer import status . Addis Ababa . Processed . - MoARD ( Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ) . 201 Oa . Project Completion Report for the Fertilizer Support Project , November 2010 . Addis Ababa . Processed . - 42 -", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 358, "text": "fertilizer supply and sales data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 * * Figure 10 . European Bank Equities and Profitability * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Stock Market Indexes b . Return on Equity < br > 120 12 < br > Jan 2011 – May 2012 2007 – 10 < br > 10 . 0 9 . 9 < br > 110 10 < br > Euro Stoxx 50 < br > 8 < br > 100 Euro Stoxx 600 Banks 6 . 6 < br > 6 < br > 90 3 . 9 < br > 4 < br > 1 . 9 < br > 80 2 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 70 0 < br > - 2 < br > 60 < br > - 2 . 8 < br > - 4 < br > 50 < br > - 6 < br > - 5 . 4 < br > 2007 2008 2009 2010 < br > Index Date = All Banks Large Banks < br > Percentage < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Panel a , Bloomberg ; Panel b , ECB Consolidated Banking Data . # * * III . THE SCOPE OF DELEVERAGING AND ASSOCIATED RISKS * * * * 15 . Information as of early 2012 suggests that many banks have been selling or scaling down their businesses within or across borders * * . In particular , banks have been adjusting their business strategies to focus on ― core ‖ markets of strategic importance , and abandoning activities and locations that require higher capital or that do not offer profitable opportunities going forward : for example , because of adverse regulatory regimes . Appendix table A . 3 lists recent actions undertaken by many banks . * * 16 . Data also point to a marked deterioration in credit conditions across the Euro Area in late 2011 , with some turnaround in the first quarter of 2012 * * . Driven by more prudent risk management practices , European banks have been tightening lending standards since fall 2011 ( figure 11 ) . The ECB ‘ s lending surveys ( ECB 2012a , 2012b ) show that", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 664, "text": "ECB Consolidated Banking Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1556, "end": 1579, "text": "ECB ‘ s lending surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > To invest for other business 8 . 3 % < br > To cover health expenses 15 . 0 % < br > To buy food 25 . 6 % < br > To pay school , education costs 27 . 4 % < br > 0 . 0 % 5 . 0 % 10 . 0 % 15 . 0 % 20 . 0 % 25 . 0 % 30 . 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 10 : Showing the Main Reasons for Obtaining Debts Or Credit In Host Community , October 2017 , Uganda * * # # # * * Livestock Production * * Majority of the households owned poultry ( 68 . 1 % ) , goats ( 64 . 4 % ) and cattle ( 33 . 1 % ) . Pressure on pastures , water and ladn tenure systems could some reasons that determine the challenges livestock keepers are experiencing . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 72 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | Health : % of sub-counties with population > 15 , 000 with a functional health center III or IV | N / A | 98 % | 98 % | | | Health : Average score in the RBF facilityassessment improves | N / A | Yes | Yes | | | * * Intermediate Results Indicators - Health * * | | | | | | Number of HC IIs upgraded to HC III — completed , equipped and staffed | 124 | 371 | 363 | | | Number of existing HC IIIs or HC IVs rehabilitated , expanded and / or equipped | 0 | 300 | 685 | | | % of HC IIIs / IVs rehabilitated / equipped in refugee-hosting LGs | N / A | 30 % | 35 % | | | Number of health workers transitioned to thegovernment system in refugee-hostingdistricts | 0 | 450 | 462 | | 39 . * * The percentage of sub-counties with a functional health center III or IV reached 98 percent , meeting the revised end target , up from 81 percent in June 2019 * * . By Program close , 373 HC IIIs had been established — 331 upgraded from HC IIs and 42 newly constructed in sub-counties that previously had no health facility . Of the 373 HC IIIs established , 363 were fully operational by December 2025 ( against an end target of 371 ) , supporting 9 , 000 deliveries per month , > 5 As of June 2026 , there are at least 7 , 466 secondary schools in Uganda , of which 1 , 507 are government-run . > 6 McDonnell , Erin Metz . UgIFT Qualitative Evaluation Report . World Bank , 2025 . > 7 TELA coverage data should be interpreted with caution , as the definition of active use has shifted from device enrollment to verified daily usage , and integration of the SPA and harmonized inspection frameworks raises the operationalization threshold . Page 10 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1383, "end": 1401, "text": "TELA coverage data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 < br > ▬ Employment ▬ Employment_tc < br > ▬ Unemployment , rhs ▬ Unemployment_tc , rhs < br > Jan-15Jul-15Jan-16Jul-16Jan-17 Jul-17Jan-18Jul-18Jan-19Jul-19Jan-20Jul-20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Administrative data , Jan 2014 – Jul / Aug 2020 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12 600 < br > 10 < br > 500 < br > 8 < br > 400 < br > 6 < br > 4 300 < br > 2 < br > 200 < br > 0 < br > 100 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 0 < br > ▬ PPI , percent ▬ CPI , percent ▬ Real net wage ( EUR 2015 ) , rhs < br > Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Jan-19 Jan-20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ MONSTAT data , tc = trend cycle . _Source : _ MONSTAT data , World Bank staff calculations . Last obs . ( CPI and PPI - Aug 2020 , Real net wage - Jul 2020 ) . . . but the fiscal position has deteriorated . # # # # # # Bank lending is still solid … < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Outstanding loans , Jan 2012 – Jul 2020 , in millions 2015 – 20 , percent of GDP < br > 3 . 5 60 0 < br > 3 . 0 50 - 2 < br > 2 . 5 - 4 < br > 40 < br > 2 . 0 - 6 < br > 30", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 268, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 705, "end": 717, "text": "MONSTAT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Estimated | | | | | | Disbursements : | < br > IDA < br > FY85 < br > FY86 | FY87 | FY88 < br > FY89 | FY90 | | Association | Annual < br > / c < br > 1 . 8 | < br > 2 . 2 | < br > 2 . 2 < br > 2 . 3 | < br > 1 . 5 | | | Cumulative < br > 7__ < br > 1 . 8 | < br > 4 . 0 | < br > 6 . 2 < br > 8 . 5 | < br > 10 . 0 | | IFAD | Annual < br > - < br > _2 . 3_ | < br > 3 . 1 | 3 . 2 < br > 3 . 5 | 2 . 4 | | | Cumulative < br > - < br > 2 . 3 | < br > 5 . 4 | < br > 8 . 6 < br > 12 . 1 | 14 . 5 | | Total | Annual < br > / c < br > 4 . 1 | < br > 5 . 3 | < br > 5 . 4 < br > 5 . 8 | < br > 3 . 9 | | | Cumulative < br > / c < br > 4 . 1 | < br > 9 . 4 | 14 . 8 < br > 2U . 6 | 24 . 5 | | Rate of Return : < br > Not applicable . | | - - - | - Maps : IBRD 18d35 and 18036 . - / a Includes taxes and duties of IJS $ 1 . 41 million . _lb_ Includes start-up activities - : otalling to US $ 441 , 00U of which US $ 326 , 000 to be financed under the Second Technical Assistance Project ( Credit 1434-UG of 1984 for Us . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "61 . 3 | 690 | 100 . 0 | 91 . 6 | 79 . 6 | 573 | 100 . 0 | 88 . 0 | 72 . 1 | 57 . 4 | | 2 . A . and IMSS = 0 | 1144 | 65 . 4 | 61 . 5 | 50 . 9 | 396 | 57 . 4 | 87 . 1 | 74 . 7 | 282 | 49 . 2 | 97 . 9 | 82 . 5 | 58 . 8 | | 2 . B . and IMSS > 0 | 604 | 34 . 6 | 95 . 0 | 81 . 1 | 294 | 42 . 6 | 97 . 6 | 86 . 1 | 291 | 50 . 8 | 77 . 7 | 61 . 3 | 56 . 0 | | 3 . Inbusiness > 3 years | 5220 | 100 . 0 | 42 . 8 | 37 . 1 | 1365 | 100 . 0 | 79 . 1 | 76 . 3 | 1284 | 100 . 0 | 68 . 8 | 56 . 9 | 62 . 6 | | 3 . A . not in 1989 Census | 3493 | 66 . 9 | 20 . 1 | 18 . 5 | 482 | 35 . 3 | 55 . 6 | 63 . 3 | 637 | 49 . 6 | 46 . 3 | 37 . 4 | 64 . 2 | | 3 . B . and in 1989 Census | 1727 | 33 . 1 | 88 . 8 | 74 . 8 | 883 | 64 . 7 | 92 . 0 | 83 . 4 | 647 | 50 . 4 | 91 . 0 | 76 . 0 | 61 . 1 | | 4 . Pd wkrs > 0 , > 3 years | 1096 | 100 . 0 | 72 . 9 | 63 . 8 | 440 | 100 . 0 | 92 . 7 | 82 . 7 | 378 | 100 . 0 | 89 . 2 | 75 . 1 | 58 . 7 | | 4 . A . IMSS no , Census no | 348", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using India ’ s applied MFN tariffs in 1990 , inconsistent with the theory for applied MFN tariffs _only_ in 2000-2002 , but consistent again with the theory when using India ’ s TTBs _in addition to_ the applied MFN tariffs in 2000-2002 . This evidence suggests that , over time , India unwound some of its applied tariff reductions by substituting toward antidumping and safeguard policies . The last of our thematic questions is whether , when countries apply import protection through TTBs , their applied policies discriminate among different trading partners . While there are different ways to examine this issue , Table 6 presents two measures - the trade-weighted share of the exporting country ’ s total exports to the G20 economies over which the G20 economy had a TTB imposed , and the estimated value of those TTB-impacted exports to the G20 economy . < sup > 56 < / sup > We compute these two measures both in 2013 for the G20 economies and then , for rough comparison purposes , also in 1995 for the ‘ G4 ’ economies of Australia , Canada , the EU and the US - the major TTB users at the time . To interpret Table 6 , consider an exporter like China . In 2013 , 7 . 1 percent of China ’ s exports to the G20 economies were subject to a TTB , and this is estimated to cover roughly $ 100 billion of > 56These data are derived from dynamic import coverage ratios following the methodology described and applied in Bown ( 2011b , 2013b ) . The main requirement is an assumption on counterfactual import growth for products from trading partners subject to an imposed TTB during the period that the TTB was in effect . The current data relies on the relatively conservative assumption that TTB-impacted products would have grown at the average rate of import growth for non-TTB impacted products . 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of training . With the upgraded entrepreneurship training program in place , it also becomes critical to closely monitor the quality of training and other training performance indicators . FeMSEDA supported by Transtec will closely monitor and coach the initial stage of training implementation over the coming months . The contract of the international skills development consultant , Transtec , is coming to an end in April 2016 . Some of the remaining activities to be implemented by Transtec have been refined during the MTR . 3 . Component 3 has shown progress since the last ISM . The project has carried out a wide range of communication activities to expand the outreach of its services . The M & E system has enabled the project to gather data on registration , credit and training and assess trends . The project ’ s unique ID system has functioned effectively to coordinate services across providers . The move underway to digitize the system into a web-based Management Information System will make WEDP one of the first projects to develop a digital , web-based MIS system for real time monitoring of entrepreneurs who access the project . The impact evaluation for the WEDP project has introduced three innovative pilots - psychometric testing for loan clients , psychological , action-oriented entrepreneurship training and ICT-focused interactive entrepreneurship training . The impact evaluation component has also produced three studies : a baseline report covering 2 , 400 WEDP clients , a policy study on women entrepreneurs in male-dominated sectors and a policy study on access to finance for women entrepreneurs . The financial management system of the WEDP project provides reasonable assurance that the Bank loan proceeds are being used for the intended purpose . The main recommendations by the mission are ( i ) the budget utilization by FeMSEDA should be improved ( ii ) continued close monitoring should be made regarding the currency exchange rate fluctuation ( iii ) follow up should be strengthened regarding advances to implementing cities ( iv ) cash balance reconciliation should be made at ADCSI ( v ) withdrawal application should be submitted to DBE immediately ( vi )", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 790, "text": "data on registration , credit and training", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 _Chart 12 : Reasons why refugees prefer not to have a work permit_ The majority of refugee workers ( 87 % ) pay the work permit issuance fees themselves to get their work permits . This situation is mostly prevailing in the construction sector followed by the agricultural sector . The refugees self-reported costs associated with the work permits issuance varied between the three sectors ( Construction , Agriculture , and public / private sectors ) . It is worth mentioning that the cost get higher if the employer was a Private / public employer , with an average of 85 JOD , while the averages is 64 JOD if it was GFJTU . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1000 < br > 950 < br > 900 < br > 800 < br > 700 < br > 600 < br > 600 < br > 500 < br > 440 < br > 400 < br > 400 < br > 350 < br > 300 < br > 300 < br > 200 200 < br > 200 160 150 < br > 100 < br > 100 50 [ ] JOD 60 60 65 < br > 10 10 10 < br > 0 < br > GFJTU Private / public employer < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Chart 13 : Costs Associated with Work Permit Issuance_ 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Prior to issuing a decision , an interview with an applicant is regarded as a mandatory step . As a collective 180 Ibid . 181 Cavalcanti and Tonhati , supra note 170 , p . 23 . Although these authors source the Brazilian Federal Police database ( as does the Secretaria Nacional de Justiça ) , the numbers for each year are slightly different , with a total between 2010 and 2014 of 34 , 887 Haitian applications instead of 34 , 770 . In this context , the authors indicate that approximately 78 per cent were men and 19 per cent women . Of the total , 65 per cent were between 20 and 34 , while another 30 per cent were between 35 and 49 . 182 Lei No . 9 . 474 of 22 July 1997 , available at : http : / / www . planalto . gov . br / ccivil_03 / leis / l9474 . htm , accessed : September 2018 . See translation available on Refworld : http : / / www . refworld . org / pdfid / 3f4dfb134 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 . 183 Note that some academic literature translates “ severe ” as “ gross ” and “ compelled ” as “ forced ” . 184 Andrade , “ Refugee Protection in Brazil ( 1921-2014 ) : An Analytical Narrative of Changing Policies ” , in Cantor et al . , ( eds . ) _A Liberal Tide ? Immigration and Asylum Law and Policies in Latin_ America , University of London , 2015 , pp . 153 – 183 , 174 . 185 Ibid . See also historical narrative on arrival of Angolans in 1993 , which had prompted need to take account of broader refugee criteria . See also , Reed-Hurtado , “ The Cartagena Declaration on Refugees and the Protection of People Fleeing Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence in Latin America ” , Legal and Protection Policy Research Series , UNHCR , 2013 , available at : < u", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 246, "text": "Brazilian Federal Police database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 2 . 08 The CPR ( modern methods ) is about two percent ; traditional methods , mainly abstinence , might account for another 22 , although there is little quantitativ * * e * * vidence . In 1984 , of 121 . 000 acceptors . 41 % were new in that year and 59 % continuing from previous years . The method mix was oral pill 81 % , IUD 7 % . condom 5 % and other methods 7 % . Reliable data on discontinuation rates are not available ; an estimate of 47 % for the pill was made by FGAE for 1980 . There has been no systematic study of the unmet demand for contraception . However , widespread illegal abortion and rapid increases in acceptors at clinics newly offering FP services suggest that there is unmet demand in rural as well as urban areas . The majority of people , however , have little awareness of contraception and continuing desire for large families . For example , a KAP ( knowledge , attitude , practice ) survey financed under the PPF indicated that in the Shewa and Arssi regions . only about one third of women had heard of at least one family planning method , most commonly abstinence ; about a quarter had heard of the pill and an eighth of the injectable ; and very few had heard of any other method . 60 % of woman with 7 - 9 children and 35 % of women with over 10 children indicated that they wanted more , or were undecided . Clearly , if fertility is to be reduced , there is a great need for education about the desirability of having fewer children , as well as for greater access to family planning services . # # C . Health Policies and Services 2 . 09 Health Policy and Plans . PDRE ' s ten-year health perspective plan . produced in 1984 , sets out the following major goals : ( a ) to expand health services to where the masses live and work ; ( b ) to expand EPI ( Expanded Program for Immunization ) services and control all", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 926, "text": "KAP ( knowledge , attitude , practice ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . 2 Energy-Centric Management Practices * * In contrast to general management practices , specialized management practices target a specific aspect of the firm ’ s operations . Some examples of energy management practices include the introduction of target-setting and monitoring practices related to energy use , an explicit requirement to adhere to energy conservation norms , rewards for employees that promote energy efficiency , emphasis on energy management as a priority , and encouraging innovation in controlling energy use . Based on data from 190 firms in the United Kingdom , Martin et al . ( 2012 ) find that climate-friendly management practices are associated with lower energy intensity and higher productivity . Climate-friendly practices in this setting included 33 practices , including the stringency of external GHG reduction targets faced , adaptation measures undertaken , and energy use target-setting and monitoring . Using surveys of environmental management practice adoption at 500 facilities , Delmas and Toffel ( 2008 ) find that distinct external constituents prompt firms to adopt specialized environmental management practices . In both cases , the emphasis is on studying the correlation of environment-friendly management practices with energy use , using a limited sample size . We are unaware of any study that explicitly measures energy-specific practices , such as tracking physical quantity alongside expenditures and encouraging cost-effective investments in energy efficiency . To the best of our knowledge , our study is the first to examine the emergence of these practices using data that include many developing country firms , and in this sense our work makes an important contribution to this literature . # * * 3 Data Preparation and Exploration * * # # * * 3 . 1 Data Preparation * * The recent wave of the World Bank Enterprise Surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019 for 31 countries collected nationally-representative firm data on a number of financial , operational , 8", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 573, "text": "data from 190 firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 959, "end": 1012, "text": "surveys of environmental management practice adoption", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1867, "end": 1896, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1951, "end": 1986, "text": "nationally-representative firm data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5904 # * * Abstract * * This is the first paper to build a comprehensive empirical picture of power pricing practices across Sub-Saharan Africa , based on a new database of tariff structures in 27 countries for the years 2004 – 2008 . Using a variety of quantitative indicators , the paper evaluates the performance of electricity tariffs against four key policy objectives : recovery of historic power production costs , efficient signaling of future power production costs , affordability to low income households , and distributional equity . As regards cost recovery , 80 percent of the countries in the sample fully recover operating costs , while only around 30 percent of the countries are practicing full recovery of capital costs . However , due to the fact that future power development may be based on a shift toward more economic technologies than those available in the past , existing tariffs look as though they would be consistent with Long Run Marginal Costs in nearly 40 percent of countries and hence provide efficient pricing signals . As regards affordability , today ’ s average effective tariffs are affordable for 90 percent of today ’ s customers . However , they would only be affordable for 25 percent of households that remain unconnected to the grid . Tariffs consistent with full recovery of economic costs would be affordable for 70 percent of the population . As regards equity , the highly regressive patterns of access to power services , ensure that subsidies delivered through electricity tariffs are without exception also highly regressive in distributional incidence . The conclusion is that achieving all four of these policy objectives simultaneously is almost impossible in the context of the high-cost low-income environment that characterizes much of SSA today . Hence most countries find themselves caught between cost recovery and affordability . This paper is a product of the Sustainable Development Unit , the Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 220, "text": "database of tariff structures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gap between rhetoric and reality : The principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations seem to have stimulated relatively limited change in international engagement at the country level since their endorsement by the OECD Development Assistance Committee ( DAC ) member countries in 2007 and their validation by both development partners and partner countries in Accra in 2008 . According to the 2011 Survey , development partner practice has not improved significantly to achieve better results . The main message of this report is that a significant gap still exists between policy and practice . < sup > 186 < / sup > 159 . It will be noted that this monitoring survey has in its title the phrase : _Can ’ t we do better ? _ This question could worthily have been the subtitle of our own study on “ the gap ” . In Annex A to the 2012 INCAF study , _International Support to Post-Conflict Transitions : Rethinking Policy , Changing Practice : DAC Guidelines on Post-Conflict Transitions_ , one has a well-planned road map , which if followed through could bridge the gap between relief and development . < sup > 187 < / sup > It is in UNHCR ’ s interest and those whom it serves to continue its advocacy on the issue , in particular promoting the reform agenda to implement the DAC Guidelines on Transition Financing . > 183 _Idem_ , p . 3 . > 184 _Idem_ , p . 4 . > 185 OECD / DAC _Monitoring Survey of International Engagement in Fragile States : Can ’ t We Do Better ? , _ Paris 2011 . > 186 OECD , _International Engagement in Fragile States : Can ’ t we do better_ ? , p . 11 . > 187 The Annexe is entitled : _Key Elements of the Reform Agenda to implement the DAC Guidelines on Transition Financing . _ 46", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 437, "text": "2011 Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 684, "end": 701, "text": "monitoring survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 124 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 Table 3 . 19 : Cumulative Reported Cases of AIDS cases ( 1983-2001 ) | Year | No . ofcases | CumulativeReported < br > CasesperYear | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1983 | 17 | 17 | | 1984 | 11 | 28 | | 1985 / 86 | 882 | 910 | | 1987 | 2 , 914 | 3 , 824 | | 1988 | 3 , 425 | 7 , 249 | | 1989 | 6 , 090 | 13 , 339 | | 1990 | 6 , 616 | 19 , 955 | | 1991 | 10 , 235 | 30 , 190 | | 1992 | 6 , 362 | 36 , 552 | | 1993 | 4 , 641 | 41 , 193 | | 1994 | 4 , 927 | 46 , 120 | | 1995 | 2 , 191 | 48 , 312 | | 1996 | 3 , 032 | 51 , 344 | | 1997 | 1 , 962 | 53 , 306 | | 1998 | 1 , 406 | 54 , 712 | | 1999 | 1 , 149 | 55 , 861 | | 2000 | 2 , 303 | 58 , 165 | | 2001 | 2 , 008 | 60 , 173 | Source : Uganda AIDS Commission ( HIV / AIDS Epidemic prevalence and Impact ) The total overall estimated number of people living with HIV / AIDS at the end of December 2000 was 1 , 107 , 644 , down from 1 , 438 , 000 in 1999 . Of these , 996 , 880 were adults and 110 , 880 children under 15 years . Aggregated by sex , 543 , 753 were women and 453 , 127 males . Uganda ' s cumulative number of AIDS deaths since the beginning of the epidemic is estimated at 947 , 552 ( December 2001 ) , up by 100 , 000 from 848 , 492 in", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 192, "text": "Cumulative Reported Cases of AIDS cases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * The literature on the effect of migration on source countries has typically focused on the direct effects of remittances on household consumption and investment . However , the emigration of labor and the growing volume of remittances open up many indirect general equilibrium issues for further research , many of which have not been fully explored . These include the labor market shock from reduced labor supply , which has considerable policy importance for developing countries . To the best of our knowledge , Mishra ( 2007 ) is the first econometric study to model the impact of _emigration_ ( i . e . , a negative labor supply shock ) on individual wages in a source country , building on an approach introduced by Borjas ( 2003 ) using the supply shifts in education-experience groups to assess the labor market impact of _immigration_ . Using U . S . census data to track the volume of Mexican emigration to the United States combined with Mexican census data on individuals in the Mexican labor market , this study finds that a 10 percent increase in emigration , on average , increases wages in Mexico by almost 4 percent . Some papers predate Mishra ( 2007 ) but they focus on geographic averages ( or sector averages ) , rather than individuals . Lucas ( 1987 ) , for example , uses annual time series data from 1946 to 1978 on agricultural wage and employment and finds that mine worker emigration to South Africa has raised wages in Malawi and Mozambique . < sup > 3 < / sup > Hanson et al ( 2002 ) finds a marginal negative impact of border enforcement on wages in cities along the U . S . - Mexican border . Robertson ( 2000 ) , Chiquiar ( 2004 ) , and Hanson ( 2004 ) provide evidence that those Mexican states that have greater international trade and migration links have enjoyed faster growth in average income and labor earnings . In addition , the impact of emigration on wages in Mexico has been largest in states with well-developed U . S . emigrant networks ( Munshi , 2003 ) . In yet another study , Hanson ( 2006 )", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 899, "text": "U . S . census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 977, "end": 996, "text": "Mexican census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1365, "text": "annual time series data from 1946 to 1978", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "subsequently indicated that the construction of the transmission line would affect about 2 , 136 households with 13 , 596 PAPs , of which 1 , 152 PAPs ( representing 8 % of the total ) need to be resettled , with the remainder being compensated for their loss of assets and / or partial loss of land or access to land . In light of the larger numbers of PAPs , Management decided to upgrade the project to Category A . All PAPs will be compensated for their losses that include crops and structures . Compensation will also be made for land within the five meters width that will be occupied by the towers and the lines . The RAP provides options for both cash and land for land compensation . UETCL has become innovative in the acquisition of way leaves such that the 17 . 5 meters on both sides of the towers and lines will not be permanently evacuated of human activities but regulated to ensure safety and will therefore be temporarily acquired during construction of the transmission line . In order to facilitate implementation of the RAP , UETCL is in the process of recruiting consultants . Also , independent monitoring of the RAP execution will be carried out by the MEMD through support of independent consultants . Construction related social impacts have been addressed in the ESIA that has been prepared and disclosed appropriately . 49 . A socio-economic survey was undertaken and a database of the affected people with their expected losses and determined entitlements set up to ensure a transparent and comprehensive compensation process . The RAP was undertaken in a consultative manner with the project affected people , local leaders and other relevant stakeholders . A diversion of 33 kms was made from the earlier identified route in order to avoid highly encumbered areas that included a cultural entity graveyard . A grievance redress mechanism that uses existing systems and structures has been clearly described in the RAP and includes the Uganda Courts of Law as a last resort . Compensation of economically affected people and other resettlement measures will be carried out before start of construction . < sup > 11 <", "spans": [{"start": 1355, "end": 1376, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1398, "end": 1429, "text": "database of the affected people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two reasons . First , consumption smoothing through borrowing or own saving works well for transitory income shocks ( Aiyagari ( 1994 ) , Heaton and Lucas ( 1996 ) , and Levine and Zame ( 2002 ) ) , but not when income shocks are highly persistent or permanent ( Constantinides and Duffie ( 1996 ) and Krebs ( 2003a and 2004 ) ) . Thus , highly persistent income shocks have a large effect on consumption volatility and welfare , whereas the effect of transitory shocks is relatively small . Second , the transitory term in our econometric specification of the income process will absorb the measurement error in individual income , and therefore allows us to arrive at a better estimate of the true amount of individual income volatility . For these reasons , we eventually focus on persistent shocks and their relation to trade policy . # _II . 1 . Data_ In Mexico , the National Urban Employment Survey ( ENEU ) conducts extensive _quarterly_ household interviews in the 16 major metropolitan areas and is available from 1987 ( we use data from 1987-1998 in our study ) . The ENEU is structured so as to track a fifth of each sample across a five quarter period . The sample is selected to be geographically and socioeconomically representative . The treatment of sample design , collection and data cleaning is careful . The survey questionnaire is extensive in scope and covers all standard elements such as participation in the labor market , earnings etc . < sup > 13 < / sup > We use information on labor market participants between the ages of 16 and 65 . Individual panels were constructed by matching workers by their position in an identified household , level of education ( years of schooling ) , age and sex . Questions referring to labor income refer to income earned in the previous quarter . Workers earnings include their overall earnings from fixed salary payments , hourly or daily wages , piece-meal work , commissions , tips and any entrepreneurial earnings ( earned by the self-employed ) . Taken together , we have 44 > 13The actual surveys and documentation of methodology are available on request . 8", "spans": [{"start": 873, "end": 905, "text": "National Urban Employment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1038, "end": 1057, "text": "data from 1987-1998", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inequality than equalizing parental background . The importance of credit access falls when students can supply work to pay for college ( Garriga and Keightley 2007 ) . Although Colombia is a large developing economy , the market for student loans is very limited , covering only 7 percent of students in 2003 ( ICETEX 2010 ) . Lack of family resources , limited opportunities to work during college , and missing credit markets for student loans are clear impediments to college access in countries such as Colombia . In those countries , tuition subsidies may therefore expand college access . Our paper complements the literature on Chile ’ s recent free college policies ( Bucarey 2018 ) and England ’ s free college elimination ( Murphy et al 2019 ) . It also joins in the vast literature of college financial aid in the U . S . ( cited in Section 8 . 5 ) , including the recent literature on free community college and the so-called “ Promise ” programs implemented in multiple U . S . states . # * * 3 Data and institutional environment * * In this section we describe our data sources , Colombia ’ s higher education environment , and our study cohorts . Appendix A . 1 contains further details . Our data consists of student - and program-level information drawn from three administrative datasets : Saber 11 , SPADIES , and SNIES . The Saber 11 dataset contains students ’ test scores at the national mandatory high school exit exam ( also named Saber 11 ) as well as selfreported socio-economic information . Saber 11 is a standardized test that measures a student ’ s preparedness for higher education — reflecting not only her innate ability but also her primary and secondary education quality . We use it as a measure of student ability , broadly understood as academic readiness for higher education . Family income is reported in brackets defined relative to the monthly legal minimum wage ( MW ) , which is equal to 381 , 000 Colombian pesos ( COP ) in 2005 ( US $ 1 = 2 , 321 COP in 2005 ) . SPADIES tracks every higher education student . For each semester , it records the", "spans": [{"start": 1320, "end": 1327, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1334, "end": 1339, "text": "SNIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The 2014 Tunisia Census of Pop - < br > ulation and Housing ( INS ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _a_ ] < / sup > | | Unemployment < br > ( rate ) | Share of men in the _ { d , e , a } _ cell that are unemployed | The 2014 Tunisia Census of Pop - < br > ulation and Housing ( INS ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _a_ ] < / sup > | | _Panel B : Delegati_ < br > Area | _on d level variables_ < br > Geographical area of each delegation _d_ in km < sup > 2 < / sup > . < br > Douz < br > North and Douz Sud are combined into one administra - < br > tive division . | Author ’ s calculations based on < br > HDX-OCHA < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _b_ ] < / sup > | | Convicted < br > terrorists | Number of individuals indicted for terrorist crimes com - < br > mitted between 2004 and 2018 from delegation _d_ . The < br > records include their addresses , which allows us to geolo - < br > cate them . | National List of Persons , Or - < br > ganizations < br > and < br > Entities < br > As - < br > sociated with Terrorist Crime < br > ( CNLCT , 2021 ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _c_ ] < / sup > | | Emigration < br > ( rate ) | Share of men from delegation _d_ that emigrated abroad . | The 2014 Tunisia Census of Pop - < br > ulation and Housing ( INS ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _a_ ] < / sup > | 24", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 608, "text": "HDX-OCHA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1187, "end": 1213, "text": "2014 Tunisia Census of Pop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) | | Value | Month / Year | Value < br > Date | Value | Month / Year | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value of public funds being reported | 85 . 00 | Jan / 2024 | 85 . 00 < br > 06-Feb-2025 | 85 . 00 | Jun / 2029 | | through the IFMIS ( Percentage ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | The Project has only recently become | effective | | | Value of public procurements being | 10 . 00 | Feb / 2024 | 10 < br > 06-Feb-2025 | 50 . 00 | Jul / 2029 | | undertaken through the e-GP < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | The Project has only recently become | effective | | | Climate related expenditure disclosed | N | Jan / 2024 | N < br > 06-Feb-2025 | Y | Jun / 2029 | | in end-of-year budget execution < br > reports from FY 2026 / 27 ( Yes / No ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | The Project has only recently become | effective | | Page 6 of 8 Feb 17 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 399, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| several interventions | | skills gained are | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | undertaken by the project < br > to address FM issues < br > there are areas that < br > remain weak such as the < br > qualified audit report for < br > AAWASA and the < br > weaknesses in the < br > management letter , we < br > have also noted a decline < br > in the staff capacity , the < br > staff turnover | | disseminated to as many < br > staff as possible , and < br > follow up and < br > implementing audit < br > recommendations < br > Continuous software < br > support should help in < br > resolving these issues < br > and the Ministry could < br > compare utilities with < br > other utilities in other < br > countries to borrow < br > lessons learnt and < br > implement them < br > accordingly where < br > libl | | | | | | appcae | | | | * * _Control Risk_ * * | * * S * * | | | | | * * Budgeting * * < br > The budgeting process is < br > adequate < br > for < br > the < br > 5 < br > enterprises . The risk is the < br > failure by the utility to align < br > the < br > budgets < br > to < br > the < br > procurementplan . | * * M * * | MOWE to supervise < br > regularly and support the < br > utilities | * * M * * | * * N * * | | * * Accounting * * < br > The four towns maintain < br > accounting records using < br > peach tree . Dire Dawa is in", "spans": [{"start": 1314, "end": 1332, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "available for investments . Hence , total national income goes to government expenditures , household expenditures , and investments . International trade is modeled by a system of Armington demands that give rise to flows of goods and services between the regions . At the national / regional level , import demand is driven by CES functions of domestic and imported components of demand for Armington commodities . Export supply is depicted by a two tier constant elasticity of transformation ( CET ) function , where , on the first tier , the total output of a sector is designated either to total exports or to domestic supply , and , at the second tier , total exports are partitioned according to their destinations . The endogenous driver of the dynamics in the model is the vintage capital structure . The capital stock is composed of old and new capital , where new corresponds to the capital investments at the beginning of the period and old corresponds to the capital installed in previous periods . The ratio of new to old capital is also a measure of the flexibility of the economy as new capital is assumed to be perfectly mobile across sectors . Furthermore , a fraction of the old capital depreciates each period . Population and productivity growth are exogenous drivers of the model ’ s dynamics . The former is taken from the projections of the United Nations Population Division , where labor force growth corresponds to the growth of the population aged 15-64 years . Productivity growth is modeled as factor neutral for agricultural sectors and labor augmenting for industrial and service sectors . Productivity of energy follows an autonomous energy efficiency improvement ( AEEI ) path so that there is no endogenous technological change in the model . To ensure equilibrium in the model , three sets of market clearing conditions are met . First , total production of each commodity equals the sum of domestic consumption and exports so that the goods and services markets clear . Second , total investment equals total savings , where savings are composed of private ( household ) savings , public ( government ) savings and exogenously fixed foreign savings . Third , factor markets clear , which implies full employment .", "spans": [{"start": 1365, "end": 1399, "text": "United Nations Population Division", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6es - # TABLE 5 # Self-financing Ratios for Comoleted Prolects . 1966-83 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Projects ( with < br > Self-financing Ratio Estimated Ratios < br > at Prolect Comoletlon In Sam le Survey < br > Numb er % __ < br > 0 10 21 < br > 1 tolO 9 19 < br > 11 to 20 8 17 < br > 21 to30 10 21 < br > 31 to40 6 13 < br > 41 to60 3 7 < br > over 60 1 2 < br > Average Ratio 18 Total 47 100 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > One of the weakest areas of forecasting appears to be for selffinancing ratios , for they are not only consistently cverestimated but also the magnitude of error Is one ot the highest . In about 65 % of cases , the actual self-financing ratio was more than five percentage points below that for = ast Of particular concem Is the 31 % of Instances where the actual ratlo was more than 20 percentage polnts below that forecast and the 7 % of projects where It was more than 50 % below that forecast . The actual ratio was higher than forecast In only 14 % of cases . The magnitude of the forecasting error on average has Increased since the early 19708 and appears to have continued to deteriorate In the 1980s . About 42 % of projects actually had lower self-financing ratios at completion of the project than at appralsal and one half of these projects had ratlos tha . . # \" re more than 20 % lower . Of the one half of projects where utilities had poor ratlos at appraisal ( I . e . , 20 % and lower ) , nearly 50 % of utlittls had managed to Increase self-financing by more than five percentage polnts by the end of the project . However , 25 % of utilitles actually had ratlos that had deteriorated even further .", "spans": [{"start": 202, "end": 215, "text": "Sam le Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "population who reported to have < / mark > some formal education 84 . 8 % them had only elementary education ( Grade 1 to 8 ) . < mark > The occupational profile of female household heads and household population also showed that only two FHH reported to be engage in non-agricultural activities , while 11 . 8 % of them are unemployed and even the proportion of unemployed female household population is higher ( i . e . 37 . 1 % ) compared to the total household population unemployment rate which < / mark > is about 13 . 5 % . < mark > The figures from the census socio economic survey data clearly indicated how project affected FHHs , and female population have been affected in almost all walks of community < / mark > life including , participation in education , employment in wage earning jobs , etc . < mark > During consultative meetings with women PAPs and other stakeholders , participants vocally explained that the proposed project will affect female headed households and other women , elderly and chronically ill household heads than other Subproject affected households . Therefore , the participants suggested the importance of providing additional assistance to female headed households and other vulnerable PAPs to endure the potential Subproject impact on vulnerable households . < / mark > Compensation payments in the form of cash sometimes create conflicts within households , as household members have different opinions on how the money shall be used . In this regard , married women who participated in the consultation meetings in some Subproject impact Kebeles explained that women should be equally involved with her husband during cash disbursement and the whole process as required . This will prevent any misuse of the funds provided . # # # # # # * * Financial Literacy Training for Women * * Compensation cash payments sometimes create conflicts within households , as household members have different opinions on how the money shall be used . In addition , during consultation women expressed their concern that men will receive the compensation package on behalf of the household and may misuse the provided funds . Therefore , to", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 594, "text": "census socio economic survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "across the world over recent decades . In advanced economies , this share reached its lowest point between 2007 and 2008 ( 49 . 9 percent ) , while , among emerging markets , it reached only 34 . 7 percent in 2006 ( IMF WEO 2017 ) . Data from the U . S . Bureau of Labor Statistics also show a decline in the labor share of income ( in the nonfarm business sector ) , which implies that the share of income going to capital has risen ( Furman and Orzag 2015 ) . The empirical evidence suggests that the profit rate ( measured as markups ) has also risen globally ( De Loecker and Eekhout 2017 ) . Such an increase in the profit rate and capital share of incomes has been associated with rising inequality ( Crane 2016 ; Khan and Vaheesan 2017 ; Stiglitz 2012 ) . These recent trends indicating a global rise in market power and market concentration demand analytical tools that allow to assess in a rapid and cost-efficient manner the distributional effects of changes in market concentration . However , current empirical studies that rigorously evaluate the distributional effects of variations in competition are time consuming , costly , and intensive in data requirements . To fill this gap , this paper introduces a simple , yet novel microsimulation approach to assess the distributional impact of competition that combines expenditure data from household surveys with parameters on market structure in certain industries . This simulation approach adapts a set of flexible theoretical models ( monopoly , oligopoly with a homogeneous good , and partial collusive oligopoly ) into a user-friendly interface , WELCOM , which can be used to assess the impact of variations in market concentration on household welfare , poverty , and inequality . WELCOM provides a sound , rapid , and efficient option for predicting ex ante likely distributional impacts of competition in a user23", "spans": [{"start": 1331, "end": 1370, "text": "expenditure data from household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DLI allocation | | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 1 . 0 % | | * * 8 : Enhanced e-participati * * | * * on ( Yes / No ) * * | | | | | | No | Enactment of < br > amendments to 2007 < br > Access to information law | targets for 7 . 1 - 7 . 4 < br > achieved | targets for 7 . 1 - 7 . 4 < br > achieved | targets for 7 . 1 - 7 . 4 < br > achieved | targets for 7 . 1 - 7 . 4 achieved | | 0 . 00 | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 9 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 9 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 7 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 30 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 8 . 6 % | | ➢ 8 . 1 : Tabling by gover | nment to the Parliament of ame | ndments to 2007 Access to i | nformation law . ( Yes / No ) | | | | No | Tabling by government to < br > the Parliament of < br > amendments < br > strengthening the < br > enforcement of 2007 < br > Access to information law . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 . 00 | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 0 . 6 % | | ➢ 8 . 2 : Reporting throu | gh the PMDU public dashboard o | n digital transformation und |", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1144, "text": "PMDU public dashboard", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with 5 percent among Ugandans , with women and those in the West Nile having the highest incidence . * * 3 . * * However , in separate High Frequency Surveys < sup > 46 < / sup > for refugees , 88 percent of respondents indicated that they would “ agree to be vaccinated if free and safe vaccine is available ” thus ensuring an enabling environment for COVID-19 vaccination . # # # * * COVID-19 Refugee Response * * # # # * * National Level * * 4 . * * In Uganda , there is strong functional coordination of refugee humanitarian issues . * * The Office of the Prime Minister and UNHCR co-lead the refugee response in coordinating humanitarian assistance and protection in refugee settlements and RHDs . The response is supported by line ministries , district local governments and over 100 partners , including UN agencies , international and national NGOs , and refugee-led organizations . 5 . * * Uganda is implementing the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework ( CRRF ) and the Global Compact for Refugees * * . The CRRF in Uganda has a vision for a coordinated , accountable , and sustainable refugee response for socio-economic transformation for refugees and host communities by 2025 . Under the CRRF , the HSIRRP is intended to integrated refugee health services into routine government services and address health related needs of refugees and the host communities and ensure access to quality health services for both through ; improvement of staffing , upgrading of health facilities , and provision of medicine and health supplies to RHDs using the national distribution channels . This > 45 < mark > World Bank . 2021 . < / mark > _ < mark > COVID-19 Impact Monitoring : Uganda , Round 4-5 . < / mark > _ < mark > Washington , DC : World Bank . < / mark > > 46 < mark > World Bank . 2021 . < / mark > _ < mark > Monitoring Social and Economic Impacts of COVID", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 157, "text": "High Frequency Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pilot . The recommended actions will be undertaken by the Bank and the Borrower in the context of implementation of the project , and will be funded through the Credit and the Grant . Many actions have already been initiated . Progress on the actions will be monitored during project supervision and reported on in the periodic project supervision reports ( PSRs ) . 11 . * * _Continued monitoring : _ * * the data collected prior to the pilot were not adequate to establish a baseline . While the missing data cannot be recovered , Management believes that it is important to continue efforts to measure water quality and other variables in the area where the chopping pilot took place , and to evaluate the data within an appropriate analytical framework , in order , to be aware of , and to take action regarding , any unforeseen adverse outcomes . Therefore it has strongly urged , in the supervision mission of June , 2000 , that monitoring of water quality in the area where the mechanical chopping took place continue , ' and that the Kenya Fisheries Management Research Institute carry out measurements ' of indicators of biodiversity . Management will continue to review the activities of the monitoring group . Continued monitoring will be funded from the IDA Credit and the GEF Grant , and will be undertaken by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources , together with the Panel of Scientists ( see paragraph 15 below ) appointed to advise on this task . 12 . * * _Vigilant surveillance_ * * _ : _ Management has agreed with all three countries that they will establish and maintain a program of vigilant surveillance and response , tracking the movement of large infestations , projecting likely patterns of resurgence , and taking action . In January 2000 , Tanzania agreed to set up a national surveillance system by June 2000 _ , _ and to carry out a mapping of the location of major remaining hyacinth mats along the entire shoreline . At that time , Management advocated exploring the use of satellite images taken at regular intervals , supplemented by information derived from local communities drawn together through the", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 443, "text": "data collected prior to the pilot", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 17 - 62 . At present , a number of distinct and in some respects overlapping statutes , regulations and amendments govern the development of petroleum and gas resources in Ethiopia . Separate petroleum legislation would be desirable to establish a clear framework for exploration and production . Preparation of a model agreement to accompany such legislation setting forth all important rights and obligations and which could serve as a basis for negotiations with interested oil companies would also likely serve to facilitate any such future discussions . Both of these needs would be addressed as a part of the legal assistance in the proposed project . # Government ' s Approach to Petroleum Exploration 63 . The Revolution of 1974-75 , together with subsequent security problems in the Eritrea region in the north and along the Somali border in the south , discouraged petroleum exploration work in the late seventies . With the security issues less serious now , the Government is committed to encouraging new petroleum exploration . 64 . The Government recognizes that it is dependent upon the resources of international petroleum companies for any significantly intensified exploration effort , and it has decided to embark on a full exploration promotion program to attract foreign oil companies . In general , the Government and the oil companies doing business in Ethiopia have cooperated well in the past , and the oil companies were not affected by the nationalizations in early 1975 . The promotion program consists of reviewing the results of past exploration activities and collecting new seismic data which is expected to provide new leads for exploration . Simultaneously , the legal framework and accounting practices of the country relating to petroleum operations would also be brought in line with prevailing international practice . The oil companies would be invited to submit bids for exploration acreage on the basis of the data provided and under the proposed legal framework . 65 . In order to implement this program , the Government has obtained advances from the Project Preparation Facility ( PPF ) 1 / . An exploration consulting firm ( BEICIP of France ) , a legal firm ( Butler , Binion , Rice , Cook and Knapp of Washington", "spans": [{"start": 1608, "end": 1620, "text": "seismic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * - Abadie , A . and J . Gardeazabal ( 2003 ) . The economic costs of conflict : A case study of the Basque country . _American Economic Review 93_ ( 1 ) , 113 – 132 . - ACLED ( 2024 ) . Conflict Index . ` https : / / acleddata . com / conflict-index / ` . - Altonji , J . G . , T . E . Elder , and C . R . Taber ( 2005 ) . An evaluation of instrumental variable strategies for estimating the effects of catholic schooling . _Journal of Human Resources 40_ ( 4 ) , 791 – 821 . - Amin , M . ( 2023 ) . Does competition from informal firms hurt job creation by formal manufacturing SMEs in developing and emerging countries ? Evidence using firm-level survey data . _Small Business Economics 60_ ( 4 ) , 1659 – 1681 . - Amodio , F . , L . Baccini , and M . Di Maio ( 2021 ) . Security , trade , and political violence . _Journal of the European Economic Association 19_ ( 1 ) , 1 – 37 . - Amodio , F . and M . Di Maio ( 2018 ) . Making do with what you have : Conflict , input misallocation and firm performance . _Economic Journal 128_ ( 615 ) , 2559 – 2612 . - Armangu ́ e-Jubert , T . , N . Guner , and A . Ruggieri ( 2024 ) . Labor market power and development . _American Economic Review : Insights_ , forthcoming . - Avenyo , E . K . , M . Konte , and P . Mohnen ( 2021 ) . Product innovation and informal market competition in sub-Saharan Africa . _Journal of Evolutionary Economics 31_ ( 2 ) , 605 – 637 . - Berman , N . , M . Couttenier , D . Rohner , and M . Thoenig ( 2017 ) . This mine is mine ! How minerals fuel conflicts in Africa . _American Economic Review 107_ ( 6 ) , 1564 – 1610 . - Bernal , C . , M . Prem , F . Vargas , and M", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "possibly driven by the stronger role of informality . A 10 percent increase in exports of low-tech manufactured goods in LMICs specialized in limited manufacturing is associated with a 1 . 3 percent rise in employment – both formal and informal – within sectors ( Figure 6 ) . Compared with the sample of HMICs ( Figure 2 ) , the elasticity is only about onethird their magnitude . This can be explained by the fact that informal workers account for a large portion of employment in lower-income countries due to the lack of unemployment benefits . Export expansion thus leads to substitution effects , where workers move from informal to formal employment ( including within sectors ) resulting in lower net gains for overall employment numbers . As shown in Appendix Figure 9 . 5 , export growth of goods and services over the period 1991-2019 is indeed positively correlated with increases in the share of paid ( wage and salaried workers ) in total employment across a large set of countries . < sup > 17 < / sup > > 16 Examples for labor-saving technology in agricultural production include tomato harvesters , shake-and-catch systems to harvest tree nuts , and wine grape harvesting machines . In Asia and Africa , agricultural production also increasingly relies on outsourced services providers of agricultural machines such as tractors ( Christiaensen , Rutledge , and Taylor 2020 ) . A similar argument could be made for business services exports which increasingly depend on information technology ( e . g . , travel services exports now rely less on travel agents ) . 17 Studies assessing local labor market effects of exports for South Asia and Mexico do not find any effect on the average employment rate , but confirm a reduction in informality ( e . g . , Artuc et al . 2019 , Robertson et al . 2020 , Vazquez and Winkler 2023 ) . Second , a large number of manufacturing jobs in SSA have been created in the informal sector . A study by Kruse , Mensah , Sen , and de Vries ( 2023 ) based on the same ETD dataset suggests that these SSA countries experienced a ‘ renaissance ’ of their manufacturing employment share between 2000 and 2018", "spans": [{"start": 2017, "end": 2028, "text": "ETD dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pre - and post-project levels which could be used to calibrate implementation success ) . During implementation , there was no collection of relevant process , cost , and output / impact data at regular intervals . Consequently , it was not easy to calibrate implementation progress and make mid - course corrections in light of the perceived problems and difficulties . The project , however , did conduct an end - user evaluation survey in October 2006 , which currently is the main source of information about project impacts on the ground . * * a . M & E Quality Rating : * * Negligible", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 438, "text": "end - user evaluation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "duties and financial transaction taxes in Argentina exhibit a negative correlation with the economic cycle . Historically , export duties were initially implemented as emergency measures to address the inflationary impact of significant peso depreciation , typically during balance of payment crises . In line with this , export duties were reintroduced in 2002 following a sharp devaluation of the peso . However , unlike previous crisis episodes , export duties have remained a regular source of tax revenue even after the recovery from the 2002 crisis , persisting for more than two decades . The structure of export duties is complex , with varying tax rates for each product or sub-product . Notably , export duties differ across sectors and even within agricultural products . For the purpose of this study , an export tax rate index was constructed , assigning weights to each product based on its contribution to total exports . * * Figure 15 * * illustrates significant changes in export duties over the years . These fluctuations in tax rates demonstrate a negative correlation with real GDP ( - 0 . 26 ) , suggesting a procyclical behavior ( * * Figure 17 * * ) . However , the correlation is weak and not statistically significant . Similarly , the financial transactions tax was initially introduced as an emergency tax during the 2001-2002 crisis but has since become a regular tax with a constant rate of 1 . 2 percent . With minimal changes since its implementation , the correlation with the economic cycle is very weak , albeit negative ( - 0 . 12 ) , as it was introduced during the economic recession of 1999-2002 .", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 839, "text": "export tax rate index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > policy dialogue , < br > communication , < br > monitoring and < br > evaluation , < br > safeguards and < br > fiduciary , and < br > verification . | 1 . 3 | Data management , including categorization of < br > special needs learners by nature of disability and < br > gender , and registration of refugee learners , < br > including learners in host communities , in NEMIS . < br > MoE develops guidelines for inclusion of refugee < br > children in NEMIS and other education services . < br > KNEC to conduct midline and end-line < br > assessments for the PDO indicators on learning < br > outcomes ( NASMLA ) . | RA 3 | US $ 5 < br > million < sup > 39 < / sup > | workshops and < br > consultants . | | | 1 . 4 | Beneficiarysurvey | | | | | | 1 . 5 | Consultancy services including for the target < br > refugee schools ( scholarships / school kits and < br > mentorshipservices ) . | RAs 1 < br > and 2 | | | | | 1 . 6 | Safeguards and fiduciary actions , including < br > scaling up GBV prevention interventions under < br > SEQIP . | PAP | | | | | 1 . 7 | Three-year capacitybuilding plan | PAP | | | | 2 . Key TA and < br > capacity building < br > for adequate < br > implementation of < br > the initiated < br > reforms and other < br > systems < br > strengthening < br > activities . | 2 . 1 | Consultancy services , trainings , and workshops < br > including for the target refugee schools ( national < br > survey on child development and pre-primary < br > school quality assurance standards and tools , < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1432, "end": 1475, "text": "survey on child development and pre-primary", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are based on the consumption of users already participating in the market ( that is , households with positive consumption levels ) , so they might be underestimating potential welfare gains due to the entrance of new consumers , which is more likely to occur among households in the bottom of the income distribution . * * Table 4 . Expenditure on mobile telecommunication and potential distributive impact of higher competition * * | | * * All * * | Poor | est | | Hou | sehold in | come dec | iles | | Ric | hest | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | | Average pc income < sup > a < / sup > | 3 , 499 | 558 | 1 , 012 | 1 , 326 | 1 , 634 | 1 , 987 | 2 , 395 | 2 , 933 | 3 , 772 | 5 , 338 | 14 , 041 | | Absolute impact < sup > b < / sup > | 6 . 43 | 1 . 00 | 1 . 77 | 2 . 09 | 2 . 80 | 3 . 55 | 4 . 71 | 5 . 54 | 7 . 47 | 10 . 71 | 24 . 72 | | Relative impact < sup > c < / sup > | 0 . 18 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 19 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 18 | _Source : _ World Bank estimates using ENIGH 2014 . a . According to current income ( MX pesos of August of 2014 ) . b . The average impact on well-being ( moving from concentrated to competitive market ) c . The average", "spans": [{"start": 1131, "end": 1141, "text": "ENIGH 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 1 : with the Overall Framework of the GIDD Model * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Box1 - Population Projection Box 2 - Education Projection < br > by Age Groups by education groups < br > Box 3 - New Population Shares < br > ( Recalibrated Sampling Weights in Household Survey ) < br > Box 4 - Simulation Results < br > from Global CGE model < br > Box 5 - Simulated Household Survey < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Bussolo , de Hoyos , and Medvedev ( 2008 ) Box 1 in the figure contains population projection from the United Nations for nearly 200 countries from 2000 to 2090 in five-year intervals . The population projections are disaggregated into age groups and gender . Box 2 contains the projection of educational attainment based on the population projection in Box 1 . The education projection in Box 2 is arrived at using changes in the demographic structure over time . The basic idea in projecting education into the future based on population projection is that the average educational attainment of the population changes through the “ pipeline effect ” as the population ages . This means that the old and unskilled today will be replaced by the young and more educated skilled individuals as the population age advances . As a result , the overall skill endowment of the population in time t + 1 increases as the educational attainment improves . Information in Box 1 and Box 2 are used in Box 3 to recalibrate the base year weights in the household survey to a new set of weights consistent with the population projection in Box1 and the education attainment projection in Box 2 . The basic idea is to search for a new set of sampling weights in the household survey that is consistent with the projected population and 7", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 403, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1705, "end": 1721, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to unemployment or inactivity . _ _ * * Net labor income gains encompass both the losses incurred from job displacements and the earnings increases resulting from higher wages for those who retained their employment . Since it is assumed that all dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivity , this represents a lower bound of the net gains ( or an upper bound of the earning losses ) . If workers move to formal or informal employment and have a positive labor income , net labor gains could be higher . _ _ * * * This column presents information on the share of full-time employees who become unemployed or inactive after the minimum wage increase . 95 % confidence intervals are provided in parentheses . _ _Source : Own simulations based on administrative tax data . _ 39", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 776, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| TV ownership | Share of men in delegation _d_ that own a TV | The 2014 Tunisia Census of Pop - < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( rate ) | | ulation and Housing ( INS ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _a_ ] < / sup > | | Unemployment | Share of men in delegation _d_ that are unemployed | The 2014 Tunisia Census of Pop - < br > | | ( rate ) | | ulation and Housing ( INS ) < sup > [ < / sup > < sup > _a_ ] < / sup > | _Notes : _ [ a ] The 2014 Tunisia Census of Population and Housing was conducted by L ’ Institut National de la Statistique ( INS ) . [ b ] Tunisia administrative boundaries for delegations are obtained from The Humanitarian Data Exchange ( HDX ) and produced by The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) . Date of access : March 20 , 2019 [ link ] . [ c ] The National List of Persons , Organizations and Entities Associated with Terrorist Crime is produced by La Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre le Terrorisme ( CNLCT , 2021 ) . Date of access : April 19 , 2021 [ link ] . [ d ] Elections in Tunisia are conducted by the Instance Sup ́ erieure Ind ́ ependante pour les Elections ISIE ( 2015 ) . Date of access : September 20 , 2021 [ link ] . [ e ] The Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia ’ s Clerical Establishment dataset is described in Zelin ( 2020 ) . Date of access : March 25 , 2021 [ link ] . [ f ] The Mountains of the World 2002 dataset , produced by The UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( UNEP-WCMC ) , is described in UNEP-WCMC ( 2002 ) . Date of access : April 28 , 2021 [ link ] . [ g ] The Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project ( ACLED ) is described in Raleigh et al . ( 2010 ) [ h", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 174, "text": "ulation and Housing ( INS )", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 295, "end": 321, "text": "2014 Tunisia Census of Pop", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 443, "end": 488, "text": "2014 Tunisia Census of Population and Housing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 634, "end": 660, "text": "Humanitarian Data Exchange", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1368, "end": 1403, "text": "Mountains of the World 2002 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1591, "end": 1637, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 95 - issue is being addressed in some Latin American countries ( Ducci , 1987 ) . While this ro . te may not be integrated into the se_ ; vices previded by national systems , it should be addressed in broader analysis and planning for training development . # Middle Income Countries In Earlier Stakes of Development 6 . 62 Experience suggests that these countries , as well as larger low income countries ( such as India and Pakistan ) , can use the experiences of countries further along in the development of VET systems as a guide to i . vestment . 6 . 03 Given the complexity of the task , and the importance of employment demand , strong enterprise management and good implementation capacity , careful sector analysis will be essential to effective investment . These analyses should give close attention to the nature of effective employment demand . More reliance should be placed on labor market surveys , vacancy unemployment rates , and other indicators of short term demand , rather than on global manpower forecasting . The development of labor market monitoring mechanisms should be of high priority . 6 . 64 Management capacity is of crucial importance , and should receive considerable emphasis in sector analysis . This should extend beyond management in the VET system to include enterprise management capacity . The latter is crucially important tc linkage development and , over the longer term , to enterprise provision of training . Decentralization policies in larger countries must be based on through assessment of the needs for management development at lower levels of the system . 6 . 65 In addressing system quality , emphasis should be given to the balanced development of key elements - - testing , curricula , staffing , and students . Sector analysis should address the extent to wllich these elements are in place , and are functioning well together . 6 . 66 On the policy level , a major issue is the structural separation of vocational training from vocational education . Implementation of this policy has encountered resistance from the education sector in the past , and is likely to continue to do so . Important to the resolution of the issue will be a reconsideration of the", "spans": [{"start": 895, "end": 915, "text": "labor market surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 918, "end": 944, "text": "vacancy unemployment rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > * * CHAD * * * * Child Protection . * * Within the pre-registered refugee arrivals , 55 % have been identified as children of school age ( 54 % girls ) with 29 % of preschool age , 44 % of primary school age , and 27 % of secondary school age ( middle and high school ) . Children are also believed to be at significant risk of physical and psychological harm . Aside from the distress of the flight and the traumatic experience of witnessing the conflict , hundreds of children have been involuntarily separated from their families or lost their caregivers , a situation that increases their vulnerability . According to _Project 21_ , 82 % of the consulted and pre-registered households includes children who were enrolled in schools in Sudan . There is a concern that the families ’ dire circumstances , coupled with a prolonged lack of access to education and other forms of childcare , may further expose refugee children to various forms of neglect , abuse , and exploitation , including child labor , recruitment , trafficking , and GBV . * * Mental health and psychological needs * * . The distressing experience of the conflict ; the level of violence directly experienced or witnessed , including GBV ; the involuntary family separation and the apprehension for the family members left behind < sup > 2 < / sup > , have determined a significant level of distress or even trauma amongst the refugee population . The deprivation faced during the flight and in areas of arrival , the loss of most of household assets , the current dependency on humanitarian aid , contribute to aggravate this situation . Children , survivors of GBV , but also older persons , may be the most exposed and in need of some forms of psychological first aid and psychosocial support . * * Lack of documentation . * * A significant number of new arrivals have reported that they lack proper documentation , including birth certificates . According to the _Project 21_ monitoring system , 22 % of households reported not having any documents , while 29 %", "spans": [{"start": 1959, "end": 1989, "text": "_Project 21_ monitoring system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Much of the information required to complete the above reports would automatically be available from the computer statements . However , mechanically produced figures , such as those generated by the computer , tend to be less valuable than those which have been prepared or reviewed by an experienced analyst . The act of transferring data from mechanized reports to manually prepared documents involves the examination and consideration of each figure and usually results in a document which is more readily assimilated . The human analytical input is particularly important with regard to credit , because decisions depend on qualitative judgment and experience . For example , arrears reporting to management should be accompanied by a short and simple written analysis of significant trends , possible reasons , and recommendations for improvement . # # E . Operating Policies and Procedures # # Credit Policies 2 . 29 According to the 1969 Act ( para 2 . 01 ) , AFC ' s mandate is to make loans to farmers to enable them to engage more effectively in agriculture . The specific lending terms and conditions as to interest , repayment , security and other lending policies to carry out this objective are to be determined by the Board . The Act also provides that the Board may delegate its powers to the General Manager . In practice , the Board has exercised little leadership and independent judgment in setting corporate operating policies . It would", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 126, "text": "computer statements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * Regulations , 2003 _in regulation 16 ( b ) which states that “ identify and analyze alternatives to the proposed project “ Identifying construction project alternatives in informal settlements can indeed be challenging due to the unique characteristics of these settlements . 1 . * * Limited Available Space : * * Informal settlements are often densely populated with limited open space . Finding suitable alternative sites that can accommodate the project ' s requirements while avoiding displacement or disruption can be challenging . 2 . * * Informal Land Tenure : * * Land ownership in informal settlements is often complex and informal , making it difficult to identify alternative sites with clear ownership and legal status . This can lead to potential conflicts and uncertainties . status . This can lead to potential conflicts and uncertainties . * * Socioeconomic Factors : * * Informal settlements are often established due to economic and social reasons . Relocating residents can disrupt their livelihoods , access to services , and social networks , making it challenging to find alternative sites that balance these factors . * * Community Resistance : * * Residents of informal settlements are often deeply connected to their communities and may resist relocation . Identifying alternative sites that are acceptable to the community and address their concerns can be challenging . * * Lack of Infrastructure : * * Alternative sites might lack basic infrastructure such as water , sanitation , and electricity , necessitating significant additional investment to make them viable for construction projects . * * Environmental Considerations : * * Identifying sites that have minimal negative impact on the environment and nearby ecosystems can be challenging due to limited available land and the informal settlement ' s proximity to sensitive areas . * * Cultural and Social Context :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A . 3 : Regional Level Protected Water Deprivation a ) b ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Urban Protected Water Source Deprivation - by < br > Geopolitical Zone - GHS < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Wave 1_NC Wave 2_NC Wave 3_NC Wave 4_NC < br > Wave 1_NE Wave 2_NE Wave 3_NE Wave 4_NE < br > Wave 1_NW Wave 2_NW Wave 3_NW Wave 4_NW < br > Wave 1_SE Wave 2_SE Wave 3_SE Wave 4_SE < br > Wave 1_SS Wave 2_SS Wave 3_SS Wave 4_SS < br > Wave 1_SW Wave 2_SW Wave 3_SW Wave 4_SW < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Wave 2_SW < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Wave 3_SW < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-4 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Estimates are based on children aged 0-17 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure A . 4 : State Level Protected Water Deprivation by Region < br > a ) b ) c ) < br > Protected Water Deprivation - by Protected Water Deprivation - by Protected Water Deprivation - by < br > State in North Central - MICS State in North East - MICS State in North West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % <", "spans": [{"start": 821, "end": 833, "text": "GHS Wave 1-4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which cause its profits to move around further . Ultimately it is therefore an empirical question as to whether this assumption seems reasonable over the periods of typical economic experiments , and especially over short-term neighborhoods of a few months around a particular horizon of interest . Figures 1A , 1B , and 1C investigate this assumption for microenterprise profits and for household expenditure . Figure 1A shows autocorrelations for monthly profits from the Sri Lankan microenterprises in de Mel et al . ( 2008 ) which were measured at three month intervals , and uses data from similar microenterprises measured monthly in de Mel et al . ( 2009 ) to show the autocorrelation in monthly profits at the one month and two month horizons . A horizontal line is drawn at 0 . 38 , which is the average 10", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 619, "text": "data from similar microenterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_6 . _ During decades o f war the institutions charged with managing the forests virtually disappeared and are now being painstakingly restored . Until they are fully functional to discharge their responsibilities , the danger o f forest degradation remains high . Deforestation and forest degradation in DRC continue to be driven by small-scale farming . The national average deforestation rate has remained relatively low ( 0 . 27 % per year ) 13 in recent years , particularly in the forest rich regions , but it can escalate rapidly as political stability and improved transport will open the door to markets , investments and migration . Deforestation has occurred and i s projected to continue to occur primarily in heavier populated areas in the dry forest and mountain forest zone , driven by population pressure and expansion of slash and bum subsistence agriculture . Therefore , alternatives and solutions to deforestation must be sought not only within but also and perhaps primarily outside the forest sector , by helping the country ’ s large rural population to increase its productivity and find alternative sources o f income . # # # # # # * * Policy Context * * 7 . In 2002 , the government approved a new Forest Code which for the first time presented a holistic view o f forest resources emphasizing its multiple social , economic and environmental values , recognized the rights o f traditional forest users ( including indigenous people ) , and envisaged a doubling o f the country ’ s protected areas and trading environmental services in the emerging global market . 8 . Along with the new forest code , the Government announced a forest r e f o A agenda which includes : ( i ) cancellation o f 25 . 5 million hectares o f patently illegal logging contracts ; ( ii ) a legal review ( assisted by a third party ) o f the remaining logging contracts ; ( iii ) a moratorium on all new logging contracts ; ( iv ) a new forest tax system that discourages speculation and directs 40 percent o f the revenue from area taxes to forest communities and local governing bodies ; ( v ) the conversion o", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | Involuntary | e < br > The important elements of WB ’ s involuntary resettlement policy are : | | Resettlement OP < br > / BP 4 . 12 | Disclosur < br > The recognition that displacement and resettlement can have long term impacts on affected persons , including impoverishment . This therefore < br > requires resettlement planning be treated as an integral part of the project design , to be dealt with from the earliest stages of the project , conceived < br > and executed as a part of the project , and the full costs of compensation should be included in project costs and benefits . < br > • < br > Advocates for an avoidance and minimization strategy in the development of projects . < br > • < br > Compensation is the last resort measure , only after exploration / exhaustion of the first two i . e . , this should be the exception , not the norm ; < br > • < br > A census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project and to discourage the inflow of people ineligible for assistance should be < br > undertaken ; < br > Compensation should : < br > - Aim to improve the lives of those affected . Thus , displacement and resettlement are conceived as a development opportunity . The restoration of < br > the previous lives and livelihoods to pre-displacement levels is the basic minimum required ; < br > Be comprehensive , and covers lost assets , shelter , livelihood , and income ; assistance for relocation , including the provision of relocation sites with < br > appropriate facilities and services ; and assistance for rehabilitation ; In terms of land , a preference for land-based compensation is advocated for < br > where livelihoods are dependent on land . In case of physical relocation , assistance ( such as moving allowances ) and residential housing or housing < br > sites or as required , and other factors , at least equivalent to the advantages of the old site during", "spans": [{"start": 882, "end": 888, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 entire period to the replacement year not covered by the other phases . All countries with initial TFR under 3 . 0 exhibit only this phase . All other countries also go through this phase , though it may begin later . The age pattern of fertility was allowed to change with its level . The age patterns when TFR is 7 . 6 , 4 . 1 , or 2 . 8 are shown in Figure 4 . The - mean age at childbirth declines from 28 . 86 years when TFR 7 . 6 , to 28 . 45 years when TFR - 4 . 1 , to 27 . 98 years when TFR - 2 . 8 . For intermediate TFRs , the age pattern falls between these curves . # Migration level and trend Estimates of international migration come from the U . N . 1984 assessment and the U . N . 1988 revision , documents prepared by the U . N . for the 1984 International Conference on Population , the U . S . Bureau of the Census ( 1985 ) , Eurostat ( 1987 ) , and Bank sources . To deal with the volatility of refugee movements in various parts of the developing world , only those are counted as migrants who are believed likely to remain permanently in the receiving countries . Available data seldom include age-sex distributions of migrants , which were instead chosen in this manner . For each country , some estimate was made of the sex ratio among migrants . Based on this sex ratio , an appropriate age-sex distribution was chosen from among alternative models . This distribution was assumed to be constant over time , regardless of the total number of migrants . Trends in the volume of migration are based on past trends , but are still essentially speculative . For most countries , net migration is assumed to decline to zero by the year 2000 ; for the remainder , net migration declines to zero by the year 2025 . # Summary of Results Summary projection results are provided in Tables 2-12 . ( Tables 4-12 appear at the end of this Introduction . ) In discussing these tables , we will summarize world population", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 683, "text": "U . N . 1984 assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "role was a critica | dination mechan < br > nical support vis < br > l institutional inn | isms , including regu < br > its , were implement < br > ovation that broke l | lar MoFPED-conv < br > ed and sustained < br > ongstanding silos | ened meetings with < br > throughout . < br > between line | | IR Indicator 2 . 4 : Cumulative number | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2017 | | | 60 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | 69 | Dec / 2025 | | of actions to improve service delivery < br > implemented from the service < br > delivery improvement matrix < br > ( Number ) | Comments on ac | hieving targets | Target achieved . < br > across procurem < br > sustaining and e | The SDIM generated < br > ent , staffing , infrastru < br > mbedded in governm | 69 verified actio < br > cture , and regul < br > ent M & E systems | ns against a target of < br > atory functions . The < br > . | 60 , covering bott < br > SDIM mechanism | leneck removal < br > is now self - | Page 27 Official Use Only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also excluded a number of other countries with idiosyncratic features that would make optimal simple rules difficult to calculate , such as large numbers of migrant workers or political instability . < sup > 17 < / sup > Table 1 . Exogenous-Income Model Calibration to Algeria and Trinidad & Tobago | * * Param . * * | * * Value * * | * * Description * * | * * Algeria * * | * * TTO * * | * * Target / Source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _β_ | 0 . 96 | Discount Factor | - | - | s . s . 4 % annual real interest rate | | _σ_ | 2 | Coefcient of risk aversion | - | - | Common value in literature | | _ω_ | 0 . 5 | HtM HH share | - | - | Galí _et al_ ( 2007 ) | | _Yss_ | 1 | SS non-resource GDP . | - | - | Normalization | | _PssQ_ | 0 . 33 | SS resource GDP | 0 . 33 | 0 . 33 | resource GDP / non-resource GDP ( BJS2013 ) | | _Ass_ | 0 . 3 | S . s . SWF | 0 . 33 | 0 . 28 | SWF / non-resource GDP ( SWF institute ) | | _Bss_ | 0 | S . s . private assets | - | - | Symmetric s . s . consumption | | _ψ_ | 0 . 01 | Debt-elasticity of interest spread | - | - | Schmitt-Grohe & Uribe ( 2003 , 2016 ) ( see text ) | | _τ_ | 0 . 15 | Income tax rate | 0 . 16 | 0 . 15 | Tax revenue / non-resource GDP ( IMF ) | | _ρy_ | 0 | Persistence of non-resource income shocks | Insig | 0 . 3 * | Estimate of _ρ_ based on HP Filtered data . * * | | _ρp_ | 0 . 93 | Persistence of commodity export prices | 0 . 94 | 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s , Amharas and Gurage , are distinguished by their feudal tradition , hierarchical structure and agrarian life . This is rooted partly from South Arabia as a result of back migration , while the southern Cushitic ( Oromo and Somali ) are strong adherents to egalitarianism and pastoral life . Other traditions from the Kafficho , Sidamo , and Afar peoples are also present . # # 2 . 9 Health Ethiopia ' s main health problems are said to be communicable ( contagious ) diseases worsened by poor sanitation and malnutrition . Over 58 million people ( nearly half the population ) do not have access to clean water as of 2023 . These problems are exacerbated by the shortage of trained doctors and nurses and health facilities . The World Health Organization ' s 2006 World Health Report gives a figure of 1 , 936 physicians ( for 2003 ) , which comes to about 2 . 6 per 100 , 000 . The National Mental Health Strategy , published in 2012 , introduced the development of policy designed to improve mental health care in Ethiopia . This strategy mandated that mental health be integrated into the primary health care system . However , the success of the National Mental Health Strategy has been limited . For example , the burden of depression is estimated to have increased 34 . 2 % from 2007 to 2017 . Furthermore , the prevalence of stigmatizing attitudes , inadequate leadership and co-ordination of efforts , as well as a lack of mental health awareness in the general population , all remain as obstacles to successful mental health care # # 2 . 10 Livelihoods and Poverty In the 2024 Global Hunger Index ( GHI ) , Ethiopia ranks 102nd out of 127 countries and has a score of 26 . 2 , which indicates a serious level of hunger . As per 2021 study < sup > 1 < / sup > ( Kassegn and Endris , 2021 ) the country policy framework has focused more on on-farm agricultural development strategy as compared to non-farm and", "spans": [{"start": 1585, "end": 1609, "text": "2024 Global Hunger Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > guidelines ; and < br > ( ii ) Business Requirements < br > approved and specifications < br > for design of the asset < br > management system < br > developed ( AGO ) . | | ( DLR 9 . 3 total < br > allocated 5 , 000 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) 4 , 000 , 000 < br > ( ii ) 1 , 000 , 000 | | | | DLR 9 . 4 ( Year 4 ) : < br > ( i ) At least 40 % of < br > registered central < br > government assets are < br > valuedin the IFMIS FA and < br > monitored according to the < br > guidelines ; and < br > ( ii ) 10 % of local < br > government infrastructure < br > assets are valued and < br > monitored as per AGO < br > guidelines . | | ( DLR < br > 9 . 4 < br > total < br > allocated 4 , 000 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) 2 , 000 , 000 < br > ( ii ) 2 , 000 , 000 | |", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 430, "text": "IFMIS FA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "al . , 2009 ) . As already mentioned , malnutrition can be an obstacle to adherence ( Weiser , 2003 ) . A negative shock on income or food access that may occur in the event of a food crisis , and more generally , of a global economic crisis , could therefore act a strong determinant of non-adherence to treatment . We use household level panel data from Mozambique collected in 2007 and 2008 , to evaluate the extent to which the effects of the food crisis differed between households with identified HIVpositive patients and households with no identified HIV-positive person . The baseline of the survey was fielded shortly before the peak of the food crisis while the follow-up survey was fielded when the food crisis was already winding down . Moreover , we purposely sampled households with and without an identified HIV-positive member . Overall , the timing of the survey and the sampling strategy make our data uniquely fitted for contrasting the effects of large economic shocks on HIV-patients ’ households and other households . The paper makes two main contributions to the literature on the interactions between economic conditions on the one hand , and access to treatment and adherence to treatment regimen on the other hand . First , we show that access to treatment help shield HIV households from the effects of the food crisis in Mozambique . Our analysis uncovered that welfare , measured in terms of income , food consumption and anthropometric outcomes , has deteriorated for both HIV and comparison households between 2007 and 2008 . The welfare loss was , however , less severe for HIV households than for comparison households . We find evidence supporting the hypothesis that initiation of treatment and better services in the health facilities have counter-balanced the effect of the crisis by improving the health of patients and their labor force participation . Second , we find that change in welfare has no significant effect on the frequency of visits to the health facility of patients and on their treatment outcomes , measured by the change in the CD4 count . We find , however , that people who experienced a negative income shock also experienced a reduction or a slower progression in their CD4 counts .", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 366, "text": "household level panel data from Mozambique", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 13 . 5 | 38 . 4 | 23 . 7 | | Lower Secondary Teacher in Priv . School | 34 . 1 | n . d . | 14 . 8 | n . d . | 57 . 6 | n . d . | | Upper Secondary Teacher in Pub . School | 36 . 5 | 27 . 7 | 15 . 4 | 15 . 1 | 42 . 5 | 63 . 5 | | Upper Secondary Teacher in Priv . School | 34 . 7 | n . d . | 15 . 4 | n . d . | 66 . 4 | n . d . | | University Teacher in Pub . School | 38 . 0 | n . d . | 17 . 5 | n . d . | 34 . 5 | n . d . | | University Teacher in Priv . School | 38 . 9 | n . d . | 16 . 1 | n . d . | 31 . 0 | n . d . | | * * The mixed-skilled group * * | * * 34 . 1 * * | * * 32 . 9 * * | * * 8 . 9 * * | * * 5 . 7 * * | * * 32 . 8 * * | * * 37 . 2 * * | | The agricultural group | 41 . 0 | 35 . 9 | 4 . 2 | 3 . 7 | 19 . 6 | 23 . 2 | | The low-skilled group | 35 . 6 | 34 . 1 | 6 . 2 | 4 . 4 | 49 . 4 | 58 . 0 | n . d . : No data in the survey Source : Own calculations based on ENIGH96 survey * * Table 3 . Age by Occupation in Urban areas * * | * * T f Oti * * | | * * 1988 * * | | | * * 1994 * * | | | * * 1999 * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 884, "end": 898, "text": "ENIGH96 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expressed in log form . Private consumption is comprised of non-durable goods and services . Government spending is government purchases ( i . e . the sum of current consumption and public investment ) . Net tax revenue is the sum of personal and corporate income tax revenues , social security contributions and taxes on production and imports , net of transfers to households and private corporations . Real net tax revenue is obtained by dividing the nominal tax revenue by the GDP deflator ( 2002 = 100 ) . The definition of these variables is in line with previous studies , in order to facilitate consistent comparisons . Except for the REER , all the variables in the Canadian block are from Statistics Canada ’ s CANSIM database . The REER , based on relative unit labor costs in the manufacturing sector , is from the Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis ( FRED ) database . A rise in the index as shown in Figure A1 ( the net-exports-to-GDP ratio declines with an increase of the REER ) in the Appendix represents a deterioration in the country ’ s competitiveness . The second block , _y_ 2 _t_ , includes the logarithm of U . S . real GDP ( 2005 = 100 ) per capita and real oil prices . U . S . GDP is from the U . S . National Income and Product Accounts database . Oil prices are expressed in real terms by dividing the West Texas Intermediate Oil Price ( in U . S . current dollars per barrel ) taken from the IMF-WEO database by the U . S . GDP deflator ( 2005 = 100 ) . I chose the GDP deflator instead of the consumer price > 11The _jth_ element _rja_ ( _k_ ) of _ra_ ( _k_ ) , _j_ = 1 _ , . . , m_ is the impulse response at horizon _k_ of the _jth_ variable to the impulse vector _a_ . 7", "spans": [{"start": 721, "end": 736, "text": "CANSIM database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1423, "end": 1439, "text": "IMF-WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has commen | ced works . | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P148853 | IDA-56380 | Effective | USD | 500 . 00 | 500 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 239 . 25 | 273 . 24 | 47 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P148853 | IDA-56380 | Effective | 11-Jun-2015 | 20-Ju | l-2015 | 16-Nov-2015 | 31-De | c-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * 2 / 14 / 2021 Page 5 of 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of income “ initially ” will catch up with individuals with high income . In our context , the “ initial ” period corresponds to the time of entry into the work force after the completion of formal education . Since labor income may vary initially for equivalent individuals , catchingup in this context measures the extent to which individuals with initially low incomes catch up to those with initially high incomes . < sup > 12 < / sup > In the terminology of the growth literature , it measures convergence . < sup > 13 < / sup > # II . 2 . Mobility As noted in the introduction , our empirical measure of income mobility between 0 and t , which we denote by mt , is the Hart index , defined as the complement of the correlation in ( log ) incomes at 0 and t ( see Shorrocks ( 1993 ) ) : where we have used the notation σlnyi0 = ~ ~ � ~ ~ var [ lnyi0 ] and σlnyit = ~ ~ � ~ ~ var [ lnyit ] . Using our income specification from the previous section , we find the following expression for the co-variance : > 12In this theoretical section , our discussion relates to initial income differences and subsequent mobility between ex-ante identical individuals . In our discussion of empirical methodology and in our empirical application to Mexican data , we will study mobility between observationally equivalent individuals . That is to say , we examine income differences and mobility in residual income after conditioning for the standard determinants of income such as education and experience . > 13To see this , suppose ρ < 1 . In this case , we have convergence towards the “ steady state ” : E [ lnyit | ωi0 ] → μ . Let ∆ 0 = lnyi0 − d < sup > ̄ < / sup > be the initial distance from the steady state and ∆ t = lnyit − d < sup > ̄ < / sup > be the distance in period t . We can then define the time , T , it takes to get halfway towards the steady state , which is simply the solution to ∆", "spans": [{"start": 1240, "end": 1252, "text": "Mexican data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "statistics . Although , this has improved , there is low retention which also exhibits gender disparity with about 45 % of boys and 35 % of girls completing primary seven . Girls also lag behind boys in grade promotion and learning achievements . The percentage of passes among boys in PLE stands at 95 . 1 % for boys compared to 92 . 9 % for girls mainly due to many domestic works given to the girl child . According to Uganda Demographic Health Survey ( UDHS ) Report 2012 fewer girls are still enrolled at secondary level . The report shows that just one third of the girls who enrolled in primary are still in school at the age of 18 compared to half of the boys . At household level , women ’ s participation in decision making is low . Only about 35 % of women in the district participate in making major household purchases and men believed that a husband should play the major role in making most household decision . These social vulnerabilities are as a result of demographic characteristics like age , disability , culture , unemployment as well as poverty and disaster . # # # # * * _Education_ * * Moyo District has 74 primary schools in total with community schools . Pupil teacher ratio stands at 1 : 45 slightly below the national standard of 1 : 50 . The primary schools are more or less evenly distributed in the sub-counties and parishes unlike secondary and tertiary institutions . # # # # * * _Health_ * * Under health , the district currently has a total of 38 health facilities namely ( 1 district Hospital , 1 Health Centre IV and 8 Health Centre III and 28 Health Centre II ) . Although about 90 % of the households are within a 5km radius to a health facility , there are some households particularly in hard 109", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 454, "text": "Uganda Demographic Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data on GDP growth , CPI inflation , the lending rate , LCU / EUR exchange rate change , and non-performing loans as a proportion of total loans ( NPLs ) . We work with fourth differences of the variables , i . e . , four-quarter or year-on-year GDP growth , CPI inflation etc . , measured in percentages . * * Table 3 : * * TTC , Baseline PIT and Stress Scenarios . | Macroeconomic Scenarios | TTC | | Fut | ure ( _t_ + 1 ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | PIT | Stress VAR | Stress Int . | Pr ( Stress Int . ) | | NPL ratio ( % ) | 10 . 1 % | 10 . 1 % | 12 . 0 % | 22 . 9 % | _NA_ | | GDP growth ( % change ) | 3 . 2 % | 0 . 5 % | _ − _6 . 9 % | _ − _6 . 3 % | 86 . 7 % | | Infation ( % change ) | 2 . 8 % | 2 . 4 % | 11 . 7 % | 26 . 5 % | 99 . 8 % | | Real interest rate ( % ) | 9 . 4 % | 9 . 3 % | 10 . 0 % | 19 . 0 % | 100 . 0 % | | Exchange rate ( LCU / EUR ) ( % change ) | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | _ − _31 . 5 % | 99 . 7 % | * * Notes : * * A negative value ( _ − _ ) in the ( nominal ) exchange rate denotes a depreciation of the Local currency unit ( LCU ) relative to the EUR . The TTC values are the long-run equilibrium values of the four macroeconomic variables of interest . We compute these equilibrium values as simple arithmetic averages us - _ − _ ing quarterly data over the period from 1996 :", "spans": [{"start": 8, "end": 18, "text": "GDP growth", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 21, "end": 34, "text": "CPI inflation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1303, "end": 1317, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 088 * * | | * * Component A – Total * * | | | | | | | | | * * _21 , 805_ * * | | | | * * _29 , 758_ * * | * * _2 , 000_ * * | * * _19 , 655_ * * | * * _8 , 103_ * * | * * _22 , 381_ * * | * * _2 , 000_ * * | * * _20 , 381_ * * | | | * * Component B : Program Implem * * | * * entation * * | 81 , 000 | | 57 , 345 | 23 , 655 | 57 , 345 | | 57 , 345 | 58 , 195 | | * * ( i ) Grant Awards * * | Grants to NGOs , < br > CBOs private < br > sector based on < br > CFPs | 53 , 000 | | 37 , 522 | 15 , 478 | 37 , 522 | | 37 , 522 | 29 , 752 | | * * ( ii ) Mainstream Public Sector * * < br > * * Programs * * | Support to < br > mainstreaming in < br > public sector < br > institutions | 8 , 000 | | 5 , 664 | 2 , 336 | 5 , 664 | | 5 , 664 | 4 , 664 | | * * ( iii ) Essential Commodities * * | | | | | | - | | | | | | Condoms | 12 , 000 | | 8 , 496 | 3 , 504 | 8 , 496 | | 8 , 496 | 7 , 400 | | | TB drugs | 4 , 000 | | 2 , 832 | 1 , 168 | 2 , 832 | | 2 , 832 | 1 , 900 | | | Malaria Bed nets | 4 , 000 | | 2 , 832 | 1 , 168 | 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 10 . 00 | | | | Date | 23-Nov-2004 | 19-Jun-2012 | | | | | Comments | Reduced budget variance < br > contributes to increased < br > predictability and adequacy of < br > financial resources flows . | | The variation between < br > budgeted and actual < br > expenditure has narrowed < br > down and target is met | | 1 . 2 ) Reduced fed-regional and regional-local < br > fiscal gaps | Text | Value | 1 . 2a ) Federal - regional < br > transfer indicated in budget < br > proclamation is 6 . 4 billion birr < br > in 2004 / 05 . < br > 1 . 2b ) Regional own revenue < br > is 3 . 6 billion birr in 2004 / 05 . < br > Additional Note : < br > Ethiopia ’ s scoring for < br > predictability of funds for < br > commitment of expenditure is < br > “ D ” ( PEFA 2007 ) | 1 . 2a ) The proclaimed federal - < br > regional transfer for 11 / 12 is < br > 31 . 4 billion birr which is 112 % < br > of the target ( 28 . 1 billion birr ) < br > on the ( 09 / 10 MEFF ) . < br > 1 . 2b ) Regional own revenue is < br > 12 . 8 billion birr in 2010 / 11 < br > with an annual average < br > increment of 21 % . < br > Additional Note : < br > Ethiopia ’ s scoring for < br > predictability of funds for < br > commitment of expenditure < br > improved to “ B ” ( PEFA < br > Assessment 2010 ) and has < br > alsoimproved in 50 % of the < br > PEFA indicators overall . | 1 . 2a ) The target federal - < br", "spans": [{"start": 1333, "end": 1348, "text": "PEFA indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have become clearer as a result of the introduction of appropriate legislation and regulatory frameworks . Annual accounts have become more meaningful with the inclusion of more useful information . It has been recognized , however , that the change process and the introduction of new rules and ways of working takes time to implement . The success of the reform process depends of the ability of these reforms to sustain the positive changes in work attitude , continued capacity building and widespread demand for greater accountability . As such , risks still exist in the following areas : ( a ) adequate enforcement of procurement and payroll rules and procedures ; ( b ) completeness of data on debt ; ( c ) existence of effective independent oversight ; and ( d ) timeliness and effectiveness of legislative and public scrutiny . 38 . In order to mitigate the aforementioned risks , GOU has developed the Financial Management and Accountability Strategy and it is soliciting the support of DPs to implement it . GOU is also developing an improved legislative framework for integrity . However , legal , institutional and capacity constraints continue to limit the ability of integrity bodies ( Inspectorate General of Government , Directorate of Ethic and Integrity , Police , Directorate of Public Prosecution ) to effectively perform their functions in the areas of public education , detection , investigation and prosecution of offenders .", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 706, "text": "data on debt", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > care | 36 . 8 | 704 | 11 . 2 % | | 2 | 80 % of increase in < br > public health < br > spending going to < br > HSEP , and the rest < br > to clinical < br > individual-oriented < br > care | 40 . 3 | 640 | 12 . 3 % | | 3 | 90 % of increase in < br > public health < br > spending going to < br > HSEP , and the rest < br > to clinical < br > individual-oriented < br > care | 44 . 5 | 582 | 13 . 4 | 7 . The results show that the rates of return are significant in all three scenarios . It should be stressed that these are the returns * * _only from reductions in child mortality . _ * * They do not include the many other returns from increased public spending on primary and clinical care , such as reduced child morbidity ; reduced maternal mortality and morbidity ; and reduced mortality and morbidity of other members of the population . If these other benefits were factored in , the rates of return from increased spending on primary and clinical care would be substantially higher . # # * * < u > Expenditures on Health Services < / u > * * 8 . This section examines trends in total spending ( including public and private ) and in spending per capita for health services ; levels of expenditures on health services in Ethiopia vis-à-vis current international experience ; financing of health expenditures ; expenditure by provider and by function ; decentralization ; spending rates and budget execution ; and cost recovery . The analysis is based primarily on information provided in the Health JBARs and the NHAs . 45", "spans": [{"start": 1507, "end": 1519, "text": "Health JBARs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1528, "end": 1532, "text": "NHAs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the two eastern catchment wastewater treatment plants , with an estimated value ( bid price ) of USD 143 million , was signed on January 30 , 2024 . The value of the contract exceeds the original planned value ( USD 86 million ) by 70 percent due to inflation and cost escalation . The estimated budget also exceeds the available uncommitted resources in the project . Only after the DBO contract is signed and the treatment plants constructed , the project can reach the project target beneficiaries ( 495 , 000 residents ) . The projected cost-overrun for Component 1 is USD 148 million and a three-year extension of the project closing date is needed to complete all activities . Component 2 – - Sanitation and water supply services improvement in select Secondary Cities ( original financing US $ 254 million ) . This component finances various investments to increase access to safely managed household and public sanitation services in 22 secondary towns . These investments include constructing fecal sludge treatment plants ( FSTPs ) , construction of public and communal latrines , and NRW management and utility Management Information System ( MIS ) . The construction of public and communal latrines is progressing well in 220 towns . 703 toilets are Oct 17 , 2023 Page 3 of 12", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1151, "text": "NRW management and utility Management Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < mark > 5 . 14 RESOURCES < / mark > * * Indicate what resources will be devoted to managing and implementing the Stakeholder Engagement Plan , in particular : - a . Which people are in charge of the SEP ? - b . Confirm that an adequate budget has been allocated toward stakeholder engagement - c . Provide contact information if people have comments or questions about the project or the consultation process ; that is , phone number , address , e-mail address , title of responsible person . # * * < mark > 5 . 15 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES < / mark > * * Describe how stakeholder engagement activities will be incorporated into the project ’ s management system and indicate what staff will be devoted to managing and implementing the Stakeholder Engagement Plan : - a . Who will be responsible for carrying out each of the stakeholder engagement activities and what are the qualifications of those responsible ? - b . How involved will management be in stakeholder engagement ? - c . How will the process be documented , tracked , and managed ( for example , stakeholder database , commitments register , and so forth ) ? # * * < mark > 5 . 16 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM < / mark > * * Describe the process by which people affected by the project can bring their grievances and concerns to the project management ’ s attention , and how they will be considered and addressed : - a ) Is there an existing formal or informal grievance mechanism , and does it meet the requirements of ESS10 ? Can it be adapted or does something new need to be established ? - b ) Is the grievance mechanism culturally appropriate , that is , is it designed to consider culturally appropriate ways of handling community concerns ? For example , in cultures where men and women have separate meetings , can a woman raise a concern to a woman in the project grievance process ? - c ) What process will be used to document complaints and concerns ? Who will receive public grievances", "spans": [{"start": 1084, "end": 1104, "text": "stakeholder database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1127, "text": "commitments register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "procedures are appropriately designed to achieve the objectives of the audit Attention was paid to establish whether . - a ) Appropriate supporting documents , records and books of account relating to all Project activities have been kept and whether clear linkages between the books of account and the financial statements were available - * * b ) * * The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with applicable accounting standards and give a true and fair view of the financial position of the project as at the year end and of the operating results for the year then ended - * * c ) * * The accounting and the overall internal control system to monitor expenditure and other financial transactions and ensure safe custody of the financial assets wefe adequate and effective # # * * 3 . 2 . 1 Receipts from World Bank * * - Verified to confirm whether receipts from the World Bank were kept in a designated account - Agreed all receipts of funds from the bank statements and cashbooks and reconciled the * * Page 1 7 * *", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 1001, "text": "bank statements and cashbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "establishment , the dynamism of Zambia ’ s large and medium farm sector and the extent of land market functioning are clearly limited . While listing survey data provides information on the amount of land owned by farms greater than 5 ha , translating this into a share of the total requires an estimate of the area cultivated by small farmers . To get such an estimate , we use micro data from the 2014 / 15 post-harvest survey by the Zambia Statistical Agency which puts the total area cultivated by farmers below 5 ha in Eastern Province at 502 , 852 ha ( with the 95 % confidence interval between 481 , 529 and 524 , 174 ha ) . Based on table 1 , the total area owned by large farms in the province amounts to 175 , 753 . < sup > 23 < / sup > Survey evidence suggests farmers below 5 ha cultivate virtually all the land they own ( Ali _et al . _ 2020 ) compared to between a third or about half of the area ( measured by imagery or farmers ’ own estimate ) for farms greater than 5 ha . This would imply that large farms account for at most 26 % of the total area owned by farmers in Eastern Province , though only about 12 % of cultivated area , < sup > 24 < / sup > an estimate of owned area well below the more than 50 % of land that recent studies suggest is held by farms in the 5-100 ha group nationally by ( Jayne _et al . _ 2014a ) . If these estimates are correct , large farms would need to hold well above 50 % of agricultural land in other provinces . # * * 3 . 2 Linking census data to administrative records * * As official cadastral data include spatial information only for a subset of the properties located in Lusaka and neighboring provinces , comparing _de facto_ property rights ( i . e . , area occupied ) to _de jure_ ones ( sketch maps or survey plans attached to official deeds ) requires digitization of survey plans and sketch maps . Doing so suggests a total area under digitized parcels for", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 161, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 399, "end": 428, "text": "2014 / 15 post-harvest survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1488, "end": 1499, "text": "census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1542, "end": 1556, "text": "cadastral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sub-Saharan Africa ( excluding Nigeria ) . Table 4b shows the level of tariff ceiling bindings and other duties and charges for all agricultural products . As indicated by the tariff comniitments , many least-developed net-food importing countries were extremely cautious in their own liberalization commitments under the Round . Except Nigeria , which committed to reduce its rate of protection on wheat and coarse grains to 150 percent ( from 190 and 452 percent in the 198292 period ) , very few commitments to reduce applied protection were offered . The data also indicate that these countries left themselves significant room to raise applied protection , given the very high levels of tariff bindings . At the same time , the UR agreement is unlikely to burden least-developed and net-food importing countries with many new obligations . This is because many of these countries made no substantial liberalization commitments on border protection either in other sectors such as industry or services . Moreover , many of the general exemptions for development and balance-of-payments support remain available for them to legitimize trade restrictions . The tariff data are derived from the TRAINS , WTO IDB database and from the details of the PSE and CSE database developed by the USDA . Where PSE and CSE data are not available for some commodities , they are set equal to zero . # F . ESTIMATES OF WELFARE IMPACTS The welfare effects of world price changes resulting from the URA for 14 countries based on the comprehensive measures ( terns-of-trade and distortion effects ) are shown in Table 5 . In addition , the first-order terms-of-trade impacts estimated for the 54 least-developed countries are shown in Table 6 . Estimates based on the baseline price changes ( scenario II ) and those based on the largest predicted price changes ( scenario IV of Goldin et al ) are presented . 1 5 All estimates represent percent changes at the end of the implementation period . The results are summarized as follows . First , as expected , the small world price changes applied to a small proportion of total expenditures result in relatively small ( in proportion to total GDP ) changes in welfare in many of the least-developed countries studied . Only in a few", "spans": [{"start": 1196, "end": 1221, "text": "TRAINS , WTO IDB database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1250, "end": 1270, "text": "PSE and CSE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Secondary * * * * Connected * * * * < mark > Thematic < / mark > HEA * * * * Primary * * * * Tertiary * * * * Emergencies * * # # # # # * * _Barriers including discrimination , xenophobia , and lack of safety_ * * - Bullying and harassment of refugee learners , along with insecurity , undermines many refugee students ’ sense of safety . The basis of such discrimination often lies in perceptions by nationals that resources and initiatives are unfairly targeted to refugees rather than to nationals . These experiences may be compounded by discrimination relating to other characteristics such as gender or sexual orientation ; # # # # # * * _Recommendations to combat the discrimination of refugee learners_ * * To national governments , donors , and humanitarian and development partners : - Support aspects of shared language and culture ( e . g . , Venezuelans in Ecuador ) , and look beyond nationality and refugee statistics to identify common and core vulnerabilities that need to be addressed ; - Ensure that refugee learners have mechanisms to report bullying and discrimination and that processes are in place for support and follow-up ( e . g . , Peru ) . For more on refugee inclusion , see UNICEF ’ s 2022 report , ‘ Education , Children on the Move and Inclusion in Education ’ , UNICEF-Innocenti ’ s forthcoming report ‘ ‘ Inclusion of Refugee Learners in National Education Systems ’ , and the forthcoming UNESCO publication ‘ Paving Pathways to Refugee Inclusion : Towards evidence-based policymaking for refugee education ’ which provide more information and further in-depth positive practices and enabling factors ( UNICEF 2022a ; UNESCO forthcoming ) . # # * * _Policy-data nexus : Pathways for inclusion_ * * Data on refugee learners is critical for informing effective policymaking and for measuring policy implementation . Along the pathway for inclusion presented in Figure 1 , key data points may provide a means of measuring the implementation of", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 936, "text": "nationality and refugee statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1737, "end": 1761, "text": "Data on refugee learners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Enterprise Survey data available . Financial support from USAID , the World Bank , and the IFC is gratefully acknowledged . The views expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . > _ † _ Corresponding author , email : liacovone @ worldbank . org", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 22, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * PHCCs * * will be responsible for delivery of the essential healthcare package to targeted beneficiaries . They will also be responsible for the outreach campaigns , beneficiary enrollment , record keeping , reporting on enrollment and clinical health indicators , and will benefit from the capacity building activities under the project . - The Central Management Unit ( CMU ) of the NPTP at the Presidency of Council of Ministers ( PCM ) will provide the list of eligible NPTP beneficiaries to the MoPH . # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation * * 45 . Monitoring and evaluation will be an integral part of the program to ensure that health services are secured for the Lebanese citizens in this crisis under this project . The project will be monitored and evaluated on the basis of objectives , indicators and targets set out in the attached results framework . The MoPH through PMU will be responsible for monitoring daily progress of the project with key focus on improved accessibility of beneficiaries to the package of health services . 46 . The PMU will also be responsible for preparing and submitting quarterly progress reports that , among others , provide detailed reporting on services , procurement , and expenditures . It will also conduct mid-term and post-completion evaluations to gauge progress towards the PDO , and to assess the impact of the project on targeted beneficiaries . The data will be collected and used to : ( i ) supervise the performance of PHCCs ; ( ii ) monitor beneficiary accessibility progress ; and ( iii ) improve the response of the project and provision of services based on intermediate output and outcome data . 47 . An HIS system will be developed by the MoPH by the effectiveness to support the implementation and monitoring of the program . This includes developing the system at the central level as well as updating the current systems at the facility level in order to meet the new requirements for program implementation . Assistance would be provided to the PHCCs to upgrade their recording and reporting systems and strengthen their capacity to implement the", "spans": [{"start": 1632, "end": 1668, "text": "intermediate output and outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on business . Beyond a handful of high-income economies , in the United States and Europe , it has not been possible to track the many dimensions of impact at the pace they have been unfolding . In low - and middle-income countries the sources of information are few . By the end of July 2020 , the World Bank had released new enterprise surveys from 13 different countries measuring the virus ’ s impact on businesses - from Italy and the Russian Federation , to Albania and Zimbabwe ( see Annex Table A1 for sample description ) . Despite their limitations , < sup > 4 < / sup > the surveys , along with a variety of other sources used in this study , are telling as to how small businesses experience the shock differently than larger firms . Without sales , half of businesses expect to shut down in less than a month according to the evidence . It is impossible to predict how many will make it through the pandemic as many close > 2 Financial Times , 16 April 2020 : _Covid-19 shuts down a quarter of UK businesses . _ > 3 Washington Post , 12 May 2020 : _Small business used to define America ’ s economy . The pandemic could change that forever . _ > 4 The 13 countries for which follow-up surveys were released by July 2020 are located in two regions - Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa , with surveys in other regions scheduled for completion in fall 2020 . Moreover , in all World Bank Enterprise Surveys , informal and micro-enterprises ( with fewer than 5 employees ) are not surveyed ; neither are cooperative and 100 % state-owned firms . The surveys encompass a broad range of industries : manufacturing , construction , wholesale and retail , hotels , transport and computer related services ( ISIC Rev 3 . 1 codes 15-37 , 45 , 50-52 , 55 , 60-64 , and 72 ) . However , this omits some sectors with a preponderance of SMEs , such as agriculture or mining , and some services sectors that are highly affected by the crisis , such as financial services , education or health services . 2", "spans": [{"start": 327, "end": 345, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1382, "end": 1411, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "most desirable . # I . Aggregation of Trade Data In this section , we present a procedure for aggregating tariff line level data using nested CES functions that is compatible with domestic data on consumption and input use . The trade data consists of import values and base tariff rates for N tariff lines from H different source countries . We will 2", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 48, "text": "Trade Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measures , by export origin , implemented in the form listed . < sup > 62 < / sup > The EU imposed almost two thirds of antidumping measures as ad valorem duties and roughly 10 percent as specific duties ; as noted earlier , these specific duties can also discriminate between trading partners and in particular against those producing lower-priced varieties . Next consider the breakdown of the form of antidumping measures by export origin . Broadly , the EU tends to favor ad valorem import tariffs to restrict imports from high income and emerging economies . In contrast , the EU negotiates a price undertaking in roughly 40 percent of the instances in which it imposes an antidumping measure against a developing country . This result could be another means to discriminate between trading partners ( against new entrants ) . On the other hand , price undertakings may actually be preferred by the exporters if the alternative is an EU > 60Bown ( 2002a ) presents a discussion . As we further describe below in Section 4 , one of the political motivations for the attempts to ban VERs was that they had become a common outcome to US safeguard and antidumping investigations in the 1970s through early 1990s , especially with respect to bilateral frictions that the United States had at the time with Japan ( Bown and McCulloch , 2009 ) . > 61However , these are non-transparent in that official EU publications do not report the negotiated prices or market shares . Rather , official _Decisions_ and _Regulations_ report the names of the lead foreign negotiating authority ( for example , a foreign Chamber of Commerce or industry association ) and all firms that are participating in the undertaking . This set-up leaves the Commission with flexibility to adjust minimum import prices and market shares as the situation warrants . > 62During this period , according to the Temporary Trade Barriers Database , the EU implemented a total of 492 antidumping measures . In roughly 5 percent of cases , the form of the final antidumping measure is unknown . 35", "spans": [{"start": 1880, "end": 1913, "text": "Temporary Trade Barriers Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to determine a team to address the grievance and determine if the client must be notified . # # * * 12 . 4 RECORD KEEPING * * All comment responses and , grievances are to be logged using the Comment Response , and Grievance logging forms and registers . This includes details of the comments / grievance , the commenter / aggrieved , and ultimately the steps taken to resolve the grievance . Hard copies of the form are to be kept at the project sites , whilst soft copies will be saved on the Contractor server . Any accompanying documentation e . g . written statements , photographic evidence , or investigation reports are to be filed along with the grievance log both in hard and soft copies . A master database will be maintained by the CLO to record and track management of all comments and grievances and audited by the CLSO . This will serve to help monitor and improve performance of the Comment Response and , Grievance Mechanism . # # * * 12 . 5 COMMENT RESPONSE AND , GRIEVANCE MECHANISM LOG * * A sample format for logging summary details of each comment response and , grievance must be provided . As noted above hard and soft copies should be kept on file . Note : - If it is a comment , the commented will receive a copy if he / she requests one - If it is a Grievance , the aggrieved shall always receive a copy once complete for their own records . # # * * 12 . 6 INITIAL RESPONSE TEMPLATE * * The template is necessary for providing the initial response to the aggrieved only in the case of Grievances . This should be written on headed paper . This response must be sent within 3 days of the grievance being entered into the logbook . * * Page 73 * *", "spans": [{"start": 702, "end": 717, "text": "master database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Conclusions * * Our paper is motivated by three main questions . First , is there a pattern of volatility across commodities over time ? Second , is there a long-run trend in commodity price volatility ? Third , are there identifiable breaks in commodity price volatility ? For example , do we see changes in volatility when the world went from relatively open ( 1820 – 1913 ) to closed ( 1914 – 1949 ) and then to open ( 1950-2009 ) ? Drawing on a large unbalanced panel of monthly prices of 45 individual commodities and 5 commodity price indices we address these issues by implementing two tests for detecting structural change . Both tests have the advantage of not imposing a priori the dates of potential structural breaks . While both tests are based on CUSUM-type test statistics , they differ in how they establish the threshold above which a change in volatility is considered a structural break . The Kokoszka-Leipus test uses an estimate of the long-run variance of the entire time series to determine such a threshold level . As a result , it is a more stringent test resulting in fewer breaks and by and large only three periods in history are associated with breaks in volatility in most ( but not all ) commodities : the two world wars and the collapse of the Bretton-Woods system . The Inclan-Tiao ( IT ) test , in contrast , considers only the properties of the time series since the last identified break in volatility . As a result , threshold volatilities are re-defined every time a break is found . This results in less stringent thresholds and therefore more breaks in volatility – both upwards and downwards . Therefore , even though break-points may overlap , the IT test , constructed to be more sensitive , picks up more frequent shifts . However , the historical breaks coincide under both methodologies . The main conclusions are as follows . First , the timing and number of breaks in volatility vary considerably across individual commodities . This result cautions against broad generalizations and the use of commodity price indices to analyze changes in volatility . Second , the three most significant breaks common to most", "spans": [{"start": 459, "end": 499, "text": "large unbalanced panel of monthly prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unhygienic living conditions for the urban populations , degradation of the natural resource base ( through both overuse and contamination ) , and a tendency for more vulnerable groups to become further disadvantaged through a lack of access to facilities , services and resources . The lack of a stringent planning environment and recent escalating trends in these urban populations leads to the growth of unplanned settlement on the periphery of the urban areas , further stressing the natural environment and putting pressure on already overloaded municipal services , resulting in constraints in providing citizens with a clean and safe environment . A summary of existing environmental and social conditions follows . Full details of existing conditions in each municipality can be found in ANNEX 5 . # # # # * * 1 . 2 Existing Environmental Conditions in USMID Municipalities * * Poor environmental conditions in many urban areas in Uganda are exacerbated by inadequate planning in some areas such as leading to development in inappropriate areas e . g . open spaces , swamps , and steep slopes . Common environmental degradation identified through surveys with municipal officers included : wetland encroachment , noise and air pollution in 86 % of the 14 MCs , inadequate funding of environment department hence poor monitoring and supervision , political interference in environmental management leading to wetland degradation , poor sanitation and pollution of water sources especially in slums . The expansion of these Municipalities is occurring at the expense of the environment in and around the urban centers . From the field surveys done , it was observed that the urban centers are typically surrounded by a ribbon of wide green valleys with swamps , wetlands and forest reserves extending into > 1 Source : Interview MinLG 27 . 03 . 12 , Annex 6 4", "spans": [{"start": 1155, "end": 1186, "text": "surveys with municipal officers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 13 - Within sectors - - especially within manufacturing - - some activities fare better than others . Data from Zambia and Sierra Lone indicate that artisanal activities such as spinning , weaving and pottery decline dramatically in importance with increasing locality size , undoubtedly the victims of competition from lower-priced manufactured substitutes . At the other extreme , trading , restaurants , food preparation , and repair work flourish as town size increases . 7 / C . Effect of Distance from Urban Conters Evidence from Ivory Coast identifies the types of rural nonfarm activities which are most likely to be bulldozed by competition from urban and imported manufacturers . Table 6 indicates that basket making and weaving diminish precipitously $ in importance with proximity to major urban centers . Pottery also declines , although to a lesser extent . Because these activities constitute the three largest rural industries in Bouake Region , it is not surprising that manufacturing in the aggregate may fare less well than commerce and services as rural structural transformation proceeds . Certainly it is necessary to distinguish between declining industries - - such as pottery , weaving , basket making , mat making and wood carving - - and ascendant manufacturing activities such as food processing and , to a lesser extent , tailoring , carpentry and metalwork . D . Changes Over Time Time series data tracing changes in Africa ' s rural nonfarm employment are limited and fragile . Using aggregate labor force data for major subregions of the world , both Anderson and Leiserson ( 1980 ) and ILO ( 1979 ) make cautious judgements about long-term trends in rural nonfarm employment . They conclude that , over the past 20 years , total rural employment has been growing more rapidly than agricultural employment in all regions of the world , including Africa . Therefore , they reason , the share of nonfarm activities in total rural employment has been growing as", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 136, "text": "Data from Zambia and Sierra Lone", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1413, "end": 1429, "text": "Time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1543, "text": "aggregate labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 Data * * Our analysis is primarily based on data on refugee stocks compiled by the UNHCR . UNHCR annually publishes the data on refugee stocks by source and destination country pair . The term “ refugee ” includes both refugees and asylum seekers . Under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol , a refugee is defined as “ a person who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution for reasons of race , religion , nationality , political opinion or membership in a particular social group ” ( Art 1 . A . 2 . ) . The UNHCR Population Statistics Reference database contains data for the period 1951 – 2017 ( released on June 19 , 2019 ) . The data set compiles annual stocks of refugees and asylum seekers at the source-destination level for 197 destination and 223 source countries . The ultimate source of the data is the authorities of each receiving country . While in principle there are observations going back to 1951 , coverage prior to the late 1980s is too sparse to be usable . Thus , our analysis covers the period 1987-2017 . Overall , we have 112 , 522 non-zero observations for bilateral stocks over the period 1987-2017 . Since the data are not recorded at the individual level , we cannot reliably calculate refugee flows . Thus , the main variable used in the analysis is the refugee stocks . By definition , the stock of refugees in any particular year mixes individuals that arrived at different times . Since our main object of interest is changes in refugee behavior over time , analyzing stocks will if anything attenuate temporal differences . To better approximate flows , we restrict the sample to large refugee events . A refugee event begins in the year in which the global stock of refugees from a particular source country first exceeds 25 , 000 . An event ends when the stock falls below 25 , 000 , or 10 years after initiation if the destination is an OECD country , whichever comes first . < sup > 2 < / sup > Capping the termination date of the event also puts earlier", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 74, "text": "data on refugee stocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 583, "end": 629, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Reference database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_TREATi , t_ takes value one if unit _i_ has been assigned to receive treatment by time _t_ ( that is for t = 1 , 2 , . . . r ) , and zero otherwise . The treatment effect of interest is then given by γ . Note that γ does not contain a _t_ subscript : either the treatment is assumed to have a constant level effect , or the treatment effect of interest is taken to be the average treatment effect over the _r_ post-treatment rounds . Clearly a further , very important , use of multiple postintervention surveys is to collect information on the trajectory of treatment impacts ( e . g . Woolcock , 2009 ) , since the short and long-run impacts of some policies may differ dramatically . However , unless one imposes some structure on the form these impact trajectories can take , collecting more rounds of data merely increases the number of points in time at which these impacts can be measured , but does not improve the power of an experiment for measuring these impacts . Even in this case where impacts at different points in time are of interest , one can consider multiple measurements located around each time horizon of interest , and thereby improve power . For example , if a study is interested in knowing whether the impact of microfinance differs at a one year horizon versus a three year horizon , taking measures of microenterprise profits at 11 , 12 and 13 months after treatment , and at 35 , 36 , and 37 months after treatment can be used to improve the accuracy of impacts at around these horizon points , by assuming the treatment effect is constant or considering an average treatment effect in the neighborhood of the horizon of interest . The analytics and ideas of the remainder of the paper can then be applied to estimating the impact at a particular horizon by taking more measurements in neighborhoods around these horizons . # * * 2 . 1 . The case of a single baseline and single follow-up * * Consider first the case of a single baseline and single follow-up . Then we see that the least squares estimator of γ is simply", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 512, "text": "postintervention surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNHCR , UNICEF and IOM January - June 2020 # # # * * Age and sex breakdown of all Children by Country of Arrival * * # # # Accompanied Children - Age Breakdown Among the 3 , 033 accompanied children who arrived in Greece , Bulgaria and Malta between January and June 2020 , 30 % were 0 to 4 years old , 53 % were 5 to 14 years old and 17 % were 15 to 17 years old . The age breakdown for accompanied children in Italy , Spain and Cyprus is not available . # # # * * Reception on arrival as of June 2020 * * # # # # Greece - Of all children present in Greece , 48 % were living in urban areas ( apartments , hotels , shelters for unaccompanied children , self-settled , etc . ) ; 28 % were in accommodation sites ; 1 % were in safe zones for unaccompanied children and 23 % were in Reception and Identification Centres . - An estimated 45 , 100 children were present in Greece as of 30 June 2020 , an increase from 32 , 000 in June 2019 . # # # # Italy < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 - 4 years 5 - 14 years 15 - 17 years < br > Greece 3 0 % 53 % 17 % < br > Bulgaria 75 % 25 % < br > Malta 61 % 23 % 16 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # Unaccompanied Children - Age Breakdown The majority of UASC who arrived in Italy , Greece , Bulgaria and Malta between January and June 2020 were between 15 and 17 years old ( 90 % overall ) . Age disaggregated data on children arriving in Spain and Cyprus is not available . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 - 4 years 5 - 14 years 15 - 17 years < br > Greece 29 % 70 % < br > Italy 5 % 95 % < br > Bulgaria 2 % 98 % < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1373, "text": "Age disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "oyo * * | 379 | 75 . 0 % | 84 | | 82 . 4 % | 7 | 100 % | | * * Lamwo * * | 868 | 85 . 0 % | 161 | | 90 . 4 % | 19 | 95 . 0 % | | * * Yumbe * * | 843 | 74 . 0 % | 169 | | 76 . 1 % | 25 | 86 . 2 % | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 86 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "power in the past , fostering disparities across diverse communities and accentuating concerns over political exclusion , voice , and accountability . In the subjectmatter of KDEAP , Kenya stands out as the digital leader in the East African Region , earning an early reputation as an innovator in digital services . The country continues to benefit from its early liberalization of the telecom sector , strategic public investments in the national fiber optic backbone infrastructure ( NOFBI ) , and a vibrant private sector that has used this market openness and public infrastructure to invest in network expansion and roll out innovative digital services . As a result , Kenya boasts over 98 percent population coverage of mobile broadband networks of 3G and higher . Nationally , broadband penetration stood at 60 percent in September 2022 , but this was mainly provided from 3G and 4G mobile services , with a fixed broadband penetration of only 1 . 7 percent . The country had a 70 . 6 percent mobile money penetration in September 2022 ( the highest in the world , and a thriving technology ecosystem . Kenya is ranked third in the continent in the ‘ Networked Readiness Index ’ 2022 rankings . Kenya ’ s digital agenda is championed by the country ’ s top leaders and is reflected in the ambitious ‘ Vision 2030 ’ aim of transforming Kenya into a regional ICT hub , coupled with a dedicated government ministry and agencies established to drive the digital agenda , principally the Ministry of Information , Communications and Digital Economy ( MICDE ) , the Information and Communication Technology Authority ( ICTA ) , and the Communications Authority ( CA ) . * * Figure 1 . * * * * < mark > Kenya ’ s National Fiber Routes < / mark > * * 2", "spans": [{"start": 1159, "end": 1184, "text": "Networked Readiness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In 2013 , the two agencies conducted a Joint Assessment Mission ( JAM ) , < mark > which recommended baseline and other vulnerability assessments as well as a socio-economic survey to gather more data to inform livelihoods strategies and decisions for more targeted assistance to vulnerable refugees who cannot participate in income-generating activities . < / mark > _ < mark > Figure 1 : Location of Lasu , Makpandu and Napere camps with population < / mark > _ # # 1 . 2 < mark > Existing policy environment < / mark > South Sudan has existing policies that cater for refugee management . Both the Refugee Act 2012 and the Nationality Act 2011 make reference to refugee integration issues . However , there is lack of direct reference to access to natural resources or land . Chapter II Article 2 Section 9 ( b ) of the Refugee Act 2012 says , “ p _ersons cease to qualify for refugee status if they become citizens of South Sudan and enjoy the protection of the country of his or her new nationality_ . ” On naturalization , the Nationality Act 2011 says , “ _the ministry may issue a nationality to an alien who meets eligibility requirement such as attainment of age maturity ; been resident in South Sudan for a continuous and uninterrupted period of 10 years ; and intention to continue to reside permanently in South Sudan_ . ” Chapter 5 of the Nationality Act 2011 says , “ _every recognized refugee and family member enjoys full legal protection , which includes entitlement to seek employment and receipt of same health and primary education which nationals of South Sudan receive_ . ” These policies are relatively new and yet to be operationalized . Despite these policies , refugees still face some level of discrimination in their attempts to access limited income and livelihood opportunities , due to their refugee status and restricted access in some cases to move out of the camp areas . The UNHCR Convention and Protocol relating to Refugee Status Chapter 3 Article 17 and 18 , on wageearning and self-employment , recommends that “ _restrictive", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 180, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX II Page 6 of 10 Loan No . 1148-KE - Second Industrial Development < sup > Bank Project : < / sup > $ 10 . 0 million Loan of July 25 , 1975 ; < sup > Effective Date : < / sup > October 7 , 1975 ; Closing < sup > Date : < / sup > July 1 , 1979 Project commitments are < sup > well under way . Abouttwo-thirdsoftheloanis < / sup > expected to be committed < sup > by June1977 . < / sup > As of April 30 , 1977 , disbursements totalled $ 3 . 8 million . Loan No . 1167-KE - Mombasa < sup > and Coastal WaterSupply : < / sup > $ 35 million Loan of October 15 , 1975 ; Effective < sup > Date : < / sup > January 13 , 1976 ; Closing < sup > Date : < / sup > December 31 , 1980 Progress is slower than < sup > anticipated . < / sup > The initial equipment < sup > supplycontracts < / sup > have been awarded , but the < sup > award ofthe major pipe supply andpipeline construction < / sup > contracts only recently took < sup > place andtheprojectis now some6-8months behind < / sup > schedule . Loan No . 1184-KE - Third < sup > Education Project : < / sup > $ 10 million Loan of December < sup > 31 , < / sup > 1975 ; Effective Date : March < sup > 17 , 1976 ; Closing Date : < / sup > June 30 , 1982 The project is off to a < sup > goodstart . < / sup > The Project Unit is fully < sup > staffed ; a < / sup > survey of the physical < sup", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_FM Supervision Report Second Phase of One WASH-CWA_ | * * # * * < br > * * Result Indicators * * | * * UoM * * | * * Base - * * < br > * * line * * | * * End * * < br > * * Target * * | * * Last * * < br > * * mission * * < br > * * Feb 2024 * * | * * Current - * * < br > * * Oct 2024 * * | * * Progress * * < br > * * since last * * < br > * * mission * * | * * % age * * < br > * * against * * < br > * * target * * | * * Remark * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 < br > Number < br > of < br > trained < br > WWT , < br > WASHCOM and Water Board < br > members under the Program | # | - | 27 , 510 | 11574 | 12310 | 736 | * * 45 % * * | Extracted from the NWCO report ( 2944 WaSHCOM members , 14 < br > water board members and 7028 WWT members ) | | 3 < br > Grievances registered related to < br > delivery of sub project benefits that < br > are < br > timely < br > and < br > satisfactorily < br > addressed | % | - | 80 % | 100 % | 69 % | * * - * * | * * 86 % * * | out of 42 registered grievance , 29 grievance timely addressed | | 4 < br > Percentage < br > of < br > Schemes <", "spans": [{"start": 710, "end": 721, "text": "NWCO report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "students ’ performance , but different in that the risk associated to class completion or college continuity is not fully exogenous as in these papers but depends on an endogenous variable — student effort . While the literature has placed much attention on the role of ability in performance and college outcomes , a growing line of research highlights the role of effort . Zamarro , Hitt , and Mendez ( 2019 ) use data from the Program for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) to show that different effort measures explain about a third of observed cross-country test score variation . Stinebrickner and Stinebrickner ( 2004 ) rely on time use surveys to estimate the effects of study time on grades . Ariely et al ( 2009 ) show that using incentives can help the average student improve her test performance , though the effect is limited on high-ability students . Beneito et al ( 2018 ) provide evidence that the tuition increase implemented by Spanish colleges in 2012 boosted student effort . Ahn et al ( 2019 ) model effort in response to grading policies . We contribute to this line of research by explicitly modeling the role of effort and embedding it in a dynamic setting , where it affects class accumulation and risk mitigation . In an efficient and equitable world , college enrollment would depend on student ability rather than parental resources ( Cameron and Heckman 1998 and 1999 , Carneiro and Heckman 2002 ) . In Colombia , as in other countries , parental resources matter greatly to college enrollment even controlling for ability . This provides strong evidence for credit constraints limiting college access , as discussed in a large literature . Lochner and Monge-Naranjo ( 2011 ) develop a model that helps explain the rising importance of family income for college attendance in the U . S . even in the presence of credit . Solis ( 2017 ) finds that relaxing credit constraints in Chile had a positive impact on enrollment and college years completed , particularly for low-income students . Parental resources and background , however , may be of limited importance . Hai and Heckman ( 2017 ) show that equalizing initial ability has larger effects on college outcomes and 6", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 659, "text": "time use surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) containing records for citizens and residents . This registry will allow for the authentication of unique identity and will be interoperable with other relevant registries and databases ( for example , the social registry ) . 34 . The proposed Project would finance the following activities : - * * Supporting the set-up of the legal , institutional , and organizational foundations for a sound digital administration * * , including ( i ) reviewing and updating the e-government strategy ; ( ii ) developing a legal and regulatory framework to support this transformation ; ( iii ) building capacity for public servants , strategic communications and partnerships and project management ; ( iv ) recruiting a firm to review current environment ; ( v ) proposing a strategy and action plans , and ( vi ) undertaking capacity building activities to ensure knowledge transfer to ANSIE and throughout the administration . - * * Strengthening cyber security to ensure protection and trust , * * including ( i ) developing a national cyber security strategy ; ( ii ) developing a legal and regulatory framework ; ( iii ) setting up a government center for monitoring , alerting and responding to computer attacks ; ( iv ) implementing a public key infrastructure to safeguard the authenticity of transactions ; ( v ) training of staff throughout the administration , inter-agency information-sharing private sector ; and ( vi ) strengthening measures in online child protection . - * * Developing a government interoperable digital platform * * , including developing an architecture ; reviewing the existing systems and the acquisition and implementation the capabilities for : ( i ) creating and hosting services ; ( ii ) interlinking services ; ( iii ) routing messages , and ( iv ) transforming data . - * * Developing a foundational e-ID , * * ( i ) technical assistance to develop legal and regulatory frameworks for data privacy ; biometric procedures , and electronic transactions for e-ID ; ( ii ) creation of UIN ; ( iii ) creation of the foundational", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 124, "text": "records for citizens and residents", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 285, "end": 300, "text": "social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "health workforce data , which are the result of concerted efforts by the WHO to gather cross ‐ national data on workforce numbers since 1990 . Because the demand model requires rich historical data on health worker densities , separate models for nurses / midwife and all other health professionals could not be estimated ; data for these cadres are insufficient to produce demand projections . Thus , we first predicted number of physicians from the demand model , and then apply constant ratios to obtain estimates of nurses / midwives and all other health workers ( AOWs ) to obtain the total projected number of health workers . In most health systems , spending on health workforce wages and benefits represents a significant share of total health expenditures ( Hernandez et al 2006 ) . Previous studies indicate that overall economic growth as measured by national income is the best predictor of health expenditures , from which the demand for health workers is derived ( Cooper et al . 2003 ; Getzen 1990 ) . In other words , spending on health care tends to increase as overall income increases , which in turn suggests that more workers can be employed to deliver health services ( Cooper et al . 2003 ; Scheffler et al . 2008 ) . To our knowledge , few have previously projected future health workforce labor market demand . Owing to data requirements , early works largely focus on specific developed countries for which data on health workers are more readily available ( e . g . Korch et al . 2012 , Basu & Gupta 2004 ) . Leveraging efforts to obtain cross ‐ national and longitudinal data on health workers , Scheffler et al . ( 2008 ) were the first to forecast the demand , need , and supply of physicians for 158 countries with suitable data . While notable in the scope of global coverage , their resulting model relied on only one model parameter input — gross national income — to generate projections . Our demand model expands on previous methods developed by Scheffler et al . ( 2008 ) . In addition to income ( i . e . gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita ) , we include measures", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 21, "text": "health workforce data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1434, "end": 1456, "text": "data on health workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis proceeds in three steps . In Section 5 . 1 , we analyze how correlations between displacement status and political engagement change over time within Uganda . In Section 5 . 2 , we use matching models ( Ho , Imai , King & Stuart 2007 ) to grapple with non-random patterns of displacement and the context of displacement in the Philippines . Finally , in Section 5 . 3 , we again use matching models to grapple with potential selection effects in Iraq . # * * 5 . 1 Uganda * * We analyze two waves of repeated cross-sectional data in Acholi , Uganda . We plot the trends according to our survey data in Figure 8 . We collect two measures of empowerment consistently across the two survey waves : Relationship with the Community and Contribute to Events in Community . As such , we restrict our analysis in Uganda to those variables . We plot aggregate trends in these two measures across the survey waves in Figure 8 . In general , the trend-line improved between the survey waves , while the number of respondents who reported ever being displaced declined modestly . In aggregate , respondents in Uganda consistently report strong perceptions of their relationships with their communities , limiting the variation available to understand how experiences of displacement are associated with these relationships . There is important variation in whether respondents feel they are able to contribute to events in their communities both within and across survey waves , however . To explore how the relationship between individual experiences with displacement and empowerment vary over time , we run a set of four logistic regressions , which we plot in Figure 3b . The sampling is consistent between surveys , but we do not re-sample the same people ( therefore it is not a panel ) , we therefore run separate models for the 2007 and 2010 data . In the top models , we use a binary indicator for whether respondents indicate that they have either “ Good ” or “ Very Good ” relationships with their communities as our dependent variable . In the bottom two models , we use a binary indicator for whether respondents agree with the statement that they are able to", "spans": [{"start": 596, "end": 607, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 . _Semi-Annual M & E Reports : _ A semi-annual report will mimic that o f the quarterly reports except that it will provide a f i l l e r picture o f the program by giving a status update on indicator data and task implementation progress from implementing contractors . They will also offer an opportunity for dialogue between implementing partners and the C U regarding challenges encountered during project implementation . 18 . _Annual M & E Reports : _ The annual report from implementing partners will include indicator information collected since the semi-annual report , as well as the status of their implementation activities at the end o f the year . Partners will be asked to compare and justify their progress with the implementation benchmarks they identified in their work-plans . Successes will be highlighted , and partners will have an opportunity to provide suggestions , comments , or concerns to the C U regarding financial management , M & E arrangements , implementation challenges , changes in benchmarks , etc . 19 . _Annual Project Report : _ An annual report will be prepared from a compilation o f data received in the quarterly , semi-annual , and annual reports received by the C U from implementing contractors . This that includes information on all Results Framework indicators and will be distributed to other Congolese Ministries , donors , international NGOs , and other interested stakeholders . DEP will compile information from all agencies operating on the ground to produce the Annual Project Report . Successful completion and distribution o f the Annual Project Report may also be linked to disbursement o f project funds . 20 . Of the above reports , the Bank will receive mandatorily the semiannual progress reports . Other reports are necessary for smooth project operation . # # # # # # * * Procedures * * 21 . The CU ' s monitoring and evaluation team will collect data from various sources including decentralized monitoring units , different branches of MECNT , and contractors operating on the ground . The C U M & E Expert and Specialists will update", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the changes over time in position of individuals in the distribution . Consequently , the results in terms of inequality or pro-poorness of growth might differ substantially between the conventional poverty analysis which relies on cross section data and the mobility profiles approach ( or mobility statistics ) , based on longitudinal data . Jenkins and van Kerm ( 2008 ) show in the case of Britain that whether patterns of income growth became more pro-poor under the labour government in the year 1999-2003 ( with respect to the Conservative period 1992-1996 ) depend on the perspective used ( and the definition of income growth ) . According to conventional analysis using a cross-sectional perspective , income growth became more pro-poor using both absolute and proportionate growth definitions . However , from a longitudinal perspective , an increase in progression of income growth is most clearly apparent using absolute income growth definition . The picture of greater progressivity is more muted when viewed in terms of proportionate changes < sup > 10 < / sup > . The sensitivity of the conclusions to how income growth is defined raises questions about how changes in income distribution over time should be assessed . In this context it is also important to bear in mind that the negative slope of the mobility profiles , which is associated with a pro-poor definition , describes a form of regression to the mean which can reflect also the effects of measurement errors and transitory variations . It is therefore essential to apply methods to mitigate the cause of potential spurious impact in the analysis . # * * _Measurement errors in the analysis of mobility based on panel surveys_ * * All income distribution statistics are sensitive to measurement errors and transitory variations in income , but the issue is particularly relevant when estimators are based on change measured at the household level . The observed mobility or growth rates for poor versus non-poor can be genuine – attributable to genuine economic phenomena – or reflecting the effects of measurement errors and transitory variations in income . If there is measurement error of the \" classical \" form ( uncorrelated with the true value and over time ) , then the expected income increase is positive for someone with", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 250, "text": "cross section data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 324, "end": 341, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to use a single M & E framework , and impressive moves towards joint review , planning and budgeting , helped to reduce the administrative burden on the country , and mitigate the serious capacity constraints . 76 . _Management capacity should be proportionate to levels of funding and program expectations : _ Particular care is needed to ensure that the levels of capacity are sufficient to manage large influxes of donor funding ; in the absence of this , smaller projects are likely to receive insufficient attention . 77 . _Availability of the country based TTL is critical_ for ongoing supervision of the project and timely identification of bottlenecks and appropriate solutions . 78 . _Relatively small amounts of funding can have a catalytic effect if designed and delivered strategically_ : EMSAP2 was instrumental in re-directing national efforts towards effective strategies ( clearly defining and focusing on MARPs ) and catalyzing community involvement and responses . 79 . _Development of a comprehensive M & E framework should be one of the first project interventions : _ Such a framework needs to reflect the different M & E requirements and approaches to capacity building of different partners , and to ensure timely integration of different components of the system ; in the case of EMSAP2 , delays in establishment of the CIS , and in integrating the HMIS and HIV / AIDS systems , led to lack of timely information to report on program performance . The project design underestimated the level of inputs and time which would be needed to have an effectively functioning and fully integrated system . 80 . _A Heterogeneous and diversified epidemic requires detailed and regularly updated information to guide interventions : _ The Epidemiological Synthesis study , carried out with Bank support in 2008 , was an important contribution to national program development and updating , and confirmed the importance of focusing on prevention and targeting the most-atrisk population and hot spot areas , but continued follow up was ( and still is ) required for a fully effective response . A later survey < sup > 15 < / sup > identifying", "spans": [{"start": 2109, "end": 2121, "text": "later survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 5 . Final Remarks * * Measuring the monetary value of the flow of services that households receive from living in their dwellings poses a challenge to researchers and practitioners . On the one hand , a growing consensus requires that imputed rents should always be included in the welfare aggregate . On the other hand , imputed rents are often neglected , mainly because of inherent technical difficulties in rent imputation as well as due to lack of relevant information in household surveys . Moreover , when imputed rents are indeed included in the welfare aggregate , researchers and practitioners frequently overlook analyzing the distributional impacts of alternative rent-imputation approaches . This paper is the first attempt to assess the distributional impact of including housing in the welfare aggregate comparing two rent imputation methods in four developing countries at different levels of development . First , the paper introduces a concise theoretical discussion of the expected distributional implications of including rent in the welfare aggregate and concludes that unambiguous predictions of the impact on poverty , inequality , and shared prosperity are possible only under strong assumptions . Second , it provides estimates of the distributional effect of including estimated rental values in the consumption aggregates of four countries . Results indicate that understanding the distributional impact of including housing in the welfare aggregate is ultimately an empirical question . Including rental values determines statistically significant changes in poverty and inequality indicators , yet such changes are only occasionally larger than one percentage point . Shared prosperity exhibits sizable changes , which might also determine international re-rankings . In countries with low headcount rates , any churning around the first decile may imply a change in the profiling of the poor . Although most socio-economic variables characterizing the poor are affected by the inclusion of rents , changes are rarely substantial . Although any distributional analysis shall include housing in the construction of the welfare > 13 Precisely , we will be discussing quasi-non-anonymous implications since we are not considering changes affecting any particular individual in the distribution , but rather groups of individuals : e . g . individuals belonging to the same decile in the distribution , or individuals belonging to the set of poor individuals . > 14", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 498, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The approach to collecting and constructing harmonized firm-level data in this project differs from projects like the ICA project that use the same survey instrument in a number of countries . A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approaches as well as the relationship on key findings from the ICA dataset vs . the type of firm-level data used here is provided in Haltiwanger and Schweiger ( 2004 ) . Recent papers that have used the ICA data to study firm performance include Bastos and Nasir ( 2004 ) , Dollar et . al . ( 2003 ) , HallwardDriemeier et al . ( 2003 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 72, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Note : _ Squares represent the 5 km by 5 km grids for which the hazard measures are available ; the ( starred ) centroid of the square represents the household or cluster location ; shaded squares represent the grids used to spatially aggregate the hazard measure for a 10 km radius ( darker shade ) and a 20 km radius ( lighter shade ) around the household ’ s location . The results presented in this paper are based on matching a household ’ s geographic location with a spatially aggregated hazard measure within a 20 km radius . In the absence of any GPS data at the household or cluster level , the hazard measures are aggregated to the geographic or closest administrative level that is coded in the household survey . We chose the level of spatial aggregation so as to provide a roughly consistent area of spatial aggregation for surveys where matching was done using GPS data and administrative data . Initial analysis suggested that this level of spatial aggregation was appropriate . We compared the sensitivity of the relationship between welfare and hazard measures aggregated using different radii in the case of Malawi , a country that has GPS coordinates for surveyed households and multiple years of data . The statistical significance of results increased for radii of up to 20 km and then started to decrease again with larger radii , suggesting that a radius of 20 km is able to reflect the local shock to a household ’ s crop yields and is also large enough to capture some localized impacts on prices and wages in the local market area . However , as shown in section 4 . 2 , for the full data set a larger geographic area it is not clear that 20 km works better in every setting , and there is very little difference between the results across aggregating radii . # 3 . 5 . Using standardized anomalies for analysis The hazard measures generated are in levels as well as standardized anomalies ( z-scores ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > The latter assume that differences in the level of the hazard from the historic average ( i . e . , level changes ) matter not in", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 724, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 877, "end": 885, "text": "GPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 890, "end": 909, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during the implementation of the resettlement programme will be on the compilation of baseline data on the affected households that will enable the comparison during evaluation missions . # # # * * 11 . 2 . 2 . Approach * * Monitoring of implementation by the RAP consultant will be carried out at different levels every month . At the process level , inputs and outputs will be measured . These will include for example , the amount of compensation paid outgrievance cases successfully dealt with . Specific cases or situations arising during resettlement will be documented . Programme efficiency will be monitored and discussed every month with the RAP implementation Steering Team and ways in which it can be improved will be identified . Page 84", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 99, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( unstratified ) relationship between spending and the HCI often plateaus above a certain level of spending and is noisy throughout . While the relationship between spending and HCI appears stronger for HICs than for countries at other income levels , these relationships are not statistically significant . Our conclusions do not change when we examine the relationship between specific inputs into the HCI and their associated sector ’ s spending . Among the three sectors , health spending seems to display a slightly clearer relationship with HCI than other sectors considered , but this might be partly explained by the higher density of the health data . The clearer relationship between health spending and HCI might also be related to a few factors that could contribute to less noisy data : the health data do not include capital spending ( which can be lumpy ) , and also the WHO-GHED is the result of a long-standing international effort to collect and validate health spending data , possibly resulting in higher quality . Our findings are in line with other studies that look at the relationship between spending and human capital outcomes , which find that increased spending does not necessarily translate to improved outcomes ( AlSamarrai , Cerdan-Infantes , and Lehe 2018 ; World Bank Group 2018b ) . There are many possible reasons behind the weak correlation that we observe at the country level . As shown in Al-Samarai ( 2018 ) , countries display dramatic differences in the ability to transform resources into outcomes , so poor outcomes may be reflective of spending inefficiencies ( Al-Samarrai , Cerdan-Infantes , and Lehe 2018 ) . The inefficiencies might either be the result of inability to prioritize resources towards the interventions that are most effective at improving outcomes , or to scale them up in a cost-effective way . At the heart of our interest in assessing the relationship between social sector spending and outcomes is an interest in providing guidance on how much and what type of investment is needed to achieve high levels 23", "spans": [{"start": 804, "end": 815, "text": "health data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 886, "end": 894, "text": "WHO-GHED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 993, "text": "health spending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Electricity Transmission Company Limited < br > | | UNFCC | United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | | UNHS | Uganda National Health Survey | | UPE | Univeral Primary Education | | URED | Uganda Rural Electricity Department | | USD | United States Dollar | | USE | Uganda Securities Commission | | UWA | Uganda Wildlife Authority | | V / m | Volts per Meter | | VAC | Violence Against Children | | VEC | < br > Valued Environmental Component | | VES | Visual Encounter Survey | | VHT | Village Health Team | | VOC | Volatile Organic Compound ( s ) | | WB | World Bank | | WHO | World Health Organization | * * xviii | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 154, "text": "Uganda National Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - c ) If the land fails to serve as before , it shall be considered as expropriated permanently and pursuant to sub article 1 of this article , either a displacement compensation or substitute land shall be given to the land holder . - d ) The displacement compensation paid for temporary expropriation under sub-article ( 1 ) of this Article , shall be deducted from payment of compensation paid for the land considered as permanently expropriated and the difference shall be paid to the landholder . This Article is relevant , if the land fails to serve as before , then it shall be considered as expropriated permanently . Therefore , the compensation amount dispersed will be adjusted accordingly . - e ) Displacement compensation for temporary expropriation shall not in any way exceed the amount of compensation payable to permanent displaced compensation . - f ) The detail implementation of this sub-article is provided in the regulation ( Council of Ministers Regulations No . 472 / 2020 ) to implement this Proclamation . # # # # # * * 10 . 11 Compensation Cost for temporary Impacted Properties * * Based on the unit rates obtained from impacted Woredas , the compensation cost for the Subproject impact on perennial crops and fruit trees is presented in the table below . Table 10 . 9 : Compensation Cost for temporary Impact on Perennial Crops | * * Crops * * | * * Number * * < br > | * * of Perenn * * < br > | * * ial Trees * * < br > | * * by Size * * < br > | * * Annual * * < br > * * Compensation in * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Big * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 1277, "end": 1318, "text": "unit rates obtained from impacted Woredas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 # # * * RÉPONSE * * # # # # * * PROGRÈS RÉALISÉS EN MATIÈRE DE PROTECTION * * | * * Cluster Protection * * < br > * * Protection de l ’ enfant * * < br > * * VBG * * < br > * * LAM * * < br > * * LTP * * | | - - - | Au mois de mars 2025 , ce sont 33 organisations de la protection qui ont aidé à apporter assistance à * * 45 557 personnes * * sur une * * cible de 1 611 889 personnes * * ( HPC 2025 ) , soit un taux de réalisations de 2 , 8 % au premier trimestre . Les régions à fort taux d ’ assistance en protection sont Bandiagara , Tombouctou , Gao , Ségou , Mopti , Douentza , San et Ménaka . Les bénéficiaires sont principalement les membres des communautés hôtes et les personnes déplacées internes . L ’ accès sécurisé pérenne à l ’ assistance humanitaire et à la protection des populations affectées par la crise , est un élément clé de l ’ action humanitaire au Mali . Les rapports et analyses sur l ’ impact des contraintes d ’ accès liées à la protection des populations civiles et des acteurs humanitaires servent de base aux rapports de protection et aussi à informer la prise de décision stratégique et les efforts de plaidoyer auprès de l ’ Equipe Humanitaire pays au Mali . # # # # * * DÉFIS ET ACTIONS LIÉS À L ’ ACCÈS * * Au cours de l ’", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 422, "text": "HPC 2025", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "A potential explanation of these results is alcohol induced physical intimate partner violence ( AIPIPV ) . Existing evidence from Psychology shows that Intimate Partner Violence ( IPV ) is a major predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder in abused women ( Pico-Alfonso , 2005 ) and can drive negative interactions between mother and children ( Taylor et al , 2009 ) , directly affecting child development ( Bedoya et al , 2020 ) . Using YL data , Bedoya et al ( 2020 ) find that IPV is one of the main forms of violence against women in Peru . The authors also find that early-life exposure to AIPIPV is indeed associated with lower test scores in vocabulary . A second explanation is budget constraints . Allocating household income to consume alcohol reduces the availability of resources in the household for other needs , including inputs that help to support child development . This creates a vicious cycle for mothers with mental health issues , since it can impose additional stressors . < sup > 16 < / sup > # * * 5 . Discussion and conclusions * * In this paper , we explore the extent to which maternal depression affects child cognition . The identification strategy exploits variation in the exposure to a particular exogenous shock between pregnancy and when the child was 1 year old in Peruvian households . Exposure to the shock can affect maternal mental health and children ’ s vocabulary development . The paper ’ s main results indicate that exposure to a crop or livestock loss in 2002 increases maternal depression in that period . Moreover , a standard deviation decrease in maternal mental health in 2002 negatively affects the child ’ s vocabulary by up to 0 . 54 standard deviation when children are 5 years old , a result that fades out by time the children are 8 years old . That is , our results suggest the negative effects of maternal depression on child receptive vocabulary do not persist beyond children ’ s early school years . However , given that vocabulary size in kindergarten and earlier predicts reading comprehension throughout school and into early adulthood , facilitating the development of other cognitive skills ( Powell and Diamond 2012 ) , and potentially", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 448, "text": "YL data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that in the developing world , climate change in regions reliant on subsistence farming is a prominent reason behind migration to urban areas . That said , existing literature also finds evidence for the trapping effect we discussed in section 2 . This literature argues that where there is extreme poverty and migration is costly , climatic shocks might trap people rather than induce them to abandon their homes . This insight is consistent with the heterogeneous effect we observe when investigating how droughts affect urban growth across different levels of average annual precipitation . Our measure of precipitation captures the yearly total amount of precipitation ( in mm ) in a given cell , based on monthly meteorological statistics from the GPCP v . 2 . 2 Combined Precipitation Data Set . We find that the effect of drought is stronger in grid cells that fall above the developing world median in terms of precipitation . In line with the logic suggested by the trapping effect , we interpret this as evidence that people migrate _before_ recurrent droughts make migration too costly an option for many households to consider . It also suggests that people in grid cells located above the precipitation median might have developed fewer coping strategies that could be deployed once extreme weather shocks arrive . To zoom in on the last push factor suggested by extant research , we examine the role of conflict . We do this by calculating the average number of conflict events ( as recorded by the UCDP-PRIO dataset ) in the neighboring cells . We then distinguish between cells where the number of events falls above the national mean and conflict cells that fall below country-level means . < sup > 13 < / sup > We find evidence that conflict amplifies the effect of drought even if our analyses cannot ascertain whether climatic shocks cause conflict which then leads to migration or whether conflict and migration are two discrete consequences of global climate change . To sum up , we find relatively consistent evidence for the importance of push factors , indicating that what happens in neighboring cells does not there but rather the of urban in destination cells . stay intensifies pace growth We find evidence that is broadly supportive of the", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 799, "text": "Combined Precipitation Data Set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1513, "end": 1530, "text": "UCDP-PRIO dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* ( \" Credit \" ) # # # 2 . 0 * * PROJECT OBJECTIVES * * The main project objective is to improve sustainable management of forests and protected areas and increase benefits to communities from forests in target landscapes . The project is impimented under four major components and consists of the following parts : Part * * _1 : _ * * Improved Management of Protected Areas - * * 1 . 1 * * ( a ) Carrying out a program of activities designed to improve the basic management of Protected Areas , such a program to include such activities as : - ( i ) Grading and maintenance of tracks and trails within the Proteced Areas ; ( ii ) Planning ( including community consultations ) and demarcation of the Protected Areas ' boundaries ; - ( iii ) Installation of infrastructure such as fences , walls and gates as well as construction of rangers ' housing and posts ; - ( iv ) Undertaking of community-oriented activities to manage human-wildlife conflict including providing equipment as neededl - ( v ) Procurement of field vehicles , road equipment , communication equipment , field , and office equipment ; and - ( vi ) Support for the National Forest Monitoring System . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1135, "end": 1168, "text": "National Forest Monitoring System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 1 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > BUX MAX VP ( 2-8 ) < br > Dec-97 Mar-98 Jun-98 Sep-98 Dec-98 Mar-99 Jun-99 Sep-99 Dec-99 Mar-00 Jun-00 Sep-00 Dec-00 Mar-01 Jun-01 Sep-01 Dec-01 Mar-02 Jun-02 Sep-02 Dec-02 Mar-03 Jun-03 Sep-03 Dec-03 Mar-04 Jun-04 Sep-04 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : AKK and MNB data . 29 . Thirdly , there is a prevalent view among market participants and regulators that pension fund portfolios in Hungary are conservative because most asset management companies are subsidiaries of mother companies in Continental Europe , i . e . , from countries that do not have an “ equity culture ” . According to this view , the presence of a larger number of subsidiaries of Anglo-Saxon companies in Poland would also explain the larger holdings of equity in the Polish second pillar , relatively to Hungary ’ s . Finally , members of the few voluntary pension funds that provide portfolio choices have favored more conservative portfolios , made up almost exclusively of Government bonds ( OECD 2005 ) . Although the experience with multiple portfolios is very recent and limited ( only 5", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 343, "text": "MNB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 1 . 1 Planning & Budgeting * * Overall FM objective - the Program budget is realistic , is prepared with due regard to government policy and is implemented in an orderly and predictable manner . 7 . The government budgeting is anchored in the PFM Act 2012 and PFM Act Regulation 2015 . The annual budget estimates are captured in the IFMIS using the standard chart of accounts ( SCOA ) . The program budget and expenditures will be captured and reported through the specific SCOA codes in the IFMIS . The staff in Planning and Finance are well qualified and experienced . 8 . The program expenditure framework selected expenditures under State Department of Early Learning & Basic Education - primary education and cross cutting issues in all state departments focusing on primary school , school capitation grants in lagging counties and camp-based refugee schools ; activities supported under primary education are school meals program , scholarships for girls , teacher training and sanitary towels . Page 2 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 349, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 503, "end": 508, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNBS * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 # # # * * Interest rate risk * * Interest rate risk is the risk that the entity ' s financial condition may be adversely affected as a result of changes in interest rate levels . The Bureau ' s interest rate risk arises from bank deposits . This exposes it to cash flow interest rate risk . The interest rate risk exposure arises mainly from interest rate movements on the entity ' s deposits . # # # # Sensitivity analysis : The Bureau analyses its interest rate exposure on a dynamic basis * * by * * conducting a sensitivity analysis . This involves determining the impact on profit or loss of defined rate shifts . The sensitivity analysis for interest rate risk assumes that all other variables , in particular foreign exchange rates , remain constant . The analysis has been performed on the same basis as the prior year . Using the end of the year figures , the sensitivity analysis indicates the impact on the statement of comprehensive income if current floating interest rates increase / decrease * * by 5 % . * * At 30th June 2020 , if the interest rates on the bank balances had decreased / increased * * by 5 * * percentage points with all other variables held constant , the impact on surplus for the year would have been higher / lower as hereunder : | | * * 2019 / 2020 * * | * * 2018 / 2019 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * KShs * * | * * KShs * * | | * * InterestIncome * * | * * 63 , 828 , 579 . 00 * * | * * 273 , 483 , 716 * * | | ChangeInInterestRates | | | | * * 5 % * * | 3 , 191 , 429 | * * 13 , 674 , 186 * * | | * * -", "spans": [{"start": 970, "end": 993, "text": "end of the year figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 19 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR by region , 2005-2006 * * * * Source : 2005 and 2006 ASRs . Data for 2006 are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * # # # # # * * _End-2005_ * * | Region ( UN major area ) | Refugees | Asylum - < br > seekers | Returned < br > refugees | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted | Returned < br > IDPs | Stateless < br > persons | Others of < br > concern | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Africa | 2 , 767 , 600 | 252 , 400 | 281 , 400 | 1 , 532 , 300 | 266 , 700 | 100 | 68 , 700 | 5 , 169 , 200 | | Asia | 3 , 502 , 500 | 94 , 200 | 811 , 600 | 2 , 480 , 000 | 240 , 600 | 1 , 638 , 000 | 96 , 400 | 8 , 863 , 300 | | Europe | 1 , 747 , 400 | 222 , 700 | 12 , 500 | 604 , 500 | 12 , 100 | 745 , 400 | 331 , 000 | 3 , 675 , 600 | | Latin America and the Caribbean | 37 , 700 | 10 , 800 | 100 | 2 , 000 , 000 | - | 100 | 464 , 300 | 2 , 513 , 000 | | Northern America | 526 , 500 | 190 , 300 | - | - | - | - | - | 716 , 800 | | Ocean", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 233, "text": "ASRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "At the time when this paper was drafted ( the end of March 1999 ) refugee statistics and projected refugee movements had become the central component of the political and public relations strategy which NATO was using to maintain support for its action . According to media statements made by the alliance ’ s representatives , Europe was confronted with “ the greatest humanitarian disaster since the end of world war two . ” < sup > 31 < / sup > Some 250 , 000 Kosovo Albanians were said to be on the move , heading towards friendly but fragile political entities such as Macedonia and Montenegro . And at least a million more were threatened with displacement . While such statements and statistics may well have been reasonably accurate , there is little doubt that they were very consciously used as a means of relaunching and legitimizing the doctrine of ‘ humanitarian intervention ’ . # # * * UNHCR and the professionalization of refugee statistics * * The preceding section attempted to provide some concrete examples of the way in which political interests impinge upon the issue of refugee statistics . But a great deal more work remains to be done in this area . First , it should be possible to identify a much broader range of case studies , particularly from regions which have been neglected in this paper : the Caucasus , Central America and West Africa , for example . Second , the kind of analysis which the paper has applied to countries of origin , countries of asylum and the donor states must evidently be extended to other relevant actors , most notably humanitarian organizations and refugee populations themselves . With regard to the former , it would be instructive to examine the extent to which aid agencies exaggerate refugee and returnee statistics in the hope of boosting their fundraising efforts and their international reputation . < sup > 32 < / sup > It would also be interesting to analyse the way in which different lobby groups within the humanitarian world - those who act as advocates for women and children , for example - manipulate refugee statistics in order to gain greater attention", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 84, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1749, "end": 1780, "text": "refugee and returnee statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 : Net Income 2022 - 2025 * * | KES ' 000 | * * Jun-21 * * | * * Jun-22 * * | * * Jun-23 * * | * * Jun-24 * * | * * Jun-25 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Net Income * * | 595 , 198 | 988 , 534 | 495 , 272 | 2 , 677 , 294 < sup > 1 ) < / sup > | 926 , 528 | | * * Comprehensive Income * * | 413 , 583 | 3 , 122 , 693 | - 385 , 439 | 1 , 388 , 701 | 1 , 369 , 942 | | * * RoA * * | 1 . 73 % | 2 . 69 % | 1 . 50 % | 6 . 68 % | 2 . 13 % | 1 ) For FY 2023 / 2024 KES 2 , 250 million of Revaluation Gains of Investment Property was recorded as Other Income _Source : KDC Audit Reports , Un-audited Management Accounts June 2025 , own calculations_ Operationally and organizationally KDC has an adequate structure in place to perform its business mandate , with an appropriate organizational structure and staffing complement . With respect to its implementation capacity of SAFER , since 2023 , KDC has markedly improved its capacity – not least through the support of the project – in terms of counter-party risk assessment and project implementation aspects , including the capacity to provide safeguards and ESMS support and compliance . Going forward , KDC anticipates partially reorganizing its structure and establishing a dedicated 2 < sup > nd < / sup > - tier financing organizational unit . However , the new organizational chart is pending approval by the government authorities . An Internal Audit review of KDC ’ s SAFER execution , dated August 2025 ,", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 620, "text": "KDC Audit Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _Benefit streams per component_ * * 5 . * * Benefits from unconditional food support ( Subcomponent 1 . 1 ) . * * This emergency response operation has a strong economic argument for food assistance , which aims at protecting lives and human capital in the short term . By providing food security requirements , food assistance can increase > 19 Based on data in Table 32 of World Bank 2012 ( Agricultural Potential , Rural Roads , and Farm Competitiveness in South Sudan ) , the following factors were used : sorghum price factor = 0 . 7 , maize price factor = 1 . 1 , a simple average was used for the investment costs factor = 0 . 9 , a lower factor was used for the shadow cost of labor = 0 . 8 , and the operating costs factor was approximated as 0 . 85 assuming no VAT and 75 percent labor . Page 61 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 363, "end": 398, "text": "data in Table 32 of World Bank 2012", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "target | s | The achieved | result of 62 % is | below the targe | t of 70 % . | | | | Public satisfaction in the < br > GKMA with completed | TBD | Jan / 2022 | To be < br > determined | 31-Dec-2024 | To be < br > determined | 30-Jun-2025 | 50 % | Dec / 2027 | | infrastructure and services < br > provided under the Program < br > ( Text ) | Comments on < br > achieving target | s | The result is | expected to be a | chieved in Year | 4 - June 2027 | | | | Number of clients in the | 0 . 00 | Jan / 2022 | 0 . 00 | 31-Dec-2024 | 0 . 00 | 30-Jun-2025 | 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 | Dec / 2027 | | GKMA serviced via the SMS < br > platform ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving target | s | The result is | expected to be a | chieved in Year | 3 - June 2026 | | | # # * * 7 . 3 Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | PBC Name | Baseline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closing Period | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Value | Date | Value | Date | | | Value | 0 . 00 | 9 | 31-Dec-2024 | 9 | 30-Jun-2025 | 0 . 00 | Page 13 of 17 Sep 02 , 2025", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prospective investors . The List underwent significant changes in 2010 , imposing more restrictions on foreign investment into the telecommunications sector , for example . On the other hand , several sectors , such as hospital services , underwent greater liberalization at this time . Cross-country comparisons suggest that restrictiveness towards FDI in services is relatively high in Indonesia . The OECD compiles an FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index measuring the openness of 55 economies to FDI . It has been conducted intermittently since 2003 , backdated to 1997 , and on an annual basis since 2010 . It includes four primary components : restrictions on foreign key personnel , equity restrictions , screening and approval requirements , and other operational restrictions ( e . g . : land use restrictions ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > As foreign equity limits are understood to be the most onerous – although certainly not the only – restrictions on FDI , the index is strongly weighted according to these limits . According to the 2012 iteration of the index , Indonesia is the third most restrictive FDI regime of those surveyed , ranking behind only China and Saudi Arabia . While the Index measures a country ’ s policy stance on FDI , and therefore the focus is placed firmly on discriminatory measures toward foreign investors , the index may also register the impact of non-discriminatory measures that are burdensome to investment regardless of its origin . < sup > 7 < / sup > In this sense , the index may be viewed to a certain extent as a proxy measure for a broad range of policy variables . In the aftermath of the East Asian crisis , for instance , there was an economic imperative and political support for reforms in Indonesia . One notable example are the 1999 reforms of the Indonesian Telecommunications sector . Such ‘ big bang ’ reform processes are not atypical when looking at the international experience ; reforms in the Indian service sectors in the 1990s are another example of such ‘ packaging ’ . < sup > 8 < / sup > This suggests that the evolution of the indicator may well be indicative of more wide-ranging reforms , of which a changed FDI", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 457, "text": "FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Women see their productive activities constrained due to high fertility and limited agency and access to resources . Chad has one of the highest fertility rates in the world ( 5 . 8 births per women ) which severely affects women ’ s capacity to participate in the labor market . < sup > 70 < / sup > Women also lack agency for personal decisions , only 23 percent of women were responsible for deciding whether or not to work . < sup > 71 < / sup > In addition , women have lower access to factors of production , such as land , farming inputs , and livestock . Women ’ s lower access to land is due to traditional attitudes and gender discrimination in customary / religious law , with women mainly accessing land through male relatives and family , meaning that widows are especially vulnerable . < sup > 72 < / sup > # # * * Chad Gender Gap Analysis * * 4 . * * In order to gain insights into key gender gaps , a preliminary analysis was conducted for Chad * * . The aim was to look at potential gender gaps from multiple data sources and determine which one of the key gender gaps the electrification project could impactfully address . 5 . * * Poverty : * * In both Chad ’ s Household Consumption and Informal Sector Surveys carried out in 2003 and 2011 , the monetary poverty rate among female-headed households was lower than the rate for male-headed households . In the most recent one ( 2011 ) the poverty rate for female-headed households was 42 . 6 percent , compared with 47 . 4 percent for households headed by men . < sup > 73 < / sup > However , despite this , female-headed households experienced slightly higher > 70 UN fertility data ( 2017 ) _https : / / www . un . org / en / development / desa / population / publications / dataset / fertility / wfd2017 . asp_ > 71 World Bank ( 2015 ) Systematic Country Diagnostic", "spans": [{"start": 1181, "end": 1230, "text": "Household Consumption and Informal Sector Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1652, "text": "UN fertility data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and quoted in New York or London . Similarly , we note that only a subset of the 1 , 400 bonds for which we have pricing data were in default at some point . Many bonds , therefore , appear in the bond price dataset but not in our default and haircut dataset and vice versa . Table 2 and Figure 3 provide an overview the data coverage . This is complemented by Figure B3 in the Appendix , which shows the data coverage by country . The apparent gaps in the sovereign bond price and return data series can largely be explained by the fact that countries tapped New York and London markets irregularly . In the first half of the 19th century ( after Waterloo ) , less than 30 countries had sovereign bonds traded in London . The sample grows markedly after 1850 , especially between 1870 and 1913 , a period that has been termed the “ first era of financial globalization ” and is characterized by large-scale capital flows from London to periphery countries . After WW1 , New York joined London as the second dominant financial center of the world , and our sample continues to grow , reaching the first peak in the late 1920s . By 1929 , after an extended issuance boom ( see , for instance , Winkler ( 1933 ) or Wynne [ 1951 ] ) , our sample covers more than 80 % of all independent sovereigns . Specifically , more than 300 sovereign bonds by more than 50 sovereigns were actively traded in London and New York ( as of 1929 there were 63 countries worldwide ) . Table 2 : The bond pricing database : Countries and bonds included | < br > | * * Total * * < br > * * sample * * < br > | 1815-1869 | 1870-1913 | * * By era * * < br > 1914-1945 | 1946-1980 | 1989-2016 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of countries covered | 91 | 30 | 45 | 52 | 43 | 67 | | Share", "spans": [{"start": 197, "end": 215, "text": "bond price dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 231, "end": 258, "text": "default and haircut dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1478, "end": 1499, "text": "bond pricing database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "routine preventative health clinic visits , was only collected in the final survey round , so we are unable to examine whether the variable exhibits balance in the baseline round ( pre-intervention ) across the treatment and control groups . < sup > 7 < / sup > Household attrition was very low between the baseline and one-year follow-up survey ( 1 . 42 percent ) , and increases slightly when comparing the baseline and two-year follow-up survey ( 4 . 62 percent ) . In Table 3 , we explore the relative differences between attritor and nonattritor households . Column 1 presents means of the household-level characteristics from the baseline survey for the sample of households that were followed from the baseline to the twoyear follow-up survey ( non-attritors ) . Column 2 presents means for the sample of attritor households , and column 3 presents the average difference in characteristics between attritors and non-attritors , as well as a test of whether the difference is statistically significant . Results suggest that attrition is not likely random , as attritors are more likely to come from smaller households , with fewer adults , are younger , have fewer wives , and are more likely to be female headed households . However , what is more relevant for our analysis is whether attrition differs across treatment and control groups . In columns 4 to 7 of Table 3 , we present difference-in-differences regressions for each characteristic comparing the difference between attritors and non-attritors in each specific treatment arm with the same difference between attritors and non-attritors in the control group , and we find few significant differences . # * * 3 . Empirical Identification Strategy * * The key question we want to answer is whether cash transfers increased the frequency of routine preventative visits to health facilities by young children in recipient households . The experimental design provides a strong identification strategy and allows us to attribute any > 7 However , we are able to test baseline balance for other health outcomes for which we do have three rounds of data , such as the probability the child was sick during the past month , health clinic utilization , and illness duration , and all of these exhibit balance across randomized", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "steps to implement the Code of Good Governance , appointing new executive boards , and signing performance contracts with five public enterprises . 7 . * * Djibouti is reforming its public sector , but it continues to lag behind comparators on governance indicators . * * According to the 2017 Ibrahim Index of African Governance ( IIAG ) , the country scored 46 . 4 percent and was ranked 38 out of 54 countries in Africa , a deterioration of 0 . 15 percent compared to the average annual trend of the previous five years . Djibouti also fares poorly on the World Bank ’ s WGI . For example , regarding voice and accountability , it ranks in the bottom 10 percent of the 214 countries ranked , reflecting limited interaction with citizens and businesses . Djibouti ranks in the bottom third of 214 countries regarding control of corruption , a significant drop from being above the 50th percentile in 2008 . Further , Djibouti ranks in the bottom 20 percent on government effectiveness , indicating gaps in service delivery and the efficiency of the administration . 8 . * * To address these gaps , Djibouti is taking steps to adopt e-government . * * With investment in e - government infrastructure ( www . egouv . df ) , the Government has created a National Agency for State Information System ( _Agence Nationale de Systèmes d ’ Informations de l ’ État , _ ANSIE ) . Its goal is to modernize public administration and make it more efficient . It also plans an open data platform to increase access to information . According to the 2017 IIAG , Djibouti was ranked among the top 10 > 4 Vision Djibouti 2035 targets a medium-term growth rate of 7 . 5 – 10 percent per year , tripling per capita income , and reducing unemployment . It includes five pillars : peace and national unity , good governance , economic diversification , human capital development , and regional integration . > 5 International Monetary Fund Country Report No . 17 / 87 , April 2017 . Page 10 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 329, "text": "2017 Ibrahim Index of African Governance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 574, "end": 577, "text": "WGI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1539, "end": 1548, "text": "2017 IIAG", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ mark > > 14 OCHA https : / / reports . unocha . org / en / country / ethiopia > 15 IOM . 2021 . Ethiopia National Displacement Report 10 ( August-September 2021 ) , published 13 December 2021 : https : / / dtm . iom . int / ethiopia Page 9 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 138, "text": "Ethiopia National Displacement Report 10", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Clean Cooking Supply Chain Expansion Project ( P153679 ) 14 . The responsibilities for PSFU as the implementing agency are listed under key management functions below : # # # _Project Planning_ 15 . Preparation and submission of costed work plans # # # _Procurement_ - ( a ) Preparation and regular updates of the procurement plan ; - ( b ) Execution of procurement of goods and services ; - ( c ) Monitor contract implementation ; - ( d ) Record keeping and management ; # # # _Financial Management_ 16 . One designated account was opened and operated . Financial management at PSFU comprised : - ( a ) Preparation of books of accounts ; - ( b ) Preparation and submission of quarterly Interim Unaudited Financail Reports ( IUFRs ) and semi-annual projections , in line with the approved work plan , to the World Bank ; - ( c ) Preparation and submission of withdrawal applications for disbursement ; - ( d ) Verification and processing payments to service providers ; - ( e ) Arranging for financial reviews and audits , and submission of audited financial statements to the World Bank . # # # _Monitoring and Evaluation_ 17 . An Independent Verification and Project Results Monitoring Agent was procured to provide services for verification / auditing consortia outputs under each line of support , and for surveying and monitoring of target end user households for purposes of tracking and reporting of the project results . _Environmental and Social Safe guards Compliance_ 18 . The DCF did not support the construction of new physical distribution infrastructure such as warehouses and handling facilities . As such , an Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet ( ISDS ) was not deemed necessary or appropriate at the appraisal stage . Page 33 of 44", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "previos_ * * Los censos contienen información detallada de la población que necesita documentos . Permiten establecer la cantidad de trámites de Registro Civil de Nacimiento , Tarjeta de Identidad ( formato 7 a 14 años ) , Renovación Tarjeta de Identidad ( Formato 14 a 17 años ) y Cédula de Ciudadanía que se tramitarán en la jornada . En muchos casos , dada la dificultad de obtener la información con precisión , son aproximados estimados por las Autoridades Locales y / o organizaciones de la comunidad . # # # # # * * _Visita y contactos previos en la zona de intervención_ * * En esta etapa se realizan las siguientes acciones : - Verificación de los puntos de atención : revisión de la locación para instalar la Unidad Móvil Integral durante todo el tiempo de la jornada ( las autoridades municipales deben conseguir los permisos que sean necesarios ) y para las unidades móviles 4x4 conseguir un espacio cubierto y aireado , con mesas y sillas para ubicar a los funcionarios y para atender a las personas . 19", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 23, "text": "censos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "# # * * Outline of an Abbreviated Resettlement Plan * * An abbreviated plan covers the following minimum elements : - a . A census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets ; - b . Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to provided ; - c . Consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives ; - d . Institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for grievance redress ; - e . Arrangements for monitoring and implementation ; and - f . A timetable and budget . 3 . The compensation package and abbreviated Resettlement Plan should be submitted to the Bank for approval , using the formats included in the Safeguards Framework 4 . The acquisition process is only completed with the actual payment of compensation to Project Affected People and settlement of any grievances they may hold . 5 . Describe grievance mechanisms available : 64", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 158, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Standard deviation < br > 10 of residuals < br > 10 < br > 120 < br > 8 100 < br > 80 < br > ° 60 < br > — Primary 40 < br > expenditure 20 < br > 4 — Energy index ( RHS ) 0 < br > 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Standard deviation Index < br > 42 of residuals 140 < br > 40 120 < br > 100 < br > 8 80 < br > 6 60 < br > 4 — Revenues 40 < br > — Energy index ( RHS ) 29 < br > Q Sse ? — < br > 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Standard deviation Index < br > 1g Of residuals 140 < br > 16 120 < br > 14 < br > 12 400 < br > 10 80 < br > : 60 < br > 4 40 < br > 2 — Government consumption 209 < br > 0 — Energy index ( RHS ) 0 < br > 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Standard deviation Index < br > 5 Of residuals 140 < br > 4 120 < br > 100 < br > 3 80 < br > 2 60 < br > — Primary balance 40 < br > ' — Energy index ( RHS ) 20 < br > 0 — — _____ — — 0 < br > 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 199, "text": "Energy index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ‐ 6 . 8 | 4 . 7 | ‐ 6 . 8 | ‐ 7 . 1 | 0 . 1 | ‐ 4 . 0 | ‐ 2 . 0 | 6 . 4 | | | | Type | of househ | old ( HH ) | | | | | | | HH without children | 4 . 1 | ‐ 1 . 0 | 2 . 4 | ‐ 7 . 0 | ‐ 7 . 8 | 0 . 3 | ‐ 3 . 6 | ‐ 4 . 2 | 10 . 1 | | Retiree HH | 11 . 8 | ‐ 5 . 1 | 5 . 0 | ‐ 8 . 3 | ‐ 6 . 6 | 0 . 7 | ‐ 3 . 3 | 2 . 3 | 15 . 9 | | HH with children | 7 . 1 | ‐ 1 . 6 | 8 . 8 | ‐ 0 . 6 | ‐ 6 . 8 | ‐ 3 . 4 | ‐ 2 . 8 | ‐ 2 . 0 | 7 . 0 | | 1 child | 4 . 3 | ‐ 7 . 3 | 12 . 0 | ‐ 2 . 0 | ‐ 6 . 5 | ‐ 6 . 3 | ‐ 5 . 2 | ‐ 2 . 3 | 7 . 4 | | 2 children | 7 . 2 | 8 . 7 | 2 . 0 | ‐ 3 . 0 | ‐ 7 . 6 | 2 . 2 | ‐ 1 . 2 | ‐ 2 . 7 | 7 . 0 | | 3 and more children | 10 . 9 | 14 . 1 | 13 . 3 | 0 . 9 | ‐ 5 . 5 | 5 . 0 | ‐ 8 . 3 | 6 . 0 | 0 . 7 | | singleparent | 12 . 8 | ‐ 12 . 0 | 6 . 9 | 0 . 8 | ‐ 3 . 2 | ‐ 2 . 1 | 2 . 9 | ‐ 2 . 4 | 1 . 9 | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . 37", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 873, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * K ~ NBS * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 * * Acronyms * * | * * AfDB * * | * * - * * | AfricanDevelopmentBank | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | A-I-A | * * - * * | AppropriationsinAid | | * * COMESA * * | * * - * * | CommonMarketforEastern andSouthernAfrica | | DfID | * * - * * | DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment | | * * DG * * | * * - * * | DirectorGeneral | | * * EAC * * | * * - * * | EastAfricanCommunity | | * * FAO * * | * * - * * | FoodandAgricultureOrganization | | FDR | * * - * * | FixedDepositReceipts | | GOK | * * - * * | < br > GovernmentofKenya | | ICT | * * - * * | InformationCommunicationTechnology | | IDA | * * - * * | InternationalDevelopmentAgency | | IFRS | * * - * * | InternationalFinancialReportingStandards | | ILO | * * - * * | InternationalLabourOrganisation | | IPSAS | - | InternationalPublicSectorAccountingStandards | | KCB | * * - * * | KenyaCommercialBank | | KDHS | * * - * * | KenyaDemographicHealthSurvey | | KENINFO | * * - * * | KenyaInformation | | KIHBS | * * - * * | KenyaIntegratedHouseholdBudget Survey | | KMIS | - | Kenya MalariaIndicatorSurvey | | * * KNBS * * | * * - * * | < br > KenyaNationalBureauofStatistics | | KPHC | * * -", "spans": [{"start": 1009, "end": 1037, "text": "KenyaDemographicHealthSurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1105, "end": 1142, "text": "KenyaIntegratedHouseholdBudget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1158, "end": 1186, "text": "Kenya MalariaIndicatorSurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Gulf of Guinea Multidimensional Monitoring and Early Warning Tool Benin – Côte d ’ Ivoire – Ghana – Togo As of 31 July 2022 * * _The document ’ s content contains an analysis of the available data . It does not reflect the opinion of GRANIT member agencies , organisations , partners and actors . _ # * * Community relations and human rights * * This analysis covers the period from January to July 2022 and is based on media monitoring , ACLED ( Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project ) data , the monthly human rights early warning report of the OHCHR < sup > 8 < / sup > ( Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights ) and the EMM ( European Media Monitoring ) platform . This analysis is provided in relation to areas of risk to internal security and inter-communal dynamics that may potentially contribute to a deterioration in the human rights , protection and security situation , in accordance with the risk framework of the Integrated Prevention Platform ( Regional Monthly Review < sup > 9 < / sup > ) . During the reporting period , 25 news articles related to insecurity in the four coastal countries under analysis were compiled . # # * * Benin * * * * Increased risk factors “ actions of non-state armed groups ” , “ communal violence ” and “ discriminatory practices based on religion or belief ” * * According to information gathered from ACLED and EMM , communal violence is becoming a growing concern , with Benin becoming the centrepiece of the strategy of non-state armed groups to exploit communal fractures . Indeed , Benin has seen the greatest expansion of ethnic tensions of the four coastal countries and the greatest number of inter-communal conflicts . Community violence and attacks by non-state armed groups contribute to the weakening of intercommunity dynamics and increase the risk of stigmatization of certain groups in Benin . With respect to human rights , OHCHR notes that Benin faces increasing risks to internal security , social cohesion , and inter", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 69, "text": "Gulf of Guinea Multidimensional Monitoring and Early Warning Tool", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 451, "end": 495, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 509, "end": 550, "text": "monthly human rights early warning report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 0 . 123 | - 0 . 153 | - 0 . 127 | | ( SD ) | | ( S . E . ) | ( 0 . 061 ) | ( 0 . 072 ) | ( 0 . 074 ) | ( 0 . 078 ) | ( 0 . 067 ) | | | 2016 | Comp . mean | 0 . 131 | 0 . 137 | 0 . 127 | - 0 . 0184 | 0 . 289 | | | | Obs . | 2 , 877 | 1 , 279 | 1 , 598 | 1 , 823 | 1 , 054 | p < 0 . 001 * * * ; p < 0 . 01 * * ; p < 0 . 05 * Note : Each cell-block is the result of a separate regression . Standard errors clustered at the village level are in parentheses . “ Comp . mean ” refers to the comparison group mean for the outcome variable . Column ( 1 ) regressions control for child characteristics ( age , household size , household wealth asset index , parenting practices , mother ' s education and gender ) and baseline child development measures ( BMI , cognitive , fine motor , gross motor , and language ) . Columns ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) regressions use the same controls as column ( 1 ) except they exclude household wealth . Columns ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) regressions use the same controls as column ( 1 ) except they exclude parenting practices . In Table 4 , we find mixed results of the project on primary school test scores , which were measured at age 8 ( 2016 ) . We find large positive effects ( 0 . 134 S . D . ) on language items involved with selecting a picture whose name began with a different letter to other pictures 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are : Kakabano in upper Bugongi , Mukihaha in Kirigime ward , Igabiro in Mwanjari ward , Kekubo in Mwanjari ward , Kingongi in Kingongi ward , Konyo in Butobere ward and Rushaki in Rushaki ward . Generally they lack the following ; water , toilets , Garbage skips , access roads , drainage system connection , electricity , space for accommodation ( housing ) , security lights and security , access to health units , jobs , community projects , recreational and meeting centers and productive activities . They have poor housing conditions , street kids and drug abusers , prostitutes , hooligans and school dropouts # # # # * * < u > FORT PORTAL MUNICIPALITY < / u > * * Fort Portal Municipality is found in Kabarole District in Western Uganda and serves as an administrative and commercial center of the District . Fort Portal lies on the slopes of mount Rwenzori commonly known as the Mountains of the moon . It lies about 316 km away from Kampala via Mubende . The Municipality Divisions are bordered by Mugusu , Kicwamba , Busoro and Karambi Sub-counties . Socio-economic conditions of the Municipality are described below . # # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * The 2002 Uganda population and housing census indicates that Fort Portal Municipality had a total population of 40 . 993 people contributing 1 percent of the total population of the Country . Sex ratio is 1 : 1 with an estimate growth rate of 2 % and an average house hold size of 5 persons per household . < sup > 29 < / sup > The most common economic activities carried out in Fort Portal Municipality , being un-urban centre is trade . Agriculture is on a low scale compared to trade where most people are engaging in business both retail and whole sale however generally agriculture is on a large scale as you move away from", "spans": [{"start": 1178, "end": 1219, "text": "2002 Uganda population and housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Therefore , the hypothesis of this analysis is that UB and ALMP are positively associated with employment and productivity and negatively associated with unemployment , assuming that their unintended negative effects are weaker than their positive effects . In addition , given that the countries with higher per capita income have more resources and stronger institutional capacity to design more comprehensive UB and ALMP as well as to implement and monitor them more effectively , impact of UB and ALMP on labor market outcomes might be stronger in these countries . To account for this impact , we incorporated interaction terms between income levels of countries and UB and ALMP indicators in the regression model . In addition , although our analysis does not disentangle the different types of unintended effects of UB and ALMP , since it employs macro level data , these effects are factored in the values of the indicators , allowing us to obtain the overall association of UB and ALMP indicators with labor market outcomes . < sup > 15 < / sup > The crosscountry OLS estimations using data from 191 economies in 2019 are based on the following linear regression equation : < sup > 16 < / sup > where i denotes country i and _Y_ is the dependent variable referring to labor market outcomes ( i . e . , aggregate unemployment rate ; aggregate and sectoral employment rates , and self-employment rate ; and growth rate of labor productivity ) . The variable _X1_ represents UB and ALMP indicators used in the analysis : the availability of UB schemes and UB after one year of contribution ; maximum length of UB duration ; minimum length of contribution period ; the availability of PES and types of PES ; and the availability of incentives for training and national skills funds . < sup > 17 < / sup > The _X2_ variable refers to control variables informed by the literature : real GDP per capita , labor force participation , income share of labor , investment rate , openness to international trade , world governance indicator , life expectancy , innovation , employeeemployer cooperation , severance pay , labor tax and social contribution rates , inflation rate , gross government debt as a share of", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 870, "text": "macro level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1095, "end": 1126, "text": "data from 191 economies in 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 5 < / sup > from the * * Washington Group on Disability Statistics * * presented their different tools that have been developed and tested to improve the disaggregation involving disabilities : the Short Set , the Short Set Enhanced , Extended Set and Child Functioning Module . Since these tools were designed for use in national censuses and household surveys , their application in humanitarian action contexts must be further explored given the constraints and different needs . Introducing them in this meeting , and discussing their applicability will move this effort forward . The Short Set was designed for census use . It is very short , only six questions long , easy to administer , and has been successfully used in non-survey settings including high humanitarian risk environments . Analysis shows that only an additional minute is required in a survey to ask these additional questions . The data disaggregation possible when the Short Set is used allows an analysis of functional limitations amongst individuals in the population . > 5 Jennifer Madans and Dan Mont representing the Washington Group , and Claudia Cappa sharing UNICEF ’ s contributions to this process through the development of the Child Functioning Modules . Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 3", "spans": [{"start": 330, "end": 347, "text": "national censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 352, "end": 369, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where > 0 if < sup > and 0 otherwise and the error terms , andare assumed to < / sup > follow a trivariate normal distribution . For purposes of comparability Appendix D presents univariate probit models which implicitly assume there is no correlation between the error terms . The dependent variables and are dummies indicating whether the individual in question engages in non-farm enterprise activity , works on the household farm or has worked for a wage , respectively . Note that these categories are not mutually exclusive . The explanatory variables affect individuals ’ relative returns and ability to participate in different activities ; is a vector of individual characteristics , notably age , education , marital status and relation to the head of the household . is a vector of household characteristics , including the size and composition of the household ; is a vector of investment climate proxies comprising prevailing local wage rates , distance to the nearest market and dummies indicating whether or not the community the household lives in is a rural town , is electrified , and whether a credit institution is present in the village . These objective proxies correspond to the key subjective investment climate constraints identified by managers of non-farm enterprises ( see section 3 ( b ) and Appendix C ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > Finally , is a vector of dummies indicating partner ’ s education and the main occupation of the household head ’ s father . Information on the latter is not available in the Ethiopian dataset . # * * ( c ) Results * * Results are presented in Tables 3A and 3B . While the estimated coefficients do not necessarily imply causation , they nonetheless shed light on the drivers of gender differences in activity choice . That the decision to work in a non-farm firm cannot be analyzed independently of the decision to work for a wage or on the family farm is evidenced by the strong correlations between the error terms of the different equations . These correlations suggest that working on the family farm and wage work , and wage work and working for a non-farm enterprise are substitute 12", "spans": [{"start": 1532, "end": 1549, "text": "Ethiopian dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > ( b ) make the development process more inclusive of Indigenous Peoples by incorporating their perspectives in the design of development programs and poverty reduction strategies , and providing them with opportunities to benefit more fully from development programs through policy and legal reforms , capacity building , and free , prior , and informed consultation and participation ; < / mark > < mark > ( c ) support the development priorities of Indigenous Peoples through programs ( such as community-driven development programs and locally managed social funds ) developed by governments in cooperation with Indigenous Peoples ; < / mark > < mark > ( d ) address the gender < / mark > < sup > < u > 19 < / u > < / sup > < mark > and intergenerational issues that exist among many Indigenous Peoples , including the special needs of indigenous women , youth , and children ; < / mark > < mark > ( e ) prepare participatory profiles of Indigenous Peoples to document their culture , demographic structure , gender and intergenerational relations and social organization , institutions , production systems , religious beliefs , and resource use patterns ; < / mark > < mark > ( f ) strengthen the capacity of Indigenous Peoples ’ communities and IPOs to prepare , implement , monitor , and evaluate development programs ; < / mark > < mark > ( g ) strengthen the capacity of government agencies responsible for providing development services to Indigenous Peoples ; < / mark > < mark > ( h ) protect indigenous knowledge , including by strengthening intellectual property rights ; and < / mark > < mark > ( i ) facilitate partnerships among the government , IPOs , CSOs , and the private sector to promote Indigenous Peoples ’ development programs . < / mark > < mark > 1 . < / mark > This policy should be read together with other relevant Bank policies , including _Environmental Assessment_ < u > OP 4 . 01 < / u > , _Natural Habitats_ < u > OP 4 . 04 < / u > < u > < mark", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 968, "text": "participatory profiles of Indigenous Peoples", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and actual on comparable basis of Kshs . 2 , 195 , 000 , 000 and Kshs . 1 , 888 , 098 , 131 respectively resulting to an underfunding of Kshs . * * 306 , 901 , 869 * * or 14 % of the budget . Similarly , the statement reflects final payments budget and actual on comparable basis of Kshs . 2 , 195 , 000 , 000 and Kshs . 1 , 726 , 379 , 499 respectively resulting to an under expenditure of Kshs . * * 468 , 620 , 501 * * or 21 % of the budget . The underfunding and under expenditure affected the planned activities and could have impacted negatively on service delivery for the public . # # # # # # * * 2 . Pending Bills * * Note * * 9 . 1 * * and * * 9 . 2 * * reflects pending bills totaling Kshs . 83 , 675 , 667 while the * * IFMIS * * ledger reflects Kshs . 32 , 693 , 603 for pending bills resulting in a difference of Kshs . 50 , 982 , 064 . No reconciliation or explanation has been availed for audit review . The Project is at risk of incurring significant interest costs and penalties with the continued delay in payment . _Report of the Auditor-General on the Judicial Performance Improvement Project ( IDA Credit No . _ * * _5181_ * * _KE ) for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , 2020_ 2", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 737, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 . GDP growth versus service value added growth , 2000-07 . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 5 10 < br > Service output growth < br > Note : black - all countries , red - EU-15 , blue - NMS , green - Accession < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Development Indicators , World Bank , 2010 and authors ’ calculations . To better understand the link between services and growth in Europe we will look closer into the following questions : ( 1 ) Is there a growing importance of services in growth ? ( 2 ) Is productivity of services increasing ? ( 3 ) Is there an increasing tradability of services ? ( 4 ) Is Europe ‘ s service exports evolving from traditional to modern ? ( 5 ) Does Europe have specialization in service exports ? ( 6 ) What are the trends in terms of direction of Europe ‘ s service exports ? # * * 2 . 1 The growing importance of services for general growth * * The sectoral contribution of services to GDP growth has risen for most countries in the world and the services share in global production has increased considerably . Looking specifically at EU-15 , we see that it has a very high level of service domination in recent growth ( 82 percent ) , similar to USA and other advanced countries ( see Figure 3 , and Figures A7-9 for specific countries ) . As shown earlier , growth in services is somewhat lower than expected , even when taking the relatively low GDP growth in EU-15 into account , but the share of services in GDP is so significant that it is still the dominating sector for overall growth . Only with the exception of Finland and Germany , growth in EU-15 is increasingly service dominated when comparing the two periods , 1995-99 and 2000-08 . Expectedly , growth in NMS and ACC is less service driven but again", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 369, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by comparable surveys within countries , over 3 to 7-year periods . < sup > 13 < / sup > We use both the historical database which contains 467 spells for 121 countries , of which 88 countries were published in the most recent version in March 2021 . < sup > 14 < / sup > Since this database overlaps considerably with the PovcalNet database , we do not add these observations to our main data set , but rather create a complementary sample based on more recent , harmonized and comparable data with medium spell lengths useful for understanding how growth rates in surveys differ from those of national accounts . Results for this data set are presented as robustness checks in Section 4 . # * * _Putting it all together_ * * Of the 2 , 095 household survey estimates we compile ; we match 2 , 082 to GDP per capita data and 2 , 020 to HFCE for the same country and year . < sup > 15 < / sup > This sample is substantially larger and more recent than those included in past studies . Deaton ( 2005 ) presented results from 557 surveys for 127 countries between 1979 and 2000 . Ravallion ( 2003 ) used a smaller sample of survey means from 90 countries , and a panel of 142 growth spells for 60 countries . We also have substantially better coverage of High-Income countries , than Ravallion ( 2003 ) , Karshenas ( 2003 ) and Deaton ( 2005 ) . We generate growth spells with annualized growth rates by matching all observations for each country and type ( income / consumption ) , which gives more than 15 , 000 possible spells ( including overlapping spells ) and 1 , 881 consecutive ( non-overlapping ) spells . In contrast , Ravallion ( 2003 ) generates 142 spells between successive household surveys for 60 countries in the 1980s and 1990s . Our practice of matching all observations with each other within each country-type panel maximizes our potential power in estimation , but we also conduct analyses of > 13 Global Database of Shared Prosperity , circa 2013-2018 , available at < u > http : / / www . worldbank . org /", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 341, "text": "PovcalNet database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 802, "end": 821, "text": "GDP per capita data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1687, "end": 1704, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1919, "end": 1955, "text": "Global Database of Shared Prosperity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Exchange ( HIE ) registry , < br > whichshallbelinkedtothe < br > PBS < br > and < br > Sector < br > InformationManagement < br > Systems . Thisisnotyet < br > finalised ; testandreview < br > of < br > the < br > NHIE < br > registry < br > prototypes , development < br > ofSoPSandfine-tuning < br > basedonfeedbackareyet < br > tobedone . | Not achieved | | * * 6 . * * | Health | Anelectronicmedical < br > records < br > system < br > is < br > implementedinall * * 13 * * < br > Regional < br > Referral < br > Hospitalsin2022 | < br > Implemented < br > in < br > * * 10 * * < br > Regional < br > Referral < br > Hospitals < br > * * - * * < br > RRHs , < br > i . e . < br > Masaka , Kabale , Mbarara , < br > Hoima , < br > Fort < br > Portal , < br > Naguru , < br > Mbale , < br > Soroti , < br > MorotoandGulu , where < br > thesystem < br > is < br > partially < br > rolledout tothemain * * 53 * * < br > general < br > Outpatient < br > Departments , stores , and < br > pharmacy . Moremodules , < br > especiallyInpatientand < br > Maternal < br > Child < br > Health , < br > havebeendevelopedand < br > willsoonberolledout . | Incomplete < br > implementation < br > * * of * * < br > theelectronicmedical <", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 32, "text": "Exchange ( HIE ) registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "knowledge ( e . g . satellite and social studies , census and demographic data ) , especially local and community sources ; * * d . * * Involve multi-stakeholder driven vulnerability and impact assessments , of individuals , communities , and environments ; * * e . * * Involve local and national authorities , humanitarian , development , and other experts , and affected communities . 61 . Indicators that could inform decisions to undertake planned relocation include : - * * a . * * Imminent danger to the community ; * * i . * * Disrupted access to services ( i . e . education , health care ) . < sup > 40 < / sup > # # # DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS 62 . In undertaking planned relocation , transparent , trust-engendering decisions need to be made regarding a range of matters , among them , the threshold questions discussed above , but also , selection of sites , site layout , compensation and restitution , etc . At each decision-making point , questions arise regarding the process for reaching and the consequences of decisions . These should be transparently addressed with contingencies for different possible outcomes . For example : * * a . * * Who is the competent decision-maker ( e . g . State actors in consultation with relevant communities , affected communities with the support of the State , both ) ? < sup > 41 < / sup > * * b . * * On what basis are decisions made ( e . g . by consensus , majority , directive , criteria , etc . ) ? * * b . * * Repetitive loss of homes and infrastructure and past evacuations ( that raise concerns about the utility of rebuilding or making heavy investments in the same location ) ; * * c . * * Who is bound by decisions , particularly when they are not made by consensus ? * * d . * * What role should civil society play ? > 38 In Fiji , communities themselves", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 78, "text": "census and demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report Second Kenya Urban Support Program ( P177048 ) # * * The World Bank * * | consultations ) have been | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | held at least once every < br > quarter , with representatives < br > from refugee ( Number ) | | | | | Participating urban board has | 0 . 00 < br > Jun / 2023 | 0 . 00 < br > 14-Mar-2025 < br > 2 . 00 < br > 05-Sep-2025 < br > 2 . 00 | Jun / 2028 | | the camp manager as a board | Comments on | As at APA1 results as of 12th February 2025 | | | is a member ( Number ) | achieving targets | | | # # * * 7 . 3 Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | PBC Na | me | Baseline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Closing Period | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Value | Date | Value | Date | | | 1 : Participating | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 11 , 250 , 000 | | 0 . 00 | | counties have < br > developed and are < br > implementing a < br > climate-resilient < br > County Urban < br > Institutional < br > Development < br > Strategy ( Number ) < br > Partially achieved | Allocated < br > Amount | 0 . 00 | | 14-Mar-2025 | 0 . 00 | 05-Sep-2025 | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | | 24 , 750", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ To ensure the effectiveness of the LR strategies , infrastructure projects that involve involuntary resettlement need to be guided by certain fundamental principles . The cardinal principle for the Haromaya - Chelenko Subproject LRP needs to be informed by local knowledge – a principle that puts the needs , priorities , constraints , interests , preferences , opportunities , and aspirations of PAHs before anything else . Thus , in addition to conducting a census survey , assessing the wider social and economic environment , and conducting a series of consultative meetings with representatives of PAHs and local authorities to determine the appropriateness of the proposed LR interventions , the design and preparation of this LRP is fully informed by actual preferences and choices made by PAHs themselves at the time of planning . In other words , identification and planning of livelihood restoration strategies proposed in this document are informed by ( a ) the socio-economic characteristics – livelihood needs , constraints , and potentials - of PAHs , ( b ) economic potential and livelihood opportunities prevailing in the Subproject area of influence , and ( c ) livelihood preferences and choices of PAHs . # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 2 Assumptions and Guiding Principles * * As clearly stipulated in various land acquisition-related legislations , the Government of Ethiopia ( GoE ) , has demonstrated its commitment not only to payment of compensation for property losses due to public infrastructure development projects but also to resettle , support , and provide technical and financial assistance for the implementation of various livelihood restoration and income improvement initiatives by Subproject affected persons . In line with the GoE ’ s commitment as well as the requirements of the World Bank ’ s Environmental and Social safeguards ( ESS 5 ) , the central focus of the current livelihood restoration plan is to enable PAHs not only to restore their", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 626, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value * * of * * the asset can * * be * * reliably established , - a contra tramnsaction is-recorded as receipt andas a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained - * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This sunnary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 9 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 233, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR14970 # The World Bank | Municipalities with approved disaster | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | management plan and infrastructure , < br > it d filiti f dit | | Date | 28-Sep-2009 | 20-May-2014 | 30-Aug-2015 | | equpmen , an aces or saser < br > prevention , preparedness , response and | | Comments | | | To be Dropped | | recovery in place . | | | | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 24-Mar-2014 ) * * | * * Financial Agree * * | * * ment ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | P066488 | IDA-47140 | Effective | 04-May-2010 | 20-May-2010 | 28-Jun-2010 | 30-Aug-2015 | 30-Aug-2015 | | * * Disbursements * * | * * ( in Millions ) * * | | | | | | | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed < br > Undisb | ursed < br > % Disbursed | | P066488 | IDA-47140 | Effective | XDR | 65 . 30 | 65 . 30 < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Farmers will be supported to build their own consultative institutions at national and grass root level ( farmers ’ fora at village , division , district and national level ) . The national Farmers ’ Forum ( NFF ) launched by the K S ( see component 1 ) will be a principal organ for farmers and other clients to articulate their demands and will take into consideration other stakeholders interests by convening extraordinary meetings that include a broad range o f agricultural service users ( farmers ’ representatives and associations , CBOs , agri-business entrepreneurs , etc . ) . The farmers ’ forum will seek to mobilize support for farmer empowerment and interact with the other fora on the development o f a comprehensive policy framework and strategy for farmer empowerment within the scope o f the agricultural service reforms . The National Farmers Fora would quarterly meetings per annum except in the first year when it will hold bi-monthly meetings , resulting in a total o f about 20 meetings in three years . A farmer empowerment specialist at the KS will support and operationalize the NFF . The KS will draw on members o f the NFF to form a Task force to undertake specific assignments that will assist the NFF to articulate farmers views in the context o f national policy and also keep abreast o f trade issues that affect its members . The NFF will draw from the inventory o f national agricultural service organizations to advise and interact in the ETF and RTF on measures that need be taken to reflect farmers ’ interests in their respective reform processes . The DSUs will be the secretariat o f the farmers ’ for at the district level . The K S will support the D S U to deepen the consultative process to the grass roots farmers in villages . The process will require contracted service providers to facilitate fora building at Village , LocatiodDivisional and District levels through a bottom-up approach . The village forum would consist o f as many Common Interest Groups ( CIGs ) that appoint two", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "material respects . * * I * * believe that the audit evidence * * I * * have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my conclusion . REPORT * * ON * * OTHER * * LEGAL AND * * REGULATORY * * REQUIREMENTS * * As required * * by * * the Agreement in the signed * * by * * the International < sup > Development Association < / sup > and the Republic of Kenya for Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program , < sup > * * I * * < / sup > report based on my audit , that : - i . * * I * * have obtained all the information and explanations which , to the best of my knowledge and belief , were necessary for the purpose of the audit ; - * * ii . * * In my opinion , adequate accounting records have been kept * * by * * the Program Management , so far as appears from the examination of those records ; and , - * * iii . * * The Program ' s financial statements are in agreement with the accounting records # # # * * Responsibilities of Management and those Charged with Governance * * Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation < sup > of thesefinancial < / sup > statements in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( Cash Basis ) and for maintaining effective internal control as Management < sup > determinesis < / sup > necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are < sup > freefrom material < / sup > misstatement , whether due to fraud or error and for its assessment of < sup > theeffectiveness < / sup > of internal controls , risk management and overall governance . In preparing the financial statements , Management is responsible for < sup > assessingthe < / sup > Program ' s ability to continue to sustain its services , disclosing , as applicable , <", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 716, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 3 Data * * The household-level panel data for the empirical analysis were collected over a period of five years from households that were targeted by the MiDA land titling pilot intervention as well as those households located just outside the intervention area , i . e . the short-term control group and the long-term control group . The first of the three surveys waves was collected in 2010 ; the second in 2011 ; and the third in 2014 . < sup > 9 , 10 < / sup > Therefore , all three survey waves were collected after the land titling intervention was initiated in 2009 . The first two survey waves allow us to understand the short-term effects of the land titling program immediately after program initiation and the third survey wave gives us some insight into medium-term program impacts . Each of the three survey waves comprised of seven survey modules each covering a different dimension of the socio-economic characteristics including : demographic characteristics of sampled households ; paid employment engaged in by household members ; individual and household assets ; agricultural production and land titling ; non-farm enterprises ; marital history of household heads and spouse ( s ) ; and financial literacy training . < sup > 11 < / sup > The survey team also collected data on household and plot locations using GPS . 9 During the first round of field survey in 2010 , a total of 65 enumerators were trained over a period of six days . Out of this number , 54 enumerators were selected for field work . The selection was based on the outcome of a test conducted to examine enumerator competence with regards to the questionnaire administration . In addition , a language fluency examination was also undertaken to ensure that enumerators had command over the Twi language which was going to be the main medium of communication with respondents . From the set of 54 enumerators , three working teams of 18 members were created . Each team consisted of a supervisor , a field editor , 2 plot mapping experts and 14 enumerators . The supervisor was the team leader and was responsible for overseeing , monitoring and , where necessary , correcting", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 51, "text": "household-level panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "China Agriculture Press ( in Chinese ) . - Chang S . Y . , Zhao L . L . , Zhang T . , et al . 2012 . Liquid biofuel . In : China Automotive Energy Research Centre . China automotive energy outlook 2012 . Beijing : Science press ( in Chinese ) . - CNPC Research Institute of Economics and Technology . 2011 . Domestic and international oil and gas industry development report 2010 . Beijing : CNPC Research Institute of Economics and Technology ( in Chinese ) . - CRES ( China Renewable Energy Society ) . 2010 . Yearbook of China new energy and renewable energy . Guangzhou : GuangZhou Institute of Energy conversion , Chinese academy of sciences ( in Chinese ) . - DRST ( Department of Rural Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology ) . 2009 . Yearbook of China agricultural products processing industries . Beijing : China Agriculture Press ( in Chinese ) . - DSERE ( Department of Science , Education and Rural Environment , Ministry of Agriculture , et al . 2011 . Summary table of rural renewable energy 2010 ( in Chinese ) . - EBSDEC ( Editorial Board of Sustainable development of energy crops in the People ' s Republic of China ) . 2009 . Sustainable development of energy crops in the people ’ s republic of China . Beijing : China Agriculture Pressing ( in Chinese ) . - ERI ( Energy Research Institute , National Development and Reform Commission ) . 2008 . Study on large-scale development of biofuels in China ( in Chinese ) . - Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ( ESMAP ) , 2011 . China ’ s Envisaged Renewable Energy Target : The Green Leap Forward , The World Bank , Washington , DC . - Fang J . , Pu W . H . , Zhang H . J . . 2010 . The development status of cassava industry at home and abroad . Chinese agricultural science bulletin , 26 ( 16 ) : 353-361 ( in Chinese ) . - Fu Q . Y . , Wang Z . B . , Bi Y . P . . 2011 . Effects of bioethanol development on grain production of China", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA * * # # * * IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PROJECT * * # # * * ADDITIONAL FINANCING DATA SHEET * * * * < u > < mark > Basic Information - Additional Financing ( AF ) < / mark > < / u > * * Country Director : Kenichi Sectors : Agricultural and Rural Development Ohashi 100 % ) Sector Manager / Director : Themes : Water Resource Management Karen Mcconnell Environmental category : A Brooks / Jamal Saghir Expected Closing Date : October 31 , 2017 Team Leader : Francois Joint IFC : Onimus Joint Level : Project ID : P125307 Expected Effectiveness Date : September 23 , 2011 Lending Instrument : Specific Investment Loan Additional Financing Type : < u > Cost Overrun < / u > * * < u > < mark > Basic Information - Original Project < / mark > < / u > * * Project ID : P092353 Environmental category : A : full assessment Project Name : Irrigation Expected Closing Date : October 31 , 2017 and Drainage Project Lending Instrument : Joint IFC : < u > Specific Investment Loan Joint Level : < / u > * * < u > < mark > AF Project Financing Data < / mark > < / u > * * [ ] Loan [ X ] Credit [ ] Grant [ ] Guarantee [ ] Other : Proposed terms : standard IDA terms with a maturity of 40 years , including a grace period of 10 years | | * * AF Financing Plan ( US $ m * * | * * ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Source * * | * * Tota * * | * * l Amount ( US $ m ) * * | | Total Project Cost : | | * * 173 . 6 * * | | Borrower : | | * * 20 . 7 * * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "so we do not have information on their preferences . > 10 Male and female focus group respondents were asked to identify one project from a list of 15 possible projects , while individual male household and female respondents were asked to select and prioritize three projects from the same group of 15 . To ensure comparability , we focus on the project that was named as the most important in the household and individual surveys . Female respondents were asked the question twice in both the group setting and individually , but we use only information from the female individual questionnaire and check robustness with the female focus group . To increase statistical power in the analysis , we group the 15 possible project types into five categories : ( i ) roads and bridges ; ( ii ) irrigation ; ( iii ) drinking water ; ( iv ) electricity ; and ( v ) other ( which include men ' s courses , health courses , schools , health facilities , seeds , agricultural equipment , livestock , microfinance programs , communal toilet facilities , and community centers ) . The four types of projects not included in the “ other ” category are the four most popular types of selected projects . > 11 In the event of two or more projects having the same number of respondents preferring them and these numbers exceeding the number of respondents preferring other projects , the respective projects were all marked as the most preferred . 9", "spans": [{"start": 565, "end": 596, "text": "female individual questionnaire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DLI 4 : Compile the IMF Data Quality Assessment Framework ( DQAF ) for five macro-economic datasets ( Text ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Compilation of the first | DLR 4 . 1 ( “ DQAF compiled and < br > published for one < br > macroeconomic dataset ” ) : The < br > mission was informed that the < br > DQAF for National Accounts is < br > being drafted , and that a study | | Value | DQAF not compiled for any of < br > the seven macro-economic < br > datasets | DQAF is scheduled to < br > commence in March 2016 < br > with TA by the Bank and < br > IMF | trip to the South Africa NSO is < br > planned in July-August to learn < br > from SA ’ s experience in < br > compilling DQAFs . A final version < br > of the DQAF will be sent for peer < br > review to IMF ’ s AFRITAC . This < br > milestone is expected to be < br > achieved and verified by Q2 of < br > FY17 . | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | 06-Jun-2016 | # # Comments The 5 DLRs under DLI 4 are : ( 4 . 1 ) DQAF compiled and published for 1 macro-economic dataset ; ( 4 . 2 ) DQAF compiled and published for 2 macro-economic datasets ; ( 4 . 3 ) DQAF compiled and published for 3 macro-economic datasets ; ( 4 . 4 ) DQAF compiled and published for 4 macro-economic datasets ; and ( 4 . 5 ) DQAF compiled and published for 5 macro-economic datasets . 6 / 13 /", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 319, "text": "macroeconomic dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "en the financial systems by automating the < br > comprehensive fixed asset register maintained . | | 4 | Insufficient coordination and monitoring at the count level < br > due to COVID 19 pandemic and associated protocols and < br > restrictions . | Strengthen the accounting and financial reporting and < br > monitoring at the county level by automating operations . | | 5 | Weak internal controls at the counties | Internal Audit to do follow up audits to monitor < br > implementation of their recommendations | # # * * 8 . 0 Financial Management Capacity * * Page 23 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 84, "text": "comprehensive fixed asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "service , rather than where they could diversify their business and earn higher profits . 19 Delecourt , S . and Fitzpatrick , A . 2021 . “ Childcare Matters : Female Business Owners and the Baby-Profit Gap . ” Management Science , Vol , 67 , No . 7 . May 13 . 20 Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( 2021 ) . Uganda Violence Against Women and Girls Survey 2020 . Uganda Bureau of Statics . Kampala , Uganda . This survey was designed as part of the UNHS and drew from UNHS samples which are nationally representative . > 21 World Health Organization ( 2021 ) . Violence against women prevalence estimates , 2018 : global , regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women . Geneva : World Health Organization . 22 World Bank ( 2019 ) . Profiting from Parity : Unlocking the Potential of Women ’ s Business in Africa . Washington , D . C . : World Bank . 23 Campos et al . 2015 . 24 World Bank , 2022 . Breaking Barriers : Female Entrepreneurs Who Cross Over to Male-Dominated Sectors . Washington , D . C . : World Bank . 25 Campos , F . , Frese , M . , Goldstein , M . , Iacovone , L . , Johnson , H . C . , McKenzie , D . , and Mensmann , M . 2017 . “ Teaching personal initiative beats traditional training in boosting small business in West Africa . ” Science , 357 ( 6357 ) , 1287-1290 . Page 10 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 354, "text": "Uganda Violence Against Women and Girls Survey 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "line < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 < br > - - < br > IN00933758 < br > ► Increase in road user satisfaction on the Project road corridor ( dis-aggregated by gend | 0 . 00 < br > er , refugees , hosts ) ( Text , | 0 . 00 < br > Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > Baseline surveys to be < br > done < br > - - | Data not yet available | Rating of 4 out of 5 | | Date < br > 23-Jun-2020 < br > - - | 09-Dec-2020 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * < br > Road user satisfaction on the Project road corridor < br > | | | | IN00933760 < br > ► Local labor among unskilled employment created under the works contracts ( dis-aggr | egated by gender , refugees , | hosts ) ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 < br > - - | 0 . 00 | 40 percent of total < br > labor ( Number of < br > workers ) | | Date < br > 23-Jun-2020 < br > - - | 09-Dec-2020 | 30-Jun-2022 | | Comments * * : * * < br > Local labor under the works contracts < br > IN00933761 | | | 12 / 17 / 2020 Page 4 of 8", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 398, "text": "Baseline surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 years older than female headed households ( i . e . 62 . 5 years old for male household heads and 59 . 4 years old for FHH ) . The overall age structure of Subproject affected household heads implies that the construction of the proposed substation and associated transmission line and access road is likely to affect people who are headed by older people and engaged less in economic activities than other age groups . Therefore , the Subproject shall consider and plan different options to assist that elderly Subproject affected household heads . With regard to the age structure of the household population , larger segment of persons in households consisted of youthful population where majority ( 60 . 5 % ) of the Subproject affected household members are below 30 years of age . According to the census survey result , out of a total 129 household members residing in 26 Subproject affected households , about 22 . 7 % of them are below age 15 , while substantial proportion ( 37 . 8 % ) of the household population are between 15 and 29 years of age and 27 . 7 % of them are between 30 and 64 years of age . Figure 6 . 1 : Proportions Subproject-Affected HH Heads by Age Group Unlike the age composition of household heads , 65 . 5 % of the household members are working age population whose age are between 15 and 64 years , while 11 . 8 % and 22 . 7 % of them are considered as economically inactive population elderly ( 65 + ) and children below 15 years old respectively . The overall age structure of the household population indicating availability of the critical mass that could be relied upon as a labour for various household or community development activities as well as potential labour or manpower for future Subproject related employment opportunities . Page 67 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 808, "end": 828, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "take these values to be the true values for each AGEB . We then randomly sample AGEBs from the full set of urban AGEBs to form a pseudo survey . We select AGEBs with probability proportional to size within states , which serve as the strata . We then choose the number of AGEBs per stratum ( state ) using sample sizes similar to INEGI ’ s labor force surveys . < sup > 5 < / sup > Like INEGI , we assume an average of 2 . 7 people 12 years of age and older per household when selecting AGEBs . < sup > 6 < / sup > Out of 50 , 942 AGEBs with non-missing geospatial auxiliary features , 7 , 642 – or 15 . 0 percent – are included in the pseudo sample . After selecting AGEBs , we simulate sampling individuals within each selected AGEB . The census data indicate the number of men and women the number of people 12 + living in each AGEB , as well as the number of people 12 + who are active labor force participants as well as the number employed . Since being employed is conditional on being in the labor force , we can use this information to simulate a sample of men and women within each AGEB based on these variables . We essentially construct the total population and randomly select 40 individuals within each AGEB – or all individuals if there are fewer than 40 men and women 12 + in the AGEB . These are then be used to construct gender-specific labor force participation and unemployment rates in the sample . > 3 The data are available online < u > here . < / u > > 4 The labor data are collected for those 12 years of age and older , hence why we use 12 + as our population . 5 More information is available here . One difference between our methodology and theirs – apart from the fact that we do not have access to actual enumeration areas – is that INEGI also includes some larger municipalities as strata . For simplicity , we only use states . > 6 This number comes from INEGI ’ s labor force survey methodology", "spans": [{"start": 1483, "end": 1493, "text": "labor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | Establishment of standards and tools for < br > quality assurance mechanisms for Pre - < br > primary education , including teacher < br > appraisal tools , assessment and classroom < br > observation tools . | availability of an approved < br > costed annual work plan ; < br > evidence of appropriate < br > store ledgers ; undertake < br > annual procurement < br > audits ; and institutional < br > level public disclosures < br > total funds received , < br > enrolment and staffing , < br > and income and < br > expenditures ) . < br > This indicator entails : < br > a ) conducting a sample - < br > based national survey to < br > measure Pre-school quality < br > and Pre-primary children ’ s < br > School readiness ( cognitive , < br > motor , language , and < br > socio-emotional skills ) . < br > b ) establishment of < br > standards and tools for < br > quality assurance < br > mechanisms for Pre - < br > primary education , < br > including assessment and < br > classroom education < br > observation tools . | Once | MoE , CoG | MoE coordinates with < br > the CoG for the < br > assessments and < br > development of the < br > standards and tools . | MoE | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | New classrooms will be | | | MoE monitors the | | | New classrooms constructed in existing < br > schools as per the needs-based school < br > infrastructure investment plan | constructed as per the < br > needs-based 2021 school < br > infrastructure investment < br > plan", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 711, "text": "national survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Annex 4 : Cost Benefit Analysis Summary ALBANIA : Water Supply Urgent Rehabilitation Project * * Summary of Benefits * * and Costs : * * The economic analysis has been prepared for each project component and all selected components show an Intemal Rate of Return of 10 % or higher . The sensitivity analysis shows that most of the components are very robust and for the three components with higher sensitivity , actions to mitigate the risk will be implemented . The analysis of fiscal impact shows that the project will have an overall positive fiscal impact . # # # * * Main Assumptions : * * # # # * * Economic Pricing of NVater * * Economic prices of waler have been estimated taking into consideration findings in regard to willingness-to-pay included in the Social Assessment that was carried out for the three towns of Elbasan , Fier and Lezhe in 1996 . The study found that , among both the higher income and lower income groups , improved availability and safety were the prime factors influencing willingness to pay higher prices for water . For higher income groups , the average amount households were willing to spend on water was about 300 lek per month ( about 2 . 5 percent of total income ) , and among lower income households , about 180 lek per month ( about 3 . 5 percent of total income ) . At a consumption of 10 cubic meters per month , these limits are equivalent to a price of water of between 18 to 30 leks per cubic meter , with a weighted average of around 22 lek per cubic meter . The prevailing water tariffs for domestic supply are about 21 lek per cubic meter , almost at the same level as the weighted average based on willingness to pay . The prevailing level of 21 lek per cubic meter charged to households has therefore been used for the economic analysis . The other prices used are the prevailing prices of 30 lek per cubic meter for institutions and 80 lek per cubic meter", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 792, "text": "Social Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Ministry of Urban Infrastructure ( MUI ) * * < br > * * Ethiopia Integrated Land Management Project ( P181078 ) - * * < br > * * Designated Account Activity / Reconciliation Statement * * < br > * * For The Quarter Ended … . . . . . . . . . ______ , 20____ * * | * * PPA * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | | * * Particulars * * | * * Amount in * * < br > * * USD * * | | 1 . Total Advanced to the DA by World Bank to the end of the reporting < br > period | | | 2 . Less : Total Amount Documented to DA and / or Recovered by World Bank | | | * * 3 . Equals Present outstanding Amount Advanced to the Designated * * < br > * * Account ( Number 1 Less Number 2 ) * * | * * - * * | | 4 . Balance of Designated Account per Attached Bank Statement at the end of < br > the reporting period | | | 5 . Plus : Total AmountClaimed in this applicationNo . | | | 6 . Plus : Total AmountWithdrawn and notyet claimed | | | Reason : ___________________________________ | | | 7 . Plus : Amounts claimed in previous applications not yet credited at date of < br > BankStatements | | | ApplicationNo . Amount | | | Subtotal ofprevious applications notyet credited | | | 8 . Minus : InterestEarned | * * - * * | | * * 9 . Total Advance accounted for ( no . 4 Through No . 9 ) * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 1050, "end": 1064, "text": "BankStatements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) Financial support will be provided to water service utilities and all the 10 utilities providing electricity services in Uganda . * * Prior Action # 3 : * * To provide support to those affected by the floods , the COVID-19 shock and related mobility restrictions and to streamline the social safety nets system , the Recipient has , ( a ) through Cabinet approved ( i ) a labor-intensive public works programs in the roads and water and environment sectors to provide income support for a two month period to informal sector workers ; and ( ii ) the expansion of the beneficiaries under the Senior Citizen Grant ( SCG ) and funding for the SCG program ; and ( b ) through Memoranda of Understanding ( MOUs ) signed between relevant core ministries and agencies established a national single registry for beneficiaries of safety net programs . 52 . * * _Rationale : _ * * The economic impacts of COVID-19 , the locust invasion and floods will push many households into poverty , and the consequences are already felt across Uganda . A study by UNCDF < sup > 30 < / sup > , estimates that up to 4 . 4 million informal sector workers will see their earning falling below the poverty line or totally drying up . The Greater Kampala region is assessed to account for about 50 percent of the total loss of income and closure of informal businesses nationally . Another study by Financial Sector Deeping ( FSD ) Trust shows that 3 million Ugandans are at survival risk ; and 23 percent are at risk of losing 100 percent of their daily income . This is echoed in the BRAC International survey < sup > 31 < / sup > , which shows that the majority ( 79 percent ) had seen their income reduce ‘ completely ’ or ‘ a lot ’ , and income loss was more pronounced among casual workers and own-enterprise workers .", "spans": [{"start": 877, "end": 942, "text": "national single registry for beneficiaries of safety net programs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1661, "end": 1686, "text": "BRAC International survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 # # # # List of Tables | Table 3 . 1 . Wage subsidy programs in the Western Balkans during the COVID-19 crisis . | 11 | | - - - | - - - | | Table 5 . 1 . EU , IMF , and WB Support . | 22 | | Table 9 . 1 . GDP forecast . | 38 | # # # # List of Boxes | Box 2 . 1 . Barriers to a recovery led by private sector productivity growth in the Western Balkans . | 6 | | - - - | - - - | | Box 3 . 1 . Wage Subsidies Preserved 80 percent of Vulnerable Jobs in North Macedonia . | 12 | | Box 4 . 1 . How did social protection systems in the Western Balkans respond to the crisis ? | 17 | | Box 6 . 1 . Inflation and Active Independent Monetary Policy . | 25 | | Box 7 . 1 . Prudential measures in response of COVID-19 were directed to resuming lending . | 29 | | Box 8 . 1 . E-commerce : Gateway to greater regional integration in the Western Balkans ? | 34 | | Box 9 . 1 . For a modern , greener , and more prosperous Western Balkans region . | 41 | | Box 9 . 2 . Emerging global risks . | 42 | vIII | < sup > CONTENTs < / sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measurements and analysis of personality traits in empirical studies ( Dal Bo , Finan , and Rossi , 2013 ; Callen et al . , 2015 ) . The insights from this paper are also relevant for various strands of the wider literature . In light of the large debate about whether the worldwide increase in schooling is leading to measurable and sustained gains in learning ( Pritchett and Beatty , 2015 ) , having widely comparable measures of cognitive abilities , that can be measured for adults , outside of the classroom , and in a variety of settings , is arguably key . Certain large data collection efforts covering wide and heterogeneous populations , such as the Young Lives Surveys or the World Bank STEPS surveys ( Pierre et al . , 2014 ) , are now including measures for noncognitive abilities and personality traits . Increasingly such measures are also included in targeted surveys for impact evaluation purposes , most directly when interventions aim to change noncognitive traits ( Bernard et al . , 2014 ; Groh , McKenzie , and Vishwanath , 2015 ; Blattman , Jamison , and Sheridan , 2016 ; Ghosal et al . , 2016 ; Adhvaryu , Kala , and Nyshadnam , 2016 ) but also when changes in noncognitive abilities are seen as potential mechanisms to explain changes in final outcomes ( Blattman and Dercon , 2016 ) . Other recent work focuses on the long-term impact of external factors during childhood on noncognitive outcomes of adults ( Leigh , Glewwe , and Park , 2015 ; Krutikova and Lilleor , 2015 ) . Finally , there is a renewed interest and widening literature on learning , technology adoption and agricultural productivity in developing countries ( Jack , 2011 ; de Janvry , Sadoulet , and Suri , 2016 ) , for which having reliable measures of agricultural knowledge and learning is key . The paper is organized as follows : the next section provides more information about the context , the instrument and the implementation of the survey experiment . Section 3 provides the description of , and rational for , the calculation of the improved constructs , and discusses reliability and internal consistency . It also shows predictive validity results , using", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 680, "text": "Young Lives Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 688, "end": 712, "text": "World Bank STEPS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 884, "text": "targeted surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ # # # * * 4 . 1 . 6 . The Land ( Amendment ) Act ( 2010 ) * * Section 76 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Land ( Amendment ) Act 2010 states that the jurisdiction of the District Land Tribunal shall be to determine dispute relating to the grant , lease , repossession , transfer or acquisition of land by individuals , the commission or other authority with responsibility relating to land . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 7 . The Electricity Act ( 1999 ) * * The Electricity Act 1999 , under PART IV , provides for use of land for energy installations . The Act provides for : - The power of a licensee ( or a project developer ) to use land ( section 67 ) - Procedures for using public land - Removal or alteration of electric supply lines - Compensation - Compulsory acquisition of land ( section 71 ) Part IV of the Act provides for Rural Electrification under which ERT II will be implemented . Section 64 created the Rural Electrification Fund ( REF ) and authorized the Minister to make regulations for the management of the Fund by Statutory Instrument . Statutory Instruments 2001 No . 75 established the Rural Electrification Board ( REB ) to manage REF and also established the Rural Electrification Agency ( REA ) as the Secretariat of REB with powers to : - Build and maintain a national rural electrification data base - Prepare for REB an annual status report on rural electrification programmes indicating progress and hindrances to the execution of the rural electrification programme and identifying significant obstacles impending progress as well as options for mitigating those obstacles - Recommend to REB the most efficient use of the Fund for the promotion of rural electrification - Generate and provide information relating to rural electrification investments - Undertake planning and budgeting for rural electrification and - Process applications for financial support from the REF The institutions with responsibilities identified in this", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1391, "text": "national rural electrification data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 | | Figure 4 | CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 meter resolution ) land cover showing the Masaka-Mutukula < br > section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 | | Figure 5 | Wetland map of Uganda showing the Transmission Line Route ( imagery by the European < br > Space Agency ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 | | Figure 6 | Layout of legally protected areas within a 50 km buffer", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 174, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( for example , socioeconomic , demographic , and attitudinal ) might be influencing citizen participation . A large body of literature has identified socioeconomic status as the primary factor determining citizen participation . In this literature , the higher an individual ’ s socioeconomic level , the greater their ability to participate ( Lee and Schachter , 2019 ; Dalton , Burklin and Drummond , 2001 ; Gastil et al . , 2008 ; Newman , Johnson , and Lown , 2014 ; Verba and Nie , 1987 ) . The Latinobarómetro Survey offers a range of questions that allow us to address the aforementioned queries on the relationship between trust and participation , as detailed below in section 3 . In particular , we make use of the following indicators contained in the survey : i ) trust in governmental institutions ( national government , police , the judiciary , electoral body , congress ) ; and ii ) citizen participation indicators ( signing a petition , taking part in authorized demonstrations , working on an issue that affects you or > 4 Regularized regression , such as Lasso , can also serve as a model selection technique . As Ahrens , Hansen and Schaffer ( 2020 ) point out , regularized regressions tend to select the true model as the sample size increases . In this way , Lasso provides a method for choosing the model when the sample size is large and there are many potential regressors , facilitating model interpretation . In this work , the Lasso method is used for regularization rather than prediction purposes . > 5 Logit models can still analyze simple nonlinear relationships by , for example , allowing for quadratic specifications among independent variables . While those will also be analyzed in the empirical section of this paper , our primary interest is on complex nonlinear links . 5", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 523, "text": "Latinobarómetro Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "human resources , with around 15 percent lower resources than the administrations of countries in a similar category . This explains why the level of revenues collected by each customs officer is higher than the median . * * Table 1 : International Comparison with Madagascar Customs * * | | * * Customs revenue / per * * < br > * * capita ( US $ ) * * | * * Customs revenue / per * * < br > * * customs agent ( US $ ) * * | * * Number of * * < br > * * employees * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Madagascar * * | 22 . 7 | 416 , 600 | 1 , 182 | | * * Median for Africa * * | 28 . 5 | 282 , 900 | 1 , 393 | _Note : _ Data for 31 African countries provided by World Development Indicators . Data on number of agents provided by the World Customs Organization , 2012 figures . * * Figure 1 : Structure of Tax Revenues Figure 2 : Structure of Customs Revenues by Major Type of Taxes * * > 8 The structure of Madagascar ’ s economy leads to a sizeable balance of trade deficit . In 2014 , the trade deficit was 10 . 5 percent of GDP . Unless otherwise indicated , all statistics in the rest of this document pertain to the year 2014 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 658, "text": "Data for 31 African countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 702, "end": 726, "text": "Data on number of agents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "share variable are unaffected . Similar results are obtained if we instead use the well-known Corruption Perceptions Index from Transparency International . However , corruption is associated with higher rates of aid tying in cross-sectional tests reported below . There are potentially many more recipient-country characteristics , other than those explicitly controlled for thus far , that could affect the level of aid tying . The most effective way to correct for any omitted-variables bias in our results for the key aid share variable is simply to replace the recipient-country variables with a full set of recipient country dummies . Equation 4 reports results from this two-way fixed effects regression . The coefficient on aid share declines slightly , from about - 0 . 4 to - 0 . 37 , but statistical significance is slightly strengthened . In equations 5 and 6 we report tests of the effects of costs of aid tying for donors , using donor size and income as rough proxies for costs . The value of aid in general should be reduced by more when it is tied to purchases in smaller donor countries , because the pool of qualified firms or consultants is likely to be smaller . Consultant fees ( and thus tying costs ) are likely to be higher in higher-income donor countries < sup > 12 < / sup > . In equation 5 , tying costs are measured by the log of population and log of per capita income in current US dollars ( both for 2006 ) . In equation 6 we substitute for population the log of total aid , measured in constant US dollars and averaged over the years 1995-2006 . The rationale for this proxy is that the number of firms and consultants residing in the country with expertise pertinent to development assistance increases ( but at a diminishing rate ) with past and present aid expenditures . To test these donor-level variables we have to drop the donor fixed effects , and we instead use recipient fixed effects , and correct standard errors for recipient-clustered rather than donor-clustered observations . Aid tying is positively and significantly related to both donor size measures , as expected , in equations 5 and 6 . Income , as predicted , is inversely", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 122, "text": "Corruption Perceptions Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 * * | | * * Appendix 5 : Indicative Format for Resettlement Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 * * | | * * Appendix 6 : Enhancing Community Participation in RAP Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 * * | | * * Appendix 7 : Checklist to Guide Inventory of PAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 * * | | * * Appendix 8 : Checklist for Socio-economic baseline survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 * * | | * * Appendix 9 : Grievance Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 718, "text": "Socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 . 10 : Program Systems and Capacity Improvements * * | | * * Risk * * | * * Mitigation Action * * | * * Action * * < br > * * by * * < br > * * Date * * | * * Type * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Action * * | * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * | Budget cuts resulting to inadequate funds to < br > fund the program | Government to ensure adequate funds are available to fund < br > the program by addressing any fund shortfalls and budget < br > cuts | 1 July 2022 < br > and < br > continuous < br > thereafter | PAP | MoE / NT | | * * 2 * * | Delays in release of funds by the National < br > Treasury to MOE | Timely release of funds Exchequer to the Implementing < br > Entities | 1 July 2022 < br > and < br > | PAP | NT | | | Delays in release of funds by MoE to Counties < br > and to schools | Timely release of funds by MoE | continuous < br > thereafter | | MoE | | * * 3 * * | Limited capacity in terms of staff given the < br > wide audit universe - the whole Ministry < br > operations and at times funding issues for < br > impeding the effectiveness of the internal < br > audit function especially for county audits | Ensure provision of adequate resources including for follow < br > up audits especially to the counties that seems not to be < br > done . < br > Use of IT ( see below on NEMIS ) for audit", "spans": [{"start": 1386, "end": 1391, "text": "NEMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bias mattered only for our results in Jordan . < sup > 24 < / sup > 23 Some regressors were ultimately excluded as they were not significant and had no effect on the other coefficient estimates . 24 In the equation to predict whether all key variables were available and estimate controls for non-response , we found that for Jordan the probability of completed responses was higher if the respondent to the COVID follow-up survey was the same person as in the 2019 WBES ; for medium sized firms ( but not large ones ) ; and for managers with more experience in the sector . For Georgia , full response probabilities were not related to any of these variables . Unfortunately , we were unable to control for non-response there , because none of the Z variables were significant determinants of joint non-response . 18", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 470, "text": "2019 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Page No . * * | * * Issue * * | * * Comment * * | * * Action taken to address the comment * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Across the * * < br > * * report * * | Data Disaggregation | There is a need to have disaggregated data to show the < br > impact of the projects on different groups of people < br > including but not limited to women , men , PWDs , girls , < br > boys , elderly , refugees etc . | Noted < br > and < br > reports < br > will < br > consider < br > the < br > data < br > disaggregation . | | | Risk Rating | Land acquisitions & resettlement related risks & impact < br > - Rating should be High . Given the land battles and < br > fights we have in Uganda and drawing from past project < br > lessons , this needs to be better managed to ensure all < br > land is properly acquired , paid for timely and where < br > resettlement needs to happen , the people should be < br > better off than before . | Given the criteria of availability of land without < br > encumbrances , and the limitations for PfoR - we think < br > the current rating is appropriate – Not changed | | | Implementation details | Child Abuse and gender-based violence - rating should < br > be High . Most of these projects are being implemented < br > in communities that are already facing GBV and child < br > abuse . < br > If < br > not < br > properly < br > managed , < br > project < br > implementation makes the situation worse . From a < br > human rights perspective , even though its only one case < br > reported , it ' s still a", "spans": [{"start": 227, "end": 245, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2019 and Dominican Republic 2018 . In these cases , the estimated growth of income along the whole distribution is very close to the actual growth for the _new model without rescaling_ , as shown in Figure 8 . In contrast , the less flexible variations are more distant from the actual distribution and even out of the confidence interval , as in the case of Bolivia 2019 . The latter is an interesting case since , as shown before , Bolivia is one of the countries with the poorest fit in poverty estimation . The explanation for this discrepancy relies on the measure of analysis . Poverty measures the number of people whose income falls below a determined poverty line . In this sense , this measure depends on the selected threshold and the income growth for the population most likely to have income below that threshold . In the case of Bolivia , the GICs presented in Figure 8 show a good level of adjustment overall but insufficient income growth below the 31 percentile , where the poverty lines probably fall . This example highlights the importance of considering the models concerning the target measure and the measured object of analysis ( e . g . , poverty , inequality , income distribution ) . _Divergence of distribution tails_ In other cases , the fitting is not so good along the whole distribution . Argentina 2019 and Panama 2019 are examples of these cases ( Figure 9 ) . Notably , these countries show that the three assessed model variations might have difficulties estimating income variation in the distribution ' s tails . A possible explanation might be due to the limited employment sector classification . The micro-simulation model relies on a 6-sectors classification ( formal agriculture , informal agriculture , formal industry , informal industry , formal services , and informal services ) , and movements of labor earnings according to aggregate output or average earnings are not enough to capture intra-sectoral variations . That said , 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Blasques , F . , Gorgi , P . , Koopman , S . J . , and Wintenberger , O . ( 2018 ) . Feasible invertibility conditions and maximum likelihood estimation for observation-driven models . _Electronic Journal of Statistics_ , 12 ( 1 ) : 1019 – 1052 . - Boudjellaba , H . , Dufour , J . - M . , and Roy , R . ( 1992 ) . Testing Causality Between Two Vectors in Multivariate Autoregressive Moving Average Models . _Journal of the American Statistical Association_ , 87 ( 420 ) : 1082 . - Brockwell , P . J . and Davis , R . A . ( 2002 ) . _Time series : theory and methods_ . - Covey , T . and Bessler , D . A . ( 1992 ) . Testing for Granger ’ s Full Causality . _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ , 74 ( 1 ) : 146 . - Deschenes , O . , Greenstone , M . , and Shapiro , J . S . ( 2012 ) . Defensive Investments and the Demand for Air Quality : Evidence from the NOx Budget Program . _NBER Working Paper No . 18267_ . - Dufour , J . - M . , Pelletier , D . , and Renault , E . < sup > ́ < / sup > ( 2006 ) . Short run and long run causality in time series : inference . _Journal of Econometrics_ , 132 ( 2 ) : 337 – 362 . - Dufour , J . - M . and Renault , E . ( 1998 ) . Short Run and Long Run Causality in Time Series : Theory . _Econometrica_ , 66 ( 5 ) : 1099 . - Dufour , J . - M . and Taamouti , A . ( 2010 ) . Short and long run causality measures : Theory and inference . _Journal of Econometrics_ , 154 ( 1 ) : 42 – 58 . - Eichler , M . and Didelez , V . ( 2010 ) . On Granger causality and the effect of interventions in time series . _Lifetime Data Analysis_ , 16 ( 1 ) : 3 – 32 . -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "might be better able to negotiate their way past regulatory barriers and might find it easier to access government programs designed to encourage exports . In practice , the evidence for Africa is mixed . < sup > 23 < / sup > The results from this study suggests that state-owned enterprises are significantly less likely to export > 21 See Schiantarelli ( 1996 ) for a review of the literature on firm size and financial constraints . > 22 Shirley and Walsh ( 2001 ) and Megginson and Netter ( 2001 ) survey the large literature on this topic , finding that private enterprises are more efficient than similar state-owned enterprises on average in low and middle-income countries . > 23 Using data from the early 1990s , Grenier _et al_ . ( 1999 ) find that state-owned enterprises in Tanzania were more likely to export . They note , however , that Bigsten _et al . _ ( 1997 ) did not find similar results 16", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 719, "text": "data from the early 1990s", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "[ # 21 ] [ # 22 ] Publicly available data on sovereign guarantees that support SOE debt is sparse ( see section 5 / b ) . It was therefore difficult to ascertain how commonplace such arrangements were . # c . RBLs by type of lender From our review of 30 RBLs , we identified 13 different creditors that extended RBLs to African countries during the period studied . These can be grouped based on their economic functions or based on their classification as either an official bilateral creditor versus private / commercial creditor . Based on functional grouping , the primary sources of RBLs are state policy banks / development banks . The two policy banks of China , China Development Bank ( CDB ) and China Export-Import Bank ( Eximbank ) are the top RBL lenders by volume . These two policy banks were initially set up by the State Council of China to carry out economic policies . 13 Within our data set , Chinese policy banks are the source of 76 % ( $ 36bn ) of the RBLs to Africa , with Eximbank and CDB contributing $ 17bn and $ 18bn each . > 10 The original 2008 loan agreement guaranteed both the infrastructure loan and a loan for the mine . < u > http : / / congomines . org / system / attachments / assets / 000 / 000 / 276 / original / B5bis-Sicomines-Convention-Incl-Anx-2008-ConsortiumEntreprises-Chinoises-RDC . pdf ? 1430928308 < / u > > 11 A 2009 amendment narrows the guarantee to the infrastructure loan only . http : / / www . congomines . org / system / attachments / assets / 000 / 000 / 502 / original / Sicomines-2009-Avenant3ConsortiumEntreprisesChinoises-RDC . pdf ? 1430928992 12 IMF , Country Report No . 19 / 244 on Congo : Staff Report ( 2019 ) , ~ < u > www . imf . org / / media / Files / Publications / CR / 2019 / 1COGEA2019001 . pdf < / u > 13 CDB website : http : / / www . cdb . com . cn / English / gykh_512 / khjj / Eximbank website : < u > http : / / english . eximbank . gov . cn / Profile", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 65, "text": "Publicly available data on sovereign guarantees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries in Latin America , are in this category . Thirteen countries had a minimum loan size requirement of ten times or more GNI per capita . Saudi Arabia ( USD 1 . 3 million ) , Jordan ( USD 1 . 4 million ) and Germany ( EURO 1 . 5 million ) are the countries with the largest cutoff requirements where the credit registry is used mostly for bank supervision and systemic risk monitoring . Regarding the countries analyzed in this paper , Argentina has a very low minimum cut-off , of 50 Argentine pesos ( previously US $ 50 and now roughly US $ 18 ) , Brazil has a minimum of US $ 2 , 100 down from US $ 50 , 000 several years ago and Mexico begins at US $ 20 , 000 . The supervisory agenda is also often apparent in the type of data collected in a PCR . The most obvious example of this is the lack of transparent data on payment status for loans , which is the heart of most private credit bureaus . Only about one-third ( 18 / 57 ) of PCRs collect a straightforward borrower payment history which shows the number of on-time and late payments and defaulted loans and which indicates the extent of arrears ( 30 days , 90 days , 180 days late , etc . ) . To some extent this data is contained in ratings as described above , since payment status is a key determinant of a rating . However , since other more subjective factors can bear on the rating , such as a bank ’ s estimate of the probability of default , ratings data are less transparent and more difficult to verify than objective payment data . Another variable which is very valuable for credit evaluation but often neglected by public bureaus is address information , which is lacking in about 40 % of PCRs . Other data which are important for assessing creditworthiness , such as employment data and demographic data are also absent from a significant proportion of PCRs . # * * _3 . Economic research , macroeconomic policy and control_ * * Credit bureau information can also be important for macroeconomic intelligence . Credit bureau information can", "spans": [{"start": 1418, "end": 1430, "text": "ratings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1749, "end": 1764, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1769, "end": 1785, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1911, "end": 1936, "text": "Credit bureau information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "better access to finance . These are firms that are larger , more productive , faster growing , exporting firms , and firms with all male owners . We organize the remainder of the study as follows . Section 2 describes the data , main variables used , and the estimation methodology . Section 3 provides the base regression results . Robustness checks are discussed in section 4 . In section 5 , we provide results for endogeneity checks based on heterogeneity in the corruption-finance relationship . Section 6 contains results for the mediating effect of firm performance measures and gender composition of owners on the corruption-finance relationship . We summarize our main findings in section 7 and suggest scope for future work . # * * 2 . Data and methods * * # 2 . 1 _Data description_ In this section , we discuss the data and estimation method used in the empirical analysis . The main data source is Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) , firm-level survey data collected by the World Bank . The ES are nationally representative surveys of non-agricultural and nonfinancial private enterprises with 5 or more full-time permanent workers . The surveys use a common sampling methodology , stratified random sampling , as well as a common questionnaire across all countries . < sup > 4 < / sup > Stratification is done by firms ’ size , industry , and location within the country . Sampling weights are provided in the ES and used in all our regressions so that the sample is representative of the private sector in the country . We complement the ES with other data sources such as World Development Indicators ( WDI ) , World Bank , and Doing Business ( DB ) , World Bank . > 4 Details of the sampling methodology and other survey related information are available at < u > www . enterprisesurveys . org . < / u > 7", "spans": [{"start": 912, "end": 930, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 940, "end": 962, "text": "firm-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1581, "end": 1609, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1637, "end": 1651, "text": "Doing Business", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Early childhood education and development in poor villages of Indonesia : Strong foundations , later success_ . The World Bank . - Haveman , R . , & Wolfe , B . ( 1995 ) . The determinants of children ’ s attainments : A review of methods and findings . _Journal of Economic Literature_ , _33_ ( 4 ) , 1829 – 1878 . - Holmlund , H . , Lindahl , M . , & Plug , E . ( 2011 ) . The causal effect of parents ’ schooling on children ’ s schooling : A comparison of estimation methods . _Journal of Economic Literature_ , _49_ ( 3 ) , 615 – 51 . - Jackson , C . , Henriksen , L . , & Foshee , V . A . ( 1998 ) . The Authoritative Parenting Index : Predicting health risk behaviors among children and adolescents . _Health Education & Behavior_ , _25_ ( 3 ) , 319 – 337 . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through capacity building and budget support . But these programs have not been able to address the issue of high staff turnover . Regarding the sector specific problems / constraints , the regional and local governments need to develop joint action plan to deal with them . # # # # # # * * _5 . 2 . 2 Quality of service delivery ( FGD findings ) _ * * 97 . During field mission , FGDs were conducted with the community members in eight kebeles . Altogether 188 community members participated in the FGDs . The FGD participants were asked to respond , among others , to the following questions related to quality of service delivery _viz_ . ( i ) whether they see any improvement in quality of basic services compared to previous two to three years , and ( ii ) what are the reasons for saying service quality has ‘ improved ’ or ‘ not improved ’ . The findings are summarised in the following paragraphs < sup > 45 < / sup > . 98 . * * Primary education ( n = 170 ) * * : A majority of the community participants ( 84 . 1 per cent ) feel that quality of education has improved marginally , and smaller number of them ( 9 . 4 per cent ) considers that primary education has improved significantly . The perception of improved service underscores several factors such as easy access to schools ; improved infrastructure ; availability of sufficient numbers of qualified teachers ; education in mother tongue ; and no discrimination in enrolment of students . However , some participants ( 6 . 5 per cent ) in Libon Gamo Kebele ( Cheliya woreda , Oromiya ) do not see any improvement in quality of primary education in recent years . 99 . * * Health ( n = 166 ) * * : Like in the case of education , many community members ( 75 . 9 per cent ) say that the quality of health services has improved marginally , while about a fourth of them ( 24 . 1 per", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") * * | Equipment maintenance and < br > fuel handling are conducted < br > safely | Maintenance records ; inspection of < br > refueling practices ; supervisor < br > reports | During operation and < br > periodic monitoring < br > cycles | Contractors / Service < br > Providers ; Facility < br > Supervisors ; PIU oversight | | * * Transport and * * < br > * * Logistics * * | Vehicles are roadworthy and < br > maintained safely | Vehicle inspection checklists ; < br > maintenance logs ; visual inspection < br > before deployment | Before use and < br > periodically during < br > operations | Transport Providers ; Fleet < br > Supervisors ; PIU oversight | | * * Transport and * * < br > * * Logistics * * | Drivers follow safe driving < br > practices and goods are safely < br > loaded / unloaded | Driver records ; observation ; trip logs ; < br > loading / unloading inspection | During transport < br > operations and spot < br > checks | Transport Providers ; Fleet < br > Supervisors ; PIU spot checks | | * * Cross-Cutting OHS * * < br > * * Management * * | Incidents and near misses are < br > recorded and reported | Incident registers ; supervision < br > reports ; OHS monitoring records | Continuous recording ; < br > periodic review and < br > reporting | Contractors / Supervisors < br > ( initial recording ) ; PIU < br > ( consolidation and follow-up ) | | * * Cross-Cutting OHS * * < br > * * Management * * | Corrective actions are < br > implemented and tracked | Corrective action logs ; follow-up < br > inspection reports ; supervision notes | During supervision < br > cycles and post-incident <", "spans": [{"start": 809, "end": 823, "text": "Driver records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 840, "end": 849, "text": "trip logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1136, "end": 1154, "text": "Incident registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1186, "end": 1208, "text": "OHS monitoring records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "frequently purchased items . They find that each additional day of recall results in about 3 percentage points decline in reported daily expenditure . < sup > 8 < / sup > Other experiments on recall period that were identified are all based on surveys in which the same household reports expenditures across two different recall periods _within_ the same survey . This is potentially problematic if there is conditioning bias due to households or interviewers imposing consistency between their responses . < sup > 9 < / sup > Grosh et al _ . _ ( 1995 ) compare consumption estimates from the Ghana LSMS reported by short ( 2-week ) recall periods and longer recall . The latter were “ explicitly normative ” questions in which households report the number of months purchases were made in the last year , how often they were made , and how much was usually spent each time ( referred to here as “ usual-month ” questions ) . While food expenditures were not different , non-food expenditures were 72 percent higher based on short recall , contrary to expectations . Similar analysis is presented for Jamaica ( Grosh et al _ . _ , 1995 ) , Côte d ’ Ivoire , Vietnam , and Pakistan ( Deaton and Grosh , 2000 ) . Deaton and Grosh ( 2000 ) conclude that there is only a slight sensitivity to the choice of these recall periods . In much earlier work from Malawi in 1970 , Plewis ( 1972 ) presents admittedly weak evidence that 7-day food recall is consistent with 24-hours recall ( in some sense , this is like a diary ) . However , it is not clear to what extent conditioning bias is driving these results . The Indian National Sample Survey ( NSS ) experimented with using a “ last week ” versus a “ last month ” recall and found that for the all-food aggregate the estimates based on weekly recall were 21 percent higher ( NSSO 2003 ) . In short there are numerous features of survey design that can result in different reported consumption for the same household over the same period of time . Usually based on ad hoc or opportunistic studies , clear divergences arise in", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 603, "text": "Ghana LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1610, "end": 1639, "text": "Indian National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * * 120 SMEs * * to fit the reduced envelope and compressed implementation window . The < br > existing pipeline was used to populate the trimmed cohort within the shorter < br > timeline . Implementation sequencing and outreach were accelerated to mitigate lost < br > time | | upgrading | _Firm level results_ < br > _ambition ( innovation , _ < br > _productivity , growth ) _ | * * PDO and intermediate RF targets linked to firm level innovation and measured * * < br > * * productivity were revised downward * * to reflect the smaller SME cohort and shorter < br > observationperiod forpost upgrade effects | | | | * * Component 3 was modified through the inclusion of a small set of concrete tasks * * , < br > financed partly from resources reallocated from the dropped ISLP . These included | | Component 3 – < br > Outreach , M & E , < br > and < br > implementation < br > support | _Analytical work and_ < br > _cross-cutting systems_ | carrying out a program of activities designed to support and facilitate effective policy < br > development and decision-making including , ( i ) mapping , geo-referencing , and < br > development of industrial database and directory , and ( ii ) development of < br > frameworks that enhance SMEs productivity and innovation . In parallel , restructuring < br > strengthened crosscutting systems by confirming completion and use of the online < br > PMIS as the main results tracking and consolidation tool and by funding a project < br > wide communications function ( e . g . , communications strategy , outreach ) . | Page 26 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1150, "end": 1183, "text": "industrial database and directory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OPTIMAL SIMPLE FISCAL RULES 31 - [ 8 ] Garcia-Cicco J and E . Kawamura ( 2015 ) , “ Dealing with the Dutch disease : Fiscal rules and macro-prudential policies ” _Journal of International Money and Finance 55_ 205-239 - [ 9 ] Garcia-Cicco J , R Pancrazi , and M Uribe ( 2010 ) “ Real Business Cycles in Emerging Countries ? \" _American Economic Review_ 100 , 5 : 2510-2531 . - [ 10 ] Gonzalez G . , F . Munoz and K . Schmitt-Hebel ( 2013 ) “ Optimal Dynamic Fiscal Policy with Applications to Chile and Norway ” , Working Paper PUC-Chile . - [ 11 ] Kumhof M . and D . Laxton ( 2013 ) “ Simple fiscal policy rules for small open economies ” _Journal of International Economics_ 91 113-127 - [ 12 ] Jeanne O . and D Sandri ( 2016 ) “ Optimal Reserves in Financially Closed Economies ” , NBER Working Paper 22139 - [ 13 ] Pieschacon A ( 2012 ) “ The value of scal discipline for oil-exporting countries ” , _Journal of Monetary Economics_ 59 250 – 268 - [ 14 ] Schmitt-Grohe S . and M . Uribe ( 2003 ) “ Closing small open economy models ” _Journal of International Economics_ 61 ( 1 ) 163-185 - [ 15 ] Schmitt-Grohe S . and M . Uribe ( 2017 ) “ Open Economy Macroeconomics ” , Princeton University Press # Appendix A . The Persistence of Commodity Price Shocks The persistence and volatility of the price shocks are calibrated to different commodity prices , reported in Table 7 . We estimate an AR ( 1 ) process for the natural log of real prices of beef , coffee ( Robusta ) , soy beans , bananas and coffee ( Arabica ) using annual data from World Bank ’ s “ Pink Sheet ” on commodity prices . < sup > 36 < / sup > We complement our estimates with those of BJS2013 who use commodity price data from the International Finance Statistics ( IFS ) to estimate the persistence of petroleum , copper , gold and sugar . For the sake of comparison , we report the estimates in Cashin _et al_ ( 2000 ) (", "spans": [{"start": 1560, "end": 1570, "text": "Pink Sheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1704, "end": 1736, "text": "International Finance Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 ' performance has resulted from the installat ; . on of new telephone exchanges . International call completion rates have also improved from the installation and retrofiting of satellite earti stations which has also enabled ETA to introduce International Subscriber Dialing . Technical Assistance Studies ( Table 6 , page 2 ) 6 . 2 Tariff Study : Ihe consultants made a broad range of recommendations including change in the structure and level of domestic tariffs and reduction in international tariffs . ETA agreed with the recommendations of the consultants but emphasized the need to bring about the changes gradually taking into account existing country conditions . Implementation of tariff changes has been slow ( para 6 . 11 ) . 6 . 3 Asset Revaluation : The consultants developed an econometric model for stimating the value of assets for future revaluation , trained ETA staff in the use of the model , identified shortcomings in the property records and inventory policies and contol and made recommendadons including reconciling the inventories . ETA then formed a project team to take a complete physical inventory . The task was completed for the Central Region ; work in the other regions was interrupted by country conditions but has now been resumed . Lack of revaluation data has impacted the ability to monitor compliance with financial covenants ( refer para 6 . 8 ( a ) ) . 6 . 4 Electroic Data Processing ( EDP ) : * * The * * consultants reviewed ETA ' s needs for EDP and idendfied areas that needed to be computerized . Ihe consultants recommended that the existing accountng and EDP systems needed to be revised and up-graded before any computerization and this would need a total of 204 man-months , which was far higher than the 22 man-months estimated at appraisal . ETA decided to carry out the task by itself with taining from the consultants . Ihe consultant spent 4 man-months to evaluate ETA ' s training needs and the equivalent of the remaiing 18 man-months was , with IDA approval , spent on training", "spans": [{"start": 1281, "end": 1297, "text": "revaluation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than twenty-one days from the date of receipt of the complaint . # # # # * * Step 3 : Investigating the grievance : * * The updated SEP will include details on who will be responsible for investigating grievances , following the steps below : - Verify the validity of information and documents enclosed . - Ask the complainant to provide further information if necessary . - Refer the complaint to the relevant department . - The relevant department shall investigate the complaint and prepare recommendation to the PIU or GC of actions to be taken and of any corrective measures to avoid possible reoccurrence . - The PIU staff or GC shall register the decision and actions taken in the GM log . # # # # * * Step 4 : Communication of the Response : * * The PIU staff or GC shall notify the complainant of the decision / solution / action immediately either in person , writing , or by calling or sending the complainant a text message . When providing a response to the complainant , the PIU staff or GC will include the following information : - A summary of issues raised in the initial complaint ; - Reason for the decision .", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 694, "text": "GM log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of operation and customer service . In the electricity distribution sector , all service providers , especially Umeme , are experiencing significant reductions in electricity demand and hence loss in revenues . The latter stems from reduced economic activity such as the closure of all but essential commercial and industrial activities . The deficit in revenues will likely impact Umeme ’ s capacity to cover operating expenses and fulfil contractual service standards under the concession ( e . g . reliability , system losses , connection targets , bill collection , etc . ) . The severe impact on economic activity will also affect the customers ’ ability to make payments for electricity services , therefore affecting bill collection targets . 50 . * * _Substance of the prior action_ * * _ : _ The Government has put in place a temporary ban for disconnecting utility services to vulnerable consumers and is providing water , sanitation and electricity to first responders in crisis situations . The following measures were approved by Cabinet on May 25 , 2020 : ( i ) publishing a list of first responders to epidemics and important education facilities ; ( ii ) developing a funding mechanism to ensure the supply of affordable water , sanitation and electricity to these first responders and education facilities ; and ( iii ) declaring water and electricity essential services , and providing financial support to ensure business continuity of these companies . A supplementary budget schedule was presented to Parliament on May 28 , 2020 which includes a provision for the payment of utility arrears to enable uninterrupted supply of utilities by utility service providers in line with the Government program on COVID-19 . This measure will be reviewed for possible extension in July 2020 . 51 . * * _Expected results : _ * * First responders to emergencies and all residential , commercial , and industrial customers receiving water and electricity services prior to the outbreak of the pandemic will continue to receive water and electricity services for the remainder of FY20 . The list has been approved by the National COIVID-19 Task Forde ( chaired by the Prime Minister ) and will be", "spans": [{"start": 1089, "end": 1126, "text": "list of first responders to epidemics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is evidence that years since colonization affects development ( Feyrer and Sacerdote , 2009 ) , we control for the years since colonization in some of the analysis . Our measure of the year of colonization is presented in the last column of Table 1 . < sup > 13 < / sup > > 12 We were not able to find a clear assignment for the Mapuche , and as such they are dropped from the analysis in this section . While the Mapuche relied heavily on agriculture to the west of the Andes ( see for example Murdock , 1967 ) , in their expansion to the east they incorporated hunter-gatherer groups and relied less on agriculture . > 13 We use several data sources to construct the variable shown in Table 1 measuring the year of colonization of each group . Firstly , we define the ancestral area for each group based on the literature ( Colombres , 2008 ; Ib ́ a ̃ nez , 2008 ; Lobos , 2011 ; Mandrini , 2008 ; Molocznik , 2011 ; Nesis , 2005 ; Nordenski ̈ old , 2002 ; Outes and Bruch , 1910 ; Sacco , 2011 ; Mart ́ ınez Sarasola , 2011 , 2014 ; Serrano , 2012 ) . Secondly , we use the 2010 Census to calculate the population density of Natives of each group across counties . Thirdly , for each group , we take into account the three counties with the largest concentration of people from that group among counties in the ancestral land of the group . Fourthly , we find the year of colonization of those counties based on historical records of arrival of the Spanish or foundation of the county or main city in 21", "spans": [{"start": 1077, "end": 1088, "text": "2010 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1415, "end": 1433, "text": "historical records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the National Program on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence for 2023-2027 . Furthermore , Moldova has made efforts to hire , train and build the capacity of specialists , scale up safe shelters across the country , and set up the Commission for Monitoring and Analysing Cases of Domestic Violence Resulting in Death or Serious Bodily Harm , increasing the number of restraining orders and protection orders issued . In 2023 , the National Agency for Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence was established , reinforcing these commitments . These policy and practice-level steps have directly benefited refugees from Ukraine , who have been meaningful included in the national GBV system and provided with access to specialized GBV services since the beginning of the refugee response , in February 2022 . At the international level , the Government of Moldova has pledged and committed to scale up the support to refugee GBV survivors and improve systems to ensure quality services for all , including refugees . findings from the 2022 < sup > 8 < / sup > and 2024 < sup > 9 < / sup > GBV Safety Audits , conducted by the GBV Sub-Working Group , refugee women and girls in Moldova remain at risk of GBV and SEA , including at Refugee Accommodation Centres ( RACs ) and private accommodations . Furthermore , Intimate Partner Violence ( IPV ) remains a serious issue and deeply rooted in rigid gender roles , and manifests through physical and sexual abuse , as well as psychological violence and denial of resources . Some groups , such as Roma women , women with disabilities , and adolescent girls , are at higher risk of GBV and human trafficking due to discrimination and multiple barriers they face . Reduced ability to meet basic needs , separation from protective networks , and limited access to protection support and to services are among the factors that further increase GBV risks for refugee women . Despite these efforts , GBV and domestic violence continue to be an issue in Moldova , driven by several factors", "spans": [{"start": 1152, "end": 1169, "text": "GBV Safety Audits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "excluded since their initial enrollment decisions would have depended on conditions in their natal homes rather than in their current residence . These criteria yield a sample of 4 , 699 children , of which 2 , 192 ( 47 % ) are girls and 2 , 507 ( 53 % ) are boys . Table 1 provides some descriptive statistics for the sample , highlighting , in particular , the importance of the school entry margin in rural Pakistan . Also evident is the substantial gender gap in schooling , one that varies tremendously by region . In the more developed North Punjab , 92 % of boys and 85 % girls had enrolled in school by age nine , whereas the poorer southern part of Punjab and the entire province of Sindh have much lower enrollment rates ( just above 50 % for girls ) and huge gender gaps favoring boys ( 17 and 24 percentage points , respectively ) . By contrast , dropout rates from primary school are much less differentiated by gender and region , perhaps because many girls who would have dropped out never entered school to begin with . Conditional on having enrolled in school and not completed the primary grades , 88 % of 9-15 year-old boys are still in school compared to 81 % of girls , with gender gaps of 5 , 5 , and 9 percentage points in North Punjab , South Punjab , and Sindh , respectively . < sup > 3 < / sup > # 3 Context The term \" village \" in much of Pakistan , and indeed in large parts of South Asia , has a dual connotation . On the one hand , the administrative or revenue village is the lowest tier of the government ’ s administrative structure , at which public services , such as schools and health workers , are allocated . Most administrative or revenue villages , however , consist of several distinct clusters of habitations or hamlets ; though most residents would also refer to these as \" villages \" , we will call them \" settlements . \" Among the 165 PHRS-II villages , for example , our village census records 1031 named settlements . However , villages of North Punjab", "spans": [{"start": 1919, "end": 1964, "text": "village census records 1031 named settlements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2017 < br > Account No . 01268945650 < br > Depository Bank STANCHART LONDON < br > Address 22 BILLTERS ST EC3A2BE < br > Related Loan TRANSFOR . H . SYTEMS-GR A TFOA2561 < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency USD < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2016 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank 12 , 49991000 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > 12 , 499 , 850 . 00 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2017 < br > 60 . 00 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > DATE < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE 2 2r < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2017 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 431, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1109, "end": 1145, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "focus being placed on risk assessment as the basis for auditee selection , but capacity constraints have limited this pace . In regard to the effectiveness of tax collection , the system for monitoring tax debts has greatly improved through its incorporation into automate direct taxes software system ( SIGTAS ) and the improvement of manual taxpayer ledgers , have strengthened compliance , particularly through the newly established community block management system . However , there still remains to be lack of computerized tax debt recording systems . A rigorous and timely reconciliation exercise is needed to ensure that revenues reaching the central treasury accounts match original assessments , taking into account outstanding tax debts . The manual taxpayer ledgers that have been developed enable reconciliation of tax collections with tax assessments but the vast number of taxpayers , different locations , and the number of tax types renders timely reconciliation quite a difficult task . This requires systembased aggregation of reconciliation . - * * _Budget execution and cash and Debt Management : _ * * Budget execution systems appear to continue to work well , with BIs generally obtaining the financial resources needed on time to execute their approved budgets . Cash flow forecasting continues to enable the preparation of cash plans that indicate to BoFEDs the monthly financial resources that BIs require in order to execute their budgets . On the basis of the cash flow forecasts , the BoFEDs then provide BIs with monthly expenditure limits within a quarterly framework , thus providing limits on commitments that can be made that would generate payments within each month within the quarter . BIs can commit expenditures with a longer time horizon – up to the end of the year – the financial resources needed to make payments as indicated in their cash flow forecasts . Therefore , over the short term , BIs are confident that the resources will be available to make payments and can plan and make commitments over a longer time horizon . But improvement is needed on the number and transparency of in-year adjustments to budgets made by BoFEDs . Debt management applies only to", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 359, "text": "manual taxpayer ledgers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 754, "end": 777, "text": "manual taxpayer ledgers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * IMPLEMENTING CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR EGP AND BUILDING CAPACITY FOR PPDA AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS ( P150166 ) refined vision , mission , values and a tagline – “ P * * _rocurement That Delivers_ * * ” . The plan is anchored on four key strategic objectives namely : ( i ) Strengthen regulation of the public procurement system ; ( ii ) enhancement of stakeholder engagement and management ; ( iii ) strengthen institutional and management capacity ; and ( iii ) leveraging technology to deliver efficiency in public procurement . Strategic initiatives to be implemented under each objective were formulated and documented as well as the activities , output , and outcome - indicators over the 5-year strategic planning period . A risk management framework , that supports the strategic plan as well as a monitoring , evaluation and reporting framework that includes key performance indicators for tracking the Authority ’ s performance during the plan period were also developed . The strategic plan can be accessed at _PPDA STRATEGIC PLAN . pdf_ # # * * ii . Sensitization Campaign of Stakeholders on Transparency and Accountability : * * # # a ) * * Integrity Survey : * * The 4 < sup > th < / sup > national procurement integrity survey was conducted with the objectives of establishing : ( i ) whether stakeholders are aware of the reforms and initiatives undertaken by PPDA ; ( ii ) the extent to which procurement reforms and PPDA initiatives are being implemented ; ( iii ) whether the monitoring process is participatory ; ( iv ) the influence of corruption in public procurement process ; and ( v ) the extent to which there is competition in public procurement . Triangulation of information from desk reviews of past National Procurement Integrity Surveys ( NPIS ) reports , PPDA annual reports and key informant interviews with key stakeholders and a descriptive analysis of NPIS 2020 survey of ministries departments agencies ( MDA ) , Local Governments ( LGs", "spans": [{"start": 1227, "end": 1264, "text": "national procurement integrity survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1753, "end": 1791, "text": "National Procurement Integrity Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1912, "end": 1928, "text": "NPIS 2020 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . 2 . Employment dynamics Trade has had a significant impact on employment-intensive industries , most notably in textiles and apparel . However , Lesotho ’ s unemployment rate remains high , at over 25 % , and has not declined in recent years according to modeled ILO estimates . Youth unemployment is almost 10 % higher . The country has among the lowest labor productivity rates in the world and production remains very labor-intensive : compared to other Southern African countries . An overarching concern remains the relatively small size of the private sector . This makes up just 14 . 7 % of GDP ( Molapo 2016 ) . Recently international observers have urged , and the Government of Lesotho itself has recognized , a need to shift towards a more private sector-led growth model ( see e . g . World Bank 2016 ) . However , the private sector remains small . Of this , MSMEs make up 85 % and employ approximately 200 , 000 people . While there are several larger firms , especially in the textile and apparel and mining sectors , there remains a missing middle with only 6 % of firms considered medium-sized . A large number of manufacturing firms are also single enterprises according to the most recent Manufacturing Census , and over half ( 50 . 8 % ) are foreign-owned , though in about 20 % of these nationals and foreigners have a joint venture ( Bureau of Statistics 2016 ) . A large part of Lesotho ’ s economy is made up of informal businesses , with few efforts to measure their significance . One notable exception is Matsoso ( 2015 ) who used household surveys and census data to establish that the informal sector makes up a substantial but declining share of GDP , estimated at 55 . 4 % of GDP in 2011 and 44 . 2 % by 2014 . The industries with the most substantial informal sector are agriculture , hunting and forestry , wholesale and retail trade , hotels and restaurants and “ other community , social and personal activities ” ( see Table 1 ) . * * Table 1 : Informal economy output at current prices by industry and absolute values of", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1234, "text": "Manufacturing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1564, "end": 1597, "text": "household surveys and census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the communist military force . In a placebo test , we also investigate casualty rates for the non-communist Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party , or KMT ) , ruling party of China after 1927 . There we do not find a relationship between warlord-era famines and subsequent KMT casualties . Exactly why did famines push peasants into the arms of the Communists ? Using land ownership surveys between 1918 and 1921 , we find that famines raised landless tenancy : famine occurrence raised the fraction of tenant households by 1 . 7 percentage points in the following year . We also show that as tenant households rose , there was an increase with the 4", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 383, "text": "land ownership surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preparation of Resettlement Action Plans , persons to be displaced will be informed of provisions of this framework and their entitlements at public meetings and throughout the stakeholder engagement process . # # * * 9 . 4 Eligibility Criteria for Compensation * * The Bank ’ s ESS 5 states that affected persons may be classified as persons : - a ) who have formal legal rights to land or assets - b ) who do not have formal legal rights to land or assets but have a claim to the land or assets that is recognized or recognizable under the national law , or - c ) who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land or assets they occupy or use Those covered under a ) and b ) above are to be provided compensation for land they lose , and other assistance in accordance with the policy . Persons covered under c ) above are to be provided with resettlement assistance in lieu of compensation for the land they occupy or use , and other assistance , as necessary , to achieve the objectives set out in this policy , if they occupy or use the project area prior to a cut-off date . Persons who encroach on project land after the cut-off date are not entitled to compensation or any other form of resettlement assistance . Therefore , all affected persons irrespective of their status or whether they have formal titles , legal rights or not , are eligible for some kind of assistance if they occupied the land before the entitlement cut-off date . The entitlement cut-off date refers to the time when the census of persons and their property in the area is carried out , i . e . , the time when the project area has been identified and when the socio-economic study is taking place . Thereafter , no new cases of affected people will be considered . Persons who encroach the area after the socio-economic study ( census and valuation ) are not eligible for compensation or any form of resettlement assistance . # # * * 9 . 5 Procedures for Payment of Compensation * * Compensation payment", "spans": [{"start": 1512, "end": 1548, "text": "census of persons and their property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Health shocks are common in the developing world , and frequently severe enough to impair a worker ’ s earning ability ( Strauss and Thomas 1998 ) . While formal sector contracts may insure workers against income loss due to health shocks ( Gutierrez 2014 ) , casual wage workers and the self-employed are not typically insured against such shocks . Furthermore , if the financial cost of treatment for injury or illness is high and few households have full insurance against these costs , then these income shocks occur at the same time that a typical household ’ s marginal utility of income has increased . Given that many households are constrained in the ability to borrow and save , households may compensate for lost income due to an unanticipated injury or illness of a worker by increasing the labor supply of other members . This paper documents such labor supply responses to illness shocks using high-frequency data on labor outcomes that we collected in urban Ghana during a 10 week period from August to October , 2013 . High frequency data are crucial to interpret the effects of illness shocks , because credit constraints may prompt households to respond to an income shock at precisely the time it occurs . Our survey design also allows us to isolate unanticipated shocks ( i . e . , weeks in which the individual was planning to work but did not ) , minimizing the possibility that our estimate of the ex post response to a health shock is confounded by the household ’ s ex ante risk mitigation behavior in response to anticipated shocks . We use individual and household-level fixed effects to control for possible correlation between the susceptibility to illness of an individual ’ s household members and the unobserved determinants of his or her labor market outcomes . Moreover , short-lived illness spells tend to be under-reported in recall data , particularly among poor households ( Das , Hammer , and Sánchez-Paramo 2012 ) , but highfrequency data are plausibly less susceptible to such recall bias . 2", "spans": [{"start": 935, "end": 972, "text": "high-frequency data on labor outcomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1889, "end": 1900, "text": "recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1987, "end": 2005, "text": "highfrequency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private sector . The adoption of a shared networking economy business model could bring economies of scale , improve efficiency and effectiveness . This could be achieved through the creation of a common mechanism . This could include set relationships with a financial service provider available for free to any agency in a humanitarian situation to provide immediate access to cash assistance to refugees . Cash assistance for refugees should link to national systems , such as existing social safety net programmes . However , there are challenges to this approach in countries with limited reach of civil registration and vital statistics systems . The importance of defining efficiency according to benefit it gives to PoC was highlighted . Measuring by this definition does come with costs , however . These include the expense for NGOs in attending mandatory trainings , the risk of violence , transaction fees , etc . Civil society and UNHCR need to improve our ability to measure the efficiency by looking at both the costs for the provider and the costs for the beneficiary . Putting people at the centre of cash assistance was a recurrent focus , emphasising the role of NGOs in this context . One NGO participant raised the challenge of who should be given the cash – the head of the family or the most vulnerable person in the family ( ex . women and children ) . The use of technology was also highlighted as important in the work with beneficiaries and also in the overall cash assistance response . It can assist in the timely provision of cash assistance as well as reduce fraud . Common cash transfer arrangements can improve coordination , efficiency and effectiveness in the humanitarian response and have a positive impact on the lives of people in need . # # # # # # * * Good practice example * * The Common Cash Facility ( CCF ) in Jordan is an efficient cash transfer mechanism which is a public good , managed by the private sector and which any humanitarian partner can utilise to provide cash assistance to refugees . The cash transfer arrangement was developed and procured by UNHCR and made available to all humanitarian partners on a direct and equal basis ,", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 650, "text": "vital statistics systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s around 50 years . ' 113 . Protracted lack o f public investments , violence by armed groups , poor law enforcement and poor public oversight have affected local population deeply and shaped their expectations o f the project . As shown by the social assessment , local populations fear losing access to land , 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "case of new regulations and firn entry and exit . Regulations may affect firm entry and exit in complicated ways , They may impose entry barriers to new finns and impose exit barriers to inefficient ( or state-owned ) firms . Av \" snapshot \" of firms at a given point in time ( a crosssection ) provides limited information on this matter . Only by surveying firms over time and across countries can we begin to understand how new regulations or other policy interventions affect firm entry and exit . Entry and exit also lead to attrition bias in the sample-another reason to obtain panel data . Properly accounting for both entry and exit of firms is therefore important to understand industry evolution . Attrition bias may arise when firms disappear ( exit ) because of mergers , acquisition , consolidation , or bankruptcy , or when a firm is included in the sample only if it survives up to the point of interview . Without accounting for attrition , the sole reliance on surviving firms will inevitably bias ( usually upward ) performance measurements . The additional survey rounds necessary for constructing panel data can help account for this bias by deterrnining which firms have disappeared and why . In addition , panel data can help better understand firn entry . < sup > 4 < / sup > New entrants may differ significantly from surviving firnms . Moreover , a high death rate of firms is not necessarily worrisome if it is accompanied by a high birth rate . To deal with such issues , firm surveys should resample some firms annually and strive to add new entrants . Surveys should also define industries as precisely as possible and offer detailed informnation of the industry analyzed . When this type of micro data is collected in panel data sets , it becomes possible to compare the technological progress of particular industries in different countries . Such data allow us to better address important unanswered questions , such as why inter-firm dispersion in productivity is greater in industrialized economies than in developing countries ( as suggested in Tybout , 1998 ) . A variety of reasons ( such as a smaller extent of market and excessive regulation ) have been suggested .", "spans": [{"start": 584, "end": 594, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1748, "end": 1763, "text": "panel data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country-specific studies on informal firms . Munyegera and Precious ( 2018 ) use a census of establishments and representative household surveys in Rwanda and uncover a gender-based productivity gap that persists after the inclusion of controls . Nordman and Vaillant ( 2014 ) use informal enterprise surveys in Madagascar and show that even after the inclusion of control variables , female-owned enterprises are 28 percent less productive than male-owned enterprises . Ours is the first study that we are aware of to decompose the gender gap in labor productivity of informal firms into a wide range of firm characteristics as well as internal and external operating business environment for many economies . Furthermore , using a specialized informal firm survey allows us to account for many factors that are largely unavailable in other data sets , including the ability to produce or sell under contract , use of infrastructure services , owner education and experience . The focus on urban areas is also relevant as this is typically where a large share of formal and informal firms coexist . Cities are the engines of economic growth and a major source of economic activity . The correlation between urbanization and economic development is reflective of agglomeration economies ( Glaeser , 2011 ) . Proximity in cities spreads knowledge , making workers more skilled and entrepreneurs more productive ( Glaeser and Resseger , 2010 ) . Informal and formal activities are more entwined in cities ( Daniels , 2004 ) . Therefore , urban areas may provide different degrees of informality , where for instance informal firms can contract with formal firms – an element that we find is an important contributor to the productivity of informal firms in this study , especially for women-owned businesses . Thus , cities may on one hand provide opportunities for informal firms and on the other hand increase competition between formal and informal businesses . Our findings matter for policy makers ( discussed in section 6 ) . The presence of a gender gap not only means a lower standard of living for women , but also inefficient utilization of their 7", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 144, "text": "census of establishments and representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 281, "end": 308, "text": "informal enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 733, "end": 765, "text": "specialized informal firm survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is , given an initial employment shock _x_ 0 , thereafter _xt_ + 1 = _xt × ρ_ . Based on employment data from across the OECD , we calculate a proportional factor of _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 7143 ( see Web Appx . Section D ) . Of course such an economy would never fully recover : even though lim _t → ∞ xt_ , we would still have that _xt > _ 0 _ ∀ t_ . Having a date at which the recovery is complete is necessary to distinguish cleanly between the direct impact of the shock through loss of employment and the long run impact through lost human capital . Based on these criteria , we proceed as follows . First , we assume that the full recovery takes 10 years . Assuming a decay factor of 0 _ . _ 7143 , by ten years there would be very little residual deviation from steady state GDP ( 0 _ . _ 7143 < sup > 10 < / sup > ≈ 0 _ . _ 03 ) . < sup > 32 < / sup > Then , we subtract this deviation from _xt_ for all _t < _ 10 – so the last factor is now zero . We set _xt_ = 0 for _t ≥ _ 10 . Finally , we multiply all the factors by a number ( slightly larger than one ) to ensure that the initial > 32In addition , the employment recovery from the Great Recession of 2008 and onwards , which was a smaller employment shock , took over ten years to be completed : see Web Appx . Section D .", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 125, "text": "employment data from across the OECD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GLS transformation . As described in Cogley and Sargent ( 2005 ) , conditional on Γ , _λit_ and _h_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > _it_ , the elements of _A_ < sup > ̄ < / sup > are coefficients in linear regressions involving the residuals of the panel VAR . Therefore , their conditional posterior is standard . Given _h_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > _it_ , equation 3 is simply a panel VAR with fixed effects . As we employ conjugate priors for _B_ < sup > ̄ < / sup > and _Q_ , their conditional posteriors are well known and easily sampled from . Geweke ( 1993 ) shows that the conditional posterior of _λit_ is a Gamma distribution and this set of parameters is easily drawn . We use a random walk Metropolis Hastings algorithm to draw from conditional posterior of the degrees of freedom parameters _νK , λ_ . With a draw of Γ _ , A , _ < sup > ̄ < / sup > _B , Q_ < sup > ̄ < / sup > and _λit_ in hand , equations ( 1 ) to ( 3 ) constitute non-linear state space model for each country . To draw from the conditional posterior of _h_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > _it_ we use the particle Gibbs sampler of Andrieu et al . ( 2010a ) and Lindsten et al . ( 2014 ) . We use 21 , 000 iterations and retain every 2 < sup > _nd_ < / sup > draw after a burn-in period of 1 , 000 draws . In the technical appendix ( figure A2 . 1 ) we show that the estimated inefficiency factors are low , providing evidence in favor of convergence of the algorithm . # * * 4 Data * * This section , along with Appendix A3 , provide the definitions , transformations , and sources of the data used in the baseline model ( and extensions ) . Data for 54 advanced economies and EMDEs are used in the baseline model from 1980Q1 to 2022Q4 ( see table A3 . 1 ) . The main variables are described in table 1 and the baseline", "spans": [{"start": 1595, "end": 1635, "text": "Data for 54 advanced economies and EMDEs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper ’ s empirical analysis uses intra-daily exchange rate data from 2004 to 2009 . Because the BCRP ’ s interventions are always made public at the end of its official participation in the foreign exchange market , we are able to differentiate between the effect of past information of interventions and expectations of future interventions on the exchange rate . This distinction is important because the whole purpose of making the information on intervention activities public is to reduce uncertainty and to establish that the BCRP is committed to achieving certain goals . Moreover , we use the intervention decisions that are observed by the market to test the significance of the signaling channel ( Mussa ( 1981 ) ) of the intended monetary policies . Expected future and unannounced central bank participation in the foreign exchange market involves a good deal of asymmetric information ; as a consequence , uncertainty may or may not dissipate completely . We will study the significance of this uncertainty . The studies outlined in the relevant literature that examine the effect of central bank interventions on the volatility of the exchange rate have obtained mixed results . However , these differences are mainly attributable to the varying quality of the data used in the empirical exercises , as well as the monetary policy regimes , data frequencies , and the econometric methods used to measure the effects of interventions on the exchange rate . We use the methodology of Mundaca and Oksendal ( 1998 ) to model an optimal intervention policy for central banks to stabilize the exchange rate . Two types of controls are considered : discrete interventions , which cause a jump in the exchange , and continuous small interventions , with the purpose of smoothing variation in the exchange rate . The first control represents the infrequent but large interventions to prevent large variability due to random 4", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 69, "text": "intra-daily exchange rate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hours / day | 18 | | 20 | 24 | | Revenue collection | % sales | 94 . 1 | | — | 99 . 3 | | Distribution losses | % production | 34 . 8 | | 46 | 28 . 8 | | Cost recovery | % total costs | 89 . 5 | | | 86 . 3 | | Operating cost recovery | % operating costs | 125 . 2 | | — | 120 . 8 | | Labor costs | connections per employee | 175 . 9 | | 89 | 203 . 4 | | | | * * Zimbab * * | * * we * * | * * Countries with * * < br > * * scarce water * * < br > * * resources * * | * * Other * * < br > * * developing * * < br > * * regions * * | | | | * * 2005 * * | * * 2008 * * | * * Mid-2000s * * | * * Mid-2000s * * | | Residential tariff | US cents / m < sup > 3 < / sup > | 24 | 23 | 60 | 3 – 60 | | Nonresidential tariff | US cents / m < sup > 3 < / sup > | 39 | 82 | 121 | | _Source : _ Demographic and Health Surveys and AICD water and sanitation utilities database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . _Note : _ Access figures from the 1999 and 2005 Demographic and Health Surveys ; — = Not available . # * * Challenges * * Due to lack of proper maintenance , Zimbabwe ‘ s water and sanitation network is in dismal condition , constituting a threat to public health . The cholera outbreaks in 2008 and 2009 were a red flag to the poor state . The disease had killed more than 3 , 000 people and infected around 60 , 000 by February 6 , 2009 , according to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , and spread over most of the country and across the borders into neighboring", "spans": [{"start": 815, "end": 859, "text": "AICD water and sanitation utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 969, "end": 999, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Regardless of the underlying reason for _why_ youths heavily discount future payouts , the implication is that jobs with lower starting wages but high future wage growth are relatively less attractive . < sup > 30 < / sup > Table 7 tests how discount rates are correlated with participants ’ reservation wages . For the non-incentivized measure , we indeed find a strong negative relationship . Participants who discount the future by 10 percentage points more ( i . e . their discount factor is lower ) have reservation wages that are about 4 . 2 percent higher ( Column 2 ) . However , this correlation is small and not significant in the smaller sample for which we elicited incentivized discount factors ( Column 3 ) . # * * 5 . 4 Beliefs about wage growth * * The job search framework posits that beliefs about wage growth affect job seekers ’ reservation wages and search effort . We elicit these beliefs in an incentive compatible way in the endline survey . Specifically , we present participants with a scenario of a person starting a formal job that pays 5 , 500 pesos per month . We ask them to estimate how much that person is earning in six months if she is still employed separately for jobs in the formal and informal sector . For each guess that is within 100 pesos of the correct answer , they receive a bonus of 30 pesos . Figure 8a shows the cumulative distribution of wage growth beliefs for _formal_ employment . The dotted line marks the actual wage growth of about 25 % based on social security data . We find that the majority of participants substantially underestimate formal sector wage growth : 20 % believe that there is no wage growth and the median belief is less than 10 % . Only about one third either has correct beliefs or overestimate wage growth . Beliefs about _informal_ sector wage growth appear to be more accurate . Figure 8b shows that more than 40 % believe there is no wage growth and two thirds of youths believe that informal wages grow by less than 10 % . While we do not have administrative data for informal wages , ENOE survey data suggests", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 963, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1502, "end": 1522, "text": "social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2066, "end": 2082, "text": "ENOE survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "via the United Nations platform COMTRADE . Notice that , in view of the time lag in uploads to COMTRADE , by the national institutes of statistics , a wait period of a few months should be observed before downloading the most recent annual bilateral trade data . < sup > 3 < / sup > Due to this time lag , the mirror analysis cannot identify new trends in customs fraud in Madagascar . Based on mirror gaps , we are then able to identify some sectors / products for which noncompliance seems common . Estimates suggest that undervaluation and misclassification < sup > 4 < / sup > in 2014 accounted for a loss of revenue of US $ 53 . 7 and US $ 42 . 4 million , respectively . < sup > 5 < / sup > Total estimated losses ( 96 million of US $ or MGA 232 billion ) represented 30 percent of total non-oil revenues collected by customs . The analysis indicates that clothing ( textile , footwear and leather goods ) and high tech products ( telephones , digital cameras ) seemed to be substantially undervalued in 2014 . Undervaluation of clothing products and telephones ( and digital cameras ) are , respectively , estimated at US $ 25 . 4 million and US $ 13 . 6 million . Regarding misclassification , the paper highlights that , in Madagascar , some customs tariff headings not subject to duties and value-added tax ( VAT ) were probably used , in 2014 , for tax evasion purposes . Considering that abnormal statistics ( e . g . inconsistent unit values ) are indicative of fraud , there is reasonable evidence that some high-taxed goods were declared as zero-taxed products , notably fertilizers and rice . The declared unit value of imports of rice and fertilizers ( products exempt from duties and VAT ) largely exceeded corresponding world prices . Based on discrepancies in trade statistics , we estimate losses in VAT revenues at US $ 12 million . < sup > 6 < / sup > Despite the fact that rice imports were almost systematically physically inspected , _i . e . , _ directed through the red channel , very few infractions had been reported", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 260, "text": "annual bilateral trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1796, "text": "trade statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appropriate mitigation measures will reduce the rating to * * Low * * , post-mitigation . Therefore , no significant residual impacts are anticipated . # # # * * 7 . 7 . 11 Traffic and Road Safety * * - * * 7 . 7 . 11 . 1 Preconstruction and Construction phase – Traffic and Road Safety * * # # # * * Potential Impacts * * - Vehicle collisions and injuries ; - Property damage ; and - Material spills . # # # * * Source of Impacts * * Construction of the Proposed Project could potentially increase the frequency and severity of vehicle collisions and injuries involving community members due to : - Presence of project-related traffic ; - The use of heavy goods vehicles ( HGVs ) for proposed project activities ; - Stringing conductor wires across roads ; - Transportation of materials for the proposed project ; and - Coinciding peak proposed project , background and pedestrian traffic during weekday morning and evening peaks . # # # * * Detailed Impact description : * * While increased traffic volumes are not a safety concern in isolation , increases in the volume of HGVs could pose additional safety risks to local communities . Those risks include vehicle collisions resulting in injuries , fatalities , property damage , and material spills . These safety risks ( and thus the project ’ s impacts on transportation safety ) rise in proportion to the number of HGV trips associated with the Project . Heavy trucks , including those associated with the Project , are larger and more difficult to manoeuvre . Higher speeds are typically correlated with higher transportation safety risks . The severity of the potential impacts on accidents and safety is directly related to changes in traffic volumes and traffic types and in the absence of baseline traffic data . As such , appropriate control and mitigation measures need to be implemented to reduce the potential impact of construction traffic on accidents and ensure safety on the roads . Mitigation measures identified below will be modified for site-specific issues once the construction traffic routes are determined , and the requirements included", "spans": [{"start": 1751, "end": 1772, "text": "baseline traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ has started a pilot to include Yemeni refugees into the national health insurance and the operation will further explore ways of including refugees in public health care programs . UNHCR will also review its secondary and tertiary health care support to refugees to ensure it is in line with global policies . Prevention and response to Acute Watery Diarrhoea ( AWD ) and other communicable diseases will continue to be a focus for UNHCR ’ s public health strategy for refugees and asylum-seekers across the country . For other populations , UNHCR will aim to provide support and build capacity of public health services in order to improve refugee access to primary health care in public facilities . UNHCR will continue to assist refugees and asylum seekers with primary health care through its NGO health partners , while opportunities for mainstreaming into public primary health services will be pursued in coordination with the Ministry of Health and other sister UN agencies . This includes standardization and harmonization of health packages to align with Ministry of Health policy . UNHCR will also focus on livelihood activities targeting the most vulnerable refugees to support their graduation from poverty and reduce dependence on humanitarian assistance by 2020 . A key priority is to improve the Operation ’ s livelihoods assistance targeting methodology UNHCR will explore the possibility of joint UNHCR-COR socio-economic surveys in 2019 and 2020 , which will help assess the household-level needs for better targeting . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1491, "end": 1523, "text": "UNHCR-COR socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > testing , sample design , < br > methodological soundness < br > and estimation procedures for < br > Trade in service < br > ET-CSA-196550-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment ofconsultancy service providingfirm for Statistical Standard IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 81 , 383 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-10-29 2020-11-19 2021-01-02 2021-01-30 2021-03-01 2021-04-05 2021-05-10 2022-05-10 < br > Documents < br > ET-CSA-196557-CS-QCBS / < br > Employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Trade in Service Survey - Consultancy Services on IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection 308 , 674 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-10-07 2020-10-22 2020-11-15 2020-12-13 2021-01-12 2021-02-16 2021-03-02 2021-08-29 < br > Technical issues of < br > questionnaire development , < br > testing , < br > ET-CSA-196561-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment of < br > consultancy service providing < br > firm for Preparation of < br > statistical calendar - Consultancy service on whatshould be the content of the IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 74 , 956 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-10-24 2020-11-08 2020 -", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 678, "text": "Trade in Service Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ reported that they have some kind of tertiary education ( i . e . 0 . 5 % college certificate , 1 . 1 % diploma and 1 . 5 % degree and above ) . The literacy rate of PAHs across subproject affected Woredas varied significantly while higher literacy rate is reported among PAHs in Jima town with 86 . 1 % , whereas the percentage of illiterate HH heads are disproportionally higher among PAHs in Limu Kosa Woreda with 42 . 5 % of total PAHs in the Woreda . Figure 6 . 3 : Proportions of HH Heads by Educational Attainment and Woreda # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 2 Occupational Status of HH Heads and HH Population * * The census survey has also made an inquiry into what the subproject affected HH heads , and their family members do for a living . As expected , the primary occupation for 86 . 3 % HH heads is farming , followed by employment with only 4 . 7 % and trade / business 3 . 4 % . As can be observed , other than agricultural related economic activities the HH heads the primary occupation option is very limited . Page 70", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 783, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "costs . However , the natural protection of those transport costs should make it economic to produce paper for self-sufficiency and for export to inland neighbors for all but specialized grades in the foreseeable future . 5 . 24 Stumpage prices . Government has accepted the principle that FD should recover the replacement cost from wood users . On the one hand , at present unit costs , so doing would impose a major shock on the economy and would radically alter wood use in the economy . Price would certainly ration demand so that the uncut annual increment in wood would be much greater than it is now . On the other , present stumpages are clearly so low that they would not recover costs even if FD were a model of efficiency . Therefore , simultaneous steps should be taken to ( a ) control and reduce FD-s unit production costs ( see Chapter IV ) and to ( b ) raise stumpages by some interim formulas pending the results of a study to determine replacement stumpages under reasonable management of FD and the users ability to adjust to them . Stumpage should be lower for thinnings than for clearfellings , to encourage the demand for thinnings . Assurances were obtained at negotiations that : ( a ) such a study would be carried out under terms of reference agreed by the Bank , and that the study would be submitted to the Bank for review not later than December 31 , 1982 ; ( b ) that stumpages be raised by at least 12 . 5 % plus the annual increase in the Nairobi cost-of-living index each year until agreement with the Bank is reached on some other formula following review of the replacement stumpage study . If , as current licenses", "spans": [{"start": 1472, "end": 1500, "text": "Nairobi cost-of-living index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In this paper , we construct cost-of-living indexes for different groups of households in order to quantify differences in the inflation burden across the populations of countries in Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) . We use microdata on household expenditures to construct consumption baskets for each household and use detailed price data to track the evolution of the price of such baskets . We generate detailed inflation estimates for 19 emerging market and developing economy ( EMDE ) countries in ECA and provide a limited set of estimates for 25 countries in the European Union ( EU ) and the European Economic Area ( EEA ) . Our results show that the high inflation of 2022 had a heterogeneous impact on European populations . The burden of inflation was spread unevenly across households , with poor households appearing to have suffered the most from rising food and energy prices . Households in the bottom decile of the consumption distribution faced inflation , that is , for the average country in EMDE ECA , 2 . 3 percentage points higher than the inflation faced by households in the top decile , with the difference reaching 5 percentage points in some countries . We also show that poverty and inequality rates and the profiles of the poor derived from household-specific inflation rates differ from those based on the standard CPI approach . In all countries in our sample , the poverty headcount rate , the poverty gap , and the Gini index of inequality are higher when using COL household-specific indexes than when using the CPI . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 reviews the literature . Section 3 presents the methodology for constructing household-specific COL indexes , and section 4 describes the data used for our analysis . Section 5 presents a descriptive analysis of the differences in inflation rates across goods and services and in consumption patterns across households . Section 6 presents the main findings . Section 7 discusses the implications of our approach for the analysis of poverty and inequality . Section 8 draws policy implications . # * * 2 Literature review * * Official measurements of the cost of living started in the late 19 < sup > th < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 259, "text": "microdata on household expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 320, "end": 339, "text": "detailed price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Ginglinger , Edith and Quentin Moreau ( 2019 ) . “ Climate Risk and Capital Structure ” . SSRN Scholarly Paper . - Goldar , Bishwanath and Piyali Majumder ( 2022 ) . “ What factors drive industrial plants in emerging economies to adopt ISO 14000 environmental management standards : Evidence from the Indian organized manufacturing sector ” . _Environmental Development_ 44 , 100771 . - Gray , Harriet Brookes , Vis Taraz , and Simon D . Halliday ( 2023 ) . “ The impact of weather shocks on employment outcomes : evidence from South Africa ” . _Environment and Development Economics_ 28 . Publisher : Cambridge University Press , 285 – 305 . - Gray , Wayne , Joshua Linn , and Richard Morgenstern ( 2019 ) . “ The Impacts of Lower Natural Gas Prices on Jobs in the U . S . Manufacturing Sector ” . _The Energy Journal_ 40 , 169 – 194 . - Greatrex , Helen et al . ( 2015 ) . _Scaling up index insurance for smallholder farmers : Recent evidence and insights_ . Report . Accepted : 2015-01-23T10 : 34 : 21Z ISSN : 1904-9005 . CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change , Agriculture and Food Security . - Greenstone , Michael ( 2002 ) . “ The Impacts of Environmental Regulations on Industrial Activity : Evidence from the 1970 and 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments and the Census of Manufactures ” . _Journal of Political Economy_ 110 , 1175 – 1219 . - Greenstone , Michael , John A . List , and Chad Syverson ( 2012 ) . “ The Effects of Environmental Regulation on the Competitiveness of U . S . Manufacturing ” . - Greenstone , Michael , Rohini Pande , et al . ( 2022 ) . “ The Benefits and Costs of Emissions Trading : Experimental Evidence from a New Market for Industrial Particulate Emissions ” . - Grover , Arti and Valerie J . Karplus ( 2020 ) . _The Energy-Management Nexus in Firms : Which Practices Matter , how Much and for Whom ? _ World Bank , Washington , DC . - Guo , Mengmeng , Yicheng Kuai , and Xiaoyan Liu ( 2020 ) . “ Stock market response to environmental policies :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scientific challenges prohibiting analyzing the influence of conflicts on disaster impacts . This paper seeks to address this gap and support further quantitative analyses on the additional impact on households ’ welfare and nations ’ economic growth in countries experiencing these compounded crises . # Empirical strategy # Data density , and administrative boundaries , to econometrically analyze the specific effects of flood events in Mozambique as well as Nigeria ' s conflict and non-conflict affected regions . # # _Nightlights data_ Furthermore , we utilize composite images of nighttime radiance data captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite ( VIIRS ) sensor aboard the NASA-NOAA Suomi satellite . These monthly composites are available since 2012 at a resolution of 15 arcseconds by 15 arcseconds ( approximately 463 meters at the equator ) . VIIRS Day Night Bands ( DNB ) data exclude grid cells affected by lightning , stray light , lunar illumination , and cloud cover ( Elvidge et al . , 2017 ) . We favor VIIRS data over traditionally used data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ( DMSP ) 3", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 610, "text": "nighttime radiance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 892, "text": "VIIRS Day Night Bands", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "past and could proceed with the support going forward . # * * Recommendations from Lessons Learned During Project Implementation * * - i . The successes recorded by the project were as a result of the flexibility within the < u > project design that allowed for GoU to focus on other emergencies related to < / u > highly pathogenic AI infection and other emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases to animals , birds and humans such as yellow fever , rabies , anthrax , hepatitis , Ebola haemorrhagic fever , Marburg haemorrhagic fever , Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever . It is therefore recommended that successor projects give room for re-orientation of the design in a manner that maximises / spreads impact . In addition , decentralizing project implementation across the districts has < u > increased capacity for surveillance across the country in as much more can be < / u > done in the coming years to engage the current district response teams to take up any emergent response . - ii . Projects of this nature should be designed in a manner that ensures that the date of < u > effective project start is after and not before their approval of Parliament . This < / u > would help to avert the delays such as those that the AHIP project suffered . - iii . < u > The project ought to have designed a monitoring and evaluation system from the on-set < / u > so that it guides routine reporting , monitoring and both internal and external reviews including value for money audits . Without this system tracking performance became problematic for some indicators . In addition , the project should have set up a small dataset manned by a recruited M & E officer attached to the OPM under the component of coordination and monitoring . While the delays at the start forced the project to move quickly on all fronts , the evaluation still feels that there should have been time at the end of 2012 to commission a midterm external evaluation . - iv . Inter and Intra", "spans": [{"start": 1619, "end": 1632, "text": "small dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A1 Data sources * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Years * * | * * Source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of physicians and < br > nurse / midwives per 1000 < br > population | 1990 ‐ 2013 | WHO Global Health Observatory | | Total population , Population aged < br > 65 or over | 1980 ‐ 2030 | United Nations , Department of Economic < br > and Social Affairs , Population Division | | Real GDPper capita ( 2011 PPP $ ) | 1995 ‐ 2030 | See Annex B , estimation byPatrick Eozenou | | Total health expenditures per < br > capita ( PPP constant 2011 < br > international $ ) , Percent of total < br > health expenditures spent out ‐ of ‐ < br > pocket | 1995 ‐ 2013 | World Development Indicators , extracted < br > from the WHO Global Health Expenditure < br > database | Data on worker density from the WHO Global Health Observatory database for 193 countries were first cleaned to remove obvious outliers due to misreporting . In each of the country ‐ year observations listed in Table A2 , outliers were replaced with missing data so that estimated growth rates would not be unduly influenced by arbitrary substitution . * * Table A2 Workers per 1000 population data outliers * * | * * Country * * | * * Years * * | | - - - | - - - | | Bhutan | 2012 | | Saint Lucia | 1999 | | Swaziland | 2000 | | Bahrain | 2005 , 2011 | | Bolivia | 2001 | | Cabo Verde | 2004 | | Cameroon | 2004 | | Central African Republic | 2004 | | Congo | 1998 | | Ghana | 2004 | | Guinea ‐ Bissau | 2004 | | Guyana | 2004 | | Micronesia | 2009 | | Samoa | 1999 | | Sierra Leone | 2004 | | Zambia | 2004 | | India | 1991 | Missing data points for physicians and nurses / midwives per 1 , 000 population between", "spans": [{"start": 784, "end": 806, "text": "Data on worker density", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 816, "end": 854, "text": "WHO Global Health Observatory database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 1 . Introduction * * # # # # # * * 1 . 1 The Background * * Uganda has made significant strides towards socioeconomic transformation over the last three decades , but the country ’ s growth trajectory remains uncertain with stalled structural transformation and persistent poverty . Economic growth has levelled off with higher incidence of vulnerability to climate-related disasters and poverty , the impacts of overlapping global crisis such as the Corona Virus Disease ( COVID-19 ) and high global food and fuel prices due to war in Ukraine . All sectors of economic activity have lowered their productivity levels , < sup > 1 < / sup > which is also a reflection of a rapid population growth without adequate investment in its human capital . In fact , between 2005 and 2012 , in absolute numbers , agricultural employment increased more than employment in other sectors and only started to slow from 2016 . Uganda saw a much slower rate of structural transformation than neighbouring countries and no productivity gains were made through reallocation of workers across sectors . In addition , more recently GDP growth decelerated to around 5 percent per year during 2013 – 2019 and the economy contracted by 1 . 1 percent in 2020 , in part due to the strict COVID-19 containment measures adopted by the Government of Uganda ( GoU ) . The relaxation of COVID-19 containment measures in 2021 have resulted in improvements in consumption , public investment , and service delivery . However , recovery could be slower and more difficult , especially for poor and vulnerable households in the wake of unfolding global food , fuel , and financial crises . Poverty remains high in Uganda , and according to the latest Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) , overall poverty in 2019 / 20 using revised poverty line ( 31 . 8 percent ) was only slightly higher than poverty in 2016 / 17 ( 30 . 8 percent ) . Rising unemployment and work stoppages have pushed many Ugandans , especially women , back into subsistence agriculture , setting back achievement", "spans": [{"start": 1731, "end": 1763, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "violations and responses ; - Accident and fatality records and notifications to authorities ; - Records of legally required worker benefits and proof of workers ’ enrollment in the related programs ; - Worker payroll records , including hours worked and pay received ; - Identification of safety committee members and records of meetings ; and - Copies of previous contracts with contractors and suppliers , showing inclusion of provisions and terms reflecting ESS2 . The IAs will establish procedures for managing and monitoring the performance of such third parties in relation to the requirements of the ESS2 . In addition , the IAs will incorporate the requirements of the ESS2 into contractual agreements with such third parties , together with appropriate noncompliance remedies . In the case of subcontracting , the IAs will require such third parties to include equivalent requirements and noncompliance remedies in their contractual agreements with subcontractors . The IAs will depend on different ways to manage and monitor the performance of third parties in relation to contracted workers , focusing on compliance by such third parties with their contractual agreements ( obligations , representations , and warranties ) . As appropriate to the project , this may include periodic audits , inspections , and / or spot checks of project locations or work sites and / or of labor management records and reports compiled by third parties . Third parties ’ labor management records and reports may include : ( a ) a representative sample of employment contracts or arrangements between third parties and contracted workers ; ( b ) records relating to grievances received and their resolution ; ( c ) reports relating 95", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 58, "text": "Accident and fatality records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 202, "end": 224, "text": "Worker payroll records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1385, "end": 1421, "text": "labor management records and reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1466, "end": 1502, "text": "labor management records and reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) * * _Fig . 5 . 8_ : Percentage distribution of property ownership * * * * _Fig . 5 . 8_ : Percentage distribution of property ownership * * The housing structures in the project area are a mix of permanent and semi-permanent temporary houses . From the HH Survey , respondent information shows that 57 % of the houses are made of brick wall and 91 % with concrete floors . The information is displayed in the * * _Fig . 5 . 9_ : Percentage distribution of Housing wall material * * The housing structures in the project area are a mix of permanent and semi-permanent temporary houses . From the HH Survey , respondent information shows that 57 % of the houses are made of brick wall and 91 % with concrete floors . The information is displayed in the * * Figure 5 . 9 * * below * * _Fig . 5 . 10_ : Percentage distribution of Housing floor material * * Housing Conditions of the PAPs were recorded as per the representation presented below 35", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 422, "text": "HH Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "29 | 1 . 89 | 1 . 88 | 10 . 19 | 42 . 81 | | Pakistan | 1 . 16 | 2 . 28 | - | - | 8 . 11 | 4 . 09 | 6 . 57 | 4 . 58 | 1 . 48 | 1 . 10 | | Sri Lanka | 7 . 55 | 12 . 84 | 17 . 57 | 9 . 89 | - | - | 6 . 52 | 0 . 24 | 0 . 66 | 16 . 63 | | Bangladesh | 15 . 94 | 21 . 86 | 16 . 34 | 9 . 71 | 4 . 95 | 0 . 94 | - | - | 2 . 82 | 9 . 72 | | Nepal | 13 . 22 | 35 . 03 | 1 . 22 | 3 . 57 | 0 . 25 | 1 . 70 | 26 . 19 | 18 . 45 | - | - | | Maldives | 6 . 67 | 2 . 41 | 2 . 51 | 2 . 80 | 44 . 00 | 40 . 00 | N / A | N / A | N / A | N / A | | Bhutan | 0 . 00 | 16 . 34 | 0 . 22 | 0 . 54 | N / A | N / A | 2 . 32 | 4 . 36 | N / A | 9 . 04 | | US | 1 . 02 | 1 . 26 | 0 . 84 | 1 . 3 | 1 . 75 | 2 . 17 | 2 . 06 | 2 . 15 | 1 . 58 | 1 . 55 | | UK | 0 . 98 | 1 . 05 | 1 . 16 | 1 . 23 | 0 . 89 | 1 . 75 | 1 . 12 | 1 . 66 | 0 . 90 | 0 . 21 | Note : Calculations are based on data from the IMF Direction of Trade Statistics While the South Asian countries demonstrate TIIs ( not normalized ) greater than unity , some relatively increasing and some decreasing as seen", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 898, "text": "IMF Direction of Trade Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Ta * * | * * ble 1 : Dire * * < br > * * I * * | * * ction of So * * < br > * * MPORTS * * | * * uth Asia ’ * * | * * s Trade ( * * < br > * * E * * | * * Constant * * < br > * * XPORTS * * | * * US $ Milli * * | * * on , 1995 ) * * < br > * * SHARE OF * * | * * TOTAL T * * | * * RADE * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 1981 * * | * * 1990 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 1981 * * | * * 1990 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 1981 * * | * * 1990 * * | * * 1998 * * | | South Asia | 618 | 733 | 3 , 293 | 556 | 837 | 2 , 814 | 3 . 2 | 2 . 4 | 5 . 0 | | East Asia | 2 , 084 | 4 , 764 | 15 , 000 | 688 | 2 , 198 | 5 , 548 | 7 . 5 | 10 . 8 | 16 . 7 | | Other Developing | 11 , 579 | 11 , 868 | 21 , 529 | 5 , 624 | 8 , 100 | 12 , 523 | 46 . 7 | 31 . 1 | 27 . 8 | | Industrial Countries | 11 , 091 | 20 , 201 | 29 , 702 | 4 , 593 | 15 , 549 | 32 , 281 | 42 . 6 | 55 . 6 | 50 . 5 | Source : IMF Direction of Trade Statistics . Notes : Oil imports are excluded from the South Asia ’ s", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 970, "text": "IMF Direction of Trade Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participates as an observer in the sub-committee sessions to which it can provide verbal observations and where scheduled , in the Appeal Committee . The 2008 Asylum Law also lays down specific provisions applicable in the event of a massive inflow of persons fleeing a situation of generalized violence . Under such circumstances , the Ministry of Interior grants prima facie refugee status to these persons within a maximum of six months of their arrival . While the legal and institutional arrangements for RSD in Burundi are considered generally satisfactory vis-à-vis international standards , there are practical challenges regarding the ability of ONPRA to ensure the efficiency , integrity and adaptability of its RSD procedures . ONPRA has an accelerated RSD procedure for asylum-seekers from the northern and southern Kivu provinces and the provinces of Haut Uele , Bas Uele , Ituri and Maniema in the Democratic Republic of the Congo due to the ongoing situation of generalized violence there . Meanwhile , a standard individual case-processing methodology is in place for other provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , for asylum-seekers from Rwanda and from other countries of origin . UNHCR seeks to provide on-the-job training and coaching to further develop the RSD competencies of the ONPRA RSD interview team . Asylum-seekers are registered by ONPRA and data is stored in the database system managed by ONPRA and UNHCR . Since March 2020 , as a precautionary measure against COVID-19 , all border points have been closed to asylum-seekers and refugees , while registration of newly arrived asylum-seekers has been halted . # # * * 2 . 2 Security of legal status * * Duly documented refugees and asylum-seekers benefit from the legal right to stay in the country . The 2008 Asylum Law provides for refugees to have access to national refugee ID cards and asylum-seekers to have attestations until the end of the asylum procedure . More specifically , Articles 5 to 7 of Order No 530-443 provide for access to temporary residence permit to asylum", "spans": [{"start": 1405, "end": 1447, "text": "database system managed by ONPRA and UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "07_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Appraisal estimate ( US $ M ) | 45 . 0 | 70 . 0 | 70 . 0 | | Actual ( US $ M ) | 35 . 3 | 59 . 9 | 70 . 7 * | | Actual as % of appraisal * | 78 . 8 | 85 . 5 | 101 . 0 | | Date of final disbursement * * | 12 / 06 / 2006 | - | - | * Actual figures are based on historical disbursement data which include exchange rate changes . * * Last transaction done under Grant H136 # # # # # * * Project Dates * * | | * * _Original_ * * | * * _Actual_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Initiating memorandum | 04 / 12 / 2004 | 04 / 21 / 2004 | | Negotiations | 10 / 18 / 2004 | 25 / 10 / 2004 | | Board approval | 11 / 30 / 2004 | 11 / 30 / 2004 | | Signing | n / a * | 12 / 17 / 2004 | | Effectiveness | 12 / 30 / 2004 | 02 / 22 / 2005 | | Closing date | 12 / 31 / 2006 | 12 / 31 / 2006 | * n / a = not applicable", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 333, "text": "historical disbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "121 ) | < br > ( 0 . 0419 ) | < br > ( 0 . 123 ) | < br > ( 0 . 121 ) | < br > ( 0 . 126 ) | < br > ( 0 . 124 ) | | Observations | 311 , 102 , 742 | 311 , 102 , 742 | 311 , 102 , 742 | 52 , 821 | 304 , 379 , 241 | 313 , 731 , 062 | 140 , 524 , 661 | 141 , 199 , 949 | | R-squared | | | | 0 . 230 < br > | | | | | | | | Ro | bust standard erro < br > * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < | rs in parentheses < br > 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 | | | | | Source : Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Waves 1-3 Note : ( 1 ) – ( 3 ) differ in terms of standard errors , ( 1 ) uses robust standard errors , ( 2 ) clusters standard errors at the household level and ( 3 ) clusters standard errors at the LGA level . ( 4 ) - ( 8 ) all use clustered standard errors at the LGA level . The highest education level completed and education deprivation status among household members above 18 years of the respective gender is used to proxy for the parent ’ s education deprivation and highest completed education level of existing household members in waves 2 and 3 , as the GHS only asks in wave 1 about the parent ’ s education of all individuals , but in the later waves only for new household member . As the GHS data is unfortunately not an individual level panel , it is not possible to merge information from wave 1 to the respective individuals in wave 2 and 3 . Controls including the proxy information are marked with an * . 55", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1198, "text": "GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) Phase II design will be enhanced in line with recommendations from 2021 assessments on the farm and non-farm livelihood activities as follows : ( a ) strengthen market linkages through enhanced private sector engagement . This will include regular private sector dialogues in project _woredas_ to strengthen the link between project activities and market demand ; ( b ) improve linkages with financial institutions to address access to finance shortages ; ( c ) enhance technical assistance available to beneficiaries for business skills ; and ( d ) improve integration with the other DRDIP components , particularly by leveraging economic infrastructure investments ( markets , roads , storage , irrigation , etc . ) . Value chain studies in the target regions will be used to guide profitable investment decisions . Existing assessments were gathered during project preparation . The project will commission additional assessments where necessary . _Sub-component 3 ( a ) : Traditional ( on-farm and off-farm ) livelihoods ( US $ 13 . 4 million equivalent ) _ 71 . * * Sub-component activities on traditional livelihood will * * : ( a ) strengthen public agricultural / livestock extension services through rehabilitation , upgrading and construction of Pastoralist Training Centers / Farmer Training Centers ( PTCs / FTCs ) ; ( b ) promote good practices and technologies , including climate-smart agriculture , for crop and livestock production and productivity through the PTCs / FTCs ; ( c ) horticulture development ; ( d ) improved seed systems , including drought and flood-resistant varieties ; and ( e ) capacity-building support for Community-Based Organizations ( CBOs ) working on traditional livelihood systems . In addition to generating income , these activities are expected to contribute to food security and nutrition by supporting food production . 72 . * * Based on recommendations from an FAO assessment of sub-component activities , the following improvements will be made to the design of", "spans": [{"start": 186, "end": 202, "text": "2021 assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exclusion of informal , or irregular workers is likely also be a function of banks ’ preference for clients with steady employment , reflected in requirements for references and proof of work ( see Chapter 2 ) . At the same time , almost 50 % of salaried workers are unbanked , suggesting that informality is not a primary reason for financial exclusion . * * Figure 3 . 4 Employment profile of the unbanked * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Banked and unbanked by type of activity Banked and unbanked by type of job < br > 100 % Banked 50 % 50 % Banked < br > 90 % 48 % Unbanked < br > 80 % 78 % 76 % 73 % Unbanked < br > 70 % 60 % 40 % 36 % < br > 60 % 52 % < br > 50 % 40 % 48 % 30 % 24 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % 22 % 24 % 27 % 20 % < br > 14 % < br > 20 % < br > 9 % < br > 10 % 10 % 7 % < br > 0 % 2 % 4 % 1 % 3 % 3 % 0 % 0 % < br > 0 % < br > % < br > % < br > Housing chores Students Unemployed Other Employed salaried worker in private sector self-employed domestic worker employer family worker without pay salaried worker in public sector other < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ 9 . * * The unbanked have lower educational attainment levels than those with bank accounts . * * Figure 3 . 5 shows a clear relation of education to the use of formal banking products . As educational levels increase , the percentage of unbanked falls and the percentage of banked persons rises . Regression analysis shows a high correlation between educational levels and likelihood of being banked or unbanked . At the same time , it is noteworthy that approximately 15 % and 25 % of the group with less than elementary and", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1142, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "would be important to assess the long-term impact on debt sustainability . Growth estimates are not dependent on debt burden indicators and therefore they may be considered optimistic , especially for those countries with already high debt ratios . This metric can be further expanded , through the consideration of indicators measuring the quality of the governance and strengths of fiscal institutions and the assessment of the domestic revenue generation capacity , which would further strengthen the discussion of fiscal space and indicate further policy options . Figure 15 . Projected Status of BRI Recipient Countries in 2023 ( In percent of GDP ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > LIDCs EMs < br > 45 % < br > Tajikistan 18 % < br > 40 % < br > 16 % Armenia < br > 35 % < br > 14 % < br > 30 % < br > 12 % < br > 25 % 10 % Albania < br > 20 % < br > Cambodia 8 % < br > 15 % Mongolia < br > Djibouti Timor - 6 % Malaysia < br > 10 % < br > Leste 4 % < br > 5 % Kenya Maldives 2 % < br > Afghanista Pakistan < br > 0 % n 0 % < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 0 % 2 % 4 % 6 % 8 % 10 % < br > Fiscal gap Fiscal gap < br > Low Moderate High Low < br > Sources : WEO , WIND Database and LIC DSF DSAs . Sources : WEO , WIND Database and MAC DSAs . < br > Growth gap < br > Growth gap < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Long-Term Projections of debt-to-GDP Ratios To assess the impact of BRI financing and investment on growth and indebtedness in the long term , this section uses the results of SGE estimates from de Soyres et al . ( 2019 ) . To compare the evolution of public debt-to-GDP ratio from 2016 to 2030 with and without BRI infrastructure investment , a number of assumptions , consistent with the previous", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 . * * M & E * * remains rated Moderately Satisfactory . Although the revised PIM has been submitted to IDA and considered acceptable , there is still a lot of work to be done to fine-tune the system and get it working to the expected standard . The mission learnt that a M & E manual is being prepared . The rating will be reviewed at the next mission in January / February depending on actual reporting on project ’ s activities and results . 22 . The World Bank ’ s DIME team , that specializes in in-depth M & E is still working on the in-depth analysis of the baseline data which is expected to be presented to the project ’ s team during the January / February mission . A training will be provided for M & E staff as well as ARARI and BoA staff before handing over of the database . # * * Main recommendations * * 23 . * * Megech CC evaluation : * * MWE need to expedite the Megech CC evaluation in order to get a better understanding of the reasons underlying the high prices , and determine if any change should be made to the Ribb CC . Moreover , the economic feasibility of the Megech scheme needs to be confirmed based on the expected construction cost < sup > 4 < / sup > . 24 . * * Ribb CC : * * Two options were considered : ( i ) bid for the full area of the irrigation scheme ( 13 , 300 ha ) after getting a commitment from Ministry of Finance and Economic Development ( MoFED ) to finance the gap , or ( ii ) revise the scope of works to include only the first phase of the scheme , e . g . the headworks and about 3 , 300 ha of irrigated land . The decision is pending further progress on the Megech Construction bid evaluation to ascertain the reason for high bid prices . 25 . * * Megech MSC : * * the contract signing", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 580, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 country like Bangladesh where half the population is poor , poverty lines also represent valid price indices faced by the population . Hence , they can also be used to estimate real rather than nominal consumption and inequality . Consumption will be the preferred indicator of well-being because it incorporates the life cycle hypothesis , and because it is measured more precisely . Therefore , all measures of poverty , growth and inequality in this paper will be based on consumption rather than income , and they are all computed using successive rounds of the nationally representative Household Expenditure Surveys ( HES ) Regional poverty lines were estimated according to the cost of basic needs method . Details on the implementation of the method can be found in Wodon ( 1997 ) , hence the exposition will be brief here . Three steps were followed for the estimation of the poverty lines . First , the country was divided into fourteen geographical areas . The list of areas and their sample size for the various years is given in Table Al in appendix . A food bundle representative of actual consumption patterns in the country and providing 2 , 122 kcal per day and per person was chosen . The bundle is given in Table A3 , and the same bundle applies to all areas . In each area , the price of each item in the food bundle was estimated , using regressions to control for the impact of household characteristics on the quality of the food consumed . The resulting prices for 1995-96 by area are given in Table A3 . Given the estimates of the food prices by area , the cost of the food bundle ( the food poverty line denoted by ZF in Table A4 ) was computed in each area . The second step consisted in computing a cost of basic non-food needs . The non-food expenditures of households whose food or total consumption is equal to their area food poverty line were estimated as , respectively , lower and upper bounds for the cost of non-food needs . Third , lower and upper poverty lines were obtained by summing up the food poverty line with respectively the lower and upper allowance for non-food consumption . The", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 623, "text": "nationally representative Household Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| T | ABLE1 . Workforce < br > 1 < br > Rural | byEmployment < br > 993 < br > Urban | Sector ( % ) < br > 1 < br > Rural | 998 < br > Urban | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Public employees | 3 . 12 | 20 . 01 | 5 . 90 | 21 . 51 | | Private employees | 7 . 60 | 19 . 58 | 18 . 03 | 26 . 82 | | Self-employed | 89 . 26 | 60 . 37 | 76 . 07 | 51 . 67 | _Source : _ Author ’ s calculations based on VLSS 1993 and VHLSS 2006 data . Public sector and private sector workers are engaged in very different economic activities . A growing majority of public employees work in government , education , and health services ( 51 percent in 1993 , 62 percent in 2006 ) whereas only 8 percent of private employees participated in these sectors in 1993 . The remainder of public employees work in public firms , which operate in many industries : electricity and water production , mining , food and beverages , textiles , and other fields . Even when they operate in the same industry , however , public and private firms have very different characteristics . In 1998 , the average public worker in the paper , metal , and plastics industries had 200 coworkers whereas the average private sector worker in this industry had only 35 coworkers . According to the 2006 Enterprises Survey , public firms are more capitalistic and generate more profits compared with private domestic firms ( Vietnam SocioEconomic Development 2008 ) . Within the private sector , foreign-owned enterprises are an exception , with a much larger size and more capital compared with domestic firms , but they represent only a small minority of the employed workers in the period that we consider ( up to 5 percent in 2006 ) . # _Earnings in the public and private sectors_ On average , public employees earn more compared with private sector workers . In nominal terms , public", "spans": [{"start": 408, "end": 417, "text": "VLSS 1993", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 422, "end": 437, "text": "VHLSS 2006 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1260, "end": 1283, "text": "2006 Enterprises Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | Date | - - | - - | - - | - - | | * * Comments * * | A consultancy is underway , | funded from KADP , to sup | port the preparation of a roa | dmap for e-procurement . | ► DLI 13 DLR 3b : UAT for upgraded e-procurement system and state procurement portal complete ( Output , 4 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | Date | - - | - - | - - | - - | | * * Comments * * | No progress expect | ed at this stage . | | | ► DLI 14 DLR3c : Number of MDAs using the e-procurement system in compliance with the PPADA and attendant regulations for the full fiscal year and procurement data disclosed in SPP following OCDS ( Outcome , 15 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | Date | - - | - - | - - | - - | 6 / 16 / 2018 Page 13 of 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Percent | | 2010 Cohort ( n = 1372 ) | | | | | | Assigned to Treatment ( n = 1040 ) | 671 | 64 . 52 % | 369 | 35 . 48 % | | Assigned to Control ( n = 332 ) | 86 | 25 . 90 % | 246 | 74 . 10 % | | 2011 Cohort ( n = 1415 ) | | | | | | Assigned to Treatment ( n = 1110 ) | 826 | 74 . 41 % | 284 | 25 . 59 % | | Assigned to Control ( n = 305 ) | 110 | 36 . 07 % | 195 | 63 . 93 % | | 2012 Cohort ( n = 1306 ) | | | | | | Assigned to Treatment ( n = 889 ) | 597 | 67 . 15 % | 292 | 32 . 85 % | | Assigned to Control ( n = 417 ) | 127 | 30 . 46 % | 290 | 69 . 54 % | Notes : There are four individuals from the 2011 cohort and five individuals from 2010 whose status in the EF database is unknown . For these individuals , we rely on the respondent ’ s self ‐ report of whether they took an EF training in the past year for the ATT results . The table only includes those individuals who were surveyed for the first follow ‐ up . 29", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 678, "text": "EF database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> instrument , testing o < br > counted as two units < br > forth ) . | gets were revised after more accurate data was obtained through surveys . < br > ervice \" is the service of accreditation , calibration , testing , inspection and standard < br > ices provided to customers < br > ured by counting the number of QA services ( e . g . , calibration of measurement < br > f a product ) customers receive ( i . e . , two customers receiving the same service is < br > , a customer receiving two different services is counted as two units too , and so | | IN01321174 < br >  Number of accredita | tion certificates provided by EN | AO ( Number , Custom Supplement ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 16 . 00 | 22 . 00 | | 64 . 00 | 7 / 26 / 2023 Page 3 of 8", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 143, "text": "surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 12 . 2 % 6 . 0 % refugee statistics in Germany which started in Total 8 , 653 , 200 9 , 877 , 800 1 , 224 , 600 14 . 2 % 2005 continued and resulted in a net reduction of * Excluding North < mark > Africa . < / mark > almost 100 , 000 refugees . The naturalization and < mark > * * Central Asia , Sou < / mark > th West Asia , North Africa and Middle East . subsequent provision of citizenship to 37 , 000 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia in Serbia also contributed to the overall decrease . As explained already , the Americas region as a whole registered almost a doubling of its global refugee figures in view , principally , of the different estimation parameter explained earlier < sup > 8 < / sup > . In > 5 Refugees and asylum-seekers who are at the same time also stateless persons are not included in this figure . They are reflected in the figures relating to the refugee and asylum-seeker groups concerned . > 6 As indicated already , this figure does not include 4 . 3 million Palestinian refugees who fall under the responsibility of UNRWA . > 7 A number of developed countries lack a systematic refugee register , meaning that refugee numbers in those countries are only estimated in order to obtain global refugee estimates . Refugees landing in those countries for resettlement as well as refugees recognized through an individual refugee status determination procedure have been included in these estimates . A 10-year cut-off period was used as the average time required to acquire the citizenship in Europe and 5 years in the case of North America and Oceania . In the case of the United States , newly available naturalization data suggest that in fact , refugees take closer to 10 years , rather than only 5 , before acquiring citizenship . The refugee number in the USA has therefore been estimated based on the 10year cut-off period as signaled in last year ’ s Statistical Yearbook . This has resulted in an increase of 464 , 000 refugees", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 48, "text": "refugee statistics in Germany", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1650, "end": 1669, "text": "naturalization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Protection _5_ Monitoring _Pakistan / Afghan refugees / Census of Afghans in Karachi / J . Redden / March 2005_", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 84, "text": "Census of Afghans in Karachi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "only one period . All KWh of electricity prices were converted into 2001 price levels using the US Consumer Price Index and expressed in terms of purchasing power parity . # * * Concluding remarks * * In this study we compare the relative performance of public and privatized Latin American electricity distribution utilities for the years 1994 to 2001 . The labor productivity analysis gives the following main conclusions : ( i ) privatized firms are more labor efficient than their public counterparts ; and ( ii ) there is evidence of labor productivity growth during the period . The results are significant in economic terms — private firms use about 30 % to 45 % less labor to produce a given bundle of outputs than public firms , and they are relatively robust to controlling for the potential endogeniety of ownership that could arise if governments privatized those utilities with the highest labor productivity first . 23", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 119, "text": "US Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 104 | - 0 . 152 * * * | - 0 . 430 | - 0 . 171 | - 1 . 052 * | - 0 . 462 | 0 . 301 | 1 . 538 * * * | | | ( 0 . 152 ) | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 493 ) | ( 0 . 592 ) | ( 0 . 613 ) | ( 0 . 892 ) | ( 0 . 726 ) | ( 0 . 559 ) | | Constant | - 0 . 901 * * | 0 . 120 | - 2 . 375 * * * | - 2 . 710 | 0 . 647 | 0 . 007 | - 0 . 996 | - 2 . 732 * * * | | | ( 0 . 399 ) | ( 0 . 195 ) | ( 0 . 556 ) | ( 1 . 845 ) | ( 0 . 424 ) | ( 0 . 851 ) | ( 0 . 873 ) | ( 1 . 030 ) | | Number of observations | 630 | 262 | 551 | 223 | 641 | 264 | 630 | 261 | | r2_w | 0 . 455 | 0 . 531 | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 023 | 0 . 007 | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 003 | 0 . 034 | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 775 | 0 . 858 | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the El Salvador COV-ES data . Size information used as the interaction terms is taken from the total number of full-time equivalent workers in the baseline ES . Columns 3 through 8 report coefficients from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6", "spans": [{"start": 791, "end": 802, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > tom ) | ions as the pilot in three < br > d be scaled up to the | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 76 . 00 | 70 . 50 | 84 . 00 | 85 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 29-Dec-2017 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | | IN00544317 < br > ► Registration of birth | s ( Percentage , Custom ) < br > | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 67 . 80 | 65 . 90 | 60 . 90 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 29-Dec-2017 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00544318 < br > ► RMNCAH related o | The implementing pa < br > registration from last < br > November mission . < br > perations research complete | rtner is reviewing the data to iden < br > year . The task team , PMT and i < br > d to inform policy / strategy ( Nu | tify a clear explanation f < br > mplementing partner will < br > mber , Custom ) | or the decline in birth < br > review this during the | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 11-Mar-2016 | 29-Jun-2018 | 29-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2021 | | IN00544319 < br > ► A benefit package | developed , costed , and disse | minated ( Number , Custom ) |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* dents who have met the Intermediate achievement level of digital instruction corresponding to their Grade * * | | Description | The indicators measures the learningoutcome of PNFT . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | PNFT LearningPlatform | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Teacher registers student performace on a quarterly basis , the final quarter performance is picked for this indicator | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | DRTE or successor MEP department that will administer PNFT Learning Platform | | * * PDO 4 . Percentage of tec * * | * * hnical stream Secondary education students with micro-credentials registering Englishproficiency * * | | Description | MIcro-credentials are a secure wayto ensure valid certification of competencies . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP website | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The numbers of micro-credentials issued will be automatically registered and displayed on the MEP website , the value at < br > the end of the schoolyear will be recorded for this indicator | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Firm contracted by PIU | # # * * Monitoring & Evaluation Plan : Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * | * * Component 1 : Support fo * * | * * r Management Transformation of MEP and Modernization of its Information Systems * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * IRI 1 . 1 Efficiency of budg * * | * * etplanning and expenditure monitoring process * * | | Description | MHgenerates this budget execution measure every quarter . | | Frequency | Annual ( finalquarter ofyear to be used for this indicator ) | | Data source | MH Budget reportingsystem | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MH reports on budget execution every quarter . | Page 26", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 833, "text": "MEP website", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1642, "end": 1667, "text": "MH Budget reportingsystem", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nepal , Kenya , Philippines ) or the percentage living under a dollar-a-day in Zimbabwe two-dollars-a-day in Brazil . 1 < sup > 0 < / sup > * * 9 * * An attemp * * t * * o do this would require benchmarking the index derived in each country to an international standard , or pooling the data to derive weights . Attempting this interesting work is left for a separate research endeavor and the interpretation of the present analysis is limited to relative gaps within a country . * * 10 * * We do not simply include the list of variables that make up the index to \" control \" for wealth in the regression as advocated by Montgomery et al , 1997 , as for a substantial part of the paper we will interested in the effect of wealth per-se . More applications of this \" asset index \" approach using the DHS can be found 9", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 802, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ownership structure can also be a mediating factor . They find that vertical spillovers tend to arise from projects with shared domestic and foreign ownership but not from fully foreign owned plants . Du et al . ( 2012 ) examine how industrial policy – specifically tariff liberalization and tax subsidies – affects the magnitude and direction of FDI spillovers in China ’ s manufacturing sector from 1998 through 2007 . The study finds that liberalization measures during the critical 1998 – 2007 period on balance served to enhance productivity growth in Chinese industry . A study by Farole and Winkler ( 2014 ) , using World Bank Enterprise Surveys data , shows three types of mediating factors : firms ’ absorptive capacity , investors ’ spillover potential measured by the share of FDI output sold domestically , and host-country institutional factors . Finally , Espitia et al . ( 2017 ) show that distance , the level of development of the host country , and institutions are important mediating factors using panel data for 62 countries from 2005 to 2012 . In addition to firm productivity , employment , wage and export performance , the effects of FDI have also been found on domestic investment and innovation , although these aspects have received far less attention . On domestic investment , Wang ( 2010 ) uses data from 50 countries over 1970 to 2004 and finds that FDI had a negative contemporaneous effect on domestic investment but a positive cumulative effect on domestic investment . Miun et al ( 2002 ) ask a similar question and find mixed results in the Czech Republic , Hungary , and Poland . In Sub-Saharan Africa , Ndikumana et al ( 2008 ) find FDI to crowd out domestic investment . On innovation , Cheung et al ( 2004 ) find FDI has increased the number of domestic patent applications in China . Recently , using a large cross-country firm-level data set , Alfaro and Chen ( 2017 ) find factor market reallocation in labor and capital markets from less productive to more productive firms accounts for the majority of aggregate productivity gains from foreign multinational competition . Bao and Chen ( forthcoming ) show another important source of gains from FDI arises from domestic firms ’", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 657, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1018, "end": 1028, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1326, "end": 1366, "text": "data from 50 countries over 1970 to 2004", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1845, "end": 1884, "text": "large cross-country firm-level data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) - 84 % of PSNP Joint Action Plans developed through the Ethiopia Social Accountability Program were implemented * * surpassing * * a target of 80 % and 84 % of sampled rural safety net kebeles had a functional Kebele Appeals Committee ( KAC ) operating for both PSNP and humanitarian food assistance , * * surpassing * * the target of 75 percent . However , the IFPRI endline evaluation ( p . 31 ) points to significant shortcomings in operation of these committees , stating that “ very few households are aware of KACs and what they do … in more than half ( 55 . 8 percent ) of the kebeles in the sample report no appeals were successful and another 27 percent report that less than half were successful . This , together with the fact that few households are aware of KACs , suggests that these social accountability mechanisms are functioning poorly . . . The study ’ s qualitative data suggest that the involvement of various community constituents , while advantageous in terms of transparency and local knowledge , has some downsides , where these individuals are too busy to attend to KAC functions . ” Additionally , the evaluation found that knowledge of rights and entitlements under the program was low . On the positive side , the Impact evaluation reported that in the Lowlands , links between formal social grievance structures and traditional authority figures appear to be working increasingly effectively . - The target of 85 percent of sampled kebeles where the Kebele Food Security Task Force had two or more female members was * * not achieved * * , with only 45 percent of kebeles meeting this target , against a baseline of 80 percent . In general , according to IFPRI ’ s Impact evaluation ( p . 15 ) , in almost all woredas , the composition of the Kebele Food Security Task Forces ( KF", "spans": [{"start": 1015, "end": 1031, "text": "qualitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Anderson and Reeb , 2003 ) , and in the case of women inheriting family firms but without effective control , it does not make sense to view the firm as a female entrepreneur firm . Furthermore , the previous literature using the firm sample of several African countries in the WBES data has documented carefully that using the definition of women managers tends to make more intuitive sense than that of women ’ s participation in firm ownership ( Aterido and Hallward-Driemeier , 2011 ) . We thus try to be conservative in defining female-entrepreneur firms and rely on two variables in the WBES data set to capture aspects of female entrepreneurship : women ’ s participation in ownership ( “ whether women have some ownership of the firm ” ) , and whether the top manager is a woman . We define female entrepreneurship as the firm ’ s top manager is a woman _and_ women have ownership share in the firm . We impose the requirement of women being top managers because nonprincipal ownership by itself does not imply female entrepreneurship . The extent of female entrepreneurship varies greatly in the world . Before presenting the statistics , we must acknowledge that the country-specific samples are not large , some industries are not covered , as mentioned earlier , and as a consequence , we must view the statistics about the extent of female entrepreneurship within a country with caution . This being said , within the sample , on average 10 . 9 percent of firms are headed by female entrepreneurs , 14 % of firms are female-top-managed , and 31 % of firms have female ownership participation ( Table 3 ) . The sample share of female-entrepreneur firms differs greatly by country ( see Table 1 ) , ranging from below 1 percent in Morocco , the Arab Republic of Egypt , Jordan , and Iraq ; to 1 to 5 percent in Israel , Pakistan , India , Mauritania , and Bangladesh ; to 5 to 10 percent in Sweden , Argentina , Turkey , Chile , Nepal , Ethiopia , Mexico , Tanzania , several large central Asian countries ( such as Uzbekistan and Tajikstan ) , Senegal , Nigeria , Sri Lanka , and Peru", "spans": [{"start": 280, "end": 289, "text": "WBES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ESAC is rated satisfactory against its primary objective of helping to stabilize the post-war economy , but does not merit a highly satisfactory score , despite having achieved progress against its secondary objective of restarting the structural reform agenda . The reason is ESAC did not actually disburse in 2001 / 02 - the financial year in which it was envisaged in the PRGF program - due to a 5 month delay between Board approval and credit effectiveness . ESAC did not therefore provide the intended foreign reserve cushion against the declining terms of trade in the Ethiopian fiscal year 2001 / 02 , nor the intended budget financing in FY2001 / 02 . Gross foreign reserves were higher than projected for 2001 / 02 only because grant transfers and debt relief were higher than expected . An unsatisfactory mark is unwarranted because ESAC initiated important policy reforms for private sector development . | * * Macroeconomic Indicators * * | * * 1999 / 00 * * | * * 2000 / 01 * * | | * * 2001 / 02 * * | | * * 2002 / 03 * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _ ( Annualpercentage change ) _ | Actual | Proj . * | Actual | Proj . * | Actual | Proj . * | Actual | | Real GDP | 5 . 4 | 7 . 8 | 7 . 7 | 5 . 8 | 1 . 2 | 6 | - 3 . 8 | | Consumerprices ( annual avg . ) | 4 . 2 | 5 . 2 | - 7 . 2 | 3 | - 7 . 2 | 3 | 9 . 2 | | Terms of trade | - 33 . 9 | - 11 . 8 | - 6 . 2 | - 6 . 6 | - 8 . 9 | 3 . 6 | 0 . 6 | | Import volume | - 17 . 9 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > a ) those who have formal legal < br > rights < br > to < br > land < br > ( including < br > customary and traditional rights < br > recognized under the laws of < br > the country ) ; < br > b ) those who do not have < br > formal legal rights to land at the < br > time the census begins but have < br > a claim to such land or assets — | The Land Act 2012 provides that < br > written and unwritten official or < br > customary < br > land < br > right < br > are < br > recognized as valid land right . < br > The Law provides that people < br > eligible for compensation are < br > those holding land tenure rights < br > Land Act also recognizes those < br > who have interest or some claim in < br > the land such pastoralist or who < br > use the land for their livelihood . | < br > Kenya ’ s < br > Land < br > Law < br > defines < br > eligibility as both formal ( legal ) < br > and informal ( customary ) owners < br > of expropriated land . However , it < br > does not specifically recognize all < br > users < br > of < br > the < br > land < br > to < br > be < br > compensated . < br > The constitution of Kenya on the < br > other hand recognizes ‘ occupants < br > of land ’ who do not have title and < br > who the state has an obligation to | Ensure ALL users ( including illegal < br > squatters , < br > labourers , < br > rights < br > of < br > access ) of < br > affected < br > lands are < br > included in the census survey and < br > are paid | * * _Re", "spans": [{"start": 1448, "end": 1461, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * Medium * * < br > * * Truck * * | * * Heavy Truck * * | * * Articulated * * < br > * * Truck * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lot 0-Loichangamak - Lodwar | 0 | 4 | 141 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 12 | 29 | 37 | 15 | * * 249 * * | | Lot 1-Lodwar - Loukitaung | 276 | 58 | 175 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 5 | 19 | 29 | 35 | 10 | * * 642 * * | | Lot 2-Loukitaung - Kalobeyei | 276 | 58 | 175 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 5 | 19 | 29 | 35 | 10 | * * 642 * * | | Lot 3a-Kalobeyei - Lokichoggio | 276 | 58 | 175 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 5 | 19 | 29 | 35 | 10 | * * 642 * * | | Lot 3b-Lokichoggio - Sudan | 163 | 131 | 151 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 11 | 24 | 12 | * * 519 * * | | Lot 4-Lokichar - Loichangamatak | 0 | 4 | 141 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 12 | 29 | 37 | 15 | * * 249 * * | _Source : The World Bank ( 2015 ) . PAD EARTTDFP_ < sup > _3_ < / sup > 10 . The projected 2023 AADTs incorporating normal , diverted , and generated traffic are", "spans": [{"start": 918, "end": 928, "text": "2023 AADTs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * No . * * | * * Budget Category * * | * * Quantity * * | * * Unit * * < br > * * Cost * * < br > * * ( UGX ) * * | * * Times / Years * * | * * Total Cost ( UGX ) * * | * * Remarks * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 7 | Grievance < br > Redress < br > Mechanism operational < br > support | 1 lot | 120 , 000 , 000 | 1 | 120 , 000 , 000 | Institutional < br > grievance < br > handling systems < br > and support | | 8 | Monitoring , < br > evaluation < br > and stakeholder review < br > meetings | 12 visits | 10 , 000 , 000 | 5 years | 120 , 000 , 000 | Monitoring < br > and < br > evaluation < br > activities | | 9 | Stakeholder < br > perception < br > and < br > institutional < br > assessment surveys | 2 surveys | 40 , 000 , 000 | 2 | 80 , 000 , 000 | Midterm < br > and < br > endline < br > stakeholder < br > assessments | | 10 | Contingency < br > ( approximately 5 % ) | 1 lot | 135 , 500 , 000 | 1 | 135 , 500 , 000 | Unforeseen < br > stakeholder < br > engagement < br > activities | | | * * TOTAL BUDGET * * | | | | * * UGX * * < br > * * 2 , 845 , 500 , 000 * * | | _Note : _ < sup > * < / sup > Salary costs can be indicative . 38", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 745, "text": "assessment surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Macedonia were accepted by phone or online , with all necessary documentation to support the application available electronically through the unique registry of social assistance beneficiaries , which is linked with the administrative databases of several key agencies . Such measures increased the number of beneficiaries enrolled in these last-resort income support programs in some countries — e . g . , by 11 percent in Albania . > 4 . PROGREss ON POvERTy REDUCTION Is IMPERILED By ThE CRIsIs | 17", "spans": [{"start": 149, "end": 192, "text": "registry of social assistance beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 220, "end": 244, "text": "administrative databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugees did not catch up with natives and the male literacy gap only narrowed from - 10 to - 5 percentage points between the 1910-1917 cohorts . In contrast , in provinces where the increase in school supply was higher , the literacy gap closed entirely by 1917 , with a stark catching up from - 15 to + 1 percentage point in just seven cohorts . To put the social integration of refugees into perspective , it is useful to examine another group of immigrants . I focus on the largest group of immigrants in Greece ( about two-third of the immigrant population ) , the Albanians , most of whom arrived in the 1990s , after the the collapse of the Soviet Union . # * * 5 . 2 Refugees ’ integration compared to Albanian immigrants * * * * Education and occupation * * Table A . 4 in the appendix presents regression estimates of the educational gap between Albanian immigrants and Greek natives , for different generation of migrants . In terms of secondary schooling Albanian migrants who arrived in Greece when adults are 22 percentage points less likely to have completed secondary schooling relative to natives ( 71 % of whom hold secondary education ) . There is absolutely no catching up over generations : the educational gap with natives remains almost unchanged for migrants who arrived at a younger age , i . e . , below 12 , and even below 5 . The same is true in terms of tertiary education . Furthermore , the ESS data allows to examine the occupations of second-generation refugees , either in their current or in their last job . < sup > 23 < / sup > As Table A . 5 in the appendix shows , refugees are less likely than natives to report being farmers and they have comparable household income ( by decile ) . In contrast , first-generation Albanian immigrants are more likely to work in low-skill occupations ( in the non-primary sector ) and have a lower household income than natives . * * Intermarriage * * Refugees are more socially assimilated than recent Albanian immigrants in terms of intermarriage . Figure 3 reports the intermarriage rate of refugee women who were displaced", "spans": [{"start": 1422, "end": 1430, "text": "ESS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 100 * * * * Buiagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 - The fully lacustrine ecosystem with fish species adapted to lake conditions e . g . tilapias _Oreochromis esculentus_ and _0 . niloticus , Gnathonemus longibarbis_ and other Mormyrids ; - The riverine ecosystem , having those fish species adapted to river conditions e . g . _Barbusjohnstonii , Amphililiusjacksoni_ and _Labeo victorianus ; _ and , - The riverine lacustrine ecosystem for migratory species between the Lakes Victoria , Kyoga and River Nile . These are known locally as ' male ' _ ( Clarias gariepinus_ and _C . carsonii ) , _ Semutundu _ ( Bagrus docmac ) _ and Mputa _ ( Lates niloticus ) . _ Littoral zones of shallow swampy fringes and marginal vegetation of _Nyphea_ are dominated by _B . apleurogramma_ and most of the small _Barbus_ species , _Marcusenius nigracans , Gnathonemus ( = Marcusenius ) victoriae_ and _Alestes sadleri , Labeo victorianus_ and Tilapiines . Turbulent waters and washed rocky grounds are dominated by _Garajacksonii , Pterocephalus catastoma , Rastrineobola argentea , Lates niloticus , Barbus altanalis , B . bayanii_ and _Ampilius jacksonii . _ Deep rocky bottom areas are dominated by _Gnathonemus longibarbis_ while the shallow , sandy bottom areas are dominated by _Gnathonemus victoriae_ and _Gnathonemus longibarbis_ The FIRRI study ( summarised in", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1428, "text": "FIRRI study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 39 . GOU is also seeking to rapidly enhance its financial accountability framework towards : ( a ) mitigation of fiduciary risk in public expenditure management ; ( b ) achievement of economy , efficiency and effectiveness in the use of public funds ; ( c ) enhancements in transparency and accountability ; ( d ) enhancement of staff capacity in public financial management ; and ( e ) establishment of an appropriate enabling environment for private sector development and regulation . These reform areas have been supported by a number of donor-assisted initiatives under earlier projects . These include the EFMP II and the LGDP II that were supported by IDA and the Financial Accountability and Decentralization Support Project that was funded by DFID . GoU ’ s reform initiatives were also supported and strengthened by previous PRSCs . # * * Risk assessment and mitigation * * 40 . The project needs to establish a financial management system that it is capable of ensuring that : - a ) funds are used only for their intended purposes in an efficient and economical way ; - b ) funds are properly managed and flow smoothly , adequately , regularly and predictably in order to meet the objectives of the project ; - c ) financial reports are prepared in a timely and accurate manner ; - d ) management is capable of efficiently monitoring the implementation of the project ; and - e ) project ’ s assets and resources are adequately maintained and safeguarded . 41 . At the same time , implementation of an appropriate and strong financial management system needs to be complemented by the following : - a ) provision of an adequate number and mix of skilled and experienced staff to manage the project ; - b ) existence of an internal control system that ensures the conduct of an orderly and efficient payment and procurement process , and proper recording and safeguarding of assets and resources ; - c ) existence of an accounting system that meet reporting requirements by GoU and DPs ; - d ) capability of the system to provide financial data that allow the measurement of performance that is linked", "spans": [{"start": 2043, "end": 2057, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", lon _i_ ) = lat _i_ + lon _i_ , and later , also be a thin-plate spline . Finally , _νi_ denotes the error term . The Workers ’ Party won the presidential elections in 2010 , 2006 , and 2002 . Our model is calibrated to 2010 , so we take the differences in votes between the 2010 and 2002 elections as a change in support for the Workers ’ Party ( the incumbent party ) . A shorter time interval may not allow infrastructure projects to be finalized . The share of people who voted for the incumbent party candidate , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , comes from the publicly available data provided by _Tribunal Superior Eleitoral_ ( Superior Electoral Court ) . < sup > 24 < / sup > Figure 10 shows the geographical distribution of votes in the 2006 elections . The incumbent party is supported by the Northeast , North , and East regions , while the opposition candidate prevails in the Central and South regions . Table 10 gives the result of estimating equation ( 37 ) . Models ( 1 ) and ( 4 ) correspond to the Fully Optimal allocations , models ( 2 ) and ( 5 ) correspond to the efficiency and coordination > 24 The data can be accessed through their open data portal ` https : / / dadosabertos . tse . jus . br / ` . Numbers are at the municipality level , which we aggregate to the microregion level . 35", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 586, "text": "publicly available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "probability of being multi-dimensionally poor by 2 . 6 percent , and decreases the probability of being employed in the agriculture sector by 4 percent among male household members and 5 . 3 percent among females . Hence , reducing transportation costs plays an important role in income diversification and structural change . Nevertheless , the effects of road interventions are neither systematic nor uniform . Drawing on the 2001 National Household Survey for Cameroon , Gachassin et al ( 2015 ) demonstrate that better road access increases the number of economic activities within reach of households living in the most isolated locations , based on a “ pull ” factor , which draws them into new and higherearning opportunities . However , the impacts of isolation on household well-being via labor market opportunities are heterogeneous and depend on local characteristics . An important channel through which rural roads generate economic benefits is by improving the productivity of the agriculture sector . Dorosh et al ( 2012 ) examine the relationship between transport infrastructure , population location , and agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa . Both population and agricultural production are spatially concentrated near large cities . A 10 percent decrease in travel time from a local crop production location to a nearby city of more than 25 , 000 people increases local crop production by 23 percent in the long run . A 1 percent reduction in travel time to the nearest city with 100 , 000 people or more increases low-input ( high-input ) crop production by 2 . 9 ( 1 . 6 ) percent . In a similar vein , Kiprona and Maksumoto ( 2018 ) show that rural road infrastructure improvements in Southwestern Kenya increase agricultural productivity and market participation by rural smallholder farmers . Developing countries , especially in Sub-Saharan Africa , have lagged in agricultural technology adoption , despite widespread experimentation with input subsidies . To understand the reasons for this , Aggarwal et al ( 2018 ) quantify market access in the 1 , 183 villages in rural Tanzania and examine the extent to which it constrains agricultural productivity . They find that less favorable input and output prices in remote areas resulted in lower profitability leading to lower agricultural technology adoption in these locations .", "spans": [{"start": 428, "end": 471, "text": "2001 National Household Survey for Cameroon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Total Manufacturing < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Radio , television and communication equipment < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rubber & Plastics < br > Chemicals < br > Paper < br > Textiles < br > Food & & Beverages < br > OECD FDI < br > Restrictiveness 0 0 . 05 0 . 1 0 . 15 0 . 2 < br > authors ’ < br > 62010 62006 § 2003 1997 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Food & & Beverages < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : BPS , OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index , and authors ’ calculations .", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 578, "text": "OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 28 . 0 f 8 23 . 3 g 9 16 . 9 h 10 11 . 6 i * Using Duncan ' s test on the average count of NTMs faced . Averages tagged with the same letter of the alphabet are not significantly different . Similarly , the applied MFN tariffs in the United States and China ( taken from the WTO Integrated Database based on the Member ' s own data notification ) tend to be higher for goods produced by poorer workers ( based on average wage data from the UNIDO database ) . Goods produced by workers in the fifth , or richest , quantile face tariffs that are markedly lower than on goods produced by workers from the first , or poorest , quantile across all three countries ( Table 8 ) . While the average tariff falls consistently across income groups in China and India , the average US tariff for sectors corresponding to the richest quantile ( 3 . 7 % ) is close to that of the second-poorest quantile ( 3 . 8 % ) . However , this appears to be driven by the very high tariff on tobacco . < sup > 11 < / sup > Since the US tariffs on in-quota tobacco imports from selected partners are lower than the tariffs quoted here , the actual applied average duty is lower . Excluding tobacco , the average tariff for the richest quantile is only 0 . 8 % , less than a fifth of the average tariff of the poorest quantile . These results reinforce the view that there is a coordination problem – the \" poor \" are disadvantaged in terms of market access because trading partners appear to impose trade restrictions disproportionately on sectors that employ poor households . Table 8 . Import tariffs by wage or income quantiles for selected countries | Wage / Income < br > | Average M < br > | FN for indicat < br > | edyear ( % ) < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Quantile | USA 2008 | China 2010 | India 2012 | | Q1 | 4 . 5 | 12", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 300, "text": "WTO Integrated Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 442, "end": 456, "text": "UNIDO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Additional Financing for Energy Access Project , Resettlement / Rehabilitation Framework - DRAFT March 2010 # # _12 . MONITORING AND EVALUATION ARRANGEMENTS_ Monitoring and evaluation will be a continuous process . The EEPCo will continuously take stock of all expropriation compensation reports and discuss it on regular basis . After completion of the resettlement / rehabilitation operations , it is expected that PAPs will have a better or improved way of life compared to their prior resettlement situation . Therefore , resettlement / rehabilitation operations need to be monitored with regard to performance and compliance with the above objective . The Actors in the monitoring and evaluation process include : - The PSP of EEPCo ( for planning , coordination and monitoring ) - Municipality and woreda administration ( for monitoring and evaluation ) - PAPs and NGO ’ s or private consultants as required ( for evaluation ) - Federal / Regional EPA Since resettlement / rehabilitation is the by product of construction activities , the principal actor of the resettlement / rehabilitation operations will be EEPCo , in close co-ordination and co-operation with municipality and woreda authorities . However , in the case of large-scale resettlement projects , EEPCo may conduct the monitoring through a consultant or an NGO who might have experience in the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) . The frequency of monitoring may vary , depending on the magnitude and complexity of the operations . Field visits by EEPCo will be conducted at least once a month . Municipalities and woreda administrations will conduct their own monitoring , but when possible , this will be done together with EEPCo . MoME will be the responsible body to review the results of the monitoring and evaluation . # # # * * 12 . 1 . Monitoring Principles * * For each project with adverse social impacts , a monitoring and an evaluation plan of the mitigation measures will be established . The scope of the plan will , however , take into account the size of the social impacts to be mitigated while", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 295, "text": "expropriation compensation reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as well as for idiosyncratic risk factors due to the diverse lending practices and risk profiles of individual banks . It should be emphasized that each component of the proposed stress testing framework presently constitutes a separate research agenda in the literature . The objective of the proposed methodology is thus not to improve on current frontier models of the individual components , but rather to provide policy makers and practitioners with an integrated , flexible and policy relevant tool that can be readily implemented . We illustrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology for policy decision making with an empirical application to a set of Eastern European banks and an ensuing discussion of the results in regards to their potential implications for supervisors . The remainder of the paper is structured as follows . Section 2 gives a conceptual outline of the proposed stress testing methodology . Section 3 discusses the generation of the macroeconomic scenarios . Section 4 shows how that the systemic and idiosyncratic risk factors are constructed . Section 5 describes the computation of credit risk exposures and exposures at default . Section 6 discusses the main stress test outcome indicators . Section 7 contains an empirical application of the proposed methodology using data of Eastern European banks . We also conduct a brief sensitivity analysis and discuss how to implement the proposed methodology under limited data availability . Section 8 concludes the study . # * * 2 . Conceptual Outline of the Proposed Stress Testing Approach * * We begin by providing a conceptual overview of the main segments of the proposed macroprudential stress testing methodology , which we summarize visually in a flow dia . gram depicted in Figure 1 The first segment of the stress testing methodology consists of the construction of three macroeconomic scenarios . These are as follows : 8", "spans": [{"start": 1309, "end": 1339, "text": "data of Eastern European banks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 Points de suivi des mouvements de populations / Flow Monitoring Points ( FMP ) : Cet exercice n ’ a pas vocation à être exhaustif et vise avant tout à produire des tendances en termes de déplacement ainsi qu ’ à agir comme système d ’ alerte précoce en cas de déplacements massifs et soudains de populations , • Formation : Comme pour l ’ enregistrement , les équipes déployées aux FMP sont composées d ’ agents de la DNDS et de l ’ OIM . Ces équipes ont été formées sur la méthodologie retenue pour cet exercice , sur l ’ utilisation du questionnaire employé ainsi que sur des questions essentielles relatives à la protection . • Collecte des données : Les équipes FMP sont placées dans certains lieux d ’ entrée et de transit clés tels que les gares routières et fluviales . Le recensement des personnes déplacées se rendant du centre vers le sud , du nord vers le sud ou entre les régions nord ou du centre se fait généralement à l ’ intérieur des moyens de transport empruntés par ces personnes ( bus ou pinasses ) . La collecte de données aux points FMP permet également d ’ identifier les personnes déplacées les plus vulnérables durant leurs voyages ou une fois arrivées à destination . Si besoin , ces personnes bénéficient d ’ un référencement aux partenaires présents sur le terrain . - B . RAPATRIES : Documents des réfugies : Les réfugiés régulièrement enregistrés dans les pays d ’ asile reviennent avec deux", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1083, "text": "données aux points FMP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy # * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project ( ENREP ) ( P119893 ) |  Number of gender informed awareness events held ( | Number , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 9 . 00 | | Date < br > 30-Jun-2011 | 18-Nov-2016 | 23-May-2017 | 30-Jun-2019 | |  EEP publishes annual report on citizen engagement ( Ye | s / No , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > N | N | N | Y | | Date < br > 28-Jan-2016 | 18-Nov-2016 | 23-May-2017 | 30-Jun-2019 | Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Dis | bursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P119893 | IDA-51260 | Effective | USD | 200 . 00 | 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 142 . 08 | 40 . 45 | | 71 % | | P119893 | IDA-58140", "spans": [{"start": 781, "end": 810, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indic | tors | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > asylum / | of | of | | Share | of age | groupi | n total | | | < br > Pe | < br > rcenta | e fema | leper a | gegro | p | | at location | Age / | Sex | | id | lti | lti | 04 | < br > 511 | < br > 1217 | < br > 18 | < br > 1859 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Transfers and social spending ease the tension between financial openness andpolitics_ * * Figure * * 5 . 5 : * * Relationships among civil liberties , capital mobility , and government social expenditures * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Civil Financial < br > Liberties Openness < br > r06y < br > - 0 . 2 r-0 . 6 < br > \\ / + r - - 0-6 - - < br > r__O . 7 0 . O2 < br > Gov ' t Social Transfers < br > Expenditures ( % GDP ) < br > ( % GDP ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : The cross-country data , with sample size randing from 70 to 140 , shows statistically significant results for all three relationships , with the highest correlation between civil liberty and government social expenditures ( see Table A5 . 5 in the Appendix for a summary of the statistics and sources of the main variables used ) . 20", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 523, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR6292 The World Bank | | | Comments | | All entities report albeit with < br > some delays . | Universities reporting is added | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Gender and equity needs assessment across | Text | Value | 0 | | 1 | | all components | | Date | 01-Jul-2008 | 13-Mar-2012 | 07-Jul-2013 | | | | Comments | | | One time activity . | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 19-Mar-2012 ) * * | * * Financial Agre * * | * * ement ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan No . | Status | | Approval Date | Signing Date | | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | | P106855 | IDA-45350 | Effective | | 16-Dec-2008 | 29-Dec-2008 | | 10-Jun-2009 | 07-Jul-2013 | | | P106855 | TF-93227 | Effective | | 12-Nov-2008 | 21-Nov-2008 | | 10-Jun-2009 | 31-May-201 | 2 | | P106855 | TF-94224 | Effective | | 21-Jul-2009 | 24-Jul-2009 | | 28-Jul-2009 | 13-Jun-2013 | | | P118700 | TF-97263 | Effective | | 26-Jul-2010 | 26-Jul-2010 | | 26-Jul-2010 | 30-Jun-2013", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 16 . 8 | | Hours worked per week ( enrolled , has job ) | 14 . 6 | 6 . 85 | | Weekly income ( inc_ > _0 ) | 139 . 0 | 100 . 4 | | Weekly income ( inc_ > _0 , not enrolled ) | 146 . 5 | 99 . 6 | | Ofered weekly transfer ( 1998 , semester 1 ) | 42 . 6 | 18 . 7 | _Note : _ Sample : all households in 1997 with two parents where one parent reports to be the head and with at least one child aged 12-15 years . Has job takes value 1 if individual reported to work in a paid or unpaid job last week , or reported to have a job but did not work last week . Weekly income is summarized for those reporting positive incomes ( we remove those reporting positive incomes outside of the 1 < sup > _st_ < / sup > _ − _ 99 < sup > _th_ < / sup > percentiles ) . All incomes are inflation adjusted to be in 1998 values ( inflation is calculated as the median percentage change in reported annual incomes by state ) . One may wonder what the 37 % of boys and 80 % of girls who report not being in school and not having a job do with their time . As noted in Parker and Skoufias ( 2001 ) , domestic activities and some other unpaid activities are not included in the survey definition of having a job . Fortunately , however , Progresa carried out an additional survey , the June 1999 Time-Use Survey , where individuals were asked about how they allocated their time in the previous day , allowing one to investigate the extent that schooling and _all forms_ of work are substitutes . Using this survey , Parker and Skoufias ( 2001 ) find that conditional on going to school , girls and boys aged 12-17 spend on average 6 . 3 hours a day at school ( prior to grants ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > Moreover , they find that a ) there is no change in hours spent at school", "spans": [{"start": 1261, "end": 1286, "text": "June 1999 Time-Use Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Project ) , but still suggests that the intervention is highly effective . While these results are based on a very stylized treatment of the HlV / AIDS epidemics , they illustrate the magnitude of potential costs and benefits , and for a wide range of model parameters support the hypothesis that the intervention is economically efficient . # # # # * * Estimated benefits for the blood safety intervention * * The blood safety intervention will support the procurement of rapid test-kits , to be distributed principally in rural areas . The model used for the analysis of costs and benefits of the intervention resembles the one used in the case of the condoms procurement intervention . The major assumption driving this model is that each year , a given number of transfusions for children and adults need to be perfonned . The blood used in the transfusions can be tested for HIV if the appropriate test-kits are available . When they are not available , the receiver faces a certain probability of becoming infected with HIV . If the kits are available , this probability is reduced in proportion to the test ' s effectiveness . Nonetheless , because some donors are infected , in order to generate one transfusion using non-infected blood , more than one test ( i . e . , more than one test-kit ) is required . - 57 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "communities benefit from strengthened services and systems over time . For refugees , fostering their self-reliance and enhancing their skills and education while in exile also better prepares them for solutions , notably voluntary repatriation , and can make these solutions more sustainable . 50 . Against this background , in support of efforts by host countries , and as appropriate , interested States and relevant stakeholders will make available funding and capacity to : include refugees in national systems ; expand and strengthen such systems for the benefit of host communities and refugees ; and support approaches that can be sustained over the medium term , from a financial , economic , environmental , and social standpoint , until solutions can be achieved . 51 . The following areas are of particular importance : # # # # # * * _2 . 1 Education_ * * 52 . In line with national education planning and the sustainable development agenda , < sup > 30 < / sup > interested States and relevant stakeholders < sup > 31 < / sup > will assist host countries to include refugee children and youth in national education systems , where appropriate , expanding and strengthening them for the benefit of both local communities and refugees . Special efforts will be made to minimize the time refugee children and youth spend out of school , ideally a maximum of three months . Innovative financing mechanisms to increase investment in education will also be explored . 53 . Specific actions to achieve this could include : - support to expand and / or enhance educational facilities and capacity ( e . g . infrastructure ; teaching staff ; and including refugee data in education management information systems ) ; < sup > 32 < / sup > - measures to meet the specific needs of refugee children and youth , especially girls , ( e . g . through accelerated education and other flexible learning programmes , as well as adapted approaches to cope with psychosocial trauma ) and overcome obstacles to their enrolment and attendance ( e . g . safe transport ; documentation ; language and literacy support ; and bridging programmes ) ; -", "spans": [{"start": 1660, "end": 1672, "text": "refugee data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "n ratio ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | VAT / < br > CP < sup > 1 < / sup > | SSC / < br > WSSS < sup > 2 < / sup > | Corporate / < br > GDP | VAT | SSC < sup > 3 < / sup > | Corporate | VAT | SSC | Corporate | | | [ 1 ] | [ 2 ] | [ 3 ] | [ 4 ] | [ 5 ] | [ 6 ] | [ 1 ] / [ 4 ] | [ 2 ] / [ 5 ] | [ 3 ] / [ 6 ] | | Greece | 9 . 74 | 15 . 8 | 2 . 48 | 19 | 28 . 06 | 25 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 10 | | Ireland | 13 . 94 | 7 . 41 | 2 . 82 | 21 | 10 . 75 | 12 . 5 | 0 . 66 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 23 | | Portugal | 12 . 55 | 15 . 14 | 3 . 63 | 21 | 23 . 75 | 25 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 64 | 0 . 15 | | Spain | 9 . 04 | 18 . 07 | 2 . 80 | 16 | 30 . 15 | 30 | 0 . 57 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 09 | 1 : Ratio of the revenue from value added taxes to private consumption . 2 : Ratio of revenue from employers ’ social security contributions to compensation of employees . 3 : Employer ’ s social security contributions . Source : OECD Economic Surveys : Greece . August , 2011 . Where high tax rates in GPS are resulting in a relatively low share of revenues in taxes , improving collection , reducing exemptions , or increasing the base would help . Table 7 shows a", "spans": [{"start": 953, "end": 974, "text": "OECD Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Tanzanian Consumption Survey Experiment and Consumption Aggregate * * # _Survey Experiment_ Our survey experiment entailed fielding eight alternative consumption questionnaires randomly assigned to 4 , 000 households in Tanzania . The eight designs vary by method of data capture , level of respondent , length of reference period , number of items in the recall list , and nature of the cognitive task required of the respondent . They are summarized in Table 1 . Modules 1-5 are recall designs and modules 6-8 are diaries . These eight designs were strategically selected to reflect the most common methods utilized . The alternative designs focus on variation in the measurement of food consumption and expenditure on select frequently purchased non-food items , and not on general non-food expenditure where , due to the infrequency of purchase , there is a much greater degree of design harmonization in practice . Food consumption includes the quantity consumed from three sources ( purchases , home production , and gifts / payments ) and , for purchases only , the corresponding value of the quantity ( in Tanzania shillings ) . Modules 1 and 2 seek the consumption values for a long list of 58 commodities . In module 3 , the subset list consists of the 17 most important food items that constitute , on average , 77 percent of food consumption expenditure in Tanzania based on the previous Household Budget Survey . When comparing consumption expenditure in module 3 with other modules , we scale up food expenditures for that module as is commonly done in practice . Module 4 is a collapsed list where the 58 food items are aggregated into 11 comprehensive categories . < sup > 10 < / sup > Among the recall modules , module 5 deviates from a reporting of actual expenditure over a specified time period . Instead it asks for “ usual ” consumption , following a recommendation in Deaton and Grosh ( 2000 ) , where households report the number of months in which the food item is usually consumed by the household , the quantity usually consumed , and usual expenditure in those months . These questions aim to measure permanent rather than transitory living standards , without interviewing the same", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 49, "text": "Tanzanian Consumption Survey Experiment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1410, "end": 1433, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reallocation effects of FDI on market composition ( Alfaro , 2016 ) , but FDI ’ s effects on social development are largely ignored . In this paper , we investigate how FDI inflow affects an important aspect of social changes , female entrepreneurship , in the world , along with the interaction between FDI inflow and various economic barriers for female entrepreneurship , and of female empowerment . Female employment and leadership have important ramifications for development of poor countries . More work and leadership opportunities for women would raise the return to women ’ s time and human capital investment , induce women to emphasize the quality of children at the expense of the quantity of children ( Becker and Lewis 1973 ; Galor 2005 ) , reduce fertility rates and facilitate the critical transition from the Malthusian regime to the modern growth regime ( Galor and Weil 2000 ; Galor 2005 ) . In this paper , we study whether and how FDI affects female entrepreneurship , and how the FDI effects interact with gender-specific barriers and empowerment . We mainly use the World Bank Enterprise Survey data , and supplement it with complementary indicators of barriers to female entrepreneurship and women ’ s empowerment . We allow the FDI effects to have two components : the country-level FDI level , and the countryindustry level FDI ( i . e . , country-specific measure of FDI intensity in an industry , intraindustry FDI for short ) . The overall FDI effect captures the comprehensive effect of FDI across all industries , and the intra-industry FDI allows for within-industry spillover and / or “ crowding out ” effects . We define female entrepreneurship by a firm having both women participation in firm ownership _and_ a female being the top manager of the firm , capturing both ownership and control by women for the firm ( Atrido and Hallward-Dreimeier , 2011 ) . By this measure , female entrepreneurship varies from zero in some countries to close to 40 percent in Mongolia . FDI might affect female entrepreneurship via several channels . Via FDI , there can be social norms transmitted from investing countries to host countries . There can be knowledge spillover , both across and within industries , spurred by the", "spans": [{"start": 1090, "end": 1123, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| As at APA1 results as of 12th < br > * * as * * | February 2025 | | | | | | Baselin | e | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( C | urrent ) | Closing | Period | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value < br > Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Draft bills ( amendments ) for | No | Jun / 2023 | No < br > 14-Mar-2025 | No | 05-Sep-2025 | Yes | Jun / 2028 | | the harmonization of urban < br > planning instruments in < br > UACA , PLUPA and CGA < br > prepared ( Yes / No ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | Work is in progress with work | ing group establ | ished | | | | Trainings conducted by NPCT | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2023 | 0 . 00 < br > 14-Mar-2025 | 0 . 00 | 05-Sep-2025 | 5 . 00 | Jun / 2028 | | for urban boards on tools to < br > mainstream gender in < br > municipal operations < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | Tools developed and Training < br > out to municipalities . | of Trainers sche | duled Septembe | r 15 , 2025 . Then | it will be roll | | Participating urban board | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2023 | 0 . 00 < br > 14-Mar-2025 | 0 . 00 | 05-Sep-2025 | 50 . 00 | Jun / 2028 | | < br > with IDeP completed and / or < br > revised incorporating climate | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | To be measured in APA2 . Trai | nings being con", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure 1 : Real exchange rate , Brazil , 2009-2012 Panel A : Real effective exchange rate index , Jan 2009 = 100 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 105 < br > 100 < br > 95 < br > 90 < br > 85 < br > 80 < br > 75 < br > 70 < br > 65 < br > Jan-09 Apr-09 Jul-09 Oct-09 Jan-10 Apr-10 Jul-10 Oct-10 Jan-11 Apr-11 Jul-11 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Jul-12 Oct-12 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Panel B : Selected bilateral real exchange rate indexes , Jan 2009 = 100 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 105 < br > 100 < br > 95 < br > 90 < br > 85 < br > 80 < br > 75 < br > 70 < br > 65 < br > RMB EUR USD < br > Jan-09 Apr-09 Jul-09 Oct-09 Jan-10 Apr-10 Jul-10 Oct-10 Jan-11 Apr-11 Jul-11 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Jul-12 Oct-12 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Indexes are based on data from the International Financial Statistics of the International Monetary Fund . A rise in the index denotes a depreciation of the real relative to foreign currencies .", "spans": [{"start": 812, "end": 846, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kong SAR , China and Singapore ( Figure 1 , Panel A ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > By 2014 , China ’ s market capitalization had become the second largest in the world after that of the United States . The expansion of market capitalization coincided with increases in equity prices and issuances . The price index in China rose rapidly since 2014 , significantly diverging from the indices in Hong Kong SAR , China and Singapore , despite sharing similar trends up to 2013 ( Figure 1 , Panel B ) . Moreover , the aggregate amount of equity raised in mainland China doubled between 2007-13 and 2014-20 ( Figure 1 , Panel C ) . While mainland China and Hong Kong SAR , China shared similar equity issuance trends before 2014 , a clear divergence has occurred since then . The pattern of equity issuances suggests a significant impact of internationalization on domestic equity financing that has yet to be explored in the literature . We fill this gap by using a rich dataset on equity issuance activity . # * * 3 . Data and Methodology * * # * * 3 . 1 . Data * * We merge transaction-level data on equity issuances with balance sheet data of domestic and foreign listed Chinese firms with residence and major business operations in mainland China . The transaction-level data come from Refinitiv ’ s Securities Data Corporation ( SDC ) Platinum , which provides detailed transaction-level information on new equity issuances during 1990-2020 . The balance sheet and income statement data come from Worldscope . Lastly , we augment our merged dataset with firm-level data on ownership structure from Wind . < sup > 14 < / sup > > 13 One of the key internationalization reforms – the Stock Connect program – also affected the capital market in Hong Kong SAR , China . Indeed , part of the growth in the market capitalization in Hong Kong SAR , China , since 2013 could be attributed to Southbound trading activities from the Connect program . Nonetheless , the market capitalization in mainland China rose substantially more after 2013 ( Figure 1 , Panel A ) . > 14 All value variables in our sample are", "spans": [{"start": 961, "end": 996, "text": "dataset on equity issuance activity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1066, "end": 1108, "text": "transaction-level data on equity issuances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1114, "end": 1132, "text": "balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1549, "end": 1587, "text": "firm-level data on ownership structure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 067 ) | | Controls | | ✓ | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | | R-squared | 0 . 002 | 0 . 011 | 0 . 012 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 002 | | P-value equal coef . | 0 . 614 | 0 . 588 | 0 . 281 | 0 . 211 | 0 . 192 | 0 . 069 | | Observations | 619 | 619 | 619 | 619 | 619 | 619 | | Wald F-stat | | | 117 . 0 | | | 117 . 0 | | Mean Y ( Control ) | 0 . 246 | 0 . 246 | 0 . 246 | 0 . 082 | 0 . 082 | 0 . 082 | Notes : Heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors in parentheses . Controls are described in the notes to Table 2 . Independent variables Play Drama and Play Documentary take value 1 if the respondent has played half or more of the assigned video clips , as objectively recorded by the bot . These variables are instrumented using the random assignment indicators to the treatment groups . The first-stage Wald F-statistic is reported . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 # * * 4 . 5 Treatment effect heterogeneity * * Annex Tables A17 to A30 present heterogeneous effects across a series of social status indicators , where we hypothesized that effects would be smaller for groups with lower social status ( World-Bank 2014 ) . We find no evidence of heterogeneous impacts by individuals ’ age , caste , educational achievement or membership in a social group in the short-term . However , both treatment arms generally were less effective for women and for individuals whose household-heads were on average more educated . Heterogeneous effects across gender persisted in the medium term , while those across household-head education vanished . Contrary to our hypothesis , in the medium-term we observe larger effects for less educated individuals in terms of the Global Index as well as the gender norms / roles and VAW indexes . This could be explained by the lower baseline", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * / ii - * * _These are program to date figures_ * * / iii - * * _agrees with the total quarterly expenditure noted in the above table_ * * / iv - * * _the numbers in this column are obtained by multiplying the total expenditure by the financing share of each_ < u > partner noted in the previous column . < / u > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ministry of Labor and Skills ( MoLS ) < br > Ethiopia GFPP Skills-for-Jobs for Refugees and Host Communit i es AF to the EASE Project ( P516694 ) < br > Statement of DA Reconciliation < br > For the quarter ended _______________________________________________________in USD < br > Line description GFPP < br > Us $ < br > Opening balance as at the Last quarter end / i < br > Donors advance during the quarter < br > refund to donors from DA during the quarter < br > Less : Transfers out of the DA to the pooled account during the quarter < br > DA closing balance as at the quarter end carried forward to the next period < br > Bank balance per bank statement < br > Difference < br > / I - enter the amount shown in the previous IFR < br > Ministry of Labor and Skills ( MoLS ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1014, "text": "Bank balance per bank statement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The FEPBA score in Language , which presents an average of 448 , < sup > 20 < / sup > is also reported . We do not discuss the meaning of this score here , but use this variable with the sole intention of comparing student academic performance across our groups of CABA schools . With regard to whether the experimental groups were similar with each other and representative , the differences in the means along with _p_ - values from two-tailed _t_ - tests of equality of means across experimental groups are shown ( table 3 ) . As seen , the treatment and Control Groups do not differ significantly in any observable dimension . The only variable with a statistical difference at the 95 percent level of confidence is student age , where Control Group students are slightly younger than those in the Sequence . However , this difference is very small and vanishes when considering seventh-grade repetition rate , which is balanced across the three experimental groups ( see Appendix 6 for further differences in the means of other variables ) . Only 14 . 5 percent , 15 . 3 percent , and 17 percent of students in the Control , Sequence , and Coaches Group , respectively , did not complete the Human Body test . These are relatively low non-response rates , and there is no statistically significant difference in the number of students who missed or omitted the test across the experimental groups ( see table 4 ) . Finally , only seven out of the 136 classrooms failed to teach the Human Body unit , which implies an attrition rate of 5 percent . Excluding classrooms not completing the Human Body unit carries no effect on the balance across the experimental groups ( see Table 7 . 1 in Supplementary Appendix 7 ) . # 6 . Identification Strategy > 20 It is important to note that there is no school-specific measure of Science knowledge of sixth - or seventh-grade students available in Argentina or CABA . Therefore , to the best of our knowledge , FEPBA score in Language is the best approximation , based on administrative data , which we can make . 18", "spans": [{"start": 2017, "end": 2036, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * | | | Incase of trees , compensation only if found at time of < br > validation and based on calculated on a net loss basis < br > i . e . the difference between the number of trees lost less < br > the number of treesgained . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Cultural < br > property | Cemeteries , graves , < br > shrines , | 1 . First option is avoidance . < br > 2 . Relocation / Replacement cost method will be used < br > and should be done in consultation with and < br > acceptable to the traditional authorities or community < br > leaders . < br > This < br > will < br > incorporate < br > costs < br > for < br > any < br > accompanyingceremonies . | | Losses of < br > income and < br > livelihood | Farming , etc . | Estimation < br > of < br > net < br > monthly / annual < br > profit < br > for < br > farm / business based on records ; application of net < br > monthly / annual < br > profit < br > to < br > the < br > period < br > when < br > farm / business is not operating in line with entitlement < br > matrix . | | Disturbance < br > allowance | - | 15 % of total compensation | # # * * 5 . 2 Eligibility for Benefits * * The basic principle followed in this RPF is that PAPs should be assisted in their efforts to improve their former living standards , income earning capacity , and production levels , or at least to restore them to pre-Project level whereby lack of legal title does not exclude individuals from the eligibility to receive compensation and / or rehabilitation assistance .", "spans": [{"start": 905, "end": 912, "text": "records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", early career choices matter and have long-lasting effects on employment prospects ( Oreopoulos et al . ( 2012 ) ) . # * * 2 . 2 Formal vs . informal sector wage growth * * In addition to job stability , choices over different types of employment also affect earnings as different career paths offer different wage trajectories . Figure 1 uses social security data ( IMSS ) to plot the average wage growth for formally employed people in our study sample of school leavers . In order to test how much of the observed wage growth is driven by firm selection , we show wage increases separately for people who exit employment in a given month ( light ) versus those that retain their job ( dark ) . The graph shows several interesting stylized facts . First , there is substantial wage growth at the beginning of school leavers ’ careers . After six months , wages have increased by almost 25 % . While the wage growth slows down slightly afterwards , we still see a large gain of 35 % after 12 months and 50 % after 18 months . ( The average annual inflation rate over this period was below 5 % . ) Second , 8", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 365, "text": "social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "available for only 49 of the 83 countries that were surveyed ; in the remaining 34 countries information was provided incompletely or was not provided at all ( as in the case of Lesotho ) . In any case , more than 12 percent of the countries for which complete information is available use 4 tools of parliamentary oversight , more than 14 percent of them used 5 tools , almost 33 percent of them used 6 tools while the remaining 40 percent used 7 . Data are presented in Table 3 . # < u > Oversight Tools and the Forms of Government < / u > In addition to providing information concerning the distribution of oversight tools and the potential for parliamentary oversight , the IPU-WBI data shed some light on how tools and types of oversight are related to another institutional feature , that is the form of government < sup > 14 < / sup > . Here again , an analysis of the data is informative . First of all , the analysis makes clear that the number of oversight tools available varies from one constitutional form of government to another . As shown in Table 4 , tools such as committee hearings , > 14 Respondents were asked to indicate what form of government was in their countries . Responses were coded : Presidential form of government was given value 1 , Parliamentary form of government was given value 2 , Semi-Presidential form of government was given 3 , Parliamentary form of government in countries with a Constitutional Monarchy was given 4 , Parliamentary form of government in countries with a Hereditary Monarchy received 5 , and other forms of government were all given value 6 . In our analysis , we adopted a different coding scheme . Countries that were given value 2 , 4 or 5 by the IPU dataset were all considered to have a parliamentrary system and were hence collapsed into a single category . 7", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 690, "text": "IPU-WBI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1710, "end": 1721, "text": "IPU dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our sample covered the years from 1997 to 2000 because export quantities were only available for this period . We also removed all observations for which the export value was zero , and there was no information on the quantity of shipments . The Brazilian firms ’ employment data were obtained from the RAIS _ ( Relacao Anual de Informacoes Sociais_ ) , a collection of annual reports with individual information on workers and employees . Similarly , we aggregated the monthly worker-plant information to years and firms . < sup > 6 < / sup > The data on AD activity were obtained from the Global Antidumping Database of the World Bank . < sup > 7 < / sup > This database provides detailed case-level information on AD filings and outcomes , such as the dates of the filing and the decision , the target country , the final decision of the AD authority , and the HS codes of the products subject to filings . To match the six-digit HS product codes with three-digit ISIC codes , we used the concordances in the World Bank ’ s Trade Production and Protection Database . Finally , for the product-level import data , we used the UN COMTRADE database . # * * _ < < A > > _ EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS * * As discussed above , we are primarily interested in the variations in Brazilian firms ’ unit export values within products across the export destinations . To quantify the effect of AD duties and the retaliation threats on the prices of exports being shipped , we begin by estimating the following baseline equation : where _f_ denotes the firm , _p_ denotes the six-digit HS product code , and _d_ denotes the export destination . As noted earlier , the variable ufpdt denotes the unit values of the exported products ; ( ADduty ) pdt is a binary indicator and is unity if there is an AD duty in force in year _t_ 7", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 307, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 591, "end": 618, "text": "Global Antidumping Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1027, "end": 1067, "text": "Trade Production and Protection Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1148, "text": "UN COMTRADE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Effectiveness and timing of public participation and consultation activities . The LRP contains several categories of LR strategies and support measures all of which will have to be monitored regularly to track progress and performance in real-time ; and with an eye on obtaining fee-back needed for taking corrective actions where / when necessary . Examples of Key Performance Indicators ( KPIs ) include the following : - Number or percent of eligible PAHs who received agricultural input supply , - Number and types of nurseries established - Number of coffees , fruit crop and exotic tree seedlings distributed to PAHs , - Number or percent of eligible PAHs who received cattle for fattening , dairy farming , and beekeeping ( each indicator separately ) - Number or percent of eligible PAHs who received training , seed capital , and established small business enterprises , - Number of eligible PAHs who gained opportunities for Subproject-related employment ( permanent and temporary employment separately ) , - Number of eligible PAHs who received replacement land for urban housing construction , - Number of eligible PAHs who are issued with rural farmland ownership certificates - Number of public meetings conducted in affected Kebeles by local authorities and number of eligible PAHs who attend the meetings # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 4 Responsible Bodies and Reporting Procedures * * The responsible entities and reporting procedures are outlined below : - The main sources of data and information for IPM will be internal or in-house documents and records generated from the RP implementation ( e . g . records on compensation ) and the day-to-day observations by the RIT ; and - The main responsible entity for IPM will be the PIO / ESAO ( the monitoring , review and evaluation officer of the RP in particular ) . Monthly performance monitoring reports will be prepared by the Resettlement", "spans": [{"start": 1773, "end": 1796, "text": "records on compensation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The OECD ’ s FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index reflects these developments : the Communications sub-index fell significantly from 0 . 595 to 0 . 120 between 1997 and 2003 as a result of the 1999 reforms , but increased again to 0 . 410 between 2006 and 2010 as a result of the increasing restrictiveness described above . # * * 4 . Data & Methodology * * What are the productivity losses that manufacturers face due to policy restrictiveness toward FDI in the service sector ? Are some manufacturers more affected than others ? If so , what determines these effects ? Are there any service sectors for which policy restrictiveness towards FDI has particularly large effects on manufacturers , and are there specific restrictions that matter more than others ? In what follows we first describe the data used to answer these questions , as well as the empirical strategy . # * * 4 . 1 Data * * There are four main sources of data used in this paper : ( 1 ) Manufacturing census data at the firm-level for about 20 , 000 firms ( the census collects information on those firms that are registered and employ at least 20 workers ) , ( 2 ) OECD FDI regulatory restrictiveness index both for services and for manufacturing , ( 3 ) input-output tables constructed by the Indonesian statistical office ( BPS ) , and ( 4 ) the World Bank Enterprise Surveys for Indonesia ( 2003 and 2009 ) . . From the manufacturing census , TFP was calculated using a multilateral index following Aw , Chen and Roberts ( 2001 ) . The index is an extension of that derived by Caves et al . ( 1982 ) , and allows for consistent comparison of TFP in plant-level data with a panel structure . < sup > 10 < / sup > The index expresses each individual plant ‘ s output and inputs ( capital , labor , materials and energy ) as deviations from a single reference point . As the reference point , the index uses a hypothetical plant operating in the base time period ( the first year of the data being 1983 ) and having average input cost shares , average logarithm of inputs", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 49, "text": "FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 959, "end": 984, "text": "Manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1138, "end": 1179, "text": "OECD FDI regulatory restrictiveness index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1321, "end": 1350, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1625, "end": 1641, "text": "plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the bottom quintile of technology readiness ( i . e . firms that were rarely adopting any digital technology ) were significantly less likely to adjust and were harder hit by the shock ( controlling for observable characteristics such as size , sector , region , and management quality ) . Our results suggest that an important additional benefit from upgrading technology might be an increase in the resilience of businesses to shocks . Given the increasing interest by government agencies in implementing technology upgrading programs to support digitization , it is important to emphasize this additional benefit in order to increase the incentives to upgrade and maximize program take up . # * * References * * 1 . M . C . Apedo-Amah , _et al . _ , Businesses through the covid-19 shock : Firm-level evidence from around the world , _Policy Research Working Paper 9434_ , World Bank ( 2020 ) . 2 . A . W . Bartik , _et al . _ , The impact of covid-19 on small business outcomes and expectations , _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ * * 117 * * , 17656 ( 2020 ) . 3 . R . Dai , J . Hu , X . Z . Zhang , The impact of coronavirus on china ’ s smes : Findings from the enterprise survey for innovation and entrepreneurship in china , _Working paper_ , Center for Global Development ( 2020 ) . 4 . J . E . Humphries , C . Neilson , G . Ulyssea , The evolving impacts of covid-19 on small businesses since the cares act , _Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No . 2230_ ( 2020 ) . 5 . A . Adams-Prassl , T . Boneva , M . Golin , C . Rauh , Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock : Evidence from real time surveys , _Journal of Public Economics_ * * 189 * * , 104245 ( 2020 ) . 6 . R . W . Fairlie , The impact of covid-19 on small business owners : Evidence of early-stage losses from the april 2020 current population survey , _Working Paper 27309_ , National Bureau of Economic Research ( 2020 ) . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "school closure ) and 2020 ( during COVID-19 and before school reopening ) using the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index ( SPEI ) , which captures the severity of drought according to its intensity and duration . < sup > 13 < / sup > Since the lean period in Nigeria covers the period from April to August , < sup > 14 < / sup > we calculate the average SPEI index between April and > 12 ` https : / / adore . ifrc . org / Download . aspx ? FileId = 261150 ` and ` https : / / adore . ifrc . org / Download . aspx ? FileId = 352740 ` > 13SPEI data are available at ` https : / / spei . csic . es / ` > 14 ` http : / / www . fao . org / giews / countrybrief / country . jsp ? code = NGA ` 15", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 135, "text": "Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 7 WAY FORWARD : GAPS AND FURTHER STUDIES This critical habitat assessment is conducted largely as a desktop study and further field-based validation of the results is necessary . Various gaps and studies described below need to be addressed after project approval . # # # 7 . 1 . 1 Habitat Assessment and Species Likelihood of Occurrence A field assessment of habitats by ecologists is needed to provide confirmation of land cover classes and their classification as either modified or natural habitat as outlined in Table 2 . The TL route will be surveyed and pegged on the ground , which presents an opportunity for habitat classification to be conducted at the same time . A classification of modified or natural habitat must be conducted for each tower site plus a mid-point between towers . Each tower site and mid-point must be photographed , GPS location recorded and the vegetation briefly described by a competent ecologist ( s ) . The classification of modified or natural habitat must be based on the ESS6 definitions as provided in Table 1 . Results need to be consolidated and mapped to illustrate the extent of modified and natural habitat , together with a calculation of the estimated extent of natural habitat impacted by the Project . Habitat assessment needs to be supported by detailed studies on the occurrence of birds , with particular emphasis on waterbirds and raptors . Bird studies need to represent the migratory and non-migratory seasons to assess the full diversity of birds and better understand their seasonal distributions . Bird observation data should be incorporated into the eBird database to build the understanding of bird occurrence beyond only this project , and contribute towards development of the AVISTEP tool mentioned below . Based on a first-hand knowledge to be compiled on the ecological state of habitats , the Likelihood of Occurrence ( LoO ) of species listed in Appendix 1 needs to be confirmed by a competent ecologist . Critical habitat status of species will need review if any substantial changes are applied to the LoO listings in Appendix 1 . # # # 7 . 1 . 2 Critical Habitat", "spans": [{"start": 1560, "end": 1581, "text": "Bird observation data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1614, "end": 1628, "text": "eBird database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "find that the elasticity of trade with respect to income and distance increases after disintegration . For example , the coefficient on distance more than doubles in magnitude from - 0 . 42 to - 1 . 16 . This change is hardly surprising - pre-reform trade over long distances was heavily subsidized . The coefficients in the reform period are much closer to the coefficients typically found on estimates of the gravity model . < sup > 4 < / sup > This suggests that gravity has set in and that trade patterns in the FSU are now determined in a similar way to the rest of the world . Since GNP is not exogenous with respect to trade we also use population to instrument for GDP . The results are shown in Table 2 . The coefficients on income are higher . The reorientation within Russia is still evident from the change in significance of the Russia dummy over time . Russian regions are significantly less likely to trade with one-another in the pre-reform period and this bias disappears in the reform period . # 3 . 3 Allowing * * for heterogeneity across countries * * Non-tariff barriers , currency variability , and differences in wages and prices across regions and republics may affect trade . To allow for this possible heterogeneity , we split the sample into two panels-pre-reform and reform-and use country fixed effects in the estimation . We exclude interrepublic trade from the sample and estimate equation ( 2 ) separately for the pre-reform and reform periods , # # _TRADE , j , t = at_ + _I3yij + 3lYit + 32Yjt + / 3 DISTij + uij , _ where _-yij_ is a country dummy . The dummy for Armenia , for example , is one when Armenia is either an exporter or an importer . Since inter-republic trade is excluded and all republics are dummied 4 Most comparable is the Canada U . S . study since trade in North America is also land-based trade . McCallum 1995 and Helliwell 1998 find the elasticity of trade to distance on Canada-U . S . data is between - 1 . 23 and - 1 . 62 . Helliwell finds the elasticity on OECD trade to be", "spans": [{"start": 1930, "end": 1949, "text": "Canada-U . S . data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attendance sheets based on an automated attendance register are maintained by the attendance supervisor , who reports absences to the HR and responsible departments . All payroll records are kept in a secure , centralized computerized payroll data base that is updated daily from paper-based reports from the various directorates . The data base is audited by an internal audit mission within the Directorate of HR to ensure that all changes are supported by appropriate documentation . Payroll records and payments are annually audited by Jordan Audit Bureau . * * 11 . Financial Audit : MoDEE will hire Jordan Audit Bureau to audit the Project ’ s financial statements on annual basis . * * Jordan Audit Bureau will conduct the audit in accordance with internationally accepted auditing standards and based on terms of reference cleared by the Bank . MoDEE will be responsible for preparing the TORs for the auditor and will submit them to the Bank for clearance . MoDEE should engage Jordan Audit Bureau six months following the submission of the first withdrawal application . The Jordan Audit Bureau will be responsible of : - i ) reviewing semiannual IFRs to be submitted by not later than 2 months from the end of each 6-month period ; - ii ) Issuing annual audited financial statements of MoDEE in accordance with IPSAS cash ; iii ) Issuing project ’ s annual audited financial statements that will be sent to the Bank no later than 6 months following the end of the project ’ s fiscal year . The report will include an opinion on the project ’ s financial statement . The auditor will also be requested to provide an opinion on the project ’ s effectiveness of internal control system . - iv ) Audit scope will be expanded to cover the benefiting entities ’ annual financial statements under the s and the NSC-ICT sub-account that will be opened as a subsidiary account to the PMU ’ s DA and managed by the NSC-ICT ; - v ) Issuing a management letter that shall accompany the audit report , identifying any deficiencies in the control system the auditor finds pertinent", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 59, "text": "automated attendance register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 222, "end": 252, "text": "computerized payroll data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "four-digit level . The survey covers all establishments with at least 10 employees or above a revenue threshold around 340 million Colombian pesos ( at 2009 prices ) , which is close to 100 , 000 USD . The dataset contains rich information on key variables including plants ’ geographical location , output production and sales for each product , total sales ( local and export ) , material inputs , industrial and non-industrial costs , employee composition , and fixed asset holdings . Gross output is the value of production of all products . Value-added is gross output after deducting material cost . Capital is measured using the perpetual inventory method , assuming a 5 % depreciation rate , with the exception of land for which there is no depreciation . Employment size is the number of persons employed by the establishment . These include workers engaged in production and in non-production jobs . Labor cost includes wages and fringe benefits . Material costs include material input costs , electric energy expenditure , and land and building rental costs . Gross profit margin is gross output net of material cost and labor costs of workers associated with production , as a share of gross output . And net profit margin is gross output minus material cost , all labor cost , industrial and non-industrial costs , and taxes paid as a share of gross output . Nominal values are converted to 2014 Colombian pesos using the industrial production index reported by DANE which is the same for all industries . We deflate capital with the industrial production index reported by DANE for gross capital formation . After merging manufacturing census data with the geospatial variables , the establishment-level data has complete information on 12 , 397 establishments engaged in 148 industries located across 267 municipalities . Similarly , the establishment-product level data contains the same number of establishments , and 6 , 711 products . # _Ethiopia_ The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia conducts annual surveys of large and medium scale establishments engaged in manufacturing . In the surveys , economic activities are categorized as manufacturing based on United Nations ISIC-Rev . 3 classification , and encompass industries 15-37 at the two-digit level . The survey covers all establishments with at least 10", "spans": [{"start": 1547, "end": 1574, "text": "industrial production index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1636, "end": 1661, "text": "manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1698, "end": 1722, "text": "establishment-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1853, "end": 1885, "text": "establishment-product level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * FINANCING LOCALLY-LED CLIMATE ACTION PROGRAM Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2023 * * | * * SummaryofProject * * | * * Theprojectmanagementaimsto achievethegoalsthrough * * | | - - - | - - - | | Strategies forachievement | * * thefollowingmeans : * * < br > * * I * * < br > * * I * * | | ofstrategicgoals | ( i ) < br > Mobilizingresourcesforclimatefinance * * - * * including < br > leveragingprivatesector support < br > * * I * * < br > ( ii ) < br > Architectureofclimatefinance * * - * * decentralizedclimate < br > finance < br > ( iii ) < br > Linkingnationaland countyinstitutionstoclimate < br > finance sources < br > ( iv ) < br > Readiness < br > to < br > support < br > the < br > MDA ' s < br > and < br > County < br > Governments < br > ( v ) < br > CountyClimateChangefunds ( incentives ) < br > ClimateFinanceDataTrackingand Reporting . | | Otherimportant background < br > informationoftheproject | Theprogramfocuses on capitalizingtheNationalandCounty < br > Climate Change Funds ; buildingcountylevel capacityfor < br > planning , budgeting , reportingandimplementationoflocal < br > climate < br > actions < br > in < br > partnership < br > with < br > communities ; < br > and < br > strengtheningofnational < br > levelcapacity < br > forcoordination , < br > monitoring < br > and reporting . < br > Theprogramisbeing < br > implemented * * by * * theNationalGovernmentin collaborationwith < br > CountyGovernments", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform , Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) # # * * ANNEX 4 : Climate Hazard and Resilience Considerations * * Resilient infrastructure development in Ethiopia includes consideration of existing natural hazards < sup > 19 < / sup > and ongoing climate change . Relevant risks for this project include wildfire , flooding , landslides , and extreme heat , which is expected to increase due to climate change . Wildfire and flooding are recognized as a ‘ high ’ risk in Ethiopia < sup > 1 < / sup > under current climate conditions , and climate change is expected to exacerbate this risk . < sup > 20 < / sup > The wildfire risk is concentrated in the Western part of the country , particularly in the Gambela and Benishangul-Gumuz regions . Flooding varies geographically and seasonally . Climate change models show that for Ethiopian regions , the current annual probability flood event could increase in frequency , although the models vary . < sup > 21 < / sup > The highest areas of landslide susceptibility are seen in the North and Western parts of the country and the SouthWest . In most locations , the increase in maximum temperatures over a 7-day average across each decade is approximately 1 . 5-2 ° C in the median model for the 2030 decade , while the higher end model shows increase of 2-4 ° C . > 19 ThinkHazard database , Ethiopia . The World Bank ( 2021 ) . https : / / www . thinkhazard . org > 20 Liu , Y . , Stanturf , J . A . , & Goodrick , S . L . ( 2009 ) . Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate . Forest Ecology and Management 259 : 685 - > 697 , 259 ( 2010 ) , 685 – 697 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . foreco . 2009 .", "spans": [{"start": 1381, "end": 1401, "text": "ThinkHazard database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The World Bank Economic Review_ 23 , no . 3 ( 2009 ) : 481-507 . Ministry of Health and Population [ Nepal ] , New ERA , and ICF . “ Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 . ” ( 2017 ) . Ministry of Health and Population [ Nepal ] , New ERA , and ICF . “ Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022 . ” ( 2023 ) . Ministry of Labor , Employment , and Social Security [ Nepal ] . “ Nepal Labor Migration Report 2020 . ” ( 2020 ) . Muñoz Boudet , Ana María , Tasmia Rahman , Nour Nasr , and Abigail Dalton . \" Addressing Social and Gender Norms to Promote Gender Equality . \" _World Bank Group Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series : Evidence and Practice Note_ ( 2023 ) . Nepal Rashtra Bank . “ Fifth Household Budget Survey Nepal 2014 / 15 . ” ( 2016 ) . Paudel , Anil . \" Girls ' Transitions to Work through Higher-Quality TVET Programs in Nepal . Echidna Global Scholars Program , Policy Paper . \" _Center for Universal Education at The Brookings Institution_ ( 2019 ) . Peet , Evan D . , Günther Fink , and Wafaie Fawzi . \" Returns to education in developing countries : Evidence from the living standards and measurement study surveys . \" _Economics of education review_ 49 ( 2015 ) : 69-90 . Phadera , Lokendra . “ International migration and its effect on labor supply of the left-behind household members : Evidence from Nepal . ” No . 333-2016-14201 . Annual Meeting , July 31-August 2 , Boston , Massachusetts , _Agricultural and Applied Economics Association_ ( 2016 ) . Raju , Dhushyanth , and Jasmine Rajbhandary , eds . “ Youth employment in Nepal . ” _The World Bank_ , ( 2018 ) . Ram Mohan , Rohini , Ranjitha Puskur , D . Chandrasekar , and Harold Glenn A . Valera . \" Do gender dynamics in intrahousehold decision making shift with male migration ? Evidence from rice-farming households in Eastern India . \" _Gender , Technology and Development_ 27 , no . 2 ( 2023 ) : 157-183 . Ruppert Bulmer , Elizabeth , Ami Shrestha , and Michelle Marshalian .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Reference : 1 . Environmental and Social Framework , The World Bank 2 . Guideline for Implementation of Citizen Engagement Component , MoUDI , 2017 3 . National Social Protection Policy , MoLSA ( GoE ) , 2014 4 . Project Concept Note , Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project ( P169943 ) , The World Bank 5 . Resettlement Policy Framework , Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project , MoUDI , 2015 6 . UPSNJP Implementation Manual , MUI ( GoE ) , 2016 7 . Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey ( 2018 ) , Ethiopia Central Statistics Agency ( CSA ) , 2018 64", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 484, "text": "Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights - Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities - An effective complaint handling mechanism - Inclusion of ES provisions acceptable to the Bank When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Not Applicable Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . None * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| MUDH / UFSJCA / UPSNP / C - < br > 021 / 17 / scoping < br > study / Assessment on people < br > with special needs ( Urban < br > destitute ) and service providers in < br > 11 Cities < br > IDA / 57560 | 1 . Safety Net Support | Post < br > Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | 98 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2017-05-15 | 2017-06-05 | 2017-07-17 | 2017-07-24 | 2017-08-07 | 2017-10-06 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MUDH / UFSJCA / UPSNP / C - < br > 022 / 17 / Baseline study-Conduct < br > baseline community report card < br > ( CRC ) or Score ( CSC ) among < br > beneficiaries . < br > IDA / 57560 | 3 . Institutional Strengthening < br > and Project Management | Post < br > Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2017-06-15 | 2017-07-05 | 2017-08-16 | 2017-08-23 | 2017-09-06 | 2017-11-05 | | MUDH / UJCFSA / UPSNP / C - < br > 023 / 17 / Preparation of < br > Livelihoods guidelines < br > IDA / 57560 | 2 . Livelihood Services", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The most traversed project areas are rural who mostly depend on springs , boreholes , rain water harvested , swamps and streams except the few sections that are categorized as urban areas but with scanty population use NWSC . The proposed TL will not have an impact on the hydrology of the traversed areas due to the carefully selected line route which avoided sensitive environmental receptors # # # * * 4 . 1 . 7 Greenhouse Gas ( GhG ) Emissions * * Greenhouse gases ( GhGs ) are gases in the Earth ' s atmosphere that trap heat and contribute to the greenhouse effect , leading to global warming and climate change . The primary GhGs include carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane ( CH4 ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , and fluorinated gases . The GoU has committed to reducing carbon emissions by 22 % by 2030 in a bid to mitigate and adapt to climate change and transit to a low-carbon climate-resilient economy , as outlined in the country ’ s Climate Action Plan , also called Nationally Determined Contributions ( NDC ) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) Secretariat . Uganda ’ s NDCs commit to a 22 % emission cuts on a business-as-usual basis by 2030 due to a series of policies and measures in the energy , forestry and wetland sectors and complimented by additional measures in climate smart agriculture and transport . The NDCs also propose reducing vulnerability and addressing adaptation in different priority sectors , including agriculture , water , infrastructure ( including human settlements , social infrastructure and transport ) , health and risk management ( particularly in urban areas ) . According to a report on GHG Inventory of the Central and Northern Corridor 2021 , the estimated GHG emissions of Central Corridor are 1 . 23 MMtCO2e , whereas CO2 emissions account for about 99 % followed by N₂O , and CH₄ emissions , which are comparatively minimal . In both corridors , CO2", "spans": [{"start": 1666, "end": 1721, "text": "GHG Inventory of the Central and Northern Corridor 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "produced by poor workers likely reflects efforts by India ’ s trade partners to protect sectors where their own poor work . The same pattern can be seen in the tariffs on India ’ s imports , by matching India ' s own applied MFN tariffs in 2012 by sector to the income data from the survey . Goods produced by the richest workers ( in the 10 < sup > th < / sup > decile ) face a tariff of less than one-third the level on goods produced by the poorest workers ( the lowest 2 deciles of the population — Table 7 ) . Table 7 : India ' s import MFN applied tariffs in 2012 by income decile . | Income < br > Decile | Applied MFN | | - - - | - - - | | 1 | 35 . 6 c | | 2 | 39 . 0 a | | 3 | 37 . 5 b | | 4 | 35 . 3 c | | 5 | 33 . 8 d | | 6 | 29 . 9 e | 14", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 289, "text": "income data from the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) participatory mapping of the prevalent hazards and the exposure hot spots , such as damageprone community infrastructure , storage facilities , settlement or roads and bridges . These mapping activities use state-level hazard and risk maps < sup > 125 < / sup > as a starting point for more refined , contextualized validation of the model-based assessments . - ( c ) As part of the participatory resource mapping , existing hazard protection infrastructure is catalogued and local needs are assessed for structural measures ( for example , levees , flood walls , drainage ) and / or non-structural measures ( for example , early warning , hazard-informed settlement development and improved disaster response ) . - ( d ) DRM-related priority needs and the list of DRM measures are consolidated at the community level with the other subprojects . - ( e ) If selected from the PPL , the respective DRM measures will be costed and evaluated , that is , regarding their technical requirements and feasibility . - ( f ) Finally , training of DRM focal points at the _boma_ / _payam_ level is to ensure adequate O & M of the DRM measures while also aiming to strengthen local DRM capacities in general . > 125 These are generated in the complementary , GFDRR-funded DRM-FCV Nexus project “ Assessment and Analysis of Intersectional Risk in South Sudan ” on the basis of the Fathom Global flood model ( 2019 ) and available population and settlement exposure data . Page 87 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 346, "text": "state-level hazard and risk maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1476, "end": 1501, "text": "Fathom Global flood model", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1525, "end": 1564, "text": "population and settlement exposure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "risk or default . Panel B of Table 5 presents the results of this exercise with Argentine data where a default rate is targeted and then the number of borrowers who could be approved for that level of default is calculated . If a large bank was targeting a 5 % default rate , then without information sharing it could extend credit to approximately 75 % of the applicant pool compared with 84 % if they had access to the PCR data – an increase of approximately 12 % . For the small bank , the increase is even greater : approximately 18 % . > 9 We acknowledge that there may be an overstatement of the case for sharing information , as individual bank is not limited to the information supplied to the credit registry . However , the variables used and supplied to the credit registry are normally used for credit scoring purposes and typically have a positive marginal effect in terms of the predictive power of scoring models and hence we believe that this remains a useful demonstration of the potential gains from sharing information . > 10 We report results for arbitrarily selected large and small bank . Similar results hold for other financial institutions . 11", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 94, "text": "Argentine data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expected timing of the sub-plot harvest . There were no instructions given to the households on timing of the crop cut . They were , however , requested to harvest the cassava within the sub-plot whenever _they_ were ready and were asked to contact the enumerator and / or the crop cutting assistant beforehand to arrange a time . For districts where households typically harvest their cassava at once , the crop cutting exercise was then done at the time of the main harvest . In districts where cassava is harvested over several weeks or months , the respondents would simply inform the enumerator when they were ready to harvest that piece of land . Together with the enumerator and the crop cutting assistant , the respondents would harvest the 5x5 sub-plot , and weigh the cassava using the same type of weighing scale as distributed to diary households . All crop cutting production was reported in KGs , with details collected on cassava lost prior to harvest and the number of plants harvested . # * * 3 . 3 . Production Measurement and Expected Inter-Relationships * * The analysis focuses on household-level annual cassava production computed in kilograms . Since all diary households were provided with a hanging scale , they were expected to record all entries in kilograms on a daily-basis . The production for the diary households is simply the total of the daily records solicited during the 12 months of fieldwork . All diary data was recorded and weighed “ fresh ” , as respondents weighed the cassava directly after harvesting from the plots . The diary did not collect plot-specific harvest information , but rather information on the total cassava harvest for the household on a specific day . F < sup > 23 < / sup > On the recall front , the respondents reported production at the plot-levelP23F < sup > 24 < / sup > ; could use standard as well as non-standard measurement units ; and could have reported the harvest condition as fresh or dry – following the prevailing practices in household and farm surveys and the approach as part of the Malawi IHS . Consequently , the recall respondents reported production for 74 percent of cassava plots in 50-kilogram bags ; 19", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1446, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2064, "end": 2074, "text": "Malawi IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "food security measure from a one percent change in price . ) We use the average price of domestic wheat flour since wheat is the primary staple of > 29 Some studies use household size to calculate per capita amounts . In Afghanistan the custom of sharing meals with guests makes it important to account for guests eating meals from the household cooking pot . The effective household size also incorporates information on household members eating outside the home . 30 Spices , and ‘ other ’ foods do not contribute to total calories . USDA sources were used for a few items that were not available in the FAO tables . > 31 See Weismann _et al . _ ( 2009 ) for an evaluation of the effectiveness of the food consumption score in measuring household food security . See WFP ( 2008 ) for a general discussion of FCS analysis , as well as recent evidence from several developing countries . > 32 Sanogo ( 2009 ) > 33 Weights for food groups range from 0 . 5 to 4 based on nutrient density . Condiments receive zero nutritional weight . Frequencies are truncated at 7 for each food group . 12", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 616, "text": "FAO tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data used for GNI per capita and the Gini index are presented in table A3 in the appendix . We also control for country size using the total population of the country . These data are available from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators . Data source and description of the variable can be found in table A1 , with summary statistics in table A2 . # * * 3 . Estimation * * We estimate following equation using OLS . - ( 1 ) _crimelossij_   1 _Policelag j_   2 _GDPgrj_   3 _Femij_   4 _GNIcap j_   5 _GINI j_   6 _Population j_   7 _Smallij_   8 _Mediumij_   9LargeCityij   10 _Manfij_   _ij_ Where _crimeloss_ is the losses due to crime as a % of sales for firm i and country j , _Policelag_ is the lagged number of police per 100 , 000 population , _GDPgr_ is the real GDP per capita growth , _Fem_ is a dummy representing female ownership , _GNIcap_ is the real GNI per capita , _GINI_ is the gini coefficient , _Population_ is the total population of the economy , _Small_ and _Medium_ are firm size dummies , LargeCity is a dummy for cities with population of 250 , 000 and greater , or capital cities , and finally _Manf_ is a dummy for manufacturing firms . All estimates are based on standard errors clustered at the country level . In the later sections we add additional variables and interact them with the variable of interest to elucidate several relationships . The usual econometric issues of endogeneity and omitted variable bias are of a concern in the estimation . Concerns about simultaneity bias are alleviated in our use of aggregate police variables because crime experienced at the firm level should not affect country-level variables such as our measure of police size . However , endogeneity may arise because the mean 11", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 47, "text": "Gini index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 218, "end": 246, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | MENAKA | 14192 | 17274 | 16900 | 34174 | 14389 | 7301 | 21690 | 1023 | 1044 | 2067 | 32686 | 25245 | 57931 | | * * BANDIAGARA * * | * * 11496 * * | * * 12829 * * | * * 12083 * * | * * 24912 * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda ( P176747 ) | | including childcare and < br > those community and < br > household members . | | | the infrastructure < br > facilities . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Women beneficiaries ( percentage ) | | | | | | | Women in RHD | | | | | | | Refugee women | | | | | | | Value of credit provided to women < br > enterprises ( Amount ) | This indicator measures the < br > value of credit provided by < br > the PFIs under the project , < br > disaggregated by refugee < br > status , district , age , and < br > disability status . | Continuous . | PFI data . | The PFIs will maintain < br > databases of the value < br > of the credit disbursed , < br > disaggregated by < br > refugee status , district , < br > age , and disability < br > status . | The MGLSD to collect < br > the data from the PFIs < br > each month , and < br > compile and report it . | | Women enterprises in RHDs | | | | | | | Refugee-owned enterprises | | | | | | | Beneficiaries of job-focused interventions | | Enterprise < br > baseline < br > survey , < br > annual < br > surveys from < br > year 2 . | Surveys of < br > enterprises . | This indicator measures < br > the total number of < br > jobs of enterprises < br > benefiting from the < br > project . | MGLSD to administer < br > the surveys , and < br > compile and report", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 686, "text": "PFI data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 914, "end": 932, "text": "data from the PFIs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and macroeconomics to incorporate firm heterogeneity as a central component . While a frontier topic globally , there exists little evidence on managerial practices of firms in Croatia and the relationship between management and productivity . Nevertheless , there is some evidence on management in countries from the Europe and Central Asia region , where Bloom et al . ( 2011 ) find a strong association between managerial practices and firm performance . < sup > 1 < / sup > To quantify the importance of management for the performance of firms in Croatia , and particularly in Eastern Croatia , we conducted a survey on firm capabilities in Croatia , which includes the following modules : ( i ) Working Time , Employed Personnel and Remunerations ; ( ii ) Training ; ( iii ) Business Capabilities and Entrepreneurship ; ( iv ) Government Programs and Funding ; ( v ) Global Production Chains ; ( vi ) Science , Technology and Innovation and ( vii ) Access to Finance . This study analyzes the outcomes for Eastern Croatia along several dimensions of firm performance , including not only labor productivity , total factor productivity ( TFP ) and profits , but also outcomes relating to average skill intensity , training , innovation and technology adoption . These outcomes are evaluated with management capabilities being the centerpiece , that is , we associate all the measures of firm performance with the adoption of structured management practices . How are structured management practices measured ? The survey module on Business Capabilities and Entrepreneurship includes 15 core questions of the US Census Management and Organizational Practices Survey < u > ( MOPS ) main module . The survey was deliberately designed to replicate the US Census MOPS to maximize < / u > comparability with the United States as well as other countries where this survey has been conducted ( e . g . , the United Kingdom , Canada , the Russian Federation and Mexico ) . We exploit the survey data on 585 small and medium enterprises ( SMEs ) in the manufacturing and services sectors . Of these 585 firms , 145 firms are from Eastern Croatia . The survey was conducted from January 2019 to June 2019 . The FINA database", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 652, "text": "survey on firm capabilities in Croatia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1612, "end": 1668, "text": "US Census Management and Organizational Practices Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1752, "end": 1766, "text": "US Census MOPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1983, "end": 2030, "text": "survey data on 585 small and medium enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2204, "end": 2217, "text": "FINA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Migration sea routes from the East and Horn of Africa to the southern part of the continent have become increasingly important . This is likely to be a response to the growing difficulty of travelling and crossing borders by land . IOM ‟ s 2009 study , “ In Pursuit of the Southern Dream ” , suggests that in 2009 around one-third of all Somalis and Ethiopians travelling to South Africa used a sea route for at least part of their journey . Several different sea routes have been used by refugees and migrants . They include travel by boat from Mogadishu and Kismayo in Somalia to Mombasa in Kenya , and then from Mombasa to Pemba or Mocimboa in Mozambique , or to a variety of destinations in Tanzania , including Dar es Salaam , Tanga and Bagamayo . There is growing evidence to indicate that smugglers are increasingly bypassing East African land routes and arranging for their clients to travel directly by boat from Kismayo in Somalia to Cabo Delgado in Mozambique . It is important to note that sea routes are often circuitous and include additional movements by land . For example , both IOM ‟ s research and the TMTF survey found that on arrival in Mozambique by 10", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1132, "text": "TMTF survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rainfall to be _carried over_ between phases , to try to capture the soil moisture at the start of the phase ( see Table 6 ) . # < u > Consecutive Dry Days ( CDD ) Index < / u > Another approach to capturing adverse rainfall events is to construct an index equal to the maximum consecutive number of _dry days_ within a specified period , where a dry day is defined as a day with total rainfall below a threshold value . ( 3 ) This cover offers protection for long dry spells and can be sold as a standalone product or in conjunction with other indexed cover , particularly rainfall volume based products . For example , Table 7 characterizes a consecutive dry days product where the index uses a daily threshold of 2 . 5mm , and with claim payment a step function of the index , with claim payment of ₹ 750 if the index is between 17 and 24 days , ₹ 1 , 500 if the index is between 25 and 29 days and ₹ 2 , 000 if the index is greater than or equal to 30 days . Some consecutive dry days products use a trigger of 0mm ( see Table 8 ) , although the agronomic merits of such products are unclear ; a dry spell of 30 days , with rainfall of 2mm on day 15 would still most likely result in a large crop loss , but would not trigger a claim payment for the product defined in Table 8 . # < u > Excess / Untimely Rainfall Index < / u > Heavy and continuous rainfall within a short period has the potential to cause severe physiological damage to crops , particularly during the maturity and the harvest phases when excess rainfall makes many crops highly susceptible to attacks by pestilence and disease . The indices that have been designed to capture wet spells are similar in nature to those already described for deficit rainfall , dependent on consecutive rainy days , aggregate rainfall over a period of between two and four consecutive days , or a piecewise linear function of rainfall in each phase . For example Hess et al . ( 2005 ) report on a rainy", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # Annex 1 Albania Microcredit Project Project Design Summary | Narrative Summary | Key Performance Indicators | < br > Monitoring and Evaluation | < br > Critical Assumptions | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sector-related CAS Goal : < br > 1 . Private sector development < br > 2 . Poverty alleviation < br > 3 . Development of fmnancial < br > intermediaries | 1 . Increase in private sectoroutput < br > 2 . Reduction in poverty incidence < br > 3 . Decrease in unemployment rate | 1 . Annual economic statistics < br > ( IF / World Bank ) < br > 2 . Labor statistics | ( Goal to Bank Mission ) | | Project Development < br > Objective : < br > 1 . In urban areas , generate self - < br > employment and < br > nucroenterpnises . < br > 2 . In rural areas , increase farm < br > and off-farm irvestment ; < br > provide savings services . < br > 3 . Progressive establishment of < br > sustainable rural and urban < br > microlending financial < br > intermediaries . | I . No . and types of activities < br > financed ; no . of jobs created ; < br > no . of microenterprises created . < br > 2 . For credit intermediaries : < br > institutional performance < br > benchmarks . | 1 . Quarterly Progress Reports of < br > Rural Finance Fund < br > a < br > Foundation . < br > 2 . IDA Supervision Repors . | ( Objective to Goal ) < br > 1 . No or minimal impact of natural < br > disasters / calamities . < br > 2 . Stable and appropriate < br > macroeconomic climate < br > conducive to investment ; low to < br > moderate inflation rate . <", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 524, "text": "Annual economic statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 563, "end": 579, "text": "Labor statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 7 : Map IBRD 33385 * * 68", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 28, "text": "Map IBRD 33385", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "tl"}
{"text": "up > rights over resourceswithin < / sup > the Project area as of the date of the census survey are entitled < sup > to compensation < / sup > for their losses and / or income rehabilitation . Lack of legal < sup > rights or title to the < / sup > asset ( s ) taken for the Project will not bar the PAP from < sup > receivingcompensation , < / sup > rehabilitation and relocation measures to achieve the objectives < sup > set forthunder ( b ) < / sup > listed above . - d ) Compensatory mechanisms to accomplish resettlement < sup > include : compensationat < / sup > full replacement cost for houses and other structures , agricultural < sup > land of equal < / sup > productive capacity , replacement of residential land at < sup > least of equal sizeandnot < / sup > less than 200 sq . m . , dislocation allowance and transition < sup > subsidies , full < / sup > compensation for crops , trees and other similar agricultural < sup > productsat market < / sup > value , and other assets , and appropriate rehabilitation < sup > measuresto compensate < / sup > for loss of livelihood . - e ) PAPs forced to relocate due to their house being < sup > acquiredwill be providedfull < / sup > assistance for transportation and re-establishment of their home < sup > and will be < / sup > provided a Dislocation Allowance , in addition to provision of < sup > residential land < / sup > and the replacement cost of their home . - f ) Replacement residential and agricultural land < sup > will be as closein nature as < / sup > possible to the land that was lost , and acceptable to the PAP . - g ) Where the total amount of agricultural land acquired < s", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 95, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "received training on basic interviewing techniques . Enumerators were closely supervised and supported by members of the study team . - The second step was formation of an ad-hoc committee comprised of Woreda and Kebele officials . This committee is important in the identification of PAPs and for approving the legality of ownership of affected property by its claimant . - The third and the last step during this stage was the supervision and administration of the actual field work . A complete census enumeration of all PAPs was carried out side by side with registration of affected property including land and other privatelyowned structures that will be affected by the Subproject . Structured questionnaires were administered to the affected households and detailed quantitative information on the socio-economic characteristics of the households was collected . The baseline survey captured PAHs ’ demographic and socio-economic and livelihood data . This data included PAHs ’ age , sex , education level , income level , household size , type of household , occupation , and availability of basic service providing infrastructures like schools , health centres , electricity , etc . Sample census questionnaire is presented in Annex 1 . # # # # # # * * _Data Management and Analysis_ * * In order to capture all the necessary information pertinent to resettlement , a set of questionnaires was designed and applied to all affected households . The questionnaire captured information that assisted the computation of appropriate compensation and design resettlement schemes . This information included : - Location identification ; - Characteristics of the members of the households ; - Land holdings that were owned and going to be lost , categorised by land use type ; Page 18", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 528, "text": "census enumeration of all PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply # * * Annex 1 : Establishing Community-owned Ethanol Business Cooperatives * * Gaia Association ’ s quest to transfer 13 years of ethanol supply chain knowledge to refugee-run social enterprises For the past 13 years , Gaia Association , a local Ethiopian NGO with support from the US-based Project Gaia and funding from UNHCR , has fine-tuned and scaled up its ethanol distribution programme in three refugee camps in Jijiga . It has supplied more than 8 , 000 households ( 100 per cent of residents ) with clean-burning ethanol stoves and sustainably sourced fuel to meet their cooking energy needs . < sup > 28 < / sup > Through a donor-driven model , UNHCR covered the full cost of in-kind provision of all stoves and fuel for these families up until March 2018 . This equates to more than 4 million family cooking days , which translates into time savings during cooking and fuel collection / procurement , reductions in wood fuel use , reduced tensions with the host community , and cleaner indoor and ambient air . Gaia Association has also provided income-generating opportunities in these camps , employing 46 refugees as incentive workers ( full employment is not legal for refugees in Ethiopia ) . When asked about their successes , Gaia Association officials Wubshet Tadele Tsehayu and Desalegn Getaneh were quick to point out the high acceptance rates among refugee households , showing ethanol ’ s ability to meet the cooking needs of the primarily Somali refugee population in Jijiga . User acceptance has been documented in surveys and evidenced through consistent use of the stoves over 13 years of implementation in the Jijiga camps . < sup > 29 < / sup > In 2014 , Gaia Association also began operations in Assosa , serving Sudanese refugees with ethanol stoves and fuel , later adding carbonized beehive briquettes used in larger , locally produced stoves that", "spans": [{"start": 1633, "end": 1640, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "model , developed by González et al . ( 2017 ) and Fok et al . ( 2005 ) , includes a standard logistic function that exhibits point symmetry with one slope parameter and one location parameter . Brzoza-Brzezina and Kotlowski ( 2018 ) is relevant to our empirical strategy because they employ the PSTR model to examine a nonlinear relationship between a country ’ s risk premium and net > 6These two previous studies use actual debt data , whereas this paper uses a wide range of forecast data to exclude any effects from current economic conditions on interest rates as well as to consider the forward-looking behavior of financial markets . > 7Ebeke and Lu ( 2015 ) and Brzoza-Brzezina and Kotlowski ( 2018 ) , who also use local currency bonds in emerging markets , control for exchange rate risk whereas Moore et al . ( 2013 ) controls for it indirectly by estimating the share of foreign investors that is affected by exchange rate risk . We include exchange rate risk in the baseline estimation but exclude it as a robustness check . Amstad et al . ( 2020 ) , using the average credit ratings provided by Standard and Poor ’ s , Moody ’ s and Fitch find a slow and steady convergence of sovereign risk in local and foreign currency due to higher availability of foreign currency via FX reserves and smaller dependence on foreign currency borrowing ( decline of original sin ) over the past 20 years . 5", "spans": [{"start": 420, "end": 436, "text": "actual debt data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 479, "end": 492, "text": "forecast data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; Munji et al . 2014 ; Nguyen 2014 . ) While significant losses due to human actions are likely to continue in the future , it is projected that stresses on mangroves may be further aggravated in the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century due to climate change . Continuation of the present rate of global warming may even threaten the survival of mangroves . Climate change poses a number of threats to mangroves : rise in sea level , rise in atmospheric CO2 , rise in air and water temperature , and change in frequency and intensity of precipitation / storm patterns due to climate change ( discussed in Alongi 2008 ) . Among these threats from climate change , sea level > 3 Data for extended periods are available for some countries . For example , coastal development in the Philippines has led to more than a 50 percent loss of mangroves since 1900 , mainly due to conversion for aquaculture ( Primavera 2005 , Primavera et al . , 2014 ) . Vietnam ’ s mangrove forests declined about 75 % from 1950 to 2000 , falling from roughly 400 , 000 hectares to 100 , 000 hectares ( MONRE 2002 ) . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE The state of sanitation is particularly dire in the rural areas , where only 31 percent of individuals have access to improved sanitation ( figure 9b ) . The difference is largely due to the ubiquity of flush toilets in urban areas ( figure 9b ) . In rural areas , on the other hand , there has been a shift away from improved latrines and back toward inferior traditional latrines — and even open defecation in some cases . Indeed , up to 5 percent of rural Zimbabweans lost access to improved latrines between 1999 and 2008 . This is due to the fact that the construction of the improved latrines was becoming obsolete , at a time when cement had become too scarce and expensive to allow for the necessary repairs and reconstruction of the latrine structures to take place . Despite the progress in traditional latrines and , to a much lower extent , flush toilets , the combined expansion of improved sanitation facilities fell short of rural population growth , which stood at 1 . 4 percent per year . * * Figure 9 . Access to water sources is highly inequitable between urban and rural communities * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Water supply b . Sanitation < br > 100 100 < br > 90 90 < br > 80 80 < br > 70 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > Urban < br > Rural Urban Rural < br > % population % population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ AICD water supply and sanitation database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . _Note : _ Access figures calculated by the AICD using data from the 2005 Demographic and Health Survey . Water utility performance", "spans": [{"start": 1554, "end": 1595, "text": "AICD water supply and sanitation database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1725, "end": 1759, "text": "2005 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | EFSI | 2015 | € 21 billion | 1x | 6 . 7x | 6 . 7x | | Marguerite | 2010 | € 710 million | 1x | 11 . 8x | 11 . 8x | | GEEREF | 2008 | € 112 million | 2x | 35 . 8x | ~ 71x | | ISIF | 2014 | € 7 . 6 billion | 1x | 2 . 4x | ~ 2 . 4 | | PAIDF | 2007 | $ 625 million | 4 . 2 | 4 | 16 . 7x | | PINAI | 2012 | $ 625 million | 25x | _Unknown_ | ~ _25x_ | | MMIF | 2008 | $ 408 million | 5x | _10 . 3_ | _51 . 7x_ | | FONSIS < sup > a < / sup > | 2016 | € 28 million | 1x | 9 . 6x | 9 . 6x | | PBCE | 2012 | € 230 million | 3x | ~ 6x | ~ 19x | _Source : _ Adapted from Inderst ( 2016b * * ) * * . _Note : _ Multipliers in this table are World Bank estimates based on publicly available information on actual invested amounts , often referring to specific projects since detailed information at the portfolio level is generally not available . Furthermore , information on the public versus private share of capital invested at the project level is also not publicly available . As a result , estimates shown in this table are indicative only . Funds that are wholly owned by a government have a fund level multiplier of 1 . EFSI = European Fund for Strategic Investments ; FONSIS = Fonds Souverain d ’ Investissements Stratégiques ; GEEREF = Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund ; ISIF = Ireland Strategic Investment Fund ; MMIF = Macquarie Mexico Infrastructure Fund ; PAIDF = Pan-African Infrastructure Development Fund ; PINAI = Philippine Investment Alliance for Infrastructure ; PBCE = Europe 2020 Project Bond Initiative . a FONSIS provides an example of the multiplier effect through SIF investments . In February 2015 , FONSIS", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # Annex 3 : KDSPII Grievance Log | Date Received | Complainant Name | ID / No | County / Sub-County | Grievance | Case Description | Receiver | Handling | Resolution | Status | Proposed solution | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | Category | | | Officer | Offered | | indicate a detailed < br > description | # # # N / B : One can attach any evidence provided . viii", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 38, "text": "KDSPII Grievance Log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "large areas of mainly uninhabited desert that characterize Mali , Niger , and Chad . Nonetheless , the relatively low correlation between the geospatial estimates and the census estimates in non-sampled areas observed in Burkina Faso raises the prospect that the estimates for these areas could significantly change when upcoming censuses are collected and combined with survey data to produce updated poverty maps . Given the scarcity of evidence on out-of-sample prediction accuracy in the literature , we recommend treating the out-of-sample estimates in the remaining four countries with a high degree of caution . There are several additional avenues for further research to inform these types of data integration efforts . These include additional empirical work to validate both point and uncertainty estimates against estimates using recent census data . Zonal statistics derived from geospatial data can be highly correlated . Initial results from current research indicate that the approach used for geospatial data processing and model building with geospatial data can impact the quality of the produced estimates . Model estimation also matters , it should be possible to improve upon existing methods for estimating mixed models with sampling weights . In addition , exploring the use of machine learning methods to capture complex relationships could improve estimation especially for out-of-sample areas . Despite room for further improvement , the modelbased estimates of the type calculated in this paper can provide interim estimates of the spatial distribution of poverty with acceptable uncertainty measures that cannot be obtained with survey data alone . 23", "spans": [{"start": 893, "end": 908, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1658, "end": 1669, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compliance and expands this literature in two ways . < sup > 7 < / sup > First , unlike many experiments that give a generic nudge or reminder to taxpayers , this paper ( specifically , experiment one ) leverages a significant real investment in the identification capacity of the government . Second , whereas most papers in the literature can only study the immediate impact of a notice , this paper is able to show that the impact of identification and penalty information on compliance persists over three years . < sup > 8 < / sup > The rest of the paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 provides background information on Liberia and the administration of property taxes , while section 3 outlines a simple conceptual framework for thinking about these three aspects of tax capacity on tax compliance . Sections 4 and 5 describe the design of the two experiments and present the corresponding results . Section 6 concludes and provides policy implications . # * * 2 Context * * Liberia has low compliance rates for real estate taxes ( as well as other tax categories ) . Prolonged civil conflict in the 1990s and early 2000s led to the erosion of state capacity across several sectors , including tax administration . In 2018 , the real estate tax register contained fewer than 7 , 000 properties in Greater Monrovia , the largest urban metropolis in Liberia , with over 1 million residents . Even among properties on the tax register , timely tax collection remains a challenge . After taxpayers enter the tax base in one year , over 60 percent of them do not pay taxes in the subsequent year ( according to the author ’ s analysis of administrative tax data from 2015 to 2018 ) . Many property owners who pay are motivated by the desire to obtain a tax clearance needed for administrative purposes in another sector , such as to bid for a contract with the government or to import goods at the port . Several factors related to weak identification and collection capacity contribute to the low real estate tax compliance . In the absence of a cadaster that outlines all the properties in the city , the LRA adds properties", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1261, "text": "real estate tax register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1641, "end": 1664, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and trends in consumption patterns . - * * Coping strategies : * * the data available generally focused on negative coping strategies but offered limited information on the illegal and risky jobs that target populations take up in order to meet their food needs . - * * Access to water for cooking : * * although the WASH sector chapter discussed access to water and drinking water , access to water specifically for cooking is not addressed . - * * Social cohesion : * * a topic that is not addressed in assessments is how access to food assistance affects social cohesion . - * * Reasons for refusal of food assistance : * * the MSNA SWG workshop participants mentioned that some target groups refuse to queue up to receive food assistance at distribution centres as they do not want to be associated with Syrian refugees . - * * Food Sources : * * updated data on food sources is necessary due to the rollout of targeted assistance in October 2013 . > 21 The FCS is a composite score based on dietary diversity , food frequency , and relative nutritional importance of different food groups . 43", "spans": [{"start": 851, "end": 879, "text": "updated data on food sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that have rebelled against the changes to the implementation of the Agreement on the Resolution of the Confl ict in the Republic of South Sudan ( ARCSS ) . The process of decentralization continued with the creation of more states in Upper Nile , < sup > 3 < / sup > the exclusionary politics and a brutal counter-insurgency campaign that has targeted civilians has created more opposition and discontent . Militarily , the SPLA forces have gained control of more area causing more people to fl ee but the opposition has become more entrenched against the government . Some opposition groups are in support of the “ Machar IO ” and some in support of newly created belligerents . As the opposition actors fragment , command-and-control of forces becomes even looser . With the peace process critically undermined , and no concrete efforts to reset the status quo before the July 2016 crisis , apart from statements from IGAD calling for an immediate cessation of hostilities and an inclusive political process , a political solution seems less likely . During this reporting period , the confl ict has been severely affecting particularly the greater Equatoria and Upper Nile regions as well as Western Bahr el Ghazal resulting in dire humanitarian consequences , with signifi cant displacement , serious and systematic reported human rights violations and abuses , including the killing of civilians , arbitrary arrest , detention , torture and other inhumane and degrading treatment , confl ictrelated sexual violence including rape and gang-rape , and looting and destruction of civilian property . < sup > 4 < / sup > Almost all villages in in Central Equatoria that have been accessed by UNMISS or humanitarians have been burned by the SPLA forces , according to the population that has fl ed from the area . The destruction is depicted by satellite photography . < sup > 5 < / sup > At the time of this report , there is increasing confl ict reported in all the above mentioned areas and in central Jonglei the", "spans": [{"start": 1845, "end": 1866, "text": "satellite photography", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . What Is the Impact of Urea Consumption on Rice Production ? This section estimates the impact of fertilizer subsidies on urea consumption and the impact of urea use on rice yields . A simple micro-model using data from the 2007 household survey explores two important questions : What is the effect of the fertilizer subsidy on urea consumption , and what impact does urea usage have on rice production ? The model proposed allows for diminishing returns to the use of fertilizer ( by including a quadratic term for urea used ) , implying that there is an optimal point for urea usage beyond which yields start to decline . The quantity of urea consumed depends on : the price of urea , the price of other fertilizers ( which are proxied with the price of SP36 ) , the price of rice , and the price of rice seeds . In turn , the impact of urea on rice yields is dependent on : the quantity of urea used , the consumption of other inputs ( land , labor , irrigation ) , and controls for soil quality ( a dummy variable for Java-Bali ) and human capital ( in this case , the years of education and the age of the head of the household ) . The model to be estimated is summarized below : _ln rice_yield = _  _ + _  _1 ln urea_used + _  _2 ln urea_usedsq + _  _3 ln land_sizei + _  _4 ln labor_cost + _  _5 irrigation + _  _6educ + _  _7age + _  _8Java & Bali + _  _ ( 1 ) _ where _urea_used_ is the fitted value of the regression : _ ( 2 ) ln urea_used = _  _ + _  _1 lnprice_urea + _  _2 ln price_SP + _  _3 ln price_seeds + _  _4 lnprice_rice + _  _5 ln land_sizei + _  _6 ln labor_cost + _  _7irrigation + _  _8educ + _  _9age + _  _10Java & Bali + _  And _urea_usedsq_ is the fitted value of the regression : _ ( 3 ) ln urea_usedsq = _  _ +", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 250, "text": "2007 household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 23 | 7 | | Estonia | 17 , 595 | 14 , 540 | 79 | 88 | 26 | 32 | 17 | 22 | | Slovak Rep . | 15 , 827 | 17 , 883 | 67 | 60 | 36 | 78 | 36 | 49 | | Croatia | 14 , 480 | 13 , 539 | 59 | 62 | 56 | 75 | 124 | 89 | | Hungary | 13 , 629 | 13 , 933 | 73 | 61 | 38 | 63 | 66 | 54 | 1 : Percentile Rank ( 0 lowest rank , 100 highest rank ) . Source : The World Bank ; World Development Indicators , Worldwide Governance Indicators , Global Competitiveness Dataset , Doing Business Reports . _ < u > Poor business environment , large productivity dispersion . < / u > _ Another structural factor explains why GPS ’ s business environments need to be improved for growth : they have a large share of small , low productivity firms . The average size of firms is _smaller_ than in other European countries . Over 90 % of firms have less than 9 employees ( micro firms ) and more than half of the workers are employed in firms with fewer than 50 employees ( comparable numbers are 23 % of workers in Germany , and 32 % in France ) . The smaller firms are less productive and more labor intensive ; moreover , more than 85 % of total exports in European countries are from the largest 5 , 000 companies ( European Economy , 2015 ) . < sup > 77 < / sup > Obstacles , such > 76 Note that some of these indicators being “ subjective ” partly reflects worsening of perceptions than worsening on the ground . > 77 See also Freund ( 2016 ) for the relationship between firm size and exports . 35", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 386, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 389, "end": 420, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 423, "end": 453, "text": "Global Competitiveness Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 456, "end": 478, "text": "Doing Business Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Paraguay , there does appear to be a positive link for establishments of 50 of more employees , while in Peru the data show that establishments must employ at least 100 workers before a significant relationship between management practices and labor productivity can be detected . We make several distinct contributions to the literature on management practices and productivity . Firstly , while analyses of establishments ’ management practices have been studied in many countries across the world , in only two of the countries that we study ( Argentina and Colombia ) can we find evidence of previous research on management practices , and so we are shedding new light on the role of management in five previously unstudied contexts . Secondly , in addition to information on management practices , our data contain detailed information on establishment characteristics , on performance metrics and on the business environment . We can exploit these rich data to more accurately estimate the relationship between management practices and establishments ’ outcomes , and to test in which contexts management matters most . Finally , the surveys from which our data come are designed to be 5", "spans": [{"start": 1144, "end": 1151, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private sector dynamics , as we are able to assess whether the regime change that accompanied the crisis differentially impacted firms connected with the Suharto regime . < sup > 1 < / sup > The main findings can be summarized as follows : the data do not unequivocally support the cleansing paradigm . The crisis led to a spike in exit , a slowdown in entry , and excessive employment reallocation . Productive firms on average experienced lower employment losses , but the correlation between productivity and employment growth did not strengthen . Rather than raising the productivity threshold for survival , the crisis was more indiscriminate in terms of the productivity of firms driven out of business . Firms more vulnerable to changing credit market conditions were much more likely to exit during the crisis , but the attenuation of the link between productivity and survival did not increase with vulnerability to changing loan conditions . The attenuation was also not an artifact of reduced entry rates or driven by political transition . The results are robust to excluding firms with connection to the Suharto regime . Moreover , if anything , among the politically connected firms , productivity became a more important determinant of firm survival . By contrast , the attenuation was particularly pronounced in provinces with comparatively high minimum wages , suggesting that labor regulations obstructed efficiency enhancing reallocation . The effects are not all negative , however . The protective power of productivity against exit was restored post-crisis , and the crisis appears to have weeded out the weakest potential entrants ; while entry rates were lower during the crisis , those firms that entered were on average much more productive , which helped mitigate the loss in aggregate productivity . The remainder of this paper is organized as follows . The next section reviews related literature and describes the context . Section 3 summarizes our hypotheses and explains our approach . Section 4 describes the data , while section 5 presents descriptive statistics on job flows and decompositions of aggregate productivity growth . Section 6 , which constitutes the core of the paper , presents firm survival and employment growth models . A final section concludes . > 1 We use the data on political connections collected", "spans": [{"start": 2315, "end": 2344, "text": "data on political connections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * II . Aperçu des incidents de protection * * # # # # # * * Tendances et risques de protection * * L ' année précédente , les régions de San et de Ségou régions ont enregistré un total de 1155 incidents de protection , notamment des atteintes à l ' intégrité physique ( 287 cas , soit 25 % ) , des atteintes au droit à la propriété ( 262 cas , soit 23 % ) ainsi que des mouvements de populations ( préventif ou forcés ) . Ces types d ' incidents incluent des agressions physiques , des traumatismes émotionnels , des extorsions et des pertes de logement , de terres cultivables et d ' autres ressources vitales pour les populations , principalement causés par les actions des acteurs armés . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Incidents de protection 2023 < br > 287 < br > 262 < br > 224 < br > 193 < br > 173 < br > 16 < br > Atteintes à l ' acces Atteinte à la liberte Atteinte au droit et Atteinte àl ' integrite Mouvement de Atteinte au droit à < br > aux services de et à la securite des à la vie pyshique / psychique population la propriete < br > base personnes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Au cours du premier trimestre 2024 , un total de 1279 incidents ont été recensés . Les violations les plus fréquentes comprennent les atteintes à l ' intégrité physique / psychique", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 766, "text": "Incidents de protection 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 resettlement and related development activities have been completed ; using the results of resettlement monitoring to guide subsequent implementation . # # # * * Abbreviated Resettlement Plan * * 22 . An abbreviated plan covers the following minimum elements : - ( a ) A census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets ; - ( b ) Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided ; - ( c ) Consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives ; - ( d ) Institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for grievance redress ; - ( e ) Arrangements for monitoring and implementation ; and - ( f ) a timetable and budget . # # # * * Resettlement Policy Framework * * 23 . The purpose of the policy framework is to clarify resettlement principles , organizational arrangements , and design criteria to be applied to subprojects to be prepared during project implementation ( see < u > OP 4 . 12 , paras . 26-28 ) . Subproject < / u > resettlement plans consistent with the policy framework subsequently are submitted to the Bank for approval after specific planning information becomes available ( see < u > OP 4 . 12 , para . 29 ) . < / u > 24 . The resettlement policy framework covers the following elements , consistent with the provisions described in OP 4 . 12 , paras . 2 and 4 : - ( a ) a brief description of the project and components for which land acquisition and resettlement are required , and an explanation of why a resettlement plan as described in paras . 2-21 or an abbreviated plan as described in para . 22 cannot be prepared by project appraisal ; - ( b ) Principles and objectives governing resettlement preparation and implementation ; - ( c ) A description of the process for preparing and approving resettlement plans ; - ( d ) Estimated population displacement and likely categories of displaced persons , to the extent feasible ; - ( e ) Eligibility criteria for defining various categories of displaced persons ; 93", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 358, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "What does the literature show for FLFP constraints in Morocco ? Overall , the evidence is limited and out of date . Using the Moroccan Living Standards Measurement Study 19901991 , Assaad and Zouari ( 2002 ) find that marriage does not affect FLFP , but the presence of children reduces it , particularly in terms of private-sector employment . Spierings and Smits ( 2007 ) study FLFP in four Arab countries ( data from Morocco corresponds to the 2004 Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) ) and find that higher education is the most important explanatory variable . Verme et al . ( 2016 ) conclude that the nature of economic growth in Morocco and gender norms interact to determine FLFP . In particular , they claim that women holding secondary education are unable to find jobs , which encourages marriage and deters female labor supply . Previously mentioned works do not explore how demographic characteristics affect FLFP for different periods of time . Also , they do not pay attention to the attributes of other members inside the household that could also affect women ’ s decisions towards work * * _ . _ * * Other literature streams highlight the importance of traditional roles on FLFP . The values in a society — beliefs and motivations other than economic factors — can shape individual behavior and play a role in determining female labor supply . A key manifestation of these traits is the individual ’ s attitude toward work and its relationship with gender . In Chile , for example , Contreras and Plaza ( 2010 ) find that as more women internalize conservative cultural values , they participate less in the labor market , offsetting positive human capital accumulation effects . Identity — that is , the link between certain social categories and the expectations about them — also affects individuals ’ decisions ( Akerlof and Kranton , 2000 ) ; 5", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 169, "text": "Moroccan Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 410, "end": 427, "text": "data from Morocco", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 481, "text": "2004 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Economic Opportunities Program ( P163829 ) ICR DOCUMENT disbursements to demonstrated performance while addressing implementation and capacity constraints through targeted support . Under the PforR component , disbursements were tied to measurable policy and institutional milestones — such as refugees ’ legal access to work , investment facilitation reforms , and labor-standards compliance — while the IPF component , financed through partner trust funds ( TF0A6537 ) , supported systems development , institutional strengthening , and selected pilots , including the Employment Promotion and Protection ( EPP ) scheme . The Program emphasized nationwide policy and institutional reforms rather than geographically bounded investments , with scope and implementation operationalized through the RF , Disbursement-Linked Indicators ( DLIs ) , and a Program Action Plan ( PAP ) . 11 . * * The PDO was to “ * * * * _provide economic opportunities for Ethiopians and refugees in an environmentally and socially sustainable way_ * * . ” Economic opportunities referred to the legal right to wage employment or self-employment , consistent with the Refugees Proclamation No . 1110 / 2019 , national labor legislation and other related legal instruments ( e . g . , Directives , SOPs , etc . ) . Environmental and social sustainability referred to adequate management of social , labor , and environmental risks associated with Ethiopia ’ s expanding industrial and investment program . The achieve the PDO , the Program focused on supporting national-level policy , regulatory , and institutional reforms aligned with the Government ’ s Jobs Compact and its commitments under the CRRF , with an emphasis on enabling refugee inclusion within Ethiopia ’ s labor market and economic systems . # # * * Key Expected Outcomes * * 12 . * * The EOP supported three interlinked results areas * * : ( i ) improving the investment climate for private-sectorled job creation ; ( ii ) expanding access to economic opportunities for both refugees and Ethiopians ; and ( iii ) strengthening institutional capacity to manage", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The SAR reports two alternative IRR estimates : 16 . 7 percent and 21 . 6 percent . The difference between these two estimates is the value of incremental sales in Uganda made possible by the investments ; in the first case the SAR uses the average 1985 tariff yield as the value , and in the other case the projected average annual tariff yield during project implementation . The SAR correctly noted that the IRR estimates were financial rates of return adjusted for price inflation and excluding duties and taxes , and did not take account of consumer surplus . Based on the SAR methodology , adjusted for implementation delays , the IRR for UEB ' s investment program was re-estimated at about 14 percent . This is a reduction compared to the SAR estimates , but the IRR is acceptable and justifies the investments made . Despite the substantial escalation in investment costs , the reduction in the IRR is not significant because the investments were spread out over a longer period and because domestic tariffs were higher than assumed in the SAR . As was the case with the SAR estimate , the re-estimated IRR did not take account of consumer surplus ; it thus underestimates the economic benefits of the project . Details of the calculation are shown in Table 6 in Part III . Because the final data on project costs and benefits will be available only in 1997 , it is recommended that the IRR be re-estimated at that time in conjunction with the supervision for the Third Power Project . 6 . By mid-1994 , the average tariff yield from domestic sales had increased to around US cents 10 per kWh , as a result of the appreciation of the Uganda Shilling vis-a-vis the US dollar . 7 . UEB ' s accounts receivable position worsened during 1993 and 1994 , as a result of substantial tariff increases implemented in July 1993 and August 1994 .", "spans": [{"start": 1299, "end": 1339, "text": "final data on project costs and benefits", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 * * 8 . 5 Further Redress-Kenya Courts of Law or World Bank Grievance Redress Service * * All the grievances that will not be resolved by the GRC or which the VMGs are dissatisfied with in terms of resolution will be channelled to the existing structures in Kenya for handling grievances which is the Kenyan Courts of Law as the last resort . Individuals and community ’ s cam also submit complaints directly to World Bank if they believe that a project has or is likely to have adverse effects on them , their community or environment . The GRS ensures that grievances are promptly reviewed and addressed . # # # * * 8 . 6 Grievance Log Documentation and Recording * * Documentation of complaints and grievances is important , including those that are communicated informally and orally . These should be logged , assessed , assigned to an individual for management , tracked and closed out or “ signed off ” when resolved , ideally with the complainant ( s ) being consulted , where appropriate , and informed of the resolution . Records provide a way of understanding patterns and trends in complaints , disputes and grievances over time . While transparency should be maintained – for example , through regular reports on issues raised and rates of resolution – provision should also be made for confidentiality of information or anonymity of the complainant ( s ) whenever necessary . A grievance log will be established by the KISIP and executing partner agencies and copies of the records kept with all the relevant authorities at the County , Sub County and Village level and will be used in monitoring of complaints and grievances . In each sub project investment , the KISIP Community Liaison Officer , will ensure that each complaint has an individual reference number , and is appropriately tracked and recorded actions are completed . The log also contains a record of the person responsible for an individual complaint , and records dates for the following events : - Date the complaint was reported", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 761, "text": "Grievance Log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1516, "end": 1529, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and bond markets . The formulation and completion of the survey entailed a number of inter-related steps . Leveraging existing contacts at central banks and financial supervisory authorities , the initial outreach effort targeted the pertinent staff within local regulators and supervisors . However , given the sometimes-elusive nature of IRCs , with implementing authorities varying from central banks to different ministries , we also decided to contact the local banking associations , as these are in a prime position to provide specific references to the domestic or regional institutional arrangements . With the aim to cover as many countries as possible , the outreach effort included more than 150 jurisdictions . Despite our best efforts , our survey faced several challenges . Not every country responded to the survey . Also , officials from the same country or even the same agency sometimes provided conflicting answers . Therefore , we had a second outreach effort to non-respondent local authorities relying on the contacts of World Bank Group financial sector experts , while we also followed up with the authorities that had provided inconsistent or incomplete responses . In a few countries where we still faced difficulties getting a response from the local authorities , we relied on the answers of World Bank Group financial sector experts . < sup > 6 < / sup > In addition , in an attempt to reconcile any inconsistencies , we checked our responses with Ferrari et al . ( 2018 ) , who recently took stock of lending interest rate caps collecting data from private and public sources ; with the 2017 Global Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection Survey , which included > 6 These countries are Algeria , Argentina , Bangladesh , China , Ethiopia , Ghana , Kenya , South Africa and the United States . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1618, "end": 1680, "text": "2017 Global Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Psacharopoulos , G . , J . P . Tan , and E . Jimenez . 1986 . Financing Education in Developing Countries : An Exploration of Policy Options . Washington , D . C : World Bank . Romer , Paul . 1986 . \" Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth . \" Journal of Political Economy ( October ) 1002-37 . . 1990 . \" Endogenous Technological Change . \" Journal of Political Economy 98 ( 5 ) : s71-102 . . 1993 . \" Two Strategies for Economic Development : Using Ideas and Producing Ideas . \" Proceedings of the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1992 Supplement . World Bank Economic Review . Washington , D . C . Schultz , T . W . 1961 . \" Investment in Human Capital . \" American Economic Review 51 ( l ) : 1-17 . Spiegel , Mark . 1994 . \" Determinants of long-run productivity growth : A selective survey with some new empirical results . \" mimeo . Summers , Robert and Alan Heston . 1991 . \" The Penn World Table ( Mark 5 ) : An expanded set of international comparisons . 1950-88 . \" Quarterly Journal of Economics . 106 ( 2 ) : 327-368 . Stiglitz , Joseph E . And Marilou Uy . 1996 . \" Financial Markets , Public Policy , and the East Asian Miracle . \" The World Bank Research Observer , I 1 ( 2 ) : 249-76 . Tilak , J . B . G . 1989 . \" Education and its Relation to Economic Growth , Poverty , and Income Distribution : Past Evidence and Further Analysis . \" World Bank Working Papers 46 . Thomas , Vinod and Yan Wang . 1996 . \" Distortions , Interventions and Productivity Growth : Is East Asia Different ? \" Economic Development and Cultural Change , 44 ( 2 ) : 265-288 . . 1997 . \" East Asian Lessons from Reforms . \" In Wing T . Woo , Stephen Parker , and Jeffrey D . Sachs , eds . Economies in Transition : Comparing Asia and Eastern Europe . Cambridge Mass : MIT Press . World Bank . 1991 . World Development Report 1991 : Challenge of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # * * I . PROJECT CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES * * # # * * A . CONTEXT AT APPRAISAL * * 1 . * * At the time of appraisal , Kenya ’ s headline Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) growth masked weak productivity — particularly in tradable sectors — highlighting the need for targeted reforms and firm-level capability upgrades . * * Kenya recorded solid but lackluster real GDP growth of 5 to 6 percent between 2013 and 2016 , before slowing in 2017 amid droughtrelated agricultural contraction , credit tightening following interest-rate caps , and electoral uncertainty . A modest recovery began in early 2018 . However , aggregate productivity remained stagnant , and services expanded while manufacturing and other tradables lagged , and net exports continued to weigh on performance , < sup > 1 < / sup > World Bank analyses attributed this to many firms operating at the low end of the performance spectrum , reflecting resource misallocation and capability gaps . Relatedly , simulations suggested that addressing these distortions and enhancing allocative efficiency could raise aggregate productivity by over 160 percent , primarily through accelerated technology adoption and stronger managerial practices . < sup > 2 < / sup > Fieldwork during appraisal confirmed this diagnosis , pointing to productivity-oriented reforms and sustained firm-level upgrading — especially in tradables — as essential to strengthening Kenya ’ s growth foundations . 2 . * * _Sectoral and Institutional Context : _ Kenya ’ s innovation ecosystem and firm productivity were also constrained at the time . * * There were five weaknesses in the context that limited firm growth . First , Kenya ranked only 80th of 127 countries in the 2017 Global Innovation Index , < sup > 3 < / sup > reflecting fragmented linkages and underutilized capacity across the ecosystem . Second , the country ’ s 38-plus incubators and accelerators — mostly Nairobi-based — vari", "spans": [{"start": 1808, "end": 1836, "text": "2017 Global Innovation Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preferences with a common elasticity of substitution _σ > _ 0 across products and a Cobb-Douglas aggregation across sectors with the expenditure share _φ_ < sup > _s_ < / sup > for each sector _s_ . To characterize trade between countries , while we have multiple regions only in country 1 , we assume that there is a national aggregator for each sector in country 1 . The aggregator of each sector can source each product of that sector from the lowest cost region within the country at no trade cost . The national price of each product is thus equalized across consumption locations within the country . Then , this aggregator trades with partner countries . If no region in country 1 is the lowest cost supplier of a certain product for country 1 , after taking into account cross-country differences in production cost and bilateral trade costs , then country 1 imports that product , and no region in country 1 produces that product at the equilibrium . To simplify our analysis , we assume that there is no production in the residual labor market of country 1 and further assume that there are only formal sectors in other countries _n_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > = 1 . < sup > 31 < / sup > Labor , fixed factor , and composite intermediate inputs are used for production in country 1 . > 30Our model is able to allow for multiple regions and dynamic labor mobility for all countries . For quantification , however , we would need detailed labor mobility data from each country . Therefore , we restrict the analysis of the effect of trade shocks on internal labor mobility only to one country , which will be Brazil empirically . The general equilibrium feature of the trade part applies to all of _N_ < sup > ̄ < / sup > countries . > 31Combined with the previous assumption on the systematic component of the utility of workers in the residual labor market , we effectively allow for neither production nor consumption in the residual market . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1444, "end": 1463, "text": "labor mobility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- iii - # # # # Mission Data | Item | Norsth / < br > Year | < br > No . of < br > weeks | No . of < br > 1 , Persons ' | Staff < br > Weeks | Date of < br > Report | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Reconnaissance | 03 / 72 | 0 . 5 | 2 | 1 . 0 | 04 / 27 / 72 | | Preparation | 11 / 72 | 1 . 0 | 2 | 2 . 0 | 01 / 25 / 73 | | Preparation | 03 / 73 | 1 . 0 | 2 | 2 . 0 | 05 / 03 / 73 | | Preparation | 06 / 73 | 0 . 2 | 1 | 0 . 2 | 07 / 06 / 73 | | Pre-appraisal | 11 / 73 | 1 . 0 | 3 | 3 . 0 | 01 / 30 / 74 | | Pre-appraisal | 06 / 74 | 1 . 0 | 5 | 5 . 0 | 09 / 09 / 74 | | Appraisal | 10 / 74 | 4 . 0 | 4 | 16 . 0 | 11 / 26 / 74 | | Post-appraisal | 02 / 75 | 1 . 0 | 3 | 3 . 0 | 02 / 26 / 75 | | Post-appraisal | 06 / 75 | 0 . 4 | 1 | 0 . 4 | n . a . | | Supervision I | 10 / 75 | 0 . 6 | 1 | 0 . 6 | 11 / 26 / 75 | | Supervision II | 02 / 76 | 1 . 0 | 2 | 2 . 0 | 06 / 02 / 76 | | Supervision III - | 06 / 76 | 1 . 0 | 3 | 3 . 0 | | | Super", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Responsibility ( CSR ) | Kipruto Kimosop ( MCA < br > Baringo ) | CSR activities has not been captured in the ESMF | CSR activities largely depends on availability of funds and company < br > policy that governs CSR < br > Consultation with the local communities is also key for needs < br > assessment during implementation of CSR | | Strategic Environmental < br > Assessment ( SEA ) | Marrian Kioko ( NEMA ) | Program like KESIP need to be subjected to SEA as per EMCA < br > Cap 387 , regulation No . 57A to address cumulative impacts that < br > can be caused by such programs | KETRACO has not been undertaking Seas . However , this is noted for < br > future consideration . | | Environmental Monitoring < br > and audit | < br > Martha Nzisa KWS | Periodic Environmental monitoring and audit of transmission lines < br > to ensure that proposed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan < br > is fully implemented . < br > Sharing of monitoring and audit report . | Environmental monitoring is done quarterly in ongoing projects , < br > while environmental audits is done annually on commissioned < br > transmission line . < br > ESMP monitoring reports are internal documents but Environmental < br > Audit documents arepublic . | | Avifauna | Martha Nzisa KWS | Keeping records of bird strikes as a results of transmission lines to < br > help in evaluation of avifauna impacts | This will be considered during the undertaking of annual < br > environmental audits for commissioned lines . | | Biodiversity | Martha Nzisa KWS | Development of Biodiversity management framework | This has been incorporated in the ESMF A detail study on < br > biodiversity will be captured during ESIA study | * * Page 97 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1165, "text": "ESMP monitoring reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 75th | BOL | 50 | 1 . 9 | 3 . 9 | 26 . 5 | 62 . 4 | | Max | GNB | 183 | 4 . 9 | 11 . 3 | 38 . 5 | 79 . 4 | | Difference | | | | | | | | Max-Min | | 180 | 0 . 9 | 2 . 6 | 7 . 2 | 25 . 1 | # * * V . Variability in the ES results * * The next question is whether the variance across firms in the ES surveys increases or decreases with the increase in the DB indicator . Figures 5a , 5b , and 5c show the 90 < sup > th < / sup > - 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile spread for each country for imports , construction permits , and operating license . In this case , the indicators show different patterns . For construction permits the cross-country variance increases with DB at first , then flattens out entirely ( consistent with the results in Table 2 showing that the 21", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 305, "text": "ES surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Collection | Consolidated information flow from Woredas / GEMS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Biological conservation measures ( Hectare ( Ha ) ) * * | | Description | Hectares of land covered under biological soil and water conservation measures , including tree plantation , area closure , soil and stone bund stabilizations < br > throughgrassplanting , area enclosed for regeneration , etc . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | Quarterly progress report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Consolidated information flow from Woredas / GEMS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | Page 37", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 69, "text": "Consolidated information flow from Woredas / GEMS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 527, "end": 552, "text": "Quarterly progress report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and lowest income brackets is equal to 55 percentage points ( pp ) — similar to the 50-pp gap between the highest and lowest ability . Free college may therefore have ample room to raise enrollment . * * Table 1 : Enrollment Rates by Income and Ability . * * | Income | | Abi | lity quin | tile | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Bracket | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Total | | 5 + MW | 32 . 85 | 44 . 14 | 58 . 87 | 69 . 23 | 83 . 85 | 73 . 38 | | 3-5 MW | 28 . 71 | 39 . 75 | 48 . 41 | 62 . 99 | 79 . 24 | 62 . 03 | | 2-3 MW | 20 . 34 | 28 . 72 | 36 . 96 | 48 . 03 | 67 . 88 | 43 . 50 | | 1-2 MW | 13 . 94 | 18 . 36 | 23 . 85 | 33 . 84 | 54 . 22 | 28 . 05 | | _ < _1 MW | 9 . 05 | 12 . 67 | 17 . 20 | 26 . 56 | 43 . 93 | 17 . 67 | | Total | 13 . 43 | 19 . 15 | 26 . 20 | 38 . 93 | 63 . 74 | 32 . 29 | _Source_ : Calculations based on SPADIES and Saber 11 for 2005 high school graduates . _Notes_ : Each cell reports percent of high school graduates from a given income bracket and ability quintile who enrolled in a bachelor ’ s program between 2006 and 2010 . Income reported in brackets ; MW = monthly minimum wage . Ability reported in quintiles of standardized Saber 11 scores ; quintile 1 is the lowest . _Fact 2 : Dropout rates are high , particularly for low-ability students in year 1 . _ > 4To exemplify , consider a student who accumulates 16 , 35 , 42 , 50", "spans": [{"start": 859, "end": 866, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 879, "text": "Saber 11", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX IV Page 2 of 16 - 71 - 1981 / 82 fiscal budget provided for increased tariffs on capital and intermediate goods , elimination of some anomalies and distortions in tariff rates and abolition of the sales tax on machinery . In all , tariffs have been increased on some 1400 items . This has been coupled with tariff reductions on selected inputs to export industries . These changes have produced tariff and import control mechanisms that are fairer and more internally consistent . They also provide an appropriate framework for further efforts . Furthermore , in order to reduce domestic price distortions , the system of price controls has been streamlined and the number of items covered has beet reduced . The policy of passing petroleum prices on to consumers has been continued and petrol prices have been increased on three occasions in recent months , raising prices by approximately 50 % . # Export Incentives 4 . In order to ensure that Kenya ' s exports remain competitive in world markets and that there is sufficient incentiSve for their production , export compensation was raised from 10 % to 20 % and its administration has been redesigned to expedite payments to exporters . « In add * tion , the Government has introduced an exchange rate adjustment of 5 % vis-a-vis the SDR in February 1981 and a further 15 % adjustment in September 1981 . # External Debt Management 5 , Other aspects of the program have also been completed satisfactorilyf The offices dealing with the contracting for and recording of external loans have been reorganized and their staffing improved . Data on external debt outstanding , including the parastatal sector , have been collected and are being processed . External borrowing plans will be prepared for each calendar year . The first of these , covering calendar year 1982 has been prepared and discussed with Bank staff . # Forward Budgeting 6 . A forward budget has been completed for FY81 / 82-FY83 / 84 which provides for realistic levels of expenditures and a pattern of < sup > outlays < / sup > which is broadly consistent with", "spans": [{"start": 1595, "end": 1628, "text": "Data on external debt outstanding", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the early 2000s and following the COVID-19 pandemic . The measure in this paper , however , better reflects monetary policy uncertainty embedded in the Primary Dealers survey or implied volatility of options on one-year swap rates . Notably , monetary policy uncertainty is highest during the GFC in these measures , and it decreases precipitously through 2013 before rising again . There are also peaks in these measures during 1994 / 95 ( bond market turmoil ) , and 2002 / 03 . 14", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 177, "text": "Primary Dealers survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Satellite Account . * * National Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) survey ; * * The Bureau , in collaboration with The Communications Authority of Kenya * * ( CA ) * * successfully conducted the ICT Survey between February-April * * 2016 . * * # # # # # * * County Statistical Abstracts * * The Bureau commenced the preparation of county specific data for all the counties . * * Routine Survey Exercises ; in the financial year 2015 / 16 , * * The Bureau conducted the various routine surveys , whose results are meant to provide socio-economic indicators including ; Monthly Survey of Hotels / Conferences ; Monthly Survey on International Visitor Arrivals / Departures ; Monthly Survey on Visitors to Tourist attractions ; Annual Survey of Transport and Storage ; Monthly Survey of air transport at JKIA * * - * * International Arrivals and Departures . - Report writing and Dissemination of Kenya Urban Reproductive Health Initiative Survey key findings . The survey covered Nairobi , Mombasa , Kisumu , Kakamega and Machakos . The dissemination was done centrally in Nairobi . - Preparatory activities for * * 2019 * * Kenya Population and Housing Census was initiated and a draft * * 2019 * * KPHC proposal and Cabinet Memorandum developed . * * A * * siicytour mission-t enegals - dertaken-toAearrHown aesus-ca iidone using computer aide personal interviewing ( CAPI ) . Development of * * 2019 * * Kenya Population and Housing Census Cartographic Mapping instruments and Procurement of GIS materials and Stores * * 17 * *", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 88, "text": "National Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 583, "end": 621, "text": "Monthly Survey of Hotels / Conferences", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 624, "end": 685, "text": "Monthly Survey on International Visitor Arrivals / Departures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 688, "end": 737, "text": "Monthly Survey on Visitors to Tourist attractions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 740, "end": 778, "text": "Annual Survey of Transport and Storage", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 781, "end": 820, "text": "Monthly Survey of air transport at JKIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 909, "end": 958, "text": "Kenya Urban Reproductive Health Initiative Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1138, "end": 1173, "text": "Kenya Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > European social scoreboard of indicators has been updated to include children < / u > among its indicators - The < u > ASEAN Declaration on the Rights of Children in the Context of Migration < / u > protects migrant children by increasing child - and gender-sensitive cooperation on border governance policies and developing cross-border agreements and standard operating procedures . It calls for increased data collection that includes the perspectives of children on the move - IOM ’ s Displacement Tracking Matrix ( DTM ) , humanitarian needs assistance programmes ( HNAP ) , IMPACT-REACH , and the Joint IDP Profiling Service ( JIPS ) provide granular data , timely information and in-depth analysis from crisis , disaster and displacement contexts . This work directly feeds into aid response and decision-making by providing accessible and precise information on the humanitarian situation of crisis-affected populations - The Mixed Migration Centre North Africa office and Save The Children International ’ s North Africa Migration Initiative partnered for < u > a research project on migrant children and youth in Tunisia , relying on multiple data sources to < / u > reflect the voices of children , youth , caregivers and service providers # # # # # # OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLICY AND PRACTICAL ACTION - * * Ensure * * organizations comply with data protection laws and privacy laws and raise standards for confidentiality in national data systems - * * Work * * together to develop innovative methods on child-specific data work , including the use of frontier data , big data and crowdsourced data collection efforts ( for more information , see IDAC Working Group activities ) - * * Join * * webinars or online learning programmes ( e . g . , see AU-STATAFRIC and Statistics Sweden ( SCB ) initiatives ) to sensitize data producers and users about child data protection standards - * * Contribute * * to dialogues and partnerships for the inclusion of internally displaced children into data collection efforts 9", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 46, "text": "European social scoreboard of indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 495, "end": 523, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 609, "end": 636, "text": "Joint IDP Profiling Service", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "control and M & E and accountability measures thereof to address repetitive findings . 53 . Likewise , similar risks that were identified in the initial assessment were also identified in the current assessment with regard to procurement management system . The risks involve both the regulatory and operational environment at decentralized level . The regulatory environment has actually declined in terms of capacity to have effective oversight on procurement activities under respective jurisdictions . The assessment notes that not all PAPs recommended in the initial assessment were implemented . While the PAP action to ensure a minimum of 15 % procurement audit coverage annually was somewhat achieved with quality issues by most regions , the PAP to finalize , disseminate and implement simplified Woreda procurement directive was not achieved and is still under process . Hence this revised assessment has recommended to keep these PAPs with some modification to be implemented in the AF project duration . On the other hand , the DLI action that has objective of strengthening function of regional regulatory units has shown encouraging progress . The regional regulatory bodies have started collecting procurement process data though analyzing data and reporting on performance with quality based on indicators remains to be achieved . During the AF period , performance measurement system using KPIs will be modified to address quality issue and will be scaled up to include Sidama Region and Dire Dawa City Administration in order to continue to strengthen and streamline the system through annual performance reporting . 54 . As indicated above , on the governance aspect ( fraud and corruption and compliant handling mechanism ) the system is strengthen progressively starting from the parent program through the additional financing stage . Accordingly , during the parent program implementation the DLIs and PAP are focusing on assigning of Ethic officers at WoF level ; and also developing training manual and provide training on effective oversight , transparency and accountability for budget for the Woreda council budget standing committee members . On the other hand , during the additional financing period , the system is further strengthened by introducing the F & C and compliant 18", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1237, "text": "procurement process data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "masculin ( 64 , 9 % ) , âgé de 42 ans en moyenne et ayant un niveau d ’ éducation du secondaire ( 31 , 1 % ) , du primaire ( 27 , 9 % ) ou n ’ en ayant aucun ( 23 , 9 % ) . Ces chefs de ménages sont très souvent mariés ou partagent leur vie avec un ( e ) partenaire ( 47 , 4 % ) , sont célibataires ( 22 , 3 % ) ou veufs / veuves ( 18 , 3 % ) . Très peu de chefs ont quitté leur ménage au cours des six mois ayant précédé l ’ enquête ( 1 , 2 % ) et la moitié d ’ entre eux lui ont apporté un soutien financier ou autre . Le dixième de chefs de ménages tchadiens est chroniquement malade ou handicapé ( 11 , 2 % ) . # # # # * * 4 . 2 . Protection * * # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . Enregistrement des réfugiés * * # # # # * * a ) Réfugiés centrafricains * * La dernière opération d ’ enregistrement générale des réfugiés centrafricains date d ’ octobre 2009 . Toutefois , l ’ UNHCR procède régulièrement à des enregistrements et à la mise à jour de sa base de données de protection . # # # # * * b ) Réfugiés tchadiens de Langui * * Les réfugiés tchadiens du Camp de Langui sont tous enregistrés par l ’ UNHCR . Etant reconnu ‘ Prima Facie", "spans": [{"start": 944, "end": 973, "text": "base de données de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * This paper studies empirically the relationship between trade policy and _individual_ income risk . The analysis proceeds in three steps . First , longitudinal data on Mexican workers are used to estimate individual income risk in various manufacturing sectors . Second , the variation in income risk and trade barriers _ − _ both over time and across sectors _ − _ is used to arrive at estimates of the relationship between trade policy and individual income risk . Finally , using the estimates of this relationship between trade policy and income risk , a simple dynamic general equilibrium model with incomplete markets is used to obtain estimates of the corresponding welfare effects . 33", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 187, "text": "longitudinal data on Mexican workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 . 5km east of the TL route . Moreover , there is a soaring birds ’ satellite track that crosses the proposed TL around km 11 . 90 , which s between Tower no . 36 and no . 37 or around Weransa village . Figure 4 . 7 shows the Protected Area , IBAs and Migratory Soaring Birds Fly Routes around the TL Route . Page 88", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 85, "text": "soaring birds ’ satellite track", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of understanding to allow information to be shared between the CAK and the PPRA to carry out effective investigations on collusive behavior in public procurement . Thirty-four percent of organizations reporting incidences of procurement fraud against an average of 25 percent in East Africa and 22 percent globally ( according to a Price Waterhouse Coopers report ( see Global Economic Crime Survey : Kenya Report ( https : / / www . pwc . com / ke / en / publications / economic-crime-survey . html ) ) and the value of government procured goods and services was equivalent to at least 7 percent of GDP per year in Kenya . Conservative estimates indicated that addressing bid rigging could lead to savings of up to Page 11 of 26", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 398, "text": "Global Economic Crime Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "many refugees from Homs City had in Lebanon before the war , facilitating their arrival in the country . These ties are , in turn , reflected in the distribution of refugees in Lebanon ( * * Figures 6 * * , * * 7 * * and * * 8 * * ) and in their historical trajectories ( * * Figures 9 * * and * * 10 * * ) , confirming what researchers have described elsewhere as “ chain migration ” in reference to the important role that pre-established networks play in determining displacement patterns ( Aguilera and Massey , 2003 ; Martin , 2002 ; Owusu 2000 ) . Geographically , Homs is very close to Lebanon ’ s northern borders and the easy cross-border access before 2015 facilitated inflow to the country ( * * Figure 5 * * ) . The importance of pre-established social networks may be demonstrated through the number of surveyed refugee households that reported one or more of their members to have regularly visited Lebanon before the war . Over one third of the < ! - - Start of picture text - - > SYRIA < br > Al Kabo Ein Al Naser Al Mukharam Al Fouqani < br > Al Nasrah < br > Shin < br > TalkalakhAl Housh Hadida Homs City < br > Halba Obaiyat < br > Al Qusayr < br > Minieh < br > Tripoli Hermel < br > Sadad < br > Mahin < br > LEBANON < br > Baalbek < br > Beirut Lebanon < br > Zahle Syria < br > Homs Governorate < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 5 Location map of Homs < br > Source : UN-Habitat ( 2018 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > surveyed households fell in this category , indicating", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finance , CGAP . > 10 Uganda remittances were US $ 1 . 3 billion in 2019 , US $ 1 . 425 billion in 2018 and US $ 1 . 2 billion in 2017 , World Bank 20172019 data . > 11 The Economic Policy Research Centre conducted a rapid survey of businesses which indicated that three-quarters of businesses have laid off employees due to the risks and subsequent containment measures presented by COVID-19 , and estimated that 3 . 8 million workers would lose their jobs permanently while 625 , 957 workers risk losing their jobs permanently , if the threat of COVID and associated containment measures persist for the next six months . Page 5 of 9 Jun 09 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 161, "text": "World Bank 20172019 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 217, "end": 243, "text": "rapid survey of businesses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > fact that _aE , I a Vt = CD ( d , ) . _ With the log-likelihood function in < sup > ( 6 ) , an iterative optimization routine can be < / sup > used to compute the maximum likelihood < sup > estimates . Given starting values for < / sup > < sup > _ , u_anda < / sup > and data on equity values _E , _ and < sup > debt D , , equation ( 3 ) can be solved to yield a series of < / sup > bank asset values V , . Equation ( 6 ) < sup > is then used to solve for < / sup > < sup > _Ai_and v . This process is < / sup > iterated to find the maximum likelihood < sup > estimates of < / sup > < sup > _ , A_and < / sup > < sup > _6 , _and their standard errors . < / sup > Using the put option formula for < sup > deposit insurance ( 2 ) , one can solve for the value of the < / sup > guarantee per dollar of deposits and < sup > its standard error . Although from a theoretical point < / sup > of view , the maximum likelihood method < sup > as developed in Duan ( 1994 ) and in Duan and < / sup > 8", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 298, "text": "data on equity values", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 80 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 85 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 31-May-2021 | 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | | Source : IFPRI 2018 | PSNP 4 Performance Evaluati | on , page . 47 | | The decline in this indicator is due the different source used between 2017 and 2018 . Note that according to the IFPR Evaluation , Only 3 % of KFSTFs had no women members in 2018 . It is also worth noting that in Afar in 2016 , 22 % of no women , and this has reduced to only 3 % lack in female members in 2018 . Comments * * : * * Note the endline for the PSNP IE was planned for March 2020 however due to the recent COVID-19 crisis , the data c suspended until March 2021 . # < u > < mark > IN01086953 < / mark > < / u > ► Percent of PSNP Joint Action Plans developed through ESAP that are implemented ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 84 . 00 | 84 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 09-Jun-2017 | 31-Dec-2019 | 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | | Source : ESAP Quart < br > 16 of the 19 ESAP w | erly Report # 27 ( July-Septem < br > oredas were implementing JA | ber 2018 ) < br > P . This has since completed . | | | | Expansion was plan | ned but due to COVID , there | has", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "volatility < br > across fixed and flexible < br > exchange rate regimes . | The paper combines < br > three datasets : Grilli and < br > Yang ( 1988 ) , Boughton < br > ( 1991 ) and IMF ’ s_IFS_ . < br > The paper examines a < br > _real_commodity price < br > index , defined as the < br > ratio of the chosen < br > nominal commodity < br > index deflated by a < br > manufacturing unit < br > value ( MUV ) index . | ANOVA tests are < br > performed on long - < br > run data to test equal < br > variance across fixed < br > and flexible exchange < br > rate periods . Dummy < br > variables in a < br > ( T ) GARCH ( 1 , 1 ) < br > framework are used to < br > test the presence and < br > persistence of a < br > volatility shock . | Strong evidence supporting < br > the conjecture that the < br > flexible exchange periods < br > have been associated with < br > higher real commodity price < br > volatility than the fixed < br > exchange periods . | | Leon J . , Soto R . < br > ( 1995 ) | The paper revises the long and < br > short run time series structure < br > of commodity prices in order < br > to answer the questions of the < br > secular decline and the long - < br > run persistence of shocks . | Monthly prices of the < br > twenty-four most-traded < br > commodities in 1900 - < br > 92 . | The paper applies the < br > non-parametric < br > estimator of < br > persistence proposed < br > by Cochrane ( 1988 < br > and 1991 ) and < br > extended by Lo and < br > McKinley ( 1989 ) and < br > Chow and Denning < br > ( 1993 ) . | 15 of the 24 commodity < br > prices have", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 195, "text": "IMF ’ s_IFS_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in many urban areas , especially those seeing an influx of displaced people ( Sky News 11 / 01 / 2023 ; SCSS 01 / 06 / 2023 ; A24NA 27 / 08 / 2022 ) . Forced evictions because of rent non-payment are therefore likely to increase , not only for the displaced but also for host communities whose purchasing power is decreasing with the continued economic crisis . * * Insecure tenure is a compounding factor that increases the risk of forced evictions . * * An estimated 1 . 4 million IDPs overall are living with insecure tenure ( ACAPS 29 / 12 / 2022 ) . Most IDP sites , whether managed or not , lack tenure agreement or sometimes only involve a verbal agreement . Figures from the CCCM displacement tracker show that about half of the IDP households in IDP sites had no tenure agreement from January – September 2023 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 708, "text": "CCCM displacement tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "US ; however , the relative amount to the market capitalization and GDP is comparable . As expected , since the compliance costs are a fixed cost , smaller companies tend to be affected more negatively as the regulatory burdens increase . < sup > 45 < / sup > > 41 One way to overcome the disincentive to list caused by the increased disclosure and governance requirements is to impose those requirements on all companies – not just listed companies – above a certain size , and a number of countries , including , for example , Sri Lanka and Tunisia , have done so . However , it is important to ensure that such requirements are then enforced . 42 The different approaches taken by developed markets to requiring disclosure of executive compensation amply demonstrates these divergent cultural sensitivities . 43 A reluctance to disclose is not unique to emerging markets . In the United States , for example , when the SEC proposed to increase disclosure for companies traded on Nasdaq ’ s over-the-counter Bulletin Board , a significant number of companies delisted , rather than take on the new disclosure burden . Bushee and Leuz , 2004 44 The Korea Securities Research Institute , “ Policy Recommendations for Reducing Compliance Costs of Public Companies , ” June 2005 . The data for listed companies were collected from 201 companies ( 113 in KSE and 88 in KOSDAQ ) out of 1 , 566 . In addition , focused interviews with senior mangers from 20 companies in each market were carried out to complement the survey and to estimate the absolute amount of compliance costs . 45 To a certain extent at least , this is expected : those companies that do not list are most likely to complain about the burdens , and some of those companies might in fact not be able to list should they desire to do so . 15", "spans": [{"start": 1283, "end": 1308, "text": "data for listed companies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ # # # # # * * 7 . 6 Impact on Eucalyptus Trees * * < mark > During census enumeration and registration , eucalyptus trees is another privately owned resources affected by the subproject . Based on the census result , the subproject will affect a total of 72 , 834 eucalyptus trees having different size . These trees belong to 223 households and 39 . 5 % are found in Mana Woreda and 49 . 8 % in Limu Kosa Woreda ( See Table 7 . 10 ) . < / mark > Table 7 . 10 : Number of PAHs by Impacted Eucalyptus Trees and Woreda | * * Woreda / town * * | * * PAHs whose * * < br > * * Eucalyptus tree * * < br > * * impacted * * | * * % of PAHs * * | * * No . Eucalyptus * * < br > * * trees impacted * * | * * % of Eucalyptus * * < br > * * trees impacted * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Jima town | 29 | 13 . 0 | 18 , 662 | 25 . 6 | | Kersa | 6 | 2 . 7 | 654 | 0 . 9 | | Limu Kosa | 82 | 36 . 8 | 36 , 278 | 49 . 8 | | Limu Seqa | 2 | 0 . 9 | 456 | 0 . 6 | | Limu Genet | 16 | 7 . 2 | 2 , 809 | 3 . 9 | | Mana | 88 | 39 . 5 | 13 , 975 | 19", "spans": [{"start": 164, "end": 211, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 450, "end": 463, "text": "census result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . Directorate of Water Resources management - Supply and Installation of : Lot * * I * * hydrometric equipment * * for * * 12 monitoring stations , namely ( 5No . Ground Water , 5No . Surface water , 2No . Automatic weather stations ) and Lot 2 : Establishment of 3Automatic precipitation and 2dry deposition monitoring stations . Contract for supply of lot * * I * * has been signed and equipment delivered . They await installation . The equipment for lot 2 has been * * fully * * delivered * * and * * they are undergoing installation . The contract for civil works was signed and under implementation . - Preparation of 4 Catchment Management Plans in : Lot * * I * * Nyamugasani * * & * * Kafu in Albert WMZ and Lot 2 : Sezibwa * * & * * Okweng in Kyoga WMZ . Both contracts were signed and inception reports for both were submitted . - Preparation of Albert WMZ Water Resources Strategy and Action Plan . The contract was signed and an inception report submitted . - Implementation of priority WRM measures in : Lot * * 1 : * * Lwakhakha sub-catchment Lot 2 : Aswa < sup > Ii < / sup > sub-catchment Lot * * 3 : * * Kochi sub-catchment Lot 4 : Middle Awoja sub catchment . * * All * * contracts were signed and inception reports for Lwakhaka and Aswa * * 11 * * sub-catchments were submitted . - Consultancy Services for quantification of the available groundwater and assessment of sustainability of groundwater development . The contract was signed and an inception , final and baseline reports were submitted . - Roll out of Water Information System in Victoria , Upper Nile , Albert and Kyoga WMZ ( i . e . WIS-Phase-2 ) . The ccontract was signed and all equipment supplied . Installation < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1536, "end": 1560, "text": "Water Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Policy Research Working Paper Series * * | | * * Title * * | * * Author * * | * * Date * * | * * Contact * * < br > * * for paper * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | WPS1692 | Regulating Market Risk in Banks : < br > A Comparison of Alternative < br > Regulatory Regimes | Constantinos Stephanou | December 1996 | P . Infante < br > 37642 | | WPS1693 | Famines and Economics | Martin Ravallion | December 1996 | A . Ramirez < br > 85734 | | WPS1694 | What Can New Survey Data Tell Us < br > about Recent Changes in Distribution < br > and Poverty ? | Martin Ravallion < br > Shaohua Chen | December 1996 | A . Ramirez < br > 85734 | | WPS1695 | Are There Dynamic Gains from a < br > Poor-Area Development Program ? | Jyotsna Jalan < br > Martin Ravaliion | December 1996 | A . Ramirez < br > 85734 | | WPS1696 | South-North Migration and Trade : < br > A Survey | Maurice Schiff | December 1996 | M . Patena < br > 39515 | | WPS1697 | Strategies to Develop Mortgage < br > Markets in Transition Economies | Dwight M . Jaffee < br > Bertrand Renaud | December 1996 | R . Garner < br > 37670 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 2 to 4 . 4 percent under Scenario 1 , and 5 percent under Scenario 2 . Income inequality is also expected to increase as a result of the sustained crisis , with the Gini coefficient rising from 37 . 2 to 39 . 4 under Scenario 1 and to 41 . 4 under Scenario 2 . Overall , we observe the economy to be hit hard due to the pandemic and the associated shutdown . < sup > 12 < / sup > * * Table 2 : Projected impacts on Poverty and Inequality * * | | Pre-COVID19 | Post-COVID19 < br > Scenario 1 | Difference < br > Scenario 1 | Post-COVID19 < br > Scenario 2 | Difference < br > Scenario 2 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Extremepovertyrate | 2 . 9 % | 7 . 4 % | 4 . 5 | 11 . 8 % | 8 . 9 | | Extremepoverty gap | 0 . 5 % | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 2 | 0 . 9 % | 0 . 3 | | Povertyrate | 13 . 7 % | 20 . 9 % | 7 . 3 | 25 . 6 % | 11 . 9 | | Poverty gap | 3 . 2 % | 4 . 4 % | 1 . 2 | 5 . 0 % | 1 . 8 | | Gini coefficient | 37 . 2 | 39 . 4 | 2 . 2 | 41 . 4 | 4 . 2 | Source : Author ’ s calculations based on EBCNV 2015 Not surprisingly and in line with global estimates , < sup > 13 < / sup > the poor in Tunisia are more likely to be hit the hardest due to the COVID-19 crisis . To analyze the subgroups of the population along the welfare distribution that are most likely to be affected by economic slowdown , we plotted density and Growth Incidence Curves ( GIC ) . Figure 8a shows the pre-crisis and post-crisis consumption distribution under Scenario 2 , along with poverty line ( red line", "spans": [{"start": 1015, "end": 1025, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 4 is the regression equivalent of the figures which shows that the tendencies in the graphs are typically not statistically significant . For construction permits for instance the lowest slope is 1 . 22 and falls to . 010 and - . 018 in the upper ranges of the DB data . However , the F-test on the spline terms fails to reject that 1 . 22 and . 010 are different because the standard errors on each coefficient are so large — the data cannot reject that 1 . 22 is equal to zero ( t-stat is only 1 . 84 ) so cannot reject it is equal to . 01 . * * Table 4 : The spread of “ favored ” and “ disfavored ” firms ( 90 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * less 10 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * or 75 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * less 25 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * ) is associated with increases in the DB days at best at low levels of DB * * | | Imp | orts | Constr < br > Per | uction < br > mit | Operati | ng License | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 90-10 | 75-25 | 90-10 | 75-25 | 90-10 | 75-25 | | Constant | 7 . 887 | 1 . 221 | - 50 . 446 | 27 . 821 | 48 . 182 | 22 . 750 | | ( t-stat ) | 1 . 056 | 0 . 350 | - 0 . 515 | 0 . 766 | 2 . 712 | 3 . 630 | | Slope over lowest tercile of DB | 0 . 616 | 0 . 422 | 1 . 228 | 0 . 119 | 0 . 743 | - 0 . 005 | | ( t-stat ) | 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 267, "end": 274, "text": "DB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - # # # # * * MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION * * * * GENERAL EDUCATION QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM PHASE * * II * * RECONCILIATION OF THE FOUR QUARTERS OF INTERIM FINANCIAL REPORTS ( IFR ) WITHTHEYAERENDSTATEMENTOFSOURCESANDUSESOFFUNDSANDTHEBALANCESHEET * * | SOURCES | * * Year ended * * | * * First * * < br > * * Quarter * * < br > * * Birr * * | * * Second * * < br > * * Quarter * * < br > * * Birr * * | * * Third * * < br > * * Quarter * * < br > * * Birr * * | * * Fourth * * < br > * * Quarter * * < br > * * Birr * * | * * Cumulative * * < br > * * 18 Feb . 2014 to * * < br > 7 * * July 2017 * * < br > * * Birr * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Balance 8 July 2016 | | | | | | 4 , 837 , 994 , 805 | | < br > Collection during the year | | | | | | | | Cash transfer | 7 July 2017 | 1 , 237 , 670 , 978 | | 48 , 636 , 017 | 292 , 403 , 180 | 1 , 578 , 710 , 175 | | Direct Payments and special commitments | < br > 7 July 2017 | < br > 202 , 049 , 950 | 254 . 035 , 201 | 48 , 016 , 308 | 66 , 937 , 614 | 571 . 039 , 073 | |", "spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 236, "text": "INTERIM FINANCIAL REPORTS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1_ . _000 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0_ . _000 ) | | Constant | 2_ . _060 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 2_ . _748 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 2_ . _197 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 2_ . _996 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | | | ( 0_ . _012 ) | ( 0_ . _004 ) | ( 0_ . _004 ) | ( 0_ . _000 ) | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 213 | 0 . 204 | 0 . 518 | 1 . 000 | | Num . Obs . | 123 , 101 | 127 , 044 | 127 , 044 | 127 , 044 | _Source_ : OLS estimation using SPADIES for actual data and model ’ s baseline predictions for simulated data . _Notes_ : Dependent variable is ln ( classes completed per year ) , or ln ( _xt_ ) in the model . An observation is a student-year ; years 1-8 are included . Ability is _θ_ , effort is _e_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _t_ < sup > , andshocktoclassescompletedis < / sup > < sup > _zt_ . All < / sup > regressions include year fixed effects ( not shown ) . Standard errors ( in parentheses ) are clustered by student . * p _ < _ 0 . 10 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 . One advantage of our structural model is that we can recover variables — effort and shocks — not observed in the administrative data . This allows us to expand regression ( 2 ) in order to gauge the relative roles of effort , performance shocks , and ability . Adding effort ( column 3 ) , we explain an additional 30 percent of the variation in classes completed . As expected , we explain all the variation in", "spans": [{"start": 1134, "end": 1153, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and cross-border information sharing and coordination ) . - Prepared recommendations for all involved actors – UN , NGO and relevant government departments : - 1 . Undertake child-centred analyses at all stages of the repatriation and reintegration process so that children at highest risk of family separation , SGBV , HIV / AIDS , abuse and exploitation are identified quickly and appropriate preventive response mechanisms are put in place ; - 2 . Develop a comprehensive strategy to maintain family unity ; - 3 . Solicit children ’ s active participation in the design , implementation and monitoring of repatriation and reintegration activities affecting them ; - 4 . Strengthen cross-border information sharing and coordination systems to enable rapid response to emerging issues that are putting children at risk ; - 5 . Ensure children are informed about the repatriation process and redress mechanisms ( i . e . , what to do in the event of exploitation ) ; and - 6 . Develop systems to ensure that identified separated children who are repatriating spontaneously or in organized convoys are tracked from the point of departure to the final destination and placed into the Angola family tracing system . _H5_", "spans": [{"start": 1184, "end": 1212, "text": "Angola family tracing system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * GREEN GROWTH , TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION * * * * Mark A . Dutz and Siddharth Sharma * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > > 1 PRMED , The World Bank . The paper benefited from helpful feedback from Natalia Agapitova , Paulo Correa , Marianne Fay , Stephane Hallegatte , Stefano Negri and Michael Toman . We gratefully acknowledge the valuable contributions from Yasin Kursat Onder on the USPTO data and from Ravi Gupta on innovation technology and policy case studies .", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 398, "text": "USPTO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER # * * The World Bank * * | Data source | EMIS , MoE Reports | | - - - | - - - | | Methodology for Data | | | Collection | | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) | | Sub-indicators | Disaggregated bylevel of education ( pre-primaryandprimary ) , disaggregated further by gender | # * * Verification Protocol : * * # # < u > Disbursement Linked Indicators < / u > | DLI Indicator Name | * * REVISED * * * * 1 : * * * * Mother-tongue / language and mathematics primary school teachers nationwide achieving minimum proficiency in subject-content * * < br > * * knowledge , as defined in the approved teacher skills improvement framework ( Percentage ) * * | | - - - | - - - | | Formula | * * DLR 1 . 1 : Target * * : Teacher skills improvement framework and enhanced school inspection framework approved by the MoE . * * Formula * * : $ 10M lumpsum payment < br > upon achievement < br > * * DLR 1 . 2 : * * * * Target * * : Percentage increase of pre-primary teachers and grade 1-3 Reading and Mathematics primary school teachers achieving minimum < br > proficiency in subject-content knowledge from the Baseline to Baseline + 10 % . * * Formula * * : $ 1 . 2M for every half percentage point increase above previous year < br > up to the end target < br > * * For AF DLRs : * * < br > * * DLR 1 . 2 : * * * * Target * * : same as DLR 1 . 2 . * * Formula * * : US $ 200 , 000 disbursed for", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 139, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 142, "end": 153, "text": "MoE Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is a binary variable that can only take two possible outcomes , zero ( _0_ ) and one ( _1_ ) . We also have a vector _z_ of variables that is assumed to have an effect on the outcome _X_ . Hence , we assume that our probabilistic model ( _Probit_ ) takes the following form : Pr _ob_  _X_  1   _F_  _z_ ,   > 6 Dollarization data by Levy-Yeyati ( 2006 ) does not have enough coverage . Therefore , we use this data only for robustness purposes . 12", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 336, "text": "Dollarization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household . Total consumption is the sum of consumption expenditures and consumption taken from households ’ stocks per adult equivalent . In column ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , _Di_ only included ex-combatants cross-checked with official registers . In column ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) , _Di_ adds matches . In column ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) , all self-reported ex-combatants are included . Odd-numbered columns do not include control variables or fixed effects ; the remaining columns include both . We report the _p_ - values of F-tests assessing whether the coefficients associated with CNDD + and FNL variables are of similar size , but of opposite sign . Controls include past violence , whether the household head changed , his sex , age , matrimonial status , education , and occupation . Outliers are excluded ( as explained in Appendix B . 1 ) . Sampling weights are accounted for . Clustered-robust standard errors are in parentheses . * _p_ < 0 . 10 , * * _p_ < 0 . 05 , * * * _p_ < 0 . 01 economic outcomes . This table relies on the second definition of demobilized ex-combatants , namely the one using self-reported information cross-checked with the official demobilization registers and supplemented with matches . < sup > 25 < / sup > > 25 _DCNDDi_ + 2 and _Di_ < sup > _FNL_2 < / sup > in table 2 . The use of other definitions leads to similar results . When self-reported information is used , the results are weakened by the presence of noise . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1146, "end": 1170, "text": "demobilization registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1350, "end": 1375, "text": "self-reported information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial covenants of the project . 4 . 7 * * Technical Assistance to the Ministry of Natural Resources . * * The Credit financed a petroleum adviser , a senior energy adviser , and a biogas expert , a Household Energy Planning Program , training , vehicles and office equipment . Continued financing for the services of the senior energy adviser and the biogas expert is currently provided under the Third Power Project . The planned Forest and Plantation Inventory was not carried out because it was more appropriately carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and for which financing from other sources was obtained . The Fuelwood Marketing Survey and the Urban Household", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 467, "text": "Forest and Plantation Inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 640, "end": 665, "text": "Fuelwood Marketing Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER | | DLRs 6 . 2 , 6 . 3 , 6 . 4 , 6 . 5 : The result is measured by calculating the ratio of the number of schools receiving the correct amount of school grant on time ( On time < br > indicates the first and second quarter of Ethiopia ' s fiscal year , which is between July and December every year ) according to revised formula and SIP , and the < br > total number of public primary schools . This data would be from the EMIS ( or other similar ) portal . The VA will cross-check these figures against the EMIS or < br > other portal , in consultation with MoE . The VA will sample a reasonable and nationally representative number of schools listed in each report , via field visits – < br > to ensure the figure reported in the EMIS portal for the selected period corresponds to what is seen from the school documents . The allocated amount < br > available for disbursement is scalable , and the achievements are time-bound ( i . e . , this DLR cannot bepaid after theyear in which it appears ) . | | - - - | - - - | | DLI Indicator Name | * * NEW 7 : Number of refugee primary schools integrated into the national education system ( Number ) DLI * * | | Formula | Scalable disbursement : Payment is per newly verified integrated school each year . < br > * * DLR 7 . 1 : Target * * : Transition operational plan developed and approved . * * Formula * * : US $ 3 , 155 , 000 lumpsum payment upon achievement_ ( from FDTF ) _ < br > * * DLR 7 . 2 : Target * * : Number of refugee schools provided with the REG and implemented the REG components at a minimum level . * * Formula", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 545, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 626, "end": 630, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 850, "end": 854, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "benefit poor and < br > • Strengthen supply chain for sanitary vulnerable < br > • • High drop out of girls in upper primaryGender disparities in transition to towels for girls to enhance dignity and ensure uninterrupted school attendance . • School level support populations . Improved retention of girls in upper primary . Improved HCI for higher productivity , equity and < br > secondary school for poor and • Implement gender specific actions in mechanisms growth in Kenya < br > vulnerable populations SIPs to track girls at risk of dropping out established for girls to < br > and to facilitate the reentry of out-of - complete primary < br > school girls due to pregnancy . education . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Results Area 3 : Strengthen Reform Implementation Capacity < br > • Strengthen reform implementation < br > capacity for rollout of the CBC and CBA , < br > notably : < br > i . completion of CBC designs for all < br > basic education grades < br > ii . development of formative < br > • Gaps in fidelity of implementation of assessment for the CBC ; < br > initiated reforms ( CBC , CBA , pre-service < br > teacher training , and teacher iii . development of curriculum < br > management ) . support materials for learners with special needs and indigenous • Curriculum design , < br > • Low utilization of NEMIS data for languages ( VMGF ) ; instructional and CBA < br > planning and decision making in primary education . iv . development of formative assessment materials for the new materials , human resources ( teachers The CBC and CBA < br > • Gaps in the quality of pre-service Competency Based Teacher ready to implement assessments are < br > teacher training in the implementation Education ( CBTE ) curriculum ; CBC ) , and successfully rolled out in < br > of CBC infrastructure ( new basic education . < br > v . training of", "spans": [{"start": 1380, "end": 1390, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | • | Follow emergency response plan ( section ) to handle any accidental release of < br > contaminated waste water . | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Risk of Social < br > Conflict and < br > Crime | • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • | Transparent local community engagement and participation shall begin during initial project < br > decision-making and continue routinely throughout the life of the project , < br > Awareness-raising among the local community , contract workers and staff about the cultures < br > and norms of the local community , < br > Provision of cultural sensitization training for all staff regarding engagement with the local < br > community , < br > Provide awareness creation program about tolerance of diversity and , < br > Develop a code of conduct for staff to prevent discrimination and other ethnocentric < br > behaviors , | VMF , < br > ShieldVax , < br > MOH | During < br > operation | 20 , 000 | | Gender Based < br > Violence | • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • | Establish gender sensitive GRM < br > Establish a gender mainstreaming and monitoring committee , < br > Provide awareness to the newly joined workers about the incidence and impact of domestic < br > violence , sexual assault , and stalking , including reporting requirements and options , < br > Conduct continued sensitization and awareness raising to VMF staff on the prevention of < br > GBV , < br > Strengthen the Gender and women office of MOH to address GBV cases when it occurs , < br > On-going prevention training for staff ; < br > Provision of gender-disaggregated data ,", "spans": [{"start": 1631, "end": 1656, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Rural Electrification Authority : Project Report for the proposed Kamandio Market and Dispensary ( Kitui Central Constituency ) 33 kV power distribution line # # # * * 4 . 1 . 5 : Cover vegetation * * The semi arid mid climate of the Mutio hill mass originally supported deciduous forests of _Erythryina spp , Croton macrostachys , Ficus spp , Croton megalocarpus , Terminalia spp , Acacia tortilis , Melia volkensii , Sclerocarya birrea_ ( Marula tree ) among others , remnants of which occur widely in the area . On account of human incursion however , the original vegetation has been removed in total to pave way for agricultural settlements and provide wood for building , firewood , charcoal making etc in which case ; the original vegetation has been removed and replaced . Plate 0 . 2 A remnant Marula ( Sclerocarya birrea ) tree along the traverse . < sup > 4 < / sup > # # # * * 4 . 2 : The socio-economic profile * * # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 : The inhabitants * * The Miambani location is primarily inhabited by the Kamba community who are native to this area . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 : Population dynamics * * As at the 2009 National Population Census , the then Miambani Location had a population estimated at 24206 people comprised of 4458 households occupying a ground area of 258 . 4 square kilometers . The resultant population density of 94 persons per square kilometer - equivalent to 17 households per square kilometer is indicative of the potential market for electric power in the location . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 : Land use and livelihoods * * Livelihoods within the traverse are largely dependent on subsistence mixed agriculture in which crop farming is combined with keeping of local animals . By 2003 , the Miambani Location had a poverty incidence of", "spans": [{"start": 1128, "end": 1159, "text": "2009 National Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 10 - referred to by the MDE as polytechnic education , in which all studies would have a practical orientation to the extent possible . This would include not only instruction in manual skills , but also an applied problem-solving orientation . This approach is intended for eventual application in grades 1 through 8 , and application in more specialized forms in grades 9 through 12 . It is consistent 1th the country ' s overall development needs , and is being supported by the Ass xciatiou under the ongoing Fifth Education Project ( FY1981 ) . 30 . Management , Administration and Finance . All aspects of operation of the education system at the primary and secondary levels , including technical / vocational and adult education , are the responsibility of the NOE . The Ministry ' s brief includes : construction , maintenance and operation of school facilities ; provision of teachers , headmasters and inspectors ; preparation and / or provision of curricula , books , equipment ard supplies ; and overall system planning , management , staff training and budgeting . Increased operational efficiency and sensitivity to local needs are being sought through decentralization of certain administrative functions to the regional and awraja levels . 1I The regional educational officers now have full responsibility for implementation of regional budgets , as well as for all aspects of personnel manageent and the collection of education statistics . The responsibility for coordination and development of post-secondary education rests with the Commission for Higher Education ( CEE ) , a semi-autonomous body governed by a Higher Education Council , chaired by the Minister of Education . It has direct executive control over six institutions and over the coordination among the universities and other post-secondary institutions . 31 . Primary school maintenance has been made a responsibility of the local communities who have generally been fulfilling this responsibility satisfactorily by virtue of their familiarity and skill in the use of local construction materials , and technical assistance and tools from HOE . Secondary school maintenance is being carried out satisfactorily by the Ministry of Education ' s School Construction", "spans": [{"start": 1438, "end": 1458, "text": "education statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . INTRODUCTION * * Sub-Saharan Africa will be undergoing substantial demographic changes in the coming decades with the rising working age share of its population . Recent analyses suggest that demographic dividends in the region could account for 11 to 15 percent of GDP volume growth by 2030 , while accounting for 40 million to 60 million fewer poor in 2030 ( Ahmed et al . 2016 ) . However , the realization and magnitude of demographic dividends for a given African country would depend on their current demographic profile and their trends in their demographic changes , as well as their ability to create an appropriate enabling environment ( World Bank 2015a ) . An appropriate enabling environment would include improvements in educational attainment and quality , labor productivity , savings and investment , and job creation . This paper examines how demographic dividends may play out in the economically linked but otherwise diverse Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) economies , when presented with similar economic policy outcomes . SACU economies - Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , South Africa , and Swaziland – have relatively diverse demographic and economic starting points . This diversity is present in terms of their demographic profile , as evidenced by South Africa being further along in the demographic transition process than the other countries . The diversity is also present in terms of their development indicators , as illustrated by the relatively lower educational attainment rates in Lesotho and Swaziland , or the extremely high unemployment rates in South Africa . Three broad questions are addressed : - 1 ) What is the potential contribution of demographic change to growth in the different SACU economies ? - 2 ) What is the potential effect of demographic change on poverty reduction for SACU economies ? - 3 ) What policy intervention might have the largest impact on the size of a SACU economy ’ s demographic dividend ? Several different possible scenarios for demographic change and development in the SACU economies are considered following the approach of Ahmed et al . ( 2016 ) where a global dynamic simulation model is applied in tandem with a microsimulation model based on harmonized household and labor force survey data . Demographic changes in", "spans": [{"start": 2238, "end": 2286, "text": "harmonized household and labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Quality * * : In international assessments ( TIMSS & PISA ) , Jordan has performed well in comparison with other countries in the Region , but well below many countries at comparable income and education expenditure levels , and at or below the international averages . National assessments ( both of “ knowledge economy skills ” and more general subject-area competence ) have revealed that the majority of students still perform below desired achievement levels . In addition up to 30 percent of students drop out before completion of 12 < sup > th < / sup > Grade . - * * Teacher Policy : * * Studies conducted as part of ERfKE preparation revealed that while the majority of teachers are in possession of the required formal qualifications , and the current student teacher ratios do not suggest a significant shortage of teachers , there are significant challenges regarding teacher recruitment , utilization , professional development and morale . There is still a relatively low level of actual use of the new methods and approaches in the classroom , and the new learning materials are often used in a conventional teaching approach . Teacher morale remains low . Teachers in Jordan are not recruited by the MoE but are assigned by the Public Service Bureau on the basis of examination scores . With the exception of early grade primary teachers , most teachers enter the classroom without any sustained training in pedagogical approaches or basic classroom skills . - * * Access and Equity * * : Household survey data indicate that public financing of basic schooling is more pro-poor than that of secondary schooling . Progress has been made in reducing gender differences in access to basic education , and to a lesser extent in secondary education . Subject specialization in secondary and vocational education still tends to reflect traditional gender roles . Completion rates and transition rates to tertiary education are highly correlated with family income : three times as many students in university come from the upper two income quintiles . - * * Physical facilities * * : A recent school utilization study indicates that the number of MoE students is expected", "spans": [{"start": 1511, "end": 1532, "text": "Household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the evidence and fully liberalize the official economy . 28 . Figures calculated on the basis of data from : Ekonomika Ukrayiny v 1994 rotsu ; Annual Report of the President of Ukraine to the Verkhovna Rada of Statistics of Ukraine , March 1995 ; * * Statvstychny Schovichnyk Ukrayiny a 1994 rik , * * Ministry of Statistics of Ukraine ( Kiev : Tekhnika , 1995 ) ; data of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine . 29 . These general points on optimal tax rates would require further empirical elaboration ; no precise recommendations on tax rates or tax reform measures are intended here . More generally , however , even the entrepreneurs ' responses indicate their willingness to return to the official economy if taxes were moderate and stable ( and nonretroactive ) . But the return to the official economy would be gradual , which would need to be factored into the detailed tax calculations . 30 . A clear distinction would need to be made between leniency regarding the past and the strict penalties expected from underreporting in the future . In fact , a clear signal from the time of the announcement in the form of stronger enforcement of tough penalties for concurrent illegal activities , would be warranted . 31 . See Johnson , Kaufmann , and Ustenko , \" Winner , Losers and Survival Strategies , \" for a formalized and empirical elaboration on these issues . 32 . Ibid .", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 410, "text": "data of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and non-resource ) , we use ICTD / UN-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset ( UN-GRD ) . 29 The range of estimates for in literature varies widely across countries and papers . For example , while Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe ( 2003 ) set to match the volatility of the observed current-account-to-GDP ratio for Canada , Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe ( 2016 ) estimate ψψ for Argentina . We adopt as a compromise between these two seemingly extreme estimates . ψψ = 0 . 001 30 LTGM-NR spreadsheet since updated to constant 2015 USD . ψψ = 1 31 Initial GDP in industry ψψ = 0 . 1is computed as a share of total 2020 GDP . The default method is to use average value of exports in industry as a share of GDP since 2000 . The following expression describes how the default initial real GDP in industry ii is computed : ii < u > � < / u > 2010 ⁄ < u > � , < / u > 2020 � ii ii ii UUNNUUPP 2020 ii = � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < sup > 1 < / sup > tt ii tt ~ ~ � ~ ~ WWDDWW pp pp x EEeeppf ttss P P i WWDDWW RRDDPP tt ≥ 2000 tt x RRDDPP where is the real price ( 2010 U . S . dollars ) of resource good NN RRDDPP in period taken from the World PPggPP iihP PP ssdd GGDDPP i ddi ttPPii ii i iissPP 2000 Bank Commodity Markets Outlook . ii is exports value ( current U . S . dollars ) of resource tt good in period pp , and is real GDP in period UUNNUUPP As ii tt is measured in current ii , tt U . S . dollars , it is deflated by WWDDWW 2010EEeeppf . ttss UUNNUUPP 32 Alternatively , we provide a measure of GDP in industry ii tt RRDDPPtt ii ii tt . derived directly from production data , EEeeppf ttssii , tt tt pp / pp 21 ii", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 70, "text": "UN-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 461, "end": 480, "text": "LTGM-NR spreadsheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1202, "end": 1237, "text": "2000 Bank Commodity Markets Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1576, "end": 1591, "text": "production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Evidence from IDPs in Iraq suggests a causal relationship between forced displacement and poverty ( Noumedem Temgoua et al . , 2020 ) . Forced displacement has also been negatively associated with consumption levels ( Fiala , 2015 ; Ib ́ a ̃ nez and V ́ elez , 2007 ) , wages and employment ( Schuettler and Caron , 2020 ) , and food security ( Pape and Sharma , 2019 ) . Where conditions are favorable , those forcibly displaced can close at least part of this gap over time , as evidence on labor market outcomes from high-income countries shows ( Schuettler and Caron , 2020 ) . # * * 5 . 2 . 2 Health and education for the next generation * * Various studies investigate long-term oucomes in terms of health and education for the second generation , which comprises either those who arrived at a young age as refugees or IDPs or were born to forcibly displaced parents . When examining these outcomes , studies need to take into account not only selection effects and non-random settlement , but also non-random onward and return migration . Refugee and IDP children benefit if they find themselves in a destination with access to better healthcare and other health enhancing factors . A study on the airlift of Ethiopian Jews to Israel shows that children who benefitted from earlier access to better prenatal health care in Israel had better educational and labor market outcomes later in life ( Lavy et al . , 2021 ) . Poor mental health of primary caregivers due to displacement can have negative impacts on their children . A study sampling Syrian refugees in Jordan , for instance , found that more than half were likely to be depressed , and the mental health of refugee mothers was highly correlated with that of their children ( Miguel et al . , 2022 ) . A randomized control trial among Rohingya mothers and their children in Bangladesh refugee camps showed that a multifaceted psycho-social intervention not only had positive impacts on the mental health of mothers but also on their children and improved child development outcomes more generally ( Hussam et al . , 2021 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > An", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 5 . 3 . Understanding refugee women ’ s socioeconomic limitations * * # # # BOX 2 Refugee women ’ s socioeconomic limitations * * Overall , most refugee households in Kalobeyei are women headed , face poor living standards , and have low literacy and labor force participation rates . * * The SES findings demonstrate that living conditions for refugees in Kalobeyei vary according to sex and gender-based norms . Such variation translates into a series of disadvantaged living conditions for women that exacerbate their already complex situation , creating a matrix of intersecting vulnerabilities . Despite being most of the refugee population in Kalobeyei , women face higher poverty levels ; lower access to basic services such as water , sanitation , and education ; and tend to have a lower labor force participation rate . South Sudanese households which are mostly headed by women ( 77 percent ) are the worse off among refugees in Kalobeyei . In fact , 60 percent of the poor households in Kalobeyei are headed by South Sudanese . A closer examination of the employment and education findings provides possible explanations for this trend : 1 . _Education . _ Refugee women and girls have lower literacy rates and lower gross and net attendance rates than men and boys . Likewise , less women than men are literate in English and Swahili . Literacy is associated with higher levels of education and socioeconomic standing , while skill with an official language of Kenya may help facilitate business and employment opportunities . Following this , the lower literacy rates among women correlate with low levels of access to education and can potentially imply a barrier to seeking local employment opportunities . Lower literacy rates and access to education for women and girls may be explained by gender-based norms that prioritize male education and restrict women from developing non - domestic – related skills . With some differences across cultures , women are usually not expected to work on a paid basis and thus ‘ do not need to study to get a job ’ since they are to be economically dependent on a male partner or spouse ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Methodology : Defining a Discovery_ With the 1990s HS data , we define a discovery as a product which was not sold abroad in a large amount at the beginning of the 1990s ( exports were less than $ 10 , 000 in 1992 , or in 1993 if 1992 data from the country were not reported ) , but by the end of the 1990s was consistently exported in a large quantity ( exports over $ 1 , 000 , 000 in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 or in 1999 , 2000 and 2001 if 2002 data were not yet reported ) . These cutoff values are arbitrary , but the results were not sensitive to the choice . Nominal amounts are used so that , from a product level , the filter applies to each country in the same manner . It is possible that increases in exports for some goods may be due largely to price effects rather than increased production . However , we cannot net out or deflate price effects with the data . Furthermore , as part of the valuable information that must be discovered is demand , new goods whose prices quickly rise represent more valuable discoveries than new goods whose prices stagnate . In order to verify that this definition ( which we will call Filter 1 ) does not capture goods that were exported in large quantities prior to 1992 and then fell temporarily in that year , we also employ a second filter ( Filter 2 ) that only considers goods that were not exported for more than $ 10 , 000 in 1992 , 1993 or 1994 , but topped $ 1 , 000 , 000 in 2000 and 2001 . Though more restrictive ( it lowers the count of discovery events as it only considers discoveries in the second half of the 1990s ) , this filter rules out false identification of new products . All of the findings discussed below are found to be consistent across filters . 14", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 61, "text": "1990s HS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "standards is such that you are not vulnerable to falling into poverty , then you probably belong to the middle class . The question that arises is on what is the “ upper threshold ” of this middle class . Or in other words , what is the level of consumption that distinguishes the middle class from the top strata , the upper class , or the elite ? Here the literature offers a number of suggestions . Based on their analysis of household consumption data from 13 developing countries including India and Pakistan , Banerjee and Duflo ( 2008 ) propose from $ 2 to $ 4 per person per day as lower and upper thresholds respectively for the middle class . A global study of the middle class conducted by the Asian Development Bank defined the middle class in Asia ( including Nepal ) as those with consumption between $ 2 and $ 20 per person per day . < sup > 1 < / sup > In our case , the lower threshold is determined by the vulnerability line which translates to roughly $ 3 per person per day in 2014 in 2011 PPP terms . For the upper threshold , we inspect the consumption distribution and pick a value that comes to about $ 8 per person per day in 2014 . Even though this choice is somewhat arbitrary , it is between the global upper thresholds of $ 4 and $ 20 per person per day . Besides , given how thin the consumption distribution is at that level , the effect of the choice has minimal impact on the size of the middle class . In other words , the size of the middle class is much more sensitive to the choice of the lower threshold than the upper threshold . With the definition of the vulnerable and the middle class clarified , we can now examine the relative sizes , trends and the various characteristics of these groups in Nepal . The results presented in Figure 5 show that as the proportion of the poor has declined in Nepal , there has been a corresponding growth in the size of the vulnerable population from 28 percent in 1995 / 96 to 45 percent in 2010 / 11", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 455, "text": "household consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 36 . 1 < br > 27 . 6 | | | | Total1 Moreh . Ep-rt ( fob ) < br > 231 | 288 . 6 | 346 . 7 | 46 3 . 0 | 3577 . 72 - | 574 . 0 | _10-0 . 0_ * * 1700 . * * < br > * * 0 100 . 0 * * | | | | < br > T-ai . oR-oipte < br > 41 . 2 | 51 . 7 | 74 . 3 | 69 . 3 | 75 . 6 | 86 . 4 | | | | | MerhandiseT-ade Indi . es < br > Eaport Prlex loden < br > EaortPri Indn | | 1972 < br > 100 < br > 100 | 1973 < br > 114 < br > 114 | 1974 < br > 1754 - < br > 179 | 1975 < br > 1r77 < br > 212 | | | | | pce e < br > T < br > fTradeId | | < br > 100 | < br > 100 | < br > 86 | 83 | | | | | - r < br > o eex < br > EoP-rtsV . 1-n < br > Index | | < br > 1oo | < br > 115 | < br > Ill | 98 | < br > | < br > | | | VAILOEADDEDBYSECTOR < br > | Aosxul | Dataat19 < br > | 72PrIces < br > < br > | andE = h-s < br > 1 < br > | geRate . < br > 17 < br > | A ' eag < br > nnaGrowthRates < br > 1972 - \" 731973-74 < br > 1974-75", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "da"}
{"text": "October , newly arrived UASC continued toward borders in larger numbers , often avoiding Belgrade in an attempt to bypass identification and referral to Sjenica . Moreover , in order to avoid accommodation in remote Sjenica AC and trying to get accommodated in RTC Obrenovac near Belgrade or centres closer to borders , UASC started to claim they were adults . In addition , they also claimed to be members of random groups they met in Belgrade , and that they did not want to be separated . Other UASC spent some time in Sjenica AC and then returned to Belgrade , often presenting themselves younger than their actual age or with another personal name , in attempt to enter Krnjaca AC again . > 29 UNHCR Inter-Agency Operational Updates , January-December 2018 , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / . In cooperation with MoLEVSA and NGO IDEAS , UNHCR started a guardianship project in Belgrade ( BCHR , Right to Asylum in the Republic of Serbia 2018 , http : / / azil . rs / en / wp-content / uploads / 2019 / 02 / Right-to-Asylum-2018 . pdf ) > 30 UNHCR Inter-Agency Operational Update – Serbia October-December 2018 , https : / / reliefweb . int / sites / reliefweb . int / files / resources / 67789 % 20 % 281 % 29 . pdf > 31 For example , only 10 % of secondary school children finished classes during 2017 / 18 schoolyear – UNHCR Inter-Agency Operational update April-June 2018 , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org /", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 737, "text": "UNHCR Inter-Agency Operational Updates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Euro crisis have weakened Kenya ’ s external position . For 2012 , the World Bank projects Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) growth to recover slightly and reach 5 . 0 percent . This is lower than in 2010 but much higher than during the recent 2008 / 2009 crisis and above the 3 . 7 percent long term average growth performance . If the positive trends continue , Kenya could return to the high growth momentum it experienced between 2004 and 2007 , which will be necessary to achieve the goals outlined in “ Vision 2030 ” ( V2030 ) and the Vision 2030 : First Medium Term Plan ( 2008-2012 ) . Expected events in 2012 / 13 will be a defining moment in Kenya ’ s history , while the world is facing the European crisis . The combination of national elections , the establishment of a new system of devolved government and the global economic crisis will make the next 12 months extremely challenging . At the same time , if Kenya manages these challenges well 2012 / 13 will be remembered as the period in which Kenya began to deliver on the promise of the new constitution . Political Issues . The August 4 , 2010 passage of the new constitution for Kenya was a watershed moment . The new constitution will bring about a number of changes to the political system in the short and medium terms , including in the structure of government and in the legal and judicial systems . The campaign for the next general elections has informally begun , with several high-level figures said to be interested in running for president . The overall poverty rate in Kenya based on the national poverty line is 46 . 6 percent , and the extreme poverty rate is 20 percent ( as Noted in the Poverty and Inequality Assessment , 2009 ) . These figures are based on the most recent ( 2005-06 ) household consumption survey and will be updated using a new survey planned for 2011-12 . Poverty is higher in rural areas ( 50 percent ) compared to urban areas ( 34 percent ) and far higher among female-headed households", "spans": [{"start": 1771, "end": 1799, "text": "household consumption survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Sample Size Calculations for the Cross-Sectional Mortality Survey – October 2017 * * | * * Name of * * < br > * * Settlement * * | * * Total * * < br > * * population * * | * * Total * * < br > * * households * * | * * Average * * < br > * * household * * < br > * * size * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * mortality * * < br > * * rate / 1000 / day * * | < br > * * ± desired * * < br > * * precision * * < br > * * / 1000 / day * * | * * Recall * * < br > * * period * * | * * % of non - * * < br > * * response * * < br > * * HHs * * | * * Population * * < br > * * to be * * < br > * * included * * | < br > * * # of HHs * * < br > * * to be * * < br > * * included * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Adjumani * * | 118 , 825 | 21605 | 5 . 5 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 6 | 90 | 10 | 830 | 168 | | * * Arua * * | 129 , 616 | 23567 | 5 . 5 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 6 | 90 | 10 | 830 | 168 | | * * Isingiro * * | 165 , 007 | 34376 | 4 . 8 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 6 | 90 | 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 15 . 57 | 16 . 41 | 30 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 31-Dec-2020 < br > 30-Apr-2020 | 30-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : EFY 2012 Q2 Report < br > Note that between July 2018-June 2019 ( EFY 20 < br > Between July-Dec 2019 ( EFY 2012 ) = this increa < br > clients . | 11 ) , cumulative employmen < br > sed by 10 , 719 clients to a c | t skills training was 165 , 984 ; < br > umulative total of 176 , 703 | # Institutional Capacity Building and Project Management Support < u > < mark > IN00935956 < / mark > < / u > ► % of PSNP woredas meeting minimum PSNP staffing standards ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 80 . 00 < br > 11 . 54 | 14 . 29 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 < br > 30-Apr-2020 | 30-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : National Spot Checks < br > The decline in this indicator is due to a change in t < br > being tracked to different sources that could not be < br > Spot Checks have been introduced which aims to < br > This indicator is based on a sample of", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 329, "text": "EFY 2012 Q2 Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1060, "end": 1080, "text": "National Spot Checks", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "International Monetary Fund ( 2021B ) , “ Dominica : Disaster Resilience Strategy ” , IMF Country Report No . 21 / 182 , Washington DC . International Monetary Fund ( 2022A ) , “ Macro-Fiscal Implications of Adaptation to Climate Change ” , IMF Staff Climate Note 2022 / 002 , Washington DC . International Monetary Fund ( 2022B ) , “ Grenada : Disaster Resilience Strategy ” , IMF Country Report No . 22 / 80 , Washington DC . Jones , Rebecca Louise , Adti Kharb and Sandy Tubeuf ( 202 ) , “ The untold story of missing data in disaster research : a systematic review of the empirical literature utilising the Emergency Events Database ( EM-DAT ) ” , _Environmental Research Letters_ , 18 ( 2023 ) 103006 . Knoll , Martin ( 2013 ) , “ The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries and the Multilateral Debt relief Initiative : A Test Case for the Validity of the Debt Overhang Hypothesis ” , School of Business & Economics Discussion Paper 2013 / 11 , Freie Universitat Berlin . Reinhart , Carmen M . , Vincent R . Reinhart and Kenneth S . Rogoff ( 2012 ) , “ Debt Overhangs : past and present ” , Working Paper 18015 , National Bureau of Economic Research . Rustomjee , Cyrus ( 2017 ) , “ Resolving Unsustainable Debt ; A Special Case for Small tates ” , Policy Brief no 94 , Centre for International Governance Innovation . Schmid , Juan Pedro ( 2016 ) , “ Addressing Debt Overhang : Experiences from Two Debt Operations in Jamaica ” , Policy Brief 259 , Inter-American Development Bank . Tiedemann , Johanna , Veronica Piatkov , Dinar Prihardini , Juan Carlos Benitez , and Aleksandra Zdzienicka ( 2021 ) , “ Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals in Small Developing States with Climate Vulnerabilities : Cost and Financing ” , Working Paper WP / 21 / 62 , International Monetary Fund . Vousdoukas , Michalis I . , Panagiotis Athanasiou , Alessio Giardino , Lorenzo Mentaschi , Alessandro Stocchino , Robert E . Kopp , Pelayo Menéndez , Michael W . Beck , Roshanka Ranasinghe and Luc Feyen ( 2023 ) , “ Small Island Developing States under threat by rising seas even", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "site itself ; < br > - Vantage point surveys throughout the year with < br > intense monitoring during peak migration periods ; < br > - Species specific assessments for species with < br > conservation interest as well as water birds and < br > breeding bird species for collision risks and / or < br > electrocutions ; < br > - Winter ornithological surveys ; < br > - Identification of any additional specific mitigation < br > measures required to reduce impacts on avifauna . | Prior to construction < br > phase | PIU | 150 000 $ | Survey completed prior to construction phase | | | | < br > Modification and alteration to < br > bird habitats . | x | x | Compensate any loss of breeding / nesting sites by < br > the creation of suitable habitat elsewhere , notably < br > from enhancement of degraded habitats | Prior to construction < br > phase and after | PIU | 75 000 $ | < sup > Breeding / nesting sites identified in bird survey < / sup > < br > and impacted by line are compensated . | | | | | x | | Place “ bird diverters ” at appropriate intervals on < br > the top ( ground ) wire to make the lines more < br > visible to birds if the collision potential is high , in < br > particular inside or close to ecologically sensitive < br > areas ( wetlands , staging areas , birds ’ migration < br > corridors and large rivers , close to Important Bird < br > Area ) . Bird diverters should be installed in priority < br > areas identified in section 7 . 2 . 3 . 4 above . | Throughout the < br > construction phase | PIU | 150 000 $ | < br > All line sections located inside or close to < br > ecologically sensitive areas for birds < br > ( wetlands", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not the firm exports , province and lagged capital . < sup > 8 < / sup > We also confirmed the robustness of our results by omitting 1996 from the regressions . > 7 As establishments are not required to report their closure , exit is inferred from establishments ceasing to file reports to BPS . We do not count as exits temporary lapses in reporting . Temporary exits account for 0 . 6 % of all the data . > 8 For firms that enter in 1996 , we use data from 1997-2000 to backcast their capital stock using the same set of explanatory variables ( but using leads rather than lags where appropriate ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 449, "end": 468, "text": "data from 1997-2000", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up a pellet shop , for example , is dependent on UNHCR and the Rwandan government making that space available . Also , camp schedules include numerous training sessions , surveys , mass meetings and community service activities , all of which take time out of the traditional working week . During the initial pilot phase , many households were only purchasing the minimum monthly pellet requirement ( equivalent to one week ’ s supply ) , and using other fuel sources ( such as free firewood from UNHCR ) when those pellets ran out . ICRW found through customer surveys that cost concerns were the biggest reason for this , given refugees ’ limited cash resources . Indeed , one of the biggest challenges that Inyenyeri has faced over the past 18 months is that the success of the programme hinges on refugees ’ purchasing power . There is an extreme sensitivity in the refugee market to changes – or even proposed changes – to cash transfer amounts , which are tied to WFP and UNHCR budget availability . Fluctuations in cash allowances cause huge fluctuations in fuel purchases . When , during the pilot phase , WFP announced an upcoming reduction in the food allowance , Inyenyeri saw a sizeable decrease in pellet purchases . Aside from cash allowances , there is very little purchasing power inside the camps . Refugees are legally permitted to work in Rwanda , but with camps located in rural areas , jobs are scarce . Those able to find work in the cities leave the Kigeme camp , so the refugees who remain are generally those less able to access economic opportunities , leaving them dependent on aid handouts . 30 movingenergy . earth", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 570, "text": "customer surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "key activities to be financed include : ( i ) training for maintenance based on the Maintenance Process Manual ; ( ii ) development of guidelines for school-based management and maintenance ; ( iii ) training for field and school management ; and ( iv ) M & E for quality assurance . ERfKE II will also finance a computerized maintenance database that includes maintenance logs and schedules for all MoE schools in Jordan , maintenance items , and prices . This subcomponent will address requirements at both MoE ( DBIP ) as well as GBD . 55", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 346, "text": "computerized maintenance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_1995_ | 2466 | 1391 | 17 | 474 | 3 054 | 56 | 964 | 1074 | | < br > | , < br > | , < br > | | , o < br > | , < br > | < br > | < br > | , < br > < br > | | 1996 < br > | 2 , 666 < br > | _1 , 391_ < br > | - | 4 , 336 < br > | 3 , 254 < br > | 57 < br > | 1 , 025 < br > | 4 , 33 < br > 6i < br > | | 19976 | < br > 2946 | < br > 1390 | | < br > _4336_ | < br > 3254 | 57 | < br > 1025 | < br > 4336 | | | , | , | _ | _ , _ | , | | , | , | Source : Feasibility Study and Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 489, "text": "Feasibility Study and Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": "| 0 . 05 | 0 . 20 | 0 . 17 | | Mean dep . var . control | 2 . 31 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 42 | 0 . 00 | | SD dep . var . control | 0 . 89 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 79 | 1 . 00 | | T1 : _βE_ + _βI_ + _βG_ = 0 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | T2 : _βE_ + _βG_ = 0 | 0 . 34 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | T3 : _βE_ + _βG_ + _βF_ = 0 | 0 . 59 | 0 . 76 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Note : this table reports results on the agricultural practices performed by the farmers in our study in the 2017 season . Using the full sample of 678 farmers , we run the following regression : _Yit_ = _β_ 0 + _βE Extensioni_ + _β I IndRecommi_ + _βG Granti_ + _βF Flexiblei_ + _αc_ + _εit_ , where _i_ corresponds to a farmer , _Y_ is the outcome of interest and _t_ is the time period . We include randomization strata fixed effects and compute robust standard errors . At the bottom of the table , we report the mean and the standard deviation of the outcome for the control group , the omitted category in our regression . We also report p-values of linear combinations of the estimates coefficients that map into the original study design . We use data from the Final survey conducted in May 2017 . The dependent variable in column 1 is a sum of individual dummies . Each dummy takes value of 1 if the farmer performed one of the so-called existing agricultural practices . In column 2 , the dependent variable is the standardized index of the outcome in column 1 , computed by standardizing each dummy individually , adding them all and standardizing the sum . We use the mean and standard deviation of the control group as reference for the standardized index . In columns 3 and 4 , the dependent variables are analogous", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1135, "text": "Final survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE HUMAN IMPACT involved in the programme are emerge with a set of valuable skills . Some find work in the camp , but many others are engaged by NGOs working in southern Sudan . < sup > 40 < / sup > # # # # * * In * * c * * ome generation * * 72 . Income-generating schemes in Kakuma are _not_ about enabling refugees to become financially independent individuals . Given the prevailing conditions , and the movement restrictions , anyone confined to a place like Kakuma is rendered automatically dependent upon some form of hand-out . However , income-generation and loan schemes do instil valuable skills in refugees , permit them to enjoy a limited degree of financial autonomy , and introduce money into a scantily monetized environment . As surveys such as the SCF-UK Household Food Economy Assessment demonstrate , incentives play a critical role in enabling refugees to exercise some element of choice and control over items they deem necessary to their lives . 73 . The 1997 prioritization exercise , with its stipulation that programmes be restricted to life-saving activities , effectively forestalled UNHCR involvement in this sector . This only exacerbates the refugees ’ condition . They are dependent upon the largesse of the international community , yet , as their stay endures , there is an expectation of their somehow becoming self-reliant . Total self-reliance is impossible , but any moves towards partial independence are nipped in the bud . Instead , loan schemes are run on a small scale , with short turnaround times , by NGOs using their own , limited , funds . The extent of such schemes is circumscribed , and their range – essentially small camp-based businesses in a cash-strapped and saturated market – uninspiring . 74 . Monetization is not without dangers , for the love of money – in the opinion of some refugees interviewed – could be at the root of strife in the camp . Creating haves and have-nots in the financially arid and socially explosive climate of Kakuma could engender", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 807, "text": "SCF-UK Household Food Economy Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2009 , derived from AICD national database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data . — = data not available . n . a . = not applicable . # * * Challenges * * Liberia is not currently connected to the SAT3 submarine cable that skirts the coast of West Africa or to the backbone networks of neighboring countries with submarine cable access . As a result , internet access is only available through small scale VSAT systems . Service costs $ 140 per month , which is about double the average for other African countries lacking access to a submarine cable . Compared to other developing regions , the cost is about ten times as high . Given the imminent arrival of several new submarine cables along the West African coast , Liberia is likely to develop a connection in the near future and is considering various options . The experience of other African countries suggests that achieving cable access can substantially reduce the costs of internet and international connectivity . Nevertheless , the extent to which these cost savings are passed on to consumers depends critically on the regulatory environment . In other words , countries that preserve a monopoly on access to the international gateway will experience a more modest price reduction than those that ensure competition between multiple international gateway providers . * * Table 11 . High international call charges driven both by technology and market power * * | US $ | * * Percent of * * < br > * * cases * * | * * Call within * * < br > * * region * * | * * Call to U . S . * * | * * Internet * * < br > * * dial-up * * | * * Internet * * < br > * * ADSL * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Without submarine cable | 67 | 1 . 34 | 0 . 86 | 68 | 283 | | With submarine cable | 33 | 0 . 57 | 0", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 42, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "struggle both locally in the Municipality and globally . However , the members of people living with HIV / AIDS ( Prevalence ) has continued to rise and will continue rising for a very long time . The most affected categories of people are the very active Age-groups in Society ( 18-50 years ) and current data shows that females are more affected and infected than males . # # # # * * f ) Urban poverty * * These are mainly slum areas around Masaka Municipality where the majority of the population are living below the poverty line . They include : Buchulo , Kitaka , Kimaanya , Kisuuna , Kasijjagirwa . Within the slums , people do not have access to basic services including roads , health units and minimal economic activities take place there . The major causes of poverty in other areas are : - - Excess alcohol consumption - Illiteracy - Idleness and disorderly For the last ten years , the Municipal Local Government has put in place projects e . g . piped water , tarmac and earth roads , New Kumbu housing estates and power extensions . Never-the-less , very little has been done to curb household poverty i . e . the lack of basic needs and services like food , clothing , beddings , basic health care and shelter at the household level . Hence , much as community poverty is reducing , household poverty is still a very big problem within the municipality . Household-based projects will need to be more emphasized in this 3-year plan period . # # # # * * g ) Heritage * * Nabajjuzi Wetland System from which the municipality and other areas draw water is a Ramsar site . # # # # * * < u > MBARARA MUNICIPALITY < / u > * * Mbarara Municipal Council is one of the 15 Municipalities in Uganda and the third largest town after Jinja Municipality and Kampala capital city . It is located 266 kilometers from Kampala city", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 310, "text": "current data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) - * * Strengthening online publication of public procurement information and data * * , including establishing a dedicated space for online procurement information . 35 . Some of the key outputs include , but are not limited to , having appropriate e-government foundations , including strengthened infrastructure , a framework , interoperability and a platform , as well as having an e-ID in place , including governance and architecture defined , a comprehensive e-ID system and population registry established , and cards issued and distributed . # # * * _Subcomponent 1 . 2 . Establishment of a Citizen Service Center ( CSC ) Pilot_ * * 36 . The Project focuses on increasing citizen access to modernized services , including women and vulnerable groups — people with disabilities , the poor , the elderly , ethnic minorities , and the rural population . The new portal , which will soon be launched by ANSIE , already has a number of level 1 ( information only ) e-services to offer . The CSCs are envisaged as assisted access centers , where citizens can obtain information and apply for administrative e-services . The precise model of operations will be determined following a feasibility study planned for the first year of the Project . 37 . The Project will support the establishment of at least one CSC pilot ( located in Balbala and / or Djibouti-ville ) . The proposed location in Balbala also houses the subprefecture , the national police , an office of the General Directorate of Population and Family ( DGPF ) , an office of the State Secretariat for Social Affairs , an office of the Court of Religious Affairs , and a building of the elected officials of the Balbala municipality . This would ensure high traffic to the CSC as citizens would also access many other government agencies . Funded activities include a feasibility study which will inform CSC design , training needs , and recommendations for ensuring equity of access to women and vulnerable groups , who", "spans": [{"start": 560, "end": 579, "text": "population registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and private ( Assistencia Tecnica Privada-ATP2 ) . While the first two are provided by INTA ' s staff , the third is carried out by private extension firms . At this stage ATP I and ATP2 are still subsidized by INTA . > 5INTA ' s mandate is to reach small and medium farmers . These include some 170 , 000 out of a total of 243 , 000 rural families . > 6 However , based on FIDEG ( 1995 ) Only 8 . 1 % of the 313 , 845 farmers in Nicaragua received extension of any kind from any source . Ofthe 8 . 1 % receiving extension , 24 . 1 % ( 6126 ) were served by INTA . This discrepancy is explained by improper documentation of producers served by INTA prior to the 1993 reorganization . For example , INTA ' s 1997 budget targets 26 , 000 producers through ATPb and over 5 , 000 producers through ATPI . Additional 15 , 000 producers are targeted via ATP2 .", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 379, "text": "FIDEG", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "theoretical analysis but makes the predictions nearly impossible to test because multilateral rounds are so infrequent — eight since GATT was signed in 1947 . Moreover , countries can choose to conclude a multilateral round with either considerable or little liberalization . Thus , the focus should be on whether PTAs affect the change in multilateral tariffs and not simply the probability of concluding any given multilateral round . < sup > 4 < / sup > The model that we develop , which builds on Limão ( 2002 ) , captures key features of the multilateral system and of recent PTAs and generates several speci fi c predictions that we test . The main prediction is that multilateral tariffs are higher on products that a country imports duty-free from preferential partners than on an otherwise similar good . The basic intuition for this result is the following . Suppose the European Union ( EU ) offers duty-free access in a set of products to some North African countries . The latter bene fi t from facing a lower tariff than their competitors ; the fact that the EU signs the PTA indicates that its member governments value it at given multilateral tariffs . If the EU eliminated its multilateral tariff on that same set of products , it would effectively eliminate the PTA that it valued . We show that this additional cost of MTL is only present for the subset of PTA goods and affects multilateral tariff levels only when the preferential tariff is already zero since otherwise , the preferential tariff can be reduced to maintain the preferential margin . The model also predicts that if there is a common external tariff and the ability for direct cash transfers , that is generally present when there is a common tariff , then no stumbling block effect is present . This occurs because the EU can now offset any reduction in preferential margins due to MTL through a direct transfer to the preferential partner . We estimate the model ’ s structural equation for the equilibrium trade policy using detailed product level data for the EU . There are several compelling reasons for focusing on the EU to analyze whether there is a clash of liberalizations . First , a key concern", "spans": [{"start": 2014, "end": 2052, "text": "detailed product level data for the EU", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enrollment drives . Countries should also use this opportunity to build a more resilient and inclusive education system that can continue to deliver learning in future crises . < sup > 83 < / sup > - Remote learning , now and in the future , can be made more effective by ensuring a multifaceted model and developing short-term and long-term learning plans . < sup > 84 < / sup > - Learning losses can be mitigated by adjusting expectations from the curriculum , and creating a rapid catch-up period once schools reopen ( rather than forcing students through a curriculum for which they are far from ready ) . < sup > 85 < / sup > - Drop-outs may not need to materialize if school safety concerns are properly addressed and communicated with families , cash transfers reach the poorest ( at a later stage ) are tied to conditions of school re-enrollment for children , and policies and practices that prevent the enrolment of pregnant students are lifted . < sup > 86 < / sup > - Countries and development partners need to work together to build an understanding of what actions and interventions have been promoted by governments in response to COVID-19 , < sup > 87 < / sup > how households have perceived and taken up those actions , < sup > 88 < / sup > and how effective those interventions actually were . < sup > 89 < / sup > According to global estimates of Learning Poverty , 53 % of all children in the developing world cannot read and understand a simple paragraph by age 10 . < sup > 90 < / sup > The losses simulated here will make an already daunting challenge worse and will set the world back in its goal of helping every child learn the basics . The Learning Poverty target – which was to at least halve learning poverty to 27 % by 2030 – was predicated on the assumption that countries could accelerate their performance to that of the 80 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of countries in their respective regions ( Figure 12 ) . Even if we were to assume that countries could accelerate their performance to this", "spans": [{"start": 1346, "end": 1382, "text": "global estimates of Learning Poverty", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 16 < / sup > The 1928 census provides a rich set of information on the socio-economic characteristics , e . g . , literacy rate by age and professions , of the total Greek population and of the refugees separately . It also tabulates the characteristics of the population in 1920 for comparison . However , these information are available only at the province level level . According to the refugee census , 778 , 000 refugees arrived in Greece in April 1923 . After the population exchange , their number rose up to 1 . 07 million in 1928 , accounting for 16 . 6 percent of the total population ( out of 6 . 08 million ) . 53 . 9 % of refugees settled in urban areas , while only 30 % of Greek natives lived in cities in 1928 . The three biggest cities in Greece , Athens , Piraeus , and Thessaloniki , hosted about half of the urban refugees . I exclude these three cities from the > 15See Figure A . 2 in the Appendix for the questionnaire ( bulletin ) and an example of historical table . > 16This census was taken in April 1923 , after the mass inflow of refugees but before the Lausanne Peace Treaty and the agreement on the forced population exchange between the Kingdom of Greece and Turkey . Figure A . 1 in Supplementary Appendix presents the timeline of events that are relevant for the settlement and enumeration of refugees . 10", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 36, "text": "1928 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 399, "end": 413, "text": "refugee census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report # # * * APPENDIX 4 : ASSET REGISTER ( Separate Excel File ) * * 62", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 166, "text": "ASSET REGISTER", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unconditional convergence in manufacturing . An earlier study by Wong ( 2006 ) decomposes the pattern of _β_ - convergence into within - and between-sector contributions and show that both the within-sector growth and between-sector reallocations . Among the OECD countries during 1970-1990 , Wong ( 2006 ) shows sizable contributions of productivity growth in agriculture and services to aggregate convergence , but limited role of labor reallocation and productivity growth in manufacturing . Relatedly , Dieppe and Matsuoka ( 2021 ) apply the same technique on a larger sample of advanced and developing countries and more recent years < sup > 7 < / sup > and show that both the within-sector growth and between-sector reallocations > 6 Rodrik ( 2013 ) clearly indicates the context in which to interpret the findings ; they apply to formal manufacturing . > 7 Their results are based on sectoral data for 91 countries over 1995-2018 , including a longer horizon ( between 1975 and 2018 ) for a sub-sample of 60 countries . 6", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 904, "text": "sectoral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "same districts as the zones and representative of their district . Within each district , on average 52 % of firms were located inside zones . Most firms in the survey are located in India , followed by Bangladesh , Nepal , and Bhutan . The largest sectors represented among the firms are in the food sector , followed by plastics , and metals . Firms inside zones tend to be slightly younger , have more employees , and less capital than those outside zones . Table 2 presents additional descriptives for firms within zones by the type of zone . > 1The administrative data were drawn from the following sources : India - The Annual Survey of Industries , 2015 ; Bangladesh - The Bangladesh Economic Census , 2013 ; Bhutan - An establishment census obtained from the Ministry of Economic Affairs ; and for Nepal - an establishment census obtained from the Ministry of Industry , Commerce , and Supplies . 4", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 653, "text": "Annual Survey of Industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 680, "end": 706, "text": "Bangladesh Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 728, "end": 748, "text": "establishment census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ted by dividing th < br > primary level . | imary school with < br > e gross enrollmen | some < br > t rate for | | Pregnant women & | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2021 | 0 < br > 24-Jun-2025 | 45 | 12-Dec-2025 | 10 . 00 | Jun / 2027 | | caregivers of children 0-23 < br > months participating in < br > Community Conversations < br > ( CC ) in selected SPG woredas < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | These are currently pregnant < br > at least 1 CC session per mon | women and ca < br > th | regivers of childre | n 0-23 months w | ho attended | | Quarterly reports of minutes | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2021 | 1 < br > 24-Jun-2025 | 4 | 12-Dec-2025 | 4 . 00 | Jun / 2027 | | of multisectoral committee < br > meetings in selected SPG < br > woredas ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | Quarterly minutes report sub | mitted by WOF | ED to MOF and v | erified by ESS | | | | 0 . 00 | Mar / 2022 | 2 < br > 24-Jun-2025 | 2 | 12-Dec-2025 | 3 . 00 | Jun / 2027 | Page 16 of 20 Jan 17 , 2026", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discuss how omitted variables , especially caused by measurement error in the tariff data and omitting controls for general trends , biases the NTB effect upwards . # * * 2 . 1 Identification Strategy * * To answer the question whether regional trade agreements ( RTAs ) lower non-tariff barriers ( NTBs ) we follow the empirical strategy put forward by the literature , i . e . , Aichele et al . ( 2016 ) , Dhingra et al . ( 2021 ) , and Felbermayr , Gröschl , et al . ( 2018 ) . The basic idea of the _indirect approach_ is to estimate RTA effects using the gravity model while controlling for changes in tariffs to disentangle between the effect of tariffs and NTBs on trade . In this fashion , NTBs can be interpreted as _residual_ policy measures that explain the observed pattern of bilateral trade flows given tariffs . A key assumption is that RTAs do not change bilateral preferences between trade partners for their respective goods and services . Using structural gravity , changes in trade costs due to RTAs can , thus , be indirectly identified from trade data . Next , we formally derive the main estimation equation starting with a structural gravity equation for bilateral trade flows that explicitly models changes in tariffs and NTBs due to RTAs . Head and Mayer ( 2014 ) show that a broad class of general equilibrium trade models with constant elasticity of substitution aggregation leads to a gravity equation of the following form : Here , _Xijst_ equals the value of exports of country _i_ to country _j_ in sector _s_ at time _t_ ; _Yist_ is country _i_ ’ s value of production in sector _s_ ; _Ejkt_ is country _j_ ’ s expenditure in sector _s_ ; _Yst_ is the value of global output . The terms Ω _ist_ and Ω _jst_ are the multilateral resistance terms and account for the effects of third countries ’ trade costs on _i_ ’ s exporting and _j_ ’ s importing behavior ( Anderson and Van Wincoop 2003 ) ; _σ > _ 1 is the elasticity of substitution among goods from different countries . Sectors _s_ are defined as broad sectors , i . e .", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 89, "text": "tariff data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1063, "end": 1073, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were available and spanning the complete 200-year picture . In the literature on investor returns , several earlier papers calculate internal rates of return ( IRRs ) to assess how creditors have fared in sovereign debt markets ( i . e . , until the bond is extinguished ) . IRRs take the perspective of a buy-and-hold investor and discount cash flows over the life span of a debt instrument ( from issuance until maturity or sample end ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > IRRs have the benefit that they do not require collecting market prices , so that they can be calculated for all types of instruments , even for bonds not traded on the market . The main drawback of IRRs is that , despite requiring much data work , they provide only one data point per instrument , namely the bond ’ s return over the entire holding period . Indeed , IRRs assume that investors buy a sovereign bond instrument at issuance and never sell it . This is unlikely to be true for most investors , today and also prior to WW2 when sovereign bond maturities typically exceeded 30 years . Price-based returns are a more flexible measure and can be used to address a much broader range of > 15 Specifically , IRRs ( or I ) can be extracted from the cash flow data to yield a net present value of zero , as follows : C 0 = N 0 + ∑ ~ ~ , ~ ~ where is bond maturity , C are debt payments ( coupon and amortization ) in II I ) < sup > tt < / sup > TT rr tt year , and NN = − NN0 is the purchasing price , that is , the issue price of the bond . tt = 1 ( 1 + rr II TT tt tt NN 5", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1232, "text": "cash flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consensus about , and scant empirical evidence of , a “ clash of liberalizations ” . We provide evidence of such a clash during the last multilateral trade round by applying product-level protection data to estimate a model of the interaction of preferential and multilateral liberalization . Most of the early theory analyzing the effect of PTAs on MTL assumed that MTL implied free trade . So the research focused on the effect of PTAs on a binary choice between free trade and no MTL and it effectively asked whether PTAs made a multilateral trade round more or less likely . < sup > 3 < / sup > Assuming that a round leads to free trade and focusing on the probability of a round simpli fi es the > 1 The latest round was launched in 2001 and , according to a recent article in the leader section of the Economist , a key factor that may lead to its collapse is that “ Poor countries with preferential access to rich world markets want to make sure that freer trade will not reduce these preferences ” . ( “ Talking the Talk ” , July 17th 2004 , p . 14 . ) The possibility that these preferences would reduce MTL is not new : it was a concern raised by opponents of the generalized system of preferences when it was originally proposed ( Johnson [ 1967 ] p . 166 ) . > 2 Romalis ( 2004 ) provides evidence of trade diversion for the North American Free Trade Area and its predecessor between the US and Canada . Chang and Winters ( 2002 ) fi nd that Mercosur caused lower export prices for non-members . > 3 Krishna ( 1998 ) argues that PTAs reduce the likelihood of a multilateral round because the export rents generated by PTAs disappear when countries liberalize multilaterally and so the producers that bene fi t from those rents will oppose MTL . Levy ( 1997 ) shows that the median voter may reject multilateral free trade after voting for a PTA even though he would have accepted it if no PTA had been available . 1", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 203, "text": "product-level protection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "services and technical expertise to help facilitate the development of the geothermal sector . Reliable and accessible information is necessary for geothermal resource development : Information and data on geology , volcanology , hydrology , geophysical surveys , geochemical studies , resource temperature , chemistry and pressure , for example , are typically best developed and maintained at a national level . The project will support the development of a national geothermal database that will assist in promoting private sector participation through a licensing / concession process . The location of geothermal fields is an important variable in the cost and development of the project : Typically , many of the East African Rift Valley geothermal resources are located in protected or rural areas and require additional costs and planning not only from a social and environmental standpoint , but also for grid connection for power evacuation . The Project includes detailed plans for environmental and social safeguard assessment , planning , and management , as well as resources earmarked for associated facilities including power station , transmission lines , etc . # * * 4 . Project location and salient physical characteristics relevant to the safeguard analysis ( if known ) * * The project would be located in two sites ( 1 ) Alalobad-Tendaho : This site is located in the North Eastern part of Ethiopia Afar Region , within the North East part of the main Ethiopian Rift valley and in Doubti Woreda . The area is predominately a flat terrainand interrupted by scattered isolated volcanic hills , rising a few hundred meters above the flat plain . This site is located in a geologically active zone with a history of naturally occurring earthquakes and many fumaroles . The quality of the soil is generally not good for agriculture and generally of low natural fertility , with the boron , chloride and arsenic values of the soil very high . There are no persons living within the proposed project site . Page 4 of 11", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 488, "text": "national geothermal database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and effects or of complex causality , but they do provide an alternative measure of effect that does not depend on service delivery statistics . Moreover , contraceptive prevalence surveys have often been able to supplement information on current use with information about knowledge , accessibility and sources of supply , all of which permit a more complete assessment of program impact . Information from regular and effective prevalence surveys may help amid the kind of problems that arise with service statistics . Bank support for prevalence surveys has varied from country to country . Support for these surveys seems to have come from USAID in most cases . This is an appropriate division of labor , but it is important that Bank supervisory missions make use of this data and emphasize its importance to leaders . 49", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 142, "text": "service delivery statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 156, "end": 188, "text": "contraceptive prevalence surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . Host Communities # # * * POLICY DIMENSIONS * * ( as of 30 June 2023 ) # # * * 1 . Host Communities * * # # # * * 1 . 1 Support for communities in refugee-hosting areas * * During the prescribed period , the < u > 2018 – 2022 National Social Protection Policy continues to provide for social < / u > safety nets for all Djiboutian nationals implemented by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Solidarity ( MASS ) . The social registry continues to be governed by 2017-311 / PR / SEAS for the establishment , organisation and < u > functioning of the social registry , which provides access to a poverty-targeted social assistance programme : < / u > the < u > National Family Solidarity Program ( PSNF ) . < / u > Other key national social assistance programmes that are implemented include the Social and Solidarity Economy programmes ( economic inclusion and social cohesion ) , education support for children with disabilities ( including income generating assistance support for mothers ) , and subsidised access to the national health insurance scheme for the poorest people ( Social Health Assistance Programme and the social assistance programme for poor older persons ) . Supporting stability and resilience in Djibouti ’ s refugee-hosting areas is vital . Collaborative efforts a mong government stakeholders and partners over the past three years encompassed providing basic services , education , healthcare and livelihoods to refugees and locals . Funded by the World Bank under IDA17 , 18 , and 19 , the ARULOS Project has improved Holl Holl and Ali Addeh villages , home to 79 . 3 per cent of refugees with provision of clean water , electrification , roads , livelihoods and housing . Other projects in refugee-hosting communities , led by ADDS ( Agence Djiboutienne de Développement Social ) , IGAD ( Intergovernmental Authority on Development ) , NRC ( Norwegian Refugee Council ) and DRC ( Danish Refugee Council ) partners , focus on entrepreneurship , community development and community markets . They aim", "spans": [{"start": 420, "end": 435, "text": "social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 551, "end": 566, "text": "social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the fact that UNMAS retained a larger number of teams on operations in the month of June , which is the start of the stand down period for Mine Action . April commenced with the tragic killing of two deminers in an ambush on the Yei-Juba road . The security environment has continued to negatively impact on operations throughout the reporting period and we see this most dramatically in July to September when the lowest clearance outputs since October 2013 were recorded . From April to June , Mine Action teams were deployed across the country to conduct surveys , clearance , and risk education to support protection of civilians , create conditions for the delivery of humanitarian The third quarter of the year was dominated by the outbreak of fi ghting in Juba which Known Hazardous Areas and Number of Known Hazards as of September 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Known Hazardous Areas and Number of Known Hazards < br > as of September 2016 < br > SUDAN < br > Upper Nile < br > Abyei area < br > Unity 29 < br > Northern < br > Bahr el Ghazal < br > Western 12 < br > Bahr el Ghazal 4 Warrap < br > 4 Jonglei < br > ETHIOPIA < br > 14 Lakes 106 < br > 14 < br > CENTRAL AFRICAN < br > REPUBLIC EquatoriaWestern < br > Central < br > Equatoria Eastern < br > 42 Equatoria < br > DEMOCRATIC 198 < br > REPUBLIC OF < br > THE CONGO 310 < br > KENYA < br > x Number of known hazards < br > Size of hazardous area ( sqkm ) UGANDA < br > < 1 1 - 4 6 - 10 30 - 40 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Information Management System of Mine Action ( IMSMA ) . * MRE : Mine Risk Education , UXO :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # < mark > 4 . 1 . 4 Overall bias < / mark > The results so far have examined the separate sources of bias introduced at each stage of the phone survey selection process . Column 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 in Table 4 . 4a present the cumulative bias for the Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria , and Uganda HFPS interviewed samples . It is clear that the successfully interviewed HFPS samples in all four countries are biased across many different household characteristics . Overall , the bias is skewed towards urban households ( except in Uganda ) as well as households that are relatively better off in terms of material well-being . Household heads that are successfully interviewed are better educated and more likely to working in formal ( wage ) employment compared to the overall LSMS-ISA sample . These results are mimicked in Table 4 . 4b when disaggregating the Ethiopia sample into the urban and rural components . # < mark > 4 . 2 Testing Effectiveness of Weighting Adjustments < / mark > The results above have clearly demonstrated the bias present in the sample of successfully interviewed households in the HFPS in the four countries . This bias would compromise the external validity of the results obtained from the HFPS which would not be fully representative of the general population . Furthermore , the bias in all four countries skews towards households that are generally better off and therefore would not accurately reflect the situation for poorer households , a segment of the population that is likely most vulnerable to the COVID-19 crisis . However , since the samples for these two surveys are derived from representative samples in the ESS , IHPS , GHS-Panel and UNPS , there is potential to reduce the bias by harnessing the detailed information available in the F2F surveys to conduct the weighting adjustments described in Section 3 . 1 . 2 . Implementing these weighting adjustments will likely counteract the bias but will not fully eliminate it . This section presents results from an assessment of the effectiveness of the adjustments performed on the HFPS in each country . Table 4 . 5a presents three different characteristic profiles representing : ( i ) the full", "spans": [{"start": 1656, "end": 1659, "text": "ESS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1662, "end": 1666, "text": "IHPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1669, "end": 1678, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1683, "end": 1687, "text": "UNPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1784, "end": 1795, "text": "F2F surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10986 # * * Abstract * * The design of the power market determines how the sector can address complex economic , social , environmental , and engineering challenges to deliver sustainable and reliable electricity at least cost to consumers . This is no simple task , as supply and demand must be balanced every second , multiple resource and network constraints must be satisfied , and the market must send the correct price signals to motivate efficient generation and investment in the sector over time . There is significant heterogeneity in the electricity market designs adopted by countries globally . No “ one-type-fits-all ” blueprint exists , and for any design to function well , the country , political , and economic context matters . At this juncture , the experimentation continues . This paper takes stock of the global patterns and trends in the adoption of different power market design options , utilizing a unique new Global Power Market Structures Database ( Akcura 2024 ) covering 230 economies for the period 1989 to 2024 . The paths these countries have taken in structuring their power markets provide valuable lessons on the multiple models that can support the development of the power sector in different country contexts . The paper draws on global experience to shed light on promising design options for the future . This paper is a product of the International Finance Corporation . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at eakcura @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors .", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 1006, "text": "Global Power Market Structures Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "health and < br > safety | | | * * _Social Issues_ * * < br >  Employment < br >  Social < br > Economic < br > effects | * * CONSTRUCTION PHASE * * < br >  Utilization of local skilled and < br > unskilled workers < br >  Utilization of Labour Based < br > Methods when necessary | Contractor , < br > Supervising < br > Engineer | observation / reports < br >  Number of people < br > looking for employment < br >  Complaints from local < br > residents | weekly < br >  Number / percentage of local < br > workers from the < br > communities around utilized | No direct costs | | | * * OPERATION PHASE * * < br >  Utilization of local skilled and < br > unskilled workers during < br > maintenance | Road Authority < br > local office | observation / reports < br >  < br > Key economic indicators | Continuous < br >  Improvement in key < br > economic indicators < br > compared to previous years < br > for local residents | No direct costs | | Disaster < br > Management | * * CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION * * < br > * * PHASE * * < br >  < br > Plan to be drawn up , considering < br > likely emergencies and steps < br > required to prevent / limit < br > consequences . < br >  Sensitize all construction workers < br > on various disasters that might < br > arise during construction < br >  Ensure that there is a < br > communication system / method < br > involvinglocal authorities , fire , | Contractor , < br > Supervising < br > Engineer , < br > All Local Municipal < br > authorities ( police , < br > fire , and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Mexico in the late 1980s and early 1990s , even when ignoring the hike around 1995 ( the “ Tequila ” financial crisis ) . The fall in the wage premium that characterized most of the Latin American economies in the 2000s started in Mexico a few years earlier , in the late 1990s , and accelerated in the next decade . The increase in the relative supply of skilled labor was strong throughout the whole period , especially in the 1990s . The increase in the wage premium and the relative supply of skilled labor in the 1990s is consistent with a strong increase in its relative demand . < sup > 26 < / sup > On the other hand , the assumed elasticities of substitution indicate that the fall in the wage premium during the decade of 2000 and the deceleration in the growth of its relative supply call for a reduction in the relative demand of skilled labor in this decade . When studying the underlying trends within unskilled workers , there was a substantial increase in the relative supply of high school graduates ( of about 4 . 6 percent a year on average ) during the 1990s , with a corresponding fall in the relative wage premium for this group ( with respect to those with no secondary degree ) of - 1 . 5 percent . The following decade ( 2000-2008 ) , however , is marked by the stagnation ( a small fall ) in the relative supply of workers from the high school group , accompanied also by reduction in its wage differential . This pattern is consistent with the presence of negative relative demand forces for this factor during the 2000s . Nicaragua has carried out few national household surveys in the last two decades , although these sources are comparable and allow the construction of a coherent story . The results in Table 3 . 1 indicate that the relative supply of skilled labor strongly rose over the two decades , starting from very low levels . The conditional wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor increased sharply in the 1990s , and then fell in the 2000s . These movements are consistent with a strong increase in the relative demand for", "spans": [{"start": 1583, "end": 1609, "text": "national household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between pre-reform trade and current trade , after controlling for size and distance , must be largely a result of historical linkages and not the result of unobservables such as comparative advantage and tastes . # 3 . 1 The Data We examine trade among 9 regions in Russia and 14 former republics of the Soviet Union before and after disintegration . The trade data are from the Russian State Statistical Committee and the World Bank and include bilateral trade flows among regions and republics , in U . S . dollars . Income figures are from the World Bank and are also in U . S . dollars . Distance is taken from the Russian Ministry of Transport tables as the shortest road distance in kilometers between regional and / or republican centers . Unweighted average ad-valorem tariff rates are published by the EBRD . Population figures are from the World Bank . ( See the Appendix for a detailed description of the data and a map of the region . ) There are two weaknesses in the data . First , because of central planning , the pre-reform trade values are not market values . Since we are comparing across regions and republics all of which are within the same country and subject to the same prices , they are nevertheless valuable estimates of relative trade between partners . The second problem is the presence of barter trade , which became quite common in the FSU in the reform period . Barter trade is recorded in the dataset , however the prices at which it is recorded are likely to be biased downwards in order to avoid taxes and tariffs . Again since we are comparing trade within the FSU , this is less of a problem because barter trade is likely to be as prevalent among regions as between regions and republics ( see Appendix ) . Therefore , although the magnitudes of trade are likely to be distorted , there is no reason to think that relative trade among parties within the FSU is systematically biased . If we included non FSU countries in the study , these problems would distort relative trade as well . 6", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 366, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Implementation Team ( RIT ) will establish Grievance Redress Committees ( GRCs ) ; - vi ) Civil Society Organisations and local non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) can act as social watchdogs in matters relating to securing the livelihoods of project-affected communities along with their related socio-cultural facets ; and - vii ) Federal Environment Protection Authority ( EPA ) will ensure RP and LRP are prepared and implemented according to National procedures # # # # # # * * 0 . 4 Main Findings of Census and Socio-Economic Surveys * * Key findings of the baseline , census surveys and public consultation meetings conducted in the project site inform the preparation of this RP as well as feed into the LRP . Key demographic characteristics have been identified as follows : * * _Households , Population and Headship Pattern : _ * * There are a total of 1 , 629 persons living in the 329 Project-affected households that participated in census enumeration survey . Out of total 329 project affected households 242 are male headed and 87 are female headed households . The average household size of project affected households is 4 . 9 persons per family . Official Use Only Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 556, "text": "Census and Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 592, "end": 606, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 963, "end": 988, "text": "census enumeration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9533 # * * Abstract * * Refugee camps are believed to represent safe havens for forcibly displaced persons , but studies looking at refugees ’ quality of life in camps are few . This paper explores how Syrian refugees ’ quality of life in camps in Jordan differs from that of Syrian refugees residing outside camps . Using data from the Syrian Refugee and Host Community Survey , the study measures life quality through indicators of subjective life experience and material living conditions . Data are analyzed using advanced statistical methods ( difference-in-difference and propensity score matching ) to control for selection bias that could skew estimates of causal effects . The results show that refugees living outside camps enjoy a higher quality of life than those living in camps . Out-of-camp refugees are less likely to live below the national abject poverty line or in overcrowded houses . They possess more household assets , are more satisfied with access to services , and report higher life satisfaction . Refugee camps appear to serve as safe havens for refugees who lack the capability to exit camps , and camps could be redundant for those who possess adequate capabilities and freedom to function in the urban and peri-urban areas . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at cobi1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 407, "text": "Syrian Refugee and Host Community Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | BAGUINEDA | 85 | 98 | 71 | 169 | 60 | 47 | 107 | 16 | 10 | 26 | 174 | 128 | 302 | | N ' GOURABA | 13 | 21 | 19 | 40 | 15 | 11 | 26 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 39 | 32 | 71 | | OUELESSEBOUGOU | 57 | 41 | 35 | 76 | 51 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "but still statistically significantly different from zero . The pattern across levels of economic development is shown in greater detail in Figure 3 , which plots all gaps ( and highlights the most recent observations ) against economic development , as measured by GNI per capita . The relationship between the size of the gap and level of income forms a clear u-shape , indicating that , on average , the gap increases ( gets more negative ) from low income to middle-income country range , but then is diminishes for highincome countries . The lines show the results of locally weighted regressions of the latest observation for each country . > 22 Karshenas ( 2003 ) estimates the gap using mean difference in the logs of the measures , at - . 05 . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 Results * * # * * 4 . 2 . 1 * * * * _Do post-TTB export values reach pre-TTB levels ? _ * * Table 3 presents one set of results , in which we define _Exportshijk_ as _ln ( 1 + real exports_ * * _hijk_ * * _ ) _ . < sup > 12 < / sup > Specification ( 1 ) uses the full sample of 746 antidumping cases and ten years of data . Specification ( 2 ) uses the subsample of 126 antidumping cases targeting China ’ s exporters , while specifications ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) use the subsamples of 352 cases targeting high-income exporters and 268 cases targeting other emerging exporters ( non-China ) , respectively . For each of the four specifications , the first column presents information on the average level of exports associated with a given year for antidumping imposed by high-income trading partners _i_ , and the second column addresses antidumping imposed by emerging economy trading partners _i_ . The superscripts denote whether average exports that year were statistically different from zero . The third column provides additional information from a _t-test_ regarding whether the averages within a year across the two categories of policy-imposing countries are statistically different _from one another_ . Consider Table 3 specification ( 1 ) which covers the full sample of data . Overall , average annual exports are always statistically greater than zero , even during the years that the antidumping import restriction is in effect . Furthermore , average annual exports to high-income markets are always higher than exports to emerging markets . More importantly , the time trends across the two categories of policy-imposing countries are the same and they align with expectations . First , average exports increase considerably between _t-2_ and _t-1_ and then fall beginning when the TTB is imposed in year _t_ , declining again in _t + 1_ and _t + 2_ while the TTB is in effect . While expected , this result is important as it confirms that the HS-06 import data is sufficiently disaggregated for this context so as to capture the trade-impacts of the antidumping policy which itself is sometimes applied at an even more", "spans": [{"start": 1968, "end": 1985, "text": "HS-06 import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 Data and Linear Models of Productivity We consider the same data as those used by Canning ( 1999 ) and Canning and Bennathan ( 2000 ) . For output we use purchasing power parity < sup > 5 < / sup > GDP per worker ( chain index ) . In both studies , physical capital stocks are constructed using a perpetual inventory method . The initial stock is obtained by assuming a capital-output ratio of 3 % in the base year . The ‡ ows of investments are taken from the Penn World Tables 6 . 00 . As Canning , we assume a constant depreciation rate of 7 % for the private capital . Canning shows that his results are robust to variations in the initial choice of capitaloutput ratio and the depreciation rate . Finally , human capital per worker is taken to be the average years of schooling of the workforce . Given the data availability , the average years of schooling of the workforce is approximated here by the average years of schooling of the total population aged 15 and above < sup > 6 < / sup > , from Barro and Lee ( 2000 ) . Since these human capital data are available only every . . . ve years , Canning proposes to interpolate to give annual data . We use four infrastructure capital stock variables : the number of telephones , kilowatts of electricity generating capacity and the length of paved roads and the railways line length , both expressed in kilometers . The infrastructure . . . gures are the processed data from Canning ( 1998 ) . The corresponding maximal sample is 1950-1995 . As stated by Canning , these physical measures do not re ‡ ect the quality di ¤ erences in infrastructure across countries and over time . The e ¤ ectiveness of infrastructure may depend on its quality both initially and in terms of maintenance . But as noted by Canning , a simple . . . xed e ¤ ect speci . . . cation allows to capture a part of these cross country quality di ¤ erences , more precisely the part which is constant over time . Consequently , in all our models , individual", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 482, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\\ vlth the approved bUdgct . The releases comply Xlth the Financing Agrect-rient , the World Bank and the tern-is and condition , , stipulated in the POM to trigger the disbursements frorn the World l1ank . # # # # c ) Expenditure and transfers to MDAs and Local Governments ( LGs ) payments , 111CILiding capital expenditure , arc recogniscd and recorded in the Prograrn ' s financial records in the period in - w-hich the \\ - fire paid . programme 1 \" Unds appropriated and released vothin the various implementing ' \\ ID - \\ s and 1 , ( ; s are reflected as transfers to those Pa , , e * * 17 * * of * * 37 * *", "spans": [{"start": 363, "end": 393, "text": "Prograrn ' s financial records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "among firms , undermining fair competition and thus their incentives to innovate . # # # # # # * * Figure B2 . 1 . 2 . * * Inconsistent enforcement of regulation can discourage business innovation . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 120 < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > Tax official visits ( percent of all firms ) Days to obtain construction permit Days to obtain operating license < br > J SRB J BIH J MKD J ALB J KOS J MNE ▬ ECA average … WBES average < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ 2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey findings ; World Bank staff calculations . * * Firms perceive corruption as high in some Western Balkan countries , and bribes are reported in all countries but for different types of regulations , * * with 56 percent of all formal firms in Kosovo and 43 percent in Albania citing corruption as a major barrier to their growth ( Figure B2 . 1 . 3 ) . The share of perceived or reported corruption is significantly lower in the other four Western Balkan countries . Interestingly , while the majority of firms in Kosovo perceive corruption as a major constraint , few reported having been asked for bribes . In contrast , at 5 percent Montenegro has by far the lowest share of firms that consider corruption as a major constraint but more than one-fourth of Montenegrin firms reported having paid bribes to tax officials and for construction permits and 8 | < sup > 2 . COvID-19 hAs CAUsED DEEP RECEssIONs IN ThE wEsTERN BALkANs < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 577, "text": "2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a closer look at the history of the political economy of the Ivoirian war reveals a somewhat different picture . To some extent education catalyzed the war due to the politically masterminded unequal provision of educational facilities between the North and the South . The education system in the North has been a victim of Ivoirian politics since the early 1990s and the NorthSouth divide following the civil war only exacerbated that ongoing crisis . This makes the task of finding a causal inference of the war on education particularly challenging . In this paper we estimate the causal effect of civil war on years of education for individuals who were exposed to conflict between 2002 and 2006 in their school-going age . We use the Households Living Standards Survey ( HLSS ) data collected in 2008 ( ENV-2008 ) and the data on local incidences of conflict is taken from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Database ( ACLED ) . We employed several strategies to identify the true impact of war and quantify its causal effect on education for the school-going age cohort . We use the year of birth and the department of birth to determine an individual ‟ s exposure to war . The difference-in-difference outcomes indicate that the average years of education for individuals aged 10 to 22 is . 94 years fewer compared to the individuals aged 23 to 32 in war-affected regions . The validity of the finding is tested by a number of factors such as internal displacement due to war , heterogeneous selection into victimization both across and within a region and varying intensity of conflict across regions . These are potential sources of bias in the estimated causal effect and furthermore , conflict affects education in several ways . The direct impacts include destruction of infrastructure , displacement and most tragically deaths of students and teachers , problems in harmonization of school calendars across the war-affected regions and closure of schools for an indefinite period . Other effects such as loss of jobs and farm , decrease in income and experiencing violence could also affect the education of children in the same household . To realize the full potential impact of war , as a second strategy we used a set of victimization indicators", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 774, "text": "Households Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 828, "end": 864, "text": "data on local incidences of conflict", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 883, "end": 925, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "they show high levels of formal > 8 Table 1 , Column 9 , shows attrition rates that range from 18 . 5 ( Card et al . , 2011 ) to 46 percent ( Cho et al . 2013 ) . Alzua et al . ( 2016 ) reported no attrition because their reliance on administrative data . > 9 Gers are traditional Mongolian dwellings . They are portable , round tents covered with skins or felt that are used by several distinct nomadic groups in Central Asia . Mongolia is divided into Ulaanbaatar , the capital , and twenty-one provinces ( aimags ) . Ulaanbaatar is divided into six main and three small suburban districts ( khoroos ) , which are further divided into smaller administrative units called khesegs . Poor khesegs are called gers , or impoverished neighborhoods , which , in most cases , lack water , drainage , and electric infrastructure . 15", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 253, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "differing levels of participation are legitimate depending on the goals , time frames , resources and levels of concern in the decision to be made . UCSATP and its service providers / contractors will use the IAP2 Spectrum to guide how the community and stakeholders will be engaged during the project planning and delivery phases . * * Table 3-4 : IAP2 Spectrum * * | * * N * * < sup > * * o * * < / sup > * * . * * | | * * Inform * * | * * Consult * * | * * Involve * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 01 . | * * Goal * * | To provide the public < br > with < br > balanced < br > and < br > objective information to < br > assist < br > them < br > in < br > understanding < br > the < br > problem , < br > alternatives , < br > opportunities < br > and / or < br > solutions . | To < br > obtain < br > public < br > feedback on analysis , < br > plans and / or decisions | feedback on analysis , plans < br > and / or decisions To work < br > directly with the community < br > and stakeholders to ensure < br > that < br > concerns < br > and < br > aspirations are consistently < br > understood and considered . | | 02 . | * * Promise * * | We < br > will < br > keep < br > you < br > informed . | We will keep you < br > informed , listen to and < br > acknowledge < br > concerns < br > and < br > aspirations < br > and < br > provide feedback on < br > how < br > public < br > input", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Finance Management systems and functions as well as enabling more responsive governance ( Component 3 ) . The component activities will require digital solutions , including the procurement & installation of ICT infrastructure such as hardware & software programs and operating systems . Thus , the main EHS risks and impacts will emanate from generation of E-waste as a result of system overhaul , hardware and software deployment and installation . E-wastes associated EHS risks include pollution of air , water and soil . Besides , under Component 2 , a new Tax-Data Warehouse will be constructed within the compound of the MoR . Since there will be various types of wastes ( nonhazardous and hazardous ) expected to be generated from the construction site , the disposal and management requires appropriate management plan in order to mitigate the EHS risks from air , soil and water pollution . * * The project will potentially generate construction related wastes and E-wastes . * * # # # # # # * * ( A ) Construction / Generic Waste Management Plan * * Construction / refurbishment works produce wastes from earth excavations , construction materials , machinery operations , utilization of concrete / cement during construction , paintings , packaging materials , fuel tankers , storage structures , wooden debris , metal scraps , demolitions , utility installations , etc … The wastes produced during implementation and operations will include , but not limited to , the following : - Littering materials , excavated soil and rocks from excavation and earthworks ; - Packing / containers for various construction materials and plastics ; metal scraps , nails , - Used / waste oil , filters , lubricants and hydraulic fluids and containers of fuel , and paint ; - Used lumber for trenching works , scaffolding material , packing material ; - Waste generated by demolition of temporary facilities , breaking of existing concrete surfaces etc , - • Waste from on-site water use facilities ( flow of waste water , overflow , washing facility , etc … ) , 65", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 586, "text": "Tax-Data Warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 _ . _ 92SD ( or 2 months of schooling ) but with strong implications for distribution , with greater impacts on 9 < sup > _th_ < / sup > grade students from low quantiles and significantly reduced impacts for 5 < sup > _th_ < / sup > grade students . We use detailed data on teachers , principals and public spending to analyze several mechanisms for these findings . First , there are significant reductions in principals “ _Designated_ \" to schools and replaced by those going through formal selection processes . Second , there is a strong indication that both principals and teachers in _Ceará_ are more likely to be involved in training and report it as useful for their daily work compared to similar principals and teachers in the immediate municipalities outside _Ceará_ ’ s border . Fourth , after the RBF reform , teachers in _Ceará_ are more likely to be hired on 40-hour contracts ( both grades ) , check school homework more often ( 5 < sup > _th_ < / sup > grade ) , and cover at least 80 % of the curriculum ( both grades ) . Finally , schools in _Ceará_ report significantly less frequent lack of pedagogical materials at the same time that significantly more teachers consider these books to be at least “ good ” . Exploring different formats of the RBF model in _Ceará_ in time provides a clear contribution to public policy design . Particularly , introducing the RBF in combination with technical assistance boosts learning impacts in at least two _ − _ fold relative to RBF alone . Elaborating textbooks and providing training to teachers , based on student test scores , is the main source of these impacts . Another important contribution to policy design is that redistributing fiscal resources exclusively based on education performance tends to widen learning gaps . Such inequalities are significantly reduced , when penalizing municipalities where there is a high percentage of students below certain thresholds of performance . All these gains in student learning in _Ceará_ were obtained without increasing public spending on education . This means that the large gains in student learning and education quality followed the efficient allocation of public spending to municipalities in _Ceará_", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 Table 2 : Estimates of Elasticities of Exports to World GDP and Own GDP to Exports | | Adva | nced Econ | omies | Emergin | g Market E | conomies | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1986 ‐ 2000 | 2001 ‐ 2014 | _ # countries_ | 1986 ‐ 2000 | 2001 ‐ 2014 | _ # countries_ | | Elasticities of Export Volume to Real World | | | | | | | | GDP ( excl . own GDP ) : | | | | | | | | Gross exports of goods and services | 2 . 5 | 1 . 9 | _28_ | 2 . 7 | 1 . 9 | _43_ | | Value ‐ added exports of goods and services | 2 | 1 . 8 | _22_ | 3 . 2 | 3 . 2 | _6_ | | Elasticities of Real GDP to Export Volume : | | | | | | | | Gross exports of goods and services | 0 . 5 | 0 . 6 | _18_ | 0 . 7 | 1 | _48_ | | Value ‐ added exports ofgoods and services | 0 . 5 | 0 . 6 | _18_ | 0 . 5 | 0 . 7 | _7_ | _Sources : _ IMF World Economic Outlook , IMF Information Notice System , World Input ‐ Output Database , IMF Information Notice System . _Notes : _ Countries included in the averages passed the following filters : data to start no later than 1992 ; elasticities to be neither negative nor outliers . Estimations to derive elasticiy of exports to GDP include Real Effective Exchange Rate as an explanatory factor . The results for the sensitivity of domestic growth to export growth ( eg ) are presented in the last two rows of Table 2 . We find that for the average high-income economy , the elasticity of domestic GDP to exports is very close across the two periods ( 0 . 5 and 0 . 6 , respectively ) , both in gross terms and in", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 852, "text": "IMF World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 887, "end": 916, "text": "World Input ‐ Output Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 919, "end": 948, "text": "IMF Information Notice System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Procurementofmobilesciencelabkitsto < br > supportimplementationofthe * * CBC * * and < br > * * CBA , * * particularlyinteachingofsciences | * * 30 * * November , * * 2023 * * | NotDone | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Procurementof * * IEC * * materials | * * 01 * * December , * * 2023 * * | NotDone | | PrintingoftheTeacherEducationand < br > TrainingPolicy | * * 30 * * October , * * 2023 * * | NotDone | | PrintingoftheEducationSectorPlan | * * 30 * * October , * * 2023 * * | NotDone | | PrintingofhandbooksforBOMs | * * 15 * * August , * * 2023 * * | NotDone | | Printinganddistributionof * * 300 * * copiesof < br > GenderTrainingModule | * * 15 * * November , * * 2023 * * | NotDone | | Production , RepairandMaintenanceof < br > SpecializedLearningResources , Assistive < br > DevicesandTechnologiestoenhance < br > learning . | * * 30 * * October , * * 2023 * * | NotDone | In the circumstances , the project planned objectives were not fully realized and the public may have been denied the benefits that may have accrued from the un-utilized funds . In addition , Management was in breach of the terms of the financing agreement . # # # # # # 4 . Irregular Procurement of Consultancy Services The statement of financial performance reflects use of goods and services amounting to Kshs . 288 , 365 , 781 . Included in this amount is training expenses amounting to Kshs . 24 , 807 , 734 . Review of procurement records revealed that , the Project procured consultancy services to undertake training for Senior and", "spans": [{"start": 1410, "end": 1429, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 6 : Ancestry and the Transmission of Education | | Yea < br > | rs of Educa < br > | tion Child < br > | ren < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | Years of Education Parents | 0 . 338 * * * | 0 . 328 * * * | 0 . 309 * * * | 0 . 310 * * * | | | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | | Edu . Parents x Native | | | | - 0 . 008 < br > ( 0 . 014 ) | | Native | - 0 . 441 * * * | - 0 . 390 * * * | - 0 . 346 * * * | - 0 . 276 * | | | ( 0 . 072 ) | ( 0 . 067 ) | ( 0 . 062 ) | ( 0 . 165 ) | | Urban | | 0 . 717 * * * | 0 . 593 * * * | 0 . 593 * * * | | | | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 039 ) | ( 0 . 039 ) | | Constant | 8 . 221 * * * | 7 . 646 * * * | 8 . 162 * * * | 8 . 160 * * * | | | ( 0 . 055 ) | ( 0 . 064 ) | ( 0 . 061 ) | ( 0 . 060 ) | | Observations | 733 , 020 | 733 , 020 | 733 , 020 | 733 , 020 | | R-squared | 0 . 221 | 0 . 225 | 0 . 237 | 0 . 237 | | Department FE | N | N | Y | Y | _Source_ : REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 . _Notes_ : Standard errors clustered at the department", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 1004, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 7 : Map IBRD 33443 * * 103", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 28, "text": "Map IBRD 33443", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "tl"}
{"text": ", and relatively low levels of implementation of the warning labels . In April 2013 , the National Assembly passed the Tobacco Control Law Amendment Bill and Rules to close many of these loopholes . A major contribution of the amendment was the requirement that packages contain pictorial warnings . In addition , smokeless tobacco was included under the definition of tobacco ; restaurants and indoor workplaces were included among completely smoke-free environments ; the fines for noncompliance were raised ; advertisements at points of sale were banned ; and the sale of tobacco to minors was prohibited . Although tobacco taxation has been recognized as one of the most effective strategies to reduce smoking , the tobacco tax structure has helped make cigarette prices in Bangladesh among the lowest in the region and in the world despite some of the highest tax rates ( table 1 ) . There is a variety of taxes on tobacco products in Bangladesh . These include supplementary duties on cigarettes , bidis , and chewing and pipe tobacco , duties on imported tobacco products and on tobacco leaf , and a 15 percent value added tax on all tobacco products . < sup > 6 < / sup > Cigarettes are classed into four brand tiers , commonly known as slabs in Bangladesh , and the ad valorem excise tax rate is based on the administered retail price , which varies across these four price categories . However , the gaps between brands in the different tier categories create incentives for smokers to substitute less expensive brands in response to price increases and for manufacturers to position brands between price slabs to avoid paying higher taxes ( ITC Project 2014 ) . To minimize tax evasion , continuous tier structures were introduced in 2015 , > 5 Smoking is also restricted in restaurants , bars , and workplaces . However , these offer designated smoking areas . > 6 The value-added tax is applied to the retail price . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These findings suggest that conflict has important consequences for the structure of economic activity . The impact of a surge in conflict-related casualties is much stronger on formal and illicit activities than on overall economic activity . This is shown by Figure 3 , which traces the evolution of aggregate , formal and illicit economic activity based on the estimated coefficients in our preferred specifications and the assumed 0 . 25 elasticity of aggregate economic activity to nighttime light intensity . Both panels in this figure are computed for an increase in conflict-related casualties by one standard deviation . In panel 3a the shock lasts for one quarter only , whereas in panel 3b it continues over time . This figure also shows the predicted impact on informal economic activity based on equation ( 6 ) and the estimated sectoral weights in total economic activity . # * * Conclusion * * Most available estimates of the impact of conflict on economic activity focus on indicators giving a disproportionate weight to the formal sector . And this is despite informal and illicit activities being common , if not predominant , in conflict settings . Aggregate indicators such as GDP tend to underestimate informal sector activities , and to exclude illicit activities . Wages matter only for relatively better-off segments of the population , as the majority of those at work tend to be farmers or self-employed . Disaggregated indicators from non-traditional sources , from housing prices to construction permits to mobile phone traffic from registered firms , also refer to formal markets and organizations . While some studies have analyzed the effects of conflict on informal and illicit activities , this paper is the first one to consider impacts across formal , informal and illicit activities simultaneously . The proposed methodology is firmly anchored in the literature , although it pays special attention to the dynamic structure of conflict impacts , and it controls for other variables that have been shown to affect economic activity in conflict settings . The main innovation of the paper comes from the reliance on non-traditional sources of data with a high degree of spatial granularity . Thus , nighttime light intensity is used to measure economic activity at the aggregate level , mobile phone traffic from registered firms", "spans": [{"start": 2321, "end": 2341, "text": "mobile phone traffic", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ficacia * * # # # # # * * _Respecto a la Coordinación_ * * La encuesta revela que el 62 % de las personas entrevistadas considera que el proyecto ha desarrollado altamente las capacidades de la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil y el 38 % cree que el proyecto ha mejorado la comunicación con las entidades locales para lograr mejores resultados . Sin lugar a dudas , uno de los aspectos más significativos del trabajo ha sido el esfuerzo de coordinación alcanzado en diferentes niveles . Por una parte , la coordinación de los diferentes organismos implicados a través de la figura de Comité Técnico de la UDAPV , conformado por los socios del proyecto representados por las directivas de 33", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 70, "text": "encuesta", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "9 A large share of state banks is also attracted to the SME business due to the perceived profitability of the sector ( Figure 6b ) , but the share is somewhat lower than the one for private banks . Interestingly , supply chain links and cross selling do not seem to be important drivers for state banks . These responses could reflect the broad policy mandates imposed on state banks to serve the SME sector , or the lower level of development of SME strategies in these banks , possibly also related to the absence of an SME unit in several of these banks . Regarding the obstacles to SME lending , the responses in the MENA survey were more clear and consistent than those in the two previous surveys conducted in Latin America and worldwide . As shown in Figures 7a and 7b , MENA banks complain primarily about SME opacity and about the weak financial infrastructure ( lack of reliable collateral , weak credit information systems , and weak creditor rights ) . They complain much less about restrictive regulations ( e . g . interest rate controls ) , excessive competition in the SME segment , or weak demand for loans from SMEs . This pattern is consistently observed in both GCC and non-GCC banks , and also between state and private banks . Interestingly , however , a larger share of state banks indicated that their own internal technical weaknesses constitute an obstacle to SME lending . The contrast with the two previous surveys is striking . In the Latin American survey ( de la Torre , Martinez Peria , and Schmukler ( 2010 ) ) , banks indicated many types of obstacles , including macroeconomic factors , regulations , and excessive competition in the SME business , and the patterns were not consistent across countries . For example , the legal and contractual environment was identified as an important obstacle in only two countries . In the survey conducted by Beck , Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria ( 2008 ) , macroeconomic factors and competition in the SME segment were also identified as the major obstacles , not the legal and contractual environment . The greater concern expressed by MENA banks about the quality of financial infrastructure is not", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 633, "text": "MENA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1465, "end": 1486, "text": "Latin American survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 # * * Appendix : Comparability issues , poverty lines , and regional panel * * The various rounds of the HES from 1983 to 1996 provide comparable data , at least much more so than many surveys available in other countries . Yet , the 1995-96 survey differs in some respects from previous surveys . Hence there are a few comparability issues , mainly in terms of the sampling frame and the expansion factors , the diary for food consumption , and the standard errors of poverty measures . The first comparability issue relates to the expansion factors . The sampling frame for the 1995-96 HES consists of 14 strata corresponding to the Standard Metropolitan Areas ( SMAs ) , other urban areas , and rural areas of the five administrative divisions of Bangladesh , as described in Table A2 . Accordingly , 14 expansion factors were computed by the BBS for the 1995-96 survey ( last column of Table A2 ) . In previous years , there were strata for the SMAs , urban municipalities , other urban areas , and rural areas for each of four divisions . While a corresponding number of expansion factors should have been provided , the BBS used only two expansion factors for these years , one urban and one rural . Because welfare measures and probabilities of being selected vary between geographical areas , using two expansion factors only generatesd bias in the estimates of poverty for previous years . The problem is not too serious for rural areas . As can be seen from Table A2 , the probability that a household will be selected in the various rural strata are similar . In 1995-96 , four out of five rural expansion factors belong to the interval [ 3702 , 3916 ] . But this is not true for urban areas . Highly populated urban areas such as the Dhaka and Chittagong SMAs , which are under-represented in the sample , have higher standards of living . Hence using aggregate urban expansion factors would increase urban ( and national ) poverty measures since the population share of dense and well-off areas would be under-estimated . To provide a consistent set of expansion factors matching the HES sampling frame for the survey years prior", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 594, "text": "HES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 861, "end": 875, "text": "1995-96 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> improvement in GHG emissions < br > of < br > energy < br > consumption < br > ( increase ) | Increase < br > in < br > carbon < br > intensity of energy of < br > 2 . 5 % per year | | GHG emissions of energy < br > consumption | Baseline < br > Low | < br > Country-specific < br > estimate < br > of < br > annual improvement in energy < br > intensity of GDP < br > 10 < sup > th < / sup > < br > percentile < br > of < br > annual < br > improvement in energy intensity < br > of GDP ( decarbonization ) | On average , no change in < br > carbon intensity of energy < br > of 0 . 1 % per year < br > Reduction < br > in < br > carbon < br > intensity of energy of < br > 2 . 2 % per year | | | High | High variant of UN ’ s population < br > projections | Country-specific < br > growth < br > rate | | Population growth | Baseline < br > Low | Medium < br > variant < br > of < br > UN ’ s < br > population projections < br > Low variant of UN ’ s population < br > projections | Country-specific < br > growth < br > rate < br > Country-specific < br > growth < br > rate | 30", "spans": [{"start": 904, "end": 926, "text": "population projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 presents in greater detail comparative results regarding intangible spending for two countries , Brazil and the US ( with the US data here based on the original CHS 2005 figures ) . Not surprisingly , as a share of GDP , US firms spend considerably more than Brazilian ones in nearly all types of intangible assets . Overall , at about 13 percent of GDP , US intangible expenditures are nearly thrice those in Brazil . Moreover , since the US estimates correspond to an earlier period ( 1998-2000 ) , the current gap between the US and Brazil is likely to be even larger . * * Figure 2 : Annual average spending by category of intangibles ( % of GDP ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 . 13 % < br > 2 . 53 % < br > 2 . 17 % < br > 1 . 65 % 1 . 60 % < br > 1 . 29 % 1 . 25 % < br > 0 . 90 % 0 . 81 % 0 . 86 % < br > 0 . 62 % < br > 0 . 33 % 0 . 31 % < br > 0 . 11 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Looking at major categories of intangibles , the US lead over Brazil is largest in two areas : scientific R & D , and economic competencies . The CHS methodology suggests that as a share of GDP , the US spends about 10 times as much as Brazil on organizational capital , three times as much on brand equity , and about 4 times as much on scientific R & D . The cost of employee time spent in training in Brazilian manufacturing is 0 . 1 percent of GDP ; even if one quadruples this to account for missing data for services ( in proportion to the ratio of value added in manufacturing and services ) , it would be less than half that spent in the US ( 1 percent ) . As a result , the composition of intangible expenditures differs markedly across Brazil and more advanced economies like", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "goods and services amounting to Kshs . 288 , 365 , 781 . Included in this amount is training expenses amounting to Kshs . 24 , 807 , 734 . Review of procurement records revealed that , the Project procured consultancy services to undertake training for Senior and lower cadre officers . The proposal was awarded to a Consultancy firm at a contract sum of Kshs . 15 , 528 , 000 . However , the Management did not provide the notification of intention to award , the overall technical scores and scores assigned for each criterion and sub-criterion to each consultant * * by * * each panelist and the final combined scores and the final ranking of the consultants . Further , the consultancy services were not contained in the procurement plan and was not identified as an activity in the Project Procurement Strategy for Development . In the circumstances , Management was in breach of the law . The audit was conducted in accordance with the International ISSAIs * * 3000 * * and 4000 . The Standards requires that * * I * * comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain assurance about whether the activities , financial transactions and information reflected in the financial statements comply , in all material respects , with the authorities that govern them . * * I * * believe that the audit evidence * * I * * have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my conclusion . _Report ofthe Auditor-General on Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning ProjectIDA Grant No . D991-KE and Credit No_ * * _7067-KE_ * * _and Grants Nos . TF C306-KE and TF_ * * _C307-KE_ * * _for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , _ * * _2025 - _ * * _State Department for Basic Education_ * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 149, "end": 168, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Online Appendix A Data , Variable Definitions and Data Cleaning * * # * * A1 . Additional information on key variable sources * * * * Stock market data : * * To replicate and extend Fisman ’ s ( 2001 ) analysis testing for the value of political connections through the relationship between share prices and news of Suharto ’ s health , we use stock market data from Bloomberg . Unfortunately , Bloomberg does not retain information on the stock prices of de-listed companies , forcing us to focus on surviving firms only . * * Political connections : * * Mobarak and Purbasari ( 2006a ) identify politically connected firms as follows : First , they identify firms whose market value on the Jakarta Stock Exchange exhibited abnormally negative movements in response to news episodes about Suharto ’ s deteriorating health that occurred between 1994 and 1997 before the onset of the East Asian financial crisis ( and thus not contaminated by confounding financial turmoil ) , following Fisman ’ s ( 2001 ) event study methodology . Whereas Fisman examined the stock price responses of 79 firms belonging to the 25 largest conglomerates for whom a Castle Suharto Dependency Index score was available , Mobarak and Purbasari examine the share price responses of all 285 firms traded on the Jakarta Stock Exchange at the time . Out of these , 29 firms were significantly adversely affected and thereby identified as politically connected . The authors used newspapers , and other media to confirm that these firms were indeed connected . Second , they trace the shareholders and members of the boards of management and commissioners of each of the adversely affected firms . They subsequently list all conglomerates owned by each of the members as well as all firms that are part of these conglomerates . They then merge these data with the annual manufacturing survey in 1997 . In our data we have 246 politically connected firms . A Suharto family member owned or served on the board of 86 ( 35 percent ) of these firms . To identify such Suharto family firms , Mobarak and Purbasari used information obtained from the Castle Group on board membership . To avoid potential endogeneity , they", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 157, "text": "Stock market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 350, "end": 382, "text": "stock market data from Bloomberg", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1153, "end": 1190, "text": "Castle Suharto Dependency Index score", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1844, "end": 1871, "text": "annual manufacturing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "#  * * _Premise 1 : Higher levels of OGD make government more accountable . _ * * Under this premise , OGD provides an evidentiary basis through which citizens can be better informed on how government is performing . In particular , for this information to be effective — for it to be a type of “ clear ” transparency as noted by Fox ( 2007 ) — two elements would need to be present . In line with Khemani ’ s earlier findings , < sup > 106 < / sup > this would first include information on sectoral performance , both in terms of provision of services ( e . g . number of teachers , number of vaccinations , etc . ) as well as service delivery outcomes ( e . g . completion rates , infection rates , etc . ) . Second , in order for the efficiency of such service provision and outcomes to be determined , transparent information is needed both on how much was budgeted for these services as well as how much was actually spent on these services ( e . g . execution rate ) . Only by having both types of data can “ demand-side ” consumers — that is , citizens , civil society organizations , researchers , journalists , and other “ infomediaries ” — make informed judgements as to whether the government is adequately executing its mandate and meeting its responsibilities . However , it should be noted that transparent access to sectoral and budgetary data is just one element ; in order to hold government officials accountable , citizens need mechanisms to exercise their “ voice ” , either formally or informally . In line with the earlier work of Fox ( 2007 ) , such voice channels could provide a degree of “ answerability ” and “ enforceability ” , which is crucial to ensuring a principle-agent element in the citizen-state interface . Formal citizen voice channels would include electoral mechanisms in the form of free and fair elections , which are held at regular intervals in line with legal provisions , and with no _de jure_ or _de facto_ impediments to participation . Other non-electoral , or social accountability mechanisms , could include , _inter", "spans": [{"start": 1332, "end": 1359, "text": "sectoral and budgetary data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Computer Emergency Response Team ( CERT ) at NITA-U and a Communications Sector CERT at the Uganda Communications Commission ( UCC ) . The country benefitted from the Cybersecurity Maturity Model assessment that was undertaken in 2016 and updated in 2020 ; the emanating recommendations , for instance on capacity building and awareness raising , are reflected in the present project ’ s design . Uganda was nominated as the regional lead on cybersecurity under the East African Northern Corridor Infrastructure Regional Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) . In 2018 , Uganda ranked 7 < sup > th < / sup > in Africa in the ITU ’ s Global Cybersecurity Index , and 65 < sup > th < / sup > globally . < sup > 38 < / sup > The country ’ s next challenges for cybersecurity are therefore to expand technical capacity , implement best practice governance , and move toward effective implementation and sustainability . * * 16 . In the area of data protection , Uganda is in the early stages of operationalizing a recently adopted Data Protection Law . * * This landmark legislation , passed in 2019 , made Uganda the first East African country to recognize privacy as a fundamental human right , as enshrined in Article 27 of the 1995 Uganda Constitution . It aims to protect individuals and their personal data by regulating processing of personal information by state and nonstate actors , within and outside Uganda . The law expands the rights of individuals to control how their personal data are collected and processed , placing a range of obligations on those processing it , both public bodies and companies . A year since its enactment , the law remains in need of accelerated implementation and enforcement , with observers reporting that personal data continue to be collected in violation of the law ’ s principles . < sup > 39 < / sup > In response , a Data Protection Office ( DPO ) — whose mandate will be to lead the implementation of the law , issue codes and regulations , and provide for administrative , civil , or criminal sanctions and penalties —", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are not formally registered as consumers with the utility . About 65 percent of the households experienced electricity interruptions twice or more and 22 percent four or more interruptions per week < sup > 5 < / sup > . 8 . * * To improve the sector ’ s financial sustainability , Ethiopia embarked on a journey of sectoral reforms and continued tariff rationalization but has yet to institutionalize structured and periodic tariff determination processes . * * The mandate for several sector reform actions is already reflected in the prevailing legal , policy , and regulatory statutes but implementation is constrained by limited agency focus , delayed processing , lack of appropriate tools , and inadequate institutional capacity . The MoF and MoWE have therefore constituted a _Power Sector Reform Task Force_ to develop a medium-term reform vision and establish key preparation milestones for a phased and time-bound implementation . The medium-term trajectory for structural reforms in the form of an _Electricity Sector Reform Roadmap_ will mandate timebound preparatory steps toward the establishment of a market-based structure conducive to greater private participation > 2 OECD / IEA ( 2014 ) IEA Statistics iea . org / data-and-statistics > 3 Federal Republic of Ethiopia ( 2019 ) : National Electrification Program 2 . 0 > 4 Statista ( 2024 ) : Household electricity prices in Africa as of December 2022 , by country . https : / / www . statista . com / statistics / 1277594 / householdelectricity-prices-in-africa-by-country / > 5 Monitoring the effects of Ethiopia ’ s Homegrown Economic Reforms : Evidence from an Urban High-Frequency Survey ( Draft Report ) , 2023 Page * * 2 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1632, "end": 1659, "text": "Urban High-Frequency Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Annex 3 . Economic and Financial Analysis # # _Overview and Summary_ For this report , an indicative benefit-cost analysis was done to assess economic efficiency . The key parameter to measure aggregate efficiency is based on farm ~ level profitability of fertilizer use ~ as measured by the VCR . The various VCRs used in calculations for the benefit-cost ratios ( BeRs ) and net benefit streams ( NBSs ) are based on ( i ) a survey conducted by SG-2000 in 2010 for the most likely scenario , ( ii ) the DSA impact evaluation for the upper b ~ unds , and ( iii ) other available studies for the lower bounds . The key findings indicate significant , positive results for both BCR and NBS . The project most likely generated net economic benefits ofUS $ 678 . 3 million with an average BCR of about 3 . 9 . The project is thus reasonably justifiable in terms of economic efficiency . The highest response and return are from wheat , followed by maize and teff . A sensitivity test conducted under low ( unfavorable ) bounds for various assumptions showed that the project produced overall positive retums , even under unfavorable assumptions . The break-even point for net benefits to become negative and the BRC to drop below 1 would require a VCR below 0 . 61 , which is extremely unlikelx . Hence under reasonable rainfall and grain price patterns , such as thQse prevailing during project implementation , fertilizer use in Ethiopia is profitable and economically efficient . # # _Assumptions of Cost and Benefit Streams_ The VCR or marginal rate of return analysis shows whether the financial returns to . fertilizer use exceed the cost of fertilizer treatment based on the incremental yield attributable to one additional unit of fertilizer use . When moving from no fertilizer use to fertilizer use , a marginal analysis can indicate whether the value of the incremental yield is equal to , less than , or more than the incremental costs . Higher benefits do not attract farmers if costs", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 466, "text": "survey conducted by SG-2000 in 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "including the “ _cajas de compensación_ ” associated with certain employee organizations ) . The ‘ unbanked ’ , on the other hand , have no deposits or savings in any such products mentioned above . 6 . * * Less than 40 % of Bogotá ’ s adult population use formal sector financial services . * * This percentage is higher than in Mexico , but lower than the proportion prevailing in Brazil ( Figure 3 . 1 ) . * * Figure 3 . 1 Use of Financial Services In Bogotá , Mexico City , urban Brazil and OECD countries * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 50 , 000 < br > 91 < br > 90 45 , 000 < br > 80 37 , 610 40 , 000 < br > 70 35 , 000 < br > 60 30 , 000 < br > 50 43 25 , 000 < br > 39 < br > 40 20 , 000 < br > 30 24 15 , 000 < br > 20 10 , 000 < br > 6 , 230 < br > 10 1 , 810 2 , 710 5 , 000 < br > - - < br > Mexico D . F Bogotá Brazil USA < br > Banked population GNI per capita < br > GNI per capita in 2003 ( US $ ) < br > Percentage of banked population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Mexico , Bogotá and Brazil data , own studies , US Federal Reserve Bank , 2002_ * * Figure 3 . 2 Use of Banking Services as a Percentage of Population * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Funds / Stocks / Bonds 0 . 7 < br > CDT 2 . 5 < br > Mortgage 2 . 9 < br > Savings Account w ith special aw ards 3 . 0 < br > Personal Credit 3 . 8 < br > Use of telephone for banking services 3 . 8 < br > Current Account 7 . 2 < br > Credit Card 8 . 0 < br > Debit", "spans": [{"start": 1017, "end": 1048, "text": "Mexico , Bogotá and Brazil data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSM , CT , and PT subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2022 < / mark > - The contractor shall require all employees and the employees of sub-Contractor to individually sign the Code of Conduct , and shall proactively address any breach to the Code of Conduct . - A copy of the Code of Conduct in Amharic shall be displayed in a location easily accessible to workers . # # 11 . LIMITATION OF THE ASSESSMENT Even though some progress is made regarding ESIA on the various projects in the country , there are lots of issues to be done more to realize objectives of the ESIA in developing countries like Ethiopia . Lack of similar study alike UWSSPII sub projects in the country is others limits that might affect the quality of the ESIA study . The following limitations have been made / identified during the assessment process and in the compilation of this ESIA Report : - Getting sufficient and reliable primary and secondary data of the baseline for the existing socioeconomic activities . - Lack of systemic networking among concerned government organizations so as to accomplish the study as per the guideline of ESIA . - The duration allotted for the specific task was short and more secondary data are used to analyze the impact . - Unavailability or lack of previous works on similar subproject in the country . The limitations listed above can be taken as the draw back for systematic , complete and scientific analysis of the environmental and social impacts of the sub-project . The implication of these identified gaps is that the limitations should be considered in decision making though the impact assessment could only indicate the most likely cause of the subproject activities on the social and environmental aspects . The limitation can be avoided if more time is given for the task so that more primary site-specific date can be included in the study . ESIA Report 136", "spans": [{"start": 1223, "end": 1237, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and the elderly , may be important during and after relocation to prevent increases in morbidity and mortality due to malnutrition , the psychological stress of being uprooted , and the increased risk of disease . 3 . Negative impacts that should be anticipated and mitigated include , for rural resettlement , deforestation , overgrazing , soil erosion , sanitation , and pollution ; for urban resettlement , projects should address such density-related issues as transportation capacity and access to potable water , sanitation systems , and health facilities . 4 . Experience has shown that local NGOs often provide valuable assistance and ensure viable community participation . 5 . OPN 11 . 03 , _Management of Cultural Property in Bank-Financed Projects_ . 6 . In case some of the displaced persons lose more than 10 % of their productive assets or require physical relocation , the plan also covers a socioeconomic survey and income restoration measures . 95", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 930, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "customers . Although growing in popularity worldwide , providing a prepaid option is a relatively new practice in Africa , and its impact is still not well understood . But for those countries for which data are available , roughly 60 percent have introduced the use of prepayment meters ( figure 3 ) . Indeed , Lesotho , Namibia , Mozambique , and South Africa already offer this option to a majority of residential customers . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 3 . Prepaid services < br > a . Frequency distribution of countries adopting b . Time trend in percentage of customers using < br > prepaid meters prepaid meters < br > 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 < br > 10 < br > 9 Tanzania 4 4 < br > 8 Benin 0 0 6 6 6 7 < br > 7 < br > 6 Burkina Faso 10 10 10 10 10 10 < br > 5 Malawi 2 4 6 8 10 14 < br > 4 < br > Ghana 5 4 4 10 28 < br > 3 < br > 2 Rwanda 48 65 < br > 10 Mozambique 80 73 < br > 0 1-20 21-50 51-90 91-100 no data Namibia 93 98 < br > Lesotho 100 100 100 100 < br > percentage of customers with prepaid < br > meters South Africa 100 < br > number of countries < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Indicators Database # * * b . Nonresidential tariffs * * Nonresidential tariffs can be classified in two groups : commercial and industrial ( Table 4 ) . Linear tariffs are the most common regime for nonresidential customers in Africa ( figure 4 ) . About 60 percent of commercial customers and over 50 percent of industrial customers are billed based on linear tariffs . A more detailed description on commercial and industrial tariff structures practiced in Africa can be found in Annexes 3 and 4 . Pricing for nonresidential customers is typically more complex than for residential customers . It is usually structured as a three-part tariff including a monthly fixed charge", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1208, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Indicators Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < mark > In Pakistan , an open and transparent bidding process has resulted in savings of more than Rs 187 million ( US $ 3 . 1m ) for the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board . < / mark > - After introducing transparent procurement procedures in the energy sector , < mark > Bangladesh was able to reduce electricity prices to less than US $ 0 . 03 a kilowatthour , roughly half the price of directly negotiated deals in Indonesia . < / mark > - Source : OECD ( 2003 ) . On close inspection , the sources for the Bangladeshi , Columbian , Guatemalan , and Pakistani cases do not provide sufficient data to demonstrate the claims made . < sup > 15 < / sup > The point here is not to criticize the authors of the OECD study ; rather it is to make the point that if procurement reform is to be given a higher profile in national policymaking better studies of actual reform experiences are needed . Other information is more quantitative in nature and offers some _circumstantial_ evidence that is suggestive of sizeable gains from procurement reforms . Using the OECD ( 2002a ) data on the size of national procurement markets in 1998 , one can calculate the dollar value of the savings that would result if procurement reforms yielded a 10 percent reduction in the prices paid by the government on its existing purchases . This gain can then be compared to the amount of aid a given country received in 1998 , providing an “ equivalent ” percentage increase in aid that would free up the same amount of resources as the procurement reform specified above . This calculation provides a sense of how large self-help ( that is , domestic procurement reform ) compares to current levels of assistance from abroad . For 39 of the 106 developing countries in the OECD ( 2002a ) study data on aid receipts is reported in _World Development Indicators Online_ . Figure 2 plots the cumulative distribution of the aid “ equivalent ” of a 10 percent reduction in state expenditures brought about by a potential procurement reform . The findings are quite striking : in all but two developing countries the", "spans": [{"start": 1060, "end": 1079, "text": "OECD ( 2002a ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1776, "end": 1796, "text": "data on aid receipts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "187 | 40 . 3 | 0 | 0 . 0 | 187 | 39 . 3 | | * * All * * | * * 464 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 12 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 476 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Photo 3 : Pruned Coffee Trees under Acacia Tree Shed ( Left ) and Khat Plantation ( Right ) Photo 4 : Eucalyptus ( Left ) and Indigenous ( Right ) Trees Within the Right of Way < mark > With regard to types of indigenous trees affected by the Subproject components , about twenty distinct species of indigenous trees will be affected . The number of trees affected by species is counted and nearly 24 . 6 % is grevilia , followed by bisana ( 22 . 1 % ) and Tsid tree ( 18 . 5 % ) . The proportion of Sesa trees which mainly used by the local people for coffee < / mark > garden shed is 12 . 9 % of the total affected indigenous trees . Page 90", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 210, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "but not all , of these variables . Revenues are non-judicial stamp tax revenues as before , and the tax rate changes are computed from the information in Annex II . We do not have detailed State by State data for the number of immovable property transactions recorded in the Registrar ’ s office and hence subject to stamp tax . Instead of actual declared values for the immovable property transactions , we use real estate price changes based on data provided by the Housing Development Finance Corporation ( HDFC ) for commercial and residential real estate prices in Mumbai , Calcutta , Bangalore , and Chennai . These price data are based on the sales price of new developments checked against a buildup of developer costs , and are not based on values declared to the registrar for payment of stamp duty . As such , we would not expect them to be directly affected by underdeclaration . From the price data per square foot for a variety of different properties , we create an average index price and observed percentage changes in the index for each city . There are no data recording the number of real estate transactions and subsequent registrations , and there are no state level data on GDP in the construction sector . We use real GDP growth as a very rough proxy , in order to capture changes in transaction levels . Figures 13 to 16 suggest that run ups in property values drive stamp tax revenues , just as expected . Analyzing those time periods in which tax rates decline , we also note that predicted revenues tend to decline much more than actual revenues , even when property values shifts are taken into account . Likewise , in the case of duty rate increases , we find that the predicted growth in revenues is consistently higher than the actual . While the available data are not detailed enough to provide conclusive hypothesis testing , the evidence is broadly consistent with the commonly held view that underdeclaration responds to shifts in the stamp duty rate . This pattern reinforces our earlier finding on the relationship between shifts in tax rates and the resulting growth in revenues . Together this evidence strongly suggests that underdeclaration responds to", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 208, "text": "State by State data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 901, "end": 927, "text": "price data per square foot", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 7 highlights that significant gains in productivity are achievable if full relaxation of business environment constraints were possible . The gains in productivity are calculated based on existing resource inputs and technology . We calculate that these potential levels of output could alternatively be achieved in 15 to 20 years if the economy grew at eight percent per annum from its current levels of output and value added . Our productivity frontier analysis therefore implies , under the assumption of a smooth transition in policies and constant inputs and technology , that policies which incrementally relax business environment constraints over a period of 15 to 20 years could be expected to induce eight percent growth in manufacturing output and value added per annum ( Table 6 ) . # * * VI . Firm-level TFP Analysis * * # * * Data sources * * A 2011 World Bank Enterprise Survey ( WBES ) , covering data from fiscal year 2010 , was conducted as a follow-up to the original 2004 WBES ( which covered fiscal year 2003 ) . For comparability across both years , and to allow calculation of TFP based on reliable capital asset estimates , we restrict our focus here to manufacturing establishments ( the 2003 sample consisted exclusively of manufacturing establishments ) . The 2010 manufacturing subset of the survey is comprised of 330 establishments . Summary statistics of the 2010 manufacturing data , and the comparable 2003 data , are presented in the second through fourth columns of Table 3 . The second column presents means based on all available manufacturing establishments included in the 2010 sample . There are stark differences between these 330 establishments and the 408 establishments sampled in 2003 : < sup > 15 < / sup > only 3 percent of the 2010 establishments have more than 10 % foreign ownership , while 19 percent of the 2003 establishments had this level of foreign ownership ; conversely , less than 22 percent of 2010 establishments export while 68 percent of 2003 establishments exported . These differences are no doubt related to underlying differences in establishment characteristics : while the 2003 sample contained mainly larger firms with only 6 percent of establishments being micro-sized ( 10 employees or less ) , 41 percent", "spans": [{"start": 867, "end": 900, "text": "2011 World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 995, "end": 1004, "text": "2004 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1398, "end": 1421, "text": "2010 manufacturing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and 39 countries ( Russian Federation is excluded due to prevalence of commodity exports ) . Data come from the World Input-Output Database ( Timmer et al , 2015 ) , obtained by interacting Census data ( interpolated for years between Censuses ) with yearly trade data . Vertical specialization indicators are computed based on the methodology described by Wang , Wei , Zhu ( 2015 ) , using an algorithm developed in Quast and Kummritz ( 2015 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 139, "text": "World Input-Output Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 190, "end": 201, "text": "Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 251, "end": 268, "text": "yearly trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 percent , 89 percent and 74 percent of GDP respectively . Even 40 years after a pandemic shock , high-income countries remain 4 _ . _ 2 percent below steady state GDP , compared to 2 _ . _ 6 percent for middle-income countries and 0 _ . _ 8 percent for low-income countries . This is because the effect of human capital lost through disruptions to school and work persists until all the affected students and workers have left the labor force . There are several reasons for the _asymmetric_ impact of a _symmetric_ shock on countries of different income levels . One is that returns to education do not vary much across income levels but there is significantly less schooling to begin with in middle and low income economies : the average years of schooling in each group is 13 , 8 and 6 years , respectively . The negative effect of the employment shock is also higher in high-income economies , due to the presence of higher returns to experience there . The disruption to schooling is also likely a greater influence on long-term outcomes than the disruption to experience – as the interruption to work affects mostly lowskilled workers , whereas the interruptions to schooling are more widespread , and as the returns to education are several times larger than the returns to experience . We then use our framework to pinpoint carefully _which pandemic scenario most accurately reflects the COVID-19 shock_ . We achieve this through a thorough analysis of several variables that vary across income levels and that affect the shock ’ s severity – such as data on school closures , access to and effectiveness of distance learning , and evidence on the extent of disruption to employment to different types of workers . While high-income countries are more vulnerable to a symmetrical shock due to the relative importance of human capital , the impact of COVID-19 on the high - and middle-income countries turns out to be similar . The reason is that middle-income countries are hit much harder both in terms of employment loss and school closures . This contrasts with the policy literature on COVID-induced schooling disruptions that argues that the impact disproportionately falls on low income economies . < sup > 1", "spans": [{"start": 1561, "end": 1584, "text": "data on school closures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on Learning-adjusted years of schooling and health ( stunting and adult survival rates ) . Human capital embedded in each age cohort , but only boosts productivity for cohorts of working age . Human capital data is taken from the components of the World Bank Human Capital Index , with historical years of schooling ( for older generations ) taken from the Barro-Lee educational dataset or Cohen-Soto-Leker when Barro-Lee is missing . > 18We report the adjusted GEGI for ARE , BHR , KWT , OMN , QAT and SAU . 9", "spans": [{"start": 357, "end": 386, "text": "Barro-Lee educational dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 390, "end": 406, "text": "Cohen-Soto-Leker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The recession in BiH will be its deepest in 25 years . Throughout the region , the government-supported programs that have been crucial to keep businesses afloat and save > 12 Risks to the Serbia ’ s real GDP growth forecast are to the upside and the actual drop there may be lower . jobs are also expected to alleviate the poverty impact of the COVID-19 crisis . * * Table 9 . 1 . * * GDP forecast . | Percent | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 2019 * * | * * 2020e * * | * * 2021f * * | * * 2022f * * | | Albania | 2 . 2 | - 8 . 4 | 5 . 0 | 3 . 9 | | Bosnia and < br > Herzegovina | 2 . 6 | - 3 . 2 | 3 . 0 | 3 . 5 | | Kosovo | 4 . 2 | - 8 . 8 | 3 . 7 | 4 . 9 | | Montenegro | 4 . 1 | - 12 . 4 | 6 . 9 | 4 . 2 | | North Macedonia | 3 . 6 | - 4 . 1 | 3 . 6 | 3 . 5 | | Serbia | 4 . 2 | - 3 . 0 | 2 . 9 | 3 . 3 | | * * Western Balkans * * | * * 3 . 6 * * | * * - 4 . 8 * * | * * 3 . 5 * * | * * 3 . 6 * * | | EU27 | 1 . 5 | - 8 . 4 | 4 . 5 | . . | | Central and Eastern < br > Europe ( CEE ) | 3 . 9 | - 5 . 2 | 4 . 4 | . . | _Source : _ World Bank ( Global Economic Prospects June 2020 ) , national statistical offices", "spans": [{"start": 1078, "end": 1103, "text": "Global Economic Prospects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of these assets was chosen to be a good proxy . Charity and tanker water were assumed to be protected , but not directly drinkable water sources . Drinking water source , sanitation and shelter data was in waves 1 and 2 only available in the post-harvest surveys and in wave 3 and 4 only in the post-planting survey . 17 Information concerning Education and current school enrollment deprivations is taken from the household roster and supplemented by information provided in the men and women surveys . 10", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 501, "text": "men and women surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "computer , refrigerator , television , air conditioner ( AC ) , or mobile phone , was also associated with a lower PMT score . To evaluate the performance of the national PMT in identifying the poor for inclusion in welfare programs , we explore the PMT ’ s performance in identifying the bottom 20 % , bottom 40 % and the bottom 60 % of the population . To do this , we set the PMT cutoff score equal to the observed per capita household consumption that identifies this group in the bottom of the consumption distribution , although in practice this PMT cutoff score could be set to any value based on program size and program objectives . For comparison purposes , we evaluate model performance relative to randomly drawing beneficiaries from the sample of households surveyed in the NHBPS 2014 / 2015 . < sup > 18 < / sup > Table 4 below presents targeting results based on a random sample of household beneficiaries . In this case each household has a probability of being included in the social program equal to the household poverty > 18 It may be the case that in practice a program not using a PMT could do better than randomly admitting applicants from the population , but a program could also do worse by admitting wealthy applicants not intended for the program . 14", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 804, "text": "NHBPS 2014 / 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic growth . These results show negative effects in 2001-2015 , whereas the positive effects found in Choi and Yi ( 2009 ) correspond to 1991-2000 . Maurseth ( 2018 ) suggests that the greatest benefits of ICT adoption could lie a decade or more in the past . Similarly , Edquist et al . ( 2018 ) find that a 10 percent increase in mobile broadband ( MBB ) network adoption ( measured as the percentage of total connections ) causes , on average , a 0 . 8 percent increase in GDP but with a decreasing impact over time ( disappearing 6 years after introduction ) , and it is smaller in magnitude in OECD countries . More recently , studies have tried to address the question of whether there are additional economic impacts with the adoption of newer mobile technologies . Bahia et . al ( 2019 ) investigate the impact of the rollout of mobile broadband technologies on GDP growth from 2000 to 2017 across more than 160 countries . The period under analysis covers the deployment of 2G technology until the roll-out of 4G . The authors find that , in general , a 10 percent increase in the adoption of ( any ) mobile technology is associated with an increase in GDP between 0 . 5 and 1 . 2 percent . This impact is 15 percent higher when connections are upgraded from 2G to 3G , and 25 percent higher when transitioning from 2G to 4G . The study also notes that the impacts are larger in countries with high education levels , suggesting a relationship between human capital and the potential gains of ICT adoption . Concerns about endogeneity are addressed using structural equations models , dynamic panel data , and instrumental variables . Haftu et al . ( 2019 ) also find that the expansion of mobile phone subscribers in 40 Sub-Saharan African countries had a significant positive causal effect on increases in the region ’ s per capita GDP reported between 2006 and 2015 . Explicitly , a 10 percent increase in mobile phone penetration in the region increases by 1 . 2 percent the GDP per capita . Contrary to these results , the authors find that internet penetration has not contributed to", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 263, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "included malaria , waterborne diseases , dysentery , and respiratory diseases ( a consequence of air pollution particularly from fossil fuel combustion and waste burning ) and HIV / AIDS . Others were lack of medical personnel , inadequate funding for health projects and dilapidated health infrastructure . _Prevalence of HIV / AIDS : _ Uganda has been recognized for HIV / AIDS prevention as prevalence has significantly reduced , yet is still high at 6 . 5 % < sup > 2 < / sup > . In most of the Program municipalities the prevalence rate is above the 6 . 5 % national average . This has led to high dependency ratios coupled with less income thus signifying increasing levels of poverty pockets . The major causes of this high prevalence rate in Municipal councils are poverty , prostitution and alcoholism , rapid urbanization , traditional beliefs , and mother to child transmission . The disease has resulted in adverse health and socio - economic outcomes and challenges . HIV / AIDs has had far reaching impacts on society and the economy in the Municipalities which include among others : - Large and ever increasing number of orphans that have overwhelmed the traditional social support systems leading to big number on streets and school drop outs . - Rise in poverty levels attributed to the death of household heads - Cost of treatment and funeral expenses exceed annual income of the family - Rise in child - , single female - , and elderly-headed households > 2 UNICEF 2009 : HIV / AIDS statistics . http : / / www . unicef . org / infobycountry / uganda_statistics . html # 89 6", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1513, "text": "HIV / AIDS statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where Lt0 is the overall index ; pj0 and pjt are the prices for the consumption component _j_ ( _m_ is the number of consumption components ) in the reference period _0_ and period _t_ ; and , sj0 is the share of consumption component _j_ for the reference basket evaluated at the prices in period _0_ : The aggregate price change between periods _t_ and _t-1_ can be derived as a ratio of two indices . It t − 1 has the same structure as ( 1 ) , except for the hybrid weights sj reflecting the consumption shares of the reference basket , which are evaluated at prices of period _t-1_ : Similar to ( 3 ) , the inflation index for a household _i_ can be defined as : and Cj , i is the consumption expenditure of household _i_ on goods from consumption category _j_ . < sup > 3 < / sup > Assuming the same prices are used to calculate both indexes , the difference between the two indexes can be decomposed as the covariance of the difference between the CPI and householdt − 1 specific shares sj , i − sj and the deviations of the relative component prices from their mean ( e . g . , Hagemann 1982 ) : > Laspeyres price index , the quantities that make up the basket must be the actual quantities of the price reference period . In practice , the expenditures and quantities used for CPIs typically come from household budget surveys undertaken some years before the price reference period for the CPI ( Hill 2010 ) . > 3 Although ( 4 ) has a similar functional form as ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) , the interpretation of this index is slightly different , as it no longer refers to a fixed quantity vector priced at one of the periods being compared ( t or t-1 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1310, "end": 1334, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 6 . Conclusions This study has looked at a hitherto understudied aspect of health care pricing in the Latin America and Caribbean region : procurement policies . Our novel analytical focus was enabled by a unique , high-granularity item-level public procurement database covering 7 countries and 2 territories throughout the 2012-2018 period . We analyzed the impact of a host of policy-relevant predictors on unit prices for pharmaceuticals , equipment , and medical supplies , using a range of regression and machine learning methods . Overall , our models perform exceptionally well , accounting for over 80 % of price variance in unseen data . These models enabled us to draw on a set of realistic policy changes to produce expected price savings in the health sector across the region . Overall , the identified small-scale interventions are predicted to lower unit prices by about 14 % . Our approach is novel , but it has a range of strengths and weaknesses which could be taken up by future research . The strength of the analytical framework rests in its rich empirical basis , government-wide administrative data of great detail ; the strong links between well-established economic theories and the relationships sought ; and the diversity of analytical methods , both quantitative and qualitative , leading to similar conclusions across the board . Moreover , our experiences with applying the framework in 9 LAC countries and territories suggest that the methods are replicable and largely standard across diverse contexts . Even though regulatory , data , and market differences require a great deal of care and adaptation of the methodology . However , the analytical framework is not without its weaknesses , some of which can be addressed in future iterations or with better data . Most fundamentally , missing and incorrect data can invalidate findings which is , luckily , a relatively limited problem in transactional e-procurement systems . Nevertheless , highly technical and seemingly minor problems can pose substantial challenges . For example , lack of sufficiently standardized units of measurement or dosage information can render unit price comparisons flawed . While the analyzed products are highly standardized across the region , important quality differences may remain in the products themselves or in the delivery schedules ( e . g .", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 272, "text": "item-level public procurement database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1089, "end": 1124, "text": "government-wide administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The number of randomized experiments being conducted in economics has exploded over the past decade , especially in development economics . The vast majority of these studies use only a single baseline and single follow-up survey , or a single follow-up with no baseline . This has been the case in the early randomized experiments looking at education ( e . g . Glewwe et al , 2004 ) and health outcomes ( e . g . Miguel and Kremer , 2004 ) , and has remained true as experiments have expanded to consider other interventions and outcomes , such as recent high-profile experiments in microfinance ( Karlan and Zinman , 2010 ; Banerjee et al , 2010 ) . In the rare cases where multiple post-treatment survey waves have been conducted , they have been typically taken relatively far apart in time , with the goal of examining whether the treatment effect differs in the short-term and medium-term . For example , Banerjee et al . ( 2007 ) examine impacts of educational interventions at one year and two year horizons . Indeed , so much is the paradigm of baseline plus follow-up accepted that the excellent toolkit for randomization of Duflo et al . ( 2008 ) does not discuss at all the possibility of doing more than one pre-treatment or posttreatment round of surveying , let alone the choice of how many such rounds . In contrast , the clinical trials literature has noted the potential advantages of taking repeated measures of outcomes of interest not just to study the time course of treatment effects , but to obtain more precise estimates of effects around particular endpoints ( Frison and Pocock , 1992 ) . Vickers ( 2003 ) argues that the number of repeat measures should be a key design choice in conducting experiments , and concludes that the benefit of such additional measures is of greatest value when the autocorrelation of measures is low , such as with episodic conditions like headaches . Such a description would certainly seem to fit key economic outcomes like business profits , and incomes and consumption of the poor . As the recent work by Collins et al . ( 2009 ) makes abundantly clear", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 740, "text": "post-treatment survey waves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to restore livelihoods and improve incomes of PAHs inside the Subproject corridor . # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 . 3 Administrative Measures and Support * * Findings of the census survey revealed that in Jiren Kebele – incorporated into Jima town administration only recently , at least 62 % ( 21 out of 34 PAHs ) of peri-urban and rural PAHs do not possess official land and or housing ownership PAHers ( title deed ) . The lack of such Papers particularly among peri-urban informal settlers makes them especially vulnerable to Page 166", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 180, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "children who enroll and the proportion who drop-out of school in the first 5 years . \" < sup > 1 < / sup > The pattern is again consistent . Ghana is the only Western and Central African country which does not have a large gender gap , and Bangladesh is the only South Asian one which does not . Among countries outside of Western and Central Africa , North Africa , and South Asia , the same set of countries who performed poorly with respect to gender equality reappear . An exception is Malawi where there is a relatively large gap . Malawi has two surveys separated by four years and a comparison of enrollment rates of 12 to 14 year olds in school between the survey dates reveals that although there was a gender disadvantage in 1992 , it had vanished by 1996 . The gap in the percentage of 15 to 19 year olds who have completed grade 5 is therefore most likely a reflection of a gender disadvantage which existed some time ago . Although we are focused here in female _disadvantages_ in education , it should not go unnoticed that in several countries there is a female _advantage . _ Of the 41 countries analyzed ( counting only the most recent survey in countries where there are two ) 16 have a female advantage in the enrollment of 6 to I I year olds , 10 have a female advantage in the enrollment of 12 to 14 year olds , and I 1 have a female advantage in the completion of grade 5 . The fact that the countries for which these data are drawn were not randomly selected makes it hard to draw strong conclusions , however it is indicative that a large disadvantage of girls in education may not be a worldwide problem , but is quite localized in certain regions or countries . < sup > 12 < / sup > _Comparison with other data sources_ At this point it might be useful to digress and compare the findings based on these ( generally ) nationally representative household surveys to those reported in standard crosscountry tables . Table 4 reports the primary net enrollment rate for girls as derived from the DHS > \" In", "spans": [{"start": 1844, "end": 1887, "text": "nationally representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2018, "end": 2021, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 | | | ∆ _σ × κσ_ | | | | 0 . 750 * * * < br > ( 0 . 022 ) | | 1 | | | Growth Component | | | | | 1 . 081 * * * < br > ( 0 . 007 ) | | 1 | | Distribution Component | | | | | 0 . 882 * * * < br > ( 0 . 015 ) | | 1 | | Constant | 0 . 103 | 0 . 156 * | 0 . 203 * * * | 0 . 165 * * * | 0 . 0129 | 0 | 0 | | | ( 0 . 087 ) | ( 0 . 083 ) | ( 0 . 075 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | | | | E [ _dH_ ] | - 0 . 826 | - 0 . 794 | - 0 . 794 | - 0 . 794 | - 0 . 794 | - 0 . 794 | - 0 . 794 | | E [ ∆ ̄ _y_ ] | 4 . 499 | 4 . 430 | 4 . 430 | 4 . 430 | 4 . 430 | 4 . 430 | 4 . 430 | | E [ ∆ _σ_ ] | | - 0 . 0626 | - 0 . 0626 | - 0 . 0626 | - 0 . 0626 | - 0 . 0626 | - 0 . 0626 | | Observations | 1310 | 1307 | 1307 | 1307 | 1307 | 1307 | 1307 | | R-squared | 0 . 425 | 0 . 463 | 0 . 584 | 0 . 893 | 0 . 951 | 0 . 876 | 0 . 942 | _Note : _ * , * * , * * * denote significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent level , respectively . Standard errors presented in parentheses . Dependent variable : percentage point change in the headcount poverty rate in country _i_ from year _t − n_ to _t_ , where the headcount poverty rate is calculated as the percent of the population under the $", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 31 , 523 . 17 27 , 653 . 55 Signed 2022-03-30 2022-04-04 2022-04-27 2022-05-31 2022-06-11 < br > de la Encuesta Nacional de D < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-39 / Compra d < br > e insumos para arrojar los desechos de las pruebas técnicas de la encuesta de desnutri IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 2 , 763 . 81 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-09-14 2022-11-09 2022-11-23 < br > ción infantil ( fundas para des < br > echo ) < br > C2-MIES-INEC-43 / Adquisici < br > ón de suministros de impresión y repuestos ( materiales de impresión , repuestos y accesorios ) , para la Encuesta Na IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 24 , 640 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2022-09-11 2022-10-09 2022-11-23 < br > cional de Desnutrición Infanti < br > l , fase encuesta < br > C2-MIES-INEC-44 / Adquisici < br > ón de equipos informáticos , dispositivos móviles para el levantamiento de informaciónde la Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "* * AN UNCERTAIN RECOVERY * * the current re-shoring trends to diversify their products and markets so they can catch up with regional peers . Because they are relatively more integrated into GVCs , North Macedonia , Serbia , and BiH should act to ensure that they can retain , strengthen , or expand their attractiveness as GVC participants by , e . g . , ensuring free flow of their manufactured goods across borders to ease the pathway to greater integration and diversification . The other three countries should double their efforts to penetrate GVCs in a sound and sustainable way so that they can diversify their export structure and mitigate shocks . * * In the short term , exports are not expected to recover quickly due to restrictions that limit movement of goods and people . * * The CEFTA Green Corridors for transport of goods introduced in April helped to mitigate the effect of restrictions and let essential goods benefit from priority passage . E-commerce has also supported economic activity during the crisis and can contribute to a resilient recovery ( Box 8 . 1 ) . Still , full recovery and return to prepandemic trade levels will not be easy as long * * Figure 8 . 4 . * * Potential to further diversify export products and markets is high . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Geographical and product diversity , number of export destination < br > countries < br > 35 < br > BGR < br > 30 < br > HRV < br > 25 LVAEST LTU < br > SRB SVN < br > 20 MNE BIH SVK < br > 15 ALB MKD < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 200 400 600 800 1 , 000 1 , 200 < br > Number of products exported < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Bank staff calculations based on COMTRADE and UNCTAD data .", "spans": [{"start": 1700, "end": 1724, "text": "COMTRADE and UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "industry ( but are not direct competitors ) . All startups were deemed by Vilcap to be of high quality and at similar stages . Baseline studies suggest that all startups accepted into the Vilcap program have similar observable characteristics , which does not differ by founder gender ( Burns et al . 2019 ) . Vilcap also provided access to a curated set of investors that had expressed an interest in startups at an early-stage and in a specific industry , which limits the sample to investors that have the potential to be interested in this stage of startup . Any differences in results should not be driven by differences in startup quality , nor investor interest . Vilcap ’ s evaluation process is typical of the average investment organization in several ways . The average investment organization employs a collective evaluation process to decide whether to invest their organization ’ s funds into startups ( Tyebjee and Bruno 1984 , Fried and Hisrich 1994 ) , which typically takes about 90 days ( Gompers et al . 2020 ) . Investment organizations assess startups using organization-level criteria which typically include assessments of the founding team , market size , product and business model ( Cohen et al . 2019b , Gompers et al . 2020 ) . As shown in a simplistic model in Figure 1 , when evaluating , investors typically receive information such as a pitch deck or overview , meet founders , and then make a decision on whether to continue to diligence ( or inquire about ) the startup . This process repeats , as investors progress through deeper stages of diligence before they invest in a startup . In Vilcap , this process unfolds with two types of investors . Professional investors , < sup > 1 < / sup > embedded in a range of investment organizations , meet startups once . They receive a venture overview , written by Vilcap , meet approximately three founders for thirty minutes , and evaluate startups using a Vilcap survey where they decide if they wish to conduct due diligence , and ask for additional information > 1 Professional investors were invited by Vilcap and included other accelerator managers , investors from angel groups , and early-stage venture capital", "spans": [{"start": 1939, "end": 1952, "text": "Vilcap survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . 1 Mapping Global CO2 Emissions * * Our econometric exercise measures marginal effects on atmospheric concentration anomalies from CO2 emissions by industry , fires , and non-industrial population-related sources . Concentration anomalies are measured in parts per billion ; we convert to emissions volumes using a global adjustment . With 2019 as the benchmark year , Ritchie and Roser ( 2020 ) estimate global CO2 emissions of 35 . 4 gigatons ( Gt ) from fossil fuels and industrial sources . Bailis et al . ( 2015 ) estimate global CO2 emissions of 1 . 1 Gt from traditional woodfuels that are still used for heating in many locations . Adding the two yields a total estimate ( GCO2 ) of 36 . 5 Gt . Using the estimated model coefficients in Table 1 , we predict industry - and population-related concentration anomalies for each of the 266 , 884 grid cells in our global database . The industry component ( ICO2 ) for each cell is the sum of predicted effects for industry emissions in the cell and wind-displaced industry emissions from neighboring cells . The population component ( PCO2 ) is the sum of predicted effects for heating degree days , cooling degree days , and income per capita , adjusted by the subway impact multiplier . We sum across cells to produce the global aggregate concentration anomaly :", "spans": [{"start": 877, "end": 892, "text": "global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to all members of a society with the end goal of providing financial risk protection , improving access to health services and health outcomes < / mark > . ” < sup > 9 < / sup > Financed from the Lebanon Syria Multi-Donor Trust Fund , the project aims to strengthen and improve access to PHC services , especially for the low-income host communities crowded out by the increased demand for PHC services from refugees . The project strengthens the capacity of 75 MoPH network centers , expands the package of services provided , and subsidizes the cost of care to 150 , 000 poor Lebanese enrolled in the NPTP ( see Box 2 ) . However , strengthening the capacity of the network clinics also extends benefits to low-income non-subsidized Lebanese and displaced Syrians covered by the international community . The latest MoPH data show that improving the capacity of the network centers through the EPHRP is having a positive impact on access to services for host communities and displaced Syrians alike . While before the project access to PHC services was relatively low , especially for host communities in areas with high concentration of displaced Syrians , it increased steadily after the start of the project for both poor Lebanese ( 28 percent ) and displaced Syrians ( 47 percent ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > The project demonstrates that strengthening the integrated PHC model benefits both communities . > 9 WHO , SDGs , 2016 . > 10 Ministry of Public Health data , 2017 . Page 13 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 827, "text": "MoPH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1437, "end": 1467, "text": "Ministry of Public Health data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( PS MoPS ) as the principal signatory and the person designated by the Accountant General who , in this case , is the Principal Accountant . If the Accounting Officer is not present , he will delegate authority to sign to the Under-Secretary Finance and Administration . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > PSRP FUNDS FLOW CHART < br > GOU , IDA and < br > other DPs < br > Common Pool Local < br > Common Pool Foreign < br > Currency account in BOU < br > Exchange in BOU < br > PSRP transactions paid in either USD or UGS < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was chosen over OLS as a more flexible estimator ; sensitivity tests with OLS produced similar results . Estimated coefficients from the regression model were then applied to the future values of each predictor variable to compute the future predicted physician density . Alternative model specifications were explored , which included different ways in which input parameters could be calculated ( e . g . percentage of the population aged 65 + , out ‐ of ‐ pocket health spending as a percentage of total health expenditures ) . To select the appropriate model , the data were split into an initializing data set ( data years 1995 ‐ 2004 ) and an attesting data set ( data years 2005 ‐ 2013 ) with which to assess the precision of predicted values resulting from different specifications . The model in Equation 1 yielded predictions with the lowest mean errors . We conducted two additional sensitivity analyses of the projections of physician demand resulting from the optimal demand model chosen to alternative input parameters . First , we assess the stability of the predictions to alternative estimated future values of GDP per capita . We use alternative estimated real GDP per capita ( US $ 2010 ) from the Economic Research Service ( ERS ) International Macroeconomic Data Set published by the United States ‐ Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) , available at < u > http : / / www . ers . usda . gov / data < / u > 6", "spans": [{"start": 1251, "end": 1287, "text": "International Macroeconomic Data Set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The studies assessing the relative accuracy of recall vis-à-vis diary - or crop cutting-based approaches to data collection on crop production and yields are few and far between . P4F < sup > 5 < / sup > Deininger et al . ( 2012 ) compare recall - versus diary-based estimates of cassava production , captured as part of a national crop diary operation integrated into the Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) 2005 / 06 . The documented magnitude of discrepancies between the two methods are especially high for cassava . Specifically , the authors show that recall underestimates both the householdlevel incidence of cassava cultivation and the value of cassava production by 28 percent and 24 percent , respectively . And Deininger et al . ( 2012 ) acknowledge that these already large discrepancies may constitute a lower bound given the 6-month duration of the diary operation and the fact that cassava can be harvested over a longer period . In the context of Malawi , at the macrolevel , the extent of discrepancies among the international databases , the ministerial data sources , and the national household surveys in terms of reported cassava production and yields further underscore the need for methodological research for improving the statistics on root , tuber and tree crops in general , and cassava in particular . Considering the importance of cassava for food security and the absence of best practices in accurate survey data collection on extended-harvest crop production and yields , we present the results of a household survey experiment that randomly assigned sampled households in top cassava-producing districts in Malawi to one of four approaches to cassava production measurement over a 12-month period . These methods were : ( 1 ) daily diary-keeping , with semiweekly in-person supervision visits ( D1 ) – the traditional gold standard in survey data collection ; ( 2 ) daily diary-keeping , with semi-weekly supervisory phone calls ( D2 ) ; ( 3 ) 6-month recall-based data collection in 2 visits that were 6 months apart ( R1 ) ; and ( 4 ) 12-month recall-based data collection in a single visit ( R2 ) – the current approach in Malawi and arguably the most cost effective practice for household and farm surveys collecting information on", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 405, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1037, "end": 1060, "text": "international databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1067, "end": 1091, "text": "ministerial data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1102, "end": 1128, "text": "national household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the years , they have lost access to land and land-based resources that are key to their livelihoods . This follows the gazettement of these habitats as forests or national reserves or their excision and allocation to individuals , who subsequently obtain titles to the land . These communities are now recognized internationally as minority groups deserving special protection by the State with regard to their land rights and ability to manage their natural resources in a sustainable manner . These communities have not been represented adequately in governmental decision making at all levels since they are relatively few in number . Their political and economic marginalization has also been attributed to the fact that colonial policies assimilated them into neighbouring communities . In addition , the colonial Government alienated their lands through forest preservation policies , which effectively rendered them landless as they were denied the right to live in the forests . Colonial capitalism also led to the marginalization of huntergatherer communities at the expense of agricultural expansion . To protect and sustain the land rights of the minorities , the Government shall : _ - _a ) Undertake an inventory of the existing minority communities with a view to obtaining a clear assessment of their status and land rights , and_ - _b ) Facilitate the practice of their land tenure and resource management systems by providing a suitable legalframework \" _ ( Draft land policy § 69-7 1 ) . - The GoK will use the WKCDD / FM & NRM projects as policy test-beds and will - . hasten that the indigenous peoples in the operational areas obtain titles ( letter of allotment , group ranches etc . ) for the land they are presently occupying and using and will support all necessary steps ( land survey and demarcation , registration and > 12 The WKCDD / FM and the NRM projects will use the positions expressed in the draft land policy whatever the implementation status of this document is .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024 ont été en majorité évalués dans les communes de Socoura , Tombouctou , Anchawadi , Ségou , Sio , Alafia et Mopti . Graphique 6 : Etat de la majorité des abris où vivent les PDI par Cercle < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TENENKOU 100 % < br > MACINA 100 % < br > DISTRICT 6 DE BAMAKO 50 % 50 % < br > GOUNDAM 100 % < br > ANSONGO 33 % 67 % < br > BOUREM 20 % 80 % < br > SEGOU 8 % 92 % < br > NIONO 100 % < br > GAO 27 % 9 % 64 % < br > TOMBOUCTOU 9 % 9 % 82 % < br > MOPTI 20 % 11 % 69 % < br > Bon état Complètement détruit Partiellement détruit < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Par ailleurs , les ménages PDI peuvent faire face à des risques d ’ expulsion même si ils se trouvent dans des abris en bon ou en mauvais état . Parmi les sites / localités évalués , 30 pour cent avaient évoqués des risques d ' expulsion dans leurs abris dans les 6 prochains mois . Ces cas probables d ’ eviction ont été plus notés dans les cercles de Ségou , de Tenenkou , d ’ Ansongo et de Goundam . Graphique 7 : Risques d ' expulsion des personnes de leurs abris par Cercle < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TENENKOU 100 % < br > MAC", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 25, "text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# # # * * Table A1 . 2 : Revisions to Results Framework * * | * * Revisions to * * | * * the Results Framework * * | * * Comments / * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * Rationale for Change * * | | * * HIGHER LEVEL OBJECT * * | * * IVES * * | | | _Current ( PAD ) Indicators_ | _Proposed change * _ | | | Gender Parity Index for < br > grades 8 completion rate . | * * Revised : * * < br > Male / Female for grade 8 completion rate . | Male / Female figure helps to < br > disaggregate the indicator by < br > gender . | | Under-5 mortality rate ( out of < br > 1 , 000 live births ) . | * * Dropped . * * | The indicator is monitored every < br > five years , no recent baseline . | | * * PDO indicators * * | | | | _Current ( PAD ) Indicators_ | _Proposed change_ | | | | * * New : * * < br > Children immunized ( number ) . | Bank Core sector indicator added . | | Reduced lab-confirmed new < br > malaria cases . | * * Dropped . * * | The indicator is no longer < br > monitored through HMIS . | | Proportion of rural and urban < br > population with access to < br > potable water . | * * Revised : * * < br > Proportion of malfunctioning water < br > supplies . | Revised the water related indicator < br > to more closely monitor changes < br > due to increased recurrent < br > expenditures on water sector . | | Cumulative number of < br > farmers ( in millions ) trained", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1000, "text": "HMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "macroeconomic front , AI ’ s are seen serving the ultimate goal of reducing government spending , which contributes to reducing the budget deficit , inflation and government borrowing ( other things equal ) . This is sensed through setting up a dedicated institutional setup with the purpose of providing free services at to the society in order to contribute to maximizing welfare . This is efficiently achieved while fully binding to resource constraints as the main operational feature of this setup builds on maintaining the property itself and not consuming it through the process . In addition to helping achieve inter-generational equity , awqaf help also achieve intra generational equity through supplying services to much consecutive generations . This setup needs simple prerequisites to ensure optimal social returns ; this includes honesty of caretakers , entitled legal identity and finally efficient administration . This in turn alters Timur Kuran ’ s imprecise judgment and assessment to awqaf . Kuran thinks the nonprofit setup of awqaf wasn ’ t intended as it was initially proposed for corporatization < sup > 25 < / sup > . This is not necessarily right as , awqaf ; since its inception , were meant to provide non-fee charitable services to contribute to overall welfare of society . Another significant feature is that it is intended by construction to facilitate access to assets and social services and hence is not by any mean perceived as structural stagnation . # * * Section IV . Gaps and Challenges of Enhancing Inclusion through Islamic Finance * * Although the OIC countries have experienced rapid economic growth and financial expansion during the past decade , low level of financial inclusion is still constraining the development of many Islamic economies . The argument is based on our analysis of two recent databases , the Doing Business Report 2011 by the World Bank and the Financial Access Report 2010 by the CGAP . In order to obtain a comprehensive analysis of the financial inclusion status of OIC countries , we calculated and compared the financial access related indicators of OIC countries with those of other groups of countries , i . e . , GCC , OPEC , OECD , OIC excluding GCC , MENA region , low Income countries , and developing", "spans": [{"start": 1862, "end": 1888, "text": "Doing Business Report 2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1915, "end": 1943, "text": "Financial Access Report 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the five sub-counties of the district . * * Table 41 : * * * * _Percentage Distribution of Education Levels by Sub-County in Bukomansimbi District_ * * | * * Sub-County * * | * * No * * | * * Primary * * | * * Secondary * * | * * Tertiary * * | * * Literacy * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Education * * < br > * * ( % ) * * | * * Education ( % ) * * | * * Education ( % ) * * | * * Education ( % ) * * | * * Rate ( % ) * * | | Bukomansimbi | 5 | 40 | 30 | 25 | 65 | | Town | | | | | | | Kibinge | 7 | 45 | 25 | 23 | 60 | | Lwengo | 10 | 35 | 30 | 25 | 62 | | Kabonera | 8 | 42 | 28 | 22 | 63 | | Kooki | 6 | 38 | 32 | 24 | 61 | * * 4 . 3 . 6 Health Facilities and Performance * * * * 4 . 3 . 6 . 1 General * * In general , health issues in Uganda are best summated by a single statistic . According to the latest WHO data published in 2020 , life expectancy in Uganda is 63 . 2 years for males , and 70 . 1 years for females , and total life expectancy is 66 . 7 years , which gives Uganda a World Life Expectancy ranking of 136 as compared with expectancies in the late 70s and even early 80s in developed countries . Urban communities are more likely to have a health facility compared to rural communities and at the same time have the required human resources as compared to", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 857, "text": "WHO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "' 02 ' 03 ' 04 ' 05 ' 06 ' 07 ' 08 * < br > * 2008 data refers to January-June only . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > While the top three source countries of asylum-seekers in the 44 industrialized countries showed either a downward or stable trend , the number of * * Somali * * asylum applications continued to remain high during the first half of 2008 , reflecting the deteriorating situation in the country . Indeed , more than 7 , 400 Somali asylumseekers were registered in the 44 industrialized countries between January and June 2008 . This figure compares to the 5 , 000 Somali claims in the first half , and 6 , 600 in the second half of 2007 . Both figures , however , exclude data for Italy where no monthly asylum statistics are available . < sup > 11 < / sup > The 7 , 400 Somali asylum applications submitted in the first semester of 2008 are the highest level on record since the second semester of 2003 ( 9 , 300 asylum claims , excluding Italy ) , making it the fourth largest source country of asylum-seekers among the 44 industrialized countries . With more than 6 , 300 asylum claims lodged by its citizens during the first semester of 2008 , * * Pakistan * * became the fifth most important source country of asylum-seekers , after having been third only one year ago . This drop comes mainly as a result of fewer Pakistani citizens applying for asylum in Greece ( - 19 % ) . As for Somalis , the number of * * Afghan * * citizens requesting refugee status in the industrialized world continues to increase . With close to 6 , 300 new applications recorded during the first six months of 2008 , Afghanistan is now the sixth most important source country of asylum-seekers . Excluding the 700 Afghan asylum claims lodged in Italy between January and June 2008 , the increase amounted to 22 per cent compared to the corresponding period of 2007 , and to 42 per cent since", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 55, "text": "2008 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 721, "end": 746, "text": "monthly asylum statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A third set of assumptions are related to the effectiveness of mitigation _ ( m ) _ strategies . We assume that remote learning is never as effective as classroom instruction . It is hard to keep children engaged cognitively with all the distractions in the household , devices have to be shared between siblings , and it can be hard for families to decipher television programming . Moreover , access to a television or internet ( the main channels of delivering remote learning ) is highly unequal . We also assume that the economic shock that families are experiencing will also have detrimental effects on the ability of children to make effective use of any available mitigating strategies , especially as family incomes drop , family and child food security worsen , and household stress increases . In our simulation , we bring together three elements , the government supply ( or expected coverage ) of alternative education modalities ( G ) , the ability of households to access ( or take-up ) these alternative modalities ( A ) , and the effectiveness of the alternative modalities ( E ) . Building on existing household surveys , such as the MICS , DHS , and other multitopic household surveys , we were able to identify the share of households with access to internet , computer , mobile phones , land lines , radio , and television ( Table 2 ) . This information helped us shape some of our main scenarios . We assumed that all governments ( G ) were offering some type of alternative modality , but household access ( A ) and the effectiveness ( E ) of these modalities were heterogenous depending on the income of the country . * * Table 2 : Household access to technology * * | | | | * * Sh * * | * * are of house * * | * * holds possess * * | * * ing : * * < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * mobile * * | |", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1138, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1153, "end": 1157, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1160, "end": 1163, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1176, "end": 1204, "text": "multitopic household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Direct Selection Direct - National 41 , 865 . 60 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-10-11 2022-10-11 2022-10-15 2022-10-17 2022-11-10 2022-12-31 < br > riodo : octubre-diciembre 202 < br > 2 ( Centro - Ambato – Enlista < br > miento y Encuesta ) < br > C2-MIES-INEC-49 / Servicio d < br > e transporte en camionetas c < br > on conductor , necesario parael desarrollo del operativo decampo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición Infantil , pe IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Direct Selection Direct - National 41 , 865 . 60 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-10-11 2022-10-11 2022-10-15 2022-10-17 2022-11-10 2022-12-31 < br > riodo : octubre-diciembre 202 < br > 2 ( Sur - Cuenca – Enlistamien < br > to y Encuesta ) < br > C2-MIES-INEC-50 / Contratac < br > ión de una agencia de viaje para la provisión de pasajes aéreos en rutas nacionales para el operativo de campo de l IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 46 , 368 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-25 2022-12-29 2023-12-29 < br > a Encuesta Nacional de Desn < br > utrición Infantil año 2023 <", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 530, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición Infantil", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1294, "end": 1319, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desn", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * * * Rising energy prices over recent years demonstrate that many households are vulnerable to energy poverty . * * The recent energy crisis in Europe raised concerns about energy affordability , especially among low-income households . Households with lower disposable income might spend a higher share of their overall income on energy . Therefore , they might be more affected by the energy crisis or rising energy prices , more generally speaking , than high-income households . The fact that poor people spend a larger share of their income on energy and might even decrease their energy usage in response to rising prices is often described by the concept of energy poverty . Energy poverty has negative welfare implications for poorer households . Energy poverty might result in severe health deterioration , especially in cold climates and during winter months . According to data by Eurostat , nearly one-tenth of the population in Europe , a total of 35 million people , is affected by energy poverty ( European Commission , 2023 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > * * Tackling energy poverty is one of the commitments of the European Union ( EU ) , but identifying the energy poor is challenging , partly because of data limitations . * * The EU targets both the mitigation and reduction of energy poverty ( European Commission , 2023 ) . To achieve this goal , policymakers apply a variety of tools , such as increasing energy efficiency , decarbonization strategies , and clean energy transitions . In addition , to facilitate knowledge exchange and good practices on energy poverty , the EU has launched the Energy Poverty Advisory Hub , the Horizon 2020 Energy Efficiency Calls , the LIFE Clean Energy Transition Program , and other initiatives . Still , identifying those who are most vulnerable to energy poverty remains challenging , both due to a lack of common definitions and reliable data sources ( Robayo-Abril and Rude , 2023a ) . One important limitation is that monetary measures of energy poverty rely mainly on data gathered via household budget surveys ( HBS ) , which often consist of small sample sizes and are only representative at high geographic levels .", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 926, "text": "data by Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2072, "end": 2096, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries with fuel > 25 percent of total exports . Country fixed effects are included in the regression . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . # * * 8 . Conclusions * * The evidence does not support the notion that natural resource wealth promotes fiscal indiscipline in general . The permanent income theory suggests that the appropriate response to a resource windfall should depend on how long it lasts . A temporary windfall should be largely saved since the permanent increase in consumption will be small compared with the windfall . The less temporary the windfall is , the larger the proportion that it is appropriate to take in increased consumption . 30", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 51, "text": "Annual data from 1996 – 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "variation across indices . SEE has advanced the most on reforms in banking and infrastructure , followed by the Caucasus ( FSU3 ) , while European CIS countries ( FSU2 ) have done the most in the non-bank financial area , followed by SEE . The Central Asian republics have made the least progress in all three areas , with one country — Turkmenistan — not advancing at all in any . What follows briefly discusses current policies for financial and infrastructure services . < sup > 5 < / sup > > 4 See Annex 1 for more detailed information on the construction of the EBRD reform indices . > 5 What follows draws on a more detailed discussion in Eschenbach and Hoekman ( 2005 ) . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > ntretien à la Cellule de Cordi < br > nation du PDVIR < br > IDA / 61320 | Project Management , Coord < br > ination , Monitoring and Eval < br > uation < br > | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 4 , 110 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Under Impleme < br > ation | nt < br > 2019-12-17 | 2019-11-2 | 2 < br > 2019-12-27 | | | | 2020-02-07 | | 2021-02-01 | | CM-MINHDU-144288-CS-CD < br > S / Recrutement d ' un audite < br > ur externe pour l ' audit comp < br > table et financier du PDVIR ( < br > période PPA , exercice 2019 < br > et 2020 ) < br > IDA / 61320 | Project Management , Coord < br > ination , Monitoring and Eval < br > uation < br > | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 51 , 712 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Under Impleme < br > ation | nt < br > 2019-11-30 | 2021-01-1 | 3 < br > 2019-12-10 | | | | 2020-02-13 | | 2021-02-07 | | CM-MINHDU-169875-CS-IND < br > V / Recrutement de l ' évaluat < br > eur externe de la mise en œ < br > uvre du PAR ( sous-projets st < br > ructurants ) < br > IDA / 61320 | Improving Connectivity and < br > Living environment in Benef < br > iciary Cities < br > | Post | Individual Consult < br > ant Selection | Limited | 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ". These DLRs have already been verified and National Treasury has received a reimbursement of * * USD 33 * * million * * ( * * < sup > * * 6 6 * * < / sup > * * % * * of the total credit ) . In addition , there are other DLRs which are at different stages of implementation and officers are working tirelessly to ensure that all the indicators are achieved before the end of the program . Through the program , the Bureau has also been able to digitize data collection processes for most surveys / censuses and a lot of microdata have been uploaded in the * * KNBS * * website . # # # # # * * Way Forward * * - * * a . * * Carry out the scheduled activities with the resources available - * * b . * * Undertake training to * * fill * * the skills gaps - * * c . * * Comprehensive implementation of Job Evaluation reports in line with Management / Board recommendations ; - * * d . * * Recruitment of staff to * * fill * * any identified vacancies and development of existing ones ; In conclusion , I laud the efforts of the Board , entire staff and other stakeholders for the support provided during the period that ensured the Bureau implemented majority of the planned activities . Sincere appreciation to our development partners who have been a great help in the development of statistics not only at the Bureau but in the country as a whole . Particular gratitude goes to * * AfDB , * * Statistics Sweden through SIDA , * * UNICEF , UNDP , UNFPA * * and World Bank for both financial and technical support that facilitated * * KNBS * * conduct key surveys to bridge some of the existing data gaps . The Bureau greatly recognises and appreciates the invaluable support and feedback * * by * * our data producers , suppliers and users that enabled the institution achieve its mandate . * * Macdonald G . Obudho ,", "spans": [{"start": 520, "end": 529, "text": "microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities project are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial period ended June 30t , * * 2017 * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Principal Secretary for State Department for Public Service and Youth Affairs and the Project Coordinator for Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Principal Secretary of the State Department for Public Service and the Project Coordinator for State Department for Public Service project confirm that the Project has complied * * fully * * with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . # # # # # * * Approval of the Project financial statements * * The Project financial statements were approved * * by * * the Principal Secretary for the State Department for Public Service and Youth and the Pro * ect Coordinator for Kenya Youth Employment and Opportunities Project on 2 * * 2017 * * and signed * * by * * them . Pr cipal Secre ary Project Coordinator Project Accountant : Name : Lillian Mbogo-Omolo , * * CBS * * Name : Olivia Ouko Name : Rose Wangeci ICPAK Member Number : * * 18723 * * vii", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 516, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| First stage < br > Table 8 : Export participation and share of workers trained by occupational group , | ( 1 ) < br > IV estimates | ( 2 ) < br > for switchers | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Dependent variable : Export ( = 1 if yes ) | | | | Industry-specific trade-weighted log real exchange rate | 0 . 004 * * | 0 . 004 * * | | | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | | F-statistic | 10 . 673 | 10 . 771 | | Second stage | | | | A : Dependent variable : share of workers in skill level 4 receiving technical upgrading | | | | Export ( = 1 if yes ) | 0 . 052 | 0 . 049 | | | ( 0 . 067 ) | ( 0 . 065 ) | | B : Dependent variable : share of workers in skill level 3 receiving technical upgrading | | | | Export ( = 1 if yes ) | 0 . 086 | 0 . 097 | | | ( 0 . 229 ) | ( 0 . 241 ) | | C : Dependent variable : share of workers in skill level 2 receiving technical upgrading | | | | Export ( = 1 if yes ) | 0 . 061 * | 0 . 063 * | | | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | | D : Dependent variable : share of workers in skill level 1 receiving technical upgrading | | | | Export ( = 1 if yes ) | 0 . 104 * * | 0 . 106 * * | | | ( 0 . 042 ) | ( 0 . 042 ) | | Firm effects | Yes | Yes | | Firm controls | No | Yes | | Observations | 18170 | 18170 | | Notes : Robust standard errors clustered by firm in parentheses . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * < br > year effects . Firms controls", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "monotonous trend . This suggests reliance on population statistics or use of interpolation techniques . _ ( 2 ) Omission of the civil strife . _ Most importantly , these estimates do not take into account migration flows and the consequences of the civil war on the economically active population . Especially the last point devalues official estimates . According to the Commission for Historical Clarification ( 1999 ) , the internal military conflict left an estimated 200 , 000 civilians dead and another 1 million displaced , for a total population of about 10 million . Such an immense impact of the civil strife should be reflected somewhere in the statistics ? but it is not . # * * Figure 3 . Guatemala : Labor Force , 1950-2002 * * ( millions of workers ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 < br > Estimate ILO INE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Author ’ s calculations based on Banco de Guatemala ( 2003 ) , INE and ILO data . In the absence of reliable information about the economically active population from these sources , labor is here proxied by the number of private contributors to the Guatemalan Social Security System ( IGSS ) . The reliance on the number of private contributors to the Social Security System in order to account adequately for the economically active population is also adopted in an IMF study for the case of El Salvador by Morales ( 1998 ) , and for Guatemala by Prera ( 1999 ) . The numbers representing the labor force are calculated by assuming that the social security - 22 -", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 66, "text": "population statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix 2 : The role of networks in explaining migrants ’ occupational choices To better understand the role of networks of co-national migrants in the occupational choices of migrants , we estimate the following regression using two different waves of the EU-LFS : Log ( pct_migrant_2018 ) cok = α + β log ( pct_migrant_2005 ) cok + ηc + Ωo + φk + ε cok ( 2 ) where log ( pct_migrant_2018 ) cok is the logarithm of the percentage of migrants in 2018 in each ISCO 3-digit occupation _c_ that are from the region of origin _o_ in NUTS2 division of destination _k_ . Log ( pct_migrant_2005 ) cok is the logarithm of the share of migrant population from region of origin _o_ in each occupation _c_ residing in NUTS2 division of residence _k_ in 2005 . Ωo is a vector of regions of origin _o_ ( native , EU15 , NMS13 , EFTA , Other European countries , MENA , SubSaharan Africa , Asia , Latin America and non-Europe OECD countries ) ; ηc is a vector of dummy variables for each ISCO 3-digit occupation ; and φk is a vector of dummy variables for each NUTS2 division of residence K . In order to avoid overlapping of migrants in the two periods , we restrict the sample of migrants in 2018 to those that arrived within the previous ten years . Migrant networks are particularly strong among co-nationals in the same area of residence . We run the OLS regression in equation ( 2 ) in which the cell of analysis is the ratio of migrants from world region of origin _o_ to native in NUTS2 division of residence _k_ working in occupation _c_ . The results of this regression analysis show a strong path dependence in occupational choices of migrants even after controlling for occupation , region of origin and NUTS2 division of residence fixed effects ( Table A1 ) . Our preferred regression includes all occupations – even those without a single migrant – and origin region , host NUTS2 division and occupation fixed effects . The results ( Column 2 ) show that a 1 percent increase in the share of co-national migrants in an occupation in 2005 is associated with a 0 . 13 percent", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 266, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information on the sampling distribution of our bound estimates , so that we have more clarity on their precision . Second , a potential extension to our analysis is to dive deeper into the chronic nature of poverty by creating a synthetic panel for three rounds . For example , we could investigate the crosssectional surveys of 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , which would give estimates for the proportion of poor people over a longer or shorter time interval . Naturally , our analysis would benefit from the inclusion of more recent data , specifically the latest available HIS 2019 and upcoming HIS 2022 survey data . This would enable the investigation of both the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and longer-term trends in poverty and income mobility . This would be useful for future policies , including the implementation of the recently released Twelfth Malaysia Plan for 2021 – 25 and the preparation of the Thirteenth Malaysia Plan that will cover 2026 – 2030 . As in many other countries , the pandemic has had a severe impact on the lives and livelihoods of Malaysians . It is very likely that some of the progress in poverty reduction has been reversed , and that the likelihood of poverty exit 33", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 326, "text": "crosssectional surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 589, "end": 609, "text": "HIS 2022 survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "source is information collected by World Bank staff , and Iran , where we use food price data compiled by the Central Bank . < sup > 7 < / sup > To our knowledge there is no consistent information on food prices in Libya , which is hence omitted from the analysis . < sup > 8 < / sup > For some countries food prices refer to urban or capital centers . Overall , because of the great emphasis on consistency checks with other than official sources , we believe the food price dataset provides accurate information . Food inflation rates for eighteen MENA countries are presented in the Annex , Figures 1A-C . We provide data for almost all MENA economies for the period from December 2006 to October 2011 . The beginning of this period is commonly regarded as the start of the first global food price shock . In nearly all countries food inflation registered a peak in 2008 , yet there are substantial differences in food inflation patterns across the Arab world , reflecting idiosyncratic factors at the domestic level . In general , domestic food inflation in MENA remained lower than global food inflation , and in most Arab economies food inflation remained positive even during the period when international food inflation turned negative . This fact is consistent with asymmetric transmission of international food price fluctuations to domestic markets in the Arab world – a hypothesis investigated in the second part of this paper . As a first attempt to understand the exposure of the MENA countries to global food shocks , we present ratios of net imports to domestic consumption of key food commodities , together with their respective import and consumption shares , by country ( Table 1A ) and country groupings ( Table 1B ) . The ratios of net imports to domestic consumption are indicative of the dependency on foreign imports to satisfy domestic demand for grains , edible oils , meat , and sugar . The analysis covers grain and non-grain imports ; the latter account for approximately half of all food imports in developing MENA ( Table 1B ) . In the GCC their share is just under 30 percent . Dependency ratios , presented in Table 1A , are", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 93, "text": "food price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 465, "end": 483, "text": "food price dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 18 - 111 staff drawn from all departments have been trained to date ( Annex 7 ) . A scheme for establishing a regular training institute at Jinja was studied by SOFRERAIL ( 1982 ) , but the recommendations were probably too elaborate for URC ' s size and were not implemented . Except for diesel locomotive maintenance and repair training which now has been systematically organized , training in other disciplines is not adequate , particularly in respect of manpower and career development . Inexpensive schemes for upgrading instructional standards and training equipment and aids and a program for use of facilities of other African Railways ( Zambia , Kenya ) need to be prepared . The Railways Investment Program will include the preparation of a training program ; this could also be financed by the Railways Project with IDA acting as lender of last resort . # # # D . Operational and Financial Performance 2 . 21 Operational performance generally has been affected by poor functioning of the telecommunications system , low locomotive availability and in service failures . Substandard track maintenance has , over the years , led to a steady decline in maximum permissible speeds ; the increa & e in the incidence of line derailments is attributable to a combinataon of track and vehicle defects rather than to any single factor . Some cperating indices and accident statistics are in Annexes 8 and 9 . Main line locomotive availability fell by half to 36 percent between 1985 and 1987 . In the same period , the utilization per available locomotive dropped from a low 42 , 000 to 25 , 400 kms annually . Out of the 48 main line locomotives , the 20 standard class 73 are the mainstay of the fleet . Three locomotives have had to be downgraded to shunting duties because of cracked axles and with the loan of 4 locomotives to the TRC for haulage of Uganda ' s coffee traffic between Mwanza and Tabora , exported through Dar es Salaam Port , URC has presently no reserves to deal with on-line locomotive failures or to clear backlogs of traffic interrupted", "spans": [{"start": 1348, "end": 1389, "text": "cperating indices and accident statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and organizational form . < sup > 1 < / sup > However , once we drop the former Socialist countries , organizational form becomes the most important firm-level explanatory variable . In comparing the different institutional theories , we exploit the World Business Environment Survey ( WBES ) , a major cross-sectional survey conducted in developed and developing countries in 1999 and led by the World Bank . We use survey responses from 7760 firms in 80 countries to questions about property rights and firm characteristics . The survey contains data on small as well as large firms , and on private corporations and partnerships as well as publicly traded firms . < sup > 2 < / sup > In order to compare the different theories and to examine the relative influence of firm effects versus country effects , we use variance decomposition analysis . This methodology is well established in the corporate strategy literature in the context of decomposing profitability into corporate and industry effects ( Schmalensee , 1985 ; Rumelt , 1991 ; McGahan and Porter , 1997 , 2002 ; Khanna and Rivkin , 2001 ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > The methodology allows us to focus directly on the general importance of these effects in explaining property rights without any assumptions on _causality_ or structural analysis . Our analysis also uncovers a methodological issue that has not received adequate attention in the literature . The explanatory power of several institutional theories depends on the proxies used to represent these theories . We identify several potentially significant scaling issues that occur if empirical tests do not pay attention to non-linearities arising due to the way the proxies are scaled . These scaling issues have the potential to overturn conclusions drawn from tests . This paper is closely related to the recent work of Stulz , Karolyi , and Doidge ( 2004 ) who investigate variation in the ratings of governance in large firms in a large sample of countries . They find that most of the variation in governance ratings across firms is explained by country characteristics rather than firm characteristics . They attribute this finding to the increased incentives of firms in better legal environments to adopt better governance structures . > 1 Firms", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 283, "text": "World Business Environment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 417, "end": 465, "text": "survey responses from 7760 firms in 80 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "responsibility of the internal audit function to monitor compliance with this provision in terms of verifying suppliers , contractors and subcontractors , consultants , and checking the names against the World Bank debarred / suspended list , and then reporting if any case is observed . _-_ Procurement entities shall ensure that fraud and corruption risk prevention measures are implemented throughout the Program , as agreed in the PAP , and that they will take timely and appropriate action to address issues . _-_ For every bidding opportunity under the Program , each participating bidder shall be required to submit ( as part of their bid ) a self-declaration that the firm / individual is not subject to debarment or has not been sanctioned under the World Bank system of debarment and cross-debarment . _-_ Regarding national regulations , debarment and anti-corruption in the procurement , according to Article 91 ( a ) , Procurement Bylaw No . 8 / 2022 , the Procurement Policy Committee shall validate the decisions made by the procurement Page | 67", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 240, "text": "World Bank debarred / suspended list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "platforms or Prepaid , credit or debit card processes with the support of or written < br > media , specialized surveys apps digital < br > Apps or digital < br > Computers with platforms Online or technologies < br > specialized installed Costumer Online sales using electronic < br > Resource Planning Enterprise software for demand planning , Specialized software demand forecast Supplier Relation Management Management Relationship software ( CRM ) platforms ( e . g . , external digital Amazon , eBay , Alibaba ) Online through payment Statistical process control < br > ( ERP ) or equivalent ( SRM ) not platform < br > other back-office integrated with functionssoftware Enterprise Resource equivalent software Planning ( ERP ) or integrated with integrated with production planning analytics / Artificial Big data commerce ) using its own websiteOnline sales ( e - Virtual or Automated systems for inspection < br > other back-office intelligence cryptocurrency < br > functions Electronic orders < br > Supplier Relation integrated to < br > Management specialized supply < br > ( SRM ) integrated chain management < br > with production systems < br > planning < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure A1 : General Business Functions ( GBF ) Technologies in the FAT . Digital technologies are highlighted in yellow . Light yellow boxes refers to technologies that can rely directly or indirectly on digital ( e . g . , consumer surveys conducted online , email for sales , or use of credit card through digital sales ’ platforms ) . > 19A full description of the FAT survey and the technology sophistication index we use can be found in ( _17_ ) . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 36 | | - - - | | Topic | Year | Title | First author | Journal / Edited volume | Citations | Rank | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Economic evaluation | 1994 | Uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health < br > care technologies : the role of sensitivity analysis | A . Briggs | Health Economics | 293 | 204 | | Economic evaluation | 1988 | Outcome Measurement : Concepts and Questions | Kathleen N . Lohr | Inquiry | 286 | 213 | | Economic evaluation | 1993 | The Validity and Reproducibility of a Work < br > Productivity and Activity Impairment Instrument | Margaret C . Reilly | PharmacoEconomics | 277 | 227 | | Economic evaluation | 1998 | Health Care Contingent Valuation Studies : A < br > Review and Classification of the Literature | Alan Diener | Health Economics | 272 | 239 | | Economic evaluation | 1997 | Is There a Role for Benefit-Cost Analysis in < br > Environmental , Health , and Safety Regulation | Kenneth J . Arrow | Environment and Development Economics | 249 | 277 | | Economic evaluation | 1996 | Health-Related Quality of Life in Inflammatory < br > Bowel Disease | Glenn M . Eisen | PharmacoEconomics | 243 | 288 | | Economic evaluation | 1998 | Confidence Intervals or Surfaces ? Uncertainty on < br > the Cost-Effectiveness Plane | Andrew Briggs | Health Economics | 236 | 299 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . The 300 most-cited publications were then assigned either one of the 12 topics listed in the appendix or a ― topic not assigned ‖ code . The latter included publications that were too general ( some were actually textbooks ) some had no economic content despite being in EconLit , and some had no health content despite the JEL code .", "spans": [{"start": 1380, "end": 1424, "text": "database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1450, "end": 1478, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 13 Botanical drawing of _Aldrovanda vesiculosa_ , referred to as Waterwheel Weed # # # 6 . 3 . 2 Analysis of Range-Restricted Species ( Criteria ( b ) ) IBAT and the Uganda National Red List identify 95 species that are potentially range-restricted , which includes many species endemic to Lake Victoria or forest dependent species . A LoO analysis reveals 17 species have a possible presence in the AoA ( including 8 species assessed under Criterion ( a ) ) . All of these range-restricted species have specialized habitat requirements which are avoided by the RoW and no impacts to these species are expected . Restricted range species are therefore not expected to present a risk that the project will not meet ESS6 requirements . # # # 6 . 3 . 3 Analysis of Migratory and Congregatory Species for Criterion ( c ) The Steppe Eagle ( EN ) is a migratory species potentially impacted by the transmission line but assessed in Section 6 . 3 . 1 . No significant congregations of migratory species have been recorded , although many large-bodied species seasonally occur in substantial numbers , such as White Stork ( _Ciconia ciconia_ ) and Abdim ’ s Stork ( _Ciconia abdimii_ ) . Table 10 provides data extracts from the Wetlands International Waterbird Population Estimates ( WPE ) database . The thresholds indicate that 5 , 800 White Storks and 4 , 200 Abdim ’ s Storks would need to occur within the AoA to constitute significant populations relative to their regional flyways . At present , there is no evidence that 1 % thresholds are exceeded for these or other species . Nevertheless , a wide variety of large waterbirds use the area , and given their high vulnerability to transmission line impacts , they should be treated as important species for mitigation . 31", "spans": [{"start": 1228, "end": 1281, "text": "Wetlands International Waterbird Population Estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and limited financial literacy . And demand side factors such as lack of collateral , lack of bankable projects and high risk of agricultural credit to farmers . Regional data shows that , Western Uganda had the highest proportion of households reporting access to financial institutions at about 16 % Eastern 11 % , Central , 9 % and Northern 7 % . Informal sources of credit dominated . # # * * 1 . 26 Agriculture * * The Uganda Vision 2040 identifies agriculture as one of the key sectors in the delivery of the 10 % annual economic growth rate envisaged under the economic pillar . This will be achieved through an innovative , commercially oriented and modern agriculture , livestock and fisheries sector . The agriculture sector development strategy aims at transforming agriculture into a modern and commercially viable sector . Agriculture remains the backbone of Uganda ’ s economy . In 2012 / 13 , the agriculture sector in Uganda contributed 25 . 3 percent of the country ’ s GDP up from 24 . 7 percent in 2010 / 11 . The contribution of the sector to GDP in 2013 / 14 using current prices stands at 24 . 8 percent . Agricultural exports amounted to USD1 . 3 Bn in 2013 / 14 . It employs about 72 percent of the total Labour force ( including disguised Labour ) , 77 percent of whom are women , and 63 percent are youth most of whom reside in the rural areas . Its > 5Uganda Bureau of Statistics and World Bank ( July 2020 ) . Source : Uganda Investment Authority ( UIA ) Database , July2019 48", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 175, "text": "Regional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1447, "end": 1491, "text": "Uganda Investment Authority ( UIA ) Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher in the India data compared to that in the Bangladesh data , thus the resulting truncation bias is likely to be relatively lower in India . For example , in the father-son sample the coresidency rate is 79 percent in India , while the corresponding rate is only 52 percent in Bangladesh . In the mother-daughter samples , the coresidency rates are lower : 39 percent in India and 26 percent in Bangladesh , reflecting the fact that women leave the natal family following marriage in both countries . For each country we present three graphs : ( i ) son-father , ( ii ) daughter-mother , and ( iii ) all children-father . The figures show that the slope of the fitted line is _smaller_ in the coresident sample which is consistent with Hausman and Wise ( 1977 ) . The widely held belief that the coresidency bias in the estimates of IGRC is substantial thus appears clearly visible in the graphs . In the graphs for the “ all children ” sample ( both sons and daughters ) , the coresident line intersects the full sample line from above ( see Figures 2 . A for Bangladesh and 3 . A for India ) . This implies that the surveys miss less educated children from households with low parental education , but miss better educated children from households with high parental education . We thus have both truncation from above and from below . A closer look at the other graphs reveals some interesting differences across gender and countries . In Bangladesh , the fitted lines in father-son sample ( see figure 2 . B ) intersect each other at a very low level of father ’ s education , implying that most of the coresident line lies below the full sample line . This implies that , for most of the distribution , the better educated sons leave the parental household . For Mother-daughter sample in Bangladesh ( figure 2 . C ) the pattern of sample selection is different ; the line for the coresident sample intersects the full sample line from above at about 5 years of mother ’ s schooling which is very high given that the average education for mothers is only 1 . 47 years", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 24, "text": "India data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 49, "end": 64, "text": "Bangladesh data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( i ) Government Data , > 2 - See “ Big Data Universe beginning to explode , ” at http : / / www . csc . com / insights / flxwd / 78931 < u > big_data_universe_beginning_to_explode . Accessed September 15 , 2015 . < / u > > 3 - - Open Data Charter , < u > https : / / opendatacharter . net / wp content / uploads / 2015 / 10 / opendatacharter charter_F . pdf . Accessed January < / u > 21 , 2019 . > 4 Open Data Handbook , http : / / opendefinition . org / od / index . html ( May 12 , 2012 ) . Accessed September 15 , 2015 . > 5 McKinsey Global Institute , “ OGD : Unlocking Innovation and Performance with Liquid Information , ” McKinsey Center for Government ( October 2013 ) . > 6 A . Stott , “ OGD for Economic Growth : Transport and ICT Global Practice , ” World Bank ( June 25 , 2014 ) . > 7 Graham Vickery , “ Review of Recent Studies on PSI Reuse and Related Market Developments , ” Information Economics , Paris . > 8 United Kingdom , < mark > Department for Business , Innovation & Skills , < / mark > “ Shakespeare Review : An Independent Review of Public Sector Information , ” London ( 2013 ) . > 9 Dinand Tinholt , _Characterization Study of the Infomediary Sector_ , Cap-Gemini , Spanish Open Data Portal Report 2013 . > 10 Open Data Charter , < u > https : / / opendatacharter . net / wp-content / uploads / 2015 / 10 / opendatacharter-charter_F . pdf . < / u > Accessed January 21 , 2019 . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "under the VG component ) , we included a question in our census of 100 study villages that asks whether an individual had “ ever heard of TASAF . ” We suggest that this variable provides a similar gateway that is necessary , but not sufficient , for an individual to be a program beneficiary : while many people who have heard of the program do not benefit , an individual who has not been informed as to the existence of the program cannot seek to benefit from it . Our data show that , among households eligible for TASAF II according to the exogenous vulnerability criteria , less than half of survey respondents had ever heard of the program . Non-vulnerable households , i . e . those who were ineligible to receive support under this program , were actually eight percentage points _more_ likely to have heard of the program than the eligible nonbeneficiaries . This finding is dismaying , indicating that half of the target population under TASAF II had never heard of TASAF at baseline , by which time , as described earlier , VG groups had been formed and were ready to be funded in each of these 100 villages . We therefore conclude our empirical analysis by exploiting the village-level census of eligible households provided by the listing exercise in the 100 study villages with VG subprojects and examining the determinants of program awareness among eligible households , and the determinants of being a beneficiary among those who had heard of the program at baseline . This analysis uses the listing data , meaning that the sample size for the analysis is greatly enhanced relative to Table 5 . However , detailed consumption data are not available for this larger sample , so we proxy per capita consumption ( and poverty ) with several simpler questions : the number of days in the past week that a household consumed proteins ( meat , eggs , or milk ) . In Table 6 we analyze awareness of TASAF within the eligible non-beneficiary sample . In columns ( 1 ) through ( 4 ) , we cumulatively include covariates intended to proxy for wealth ( consumption ) , information ( proximity to village center , education , and ownership of", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 85, "text": "census of 100 study villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1184, "end": 1227, "text": "village-level census of eligible households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1509, "end": 1521, "text": "listing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1631, "end": 1647, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respondent with two questions simultaneously : the sensitive or embarrassing question , and a completely innocuous question . For example , question A might be , \" Have you ever bribed a government official ? \" Question B might be , \" Is your birthday in December ? \" The respondent then flips a coin ( not revealing the result to the interviewer ) and on seeing heads answers question A and on tails answers question B . The surveyor simply records the response . As a result , the respondent can give a completely truthful response knowing that the surveyor has no way of knowing which question she is answering . Determining the percentage of a sample that has bribed a government official then becomes simple . Assume that 400 of 1200 respondents answered \" yes \" to the question . We would expect 50 percent of the respondents to answer the birthday question , and 1 / 12 of those to answer the question affirmatively . That is , 1200 ( 0 . 5 ) / 12 = 50 of the \" yes \" responses were to the birthday question . The expected number of people answering \" yes \" to the bribery question is therefore 400 - 50 = 350 . Because 600 ( i . e . , 1200 * 0 . 5 ) people answered the bribery question we could conclude that 350 / 600 z 58 . 3 percent of the sample had bribed a government official . This method complicates hypothesis testing because of the measurement error it introduces , but World Bank surveys intent on measuring particular behavior in populations could potentially use this method to great effect . # V . * * CONCLUSIONS * * This review has attempted to examine existing World Bank firm surveys and the state-ofthe-art in questionnaire design . World Bank surveys have dramatically improved our understanding of firm behavior in developing countries . In addition , most of the data and measurement requirements we spell out in this paper are fulfilled in some surveys , such as the use of panel data , and detailed measurements about various themes . Needless to say , _not_ all Bank surveys should pay heed to the specific themes and hypotheses this paper", "spans": [{"start": 1907, "end": 1917, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # III . IMPLEMENTATION * * 3 . 1 The * * first * * 18 * * months after effectiveness were characterized * * by * * delays in implementation . In fact , * * AFC * * did relatively little lending during this period . Its total loan portfolio stood at * * Sh * * 149 . 6 million at * * 31 * * December * * 1967 * * and at * * Sh * * 158 . 4 million on * * 31 * * March * * 1969 , * * a * * 6 % * * increase in * * 15 * * months . In contrast , between * * 31 * * March * * 1970 * * and * * 1971 * * the * * AFC * * portfolio expanded from * * Sh * * 169 . 4 million to * * Sh 192 . 3 * * million , a 12 % increase in 12 months . However , IDA disbursements remained behind appraisal expectations throughout the disbursement period . The extent of the lag , although undoubtedly large , is open to debate , given that the appraisal report contained no projected disbursement schedule . Supervision missions made their own projections based on other material in the appraisal report . Supervision data presented * * by * * the appraisal mission for the second phase ( IDA Credit 344-KE ) are summarized as follows : | Month < br > & Year | ActualIDA < br > Disbursements < br > * * - - - - - - * * ( US $ milli | Appraisal < br > Estimate < br > o ) - - - - | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 6 . 68 * * | * * _ . 03_ * * | * * . 86 * * | | | * * 6 . 69 * * | * * . 26 * * | * * _1 . 90_ * * |", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 1002, "text": "Supervision data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _South_ A January 2013 in-depth needs assessment by World Vision in Saida and Tyre showed that bread was the first main item included in Syrian refugees ‟ daily meals ( Saida 92 % , Tyre 95 % ) . A second highly consumed item was cereals and starches ( Saida 89 % , Tyre 67 % ) ; in addition to canned food ( Saida 48 % , Tyre 80 % ) and dairy products ( Saida 53 % , Tyre 71 % ) . The high consumption of canned food loaded with sodium , and the low consumption of other essential food groups such as meats ( Saida 10 % , Tyre 5 % ) , and fruits and vegetables ( Saida 36 % , Tyre 44 % ) , was identified by the report as a serious risk to refugees ‟ physical wellbeing , especially children . _There was no specific data available during the MSNA process for the North / T + 5 , Akkar , Bekaa and Mount Lebanon and Beirut_ # # < u > Palestinian refugees from Syria < / u > _National_ A multi-sectoral household survey of registered PRS in Lebanon conducted by UNWRA < sup > 10 < / sup > in October 2013 showed that on average , households consumed 12 food groups per week , and seven to eight food groups on a daily basis . All visited households ( 843 ) consumed more than seven food groups in the past week and four or more per day . _Table [ 3 ] : Number of food groups consumed daily by geographical area_ | Number < br > of food < br > groups < br > consumed < br > daily | Beirut < br > inside < br > camp | Beirut < br > Outside < br > camp | Bekaa < br > inside < br > camp | Bekaa < br > outside < br > camp | Saida < br > inside < br > camp | Saida < br >", "spans": [{"start": 892, "end": 952, "text": "multi-sectoral household survey of registered PRS in Lebanon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "55 . Nevertheless , there is sufficient evidence to indicate that production and trade , particularly for the home market , has increased in direct response to road rehabilitation and new construction * * of * * the past ten years , and is continuing to grow . Many more trucks and buses moved over each of the main roads in 1961 than in 1953 . Average daily traffic increased in the range 50-125 % on different sections of the trunk road to Assab port along which trucks carry much of Ethiopia < sup > t < / sup > s exports of coffee , hides and skins , pulses , and oilseeds and bring back much of her imports of gasoline , kerosene , cotton cloth and general goods . Average daily traffic has multiplied two to five times over the last 5 years on each of the main roads to < sup > Addisalong which < / sup > trucks carry grain and other goods , materials for its local industries , and produce to be cleaned , graded and stored prior to export , and along which they carry back to the interior textiles , shoes and other manufactures from the growing industriis of Addis , petroloum products and other imported goods . 56 . The volume and growth of road traffic may be assessed approximately from the motor vehicle registration figures and IHA traffic counts . These figures , although significant , understate the true volume and < sup > growth oftraffic < / sup > in that they do not allow for a predominance of big , heavily loaded < sup > trucks , < / sup > nor for their increa . sed average size and load , nor for the advent of buses on roads wlere the only passenrer trcnsnor - used to be Jr jeens or oaen trucks . 57 . About 24 , 100 civilian motor vehicles were operating on Ethiopia < sup > t < / sup > s roads in early 1961 . ( See Table", "spans": [{"start": 1204, "end": 1238, "text": "motor vehicle registration figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1243, "end": 1261, "text": "IHA traffic counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UBOS ) using the 2002 census . The following criteria were used to determine eligibility for subsidies under the project : ( a ) pregnant women residing in sub-counties where over 60 percent of households are deemed poor on the basis of the poverty maps by UBOS shall be eligible to join the scheme without undergoing household assessment and ( b ) pregnant women resident in sub-counties where poverty is not deemed widespread will undergo a poverty assessment using the poverty grading tool . Eligible beneficiaries will be selected by scoring individual households on a number of different variables , and those with a score of 12 or less will be eligible to join the scheme . > 12 The selection of service providers was guided by the following principles : ( a ) location in the areas mapped under the project , ( b ) expression of interest to provide safe delivery services , ( c ) licensed to practice by the appropriate medical council , and ( d ) capacity to provide the defined package of services . Further details are provided in the Operations Manual , April 2015 . Page 9 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 28, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 241, "end": 261, "text": "poverty maps by UBOS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 - | ANNE | XES < br > | VOLU | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . | Existing Structure and Organization of the Sugar Industry | II | | 2 . | The Project Area | II | | | Appendix 1 - < br > Nandi Hills Extension Study < br > Appendix 2 - < br > Summarized Specifications for Further < br > Soil Investigations in the Nyanza Sugar Belt | | | 3 . | Project Sugar Zones | II | | | Table 1 - < br > Present and Future Sugar Factory Capacity In Kenya < br > Table < br > 2 - < br > Cane and < br > Sugar < br > Production < br > of Project < br > Sugar < br > Factories < br > Table < br > 3 - < br > Summary of 1976 Kenya Sugar < br > Factories < br > Performance | | | 4 . | Irrigation | II | | | Appendix 1 - < br > Groundwater Investigations at Ramisi < br > Table 1 - < br > Water Availability and Irrigable Areas < br > Table < br > 2 - < br > Irrigation < br > Water < br > Requirement | | | 5 . | Drainage | II | | | Appendix I - < br > Topograhical < br > Mapping < br > of < br > the < br > Kano Plain < br > Table 1 - < br > Climate Data Relating to Drainage Design Parameters < br > Table 2 - Factory Zone Drainage Areas and Quantities | | | 6 . | Rehabilitation and Expansion of Sugarcane Production | II | | | Table 1 - < br > Summary of Cane Land Development < br > Table 2 - < br > Present and Expected Sugarcane Yields < br > Table 3 - < br > Planting and Ratooning Schedule <", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1043, "text": "Climate Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ( i ) The subproject ’ s components or activities that require resettlement or restriction of access ; - ( ii ) The zone of impact of the components or activities ; - ( iii ) Alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement or restriction of access ; and , - ( iv ) Mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , displacement , and restricted access , to the extent possible , during subproject implementation . - * * _c . Objectives_ * * - A description of the main objectives of the RAP in relation to KETSIP . - * * _d . Project Description_ * * Provide the subproject description and location - * * _e . Applicable Policy , Legal and Institutional Frameworks_ * * Carry out an Analysis of the Applicable Policy , Legal and Institutional Frameworks that are applicable in Kenya , including : - Identify and analyse relevant national and international policies , legislation and regulations applicable to resettlement ; - Analyse the differences between the Kenyan laws and the World Bank ’ s OP 4 . 12 in relation to resettlement ; - Analyse the Kenyan institutional frameworks for resettlement ; - Analyse the country ’ s property assessment / valuation methods . - Explore , in consultations with subproject affected communities , possibilities for voluntary land donations and the process to be followed for such donations , in case a subproject was to be located on community land . - Describe , in consultations with subproject affected communities , the nature / type of compensation for community owned land and the process to be followed to ensure the entire community benefits from such compensation # # # # * * _f . Socioeconomic studies and cultural assessment / baseline survey_ * * The Consultant will undertake a detailed socioeconomic and cultural assessment / baseline survey of the potentially affected population . The survey should be undertaken with the involvement of the PAPs and should include : - A description of the pre-project situation of the subproject affected persons ( PAPs ) ; - Detailed household survey ; - Size and characteristics of", "spans": [{"start": 1753, "end": 1808, "text": "socioeconomic and cultural assessment / baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2029, "end": 2054, "text": "Detailed household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> DLI 3 . 3 : IVA will check the ministerial decree that adopts the Digital skills curriculum for all grades < br > DLI 3 . 4 : IVA to check the training records of the G7-12 teachers and confirm the percentage of teachers trained on the < br > delivery of the digital skills curriculum . Training delivery records will be verified through spot checks ( virtual or field based ) < br > on a sample basis . < br > DLI 3 . 5 : IVA will verify that 50 % of students in grades 7-10 are enrolled in new digital skills courses . Verification will include < br > review of records and spot checks . | | * * DLI 4 * * | Support digital transformation of service delivery to citizens and businesses | | * * Description * * | DLIs : DLI 4 . 1 MoDEE issues a ministerial decree for the adoption of the Government Digital Transformation Strategy and < br > change management action plan DLI 4 . 2 Number of new transactional e-services being made available to citizens and < br > businesses through respective government agencies ’ e-portals DLI 4 . 3 Responsible government agencies adopt < br > recommendations of the public value assessment for at least 20 transactional e-services DLI 4 . 4 MoDEE launches a new < br > citizen feedback system for transactional e-services DLI 4 . 5 MoDEE launches e-service performance dashboard for e-services < br > Disbursement Formula Details DLI 4 . 1 : $ 5 , 000 , 000 by CY 1 DLI 4 . 2 : $ 50 , 000 , 000 by Closing Date Formula : from the baseline < br > of 0 , $ 500 , 000 for each new transactional e-service being made available to citizens and businesses , up to $ 50 , 000 , 000 DLI < br > 4 . 3 : $ 14 , 000 , 000 byClosingDate Fom", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 183, "text": "training records of the G7-12 teachers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that this increase in the capital-skill complementarity coefficient ( 0 . 0320 or 0 . 0278 , depending on specification ) is large and statistically significant . As in Table 6 very little of the acceleration in skill upgrading is explained by capital-skill complementarity – the inclusion of a K / Y term which varies over time reduces the coefficient on the 1990s only slightly , from 0 . 0073 to 0 . 0068 . # * * _Tests of Robustness_ * * We carried out a number of robustness checks on these share equation estimates . Sensitive to the idea that states may have very different experiences , one test is to run the same regression allowing each state a secular trend in the non-manual wage-bill share , perhaps to allow for local changes in trade , infrastructure investment , regulation , business cycles or technological change . Allowing for state fixed effects in growth hardly changes the estimated coefficients , as shown in the rightmost column of Table 7 . The 1990s increase in the capital-skill complementarity and output coefficients is reduced only slightly by allowing for state effects . Surprisingly , allowing states a separate trend in changing wage-bill shares of non-manual workers increases the R < sup > 2 < / sup > by only four percentage points . Table 8 reports tests of robustness to alternative sampling methods . Recall that we split the sample in an unusual way to avoid the 1989-90 industry recoding and that we had some doubts about observations in the early period from West Bengal . Table 8 reports estimated share equations using two different definitions of the periods and excluding West Bengal . We try three approaches : a ) redefining the periods as 1984-90 and 1990-98 , spanning the industry recoding of 1989-90 ; b ) redefining the periods as 1984-91 and 1991-98 to reflect the pre - and post-reform periods ; and c ) omitting West Bengal data altogether and using the period definitions 1984-89 and 1990-98 as in the previous tables . Increased capital-skill complementarity is evident in all 24", "spans": [{"start": 1871, "end": 1887, "text": "West Bengal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > ( 2002 / 03 ) < br > ( Note : with < br > the new < br > rebased GDP < br > figures , this < br > baseline falls < br > to 15 . 9 % ) | 19 . 1 % ( based on < br > old level of < br > accounting . Using < br > new GDP < br > statistics : 17 . 7 % ) | 19 % < br > [ based on < br > 2013 / 14 < br > target of < br > 21 % ] , and < br > using old < br > national < br > accounts < br > GDP series | Yes | | * * 2 . 2 Increased * * < br > * * and more * * < br > * * efficient * * < br > * * agricultural * * < br > * * production * * | Agricultural exports as % of < br > Agricultural GDP * < br > Increased marketing of < br > Agricultural production < br > ( Agricultural GDP < br > monetized , % ) < br > Value of Fish Exports < br > Increased Forest Cover ( % land < br > under forest cover ) < br > _Note : Because current data were_ < br > _not available on some of the_ < br > _PEAP Indicators , the following_ < br > _interim indicators were_ < br > _included : _ < br > - Extend National Advisory < br > Services ( NAADS ) ( % farmers < br > with access to improved < br > agricultural technologies ) < br > - Enact and implement provisions < br > | 17 . 3 % < br > ( 2002 / 03 ) < br > 57 . 7 % < br > ( 2002 / 03 ) < br > $ 88m < br > 24 % < br > 10 % of < br >", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 400, "text": "GDP series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . Methodology # # 3 . 1 . Poverty dynamics This section summarizes the approach outlined in Dang et al . ( 2014 ) . Our aim is to estimate joint and conditional probabilities of poverty dynamics . For example , we wish to know the likelihood that an individual is poor in survey round 1 and non-poor in round 2 , a joint probability which we can write as follows , denoting per capita income by and the poverty line by : ii yy zz 1 a 2 ) . ii1 ii2 PP ( yy ≤ zz aa yy > zz Alongside evidence on joint probabilities , we are also interested in conditional probabilities . For instance , we might wish to estimate the likelihood of moving out of poverty , conditional on being poor initially . Such a conditional probability can be written as and can be computed straightforwardly from the joint probabilities , as the right-hand side of the equation shows . In the absence of panel data , we do not observe incomes in round 1 and round 2 for the same unit and would normally not be able to estimate these quantities . However , the method we describe below draws on cross-sectional data and yields both upper and lower bounds for each of the four possible ii outcomes of the dynamic process , in both conditional and unconditional terms . We model the logarithm of per capita income in each round as a linear function of time-invariant household characteristics and an individual error term . Schematically : and The basic idea of the method is to use time-invariant household characteristics to predict household per capita income for the year in which the actual observation is lacking . These characteristics will be ii xx 9", "spans": [{"start": 878, "end": 888, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1068, "end": 1088, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > practices < br > in < br > the < br > local < br > communities . | Stakeholder of all < br > levels , < br > including < br > PAPs , VDGs , HUCs < br > & < br > concerned < br > Government < br > bodies ( at Federal , < br > Regional , < br > Zonal , < br > Woreda & Kebele < br > levels ) . | Regular < br > engagement < br > with < br > stakeholders to maintain good < br > relationships < br > & < br > provide < br > update < br > on < br > the < br > Project < br > progress . Manage community < br > issues and monitor community < br > attitudes . Ensure functioning < br > of the GRM | Local consultative meetings with < br > PAPs , one-on-one interviews , HH < br > survey , site visits , FGDs particularly < br > with VDGs & HUCs . Stakeholder < br > meetings with gov . bodies & < br > partners . < br > Written < br > Project < br > Information papers & documents . < br > Community / < br > stakeholder < br > awareness training / sensitization < br > events & workshops . Monitoring & < br > Community Perception Surveys / < br > Studies . Use of social media , < br > posters , notice boards , telephone < br > ( esp . for GRM uptake ) & EEU / EEP | EEU , EEP PIUs , E & S < br > staff , E & S focal < br > persons , contractors , < br > GRCs , relevant gov . < br > bodies & interested < br > parties . | Once on every six < br > months or as & when < br > required . |", "spans": [{"start": 1010, "end": 1038, "text": "Community Perception Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * An Innovative , Integrated Approach to Enhance Smallholder Family Nutrition ( P143324 ) 34 . * * The project sought to influence positive behaviors of future mothers . * * Peer sessions to promote adolescent health seeking behaviors included discussions on sexual and reproductive health issues , coping with adolescence , prevention of early pregnancies , as well as engage in board and outdoor games to build their physical and mental health . A total of 5 , 284 adolescent girls participated in these reproductive health and nutrition education sessions . 35 . * * The project also held quarterly health and nutrition fora aimed to instill and promote behaviors amongst beneficiaries that would contribute to improved nutritional outcomes * * , such as improved Infant and Young Child Feeding ( IYCF ) practices , improved food preparation practices , sleeping under a mosquito net , seeking health services , amongst others . < sup > 22 < / sup > CHPs targeted female caregivers , husbands , and elders to promote consumption of nutrient-rich foods and improved feeding practices for under-2 children , adolescent girls , and pregnant women . Cooking food demonstrations were also held . 36 . * * The project was successful in encouraging nutrition and health-enhancing practices * * . A positive increase was observed among the women accessing ANC in the both midline and endline phases ( that could be due to the conditional food transfers ) . The independent evaluation team noted in general positive health seeking behavior among pregnant women and adolescent girls , and an increase in child care practices . # # # * * Justification for Overall Efficacy Rating * * 37 . As the above-provided evidence indicates , the project largely exceeded its intended outcomes . Individual activities reinforced each other across components further supporting the achievement of the project outcomes . Based on the data available , the project should be rated Highly Satisfactory . Nevertheless , given the mainly input / output oriented nature of the data ( indicators ) and theory of change assumptions ( more under Section IV ) , the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) _ Rev . 2023 # # # # # List of Tables Table 3 . 1 : International Environment Instruments / Obligations Applicable to Kenya Table 4 . 1 : Biophysical Baseline Data for the KISIP Urban areas Table 4 . 2 : Features of soil resources in the KISIP focal areas Table 4 . 3 : List of Ecologically Sensitive Areas in some KISIP Urban Areas Table 5-1 : Settlements Consulted Table 5-2 : Breakdown of Meetings / workshops participants Table 5-3 : Stakeholder Categories for KISIP II Table 8 . 1 : General Impacts of KISIP Design Table 0 . 2 : Matrix for Generic Impact prediction Table 9 . 4 : Mitigation of Construction Phase Impacts Table 9 . 1 ( b ) : Mitigation of Construction Phase Impacts with Associated Project Works Table 9 . 2 : Mitigation of impacts at operation phase Table 9 . 3 : Mitigation of More Specific impacts at operation phase Table 0 . 4 : Monitoring Plan for Construction Phase Impacts Table 9 . 5 : Monitoring Plan for Operation Phase Impacts Table 10 . 1 : Institutional Coordination within the KISIP Table 10 . 2 : Indicative Budget for ESMF Implementation per Sub-project # # # # # # List of Figures Figure 0 . 1 : Distribution of KISIP Counties and Towns Figure 4 . 2 : Overlap of KBA and Protected Areas in Kenya # # # # # List of Annexes Annex 1 : Extract of Environmental Management and Coordination Act ( EMCA ) , Cap 387 on EIA Annex 2 : Second Schedule of EMCA , Cap 387 Annex 3 : The Screening Check List Annex 4 : Evaluating Site Sensitivity Annex 5 : Generic ToRs for conducting Environmental Assessments Annex 6 : Procedures for conducting Environmental assessment Annex 7 : Guidance on Developing an EMP Annex 8 : Incorporating EMP into contract documents Annex 9 : General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts Annex 10 : Example Format of HSE Report Annex 11 :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RCI ( rental cost index ) = the ratio of per square rental cost in this region to the national average ; SDI ( student disability index ) = the ratio of the percentage of students with physical disabilities in this region to the national average ; PFI ( poor family index ) = the ratio of the percentage of students from low-income families in this region to the national average . The weights attached to the four factors should add up to one , i . e . , a , + a2 + a3 + a4 = * * 1 . * * These weights can be derived from an econometric estimation using cross-region or penal data ( cross region and time series ) from the past years . Shah ( 1994a ) provides an example of such an estimation . Many countries try arbitrary values of weights based on the designers ' intuition about the importance of different factors in affecting the costs of services . Assigning these weights can also be a method for the designers to emphasize certain factors in grant distribution . Figures used to calculate the indices ( WI , RCI , SDI , and PFI ) are those of the previous year or past few years ' averages . # ( 2 ) Health # Measurement unit = total population in this region # Average per unit cost = the country ' s per capita public expenditure on health care # Adjustment index = a1HPI + a2IMI + a3ILEI + a4IPDI - where HPI ( health price index ) = the ratio of health care cost in this region to the national average ; IMI ( ifant mortality index ) = the ratio of infant mortality rate in this region to the national average ; - ILEI ( inverse life expectancy index ) = the ratio of national average life expectancy to life expectancy in this region ; IPDI ( inverse population density index ) = the ratio of national average population density to that in this region ; a , + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 = 1 . # ( 3 ) Transportation # Measurement unit = total length of roads in this region # Average per unit cost = the", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 581, "text": "cross-region or penal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "39 . The following provides an overview of potential measures to improve the access to formal financial sector services for the low income population in Colombia . It draws on the areas for correction which became apparent from the supply and demand side analysis and potential regulatory steps , including experience from other countries . # * * 4 . 1 REGULATORY MEASURES * * 40 . As the experience of other countries shows ( Chapter 2 , Box 2 ) , regulation to enhance financial access can take various forms . Models such as the US Community Reinvestment Act track the extent which banks to provide specific services to low income communities . In this case , service provision is enhanced through detailed information and disclosure requirements , and affects approval on other matters , such as bank branches or mergers and acquisitions . Other measures include the provision of basic services , as in Germany , where banks provide a voluntary undertaking to open accounts to all clients under a few basic conditions . This is monitored by consumer protection associations with the right of appeal of clients who have been rejected by a bank . A middle-of-the-ground model , such as Canada , provides government guidelines or directives for the provision of basic account services to the poor , with enforcement through monitoring by a government agency . 41 . In light of the low penetration of basic financial services , there are a number of initiatives that could help improve access to financial services in Colombia , from the enforcement of minimum service requirements that are already in the regulation , to the introduction of a basic account available to low income clients , or to encouraging that certain types of payments ( such as pension payments and payroll ) are done through bank accounts . Such basic accounts have been recently adopted elsewhere in Latin America , for example , in Brazil . 42 . Given the extent of financial exclusion in Colombia as revealed in the Bogotá survey and banks ’ risk-averse behavior following the crisis , it is unlikely that private banks will provide basic account services at their own initiative , and thus , Regulation could be catalyst . The Superintendencia Bancaria could support this by", "spans": [{"start": 1993, "end": 2006, "text": "Bogotá survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and soil samples were collected . Table 1 presents the timeline of the intervention . In March 2015 , the team collected yield expectations and field activities to date . Farmers were divided into 26 strata based on their location and agro-climatic conditions . < sup > 16 < / sup > Individual randomization was done at the stratum level and announced at the end of the March survey . < sup > 17 < / sup > A first mid-line survey was carried out in August 2015 focusing on labor inputs and agricultural practices to date during the growing season of the intervention . We also collected administrative data on fertilizer purchases from our partner agro-dealer . A second mid-line survey was fielded in October 2015 , just before the harvest , to measure yield expectations and to record agricultural activities since the first mid-line . In January 2016 , we collected yield data for the 2015 growing season . Finally , we collected further information on grain sales from the 2015 harvest in June 2016 . In May 2017 , 2 years after the experiment , we went back for a final end-line survey to collect information on practices for the 2017 growing season , which allow us to measure persistence . As a result , we have a panel on agricultural practices and input use for the years 2014 , 2015 and 2017 and yield information for 2014 and 2015 . To be considered for the farmers had to cultivate maize in at least one eligible program , hectare of owned or rented land ( and in no more than 15 hectares ) , had to be between 18 and 70 years old and had to sow maize in the 2015 growing season . We have consistent panel data on agricultural practices in 2014 , 2015 and 2017 for 678 farmers and they comprise the core sample for the study . < sup > 18 < / sup > Table 2 provides summary statistics for the study sample of 678 farmers and their registered plots . Panel A reports farmer characteristics . Incomes were low by Mexican standards with an average self-reported annual income of 29 , 414 pesos ( US $ 2 , 200 ) . Panel B of Table", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 630, "text": "administrative data on fertilizer purchases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 869, "end": 879, "text": "yield data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1612, "end": 1648, "text": "panel data on agricultural practices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". We also decompose model CO2 predictions into five broad source categories for each city : Industry , Fires , Income ( the component that is uncorrelated with Industry ) , Population and Climate . We find particularly important roles for Industry in India , China and other East Asia & Pacific countries ; Fires in Sub-Saharan Africa ; Income ( the component uncorrelated with Industry ) in Latin America & Caribbean , North America and Western Europe ; Population in Sub-Saharan Africa , India and other South Asia countries ; and Climate in the former Comecon countries . Our results can also inform the discussion of policy instruments for CO2 emissions reduction . Many policy analysts who support Pigouvian pricing also argue for a non-Pigouvian supplement : coordinated public investment in low-carbon land development , energy and transport that will accelerate the transition to low-carbon economies . We explore this proposition for subway investments , drawing on a recent global survey of subway systems . We divide our 1 , 236 regression residuals into deciles , with the largest negative residuals in the first decile , and identify the subset of 132 global subway cities in each decile . We find that subway cities are four times more numerous among first-decile cities than among tenth-decile cities . We also find that representation of subway cities declines steadily across deciles . While these results provide strong suggestive support for the non-Pigouvian view , they are subject to potential endogeneity that should be explored in future research . To conclude , this paper offers a response to the World Bank ’ s new climate change mandate , which requires new metrics for judging progress in CO2 emissions reduction . We demonstrate that satellite-based CO2 measures can contribute by enabling rigorous analysis and performance assessment for all global cities and regions . We have estimated a CO2 emissions model for 1 , 236 cities with populations greater than 500 , 000 , but our 10 km grid covers all terrestrial areas of the 35", "spans": [{"start": 984, "end": 1015, "text": "global survey of subway systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the worker except where it is provided otherwise by law or collective agreement or work rules or in accordance with a court order or a written agreement of the worker concerned ( Article 59 ) . - * * _Keeping record of payment : _ * * The employer shall keep a register of payment specifying the gross pay and method of calculation of the wage , other remunerations , the amount and type of deduction , the net pay and other relevant particulars on which the signature of the worker is a fixed unless there is a special arrangement . 92", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 283, "text": "register of payment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 9 - availability of qualified faculty . But the poor provinces are deprived of more qualified faculty . Based on relative faculty ratio ( RFR ) the richest quintile of provinces - - Beijing , Shanghai , Zhejiang , Liaoning clearly have an oversupply of professor and assistant professor , as the value of RFR far exceeds one ( 1 . 60 and 1 . 20 ) ; conversely , the poorest quintile of provinces - - Guizhou , Xinjiang , Anhui , Henan , Guangxi and Sichuan - - have an undersupply of such more qualified faculty ( Table 12 , Annex 1 ) . # * * Outcomes and Efficiency * * This section focuses on outcomes that are internal to the educational system-specifically , cohort survival rates and transition rates , and outcomes that are external to the system , such as private and social rates of return to educational investments . Both sets of outcomes are critical , since together they help determine the global efficiency of the educational system . Yet , few efforts are made to assess the impact of public policy on these outcomes in China . The dearth of such assessments is due in part to the scarcity of appropriate data and in part to the fact that these outcomes were not important to policymakers under the command economy . ( a ) Internal * * efficiency . * * Conventionally , an education system is internally efficient if it generates the maximum output at minimum cost . Outputs are measured by such indicators as transition rates and cohort survival rates or the proportion of students who start grade 1 and complete each subsequent cycle , students ' cognitive and technical skills , scientific knowledge , improved and the like . Ideally , a combination of individual survey and time-series data are used for this analysis . However , in the context of the present study , readily compiled provincial-level time-series data are used to provide results that would be helpfuil for policy interventions for improving system ' s internal efficiency which also improves quality . At the aggregate level , educational outcomes vary directly with income . The transition rates from primary to secondary and secondary to higher level of education are higher in", "spans": [{"start": 1695, "end": 1711, "text": "time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1806, "end": 1839, "text": "provincial-level time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s . The ICR used the information in the PAD and the Results Framework to present a ToC . The ToC called for the generation of “ better ” data through a program of integrated surveys ( of households and enterprises ) . The microdata produced by the surveys would fill critical data gaps and improve the periodicity of poverty monitoring data . The official statistics ’ coverage and quality dimensions would be ensured by adopting and applying internationally recommended data quality standards ( SDDS , SCI ) and assessment frameworks ( DQAF ) . The KNBS would improve access to official statistics and dissemination by posting the microdata and other reports online . The availability of these statistics would inform policymakers and key Government of Kenya ( GoK ) programs and policies ( that were also clearly specified ) . The PDO indicators and targets were based on consultations with the key institutions and sector ministries and were compatible with the government ’ s approach and overall economic and policy development agenda . This ensured that the M & E framework was practical and could evolve to address new challenges . Most indicators for the program were SMART ( Specific , measurable , achievable , relevant , and time-bound ) . For example , one of the PDO-level indicators was to produce regular poverty monitoring data and statistics . As a SMART indicator , five target values consisted of milestones toward creating two iterations of poverty statistics within the five-year Program period . The PDO-level indicator on producing better real and external sector economic data had five targets and had milestones that measured improvement in the quality of macroeconomic data ( namely the rebased CPI and PPI updated ) to reflect changes in expenditure patterns over time . The indicator on the proportion of SDDS criteria met also captured real and external sector data Page 11 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 340, "text": "poverty monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Eurostat Household Budget Survey Database available at < u > https : / / ec . europa . eu / eurostat / web / household-budget-surveys / database < / u > ( accessed on November 5 , 2020 ) . Eurostat provides survey means per adult equivalent in constant currency . We use available data about household structure from the corresponding surveys , as well as deflators and exchange rates to recover per capita means in current local currency units . With this data we can also recover estimates in 2011 PPPs , using the methods applied in PovcalNet . > 8 < u > https : / / www . bls . gov / cex / , accessed on March 28 , 2017 . < / u > > 9 The data from PovcalNet used for this version of the paper was accessed March 28 , 2021 . The ancillary data on deflators and exchange dates is available at < u > http : / / iresearch . worldbank . org / PovcalNet / data . aspx . < / u > PovcalNet has data for 168 economies , of which Argentina and Taiwan are not included in our compilation due to partial national geographic representativeness of the surveys . 7", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 41, "text": "Eurostat Household Budget Survey Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 642, "end": 661, "text": "data from PovcalNet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 732, "end": 778, "text": "ancillary data on deflators and exchange dates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . aCCess to national publiC seRviCes The inclusion of refugees in the national social protection system , a government priority under the Djibouti < u > 2017 – 2022 CRRF Action Plan , has faced challenges in securing long-term financing for the PNSF . This < / u > has affected coverage for eligible households and extended coverage to refugees . Nevertheless , MASS , with assistance from WFP and in collaboration with UNHCR and ONARS , has made progress in supporting refugees . As of August 2022 , sensitization efforts and analysis of eligibility criteria were conducted in Ali Addeh , Holl-Holl villages and urban areas to include refugees in the PNSF . Enrolments focused on urban areas , where 800 refugee households were included in the national social registry , gaining access to the PNSF in October 2022 , benefitting approximately 4 , 000 individuals . This corresponds to approximately 4 , 000 beneficiaries , constituting 55 per cent of the urban refugee population and approximately 13 per cent of the entire refugee population . In 2022 , Djibouti faced drought that has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities of the population and affected food security . As a result , the MASS and partners often had to adjust their priorities , which impacted inclusion efforts . Concerns have arisen regarding the short duration of the PNSF , which is set for one year , and the predictability of funding beyond this period . This is an ongoing challenge for the social protection . In the first half of 2023 , the Ministry of Social Affairs initiated the development of a new National Social Protection Strategy ( NSPS ) . It is expected to focus on extending social assistance to various internal regions , especially those hosting refugees . # # # * * 4 . 4 Protection for vulnerable groups * * Djibouti continues to have policies , standards , and services for safeguarding the well-being of its children , including unaccompanied and separated children , victims of trafficking in persons , survivors of genderbased violence and children with special needs . In alignment with the < u", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 771, "text": "national social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Top-New Website xxv Protection and Solution Monitoring Network ( 2024 ) . UNHCR Somalia PSMN Displacement and Protection Information - Region Level Dashboard - Dec < u > 2024 . pdf . < / u > xxvi Children and Armed Conflict : Report of the Secretary General : file : / / / C : / Users / KIM / Desktop / Annual % 20Report % 20SG . pdf > xxvii Reports by Protection Cluster partners ( AMARD , LIDOSOM ) , * * see also * * EUAA Report on Persons fearing recruitment by Al-Shabaab , 2023 < u > https : / / euaa . europa . eu / country-guidance-somalia-2023 / 33-persons-fearing-recruitment-al-shabaab < / u > - xxviii Grave Child Rights Violations in Somalia : Statement by the Group of Friends of Children Affected by Armed Conflict ( CAAC ) of Somalia : < u > https : / / www . unicef . org / somalia / press-releases / grave-child-rights-violations-somalia < / u > xxix Focus Group Discussions with protection partners operating in Luuq xxx EUAA , March 2025 : Country of Origin Information : Country of Origin Information : Somalia : Security Situation xxxi Children Recruited by Armed Forces and Groups : https : / / www . unicef . org / protection / children-recruited-by-armed-forces xxxii CPAoR situation monitoring report Microsoft Power BI * * Methodology : * * this PAU represents a joint analysis undertaken by the Protection Cluster , its Areas of Responsibility , and Protection Cluster partners operating in Luuq district . The methodology prioritized field-based primary data collection through regular community consultations and direct observation , complemented by review of secondary data . The Protection Cluster carried out risk-based analysis through the Protection and Solutions Monitoring Network ( PSMN ) . All analytical", "spans": [{"start": 1193, "end": 1226, "text": "CPAoR situation monitoring report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3817 # * * Unpackaging Demand for Water Service Quality : Evidence from Conjoint Surveys in Sri Lanka * * * * Jui-Chen Yang , Subhrendu K . Pattanayak , F . Reed Jonson , Carol Mansfield , * * * * Caroline van den Berg , and Kelly Jones * * < sup > ♠ < / sup > # # # Abstract _In the early 2000s , the Government of Sri Lanka considered engaging private sector operators to manage water and sewerage services in two separate service areas : one in the town of Negombo ( north of Colombo ) , and one stretching along the coastal strip ( south from Colombo ) from the towns of Kalutara to Galle . Since then , the government has abandoned the idea of setting up a public-private partnership in these two areas . This paper is part of a series of investigations to determine how these pilot private sector transactions ( forming part of the overall water sector reform strategy ) could be designed in such a manner that they would benefit the poor . _ _This paper describes the results of a conjoint survey evaluating the factors that drive customer demand for alternative water supply and sanitation services in Sri Lanka . We demonstrate how conjoint surveys can be used to un-package household demand for attributes of urban services and improve the design of infrastructure policies . We present conjoint surveys as a tool for field experiments and source of valuable empirical data . In our study of three coastal towns in southwestern Sri Lanka the conjoint survey allows us to compare household preferences for four water supply attributes – price , quantity , safety , and reliability . Sub-populations of poor and non-poor households are examined to determine if demand is heterogeneous . Our case study suggests that households care about service quality ( not just price ) . In general , we find that households have diverse preferences in terms of quantity , safety , and service options , but not with regard to hours of supply . In particular we find that the poor have lower ability to tradeoff income for services , a finding that has significant equity implications in terms of allocating scarce public services and achieving universal", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 104, "text": "Conjoint Surveys in Sri Lanka", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 991, "end": 1006, "text": "conjoint survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Annex_ * * A * * Page * * 7 * * of * * 16 * * # # # # # # [ abled6 : Key Indicators for < sup > Future ProjectOperationLa < / sup > | | * * Key * * operating indicators | * * 1995 * * | * * 1996 * * | * * 1997 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 1999 * * | 2000 | 2001 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Actual | * * < - - * * | * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * | OP / ICRE | stimatedTar | getsJb < sup > * * - - - - - - * * < / sup > | < sup > * * - - - - - > * * < / sup > | | * * A . * * < br > | Operational < br > ec . * * 31 ) * * | | | | | | | | | * * Al . * * | SARindicators : | | | | | | | | | * * 1 . * * | Telephonelinesconnected < sup > duringyear < / sup > | * * 6 , 939 * * | 2 , 000 | * * 3 , 000 * * | * * _1 , 500_ * * | 4 , 500 < br > | * * _5 , 000_ * * < br > | | | 2 . | < br > Telexlinesconnected | * * 8 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 60 * * | * * 60 * * | * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | Linseed | * * 3 , 135 * * | - | * * 1 , 235 * * | * * 51 * * | * * 185 * * | | Nigger | 174 | - | * * 925 * * | * * 0 * * | | | Vegetables | - | * * 329 * * | | * * 2 , 066 * * | 1 , 524 | _Source : Respective Woredas Agriculture Office December , _ * * _2023_ * * According to information collected from respective woreda ' s agriculture office , crop productivity is relatively * * high * * in Subproject impact woredas for example , on average 43 quintals of wheat crop is obtained per hectare in Hetosa woreda , while the productivity of wheat crop per hectare reduced to 40 quintals in Arsi Robe Woreda . The productivity of maize crop in Subproject woredas is * * 35 * * to 40 quintals per hectare , while on average 24 quintals of barely is produced per hectare in Subproject woredas . Beside for household food consumption , the production of creal and food crops * * by * * farming households in Subproject woredas are also to generate household cash income . That means crops such as wheat , barely and vegetables are also considered the main cash crops in the Subproject influnce area . Farmers in Subproject woredas widely use essential agricultural inputs to increase crop production and productivity and meet rapid increase of demand for food and industrial raw materials . Farm inputs such as fertilizers , improved seeds , herbicides and insecticides are the major inputs the farming households in Subproject woreda use for crop production . The presence of strong farmers Cooperatives in Subproject woredas also play great role in the expansion of modern agricultural innovations to farming households , The cooperatives provide agricultural inputs , agricultural and industrial marketing services , credit , flour mill , saving , potable water", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 351, "text": "information collected from respective woreda ' s agriculture office", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Victoria Nile and form an important component of the commercial fishery of the Victoria Nile . The introduction of piscivorous ( ' fish-eating ' ) Nile perch led to a reduction in the stocks and diversity of smaller prey species such as haplochromines . With the removal of smaller fish , consumption of phytoplankton ( microscopic algae ) and detritus was reduced , and this , along with increased nutrient inputs , has been identified as a potential cause of enhanced eutrophication ( Gophen _et al . , _ 1995 ) , although water quality data from the Upper Victoria Nile indicate this is not a significant problem ( see Section 3 . 4 . 3 - Water Quality ) . Recent studies by scientists at Fisheries Resources Research Institute ( FIRRI ) , now the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute ( NAFIRRI ) ( Dr . R . OgutuOhwayo , FIRRI , pers . comm . , 2000 ) indicate that some of the native riverine fish species , especially _Labeo victorianus , Barbus altianalis_ and some Mormyrids , have started to recover in Lake Kyoga following over-fishing of the Nile perch . These fishes have been caught near the opening of the Victoria Nile into Lake Kyoga , which indicates that they are recolonising the lake from the river . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * IA * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 529, "end": 576, "text": "water quality data from the Upper Victoria Nile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lacustrine origin . * * _Luwero : _ * * With few exceptions , most of the geological formation in the district consists of the basement complex systems as the oldest geological formations , overlain in places by a succession of sedimentary strata which will have under gone a variable degree of metamorphosis . These major geological formations are characterized by the presence of young intrusive rocks , mostly acidic and less commonly basic . The youngest formation of Pleistocene era is represented by sands , quartz and clays of alluvial or lacustrine origin . The soils are generally red sandy loam . The southern part of the district is relatively fertile and can support a variety of crops . In the northern areas ( Kamira and Butuntumula and parts of Kikyusa Sub-counties ) some parts have developed from sandy loam soils and fertility is low . # # # * * 4 . 1 . 2 . 4 Regional Seismicity * * Seismic hazard PGA ( Peak Ground Acceleration ) measured in ' g ' is a measurement of ground shaking intensity during an earthquake , expressed as a fraction of Earth ' s gravitational acceleration . A seismic hazard map with PGA values in ' g ' quantifies the expected maximum acceleration for a specific area over a certain time , helping engineers design structures to withstand potential ground motion . * * Figure 18 * * present the seismic hazard for the project area , and is classified as medium according to the information that is currently available . This means that there is a 10 % chance of potentially damaging earthquake shaking in the project area in the next 50 years . Based on this information , the impact of earthquakes should be considered in all phases of the Project , in particular during design and construction . Project planning decisions , project design , and construction methods should take into account the level of earthquake hazard . 121", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1122, "text": "seismic hazard map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". To estimate the proportion of imports used for exports in the firm-level export revenue function regressions , this paper builds on the classic approach to estimate production function introduced by Olley and Pakes ( 1996 ) , who use firm investment as a proxy for firm productivity . In this paper , to control for unobserved firm productivity that influences both imports and exports in the export revenue regressions , firm ’ s capital goods imports — part of a firm ’ s investment — is used as a proxy . This data is readily available from customs transaction records , allowing for an effective way to account for the unobserved productivity . The results from the firm-level export revenue function regressions show that , as expected , while the estimated proportion of imports used in exports is significantly less than one for the non-processing exporters that also produce for the domestic market , it is not significantly different from one for the processing exporters . This outcome reflects both economic reality and Chinese government regulations , adding credibility to the estimates . Firm-level DVAR is constructed using these estimated import proportions , and then aggregated to the industry and country levels . The resulting aggregate DVAR for China shows an upward trend from 2000 to 2016 , driven primarily by processing exporters . This pattern is consistent with earlier findings from Koopman et al . ( 2012 ) and Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) , even with extended time coverage into the more recent years . Robustness checks using bootstrapping confirm that these DVAR estimates are statistically similar to those in > 3See United Nations Statistical Division ( 1999 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 573, "text": "customs transaction records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 Equation ( 5 ) , where the market component of non-farm income is denoted _w_ < sup > _h_ < / sup > and the transfer component is denoted _τ_ < sup > _h_ < / sup > , is a comprehensive decomposition of the change in household welfare , taking into account the full compensating variation in “ net expenditures ” in the last two terms on the RHS , and any additional general equilibrium effects on non-farm incomes , e . g . changes in wages or government transfers , in the first term . As discussed in Section 2 , no study that we are aware of has so far fully captured all of these terms , and ours is no exception . Shortcomings in the Brazilian data , such as the absence of information on household farm production in either the household income or the household budget surveys , preclude us from computing production shares ( ) . Neither are we able to estimate the full Slutsky substitution matrix to approximate . In what follows , therefore , our empirical analysis is based on Equation ( 6 ) below , where the approximation sign returns : The three terms on the right hand side of ( 6 ) correspond to our estimates of the expenditure effect , the market income effect , and the transfer income effect , respectively . The first term is computed , for each household in the POF sample , using expenditure shares from the POF survey , and proportional price increases ( for each good i ) from the INPC . The second term is computed from wage information in the PNAD , based on the following rule : if the household contains no workers in any agricultural activity if the household contains any individuals _j_ who report positive income from an agricultural activity _i_ , ( i . e . that produces good _i_ ) . The information on agricultural production activities in the PNAD is much more disaggregated than the 16 food groups used for the INPC – POF concordance , and given in Table 1 . An additional concordance was needed , which maps each sector-specific agricultural activity reported in the PNAD to one of the 16 food groups whose prices", "spans": [{"start": 642, "end": 656, "text": "Brazilian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 761, "end": 785, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1333, "end": 1343, "text": "POF survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1408, "end": 1412, "text": "INPC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1472, "end": 1476, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will be affected by land acquisition and related impacts . When properly conducted , the population census provides information necessary for determining eligibility for compensation . - * * Project Cycle : * * The process of identifying , planning , approving , and implementing a Bank-supported development activity . In the World Bank , the project cycle is divided into the following stages : Identification , Preparation , Appraisal , Negotiations , Approval , Loan Effectiveness , and Implementation . - * * Project-Affected Area * * : The area subject to a change in use as a result of construction and operation of the road . - * * Project-Affected Households ( PAH ) * * : A PAH is a household that includes one or several projectaffected persons and usually comprises of a head of household , their spouses , children and other dependents ( e . g . , parents , grandchildren ) . - * * Project-Affected Person ( PAP ) * * : Any person who , as a result of the implementation of the project , loses the right to own , use , or otherwise benefit from a built structure , land ( residential , agricultural , pasture or undeveloped / unused land ) , annual or perennial crops and trees , or any other fixed or moveable asset , either in full or in part , permanently or temporarily . Affected people might be displaced either physically ( ― Physically Displaced People ‖ ) or economically ( ― Economically Displaced People ‖ ) . - * * Replacement Value : * * The rate of compensation for lost assets , that is , the market value of the assets plus transaction costs ( taxes , registration fees and cost associated with registration or", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "trends in the bond data or the presence of other confounding and possibly unobserved variables that influence bond prices as well as natural resources . The wealth accounting indicators used in this study were compiled on an annual frequency and will be made available together with the accompanying report ( Lange et al . , 2021 ) . The values are comparable and qualitatively consistent with the publicly available 5-year frequency data until > 6Monthly or quarterly data , on the other hand , might be more informative as they capture seasonal variations and are aggregated enough for higher signal-to-noise ratios to emerge . 7", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 23, "text": "bond data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and indirectly inspected firms to this weighted sample of control firms , in terms of the characteristics available from the listing survey . Although this offers far fewer variables for checking balance than is possible for the communication and free cost treatments , the results are still reassuring , with only one out of ten coefficients being significant at the 10 percent level . # * * 4 . 5 . Follow-up Surveys * * A very short phone survey of firms selected for the communication and free cost treatments was carried out between April 10 and 18 , 2012 by Sensus . The purpose of this survey was to follow-up with the firms that had received the communication or free cost content and see whether they had started the process of formalization , their intent to formalize , and whether the information in the brochure had been useful . It was also intended to serve as a last prompt to use the information and free cost offer . This survey was not given to firms that Sensus had not made the treatment offers to , and so was fielded to 464 firms , of which 367 responded ( 79 percent ) . In this survey 86 percent of the firms said 14", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 457, "text": "phone survey of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ministry of Water and Energy_ _Page 3-4_ Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact assessment are described in the Proclamation . Thus a project developer is expected to act as follows : - Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment , identifying the likely adverse impacts , incorporating the means of their prevention , and submitting the environmental impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency . - Ensure that an environmental impact assessment is conducted and an environmental impact study report is prepared by an expert who meets the requirements set forth by the directive issued by the EPA . - Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency for review . # # # # # # _3 . 2 . 3 . 4 Environmental Pollution Control ( Proclamation No . 300 / 2002 ) _ As stated in the RIDP FS , Proclamation No . 300 / 2002 on Environmental Pollution Control primarily aims to ensure the right of citizens to a healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of the country . The law addresses the management of hazardous waste ; establishment of environmental quality standards for air , water and soil ; and monitoring of pollution . The problem of improper handling of hazardous substances related to activities such as pest management and industrial development are becoming a serious environmental concern . In this connection the Proclamation provides a basis from which the relevant environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be developed , while sanctioning violation of these standards as criminally punishable offences . In order to ensure implementation of en \\ , lironmental standards and related requirements , inspectors belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered by the Proclamation to enter , without prior notice or court order , any land or premises at any time , at their discretion . Such wide powers derive from Ethiopia ' s serious concern and commitment to protecting the environment from pollution . # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 4 Regional Environmental Protection", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MSE of _Y_ < sup > _r_ < / sup > _ / Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > conditional on deciles of _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > at left . benchmark is less pronounced . # * * 5 Errors in Survey Reports * * # # * * 5 . 1 Diary and Recall Measurements * * The presumption that diaries outperform recall data for the measurement of well-being finds little empirical support . This can be seen in Figure 1 , where diary and recall histograms are compared with the distribution of usual consumption , _fY ∗ _ [ _y_ ] ( the continuous line ) . The lower tail of the recall distribution is closer to that of usual consumption , and mismeasurement from diaries is more substantial at the bottom end . As diary measurements are centered at _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ( because of Assumption 1 ) , the difference in the modes of _fY ∗ _ [ _y_ ] and _fY d_ [ _y_ ] suggests that diary errors must have a thick lower tail . Figure 1 also illustrates how the upper tail of the distribution of recall data is substantially thicker than the distribution of usual consumption , which is better approximated using data from diaries . These conclusions are confirmed by the first three columns of Table 3 , where different percentiles of empirical and estimated distributions are compared . The bottom three deciles of the recall distribution are closer to the deciles of _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > than are those of the diaries . The opposite conclusion applies for the remaining deciles . Consistent with predictions from the model in Section 2 , the Gini coefficient from diaries overstates the real value of this index ; the distance from the real value is minimized using recall data . These findings have important implications for the computation of aggregate poverty statistics . This 19", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 295, "text": "recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1088, "end": 1105, "text": "data from diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ North ” and “ South ” , with relative abundance of skilled and unskilled labor , respectively . The North specializes in inputs that are relatively intensive in skilled labor while the reverse is true for the South . A fl ow of capital from North to South leads to a shift of production activities to the South . Those activities are relatively intensive in unskilled labor by Northern standards , but they use more skilled labor than other inputs previously produced in the South , so that the relative wage of skilled labor increases in both countries . > 6 Gorg and Strobl ( 2001 ) use panel data on Ghanaian manufacturing plants to estimate the effect of exports and the use of imported machinery on the demand for skilled workers . They fi nd that the latter is unrelated to exports , but positively linked to the use of imported machinery that was purchased for the purpose of technological progress . > 7 Note that Harrison and Hanson ( 1999 ) use a panel dataset of Mexican manufacturing plants but most of their relative wage and relative employment regressions are estimated by OLS in levels . The only exception is a speci fi cation including only trade policy variables ( tariffs and import licenses without any other controls ) that is also estimated in differences . The justi fi cation for their approach is \" the very little time series variation in many of the other independent variables \" ( p . 146 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 634, "text": "panel data on Ghanaian manufacturing plants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 959, "end": 1004, "text": "panel dataset of Mexican manufacturing plants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "legal frameworks to support biometrics or to safeguard data privacy and sensitive personal data information , as well as electronic transactions . > 18 Foundational identification systems are designed to provide Government-recognized credentials ( for example , digital ID numbers , paper / plastic / laminated cards , smart cards , digital certificates , mobile IDs , and so on ) that can be used as a proof of identity . These systems include registration of individuals and the collection of biometric and other demographic data . They are often built as part of civil registration systems , which then communicate with other registries , such as those for social protection , health , education , financial services , population , and / or travel . Good practice is for these numbers to be randomly generated and not linked with any data pertaining to nationality or citizenship . This is a means of supporting inclusivity . However , foundational ID systems require a robust legal and institutional framework to effectively safeguard and govern how personal data are protected , managed , and shared among agencies . Such a framework is also necessary to uphold sovereignty , individual privacy , nondiscrimination , and inclusion . Page 46 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 531, "text": "biometric and other demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR10398 The World Bank | | Sub-projects fully operational and sustainably < br > | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | | 50 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | managed 2 years after initial investment ( in < br > 1000 ) | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | Copy | . | | Comments | Baseline is zero as this refers < br > to investments that will be < br > conducted under the project . | No survey was undertaken < br > yet . | | | ure | Sales value of key selected value chain < br > | Percentage | Value | | | | | los | commodities supported at the end-of-the-value - < br > chain | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | Public Disc | . | | Comments | Baseline not yet available as < br > relates to specific < br > commodities not selected at < br > the time of the baseline . | Will be determined at MTR | | | | Farmers benefiting from the investments of | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | | 72 . 00 | | | sub-component 2 . 1 ( in 1000 ) . | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | | Comments | Baseline is zero as this refers < br > to investments that will be < br > conducted under the project . | Will be determined at MTR < br > from project M & E system | | | | Infrastructure ( for agricultural water ) used 1 < br > | Percentage | Value | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 1221, "end": 1241, "text": "project M & E system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2015 ) . It provides aggregate results that are similar but makes it possible to consider explicitly differential vulnerabilities for people with different socioeconomic status . We start from household surveys using the latest vintage of the World Bank Global Monitoring Database , an aggregation and harmonization of country-level household surveys . The household surveys used here were made at different dates for different countries , but all are before the COVID-19 pandemic ( cf . Appendix 1 ) . The analysis covers 86 countries representing 64 percent of the total poor population . To provide a global estimate , the simulated poverty headcount is scaled up in accordance with the fraction of missing population in each region . In each country , the population is described by a set of representative households , with their demographic information , education level , sectoral employment , and consumption or income level ( here consumption and income are considered interchangeable ) . Each household has a _weight_ that measures its importance and representativeness of the entire population . First , we create scenarios for the future income distribution of households in each country in 2030 , without accounting for climate change impacts . We factor in possible changes to demography , education , labor force participation , economic structure ( share of population employed in various sectors ) , productivity ( for skilled and unskilled labor ) , and redistribution ( through pensions and social protection ) . We explore a range of possible futures for these factors and combine them to generate hundreds of scenarios representing a wide range of plausible socioeconomic development pathways for each country . In practice , we first manipulate the weight of each household to match demographic and macroeconomic projections detailed in one of the five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways ( SSPs ) . The SSPs describe plausible future changes in demographics , human development , economies , institutions , technologies , and the environment ( O ’ Neill et al . , 2014 , 2017 ; Samir & Lutz , 2017 ) . Within each country , representative weights of the households are adjusted so that the population matches SSP projections in terms of population size and composition ( including for instance the number of children and education level of", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 210, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 243, "end": 280, "text": "World Bank Global Monitoring Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 319, "end": 350, "text": "country-level household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ha per household . * * _Agronomic Practices : _ * * The census survey confirmed that all the 26 Subproject affected households have grown _teff_ crop , followed by onion ( 17 HHs ) , wheat crops ( 8 HHs ) and garlic ( 1HH ) on the farmland going to be expropriated for the construction of the proposed Subproject . * * _Ownership of Livestock : _ * * Data on livestock ownership of the surveyed households revealed that 82 . 4 % of the households at least owned one livestock , while the remaining Official Use Only Page 4", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 69, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 351, "end": 378, "text": "Data on livestock ownership", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 6 < / sup > highlighted real world experiences with disability disaggregated data questions . Insights from academia , the INGO sector , DPOs , a donor agency , as well as an operational UN agency provided different perspectives and contexts establishing a useful foundation for analysis . Important observations included : - A lesson learned from collecting data in the Pacific Islands following a disaster was the importance of cultural and language dimensions , about how individuals understand and interpret disability in themselves and others . This understanding varied quite a lot . Functional disability categories outsiders considered meaningful were not interpreted in the same way suggesting that the issue of translation was critical . - Use of the Washington Group tools in refugee contexts produces different estimates of disability prevalence than conventional tools considering data on Syrian refugees in Jordan , or Rohingya > 6 * * Frances Wood * * , Data and Evidence Lead , Disability Inclusion Team , Department for International Development , UK ; * * Aliya Souhaid * * , International Medical Corps ; * * Amalina Abdul Majit * * , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ; * * Duaa Shaalan * * , Handicap International , Jordan ; * * Wes Pryor * * , Nossal Institute , University of Melbourne ; * * Simione Bula * * , Pacific Disability Forum Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 4", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 935, "text": "data on Syrian refugees in Jordan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ward , R . M . and J . Li ( 1993 ) . Solid-waste disposal in Shanghai . _The Geographical Review_ . 83 ( 1 ) : 29-42 . - Whittington , D . , D . T . Lauria , and X . Mu ( 1991 . A study of water vending and willingness to pay for water in Onitsha , Nigeria , _World Development , _ 19 ( 2 / 3 ) : 179-198 . - Whittington , D . , J . Briscoe , X . Mu , and W . Barron ( 1990 ) Estimating the willingness to pay for water services in developing countries : a case study of the use of contingent valuation surveys in southern Haiti . _Economic Development and Cultural Change , _ 38 ( 2 ) : 293 - 312 . - Yang , Y . ( 1996 ) . Changzhou , China : Water supply , sewage treatment and waste disposal strategies for sustainable development . _Ambio_ , 25 ( 2 ) , The Sustainable City ( Mar . , 1996 ) , pp . 86-89 . - Ye , Chunhui and Ping Qin ( 2008 ) . Provision of residential solid waste management service in rural China . _China & World Economy_ . 16 ( 5 ) : 118-128 . - Zhuang , Y . , S-W . Wu , Y-L . Wang , W-X . , Wu and Y-X Chen ( 2008 ) . Source separation of household waste : A case study in China . _Waste Management_ , 28 ( 2008 ) : 2022-2030 . 19", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 510, "text": "contingent valuation surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS , PROTECTION RISKS AND NEEDS OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # Context The war in Ukraine has caused millions of people to flee , with over 4 . 9 million registering for temporary or equivalent national protection schemes in Europe . Since the onset of the crisis , UNHCR has been closely monitoring the protection situation of refugees from Ukraine and has conducted studies on the implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive ( TPD ) , alongside establishing protection monitoring systems in countries neighboring Ukraine . October 2022 and mid-February 2023 . This report analyses this data , alongside results of focus group discussions with refugee communities and data from other exercises conducted by UNHCR and partners ( border monitoring data , intentions surveys , Multi Sector Needs Assessments ) . The results are intended to provide an update on the results of UNHCR ’ s < u > 2022 protection monitoring report < / u > on the situation of refugees from Ukraine , as well as a partial update of UNHCR ’ s report ‘ The < u > Implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive : Six Months On ’ . < / u > A revised protection monitoring questionnaire was used to complete 17 , 708 interviews in Hungary , Moldova , Poland , Romania , and Slovakia between < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ICELAND < br > FINLAND < br > NORWAY < br > Individual refugees from Ukraine < br > recorded across Europe < br > SWEDEN ( as of 18 Apr 2023 ) < br > ESTONIA < 100 , 000 < br > 100 , 000 to 300 , 000 < br > RUSSIAN < br > LATVIA FEDERATION 300 , 000 to 500 , 000 < br > U . K . OF DENMARK 500 , 000 to 1 , 000 , 000 < br > NORTHERN IRELANDGREAT BRITAIN AND LITHUANIA > 1 , 000 , 000 < br > IRELAND NETHERLANDS BELARUS < br > POLAND < br", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 775, "text": "border monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 778, "end": 796, "text": "intentions surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 799, "end": 829, "text": "Multi Sector Needs Assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * GENERATING GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES AND PRODUCTIVITY FOR WOMEN ENTERPRISES ( GROW ) PROJECT * * * * IDA Grant Number 0920-UG ( Project ID P176747 ) * * * * Project Financial Statements for the Financial Year Ended 3 0th June 2025 * * - Number of regional facilities constructed or rehabilitated under the project operating as planned , including childcare facilities and gender-based violence referral service centers - Percentage of gender-inclusive upgrades under the project that are operating with green energy systems - Number of women entrepreneurs and employees benefiting from access to infrastructure constructed or rehabilitated under the project - Established and operating beneficiary management information system - Number of policy-relevant reports prepared under the project - Number of project-supported policy forums on women ' s entrepreneurship , economic empowerment , gender-based violence , and behavior change - Percentage of grievances registered in the project ' s grievance redress system that have been addressed . # # * * 2 . 3 PROJECT COMPONENTS * * The PDO will be implemented through four components and their accompanying subcomponents . * * 1 . Support for Women ' s Empowerment and Enterprise Development Services * * * * IA . * * Support for the Creation and Strengthening of Women ' s Platforms , Community Mobilization , and Mindset Change I B . Support for Core Business Development for Micro and Small Enterprises * * IC . * * Support for Trade - and Sector-Specific Skills * * ID . * * Women ' s Entrepreneurship Work Placement / Apprenticeship Program 2 . Access * * to Finance for Women Entrepreneurs * * * * 2A . * * Grant Support for Micro Enterprises through Business Plan Competition - 2B . Facilitating Access to Credit for Enterprise Growth - * * 2C . * * Sustainable Loan Products and Processes for Women Entrepreneurs * * 3 . Enabling Infrastructure and Facilities for Women Enterprise Growth and Transition * * * * 3A . * * Multipurpose Service and Production Facilities to Boost Women Enterprise Productivity - _3B", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 726, "text": "beneficiary management information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 990, "end": 1014, "text": "grievance redress system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ET-CSA-156241-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for User < br > Satisfaction Survey - Consultancy Services onsample design , tool IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 92 , 580 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > development , Data Collection , < br > field operation , quality control < br > and estimation procedures < br > ET-CSA-1155438-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection and Employment of < br > consultancy service providingfirm to the preparation 10 IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 120 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-08-18 2020-09-08 2020-10-22 2020-11-19 2020-12-19 2021-01-23 2021-02-27 2022-02-27 < br > Years National statistics road < br > map and NSDS-III < br > ET-CSA-156458-NC-RFB / < br > Selection and employment of < br > IT consulting firm thatdesigns and deploys anetwork operation control IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-11-13 2020-12-04 2021-01-17 2021-02-14 2021-03-16 2021-04-20 2021-05-25 2022-05-25 < br > system along with statistical < br > dash board System . < br > ET", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 : Services GVC participation , Gross Exports and Services GVC participation by Type < ! - - Start of picture text - - > GVC participation and gross exports SERVICES < br > Services < br > IRL 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 2 < br > SGP < br > 0 . 1 < br > VNM BEL < br > EST CYPSVK HUNCZE MYSTHA HKG 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 < br > KHM TUNCOLISLKAZLTUPERLVACHLSVNHRVBGRCRIMARGRCNZLZAFSAUPRTARGTURMEXROUIDNDNKNORFINPHLCHNAUSTWNBRARUSPOLAUTISRKORITASWECANESPJPNNLDCHEROWFRAINDDEUGBR USA 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 1 < br > MYS KOR DEU IND GBR BRA MEX CHN USA < br > 6 8 10 12 14 Backward Forward < br > Gross exports log ( 2015 ) < br > Source : OECD ; own calculations < br > Figure 3 : GVC Participation for IT and Information Services < br > GVC participation and gross exports IT AND INFO < br > Backward GVC participation and gross exports IT AND INFO Forward GVC participation and gross exports IT AND INFO < br > LUX < br > IRL LUX SGP < br > IRL < br > LUX < br > KHM KAZBRN THAPERTUNCOLSAUMLTTURMEXCYPLTUHRVISLCHLSVNIDNLVAGRCVNMZAFNZLESTSVKPRTCRIMARBGRHKGTWNBRAARGCZENORHUNAUSDNKMYSPHLCHNRUSROUKORJPNCANAUTPOLITAFINSGPBELFRAISRROWESPNLDSWEGBRCHEDEUUSA IND KHM KAZBRN THAPERTUNCOLSAUMLTTURMEXCYPLTUHRVISLCHLSVNIDNLVAGRCVNMNZLZAFESTSVKPRTCRIMARBGRHKGTWNBRAARGCZENORHUNAUSDNKMYSPHLCHNRUSROUKORJPNCANAUTPOLITAFINSGPBELFRAISRROWESPNLDSWEGBRCHEDEUUSA IND KHM KAZBRN THAPERTUNCOLSAUMLTTURMEXCYPLTUHRVISLCHLSVNIDNLVAGRCVNMNZLZAFESTSVKPRTCRIMARBGRHKGTWNBRARGCZENORHUN A DNKMYSPHLUSCHNRUSROUKORJPNCANAUTPOLITAFINBELFRAISRROWESPNLDSWEGBRCHEDEUUSAIRLIND < br > 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 < br > Gross exports log ( 2015 ) Gross exports log ( 2015 ) Gross exports log ( 2015 ) < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > . 8 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > . 2 < br > 0 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > . 2 < br > 0 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > . 5 < br > 0 < br > . 2 < br > . 15 < br > . 1 < br > . 05 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * It is widely recognized that climate change will disproportionately affect poorer countries ( Mendelsohn , Dinar , & Williams , 2006 ; Tol , 2009 ; Bathiany , Dakos , Scheffer , & Lenton , 2018 ; Dell , Jones , & Olken , 2008 ) , and poorer individuals within countries ( Skoufias , Rabassa , & Olivieri , 2011 ; Hertel , 2016 ; Dennig , Budolfson , Fleurbaey , Siebert , & Socolow , 2015 ) . Here , we provide a new assessment of the future impacts of climate change on extreme poverty by 2030 , updating previous work ( Rozenberg & Hallegatte , 2015 ; Hallegatte & Rozenberg , 2017 ) using the most recent available household surveys from the World Bank ’ s Global Monitoring Database . This assessment is done at the household level , using a bottom-up approach to explore the compounding effects of future socioeconomic development and changing climatic and environmental conditions . Because of the uncertainty in future socioeconomic change and future climate change impacts ( see Table 1 ) , we use an exploratory modeling approach to create tens of thousands of scenarios for the next 10 years . The main idea behind this approach is to understand the consequences of various combinations of uncertainties to the system of interest ( Bankes , Walker , & Kwakkel , 2013 ; Kwakkel & Haasnoot , 2019 ) . The approach is mainly used for exploration , rather than prediction . Here , we do not provide a “ best-guess ” for the future impacts of climate change on poverty , but instead provide a range of possible impacts , and explore the influence of various relevant drivers and uncertainties . These factors include population growth , education , structural economic shifts , food prices , and health issues , among others . Table 1 : List of uncertain factors driving socioeconomic development and poverty and considered in this analysis . | Category | Parameter | | - - - | - - - | | | Population growth < br > Age structure | | Socioeconomic - < br > SSP | Average productivity growth < br > Education attainment < br > Labor participation < br", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 660, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 685, "end": 711, "text": "Global Monitoring Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "benchmark . Table 6 provides the sample size one would need under three impact scenarios : 5 % , 10 % , and 15 % reduction in child labor . < sup > 19 < / sup > For small impacts on child labor ( 5 % ) , the top panel shows that one would need a large number of household observations to detect meaningful impacts according to the self-reported ( n = 4988 ) and proxy-reported ( n = 6769 ) statistics of a baseline measure of child labor . For expected moderate impacts ( 10 % ) , the middle panel of Table 6 show the sample size requirements shrink to n = 1295 and n = 1684 for self and proxy reporting , while for relatively large impacts ( 15 % ) the bottom panel shows one would need sample sizes of n = 583 and n = 765 , respectively . Thus , across these three different impact scenarios , the sample differences account for 1781 , 389 , and 182 additional observations if one uses the proxy reported child labor statistics as the baseline measure , relative to the self-reported child labor statistics . Connecting these sample differences to survey costs allows one to assess the trade-offs between survey precision and costs . In rural Ethiopia where communications infrastructure is mostly absent , the costs associated with surveys fieldwork are high as any local research organization needs to move its operations from the capital city of Addis Ababa to rural areas for several days or weeks . The overall costs of collecting information in the field through multi-topic survey questionnaires that comprise a standard number of sections and questions were approximately 40US dollars per household . As indicated in columns 4 and 5 in Table 6 , a large share of these costs is fixed ( around 25US dollars ) and thus , the variable costs associated with the additional time it would demand seeking information from each child within the household is not proportional to the number of children in the house . < sup > 20 < / sup > Since self-reporting involves , on average , two respondents per household , as opposed to one adult respondent in proxy-reporting households , and since children are", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# THE PATH TO BETTER DATA : Strategic action points , initiatives to inspire action Since the GCM was adopted , important work aligned with the 2018 Call to Action has taken place at country , regional and international level to improve data for children on the move . But much more needs to be done to ensure that migration data takes these children into account . The past four years – including the work achieved by many IDAC members – have made clear that partnerships , collaboration and investment in data work are all needed to achieve real and timely progress . The five action points in the Call to Action provide an important road map for Member States and other stakeholders to improve the data landscape and protect children on the move . Many challenges remain , as summarized over the following pages . But existing and emerging activities demonstrate how strategic investments can ensure children on the move are counted in data collection efforts and policymakers can be held accountable for their well-being . The initiatives highlighted in this brief offer Member States valuable resources and engaging opportunities to enhance the national data landscape on migration . For a more detailed analysis of both the gaps in migration data on children and the initiatives taking place around the world to address them , see the recent IDAC publication , _ < u > Missing from the Story : The urgent need for better data to protect children on the move < / u > _ . # # # DISAGGREGATE DATA BY AGE , SEX AND MIGRATORY STATUS < sup > 5 < / sup > - Disaggregating data on migrants by age and sex ( including for data on regular and irregular migrants , asylum seekers , refugees and unaccompanied minors ) is crucial to the proper identification and monitoring of children on the move . Multiple , consistent age classifications that allow data on children to be classified into different groups must be made available to enable policymakers to analyse the evolving aspects of children ’ s well-being . - Data must be disaggregated by migratory status ( usually based on country", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 329, "text": "migration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1238, "end": 1252, "text": "migration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aggregating across population units ( grids in this case ) . The two versions of implementing the EBP lead to the same estimates for a large number of Monte-Carlo iterations . To verify this , we compare poverty headcount and MSE estimates obtained using the traditional method with Monte-Carlo replications with those obtained by calculating the expected value approach for one focus country , and report the results in Appendix D . Estimates ll of the mean squared error ( MSE ) of the small area estimates are calculated using parametric LL = 100 bootstrap under model ( 1 ) ( Gonzalez-Manteiga et al . , 2007 ) as implemented in the Povmap package . MSE estimation adjusts for the fact that the population data we use contain only one observation per grid , while the actual population contains multiple households per grid . An empirical best predictor under the two-fold version of the nested error regression model is also available ( < mark > Marhuenda < / mark > et al , 2017 ) . The two-fold version of the EBP was used to produce official > 7 The code is available on the development branch of the package at : https : / / github . com / SSA-Statistical-TeamProjects / povmap .", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 714, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Tables 9 and 10 report the conditional factor demand functions for early season ( i . e . , preplanting and planting period ) fertilizer and labor , respectively , the former estimated at both the intensive and extensive margins since there are many zero-valued observations . < sup > 22 < / sup > The results highlight four intuitive findings . First , the provision of true plot size information has zero effect on fertilizer use reporting at the extensive margin . Farmers know whether they used fertilizer or not and that self-report is unaffected by corrective information about plot size . Fertilizer use , as a binary variable , is positively associated with plot size only and unrelated to either pre-treatment plot size measurement error or corrective information . Second , the plot size information treatment significantly affects farmers ' self-reported fertilizer use at the intensive margin , by roughly 7 percent of mean fertilizer use at mean plot size and pre-treatment measurement error ( - 0 . 298 / 4 . 244 ) . Since the average farmer overestimates his plot size , corrective information on average told him that he was overestimating his area . This finding indicates that informational treatment induces farmers to reduce their estimates of fertilizer use intensity , too . Since farmers were asked to report their fertilizer use minutes after they witnessed the GPS measurement of their plot and were told the true plot size and the measurement error in their self-report of plot area , there was no opportunity for any actual adjustment in fertilizer use . These are pure spillover effects on beliefs , or at least on self-reports , caused by corrective information on a related but different variable . This raises concerns about the quality of selfreported data on fertilizer and labor inputs in agricultural household surveys , an issue that has received limited attention in the evolving discussion of improved household survey methods . NCME in non-land inputs may affect inferences about the determinants of and marginal returns to inputs ( e . g . , Abay , 2020 ) . Third , the treatment effects are systematically heterogeneous , varying especially with plot size . Farmers owning larger plots adjusted their self-reported fertilizer use intensity downwards by a larger", "spans": [{"start": 1771, "end": 1788, "text": "selfreported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1823, "end": 1853, "text": "agricultural household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_List only the applicable conditions required to ensure consistency with paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations . If no conditions apply , delete the phrase “ and the following conditions ” . _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _ ~ ~ Leased Assets ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 10 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state ~ ~ “ _ _ ~ ~ Not Applicable ~ ~ ” _ * * _ ~ ~ Procurement of Second Hand Goods ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Otherwise state ~ ~ “ _ _ ~ ~ Not Applicable ~ ~ ” _ * * _ ~ ~ Domestic preference ~ ~ _ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ ( Goods and Works ) ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Specify for each ~ ~ _ ~ ~ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; ~ ~ ~ ~ Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ~ ~ * * ~ ~ Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "017 ) | ( 0 . 031 ) | | Export Orientation Index | | 1 . 413 * * * | | 1 . 292 * * * | 0 . 904 * * * | 0 . 941 * * * | 0 . 825 * * * | 0 . 867 * * * | 0 . 935 * * * | 0 . 713 * * * | | | | ( 0 . 055 ) | | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 040 ) | ( 0 . 047 ) | ( 0 . 084 ) | ( 0 . 042 ) | ( 0 . 047 ) | ( 0 . 089 ) | | Log of agricultural input costs < sup > a < / sup > | | | | | 0 . 482 * * * | 0 . 482 * * * | 0 . 491 * * * | 0 . 519 * * * | 0 . 512 * * * | 0 . 544 * * * | | | | | | | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | | Simpson Index of Diversification | | | | | 0 . 591 * * * | 0 . 603 * * * | 0 . 550 * * * | 0 . 630 * * * | 0 . 619 * * * | 0 . 668 * * * | | | | | | | ( 0 . 048 ) | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 140 ) | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 053 ) | ( 0 . 143 ) | | Number of unpaid ag family < br > | | | | | 0 . 046 * * | 0 . 035 * | 0 . 113 * | 0 . 045 * * | 0 . 031 | 0 . 154 * * | | workers | | | | | ( 0 . 018 ) | ( 0 . 019", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > es . Using the sample for the full sample of 678 farmers , except for 13 farmers < br > + _βFFlexiblei_ + _αc_ + _εit_ , where_i_corresponds to a farmer , _Y_ is the outcome of < br > we report the mean and the standard deviation of the outcome for the control < br > inal study design . We use data from the Commercialization survey conducted < br > commended dosages of Urea , DAP and KCl , respectively . In columns 4-6 , we < br > p_ < _0 . 1 . | | - - - | | ( 1 ) < br > ( 2 ) < br > ( 3 ) < br > Absolute difference , ap < br > At sowing < br > Urea ( kg / ha ) < br > DAP ( kg / ha ) < br > KCl ( kg / ha ) < br > Extension ( 1 = Yes ) < br > - 1 . 71 < br > 0 . 35 < br > - 1 . 43 < br > ( 1 . 98 ) < br > ( 2 . 43 ) < br > ( 1 . 32 ) < br > Individual recommendation ( 1 = Yes ) < br > 3 . 04 < br > 3 . 23 < br > 1 . 82 * * < br > ( 2 . 08 ) < br > ( 2 . 02 ) < br > ( 0 . 90 ) < br > Grant ( 1 = Yes ) < br > - 30 . 34 * * * < br > - 16 . 26 * * * < br > - 13 . 41 * * * < br > ( 2 . 00 ) < br > ( 2 . 25 ) < br > ( 0 . 85 ) < br > Flexible ( 1 = Yes ) < br > 3 . 54 * < br > 2 . 37 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 405, "text": "Commercialization survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation support missions , and contribute to the ISRs and Implementation Completion and Results Report . 5 . M & E . The World Bank will review the Results Framework submitted quarterly by the PMU as part of implementation support . The World Bank team will discuss the progress and deviations with the PMU to identify any areas where additional help from the World Bank is needed . The PMU and the World Bank will also use results data to build awareness of project results among key beneficiaries and counterparts . Beneficiary feedback will also feed into regular monitoring . 6 . The tables below detail the key areas of focus of the implementation support activities for the first 24 months of the project ’ s implementation . These have been determined based on discussions with the client and an understanding of the priority activities to be implemented during the first two years of the project . Future updates will be based on progress on project activities , timing of major new activities or large procurement packages , and the expertise required to address any issues that arise , among other things . Page 64 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 443, "text": "results data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacted are best approached through an empowerment or rights protection perspectives , as they may not have the capacity to represent themselves properly . Similarly , interested parties can be a low priority for community relations efforts , but their capacity to exert high influence over the Project , means that they need to be kept informed and involved , while building strategies to reduce any inappropriate demands that they place on the Project . UCSATP will continue to undertake analysis of its various stakeholder groups to identify any new stakeholders and determine / confirm the appropriate level and methods of consultation and engagement for each stakeholder group . The Head of Safeguards and the project Social safeguards Officer will be responsible for ongoing stakeholder identification , mapping and analysis . The project social safeguards officer will also be responsible for updating the stakeholder database and matrix as well as creating / updating Key Stakeholder Profiles . The analysis involves mapping stakeholder using the following three key determinants : - a . The stakeholder ’ s projected level of interest in the Project ; - b . The Project ’ s potential impact on the stakeholder ; and - c . The stakeholder ’ s degree of influence / power on or value to the Project . By plotting influence together with impact / interest on a matrix and taking due account of further criteria such as expertise ( i . e . knowledge to contribute and legitimacy ) and the stakeholders ’ willingness to engage , the relative needs of key stakeholders in terms of the level and type of consultation and engagement are determined and can therefore be properly planned . The UCSATP definitions of impact / interest and influence / power are described in Table 3-2 below . * * Table 3-3 : Definitions for Stakeholder Analysis and Mapping * * | * * Significance * * | * * Impact / Interest axis * * | * * Influence / Power axis * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | High |  The stakeholder will experience a high degree of < br > impact as a result of the Project", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 934, "text": "stakeholder database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 Having 28 % seems very high , supposedly they used to move forth and back between Jordan and Syria . This survey is unable to address the cause behind such percentage because it does only ask about the year of _ < u > last < / u > _ entry . _Chart 8 : Last Entry to Jordan vs Start of Work in Construction by Sample Group_ Only 51 % of those with a private / public employer work permit are working in the construction sector as designated by the work permit and for the same employer listed on their work permits . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "District Labour Officer , Gender Officer , Probation and Child welfare Officer , and so on , based on each subproject at a given location . # # # * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * The PSFU , Project beneficiaries will put in place adequate institutional arrangements , systems and resources to ensure effective monitoring of the ESMF and the relevant plans associated with INVITE Project . The goals of monitoring will be : - To measure the success rate of the activities ; - Determine the effectiveness of the mitigation measures to the negative impacts ; - Determine further interventions ( such as mitigation ) are required or enhance the monitoring ; and - Complying with the World Bank ESSs , World Bank Group EHS Guidelines and the national environmental and social requirement . The goal of monitoring activities is to ensure that component activities comply with the plans and procedures laid out in the ESMF . Monitoring responsibilities and inspection activities will be carried out by PIU ( PSFU ) and Project beneficiaries who will administer the overall project-related environmental and social monitoring and implementation as laid out in this ESMF through their Environment and Social specialists . The overall project M & E , will be led by the PSFU on behalf of MoFPED in collaboration with all participating agencies , applying a Results Framework which includes baseline measurements and annual targets to monitor results and progress . The BoU M & E data and reporting will be consolidated by PSFU into an overall project report . The economic impact of program activities will be measured through data collection and survey implementation and through a structured impact evaluation at the conclusion of the project . All data will be disaggregated by gender , refugee , host community , and non-host community nations to ensure adequate targeting and collection of results for targeted populations . WB expects its clients to implement the environmental and social measures set out in the various plans ( ESCP , ESMF , ESMP , SEP , RAP , etc . ) , which are referred to in the financing agreements , in compliance with the", "spans": [{"start": 1460, "end": 1474, "text": "BoU M & E data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* - * * VII . * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable . * * - * * VIII . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . - ( a ) Goods : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * . - ( b ) Works : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * - * * IX . Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations : * * If requested by the Recipient , the World Bank will provide procurement hands-on expanded implementation support ( HEIS ) to help expedite preparation of bidding documents . * * # # # # # * * X . Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "E / EMIS . | | Verification Entity | KACE | | Procedure | DLR 7 . 1 & 2 : Verification of infrastructure records and random spot checks to confirm whether equipped < br > centers are functional and are successfully accommodating the_Tawjihi_exam , that is , that digital devices < br > can be turned on , the network can be accessed , emergency measures are in place < br > DLR 7 . 3 : Verification of MOE training records and certification data regarding G10-12 teacher completion of < br > training . The verification agent will also go through the online training material and program , as well as < br > interview a sample of randomly selected teachers that have completed the training according to training < br > records data . The agent will then verify completion of training . < br > DLR 7 . 4 & 5 : Review of MOE records and system concerning the number of students completing the digital < br > _Tawjihi_exam as a share of total students sittingfor_Tawjihi_in the same round . | | * * DLI 8 on enhancing e * * | * * - information * * | | Formula | * * Scalable . * * The DLI disburses against online reporting by the PMDU regarding progress achieved toward the < br > objectives of the Economic Modernization Vision on public sector modernization and digitalization ; and the < br > strengthening of the enforcement of the Access to Information Law . It disburses up to a total of US $ 30 < br > million as follows : < br > Against DLR 8 . 1 : US $ 2 million upon the strengthening of legal provisions for the enforcement of 2007 < br > Access to Information Law ( prior result ) . < br > Against DLR 8 . 2 : US $ 0 . 5 million in each calendar year for each of the bi-annual updates to the PMDU", "spans": [{"start": 402, "end": 445, "text": "MOE training records and certification data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; Calais Migrant Solidarity . Deaths at the Calais Border . Available from : https : / / calaismigrantsolidarity . wordpress . com / deaths-at-the-calais-border / ( accessed on 21 . 1 . 2016 ) # # # # Children with disabilities Injury is the leading cause of acquired permanent disability in children , placing a huge economic and social burden on children , families and society . < sup > 166 < / sup > Permanent disability impedes the progress of education and social development for many children , who require long-term care and treatment and place significant strain on families who have to care for them , resulting in economic hardship many parents who have to leave their jobs to take up this role . < sup > 167 < / sup > In Asia injury surveys have found that for every child who died as a result of traffic injuries , 254 present to a hospital facility , and four of those were left with permanent disabilities . < sup > 168 < / sup > Of the literature reviewed , the following findings demonstrate the devastating impact of emergencies on CWD . In some humanitarian contexts large numbers of children have been disabled as a result of the emergency . This was seen in Gaza where a multi-sector initial rapid assessment of conditions during the 2014 conflict reported that from over 11 , 100 people who were injured , 3 , 374 were children , with preliminary estimates indicating that up to 1 , 000 of these children will have suffered permanent disability , requiring sustained support from the child protection and welfare sectors . < sup > 169 < / sup > However in other natural disaster contexts the numbers have been much lower . After Cyclone Nargis ( Myanmar 2008 ) , an interagency child protection assessment of 16 townships identified 132 , 793 affected children , of whom 402 were disabled or seriously injured as a result of the cyclone . This was a relatively low proportion of the total affected children - - 0 . 3 % -", "spans": [{"start": 733, "end": 752, "text": "Asia injury surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 22 - comfort , as the persistence of high fees has been one of the main criticisms of the Chilean system . These are the levels of fees charged by expensive active / high turnover equity mutual funds in the US . The fees charged by indexed ( passive ) equity mutual funds , bond funds , and money market mutual funds are much lower than 1 percent of assets , and so are the fees charged by occupational pension funds in most countries . < sup > 15 < / sup > # * * Figure 7 : Long Run Total Fees over Contributions for the Average MPF * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 % < br > 37 . 10 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 . 61 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 6 . 49 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > TOT C OP C AM C Past < br > 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : real wage growth = 4 % , rate of return = 8 % , asset management fees = 0 . 97 % of assets and operating fees : 6 . 49 % of contributions . Source : Own calculations on HFSA data . # * * Figure 8 : Long Run Total Fees over Assets for the Average MPF * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 14 % < br > 12 % < br > 10 % < br > 8 % < br > 6 % < br > 4 % < br > 2 % < br > 1 . 18 % < br > 0 . 97 % < br > 0 . 21 % < br > 0 % < br > TOT C OP", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1151, "text": "HFSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * FOOD SECURITY * * SECTOR # # # REGIONAL SECTOR ACHIEVEMENTS 1 , 823 , 107 individuals receiving food assistance * * 76 % * * ( cash , voucher or in-kind ) 56 , 215 individuals received food & agricultural livelihoods support * * 38 % * * * * 38 % * * * * 2 , 358 , 096 * * * * 149 , 389 * * Progress Target # # # SECTOR EFFICIENCIES AND EFFECTIVENESS Significant efficiency gains have been achieved within the Food Security Sector through enhanced targeting , more effective verification , and ongoing adjustment of transfer values and modalities . As a result , the Food Security Sector appeal for 2015 has increased by only 12 per cent compared to 2014 , despite the expected 19 per cent increase in the refugee population and significant additional resilience programming targeting vulnerable members of host communities . Also , food security and livelihoods assessments conducted in Jordan and Lebanon have generated information on the food security and agriculture-livelihoods status of host communities that will allow for better targeting of resilience interventions in rural areas . Food security actors throughout the region have implemented robust verification and targeting initiatives to ensure that the limited funding is channeled to those most in need . More accurate and comprehensive vulnerability assessments , such as the Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees ( VaSYR ) in Lebanon and the Comprehensive Food Security Monitoring Exercise ( CFSME ) in Jordan , have allowed the Sector to better target assistance to the most food insecure . In Jordan , approximately 100 , 000 people ( 19 per cent of those living outside camps ) have been removed from food assistance programmes as they are deemed able to meet their needs without external food support . Similarly , in Lebanon approximately 265 , 000 people have been removed from food assistance through an ongoing verification and targeting process , which is expected to result in further reductions over the course of the year . Better assessment data has also allowed actors to introduce a gradual approach to targeting . In April 2015", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 882, "text": "food security and livelihoods assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1350, "end": 1393, "text": "Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1423, "end": 1470, "text": "Comprehensive Food Security Monitoring Exercise", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2024, "end": 2039, "text": "assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 40 < br > Comm . & Industrial < br > 0 . 20 < br > Parts & Components < br > 0 . 00 < br > 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 < br > - 0 . 20 < br > - 0 . 40 < br > - 0 . 60 < br > Source : Korea Electronic Association < br > Note : TSI = ( export-import ) / ( export + import ) for each < br > industry < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : based on COMTRADE data , SITC Rev1 , 2 digits , < u > extracted from WITS < / u > Note : RCA = the share of an industry in the economy ‘ s < u > exports / its share in global exports < / u > In terms of the inter-industrial dimension , Korea ‘ s maintained high revealed comparative advantage ( RCA ) in clothing exports until the end of the 1960s , followed by the footwear until the 1980s . In the 1990s , it rapidly developed a high RCA in electronics exports which was replaced by transport equipment exports more recently . Korea ‘ s ̳ Flying Geese catch-up ‖ model also had an international dimension which involves the relocation of an industry from one country to another . For example , it gained a sharp increase in RCA in footwear in the mid of the 1960s partly as a result of manufacturing alliances and > 17 For the debate on whether the HCI drive in the 1970s is ― comparative advantage following ‖ or ― comparative advantage defying ‖ , see Lin & Chang ( 2009 ) . 28", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 396, "text": "COMTRADE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 443, "end": 447, "text": "WITS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", capital accumulation , and increases in productivity . The volumes of both types of labor grow exogenously at the rate of growth of the working age population ( ages 15-64 ) , obtained from World Bank population forecasts . The capital stock in each period is the sum of depreciated capital from the period before and new investment . For all sectors , capital productivity remains fixed throughout the model horizon , while growth in labor productivity in the business-as-usual ( BaU ) scenario is calibrated to real GDP growth in the World Bank ‘ s medium - and long-term forecast for Panama . < sup > 9 < / sup > In all other scenarios , labor productivity is fixed in each period at the BaU level , and GDP growth becomes endogenous . < sup > 10 < / sup > Thus , real GDP growth may differ from BaU due to faster / slower accumulation of capital or shocks to the productivity shift parameters , allowing the variations in GDP growth across scenarios to be directly attributed to the simulated policy reforms . > 7 Although other assumptions about closing the government balance , such as adjustments in indirect taxes , increased borrowing , or reduced spending , are also plausible , choosing the direct tax rate as an instrument is a fairly neutral way ( in an allocative sense ) of restoring fiscal balance in case of a shock . It also simplifies welfare measurements since the incidence of making up the budgetary shortfall falls squarely on consumers ( in contrast to indirect taxes , which , for example , may motivate producers to allocate a larger share of production toward exports which may be taxed at a lower rate ) . > 8 We use the deflator of GDP at factor cost as a measure of movements in the real exchange rate . > 9 Labor productivity growth in the canal sector is always exogenous . > 10 Thus , in the absence of any shocks , the BaU GDP growth rate is reproduced exactly . 8", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 223, "text": "World Bank population forecasts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "welfare cost of elevated premature mortality risk ( Narain and Sall , 2016 ) , as well as the welfare cost of threats to child health and development . An additional important question , with philosophical as well as methodological dimensions , involves the extent to which threats to family health are internalized by those making choices about cooking approaches ( including fuel , stove type , ventilation , and presence of children ) , and the extent to which those preferences should drive policy decisions . Rational choice theory would imply that users would balance costs and other factors against health threats when deciding how to cook . In practice , however , households may not be very well informed about the consequences of these choices ; may discount the consequences of pollutant exposure , either because of their longer-term nature or for other reasons ; may find cleaner stoves or alternative fuels less convenient to use ; or for other reasons may value smoke reductions differently – and typically less – than estimates based on highly controlled cost-of-illness studies ( Mobarak et al . , 2012 ) . Consequently , greater awareness of the adverse effects of exposure to indoor air pollution may make cleaner fuels or stoves more attractive , but so would offering a package of measures for promoting cleaner and improved cooking alternatives , including greater stove durability and ease of use as well as financing options ( Pattanayak et al . , 2016 ) . Aside from time discounting , individuals may associate a relatively lower cost with pollutant exposure than would be implied by cost-of-illness studies because they underestimate their own vulnerability , or because longestablished habits are not easily changed . Sunstein ( 2012-2013 ) provides a discussion of these and other possibilities , and advances the argument that public policy should contain an element of paternalism in such situations by not being entirely bound by revealed individual preferences if those preferences reflect incomplete or incorrect information . Other health threats for women and girls include insects and snake bites and musculoskeletal injuries associated with collection of fuelwood for cooking . Especially disturbing is that fuelwood collection is one of the key sources of physical and psychological violence against women . Somali refugee women have been", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . Are monitoring measures in place to determine the extent to which habitats are < br > affected by the Program ? < br > 4 . If Program activities affect protected areas are such activities consistent with < br > approved and up-to-date protected area management plans ? < br > 5 . Have the relevant management authorities and other key stakeholders for such < br > protected areas been consulted or otherwise involved in decisions that may affect the < br > legal status of habitat values of the area ? < br > 6 . If the Program involves any support for establishing forest plantations or other forest < br > management activities for conservation , forest regeneration , or non-timber forest < br > production purposes , does it do so in a manner consistent with internationally < br > recognized standards of responsible , sustainable forest management and use ? | | | ( iii ) Avoid significant < br > conversion or degradation of < br > critical natural habitats < br > ( modified habitats , natural ) | 1 . Are arrangements in place to ensure that significant conversion or degradation of < br > critical natural habitats does not occur and that Program activities do not otherwise < br > contravene international environmental agreements relating to natural habitats or < br > forests ? < br > 2 . When available data are insufficient to determine the extent or severity of < br > biodiversity impacts , are new biodiversity surveys or inventories , conducted by | 91", "spans": [{"start": 1420, "end": 1440, "text": "biodiversity surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Currently this is being wrongly regularized through mapping by government officers from the prospecting rival ethnic communities at the Counties especially keen on disorienting official Cherangany Hills territory maps by extending and renaming it with a view to winning future funds targeting the five ( 5 ) major Water Towers of Kenya namely : - * * 1 . Mount Kenya , 2 . Aberdare , 3 . Mau Forest , 4 . Mount Elgon , and ; 5 . Cherangany Hills . * * The concerned officers undertaking this weird exercise derive their authority of developing the wrong maps from the equally wrong secondary data produced by Ministry of Environment , Water and Forestry Consultants during the Natural Resources Management ( NRMP ) Project ’ s Social Assessment Report complained of and funded by World Bank . v ) * * Lack of FPIC or consultation * * : World Bank Management has failed to honor this human rights enabling instrument . Decisions are now made by government officers who design project-criteria that IPs cannot be able to benefit from , however important a project may be , as the World Bank funding window will always be used by the County Government Officers to deny Cherangany IPs ’ crucial projects by pointing to this Climate Smart Agriculture Project as they have been doing on the earlier NRMP project saying it is time for other communities and areas to benefit ; which is the reason why planning and design of any project must involve IPs to redress this real impending violation with damaging implications of not being able to exploit their natural resources hence FPIC omission correction by World Bank . vi ) * * Non recognition of locally mandated governance structures * * : Instead of recognizing the * * Cherangany Council of Elders * * as the custodians of the natural resources within their territory of Cherangany hills , especially the Cherangany Forest , the NRMP documents financed by World Bank state that Cherangany Forest will be managed by the * * Pokot Council of Elders * * which is a terrible abuse", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 596, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the OLS estimates are biased downwards . In the analysis so far , we have examined the effects of exporting on the share of workers who completed training in that same year . In light of the theoretical mechanisms discussed in the introduction , firms might be also expected to increase the share of workers who received technical training in prior years ( and are therefore already equipped with the skills required by exporting firms ) . While our training data do not contain information on training activity before 2009 , we can use the 2009-2012 data to redefine the dependent 12", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 463, "text": "training data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 541, "end": 555, "text": "2009-2012 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will strengthen the capacity of government agencies , civil society , rural organizations and private sector to prepare and implement HIV / AIDS prevention and care projects . It will reinforce the resource management , monitoring and evaluation capacity of the HIV / AIDS committees . It was agreed during negotiations that _the Recipient shall carry out data collection surveys during thefirst year of the Project , prior to the midterm review and at the completion of the Project . _ It will finance cross-sectoral activities that need to be pooled , such as training , advocacy , as well as technical assistance to sectors . It will provide support and training to the HIV / AIDS units of line ministries , to the CNLS Secretariat , and to other sectors . It will include a comprehensive on-the-job training for health personnel in all activities related to prevention and care . It will help NGOs provide support to local groups in the formulation and execution of proposals . Most of the activities will be contracted out to local or international institutions specialized in communication or training . Some entities who have shown success in executing HIV / AIDS / STI programs , will also be contracted to rapidly expand their services and to also serve as technical support to the CNLS and Ministries in terms of building capacity in the different sectors they work with mainly through training and supervision . In this regard contracts can be established with GTZ , University of Montreal , and AGBEF , which are agencies that have been in operation in Guinea for several years , have demonstrated their capacity , and can increase their activities if further financing is available to them Other specialized NGOs will be identified through a selection process after the first year of implementation . Considering the importance of adequately trained personnel for the implementation of this project , it was agreed during negotiations that _the Recipient shall , no later than March 15 , 2003 , adopt training modules for training of traine ; s program for thefirst project year , inform and substance satisfactory to the Association . _ This component is expected to receive", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 379, "text": "data collection surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s provided a perspective from below and were corroborated and triangulated with quantitative findings from the household surveys . _Secondary Data ( Administrative Reports ) ; _ Local Administrations particularly sector Offices of Woreda Administrations regularly generate and maintain a great deal of information about their constituencies . Such secondary data and administrative reports were sought and obtained from the respective Woreda Offices of Administration , Agriculture , Health , Education , and Environmental Protection . Information obtained from these Offices included socio-economic profiles of respective Woredas , updated population and land use , livelihoods and local economy , cultural heritages , environmental issues , and access , to social services ( water supply , health , edocafior electricity access ) and basic infrastructure < ! - - Start of picture text - - > SMid-Day < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * I ' lEl * *", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 128, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "encompasses a large coverage ( i . e . general government ) ; ( ii ) whether the FC make forecasts ; ( iii ) whether the FC makes forecasts on the preparation of the fiscal policy ; ( iv ) whether the FC makes forecasts assessments on the fiscal policy ; ( v ) whether the FC makes recommendations to the government ; ( vi ) whether the FC makes long-term sustainability analyses ; ( vii ) whether the FC establish consistency with the objectives ; ( viii ) whether the FC evaluates the costs of fiscal measures ; ( ix ) whether the FC makes ex-post analysis ; ( x ) whether the FC publish public reports ; and ( xi ) whether the FC has a high media impact . We focus on the period 2009-2016 to evaluate the efficiency of postcrisis policies . The comparison of the procyclical bias across groups of countries with and without these features ( Table C . 2 and Figure C . 2 ) shows that countries with fiscal councils have lower procyclicality bias ; but the largest impact comes from attributes of the council , especially those that examine sustainability and evaluate the costs of different measures . The features are associated with countercyclical spending . Transparency through public reports and the media exposure also matters , in line with predictions by Alesina et al . ( 2008 ) . # * * [ insert Table C . 2 ; Figure C . 2 ] * * # * * _Bottom-up solution : Fiscal decentralization_ * * Though fiscal decentralization may be an effective mechanism to enhance the provision of public service delivery in developing countries , such as the access to primary education , the access of drinking water , the access of refuse and sewage disposal facilities . The discussion still exists around the optimal level of fiscal decentralization for both spending and expenditures . So , the decentralization might be also effective in the struggle against fiscal procyclicality of the general government because of the application of subsidiarity principle . Indicators of fiscal decentralization generally refer to the fiscal composition ratio established by the IMF ’ s Government Finance Statistics Yearbooks ( see Blume and Voigt ( 2008 ) and Blume", "spans": [{"start": 2071, "end": 2110, "text": "Government Finance Statistics Yearbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "historic sites including Gonder , and Lalibela . Interspersed on the landscape are higher mountain ranges and cratered cones , the highest of which , at 4 , 620 meters , is Ras Dashen Terara northeast of Gonder . Much of the western half of the region has good soils and adequate rainfall and typically produces agricultural surpluses . Cereals account for more than 80 % of cultivated land and 85 % total crop production . The principal cereal crops in the Amhara region are teff , barley , wheat , maize , sorghum and finger millet . Pulses and oil crops are the other major categories of field crops . About 27 . 9 % of the livestock in Ethiopia , 30 . 7 % of the poultry , and 18 . 5 % of the beehives are found in the Amhara region . According to the 2017 CSA population projection , the Amhara region has a total population of 21 , 134 , 988 of which 10 , 585 , 995 are men and 10 , 548 , 993 are women . 3 , 682 , 000 and 17 , 453 , 000 populations of the region are town and rural residences respectively . There is one refugee camp newly established in the region located in Dabat woreda of North Gonder Zone . In this newly established refugee camp , the region is started hosting refugees from Eritrea . DRDIP-II will be implemented in Dabat woreda and Dabat City Administration targeting a total of 26 kebeles of which 22 kebeles are from Dabat woreda and 4 kebeles are from Dabat City Administration . A total of 203 , 000 ( 183 , 000 F ) host community is expected to be benefited from the project . # # # * * 4 . 2 Socio-Cultural Context of the DRDIP-II Intervention Areas * * # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . Vulnerable or Disadvantaged Groups * * DRDIP-II will be", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 786, "text": "2017 CSA population projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Growth drivers in the business-as-usual baseline * * In this section we explore the assumptions that are required to calibrate the LTGM-PC to simulate Malaysia ’ s business-as-usual baseline over 2020-50 . To create a business-as-usual baseline for the Malaysian economy in the long run , we need to calibrate the future paths of the growth drivers like investment , the growth of both TFP and human capital , as well as other key parameters . These assumptions are summarized in Table 2 . 1 . We calibrate the LTGM-PC as the foundation of the analysis and add the LTGM-TFP extension and the LTGM-HC extension to simulate TFP growth and human capital growth , respectively . Additionally , short-to-medium term forecasts produced by the IMF in its Article IV report help us calibrate the future paths of public and private investment . We use population growth projections ( by age cohort ) from the UN for demographic trends until 2050 . The remaining projections are determined by assuming that long-term trends in Malaysia remain constant and by performing some steady state calculations . The labor share of income is calibrated to 50 % , which is close to its value from Penn World Tables version 9 . 0 ( PWT 9 ) . * * Table 2 . 1 . Summary of Assumptions for the Malaysia Business-as-Usual Baseline * * | * * Variable * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Source / Comments * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Labor Share | 50 . 0 % | Similar to the 2014 PWT 9 figure of 53 % | | Depreciation Rate ( aggregate ) | 5 . 8 % | PWT 9 figure for 2014 | | Capital-to-Output Ratio | 2 . 25 | At steadystate value | | Human Capital Growth | 0 . 6 % 0 . 1 % | Calculated usingthe LTGM Human Capital Extension | | TFP Growth | 0 . 9 % 0 . 6 % | Similar to the last 15-year average and the last 30-year < br > median usingPWT 9 | | Investment-to-GDP Ratio | 24 % | Based on projections of public and private-investment", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 882, "text": "population growth projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1186, "end": 1203, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by use of an appropriate consent form ) . If no agreement is reached , Step 2 will be revisited . # # # # * * Step 4 : Implementation of corrective action * * Agreed corrective actions will be undertaken by the Project or its contractors within the agreed timeframe . The date of the completed action will be recorded in the grievance database . # # # # * * Step 5 : Verification of corrective action * * To verify satisfaction , the aggrieved person will be approached by the Grievance Officer to verify that the corrective action has been implemented . A signature of the complainant will be obtained and recorded in the log and / or on the consent form ( see Step 3 ) . If the complainant is not satisfied with the outcome of the corrective action additional steps may be undertaken to reach agreement between the parties . If additional corrective action is not possible alternative avenues maybe pursued . # # # # * * Step 6 : Action by local leaders and project contractors * * If the GO and independent observer cannot solve the grievance , it will be referred to relevant parties such as local leaders , District Officers , Construction Contractor , Valuer and MEMD , for consultation and relevant feedback provided . # # # # * * Step 7 : Action by Grievance Committee * * If the complainant remains dissatisfied and a satisfactory resolution cannot be reached , the complaint will be handled by the Grievance Committee . A dedicated Grievance Committee will be established to assess grievances that arise from disputes . This will include the following members : 83", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 343, "text": "grievance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > facilities < br > KE-BUNGOMA COUNTY - < br > 137404-GO-RFQ / Purchase20 Oxygen cylinders ( 9kg ) and 20 Oxygen gauges ( Oxygen flowmeters ) for 20 IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 9 , 550 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2019-10-15 2019-12-10 2020-06-07 < br > health Facilities < br > KE-BUNGOMA COUNTY - < br > 137182-GO-RFQ / Procure < br > data tools - 200 family < br > planning registers , 200Antenatal registers , 200Maternity registers , 200Postnatal registers , 200 IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 15 , 950 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-10-21 2019-12-16 2020-06-13 < br > Immunization registers , 9500 < br > MOH 711 summary sheets for < br > all county health facilities . < br > KE-BUNGOMA COUNTY-137216-GO-RFQ / Procure12 , 000 mama packs for allcounty Health facilities IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 180 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-10-16 2019-12-11 2020-06-08 < br > KE-BUNGOMA COUNTY - < br > 137535-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of maternity < br > linen including 500 Cellularblankets , 500 White sheets , 250 Bed covers , 250 Beds , IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 118 ,", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 475, "text": "planning registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 751, "end": 773, "text": "Immunization registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the findings and recommendations of the SSATP study for Kenya , during first phase of project implementation , as described in ANNEX * * 4 . * * # # # * * ( b ) Capacity Building * * The capacity building program comprises mainly of short-term specialist technical assistance ( totaling about 60 man-months over the first three years of the project ) , to the TMU and various local authorities , in key aspects of maintenance planning and project implementation . A comprehensive maintenance management and budgeting system , guidelines for technical review of design standards and a rigorous procurement management systems will be established within the TMU . The component provides for the establishment ( including equipment ) and functioning of a maintenance management and works inspectorate function , to oversee and assist the local authorities to improve their routine road maintenance performance and to effectively use the maintenance funds allocated to them . Also included in this component are : ( a ) development and training for local authority staff , TMU and MLG staff , with particular focus on strengthening their planning and implementation capacity ; ( b ) local authority roads network data base development , condition survey and maintenance budget analysis ; and ( c ) support for conducting periodic workshops and seminars involving the project towns for the purpose of exchanging information / experience and for an open review of maintenance and implementation performance by individual project towns .", "spans": [{"start": 1178, "end": 1217, "text": "local authority roads network data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gille 2 areas , of which 72 percent depends on agriculture ( Census of India , 2011 ) . Agriculture accounts for 17 percent of GDP and employs 51 percent of the total labor force ( World Bank , 2010 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > This paper studies the productivity effects of the mean education of neighbors in the agricultural sector , which can take place through learning spillovers . First , farmers can learn from their neighbors about agricultural technology . The fact that there are learning spillovers when there is a technological change has been widely asserted in the literature ( see for example in the case of agriculture in developing countries Foster and Rosenzweig [ 1995 ] ; Munshi [ 2004 ] ; Conley and Udry [ 2010 ] ) . Second , neighbors ’ education can influence the _adoption_ of technologies , through their own adoption of technology . It can also have a positive impact on the _use_ of technologies , or more generally , neighbors ’ education can increase efficiency in the use of inputs ( Weir and Knight 2007 ) . It can be the case if all farmers are not on the production frontier , which would be a signal that certain inputs , such as fertilizers , manure or grains are over - or underused . Finally , neighbors can have an _allocative effect_ : their education level would have an impact on farmers through learning about which input or output to choose , given their relative prices ( Kumbhakar and Lovell 2003 ) . The existing empirical literature mainly focuses on education externalities in cities or in firms in developed countries ( see for example Acemoglu and Angrist 1999 ; Moretti 2004a , b ) . Very few papers study education externalities in agriculture in developing countries , with a majority subject to limitations inherent to the study of peer effects , namely the problem of definition of peers , and the identification challenge due to group-level unobservables . Appleton and Balihuta ( 1996 ) introduce neighbors ’ average level of education in the production function of farmers in rural Uganda . They find that the proportion of farmers with primary schooling is positively and significantly related to farmers", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 76, "text": "Census of India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Collateralized Borrowing : * * # * * Insights from The World Bank Enterprise Surveys * * Yuting Fan , Ha Nguyen and Rong Qian < sup > 1 < / sup > The World Bank _Keywords_ : Financing Constraints , Collateralized Borrowing , Access to Finance _JEL classification_ : D21 , G20 , O12 > 1 Yuting Fan and Ha Nguyen are at the MENA Chief Economist ’ s Office and Rong Qian is at the Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management Global Practice in the World Bank . We are grateful to Anton Korinek , Aart Kraay , Justin Yifu Lin , Luis Serven , Carlos Vegh , Choon Wang , Juan Baron for comments and feedback . We thank Hannah Westman for her editorial help . The findings , interpretations and conclusions of this paper do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank - All errors are our own . Emails : yfan3 @ worldbank . org , < u > rqian @ worldbank . org < / u > and < u > hanguyen @ worldbank . org . < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 90, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "applied to the calculation < sup > of replacementcost , rates current for the period < / sup > of actual replacement must be < sup > used . < / sup > An inventory of each asset < sup > belongingto the PAP will be taken in his / her < / sup > presence . Values of each < sup > asset will be pre-printed , shown to the affected < / sup > person , and set against the < sup > type andnumber of such losses that the individual < / sup > will be shown , and the < sup > total of all losses as well . The inventory and evaluation < / sup > will be signed and a copy < sup > given on the spot to the affectedperson . The form < / sup > will say , and the affected < sup > person will be notified , that the inventory will not be < / sup > official until a second signed < sup > copy , verified by project supervisory staff , is < / sup > returned to the affected < sup > person . At this time , a copy of thegrievance < / sup > procedure will also be given < sup > to the affectedperson . < / sup > Because the World Bank < sup > policy on resettlement , ( OP 4 . 12 ) , makes no < / sup > distinction between legal and < sup > customary rights , not only assets and < / sup > investments will be compensated < sup > for , but also land . Thus , a customary < / sup > landowner or land user on < sup > state owned landshall be compensatedfor land , < / sup > assets , investments , loss < sup > of access etc . at market rates at the time of loss . < / sup > _7 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "inventory of each asset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resource Economists 7_ ( 6 ) , 1113 – 50 . - Gibson , J . ( 2021 ) . Better night lights data , for longer . _Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 83_ ( 3 ) , 770 – 791 . - Gibson , J . , S . Olivia , G . Boe-Gibson , and C . Li ( 2021 ) . Which night lights data should we use in economics , and where ? _Journal of Development Economics 149_ , 102602 . - Gollin , D . and C . Udry ( 2021 ) . Heterogeneity , measurement error , and misallocation : Evidence from African agriculture . _Journal of Political Economy 129_ ( 1 ) , 1 – 80 . 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 14 Fixed-line telecommunication services : Change in STRI by level of income * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Sector : Fixed-line telecom < br > BGD EGY CRI URY OMN < br > LKALKA < br > CHNCHN < br > CAN < br > IND PHL KAZ < br > MEX < br > KOR CAN < br > PAKIND CHL < br > BGD PAK VNM UKR BRA KAZ POL < br > IDNIDN PER COL ARG CHL RUSHUN NZL < br > KENKEN NGANGA ECU TUN ZAF THATHA MEX PAN TUR MYSMYSRUSHUNLTULTUPRTPRT GRCCZE KORESPESP ITAJPNFRA GBRGBRFINFIN BEL OMN DEUAUSAUT SWESWEDNKDNK NLD USA IRLIRL < br > ECU < br > DOM TUR < br > 8 9 10 11 < br > Avg income per capita ( 2008-16 ) < br > Note : STRI 2008-11 in blue , STRI 2016 in orange . < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > STRI 2008-11 , 2016 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # < u > Mobile telecommunication services < / u > As indicated above , there have been fewer changes in the mobile telecommunications services sector , where all economies in the sample were open to foreign establishment in the mobile segment even by the end of the previous decade . Only a small number of countries had foreign equity limits . Some of those were relaxed ( Canada , Korea as described above ) or removed ( in Malaysia and in India , subject to government approval beyond 49 % ) between 2008 and 2016 . Hungary now allows greenfield investment . Colombia and India have relaxed the limits on the number of suppliers . < sup > 19 < / sup > * * Figure 15 Mobile telecommunication services : Change in STRI by income group * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Sector : Mobile telecom < br > L LM UM H < br > STRI 2008-11 STRI 2016 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by non-state armed groups contribute to the weakening of intercommunity dynamics and increase the risk of stigmatization of certain groups in Benin . With respect to human rights , OHCHR notes that Benin faces increasing risks to internal security , social cohesion , and inter-community dialogue . # # * * Côte d ’ Ivoire * * As Côte d ’ Ivoire strengthened security on its border with Burkina Faso and joint military operations between the two countries were being prepared in the north of the country , some population groups reported that they were being targeted as supporters of the insurgents and harassed by security forces . Thus , hostility in the north toward these groups could increase with the joint military operations . * * Increase in the risk factor “ Discriminatory practices on the basis of ethnic origin ” in the north of the country * * # # * * Ghana * * * * Increase in the risk factor “ Discriminatory practices on the basis of ethnic origin “ * * According to data from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) , during the reporting period , Ghana was the West African country most affected by social unrest . The OHCHR also noted threats to political and institutional stability , according to reports in several media outlets . There were also cases of arbitrary arrests , including of journalists . Freedom of speech and of the press were threatened with restrictions ( Ghana dropped from 31st to 60th place in the World Press Freedom Index between 2021 and 2022 ) . OHCHR considers Ghana to be the country with the greatest threat to freedom of expression in West Africa . In addition , Ghana has seen an increase in cases of gender-based violence and sexual harassment in recent months . # # * * Togo * * In June and July 2022 , Togo witnessed the largest increase in the number of attacks by non-state armed groups against civilians and security forces of the four coastal countries . The recent spate of border raids in countries south of the Sahel", "spans": [{"start": 1466, "end": 1491, "text": "World Press Freedom Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gets and for the common case of multi-programme assessment highlighted by Tohari et al . [ 2019 ] . In view of the huge logistical scale of many targeting surveys , sample population surveys are perhaps the most closely related information collection exercise . Looking at their economic aspects , Groves and Heeringa [ 2006 ] proposed a responsive survey design to reduce survey cost while maintaining accuracy . Focusing on settings with cost and operational constraints on data collection , Pape and Mistiaen [ 2018 ] proposed an effective imputation approach to estimate the population distribution of consumption rather than a full LSMS-style survey . A similar focus on a reduced length survey is Christiaensen et al . [ 2021 ] , who investigated the use of components of consumption to estimate household values but find both theoretical and empirical problems with this approach . # * * 2 . 2 PMT design * * Three essential design criteria , echoed in Grosh et al . [ 2022 ] , shape PMT : - _Accuracy . _ Identifying the intended beneficiaries accurately is the essential paradigm of a targeting mechanism . - _Cost . _ The multiannual nation-wide PMT survey sweeps common in low - and lower-middle income countries require major fiscal outlays . The resource needs of on-demand registration , which countries with sufficient administrative capacity tend to invest in , are also high and imply the need for concise surveys that economize enumerator time . - _Verifiability . _ Survey responses determine PMT outcomes , creating a monetary incentive for misreporting personal and household characteristics towards responses that are associated with poverty < sup > 2 < / sup > . As a result , targeting surveys are often restricted to variables that are observable by enumerators , such as physical assets , or that are verifiable via documentary evidence . In comparison to other commonly used targeting methods such as geographic targeting , community-based targeting , means testing or hybrid means testing , PMT uses easy-to-verify characteristics . It is most appropriate when informality is high and when some form of household specific ranking is desired . At lower levels of informality in an economy , means or hybrid means tests would be more appropriate and yield higher accuracy than", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 190, "text": "sample population surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1173, "text": "multiannual nation-wide PMT survey sweeps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 - group progress to the secondary level , compared to 22 . 5 % in Nairobi . While some of the data concerning unaided schools is unreliable , the Ministry of Education estimates that nationwide , another 18 % of the CPE candidates pro - * * gress * * ~ , Form I of unaided schools . This would give a comlined total cf abcut 31 % of the CPE candidates who find a place in Form I of an aided or an unaided secon : dary school . In view of these high rates , the NCEOP has recommended a controlled expansion of secondary education during the forthcoming decade ( para . 2 . 06 ) . 2 . 20 The Project would actively support Government efforts to increase equity on a country wide basis . The 13 new boarding primary schools intended to support the \" Remote Areas Programme \" ( para . 3 . 08 ) represent a major step forward in educational provision for the very remote and inaccessible areas . The supply of storage facilities for educational materials ( para . 3 . 11 ) will favor rural area schools which are less well equipped than urban schools and the support which would be provided to the Craft Training Center ( para . 3 . 12 ) will also benefit youth with the least chance of obtaining remunerative employment . Efficiency of the E . ducational System 2 . 21 An analysis of the 1968-1975 cohort by the Ministry of Education indicates that for Kenya as a whole , 516 out of 1 , 000 pupils who enter Standard 1 , reach Sitandard 7 . Retention was lowest in the Northeastern province , where only 342 out of 1 , 000 reached Standard 7 . On the average , it took 9 . 8 pupil-years to produce a Standard 7 school-leaver . However , projections done by the Association staff indicate that because of various measures being taken by the Government to improve quality and relevance in the future , only 8 . 6 pupil-years may be needed to produce a primary school leaver . Within", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 128, "text": "data concerning unaided schools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Component 2 : Multi-Sectoral Prevention Fund * * 6 . This component supported a broad range of prevention interventions in the public sector , particularly targeting the most high-risk and vulnerable populations . At federal level 17 government public offices designed and implemented intervention programs targeting their staff in the workplace , and their client groups . In addition , eleven regional government bureaus and offices accessed the Multi-Sectoral Prevention Fund . Table 6 summarizes the main outputs produced by these different agencies . # # * * Table 6 Summary of Outputs by Federal level public sector Ministries , Departments and Agencies implementing * * * * < u > project activities < / u > * * | * * Sector * * | * * Major Outputs * * | | - - - | - - - | | Ministry of Federal Affairs | IEC / BCC ; Condompromotion and distribution | | National Lottery Administration | IEC / BCC ; Condom promotion and distribution | | Ethiopian Mapping Agency | Workshop and training to staff ; IEC , BCC ; Condom Distribution ; < br > Preparation of peer education manual ; Conducting Knowledge , < br > Attitudes and Practices ( KAP ) survey ; HCTpromotion | | Ministry of Finance & Economic < br > Development | HIV / AIDS work place policy / guideline development < br > KAP survey ; HIV / AIDS impact assessment Trainings ; IEC / BCC < br > materialsproduction ; HCTpromotion ; Condom distribution | | Ministry of Water Resources < br > . | Trainings on Mainstreaming ; Peer education trainings < br > HIV / AIDS work place policy / guideline development < br > IEC / BCC ; HCTpromotion ; Condom distribution | | Ethiopian Environmental Protection < br > Agency | HIV / AIDS work place policy ; Condoms promotion & distribution ; < br > IEC materials production ; Sensitization workshop ; Training on < br > mainstreamingfor", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1160, "text": "Attitudes and Practices ( KAP ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "main forms of violence against women in Peru . The authors also find that early-life exposure to alcohol-induced IPV is indeed associated with lower test scores in vocabulary . Our results suggest that maternal depression is a mechanism through which alcohol induced IPV leads to worse child vocabulary outcomes . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . In the next section , we describe our research design , including details on the data we are using for our analysis and some descriptive statistics . In Section 3 , we describe and motivate the use of instrumental variables as an empirical strategy . In Section 4 , we present the main results , including some robustness checks . Finally , in Section 5 we discuss to the policy implications and conclude . # * * 2 . Research design * * In this section , we briefly describe the data we use to assess the impact of maternal depression on early child vocabulary in Peru . Then , we present some descriptive statistics of the different rounds of data use in our analysis . Since we restrict our study to the sample that has information across all rounds , we also briefly describe the results from the sample attrition analysis . # * * 2 . 1 Data * * # * * _A . Description_ * * To measure the effects of MMH on child development , we use the first three rounds of the Young Lives Peru Survey ( YL ) , conducted by the University of Oxford with core-funding from the UK Department for International Development . < sup > 7 < / sup > This is a rich longitudinal survey that includes a complete set of individual , parental , household and community characteristics , including early developmental , economic and demographic indicators , as well as information about social assistance programs in every community . The baseline sample of YL is cluster stratified , with 20 districts randomly selected across the country . < sup > 8 < / sup > Within each of the selected districts , 100 households with at least one child born between 2001 and 2002 ( index child ) were chosen randomly to participate in the project . The baseline round was", "spans": [{"start": 1334, "end": 1357, "text": "Young Lives Peru Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "27 # # # * * 5 . Refugees and Asylum Seekers in and from the DRC - Global Trends * * # # # # * * Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the DRC * * At the end of 1999 , the DRC hosted some 285 , 000 refugees , principally from Angola ( 150 , 000 ) , Sudan ( 68 , 000 ) , Rwanda ( 33 , 000 ) , Burundi ( 19 , 000 ) and CongoBrazzaville ( 12 , 000 ) . During 1999 , the refugee population increased by 19 per cent , mainly due to new arrivals from Congo-Brazzaville ( 49 , 000 ) and Angola ( 16 , 000 ) . More than 100 , 000 refugees were estimated to have returned from COD during 1999 , particularly Congolese ( 52 , 000 ) , Rwandans ( 36 , 000 ) and Angolans ( 19 , 000 ) . The increase in the refugee population in the DRC , despite the fact that repatriations exceeded new arrivals during 1999 , is largely due to UNHCR ' s lack of access to Rwandan refugees . During the past decade , the refugee population in the DRC reached a peak in the 1994 and 1995 when more than a million Rwandans found asylum in the country . In 1997-1999 , the refugee population in the DRC was the lowest of the past decade ( see Table 1 and chart ) . During 1999 , UNHCR Kinshasa received some 245 individual asylum requests , mostly from persons originating from Congo-Brazzaville ( 80 ) , Rwanda ( 73 ) , Angola ( 34 ) and Burundi ( 25 ) . Some 100 persons were granted refugee status < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Refugees in and from DRC , < br > 1990-1999 ( x 1 , 000 ) < br > 1 , 800 < br > 1 , 600 in D R C < br > 1 , 400 from D R C < br > 1 , 200 < br > 1 , 000 < br > 800 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 , 590 | | 1994 | 2 , 700 | 750 | 330 | 3 , 780 | | 1995 | 2 , 850 | 780 | 340 | 3 , 970 | | 1996 | 3 , 010 | 810 | 350 | 4 , 170 | | 1997 | 3 , 170 | 840 | 360 | 4 , 370 | Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 202, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 months of program exposure the illness rate of the treatment group was 39 . 5 percent lower than the control group , a difference that is significant at the 1-percent level . With the help of the central project implementation office , we are able to use administrative data to add another measure of the availability of the program . The mean length of exposure is about 14 months ( with a substantial standard deviation of six months ) . ( Appendix Figure B . 1 shows the distribution of the length of exposure to the program . ) Table 7 shows the distribution of children , by age in years at Round 3 , across four exposure categories . We restrict our estimates to children who lived in barangays that had at least four months of exposure at Round 3 because children with less than four months of exposure are unlikely to have had enough exposure to the program to show any measurable impact , particularly given initial start-up problems in modifying effectively existing programs or in introducing new ones . As shown in Table 7 , this involves dropping 252 children from the analysis . Two barangays received the program inputs about a year and a half before Round 1 , so we exclude these two barangays ( N = 33 children ) ; in these cases the matching variables , measured at baseline , are not likely to be exogenous to the 17", "spans": [{"start": 258, "end": 277, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Project Appraisal Document < br > Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | H | Page 9 < br > ealth Sector Reform Project | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Increase availability of family planning information and services < br > ( project is upgrading services , training , and information , < br > education , and communication ( IEC ) materials in 12 centers ) | USAID - Comprehensive Post < br > Partum Project | Project ongoing < br > ( cost : JOD1 1 . 7 m ) | | Reduce infant and maternal mortality ( project is strengthening < br > family health services ( FHS ) in public facilities and increasing the < br > role of private providers in FHS delivery ) | USAID - Family Health Services | Project ongoing < br > ( cost : JOD5 . 0 m ) | | Increase average birth interval and contraceptive prevalence rate < br > ( project is using private commercial channels to educate about < br > birth spacing and increase accessibility of contraceptives ) | USAID - Marketing of Birth < br > Spacing | Project ongoing < br > ( cost : JOD3 . 6 m ) | | Systematize quality assurance ( in collaboration with the Bank ' s < br > Health Management Project , the project is supporting the < br > development of a pilot computerized quality assurance program ) | USAID - Quality Assurance Project | Project completed < br > ( 9 / 98 ) ( cost : NA ) | | Improve availability of data ( project will support conducting a < br > Demographic and Health Survey ) | USAID - Epidemiological < br > Assessment | Project planned < br > ( cost : NA ) | | Pharmaceutical logistics systems , health information programs , < br > immunization campaigns , training of nurses and midwives | WHO | Projects ongoing < br > ( cost : NA ) | | Targeted programs for children ' s health and education ; health < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1397, "end": 1426, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SNE ’ s total number of domestic clients in 2017 . Total residential consumption and consumption per household are derived from the 2017 SNE Activity Report . The analysis assumes the same electricity access growth rate as the low-growth scenario in the Hatch Artelia report ( 1 . 9 percent growth in access level per year ) . _ - _Commercial consumption_ from businesses is estimated as a fixed fraction of residential consumption as taken from the Hatch-Artelia study - _Industrial consumption_ from large industrial projects is taken from the Hatch-Artelia study 7 . The peak demand is calculated from the energy requirement using a fixed load factor of 69 percent . < sup > 55 < / sup > 52 Étude du projet d ' interconnexion des réseaux électriques du Cameroun et du Tchad - Rapport Étude d ’ Avant-Projet Sommaire ( version finale ) , June 2017 . > 53 World Bank Power Sector Note for the Republic of Chad , June 2018 . > 54 https : / / population . un . org / 55 This is the load factor of 2017 . Page 96", "spans": [{"start": 132, "end": 156, "text": "2017 SNE Activity Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 4 Empirical specifications * * For our main specification , we use monthly panel data between June 2019 and May 2021 , spanning the two years after participants graduate . For formal sector outcomes , including wages and contract type , we use the administrative IMSS data . For informal sector outcomes , we reconstruct the panel data from the employment history reported in the endline survey . As our main specification , we follow Groh et al . ( 2016 ) and estimate : where _yit_ is the outcome of interest in time period _t_ for person _i_ . _Treati_ is equal to one if person _i_ received the offer of a wage bonus at baseline . _θi_ is a set of stratifying covariates including gender and school type , and _λt_ present month dummies . We estimate regressions with and without controlling for covariate vector _Xi_ . Standard errors are clustered at the individual level . The coefficients of interest ( _β_ ) are intent-to-treat estimates and should be interpreted as the average effect of being _eligible_ for the wage incentive over all periods _t_ . < sup > 21 < / sup > We also estimate specification 1 separately for each month _t_ to test how treatment effects evolve . We present these monthly results graphically . Second , to estimate effects on aggregate outcomes _yi_ , e . g . the total number of months employed , we estimate : with _β_ measuring the cumulative effect over the evaluation period . Third , to analyze effects on job retention we apply the Anderson-Gill ( AG ) extension of the Cox proportional hazards regression model that accounts for recurrent events and discontinuous risk intervals associated with multiple entries into and exits from work ( Andersen and Gill , 1982 ) . In this specification , the hazard of exiting employment is : > 21Similar to Groh et al . ( 2016 ) , we do not report the treatment effect on the treated since being offered the voucher may affect job search and other determinants of employment outcomes . 19", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 95, "text": "monthly panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 258, "end": 282, "text": "administrative IMSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 390, "end": 404, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the ones involving the community in the management and operation of the schools . Parents and communities need to participate in the decision making process at the school level . The teaching and learning process has also become more relevant , and teachers need to be given in-service training programs as well as incentives to perform well . Model schools have been used successfully in some reform programs as a basis for innovations in teacher training programs . However , the experience of countries in a similar situation to Tajikistan indicates that expectations for a large and immediate development impact through a single project cycle is probably unrealistic . Third , a recent interim report to the Board suggests that adaptable lending ( including through LILs ) is fulfilling original expectations . The numbers of loans approved , the purposes for which the instruments are being used , and the cost and timeliness of responding to borrowers ' requests for the loans are all on track with expectations . Feedback from borrowers and staff shows that the LIL approach does respond to perceived needs . Borrowers have indicated that the LIL is allowing them to build capacity and stakeholder consensus , as well as to develop prototypes for future application , in order to become prepared for a follow-on program . Seven borrowers specifically cited the need for an urgent response to development issues as a factor in choosing a LIL . # # # # * * _4 . Indications of borrower commitment and ownership : _ * * The Government is well aware of the deterioration of critical services and of the need to develop service systems that are sustainable in the new economic environment . The Government is also aware of the importance that the public places on these issues . For example , survey data indicate that improved education is the second highest priority of the population-exceeded only by the concern over security . The Government is prepared to move quickly to change the existing system . It is prepared to restructure the delivery mechanism for all major public services and the MOE has been working on strategy documents to reform the education sector . Some experimentation", "spans": [{"start": 1795, "end": 1806, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "122 , World Bank . - Legreid , Per , P . G . Roness , and K . Rubecksen . 2006 . “ Performance Management in Practice : The Norwegian Way ” . Oxford . - Mesnard , Mathilde . 2000 . “ Institutional complementary and corporate governance : a reassessment of the Russian transition failure ” . Paper for the International Society for New Institutional Economics ’ Annual Conference 2000 . Tuebingen . Germany . - Nellis , John . 1988 . “ Contract Plans and Public Enterprise Performance ” . Policy , Planning , and Research . Working Papers . Public Sector Management and Private Sector Development . The World Bank . - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) a . ( 2004 ) “ OECD Principles of Corporate Governance ” . Paris . _______ 2005b . “ Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises : a survey of OECD countries ” . Paris . ________1999c . “ Greek Public Enterprises : Challenges for Reform ” . Paris . ________2005d . “ OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-owned Enterprises ” . Paris . Shirley , Mary M . and Lixin Colin Xu . 1997a . “ Information , Incentives and Commitment : An Empirical Analysis of Contracts between Government and State Enterprises ” , Policy Research Working Paper n . 1769 , World Bank . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 11 : Cross-country bivariate correlations with GDP and GDP-per-capita : Geographical scale of population dispersion and dispersionadjusted sparsity * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Panel A : GDP and dispersion Panel B : GDP and sparsity < br > 100000 100000 < br > 10000 10000 < br > 1000 1000 < br > 100 100 < br > 10 10 < br > 1 1 < br > 0 . 1 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 01 0 . 01 < br > 0 . 01 0 . 1 1 10 0 . 0001 0 . 001 0 . 01 0 . 1 1 10 100 < br > Panel C : GDP-per-capita and dispersion Panel D : GDP-per-capita and sparsity < br > 100 100 < br > 10 10 < br > 1 1 < br > 0 . 1 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 01 0 . 1 1 10 0 . 0001 0 . 001 0 . 01 0 . 1 1 10 100 < br > PICs Carribean SIDs Other countries < br > Geographical scale of population dispersion ( ' 000 km ; log scale ) Dispersion-adjusted population sparsity ( square km per person ; log scale ) < br > Source : National census statistics sourced from PopGIS via SPC for Pacific Island countries and World Bank subnational database otherwise ; World Bank Development < br > Indicators database ; Authors ’ analysis . < br > GDP ( US $ b ; log scale ) < br > GDP per capita ( US $ ' 000 ; log scale ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 25", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 993, "text": "World Bank subnational database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Income and Expenditure Survey , 2010 , DOS and own calculations . # # * * Table A . 4 : PDV estimates of the expected individual economic gains from the Program * * | Case | PDV of expected < br > incremental economic < br > benefits ( in 2017 JD ) | PDV of expected < br > incremental < br > economic costs ( in < br > 2017 JD ) | PDV of expected < br > incremental < br > economic benefits < br > ( in 2017 JD ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Base * * | * * 2582 * * | * * 1903 * * | * * 679 * * | | Reduced adult labor < br > earnings growth < br > rates | 2558 | 1903 | 655 | | Reduced program < br > effect on the < br > probability of < br > completion secondary < br > school . | 1469 | 1586 | ‐ 117 | | Reduced adult labor < br > earnings growth < br > rates + probability of < br > secondary school < br > completion | 1446 | 1586 | ‐ 140 | 60", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 29, "text": "Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", using appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards . _The Principal Secretary_ for the State Department of Agriculture and the _Project Coordinator for_ * * _KAPSLMproject_ * * are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year / period ended June * * 30 , 2017 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The _Principal Secretary_ for the State Department of Agriculture and the _Project Coordinator for_ * * _KAPSLM project_ * * further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . _The Principal Secretary_ for the State Department of Agriculture and the _Project Coordinator for_ * * _KAPSLM project_ * * confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . 20", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 671, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > co-investments under Component 2 . The PIU will track the numbers through r < br > KDC and its own records on coinvestments . < br > PCM is expected to be generated as the first cohort of coinvestments are rolle < br > Component 2 . | Component 3 < br > DC , as well as < br > y meet the < br > count for < br > ntributions for < br > eports from < br > d out under | | No . of participating firms | 0 < br > Aug / 2023 | 0 < br > 01-Dec-2024 < br > 0 < br > 15-Jun-2025 < br > 12 | Dec / 2028 | | with green investments < br > supported by the Green < br > Investment Fund ( GIF ) < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This indicator tracks the cumulative number of participating firms with green i < br > supported by the Green Investment Fund ( GIF ) . The PIU will track this number < br > reports from KDC . | nvestments < br > through | # # * * 6 . 2 Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * # # * * Strengthening Business and Investment Enabling Reforms * * | Indicator Name | Bas < br > Value | eline < br > Month / Year | Actual ( < br > Value | Previous ) < br > Date | Actual < br > Value | ( Current ) < br > Date | Closin < br > Value | gPeriod < br > Month / Year | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | No | Oct / 2023 | No | 01-Dec-2025 | No | 15-Jun-2026", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 128, "text": "records on coinvestments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in 2011 in urban areas and from 77 % to 94 % in rural areas , respectively . Overall satisfaction with health services increased from 62 % to 70 % while households satisfied with waiting times , attitudes of the medical staff , and availability of drugs increased from 66 % , 66 % , 53 % in 2008 to 81 % , 74 % and 54 % in 2011 respectively . II ) The overall satisfaction with primary education services increased from 84 % to 94 % , with solid waste management from 70 % to 74 % , and with agricultural extension services from 90 % to 94 % over the same period . The only sector where satisfaction has not improved is water supply , where satisfaction was dropped from 61 % in 2008 to 58 % in 2011 . However , there has been a 16 % fall ( from 26 % to 10 % ) in the proportion of the population reliant on unprotected water sources over the past three years . Increased public participation and engagement : Reforms supported by the project promoted participation of citizens in the preparation and monitoring of plans . Membership of Kebele / Village Councils has been increased to 300 to ensure wider representation in the grassroots assemblies . Over 3300 Keble level government / CSO supervision and inspection committees have been formed to ensure citizens ’ participation through formally established voluntary bi-annual public meetings . Transparency and accountability has been enhanced through establishment of information officers at federal , regional and woreda offices as well as recruitment of over 10 , 400 Kebele Managers . This is complemented by increasingly opening up Woreda Council meetings to the public , posting budgets and use of information technologies such as toll-free call centers ( used by over 1000 users daily ) , portals , websites etc . This was also confirmed by the Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey by increased number of respondents who know public service information . Based on the Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey , citizens who know what taxes and fees they are legally required to pay increased from 60 % in 2008 to 81 %", "spans": [{"start": 1805, "end": 1840, "text": "Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1927, "end": 1962, "text": "Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Methods and data * * The RAI is calculated by overlaying a road network with a population layer , removing the urban areas , drawing a buffer around the roads , and counting the number of people in the buffer ( World Bank , 2016 ) . The code and documentation are available at < u > http : / / rai-wb . readthedocs . io / index . html . < / u > We construct a GIS composed of a model of the distribution of rural population , and a geospatial model of rural roads ( including their location and type ) . This first section describes the data that were used and the assumptions that were made to estimate rural accessibility with open source data . # # * * 2 . 1 . Population and urban data * * We calculate rural accessibility for a subset of countries using different data sets for population distribution ( WorldPop , LandScan , GHS-Pop ) and urban area boundaries ( Grump , EC LandScan and EC GHS ) . The results , displayed in Table 1 , show a wide spread of values ( RAI ranges from 29 % to 51 % for the Lao People ’ s Democratic Republic , depending on the choice of data sets , for example ) , and different rankings of countries depending on the data sets used . Overall , the RAI is lower when using WorldPop , and higher when using GHS-Pop . This is because WorldPop is the population data set with the least concentrated population in rural areas , while GHS-Pop is the most concentrated of those tested . The impact of the urban / rural area definition is very dependent on the country , though overall EC LandScan tends to lead to higher RAIs . _Table 1 RAI calculated using the same roads but different population distribution datasets for a selection of countries with diverse geographies and population distribution_ | Population | | WorldPop | | | LandScan | | | GHS-Pop | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 827, "text": "WorldPop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 830, "end": 838, "text": "LandScan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 841, "end": 848, "text": "GHS-Pop", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 879, "end": 884, "text": "Grump", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 887, "end": 898, "text": "EC LandScan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 903, "end": 909, "text": "EC GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1627, "end": 1659, "text": "population distribution datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "change activities to support < br > smooth uptake and sustainability of NUSAF interventions . This should be in-line < br > with the PDM pillars < br > Enhanced targeting and registration of beneficiary processes managed by the < br > CDOs workingcloselywith the LC I leadership . | | 10 | Planning < br > Units , ICT and | The planning unit to provide and as well verify data provided for planning in - < br > line with UBOs data and Nationalplanningstatistics | 85", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 430, "text": "UBOs data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 435, "end": 461, "text": "Nationalplanningstatistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Early Childhood Development through an Integrated Program : Evidence from the Philippines * * # * * ABSTRACT * * More attention and resources have been devoted in recent years to early childhood development ( ECD ) in low - and middle-income countries . Rigorous studies on the effectiveness of ECD-related programs for improving children ’ s development in various dimensions in the developing world are scant . We evaluate an important ECD initiative of the Philippine government using longitudinal data collected over three years on a cohort of 6 , 693 children age 0-4 years at baseline in two “ treatment ” regions and a “ control ” region that did not receive the intervention . The initiative includes a wide range of health , nutrition , early education , and social services programs . We estimate its impact by using “ intent-to-treat ” difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimators to control for a variety of observed characteristics measured at the municipality , barangay , household , and child level and unobserved fixed characteristics , with differential impacts by age of children and duration of exposure to the program . There has been a significant improvement in the cognitive , social , motor and language development and in short-term nutritional status of children who reside in ECD program areas compared to those in non-program areas , particularly for those under age four at the end of the evaluation period . The proportions of children below age four with worms and diarrhea also have been lowered significantly in program compared to non-program areas , but there are effects in the opposite direction for older children so the overall impact on these two indicators is mixed . ii", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 511, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Kleibergen-Paap ) | 8 . 934 | 9 . 239 | 8 . 457 | | Cluster by community | | | | | Regional Fixed Effects | | | | | * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 | | | | Source : CLS-WILL : First wave – household questionnaire , Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi ( IGAC ) and Fernández ( 2010 ) . 45", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 230, "text": "CLS-WILL : First wave – household questionnaire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "digit disaggregated level of the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Union ( NACE ) ; and ( 2 ) by occupational categories up to the three-digit level of the International Standard Classification of Occupations ( ISCO-08 ) . Because the ISCO classification scheme changed significantly between 2010 and 2011 , < sup > 7 < / sup > we restrict our final sample to the period from 2011 to 2018 . In addition , the dataset includes information on the wage decile of the worker in the national wage distribution for individuals who are wage employees . < sup > 8 < / sup > Finally , the dataset provides information for each observation within destination countries at a subnational , regional level : the European Commission ’ s second level of nomenclature of territorial units for statistics ( NUTS2 ) . This allows us to measure immigrants ’ presence and labor market outcomes at a rather disaggregated geographical level , and to conduct our estimation at the regional level within European countries . For our analysis , we restrict the sample to the 124 NUTS2 regions in Western Europe , which includes the EU15 countries , Switzerland , and Norway . The share of migrants in the New Member States ( NMS13 ) countries is very small , so the sample captured in the EU Labour Force Survey ( EU-LFS ) can be noisy . # 3 . 2 . Measuring Economic and Health Exposure to COVID-19 and Correlation with the Task Content of Occupations Labor-force surveys are not yet available to provide post-COVID-19 , harmonized information of labor-market outcomes for the European Union , at the sub-region level . We categorize economic exposure to COVID-19 using information on workers ’ occupations and labor market outcomes _prior_ to the pandemic . This approach reflects the method used in the literature ( e . g . , Dingel and Neiman , 2020 ; Garrote Sanchez et . al . , 2020 ) to measure risk exposure before an event takes place . We observe the detailed occupational categories in the data , including the three-digit ISCO-08 categories , which we use to estimate the economic exposure of different types of workers to COVID-19 . > 7 The scheme changed from ISCO-88", "spans": [{"start": 1296, "end": 1318, "text": "EU Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1459, "end": 1478, "text": "Labor-force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 9 < / sup > : i where SIDi is the Simpson Index of Diversification for farmer _i_ and is the proportionate cultivated area dedicated to the _k_ th crop . A high value indicates that a farmer cultivates many iikk PP crops , in an evenly distributed way , which is consistent with the notion of high diversification . A zero score implies that the farmer cultivates only one crop , which is consistent with complete specialization . The average SID for female farmers is estimated to be 0 . 060 which is > 9 SID is equal to one minus the Herfindahl index , which is widely used to measure industry concentration . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to ― run ‖ just to keep their existing relative ranking in income per capita . * * Figure 8 : G7 and BRIC Shares of World GNI , 2000-2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % G7 Share ( Market E-rates ) < br > 40 % < br > G7 Share ( PPP $ ) < br > 30 % < br > BRIC Share ( PPP $ ) < br > 20 % < br > 10 % BRIC Share ( Market E-Rates ) < br > 0 % < br > 2000 2009 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Development Indicators . In terms of their contribution to economic growth — the driving force behind these changing shares — we also see that large emerging market economies have now moved ― up the 13", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 473, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya : Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ( KACCAL ) ( P091979 ) # # * * Global Environmental Objective Indicators * * |  Number of District ma < br > Custom ) | nagement plans with concrete cli | mate risk management activi | ties reflected in the b | udget ( Number , | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2012 | 31-Mar-2013 | 12-May-2015 | 31-Oct-2016 | |  Percentage of Community adaptation projects rated satisfactory or better by participating communities ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 75 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2012 | 31-Mar-2013 | 12-May | - 2015 | 31-Oct-2016 | # # Overall Comments # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Climate risk profiles developed and used for district management plans ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 00 | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * resettlement and compensation policy , organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of the people who may be affected by the project . The Resettlement Action Plans ( “ RAPs ” ) for the project will be prepared in conformity with the provisions of this RPF . * * “ Census ” * * means a field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Affected Persons ( PAPs ) or Displaced Persons ( DPs ) as a result of laying of water mains within road reserves . The census provides the basic information necessary for determining eligibility for compensation , resettlement and other measures emanating from consultations with affected communities . * * Squatters * * are those who have encroached on road reserves and constructed semi-permanent business structures , such persons have no formal rights to the land they occupy . * * Vulnerable Groups * * include all those disproportionately affected by adverse impacts of resettlement . Such persons may include the elderly , women and children-headed households , disabled persons and HIV / AIDS afflicted persons as detailed in WaSSIP AF RPF page 30 . * * Extra Assistance to Vulnerable PAPs * * : Involves assistance in reconstruction of affected structures through provision of transport and labour from the community during reconstruction of the affected structures . * * Non-Revenue Water : * * Refers to water that is lost through the water distribution system either as a result of leakages or non-metered connections . * * vii * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 755, "end": 761, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 0 0 % 0 . 0 0 % < br > New links Old links Share of active links < br > USD , trillions USD , trillions < br > Share of active links Share of active links < br > 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 < br > USD , trillions USD , trillions < br > Share of active links Share of active links < br > 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : This figure shows the trends in the value of international investment positions and share of active links by block for bank loans and deposits . The value of positions distinguishes old and new links . Old links are those that have a positive value in 2001 . New links are those that have a zero or missing value in 2001 . By definition , there are no new links in 2001 . Values are expressed in trillions of 2011 U . S . dollars ( USD ) . The share of active links is the number of country pairs that have a positive value in each year over the number of country pairs with a positive or zero value in the same year . Country pairs with a missing value are not considered . Bilateral data are aggregated for all countries within a source region to all countries within a destination region .", "spans": [{"start": 1166, "end": 1180, "text": "Bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > denotethePDforbank < / sup > < sup > _j_ < / sup > holding asset class _i_ under scenario S , where S is now re-defined as S = _ { TTC_ , _PIT_ , _Stress } _ > 25Note that we work here with the NPL ratio in terms of the volume of the non-performing loans while a better measure to use would be the number of NPLs per total number of loans . Due to the unavailability of relevant cross-country data , we leave this for future research or to the specific country cases . 33", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 405, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District - iv . The GO reads the complaint in English and translates it into the complainant ` s local language on the Grievance Form . - v . The local leader and the complainant both sign the Grievance Form after they both confirm the accuracy of the grievance . - vi . The GO lodges the complaint in the Grievance Log . It will be important that all PAPs have access to the grievance process . # # # # * * Step 2 : Determination of corrective action * * If in their judgment , the grievance can be solved at this stage and the GO and a representative of an independent organization will determine a corrective action in consultation with the aggrieved person . A description of the action ; the time frame in which the action is to take place ; and the party responsible for implementing the action will be recorded in the grievance database . Grievances will be resolved and status reported back to complainants within 30 days . If more time is required this will be communicated clearly and in advance to the aggrieved person . For cases that are not resolved within the stipulated time , detailed investigations will be undertaken and results discussed in the monthly meetings with affected persons . In some instances , it may be appropriate to appoint independent third parties to undertake the investigations . # # # # * * Step 3 : Meeting with the complainant * * The proposed corrective action and the timeframe in which it is to be implemented will be discussed with the complainant within 30 days of receipt of the grievance . Written agreement to proceed with the corrective action will be sought from the complainant ( e . g . by use of an appropriate consent form ) . If no agreement is reached , Step 2 will be revisited . # # # # * * Step 4 : Implementation of corrective action * * Agreed corrective actions will be undertaken by the Project or its contractors within the", "spans": [{"start": 958, "end": 976, "text": "grievance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "turnover is a real and credible threat . This may be achieved by allowing a certain percentage of contract workers . A high share of temporary workers , however , may have unintended consequences : The threat cf firing as a disciplinary option spurs worker incentives , but temporary workers face reduced incentives to accumulate firm-specific humlan capital . Since the net effect is unclear , surveys will provide the best source of data to answer this question and provide policy advice . 8", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 402, "text": "surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> strategies ; < br > and < br > ( iv ) < br > Recording of responses . | Government , NGOs , < br > CSOs , DPs , Private < br > Sector Associations | On quarterly biases | | Focus < br > group < br > meetings | This will be used to facilitate discussion on < br > specific issues such as GBV , disability inclusion , < br > etc . that merit collective examination with various < br > groups of stakeholders including IDPs and < br > Refugee < br > community < br > using < br > Focus < br > Group < br > Meetings . | Vulnerable groups | During < br > preparation < br > and once in every six < br > months < br > during < br > implementation . | | Surveys < br > / < br > Independent < br > evaluations | Surveys will be used to gather beneficiary < br > opinions and views about project interventions . < br > CSOs could also be engaged to support citizen < br > feedback surveys for the project . | Project beneficiaries < br > including IDPs and < br > Refugee < br > communities | 35 < br > once in two year ( bi < br > annual ) |", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 881, "text": "feedback surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * 2 . 3 * * | 84 . 8 | * * 12 . 9 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source Respective Subproject Woredas Education office December , _ * * _2023_ * * Number of Teachers and Educational Qualification Based on woreda education office data , a total of * * 3851 * * teachers ( i . e . * * 65 . 2 % * * male and 34 . 8 % female ) with various educational qualifications were teaching in all the schools found in Subproject impact woredas . Regarding educational qualifications of the teachers , nearly half * * ( 50 . 8 % ) * * of the teachers had diploma educational level , while teachers with BAIBSc educational level constituted ( 40 . 7 % ) of all the teachers found in Subproject woredas in 2021 / 22 acadamic year . About 49 or * * ( 1 . 3 % ) * * of the teachers who were teaching in the schools found in Subproject woredas in the indicated year reported to have second degree educational background and the remaining * * ( 7 . 2 % ) * * of the teachers had TTI educational level . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ' M-D 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Mid-Day", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 233, "text": "woreda education office data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 5 : Impacts of program on forest cover loss , 25-point and 10-point windows | | ( 1 ) < br > * * Full * * | ( 2 ) < br > * * 2011-2012 * * | ( 3 ) < br > * * 2013-2014 * * , | ( 4 ) < br > * * Full * * | ( 5 ) < br > * * 2011-2012 * * | ( 6 ) < br > * * 2013-2014 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * Perc . defore * * | * * sted * * | | * * Defor * * _ > _ * * 2 ha * * | | | | | | * * Panel A : 25 - * * | * * point wind * * | * * ow * * | | | Above threshold | - 0 . 125 | - 0 . 285 | - 0 . 016 | - 0 . 029 | - 0 . 042 | - 0 . 028 | | | ( 0 . 109 ) | ( 0 . 230 ) | ( 0 . 054 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 049 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | | Control Mean | 0 . 619 | 0 . 956 | 0 . 319 | 0 . 062 | 0 . 093 | 0 . 033 | | Control SD | 3 . 385 | 4 . 138 | 2 . 495 | 0 . 240 | 0 . 291 | 0 . 179 | | MDE | 0 . 304 | 0 . 644 | 0 . 151 | 0 . 089 | 0 . 138 | 0 . 106 | | Observations | 14119 | 7019 | 7127 | 14119 | 7019 | 7127 | | | | | * * Panel B : 10 - * * | * * point wind * * | * * ow * * | | | Above threshold | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 32 - discriminated against small , rural nonfarm firms ( Haggblade , Liedholm and Mead , 1986 ; Page , 1979 ; World Bank , 1982 , 1987 ) , together with hisi : oric urban policy biases ( World Bank 1981 ) , will need to be redressed if rural nonfarm enterprises are to achieve their potential for income generation and economic decentralization . * The historical focus on manufacturing , by both policy makers and researchers ( Haggblade , Hazell and Brown , 1987 ) seems now worthy of redirection . Spatial , time series and consumption data uniformly point , not to manufacturing , but rather to commerce and services as key growth sectors over the course of Africa ' s rural structural transformation . Services , in particular , are the activities best insulated crom urban competition ; hence consumption leakages are smallest in this sector . Service and commercial enterprise should not he excluded from assistance programs as has frequently been the practice in the past . * Rural towns emerge as focal points in the development of the rural nonfarm economy . Cross-section data systematically identify much higher densities of nonfarm activity in rural towns than in dispersed rural settlements . By providing nonfarm enterprises with larger markets , rural towns offer firms the potential to exploit economies of scale . Prospects for sharing equipment as well as the emergence of repair and support facilities induce enterprise establishment in rural towns . Moreover , the emergence of rural towns enables policy makers to provide necessary productive infrastructure at lower cost than would be possible under widely dispersed settlement patterns . ° For rural towns to play their role in a balanced rural development process , it will be essential to assure adequate economic and social infrastructure to support nascent modern nonfarm activities . Physical infrastructure will undoubtedly plav a key role . Anecdotal evidence on the rise of secondary cities in developing countries identifies ground", "spans": [{"start": 1071, "end": 1089, "text": "Cross-section data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 39 . 00 | 44 . 00 | 60 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 27-Jul-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN01298995 ~ ~ < br > ► IR Indicator 2 . 5 : Cumula | tive % of agreed actions to st | rengthen social and environmen | tal management impleme | nted ( Text , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 % | 29 % | 71 % | 50 % | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 27-Jul-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments | Only 2 of the 7 requir | ed actions were completed . | | | Results Area 3 : Improvement in Management of Services by Local Governments | ~ ~ IN01298980 ~ ~ | | - - - | ► IR Indicator 3 . 1 : Improvement in LG performance in the management of human resources as measured in the annual performance assessment ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN01298984 ~ ~ | Assessment based < br > results cannot be co | on LGPA Report 2020 ( FY2019 < br > mpared with LGPA 2019 ) | / 20 . ( Due to the reporting c | hange of", "spans": [{"start": 1169, "end": 1185, "text": "LGPA Report 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1214, "end": 1223, "text": "LGPA 2019", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2017 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P109224 | IDA-47690 | Effective | USD | 120 . 00 | 120 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 64 . 48 | 51 . 60 | 54 % | | P108886 | TF-97184 | Effective | USD | 7 . 20 | 7 . 20 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 90 | 5 . 30 | 26 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | 10 / 26 / 2015 Page 8 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unt ( US $ ) < br > | Actual Amoun < br > t ( US $ ) < br > | Process < br > s | Stat | u < br > Terms of Refere < br > Planned < br > Act | nce < br > Expression of Inte < br > t Notice < br > ual < br > Planned < br > Actu | res < br > Short < br > Reque < br > al < br > Planne | List < br > st fo < br > s < br > d | and Draft < br > r Proposal < br > < br > Actual | Request < br > s a < br > Planned | for Proposal < br > s Issued < br > < br > Actual | < br > Opening of Technical < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > Evaluation of Tech < br > cal Proposal < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | ni < br > Com < br > Rep < br > got < br > Plan | bine < br > ort a < br > iate < br > ned | d Ev < br > nd D < br > d Co | alua < br > raft < br > ntra < br > Actu | tion < br > Ne < br > ct < br > al < br > P | Sig < br > lann | ned Cont < br > ed < br > A | ract < br > ctual | Con < br > Pla | trac < br > nne | t Completion < br > d < br > Actual | | ET-MOF-329648-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultant firm to Conduct B < br > aseline survey of 3R-4CACE < br > project | IDA / E0100 < br > ~", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1070, "text": "aseline survey of 3R-4CACE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* - * * < br > * * - * * < br > * * - * * < br > * * 28 * * | | Mauritius | Other < br > * * Subtotal * * | No | 12 < br > * * 12 * * | 2 < br > * * 2 * * | - < br > * * - * * | - < br > * * - * * | - < br > * * - * * | - < br > - < br > - < br > - < br > 14 < br > * * - * * < br > * * - * * < br > * * - * * < br > * * - * * < br > * * 14 * * | | * * Total * * | | | * * 782 , 178 * * | * * 279 , 388 * * | * * 35 , 996 * * | * * 6 , 419 , 356 * * | * * 528 , 466 * * | * * 525 , 512 * * < br > * * 211 * * < br > * * - * * < br > * * - * * < br > * * 8 , 571 , 107 * * | Notes : * ' Other ' in the location refers to any known location other than camp or settlement sites , covering both urban and rural areas ; * * self-settled refers to the individuals without available information such as their names and locations , and their locations are categorised to be ' unknown ' ; those by location in Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zimbabwe could be different from the numbers operation report due to inconsistency in proGres v4 .", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1007, "text": "numbers operation report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 4 . 8 | | Uruguay | - 0 . 5 | 1 . 2 | - 5 . 0 | - 4 . 5 | - 6 . 0 | - 2 . 1 | - 6 . 5 | - 0 . 9 | | Venezuela | 0 . 0 | - 2 . 7 | 2 . 9 | 7 . 6 | 3 . 0 | 2 . 3 | 3 . 0 | - 0 . 4 | | Mean | - 0 . 6 | - 1 . 0 | 2 . 8 | 3 . 4 | 1 . 6 | 1 . 4 | 1 . 0 | 0 . 4 | Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 31", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 302, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * _Preparation of Asset Inventory_ * * To prepare an inventory of assets for a sub-project , a field team will visit the affected area to carry out an asset valuation survey . The team will be led by a project representative and will include the Local Authorities at the various levels , a representative of the PAPs , and KDEAP . During the survey , each asset will be enumerated and inscribed on an inventory in the presence of the PAP and a valuation of the asset carried out using the approach described above . The values of each asset will then be recorded in a register and shown to the affected person for agreement . The register will be signed , and a copy given on the spot to the affected person . The document will indicate when the affected person will be notified , and that the inventory will not be official until a second signed copy , verified by project supervisory staff , is returned to the affected person . At this time , a copy of the grievance procedure will also be availed to the affected person as stated in the grievance redress mechanism . # # * * _Methods of Compensation_ * * Individual and household compensation will be made in cash , in kind , and / or through assistance . The type of compensation will be an individual choice although every effort will be made to instil the importance and preference of accepting in kind compensation if the loss amounts to more than 20 % of the total loss of subsistence assets . Table below describes the forms of compensation . * * Table 7 : Forms * * * * < u > of Compensation < / u > * * | Cash Payments | Compensation will be calculated < br > Shillings . Rates will be adjusted for | in Kenya < br > inflation . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | In-kind Compensation | Compensation may include items su < br > houses , < br > and < br > other <", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 179, "text": "asset valuation survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have other similarities , we highlight the key distinctions of the two “ surprises ” of COVID-19 . Section 3 briefly discusses the “ economic surprise ” of the short recession and fast turnaround in the U . S . economy long before the vaccines were available . Section 4 documents the “ financial surprise ” in the banking industry , focusing primarily on regulatory accounting data , and backing up our conclusions with some market data . Sections 5 and 6 discuss one key reason each for the two “ surprises ” – government stimulus programs during COVID-19 for the “ economic surprise ” and bank prudential policy responses to the GFC for the “ financial surprise . ” We primarily cover just one COVID-19 stimulus program in Section 5 for brevity , comparing the Paycheck Protection Program ( PPP ) to the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) from the GFC . In Section 6 , we describe and discuss research on four different methods of strengthening prudential policies in response to the GFC – higher capital requirements , introduction of stress tests , increased microprudential supervisory scrutiny , and shift to the Orderly Liquidation Authority ( OLA ) bailin regime . Section 7 goes beyond the simplistic “ surprises ” and the key reasons behind them and discusses some of the interactions among them . Finally , Section 8 concludes by suggesting some additional directions for future research . # * * 2 . Putting the COVID-19 Crisis in Context – A Comparison with the GFC * * The COVID-19 crisis may be best understood by explaining how different it is from other crises . We focus particularly on differences from the GFC . This was also a very large international crisis and caused the most economic and financial harm since the Great Depression . The two “ surprises ” of the COVID-19 crisis are key distinctions from the GFC . In the interest of brevity , we keep the references to the research literature to a minimum in this background section . # * * 2 . 1 The GFC * * The GFC was a banking crisis – a financial crisis that originated in the banking sector – 7", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 382, "text": "regulatory accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 426, "end": 437, "text": "market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To mitigate the impact of these factors , several methods are used . First , researchers , starting with pioneering work on Indonesia by Alderman and Garcia ( 1993 ) , attempt to model the observed changes in consumption . They also construct transition matrices by quintile using predicted consumption rather than actual consumption ( e . g . Woorland and Klasen or Hyat ) . These estimated transition matrices put a bound on possible measurement error . Second , some researchers use long panels to distinguish between persistent shocks to income or consumption and transitory ones ( Friedman , 1957 ) . For longer panels expanding more than two rounds , it is typical to average several periods and work with the resulting moving averages . By taking an average over a period of time , measurement error and transitory shocks will be partially averaged out ( Shorrocks , 1978 ) . Due to availability of just two rounds in Egypt panel we limit ourselves to the first approach . # * * III . Data and methodology * * Living standards in Egypt are monitored with the high-quality large household survey : Household Income , Expenditures and Consumption Surveys ( HIECS ) . Conducted every five years since 1995 , these surveys have been the main ( and the only official ) source for poverty and inequality data in Egypt . In late 2007 , faced with multiple policy demands arising from the social policy agenda , the authorities decided to make the data collection more frequent . Since the preparation of a new large survey takes time ( including the need to update the sampling frame following the new 2006 census ) , and the survey itself takes 12 months to collect all data , the decision to proceed without delays resulted in a design requiring less preparation : it was decided to re-visit in 2008 the households interviewed in the February during HIECS 2004 / 05 , applying the same questionnaire . International experts contacted by CAPMAS ( Kalton ) confirmed the feasibility of such an approach . CAPMAS conducted the field work , revisiting all addresses , completing the survey and matching the new sample to the 2004 / 05 data . The Household Income , Expenditure and Consumption", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 936, "text": "Egypt panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1104, "end": 1159, "text": "Household Income , Expenditures and Consumption Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1852, "end": 1867, "text": "HIECS 2004 / 05", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# PART IV . A FORMULA-BASED EQUALIZATION TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR CHINA : MODEL AND SIMULATIONS The current Chinese central-provincial fiscal transfer system mainly consists of three mechanisms . 22 The first mechanism is based on the old contract system prevailing during 1988-1993 . That is , after 1994 , the localities ( provinces and cities with independent planning status ) continue to remit revenues to or receive transfers from the center according to their fiscal contracts in effect in 1993 . The second type of transfer is \" returned revenue \" from the center according to a calculation that ensures each locality retains no less than what it did in 1993 . These two types of transfers are general purpose transfers , or unconditional transfers . The third type of transfer includes various specific purpose grants , such as those for price subsidies , educational projects , environmental projects , disaster relief , and the development of poor regions . The general purpose transfers from the center to the localities account for the major part of the total transfers . In 1994 , the central government ' s net transfer to the local governments amounted to about 181 billion Yuan , of which two-thirds were general purpose grants . However , these general purpose transfers suffer from at least two major flaws . First , they were not designed to address the increasingly significant regional disparity issue ; rather , they were largely designed to recognize the vested interests of the localities . 23 Second , the criteria by which these transfers are allocated are rather ad hoc , that is , the transfer system lacks scientific measurements of fiscal capacities and fiscal needs . This can easily lead to an unjustified distribution and encourage the localities ' bargaining activities . T ' his part presents an illustrative equalization transfer model and the simulation result using 1994 data on China . It provides the estirnates of fiscal capacities and fiscal needs of 30 Chinese provinces using the methods discussed in the paper . Based on a formula that aims to ensure that provinces with similar levels of tax effort be able to provide similar levels of public services , the calculation results in a set of hypothetical transfers from the center to the provinces", "spans": [{"start": 1900, "end": 1918, "text": "1994 data on China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Best Interests Determination Guidelines for Unaccompanied and Separated Children - Ethiopia Good Practice * * Cross-References : * * _Information Dissemination / Protection Monitoring / Separated and Unaccompanied Children_ * * Goal : * * Identify appropriate durable solutions for unaccompanied and separated Sudanese children in the refugee camps in western Ethiopia . * * Partners : * * ICMC Resettlement Deployees , Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services ( LIRS ) , Save the Children – Sweden ( SC Sw ) , International Rescue Committee ( IRC ) , International Committee of the Red Cross / Ethiopian Red Cross Society ( RC ) , UNHCR Ethiopia and UNHCR Regional Technical Support Service - Nairobi # # # # # # * * Objectives : * * - 1 . Draft Best Interests Determination ( BID ) guidelines appropriate to specific context ; - 2 . Apply BID guidelines for interviews of unaccompanied and separated children to assess durable solutions needs and options ; - 3 . Verify data previously collected on Regional Documentation Forms and Social History Forms ; - 4 . Conduct psycho-social assessments on each verified child ; - 5 . Initiate tracing to achieve family reunification wherever possible ; - 6 . Prepare best interests recommendations on each unaccompanied and separated child for presentation to review panel for their decision ; and - 7 . Hire and deploy 3 – 4 consultants to Gambella , Ethiopia to implement programme . # # # # # # * * Implementation Strategy : * * - Finalize registration and documentation on all unaccompanied and separated children and ‘ aged-out ’ minors ( those that turned 18 just before or during the process ) . - Draft BID Guidelines based on framework developed from the _Convention on the Rights of the Child_ , the draft of the _Inter-Agency Guiding Principles on Unaccompanied and Separated Children_ , and _UNHCR Guidelines on Protection and Care of Refugee Children_ . - Based on BID Guidelines , draft interview questions to gather necessary information re registration , documentation , social history , refugee claim , family", "spans": [{"start": 1002, "end": 1030, "text": "Regional Documentation Forms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1035, "end": 1055, "text": "Social History Forms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data collection with a classroom observation survey conducted in all the preschools within the sample villages . The household survey included information about family structure , household wealth , and other socioeconomic background characteristics . The caregiver survey included questions regarding the child ’ s preschool enrollment and socio-emotional development , as well as 25 questions about parenting practices . The latter measure three key dimensions of parenting : “ cognitive parenting ” , “ emotional parenting ” , “ and negative parenting ” . More cognitive parenting means parents are more likely to engage in activities that contribute to the development of their child ’ s cognitive competencies ( e . g . by playing games , reading books , or playing with toys ) . More socioemotional parenting means parents interact more in ways that provide emotional support and responsiveness ( e . g . comforting , encouraging or complimenting the child ) . More negative parenting means parents are more likely to use harsh or punitive approaches to discipline their child . Last , the survey included information about home visits , D2D activities , and participation in the HBP , as well as the caregiver ’ s perceived returns to education , and a short test of the respondent ’ s nonverbal reasoning ability ( based on the Raven ’ s Progressive Matrices Test ) . The approximately 45-minute child assessment included a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests ( executive function , language , early numeracy , fine motor development and , at baseline and midline only , gross motor development ) as well as anthropometric measures ( height and weight ) . Most of the child tests were based on the Measuring Early Learning Quality and Outcomes ( MELQO ) toolkit . ( See UNESCO ( 2017 ) for a description of the measures-of-development process and Raikes et al . ( 2019 ) for evidence of validity ) . < sup > 22 < / sup > Additional child tests were added to the MELQO items to increase the sensitivity and breadth of the child assessment . The additional tests included the following : the Dimensional Change Card Sort ( Zelazo , 2006 ) < sup > 23 < / sup > ; a receptive vocabulary test based on", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 51, "text": "classroom observation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 117, "end": 133, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 256, "end": 272, "text": "caregiver survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than the fourth or the seventh days ( and none of the other days are significantly different from each other ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > In other words , the reported consumption did not drop off in a worrisome pattern over time . Finally , while enumerators filled out diaries for household members in certain circumstances ( due to illiteracy and lack of time ) , we do not believe that this happened often . In a follow-up discussion with enumerators , they generally agreed that the diaries were close to full completion in the second , third , and fourth visits . # 9 . 2 . 2 Fieldwork implementation and coordination Extensive coordination among teams and treatment arms was necessary to be able to collect the data in the planned timeline . The one-line recall surveys required one visit , the 7-day individual recall ( T3 ) arm required one or more visits ( or calls ) , the bounding / salience arm required two visits 7-days apart , and the diary required 4 separate visits across a period of 8 days < sup > 22 < / sup > ( see Figure 9 and Figure 10 for the field schedules for the diary and bounding and salience arms ) . > 21 We did this analysis using reported consumption over days . For some households , certain days were set as missing . When we set these entries to zero rather than to missing , we see the same patterns of consumption over the course of the week as described , but the p-value from a joint orthogonality test of treatment arms is higher than 0 . 10 . > 22 More information on the implementation can be found in Section 3 Experimental design and context . 42", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix A : Source Data # # Population census data This paper relies on data collected by eight Pacific Island governments ’ National Statistics Offices ( see Table A1 ) through their national population and housing censuses , and disseminated by the Statistics for Development Division ( SDD ) of the Pacific Community ( SPC ) through their PopGIS platform ( https : / / prism . spc . int / regional-data-and-tools / popgis2 ) . # # # * * Table A1 : Pacific country census years and National Statistics Offices * * | * * Country * * | * * Censusyear * * | * * National Statistics Office * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Fiji | 2007 | Fiji Bureau of Statistics | | Solomon Islands | 2009 | Solomon Islands National Statistics Office | | Vanuatu | 2009 | Vanuatu National Statistics Office | | Kiribati | 2010 | Kiribati National Statistics Office | | FSM | 2010 | FSM Division of Statistics | | Tonga | 2016 | Tonga Statistics Department | | RMI | 2011 | RMI Economic Policyand PlanningStatistics Office | | Tuvalu | 2012 | Tuvalu Central Statistics Divison | The data on the PopGIS site are encapsulated in maps for each PIC , illustrating variation in the results to select census questions across different parts of the country . Although the unit-record data for each individual and household are not available ( and so it is not possible to consider cross-tabulations of responses across questions , for example ) , the geographical disaggregation is generally very detailed , and it is particularly helpful for this study focused on spatial aspects of development in the PICs . Table A2 describes the geographical disaggregation of the data published on the PopGIS platform . Included in this table is a note on the nature of the overlap of geographical area boundaries with islands ; with the exception of Vanuatu , which publishes a purposeful disaggregation of the census results by island on PopGIS , the data cannot be manipulated to present results at the island-level . # # Geospatial data The geospatial data we used were from several different sources . The PopGIS platform provides", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 53, "text": "Population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 187, "end": 227, "text": "national population and housing censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1068, "end": 1091, "text": "data on the PopGIS site", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1250, "end": 1266, "text": "unit-record data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1991, "end": 2006, "text": "Geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 1 Corruption * * One definition of corruption could be “ [ t ] he abuse of entrusted authority for illicit gain ” ( Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation 2008 ) . This could include both subjective and objective measures . For instance , corruption might range from bureaucratic corruption to a broader notion that further includes nepotism , patronage networks , fraud , conflicts of interest , bribery , embezzlement , extortion , favoritism , and political corruption ( Johnston 2005 ) . Given the complexity of capturing this variable , there exists a lot of debate on how to appropriately measure it . In this paper , we try to capture the different elements of corruption by considering more than one measure . In particular , the dependent variable is based on three subjective indicators of corruption : _i_ ) the Corruption Perception Index ( CPI ) ; _ii_ ) the Control of Corruption Governance Metric ( WGI CC ) ; and _iii_ ) the Government Effectiveness Governance Metric ( WGI GE ) . We also consider another measure of corruption : the International Country Risk Guide ( ICRG ) . As shown in Hamilton and Hammer ( 2018 ) , the survey-based indicators ( in particular , the CPI and the WGI CC indicator ) are the most valid measures of overall corruption in many country contexts . However , and in line with the existing literature on corruption , Hamilton and Hammer ( 2018 ) suggest to cross-check the results when using one measure of corruption with the use of additional indicators , as significant differences exist in the construction of these measures . < sup > 5 < / sup > So far , no consensus on the optimal measure of corruption has been reached . The CPI , an annual index published by Transparency International since 1995 , defines corruption as the misuse of “ entrusted power for private benefit ” ( Transparency International , 2011 ) . It ranks countries by the perceived levels of public sector corruption , as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys . < sup > 6 < / sup > In particular , the CPI is a composite index based on a combination of surveys and", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 866, "text": "Corruption Perception Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 888, "end": 927, "text": "Control of Corruption Governance Metric", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 957, "end": 999, "text": "Government Effectiveness Governance Metric", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1066, "end": 1098, "text": "International Country Risk Guide", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1157, "end": 1180, "text": "survey-based indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1215, "end": 1231, "text": "WGI CC indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1975, "end": 2013, "text": "expert assessments and opinion surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Ministry of Lands , Housing and Urban Development Uganda Support to Municipal Infrastructure Development ( USMID ) Program Annexes to the Financial Statements * * * * assets * * but does not include land and regenerative natural resources such as forests and mineral resources . Acquisitions of PPE are recorded in the asset register on receipt of the item at cost and expensed fully through the Statement of Financial Performance . Cost of the item is defined as the total cost of acquisition . Where the cost of the PPE cannot be determined accurately , the PPE is stated at fair value . Subsequent repairs and maintenance costs of PPE are also expensed as goods and services consumed in the Statement of Financial Performance . Proceeds from disposal of property , plant and equipment are recognized as non-tax revenue in the period in which it is received . # # # * * 10 ) * * Translation of transactions in foreign currency Foreign currency transactions are translated into Uganda Shillings using the average exchange rates for the financial year while the inter account transactions are translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions ( spot rates ) . These result into realized gains / losses which are recognized in the Statement of Financial Performance . Foreign currency assets and liabilities held * * by * * the entity at year-end are translated into Uganda Shillings using the period closing rate for reporting purposes resulting into unrealized gains / losses . The unrealized gains / losses are recognized in the statement of changes in Equity through the revaluation reserve . # # # * * 11 ) * * Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are carried in the balance sheet at cost . For the purposes of the cash flow statement , cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand , deposits held at call with banks , other short-term highly liquid investments , and bank overdrafts . In the statement of financial position bank overdrafts are included in borrowings . # # # # 12 ) Receivables # # # # ( i ) Advances", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 337, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Ethiopia ’ s Rural Capacity Building Project ( RCBP ) was implemented in 10 regions of the country beginning in 2007 . RCBP strengthens agricultural extension services through raising awareness of improved and environmentally sustainable techniques , as well as better targeting farmers ’ needs , including a focus on women farmers — who constitute ( depending on the data source ) between 29 percent and 45 . 5 percent of agricultural labor ( FAO , 2011 ; Palacios-Lopez et al , 2017 ) . - Malawi ’ s national Farm Input Subsidy Program for smallholder farmers , part of the country ’ s < u > Agriculture Sector-Wide Approach ( ASWAp ) , includes female-headed households as targets for access to inputs , < / u > extension and on-farm technologies , as well as supporting access to input and output markets ( Deijl et al , 2017 ) . < u > Access to finance for self-employment < / u > - Mexico ’ s Expanding Rural Finance project , launched in 2015 , is targeted towards small farmers and micro , small and medium enterprises ( MSMEs ) in rural areas . In 2017 , women agricultural producers and MSMEs accounted for more than 70 percent of beneficiaries . - Afghanistan ’ s < u > Women Economic Empowerment - Rural Development Program < / u > ( WEE-RDP ) , launched in 2018 , will cover 34 provinces . A main focus will be on improving access to finance for women-owned MSMEs . # Understanding how rural employment responds to market factors Better data on factors enabling women ’ s economic mobility , and opportunity costs for employment , can also shed light on how rural women respond to changes in broader economic shifts . Using recent crosscountry data from developing-country labor force surveys , Figure 1 shows that LFP among younger rural women follows a U-shaped pattern ( discussed in Goldin , 1995 ; Mammen and Paxson , 2000 ) — where women ’ s LFP is higher in poorer countries , declines initially with growth as they pursue more education and leisure , and then rises again with increases in income / expected earnings opportunities . However , employment for older age groups is less responsive to", "spans": [{"start": 1646, "end": 1663, "text": "crosscountry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1669, "end": 1707, "text": "developing-country labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > this ESS and < br > ` o ` Produce < br > periodic < br > monitoring < br > reports . < br > ▪ Affected persons will be consulted < br > during the monitoring process . < br > ▪ Periodic monitoring reports will be < br > prepared and affected persons will be < br > informed about monitoring results in a < br > timely manner . < br > ▪ A < br > completion < br > audit < br > should < br > be < br > undertaken once displaced persons are < br > deemed to have had provided adequate < br > opportunity < br > and < br > assistance < br > to < br > sustainably restore their livelihoods and < br > qualityof life . | The legislations entrust Woreda and < br > Urban < br > Administrations < br > with < br > the < br > responsibility to collect and maintain the < br > record of property located on the < br > expropriated land as well as records and < br > evidence relating to displaced people . | National legislations do not specify < br > monitoring < br > methods , < br > schedule , < br > reporting < br > requirements , < br > and < br > key < br > performance indicators ( KPIs ) to be < br > monitored . It remains inadequate to < br > effectively monitor changes brought < br > about by project-related interventions < br > including RP & LRP measures . The < br > legislation does not provide for project < br > evaluation either . Neither do they < br > require a completion audit . | ESS 5 should be adopted . < br > ▪ Internal monitoring and < br > external < br > evaluation < br > should be conducted . < br > ▪ A monitoring plan that < br > identifies < br > the < br > organisational < br >", "spans": [{"start": 774, "end": 792, "text": "record of property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 ) establish data transfer agreements with overseas data receivers , 6 ) submit an annual report to the CAC on all related data transfers , 7 ) keep a record of all cross-border data transfers for a minimum of five years and 8 ) to appoint an officer > 40 Hogan Lovells , _supra_ note 39 , at 4 . > 41 Sheng & Xu , _supra_ note 32 . > 42 Hogan Lovells , _supra_ note 39 , at 6 . > 43 Pernot-Leplay , _supra_ note 28 , at 82 , n . 150 and accompanying text . > 44 _Id_ . at 84 . The proposed amendments to the Standard also make provision for implied consent . > 45 _Id_ . at 101 . > 46 GDPR art . 6 . > 47 Ken Dai & Jet Deng , _2019 China Data Protection Cybersecurity Annual Report_ ( Dentons 2020 ) . > 48 Richard D . Taylor , _ “ Data Localization ” : The Internet in Balance_ , 44 J . TELECOMM . POL ’ Y at 8 ( 2020 ) . > 49 The Diplomat , _China ’ s New Data Protection Scheme_ ( July 2019 ) , < u > https : / / thediplomat . com / 2019 / 07 / chinasnew-data-protection-scheme / . < / u > > 50 Taylor at 8 . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B # # * * Annex A : ULGDP ESMF and RPF Screening Form * * ULGDP investment project name : Location ( include map / sketch ) : _ ( e . g . region , district , etc ) _ Type of activity : _ ( e . g . new construction , rehabilitation , periodic maintenance ) _ Estimated Cost : ( Birr ) Proposed Date of Works Commencement Technical Drawing and Specifications ( circle Yes No Reviewed : answer ) : This report is to be kept short and concise . * * 1 . * * * * < u > Site Selection : < / u > * * _Yes / No answers and bullet lists preferred except_ * * Physical data : * * _where descriptive detail is essential . _ Site area in ha Extension of or changes to existing alignment Any existing property to transfer to project Any plans for new construction _Refer to project application for this information . _ # # # # * * 2 . Impact identification and classification : * * _When considering the location of a ULG investment project , rate the sensitivity of the proposed site in the following table according to the given criteria . Higher ratings do not necessarily mean that a site is unsuitable – it indicates a real risk of causing adverse impacts involving resettlement and compensation . The following table should be used as a reference_ . * * Table 6 Impact Identification and Classification * * | * * Issues * * | * * Low * * | * * Site Sensitivity * * < br > * * Medium * * | < br > * * High * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Involuntary < br > resettlement | Low population density ; < br > dispersed population ; < br > legal tenure is well - < br > defined ; well-defined < br > water rights | Medium population < br > density ; mixed < br", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 604, "text": "Physical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "D ) procedures for asylum-seekers unless they belong to groups or countries approved for prima facie refugee recognition . ONARS plays a pivotal role as the Secretariat , overseeing asylum-seeker registration , eligibility interviews and RSD assessments . The National Eligibility Commission ( NEC ) makes decisions on refugee status based on RSD files prepared by ONARS . However , information about these procedures remains inaccessible in languages understood by all asylumseekers , leading to awareness gaps . While legal counsel is allowed by law , no asylum-seekers have utilized this right thus far . The appeal procedure , initiated in 2022 , is not yet fully operational . During the review period , people arriving from South Central Somalia and Yemen continued to be granted refugee status through a prima facie approach , despite the absence of a formal declaration by the government . Asylum applicants from other countries of origin went through individualized RSD procedures 3 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > * * D J I B O U T I * *", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 370, "text": "RSD files prepared by ONARS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Pseudosondias microcarpa_ and _Ficus ovata . _ The latter two trees provided roosting areas for bats during the 1998 surveys , but no bats were seen during the 2006 surveys . As stated above , most of the project area including the islands contains little native vegetation due to intensive agricultural activities . The main crops grown in the area are coffee , maize , sorghum , cassava , sweet potatoes , cabbages , yams , sugar cane and vanilla . Fruits include bananas , mangoes , jackfruit , avocados and pineapples . Eucalyptus _ ( Eucalyptus grandis ) _ is planted for building poles and firewood in Naminya , Malindi and Namizi . The weeds in agricultural areas ( some of which are used for medicinal purposes ) include woody and non-woody plants as shown in Table 3 . 9 . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 126, "text": "1998 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 162, "end": 174, "text": "2006 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * During economic crises , governments often try to help struggling firms by providing financing with the idea of increasing their chances of survival and a faster recovery . In doing so , they face different trade-offs . One is the need to quickly reach broad coverage , at the expense of distributing untargeted assistance to firms that do not need help or are too risky . Another trade-off is that although these policies might be beneficial in sparing firms from collapse in the short term , they can increase the overall indebtedness of the private sector , affecting debt overhang , repayment rates , financial stability , and fiscal cost in the longer term . The aggregate consequences and risks of government-induced credit injections hinge critically on how debt is actually distributed throughout firms . This depends on the incentives and reactions of borrowers and lenders and on different factors that can augment or mitigate micro and macro risk-taking . On the demand side , forces can help channel funds to those firms with the highest marginal returns to capital . But limited liability could also generate demand from firms with higher default risk . On the supply side , when banks have only partial insurance from the government for the credit they grant , they will tend to lend to firms that limit their risk-taking . But other reasons ( such as changes in the cost of borrowing and lending ) can also affect their decisions . Understanding which incentives and conditions matter in credit markets and their quantitative consequences on the aggregate equilibrium outcome is challenging and important and also requires comprehensive micro data . In this paper , we study how credit and risk are distributed across the whole economy when market participants face different incentives , under a massive new policy during a systemic shock . We exploit a large-scale public credit guarantee program ( henceforth credit program ) established by the Chilean government to support firms during the COVID-19 pandemic . This allows us to study empirically and analytically the drivers and consequences of the distribution of “ crisis credit ” ( credit during crisis times ) , which has implications beyond crises . To be able to conduct the analysis ,", "spans": [{"start": 1677, "end": 1687, "text": "micro data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Abstract * * Empirical evidence suggests that global trade reforms are unlikely to produce analogous results across countries , especially when analyzing their effect on poverty . This implies that the analysis of trade reform on social welfare cannot be generalized and needs to be conducted on a country by country basis . Moreover , even within the same country , geographic areas , households , and individuals are likely to be differentially affected , some of them benefiting more than others , while others might lose . With this in mind , this paper provides a quantitative estimate of the effect on Mexican households from the implementation of the Doha development agenda . The analysis utilizes a twostep approach for which changes in prices and factors are estimated through a CGE model ( GTAP ) and then mapped into the welfare function of the household using household survey data . The empirical approach used in this study aims to measure the impact of Doha implementation by tracing changes in the household prices of goods and factors and their impact on household welfare , taking particular account the role of domestic price transmission . The findings suggest that multilateral trade liberalization alone would have a negative effect on Mexican households , even though very small . However , when the implementation of the Doha development agenda is complemented by domestic policies aimed to increase productivity and improve domestic price transmission , the overall effects become positive . The results point to the importance of domestic price transmission in determining the variance of the effects across households . ii", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 900, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . 10 Requests for informal lending services * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % 90 . 7 % < br > 86 . 4 % < br > 90 % 79 . 8 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % 20 . 2 % < br > 20 % 9 . 3 % 13 . 6 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Banked Unbanked Total Population < br > Requested an informal loan during the past 3 years < br > Did not request an informal loan during the past 3 years < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ 23 . * * The unbanked have less access to credit sources with a higher degree of formality . * * As Figure 3 . 11 shows , the unbanked mostly use friends or family and money lenders as sources of credit . In contrast , the banked are more frequent users of credit services provided by commercial stores , employment funds or informal savings funds . This suggests that access for the unbanked to these sources of lending is limited . * * Figure 3 . 11 Source of informal lending * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 88 . 8 % 90 . 5 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % 74 . 7 % 76 . 8 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % 51 . 3 % 54 . 0 % < br > 48 . 7 % 46 . 0 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % 25 . 3 % 23 . 2 % < br > 20 % < br > 11 . 2 % 9 . 5 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Friends or Money Commercial Employment Informal Other <", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 525, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have to cut their consumption . Household micro data support this view . The structure of household expenditure does not differ significantly across the population , highlighting the low level of inequality in Belarus ( Figure 22 ) . Only the richest 10 < sup > th < / sup > decile stands out , as it spends a significantly lower share than the population on average on food and much more on savings , investments and the purchase of personal cars ( Shymanovich , Chubrik , 2019 ) . The bottom decile spends a higher share of income on food , as well as basic services such as utilities , public transportation and communication services . Differences between the 2 < sup > nd < / sup > and 9 < sup > th < / sup > deciles are not very large , but they increase with disposable income . The main difference is related to the falling share of food in households ’ expenditures with growing household incomes . We focus our analysis of the consumption behavior during the crisis on the expenditures of the 1 < sup > st < / sup > and 10 < sup > th < / sup > deciles . Other deciles we will aggregate into three groups , representing 2 < sup > nd < / sup > and 3 < sup > rd < / sup > deciles , from 4 < sup > th < / sup > to 7 < sup > th < / sup > deciles , and 8 < sup > th < / sup > and 9 < sup > th < / sup > deciles . 19", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 52, "text": "Household micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DECIDING TO UNDERTAKE PLANNED RELOCATION * * c . * * Lack of adaptation options ; 60 . How to decide when planned relocation should occur and on what basis are important threshold questions . The notion of inhabitability and the spectrum of unacceptable and acceptable levels of risk and exposure are themes that should be considered . Answers will vary based on the type of hazard and the extent of risk exposure . Individual , household and community level perceptions , reception and interpretation of risks and exposure will need to be addressed to ensure a smooth process of planned relocation . < sup > 38 < / sup > Decisions should , among other things : * * d . * * Percentage of homes destroyed or damaged ; * * e . * * Rate , profiles , and typology of movement out of risk-prone areas ; * * f . * * Socio-economic indicators pointing to impoverishment owing to growing inability to survive with traditional livelihoods ; * * g . * * Scientific information regarding predicted sea-level rise , erosion , and flooding ; - * * a . * * Explore ( and if reasonable , exhaust ) potential mitigation and other adaptation options ; * * h . * * Degradation of access to basic needs , ( i . e . water , energy , food ) ; * * b . * * As far as possible , be based on concrete scientific , longitudinal evidence and data , evidence of progressive environmental , socio-economic , and other changes as measured through social , economic and environmental indicators , < sup > 39 < / sup > communities ’ own assessments of their living conditions , and mathematical and scientific modeling and projections of impacts and vulnerability ; * * c . * * Draw on existing knowledge ( e . g . satellite and social studies , census and demographic data ) , especially local and community sources ; * * d . * * Involve multi-stakeholder driven vulnerability and impact assessments , of individuals , communities , and environments ; * * e", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 835, "text": "Socio-economic indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1714, "end": 1741, "text": "census and demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "all the road sections are still economically viable given the positive NPVs and EIRRs greater than the 12 percent planning discount rate . Loichangamatak - Lodwar road section has the best returns while Kalobeyei - Lokichogio - Nakodok road section has the lowest returns , albeit with positive NPV . The overall benefits of improving the entire corridor are approximately US $ 436 . 7 million at an economic rate of return of 26 . 1 percent . # # * * Sensitivity Analysis * * 19 . A sensitivity analysis has been undertaken to determine the effects of variations in the values of critical input data on NPV and EIRR . The input parameters tested are a 20 percent decrease in traffic growth rates and a 20 percent increase in capital and recurrent costs . Sensitivity analysis results are as presented in Table 1 . 11 below . - 35 - | P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 600, "text": "critical input data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Annex 2 : Major Related Projects Financed by the Bank and / or other Agencies * * * * ETHIOPIA : Financial Sector Capacity Building Project * * # # # # # * * Related Lending projects in Ethiopia : * * ET-Private Sector Development Capacity Building Project ( FY04 ) ET-Public Sector Capacity Building Program Support Project ( FY04 ) ET-Rural Finance Intermediation ( FY02 ) ET-AG Research and Training ( 1 998 ) # # # # # * * Related Non-lending projects in Ethiopia : * * ET-Banking Study ( AFR-Funded ) ( FY04 ) ET-Investment Climate Surveys ( FY04 ) ET-Capacity Building ( FY99 ) ET-Financial Sector ( FY98 ) # # # # # * * Related Lending / TA projects in other countries : * * Ghana-Micro , Small & SME project ( FY06 ) Ghana-IFAD Rural Finance Project India-SME Financing and Development Project ( FY04 ) Kenya-Financial and Legal Sector TA ( FY04 ) Kenya-Micro . Small and Medium enterprise project ( FY04 ) Mexico-Finance & Growth D P L ( FY06 ) Nicaragua-Broad-based Access to Financial Services ( FY04 ) Niger-Financial Sector TA ( FY04 ) Tanzania-Private Sector Competitiveness Project ( FY05 ) Uganda-Private Sector Competitiveness I1 ( FY04 ) 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") and ( 78 . 8 % ) respectively . Pests and diseases attacking crops was the most important constraint in Lamwo ( 24 . 0 % ) while small land sizes were most important constraint in Adjumani ( 28 . 8 % ) . In Yumbe ( 24 . 3 % ) , inadequate labour to farm at household level was the main constraint mentioned by household members . Land infertility ( 28 . 2 % ) was more important in Kyegegwa . Land conflicts ( 10 . 1 % ) were the most important constraint in Hoima . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 77 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "price < sup > 3 < / sup > and turnover should benefit local vendors , but disadvantage buyers ( Cunha et al , 2011 ; D ’ Aoust et al , 2013 ) . If , however , there exist financial , social or behavioral constraints that are relieved by demobilization transfers , demobilization allowances would be expected to be invested in productive assets . In this case , the impact on consumption and assets of beneficiary households should be positive and long-lasting , but the magnitude of the consumption increase should be rather small ( Gertler et al , 2012 ) . Spillovers on nonbeneficiaries at the community level are expected to be marginal . Examining which of the consumption or investment scenarios prevails is an empirical question , which we tackle in the empirical analysis . We use a household panel dataset to capture the direct and indirect effect of the DDR program on beneficiary and nonbeneficiary households . The first wave of the panel was collected in 2006 , while the reintegration phase of the demobilization of CNDD + combatants was taking place . This wave is representative at the provincial level . The second wave was collected in 2010 , in the midst of the reinsertion phase for FNL combatants , and about five years after the demobilization of CNDD + combatants . The timeline below summarizes graphically the various components of our assessment ( figure 1 ) . Figure 1 : Timeline < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Conflict Coup Arusha Peace Demobilization Demobilization < br > Onset d ’ État Agreement CNDD-FDD + FNL < br > 1993 1996 2000 2004 2009 < br > 1 2 1 2 < br > Data collection ( 2006 , 2010 ) < br > 1 Cash transfer < br > 2 In-kind transfer < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Our identification strategy exploits several key facts : ( i ) not all households hosted excombatants ; ( ii ) not all households with ex-combatants benefited from allowances ; ( iii ) the waves of the demobilization program took place before and in between the two survey rounds of the panel ; and ( iv ) some", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 813, "text": "household panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as a VAT payer ( SARS , 2003 ) . Some services provided within the financial sector are also exempt . ( International VAT Monitor , 1995 : 376 ) . In this paper , we take the economic and tax structure of the SAM , including the VAT and its exceptions , as the basis for the CGE model and we examine possible tax reforms that will improve welfare impact . # * * 2 . 2 Specification of a VAT with Rebates on Intermediate Inputs * * Rather than treat consumption tax payments as a retail sales tax , we specify a European-style value added tax with rebates for intermediate input and investment purchases . With this treatment , there is no cascading effect on prices of taxes on intermediate goods . We assume the VAT is administered using the “ invoice method . ” All transactions are taxed at a fixed proportional rate regardless of whether they are final or intermediate transactions . Firms can deduct taxes paid on intermediate inputs and that tax amount is reported on the invoices for intermediates . Import sales are subject to a VAT , export sales are not . To calibrate the model , we assume the observed VAT tax revenue in the SAM is the gross payment by sector . < sup > 8 < / sup > Producers must pay the VAT on retail sales and can collect a rebate on taxes paid by intermediate input use . For each production activity , we compute the rebate on intermediate expenditure using data on input-output relationships . We assume a Leontief production structure with fixed input-output shares defining intermediate demand . The rebate to activity , A , is based on total intermediate input use : _REBATE_ ( _A_ ) = ∑ _tvat_ ( _C_ ) ⋅ _PQ_ ( _C_ ) ⋅ _QINT_ ( _C_ , _A_ ) _c_ where : tvat ( C ) is the value added tax by commodity sales PQ ( C ) is price of commodity c QINT ( C , A ) is the quantity of intermediate commodity , c , purchased by activity , a The price of the aggregate intermediate input now includes the rebate per unit of aggregate intermediate input : _PINTA_ ( _A_", "spans": [{"start": 1391, "end": 1425, "text": "data on input-output relationships", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) identified for their analysis of the impact of multiple-dose MDA on weight was considered for inclusion in our sample . < sup > 20 < / sup > # * * 3 . 3 Data extraction and choice of estimator * * Given the importance of statistical power , we sought to use the most precise unbiased estimator available . We also followed guidelines in the _Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions_ ( Higgins and Green , 2011 ) . We use the following principles for extraction of data and selection of estimates from included trials in our analysis below : - i . If treatment effects are presented without standard errors , standard errors are calculated using other presented data ( e . g . , t-statistics , p-values , or 95 % confidence intervals ) , where possible following the formulas provided in the _Cochrane Handbook_ ( Higgins and Green 2011 , section 7 . 7 . 3 . 3 ) . - ii . If results are reported in figures rather than in the text or in a table , _Web Plot Digitizer_ software ( Rohatgi , 2015 ) is used to extract numerical estimates from the figures . - iii . If key information on treatment impacts is missing from a paper ( and cannot be derived from what is presented ) , original microdata ( where available ) is used to obtain relevant estimates . We also obtain information from trial authors in several cases , through either direct communication or thanks to the generosity of the Campbell Collaboration research team . - iv . Where studies report multiple treatment impact estimates , we follow the standard in TMSDG and the medical literature of favoring unadjusted estimates . If studies > 20 The Campbell Collaboration report just became publicly available . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1217, "end": 1235, "text": "original microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 . The online survey asked respondents to identify the main challenges with regards to national and local actors fully participating in coordination processes ( see Figure 12 ) . The main challenges to emerge are that there are too many meetings , and meetings and other coordination processes are not considered useful or relevant to local and national actors . A perception that the views of national and local actors are not taken seriously , tight timeframes for coordinated processes , and meetings being held in English rather than in local languages were Figure 12 – Question 19 – What do you perceive as the main challenges with regards to national and local actors fully participating in coordination processes ? Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 October and 10 November 2017 . Notes : Respondents were given the option to select multiple responses . * * 31 * *", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 15, "text": "Online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex II – Cambodia Transactions Profile * * Cambodia Expenditure Transactions Profile , Central Government , 2017 ‐ Amounts Ranges in Riels . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 95 . 3 97 . 6 99 . 9 100 . 0 < br > 100 < br > 88 . 4 < br > 90 80 . 9 < br > 80 72 . 2 < br > 70 < br > 59 . 0 < br > 60 < br > 50 40 . 7 39 . 4 < br > 40 < br > 29 . 6 < br > 27 . 2 < br > 30 < br > 15 . 9 < br > 20 < br > 7 . 8 5 . 6 9 . 3 < br > 10 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 4 0 . 9 2 . 7 < br > 0 < br > < 4m 4 ‐ 10m 10 ‐ 20m 20 ‐ 40m 40 ‐ 100m 100 ‐ 200 ‐ 400 ‐ 2 , 000 ‐ 4 , 000 ‐ > = < br > 200m 400m 2 , 000m 4 , 000m 100 , 000m 100 , 000m < br > Riels < br > Cumulative Percent Transactions Cumulative Percent Amount < br > Percentage < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Cambodia Expenditure Transaction Profile , Provincial Treasuries , 2017 ‐ Amount Ranges in Riels . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 96 . 5 98 . 1 98 . 8 99 . 7 99 . 8 100 . 0 100 . 0 < br > 100 91 . 6 < br > 84 . 5 < br > 90 < br > 80 71 . 6 < br > 66 . 0 < br > 70 < br > 56 . 9 < br > 60 < br > 46 . 8 < br > 50 < br > 35 . 5 < br > 40 30 . 0 < br > 30 24 . 0 < br > 16 . 1 < br > 20 10 . 7 < br > 6 . 1 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entitled to register vital events that occur in Kenya , including births , marriages , divorces and deaths . Sub-section 8 ( 1 ) ( d ) of the Refugees Act , 2021 mandates the Commissioner for Refugee Affairs to issue refugee identification documents and to facilitate the issuance of civil registration and other documentation by other government agencies . Notification and registration are mandatory for all births and deaths occurring in Kenya in line with the principle of universal birth and death registration , and are undertaken by the Department of Civil Registration according to the Births and Death Registration Act , 2012 , which will be integrated in NIIMS . Refugees and asylum-seekers have access to civil registration procedures , but there is no clear data on how many have been issued vital events documents as issuance is not normally recorded in the refugee database by DRS . According to UNHCR statistics , however , the birth registration rate for refugees and asylum-seekers in the refugee camps is at 95 % , which is higher than for the host population . UNHCR and its partners facilitate the process of birth registration , but as many refugee children born in Kenya still have not had their births certified by the competent authorities , they may be at risk of statelessness . Marriage is provided for under the Marriage Act , 2014 , which recognizes civil , Christian , Muslim , Hindu and traditional or customary marriages , and requires all marriage unions to be registered . A decree of divorce is available by way of petition through the courts or under Islamic law for those professing the Muslim faith . While the services are available to refugees and asylum-seekers , many face challenges in accessing these rights due to limited information on the process , lack of required documentation , administrative barriers and the cost of applicable statutory fees . Medium-term priorities include : ( 1 ) supporting the Department of Civil Registration to improve access to birth registration , including by establishing civil registrars in Kakuma and Dadaab and facilitating late birth registration for all refugees born in Kenya whose birth has not yet been registered", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 894, "text": "refugee database by DRS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 910, "end": 926, "text": "UNHCR statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 | | 0 . 3 | Institutional and Organisational Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 | | 0 . 4 | Main Findings of Census and Socio-Economic Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 | | 0 . 5 | Impact of the Subproject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 | | 0 . 6 | Public and Stakeholder Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 | | 0 . 7 | Entitlement Matrix and Eligibility Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 347, "text": "Census and Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * UGANDA North Eastern Road-corridor Asset Management Project ( NERAMP ) ( P125590 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  Annual Road Inventory to update RMS ( Yes / No , Custom | ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > Y | - - | N | Y | | Date < br > 02-Jun-2014 | - - | 15-May-2015 | 30-Jun-2024 | |  Roads rehabilitated , Non-rural ( Kilometers , Core ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 151 . 00 | - - | 151 . 00 | 340 . 00 | | Date < br > 30-Jun-2014 | - - | 15-May-2015 | 30-Jun-2024 | |  Roads Maintained ( Kilom | eters , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 189 . 00 | - - | 189 . 00 | 340 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | 15-May-2015 | 30-Jun-2024 | |  Reduced no of truc | ks overloaded ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income . To capture the annual cash income of the households , the households were requested to indicate their annual households ’ cash income from all income sources in the past 12 months preceding the survey . Accordingly , the 181 sampled households earned a total of Etb 29 , 977 , 886 in one year . Therefore , the average income per household is Etb 165 , 623 from all income sources . Haromaya is well known for production of best khat crop with great quantity compared to other Subproject impacted Woredas . Therefore , the annual income of the surveyed households from Haromaya is higher than others . Accordingly , the average annual income per household from Haromaya Woreda is Etb 280 , 201 . This is almost twice the average HH from Meta Woreda - ( i . e . Etb 146 , 027 ) and almost four folds compared to HHs in Kersa Woreda ( i . e . Etb 70 , 968 ) . In terms of household annual cash income sources , the result of the socioeconomic survey shows that about 72 . 6 % of the annual cash income of the households is derived from sale of perennial crops . It ’ s expected that perennial crops like khat is the main household cash income sources in the study area than any other source of income . Sale of fruits and vegetables and trade and service also constituted 7 % and 6 . 9 % of the annual cash income source of the households respectively . Income from sale of annual crops such as corn , sorghum and other cereal crops accounted for only 3 . 5 % of the annual cash income of the households surveyed . The long list of the surveyed household annual income from various income sources by Subproject Woredas and towns is presented in Table 6 . 7 . Page 89", "spans": [{"start": 936, "end": 956, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Grand Total ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ) * * | * * 91 , 692 , 666 * * | | * * 6 * * | Administration Cost DuringImplementation ( 3 % ) | 2 , 750 , 780 | | * * 7 * * | Contingency ( 15 % ) | 13 , 753 , 900 | | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 108 , 197 , 346 * * | _Source : RP Census Survey ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) Note 1 . The rural electrification component of this Subproject will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP project budget_ # # # # # # * * 16 . 2 Funding Mechanism * * The total funding needed for identified activities is presented in Table 16 . 1 . Until very recently ( Year 2024 ) , the national legislation ( Proclamation 1161 / 2019 ) payment of compensation and resettlement expenses were the responsibility of the project proponent payable through City or Woreda Administrations . As per the amended Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 , payment of compensation for assets and property , resettlement expenses , and related social and economic assistance to displaced persons is the duty of Regional Administrations where infrastructure or social service development projects take place . Therefore , the resettlement and livelihood restoration activities are considered as Official Use Only Page 184", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 282, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where F is the probability function that is determined by the structure of the errors . The overall approach is to estimate a broadly standard specification augmented with some additional proxies and modified to better capture liquidity effects . We then introduce integration related variables and explore to what degree their effects are channeled through the labor market . # * * III . Data * * < u > Migration data : < / u > The 2000 census generates migration flows from a question that asks in what state the interviewee resided 5 years ago . Though this approach is standard in the literature , it has the drawback of obscuring migrants who may have left and returned in the five year period . Flows to the US are derived from a question asking whether during the last five years a member of the household has gone to the US . < u > Moving Costs : < / u > Following the literature ( again , see Greenwood 1997 ) , we approximate the costs of transportation as a quadratic function of distance . < sup > 4 < / sup > This is a proxy for the costs of migration that consist of the moving costs themselves , the opportunity costs of moving which rise with the length of the journey , and rising communication costs with the family in the point of origin , including the increased costs of return visits . In general , the literature expects a negative impact on migration but with decreasing effect . < u > Networks : < / u > An emerging literature stresses the importance of existing networks as lowering transaction and information costs . The Mexico-US literature has particularly expanded on this point ( see , Zabin and Hughes 1995 , Massey and Espinosa 1997 , Winters , de Janvry and Sadoulet 2000 , McKenzie and Ropoport 2004 among others ) . > 4 Though we assume that the indirect utility function is linear and the weight of each variable is similar in each region , this assumption can be easy relaxed to differentiate the origin ( o ) and destination ( d ) parameters . 5", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 418, "text": "Migration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 433, "end": 444, "text": "2000 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has an impact on the women who were targeted by the program . Moreover , it is important to know whether the differences in the types of facilitators actually translated into differences in outcomes . To answer this question , we examine two types of data : block-level outcomes reported by the project , and results of a small survey of SHG women in the two types of areas . Given that the two areas were for the most part identical prior to the rollout of the RRLP , and that the program was rolled out in the two areas with almost the same intensity , we can , to some extent , interpret these estimates as causally related to the mobilization effort . < sup > 28 < / sup > We present two sets of results for the block-level outcomes . The first is aggregate data taken from the website of the RRLP program . ( The raw data are reported in the Appendix . ) Analysis of these data suggests that Intensive and Resource blocks performed very similarly along a number of different metrics : both types of facilitators were able to set up approximately 4-5 SHGs per > 28 Official data are collected by a strong team led by a statistician , Mr . Hardeep Chopra , who has no vested interest in either block . He was brought into the project right at the time that the Resource and Intensive blocks were being decided in 2012 . 15", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 347, "text": "small survey of SHG women", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 716, "end": 736, "text": "block-level outcomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 3 RAP 1B PROJECT COMPONENTS * * The RAP 1b comprises of the components described below and as shown in the Cadastral Map in Annex 3 . # # # # # # * * 1 . Main Dam Reservoir * * The proposed main dam is located at Fulugani village , Kasemeni Ward , Kinango Sub-County of Kwale County , about 22 km northwest of Mombasa City . The proposed dam falls within the drainage system of Mwache and Mnyenzeni rivers and their tributaries . The upper sections of the main dam reservoir will fall within the Mwavumbo Group Ranch areas ; some of which is covered by RAP 1b . # # # # # # * * 2 . Lower Check Dam * * The proposed lower check dam is located approximately 8 . 1 km upstream of the existing Mwache Bridge and approximately 17 . 9 km from the main dam operational area . The upper sections of the Lower Check Dam reservoir will fall within the Mwavumbo Group Ranch areas covered by RAP 1b . # # # # # # * * Project Components Triggering Displacement * * The construction of Mwache dam and related components will occur on privately owned land and will hence cause physical and economic displacement of the Project Affected Households ( PAHs ) . 434 PAHs with a total of 2 , 513 PAPs are currently settled and deriving some livelihoods from these areas where land will be acquired for dam construction . The RAP 1b study covers the following Project Components that will trigger displacement and resettlement of PAPs ; - Upper sections of Main Dam Reservoir - Upper sections of Lower Check Dam Reservoir The economic and physical displacement as a result of land acquisition for dam construction activities will lead to loss of the following assets namely : - Land - Structures ( residential and commercial ) - Crops and trees - Graves - Shrines 4", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 136, "text": "Cadastral Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "protection . Section IV presents an analytical model where the government maximizes social welfare that features behavioral elements . In Section V , we modify this model to incorporate into the influential lobbying model of Grossman and Helpman . In Section VI we analyze the observed policy patterns and tools in light of our analytical predictions . Section VII concludes . # * * II . Loss Aversion in Trade Policy : An Experiment * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > Numerous empirical studies from the behavioral literature find that the value people assign to a loss is significantly larger than the value assigned to an equivalent gain . In particular , for small or moderate gains and losses of money , the estimated value assigned to a loss is about twice as large as a similar gain ( see Kahneman , Knetsch , and Thaler ( 1991 ) for a survey of the literature ) . Losses are also by definition time dependent , and reflect a particular reference point . For example , a firm accustomed to a high profit level will regard a low profit level as unacceptable , while a firm accustomed to a low profit level will find maintaining that level to be satisfactory . An implication of loss aversion and reference dependence is that the value assigned to foregone gains is lower than that assigned to losses . This is reflected in many judicial outcomes , where the weight assigned to unrealized profits is typically well below the weight assigned to incurred losses . Survey evidence also bears this out . For example , faced with excess demand for a particular car model , a company that discontinues a discount of $ 200 is considered fair ; but , a company that raises the price by $ 200 is considered unfair by a majority of respondents ( Kahneman , Knetsch , and Thaler , 1991 ) . This implies that imposing a surcharge ( perceived as a loss ) is considered less acceptable than eliminating a discount ( perceived as a gain ) . Loss aversion and reference dependence also have implications for people ’ s perceptions of trade policy . Tharakan ( 1996 , p . 1562 ) notes that", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "receive certain services like health care , humanitarian assistance , bank account , or loans , a civil document is a prerequisite which leads to some people resorting to negative coping mechanisms increasing vulnerabilities and reducing capacities to overcome shocks . - * * _Limited access to education : _ * * children are unable to enroll in schools without a Tazkira . - * * _Discrimination and stigmatization : _ * * other community members may perceive a non-holder of a civil document as stateless and treat him / her in an undignified manner . - * * _Gender-based violence : _ * * women and girls are particularly vulnerable to harassment while moving with no documentation as well in case of sexual violence girls cannot prove that they are minors and perpetrators may take advantage of this . - * * _Child abuse , exploitation , and violence : _ * * children who are not registered and , therefore , cannot “ prove ” their age , are more vulnerable and exposed to age-related abuses , such as early marriage , child labour , sexual exploitation , recruitment in non-state armed groups , military conscription , detention in adult prison facilities and adult conviction . - * * _Insecurity of tenure and property rights : _ * * without documentation people ’ s rights to housing , land and property are curtailed , creating a significant barrier to tenure . This increases the threats of eviction and exacerbates vulnerabilities , such as marginalisation and discrimination of the most vulnerable groups . - * * _Harassment : _ * * individuals that cannot provide personal documentation may be subjected to harassment , extorsion , physical violence . This could worsen during conflict and displacement . - * * _Difficulties in cases of family separation and reunification : _ * * the absence of a birth registration could mean that the reunification of children with their families becomes more difficult . - * * _Risk of statelessness : _ * * the lack of documentation and other means to prove one ’ s identity can", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | Annual | TSC , TSC < br > county offices < br > Independent < br > Verification < br > Reports | collect data from schools < br > for submission to the < br > TSC for compilation of < br > annual reports on < br > teacher deployment < br > Independent Third Party < br > conducts verification | TSC | | | This target will be reviewed | | MoE , Reports | The County based | | | New teachers recruited by the camp < br > based refugee primary schools , < br > through the SIPs , with the highest < br > teacher shortage | once the teacher gaps are < br > established , through the < br > SIPs , for the 50 camp based < br > refugee schools . | Annual | by the camp - < br > based refugee < br > schools and < br > County based < br > education | education offices will < br > collect data from the < br > Camp based refugee < br > schools for submission < br > to the MoE for | MoE | | | Number of teachers | | teams . | compilation of annual | | Page 68 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 126, "text": "data from schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 4 . Refugee population and changes by origin , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * # # # # # * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatr < mark > iation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Incr | eases durin | g2006 | | | | De | creases d | uring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | Origin | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1040, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 28 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * # # * * Household expenditures and economic capacity to meet essential needs * * * * The food expenditure share , which is the proportion of the households ’ expenditure spent on food over their total expenditure , dropped from 79 percent in December 2020 to 68 percent in September 2021 . * * The drop in prices of some key staple foods since the end of 2020 , as well as the increase in income opportunities at that time of the year ( September ) , may have contributed to this reduction . Notwithstanding the positive aspect of the observed drop in the food expenditure share , it is worth highlighting that – at the time of the survey - about 85 percent of households continued spending between half to all their overall monthly expenditures on food . Thus , they are highly vulnerable as their economic capacities are not sufficient to withstand the impact of future shocks , such as rising market prices , loss of income , etc . Looking at an average composition of household expenditure , largest shares of expenditures on non-food items are spent on the repayment of debts ( 10 percent ) , followed by energy ( 8 percent ) , hygiene items ( 7 percent ) and clothing ( 6 percent ) ( see Figure 23 ) . * * Figure 23 : Average composition of household expenditures , September 2021 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 % < br > 3 % < br > 7 % < br > Food < br > Debt < br > 8 % < br > Energy < br > 65 % < br > Hygiene items < br > 10 % Clothing < br > Other < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > On average , a refugee household in Rwanda spent a total of RWF 58 , 511 in the past 30 days preceding the survey on food and non-food items . The total expenditure per capita was RWF 13 , 599 of which RWF 8 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1672, "end": 1705, "text": "survey on food and non-food items", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * INTRODUCTION * * The Whole of Syria ( “ WOS ” ) Shelter / NFI Humanitarian Needs Overview Analysis for 2017 provides detailed and extensive analysis based on data from the needs assessments that were conducted to inform the Humanitarian Needs Overview ( HNO ) in Syria for 2017 . The data were combined from multiple assessments , with varied coverage , methodologies and levels of analysis , which were conducted by a range of partners between April and August 2016 . There were over 26 , 000 assessment entries in total , which were first aggregated to community level , and then to sub-district level . In total , 264 sub-districts were assessed for the NFI sector and 272 subdistricts for the Shelter sector . This analysis is provided for members , agencies and implementing partners from the Shelter / NFI sector and for other sectors in order to support humanitarian planning , advocacy , and fundraising . It may be freely shared and disseminated . Population figures included in this analysis of needs are derived from a combination of sector analysis and OCHA population and IDP figures , and are for planning only . They do not represent a census of the Syrian population , and programming and implementation should be supported by further detailed needs assessments in specific locations to determine accurate numbers of people in need , to specify target groups and to provide demographic breakdowns . # # # # # * * Sources of information : * * # # # # # * * Sector / Cluster-led assessments * * - Damascus Hub Needs Assessments : Structured Community Discussions and Expert Panel Discussions ( 119 Sub-Districts on NFIs and 118 Sub-Districts on Shelter ) - - Amman Hub Shelter Needs Assessment : HH level assessment in coordination with WASH sector ( 17 SDs on Shelter ) - Turkey Hub Shelter Needs Assessment : Key Informant ( 2 SDs ) - Turkey Hub NFI Needs Assessment : Household level ( 2 SDs ) - Turkey Hub based individual operational partner assessments", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 201, "text": "data from the needs assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1077, "end": 1108, "text": "OCHA population and IDP figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Congo , Ethiopia , Kenya , Mali , Mozambique , and Nigeria ) . The Democratic Republic of Congo is an extreme case , as it uses an 11-block IBT . Interestingly enough , despite the large number of blocks , the price difference across blocks is very small , suggesting that the regime is complicated without really discriminating very much between large and small consumers . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 2 . Characterization of residential block pricing < br > a . Number of pricing blocks b . Tariff price differential between first and highest < br > block ( % ) < br > 12 12 < br > 10 10 < br > 8 8 < br > 6 6 < br > 4 4 < br > 2 2 < br > 0 0 < br > one ( linear two three four or more 0 % < 100 % 100-200 200 % > < br > rate ) < br > number of blocks < br > number of countries number of countries < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database The conventional wisdom is that IBTs are designed so that the first and smallest “ lifeline ” block covering subsistence consumption is subsidized to promote equity , while the subsequent blocks are priced at a higher level that will ultimately enable cost recovery . This of course assumes that poorer customers will have lower consumption . This assumption is more reasonable in the case of power – where usage is driven by ownership of appliances more prevalent among wealthier households and businesses – than it is for example in the water sector – where usage is more correlated with the size of the household . The first question is whether African countries tend to define the consumption level of the first block at a level low enough to be consistent with subsistence consumption and hence with the “ lifeline ” principle underlying this tariff design ( table 2 ) . The response to this question is quite positive . Two-thirds of the sample countries define the first block at 50 kilowatt-hours ( kWh )", "spans": [{"start": 869, "end": 931, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1 , 698 | | * * Indonesia * * | * * 203 * * | 350 | 212 | 363 | 211 | 356 | | Brazil | 201 | 345 | 178 | 292 | * * 180 * * | 306 | | Nigeria | 153 | 425 | 163 | 529 | 163 | 529 | These revisions have affected the projected stationary populations dramatically . The eventual stationary world population now appears almost 10 percent greater than it did in 1980 . For Africa in particular , the projected stationary population is now 21 percent larger than in the 1980 projections . Aggregate changes since last year ' s projections , on the other hand , are minor . Projected world population in the year 2000 is up half of 1 percent this year as compared with last year . The largest revision for a geographic region is for Asia , but is barely above half of 1 percent . Projections for practically all countries have changed , but in the majority of cases only minimally , and about as often upward as downward . The larger changes have been due more often to revisions in current demographic indicators rather than to revisions in assumed future trends . Current indicators may have changed , for instance , because of new data or new analysis of census or survey data . Revised current population estimates account for new projections for countries lilSe Swaziland , Costa Rica , Jamaica , Peru , and Papua New Guinea . Revised fertility estimates , often from Demographic and Health Surveys , account for new projections for countries like Nepal , Pakistan , Bolivia , Guatemala , and Nicaragua . # ComRarisons among World Bank regions The four World Bank regions , comprising all the borrower countries", "spans": [{"start": 1151, "end": 1172, "text": "census or survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1366, "end": 1396, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The trade data are reported in current US dollars , and are deflated by the US CPI . We recognize that ideally we would use bilateral price indices to deflate trade between different country pairs but such bilateral deflators are not available . However , the presence of the very general fixed effects has the consequence also of implicitly deflating the trade data . The data are implicitly deflated by prices that vary by importer , product and time ; by importer , product and exporter ; and by exporter , product and time . They are , however , not deflated by prices that vary along all four dimensions ( importer , exporter , product , and time ) . Exchange rate data are from the IMF ’ s International Financial Statistics ( IFS ) database . In the theoretical framework , the key price that determines the transmission mechanism of exchange rate changes is the price in the importing market charged by Chinese exporters . Equation ( 6 ) suggests that this price is determined by the domestic price of the good in China , the Chinaimporter bilateral exchange rate and the passthrough . Since we parameterize the passthrough , the relevant changes to focus on are those stemming from changes in domestic prices in China and the exchange rate . Hence , our bilateral exchange rate is deflated by China ’ s CPI . Before we present the econometric results , it is worth looking at some basic data . Figure 2 plots China ’ s average index of competition ( where the average is over all exporters and products ) . The index is measured in two ways consistent with the discussion in the analytical section . Both the VBI and the CBI rise over time , consistent with China becoming a bigger and more diverse exporter . The CBI shows in particular that by 2008 , on average , China occupies nearly all the product space of other developing country exporters . Figures 3a and 3b plot the same indices but disaggregated by region . These charts show that China ’ s overlap with all regions has risen steadily over time , with the level of the overlap greatest with other exporters in Asia ( over 95 percent in", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 14, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 696, "end": 730, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 29-Jun-2024 | | Comments | | | | | 4 . Service Delivery Performance Assessed ~ ~ < u > IN01298968 < / u > ~ ~ ► Education : % of LLGs with population > 15 , 000 with a government secondary school with basic facilities and minimum staffing levels ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | 72 % | 72 % | 89 % | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN01298972 ~ ~ | Based on the OTIM | S and Education LLG submission | | | ► Education : Average score in the primary school performance assessment improves in the sample LGs . ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | N / A | No data | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | 30-May-2023 | 30-Jun-2024 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN01298975 ~ ~ | Subcounty Performa < br > extended to July to S | nce Assessment is being desig < br > ept", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 704, "text": "OTIM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ETHIOPIA CLIMATE ACTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR RESULTS ( P170384 ) | Fiduciary Systems | MoF , PPA , BoFs , < br > WoFEDs , MoA , < br > EIAR | Due Date | 31-Dec-2020 | Delayed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Completion Measurement * * | All WoFEDs receive and start implementatio < br > procurement KPIs by MoA and EIAR . | n of the revised ma | nual and the simplified dire | ctive ; annual reporting on | | * * Comments * * | The mission agreed that MoF will submit a st | atus update on the | se procurement actions by | the end of May 2020 . | | * * Action Description * * | F2 : Improve internal control system through < br > ( ii ) establishing mechanism to monitor & rep < br > for Assessing Procurement System . | i ) improving propert < br > ort on receivable an | y management recording a < br > d payable balances ( iii ) imp | nd reporting < br > lementing Methodology | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | MoA , BoAs , EIAR , < br > MoF , PPA | Recurrent | Continuous | Delayed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | ( i ) All entities meet requirements by end Yr 1 < br > MAPS II report finalized . | ; ( ii ) from Yr . 2 no o | utstanding balances aged", "spans": [{"start": 1291, "end": 1305, "text": "MAPS II report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Subcomponent 1 . 2 : Livelihood Development * * 5 . Livelihood ( LH ) implementation has made satisfactory progress . A total of 151 , 294 livelihood clients continue to receive livelihood support services . Of the 78 , 005 clients targeted in the first wave , 99 percent received a grant . Among them , 74 , 430 ( 96 percent ) received the full grant , while the remaining 4 percent received only the first tranche , which is 80 percent of the grant amount . Of those who received the full grant , 72 , 474 clients ( 72 percent female ) started self-employment , and 1 , 956 clients ( 47 percent female ) secured wage employment . Both groups are successfully running their businesses or are engaged in wage jobs The Iterative Beneficiary Monitoring ( IBM ) report from June 2024 , based on interviews with 500 livelihood clients , indicated that 99 percent of the respondents received a livelihood grant . Among those with approved business plans , 99 . 8 percent received their grants , with 58 percent opening new businesses and 31 percent expanding existing ones . 12 percent of those who received the grant had not yet utilized their grants , though 97 percent plan to do so soon . Additionally , 79 percent of the respondents engaged in additional income-generating activities to supplement their business or job earnings . Based on the progress and findings , the mission recommends further enhancement of livelihood services , particularly strengthening institutional linkages , to improve overall performance , outcomes , and sustainability . 6 . The mission noted that the enhanced livelihood process map and sequential training packages have been highly appreciated by implementing partners . These efforts have improved the capacity of livelihood implementers and fostered positive behavioral changes among livelihood clients , contributing to improvements in working culture , social capital , household capacity , and aspirations . Clients have demonstrated consistent progress in income-generating activities and savings , enabling them to pursue better self-employment and wage employment opportunities after receiving livelihood grants . 7 . The following process activities were performed since the lune 2024 JRIS Mission", "spans": [{"start": 724, "end": 771, "text": "Iterative Beneficiary Monitoring ( IBM ) report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 798, "end": 836, "text": "interviews with 500 livelihood clients", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "channels would include electoral mechanisms in the form of free and fair elections , which are held at regular intervals in line with legal provisions , and with no _de jure_ or _de facto_ impediments to participation . Other non-electoral , or social accountability mechanisms , could include , _inter alia_ : ICT-enabled platforms < sup > 107 < / sup > for collecting citizen feedback , satisfaction surveys , complaint and redress mechanisms , petitions , protests , and other participatory institutions for citizens . Given the need for both information to be publicly available as well as for mechanisms to be in place for citizens to express their voice and hold service providers to account , the research will investigate a number of enabling “ conditions , ” which have been postulated by the earlier work of Peixoto ( 2013 ) , as noted above . These including the following : - * * Publicity Condition : * * A vital element necessary for supporting citizen voice is the “ publicity condition , ” < sup > 108 < / sup > which provides for an enabling environment whereby “ disclosed information actually reaches and resonates with its intended audiences ” . < sup > 109 < / sup > Conceptualized as such , the publicity condition would presuppose the existence of a necessary degree of political freedoms and civil rights so that the disclosed data can reach citizens — if not directly , then through third-party intermediators such as CSOs , social movements , academics , and the media . At minimum , this condition would imply , _inter alia_ : constitutional protections for freedom of expression , speech , press ( and internet ) ; relevant freedom of information or access to information legislation ; media freedom , impartiality , and protections against censorship ; as well as the ability for civil society organizations , academia , unions , and other civic organizations to operate free from harassment , discrimination , or persecution . - * * Political Agency Condition : * * A second critical element is the presence of a “ political agency condition , ” < sup > 110 < / sup > which provides the legal and institutional “ mechanisms through which citizens can > 106", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 409, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 64 - ANNEX 8 # # # UGANDA # # OPERATING PERFORMANCE IN 1985 AND 1987 | Locomotives | 1985 | 1987 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Main linelocos < br > St ' sters < br > Main loco availability | 43 < br > 12 < br > 75 . 9S | 48 < br > 12 < br > 52 . 6S | | < br > Mainloco kms 000 ' | 1001 | 708 | | Avg . kmslavailable < br > mainloco < br > Shunter < br > kms | < br > 31 . 500 < br > 161 . 309 | 28 . 000 < br > 60 . 800 | # # # Wagons | Freight < br > tonnes | 263 , 615 | 376 . 543 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > Nett Tonne-kms < br > 000 ' s | 62 , 559 | 78 . 042 | | Loaded < br > wagons forwarded | 20 , 066 | 11 , 592 | | Avg . load / loadec < br > wagon ( MT | ) < br > 13 . 2 | 32 . 3 | | < br > < br > Wagon fleet 11 | < br > 1 , 500 | 1 , 502 | | Wagon availability < br > 172 | | 72Z | | Wagon turnaround < br > 2 / | 20 days | 35 days | # # Coaches ? lee . size - 104 Passengers carried 000 ' s 1 . 122 1 . 289 Passenger coach Journeys 26 . 077 16 . 674 Passenger coach availability - 57 ? 11 / Estimate . 2 / / Wagon turnaround figures have been derived from available data . Precise figures are not kept in the U . . C . statistics . # # # Sourc * s URC and World Bank", "spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1094, "text": "available data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1133, "end": 1153, "text": "U . . C . statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * 3 - * * 11 . Firstly , it is proposed to reimburse about $ 318 , 000 of expenditures incurred for the detailed engineering of the roads being financed under the project which has been proceeding since December 1966 . This detailed engineering had to be campleted before the amount of the cons ; t , ructinn crodit could be determined , and consideration was given to the alternative of extending a special engineering credit to cover these expenditures , to be refunded out of the subsequent construction credit . However , the Kenyan Government was prepared to finance the detailed engineering expenses on an interim basis on the assurance that a recommendation would be made to the Executive Directors for eventual reimbursement . 12 . In addition , it is proposed to reimburse about $ 787 , 000 of construction and supervision expenditures on two road sections ( trunk roads No . 1 and No . 2 on the map attached to the Appraisal Report ) . It happens that road No . 1 was built to gravel standard under a previous IDA credit ( No . 70-KE ) but subsequent estimates of traffic growth justified a decision to pave this road . At the time this decision was taken , it became apparent that substantial savings would be achieved if the contractor already on the job was asked to undertake this additional work , as well as similar paving work on the neighboring trunk road No . 2 . The Government duly consulted us on the proposed action and , taking into account the particular circumstances , we indicated that a recommendation would be made to the Executive Directors to provide for reimbursement of these expenditures if a further highway credit were approved . 13 . Altogether contracts have been awarded by the Government for 10 of the 11 road sections in the project , covering about 85 % of the construction work . However , no payments have yet been made on contracts other than those for Trunk Roads No . 1 and No . 2 . PART IV - LEGAL INSTRU1ENTS A1kD AUTHORITY 14 . The draft Development Credit Agreement between the", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 945, "text": "map attached to the Appraisal Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 - 2 . 09 Traditionally , women are responsible for the collection of water and fuelwood and for the cultivation of food crops , and men are responsible for cash crops . This division cf labor has become less distinct since women have embarked upon cash generating enterprises and a lucrative market for food crops has emerged . 2 . 10 The main constraints to increased agricultural production are shortages of agricultural tools and other inputs , the weaknesses of the supporting services , ( especially agricultural extension and research [ para 1 . 281 ) and the inefficiency of GOU marketing through parastatals . 2 . 11 Livestock . The cattle population of the project area is estimated at 1 . 3 million head . Data on livestock numbers , and particularly individual ownership , are generally unreliable . The following breakdown is based on the most recent ( 1981 ) livestock census and a survey at two sites in the center of the Project Area . An estimated 70 % of farm holdings in the project area have cattle ( about 5 . 1 head per holding ) . For sheep and goats , 81 % of farm families are owners of an average of 2 . 5 animals per family . Poultry are kept by 90X of farm families with an estimated 15 birds per family . Data on pig ownership are particularly poor , howe ' ver , the national census revealed a ten-fold increase in total pig population over the preceeding five years ; considerably in excess of the human population growth . Within the project area it is estimated that 28 % of farmers own an average of three pigs each . Cattle are grazed on communal land , fallows and crop stubbles . Cattle play an important role in social customs as well as providing milk and draught power . 2 . 12 The predominant breed is the native East African Zebu with some Ankole and , where there is an interest in milk production , a limited number of crossbred Freisians . The area has experienced sharp changes in total cattle numbers over the past 20 years", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 891, "text": "livestock census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1299, "end": 1314, "text": "national census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "result of bank crisis resolution in the twelve countries under consideration . If anything , there has been a decrease in financial depth in most of the countries . Financial intermediation in all three country groups remains considerably lower than in OECD countries , with financial intermediation in the CIS being the lowest . # * * b . Banking Sector Soundness * * Two measures of banking sector soundness - the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans ( Table 3 ) and the capital to asset ratio ( Table 17 ) - indicate that the results of bank crisis resolution in the twelve transition countries were generally positive , although improvements are still necessary . With respect to the ratio of non-perforning loans to total loans , all the _CEE_ countries showed large improvements during the 1990s , ranging from a 20 percent reduction in the case of the _Czech Republic_ to an over 70 percent reduction in the case of _Hungary . _ For the _Baltic_ countries , this ratio fell sharply in _Latvia_ and _Estonia , _ but in _Lithuania_ the initial improvements were subsequently reversed somewhat . Among the _CIS_ countries , all showed improvements except for _Ukraine , _ where the ratio actually worsened which is not surprising since there was no bank restructuring in _Ukraine . _ Despite the generally positive trend , however , the bad loan problem remains critical in most countries . In fact , at the end of the 1990s , the share of nonperforming loans was close to or higher than 10 percent in all the sample countries except for Estonia , and was significantly higher than 10 percent in the _Czech Republic , MIacedonia , Lithuania_ and _Kazakhstan . _ Data on the capital adequacy ratio suggest that the level of capitalization is satisfactory in those countries for which data is available . Even in countries where the authorities did not undertake major injections of capital , as in the _Baltics , _ the restructuring and downsizing operations have produced better capitalized banking systems . Among the _CEEs , Bulgaria_ had the highest capital adequacy ratio in 1998 of around 37 percent due to revaluation gains . # * * c . Banking Sector Efficiency * * The effects of bank", "spans": [{"start": 1674, "end": 1708, "text": "Data on the capital adequacy ratio", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "alis_ | 0 . 37 | 27 . 7 | 7 . 6 | | _Hydrocynusspp . _ | 4 . 22 | 0 | 0 | | _Mormyrids_ | 0 . 70 | 0 | 0 | | _Alestesspp . _ | 1 . 02 | _55_ | 15 . 1 | | _Labeovictoriae_ | 0 . 01 | 27 . 1 | 7 . 4 | | _Synodontis_ < br > _afrofischeri_ | 0 . 01 < br > _ | 13 . 5 | 3 . 7 | | * * Total * * | * * 99 . 98 * * | * * 364 . 9 * * | * * 99 . 9 * * | Source : UNEP , 1999 # # # # # * * Fisheries of the Upper Victoria Nile * * Four quarterly surveys carried out by FIRRI ( now NAFIRRI ) during 2000 ( summarised in Appendix C . l ) indicate that the most important commercial fish species in the Upper Victoria Nile are the introduced Nile perch and Nile tilapia . The other main commercially-important species are _Mormyrus kannume , Gnathonemus longibarbis , Barbus altianalis , Bagrus doemac_ and _Tilapia zillii . _ Six of these species are included in the list of keystone species as identified during the FIRRI studies , and previously described . The fishery in the upper 65 km of the Victoria Nile supports 50-90 boats and approximately 150-200 full time jobs , depending on the season . Table 3 . 24 indicates that in monetary terms , the value of the fishery is estimated at between UGX 4 . 02 million / month ( April 2000 ) and UGX 10 . 66 million / month ( July-August 2000 ) , with the lower figures being largely attributable to part-time fishermen returning", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 442, "text": "quarterly surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Economic growth in Egypt_ Economic growth in Egypt fluctuated between 1981 and 2015 ( figure 8 ) . It plummeted from about 7 percent in 2008 ( before the global financial crisis ) to about 1 . 8 percent in 2011 , before beginning to recover thereafter . The recovery is expected to continue , as recent investment and industrial licensing laws are likely to boost investment . Security concerns and the political situation could slow growth , however . According to the government ’ s economic reports , the economy is expected to expand by 4 . 3 percent in 2018 and by 4 . 7 in 2019 ( Egyptian Ministry of Finance 2017 ) . In contrast to total growth , GDP per capita ( measured in constant 2010 dollars ) rose consistently over the last three decades , from about $ 1 , 154 in 1981 to about $ 2 , 907 in 2018 ( WDI 2019 ) . # * * Figure 8 GDP per capita in Egypt , 1981 – 2016 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 , 500 < br > 2907 . 3 < br > 3 , 000 < br > 2 , 500 < br > 2 , 000 < br > 1 , 500 < br > 1154 . 2 < br > 1 , 000 < br > 500 < br > 0 < br > 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Data from IFS ( 2017 ) . _Note_ : Figures are in constant 2010 dollars . # * * 4 . Econometric Methodology and Modeling Strategy : Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model ( ARDL ) * * Economic analysis proposes that there is a long ‐ run relationship between variables and that the means and variances are constant and not dependent on time . In the case of time ‐ series variables , this stationarity of variables is not always satisfied . To account", "spans": [{"start": 1306, "end": 1328, "text": "Data from IFS ( 2017 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 279 | 207 | 100 | 108 | a . Child Development Workers are found in ECD program areas only ( see text ) . n . a . not applicable to this provider type . * Mean is significantly different between program and non-program children at the . 05 level . _Source_ : 2003 / 2004 Early Childhood Development Provider Survey . Table 2 shows that by the third survey round , midwives and day care providers in the program areas are substantially more likely than providers in non-program regions to have received training in topics such as parent education , management of child illness , and growth monitoring ; two thirds of child development workers received training on educating parents about child health . Although barangay health workers were less likely to receive training than other types of providers , they are more likely to receive health and ECD-related training if they work in a program barangay than in a non-program barangay . 6", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 315, "text": "Early Childhood Development Provider Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unadjusted labor variable . This finding unambiguously suggests that the effect of the increase of education , now captured by the labor quality index , was the main driving force behind TFP growth during the past decades . By contrast , quality-adjusted capital only explains about 28 percent of growth , compared to 32 percent explained by the unadjusted variable . Consistent with earlier findings , the decrease of capital accumulation in explaining GDP growth reflects the deterioration of the quality of the country ’ s physical capital base . This is most likely associated with the disastrous effect of the civil war and a negative investment climate , among other factors . The finding of a negative rate of TFP growth of about 6 percent for the period 1971-2002 is a somewhat odd result . Rather than ‘ technological regress ’ it should be interpreted as an indication of the declining efficiency of the economy , due to the conflicting political and social environment of the country . Notice that TFP growth is consistent with the earlier regression results . In most specifications the constant term was found to be significantly negative . How stable are these findings ? The TFP estimate was found sufficiently robust . A sensitivity analysis based on alternative assumptions on the factor shares yielded TFP growth estimates ranging from – 4 percent ( capital share 0 . 4 and labor share 0 . 6 ) to – 1 percent ( capital share 0 . 5 and labor share 0 . 5 ) . The associated changes of the contribution of labor and capital was negligible . Applying alternative data sources to calculate the residual was not found to be helpful . The robustness tests of the regression analyses clearly indicate that both the labor ( based on IGSS data ) and capital variable ( 5 percent depreciation ) provide a higher explanatory power than other sources . # * * 7 . 3 Disaggregation by Education Level * * Table 13 shows the results of the extended growth accounting exercise for the period 1951-2002 . The human capital variables now enter directly into the production function by level of education . They capture improvements in the country ’ s skill base , which were formerly measured by quality-adjusted", "spans": [{"start": 1742, "end": 1751, "text": "IGSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A3 : Differences in means | Variable | EHPM < br > Sample | Survey-mode experiment < br > Sample | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( Mean ) | ( Mean ) | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | | Age ( years ) | 29 . 181 | 31 . 221 | | Female ( % ) | 0 . 566 | 0 . 521 | | Oldest child age ( years ) | 4 . 605 | 4 . 553 | | Observations | 15 , 680 | 597 | | Education level | | | | None | 0 . 014 | | | Basic ( 1-9 grades , % ) | 0 . 514 | 0 . 207 | | High school ( 10-12 grades , % ) | 0 . 281 | 0 . 427 | | Bachelor or higher ( % ) | 0 . 075 | 0 . 366 | | Observations | 15 , 680 | 358 | _Notes : _ This table shows the average characteristics of the sample in the Household Survey ( EHPM ) that meets the eligibility criteria ( column 1 ) and the sample in the survey-mode experiment ( column 2 ) . Panels A and B show characteristics that are available for the full survey-mode experiment sample and only for those that completed baseline , respectively . 38", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 666, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Traditionally , the Subproject woredas known for its surplus production of cereals especially wheat , barely , milt and others , however , pests like aphids , crop disease including rust , smuts , weeds and rain fall variation ( sometimes excessive and other time insufficient ) are the major problem in Subproject woredas that affects the volume of crop production before and post harvesting time . Moreover , the woredas agricultural experts explained that , there are some clear indications of declining agricultural productivity in most Subproject woredas due to loss of soil fertility combined with scarcity of farmland . Therefore , farming households in Subproject woredas are advised to use disease resistant variety of seeds , hand weeding rather than herbicides , irrigation through using rainfall water harvesting and river diversion system to overcome the existing with crop production in the area . c ) Livestock Production Like other rural areas in the country livestock production is an integral part of the farming system in woredas affected * * by * * the proposed Subproject . Livestock production play a key role in the local economic life of the people in Subproject woredas * * by * * serving as source of energy , food and income , power for crop cultivation , means of transportation , manure for farmland and household energy . According to information collected from respective Subproject woreda ' s agriculture office a total of * * 3 , 716 , 938 * * livestock population was recorded in the five-Subproject impact woredas in the year 2021 ( 2014 * * E . C . ) . * * The livestock population * * by * * types and Subproject Woredas are presented in Table * * 4 . 10 * * below | Cattle | * * 213 , 996 * * | * * 225 , 108 * * | _297 , 820_ | * * 177 , 073 * * | * * 211 , 005 * * | * * 1 , 125 , 002 * * | * * 30 . 3 * * | |", "spans": [{"start": 1365, "end": 1443, "text": "information collected from respective Subproject woreda ' s agriculture office", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Liberia ’ s Infrastructure : A Continental Perspective # # * * _Vivien Foster and Nataliya Pushak_ * * # # # * * Acknowledgments * * This paper draws upon a wide range of contributions from sector specialists from the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Team ; notably , Dick Bullock on railways , Mike Mundy on ports , Heinrich Bofinger on air transport , Maria Shkaratan on power , Elvira Morella on water and sanitation , Michael Minges on information and communication technologies , Nataliya Pushak on public expenditure , and Alvaro Federico Barra on spatial analysis . The paper is based on data collected by local consultants and benefited greatly from feedback provided by colleagues in the relevant World Bank country teams ; notably Ishac Diwan ( country director ) , Ohene Owusu Nyanin ( country manager ) , Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmed ( roads ) , Fanny Missfeldt-Ringius ( power ) , Errol Graham ( macro ) .", "spans": [{"start": 605, "end": 640, "text": "data collected by local consultants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "presented in Bechtel Consulting , \" Coal and Thermal Power Cost Study for Bosnia and Herzegovina \" ( August 1997 ) ( in Project Files ) . On the basis of comparison with selected new power generation options , Bechtel concluded that a combined-cycle plant would be the lowest-cost _new_ option . The gas could be supplied through the existing pipeline which brings gas from Russia to BiH . For purposes of the analysis here , adjustments were made to the Bechtel estimates . First , a gas import price of US $ 134 per thousand cubic meters was selected based on 1998 contracts for gas imports into BiH ( assuming current estimated penalties for reduced gas purchases during the summer ) . Second , the investment cost assumed for the", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 601, "text": "1998 contracts for gas imports into BiH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "since been mitigated through various measures taken by BoU . In particular , a directive to implement a formal mechanism to monitor and report on the implementation of external audit recommendations has been fully met . Audited financial accounts are put before the legislature within the statutory period of three months after the end of the financial year ; an Audit Committee and Governance Committee ( ACGC ) of the Board has been appointed , and procedures have been put in place to ensure that both internal and external audit findings / recommendations , as well as follow up actions taken , are appropriately communicated to the Governor and the Audit Committee of the Board . On a continuous basis , Internal Audit Function monitors these recommendations and reports to the ACGC of the Board , which then takes further action . 106 . * * Economic and financial data are reconciled on a quarterly basis , and an audit plan assessing the risk of BoU operations and the related control environment has been created . * * Since the institution of a risk management framework in 2005 , BoU conducts a risk management review on an annual basis . However , the BoU Act ( 1993 ) has yet to be amended to clarify whether BoU can make advances to GoU to cover capital expenditures and to confirm the BoU role as the sole manager of official reserves of Uganda . 107 . * * Overall , the current set of PFM and procurement systems and reforms are deemed adequate to support the proposed operation . * * Under the Joint Assessment Framework ( JAF ) agreed upon between the authorities and the development partners providing joint budget support , the authorities have committed to ensure that preparation and implementation of the budget , internal budget accountability and external budgetary control satisfy basic conditions for good Public Financial Management ( PFM ) , including transparency , accountability and effectiveness of use of resources . In addition authorities are committed to progress with their program to improve PFM and procurement systems . Performance indicators retained under the JAF include PFM and procurement related PEFA indicators .", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 874, "text": "Economic and financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to these five major areas to motivate the main hypotheses regarding the association between business environment indicators and productivity and innovation in Sri Lanka . * * _ < mark > ( 1 ) Incentives for productive entrepreneurship . < / mark > _ * * < mark > Whether entrepreneurial talent is allocated to productive entrepreneurship ( wealth creation by increasing within-firm TFP through innovation ) , to unproductive entrepreneurship ( wealth diversion via rent seeking ) , or to destructive entrepreneurship ( wealth destruction via criminal or conflict-generation activities ) depends on the relative payoffs facing individuals with entrepreneurial talent ( Baumol 1990 ) . For rapid , sustainable growth , it appears essential that the prevailing ‘ rules of the game ’ in the business environment allow transformational entrepreneurs to grow quickly and reap sufficiently generous rewards from innovation without fear of expropriation by public rent-seeking or private crime . We use the following business environment measures : < / mark > - * * < mark > Competition . < / mark > * * < mark > Gorodnichenko , Svejnar and Terrell ( 2010 ) find robust evidence of a positive relationship between foreign competition and innovation using enterprise-level data similar to those employed in this paper . We hypothesize that foreign competitors not only pressure < / mark > > 5 See Trajtenberg ( 2009 ) . See also Dutz ( 2007 ) for a similar broad definition of innovation and description of these four areas that provide key levers for innovation policy in addition to physical infrastructure . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1247, "end": 1268, "text": "enterprise-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Table A6 ) . In addition , we also account for the survey ’ s stratified sampling design and nonresponse rates by using the longitudinal weights provided by BNLA . Again , the results of weighted regression reaffirm our previous findings , as shown in Table A7 ( Appendix A ) . < sup > 20 < / sup > Fifth , while our baseline specification includes a range of covariates that are commonly employed in studies relating to labor market outcomes of refugees ( e . g . , Dagnelie et al . , 2019 ; LoPalo , 2019 ) , one may argue that language skills might be endogenous . For example , refugees who are eager to better engage in the labor market and have larger earnings might spend more effort on refining their language skills . We show that our results are robust to excluding these potential endogenous variables ( Appendix A , Table A8 ) . Sixth , while our main interest is refugee mental illness , we also examine other ( overall ) health and physical health issues . In the BNLA survey , overall health is represented by an indicator denoting how refugees rated their health during the past four weeks before the interview . We recode the indicator so that it ranges from one ( “ excellent ” ) to six ( “ very poor ” ) . Similarly , physical health is captured by a categorical variable with higher values representing worse physical health . We find a negative impact of overall health issue on labor outcomes , while there is little evidence of the impact of physical health on the outcome variables ( Appendix A , Table A9 ) . This lends support to our main finding that mental health issues are the main barrier affecting refugee labor outcomes . Seventh , we construct alternative disaggregate measures of mental illness instead of the sum of the K6 items in the main analysis . Figure 1 examines each item separately to determine which dimension drives the effects of mental health . Using our preferred model specifications , we find that most of these dimensions of mental illness have a negative impact on employment status ( including “ nervous ” , “ hopeless ” ,", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 991, "text": "BNLA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a hypothesis that we tested using annual waves of Eurobarometer data between 2004 and 2011 . In other words , the fact that older people are more ( less ) likely to support increases in spending on pensions ( education ) is not driven by a generational change , but by individuals changing their preferences as they grow older . In contrast , the fact that preferences over spending on health care or housing vary by age seems to be highly driven by cohort effects rather than along the life cycle . The paper is organized as follows . The next section reviews the main findings in the literature on the associations between age and preferences over government spending . Section 3 describes the data set , the estimation strategy , the main empirical findings and robustness checks . Section 4 concludes . 4", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 68, "text": "Eurobarometer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # Kenya # # # # Fourth Population Project # # # # Appendix * * C : * * Executive * * _Summary_ * * of Borrower ' s Evaluation Report Background : The Population IV Project was developed by the GOK and IDA in 1990 to run concurrently and follow the Third Population Project which had started earlier . The main reasons for developing the Population IV project was the realization that there were some gaps in Population III that had been identified by KDHS I . It was realized that although the population program had made remarkable achievements in terms of increasing CPR from 17 % to 27 % , the TFR from 7 . 7 to 6 . 7 , family planning knowledge to 86 % and reduced the population growth rate from 3 . 8 % to 3 . 3 % in 1989 , there was a serious risk that further progress would be jeopardized by shortage of contraceptive supplies and weak demand in the areas which were identified as having low contraceptive rates . There was also fear that unless new incentives were introduced into the program , contraceptive use would reach a plateau of about 25-30 % as evidenced from Asian population programs . Kenya could therefore , not afford a break in contraceptive supplies , notably injectables . There was also the wide gap between knowledge of family planning and use among the women of reproductive age ( Use 27 % , knowledge 80 % ) . Under these circumstances , Pop IV was designed with four major components each addressing a critical area in the population program . Project Objectives : The Fourth Population Project had three main objectives : ( i ) to further increase the availability and quality of family planning services provided by the Government and NGO ' s ; ( ii ) to further strengthen demand for family planning services through expansion of IEC programs to additional government ministries and NGOs ; and ( iii ) to further strengthen the capacity of the NCPD to plan and monitor the expanding national population program . The project consisted of the following parts : These objectives were to be achieved by", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 463, "text": "KDHS I", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_poverty is the at-risk poverty rate using the income measure reported in SILC , and therefore , corresponds to the official poverty measure . Source : Own estimation based on a harmonized , synthetic dataset consisting of HBS ( 2019 ) and EU-SILC ( 2020 ) . _ * * The overlap between both concepts varies significantly by the metric of energy poverty used * * . This reflects that energy poverty is a complex concept that lacks a common definition and is multidimensional by nature . < sup > 25 < / sup > # * * IV . Conclusion * * * * In this paper , we explore the potential of statistical matching techniques to combine information gathered on households ' living conditions and welfare with information on households ' energy expenditure from separate surveys . * * More concretely speaking , we apply data fusion methods to the EU-SILC 2020 , with income reference year 2019 , and the HBS 2019 in Bulgaria to ultimately add information on energy spending shares to the EU-SILC . Statistical matching is necessary in this case , as traditional data linkage is not possible given that households sampled into the HBS and EU-SILC do not coincide . We first determine several overlapping variables that can serve as matching variables . We next choose the set of relevant matching variables via lasso regressions . Based on these variables , we generate a harmonized and concatenated dataset containing information from both HBS and EU-SILC data . We then apply three different imputation models to impute energy spending shares for households from the EU-SILC . * * We choose the best-performing model by analyzing the distribution of imputed and observed energy spending shares . * * Our results show that weighted PMM imputation models generate the closest distribution of energy spending shares within the set of weighted imputation models . We verify this result by a number of robustness checks . We choose the imputed values from the weighted PMM to generate imputed energy spending shares for households in the EU-SILC . > 25 For the detailed discussion on energy poverty measurement , see Robayo-Abril and Rude ( forthcoming b ) . 31", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 226, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 240, "end": 256, "text": "EU-SILC ( 2020 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 833, "end": 845, "text": "EU-SILC 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 890, "end": 898, "text": "HBS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 974, "end": 981, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government in the north and the rebel factions in the predominantly Christian and animist south . The large number of IDPs and the alleged human rights violations in the country have led to numerous press articles on HIV among IDPs . < sup > 66 < / sup > However little is known about the epidemiology of HIV infection in the country . Articles report basic and often baseless generalizations such as the “ war fuels HIV / AIDS ” , “ IDPs are more vulnerable to infection ” , and “ HIV prevalence among IDPs is higher than the rest of the population ” . < sup > 86 < / sup > None of the articles mentioned the SNAP report that estimates a 1 % HIV prevalence among IDPs , which is comparable to the 1 % prevalence rate found among non-displaced Sudanese . < sup > 19 < / sup > The Integrated Regional Information Networks ( IRIN ) initially reported what some experts felt was a biased and inaccurate article on HIV among refugees and IDPs in Southern Sudan . After discussion , IRIN pulled the original article from their website and added a revised version that took into account the views of a wider range of experts that provided readers with a more balanced and nuanced article . < sup > 86 < / sup > Future media coverage may seek to emulate this type of reporting , which provided a more analytical and detailed account of the difficult and highly context-specific situations 35", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 621, "text": "SNAP report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . 17 Farms are operated by Eamily labor . In the past there were exchanges of labor in the different traditional communal methods for working and opening land , but these systems are disappearing with the breakdown of the traditional society . Due mainly to a lack of cash to pay wages only a limited amount of labor is hired for farm work . Large amounts of female labor could be made available by providing stategically located water sources so as to alleviate the present time consuming process of collection over long distances . 2 . 16 Food crops are grown primarily for subsistence . However , they are also the only source of cash for most farmers , and are sold to meet essential cash requirements ( taxes , school fees ) , often at the expense of meeting the nutritive requirements of the family . Few animals are consumed on the farm and both milk and eggs are sold . Hunger has always been common before the millet harvest , but now that food is being marketed , severe malnutrition problems are becoming evident in the project area , especially among children . - 3 / Lake levels fluctuate consiierably ; for instance the level rose by 3 . 0 m from 1945 to 1965 , buz has been falling recently .", "spans": [{"start": 1082, "end": 1093, "text": "Lake levels", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "escalated to NECC and NEMA is required to participate during investigation . In cases where the resolution of complaints has not been achieved , the authority escalates the complaint to the ombudsman office . # # # # * * Key Recommendations * * - i . Representation of NEMA as member of the NPCT and CPCT / or the municipal teams project committee , at national and county levels respectively , - ii . Capacity building of E & S officers at county / cities / municipalities by NEMA on environment requirements . Environmental aspects include ; sustainable development of infrastructure , Environmental and Social Impact Assessments ( ESIAs ) , and monitoring and compliance reporting on sub-projects implementation . - iii . Collaboration and coordination with the NEMA nominated focal person at the national level , for consultation on all Program environmental matters . - iv . To enhance grievance management , a more synergized information sharing and coordinated approach can be applied between the SDHUD and NEMA . The SDHUD may consider sharing the complaints register with the authority for updating on NEMA incident database for linkage to issued licences of the sub-project and concurrence on remedial action taken . # # # * * 6 . 3 Kenya School of Government ( KSG ) * * 59 . The Kenya School of Government is an institution established by the Kenya School of Government Act ( No 9 of 2012 ) to build capacity of public service leadership by developing managerial and leadership competencies for quality public service . The institution provides capacity development Programs for the Public Service through training , research , consultancy , and policy advisory services . Established training departments within the institution include public service , finance , security management , environment , and climate change . The institution has experience in conducting training for clients implementing World Bank funded projects such as under the completed KDSP and Eastern Electricity Highway Project ( EEHP ) . In addition , under the FLLoCA , there is an ongoing training in counties with a pilot completed in early December 2022 . The ongoing training is leaning towards social risks management as", "spans": [{"start": 1111, "end": 1133, "text": "NEMA incident database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 | 2-3km | 21 | 06 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 3-4km | 13 | 03 | | Over 4 km | 51 | 33 | | * * Total * * | * * 203 * * | * * 66 * * | * * _Source : Field Datafrom social economic survey in October 2017_ * * The health facilities that will benefit from power connections on this line include ; Mooya HC II , Kashongi HCIII , Rwanyangwe HCII , Kitura HCII and Nshwere HC II in Kiruhura District and Kashare HCIII in Mbarara district . # # # # * * 2 Access To education at different levels * * According to Table 4 . 9 below , it should be noted that on average , each affected household had at least 3children going to school for both Mbarara and Kiruhura project districts . On average , at least each of the affected households had at 3 children going to primary while on average 1 . 89 children from the affected households are in secondary . Very few households reported having children going to the university . * * < u > Table 12 : Access to education at different levels < / u > * * | | * * Number of ch * * < br > * * sc * * | * * il * * < br > * * h * * | * * d * * < br > * * o * * | * * ren attending * * < br > * * ol * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * How many children are * * < br > * * going to school ?", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 333, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 7 Unemployment fluctuates with changes in business conditions , but remains high in CEE countries * * # * * Unemployment Rate , 1992-2002 CEE * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 . 0 < br > 20 . 0 < br > Czech R . < br > Bulgaria < br > Estonia < br > 15 . 0 < br > Hungary < br > Latvia < br > Lithuania < br > Poland < br > 10 . 0 Romania < br > Slovakia < br > Slovenia < br > 5 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : ILO LABORSTA database ( LFS data ) In Russia and Ukraine the evolution of unemployment has been somewhat different from that in CEE . Unemployment reached its peak later , only in 1998 ( i . e . four years later than in CEE ) . This is likely to reflect delayed restructuring and initially heavier reliance on wage adjustment ( as opposed to employment adjustment ) in response to the negative output shock . Since 1999 unemployment in both Russia and Ukraine has begun to decline . Again , it is too early to tell whether or not this decline represents a transitory movement , or a movement toward the equilibrium unemployment rate . Unemployment in Russia and Ukraine coincides with significant underemployment among workers in unrestructured firms or workers employed in the large informal sector . This is a still bigger problem in other CIS countries . In the low-income CIS countries unemployment has also increased , but the problem is not so much open unemployment as underemployment . It takes the form of employment in subsistence agriculture , irregular or casual employment in the informal sector ( e . g . petty trade ) , or employment in unprofitable and unviable enterprises , which often are not even able to pay wages . Underemployment is closely associated with low productivity and thus translates into lower output and social welfare , similarly as does unemployment", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 564, "text": "ILO LABORSTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 575, "text": "LFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- encourage development funds to be directed to regions and communities that host refugees , and develop adequate instruments to attract private sector and infrastructure investment in these areas ; - facilitate access to affordable financial products and services for host communities and refugees , including bank accounts , savings , credit , insurance , and payments ; - where practicable , negotiate preferential trade arrangements , and facilitate access to local , regional and global supply chains for host communities and refugees ; and - promote internet connectivity and access to new technologies for host communities and refugees to support online livelihood opportunities . # # # # # * * _2 . 3 Health_ * * 55 . In line with national and local health care policies and plans , as well as the sustainable development agenda , < sup > 36 < / sup > interested States and relevant stakeholders < sup > 37 < / sup > will support host countries to include refugees in national health systems , where appropriate , and to expand and strengthen these systems for the benefit of both local communities and refugees , including , in particular , women , children and youth , and people with disabilities . 56 . This could include support for : - expanding service delivery , including by improving or increasing health facilities ; - - strengthening national health data systems , including disaggregation of key health indicators by refugee status ; - defining a basic package of health services ; - ensuring sufficient healthcare workers are available , and have access to training opportunities where needed ; - facilitating affordable and equitable access to adequate quantities of medicines , medical supplies , vaccines , diagnostics , and preventive commodities ; and - reviewing health financing and ensuring proper resourcing of systems . - * * _2 . 4 Accommodation , energy , and natural resource management_ * * 57 . Wherever possible , alternatives to camps will be pursued . < sup > 38 < / sup > To achieve this , support is required for host countries to strengthen infrastructure to meet the accommodation needs of refugees and host communities , to preserve the environment", "spans": [{"start": 1354, "end": 1382, "text": "national health data systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "riskier firms with access to the program . < sup > 1 < / sup > At the macro level , risks appear to be small , in part because risky firms weigh little in the aggregate credit allocation . Although risky firms increase their indebtedness in percentage points the most , the overall amount of credit going to less risky firms is much larger ( even when it represents a smaller increase in relative terms for them ) . Some of the features driving the micro and macro results are due to the program design , while others are due to how the demand and supply sides respond to incentives and to general market conditions . The transaction-level data we gather are unique in their comprehensive nature and level of detail . We employ the universe of formal bank credit to all firms collected by Chile ’ s financial supervisory agency and high-frequency-matched administrative data for the universe of formal firms compiled by the tax authority and the central bank . The former include credit flows and balances , default history , firm loan applications , bank approvals and rejections , and terms of the individual transactions . The latter contain time-varying financial statements , input use , and sales collected monthly , plus industry and municipality of where firms are located . These micro data , especially loan applications and approvals , allow us to measure selection and to disentangle supply and demand factors determining the countrywide equilibrium allocation of credit . The micro data also enable us to estimate the macro risk by calculating risk at the firm level and then aggregating across types of firms . In addition to offering novel data , the large and sudden quasi-natural experiment in Chile contains attractive features to study the drivers and effects of crisis credit . The size requirements of the credit program , dynamic lockdowns , and an alternative employment program , among other things , provide sources of exogenous variation and useful information to analyze the effects of the credit program implemented when the pandemic erupts . In exchange for banks granting loans at a predetermined low interest rate to most firms , the government offers to take most of the tail credit risk . The flat low interest rates", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 644, "text": "transaction-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 832, "end": 874, "text": "high-frequency-matched administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1289, "end": 1299, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Water and Sanitation Development Project ( P156634 ) | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 2 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date < br > | 26-Apr-2017 | 02-Jun-2020 | 21-Sep-2020 | 30-Jun-2022 | | IN00890810 < br > ► Average performa | nce score for WSPs receiving the | CLSG ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 02-Jun-2020 | 02-Jun-2020 | 21-Sep-2020 | 30-Dec-2022 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * | * * Disbursem * * | * * ents ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | P156634 | IDA-60290 | Effective | USD | 37 . 00 | 37 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 39 . 78 | 0 % | | P156634 | IDA-60300 | Effective | USD | 263 . 00 | 263 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 28 . 56 | 264 . 05 | 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "An ESMF has been prepared . This includes : ( a ) environmental screening for all investments to be applied prior to their selection and / or in parallel with the municipal project identification / engineering feasibility study ; ( b ) environmental assessments along with preparation of EMP for investments as determined by the screening and government regulations ; ( c ) integration of EMPs into detailed engineering design , bid and contract documents prior to award of works . As the consultancy firms conducting the engineering and safeguard studies are different , an independent review of the ESMF was not required for the project . 35 . < u > Cultural Property ( OP / BP / 4 . 11 ) . < / u > Appropriate procedures have been developed along with budgetary provisions for protection , relocation and / or enhancement of cultural and religious properties ( as the case may be ) as part of the ESMF . These also cover ― chance find ‖ of archeological significance during excavation works during construction . 36 . < u > Involuntary Resettlement ( OP / BP / 4 . 12 ) . < / u > Since this project involves multiple municipal projects to be indentified based on demand from the selected municipalities subject to meeting the pre-identified criteria , the exact nature and details of impacts will not be known prior to Board presentation . Therefore , a RPF has been prepared . This RPF has outlined the process for various pre-construction activities such as screening , social impact assessments , baseline census surveys , and preparation and implementation of ( RAPs ) for individual investments . The RPF also describes the compensation for land acquisition and loss of other assets and assistance to be provided for different types of impacts . Most of the investments are likely to focus on infrastructure rehabilitation and improvement , rather than large-scale new works . However , given the population density in most of the informal settlements , the proposed infrastructure investments may entail displacement of small number of people . Overall , the process of screening for each municipal project will determine the likely impacts and , where", "spans": [{"start": 1503, "end": 1526, "text": "baseline census surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is worth noting that a sizeable proportion of people in some countries do not have internet access , which might limit the ability of some predictors — e . g . , Google search trends — to track the crisis . We address this concern in two ways . First , we link the absolute values of the OLS residuals to the data on the internet users per capita to see whether the accuracy of our prediction depends upon the internet penetration . < sup > 9 < / sup > As shown in Figure 13 , our regressions with LASSO-selected features perform better in high-income countries with high internet penetration — as manifested by the negative relationship between the absolute values of the OLS residuals and the internet users per capita . However , we cannot say that LASSO-selected features have a greater capability to track the Stringency Index in countries with higher shares of internet users — if anything , the actual values of the index in question have smaller deviations from their predicted counterparts in countries with lower internet penetration . Second , we look at the within-country dynamics of the economic performance in a panel of states with comparable levels of income that mainly consists of OECD members . To get a sense of the temporal heterogeneity of economic growth across quarters in 2020 , Figure 14 plots quarter-overquarter , seasonally adjusted GDP growth rates for the 41 countries for which we have data . There are two striking patterns . First , every country recorded a lower growth rate in the second quarter than in the first , consistent with the peak of stringency measures shown earlier in Figure 1 . Second , every country recorded a higher growth rate in the third quarter than in the second , though the overall pattern is negative growth across the second half of the year . Table 4 presents the regression results for the quarterly-level data . Column one presents results with all variables and quarter dummies , but without country fixed effects . Column two includes country dummies to ascertain whether these features can predict changes within countries during the crisis . The first mobility factor seems to be the only consistent predictor of GDP growth according to the", "spans": [{"start": 312, "end": 349, "text": "data on the internet users per capita", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1858, "end": 1878, "text": "quarterly-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 36 - - RAM , R . , 1986 , \" Government Size and Economic Growth : A New Framework and Some Evidence from Cross-Section and Time-Series Data , \" American Economic Review , 76 ( March ) , p . 191-203 . - RANA , P . B . , 1987 , \" Foreign Capital , Exports , Savings and Growth in Asian Region , \" Savings and Development , no . 1 . - SINGH , R . D . , 1985 , \" State Intervention , Foreign Economic Aid , Saving and Growth in LDCs : Some Recent Evidence , \" Kyklos , 2 , p . 216-232 . - STEWART , M . B . and WALLIS , K . F . , 1981 , Introductory Econometrics , 2nd ed . , Basil Blackwell , Oxford . - SUMMERS , R . and HESTON , A . , 1984 , \" Improved International Comparisons of Real Product and its Composition : 1950-80 , \" Review of Income and Wealth , June , no . 30 , p . 207-262 . - TYLER , W . G . , 1981 , \" Growth and Export Expansion in Developing Countries , \" Journal of Development Economics , vol . 9 . August , p . 121-130 . - VENIERIS , Y . P . and GUPTA , D . K . , 1983 , \" Sociopolitical and Economic Dimensions of Development : A Cross-Section Model , \" Economic Development and Cultural Change , , 727-756 . - WHEELER , D . , 1984 , \" Sources of Stagnation in Sub-Saharan Africa , \" World Development , vol . 12 , no . 1 , p . 1-23 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "politically connected . While only 1 . 1 percent of firms in our data set were politically connected , they accounted for 15 . 8 percent of total output on the eve of the crisis . Last but not least , Suharto appointed mayors were allowed to finish their terms , which generates quasi-exogenous variation in the degree to which old-regime elites could capture local power ( Martinez-Bravo et al . , 2017 , ) and maintain anticompetitive privileges . The main hypothesis tested in this paper is that disruption in political connections associated with Indonesia ’ s democratization had a pro-competitive impact on Indonesian manufacturing industries . If political turnover resulted in a reduction in anticompetitive practices that conferred advantages on companies connected with Suharto , one would expect companies connected to him to lose their privileges and market share after his removal from power . The impact of Suharto ’ s fall on firms with connections to him may be attenuated in districts where mayors appointed by him stayed in office longer . One would also anticipate greater competition and more vibrant firm dynamics in industries in which his family and cronies had extensive business interests , with greater improvements in industries where connected firms accounted for a higher market share . A crucial identifying assumption is that the collapse of the Suharto regime reduced the value of connections to Suharto and attendant anticompetitive privileges received by politically connected firms . Fisman ( 2001 ) provides strong support for this assumption , showing significant movement in the stock prices of firms with connections to Suharto in response to news about his health . The online appendix B provides additional supportive evidence by showing that Suharto connections do not predict stock price movements to political events in the post-Suharto era . < sup > 1 < / sup > Empirically , the main challenge is to isolate the impact of Suharto ’ s fall from potentially confounding changes caused by contemporaneous events such as the financial crisis , deregulation policies , and decentralization . Toward that end , we adopt two main strategies . To start with , we use difference-indifference and event study approaches in which we control for industry , year and district fixed effects as well as for Suharto era", "spans": [{"start": 65, "end": 73, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cooking oil , and tea leaves , and are almost 18 % for dried sardines . These are staple goods : kerosene is the primary lighting fuel in much of Tanzania , cooking bananas are a staple carbohydrate in the two districts where they are commonly purchased , dried sardines are a key source of protein , cooking oil is the main source of cooking fat . Most households purchase one or more of these goods : 85 % purchase kerosene , 78 % purchase cooking oil , 70 % purchase dried sardines , and 22 % purchase cooking bananas ( Table 2 ) . The consumption losses implied by columns 1 – 3 of Table 4 are substantial at face value . The money-metric measures of loss tell a similar story . In columns 5 – 7 of Table 4 we report summary statistics for _e_ ˆ _hi_ , _Lhi_ , and _L_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > _hi_ . Items are listed by decreasing values of column 7 , so that high loss items are at the top ( from now on we will usually display items in that order . ) On average , losses represent 8 . 7 % of total expenditure at the householditem level . For a number of frequently purchased items – kerosene , onions , cooking bananas , > 14In Appendix S3 we also argue that bulk discounts cannot be the manifestation social capital or buyerseller relationships , because the prices collected by enumerators in the market price surveys also reflect bulk discounts . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1302, "end": 1322, "text": "market price surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10882 # * * Abstract * * While development literature has come a long way in conceptualizing and measuring poverty multidimensionally , policy interventions to address it remain trapped in fragmented , sector-specific approaches . One of the main challenges in implementing integrated policy responses to multidimensional poverty reduction is understanding how the different dimensions are interlinked and how they jointly evolve over time . For example , this could require disentangling how a person ’ s health , education , and standards of living all interact in a dynamic sense . Motivated by economic complexity methods and applications , this paper uses network science to propose two new measures to understand the interconnected structure of multidimensional poverty : the Poverty Space ( a network that visualizes the interactions among different indicators of poverty ) and Poverty Centrality ( a measure of the relative importance of each indicator within this network ) . Applying these measures to 67 developing countries using data from the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative – United Nations Development Programme Global Multidimensional Poverty Index , the paper finds that the structure of multidimensional poverty networks is similar across countries and stable over time . The findings also show that indicators that are more central in the Poverty Space witness a more significant reduction in the censored headcount ratio over time , compared to peripheral indicators . These results are used to demonstrate how the Poverty Space can be applied in policy : using the forward-looking Policy Priority Inference framework to help guide policy choices . Overall , the paper points to the relevance of using network science methods to help to identify key “ nodes ” in the structure of multidimensional poverty where applied pressure ( targeted interventions ) could lead to a greater effect on the system as a whole . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at lflopezcalva", "spans": [{"start": 1173, "end": 1210, "text": "Global Multidimensional Poverty Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . The Developing Country Urban Productivity Puzzle * * There is overwhelming evidence of the economic benefits of agglomeration , arising from ‘ sharing ’ of factors of production , improved ‘ matching ’ of firms and workers , and externalities related to knowledge spillovers ( see , for example , Duranton and Puga , 2004 ) . The canonical measure of such agglomeration effects is the elasticity of wages with respect to density and the estimates are large : 0 . 043 in the United States ( Chauvin et al . , 2017 ) ; 0 . 03 in France ( Combes et al . , 2008 ) ; and 0 . 025 in Spain ( de la Roca and Puga , 2012 ) . Recent findings suggest that these effects are even larger in developing countries : 0 . 1 to 0 . 19 in China ( Combes et al . , 2013 ; Chauvin et al . , 2017 ) ; 0 . 12 in India ( Chauvin et al . , 2017 ) ; and 0 . 17 in Africa ( Henderson et al . , 2019 ) - that is , a given increase in density increases wages by four times more in Africa than in the US . This poses something of a puzzle given that other sources of information suggest that developing country cities are not so much extraordinarily productive , as just crowded and even dysfunctional . Satellite and geographic information system ( GIS ) data covering large cities across the Sub-Saharan Africa region suggest that they are sprawling and disconnected – a far cry from the dense packing of educated workers sharing ideas in advanced country cities such as Chicago historically ( McMillen 2003 ) , or today ’ s Silicon Valley . As an example , land markets often function poorly with overlapping property rights regimes , suboptimal and ineffective zoning regulations , and limited supporting infrastructure , including transport — all of which hinder efficient concentration and raise costs ( Lall , Lebrand , and Soppelsa 2021 ) . Further , if Glaeser and Resseger ( 2010 ) found that areas in the US with below average human capital showed no agglomeration benefits because of limited benefits of pooling", "spans": [{"start": 1184, "end": 1227, "text": "Satellite and geographic information system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "management of education data and associated administrative functions . NEMIS tracks information on the learners instead of prior arrangement where Ministry of Education was relying on learners ’ information / data provided by the Principals / Head teachers and countersigned by the County Directors of Education . Gaps identified included a ) though NEMIS automated the data management and associated administrative functions , it still relies on some information / data provided by the principals ’ / head teacher and County education officers b ) budget cuts that are necessitated partly by development partners not releasing funds and , c ) there were anomalies in subsidies ( Free Day Secondary School Funds ) amounting to Kshs 1 , 815 , 126 , 548 being overpayment to 2 , 610 public schools in different counties . The overpayment arose from erroneous computation of July to September 2019 disbursements , inflation of enrolment numbers in January 2020 and double payment to schools . Included is an expenditure of Kshs 26 , 835 , 700 disbursed to 5 schools whose existence was in doubt . Mitigation measures include a ) Enhancement of NEMIS that accurately tracks information / data on learners to replace the earlier system that relied on provision of information / data by the principals and County Directors of education b ) MoE has put in plans to recover any monies that were irregularly received by some schools . # # * * Teachers Service Commission ( TSC ) Level * * 4 . Teacher Service Commission TSC will rely on the existing structures in the implementation of anticipated program activities . The commission has offices and staff at Headquarters and the counties . At the Head Quarters ( HQ ) and counties , the commission also has financial systems and processes that include funds flow , payment and reporting systems . At HQ , the commission uses the Government IFMIS for capturing financial data and reporting , while at the County level , funds are transferred and deposited into the approved local bank at the county . Disbursement of the funds is strictly on the purpose detailed in the instructions and only on approval by the respective authorized county staff", "spans": [{"start": 1871, "end": 1887, "text": "Government IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "47 ) | | Observations | 678 | 678 | 678 | 678 | | R-squared | 0 . 33 | 0 . 28 | 0 . 24 | 0 . 25 | | Mean dep . var . control ( or T4 ) | 0 . 33 | 100 . 38 | 121 . 73 | 98 . 46 | | SD dep . var . control ( or T4 ) | 0 . 47 | 151 . 12 | 185 . 92 | 157 . 18 | | T1 : _βE_ + _βI_ + _βG_ = 0 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | T2 : _βE_ + _βG_ = 0 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | T3 : _βE_ + _βG_ + _βF_ = 0 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Note : this table reports results willingness to pay for YARA fertilizers . Using the full sample of 678 farmers in our study , we report the point estimates of the following specification : _Yit_ = _β_ 0 + _βE Extensioni_ + _β I IndRecommi_ + _βG Granti_ + _βF Flexiblei_ + _αc_ + _εit_ , where _i_ corresponds to a farmer , _Y_ is the outcome of interest and _t_ is the time period . We include randomization strata fixed effects and compute robust standard errors . At the bottom of the table , we report the mean and the standard deviation of the outcome for the control group , the omitted category in our regression . We also report p-values of linear combinations of the estimates coefficients that map into the original study design . We use data from the Final survey conducted in May 2017 . In Column 1 , the dependent variable is a dummy that takes value 1 if the farmer reported his or her willingnes to pay for any of the 3 YARA fertilizers ( Urea , DAP and KCl ) . In Columns 2-4 , the dependent variables are the self-reported willingness to pay for a bag of each of the 3 YARA fertilizers . We imput WTP equal", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1230, "text": "Final survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * # # * * Appendix 8 : Checklist for Socio-economic baseline survey * * * * Serial Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Name of enumerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date of interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * # # * * 1 ) Respondents Profile * * # # * * 1 . 1 : Personal details * * - Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 129, "text": "Socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 . 7 Percentage of community population living in adequate housing conditions * * Respondents were asked what percentage of their community lived in adequate housing conditions , defined in terms of ventilation , light , space , WASH and protection from weather and climate . Options given were : * 100 % * about 75 % * about 50 % * about 25 % * less than 25 % Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile : 142 sub-districts responding - Only 48 % of people live in adequate housing conditions : this suggests that around 9 . 6 million people in Syria live in inadequate housing conditions - 33 % of sub-districts have at least three quarters of their population in inadequate housing conditions ( 48 out of 142 responding ) - An estimated 1 . 3 million live in substandard housing in Damascus alone # # # # * * 2 . 7 . 1 Percenatge of population in adequate housing conditions * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 44 42 < br > 40 < br > 29 < br > 30 < br > 19 < br > 20 < br > 7 < br > 10 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > No answer 100 % ~ 75 % ~ 50 % ~ 25 % less than < br > 25 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # * * 2 . 7 . 3 Top ten sub-districts with people in inadequate housing conditions * * | * * Governorate * * | * * Sub-district * * | * * Estimated population in * * < br > * * inadequate housing * * < br > * * conditions * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Damascus | Damascus | 1 , 319 , 850 | | Aleppo | Jebel Saman", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 469, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lesseru-Nadap < br > works and the la < br > n vehicle operatin < br > tion costs and sc < br > sidered under thi < br > . The name of th < br > * * d Sections along * * < br > * * Road Section N * * | * * pal / Nakodok r * * < br > al / Nakodok us < br > test traffic dat < br > g costs and pa < br > ope of works i < br > s project measu < br > e road sections < br > * * Lokichar – Nad * * < br > * * ame * * | * * oad sections . * * A revised e < br > ing the latest increased pri < br > a ( Annex 2 ) . The project ' s < br > ssenger time costs . Since a < br > ncreased but also the traff < br > res 338km and was divide < br > and the corresponding le < br > * * apal / Nakodok Road Corri * * < br > * * Section Length * * | | * * No . * * | | | * * ( km ) * * | | 1 | Lokichar - Loicha | ngamatak | 40 | | 2 | Loichangamatak | - Lodwar | 50 | | 3 | Lodwar – Lokita | ung ’ Junction | 80 | | 4 | Lokitaung ’ Junct | ion – Kalobeiye | i River < br > 80 | | 5 | Kalobeiyei River | – Nadpal / Nako | dok < br > 88 | | | * * Total * * | | * * 338 * * | # # * * Economic Analysis * * 21 . * * The upgrading of the Eldoret / Less", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 272, "text": "test traffic dat", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- delivery on the required results . 20 . _Budget control and utilization : _ Once the recurrent and capital budget is split by program , institution and item of expenditures , it is recorded in the IBEX , and manual budget control ledger . Each request of payment is tracked against the budget balance before payment is made . At the end of the month , budget vs . expenditure report is produced from IBEX and is sent to budget holders for review . At all visited entities , the budget control at transaction and report level was found to be satisfactory . Furthermore , as shown in Annex 3 , the budget utilization of the visiting regions for the proposed program expenditure boundary , was found to be satisfactory which is above 90 % ( table below ) . In general , the budget performance showed that 13", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 238, "text": "manual budget control ledger", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * POINTS SALLAINTS DE PROTECTION – SEPTEMBREOCTOBRE 2022 * * # # < mark > PROVINCE D ’ ITURI et HAUT UELE ( Faradje ) < / mark > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Mois Violations Violations Violations VBG MRM Déplacements < br > du droit à du droit à du droit à forcés < br > la liberté la intégrité ( ménages ) < br > propriété physique < br > Sept . 368 946 552 465 16 3769 < br > Oct . 404 1234 1076 439 30 6275 < br > Total 772 2130 1628 904 46 10044 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Tableau montrant le nombre total de violations des droits signalées par le monitoring de protection en Ituri en septembre et octobre 2022 . Dans la province d ’ Ituri , l ’ environnement protecteur des civils reste menacé par des attaques des groupes armés principalement les CODECO / URDP dans le territoire de Djugu et les ADF à Irumu et Mambasa ainsi que les FRPI à Irumu . Ces attaques continuent en dépit du compromis signé entre certains de ces groupes et le Gouvernement provincial de l ’ Ituri avec l ’ appui de la MONUSCO / Bunia pour leur adhésion à un code de bonne conduite et au respect des droits de l ’ homme . Selon les sources locales , la multiplication des attaques par la plupart de ces éléments armés serait motivée par la nécessité de se ravitailler en vivres et en médicaments . # # # * * Irumu * * - Dan", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 610, "text": "monitoring de protection en Ituri", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Water quality in the springs , streams , channels and wetlands within the project area are not considered degraded with pollution that is related to anthropogenic activities , including faecal contamination , illegal waste dumping , wastewater discharges , domestic animal use , etc . It is also worth noting that there are no existing baseline data on water quality for the existing natural water sources within the project footprint . However , some samples were collected and tested and the results are reflected in table 10 above and annex 4 of this ESIA report . * * Figure 21 * * shows the baseline conditions of some of the wetland sections that are traversed by the proposed TL . * * Figure 17 : * * * * _Photos Depicting Conditions of Some of the Wetland Areas Along the TL Route_ * * 144", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 349, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ | * * ACRONYMS * * | | | - - - | - - - | | AAC | Annual Allowable Cut | | AFO | Assistant Forest Officer | | AWP | Annual Work Plan | | BZ | Buffer Zone | | CBO | Community Based organisation | | CCBA | Climate Community Biodiversity Alliance | | CFM | Collaborative Forest Management | | CFR | Central Forest reserve | | Cm | Centimeter | | CPT | Compartment | | CU . M ( M3 ) | Cubic Metre | | oC | Degree Centigrade | | DDP | District Development Plan | | DEP | < br > District Environment Profile | | DFDP | District Forestry Development Plan | | DFO | < br > District Forest Officer | | DFS | District Forestry Services | | DLG | District Local Government | | DSO | Department Standing Orders | | D3 & D4 | Vegetation Classification Symbols used by Langdale Brown 1964 | | DFS | District Forestry Services | | EC | European Commission | | EI | Exploratory Inventory | | EU | European Union | | FD | Forest Department | | FD | Forestry Department | | FMP | < br > Forest Management Plan | | FNCMP | < br > Forest Nature Conservation Master Plan | | FR | Forest Reserve | | FRMCP | Forest Resources Management and Conservation Programme | | FMP | Forest Management Plan | | FR | Forest Reserve | | FSC | Forest Stewardship Council | | G | Gram | | GoU | Government of Uganda | | Ha | Hectare | | ISSMI | Integrated Stock Survey Management Inventory | | Kg | < br > Kilogramme | | Kg | Kilogram | | L . N . | Legal Notice | vii", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1395, "text": "Integrated Stock Survey Management Inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", an affected individual is a person who farms a land , pastoralists whose routes have been altered , who conducts street vending , or a person who has built a structure on land that has been demarcated and is now required by the project . - b . * * Affected Household * * - a household is affected if one or more of its members is affected by project activities , either by loss of property , land , loss of access or otherwise affected in any way by project activities . # # 2 . 4 * * Eligibility Criteria for Compensation * * There is need to carry out a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project to determine who is eligible for assistance and benefits , and to discourage inflow of ineligible people . The consultant will assess the level of asset loss as either temporary or 12", "spans": [{"start": 558, "end": 564, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tives . The data on violent events is used as a control variable in our econometric model . We also use population data , based on the 2008 census , in order to scale the number of ex-combatants in each colline . Official Demobilization Registers . The National Commission for Demobilization , Reinsertion , and Reintegration in Burundi provided us with registers of ex-combatants by colline and faction , along with their sex , age , military rank , colline of origin and of return , as well as the date of their demobilization . The registers contain precise information about each demobilized ex-combatant as well as the exact number of demobilized soldiers in each colline . The large variation in the number of demobilized ex-combatants per colline allow us to identify the spillovers of the DDR program in Burundi . # _3 . 2 . Identification Strategy_ Our identification strategy is based on a lagged dependent variable model with province fixed effects . The lagged dependent variable model should be preferred to the difference-indifferences model when the assumption “ that the most important omitted variables are timeinvariant doesn ’ t seem plausible ” ( Angrist and Pischke , 2008 ) . The particular histories of civilian and ex-combatants households motivate an estimation strategy that controls for lagged dependent variables directly and dispenses with households fixed effects . Furthermore , when autocorrelation of outcomes is low or when data is imprecisely measured , as is the case for many economic variables such as household incomes and expenditures ( McKenzie , 2012 ) , controlling for the lagged dependent variable is more powerful than either employing the differencein-differences estimator or the single difference estimator using only the follow-up data . Intuitively , “ when the baseline data have little predictive power for future outcomes , it is inefficient to fully correct for baseline imbalances between treatment and control groups ” ( McKenzie , 2012 ) . Because the coefficients of correlation correlation between our outcomes of interest in 2006 and in 2010 are low , < sup > 14 < / sup > we include the lagged dependent variable as a control variable in the regressions . According to this in accordance with this approach , we propose to estimate the following equation : >", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 119, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 135, "end": 146, "text": "2008 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 354, "end": 403, "text": "registers of ex-combatants by colline and faction", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| # | Contract Description < br > * * Component 1 : Enhancing the * * | Estimat < br > ed Cost < br > $ * * AirQuali * * | Bank < br > Oversig < br > ht < br > * * ty Mana * * | Market Approach < br > * * gement ( AQM ) & * * | Selectio < br > n < br > Method < br > * * Respon * * | Expecte < br > d < br > Launch < br > Date < br > * * se Syste * * | Contract < br > award < br > * * mUSD * * | Contract < br > Completio < br > < br > * * 4 . 53 * * | n < br > Type < br > * * M * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Integrated Climate and Air < br > Quality Management “ Action ” < br > Plan | 0 . 43 M | Post | Open / < br > International | RFP | Jun 21 | Dec < br > 21 | | Consulting < br > Services | | 2 | * * Establishing an * * < br > * * integrated emission * * < br > * * inventory database for * * < br > * * Greater * * pollution emission < br > inventory , and its < br > integration with SLCP and < br > GHG emissions inventory < br > * * Cairo and Egypt : * * < br > Technical Support Contract < br > for EEAA to support the < br > refinement of existing air | 0 . 5 M | Post | Open / < br > International | RFP | Sep 20 | Jan < br > 21 |", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 857, "text": "inventory database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 975, "end": 998, "text": "GHG emissions inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "guarantee . The time for submission of bids / proposal can be shortened to 7 - 15 days in competitive national procedures , and to 3 days for the Request for Quotations , however if bidders request an extension it should be granted . * * National Procurement Arrangements * * : Paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations will not apply . When approaching the national market , the country ’ s own procurement procedures shall not be used due to restrictions on eligibility of otherwise eligible firms to participate in NCB . The Regulations will apply . However , the Borrower may use its own procurement arrangements as set forth in the * * Public Procurement and Disposal Act , 2003 * * Request for Quotation such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works shall not apply ) _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SD ) , [ 6 . 4 min , 15 . 6 max ] | | * * Kiryandongo ( n = 281 ) * * | 11 . 1g / dL ( 1 . 7 SD ) , [ 6 . 2 min , 15 . 9 max ] | | * * Arua ( n = 278 ) * * | 11 . 3g / dL ( 2 . 1 SD ) , [ 6 . 4 min , 15 . 9 max ] | | * * Adjumani ( n = 296 ) * * | 11 . 4g / dL ( 2 . 2 SD ) , [ 6 . 2 min , 15 . 9 max ] | | * * Koboko ( n = 221 ) * * | 11 . 6g / dL ( 2 . 2 SD ) , [ 6 . 6 min , 15 . 9 max ] | | * * Moyo ( n = 249 ) * * | 11 . 6g / dL ( 2 . 4 SD ) , [ 6 . 1 min , 15 . 9 max ] | | * * Lamwo ( n = 268 ) * * | 11 . 1g / dL ( 2 . 1 SD ) , [ 6 . 1 min , 15 . 9 max ] | | * * Yumbe ( n = 309 ) * * | 11 . 3g / dL ( 1 . 7 SD ) , [ 6 . 1 min , 15 . 9 max ] | Lamwo district had also the highest prevalence of combined moderate and severe anaemia for children 6-59 months Lamwo ( 24 . 6 % ) . Arua ahd the highest prevalence of severe anaemia among children aged 24-59 months while Lamwo district had the highest prevalence of anaemia among * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 52 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ement de chaque ménage sur le formulaire d ’ enregistrement des rapatriés au Mali . Seules les personnes physiquement présentes dont les noms se trouvent sur les documents du réfugié délivrés par les pays d ’ asile seront enregistrées , ou le nombre indiqué sur le manifeste sera pris en considération . La présence physique des personnes est obligatoire . L ’ agent enregistreur doit procéder à la reconnaissance faciale des personnes présentes . Toute tentative de fraude sera sanctionnée par un rejet du dossier par l ’ agent enregistreur . Et ce dernier devra informer son superviseur de la situation qui à son tour informera l ’ UNHCR à travers la DRDSES . * * 4 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "higher by at least 31 % in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire , 67 % in Ethiopia , 76 % in Ghana , and 162 % in Kenya . Even though the method utilized to measure misallocation is fairly straightforward to apply , we highlight the biases that can be incurred in the interpretation of the results from limitations in the underlying datasets . To emphasize this point , we compare our results , obtained from Census-based datasets , with those obtained from an alternative and readily available source , the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) . We start assessing the accuracy of the ES in terms of capturing the features of the size distribution of firms relative to the Censuses . We show that except in Kenya , where the sample in the ES is taken straight from the Census , the size distribution in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire ’ s , Ghana ’ s and Ethiopia ’ s ES diverges from their census-based counterparts . In particular , the pattern is that the ES overestimates the size of the highest percentiles in the firm size distribution . We then evaluate the implication of this bias for the resulting measures of misallocation and the counterfactual gains in productivity from its reversal . When weighting sectors according to sectoral value added shares in the Census , we find that the degree of productivity losses implied by misallocation in the ES are significantly smaller . We see this finding as raising a warning to the precipitate application of the methodology . Ensuring adequate size and sectoral representation in the data stands as an important ingredient for the robustness of the results . As a first step in an attempt to connect the observed misallocation to concrete policies and distortions , we explore two additional dimensions of the distribution of distortions : its decomposition into capital / labor ratio wedges and revenue wedges , and its evolution over the firm ’ s life cycle . < sup > 2 < / sup > The first dimension is informative to identify whether it is the policies affecting the functioning of financial and labor markets that are a more binding constraint for the economy , or if it is the case that policies affecting capital", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 410, "text": "Census-based datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 503, "end": 521, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Source of inefficiency | ICT | Power | Transport | WSS | Total | | Underrecovery of costs | n . a . | 110 | — | 38 | 148 | | Overstaffing | — | 9 | n . a . | 0 | 9 | | Distribution losses | n . a . | 33 | n . a . | 4 | 37 | | Undercollection | n . a . | 5 | — | 1 | 6 | | Low budget execution | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Total | 0 | 157 | 0 | 43 | 200 | Source : Derived from Foster and Briceño-Garmendia 2009 . Note : Estimations based on operating performance data up to 2007 . — = not available ; n . a . = not applicable Underpricing of power and water services costs Mali about US $ 148 million each year . In the power sector , it is estimated that the average total cost of producing electricity has been $ 0 . 33 per kilowatt-hour historically ( as of 2007 ) , but the average effective residential tariff is only about $ 0 . 20 . This is sufficient to cover operating and maintenance costs ( barely ) , but not investments . Overall , the power utility covers 50 percent of costs , leaving the capital investment unfunded . The financial burden associated with 44", "spans": [{"start": 472, "end": 498, "text": "operating performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "goods with the aim of leveling the social status , at least in terms of appearances , among migrant households . The 2014 wave of the KMS collected domestic remittance data for the first time . These data reveal that the amount of overseas versus domestic remittances allocated to home investments and durable asset purchases was statistically indistinguishable among migrant households as a whole within the survey sample . # * * 7 . Conclusion * * Few papers have compared the changes in household welfare associated with international versus domestic migration , despite the fact that families thinking about sending a member away from home to work may have both pathways available to them . This study helps to fill this gap by focusing on households in Kerala , India , that chose one of these two pathways for a family member at some point between 1998 and 2003 . Taking advantage of a unique panel data set available for Keralite households over this five-year period , I compare the gains in assets ( represented by housing investments and purchases of durable goods ) that these two groups of migrant households experienced during that timeframe . The study design is characterized by a double-difference specification with instrumental variables to help account for the non-random selection of households sending members outside Kerala to work . An intriguing implication of the welfare analysis for the families of these migrants back home is that individual migrants are able to take advantage of international wage differentials — particularly for low or unskilled jobs that require lower levels of education — to generate sizeable gains to their origin households that are equal , if not larger , than the gains that the relatively more educated individuals who migrate domestically are able to produce . If a household can finance the upfront costs of overseas migration , less educated individuals are able to exploit the strong demand in the Arabian Gulf nations for low or unskilled labor , securing contract-based jobs that pay a substantial premium over similar positions back home . This phenomenon could be viewed as the result of 24", "spans": [{"start": 148, "end": 172, "text": "domestic remittance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 899, "end": 913, "text": "panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "service Competency Based Teacher ready to implement assessments are < br > teacher training in the implementation Education ( CBTE ) curriculum ; CBC ) , and successfully rolled out in < br > of CBC infrastructure ( new basic education . < br > v . training of teachers in CBA ; classrooms ) are in < br > • Low quality pre-school services are negatively impacting foundational vi . utilization of NEMIS data for place for rolling out the CBC and CBA in basic < br > learning . mapping out school needs and the education < br > development budget allocations < br > • Insufficient infrastructure in target for rollout of the CBC ; < br > counties < br > vii . implementation of the needs - < br > based school infrastructure < br > investment plan to complement < br > roll out of the CBC ; and < br > viii . establishment of standards and < br > tools for quality assurance for < br > preschool for alignment with the < br > CBC and CBA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 29 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 408, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "out in Section 2 and fits the predictions of Equation ( 5 ) . > veloped regencies might be more densely populated by specific industries and have better transportation infrastructures , which would result in low labor supply elasticity and lower markdowns . > 30 Regency-level data comes from the national statistical institute BPS in a dataset assembled by the World Bank . 19", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 372, "text": "dataset assembled by the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "restructurings , or those involving official creditors such as government-to-government debts ( see Reinhart and Trebesch ( 2016 ) and Schlegl , Trebesch , and Wright ( 2019 ) on official restructurings ) . Restructurings on domestic-currency sovereign debt are not included . ( iii ) Restructurings of medium - and long-term debt . We thus exclude short-term rollovers or bridge financing deals , or other temporary arrangements between debtors and creditors ( see Cruces and Trebesch [ 2013 ] ) . ( iv ) Finalized deals . We disregard restructurings that were agreed on but were never de facto implemented , for example , when country parliaments reject an agreement . We rely on a wide variety of sources to compile our restructuring and haircut archive . Importantly , we focus on the annual reports of bondholder organizations that negotiated with defaulting countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries , in particular the British Corporation of Foreign Bondholders ( CFB ) , the US-based Foreign Bondholders Protective Council ( FBPC ) , and the French Association Nationale des Porteurs Franҫais de Valeurs Mobiliéres . The reports provide rich details on past defaults and restructurings and are therefore our most important source . To cross-check the information by the creditor committees and to fill gaps in the data , additional sources were used , in particular annual investor reports such as Fenn ’ s Compendium of the English and Foreign Funds , Fortune ’ s Epitome of the Stock and Public Funds , Kimber ' s Records on Government Debts and other Foreign Securities , Moody ' s Manuals on Foreign and American Government Securities , and the London Stock Exchange Yearbooks . In addition , we incorporate in our comprehensive database case studies from the literature , communiques of the creditor organizations , official gazettes of the debtor country , and press articles . Our integrative approach compares each data point in the restructuring agreements and the debt instruments involved across available sources . The final sample used in the analysis includes 313 external sovereign debt restructurings in 91 countries between 1815 and 2015 . < sup > 24 < / sup > This number represents a lower bound , since we summarize multiple restructurings into a single event if they resulted", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 831, "text": "annual reports of bondholder organizations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1662, "end": 1693, "text": "London Stock Exchange Yearbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > inflation / financial < br > costs , transaction costs , and risk . | S | Operational subsidies will be limited and < br > progressively phased out to enforce financial < br > discipline and hard budget constraints . < br > Performance standards and productivity ratios < br > will be monitored . | | Village SCA members will not appreciate the value < br > of holding shares in the SCAs and the Union | M | One innovation of the Project is the use of < br > shares to capitalize the SCAs and Union . An < br > educational program will be designed and < br > implemented to assure that SCA members < br > fully understand the value of shares . | | High loan repayment will not be achieved . | M | Repayment rates have been high , even during < br > Albania ' s crisis period . In rural areas , local < br > responsibility and decision making should < br > help ensure high repayment . In urban areas , < br > close loan supervision by credit officers < br > should help ensure high repayment . In both < br > cases , institutional incentives ( financial < br > targets , performance-based salaries of credit < br > officers ) should also contribute to high < br > repayment rates . | | Lending terms ( duration , frequency of payments ) < br > will not match the needs of the borrowers . | N | In rural areas , SCAs will detennine lending < br > terms . In urban areas , close loan officer-client < br > relationships and periodic client surveys will < br > assure adequate client feedback . | | Annex 1 , * * cell \" from Components to Outputs \" * * | | | | Farmers will not be interested nor willing to < br > establish SCAs . | N | There is already strong interest in SCAs by < br > existing VCFs . There", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1450, "text": "client surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > ZAMCONSULT CONSULTING ENGINEERS LTD < / u > * * * * improved and other livelihood restoration initiative such as planned water supply will benefit the local PAP and host communities . Due to tarmacked roads the land value would be good and attract more investors and small center would grow to big town centers . * * Q 8 . Violet inquired that there are graves that have dispute among community members . Would those graves be compensated . Further she inquired What would happen where disputes would arise on how to share compensation proceeds among family members or if a PAP is not satisfied with the compensation money provided . * * The consultant responded informed the community that for all parcels , assets , graves with disputes , the disputes must be resolved for compensation to be made . National Land Commission ( NLC ) shall deposit compensation funds for disputed assets in interest bearing escrow accounts pending the resolution of a dispute . The RAP implementation team and the local administration through the office of the Chief shall work towards settling disputes during RAP implementation . The project will establish grievance redress committees at the various project levels , which will handle all disputes related to compensation and resettlement . PAHs will be informed of the actual dates and venues where the committees will be elected and formed by the PAPs themselves under the supervision of the local administration and the project team . * * Q 9 . Emily Kombo from Miyani inquired that when the road is near the house what would happen since children are playing . She further inquired Would the project compensate for affected graves as well . * * The consultant responded informed the community that houses near to the proposed or road to improve would be compensated and the affected parcels . The consultant team would record all affected assets including graves during the census and asset inventory and then compensation would be done in line with the traditional / religious norms / rites of the people affected and the NLC Act . Safety measures will also be taken to ensure the community is safeguarded during", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the 1990s ( * * Figure 15 * * ) , it is important to note that the current tax rate database may not fully capture all policy changes . For instance , modifications in income brackets , income tax floors , and lower marginal tax rates are not reflected in the database , making 17 These figures represent overall tax collection , regardless of the final destiny of those resources ( central or subnational governments ) . Thus , these figures are different from those in the next section .", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 92, "text": "tax rate database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Socio-Economic Development project_ * * ( KEMFSED ) further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial < sup > control . < / sup > xiii", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 110, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requires a dataset of intertemporally comparable indicators of well-being that are statistically representative of the population in each municipality . The availability of such a dataset , however , may entail a trade-off between relatively high precision in the measurement of , say , household income and significant geographical detail . One might exploit household surveys designed to capture all sources of income and thus > 2Two papers have used a preliminary version of this dataset to examine changes across municipalities . Villalobos Barr ́ ıa et al . ( 2016 ) have analyzed , through Gaussian mixture modeling , the univariate and joint distribution of human development indicators — income , infant mortality , and years of schooling — and the conformation of development clusters in 1990 , 2000 , and 2010 . Using the same preliminary dataset , Enamorado et al . ( 2016 ) study the causal effect of inequality on drugrelated homicides and report a sizable decline in inequality in the majority of municipalities over 1990 – 2010 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 360, "end": 377, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 837, "end": 856, "text": "preliminary dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economies and across different social groups , the data cover sub-national units and distinguish by gender and skill level . We divide the Western Balkans group into 54 sub-national regions corresponding to the ISO3166 international standard division at the two-digit level < sup > 1 < / sup > . For the European Union , we take each of the 27 countries as our unit of analysis . In total , our QSM has 81 spatial units that respond heterogeneously to the policies we simulate . To use the model and perform our counterfactual analysis over these locations , we construct a database with basic information on wages and employment for four groups of workers : high-skilled males , low-skilled males , high-skilled females , and low-skilled females , divided into three economic sectors : agriculture and mining , manufacturing , and services . We employ two international databases : the International Income Distribution Database ( I2D2 ) and the Working Time Statistics ( WTS ) to compute the national and sub-national level measures needed . In addition , we use the Global Roads Inventory Project ( GRIP ) for information on road infrastructure . For EU countries , we use the WTS database to calculate the country-specific wage ratio across skill levels and the wage ratio across gender . Then , we multiply the wages in each country and sector by the skill and gender ratios to have data at the skills-gender level in each sector . We follow the same procedure to obtain employment levels . Meanwhile , we use the I2D2 database for the Western Balkans because it allows us to analyze the data at the sub-national geographical level . This database enables cross-Balkan comparisons by standardizing representative household surveys conducted separately in each economy . However , given the independence of the data sources , not all the variables are available for all the Western Balkan economies . For example , Serbia and North Macedonia do not collect information about the economic sector from the workers . To overcome this problem , we combine the I2D2 with the WTS database by calculating the aggregated salaries and employment levels for every region and multiplying them by the proportion of wages across the three economic industries calculated at the national level .", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 929, "text": "International Income Distribution Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 947, "end": 970, "text": "Working Time Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1069, "end": 1099, "text": "Global Roads Inventory Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1180, "end": 1192, "text": "WTS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1519, "end": 1532, "text": "I2D2 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2060, "end": 2064, "text": "I2D2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and should form the basis of rigorous monitoring programs . < sup > 210 < / sup > * * Road safety * * . Historically the biggest killer of aid workers , the impact of road collisions involving vehicles used during humanitarian response has an undocumented yet predictably big impact on children and ‘ other road users ’ . Although references are understandably rare , six key informants in addition to the literature review highlighted cases where children had been hit by agency vehicles in Rwanda , the Philippines , Kenya , Iraq , Somalia , Macedonia and Democratic Republic of Congo . One large NGO recorded 47 road collision incidents involving minor or serious injuries between April 2013 and October 2015 across its humanitarian and development operations , although they acknowledged deficiencies in disaggregated data collection . < sup > 211 < / sup > Of these , 37 involved serious injuries to either vehicle occupants or other road users , and of these - where age was indicated - 12 involved children being hit by vehicles used by the organisation . < sup > 212 < / sup > Key informants noted chronic underreporting amongst agencies ; a general lack of attention to other road users beyond agency staff , driven by a culture of blame and control of how incidents are handled at the field level ; the use of rental drivers , particularly in emergencies when fleets grow exponentially ; how deaths and injuries are classified , coupled with operational constraints in many fragile states ; a lack of financial incentive to prevent accidents that involve other road users in terms of cost and impact to the organisation ; and a sense that there was a feeling among agencies that road | * * Figure 19 : The perceived effect * * < br > * * strategie * * | * * iveness of prevention * * < br > * * s * * | | - - - | - - - | | Community identified and owned | 43 . 5 very effective | | activities ( e . g . safety drills , clean-up | 43 . 5 effective | | campaigns ,", "spans": [{"start": 808, "end": 826, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * consultants * * | > = 0 . 5 | Les justifications pour < br > l ’ entente directe devront < br > | | * * Entente * * < br > * * directe / Consultants * * < br > * * individuel * * | > = 0 . 2 | être jointes et approuvées < br > avec le PPM | | * * Méthode Compétitive * * < br > * * ( Comparaison de CVs ) / * * < br > * * Consultants individuels * * | > = 0 . 2 | | * * 2 . Liste restreinte composée entièrement de firmes nationales : * * La liste restreinte de consultants pour les prestations d ’ études d ’ ingénierie , de contrôle et de surveillance estimées à moins de 300 , 000 US $ par contrat , et pour tout autre type de prestations , estimées à moins de 100 000 US $ par contrat , peut comporter entièrement de consultants nationaux en conformité avec les dispositions des Règlements de Passation des marchés . , et l ’ Emprunteur ne procède pas à une publication dans UNDB * * 3 . Autre arrangement spécial de Sélection de consultants : Le seuil pour l ’ utilisation * * de la méthode de sélection de consultant fondée sur les qualifications des consultants est déterminé au cas par cas en tenant compte de la nature et de la complexité de la mission ; cependant , ce seuil ne devrait pas dépasser la contre-valeur de USD 300 , 000 sauf dans des cas exceptionnels telles des situations d ’ urgence en conformité au R", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "In 1954 the township became a Town Board . At independence in 1962 Lira became a Town Council and it was not until 1985 that it was elevated to its current status of a Municipal Council . Lira Municipality exhibits a unimodal rainfall pattern with a single rainfall maximum . The rainy season stretches from March to November with a short dry spell in June . The dry season stretches from December to March . Ngetta Meteorological Station figures indicate that the amount of rainfall ranges 66", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 446, "text": "Ngetta Meteorological Station figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This approach allows us to link Peri and Sparber ’ s conceptual framework directly with measures of labor market vulnerabilities created by COVID-19 related risks . # 3 . Data and Descriptive Statistics # # 3 . 1 . Data The primary data source used throughout this paper is the European Labour Force Survey ( EULFS ) , which is a harmonized dataset composed of nationally representative labor force surveys conducted in all of the 28 EU countries , in addition to Switzerland and Norway . The sample size of the EU-LFS ranges from 4 . 5 million to 5 . 2 million observations depending on the year . Data are available on a yearly basis between 2001 and 2018 , the latest available year prior to COVD19 . The data provide information on whether the individuals in the sample were born in the same country in which they work . While the specific origin countries if migrant workers are not available in the data , broad world regions of origin are observed . These are as follows : the 15 original member states of the European Union ( EU15 ) < sup > 4 < / sup > , the 13 new member states of the EU as of 2013 ( NMS13 ) < sup > 5 < / sup > , non-EU European countries , Latin America , Asia , the Middle East and North Africa , Sub-Saharan Africa , and other non-European high — income countries that are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > The dataset includes detailed information on various labor market outcomes of the individuals sampled , along with their demographic characteristics such as gender , age , and educational attainment . In terms of labor market status , observations are labelled as ( i ) out of the labor force , ( ii ) seeking employment , or ( iii ) currently employed . Detailed information on the characteristics of the jobs of employed workers are classified according to ( 1 ) the sector of activity at the one - > 4 EU15 comprises the higher-income EU countries that were members before accession of the 10 new members in 2004 . These are", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 306, "text": "European Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 512, "end": 518, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8787 # * * Abstract * * This paper assesses the international comovement of gross capital flows in a setting simultaneously encompassing aggregate inflows and outflows . It uses as empirical framework a multilevel latent factor model , implemented on flow data for a large sample of countries over more than three decades . On average , common shocks account for over 40 percent of the variance of both inflows and outflows , although with major differences between advanced countries and the rest . Among the former , global and group shocks dominate capital flows , and the same shocks drive gross inflows and outflows . Among the latter countries , idiosyncratic shocks tend to play the leading role , and gross inflows exhibit less commonality with outflows . The latent factors configure an international financial cycle that closely tracks the trends in a handful of global “ push ” variables . Recursive estimation of the factor model reveals a rising trend in the exposure of countries ’ flows to the international cycle — especially for advanced economies — up to the global financial crisis . Exposure to the cycle is robustly related to countries ’ external financial openness and the ( lack of ) flexibility of their exchange rate regime . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at lserven @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 290, "text": "flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Monetary | Sanitation | Deprived | Shelter D | eprived | Water D | eprived | Informatio | n Deprived | | Poverty | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | non-depr | deprived | | non-poor | 44 % | 11 % | 42 % | 12 % | 37 % | 18 % | 44 % | 11 % | | Poor | 32 % | 13 % | 23 % | 23 % | 25 % | 20 % | 29 % | 16 % | Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-3 . One hypothesis could be that the imperfect overlap between monetary and deprivation-based poverty is purely driven by those children with consumption levels close to the poverty line , but it does not apply to children at the top of this income distribution . Table 4 however proves this proposition wrong . Unlike one may expect , there are even among the children living in households with the top 1 % income , up until wave 3 about half the children facing at least one deprivation . While this share remains constant until the top 10 percent consumption level for wave 3 , the share of monetary non-poor children facing at least one deprivation is comparatively rising though when expanding the sample to children with top 5 percent and top 10 percent consumption levels in the earlier waves . This is consistent with findings presented in World Bank Group ‘ s ( 2017 ) estimates of the top income quintile , not having complete access to sanitation and water , based on earlier other data sources . Among severe sanitation , shelter and water deprivation , Table > 26 Health Deprivation did not exist in wave 3 . 51", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 389, "text": "GHS Wave 1-3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 < u > Introduction < / u > * * This case study examines Vietnam ’ s power sector development and reform experience from the 1990s to 2018 . * * It explores links between country context , power sector institutions and market reform attempts , and dimensions of power sector performance . The case study is structured in three parts ( after this introduction ) . Part 2 describes how power sector institutions have developed over time in context of the 1990s global model of market-oriented sector reforms . Part 3 focuses on sector performance in terms of four issues : security of supply ; user access and affordability ; supply-side efficiency and financial viability ; and regulation of tariffs and other selected elements . Part 4 synthesizes the findings and reflects on lessons from Vietnam that may be relevant to other countries . * * The case study employs a mixed methodology with inputs from multiple sources * * . It has involved a review of literature , collection of data from official sources , analysis of utility financial accounts for the period 2013 to 2017 , comparison of several dozen indicators against good practice benchmarks , and 19 interviews with 25 actors including current or former government officials as well as academics and civil society representatives in Vietnam . * * Vietnam has seen significant changes to its market structure , gradually moving from a vertically integrated structure to a more competitive power market . * * In less than two decades , the country ’ s power sector evolved from fragmented companies with high technical and financial losses to an integrated power system , and then to an unbundled group of stated-owned corporations with sizeable participation of domestic and international private sector actors in power generation . Vietnam has achieved rapid electrification and averted major crises of supply , thanks to technically-sound power system planning with political leadership and follow-through by national institutions . A highly dedicated and trained workforce , and a sociopolitical emphasis on ensuring consensus among key actors in the power sector at each reform step , have contributed to continuous implementation of the power sector reform agenda , albeit at a relatively slow rate of institutional reform . # 2 Vietnam ’ s power", "spans": [{"start": 1026, "end": 1052, "text": "utility financial accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * In recent years , interest in early childhood development ( ECD ) in low - and middleincome countries has expanded considerably . High grade repetition in school , early dropout from school , and poor learning as well as poor health of youth and adults are being traced to malnutrition , disease , and neglect during early childhood . Accumulated evidence reveals associations between cognitive and psycho-social skills , nutrition and health status measured at young ages , on the one hand , and later educational attainment , earnings , and employment outcomes , on the other ( e . g . , Behrman and Rosenzweig 2004 ; Currie and Thomas 1999 , Murnane , Willett and Levy 1995 and Neal and Johnson 1996 for the United States ; Alderman , _et al . _ 2001b , Alderman , Behrman and Hoddinott 2005 , Alderman , Hoddinott and Kinsey 2006 , Glewwe , Jacoby and King 2001 , Glewwe and King 2001 , Maluccio , _et al . _ 2005 , Martorell 1999 for developing countries ) . These life-cycle links suggest that a potentially effective way of alleviating poverty and engendering economic development is through policies that promote better development of cognitive , social , motor , and language skills and health and nutritional status among pre-school-age children . Accordingly , governments in a number of countries , including the Philippines , have introduced ECD programs for enhancing the learning environments , improving nutrition and reducing disease for preschool children . To date , however , there are few rigorous evaluations of the effectiveness of ECD programs on child development that use longitudinal data and attempt to address possible bias in the estimates due to nonexperimental allocation of ECD services across a population . Most studies also do not examine many dimensions of development among young children or incorporate information on whether and how impacts differ depending on age and / or duration of exposure to the ECD intervention ( Behrman , Cheng and Todd 2004 , Gertler 2004 , and Frankenberg , Suriastini and Thomas 2005 are recent exceptions ) . In this paper , we estimate the impact of an important ECD initiative of the Philippine government . < sup > 1 <", "spans": [{"start": 1625, "end": 1642, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The long-term trend of shrinking agriculture employment and expanding employment in the secondary or tertiary sectors has been associated with economic development . And , since moving out of agriculture and getting a job in the non farm segment normally means earning higher incomes , this type of intersectoral migration should also lead to lower poverty rates . In recent years , Brazil , as many other developing countries , has experienced a significant reduction of its agricultural employment and there is indirect evidence that this migration out of agriculture is poverty reducing . Establishing more direct evidence is difficult mainly because of lack of data reporting the characteristics of migrants at the time of moving , a limitation that affects ( sometimes with intractable endogeneity issues ) a lot of migration models . This paper , relying on a special section of the Brazilian household survey that chronicles individuals ’ past employment , offers , for the case of Brazil , a direct assessment of how much poverty reduction can be attributed to these intersectoral labor movements . By estimating a mover-stayer model using Brazilian micro data , we can identify the main factors affecting the propensity of moving out of agriculture and rank individuals accordingly . The estimations show that individuals that are most likely to migrate are found among the poorer , often landless heads of households , but also among the better educated , and thus less poor , non-head household members . Overall though , we observe , and this is one key finding of the paper , that movers experience the highest poverty reduction when compared to both agricultural and non-agricultural stayers . This confirms that changes in sectoral employment can significantly contribute to poverty reduction . Chronic poverty is often linked to the difficulty of finding employment in a better paid job in a growing sector . There is mounting evidence of the existence of poverty traps characterized by situations where occupational or technology choices are discrete , and where choosing a higher return occupation or technology implies large sunk or fixed costs ( Barrett 2004 ) . Moving out of agriculture , where poverty rates are often much higher than in other sectors , is one example of such", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 940, "text": "Brazilian household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1173, "end": 1193, "text": "Brazilian micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Round 2 | 0 . 054 * | - 0 . 053 | - 0 . 058 * | 0 . 087 * * | 0 . 343 * * * | | | ( 0 . 030 ) | ( 0 . 077 ) | ( 0 . 030 ) | ( 0 . 043 ) | ( 0 . 057 ) | | Observations | 2 , 355 | 516 | 516 | 516 | 516 | | R-Squared | 0 . 004 | 0 . 003 | 0 . 017 | 0 . 031 | 0 . 141 | | | Education < br > Activity | _Panel C_ < br > Listened to < br > Education < br > Programs on < br > Radio | _ : Nigeria_ < br > Used Mobile < br > LearningApps | Watched < br > Educational TV < br > Programs | Meeting with < br > Lesson Teacher | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Round 2 | - 0 . 012 | 0 . 267 * * * | 0 . 123 * * * | 0 . 141 * * * | 0 . 168 * * * | | | ( 0 . 033 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 028 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 034 ) | | Round 3 | - 0 . 113 * * * | 0 . 291 * * * | 0 . 182 * * * | 0 . 242 * * * | 0 . 304 * * * | | | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | | Observations | 4 , 045 | 2 , 515 | 2 , 515 | 2 , 515 | 2 , 515 | | R-Squared | 0 . 010 | 0 . 076 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms may have different productivity levels . PPTT Assuming monopolistic competition and CES technology , HK derive T s in terms of revenue data as : PPTT T s s σσ ~ ~ , ~ ~ σσ − 1 s < sup > YYs < / sup > s < sup > ) < / sup > ααss 1 − ααss PPTT = AA = κκ < sup > ( PPs < / sup > where is a function of output quantity and price and can be normalized to 1 . In line with HK , KK LL let ’ s define the efficient sector ' s productivity level ( when all marginal products are equalized ) as : � � � 1 κκ = ( ∑ s ) . MMss σσ − 1 σσ − 1 TFPQ is calculated from AAss ss = 1 AA s , which contains elements of distortions , and is typically not observed in the data : PP ) < sup > ααss < / sup > = s s ) ~ ~ � ~ ~ < sup > RR < / sup > ~ ~ � ~ ~ ααss � < sup > wws < / sup > ~ ~ � ~ ~ 1 − ααss kks σσ ( 1 + ττ PP yys ss ss σσ − 1 AA ( 1 − ττ αα 1 − αα 6", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 145, "text": "revenue data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "diversity . The Shewa regions are the most densely populated area of Ethiopia , with four main ethnic groups - the Oromo . Amhara , Kembata / Hadiya and Gurage . The majority of the population is Orthodox Christian , and about 30 % is Muslim . This ethnic and religious diversity will help to ensure innovations developed in the area component would be appropriate for and likely to succeed in other parts of the country . Activities to be financed under other components in support of the area component would include manpower , pharmaceuticals . health education and institutional development . 3 . 03 Because of the need to experiment and learn in this first project . a special effort was made during preparation to learn about the project beneficiaries and health care providers in the area component regions , and to build flexibility into the project design . Three major surveys in Shewa regions and also in Arssi , along with other preparation work , were funded under a project preparation facility of US $ 500 , 000 . An epidemiological / KAP study ( see para . 2 . 08 ) surveyed health conditions and knowledge , attitudes and practice about contraception , and will serve as a bencbmark against which to measure progress . as well as feeding into project design ; a functional task analysis looked at the way a sample of health care providers use their time , and provided a detailed diagnosis of service delivery and management problems ( see para . 2 . 15 ) ; and a sociological survey of the beneficiary population ( see para . 2 . 04 ) used participant observation and interview techniques to assess clients ' beliefs about diseases and remedies , and attitudes toward modern and traditional health care . The project would fund the establishment of regional level management teams in Shewa regions", "spans": [{"start": 1481, "end": 1530, "text": "sociological survey of the beneficiary population", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix Table 1 : Descriptive Statistics of the Variables Used in Regression Analysis * * | Variable | No . of < br > Observations | Mean | Standard < br > Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | SME Loans / Total Loans ( % ) | 271 | 10 . 1 | 12 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 55 . 0 | | Investment Loans / SME Loans ( % ) | 270 | 24 . 1 | 22 . 8 | 0 . 0 | 80 . 0 | | Log Total loans | 339 | 20 . 8 | 2 . 4 | 13 . 8 | 24 . 7 | | Log Number of Branches | 396 | 3 . 3 | 1 . 4 | 0 . 0 | 6 . 7 | | Maximum Coverage Registry or Bureau | 381 | 8 . 0 | 9 . 8 | 0 . 0 | 36 . 0 | | Legal Rights Index | 399 | 3 . 1 | 1 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 4 . 0 | | Time to Register Property | 399 | 29 . 4 | 34 . 1 | 2 . 0 | 193 . 0 | | Time to Enforce a Contract | 399 | 662 . 8 | 142 . 8 | 520 . 0 | 1010 . 0 | | Recovery rate for Closing a Business | 348 | 31 . 0 | 15 . 1 | 10 . 0 | 63 . 0 | | Time to Close a Business | 348 | 3 . 6 | 0 . 9 | 1 . 0 | 5 . 0 | | Partial Credit Guarantee % of GDP | 399 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 9 | | Lag of Partial Credit Guarantee % of GDP | 266 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 9 | | Median Coverage of PCG Scheme | 210 | 68 . 1 |", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1084, "text": "Lag of Partial Credit Guarantee % of GDP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . PROGRAM DESCRIPTION * * # # # * * 1 . 1 Background * * 1 . * * Kenya experienced steady economic growth and declining poverty levels up to 2019 when the COVID-19 pandemic staggered the steady strides in Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) growth * * , declining absolute poverty numbers , decrease in the share of population living below the national poverty line and rising Human Development Index ( HDI ) . Despite the contractions and strained sectors , Kenya ’ s economy is on a positive recovery trajectory with the GDP expected to increase by 5 . 0 percent in 2023 and 5 . 3 percent in 2024 . This projection is on the backdrop of renewed job creation , poverty reduction and rebound in government revenues . 2 . * * Kenya is urbanizing rapidly at a rate of 4 . 3 percent a year , offering an opportunity of harnessing the expansion to drive economic growth . * * Effective management of the urbanization potential , through public and private sector investments , will foster economic growth and improved quality of life . Urbanization has proven vital to economic growth and better living standards in Kenya , but such gains are unevenly distributed with most of the urban population residing in informal settlements , are unemployed , underemployed , or work in the informal sector . Access to urban services is also uneven , with informal settlements being severely underserved with limited access to piped water , infrastructure and services including sanitation , power , roads access and solid waste collection . Additionally , the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated urban poverty and loss in livelihoods . 3 . * * The Government of Kenya ( GoK ) through the Kenya Vision 2030 and subsequent urban policies recognizes sustainable urbanization as key to overall national economic growth * * . The second Kenya Urban Support Program ( KUSP2 ) will support the GoK to implement its urban development agenda and aspiration to become an upper middle-income nation by the year 2030 using urban areas as drivers of economic growth . The KUSP2 firmly sets", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 407, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a look at the residual plot of the earlier estimates . They show moderate variations during these time periods , in particular since 1999 . The inclusion of the trend variables does not have a substantial impact on the significance level of the long-run elasticities , albeit the magnitude of the coefficients is moderately affected . While the schooling coefficient decreases minimally , the physical capital coefficient is augmented . The time trend for 1985 is significantly positive but there is a negative trend since 1999 . Interestingly , both time periods are related to political events . 1985 is the transition year to civilian rule . 1999 is the election year of the Alfonso Portillo government , where compromised representatives of the former military nomenclature are suspected of wielding political power . To the extent that this association is correct , a loose interpretation would suggest that in Guatemala the strengthening ( weakening ) of civilian rule has a significant positive ( negative ) impact on long-run growth . While at first sight this interpretation appears plausible , however , it is obvious that other factors are important as well . Moreover , the growth-enhancing channel of democratic rights might be operating indirectly on some independent variables , such as educational attainment . This complicates the analysis . Hence , further research is needed to strengthen this hypothesis . # * * _Alternative Capital Stock Data_ * * Column 2 of Table 8 includes capital stock data with a 4 percent depreciation rate rather than the 5 percent thumb value assumed throughout this study . The data with 4 percent depreciation is essentially identical to the Nehru and Dareshwar ( 1993 ) capital stock series , despite some minor discrepancies ? when compared with data from Banco de Guatemala ? on investment . Assuming 4 percent depreciation of the capital stock has little impact on the results , although in the IV specification the significance of the capital coefficient is weakened . This suggests that a 4 percent depreciation is rather on the low side . Column 3 includes the capital stock estimate built with disaggregated investment data originally constructed to compute the quality index for capital . This series is robustly correlated with growth . The long-run elasticities for physical and human", "spans": [{"start": 1498, "end": 1516, "text": "capital stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1797, "end": 1825, "text": "data from Banco de Guatemala", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2151, "end": 2180, "text": "disaggregated investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "seuils , à savoir pour les appels d ’ offres internationaux et l ’ examen préalable , pourra être exigée par l ’ IDA . # * * Plan de passation des marchés * * 59 . Un plan de passation des marchés ( PP ) pour les 18 premiers mois de mise en œuvre du projet a été approuvé durant les négociations . Au cours de la mise en œuvre , le plan de passation des marchés sera réactualisé en accord avec l ’ équipe de projet comme requis – au moins annuellement – pour tenir compte des exigences réelles de la mise en œuvre du projet et de l ’ amélioration des capacités institutionnelles . Le plan de passation des marchés sera placé dans la base de données du projet et une version abrégée sera divulguée sur le site externe de la Banque une fois que le projet aura été approuvé par la Banque mondiale . 80", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 658, "text": "base de données du projet", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# * * _HHS – NAS gaps , levels_ * * With these being some key reasons for the observed gaps between national accounts and household surveys , we now turn to empirically estimating their magnitude . Following the approach of Ravallion ( 2003 ) and Deaton ( 2005 ) , we calculate a set of ratios of the survey to national accounts means . By subtracting one from the ratio , we get a measure of the proportional gap , between the HHS mean and the NAS mean . A negative ( positive ) gap suggests the survey mean is lower ( higher ) than the corresponding national accounts mean . < sup > 20 < / sup > The distribution of the gap in our sample of matched survey and national account means is illustrated in Figure 2 . Both the unweighted histogram and the country-weighted density functions show that , on average , the gap is well below zero , indicating that survey means on average are lower than national accounts means . The gap is substantially larger with regards to GDP than with HFCE , moreover consumption shows larger variation than income , as reflected in the wider density functions seen for consumption surveys . We estimate the average gap for various subsamples and calculate standard errors clustered at the country level . < sup > 21 < / sup > Table 1 shows the value of the gaps for various sub-samples , by region and survey type . Overall , our estimates suggest that survey means are 20 percent lower than national accounts means for HFCE . There is no statistically significant difference in the gap observed for consumption ( 22 percent ) and income ( 20 percent ) . Notably , we find the gaps are substantially larger than the corresponding estimates from Ravallion ( 2003 ) and Deaton ( 2005 ) . Deaton found a gap of 14 percent for consumption and 10 percent for income , while Ravallion estimated a gap of 33 percent for income and 7 percent for consumption , with the difference between income and > 20 For example , a ratio of 0 . 9 , gives a gap measure of - 0 . 1 , suggesting that the survey mean is", "spans": [{"start": 1102, "end": 1121, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SUDAN ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE Growth in seats for travel between Sudan and South Sudan tripled between 2001 and 2007 . The Diio SRS shows that in 2007 , while there were 219 , 741 seats for travel within Sudan , there were only 696 seats advertised for South Sudan ( table 8 ) These figures may mask the fact that traffic between the two regions has actually grown rather significantly — from 24 , 452 seats in 2001 to 87 , 191 in 2007 . How much of that traffic is hub traffic through Khartoum traveling between points in South Sudan is not known . * * Table 8 . Benchmarking air transport indicators for Sudan and select other countries * * < sup > * * 4 * * < / sup > | Country | Sudan | Ethiopia | Chad | CAR | Kenya | Egypt | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Traffic ( 2007 ) | | | | | | | | Domestic travel ( ‘ 000 seats per year , excluding south ) | 218 | 729 | n . a . | n . a . | 2 , 093 | 5 , 959 | | International travel within Africa ( ‘ 000 seats per year ) | 302 | 1 , 837 | 110 | 21 | 3 , 145 | 1 , 886 | | Intercontinental travel ( ‘ 000 seats per year ) | 2 , 052 | 2 , 005 | 89 | 24 | 2 , 755 | 15 , 793 | | Seats available per 100 people | 9 . 8 | 5 . 8 | 1 . 8 | 1 | 21 | 27 . 5 | | Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index — air transport market ( % ) | 15 . 29 | 70 . 61 | 36 . 35 | 50 . 26 | 39 . 47 | 24 | | Quality | | | | | | | | Percent of seat-km in newer aircraft | 71 . 9 | 98 . 5 | 99 . 5 | 100 | 80", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 154, "text": "Diio SRS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "generic and energy-centric ) and energy intensity in a large and diverse sample of firms operating globally . We use the data collected in a recent wave of World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) , which provides a representative cross-section of firms in 31 countries . We observe complete entries for over 6 , 000 out of more than 20 , 000 total firms , a sample three times larger than prior studies . A unique feature of this wave of 3", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 185, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 2033 # Su mni ary findings The East Asian financial crisis has been attributed in part to the corporate diversification associated with the misallocation of capital investment toward less profitable and more risky business segments . Much anecdotal evidence to support this view has surfaced since the crisis but there was little discussion of it before the crisis . Quite the contrary : The rapid expansion of East Asian firms by entering new business segments was viewed as contribuiting to the East Asian miracle . Claessens , Djankov , Fan , and Lang examine the efficiency of investment by diversified corporations in nine East Asian countries , using unique panel data from more than 10 , 000 corporations for the pre-crisis period , 1991-96 . They : * * - * * Document the degree of diversification in the corporate sector in Hong Kong , Indonesia , Japan , the Republic of Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Taiwan ( China ) , and Thailand , countries that have achieved enviable rates of economic growth over the past three decades . * Distinguish between vertical and complementary diversification and study the differences across nine countries . Investigate whether diversification in East Asia has hurt economic efficiency . Their study tests the learning-by-doing and misallocation-of-capital hypotheses related to the types and degrees of diversification in East Asiar . countries . Firms in Indonesia , Korea , Taiwan , and Thailand appear to have suffered significant negative effects of vertical integration on short-term performance ; the same countries gained significant short-term benefits from complementary expansion . The results suggest that the misallocation-of-capital hypothesis is appropriate for Korea and Malaysia ; the learning-by-doing hypothesis for Indonesia , Taiwan , and Thailand . Firms in more developed countries succeed in vertically integrating and improve both short-term profitability and market valuation . Firms in more developed countries are ultimately more likely to benefit from such diversification ( learn faster , to improve their performance ) . And diversification by firms in less developed countries is subject to more misallocation of capital . - This paper - a product of the Economic Policy Unit , Finance , Private Sector , and Infrastructure Network is part of a larger effort in the department to", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 704, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "planning evaluation < br > reports ; third party farmers ' < br > satisfaction surveys < br > * < br > Project progress reports ; < br > training reports ; training < br > evaluation report | timely manner . < br > * < br > Good M & E and MIS systems are < br > in place . < br > * < br > Clients , especially farmers , < br > adequately participate in NARO < br > programs and activities . < br > * < br > NARO partners ( extension , < br > NGOs , MU ) actively participate < br > and committed to provide < br > additional resources , as required . < br > * < br > NARO has critical mass of staff < br > to implement research and | | Developed participatory district-level < br > extension plans | * < br > Level of participation of fanners in < br > extension planning ; 50 % of farners in < br > locations are satisfied | * < br > Field surveys ; third party < br > farmers ' satisfaction surveys | technology transfer programs . | | Conducted on-fann research and < br > demonstration trials and field days < br > involving farmers < br > Provided multi-media support for < br > extension and fanners ' activities | * < br > No . of demonstration trials and field days < br > conducted ; 50 % of farmers involved are < br > satisfied . < br > * < br > increase in regular radio audience of < br > agriculture programs ; 80 % of farmers are < br > aware of NARO programs and activities ; < br > 50 % of farmers found print media < br > disseminated relevant to their needs and < br > satisfied with multi-media support | * < br > Project progress reports ; < br > media effectiveness studies ; < br > field surveys ; third party < br >", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 848, "text": "Field surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 870, "end": 900, "text": "farmers ' satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is recommended that when planning for decommissioning , UETCL conduct a full assessment of the decommissioning phase . # # # * * 7 . 1 . 1 . 2 Environmental and Social Components Likely to be Affected * * Determining environmental and social components ( ESC ) consists of identifying , based on available data ( both secondary and primary ) , all elements of the physical , biological and human environments that are likely to be affected by one or more sources of impact . The potential environmental impacts of the proposed project extend over the construction and operation / maintenance phases , and include the following : - Physical environment – diminished soil availability and quality , noise , air quality , GhG , water quantity and quality ; and - Biological environment - damage to aquatic ( e . g . wetlands ) and terrestrial wildlife habitats ( e . g . , forests ) , including Critical Habitat , and alienation of wildlife from existing habitats . The potential social impacts of the proposed project also extend over the construction and operation phases , and cover the following : - Wellbeing ; - Health , safety and security ; - Economics ; - Physical displacement ; and - Economic displacement . The management of occupational health and safety is addressed will be addressed in the Project Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan and the management of labour risks will be addressed in the Project Labour Management Plan , both of which will form part of the Project Construction Environmental and Social Management Plan ( CESMP ) , that will be prepared by the EPC contractor ( s ) . The identification and analysis of proposed project social impacts were informed by field visits undertaken by the assessor and assessment team to the project offices and proposed project sites at the end of January 2024 . Social Impacts were also defined based on a review of project policy , procedures , schedules and technical designs set out in the project description , in addition to data on the social baseline environment and the results of the assessment phase stakeholder consultation process , respectively . The valued environmental components ( VEC ) ( physical , biological ,", "spans": [{"start": 2004, "end": 2043, "text": "data on the social baseline environment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in collaboration with all participating agencies , applying a Results Framework which includes baseline measurements and annual targets to monitor results and progress . The BoU M & E data and reporting will be consolidated by PSFU into an overall project report . The economic impact of program activities will be measured through data collection and survey implementation and through a structured impact evaluation at the conclusion of the project . All data will be disaggregated by gender , refugee , host community , and non-host community nations to ensure adequate targeting and collection of results for targeted populations . WB expects its clients to implement the environmental and social measures set out in the various plans ( ESCP , ESMF , ESMP , SEP , RAP , etc . ) , which are referred to in the financing agreements , in compliance with the required deadlines . Implementation of the ESMF includes monitoring , reporting and evaluation . According to the ESCP , the project will support the operational expenditures related to the management , monitoring and evaluation , in compliance with the Environmental Laws and all safeguard measures provided in the Operational Manual and specified by WB from time to time in relation to social and environmental aspects of the Project . 117", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 188, "text": "BoU M & E data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing < sup > suchpersons to accept SecureIdentification < / sup > Credentials * * ( SIDC ) * * and to deliver the Applications < sup > and supporting documentsto the Association < / sup > * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that < sup > theAssociation shallrely upon such representations < / sup > and warranties , including without limitation , < sup > therepresentations andwarranties containedin the < / sup > _Terms and Conditions of Lise of Secure Identification_ < sup > _Credentials inconnection zoithUseof Electronic_ < / sup > _Means to Process Applications and Supporting_ < sup > _Documentation_ ( \" Terms andConditionsofUseof < / sup > SIDC \" ) , the Recipient represents and warrants < sup > totheAssociationthat it will causesuchpersons < / sup > to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes < sup > anyAuthorizationcurrentlyinthe < / sup > Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Namel , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature Yours truly , * * / * * signed", "spans": [{"start": 959, "end": 978, "text": "Association records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "upstream of gauge stations , and exclude upstream watersheds with large-scale obstructions ( e . g . dams ) from the analysis # * * Regression analysis variables * * Two models relating flow to current and past BWI values are presented for two basins . We regress the BWI values on the gauging station runoff per month ( Equation 2 ) where _Q_ is discharge at a station for month _m_ , and _n_ is number of previous months or lag months . We investigate whether lag periods improve the statistical correlation of the BWI and gauging station runoff . Lagged runoff values are the average of the concurrent and the previous month ( s ) . We suggest that the size and topography of the catchments strongly influence the duration of the lag . First , snowmelt ― captures ‖ the accumulated precipitation and delays the flows until the melting inside the snow pack ― releases ‖ the water , which can further increase the lag time . Second , since the BWI integrates one value to represent the total area of accumulation , the size , slope and land use in the area impacts the lag time . For example , this model is much simpler in form than the model in Herold and Mouton ( 2006 ) . Like Equation ( 2 ) , we regress precipitation , _P_ , of the basin on the gauging station runoff per month ( Equation 3 ) . # * * Requirements for the model * * Two basic components are fundamental for successful modeling of flow : an accurate measure of the actual surface and subsurface flow on a regular time frame , and a predictive parameter that identifies how the gauge data will fluctuate due to the changes in weather and land use across the basin . The model identifies the probability function for various levels of flow and determines the explanatory accuracy and significance of the model . The optimal data conditions for the BWI necessitate natural flow upstream of a gauging station . The sensitivity of the SSM / I signal to water restricts our use of the instrument near coasts , since the wetness signal would saturate the results ; it is unusable near large bodies of 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ono District . In Mukono District 49 percent of the population was under the age of 15 while in Jinja District the proportion was 46 percent . In Mukono District 82 . 8 percent of the population lived in rural areas whilst in Jinja District the proportion is only 77 . 9 percent due to the presence of the Jinja urban area , Uganda ' s second largest urban centre . # # # # # * * Literacy and Educational Attainment * * The 2002 census indicates that 73 . 4 percent of the population over 10 years of age is literate in Jinja District , whilst in Mukono it is 79 percent . In both districts it is higher than the national average of 68 percent . All of these percentages are 1015 percentage points higher than in the 1991 census . The proportion of the population over the age of six who have never attended school is 13 . 2 percent in Jinja District and 13 percent in Mukono compared to a national average of 32 percent . The proportion of the population between the ages of six and twelve who have attended primary school is 90 . 6 percent in Jinja District and 89 percent in Mukono compared to a national average of 83 percent . In conclusion , standards of education in the study area are generally higher than at the national level , particularly in Jinja District . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 435, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 717, "end": 728, "text": "1991 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10077 # * * Abstract * * Better understanding the geography of women ’ s labor market outcomes within countries is important to inform targeted efforts to increase women ’ s economic empowerment . This paper assesses the extent to which a method that combines simulated survey data from urban areas in Mexico with broadly available geospatial indicators from Google Earth Engine and OpenStreetMap can significantly improve estimates of labor force participation and unemployment rates . Incorporating geospatial information substantially increases the accuracy of male and female labor force participation and unemployment rates at the state level , reducing mean absolute deviation by 50 to 62 percent for labor force participation and 25 to 52 percent for unemployment . Small area estimation using a nested error conditional random effect model also greatly improves municipal estimates of labor force participation , as the mean absolute error falls by approximately half , while the mean squared error falls by almost 75 percent when holding coverage rates constant . In contrast , the results for municipal unemployment rate estimates are not reliable because values of unemployment rates are low and therefore poorly suited for linear models . The municipal results hold in repeated simulations of alternative samples . Models utilizing Basic Geo-Statistical Area ( AGEB ) – level auxiliary information generate more accurate predictions than area-level models specified using the same auxiliary data . Overall , integrating survey data and publicly available geospatial indicators is feasible and can greatly improve state-level estimates of male and female labor force participation and unemployment rates , as well as municipal estimates of male and female labor force participation . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice and the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at dnewhouse @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 338, "text": "simulated survey data from urban areas in Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1562, "end": 1573, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Table 1 : The aggregate impact of the oil shock_ | | Percent change < br > with respect to < br > no shock | | - - - | - - - | | Consumption per capita | ‐ 6 . 9 | | GDP per capita | ‐ 1 . 1 | | _Labor demand_ | | | Unskilled ( Agriculture ) | 6 . 9 | | Unskilled ( No ‐ Agriculture ) | ‐ 0 . 6 | | _Wages_ | | | Unskilled ( Agriculture ) | ‐ 3 . 9 | | Unskilled ( No ‐ Agriculture ) | ‐ 10 . 6 | | Skilled | ‐ 11 . 5 | | Skill Premium | ‐ 1 . 5 | | Urban Premium ( for unskilled ) | ‐ 7 . 0 | | _Consumer Price Index_ | | | Food | ‐ 7 . 8 | | Othergoods | ‐ 12 . 7 | Source : GTAP and ROSSTAT data , and CGE simulation results Following the reduction of demand , prices of non ‐ tradables decrease making tradables relatively more expensive . This real exchange rate depreciation induces shifts in economic activity and employment that are quite different across sectors . Table _2_ shows that , in terms of output contraction , besides the oil sector , the hardest hit sectors are non ‐ tradables , namely construction , transport and communication , other business services and public services . While import competing industries , and export oriented sectors , benefitting from the real depreciation , experience output expansions . The important caveat of the model operating as if the economy adjusts to its new long term equilibrium without frictions needs to be reiterated here . The gains of the expanding sectors are genuine opportunities , but they may not necessarily be realized quickly in the real economy . The analytical framework used here to model the oil shock is signaling what could happen if the markets were fully flexible and resources were allowed to respond to the new price signals ; whereas , in reality , it may not be possible to reallocate resources as markets are just imperfectly flexible . For example , closure of firms in urban shrinking sectors such as", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 582, "text": "GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 587, "end": 599, "text": "ROSSTAT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 17 . 2 . 4 Responsible Bodies and Reporting Procedures * * The responsible entities and reporting procedures are outlined below : - The main sources of data and information for IPM will be internal or in-house documents and records generated from the RP implementation ( e . g . records on compensation ) and the day-to-day observations by the RIT ; and - The main responsible entity for IPM will be the PIO / ESAO ( the monitoring , review and evaluation officer of the RP in particular ) . Monthly performance monitoring reports will be prepared by the Resettlement Officer and will be submitted to the Project Manager / PIO and WB . - The consolidated reports will serve various purposes including : - a ) Being used by the RIT and other staff to track and assess performance and take corrective measures if needed ; - b ) Being used by the Project Manager / PIO to brief relevant authorities ; and Official Use Only Page 188", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 310, "text": "records on compensation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure B . 5 : Missing municipalities : procurement < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Tender < br > 10 . 0 < br > 7 . 5 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Tender-item < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > Tender-participant < br > 10 . 0 < br > 7 . 5 < br > 5 . 0 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > CE MG PB PE PR RS < br > 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > % < br > % < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage of municipalities by year for which we do not have data in the procurement dataset . 52", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 609, "text": "procurement dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Premand , F . Rosati and R . Vakis ( 2015 ) “ Women ' s Economic Empowerment and Children ’ s Human Capital Accumulation ” . UCW Working Paper - Del Carpio , X . , N . Loayza and W . Tomoko , ( 2016 ) . “ The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on the Amount and Type of Child Labor , ” _World Development_ , 80 ( C ) : 33-47 . - Dessy , S . and S . Pallage ( 2005 ) “ A theory of the worst forms of child labour ” , _Economic Journal_ 115 : 68-87 . - Dillon , A . , Bardasi , E . , Beegle , K . , and Serneels , P . ( 2012 ) . “ Explaining variation in child labor statistics ” . _Journal of Development Economics_ . 98 ( 1 ) : 136-147 - Duflo , E . , R . Glennerster , and M . Kremer . ( 2008 ) . “ Using Randomization in Development Economics : A Toolkit . ” In _Handbook of Development Economics_ , 4 , Amsterdam , NorthHolland . - < mark > Duryea , S . , D . Lam , and D . Levison . ( 2007 ) . “ Effects of Economic Shocks on Children ’ s Employment and Schooling . ” < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Development Economics < / mark > _ < mark > , 84 ( 1 ) : 188-214 . < / mark > - < mark > Edmonds , E . ( 2005 ) . “ Does Child Labor Decline with Improving Economic Status ? ” < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Human Resources < / mark > _ < mark > , 40 ( 1 ) < / mark > - < mark > Edmonds , E . ( 2008 ) “ Child Labour . ” in T < / mark > . P . Schultz and J . Strauss , eds . , _Handbook of Development Economics_ . Volume 4 , Elsevier Science , Amsterdam , North-Holland . - Edmonds , E . and N . Schady . ( 2012 ) . “ Poverty Alleviation and Child Labor .", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 579, "text": "child labor statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "May-11 < br > 6-Jun-11 < br > 20-Jun-11 | 27-Jun-11 NA | 4-Jul-11 | 11-Jul-11 | 25-Jul-11 < br > 31-Oct-11 < br > 30-Nov-11 | | TSRP-3 < br > T | | 13230 . 3 | Actual | | | | | | | | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "` o ` Collaborer avec les autorités locales OMS , UNICEF , CROIX-ROUGE / FICR ( dernier recours ) : leur rôle sera - De renforcer les capacités du gestionnaire et les comités des déplacés sur la surveillance à base communautaire ; - Compiler toute donnée issue du terrain épidémiologique ; - Orienter les réponses du gestionnaire de site de déplacement ; - Et apporter tout appui technique urgent ; Gouvernement Provincial : - S ’ assurer des dispositions de protection des personnes vivantes dans les sites déplacement ; - S ’ assurer que les données relatives à la situation des IDPs sont prises en compte ; - Plaider pour des assistances pour le partage d ’ information sur les actions en faveur des IDPs sites déplacement / hors sites ; NB : De façon transversale , participation aux différentes rencontres avec les autorites locales / bailleurs de fonds sur la situation dans les sites dès que la situation sanitaire le permet . # # OCHA - Coordonner avec OCHA par le partage des données - Contribuer sur des documents de plaidoyer et de rapportage de la situation dans les sites déplacement et hors sites # # GLOBAL CCCM - Partager tout document , update de la situation et inputs pour les leçons apprises . Le COVID et la protection des filles et femmes Dans son Article 9 , la Convention de Kampala , obligations est faite aux Etats parties de protéger et assister les IDPs durant le déplacement interne , protègent les droits des personnes déplacées , quelle que soit la cause de déplacement , en s ’ abstenant de pratiquer ,", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 585, "text": "données relatives à la situation des IDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "whole , India ’ s manufacturing sector became more urbanized , with the share of workers in urban areas rising from 33 % of employees in 1989 to 41 % in 2005 ( Figure 3a ) . Urbanization growth was most dramatic from 1989 to 1994 , but slowed down from 1994 to 2000 . The urbanized employment share was basically flat from 2000 to 2005 . This pattern of increasing urbanization was also present when looking just at manufacturing plant counts , but the opposite trend is observed for manufacturing output . The latter has increasingly moved towards rural areas ” . The differences in the relative movements of the organized and unorganized sectors , shown in Figures 3b and 3c , are striking . Specifically , “ Throughout the 1989-2005 period , the organized sector moved from urban to rural locations , with its urban employment share declining from 69 % in 1989 to 57 % in 2005 . On the other hand , urban employment share for the unorganized sector increased from 25 % to 37 % . Since the unorganized sector accounts for about 80 % of employment in India ’ s manufacturing sector , the total urbanization level increased for the employment measure . Likewise , the organized sector accounts for over 80 % of India ’ s output , such that the aggregate output series instead becomes more rural ” ( Ghani et al . 2012 ) . The authors conclude that large firms in India with high capital and land intensity are more likely to locate in rural areas in districts . There is evidence to support this from both within - district and betweendistricts movements . They both tend to work in the same direction for the urbanization of the unorganized sector and the de-urbanization of the organized sector . Could these changing patterns in the urbanization of informal sector and the de-urbanization of formal sectors be explained merely by changing definition of urbanization ? The definition of an urban setting in India has been mostly stable since the 1961 census . India uses a more demanding set of criteria than most countries to define what is ‘ urban ’ . For example , substantial parts of U . S . metropolitan areas like Atlanta or", "spans": [{"start": 1948, "end": 1959, "text": "1961 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 . c . 1 report ( at < br > least excel system ) . | 288 woredas use < br > electronic recording of < br > F & C cases as verified < br > by DLR 10 . c . 1 report ( at < br > least excel system ) . | 250 woredas ( 25 % ) | | Date | 14-Sep-2017 | 23-Jul-2019 | 23-Jul-2019 | 30-Nov-2018 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00781736 ~ ~ | | | | | | ► Establishment of a G | overnment system for benchmarking | Woreda PFM performance ( P | FMBenchmarking Rating ( T | ext , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | Operational guideline for < br > PFM Woreda < br > benchmarking has been < br > developed ; Cash < br > management 19 % ; and < br > Bank reconciliation 45 % | Not Available | Completed | Improve results on the < br > selected PFM < br > indicators : Cash < br > management to 50 % ; < br > and Bank < br > reconciliation to 65 % | | Date | 15-May-2017 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 16-Nov-2020 | | Comments | Achieved and disbursed | | | | Improved development information and data for service delivery ~ ~ < u > IN00781728 < / u > ~ ~ ► Population and Housing Census conducted , results released , and census microdata available online ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Last PHC conducted in", "spans": [{"start": 1094, "end": 1123, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1159, "end": 1175, "text": "census microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "debt literature , but unlike previous authors , we do not rely on the off-the-shelf country-level EMBI series but exploit the rich microdata on individual bonds that underlie the aggregate index . We focus on bonds that appear in the broadest of their indices , the EMBI Global , which are USD instruments from low - and middle-income countries with a minimum issue size of US $ 500 million and “ easily accessible and verifiable daily prices either from an inter-dealer broker or a certified JP Morgan source ” ( see JP Morgan [ 1999 ] for details ) . A main advantage of using the bond-by-bond EMBI data compared to the standard country-level indices is that we get a cleaner , more homogenous sample that is consistent with our historical time series , facilitating long-run comparisons . Scrutinizing and winnowing the sample is important for our purposes because the EMBI includes many _non_ - sovereign , _non-_ USD ( or UK pound ) instruments , such as bonds issued by large public banks , as well as local-currency bonds . Specifically , we drop all EMBI bonds issued by public companies and other sub-sovereign bonds guaranteed by the government . Furthermore , we exclude local-currency bonds , as well as a few dozen bonds in international currencies other than the USD or GBP , such as the French or Swiss franc . The resulting dataset includes more than 600 external sovereign bonds from the EMBI . Some bonds have prices as early as 1990 , but the sample becomes representative only from 1995 onward when more than 40 Brady bonds were actively traded . We therefore show results for the modern period starting in 1995 . Our merged ( historical plus modern ) bond pricing sample thus covers 1 , 552 foreign-currency sovereign bonds issued by 91 countries . < sup > 32 < / sup > The coverage and granularity of this global dataset close to that compiled for individual advanced countries . < sup > 33 < / sup > For the United States , the Chicago-based CRSP Database provides monthly instrument-level data on US Treasuries back to 1925 . For England , Ellison and Scott ( 2020 ) gathered granular data on prices and issuance patterns of UK government debt", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 160, "text": "microdata on individual bonds", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 583, "end": 605, "text": "bond-by-bond EMBI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1828, "end": 1842, "text": "global dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1965, "end": 1978, "text": "CRSP Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . Concluding remarks Our results seem to suggest that the facilitation effect of private inspection is statistically traceable in trade data . Using bilateral export volumes as our variable of interest ( in order to avoid picking up the effect of improved bookkeeping on the importing side , which would have no “ real ” counterpart ) we find that private inspection seems to have been associated with an increase in trade between 5 % and 10 % . Thus , as conjectured at the start of this paper , the burden of inspection and paperwork associated with inspection seems to have been more than offset by improved facilitation at destination . Indeed , anecdotal evidence seems to suggest that at least some surveillance companies have implemented programs to foster the adoption of best practices at destination ports and customs , including container tracking systems , electronic payment of duties , and so on . Technology is clearly part of the story . For instance , recent destination inspection programs have spread the use of scanners in lieu of physical inspection ( physical inspection being reserved for suspicious cases ) . The spread of control systems in international trade may thus be similarly associated with improved logistics and enhanced used of information systems which may , in the end , facilitate transit rather than hampering it . Page | 16", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 144, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approach ” ( 3RP 2017-2018 Regional Strategic Overview , p . 16 ) . It outlines two ways of working to improve resiliencebased responses : 1 ) partnering with local respondents ; and 2 ) reinforcing / using local systems . A ‘ resilience lens ’ , including indicators on localisation , was introduced during the 2017-2018 planning cycle as a tool to help country and sector teams to “ think about and maximize A number of recent UN and inter-agency publications capture regional experiences of resilience-based development , making a strong case for the effectiveness of a localised approach . Most notably , The State of Resilience Programming ( UNDP , 2016 ) presents a series of case studies that demonstrate resilience-based programming within the 3RP , including initiatives that align with and strengthen national systems and those that seek to build the capacity of individuals , local communities and local institutions . Similarly , the Compendium on Good and Innovative Practices in the Regional Response to the Syria Crisis ( UNHCR and UNDP Regional Joint Secretariat , 2015 ) , while not specifically focused on localisation , usefully illustrates localised approaches in practice . In Lebanon , regular tracking of support to Public Institutions within the LCRP ( Inter-Agency Coordination Lebanon , 2017 ) catalogues investments and support to local institutions as key aspects of resilience and * * 13 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1208, "end": 1258, "text": "regular tracking of support to Public Institutions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Journal of Applied Economic Research_ 6 , 103 – 32 , 2012 . doi : 10 . 1177 / 097380101200600202 - Chen , S . and M Ravallion , “ The Developing World is Poorer than We Thought , But No Less Successful in the Fight Against Poverty , ” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 125 , 1577 – 1625 , 2010 . doi : 10 . 1162 / qjec . 2010 . 125 . 4 . 1577 - Damgaard , J . , T . Elkjaer and N . Johannesen , “ What Is Real and What Is Not in the Global FDI Network ? , ” _IMF Working Papers_ 19 , 2019 . doi : 10 . 5089 / 9781513521527 . 001 - Deaton , A , “ Measuring Poverty in a Growing World ( or Measuring Growth in a Poor World ) , ” _Review of Economics and Statistics_ 87 , 1 – 19 , 2005 . doi : 10 . 1162 / 0034653053327612 - Deaton , A . and V . Kozel , “ Data and Dogma : the Great Indian Poverty Debate , ” _The World Bank Research Observer_ , 20 , 177 – 199 , 2005 . doi : 10 . 1093 / wbro / lki009 - Deaton , A . , and S . Zaidi , “ Guidelines for Constructing Consumption Aggregates for Welfare Analysis . ” Living Standards Measurement Study , Working Paper no . 135 . World Bank , Washington , DC , 2002 . - Engle-Stone , R . , C . Sununtnasuk and J . L . Fiedler , “ Investigating the Significance of the Data Collection Period of Household Consumption and Expenditures Surveys for Food and Nutrition Policymaking : Analysis of the 2010 Bangladesh Household Income and 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Incident recording will be limited to the nature of the complaint ( in the complainant ’ s words ) , the survivor ' s age , and , if known , the perpetrator ' s association with the project . - The complainant will decide whether to be referred to the grievance committee and will give consent to share basic monitoring data . - The survivor ' s safety and well-being will be prioritized throughout the process . - Confidentiality of complainants , survivors , and other parties will be maintained . - A survivor-centered approach will be followed , respecting the survivor ' s choices , needs , safety , and well-being . - The mechanism will be accessible and non-discriminatory , with information provided on how to access it . - Reports from third parties ( witnesses , etc . ) will also be accepted and follow accountability protocols . # # * * 13 . 4 Labor Related GRM * * - All project workers , individual contractors , and laborers working with contractors have the right to have their complaints addressed . - The project will primarily involve Ethiopian workers , many of whom may be government civil servants subject to their existing employment terms . - Anticipated labor-related risks include OHS issues , community health and safety , GBV , discrimination , and unequal opportunities . - The project recognizes the vulnerability of target communities , labor influx , beneficiaries , and different types of workers . - The contractor will establish a GRM for workplace which will handle employment-related conflicts and GBV cases . - Project workers with complaints have the right to present them and obtain redress . - The GRM will serve direct and contracted workers , and complaints can be received anonymously through a digital system or physical options like suggestion boxes . - The redress process will follow similar procedures as other grievances , ensuring transparency , timely feedback in an understandable language , and operation in an independent and objective manner . # # * * 13 . 5 Grievance Management Mechanism During Construction Phase * * - During construction , the proponent", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 326, "text": "basic monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > n Rate — Number < br > n Incident n Civilian casualties 60 56 . 3 1 , 000 < br > — GDP growth Linear ( GDP growth ) < br > 900 < br > 2 , 000 25 < br > 50 < br > 800 < br > 41 . 0 < br > 1 , 600 20 40 37 . 1 700 < br > 34 . 3 600 < br > 1 , 200 15 30 27 . 9 26 . 4 26 . 0 500 < br > 22 . 5 21 . 3 400 < br > 800 10 20 < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > 400 5 10 < br > 100 < br > 200 0 0 0 < br > 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female < br > National Urban Rural < br > Source : Authors ’ calculation based on UNHCR and SIOCC-UNDSS data Sources : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 < br > NUMBER PERCENT < br > UNEMPLOYMENT RATE , % < br > # UNEMPLOYED , THOUSAND < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * A sharp increase in poverty has accompanied the slowdown in growth . * * Lacking any safety net system able to help households manage the economic downturn , the poverty rate increased from 36 percent in 2011 – 12 to 39 percent in 2013 – 14 . Similarly , labor market indicators deteriorated markedly , with a threefold increase in the unemployment rate over the same period . In 2013 – 14 , the national unemployment rate was 22 . 6 percent and youth unemployment was 28 percent , representing one-half million male youth unemployed , two-thirds of which were living in poor rural areas . * * High male-youth unemployment is a concern because of its potential to increase poverty and conflict . * * A growing body of literature recognizes the direct correlation", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 606, "text": "UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 611, "end": 622, "text": "SIOCC-UNDSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 669, "end": 673, "text": "ALCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Secondary Education and Skills Development Project ( P170561 ) ensure that appropriate actions are taken on the feedback received from beneficiaries . The beneficiary institutions will receive feedback on a regular basis through supervision meetings , which will include separate focus group discussions with students , separated by girls and boys . The education sector also has a wellestablished Local Education Group , which provides an opportunity for citizens , CSOs , and other stakeholders to raise education questions and issues with the Government . These feedback mechanisms will also inform the annual review of project progress and annual work plans . The citizens ’ engagement will be tracked in the results framework through the indicator which measures number of secondary education and TVET institutions that developed their school project or an SDF proposal using a community-empowered approach . 136 . * * Personal Data * * . In order to identify the beneficiaries under the project activities , it is expected that personal data , personally identifiable information and sensitive data ( including , for example , family and individual information , age , proof of enrollment of students in public secondary school , etc . ) will be collected , stored and processed . Personal data is expected to be sourced through targeting mechanisms to be created under the project and existing targeting mechanisms under the SSNP . There is no law of general application governing personal data protection in Cameroon , nor does there appear to be any health - or education-specific personal data protection law . Thus , to ensure the legitimate , appropriate and proportionate collection , storage and processing of personal data , the project will incorporate international best practices for dealing with such personal data . Such measures may include , by way of example ; ( i ) data minimization ( collecting only data that is necessary for the purpose ) ; ( ii ) data accuracy ( correct or erase data that are not necessary or are inaccurate ) ; ( iii ) use limitations ( data are only used for legitimate and related purposes ) ; ( iv ) data retention ( retain data only", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the macro CGE part and the micro module and therefore a major difficulty consists of satisfactorily mapping the sources of incomes from the CGE model to the micro model . For example , in the CGE model it is possible to clearly distinguish labor remunerations from capital earnings ; however , in the micro data , for the large group of self-employed people , incomes are a mix of labor and capital returns . For this group , an imputed wage is estimated and the remaining amount is classified as capital income ( see Annex 2 for details ) . Furthermore , the micro-simulation module defines an exogenous household income ( _Yho_ ) as all non-labor income components like transfers , imputed rents , capital remuneration , etc . This exogenous income is not modified during the simulations . Thence , although consistency between macro and micro is always pursued , the changes in capital remunerations predicted by the CGE are not reflected in the micro data . The > 11 For simplicity we only distinguish between food and non-food products . 9", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 311, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "concentration ( across producer countries ) in the exports of intermediates used by a sector . To obtain ( i ) , we calculate for each HS4 product the share of China in the product ’ s world exports in 2015 . We average this share by ISIC revision 3 broad sector ( the classification used in the inputoutput tables ) , after mapping HS4 products to broad sectors . Then , we use each country ’ s inputoutput table to construct for each given broad sector X the reliance on China as supplier of its inputs as the weighted average across all the broad sectors ’ average China share , where weights are given by the shares of inputs from each broad sector used for production of broad sector X ’ s output . To obtain ( ii ) , we calculate for each HS4 product the share of its largest exporter in the world in 2015 . Then , we use each country ’ s input-output table to construct for each given broad sector X the export concentration of its inputs as the weighted average across all the broad sectors ’ average share of the largest exporter , where weights are given by the shares of inputs from each broad sector used for production of broad sector X ’ s output . We then map these two measures at the broad sector level into the HS4 level . The resulting measures vary at the exporting country and HS4 product level . Allowing for these two dimensions of variability is important since different countries are likely to source very different inputs . Fourth , as a proxy for technology , we use product complexity defined as the weighted average of the GDP per capita of the countries that export the HS4 product , where weights are given by countries ’ revealed comparative advantage ( RCA ) index in that product following Hausmann and Hidalgo ( 2009 , 2011 ) . We compute this RCA ( Balassa ) index , the ratio between the share of an HS4 product in a country ’ s export portfolio and the share of the same product in world exports , using data from UN COMTRADE and GDP per capita data from the World Development Indicators for 2012", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 314, "text": "inputoutput tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 396, "end": 413, "text": "inputoutput table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 845, "end": 863, "text": "input-output table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1998, "end": 2026, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "earthquake : a random survey of Port-au-Prince Households ’ , _Medicine , Conflict and Survival , _ 26 : 4 , 281-297 . > 39 IBID > 40 S . Doocy C . Robinson , C . Moodie and G . Burnham . 2008 . Tsunami-related injury in Aceh Province , Indonesia . Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , USA . Global Public Health Vol . 4 , No . 2 , March 2009 > 41 IBID > 42 UNICEF Nepal Humanitarian Situation Report # 19 . Kathmandu . Available from : > http : / / www . unicef . org / appeals / files / UNICEF_Nepal_Humanitarian_SitRep_20Aug2015 . pdf . Accessed on 12th March 2016 13", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 57, "text": "random survey of Port-au-Prince Households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "included other HEIs . Since the local HEI supply is likely to affect students ’ enrollment choices , we use as instruments the availability of SC HEIs and other HEIs . # * * 3 Data * * We use individual-level administrative data on student background characteristics , high school exit exam test scores , higher education enrollment choices and trajectories , and formal labor market outcomes for the universe of high school graduates in 2005 . Individual records from the high school exit exam ( _Saber 11_ ) contain test scores for math , reading , science , physics , history , chemistry , geography , and philosophy , as well as student age , gender , and socioeconomic characteristics ( e . g . , mother ’ s education , household income level , and number of siblings ) at the time of the test . Higher education enrollment , trajectories , and completion come from the System for Dropout Prevention of Higher Education ( SPADIES , in Spanish ) . The initial sample includes the universe of Saber 11 test-takers in 2005 , restricted to those who were 14-24 years old ( 93 _ . _ 5 % of the full set of test takers ) . We further restrict the sample to students with data on all socioeconomic variables and test scores . We match this sample with higher education enrollment data from SPADIES , and set an enrollment window of five years after high school graduation . We restrict graduation to take at least two and four years for those in SC programs and bachelor ’ s programs , respectively . In addition , we restrict graduation age to the 19-30 year-old range . We remove students who enrolled in more than four programs between 2005 and 2015 ( less than one percent of students ) . Wages and formal employment for higher education graduates are available in the Labor Market Observatory for Education ( OLE , in Spanish ) for 2008-2013 . < sup > 7 < / sup > For higher education graduates , we restrict entry age in the labor market to be at least 20 years . Our datasets do not include labor market information for students who did not enroll in higher education ,", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 228, "text": "individual-level administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 473, "end": 494, "text": "high school exit exam", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1250, "end": 1295, "text": "higher education enrollment data from SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "program mean school size of 252 students in phase-3 and phase-4 schools based on data from program applications and a per-student subsidy of Rs . 300 , the bonus amount represents 6 % of the expected mean annual subsidy payment to program schools . Again , the bonuses are transferred electronically to the bank accounts of the school awardees . To date , three rounds of school bonuses have been awarded . Once schools qualify and join the FAS program , the partnership contract stipulates several conditions for maintaining benefit eligibility . The conditions that are stringently applied by PEF are ( 1 ) schooling is offered to students without charging them any tuition or fees ( and displaying this status prominently on a PEF-issued signboard outside the school gate ) and ( 2 ) participation of the program school in the QAT and that at least 66 . 67 % of the tested students score 40 % or higher on the QAT . A one-time violation of these conditions typically results in a warning and the capping of enrollment figures for the subsidy payment until the next QAT round . A second violation results in the permanent disqualification of the school with immediate effect . With the QAT-related condition , the school is permanently disqualified if it fails to achieve the minimum pass rate in the QAT in two consecutive attempts . Since the start of the program , there have been 51 schools that have been disqualified from the program due to double failure on the QAT . There are also other conditions for maintaining benefit eligibility . These include ( 1 ) registering the school with the District Registration Authority within one year of joining the program ; ( 2 ) conducting only one class in a classroom in any period ; ( 3 ) maintaining or upgrading the quality of the school ’ s physical infrastructure ( e . g . , adequate classroom space , properly-constructed rooms and buildings , sufficient ventilation , and sufficient artificial and natural light ) ; ( 4 ) adequate furniture and teaching tools ( e . g . , benches , desks , and blackboards ) ; ( 5 ) monthly reporting on enrollment figures ; ( 6 ) maximum student-teacher and studentclassroom", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 111, "text": "data from program applications", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shifts out of non ‐ tradables . This can create unemployment , and even if new jobs are created in tradable sectors , relative wages will likely change . Asset prices , including real estate prices , will likely drop sharply . Due to the overall reduction and shift of final demand , relative prices of consumption goods will also change : prices of non ‐ tradables ( for example of services ) will contract more severely than prices of tradables . Finally , a fiscal channel may also be at work as transfers from the government , which is facing shrinking oil revenues , may be under pressure . In the CGE model , the terms of trade shock is implemented as a 50 percent reduction of international oil prices < sup > 9 < / sup > and , as shown in Table 1 , this causes a reduction of consumption per capita of about 7 percent . This is a one ‐ off large welfare reduction that materializes even if production and employment do not contract . In fact , the model simulates the impact of the oil shock as moving to a new long term equilibrium with full employment of labor and physical capital . Gross domestic production marginally contracts because of a reduction in the supply of natural resource in the oil sector , but employment does not go down . It may be possible that factor markets do not adjust to this new equilibrium in the short run and unemployment can rise with additional negative impacts for GDP . However , this exercise aims at modeling the impact of the shock as if it were permanent and after the economy has fully adjusted to the new relative prices . < sup > 10 < / sup > > 9 The 50 % reduction was the one estimated at the end of 2014 . During 2015 the price of oil dropped even more , reaching 36 USD per barrel in December 2015 ( World Bank Commodity price data ) . > 10 Further below the assumption of full employment is ( partially ) relaxed and the distributional consequences of an increase in unemployment are assessed . 11", "spans": [{"start": 1756, "end": 1787, "text": "World Bank Commodity price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "translates into within-province inequality increasing from about twice higher than betweenprovince inequality in the early 2000s , to about three times higher than between-province inequality in the late 2010s . Thus , within-province inequality has become much more significant over time than between-province inequality . < sup > 6 < / sup > There were significant differences in inequality levels within the provinces ( Appendix A , Table A . 1 ) . Compared with the national average of 0 . 37 , the Gini index was greater than 0 . 40 in Lao Cai , Dien Bien , and Lai Chau in the northern mountain region . In 2020 , these provinces still had some of the remarkably high poverty rates ( Lao Cai : 21 . 5 % , Dien Bien 46 % and Lai Chau : 36 % ) . Inequality and poverty levels were similarly high in the central highlands region ( e . g . , Kom Tum and Gia Lai had Gini values of 0 . 41 and 0 . 39 and poverty rates of 17 % and 27 % respectively ) . On the other hand , inequality was lower in Mekong River delta with a Gini index of about 0 . 31 in Long An and Tien Giang ( where poverty rates hover around 1 % ) and 0 . 28 in Hung Yen and Thai Binh in the Red river delta ( where poverty rates range around 1 % ) . Finally , we also show in Table 1 the estimates of three Foster-Greer-Thorbecke _ ( _ FGT ) indices of poverty ( Foster _et al . _ , 1984 ) . The poverty rate ( i . e . , the headcount ratio ) measures the incidence or the proportion of the poor in the population , the poverty gap measures the depth of poverty ( i . e . , the average income shortfall of the poor ) , whereas the poverty severity index ( i . e . , the squared poverty gap ) takes into account inequality of the income distribution among the poor . All three measures are estimated using the national ( expenditure-based ) poverty line as well as the World Bank ’ s PPP $ 3 . 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) # * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # # * * A . Country Context * * 1 . * * Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) pandemic , Kenya had achieved strong development gains , becoming a lower-middle-income country , reducing poverty , and building its human capital . * * Kenya had a population of 47 . 5 million ( 2019 ) and a per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of US $ 1 , 879 ( World Development Indicators ( WDI ) , 2020 ) . Its relatively diversified economy posted strong , sustained growth , lifting real GDP by an annual average of 5 . 0 percent from 2010-19 . Poverty rates have declined ; the share of the population living below the national poverty line fell from 46 . 8 percent in 2005 / 06 to 36 . 1 percent in 2015 / 16 . The country ’ s ranking in the World Bank ’ s Human Capital Index ( HCI , 2020 ) places Kenya third in Sub-Saharan Africa , after Seychelles and Mauritius , reflecting significant investments in health care and basic education . 2 . * * The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the economy and increased poverty , although a significant albeit uneven recovery is underway . * * Real GDP contracted by 0 . 3 percent in 2020 , down sharply from 5 . 0 percent in 2019 , due to a severe slump in the second quarter when the worst of the pandemic ’ s economic effects were felt . School closures , restrictions on movement , bans on social gatherings , and limitations on economic activities have hit Kenya ’ s socioeconomic life , creating negative consequences such as income losses and increased food insecurity . According to the Kenya Economic Update , June 2021 , COVID-19 has removed the last decade of progress on poverty reduction , increasing poverty by 8 percentage points , or an additional 3 . 5 million poor . The pandemic", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 499, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 873, "end": 892, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > Children 5-17 Children 5-17 Children 5-17 < br > Abia Anambra Ebonyi Enugu Imo Akwa Ibom Bayelsa Cross River Ekiti Lagos Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . 49", "spans": [{"start": 306, "end": 310, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Re < br > tio | quest for Quota < br > ns | Limited - | National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | | | 2025-04-24 | 20 | 25-06-05 | | | | | | 2025-05-22 | 2025-08 | - 01 < br > 2025-06 - | 05 < br > 2 | 025-11-10 | | ET-MOA-502779-GO-RFQ / S < br > afety field materials for NPCU < br > staff ( First aid kit , Raincoat , s < br > afety shoes , sleeping bag , et < br > c . ) < br > TF / B8450 | Project Management and Re < br > porting | Post < br > Re < br > tio | quest for Quota < br > ns | Limited - | National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 7 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | | | 2025-07-26 | 20 | 25-07-23 | | | | | | 2025-08-23 | 2025-08 | - 01 < br > 2025-09 - | 13 < br > 2 | 025-08-05 | | ET-MOA-516267-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > ocurement of 150 tablets for < br > 47 RLLP-II woredas data colle < br > ction purpose based on the a < br > pproved AWBP component 2 . < br > TF / B5341 | Investing in Institutions and I < br > nformation for Resilience | Post < br > Re < br > tio | quest for Quota < br > ns | Limited - | National", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 656 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0454 ) | ( 0 . 0466 ) | ( 0 . 0548 ) | ( 0 . 0507 ) | ( 0 . 0491 ) | ( 0 . 0510 ) | | Observations | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | Note : This chart is based on answers to question 8 , 10 , 13 , 29 and 30 in Appendix B . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent critical level . Standard errors in parentheses . 43", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 4 Crop production * * < mark > Although the subproject affected households owned relatively small size of farmland , they grow different types of annual and perennial crops on their farmland . In fact , all the area along the Subproject corridor are well known for production of khat crop which is the most valuable cash crop in the area . The farming households within the Subproject influence area are also among the hardest working people effectively practicing intercropping . Based on the socioeconomic and census survey , households in Subproject impact corridor grows cereal crops like sorghum and maize mainly for household consumption as well as growing khat crops targeting market . Therefore , the farming households commonly grow more than one type of crop in the limited farmland size they owned . For instance , among 178 PAHs whose farmland will be impacted by the proposed subproject components , sorghum is grown by 67 . 6 % of the PAHs , while maize and khat is reported to be grown by 36 . 9 % and 22 . 7 % of Subproject affected households respectively on the farmland identified to be < / mark > impacted by the subproject component . ( Tower Pads and Substation ) . < mark > Crop production is not always an easy task in Subproject influence area because shortage of farmland and land fragmentation is seriously challenging the farming household capacity of crop production . In addition , recurrent drought , crop diseases and flood are also among reported constraints that farming HHs in Subproject impact areas faces with crop production . < / mark > # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 5 Livestock Ownership and Production * * < mark > With regard to livestock ownership and production within the Subproject influence Kebeles , the socioeconomic sample survey finding revealed that 85 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 671, "end": 702, "text": "socioeconomic and census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1923, "end": 1950, "text": "socioeconomic sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "results are in Table 3 . There is indeed a bias when calculating the welfare effects with aggregated data . The size and direction of the aggregation bias calculated by comparing measures derived from aggregated data ( presented in Table 3 ) instead of disaggregated data ( presented in Table 2 ) , are summarized in Table 4 . At the developing world level , for instance , the welfare gains would be 2 . 39 % , instead of the 2 . 50 % obtained when we use disaggregated data ; using aggregate data thus leads to an underestimation of the average gains across countries by approximately 4 percentage points . For individual countries the biases are much larger and can be positive ( in 25 countries ) or negative ( 29 countries ) . The average absolute difference between average gains estimated using aggregated vs disaggregated data is 0 . 75 percentage points , or approximately 30 percent of the average gains from trade across countries . In the Central African Republic , Pakistan , Indonesia , or the Republic of Yemen , the welfare gains using aggregate data are roughly half of the estimates using disaggregated data . More extreme differences appear when we inspect countries with positive biases . In Cambodia and Ethiopia , the welfare gains are overestimated by a factor of 9 or 4 , respectively . There are many instances where the estimates are biased by a factor of close to or above 2 ( Burkina Faso , Cambodia , Ethiopia , Guinea-Bissau , Madagascar , Niger ) . Using more aggregated data also gives different estimates of the distributional impacts of the gains from trade . Using the aggregated data trade policy is estimated to be pro-rich in 29 of the 54 countries , whereas it is estimated to be pro-rich in 23 of the 54 countries when using disaggregated data . More aggregated data tend to underestimate the gains accruing to rich households slightly more than they underestimate the gains accruing to poor households . We now turn to examining product heterogeneity in the welfare effects . This is the heterogeneity that arises when we decompose the gains from trade into the consumption and income effects and , fundamentally , into disaggregated effects across goods", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 105, "text": "aggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 457, "end": 475, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 484, "end": 498, "text": "aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Lebanon | Quarterly | Q4 2019 | n / a | n / a | only census | 2018-2019 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Libya | Annually | 2014 | n / a | n / a | Labor force < br > survey | 2013 | | Morocco | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | | Oman | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | n / a | n / a | Annually | 2020 | | Qatar | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | Monthly | November 2021 | Quarterly | Q2 2021 | | Saudi Arabia | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | Monthly | November 2021 | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | | Syrian Arab Republic | Annually | 2019 | n / a | n / a | Annually | 2019 | | Tunisia | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | Monthly | September 2021 | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | | United Arab Emirates | Quarterly | Q2 2020 | n / a | n / a | Annually | 2020 | | West Bank and Gaza | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | Monthly | November 2021 | Quarterly | Q3 2021 | | Yemen , Rep . | Annually | 2017 | n / a | n / a | only census | 2013 | | * * MENA Total : 19 * * | * * Quarterly : * * < br > * * 15 / 19 * * | | * * Monthly or * * < br > * * Quarterly : * * < br > * * 10 / 19 * * | | * * Quarterly : * * < br > * * 8 / 19 * * | | | * * Mexico * * | * * Quarterly * * | * * Q3 2021 * * | * * Monthly * * | * * October 2021 * * | * * Monthly * * | * * November * * < br > * * 2021 * * | Source : Gatti et", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While IRT might not be a reliable approach when there is limited item-by-item overlap , we conduct a few robustness tests where overlap is larger . We compare our results to the Linking International Comparative Student Assessment ( LINCS ) project which uses IRT methods and has significant overlap in items for a subset of international studies focused on reading at primary school from 1970 onwards ( Strietholt , 2014 ; Strietholt and Rosén , 2016 ) . If our expanded HLO database can produce similar results to original scores and IRT methods where there is overlap , we gain confidence in our results as well as an expanded dataset . We note that while mean scores might vary by linking methods , and should be caveated appropriately , ranks and relative performance are relatively robust . While Sandefur ( 2016 ) finds large variation on mean scores depending on the equating method chosen , the Spearman rank correlations of the country averages are . 97 or higher . In building globally comparable education quality estimates , we rely on classical test theory ( Holland and Hosken , 2003 ) . Suppose that a population of pupils , sampled from the target population T , takes two different assessments X and Y . Here , we suppose that any differences in the score distributions on X and Y can be attributed entirely to the assessments themselves , since group ability is assumed to be constant . The goal of linking is to summarize the difference in difficulty between two tests X and Y . We would like to link test X , the Anchored Test , to the scale of test Y , the Reference Test . For example , if we want to link PISA 2003 to TIMSS 2003 , PISA 2003 is the Anchored Test X while TIMSS 2003 is the Reference Test Y . Our main estimation method is ratio linking . To conduct ratio linking we index the difference in means in the Anchored Test X and Reference Test Y as follows : where 푙푖푛푘푖푛푔푌푝푙 ( 푋 ) is the equation for converting observed scores on Anchored Test X to the scale of Reference Test Y . A limitation of this methodology is that it is sensitive to the scale", "spans": [{"start": 472, "end": 484, "text": "HLO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "migration to South African mines and the economic consequences for neighboring laborsupplying countries . For each economy , equations are estimated for migration to the mines , domestic crop production , cattle accumulation , and estate labor . It is found that , in the sending economies , domestic crop production ( i . e . production in rural areas ) is negatively affected by the withdrawal of labor ( in the _short run_ ) , but positively affected by investments remitted by migrants ( in the _long run_ ) . This conclusion is confirmed by the work of Rozelle , Taylor and DeBrauw ( 1999 ) on a sample of farm households in the northeast of China in the Hebei and Liaoning provinces . They find that migration involves labor lost _initially_ which depresses yields , but that access to capital through migration-induced remittances increases yields _eventually_ . The short run versus long-run distinction is important for analyzing the impact of migration on production in the place of origin . # * * Consequences for human capital and growth at the place of origin * * Migration can have a negative effect on the local stock of human capital by removing individuals with particular skills , or it can have a positive affect by stimulating investment in the acquisition of human capital by potential migrants ( Stark and Wang , 2002 ) . These two effects can act in opposite directions so that the overall effect is a matter of empirical investigation . The idea of a ‘ beneficial brain drain ’ in which migration prospects induce investment in human capital has been studied in the case of international migration by Beine , Docquier and Rapoport ( 2001 ) using aggregate crosssection data for a set of developing countries . In order to control for the endogeneity of migration , the authors simultaneously estimate country-specific migration rates , investments in human capital and the growth rate of the national economy , using the expost migration rate as a proxy for the ex-ante probability to migrate . The results indicate that migration prospects play an important role in education decisions , but given the use of aggregate cross-section data the results should be considered only suggestive at this stage . 41", "spans": [{"start": 1670, "end": 1697, "text": "aggregate crosssection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2134, "end": 2162, "text": "aggregate cross-section data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 Graphique 1 : Evolution du nombre de PDIs de septembre 2012 à décembre 2020 Les années 2018 , 2019 et 2020 ont été marqués par la recrudescence des violences dans les régions du Centre et du Nord . Suite à ces violences nous avons assisté à une forte augmentation du nombre de PDIs . De 38 172 PDIs identifiées en décembre 2017 , le nombre de personnes déplacées internes dans le pays est estimé désormais à * * 332 957 * * individus . Ainsi du 1 < sup > er < / sup > janvier 2018 au 31 décembre 2020 , une augmentation de 294 785 personnes déplacées internes a été constatée , suite à la dégradation de la situation sécuritaire au Centre et au Nord du pays . Tableau II : Evolution des chiffres par rapport à octobre 2020 . | * * Réi * * | * * Octobre 2020 * * | * * Décembre 2020 * * | * * Ecart * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * gon * * | | | | | | * * Individus * * | * * Individus * * | * * Individus * * | | Bamako | 4 102 | 4 133 | 31 | | Gao | 63 315 | 69 984 | 6669 | | Kayes | 2 586 | 2 574 | - 12 | | Kidal | 890 | 890 | 0 | | Koulikoro | 3 553 | 3 140 | - 413 | | Ménaka | 21 144 | 22 429 | 1285 | | Mopti | 131 150 | 137 845 | 6695 | | Ségou | 35 336", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "grade . We find small differences . Occasionally , we see slightly larger differences , however , in all instances the effect sizes fall within the confidence interval . This sensitivity analysis increases our confidence that the EGRA data is robust to data availability biases by grade . Figure 3 . 0 : < ! - - Start of picture text - - > EGRA Coefficients < br > Grade Effects , Nationally Representative < br > - 100 - 50 0 50 100 < br > Coefficients < br > Effects , All Grades Effects , Grade-Fixed < br > Country-Year Dummies < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Overall , our inclusion of EGRA enables us to include over 48 countries with at least one data point in the last ten years . Moreover , it paves the way for inclusion of non-traditional assessments through careful choice of testing regime , indicators , language considerations , grade-level participation , and score scaling . Below we show sensitivity to this exercise comparing HLO scores when derived using EGRA versus PIRLS , an ISAT with scores produced using IRT . Since both assessments are conducted in reading at primary level , we can compare scores and expect similar results . We do this for countries that participate in both EGRA and PIRLS from 2000 onwards and take the average . This will be biased by data availability by year , for example , if Egypt participated in EGRA in 2013 and PIRLS in 2016 . However , it gives us an indication of whether HLOs are reasonable when derived from EGRA . Figure 4 . 0 reveals that scores are roughly similar , within 5-28 points of one another . Moreover , we see that ranks are preserved : Honduras outperforms Macedonia , followed by Indonesia , then by Egypt . 7", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 239, "text": "EGRA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Mahmud , M . and E . Riley ( 2021 ) . Household response to an extreme shock : Evidence on the immediate impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on economic outcomes and well-being in rural Uganda . _World Development 140_ , 105318 . - Malawi National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( Government of Malawi ) ( 2020 ) . Malawi - Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : MWI_2019_IHS-V_v05_M . Dataset downloaded from ` https : / / doi . org / 10 . 48529 / yqn3-zv74 ` . - Malawi National Statistical Office ( NSO ) ( Government of Malawi ) ( 2022 ) . Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey 2020-2022 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : MWI_2020_HFPS_v13_M . Dataset downloaded from ` https : / / doi . org / 10 . 48529 / q6pt-dk67 ` . - Mathieu , E . , H . Ritchie , L . Rodés-Guirao , C . Appel , C . Giattino , J . Hasell , B . Macdonald , S . Dattani , D . Beltekian , E . Ortiz-Ospina , and M . Roser ( 2020 ) . Coronavirus pandemic ( COVID-19 ) . Our World in Data . https : / / ourworldindata . org / coronavirus . - McKenzie , D . ( 2012 ) . Beyond baseline and follow-up : The case for more T in experiments . _Journal of Development Economics 99_ ( 2 ) , 210 – 21 . - Michler , J . D . and A . L . Josephson ( 2017 ) . To specialize or diversify : Agricultural diversity and poverty dynamics in Ethiopia . _World Development 89_ , 214 – 226 . - Mottaleb , K . A . , S . Mohanty , and A . K . Mishra ( 2015 , February ) . Intra-Household Resource Allocation under Negative Income Shock : A Natural Experiment . _World Development 66_ , 557 – 571 . - Mulwa , C . K . and M . Visser ( 2020 ) . Farm diversification as an adaptation strategy to climatic shocks and implications for food security in northern Namibia . _World Development 129_ , 104906 . - National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) ( 2019", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 351, "text": "Fifth Integrated Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 581, "end": 608, "text": "High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 964, "end": 981, "text": "Our World in Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Article 14 . 2 a ) : the right to adequate , affordable health services at reasonable distances , including information , education and communication programs for women , especially those living in rural areas - Article 14 . 2 c ) : the right to safe abortion in cases of sexual assault , rape , incest and when the pregnancy endangers the mental and physical health of the mother or the life of the mother or the fetus - Article 15 . 1 . b ) of international Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) states that every individual must benefit from scientific progress and its applications . Women see themselves denied the right to benefit from the fruits of this progress as soon as they are denied the means to interrupt an unwanted pregnancy safely , using effective modern services - Article 5 of the African Charter prohibits cruel , inhuman and degrading treatments , a prohibition reiterated in Article 4 of the Protocol . State parties must ensure that women are not treated in an inhumane , cruel or degrading manner when they seek to benefit from reproductive health services such as contraception / family planning services or safe abortion care , where provided by national law and Specific obligations of the State # # * * Context of the GBV Situation in Ethiopia * * Ethiopia is the second most populated country in Africa with a total population of 112 million and a 2 . 4 % growth rate in 2019 < sup > 5 < / sup > showing substantial demographic and spatial transitions which results in large projected increases of working-age population and rural-to-urban migration . The labor force and migration survey reveals that unemployed people in the country have an unemployment rate of 8 . 0 percent . In terms of sex , female unemployment rate is 11 . 7 percent ) is more than double the male ( 5 . 0 percent ) at national level < sup > 6 < / sup > . Gender-Based Violence ( GBV ) is a key concern within the communities affected by different emergencies in Ethiopia including conflicts", "spans": [{"start": 1612, "end": 1644, "text": "labor force and migration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * ISIE , Instance Sup ́ erieure Ind ́ ependante pour les Elections * * , “ R ́ esultats finaux par circonscription pour les ́ elections l ́ egislatives 2014 , ” ` https : / / bit . ly / 30AEnQ5 ` 2015 . Accessed : 2021-09-20 . - * * Jayakumar , Shashi and Cameron Sumpter * * , “ Southeast Asian Fighters from Islamic State Leaks , ” _Perspectives on Terrorism_ , 2019 , _13_ ( 6 ) , 58 – 72 . - * * King , Gary , Jennifer Pan , and Margaret E . Roberts * * , “ How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction , Not Engaged Argument , ” _American Political Science Review_ , 2017 , _111_ ( 3 ) , 484 – 501 . - * * Kleibergen , Frank and Richard Paap * * , “ Generalized Reduced Rank Rests Using the Singular Value Decomposition , ” _Journal of Econometrics_ , 2006 , _133_ ( 1 ) , 97 – 126 . - * * Krueger , Alan and David Laitin * * , “ Kto Kogo ? : A Cross-country Study of the Origins and Targets of Terrorism , ” in Philip Keefer and Norman Loayza , eds . , _Terrorism , Economic Development , and Political Openness_ , 01 2008 , pp . 148 – 173 . - * * and Jitka Maleˇckov ́ a * * , “ Education , Poverty and Terrorism : Is There a Causal Connec - - tion ? , ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , 2003 , _17_ ( 4 ) , 119 – 144 . - * * Li , Quan and Drew Schaub * * , “ Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism : A pooled Time-Series Analysis , ” _Journal of Conflict Resolution_ , 2004 , _48_ ( 2 ) , 230 – 258 . - * * Li , Xuecao , Yuyu Zhou , Min Zhao , and Xia Zhao * * , “ A Harmonized Global Nighttime Light Dataset 1992 – 2018 , ” _Scientific Data_ , 2020 , _7_ ( 168 ) . - * * Litan , Robert and Alice Rivlin * * , “ Projecting the Economic Impact of the Internet", "spans": [{"start": 1533, "end": 1574, "text": "Harmonized Global Nighttime Light Dataset", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accrue to them under two different assumptions about the pass-through from food prices to agricultural wages . Third , we attempt to shed light on the magnitude and effectiveness of the social policy response of the Brazilian government , in terms of the extent to which it helped mitigate the price increases . And fourth , we present the estimates for each of these effects – the expenditure effect , the market income effect and the transfer income effect – in a distributionally disaggregated way , by means of “ price change incidence curves ” , which are analogous to the growth incidence curves of Ravallion and Chen ( 2003 ) . These curves depict each individual effect , as well as the net effect , for each percentile of the income distribution . They are computed and presented separately for the large urban areas where the prices are collected , for rural areas , and for the country as a whole . From the 5 The staples considered are beef , dairy , maize , poultry , rice , sugar , and wheat .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "infrastructure . In fact , there is a lot of useful institutional information on the forms of decentralization around the world and on the various ways that subnational governments organize themselves to finance and deliver local public services ( see , for instance , Serageldin and others 2000 ) . But there is not much empirical evidence on the relative efficiency of the various delivery modes and types for infrastructure , especially in developing countries ( see Shah and others 2004 for a recent survey ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > In a volume of background papers to the World Bank ’ s _World Development Report 1994_ , on infrastructure , Estache ( 1995 ) started this line of empirical research on the levels and effects of infrastructure decentralization . In that volume , Estache and Sinha ( 1995 ) show that for a sample of 10 industrial and 10 developing countries , decentralization tends to increase total and subnational spending on infrastructure much more in developing than in industrial countries . This different response has been confirmed by other empirical studies ( again , see Shah and others 2004 for a survey ) . Similarly , the increased demand for infrastructure services caused by decentralization has been confirmed by Faguet ( 2003 ) . He shows that in Bolivia decentralization has led to rerankings of investment programs in favor of agriculture , education , and water and sanitation . > 17 The original baseline poverty estimates used for the MDGs were based on income and consumption distribution surveys for 44 countries containing 71 percent of the population in 1990 ( Ghaiha 2003 ) . These countries accounted for about a quarter of those considered to be developing . Ghaiha also documents the many sources of data and their inconsistencies . > 18 There is a large public administration literature documenting the impacts of various forms of public service decentralization in developing countries . There is also quite a bit of analysis of decentralized health and education services , recently reviewed in the World Bank ’ s _World Development Report 2003_ .", "spans": [{"start": 1497, "end": 1540, "text": "income and consumption distribution surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "clearly too large to be a true measure of income volatility . It seems informative to compare our estimates of the permanent component of income risk , _σ_ < sup > 2 < / sup > _ε_ < sup > , with the estimates obtained by the extensive empirical literature on U . S . labor market risk < / sup > using annual income data drawn from the PSID . Most of these studies find an average value of around _ . _ 0225 for the annual variance _σε_ < sup > 2 ( Carroll and Samwick ( 1997 ) , Gourinchas and Parker < / sup > ( 2002 ) , Hubbard , Skinner and Zeldes ( 1994 ) , and Storesletten , Telmer and Yaron ( 2004 ) ) , with a value of _σε_ < sup > 2 = < / sup > < sup > _ . _0324beingtheupperbound ( MeghirandPistaferri , 2004 ) . Assuming < / sup > that these income shocks are i . i . d . over time ( the maintained random walk assumption ) , this means that these studies have found a quarterly variance of _σε_ < sup > 2 = < / sup > < sup > _ . _0056 , withonestudy < / sup > estimating _σε_ < sup > 2 = < / sup > < sup > _ . _008 . Thus , theaveragevalueofourestimatesofpermanentincomerisk < / sup > is in line with the estimates that have been obtained by the previous literature on U . S . labor market risk , although our estimates lie somewhat on the high end . Notice that our estimates are obtained using a five-quarter rotating panel , whereas Carroll and Samwick ( 1997 ) , Gourinchas and Parker ( 2002 ) , Hubbard , Skinner and Zeldes ( 1994 ) , Meghir and Pistaferri ( 2004 ) , and Storesletten , Telmer and Yaron ( 2004 ) use the PSID data with a panel dimension of many years . Thus , as long as Mexican workers face similar amounts of permanent labor income risk as U . S . workers ( or more ) , this result suggests that most income shocks we label “ permanent ” in this paper indeed persist for", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 319, "text": "annual income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 335, "end": 339, "text": "PSID", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1538, "end": 1547, "text": "PSID data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While 37 % of listed properties inside blocks have title , 83 % of those without a title inside blocks ( and 81 % overall ) are interested in acquiring a title and 96 % ( 95 % overall ) are willing to pay ZMK 300 per ha ( ZMK 226 / ha overall ) , an amount that would be sufficient to cover the costs of efficient provision . Although acquiring title should be much easier within blocks as no conversion to state land is required , demand and willingness to pay for such documents are , if anything , higher inside blocks than the immediate vicinity . This may suggest binding supply side constraints to accessing title beyond land conversion in line < mark > with studies suggesting that farm blocks often fail to offer higher levels of tenure security or marketability of land , thus not meeting the expectations placed on them ( Middelberg < / mark > _ < mark > et al . < / mark > _ < mark > 2020 ) . < / mark > # * * 3 . 3 Evidence from the farm performance survey * * Table 4 provides descriptive evidence for the total of about 3 , 000 owned ( panel A ) and 2 , 700 owned and operated parcels ( panel B ) used in the regression analysis . Figures are reported for the entire sample ( col . 1 ) and parcels with title ( col . 2 ) , chief certificate ( col . 3 ) , without a document ( col . 4 ) and for medium scale ( ≤ 20 ha ) and large ( > 20 ha ) farms ( cols . 5 and 6 ) separately . Parcels with title are larger than those without ( 28 ha vs . 12 ha ) and that more than two thirds of documents ( 69 % of titles and 74 % of chief certificates ) are issued exclusively in the name of men with 8 % joint and the remainder in the name of women only . While perceived risk of conflict is , with 2 % negligible , levels of perceived transferability are also very low ; with 30 % , the share of parcels", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 968, "text": "farm performance survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 59 . 03 % 30 . 00 % < br > 80 . 00 % 40 . 00 % 40 . 00 % < br > 60 . 00 % 30 . 00 % 30 . 00 % < br > 40 . 00 % 5 . 23 % 0 . 61 % 0 . 34 % 4 . 11 % 8 . 68 % 1 . 85 % 20 . 00 % 0 . 12 % 0 . 04 % 0 . 06 % 0 . 12 % 0 . 01 % 0 . 10 % 20 . 00 % 2 . 10 % 0 . 00 % 4 . 10 % 1 . 00 % 2 . 60 % 1 . 60 % < br > 20 . 00 % 10 . 00 % 10 . 00 % < br > 0 . 00 % 0 . 00 % 0 . 00 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > - * * _Chinese firms tend to be wholly Chinese owned . They are relatively small in size . They mainly complete with firms from other emerging economies of similar size and sector interest . _ * * Figure 8 based on the six countries ’ data show that Chinese investments are mostly wholly Chinese owned , with only a small percentage forming joint ventures with local or other foreign business partners . * * Figure 8 : Ownership Structure of Chinese Investment Projects * * 14", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 649, "text": "six countries ’ data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9676 # * * Abstract * * Several developing countries are currently implementing phone surveys in response to immediate data needs to monitor the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 . However , phone surveys are often subject to coverage and non-response bias that can compromise the representativeness of the sample and the external validity of the estimates obtained from the survey . Using data from high-frequency phone surveys in Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria , and Uganda , this study investigates the magnitude and source of biases present in these four surveys and explores the effectiveness of techniques applied to reduce bias . Varying levels of coverage and non-response bias are found in all four countries . The successfully contacted samples in these four countries were biased toward wealthier households with higher living standards . Left unaddressed , this bias would result in biased estimates from the interviewed sample that do not fully reflect the situation of poorer households in the country . However , phone survey biases can be substantially reduced by applying survey weight adjustments using information from the representative survey from which the sample is drawn . Applying these methods to the four surveys resulted in a substantial reduction in bias , although the bias was not fully eradicated . This highlights one of the potential advantages of drawing phone survey samples from existing face-to-face , representative surveys over random digit dialing or using lists from telecom providers where such adjustment methods can be more limited . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at kmcgee @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 457, "text": "high-frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1168, "end": 1189, "text": "representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) . The HBS is a nationally representative sample of 22 , 178 households sampled between May 2000 and June 2001 . The HBS is a much richer survey than the census , containing information on a wide range of outcomes including demographics , education , health status , and ownership of durable assets . The detail of the HBS allows the construction of a rigorous consumption aggregate , but the survey is not representative at the district , let alone ward , level . Log per capita household consumption can be modeled in the HBS sample using variables that exist in both datasets and then the parameter estimates can be used to simulate per capita consumption for each household in the census . 7", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 735, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Dinar , Shlomi , De Stefano , Lucia , Blankespoor , Brian , Katz , David . 2011 . Climate Change and State Grievances : A Global Analysis of the Resilience of International River Treaties to Increased Water Variability . Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Congress , Montreal , Canada , March 16-19 . Dombrowski , Ines . 2007 . _Conflict , Cooperation , and Institutions in International Water Management_ . Cheltenham , UK : Edward Elgar . Drieschova , A . , M . Giordano , and I . Fischhendler . 2008 . ― Governance mechanisms to address flow variability in water treaties , ‖ _Global Environmental Change_ , 18 : 285 – 295 . - Drieschova , Alena and Itay Fischhendler . 2011 . ― Toolkit : Mechanisms to Reduce Uncertainty in International Water Treaties , ‖ _CLICO Report_ , Hebrew University of Jerusalem . - Drury , A . Cooper , and Richard Stuart Olson . 1998 . ― Disasters and Political Unrest : An Empirical Investigation , ‖ _Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management_ , 6 ( 3 ) : 153 – 161 . - Farquharson F . , Meigh J . , and Sutcliffe J . 1992 . ― Regional flood frequency analysis in arid and semi-arid areas , ‖ _Journal of Hydrolology_ , 138 : 487 – 501 . Fekete , Balázs M . , Charles J . Vörösmarty , John O . Roads , and Cort J . Willmott . 2004 . ― Uncertainties in Precipitation and Their Impacts on Runoff Estimates , ‖ _Journal of Climate_ , 17 ( 2 ) : 294-304 . Food and Agricultural Organization . 2006 . The Africa Dams Database . < u > http : / / www . fao . org / geonetwork / srv / en / metadata . show ? id = 38077 < / u > Gerlak , Andrea and Keith Grant . 2009 . The Correlates of Cooperative Institutions for International Rivers . In : Thomas Volgy , Zlatko Šabič , Petra Roter , and Andrea Gerlak , A . ( Ed . ) : Mapping the New World Order , Oxford : Wiley Blackwell . Gleditsch , Nils Petter , Kathryn Furlong , Havard Hegre , Bethany Lacina , and Taylor", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "At the upstream service provider level , the hypotheses to be tested are : _H3 : The presence of competition-related pressure is the most significant factor associated with the development of innovative road freight service offerings . _ The analysis will attempt to distinguish the relative importance of different sets of factors in affecting the provision of innovative business services , in particular the most appropriate measure of intensity of product-level competition relative to other factors such as access to finance . _H4 : Larger , internationally-connected service providers are more able to offer or respond to innovative business user requests than smaller , locally-based enterprises . _ The analysis will try to disentangle the relative importance of foreign ownership , enterprise size ( only large providers , mix of large and small ) , the legacy of state ownership , provision of exclusively local , nation-wide and / or international haulage services , and factors such as technology and timing ( older firms benefiting from first mover advantages versus recent entrants ) in stimulating user-related innovation . # * * 3 . The enterprise-based surveys and data description * * The survey instruments were implemented in summer 2000 and during the subsequent months to complete all sectoral quotas . The surveys are cross section , though they ask detailed questions not only about the latest full calendar year ( end 1999 ) but also often comparable values for 1997 to allow calculation of changes over three years . By sampling design , the objective was to administer the provider questionnaire to 50 road freight logistics providers in each of the Czech Republic and Hungary and to 60 providers in Poland as the largest economy of the three , with quotas to randomly select an appropriate number of enterprises in each size category to roughly match corresponding population ratios . < sup > 6 < / sup > The only other deviation from full randomization was a requirement to try to include a minimum number of foreign-owned enterprises ( company ’ s or mother company ’ s headquarters located in another country ) for each of the industrial sectors , in order that a sufficient number of enterprises with linkages to international best practices be represented . < sup > 7 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1153, "end": 1177, "text": "enterprise-based surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "28 country ’ s history . < sup > 46 < / sup > Furthermore , since we run separate regressions for female and male workers , the cohort FE are gender-specific . See Web Appx . Section H for details . < sup > 47 < / sup > Differences in the returns to experience are preserved if we include 10 industry FE and / or 10 occupation FE ( Web Appx . Table A . 6 ) . < sup > 48 < / sup > For the returns to education , the occupation FE disproportionately reduce the returns for women in richer nations , which might indicate selection . At the same time , the ability to enter better ( i . e . , higherreturn ) occupations is part of the returns to education . In addition , overall patterns in the returns remain , and our simulation results should be largely unaffected . < sup > 49 < / sup > A related concern is whether there are differences in self-employment between men and women , as there could be issues with how self-employed individuals calculate and self-report the amount of salary taken from the business . Using the I2D2 data , we find that women are globally less self-employed : The self-employment rate is 36 , 18 and 6 % for women in the LICs , MICs and HICs , respectively , vs . 44 , 33 and 13 % for men . If the salary of self-employed individuals includes some of the returns to capital , we may overestimate the returns to experience of men , and the gender gap in the returns . However , the returns are similar when excluding the self-employed ( Web Appx . Table A . 6 ) . Since women are more likely to be selected in contexts where they work less , Web Appx . Table A . 6 shows that differences in the returns are preserved if we drop country-year-samples with disproportionately high non-employment rates for women , in particular samples with rates above the median ( 54 % , which is also the mean ) or 25th percentile ( 44 % ) in the sample . < sup > 50 < / sup > Alternatively , we drop", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1034, "text": "I2D2 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : Eberhard and others 2009 . Derived from AICD electricity database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data # # * * Achievements * * Despite high tariffs , revenue collection ratios for Liberia ’ s power utility are very high at 93 percent ( table 8 ) . This can largely be attributed to the practice of charging for power up front , one month ahead of actual consumption . By comparison , the utility only collected 50 percent of billed revenues prior to the war . The power utility also seems to be performing relatively well in terms of distribution losses . System 17", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 74, "text": "AICD electricity database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "variables ( IV ) method and takes advantage of the historical data on slavery at the tribe level and the literature on the cultural heritage of trust . The slavery data are from Nunn ( 2008a ) and Nunn and Wantchecon ( 2011 ) who document the number of slaves exported by the ethnic groups during both the transatlantic and the Indian Ocean slave trade . I first match these historical data with the ethnic group of each respondent in the WVS . Then , following Nunn and Wantchecon ( 2011 ) I build a variable cap1", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 77, "text": "historical data on slavery", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 156, "end": 168, "text": "slavery data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Each EA was assigned to a specific enumerator . P12F < sup > 13 < / sup > As noted above , the fieldwork ran for 12 months . During the first month , all sampled households were visited for the first time . In this first visit , the enumerators administered a light multi-topic questionnaire to all sampled households in a given EA , collecting basic information on household demographics , economic activities , dwelling attributes , farm and durable asset ownership , along with detailed information on all gardens and ( within-garden ) plots owned and / or cultivated . P13F < sup > 14 < / sup > These questionnaire modules did not vary by survey treatment , and were based on the comparable Malawi Integrated Household Survey ( IHS ) questionnaire modules . In addition , irrespective of the survey treatment , the enumerator obtained the plot areas and the outlines for the cassava plots cultivated by the CVIP households , using a handheld Garmin eTrex 30 GPS unit . P14F < sup > 15 < / sup > The respondent reported the area of each cassava plot , P15F < sup > 16 < / sup > and irrespective of the survey treatment , one cassava plot was selected at random in each household for crop cutting , as explained in section 3 . 2 . During the first visit , the enumerator also laid down a 5x5m crop cutting sub-plot , following a strict randomization protocol , on the selected plot in each household . P16F < sup > 17 < / sup > # * * 3 . 1 . Survey Treatments * * CVIP implemented two diary - and two recall-based survey treatments . The enumerators scheduled visits to the CVIP households in strict observance of the requirements of each survey treatment arm ( in terms of timing and frequency ) . P17F < sup > 18 < / sup > For all questions regarding agriculture and cassava migration and the respondent died in 2 1-member households . There was no other loss of sampled households due to refusal and all diary households kept their diaries for as long as they had cassava standing on their plots during the fieldwork period . 13 The experiment used", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 729, "text": "Malawi Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > of < br > other < br > forms < br > of < br > registration apart from certificates < br > offered by MSEA e . g . , socio-cultural < br > groups . | MSE < br > Association | Migration of Social Services Data < br > to the MSEA Database is on - < br > going . | | * * 10 . * * | Political interference was identified as a < br > risk in the implementation of the < br > project . | MSE < br > Association | Need for continuous sensitization < br > and awareness creation among < br > subgroups < br > to < br > guard < br > against < br > political interference which can < br > easily derail the project . | | * * 11 . * * | It was noted that Government has made < br > concerted efforts to put in place robust < br > policies and legal frameworks . However , < br > a challenge was posed to the private < br > sector < br > ( MSMEs ) < br > who < br > are < br > the < br > implementors of the project on their < br > level of preparedness to meet the < br > expected < br > criteria , < br > standards < br > and < br > guidelines . | KNCCI | It < br > is < br > important < br > to < br > recruit < br > Environmental < br > and < br > Social < br > Specialists < br > who < br > will < br > create < br > awareness on the expectations of < br > the project to ensure compliance < br > with the project ESMF . | | * * 12 . * * | Is the project designed to support < br > traders as well or is the focus on < br > manufacturers only ? | MSE < br > Association |", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 242, "text": "MSEA Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ASCC . Environment Australia . 1999 . National Pollutant Inventory . National Industry 22 . Handbook for Hospitals . Canberra : Environment Australia . Available at http : / / www . npi . gov . au / handbooks / approved_handbooks / pubs / hospitals . pdf 23 . European Commission ( EC ) . 2005 . European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau ( EIPPCB ) . BAT Techniques Reference ( BREF ) on Waste 24 . Incineration . Seville : EIPPCB . Available at http : / / eippcb . jrc . es / pages / FActivities . htm 25 . European Environment Agency ( EEA ) . 2002 . EMEP / CORINAIR Emission 26 . Inventory Guidebook . Group 9 : Waste Treatment and Disposal . Incineration of Hospital Wastes , Activity 090207 . Emission Inventory Guidebook . Copenhagen : EEA . 27 . Health Care Without Harm . 2001 . Non-Incineration Medical Waste Treatment Technologies . Washington , DC : Health Care Without Harm . Available at http : / / www . noharm . org /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Wong ( 2020 ) documented pronounced backhaul effects in the spot freight rates reported by Drewry , especially for the US-China routes , where it costs three times more to ship a container from China to the US than from the US to China . * * Stylized Fact 2 . * * _Between 2002 and 2020 , maritime trade was highly imbalanced . The containerized imports exceeded exports for 7 of 8 regions except for the Far East , for which the net exports increased from 10 to 30 million TEU . The largest relative imbalances are observed in the Middle East and Africa . _ # * * 2 . 2 Industry Growth , Technological Changes , and Economies of Scale * * The shipping industry has responded to the growing demand for transportation by building larger vessels that presumably improve efficiency through economies of scale . For example , containerships have increased in size from 700-1 , 000 TEU in the 1960s to more than 23 , 000 TEU ( Fan et al . , 2018 ) . Using the Clarksons SIN data , we document that the growth of the containerized maritime fleet has been remarkable in the last 25 years . < sup > 6 < / sup > We plotted the trends in Figures 3 and 4 and summarize them as following . * * Stylized Fact 3 . * * _The total containerized fleet capacity has increased eight times between 1996 and 2021 , with the average vessel size increasing 2 . 7 times . The total capacity share of the largest ships , of over 8 , 000 TEU , has increased from 0 % in 1996 to 55 % in 2021 . _ Indeed , while the containerized fleet capacity , measured in twenty-foot equivalent units ( TEU ) , has increased eight times , the number of vessels has increased only three times . From Figure 4 , we learn that smaller ships , with the capacity of under 3 , 000 TEU , were rapidly replaced with the larger ones . Specifically , the capacity share of the smaller vessels has decreased from 65 % in 1996 to 18 % in 2021 . Instead , as pointed out above , the capacity of", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 973, "text": "Clarksons SIN data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more cost-effective than relief . ” Another aspect for the efficiency analysis at appraisal was the public works component , which had high rates of costeffectiveness . The 2015 Public Works Impact Assessment estimated that the economic benefit-cost ratios exceeded 20 for several watersheds and , on average , a 9 . 1 percent increase in crop yields was attributed to the impact of PW soil and water conservation measures . * * There was a decline in transfer costs 2017-2020 but a rise in the ratio of costs to transfer value due to a decline in the real value of transfers due to food price inflation and falling value of wages ( ICR p . 16 ) . * * Cost-efficiency analysis for the project compared total costs based on transfer value to client households at the delivery point , finding that ( i ) total transfer cost and administration costs compared to transfer value averaged 1 . 11 ; ( ii ) total transfer and client costs , notably public works opportunity costs , and administration costs compared to transfer value averaged 1 . 38 ; and ( iii ) all PSNP costs ( transfer , administration and client costs , public works capital costs and livelihoods component costs ) compared to transfer value averaged 1 . 48 . All three TCTR metrics rose between 2017-2020 due to a decline in the real value of transfers compared with overall cost . * * The public works component was generally cost-effective in terms of climate change mitigation and adaptation . * * Generally , public works are relatively cost-inefficient as a mechanism for effecting social transfers , but bring about other environmental , climate and livelihoods benefits which justify their use . By international standards , the project ’ s public works had low costs per workday and were highly labor intensive ( ICR p . 15 ) . Under RPSNP , public works sub-projects were found to reverse land degradation , raise productivity , enhance social infrastructure , and address gender disparities . The benefit-cost ratios for various public works activities ranged from 2 . 0 to", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 208, "text": "2015 Public Works Impact Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "premia . < sup > 22 < / sup > We also use firm-level average wage ( discounted and averaged over 2010-2015 ) as a quality indicator . Finally , we also classify firms as foreign-owned if foreign ownership is above 50 % . In the Hungarian context foreign ownership is a strong predictor of firm productivity , export orientation , and quality ( Kaminski , 1999 ) . In our main empirical analysis , we restrict the sample to men and use workers aged between 52-57 ( with workers aged 52-54 serving as the control group and workers aged 55-57 comprising the treatment group ) . We do not study the employment change of workers older than age 58 as those workers could retire before the reform , but not after the policy change due to the elimination of some early retirement options . < sup > 23 < / sup > We restrict our sample to the non-retired population to ensure that the estimated employment effects are not driven by the aging-out of already retired individuals from our sample . Appendix Table B5 shows that the estimated employment change and the heterogeneity patterns remain similar if we include retired individuals in the sample . For the workers in our sample , the retirement age was 65 ( and 64 for some older cohorts ) . We find no evidence that the cohorts with slightly older normal retirement age behave differently at age 52-57 so our main estimates are not driven by anticipation effects stemming from extending the retirement age . Table 1 provides summary statistics on our data . The top panel suggests that the treatment and the control age groups are remarkably similar in terms of employment , wages and share of white collar jobs . The middle panel summarizes the distribution of treatment and control workers across high - and low-productivity firms . For each measure ( except for foreign ownership ) , we divide firms into above-median and below-median groups , taking the median based on all private sector workers , irrespective of their age . The share of workers at high-productivity firms is very similar in the treatment and control groups . Finally , in the bottom panel we examine the industry composition of treatment and control workers", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _Not Applicable . _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Not Applicable . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to measure a country ’ s sustainable , long-term growth potential . Wealth accounting is necessary to have a complete picture . 5 The World Bank ( Hamilton et al . , 2006 ; Lange et al . , 2021 ; Lange et al . , 2018 ; Lange et al . , 2011 ) has compiled data on the wealth of 141 nations , divided into three major categories : human capital ( discounted lifetime earnings ) , produced capital ( e . g . machinery , buildings , urban land ) and natural capital ( e . g . forests , cropland , protected areas , subsoil assets ) . > 5Lange et al . ( 2018 ) draw the illustrative parallel between a country ’ s GDP growth and its wealth , on the one side , and a company ’ s income statement and balance sheet , on the other side . 5", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 288, "text": "data on the wealth of 141 nations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 28 - - ( g ) Government would prepare a regional drainage and development plan for the whole Kano plains , acceptable to the Bank , before December 31 , 1981 and all Project activities would be executed with due regard to environmental factors ( para . 4 . 22 ) ; - ( h ) consultants to implement the Project ' s irrigation and drainage components would be appointed by KSA under terms and conditions acceptable to the Bank ( para . 5 . 01 ) ; - ( i ) should the Ministry of Works find it necessary to engage engineering consultants , their terms and conditions of appointment would have to be acceptable to the Bank ( para . 5 . 01 ) ; - ( j ) SBCU would where possible recover outstanding debts of more than one year from farmers , or where appropriate reschedule or where the loan is not recoverable write off such debts . SBCU debts to the Cooperative Bank of Kenya would be adjusted by corresponding amounts and the Government would in turn indemnify CBK ( para . 5 . 30 ) ; - ( k ) the Ministry of Cooperatives would provide assistance and training to the cooperative unions and societies to enable them to meet their obligations under the Project ( para . 5 . 03 ) ; - ( 1 ) the SSO would by September 30 , 1979 conduct a census of settlement farmers , and would also prepare by the same date a detailed plan satisfactory to the Bank for allocating both the responsibility and the costs of cultivating the plots owned by absentee farmers ( para . 5 . 04 ) ; - ( m ) during the Project implementation period , the Bank would be consulted prior to entry into new or termination of existing management agreements by the sugar companies ( para 5 . 05 ) ; - ( n ) the Government would establish a Roads and Drainage Maintenance Fund ( RDMF ) which KSA would administer ( para . 5 . 06 ) ; - ( o ) the Ministry of Labor would review the market for cane harvest labor in collaboration with KSA and the labor unions", "spans": [{"start": 1231, "end": 1259, "text": "census of settlement farmers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ❖ Stronger * * collaboration with UNICEF * * < sup > * * 38 * * < / sup > on the following child protection elements at waystations ( mainly Dhobley ) , e . g . on joint identification , tracing and reunification , child protection desks and psychosocial support . - ❖ Returnee children often drop out of school after the 9-month post return period when the UNHCR * * education * * grant has ended . A new UNHCR Somalia Education Strategy was developed to address this and the approach is further specified in the “ Guidance Note on Education Support to Refugee Returnees in Somalia - Ensuring Disengagement and Longer-Term Sustainability ” . Consultations at federal and member state levels with governments and partners were conducted for this and the Bureau reviewed the documents . < sup > 39 < / sup > - ❖ While already approved that 40 % of the Somalia slots for the * * Albert Einstein German Academic Refugee Initiative ( DAFI ) * * can be given to refugee returnees , this could not materialise as no new enrolments were done in 2020 due to a global lack of funds . UNHCR Somalia will advocate for returnees to be included in 2021 and 2022 . The return planning figures are as follows , as consulted with respective Countries of Asylum ( CoA ) : | Year | CoA | Planningfigure | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 2021 * * | Kenya | 10 , 050 | | | Yemen | 6 , 000 | | | Other | 2 , 000 | | | | * * Total 2022 : 18 , 550 * * | | * * 2022 * * | Kenya | 10 , 620 | | | Yemen | 6 , 000 | | | Other | 2 , 500 | | | | * * Total 2022 : 19 , 120 * * | # # * * 5 . 4 . 2 . VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION OF", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "vaccine delivery to increase their awareness and reduce vaccine hesitancy . The plan will also focus on improving access of COVID-19 vaccination services to climate vulnerable populations ( poor Lebanese , refugees , and host communities ) living in rural areas . The component will also support effective health care waste management , such as use of non-burn technologies and support for the development of micro-plans that promote the use of high energy efficiency or hybrid energy consumption . Another adaptation measure is the purchase solar equipment / supplies that will be off grid such as cold chain equipment with solar powered fridges and freezers that will provide reliable 24 / 7 power and efficient cooling . The NDVP includes measures to deal with any unexpected disruptions to the vaccine supply chain , distribution and storage from climate change impacts and other unexpected disasters ( i . e . , power outages ) . The immunization program data is managed through an innovative platform ( IMPACT ) which uses Page 33 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 964, "text": "immunization program data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 . 26 | 1 . 84 | - 0 . 42 | | Seniority in teaching Science ( in | 1 . 23 | 0 . 94 | - 0 . 29 | | years ) | | | | | < br > Percent of teachers that participated | 0 . 05 | 0 . 08 | - 0 . 14 * | | in trainings | | | | | Percent of teachers that used a | 0 . 15 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 09 | | teaching sequence | | | | | < br > _School-level variables_ | | | | | Students per school | - 26 . 98 | - 19 . 72 | 7 . 26 | | < br > Students of 7th grade | - 5 . 38 | - 3 . 42 | 1 . 96 | | < br > School promotion rate ( % ) | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 01 | | < br > School drop-out rate ( % ) | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | < br > School over-aged rate ( % ) | 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 01 | | < br > 7th student ’ s repetition rate ( % ) | 0 . 02 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 02 | | FEPBA score in Language | 0 . 83 | 2 . 63 | 1 . 80 | _Source : _ Author ' s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . _Note : _ Each entry indicates the mean difference between the two experimental groups in the column for the corresponding variable in each line . * indicates that the difference of means test is significant at 10 percent ; * * significant at 5 percent ; * * * significant at 1 percent . 1", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 866, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "often economically significant workforce segment . The absence of their representation in the administrative tax data limits our ability to capture this sector ' s dynamics , challenges , and contributions . Information to identify informal sector workers is available in the EU SILC data ; however , the small share of workers earning minimum wage in the household survey limits our analysis with the household survey data . * * The administrative tax data set includes relevant income variables , including gross salary , net salary , social security contributions , taxation base , bonuses , vouchers , and COVID-19 incentives . * * Data on gross salaries is crucial for the identification of minimum-wage workers . Our data source also includes other employee characteristics such as region , age , number of days , and hours worked . However , we do not observe information on educational levels or occupations . We also observe the characteristics of the firms : sector of the economy , number of employees , total turnover , total salary fund , and profits . The construction sector is entitled to additional fiscal facilities ; therefore , additional variables identify employees in the construction sector and 22", "spans": [{"start": 276, "end": 288, "text": "EU SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 356, "end": 372, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "had applied in total , < sup > 180 < / sup > with the vast majority being men between the ages of 20 and 34 . < sup > 181 < / sup > The legal definition of a “ refugee ” under the domestic refugee law of 1997 < sup > 182 < / sup > comprises , in general terms , the definition in the Refugee Convention , and also draws on the Cartagena Declaration to include in Article 1 ( III ) , individuals who “ due to severe and generalized violations of human rights [ are ] … compelled to leave his or her country of nationality to seek refuge in a different country . ” < sup > 183 < / sup > A 1996 draft of the law had included a more comprehensive regional refugee definition that captured the other objective situations contemplated by the Cartagena Declaration , but it was deleted by the Ministry of Justice . < sup > 184 < / sup > Intensive lobbying by a range of actors had been necessary to secure the narrower framing . < sup > 185 < / sup > Status determination is through an individual approach . An explicit basis for granting status through a group-based approach is not provided , meaning that an explicit mechanism to mitigate the burden of RSD in the context of a large-scale influx does not exist . < sup > 186 < / sup > Under the ordinary course of affairs , requests for refugee status were lodged with the Federal Police and captured reasons for flight through a specific claim form . The Federal Police are responsible for sharing the requisite information with the National Committee for Refugees ( CONARE ) , a body established under the domestic refugee law with the competence to determine status at first instance . Prior to issuing a decision , an interview with an applicant is regarded as a mandatory step . As a collective 180 Ibid . 181 Cavalcanti and Tonhati , supra note 170 , p . 23 . Although these authors source the Brazilian Federal Police database", "spans": [{"start": 1846, "end": 1879, "text": "Brazilian Federal Police database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MENA interaction terms are added to the baseline equation ( 4 ) to capture differential regional effects . Since the estimation of exporter size includes country-controls , some countries are excluded due to lack of a complete data profile . In estimation of equation ( 4 ) , country coverage ranges from three countries with full country controls , to all countries without any country controls . In regressions with complete controls , only Morocco , Jordan and Egypt are represented . For the analysis of exporter size , data is at the country-sector-year level and additional variables are included in the regression to control for country level factors : the log of GDP per capita ( PPP ) , trade openness and a tariff rate < sup > 21 < / sup > ( Table 7 in the Appendix ) . GDP can benchmark for market size . Country-level determinants included in the regression are the log of GDP per capita ( PPP ) , trade openness , and a tariff rate . As a measure of trade openness , the total export and import value in manufacturing and services is divided by a country ’ s GDP ( _TradeOpen_ ) using data from the WDI . < sup > 22 < / sup > The share of trade relative to GDP is similar in MENA and non-MENA regions , 0 . 79 and 0 . 78 respectively . Results are examined when financial sector development is proxied as previously by the private credit to GDP ratio . Table 5 shows results where the complementarity between external finance dependence and private credit-GDP ratio is significantly and positively associated with both mean and median exporter size . Comparing regions , financial impacts on export size are smaller in MENA when associated with _mean_ exporter size ( _Private Credit / GDP * MENA_ ) . For a given sector , an identical increase in the private credit-GDP ratio yields a smaller increase in mean exporter size in MENA than in nonMENA countries . However , large firms in MENA may be benefiting more from financial sector development than smaller firms . The interaction term _Private Credit / GDP * EXTFIN * MENA_ is positive in the case of _mean_ exports but not _median_ exports .", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1115, "text": "data from the WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | 0 . 294 | | 1 . 170 | * * | | Capital controls | | - 0 . 633 | * * | 0 . 008 | | - 0 . 481 | | - 0 . 462 | | | Initial level of income , share of G7 | | - 9 . 681 | * * | - 11 . 277 | * * * | - 13 . 663 | * * | - 20 . 481 | * * * | | Vulnerability index , VIX | | 0 . 161 | * * * | - 0 . 204 | * * * | - 0 . 117 | * * | - 0 . 305 | * * * | | Oil trade balance as share of exports and imports | | 0 . 474 | * * * | 0 . 349 | * * * | 0 . 119 | * * | 0 . 090 | | | Constant | | - 0 . 536 | | 0 . 379 | | 5 . 328 | * | 0 . 497 | | | Pseudo R-squared | | 0 . 396 | | | | 0 . 346 | | | | | Sources : IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook database and auth < br > < br > Number of observations | ors ’ calculatio < br > | ns . < br > < br > 178 | | | | < br > 97 | | | | 1 / Robust ( and clustered ) standard errors . * , * * , and * * * denotes significance at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent . All regressors , except the VIX , are entered lagged . 2 / Difference between fiscal balance and cyclically-adjusted fiscal balance ; in percent of GDP . The estimation results are best discussed with a few examples . In the estimation that uses the two year average data , trade openness enters with a negative ( but not statistically significant ) sign in the lower growth and lower vulnerability ( L ) cluster . Thus , trade openness reduces the likelihood of being in this cluster relative to the", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 637, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1127, "end": 1148, "text": "two year average data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 15 | Sfax | 4 , 698 . 13 | 133 . 87 | 2 . 85 % | 1 . 03 | 1 . 72 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 16 | Kairouan | 2 , 269 . 21 | 62 . 51 | 2 . 75 % | 1 . 01 | 1 . 70 | | 17 | Kasserine | 2 , 542 . 98 | 92 . 31 | 3 . 63 % | 1 . 01 | 1 . 69 | | 18 | Sidi Bouzid | 2 , 663 . 65 | 75 . 74 | 2 . 84 % | 1 . 04 | 1 . 74 | | 19 | Gabes | 3 , 043 . 21 | 83 . 40 | 2 . 74 % | 1 . 01 | 1 . 69 | | 20 | Mednine | 3 , 318 . 50 | 91 . 06 | 2 . 74 % | 1 . 05 | 1 . 76 | | 21 | Tataouin | 3 , 538 . 70 | 106 . 89 | 3 . 02 % | 1 . 08 | 1 . 81 | | 22 | Gafsa | 3 , 154 . 77 | 106 . 11 | 3 . 36 % | 1 . 01 | 1 . 70 | | 23 | Tozeur | 3 , 191 . 66 | 106 . 38 | 3 . 33 % | 1 . 01 | 1 . 70 | | 24 | Gbeli | 2 , 834 . 20 | 72 . 02 | 2 . 54 % | 1 . 03 | 1 . 74 | | | * * Tunisia * * | * * 3 , 871 . 94 * * | * * 53 . 00 * * | * * 1 . 37 % * * | * * 1 . 30 * * | * * 2 . 19 * * | Source : our elaborations of the EBCNV 2015 . During the first planning phases of the new EBCNV 2021 , the INS initially", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 929, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 976, "end": 986, "text": "EBCNV 2021", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Norway 11 . 6 % < br > 12 . 1 % South Africa < br > 12 . 3 % India < br > 12 . 3 % Indonesia < br > Australia 15 . 2 % < br > 15 . 2 % Peru < br > 15 . 6 % Brazil < br > 15 . 9 % Bulgaria < br > 20 . 8 % Russia < br > 0 % 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 % < br > A-rated issuers ( AAA to A - ) < br > B-rated issuers ( BBB + to BB - ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > capital is a function of ( inflation-adjusted ) unit rents , production quantities and the difference between deforestation and re - / afforestation ( World Bank , 2018 ) . A main critique point of the wealth data is its low , annual frequency . While this characteristic may be undesirable for financial markets , where subsecond data can be used to arbitrage , the same property turns out to be an advantage in our case . Even if crop yield data would be available on a daily frequency , it would be conceptually meaningless , let alone the concerns about measurement errors and low signal-to-noise ratio . 6 In this study , the low frequency alleviates an econometric concern . Suppose bond yields and natural resources are related , which way does the effect go ? With monthly , stationary bond series on the one side and annual , persistent wealth data on the other side , the estimated effect is more likely to originate from the latter . Moreover , the discounted resource rents are calculated with lagged , 5-year moving average rents ( World Bank , 2018 ) . This effectively makes the wealth variables predetermined . These technical arguments , however , do not preclude the existence of long-term trends in the bond data or the presence of other confounding and possibly unobserved variables that influence bond prices as well as natural resources . The wealth accounting indicators used in this study were compiled on an annual frequency and will be made available together with the accompanying report (", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 812, "text": "crop yield data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1191, "end": 1222, "text": "annual , persistent wealth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1587, "end": 1596, "text": "bond data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7824 # * * Abstract * * This paper introduces a variety of concepts and methods to examine living standards improvements in Nepal in a dynamic perspective . Using data from three rounds of Nepal Living Standards Surveys conducted in the past two decades , together with data from a nationally representative survey that was implemented in 2014 specifically to collect information on social and economic mobility , the paper presents novel statistics on the extent of inter - and intra-generational mobility in Nepal . The findings suggest that there has been appreciable upward mobility in education ; that is , Nepalis today are increasingly more likely to be better educated than their parents . However , inter-generational mobility of occupations has been much more muted , with 47 percent of Nepal today remaining in the same occupation as their parents . Upward mobility is higher for younger cohorts and for individuals who move from their rural areas of birth to an urban area . There are also significant differences in mobility by social groups , with Dalits and Terai caste groups having lower upward mobility odds . Examining mobility within generations using synthetic panel techniques , the paper finds that : ( a ) for every two people who escape poverty , one slides back , suggesting significant churning around the poverty line ; ( b ) a large fraction of those who have escaped poverty remain vulnerable to falling back , with an overall vulnerable population of 45 percent ; and ( c ) the share of the middle class — defined as those with sufficiently low likelihood of falling back into poverty — has increased steadily over the past two decades , reaching 22 percent in 2010 – 11 . However , triangulating subjective well-being data from Gallup , it appears that a majority of even those who constitute the middle class are fundamentally insecure about their economic futures . The prevalence of a large vulnerable population and a nascent , growing but struggling middle class represents a key challenge to consolidating recent gains in moving people out of poverty . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to", "spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 249, "text": "Nepal Living Standards Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 312, "end": 344, "text": "nationally representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1758, "end": 1796, "text": "subjective well-being data from Gallup", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conditions in the village economies . Figure 2 shows how ex-combatants from our sample reported spending their grant . It summarizes the self-reported information provided by 22 demobilized ex-combatants and 9 GdP / MC / AA who were interviewed in 2010 . Respondents could give a maximum of three figures . < sup > 8 < / sup > In line with the literature , we observe that a large proportion of ex-combatants used a share of the money to buy consumption goods : 48 % reported purchasing food and drinks , and 26 % reported buying clothes . This consumption boom is expected to be short-lived , especially if the discount rate of ex-combatants is low and if saving opportunities are scarce . In the short run , the demand increase should induce a jump in prices . This change in prices should increase the sales of shopkeepers and farmers , who are therefore expected to benefit from the return of demobilized ex-rebels . Other households may suffer from inflation . However , the global effect on nonbeneficiaries is expected to be positive , as most households are involved in some kind of trading activity . Figure 2 : DDR Grants Spending by Ex-combatants < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Land Drink / eat Clothing Small shop Working Wedding Housing Health Cattle Repay Financial Education < br > equipment loan saving < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 3 < br > % of respondents 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . Ex-combatants also invested part of their allowances in productive assets . More than 50 % of ex-combatants reported investing part of the grant in a plot of land , 23 % of them invested in a small shop , 19 % in working equipment , and one ex-combatant reported buying a cow . The economic situation of ex-combatants who invested in productive assets is expected to improve in the short run and in the long run following their enhanced production capacity", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1525, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specific domestic producer or consumer subsidies have played a more limited role ( because of their much greater cost to the treasury ) , with a few exceptions most notably in rich-country agriculture . With the freeing up of most foreign exchange markets over the past two decades , the phasing out of most export taxes , < sup > 2 < / sup > and the conversion of many non-tariff trade barriers into tariffs , the task of measuring the extent of distortions to goods markets is made much easier in that attention can focus on import tariffs and agricultural subsidies . In principle services trade and foreign investment distortions also could distort incentives in the agricultural and industrial sectors , but they are ignored here partly because much controversy still surrounds their measurement and how they should be modelled , and partly because they do not seem destined for major reform under the current Doha Development Agenda of multilateral trade reform by WTO members . The latest release of the GTAP dataset , Release 6 . 05 , includes estimates of bilateral tariffs and of domestic and export subsidies as of 2001 for 87 countries and country groups spanning the world . This is a substantial improvement over Version 5 of the GTAP dataset , which relates to 1997 . The new protection data come from a joint CEPII ( Paris ) / ITC ( Geneva ) project . The product of this joint effort , known as MAcMaps , is a HS6 tariff level detailed database on bilateral protection that integrates trade preferences , specific and compound tariffs and a partial evaluation of non-tariff barriers such as tariff rate quotas ( TRQs ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > The new GTAP database has lower tariffs than the previous database . This is because of the inclusion of bilateral trade preferences , as well as the major reforms between 1997 and 2001 such as continued > 2 Apparently only a few minor export taxes remain – see Piermartini ( 2004 ) and also Thiele ( 2004 ) . > 3 More information on the MAcMaps database is available in Bouët et al . ( 2004 ) and at > < u > http : / / www .", "spans": [{"start": 1244, "end": 1256, "text": "GTAP dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1412, "end": 1419, "text": "MAcMaps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1996, "end": 2012, "text": "MAcMaps database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agriculture ) wage gaps represent important drivers of inequality , this set ‐ up allows to explain changes in distributions . For the goods markets , equilibrium for domestically produced goods sold domestically is assumed through market clearing prices . And the small country assumption is assumed for export and import prices and thus they are exogenous , i . e . export levels do not influence international prices and import demand does not influence ( CIF ) import prices . For the factor markets , wages equate demand and supply of the various segments ( agriculture and non ‐ agriculture ) of labor markets with the assumption of full employment , i . e . a vertical labor supply . Capital supply is assumed to be fixed and mobile across sectors and a market clearing rental rate is calculated by the model . Finally , a sector ‐ specific factor , representing natural resources , is employed exclusively in production in the oil and gas sector ; in the current version its supply is sensitive to the international price of oil , therefore its reduction triggers a reduction of the supply of the natural resource and some contraction of the output of the oil sector . The version of the CGE model used here has a 2011 base year and relies on the Social Accounting Matrix for the Russian Federation and on bilateral trade flows from the Global Trade Analysis Project ( GTAP ) 9 database to calibrate initial parameters . The scenario of the oil shock is implemented by reducing the exogenous international price of oil by 50 percent and a new equilibrium is calculated . < sup > 7 < / sup > The results of the model , in terms of changes between the initial equilibrium and the oil shock one of : ( i ) prices ( for food and non ‐ food items ) , ( ii ) wages ( for the four labor market segments ) , ( iii ) unskilled labor migration from agriculture to non ‐ agricultural activities , and ( iv ) per capita consumption are passed to the household survey data and , in the microsimulation , a new hypothetical global income distribution is generated for the oil shock equilibrium . # _The", "spans": [{"start": 1946, "end": 1967, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "providing regular < br > quarterly progress reports < br > ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2020 | 100 . 00 | 30-Nov-2023 | 100 . 00 | 30-Nov-2023 | 100 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | PW and PDS beneficiaries < br > included in the beneficiary < br > registry with full PMT data < br > ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2020 | 100 . 00 | 30-Nov-2023 | | | 100 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | Complaints to GRM | 0 . 00 | Jun / 2020 | 100 . 00 | 30-Nov-2023 | | | 90 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | committees satisfactorily < br > addressed within three < br > months of initial complaint < br > being recorded < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments o < br > achieving ta | n < br > rgets | Nearly all com < br > resolved . | plaints regarding | targeting subm | itted to the GRM | committees ha | ve been | | Availability of Report on < br > Occupational Health and | No | Jun / 2020 | Yes | 30-Nov-2023 | | | Yes | Jun / 2025 | Page 8 of 11 Jun 24 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 268, "text": "PMT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the same labor market to reduce matching costs and tap into suitable labor force in the market . In this case , the growth of a central excise tax-incentivized sectors in Uttarakhand can induce other sectors requiring similar types of labor to locate within the state . Using these two indices , we investigate whether employment outcomes vary due to input-output linkages and / or labor pooling between industries in Uttarakhand relative to Uttar Pradesh at the border , following : m × T T T × T T T × T T 1 × T T T × I 2 × T T T × I 1 × T T T × Lmm 2 × T T Tmm × L mm D ; Tmm T TmmTT , T T mm m yy = αα + ββ < sup > MM < / sup > + γγ < sup > MM < / sup > TT + θθ + θθ NNTT TT ( 5 ) . NNTT mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm + ηη + ηη + LL [ D DDT TT TT ] + λλ + εε I represents the sum of the input-output linkage indices between sector _j_ and all other sectors that were treated . TT I represents the sum of the input-output linkage indices between sector _j_ and all other mm sectors that were not treated . NNTT L represents the sum of the labor pooling indices between sector _j_ and mm all other sectors that were treated , and TT L represents that between sector _j_ and all other sectors that mm were not treated . Everything else has the same meaning as in Equ . ( 4 ) . NNTT mm As in ( 4 ) , direct effects are controlled for in this specification . The coefficient on T T T × I measures the indirect impact of the New Industrial Policy through sectors ’ buyer-seller relationship with TT mm mm treated sectors . The coefficient on T T T × I measures the indirect impact through sectors ’ buyerseller relationship with nontreated sectors . The indirect impact due to sectors having similar labor NNTT mm mm 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * That modern infrastructure is a prerequisite for economic development seems almost a truism and one that is widely accepted by politicians around the world . However , rigorous measurement of the causal relationship between infrastructure and development has proved challenging for economists , due to methodological difficulties in unravelling the direction of causation exacerbated by significant data limitations . Attempts to answer this question began in the 1980s and relied primarily on high-level cross-country panel data econometrics incorporating rather coarse proxies for infrastructure quantity ( and sometimes ) quality ( Straub , 2008 ) . Since 2010 , however , there have been significant methodological innovations as well as new sources of data , spawning an unprecedented volume of empirical microeconomic research often exploiting economic geography approaches and spatially granular data . This second wave of literature provides a much more parsimonious analysis of the specific channels through which specific types of infrastructures contribute to specific dimensions of the development process . It has also resulted in a notable expansion in the volume of studies available that look specifically at the developing world . The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic qualitative overview of this more novel microeconomic literature covering over 300 research papers focusing primarily on specific infrastructure sectors , especially in developing countries . While the dataset covers studies conducted between 1983 and 2022 , more attention is given to the period since 2010 , during which an increasing volume of studies has looked at how different types of infrastructure drive microeconomic development outcomes . As such , it is the most substantive effort of its kind to date . The paper is targeted primarily at development practitioners , and hence the emphasis is on surfacing the insights these papers provide regarding the underlying processes through which infrastructure drives development outcomes . These include household welfare , employment , and human capital , as well as firm-level productivity , output , job creation , and trade ; but , also , the impact on spatial patterns of economic activity in the urban and rural spheres . Such insights are relevant to inform the selection and design of investments and policy interventions . A forthcoming companion paper ( Foster et al ,", "spans": [{"start": 532, "end": 556, "text": "cross-country panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 911, "end": 934, "text": "spatially granular data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and_ < br > _hence , will require_ < br > _special assistance . _ | ▪ Special < br > measures < br > for < br > effective < br > participation , < br > compensation , assistance < br > and livelihood restoration < br > as defined in the RP . | | | | | Additional < br > assistance < br > and < br > these include : < br > ▪ < br > Food < br > support / security < br > assistance < br > ▪ < br > Relocation and house < br > construction assistance < br > ( if required ) < br > ▪ < br > Health care < br > support / assistance | | _Source : RP Census Survey ( June-July 2023 ) _ Official Use Only Page 116", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 557, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 13 . 3 * * | * * 10 . 7 * * | * * 16 . 4 * * | | * * The mixed-skilled group * * | * * 7 . 4 * * | * * 4 . 9 * * | * * 15 . 4 * * | * * 9 . 8 * * | * * 5 . 5 * * | * * 98 . 1 * * | * * 6 . 1 * * | * * 3 . 9 * * | * * 7 . 9 * * | | The agricultural group | 5 . 1 | 2 . 7 | 9 . 0 | 6 . 4 | 3 . 6 | 15 . 2 | 5 . 0 | 2 . 3 | 15 . 9 | | The low-skilled group | 5 . 2 | 3 . 9 | 11 . 7 | 5 . 6 | 4 . 0 | 75 . 9 | 3 . 8 | 2 . 8 | 4 . 7 | Source : Own calculations based on ENEU survey In 1999 , teachers in the public education system earned higher mean hourly labor earnings than their counterparts in the private sector and in other occupations . This pattern changes at the tertiary level , where private school teachers earned twice the labor earnings of public school teachers . There is not a significant difference in basic public teachers ’ mean hourly labor earnings in urban and rural areas . Basic public teachers ’ hourly labor earnings are significantly above those earned by _the mixed-skilled_ group , _the agricultural_ group or _the low-skilled_ group . Teachers in the basic public school level earned three times more than the earnings of other workers . Alternately , adjusted real hourly salaries of primary teachers in public schools were higher than the adjusted real hourly salaries of those in the private schools . 16", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 480, "text": "ENEU survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | sure < br >  < br > Fully stocked First Aid Kits to be < br > provided within the Sites , Camps < br > and in all Project Vehicles < br >  < br > Strict use of warning signage and < br > tapes where the trenches are open < br > and at other active construction < br > sites < br >  < br > Contractor to Employ and train < br > Road Safety Marshalls who will be < br > responsible for management of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Another important area for further work is to continue to experiment with additional forms of geographically comprehensive auxiliary data to better predict labor market outcomes . This could include , for example , information on building footprints or the presence of different types of businesses . New types of geospatial data are being released each year that can be incorporated into this type of approach . There is room for further work on model diagnostics . The results of this study demonstrate that R < sup > 2 < / sup > can be a misleading metric for assessing the usefulness of the model , since even models with relatively low R < sup > 2 < / sup > s can contribute important information to reduce bias in the predictions ( Marhuenda et al . , 2017 ) . At the same time , model R < sup > 2 < / sup > s are much higher in the full enumeration sample , but the small area estimates contribute little additional information . An important research agenda for further work is to better understand which diagnostic indicators , in cases where census data is not available , can provide a rough assessment of the gains from incorporating geospatial data . Another open question is how optimal sample design changes in the presence of free , predictive geospatial data that can be linked to surveys . The evidence presented above indicates that estimates for sampled municipalities are substantially more accurate than non-sampled municipalities , suggesting that surveys should try to cover all target areas if possible . It is not clear , however , how the benefit of small area estimation relates to the sampling structure , and what this implies for optimally structuring household surveys . Importantly , it remains to be seen how well the results here will generalize to other contexts . As such , it will be important to conduct studies to evaluate the methodology in other settings before applying it generally . This is easier said than done , however . In order to validate the methodology , it is best to use a census – or an unusually large survey – as a measure of ground truth . Furthermore , either the survey or ground truth must", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 329, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1052, "end": 1063, "text": "census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2029, "end": 2035, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 8 . Guatemala : Robustness of Results — Alternative Data Sources * * | | | Depe < br > | ndent variable : Per < br > | cent change of GDP / < br > < br > | worker < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Includes time < br > trends starting in < br > 1985 and 1999 | 4 percent < br > depreciation of < br > capital stock | < br > Disaggregated < br > capital stock < br > estimate < sup > b / < / sup > | < br > < br > Barro and Lee < br > ( 2001 ) education < br > data < sup > c / < / sup > | < br > Cohen and Soto < br > ( 2001 ) education < br > data < sup > c / < / sup > | Population 15-64 < br > instead of labor < br > force data | | | IV < br > 1951-02 | IV < br > 1951-02 | OLS < br > 1971-02 | IV < br > 1951-00 | IV < br > 1961-02 | OLS < br > 1951-02 | | Explanatory variables | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | Constant | - 0 . 071 * * | - 0 . 075 * * | - 0 . 042 * | - 0 . 073 * * | - 0 . 061 * * | < br > - 0 . 013 | | | ( - 4 . 05 ) | ( - 3 . 46 ) | ( - 2 . 57 ) | ( - 4 . 31 ) | ( - 4 . 43 ) | ( 0 . 66 ) | | Percent change of capital / worker | 0 . 865 * * | 0 . 780 * * | 0 . 827 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 671, "end": 681, "text": "force data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "procurement procedures_ * * which affect the speed of project < br > implementation . The delays result from the low threshold for | project unde < br > Regarding th < br > help accelera | r implementation will close ) . < br > e mitigation of procurement < br > tethe process . | delay risk , the identification | of a focal point | at the DGMP will | | prior review and the centralization of notices and results < br > publication at DGMP . A survey conducted in 2010 showed that < br > the procurement process could take anywhere between nine to < br > fourteen months . | * * Responsible * * | * * : Implementing agencies * * | * * Stage : Throughout * * < br > * * and hiring of selected * * < br > * * staff before * * < br > * * effectiveness * * | * * Due Date : * * < br > * * Ongoing * * | * * Status : * * < br > * * Ongoing * * | | * * Governance * * | * * Rating : * * | * * MODERATE * * | | | | | * * Description : * * The proposed change from the existing PIU to < br > the proposed PCU within the Ministry may create frictions < br > | * * Risk Manag * * < br > help ensure | * * ement : * * A delimitation of re < br > a smoothtransition . | sponsibilities during prepara | tion and early i | mplementation will | | between the PIU ’ s project coordinator and the new team within < br > | * * Responsible * * | * * : Implementing agencies * * | * * Stage : Throughout * * | * * Due Date : * * < br > | < br > * * Status : * * < br >", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 469, "text": "survey conducted in 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 101 . 4 * * | 55 . 9 | | Paving ratio | Percentage of primary network paved | 82 . 1 | * * 39 . 4 * * | 71 . 6 | | GIS Rural accessibility | Percentage of rural population within 2 km of < br > an all-season road | 19 . 7 | * * 23 . 7 * * | 34 . 1 | | Paved road traffic | Average annual daily traffic ( vehicles per day ) | 1 , 408 . 2 | * * 573 . 9 * * | 1 , 287 . 7 | | Unpaved road traffic | Average annual daily traffic ( vehicles per day ) | 54 . 2 | * * 17 . 1 * * | 38 . 5 | | Classified network condition | Percentage in good or fair condition | 79 . 9 | * * 60 . 0 * * | 86 . 2 | | Overengineering | Percentage of main road network over-paved relative < br > to traffic flows | 15 . 0 | * * 32 . 2 * * | 29 . 6 | Source : Gwilliam and others 2009 . Derived from AICD national database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data # # * * Challenges * * Current spending on roads still falls short of what is needed , despite recent efforts to increase it _ . _ Based on the physical configuration and condition of Liberia ’ s infrastructure network , it is possible to estimate the resources that would be needed to clear the current rehabilitation backlog and maintain the network in good condition . Comparing recent spending against these norms indicates that Liberia still has a substantial shortfall of around 40 percent both in capital spending for rehabilitation and in network maintenance spending ( figure 4 ) . This situation is not unusual in West Africa . Nonetheless , some countries — such as Ghana and post-conflict Rwanda — have succeeded in securing adequate resources for road network preservation . 8", "spans": [{"start": 776, "end": 798, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * d Reporting * * < br > < br > Responsibility < br > for Data < br > Collection | | General < br > Education < br > Directorate ( GED ) | Directorate of < br > Educational < br > Planning / EMIS | | | Vocational < br > Education < br > Directorate ( VED ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Collection an * * < br > < br > Data < br > Collection < br > Instruments | | MoE Reports | EMIS | | | Independent < br > Review | | * * Data * * < br > Frequency < br > and < br > Reports | | Annual | Annual | | | Mid-term < br > and Yr 5 | | YR6 | | 3500 | | * * ber 2009 * * | | | | YR5 | | 3300 | | * * ted in Octo * * | | 100 % of < br > programs | | * * t Values * * < br > YR4 | | 3200 | | * * be comple * * | | | | * * Targe * * < br > YR3 | | 3000 | | * * xpected to * * | | 50 % of < br > programs at < br > mid-term | | YR2 | | 2800 | | * * eveloped , e * * | | | | YR1 | | 2200 | | * * re being d * * | | | | Baseline | | 2000 | TBD | * * standards a * * | * * ation * * | Nil | | Project Outcome < br > Indicators | completing < br > prescribed training < br > program for early < br > childhood education", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 416, "text": "MoE Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 4 . 2 reports results of this regression . Irrigation is not included because the variable for percent of total land under irrigation was never statistically significant . The coefficient for percent of maize area planted to hybrids is positive and significant in all specifications . The trend variable is positive and significant and lowers the coefficient for hybrids . Fertilizer is not significant in the regressions except when the trend variable is not included ; over the period , national average fertilizer use and hence calculated use on maize grew slowly . Figure 4 . 6 shows actual yield of maize and projected yield using estimated coefficients from specification two and actual values for fertilizer use , rainfall , and trend , but with zeros for postreform hybrids . The gap between actual and projected yields was greatest in 1990 at almost 2 t / ha . Impact of post-reform private hybrids on maize yields in Turkey parallels a similar impact of imported hybrids on maize yields in Greece during the 1970s ( see Figure 4 . 7 ) . Virtually all maize in Greece is irrigated , which largely explains why national average yields for Greece exceed those for Turkey . Figure 4 . 7 also shows lower maize yields in Syria , which limits variety introduction , and higher yields in EU countries , which allow free intra-EU movement of varieties . During 1990-92 , farm-level annual gross financial value of additional production due to postreform hybrids was about $ 130 million ( $ 255 / ha over 515 , 000 ha ; see Table 4 . 3 ) . CIMMYT reports 1992 farm-level maize and nitrogen prices of $ 178 , which we use to calculate financial benefits . We did not find cost of production surveys showing cost differences between local and hybrid maize ; we estimate higher costs for hybrid seed and for harvesting and drying a larger crop ( see Table 4 . 3 ) ; we assume similar fertilizer use on local and hybrid maize . With these assumptions about costs , we estimate annual net financial benefits in 1990-92 of $ 97 million ( see Table 4 . 3 ) . This is the sum of net increases in farm incomes realized by all", "spans": [{"start": 1678, "end": 1704, "text": "cost of production surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ The required information on subproject objectives , descriptions , and potential impacts will be shared with the Stakeholders to make them aware about the subproject impacts , and the likely mitigation measures to be pursued and implemented . The participants will be encouraged to forward ideas , questions and comments to facilitate the implementation . NGO / CSO will be appointed for oversight . Therefore , the disclosable version of the RP will be shared with them on-demand basis . The results of these discussions will also be incorporated in the updated RP Report for future consideration and implementation . # # # # # # * * Prepare Subproject Information Package * * A dedicated Subproject Information Package shall be prepared with tools adapted to the communities by a specialized consultant . Separate meetings shall be held with women ’ s and vulnerable group to pass key and relevant compensation related data . The information packages shall include : - i ) the purpose , nature , and scale of the Subproject ; - ii ) the duration of proposed Subproject activities ; - iii ) any risks to and potential impacts on communities and relevant mitigation measures ; - iv ) compensation matrix and summary of livelihood restoration measures ; - v ) special assistance measures for vulnerable people ; - vi ) the envisaged stakeholder engagement process ; and - vii ) The grievance mechanism . It is also recommended to hold separate meetings with women ’ s group and vulnerable to pass this key piece of information . This is because public notices in written form is not sufficient for members of these community . # # # # # # * * Disclosure on EEP ’ s and WB ’ s Website * * The disclosure of the RP will be released on EEP ' s and the WB ’ s website . The Final RP report would be available in these websites and stays for certain period of time , within which it", "spans": [{"start": 1054, "end": 1079, "text": "compensation related data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "there is lack of alternative onsite supply such as a solar systems or standby power generator . - c ) Hospital lacked medical waste incineration facility : waste was burnt in open pit . - d ) X-ray services need improvement with provision of requisite radiation protection . - e ) No records of medical waste generation were maintained by hospital . - f ) The hospital has grid electricity supply and easy access via a paved road .", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 319, "text": "records of medical waste generation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 33 | 1 . 25 | 1095 | 1 . 09 | 1 . 05 | 1095 | | _Panel D . Community characteristics_ | | | | | | | | Violent crime in community | 0 . 33 | 0 . 47 | 1095 | 0 . 36 | 0 . 48 | 1095 | | < br > Social assistance ( education ) available < br > Table I present summary statistics ( mean an < br > These variables are available in the first thre | 0 . 95 < br > d standard < br > e rounds of | 0 . 22 < br > deviation ) < br > the Peruv | 1095 < br > of the var < br > ian Young | 0 . 98 < br > iables used < br > Lives Surv | 0 . 13 < br > in the ana < br > ey . Sampl | 1095 < br > lysis . < br > e is | Table I present summary statistics ( mean and standard deviation ) of the variables used in the analysis . These variables are available in the first three rounds of the Peruvian Young Lives Survey . Sample is restricted to children with available information on maternal mental health in 2002 and PPVT scores in 2006 and 2009 . A detailed description of the rest of variables is presented in Appendix section . 26", "spans": [{"start": 773, "end": 800, "text": "Peruvian Young Lives Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "people-centric data sharing ( DLI 3 ) . | | Data source / Agency | Annual reports on the usage of digital services from MODEE , sectoral ministries , and theprivate sector . | | Verification Entity | KACE . | | Procedure | Indicator values will be collected from MODEE ’ sadministrative data on the usage of transactional digital < br > services that use trusted , people-centric DPI and cross-checked bythe IVA through spot surveys . | | * * DLI 2 : Number of indi * * | * * viduals adopting people-centric digital identity * * | | - - - | - - - | | Formula | The DLI will disburse US $ 3 for each unique individual activating people-centric digital identity , up to a total < br > 3 . 5 million individuals , in the limit of US $ 10 . 5 million . Moreover , it will disburse the following additional < br > amounts : < br > • < br > US $ 4 for each woman activating people-centric digital identity , up to 1 . 75 million women , in the < br > limit of US $ 7 million < br > • < br > US $ 5 for each elder activating people-centric digital identity , up to 200 , 000 elders , in the limit of < br > US $ 1 million < br > • < br > US $ 15 for each refugee activating people-centric digital identity , up to 100 , 000 refugees , in the < br > limit of US $ 1 . 5 million | | Description | The Program disburses against the number of unique individuals activating people-centric digital identity , < br > disaggregated bytype of user ( women , elders , refugees ) . | | Data source / Agency | Annual reports on digital ID implementation byMODEE . | | Verification Entity | KACE . | Page | XLI", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 291, "text": "MODEE ’ sadministrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Atwala road and Lagony road . The following are the procedures of how the survey was conducted . # # # # # 4 . 1 . 3 . 1 Preparations Preparations involved consultations with the client ; the purpose of that meeting was to agree on the tools that were to be used to collect data . Consultations were also made with the Chief Government Valuer . # # # # # 4 . 1 . 3 . 2 Field work The Cadastral survey team worked closely with the Social survey team , The approach of having the social survey team on board was to prepare the PAPs so that they would be available for the team and also know why the consultant was surveying their land . The team approached the Municipality Planner and Surveyor who informed the team of the availability of cadastral data for Gulu Municipal roads . The road reserve in Gulu for the project area was 20m for part of Atwala road and 30m elsewhere . The Consultant was advised that the Municipal Council position was to have the new designed road within the road reserve . The other section of the road between Gulu Municipality boundaries and Nimule , measurements and record of assessment was carried out in presence of the LC1 chairman and the property owners . 41", "spans": [{"start": 738, "end": 777, "text": "cadastral data for Gulu Municipal roads", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Direct - Skilled Direct - Unskilled Indirect - Skilled Indirect - Unskilled < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Lesotho ’ s Social-Accounting Matrix and LACEX database < sup > 6 < / sup > > 6 The Labor Content of Exports ( or LACEX ) database < mark > was developed by Cali et al . ( 2016 ) on the basis of a panel of global inputoutput tables and exports from the Global Trade Analysis Project ( GTAP ) and employment data from the ILO . The database measures the contribution of labor to a given country < / mark > < mark > ` ’ ` s exports measured as employees < / mark > < mark > ` ’ ` compensation or wages ( LACEX ) . < / mark > 7", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 290, "text": "Labor Content of Exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 388, "end": 425, "text": "global inputoutput tables and exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 478, "end": 506, "text": "employment data from the ILO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Aide Afemoire_ _and Vulnerable Children Mid-term Review_ of the MIS department is likely to reduce . However , the additional requirements of the PSP will require increased work from the MIS team . The MIS team noted that the World Bank : had supported the technical capacity by providing T A to the MIS department . This contract expired in December 2011 . The Mission noted that , rather than technical networking skills , there was need for an Officer capable of supporting the various departments to access and use the MIS directly , build technical capacity of existing officers and analyse and relate MIS developments to existing CT-OVC processes and models . This calls for a different set of skills . To this effect , the Mission agreed that the DCS draft a new TORs capturing these skills and share them with the World Bank : for review , by March 30 , 2012 . The DCS will initiate discussions with the Ministry regarding the deployment of additional full-time staff to key operational departments , including the MIS department , to ensure sufficient capacity and staff continuity . The TA noted above will be tasked with building the capacity of these staff . 38 . * * External monitoring . * * The Mission was informed that the long-term contract for the management of the Programme ' s external monitoring system has now been completed . The firm that designed and piloted this system will provide two more quarterly spot check reports ( October ­ December 2011 ; January-March 2012 ) , after which the new firm will take ovel using the tools already developed for this purpose . The Mission discussed that plans for the inception phase , including shadowing the incumbent firm should be developed as soon as possible to ensure a smooth handover . 39 . * * Impact evaluation . * * A baseline survey for selected districts in the Programme was undertaken in 2007 . A second panel survey was fielded to the same households in 2009 . In 2011 , a third round panel survey was undertaken that assessed progress towards the same indicators as previous evaluations", "spans": [{"start": 1797, "end": 1852, "text": "baseline survey for selected districts in the Programme", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1880, "end": 1899, "text": "second panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1957, "end": 1981, "text": "third round panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Urban Institutional & Infrastructure Development Program ( P179713 ) - * * i . * * * * _Eligibility – _ * * only ULGs from the on-going UIIDP that have experience with PBG system . - * * ii . * * * * _Urban population_ * * - ULGs with population size of 50 , 000 and above as per the Ethiopian statistical service ( ESS ) projection as of July 2023 . This will enable the Program to achieve economies of scale and benefit from the agglomeration effects . - * * iii . * * * * _Regional balance_ * * - a quota to each region would be determined based on the ratio of urban population of a region to the total urban population of the nation . One of the regional benefiting ULG will be the regional capital , which is the political and administrative , and often economic center of the region . - * * iv . * * * * _Regional economic centers_ – * * as identified in the Regional spatial analysis reports prepared by UN-Habitat together with the regional governments under UIIDP to inform the Regional Spatial Development Plans ( RSDPs ) . - * * v . * * * * _Cultural heritage sites_ – * * to enhance the touristic potential of Ethiopian cities , while also supporting efforts to preserve Ethiopia ’ s rich cultural heritage and provide opportunities for jobs . - * * vi . * * * * _Conflict affected ULGs_ – * * ULGs which have been impacted by the wider conflict , in terms of damage to urban infrastructure and services as identified by the Ethiopia Damage and Needs Assessment ( 2022 ) . # # * * Table 1 – List of UIIDP 2 / WHR ULGs beneficiaries by regions . * * | * * Regions * * | * * UIIDP ULGs * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 343, "text": "Ethiopian statistical service", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 896, "end": 929, "text": "Regional spatial analysis reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1468, "end": 1504, "text": "Ethiopia Damage and Needs Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Grievance data should be gender-disaggregated . - xiii . Major changes to contractor ’ s environmental and social practices . - xiv . Deficiency and performance management : actions taken in response to previous notices of deficiency or observations regarding E & S performance and / or plans for actions to be taken — these should continue to be reported until KETRACO determines the issue is resolved satisfactorily . # # * * 10 . 3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LIABILITIES OF CONTRACTORS * * Contractors will be legally and financially accountable for any environmental or social damage or prejudice caused by their staff , and thus are excepted to put in place controls and procedures to manage * * Page 65 * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "Grievance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| i . Monitoring and Evaluation | DPMIDLC Quarterly reports | | - - - | - - - | | | WBSupervision Reports | | | Annual audit reports | - 16 -", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 59, "text": "DPMIDLC Quarterly reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) an accelerating pace of return since the agreement was signed . According to recent intention surveys by both the United Nations High Commission for Refugees and IOM , the main pull factors for return are improved security , family reunification , access to basic services , and livelihood opportunities . About 30 percent of refugees in neighboring countries consider returning , with IDPs being slightly more willing to return over the next 12 months . Yet , illegal land occupations remain an issue for the displaced , who sometimes will illegally occupy land in place of their own inaccessible properties during return processes . Intercommunal conflict continues to create new displacement in locations such as Unity , Warrap , Lakes , Western Bahr-el-Ghazal , Central Equatoria , and Jonglei . < sup > 30 < / sup > Such factors created at least 167 , 979 new displacements in 2019 , for instance . < sup > 31 < / sup > Up until 2019 , 67 percent of displacements were estimated to have been driven by state-level conflict actors . In 2019 , this dropped to 30 percent , with over half citing communal violence over property , livestock , and access to resources as drivers of their displacement . 11 . * * Returns in South Sudan reflect pre-conflict patterns of population movement , with returnees being more likely to return to areas within or near their original villages / towns . * * An IOM assessment commissioned by the World Bank found < sup > 32 < / sup > that a large majority ( 87 percent ) of IDPs and refugee returns are to areas of habitual residence , with relocation to third areas accounting for just 6 percent . < sup > 33 < / sup > Most returns are within the same county ( 64 percent ) or within the same state ( 23 percent ) with only a minority ( 13 percent ) returning home from outside the state", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 208, "text": "intention surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1505, "end": 1519, "text": "IOM assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9914 # * * Abstract * * The paper examines the patterns of economic integration of refugees in Switzerland , a country with a long tradition of hosting refugees , a top-receiving host in Europe , and a prominent example of a multicultural society . It relies on a unique longitudinal dataset consisting of administrative records and social security data for the universe of refugees in Switzerland over 1998 – 2018 . This data is used to reconstruct the individual-level trajectories of refugees and to follow them since arrival over the life-cycle . The study documents the patterns of labor-market integration , and highlights the heterogeneity by gender and age at arrival . Refugees ’ labor-market performance is compared to natives ’ and other groups of migrants ’ labor-market performance . The empirical analysis exploits the government dispersal policy in place since 1998 , which consists of the random allocation of refugees across cantons , to identify the causal effects of the local initial conditions . The study finds that higher unemployment rates at arrival slow down the integration process , whereas the existence of a co-ethnic network does not consistently lead to a faster integration . It is shown that in locations where refugees face relatively more hostile attitudes by natives upon arrival , they integrate at a faster pace , probably due to a greater effort undertaken in environments that are more hostile . Together these results , highlight the importance of an early entry in the labor market of the host country , and the need to take a longer run perspective when examining the effectiveness of policies , as the effects may vary over time and different complementary interventions may be needed in the short vs . long-run . This paper is a product of the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at martina . viarengo @ graduateinstitute . ch . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 321, "text": "longitudinal dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 336, "end": 383, "text": "administrative records and social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the “ superiority of the diary data may not be as obvious as the literature suggests . ” In Tanzania , the mean number of transactions in the official Household Budget Survey diary declined by 10 percent from the 1 < sup > st < / sup > to 3 < sup > rd < / sup > survey month , and by 27 percent from the 1 < sup > st < / sup > to 13 < sup > th < / sup > ( last ) survey month ( NBS , 2002 ) , suggestive of inconsistent supervision of interviewers and / or diary fatigue on the part of respondents . In Malawi , nearly 40 percent of 10 , 698 households in the 1997 / 98 national household survey were judged to have incomplete or unreliable expenditure data due to poor maintenance of the diary ( National Economic Council , 2000 ) ; this drastic waste of survey resources prompted the switch to recall consumption methods in the subsequent national household surveys in 2004 and 2010 . In the case of the Russian Household Budget Survey , the pattern of non-response to the household diary , especially among wealthier households , generates extreme sample weights which Gibson and Poduzov ( 2003 ) conclude are inefficient from both a statistical and a budget perspective . # _Level of Detail in Consumption Questionnaires_ The number of items about which data are collected is one of the central issues in designing a consumption module . National consumer price index baskets may have in excess of 300 items . To reduce the burden on respondents and survey activities in general , shorter lists of items are created by focusing on those items that represent the greatest share of consumption and aggregating other , less important , items into categories . At present , the number of consumption items ( or categories ) for which data are collected from households in LSMS surveys ranges from 37 to 305 , with the mean being 137 and the median 130 : the mean number of food items alone is 75 . < sup > 7 < / sup > This level of detail on consumption is thought to be important as it prompts respondents to remember", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 40, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 156, "end": 185, "text": "Household Budget Survey diary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 575, "end": 600, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 846, "end": 872, "text": "national household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 911, "end": 942, "text": "Russian Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1777, "end": 1789, "text": "LSMS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Note : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 395 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Firms in Colombia and Peru are the most negatively affected by the hypothetical loss in external financing . Both countries see a reduction of their median survival time by over one month , going from about 4 months ( 16 and 15 weeks respectively ) , down to 11 and 12 weeks ( Figure 8 ) . Kazakhstan , which has the lowest trade exposure of about 7 percent and has among the highest proportion of working capital financed through retained earnings ( 85 percent ) , remains with a median survival time of 7 weeks under this scenario . Italy , Russia , and Jordan see a reduction of their median survival time by about 1 week relative to the baseline scenario in Figure 3 . 18", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 125, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 92 - respect will be increased capacity to monitor the labor market outcomes of training through tracer studies , and enterprise and labor market surveys . 6 . 46 Alternative Financing : The Bank ' s exper ' . ence is , of course , restricted to investment in training systeris in which the government is a financial partner . With the exception of the subsidized loan program for private vocational schools in Korea ( paragraph 3 . 85 ) , all the institutions financed were , to some degree or another , directly subsidized by governments . Thus the possibilities inherent in privately owned non-profit or profit-making training institutions fall outside the scope of this review . 6 . 47 In fact , government financing in the establishment of vocational education end training institutions has been the norm in developing countries . The rationale for public financing , when explicitly addressed , has generally been couched in terms similar to those of investments in infant industries . Skilled manpower is necessary for economic growth ; public investment in establishing VET capacity is therefore justifiable on the grounds of externalities beyond productivity and earnings gains . Much VET , of course , has been directed towards public sector employment . And in any case , neither fledgling enterprises nor poor clients have had the means to finance training . 6 . 48 Some vocational and diversified secondary school investments , though justified primarily on anticipated employment outcomes , may in fact have been rather more intended to have broader social benefits ( i . e . , broader awareness of technology in society ) , and thus could be thought to hpve merited public financing on the same basis of general education . 6 . 49 While direct public subsidy has been justifiable in early stages of systems development , even : ln middle income countries , increasing attention has been given to alternative financing arrangements . The impetus for such arrangements comes from two sources . The first is economic . To the extent possible , socially efficient investment requires that those who benefit pay for services received . Vocational training and education ostensibly intended to increase employability and productivity benefit the worker and the firm most directly . [ igh private", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 155, "text": "enterprise and labor market surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Value-addition to raw commodity exports is an important ( aspirational ) industrial policy strategy for commodity exporters in the Global South . This is because , aside from the increase in export revenues , adding value to commodities prior to export , as opposed to exporting them in their raw form , can stimulate job creation and growth of the local economy ( Wang , 2013 ; Rodrik , 2022 ) . The local economic effects of industrial ( trade ) policy measures have thus gained significant attention in the literature ( Busso et al . , 2013 ; Wang , 2013 ; Goldberg and Pavcnik , 2016 ; Grogan , 2023 ) . However , many of these studies focus on the \" first-order \" impacts of industrial ( trade ) policies , such as employment ( Glick and Roubaud , 2006 ) , wages ( Cling et al . , 2005 ; Glick and Roubaud , 2006 ) and income ( Picarelli , 2016 ) . Little is known about the \" second-order \" effects on outcomes such as health and education ( Atkin , 2016 ) . Meanwhile , these \" secondorder \" effects play a key role in determining the long-run impact of these policies . In this paper , we explore how agro-industrialization policies affect human capital accumulation in low-income environments using administrative data from Rwanda . Theoretically , the effect of agro-industries or any local economic shock on human capital accumulation is ambiguous . On the one hand , local economic shocks boost household income , which enables them to invest in the schooling and healthcare of their children . On the other hand , standard economic models suggest that an increase in wages and employment opportunities for lowskilled workers , resulting from a boom in the local economy , increases the opportunity cost of schooling and reduces the marginal returns to higher education , thereby reducing educational attainment , particularly in environments where regulations on compulsory schooling for children are loosely enforced ( Atkin , 2016 ; Mensah et al . , 2019 ; Carrillo , 2020 ) . Thus , the net effect of these competing factors determines the extent to which local economic shocks influence human capital accumulation", "spans": [{"start": 1233, "end": 1264, "text": "administrative data from Rwanda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": ESMF , RPF , VM * * < br > * * SMP , and SEF * * < br > fter the initial ESIA was done and the EIA license for the project was issued , there was identi < br > need to develop Project Safeguard Framework for KISIP . The review and update of the ESIA < br > mportant to align the new requirements and structure of the KISIP Project Safeguard Framew < br > he new documents included the KISIP Environment and Social Management Framework ( ES < br > e Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , the Vulnerable and Marginalized Group Framew < br > VMGF ) , the Stakeholder Engagement Framework ( SEF ) and the KISIP Social Management < br > MP ) . < br > * * d ) * * * * Changes in the Institutional Arrangements * * < br > hanges in the institutional arrangements for the project implementation . In the new arrangeme < br > e County Governments are the project Employers for infrastructure works with responsibil < br > r procuring and implementing the interventions . Over the years KISIP developed var < br > ameworks for ensuring environmental and social management for all their projects , and these n | The reduction of the scope was not seen to introduce new impacts to the project . Impacts were seen to reduce based on the re-scoping . With the re-scoping of the project to exclude some components of the project , there was an update in the Survey of the settlements within which the project was to be implemented . A re-surveying was meant to identify any new PAPs following the re-scoping and an update of the RAP was important to confirm that the previous RAP was effectively implemented . , the review and update of the ESIA report was important to identify any changes in impacts on the settlement . Completion of planning and surveying in some settlements which established and # # # # # # *", "spans": [{"start": 1347, "end": 1372, "text": "Survey of the settlements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fromdisposalof theseitemsaretreatedaspayments andreceiptsitemsrespectively . < / sup > Where an < sup > assetis acquiredin a non-exchangetransactionfornilornominalconsiderationandthefair < / sup > value of the < sup > asset canbereliablyestablished , a contratransactionis recordedasreceiptandasa < / sup > payment . * * A * * fixed < sup > assetregisterismaintained < / sup > < sup > * * by * * each publicentityanda summaryprovidedforpurposesof < / sup > consolidation . < sup > Thissummaryis disclosed asanannexuretotheconsolidated financial statements . < / sup > # # # # # c ) In-kind < sup > donations < / sup > In-kind contributions < sup > aredonations thataremade to . theProjectin theformofactual goods and / orservices < / sup > rather than in < sup > money or cashterms . These donations mayinclude vehicles , equipment orpersonnel services . < / sup > Where the < sup > financialvalue receivedforin-kindcontributionscanbereliablydetermined , theProject Includes < / sup > such value < sup > in the statement of receipts andpayments both as receiptsand as payments in equalandopposite < / sup > amounts ; < sup > otherwise , the contributionis not recorded . < / sup > # # # # # * * d ) * * Cash < sup > andcash equivalents < / sup > Cash and < sup > cashequivalents comprisecashonhandandcashat bank , short-term depositsoncall and < / sup > < sup > * * highly * * < / sup > liquid investments < sup > withanoriginalmaturity", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 366, "text": "assetregisterismaintained", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Notes 1 Tapscott ( 1995 ) . 2 Statista . com . 3 Rosotto et al . ( 2018 ) . 4 Coase ( 1937 ) . 5 Freund and Weinhold ( 2004 ) ; Meltzer ( 2015 ) . 6 Blinder and Krueger ( 2013 ) ; Dossani and Kenney ( 2007 ) . 7 Wang and Mason ( 2005 ) . 8 Alstyne , Parker , and Choudary ( 2016 ) . 9 Freischlad ( 2018 ) . 10 Haskel and Westlake ( 2018 ) . 11 Brynjolfsson et al . ( 2008 ) ; Lee ( 2018 ) . 12 Boyd ( 2018 ) . 13 Parker and Van Alstyne ( 2005 ) ; Rochet and Tirole ( 2003 ) ; Weyl ( 2010 ) . 14 Argenton and Prüfer ( 2012 ) . 15 Argenton and Prüfer ( 2012 ) ; Eisenmann , Parker , and Van Alstyne ( 2006 ) ; Varadajan , Yadav , and Venkatesh ( 2008 ) . 16 World Bank , World Development Indicators ( database ) , http : / / databank . worldbank . org / source / world-development-indicators . 17 Corporaal and Lehdonvirta ( 2017 ) ; Dossani and Kenney ( 2007 ) . 18 Corporaal and Lehdonvirta ( 2017 ) . 19 Hallward-Driemeier and Nayyar ( 2017 ) . 20 Brynjolfsson and Kahin ( 2002 ) . 21Tencent Technology ( 2018 ) . 22 Russell ( 2018 ) . 23 Ling ( 2017 ) . 24 Khan ( 2016 ) . 25 Bork ( 1978 ) . 26 Furman et al . ( 2019 ) . 27 Brannon ( 2019 ) . 28 Khan ( 2016 ) . 29 Makovšek and Veryard ( 2016 ) . 30 Jagasia ( 2017 ) . 31 Farrell and Simcoe ( 2012 ) . 32 Simcoe ( 2012 ) . 33 Farrell ( 2012 ) . 34 World Bank ( 2018a ) . 35 European Commission ( 2019 ) . 36 Miller ( 2016 ) ; Parker ( 2016 ) . 37 Lee ( 2019 ) . 38 World Bank ( 2018b ) . 39 OECD ( 2013a ) . 40 OECD ( 2018b ) 41 Meijer ( 2019 ) . 42 HM Treasury ( 2018 ) . 43 IMF ( 2019 ) . 44", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 697, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measured in dollars of 1995 . gdp growth , growth , is de . . . ned as real per capita gdp growth rate . The real interest rate , r , is the lending rate adjusted for the rate of growth of the gdp de ‡ ator . In ‡ ation , inf , is measured as the growth rate in the consumer price index . Annual time series of each of the variables were obtained from The World Development Indicators . Financial deepening , fd , is de . . . ned as time and saving deposits , tsd , divided by gross national disposable income , gndi . Edwards ( 1996 ) uses M2 / GDP for this variable . In our case we cannot use that variable because M2 is no longer a meaningful concept in euro countries . < sup > 24 < / sup > The foreign saving ratio , fsr , is de . . . ned as foreign saving ( i . e . , minus the current account , ca ) divided by gross national disposable income , gndi . Annual time series of each of the variables were obtained from The World Development Indicators . The social expenditure ratio , ser , is de . . . ned as social expenditure , se , divided by gross national disposable income , gndi . Annual time series of social expenditure were obtained from The Government Financial Statistics . We will start our empirical analysis of the e ¤ ects of pension saving on national saving by running a simple regression model exploiting both cross country and time variability . The total number of observations is 472 . The estimated equation is ( t statistics in parenthesis ) : These results suggest show that there is a negative correlation between national saving and pension saving but it is not statistically signi . . . cant . > 24The reason is that currency , a component of M2 , cannot longer be associated to a particular country . 29", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 384, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1158, "end": 1189, "text": "Government Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WB SGPs , a decision is made on the scale of Impact Assessment required i . e . whether investigations will target Project Report or full EIA study . An early determination of requirement of full cycle EIA has been known to save considerable time for proponents . This analysis is undertaken by the Environmental and Social Safeguard Consultant and reviewed and approved by KISIP CPCT at county level first and then the KISIP NPCT . Step Four - Preparation of TORs for subsequent EIA : The ToRs for the conduct of environmental and social assessments ( EIAs and RAPs ) will be part of the TORs for the consultancy on socio-economic surveys , development of settlement upgrading plans , feasibility studies , detailed design and preparation of bid documents or independent as the case may be . For project proceeding to full study EIA , the Terms of Reference will be prepared by the ESIA Lead expert licensed by NEMA as such , and approved by NEMA before the start of the full study EIA . The ToRs and the resulting ESIA Study reports will also need to be approved by the World Bank . For Project Report level assessment , EIA will start once the SUPs have been approved . The systematic procedure for developing Project Reports is outlined in section 5 . 2 below . 69", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . Guidelines for good practices in the design of laws and implementation methods should be devised , and should include assessments of the specific procedures that are applied in different countries and mappings from existing guidelines to those recommended by major international organizations , such as the World Bank and UNICITRAL . This type of analysis should identify the important and desirable features of laws and procurement processes — including , for example , the reliance on standards and norms that apply to procedures along the lines that were developed for construction procurement in South Africa ( see Watermeyer , 2004a , b ) . Related to this , a critical assessment of the costs and benefits of existing guidelines that are applied by institutions , such as the major development banks , would be very useful . What do these guidelines actually achieve ? Are they outdated given the rise of the Internet and the potential for government to business portals to introduce market forces into the procurement process through real-time reverse auctions and the like ? 5 . The factual record on outcomes from procurement regimes in developing countries ( including the number of contracts put out to tender , indicators of the use of selective or limited tendering , the use of preference margins in contracts , the number of firms submitting bids for a contract , the propensity to award a contract to the lowest bidder , and the propensity to source from abroad or from domestically favored groups ) should be assembled . Of course , countries differ markedly in the amount of data that they collect and make available publicly , but with the growing use of computers in procurement systems , more developing countries are assembling such data . Subject to any concerns about confidentiality and the like , bringing these data together would facilitate policy analysis . Data on the observed outcomes from state procurement could be complemented by information obtained from surveys of business people and others ’ perceptions of the “ fairness ” or otherwise of national procurement systems . 6 . Given the role that discriminating between suppliers for state contracts plays in many nations ’ procurement regimes , more research is needed that identifies the costs and benefits of such discrimination", "spans": [{"start": 1995, "end": 2021, "text": "surveys of business people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or seeking safety , with 59 % in the North and 56 % in the East leaving to seek protection , highlighting a link to conflict zones < sup > xlvi < / sup > . * * Killing or maiming due to the use of explosive weapons and the presence of landmines and other explosive ordnance in their communities * * is further exacerbating the conditions of children and their caregivers in the areas most affected * * . * * The conflict has caused significant damage to schools and hospitals , disrupting children ' s access to education and healthcare services . In 2023 alone , the UN verified 938 grave violations against 543 children in Ukraine ( 309 boys , 204 girls , and 30 sex unknown ) < sup > xlvii < / sup > . Between 24 February 2022 to June 2024 , OHCHR recorded 33 , 878 civilian casualties as a result of Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine . Of these casualties , 2 , 109 were children ( 622 killed and 1 , 487 injured ) . The killing and maiming of children has predominantly been caused by the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects and explosive ordnances < sup > xlviii < / sup > . However , overall casualty figures are believed to be higher due to a high number of pending reports of civilian casualties , especially from areas like Mariupol ( Donetska ) as well as in Lysychansk , Popasna , and Sievierodonetsk ( Luhanska ) in the occupied territories , outside the reach of many international actors . Returnee households in frontline areas reported being affected by explosive ordnance as a safety hazard for children twice as often as displaced households , with particularly high reports in Kharkivska , Khersonska , and Mykolaivska oblasts . Awareness campaigns have been conducted to educate children on how to identify and respond to explosive hazards . However , the 2024 Child Protection Assessment conducted by REACH indicate , many respondents ( 23 % ) were still", "spans": [{"start": 1786, "end": 1818, "text": "2024 Child Protection Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources of information were replicated for SSBFs . We illustrate the validation methodology using the example of business administration , a GBF that includes finance , accounting , and human resources processes . Table 1 summarizes the three-step validation procedure for each technology in business administration . The least sophisticated technology , handwritten processes , can only perform basic manual administration tasks such as transaction entry , bookkeeping , or employee records handling , without any integration or automation features . Standard software like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets helps with basic functionality to perform mathematical and statistical operations , including charts , and handle financial account , and HR records . However , it requires manual inputs and knowledge to build specific applications , with limited integration and automation . Mobile apps , such as QuickBook online , are pre-designed to perform these tasks with some > 5Estimates based on Enlyft dataset ( Cirera , Comin and Cruz , 2022 ) . These companies are recognized as key players by various specialized sources estimating market potential for ERP ( e . g . , Research and Market , Fortune Business Insight ) , even if there are variations in their market share estimations . 8", "spans": [{"start": 997, "end": 1011, "text": "Enlyft dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy volatility * * So far , we have documented the pattern of fiscal policy volatility with a focus on EMDEs and commodity exporters . We have shown that countries with certain institutional characteristics and policies have a more volatile fiscal policy . But what are the macroeconomic consequences of this additional volatility ? We measure these macroeconomic effects on both the volatility of GDP growth and the growth of GDP per capita by using the methodology of Fatás and Mihov ( 2013 ) . We start with a regression of the type ∆ y ε Where σi is the volatility of GDP growth and σi is the measure of fiscal policy volatility . Xi represents a set of controls . Table 6 presents the results , with fiscal policy volatility measured using primary expenditures . Whether by itself or when including some of our standard controls , fiscal policy volatility is related to higher output volatility . Interestingly , neither EMDEs nor commodity exporters as a group > 21 We use the average of Brent , Dubai and WTI oil prices ( in nominal US dollars ) from the World Bank ’ s Commodities Price Data ( the “ _Pink Sheet_ ” ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1134, "text": "Commodities Price Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preferences is mediated by electoral turnout ; in other words , the preferences of older voters may be different from the preferences of non ‐ voters . < sup > 4 < / sup > The net impact of ageing on expenditure preferences is therefore an empirical question . In this paper , we use data from the Life in Transition Survey II ( LITS II ) , which was collected by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank in late 2010 . LITS II covers almost 39 , 000 households in 34 countries in Europe and the former Soviet Union . The data set provides answers to questions on individuals ’ attitudes to policy , gauged in terms of their preferences for allocating government spending to a variety of programs , including health care , education , pensions and assistance to the poor , as well as standard individual characteristics that are known to affect > 3 See Jaime ‐ Castillo ( 2013 ) for evidence on attitudes and determinants of reform of pension systems in Europe based on Eurobarometer data . > 4 Although the relationship between turnout and redistribution has been previously studied ( Larcinese , 2007 ) , to the best of our knowledge this is the first attempt to link ageing , expenditure preferences and electoral turnout . 3", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 326, "text": "Life in Transition Survey II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 329, "end": 336, "text": "LITS II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1001, "end": 1019, "text": "Eurobarometer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", by cyclicality of fiscal policy < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percentage points < br > 0 . 5 90 % confidence interval < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 3 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 0 < br > - 0 . 1 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 3 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 5 < br > Countercyclical policy Procyclical policy < br > t + 1 t + 2 t + 3 t + 4 t + 5 t + 6 t + 7 t + 8 t + 1 t + 2 t + 3 t + 4 t + 5 t + 6 t + 7 t + 8 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > F . Impact on log real GDP per capita , by institutions < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percentage points < br > 0 . 1 90 % confidence interval < br > 0 . 0 < br > - 0 . 1 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 3 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 5 < br > High government Low government < br > effectiveness effectiveness < br > t + 1 t + 2 t + 3 t + 4 t + 5 t + 6 t + 7 t + 8 t + 1 t + 2 t + 3 t + 4 t + 5 t + 6 t + 7 t + 8 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources : _ EM-DAT , World Bank . _Note : _ “ t ” is years . - A . “ All intensity shocks ” based on 3041 observations for 156 economies over 21 years . “ Large intensity shocks ” based on those in the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ( or 421 observations ) . - B .", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 931, "text": "EM-DAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > FIGURE 1 : UKRAINE < br > OVERALL ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL INDEX < br > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > UKRAINE < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > CHILE < br > Ql Q2 03 04 01 02 Q3 04 01 02 Q3 Q4 Ql Q2 Q3 Q4 < br > ' 92 ' 93 ' 94 ' 95 < br > 1992 1993 1994 1995 < br > Table 1 : Data for Overall Admintrative Control Index for Ukraine < br > Ql ' 92 Q2 ' 92 Q3 ' 92 Q4 ' 92 Ql ' 93 Q2 ' Q3 Q3 ' 93 Q492 ' 94 Q3 ' 94 Q4 ' 94 Ql ' 95 Q2 ' 95 Q3 ' 95 Q4 ' 95 < br > ? EXCU GERATEDISTORTIONINDEX . FORE ALOCAIONDISORTON INDEX t00 . 0 t00 . 0 100 . 0 99 . 0 . . . . . . . 99 . 7 44 . 4 41 . 4 40 . 5 aso 3 . 43 . 4 211 34 2 . 60 9 . 3 9 44 . , , 9 . . 6 . 6126 . 5 76 23 . 6 00 l . 165 113 O . 58 0 . . . . . 10 . 41 < br > . EXPORTRESllCTION INDEX 68 . 1 79 . 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 579 74 . 1 7 _ . __ . _ . . __ . . . . __ _7 . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . _F__ . . _I . 75 . 4 . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . 92 . 0 . _ . _ . 61 . 5 . , _ _ . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 411, "text": "Data for Overall Admintrative Control Index for Ukraine", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lag T 30-33C : Non-Major Season | 0_ . _005 < br > ( 0_ . _012 ) | | | | Lag T 27-30C : Non-Major Season | _ − _0_ . _013 < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0_ . _007 ) | | | | Lag T_ > _33C : Non-Growing Season | | 0_ . _010 < br > ( 0_ . _008 ) | | | Lag T 30-33C : Non-Growing Season | | 0_ . _006 < br > ( 0_ . _009 ) | | | Lag T 27-30C : Non-Growing Season | | 0_ . _003 < br > ( 0_ . _007 ) | | | Outcome Mean | 0 . 871 | 0 . 871 | 0 . 871 | | * * Fixed Effects * * | | | | | Year | X | X | X | | Enumeration Area | X | X | X | | Observations | 10 , 207 | 10 , 207 | 10 , 207 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 331 | 0 . 332 | 0 . 328 | Notes . Estimates are from linear regressions using panel fixed effects . The dependent variable is the number of negative food consumption shocks experienced by the household in a given calendar year . The regressors represent the number of days in the temperature bins during the previous calendar year . All regressions control for precipitation bins from the previous calendar year . Errors are clustered at the enumeration area level . * p _ < _ 0 . 1 * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lanka than the original sample , which was heavily skewed toward microenterprises . < sup > 18 < / sup > While the SLLSE booster is still over-representative of smaller firm employment relative to the universe of establishments as approximated by the 2004 Census ( only 12 % of workers in the SLLSE sample are employed in large firms with + 100 employees versus 64 % of workers in the Census ) , there is representation of all size classes in the sample . Summary statistics are provided in Table 9 . The types of innovation examined are whether the firm : ( 1 ) introduced new products or services ; ( 2 ) significantly improved an existing product ( this question was only available from the SLLSE ) ; ( 3 ) introduced new or improved business processes ; ( 4 ) introduced new organizational innovations ; and ( 5 ) introduced new marketing innovations . The comparable 2011 WBES innovation measures and business environment indicators are systematically higher than the 2009 SLLSE variables , typically at least double in value : introduction of new goods or services ( 31 versus 9 % of firms ) , introduction of a new or improved business process ( 44 vs 9 % ) , use of internet ( 45 vs 21 % ) , and share of sales made on credit ( 31 vs 18 % ) . This is no doubt linked to the different composition of firms by size and industry : while 26 % of firms in the 2011 WBES are medium and large , only 6 % are of these larger sizes in the SLLSE ; and the relative share of manufacturing relative to services firms is 60 : 40 for the WBES versus 20 : 80 for the SLLSE , with a significantly larger number of SLLSE firms being in the typically less innovation-intensive or less skills-intensive retail and wholesale trade , hotels and restaurants , and construction service sectors . # * * Methodology and empirical model * * Motivated by the model of innovation proposed by de Mel et al . ( 2009 ) , we test the correlation of both firm / owner-specific and business environment indicators with various measures of firmlevel innovation . Our basic empirical", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 262, "text": "2004 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ions | Post | Request for < br > Quotations < br > Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2016-12-14 < br > 2018-05-23 | | | 2017-02-10 | 2017-03-13 | | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-923-G < br > RFB / Procurement of IT < br > equipment for IFMIS data < br > center | O - < br > IDA / 57660 | Expenditure Management < br > amd Information Systems < br > Support | Prior | Request for Bids < br > Open - Internation | al < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 2 , 500 , 000 . 00 | 702 , 484 . 81 < br > Completed | 2016-12-15 < br > 2016-11-0 | 4 < br > 2016-12-20 < br > 2016-12-01 | | 2017-02-09 < br > 2017-01-25 < br > 2017-03-11 < br > 2017-06-1 | 5 < br > 2017-04-16 < br > 2017-07 | - 17 < br > 2017-10-15 < br > 2017-08-1 | 4 | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-931-G < br > RFB / Procurement of IFMIS < br > Audit Tool acquisition of < br > software | O - < br > < br > IDA / 57660 | Expenditure Management < br > amd Information Systems < br > Support | Prior | Request for Bids < br > Open - Internation | al < br > Single Stage - One < br > Enve", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 318, "text": "IFMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indirectly . However , after 2010 , indirect connections grew at a much faster pace due to strong network effects . By the end of our sample period , 36 % of prefecture pairs were linked indirectly , compared to just 2 . 6 % connected directly . In summary , the substantial network effects from indirect HSR connections became increasingly prominent in the late 2010s . In the subsequent analysis , if two prefecture-level cities are linked either directly or through transfers on HSR lines , we consider them to have an established HSR connection . # * * 3 Estimating DVAR Based on the Export Revenue Function * * This section introduces a novel methodology to estimate DVAR in exports , by directly estimating the share of imports used for exports from firm ’ s export revenue function . This method extends the applicability of DVAR estimation as in Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) , but without requiring the matching of customs transactions to firm census data . # * * 3 . 1 Conceptual Framework * * Let ’ s start with the export revenue function of an exporting firm , who use both domestic materials ( _M_ < sup > _D_ < / sup > ) and imported materials ( _M_ < sup > _W_ < / sup > ) , combined with labor ( _L_ ) and capital ( _K_ ) to produce output for exports and domestic sales . For each year _t_ , the firm ’ s total export revenue _EXPit_ comprises the following components specific for export : export profits ( _πit_ ) , cost of labor ( _wtLit_ ) , cost of capital ( _rtKit_ ) , cost of domestic materials � _p_ < sup > _D_ < / sup > _t_ < sup > _M D_ < / sup > _it_ � , and cost of imported materials � _p_ < sup > _W_ < / sup > _t_ < sup > _M W_ < / sup > _it_ � : From customs transaction data , we observe the total value of firms imports , _IMPit_ . Let ’ s define 0 _ ≤ κ ≤ _ 1 equals the share of imports that is used for exports , such that _p_ <", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 956, "text": "firm census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1679, "end": 1703, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "allocation method , because the targeting strategy was being refined up until the program was stopped in 2021 . The final PMT was chosen based on the above evaluation criteria and program considerations , namely a tradeoff between model accuracy and complexity . We find that , in general , more complex models ( i . e . , including more variables ) only marginally improve targeting accuracy . However , the inclusion of more information raises the cost of obtaining information and administering the program . Therefore , we propose a parsimonious model ( i . e . , one that uses less variables ) that provides high targeting accuracy . # 4 . Results To arrive at a final model for the Sudan PMT , we split the data into a training and testing set using a 75 % training and 25 % testing split . In an effort avoid overfitting on in-sample characteristics of the sample data , all modeling decisions , including any variable transformations or groupings , were based on the training data before arriving at a small number of potential models that were applied to the testing data to explore model performance on unseen , out-of-sample observations . This is done in an effort mimic how the PMT would be applied in practice and to understand out-of-sample predictive performance of the PMT . After exploring model performance on out-of-sample data , the top performing models were selected and estimated using the complete sample of data . In an effort to improve predictive accuracy of the Sudan PMT , we analyzed the raw household survey data and selected and transformed variables to better capture the relationship with per capital household consumption and the country context . < sup > 17 < / sup > For all categorical variables , we explored each category for intuitive groupings that were related to household income using cross-tabulations and boxplots . For continuous variables , we explored non-linear relationships and , if non-linear relationships were present , we applied transformations , so that the relationship between continuous predictors and the outcome variable of log per capita household consumption was approximately linear . Examples of these analyses are found in Annex 4 . Table 3 below presents the main results of the Sudan national", "spans": [{"start": 1523, "end": 1544, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 . _Implementation_ : The assessment revealed gaps between the actual implementation and plans particularly with regard to timelines and cost . In most cases , activities are not implemented as per the planned time frame and there is huge difference observed between the actual contract amount and the cost estimate as indicated in the procurement plan . This is due to inadequate preparation , lack of collaboration with the relevant stakeholders and in adequate market assessment and also due to the limited practice in updating procurement plans to respond to changes in the market , requirement , timeframe , cost etc . , It is also noted that procurement plans are usually prepared as a formality for budget processing purpose rather than to use them as a management tool useful to strategize and monitor procurement activities . For program implementation , the gaps shall be addressed through training and skill development during the proposed annual fiduciary forum . # # # # * * 3 . 1 . 3 . Procurement profile of the program * * 25 . _General Procurement profile in the IAs_ * * : * * Based on the data collected from all the visited Implementing agencies , the assessment revealed that , in the last two years , on average close to 60 % of the total expenditure was spent through procurement . The share of procurement expenditure from the total expenditure is much higher in the federal IAs as compared to regional or local expenditure . In the MoA , the average share of procurement expenditure for the last two years was 75 % of the total expenditure while it was 52 % in the Ethiopian Agriculture Research Institute ( EIAR ) . ( Figure 1 ) The average procurement expenditure in 2016 / 17 and 2017 / 18 budget years for all of the visited IAs was USD 60 million and USD 55 million respectively . The volume of procurement in the Ministry of Agriculture is the largest amounting to two third of the aggregate procurement carried out in all the visited IA . In terms of category , the procurement of Goods assumes the largest share amounting to 73 % and 77 % in", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1167, "text": "data collected from all the visited Implementing agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3617 # * * Beyond Tariffs and Quotas : Why Don ’ t African Manufacturers Export More ? * * George R . G . Clarke < sup > * < / sup > # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3617 , June 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ > * The data used in this paper are from the Investment Climate Surveys © 2002-4 The World Bank Group . Responsibility for all errors , omissions , and opinions rests solely with the author . Senior Economist , Development Research Group – Competition Policy and Regulation , The World Bank , MSN MC3-300 , 1818 H Street , NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Fax : 202-522-1155 . Tel : 202-473-7454 . E-mail : < u > gclarke @ worldbank . org . < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 939, "text": "Investment Climate Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and provide training as needed ; ( ii ) completing a facility survey that will help identify needs and gaps among the PHCCs and hospitals to allow for targeted capacity strengthening ; ( iii ) preparing and maintaining a disbursement plan that will be based on the overall budget and the procurement plan ; and ( iv ) integrating the interventions supported under the project into existing government structures and plans to sustain the project . - d ) * * Fiduciary risks * * are substantial and are associated with : ( i ) limited dedicated staff to undertake the FM activities within MoPH and within the current PMU ; ( ii ) lack of an accounting system within MoPH to record and produce financial reports according to WB reporting requirements ; ( iii ) limited internal control system ; and ( iv ) limited external audit function where the Court of Accounts mandate is mainly consumed on ex-ante control . _Mitigation : _ The project will draw on and expand the existing fiduciary capacity of the PMU and will expand existing mechanisms — the accounting software with specifications acceptable to the Bank to record expanded daily transactions and produce the periodic financial reports , as well as appropriate FM manuals — and will ensure that an independent qualified external auditor to provide oversight is contracted according to terms of reference ( TOR ) acceptable to the Bank , including a requirement that the audit report will be delivered to the Bank no later than six months after the end of each fiscal year . Procurement risks will be addressed through the expansion of procurement capacity in the PMU ( under Component 3 ) , and the development of a detailed and regularly updated POM that will include a relevant procurement plan and guidelines for procurement planning and management for each component . - e ) * * Stakeholder risks * * are substantial and are associated with a potential duplication of activities , but more importantly , a potential reduction in funding by partner institutions that currently cover service provision for displaced Syrians and others at PHC and hospital levels . This includes Page 28 of", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 68, "text": "facility survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 2 . 3 FLORA * * A total of 179 species from 46 families were recorded along the power line , within an area of 50m along the corridor at selected sites ( Table 6-8 ) . _Poaceae_ was the most dominant family constituting 31 . 2 % of the total species recorded , followed by _Fabaceae_ with 20 . 4 % of the total species . There were several families with only one recorded species , such as _Acanthaceae , Celastraceae_ , and _Convolvulaceae_ . 67 % of the surveyed species are trees , inclunding schrubs , contributing for 67 % of the total recorded species . The most abundant trees and shrubs are _Combretum collinum , Combretum molle , Acacia hockii , Balanites aegyptiaca , Brideliascleroneura , Grewia trichocarpa , Vitellaria paradoxa and Khaya senegalensis . _ They were widely scattered within the project area . The most dominant life forms in terms of abundance are usually herbs and grasses but they respectively only represent 23 % and 7 % of the surveyed species . The dominant grasses and herbaceous species include _Hyparrhenia filipendula_ , _Brachiariabrizantha , Eragrostis racemosa , Sporobolus africana , Hyperthelia dissoluta , Setaria sphacelata , _ and _Sporobolus pyramidalis . _ The comprehensive list of surveyed species is presented below . * * Table 6-8 List of surveyed flora species * * | * * FAMILY * * | * * SPECIES * * | * * LIFEFORM * * | * * ABUNDANCE * * | * * IUCN STATUS * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the models producing the data will contaminate our analysis which is based on the data . This might lead to large errors from the regression if , for example , a crop in SPAM is in large quantity in a given pixel , but in reality it is not in the pixel at all , or only in small quantity . # Results and Discussion # # Spatial disaggregation The regression results from using crop production from SPAM ‐ ‐ along with livestock , forest , and fisheries data – are found in Table 1 . For crops , the units are in metric tons , and the dependent variable is in thousands of reais . So , if we were to try to interpret the parameters as prices , the value for the parameter estimate for wheat is 0 . 456 , or R $ 456 per metric ton ( MT ) , which at the end of 2010 would be equal to USD274 per MT . This is within the price range it could have sold for . Maize price from the regression , on the other hand , is low at R $ 101 per metric ton . Given the explanatory variables are all modeled values , it is not entirely surprising that the parameters do not reflect prices as well as we might hope . They do , however , allow us to use these parameters to project agricultural GDP to each pixel , which was the goal . Table 1 shows that most of the agricultural outputs that are important for the Brazilian agricultural sector have statistically significant parameters . In addition to key cereals , cassava , beans , soybeans , and a number of cash crops can be found , along with chickens , cattle , and pigs , and non ‐ timber forest products . _Table 1 . Regression using pixel ‐ level production data_ | * * Variable * * | * * Param * * | * * Std * * < br > * * error * * | * * t ‐ stat * * | * * Prob * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 404, "text": "crop production from SPAM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 445, "end": 459, "text": "fisheries data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3459 | 226-5154 | | Chlorophylla ( pg / l ) | 2-54 | 8-25 | 1-24 | 1-64 | | SS ( mg / I ) | 0-10 | 0-3 | 0-10 | 0-2 | | Oil & grease ( mg / I ) | 0 . 1-3 . 2 | 0 . 2-2 . 8 | 0 . 22-2 . 6 | 0 . 23-2 . 8 | Data presented as range of values from four surveys between February and November 2000 Source : NAFIRRI ( 2000a-2000d ) . p5 = microSiemens pg = micrograms Nitrogen and phosphorus appear to be roughly in balance from the point of view of nutrient limitation of algal growth ( assuming a TN : TP ratio of 10 : 1 indicates a balance , which is a commonly-used indicator ) . Although the chemical status of the waters at the source of the Nile remained relatively stable between 1961 and 1988 , mean chlorophyll a concentration ( an index of algal biomass ) has increased from 12 . 5 jig / l in 1961 to 46 . 7 jig / l in 1990-91 ( Crul , 1993 ) . This indicates a tendency towards eutrophication , and is likely to have been caused by increased anthropogenic inputs of nutrients into the lake , with possible import of nutrients in the form of water hyacinth plants blown across Lake Victoria on the prevailing ( southerly / southeasterly ) wind . According to OECD ( 1982 ) , the phosphorus and chlorophyll concentrations outlined above indicate mesotrophic status . Most nutrients had highest concentrations during the rainy seasons ( April and November surveys ) , which would cause nutrient-rich run-off to flow into the upper Nile . Dissolved oxygen concentrations were always in excess of 5 . 0 mg / I , indicating good oxygen conditions for fish ( Alabaster and Lloyd , 1982 ) and other aquatic animals .", "spans": [{"start": 1340, "end": 1366, "text": "April and November surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "foregone earnings could not be calculated because there are too few cases in the CILSS for which income from child labor is reported . _Demand factors . _ As a household survey , the CILSS does not furnish data on employment opportunities for children . Likewise , the data on wages for children cannot be used here because the number of cases of reported wages are too few to use a cluster - or region-specific averaging procedure ( as we did for the cost of schooling ) to produce a useable exogenous measure of wages . Hence , the model below does not include any direct demand variables . As a ( weak ) proxy , we have included in the model dummy variables for the region of residence of the household . # A * * Model for the Determinants of Child * * Labor Several formal models of the household economy that explicitly take into account the economic contributions of children have been discussed in the literature ( Levy , 1985 ; Rivera-Batiz , 1985 ; Sharif , 1994 ) . Much of this work is based on Rosenzweig and Evenson ( 1977 ) . The setting is the standard constrained utility maximization model of the household . A consumption vector is maximized , subject to the resource endowment of the household and the market determined returns to these assets . A structural formulation of this assets deemed exogenous . The child labor equation can then include an instrumental variable for income , e . g . its value predicted by the first equation . 31", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 86, "text": "CILSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 269, "end": 295, "text": "data on wages for children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178587 ) Appointment of the vaccination technical auditor will be a disbursement condition for the funds allocated for the procurement of vaccines . Appointment of the technical auditor for COVID-19 hospitalization claims will be a disbursement condition for the funds allocated for COVID-19 hospitalization fees , as set forth in the Loan Agreement . - * * K . Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements * * 46 . * * Progress towards project objectives and results indicators will be monitored by the PMU . * * The PMU will work closely with the relevant departments of the MoPH and the IMPACT platform to : ( i ) collect and compile data relating to project-supported activities and relevant indicators ; ( ii ) analyze data and other relevant information on project implementation ; and ( iii ) produce regular reports . The PMU will perform its functions in accordance with the procedures described in the POM . Additionally , an Iterative Beneficiary Monitoring ( IBM ) survey will be conducted with the aim to evaluate end-user experience . 47 . * * The World Bank will conduct regular implementation support missions with the PMU and the MoPH * * to : ( a ) review implementation progress , challenges , and achievement of the PDO and intermediate indicators ; ( b ) provide support on any implementation issues that may arise ; and ( c ) examine relevant risks and mitigation measures . - * * L . Sustainability * * 48 . * * There is strong political commitment in Lebanon to continue mobilizing financial resources for COVID-19 response , including for vaccine purchase and deployment . * * By further supporting the COVID-19 response , the project will establish an enabling environment for other development partners , including multilateral development banks and UN agencies , to contribute to supporting Lebanon ’ s COVID-19 response and vaccination efforts . Investments under the project are expected to strengthen the health system in the country , ensuring institutional sustainability to deal", "spans": [{"start": 1008, "end": 1055, "text": "Iterative Beneficiary Monitoring ( IBM ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and another noting that now “ I try to talk [ with ] customers in a nice and professional way . I try to make delicious meals and make my place of work look attractive to them . . . I make sure [ my cooking ] it ' s up to the customers ’ standard , not watery food ” ( ICRW , 2015 ) . In qualitative interviews with those who had gone through mentoring , one participant said “ I used to not care much about my business , I could open late , and sometimes the shop would remain closed if I don ’ t feel like opening . Now I know that it is important to put effort into my business . ” We incorporated this potential channel into the three-year follow-up survey , asking whether the business always opened at a set time each day . Column 5 shows only 34 percent of the control group do this , and training increases this by a significant 6 percentage points . Mentoring appears to have a greater impact than training alone on having regular opening hours . Appendix 11 shows that the route to more customers does not appear to be through price competition , with no significant impact of treatment on the prices charged ( or input costs of ) the most commonly sold goods . A second reason firms were able to attract more customers was by diversifying the range of products they sold . Banerjee and Duflo ( 2008 ) note the preponderance of small businesses in developing countries all selling similar things to one another , with no reason for customers to seek them out in terms of either product line or shopping environment . Column 6 shows that firms assigned to training were 9 to 11 percentage points more likely to have introduced a new product to their business , significant at the 1 percent level . There was tremendous variety in the new products introduced , with almost every business that said it had introduced a new product giving a different answer for what product it had introduced . Examples included avocados , oranges , carrots , garlic , fertilizer , body oil , cowpeas , belts , hair oil , tea ,", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 660, "text": "three-year follow-up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both the regional and woreda levels . Those prepared exhibit several weaknesses . More importantly , the procurement plans prepared by the regional procuring entities are not prepared using standard format , lacking method , and cost . Some procuring entities do not submit their procurement plans within the specified time frame , creating difficulties on the regulatory agencies to follow up and plan . In addition , entities do not update the changes in their procurement plan and do not send the revised plans to the regulatory authorities ; the procuring entities do not publish their procurement plan . These limitations on the procurement planning have negative impact on procurement outcomes such as ( i ) difficulty to follow up and monitor procurement performance with lack of milestones for the procurement activities ; ( ii ) not providing sufficient heads up on the upcoming procurement opportunities to the private sector and thus lowering the level of competition ; ( iii ) exposing to use less competitive procurement methods ; ( iv ) creating problems for follow up and preparing audit plan for the regulatory bodies . _21 . _ * * Procurement profile of the program * * * * _ : - _ * * Based on IBEX data for EFY2011 , on average 30 % of the total regional budget for all sectors was spent through procurement which is a reduction from EFY2007 data when the share of procurement from total budget was 50 % . Yet , the total amount allocated to be spent through procurement for eight regions is ETB 57 . 5 Billion , which is a significant amount . 22 . When the data is seen specific for the four basic sectors ( Agriculture , Education , Health , Water ) , the allocation for these basic sectors out of the total for all sectors is at 54 % , with ETB 104 billion allocated for these sectors out of the total ETB 192 billion . Nevertheless , the capital expenditure or procurement share of these four basic sectors from their allocation is at 21 % indicating the share has significantly dropped from the earlier assessment covering the period EFY2007-2009 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1221, "text": "IBEX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 | Maize | 153 | 73 | 55 | 83 . 33 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Irish potato | 15 | 7 . 5 | 02 | 3 . 03 | | Yams | | | 03 | 4 . 54 | | Beans | 174 | 86 | 55 | 83 . 33 | | Ground < br > nuts | 98 | 48 | 23 | 34 . 85 | | Vegetables | 18 | 9 | 17 | 25 . 76 | | Millet | 24 | 12 | 14 | 21 . 21 | * * _Source : Field Datafrom social economic survey in October 2017_ * * # # # # i ) _Cash crops_ Maize , banana and beans were the main crops grown in the project area and they doubled as both food and cash crops . Coffee and eucalyptus trees were established to be important cash crops that contributed significantly to household income along the Kashongi-Rwobuhura section of the proposed line . Other crops include ; cassava , sweet / Irish potatoes and fruits were also noted . Observations above imply that since the project does not involve permanent land take , its impact on crop production will not be very significant . * * Figure 6 : Crops ( Bananas ) Grown in the Kashongi Sub County , Kiruhura District * * 28", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 506, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was to prepare the utility for unbundling and privatization . Though staff and their unions were concerned about reforms , this communication and the provision of generous severance packages ( provided by MoFPED , through the Privatisation Unit or PU ) for voluntary retirement allayed fears somewhat . ‘ Right-sizing ’ was also not just about cutting staff numbers , it had an explicit focus on retaining and developing skills , with staff benefiting from training and skills development ( with support from other countries , including study tours ) over this period . By the time unbundling was due to take place , the utility had been internally restructured , a new billing system had been put into place with support from the UK ’ s Department for International Development ( DFID ) , and the technical capacity of the streamlined staff had been advanced with support from multiple donor agencies . When UEB was unbundled in 2001 , most of UEB ’ s staff were offered positions in one of the new companies - UEGCL , UETCL , and UEDCL . Asset division was managed by the Privatization Unit , which worked well according to a Lahmeyer asset evaluation study . In this period , the World Bank debt relief program had also allowed Uganda to restructure its debt portfolio , which meant that tariffs were increased by 100 percent , instead of the 200 percent that would have otherwise been required . However , the situation was still dire . At the time of unbundling , UEB ’ s successor companies were close to insolvency ( by normal standards ) and , while a number of interventions had been made to improve collections , reduce theft , and improve performance , implementation was slow going . At the time , the major cause of the poor state of the sector was identified as UEB ’ s lack of managerial and financial autonomy from the government which had hindered the development of a commercial business culture , accountability , and modern utility management practices . Under continuing conditions of supply crisis , battling with theft and non-payment ( including from the government ) , and struggling with poor technical performance , Uganda embarked on the next phase of reforms , which would", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * GENDER EQUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BRAZIL : A LONG-RUN ANALYSIS * * # # * * Pierre-Richard Agénor * * * Pierre-richard . agenor @ manchester . ac . uk # # * * Otaviano Canuto * * * * ocanuto @ worldbank . org * * Keywords * * : gender equality ; economic growth ; overlapping generations models ; public capital * * JEL Classification Numbers * * : I15 , I25 , J16 , O41 # # # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or any of the governments that they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ __________________________________________________________________________________________ > * Hallsworth Professor of International Macroeconomics and Development Economics , University of Manchester , and co-Director , Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research ; and * * Vice President , World Bank . We would like to thank Lim King Yoong and Baris Alpaslan for research assistance , Lilian Lopes Ribeiro for helping us to identify the PNAD data used for calibration , and Pablo Fajnzylber for helpful comments . The Appendix is available upon request .", "spans": [{"start": 1556, "end": 1565, "text": "PNAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 7 < br > 90 % 14 < br > 22 < br > 80 % < br > 28 < br > 70 % < br > 35 < br > 60 % < br > 45 < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 64 < br > 30 % < br > 50 < br > 20 % < br > 31 < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 1995 / 96 2003 / 04 2010 / 11 < br > Poor Vulnerable Middle Class Upper < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Bank staff estimates based on data from three rounds of NLSS data for 1995 / 96 , 2003 / 04 and 2010 / 11 _Notes_ : The consumption aggregate used in this analysis is the 30-day recall version which is not the version used for official poverty estimates for 2010 / 11 . * * Figure 6 : Geographic Characteristics of the Poor , Vulnerable and the Middle Class , 2011 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > Rural 35 48 17 < br > Urban 13 35 47 < br > 0 < br > Eastern 30 51 18 < br > Central 22 44 31 < br > Western 29 46 24 < br > Mid Western 45 45 10 < br > Far Western 55 33 11 < br > 0 < br > Mountains 39 46 15 < br > Hils 30 42 25 < br > Terai 30 48 20 < br > Poor Vulnerable Middle class Upper class < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank staff estimates based on data from three rounds of NLSS data for 1995 / 96 , 2003 / 04 and 2010 / 11 Looking at education and employment characteristics , it is clear that the likelihood of being", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 445, "text": "NLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the subproject area are IM and these are Yellow Wagtail , Spur Winged Goose , Sand Piper and Black Kite . Of the birds present in the study area , only one species , namely Wattled Ibis , is Near Endemic ; it is found only in Ethiopia and Eritrea . It was observed in wetland and grassland areas in the corridor of the first 4km section of the TL . None of the bird species recorded from the subproject area is endemic to Ethiopia . # # # # # # * * IUCN Red-List Status of Bird Species : * * The bird species recorded from the subproject area have been checked for the IUCN Red List . Of the 76 bird species identified from the subproject area , 72 species ( 95 % ) are categorized as _Least Concern_ species . The remaining 4 species are classified as Critically Endangered , Endangered , Vulnerable and Near-Threatened species , and these are Hooded Vulture , Martial Eagle , Black-crowned Crane and Woodchat Shrike respectively . The bird survey result shows that the majority of the bird species recorded from the subproject area are not in the immediate conservation demand and hence they are not in a major risk . # # # # # # * * Migratory Soaring Birds and Sensitivity Assessment : * * The Rift Valley Bird Flyway is an important route for migratory soaring Palearctic birds . The analysis of Migratory Soaring Birds Sensitivity search for the subproject area indicates that the northern section of the proposed TL crosses part of the flyway route around km 11 . 90 that is between Tower no . 36 and no . 37 or around Weransa village . During the survey , out of the different migratory soaring bird species that migrate through the Rift Valley / Red Sea Fly way , wintering in Africa , three species , namely Black Kite , Ibis and Pelican were recorded . In addition , other Passeriformes migratory bird species such as Yellow Wagtail , Spur Winged Goose , Sand Piper", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 948, "text": "bird survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "depend on the fiscal position such that a given level of the fiscal position maps out to a set of model coeffi cients . For presenting the results , we evaluate model coeffi cients at specific values of the fiscal position which are taken to be the percentiles within the sample . Confidence bands are calculated by bootstrapping over 300 iterations . We report median estimates , along with the 16 - 84 percent bands . # # 2 . 3 Database Our main database comprises an unbalanced panel that covers 34 countries ( 19 advanced and 15 developing ) , at the quarterly frequency over the period 1980 : 1 — 2014 : 1 . < sup > 13 < / sup > Real government consumption and real GDP are based on the quarterly database in Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) which are extended until 2014 : 1 by splicing from the OECD and Haver Analytics . Real effective exchange rates are from the narrow ( wherever available ) and broad indices of the BIS , and current account from the IMF ’ s WEO database . The short-term rate used for discounting the multiplier is drawn mainly from the IMF ’ s IFS database . For the robustness results , we augment this database to include quarterly real private consumption and private investment series . These are drawn from the OECD , Haver Analytics , and Eurostat . Additional details on the sources and definitions of all of these variables are provided in Table A2 in the Appendix . The government consumption and GDP series ( as well as private consumption and private investment ) are converted into logarithmic form , and detrended using a linear quadratic trend as in Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) . The exchange rate is transformed into quarter-to-quarter growth rates , and the current account series is seasonally-adjusted using the X11 routine . All these series are detrended and demeaned on a country-by-country basis , which effectively controls for country fixed effects in the regressions . We also employ another database that is an unbalanced panel with the same cross sectional and time series coverage as before but at the annual frequency . This includes the conditioning variables that", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 988, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1080, "end": 1092, "text": "IFS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between a strong federal structure and lower per capita spending at the municipal level . However , spending per capita at the municipal level tends to go up with per capita income , with all countries with per capita income above 20 , 000 euros spending 1000 euros or more per capita at the local level . This one structural variable seems to predict to some extent local spending , even in widely differing systems . Overall , this table illustrates that there are many different ways to structure public finances to deliver good services at the local level # * * Table 2 . 1 Sub-National Government Spending Aggregates - - Selected Countries of the European Union 2005 and India * * | * * Sub National Govern * * < br > * * Country * * | * * ment Spending - - * * < br > * * Municipal * * < br > * * Spending Euro * * < br > * * Per Capita * * | * * Selected Countri * * < br > * * Municipal % of * * < br > * * Subnational * * | * * es of the Europea * * < br > < br > * * Municipal * * < br > * * Spending as % * * < br > * * of GDP * * | * * n Union and Indi * * < br > * * Total * * < br > * * Government * * < br > * * Spending as a * * < br > * * Share of GDP * * | * * a * * < br > * * Municipal as % * * < br > * * of Total * * < br > * * Government * * < br > * * Spending * * | * * GDP Per * * < br > * * Capita * * < br > * * Euro 2005 * * | * * GDP per * * < br > * * Capita US $ * * < br > * * PPP 2008 * * | * * % Urban * * | | -", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 621, "text": "Sub-National Government Spending Aggregates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with HEIS . Otherwise delete ] _ * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . [ Provide any other relevant procurement information such as procedures for procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance , or Capacity Constraints etc . ] _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tween gndi and total consumption , tc . Total consumption , tc , is the sum of household . . . nal consumption expenditure , hc , and general government . . . nal consumption expenditure , te . < sup > 21 < / sup > All the variables are measured in local currency at current prices . The source used to obtain annual time series of each of the variables was The World Development Indicators . < sup > 22 < / sup > The main determinant of our interest is the pension saving rate , psr . It is de . . . ned as the ratio between pension saving , ps , and gross national disposable income , gndi . Pension saving is de . . . ned as the change in the value of . . . nancial assets of pension funds , pa . Annual time series showing the evolution of pension assets were basically obtained from national sources and from The Institutional Investors Statistical Yearbook . < sup > 23 < / sup > Following Impavido , Musalem and Tressel ( 2003 ) we divide the countries between two groups . The . . . rst group comprises the countries in which our data on pension assets are predominantly ( i . e . , more than 50 percent ) the result of mandatory funded pension programs . The second group includes the countries in which our data on pension assets are predominantly the result of voluntary funded pension programs . In the . . . rst group we have : Argentina , Bolivia , Bulgaria , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Egypt , El Salvador , Hungary , India , Jordan , Kazkhstan , Malaysia , Mexico , Morocco , Nepal , Panama , Peru , Philippines , Poland , Singapore and Uruguay . In the second group we have : > 21Total consumption includes the statistical discrepancy that results from estimating gdp using the expenditure and output approach . 22All the series were downloaded electronically through the World Bank ’ s internal database system , SIMA . > 23A separate appendix describes in detail the length of each of the annual time series obtained and the corresponding source . 27", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 390, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 818, "end": 862, "text": "Institutional Investors Statistical Yearbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1836, "end": 1840, "text": "SIMA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1913, "end": 1931, "text": "annual time series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 . * * Moreover , investments in strengthening data systems ( both technical and financial ) need to continue to deepen the use of data for evidence ‐ based decision making in the sector and further improve resource allocation . * * The MOE has successfully deployed an education management information system ( EMIS ) , which is now hosting data on all schools and students in the system . Additional investments in a geographical information system ( GIS ) are ongoing and will allow MOE to better plan for expansion of access across all regions in the country . Leveraging the data available through the EMIS for decision making in the sector is a key opportunity for the MOE which will require additional technical assistance and capacity building to materialize . In addition , the collection , analysis , and use of student learning data and disaggregated and gender ‐ sensitive data are essential for monitoring , targeting pedagogical interventions , and improving teacher practices in the classroom . # * * C . Relationship to the Country Partnership Framework and Rationale for Use of Instrument * * 23 . * * _Relationship to the CPF . _ * * The proposed operation is fully aligned with the Jordan Country Partnership Framework ( CPF ) discussed by the World Bank Group Board on July 14 , 2016 . The CPF covers the period FY17 – 22 and highlights the economic , geopolitical , and social challenges that Jordan has been facing , particularly with the Syrian refugee crisis . The CPF also acknowledges Jordan ’ s commitment to reforms for a more sustainable growth path with stronger job creation , better service delivery , a more conducive investment climate , and a larger involvement of citizens in the decision ‐ making process . In this respect , it is fully aligned with the government ’ s Vision Jordan 2025 . The proposed operation directly supports the second pillar of the CPF , which aims to improve the quality and equity of service delivery , particularly its objective 2 . 2 . “ Improved delivery of education services . ” The proposed operation will seek to help Jordan improve the delivery of education services and strengthen its", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 845, "text": "student learning data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 850, "end": 891, "text": "disaggregated and gender ‐ sensitive data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the productivity impact of IT is substantially larger than its cost share ( e . g . Bresnahan , Brynjolfsson and Hitt , 2002 ) . The literature argues this is because IT is complementary with modern management and organizational practices , so that as firms invest in IT they also improve their management practices . This leads to a positive bias on IT in productivity estimates because management and organizational practices are typically an unmeasured residual . < sup > 24 < / sup > But none of this literature has any experimental evidence . So to investigate the potential complementarity between IT and management practices we collected computerization data on nine aspects of the plants , covering the use of Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) systems , the number of computers , the age of the computers , the number of computer users , the total hours of computer use , the connection of the plant to the > 24 See , for example , Bartel , Ichniowski and Shaw ( 2007 ) and Bloom , Sadun and van Reenen ( 2009a ) . 22", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 670, "text": "computerization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > e transporte en camionetas c < br > on conductor , necesario para Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > el desarrollo del operativo d IBRD / 89460 stance for Capacity Building Post Direct Selection Direct - National 202 , 977 . 60 0 . 00 Canceled 2022-09-09 2022-09-13 2022-10-21 2022-12-31 < br > e campo de la Encuesta Naci & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > onal de Desnutrición Infantil , < br > periodo : octubre-diciembre 2 < br > 022 < br > C2-MIES-INEC-45 / Servicio d < br > e transporte en camionetas c < br > on conductor , necesario parael desarrollo del operativo decampo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición Infantil , pe IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Direct Selection Direct - National 53 , 155 . 20 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-10-11 2022-10-11 2022-10-15 2022-10-17 2022-11-10 2022-12-31 < br > riodo : octubre-diciembre 202 < br > 2 ( Planta Central - Quito - Enl < br > istamiento y Encuesta ) < br > C2-MIES-INEC-46 / Servicio d < br > e transporte en camionetas c < br > on conductor , necesario parael desarrollo del operativo decampo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición Infantil , pe IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Direct Selection Direct - National 23 , 049 . 60 0 . 00", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "These estimates do not take the lower education levels of refugees into account , since this variable is missing in our main sample . This information is available in the Structural Survey , which is carried out yearly since 2010 and covers each year approximately 2 . 5 % of the Swiss population . We match the education data from the Structural Surveys 2010 – 2017 with the register data in our main sample . This restricted sample contains less than one fifth of the refugees in the main sample . To see if the individuals included in this restricted sample are representative of the entire population of natives and refugees , we first run the same regression as in column ( 4 ) for the main sample . Results , which are given in column ( 5 ) , are close to those of the main sample , which makes us confident that the effect of education can be reliably estimated . When education dummies are added in column ( 6 ) , results give a more optimistic picture of the integration trajectory : in the long run , employment rates of refugees are 15 percentage points lower than those of natives but it takes more than ten years after arrival in Switzerland to reach this level . To gain more insight into the role of education in the integration process , we estimate integration profiles separately by level of education ( see Table A . 2 in the appendix ) . The employment rates of refugees with an elementary level of education ( Secondary I ) converge more rapidly toward the long run level , which is reached within 9 to 10 years . By contrast , the minority of refugees who have higher education levels ( Secondary II , Tertiary ) see their employment rates start at a lower level and converge more slowly toward the long run level ( it takes more than 12 years to get there ) . This might be explained by the difficulty of having foreign diplomas recognized in Switzerland or , especially in the case of younger refugees , the time it takes to complete further education in Switzerland . Our data does not allow us to discriminate between these two explanations . Some of", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 188, "text": "Structural Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 376, "end": 389, "text": "register data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Date | 16-Dec-2004 | 09-Jul-2012 | 31-Dec-2013 | | | | Comments | | Over 220 km already < br > reconstructed and in use | | | Road users and local persons surveyed aware | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | of / making use of ACT and other facilities for < br > HIV / AID i l h Nh | | Date | 16-Dec-2004 | 09-Jul-2012 | 31-Dec-2013 | | s campagn aong te ortern < br > Corridor | | Comments | | KeNHA has identified suitable < br > NGOs in conjunction with < br > National Aids Control Council < br > who will be invited to submit < br > proposals | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 08-Apr-2013 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P082615 | IDA-39300 | Effective | 17-Jun-2004 | 25-Jun-2004 | 16-Sep-2004 | 31-Dec-2009 | 31-Dec-2015 | | P082615 | IDA-45710 | Effective | 02-Apr-2009 | 08-May-2009 | 02-Sep-2009 | 31-Dec-2012 | 31-Dec-2015 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * Page 7 of 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | | 2 . 2 | Familiarization and Review of the RAP report by RIU | | | | | | | | | 2 . 3 | Training of RAP / RIU staffs in RAP implementation | | | | | | | | | 2 . 4 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | * * 3 * * | * * Resettlement Committee Formation and Awareness Creation Phase * * | | | | | | | | | 3 . 1 | Liaison with local administration and local government office | | | | | | | | | 3 . 2 | Establish Woreda and Kebele Resettlement Committee | | | | | | | | | 3 . 3 | Organize Joint Visit to the Project Affected Areas for all Committee Members | | | | | | | | | 3 . 4 | Provide Training to all Resettlement Committee Members | | | | | | | | | 3 . 5 | Appoint Witness NGO / SCO for oversight | | | | | | | | | 3 . 6 | Establish Grievance Redress Committee | | | | | | | | | * * 4 * * | * * Prepare Compensation Process * * | | | | | | | | | 4 . 1 | Information disemination to Woreda and Kebele Resettlement Committee ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | 4 . 2 | Verify names and start interaction with PAHs | | | | | | | | | 4 . 3 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | 4 . 4 | Verify and update expropriated assets and properties database for PAHs | | | | | | | | | 4 . 5 | Individual / Consultation on Compensation | | | | | | | | | 4 . 6 | Preparation of schedule for individual compensations | | | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 214, "text": "Household Files from Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1073, "end": 1102, "text": "Household Files from Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1147, "end": 1190, "text": "expropriated assets and properties database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 0 . 13 Cost and Budget * * The total RP implementation costs are summarized in Table 16 . 1 . The total budget required to implement the RP and LRP is estimated as 108 . 2 million Birr ( USD 0 . 83 Million at the exchange rate of USD 1 . 0 = ETB 130 . 00 ) . Table 0 . 5 : Estimated Budget for the Resettlement Plan | * * Sr . * * < br > * * No . * * | * * Compensation Item * * | * * Amount ( Birr ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Compensate for loss ofprivately-owned farmland and otherproperties | 79 , 150 , 166 | | 2 | Livelihood Restoration Plan | 3 , 862 , 500 | | 3 | CommunityDevelopment Schemes | EEU < sup > 1 < / sup > | | 4 | Special Assistance for Vulnerable HHs | 4 , 180 , 000 | | 5 | Monitoringand Evaluation | 4 , 500 , 000 | | | * * Sub-Total * * | * * 91 , 692 , 666 * * | | 6 | Administration Cost DuringImplementation ( 3 % ) | 2 , 750 , 780 | | 7 | Contingency ( 15 % ) | 13 , 753 , 900 | | | * * Grand Total * * | * * 108 , 197 , 346 * * | _Source : RP Census Survey ( December 2024 ) _ _Note 1 : The rural electrification component of this project will be financed by EEU ’ s UEAP project budget_ The cost for implementing the RP is considered as a financial requirement of the project . Until very", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1164, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "applied propensity score weighting and matching techniques to achieve a higher degree of baseline comparability across groups . < sup > 40 < / sup > # * * b . Survey Response Rates and Attrition * * One potential problem with any study such as ours is sample attrition . Approximately one year after each baseline survey , we conducted a follow-up survey . < sup > 41 , 42 < / sup > The response rates were quite high for both followup surveys ( see Table 5 ) . Overall , the survey firm was able to track and successfully interview 88 percent of the baseline survey respondents , yielding a final sample for analysis of 4 , 101 individuals . < sup > 43 < / sup > High response rates such as these limit the degree to which any differences between respondents and non-respondents can affect our estimates . Particularly worrisome is the possibility of so-called “ _differential attrition_ ” , a situation in which we reinterview trainees and non-trainees at statistically different rates . Even with low attrition rates for a panel survey , differential attrition may influence the scientific validity of results . Suppose , hypothetically , that very motivated individuals in the control group ( _i . e . , _ non-trainees ) are more likely than trainees to migrate to a district where they find employment . As a result of this migration , these individuals will not show up in our analyses and this scenario could compromise the scientific validity of this study ’ s estimates . In Table 19 , we explore this possibility and show no evidence to support it . Table 19 shows a series of regressions on the correlates of survey attrition . We regress the panel status of respondents on their treatment status , depending on how the treatment indicator is defined . This specification provides information on whether treatment or control individuals are more likely to be lost to follow-up . Next , we add a series of covariates , such as gender , age , marital status , parental status , ethnicity , and employment , a set of district and T & E provider-specific control dummy variables . The results indicate that attrition is not correlated with", "spans": [{"start": 1026, "end": 1038, "text": "panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) # # * * ANNEX 8 : Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Co-Benefits * * # # * * ( A ) Adaptation Co-Benefits : * * # # * * Jordan climate change vulnerability context : * * * * 1 . * * Jordan has population of 10 . 5 million ( 2018 estimate ) , and population density of approximately 110 individuals per km < sup > 2 < / sup > . Of those , nearly 2 million have resettled from abroad , and 755 , 050 have registered under refugee status prior to May 2019 < sup > 62 < / sup > . The refugees represent 57 nationalities , major share is comprised by the refugees from Syria ( 664 , 226 ) . Refugees are vulnerable to climate change effects because of their living conditions and lack of financial resources . Also , it has been historically observed in several other countries , that psychological shock from forced resettlement is too taxing for individuals , and “ weakens ” their abilities to withstand any other / additional environmental risks and hazards . * * 2 . * * Median age of population in Jordan is 22 . 8 < sup > 63 < / sup > years , compared to 24 . 3 ( Egypt ) , 30 . 5 ( Lebanon ) , and 30 . 2 ( Israel ) – Jordan ’ s neighboring countries . 34 . 14 % of country residents are between 0 and 14 years old . Children in this group are the most vulnerable to flashfloods , and to a lesser degree – to heat waves . As shown by statistics of floods and flashfloods around the world , children , disabled and elderly are the most likely victims because they lack either physical ability or skills to escape the disaster . Adult women also fall into the vulnerable category because they often are de facto responsible for evacuation of children and disabled or elderly relatives , or lack physical strength for", "spans": [{"start": 1423, "end": 1459, "text": "statistics of floods and flashfloods", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and short-run and long-run ( the elasticity of demand is higher in the long-run ) . Consistent with economic theory , firms ’ labor demand responses are more limited in the short run than in the intermediate and long run . Moreover , firms ' demand for low-skilled labor is generally more sensitive to wage rate adjustments than the demand for medium - or high-skilled workers , given the ease with which low-skilled tasks can be automated or outsourced to countries with lower income levels . * * Table 4 . Wage elasticity labor demand * * | | Short-term | Long-term | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Skilled | - 0 . 5 | - 0 . 8 | | Unskilled | - 0 . 7 | - 1 . 0 | _ < mark > Source : Lichter , Peichl and Siegloch ( 2013 ) . < / mark > _ > 24 Higher wages , constituting increased costs , may lead to adverse employment effects , particularly in the long term . Some of these effects might arise from businesses shutting down instead of laying off employees . However , comprehensively assessing the shift in the distribution of businesses proves challenging due to the absence of detailed firm-level data . A more in-depth examination at the firm level is necessary to properly consider and understand this phenomenon . 33", "spans": [{"start": 1088, "end": 1103, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "application _Rosyama_ ( rosyama . ru ) as a means to address the problem of potholes in the city and the mechanism of keeping the local government accountable . < sup > 6 < / sup > This mobile application allows its users to geolocate a road problem ( besides potholes , it included broken rails , snow accumulation , open manholes , and persistent puddles ) , take a picture , and place it on the map . The application then generates a text complaint forwarded to the local Road Inspectorate ( Ermoshina 2014 ) . Ermoshina ( 2014 ) observes that between May 2011 and May 2014 , 56 , 919 potholes were reported using _Rosyama_ digital application , and 15 , 966 of those were repaired . Researchers referred to _Rosyama_ and other related web applications , as ‘ civic applications ’ and as instruments of citizens ’ legal empowerment . They were conceived as instruments for keeping the local administrators accountable for their responsibilities . Navalny ’ s team intended these applications as a means for generating collective action in a wider fight against corruption in Russia . Not all of these opposition plans achieved their desired ends . Some of these initiatives in the digital sphere were ‘ highjacked ’ by the city government . The Russian government invested heavily in digital tools of government since Dmitry Medvedev ’ s presidency , during 2008-2012 . The Moscow city authorities also actively developed digital instruments of governance and have invested massive resources into promoting a ‘ smart city ’ agenda . Its most recent strategy document , “ the Smart City – 2030 , ” outlined the main goals and objectives of a continuing urban transformation ( City of Moscow 2018 ) . The 2018 United Nations e-government survey of 40 cities across the world ranked Moscow as a leading city ( along with Cape Town and Tallinn ) in using information and communication technologies to deliver public services ( United Nations 2018 ) . The major city redevelopment plans included a new system of feedback from the city residents – “ Active Citizen ” – an electronic voting platform deploying blockchain technology to ensure transparency and non-interference with the results . < sup > 7 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1718, "end": 1745, "text": "Nations e-government survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Framework , Regional Monitoring Framework for People on the Move ) ; To national donors and humanitarian and development partners : - Increase international technical assistance , accompaniment , and financial contributions to work with government-led coordination mechanisms ( e . g . , Rwanda , Ecuador ) ; - Capitalize on pre-existing coordination platforms with humanitarian partners and governments to reduce fragmentation in data collected and improve data sharing . # # # # # * * 4 . Building education systems ’ capacity for refugee inclusion * * Existing efforts to strengthen education systems , which enhance overall accessibility , safety , and the quality of education in refugee-hosting countries ( e . g . , reducing the chance of insufficient school places , facilities , and ICT equipment ) can provide a framework into which additional support for refugee learners can be integrated . This can help prevent overstretching existing infrastructure and improve learning for all . Furthermore , considering both the local population as well as refugees in programming can help prevent the growth of resentment and xenophobia and assist in providing support to refugee learners with intersecting vulnerabilities , such as adolescent parents or indigenous learners experiencing additional language barriers . Strengthening education data systems at the same time ensures that refugee learners are visible , that their progress is captured , and that their needs are met . # # # # # * * _Barriers including insufficient school places , facilities , and ICT equipment . _ * * - Additional / upgrading classrooms , WASH facilities , learning materials and ICT equipment is often needed in classes ; - A further challenge is that in some countries have automated allocation systems that may place students in far-away schools or learning institutes which necessitates transport . This compounds existing access challenges . * * 6 * * Building Inclusive Education Systems for Refugees", "spans": [{"start": 1335, "end": 1357, "text": "education data systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as well as data about specific tasks carried out at work . For Georgia , we use the 2019 Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) by the National Statistics Office of Georgia ( GeoStat ) . The LFS also provides information on employment for different socio-demographic groups defined by gender , age , education level , sector , occupations and earnings . Our final sample for all datasets includes “ employed ” individuals in the private sector . < sup > 5 < / sup > In addition , we use the STEP ( Skills Towards Employability and Productivity ) survey for Georgia to understand workers ’ amenability to working from home . To construct variables as proxies for labor demand and supply shocks , our paper also draws from three additional sources of data . First , we use the list of essential industries developed by the Italian government in the absence of published country-specific lists . As Italy was one of the countries affected earliest , the government had made a significant effort to determine essential industries . Their list uses NACE industrial classification codes , which can be mapped to the ISIC industry classification used in the WBES . We also use occupation-level data from the Occupational Information Network ( O * NET ) to estimate the infection risks of workers . O * NET has information on work activities data for 775 occupations on the level of 4-digit NAICS ( North American Industry Classification System ) . We follow WEF < sup > 6 < / sup > and calculate scores on the extent to which workers in given occupation face infection risks based on their responses to three questions regarding exposure to disease and infection , contact with others and physical proximity to others . Finally , we proxy changes in global demand by sector using the data from UN Comtrade and FlightRadar24 . For the detailed information about the construction of variable used , please refer to Appendix 1 in the < u > longer version of this < / u > paper . To complement our findings and assess the crisis impact on workers who are outside our model ( i . e . , not formally employed in the private sector ) , we utilize real-time", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 107, "text": "2019 Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 763, "end": 791, "text": "list of essential industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1189, "end": 1221, "text": "Occupational Information Network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1791, "end": 1804, "text": "FlightRadar24", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resources are fundamental to sustainable development . This Standard addresses how projects can be sustainably managed and impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services can be mitigated throughout the project ’ s lifecycle . This standard applies to projects in all habitats , whether or not those habitats have been previously disturbed and whether or not they are legally protected . ESS 6 requires : the protection and conservation of biodiversity ( habitat , modified habitat , natural habitat , critical habitat , legally protected and internationally recognised areas , invasive alien species ) ; Management of ecosystem services ; Sustainable management of living natural resources ; supply chain . The proposed project traverses mainly a mixture of natural and modified habitats . Nonetheless , these could be within watersheds that make up the socio-ecological systems that support important / key biodiversity , especially the wetlands . * * ES 4 . 2 . 2 Biodiversity Assessment – Areas of Analysis ( AoA ) * * Two areas of analysis were considered for the biodiversity assessment , as follows : - A 2 km buffer around the TL route was applied for assessment of habitat loss . This extent was selected because land cover data is not sufficiently detailed to limit the assessment to the direct impact zone and , therefore , a broad 2 km buffer is needed ; and - The critical habitat assessment ( CHA ) AoA is based on a 50 km buffer around the TL route . This AoA follows the IBAT approach that applies a 50 km buffer ( for identifying protected areas and potential species presence . The large 50 km buffer is applied due to the inherently low accuracy of most species ’ distribution maps used by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , which is a key underlying source for data provided by IBAT . The TL is located entirely within the Victoria Basin Forest-Savanna Ecoregion ( RESOLVE 2017 ) , which is characterized by a mixture of forest and savanna habitats within a landscape of rolling hills , plateaus , and marshes . The ecoregion is a biodiversity hotspot with diverse flora and fauna , including", "spans": [{"start": 1221, "end": 1236, "text": "land cover data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1712, "end": 1747, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 Thus , while the shock has a persistent impact on GDP decades after the COVID-19 shock is gone , there are no persistent _differences_ after ten years . Our study makes several contributions to the literature , for example on the macroeconomic impact of pandemics ( e . g . , Barro et al . , 2020 ; Coibion et al . , 2020 ; Fernandez-Villaverde and Jones , 2020 ; Guerrieri et al . , 2020 ; Jorda et al . , 2020 ; Ng , 2021 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > Given new technologies for mitigating schooling loss , these should be taken into account when assessing the impact of future pandemics on human capital . While other studies on the global learning losses due to COVID-19 have appeared independently of this study – Azevedo et al . ( 2020 , 2021 ) , Hanushek and Woessmann ( 2020 ) and Psacharopoulos et al . ( 2021 ) estimate the impact of disruptions to schooling – we are to our knowledge the first to thoroughly quantify the human capital effects of COVID-19 by income level : ( i ) considering _both_ education and employment / experience losses ; ( ii ) relying on returns to education and experience that were consistently estimated for the world using 1 , 084 household surveys across 145 countries ; < sup > 6 < / sup > ( iii ) performing a thorough analysis of the education and experience shocks using evidence on school closures , access to and effectiveness of distance learning , and on disruptions to employment for different types of workers ; < sup > 7 < / sup > ( iv ) examining the output dynamics associated with the shocks ; and ( v ) studying how they vary by gender . Lastly , Hanushek and Woessmann ( 2020 ) study OECD economies only and Fuchs-Sch ̈ undeln et al . ( 2020 ) and Jang and Yum ( 2022 ) focus on the distributional effects of school closures . We also contribute to a sparse literature on the relationship between experience and economic development ( Manuelli and Seshadri , 2014 ; Lagakos et al . , 2018b , a ; Islam et al . ,", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1184, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 1 : Panel survey : sub-sample of HIECS * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Jul-04 < br > Aug-04 < br > Sep-04 < br > Oct-04 < br > Nov-04 < br > Dec-04 < br > Jan-05 Panel < br > Feb-05 Feb-08 < br > Mar-05 HIECS < br > 2008 / 2009 < br > Apr-05 < br > Apr-08 < br > May-05 < br > May-08 < br > Jun-05 < br > Jun-08 < br > HIECS Jul-08 < br > Aug-08 < br > 2004 / 2005 < br > Sep-08 < br > 48 , 000 HH Oct-08 < br > Nov-08 < br > Dec-08 < br > Jan-09 < br > Feb-09 < br > Mar-09 < br > Q2 < br > Q3 < br > Q4 < br > Q1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The data used in this analysis rely on a one-month panel sample of the full HIECS 2004 / 05 , containing the same ( matched ) households . Out of the 3 , 903 addresses from February 2005 sample revisited in 2008 , 3 , 690 participated in the survey , of which 3 , 552 households were the same ( panel ) households as interviewed in 2005 and 138 were new households ( at the old addresses ) . These 138 households do not form a panel and are not used for any analysis presented in this paper . * * _Main living standards indicator : consumption . _ * * In this paper , as in the previous studies of poverty and living standards in Egypt ( World Bank 2007 ) , the analysis relies on actual consumption expenditure , including all money spending on consumer goods and services ( durables included ) , and non-monetary parts , such as imputed rents , own production and in-kind transfers received by households . Food consumption includes food that the household has purchased , grown and received from other sources for 279 items . Non-food consumption is the sum of expenditure on 298 non-food items , including expenditure on fuel , clothing , schooling , health", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 668, "text": "HIECS 2004 / 05", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to Deposit Ratios , 2007 – 10 < br > 28 27 . 9 13 200 < br > 181 < br > 175 < br > 171 < br > 162 < br > 26 152 < br > 25 . 0 12 150 147 < br > 138 139 < br > 24 < br > 11 < br > 100 < br > 22 21 . 1 < br > 20 . 9 < br > 20 . 2 < br > 19 . 8 19 . 7 10 < br > 20 19 . 0 19 . 1 18 . 7 50 < br > 18 9 < br > 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 < br > 0 < br > Total All Banks Large Banks < br > 2007 2008 2009 2010 < br > Assets / Equity : All Banks Large Banks All Banks Large Banks < br > Percent < br > Total assets / Equity < br > Risk-weighted Assets / Tier 1 Captal ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : ECB Consolidated Banking Data . 2 The limited decline in loan to deposit ratios may also be due to declining deposits as a result of flight to quality , as experienced by Greece , Ireland , Italy , and Spain .", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 643, "text": "ECB Consolidated Banking Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Santos Silva , J . M . C . and Silvana Tenreyro ( 2006 ) , “ The Log of Gravity . ” _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ 884 , 641 – 658 . url : https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1162 / rest . 88 . 4 . 641 . - Teti , Feodora A . ( 2020 ) , “ 30 Years of Trade Policy : Evidence from 5 . 7 Billion Tariffs . ” _ifo Working Papers_ 334 . - Timmer , Marcel P . , Erik Dietzenbacher , Bart Los , Robert Stehrer , and Gaaitzen J . _de_ Vries ( 2015 ) , “ An Illustrated User Guide to the World Input-Output Database : the Case of Global Automotive Production . ” _Review of International Economics_ 233 , 575 – 605 . url : http : / / doi . wiley . com / 10 . 1111 / roie . 12178 . - Yotov , Yoto V . ( 2021 ) , “ The Variation of Gravity within Countries ( or 15 Reasons Why Gravity Should Be Estimated with Domestic Trade Flows ) . ” _Drexel Economics Working Paper Series WP 2021-12_ . - ( 2022 ) , “ Gravity at Sixty : The Bijou of Trade . ” _Drexel Economics Working Paper Series WP 2022-01_ . url : https : / / ideas . repec . org / p / ris / drxlwp / 2022 % 7B % 5C_ % 7D001 . html . - Yu , Zhihao ( 2000 ) , “ A Model of Substitution of Non-Tariff Barriers for Tariffs . ” _The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d ’ Economique_ 334 , 1069 – 1090 . url : http : / / www . jstor . org . emedien . ub . uni-muenchen . de / stable / 2667392 . 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Acknowledgement * * We would like to acknowledge the collaborative effort of the Republic of South Sudan , UN agencies and development partners in developing this report . We specifically recognize the support from Commission for Refugee Affairs ; local government officials from Yei , Ezo and Yambio Counties , including Commissioners and Payam Administrators ; heads of government departments , specifically Agriculture , Education and Health departments . We are also grateful to the Chamber of Commerce in study locations , private sectors , local host communities and local and international non-government organizations ( NGOs ) . A special thanks to the colleagues from World Vision and ACROSS . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , World Food Programme ( WFP ) and United Nations High Commission for Refugees ( UNHCR ) have provided invaluable technical support , data and guidance in the preparation of this report . We especially thank Omar Farook ( WFP ) , Aschalew Feleke ( WFP ) , Mark Apire ( WFP ) , Mohammed Lebbie ( UNHCR ) , James Bwirani ( FAO ) and Elijah Luak ( FAO ) who prepared specific chapters of the report . Overall technical editing and layout of the report was done by WFP Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping ( VAM ) Unit and Operational Solutions and Transition Section ( OSTS ) UNHCR . We strongly recognize the hard work and contribution of government enumerators who collected household data and consulted with communities and different stakeholders . Lastly , we are indebted to refugee communities who have kindly provided their time and interest to fulfill the study objective . For questions or comments concerning any aspect of the report please contact : Bernard Owadi Kate Makanga Head of VAM , WFP Senior Reintegration Officer , UNHCR Bernard . owadi @ wfp . org makanga @ unhcr . org * * 1 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 1427, "end": 1441, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "services in Jordan - US $ 93 million * * - Sub-component 2 . 1 : Expanding access to market for digital firms - US $ 15 million - Sub-component 2 . 2 : Supporting digital transformation of service delivery to citizens and businesses ( DLI 4 ) - US $ 72 million - Sub-component 2 . 3 : Digitization of government payments - US $ 6 million * * Component 3 - Project management and implementation support - US $ 5 million * * # # * * < mark > Component 1 : Increasing the supply of digitally skilled youth in Jordan ( US $ 102 million ) < / mark > * * * * 27 . * * Component 1 aims to increase the supply of high-quality human capital to cater to the increasing demand for digital skills in Jordan , covering both employment and freelancing jobs . A two-pronged approach is required to address the gaps in supply of digital skills : ( i ) immediate attention to the stock of youth that is currently in the job market with inadequate digital skills , complemented by : ( ii ) institutionalizing a link between emerging skills needs in the digital sector and the design of curricula in the education system and complementary rapid response programs to improve the preparedness of the flow of job-seekers in the digital sector . The project will support creating a Customer Relationship Management System ( CRM ) to maintain a database of all trainees / graduates to ensure that they are plugged into relevant offline and online job matching activities ( e . g . , employment matchmaking platforms , job fairs , etc . ) . The project will leverage a local job-matching platform that was launched by the Ministry of Labor recently < sup > 25 < / sup > to support connections between supply and demand . * * 28 . * * Component 1 will address the five core weaknesses identified in the Intaj ’ s study < sup > 26 < / sup > underlying the skills mismatch directly and indirectly by developing a strong alignment", "spans": [{"start": 1321, "end": 1357, "text": "database of all trainees / graduates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "challenges under the sub-component , including lack of budget for social workers ' transportation and insufficient administrative budget allocation based on the 84 % ( PW ) - 16 % ( PDS ) allocation . The mission recommended reviewing transportation solutions from other cities experience and presenting a viable solution . Additionally , it suggested conducting a livelihood needs assessment to identify clients ready for livelihood opportunities . For the * * sub-component 3 . 2 * * , the mission observed noteworthy progress in the reintegration of UD beneficiaries , with 13 , 354 ( 95 percent ) of the targeted 14 , 000 beneficiaries receiving services and 93 . 8 percent integrated socially , economically , or through education , far exceeding the 40 percent target . Challenges remain with MoWSA in the areas of , safeguards , financial management , and procurement , requiring prompt attention , particularly on procurement and contract management . * * 12 . Component 4 : Institutional Strengthening , Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation . * * The mission observed good progress in some key activities under the component , including awareness creation and communication . The mission acknowledged significant progress in the development and deployment of the * * MIS * * , including the expansion of automated payments to eight cities and five sub-cities in Addis Ababa , benefiting 78 , 792 households , successful training in 12 additional cities , and validation / migration of household data . Key upgrades to the Registration , Payment , PW , and Livelihood modules are near completion , and integration with the National Identification System was achieved . However , challenges remain , such as delayed hardware / software procurement , resistance to automated payments observed in some cities , UPASS data inconsistencies , and system incompleteness . To address these , the mission recommended expediting procurement , completing system development , and rolling out the MIS to more cities . * * 13 . Financial Management ( FM ) : * * The mission discussed several critical FM challenges , including : ( i ) incomplete beneficiary payment reconciliations across cities , ( ii ) gaps in UD transaction recording and settlement", "spans": [{"start": 1506, "end": 1520, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1828, "end": 1838, "text": "UPASS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 – 12 . - Haushofer , J . and Shapiro , J . ( 2016 ) . The Short-term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers to the Poor : Experimental Evidence from Kenya . _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 131 : 1973 – 2042 . - ILO ( 2018 ) . _Global Wage Report 2018 / 19 : What lies behind gender pay gaps_ . Geneva : ILO . - ILO ( 2021 ) . ILOSTAT database . _retrieved from https : / / data . worldbank . org / on 1st December 2021_ . - Imbens , G . W . and Rubin , D . B . ( 2015 ) . _Causal inference in statistics , social , and biomedical sciences_ . Cambridge University Press . - Imbert , C . and Papp , J . ( 2019 ) . Short-term migration , rural public works and urban labor markets : Evidence from India . _Journal of the European Economic Association_ . Forthcoming . 25", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 351, "text": "ILOSTAT database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reported in Section 4 demonstrate that among women _τ_ is not equal to zero : making investment returns observable impacts individual choices . However , the magnitude of the reduced form impact does not identify _τ_ because the treatment effect depends on an individual ’ s level of risk aversion . Fortunately , random assignment should insure that the distribution of individual risk parameters in each of the six treatments is representative of the population distribution . We can therefore estimate the parameters of that distribution using data from the private treatments , and estimate _τ_ while controlling for heterogeneity in risk aversion in a structural framework . We model decisions in a discrete choice setting , where each subject decides how many ten shilling coins to allocate to the business cup , and allocates the remainder to the savings cup . Subjects in the small endowment treatments have nine options ( 0 _ , _ 10 _ , _ 20 _ , . . . , _ 80 ) , while those assigned to the large endowment treatments have nineteen ( 0 _ , _ 10 _ , _ 20 _ , . . . , _ 180 ) . In what follows , we index experimental treatments with _t_ , individual subjects with _i_ , and investment options with _j_ and , when necessary , _k_ . We assume that subject _i_ ’ s expected utility of investing _bj_ is given by : where _EVij_ denotes the explicitly-modeled expected utility of investing _bj_ ( what Train ( 2003 ) terms “ representative utility ” ) and _εij_ is a Gumbel-distributed preference shock . < sup > 36 < / sup > Behavior in the private treatments suggests that individuals have heterogeneous risk preferences . As in Section 3 , we assume these can be represented by a CRRA utility function , _vi_ ( _ · _ ) , parameterized by _ρi_ , and that individual _ρi_ parameters are normally distributed with mean _μρ_ and variance _σρ_ < sup > 2 . The < / sup > probability that subject _i_ chooses to invest _bj_ can then be written in the form of a mixed logit model : > where _σε_ < sup > 2is proportional to the variance of < / sup", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) internally generated revenue . This component aimed to support the Revenue Directorate to rationalize and streamline their revenue management systems ( revenue data base , assessment , billing , collection , enforcement , dispute resolutions , and taxpayer education ) . It was projected that these measures would result in a 15 percent annual OSR increase . The project would also enable KCCA to start using SMS mobile phone technology to pay bills and gathering customer feedback about the quality of services . # # # * * B . SIGNIFICANT CHANGES DURING IMPLEMENTATION ( IF APPLICABLE ) * * # # # * * Revised PDO Indicators * * 15 . There were no changes to the PDO indicators . # # # * * Revised Components * * 16 . There were no revisions to the overall components as described in the PAD . However , there were changes to the scope of some of the sub-components : - a . Two new primary drainage channels ( Nalukolongo and Kasanga / Ggaba ) were to be constructed under KIIDP2 . Following the update of the Kampala Drainage Master Plan in 2016 , the project developed a two-pronged approach that was targeting ( i ) construction of new drainage and flood management infrastructure in order to mitigate the impacts and consequences of flooding in the City , and ( ii ) rehabilitation and expansion of existing ( already constructed ) drainage and flood management infrastructure for example , the Lubigi drainage channel to take into account for the emerging climate related and urbanisation threats . The works were prioritized and packaged accordingly into three lots as recommended by the updated drainage master plan . Lot 1 included Lubigi primary drain ( 2 , 526m ) and Nakamiro secondary drain ( 3 , 280m ) while Lot 2 covered Nalukolongo primary drain ( 4 , 650m ) and Lot 3 catered for Kasanga primary drain ( 1 , 723m ) and Gaba", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 272, "text": "revenue data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Sustainable Land Management Project ( KAPSLMP ) Reports and Financial Statements_ * * * * _For the financial year ended June 30 , 2017_ * * | * * Specific * * | * * Duties : * * | | - - - | - - - | | ( i ) | Developand * * help * * establish < sup > a < / sup > | | | systemofroutine recordsand | | | periodic monitoringreportsat | | | community , < br > district < br > and | | | projectlevel | | ( ii ) | Assistindevelopmentofa | | | databaseofexistingM & E | | | capacityinthedistrictsfor | | | capacity < br > building | | | requirements | | ( iii ) | Assist < br > in < br > development < br > of | | | curriculumfortrainingM & E | | | personnel | | ( iv ) | Provide TechnicalAssistance | | | to KAPAPSpecialistsand | | | RSUs < br > to < br > develop < br > < br > | | | comprehensive < br > monitoring | | | andevaluationguidelinesfor < br > | | | the < br > various < br > components < br > < br > | | | objectives . < br > Develop < br > < br > | | | appropriate < br > indicators < br > for < br > | | | effectiveimplementationand < br > | | | impactassessmentatvarious | | | levelsincluding community < br > | | | level | | ( v ) | Coordinate < br > and < br > organize < br > | | | studies / surveysandotherfield < br > | | | activitiesinsupportofmid - < br > | | | termandterminal evaluation < br", "spans": [{"start": 477, "end": 500, "text": "databaseofexistingM & E", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of sovereign risk | _k_1 | - | Speed of scaling up plan | | _αN_ | 0 . 45 | Labor income share in nontraded sector | _k_2 | - | Degree of frontloading | | _αT_ | 0 . 60 | Labor income share in traded sector | _ρδ_ | 0 . 80 | Persistence of depreciation rate of public capital | | _δN_ | 0 . 10 | Depreciation rate of _kN , t_ | _φ_ | 1 | Severity of public capital depreciation | | _δT_ | 0 . 10 | Depreciation rate of _kT , t_ | _ςε_ | 50 | Severity of absorptive capacity constraints | | _ρyT_ | 0 . 10 | Learning by doing in traded sector | ̄ _γ_ < sup > _GI_ < / sup > | 0 . 60 | Thresholds of absorptive capacity constraints | | _ρzT_ | 0 . 10 | Persistence in TFP in traded sector | _ψH , ψE_ | 0 . 60 | Concavity parameters in human capital investment | | _κN_ | 25 | Investment adjustment cost , nontraded sector | _γH , γE_ | 0 . 19 | Efciency of human capital investment | | _κT_ | 25 | Investment adjustment cost , traded sector | _jE_ | 5 | Time to build lag for education stock | | _ψ_ | 10 | Inverse of Frisch labor elasticity | _jH_ | 1 | Time to build lag for health status | | _σ_ | 2 . 94 | Inverse of intertemporal elasticity of substitution | _εE_ | 0 . 1 | Output elasticity to education investment | | _ρ_ | 1 | Intratemporal substitution elasticity of labor | _εH_ | 0 . 03 | Output elasticity to health investment | Table 1 : Baseline calibration real return of the Norwegian Government Pension Fund from 1997 to 2011 ( Gros and Mayer , 2012 ) , the annual real return on international financial assets in the resource fund ( _R_ < sup > _RF_ < / sup > _ − _ 1 ) is set at 2 _ . _ 7 percent . - _Private production_ . Consistent with the evidence on Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) surveyed in Buffie _et al . _ ( 2012 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 2 : IPF Sub-Component Activities * * | Sub-component | Activities | | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Program management , policy < br > dialogue , communication , < br > monitoring and evaluation , < br > safeguards and fiduciary , and < br > verification | • < br > Program operational costs , including whole of Government < br > refugee policy coordination < br > • < br > SIP / school grant ( SIP manual and trainings ) < br > • < br > Data management , including categorization of special needs < br > learners by nature of disability and gender , and registration of < br > refugee learners , including learners in host communities , in < br > NEMIS . MoE develops guidelines for inclusion of refugee < br > children in NEMIS . < br > • < br > Beneficiary survey < br > • < br > Consultancy services including for the target refugee schools < br > ( scholarships / school kits and mentorship services , and studies - < br > baseline , midline , and end line assessments ) < br > • < br > Safeguards and fiduciary actions , including scaling up GBV < br > prevention interventions under SEQIP < br > • < br > Three-year capacity building plan | | 2 . Key technical assistance and < br > capacity building for adequate < br > implementation of the initiated < br > reforms and other systems < br > strengthening activities | Consultancy services , trainings , and workshops including for the target < br > refugee schools ( national survey on child development and pre-primary < br > school quality assurance standards and tools , including tools for appraisal < br > for teachers in pre-school ; two TAs for CBC and formative assessment ; < br > strengthening supply chain system for sanitary towels ; develop < br > implementation guidelines for the school meals and nutrition", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 769, "text": "Beneficiary survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1429, "end": 1481, "text": "national survey on child development and pre-primary", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Far more empirical research is needed to go beyond the indicative correlations presented here that are enabled by our cross-sectional data set towards more sure and detailed identification of causal links between elements of innovation and competition policy and resulting advances in growth and poverty elimination . Tracking enterprises over time could create a panel data set with more opportunities for strong instruments from exogenous changes in the economic environments to identify robustly the directions of causality suggested by the system of equations . Ideally , data following the workers as well as following the enterprises and their environments could be analyzed jointly to ascertain with more specificity just what policies best contribute to innovation-driven inclusive growth . 26", "spans": [{"start": 118, "end": 142, "text": "cross-sectional data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 364, "end": 378, "text": "panel data set", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # * * Annex 3 : Online Survey Conducted with 3RP Partners * * # # # * * Introduction * * * * This survey seeks to understand the extent to which the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan ( 3RP ) facilitates a localised response to the Syria crisis , and what more can be done to further localise the response . It will be used to inform research on localisation commissioned by the UNDP Sub-Regional Response Facility based in Amman . * * * * One survey response per organisation in each 3RP country context is requested . * * * * The survey will take approximately 30-45 minutes to complete . * * * * The deadline for survey responses is 26 October 2017 . * * # # # # # # * * Background * * * * Commitments made at the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016 , including within the ‘ The Grand Bargain ’ , push for increased support and funding to national and local responders . The resiliencebased approach articulated within the 3RP can accelerate commitments on ‘ localisation ’ . * * * * In the context of the 3RP , local actors includes : * * - * * Government authorities at national and sub-national levels . * * - * * National and local Non-Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) , Civil Society Organizations * * - * * ( CSOs ) and Community-Based Organizations ( CBOs ) . * * - * * National Societies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent . * * - * * National and local private sector organizations . * * - * * National and local research institutions . * * * * The following key areas are identified as particularly relevant for a localised response within the 3RP : * * - * * Local actors ( governmental and non-governmental ) , particularly at sub-national level , lead and * * - * * influence the design of the response . *", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 132, "text": "Online Survey Conducted with 3RP Partners", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 17 - 2 . 16 There is a clear parallel between the income level of the country and the average size of the institutions : low income countries had the smallest institutions , followed by lower-middle income countries , and upper-middle income countries ( Table 6 ) . Table 6 : Average Size of Institutions Supworter By Mode and Income Level | Income < br > Level | Secondary | M < br > Post - < br > Seconary | ode < br > Non - < br > Formal | Teacher < br > Traininrg | Overall < br > ISector < br > : Averages | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Low | 334 | N6o | 228 | 273 | 1 < br > 341 | | Lower-Mid | dle778 | OD2 | 305 | 405 | * * I * * < br > 379 | | LUwer-Ilddle | < br > 881 | 990 | 383 | 333 | * * 1 * * < br > 683 | | Overall < br > Averages | 843 | we | 319 | 34S | I < br > 506 | 2 . 17 This suggests that stronger economies with larger modern sectors have higher perceived demand for VET graduates . # Planned Costs Per Place 2 . 18 Given data on places supported and disaggregated cost data for the components in the sample , it is possible to derive crude indicators of the average total investment cost per place . 2 . 19 Interpreting cost comparisons across countries and training modes for projects spanning two decades , on the other hand , presents nearly insurmountable methodological problems . Input prices vary significantly over time , snd among countries . Some projects construct new facilities ; others rehabilitate existing ones ; many do both . The instructional program of an institution of a given mode in one country can and does vary significantly from that of an institution in the same mode in another country , with Important cost differences . Currency exchange rates differ . Political and natural disturbances cause significant delays and increase ( or", "spans": [{"start": 973, "end": 997, "text": "data on places supported", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1025, "text": "disaggregated cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNHCR AND IDPS IN ANGOLA - ANNEX # _c . Compartmentalisation of protection_ The organic allocation of responsibilities created by the Inter-Agency Strategy and the subsequent missions has had the effect of ‘ compartmentalising ’ protection , with each agency taking on specific and separate responsibilities , either geographical or conceptual , apart and different from all the others . While this does provide for a clear allocation of responsibility , it prevents the different actors from working together substantively and from being flexible enough to respond to the ever-changing needs of protection . Compared to the gigantic needs and limited resources set aside for protection , compartmentalisation may prove to decrease capacity and thus render protection efforts ineffective in the long run . # _d . Assessment of gaps and needs_ Despite the best efforts of all the UN organisations , significant gaps remain in the protection of the IDPs . Conspicuous in all of the existing protection frameworks is the lack of permanent and adequate field presence exclusively devoted to protection , even for a basic level of monitoring . OCHA has made such efforts , in order to fill a vacuum in protection presence , by augmenting the number of its staff in the field . However , this is still very limited . These field monitors ’ efforts are further weakened by all the other demands placed in administering co-ordination over the whole range of humanitarian activities in the various provinces . In essence , there is no staff or resources outside Luanda devoted singularly to protection . It is only this type of exclusive deployment that will lead to adequate protection coverage , thereby ensuring a minimum degree of respect for human rights . In addition , the adoption and use of a single set of protection monitoring tools is yet to be achieved . Since various methods of data collection have been used , the data sets of different agencies tend not to be compatible . Gaps also exist in resource mobilisation , adequate training capital on specifically protection-oriented operations , and generally in tangible operationalisation of protection . The aforementioned", "spans": [{"start": 1921, "end": 1930, "text": "data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "المائة28و < br > . فقط في المائة3 . بلدان مجلس التعاون الخليجي مجموعة < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . DESA , International Migration Stock , 2020 حسابات اإلسكوا استنادا ً إلى : المصدر < br > يستخدم مصطلح “ المهاجرون والالجئون ” في بيانات إدارة الشؤون لجتماعية ألن البيانات تشمل الفئتين . ومع ذلك ، من المهم اإلشارة إلى اختالف الوقائع وأنماطلقتصادية و ا ا : مالحظة < br > . الهجرة في المنطقة ، حيث تستضيف مجموعة بلدان مجلس التعاون الخليجي في الغالب العمال المهاجرين ، بينما يتركز الالجئون في الغالب في المشرق < br > التحويالت < br > ، تجاوزت تدف ّ قات التحويالت الواردة2019 في عام تلق ّ ت البلدان العربية تحويالت مالية < br > المبلغ الذي تلقته المنطقة العربية < br > مليار دوالر57 . 9 بقيمة < br > ، 2020 في عام < br > ، مرة1 . 7 لستثمار األجنبي", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 185, "text": "International Migration Stock", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "governance indicators ( Kau ¤ man , Kraay and Mastruzzi , 2005 ) ( henceforth KKM ) and the Docquier and Marfouk ( 2006 ) migration data set in their cross-sectional analysis . Focusing on skilled migration , they examine the impact of the brain drain on sending country ’ s institutional development and . . . nd a positive e ¤ ect on “ political ” institutions ( i . e . , on “ political stability ” and “ voice and accountability ” ) but a negative e ¤ ect on “ economic ” institutions at home ( i . e . , on “ government e ¤ ectiveness ” , “ regulatory quality ” , “ rule of law ” , and “ control of corruption ” ) . However , their results su ¤ er from the limits of a cross-sectional analysis < sup > 9 < / sup > and , as they themselves acknowledge , from the weakness of their instrumentation strategy ( they instrument skilled emigration rates using countries ’ geographical characteristics ) . In this paper we look instead at migration in general , focus on democratic institutions , and consider dynamic-panel regressions . We . . . nd that the emigration rate and the level of human capital both positively a ¤ ect democracy and economic freedom at home . This implies that unskilled migration has a positive impact while skilled migration has an ambiguous impact on institutional quality . Using the point estimates from our regressions , we simulate the marginal e ¤ ect of skilled emigration on institutional quality . In general the simulations con . . . rm the ambiguous e ¤ ect of high-skill emigration . It is only when the incentive e ¤ ects of emigration on human capital formation are taken into account that a signi . . . cant institutional gain obtains for some countries in the short run , and for many countries in the long-run . # 2 Empirical analysis # # 2 . 1 General Considerations Empirical investigation of the e ¤ ect of emigration on institutions in a cross-section or a panel setting raises a di ¢ cult trade-o ¤ . In a cross-sectional dimension , it is possible to use better data both", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 21, "text": "governance indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TIOLI sample . Education levels are high , with 88 percent having completed at least secondary education in the BDM sample and 95 percent in the TIOLI sample . This compares to only 59 percent of the overall Jamaican population aged 25 to 44 having completed at least secondary education in 2010 ( Barro and Lee , 2013 ) , and reflects positive selection into entrepreneurship on education . In the TIOLI sample entrepreneurs are significantly wealthier than in the BDM sample as measured by a wealth index . < sup > 7 < / sup > In both samples , the firms cover a wide mix of industries , with the majority of businesses in the BDM sample being in services ( 38 percent ) , retail ( 30 percent ) and manufacturing ( 23 percent ) , while in the TIOLI sample we have a larger share in services ( 53 percent ) , a > 6For the BDM sample we removed 17 firms with more than 10 , 000 dollars in monthly sales . From the TIOLI sample we removed 3 firms with more than 35 , 000 dollars in monthly sales , allowing in the sample firms with more than 15 employees and more than 10 , 000 dollars in sales . > 7 The wealth index is the principal component of four variables : owning a vehicle , having access to the internet , being able to finance J $ 20 , 000 and reservation wage . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . The PMU will be responsible for the Project ’ s overall coordination , management and monitoring . The key tasks will include :  Coordination and management of project implementation , which will involve , _inter alia_ : ( i ) overall monitoring of all Project-related components and activities ; ( ii ) technical assistance to the municipalities and heads of unions of municipalities in their management of the participatory process ; ( iii ) procurement and contract management of all Project activities ; ( iv ) fiduciary and safeguards compliance ; ( v ) preparation , updating , obtaining approvals , distribution and dissemination of the Project OM ; ( vi ) organization of training and orientation sessions for key Project stakeholders , including on the operation and maintenance of financed subprojects ; ( viii ) carrying out various project related surveys and studies , as needed ; and ( ix ) planning and implementing the Project midterm review .  Implementing all Project-related reporting and communication activities , including : ( i ) reporting to the Government , the Steering Board of the LSCTF , donors and other stakeholders , as relevant ; ( ii ) preparing bi-annual Project reports ; and ( iii ) organizing and implementing outreach and communications activities related to the Project . 6 . The mayors , through their unions of municipalities , will be leading the identification and prioritization process of subprojects with the involvement of host communities in the targeted unions . Each union of municipalities with their member mayors will convene a meeting with community representatives ( such as community leaders , and representatives of CSOs and the private sector , including representatives of vulnerable groups such as women , youth and the poor ) who together will prioritize the use of the union ’ s available financing envelope . During this meeting , the involved stakeholders will decide on the priority interventions to be financed . They will also select subcommittees consisting of 2-3 representatives of the beneficiary community plus a representative from the union or municipality , who will undertake regular monitoring of the implementation of subprojects in their area .", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 884, "text": "project related surveys and studies", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Introduction * * The sudden onset of the COVID-19 shock in early 2020 resulted in substantial disruptions to economic activities as a large share of the global population was confined at home and a myriad of restrictions aimed at reducing the spread of the virus were put in place . Between January and June 2020 , the volume of global trade retraced by 13 percent with a sharp rebound from then onwards ( World Bank , 2020 ) . The sudden drop in the supply of products from China led to debates on whether the increased exploitation of global comparative advantage , which in the decade prior to COVID-19 turned China into the world ’ s manufacturing powerhouse , had produced a dangerous dependence . The unprecedented social distancing restrictions brought by the COVID-19 pandemic presented additional challenges to global production with reductions in in-person production . An unexplored question we address in this paper is which are the supply-side characteristics of products that determined the vulnerability , or on the contrary , the resilience of their trade to the pandemic in 2020 . We focus on how the following characteristics of exported products mediate the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis : unskilled labor-intensive production , production relying more on imported inputs , on inputs from dominant suppliers or for which China is a dominant supplier , and complex knowledge-intensive production . Our identification strategy is based on a stringent difference-in-differences specification with bilateral monthly product exports ( at Harmonized System ( HS ) 4-digit level ) by all countries to 29 major markets - the 27 European Union ( EU ) countries , Japan , and the United States ( US ) – as the dependent variable . The main regressors are interaction terms between measures of COVID-19 incidence ( death over population ) and proxies for production vulnerability . We capture the effect of the COVID-19 shock by exploring how the response of exports for a given exporting countryimporting country pair at the product level over time is mediated by production vulnerability 2", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1553, "text": "bilateral monthly product exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 09-28 | 2020-11-11 | | 2020-12-09 | 2021-01-08 | 2021-02-12 | | 2021-03-19 | 2023-09-18 | | KE-NT-203055-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services to < br > Develop a Strategy for Kenya < br > Geodetic Reference System < br > and Large Scale Mapping | IBRD / 89580 | Technical Assistance | Prior < br > < br > B | Quality And Cost - < br > ased Selection | Open - International | 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2020-11-12 < br > 2020-11-24 < br > 2020-11-26 | 2021-02-06 | | 2021-03-06 | 2021-04-05 | 2021-05-10 | | 2021-06-14 | 2022-06-14 | | KE-NT-243831-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy for Training of < br > Primary Mortgage Lenders | IBRD / 89580 | Technical Assistance | Post < br > C < br > < br > S | onsultant < br > Qualification < br > election | Open - National | 150 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-08-12 < br > 2021-09-02 | 2021-10-16 | | | | 2021-11-15 | | 2021-12-20 | 2022-12-20 | | KE-NT-243837-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy for Medium Term < br > Survey on Affordable Housing | IBRD / 89580 | Technical Assistance | Post < br > C < br > < br > S | ons", "spans": [{"start": 1024, "end": 1052, "text": "Survey on Affordable Housing", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure 6 : Average Outcomes by Group < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Precarious housing Ownership land & house < br > Years of education [ 24 + ) Use computer [ 14 + ) < br > . 6 . 8 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > . 4 < br > . 2 < br > . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > Tonocoté Chorote Pilagá Mbyá Guaraní Wichí Vilela Chulupí Lule Ava Guaraní Toba-Qom Kolla Tapiete Tupí Guaraní Chané Omaguaca Mocoví Ona Atacama Quechua Diaguita-Calchaquí Guaraní Otros Aymara Huarpe Sanavirón Mapuche Maimará Tehuelche Querandí Pampa Charrúa Comechingón Rankulche Lule Vilela Chané Rankulche Diaguita-Calchaquí Tehuelche Maimará Mapuche Kolla Wichí Sanavirón Toba-Qom Atacama Querandí Comechingón Omaguaca Charrúa Pilagá Guaraní Mocoví Huarpe Pampa Tupí Guaraní Ava Guaraní Tonocoté Otros Tapiete Quechua Mbyá Guaraní Ona Chorote Chulupí Aymara < br > . 8 < br > 10 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > 5 < br > . 2 < br > 0 0 < br > Otros Charrúa Querandí Comechingón Sanavirón Ona Pampa Rankulche Aymara Diaguita-Calchaquí Huarpe Tehuelche Maimará Tupí Guaraní Quechua Guaraní Atacama Mapuche Lule Kolla Omaguaca Toba-Qom Mocoví Chané Ava Guaraní Tapiete Chorote Tonocoté Chulupí Wichí Pilagá Mbyá Guaraní Vilela Ona Querandí Charrúa Comechingón Otros Rankulche Pampa Tehuelche Sanavirón Mapuche Huarpe Tupí Guaraní Aymara Quechua Diaguita-Calchaquí Guaraní Atacama Maimará Toba-Qom Kolla Mocoví Omaguaca Lule Chané Tapiete Ava Guaraní Mbyá Guaraní Chorote Wichí Chulupí Tonocoté Pilagá Vilela < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources : _ REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2010 ) . _Notes : _ Solid horizontal lines show average for Natives , dashed horizontal lines show the average for non-Natives , and the dotted horizontal lines show the first and ninth decile by department .", "spans": [{"start": 1529, "end": 1556, "text": "INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 • # # # * * C . RÉFUGIÉS * * # # # * * C1 . RÉFUGIES MALIENS * * Tableau 5 : Réfugiés - Estimation du nombre de réfugiés maliens au 31 décembre 2023 | * * Pays d ' asile * * | * * Nombre de refugiés * * | * * Date de mise à jour * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Mauritanie * * | 104324 | 31 décembre 2023 | | * * Niger * * | 67705 | 31 décembre 2023 | | * * Burkina Faso * * | 37579 | 31 décembre 2023 | | * * Nigéria * * | 84 | 31 décembre 2023 | | * * Togo * * | 73 | 31 décembre 2023 | | * * Guinée * * | 9 | 31 décembre 2023 | | * * Total * * | * * 209 774 * * | * * 31 décembre 2023 * * | < u > Source : UNHCR ( https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / fr / countries / ) < / u > # # # * * C2 . REFUGIES AU MALI * * - Tableau 6 : Réfugiés - Estimation du nombre de réfugiés et demandeurs d ’ asile au Mali à la du 31 décembre 2023 | * * Pays d ' asile * * | * * Nombre de refugiés * * | * * Date de mise à jour * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Burkina Faso * * | 29146 | 31 décembre 2023 | | * * Niger * * | 20618 | 31 décembre 2023 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "land and air , as such movements are largely irregular and involve smuggling networks , which are difficult to track . If collected , data is rarely disaggregated by nationalities , risk category , gender or age . Reliable data on the number of UASC either arriving to , or currently residing in , different European countries is often unavailable . The number of asylum applications filed by UASC is used to provide an indication of trends but does not necessarily provide an accurate picture of the caseload due to backlogs in national asylum systems , onward irregular movements or children not applying for asylum at all . In addition , due to different definitions and national procedures and practices , collecting accurate data on separated children specifically is very challenging ( e . g . separated children being registered as either accompanied or unaccompanied ) . It should also be noted that for UASC asylum claims for the period January to June 2020 , since Eurostat publish UASC data on annual basis , data was available only for few countries at the time when this factsheet was released . Jointly compiled and produced by : For further information or any questions concerning this factsheet , please contact : UNHCR : * * Javed Khan * * khanjav @ unhcr . org UNICEF : * * Siraj Mahmudlu * * smahmudlu @ unicef . org IOM : * * Ivona Zakoska Todorovska * * dtmmediterranean @ iom . int 8", "spans": [{"start": 992, "end": 1001, "text": "UASC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government to build cheap and affordable houses for rural migrants who have been living in shacks at the periphery of cities for years ) . < sup > 35 < / sup > # _3 . 2 . 4 ) Consequences of migration for the economy as a whole_ Some empirical studies have been more ambitious and have tried to measure the national changes in production , income and inequality resulting from internal migration . The issue at stake is whether migration allows workers to move to areas where they are more productive and if efficiency gains occur at the cost of rising inequality . From an applied point of view , only structural models of internal migration or calibrated computable general equilibrium models can pretend to shed some light on this complex issue . Several works have integrated internal migration in their assessment of trade barriers reduction . Taylor , Yunez-Naude and Dyer ( 1999 ) investigate the impacts of NAFTA on rural employment and wages and rural out-migration in Mexico following a reduction in the government support price of corn . This is done using a village-town model which blends microeconomic household farm models with economywide modeling . < sup > 36 < / sup > The model is estimated on survey data from households located in towns and surrounding villages in the Michoacan province . The authors find only a small impact of trade liberalization . Zhai and Wang ( 2002 ) simulate the effects of a reduction in trade barriers on rural-urban migration and urban unemployment in China . Their simulations show that there is a great need to co-ordinate trade , labor and internal migration policies . In the context of trade liberalization measures ( a gradual reduction of import tariffs ) , if ruralurban migration controls are relaxed ( increasing labor mobility ) without a labor-market > 35 It should be noted , however , that _accommodationist_ policies conceal an important ambiguity . In South Africa , there is a tension between preventing ‘ land invasions ’ ( informal settlements appearing on vacant land within the city ) and helping informal settlers ameliorate their housing conditions . Pakistan facing a problem of squatter settlements , was confronted with a similar tension between legalizing such settlements and evicting them", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1224, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 24 - However , it * * is * * important to bear in mind that available measures may bias the African rural linkage estimates downward because of a key feature of the African rural economy - - the high share of nonmarketed goods and services ln total consumption . Because they are not marketed , many rural African goods and services are not measured . The Gusau consumption study , for example , does not impute a value for consumption of home produced nonfood cou ' odities . And none of the studies values nontraded household services-cooking , cleaning , laundry and child care . Furthermore , major agricultural improvements take the form of labor time invested in tree crop planting , land clearing , leveling or ridging . A recent study in Nigeria estimated that 80 percent of total agricultural investment took this form , while only the remaining 20 percent represented cash expenditure on equipment ( AdesimL , 1983 ) . Performed primarily with unremunerated family workers , labor-based investments are normally excluded from calculations of the value of agricultural investment . Because the Asian economies are more highly monetized , more of these services enter the measured consumption accounts . Thus , in the same way GNP comparisons exaggerate income gaps between rich and poor countries - - because the development of labor markets monetize what were previously intra-household labor flows and becas e high female workforce participation leads to booming restaurant , laundry , house cleaning and childcare businesses - - the Asia-Africa comparisons are likely to overstate the apparent linkage gap between the two regions . The differences may well diminish in the future as rural Africa becomes increasingly monetized . # VII . PROBABLE MAGNITUDE OF THE AGRICULTURAL GROWTH NULTIPLIERS A . Direct Cross-Regional Estimation Available regional data from Togo and Sierra Leone ( ILO , 1982d , Natlon et al . , 1979 ) , enable us to relate regional differences in rural", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 381, "text": "Gusau consumption study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1856, "end": 1896, "text": "regional data from Togo and Sierra Leone", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Does Democratization Promote Competition ? * * # * * Evidence from Indonesia * * < sup > * * † * * < / sup > Mary Hallward-Driemeier < sup > * * * * * < / sup > Anna Kochanova < sup > * * < / sup > Bob Rijkers < sup > * * * < / sup > Originally published in the Policy Research Working Paper Series on _January 2020 . _ This version is updated on _February 2021 . _ To obtain the originally published version , please email prwp @ worldbank . org . # # * * JEL * * : L11 , O38 , O47 , N45 , P16 , P26 , L60 * * Keywords * * : Corruption , cronyism , political connections , firm dynamics , Indonesia , manufacturing , state – business relationships , political turnover , democratization > * Corresponding author : Bob Rijkers , The World Bank , 1818 H Street , N . W . , Washington , DC 20433 . Phone : + 1 ( 202 ) 4730426 . E-mail : brijkers @ worldbank . org . † We are very grateful to Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak and Denni Purbasari for sharing their data on political connections to Suharto with us . We would like to thank Nicolas Gomez Parra and Nicolas Santos Villagran for excellent research assistance . Research for this paper has been supported in part by the Knowledge for Change Program , the Multidonor Trust Fund for Trade and Development , and the Strategic Research Program of the World Bank . It also benefitted from funding from the World Bank ’ s Research Support Budget . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . > * The World Bank , 1818 H Street , N . W . , Washington , DC 20433 . Phone : + 1 ( 202 ) 473-9120 . E-mail : mhallward @ worldbank . org . * *", "spans": [{"start": 956, "end": 996, "text": "data on political connections to Suharto", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Taking a regional approach requires the use of standardized hazard definitions and methods for matching hazard and household data . This is done by considering the main hazard measures and techniques used in comparable country studies , and systematically assessing the choice of hazard , the hazard-household matching approach , and the functional form used in analysis . Specifically , we use gridded historical data on precipitation , vegetation , evapotranspiration , and soil moisture , using measures such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ( NDVI ) , the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index ( SPEI ) , and WRSI . These measures reflect the hazard to livelihoods from lack of rain in different ways . Some are direct measures of climate conditions ( e . g . , precipitation , soil moisture , and SPEI ) , others aggregate climate data through crop models ( WRSI ) , and others measure vegetation outcomes ( NDVI ) . The gridded hazard measures are then merged to harmonized household surveys from nine countries ( Ethiopia , Lesotho , Malawi , Mauritania , Mozambique , Niger , Nigeria , Zambia , and Zimbabwe ) with location coordinates for either the household or the community . The surveys used are the ones that are also used for official poverty estimates . A consistent approach to temporal matching was used to take into account the timing of the survey and agricultural seasons . Different approaches to spatial merging were tested . There are important methodological insights from the analysis that emerge . First , we find that soil moisture and greenness measures provide more consistently reliable results than evapotranspiration or rainfall measures . This is an important finding given most of the extant literature is based on evapotranspiration or rainfall metrics . Second , we find that a linear specification performs adequately for the types of moderate shocks that are well-represented in the survey data used . Third , we find that a hazard measure based on 20 km or 50 km radius around each household performs better than those that use smaller radii , perhaps because a larger radius allows local market effects to also be considered . The relationship between hazard measures and welfare outcomes is estimated separately for different livelihood zones across SSA . Separate", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 418, "text": "gridded historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 519, "end": 557, "text": "Normalized Difference Vegetation Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 573, "end": 624, "text": "Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 640, "end": 644, "text": "WRSI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1044, "text": "harmonized household surveys from nine countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1949, "end": 1960, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 6 ) | 10 , 007 | 9 , 478 | 11 , 655 | 11 , 573 | 11 , 493 | 12 , 426 | 66 , 632 | | North America ( 2 ) | 8 , 778 | 8 , 322 | 10 , 251 | 10 , 248 | 10 , 083 | 10 , 934 | 58 , 616 | | Australia / New Zealand ( 2 ) | 706 | 727 | 858 | 753 | 844 | 841 | 4 , 729 | | Japan / Rep . of Korea ( 2 ) | 523 | 429 | 546 | 572 | 566 | 651 | 3287 | | < br > * * total ( 44 ) * * | < br > * * 52 , \u0003 840 * * | < br > * * 47 , \u0003 303 * * | < br > * * 51 , \u0003 880 * * | < br > * * 54 , \u0003 229 * * | < br > * * 58 , \u0003 268 * * | < br > * * 66 , \u0003 155 * * | , < br > * * 330 , \u0003 675 * * | * * 32 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Grant Program for MSMEs Project Implementation # * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions ) * * * * SUMMARY-NewFin1 * * | * * Total Project Cost * * | 99 . 8 | | - - - | - - - | | * * Total Financing * * | 99 . 8 | | * * of which IBRD / IDA * * | 99 . 8 | | * * Financing Gap * * | 0 . 00 | Page 2 of 20 Apr 30 , 2019", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education does not seem to increase the gains from e-commerce . This finding suggests that holding other observable factors equal , having vocational training is better than general education in facilitating e-commerce success . In other words , skills attained from vocational training could be more relevant to e-commerce than general education . For example , regular high school curriculums usually do not include management , business operation , or any technical skills , instead , they include liberal arts and science classes that may not be directly related to e-commerce . However , technical training in vocational schools can be targeted on specific skills . For example , curriculums in vocational schools can include web page design and retailing that are helpful to e-commerce operations . Additionally , vocational training , such as gardening , cooking , and tailoring , can give e-shop owners the practical skills and knowledge needed to understand the markets for the products they may produce and sell through e-commerce . In the Taobao Village Survey , data also show that e-commerce training is one of the top three supports e-tailers need from the government . These pieces of evidence , while far from conclusive , suggest that collective action from the villagers or government support in designing complementary training programs can go a long way to promote further e-commerce development . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1050, "end": 1071, "text": "Taobao Village Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the primary GER is 81 percent while the NER stands at 45 percent . UNHCR , ( 2021 ) , Kenya Education Data-October 2021 . > 6 https : / / www . education . go . ke / index . php / downloads / file / 824-school-based-teacher-support-sbts-initiative-manual-for-early-years Page 9 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 114, "text": "Kenya Education Data-October", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "day with 3 . 3 million lifted above the poverty line , followed by the FTAAP ( 2 . 1 million ) and TPP15 ( 1 . 3 million ) . At the same time , the shape of the growth incidence curve also suggest that more ambitious agreements tend to concentrate larger gains in richer segments of the population , particularly in the case of the most ambitious of all , i . e . the EU-IDN CEPA ( Figure 13a ) . In contrast , RCEP and CPTPP ( TPP-11 ) scenarios offer lower gains in terms of poverty reduction but better distributional outcomes . The RCEP scenario generates a reduction in poor people by 0 . 3 million for the PPP $ 3 . 20 a day line and by 0 . 8 million for the PPP $ 3 . 20 a day line * * ( * * Figure 14b ) . The growth incidence curve ( Figure 13b ) shows that CPTPP might have a negative impact on the middle-class , sending more people - 0 . 3 million - below the poverty at the PPP $ 5 . 50 a day . # * * Figure 13 . Growth incidence curves in simulated scenarios in 2030 . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 13a . EU-IDN , FTAAP and TPP-15 scenarios 13b . RCEP and CPTPP scenarios < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Growth Incidence Curve with respect to Baseline , 2030 < br > 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > Percentiles of Per Capita Income < br > EU-IDN FTAAP TPP-15 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > % change , w . r . t . Baseline < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Growth Incidence Curve with respect to Baseline , 2030 < br > 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > Percentiles of Per Capita Income < br > RCEP TPP-11 < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rogés sur la question . A la date du 30 mai 2020 , la région compte 21 cas confirmés de COVID-19 dont 16 cas de guérisons et 05 cas sous traitement . Le monitoring de protection a permis de constater que les populations ont accès à l ’ information sur les mesures barrières et sont conscientes de la capacité de contagion de la pandémie . Le mois de mai a été également marqué par la levée de la quarantaine de la ville de Dédougou . * * _ < mark > 52 < / mark > _ * * > Mai 2020 * * _ < mark > 25 < / mark > _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "change in that indicator for LGAs that actually received the project would have been the same as that observed in LGAs that did not receive the program . Some evidence on the parallel trend assumption was provided in the section above . # * * 4 . 1 Results * * We now present the main results of the paper : did LGAs receiving the project present a different trend in indicators of state capacity when compared to the comparator areas ? We highlight the trends within project areas , then present how the comparator areas perform , and finally compare the performance between treatment and comparator areas to explore the impact of the program . # * * 4 . 2 How did outcomes change within ULGSP LGAs over time ? * * We start by presenting how the responses of households about institutional capacity changed in project areas . Many indicators are presented in Table 4 , Table 5 and Table 6 . Columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) present average responses among households in project LGAs , in 2016 ( first round ) and 2018 ( second round ) surveys , respectively , while column ( 5 ) presents the difference in means . Overall , the response improved across the board . In Table 4 , we see the share of households reporting that the local council makes good use of revenues has increased from 44 % to 66 % , for example , while the share saying that local governments make good investment plans increased by 21 p . p . Responses about government performance in delivering services such as road maintenance and cleanliness have also improved , as have responses about ease of access to building permits , household services and medical treatment . Table 5 reports indicators related to responses of transparency and accountability . The share of respondents agreeing that the local council provides information on budget , allows participation , consults other actors before decision . and handles complaints well have all increased by over 10 p . p . - for all these indicators less than 60 percent of respondents agreed with the statements by the second survey , but the performance increased significantly in the two years between surveys . It", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "al . , 2002 ; Levine and Schmukler , 2006 ) . On the other hand , even when barriers to financial transactions are removed , frictions ( such as information asymmetries , fixed transactions costs , or tax treatments ) can still cause market segmentation to persist ( La Porta et al . , 1997 ; Karolyi and Stulz , 2003 ; Pirinsky and Wang , 2006 ; Bekaert et al . , 2011 ; Colla et al . , 2013 ) . Therefore , market specific developments can be important for firms and investors participating in those markets . We focus on East Asia for different reasons . First , corporate issuances in East Asia account for most of the capital market activity in emerging economies as a whole . The amount of bonds raised by East Asian firms during 1990-2016 accounted for about 70 percent of the total amount raised by firms from emerging regions in domestic and international markets . Second , East Asia weighs heavily in international benchmark indexes , which international investors widely use to allocate funds across economies ( The Economist , 2019 ) . This interest by international investors might push firms to raise capital in international markets in detriment of domestic markets . Third , following the 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis ( AFC ) , policy makers in the region have made a conscious effort to develop domestic bond markets as an alternative to international financing . By comparing bond issuance activity in East Asia with that in other regions , we can examine how international and domestic markets have developed over time , whether they act as substitutes or complements , and how the supply and demand of capital behave when financing takes place in different markets . To perform the analysis on issuance activity and types of issuing firms , we use transactionlevel data on corporate bonds issued in domestic and international ( cross-border ) markets over 19902016 . The data include 81 , 194 bond issuances conducted by 13 , 084 firms from East Asian economies . The analysis focuses on the largest 10 economies in the region in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . We account for the heterogeneity in these economies by computing the main patterns in", "spans": [{"start": 1771, "end": 1811, "text": "transactionlevel data on corporate bonds", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PPSD for the first phase of the PRIME program | 12 | Supply and Installation of Water supply system for drilling < br > purposes for all sites | Works | 8 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 13 | Design and Build of Civil Works ( Access Roads , Camp , < br > Casing Storage Area , Drilling Sites ) for Allalobad and < br > TendahoDrilling Sites | Works | 4 , 000 , 000 . 00 | # # # # # # * * < u > CONTRACT APPROACH FOR WORKS < / u > * * | * * Attribute * * | * * Selected * * < br > * * arrangeme * * < br > * * nt * * | * * Justification Summary / Logic * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Specificati * * < br > * * ons * * | Conforman < br > ce | EEP with assistance of the consultant can describe the < br > requirements for transmission line & Substation equipment < br > and there is a little / no need for the supplier innovate . | | * * Sustainabil * * < br > * * ity * * < br > * * Requireme * * < br > * * nts * * | Yes | EEP apply GoE and WB social and environmental standards < br > as per the contract ESH assessment outputs . The project is < br > targeting promotion of green energy products and is sound < br > in terms of sustainability | | * * Contract * * < br > * * Type * * | EPC | | | * * Pricing and * * < br > * * Costing * * < br > * * Mechanism * * | Admeasure < br > ment | The contract will", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 10 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Uganda < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations from the ESS 2018 / 19 , IHPS 2019 , GHS-Panel 2018 / 19 , & UNPS 2019 / 20 For the Ethiopia HFPS , to obtain representative estimates at the national , urban , and rural level , the target sample size for the HFPS was 3 , 300 households : 1 , 300 in rural and 2 , 000 households in urban areas . To account for non-response and attrition all of the 5 , 374 households with contact information in the ESS were called in round 1 of the HFPS . In rural areas 1 , 413 households owning a phone and 771 households with reference phone were contacted . Whereas in urban areas 3 , 213 households owing phone and 24 households with a reference phone numbers were contacted . A total of 3 , 249 households ( 2 , 271 urban and 978 rural households were fully interviewed yielding an overall crude response rate of 60 percent ( 67 % for urban and 50 % for rural households ) . > 8 The variables considered in the cube sampling approach are the same variables included in the bias correction calibration below ( displayed in Table 3 . 2 ) . > 9 Response and contact rates reported here are “ crude ” in that they do not cleanly correspond to AAPOR standard definitions . This crude calculation is retained for the sake of simplicity . 7", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 172, "text": "IHPS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 175, "end": 194, "text": "GHS-Panel 2018 / 19", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 199, "end": 213, "text": "UNPS 2019 / 20", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 539, "end": 542, "text": "ESS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * PROJECT PAPER Additional Financing for the Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) | Description | The number of female beneficiaries who have access to social and economic services as a result of theproject investments | | - - - | - - - | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | Quarterly progress reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Project MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU at regional and woreda levels | | PDO Outcome | * * Expand economic livelihood opportunities * * | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Livelihood beneficiaries whose income increases by 25 % or more ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | The indicator measures the impact of the livelihood activities , including the traditional , non-traditional and irrigation schemes , based on support provided < br > by the project . Household level income improvements relating to the refugee and host households will be measured in real terms . The target will be at < br > least 50 % of the beneficiaries whose household income increases by 25 percent or more as a result of the project support . The beneficiaries include those < br > whoparticipated in one or more of the three subcomponent activities . | | Frequency | Baseline , MTR , Endline | | Data source | Project evaluation report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indepdenent evaluation surveys at baseline , midline and endline stages . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Contracted survey agency , supervised by FPCU | | Indicator Name | * * Female livelihood beneficiaries whose income increases by 25 % or more ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of female beneficiaries whose income increased by", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 387, "text": "Quarterly progress reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1372, "end": 1397, "text": "Project evaluation report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1443, "end": 1473, "text": "Indepdenent evaluation surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * 7 . 5 . 4 . 2 Operation Phase – Noise , Vibration and EMF * * # # # * * Potential impact * * - Noise from TL and substation ; and - Exposure to EMFs from the TL and substation . # # # * * Sources of impact * * - Presence and operation of the TL and substations # # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * During the operation phase , people living near the TL may hear the occasional low-level of static electricity discharge during certain atmospheric events . Those living near the substation may hear a low humming sound emanating from the electrical equipment and cooling fans . People living near the TL and substation could also be exposed to EMFs generated from the TL and substation , which could potentially lead to effects on human health . However , the many studies that have been conducted by scientists to determine whether or not exposure to EMF affects human health are inconclusive regarding whether there are any real health effects from EMF exposure . Notwithstanding , ICNIRP Guidelines ( ICNIRP , 2014 ) recommend EMFs levels not to exceed 1Hz . EMF measurements that have been conducted reveal that existing EMF levels in the study area are all below 1Hz . Thus , with the presence of the transmission and establishing setback limits between the TL and substation and nearby residences , EMF levels are not expected to exceed exposure limits . # # # * * Mitigation Measures * * - Design and build the TL so as to ensure that EMF levels are well below acceptable guidelines for occupational and human health exposure limits ; and - Keep residences and other permanent structures such as schools , shops or offices out of the way-leave and substation are to minimize exposure to EMFs . # # # * * Impact Assessment * * The intensity of the impact is low , since EMF levels should not exceed EMF exposure limits . The extent of the impact is local since EMF levels will be generated all along the TL . The duration of", "spans": [{"start": 1071, "end": 1087, "text": "EMF measurements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resilience Project are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of the Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , * * 2024 , and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Principal Secretary for Ministry of Water , Sanitation and Irrigation , State department for Irrigation . and the project Manager for Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements and the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Principal Secretary for the Ministry of Water , Sanitation and Irrigation State Department for Irrigation and the Project Manager for Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience * * xix * *", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 516, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for implementation of the livelihood restoration plan ; - Mobilise and guide government line offices to fully participate in the implementation of the RP and LRP ; and - Closely follow and ensure that the RP and LRP are implemented according to the plan in the Woreda and Kebeles . - * * 14 . 5 Local Administration : Affected Kebele - Obi-Koji * * The following are among some of the key responsibilities of the Subprojects Affected Kebeles ( PAKs ) Administration Offices : - Participate in all the Subproject information disclosure meetings ; - Participate in the identification of affected households and mobilise PAPs ; - Give feedback / notification to PAPs on Subproject related issues ; - Participate in and witness the process of the affected land survey , property valuation and compensation payment process ; and - Attend to all grievances within the Kebele with regard to land required by the Subproject . Official Use Only Page 158", "spans": [{"start": 743, "end": 763, "text": "affected land survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Identification and Subproject Impact Boundary Delineation Stage : _ This is a crucial stage where adverse subproject impacts were fully identified and understood leading to their quantification . A survey was conducted using a Global Positioning System ( GPS ) to demarcate and confirm the actual boundary of the land take requirements for the subproject including tower foundation , ROW and substations areas . _Census and Socio-Economic Surveys and Property Registration Stage : _ As this stage is a decisive stage in the whole exercise for the RP , a number of steps and procedures were adopted to ensure the accuracy of information collected and registration of affected property . The steps and procedures followed were as follows : - The first step was recruitment and training of enumerators . A team of enumerators and supervisors were recruited locally and received training on basic interviewing techniques . Enumerators were closely supervised and supported by members of the study team . - The second step was formation of an ad-hoc committee comprised of Woreda and Kebele officials . This committee is important in the identification of PAPs and for approving the legality of ownership of affected property by its claimant . - The third and the last step during this stage was the supervision and administration of the actual field work . A complete census enumeration of all PAPs was carried out side by side with registration of affected property including land and other privatelyowned structures that will be affected by the subproject . Structured questionnaires were administered to the affected households and detailed quantitative information on the socio-economic characteristics of the households was collected . The baseline survey captured PAHs ’ demographic and socio-economic and livelihood data . This data included PAHs ’ age , sex , education level , income level , household size , type of household , occupation , and availability of basic service providing infrastructures like", "spans": [{"start": 1506, "end": 1536, "text": "census enumeration of all PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1883, "end": 1898, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "460 , 815 , 056 respectively , resulting in an under-expenditure of Kshs . 266 , 184 , 944 or * * 37 % * * of the budget . The underfunding and under-expenditure affected the Project ' s planned activities and may have impacted negatively on service delivery to the public . REPORT * * ON LAWFULNESS AND EFFECTIVENESS IN USE * * OF * * PUBLIC RESOURCES * * # # # Conclusion As required * * by * * Article * * 229 ( 6 ) * * of the Constitution , based on the audit procedures performed , except for the matters described in the Basis for Conclusion on Lawfulness and Effectiveness in Use of Public Resources Section of my report , * * I * * confirm that nothing else has come to my attention to cause me to believe that public resources have not been applied lawfully and in an effective way . # # * * 1 . Irregular * * Variation of * * Contract * * The statement of receipts and payments reflects a balance of Kshs . 406 , 232 , 384 in respect of rehabilitation costs / maintenance of buildings . Out of the balance , an amount of Kshs . 376 , 203 , 680 was in respect of a contract for supply , installation , testing commissioning , training , warranty , and maintenance of two ( 2 ) optical fibre networks ( backbone access ) along the Eldoret , Ndapal , Nakodok Road . Review of financial records revealed that the contract was awarded on * * 3 * * June , 2020 at a contract sum of _Report of the Auditor-General on Eastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project DA Credit No . 5638-KE ) for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , _ * * _2023 - _ * * _Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) Authority_ * * 3 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1283, "end": 1300, "text": "financial records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ranging from 3 % to 6 % per year , and household incomes improving by 9 % to 20 % . The economies of these districts are predominantly based on agriculture , animal husbandry , and small-scale retail businesses ( services , trade , manufacturing ) as well as agro-forestry , fishing and artisanal mining , with agriculture being the most significant element in terms of district revenue contribution . * * ES 4 . 3 . 4 Education Facilities and Literacy * * Schools the project area are mostly primary schools under the Universal Primary Education ( UPE ) Program and a few secondary schools . The level of education attained by an individual is an indirect measure of the coping ability during hardships . Literacy rates vary between districts within the project area but are considered to be low , with an average 20 % literacy rate for persons 10 to 12 + years , 88 . 71 % literacy rate for persons 13 to 18 years , and 80 . 1 % literacy rate for persons 19 years and older . This implies that any information and awareness programs to be designed for the people in the project area should not rely only on written text , but rather use illustrations and other suitable information media . Furthermore , low education levels mean that few PAP have the skills that will be required to construct the TL . # # # * * ES 4 . 3 . 5 Health Facilities , Morbidity and Disease * * According to the latest WHO data published in 2020 , life expectancy in Uganda is 63 . 2 years for males , and19 70 . 1 years for females , and total life expectancy is 66 . 7 years , which gives Uganda a World Life Expectancy ranking of 136 as compared with life expectancies in the late 70s and even early 80s in developed countries . Urban communities are more likely to have a health facility compared to rural communities and at the same time have the required human resources as compared to those in the rural areas . The proximity or distance of a health facility from the population gives an indication", "spans": [{"start": 1398, "end": 1406, "text": "WHO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "size , marital status of household head , age of household head , whether the household uses electricity for cooking or lighting , dummy variables for regions , and the religion of the household head , but are not shown . Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the enumeration area . Female-only households are households with no male adult present . Household consumption is the spatially-adjusted adult equivalent scale household consumption . Of the female entrepreneurs , 40 % are divorced , widowed , or unmarried , and approximately 40 % live in female-headed households ( in Appendix 4 ) . There is some evidence that the composition of enterpriseowning households changed between the survey periods . In period 1 , 32 % of female entrepreneurs live in households without male adults , but this percentage drops to 9 . 5 % in period 2 . The absence of male adults in the households is likely to be disadvantageous for women wanting to engage in more profitable activities . Studies have shown that spousal support or male mentors could play an important role in helping female entrepreneurs enter male-dominated and more profitable sectors ( Alibhai et al . , 2017 , World Bank 2022 ) . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18-65 ] | - 0 . 062 * * * | 0 . 004 | 0 . 066 * * * | | | ( 0 . 016 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | | Formal employment [ 18-65 ] | - 0 . 024 * | - 0 . 035 * * * | - 0 . 011 | | | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | | Unemployment [ 18-65 ] | 0 . 014 * * * | 0 . 013 * * * | - 0 . 001 | | | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | | Health insurance | - 0 . 178 * * * | - 0 . 085 * * * | 0 . 092 * * * | | | ( 0 . 020 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | Number of disabilities | 0 . 088 * * * | 0 . 033 * * * | - 0 . 055 * * * | | | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | | Teen pregnancy [ 14-19 ] | 0 . 058 * * * | 0 . 002 | - 0 . 056 * * * | | | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | _Source_ : REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 . _Notes_ : SE clustered at department level in parenthesis . * _p < _ 0 . 10 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 . # * * 3 . 3 The role of education in explaining differences in outcomes * * Given that the level of education is an important determinant of socioeconomic outcomes ( see , for example , Angrist and Krueger , 1991 ; Lleras-Muney , 2005 ) , we study whether the differences in these outcomes disappear once we control for the level of education ( we", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 746, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "many backgrounds , including the media , business , academia , the public sector , and elsewhere ( Figure 2 ) . The survey was not intended to be representative of the populations of the countries : those who responded were probably more likely than the average person to be interested in 16", "spans": [{"start": 116, "end": 122, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has endeavoured in its infrastructure and tenure options to ensure gender parity in projects . Currently , * * 694 , 990 * * number of females , translating to * * _50 % _ * * of components . females are benefitting from KISIP projects ; this has been validated * * by * * socioeconomic surveys * * by * * various People in informal settlements provided with access to improved drainage infrastructure under KISIP ( Number ) . Access to drainage facilities were prioritised * * by * * communities in all Counties owing to constant flooding and need for storm water management ; storm water drainage canals were constructed in Mombasa , Embu , Kericho , Kitui , Kisumu , Eldoret , Nakuru , Machakos , Naivasha and Nairobi . This has benefitted approximately * * 1 , 000 , 000 * * people in these urban areas . viii", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 294, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "position effects ) and potential peer effects from teammates who attended the gender norms program ( _Choices_ peer effects ) . > 11We also collect a short-form version of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale to check our main results are robust to a social desirability bias correction as in Dhar et al . ( 2022 ) . > 12For example , alternative reference groups may include other influential actors such as community el - 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 00310 ) | | Baseline : other < br > regions | | | | | | SSA | | 0 . 0182 | | | | | | ( 0 . 0234 ) | | | | gr_change x | | | | | | SSA | | 1 . 072 * | | | | | | ( 0 . 571 ) | | | | initial headcount gini | | | 5 . 111 * * * | | | | | | ( 1 . 239 ) | | | Baseline : < 2000 | | | | | | 2000-2010 | | | | - 0 . 0402 * * < br > ( 0 . 0186 ) | | 2011 and above | | | | - 0 . 0270 * < br > ( 0 . 0159 ) | | gr_change x | | | | | | 2000-2010 | | | | - 0 . 176 | | | | | | ( 0 . 369 ) | | 2011 and above | | | | - 0 . 298 | | | | | | ( 0 . 386 ) | | Baseline : | | | | | | Consumption | | | | | | Income | 0 . 0170 | 0 . 0265 | 0 . 0163 | 0 . 00977 | | | ( 0 . 0292 ) | ( 0 . 0301 ) | ( 0 . 0279 ) | ( 0 . 0287 ) | | Constant | - 0 . 0914 * * * | - 0 . 0515 | - 0 . 0383 | - 0 . 0585 * | | | ( 0 . 0350 ) | ( 0 . 0387 ) | ( 0 . 0345 ) | ( 0 . 0349 ) | | country fixed effect | No | No | No | No | | Observations | 574 | 574 | 574 | 574 | | R-squared | 0 . 466 | 0 . 481 | 0 . 489 | 0 . 473 | Notes : Table shows results of a regression of the annualized log change in poverty headcount on", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Table B . 2 : * * Effects of Inpres Schools on Intergenerational Educational Mobility : Comparison Cohorts : 1958-1962 * * * * Panel A : Dependent Variable : Primary Completion * * | | * * Linear * * | * * Model * * | * * Quadra * * | * * tic Model * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Sons * * | * * Daughters * * | * * Sons * * | * * Daughters * * | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | Born 1968-72_ × _Inpres | 0 . 205 * * * | 0 . 215 * * * | 0 . 196 * * * | 0 . 199 * * * | | | ( 0 . 041 ) | ( 0 . 043 ) | ( 0 . 042 ) | ( 0 . 046 ) | | Father ’ s Edu_ × _Born 1968-72_ × _Inpres | - 0 . 022 * * * | - 0 . 014 * * | - 0 . 039 * * * | - 0 . 019 * * | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | | Father ’ s Edu Sq_ × _Born 1968-72_ × _Inpres | | | 0 . 002 * * * < br > ( 0 . 001 ) | 0 . 001 * * < br > ( 0 . 001 ) | | R2 | 0 . 105 | 0 . 170 | 0 . 116 | 0 . 186 | | Observations | 1190828 | 837014 | 1190828 | 837014 | # * * Panel B : Dependent Variable : Years of Schooling * * | | * * Linea * * | * * r Model * * | * * Quadra * * | * * tic Model * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 26 Headcount Index of Poverty Among Farmers , Corrected for Seasonal Variation * * _ ( Poverty line = 75 , 000 CFAF per year in 1985 CFAF ) _ | | _Seasonally_ | _unadjusted_ | _Seasonall_ | _y adiusted_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Region_ | _1993_ | _1995_ | _1993_ | _1995_ | | Other Cities | | | | | | Export crop farmer | 0 . 334 | 0 . 071 | 0 . 296 | 0 . 071 | | Food crop farmer | 0 . 540 | 0 . 645 | 0 . 523 | 0 . 645 | | East Forest | | | | | | Export crop farmer | 0 . 407 | 0 . 406 | 0 . 400 | 0 . 363 | | Food crop farmer | 0 . 414 | 0 . 567 | 0 . 429 | 0 . 557 | | West Forest | | | | | | Export crop farmer | 0 . 340 | 0 . 515 | 0 . 352 | 0 . 561 | | Food crop | 0 . 503 | 0 . 594 | 0 . 516 | 0 . 604 | | Savannah | | | | | | Export crop farmer | 0 . 524 | 0 . 406 | 0 . 531 | 0 . 406 | | Food crop farmer | 0 . 532 | 0 . 577 | 0 . 552 | 0 . 603 | One problem in using the coefficients derived from the 1985 - 1988 LSMS data to correct the 1993 and 1995 surveys is that the total expenditure aggregate for many food and some nonfood items is based on the average of the two week ( annualized by multiplying by 26 weeks ) and the normative estimate of monthly food expenditure multiplied by typical number of months of purchase . Unless there is seasonal recall bias , one would expect that there would be no seasonal variation in the normative estimate . Thus , the average of the two estimates would exhibit less seasonal variation and could result in a downward bias", "spans": [{"start": 956, "end": 965, "text": "LSMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Data on local demographic and geospatial variables _Demographic variables : _ For population density and instruments used in IV strategy we construct geospatial variables and population characteristics for spatial units chosen in each country . Population and population density ( population / land ( km sq . ) variables were sourced from Population : WorldPop - Unconstrained Topdown estimation modelling ( 100m ) . < sup > 20 < / sup > Sociodemographic characteristics ( the share of literate population over 15 years old ) for Colombia and Indonesia are obtained at the relevant spatial level from the National Population Census ( 2005 for Colombia and 2000 and 2010 census for Indonesia ) . _Geospatial variables : _ For Colombia , precipitation ( millimeters , total recorded in the year , average across 19712000 ) and temperature ( Celsius , annual , average across 1971-2000 ) was obtained from the Institute of Hydrology , Meteorology and Environmental Studies from Colombia ( IDEAM ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > For other countries , spatial variation in temperature was obtained from Willmott and K . Matsuura ( 2001 ) datasets and averaged over appropriate spatial units , while the data on precipitation is obtained from Harris et al . ( 2020 ) . Information about slope and terrain ruggedness in Colombia is obtained from Nunn and Puga ( 2012 ) . The raw data calculates the average ruggedness and slope for grid cells around the globe . This paper uses the average slope and ruggedness for the grid cells within each municipality in Colombia . Elevation and slope for all countries is obtained from the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model ( GDEM ) Version 3 ( ASTGTM ) , < sup > 22 < / sup > while for Colombia it is obtained from the Universidad de los Andes Center for Studies on Economic Development ( CEDE ) Panel . < sup > 23 < / sup > > 20 See https : / / www . worldpop . org / project / categories ? id = 3 > 21 See http : / / www . ideam . gov . co / documents / 21021 / 553571 / Promedios + Climatol % C3 % B3gicos + 1971 + - + 2000", "spans": [{"start": 605, "end": 631, "text": "National Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * O . PUBLIC COMPLAINTS AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS * * 145 . * * KCSAP Team has developed a grievance handling mechanism , which is to be applied by all subprojects . * * KCSAP will conduct separate sessions at each subproject to inform the affected communities about the mechanism . During the implementation of KCSAP all subprojects will maintain a complaint record database to enable complaint tracking and review and establish a complaint handling committee and involve county grievance handling committees in grievance handling processes . The grievance handling procedures are included in the ESMF ( Annex 8 ) . # # * * P . PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE * * 146 . * * The KCSAP held a national stakeholders ’ public consultation with representatives of target communities , particularly in connection with the site * * specific ESMPs for the value chains and envisioned civil works . The national stakeholder consultation workshop on the draft ESMF , RPF and VMGF were be held on September 20 , 2016 at the KALRO Hqs , Nairobi . It was attended by participants from the Counties , representatives from Central Government several envisaged project implementing agencies Rural Water Users Associations ; members of Value Chain Common Interest Groups Representatives of VMGs / VMGPOs Development Partners : Non State actors and NGOs undertaking community-based value chain activities ( Annex 13a & b ) . 147 . * * Disclosure : After the national stakeholders ’ workshop and having inputted all comments by the participants ; * * the ESMF was disclosed by the client on the Ministry website and the link shared with the WB . A summary of the framework was also advertised in the main local dailies and shared with the World Bank . Subsequently , the framework will be disclosed in the WB InfoShop and all project documents updated accordingly . 56", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 377, "text": "complaint record database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < < B > > * * HFA ( Primary Data ) Observations of CPIs were done for clients seeking ANC for the first visits ( under 24 weeks ) and last visits ( 36 weeks or more ) ; PNC within 48 hours , two weeks , and four to six weeks ; STI treatment ; and family planning services . Although family planning was not initially one of the services subsidized by the maternal health voucher program , a follow-up program to subsidize the services had already been initiated through additional funding from the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , hence the rationale for conducting CPIs for family planning . Trained nurses conducted the CPIs . They observed both the process ( how clients were treated and whether they actively participated ) and the content ( what clients were told , technical competence of the SP , accuracy of information , and provision of essential information ) during consultation . In both contracted and comparison facilities , six clients were selected for each ANC and PNC component , as well as family planning services in each facility . At facilities with more than six clients at the time the research assistants visited , six clients were selected at random . Written informed consent was obtained from the clients before conducting the CPIs . Table A2 in the appendix presents the distribution of CPIs that were conducted using various background characteristics for each of the services . Interviews with SPs targeted those working in the maternal and child health and family planning units in the facilities included in the 2010 HFA . All SPs in these units were eligible for the interviews . Information was obtained about their knowledge , attitudes , and practices regarding reproductive health issues , including ANC , delivery care , PNC , STIs and HIV , family planning , gender-based violence , and vouchers . Either the nurses or the social scientists conducted the interviews after obtaining written informed consent from the SPs . Table A3 presents the distribution of SPs who were interviewed based on various background characteristics . Similar to the household surveys , the Institutional Review Boards of the Population Council and Mbarara University granted ethical clearance for", "spans": [{"start": 2123, "end": 2140, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * Antras , P . , A . de Gortari , and O . Itskhoki ( 2017 ) . “ Globalization , Inequality , and Welfare , ” Journal of International Economics , 108 , pp . 387-412 . Arkolakis , C . , A . Costinot , and A . Rodriguez-Clare ( 2012 ) . “ New Trade Models , Same Old Gains ? , ” The American Economic Review , vol . 102 ( 1 ) , pp . 94 – 130 . Arkolakis , C . , A . Costinot , D . Donaldson , and A . Rodriguez-Clare ( 2019 ) . “ The Elusive Pro-Competitive Effects of Trade , ” Review of Economic Studies , 86 , 46 – 80 Artuc , E . , D . Lederman , and G . Porto ( 2015 ) . “ A Mapping of Labor Mobility Costs in the Developing World , ” Journal of International Economics , vol . 95 ( 1 ) , pp . 28 – 41 . Artuc , E . , G . Porto , and B . Rjkers ( 2019 ) . “ Trading Off the Income Gains and the Inequality Costs of Trade Policy , ” Journal of International Economics , forthcoming . Atkin , D . and D . Donaldson ( 2015 ) . “ Who ’ s Getting Globalized ? The Size and Implications of Intranational Trade Costs , ” mimeo . Atkin , D . , B . Faber and M . Gonzalez-Navarro ( 2018 ) . “ Retail Globalization and Household Welfare : Evidence from Mexico , ” Journal of Political Economy , 126 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 – 73 . Benjamin , D . and A . Deaton ( 1993 ) . “ Household Welfare and the Pricing of Cocoa and Coffee in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire : Lessons from the Living Standards Surveys , ” The World Bank Economic Review vol . 7 , pp . 293 – 318 . Bergquist , L . ( 2018 ) . “ Pass-Through , Competition , and Entry in Agricultural Markets : Experimental Evidence from Kenya ” mimeo . Caliendo , L . and F . Parro ( 2015 ) . “ Estimates of", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7095 The World Bank | Reduction of KCC ' s overdue liabilities | | Text | Value | UGX 8 billion | UGX0 | UGX 3 billion | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Date | 07-May-2007 | 25-May-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | | | | | Comments | | This target has been met . < br > During the MTR mission a < br > new target of UGX0 . 5 Billion < br > for FY2012 was agreed upon < br > in light of possible extension < br > of closing date of the project . | New target of 0 . 5 Billion < br > agreed during MTR | | * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | | | | | | | | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Roads rehabilitated , Non-rural | | Kilometers | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 12 . 11 | | | | | Date | 07-May-2007 | 25-May-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | | | | | Comments | | Phase 2 of Roads works < br > totaling 3 . 11 Kms and Phase < br > 2 totaling 8 . 9 Kms have also < br > been awarded and < br > contractors are on site . | Target was revised following < br > project restructuring . | | Comp 3 : KCC utilizing results of annual | | Text | Value | 0 | 1 | 2 | | Citizens Score Card to measure service < br > dli ifi | | | Date | 07-May-2007 | 25-May-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | | every satsacton | | | Comments", "spans": [{"start": 1134, "end": 1153, "text": "Citizens Score Card", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "least one cash payment during the study period . Consequently , 75 percent of the households have direct experience with both cash and food payments . Reselling of food transfers is rare . In 2016 , 93 percent of the households that received food transfers reported that they never sold any of them , and most of the remaining 7 percent did so rarely ( Hoddinott , Stifel , Hirvonen , Minten , 2018 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > Starting in 2010 , the household surveys began collecting more detailed information on beneficiaries ’ experiences associated with obtaining their payments . In order to receive their payments , beneficiaries are instructed – typically with 1 ‐ 2 days notice – to go to a “ pay point ” , nearly always a roadside location . These are supposed to be sited in such a way that beneficiaries do not have to travel more than three hours ( one way ) from their home . In practice , however , logistical considerations – most notably road conditions which determine where and how far vehicles carrying payments can travel – play a role in the siting of these pay points . Table 2 describes the transactions costs associated with receiving food and cash payments by year . < sup > 12 < / sup > While there is some variability in these data from round to round , the following features emerge . First , generally pay points for food are farther away than those for cash , reflecting the difficulties that heavy goods vehicles face when carrying several tons of grains to remote areas . Second , irrespective of transfer modality , virtually all beneficiaries walk > 11 Across all rounds , PSNP payments were equivalent to approximately 15 percent of household consumption . 12 Total transactions costs would also be affected by the number of trips made to receive payments . Looking at payment data covering the five months prior to each survey round , there are always more cash payments than food payments , but the magnitude of the difference in most years is 0 . 3 ‐ 0 . 8 trips over a five ‐ month period . The exception is 2012 when there were 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 447, "end": 464, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1801, "end": 1813, "text": "payment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 4 : Decompositions of urban share changes , 1994-2005 | | | Total Activity | | O | rganized Sect | or | Un | organized Se | ctor | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Plants | Employ . | Output | Plants | Employ . | Output | Plants | Employ . | Output | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | ( 9 ) | | < br > A . Sector change in urbanization le | vel using bala | nced panel | | | | | | | | | Urban share start | 0 . 247 | 0 . 376 | 0 . 615 | 0 . 688 | 0 . 667 | 0 . 620 | 0 . 239 | 0 . 302 | 0 . 565 | | Urban share ending | 0 . 289 | 0 . 395 | 0 . 528 | 0 . 595 | 0 . 567 | 0 . 514 | 0 . 279 | 0 . 347 | 0 . 589 | | Urban share change | 0 . 042 | 0 . 019 | - 0 . 087 | - 0 . 093 | - 0 . 100 | - 0 . 106 | 0 . 041 | 0 . 045 | 0 . 024 | | B . Decomposition : Bailey et al . ( 19 | 92 ) | | | | | | | | | | Within-district component | 0 . 045 | 0 . 022 | - 0 . 074 | - 0 . 095 | - 0 . 086 | - 0 . 091 | 0 . 047 | 0 . 057 | 0 . 010 | | Between-district component | 0 . 030 | 0 . 029 | - 0 . 001 | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 009 | - 0 . 001", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not change their deposit insurance coverage till the recent financial crises , we use the deposit insurance coverage in 2003 for years 2003 to 2007 . < sup > 9 < / sup > Finally , we also use data on the investor protection index ( _investor_protection_ ) , depth of credit information sharing ( _credit_info_depth_ ) , and the existence of a private information bureau ( _private_bureau_ ) from Djankov , McLiesh , and Shleifer ( 2007 ) and the World Bank Doing Business Survey . < sup > 10 < / sup > These variables measure the strength of private monitoring and information > 9 See Demirguc-Kunt , Kane , and Laeven ( 2008 ) for a detailed analysis of various features of deposit insurance mechanisms . > 10 Details on how these variables are constructed are available on World Bank ’ s Doing Business Survey website at < u > http : / / www . doingbusiness . org / methodology . < / u > 10", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 478, "text": "World Bank Doing Business Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 790, "end": 811, "text": "Doing Business Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4b reports the counting results when these 98 species are withdrawn from consideration for the second round . Although high counts in the east and southeast are again evident , the maximum cell count in this round is in the northeast part of Amazonas state . This identifies the second-priority area , which provides some coverage for 43 unprotected species . The next iteration identifies the third priority area in the southeast , in eastern Paraná state , which offers some coverage for 32 species . The fourth iteration also identifies the highest-count cell in Paraná , in its northern area , offering coverage for 30 species . Together , these iteration steps identify four 37 km x 37 km areas that provide coverage for 203 ( 14 . 4 % ) of Brazil ’ s 1 , 412 unprotected endemic species . # * * Cameroon * * Figure 6 displays Cameroon ’ s protected areas in dark green . Its protection intensity is substantially less than Brazil ’ s , with 55 , 600 sq km ( 12 % ) of Cameroon ’ s 464 , 319 sq km in protected areas . In our database Cameroon has 645 endemic species , of which 189 ( 29 . 3 % ) are effectively unprotected . Figure 5 displays images of some unprotected species and Figure 6 displays the ranges and public-domain images of some vertebrates ( Figure 6a ) , plants ( 6b ) and arthropods ( 6c ) from the unprotected group . Their geography has a pattern that resembles Brazil ’ s : They lie outside existing protected areas ( by construction ) , and their occurrence areas are generally small because larger occurrence areas will often overlap with protected areas . In Cameroon , the displayed species are predominantly located in the country ’ s west and southwest . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1055, "text": "database Cameroon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their work – however lowly – are routinely denied resettlement by the US . Thus there is a growing pool of long-term displaced Iraqis in Jordan : _You know that many hundreds of Iraqis who live in Jordan were denied resettlement . They re-applied , they wrote petitions asking to be reviewed and they were denied . I know many families who were denied twice , and that was final . That was the end of it . _ The Iraqis who have been denied resettlement but remain in Jordan for lack of other options constitute one element of the displaced population as a whole . There are also thousands who are still awaiting review of their application either by UNHCR or by the country of potential resettlement to which UNHCR passes cases that it deems have the potential to be accepted . As we heard repeatedly from agencies working directly with Iraqis and from displaced individuals themselves , this process can take years . This in itself creates obvious practical problems as savings expire , and relatives struggle to sustain remittances . In addition , cash assistance offered by agencies other than UNHCR has largely disappeared for all but new arrivals . Families are thus obliged to reduce their outgoings through such measures as sharing rental accommodation with other families , reducing their food intake , and selling off personal possessions of any value , such as gold jewelry traditionally given to a woman by her husband at the time of marriage . In a situation of dwindling resources and insufficient income it is also inevitable that some Iraqis seek employment in the informal economy , generally in unskilled , manual jobs . This exposes them to exploitation from unscrupulous employers . Deportation to Iraq for those caught working by the authorities is rare . However , an individual may be detained , fined and even subjected to long-term extortion by the Jordanian ‘ guarantor ’ required for an Iraqi to gain release from custody who then gains possession of the latter ’ s passport . In spite of such risks anecdotal evidence strongly indicates that an increasing number are seeking some form of employment . This includes children . One", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". This information can potentially be taken from different sources ( Decancq and Lugo , 2013 ) . Subjective well-being data may be one source of information on u , as suggested by Decancq et al . ( 2015 ) or by in Decancq et al . ( 2019 ) . Ideally , the survey that collects all relevant outcomes also collects information on life satisfaction or happiness . Preference elicitation surveys may provide another sources of information on u , as done in Decancq and Nys ( 2021 ) . These surveys ask subjects to rank pairs of achievement vectors in one > 60In spite of its paternalistic weights , it could be that the World Bank ’ s MPM has a larger signal-tonoise ratio than the fraction of extremely monetary poor individuals . That is , the additional information coming from its non-monetary variables may more than compensate for the bias coming from using equal-weights wˆ < sup > eq < / sup > , which are bound to be different than weights w informed from individual preferences . > 61There are other limitations associated with the “ equal-weights ” procedure . For instance , this procedure provides incentives to ignore relevant information . The reason is that the only way through which the practitioner can influence the weight attributed to a given variable is by changing the number of dimensions and / or changing the number of dichotomous variables considered within the same dimension . Under the equal-weights procedure , there is an incentive not to include one variable if another variable belonging to the same dimension is already included and has a clearly different importance for well-being . Indeed , the aggregation with equal weights would not look plausible if both variables were simultaneously included . 32", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 123, "text": "Subjective well-being data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 360, "end": 390, "text": "Preference elicitation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in tenure security increases investment in agriculture ; instead , we find that _nonfarm_ investments increase in households provided with land titles . Field ( 2007 ) documented important labor supply effects of improved land property rights as time otherwise used to “ guard ” property against expropriation in urban Peru . Goldstein et al . ( 2018 ) find that women farmers respond to a land formalization program by moving production away from relatively secure towards less secure land in order to guard those parcels . Land tenure rights that are based on land use are at the heart of our analysis . Cultivators maintain usufruct rights over land only by continuing to cultivate that land ; otherwise land might be expropriated without compensation . This generates an incentive to cultivate more land , with more investment , than a farmer otherwise would . Exogenous improvements in tenure security may reduce the need for the cultivator to make these defensive investments . This argument is parallel to that made by Giles and Mu ( 2014 ) and Zhao ( 2014 ) , who describe periodic land reallocations in Chinese villages based on the recent history of each resident family ’ s land use , and with that of De Janvry et al . ( 2015 ) , who describe a similar process in Mexican _ejidos_ . In both cases , expected future landholdings increase with the amount of land currently self-cultivated , and with the intensity of ownlabor used on that land . And in both cases , off-farm labor and migration are discouraged by the insecurity of land tenure . Our findings are consistent with the idea that the security of a farmer ’ s tenure over land are endogenous to her cultivation choices , and thus that she might have an incentive to use extra resources in cultivation to reduce the chance of expropriation . The context of the title registration pilot is important . While most studies that investigate the effects of land titling concentrate on either rural or urban households , this study builds on data collected in a peri-urban setting . That is , in the study location there is considerable competition among alternative land uses : agricultural , commercial and residential . The increasing rate of urbanization", "spans": [{"start": 2007, "end": 2045, "text": "data collected in a peri-urban setting", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ">  Number of custo | mers used ECAE ’ s conformity a | ssessment services ( testing , insp | ection , and c | ertification ) ( N | umber , Custom Supplement ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 20 . 00 | 1 , 094 . 00 | 412 . 00 | | 312 . 00 | |  Number of customers implemented standards with the support of ESA ( Number , Custom Supplement ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value < br > IN01321173 | 15 . 00 | 52 . 00 | 52 . 00 | | 61 . 00 | ► Volume of Quality Assurance services delivered to all customers by NQI institutions during the budget year ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 1 , 959 . 00 | 7 , 597 . 00 < br > 9 , 211 . 00 < br > 10 , 071 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 24-Dec-2022 < br > 07-Apr-2023 < br > 07-Aug-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | Baseline and end tar < br > \" Quality Assurance s < br > implementation serv < br > The volume is meas < br > instrument , testing o < br > counted as two units < br > forth ) . | gets were revised after more accurate data was obtained through surveys . < br > ervice \" is the service of accreditation , calibration , testing , inspection", "spans": [{"start": 1259, "end": 1266, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the UN ’ s World Population Prospects , which contains dozens of variables on population , health , and demographics . We compliment GDP data from the sources above with estimates from the Madison Database ( Bolt and Van Zanden 2024 ) . We also use country and region classifications by the World Bank and data on political rights , civil liberties , and freedom status from the Freedom House . In addition , we use remote sensing data available from the Google Earth Engine . We use data on nighttime lights , precipitation , temperature , impervious surface , cropland , the normalized difference water / snow / vegetation index , and the enhanced vegetation index . While spatial coverage of remote sensing variables is not a concern as they cover the earth ’ s entire surface , temporal coverage is at times limited . Nighttime light data , for example , dates back to 1992 . To fit into this exercise , the remote sensing data need to be aggregated to the country-year level . We first aggregate them to annual data by calculating the mean , max , min , and standard deviation of each location ( e . g . , a pixel ) over a year . Afterwards , we aggregate them spatially by taking the mean , max , min , and standard deviation of the annual data for a country . This gives 16 features for each type of variable . Nighttime lights are also converted to a per capita level by dividing the sum of lights by the population size . We weigh each grid equally , and hence the indices reflect , for example , the mean temperature in the territory of a country , not the mean temperature experienced by a person in a country . Given that many of the variables impact welfare through agriculture , it is not clear that population weighting ( which would give a dominance to urban areas ) would make them more related to welfare distributions . Yet we also add population-grid weighted estimates of temperature and rainfall from Gortan et al . ( 2024 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 37, "text": "World Population Prospects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 189, "end": 205, "text": "Madison Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 577, "end": 630, "text": "normalized difference water / snow / vegetation index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 641, "end": 666, "text": "enhanced vegetation index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 822, "end": 842, "text": "Nighttime light data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 912, "end": 931, "text": "remote sensing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * ANNEX 2 : * * RESEARCH ON COMMUNICATION AND MIGRATION PATTERNS AMONG ARABIC SPEAKING REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS # # # # * * METHODOLOGY * * - Comparison between expectations and reality ; - Integration and life In Europe : The findings in this document were gleaned from five focus group discussions held in four European countries as well as a few one-on-one interviews and from monitoring social media in Arabic . Between 16 March and 26 April 2016 , the CwC Unit carried out focus group and individual discussions with Syrian , Iraqi and Palestinian refugees and asylum-seekers in different EU countries : Belgium ( Brussels , Antwerp ) , France ( Paris ) , Germany ( Essen ) , and Austria ( Vienna ) . These locations were chosen because they are home to a sizeable number of Arabic speaking refugees . The meeting in Antwerp was held for females only . In all , there were 136 participants : 91 males , 45 females including 88 Syrians , 27 Iraqis and 22 Palestinians . Participants ranged from 18 to 55 years old . Their duration of stay in Europe was between 2 weeks and 2 1 / 2 years . In addition , a Skype discussion was held with 2 Syrian activists based in Gaziantep , Turkey . The focus groups consisted of mixed educational backgrounds . This ranged from highly-educated and computer-savvy persons with urban background to people with only basic education . The discussions were moderated following a set of themes which included : - Communication patterns ; - Trusted sources of information ; - Interaction with smugglers ; - Levels of information pre-departure , during the journey and upon arrival ; - Plans for the future . The level of saturation was reached after the third meeting . ( In qualitative research , this is the point in time when additional interviews no longer produce new information but become repetitive ) . # # # # * * PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH * * The movement of persons from Arab countries to", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Table 0 . 1 : Summary of Subproject Affected Households by Subproject Components | * * Impact by Component * * | * * Number * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | PAPs impacted bySS only | 19 | 73 . 1 | | PAP impacted byTower only | 1 | 3 . 8 | | PAPs impacted byACR only | 1 | 3 . 8 | | PAPs impacted bySS & ROW | 2 | 7 . 7 | | PAPs Impacted bySS & ACR | 2 | 7 . 7 | | PAPs impacted bySS , ACR & ROW | 1 | 3 . 8 | | * * ALL PAPs * * | * * 26 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , December 2024_ # # # # # # * * _Impact on Farmland and Livelihoods_ * * < mark > All the land affected by the construction of the proposed new Woliso subproject and associated transmission line and access road is identified as farmland . Therefore , the proposed subproject will affect an estimated 9 . 1 ha of farmland owned by the 26 smallholder farm households . Total land Impacted by the construction of the proposed subproject components is summarized below . < / mark > Table 0 . 2 : Summary of farmland Impacted by Subproject Components | * * Subproject Component * * | * * Farmland Impacted ( ha ) * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Substation | 9 . 0 | 98 . 9 | | Tower | 0 . 006 | 0 . 1 | | Access road | 0 . 090 | 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 631, "end": 678, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Beazley , R . , Marzi , M . , & Steller , R . ( 2021 ) Drivers of Timely and Large-Scale Cash Responses to COVID19 : what does the data say ? Social Protection Approaches to COVID-19 Expert Advice Service ( SPACE ) , DAI Global UK Ltd , United Kingdom - < mark > Bloemendaal , N . , De Moel , H . , Muis , S . , Haigh , I . D . , & Aerts , J . C . ( 2020 ) . Estimation of Global Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Probabilities Using the STORM Dataset . < / mark > _ < mark > Scientific data < / mark > _ < mark > , 7 ( 1 ) , 377 . < / mark > - < mark > Bloemendaal , N . , Haigh , I . D . , de Moel , H . , Muis , S . , Haarsma , R . J . , & Aerts , J . C . ( 2020 ) . Generation of a Global Synthetic Tropical Cyclone Hazard Dataset Using STORM . < / mark > _ < mark > Scientific data < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 7 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 1 ) , 40 . < / mark > - Blumenstock , J E , N Eagle and M Fafchamps ( 2016 ) , “ Airtime transfers and mobile communications : Evidence in the aftermath of natural disasters ” , Journal of Development Economics , 120 , 157-181 Bottan , N . , Hoffmann , B . , & Vera-Cossio , D . A . ( 2021 ) . Stepping up during a crisis : The unintended effects of a noncontributory pension program during the Covid-19 pandemic . _Journal of Development Economics_ , _150_ , 102635 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jdeveco . 2021 . 102635 - < mark > Bottan , N . , Hoffmann , B . , & Vera-Cossio , D . A . ( 2021 ) . Stepping up during a crisis : The unintended effects of a noncontributory pension program", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effects on poverty and income distribution are positive , but very small . This highlights two points , one related to the structure of the Brazilian economy , and other to an aspect of poverty . We noted that the Brazilian economy is not very oriented towards external trade . The domestic market is far bigger and more important for the general economy than the external market , as researchers have long understood . This makes Brazil naturally less sensitive to tariff structure changes , as well as to changes in export demands . But we should also note that approaching poverty by the household dimension , instead of by the personal dimension , and tracking the changes in the labor market from individual workers to households is an important modeling issue . In the PNAD 2001 data we used , the income of the head of the family accounts for about 65 percent of aggregated household income in Brazil . Using head-of-household income as a proxy for household income may poorly predict the effect of policy changes , as convincingly argued by Bourguignon et al ( 2003 ) . If spending ( and welfare ) is in any sense a household phenomenon , this is the appropriate method . Even though there may be a somewhat higher computational cost associated with this procedure , it seems worthwhile . The role played by the agriculture sector in the analysis should also be stressed . As seen before , agriculture still accounts for a large share of employment for the poorest in Brazil . Despite the steady decline over time of agricultural employment as a share of total employment we should not overlook the importance of agricultural policies for poverty alleviation in the country . Finally , it should be noted that this study assesses only the static impact of trade liberalization scenarios . The research methodology here used fails to capture many other effects generally associated with external trade liberalization , such as endogenous technology 22", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 789, "text": "PNAD 2001 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 42 J . C . Duque , N . Lozano-Gracia , J . E . Patino , P . Restrepo , W . Velazquez / LCR Flagship Report on Cities and Productivity Kasanko , M ; Barredo , JI ; Lavalle , C ; McCormick , N ; Demicheli , L ; Sagris , V ; Brezger , A ( 2006 ) . Are European cities becoming dispersed ? A comparative analysis of 15 European urban áreas . Landscape and Urban Planning , 77 : 111 – 130 - Li , C . , & Lian , L . ( 2012 ) . Theoretical Research of the Urban Comprehensive Carrying Capacity in the Epoch of Urbanization . International Journal of Financial Research , 3 ( 1 ) , 105 – 113 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 5430 / ijfr . v3n1p105 - Lin , G . C . S . , 2002 . The growth and structural change of Chinese cities : a contextual and geographic analysis . Cities 19 ( 5 ) , 299 – 316 . - Lo , C . P . ( 2001 ) . Modeling the Population of China Using DMSP Operational Linescan System Nighttime Data . _Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing_ , _67_ ( 9 ) , 1037 – 1047 . - Lopez , E . , Bocco , G . , Mendosa , M . , Duhau , E . , 2001 . Predicting land-cover and land-use change in the urban fringe . A case in Morelia city , Mexico . Landscape Urban Plan . 55 ( 4 ) , 271 – 285 . Lynch , K ( 1981 ) _A theory of good city form_ . MIT Press , Cambridge , MA - Ma , L . , Wu , J . , Li , W . , Peng , J . , & Liu , H . ( 2014 ) . Evaluating saturation correction methods for DMSP / OLS nighttime light data : A case study from China ’ s cities . _Remote Sensing_ , _6_ ( 10 ) , 9853 – 9872 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 3390 / rs6109853 - Pandey , B . , Joshi , P . K", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to FINCA agent network representatives , hardly any agents quit the business in the first few years of developing the network , precisely because those agents were picked based on ongoing business relationships with branch officers . We acknowledge , however , that 14 % of our sample is comprised of agents that are missing operational data for some or all of the last five months covered by our study . We cannot say with certainty whether they quit or took a break from agent work , which sometimes happened due to liquidity issues , or whether data were missing for some other reason . > 17 About 10 percent of our transactions data come from agents located outside Kinshasa . We were unable to create reliable measures of income and commercial / financial development for those locations , many of which were larger than a municipality , and thus we have excluded them from the regressions that include municipal-level variables that follow . 9", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 636, "text": "transactions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "According to information obtained from the Central Bank , the share of dividends paid to portfolio investors remained on average below 5 percent of all dividend payments to Cyprus during the period from 2005 to 2015 . Similarly , the shares of portfolio investments for the Netherlands , Russia , the UK , Austria , Switzerland , the US , France , and Germany and Sweden on average stood below 5 % . Given differences in portfolio and non ‐ portfolio investor definitions across DTTs and the Central Bank classification < sup > 21 < / sup > we assume that just about 80 % < sup > 22 < / sup > of dividend payments qualify for the non ‐ portfolio rates stipulated in treaty provisions . # * * 3 . 2 Measuring the behavioral response to withholding rate changes * * We attempt to quantify behavioral responses to changes in withholding taxation by looking at historical variation in Ukrainian treaty provisions . This variation is limited and largely driven by new treaty formation , < sup > 23 < / sup > leading to important imprecisions of our results as discussed further below . Combining information on ( limited ) variations with administrative information on income flows , we estimate the magnitude of country ‐ specific dividend , royalty and interest payments , conditional on the structure of the withholding tax regime . To derive estimates on the impact of a partial tax reform , we assume that income flows with partner country i , denoted I ( i ) , are functions of the entire set of withholding tax rates , { T ( 1 ) , T ( 2 ) , . . T ( n ) } . Governmental income accruing from the taxation of capital transfers is thus given by � � ∑ � � � � T � i � I � i � . We are interested in the impact of a small change of tax rate T ( k ) . Using the above notation , this reads : The first term represents the mechanical effect . Its magnitude is readily available by combining information on current capital transfers with the hypothesized reform , dT ( k ) . The second term accounts for", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ AIDs < br > and < br > other diseases |  Workers shall be regularly < br > sensitized on the spread of |  Record of sensitizations < br > carried out . | Sensitization | | Quarterly | Contractors , < br > CSC , | 9 , 000 , 000 | 120 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 134, "text": "Record of sensitizations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "based on the survey data . Specifically , we correlate ranking on land with rank on the sum of land area , ranking on the likelihood of hunger with a nutrition index , and ranking on the need for help with an index constructed based on the survey data about recently experienced shocks . We use Kendall correlations , a special case of standard Pearson correlation evaluating the degree of similarity among sets of ranks ( Abdi , 2007 ) . To check robustness , we use several measures for each of the dimensions of poverty captured in ranking exercise . For land , in addition to the sum of residential and agricultural plots , we create a composite z - score of variables related to land and building ownership , as well as the first principal component of these variables . For the likelihood of being hungry , we use a composite z-score and the first principal component of all nutrition-related questions in the survey . For the likelihood of needing help , we create a composite z-score of all survey variables related to economic shocks , and also use the first principal component of these variables . These variables provide a unique household ranking in nearly all villages . Table 4 presents the results . Village heads ’ rankings of land ownership are weakly but significantly correlated with households ’ reported land size . Their rankings of likelihood of hunger are correlated with nutrition measures but the correlation is weaker . Rankings of need for help are not correlated with shocks . The consistent strength of land measures across ranking exercises may be explained by the fact that land is the most directly observable of the three criteria for someone outside the household . * * Table 4 : Correlations of rankings and household variables * * | | Lowest to highest < br > land holdings | Highest to lowest < br > likelihood to be < br > hungry | Highest to lowest < br > need for help | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Land measures * * | | | | | Size of all plots ( res . and agr . )", "spans": [{"start": 13, "end": 24, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 240, "end": 285, "text": "survey data about recently experienced shocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ / anticorrp . eu / publications / quantitative-report-on-causes / ( 2014 ) . 88 Claudio Ferraz and Frederico Finan . \" Exposing Corrupt Politicians : The Effects of Brazil ’ s Publicly Released Audits On Electoral Outcomes . \" _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ ( 2008 ) . 89 Horacio A . Larreguy , John Marshall , James M . Snyder , Jr . \" Revealing Malfeasance : How Local Media Facilitates Electoral Sanctioning of Mayors in Mexico . \" NBER Working Paper No . 20697 ( 2014 ) . 90 A . Joshi , “ Background Paper on Service Delivery : Review of Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives , ” Institute of Development Studies ( 2013 ) . 91 These include , among others , citizen report cards , organizational score cards , and asset discloures of public officials , as well as more “ participatory ” mechanisms such as community monitiring , social audits , public expenditure tracking surveys , and participatory budgeting processes . > 92 J . Gaventa and R . McGee , “ The Impact of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives , ” _Development Policy Review_ 31 : s3 – s28 ( 2013 ) . 93 T . Carothers and S . Brechenmacher . “ Accountability , Transparency , Participation , and Inclusion : A New Development Consensus ? ” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ( 2014 ) . p . 26 . 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > The bank cerificatt ao tjiarnce sh owerd a sum of K5hs . 739 , 618 , 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cts 72 < br > Stanrdlig to th credit of the Jcunt on . . th Juni z0z4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > The dilfrence betweri Ihis figur3 and the Bank Balance as shown by the Cash Book is aecounted for in th Bank Reconcllaion < br > Slateient ( FO . 30 ) attached . < br > D ale 19 , 1 Juh y , 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . < br > Chairman < br > Mombers of the Board < br > GPK ( L ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 44 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 406, "text": "Cash Book", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the basis of the raw data , the preferences of older individuals are more likely to be reflected in policy making than those of their younger peers . To shed more light on this possibility , we interacted the age dummy with an indicator of participation in elections . The indicator is defined as a 0 ‐ 1 variable to identify the individuals surveyed in LITS II who have voted in the latest election . The results , reported in Table 3 , confirm the previous findings but also suggest that individual preferences over policy are more similar across age groups for individuals who vote than for those who do not . As before , the estimated coefficients show that older people are less likely to support increasing government spending on education . However , older people who do not vote are even less supportive of raising education expenditure than older people who do vote . The same pattern holds for pensions : the positive relationship between ageing and support for increasing spending on pensions is less 10", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 25, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 354, "end": 361, "text": "LITS II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hussain and Siddiqi ( 2013 ) analyze the cyclicality of government expenditure in six South Asian countries using data from 1980 to 2010 . While they find evidence that fiscal policy was procyclical during this period , they find no evidence that the strength or quality of political systems or institutions affected the procyclicality . Similarly , Zakaria and Junyang ( 2015 ) study the cyclical properties of fiscal policy in seven South Asian economies and explore possible factors explaining fiscal cyclicality . They find strong procyclicality of government expenditure and argue that limited access to domestic and international borrowing and a wider dispersion of political power are contributing to procyclicality . The empirical evidence on the size of fiscal multipliers in developing countries is relatively scarce , but it suggests that multipliers are quite small . Using a Panel VAR model and quarterly data for a large set of countries , Ilzetzki , Mendoza and Végh ( 2012 ) find that the government spending multiplier in developing countries is insignificant for consumption spending , but 0 . 6 on impact and 1 . 6 in the longrun for investment spending . In addition , they show that multipliers tend to be larger in advanced economies , in countries with fixed exchange rates , in more closed economies , and in economies with lower levels of public debt . Huidrom et al . ( 2016 ) , using an Interactive Panel VAR model , conclude that fiscal multipliers depend on fiscal positions . They find that multipliers tend to be larger when government debt and deficits are low . Using a large sample of developing countries , Kraay ( 2012 , 2014 ) obtains an average government spending multiplier somewhere between 0 . 4 and 0 . 5 . Hayat and Qadeer ( 2016 ) estimate fiscal multipliers for Bangladesh , India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka over the period from 1982 to 2014 using a Panel VAR model . They find an initial impact close to 0 . 4 and a surprisingly large long-run effect . Tax multipliers , on the other hand , are statistically insignificant . Yadav et al . ( 2012 ) estimate the impact of fiscal shocks on the Indian economy using quarterly data from 1997 Q1 to 2009", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 136, "text": "data from 1980 to 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 908, "end": 922, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * ة بالصرف والتحقق من / البيانات * * < br > * * جائ نت ال * * < br > * * إ * * | * * قييم إنجاز المؤشرات المرتبط * * < br > | * * ال بروتوكوللت * * < br > | * * قابلية توسع * * < br > | * * تعريف / وصف اإلنجاز * * | * * المؤشر المرتبط * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * اإل * * < br > * * جراء * * < br > * * ات * * < br > * * ا * * | * * هيئة التحقق * * | * * مصدر / وكالة البيانات * * | * * الم * * < br > * * صروفات * * < br > * * / ( نعم * * < br > * * ك ) لا * * | < br > إ | * * بالصرف * * | | المنطقة * * ا * * لقتصادية الخاصة في طرابلس < br > و < br > مجلس اإلنماء واإلعمار المتعلقة بالمشروع | | | | النتيجة المرتبطة بالصرف5 . 3 < br > : < br > توقيع < br > عقود اإليجار بين < br > المستثمرين من القط", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "Additional Financing for Energy Access Project , Resettlement / Rehabilitation Framework - DRAFT March 2010 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – resources are provided to compensate for the loss of access to community resources ( such as fishing areas , grazing areas , fuel , or fodder ) . - ( c ) Patterns of community organization appropriate to the new circumstances are based on choices made by the displaced persons . To the extent possible , the existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and any host communities are preserved and resettlers ’ preferences with respect to relocating in preexisting communities and groups are honored . # # # # * * Eligibility for Benefits * * 14 . Upon identification of the need for involuntary resettlement in a project , the borrower carries out a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project ( see the < u > Annex A , < / u > para . 6 ( a ) ) , to determine who will be eligible for assistance , and to discourage inflow of people ineligible for assistance . The borrower also develops a procedure , satisfactory to the Bank , for establishing the criteria by which displaced persons will be deemed eligible for compensation and other resettlement assistance . The procedure includes provisions for meaningful consultations with affected persons and communities , local authorities , and , as appropriate , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and it specifies grievance mechanisms . 15 . _Criteria for Eligibility_ . Displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups : - ( a ) those who have formal legal rights to land (", "spans": [{"start": 958, "end": 964, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 21 - forward processing and distribution links would be at least double the backward linkages in Kenya and over 15 times as great in Zambia . Second , food processing clearly achieves prominent stature among forward linkages . Although bread baking requires imported wheat flour , virtually all other processing activities involve transformation of local agricultural production . Furthermore , oil extraction , sugar production , tea drying and packaging , coffee and cocoa dehulling and drying are often performed in rural areas by large scale enterprises . While we know these large scale activities take place predominantly in rural areas , the small scale orientation of much of the past research causes those activities to elude the statistical net . Hence even the substantial figures in Table 8 understate the magnitude of rural agroprocessing . Finally , distribution of agricultural products generates , after food processing , the second largest of the forward linkages from agriculture . If retailing of local agricultural produce is approximately proportional to the share of marketed farm production in total rural consumer cash expenditure , then about 50 percent of rural retailing represents a forward distribution link from agriculture . 31 / Applying this proportion to data from Zambia , Table 8 indicates that distribution furnishes between 15 and 50 percent of total agricultural linkages , the higher proportion prevailing in rural towns . E . Consumption Links As per capita farm incomes rise , the demand for local services , housing , durables , and higher quality foods typically increases more rapidly than the demand for foodgrains . The Asian experience suggests that the production of these commodities and services is labor intensive , hence rural employment in the non-foodgrain sector increases quite rapidly with per capita farm incomes ( Mellor , 1976 ; Gibb , 1974 ; Bell , Hazell and Slade , 1982 ) . Bs . t these patterns of growth may depend on a combination of high", "spans": [{"start": 1291, "end": 1307, "text": "data from Zambia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "involving the selected community representatives / community leaders / local NGOs and initiative groups to relay up-to-date information on the project and consultation meetings to other members of the community . Advertising the project and the associated meetings via radio or television and making direct calls ( in case fixed-line or mobile phone communication is available ) is another method that allows reaching out to most audiences . The announcement of a public meeting or a hearing is made sufficiently in advance , thereby enabling participants to make necessary arrangements , and provides all relevant details , including date , time , location / venue and contact persons . - c . Placement of the project materials in the public domain is also accompanied by making available a register of comments and suggestions that can be used by any member of the affected community and general public to provide their written feedback on the contents of the presented materials . As a rule , the register is made available for the entire duration of the requisite disclosure period . Where necessary , a project representative or an appointed consultant should be made available to receive and record any verbal feedback in case some stakeholders experience a difficulty with providing comments in the written form . - d . Drafting an agenda for the consultation meeting is an opportunity to provide a clear and itemized outline of the meeting ’ s structure , sequence , chairpersons , a range of issues that will be discussed and a format of the discussion ( e . g . presentation / demonstration followed by a Questions & Answers – Q & A session , facilitated work in small groups , feature story and experience sharing , thematic sessions with a free speaking format enabling the exchange of ideas ) . A clearly defined scope of issues that will be covered at the meeting gives the prospective participants an opportunity to prepare their questions and comments in advance . It is essential to allocate a sufficient amount of time for a concluding Q & A session at the end of any public meeting or a hearing . This allows the audience to convey their comments and suggestions that can subsequently be incorporated", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 828, "text": "register of comments and suggestions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 Enrolment rate Enrolment rate < br > improved worsened < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 2004 – 2007 < br > 20 < br > 2013 – 2015 < br > 0 < br > Note : The size of the marker is proportional to the size of the population < br > in each site . < br > Enrolment rate of refugee children aged 5 – 17 ( % ) < br > Urban areas , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Eastern Chad Dadaab , Kenya Adjumani , Uganda Urban areas , Egypt Pugnido , Ethiopia Kutapalong and Nayapara , Bangladesh Lebanon Kakuma , Kenya < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Analysis based on 2014 UNHCR data .", "spans": [{"start": 605, "end": 620, "text": "2014 UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* تشير البيانات المتعلقة ببلدان مجلس التعاون الخليجي بشكل أساسي إلى * * : مالحظة * * . المهاجرين ، نظرا ً إلى اتجاهات الهجرة إلى هذه البلدان عدد المهاجرين والالجئين من البلدان العربية . 1 الشكل 2020 ، وإليها ( بالماليين ) حسب مجموعات البلدان < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 41 . 4 million 32 . 8 million المنطقة العربية < br > ً أقل البلدان < br > 2 . 1 million 5 . 7 million العربية نموا < br > بلدان المشرق < br > 7 . 2 million 19 . 8 million العربي < br > بلدان المغرب < br > 1 . 2 million 6 . 4 million < br > العربي < br > بلدان مجلس < br > 30 . 8 million 0 . 8 million < br > التعاون الخليجي < br > 60 40 20 20 40 < br > المهاجرون والالجئون المهاجرون والالجئون < br > في البلدان العربية من البلدان العربية < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs * * : المصدر * * . ( DESA ) , International Migration Stock , 2020 تشير البيانات المتعلقة ببلدان مجلس التعاون الخليجي بش", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 882, "text": "International Migration Stock", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "While the frontier production function does not substantiate the notion of fragmentation negatively affecting overall output fragmented land plots may have a higher probability of being left idle . Table 3 uses survey weights to provide evidence on the approximate magnitudes involved based on the LSMS survey . The total amount of cropland not used for non-productivity related reasons is estimated at 173 , 885 ha or about 12 % of the total . Some two thirds of this land has not been cultivated for at least 5 years . Interestingly , idling of land does not seem to be concentrated in areas that are marginal ; in fact 54 % is in the coast and 31 % in the central part of the region , with only 13 % in the mountains . Also , while about 20 % of the affected area remains fallow due to poor soil quality , the remainder is about equally split between economic factors , i . e . , the lack of resources to access variable inputs or machinery and location of the plot being too far from the homestead . Reasons for cropland to be abandoned are of interest in two respects . First , with less than half a percent , the share of area where plot sizes are judged to be uneconomically small is negligible , suggesting that publicly supported consolidation efforts that predominantly target this type of plots are unlikely to fully address the issue . Second , transfer of the roughly 80 % of idle plots that are neither unproductive nor too small through rental markets could make owners better off and same time improve efficiency of land use . Table 4 characterizes households who leave land idle by the reason for doing so and the length of time for which land has been idle . < sup > 13 < / sup > Columns 1 and 2 suggest that households leaving land idle own larger amounts of land ( 1 . 28 ha vs . 0 . 76 by „ full land users ‟ ) < sup > 14 < / sup > and are less poor ( 12 % vs . 19 % ) . They enjoy better access to infrastructure and extension and - somewhat paradoxically given that", "spans": [{"start": 298, "end": 309, "text": "LSMS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 PID development investments . The consequence is that despite having well recognized favorable geological conditions , the economic impact of mining is still very small * * in * * Uganda . This situation can start changing nevertheless , by establishing an enabling environment to promote private investments for exploration of identified promising areas , with geological conditions similar to those hosting important gold and base metal mining in other continents , also including environs of old mines and new prospect areas with favorable geology for gold , tantalum , wolfram , tin , copper , cobalt , nickel and beryl , as well as prospects with significant small-scale activity . Some of the main constraints to mineral sector development include : a ) insufficient basic geological information ; b ) deficient legal and regulatory framework ; c ) low capacity of Government sector institutions ; and d ) poor infrastructure . These limitations have resulted in a high priority assigned to : i ) introduce a new mining code in * * line * * with current international mining standards ; ii ) improve inter-ministerial coordination and build capacity for efficient , and effective administration ; iii ) compile , interpret and disseminate available geo-scientific data ; and iv ) simplify and standardize the use of transparent procedures for granting and administering mineral titles It has also accentuated the need for 1 ) careful design of mining-specific environmental and social frameworks , law , regulations and procedures , in accordance with international standards and practices ; 2 ) capacity development integrated and coordinated among governmental institutions , including initiatives for shared-information systems , to facilitate the use of mineral related information ; and 3 ) increased private sector financing of infrastructure . The main aspects to be addressed by the Government strategy will include : A . Reform of the Legal and Regulatory Framework GOU will establish an integrated framework for making its mining sector internationally competitive , incorporating fiscal conditions as close as possible to those of other sectors , and ensuring attractiveness to private investors through conformance with international trends on terms and stipulations for applicable income tax . It already has developed a mineral policy", "spans": [{"start": 1257, "end": 1276, "text": "geo-scientific data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The new parameters express the differences between the earnings equations of workers with Di = 1 and Di = 0 . Parameter δt denotes the difference in the public premium , and γ denotes the difference in the relative returns to the workers ' comparative advantage . The estimated equation is a simple extension of equation ( 2 ) , with the interaction terms between the employment history dummies and the dummy Di . # * * RESULTS * * The literature on earnings inequality between two sectors ( public and private ; formal and informal ) is extremely rich and active , with some widely used techniques , such as quantile regressions with a sector dummy or wage equations with different coefficients for each sector . In this section , before estimating our model , we present and discuss the results that can be obtained with these models . These results will help us to identify some robust stylized facts and to make the case for using a different approach . # _Sample and descriptive statistics_ We restrict ourselves to the workers who worked for wages for two consecutive surveys : 1993 and 1998 for the first panel and 2002 and 2004 or 2004 and 2006 for the second panel . As discussed earlier , the VLSS and VHLSS samples are representative of the Vietnamese population but contain few wage earners . Hence , our final sample is relatively small , with 875 individuals in 1993 – 1998 and 3893 individuals after pooling the 2002 – 2004 and the 2004 – 2006 surveys . As we saw , our model ' s identification further relies upon the workers who switched to the public or to the private sector between the 16", "spans": [{"start": 1212, "end": 1217, "text": "VHLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ households do not own livestock . The proportion of households owning livestock was as high as 96 . 7 % in Limu Kosa Woreda and low among sample households in Limu Genet with 66 . 7 % . The socioeconomic survey further indicated that a total of 233 sampled households own a total of 2 , 281 livestock . On average the livestock owning households keep 9 . 8 livestock per household . Across the study area , the highest average livestock holding was reported among households in Limu Kosa Woreda with an average of 11 . 9 livestock per household , while the lowest average livestock holding was reported in Mana Woreda with 6 . 8 livestock per household . With regard to types of livestock ownership , cattle constituted 41 . 5 % of all the livestock population followed by poultry ( 22 . 8 % ) , beehives ( 18 . 1 % ) , sheep ( 8 . 6 % ) , goat ( 5 . 8 % ) donkey ( 2 . 3 % ) , horse ( 0 . 4 % ) and mule ( 0 . 4 % ) . The local farming households in Subproject influence area depend on various source of livestock feeds for livestock production including private grazing land ( 31 . 7 % ) , followed by crop residue ( 21 . 1 % ) and communal grazing land ( 19 . 6 % ) . The other livestock feeds used by the surveyed households for livestock rearing include weeds , herbs and shrubs , fallow land and prepared animal feeds . The census and enumeration of properties survey also confirmed that implementation of the proposed subproject components will affect limited size of grazing land owned by individual households and community members collectively . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 6 Off-farm Livelihood Strategies * * In the assessment of off-farming economic activities of subproject affected households both", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 364, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1484, "end": 1527, "text": "census and enumeration of properties survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Eastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * # # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies ( continued ) * * * * v ) Acquisition of fixed assets * * * * The payment * * on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nit or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # * * f ) In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # # * * g ) * * Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account balances include amounts held at the Central Bank of Kenya and at various commercial banks at the end of the financial year . For the purposes of these financial statements , cash and cash", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 737, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2004 ; Hummels et al . , 2009 ; Lugovskyy and Skiba , 2015 ) . In addition , the Maritime Transport Costs ( MTC ) database , prepared by OECD , combines the above-mentioned data on freight expenditures with the COMTRADE dataset and other data sources to provide a comprehensive transport costs database for 43 importing countries from 218 countries at 6-digit HS product level from 1991 to 2007 ( Korinek , 2011 ) . Another useful dataset comes from the U . S . Army Corps of Engineers ( ACE ) . It focuses on the U . S . waterborne transport and includes freight expenditures at HS4-product level and U . S . ports of loading and unloading . These data have been used to study the effect of policy on maritime transport costs ( Fink et al . , 2002 ) and to estimate port efficiency and its impact on trade flows ( Blonigen and Wilson , 2008 , 2018 ; Clark et al . , 2004 ) . More recently , researchers can obtain customs data from some countries with freight expenditures at the transaction level . For example , Panjiva , a part of S & P Global , provides these data for Chilean and Colombian imports from 2009 onward . These data also contain trade values , quantities , mode of transportation , port of loading and unloading , shipment weight and volume , the identity of the importing firm , information on whether the importing firm or exporting firm is responsible for arranging transportation , and the identity of the carrier or logistic firm arranging transportation . The data on freight expenditures collected from custom declarations or bills of ladings is a direct measurement of transport cost . Therefore , these datasets represent the best sources of data to study the size and nature of maritime transport costs . However , they are available only for a small number of countries . Panjiva also provides the US import bills of lading . These data scope out a large portion of a shipment ’ s journey ; a typical observation includes where a shipment originated , ports of lading and unlading , vessel-specific IMO Number , where the shipment is ultimately sent within the US ( shipment", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 122, "text": "Maritime Transport Costs ( MTC ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 211, "end": 227, "text": "COMTRADE dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 915, "end": 927, "text": "customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1827, "end": 1852, "text": "US import bills of lading", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Rank on | Author | % < br > publications | _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 0 < br > Publication | Rank on_I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > < br > _with_  = 0 | _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 0 . 5 | 42 < br > Rank on_I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > < br > _with_  = 0 . 5 | _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup >  = 1 < br > Total | Rank on_I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > < br > _with_  = 1 | _h_-index ( _I_ < sup > 1 < / sup > ) | _I_ < sup > 2 < / sup > < br > Quadratic | Rank on_I_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | Maximum < br > citations | Rank on < br > maximum | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | h-index | | not found in < br > Google < br > Scholar | count | | | | citations | | | influence < br > function | | | citations | | 95 | Frans F . H . Rutten | 25 % | 24 | 137 | 97 | 147 | 825 | 191 | 13 | 0 . 373 | 180 | 199 | 544 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed author was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication . An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 1000, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "constrained project implementation and undermined the relationship with the client . The Volcker report < sup > 3 < / sup > that used Kenya and the DIR as a case study concluded , “ the DIR can be a useful technique in advancing anticorruption efforts , but the effectiveness depends on support and cooperation from operations staff and the country concerned ” . The DIR halted the restructuring process putting the project in a very uncertain situation . Given sensitivities and reputational risks associated with such audits , a more proactive approach to address uncertainty around the project would have been beneficial . A major weakness of supervision was the little progress made to obtain baseline data for project indicators as agreed at preparation and to systematically track progress , making it difficult to truly assess the project contribution even with its limited duration of implementation . The only exception was data from the Demographic and Health Survey of 2003 . Overall , while the Task Team put a lot of effort and time ( three years ) after the MTR to resolve implementation bottlenecks and to restructure the project , little progress was made in resolving the problems . The Bank ’ s performance in ensuring quality of supervision is rated * * unsatisfactory . * * # # * * ( c ) Justification of Rating for Overall Bank Performance * * Overall Bank Performance is rated * * unsatisfactory , * * quality of entry was rated * * unsatisfactory * * mainly because of the design flaws highlighted in the preceding section above and the supervision was rated * * unsatisfactory * * due to the failure to decisively manage the proposed restructuring , the audit investigations and address uncertainty surrounding the project . # # * * 5 . 2 Borrower Performance * * # # * * ( a ) Government Performance * * DARE was prepared at a difficult period for Kenya , in particular with the governance environment . It took a lot of time and effort of government officials from the Ministry of Health , Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Public Service to overcome a number of obstacles during its preparation and implementation , especially given", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 976, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 1 Introduction * * During the 2007 / 08 global food crisis , the world average price of staples more than doubled ; perhaps one of the most serious consequences of the crisis was its disproportionate effect on the world ’ s most vulnerable populations . For those who spend the majority of their budgets on food , the crisis led to a severe erosion of purchasing power , pushing households into poverty and crippling the already poor . Poor households cope with negative shocks in many ways , for example , by relying on family assistance , selling off assets , borrowing money , or – in the most desperate cases – reducing intake of food and nutrients . Such coping mechanisms can have both short and long-run consequences for a family ’ s wellbeing and livelihood . This paper investigates the impact of the global spike in food prices on household welfare in Afghanistan – one of the world ’ s most food-insecure countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > The analysis in this paper provides one of the very few empirical assessments of the effects of the global food crisis based on data collected prior to and during the crisis and using direct measures of household consumption ; further , it is the first analysis on this topic from a conflict country , Afghanistan . It is rare to have high-quality household data from conflict countries , where many of the world ’ s most vulnerable live , and even rarer to have such data collected during a largely unanticipated shock . In countries like Afghanistan , shocks like the food crisis can compound the deleterious effects of years of conflict , drought , and economic hardships . The estimates provided in this paper are based on direct measures of food security and food-based coping strategies , e . g . , moving to cheaper foods , based on observed household behavior prior to and after the spike in food prices . Most studies on the global food crisis use pre-crisis national household survey data to simulate the short-run effects of price increases on poverty . See for example , Robles and Torero ( forthcoming ) who examine simulated results from four Latin American countries ,", "spans": [{"start": 1300, "end": 1314, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1909, "end": 1950, "text": "pre-crisis national household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * been lodged during the second semester of 2007 . Sweden was followed by * * Germany * * ( 10 , 700 claims during January-June 2008 ) , * * Greece * * ( 10 , 200 ) , * * Italy * * ( 7 , 200 ) , and * * Switzerland * * ( 5 , 900 ) . # # * * IV . Origin of asylum-seekers * * * * Iraq * * remained the leading country of origin of asylum applicants during the first six months of 2008 . Despite fewer of its citizens lodging asylum claims in the 44 industrialized countries , the number of Iraqi claims was twice higher than of those submitted by asylum-seekers originating from the * * Russian Federation * * , the second most important source country * * . * * Other important source countries of asylum-seekers are * * China * * , * * Somalia * * , * * Pakistan * * , * * Afghanistan * * , and * * Serbia * * . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Main countries of origin of asylum - < br > seekers , January-June 2008 < br > 19 , 500 < br > 9 , 400 8 , 700 7 , 400 6 , 300 6 , 300 6 , 200 5 , 200 4 , 800 4 , 600 < br > IRQ RUS CHI SOM PAK AFG SRB MEX NIG IRN < br > No . of claims < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Iraq again became the main country of origin of asylum-seekers in industrialized countries in 2006 , after having been the main source country previously in 2000 and 2002 . This trend has continued into 2007 when more than 45 , 000 new asylum claims were lodged in the 44 industrialized countries . During the first half of 2008 , Iraqis lodged 19 , 500 asylum claims or 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 | | IN01171046 < br > ► Number of health care < br > ( Number , Custom ) | workers and community stake | holders trained in managing G | BV cases and psychosocial | support countrywide | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 300 . 00 | | Date < br > | 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Aug-2021 | 10-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | | IN01171050 < br >  Number of health care < br > ( Number , Custom Supp | workers and community sta < br > lement ) | keholders trained in managing | GBV cases and psychosoci | al support in RHDs | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 200 . 00 | # Component 3 : Project Management , Monitoring and Evaluation < u > < mark > IN01171027 < / mark > < / u > ► Proportion of Grievances captured in the Complaints Register for UCREPP that have been “ CLOSED OUT ” in accordance with GRM under the Project ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 85 . 00 | | Date | 14-Apr-2020 < br > 31-Aug-2021 | 10-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01171029 | GRM was completed and disclosed on MOH porta < br > The project will continue", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 883, "text": "Complaints Register for UCREPP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 Impacts on Cultural Heritage * * The proposed Subproject will have no impact on cultural heritage sites ( i . e . including natural areas with cultural and / or spiritual value such as sacred groves , sacred bodies of water and waterways , sacred trees , and sacred rocks ) that are essential to the identity and / or cultural , ceremonial , or spiritual aspects of the project-affected community ’ s cultural livelihood . Therefore , no compensation will be required . # # # # # # * * 7 . 12 Impacts on Burial Sites * * The census enumeration and property registration process revealed that one tower ( Tower117 ) is located on a site demarcated as a new burial site in Ifa Lode Kebele of Lote Hetosa Woreda . The burial site is provided to the Muslim community by the local administration , and they are not started to use it . Therefore , there is no direct impact on existing and active burial site . Consultation was held with representatives of the Muslim community , and they confirmed no one was buried at the time of the survey . Only one tower will be erected ( i . e . it 36m < sup > 2 < / sup > of land ) and it will not affect the overall service of the burial ground . # # # # # # * * 7 . 13 Impact on Vulnerable Groups * * < mark > Security or vulnerability of households ’ livelihoods vary between households depending on their relative endowment with and / or access to a range of assets ( natural , physical , human , social and financial ) . The more a household owns or have access to different assets , the < / mark > Page 94 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 572, "text": "census enumeration and property registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Did some people purposely misreport outcomes in the hopes of influencing resource allocation ? While some respondents who experienced severe ( and socially undesirable ) outcomes may have reported them more honestly in the relative anonymity of an online survey , a different set of respondents may purposely have reported more severe outcomes than they experienced to try to influence resource allocation . This type of misreporting has not been widely studied , but Kaplan et al ( 2019 ) offer evidence that some vulnerable Internally Displaced Persons ( IDP ) households in South Sudan may underreport consumption in surveys . They link this behavior to a desire to influence the allocation of humanitarian assistance , and find that light-touch honesty primes reduce the gap in reported consumption between IDP and non-IDP households for respondents more likely to be underreporting and in measures more easily manipulated . < sup > 8 < / sup > The framing and contexts of the PPCS and Facebook surveys suggest that strategic misreporting to influence resource allocation may have been more prevalent in the Facebook survey than in the PPCS . The role of the World Bank was prominent in the framing of the Facebook survey , with World Bank Surveys sponsoring the Facebook advert and the Bank logo branding the online questionnaire . In the previous year , the Bank had co-led a Rapid Damage Needs Assessment that informed international assistance strategies . Introductory text to the Facebook survey noted that the Bank wanted to understand how people had been affected by the May 2021 violence , but did not mention the importance of accuracy . By contrast , the PPCS was implemented by enumerators from the national statistical office ( PCBS ) . The detailed adult individual interview inquiring about conflict exposure and mental health outcomes was embedded in a larger household survey , and 91 percent of PPCS adult respondents had previously responded to the Socio-Economic and Food Security Survey 2018 individual module ( itself a continuation of a panel that started in 2013 ) . At no point in this panel were respondents offered incentives to participate . The introductory letter sent to potential participants in the PPCS also emphasized the importance of providing accurate information . # _Hypotheses_ H3a : Some people report", "spans": [{"start": 990, "end": 1006, "text": "Facebook surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1140, "end": 1144, "text": "PPCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1879, "end": 1895, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1971, "end": 2015, "text": "Socio-Economic and Food Security Survey 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", despite its low implementation cost . - Although Ethiopia ’ s per capita expenditures for health have increased from US $ 5 . 6 in 1999 / 2000 to US $ 7 . 14 in 2004 / 2005 , its level is still among the lowest in the world . The following factors affected project implementation positively : - There was a very active donor group in Ethiopia , with excellent cooperation among donors , and between donors and Government . The donor group met very frequently , including in joint review missions and joint review meetings ( ARM ) every year . These arrangements were found ideal to enhance partnerships . - The MTR was very thorough and helped ensure that project activities were going in the right direction . # # * * 2 . 3 Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) Design , Implementation and Utilization * * The Project Appraisal Document ( PAD ) had identified a small number of essential indicators ( three for health status and four for health services ) that were quite adequate to monitor progress toward the achievement of the project development objectives ( PDO ) . Health and Health Related Indicators ( HHRI ) booklets were regularly published and disseminated every year by the FMOH / PPD . Despite their limitations , the reports provided the information base for a unique trend analysis over the last eight years or so , and contributed important information for planning , monitoring and evaluation purposes . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1073, "end": 1109, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * To track payments , photographs of all PAPs will be taken , which will be entered into a database or compensation log maintained by REA . # # # * * e ) Payment by Installment * * Payment shall be made by REA or its appointed agent and on payment ; a receipt should be signed by the payee , payer / REA representative and a local administration witness . Ugandan law requires that compensation be accomplished before entry onto private property . So where payment in several installments is preferred ( as a mitigation of the risk of cash misuse , which could affect female spouses and children ) , this contradiction can be overcome as follows : - i ) Obtain a written consent from compensation recipients for their payment to be made in installments rather than as a “ one-off ” . Page 38", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 121, "text": "database or compensation log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "familiar from our other studies in the 1980s in the manufacturing sectors of the vast majority of countries surveyed , as reported in Table 2 . In diagnosing changes in demand for skills , shifts in supply are a confounding factor . One approach to neutralizing the effects of supply shifts is to assume an elasticity of substitution of unity between skilled and unskilled labor , so that the wage-bill is invariant to movement along the relative demand curve as in Figure 3 above . That approach recommends the wage-bill share of non-manual workers as a measure of demand for skills , since it shifts only with demand under the assumption . Figure 2 illustrates that approach for the ASI data . The non-manual share of wage-bill drops between 1984 and 89 and then rises fairly steadily through the 1990s . Compared to the two series in Figure 1 , relative wages and proportion of non-manual workers in employment , the wage-bill share series is smoother , suggesting that indeed supply shifts are being muted in this series by motion along a demand curve . India is a country of diverse manufacturing technologies spread across vast distances with poor transport between States and between interior States and foreign markets . Consequently , one might suspect that shifts in demand for skill would differ across States . Table 4 investigates cross-state differences in demand for skills in manufacturing , reporting for each state in both periods the change in wage-bill shares of non-manual workers , the proportion of that change that occurs within industries and the change in relative wages . Note that registered manufacturing employment varies widely across states ( as does population ) from a high of 1 . 5 million in Maharashtra to just 11 thousand in Chandigarh . Six states are not reported as they have so little employment that reclassification across 3 digit industries ( NIC ) may be suspect . Table 4 reports three clear findings about demand for skills in the 1990s . First , in fully 19 of the 21 States the wage-bill share of non-manual workers increased in the post-reform sample 18", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 693, "text": "ASI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Refugees Proclamation . The Program is expected to become effective by the deadline date , pending the World Bank ' s final legal clearance . The World Bank team carried out two missions on December 5-12 , 2018 and March 11-20 , 2019 to take stock of progress to meet the effectiveness conditions and prepare for Program implementation . The missions noted the progress of the Program Coordination Unit in undertaking key recruitments and Program readiness activities to achieve near-term disbursement-linked indicators and program action plans . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163829 | IDA-62920 | Not < br > Effective | USD | 83 . 33 | 83 . 33 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 81 . 23 | 0 % | | P163829 | IDA-D3460 | Not < br > Effective | USD | 118 . 67 | 118 . 67 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 115 . 68 | 0 % | # # # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * | Project < br > Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Orig . Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | 4 / 21 / 2019 Page 1 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 582, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expenditures ( also depicted in Figure 3 ) – we do not observe a lower level of health expenditures for Green Card holders compared to those without . Similarly , we also estimate the additional protective impact of the Green Card against impoverishing health expenditures to have been relatively modest . Health expenditures can have an impoverishing impact if near-poor households have to switch away from buying other necessary goods in order to cover urgent health costs . A near-poor household that covers health expenditures and therefore has to reduce spending on food would then become a poor household in terms of its living standards ( O ‘ Donnell et al . 2004 ) . In Turkey , national poverty measures are calculated using a consumption basket that _includes_ health spending . With health expenditures included in household nominal expenditures , a household that might be poor without health expenditures may record non-poor levels of expenditures if we include health spending . < sup > 7 < / sup > Table 3 quantifies the impoverishing impact of health spending . We calculate this impact as the percentage of individuals who were poor _without_ taking into account health expenditures ( and measured against a poverty line similarly net of health expenditures < sup > 8 < / sup > ) but were non-poor if health expenditures are taken into account . We find that , with 0 . 8 percent , the impoverishing impact of health spending was modest at the onset of program expansion ( 2003 ) due to limited out-of pocked spending even in the absence of the Green Card program . We observe a mild decline in the poverty impact of health spending in Turkey between 2003 and 2008 from 0 . 8 to 0 . 3 percent , although the decline is not statistically significant when the confidence interval around the poverty headcount estimates are considered . Lastly , we examine the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures . These are defined as the share of total expenditures dedicated to health above a certain threshold level ( Xu et al . > 7 We apply the following calculation to assess the impoverishing impact of health spending : Given published poverty rates by TURKSTAT at the national level , we derive poverty lines", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 65 . 00 | 65 . 00 | 65 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date < br > | 06-Jan-2022 | 18-Jul-2022 | 13-Feb-2023 | 07-Jan-2024 | | IN01252022 < br > ► ERP system installed | and operational ( Yes / No , Custo | m ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 12-Oct-2021 | 18-Jul-2022 | 13-Feb-2023 | 31-Dec-2024 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P131118 | IDA-53710 | Effective | USD | 320 . 00 | 320 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 118 . 54 | 165 . 71 | 42 % | # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * 4 / 3 / 2023 Page 4 of 5", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 491, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ( prelim . ) | Based on 1987 OHS | 1980-85 , < br > U . N . 1984 < br > assessment ; < br > 1985-90 , < br > Bank projection | | Tunisia | Mar 84 | 6966 F | Bank projection from census | Bank est . | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | Turkey | Oct 85 | 50664 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | Turks and Caico < br > Islands | s Nay 80 | 7 F | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 88 assessment | - - | - - | | Tuvalu | may 79 | 7 F | UNP ; 3R 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Bank est . | Bankest . | | Uganda | Jan 80 | 12637 F | Official < br > est . | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Bankest . | | United < br > Arab < br > Emirates | Dec 80 | < br > 1043 F | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | Based on U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | < br > Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | United Kingdom | Apr 81 | 55678 F | Eurostat1987 | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | | United States < br > of America | Apr 80 | 226546 F | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on 1981-84TFR , USBOC < br > 1985 , < br > and 1985 CBR , UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR 4 / 87 | | Uru % ay | Oct 85 | < br > 2931 F | Bank projection < br > from < br > official < br > 1986 est . | 1980-85 , <", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 37, "text": "1987 OHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 162, "end": 189, "text": "Bank projection from census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 986, "text": "Eurostat 1987", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ . _ 989 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > which is comparable with the average autocorrelation coefficient for bond yields . The second factor accounts for more ˆ than half of the remaining residual variance and has an AR ( 1 ) coefficient of _휌_ = 0 _ . _ 965 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > . These characteristics emphasize the necessity of the employed IFE method . The change in coefficients between the FE estimates in ( 3 ) and the IFE estimates ( 6 ) , together with the simulation study in Appendix , Section A . 2 , give an idea of how strong the bias of a misspecified model is . We proceed with _퐾_ = 2 . # * * 5 Limitations * * # # * * 5 . 1 Lack of biodiversity * * For the sake of consistent , global coverage , the wealth data made the deliberate decision to calculate aggregated numbers on the country level . This prevents decompositions beyond what Table 6 presents . One interesting component that affects all renewables is biodiversity . The wealth of species diversity and ecosystem services is currently only accounted for indirectly . These are restricted to terrestrial areas and do not include the blue economy . Loss of biodiversity and collapse of the ecosystem is ranked as top five global risks ( WEF , 2020a ) . Regulators , pension funds and banks are paying more and more attention to the effects on the financial sector ( Schellekens et al . , 2019 ; van Toor et al . , 2020 ) . # # * * 5 . 2 Low data frequency * * A further limitation imposed by the wealth data is its annual frequency . Seasonal effects and other business cycle dynamics that possibly affect bond prices cannot be addressed . The immediate impacts of droughts and floods are not discernible . One promising possibility to address this issue is to include high-frequency and objective geospatial data , such as remote-sensing satellite data or weather station measurements ( WWF et al . , 2020 ) . This type of data , which has the added benefit of being exogenous by nature , would", "spans": [{"start": 715, "end": 726, "text": "wealth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "constituencies , and minimizing the number of idle parcels . But land is “ subject to multiple , overlapping claims and ongoing debate over these claims ’ legitimacy and their implications for land use ” ( Berry , 2001 ) . Consequently , disputes are common over both who has a right to a particular plot , and even who has the right to allocate that plot . Without a central registry , there are frequent instances , especially in urban and peri-urban areas , where land is rented , sold or allocated land multiple times to different people . Of course , such practices can create an array of conflicts , disputes and ownership insecurity , as for example shown in Kuntu-Mensah ( 2006 ) , which have resulted in frequent litigation ( Aryeetey & Udry , 2010 ) . As noted by Jones-Casey & Knox ( 2011 ) , the Ghanaian courts were clogged with 35 , 000 land disputes in 2006 . Given the lack of clear land rights , it is not surprising that investment in housing provision and mortgage markets has been inhibited . In 2010 for example when the housing stock deficit stood at 1 , 200 , 000 houses , only 199 , 000 units of houses were built ( Afrane et al . , 2016 ) . In the wider international context , tenure insecurity particularly discourages investments by multinational companies in Ghana and thus the national economy forgoes potential positive effects from additional job creation and technology transfer ( Barthel et al , 2011 ) . Amid this complexity , however , a cultivator ’ s rights over her growing crops , on the other hand , are quite secure . Plots are virtually never lost while under cultivation ; the 2018 wave of the ISSERNorthwestern-Yale Ghana Panel Survey ( GPRL , 2019 ) reveals only two instances among 5 , 366 plots in which disputed tenure caused interference with cultivation . Historian Ivor Wilks ( 1993 ) summarizes the principle as “ the cultivated farm is my property , the land is the stool ’ s ” . This feature of the property rights system creates an incentive for farmers to use ( or appear to be using ) their land . Goldstein &", "spans": [{"start": 1638, "end": 1679, "text": "ISSERNorthwestern-Yale Ghana Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "questions on paid work in agriculture , and to a lesser extent on small / secondary jobs . < / u > Source : Koolwal ( 2018 ) , based on ILO LFS pilot study data accessed at ILO . Careful attention to wording choice , adapted to local context , is therefore important in the framing of employment questions . A recent study by Comblon and Robilliard ( 2017 ) using data from more than 40 surveys and censuses conducted in Cameroon , Mali and Senegal between 1976 and 2012 also discusses how women ’ s reporting of employment is more sensitive to questionnaire wording and design , owing to the effects of social norms / interpretation of wording , and the specific types of work women in low-income contexts tend to be involved in . Most socioeconomic surveys also do not distinguish between running and supporting a family business in their labor modules — within the LSMS , the 2016-17 Malawi and 2013-14 Uganda surveys do ask separate questions on whether respondents “ run a business of any size for 9", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 160, "text": "ILO LFS pilot study data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 364, "end": 407, "text": "data from more than 40 surveys and censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 737, "end": 758, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project estimated job losses at the firm level onto labor force survey data for the first round of data ( CFUWBES1 ) and apportion realized outcomes to groups of workers . Then , since risks are inherently a forward-looking concept , we predict job losses into the near-term future using a subsequent round of the CFUWBES ( CFUWBES2 ) and then compare the predictions to real time survey data for Jordan , where such data were available . There is a methodological tradeoff between prediction and inference as it pertains to model selection . < sup > 32 < / sup > However , since our claim is that understanding causes is important to assigning risk levels , and to maintain internal consistency and simplicity , including for usability in other contexts and countries , we elect to use our inference model for prediction . # 5 . 1 Projection Method With our econometric estimates in hand , the next step of our method is to translate model - predicted job losses ( “ modeled ” ) from the CFUWBES1 to projected job losses for the population of PFPS workers as identified in the labor force surveys as follows : First , we use the statistically significant factors for job loss reported in Section 4 above ( from the Job Loss equation ) to predict job losses for firms still in operation as of round 1 of the CFUWBES . For comparison purposes , we also report results using simple CFUWBES survey means ( “ survey-measured ” ) . For job losses at permanently closed firms , given data limitations we must use a more information-limited method . Ideally , one would augment the econometric modeling of job losses with a firm entry and exit equation . However , using the CFUWBES data , it was not possible to model these dynamics in a manner separate from the selection equation method used because new firms were not sampled , and very few of the questions relevant to the drivers of job loss or jobs at risk were asked of permanently closed firms ( in either round ) . < sup > 33 < / sup > Therefore , we had to adopt a few simplifying assumptions to account for such closures : ( 1", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 75, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 314, "end": 321, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 324, "end": 332, "text": "CFUWBES2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 371, "end": 403, "text": "real time survey data for Jordan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 989, "end": 997, "text": "CFUWBES1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1078, "end": 1097, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1668, "end": 1680, "text": "CFUWBES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "who feel that < br > the different project < br > investments are relevant to | Baseline , < br > mid-term < br > and < br > endline | HH surveys | HH survey | FPCU , supported by < br > external consulting firm | | | theirpriorities and reflect | | | | | Page 68 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 145, "text": "HH surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 148, "end": 157, "text": "HH survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "One interesting area of future research will be to determine whether these smaller municipalities are simply more idiosyncratic and , thus , harder to predict , or whether they differ structurally in observables ways . If the latter is true , different types of data or methods might improve estimation for the smallest municipalities . In other words , is it possible to improve the estimation of these municipalities , or are there simply weaker systematic relationships between geospatial data and labor market statistics for these areas ? # * * B . Area-level model * * An alternative method for combining survey data and geospatial data is to obtain municipal estimates is an area-level model ( Fay and Herriot , 1979 ) . This method is convenient and wellknown , but suffers from a few limitations in this context . The main shortcoming is that it requires aggregating the auxiliary data to the municipal level , which discards variation across AGEBs within municipalities . In addition , the method faces challenges to accurately generate estimates of municipal variance , which is an important input into the model . This is particularly true when there is a significant number of zero values , as is the case for unemployment rates in this context . To better understand whether these potential limitations are important in practice , we examine the results of two area-level modeling exercises . Fay-Herriot models can either be assumed to be linear models or the dependent variable can be transformed prior to estimation . For ratios such as labor force participation and unemployment rates , it is common to transform the variable using an arcsine transformation ( Halbmeier et al , 2019 ) . Use of such a transformation adds additional complexity to the procedure , but ensures that predicted participation or unemployment rates lie between zero and one . In addition , using the arcsine transformation is more consistent with the AGEB-level model discussed above . For these reasons , we use the transformed model as our main results , but display the results of a linear model in Table A4 . We select a model for each outcome by applying LASSO to the full set of municipal candidate geospatial variables , again selecting lambda to minimize BIC . When", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 621, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 626, "end": 641, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 879, "end": 893, "text": "auxiliary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | - 24 . 4 ' | 11 . 3 | rn | | Private consumption | . . | 6 . 1 | - 9 . 3 | 10 . 1 | o | | < br > General government consumption < br > | . . < br > | < br > - 3 . 9 < br > | < br > - 16 . 5 < br > | < br > - 0 . 6 < br > | 53 < br > su < br > ss < br > ss < br > 5 < br > 99 | | Gross domestic investment < br > Imrt f d nd ri | - 0 . 6 | 19 . 9 < br > 167 | - 4 . 1 < br > - 202 | 21 . 0 < br > 161 | inn < br > < br > * * Et * * < br > 0 < br > t | | pos o goos a sevces < br > Gross national product | . . < br > . . | . < br > 6 . 5 | . < br > - 6 . 1 | . < br > 7 . 1 | * * - * * < br > * * xpors * * < br > < br > mpors | Note : 1996 data are preliminary estimates . The diamonds show four * * key * * indicators in the country ( in bold ) compared with its income-group average . If data are missing , the diamond will be incomplete . - 65 -", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 650, "text": "1996 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PSNP < br > adjusted for general inflation . Transfer < br > an inflation rate of annual 29 . 34 % ( up < br > delayed until March 2024 with the res < br > from the inflation adjustment . | cash transfers are < br > s were increased b < br > to June 2023 ) . Impl < br > ult that only 87 % of | being adequately < br > y 34 % compared to < br > ementation was < br > transfers benefited | | Clients with a business plan financed | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2020 | 25 , 343 < br > 28-Jun-2024 | 158 , 180 . 00 | Jun / 2025 | | through livelihood grant / credit - Total < br > ( Number ) | Comments on achieving targets | This indicator measures the number of < br > grant based on their businessplans . Re | PSNP core clients < br > gional data compil | receiving credit or < br > ed byFSCO upto | Page 7 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 737, "text": "gional data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report # # * * CHAPTER 4 : APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY * * # # * * 4 . 1 Approach and Methodology * * The methodology adopted during preparation of this report was guided by World Bank OP 4 . 12 on Involuntary Resettlement and KISIP RFP as summarized in * * figure 4-1 * * below . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 4-1 : ARAP Preparation Approach and Methodology < br > Literature Review Details of Documents / information reviewed include the following : < br > Project Appraisal Document PAD for KISIP ( 2011 , KISIP < br > Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) revised October 2014 and < br > Approved Local Physical Development Plan for Kibokoni M26 < br > Informal Settlement < br > Consultations with < br > The task involved detailed stakeholder identification and mapping < br > Stakeholders < br > as part of the planning . Stakeholders consulted included : Kilifi < br > including PAPs . < br > County PCT , National KISIP PCT , Local Administration , SEC and < br > Community members including PAPs < br > The questionnaire collected PAP census information that registers < br > and locates the household ; and , identifies all household by age , < br > sex , and relationship to head of household , education and < br > Census and < br > occupation and housing conditions . Data for affected structures < br > Inventory of Losses included construction type , use , area , ownership and location , as < br > ( IoL well as the extent of loss ; and Business losses , by types , amounts < br > and duration of losses ( structures , incomes ) ; < br > In general , the compensation for affected structures was < br > Valuation of", "spans": [{"start": 1175, "end": 1197, "text": "PAP census information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1452, "end": 1471, "text": "Inventory of Losses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "amounts to the assumption that the quality of education that children will receive in the future is the same as what is reflected in the most recently ‐ observed test scores . It is also worth noting that for most countries , test scores are observed only at one grade level . This means that out of necessity quality measured at one grade level is assumed to be representative of the entire school system . This assumption however may however be questionable in countries where there is a lot of attrition as students move to higher grades . In this case , test scores observed in later grades reflect an element of selection , to the extent that lower ‐ ability students are more likely to drop out of school before reaching the level at which the test is implemented . This implies that observed average test scores in later grades likely overstate the quality of education in lower grades . Adjusting for this is difficult , as it requires some way to approximate the distribution of test scores among those students who did not take the test . However , a partial adjustment for this in the overall HCI comes through the fact that in such cases , the enrollment rates used to calculate expected years of school will also be lower , which in turn lowers the learning ‐ adjusted years of school measure . A final caveat worth noting is that test scores are only an imperfect measure of learning . There are the usual concerns that test scores measure performance only on those items of the curriculum that are covered in the test . Beyond this , test scores also respond to other factors , including intrinsic motivation on the part of test takers . For example , extensive empirical evidence from schoolchildren in Chicago suggests that small immediate financial rewards for good performance have substantial effects on students ’ standardized test scores ( Levitt , List , Neckerman and Sadoff ( 2016 ) ) . To the extent that there are cross ‐ country differences in students ’ intrinsic motivation when taking standardized tests , this will be conflated with the quality interpretation of the test scores . Student test scores also reflect the influence of the home environment", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 6 | 90 | 10 | 830 | 168 | | * * Isingiro * * | 165 , 007 | 34376 | 4 . 8 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 6 | 90 | 10 | 830 | 192 | | * * Kamwenge * * | 117 , 103 | 24916 | 4 . 7 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 6 | 90 | 10 | 830 | 196 | | * * Yumbe * * | 190 , 338 | 25378 | 7 . 5 | 0 . 4 | 0 . 6 | 90 | 10 | 1601 | 237 | | * * Moyo * * | 74 , 066 | 15759 | 4 . 7 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 6 | 90 | 10 | 830 | 196 | | * * Koboko * * | 140 , 613 | 20987 | 6 . 7 | 0 . 8 | 0 . 5 | 90 | 10 | 830 | 196 | | * * Kiryandongo * * | 157 , 275 | 30838 | 5 . 1 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 5 | 90 | 10 | 854 | 186 | | * * Kyegegwa * * | 130 , 548 | 27776 | 4 . 7 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 5 | 90 | 10 | 854 | 202 | | * * Hoima * * | 121 , 512 | 28259 | 4 . 3 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 5 | 90 | 10 | 854 | 221 | | * * Lamwo * * | 72163 | 14727 | 4 . 9 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 5 | 90 | 10 | 854 | 194 | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 28 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "sw"}
{"text": "become their culture . Besides abiding by the PIM of the project , accountability of the committees is reinforced by the culture and tradition of the community . Procurement of CIF projects is undertaken by the community procurement committees who are trained in the subject matter . Except some procurements that need higher level skills and experience , which are effected by Woreda and RPCUs on the behalf of the communities , many of the procurements are carried out by the community procurement committee , while the project management committees ensuring that the quality of materials and level of costs are of acceptable level . Furthermore , the committees established at Woreda and Kebele levels such as the WDC and the KDC are part of the formal government permanent development structures which live up beyond the span of the project time . The PCDP projects become part of the woreda and sector integrated plans once the WDC and the technical committee complete the appraisal of these projects . Sector offices would allocate the necessary budget for operational cost and assign manpower for the PCDP infrastructure up on project completion . Furthermore , once the projects are completed , projects are managed by communities with technical supports by the respective sector offices . The communities would remain responsible for operation and maintenance of subprojects . The knowledge and experience gained in project management by the communities as a whole is immense . As gathered by the study mentioned above , all respondents feel that the basic infrastructure and services developed by the project belong to them and that they are always ready to protect and maintain for proper utilization . An important observation made in the survey sites was that most committee members are illiterate which would create a challenge to keep up minutes of discussion and meetings . This is crucial particularly with committees involved in procurement and RuSACCOs since they are dealing with finance that needs well done records . In a few cases , MSTs and facilitators are providing assistances . In conclusion , all institutional arrangements were strengthened and the majority of the Woredas and the communities are currently self-reliant", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | | | D : 1021 | | Composition of net resource flows | | | | | , | | Official grants | 504 | 296 | 505 | . . | | | Official creditors | 134 | 230 | - 63 | . . | | | Private creditors | 350 | - 133 | - 12 | . . | | | Foreign direct investment ( net inflows ) | 39 | 361 | 3 , 219 | . . | | | Portfolio equity ( net inflows ) | 0 | 0 | 144 | . . | E : 4 , 754 | | World Bank program | | | | | | | Commitments | 38 | 62 | 0 | 121 | A - IBRD < br > E - Bilateral | | Disbursements | 97 | 94 | 43 | 39 | < br > B - IDA < br > D - Other multilateral < br > < br > F - Private | | Principal repayments | 28 | 72 | 80 | 80 | C - IM F < br > < br > < br > G - Short-term | | Net flows | 69 | 23 | - 38 | - 41 | | | Interest payments | 31 | 47 | 46 | 50 | | | Net transfers | 38 | - 24 | - 83 | - 91 | | | Note : This table was produced from the Develo | pment Econ | omics LDB | database . | | 9 / 24 / 08 | Note : This table was produced from the Development Economics LDB database . 115", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 983, "text": "Development Economics LDB database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Dustmann et al . ( 2005 ) , Basso and Peri ( 2015 ) and Edo et al . ( 2019 ) , a way to minimize the correlation between past immigration and current outcomes is to use a sufficiently long time lag to predict the actual number of immigrants . To mitigate this concern , we derive initial migration shares using data from 2002 – the first year for which data are available in the EU Labour Force Survey , and benchmark time that is nine years before the beginning of our period of analysis . In addition , we control for region fixed effects that take care of unobservable regional characteristics in the IV specification , to ensure that the exclusion restriction is met . Another possible concern with the shift-share instrument is that using an earlier distribution pattern of immigrants as an instrument can violate the exclusion restriction in the presence of general equilibrium adjustments and strong serial correlation of immigrant flows ( Jaeger et al . , 2018 ) . If it takes time for markets to adjust to shocks , the error term can also include other influences that reflect ongoing general equilibrium adjustment effects of past migration shocks . This is a greater concern in contexts where the mix and share of immigrants does not vary much over time , like in the US , and where , as a result , the first stage of the IV estimation is stronger due to more stable migration inflows . As noted by Jaeger et al . ( 2018 ) , the serial correlation in the number of immigrants is lower in Europe compared to the United States as immigration pattern to Europe have changed substantially over time . < sup > 17 < / sup > In particular , the period between our initial measure of immigrant share in 2002 and our period of study for labor market outcomes , which starts in 2011 , has been marked by the EU enlargement which triggered important changes in migration flows to the EU ( Elsner , 2013 ) . A final concern is that the total inflows of immigrants in the EU ( the shift ) could be correlated with local demand-pull factors , given that the inflows include", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 328, "text": "data from 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 382, "end": 404, "text": "EU Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "constant aggregate level of land , labor , and capital employment reflecting the belief that the aggregate employment of factors is unaffected by the climate shocks that are affecting grain production . The model is adjusted to distinguish between land classes with different biophysical characteristics , following the approach of Hertel et al . ( 2009 ) . This distinguishes land by Agro-Ecological Zone ( AEZ ) , based on the data of Lee et al . ( 2009 ) and Monfreda et al . ( 2009 ) . The model is then > 9 The data for domestic production and consumption in Tanzania is based on a 1992 input-output table that has subsequently been updated to be consistent using 2001 macro-economic and trade data . While a more recent input-output for Tanzania would be preferable , this was the most recent data made available during the construction of the GTAP Database , and has passed several consistency checks . The full details on the input-output contribution , the database construction process , and the consistency checks can be found in the documentation for Dimaranan ( 2006 ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 610, "text": "1992 input-output table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 669, "end": 703, "text": "2001 macro-economic and trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 2022-10-1 | 2022-09-29 < br > 2023 - | 2-14 < br > 2022-11-12 < br > 2023-06-19 | 2022-12-10 < br > 2023-0 | 7-25 < br > 2023-01-09 < br > 2 | 23-09-18 | 2023-02-13 < br > 20 | 23-10-31 | 2023-03-20 | 2023-1 | 1-27 < br > 2024-09-10 | | KE-MOTI-312144-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES TO < br > UNDERTAKE PHYSICAL PLAN < br > NING , CADASTRAL SURVEY A < br > ND DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC < br > AL SURVEY OF 9 SELECTED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN T < br > RANS NZOIA , ELGEYO MARAK < br > WET , MIGORI AND NAKURU - < br > LOT VI CLUSTER 5 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2022-09-08 < br > 2022-10-1 | 9 < br > 2022-09-29 < br > 2023 - | 02-14 < br > 2022-11-12 < br > 2023-06-20 | 2022-12-10 < br > 2023-0 | 7-25 < br > 2023-01-09 < br > 20 | 23-09-18 | 2023-02-13 < br > 20 | 23-11-02 | 2023-03-20 | 2023-1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * B + * * | * * C + * * | * * C + * * | | PI-23 . 1 | Integration of payroll and < br > personnel records | B | B | B | B | B | B | B | 45 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 111, "text": "personnel records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Yes | Yes | | Observations | 6627 | 6627 | 4317 | 4309 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 483 | 0 . 493 | 0 . 487 | 0 . 491 | | Shea ’ s R-squared | 0 . 173 | 0 . 186 | 0 . 185 | 0 . 182 | | Shea ’ s R-squared | 0 . 118 | 0 . 187 | 0 . 117 | 0 . 176 | | _J_ | 0 . 238 | 0 . 0589 | 0 . 0376 | 0 . 00309 | Note : This table presents the 2SLS regression results . Exclusion restrictions are the regional share of FTM and female ownership and the interaction of each variable with the technology indexes . All estimates control for capital stock , employment , sector , country , and additional controls , including formality and the management human capita index . FTM = Female Top Manager , GBF EXT = General Business Function Extensive Margin , GBF INT = General Business Function Intensive Margin , SBF EXT = General Business Function Extensive Margin , SBF INT = General Business Function Intensive Margin . * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . Estimates were performed using sample weights . Robust standard errors are in parentheses . Figure 3 shows the marginal effects of technology on labor productivity by different levels of technology sophistication for women and men-managed businesses based on our 2SLS estimates . Panel ( a ) displays the marginal effects associated with the sophistication of GBF technologies , while Panel ( b ) shows the impact of the sophistication of SBF technologies . Our findings indicate that women-managed businesses tend to experience lower productivity returns from technologies than men-managed businesses when technology sophistication is 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the Noise and < br > Vibrations regulations | C < br > especially < br > near < br > residential areas and < br > other < br > sources < br > of < br > noise ; < br >  Maintenance < br > and < br > servicing records for < br > the machinery ; < br >  Noise and vibrations < br > analysis records ; < br >  Qualified < br > plant / < br > machinery < br > operators ; | opy < br > monitoring < br > schedule and < br > reports | | | | | * * General * * < br > * * construction * * < br > * * activities * * | < br > Loss of Aesthetic < br > Value | < br >  Ensure < br > timely < br > collection and disposal of all < br > types of wastes , solid & liquid < br > wastes generated by the project ; < br >  Landscaping < br > works < br > upon < br > completion < br > of < br > construction < br > activities ; | ure < br > < br >  No solid construction < br > waste accumulation ; < br >  Restoration < br > and < br > landscaping of areas < br > affected < br > by < br > construction activities < br > undertaken ; | < br >  Solid < br > waste < br > management < br > practices < br >  Landscaping | < br > Contractor ; < br > KISIP | Routine | In < br > the < br > works < br > contract | | * * Damaged water * * < br > * * pipelines * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * sewer * * < br > * * lines / * * < br > * * systems * * | < br >  Waste", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 300, "text": "analysis records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "created congestion in the sites and protection concerns are increased as the confi ned community is dependent on assistance . The leadership structures that develop in the camp-like setting further harm the coping mechanisms and support of communities . The POC sites , as all camplike situations , generate unhealthy conditions , increase vulnerability of women and children by increasing risks of exploitation and abuse and gender based violence . Long stay in the POC sites have deteriorated the psychosocial conditions of inhabitants , increased dependency and provide an environment that enables youth to organize to the detriment of their own community . A newly identifi ed phenomena in recent months is incidents of suicide and attempted suicide by children in the Malakal POC site . A prerequisite for improvement of the conditions for the population in the POC sites is for the government and UNMISS to increase the protective environment outside these sites to enable freedom of movement that contributes to decongestion so humanitarian standards in the POC sites can be improved . < sup > 18 < / sup > proactive patrols are needed combined with holding the government accountable to deter attacks on civilians around the POC sites and beyond , as well as to create the conditions that would enable people to return to their homes . Juba is an example where thousands of people in the POC sites live a short walk away from their home . With more focus on providing security outside of the POC sites and engaging with communities with the appropriate support , civilians can better protect themselves , re-establish their human rights and restore their dignity . An example of this approach is the “ Beyond Bentiu Outreach Response Strategy ” . < sup > 19 < / sup > Despite the lack of services and essential resources in communities outside of POC / camp-like sites , as recommended in the previous report , more frequent and > 12 OHCHR , Update on the Human Rights Situation in South Sudan , July 2016 > 13 Ibid > 14 UNOCHA reported , information obtained from released youth . > 15 UNHCR monitoring report , 13 July 2016", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Statistics for Results Project ( P147356 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Number of staff from CSA and MDAs trained annually < br > Custom ) | on areas of organizational | management , IT , and St | atistics ( Number , | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 985 . 00 | 1 , 076 . 00 | 1 , 525 . 00 | | Date < br > 30-May-2014 | 18-Dec-2017 | 15-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2019 | # # # # #  Statistical Business Register developed and operational ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | N | N | Y | | Date | 30-May-2014 | 18-Dec-2017 | 15-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2019 |  Number of female staff from CSA and MDAs trained annually on areas of organizational management , IT , and Statistics ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 405 . 00 | 458 . 00 | 534 . 00 | | Date | 30-May-2014 | 18-Dec-2017 | 15-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2019 | # # # # #  Number of new branch offices buildings that are", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 611, "text": "Statistical Business Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Annex 10 . List of Supporting Documents * * Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2011 ) , “ Ethiopia : Country Report ” , December 2011 . Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2012 ) , “ Ethiopia : Country Report ” , February 2012 . Government of Ethiopia ( 2010 ) , “ Growth and Transformation Plan 2010 / 11 – 2014 / 15 . Volume I : Main text , November 2010 . Government of Ethiopia ( 2011 ) , “ Growth and Transformation Plan 2010 / 11 – 2014 / 15 . Volume II : Policy matrix , November 2010 . International Monetary Fund ( 2011 ) , “ Financial Access Survey : Ethiopia ” . International Monetary Fund & World Bank ( 2011 ) , The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia : Joint Staff Advisory Note on the Growth and Transformation Plan 2010 / 11 – 2014 / 15 , October 2011 . World Bank ( 2000 ) , “ Interim Support Strategy for the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ” , Report No . 21189 ET . World Bank ( 2005 ) , “ Project Concept Document for Ethiopia Financial Sector Capacity Building Project , World Bank ( 2006 ) , “ Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed IDA Grant to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia for a Financial Sector Capacity Building Project , May 2006 . World Bank ( 2006 ) Development Credit Agreement between the International Development Association and Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia for a Financial Sector Capacity Building Project , May 2006 . World Bank , Aide Memoires , Back-to-Office Reports , Project Supervision Reports , Implementation Status and Results Reports from January 2006 to September 2011 . World Bank ( 2003 ) , “ Country Assistance Strategy for the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ” , Report No . 25591-ET . World Bank ( 2008 ) , “ Country Assistance Strategy for the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ” , Report No . 43051-ET . World Bank ( 2008 ) , “ Global Payment Systems Survey ” , WB Payment System Development Group . World Bank ( 2010 ) , Global Payment Systems Survey . WB Payment", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resources for adequately responding to shocks . The World Bank has supported the social protection sector since 2003 < sup > 2 < / sup > through financing of Northern Uganda Social Action Fund ( NUSAF ) . NUSAF has been one of the largest safety-net programs targeting households in the poorest and most vulnerable districts in Northern and Eastern Uganda . Under NUSAF 3 , 67 districts were covered and benefited nearly 600 , 000 households ( approx . 3 million persons ) . All three phases of NUSAF have focused on expanding safety nets , promoting sustainable livelihoods and building institutional capacity at the local level . In NUSAF 3 ( P149965 ) , support was provided to advance on systems strengthening through development of a beneficiary registry and disaster risk financing mechanisms . The NUSAF 3 Endline Assessment showed positive impact on poor and vulnerable households with : i ) the percentage of households with savings increased from 54 . 6 % to 70 % during the operation ' s lifetime , ii ) ownership of household assets increased significantly during the operation ' s lifetime i . e . livestock 45 . 6 % increase and equipment such as ox ploughs 16 % increase , and iii ) 3 , 460 community assets were built , increasing access to markets , agriculture commercialization and small infrastructure through LIPW . Based on the Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) from NUSAF3 , the Labor-Intensive Public Works ( LIPW ) approach is useful to address vulnerability and poverty although operation and maintenance are key aspects to ensure sustainability of LIPW community assets , and will need to be strengthened in future interventions . The sustainable livelihood pilot - tapping on already existing community savings groups and mobilizing and supporting other poor households to form savings groups of their own - has proven to be effective to increase savings ; and investing in mind-set change The interventions of this proposed project will build on the lessons learned and will be prepared through a consultative process by introducing innovations related to human capital development and economic inclusion and", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 759, "text": "beneficiary registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "one other survey that addressed the same issue . In a 1996 survey of 900 lower-income urban households , Caskey ( 1997 ) asked households without deposit accounts , why they do not have an account . He provided respondents with a list of possible reasons from which they could select one or more . They could also provide a reason that was not on the list . As shown in Table 6 , 53 percent of the respondents cited \" don ' t need account because we have no savings \" as a reason , making this the most frequent reason cited ; another 45 percent cited bank fees or minimum balance requirements . 23", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 102, "text": "1996 survey of 900 lower-income urban households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and quality of skills supply , including the soft skills that many employers say they want ? Do these skill deficits pose significant obstacles to the operation of firms ? If so , how are these deficits distributed across firms , and do they vary systematically across firms ? - _Skill Strategies_ : What strategies do firms rely on to address skill gaps – using high-skill expatriate workers , providing company-sponsored training , hiring new workers , or outsourcing professional services – and which ones are most effective ? > 6 A second enterprise skills survey is currently on-going in Zambia , which will also support the preparation of a new World Bank project and contribute to the regional framework of data collection on skills . The regional framework contributes to work being undertaken under the Partnership for Skills in Applied Sciences , Engineering and Technology ( PASET ) . PASET was launched in 2013 to address the critical need to strengthen science , and technology capability in Africa to support its socio-economic transformation . PASET convenes African governments , private sector and educational institutions ; development partners ; businesses from outside the continent who are investing in Africa ; and new country partners from other Regions . > 7 World Bank ’ s Skills Toward Employment and Productivity ( STEP ) framework ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 567, "text": "enterprise skills survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * B . Overall Risk Rating Explanation * * 69 . The overall preparation risk of this project is rated as substantial because of stakeholder and implementing agency risks . Delayed implementation of project components could affect the population ’ s expectations which need to be managed to avoid civil unrest , especially in a context of high tariff levels and political instability . It is expected that this risk will be mitigated through the combination of several measures . At the sectorial level , the authorities are preparing a plan to help improve the financial situation of the sector . At the project level , the mitigation measures include : upstream project preparation actions ; early finalization of the procurement plan and bidding documents , and advance procurement activities ; as well as the preparation of an appropriate communication strategy . 70 . The institution ’ s capacity to carry out project management , monitoring and evaluation ; including capacity to carry out activities pertaining to procurement , disbursement , financial management and safeguards need to be strengthened . This risk is compounded by extremely long national procurement procedures which affect the speed of project implementation . A survey conducted in 2010 showed that the procurement process could take anywhere between nine to fourteen months . This risk will however be partially mitigated by the new procedures which assign the review of procurement documents to decentralized structures . 71 . The risks relating to project management capacity are partially mitigated by the experience of the implementing agencies in the ongoing and recently closed IDA projects . As the Ministry of Energy is encouraging capacity building within national institutions , it is expected that capacity building efforts to support project implementation will be done by enhancing capacity in DGE through the recruitment of fiduciary and safeguards staff ( which would be financed under this project ) . 72 . The implementation risk rating is considered moderate , as the project will benefit from lessons learned from the Power Sector Development and the Energy Access Projects ; both of which are more complex and wider in scope . Procurement related issues indicated earlier are known beforehand and the lengthy procurement process will be taken into consideration in establishing the duration of", "spans": [{"start": 1241, "end": 1265, "text": "survey conducted in 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 1-0 . 7 ) | 2 . 1 ( 0 . 8-5 . 2 ) | | * * Yumbe * * | 2093 | 425 | 126 | 34 | 123 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 0 . 4 ( 0 . 2-0 . 8 ) | 0 . 8 ( 0 . 3-2 . 4 ) | | * * Hoima * * | 1472 | 311 | 103 | 34 | 88 | 29 | 1 | 22 | 4 | 1 . 7 ( 1 . 1-2 . 5 ) | 1 . 4 ( 0 . 6-3 . 6 ) | | * * Koboko * * | 628 | 118 | 35 | 18 | 102 | 27 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 1 . 7 ( 0 . 9-3 . 1 ) | 13 . 8 ( 8 . 7-21 . 4 ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 87 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 . 9 | | 1992 EC ( 1999 / 2000 ) | 177 | 398 | 575 | 9 . 1 | | 1993EC ( 2000 / 2001 ) | 305 | 445 | 750 | 11 . 5 | | 1994 EC ( 2001 / 2002 ) | 235 | 522 | 757 | 11 . 3 | | 1995EC ( 2002 / 2003 ) | 298 | 526 | 824 | 11 . 9 | | 1996EC ( 2003 / 2004 ) | 379 | 532 | 911 | 13 . 2 | | 1997EC ( 2004 / 2005 ) | 356 | 874 | 1 , 230 | 16 . 8 | Source : Health and Health Related Indicators – Ministry of Finance and Economic Development 36 . A Health Care Financing Strategy was developed by the Federal Ministry of Health ( FMOH ) and endorsed by the Council of Ministers in 1998 E . C ( 2005 / 06 G . C ) . The strategy aims to increase resources to the health sector , improve efficiency in resource allocation and utilization , ensure sustainability of financing as well as improve quality and equity in delivery of health care services . Some of the reform measures suggested by the strategy are user fees revision , revenue retention , and waiver and exemption systems . The Government with the support and collaboration from its development partners has been engaged in introducing various health care financing reforms . Among other things , the Federal and Regional Governments undertook relevant studies and capacity building measures following which legal frameworks have been developed and ratified by a good number of the regions . Implementation of different reform components such as revenue retention by health facilities and systematizing and rationalizing the fee waiver system have also commenced in some of the Regions . Also , private sector provision of health services has increased . Those results are extremely modest ; therefore , the main focus should continue to be on how to allocate more of available resources to the health sector and how to improve the use of these resources . 37 . There has been a steady increase of health expenditures over the last 10 years", "spans": [{"start": 347, "end": 383, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indica | tors | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | asylum / < br > residence | of < br > location | of < br > location | 0-4 | Share < br > 5-11 < br > | of age < br > 2-17 | groupi < br > < 18 | n total < br > 18-59 < br > | 60 + > | 0-4 | Pe < br > 5-11 | rcentag < br > 12-17 | e fema", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # # * * Share information on suppliers * * Suppliers are a critical link in distributing assistance , particularly for voucher modalities . However , when problems with suppliers are uncovered information on blacklisted firms is often not shared , so unsuitable suppliers can be reused . To prevent this , an online , national database should be implemented to rank the performance of selected suppliers . The database should be updated by organisations after each intervention to ensure unsuitable suppliers do not continue to be used . # # # * * Invest more into training and awareness around mobile-based assistance * * Afghanistan lags behind many other countries in delivering effective cash and voucher assistance through mobile . Humanitarian stakeholders must do more to link beneficiaries with training programmes and awareness campaigns that reduce barriers to its more widespread adoption . In order to build confidence and knowledge on the use of mobile phones ahead of any future intervention , this report recommends the piloting of training and awareness programmes in IDP communities likely to require further humanitarian assistance . The impact of these training programmes can then be assessed post-intervention to evaluate their effectiveness and refine training material where appropriate . # # # * * Create distribution points that protect the most vulnerable * * To avoid malicious targeting of displaced women – especially female head of households – and to make it easier for women to access assistance , this report recommends the creation of dedicated , screened-off collection points for women to help maintain beneficiary anonymity . # # # * * Where appropriate , mix modalities * * The use of in-kind assistance to support CBIs should be routinely considered wherever local markets are recovering , but not yet viable , or there is a reasonable doubt that cash will not make its way to intended beneficiaries . This reports further recommends mixing ratios of in-kind with cash assistance when targeting extremely vulnerable displaced households , such as those with drug-addicts , where the risk of", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 431, "text": "online , national database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Rising Food Prices and Household Welfare : Evidence from Brazil in 2008 * * Francisco H . G . Ferreira , Anna Fruttero , Phillippe Leite , and Leonardo Lucchetti < sup > 1 < / sup > September 27 , 2011 * * Keywords : * * Food prices , welfare , poverty , inequality , price change incidence curve , Brazil . * * JEL Codes : D31 , I38 , O15 * * * * Abstract : * * Food price inflation in Brazil in the twelve months to June 2008 was 18 percent , while overall inflation was seven percent . Using spatially disaggregated monthly data on consumer prices and two different household surveys , we estimate the welfare consequences of these food price increases , and their distribution across households . Because Brazil is a large food producer , with a predominantly wage-earning agricultural labor force , our estimates include general equilibrium effects on market and transfer incomes , as well as the standard estimates of changes in consumer surplus . While the expenditure ( or consumer surplus ) effects were large , negative and markedly regressive everywhere , the market income effect was positive and progressive , particularly in rural areas . Because of this effect on the rural poor , and of the partial protection afforded by increases in two large social assistance benefits , the overall impact of higher food prices in Brazil was U-shaped , with middle-income groups suffering larger proportional losses than the very poor . Nevertheless , since Brazil is 80 percent urban , higher food prices still led to a greater incidence and depth of poverty at the national level . > 1 Ferreira , Fruttero , and Leite are with the World Bank . Lucchetti is at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign . We are grateful to Ricardo Paes de Barros , Tito Cordella , Ambar Narayan , Helena Ribe , and seminar participants at Georgetown University , the World Bank , the 31 < sup > st < / sup > Annual Meetings of the Brazilian Econometric Society , the 4 < sup > th < / sup > ECINEQ Meetings in Catania ( Italy ) and the IAMO Forum 2011 in Halle ( Germany )", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 556, "text": "spatially disaggregated monthly data on consumer prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 575, "end": 592, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | | | 6 | Community Development Groupse . g . Waterand < br > Sanitation ) | | | | | | | | 7 | Others ( specify ) | | | | | | | | | | 76 | 25 | 200 | 75 | * * 303 * * | * * 100 * * | # # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 4 Education * * According to field surveys . a total of 16 ( Sixteen ) primary schools , 1 ( One ) and 3 ( three ) secondary schools and 1 Tertiary Institution were observed within the project area . The primary schools seem to be fairly and equally distributed across the project area . This was attributed to the Government ' s effort to promote Universal Primary Education that grants free primary education to the first four children in each family . Upgrading this road will not on improve accessibility but also reduce on the pollution to school users . Table 3 . 13 shows the distribution of schools along the Gulu-Nimule road alignment . * * _Table_ * * 3 . 13 : * * _Showing the education institutions along the alignment_ * * | * * No * * | * * Name of School * * | * * Location * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | St . Mary ' s College Lacor | Lacor | | 2 | Lacor PrimarySchool | Lacor | | 3 | Elegu Primary School | Gulu < br > i | | 4 | UnifatPrimary School | Gulu | | 5 | Bahai Teacher ' s Institute | Gulu | | 6 | Gateway Primary School | Gulu | | 7 | UgandaPrisonsPrimary School | Gulu | | 8 | Gulu Primary School | Gulu | 35", "spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 257, "text": "field surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through easy comparison with cause-specific proportionate mortality rates of the most common causes of disease within a particular country . Why compare with pre-pandemic mortality patterns ? The expression of mortality in relative terms speaks to the fact that countries may have adapted to their specific patterns of mortality . Deviations from this pattern may create pressure points , such as for example on the health system . Comparisons with previous patterns give a country-specific flavor of the severity of the COVID19 pandemic , which could be used to corroborate realities on the ground . This relative expression complements other approaches – it does not substitute for them . A key advantage , particularly compared to the excess death ratio , is that the relative severity ratio is more readily available in countries where high-frequency data on mortality are not easily obtained in an accurate manner . As for the COVID-19 data , we rely on the numbers reported daily by the Coronavirus Resource Center at Johns Hopkins University . We treat the reported data as it is presented . This sets the stage for the discussion in the next sections , which will touch upon data quality and other factors . It should be noted here , however , that the indicator of relative severity can be adjusted to take into account data quality issues . For example , if the estimate of COVID-19 deaths in the numerator were refined on the basis of excess death calculations , one would obtain a close relative of the excess death ratio . The data on past mortality patterns is based on the WHO ’ s 2016 Global Health Estimates , which give us comprehensive information about all-cause mortality as well as the distribution of mortality across specific causes of death ( WHO 2018a ; 2018b ; 2020a ) . We calculate the top causes of death for each country from the 123 disease families that can be derived from the latest International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-10 ; WHO , 2016a ) . The main attraction of this data set is that it provides globally comprehensive and comparable data : we have data for 160 countries . # * * Comparisons across Countries * * Figure 2 puts a dimension on the unequal distribution of", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 945, "text": "COVID-19 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poor live in cities with fewer than 50 , 000 inhabitants . Only around 10 % live in cities with populations greater than a million . In Kazakhstan , the incidence of poverty in smaller towns is six times larger than in Almaty . And there are large differences in access to local public goods and services too : in Morocco , average access to sewerage is over 80 % in cities greater than a million , but less than 50 % in the smallest towns . A greater understanding of how poverty – both in terms of incomes or consumption expenditures and in terms of access to public services – varies across different types of cities should help inform the discussion of appropriate poverty reduction strategies in most countries . Yet , the evidence base needed for this disaggregated analysis is seldom available , since household surveys – on which most", "spans": [{"start": 809, "end": 826, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "imports subject to AD only in effect Flow : imports subject to any newly initiated TTB investigation Flow : imports subject to newly initiated AD investigation only * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Peru < br > percent < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 1993 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > percent Philippines < br > 3 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 < br > 1997 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > Thailand < br > percent < br > 1 . 6 < br > 1 . 4 < br > 1 . 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > All trading partners ' exports under any TTB in effect < br > China ' s exports under any TTB in effect < br > Other emerging economies ' ( non-China ) exports under any TTB in effect < br > High income countries ' exports under any TTB in effect < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Shares of nonoil imports , constructed by the author with policy data from Bown ( 2012 ) and trade-weighting with HS-06 import data from UN Comtrade via WITS , following Appendix equation ( A2 ) . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1178, "text": "policy data from Bown", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1213, "end": 1230, "text": "HS-06 import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 . 3 million ) . A digital microwave link would be constructed between Kampala and Gulu and related installations provided to reestablish a basic service to the north . ( vii ) Urban ( $ 8 . 3 million ) . The main activities under this component are the rehabilitation of selected public markets , roads and drains in the major towns in the project area . ( viii ) * * Water * * Supply and Sanitation ( $ 6 . 8 million ) . This consists mainy of the restoration of a basic service of water supply and sanitation in urban areas through low-ost methods and provision of improved rural water supply to high-priority rural areas ( especially those where Guinea worm is prevalent ) through the provision of boreholes with handpumps , involving the communities . ( ix ) Project Administration ( $ 2 . 5 million ) . Project Implementation capacity would be strengtened through ( a ) the provision of technical assistance to district administtions and local councils , and the CMEU , and ( b ) support of part of the cost of project adiston of tie CMEU . The tWal cost of the project , which is to be completed within five years , is estimated at $ 98 . 2 million equivalent , with a foreign exchange component of $ 72 . 2 million . A breakdown of costs and the financing plan are shown in Schedule A . Amounts and methods of procurement and of dibrements , and the disbursement schedule are shown in Schedule B . A timetable of key project processing events and the status of Bank Group operations in Uganda are given in Schedules C and D , respectively . The locations of project investments are shown on Map IBRD No . 23506 . The Staff Appraisal Report No . 10411-TJG , dated April 6 , 1992 , is also attached . 7 . The Iitonal weaknesses which chaterie al government instiutions in Uganda are particularly severe in the nort . Traditionally , the ablest", "spans": [{"start": 1601, "end": 1620, "text": "Map IBRD No . 23506", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Tanzania , with a series of government-donor annual assessments since 1994 ) . Costing the strategy can take anywhere from a few months to 1-2 years ; the process gets even more protracted if a thorough cost-effectiveness and burden of disease analyses are conducted . Translating the costing results into budgets , and then into appropriate sector ratios , can involve another year especially if the budget needs to be rewritten and re-coded ( as in Malawi , which did not do costing but went ahead and restructured the budget items to reflect priority activities ) . 60 . Work should continue on the DfID-supported budget analysis , especially those related to _the standard costing of services_ provided by typical facilities by each level of care and the formulation _of resource allocation criteria for districts_ . Results of these two analytical exercises can be used to inform the larger context of costing of GoK ’ s core functions , activities and services in the health sector , as laid out in the Strategy . The issue of human resources and MoH structure , which remains pending with the Cabinet , can be dealt with heuristically by using existing and assumed salary levels and positions which can then be presented to MoF in the form of various scenarios , for the Treasury ’ s approval . All these costing activities , if properly conducted and applied , can result in a dramatically better recurrent budget .", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 63, "text": "government-donor annual assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR10398 # The World Bank | Users satisfied with the quality of market < br > | Percentage | Value | 66 . 20 | | 76 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | infrastructure ( roads and markets ) . | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | Comments | | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | | Market infrastructure ( roads and markets ) < br > | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | | 80 . 00 | | sustainably managed one year after the < br > investment is comleted | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | p . | | Comments | | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 13-May-2013 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P113032 | IDA-47830 | Effective | 30-Sep-2010 | 19-Oct-2010 | 16-Feb-2011 | 30-Sep-2015 | 30-Sep-2015 | | P113032 | IDA-H6000 | Effective", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 821, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "advantage captures how far is a given product from the comparative advantage of a given country . Building upon the notion of “ product chain of comparative advantage ” within the Heckscher-Ohlin theoretical framework ( see Online Appendix A2 as well as Jones 1956-57 ; Bhagwati 1972 ; Deardorff 1979 ) and previous > 11 The idea of using data on publicly listed US companies to compute a generic industrial measure of dependence on external finance relies on the argument that these companies face relatively frictionless financial markets . Consequently , the need for external finance of a median US public company captures the true technologically determined need for external finance at the industry level that is unaffected by various financial and contractual frictions facing smaller firms or firms in less financially developed countries . See Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) and Braun ( 2003 ) for a more detailed discussion . 8", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 375, "text": "data on publicly listed US companies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In Section 6 we argue that the value of non-performing loans relative to GDP prior to the crisis was roughly 0 . 25 . Taking this to be an estimate of the governments implicit liabilities to the financial sector we set 0 = 0 . 25 . Since there is substantial uncertainty about this number we explore the sensitivity of our results to perturbations in Q . The benchmark value of P was chosen to match the increase in consolidated government liabilities that occurred in the period leading up to late October 1997 when the won first lost an unprecedented ( by recent standards ) fraction of its value . Using data from KIEP and the IFS , we estimate that net liabilities of the consolidated public sector rose to 5 . 3 percent of GDP as of the end of September 1997 . Accordingly we set I = 0 . 053 . Later we explore the sensitivity of our results to perturbations in T . We now discuss how the benchmark value of _T_ was chosen . According to the IMF World Economic Outlook , the ratio of government revenue to GDP in Korea was roughly 22 . 0 percent in 1996 . Since our model abstracts from investment and from the trade balance , we subtract 27 . 8 percent from output to ensure that the consumption to output ratio in the model matches the 1996 value in the data , roughly 0 . 5 . We set the real interest rate , r , to the average ex-post real interest rate in Korea for the period from January 1990 to April 1997 , 7 . 45 % . We chose the inverse of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution , cr , to be equal to 1 . 0 . Finally , we assume that the average world rate of inflation , lr * , is 4 percent . This corresponds approximately to the average rate of inflation in the U . S . over the past 10 years . In the theoretical model we assumed that 7r * = 0 . Allowing for a positive value of ir * means that the government will collect some revenue during the fixed exchange rate regime . However , this does not change any", "spans": [{"start": 607, "end": 633, "text": "data from KIEP and the IFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1998-2002 | 47 % | | - - - | - - - | | 2003-2007 | 57 % | | 2008-2012 | 38 % | Table 3 presents the population coverage for each five-year time period . We find that for the initial surveys from 1993 to 1997 , the population coverage of low - and middle-income countries in our analysis was 18 % . However , we see population coverage increase over the years to 47 % , 57 % , and 38 % for the periods 1998-2002 , 2003-2007 , and 2008-2012 , respectively . This shows that population coverage improved , likely because the number of surveys across countries increased over the years . While we may not have sufficient data for precise aggregation at this point , as more surveys are conducted in the future , we will have greater population coverage and greater precision in future analysis . < u > Table 4 : Percentage of regional population covered in the malnutrition aggregations < / u > | Region : | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | East Asia and Pacific | 0 % | 1 % | 5 % | 7 % | | Europe and Central Asia | 40 % | 31 % | 57 % | 16 % | | Latin America & Caribbean | 54 % | 22 % | 19 % | 20 % | | MENA | 26 % | 26 % | 57 % | 43 % | | South Asia | 12 % | 85 % | 85 % | 26 % | | Africa | 32 % | 65 % | 86 % | 86 % | Similarly , in Table 4 we present the population coverage for the regional aggregations in Figure 3 . As we can see , while South Asia and Africa are well-represented in several of the timewindows , the coverage for the other regions are generally well below 50 % . This demonstrates that the regional coverage estimates need to be interpreted with caution . However , it is important to note that the purpose of this exercise is", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Vulnerable Groups_ 60 . The Project will pay specific attention to the needs of the following vulnerable groups : a ) Persons below the poverty line and the landless ; b ) PAPs who may not be protected through national land compensation legislation ; and c ) Elderly , women and children , indigenous peoples , etc . . Vulnerable people will be identified at socio-economic survey stage and assistance program will be developed and included in the RAP . _Resettlement Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangement_ 61 . Internal monitoring the implementation of the resettlement activities will be carried out by the PMU through quarterly monitoring and results and findings will be included in the quarterly project progress report . The report will mainly cover the compensation standards , resettlement progress , delivery of resettlement compensation , provision of development and transitional assistance to PAPs ( especially vulnerable groups ) , implementation schedule , fund disbursements , land or structure allocation , and grievances redress . External monitoring might be required to ensure that the overall objective of the resettlement plan is achieved in an equitable and transparent manner and ensure the effectiveness of the monitoring . By the time of project closure , an evaluation will be carried out by CDR to ensure the objectives set forth in the RAP are met . _Budget and Sources of Funding_ 62 . The actual resettlement cost and budget will be included in the RAP which will be prepared during project implementation . The budget shall consider all of the anticipated impacts under the Project and calculate the cost according to actual replacement costs . CDR and the relevant unions and municipalities are fully responsible for funding any compensation for land acquisition . 45", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 383, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Or the estimate of the quantity consumed each day or the number of days per month a home-produced good is consumed may reflect the pattern during the month that household is interviewed rather than the average over the year . < sup > 23 < / sup > Thus any seasonal variation evident in the surveys could reflect genuine seasonal variation in expenditure as well as systematic seasonal recall biases . To assess the extent of seasonal variation , we regressed the log of household expenditure on dummy variables for the season during which the household was interviewed as well as on a set of variables included to control for possible non-randomness in the distribution of households across months of the year , including household size , the square of household size , and dummy variables for education levels . To determine whether there were region-specific seasonal interactions , a set of regional dummies was then interacted with dummy variables for three time periods during year : April / May , correspondingly to the 1995 survey ; June-November , corresponding to the 1993 survey , and December-March , the remaining months . Imposing the restriction that the sum of the three time period 23 To examine whether there was any seasonality present in the annual estimate of consumption of home production , we regressed the annual estimate of consumption of home production ( for those households reporting positive home consumption ) on the region and crop dummy variables interacted with the time period variables . The June-November time period was split into two sub-periods : June-August , and September - November , corresponding more closely to the pre and post-harvest periods . In the regression over the sample of households with expenditures less than or equal to 100 , 000 CFAF per capita , only the East Forest * June-August dummy is significant at the 5 percent level , indicating that expenditures among East Forest non export crop farmers are significantly lower than the December-March period . Over the much larger sample of households whose expenditur * * e * * xceeds 100 , 000 CFAF per capita , the Other Cities , East Forest , West Forest and Savannah JuneAugust dummies are significant and negative . This suggests that the time of the", "spans": [{"start": 1026, "end": 1037, "text": "1995 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1077, "end": 1088, "text": "1993 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the UNHCR Statute ; persons granted complementary forms of protection < sup > 3 < / sup > ; or , those enjoying “ temporary protection ” < sup > 4 < / sup > . UNHCR has a mandated responsibility to extend protection to all refugees wherever they may be , unless this role is otherwise specifically excepted . Thus , as indicated already , some 4 . 3 million Palestinian refugees in the areas of operation of UNRWA are normally not considered as falling under UNHCR ’ s mandate . * * < u > Asylum-seekers < / u > * * are persons whose applications for asylum or refugee status are pending a final decision . Those covered in this report refer particularly to claimants whose applications were pending as of the end of 2006 , irrespective of when they may have been lodged ( the so-called “ backlog ” of undecided or “ pending cases ” ) . The figures in the report thus exclude asylum applications which may have been lodged in 2006 but had been finally decided by the close of the reporting period . * * < u > Internally displaced persons < / u > * * < u > , for purposes of UNHCR ’ s statistics , are limited to conflict - < / u > generated IDPs to whom the Office extends protection and / or assistance . Nevertheless , IDPs referred to as persons of concern to UNHCR do not include all conflict-related IDPs . * * < u > Returned refugees ( returnees ) < / u > * * refer to refugees who have returned voluntarily to their country of origin or place of habitual residence . For purposes of this report , only refugees who so returned between January and December 2006 are covered . * * < u > Returned IDPs < / u > * * < u > , for purposes of this report , refer to those internally displaced persons who , < / u > being beneficiaries of UNHCR ’ s protection and assistance activities returned to their areas of origin or", "spans": [{"start": 1079, "end": 1099, "text": "UNHCR ’ s statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") The employment < sup > offoreign consultantsto adviseon and < / sup > assist in the management < sup > ofthe Imperial Highway Authority , < / sup > to assist in the < sup > recruitment of qualified staff , and < / sup > to review the designs < sup > and specifications oftheroads to < / sup > be constructed under < sup > ( a ) above and to supervisetheir < / sup > construction . - e ) The employment < sup > of a consulting firm to carry out a preli - < / sup > minary engineering survey < sup > andfeasibilitystudyofa < / sup > possible future road < sup > through Awash Valley . < / sup > 2 . This project appraisal < sup > isbasedon : < / sup > - a ) Preliminary surveys < sup > of theLekempti-GhimbiandAgaro - < / sup > Bedelle-Gore routes < sup > madein1959-60byBolton , Hennessey < / sup > and Partners , consultants ; - b ) A final field < sup > surveyof the routesmade by IHJk ; < / sup > - c ) Engineering plans < sup > and specifications for their construc - < / sup > tion prepared by IHA ; < sup > and < / sup > - d ) Information obtained < sup > by Bank missions which visited < / sup > Ethiopia in March / April < sup > and September 1961 and May / June < / sup > 1962 to examine the < sup > progress and problemsoftheroad < / sup > development program , < sup > and on final information received < / sup > from the Ethiopian < sup > Del", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 888, "text": "surveyof the routesmade by IHJk", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OFFICIAL USE ONLY # # * * 7 . Other issues * * - In addition to CFM agreement , NFA was supposed to issue Tree Farming Licenses for land allocated to CFM groups for tree planting . Only one license was issued to RECPA . Other groups are yet to receive tree farming licenses . - NFA provides seedling sometimes in inadequate quantities and late in season affecting planting by CFM groups . # # * * 8 . Recommendations * * 1 . NFA should transfer the revenue for carbon credits verified to communities in Project 3 ( KADA ) and 5 ( RECPA ) at the earliest and provide report on disbursements to the Bank ; 2 . CFM groups should develop simple work plans including planting targets , number of seedlings required , and other related costs and share with the NFA , in order to harmonize seedlings supply ; 3 . The NFA and the CFMs groups should complete planting of remaining areas to ensure trees are sizeable enough at second verification in 2017 ; 4 . The CFM groups will acknowledge receipt of carbon revenue in writing ; these receipts , together with the bank statements , will be submitted to the NFA , and by the NFA to the World Bank ; 5 . The NFA should keep updating the plantation register and make annual reports on progress and projected ERs annually / or periodically to the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank . # # * * LIST OF PERSONS MET * * | 1 . Baguma Anaclet-RECPA | 21 . Twinomuhangi V-RECPA | | - - - | - - - | | 2 . Byesigwa Jerome-Chair Person RECPA | 22 Turyomurugyendo Jason-RECPA | | 3 . Akankwasa Yusufu-RECPA | 23 . Bataringaya John-SWAGEN | | 4 . Byakyengire Sebastiano – KADA | 24 . Gumusiriza Bony SWAGEN | | 5 . Tibahika Vicent-REC", "spans": [{"start": 1178, "end": 1197, "text": "plantation register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 370 | 0 . 415 | 0 . 425 | Notes : Sample estimates are obtained from the 2018 round of the EHCVM in each country . Median cve of the sample estimates refers to the median estimated coefficient of variation across target areas . Departments in Chad are defined using an unofficial shapefile provided by", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 98, "text": "EHCVM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Timeline * * | * * 2024-28 * * | * * 2029-2033 * * | | * * Result Area 1 on service * * < br > * * delivery * * | - < br > Expanding trusted and inclusive access to people - < br > centric digitalized services . < br > - < br > Increasing the inclusive adoption of people-centric < br > digital identity < br > - < br > Improving trusted , people-centric data sharing < br > - < br > Full coverage and operationalization of electronic < br > medical records . | - < br > End-to-end , trusted , people-centric , fully digitalized < br > service journey . < br > - < br > Improved patient management and access to e - < br > services . | | * * Result Area 2 on * * < br > * * government effectiveness * * | - < br > Mainstreaming of competency-based HRM , < br > including through enhanced digital skills in the civil < br > service . < br > - < br > Digitalization of the student exam . < br > - < br > Improved exchange of health information . | - < br > Mainstreaming of competitive recruitment and < br > performance-based promotion to lower categories of < br > personnel . < br > - < br > Further digitalization of education . < br > - < br > Strengthened monitoring of the performance of < br > health serviceproviders . | | * * Result Area 3 on * * < br > * * transparency and * * < br > * * accountability * * | - < br > Enhanced e-information . < br > - < br > Expanded access to user-friendly and interactive < br > statistical data . < br > -", "spans": [{"start": 1461, "end": 1477, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Fig . 3c : Urban shares in * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > unorganized sector < br > Unorganized Outpu < br > 0 . 80 < br > 0 . 70 < br > 0 . 60 < br > 0 . 50 < br > Unorganized Employme < br > 0 . 40 < br > 0 . 30 < br > Unorganized Plants < br > 0 . 20 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 1989 1994 2000 2005 < br > Urban shares < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Ghani , Grover , Kerr , 2012 What attracts new entrepreneurs and workers to cities ? Ghani et al ( 2011b ) quantify the factors and traits of cities and industries that systematically predict stronger entry levels of new establishments in the formal and informal sectors . They use cross-sectional establishment-level surveys in 630 districts in India spread across 35 states / union territories . They quantify entrepreneurship as young firms that are less than three years old , and define entry measures through employment in these new establishments . They examine the role of demographic traits in cities ( age profiles , population , population density ) , structural traits of cities ( education of the local labor force , quality of local physical infrastructure , connectivity to major cities ) , business climate traits ( stringency of labor laws , household banking conditions ) , and the impact of agglomeration economies in formal and informal sectors . They develop metrics that unite the incumbent industrial structures of districts with the extent to which industries interact through the traditional agglomeration channels ( Marshall 1920 ) . This conceptual approach has also been used to describe location choice decisions and city structures in several advanced economies . The first agglomeration channel is proximity to customers and suppliers , which reduces transportation costs and thereby increases productivity . The second is the Chinitz effect . Chinitz ( 1961 ) argued that the large , integrated steel firms of Pittsburgh depressed external supplier development . By contrast , New York City ' s much", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 719, "text": "cross-sectional establishment-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 1 − βn : share of payment to labor in value added by country . - jk - • γn : input-output coefficients , consumption of materials from sector k in gross output in sector j . - j - • αn : share of sector j in total final consumption in country n . - j j - • wnLn + rnHn : value added by country and sector . - j - • Xni : bilateral trade flows across countries for each sector ( including all countries in the sample and a constructed rest of the world ) . - j - • Xnn : domestic sales , constructed as gross output minus total exports . - j - • tni : bilateral tariffs across countries for each sector ( including all countries in the sample and a constructed rest of the world ) . - Gn : spending in infrastructure by country estimated in the subsequent section . - j - • κ ̂ ni : proportional changes in trade costs associated with BRI transport projects , for each origin-destination-sector , estimated in de Soyres et al ( 2018 ) , and discussed below . We use the sectoral trade elasticities θ < sup > j < / sup > from Caliendo and Parro ( 2015 ) which were estimated for 20 tradeable sectors and which we map to our 31 sectors ( Table 1 ) . Their estimations are performed using trade and tariff data , without assuming bilaterally symmetric trade costs as is standard in the literature . Moreover , their method is consistent with any trade model that delivers a gravity-type trade equation . < sup > 13 < / sup > > 13 We assume an elasticity 4 . 0 for the Oil , Gas and Coal industry to account for the fact that it takes time to renegotiate energy contracts and that some countries may not be able to source energy from alternative suppliers due to infrastructure constraints such as existing gas pipelines . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1187, "end": 1208, "text": "trade and tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OIC countries need to develop a regulatory and supervisory framework that supports wide financial inclusion based on sound risk management and with sufficient consumer protections . During this process , governments and regulators need to take the lead in supporting improvements in access to finance , especially through _Shariah_ - compliant financial tools , displaying the _Leadership_ called for in the G20 Principles ( See Box 4 ) . Financial inclusion , especially Islamic financial inclusion , should be considered as a goal alongside prudential regulation and financial system stability . The CGAP and World Bank Financial Access survey ( 2010 ) of financial regulators worldwide found that regions that include financial access in their strategies and mandate their financial regulators to carry such agendas are also the countries that reform the most . Regulators with a financial inclusion strategy are more likely to have more financial inclusion topics under their purview and more resources and staff dedicated to working on these matters . < sup > 32 < / sup > * * Practical measures that can be taken by regulators * * ( as has been the case in Indonesia and Pakistan ) include : licensing Islamic banks , supporting centers for training and certification on Islamic financial operations to staff and managers of financial service providers , and developing guidelines setting out requirements for licensing and appointment of _Shariah_ advisers to rule on _Shariah_ compliance . The political climate for Islamic finance also affects investor and lender decisions about whether to offer _Shariah_ - compliant products , and acts as an incentive or disincentive to its growth . In addition , consumer protection is also increasingly important as access increases , so that new customers , and existing customers with access to new services , can take well informed decisions about how best to manage and use Islamic financial services . In some countries , customers stay away from Shariah-compliant services because of lack of education about authenticity and credibility of products . Consumer protection can help remove such perceptions and can lead to enhanced inclusion . Therefore , it is essential that consumer laws and regulations are developed and put in place : i ) to protect against unfair or deceptive practices ii ) to improve transparency through disclosure and", "spans": [{"start": 602, "end": 645, "text": "CGAP and World Bank Financial Access survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | RHAROUS | 765 | 1126 | 1043 | 2169 | 812 | 432 | 1244 | 12 | 17 | 29 | 1950 | 1492 | 3442 | | INADIATAFANE | 382 | 532 | 466 | 998 | 409 | 314 | 723 | 27 | 23 | 50 | 968 | 803 | 1771 | | * * NIAFUNKE * * | * * 917", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "On average , a refugee household in Rwanda spent a total of RWF 58 , 511 in the past 30 days preceding the survey on food and non-food items . The total expenditure per capita was RWF 13 , 599 of which RWF 8 , 737 solely on food . Since December 2020 , total monthly household expenditures dropped by 28 percent while food expenditures decreased by 38 percent ( see Table 6 ) . * * Table 6 : Average monthly food and overall expenditures in December 2020 and September 2021 * * | | * * _Dec 2020_ * * < br > * * Rwf * * | * * _Sep 2021_ * * < br > * * Rwf * * | * * _Percent_ * * < br > * * _change_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Average HH FOOD expenditure | 61 , 879 | 38 , 310 | 38 % | | Average FOOD expenditure / capita | 13 , 734 | 8 , 737 | 36 % | | Median FOOD expenditure / capita | 10 , 031 | 7 , 006 | 30 % | | Average HH TOTAL expenditure | 81 , 597 | 58 , 811 | 28 % | | Average TOTAL expenditure / capita | 18 , 574 | 13 , 533 | 27 % | | Median TOTAL expenditure / capita | 12 , 825 | 10 , 533 | 18 % |", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 140, "text": "survey on food and non-food items", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 15 8000 < br > 6000 < br > 10 < br > p < br > p < br > 4000 < br > 5 < br > 2000 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > At the micro-level in MENA , there is inequity in access to finance by firm size . The financial sector is dominated by banks that primarily serve large firms and exclude small and medium firms . Firms in MENA use very little external financing for investment and working capital . In MENA , 5 . 9 percent of investments and 4 . 4 percent of working capital is externally financed by banks ( Enterprise Surveys ) . This proportion is lower only in the Sub-Saharan Africa region . The percent of firms who have a checking or savings account , and who have a bank loan or line of credit is also low in the MENA region . Sixty percent of MENA firms have checking or savings accounts 7", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 545, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "diversified sources of imports can help mitigate the effects of a negative supply shock . Conversely , having diverse destinations for exports can allow for export increases when negative supply shocks affect the partners ’ dominant sources . Tanzanian export restrictions are found to suppress maize price responses , either by making price declines larger , or price increases less positive . However , the marginal impact of the maize export restriction on poverty is small . Considering climate change , analysis of the CMIP3 archive of global climate model simulations indicates that severe dry conditions in Tanzania will most often coincide with non-dry conditions in Tanzania ’ s key trading partners within Africa in the future . However , there may be decades in the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century projections when some countries frequently experience coinciding severe dry conditions . Based on future predictions under climate change , Tanzania ’ s key trading partners will also experience increases in the occurrence of severe dry conditions as greenhouse gas concentrations rise in the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century . Tanzania is likely to experience non-dry years in most of the years in which key trading partners experience severe dry conditions in the 21 < sup > st < / sup > century , including 58 % of dry years per decade for South Africa and Zimbabwe , and about 90 % of dry years per decade for Australia and Mexico , respectively . These results suggest that Tanzania could benefit from exporting grains to countries within and outside of Africa as climate change increases the likelihood of severe precipitation deficits in other countries while simultaneously decreasing the likelihood of severe precipitation deficits in Tanzania . As demonstrated by the case of maize in this paper , the Tanzanian economy has the potential to capitalize on the increasing heterogeneity of climate impacts on agriculture in the future . However , such benefits will only arise if the trade policy environment changes . In the past , inconsistent application of export bans may have prevented Tanzania from capitalizing on historical export expansion opportunities . The World Bank ( 2009 ) also points out that export bans and other trade restrictions negatively affect private sector development", "spans": [{"start": 524, "end": 573, "text": "CMIP3 archive of global climate model simulations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ value of the preferences . To construct the variable the difference between the third country duty and the preferential duty payable was calculated and multiplied by all eligible trade . The data on preferential and MFN tariffs was obtained from the European Commission . In many aspects , such as size of the economy or the level of development , South Africa differs from most of the other countries in our sample . In order to avoid that specificities of South Africa is driving our results a dummy taking the value 1 if the exporting country is South Africa is included in the regressions . Dutydifferencek is the difference between MFN and preferential > 15 See further details on the methodology of the index : http : / / www . freedomhouse . org / research / freeworld / 2003 / methodology . htm . 16 Only four countries were not colonies in our sample . 18", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 229, "text": "data on preferential and MFN tariffs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 : Program expenditures per capita across states * * | | Expenditure p < br > 2009 / 10 | er capita ( Rs ) < br > 2010 / 11 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Andhra Pradesh | 749 < br > | 896 < br > | | Assam | 406 | 358 | | Bihar | 214 | 309 | | Chhattisgarh | 723 | 884 | | Gujarat | 214 | 226 | | Haryana | 87 | 128 | | Himachal Pradesh | 936 | 837 | | Jammu and Kashmir | 221 | 445 | | Jharkhand | 586 | 539 | | Karnataka | 742 | 683 | | Kerala | 186 | 276 | | Madhya Pradesh | 734 | 707 | | Maharashtra | 54 | 60 | | Orissa | 281 | 455 | | Punjab | 89 | 98 | | Rajasthan | 1133 | 647 | | Tamil Nadu | 555 | 744 | | Uttar Pradesh | 389 | 365 | | Uttarakhand | 406 | 539 | | West Bengal | 335 | 399 | | All India | 464 | 477 | _Notes and sources_ : Cumulative expenditures ( including wage and non-wage spending ) in current prices during the 2009 / 10 and 2010 / 11 FY were obtained from the Ministry of Rural Development website ( http : \\ \\ nrega . nic . in ) . To calculate expenditure per capita the authors used the population projections for 2009 and 2010 done by Registrar General of India . * * Table 3 : Coverage of MGNREGS across consumption quintiles of the rural population of India , 2009 / 10 * * | Quintiles | Participation < br > rate | Demand < br > rate | Rationing < br > rate | Excess < br > demand < br > rate | Share of < br > HHs with < br > jobcard | Mean person < br > days amongst < br > participating < br > HHs | < br > Mean < br > person days < br > among all < br > rural HHs | | -", "spans": [{"start": 1032, "end": 1072, "text": "population projections for 2009 and 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Proposed Borehole at Akira Ngondu , Igembe , Meru County # # # # * * _4 . 3 . 2 Population Size , Distribution , Composition and Disadvantaged Households_ * * Information on population of the project area was gathered by members of the working groups during the resource mapping exercise with the assistance of the local administration . The tables below summarize the population data . * * Table 4 . 1 : * * Population Size & Number of Households of Villages within Machungulu Sub-location | * * Village * * | * * No of households * * | * * Population * * | * * % Population * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Mboroko | 100 | 500 | * * 11 * * | | Kavita | 90 | 450 | * * 10 * * | | Losongo | 120 | 600 | * * 13 * * | | Karama | 140 | 700 | * * 15 * * | | Anjaru | 220 | 1 , 100 | * * 24 * * | | K . K | 180 | 900 | * * 20 * * | | Esungurio | 60 | 300 | * * 7 * * | | * * Total * * | * * 910 * * | * * 4 , 550 * * | * * 100 * * | * * Table 4 . 2 : Disadvantaged Households * * | * * Nature * * | * * No of Households * * | | - - - | - - - | | Women Headed Households | 5 | | Aged | 30 | | Vulnerable ( very poor ) | 30 | | Orphans | 20 | | Disabled | 5 | # # # # * * _4 . 3 . 3 Education Facilities_ * * There are three", "spans": [{"start": 420, "end": 435, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ proposed overhead line consisting of Right Of Way and Wayleave reserve , which should be secured and protected from claims made by encroachers after compensations . A census was undertaken for areas that were mapped to capture property and socio-economic information project affected persons . # # # * * 5 . 2 . Definition of a Way leave * * The Way leave is acknowledged as the safety corridor in which harmful impacts from distribution and transmission lines are assumed to be possible . Way leave is defined as : _ < mark > “ an easement or right-of-way granted by a land or property owner for development , say for erection and laying of power lines , water mains , sewers , telephone cables or for a foot path ” < / mark > _ Therefore much as land take will not be encountered in the process of erecting power lines , as REA only uses the land for Right-of-Way , the affected land is not permanently taken by REA as is the case with high voltage transmission lines . After the erection of the pole the owner of land continues to use the land with caution of not planting high growing crops above six feet ( 6ft ) directly under the power line . However REA / or the operating agency remains with the right to maintain and / or clear any vegetation or crops that are likely to cause danger or disruption of the power line . Since REA guidelines provide that compensation to be made only to damaged crops and trees apart from adverse damages to land and buildings , this project saw some few cases in the busy trading centres where the proposed lines will pass directly over the building . The width of the corridor depends on the line voltage . A * * 10m * * wide ‘ corridor ’ was allowed for a 33kV high voltage and * * 5m * * wide corridor for the", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 259, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accounting framework . One approach is to account for the contribution of measured inputs , and label the “ residual ” – how much output is produced taking into account the volume of inputs – as an estimate of TFP . Another approach is to estimate the production function to try to measure the additional factors that affect productivity and output : when a characteristic of firm such as private ownership is associated with higher output , we say that after accounting for the contribution of the factors of production ( capital and labor ) to output , private ownership has a positive impact on TFP . To obtain estimates of the average TFP level by country , the production function equation is first estimated on _country-averages_ : averages were calculated for firm capital , labor and output were calculated for each of the 55 country surveys , and a regression estimated using these 55 observations < sup > 4 < / sup > . This approach is known in econometrics as the “ between estimator ” because the variation between countries is the source of the information for estimating the effects on productivity ; compare to the “ within ” approach presented below . The basic estimation results are reported in column 1 of Table 1 ; the coefficients in the parentheses show the productivity gaps between Serbia and selected countries . Croatia , Hungary , Poland and Slovenia all had higher TFP than Serbia in 2002 or 2003 . < sup > 5 < / sup > The TFP “ residuals ” as defined above are plotted in Figure 2 versus GDP per capita . The figure shows the strong positive correlation between country-average TFP and GDP per capita : richer countries have more productive firms . < sup > 6 < / sup > * * Table 1 : Basic TFP regressions using country-survey-averages and firm-level data * * * * < u > ( manufacturing only ) < / u > * * | | Regression on country - < br > survey-averages | Regression on firms with < br > country-survey dummies | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Fixed capital | 0 . 574 * * | 0 . 387", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 849, "text": "country surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1768, "end": 1783, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "average share of five OECD countries ( OECD 2010 ) , as shown in Table 4 . It is noticeable that the average share of SME lending is consistently low across all GCC countries , while there is more variation among non-GCC countries . The low share of SME lending in the GCC reflects to a large extent the structure of oil-based economies – less diversified , dominated by very large enterprises , and characterized by appreciated exchange rates and small non-oil traded sectors . These factors imply a more narrow space for SMEs to flourish , especially in non-oil sectors producing traded goods . Moreover , GCC countries tend to have small populations , and the nationals tend to find attractive positions in the public sector , which may also discourage risk-taking in the SME sector . By contrast , in the non-GCC countries there is probably scope for more SME growth across a wider range of economic sectors , including traded sectors , and also as part of supply chains linked to large enterprises . In the case of non-GCC countries , three sub-groups can be identified : a first group with SME lending below 10 % of total lending ( Syria , Egypt ) , an intermediate group with SME lending between 10 % - 15 % of total lending ( Palestine , Jordan ) , and a third group with SME loans between 15 % - 24 % of total loans ( Tunisia , Lebanon , Yemen , and Morocco ) . There could be an element of error in country comparisons , related to different definitions of SMEs adopted by the banks . However , Figure 3b indicates that there is broad consistency between the results of enterprise surveys and the results of this survey ( the comparison is only made where both survey results are available ) . The countries with the highest shares of enterprises with a loan tend to be the countries with the highest share of SME loans in total loans – Morocco , Lebanon , and Yemen , while the countries with the lowest shares of enterprises with a loan tend to also have small shares of SME loans – Syria , Egypt , and the Palestine ( the correlation between the two variables", "spans": [{"start": 1580, "end": 1598, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "new curriculum outcomes , revised learning resources and student assessment . Given the need to plan teacher utilization within the context of program rationalization ( move , eliminate , modify and change ) for programs groups and courses , the subcomponent will include a program of retraining as well as preparatory and regular in-service training programs . Vocational teacher training will be delivered in collaboration with the Training of Trainers Institute operated by Al Balqa ’ Applied University or through other MoE training centers . 41 . * * Rationalization , Re-deployment and Procurement of Tools and Equipment . * * Revision of the program framework will trigger the need for a fundamental realignment of vocational education facility and equipment investments and utilization patterns . The work will commence with a comprehensive planning exercise to determine future needs in order to make the decisions and take the actions necessary to ensure effective and efficient long-term allocation and distribution of assets . The exercise will be guided by the use of workshop facility and equipment standards by occupational grouping , the preparation of a complete equipment inventory ( for utilization , redeployment and acquisition ) , and will involve the relocation of all occupation-specific vocational training programs , together with their associated facilities and equipment , to the VTC . The planning exercise will also include consideration of the benefits to be gained , by the clustering of a lesser number of more well-equipped schools and the cost implications of student movement to local and regional workshop ‘ centers ’ for workshop-based activities . Final output from the planning exercise will include : ( i ) vocational education facility and equipment realignment plan ; ( ii ) equipment standards for specialized workshop functions ; ( iii ) procurement plan for equipment by program group ; ( iv ) facility and equipment maintenance program ; and ( v ) workshop health and safety guidelines for students and teachers . Recognizing that realignment of facility and equipment utilization will be an ongoing program and that costs can not be determined until other elements of the sub-component have been completed , a not-to-exceed", "spans": [{"start": 1171, "end": 1199, "text": "complete equipment inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "direct experience with the PSNP . After dropping households with missing observations , an unbalanced panel data set remains , consisting of 11 , 989 observations from 3 , 649 households . < sup > 9 < / sup > In addition , surveys were conducted at the kebele level using structured focus group discussions with kebele leaders and other people who are knowledgeable about the locality . The information collected in these discussions includes : kebele characteristics such as infrastructure and population size , and aspects of PSNP implementation . As a part of this survey , retrospective price data were collected on monthly prices on grains consumed by households in that locality . The informants were also asked to estimate the distance to the nearest food market and bank ; distributions of these are reported in Figures S1 . 2 and S1 . 3 in the appendix . This population poor and food insecure . Mean monthly per capita consumption in 2006 was 133 birr per capita or , approximately $ 0 . 49 US per person per day . Food accounted for 82 percent of consumption . The Government of Ethiopia measures food security using a construct called the “ food gap ” . This was measured by asking survey participants to report the number of months , out of the preceding 12 months , that they had “ problems satisfying the food needs of the household ” with a month where the household had “ problems satisfying food needs ” being defined as one where the household experienced hunger for five or more days . Table 1 shows that only 37 percent of households in the sample report being fully food secure ( i . e . food gap is zero ) at any point across the five survey rounds . The mean food gap is 2 . 4 months . More than three quarters of household heads ( 77 . 9 percent ) have never attended school and just over a > 9 These households are found in four regions ( Amhara , Oromia , SNNP and Tigray ) , 78 woredas and 191 EAs . 11", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 116, "text": "unbalanced panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 577, "end": 601, "text": "retrospective price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) effects of high inflation on cash transfer value , including annual reviews of the wage rate and use of the Consumer Price Index to inform the wage rate starting in 2017 . High macroeconomic vulnerability could undermine the government ’ s focus on program sustainability and adequacy of benefits . According to the ICR ( p . 26 ) , the government ’ s commitment to increase its share of program financing coupled with the introduction of indicative targets on PSNP spending in its program with the International Monetary Fund are expected to mitigate this risk , but trends will need to be closely monitored . # # * * 8 . Assessment of Bank Performance * * # # * * a . Quality-at-Entry * * # # # * * Project design was directly influenced by recommendations of a 2017 Midterm Review of PSNP * * * * 4 . * * Against a backdrop of less available financing and higher needs than at appraisal of PSNP 4 , as well as institutional weaknesses identified in the MTR , RPSNP incorporated several adjustments , including : ( i ) lowering the transfer value with the removal of pulses from the benefit package ; ( ii ) lowering the proportion of poor households who receive the livelihood grants from 30 percent to 10 percent ; and ( iii ) focusing on core systems-building activities related to PSNP-HFA harmonization while scaling back the disaster risk management component . According to the ICR ( p . 20 ) , RPSNP was more practical and realistic in its design than PSNP 4 , corrected some of the overly ambitious aspects of the PSNP 4 project ( including through downward revision of PSNP4 targets ) and aimed to consolidate progress made while addressing operational challenges to program delivery . * * The decision to launch RPSNP as a separate project from PSNP 4 rather than as additional financing to PSNP made assessment and", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 269, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unskilled workers does have a positive correlation with the wage skill premium , suggesting that a wage curve-type of effect might depress the remuneration levels of unskilled workers more than that of skilled workers . There is no significant effect for the separate high school and dropout unemployment rate in Table 4 . 2 . Tables 4 . 1 and 4 . 2 also present evidence on the potential impact of minimum wages on the skill premium . The regressions in column 8 of Tables 4 . 1 and 4 . 2 include an index of minimum wage levels for each country as a dependent variable , available from 1995 onwards . < sup > 18 < / sup > The results for the whole period under analysis indicate a negative but not statistically significant relationship between the level of minimum wages and the skilled-unskilled premium in the region , whereas the relationship is unexpectedly positive ( though also not significantly different from zero ) for the high school-dropout wage differential . > 16 Net barter terms of trade index is calculated as the percentage ratio of the export unit value indexes to the import unit value indexes , measured relative to the base year 2000 . Unit value indexes are based on data reported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls , supplemented by UNCTAD ’ s estimates using the previous year ’ s trade values at the Standard International Trade Classification three-digit level as weights . To improve data coverage , especially for the latest periods , UNCTAD constructs a set of average prices indexes at the three-digit product classification of the Standard International Trade Classification revision 3 using UNCTAD ’ s Commodity Price Statistics , interna-tional and national sources , and UNCTAD secretariat estimates and calculates unit value indexes at the country level using the current year ’ s trade values as weights . > 17 Bearing in mind the limitations of this type of cross country regressions and to avoid spurious correlations , the regressions should not be interpreted as estimating causal effects but only as multivariate correlates of the wage skill differentials . > 18 The authors are grateful to Tim Gindling for providing the index of real minimum wage levels ( based on ILO estimates )", "spans": [{"start": 1664, "end": 1701, "text": "UNCTAD ’ s Commodity Price Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _-5-_ * * - ( a ) designing and administering diagnostic tools to assess SMEs ' management and operations , and the options through which each can improve their managerial and technical skills , and their use and access to technology ; - * * ( b ) * * designing and managing a program for SMEs to implement action plans under Performance Contracts ; - * * ( c ) * * designing a mechanism to enhance SMEs engagement with lead firms , including business development to ensure flow of lead firms and SMEs into the program referred to in paragraph * * ( b ) * * above ; - * * ( d ) * * incorporating lessons learned to adapt and strengthen the program design , including the diagnostic tools and action plans , as needed ; - ( e ) carrying out awareness raising and information dissemination activities on the program ; and - * * ( f ) * * collecting data at baseline and throughout implementation , to feed into the Project monitoring and evaluation system # * * Part 3 : Policy Development , and Project Management and Implementation Support * * - * * ( a ) * * carrying out a program of activities designed to support and facilitate effective policy development and decision-making including , ( i ) mapping , geo-referencing , and development of industrial database and directory , and ( ii ) development of frameworks that enhance SMEs productivity and innovation . - * * ( b ) * * carrying out a program of activities designed to strengthen the capacity of the Recipient for Project outreach , monitoring and evaluation and implementation support , as well as Project management , coordination , and reporting .", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1283, "text": "industrial database and directory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "traded ( exports / imports ) between Ethiopia and Sudan . The indicator tracked the power exported from Ethiopia through the interconnection . Based on the PPA , Ethiopia agreed to export firm power of 876 GWh / year to Sudan , with additional annually and monthly pre-scheduled energy to be traded , if necessary . As detailed in paragraphs 44 , 45 , and 46 , the Project started exporting power in November 2012 but temporarily stopped from March to June 2013 ; > 8 This target for 2011was based on a time period of 18 months of exports after the planned commissioning of the interconnection in June 2010 until project closing . > 9 This quantity of exports is measured for the time period of 8 months of exports before project closing in June 2013 . In addition , the level of exports was lower than the anticipated PPA levels . > 10 This is the invoiced amount , reflecting electricity for exports from Nov 2012 – Mar 2013 . At the time of project closing this was pending collection but the Bank has been informed that SETCO has begun paying the monthly installments . 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As biofuels are not a proper sector in the original GTAP 7 . 0 database , we modified it in a way that allowed us to introduce biofuels sectors in our CGE model . This was done according to the following procedure . Based on detailed information collected on production , consumption and trade , a total of seven new sectors < sup > 5 < / sup > have been created by splitting existing GTAP sectors . The Splitcom < sup > 6 < / sup > software developed by Horridge ( 2005 ) was used to process the splits and keep the global social accounting matrix balanced . In the next step , the energy bundle of the model was augmented in order to integrate the new biofuel and fossil fuel sectors ( see Figure 1c ) . A detailed description of the biofuel module used here can be found in Timilsina et al . ( 2010 ) . Land use changes are incorporated into the model via a CET representation of land supply for each country / region and for eighteen Agro-Ecological Zones ( AEZs ) . The land data are based on the GTAP 7 . 0 database and were derived analogously to Lee et al . ( 2008 ) . Following Huang et al . ( 2004 ) and Banse et al . ( 2008 ) , we develop a land use module based on a nested structure . In line with Birur et al . ( 2008 ) , at the top level of this module , total available land area is allocated to forest land , pasture and crop land . At the second level , crop land is further divided into four different categories : rice , sugar-crops , grains and oilseeds , and fruits and vegetables . Finally , the grains and oilseeds category is partitioned into wheat , corn , other coarse grains , and oilseeds ( see Figure 1b ) . This nested structure seems reasonable as , in reality , not all crops stand in direct competition . For instance , rice typically does not compete directly with other crops for available land . > 5 Corn , gasoline , diesel and biofuels ( three ethanol and one biodiesel ) sectors are", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 71, "text": "GTAP 7 . 0 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "guarantee . The time for submission of bids / proposal can be shortened to 7 - 15 days in competitive national procedures , and to 3 days for the Request for Quotations , however if bidders request an extension it should be granted . * * National Procurement Arrangements * * : Paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations will not apply . When approaching the national market , the country ’ s own procurement procedures shall not be used due to restrictions on eligibility of otherwise eligible firms to participate in NCB . The Regulations will apply . However , the Borrower may use its own procurement arrangements as set forth in the * * Public Procurement and Disposal Act , 2003 * * Request for Quotation such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works shall not apply ) _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION REPORT KENYA FOURTH POPULATION PROJECT ( Cr . 2110-KE ) # # EVALUATION SUMMARY # # # # # # * * INTRODUCTION * * 1 . The Kenya Fourth Population Project ( Population IV ) was undertaken by the Government of Kenya ( GoK ) to provide for needs not anticipated under the Third Population Project ( Population III ) . Population III ( Cr . 1904-KE , 1988-1996 ) became effective based on the following assumptions : ( i ) prospects for fertility control in Kenya were bleak ; and ( ii ) fertility rates would remain high due to opposition to family planning and widespread lack of interest in family planning . However , the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey ( KDHS ) revealed surprising progress in population indicators - including significant unmet demand for contraceptives . This information , combined with the shortfall of funding available from donors at the time , led the GoK and The World Bank to develop Population IV , with a principal focus on providing for the country ' s contraceptive needs and strengthening the infrastructure of the population sector . # # # # # # * * PROJECT OBJECTIVES * * 2 . The objectives of the Fourth Population Project were : ( i ) to further increase the availability , accessibility , and quality of family planning services provided by the Government and non-government organizations ( NGOs ) ; ( ii ) to further strengthen the demand for FP services through expansion of Information Education and Communication ( IEC ) programs to additional government ministries and NGOs ; and ( iii ) to further strengthen the capacity of the National Council on Population and Development ( NCPD ) to plan and monitor the expanding national population program . While the project development objectives should not have proven to be overly-ambitious , given the history of GoK-Bank collaboration in this sector , they proved to be out of reach largely due to capacity and financial management constraints which were not identified as risks in", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 690, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Investigating the grievance , including drawing on the census enumeration and property registration survey data , GPS locational data , and photographic evidence ; - Achieving resolution of received complaints and grievances , including agreementmaking ; - Reporting back to the complainant ; - Sign-off / closeout ; - Follow up and monitoring ; and - Reporting on the grievance system as part of the overall Subproject monitoring and reporting . Grievances during implementation of the RP / LRP will be categorized based on validity and risk level by EEP / ESAO and their Community Liaison Officer ( CLO ) . Where investigations are required , the subproject staff and outside authorities as appropriate , will assist with the process . The CLO will collaborate with EEP / ESAO / Contractor to review the issue raised and to decide whether it is subproject related or whether it is more appropriately addressed by a relevant authority outside the subproject . Any comments or concerns can be brought to the attention of the Subproject Office verbally or in writing or by filling in a grievance form . Amharic Version of the form is presented in Table 13 . 1 and _Oromiffa_ in Annex 10 . The grievance form will be available at all affected Woreda and Kebele Administration Offices , at EEP ’ s Head Office and subproject Offices . Official Use Only Page 146", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 254, "text": "census enumeration and property registration survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 257, "end": 276, "text": "GPS locational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "frequency of KPI review , and time frame of production targets . The answers to these questions are used to construct a management z-score following the methodology in Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2007 ) . Despite covering only four of the 16 variables collected in MOPS , the FAT z-score based on this subset of questions accounts for 90 . 5 % of the cross-establishment variance of the original MOPS z-score for Mexican establishments collected by ENAPROCE . # * * 2 . 5 The Data * * Our analysis is based on primary data collected from establishments in 15 countries : South Korea , Poland , Croatia , Chile , Brazil ( Ceará ) , Georgia , Vietnam , India ( Uttar Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat and Maharashtra ) , Ghana , Bangladesh , Kenya , Cambodia , Senegal , Ethiopia , and Burkina Faso . Several factors were considered in deciding where to implement the FAT survey . We targeted countries on different continents ( Asia , Africa , South America , and Europe ) , with different levels of income , for which there was access to a high-quality sampling frames . In these countries , we collected data from 21 , 055 randomly selected establishments from the sampling frames . Table 2 shows the distributions of the sample by country , sector , and size groups and Table C . 1 provides descriptive statistics . The median establishment in our sample has 9 workers , with an average of 34 workers . 20 % of workers have a college degree , 19 % of firms were multi-establishments , 18 % are part of a multinational firm , 17 % are exporters , 18 % are 5 years old or younger , and 76 % have electricity , computers , and internet access . # # * * 2 . 5 . 1 Sampling * * Our data is representative for a universe of about 2 . 1 million establishments . The samples are nationally representative for establishments with 5 or more workers . For each country , the sampling frame is based on the most comprehensive and up-to-date establishment-level census data available from the respective National Statistical Office ( NSOs ) or similar authority . The survey", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 395, "text": "MOPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 858, "end": 868, "text": "FAT survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1045, "end": 1060, "text": "sampling frames", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1923, "end": 1954, "text": "establishment-level census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commitments seldom go beyond countries ’ applied policies , the explicit liberalization resulting from the agreement was limited to a few members and a few areas . < sup > 2 < / sup > Figure 2 : Services Trade Restrictiveness Indices for TPP Countries Doha Offers , TPP Commitments and Applied Policy < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Overall STRI < br > BRN MYS CHL SGP MEX VNM CAN USA PER JPN AUS NZL < br > Doha TPP Policy < br > Note : For Brunei , applied policy information is missing . < br > Absense of a bar means the score is zero < br > 100 < br > 75 < br > 50 < br > 25 < br > Services trade restrictiveness index < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note 1 : BRN = Brunei , MYS = Malaysia , CHL = Chile , SGP = Singapore , MEX = Mexico , CAN = Canada , VNM = Vietnam , USA = United States , PER = Peru , JPN = Japan , AUS = Australia ; NLZ = New Zealand . Note 2 : The country STRI is an aggregate score of indices for services sectors covered , the country STRI comprises STRIs of five major sectors , financial , telecom , retailing , transportation , and professional services . These five sectors contain different subsectors and the relevant modes . Source : Gootiiz and Mattoo ( 2017 ) , drawing on the World Bank TPP database , http : / / iresearch . worldbank . org / servicetrade / TPPservices . htm . > 2 However , in comparing TPP commitments with the policy status quo , our measures may underestimate the liberalizing impact of the TPP in two ways . First , the TPP negotiating process could already have induced changes in applied policies over the course of the negotiations ; for example , Mexico ’ s telecommunications policy was reformed in 2013 , and Malaysia carried out several reforms between 2009 and 2013 in financial services , telecommunications , and professional services . Second , some of the TPP commitments specify liberalization several years after", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1260, "text": "World Bank TPP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "else equal . Despite the similar coefficients on key determinants of job loss , the ranking of factors by the magnitude of their average impact differs for the two countries ( see Figure 6 ) . In particular , in Georgia , the unexplained determinants of sales contributed positively to firms ’ employment levels , and the greatest negative impact on average came through infection risk , whereas the largest adverse impact was through unexplained declines in sales for Jordan . However , infection risk did not have a separate augmenting effect on job losses in Georgia , a finding that aligns with Georgian high-frequency phone survey data showing very few workers claiming to have stopped working in order to 19", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 640, "text": "Georgian high-frequency phone survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are largely driven by between-country earnings inequality , and current labor market structures . _As a share of spending on education , the poorest countries will lose more_ Low-income countries would be losing almost twice as much as Upper Middle Income countries and more than three times as much as high-income countries , when the losses from the intermediate scenario are expressed as a percentage of public spending on education . IDA / Blend countries could sustain learning losses that represent almost a quarter of their public spending on education . This finding underscores the urgent need to protect investments in education especially in the poorest countries , which are likely to suffer the highest relative losses , when it comes to investments they have already made in educating their students . # _This crisis is still ongoing_ This crisis is not over , and our understanding of the ramifications to the economy and household welfare are being updated daily . Since March 2020 global growth projections have been frequently revised , and the recently released Global Economic Prospects ( World Bank , 2020b ) indicates that growth projections are likely to continue to go down . In each of these revisions , our expected number of student ’ s dropping out due to the household income shock is revised upwards . Our initial estimate , based on the March MPO suggested that approximately 2 million students would drop out of the education system ; by May , this number had already been revised to 7 million , and > 75 We estimate that this is the $ amount of public spending needed to deliver the current global average of 11 . 2 years of schooling as recorded in the HCI database . See Annex Table A . 3 . 7 . > 76 Assuming a discount rate of 3 % per year , a work life of 45 years , and average time to enter the labor market of 10 years for currently enrolled students . 26", "spans": [{"start": 1687, "end": 1699, "text": "HCI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ensure adequate funding to the program by addressing any shortfall to the budget occasioned by development partners not releasing funds . # # * * 3 . 1 . 2 Adequacy of budgets . * * 15 . Adequate budgeting processes are in place at MoE , TSC and JKF . The budgeting process in the three implementing entities are anchored and undertaken according to the PFM Act 2012 and PFM Act regulations 2015 . The institutions prepare annual budget estimates that are approved by parliament to use through Appropriation Bill . The annual budget estimates are captured in the IFMIS through the budget classification codes . The IFMIS system is capable of tracking budget executions reports by fund source and project components and specific program expenditures . Budget processing in three entities is led by the budget office and follows the government budgeting cycle . * * Table 4 . 3 : Analysis of Programme and Sub-Programmes ( Current and Capital ) Resource Requirement ( KES Millions ) * * # # * * FY 22 / 23 ( under free primary & secondary school education ) printed estimates * * | * * 1066101500 Primary Schools * * < br > * * infrastructure Improvement . * * | * * Total * * | * * 1 , 240 , 000 , 000 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1066101504 Rehabilitation / Construction | 2630201 Capital Grants to Semi - < br > Autonomous Government | | | of Classrooms in PrimarySchools-ESP | Agencies | 140 , 000 , 000 | | | 2630201 Capital Grants to Semi - | | | 1066101505 Improve Infrastructure in | Autonomous Government | | | Low-Cost BoardingSchools in ASALs - ESP | Agencies | 200 , 000 , 000 | | 1066101506 Provision of Locally < br > Fabricated Desks for Primary Schools < br > under ESP | 2630201 Capital Grants to Semi - < br > Auto", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 568, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 615, "end": 620, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The MICS , though representative at the state level , allows only the calculation of deprivation levels , as it does not include information to infer about monetary poverty . > 14 Though a panel survey , the data can be used as an individual level panel across visits within a wave , but only as a household level panel across waves . The GHS wave 4 sample only includes a subset of the earlier waves ’ sample households in addition to a refresh sample . ( For a discussion see NBS and World Bank ( 2019 ) . ) . Though a representative long panel is kept in wave 4 , the part of the analysis relying on panel data , only uses data up until wave 3 as sample sizes in the long panel up until wave 4 are considered too small for the purpose of this analysis . > 15 Due to the unbalanced nature of the panel and household members joining and leaving the household between post-planting and post-harvest , thus leading to slightly different household sizes , whereas the mean per capita consumption figure of the household remains constant , results in slightly different individual level post-planting versus post-harvest poverty rates . Hence , these also slightly differ from the aggregate poverty rates based on household level data . > 16Health deprivation can only be estimated from waves 1 and 2 , as the survey module is missing in waves 3 and 4 . Education deprivation is based on the education module in the post-planting surveys in waves 1 and 2 and the post-harvest survey in waves 3 ad 4 . For information deprivation household asset ownership data , only available in the post-planting survey , is assumed to be a proxy for access to these assets . While an access question exists , in wave 3 , tv and radio access questions were dropped , so that this not allow consistent comparisons . Thus , household ownership of these assets was chosen to be a good proxy . Charity and tanker water were assumed to be protected , but not directly drinkable water sources . Drinking water source , sanitation and shelter data was in waves 1 and 2 only available in the post-harvest surveys and in", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 203, "text": "panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 341, "end": 351, "text": "GHS wave 4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1415, "end": 1436, "text": "post-planting surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1462, "end": 1481, "text": "post-harvest survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1528, "end": 1558, "text": "household asset ownership data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the private sector could reflect more precarious employment relations among Iranian women . As shown in Table 8 , while women working as private sector employees have lower probability to be employed in micro-businesses , they have significantly shorter job tenure compared to their male counterparts , which possibly puts them at a disadvantage in times of crisis . Motherhood and maternity related leave / inactivity spells could further play a role in determining observed differences between men ’ s and women ’ s tenure and experience . Moreover , prevailing gender norms could further reinforce women ’ s disadvantage on the labor market during recessions . As evidenced in the World Values Survey , close to 70 percent of Iranians believe that men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce ( Figure 3 ) . * * _Table 8 : Changes in the distribution of_ * * * * _ < u > private sector employees by firm size , tenure and experience by gender < / u > _ * * | * * 2019-20 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 020-21 * * | * * D * * | * * iff yoy * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * men * * < br > * * women * * | * * men * * | * * women * * | * * men * * | * * women * * | | * * Firm size * * | | | | | | 1-4 < br > 54 . 4 < br > 47 . 0 | 55 . 3 | 43 . 4 | 0 . 9 | - 3 . 6 | | 5-9 < br > 18 . 7 < br > 22 . 9 | 18 . 2 | 25 . 5 | - 0 . 5 | 2 . 5 | | 10-19 < br > 11 . 0 < br > 16 . 0 | 10 . 8 | 16 . 0 | - 0 . 2 | 0 . 1 | | 20-49 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 703, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 3 Panel regression analysis * * Lastly , we estimate a dynamic model to understand the effects of various economic factors on the level of transport-related CO2 emissions . We assume current level of per capita emissions depends on the level of per capita emissions in the previous year , that is , transport activities respond to changes in economic factors with some lags . The model is specified as follows : C 0 1C 2G G 3G G 4 5 + 6 iitt 7B ii , tt − 1 iitt ( 5 ) iitt iitt iitt 2GGCC = ββ + ββ 2GGCC + ββ CC + ββ CC2 + ββ GGDDeeDDeeTT + ββ GGTTDDT DDllee iitt iitt iitt ii tt iitt Where ββ UUffUUTTllC + + ββ is the natural logarithm of per capita CO2 emissions in country TT + γγXX + αα + λλ + εε _i_ in year _t_ . _GDPPCit_ is per capita GDP . _GDPPC2_ iitt is the square term of _GDPPC_ . _Diesel_ and _Gasoline_ are diesel and gasoline prices , 2GGCC respectively . _Urban_ is the percentage of the total population living in urban areas . _BRT_ represents the number of Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) systems a country has . is a vector of variables , including the valueadded share of agriculture , manufacturing , and service sectors . iitt is an unobserved country fixed effect , XX which includes country-specific characteristics that are fixed over time , such as culture , climate zone , and ii αα government regulation . We also include year fixed effects , , to control for common cyclical components such as a common technology shock . is an idiosyncratic error term . tt 0 7 are parameters to λλ be estimated . We opted for a relatively modest set of explanatory variables because due to limited data iitt εε ββ − ββ TTllaa γγ availability the inclusion of some further explanatory variables would have substantially cut the sample size . # * * 4 . Data * * Data used in this study come from several sources . The CO2 emissions and energy consumption data are from International Energy Agency ( IEA ) Fuel Combustion Statistics database and World Energy Statistics and Balances database", "spans": [{"start": 1839, "end": 1880, "text": "CO2 emissions and energy consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1926, "end": 1961, "text": "Fuel Combustion Statistics database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1966, "end": 2011, "text": "World Energy Statistics and Balances database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", exporter-sector-time , and pair-sector fixed effects . Panel ( A ) includes data for the three broad sectors of agriculture , manufacturing , and services and the years 2000 to 2015 . When using all provisions of the World Bank ’ s DTA data to determine the depth of trade agreements , we find that deep agreements increase overall trade by 25 % while shallow ones and agreements notified under the Enabling Clause do not activate trade ( column ( 1 ) ) . The size of the effect is very standard in the literature . The size of the sample used to obtain these results is large : _N_ = 474 _ , _ 312 sector-pair combinations . If one accounts for ad valorem tariffs from the standard WITS data set in the specification , the sample shrinks to _N_ = 360 _ , _ 522 observations as there are many missing values . Specification ( 2 ) suggests that deep TAs continue to remain statistically significant determinants of bilateral trade , with a trade-creating effect of 16 % . Shallow TAs and the enabling 13", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 242, "text": "DTA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 685, "end": 698, "text": "WITS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "das . # # # # Component 4 . Project Management and Reporting ( Total : US $ 15 million of which US $ g million ( SDR6 . 4 million equivalent ) from lDA , US $ 1 million from MDTF , and US $ 5 million from GoE ) The objective of this component will ensure effective implementation and reporting on project activities with due diligence and integr : ity \" The component will finance the operational costs of the PCUs in MoALR and Regional State Bureaus of Agriculture and Natural Resources . These PCUs will carry out all fiduciary aspects of project implementation including financial management , procurement , environmental and social safeguards , as well as Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) and reporting . # 2 . ACCOUNTING POLICIES SLMP ll follows the government ' s accounting policy of modified cash basis of accounting system with double entry recording taking into account the decentralized accounting structure of the project . ln preparation and presentation of thefinancial statement , the project uses principal policies such as # # a ) lncome and expenditure recognition The income is recognized income is recognized is recognized recognized on the basis of actualthe basis of actualbasis of actualof actualactual recognition is on modified basis . is on modified basis . on modified basis . basis . The income is recognized income is recognized is recognized recognized on the basis of actualthe basis of actualbasis of actualof actualactual whereas expenditure recognition is on modified basis . is on modified basis . on modified basis . basis . ' $ - x ? ufir ' , \\ s 1 ( , Fixed assets f * ' ' Ch-trtered < sup > Csrtified < / sup > ) x Fixed asset acquired for the project are shown as it occurs and reported on memorandum records . # # b ) Fixed assets # c ) Foreign currency transactions .", "spans": [{"start": 1733, "end": 1751, "text": "memorandum records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the reductions in assistance have already been witnessed over the past months by an increased reliance on negative coping strategies and a worsening food security status of refugee families . In Jordan , preliminary analysis of the CFSME indicates that the proportion of Syrian refugee households considered food insecure or vulnerable to food insecurity has risen from 47 per cent in 2014 to 86 per cent in 2015 . In addition , it shows that an increasing number of households employ negative coping strategies , such as exhausting any remaining savings , borrowing food , increasing levels of debt , and reducing the number and quality of meals they have each day . Worryingly , compared to 2014 , the number of households employing ‘ crisis ’ coping strategies has increased from 30 to 52 per cent and those employing ‘ emergency ’ coping strategies increased from eight to 37 per cent . Further , the number of households who have more than 500 Jordanian Dinars ( USD 700 ) of debt has increased from 25 to 50 per cent between 2014 and 2015 . Particularly worrying is the effect on children . In March in Lebanon , 14 per cent of families with schoolaged children reported to have withdrawn their children from school in order to help cope with the reductions in food assistance – forcing them to work or beg for additional income . In Jordan , this proportion was reportedly higher , with one in five families withdrawing their children from school and 13 per cent sending under-aged children to work . Based on findings from focus group discussions , 40 per cent of femaleheaded households in Mafraq admitted to sending children to beg , signifying that families are becoming even more desperate and are resorting to crisis and emergency coping strategies with devastating effects . The failure to provide necessary assistance is also likely to have significant protection implications , most notably for women and girls , including sexual violence , exploitation for prostitution 16", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 237, "text": "CFSME", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 , 614 | 21 , 414 | 4 . 4 | | Mityana T . C . | 8 , 655 | 16 , 209 | 17 , 907 | 34 , 116 | 3 . 8 | | Ssekanyonyi | 9 , 154 | 20 , 209 | 19 , 801 | 40 , 010 | 4 . 3 | # # # * * 2 . 1 . 2 . 2 Observations at Mityana Hospital * * - a ) Medical waste commonly handled without hand protection gears - b ) Drainage was inadequate and some places like labor ward had stagnant water-a possible breeding area for mosquitoes . - c ) There was noted a critical shortage of space in all wards . - d ) Due to lack of a fence , stray dogs and cattle graze on hospital premises . - e ) Waste disposal site is small and also used by surrounding community . - f ) No records of medical waste generation were maintained by hospital . - g ) The hospital has grid electricity supply and easy access via a gravel road . - h ) No people will be displaced ( physically , economically ) during project implementation . A visual record of observations at Mityana Hospital is provided in Plate 1 ( a-d ) . > 1 _UBOS ( 2002 ) . Uganda Population and Housing Census , Uganda Bureau of Statistics , Kampala Uganda_ > 2 Comment by Kalule Nwamu Najjuma - Senior Nursing Officer , Mityana Hospital . 19", "spans": [{"start": 899, "end": 948, "text": "visual record of observations at Mityana Hospital", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1003, "end": 1039, "text": "Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 UGx ( 5 . 8 % ) . The highest proportions of households with debt to repay less than 30 , 000 . 00 UGx was Lamwo district . , Kamwenge was second with 11 . 5 % . This implies that most households had higher debts than 30 , 000 . 00 UGx to repay . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Lamwo 93 . 4 % < br > Moyo 83 . 5 % < br > Kamwenge 80 . 8 % < br > Adjumani 73 . 0 % < br > Isingiro 72 . 0 % < br > Koboko 60 . 0 % < br > Kyegegwa 56 . 4 % < br > Yumbe 54 . 0 % < br > Arua 51 . 6 % < br > Hoima 45 . 4 % < br > Kiryandongo 35 . 3 % < br > 0 . 0 % 10 . 0 % 20 . 0 % 30 . 0 % 40 . 0 % 50 . 0 % 60 . 0 % 70 . 0 % 80 . 0 % 90 . 0 % 100 . 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 8 : The proportion of households with debt less than 30 , 000 . 00 UGx , October 2017 , Uganda * * Financial institutions ( banks , lending and credit institutions , microfinance ( 43 . 7 % ) were reported the main source of credit for most of the debts and loans households obtained . The second most important source of credit was getting money from the “ relatives ” this accounted for 25 . 8 % . 15 . 7 % of the households interviewed said that obtained credit from traders and shop keepers . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 71 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more resilient . More productive firms have longer survival times in the manufacturing of metal products , chemical products , food and beverages , and machinery and computing products . Finally , we redo the analysis shown in Figures 2 and 3 , this time assuming that exporters lose access to their external financing , as such financing is likely related to receipts in foreign currency or is in the form of letters of trade credit . Figure 7 shows that manufacturers of metals and metal products and manufacturers of machinery and computing products are most adversely affected by the collapse of export demand , with survival times reduced from 19 to 14 weeks . Conversely , retailers and the provision of other services are unaffected and remain the two sectors where firms are estimated to run out of working capital the fastest . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 7 : Median Survival Time ( adjusted for exporters ) based on Fixed < br > Costs by Sector < br > Other Services < br > Retail < br > Construction < br > Manufacturing of Chemical , Plastic , and Mineral Products < br > Manufacturing of Textiles , Apparel , and Leather Products < br > Other Manufacturing < br > Manufacturing of Food and Beverages < br > Manufacturing of Metals and Fabricated Metal Products < br > Manufacturing of Machinery , Computing , and Electrical . . . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 16 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Note : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 395 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - -", "spans": [{"start": 1709, "end": 1738, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that can conduct the computations on the fly , or a reliable internet connection for processing in the cloud , would be required . Enumerator training is another implementation aspect that would require adjustment as the targeting survey questions need to be ordered by their stepwise regression sequence rather than the standard of thematic grouping . A final IT-related issue is that the social registry information collected with a TrESt or early stopping approach would collect jagged optional question data , so that survey designers would need to include all variables required for analytical or monitoring purposes in the core questionnaire . Although the simulations presented here suggest scope for reducing survey costs while potentially reducing exclusion errors , this paper is only deskbased proof of concept . Indonesia has already achieved good targeting outcomes through years of investment in improving targeting processes and implementation . Continued improvements in design could further strengthen targeting outcomes at no additional cost , but piloting would be advisable to verify that the method is practical , that the results hold in the field , and also to collect additional data . For Indonesia , a simple PMT trial that collects the survey metadata to estimate realistic survey times would provide key budgetary inputs . Similarly , information on travel times between households would be important to calibrate time savings , particularly in rural districts and island locations where shorter questionnaires may only yield negligible savings . Detailed cost estimation along the lines of Fujii and van der Weide [ 2020 ] on the cost-effectiveness of double sampling would be advisable if implementation were to be considered . One way to improve accuracy may be to draw on alternative data sources , such as the exploration of internet and phone expenditure for Indonesia ’ s PMT by Pinxten [ 2021 ] . Such data can potentially support better classification , shorter questionnaires , or both . Similarly , alternative data preparation tailored to the early stopping approach may offer significant benefits in terms of accuracy or question numbers . On the other hand , the shortened questionnaire raises the risk of misreporting , as it concentrates both predictive power and enumerator attention on a few high-impact variables . A restriction to verifiable variables may mitigate this risk ,", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 417, "text": "social registry information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1263, "end": 1278, "text": "survey metadata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 . Size of the first pricing block , and differential between that and second | 1st < br > block < br > monthly < br > consumption threshold < br > ( kWh ) | Countries | Price differential between first and < br > second block ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 300 | Ghana , Zambia | Between 30 and 100 | | 200 | Mali | Less than 30 | | 100 | Mozambique | Over 100 | | | Congo , Dem . Repof | Less than 10 | | 50 or less | Uganda , Madagascar , Kenya , Nigeria , Tanzania , < br > Chad , Cote d ’ Ivoire , South Africa , Zimbabwe | Over 100 | | | Ethiopia , Benin , Malawi | Between 30 and 100 | | | Cameroon , Cape Verde , Burkina Faso | Less than 30 | _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database The second question is whether tariff levels on successive blocks rise steeply enough to ensure that costs can be fully recovered on higher volumes of consumption . This principle holds in many cases . Most countries with a first-block threshold set at subsistence consumption levels ( 50 kWh or less ) , have a price jump of over 100 percent to the second block ( Uganda , Madagascar , Kenya , Nigeria , Tanzania , Chad , Côte d ’ Ivoire , South Africa , Zimbabwe ) , signaling a clear intention to differentiate among customers so that larger consumers contribute to cost recovery . But the tariff structures of a few countries — for example , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Cameroon , Cape Verde , and Burkina Faso — are not highly differentiated by consumption level . This makes the implementation of targeted subsidies difficult ( table 2 ) . Thereafter , prices among higher consumption blocks do not rise as steeply as they do between the first and second block . In Burkina Faso , the second block is priced only 6 percent higher than the first one and the third block only 7 percent above the second one . In Ethiopia", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 737, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 14 - of 3 , 000 ha of existing pulpwood ; c ) the carrying out by consultants of a market-ing survey of Kenya timber and pulpwood ; and d ) the introduction of an improved accounting system . The project was carried out by FD ( para 1 . 18 ) . 2 . 02 The internal economic rate of return was estimated at 12 % for the sawlog component and 11 % for the pulpwood component . Gross foreign exchange savings and earnings were expected to amount to about US $ 250 million over the life of the project . Indirect benefits were expected to accrue from the promotion of secondary industries . The sawlog component was expected to permit : import substitution as well as to generate exports . The pulpwood component was designed to supply raw material to the proposed pulpmill . It was assumed that , should the mill not materialize , the pulpwood would be maintained for a longer period and sold eventually as sawlogs . 2 . 03 Implementation Experience . The project closed fully disbursed in June 1975 . The Project Completion Report was issued in July 1976 ; a Project Performance Audit Report , based on a desk review , was issued in March 1977 . The conclusions of the two reports were similar . The latter concluded that the project achieved satisfactory results and had significant institutionbuilding effects . However , it was noted that some of the basic issues raised by this type of project in East Africa , notably : ( a ) competition for land between forestry and agriculture , ( b ) inadequate stumpage rates to ensure a maximtm financial return to Government , ( c ) shortcoming of the rate of return sensitivity analysis , and ( d ) lack of regional coordination among Bank undertakings in forestry , were not resolved by this project . The expected economic rate of return was estimated at 10-18 % at completion . 2 . 04 Lessons . The first project achieved about 80 % of appraisal objectives in physical terms , and had significant institution-building effects . The Project Completion Report", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 131, "text": "market-ing survey of Kenya timber and pulpwood", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "tables in STEP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9501 # * * Abstract * * Using country-to-country data , this paper documents a set of novel stylized facts about the rise of the South in global finance . The paper assembles comprehensive bilateral data on cross-border bank loans and deposits , portfolio investment in debt and equity , foreign direct investment , and international reserves . The main finding is that global financial integration with and especially within the South ( countries outside the G7 and Western Europe ) has grown faster than within the North . By 2018 , the South accounted for 24 to 40 percent of international loans and deposits , portfolio investment , and foreign direct investment , an increase of roughly 10 percentage points since 2001 . The growing importance of the South is reflected in the intensive and extensive margins , with fast growth in the number of bilateral links . Although China weighs heavily in these trends , international investment in the rest of the South has increased to a similar extent . This paper is joint product of the Chief Economist Office , Equitable Growth , Finance and Institutions Vice Presidency and the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at fbroner @ crei . cat ; tdidier @ worldbank . org ; sschmukler @ worldbank . org ; and Goetz . von . Peter @ bis . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TRANSPARENT < br > ANALYSIS < br > G < br > R E < br > N < br > S < br > I P < br > Y E < br > K A < br > C A < br > R P < br > LI", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 83, "text": "country-to-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 219, "end": 233, "text": "bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix 1 : Comparison with Deaton ( 2005 ) and Ravallion ( 2003 ) * * In this appendix , we compare our estimates of the gaps between household surveys and national accounts with earlier studies by Deaton ( 2005 ) and Ravallion ( 2003 ) . Before discussing the differences , we discuss several reasons for why the methods and data differ . The most important difference is that our analysis is based on significantly more countries and years . Since the time of the Deaton ( 2005 ) and Ravallion ( 2003 ) papers , there have been significantly more household surveys accessible for comparisons . We match 2 , 020 household survey means to estimates of HFCE from national accounts , and 2 , 052 surveys to estimates of GDP . Deaton ( 2005 ) presents estimates from matching 543 survey means to HFCE ( 277 consumption and 266 income surveys ) and 272 income means surveys to GDP . Ravallion ( 2003 ) uses only 88 observations when assessing differences in levels , 52 for consumption surveys and 36 for income , matched to both GDP and HFCE . Our analysis covers four decades , from 1977 to 2019 , a much longer and more recent time period than previous assessments . Ravallion uses surveys from a little more than a decade , spanning from 1985 to 1998 , while Deaton uses surveys from 1979 to 2000 . Although our time periods overlap , we have data from different years and surveys in the overlapping periods , so reconstructing the exact same samples used by previous studies with our data is not possible . One reason for this is that since the time of the previous studies , data have been revised , removed or added to both national accounts and household survey collections . National accounts series are revised with irregular intervals , and past HFCE and GDP estimates are recomputed using new methods and data . Therefore , we use a vintage of the national accounts data that is different , even for the same years and countries . Similarly , survey data is sometimes revised , or could also be removed . Deflators – both for surveys and national accounts are also often revised", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 159, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1864, "end": 1886, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1959, "end": 1970, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "municipalities ( Table 2 , Panel B and bottom panels in Figure 5 ) . However , these findings do not hold when the models are estimated in a narrower sample around the threshold ( Columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) ) . Another possibility is that FA could have differential effects among members of the family , especially on those that are the direct recipients of the transfer and more exposed to different sources of information due to the interventions of the program . More specifically , in the case of CCTs , mothers of the beneficiary child are usually designated to receive the transfer and are also required to participate in a number of activities at the community level ( e . g . growth monitoring sessions and workshops on good nutrition , health and hygiene practices ) . This possibly encourages women more than men to interact and exchange information with community leaders and other program participants . We split the sample between women and men to test whether program effects vary with the gender of the parents . Tables 3 and A1 ( in the appendix ) show the same specifications of Table 2 for these two groups . They indicate that the results for the whole sample are mainly driven by a higher probability to register to vote among women ( Table 3 ) . Women are between 1 . 5 and 3 percentage points more likely to register to vote ( panel A “ FA ” ) and 2 . 6 to 3 . 5 percentage points more likely to register to vote after the onset of FA in their municipality ( panel B “ FA ” ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > In contrast , there is no evidence of systematic differences in the intent to vote between FA participant and non-participant men ( Appendix Table A1 ) . Next we look at whether the relatively higher intention to vote attributed to FA translates into actual votes . Considering that voting is not compulsory , this point is of major importance in light of the large historical differences in registration and turnout rates in Colombia . For instance , 44 . 3 % of the population registered in the electoral census", "spans": [{"start": 2015, "end": 2031, "text": "electoral census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not fi nd any correlation between teacher shocks and movements . Of course , it could still be that the correlation is in unobservables that do not co-vary positively with these observed characteristics ; verifying ( or not ) the importance of selective matching versus precautionary investment remains an important agenda for our future research . # 8 Conclusion and Caveats This paper uses a household optimization framework to identify the impact of teacher-level shocks on students ’ learning gains . Our data from Zambia show that shocks to teacher inputs have a substantial effect on student learning . In our preferred speci fi cation , shocks associated with a 5 percent increase in the teacher ’ s absence rate resulted in a decline in learning of 3 . 75 percent ( English ) and 4 percent ( Mathematics ) of the average gains across the two years . The identi fi cation strategy is based on a restriction of the sample , whereby we focus only on those students who remained with the same teacher in the two concurrent years that they were tested . This allows us to rule out changes in unobserved teacher characteristics as a confounding factor in the estimation procedure . We argue that the estimates thus arrived at are robust to omitted variable and misspeci fi cation bias . What are the implications of this fi nding ? To improve educational outcomes , governments should concentrate on providing resources at the school-level that cannot easily be substituted for by households . In a previous paper ( Das and others 2004 ) , we documented that educational funding is an important determinant of learning achievement . However , because schools spend the money received from the government on resources such as textbooks , there is a high degree of substitutability between public and private funding . Increases in the former crowd-out the latter . Contrariwise , this paper argues that households are unable to insure themselves against teacher-level shocks . Moreover , the estimated impact of teacher-level and student-level shocks are of roughly the same magnitude . This con fi rms fi ndings from other studies that teachers matter and further , raises the possibility that insurance at the school-level may be more bene fi cial than at the", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 525, "text": "data from Zambia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # OPERATION PHASE # # # # # # * * Potential impact * * - Risk of electrocution caused by equipment breakdowns , illegal connections , steel thefts and all other forms of unsafe contacts - Health concerns over exposure to electromagnetic fields # # # # # # * * Sources of impact * * - Presence of line , substations and access roads # # # # # # * * Mitigation measures * * - Proper communication with and awareness of local populations - Educate local populations on safe behaviour around high voltage power lines and on Electromagnetic Field ( EMF ) risk - Warning signs and anti-climbing devices installed near substations and pylons - Usage of safety locks and bolts in order to minimize steel theft risks ; - Ensure the development of local and regional emergency plans in case of infrastructure breakdowns , especially near roads or residential areas - Monitor and control illegal connections # # # # # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * The presence of electric power lines constitute potential risks and safety for the population living nearby , where people sometimes try to make illegal connections . Steel thefts on pylons can also pose significant safety risks in the event of tower collapses . However , towers are to be designed according to the best practices and applicable norms and standards . The land use restrictions within the wayleave will prevent contacts with the energized conductors and minimize risks to public safety in the event of tower collapses . Risks associated with steel theft are also limited by the fact that the project is located near public roads along all its route . This will guarantee reliable and safe operation of the power transmission line while ensuring safety for the communities neighbouring the power transmission line . Health concerns over exposure to electro-magnetic field ( EMF ) are often raised when a new transmission line is proposed . Based on a recent in-depth review of extensive scientific literature ( World Health Organisation ’ s International EMF Project ) , the WHO has concluded that “ despite extensive research ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "industries which received more FDI exhibit a greater demand for skilled labor , a fi nding that they interpret as consistent with a model in which production outsourcing from an industrialized to a developing country raises the demand for skilled labor in both countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > Using plant-level data for the 1980s , Harrison and Hanson ( 1999 ) fi nd that Mexican exporters and foreign-owned plants tend to employ a higher share of skilled workers , and so do plants that use more imported inputs and machinery . Pavcnik ( 2003 ) analyses panel data on Chilean manufacturing plants during the 1980s and fi nds that the use of imported materials , patented technology and foreign technical assistance appear to be unrelated to the demand for skilled labor in fi xed effects and timedifferenced regressions . However , she reports positive effects of those three variables on skilled demand when using the cross-sectional variation in the data , which she interprets as re fl ecting unobserved plant heterogeneity driven , for example , by different degrees of managerial ability which affect both the adoption of foreign technology and the demand for skilled labor . < sup > 6 < / sup > This paper obtains new plant-level evidence from Brazil and China on the effect of international economic activities on the demand for skilled labor . As Harrison and Hanson ( 1999 ) , we focus on the cross-sectional variation in the demand for skilled workers , and provide separate estimates on the effects of the use of imported inputs , exports and FDI on relative wages and relative employment . < sup > 7 < / sup > In order to account for the unobserved effects of managerial abil - > 5 In the model proposed by Feenstra and Hanson ( 1996b ) , a single fi nal good is produced with a continuum of intermediate inputs , which are traded between two countries , “ North ” and “ South ” , with relative abundance of skilled and unskilled labor , respectively . The North specializes in inputs that are relatively intensive in skilled labor while the reverse is true for the South . A fl ow of capital from North to South leads", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 315, "text": "plant-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 555, "end": 565, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Portal ( https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / uga ) , September 20 , 2020 . > 2 Calculation based on district-level firm data from Census of Business Establishments , and refugee and host community household data from the Refugee and Host Community Household Survey . 41", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 176, "text": "Census of Business Establishments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 183, "end": 224, "text": "refugee and host community household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 234, "end": 277, "text": "Refugee and Host Community Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in a < br > squatter settlement scheme , if available < br > Rehabilitation assistance if required < br > assistance with job placement , skills < br > training | | | | Street vendor < br > ( informal without < br > title or lease to the < br > stall or shop ) | Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 2 months net income based < br > on tax records for previous year ( or tax < br > records from comparable business , or < br > estimates ) , or the relocation allowance , < br > whichever is higher . < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting ) < br > Assistance to obtain alternative site to re - < br > establish the business . | | Standing < br > crops | Crops affected by < br > land acquisition or < br > temporary acquisition < br > or easement | PAP ( whether < br > owner , tenant , or < br > squatter ) | Cash compensation equivalent to average < br > of last 3 years market value for the < br > mature and harvested crop . | 60", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 361, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PAP . Transfer of the land to the PAP shall be free < br > of taxes , registration and other costs . OR < br >  < br > Cash compensation for the land at replacement cost as decided by < br > the Competent Authority ( National Land Commission ) which < br > includes Stamp duty and other fees payable for registration . < br >  < br > 15 % disturbance allowance will also be provided . < br >  < br > Relocation assistance ( cost of shifting ) < br >  < br > Opportunity cost compensation equivalent to 2 months net income < br > based on tax records for previous year or tax records from < br > comparable business or estimates where such records do not exist . | | | | Business person is a < br > lease holder |  < br > Opportunity cost compensation equivalent to 2 months ’ net income < br > based on tax records for previous year or tax records from < br > comparable business or estimates where such records do not exist . < br >  < br > Relocation assistance ( cost of shifting ) < br >  < br > Assistance in rental / lease of alternative land / property ( for a < br > maximum of 6 months ) to re-establish the business . | | Residential land | * * No displacement : * * Land used for < br > residence partially affected , limited | Title holder |  < br > Cash compensation for affected land < br >  < br > Cash assistance equivalent to three ( 3 ) month ’ s rental income | | | loss , and the remaining land remains < br > viable for present use . | Rental / lease holder |  < br > Rental allowance as prevailing in the vicinity of project area for a < br > maximum of 3 months . < br >  < br > A one-time shifting assistance ( financial or in-kind or as most < br > appropriate ) may be", "spans": [{"start": 542, "end": 553, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 575, "end": 586, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A . 2 . E-commerce development and various categories of household expenditure per capita by region ( Extended Model 1 ) * * | VARIABLES | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | All | Urban | Rural | East | Central | West | | Total household expenditure | 0 . 257 * * * | 0 . 194 * * * | 0 . 695 * * * | 0 . 248 * * * | 0 . 247 * | 0 . 538 * * * | | | ( 0 . 067 ) | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 103 ) | ( 0 . 080 ) | ( 0 . 126 ) | ( 0 . 157 ) | | Observations | 10 , 872 | 5 , 072 | 5 , 800 | 4 , 359 | 3 , 428 | 3 , 163 | | Adjusted R square | 0 . 343 | 0 . 320 | 0 . 379 | 0 . 346 | 0 . 320 | 0 . 338 | | Cosmetics and beauty | 0 . 404 * * * | 0 . 339 * * * | 0 . 945 * * * | 0 . 462 * * * | 0 . 289 * | 0 . 996 * * * | | | ( 0 . 115 ) | ( 0 . 112 ) | ( 0 . 235 ) | ( 0 . 151 ) | ( 0 . 154 ) | ( 0 . 334 ) | | Observations | 10 , 764 | 5 , 023 | 5 , 741 | 4 , 312 | 3 , 399 | 3 , 053 | | Adjusted R square | 0 . 344 | 0 . 367 | 0 . 326 | 0 . 330 | 0 . 361 | 0 . 361 | | Food | 0 . 311 * * * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and the elderly , may be important during and after relocation to prevent increases in morbidity and mortality due to malnutrition , the psychological stress of being uprooted , and the increased risk of disease . 3 . Negative impacts that should be anticipated and mitigated include , for rural resettlement , deforestation , overgrazing , soil erosion , sanitation , and pollution ; for urban resettlement , projects should address such density-related issues as transportation capacity and access to potable water , sanitation systems , and health facilities . 4 . Experience has shown that local NGOs often provide valuable assistance and ensure viable community participation . 5 . OPN 11 . 03 , _Management of Cultural Property in Bank-Financed Projects_ . 6 . In case some of the displaced persons lose more than 10 % of their productive assets or require physical relocation , the plan also covers a socioeconomic survey and income restoration measures . 96", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 930, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "04 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 14 | | 2 | WMW 03 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 26 | | 3 | WMW 05 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 30 | | 4 | WMW 08 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 17 | | 5 | WMW 12 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 52 | | 6 | WMW 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 7 | WMW 17 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | | 8 | WMW 18 | 15 | 0 | 13 | 28 | 65 | | 9 | SMW 01 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 10 | SMW 04 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 63 | | 11 | SMW 07 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | 12 | SMW 10 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | | 13 | NMW 04 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 10 | | 14 | NMW 07 | 13 | 4 | 7 | 24 | 35 | | 15 | ISW 02 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 15 | | * * TOT * * | * * AL * * | * * 72 * * | * * 21 * * | * * 38 * * | * * 131 * * | * * 341 * * | Out of the 131 households identified , 38 had their owners ’ unknown . The Consultant attempted to establish names of the affected , by “ triangulation ” i . e . , asking other affected persons ; community leaders and representatives ; and independent agents . The Consultant was able to identify some of the affected persons using the above method , however the 38 owners could not be identified . The assets of the 38 were identified and recorded in the RAP , and word left", "spans": [{"start": 1093, "end": 1096, "text": "RAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effects from the SC expansion but rather heterogeneous gains and losses – as we indeed find . We exploit the local supply of higher education programs in Colombia as a source of exogenous variation for instruments . We use estimated propensity scores of enrollment choices to estimate the share of expansion and diversion compliers under a behavioral assumption ( partial monotonicity , as in Mountjoy ( 2022 ) and Mogstad et al . ( 2021 ) ) that allows us to isolate the effect of changes in the local supply of HEIs specialized in offering SC programs while holding the supply of other HEIs constant . To improve over standard two-stage least squares ( TSLS ) methods and identify the parameters of interest , we posit a multinomial model of enrollment choices , multiple IVs , and essential heterogeneity . < sup > 2 < / sup > We use administrative information for the universe of Colombia ’ s high school graduates in 2005 . We observe their high school exit exam ( _Saber 11_ ) scores , higher education enrollment choices , labor market outcomes between 2008 and 2013 ( employment status and wages ) , and socioeconomic information . We link this data to municipality-level information on higher education supply , and focus on whether there is at least one HEI specialized in SC programs within the 10-kilometer radius of the student ’ s high school municipality . Hence , we compare the enrollment choices of high school students in municipalities with and without access to at least one specialized institution offering SC programs . Moreover , we examine whether the existence of such HEIs has different effects depending on the local supply of HEIs offering bachelor ’ s programs . Our findings show that the presence of SC-specialized HEIs raises SC enrollment by 3 _ . _ 7 _ − _ 4 _ . _ 5 percentage points ( pp ) . This is a sizable increase , representing 40-50 % of the sample enrollment rate in SC programs . < sup > 3 < / sup > At least 70 % of this increase is due to students who would have otherwise attended a bachelor ’ s program ( the diversion margin ) , while the remaining students react along", "spans": [{"start": 1030, "end": 1073, "text": "labor market outcomes between 2008 and 2013", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% Wholesale and retail trade ; . . . 77 . 3 % 22 . 5 % < br > Fishing and aquaculture 80 . 4 % 19 . 6 % Arts , entertainment and . . . 77 . 4 % 22 . 5 % < br > Wholesale and retail trade ; . . . 83 . 2 % 16 . 7 % Postal and courier activities 80 . 6 % 19 . 3 % < br > Postal and courier activities 83 . 6 % 16 . 4 % Administrative and support . . . 82 . 9 % 17 . 0 % < br > Education 89 . 5 % 10 . 5 % Other service activities 83 . 8 % 16 . 2 % < br > Other service activities 89 . 8 % 10 . 2 % Human health and social work . . . 84 . 6 % 15 . 4 % < br > Agriculture , hunting , forestry 91 . 4 % 8 . 6 % Education 88 . 6 % 11 . 4 % < br > 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % < br > direct indirect reimported direct indirect reimported < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE . The country sample covers 38 OECD countries plus 13 non-OECD countries . Note : Employment in exports can be decomposed into its ( 1 ) direct contribution in the exporting sector , ( 2 ) indirect contribution in sectors supplying to the export sector , and ( 3 ) contribution of reimported inputs . Income category of 2018 used ( see Appendix 8 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 845, "text": "OECD TiE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Housing expenditure * * _Housing expenditures . _ In the CMte d ' Ivoire surveys , as in other surveys , statistical techniques are used to impute housing expenditures for the households that do not pay rent . Using the sample of households that do pay rent , regression analysis was used to estimate a hedonic rental equations relating the amount of rent paid to different household characteristics , with regional dummy variables added to capture spatial variation in rental prices . The small sample size was a problem in 1995 ; only 9 households in West Forest and 12 households in the Savannah rented lodging in * * 1995 . 22 * * In the initial processing of the data , housing expenditures were estimated separated for the 1993 and 1995 using different specifications of the hedonic rental equation . Real housing expenditures increased substantially in rural areas . The increase in the Savannah of 47 percent was particularly suspect . There is little reason to think the imputed value of housing would have increased significantly , especially since the housing costs rose less rapidly than other goods after the devaluation . Another approach to deriving imputed housing costs is to pool the 1993 and 1995 data and use the same equation to estimate housing costs , with dummy variables for each region allowed to vary between 1993 and 1995 . This improves comparability but does not eliminate entirely the problem caused by the small sample size in 1995 . With the pooled sample , real housing expenditures fall in all regions but the Savannah , where they remain unchanged . The two methods yield different estimations of the headcount index of poverty in 1995 ( table 23 ) . While recognizing that housing expenditures in the Savannah may be overestimated even with the pooled estimate , it is the better of the two estimates . Table 23 Headcount Index of Poverty Using Different Estimates of Housing * * Expenditure * * | _ ( poverty line_ | _ = 75 , 000 C_ | _FAF in 1985_ | _CFAF ) _ | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | _Separate E_ <", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 86, "text": "CMte d ' Ivoire surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1208, "end": 1226, "text": "1993 and 1995 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 1 : < br > EMIGRATION TO THE EAST AND WEST AND CHANGE IN COMMUNIST PARTY < br > VOTE SHARES BETWEEN 2005 AND 2009 , BY DISTRICT < br > ( based on census data and official election results ) < br > 0 . 02 . 04 . 06 . 08 < br > prevalence of migration to russia 2004 < br > 0 . 02 . 04 . 06 . 08 < br > prevalence of migration to western europe 2004 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > change in communist votes ' shares 2005-2009 - . 1 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > change in communist votes ' shares 2005-2009 - . 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > as well as return migrants signi . . . cantly increase participation rates , and more so for the latter . Interestingly , in the spirit of Spilimbergo ’ s . . . ndings , they . . . nd that only migrants to the US seem to make an impact , while migrants to Portugal , the other main destination , do not . In contrast , they do not . . . nd evidence of additional e ¤ ects for skilled migrants . The other context is that of Moldova , a former Soviet Republic with virtually no emigration before 1990 and which has seen a recent surge in migration out ‡ ows , estimated at half-a-million for a population of 3 . 6 million in 2008 . The evidence we present for Moldova , which is purely descriptive , comes from the analysis of election outcomes in 2005 and 2009 ( Omar Mahmoud et al . , 2010 ) . It shows that higher votes for the communist party are associated at the district level with migration to Russia while a negative correlation obtains for migration to the EU . Moreover , changes in the share of votes gained by the communist party between 2005 and 2009", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 200, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The recent backlash against globalization and resurgence of protectionist tendencies have renewed interest in the distributional impacts of trade protection . To inform trade and social protection policy reform , identifying who gains and who loses from trade and quantifying by how much is of crucial policy interest . Trade reform impacts households as consumers , producers , wage earners , and , possibly , taxpayers . As a consequence , how a particular household is impacted by a trade reform depends on its income and consumption portfolios . This implies that trade reforms typically have very heterogeneous effects on household well-being . These heterogeneous impacts operating at the household level are difficult to measure with readily available data . This paper presents a new cross-country _household survey_ data set , the Household Impacts of Tariffs ( henceforth HIT ) data set , that enables researchers to investigate how tariff changes impact the real incomes of households across the income distribution . The data set covers 54 developing countries , and was constructed by harmonizing representative household surveys with import tariff data from UNCTAD . The sample comprises all low-income countries for which relevant nationally representative household survey data — i . e . , data with information on both households incomes and consumption spending is available — and a number of middle-income countries . In addition , we use the HIT database to assess trade policy and establish stylized facts about agricultural trade protection using a simple agricultural household model and a first-order effects approach as in Deaton ( 1989 ) . In mostly agrarian economies , as the ones covered in our data set , agriculture is a major source of gains and losses from trade , especially for the poor . We find substantial gains from own agricultural tariff liberalization , amounting to 2 . 50 percentage points of real household income per capita across our sample of 54 countries . Because of differences in consumption and income portfolios as well as in initial tariffs , there is huge heterogeneity in the gains from trade both across countries and across households within countries . For example , the average standard deviation of the gains from trade across countries is 1 . 01 percentage points", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 893, "text": "Household Impacts of Tariffs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1135, "end": 1167, "text": "representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1173, "end": 1203, "text": "import tariff data from UNCTAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1271, "end": 1318, "text": "nationally representative household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1487, "end": 1499, "text": "HIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > 80 % in all sectors except for natural resources provision . Communications and business services are among the services sectors that benefit the most from cheaper intermediates as the initial share of imported intermediate inputs is above 23 % . < / mark > < sup > 14 < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 4 . Output changes , EU-Indonesia FTA ( USD ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * < mark > Figure 4 . Output changes , EU-Indonesia FTA ( USD ) < / mark > * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Social services < br > Communication and business services nec < br > Finance and other business services < br > Trade and transport < br > Construction < br > Utilities < br > Other manufacturing < br > Machinery and equipment nec < br > Electronic equipment < br > Transport equipment < br > Metals < br > Chemical , rubber , plastic products < br > Wearing apparel and leather < br > Textiles < br > Food , beverages , tobacco < br > Natural resources / mining < br > Other agriculture < br > ‐ 10000 ‐ 5000 0 5000 10000150002000025000300003500040000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > 14 The bulk of these intermediate services is composed of trade and transport services , communications and business services , and social services . 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to phones . | | ▪ | Access to information should be democratised e . g . through provision of information < br > boards , access to internet , access to computers ( in a place of visual privacy ) access to < br > contact details of humanitarian organisations . | | ▪ | Information on GBV response services ( Hotlines , Health , Legal , etc . ) should be < br > available . Information on reporting and complaints mechanisms for SEA should be < br > present . These should be available and shared with residents ( ideally in a range of < br > formats e . g . audio , tactile ) . | | ▪ | Ensure preferences for feedback mechanisms among communities are sought and put < br > in place ( i . e . an anonymous hotline or online , feedback box etc . ) If using anonymised < br > feedback boxes , ensure these are placed at locations which allow for confidentiality , and < br > heights which can be reached by children and persons with height differences , as well < br > as wheelchair users . | | ▪ | Children ’ s play spaces should ideally be supervised at all times , particularly playgrounds < br > outside centres . | | ▪ | Aim at training frontline staff , including protection monitors , data collectors , enumerators , < br > etc . on how safely handle GBV disclosure and refer to available GBV services . < br > * * ECONOMIC INCLUSION & CBI / CBA * * | - Provide information sessions on employment rights for refugees , labour safeguards , and information on official channels for reporting complaints related to employers . - UNHCR / UNICEF should ensure said information is available on Digital Blue Dots . - - All community centres should ensure that said information is available in their centres . - Provide language programmes with a specific orientation towards employment e . g . useful phrases for interviewing , service jobs . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1592, "end": 1609, "text": "Digital Blue Dots", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level GCR port efficiency scores , indexed from one to seven ( 7 is the highest score ) . < sup > 39 < / sup > To illustrate how their analysis may be applied to predict trade flows , the authors developed a country-specific maritime cost index ( driven to a large degree by WEF GCR port efficiency ) and used it in the standard bilateral gravity model of trade . They concluded that increasing maritime transport costs from the 25th to the 75th percentile would decrease bilateral trade by 22 percent . # * * 4 . 4 . 3 Transport Costs as Measures of Port Efficiency * * Blonigen and Wilson ( 2008 ) expanded upon Clark et al . ( 2004 ) by estimating port-specific efficiency rates . Whereas Clark et al . ( 2004 ) utilizes _country_ level measures of port efficiency , which are based on survey results that are unsuitable for longitudinal analysis , Blonigen and Wilson ( 2008 ) used timevarying port fixed effects to capture an _individual_ port ’ s contribution to maritime shipping costs . Using US import data sourced from the National Data Center of the Army Corps of Engineers , they produced estimates for the top fifty ( 50 ) American ports and top one hundred ( 100 ) foreign ports ( by import value from the US perspective ) . Foreign port efficiency measurements are next aggregated into a country-level estimate and then are used in a standard gravity trade model . Without controlling for country-level fixed effects , the elasticity of bilateral trade with respect to port efficiency is 1 . 27 . Since port efficiency estimates are time-varying , country fixed effects can be included . Thus , controlling for unobserved country-specific confounds reduces the bilateral trade port efficiency elasticity to 0 . 32 . Based on these , moving a country from the 25th to 75th percentile of port efficiency increases bilateral trade by a more modest 5 percent . Feenstra and Ma ( 2014 ) used this approach to measure trade facilitation . They used port infrastructure to analyze the extensive margin — or product variety — on both import and export trade . A 10 percent increase in port efficiency increase export variety by 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 803, "text": "survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1001, "end": 1015, "text": "US import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inclusion status of OIC countries , we calculated and compared the financial access related indicators of OIC countries with those of other groups of countries , i . e . , GCC , OPEC , OECD , OIC excluding GCC , MENA region , low Income countries , and developing countries . < sup > 26 < / sup > We use the data from OECD countries as benchmark , because OECD countries have achieved a highly developed financial environment after overcoming many similar issues facing OIC countries currently . We also separately examined financial inclusion in GCC and non-GCC among the OIC countries to see the dispersion of the financial inclusion status among all OIC countries . GCC are economically more developed and thus more comparable to its counterparties , such as OPEC and MENA region countries , whereas a comparison between non-GCC and low-income countries should provide more meaningful implication regarding the financial inclusion gap of the poorer > 25 ( Kuran 2011 ) > 26 The low income countries and developing countries are defined by the country classification by the World Bank published in January 2011 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 332, "text": "data from OECD countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "into the project area after the cut-off date of 29 < sup > th < / sup > November , 2017 will not qualify for compensation . # # # # * * 6 . 6 Consideration under the Project * * Entitlements for compensation were based on the eligibility criteria and the various categories of losses identified in the field surveys and field consultations . Unless otherwise indicated , payment of compensation and other entitlements and the extension of assistance will be made to PAP households and individuals as the case may be . Strip maps have been prepared to show areas where people are affected on the project distribution power lines . The strip maps are also intended to show the 33 kV power line corridors for the proposed overhead line consisting of Right Of Way and Wayleave reserve , which should be secured and protected from claims made by encroachers after compensations . A census was undertaken for areas that were mapped to capture property and socio-economic information project affected persons . The Way leave is acknowledged as the safety corridor in which harmful impacts from distribution and transmission lines are assumed to be possible . Therefore much as land take will not be encountered in the process of erecting power lines , as REA only uses the land for Right-of-Way , the affected land is not permanently taken by REA as is the case with high voltage transmission lines . After the erection of the pole the owner of land continues to use the land with caution of not planting high growing crops above six feet ( 6ft ) directly under the power line . However REA through the service providers within each service territory remains with the right to maintain and / or clear any vegetation or crops that are likely to cause danger or disruption of the power line . Since REA guidelines provide that compensation to be made only to damaged crops and trees apart from adverse damages to land and buildings , this project saw some few cases in the busy trading centres where the proposed lines will pass directly over the building . 62", "spans": [{"start": 877, "end": 883, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9309 The World Bank | Indicator Name | Core < br > Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Electricity Regulatory Agency approving tariff < br > adjustements according to Tariff Methodology . | Text | Value | At approval of this component < br > no tariff adjustment < br > mechanism had existed with < br > regard to the then public < br > distribution company . | ERA approved requested and < br > valid tariff adjustments during < br > the last supervision cycle , < br > which ended in Dec 2012 . | < br > ERA continues approving any < br > valid tariff adjustment < br > requirements according to the < br > Tariff Methodology . | | | | Date | 18-Nov-2004 | 12-Feb-2013 | 15-Feb-2015 | | | | Comments | | The tariff adjustments < br > requested by UMEME in the < br > last supervision cycle were < br > approved . | | | Improvement in Colection Efficiency | Percentage | Value | 25 . 00 | 94 . 00 | 95 . 00 | | | | Date | 18-Nov-2004 | 12-Feb-2013 | 15-Feb-2015 | | | | Comments | Concession Baseline value | Collection rates deteriorated < br > at the beginning of 2012 < br > ( compared to 2011 levels ) , < br > but have now improved again . < br > Collection levels atthe end of < br > last year were lower than the < br > end of project target of 95 % . | < br > Current Target value under < br > Original Concession < br > Agreements is set at 95 % . | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 27-Jul", "spans": [{"start": 1453, "end": 1482, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The major reason to prefer DEA over SFA is that DEA can be used even when conventional cost and profit functions that depend on optimising reactions to prices can not be justified . Since it is likely that regulations and other market imperfections distort prices in the East Asian banking sectors complicating the application of SFA to price and quantity data , it seems that DEA is more suitable for examining the efficiency of East Asian banks . A practical consideration to use DEA instead of SFA is that it avoids having to measure output prices , which are not available for transactions services and fee-based outputs . Most bank efficiency studies look at the US or other developed countries . Bhattacharyya et al . ( 1997 ) have applied such techniques to Indian banks in the first study using data of a developing country . The only bank efficiency studies so far that have used East Asian banking data are Leightner and Lovell ( 1997 ) , Leightner ( 1997 ) , Gilbert and Wilson ( 1998 ) and Hao et al . ( 1999 ) . Leightner and Lovell ( 1997 ) use linear programming techniques and Thai banking data to show that Thai banks experienced high growth rates in production during the years of 1990-94 . They argue that these high growth rates indicate an unusual level of success of the banking system . Leightner ( 1997 ) uses identical linear programming techniques on data between 1990-95 for Thailand ' s finance and securities companies . He shows that , although the finance and security companies enjoyed tremendous profitability and rapid growth , these firms were not fully efficient , i . e . that profits could have been increased even more by changing the output and / or input mix . He also finds strong economies of scale and argues that the finance and security companies are too small to compete with the larger banks . Gilbert and Wilson ( 1998 ) use linear programming techniques to investigate the effects of privatisation and deregulation on the productivity of Korean banks over the years 1980-94 . They find that Korean banks responded to privatisation and deregulation by altering their mix of inputs and outputs , yielding large changes in productivity .", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 360, "text": "price and quantity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 803, "end": 831, "text": "data of a developing country", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 889, "end": 912, "text": "East Asian banking data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1093, "end": 1110, "text": "Thai banking data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 3 percent had become employed as irregular workers or outside of the formal private sector . Even with the differences in the _Table 5-3 Jordan : Rates of Net Job Loss by Type of Job , Percentage Change in Employment Levels from March to December 2020_ | Employer Type | Net rate ofjob loss | | - - - | - - - | | PFPS core sectors | 23 . 3 percent | | PFPS other sectors | 17 . 5 percent | | Private sector non-PFPS | - 4 . 2percent | | Public sector | 3 . 5 percent | | Source : CMMHH . | | surveys ’ scopes , sampling approaches , and the questions posed on employment , the overall magnitudes of estimated jobs lost among formal private sector workers are remarkably similar . This provides support for our general approach to projecting aggregate job losses by linking firm-level modeled estimates and labor force surveys . < sup > 42 < / sup > ( Detailed results on “ PFPS ” workers from the CMMHH are reported in Appendix 2 in the longer version of this paper . ) Since PFPS jobs represented only 42 percent of private sector wage jobs and a minority of all jobs in Jordan pre COVID , we use the CMMHH survey to examine whether the levels of job loss have differed across broad > 41 The modeled incremental job losses between rounds were 9 . 3 percent , with 2 . 3 percent due to permanent firm closures . 42 In the WBES , permanent workers are defined as those working fulltime in the formal private sector . In the LMPS , permanent workers are defined as private sector wage earners either reported to be permanent workers or to be fulltime and regular workers . In the MENA monitor survey , due the limitation in questions , we use regular and formal wage earners in the private sector as a proxy of permanent workers . We compare the share of permanent workers in total employment using our definitions and the results are very similar in the three surveys . 28", "spans": [{"start": 808, "end": 827, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1104, "end": 1116, "text": "CMMHH survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1328, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1425, "end": 1429, "text": "LMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1580, "end": 1599, "text": "MENA monitor survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "used temporarily < br > or permanently < br > for crops , < br > pastures , < br > market < br > and kitchen < br > gardens < br > or to < br > lie < br > fallow . | Population < br > per hospital < br > bed - < br > total , < br > urban , < br > and rural < br > - < br > Populatiorn < br > io-a - < br > urban , < br > and rural ) < br > divided < br > by their < br > respective < br > number of hospital < br > be . > < br > available < br > in public < br > and private < br > general < br > and specialized < br > hospital < br > and re - < br > habilitation < br > centers . < br > Hospitals < br > are establishments < br > permanently < br > staffed < br > by < br > atleast < br > one physician . < br > Establishments < br > providing < br > principally < br > custodial < br > < br > < br > ildd < br > l < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > | | GNP PER CAPITA ( US $ ) - GNP per capita < br > estimates < br > atcurrent < br > market < br > prices , < br > calculated < br > by same conversion < br > method as World Bank Atlas < br > ( 1975-77 basis ) ; < br > 1960 , < br > 1970 , and1977 data . | care < br > arenot < br > ncue . < br > Rura < br > hospitals , < br > however , < br > include < br > health < br > and medi - < br > cal centers < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 5 . 6 * * Waste Management ESMP Table | * * Activity * * < br > * * / * * < br > * * Source * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Waste * * | * * Key Risks / Impacts * * | * * Mitigation Measures * * | * * Monitoring Indicators * * | * * Means * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Verification * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Responsibility * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Fuel and * * < br > * * Energy Supply * * < br > * * ( Fuel storage , * * < br > * * transport , * * < br > * * handling ) * * | Soil and water < br > contamination from < br > spills ; fire hazards ; < br > hazardous waste < br > generation ( oil , < br > contaminated < br > materials ) | Store fuel in designated areas < br > with containment . < br > provide drip trays ; collect oil - < br > contaminated waste < br > separately . < br > prohibit discharge into drains ; < br > ensure safe disposal of < br > containers and hazardous < br > waste | No visible spills or < br > leakage ; hazardous < br > waste stored separately ; < br > drip trays installed ; no < br > improper disposal < br > observed | Site inspection ; < br > spill records ; < br > storage condition < br > review | During < br > operations and < br > periodic < br > supervision | Contractors / < br > Suppliers ; Site < br > Supervisor", "spans": [{"start": 1146, "end": 1159, "text": "spill records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 km2 of which the shelf ( water depths below 200 m ) accounts for about 62 percent , or 48 , 000 km2 . 53 . On the basis of the results of past exploration and present knowledge of the country ' s geology , its petroleum potential can be regarded as favorable . The main features of the geology of Ethiopia are summarized in Annex IV attached , and are shown in IBRD Map No . 17215 , also attached . 54 . Four areas of Ethiopia are underlain by marine sediments which could contain oil-bearing reservoirs : the Red Sea coast and offshore islands , the Ogaden area in the southeast of the country , the Dinder area in the northwest , and the Gambela Promontory in the southwest . 55 . As long ago as 1868 , oil seepages were recognized on the western coast of the peninsula of Busi on the Red Sea coast southeast of Massawa . Later , oil seeps were noted in the seas around the Dahlak Archipelago . The Ogaden has been of geologic interest in terms of petroleum prospecting since 1920 . Recent discoveries by Chevron in the Sudan across the Ethiopian border from the Gambela Promontory have increased interest in the potential of this area . # Exploration History 56 . In the 1930s , the Sinclair Petroleum Company obtained a concession over the whole of Ethiopia . Sinclair drilled a total of twelve wells and proved the existence of some oil in one well in the Ogaden before", "spans": [{"start": 367, "end": 386, "text": "IBRD Map No . 17215", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * TABLE 4 : ARE ATTRITORS MORE MOBILE ? * * Quarterly Pseudo-Panel Estimates from the ENEU Dependent Variable : Log of Real Household Income | | ( 1 ) < br > Full < br > Sample | ( 2 ) < br > Non - < br > Attritors | ( 3 ) < br > Attritors | ( 4 ) < br > Full < br > Sample | ( 5 ) < br > Non - < br > Attritors | ( 6 ) < br > Attritors | ( 7 ) < br > Non - < br > Attritors | ( 8 ) < br > Attritors | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Quarterly lag of Log Income | 0 . 991 | 0 . 987 | 0 . 977 | 0 . 857 | 0 . 788 | 0 . 789 | 0 . 821 | 0 . 754 | | T-statistic | 157 . 39 | 132 . 22 | 111 . 44 | 43 . 68 | 46 . 84 | 47 | 36 . 51 | 29 . 66 | | Confidence interval | [ . 979 , 1 . 003 ] | [ . 972 , 1 . 001 ] | [ . 960 , . 994 ] | [ . 819 , . 896 ] | [ . 755 , . 821 ] | [ . 756 , . 821 ] | [ . 777 , . 865 ] | [ . 704 , . 804 ] | | Cohort Effects | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Cohort effects restricted to < br > be equal for attritors and < br > non-attritors : | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | Yes | Yes | No | No | | Cohort-quarter observations : | 638 | 638 | 638 | 638 | 638 | 638 | 638 | 638 | | Adjusted R squared :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are accompanied by call-in radio shows and public forums designed to create engagement between taxpayers and governments . Recent research presents evidence that well-designed taxpayer education programs can significantly increase tax knowledge , while also having positive effects on compliance – effects that appear largely attributable to facilitating compliance but may also reflect improved willingness to pay . < sup > 140 < / sup > An alternative approach is targeted communication about tax-expenditure links . As noted above , an experiment in Rwanda found that letters to taxpayers stressing the connections between taxes and services were generally at least as effective as enforcement threats in increasing compliance . < sup > 141 < / sup > Still , communication-based interventions may have a limited ceiling , or diminishing returns . Telling taxpayers about the link between tax payments and public services is unlikely to be a > 138 Prichard , W . ( 2015 ) . _Taxation , responsiveness and accountability in developing countries : The dynamics of tax bargaining_ . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . > 139 OECD . ( 2015 ) . _Building Tax Culture , Compliance and Citizenship : A Global Source Book on Taxpayer Education_ . Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ; Prichard , W . , Beach , R . , Mohiuddin , F . , & van den Boogaard , V . ( forthcoming ) . The micro-links between taxation and accountability initiatives . _ICTD Working Paper_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . > 140 Mascagni , G ; Santoro , F . & Mukama , D . ( 2019 ) . Teach to comply ? Evidence from a taxpayer education programme in Rwanda . _ICTD Working Paper 91_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development ; Similarly , a World Bank project that combined tax infrastructure improvements with a comprehensive education program resulted in significant increases in tax revenue . World Bank , ( 2017 ) . Modernization , Taxpayer Education Provide Good Foundation for Tax Collection in Tanzania . Washington , DC : World Bank Group . http : / / www . worldbank . org / en / results / 2017 / 01 / 05 / modernization-taxpayer-education-provide-goodfoundation-for-tax-collection-in-tanzania > 141 Mascagni , G . ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ Abdeh < br > area – Akkar , < br > North Lebanon | 89 , 100 | 20 , 315 | | Union of Municipalities of Al < br > Shafat | 11 | Halba area – < br > Akkar , North < br > Lebanon | 84 , 800 | 13 , 810 | | Total | 166 * * | | 1 , 095 , 729 | 250 , 373 | * Number of Syrians registered with UNHCR in a given union as of March 31 , 2014 . Source : _UNHCR / CDR_ * * Given the limitations of the current available funding envelope , a number of municipalities in the targeted unions may not initially benefit from Project interventions . # * * A . Project Components * * 24 . The Project consists of three components : ( i ) Emergency Response ; ( ii ) Rehabilitation of Critical Infrastructure ; and ( iii ) Project Implementation Support . 25 . * * _Component 1 : Emergency Response ( US $ 3 . 5 million ) . _ * * This component will finance the provision of high priority municipal services ( Subcomponent 1A ) and initiatives that promote social interaction and collaboration ( Subcomponent 1B ) in the eleven participating unions of municipalities . Allocation of resources among the participating unions of municipalities will be related to the number of Syrians hosted , considering the number of Syrian refugees as a proxy of the additional stress on local communities . Initiatives will be selected in consultation with municipalities and communities , with a decentralized approach to decision-making . These initiatives will provide non-exclusionary benefits addressing some of the most immediate service needs in the unions most affected by the crisis and will be aimed at : ( i ) improving safety and mobility ; ( ii ) mitigating the increasing health and environmental risks associated with the deterioration of water , waste , and sanitation services ; and ( iii ) increasing collaboration and interaction amongst the communities . 26 . _Subcomponent 1A Service Delivery_ will focus on improving municipal service delivery", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 292, "text": "Number of Syrians registered with UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ( IDA < br > US $ 5 million , including < br > WHR US $ 450 , 000 ) | • Mobilization of women and girls in < br > target districts to establish < br > platforms at district level of new < br > and existing women entrepreneurs . < br > • Setting up a national digital < br > platform for women entrepreneurs < br > • Setting up a database of women - < br > owned / managed businesses < br > • Communication and outreach < br > campaign < br > • Service provider is contracted to < br > conduct sessions on social < br > norms / women safety < br > • Advocacy on policy issues impacting < br > women entrepreneurs | • Women and adolescent < br > girls < br > • Existing women < br > entrepreneurs < br > • Refugee women < br > • Men , male partners , < br > community leaders < br > benefiting from < br > participating in behavior < br > change interventions . < br > • Women business leaders | 150 , 000 women and < br > adolescent girls < br > Estimated 1 , 147 , 500 men , < br > male partners , communities , < br > and household members < br > indirectly benefit from < br > platform and communication < br > campaign | Page 54 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 333, "end": 350, "text": "database of women", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The recent empirical literature on equality of opportunity ( EOp ) has provided a significant body of evidence on the extent of inequality of opportunity in different countries . See Brunori et al . ( 2015 ) for a first assessment of the existing evidence and Ferreira and Peragine ( 2016 ) , Ramos and Van de Gaer ( 2016 ) and Roemer and Trannoy ( 2015 ) for methodological and conceptual issues related to the measurement of EOp . A common feature of the existing literature is the static approach . Almost all empirical analyses use income distribution at a given point in time as the relevant distribution of individual advantages and are limited to computation of inequality of opportunity as a snapshot for a given country or set of countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > This paper instead is concerned with the evolution of inequality of opportunity , i . e . with a dynamic approach . In addition , the time variation of EOp allows to study its main determinants . By so doing , we move the research on EOp a step forward and propose and test a ( simple ) empirical model that can explain the generation of inequality of opportunity in a given economy . There are three different ways to analyze the evolution of inequality of opportunity , which correspond to three different concepts of inequality dynamics : ( i ) inequality measured across repeated snapshots of the population ( repeated cross-sectional analysis ) ; ( ii ) inequality measured along life courses ( longitudinal analysis ) ; ( iii ) inequality measured across generations ( cohort analysis ) . While analysis ( ii ) requires the availability of a rich longitudinal data set containing information of individual incomes and circumstances over the entire life cycle of the individuals , the analyses ( i ) and ( iii ) can be potentially carried out by using repeated cross-section surveys , hence are much less data intensive . This is the reason why in the present paper we focus on analyses ( i ) and ( iii ) . See Aaberge et al . ( 2011 ) for an analysis of long-term inequality of opportunity along", "spans": [{"start": 1651, "end": 1672, "text": "longitudinal data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1864, "end": 1885, "text": "cross-section surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "suffering from chronic food shortage . About 8 . 5 million people currently face high levels of food insecurity , driven by economic decline , COVID-19 measures , desert locust , as well as disaster and conflict-related displacement . 5 Ethiopia ’ s Tigray conflict has escalated and expanded beyond the original conflict area culminating in a six-month national state of emergency , declared on November 2 , 2021 . Although the conflict has meanwhile subsided , the state of emergency has been lifted ( on February 15 , 2022 ) and a ceasefire between the Ethiopian Government and the Tigray People ’ s Liberation Front ( TPLF ) was signed November 2 , 2022 . The two-year conflict has led to a dramatic increase in humanitarian needs and exacerbated hunger and malnutrition , threatening to undermine the economic and social development outcomes achieved in Ethiopia . The conflict has also impacted supply chains , transport networks , and economic activities including foreign direct investments , and continues to pose a risk to the economic growth and development prospects of Ethiopia . 6 IOM DTM . Page 3 of 15 Mar 14 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1102, "text": "IOM DTM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IBRD 47747 | MARCH 2024 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Broad Norm : men and women should have equal opportunities < br > Misperception ofthe norm : | Perceived Community Norms - Personal Beliefs ( % ) | < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Z < br > - < br > ; a < br > ng \\ vn : < br > F * tee ns < br > Ss eG , \\ < br > ‘ @ — a < br > Sin , a 7 ! ; i Ly < br > A | } , / < br > 45-50 - yy Ni @ eis < br > Mi 35-40 neae . sy “ 4 < br > WM 30-35 4 < br > WmMm 25-3020-25 Sy ae < br > my 15-20 < br > my 10-15 < br > fy 5-10 < br > 0-5 < br > No data < br > - < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Misperception is determined by the disparity between the Community perceived norm ( on a 0-100 scale ) and the Aggregate Level ofAgreement with the norm within the country ( on a 0-100 scale ) . Here we present the absolute values ofthe misperception as all countries have a negative value suggesting a general misperception of the support for gender equality globally . Darker shades ofthe map represent a greater misperception of the norm i . e . a greater underestimation in the level of support for gender equality in opportunities in the country . Source : Gender Equality at Home Data , 2020 .", "spans": [{"start": 1206, "end": 1234, "text": "Gender Equality at Home Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The SEA-SH service provider will review the case and decide on the appropriate actions to be taken and sanctions , if any . The SEA-SH service provider will undertake the following actions , as needed ; - i . Refer the case to the police as appropriate and according to the law - ii . Assign the appropriate focal person to implement the actions with the assistance of the SEA-SH expert or Services Provider , in accordance with their employment contract and the appropriate code of conduct , if applicable . - iii . Upon resolution , the Focal person with guidance from the SEA-SH Services Provider will advise the survivor on the implemented actions . - iv . The GM focal person will record the resolution on the project grievance mechanism database and close the case . 43", "spans": [{"start": 715, "end": 751, "text": "project grievance mechanism database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > local < br > leaders < br > through < br > stakeholder < br > engagements / worksho < br > ps < br > ● Provide identification < br > for Service Providers < br > ● Institute < br > proper < br > recruitment < br > channels < br > that provide for criteria < br > and recommendations < br > from the LC for local < br > content | * * M * * | | * * 2 . Equipment * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * personnel * * < br > * * mobilization * * < br > * * to site * * | Bad drivers , poor < br > road < br > conditions < br > could < br > lead < br > to < br > accidents | Trucks / < br > equipment , < br > Project < br > personnel , < br > third < br > parties | 3 | 3 | * * M * * | ● Ensure < br > that < br > drivers < br > have relevant permits < br > ● Use permit to work , < br > non-authorized people < br > should not be allowed < br > at the workplace < br > ● Contractors < br > should < br > have an accident log to < br > record < br > all < br > these < br > occurrences | * * L * * | | | Equipment damage | Trucks / < br > equipment , | 3 | 3 | * * M * * | ● Use < br > competent < br > personnel < br > to < br > man < br > equipment < br > ● Carry < br > out < br > routine < br > equipment inspection < br > and maintenance | * * L * * | | | Road accidents due < br > to < br > poor < br > road < br > conditions , < br", "spans": [{"start": 911, "end": 923, "text": "accident log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ensure adequate funding to the program by addressing any shortfall to the budget occasioned by development partners not releasing funds . # # * * 3 . 1 . 2 Adequacy of budgets . * * 15 . Adequate budgeting processes are in place at MoE , TSC and JKF . The budgeting process in the three implementing entities are anchored and undertaken according to the PFM Act 2012 and PFM Act regulations 2015 . The institutions prepare annual budget estimates that are approved by parliament to use through Appropriation Bill . The annual budget estimates are captured in the IFMIS through the budget classification codes . The IFMIS system is capable of tracking budget executions reports by fund source and project components and specific program expenditures . Budget processing in three entities is led by the budget office and follows the government budgeting cycle . * * Table 4 . 3 : Analysis of Programme and Sub-Programmes ( Current and Capital ) Resource Requirement ( KES Millions ) * * # # * * FY 22 / 23 ( under free primary & secondary school education ) printed estimates * * | * * 1066101500 Primary Schools * * < br > * * infrastructure Improvement . * * | * * Total * * | * * 1 , 240 , 000 , 000 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1066101504 Rehabilitation / Construction | 2630201 Capital Grants to Semi - < br > Autonomous Government | | | of Classrooms in PrimarySchools-ESP | Agencies | 140 , 000 , 000 | | | 2630201 Capital Grants to Semi - | | | 1066101505 Improve Infrastructure in | Autonomous Government | | | Low-Cost BoardingSchools in ASALs - ESP | Agencies | 200 , 000 , 000 | | 1066101506 Provision of Locally < br > Fabricated Desks for Primary Schools < br > under ESP | 2630201 Capital Grants to Semi - < br > Auto", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 568, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 615, "end": 620, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 | | 2 . 2 Census of the Project Affected Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 | | Table 2-1 : Public Meeting Held within Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 | | Table 2-2 : PAPs Open Meeting Held at ( Presentation of Draft Settlement Upgrading Plans , and | | RAP ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) The endline to assess this indicator was scheduled to take place between March-May 2020 , however due to the COV data collection is tentatively scheduled for March 2021 . # < u > < mark > IN01011476 < / mark > < / u > # ► % increase in average value of household assets ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 13 . 38 | 13 . 38 | 30 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | This is a weighted a < br > as follows : Highlan < br > assets = 7 . 0 % ; Live < br > Lowlands : Total inc < br > Livestock Holdings < br > The endline to asse < br > to the COVID-19 cri | verage ( 75 % Highlands / 25 % L < br > ds - total increase in HH assets < br > stock Assets = 16 . 9 % ] < br > rease in HH assets = 7 % [ Cons < br > = 8 . 4 % ] . < br > ss this indicator was scheduled < br > sis , the endline data collection i | owlands ) . Actual value for H < br > = 15 . 5 % [ Consumer Durab < br > umer Durables = - 3 . 5 % ; Pro < br > to take place between Mar < br > s tentatively scheduled for | ighlands and Lowlands are <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX I 24 - # # # * * TA * * - * * SOCIAL IDMICATs DATA SMM * * | | | | | * * InnERENCE GR * * < br > - MOST * * RU * * < br > * * SAME * * < br > | * * OUPS * * ( ADJUST < br > * * CENT * * ESTUST < br > * * SAIE * * < br > Ns < br > | ED AVIERAGES < br > E ) < br > T * * IIIGHE * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1960 lb | * * IDS * * < br > 1970 / b | * * T RECNT * * < br > * * STIMATE * * A | GEOGRAPHIC < br > REGION / c | IN0lfE < br > GROUP / d | INCtmE < br > GROUP_L_ | | EDUCATION < br > < br > | | | | | | | | ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT < br > RATIOS < br > < br > | | | | | | | | PRIMARY : < br > TOTAL < br > FElALE | 47 . 0 < br > 30 . 0 | 64 . 0 < br > 53 . 0 | 109 . 0 < br > 101 . 0 | 52 . 1 < br > 37 . 6 | 62 . 9 < br > 45 . 9 | 75 . 8 < br > 67 . 9 | | SECONDARY : TOTAL < br > | 2 . 0_Li_ < br > | 9 . 0 < br > | 13 . 0 < br > | 8 . 0 < br > | 14", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 60, "text": "SOCIAL IDMICATs DATA SMM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": "highest inflation ( Figure 8 , panel a ) . This correlation reveals the regressive effect of inflation . Households in the lowest decile of the consumption distribution face inflation rates that are , on average , 1 . 2 percentage points higher than > 13 As we are using household sample surveys , wi sampling weights are of course needed for the aggregation . 13", "spans": [{"start": 271, "end": 295, "text": "household sample surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productivity and earning in countries with different macro environment and protection of property rights . Another important economic question is how to finance general and specific human capital investments in firms ( Willis 1986 , Becker 1962 , Oi 1962 ) . General human capital raises a worker ' s productivity regardless of whether she stays at one firm or moves to another . Specific human capital , on the other hand , is lost if she moves to another firm . Efficiency dictates that the employer should sho-ulder much of the costs for specific training , since the worker could not benefit from the training if she moves to another firm . Likewise , there may be little reason for the employer to pay for general training , since the worker could benefit from it even if she moves to another firm . In this case , the worker may pay for the training since she benefits from it wherever she works . It also makes sense for the government to subsidize general training since the economy benefits from more productive workers wherever in the country they work . We have little empirical evidence , however , about the relationship of productivity to labor market experience and how training is financed in different countries . The finding would have policy implications for how governments and firms should approach worker training . Many Bank surveys cover human capital issues quite well ( for instance , RPED and ICS ) . Most surveys contain the primary measures , although they tend not to explore the distribution of workers in term of labor market experience and seniority structure , and quit rates . Such questions can be important . The turnover rate , for example , can provide an indication of how vigorous a labor market is in one developing country compared to another , or cornpared to industrialized nations . Quit rates may indicate the importance of match-specific human capital and the vitality of a country ' s labor market ( Tybout , 1998 ) . Involuntary turnover rates could indicate the extent to which workers are disciplined or how firms adjust employnient in response to changes in economic conditions . # * * C . Technology * * In the long run , technological", "spans": [{"start": 1343, "end": 1355, "text": "Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1411, "end": 1415, "text": "RPED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1420, "end": 1423, "text": "ICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participate in planning | | * < br > Increased number of technologies < br > developed and tested on-farm by < br > NARO and adopted . | * < br > Number and quality of technologies < br > developed and tested by NARO ; 50 % of < br > new technologies adopted by farmers . | * < br > Baseline surveys ; periodic < br > farm surveys ; adoption rate < br > studies ; Project progress < br > reports . | and evaluation of NARO < br > programs and activities . | | * < br > Increased technical and training < br > support by NARO for district < br > extension services . | * < br > No . of extension staff trained by NARO ; < br > * < br > No . and type of technical advice by < br > NARO to extension workers . < br > * < br > number of on-farm adaptive trials , field < br > days and demonstrations . | * < br > Project progress reports ; < br > training evaluation reports . < br > * < br > Project progress reports ; < br > training evaluation reports ; | | | * < br > Strengthened continuing agricultural < br > education training capacity at < br > Makerere University in Kabanyolo . | * < br > No . of courses held , No . of extension , < br > NARO , NGOs and private agribusiness < br > sector staff trained . | university research reports . | |", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 330, "text": "farm surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2020 | 31-Mar-2021 | 30-Sep-2023 | | Component 4 : Conting < br > IN01013023 < br > ► Designated laborato | ency Emergency Response < br > ries with COVID diagnostic equip | ment ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 2 . 00 | 41 . 00 | 41 . 00 | 8 . 00 | | Date | 18-Mar-2020 | 30-Sep-2020 | 31-Mar-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01013028 < br > ► Vulnerable and mar | When the COVID-19 < br > there were only 8 des < br > diagnostic equipment < br > ginalized communities reached in | Health Emergency Response < br > ignated laboratories for COVI < br > has since increased to 41 lab < br > their indigenous language ( Pe | Project ( CHERP , P173820 < br > D-19 testing . The number o < br > oratories . < br > rcentage , Custom ) | ) and CERC were designed , < br > f laboratories equipped with | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 66 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 18-Mar-2020 | 30-Sep-2020 | 31-Mar-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * | * * Data on Financial Performance * * | | - - - | 7 / 26 / 2021 Page 6 of 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Uganda . Other lead investors that have traditionally ventured into RHD locations are mainly in agribusiness supply chains . 17 . * * Analysis of the optimum supply chains to invest in to create significant positive impact in RHDs is effectively outsourced to the Lead Investor applicants . * * The selection of supply chains is based on analysis of opportunities in those supply chains by those who know and understand them best , namely firms that operate in these supply chains . This analysis will also be examined in detail by INVITE to evaluate the underlying assumptions and to establish coherence and rigor in the implied theory of change , thereby ensuring a fair basis for comparison of impact projections . To ensure projects are relevant and realistic , the examination of proposals will build on INVITE ’ s research-based understanding of the nature of constraints faced by refugees and host communities . IFC ’ s Consumer and Market Study identifies a number of profitable agricultural and non-agricultural value chains with significant potential for investment that this analysis will build upon . DRDIP ’ s value and market chain studies in Kyegegwa and Adjumani also provide strong analytic work to build upon . 18 . * * Demand side intervention complements supply side interventions by expanding the market for the targeted goods and services . * * Not only does INVITE ’ s intervention on the demand side avoid duplication of efforts in an area with many development and humanitarian actors , but it should also serve to make existing programming more effective . To fully realize these benefits coordination will be necessary to ensure anticipated shifts in the demand side are integrated into supply side programming . Figure 2 shows how INVITE ’ s value addition sits alongside supply side and other interventions for refugee and host communities . * * Figure 2 : Value Addition of INVITE Project for Refugee and Host Communities * * 19 . * * These demand side interventions complement clusters of interventions in infrastructure such * * Page 75 of 92", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 75 . 00 | 84 . 50 | 84 . 50 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31-May-2021 | 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Source : FSCD Report | | | | | IN01086862 < br > ► % of client household | s reporting that their livelihoods hav | e benefitted from public wo | rk created assets ( male / fe | male ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 20 . 00 | 61 . 65 | 61 . 65 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 31-Dec-2019 | 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | | Source : IFPRI PSNP 4 M | idline Survey 2018 | | | | Comments * * : * * | Proxy Indicator used : % < br > The endline to assess th < br > to the COVID-19 crisis , t | clients reporting the PW p < br > is indicator was scheduled < br > he endline data collection | roject was productive for th < br > to take place between Mar < br > has been suspended until M | e community < br > ch-May 2020 , however due < br > arch 2021 | # < u > < mark > IN01086864 < / mark > < / u > ► % of PSNP HHs reporting new income source as a result of program support ( male / female ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 186, "end": 197, "text": "FSCD Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 587, "end": 601, "text": "IFPRI PSNP 4 M", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 604, "end": 622, "text": "idline Survey 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 6 . 5 Income and Expenditure * * # # # # # # * * _Household Income_ * * A total of EtB 13 , 535 , 606 earned by 90 surveyed households in the past 12 months preceding the survey . The annual average income of the households is computed to be EtB 150 , 395 . 62 . The average household income of the surveyed household is highly varied across project woredas , based on the survey findings , the highest average household income of EtB 256 , 560 is recorded among households in Bulchana , while EtB 69 , 670 is the lowest average annual income of the surveyed households in Toga Weransa Woreda . As shown in Table 4 . 22 , the major sources of annual cash income of the surveyed households are sale of annual crop which accounts 27 . 7 % of all household annual income , followed by sale of Vegetables and fruits with 20 . 5 % of all annual income and salaried employment ( 13 . 2 % % ) , The proportion household income from trade and services ( 9 . 2 % ) and daily labour ( 8 . 2 % ) is also significant . On the other hand , income from sale of grass and honey production is among the least source household annual cash income . Table 4 . 22 : Sources of Annual income by Woreda | * * Source of income * * | | | * * Woreda * * < br > | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Hawela * * < br > * * Tula * * | * * Bulchana * * |", "spans": [{"start": 596, "end": 611, "text": "survey findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 % | 0 . 4 % | 0 . 4 % | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 1 % | | Cost of withdrawal < br > ( other bank ) | 2 , 918 | 1 . 6 % | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 8 % | 0 . 4 % | 0 . 3 % | 0 . 3 % | 0 . 1 % | _Source : Superintendencia Bancaria ; Encuesta de Calidad de Vida 2003_ 15 . Interestingly , credit cards are available in Colombia even for people without bank accounts , as outstanding balances can be settled by cash or by check . However , in the practice , only high income banked clients use credit cards . Processing and monthly fees for credit cards are relatively high , corresponding to 4-5 % of a minimum monthly salary . In addition , eligibility criteria de facto preclude low income clients from access to credit cards . For example , banks such as Bancolombia require a minimum salary of at least 2 . 5 times the regulatory minimum salary for credit card issuance . * * Table 2 . 4 Costs of domestic credit card services by income quintiles * * | | | % half < br > min . wage | % min . < br > wage | % Quintile < br > 1 | % Quintile < br > 2 | % Quintile < br > 3 | % Quintile < br > 4 | % Quintile < br > 5 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Average monthly < br > income ( in COP ) | | 179 , 000 | 358 , 000 | 379 , 241 | 727 , 087 | 846 , 080 | 917 , 584 | 2 , 321 , 841 | | * * Domestic credit * * < br > * * cards * * | | | | | | | | | | Processing costs |", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 256, "text": "Encuesta de Calidad de Vida", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This is less likely to be the case in our study as we measure mental health in the last four weeks prior to the interview date , while labor outcomes are measured in the last seven days . To provide further support to our main findings , we regress labor market outcomes on mental illness measured in the previous wave ( i . e . , wave _t-1_ ) and find qualitatively similarly results , albeit weaker statistical significance for labor incomes ( Appendix A , Table A13 ) . Another concern one may argue is that labor outcomes of refugees in the host country may be determined by their work experience before arrival , which in turn also has an impact on the trajectory of their mental illness . In our model specification , this has been taken into account by controlling for individual fixed effects . While other time-varying experience in the past is not available in the BNLA survey , we split our sample into two groups based on whether they did any paid work in a job , business or on a farm before arrival . The results presented in Table A14 ( Appendix A ) reveal no difference in the effect of mental health on labor outcomes for both groups . Finally , we conduct various checks on the IV . Firstly , we add up the total number of traumatic events experienced by refugees as an alternative instrument for mental health . In other words , we consider the intensity of past traumatic experience rather than just exposure . Using this alternative measure produces similar results ( Appendix A , Table A15 ) . In fact , every additional traumatic episode has a large impact on both employment and income . Secondly , we test the robustness of our results to deviations from the assumption of perfect exogeneity , using Conley et al . ’ s ( 2012 ) bounding method . This method relaxes the assumption of perfect exogeneity and assumes a flexible second-stage regression that also includes the instrument as a regressor . Assuming that the direct effect of the instrument on labor outcomes ranges from zero — perfectly exogenous — to the reduced form effect , the lower bound and upper bound estimates are both", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 886, "text": "BNLA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international ’ s Corruption Perception Index ( CPI ) . The data cover 189 countries . The _Common Corruption_ dummy takes the value of 1 if both countries under consideration are relatively corrupt , i . e . , the corruption indices of both countries for the last two years are less than the median value . Appendix Table A2 presents summary statistics of actual protests , news-based protests , polity IV , corruption perception index , and social media penetration in 2018 . We next present the test as to whether protests in period , _t-1 , _ in the rest of world ( i . e . , for all other countries _j_ in the rest of the world ) lead to protests in the current period , _t_ , in country _i_ . The number of protests per capita is skewed to the left , with a majority of countries having no protest ( see Table 1 ) . The framework is an autoregressive spatial model following Lesage and Pace ( 2009 ) . The ZeroInflated Poisson ( ZIP ) model mixes two zero generating processes . The first process generates zeros . The second process is governed by a Poisson distribution with an estimation as follows : ) ( 1 ) where is an N-by-1 vector that contains the number of protests tt tt − 1 tt − ττ ii tt tt _per capita_ in N countries at yy = NNeepp ( ρWWyy + δδIIyy + FFEE + FFEE + cc current month . is an N-by-1 vector that contains the number of protests _per capita_ in N tt yy countries in the past month . In subsequent robustness checks , we use quarterly frequency instead tt − 1 of monthly . In addition to the Zero-Inflated Poisson estimator , we use the standard Poisson as an PP yy alternative estimator . We also use an alternative measure of protests based on the intensity of media chatter around protests . is an N-by-N spatial weight matrix that captures geographic proximity between countries . In the baseline specification , we measure the spatial spillovers using geographical distance . The WWdiagonal elements are zero . The off-diagonal elements are the inverse of the distance between 1 country capitals ( i . e", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 436, "text": "corruption perception index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a number of prior efforts with different names , that since 2005 have been standardized and use the same questionnaire and methodology , while maintaining their brand name in their respective regions , e . g . Regional Program on Enterprise Development ( RPED ) in Africa ; Business Environment and Enterprise Performance ( BEEPS ) in Eastern Europe and Central Asia . Investment Climate Surveys were conducted prior to 2005 , using largely the same questionnaire but with sample generally restricted to manufacturing firms . > 4 The Enterprise Surveys ( including their precursors World Business Environment Survey , BEEPS , RPED ) have been used to show the importance of finance , corruption and property rights ( Beck et al . 2005 ; Ayyagari , DemirgüçKunt and Maksimovic 2008 ; Gatti and Fisman 2006 ; Cai et al 2006 ; Fisman and Svensson , 2007 ) , the relationship between business environment and firm growth , ( Dollar , Hallward-Driemeier and Mengistae , 2005 ; Haltiwanger and Schweiger 2005 ; Dollar et al , 2006 ; Hallward-Driemeier Wallsten and Xu 2006 ; Aterido , Hallward-Driemeier and Pages , forthcoming ; Eifert et al 2008 ; Fernandes and Pakes 2008 ; ) ; firm innovation ( Almeida and Fernandes 2008 ; Ayyagari , Demirgüç-Kunt and Maksimovic 2010 ) ; informality ( La Porta and Shleifer , 2008 ) ; labor protections ( Pierre and Scarpetta 2006 ; Almeida and Carneiro 2009 ) . Two survey articles provide reviews of the literature drawing primarily on Enterprise Survey like data : Bigsten and Soderbom , 2006 and Xu 2010 . > 5 Which imply that a ― country ‖ may or may not be a meaningful definition of ― place ‖ for describing climates . Certainly , one cannot imagine asserting that the USA , which ranges from Maine to Florida and Alaska to Hawaii , has a meaningful ― climate ‖ in the way that a small country like Jamaica might . 3", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 321, "text": "Business Environment and Enterprise Performance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 615, "text": "World Business Environment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1471, "end": 1498, "text": "Enterprise Survey like data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Haaland , V . F . , Rege , M . , & Votruba , M . ( 2013 ) . _Nobody Home : The Effect of Maternal Labor Force Participation on Long-Term Child Outcomes_ ( SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2363912 ) . Social Science Research Network . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 2139 / ssrn . 2363912 Hubbard , M . N . ( 2009 ) . _Effects of maternal employment and child care on the health of young children_ [ Ph . D . , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ] . < u > https : / / www . proquest . com / docview / 304960202 / abstract / 4C8AF9FF2D534249PQ / 1 < / u > James ‐ Burdumy , S . ( 2005 ) . The Effect of Maternal Labor Force Participation on Child Development . _Journal of Labor Economics_ , _23_ ( 1 ) , 177 – 211 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1086 / 425437 Mendolia , S . ( 2016 ) . Maternal Working Hours and the Well-Being of Adolescent Children : Evidence from British Data . _Journal of Family and Economic Issues_ , _37_ ( 4 ) , 566 – 580 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1007 / s10834 - < u > 015-9480-1 < / u > Morrill , M . S . ( 2011 ) . The effects of maternal employment on the health of school-age children . _Journal of Health Economics_ , _30_ ( 2 ) , 240 – 257 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jhealeco . 2011 . 01 . 001 Pekkurnaz , D . ( 2014 ) . _Dynamic analysis of maternal employment , child care , quality and early childhood development_ [ Ph . D . , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ] . < u > https : / / www . proquest . com / docview / 1613182648 / abstract / D6F7129E26342F5PQ / 1 < / u > Pilkauskas , N . V . , Brooks-Gunn , J . , & Waldfogel , J . ( 2018 ) . Maternal Employment Stability in Early", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "meetings and supervision mission reports ; and - 3 ) employment and social indicators as reported by Government . Specific indicators for economic and social effects will be worked out during the pilot phase to be funded under a PPF , but may include - 1 ) Level of satisfaction of beneficiaries with community level outcomes ( measured by a beneficiary assessment rating satisfaction from 1-5 ) - 2 ) Beneficiaries by gender - 3 ) Changes in forest cover in project areas - 4 ) Erosion / landscaping in the community subprojects - And others .", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 85, "text": "employment and social indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | PC | Project Committee | | PCU | Project Coordination Unit | | PM | Project Manager | | PPE | Personal Protective Equipment | | RAP | Resettlement Action Plan | | RIC | Resettlement Implementation Committee | | RIM | Registry Index Maps | | ROW | Right of Way | | RPF | Resettlement Policy Framework | | SGRC | Sub Location Grievance Redress Committee | | VMGs | Vulnerable and marginalized Groups | | WaSSIP | Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project | | WSDP | Water and Sanitation Development Project | * * MIBP * * * * v * *", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 240, "text": "Registry Index Maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "= FF � ββ + ββ XX zero otherwise . We use the strictly green job definition for the first round of estimates and the broadly green job definition for a second round of estimates . F is the logit function link while the individual characteristics ( age , race , gender , education level ) are represented by . α is a location dummy for urban residence , η is a vector of province dummies and δ are ii quarter of year dummies . θ is a vector of industry dummies . is the error term . Our sample XX pp ll tt includes working-age individuals ( age 15-65 ) who are employed . ss ii εε To create the variables , we adapt some variables in the PALMS data . We convert the continuous education variable into a four-category variable : < sup > 22 < / sup > 1 = less than grade 12 ( those without a high school qualification ) , 2 = matric ( complete high school ) , 3 = other tertiary ( those with more than a high school qualification but less than university ) , and 4 = degree ( those with a university degree ) . For the age variable , we construct 5 categories from a continuous age variable as follows : age 15-24 , age 25-34 , age 35-44 , age 45-54 and age 55-65 . Gender is defined as a binary variable ( 1 = female , 0 = male ) . For ethnicity group or race , < sup > 23 < / sup > we use the > 21 This final caveat underlies one of the key differences between the text analysis and O * NET tags a much larger share of managerial jobs as green , as compared to the text analysis . > 22 As we used categorical variables to show green employment by education and age categories in the descriptives sector , for consistency , we maintain the same categories for the regressions . The South African literature ( Branson and Leibbrandt 2013 ) has also found that the relationship between education and labor market outcomes is convex and for this reason it is more informative to use education categories . > 23 Race is included", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 647, "text": "PALMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ _Diversity , Endemism and IUCN Red-List Status of Plant Species : _ One hundred thirty six ( 136 ) plant species have been identified from the subproject corridor , and their list is shown in Annex 4 . Of these , only two ( 2 ) species are endemic to Ethiopia . These are _Millettia ferruginea_ ( tree ) and _Urtica simensis_ ( herb ) . The tree species is not threatened at global or regional level while the status of the herbaceous plant is not yet evaluated by IUCN . In the present assessment 44 tree species , 24 shrub species and 68 herbaceous plants were identified from the subproject area . However , the number of plant species occurring in the area is expected to be more than this figure . 54 ( 79 % ) of the identified trees and shrubs , and 25 ( 36 % ) of the herbaceous species have been assessed for the IUCN Red List . Of the evaluated plants , one ( 1 ) tree species , namely _Jacaranda mimosifolia_ , is classified as _Vulnerable_ species at global level . It is an introduced tree . Most of the trees of this species would be maintained as they are not located at the proposed tower sites as well as the substation site where complete removal of trees will be required . Only one tree species , namely _Eucalyptus camaldulensis , _ which is an exotic species , is considered as _Near Threatened_ species . Several trees of this species will need to be removed from tower foundation sites and the right-of-way ( 26m corridor ) of the subproject TL . The latter is for the purpose of preventing tall trees from contacting the electric cables and avoiding the risk of power outages", "spans": [{"start": 1020, "end": 1033, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . 2 . Data Record Review * * A checklist was employed to identify key information sources and the relevant data required from each source . The checklist facilitated a comprehensive description of the project , encompassing design elements such as site plans and architectural drawings , as well as aspects related to construction and operation . Furthermore , pertinent documents were collected to provide essential baseline information on demographic trends , land use practices , climate conditions , soil quality , hydrology , coverage , health service availability , and both local and national development strategies and policies . Additionally , record of public consultations from KIP ESIA conducted in 2017 was reviewed and summarized in this report . # # * * 2 . 3 . Field Visits and Observation * * The field visits primarily concentrated on a physical assessment of the project area , examining landform trends , land use patterns , biodiversity , natural resources , hydrology , and the presence of residential structures , waste management facilities , and other properties such as buildings and facilities impacted by the project . Additionally , the evaluation included an assessment of the waste management facilities available in Addis Ababa to gauge their capacity and current conditions . The visits also aimed to observe socio-cultural and socio-economic activities . Furthermore , these field assessments were designed to precisely identify the enabling conditions and environmental features near the project site that may be affected and to recognize both potential positive and negative impacts . 4", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 707, "text": "record of public consultations from KIP ESIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ent ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 < br > 36 , 284 . 00 | 36 , 147 . 00 | 36 , 284 . 00 | | Component 4 : Project Management , Monitoring and Evaluation < br > IN00995193 | | - - - | | ► Management information system is fully operational ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No < br > No | No | Yes | | Date | 04-Feb-2019 < br > 20-Jan-2021 | 30-Jun-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | Development of the TVET management information < br > among other functions , the sytem is expected to su < br > the target colleges , and have the ability to generat < br > budgeting and decision making for the TVET sub-s < br > on demand reports are generated . | sytem ( MIS ) is being fin < br > pport a graduate tracking < br > e ‘ real time ’ or on demand < br > ector . The indicator will be | alised . Once completed , < br > system ( tracer studies ) for < br > reports to inform planning , < br > confirmed once the sample | # * * Overall Comments IR * * Overall , the project is on track to achieve the intermediate indicators . # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * 7 / 14 / 2021 Page 7 of 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | was gathered through open-ended < br > interviews with older refugees as < br > well as humanitarian organizations < br > providing < br > aid < br > to < br > refugees < br > in < br > Lebanon were added to provide a < br > qualitative component to the study | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | FAO | Agricultural < br > Livelihoods and Food < br > Security Impact < br > Assessment and < br > Response Plan for < br > the Syria Crisis in the < br > Neighbouring < br > Countries of Egypt , < br > Iraq , Jordan , < br > LebanonandTurkey | Mar-13 | Egypt , < br > Iraq , < br > Jordan , < br > Lebanon and Turkey | Desk Review and KI | | IOM | The Situation & < br > Needs of Lebanese < br > Returnees from Syria | Jul-13 | Countrywide | Data from registration and profiling < br > exercise conducted across all six < br > governorates < br > by < br > HRC < br > with < br > technical < br > support < br > from < br > IOM . < br > Outreach < br > conducted < br > through < br > municipalities . < br > Questionnaire < br > designed by HRC and IOM . | | ANERA | Palestinian Refugees < br > from Syria in < br > Lebanon - A Needs < br > Assessment | Jan-13 | Within and outside nine < br > Palestinian refugee camps < br > across Lebanon . | HH surveys , 669 households of < br > Palestinian refugees from Syria < br > ( PRS ) within and outside nine < br > Palestinian refugee camps across < br > Lebanon . | 48", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 795, "text": "Data from registration and profiling", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1264, "end": 1274, "text": "HH surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Three patterns are evident in Figure 4 . First , for the afternoon period observed by Sentinel-5P ( 2 PM - 3 PM ) the NO2 cloud produced by vehicles centered in the core area of Dar ( Figure 3 ) is consistently displaced to neighboring areas . Second , the displaced cloud seems to follow an annual cycle , from northwest of the city in August-September 2018 , to due west in October 2018 , then shifting progressively southwestward through March 2019 , and finally shifting to the area north of the city during April - May 2019 . The third evident pattern is variation in the intensity of the pollution cloud . Particularly notable are the light NO2 concentrations in January , April and May 2019 . Our traffic volume data from Google Traffic are limited to the period from late March to late May , so we cannot test whether longer-term fluctuation in traffic volume is a significant contributing factor in this context . However , we have complete daily weather data for the study period . < sup > 2 < / sup > Table 2 reports results from a linear regression fitted to Sentinel-5P data for 288 daily observations from August 2018 to May 2019 . The dependent variable is mean daily NO2 . We have excluded rainfall from the estimation because prior experimentation revealed that is insignificant when included with the other factors . We find that temperature , wind speed and humidity all have negative impacts on NO2 concentration with high levels of statistical significance . We have also included cloud cover , on the expectation that Sentinel-5P NO2 measurement would be reduced on cloudier days . Our result for cloud cover is highly significant and consistent with this expectation . Figure 5 aggregates daily NO2 predictions from the regression model into monthly means . The figure illustrates the striking seasonal effects of the weather variables : Weather-predicted NO2 drops sharply from December 2018 to January 2019 , increases through March 2019 , and then drops even more sharply in April and May 2019 . Inspection of Figure 4 reveals the strength of this seasonal pattern at regional scale , with a notably smaller , weaker NO2 cloud in January 2019 and virtual disappearance of the cloud", "spans": [{"start": 704, "end": 723, "text": "traffic volume data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 950, "end": 968, "text": "daily weather data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1071, "end": 1087, "text": "Sentinel-5P data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and stimulate agricultural production in marginal areas , the traditional sector ( handicrafts and souvenirs ) and transport services . Assessing the magnitude of the economic impacts of tourism development is not straightforward because of a wide range of activities associated with growth in this sector and the difficulty in defining tourism as an industry . Wide discrepancies across regions and between urban and rural areas , common in developing countries and especially pronounced in Panama , are likely to translate into similarly large variation in the magnitude of the impacts of tourism on growth and poverty by region . This paper estimates the economic impact of the growing tourism sector in Panama at the regional level and assesses the distributional and poverty impacts of the sector ’ s growth . # * * 2 . The Role of the Tourism Sector in Panama within the Broader Social and Economic Context * * Panama is attracting tourism not only because of its scenic vistas and vast biodiversity , but also because of its rich cultural heritage . In addition to attracting thousands of business travelers , it is a growing center of coastal , cultural , health , and ecotourism . Surveys of foreign tourists reveal that business and shopping are still the main purposes of the trip for about a quarter to a third of all visitors ; recreation is the main purpose for over a third of all visitors , and family visits for around 20 percent . Among activities , shopping , entertainment and business needs are still the main motives for the trip . But adventure , coastal and ecotourism are gaining prominence . < sup > 4 < / sup > One survey reveals that over 40 percent of foreign visitors have spent time at the beach , and 10 percent have participated in ecotourism , among other activities . < sup > 5 < / sup > Another survey suggests that ecotourism is one of the main purposes of the trip for about 15 percent of foreign visitors , while cultural tourism is still in a nascent stage ( Table 1 ) . * * Table 1 . Activities realized during the trip . * * | _Forei_ | _gn tourists_ | _Domestic to_ | _urists_ | |", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1217, "text": "Surveys of foreign tourists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY # # * * CHAPTER 4 : APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY * * # # # # # * * 4 . 1 Introduction * * The objective of this Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) is to identify and provide measures required to mitigate adverse social impacts caused by the tenure regularization in the settlement to people ’ s assets and sources of livelihood . The ARAP was designed to ensure that : i . All types of losses were identified , clearly defined and properly categorized to reflect the nature and scope of the loss suffered by PAPs . ii . The Project Affected Persons are compensated for their losses at full replacement cost and provided assistance for disturbance prior to the implementation of the Local Physical Development Plan ( LPDP ) . iii . A comprehensive asset register of the affected persons with their assets was developed ; this register will be validated regularly at the time of ARAP implementation . The register will also serve as database for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement instrument . iv . A Grievance Redress Mechanism was established , this mechanism will be used to resolve conflicts arising from Resettlement and facilitation . * * 4 . 2 ARAP Preparation Approach and Methodology * * < mark > The methodology adopted during preparation of this report was guided by World Bank OP 4 . 12 on Involuntary Resettlement ( ARAP ) and KISIP RFP 2014 . The following sections therefore detail the participatory methodology applied in the preparation of this ARAP , the ARAP report was prepared in phases summarized below ; < / mark > i . Literature Review , design of and field testing of survey tools . ii . Consultations and involvement of the Project Affected Persons and other stakeholders . iii . Census and Socio Economic Survey of PAP ’ s . iv . Valuation of affected assets and livelihoods . v . Preparation ARAP report", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 890, "text": "comprehensive asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1844, "end": 1876, "text": "Census and Socio Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey by increased number of respondents who know public service information . Based on the Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey , citizens who know what taxes and fees they are legally required to pay increased from 60 % in 2008 to 81 % in 2011 . Those who know their woreda budget and strategic plan increased from 13 % and 17 % in 2008 to 20 % and 19 % in 2011 respectively . Citizens who know - council meetings are open to the public increased from 11 % in 2008 to 32 % in 2011 while those who are personally consulted on development issues increased from 17 % to 20 % over the same period . Page 2 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 39, "text": "Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 126, "end": 161, "text": "Woreda and City Benchmarking Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| . . | | Central and Eastern < br > Europe ( CEE ) | 3 . 9 | - 5 . 2 | 4 . 4 | . . | _Source : _ World Bank ( Global Economic Prospects June 2020 ) , national statistical offices , and World Bank staff estimates . _Note : _ CEE : Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Poland , and Romania . * * Assuming that new COVID-19 outbreaks are contained through winter and spring , there are no new lockdowns , and a safe and effective vaccine is available by June 2021 , growth in the Western Balkans is projected to gradually recover in 2021 and 2022 . * * As exports , consumption , and investment gradually rebound , all six countries will begin to recover , with Albania growing in 2021 at 5 . 0 percent and Montenegro at 6 . 9 percent , given a stronger base effect . Starting from a very low base in 2020 , tourism is expected to be pivotal to recovery , supported by construction and investment . In Albania , further reconstruction from the earthquake is also expected to boost growth , as has occurred in other developing economies after similar disasters . In Montenegro , completion 38 | < sup > 9 . REsILIENCE LIEs IN BUILDING sTRONGER FUNDAMENTALs ThROUGh sUsTAINED REFORM < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 179, "text": "national statistical offices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 186, "end": 212, "text": "World Bank staff estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 90 | 0 . 32 | O . 42 | | Pas0 | Binomial | 86 . 88 | 90 . 53 | 92 . 30 | | | Schwartz | 86 . 57 | 90 . 02 | 92 . 35 | | | Difference_ ( S ) _ | 0 . 36 | 0 . 57 | - 0 . 05 | | P-50 | Binomial | 69 . 30 | 70 . 22 | 70 . 59 | | | Schwartz | 68 . 89 | 70 . 14 | 70 . 58 | | | Difference < br > ( 5 ) | 0 . 60 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 01 | Fire Value , v-1000 | | | P0 . 0 | 0 . 35 | 0 . 70 | Dsf . Free | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P-100 | Binomial | 107 . 95 | < br > 109 . 06 | 109 . 58 | < br > 109 . 41 | | | Schwartz | 107 . 15 | 100 . 92 | 109 . 40 | 109 . 41 | | | Difference < br > ( 1 ) | 0 . 75 | < br > 0 . 15 | 0 . 16 | < br > 0 . 00 | | P . o0 | Blnomial | 91 . 59 | < br > 92 . 50 | < br > 92 . 42 | < br > 92 . 42 | | | Schwartz | 91 . 45 | 92 . 41 | 92 . 60 | 92 . 60 | | | Difference * * ( ) * * | 0 . 15 | < br > 0 . 10 | 0 . 20 | < br > - 0 . 19 | | P-50 | Binomial | 70 . 64 | < br > 70 . 58 | < br > 70 . 61 | < br > 70 . 61 | | | Schwartz | 70 . 39 | < br > 70 . 61 | < br > 70 . 64 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "DIALOGIC READING AND STORYBOOK EVALUATION IN KENYA 21 the past week ( CESD-10 ; Kilburn et al . , 2018 ) . We constructed a measure of household wealth based on housing quality ( crowding , roofing and floor materials , access to electricity , sanitation facilities ) and ownership of durable assets such as vehicles and livestock ( Filmer & Pritchett , 2001 ) . To address the third study objective , we assessed caregiver literacy by asking caregivers to read one simple sentence ( second grade level ) in each of the three study languages – Luo , English and Swahili . Caregivers who either stated that they could not read or who were unable to correctly read more than one word in any of the three languages were categorized as illiterate . # * * Balance and Attrition * * Most baseline child characteristics ( e . g . , age , sex , height-for-age z-score , school enrollment , and receptive vocabulary ) did not vary across study arms , though we did observe some variation in caregiver and household characteristics ( Supplementary Tables A . 1 and A . 2 ) . Given the large number of treatments , some statistically significant imbalances are to be expected . We included controls for variables that showed statistically significant levels of baseline imbalance in our analysis . Households were followed-up five to six weeks after baseline , with 48 caregivers and 68 children lost to follow-up . Attrition was not correlated with either randomly-assigned treatments or baseline characteristics ( Supplementary Tables A . 3 and A . 4 ) , and thus is unlikely to bias the estimates of treatment effects . # * * Analytic Approach * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfer * * in Nine Countries : Lessons for Developing Countries # Jun Ma # PART L INTRODUCTION This paper provides an overview of the intergovernmental fiscal transfer mechanisms in nine major industrial and developing countries , with special reference to the design of equalization transfers . The countries selected are the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Australia , Germany , Japan , Korea , India , ancl Indonesia . Most of these countries have relatively developed formula-based transfer systems , and represen * * t * * he major varieties of transfer systems adopted in the world . The three sections in Part I present a brief review of the economic rationales and basic criteria for designing an intergovernmental transfer system . The following nine sections in Part II discuss the mechanisms adopted by these nine countries , respectively . Part Im compares and contrasts the nine countries ' transfer systems and , based on the comparison , attempts to draw implications for developing countries that are considering or are in the process of reforming their intergovernmental transfer systems . It classifies the transfer formulas into four categories , analyzes the data requirements of each type of formula , and uses illustrative examples to show how the calculations should be implemented . A few implementation issues , including the transitional arrangement from an old to a new system , are also considered in this part . Part IV presents an illustrative equalization transfer model for China and the simulatiom results using 1994 data . The appendix of this paper discusses a number of country cases on fiscal transfers from state ( provincial ) level governments to lower level governments . In this paper , we use \" grant \" and \" transfer \" interchangeably to refer to paynent of funds from one level of the governmen * * t * * o another . # 1 . 1 . Economic Rationales for Intergovernmental Transfer The literature of fiscal federalism suggests several economic rationales for intergovernmental transfers : 1 A . Addressing vertical fiscal imbalances . In most countries , the national government retains the major tax bases , leaving insufficient fiscal resources to the subnational See Broadway et al ( 1993 ) , Shah", "spans": [{"start": 1592, "end": 1601, "text": "1994 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 102 . 4 | 314 . 2 | 530 . 9 | | Canada International Development Agency < br > ( CIDA ) | 16 . 8 | 87 . 4 | 81 . 8 | | World Food Program ( WFP ) | 0 . 0 | 25 . 1 | 50 . 0 | | Swedish International Development Agency < br > ( SIDA ) | 4 . 3 | 29 . 4 | 23 . 0 | | Netherlands | 0 . 0 | 31 . 3 | 71 . 3 | | Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction and < br > Recovery | 0 . 0 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 0 | | Closing Balance ( financial gap or surplus ) | 0 . 0 | 19 . 0 | - 499 . 7 | | Total | 391 . 9 | 1029 . 7 | 2227 . 3 | _Notes_ on calculations : ( i ) CIDA contribution includes financing allocated to APL 1 that was disbursed during the APL 2 period . This was recorded in the PSNP APL I ICR as financing to APL I . However , because MOFED records include it as a source of funds to APL 2 , it is included here as a source of financing and attributed as expenditure ; ( ii ) the Government allocation to APL 1 was in cash ; that for APL 2 and 3 is in-kind ; ( iii ) For APL 1 + 2 Actual , food contributions to the PSNP have been valued at the prevailing market rate per year ; ( iv ) The USAID contribution to the PSNP is allocated through NGOs and WFP ; ( v ) No carry-over balance from APL 1 to APL 2 is shown here because MOFED attributed expenditure to all APL 1 financing ; ( vi ) actual financing to APL 2 includes monies allocated to the Multi-Donor Trust Fund managed by the World Bank . Those for APL 1 and 2 do not ; ( vii ) Financing to APL 3 is for PSNP ONLY and thus does not", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 689, "text": "PSNP APL I ICR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table * * 7 * * ( continued ) * * | Grupo Mava ( B ) | 3 ' 12 / 91 < br > 3 , / 15 / 91 < br > 9 / 20 / 91 * < br > 11 / 27 / 91 * | Company relocation requested bv Citizens . < br > Governrent action : warning . < br > Citizens complaint . < br > ( 11 / 25 / 94 ) : Citizens and ecologists complaint . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Tolteca | 10 / 14 / 90 | NGO ' s black list of air polluter . | | | 2 / 13i92 | Temporary and partial shutdown . | | Met-Mex < br > Penoles ( A ) | 3 / 22 / 91 < br > 6 / 4 / 91 < br > 819 / 91 * < br > 3 / 2 / 94 < br > 3 / 4 / 94 < br > 8 / 27 / 94 | Citizens complaints . < br > Company pollution bad record pointed bv a Senator . < br > Government action : company temporarily shutdown . < br > Accident : citizens complaint . < br > Pollution control equipment investigation . < br > Relocation of 300 families living in the vicinity of the co . | | Met-Mex < br > Penoles ( B ) | 3 / 22 / 91 < br > 6 / 4 / 91 * < br > 3 / 4 / 94 | Citizens complaints . < br > Company pollution bad record pointed by a Senator . < br > Pollution control equipment investigation . | | Cementos de < br > Chiguagua < br > ( GC3 ) | 5 / 25 / 92 | Government action : warning about environmental < br > performance . | | Kimberly Clark | 5 / 21 / 92 * | Government action : fine for water pollution . | | Grupo Bimbo | 3 / 19 / 92 * < br > 2 / 14 / 93 | Black list of air polluter . < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accounts ) . < sup > 29 < / sup > This would give a poverty line of $ 2 . 38 for use with HFCE and $ 3 . 55 for use with GDP . < sup > 30 < / sup > Figure 5 , Panel B illustrates the poverty estimate for each country using these poverty lines . Although poverty estimates with the adjusted lines are more closely aligned to survey estimates than in Panel A , there is still substantial variation , resulting from the variation in the gaps across countries combined with the uniformly adjusted poverty lines . Just as it does not make much sense to scale up survey means and not change the $ 1 . 90 poverty line , it is also not reasonable to increase the poverty line by the same proportion as the survey means . Part of the poverty line is based on estimating the cost of obtaining minimum nutrition needs and this estimate need not necessarily be affected by underreporting of consumption ( or income ) . Chen and Ravallion ( 2010 ) clarify this point better by noting that typical methods for setting national poverty lines will underestimate the poverty line if non-food spending is underestimated in surveys , and thus any correction for the underestimation of nonfood spending would also lead to higher poverty lines . But this adjustment , by construction , would almost certainly be less than the entire gap between survey means and national accounts . A different way of adjusting the IPL for poverty measurement based on national accounts means , is to set a country-specific IPL is based on the country-specific survey-national accounts gap observed in the data . Alternatively ( and equivalently ) , one could use the national accounts series , scaled down by the gap , and use the $ 1 . 90 line . Such an approach could be justified from a perspective that national accounts may be a more comparable measure of changes in living standards over time , but that surveys , on average , do a better job at measuring both inequality and the level of poverty . Under this approach , large changes to survey methodology that affect the survey mean ( but smaller changes to inequality", "spans": [{"start": 1630, "end": 1654, "text": "national accounts series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A . 6 : Event study : the effect of foreign acquisition on firm-level employment ( common treatment ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( a ) French ownership ( b ) British ’ s ownership < br > . 4 . 4 < br > . 3 . 3 < br > . 2 . 2 < br > . 1 . 1 < br > 0 0 < br > Coefficient Coefficient < br > - . 1 - . 1 < br > - . 2 - . 2 < br > - . 3 - . 3 < br > - . 4 - . 4 < br > 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculation based on the Orbis database . The plot is created by regressing the log of employment on a full set of event time indicators interacted with the a dummy variable indicating whether a firm was acquired by a Foreign ( either French or British ) shareholder after 2004 and controlling for firm and year fixed effects . The estimation includes only firms established before 2004 . The omitted baseline is the last pre-treatment year , 2003 . Figure A . 7 : Event study : effect of German acquisition on employment based on doubly robust estimator < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 < br > Years from aquisition < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > ATT < br > 0 < br > - . 1 < br > - . 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculation based on the Orbis database . The plot is obtained by implementing the doubly robust estimator of Sant ’ Anna and Zhao ( 2020 ) . The estimation includes only firms established before 2004 . The", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 649, "text": "Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the property value ; as such , the detection capacity channel is muted . Using a modified version of the Allingham and Sandmo ( 1972 ) tax compliance framework , the paper shows that taxpayers ’ decision to pay a given tax liability depends not only on their perceived probability of their property being discovered by the tax authority and the associated penalties , but also on the perceived probability that the government will enforce the law and collect the taxes and penalties they owe . In the first phase of the project , I worked closely with the LRA to conduct a door-to-door property enumeration and develop a new electronic property database . Prior to this exercise , only 5 percent of properties in the city were on the tax register , and many records were not digitized . This exercise thus represented a significant technology investment for the LRA that made the tax base more legible . Experiment one examines the impact of signaling this newly acquired identification capacity and providing information on penalties to property owners who had not previously paid real estate taxes . The control group received a generic tax notice addressed “ Dear Property Owners . ” The notice provided information on the procedure for tax payment and requested compliance . A treatment group received a tax notice that , in addition , included identification information from the new database : the name of the property owner and a photograph of the property . This notice also included information on legal penalties for noncompliance . Two additional treatment groups received notices with either the identification information alone or the penalty information alone . The combination of identification and penalty information significantly increased property owners ’ compliance : property owners were more than four times as likely to pay the tax . The payment rate increased from 2 . 2 percent of property owners in the control group to 9 . 7 percent in the treatment group . This effect persisted , as the treatment group continued to have a higher payment rate over the next three years of available data . The impact of the combined identification and penalty treatment is statistically different from the identificationonly and penalty-only treatments , neither of which is statistically significant . These", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 653, "text": "electronic property database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "I certify that I have verified the Bank Balance in the Cash Book with the < br > the Bank Statement and that the above Reconciliation is correct . < br > gPREPARED BY ( 1 TV-V__T_ < br > __signature . . 1-yVND __________ < br > CHECKE D BY : . . . . . Y . : . . . \\ ' - . . . < br > - signature . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 99, "text": "Bank Statement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of transformation at each level . The model assumes product differentiation by region of origin through the Armington assumption . This assumption is embedded in the model through a twolevel nested constant elasticity of substitution ( CES ) structure . At the first level the aggregate Armington demand is allocated between goods produced domestically and aggregate imports . At the second level , aggregate import is further disaggregated across trading partners . The degree of product differentiation depends upon the magnitude of the substitution elasticity at each level . The closure rules used in the model include : ( a ) savings of households are endogenous and are affected by demographic factors through a saving function ; ( b ) government revenues are endogenous but government expenditures are a fixed share of nominal gross domestic product ; ( c ) government balance is fixed through a uniform shift in the household direct tax ; ( d ) investment is savings driven ; and ( e ) current account is exogenous , thus foreign savings is fixed . Changes in foreign trade are balanced through changes in the real exchange rate . There are three factors that drive the dynamics of the model : ( a ) exogenous growth in population and labor ( based on the population projections of the United Nations ) ; ( b ) capital accumulation ( based on capital stock at previous period , investment in the current period and capital depreciation ) ; ( c ) factor productivity / efficiency parameters which are spread almost throughout the model . # * * 2 . 2 The GIDD Model * * The second model is the Global Income Distribution Dynamics , or the GIDD model ( Bussolo , de Hoyos , and Medvedev , 2008 ) , which utilizes the results of the CGE to simulate the effects on global income distribution and poverty . The GIDD model uses household survey data of 116 countries , which represent about 90 percent of the world population . The GIDD model projects household survey data using three sets of ex-ante macroeconomic information : ( a ) changes in demographic composition which consist of projection of population by age and by educational attainment ; ( b ) movement of labor between agriculture and", "spans": [{"start": 1829, "end": 1867, "text": "household survey data of 116 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1953, "end": 1974, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fixed asset register . 17 . Further the assessment notes that internal audit functions are in place in MoE , JKF and TSC with qualified and experienced staff . Though MoE has 11 officers , the audit universe is equally wide . So , follow ups of audits recommendations in the counties has not been done . To enhance the IA function performance , audit committees have been established in MoE , JKF and TSC . At TSC the audit committee is chaired by a non-commission officer and there are regular audit committee meetings . The Audit Committee of the Ministry was recently appointed . It was however inactive from end of 2019 due to expiry of their term , but the term was extended this year and made a sitting last month ( October ) . Effectively therefore the internal control environment in MoE , JKF and TSC is strong ( save for the counties that need some monitoring / follow ups ) and will adequately support the Program . _18 . _ * * _Key potential risk and action : _ * * _Without an automated and comprehensive fixed asset register there are no adequate safeguard of program assets . An automated and comprehensive fixed asset register to be maintained . The follow up on county audit_ recommendations _by the internal auditors is_ necessary _ . _ 19 . The EACC and CAJ have well-functioning , well known and accessible complaints management systems linking key investigative , and transparency agencies . MoE , JKF and TSC have various channels for reporting public complaints , including email / website , telephone , in person , letters and suggestion / anticorruption boxes . 20 . Within the MoE , a Project Coordination Unit ( PCU ) has been operational for a number of years . The PCU has handled other World Bank projects and an appropriate GRM is already in place . the Ministry has also developed “ Standard Operating Procedures Administration Department Processes ” aligned with the CAJ / Ombudsman “ Reporting Framework on Resolution of Public Complaints and Access to", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 20, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1018, "end": 1038, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition to visual observation , it is particularly important that monitoring shall also include limited informal questioning of the local community and their elected leaders who live in the Subproject area , since they may be aware of matters which are unsatisfactory , but which may not be readily apparent or recognized during normal site inspection visits Environmental inspection checklists for site use will be developed * * by * * the RE and the Environmental Inspector to be assigned * * by * * the Supervision Consultant , prior to the commencement of construction , so as to facilitate systematic monitoring and recording . These may require modification in the light of site experience , and it is recommended that a review of their adequacy and ease of use shall be carried out approximately 2 months after the commencement of works . The Environmental Inspector will review the effectiveness of environmental management and monitoring approximately * * 3 * * months into the construction period , and will introduce improved procedures as required in the circumstances . EEP ' s environmental unit shall also monitor and prepare periodic reports on the status of the Subproject operation . During Subproject operation , EEP ' s * * ESAO * * shall undertake the monitoring activities . The monitoring office shall regularly report the results and the report shall be made available for review * * by * * all concerned bodies . Contents of the report shall include : - Results of key parameters monitored ; - Results or status on implementation of the environmental management plan ; - Description of any incidents which could potentially result into a non-compliance of the * * ESMP * * and actions taken to improve the situation ; and - Proposed solutions for any outstanding / unforeseen issues and impacts detected during the monitoring . The recommended frequency of reporting is monthly . However , this frequency can change if demanded * * by * * the financer ( i . e . WB ) . Monthly monitoring report will be submitted to * * EEP * * and financer ( WB ) , The Environmental Monitoring Plan is presented in Table *", "spans": [{"start": 1998, "end": 2023, "text": "Monthly monitoring report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 19 < / sup > Within each selected cluster , irrespective of the specific treatment , every 4 < sup > th < / sup > household was selected and surveyed , starting at either end of the cluster . In T1 and T2 clusters , all selected households were assigned to the respective treatment , with the exception of every 5 < sup > th < / sup > selected household which was left as a > 17 These statistics are also consistent with Pakistan ‘ s rather dismal performance on a range of development indicators . According to the 1998 Human Development Report , for example , Pakistan ranked 138 out of 174 on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , 131 out of 163 on the Gender Development Index ( GDI ) , and 100 out of 102 on the Gender Empowerment Measure ( GEM ) . > 18 While RCONs team members were new in the villages , MRDO staff had been working in the area , although their coverage was still low . According to Table 1 , only around 11 percent of the women in the sample were MRDO members . We ensured , however , that MRDO staff did not conduct the campaign in the villages where they had been working previously . MRDO staff was also not engaged in the collection of the follow-up data . When asked informally about whether women in the household they had visited to deliver the campaign had voted and for whom , they did not know . As a result , it is clear that MRDO staff did not have any authority over the household and there was no expectation that they would obtain future favors if they casted the vote . > 19 We kept one randomly selected control cluster in the survey sample per village . In one larger village , two control clusters were included in the survey . 10", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 631, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 664, "end": 688, "text": "Gender Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 725, "end": 751, "text": "Gender Empowerment Measure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "S ) developed two statistical frameworks ( IRRS , IRIS ) – with a third under development ( IROSS ) – that apply disaggregation to overcome statistical challenges on those who have been forcibly displaced or are stateless . The EGRISS model offers a road map and lessons learned for improving data on migrant children - UNHCR ’ s annual reporting includes disaggregated data on displaced children ( see < u > Global Trends 2020 ) < / u > # # # # # # OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLICY AND PRACTICAL ACTION - * * Engage * * in the work of expert groups ( e . g . , on Migration Statistics , on Refugees , Internally Displaced Persons and Statelessness Statistics ) and contribute to the implementation of agreed standards - * * Work * * collaboratively to build nationallevel capacities and develop childspecific indicators ( for more information , see IDAC Working Group 2 activities ) - * * Conduct * * an assessment of the national data ecosystem to connect the dots from concerned line ministries to the national statistical authority , such as the IDEAS tool ( for more information , see IDAC Working Group 1 activities ) 6 . Mosler Vidal , Elisa , Leave No Migrant Behind : The 2030 Agenda and data disaggregation , International Organization for Migration , Geneva , 2021 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 396, "text": "disaggregated data on displaced children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Detailed Summary of Discussions and Recommendations * * * * Session 1 : Evaluation of the Previous Refugee Response Plan ( RRP ) * * This session focused on assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the previous RRP . Participants highlighted strong stakeholder engagement and coordination but noted different approaches for planning figures across the region and challenges on assessment timing . The project submission process was identified as complex and time-consuming especially for NGOs and CSOs . Misalignment between proposed and implemented projects was discussed , emphasizing the need for adaptability . The session concluded with calls for more realistic planning and clear transition strategies to government systems . * * Stakeholder Engagement and Coordination : * * The previous RRP demonstrated strong participation from diverse actors , including government , INGOs , and local organizations . Effective coordination was observed across central and local levels , with significant commitment from various government ministries . The planning process benefited from open feedback channels , particularly with international and national NGOs . However , there ' s a need to enhance communication on the value of engaging in coordination mechanisms , especially for local organizations . * * Planning and Assessment : * * Different approaches across the region regarding planning figures and targeting methodology was noted as an issue . The timing of the Multi-Sector Needs Assessment ( or related exercise ) was identified as an area for improvement to ensure better needs-based planning . The tight 1 . 5-month timeframe for developing RRP project proposals was identified as a challenge , potentially impacting the quality and thoroughness of submissions . * * Project Submission and Funding : * * The project submission process for NGOs and local CSOs was described as complex and time-consuming , often leading to duplication and frequent revisions . The underutilization of the refugee funding tracker by partners was highlighted as a concern , impacting transparency in fund allocation . Participants suggested developing better strategies to link the RRP with fundraising opportunities – following the good example of the monthly compilation of funding opportunities for national and local CSOs - and enhancing", "spans": [{"start": 2009, "end": 2032, "text": "refugee funding tracker", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 * * Figure 2 * * : * * Number of transactions and proceeds * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 , 200 70 < br > 1 , 000 60 < br > 50 < br > 800 < br > 40 < br > 600 < br > 30 < br > 400 < br > 20 < br > 200 10 < br > 0 - < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 < br > Number of transactions Total proceeds < br > USD Billions < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank Privatization Database 11 . While 120 countries have engaged in privatization over the past 14 years , proceeds are highly concentrated in a handful of countries : over two-thirds of total developing country proceeds over the entire time period were generated in just ten countries — or 8 percent of all privatizing countries — with over half of all proceeds generated by the top five alone . While ten countries consistently generated the bulk of all proceeds , the composition of the group changed over time ( Figure 3 ) . Brazil , Argentina and Mexico dominated the 1990s , with these three countries alone accounting for virtually 50 percent of all proceeds . Argentina and Mexico fell off the list in more recent years due to near completion of much of the privatization agenda , but Brazil remained and together with China , Poland , and the Czech Republic accounted for nearly 60 percent of all proceeds since 2000 . For the first time , two countries in the Middle-East and North Africa region made it to the group of ten on account of the partial sale of Saudi Telecom and the sale of Regie de Tabac ( tobacco manufacturing ) in Morocco . Five countries remained on the list in both periods - Brazil , China , India , Poland , and Russia – representing 41 . 3 percent of total proceeds from 1990-2003 .", "spans": [{"start": 420, "end": 453, "text": "World Bank Privatization Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Relações Exteriores , e o Ministério da Acção Social , Família e Promoção da Mulher partilharam informações valiosas sobre políticas , situações e números relativos à apatridia em geral e pessoas em risco de apatridia em particular . Várias embaixadas africanas em Luanda aceitaram fornecer detalhes importantes sobre migrantes regulares e irregulares dos seus países ( mas nem todas as embaixadas contactadas , africanas e outras , estavam disponíveis no curto espaço de tempo do estudo ) . As reuniões com organizações da sociedade civil estiveram centradas no registo de nascimento , refugiados , migrantes em situação irregular e crianças que vivem na rua ou da rua . A UNICEF , a OIM , e o ACNUR também foram úteis com pormenores sobre grupos em risco de apatridia . Foi possível a realização de três missões investigativas as províncias do interior do país : ao Cunene , a Malanje , e ao Uíge . Foram compostas por pessoal do ACNUR , um representante do Ministério da Justiça e dos Direitos Humanos e um consultor assistente no caso do Cunene , e o autor nas outras duas missões . A missão ao Cunene visava apurar detalhes sobre os riscos de apatridia entre os pastores semi-nómadas do sul de Angola . A missão a Malanje procurou obter detalhes sobre a situação do grupo étnico dos", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "% < br > | 12 , 794 , 095M | 62 . 90 % | | Provincial | | | | | | treasuries | 198 , 470 | 91 . 30 % | 7 , 530 , 580M | 37 . 10 % | | Total | 217 , 474 | 100 % < br > | 20 , 324 , 676M | 100 % | _Source : _ Authors . # Analysis of the Cambodia Expenditure Transaction Profile It is observed that only 15 % central expenditure transactions in 2017 are below $ 2 , 500 or 10 million Riel , while 71 . 6 % of the Provincial transactions are below 10 m Riel or $ 2500 . From this appears that at the central level the system may be used mainly for drawing out advances from Treasury which are then processed off-line . This can be tested to determine the granularity of the transactions . The transaction profiles for Cambodia are given at Annex II . The granularity of the transactions would then show whether there is a wider control problem with the payment approval process in the country . In this case the line ministries and SUs would resort to taking advances , since it takes an inordinate time to process payment requests through the Treasury . 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 2 : Distribution of In-Kind rewards | | Proportion of < br > teachers | Proportion of < br > annual salary | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | None | 36 % | 0 % | | Rice & radio | 18 % | 4 % | | Rice & radio & cellphone | 10 % | 8 % | | Rice & TV & cellphone | 11 % | 32 % | | Rice & TV & cellphone & generator | 25 % | 49 % | Table A . 3 : Quality of Implementation ( teacher data ) | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) < br > * * Midlin * * | ( 3 ) < br > * * e * * | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) < br > * * Endli * * | ( 7 ) < br > * * ne * * | ( 8 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Control | In-Kind | Recog . | Obs | Control | In-Kind | Recog . | Obs | | School participates | 0 . 967 | 0 . 972 | 0 . 964 | 1055 | 0 . 788 | 0 . 918 | 0 . 832 | 1100 | | _Which teachers targeted ? _ | | | | | | | | | | Only grade 2 | 0 . 032 | 0 . 051 | 0 . 065 | 999 | 0 . 104 | 0 . 111 | 0 . 115 | 861 | | Only grade 3 | 0 . 388 | 0 . 369 | 0 . 376 | 1016 | 0 . 296 | 0 . 157 | 0 . 254 | 861 | | Only grade 4 | 0 . 386 | 0 . 367 | 0 . 387 | 1023 | 0 . 052 | 0 . 071 | 0 . 062 | 861 | | Grades 3", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 385, "text": "teacher data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "weakest assumptions needed to address measurement error in empirical work . Our research design yields a second important finding : the presumption that diaries should be the benchmark for measuring household well-being is an illusion . Although a consumer demand model implies that acquisition is an unbiased estimate of usual consumption , we demonstrate empirically that the difference between these two quantities can be substantial . For example , the likelihood of measuring less than half of the actual value of usual consumption with a diary is 15 . 1 % and 14 . 1 % for households in the first and fourth consumption quartiles , respectively . The likelihood of attributing a value for usual consumption at least twice the size of the actual one is 4 . 1 % and 3 . 7 % for these households , respectively . Importantly , we find that diary errors remain large for perishable components of food , which implies that our conclusions are not mechanically driven by consumption from stocks or large cash outlays . We conclude that , if enumerator visits are effective to reduce misreporting in diary entries , mistaken conclusions about welfare measurement from diary data must primarily depend on how households decide to smooth their consumption rather than on the frequency of acquisitions . This implies that even when error-free measurements of consumption in the interview week are attained , misleading conclusions about actual well-being could still ensue , as well-being is a longer-run average of weekly intakes . Our investigation does not find evidence of zero-mean or classical errors in recall data , which is a conclusion often conjectured in the literature . Our research design allows us to prove this conjecture , and also provides guidance on how to sign the bias from recall errors in empirical work . Specifically , we show that – in our case study – overreporting of usual consumption is between three and four times more likely than underreporting . This finding is not only consistent with telescoping effects but also with more general cognitive errors by respondents when they compute the market value of their consumption . Moreover , we find that the quality of recall data improves with the actual value of usual consumption , which suggests that errors may be", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1177, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1606, "end": 1617, "text": "recall data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Peri , Giovanni , and Chad Sparber . 2011 . “ Highly Educated Immigrants and Native Occupational Choice , ” _Industrial Relations : a journal of economy and society_ , 50 ( 3 ) : 385-411 . Piracha , Matloob and Florin Vadean . 2013 . “ Migrant educational mismatch and the labour market . ” In A . F . Constant & K . F . Zimmermann ( Eds . ) , _International Handbook on Economics of Migration_ ( pp . 176-192 ) . Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd . : Cheltenham , UK . < mark > Premji , Stephanie , Patrice Duguay , Karen Messing and Katherine Lippel . 2010 . “ Are immigrants , ethnic and linguistic minorities over ‐ represented in jobs with a high level of compensated risk ? Results from a Montréal , Canada study using census and workers ' compensation data . ” < / mark > _ < mark > American journal of industrial medicine < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 53 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 9 ) : 875-885 . < / mark > < mark > Rojas , Felipe Lozano , Xuan Jiang , Laura Montenovo , Kosali I . Simon , Bruce A . Weinberg , and Coady Wing . 2020 . “ Is the cure worse than the problem itself ? Immediate labor market effects of COVID-19 case rates and school closures in the US . ” < / mark > _ < mark > National Bureau of Economic Research < / mark > _ < mark > Working Paper No . 27127 . < / mark > Rich , Judith . 2014 . “ What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us ? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 . ” _Institute for the Study of Labor ( IZA ) Discussion Paper_ 8584 . Sanromá , Esteve , Raúl Ramos and Hipólito Simón . 2015 . “ Portability of Human Capital and Immigrant Overeducation in Spain , ” _Population Research and Policy Review_ , 34 ( 2 ) : 223-241 . < mark > Smith , Peter M . , Agnieszka A . Kosny , and Cameron A . Mustard .", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 757, "text": "census and workers ' compensation data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Textiles < br > Trade and Transport Services < br > Transport Equipment < br > Wearing Apparel < br > Wood Products < br > 0 20 40 60 80 < br > Direct LVAX share ( % ) < br > ZAF COL CHL PER THA TUR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ elaboration based on LACEX . Figure 15 shows this comparison across all countries for 2001 and 2011 for the three largest South African export sectors . In machinery and equipment , South Africa ’ s labor content as a share of exports declined relative to the average in the other countries , although it remains still slightly above the level expected given its income per capita . In metals , the country has moved from being 24", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 293, "text": "LACEX", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "des lois sur la nationalité , pour créer dans l ’ ensemble des États au minimum des droits fondamentaux à la nationalité qui proviennent de la naissance et de la résidence dans un pays pendant l ’ enfance : à savoir , la mise en place d ’ un moyen pour les enfants de migrants d ’ être intégrés dans la communauté nationale ( même si les parents ne sont pas naturalisés ) . - La réforme des procédures de naturalisation pour les rendre accessibles à un plus grand nombre de personnes , en particulier aux ressortissants des autres États Partenaires de la CAE , y compris les réfugiés et les anciens réfugiés . - La réalisation de l ’ enregistrement universel des naissances pour tous les enfants nés sur le territoire d ’ un pays . UNHCR / Septembre 2018 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "reconcile the difference in results observed above ( between cross section and panel ) by decomposing growth “ convergence ” ( or lack of ) into 3 components : ( i ) a coefficient representing the “ structural ’ mobility , or change in inequality , ( ii ) the “ pure ” mobility effect ( which tries to address the Galton fallacy ) and the “ re-ranking ” effect . The authors of this study will explore this approach as a next step of the analysis with the aim to assess the relative important of “ pure ” mobility versus re-ranking and therefore the relative role of short term ( re-ranking ) versus medium to long term changes in the distribution . # * * VII . Conclusions * * Looking at cross sectional data for 2005 and 2008 , the paper demonstrates that Egypt achieved impressive poverty reduction between 2005 and 2008 , thanks to rapid economic growth . However , inequality also increased during this time , attenuating the impact of growth on poverty reduction . The shape of the growth incidence curve for overall Egypt suggests that the rich gained more than the poor , especially in rural areas . However , growth incidence curves ignore the fact that households can move to a different ladder in the distribution over time . With the panel data available for Egypt 2005-2008 , it is actually possible to trace such movements between 2005 and 2008 . Longitudinal changes capturing actual movement of households suggest a very different pattern of mobility compared to cross-section growth incidence curves . Growth incidence curves constructed on panel data allow seeing how each person ’ s welfare evolved over time . From the panel perspective , growth in Egypt was pro-poor . The welfare of an average person who was poor in 2005 increased by almost 10 percent per year between 2005 and 2008 ; this was sufficient to move this household out of poverty . But growth also exposed some non-poor to negative dynamics , making them poor . Panel data also reveal that many middle-class households were exposed to significant risks . In the period 2005-2008 , only 45 percent of the population in Egypt remained out of poverty and near-poverty . This means that", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 709, "text": "cross sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1246, "end": 1286, "text": "panel data available for Egypt 2005-2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1558, "end": 1568, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1948, "end": 1958, "text": "Panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STAYING SAFE : INTER-AGENCY INSIGHTS ON PROTECTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE reliance on direct communication channels like phone calls , highlighting the importance of maintaining multiple feedback options . * * % OF HOUSEHOLDS PREFERRED CHANNELS FOR PROVIDING FEEDBACK TO AID ORGANISATIONS ABOUT INADEQUATE BEHAVIOUR OF AID WORKERS AND OTHER SENSITIVE ISSUES * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Telephone calls 37 % < br > Social media 33 % < br > Face-to-face interactions 25 % < br > Online form 23 % < br > Email 19 % < br > Complaint / suggestion box 13 % < br > Messaging apps 6 % < br > Other 2 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * Methodology * * The regional analysis is grounded in consolidated data from the Socio-Economic Insights Survey ( SEIS ) , conducted across ten countries : Bulgaria , Czechia , Hungary , Moldova , Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Estonia . Data for the country-specific SEISs were collected through in-person interviews from May to July 2024 . The total sample size comprises * * 8 , 720 households * * and * * 19 , 803 household members * * , with respondents providing information on behalf of all individuals within their households . | * * COUNTRY * * | * * SAMPLE SIZE 2023 * * | * * SAMPLE SIZE 2024 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Bulgaria | 1 , 054 | 1 , 072 | | Czechia | 1 , 218 | 1 , 215 | | Estonia | - | 600 | | Hungary | 682 | 801 | | Latvia | - | 600 | | Lithuania | - | 638 | | * * COUNTRY * * |", "spans": [{"start": 755, "end": 785, "text": "Socio-Economic Insights Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 3 . 06 ) . In addition . an evaluation of the component effectiveness would be carried out in the middle and final years of the project by MOH with the assistance of 2 man-months of project financed technical assistance . These evaluations would include sociological surveys of the reactions of project beneficiaries to project-financed changes in service provision . # # Manpower Development 3 . 13 The overall objectives of the manpower development component would be to improve the quality of paramedical and managerial staff in the health service . Specific targets for the component would be the provision of inservice training for all health managers , nurses , technicians and health assistants in the Shewa regions ; provision of in-service training in management for all managers in the MO head office who need it ; and strengthening of the MOE Manpower Department ' s capability in the areas of manpower planning , curriculum development and evaluation . Routine monitoring against annual workplans of progress toward the above objectives would be complemented by field evaluations of the quality and effectiveness of training by MOH ' s Manpower Department , beginning in the second year of the project and continuing annually . 3 . 14 In order to upgrade the quality of paramedical staff , the project would improve pre-service training and develop in-service training . which is not now undertaken on a systematic basis , at the following schools : nursing at St . Paul ' s and Zewditu in Addis Ababa ; health assistants at Menelik in", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 276, "text": "sociological surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Empirical Strategies * * # # * * 4 . 1 Regression Discontinuity * * We first rely on a Regression Discontinuity ( RD ) framework to identify a causal effect of FA on decisions regarding registering to vote . We exploit the discontinuity in FA eligibility for people around the threshold , since people just below the eligibility threshold , the first bracket of the SISBEN score , were able to enroll in FA , while people just above were not . Moreover , the cutoff for the first bracket of the SISBEN score does not determine eligibility to other major social programs except for a child feeding program given to children between 6 months and 5 years old , which is an in-kind daily transfer that does not coincide specifically with the payment of FA , therefore this is not expected to invalidate our empirical strategy . In section 5 . 3 we discuss the robustness of the results when potential beneficiaries of the child feeding program are excluded from the sample of analysis . We need to validate several assumptions for the RD strategy to work in this context . Specifically , if the eligibility indicator affects registration to vote only through enrollment in FA , then two necessary conditions should hold . First , there should be no bunching in the distribution of the _SISBEN_ score around the eligibility threshold . Figure 2 shows the histograms for all the individuals in the SISBEN data base ( top graph ) , and in our matched sample for men and women ( bottom left ) and for women only ( bottom right ) . By design of the proxy-means test algorithm , the distribution is bimodal and the overall distribution is very similar to the one in our matched sample . Furthermore , the density is higher above the eligibility threshold < sup > 12 < / sup > than below it , which is contrary to the idea of manipulation of the score in order to become eligible for FA . Neither distribution shows bunching at the eligibility threshold . Second , as Figure 3 shows , other variables which are not affected by the program are continuous at the eligibility > 12Normalized to a value of", "spans": [{"start": 1400, "end": 1416, "text": "SISBEN data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 180 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-11-16 | 2018-01-01 < br > 2017-12-07 < br > 2018-01-03 < br > 2018-01-20 < br > 2018-02-10 | | | 2018-02-19 | 2018-03-26 | 2018-09-22 | | ET-MOST-27862-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of local < br > consultants for standards < br > need assessment survey | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | 30 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-09-30 | 2017-10-12 < br > 2017-10-21 < br > 2017-11-02 < br > 2017-12-04 < br > 2018-01-31 | | | 2018-01-03 | 2018-02-07 | 2018-08-06 | | ET-MOST-69935-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of a consulting < br > firm to develop a long-term < br > business plan and proposal < br > for financial funding for < br > equipment and infrastructure < br > for ECAE | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 100 , 000 . 00 | 183 , 907 . 69 < br > Complete", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in high-income destination markets affects demand for their exports . Consumption patterns in these countries has been closely following the virus transmission , fewer COVID cases restores consumer confidence and more cases erodes it ( Chetty et al . , 2020 ; Leer , 2020 ) . Therefore , the duration of the demand shock facing firms in developing countries is tied to the health response both domestically and in developed economies . SMEs have been more severely affected by demand shocks than large firms in general ; while they are less exposed to shocks to foreign demand in particular through exports ( see Figure 4 , top panel ) . According to the surveys available , SMEs are more likely by 9 percentage points to experience a fall in sales compared to one year ago than large firms and the sales of SMEs on average are lower by 8 percentage points than one year ago . Some firms and sectors are clearly experiencing demand growth in response to COVID – think of health care , home-office equipment etc . However , SMEs are also less likely to report a rise in sales than larger firms by 6 percentage points . Thus , SMEs experience more of the downside and less of the upside . In contrast , SMEs are less likely to > 7 Several papers have used sectoral classifications of COVID exposure often for the United States , for instance based on essential services , the ability to work from home and so on ( e . g . Dingel and Neiman , 2020 ) . Other approaches have constructed country vulnerability measures , often using GVC or commodity trade data ( e . g . IFC Country Vulnerability heat maps ) . > 8 Based on the World Bank ’ s COVID-19 Business Pulse Surveys , expectations for the next six months range from a 60 % decline to a 20 % increase in sales . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1535, "end": 1555, "text": "commodity trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1566, "end": 1601, "text": "IFC Country Vulnerability heat maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1638, "end": 1669, "text": "COVID-19 Business Pulse Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ 3 . Ensuring maximum participation of the affected people in the planning of their own resettlement and post resettlement circumstances ; 4 . Taking financial responsibility for compensation and other designated resettlement related costs ; 5 . Ensuring consultants provide detailed valuation of the properties in order to determine the case to case value of each component of the project and agree upon a value for compensation ; 6 . Ensuring monitoring and evaluation of the PAPs and the undertaking appropriate remedial action to deal with grievances ; and 7 . Ensuring initial baseline data is collected for the purpose of monitoring and evaluation report as per the indicators provided by the RAP . # # # * * 10 . 2 . PAP Committee ( PC ) * * Under the guidance and coordination of REA , the PC will be formed one week after the formation of the REA Resettlement Unit which will act as a voice PAPs . The committee shall comprise of following : two PAP representatives , LC representative , District Valuer , District Surveyor , District land Adjudication and settlement officer and District Community Development Officer and Subcounty / Parish Community Development Officers . The PC will be concerned with the following ; Public Awareness : - includes extensive consultation with the affected people so that they can air their concerns , interests and grievances . # # # * * Compensation * * ; Involves ratifying compensation rates and also serves as dispute resolution body to negotiate and solve any problem that may arise relating to resettlement process . If it is unable to resolve any such problems , will channel them through the appropriate grievance procedures laid out in this RAP . # # # * * 10 . 3 . Related Local Government Department * * - Guide the compensation exercise by providing valuation approved valuation rates - Participate in the grievances that may arise - Provide the legal guidance and participate in grievance mechanism in case the PC fails . Page 83", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 680, "text": "initial baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "include the proper delegation of responsibilities within a clearly defined framework , effective accounting procedures and adequate segregation of duties . The Directors accept responsibility for the financial statements , which have been prepared using appropriate accounting policies supported * * by * * reasonable and prudent judgments and estimates . The Directors are of the opinion that the financial statements present fairly , in all material respects , the state of the financial affairs of the project and of its operating results . The Directors further accept responsibility for the maintenance of accounting records that may be relied upon in the preparation of financial statements , as well as adequate systems of internal financial control . Nothing has come to the attention of management to indicate that the Project is not complying with the terms and conditions stipulated in the above agreements . Approval of * * the financial statements * * The financial statements were approved * * by * * the Board of Directors on and signe o be al by : * * . . . . . . . . . . * * 2 . 0 . * * . . * * 2022 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > BOARD CHAIRMA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * MANAGING DIRECTOR * * * * Page * * I * * 9 * *", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 629, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mal and informal sectors , sheds light on previous studies , which consistently found that premiums for the formal sector were greater for prices than for rents . We show that the difference between the two premiums precisely reflects the risk faced by investors . Consistent with previous studies , we find the difference in rents between the formal and informal sectors to be important . Once observed characteristics of the dwellings and of the neighborhood are controlled for , there is still a 35 percent gap between the two sectors . This figure is comparable , although larger , than those found by Jimenez ( 1984 ) and Friedman , Jimenez and Mayo ( 1988 ) for the Philippines . This difference may be explained only by unobservable characteristics of the dwellings , as well as by the different ways in which housing characteristics interact in the formal and informal sectors . However , since the variables we use in our hedonic regressions are similar to those used in previous papers , one can suppose that this high premium reflects idiosyncratic conditions of the rental market in the informal sector in Pune . Exploiting datasets from other cities in India could give us indications whether this high premium is particular to Pune city , or if it reflects conditions prevailing in the rental markets throughout India . Further empirical studies are needed to better understand what drives those differences across countries or regions . We believe that our very simple investment model can be extended in many fruitful ways . An obvious extension consists in going beyond our literary discussion in section 4 to consider endogenous land prices . Other insights could be obtained by introducing heterogeneity in the degree of uncertainty on informal investment ( that is more categories of informal land ) , or in the opportunity cost of capital ( to reflect the difference between private households with no or limited access to alternative portfolio choices and firms with potentially high returns on financial investments ) . Consider the latter case . If one finds that firms ( supposed to have higher opportunity cost of capital ) only invest in the formal sector , this would mean that returns in the informal sector are not high enough to compensate for", "spans": [{"start": 1136, "end": 1171, "text": "datasets from other cities in India", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "necessary to reach this target in each country , assuming to begin with an unchanged distribution of consumption within countries and modeling population growth until 2050 according to UN forecasts . < sup > 26 < / sup > The per capita GDP growth needed to reduce extreme poverty to 3 % ranges from zero to nearly 600 % - - a sixfold expansion of the economy ( Figure 1 , panel A ) . Non-poor countries require zero growth as the poverty target is already reached . North America is the only region in which all countries have achieved this poverty target , while countries in Sub-Saharan Africa need to grow on average by 215 % to reach it ( Figure 1 , Panel B ) . Targeting higher poverty lines ( $ 3 . 65 , $ 6 . 85 – poverty lines typically of lower and upper-middle income countries respectively < sup > 27 < / sup > ) requires more growth in more countries than targeting extreme poverty , as more countries are considered poor against higher poverty lines ( zero to 1117 % at $ 3 . 65 ; zero to 2251 % at $ 6 . 85 ; Extended Figure 5 ) . A minimum consumption level of $ 15 per day in all countries would need per capita GDP growth ranging between zero ( in 28 countries ) and 5140 % ( Extended Figure 5 ) . We show the implications of targeting poverty rates other than 3 % ( 5 % , 4 % , 2 % , 1 % , 0 % ; Extended Figure 13 ) . * * With historical energy-intensity patterns , how much energy is required for economic growth ? * * To link GDP growth with greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions , we first relate GDP per capita to energy consumption per capita and then relate energy consumption per capita to greenhouse gas emissions . For this , we combine GDP data from the World Development Indicators ( WDI ) with data from the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) on primary energy consumption and with data on GHG emissions from Climatewatch / CAIT , all for 2010 to 2019 ( the latest year the data are available )", "spans": [{"start": 1678, "end": 1714, "text": "World Development Indicators ( WDI )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1815, "end": 1861, "text": "data on GHG emissions from Climatewatch / CAIT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 3 < / sup > In each EA , 24 maize cultivating households were selected at random from the universe of maize cultivating households identified through a full household listing in each EA . Of the sampled households , 16 were selected at random for a separate crop cutting experiment and were subject * * – * * to two visits ( post-planting and crop cutting / post-harvest ) – these comprise our treatment group while the remaining 8 households were subject to a single , post-harvest visit – they serve as our control group . > 3 The IHS5 , a nationally representative household survey , ran from April 2019 to April 2020 , covering a sample of 11 , 472 households in 717 EAs . To access the anonymized survey data and documentation from the IHS5 , please visit : < u > https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3818 . < / u > 5", "spans": [{"start": 743, "end": 747, "text": "IHS5", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) subprojects ; and ( d ) continued accessibility and permissive security . Allocations to the _payam_ level will follow the Government ’ s fiscal transfer formula of 60 percent equal allocation and 40 percent based on population ( utilizing IOM ’ s DTM projections ) whereas all _bomas_ within target _payams_ will receive equal amount of funding as no population data are available < sup > 52 < / sup > ( see annex 2 for details ) . 33 . * * Use of community labor . * * The project will encourage contractors to utilize local labor in the infrastructure construction or rehabilitation to the extent possible . Emphasis will be placed on the inclusion of various social groups facing marginalization or barriers to participation ( for example , women , youth , returnees , ethnic minority groups , and people with disabilities ) and ensuring their access to daily wage labor opportunities . It will be especially important to include women in the design and construction of WASH facilities , for instance , to ensure these facilities are rehabilitated in ways that promote security and effective management on completion . The project will harmonize , to the extent possible , the labor provisions adopted by the World Bank ’ s SSSNP and coordinate salary levels with UN coordination cluster standards . # # * * Component 2 . Local Institution Strengthening ( US $ 14 . 17 million equivalent ) * * 34 . * * Subcomponent 2 . 1 . Community Institution Strengthening . * * This subcomponent supports the participatory planning process for the identification of subprojects that will be financed under Component 1 , monitoring of the construction and O & M of subprojects , and capacity building of the community institutions . Specific activities under this subcomponent include ( a ) community mobilization ; ( b ) participatory risk mapping / analysis and risk mitigation training ; ( c ) support for community institutions on participatory development planning , infrastructure construction / rehabilitation / monitoring", "spans": [{"start": 347, "end": 370, "text": "IOM ’ s DTM projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 459, "end": 474, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Ensure that any major * * ESHS * * or * * OHS * * incidents are reported to the client and the supervision engineer immediately . # # # * * Training * * * * 10 . * * The managers are responsible to : - * * i . * * Ensure that the * * OHS * * Management Plan is implemented , with suitable training required for all staff , including sub-contractors and suppliers ; and , - ii . Ensure that staff have a suitable understanding of the * * CESMP * * and are trained as appropriate to implement the * * CESMP * * requirements . - * * I t . All * * managers are required to attend an induction manager training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure that they are familiar with their roles and responsibilities in upholding the GBV and * * VAC * * elements of these Codes of Conduct . This training will * * be * * separate from the induction training course required of all employees and will provide managers with the necessary understanding and technical support needed to begin to develop the GBV and * * VAC * * Action Plan for addressing GBV and * * VAC * * issues . 12 . Managers are required to attend and assist with the project facilitated monthly training courses for all employees . Managers will be required to introduce the trainings and announce the self-evaluations , including collecting satisfaction surveys to evaluate training experiences and provide advice on improving the effectiveness of training . * * _13 . _ * * Ensure that time is provided during work hours and that staff prior to commencing work on site attend the mandatory project facilitated induction training on : - * * i . OHS * * and * * ESHS ; * * and , - * * ii . * * GBV and * * VAC * * required of all employees . 14 . During civil works , ensure that staff attend ongoing * * OHS * * and * * ESIS *", "spans": [{"start": 1315, "end": 1335, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enterprises in each sector . About half the sample ( 224 firms ) is located in Dar es Salaam and the balance divided rather evenly across each of the remaining regions ( each with about 50 firms ) . Overall , small firms make up 63 percent of the sample , medium-size firms 26 percent and large firms 11 percent . However , this firm-size distribution varies considerably across sectors and regions . Small firms are mostly found in textiles and garments , fabricated metals , furniture and IT , while large firms are more prevalent in food , construction , and transportation . Mbeya and Zanzibar are dominated by small and medium firms while Dar es Salaam and Arusha have most large firms . TESS builds on the recently completed 2013 Enterprise Survey for Tanzania , retaining selected key variables on firm characteristics , firm performance and productivity , and adding an expanded module of questions on employment and skills . It elicited qualitative and quantitative information from firms about the education and occupational composition of their workforce , their perceptions about skill gaps in education as well as different cognitive , non-cognitive and technical skills and the constraints these pose for their operations , their strategies for addressing skill gaps including the hiring of new workers , use of foreign workers and outsourcing skills , and their in-house and 12", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 753, "text": "2013 Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ 19 / 10 | 1 < br > 32 . 38 | Shopping Post < br > Post | Plan < br > Actual | 25-Nov-10 | 2-Dec-10 | 9-Dec-10 | 20-Dec-10 | 27-Dec-10 | 31-Dec-10 | | 20-Jan-11 < br > 25-Jan-11 | | Total | | 139 . 68 | | | | | | | | | | | | v < br > * * Ethiopia * * | | * * SNNP Purchase * * | * * for the Year 2010-2011 * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Rural Capacity Building * * | | | | | If Post-Revie < br > < br > * * Draft Bid Documents , * * < br > * * including specs and * * | w , No-objecti | on Dates are | not needed | | | | | | * * Loan # : * * | | * * B * * | * * ASIC DATA * * | | * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * Notice * * < br > < br > * * quantities , draft SPN * * | * * Bidding * * | * * Period * * | * * Bid Evaluation * * | * * Contract Finaliz * * | * * ation * * | * * Contr * * | * * act Implementation * * | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Numbe * * < br > * * Estimate * * < br > * * d * * | * * Procure * * < br > * * ment * * < br > * * Pre-or * * < br > * * Post *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ services and wage employment and some kind off-farming economic activities is very limited ; and - Although they are often hidden in the background , informal land leasing markets are active and common in Subproject impact Woreda and Kebele . # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 1 . 2 Overview of Subproject Impacts * * Following the completion of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) in 2024 , a complete census enumeration of PAHs and registration of property affected by the Subproject was conducted between December 2004 and January 2025 . According to the census and socio-economic sample survey results , the Subproject implementation would affect lives and livelihoods of about 361 HHs . Adverse social and economic impacts of the Subproject are spread over 20 Kebele Administrations found in 5 Woredas in Arsi Zone of Oromia Regional State ( See Table below ) . Table 11 . 1 : Number of Woredas , Kebeles and PAPs affected by the Subproject | * * Woreda * * | * * No . of Kebeles * * | * * No . of PAHs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Arsi-Robe | 3 | 55 | | Diksis | 4 | 57 | | Sude | 1 | 5 | | Hetosa | 3 | 75 | | Lude - Hetosa | 9 | 169 | | * * Total * * | * * 20 * * | * * 361 * * | Project affected families are largely agriculturalists ( crop farming ) . Affected properties include residential houses and related structures , farmland ( cereal crops such as wheat , barely ) , grazing land , perennial fruit crops ( Chat , Avocado , Banana , Ge", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 590, "text": "census enumeration of PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 719, "end": 766, "text": "census and socio-economic sample survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s ) that may be involved in the project , EPFI Principle 3 \" Applicable Social and Environmental Standards \" applies . Specifically EPFI Principle 3 states that \" for projects located in non-OECD countries and those located in OCED countries not designated as High-income , as defined by the World Bank Development Indicators Database , the Assessment will refer to the then applicable IFC Performance Standards and the then applicable Industry Specific EHS Guidelines ( EHS Guidelines ) . The Assessment will establish to a participating EPFI ' s satisfaction the projects overall compliance with , or justified deviation from , the respective Performance Standards and EHS Guidelines \" . Table 2 . 1 addresses the policies of the WB ( IDA ) , MIGA , AfDB , and the Performance Standards of IFC . Industry specific environmental , health and safety standards and guidelines are addressed in Sections 2 . 4 and 7 . 2 . 3 of this Report . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 334, "text": "World Bank Development Indicators Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Financial Sector Strengthening Project ( FSSP ) ( P171627 ) insurance companies are mandated to purchase the equivalent of at least 1 percent of the outstanding loans of commercial banks and 15 percent of insurance companies ’ net income and funding from NBE . This funding structure is an improved mechanism over NBE Bills < sup > 13 < / sup > but still constitutes a non-market-based funding source , and it does not discipline the bank to generate its own funding sources while , at the same time , generates inefficiencies in the capital allocation in the banking system . This , among other financially repressive practices , continues to constrain financial sector development , and these policy distortions have created limited incentives for the banking sector to support broader economic sectors , including SMEs . 17 . * * The micro-prudential supervisory regime is still based on Basel I for risk - based capital . * * Capital requirements do not cover for market risk and operational risk ; there are no capital conservation nor domestic systemically important bank ( D-SIB ) buffers that can be replenished when the economy is booming and released in time of stress , even for domestically systemic important banks such as CBE . There is also no leverage ratio to limit sound balance sheet growth . Moreover , the liquidity framework is not updated to mitigate short-term liquidity risk ( liquidity coverage ratio ) and risks from maturity transformation ( net stable funding ratio ) . Improving financial sector data reporting and complementing micro-prudential supervision with macro-prudential analysis is also important . < sup > 14 < / sup > The recent publication of the first Financial Stability Report is a step in the right direction , but an explicit macro-prudential mandate is needed for NBE . This mandate will be granted upon approval of the draft amendments to the NBE establishment proclamation which is currently with the Parliament . The NBE agreed to introduce Basel II Pillar 1 , upgrading capital requirement for credit and market risk and", "spans": [{"start": 1532, "end": 1553, "text": "financial sector data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sudanese are among the other nationalities that have been recognized through a groupbased approach . At the time of the escalation in cross-border movement of Somali asylum-seekers in early 2011 , this was the prevailing _status quo_ . UNHCR recognized Somali refugees pursuant to its mandate . Somalis were recognized primarily based on broader refugee criteria . Some Somalis were also recognized pursuant to the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria . UNHCR ’ s data indicate that prior to 2011 , the vast majority of Somali refugees in Dadaab were recognized under the OAU Convention ’ s regional refugee definition ( close to 346 , 000 ) , while nearly 1 , 000 were recognized under the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria and a little over 500 were recognized under UNHCR ’ s mandate definitions . < sup > 104 < / sup > In practical terms , however , the basis of recognition made little difference , < sup > 105 < / sup > as Somali refugees were , in general , required to live in the Dadaab camps . < sup > 106 < / sup > Although earlier flows of Somalis had fled multiple root causes and had been granted refugee status in Kenya , with respect to the 2011 – 2012 movements , the consequences of the drought were a prominent trigger . < sup > 107 < / sup > In this context , it seems that in March 2011 in Nairobi , with a marked increase in arrivals in Dadaab , and months before the UN declared a famine in parts of Somalia , the status of Somalis was the subject of a discussion among a small group comprising the then Commissioner for Refugee Affairs , senior UNHCR staff , WFP personnel and donors . < sup > 108 < / sup > At the meeting , the 104 As discussed in Subsection 2 . 5 of this report , UNHCR ’ s broader mandate criteria draw from broader refugee criteria in the regional refugee instruments , but UNHCR ’ s broader mandate criteria are to some extent textually distinct .", "spans": [{"start": 449, "end": 463, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 male and 387 , 000 female ) are urban population . The Somali region occupies 52 % of the total pastoral communities in Ethiopia . It is the region with the largest livestock population as well . According to the Ethiopian Livestock and Livestock Characteristics Survey ( 2021 ) , the Somali region has 2 , 646 , 940 cattle , 9 , 188 , 394 sheep , 1 , 700 , 167 goats , and 1 , 213 , 235 camels . The Somali region is one of the parts of Ethiopia with relative political stability and peace . However , the findings of the social assessment reveal that resource-driven conflicts , particularly competition over access to grazing land and water , are the major source of inter-clan conflicts in the region and with neighboring areas . This is complicated by vulnerability to climate impacts such as food insecurity , water scarcity , pests and diseases , flooding , malnutrition and famine , and waterborne diseases in the region . The Somali region is the least advantaged in economic and social development . Significant disparities exist in the availability and access to basic services . As per the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey ( EDHS ) , 48 % of the total population in the Somali region depend on unimproved sources of water . The level of adult literacy and access to health services are the lowest in the Somali region . The overwhelming majority ( 95 . 9 % ) of women and 88 . 2 % of men have no education or are illiterate . To illustrate low access to primary health care services , 56 % of the total women do not receive ANC , 82 % deliver at home with no medical facilities staffed with skilled assistance , 87 . 4 % do not receive PNC , and only 21 . 8 % of children receive all basic vaccinations . As shown in the Education Statistics Annual Abstract ( 2020 ) , the Net Enrolment Rate for primary education in the region was 72 % meaning 28 % of children are out of school . # # # # # 3 . 2 Afar Region Afar regional", "spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 275, "text": "Ethiopian Livestock and Livestock Characteristics Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1113, "end": 1152, "text": "Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1751, "end": 1787, "text": "Education Statistics Annual Abstract", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ ( Sidamegna ) as their first language whereas those in the corridor of the remaining section of the TL and around the substation speak Oromiffa as their first language . A large proportion of the local people also speak Amharic as their second language . Therefore , as a minimum , Sidamo in the Sidama part of the subproject area and Oromiffa in the Oromia part of the subproject area need to be covered for consultation with the local communities and disclosure of the ESIA findings and other necessary information . Amharic can be used for the communication with the local authorities and other stakeholders particularly those working in local offices ( at city , subcity & Woreda levels ) . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 3 . 5 Land Use Land Cover Types * * As can be seen from Table 4 . 9 , the three major land use types in Hawassa are built-area ( 37 % ) , grass land ( 15 % ) and farm land ( 13 % ) . The latter two land use types indicated the presence of peri-urban and rural Kebeles that are incorporated into city administration . The water body accounted to 26 % , shrub land 5 . 3 % and bare land about two percent ( Table 4 . 9 ) . Regarding Shashemene , land use data for peri-urban areas was extracted as most of subproject affected Woredas / Kebeles fall under peri-urban section of the city . It is also assumed that the information on these uses would reflect the situation of TL corridors and ROW . As shown in Table 4 . 9 the major land use is crop or farmland which accounted to about 69 % of peri-urban areas , which indicated that most the people", "spans": [{"start": 1362, "end": 1396, "text": "land use data for peri-urban areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _Productivity-enhancing technology in rural areas_ On economic mobility , another important area for future work is developing individual-level questions on use of technologies , including frequency and purpose of use , that can help expand economic opportunities and access to markets . Mobile phones , for example , can reduce costs of business and farm-related transactions , provide information on market prices and job opportunities , broaden personal and business networks , and ease access to financial services , including mobile money accounts that allow women better control over their income ( Demirgüç-Kunt et al , 2017 ) . Among the LSMS , the 2016-17 Malawi and 2013-14 Uganda LSMS-ISA ask about individual ownership of a mobile phone ( in the household roster for Malawi and the module on asset ownership for Uganda ) , but not questions about how they use their phones that can improve policy design ; only the 2015-16 Ethiopia LSMS-ISA asks about individual mobile money accounts in the module on savings . The link between mobile phone use and agriculture is also missing . The 2017 Global Findex provides guidance on use-related questions that can be policy-relevant ( for example , how individuals have used their mobile phones in financial transactions , whether these transactions are for agriculture , and with what frequency ) . Another important issue within rural areas is the use of improved agricultural technology and inputs . Recent LSMS-ISA agriculture modules ask about the use of improved seeds and other inputs at the plot level , that could be compared across men and women plot owners / managers ( along with jointly managed / owned plots ) , and linked to indicators of production and income . However , because women also make up a much smaller share of independent farmers , and are often not equally targeted by agricultural extension and technology initiatives , simply looking at use of improved technologies without understanding who is left out — and why — can skew an understanding of demand for technology . Direct questions on reasons for / against adoption that have been documented in more focused country-level studies are lacking in broader socioeconomic surveys , including skills / knowledge ( Udry , 2018 ) ; information networks ( Munshi , 2004 ; Moser", "spans": [{"start": 2196, "end": 2217, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Identify communal property , public infrastructure and facilities likely to be affected ; - iii . Identify community expectations and fears related to the compensation ; - iv . Explain to community members the meaning of key concepts used under the RAP such as resettlement , displacement , relocation and compensation , among others ; - v . Explain to community members the procedure for property identification and assessment . In these meetings , principles of compensation for various types of losses were detailed compensation eligibility and entitlement options discussed . It was also indicated to PAPs that a list of PAPs would be disclosed at sub-county and village LC offices with areas , locations and property owners ’ names . In all meetings , stakeholder questions and concerns were discussed and the importance of amicable transactions was emphasized . _See Annex 4 on stakeholder engagement for ease of reference_ # # # # * * 9 . 1 Stakeholder identification * * In order to develop an effective stakeholder involvement programme , it was necessary to determine exactly who the stakeholders are , basing on the definition that a stakeholder is \" any individual or group who is potentially affected by a project or can themselves affect a project ” . * * < u > Table 20 : Stakeholder Groups in the Project Area < / u > * * | * * Stakeholder Group * * | * * Project Interest * * | * * Engagement * * < br > * * Method * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Technical Leadership at < br > District Level |  < br > Support during project < br > implementation for grievance < br > management < br >  < br > Mobilisation of Communities | Formal < br > meetings | 71", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 631, "text": "list of PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as the sum of wages ( number of workers ) of all types of workers which have an average number of years of education strictly larger than the number of years needed to complete secondary school divided by the total wage bill ( total number of employees ) . < sup > 28 < / sup > For Brazil , we use direct information on the percentage of workers with some college education . < sup > 29 < / sup > In Table 3 Panel A , we present summary statistics on wage bill shares and employment shares of skilled workers according to our three measures . In both countries , wage bill shares and employment shares of nonproduction workers are larger than those of workers in engineering , technical and managerial occupations ( by de fi nition ) and these are in turn larger than those of workers with college education . For any given de fi nition of skills , average wage bill shares are larger than average employment shares . According to all skills measures , Brazil has lower average shares of skilled workers than China . # 3 . 1 . 2 Absorptive Capacity and International Economic Activities As measures of plants ’ learning and absorptive capacities , we use a dummy variable for R & D expenditures and a dummy variable for the introduction of new product lines . < sup > 30 < / sup > To measure the presence of international economic activities , we use a dummy variable for plants that export , the plant ’ s share of sales that are exported , a dummy variable for plants that are foreign-owned , the plant ’ s foreign ownership share , a dummy variable for plants that use imported inputs and the plant ’ s imported inputs share . For Brazil , we use data on direct exports , i . e . those not done through a distributor , whereas for China we use data on total exports since the survey does not distinguish between direct and indirect exports . < sup > 31 < / sup > In Table 3 Panel B , summary statistics are shown for the different measures of absorptive capacity and international economic activities . > 28The implicit assumption", "spans": [{"start": 1650, "end": 1672, "text": "data on direct exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1747, "end": 1768, "text": "data on total exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". See methodological notes on definition of poverty concepts . Source : Authors ’ estimates based on quarterly HBS data . # 3 . 3 . Vulnerability While official poverty did not change substantially during the crisis , this need not indicate that the degree of vulnerability to poverty risk or financial distress of the population throughout the recession remained unchanged . For instance , as discussed in the section above , moderate poverty increased significantly during the 2015 ‐ 2017 crisis . Hence , the share of people whose income is above the official poverty line , but very close to it , is increasing . Second , many households go in and out of official poverty during the year . In 2017 , 13 . 4 percent of the population lived below the official poverty line during at least one quarter , while the official poverty rate for the year was 6 . 8 percent . In other words , official poverty numbers do not fully reflect poverty risks and income insecurity . To assess the population poverty risks better , we construct the measure of vulnerability following Lopez ‐ Calva and Ortiz ‐ Juarez ( 2013 ) . We model the probability of being poor ( by the official definition ) as a function of certain socio ‐ economic characteristics such as age , residence , socio ‐ economic status , household type , and > 4 The profile of the population below the moderate poverty risk threshold is broadly similar to that associated with the official poverty threshold and corresponds to the poverty profile revealed in Mazol ( 2017 ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 119, "text": "quarterly HBS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 3 : Progress on Malaysia ’ s National Key Result Areas * * | * * 2010 Target * * | * * 2012 Target * * | * * Reported Progress in 2010 * * < sup > * * ix * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * REDUCING CRIME * * | | | | 20 % reduction of street crimes | 5 % annual reduction in overall < br > reported crime | street crime down 37 % < br > overall reported crime down 16 % | | * * CORRUPTION * * | | | | Malaysia ’ s CPI score at 4 . 9 < br > ( from 4 . 5 ) | | CPI 2010 score 4 . 4 | | 37 % approving Government < br > efforts on corruption in TI < br > Global survey ( from 28 % ) < br > Average audit findings per < br > ministry at 10 . 6 annually < br > ( from 11 . 2 ) | | 48 % approving government efforts in < br > TI Global survey | | * * IMPROVING STUDENT OU * * | * * TCOMES * * | | | Pre-school enrolments at 72 % < br > ( from 67 % ) | Pre-school enrolments at 87 % < br > All children having basic literacy and < br > numeracyskills at end ofyear three | 72 . 42 % enrolment | | * * POVERTY * * | | | | Poverty incidence at 2 . 8 % | | ( 13 , 471 households removed from | | ( from 3 . 6 % ) | | poverty ) | | Hardcore poverty at 0 % ( from < br > 0 . 72 % ) | | Hardcore poverty at 0 % | | * * RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE * * | | | | Peninsula : 91 . 4 % living within < br > 5km of a paved road ( from < br > 91 % ) | close to 100 % ditto | | | 16 , 000 new /", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 760, "text": "TI Global survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in indicators in most years , we can say that seasonality is at play for financial intermediation . We present the monthly distribution of loan disbursement , loans recovered , and other indicators of program performance . > 7 In 2010 , Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics reported around 750 MFIs . Instead of PKSF data on its sectoral level portfolio , it would have been better if PO level data were available for analysis . Unfortunately , PO level data are not available . > 8 Subsidizing funds for on-lending by POs by PKSF along with the grants for institutional development of MFIs has helped promote the viability of microfinance institutions in Bangladesh ( see Khandker , Khalily and Samad 2016 ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 271, "text": "Bangladesh Microfinance Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 310, "end": 319, "text": "PKSF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 443, "end": 456, "text": "PO level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| yes | yes | | 6 | Somalia ² | 370 , 000 - 400 , 000 | yes | 2005-2006 | yes | no | yes | no | | 7 | Sudan | 5 , 300 , 000 - 6 , 700 , 000 | yes | 2003-2007 | yes | no | yes | no | | 8 | Uganda | 1 , 300 , 000 - 1 , 400 , 000 | yes | 200 / 1-2005 / 6 | yes | no | yes | no | | | Total | 11 , 067 , 396 - 14 , 697 , 041 | 8 | | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | * Estimates from Global IDP Project and the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants . * * See appendix for country specific activities on refugees and IDPs . - ¹ Nepal ' s NSP for 2002-06 had no mention of refugees or IDPs ; the 2004-2005 NSP included refugees but not IDPs ; and the 2005-2006 NSP includes IDPs but not refugees . - ² The Somali NSP is comprised of the _HIV / AIDS Strategic Information and Data Review 2005_ , _Plan of Action 2005_ and the _Implementation Support Plan 2005-6_ . Refugees and IDPs are not referred to in the _Plan of Action . _ * * Figure 1 : HIV / AIDS National Strategic Plans and their Inclusion of Refugees and IDPs * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > HIV / AIDS National Strategic Plans that HIV / AIDS National Strategic Plans < br > Mention Refugees ( N = 8 ) with Specific Activities for Refugees < br > ( N = 8 ) < br > 13 % < br > Yes < br > 38 % < br > No < br > 87 % 62 % < br > HIV / AIDS National Strategic Plans that HIV / AIDS National Strategic Plans < br > Mention IDPs ( N = 8", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 379, "text": "Global IDP Project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scientists conducted the interviews after obtaining written informed consent from the SPs . Table A3 presents the distribution of SPs who were interviewed based on various background characteristics . Similar to the household surveys , the Institutional Review Boards of the Population Council and Mbarara University granted ethical clearance for the HFA . * * < < B > > * * Secondary Data Sources 15", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 233, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activity : Evidence from establishment-level data . Journal of Political Economy , 127 ( 3 ) , pp . 000-000 . - Glaeser , E . L . , and J . D . Gottlieb . 2008 . “ The Economics of Place-Making Policies . ” NBER Working Paper w14373 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Cambridge , MA . - Holmes , T . J . , 1998 . The effect of state policies on the location of manufacturing : Evidence from state borders . Journal of political Economy , 106 ( 4 ) , pp . 667-705 . - Hsieh , C . T . and Klenow , P . J . , 2009 . Misallocation and manufacturing TFP in China and India . The Quarterly journal of economics , 124 ( 4 ) , pp . 1403-1448 . - Jofre-Monseny , J . and Sole ́ - Olle ́ , A . 2012 . “ Which communities should be afraid of mobility ? The effects of agglomeration economies on the sensitivity of employment location to local taxes . ” Regional Science and Urban Economics , vol . 42 , pp . 257 – 68 . - Kline , P . , and E . Moretti . 2014a . “ Local economic development , agglomeration economies , and the big push : 100 years of evidence from the Tennessee Valley Authority . ” The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 129 ( 1 ) , pp . 275-331 . - ______ . 2014b . “ People , Places , and Public Policy : Some Simple Welfare Economics of Local Economic Development Programs . ” Annual Review of Economics 6 ( 1 ) : 629 – 62 . - Li , Y . , M . Rama , V . Galdo and M . F . Pinto . 2015 . “ A Spatial Database for South Asia . ” Unpublished manuscript , World Bank , Washington , DC . - Lu , Y . , Wang , J . and Zhu , L . , 2019 . Place-Based Policies , Creation , and Agglomeration Economies : Evidence from China ' s Economic Zone Program . American Economic Journal : Economic Policy , 11 ( 3 ) , pp . 325-60 . 36", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "security and assistance . With confl icts erupting in new areas near international borders and in areas where there has been sustained insecurity and the populations ’ resources have become depleted , people are fl eeing to where they can obtain protection assisted by a host government , UNHCR and other humanitarian organizations in the neighboring countries . As of the second week of October 2016 , there are over 450 , 000 South Sudanese refugees in Uganda . Half of these arrived since July 2016 . < sup > 20 < / sup > From monitoring of new arrivals in Uganda , a signifi cant number have been living as IDPs in Juba and as far away as Bentiu stating they can no longer afford to provide for their families in South Sudan without work or access to their land . < sup > 21 < / sup > Since the July 2016 confl ict in Juba , over 2 , 000 persons have been crossing the border to Uganda each day and since the fi rst week of September , on average , each day over 1 , 000 people have been fl eeing to Ethiopia . The most signifi cant displacement situations from April to September 2016 are described below . * * Equatoria region * * - In the July Juba confl ict , during the fi rst four days of the fi ghting , an estimated 40 , 000 people fl ed from their homes in the capital , seeking refuge in UN bases that were already hosting IDPs and collective sites such as churches and schools . All civilians that fl ed to Tomping have either left the site or have been transferred to UN House POC sites . There are now over 40 , 000 IDPs in the two UN House IDP sites , an increase of about 11 , 000 persons . Over 11 , 500 IDPs are estimated to be in identifi ed informal IDP collective sites in urban Juba . An increasing number of IDPs are arriving in Juba town approaching the UN House POC and going", "spans": [{"start": 530, "end": 566, "text": "monitoring of new arrivals in Uganda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ < u > Environmental & Social Management Framework , November 2007 < / u > _ # # # # # * * 2 . 3 . 5 Local government * * NWSC will liaise with appropriate levels of local government to obtain mobilization of support for the proposed network expansion , and assistance in selection of appropriate areas of need . This is done by engaging a coordinator who will be responsible in helping NWSC to establish areas with informal settlements , give permission when passing lines in certain areas , help in gathering people during community sensitization etc . The roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and how they interface can be demonstrated diagrammatically as follows : < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ministry of < br > Finance < br > Ministry of Water & < br > Environment < br > Other NWSC < br > stakeholders < br > e . g . local < br > government , Kampala Water < br > independent < br > verification < br > agent PUP Unit < br > Customers < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # * * 2 . 4 Annual reporting procedures * * A report based on performance indicators will be handed in to KW Headquarters on a monthly basis . This report will reflect the level of achievement of these indicators against pre-set targets . KW Headquarters will then verify the report through an internal audit team before forwarding the report to NWSC headquarters . NWSC Headquarters will then compile the report and send it to both an appointed external auditor and to GPOBA . The report will contain the principal output which in this case will be the number of new connections made , estimated investment cost benefit from field surveys made , the water sales that were made , arrears , billing , collections and suppressed accounts , the service quality that is the average hours per day to which there was access to the service and the number of interruptions / outages during the day . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1631, "end": 1644, "text": "field surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * CHAD Improving Learning Outcomes Project ( P175803 ) of parents of children aged 7-14 years report that the school management committee includes parent members ; and only one fifth report participating in meetings of the committee . The majority ( 62 percent ) receive report cards , but only 26 percent report discussing their child ’ s progress with a teacher . < sup > 27 < / sup > 18 . * * Children enter school poorly prepared for learning and are taught in a language they do not speak . * * Many children start Grade One after years of debilitating health episodes and inadequate cognitive stimulation . Roughly 40 percent of children under five years old are either moderately or severely stunted . Only one percent of children aged 36-59 months attend a pre-school program , while only 2 percent of Grade One students have attended a pre-school in the previous year . Also , the existing preschool program dates from 1994 and is no longer relevant , and there are no standards regulating this sub-sector . Further , almost all children are taught in a language they cannot speak . 19 . * * Education budgets are inadequate , and financial mechanisms can be strengthened * * . Public spending on education was the equivalent of 2 percent of GDP and education expenditures constituted only 11 percent of total government expenditures in 2018 , < sup > 28 < / sup > well below those recommended by the Global Partnership for Education , 5 percent and 20 percent respectively . They are also low by regional standards . Over the past fifteen years , Chad ’ s public expenditures on education as a percentage of GDP have on average been 0 . 8 percentage points lower than the Sahelian average . < sup > 29 < / sup > Education expenditures are fragile and susceptible to shocks . In 2015-16 , further to the collapse in petrol prices collapsed , roughly one quarter of all primary schools closed ; < sup > 30 < / sup > and by", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to migration , job mobility , non-ownership of residence , death , etc . Row ( 6 ) of Table 2 shows that the replacement rate is much higher for Afghan refugees ( 12 . 9 % ) compared to Iranians ( 3 . 7 % ) . Next , we look into the change in the employment status of _active individuals_ ( employed and unemployed ) in the rotating panel sample . Figure 4 illustrates the transition rates from employment / unemployment into employment / unemployment / inactivity . We find that transition from unemployment to employment is much higher among Afghan individuals ( 62 . 4 % ) than Iranians ( 38 . 2 % ) . The transition rate from employment to unemployment is slightly larger among Afghan individuals ( 16 . 5 % ) than Iranians ( 14 . 3 % ) . Based on these transition rates , we define two variables for regression estimations : * * unemployment to employment * * is a dummy variable for unemployed individuals that becomes one if the status becomes employed in the next period . In a similar way , we define * * employment to unemployment * * dummy for unemployed individuals in each round of LFS surveys . Using the information of the type of occupations and the transition between them , we can measure upward and downward occupational mobility . Figure 5 shows the transition between skilled and unskilled jobs for individuals who are _employed_ in two consecutive years . While 41 % of Iranians with an unskilled job move to a skilled job next year , this rate for Afghan refugees is 28 % . On the other hand , the skilled to unskilled transition is higher among Afghans ( 26 . 5 % ) than Iranians ( 7 . 1 % ) . The transition rates for the matched sample of Iranians are between Afghan refugees and all Iranians . Hence , we can conclude that in terms of occupational mobility , Afghan refugees have lower upward mobility and higher downward mobility . In this regard , we define two dummy variables for employed individuals in two consecutive years : * * upward mobility * * is a dummy for unskilled workers that becomes one if", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1106, "text": "LFS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries , estimates the gains in student promotion from optimal allocation of existing teachers between schools at between 0 . 1 and 4 . 2 percentage points . - In * * Chapter 2 * * , we present a stylized algorithm , based on the MoE ’ s rules , to identify target schools in need of more teachers . Drawing on administrative data collected in 2017 , 2018 and 2019 , we apply this algorithm to identify all target schools in each year . We present estimated needs for teachers according to this algorithm , at national , district and school levels . - In * * Chapter 3 * * , we compare our targeting algorithm to the actual allocations of new teachers in Malawi in each of the four years , and assess the extent to which allocation met with need , both nationally and at the district level . - In * * Chapter 4 * * , we assess the impact of the allocation of new teachers on school PTRs . - In * * Chapter 5 * * , we assess the impact of reduced PTRs on student repetition rates and dropout rates . - * * Chapter 6 * * discusses the results . # * * 2 . Rules-based targeting of new teachers to schools * * The allocation of newly deployed teachers – typically 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 per year – is a multi-stage process across multiple levels of government ( see Asim et al . , 2019 , for a detailed discussion ) . Teachers enter the workforce having completed pre-service training under the auspices of the Department for Teacher Education and Development ( DTED ) of MoE , primarily through a program known as the Initial Primary Teacher Education ( IPTE ) . Through the Directorate of Basic Education ( DBE ) and the Local Government Service Commission ( LASCOM ) , MoE allocates teachers to each of Malawi ’ s 34 education districts ; < sup > 6 < / sup > District Education Offices ( DEOs ) in each district then allocate teachers to specific schools . Allocating new teachers equitably to schools may seem a simple matter of targeting the schools with the highest PTRs ,", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 333, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A . Population and Health Status 2 . 01 Demographic Situation . Ethiopia is the second most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria . The country ' s first census , in May 1984 , revealed a population of 42 million as against the Government ' s previous estimate of 34 million . Eighty-nine percent of the population is rural , and more than 20 % live ia the mountainous r . orthern and central plateau , where environmental degradation is severe , and worsening . The population is growing at about 2 . 9 % per annum , giving a doubling time of about 24 years . Mortality in normal ( i . e . , non-drought ) years is at the high end of the range for East Africa . The crude death rate is estimated at about 18 per thousand population and the infant mortality rate at about 135 per thousand births . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) is estimated at about 6 . 8 ; the typical range for East Africa is between 6 . 5 and 8 . DrougEt and famines , during which more than 7 million people were in need of food aid , interrupted the normal evolution of mortalitv and fertility , and will have left many infants and children with stunted physical and mental capabilities ( see also para . 2 . 05 ) . 2 . 02 Demographic Projections . Alternative population projections have been made by IDA on the basis of different assumptions about trends in fertility starting from the 1984 census data ( see Annex 1 ) . On the", "spans": [{"start": 1378, "end": 1394, "text": "1984 census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 agricultural primary production , food processing , and other manufacturing ) and therefore than non-agriculture in total . In the absence of those policies , agricultural value added would have been 5 . 7 percent higher on average , and higher in each of the six developing country regions shown in that table relative to non-agriculture in total ( compare with the numbers in parentheses in the final column of Table 3 ) . There is considerable regional variation though : the averages are 12 percent higher in Latin America , 10 percent higher in East Asia ( excluding Korea and Taiwan which , with Hong Kong and Singapore , we classify as high-income ) , 3 percent higher in SubSaharan Africa , and less than 2 percent higher in the three other developing country regions . Turning to the top left-hand numbers of Table 3 , it is clear that most of that gain to developing country farmers would come from the removal of agricultural tariffs and subsidies in high-income countries . < sup > 8 < / sup > Net farm incomes in all developing country regions , even those that are net food importers and those receiving preferential access to protected markets in high-income countries , would be boosted by such reform . By contrast , according to the GTAP Version 6 database and GTAP-AGR model used here , agricultural value added in all developing country regions would be reduced by the reform of agricultural and food policies in developing countries themselves . This is not surprising , given the high protection to agriculture in both high-income and developing countries reported in Table 1 ( a ) . Columns 3 and 4 of Table 3 show that loss would be partly offset by reform in non-agricultural sectors though , with services reform making > 8 Decomposition of those results reveals that more than two-thirds of the gains to developing country farm incomes from high-income country agricultural policy reform would come from removal of tariffs , and that domestic rather than export subsidies contribute most of the rest . See the discussion of Table 10 below .", "spans": [{"start": 1254, "end": 1277, "text": "GTAP Version 6 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This gender gap in hours of work holds across all seasons : 11hr in the main rainy season , 13hr in the short rainy season , and 7hr in the harvesting season . Moreover , and similar to the extensive margin results , we observe that children reported on average 2 . 2 ( or 9 . 5 % ) higher worked hours than the mean hours obtained from the proxy . These self / proxy reporting differences also show variability across seasons : 2 . 8hr ( 18 % ) in the main rainy season , - 0 . 05hr ( - 0 . 2 % ) in the short rainy season , and 4hr ( 12 % ) in the harvesting season . These results are statistically significant at 10 % for all but the short rainy season . While the unconditional hours spent on-farm activities reported by proxies are lower than the self-reported for both boys and girls , however , we do not observe statistically significant child / proxy discrepancies for girls relative to boys either in the pooled data or in each season separately . Indeed , the coefficient of inter-variability of the self-reported measures of worked hours is twice the size of the coefficient of inter-variability computed for farm labor participation for boys and girls , suggesting the noisier nature of reporting worked hours . # * * 4 . 2 Regression Results * * Tables 3 and 4 depict the OLS results for the 30-day and 7-day recall periods at the extensive ( columns 1-3 ) and intensive ( columns 4-6 ) margins following equations 1 and 2 . < sup > 14 < / sup > We test directly whether differences in the reported participation in farm activities are affected by the gender of the child and whether gender survey treatment effects vary across seasons . Results show statistically significant gender gaps for self / proxy reporting in child labor statistics . Column 2 in Table 3 shows that girls have 6 . 4 percentage points higher discrepancy in the participation of farm activities report compared to boys , or a 13 . 5 % higher rate of participation than the mean participation obtained from the proxy . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) The overall implementation of the Productive Safety Net Project 4 is progressing satisfactorily . PSNP continued to deliver transfers ( food , cash , or mix ) to million 8 million beneficiaries across 381 woredas . The number of PSNP woredas increased in FY 20 to 381 due to woreda split without changing the ben caseload . The management of the program has made progress in addressing key bottlenecks and challenges facing the program , especially with regard to system building . Although contract for data collection for the establishment of beneficiary household registry was concluded at the beginning of 2020 , implementa delayed by the Covid-19 pandemic . Government has taken timely decision to adjust the cash wage rate by an average of 24 % to accommodate food pric for the FY 21 . This wage adjustment has been indexed against the annual food price CPI published by CSA . Timeliness of transfers has marginally improved from last year i . e . cash transfer improved from 51 % to 61 % transfers delivered within 20 days of completi works and food transfers from 29 % to 71 % delivered within 30 days of completion of public works . However , cash transfers to permanent direct support be during the first quarter of FY 21 declined due to cash withdrawal cap limitation issued by the National Bank of Ethiopia . The Government and Developmen continue to monitor the implementation of agreed actions for improvements in timeliness and predictability of transfers which were delayed due to Covid-1 including piloting of closing the payrolls at kebele level in lieu of woreda level , which is the current practice . The Bank together with PSNP Development Partners will continue to support the Government to put into practice the agreements reached during regular the program , including improvements in the timeliness of payments to beneficiaries and in the overall PSNP planning , budgeting , and implementation . # * * Risks * * # *", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 696, "text": "beneficiary household registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 10 Due to a significant increase in humanitarian relief related to the drought in 2015 / 16 . Otherwise the average expenditure on safety nets represents about 60 percent of the total social protection expenditure . > 11 OECD ( Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ) . 2019 . “ Financing Social Protection in Ethiopia : A long-term Perspective . ” > 12 Estimated based on administrative and survey data > 13 HFA is implemented by three operators - Government , WFP , and a consortium of NGOs . NDRMC was responsible with implementation on behalf of Government , and with the overall planning and coordination of HFA implementation . Page 7 of 14 Jun 06 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 422, "text": "administrative and survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "after winsorization is similar . # * * A1 . 7 Descriptive Statistics * * The composition of firms across countries and two-digit sectors before and after winsorization is similar . Observations of services firms are generally missing capital stock and share of high-skilled labor . Using the World Bank classification ( World Bank Data , 2020 ) , only one country is classified as low-income ( Tajikistan ) ; we therefore group countries into three income categories : high , upper middle , and lower middle . 38", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 335, "text": "World Bank Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Northern Uganda Social Action Fund Project ( NUSAF2 ) ( P111633 ) # # Overall Comments Progress towards achieving the KPIs has appeared relatively steady based on the updated data available from UBOS via the Uganda National Household Survey 2012 / 2013 ( UNHS ) and the wealth of NUSAF2 program data steadily increasing since MTR . * * On the KPIs specifically * * : ( i ) reporting on household incomes has increased since the last mission in Feb 2014 with more HISP projects approved and operational ; ( ii ) information on person days from PWP similarly has also risen and has been computed using latest program data ; ( iii ) latest gross enrollment data is available from UNHS ; moreover field visits to CIR education projects demonstrate beyond a doubt the impact of NUSAF2 not just on enrollment ( more girls / fewer dropouts , for example ) but also on other areas of relevance to the sector ; ( iv ) the latest UNHS data is available on the percentage of population with access to all season roads – which can further be complemented with calculations for determining beneficiary numbers using program data , sector standards and population densities from UBOS ; ( v ) the latest data on the percentage of population with access to improved safe water sources is also reported from UNHS with an additional beneficiary number provided based on the number of households accessing different safe water sources provided to date via NUSAF2 ; and ( vi ) the indicator on satisfaction with quality of basic socio-economic services which reports data from an earlier citizen report card study is proposed to be updated very soon via a community score card exercise . # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Percentage of PWP sub-projects completed accordin < br > Baseline | g to design and within timefr < br > Actual ( Previous ) | ame ( Percentage , Cust < br > Actual (", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 344, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey 2012 / 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 372, "end": 391, "text": "NUSAF2 program data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 699, "end": 711, "text": "program data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 729, "end": 750, "text": "gross enrollment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1195, "end": 1207, "text": "program data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") and Kaunda grounds / Prisons junction-Airfield road . # # # # # 6 . 15 . 2 Existing Road Width Basing on the topographic survey , design drawings and measurements have been taken to determine the existing carriage way width . Generally , it ranges between 5 meters to 6 meters . Basing on the above , we propose the following as the working principles . - a ) The Government holds a right of way over the existing 6 meter ( wide ) road presently being used as carriage way . No person is entitled to compensation for land rights in the existing 6 meter ( wide ) road carriage way unless the Government wishes to acquire a registered land title from landowners who legally hold such land titles - b ) Any diversions from the existing road shall be assessed and compensated . Where land beyond the acquired land is used by the contractor and probably property also destroyed , then compensation should be effected under \" injurious affection \" _ - c ) Where landowners have already surveyed their plots and secured land titles clearly excluding the road reserve , no compensation shall be made for land left between the surveyed land and the edge of the carriageway_ 57", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 129, "text": "topographic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information from OpenStreetMaps ( OSM 2021 ) . We overlay the digital subway maps on our 25 km grid and compute the total length of subway lines in each grid cell and year . Both subway age and line length measures are highly right-skewed , so we apply the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation prior to estimation . < sup > 6 < / sup > # * * 2 . 3 Accounting for Wind Displacement of CO2 Emissions * * Space-based observations detect higher CO2 concentrations over emissions sources because atmospheric diffusion is not instantaneous . As the prevailing winds displace emissions from their sources , deviations from background concentrations persist for some time . City-level or plant-level estimates have commonly employed measures of wind direction to model these effects ( Nassar et al . 2017 ; Wu et al . 2020 ; Ye et al . 2020 ) . We replicate this exercise at global scale , using ERA5 monthly wind direction data for all grid cells in the database ( Hersbach et al . 2019 ) . For emissions from each grid cell , we determine the wind-directed path across neighboring cells . We compute monthly wind bearings at 0 . 25 < sup > ◦ < / sup > resolution from 10-m u and v components and then resample to our 25 km grid . < sup > 7 < / sup > Wind paths are calculated in sequence . For each origin cell ( A ) in the sequence , the destination cell ( B ) is determined by the wind bearing in cell A . Using each grid cell as a source , we determine the sequential path across nearby cells through 20 iterations . Theory provides no guidance on local atmospheric persistence as wind displacement proceeds , so we address the issue empirically . In preliminary regression experiments , we perform a grid search across two variables . The first is the duration decay function , modeled as the inverse of the iteration sequence number raised to a power that varies in increments of 0 . 1 between 0 and 2 . 0 . The second is the number of iterations , which varies from 1 to 20 . Our grid search yields best fits for decay and", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 922, "text": "ERA5 monthly wind direction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Robustness Checks * * # # * * 5 . 1 What is the effect of government support on exit and non-response ? * * Our analysis in Section 4 uses the sample of firms for whom government support is observed in all three rounds of the ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys , thus dropping any firms that closed between rounds or that did not respond to the later survey rounds for other reasons . This section asks whether using this sample of responding firms could bias our results , which may be the case if there is a relationship between government support and exit or non-response . We start by pointing out that confirmed exit rates are very low in our sample . Table A . 3 shows exit rates for the sample of 4 , 279 firms that reported government support in both Rounds 1 and 2 ( i . e . , firms that had not closed by Round 2 ) . Only 1 percent of these firms were confirmed to have exited by Round 3 . The exit rate is higher , 9 percent , if we include firms that are assumed to have closed since they could not be contacted in Round 3 . We also lose firms in our balanced sample due to interview refusal in Round 3 or not reporting government support in Round 3 . In total , 19 percent of firms drop out of the sample of 4 , 279 for any of the reasons mentioned above ( confirmed exit , assumed exit , interview refusal , and not reporting government support ) , giving 3 , 647 firms in our balanced sample . Tables A . 4 and A . 5 follow the same format as Tables 5 and 6 , to examine whether receiving government support in Rounds 1 and 2 is associated with subsequent firm exit or non-response to Round 3 . We find no relationship between government support and confirmed firm exit . The only variable that shows a statistically significant correlation with confirmed exit is firm age , where older firms were less likely to exit than younger firms ( Table A . 4 Column 1 ) . When also including assumed exit as the outcome", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 265, "text": "ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Mendes ( 2025 ) . Inventory decisions under political violence . _Economics Letters 247_ , 112158 . - De Chaisemartin , C . , X . d ’ Haultfoeuille , F . Pasquier , D . Sow , and G . Vazquez-Bare ( 2022 ) . Difference-in-differences estimators for treatments continuously distributed at every period . _Mimeo_ . - De Chaisemartin , C . and X . d ’ Haultfoeuille ( 2020 ) . Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects . _American Economic Review 110_ ( 9 ) , 2964 – 2996 . - De Roux , N . and L . Martinez ( 2023 ) . Uncertainty , peace , and investment : Evidence from credit microdata in Colombia . _Mimeo_ . - Del Prete , D . , M . Di Maio , and A . Rahman ( 2023 ) . Firms amid conflict : Performance , production inputs , and market competition . _Journal of Development Economics 164_ , 103143 . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms in the estimation ( Appendix Table 3 ) . For this regression , we use a different measure of risk . The risk of banked firms is based on real and financial data , while that of unbanked firms is calculated using only real data . To simplify , we report only results with industry and municipality fixed effects . The selection results are also robust to using the ex-ante spread as a simple and direct measure of risk instead of using the predicted default probability from our estimated default probability model ( Appendix Table 4 ) . # * * 5 . 3 Dynamic Lockdowns and Program Selection * * The result that firms with both positive and negative variations in sales during the pandemic are more likely to apply and be approved for credit indicates that credit flows across the board regardless of how the pandemic affects firms . To further investigate this issue , we analyze credit distribution to firms in municipalities under lockdown and those in contiguous municipalities with free circulation . To do so , we exploit the dynamically staggered imposition by the sanitary authorities of mandatory lockdowns across municipalities ( as explained in Appendix A ) . These measures aim to contain the coronavirus as it spreads over time across the country and generates a spatial heterogeneity of exposure to social distancing measures . Appendix Figure 1 presents the map of municipalities according to their overall lockdown status and shows substantial geographical variation . Appendix Figure 2 presents the weekly evolution of the cumulative number of municipalities under lockdown . At the firm level , the lockdowns produce a plausibly exogenous source of variation of sales since the sales of firms in municipalities affected by the sanitary measures decline substantially ( Briones et al . , 2021 ) . We thus define the treatment event as the week in which a municipality enters a mandatory lockdown . Treated firms are in municipalities that enter a lockdown at any point during May to July of 2020 . Control firms are those in adjacent municipalities that remain open during the same period . The underlying assumption is that firms in adjacent municipalities are similar in terms of risk , firm attributes , and exposure to the pandemic and only", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 166, "text": "real and financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 232, "text": "real data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "flows . Table 3 shows that the same results hold for the correlation of CPI inflation . Table 4 comes back to the use of gross trade indicators but this time constructed using data from Borin and Mancini ( 2019 ) based on EORA data . The goal of separating the ( gross ) export flows that are directly absorbed from the share that is re-exported further . Results in column ( 1 ) show that the correlation of CPI inflation increases when two countries trade more intermediate inputs , which confirms the insight from 15", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 231, "text": "EORA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both rural and urban areas , rising from 56 percent to 68 percent in rural areas , and 65 percent to 83 percent in urban areas . Seen all together , there was reasonably good progress in this pillar . Overall , progress in terms of this set of outcome indicators was mixed , but a preponderance of targets were met ( private investment , NARS implementation , PFM , safe water , education ) , and the targets for the fiscal deficit and deliveries in health care centers were nearly met . Three indicators had no targets but showed gains ( marketing of agricultural production , agricultural exports , and access to sanitation ) , while five were not met ( corruption , share of LG revenue as > 39 A second indicator of perceived corruption , the National Integrity Survey , produced incomparable results . 35", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 771, "text": "National Integrity Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Google < br > associate android developer . | / | Biogas user survey under < br > National Biogas Program | Post < br > Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2021-02-16 | | | | | 2021-03-04 | 2021-03-23 | | | * * NON CONSULTING S * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | * * ERVICES * * < br > Loan / Credit < br > No . | Component | Review Type < br > Method | Market Approach < br > Procurement < br > Process | Prequalification < br > ( Y / N ) < br > A | ctual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Process < br > Status < br > Draft Pre - < br > Docu | qualification < br > ments < br > Prequali < br > Evaluatio | fication < br > n Report < br > Draft Bidding < br > Document / < br > Justification | Specific Procurement < br > Notice / Invitation | Bidding Documents as < br > Issued < br > Pr < br > | opo < br > Ope | sal Submission / < br > ning / Minutes < br > Bid < br > and | Evaluation Repor < br > Recommendatio < br > for Award | t < br > n < br > Signed Contract | Contract Completion | | | | | | | | | Planned | Actual < br > Planned | Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | Planned < br > Actual | Planned < br > Actual < br > P | lann | ed < br >", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 72, "text": "Biogas user survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "areas , the least wealthy members of society may still be most vulnerable to the negative impacts of air pollution . We rely on spatially resolved estimates of wealth and PM2 _ . _ 5 that are constructed by model predictions from observed inputs , particularly from satellite imagery . While both sets of predictions are trained using data collected on the ground for areas in which that data exists , they are useful precisely because data does not exist everywhere . In areas without ground collected data their accuracy cannot be verified . We confirm that our results are robust to using alternative measures of wealth and pollution ( see Section SI-1 . 4 ) for the areas in which that data exists but these are also the areas where the algorithms would be expected to be most accurate . It is by construction uncertain how accurate the wealth and PM2 _ . _ 5 predictions are in areas for which we have no ground data . If , for example , wealth is systematically underestimated in less polluted areas , or pollution levels are overestimated in wealthy areas , then our approach would overestimate the degree of progressivity in the pollution-wealth relationship . Conversely , if the wealth data systematically underestimates wealth in polluted areas or pollution is underestimated in poorer areas then our approach will underestimate the progressivity . Understanding the distribution of ambient air pollution concentrations across wealth levels in LMICs is important for policymakers . The common perception that the least wealthy members of society typically live in the most polluted areas is not consistent with the empirical evidence presented here . Our results indicate the relationship around the world differs from that found in high income countries and varies across countries . The substantial heterogeneity we document highlights that the benefits of reducing ambient air pollution will accrue to different populations in different settings . Finally , our results emphasize that ambient air pollution is a problem in precisely the places that are engines of economic growth in most countries . < sup > 24 < / sup > Failure to address the challenges of ambient air pollution in these settings is likely holding back economic growth . < sup > 35 < / sup > This work", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 363, "text": "data collected on the ground", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1189, "end": 1200, "text": "wealth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "containerized freight rates to the increasing input costs , such as fuel , ship prices , and port costs . From the market structure perspective , the industry has significant entry lags due to the time it takes to build a new ship . Bridgman ( 2021 ) attributes the lack of a dramatic fall in freight rates at least in part to the strong labor unions in ports . Due to their strong bargaining power , port-related labor costs did not fall much even though containerization resulted in enormous labor productivity gains . Finally , the demand for international trade and transportation services is constantly increasing ( see Fig . 1 ) , which may allow maintaining high freight rates in the highly concentrated industry with the legalized collusion . * * Stylized Fact 10 . * * _Between 1970 and 2004 , containerized freight rates did not exhibit a decreasing trend . The non-decreasing trend , despite some technological advances , can be blamed on the increasing input costs , market structure , and constantly increasing demand . _ # * * 3 Transport Costs Measures and Data Sources * * over We consider three measures of transportation costs : ( i ) approximation by distance , ( ii ) the c . i . f . f . o . b . ratio , and ( iii ) the direct ( either specific or ad-valorem ) measures . This section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each measure in the context . We also describe available datasets 1 . and provide their summary in Table # # * * 3 . 1 Transportation Costs Approximated by Distance * * Understanding the size and nature of transport costs requires detailed data on freight rates . These data are sparse . Researchers have widely used physical distance as a proxy for transport cost to overcome the paucity of transport cost data . < sup > 14 < / sup > This tendency in empirical literature has been in part motivated by a robust to many specifications and periods ln ( _Distance_ ) coefficient of ( _ − _ 1 ) in the _a_ ggregate trade gravity regressions initially introduced by Tinbergen ( 1962 ) . In these regressions , 14An example of the", "spans": [{"start": 1743, "end": 1762, "text": "transport cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rates in the two plant samples . < sup > 7 < / sup > Clearly , these results contradict the stereotype . At least one-third of the plants in the Manila sample are removing BOD at high rates , and many Thai plants seem to be running near OECD standards . Approximately 50 % of the Thai factories in the sample are removing over 90 % of their BOD from the waste stream , and 70-80 % are removing 70 % or more . * * 8 * * Indonesia is another Southeast Asian economy with historically weak regulation . Nonetheless , recently-gathered data reveal the same pattern ( Afsah , 1995 ) . Figures 3 and 4 present distributions of BOD concentrations relative to U . S . and Indonesian standards for large samples of Indonesian pulp / paper and textile mills . In each case , the Indonesian standard is several times that of its U . S . equivalent . While the U . S . Environmental Protection Agency is well-staffed and has operated for over twenty years , the Indonesian national regulatory agency ( BAPEDAL ) is quite new , operates with a small staff , and has little power to punish plants which are not in compliance with existing regulations . Nevertheless , the actual distribution of 7 Organic water pollutants are oxidized by naturally-occuring microorganisms . Biological oxygen demand ( BOD ) removes dissolved oxygen from the water and can seriously damage some fish species which have adapted to the previous dissolved oxygen level . Organic water pollutants can also accelerate the growth of algae , which will crowd out other plant species . The eventual death and decomposition of the algae is another source of oxygen depletion as well as noxious smells and unsightly scum . The most common measure for BOD is the amount ( kg . ) of oxygen used by micro-organisms to oxidize the organic waste in a standard sample of pollutant during a five-day period ( hence , ' 5day BOD ' ) . 8 Sources : World Bank consultant reports . 4", "spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 536, "text": "recently-gathered data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Each of these children and their households face the choice of allocating his / her time among five activities : - going to school , - working in the labor market outside the home , - working in an enterprise or farm belonging to the household , - helping with home care tasks , and - leisure . In the CILSS , there is direct information on the first four activities . Since the personal development needs of the child are best served by school attendance , it behooves to look first at the extent to which this time allocation is not chosen by the child , or more likely , for the child by the parents . By age 7 , almost 50 % of children in C6te d ' Ivoire are not enrolled in school yet ( Table 6 and Figure 1 ) . The figure decreases to 32 % at age 9 , then rises steadily to the 40 % range at ages 12-14 . As of age 15 , there is a sudden jump to above 60 % . This corresponds to the end of the primary schooling cycle , at which point many children end their school careers . This calls for distinguishing in the analysis ( as we have done so far ) , children in the 7-14 age range from adolescents in the 15-17 age range . 17", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 309, "text": "CILSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The implementation arrangements are based on the set-up of a Project Coordination Unit , staffed with highstandard professionals who will be competitively selected . They will be assisted by experts who will support the Heads of Regional tourism bureaus in key destinations , particularly in the Amhara , Tigray and Addis Ababa Regions . The PCU ’ s work will be advised and facilitated by a Steering Committee composed of public sector and private sector representatives , and reporting to the Minister of Culture and Tourism . The PCU will have responsibility for project implementation , monitoring and evaluation . This component will particularly put an emphasis on fiduciary ( procurement and financial management ) , and monitoring and evaluation . Safeguard capacities enhancement will also be supported throughout project implementation . # # # # # * * Methodical approaches of the study * * This study was conducted by gathering data at national level , from Lalibela and Axum Towns and drawing from international experiences . The field study of Lalibela is thought to provide insight into the development of tourist destination sites . The RPF study involved intensive consultation and interaction with the staff of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism ( MoCT ) , ESTDP project staff , the Bureau of Culture and Tourism ( BoCT ) of the Amhara National Regional State ANRS and Tigray National Regional State ( TNRS ) , Lalibela and Axum town administrations , Lalibela Church administration , would-be displaced persons in Lalibela , hotel owners , tour operators , and persons who were relocated earlier in Lalibela . Furthermore , physical observation of the historic and cultural sites in Lalibela and Axum was conducted to clearly understand the physical setting and the extent of displacement needed to safeguard the Prepared by Wubshet Berhanu", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 965, "text": "data at national level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". * * Trade Proximity . * * We collect data on bilateral trade flows from the Observatory of Economic Complexity ( MIT ) . This database covers 215 countries over the period 1962-2014 . The data are classified according the 4-digit Standard International Trade Classification ( SITC ) , Revision 2 . Only products and commodities are considered . Then , we aggregate these bilateral trade flows at the country-level . To classify trade flows into final and intermediate goods , we use a concordance table from SITC Rev . 2 to Broad Economic Categories ( BEC ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > We then classify goods into five categories : primary , semi-finished goods , parts and components , capital goods , consumption goods , and a residual category called goods non-specified . We group these categories into intermediate > 8We used the data serie called “ NY . GDP . MKTP . KD ” > 9With this setting , we mostly keep fluctuations that have a frequency between 8 and 32 quarters . > 10We keep fluctuations between 32 and 200 quarters , following Comin and Gertler ( 2006a ) > 11The concordance table from SITC Rev2 to BEC can be found on the UN Trade Statistics webpage : ` https : / / unstats . un . org / unsd / trade / classifications / correspondence-tables . asp ` . 5", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 68, "text": "data on bilateral trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 852, "end": 872, "text": "NY . GDP . MKTP . KD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approach ; - ? Sustained use of soil fertility management inputs to reduce soil nutrient losses ; - ? Protection and rehabilitation of the Turkwell River catchment - ? Promote biodiversity in critical areas such as Saiwa Swamp National Park ; - ? Upscale home level utilization of sweet potatoes and other indigenous crops / vegetables , establish baselines for the activities to be up scaled ; - ? Monitoring of trends in land resource management ; - ? Land resources inventory ; - ? Promotion of alternative livelihoods ( e . g . , oil palm cultivation ) to reduce pressure on limited soil resources . # * * E . Borrower ’ s Institutional Capacity for Safeguard Policies [ from PCN ] * * The borrower has the capacity and the institutional framework and experience to carry out assessments and address any environment concerns that arise from projects .", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 478, "text": "Land resources inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ification , payment ) . These data have been extensively used and validated in empirical research using data on public finances in Brazil ( Gadenne , 2017 ; Corbi et al . , 2019 ; Shamsuddin et al . , 2021 ) . Moreover , the federal government performs several checks to guarantee an adequate level of quality . Our data is much more granular than SICONFI , measuring individual commitments , verification and payments , but once we aggregate at levels such as municipality-year we should expect to match totals from SICONFI . A natural validation of the quality of our dataset therefore is to compare our aggregates with those provided by SICONFI . < sup > 20 < / sup > We perform the following exercises . First , we aggregate both amounts committed and paid at the municipality-year level in our new dataset and compare these values with information from SICONFI . < sup > 21 < / sup > Formally , we compute Dmt = ( Tmt < sup > BE − T SICONFI < / sup > mt ) / Tmt < sup > SICONFI < / sup > , where Tmt < sup > BE < / sup > represents total expenditures for municipality m and year t as calculated from our budget execution data and Tmt < sup > SICONFI < / sup > represents total expenditures as calculated from SICONFI data . < sup > 22 < / sup > In Figure 3 , we present the histogram of the percentage deviation of _committed amounts_ from SICONFI , across states . Our key takeaway is that for five states ( CE , MG , PB , PE and SP ) , our aggregates are almost identical to those from SICONFI - for each state , over 75 % of deviations are below 1 % , and often precisely zero . For PR and RS our deviations are centered around zero but with larger mass slightly above or slightly below - in both states three-quarters of deviations are in the range [ - 0 . 5 % , 5 % ] , but with more mass for larger absolute deviations in some municipality-years . We also present the same deviations but considering total committed amounts at the", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 137, "text": "data on public finances in Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 975, "end": 982, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1109, "end": 1130, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1214, "end": 1226, "text": "SICONFI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , and this aggravated further the slow implementation progress , as no expenditures could be made regarding the new and modified components . During the MTR , the expected preparation of terms of reference for a follow-on project did not take place . # # # * * Achievement of Objectives * * 8 . Overall , whilst the project has made some important contributions , it partially achieved its objectives . According to DAR figures , there was a modest increase ( 6 . 6 % ) in livestock population ( para . 25 ) . Production of meat and milk has also increased due to improved animal health and husbandry practices , including feeding . The major animal diseases , such as rinderpest and CBPP , which spread throughout the country unchecked during the difficult political and civil strife of the 1970s / 1 980s , have been brought under control , albeit with significant financial support ( US $ 24 million ) from other donor projects . Noteworthy results were achieved in introducing improved forage production technology , and in the establishment of private veterinary practices . On the other hand , key project objectives and quantitative targets were either not met , or were significantly below the planned figures ( Table 5 ) . The achievements and key project objectives and targets not achieved under various components are summarized below . 9 . * * National Disease Control : * * Whilst the project succeeded in controlling the major animal diseases through massive vaccination , with vaccines provided by the Pan African Rinderpest Campaign ( PARC ) , the objectives under this component were partially achieved . During the project period , total animals vaccinated against rinderpest and CBPP amounted to about 6 . 36 million and 6 . 14 million , respectively , against targets of 5 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 418, "end": 429, "text": "DAR figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "FAO have been directed mainly towards protective reforestation , research , training and technical assistance . The World Food Programs support protective forestry in about 19 selected catcbments and the soil and water conservation programs of the Ministry of Agriculture ; the major thrust of these projects is towards agricultural rather than forestry production . Larger scale afforestation projects are receiving support from the African Development Bank ( ADB ) , and the Finnish , Norwegian and Netherlands Governments in conjunction with the United Nations Sahelian Office . Sweden also provides assistance to the Forestry Training Institute and is in the process of setting-up a National Center for Community Forestry to provide training to a wide range of forestry staff , extension agents and peasant farmers . 39 . Government-sponsored schemes to reforest exploited , high altitude forests have been started in recent years . PAs have also been encouraged to enter into replanting activities and have planted about 22 , 000 , 000 seedlings each year since 1980 ( equivAlent to 13 , 750 ha ) in blocks , rows and around homesteads . In addition , 50 , 000 people have been trained in community forestry techniques and 680 nurseries constructed in PAs . Unfortunately , no monitoring of these efforts was undertaken and no plantaticn records were kept , therefore the success of the planting efforts - 1 / ' Ethiopia : Issues and Options in the Energy Sector . \" Report of the Joint UNDP / World Bank Energy Sector Assessment Program , June , 1984 . ( Report No . 4741-ET ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1332, "end": 1350, "text": "plantaticn records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # IV . * * MISSION * * FINDINGS * * A . * * Component * * 1 : * * Provides competitively awarded grants through three different windows , each dedicated to a specific purpose . * * 10 . * * The * * UNCST * * visits the research teams on a regular basis and obtains regular progress reports The Mission visited seven grantees funded under Windows * * A , * * B and * * C . * * The assessment of progress given below is based on data on progress , disbursement and procurement obtained from the * * UNCST * * as well as _information_ obtained during the Mission ' s visits to the grantees . # # ( i ) Windows * * A * * and B # # Round * * 1 * * and 2 of competitive grants . * * 11 . * * Results from the quarterly field visits and annual progress reviews indicate that , under this component , over * * 500 * * scientists have been trained in research grant proposal writing skills ; and grants have been competitively awarded to multi-disciplinary research teams working in universities , research institutes and industrial establishments across < sup > thecountry . < / sup > The Window * * A * * projects have produced promising and potentially commercial results such as livestock feeds , and new sorghum and banana varieties that require incubation < sup > for < / sup > industrial production . * * A * * list of projects with commercialization potential is at Annex3 . The Window B projects have provided training to over * * 36601 * * scientists and engineers , at least 102 of < sup > whom < / sup > are being trained at Masters and PhD levels . 12 . Reviews also indicate that for several projects of Round * * 1 , * * and Round 2 the intended scientific goals are being reached . * * A * * number of publications have been written , < sup > thoughboth < / sup > the", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 478, "text": "data on progress , disbursement and procurement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Trade Logistics Project ( P156590 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | Container dwell time in < br > Modjo ( Days ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This is status of the dwell time on January 31 , 2025 . There are 195 containers t < br > at the dry port for more than one year . The client considers the 195 containers < br > and when they are removed from the calculations as outliers , the 6 months dw < br > reduces to 29 . 5 days , which shows the target is achieved . When this report wa < br > there are 7 , 464 containers that have stayed at the site for less than ayear . | hat have stayed < br > abandoned < br > ell time < br > s compiled , | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 . 00 < br > Jul / 2016 | 70 < br > 12-Jul-2024 < br > 10 < br > 31-Jan-2025 < br > 5 , 000 . 00 | Jul / 2025 | | | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Stuffing is currently being done outside the port because the port is not yet rea < br > following has been stuffed outside the dry port : | dy . The | | Containers from Modjo < br > returning to Djibouti stuffed < br > with exports ( Number per < br > year ) ( Number ( Thousand ) ) | | - 7 , 526 Containers in FY 21 and < br > - 6 , 619 Containers in FY 22 9 months < br > The reported number on January 31 , 2025 is only six months report . < br > The January31 , 2025 data is a six month data . | | | | 22 . 00 < br > Sep / 2016 | 22 < br > 12-Jul-2024 < br > 22 < br", "spans": [{"start": 1341, "end": 1362, "text": "January31 , 2025 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10083 # * * Abstract * * Hardly any evidence exists on the effects of mental illness on refugee labor outcomes . This paper offers the first study on this topic in the context of Australia , one of the host countries with the largest number of refugees per capita in the world . Analyzing the _Building a New Life in Australia_ longitudinal survey , the paper exploits the variations in traumatic experiences of refugees interacted with post-resettlement time periods to causally identify the impacts of refugee mental health . The findings show that worse mental health , as measured by a one-standard-deviation increase in the Kessler mental health score , reduces the probability of employment by 14 . 1 percent and labor income by 26 . 8 percent . There is also evidence of adverse impacts of refugees ’ mental illness on their children ’ s mental health and educational performance . These effects appear to be more pronounced for newly arriving refugees and those without social networks , but they may be ameliorated with government support . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics and the Fragility , Conflict and Violence Global Theme . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at hdang @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 377, "text": "_Building a New Life in Australia_ longitudinal survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s and local leaders may not have mentioned at the time of surveys , 25 . An encounter with a sacred site that PAHs and local leaders may not have mentioned at the time of surveys . 26 . To avoid potential damage to cultural property discovered during construction , the following shall apply : 27 . Workers shall be vigilant regarding any relics found during excavation . In case of discovery during excavation , workers shall immediately report the discovery to the Foreman ; 28 . The Foreman shall stop work immediately and communicate the chance find discovery to the Site Engineer ; 29 . The Site Engineer shall then notify the Supervising Consultant of the chance find ; 30 . The Supervising Consultant shall notify UETCL of the chance find ; 31 . UETCL shall notify the Department of Museums and Monument ( DMM ) of Uganda via email or letter based on a site visit report by UETCL within 14 days from the time of discovery ; 32 . Any further excavations or continuation of infrastructure development at the location of the chance find shall only be undertaken with the approval of the DMM ; 33 . If the Conservator of Antiquities from the DMM determines that the chance find falls within the heritage resource description , he / she shall report the chance find to the Minister of Tourism , Heritage and Antiquities for preservation and protection . The DMM will propose excavation or in-situ conservation based on the disturbance likely to be caused by the Project or concerning cost versus the value of the heritage resource ; 34 . UETCL shall apply for either an excavation or preservation in-situ license for the chance find based on the DMM ’ s recommendation . The most feasible option will then be implemented ; * * 539 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 886, "text": "site visit report by UETCL", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Scars of Pandemics from Lost Schooling and Experience : Aggregate Implications and Gender Differences through the Lens of COVID-19 Roberto Samaniego , Remi Jedwab , Paul Romer and Asif M . Islam < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > JEL : O11 ; O12 ; O15 ; E24 ; J11 ; J16 ; J17 ; J31 . Keywords : Pandemics ; Human Capital ; Returns to Education ; Returns to Experience ; Gender ; Female Relative Income ; Labor Markets ; Development Accounting ; COVID-19 . > _ ∗ _ Corresponding author : Roberto Samaniego : Department of Economics , George Washington University , roberto @ gwu . edu . Remi Jedwab : Department of Economics , George Washington University , jedwab @ gwu . edu . Paul Romer : NYU Stern School of Business , paul @ paulromer . net and john @ paulromer . net . Asif M . Islam : The World Bank , aislam @ worldbank . org . We are grateful to Stephanie Cellini , David Deming , Simeon Djankov , Roberta Gatti , Amer Hasan , Lutz Hendricks , Daniel Lederman , Maurice Kugler , Elira Kuka and Emiliana Vegas for helpful comments . We gratefully thank Claudio Montenegro , David Newhouse and Minh Nguyen for their help with the I2D2 database .", "spans": [{"start": 1125, "end": 1138, "text": "I2D2 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "et . al ’ s estimates suggest that trade openness had no effects whatsoever on inequality , instead they suggest that skill biased technological progress ( SBTC ) rather than trade _per se_ has been the mechanism through which the reforms have been operating . Sánchez-Páramo and Schady ( 2003 ) reached a similar conclusion using repeated cross-section data for Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , and Mexico . In particular they suggest that even though the direct effect of trade liberalization on earnings inequality may be small , trade is an important source of technology transmission . However IADB ( 2004 ) argue that even when many economic sectors in LA countries have acquired new technologies after the period of trade and financial liberalization , changes in technology are far from being the unique source behind the trend in earnings differentials . In particular , trends in gender earnings gaps and the evolution of earnings for high-tech workers ( such as engineers and computer science graduates ) are difficult to reconcile with predictions from any version of the SBTC hypothesis . Moreover , some care must be taken in interpreting the results on the rising average returns to higher education and their relationship to relative demand shifts . While these demand shifts are likely to play a key role in rising earnings inequality , the observed upward trends can also reflect partially the upgrading of the unobservable skills of the labor force . * * The unequalizing role of unmeasured workers characteristics * * Most of the disparity in wages cannot be generally explained by observed characteristics . Increasing evidence based on quantile regressions indicates the existence of unobserved wage heterogeneity among individuals with the same education , sector of work ( formal / informal ) , gender , age and experience . Factors such as the quality of education , family background , individual ability , and labor market connections are distributed unevenly across workers . These unobserved ( by the analyst ) characteristics may grant an advantage in access to high paying jobs , affecting both human capital accumulation decisions and its returns in the labor market . In particular , numerous studies for LAC and developed countries point that returns to schooling increase along the earnings distribution so", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 358, "text": "cross-section data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_International Journal of Hydrogen Energy_ , 46 ( 14 ) , 9553-9566 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . ijhydene . 2020 . 12 . 100 < / u > - Li , S . - h . , Guo , L . - j . , Cao , C . - g . , & Li , C . - f . ( 2021c ) . Integrated assessment of carbon footprint , energy budget and net ecosystem economic efficiency from rice fields under different tillage modes in central China . _Journal of Cleaner Production_ , 295 , 126398 . < u > https : / / doi . org / https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jclepro . 2021 . 126398 < / u > - Li , Y . , & Kimura , S . ( 2021 ) . Economic competitiveness and environmental implications of hydrogen energy and fuel cell electric vehicles in ASEAN countries : The current and future scenarios . _Energy Policy_ , 148 , 111980 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . enpol . 2020 . 111980 - Liang , Y . , Yu , B . , & Wang , L . ( 2019 ) . Costs and benefits of renewable energy development in China ' s power industry . _Renewable Energy_ , 131 , 700-712 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . renene . 2018 . 07 . 079 < / u > - Lio , M . , & Liu , M . C . ( 2006 ) . ICT and agricultural productivity : Evidence from cross-country data . _Agricultural Economics_ , 34 ( 3 ) , 221-228 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1111 / j . 15740864 . 2006 . 00120 . x < / u > - Liu , Y . , Liu , T . , Ye , S . , & Liu , Y . ( 2018 ) . Cost-benefit analysis for energy efficiency retrofit of existing buildings : A case study in China .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to < br > taken Closed < br > complainant < br > Legal Redress < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 1 : The GRM process * * * * 7 . MONITORING AND REPORTING * * 52 . The SEP will be periodically revised and updated as necessary throughout Project implementation . Quarterly summaries and internal reports on public grievances , enquiries , and related incidents , together with the status of implementation of associated corrective / preventive actions , will be collated by responsible staff and referred to the senior management of the project . 53 . The Project will establish and maintain a database and activity file detailing public consultation , disclosure information and grievances collected throughout the program , which will be available for public review on request . Stakeholder engagement shall be periodically evaluated by the PMT . The following indicators will be used for evaluation : - i . Grievances received , speed of resolution and how they have been addressed ; and - ii . Level of involvement and participation of stakeholders including project affected people ( disaggregated by gender and vulnerable groups ) . - iii . The quarterly summaries will provide a mechanism for assessing both the number and nature of complaints and requests for information , along with the Project ’ s ability to address those in a timely and effective 21", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 636, "text": "database and activity file", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "air emissions ) and solid and chemical waste management . As such a cross-section of persons were consulted in Mombasa and Kwale Counties as indicated by the following consultation registers in tables 5-1 . * * _Table 6-1 : Persons met during the RAP study in planning the Proposed Water Supply Project_ * * | * * No . * * | * * Name * * | | * * Office * * | | * * Designation * * | * * Contacts * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Mr . < br > Komb | Francis < br > e | Mombasa < br > Water , < br > Environm < br > Natural < br > Office | < br > County < br > ent , < br > and < br > Resources | Officer | + 254721820335 | | 2 | Abdi < br > Abdi | Ibrahim | Mombasa < br > Lands , | < br > County < br > Planning , | County Executive < br > Member | + 2547250190 | * * _Resettlement Action Plan Report for Mombasa Lot 2B Pipelines_ * * * * _6-1_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 190, "text": "consultation registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _the top 5 percent of exporters , the average number of products and destinations per exporter , and entry and exit rates are explained to an important extent by those characteristics . _ * * We conduct an ANOVA decomposition of the same set of Database measures shown in Table 2 taken at the country and HS 2-digit sector level – averaged across the 2006-2008 period – to determine the explanatory power of country effects and sector effects . < sup > 43 < / sup > The results are shown in Table 7 and indicate that country and sector effects combined explain an important share of the observed variation in the number of exporters , the average number of products and destinations per exporter , the share of the top 5 percent of exporters , the number of exporters ( export base ) , and in exporter entry and exit rates . < sup > 44 < / sup > In contrast , country and sector effects do very little to explain total exports in the country-sector , the average or median size of an exporter and exporter survival rates in the country-sector . The pattern of total exports across sectors in a country reflects comparative advantage . Since total exports in a country-sector are by definition determined by the number of exporters in the country-sector and their average size , the importance of country and sector effects in determining the number of exporters but not the size of exporters implies that comparative advantage works primarily via firm size . There are also interesting differences in the importance of sector versus country characteristics in explaining exporter behavior . Sector characteristics do more to explain the share of top 5 percent and the number of products , while country characteristics explain better the number of exporters , the number of destinations , and entry and exit rates . While many of these differences are to be expected , the importance of sector for the share of top 5 percent implies that market structure drives a good part of concentration as opposed to country rules and > 43 The ANOVA decomposition is a type of statistical hypothesis testing , whereby the observed variance of a given variable is partitioned into components attributable", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In their paper on the determinants of financial system and stock market development , Beck , Demirguc-Kunt , and Levine ( 2003 ) also discuss property rights protection . Our methodology and findings differ from theirs in several respects . First , while we use firm-level data on property rights protection , they use a country-level index , compiled by the Heritage Foundation from several private and public sources , and cannot address the issue of whether firm characteristics affect property rights protection . Second , while we consider each institutional theory separately and treat all of them equally , Beck et al ( 2003 ) focus on legal origin and settler mortality and use the proxies for other theories simply as control variables . Finally , their sample of 70 countries does not include any of the former Socialist countries that are in our sample . These factors are likely to explain why we find a clear difference in the explanatory power of the legal origin and endowment views for property rights protection and for several related variables , and their paper does not . The rest of the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 discusses the various institutional determinants of property rights that we investigate in this paper . Section 3 presents the empirical methodology . Section 4 presents the data and the results of the variance decomposition analysis . Section 5 presents additional robustness tests and we conclude with suggestions for future research in section 6 . # * * 2 . Institutional Determinants of Property Rights Protection * * In order to understand better the determinants of firm ’ s perceptions of property rights protection , we present a one-to-one comparison of four different institutional theories that have been shown by current literature as being important predictors of property rights - Legal Origin , Endowments , Culture and Ethnic Fractionalization . LLSV ( 1998 ) argue that legal systems differ in how much they protect the rights of private investors vis-à-vis the state and minority shareholders . They argue that legal systems that evolved from common law traditions have tended to be supportive of private property rights . By contrast , civil law systems were established by states as acts of policy . They tend to be designed", "spans": [{"start": 262, "end": 277, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 321, "end": 340, "text": "country-level index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 where _egst_ is defined as above and _pgst_ is the number of students promoted in that grade / school / year . R166-SIMAT also includes a registry of public school teachers for the sub-period 20142018 . We use these data to explore potential mechanisms ( albeit for public schools only ) related to key supply measures such as the teacher / students ratio and the quality of teachers . The second administrative dataset contains information on the scores obtained by students in the official high-school exit exam ( called _Saber 11_ ) for the period 2005 – 2018 . It comes from the Colombian Institute for the Promotion of Higher Education . From it , we computed math and language test scores . To facilitate the interpretation and make scores comparable across years , we standardized the test scores to have mean zero and standard deviation one each year . Table 1 reports descriptive statistics of the main outcome variables . 3 . 2 . * * Other data . * * We will also employ data on the total number of Venezuelans arriving annually in Colombia , available from the national migration agency ( _Migraci ́ on Colombia_ ) . These data come from the information recorded at official migration points and thus , it does not include any illegal or unregistered migration . footnoteThis imply that the 2 . 5 million figure of Venezuelans in Colombia is likely underrepresented . Finally , we have access to a large number of pre-determined municipal level controls ( based on the 1993 and 2005 population censuses ) that we use to control for differential trends interacted by time-invariant municipal characteristics that may help predict the evolution of educational outcomes . Table 2 reports the descriptive statistics on these covariates .", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 174, "text": "registry of public school teachers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Appendix C_ _Borrower Evaluation Report_ For the NCPD / NGO components of the project , sustainability of project activities after funding by IDA is being seriously considered . Introduction of user fees by various organization for the various services have been implemented or considered . Various studies indicate that the majority of clients are will to pay a minimum amount for the various contraceptive services . The social marketing survey conducted in Kenya showed that with the proper planning and implementation , contraceptives can be bought by clients at an agreed fee . This , however , will vary from area to area depending on the income level of the communities . There is need to develop a comprehensive plan and time schedule to implement a nationwide Social Marketing Scheme and other cost recovery programs . The private sector will be encouraged to participate more in the marketing of contraceptives . This should be done through availing the commodities in their shops : factories or any other area of operation . * * Borrower Performance : * * Given the factors that affected Project Implementation that have been outlined above the Borrower ' s Perfortnance was satisfactory . * * Bank Performance : * * Initially , the performance of the Bank was below expectation , particularly with regard to the utility of Supervision Missions . However , with the new Task Team that came in 18-24 months before the project closed on 30 / 6 / 1998 the performance rose way above average in terms of tackling and resolving implementation bottlenecks and providing an enabling environment for better performance . The improvement of Bank performance applied both to Nairobi and Washington offices . T ' he impact of the good performance is clearly reflected in the implementation progress and disbursement made during the later 18 months of the project ' s life . * * Assessment of Outcome : * * Given the projects objectives as spelt out in the Staff Appraisal Report and in the Legal Agreement signed on May 21 , 1990 , the outcome of the 4th Population Project was satisfactory for the following reasons : ( i ) Kenya has experienced", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 447, "text": "social marketing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by * * | * * sector * * | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing beverages | na | 3 . 2 | na | 6 . 0 | | 113 | | 94 | | Food and beverage services | na | 9 . 6 | na | 40 . 0 | | 112 | | 61 | | Retail trade | * * 19 . 6 * * | * * 9 . 6 * * | * * 36 . 0 * * | * * 10 . 0 * * | 355 | 392 | 305 | 392 | | Transit services | 48 . 0 | na | 42 . 0 | na | 81 | | 108 | | | * * Average annual sales ( ' 000 birr ) b * * | * * y sector * * | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing beverages | na | 7 . 5 | na | 12 . 2 | | 113 | | 94 | 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reporting procedures are outlined below : - The main sources of data and information for IPM will be internal or in-house documents and records generated from the RP implementation ( e . g . records on compensation ) and the day to day observations by the RIT ; and - The main responsible entity for IPM will be the PIO / ESAO ( the monitoring , review and evaluation officer of the RP in particular ) . Monthly performance monitoring reports will be prepared by the Resettlement Officer and will be submitted to the Subproject Manager / PIO and WB . - The consolidated reports will serve various purposes including : - a ) Being used by the RIT and other staff to track and assess performance and take corrective measures if needed ; - b ) Being used by the Subproject Manager / PIO to brief relevant authorities ; and - c ) The consolidated performance monitoring reports will serve as one source of data and information for presentations during the periodic progress review meetings . Official Use Only Page 168", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 214, "text": "records on compensation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 830, "end": 873, "text": "consolidated performance monitoring reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may include financial information , the assessment of business risks such as regulatory environment , competitive environment , and management quality . When entering a guarantee / on-lending agreement risk managers should define information to be collected and assessed in the future . Risk managers may also want to explore third party and market information on beneficiaries and the sectors they operate . Third party information may include risk assessment by banks , rating agencies , or credit bureaus . Market information may include prices of traded debt and equity as well as credit derivatives ( e . g . credit default swaps ( CDS ) ) . However , governments should recognize that market conditions pertaining to beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries might reflect perceptions of implicit government support . Furthermore , the provision of a guarantee / on-lending may change the perceived implicit guarantee by market participants . In such cases , market prices would not accurately reflect risk , and risk managers may instead need to rely on market data from proxies with risk characteristics similar to the stand-alone < sup > 13 < / sup > ~ ~ r ~ ~ isk of the beneficiary . # # * * _Resources and capacity_ * * Sovereign risk managers need to invest in capacity and resources to implement a sound risk management framework . Different approaches to risk analysis and measurement require different skills . For example , fundamental risk analysis ( e . g . credit scoring ) requires an understanding of industries and their respective risk drivers . Governments should model their risk management framework around available capabilities and financial resources , and adapt the framework over time as capacities improve through training , hiring of new staff , and support from external consultants . # * * 2 . 2 Credit risk analysis * * Assessing the credit quality of entities benefitting from credit guarantees and on-lending is a core part of a risk management framework . First , risk managers need to understand what industry-specific factors are driving the risk of beneficiaries not servicing their debt obligations . Second , risk managers have to assess these risk drivers by beneficiary and on a regular basis . < sup > 14 < / sup > Governments can choose from", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1072, "text": "market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COMPETITIVENESS AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ( P169435 ) . # * * < mark > F . Project location and Salient physical characteristics relevant to the safeguard analysis ( if known ) < / mark > * * 6 . The project ’ s key physical activities will be limited to site specific civil works for rehabilitation or construction of small infrastructures in selected districts that will include : - The upgrading of the Uganda Hotel and Tourism Training Institute ( UHTTI ) in Jinja to a Centre of Excellence in Hotel Education and Training ( HET ) , which will include the construction of an administration block , Classroom block , multi-purpose hall , Girls common room , boy ’ s common room , health club block and an incinerator , - The Capacity enhancement of the Uganda Wildlife Research and Training Institute ( UWRTI ) in KatweKabatoro ( Kasese District ) , which will include the establishment of a laboratory , library , classrooms , administration block with conference facilities , accommodation for students ( hostel ) and other clients ( in form of a guest house to ensure convenience as well as generate revenue ) , sanitary facilities , and a perimeter fence ( to improve security and prevent wild animals from entering the institution * * _ , _ * * - Small infrastructure improvements and signage at key tourists and historical locations , to facilitate the - creation of a local destination management entity in Entebbe and in Kampala . - Project reforms in support of land cadaster , land dispute resolution , and other national reforms will have nationwide coverage on improving transparency and security of land tenure . The land reform supported under the project will not pertain to gazetted forests , national parks and protected areas , wetlands , and similar public lands hosting sensitive ecosystems . Land reform and registration processes will be transparent and participatory . Conflicts in land use and among owners / users / occupants and neighbors will be registered . GRM and ADR services will be offered but if no satisfactory", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 300 . 00 < br > Comp | leted | 2020-05-26 < br > 2020-02 | - 07 < br > 2020-05-30 < br > 202 | 0-06-20 < br > 2020-06-03 < br > 2020-06-19 | 2020-06-07 < br > 2020-07 | - 03 < br > 2020-06-08 < br > 2020-07 - | 09 < br > 2020-06-13 < br > 2020-07-15 < br > | 2020-06-15 < br > 2 | 020-09-12 | 2021-1 | 2-31 < br > 2021-05-08 | | EC-SENPLADES-134239-CS - < br > QCBS / Contratación de firma < br > para realizar la auditoría técn < br > ica RS . | < br > < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 1 : Improving eq < br > uity , integration and sustain < br > ability of the selected SSN pr < br > ograms < br > P | ost | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | 358 , 400 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canc | eled | 2019-09-20 | 2019-09-23 | 2019-10-11 | 2019-10-28 | 2019-11-06 | 2019-11-13 < br > | 2019-12-02 | | 2021-0 | 3-31 | | EC-SENPLADES-134238-CS - < br > QCBS / Desarrollo de sistema < br > s de actualización continua d < br > e las variables del RS en bas < br > e a los registros administrati < br > vos del Sistema Nacional de < br > Registro", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 1009, "text": "registros administrati", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "The resolution of grievances will be a two-stage process . Each of the two stages will involve the following steps : - * * a ) Stage One : * * - i . Receipt and recording or documentation of grievance - ii . Screening and assessment of grievance - iii . The GRC Hearing Procedure . # # # # # * * b ) Stage Two : * * - i . Resolution of the grievance at respective level ; - ii . Closure of grievance ; and provision of feedback - iii . Record and documentation updating of the grievance The steps above are detailed as below : # # # # # * * 7 . 5 Receipt and recording or documentation of grievance * * Any aggrieved individual , group or entity can lodge a grievance or complaint verbally , writing by filling a grievance form , use of phone ( SMS or calling ) , email , etc . as deemed appropriate and convenient . Anonymous grievances will also be accommodated . Grievances will be logged with the GRC and at all respective level and immediately recorded by the secretary in the GRM Logbook / Register book to be provided to all GRCs . An example of a grievance log will be provided in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan . Details of grievances or complaints logged verbally will be captured as per the particulars of the grievance log book The secretary of the respective GRC will review the received grievances , categorised and record them in a Grievance Register , then give an acknowledgement of receipt to the complainant for reference and follow up . To simplify the process of lodging a grievance , a variety of grievance log-in-channels will be used such as a dedicated phone number , web sites , e-mails , in-person , anonymous , suggestion box , among others . During SE exercises or meetings organised in each project-affected area at the time of RAP preparation , Community Development Officers will explain to local communities the alternative ways of lodging a grievance . The GRM procedures will be disclosed through the Project ’ s website and will", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 1009, "text": "GRM Logbook / Register book", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consultative process involving desk review of data and reports from various sources , such as Protection Monitoring reports , updates from child protection , GBV , mine action partners , as well as OHCHR reports , UNSC Resolutions , and Inter-agency multi-sectoral reports . Other sources are : UNMISS , OCHA Situation Reports , HNO / HRP , Famine Early Warning Systems data , UN Human Rights Council reports , World Bank ’ s South Sudan Economic Monitor report and IGAD ’ s ACAPS reports . # # # # Limitations The Protection Cluster set a challenging aim , introducing the PAU in South Sudan , as it ’ s an extremely difficult task to identify the full scope and impact of protection risks , due to the challenges in conducting regular protection assessments . Access restrictions , insecurity , and rapidly changing protection dynamics hinder the capacity of human rights and humanitarian actors to fully monitor all risks and incidents . Thus , this report may not capture all the most recent events and trends in the first quarter of 2022 . # # 2 . CONTEXT OVERVIEW South Sudan ’ s operational context remains challenging , with at least one-third of its population unable to return to their homes , in one of the largest displacement and humanitarian crises compounded by floods , cycles of violence , and the slow implementation of peace . < sup > 1 < / sup > Whereas the R-ARCSS executed by parties to the conflict has resulted in a relative reduction of widespread conflict as well as a civil war that began in 2013 its slow implementation and attendant impediments > 1 < u > https : / / www . refugeesinternational . org / reports / 2022 / 1 / 11 / do-not-forget-aiding-andprotecting-civilians-in-south-sudan < / u > > 2 The R-ARCSS agreement was signed between the government side - the Transitional Government of National Unity ( TGoNU ) , the main opposition ( South Sudanese People ’ s", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 374, "text": "Famine Early Warning Systems data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 426, "end": 461, "text": "South Sudan Economic Monitor report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The economic viability of the project is assessed over of period of 35 years starting from 2016 . The construction period is assumed to last two years ( 2016 - 2017 ) ; thus , benefits will start accruing in 2018 . Detailed investment scope , cost figures , as well as all assumptions related to additional electricity supplied and reduction of technical losses are derived from feasibility studies prepared by EEP in each of the areas covered by this project component . Demand forecasts in the project areas as derived from the EEP feasibility studies are used only for the first 15 years of project implementation . Afterwards , demand for electricity is assumed to remain constant . Because of the large amount of unserved demand in the project areas , it is also assumed that any energy saved from reduced technical losses is absorbed by electricity customers . While further reductions in losses are expected on the transmission network beyond the project areas , such losses are not included in this analysis as a conservative approach . 4 . To assess the economic viability of the project , the stream of benefits from increased supply of electricity and reduced losses are evaluated against the project capital costs , the O & M costs , and the cost of electricity generation . The table below presents the main assumptions underlying the analysis . 45", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not _Applicable_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the relevant preference can be obtained from subjective well-being data or from dedicated preference elicitation surveys . We succinctly present a procedure to select the weights from these data sources . < sup > 3 < / sup > Importantly , this procedure accounts for the fact that the weights of multidimensional poverty measures are not marginal weights of substitution . This fact implies that seemingly natural procedures are not fit for purpose . < sup > 4 < / sup > The second is to switch the unit of analysis from the household level to the individual level as soon as some variables are collected at individual level . We discuss the advantages of this switch as well as its associated misinterpretation risk . The third source of potential improvements relates to the way in which the indicator is used . Merely reporting that monetary poor individuals tend to cumulate non-monetary deprivations gives the impression that the exercise has no added value . Multidimensional > 3To be sure , it is possible to use fixed weights even when their value is selected from information on preferences . > 4Multidimensional poverty measures will make incorrect well-being comparisons when the values for their weights are selected to correspond to marginal rates of substitution . 4", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 71, "text": "subjective well-being data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 80, "end": 120, "text": "dedicated preference elicitation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development ( P146797 ) # # * * c . Unintended impacts ( Positive or Negative ) * * None reported . # # * * d . Other * * | * * 11 . Ratings * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Ratings * * | * * ICR * * | * * IEG * * | * * Reason for * * < br > * * Disagreements / Comment * * | | Outcome | Satisfactory | Moderately Satisfactory | Overall outcome is rated < br > Moderately Satisfactory due to < br > the shortcoming in achieving the < br > project objective to improve < br > early grade mathematics < br > competencies , as evidenced by < br > significant shortfalls in achieving < br > the key project indicator target to < br > increase math scores of Grade 2 < br > students . | | Bank Performance | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | | | Quality of M & E | Substantial | High | | | Quality of ICR | - - - | Substantial | | | * * 12 . Lessons * * | | | | Lessons drawn from the ICR ( pages 35-36 ) , adapted by IEG : - Project designs that include pilots as demonstration models can be an immediate catalyst for system-level change , if lessons are widely shared in a timely manner . In the case of this project , the school management activities were initially implemented in 4 , 000 schools , but the timely feedback ( due to data generated by the monitoring system , the learning assessments , and the evaluations ) led to immediate scaling up of activities , by way of both the government budget and GPE Additional Financing . - Improving learning outcomes", "spans": [{"start": 1366, "end": 1405, "text": "data generated by the monitoring system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of budget verifications , at the municipality-year level , between our dataset and SICONFI , the public finance dataset of the Brazilian Treasury . Values are positive whenever the total amount in our dataset , aggregated from individual verifications , is larger than that of SICONFI . See Table 1 for more details on our data coverage . We truncate observations at - 25 % to the left and at 25 % to the right . 24", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 284, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "partially uploaded and updated in enhanced * * GHRIS . * * - * * g ) * * Uniform norms and standards in public service management were entrenched , for effective performance and productivity of the Public Service . - * * vi . Education Institutions , Health and other Service Facilities Effectively Manage Public Resources : The reforms achieved under the result area were : * * - * * a ) MCDAs fully adhered to guidelines on budgeting and accounting for AiA alongside other revenues . * * - * * b ) * * Public expenditure tracking methodologies were put in place to enhance < sup > service < / sup > delivery and value for money which included : quarterly and annual budget * * implementation review reports , monitoring and evaluation reports , county-specific budget implementation review reports and public participation * * < sup > * * fora . * * < / sup > * * xvii * *", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 52, "text": "GHRIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fuel price elasticity of carbon emissions can be much higher in cities with robust public transport options . An extension of the current econometric research would incorporate relevant price variables ( e . g . , fuel prices ) , as well as their interactions with transit investment variables to test the effects on price elasticities . # * * 8 . Summary and Conclusions * * In this paper , we have estimated an urban CO2 emissions model using satellite-measured CO2 concentrations from 2014 to 2020 , for 1 , 236 cities in 138 countries . The model incorporates the global trend in CO2 concentration , seasonal fluctuations by hemisphere , and a large set of georeferenced variables that incorporate CO2-intensive industry structure , emissions from agricultural and forest fires in neighboring areas , demography , the component of income that is uncorrelated with industry structure , and relevant geographic conditions . We resample all model variables to a 10 km global grid , and capture CO2 diffusion from discrete emissions sources via inverse-distance weighting to a grid cell centroid distance of 100 km . In four econometric estimation exercises , we assign grid cells to cities if they lie within 20 , 40 and 60 km of city centroids , or within the boundaries of UN-defined Functional Urban Areas . The results are very similar and robust in all four cases , with the expected signs and generally high levels of significance . We find that economic development has a significant effect on the direction of the 34", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 482, "text": "satellite-measured CO2 concentrations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 18 | | 3 . 1 . 2 Administrative data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 18 | | 3 . 1 . 3 Large-scale surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . 19 | | 3 . 1 . 4 Specialized studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# < u > Egypt ’ s Power Sector Reform Story < / u > The story of Egyptian economic reform over a long period of time has been one of short bursts of partial reform of a highly centralized , public sector-led economic model , followed by longer periods with relatively little reform , largely because of political economy challenges . The power sector has been no exception to that overall trend . Egypt has at times committed to a major role for private sector participation , the restructuring of the sector by full unbundling , the creation of a competitive market , the establishment of an independent regulator , and full cost recovery . However , as seen in figure 3 , only a limited amount of these commitments have been met . Figure 3 : Egypt Power Sector Reforms < sup > 4 < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Regulator < br > operationalised < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Rethinking Power Sector Reform . PSP = private sector participation . Currently there is a revived attempt at reform in the power sector , focusing primarily on the core issue of addressing the supply deficit , annual price and subsidy adjustment to reach the subsidy target of 0 . 5 % of GDP , a partial reopening to private participation in generation ( particularly in renewable energy ) , and a 4 In order to aggregate across the four dimensions of power sector reform considered in this study , a simple Power Sector Reform Index is constructed . The index gives each country a score on an interval of 0 to 100 on each dimension of power sector reform . The scores are based on giving equal weight to each step on each dimension of the reform continuum . The average of the four 0-100 scores is used to provide an overall summary of the extent of reform . Announced reforms are by no means always implemented , and Figure 3 disaggregates each of the four reform components into that which was implemented and that which was only “ announced ” but not implemented . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . Introduction * * # # # * * 1 . 1 . Program Description and Background * * The Ethiopian economy is increasingly reliant on human capital , which accounts for just over half of the country ’ s wealth . The contribution of human capital to the wealth has grown steadily , from 31 percent in 1995 to 51 percent in 2014 . The country achieved the Millennium Development Goal on child mortality three years ahead of target and has made progress in child survival rates and primary education enrollment . Between 2005 and 2019 , under-five child mortality decreased from 123 to 55 deaths per 1 , 000 births and the school population more than tripled , from less than 10 million to approximately 28 million . However , these improvements in human capital come from a low base of essential health , education , and water , sanitation , and hygiene ( WASH ) services and Ethiopia ranks among the bottom 21 of the 174 countries included in the Human Capital Index ( HCI ) . The 2020 HCI estimates that a child born in Ethiopia today will only reach 38 percent of his or her potential , against a benchmark of complete education and full health . Like other low-income countries , Ethiopia ’ s HCI score is pulled down by poor learning outcomes and a high child stunting rate . The government ’ s Pathway to Prosperity : 10 Year Perspective Development Plan ( 2021-2030 ) includes an emphasis on building human capital through equitable , quality education and health services . Under this umbrella , the Education Sector Development Plan ( ESDP VI ) ( ( 2020 / 21-2024 / 25 ) strives to improve child learning outcomes and ensure that all children have access to pre-primary and secondary school . Similarly , the government made an ambitious commitment to eliminate child stunting by 2030 ( Seqota Declaration , 2015 ) . The National Nutrition Program ( NNP II ) supports the implementation of the Seqota Declaration through multi-sectoral actions and coordination structures . The follow-on to the NNP II", "spans": [{"start": 949, "end": 968, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( few lenders offer them ) , there is also a risk of poor negotiation outcomes . In both cases , the risk is higher when the outcome is subject to limited scrutiny . Finally , RBLs may utilize transaction structures that are not reflected in standard debt statistics or may confer undisclosed seniority or payment advantages to their lenders , which ultimately leads to a mispricing of the country ’ s risk by other creditors . # c . Cost of financing We compared the interest rates on RBLs to the rates on regular loans . We identified 19 RBLs for which we had the necessary data on interest rate and maturity needed for evaluation . We compared each of these loans to an individual control group with similar features ( other than collateral ) constructed based on the WB Debt Reporting System , which contains over 25 , 000 loans . We filtered the data to include only those loans extended by private sector and bilateral creditors to the public sector . The loan features used for matching were for borrower countries that have similar risk ratings ( splitting countries between those classified by the WB / IMF debt sustainability analysis as low or medium risk vs high risk and in debt distress vs not scored ) , same currency , same interest type ( floating vs fixed ) , similar maturity , similar prevailing global lending rates at time of signing ( Libor within + / 100 bps range ) . Each control group contains at least 5 loans , some as many 500 loans . We compared loan terms based on their weighted interest rate , a metric used by WB to denote average interest rate for complex loans . Figure 5 below denotes key results . 19", "spans": [{"start": 771, "end": 795, "text": "WB Debt Reporting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PF – P163657 and P166694 ) as part of a three-year DPF series . Overall , the broader multilateral and bilateral effort to support Cameroon amounts to US $ 2 billion of financing over a three-year period . Cameroon ’ s overarching development agenda is articulated in the county ’ s Vision 2035 , which envisages Cameroon ’ s transformation into an emerging economy by 2035 . The Government of Cameroon ( GoC ) adopted the Growth and Employment Strategy Paper _ ( Document de Stratégie pour la Croissance et l ' Emploi , _ DSCE ) in 2010 , which established a framework to implement Vision 2035 over the 2010 – 2020 period . While Vision 2035 and DSCE both stress the importance of a strong , diversified economy , Cameroon ranked 166 < sup > th < / sup > out of 190 countries in the 2019 Doing Business Index , and performed poorly on the 2017-18 Global Competitiveness Index , especially on indicators related to economic infrastructure . This signals a clear need for reforms geared towards improving the business climate , strengthening governance and making public spending efficient , as well as fiscal policies that specifically target the needs of the poor . Equally important are investments in basic infrastructure . 10 . * * Cameroon ’ s medium-term favorable growth outlook is expected to deteriorate because of COVID-19 and a continued focus on reforms and infrastructure investments will be key to propel a rebound . * * Driven by endogenous factors , and notably the large public works in preparation for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations ( _Coupe Africaine des Nations , _ CAN ) , rising investment in the oil and gas sectors , higher levels of private consumption , and the strong performance of financial services , Cameroon ’ s GDP growth rate rose to 3 . 9 percent in 2019 . Also , the continued focus on fiscal consolidation brought down the fiscal deficit from 6 . 1 to 2 . 2 percent of GDP in just two years ( from 2016 to", "spans": [{"start": 784, "end": 809, "text": "2019 Doing Business Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 840, "end": 876, "text": "2017-18 Global Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "All data used to construct our dataset are publicly available , often in transparency portals provided by the TCEs . < sup > 9 < / sup > The structure , coverage , and quality of the raw data vary across states and often across municipalities in the same state . < sup > 10 < / sup > For those reasons , the data require extensive upfront work to be harmonized , cross-checked , and cleaned for usage . The dataset we build is fully and publicly available on the Data Basis ( _Base dos Dados_ ) platform . < sup > 11 < / sup > This is an ongoing project that currently covers 3 , 076 ( out of 5 , 570 ) municipalities in 7 states ( out of 27 ) , and we expect to keep expanding the data to the extent possible . < sup > 12 < / sup > We provide all code used to download , clean , and produce the final datasets on GitHub . Below we provide more explanation of the institutional context and key variables related to public procurement and budget execution . # * * 2 . 1 Public procurement * * Public procurement is the process through which governments acquire goods and services . As a rule , governments are expected to run competitive tenders when buying goods and services . The specific method used , such as reverse auctions , invitations to tender or framework agreements , will depend on the nature of the object to be acquired and its estimated value . In exceptional circumstances ( such as when there is only one feasible supplier or during an emergency ) or when purchase values are small , officials can waive tenders and directly contract with suppliers ( see Table A . 2 for more details ) . Our municipal public procurement dataset is organized into three tables : _tender_ , _tenderitem_ , and _tender-participant_ . In the _tender_ table , one observation is a tendering procedure that some agency in a given municipality executes . Tenders are often comprised of several _items_ , so they should be thought of as a batch of items that are separately sold – one tender might contain , for example , ten", "spans": [{"start": 1610, "end": 1646, "text": "municipal public procurement dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| NE-FRSP-NE-306238-NC-DIR < br > / Fourniture et installation du | IDA / 69980 | Project Management | Post < br > | Direct Selection | Direct - National | | 17 , 422 . 00 < br > 0 . | Planned < br > 00 < br > Signed | Actual < br > Plann | ed < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > 2022-08-30 | Actual < br > Pla < br > 2022-09-09 < br > 202 | nned < br > Actual < br > < br > 2-09-04 < br > 2022-10-07 | Planned < br > Actual < br > Pl | anned < br > Actual < br > Pla | nned | Actual < br > Plann < br > 2022-0 | ed < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > 9-23 < br > 2023-09-23 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | logiciel informatique et comp < br > table TOM2PRO < br > * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description < br > | * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N < br > o . | < br > Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approac < br > h < br > Contra | ct Type < br > Estimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > A |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Dijk , D . V . , Franses , P . H . , Lucas , A . , and Lucas , A . ( 1999 ) . Testing for Smooth Transition Nonlinearity in the Presence of Outliers . _Journal of Business & Economic Statistics_ , 17 ( 2 ) : 217 . - Domowitz , I . and White , H . ( 1982 ) . Misspecified models with dependent observations . _Journal of Econometrics_ , 20 ( 1 ) : 35 – 58 . - Gasser , T . , Guivarch , C . , Tachiiri , K . , Jones , C . D . , and Ciais , P . ( 2015 ) . Negative emissions physically needed to keep global warming below 2 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C . _Nature Communications_ , 6 : 7958 . - Granger , C . , King , M . L . , and White , H . ( 1995 ) . Comments on testing economic theories and the use of model selection criteria . _Journal of Econometrics_ , 67 ( 1 ) : 173 – 187 . - Grossman , G . M . and Krueger , A . B . ( 1995 ) . Economic Growth and the Environment . _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 110 ( 2 ) : 353 – 377 . - Hainmueller , J . and Hazlett , C . ( 2014 ) . Kernel regularized least squares : Reducing misspecification bias with a flexible and interpretable machine learning approach . _Political Analysis_ , 22 ( 2 ) : 143 – 168 . - Hansen , M . C . , Potapov , P . V . , Moore , R . , Hancher , M . , Turubanova , S . A . , Tyukavina , A . , Thau , D . , Stehman , S . V . , Goetz , S . J . , Loveland , T . R . , Kommareddy , A . , Egorov , A . , Chini , L . , Justice , C . O . , and Townshend , J . R . G . ( 2013 ) . High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "religious groups ; * * * implies significant at 1 % , * * implies significant at 5 % and * implies significant at 10 % . The identification strategies used so far assume that the war victims ( as identified above ) and control groups are exchangeable , such that they have identical distributions of variables . This can be confirmed by data using a randomized controlled trial ; however , drawing causal inference using survey data requires a more careful analysis because selection biases and confounding invalidates the exchangeability assumption . In such cases the estimated causal effects are likely to be biased . Here we discuss a number of events that could be potential sources of bias in the estimated causal effect . First , education could be seen as a catalyzer of war in Côte d ‟ Ivoire . The distribution of educational facilities was unequal between the rebel-held North and the government-controlled South . This might produce an upward bias in the causal effect of war on education . Second , there were reasons other than the conflict that had a negative impact on 15", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 432, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * this Syrian refugee woman , \u0003 * * who is almost blind , escaped the war with her two young sons . Reflecting on their arrival in greece almost one year ago , they gaze out into the same waters that they traversed to reach Europe . * * 12 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "one question on interest rate caps and pricing limits on loans ( GFICPS 2017 ) ; < sup > 7 < / sup > and with Reifner et al . ( 2010 ) , who collected comprehensive data on interest rate caps in the EU . We gave preeminence to citations to laws and regulations , creating a repository for these as a complement to our survey . In total , we received responses from 108 countries , which were provided by 91 central banks and financial supervisory authorities , 20 local banking associations and 9 World Bank financial sector experts . These 108 countries represent 88 percent of the global GDP and the sample is balanced in terms of levels of income and geographical representation . The information from the responses refers to 2019 . The full list of surveyed countries is presented in the annexes . IRCs are common in countries across different income levels and legal systems though some regional differences emerge . Table 1 presents a general overview of IRCs in the 108 countries grouped by region , income level and legal system . < sup > 8 < / sup > A total of 63 countries responded that they have IRCs in place . Both high income countries and low and middle income countries show a similar prevalence of IRCs at about 60 percent of their respective surveyed samples . < sup > 9 < / sup > This even distribution across income levels is also reflected in a GDP-weighted average of 66 percent of the sample with IRCs , though this hinges on the fact that China had unwound its IRCs by 2019 and our survey does not consider the recent policy response to Covid-19 . < sup > 10 < / sup > The share of countries with _de jure_ IRCs also remains roughly unaltered when countries are divided according to their legal system , though we observe a relatively higher prevalence of IRCs in common law countries . < sup > 11 < / sup > Differences appear when the regional dimension is introduced , with a bigger fraction of high income relative to low and middle income countries in Europe & Central Asia reporting IRCs , while the opposite is observed in East Asia &", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 201, "text": "data on interest rate caps in the EU", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not fall into misleading sampledependent conclusions regardless of the country under study . Indeed , the cyclical component explains 0 . 5 and 2 . 7 percent of the variance of the HDI rate in Chile and Argentina , respectively . Finally , Figure 3 , Panels B , D , and F translate the previous results ( i . e . , Panels A , C , and E ) into density plots for the 10-year differences in the unemployment rate , monetary poverty , and the inverse of the HDI , respectively . The relatively high dispersion in the distributions of the 10-year differences in the unemployment rate displayed in Figure 3 , Panel B shows that both Argentina and Chile are highly exposed to myopic views of the long-term improvements in the unemployment rate . While the case of Argentina is more extreme , both countries display relatively high standard deviations for the 10year difference observations . For monetary poverty , Figure 3 , Panel D , tells us that , again , a policymaker from Argentina is quite exposed to large errors assessing long-term improvements . In this case though , given the dominance of the trend component of monetary poverty in Chile , the Chilean policymaker would be correct in her assessment of long-term gains no matter the year she starts the study or the length of available data . Finally , using the HDI , the latter situation would apply to both countries . The HDI not only lowers the chances of sample-dependent errors but also eliminates the differences across countries , as shown in Figure 3 , Panel F . < sup > 14 < / sup > > 14 Appendix C also illustrates that not all social indicators are created equal in Indonesia and Thailand , two other emerging economies where long-time series are available . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 < br > e < br > Ghana < br > e Congo , Dem . Rep . < br > 20 < br > Guinea < br > e < br > Q < br > ° < br > ° < br > ( 7 ) < br > g < br > e 15 . . < br > o Median score all IDA countries < br > oO < br > = Sao Tome & Principe e < br > 2 ° Congo , Rep . < br > > < br > ce ) < br > Cc < br > 2 < br > oO < br > fon < br > 5 10 < br > E < br > ire ) < br > oO < br > a < br > 5 < br > Niger < br > e < br > Sudan < br > 0 e o % e < br > Zimbabwe South Sudan Chad < br > Countries © ® RBL borrowers in SSA Other IDA countries < br > Source : WB Debt Transparency Heat Map data < br > Each heat map criteria is assigned between 0-3 points based on color code . < br > Each country ' s score is the aggregate number of points it received across the criteria on the heat map < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 614, "text": "WB Debt Transparency Heat Map data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Economic segregation can be thought to affect educational attainment through two distinct channels ( Mayer 2002 ) : through the distribution of resources between schools , and through the composition of students within schools . In this paper , I use a pupil level data-set for sixth graders in Argentina to explore the second mechanism . The effect of the composition of classmates will be identified using the variations across classes within schools , so that the first set of factors – related to the political economy of school financing , and quality of monitoring and institutions – will be controlled for rather than tested . The identification strategy follows closely that of Ammermueler and Pischke ( 2009 ) . The aim is to understand the impact of increased socioeconomic segregation on both the achievement gap between poor and non-poor and the average academic achievement of children at school . To do this , I need to depart from the standard peer-group effects approach , allowing for heterogeneity in the effects both in terms of the socioeconomic background of the recipient student and in terms of the distribution of socioeconomic characteristics within the classroom . I find that , first , peer effects are indeed heterogenous ; wealthier pupils are more sensitive to peer effects overall . Second , poor children do best with peers who are richer , but not too rich . This result is consistent with hypotheses of social distance and competition ; people that are too far away in the social spectrum have lower ( or even negative ) effects on others ( Akerlof 1997 ) . The combined prediction of these two effects implies a strong equityefficiency tradeoff from school integration . Increasing socioeconomic segregation raises both the overall average test score and the gap between the rich and poor pupils , where the latter is appreciably more sensitive to the allocation of students than the former . The paper proceeds as follows . The next section describes the data employed and presents basic stylized facts on the relation between test scores and segregation within provinces and localities . Section 3 presents the standard approach to estimating peer-group effects and the alternative model proposed . Section 4 describes the empirical specification and the estimation strategy chosen . Section 5", "spans": [{"start": 253, "end": 304, "text": "pupil level data-set for sixth graders in Argentina", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and more diversified labor opportunities . 5 . * * Despite progress in restoring degraded watersheds to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change , land degradation remains a challenge . * * Ethiopia was experiencing low and declining agricultural productivity , persistent food insecurity , and rural poverty largely attributed to land degradation . It was > 2 World Bank . 2020 . Ethiopia Poverty Assessment : Harnessing Continued Growth for Accelerated Poverty Reduction . Washington DC . © World Bank . > 3 World Bank . 2019 . Poverty and Vulnerability in the Ethiopian Lowlands : Building a More Resilient Future . > 4 , World Bank ( 2017 ) . Ethiopia Employment and Jobs Study . > 5 Unemployment in urban areas is higher . The NEET figures in towns and cities stood at 25 and 30 percent respectively ( 2016 ) . Page 4 of 14 Jun 06 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 751, "text": "NEET figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources of the data used in the baseline model ( and extensions ) . Data for 54 advanced economies and EMDEs are used in the baseline model from 1980Q1 to 2022Q4 ( see table A3 . 1 ) . The main variables are described in table 1 and the baseline model includes government spending , tax revenue , the real interest rate , real GDP , and the GDP deflator ( figure 1 ) . Appendix A3 provides details on the definition of the real interest rate . For government spending , to get the greatest cross section both national accounts data – that is real public consumption expenditure on a seasonally adjusted basis – and data from government financial statements – usually collected as monthly nominal government ex10", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 108, "text": "Data for 54 advanced economies and EMDEs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 509, "end": 531, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 615, "end": 656, "text": "data from government financial statements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Longitudinal research in the United States indicates that age of entry into kindergarten shows a modest relationship to cognitive-academic achievement but not social-emotional functioning ( NICHD Early Child Care Research Network , 2007 ) , and researchers note that age-of-entry effects are dwarfed by other aspects of children ’ s family and early care and education experiences . # # Current Study In order to better understand the developmental status of young children in Pakistan , and the impact of various risks on young children ’ s development , we conducted a nationally representative telephone survey of households with children aged 0-6 years . Health protocols precluded in-person interviews during the pandemic . To date , a nationally representative study of child development among children under age 3 or school readiness for those ages 3-6 has not been conducted in Pakistan . Thus , these data fill critical knowledge gaps . This study shares the findings from the survey , conducted from December 2021 to February 2022 . The aims of this study are to describe the current status of ECD and school readiness for children aged 0-6 in Pakistan and explore how these outcomes are related to six key risk factors — food insecurity , living in a rural area , low maternal education , lack of psychosocial stimulation at home , experiences of parental distress , and no ECE enrollment . This list of risks a child could face is not intended to be exhaustive . These are risks informed by the literature and identifiable in the current survey format . This study aims to fill key gaps in the literature for ECD particularly around parenting capacity as related to parents ’ education levels , mental health or distress levels , and engagement with their young children , specifically provision of psychosocial stimulation . The study also provides insight into the state of child development and subsequent risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic . Section 2 discusses the data and methods and describes both the research design as well as key variables . Section 3 reports results and section 4 concludes with a discussion of the implications for policy and programming . # * * 2 . Data and Methods * * # # Research Design and Data Collection Strategy Gallup Pakistan", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 627, "text": "nationally representative telephone survey of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contracts under the project . 10 . MoE had provided relevant training to its staff in proper administration of environmental and social concerns , both in terms of addressing environmental and social issues as well as the welfare of beneficiary communities during ERfKE I . These trained engineers from MoE have been transferred to GBD for the life of ERfKE II , which also helps with continuity of implementation . GBD will further enhance the capacity of its staff , as required on a need basis . The MoE has preparing a school mapping plan to identify the location of replacement schools . During the course of such studies , the concerned municipalities and concerned stakeholders were consulted . Similarly , the Ministry of Environment , the Department of Antiquities and WAJ were consulted , as needed , to determine the specific requirements related to access roads and streets , availability of basic infrastructure services and requirements , and the possibility of proximity of historical and cultural heritage sites . The consultation process consisted of a joint review of the proposed sites , and upon approval of the sites , specific design documents were submitted for the review by the municipalities and WAJ . The proposed sites have been published in local newspapers to inform the public , and MoE will follow up on inquiries and complaints through the Development Cooperation Unit ( DCU ) . 11 . Reporting : In the monthly progress reports that GBD submits to DCU , it will include issues encountered in implementation of the EMP , if any . On a bi-annual basis , the progress report will include a section outlining EMP implementation progress update . GBD will be responsible for undertaking routine supervision of ongoing civil works . # # # * * Main Environmental and Social Impacts due to Project Interventions * * # # # * * Direct * * 12 . ERfKE II will finance about 1000 classroom extensions to existing schools , and the construction of about 82 replacement schools in urban and rural communities in Jordan . A school mapping study was 98", "spans": [{"start": 2041, "end": 2061, "text": "school mapping study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proportion of women who were from villages included in both the 2008 and 2010 – 11 surveys and who had heard about the HealthyBaby voucher also increased from 22 percent in 2008 to 75 percent in 2010 – 11 . In addition , 78 percent of those living in villages with a voucher user in 2010 – 11 had heard about the HealthyBaby voucher , compared with 69 percent of those from villages with no voucher user . Results from the household surveys further show that women who had heard about the HealthyBaby voucher were more likely to be aware of possible dangers during pregnancy , childbirth , or immediately after 21", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 440, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unique firm identifiers , we have merged these data with customs records on export transactions collected by _Secretaria do Com ́ ercio Externo_ ( SECEX ) of the Ministry see Greenaway and Nelson ( 2000 ) , Bastos and Silva ( 2009 ) , Falvey , Greenaway and Silva ( 2008 , 2010 ) and the references therein . > 2In particular , we kept for analysis employees working more than 20 hours per week , aged between 16 and 65 , and earning at least the national minimum wage . 5", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 95, "text": "customs records on export transactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Preferential trade agreements ( PTAs ) are a prominent feature of current globalization . Over the last decades , country participation in PTAs has become widespread , with all members of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) having signed an average of 10 PTAs , up from 3 PTAs in 1990 . Most importantly , the proliferation of PTAs was accompanied by a significant deepening of their scope . Their content spans diverse non-trade related disciplines such as _investment_ , _intellectual property rights_ , _visa and asylum_ , _labor market regulations_ and _environmental laws_ . Meanwhile , the expansion of the fragmentation of production has shifted the composition of trade towards more flows of differentiated intermediate products and less of homogenous goods . This resulted into a rise in global value chains ( GVC ) , reinforcing the need to concurrently regulate the exchange of goods and services with foreign direct investments ( FDI ) under a common framework ( Antràs & Staiger , 2012 ) . Moreover , bilateral investment treaties ( BITs ) that have traditionally regulated foreign investments are losing ground as more investment related disciplines are incorporated in PTAs ( Figure 1 ) . By removing economic uncertainty regarding market access rules and behind-the-border business conditions , PTAs are increasingly relevant in the context of cross-border trade and investment . Their prevalence has revived interest in the literature on regionalism , as researchers examine the role of this new generation of deep trade agreements in shaping the exchange of goods and services as well as investment . Understanding the economic effects of PTAs is essential to design and implement them efficiently . This paper contributes to the debate on the economic impact of deep trade agreements by empirically investigating the key disciplines that promote FDI . We use a new data set on the content of PTAs developed by the World Bank and bilateral cross-border data on greenfield investments run by the Financial Times . The latter provides information on the sector and business activity associated with an FDI 2", "spans": [{"start": 1968, "end": 2021, "text": "bilateral cross-border data on greenfield investments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . INTRODUCTION * * A major focus for Tanzanian policy makers is how to attain middle-income status by 2025 < sup > 2 < / sup > through greater economic diversification to reduce poverty and to ensure good quality jobs for the approximately 800 , 000 young people who enter the labor market each year . Creation of new jobs of good quality will require more rapid economic and productivity growth and , on the demand side , growth in employment from expansion of existing firms and the creation and growth of new enterprises . The skills deficit in the labor force is acknowledged to be a constraint in Tanzania for both existing and new firms , given the low levels of educational attainment and technical skills of the population . However , there is little data on the specific skills shortages that firms face , the strategies they use to address these shortages , and the way these skill deficits impact their operations . The most important source of systematic information on the demand for skills in African companies comes from Enterprise Surveys fielded by the World Bank . < sup > 3 < / sup > The Enterprise Survey contains information on firm characteristics and performance but only limited data on workforce skills ; where it shines is in detailed assessments by firms ’ managers of different elements of the business environment , rankings of obstacles , and their overall impact on their operations . Many elements – power outages , corruption , infrastructure , access to finance and changes in regulatory or fiscal regimes – directly constrain or introduce uncertainty into firms ’ operations , and as such loom large in rankings of major business environment constraints . Hence , rather counterintuitively , the results seem to show that availability of skills is not a major constraint for firms in Africa . This study uses a unique survey of Tanzanian businesses to investigate the demand for skills in formal-sector firms , < sup > 4 < / sup > how they respond to skill constraints , as well as the effects on productivity of their strategies to meet skills deficits . The motivation for this study was to inform the policy dialogue on developing higher level skills", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1062, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1861, "end": 1891, "text": "survey of Tanzanian businesses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor market losses . Overall , the share of the working age population who reported being employed in April-June 2020 was , on average , 31 percent lower than prepandemic levels . However , as we note in the previous section , the absolute magnitudes of these initial job losses , inclusively in the earlier studies , should be interpreted with caution , as the magnitude of any recall bias associated with the framing of the prepandemic employment question in the HFPS is unknown . < sup > 15 < / sup > Given that many countries did not have a survey in all three periods , it is possible that dynamics of certain indicators across the three time periods may be a function of the composition of the sample within each time window . To address this concern , we also consider employment estimates for a sample restricted to countries with data points in all three periods , such that the sample composition remains constant across the three time periods . We attempt this whenever possible and include results for a “ country panel ” in Annex 6 , however , data coverage varies significantly depending on the harmonized indicator . Overall , employment trends for a panel of 31 countries are similar to the full sample ( Table A6 . 1 ) . Updated estimates reaffirm that the initial impacts , as well as the pace of the subsequent gains , varied considerably across country groups . MICs experienced the largest employment losses in the initial stage of the pandemic , followed by an increase in employment levels in the second half of 2020 and through 2021 . Among a small sample of HICs , the initial magnitude of job losses was much smaller , but has been followed by a much slower pace of recovery . In LICs , losses of employment were subdued , compared to those reported in MICs . There could be several contributing factors behind lower employment losses in LICs . First , the extent of restrictions to mobility and economic activity , as measured by the OxCGRT stringency index , was somewhat lower on average in LICs . In addition , LICs have a much higher share of agricultural employment and a higher share of population", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and mentoring support services ’ ( DLI 4 ) measures the number of girls receiving the above-mentioned support disaggregated by refugee and host communities with a total allocation of US $ 22 million for the DLI . The PAP and the IPF Component , includes TA to support a ‘ Strengthened supply chain for sanitary towels and accountability ’ . These indicators and PAP action are described in detail in the results framework . Analytical work on gender concerns and priorities in Kenya , including girl ’ s education , will be supported as part of the proposed Kenya gender diagnostic analytical work in FY23 and FY 24 ( Kenya Gender Diagnostic ) . - ii . * * Gender-Based Violence ( GBV ) : * * The PAP includes an action to scale up the GBV interventions being piloted under SEQIP to all primary schools , including camp-based refugee schools . Under SEQIP , a baseline survey was carried out with a sample from 110 subcounties which provided data on factors impacting retention and school dropout . The data from the survey informed development of specific plans including advocacy messaging for community engagements , and development of relevant Information , Education and Communication ( IEC ) materials . The advocacy messages at the community level cover issues such as Genderbased violence ( GBV ) , early marriage , child labor , and teenage pregnancies . IEC materials were produced on the following emerging topics : GBV ; child referral services ; hotline services ; disability referral system ; school dropout ; anti female genital mutilation ( FGM ) ; child marriages ; child labor ; and drug and substance abuse . - iii . * * Citizen engagement : * * Citizen engagement will be mainstreamed throughout the Program cycle . At the design stage , the MoE engaged citizens through consultations at the national and regional levels . At the national level , various Civil Society Organizations and Nongovernmental Organizations were engaged by the MoE and the World Bank at the preparation stage in discussing key challenges to be addressed by the Program , as well as", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 875, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1003, "end": 1023, "text": "data from the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Key issues raised : * * Summary of key issues rose during consultation - Market outlet for the host community , business initiation which can be expressed as house rent and car rent with better prices , knowledge and skill transfer ( hand craft , carpenter and business idea ) and provision of economic support for the host . - Competition for social and economic service providing infrastructures , natural resource degradation environmental depletion , obstacle for urban expansion , cultural impact and criminal acts , social conflict and putting strain on livelihood opportunities . - Social conflict as a result of competition for infrastructure , over exploitation of natural resource , cultural incitement and Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) are the major problem faced by refugee hosting communities . - Social service providing institutions of the host community are still not sufficient while the provision of service in refugee camps is relatively better as compared to the situation in the host community - Cultural impact and criminal acts ( like early marriage , theft , drug addiction , GBV and sexual harassment ) which are not familiar before refugee settlements are becoming a challenge to the hosting community . - RDIP-I has substantially contributed to reduce the impacts of refugee , in agricultural sector , education , health , water supply and market and road infrastructure . - Social service and economic infrastructures implemented by DRDIP-I has been benefited both communities . - The basic need provided for refugee community is not sufficient for survivals - Social cohesion and coexistence of the host and refugee community has improved as a result of DRDIP-I implementation . Due to COVID 19 pandemic consultations were made with small groups of people keeping the Ministry of Health ( MoH ) COVID 19 Protocol ( Physical distance , use of protective materials and using sanitary materials ) To this end the stakeholder groups identified in the DRDIP II SEP is sufficient and the proposed stakeholder engagement strategies are expected to be effective . Moreover , consultations and discussions have been conducted with major stakeholders and project beneficiaries as summarized and indicated in", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "presented in previous sections can have a relatively small impact at the macro level . # * * 7 . 2 Risk Sharing between Banks and the Government * * Banks and the government share , absorb , and mitigate the risks that the credit program entails by dealing with the expected default risk from the loans granted , unexpected credit risk , and funding needs for the banks . To understand the risks involved , it helps to measure the magnitude of the program allocation across groups of firms . We focus here on firms by risk category . < sup > 26 < / sup > Micro data indicate that by the end of 2020 , banks provide guaranteed loans worth US $ 11 , 467 million , or 4 . 6 % of 2019 GDP , including loans to formal firms and natural persons > 24 We use Equations ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) to partition firms into credit program users and non-users and measure the contribution of these groups to overall indebtedness . > 25In unreported results , we decompose indebtedness into two additional margins : banking status and size . Across the different partitions of firms , large increases in firm leverage within groups happen for firms with a relatively small weight at the aggregate level . > 26As an alternative , Appendix Table 6 reports the results of partitioning firms by size . This is useful because the public guarantee varies by size ( from 85 % for small firms to 60 % for large firms , as explained in Section 4 ) , effectively determining how firms and the government share risk . Furthermore , the size categorization allows us to cover all firms in our sample , permitting a better mapping between the debt levels computed from micro and macro data . 22", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 565, "text": "Micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1631, "end": 1651, "text": "micro and macro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "savings at the 5 percent level , both during and after the commitment period . The point estimates for both periods are just short of GHS 600 , very close to total program savings of the median SSP participant ( GHS 570 ) . In contrast , heavy overdrafters saved significantly less in other formal sector accounts , more than offsetting the additional savings stored with NVRB – as a result , point estimates on total savings are negative and not statistically significant . We reject equality of treatment effects on total savings for heavy and light overdrafters at the 1 percent level both during and after the commitment period . Columns 6-8 of Table 4 show that this heterogeneity persists when accounting for debt . Only heavy overdrafters took on significantly more debt during the commitment period . As a result , treatment effects on savings net debt are large and negative for heavy overdrafters , while treatment effects on savings net debt are similar to treatment effects on total savings for light overdrafters . Here , we reject equality of effects by overdrafter status at the 5 percent level during and after the commitment period . Given that SSP helped light overdrafters save more without taking on new debt , where did the additional money come from ? Appendix Table A8 presents impacts on income and expenditure . Given the modest monthly changes needed to generate our point estimates , we cannot definitively identify consumption or income as the source of the new savings , although We do find some significant survey-based evidence that light overdrafters in the treatment group earn more . We view this result with caution , as we only collected income data in one follow-up survey . Table A8 also helps rule out the hypothesis that heavy overdrafters leverage SSP payouts and new debt to make lumpy investments in the post-commitment period : SSP had no significant impact on investment for either group . # * * 3 . 5 Mechanisms and Discussion * * Overall , our results for heavy overdrafters are consistent with a model of partially-naïve hyperbolic discounting , e . g . where workers sign up for SSP expecting that it will help with their commitment problems , but fail to account for the", "spans": [{"start": 1674, "end": 1685, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for investments in physical capital , but were targeted at small firms with revenue below £ 22 . 8 million . < sup > 20 < / sup > To ensure that our results are only capturing the effects of the AIA , and not any residual impacts of the FYA , as a robustness test we exclude firms in our sample with revenue below the threshold necessary to qualify for the FYA . A second policy of interest was an alteration to the definition of SMEs by the EU in 2008 which in turn affected qualification for the R & D Tax Relief Scheme for UK firms . This definition change shifted the qualifying threshold of assets from € 43 million to € 86 million , the employment threshold from 249 to 499 , and the sales threshold from € 50 million to € 100 million ( Dechezleprˆetre et al . , 2016 ) . Again , we explore the robustness of our findings to the exclusion of firms that become eligible for the R & D incentive . < sup > 21 < / sup > # * * 3 Data and statistics summary * * The research relies on four types of data : panel data on firm use of cloud , big data and AI technologies ; matched employer-employee data ; details regarding the introduction and changes to the AIA ; and firm capital investment data . All firm level data are taken from the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) , which is the UK ’ s Census Bureau equivalent . Information on cloud , big data analytics and AI adoption is available through the E-commerce Survey . The survey contains questions on firm use of different types of cloud computing , including its use for hardware services such as data , storage , processing , and software services , such as finance software , office software , customer relationship management software and email . We code the firm as an adopter of cloud technologies if it uses any of these different cloud services and zero otherwise . The survey also includes questions on the use of big data analytics and AI . We construct a measure of firm use of big data as a binary variable which", "spans": [{"start": 1006, "end": 1016, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1168, "end": 1196, "text": "firm capital investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1409, "end": 1426, "text": "E-commerce Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MoLHUD ( PST ) < br > � < br > Very hard to define DLIs on < br > this , as this is more on project < br > modalities . < br > � < br > Handled better in project < br > modality if this option is < br > pursued . | 51", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY * * Table 6-3 : PAPs losing Livelihood * * | * * Settlement Cluster * * | * * Total PAPs losing Business * * | * * Total PAPs losing Tenancy * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Livelihood * * | * * Livelihood * * | | * * Gender * * | * * Male * * < br > * * Female * * | * * Male * * < br > * * Female * * | | Upper Settlement Section < br > | 1 < br > 5 < br > | 1 < br > 1 < br > | | * * Totals * * < br > | * * 6 * * < br > | * * 2 * * < br > | | < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > * * Totals * * < br > * * 6 * * < br > * * 2 * * < br > * * Table 6 . 4 * * below provides a summary of nature of businesses affected in the Settlement . < br > * * Table 6-4 : Nature of Business Affected * * < br > * * PY * * | | - - - | | * * Nature of Business * * < br > * * Number * * < br > | | Food Kiosk < br > 1 < br > | | Retail Shops < br > 2 < br > | | Groceries < br > 1 < br > | | Others < br > 1 < br > | | * * Figure 6-3 : Photographs of PAPs “ KSP / KH / JN / 01 and KSP / KH / V /", "spans": [{"start": 1072, "end": 1090, "text": "KSP / KH / JN / 01", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and other services , and originate orders for many products sold over the internet . As of December 2003 , 7 - Eleven had placed Vcom kiosks in nearly 1 , 000 of its approximately 5 , 800 stores located across the U . S . ( 7-Eleven news release , December 11 , 2003 ) . If this technology succeeds , it could lower the cost of delivering payment services to the unbanked and lower the fees that they pay . # < u > Summarizing the effectiveness of these initiatives < / u > As implied in the discussion above , we cannot know the aggregate impact that the outreach initiatives outlined above have had on the percentage of U . S . households without deposit accounts . It is quite likely , however , that the aggregate effect has been quite small . This is true for three reasons . First , almost all of the initiatives have been small scale , pilot initiatives that would have small aggregate impacts even if they were effective . Second , we argued that the major reason that people do not have bank accounts is because they do not have any month-tomonth savings . Assuming that successful methods can be found to help lower-income households build financial savings , the savings are likely to accumulate slowly . Finally , available data do not indicate any major changes in the percentages of unbanked households over the past 25 years . In 1977 , the Federal Reserve ’ s Survey of Consumer Finances found that 9 . 5 percent of all households did not have deposit accounts ( Caskey and Peterson , 1994 ) . As noted in the introduction to this paper , the same survey in 2001 found that the percentage was 9 . 1 percent . 36", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1403, "text": "Survey of Consumer Finances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bursztyn and Yang ( 2022 ) , we establish an individual level measure of misperception based on how individuals ’ perceptions compare to actual beliefs . The “ true value ” is determined by the average belief among respondents in a country who agree with a given norm . We assess the perceived community norm against this true value to calculate the proportion of “ correct beliefs ” among respondents . At the individual level , we can discern the fraction of the population that accurately assesses , overestimates , or underestimates the prevalence of a norm . Consequently , we report the proportion of respondents with accurate perceptions ( those within 0 . 5 standard deviations of the truth ) ; those who overestimate ( respondents who hold beliefs that are at least 0 . 5 standard deviation greater than the truth ) ; and those who underestimate ( respondents who hold beliefs that are at least 0 . 5 standard deviation less than the truth ) . We define _OverestimateNormij_ as a binary indicator that equals 1 for individuals whose perceptions exceed the true average belief by at least 0 . 5 standard deviations . Similarly , _UnderestimatesNormij_ equals 1 for individuals whose perceptions fall at least 0 . 5 standard deviations below the true average belief . The baseline category , _AroundNormij_ , includes individuals whose perceptions are within 0 . 5 standard deviations of the actual beliefs . Since the reference group in our norm constructs is deliberately broad ( i . e . neighbors ) , this may not directly correlate with individuals ’ most influential social circles . The extent to which our behaviors are shaped by close personal connections versus the broader community remains an empirical question , hence our decision to keep a general reference group . Also since our norm constructs refer to “ neighbors ” , a group not synonymous with the Facebook user base itself . Therefore , while our analysis is useful for establishing broad patterns , we caution that any observed misperceptions might be attributable to sample selection rather than pluralistic ignorance . # * * 2 . 4 Comparison of the Gender Equality at Home Survey with Other Data Sources * * The Gender Equality at Home Survey represents a", "spans": [{"start": 2193, "end": 2223, "text": "Gender Equality at Home Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of intergenerational educational mobility ( see the survey by Torche ( 2019 ) ) . The rst two columns in Table 2 report the estimates from the linear model , while the last two from the quadratic model . We report the estimated e \u001b ects of Inpres schools on the parameters of interest ( intercept , linear , and quadratic terms of the mobility models ) , and the full set of coe cient estimates for the corresponding DiD models are reported in online appendix Table A . 1 . The estimates from the linear model suggest that , for sons ( superscript _s_ denoting sons ) , ˆ there is a positive e \u001b ect on the intercept _β_ 4 < sup > _s_ = 1 < / sup > < sup > _ . _59 < / sup > , and a negative impact on the slope � � ˆ ( IGRC ) _β_ 7 < sup > _s_ = < / sup > < sup > _ − _0 < / sup > < sup > _ . _13 < / sup > . < sup > 35 < / sup > The evidence on the slope thus suggests that the Inpres schools � � weakened the impact of family background and improved the relative mobility of boys irrespective of a father ' s education level . The positive e \u001b ect on the intercept suggests that the most disadvantaged children ( fathers with no schooling ) bene ted in the form of higher expected years of schooling as a result of the Inpres schools . However , the estimated e \u001b ects for daughters are numerically much smaller and are not signi cant at the 10 percent level , suggesting that the expansion of the primary schools failed to a \u001b ect the educational mobility of the girls in a signi cant way . This absence of a signi cant e \u001b ect for girls is unexpected because a substantial literature suggests that availability of schools in a village is more important for girls . Linearity is a maintained assumption in the estimates in columns ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of Table 2 , but a growing theoretical and empirical literature suggests that the intergenerational education mobility", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 1 . 8 Until 2005 , the main response to poverty and hunger came through annual emergency appeals ( Figure 2 ) . There was an appeal for humanitarian assistance every year since the famine of 1984 . Following the drought in 2002-2003 , when more than 13 million Ethiopians – a record number – required assistance the government established the New Coalition for Food Security and sought a new approach to tackling food insecurity . This change had its roots in the recognition that the appeals system often resulted in untimely delivery of food and was increasingly unsustainable ( Raisin 2001 , Smith and Subbarao 2003 ) . The World Bank ‘ s 2004 Public Expenditure Review ( PER ) estimated that total spending on transfers to the poor in Ethiopia amounted to US $ 265 million per annum on average between 1997 and 2002 , fluctuating from US $ 120 million in ‗ good ‘ years to US $ 450 million in severe drought years ( World Bank 2004c ) . The average represents about 13 percent of total public spending , about US $ 4 per capita or US $ 40 per beneficiary . * * Figure 2 . Annual Emergency Appeals * * Source : World Bank ( 2004b ) 1 . 9 In 2005 Ethiopia ‘ s Productive Safety Net Program was established to provide transfers to the food insecure population in chronically food insecure _woredas_ in a way that prevents asset depletion at the household level and creates assets at the community level ( GFDRE 2004 ) . The new safety nets approach focused on tackling chronic or seasonal hunger and sought to provide a more sustainable safety nets system . Sustainability was not just about finding an alternative to an emergency system that donors were increasingly unwilling to fund . From the outset , consumption objectives were linked with the protection and creation of assets and the idea that PSNP beneficiaries would ‗ graduate ‘ into food security as a result of PSNP and wider support that supported their consumption as they built assets and strengthen livelihoods .", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 674, "text": "2004 Public Expenditure Review", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "maintenance and operation of the power line . - _Substation : _ 9 . 0 ha of land will be required for the construction of the new Woliso substation . - _Access Road : _ Based on feasibility design a total of 0 . 1ha of land will be required to construct an estimated 0 . 25km access road to connect to the new Woliso substation . # # # # # * * 7 . 2 Number of Households and Population Affected * * Based on the results of the census enumeration a total of 26 households affected by the proposed Subproject components . Out of the 26 Subproject Affected Person ( PAPs ) , 15 are male headed household ( MHH ) and the remaining 11 are female headed ( FHH ) . A total of 129 persons live in 26 households that will be affected by the Subproject , and the average Subproject-affected household family size is 5 . 0 persons per family . < mark > Total land required for the construction of the new substation is 9 . 0ha and all the required land for the proposed substation is farmland . In addition , 856 eucalyptus trees will be expropriated for the construction of the new Woliso substation . Overall , the construction of < / mark > the new Woliso substation will affect 23 households . < mark > Construction of the new Woliso substation and the associated TL Subproject will not affect < / mark > any property belonging to public institutions . < mark > Summary of Subproject-affected Household by Subproject Components is presented in Table 7 . 1 . < / mark > Page 78 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 445, "text": "census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": Enhancing Internet Connectivity < br > IN01335354 < br > ► Fibre Optic Cable ( new ) ( Kilometers , Custom ) < br > | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 500 . 00 | 600 . 00 | 600 . 00 | | Date < br > 12-Jun-2015 < br > | 17-Jan-2023 | 10-Aug-2023 | 29-Dec-2023 | | IN01335356 < br > ► Fibre Optic Cable ( rehabilitated ) ( Kilometers , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 600 . 00 | 400 . 00 | 400 . 00 | | Date < br > 12-Jun-2015 | 17-Jan-2023 | 10-Aug-2023 | 29-Dec-2023 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 9 / 12 / 2023 Page 6 of 7", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 723, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we know , the best data set to meet these requirements is Eurobarometer , from which we use repeated cross ‐ sections with annual frequency between 2004 and 2013 for 27 European countries . < sup > 9 < / sup > An advantage of this data set is that it allows us to study perceptions towards a broader set of issues . The Eurobarometer survey includes the question “ _What do you think are the two most important issues facing ( OUR COUNTRY ) at the moment ? _ ” , and respondents can choose within a set of 16 mutually exclusive categories . Figure 4 shows the average results for the top choices , < sup > 10 < / sup > which includes general contextual considerations , such as unemployment , the economic situation and prices , followed by more specific subject areas , such as crime , health care , pensions and immigration . While this question does not specifically try to gauge preferences regarding the allocation > 9 The group of countries includes Netherlands , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg , Denmark , Ireland , Great Britain , Greece , Spain , Portugal , Finland , Sweden , Austria , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia , Bulgaria , Romania , Turkey and Croatia . > 10 Other categories include Public Transportation , Defense , Foreign Affairs , Others , Don ’ t know . 12", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 71, "text": "Eurobarometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 320, "end": 340, "text": "Eurobarometer survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stoves manufactured and sold to distributors were 94 , 622 * * This is average reduction ; See Appendix 1 for reductions of hh expenditure on cooking fuel and emissions by each project stove * * * UGASTOVE , Bold Energy , ILF and Biolite ; * * * * Potential Energy , AREM , Fenix International , Ezylife , BRAC , Bidhaa sasa and Simoshi # # # * * Expected Socio-Economic Benefits * * 21 . The expected benefits of the UCCSCEP was to foster private sector growth in commercial distribution and large-scale , centralized production of improved cook stoves , in order to drive the necessary economies of scale which would progressively reach lower income segments and rural households . * * Section 2 : Key Factors Affecting Implementation * * # # # * * Project Preparation * * 22 . In 2014 , discussions were held between GOU and IDA regarding the project design . In November 2015 , a Willingness to Pay and Consumer Acceptance Assessment ( WTP & CAA ) for clean cooking in Uganda was carried out to inform the design and implementation of a competitive support scheme to help Uganda distributors enhance consumer access to high performance clean cook stoves made locally and internationally . Despite the consultative project preparations , a number of factors affected implementation of the project . # # # * * Implementation delays * * - ( a ) There were implementation delays , especially for the DCF , arising from : Page 35 of 44", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 41 . 1 % ) , sorghum ( 14 . 8 % ) , enset ( 8 . 5 % ) and wheat crop ( 4 . 4 % ) . < mark > During the census survey it was also identified that among Subproject affected households whose farmland would be expropriated , 86 . 0 % grown corn crop , followed by teff ( 65 . 0 % ) and Millt ( 33 . 3 % ) . It was also known that subproject affected households are growing more than one type of crop on their farmland . < / mark > # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 5 Livestock Ownership and Production * * Livestock production is an integral part of the farming system of the project affected households and other farming households found in Woredas affected by the subproject components . The socioeconomic survey finding revealed that 86 . 3 % of the sample households have at least one or more livestock , while the remaining 13 . 7 % of the Page 74", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 118, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 682, "end": 702, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by significant number of the surveyed households was related to fail to participate in CBO “ organization is not common in the area ” and lack of interest to participate in some community-based organizations is also among reported reasons by the surveyed households . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 7 Sites of Cultural , Historical and Natural Heritage Sites * * Cultural , historical , and natural heritage sites survey has been conducted along the proposed 20 . 0km long 230kV TL corridor and the Shashemene Substation boundary . The survey also focused on identifying both tangible and intangible cultural heritages . The analysis of the cultural , historical and natural heritage sites survey demonstrates that during the survey , no visible sites of cultural or known tangible and intangible cultural heritages , historical or natural heritage sites were identified , either within the proposed substation boundary or along the 26m transmission corridor ( i . e . , right-of-way ) and its environs . Therefore , there will be no impact on tangible and intangible cultural heritages by the proposed subproject . During site survey the ESIA team observed a burial site at about 15m east of the substation site where construction works of the SS are expected to take place . As informed by local people about five persons were buried at the burial ground and the site is currently not used a burial place . The geographic coordinate of the cemetery site is 79º92 ' 73 ” N , 45º05 ' 26 ” E . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 8 Civil Societies / Local NGOs Working in the Subproject Area * * There are NGOs active in the subproject-affected area . They can act as a social watchdog in matters relating to securing the livelihoods of subproject-affected communities along with their related socio-cultural facets . At the time of site visit the ESIA team contacted and consulted an NGO , namely Global Green Growth Institute which primarily works on the agricultural sector . The", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 413, "text": "Cultural , historical , and natural heritage sites survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 634, "end": 689, "text": "cultural , historical and natural heritage sites survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 15 * * * * OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER NATIONAL ID PROGRAM * * * * ETHIOPIA DIGTAL ID FOR INCLUSION AND SERVICES PROJECT * * * * PROJECT ID NO-Pl79040 , IDA CREDIT NUMBER 7463-ET AND IDA GRANT NUMBER * * E272-ET * * FINANCED BY IDA * * * * NOTES TO THE PROJECT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS * * * * FOR THE PERIOD FROM 21 DECEMBER 2023 TO 7 JULY 2025 * * # 2 . 2 * * ACCOUNTING POLICIES * * # # * * A ) General Accounting policy * * The Project uses a modified cash basis of accounting similar to Federal public bodies . # # * * B ) Fixed Assets * * Fixed assets are directly expensed upon purchase . Assets register is maintained to follow-up usage of these assets . # # * * C ) Income and Expenditures * * The Project ' s main source of income is disbursement from * * IDA . * * Disbursement is made using the Disbursement Methods described in the project agreement ( Advance to Designated Account , Direct payment , Special Commitments and Reimbursement method ) . Income is recognized when cash * * ( USD ) * * is received in the Designated Account . Income is recognized when disbursements are made and reflected in the Client Connection . Grant from * * IDA * * and other development partners are recognized whenever they are received , except that donations in kind are not recognized . Expenditures are recognized when paid . # * * D ) Exchange rate * * The financial statements are presented in ETB * * , * * the functional and presentation currency of the program . As there is a balance denominated in foreign currency pertaining to the designated account , such balance is translated to local currency ( ETB ) on the basis of exchange rate prevailing on that date . Exchange rate gain / loss which arises from the translation are reported in", "spans": [{"start": 597, "end": 612, "text": "Assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ÑO * * | * * AFRO * * | * * INDÍGENA * * | * * CAMPESINO * * | * * OTROS * * | * * POBLCIN * * < br > * * ATENDIDA * * | | 2009 | 47 , 856 | 40 , 072 | 59 , 450 | 22 , 106 | 169 , 484 | | % Participación | 28 % | 24 % | 35 % | 13 % | 100 % | | 2010 | 50 , 013 | 18 , 078 | 42 , 287 | 45 , 834 | 156 , 212 | | % Participación | 32 % | 12 % | 27 % | 29 % | 100 % | | TOTALES < br > 2009 - 2010 | 97 , 869 | 58 , 150 | 101 , 737 | 67 , 940 | 325 , 696 | | % Participación | 30 % | 18 % | 31 % | 21 % | 100 % | * * Fuente : Estadísticas UDAPV con corte a diciembre 31 de 2010 * * Por edades , 96 . 101 personas que representan el 62 % de toda la población son menores de edad ( entre 0 y 17 años , 48 . 126 de género masculino y 47 . 975 de género femenino ) que obtuvieron su Registro Civil de Nacimiento y Tarjeta de Identidad . El 38 % restante corresponde a mayores de edad que recibieron la contraseña de la Cédula de Ciudadanía , cuya población asciende a 51 . 084 personas que tienen entre 18 y 59 años ( 17 % de género masculino y 15 % de género femenino ) y 9 . 027 que representa el 5 % superan los 60 años . 27", "spans": [{"start": 520, "end": 538, "text": "Estadísticas UDAPV", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "4 the groups are defined by specific household attributes , such as regional location , urban-rural status , or age , gender , race or education of the head . However , the personal distribution of income does not only reflect differences in these household characteristics , but also differences in the extent to which households have access to formal employment , vis-à-vis a reliance on self-employment , and indeed variation in their access to capital or transfer incomes . Therefore , this section also examines the income sources of each household and their relationship with inequality in total household income per capita . The next two sections turn to the dynamics of inequality and poverty . Section 4 discusses a dynamic decomposition methodology due to Mookherjee and Shorrocks ( 1982 ) , which separates _changes_ in inequality into components due to changes in the mean incomes of different groups , changes in the composition of these groups , and unexplained changes . It also presents the Datt and Ravallion ( 1992 ) decomposition of changes in poverty into a growth and a redistribution component . Section 5 briefly reports on the correlations between poverty , inequality and a couple of macroeconomic variables , focusing on the rate of inflation . Section 6 concludes and presents the candidate hypotheses that our analysis suggests might explain the recent changes in Brazil ’ s income distribution . Some of the questions raised for future research are briefly discussed . # * * 2 ) The Data and What it Says . * * The data sets we use are the household-level micro-data from the _Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios_ ( PNAD ) for 1981-2004 , produced by the _Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística_ ( IBGE ) < sup > 5 < / sup > . Data were collected each year from a representative national sample of households , with a sample size ranging from 291 , 000 to 525 , 000 individuals . < sup > 6 < / sup > The > 5 Three years are missing from the time series presented below : 1991 and 2000 were Census years , during which PNADs are not fielded . Income data from the Censuses are based on very different questionnaires , and are not", "spans": [{"start": 2088, "end": 2099, "text": "Income data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "social issues and vulnerable groups . 42 . Going forward , MoEFCC has to develop a Capacity Building Plan for improved environmental and social management in the basic sectors in a participatory manner involving all stakeholders . The Plan should be informed by the ESIA capacity assessment and the ESMS OM , which were prepared under the PBS and ESPES . The Plan may include the following : - Defining resources and activities to enhance existing capacities within MoEFCC , basic sectors and agencies endowed with an environmental and social mandate to implement a set of environmental and social management activities ; - Developing local capacity , particularly at woreda level , for environmental and social management ; - Strengthening environmental and social oversight institutions at all levels ; - Strengthening vertical and horizontal linkages between environmental and social oversight institutions and basic sectors ; and - Establishing and strengthening information , communication and data management system . 43 . The DLI , _improved environmental and social management capacity at woreda level , _ remains relevant because improvement in ESMC at local level is still a key indicator for enhanced environmental and social safeguards . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Statistics Database ” , available at : < u > http : / / popstats . unhcr . org / en / persons_of_concern , accessed between February and September 2018 . Since the 1990s , < / u > the numbers have consistently been in the hundreds of thousands . 2 Many have written on the protection provided to Somalis in Kenya , including during 2011 and 2012 . They include Lindley and Haslie , “ Unlocking Protracted Displacement : Somali Case Study ” , Working Paper Series No . 79 , Oxford Refugee Studies Centre , 2011 , available at : < u > https : / / www . rsc . ox . ac . uk / publications / unlocking-protracteddisplacement-somali-case-study , accessed : September 2018 ; Lindley , “ Between a Protracted and a Crisis Situation : < / u > Policy Responses to Somali Refugees in Kenya ” , _Refugee Survey Quarterly_ , Vol . 30 , No . 4 , pp . 14 – 49 ; Hammond , “ History , Overview , Trends and Issues in Major Somali Refugee Displacements in the Near Region ” , New Issues in Refugee Research , UNHCR , 2014 , available at : < u > http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 53301a444 . html , accessed : September < / u > 2018 ; Betts , “ Survival Migration : Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement ” , Cornell University Press , 2013 ; Horvil , “ Protection for Refugees , not from Refugees : Somalis in Exile and the Securitisation of Refugee Policy ” , International Refugee Rights Initiative , 2017 , available at : < u > https : / / reliefweb . int / report / somalia / protection-refugeesnot-refugees-somalis-exile-and-securitisation-refugee-policy , accessed : September 2018 ; Moret et al . , “ The Path of < /", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 19, "text": "Statistics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Direct Selection Direct - National 41 , 865 . 60 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-10-11 2022-10-11 2022-10-15 2022-10-17 2022-11-10 2022-12-31 < br > riodo : octubre-diciembre 202 < br > 2 ( Centro - Ambato – Enlista < br > miento y Encuesta ) < br > C2-MIES-INEC-49 / Servicio d < br > e transporte en camionetas c < br > on conductor , necesario parael desarrollo del operativo decampo de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición Infantil , pe IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Direct Selection Direct - National 41 , 865 . 60 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-10-11 2022-10-11 2022-10-15 2022-10-17 2022-11-10 2022-12-31 < br > riodo : octubre-diciembre 202 < br > 2 ( Sur - Cuenca – Enlistamien < br > to y Encuesta ) < br > C2-MIES-INEC-50 / Contratac < br > ión de una agencia de viaje para la provisión de pasajes aéreos en rutas nacionales para el operativo de campo de l IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 46 , 368 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-25 2022-12-29 2023-12-29 < br > a Encuesta Nacional de Desn < br > utrición Infantil año 2023 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "levels of income hiding within the experiment are associated with lower rates of skilled and formal employment and lower wages , and are also associated with substantial reductions in the probability of using fertilizer . Such cross-community results do not merit a causal interpretation . Nonetheless , these findings are of interest for two reasons . First , results are consistent with the view that pressure to share income may act as a drag on savings and investment , and may therefore slow development . An alternative , though not mutually exclusive , explanation is that in the poorest areas , enforced sharing norms remain an essential tool for handling risk , and thus the pressure to share is the most acute . In either case , the evidence suggests that social pressure to share income is greatest in the worst off areas , and should be viewed as an important social factor in models of poor , rural village economies . More generally , these results go some way toward addressing the concern that individual choices in lab experiments may not be meaningfully correlated with decisions and outcomes outside the lab ( cf . Levitt and List 2007 ) ; in this case , they clearly are . # * * 4 . 2 The Willingness-to-Pay to Hide Income * * We now examine the willingness-to-pay to avoid the public announcement using data from the price treatments . Subjects assigned to the price treatments were offered the option of paying a randomly chosen price — 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , or 60 shillings — to avoid announcing their investment income to the other subjects . < sup > 35 < / sup > Of 690 subjects assigned to the price treatments , 627 subjects could afford to pay _p_ to avoid the public announcement , and 190 ( 30 . 3 percent of those able to pay ) chose to do so . Subjects who chose to buy out paid an average price of 29 . 3 shillings — equivalent to an average of 15 . 3 percent of their gross earnings . Figure 6 plots the proportion of subjects paying to avoid the public announcement , broken down by gender , endowment size , and exit price", "spans": [{"start": 1324, "end": 1354, "text": "data from the price treatments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Implementation of the livelihoods restoration programme ( e . g . eligibility and entitlements to restoration measures etc . ) ; - Misidentification of assets or land owners due to registration errors or inaccurate or misleading information during assets surveys ; - Disagreement over the valuation or quality of an asset where compensation is payable ; - Disagreement over the type , quality and quantity of measures applied to achieve livelihoods restoration ; - Impacts of the construction and operation of the Subproject ; and - Disagreement over the cut-off date applied . # # # # # # * * 13 . 3 Guiding Principles for Grievance Management * * The proposed approach for grievance resolution combines traditional or community-based resolution with an EEP-based mechanism , and potential use of the legal system if complainants prefer . It provides for multiple entry points to the system , formal recording of concerns , multiple resolution pathways depending on the nature of the grievance , use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms where possible , active consultation , and an appeal system . Although they remain largely informal and traditional , communities in the Subproject area have effective community-based conflict resolution processes . For some of the potential conflicts that may arise in relation to the Subproject ’ s land acquisition , it is both less expensive and more appropriate to consider the use of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms . For example , issues such as PAHs ’ land ownership ( title deeds ) and boundaries between plots owned by different PAPs , can best be resolved through traditional conflict resolution processes within the community . The guiding principles for GM are presented below : - i ) _Impartiality : _ All parties have the right of expressing their viewpoints . Any assumptions or actions shall be taken until all relevant information has been collected and considered . All parties have access to support or representation if they want or need it . -", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 417, "text": "assets surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The World Meteorological Organization forecasts that the current greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions trend will increase global temperature by 3-5 degrees C by 2100 ( Reuters 2018 ) . This would far overshoot the 2-degree limit pledged by the 2015 Paris climate accord ( COP 21 ) and might have a catastrophic impact ( Steffen et al . 2018 ; World Bank 2012 ) . In response , several industrial nations pledged very steep emissions reductions at the recent Leaders ’ Summit on Climate ( April 22-23 , 2021 ) . On April 2 , 2021 , the President of the World Bank responded with a new Climate Change Action Plan ( World Bank 2021 ) that expands participation in large-scale climate finance and commits the World Bank to align all new World Bank operations with the objectives of the Paris Agreement by July 1 , 2023 . IFC and MIGA will align 85 % of new operations by July 1 , 2023 and 100 % by July 1 , 2025 . The announcement highlights the need for new metrics to achieve impact by measuring GHG emissions reductions . In this context , this paper makes four contributions to the knowledge base on GHG emissions and underlying drivers . First , the Climate Change Action Plan confronts a striking information shortfall at the outset : neartotal absence of directly-measured local and regional GHG data for problem diagnosis , program design and performance assessment . In the global arena , consistently-measured GHG estimates are only available for about 80 urban areas , and over half of those are in developed countries ( C40 2021 ) . In addition , few of the available estimates incorporate actual GHG emissions . Most rely on emissions parameters from engineering studies , which are applied to survey-based activity measures for transport , energy production and manufacturing . Standard engineering estimates are particularly suspect for developing countries , because many of the parameters have been calibrated using databases and models developed for high-income economies . Recently , the advent of satellite-based GHG measurement has greatly expanded the potential for empirical assessment . High-resolution observations of atmospheric GHG concentrations are now available from several platforms , including NASA ’ s OCO-2 and", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1326, "text": "GHG data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "VID-19 . Anecdotal evidence suggests that they are already feeling the effects of slowing demand for food items , particularly vegetables . Data from Ethiopia ’ s recent poverty assessment also highlights the fact that a high proportion of the population is clustered just above the poverty line . This means that any reduction in consumption , could result in large increases in poverty . > 6 World Bank . 2020 . “ Covid-19 : Potential Poverty and Social Impacts in Ethiopia and Policy Responses . ” _Poverty and Equity Global Practice : Ethiopia COVID Response Notes_ . Page 5 of 14 Jun 06 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 188, "text": "Ethiopia ’ s recent poverty assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ asile si la personne est concernée par cette opération . - C . EVALUATION DES BESOINS DANS LES ZONES DE RETOUR : Cet exercice vise , au niveau des villages identifiés , à mieux appréhender et quantifier les besoins des populations affectées par la crise : populations déplacées , retournées et communautés d ’ accueil . Les informations collectées concernent les secteurs alimentation , eau / hygiène / assainissement , abri , moyen de subsistance et éducation . - Formation : Les formations pour les évaluations des besoins sont menées par des représentants de la DNDS - dans les régions de Gao , Tombouctou et Mopti au profit des staffs DNDS . - Collecte des données : Ces évaluations sont menées dans des villages des régions de Gao , Tombouctou et - Mopti où une forte concentration de personnes déplacées et retournées ont été identifiées . • Saisie des données : Les données collectées sur le terrain seront vérifiées puis entrées dans la base de données de la DNDS à travers des tablettes androïdes depuis le terrain par les agents de collecte . Ces données seront mises en commun avec les partenaires qui réalisent des évaluations similaires au nord afin de permettre une analyse commune des besoins identifiés dans ces régions . * * 50 * *", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 973, "text": "base de données de la DNDS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# * * 2 Related Literature * * Our paper relates to a large literature estimating sequential schooling models under uncertainty , with seminal contributions by Keane and Wolpin ( 2001 ) , Eckstein and Wolpin ( 1998 ) , and Keane ( 2002 ) . This literature models college enrollment , performance , and college outcomes , and uncovers structural parameters based on students ’ observed choices during college . In one strand of this literature , researchers model students as acquiring information ( learning ) throughout college — regarding , for instance , their ability and preferences for college or specific majors , and their expected labor market performance . This literature includes Arcidiacono ( 2004 ) , Arcidiacono et al ( 2016 ) , Ozdagli and Trachter ( 2011 ) , Stinebrickner and Stinebrickner ( 2014 ) , and Trachter ( 2015 ) . As in these papers , students in our model adjust their expected graduation probability based on classes completed and choose effort accordingly . The idea that higher education is risky is not new ( Levhari and Weiss 1974 , Altonji 1993 , Akyol and Athreya 2005 ) , but the recent availability of college transcript data in the U . S . has helped estimate the role of risk in students ’ performance . These data reveal substantial and persistent heterogeneity in students ’ credit accumulation rates , which are strongly related to graduation probability . According to Hendricks and Leukhina ( 2017 , 2018 ) , based on their credit accumulation rates more than 50 percent of college entrants should be able to forecast whether they are at least 80 percent likely to graduate . According to Stange ( 2012 ) , the large uncertainty faced by students makes them place a high value on the ability to drop out at any point rather than pre-commit to completing all graduation requirements . Our paper is similar to these in the use of administrative data to track students ’ performance , but different in that the risk associated to class completion or college continuity is not fully exogenous as in these papers but depends on an endogenous variable — student effort . While the literature has placed much attention on the role of ability in performance and", "spans": [{"start": 1141, "end": 1164, "text": "college transcript data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1874, "end": 1893, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "service , customers , quality , transparency and process improvement . Social norms or social capital are key factors in understanding the motivation for compliance in transition countries and other regions . Moreover , social capital seems to be an important determinant of economic phenomena like macroeconomic performance . For example , Knack and Keefer ( 1997 ) find , in a cross-sectional analysis , a strong and significantly positive relationship between social capital variables ( civic duty ) and economic growth . Schaltegger and Torgler ( 2007 ) , using data for a synthetic panel of Swiss cantons over the 1981 – 2001 period , show that accountability enhances fiscal 54", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "under the control or consent of the data subject or person to whom that data relates . A person ’ s data is not necessarily all in one place or in one database , and in most cases , it is maintained by an authoritative source , such as a government ministry or a public entity . An example is a record of achievement in education ( proof that the person has a qualification , such as a degree ) , a medical record ( details of the person ’ s current medication and conditions ) , or an entitlement document , such as a national identity card ( identifying the person ’ s legal name ) . Holding and managing all this data in a single database is impractical and creates security vulnerabilities . Sharing this data securely and reliably under the consent of the individual offers many advantages over silos of data and functionality . People should have the ability to manage their consent with a particular service or dataset , including the ability to review and revoke consent as necessary . Taking a > 27 Digital Public Infrastructure ( DPI ) refers to digital ID , payment , and data exchange capabilities that are fundamental to enabling service delivery at scale and supporting innovation in the digital economy . DPI provides reusable and foundational digital platforms that allow public and private sector service providers to build and innovate their products and services . Page | 52", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 329, "text": "record of achievement in education", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 399, "end": 413, "text": "medical record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5992 # * * Abstract * * Croatia began to implement case-based provider payment reforms in hospitals beginning in 2002 , starting with broad-based categories according to therapeutic procedures . In 2009 , formal diagnostic related groups were introduced , known locally as _dijagnostičko terapijske skupine . _ This study examines the efficiency and quality impacts of these provider payment reforms globally on the Croatian health system by analyzing data on five procedures in acute health care for 10 years , between January 2000 and December 2009 . The five procedures are cataracts , pneumonia , coronary bypass , appendectomy , and hip replacement . Using data from the Croatian Institute for Health Insurance , this study finds that both broad-based and detailed case-based payment systems have improved efficiency as measured by a reduction in average length of stay , with little impact on the number of cases . These provider payment reforms have had no adverse impact on quality as measured by readmissions . While it is still too early to quantify the impact of Croatia ’ s introduction of formal diagnostic related groups , it appears that the introduction of both broad and detailed case-based payment systems has improved efficiency in acute hospital care . This paper is a product of the Human Development Sector Unit , Europe and Central Asia Region . . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at eyeh @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 526, "text": "data on five procedures in acute health care", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 692, "end": 745, "text": "data from the Croatian Institute for Health Insurance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 11034 # * * Abstract * * This paper develops a method to predict comparable income and consumption distributions for all countries in the world from a simple regression with a handful of country-level variables . To fit the model , the analysis uses more than 2 , 000 distributions from household surveys covering 168 countries from the World Bank ’ s Poverty and Inequality Platform . More than 1 , 000 economic , demographic , and remote sensing predictors from multiple databases are used to test the models . A model is selected that balances out-ofsample accuracy , simplicity , and the share of countries for which the method can be applied . The paper finds that a simple model relying on gross domestic product per capita , under-5 mortality rate , life expectancy , and rural population share gives almost the same accuracy as a complex machine learning model using 1 , 000 indicators jointly . The method allows for easy distributional analysis in countries with extreme data deprivation where survey data are unavailable or severely outdated , several of which are likely among the poorest countries in the world . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group and the Poverty and Equity Global Department . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at dmahler @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 334, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1034, "end": 1045, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) . The results also hold when accounting for the presence of zeros in firm capital goods imports , further reinforcing the robustness of the estimates . To illuminate the mechanism and trace the formation of IO linkages within domestic supply chains following HSR connections , this paper introduces a novel measure that captures firm-level IO relationships using customs transaction data . Previous studies , such as Javorcik ( 2004 ) , Amiti and Weinstein ( 2011 ) , Kee ( 2015 ) , Bernard et al . ( 2019 ) , and Alfaro-Ureña et al . ( 2022 ) , rely on either industry IO tables or unique firm datasets with names or tax information to link firms and their suppliers . However , these approaches are often constrained by data limitations and applicability issues . Firm-level IO linkage in this paper is captured by identifying the _potential domestic suppliers_ for each exporting firm based on matching the product codes of the firms ’ imports and exports in the customs transaction data . For each exporting firm , the potential domestic suppliers are those firms that export products sharing the same Harmonized System ( HS ) 6-digit codes with the imported materials of the exporting firm . Instead of using imported materials , exporting firms could have potentially sourced these materials that the same the domestically from firms export products , thereby capturing firmlevel IO linkages along the supply chains . Unlike traditional methods that rely on industry IO tables or detailed firm-level supplier data , this approach accounts for firm heterogeneity , recognizing that each exporting firm within the same industry may have a unique set of domestic suppliers . Moreover , it avoids selection bias since no actual transactions happen between the exporting firms and their potential suppliers . It is also considerably easier in terms of data requirements . Leveraging the staggered rollout of HSR networks across Chinese cities from 2008 to 2016 , this paper presents robust evidence that firm-level DVAR increases as the proportion of potential domestic suppliers connected via HSR grows . These effects are particularly strong when HSR links firms with domestic suppliers over medium to long distances , suggesting that HSR is the dominant mode of transportation for firm-to-firm interactions", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 409, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 583, "end": 601, "text": "industry IO tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 605, "end": 625, "text": "unique firm datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1541, "text": "firm-level supplier data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * While more than 95 percent of the population is covered by mobile telephony networks ( 2G ) , > 23 World Bank Group . 2017 . “ Global Findex Database ” , World Bank Group , 2017 > https : / / globalfindex . worldbank . org / sites / globalfindex / files / 2018-04 / 2017 % 20Findex % 20full % 20report_0 . pdf > 24 NITA-U ( National Information Technology Authority of Uganda ) . 2018 . National Information Technology Survey 2017 / 18 Report . NITA Uganda , March 2018 . > 25 NITA-U ( National Information Technology Authority of Uganda ) . 2018 . National Information Technology Survey 2017 / 18 Report . NITA Uganda , March 2018 . > 26 Economic Policy Research Centre . 2019 . “ Women ’ s Economic Empowerment in Uganda : Inequalities and Implications ” Policy Brief No . 110 , Economic Policy Research Centre , November 2019 . Kampala : Economic Policy Research Centre . Available at : https : / / eprcug . org / allpublications / 614-women-s-economic-empowerment-in-uganda-inequalities-and-implications > 27 The State of ICT in Uganda . Research ICT Africa , 2019 . “ The State of ICT in Uganda . ” https : / / researchictafrica . net / publication / the-stateof-ict-in-uganda > 28 ITU . > 29 The State of ICT in Uganda . Research ICT Africa , 2019 . “ The State of ICT in Uganda . ” https : / / researchictafrica . net / publication / the-stateof-ict-in-uganda > 30 The State of ICT in Uganda . Research ICT Africa , 2019 . “ The State of ICT in Uganda . ” https : / / researchictafrica . net / publication / the-stateof-ict-in-uganda > 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project ( P154784 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P154784 | IDA-59450 | Effective | USD | 250 . 00 | 250 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 2 . 36 | 258 . 26 | 1 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P154784 | IDA-59450 | Effective | 09-Feb-2017 | 07-Ap | r-2017 | 16-May-2017 | 31-Ja | n-2022 | 31-Jan-2022 | # # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * # * * Restructuring History * * There has been no restructuring to date . # * * Related Project ( s ) * * 12 / 29 / 2017 Page 17 of 18 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date < br > IN01414426 | 14-Jan-2021 | 22-Sep-2023 | 02-Apr-2024 | 31-Dec-2025 | ► Percentage of adolescent population vaccinated , which is included in the priority population targets defined in national plan ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 9 . 20 | 33 . 90 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 11-Apr-2022 | 22-Sep-2023 | 02-Apr-2024 | 31-Dec-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | The age category of < br > population , 9 . 2 % wer | the COVID-19 vaccine is from 12 - < br > e adolescents aged 12-17 years ( | 17 years and 18 and ab < br > aggregate data for this | ove . Of the total vaccinated < br > age group ) . | | IN01414427 | | - - - | ► Percentage of population receiving a booster , which is included in the population targets defined in the national plan ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 8 . 50 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 11-Apr-2022 | 22-Sep-2023 | 02-Apr-2024 | 31 -", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 770, "text": "aggregate data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mainstreaming climate change and nature-based solutions . The World Bank , with support from FOLUR and NBS , will provide technical support for the planning , implementation , and follow-up on the trainings . 20 . The M & E and learning system currently in use under the first phase will continue to provide similar functions for LLRP II . The project has already started planning , monitoring , and reporting functions using the existing M & E staff and system . However , the mission learned that the LLRP II M & E system is yet to use the project MIS as the later needs upgrading to accommodate the additional components and activities that were not in the first phase of the project . The mission commended the team on the recent launch of a project website . Plans are also in progress to align the MIS with GEMS and Power BI for better data management . The mission recommended timely establishment of the Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Centers for Knowledge ( PACK ) to strengthen the knowledge management aspect of the project . 21 . The mission recommended the following additional actions to accelerate implementation : ( a ) finalizing the recruitment of the senior M & E and Capacity Building officer at the federal level ; ( b ) improving data collection tools and updating the existing MIS system for LLRP II purposes to start generating MIS reports starting from January 2025 ; ( c ) upgrading the MIS with a focus on accommodating all systems under development for LLRP II ; ( d ) establishing a federal-level Technical Working Group to enhance collaboration between government agencies , the private sector , and international organizations ; ( e ) finalizing the preparation of the baseline survey with ILRI , including developing scientific tools for tracking resilience and adaptation at household level ; ( f ) further improving the project website to meet current and future needs ; ( g ) establishing PACKs in all the 120 project woredas ; and ( h ) delivering ToT on climate change adaptation and mitigation and NBS mainstreaming . The mission also recommends meaningful", "spans": [{"start": 1696, "end": 1721, "text": "baseline survey with ILRI", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 an * * | * * s ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | * * Total * * | | | | | | * * Total * * | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | POGO | 177 | 442 | 333 | 775 | 203 | 99 | 302 | 12 | 6 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "effect would dominate child migration ? Estimation results using the 2009 wave of the RUMiC survey show that the non-IV estimates ( Table 7 , row 1 ) are negative , and are between 60 percent and twice larger in absolute magnitude than those for 2008 ( bottom of Table 2 ) . Since the upward biased non-IV estimates > 42 We recode the answers to the questions about depression such that higher scores imply a more intense state of depression . We define a person as depressed if the summation of his / her scores is greater than 22 . 31", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 98, "text": "RUMiC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "baseline survey will be carried out prior to appraisal to inform the scale of the investment . While aiming to improve eservices in the country , the project will contribute towards climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that would have arisen from transportation . Some likely negative environmental , health and safety risks and impacts may arise during construction and operational phases may include : Habitat alteration from the civil work activities of trenching to lay fiber optics cables and site clearances for erection of poles / masts for antennae , hazardous waste generation from mainly end-of-life backup power batteries , E-waste generation from institutions that will be connected ; Noise pollution from backup generators , Emission to air from vehicle fleet and backup generators , risks of exposure to electromagnetic fields from proximity to transmitting antennas emitting radio waves and microwaves and other occupational health and safety risks from working at elevation for overhead cables and antennae installation , confined space entry when trenching and motor vehicle safety aspects . There are also occupational risks specific to optical fiber cables such as permanent eye damage due to exposure to laser light during cable connection and inspection activities , likely exposure of workers to microscopic glass fiber shards / glasses that can penetrate human skin , eye and can be inhaled and associated hazards like fire risks due to presence of flammable materials in high-powered laser installation areas . There are concerns that if not well managed , disposal of e-waste would lead to : unintentional releases of toxic emissions ( dioxins and furans ) as by products of plastic incineration at low temperatures ; exposure of workers to highly hazardous chemicals if acids are used for recovery of precious metals from circuit boards ; risks of exposure of environment and humans to heavy metals ( Pb , Cr , Cd , Hg ) and other toxic materials like flame retardards and toxic materials seeping into ground water at landfills / dump sites . The project will particularly focus on underserved areas , including refugee settlements and refugee host communities , as well as the West Nile Region and part of the Karam", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 15, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 4 . Participation in societal institutions * * | * * Dependent variable * * | * * Log revenue * * | * * Years in business * * | * * Pseudo R * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > | * * # obs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Registered with federal treasury | . 661 < br > ( 37 . 7 ) | . 006 < br > ( 3 . 95 ) | 0 . 200 | 8870 | | Registered with local treasury | . 371 < br > ( 26 . 9 ) | . 006 < br > ( 3 . 57 ) | 0 . 083 | 8870 | | Pays any taxes | . 556 < br > ( 35 . 6 ) | . 008 < br > ( 5 . 35 ) | 0 . 158 | 8870 | | Any paid workers registered with < br > IMSS | . 634 < br > ( 17 . 2 ) | . 010 < br > ( 2 . 95 ) | 0 . 161 | 1697 | | Enumerated in 1989 census | . 538 < br > ( 26 . 5 ) | . 013 < br > ( 6 . 26 ) | 0 . 154 | 5121 | | Registered with business < br > guild / organization | . 383 < br > ( 26 . 8 ) | . 006 < br > ( 3 . 87 ) | 0 . 090 | 8870 | | Pays any dues | . 312 < br > ( 21 . 6 ) | . 007 < br > ( 4 . 02 ) | 0 . 066 | 8870 | Probit regressions . Absolute values of z statistics in parentheses . The standard errors have been corrected for arbitrary forms of heteroskedasticity . * * Table 4 . A . Participation in societal institutions * * ( difference in probabilities from a one unit change in the regressor ) | * * Dependent variable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "individual ’ s outcome . Rather , we measure the intention-to-treat effect , reflecting the availability of secondary education opportunities in a municipality . The findings in this paper also contribute to a literature that looks at the impact that expanding education access has in developing communities . Several studies have previously looked at the quasi-random variation from the primary school expansion in Indonesia . This expansion is found to have a substantial impact on education and adult wages ( Duflo 2001 , 2004 ) . In addition to labor market outcomes , women have fewer children as adults ( Akresh , Halim , and Kleemans 2018 ) . Providing evidence from an RCT , Burde and Linden ( 2013 ) find that introducing a primary school in Afghan villages significantly increases academic participation and performance for both boys and girls . However , the gains for girls are disproportionately large , significantly reducing the enrolment and the performance gap between boys and girls . An analysis of Brazil over the same period as our study finds a strong association between teenage fertility and income inequality within a municipality ( Chiavegatto Filho and Kawachi 2015 ) , and an inverse relationship between regional teenage pregnancy and regional measures of the human development index ( Ferreira Vaz , et al . 2016 ) . Our analysis provides some insight into the relative importance of access to secondary education in these relationships and adds to this observational evidence by providing evidence on a pathway through which school access may change gender-based inequalities in a municipality . If secondary access affects both fertility and social mobility , the school expansion we document may lead to fundamental changes in income inequality in the longer-run . The between-state variation in teenage pregnancy rates ( Figure 2 ) may be also reflect broader differences in economic and social issues . Kearney and Levine ( 2012 ) argue that the substantial geographic variation in US teen pregnancy rates reflects geographic differences in economic opportunity — both perceived and real . It is being on a low economic life trajectory that leads 22", "spans": [{"start": 1289, "end": 1312, "text": "human development index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Important bird areas * * : installation on the whole project segment neighbouring Murchison Falls - National Park ; - * * Planned Andibo dam * * : approximately 800 metres to each side of the proposed reservoir ; - * * Municipality perimeters * * : installation in and near Lira municipality perimeter considering that it is common to find Marabou Stork birds ( _Leptoptilos crumenifer_ ) scavenging municipal waste . Figure 7-1 below provides an illustration of segments where bird diverters are to be installed along the project line route . Table 7-6 below provides a detailed description of each of those segments . It should also be noted that bird diverters should also be installed in any additional line segment identified in the bird survey study described above .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of transfers during the period was 80 percent , which surpassed the target set of 70 percent . ( iii ) The number of electronic payment ( e-payment ) woredas increased to 214 from 174 , covering 1 . 2 million households . ( iv ) The Third-Party Implementation ( TPI ) in Tigray was completed and supported 1 . 3 million people in 17 woredas through three cycles of shock-responsive food assistance . ( v ) The Shock Responsive Safety Net ( SRSN ) supported 1 . 26 million beneficiaries ( 41 percent PSNP and 59 percent non-PSNP ) ( vi ) Of the 8 , 580 targeted livelihood grant beneficiary households , 98 percent have received funding and invested in their business plans , 47 percent of which are women . A total of ETB 60 . 85 million ( approximately USD 1 million ) has been saved by 80 , 086 credit and grant clients , respectively , in 100 livelihood ‘ Big Push ’ woredas . ( vii ) a guide on the complementarity and synergy between PSNP and Climate Action through Landscape Management ( CALM ) projects was developed and validated . 7 . While these achievements are noted , a number of challenging areas that require GoE attention are : ( i ) delays in food procurement ; ( ii ) potential gap in financial service provision in EFY2017 due to the end of contract of the current financial service provider ; ( iii ) The need to strengthen conflict sensitivity response mechanisms in conflict affected regions ; ( iv ) accessing sufficient loanable funds for livelihoods credit beneficiaries ; ( v ) low enrolment in the Community Based Health Insurance ( CBHI ) scheme ; and ( vi ) achieving Performance Based Conditions . < mark > 8 . The PSNP ’ s rating , based on World Bank implementation support ratings during this period are as follows : < / mark > | * * Project Ratings * * | * * Previous * * | * * Current * * | | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 1672, "end": 1713, "text": "World Bank implementation support ratings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6032 # * * Abstract * * Albania ’ s radical farmland distribution is credited with averting an economic crisis and social unrest during the transition . But many believe it led to a holding structure too fragmented to be efficient , and that public efforts to consolidate plots are needed to lay the foundation for greater rural productivity . This paper uses farm-level data from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Measurement Survey to explore this quantitatively . The analysis finds no support for the argument that fragmentation reduces productivity . However , producers fail to utilize about 10 percent of the country ’ s productive land , and , in the majority of cases , this land has been idle for at least five years . Farmers quote inefficiently-small plots as the reason for this in few cases , casting doubt on the scope for land consolidation to solve this issue . Instead , the data are consistent with the notion of land market imperfections , which can be traced to gaps in the legal and policy framework , as well as inefficiencies in registry operations , leading to land abandonment on a large scale . To maintain the productive potential of Albania ’ s rural economy and , if and when needed , the ability to conduct consolidation in a cost-effective and sustainable manner , it will be critical to complement the emphasis on consolidation with an effort to address those gaps and inefficiencies on a priority basis . This paper is a product of the Agriculture and Rural Development Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at kdeininger @ worldbank . org , gcarletto @ worldbank . org ; sara . savastano @ uniroma2 . it . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 463, "text": "2005 Albania Living Standards Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Jobs and Economic Transformation ( KJET ) Project Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2025_ * * * * 5 . * * Statement of Project Management Responsibilities The Director General for Kenya Development Corporation and the Project Coordinator are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the Project ' s financial statements , which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Project for the financial year ended on June * * 30 , 2025 . * * This responsibility includes ( i ) Maintaining adequate financial management arrangements and ensuring that these continue to be effective throughout the reporting period , ( ii ) Maintaining proper accounting records , which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the project , ( iii ) Designing , implementing and maintaining internal controls relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statement , and ensuring that they are free from material misstatements , whether due to error or fraud , ( iv ) safeguarding the assets of the project , ( v ) Selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies and ( v ) Making accounting estimates that are reasonable in the circumstances . The Director General for the Kenya Development Corporation and the Project Coordinator accept responsibility for the Project ' s financial statements , which have been prepared on the accrual basis method of financial reporting , using appropriate accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards . The Director General for the Kenya Development Corporation and the Project Coordinator are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of the Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2025 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Director General for the Kenya Development Corporation and the Project Coordinator further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements and the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Director General for the", "spans": [{"start": 2059, "end": 2077, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "language which is not the case in a formal system . A transparency and accountability mechanism would be built into the project in which an approved beneficiary list , allocated budget and key program information will be provided through periodic meetings and displayed in public places at the targeted Boma , Payam and County levels . Beneficiary satisfaction with targeted programs Page 58 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 165, "text": "approved beneficiary list", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The 2018 Enterprise Survey data shows that a formal firm ( with five or more employees ) in the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of productivity is between 6 to 12 times more productive – as measured by sales per employee – than a formal firm in the 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile . The corresponding figure in higher income economies is much lower . In the United States , a firm in the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile is less than twice as productive than a firm in the 25 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ( Syverson 2004 ) . The figure in Mozambique is also higher than the dispersion found in India or China ( Hsieh & Klenow 2009 ) . Taking into account that many enterprises in Mozambique operate in the informal sector and are 2", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 33, "text": "2018 Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "venus issus de telles activités agricoles restent assez faibles . Il faut cependant noter que toute la population réfugiée n ’ est pas apte et favorable à la pratique de l ’ agriculture . Certains réfugiés ( très faible proportion ) ont pu reconstituer un petit cheptel et d ’ autres vivent soit de l ’ élevage ( volaille , petits ruminants ) , soit du petit commerce et / ou des revenus de leur main d ’ œuvre dans diverses activités ( travail dans les mines , bergers , petits métiers ) . Concrètement , l ’ enquête auprès des ménages révèle que deux ménages de réfugiés centrafricains sur trois ont pratiqué l ’ agriculture pendant la campagne 2011 / 2012 . Le manque de terre ( 33 , 0 % ) , la maladie ( 30 , 3 % ) ou le manque d ’ outils / savoir-faire / main d ’ œuvre ( 19 , 8 % ) ont principalement contribué à empêcher le tiers restant à ne pas en faire au cours de cette même période . Les réfugiés centrafricains ont généralement recours à un seul mode d ’ accès de mise en valeur de la terre , choisi entre le don gratuit ( 48 , 4 % ) , l ’ emprunt ( 21 , 5 % ) , l ’ achat ( 12 , 8 % ) et le défrichage ( 10 , 7 % ) . Bien que l ’ accès aux terres cultivées s ’ opère en général sans condition pour une contribution relative de 74 % , l ’ achat des", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 536, "text": "enquête auprès des ménages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "< mark > more migrant workers than households in the rural lowlands , and correspondingly receive higher amounts of remittances . < / mark > < mark > The results suggest that vulnerability to climate change and variability varies substantially across regions and agro-ecological zones in ways that are not a priori obvious . The vulnerability index varies according to socio-economic and institutional development while exposure and elevation exert smaller influences : geography is not destiny . Like all indeces , these results are of course a function of assumptions made when constructing the index but they are far from trivial , as geographic and meteorological data carry considerable weight in the index formula . The results indicate that urban areas are by far the least vulnerable while the eastern Region of Republican Subordination ( RRS ) mountain zone is the most vulnerable . The results also suggest that Tajikistan ’ s most remote and sparsely populated high-altitude mountains have medium vulnerability while prime agricultural valleys are among the more vulnerable areas . This implies that relatively vulnerable geographic areas can overlap centers of population and economic activity . Adaptation planners therefore do not necessarily face a trade-off between defending the most vulnerable areas and defending the economically most important areas from the impacts of climate change . < / mark > < mark > After this introduction , the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 discusses vulnerability and adaptive capacity . Section 3 introduces the data and methodology used for constructing the index . Section 4 presents the results and Section 5 offers concluding remarks . < / mark > # * * < mark > 2 . Vulnerability and adaptive capacity < / mark > * * < mark > We define vulnerability as the risk of experiencing poverty or some other deprivation during some time interval , consistent with the social constructivist framework for understanding vulnerability ( Füssel and Klein , 2006 ) and the Social Risk Management framework ( Holzmann and Jorgensen , 2000 ; Heltberg , Siegel , and Jorgensen , 2009 ) . Estimates of vulnerability to poverty normally focus on the risk of the household falling below the poverty line as a result of changes in income resulting from risky events . An individual or", "spans": [{"start": 638, "end": 672, "text": "geographic and meteorological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 ) Step 2 : Baseline and Socio-economic Survey : This survey will establish the socio-economic baseline information , identify the persons who will be displaced by the individual subprojects , and determine who will be eligible for compensation and assistance . The purpose of the socioeconomic study is also to collect baseline data within the chosen / targeted sites / areas / homesteads / villages thereby enabling the social assessment of potentially affected populations / communities / homesteads / villages . This study will provide comprehensive base line data on potentially affected people at individual and household levels , vulnerable groups ( women , children , the elderly , female headed households , affected internally displaced people , affected internally displaced households , etc . ) and to discourage inflow of people ineligible for assistance . The study will focus on the identification of stakeholders ( demographic data ) , the public participation process , identification of affected people ( including owners and users of land ) and impact on their property and their production systems , the institutional analysis including local social capital or inter-connectedness that supports livelihoods and how these will be affected by the respective sub-projects . The system for monitoring and evaluation of the RAP is also captured . Detailed calculation of individual and household economies and identification of all impacts will be undertaken as part of the socio-economic study and be the determinant in the potential compensation process . - 3 ) Step 3 : Census of affected entities . In this step every owner of an asset to be affected by the project is enumerated , property assessed , and their socio-economic status documented . At the beginning of the census the cut-off date is established and communicated . The census of all the PAPs is carried out to ascertain their details and assets that will be affected . The aim is to ensure that the identity of each of them and an inventory of their affected assets are documented . The census will consolidate information that - ( i ) provides initial information on the scale of resettlement to be undertaken", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 49, "text": "Baseline and Socio-economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 934, "end": 950, "text": "demographic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1591, "end": 1618, "text": "Census of affected entities", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1855, "end": 1877, "text": "census of all the PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the project lagged considerably behind the project engineering . Questions about the institutional arrangements were raised many times by the Bank from the time of the first reconnaissance mission in March 1972 . However , it was not until the end of 1973 that MOA took steps to engage a mnagement consulting firm to study the situation , make recommendations and assist with their implementation . The management consulting contract was eventually signed in April 1974 . This delay in arranging for the management consultants was the main reason for a six-month postponement of project appraisal . 2 . 05 The main concerns of the Bank and the Government during project preparation were : - ( a ) the credibility of the water demand forecasts ; - ( b ) to establish that the project was the least cost solution ; - 1 / There were also provincial water supplies in many towns and rural areas outside the MPB supply area .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the socioeconomic conditions of the household , and employment questions are often asked with a lower age cut-off . The C8te d ' Ivoire data set used in this study is a multipurpose household survey with national coverage , which recorded labor force participation for all household members aged 7 years and above . The results of the case study confirm the validity of a multi-angled policy approach towards the elimination of child labor . In particular , the case is made for a gradual policy approach , whereby initially the combination of child labor and schooling is made more attractive , relative to only work . This presents a more realistic approach for poor households who are likely to select work options for their children , and avoids interventions which can make the child worse off . # 2 . Trends in Child Labor in C6te d ' Ivoire in the 1980s The investigation of the incidence and determinants of child labor in C6te d ' Ivoire in this paper is based on the 1988 C6te d ' Ivoire Living Standards Survey ( CILSS ) . The CILSS was canvassed annually between 1985 and 1988 over a representative sample of 1600 households . The survey collected detailed information on employment , income , expenditure , assets , basic needs and other socioeconomic characteristics of households and their members . Over the four years , coverage and methodology of the survey were held constant so that 6", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 147, "text": "C8te d ' Ivoire data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 985, "end": 1024, "text": "C6te d ' Ivoire Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1041, "end": 1046, "text": "CILSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 The survey would estimate the extent to which the affected families will experience loss of assets , including control over resources , as well as infrastructure and social services available and disturbed or affected by the project . The survey should further describe Woreda and Kebele level organizations and institutions , traditional village councils , religious groups , etc . , that could later participate in the planning and implementation of the resettlement options . Expected changes in demography and health impacts should also be addressed . At this stage , all PAPs will be listed in order to avoid an influx of people trying to take advantage of the compensation and rehabilitation . A cutoff date will be proclaimed . That means , a date from which eligibility for compensation will be terminated . New inhabitants coming to the project affected areas will not be considered for compensation . The household census survey and the preparation of a RAP for Bank-funded projects will be carried out by independent professionals ( consultants ) . The TOR for the preparation of the RAP will be drafted by EEPCo ’ s EMT and its focus will be on the following : - Land tenure , household survey ; socio-economic baseline study ; - Selection of resettlement area and provision for alternative sites ; - Technical design alternatives to avoid resettlement ; - Organizational structures ; - Participation of both resettled and host communities , including also community institutions or organizations from both groups and NGOs ; - Plan and design of development assistance to cover both project affected persons ( PAPs ) and host community ; - Impact on marginal groups , old people , women , ethnic minorities and pastoralists ; - Cultural identity and preservation ; - Access to training , employment and credit facilities , - Housing , including criteria for house plot allocation , infrastructure and social services ; - State of natural resources , land suitability and carrying capacity at resettlement site estimated at least two generations ahead taking into account population and livestock growth , as well as water availability and water quality ; - Immediate as well as", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 991, "text": "household census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 20 - 3 . 25 Under the proposed project assistance would be provided to the Department of Tsetse Control , to establish a pilot tsetse control program based on the trapping technique . Funds would be provided for : - ( a ) a three month visit by three Ugandan tsetse control officers to Zimbabwe and Kenya to obtain first hand knowledge and field experience in trapping t chniques ; - ( b ) an eight month consultancy staffed by Zimbabwean and Bristol University personnel in Uganda to locate and establish a pilot project for testing trapping techniques under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness ; and - ( c ) the necessary materials , equipment and vehicle operating costs needed to support establishment , maintenance and supervision of the pilot program and the activities of the consultants . 3 . 26 Fisheries Research and Surveys . The low production levels from Lake Kyoga in recent years have been ascribed to shortages of fishing gear ( para 1 . 17 ) but it is also possible that over-fishing has occurred and that ecological changes in the lake have reduced fish stocks . The studies and surveys outlined in paras 3 . 28 - 3 . 30 and in the Implementation Volume , Item 6 , would help provide the data on the limnological equilibrium , which is necessary for future planning of fisheries exploitation in the project area . 3 . 27 Landing Facilities . Launches and dinghies to be provided for stock assessment ( para 3 . 28 ) and for the collection of fisheries statistics ( para 3 . 29 ) on Lake Kyoga , would be based at Namasagali and Lale respectively . The landing and shore facilities at these sites require repair and funds would be provided under the project for the purchase of construction materials and the employment of labor . The rehabilitation would be carried out by the Public Works Department by force account . 3 . 28 Fish Stock Assessment . A stock assessment unit for the Lake Kyoga complex would be established to conduct essential biological and related studies . The unit would be based", "spans": [{"start": 1479, "end": 1499, "text": "fisheries statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and in these districts group visits were less likely 53 per cent versus 70 per cent in non AEP districts , and households in AEP districts were less likely to be visited . The mean for FEW farmer visits in districts with AEP was 10 per cent , and for those districts without AEP 14 per cent . The Beneficiary Assessment Report ( 1997 ) indicated that FEWs met with farmer contact groups on a less regular basis than planned . The Beneficiary Assessment results indicated that while FEWs were expected to meet regularly with 16 farmer groups , on average they actually only met with five of the 16 groups as regularly as had been planned . On average , they met with another third of their assigned groups on only an occasional basis , and with the final third of their assigned groups they scarcely if ever met during the period examined . Based on these report findings and the project area having approximately 820 FEWs ( MAAIF AEP District Profiles , April 1998 ) , it meant that if groups averaged 12 persons each , approximately 50 , 000 farm households were in regular direct contact with the FEWs . This is approximately 3 percent of the 1 . 8 million farm households in the project area . Estimates from a sample of District Extension Coordinators ( outlined in the World Bank , Agricultural Memorandum , 1998 ) indicated that each FEW met with 4 to 8 farmer groups ( averaging 10 - 15 households ) on a regular basis . When this estimate is applied over the proj ect area it meant that if all groups consisted of twelve farmers , on average around 40 , 000 to 80 , 000 households were in regular contact with FEWs . That is 2 to 4 percent of farm households in the project area . This estimate is of a similar order of magnitude to that reported in the Beneficiary Assessment . 36", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 951, "text": "MAAIF AEP District Profiles", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", we distinguish between incumbents and new businesses using available identification information ( tax ID ) . “ Repeated ” ( column 2 ) is the number of filing records in a given year that also appeared in the previous year , and “ New ” ( column 3 ) is the number of filing records that appeared in the dataset for the first time in the current year . The data suggest entry and exit rates of household businesses of about 5-6 percent a year during 2018-2019 . < sup > 14 < / sup > The category of “ irregular filing ” , housed in separate databases from the regular annual filing database , is of particular interest . “ Closure filings ” defines the number of firms that filed to ( permanently ) close their business . “ Suspension filings ” defines the number of firms that filed to ( temporarily ) suspend the business in at least one month of a given year . < sup > 15 < / sup > While the former provides a measure of exit in line with earlier studies , we believe the latter is a new indicator that captures how household businesses cope with idiosyncratic or economy-wide shocks > 10The data on operating industry is only available for 2018 and 2019 . > 11The VEC is collected by the General Statistical Office of Vietnam ( GSO ) once every five years , the last round in 2017 . The survey includes data on both formal enterprises and household businesses operating in the country ( Le et al . , 2020 ) . > 12This number also aligns with data from the 2017 VEC , which shows that there are over 850 , 000 HBs reported in the census that possess a tax ID , approximately 135 , 000 of which located in Ho Chi Minh city and 71 , 000 in Ha Noi . > 13See Le et al . ( 2020 ) for a discussion of pull and push factors related to HB registration incentives . > 14Certain HBs might have closed the business without officially filing for business closure . The repeated and new filings are subject to errors due to provincial tax offices ’ tax-ID reporting timeline and accuracy .", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1122, "text": "data on operating industry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1461, "end": 1469, "text": "2017 VEC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effects are therefore estimated with post-program single differences between treated and control children . < sup > 21 < / sup > Matching methods are used in the comparison of outcomes to adjust for potential biases due to nonrandom targeting and selection into the program . The standard underlying assumption for this approach is that matching on the propensity score ( i . e . the estimated probability of participation in the program ) eliminates any bias generated by pre-treatment differences between the two groups as long as there are no differences in unobservable variables that jointly influence program participation and the outcomes under analysis . The availability in the baseline survey of relevant pretreatment information to model program targeting and participation , in principle , makes the application of the matching methodology suitable for the evaluation of FA . Although careful procedures were followed in the early evaluation to select comparable control areas , a comparison of baseline characteristics between treated and control children in our sample using standardized t-tests and normalized differences , presented in Table 1 , reveal a number of differences that are statistical significant . In order to balance the distribution of covariates between the two groups and assess the sensitivity of the results , we matched children on the basis of three different model specifications to predict the probability of treatment . Table 2 presents the group of variables included in the three models used to predict participation into the program . The first model ( Model 1 ) includes standard individual and household pre-treatment socioeconomic and demographic characteristics such as age and order of the child , dummy variables for married and participating in the labor force head of the household , age , education and gender of household head , urban location , the number of children in the household ages 7 to 11 and 12 to 18 , and monthly expenditures . The second model ( Model 2 ) extends Model 1 by adding a number of municipality-level covariates that proxy for measures of educational supply and demand at baseline ( for instance , pupil / teacher ratio and access to schools ) . In addition , the third model ( Model 3 ) includes all but the health variables used by Attanasio et al", "spans": [{"start": 687, "end": 702, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Institutional Assessment , Kenya Decentralized HIV / AIDS and Reproductive Health Project ( DARE ) , 29 February 2000 ; 14 . Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 1998 ; 15 . Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003 16 . Kenya HIV / MCH SPA , Service Provision Assessment Survey , 2004 . 33", "spans": [{"start": 125, "end": 160, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 173, "end": 208, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 241, "end": 276, "text": "Service Provision Assessment Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 . At the County level , where MoE / TSC have offices , the assessment notes that funds are sent to their county approved local bank as per the approved AIEs / approved activities to be implemented . When the funds are expended , the support documents are sent to headquarters for review and posting to the IFMIS system . As the system at the county offices are manual reporting of the expenditures are only done when support documents are received and posted in the system . _15 . _ * * _Key potential risk and action_ * * _ : Reporting of the expenditures at the county offices are manual and prone to manipulation and b ) monitoring of funds disbursed for activities at the_ county _level is not on timely basis given the manual nature of reporting expenditures . strengthen the financial reporting and_ monitoring _at the county level by automating operations . _ # # * * 6 . 5 Internal Controls and Internal Audit arrangements * * 16 . MoE , JKF and TSC have adequate internal controls and internal audit arrangements in place . Finance & Accounting / Accounting policy & procedures manual in existence in MoE , JKF and TSC . The manuals provide guidelines on expenditure processing , authorization , and payment procedures among others . Also , the Project Operations Manual ( POM ) that guides on project operations shall be prepared and regularly updated with emerging issues . The assessment further noted that there is adequate segregation of duties at MoE , JKF and TSC . Authorization , recording , and custody responsibilities are performed by different units or persons . Also controls exists in payment processing that require that all payments must be duly supported with appropriate / sufficient support documents . On fixed asset , the assessment notes that there is no automated fixed asset register . 17 . Further the assessment notes that internal audit functions are in place in MoE , JKF and TSC with qualified and experienced staff . Though MoE has 11 officers , the audit universe is equally wide . So , follow ups", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 321, "text": "IFMIS system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social Management Plan ( ESMP ) , e . g . , prevention and control measures for occupational hazards from contact with live power lines and electrocution during construction , maintenance , and operation activities . - In addition to national environmental and social legislations , Ethiopia is also a party to some regional and international conventions and protocols about the environment which are of relevance to the subproject . Therefore , these regional and international / multilateral agreements are reviewed and considered . Therefore , in response to the requirements of the EPA and the WB , EEP has commissioned this ESIA as an integral part of the subproject design and construction and the finding of this assessment is presented in this report . # # # # * * 0 . 5 Environmental and Socio-Economic Baseline Conditions * * Data on the natural and socio-economic baseline status of the subproject influence area is a key to identification and evaluation of E & S impacts . Local administrations particularly sector offices of Woreda administrations regularly generate and maintain a great deal of good quality and up-to-date information about their constituencies . Such secondary data and administrative reports were sought and obtained from the respective Woreda Offices of Administration , Agriculture , Health , Education , and Environmental Protection . The baseline information obtained from these offices included status of the biophysical and socio-cultural environments of the Subproject Area has > 5 Environmental , Health and Safety ( EHS ) General Guidelines : < u > https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 157871484635724258 / pdf / 112110-WP-Final-General-EHSGuidelines . pdf < / u > > 6 Environmental , Health , and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution https : / / www . ifc . org / content / dam / ifc / doc / 2000 / 2007-electric-transmission-distribution-ehs-guidelines-en . pdf Page 4", "spans": [{"start": 1183, "end": 1197, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE | Operating cost recovery | % total costs | 55 . 6 | * * 100 * * | 110 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Connections per employee | number | 95 . 7 | * * 195 . 5 * * | 158 . 6 | | Total hidden costs as % of revenue | % | 286 . 7 | * * 102 . 7 * * | 121 . 4 | | U . S . cents per m3 | * * Liberia * * | Scarce wat | er resources | Other developing < br > regions | | Residential tariff ( at 10 m3 ) < br > Non-residential tariff ( at 100 m3 ) | * * 44 . 5 * * < br > * * 221 . 3 * * | | 60 . 3 < br > 120 . 7 | 3 . 0 – 60 . 0 | * Access data for Liberia is taken from the Demographic and Health Survey 2007 to ensure comparability with the benchmarks . More recent data and comprehensive data exist from the 2008 National Census . * * Utility data are taken from the AICD utility database for 2005 . The year 2005 is used to ensure consistency across countries benchmarked . Source : Banerjee and others 2009 ; Morella and others 2009 , derived from AICD water and sanitation utilities database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data * * . * * According to the 2010 Joint Monitoring Program ( JMP ) , access to improved water sources increased from 58 percent in 1990 to 68 percent in 2008 ( table 6 ) . Over the same period , however , access to piped water fell from 11 percent to 2 percent . The resulting shortfall was met by an expansion in intermediate options , such as stand posts and boreholes , although the exact mix of this expansion is hard to determine from the survey evidence . # * * Challenges * * The JMP reports that access to", "spans": [{"start": 638, "end": 672, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey 2007", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 774, "end": 794, "text": "2008 National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 833, "end": 854, "text": "AICD utility database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1016, "end": 1060, "text": "AICD water and sanitation utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1172, "end": 1201, "text": "2010 Joint Monitoring Program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "VID-19 on private sector investment and employment and to support new economic opportunities in refugee and hosting communities , particularly in the trade and industrial sectors . # # * * C . Relevance to Higher Level Objectives * * 21 . * * The proposed project will contribute to the goals of the GoU ’ s NDP III covering 2020 / 2021 to 2024 / 2025 * * . The NDP III recognizes that reducing gender inequality across the lifecycle is important to achieve sustainable inclusive , and green growth . It explicitly calls for “ promoting women ’ s economic empowerment , leadership and participation in > 31 World Bank . 2019 Informing the Refugee Policy Response in Uganda : Results from the Uganda Refugee and Host Communities 2018 Household Survey ( English ) . Washington , DC : World Bank . Page 12 of 77", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 749, "text": "Uganda Refugee and Host Communities 2018 Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | | | 1 . Use an environmental < br > assessment ( EA ) or equivalent < br > process to identify PCR and < br > prevent or minimize or < br > compensate for adverse impacts < br > and enhance positive impacts on < br > PCR through site selection and < br > design . | * * Antiques and Monuments Act , Cap 215 and National Museums and Heritage Act , Cap 216 , * * < br > These Acts been used for gazettement of areas of historical importance , museums and threatened heritage as they < br > protect the archaeological , historical , and cultural sites such as monuments , elements or structures of an < br > archaeological nature , inscriptions , and cave dwelling . | No major gap | | 2 . As part of the EA , as < br > appropriate , conduct field-based < br > surveys , using qualified < br > specialists . | Field-based surveys conducted by specialists and describe the proposed site for project including map , borders and < br > neighborhoods with design of infrastructures , facilities and services and all inputs and outputs ( THE < br > ENVIRONMENTAL ( IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND AUDIT ) REGULATIONS , 2003 ) . | No major gap | | 3 . Consult concerned government < br > authorities , relevant non - < br > governmental organizations , < br > relevant experts and local people < br > in documenting the presence and < br > significance of PCR , assessing the < br > nature and extent ofpotential | * * Antiques and Monuments Act , Cap 215 and National Museums and Heritage Act , Cap 216 , * * < br > 30 . Where a person discovers a monument or object of archaeological or paleontological interest , the person shall , < br > within seven days , give notice thereof , indicating the precise site and circumstances of the discovery , to the National < br > Museums , and", "spans": [{"start": 813, "end": 832, "text": "Field-based surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "those who are already relatively rich , in which case the policy may end up widening gaps . Similarly , certain types of taxes that require the rich to pay more ( relative to their income ) can reduce inequality while , conversely , taxes that fall heavier on the poorer parts of the distribution , can contribute to widening gaps . Thus , how governments spend and raise their revenue directly influences the amount of redistribution the fiscal system achieves , which in turn influences inequality . There has been relatively little enquiry on the role the _overall_ fiscal system can play in reducing inequality in China . One notable exception is Lustig and Yang ( 2020 ) which used the Commitment to Equity approach ( Lustig , 2018 and 2022 ) to describe the fiscal redistribution in China using data from the 2014 China Family Panel Studies survey . < sup > 2 3 < / sup > The main finding of that paper was that while the fiscal system reduced inequality overall , it also widened rural-urban gaps . The study attributed the latter to the differences in contributory pensions between urban and rural areas . These results were consistent with findings from several other studies ( Li , Zhu and Zhan 2017 and Xie 2018 ) , and somewhat contrary to Wang and Lou ( 2017 ) who found that the VAT had inequality-increasing impacts that were sizeable enough to make the overall fiscal system inequality-increasing . Against this backdrop , this paper revisits this question using more recent representative data of Chinese households , the 2018 round of the China Family Panel Survey ( CFPS ) . The motivation for the paper is two-fold . First , inequality has continued to remain high even as the emphasis on common prosperity has intensified . As such , continuing to highlight the role fiscal policy has been playing and could play in addressing this challenge using fresh data and evidence is important . Second , since 2014 there have been several policy changes whose impacts can be picked up in the updated analysis , though in some cases this will be confounded by the fact that this paper also introduces some methodological upgrades . For example , Lustig and Yang (", "spans": [{"start": 820, "end": 853, "text": "China Family Panel Studies survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1491, "end": 1532, "text": "representative data of Chinese households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1557, "end": 1582, "text": "China Family Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reports showing a distribution of 59 . 6 % individuals residing in urban areas and 40 . 4 % in rural areas . Regarding province of residency , 44 . 2 % individuals reside in the Coastal region , 31 . 4 % in the Interior region and 23 . 9 % in the Western region according to estimates using the CFPS . These shares are also comparable to the respective shares in official data of 45 . 2 % , 33 . 1 % and 21 . 9 % . > 10 Hong Kong SAR , Macao SAR , and Taiwan , China are not covered . For more details on the CFPS survey , visit : < u > https : / / www . isss . pku . edu . cn / cfps / en / index . htm . < / u > 11", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 520, "text": "CFPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "afrocolombianos reclutados o víctimas de la trata pueden tener motivos adicionales en función de su nacionalidad o raza . Por último , los niños que fueron soldados pueden estar en riesgo por motivos de su opinión política real o imputada . Las solicitudes de niños deben evaluarse cuidadosamente contra los antecedentes anteriormente mencionados y a la luz de las directrices del ACNUR sobre las solicitudes de asilo de niños < sup > 212 < / sup > . # # # * * _11 . Grupos sociales marginados_ * * Actualmente en Colombia se han reportado malos tratos contra las personas lesbianas , gais , bisexuales y transgénero < sup > 213 < / sup > , drogadictas , portadoras de VIH / SIDA , trabajadores del sexo , vagabundos , “ recicladores ” ( las personas que colectan , separan y venden basura ) < sup > 214 < / sup > , los sospechosos ladronzuelos y las personas con enfermedades mentales , en virtud de una convocatoria general de “ limpieza social ” , supuestamente realizada por los grupos armados ilegales , así como por pandillas locales < sup > 215 < / sup > . Desde principios de 2009 , la distribución de listas negras que contienen amenazas de muerte y otras amenazas violentas contra estas personas , anunció el lanzamiento de un plan de “ limpieza social ” < sup > 216 < / sup > . Según se informa , esa política de _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "not significant in the area of mathematics . Effects of 0 . 1 standard deviation however compare favorably to a recent survey of impacts of educational interventions around the world ( see < u > https : / / www . povertyactionlab . org / research-resources / cost-effectiveness ) . < / u > 35", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 165, "text": "survey of impacts of educational interventions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also augmented by mobile phones ) , power ( the electricity generating capacity of the economy in MW per 1 , 000 workers ) , and transport ( the length of the road network in km per sq km of land area , also augmented by the railroad length ) , based on panel data of over 100 countries spanning 19602000 . < / mark > - * * < mark > Electricity < / mark > * * < mark > . Aterido , Hallward-Driemeier and Pages ( 2011 ) examine the incidence of power outages on firm outcomes , finding that poor infrastructure has a detrimental effect on the growth of all firms but the micro ones . Fernandes and Pakes ( 2008 ) find that firms which suffer more production losses due to electricity outages have lower TFP and underutilize both labor and capital . < / mark > It is important to note that this study deals entirely with constraints to productivity and innovation faced by existing establishments . We identify which aspects of the business environment are most important and potentially impactful in improving productivity and innovation within incumbent firms . We unfortunately cannot examine the constraints to increasing the prevalence of high-productivity entrants , which may have an even greater overall disruptive transformational growth potential than existing incumbent firms – as we do not observe those firms that could have entered but were prevented from doing so by prevailing constraints in the business environment . Thus , our analysis does not , and cannot , account for the productivity effects of increased industrial dynamism though entry and exit _per se_ . 12", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 264, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Estimates tend to be more similar between the two surveys for people in Gaza Within the overall pattern of differences , estimates disaggregated by region are more similar between the PPCS and the Facebook survey in Gaza than in the West Bank for six of the seven core indicators calculated for both regions ( conflict exposure is excluded here because it is calculated only for Gaza ) . For these six indicators , the greater degree of similarity is substantial : the relative difference between the two surveys tends to be about half as much in Gaza as it is in the West Bank . ( For the one indicator in which estimates are more similar in the West Bank , the differences in estimates are close between the two regions . ) * * Figure 2 : The relative difference between Facebook and PPCS estimates is smaller in Gaza than in the West Bank * * This may be in part because there is more homogeneity in Gaza around geography , socioeconomic characteristics , and exposure to conflict than there is in the West Bank . For example , the West Bank is more than 15 times the size of Gaza and more varied in the distribution of its population over type of location ( urban , rural , or camp ) . Per capita welfare is also more variable in the West Bank than in Gaza : the sample standard deviation of the most recent per capita welfare aggregate is about 1 . 5 times larger in the West Bank than in Gaza . Estimated poverty rates vary more within the West Bank , with a difference of about four percentage points between the poorest and wealthiest governorates in Gaza compared to about 10 . 5 percentage points between the poorest and wealthiest governorates in the West Bank ( this difference in variability increases at lower levels of disaggregation ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > Experience of violent conflict also tends to vary more across the West Bank than it does in Gaza , as suggested by the pattern of events recorded by the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project ( ACLED ) during the May 2021 violence . Over a period of 15 days , ACLED", "spans": [{"start": 197, "end": 212, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "need 22 . 9 % 34 . 4 % < br > 0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % < br > Banked Unbanked < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ 58", "spans": [{"start": 147, "end": 177, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "USBOC < br > 1985 | | Wake Island | Apr 70 | < br > 2 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Bank est . | Bank est . | | Watlis and < br > Futuna | Mar69 | < br > 9 F | USBOC 1985 | - - | - | | Western Sahara | Dec 70 | < br > 76 F | UNPVSR 4 / 87 | - - | - - | | Western < br > Samoa | Nov 81 | < br > 156 F | U . N . 1984 assessment | Based on USBOC 1985 | USBOC 1985 | | Yemen Arab Rep | . Feb 86 | < br > 9274 F | Bank projection < br > from | Bank assessment < br > of World | Bank assessment < br > of World | | | | | 6 / 80 census | Fertility < br > Survey | Fertility < br > Survey |", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 551, "text": "6 / 80 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Kenya Agricultural Observato < br > ry Platform ( KAOP ) ( Acquisiti < br > on of Data ) < br > IDA / 59450 | Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > ro-weather , Market , Climate , < br > and Advisory Services ( US $ 3 < br > 2 . 9 million equivalent , of whi < br > ch IDA US $ 30 . 0 million equi < br > valent ) < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2020-03-03 < br > 2020-04-28 | 2020-07-27 | | KE-MOALF-192047-NC-RFQ / < br > Interim Subscription of Weat < br > her Data Package for KAOP ( < br > KALRO ) < br > IDA / 59450 | Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > ro-weather , Market , Climate , < br > and Advisory Services ( US $ 3 < br > 2 . 9 million equivalent , of whi < br > ch IDA US $ 30 . 0 million equi < br > valent ) < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 20 , 000 . 00 | 45 , 600 . 00 < br > Completed | | 2020-09-13 < br > 2020-09-11 < br > 2020-11-08 < br > 2020 - | 10-16 < br > 2020-11-15 < br > 2021-01-16 | | KE-MOALF-192049-NC-RFB / < br > Subscription of Weather Data < br > Packae for Kena Aricultur", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1159, "text": "Weather Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "59 | | 6 . Training | 1 . 10 | 3 . 30 | < br > 4 . 40 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 65 | | 7 . Vehicles and equipment | 0 . 42 | 1 . 26 | < br > 1 . 68 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 58 | | 8 . Incremental-non-salary operating < br > costs | 0 . 17 | - | 0 . 17 | 0 . 08 | - | 0 . 08 | | * * Total * * < br > - < br > . < br > . . < br > . . . . . . . < br > . . < br > . < br > _ | * * 2 . 29 * * | * * 72 . l . * * | * * 75 . 00 * * | * * 0 . 91 * * | * * 32 . 85 * * | * * 33 . 76w * * | - a / Appraisal Estimates derived from the DCA and Actual / Latest Estimate from the WB Loan Disbursement System report on Cr . 2204-KE of August 25 , 1996 . Fee % for consultant services assumed to be 66 % , and for training and vehicles and equipment 75 % . - * * _bI_ * * The balance of Special Account Fund A has been fully recovered . Special Account Fund B has a balance of US $ 147 , 204 , which is in the process of being recovered . The undisbursed credit balance is US $ 5 . 02 million .", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 597, "text": "WB Loan Disbursement System report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _C3 . Wage skill premiums and terms of trade : evolution and scatter plots by country_ * * # # * * Figure C5 * * * * Wage skill premiums and terms of trade over time Deviations from each country ’ s mean * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ARG BOL BRA CHL < br > COL CRI ECU HND < br > MEX NIC PAN PER < br > PRY SLV URY VEN < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > Wage Premium S-U Wage Premium H-D Log Terms of Trade Index < br > . 4 . 4 . 2 . 4 < br > . 2 . 2 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > - . 2 0 - . 2 0 < br > - . 4 - . 2 - . 4 - . 2 < br > . 4 . 2 . 4 < br > . 2 < br > . 2 . 2 . 1 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 0 - . 1 < br > - . 2 - . 2 - . 2 - . 2 < br > . 2 . 4 . 2 . 4 < br > . 1 . 2 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > 0 - . 2 0 < br > - . 1 < br > - . 2 < br > - . 2 - . 4 - . 2 < br > . 2 . 2 . 2 1 < br > . 1 . 5 < br > 0 0 0 < br > 0 < br > - . 1 < br > - . 2 - . 2 - . 2 - . 5 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) and World Development Indicators . 50", "spans": [{"start": 1022, "end": 1028, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1059, "end": 1087, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 2 Informal employment in Eastern , Western , Northern and Southern Europe * * It appears that informality is most prevalent in the South and least prevalent in the Nordic countries , whilst the difference between the West and the East is , on aggregate , surprisingly small , especially as far as population-weighted estimates are concerned . According to population-weighted estimates based on respondents ‘ status _during the survey_ ( Table 2 , panel A , left ) , the proportion of employees without a contract among all employees in 2008-2009 varies from 2 . 7 % in the Nordic countries to 9 . 5 % in the Southern Europe , whilst it is just above 5 % in the West and in the East alike ; when those who did not respond to the question regarding the contract are treated as not having a contract ( which is a plausible assumption ) , the prevalence of work without a contract becomes higher in the East ( 6 . 7 % ) than in the West ( 5 . 5 % ) , whilst it does not change much in the North and in the South . Equally-weighted estimates are substantially higher than the population-weighted ones for the South and for the West , disregarding the treatment of non-response . This is due to very high proportions of employees without contracts in a few relatively small countries : Cyprus ( almost half ) , Greece and Israel ( about one third ) , Ireland ( close to one fifth ) , and Austria ( one tenth ) ; see Table 3 for details . Total informal employment ( i . e . , employees without contracts , non-professional selfemployed operating solely , employers with 5 or less employees , and family workers ) accounts for about 10 % of extended labor force in the Northern Europe , about 14 % in the West and in the East , and about 25 % in the South ; equally-weighted averages are again higher for the South and for the West ( Table 2 , panel A , right ) . The overall population-weighted average for the 30 countries covered is 15 . 7 % , and equally-weighted average is 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The MCB is used as a criterion of access to certain privileges , in particular privileges on real estate construction or purchase for young families . In 2017 , one ‐ third of the population had disposable incomes below the MCB , compared to 18 . 7 percent of the population in 2014 . The scale of this poverty increase corresponds with the results of the poverty analysis based on the cost of basic needs approach , presented in Mazol ( 2017 ) . An increase in the risk of moderate poverty was observed for every social group , irrespective of the initial level of poverty . < sup > 4 < / sup > Nevertheless , the magnitude of the increase of the poverty risk was lower than average for residents of Minsk , for the working age population with high educational attainment , and for households without children ( see Annexes , Table A3 ) . On the contrary , residents of small cities ( defined as cities with a population not exceeding 100 , 000 ) faced the highest moderate poverty risk increase . As a result , the level of moderate poverty in small cities caught up with the one of rural areas in 2017 . _Figure 10 : Official and moderate poverty rates , 2014 ‐ 2017_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 % 8 % < br > 35 % 7 % < br > 30 % 6 % < br > 25 % 5 % < br > 20 % 4 % < br > 15 % 3 % < br > 10 % 2 % < br > 5 % 1 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Moderate poverty Official poverty < br > 2014q1 2014q2 2014q3 2014q4 2015q1 2015q2 2015q3 2015q4 2016q1 2016q2 2016q3 2016q4 2017q1 2017q2 2017q3 2017q4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . See methodological notes on definition of poverty concepts . Source : Authors ’ estimates based on quarterly HBS data . # 3 . 3 . Vulnerability While official poverty did not change substantially during the crisis , this need not indicate that the degree of vulnerability to poverty risk", "spans": [{"start": 1649, "end": 1667, "text": "quarterly HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | | prior to construction . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Evidence of utilization of < br > NEMIS data through : ( a ) < br > registration of refugee < br > children in NEMIS ; ( b ) at < br > least 90 percent of < br > students capitation grants < br > to primary school allocated < br > and disbursed based on | | | | | | Evidence of utilization of NEMIS data for < br > better management of primary education | data in the NEMIS online < br > platform ; ( c ) categorization < br > of primary schools annually < br > based on the levels of < br > meeting ( or not ) minimum < br > essential school inputs ; and < br > ( d ) utilization by MoE of < br > the categorization data in < br > the allocation of MoE ’ s < br > annual development grants < br > toprimaryschools . | Annual | MoE , NEMIS < br > Technical < br > Team | Reports generated from < br > the NEMIS on line based < br > platform | MoE | | Refugee learners are registered in < br > NEMIS as per the MoE guidelines for < br > registration of refugee learners in < br > NEMIS | Refugee learners are < br > registered in NEMIS as per < br > the MoE guidelines for < br > registration of refugee < br > learners in NEMIS | Annual | MoE , NEMIS < br > Technical < br > Team | MoE , NEMIS Technical < br > Team < br > Reports generated from < br > the NEMIS on line based < br > platform | MoE", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 216, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 774, "end": 793, "text": "categorization data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a possible research agenda moving forward . # II . Data # A . Sources and definitions The data on social spending come from a variety of sources and adopt different definitions that are discussed below . Information on the variables and the sources used for our analysis is summarized in Table 1 , and the countries included in the analysis are listed in Table A . 1 . We combine 3 sources of data to make the first compiled data set of social sector spending for human capital : - 1 ) * * Health * * : Government health expenditures are aggregated and refined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , resulting in the Global Health Expenditure Database ( GHED ) ( World Health Organization 2018 ) , commonly considered the most reliable source . The data set used for this analysis is curated by the World Bank ’ s Health Financing Global Solutions Group ( Tandon et al . 2018 ) . The data include total government spending on all aspects of health , not distinguishing by age group or malady . WHO provides ample warning against combining estimates of current and capital health expenditures due to the deemed extremely low quality of the capital expenditure > 2 Moreover , private spending might fulfill different functions – an indispensable substitute when public services fall short of minimum quality ( which is often the case in low income countries ) or simply allow users who can afford it to buy the preferred bundle of services . 3", "spans": [{"start": 621, "end": 655, "text": "Global Health Expenditure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . 503 | 32 . 611 | 0 | 74 . 810 | 8 % | | 2004 | 21 | 12 | 49 | 63 | 20 . 921 | 26 . 955 | 29 . 768 | 0 | 77 . 644 | 8 % | | 2005 | 31 | 13 | 86 | 111 | 19 . 886 | 30 . 912 | 47 . 530 | 0 | 98 . 328 | 10 % | | 2006 | 18 | 12 | 60 | 77 | 7 . 996 | 60 . 334 | 17 . 172 | 0 | 85 . 502 | 9 % | | 2007 | 20 | 16 | 55 | 86 | 20 . 048 | 46 . 692 | 18 . 860 | 0 | 85 . 600 | 9 % | | 2008 | 33 | 18 | 85 | 207 | 15 . 695 | 50 . 234 | 40 . 194 | 10 . 931 | 117 . 054 | 12 % | | 2009 | 45 | 22 | 133 | 492 | 36 . 986 | 58 . 994 | 67 . 569 | 5 . 935 | 169 . 484 | 17 % | | 2010 | 22 | 17 | 76 | 399 | 20 . 492 | 72 . 047 | 55 . 256 | 8 . 417 | 156 . 212 | 16 % | | TOTALES | 230 | 32 | 619 | 1 . 510 | 249 . 165 | 356 . 009 | 340 . 938 | 25 . 283 | 971 . 395 | 100 % | | | % participación | por documen | to | | 26 % | 37 % | 35 % | 3 % | 100 % | | * * Fuente : Estadísticas UDAPV con corte a diciembre 31 de 2010 * * La UDAPV ha recorrido la mayoría de los departamentos y ha llegado por todos los medios : por vía terrestre a través de las unidades móviles pero también por", "spans": [{"start": 852, "end": 870, "text": "Estadísticas UDAPV", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "c . By categories of main income source ( Each income source accounts for more than 70 % of total household income ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > Fell into poverty Fell out of poverty Stayed in poverty Stayed out of poverty < br > Dependence on : Wage / salary agr . income Dependence on : Self ‐ employed agr . Income < br > Dependence on : Wage / salary non ‐ agr . income Dependence on : Self ‐ employed non ‐ agr . Income < br > Dependence on : Non ‐ labor income < br > category < br > Likelihood of being in each poverty ‐ transition < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Other religions include Christian , Sikh and Jain . Of those who were poor in 2005 , the distribution is : Forward castes : 9 . 3 % ; OBC : 33 . 7 % ; Dalit : 27 . 6 % ; Adivasi : 13 . 5 % ; Muslim : 15 . 1 % ; Christian , Sikh and Jain : 0 . 9 % , for total of 100 % . Non-labor income includes the following income categories : remittances , benefits and other income . Source : Calculations based on IHDS , 2005 and 2012 . Compared to other caste / religion groups , upward mobility is low for Dalits and even lower for Adivasis ; and conversely , downward mobility is the highest for Adivasis and the second-highest for Dalits . < sup > 12 < / sup > Figure 3 shows that conditional on being poor in 2005 , an Adivasi is 25 percent and a Dalit is 8 percent less likely to be non-poor in 2012 than an OBC ( the group with the next lowest probability ) . And conditional on being nonpoor in 2005 , an Adivasi and a Dalit are 12 and 5 percent more likely to be poor in 2012 , respectively , than a Muslim ( the group with the next highest probability ) . These results", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1051, "text": "IHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 18 . 6 % | | * * Adjumani * * | 284 / 317 | 89 . 6 % | 33 / 317 | 10 . 4 % | | * * Koboko * * | 193 / 244 | 79 . 1 % | 51 / 244 | 20 . 9 % | | * * Moyo * * | 159 / 251 | 63 . 3 % | 92 / 251 | 36 . 7 % | | * * Lamwo * * | 209 / 249 | 83 . 9 % | 40 / 249 | 16 . 1 % | | * * Yumbe * * | 247 / 302 | 81 . 8 % | 55 / 302 | 18 . 2 % | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 57 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 in countries such as Poland , Turkey , Czech Republic , Bulgaria , Slovakia , and Croatia . Bank privatizations also took place in Latin America ( Mexico and Brazil ) , East Asia ( China , Philippines , Indonesia and Thailand ) , South Asia ( Pakistan ) , and sub-Saharan Africa ( Nigeria , Uganda ) . # _Competitive sector_ 24 . Proceeds in competitive sectors , comprising largely manufacturing and service firms , had the largest number of transactions , registering at over 6 , 000 . Manufacturing firms accounted for over two-thirds of competitive sector proceeds for the period as a whole , while service and other sectors accounted for the rest . The largest transactions in manufacturing were in steel , cement , fertilizer and other chemical sub-sectors . Countries in Europe and Central Asia were the most active in manufacturing , while Latin American countries divested the largest share in service and other sub-sectors . Proceeds in the competitive sectors declined from a 22 percent share of total proceeds in 1990-1999 to 9 percent in 2000-2003 , reflecting in large part the shift to activity in infrastructure and finance . # _Other sectors_ 25 . Energy sector proceeds ( oil and gas , petrochemicals ) remained more or less steady : transactions over the period as a whole were concentrated in a few countries — Argentina , Brazil , China , South Africa , Kazakhstan , Russia and Poland . The primary sector declined slightly , with most of the revenues concentrated in Latin America , Europe and Central Asia , and Sub-Saharan Africa . # * * III . GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP : WHERE IS IT AT ? * * 26 . The privatization of more , and more important , enterprises would tend to suggest that government ownership has declined over the years . But a systematic assessment is difficult in the absence of data on state enterprise sectors , in particular their share of GDP , investment , domestic credit , formal sector employment , and the like . Such data was last captured for industrial and developing countries for the period 1978-91 in the World Bank ’ s Bureaucrats in Business Report ( 1995 ) . Since then the 2000 World Development Indicators updated", "spans": [{"start": 1818, "end": 1850, "text": "data on state enterprise sectors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2131, "end": 2164, "text": "2000 World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 2 : Share of second-generation refugees in Greece ( European Social Survey : rounds 2002 , 2004 , and 2010 ) | | Percentage < br > | of respondents with < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Decade of birth | Parents born < br > in Turkey | Foreign-born parents < br > ( outside Turkey ) | Number of < br > respondents | | 1910 – 1920 | 2 . 82 | 2 . 82 | 71 | | 1920 – 1930 | 10 . 91 | 4 . 65 | 559 | | 1930 – 1940 | 14 . 70 | 3 . 09 | 1102 | | 1940 – 1950 | 9 . 18 | 3 . 13 | 991 | | 1950 – 1960 | 3 . 59 | 1 . 64 | 976 | | 1960 – 1970 | 1 . 32 | 1 . 23 | 1137 | | 1970 – 1980 | 0 . 36 | 1 . 19 | 1097 | | 1980 – 1990 | 0 . 26 | 2 . 08 | 768 | | 1990 – 2000 | 0 . 00 | 7 . 58 | 211 | * * Notes * * This table shows the share of respondents with at least one parent born in Turkey and with at least parent born in another foreign country other than Turkey across decades of birth . Source : European Social Survey , Greece sample for rounds 2002 , 2004 , and 2010 . Table A . 3 : Descriptive statistics : numbers of schools in the 1920s | | Low-refugee Province | High-refugee Provi | nce | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 2 ) - ( 1 ) | | Number of schools in 1921 per 1000 children | 7 . 335 | 3 . 184 | - 4 . 151 * * * | | | ( 0 . 213 ) | ( 0 . 382 ) | ( 0 . 456 ) | | Number of", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 84, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > HIV / AIDs < br > and < br > other diseases |  Workers shall be regularly < br > sensitized on the spread of |  Record of sensitizations < br > carried out . | Sensitization | Quarterly | Contractors , < br > CSC , | 9 , 000 , 000 | 109 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA TSWR Staff Accommodation_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 145, "text": "Record of sensitizations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sites and excavations < br > sites ; < br >  Training records < br > < br > | op < br >  Qualification < br > record < br > of < br > drivers < br > and < br > heavy < br > equipment < br > operators < br >  Display < br > of < br > warning < br > and < br > danger < br > signs < br > on < br > traffic < br > safety | < br > Contractor < br > SEC < br > CPCT | Monthly < br > for < br > training < br > and < br > competence < br > records . < br > Daily < br > for < br > adherence to < br > traffic < br > management < br > protocol < br > in < br > place . | | 162", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 62, "text": "Training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 . Improving energy efficiency and demand side management would help reduce pressure for increased generation capacity . Until recently , the response to capacity shortages on the CRCO was on the supply side , i . e . by increasing power generation capacity . Very limited demand-side management ( DSM ) options were considered . An aggressive DSM program on the CRCO would result in the more efficient use of electricity and a reduction in peak loads , which would in turn reduce pressure for more generation capacity in the short and medium term , and contribute to the financial sustainability of the utility . The Power Sector Development Project approved in 2008 , initiated important demand side management activities by financing training , workshops , seminars audits and studies as well as the acquisition of software to better manage and monitor energy consumption in public buildings . In that context , 345 beneficiaries optimized their power . Moreover , the energy survey allowed the cancellation of 250 inactive accounts , the replacement of obsolete meters , and identification of private meters within public buildings ( total savings are estimated at about US $ 2 . 0 million ) . Additionally , twenty five public buildings have been equipped with energy saving equipment . 18 . Expanding access of energy services to rural and peri-urban populations is crucial in the country ’ s development . For Burkina Faso to reduce significantly the incidence of poverty there is a crucial need to expand access to modern energy services . Only about 17 percent of the total population has access to electricity . This prevailing low level of access constitutes a severe handicap for the development of small - and medium-size productive enterprises and limits the impact of existing social programs . # * * _Institutional Setting_ * * 19 . The Ministry of Mines and Energy and ( MME ) is responsible for policy development on the generation and distribution of electricity , the control of energy infrastructure , and the promotion of sustainable energy systems . The _Direction Générale de l ’ Energie_ ( General Department of Energy - DGE ) was created within the", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 987, "text": "energy survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 , 049 , 218 | | ( B ) | Percent change in labor income [ Ln ( 1 + ( C ) / ( D ) × ( E ) ] | Percent | 0 . 48 | | ( C ) | Total project cost | US $ | 165 , 000 , 000 | | ( D ) | Value of total road infrastructure stock | US $ | 1 , 428 , 673 , 483 | | ( E ) | Elasticity for roads and highways | Unit | 0 . 0441 | | ( F ) | * * Equivalent number of new or better jobs [ = A × B ] * * | * * Number * * | * * 106 , 276 * * | _Source : _ Staff calculations . Assuming a fixed labor income share , percent changes in labor income equal percent changes in GDP . Value of total road infrastructure stock and elasticity for roads and highways from World Bank ( 2026 , Forthcoming ) . Estimates are based on the proposed methodology for the Jobs Corporate Scorecard Indicator , prepared on a pilot basis . Official Use Only Page 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > INDONESIA # Key Protection Work # # * * Registration and Documentation * * UNHCR Indonesia undertakes registration of persons seeking asylum in Indonesia on behalf of the Government of Indonesia and issues UNHCR identity documentation . Registration interviews are primarily conducted in-person for verification of biometric data and relevant records . Most registration interviews take place at the Reception Center in Jakarta or during accommodation visits / missions by the respective field team for individuals residing outside the greater Jakarta area . In 2023 , 2 , 547 individuals ( 1 , 324 cases ) were registered by UNHCR Indonesia , which includes 1 , 225 Rohingya refugees registered during emergency registration missions following boat disembarkations in Aceh in November and December 2023 . UNHCR Indonesia provides continuous registration services to registered refugees and asylum-seekers and maintains updated personal data in our internal database to ensure vulnerable refugees and asylum-seekers are identified and assisted with protection interventions and solutions . # # * * Refugee Status Determination * * In the absence of comprehensive national refugee laws and national RSD processes , UNHCR undertakes refugee status determination ( RSD ) in Indonesia . As asylum-seekers have access to the same rights and services as refugees in Indonesia , UNHCR uses RSD strategically for individuals with an immediate third country solution which requires refugee recognition ( resettlement and some complementary pathways ) , cases with heightened protection concerns , and cases presenting with issues that need to be clarified through the RSD process . UNHCR also conducts RSD as part of its emergency response in the context of boat arrivals to identify those in need of international protection . # # * * Child Protection * * UNHCR and partners provide case management assistance to support children who are unaccompanied or separated from traditional caregivers or who are suffering from violence , exploitation , and neglect . UNHCR works with partners , including government partners , to assist children with heightened protection needs by providing legal assistance , safety and security , and psychological and health interventions as needed . UNHCR works with YCWS , our implementing partner , to provide assistance to unaccompanied", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 985, "text": "internal database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "50 BETWEEN CLOSED BORDERS 2018 etery . < sup > 45 < / sup > Locals in Loznica opposed immediately and urged municipal representatives to react promptly and urged to relocate refugees and migrants . Bosnian border guards and police officers were returning refugees and migrants mostly either by river boats or by land , sending them back across above mentioned railway bridge in village Brasina . During the peak of arrivals into Loznica ( in late spring and entire summer of 2018 ) it was observed that local taxi drivers were providing services to refugees and migrants but also local population that was either only renting boats to the population or actively assisting them in crossing over the Drina River . Cases of extreme physical mistreatment , similar to those we witnessed in 2017 and 2016 , by Hungarian and Croatian border guards , luckily were not detected and recorded . According to the testimony of refugees and migrants , aside from 52 % of those being denied access to territory and asylum procedure , some 49 % reported damaging of personal property , mostly mobile phones and extortion of money . Having in mind that more than 20 , 000 foreign nationals entered Bosnia in 2018 and that according to some reports , < sup > 46 < / sup > more than 80 % of all entries were from Serbia , without any doubt we can conclude that throughout 2018 the so-called Bosnian route was open and widely used . # # # # # * * ~ ~ Case No . 4 : ~ ~ * * * * 24 men from Pakistan expelled from Bosnia and Herzegovina , April 2018 Testimony of B . L . from Pakistan * * Mid-April B . L . with other eight men from Pakistan crossed into Bosnia in the morning . “ We walked for about two to three hours when we were intercepted by two border police officers . They put us in a van , and after half an hour reached a police station . There , police officers asked us how we entered Bosnia , and did we have a smuggler . Afterwards", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 936, "text": "testimony of refugees and migrants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "United States , the United Kingdom , Switzerland , and the European Union countries . These initiatives emphasized the need for banks and other financial intermediaries to collect better information on their clients and promote tax sharing across different jurisdictions ( Sharman 2017 ) . The intergovernmental efforts were supported by the work of transnational NGOs such as the aforementioned Tax Justice Network , the Washington DC-based thinktank Global Financial Integrity founded in 2006 to measure and study illegal financial flows , and other organizations such as the OCCRP and Global Witness committed to global corruption investigation and exposure . After a concerted effort by the OECD and the G20 , most states today have agreed to cooperate with foreign information requests on tax-related matters . The public debate about financial secrecy has been significantly catalyzed by data leaks from such offshore financial zones as Panama , The Bahamas , and other secrecy jurisdictions . The infamous Panama papers involving millions of documents exposed in 2016 ( with an additional leak in 2018 ) implicated political and economic elites , including heads of states around the world . Other leaks , such as the Paradise papers , also involved millions of documents connecting specific names to offshore companies . These data leaks enabled a scholarly exploration of the effects of such public exposure on firm value quantifying ( if indirectly ) the economic value of secrecy . Donovan et al . ( 2019 ) identified 338 publicly listed firms with links to corporate vehicles in secrecy jurisdictions . Their findings suggest that such connections to secrecy jurisdictions are used both to create firm value and to expropriate corporate funds . When firms rely on secret corporate vehicles to avoid taxes , and as a means to bribe state officials to win business , they add value . This conclusion is also supported by an earlier study of companies involved in Luxembourg Leaks ( Huesecken et al . , 2016 ) . However , this study suggested that secret corporate vehicles aid insiders to divert corporate funds ( Ibid . , 4142-4143 ) . The public exposure of secret accounts and entities in offshore zones has affected the shareholder value of these firms . Following the data leaks , firms connected to the leak have", "spans": [{"start": 1013, "end": 1026, "text": "Panama papers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) employment rates and placing them in jobs with greater earnings . Demand-side components < sup > 40 < / sup > complement these efforts by supporting firms ’ expansion , which generate economic benefits by hiring otherwise un - or underemployed workers into better paying jobs . In addition to benefits directed to workers ( e . g . , greater employment rates and earnings ) , there are also broader benefits to society associated with the jobs , such as increased social cohesion or decrease in crime and violence . The project ’ s emphasis on explicit target populations and implementer incentives based on beneficiary categories is motivated by the recognition that driving factor for the benefits is , indeed , supporting populations that would otherwise have had lower employment rates , earned less in the jobs they have access to , and whose employment creates a positive social change . * * 75 . * * Based on these principles , the World Bank conducted a cost-benefit analysis of the project ’ s six subcomponents , with a focus on labor market outcomes , < sup > 41 < / sup > to calculate the project ’ s social rate of return . Among the sub-components , three relevant approaches were used to suit related activities : one for assessing skills training interventions ( sub-component 1 . 1 ) , one for business expansion subsidies ( sub-component 2 . 1 ) , and one for curriculum reform ( sub-component 1 . 2 ) . In each case , the estimated benefit streams are based on available data . For example , labor force data was used to estimate various wage and employment rates among youth ages 18 to 30 . Annex 3 specifies the approach and adaptation for each of the sub-components and the parameter values used in the calculation . * * 76 . * * Accounting for the total benefits and costs across all six sub-components with jobs-related outcomes , a projectlevel social rate of", "spans": [{"start": 1591, "end": 1607, "text": "labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 10 . Importance of China in Foreign Equity Portfolios * * This figure shows the evolution of foreign equity position in China . Panel A shows the evolution of China ’ s weight in foreign equity positions relative to all emerging economies ( CPIS Weight ) and China ’ s weight in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index ( MSCI Weight ) . The panel also plots ( in red ) two counterfactual scenarios for China ' s weight in the MSCI in 2018-20 : with an inclussion factor ( IF ) for the A shares equal to 100 percent and 0 percent . Panel B shows the evolution of foreign equity positions in China and other emerging economies ( in grey ) in billions of 2011 U . S . dollars ( USD ) . The definition of emerging economies follows the MSCI classification of emerging countries in 2020 . Sources : Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey ( CPIS ) and MSCI . # # * * A . CPIS Weight versus MSCI Weight * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 % < br > IF = 100 % < br > 45 % < br > 40 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 < br > CPIS Weight MSCI Weight < br > China ' s Weight < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IF = 100 % < br > IF = 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # * * B . Foreign Equity Positions in China and other Emerging Markets * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 , 400 < br > 1 , 200 < br > 1 , 000 < br > 800 <", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 323, "text": "MSCI Emerging Markets Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 799, "end": 838, "text": "Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > . 2 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 2 : Commutative Density Function ( Log Number of Workers ) Notice , too , that re-weighting observations for small firms according to the weights provided by the > 3Since there is no alternative data source , we are not able to verify if this is an the quality of Kenyan data . Nevertheless , the size distribution of firms in Kenya looks similar to Uruguay and the Rep ́ ublica Bolivariana de Venezuela ( Busso et al . , 2013 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 363, "text": "Kenyan data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 anfl the use of price deflators for government output . Section I then reviews available data on government expenditures for OECD and developing nations . Both a long term perspective , provided by several OECD economies , and contemporary experience , essentially since 1960 , are presented . In Section II , the determinants of the growth in government are considered . This literature covers demographic demands for expenditure growth , the changing relative prices of public vis-a-vis private goods , the income elasticity of public goods , and the arguments of the gs : choice school . Most of these explanations have been directed at unde4 . , . 1ding trends in industrialized nations , and little has been written on the relevance of these explanations for developing nations . This section briefly speculates on the determinancs of government growth in developing countries against the backdrop provided by results on advanced economics . # I . Measuring the Growth in Government Expenditures # A . MEASUREMENT ISSUES # 1 . Defining the scope of the public sector . Depending upon the specific question to be raised , government expenditures may or may not be a suitable proxy for the size of government . Any nominal valuation of government , be it an expenditure or revenue measure , implicitly assumes that government ' s role as a direct economic agent is what is to be assessed . Government ' s impact as a regulator of economic activity , through such macro or micro instruments as monetary policy or the tariff structure , clearly will not be captured by a nominal index which defines a government ' s size and influence ex2lusively in budgetary terms . 1", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 122, "text": "data on government expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10557 # * * Abstract * * This paper studies the effect of Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine on the performance of firms in Central Asia . It uses unique data from the Business Pulse Survey run by the World Bank in the Kyrgyz Republic , Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan , which tracks the sales and employment — along with other main characteristics — of about 1 , 200 to 1 , 800 firms in a panel structure . The survey contains two waves before and one wave after Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine . Using the difference-in-differences methodology in a regression setup , the analysis finds that Central Asian firms with pre-invasion trade links to Russia suffered greater drops in sales and employment after the invasion — even though exporters to Russia may have experienced , on average , higher sales during the studied period . Considering the pre-invasion digitization of firms , the findings show that digitization helped firms increase their average employment during the studied period . However , the analysis does not find any significant mitigating effect of digitalization associated with the impact of the invasion . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at miootty @ worldbank . org ; mmelecky @ worldbank . org ; ndalvit @ worldbank . org ; nsrinivasan5 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank", "spans": [{"start": 194, "end": 215, "text": "Business Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "43 - Annex 1 page 1 of 5 # # # Transport Sector Issues # # # Highways 1 . Uganda ' s road network consists of 3 , 800 kms of primary , 1 , 800 kms secondary and 21 , 400 kms of tertiary roads . The trunk road from Malaba ( on the Kenyan border ) via Jinja-Kampala - ! sasak to Katuna ( on the Rwandan border ) is the main domestic and international artery , which according to a 1982 traffic count carried over 1 , 000 vehicles on average p . d . , and in the central section even over 2 , 000 vehicles p . d . Six other major roads , branching off from the trunk road towards regional centers in the north and west , all carried less than 500 vehicles p . d . An outer loop interconnecting the regional centers is paved with the exception of the gravelled sections Fort Portal-Hoima and Soroti-Lira . The primary network is supplemented by a relatively dense secondary and tertiary grid . In two to three years , the Government should have improved major sections of the international artery , as rehabilitation is now underway with the help of over $ 150 million in external funds , including $ 76 million from IDA . This leaves several important other trunk roads unrepaired , however . and priorities for their reconstruction should be set . 2 . MOW ' s routine highway maintenance was carried out sporadically and periodic maintenance has not been undertaken in a meaningful way since 1973 . The roads carrying heavy trucks show the most pronounced deterioration . The highway maintenance organization was the subject of a 1982-83 study which found that 732 required minor rehabilitation and / or maintenance , while 272 required major rehabilitation or pavement strengthening . Action on rebuilding MOW ' s maintenance capability and catching up on the backlog of work is not yet up to requirements . The FY88 amount spent for routine maintenance of the classified road network was US $ 4 . 13 m . equivalent ; the amount allocated for FY", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 397, "text": "1982 traffic count", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Empirically , the challenge is to estimate a model of the child labor decision which captures the household ' s behavior with respect to labor market participation , education , fertility , risk management and other relevant factors . The paper below presents one such approach , relying on a reduced-form model which portrays the child labor decision as a three-stage sequential process . An alternative view and model of the child labor decision as a simultaneous process is also presented in an appendix . The case study is for C6te d ' Ivoire in 1988 , in an economic setting of severe recession and , as a result , rising child labor . One of the main difficulties in furthering the empirical analysis of the determinants of child labor is the dearth of national household surveys that include questions on labor market participation addressed at adults and children in the household . Most labor force surveys use a minimum age cut-off of 14 or 15 years , so that , by definition , most official labor force statistics will exclude child labor . This age cut-off is a matter of national practice , and not the result of international guidelines . The latter do indicate that the measurement of the economically active population must use a minimum age limit , but no particular value is specified . The guidelines mention that countries where a large proportion of the labor force works in agriculture should use a lower age limit than highly industrialized countries ( Hussmanns et al , 1990 ) . Because of this , multi-purpose household surveys are often the best source of data on child labor . Such surveys include a wide variety of questions 5", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 785, "text": "national household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 896, "end": 915, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1521, "end": 1552, "text": "multi-purpose household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "timeliness of verification reports provided . The IVEA reports were to be submitted within 50 days after the end of the six-month reporting period . Review of relevant project records did not provide evidence of any challenges with timely submission of verification reports by the IVEA , and the project achieved 100 percent of the target . > 21 Over 75 percent of the 458 stillbirths took place during the first three years of the project period . > 22 The target for the indicator was set initially at 0 . 25 percent of the total number of deliveries ( that is , 330 fresh stillbirths of 132 , 400 deliveries ) . Page 15 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 183, "text": "project records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of industrial country insurers . < sup > 34 < / sup > Further measures could involve hospitals and medical boards collecting data on outcomes and costs so that physician performance could be tracked using tiered network programs such as the ones used by insurers in the US ( see , e . g . , Fronstin , 2003 , and Robinson , 2003 ) . < sup > 35 < / sup > Familiarity with doctors from certain regions could also help in removing concerns about the quality of care . For example , many British nationals reportedly seek treatments in India because they are familiar with the expertise of doctors of Indian origin in the UK . < sup > 36 < / sup > It may be possible for US insurers to offer a health plan option , for example , where an immigrant consumer is offered the option of undergoing certain treatments in his / her home country , where she / he is familiar and comfortable with the health care system , physicians , culture . # * * 8 . Conclusion * * Our study has shown how existing health insurance plans inhibit the consumption of health care abroad by consumers . Modifications of these health insurance contracts to adequately cover the costs of care received abroad would give consumers adequate incentives to undergo tradable treatments overseas . We should emphasize that we are not suggesting that insurers should force patients to seek treatments overseas in order to cut costs but that insurers should offer patients the _option_ of obtaining care overseas . Using price data from the Medicare program and Vanbreda International , we undertook a worldwide price comparison of 15 low-risk , highly tradable surgeries . We included only non-emergency and routine surgeries , such as knee and shoulder arthroplasties , skin lesion excisions , toe-deformity repairs , and cataract extractions . The magnitude of the gains from trade in just these 15 surgeries was estimated to be over $ 1 . 4 billion , even if only one in ten US patients chose to undergo treatment abroad rather than in the US . Of these annual savings , $ 690 million would accrue to the Medicare program alone . The scope for trade would be", "spans": [{"start": 1482, "end": 1518, "text": "price data from the Medicare program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The regressor sets are nearly identical to those in specification ( 2 ) , though they exclude a few of that specification ‘ s independent variables ( R & D intensity , foreign JV , new licensing agreement ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > Finally , the fourth equation is aimed at explaining variations among the rates of the enterprises ‘ employment growth , with OLS estimation : In this equation is comprised of the vector of the innovation variables studied in equations ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) above ( ln [ TFP ] , introduced new product , introduced new process ) , and characterizes the composition of the firm ‘ s workforce along the dimensions of skills ( e . g . percentage of employees who are low-skilled ) and gender ( share of workforce comprised of females ) . Other vectors of independent variables are similarly defined as in equation ( 3 ) . We estimate these specifications using establishment-level data from all available countries , as well as separately using the subset of establishments located in non-OECD developing countries ( ̳ enhanced engagement ‘ and other developing countries ) , for all firms and for various subsamples of firms sorted by their age , size and innovating status . # * * 4 . Empirical findings * * # # * * _4 . 1 Innovation is an important driver of enterprise employment growth_ * * Enterprise innovations , which are here reflected by the level of TFP and by self-reports of process and product innovation , are very strong positive correlates of employment growth among firms across our entire sample . The first column of table 2 displays the results of estimating the > industry regression is the natural logarithm of its TFP – higher values imply lower average and marginal costs of producing value . > 21 We exclude these regressors to keep the TFP specification parsimonious , although including them in the specification does not change our results . 16", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 914, "text": "establishment-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "categorized themselves as having benefited from demobilization allowances . Indeed , many people helped the rebels during the war and they may have wrongly categorized themselves as demobilized ex-combatants . Similarly , some respondents may have claimed to be demobilized in expectation of rewards in exchange for their participation to the survey . The short-run direct impact of the DDR program is measured by the dummies _Ri_ < sup > _FNL_ < / sup > and _Di_ < sup > _FNL_ < / sup > . In particular , the coefficient β1 measures the impact of having a FNL _returnee_ in the household who did not benefit from reinsertion allowances . The coefficient β2 measures the marginal impact of having benefited from the FNL reinsertion allowance . < sup > 19 < / sup > We therefore compare the _returnee_ households that have received the grant ( demobilized ) to the _returnee_ households that reported having a member who was part of the FNL but did not receive reinsertion grants ( hypothesis 1 ) . The variables _R_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + < / sup > and _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + < / sup > capture the long-run evolution of outcomes for CNDD + households ( hypothesis 2 ) . To interpret the coefficients associated with these variables , we need to carefully consider the timing of the demobilization of CNDD + combatants , which started before the first survey at the end of 2004 . Thus , by the time of the QUIBB survey , which is used as our baseline , these ex-combatants had already benefited from reinsertion allowances . Then , they benefited from the in-kind reintegration grants between both surveys . Hence , we are not able to measure the long-term impact of the program on their economic outcomes . What we can assess however , is the evolution of their economic outcomes between the two surveys . We explain this argument formally . In an ideal scenario in which we would have had data before the peace agreement , let σ denote the short-run impact of the demobilization program , that is , the one-year impact between the reception of", "spans": [{"start": 1441, "end": 1453, "text": "QUIBB survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "infrastructure , including boreholes and water points The delivery of social services and infrastructure has been affected by these concurrent shocks , resulting in extremely low levels of access , particularly outside urban areas . With IDPs among the most severely affected , a large proportion of people in this group do not have adequate access to safe water and sanitation infrastructure and face services consumed during each year . This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings , machinery , IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks . For more visualization see generally ; < u > https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / SH . XPD . CHEX . GD . ZS ? locations = SS & name_desc = true < / u > 17 Based on the $ 1 . 90 purchasing power parity poverty line , World Bank , 2022 18 < u > ICPA , Seasonal forecast , March to May 2022 < / u > 6", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 845, "text": "ICPA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we found that even women who do not live with their husbands live with other male relatives , including fathers , fathers - or brothers-in law , uncles , and sons . In all our fieldwork , we only encountered seventeen women who lived alone or without any older male relative . Of these seventeen women , all but six lived with their mothers - or sisters-in-law . The presence of these relatives in the house represents restrictions on the woman ’ s empowerment , even if she lives without her husband . Several other characteristics , such as the number and age of daughters , the spousal education ratio , and the woman ’ s time to collect water , are not statistically different for participants and nonparticipants . Further , none of the wealth indicators , including number of rooms , electrification , improved toilet facilities , materials used in floor and wall construction , are different for these two groups , suggesting that poorer participants neither select into the program nor are they targeted based on indicators of wealth ( number of rooms , electrification , access to improved toilet facilities , and nature of the construction materials used for the floor and walls of the house ) . Nonetheless , this table highlights the importance of controlling for selection in to the _Mahila Samakhya_ program . In addition to the variables listed above in the Survey Description , we also control for the imbalanced characteristics discussed here . # * * 6 Empirical Analysis * * # # * * 6 . 1 Methodology * * We use several methods to identify the effect of the program in the presence of self-selection . We first match women by their pre-existing bargaining outcomes and other characteristics across treated and untreated districts . We then control for potential issues of truncation in the matching . Next , we use an instrumental variables approach , where our instrument is the interaction between the time the program has been in the village and the years over 16 of the woman to capture the exposure of the woman to the program . We separately control for the age of the woman in both first and 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS * * | AM | AccountabilityMechanism | | - - - | - - - | | APA | Annual Performance Assessment | | BCC | Behavior Change Communication | | CAJ | Commission on Administrative Justice | | CBA | Cost-Benefit Analysis | | CEC | CountyExecutive Committee | | CLTS | Community-Led Total Sanitation | | CPF | CountryPartnershipFramework | | CWS | Community-Wide Sanitation | | CWSS & IP | County-Wide Water and Sanitation Strategyand Investment Plan | | DLI | Disbursement-Linked Indicator | | DRS | Department of Refugee Services | | ECD | EarlyChildhood Development | | E & S | Environmental and Social | | EIRR | Economic Internal Rate of Return | | ESHS | Environmental , Social , Health , and Safety | | ESHSRM | Environmental , Social , Health and SafetyRisks Management | | ESMF | Environmental and Social Management Framework | | ESSA | Environmental and Social Systems Assessment | | FM | Financial Management | | FSA | FiduciarySystems Assessment | | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | | GHG | Greenhouse Gas | | GM | Grievance Management | | GoK | Government of Kenya | | GRS | Grievance Redress Service | | HCF | Healthcare Facility | | HLO | Higher Level Objective | | IGWSC | Intergovernmental Water Sector Coordination | | IPF | Investment Project Financing | | IRR | Internal Rate of Return | | IVA | Independent Verification Agent | | KNAP | Kenya National Adaptation Plan | | KPHC | Kenya Population and HousingCensus | | KPI | KeyPerformance Indicator | | K-WASH | Kenya Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene Program | | M & E | Monitoringand Evaluation | | MDAs | Ministries , Departments , and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "basis of food insecurity to poverty is noted as a positive step forward that may improve future targeting under PSNP5 ; - Predictable and timely safety net transfers : PSNP core payments were neither predictable nor timely , with the PDI target for such not achieved . Conversely , according to government estimates , the PDI target for transitory clients receiving humanitarian food assistance resources within 60 days of identification of need was surpassed , although the lack of verifiable data on this was noted , with no update to the indicator from December 2019 ; Using robust payment systems : Substantial progress was made on use of robust payment systems , with the PDI target surpassed ; - Public works sub-projects support the creation of sustainable community assets and an improved enabling environment for livelihoods : PDI targets for public works of sub-projects were substantially achieved , with evidence from a Public Works Impact Assessment pointing to the positive impact of the scheme on sustainable community assets ; - Improved livelihoods productivity and resilience : Targets for business plan financing were surpassed , with evidence of use of this financing for new business activity and with significantly higher savings rates . However , evaluative evidence suggested that these measures did not lead to changes in asset ownership and sources of income . * * Rating * * Modest # * * OBJECTIVE 2 Objective * * To support the government in improving the scalability of its rural safety net system . Page 9 of 23", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 962, "text": "Public Works Impact Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "performs as well as the traditional diary operation , and comes with less than US $ 30 additional cost per household compared to R2 . P36F < sup > 38 < / sup > On the whole , given the contribution of cassava farming to food security and agricultural commercialization , the evidence underscores the need for adopting improved survey methods to collect better data on cassava production and productivity , facilitating a renewed look at the role of cassava farming in production and welfare outcomes . > 36 In assessing the CVIP costs by treatment arm , Table 9 breaks differentiates between two broad categories : ( 1 ) Fixed costs applied to all treatment arms i . e . training , listing , purchasing of core survey equipment ; and ( 2 ) Variable costs across the four treatment arms including main fieldwork costs i . e . staff time and fuel ; incentives provided to the households ; call center set-up and maintenance costs . Furthermore , although CVIP was implemented using the World Bank Survey Solutions CAPI software , the costs of the Android tablets were not considered in Table 9 , since these tablets had been readily available at the NSO . Likewise , only maintenance costs were considered regarding the bicycles used by the enumerators and the motorcycles used by the supervisors , as these items too had been available at the NSO . > 37 The D2 costs were exacerbated , on one hand , by the relatively low number of households requiring semi-weekly calls ; the purchase of mobile phones and solar chargers ( due to poor electricity access ) for all D2 respondents , and were alleviated , on the other hand , given the small number of call center operators and the NSO experience with the Listening to Malawi ( L2M ) mobile phone survey . In preparation for the CVIP fieldwork , the NSO management worked closely with the two main carriers in Malawi to determine the most cost-effective airtime bundle . An additional cost saving mechanism would have been to provide mobile phones to only those households not currently owning a working device , which may be much more feasible in other settings for low - and middle-income countries . > 38", "spans": [{"start": 1703, "end": 1730, "text": "Listening to Malawi ( L2M )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Births and Deaths Registration Act 1920_ | Les taux d ’ enregistrement des naissances dans les États Partenaires de la CAE sont généralement faibles . D ’ après les Enquêtes Démographiques et Sanitaires ( DHS ) de chacun des pays , le taux le plus élevé d ’ enregistrement est en fait celui du Burundi , affecté par des conflits , et c ’ est en Tanzanie qu ’ il est le plus faible ( l ’ un des plus bas d ’ Afrique ) , ce qui laisse penser que la faiblesse du taux d ’ enregistrement est davantage due à un manque de volonté qu ’ à un manque de capacité . Même les enfants dont la naissance > 65 Fait très inhabituel pour les territoires britanniques , le royaume du Bouganda a également adopté une Loi dite _Law for the Registration of Births and Deaths_ en 1903 , rendant obligatoire l ’ enregistrement de toutes les naissances dans le royaume ; des règles similaires semblent avoir été adoptées dans les districts du Busago , Bunyoro , Ankole et Toro . R . R . Kuczynski , _A Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire , _ Vol . II . South Africa High Commission Territories , East Africa , Mauritius , Seychelles , Oxford University Press , 1949 , pp . 265-266 . Mes remerciements à Jaap van der Straaten pour ce point , et pour l ’ ensemble de ses commentaires sur cette section . > 66 _Loi No . 32 / 2016 of 28 / 08 / 2016 sur les personnes et la famille_ , Articles 61-112 ( abro", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 202, "text": "Enquêtes Démographiques et Sanitaires", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "“ Non-Economic ” . Additionally , a large set of legislation regulates the public sector – in particular public administrations and municipalities , as well as courts and judges . We combined these laws and regulations under “ Public_Administration_and_Judiciary ” and remove them for the sectoral analysis of legislative predictability . Second , legislation can tackle multiple sectors at the same time without any NACE category dominating . To account for such laws and regulations , we added the category “ multisector ” . Third , taxation and budgetary legislation plays a significant role for businesses and households in a horizontal , cross-cutting manner , e . g . changing VAT rates impacts all sectors similarly from mining to IT . This was considered by creating a dedicated taxation and budget category . The resulting modified NACE classification will be called GCO sectoral categorization which allows us to select those laws which have economic relevance and apportion them into specific sectors where legislative activities are likely to differ . ( Table 2 ) . While this task is automatized for the broader GCO dataset , we additionally manually checked and corrected all Jordanian laws since 2000 and a subset of Jordanian regulations since 2000 for assuring the highest quality analysis in this paper . * * Table 2 . Sectoral Classification labels . NACE original labels and modified / additional labels ( GCO categorization ) * * | * * GCO * * | * * NACE * * | | - - - | - - - | | Agriculture , forestry and fishing | Agriculture , forestry and fishing | | Mining and quarrying | Mining and quarrying | | Manufacturing | Manufacturing | | Energy | Electricity , gas steam and air conditioning supply | | Water and waste | Water supply ; sewerage ; waste management and remediation < br > activities | | Construction | Construction | | Wholesale and retail | Wholesale and retail trade repair of motor vehicles and < br > motorcycles | | Transportation | Transporting and storage | | Tourism and hospitality | Accommodation and food service activities | | Information and communication | Information and communication | | Finance | Financial and insurance activities | | Real estate | Real estate activities |", "spans": [{"start": 1125, "end": 1136, "text": "GCO dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "district extensio < br > coordinators , subject < br > matter specialists , < br > headquarter < br > staff | * * 8 * * < br > n | FEWscontact about 33 % < br > f farmers in their target < br > area ( circle ) . | | Beneficiary Assessment < br > ( 1997 ) | 507 | 8 | 6 % < br > ( range30-55 % ) | # # # # 3 . 2 Farmer * * Contact Group * * While the FEW were an important factor in farmer group formation , a number of other factors influenced this process including access to other resources , existing group based cultural practices and operating in districts where other development players had established farmer and community groups . The surveys indicated that lateral transfer of extension information did occur from contact farmer group members to non-contact farm members , with farmers being an important source of information particularly for the simpler technologies . While the focus was technical messages to transfer to farmers , part of this contact group linkage involved demonstrations , trials and field days . # # # # * * 3 . 3 Technologies * * Under AEP a range of simple and complex crop , livestock and aquaculture technologies and improved practices were extended . These technologies and practices were referred to as impact points , and the main ones extended under the project are outlined in Table 2 . 37", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 238, "text": "Beneficiary Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 644, "end": 651, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "large increase in investment by treated firms in the post-treatment period ( consistent with the later results in Table 3 below ) . This effect is apparent in the year in which the marginal incentive for the firm changes , consistent with the ambitions of the AIA policy , and continues in the five years post-treatment . Our event study plots are robust to alternative similar definitions of firms ’ treatment status based on their historic investment . < sup > 30 < / sup > For example , Figure A1 uses 2-year average investment data for the years 2006 / 07 while Figure A2 uses 3-year averages for the years 2005 / 06 / 07 . As a further check on the parallel trends assumption , we similarly examine the pretreatment trends for the wages of data analytics workers ( Figure A3 ) , exploiting that these are measured on an annual basis . In the periods before the AIA changes we do not observe a differential trend in wages of data analytics workers between the treated and control firms ( although the worker-level estimation is somewhat more noisy than the preceding firm-level plots ) . Around two years after treatment we observe a decline in the wages at treated firms , mirroring later results in Table 6 . These results are consistent with the existing literature which finds both that technology adoption is linked with subsequent labor demand ( Bresnahan et al . , 2002 ) but that this organizational change occurs overtime ( Juh ́ asz et al . , 2020 ) . # * * 5 Results * * # # * * 5 . 1 The effects of AIA on cloud and capital investment , 2007-13 * * This section examines econometrically the treatment effect of changes in the AIA allowance on firm investment in IT capital and cloud adoption . The AIA was designed and implemented by policy makers with the objective to increase physical capital investment , including the stock of digital technologies through investments in traditional tangible IT capital . We find evidence that the policy was successful in this regard . The results in Table 3 find that firms > 30The absence of pre-trends is also apparent if we estimate these regressions over the period", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ 2821 ; & < br > 0915-601-2111 / 2121 / 2211 / 2821 < br > 0915-002-2211 / 3111 | 2 , 496 , 000 < br > 135 , 000 | 20 , 060 , 500 < br > 1 , 290 , 000 | 28 , 265 , 245 < br > 1 , 817 , 610 | 2 | | DOS | General census of population and < br > households | Current Expenditure < br > Capital Expenditure | 3105-007-2822 | - < br > 7 , 000 , 000 | - < br > 24 , 000 , 000 | - < br > 33 , 816 , 000 | 3 | | MOH | Within Administration and Support Services < br > program : Ministry of Health < br > computerization ; Supporting Jordan Center < br > for Disease Control ; Computerizing hospitals < br > and health centers ; Health sector < br > computerization / Hakeem ; & Computerizing < br > hospitals and health centers | Current Expenditure < br > Capital Expenditure | 4601 008-2211 ; 011-2211 / 3111 ; 015 - < br > 2632 ; & 018-2211 & 4615-045 - < br > 2211 / 3111 / 3112 / 3222 | - < br > 10 , 550 , 000 | - < br > 82 , 650 , 000 | - < br > 116 , 453 , 850 | 1 to 3 | | | Total < br > * * Grand Total * * | | Current Expenditure < br > Capital Expenditure | 25 , 046 , 000 < br > 17 , 685 , 000 < br > * * 42 , 731 , 000 * * | 263 , 838 , 833 < br > 126 , 213 , 333 < br > * * 390 , 052 , 167 * * | 371 , 748 , 916 < br", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 232, "text": "General census of population", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) # # * * D . Program Development Objective ( s ) ( PDO ) and PDO Level Results Indicators * * 54 . The Program Development Objectives of the Program are “ to reduce regional disparities in learning outcomes , improve the retention of girls in upper primary education , and strengthen systems for delivering equitable education outcomes . ” 55 . The main Results Areas for the Program are : - a ) RA 1 : Equalize learning opportunities : improve learning outcomes in target counties ; - b ) RA 2 : Improve the Participation of Girls in Schooling ; and - c ) RA 3 : Strengthen Capacity for Implementing Initiated Reforms . 56 . Progress toward the PDO will be measured through the following PDO indicators : - a ) Increase in the share of students achieving higher order competencies in literacy and numeracy ( Level 4 < sup > 43 < / sup > ) in the NASMLA Grade 3 assessment , in Counties falling into the lowest quintile of performers , including in refugee populations . - b ) Improved retention of girls from poor and vulnerable populations , including in refugee populations , in upper primary ( grades 7-8 ) ; and - c ) Successful roll out of CBC and CBA reforms in basic education . ( DLIs ) 57 . The Program is expected to directly benefit approximately the following beneficiaries over its four years of implementation : - a ) About six million learners in primary education ( school grants , girl ’ s education interventions , school infrastructure development and school meals ) , including about 221 , 529 children in refugee hosting counties . - b ) About 117 , 900 refugee children in camp-based primary schools . - c ) Approximately 20 , 000 diploma teacher trainees in PTTCs . - d ) About 200 , 000 primary school teachers . - * * E . Disbursement Linked Indicators and Verification Protocols * * 58 . The main financing instrument of PEEL", "spans": [{"start": 926, "end": 951, "text": "NASMLA Grade 3 assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in these countries are 8 % , 16 % , and 38 % , respectively . < sup > 5 < / sup > Do these numbers provide a good yardstick with which to judge the relevance of race to an understanding of inequality in these countries ? Should South African and Brazilian policy-makers worry much more about racial differences in incomes than do their American counterparts ? Does the small percentage of income inequality attributable to race in the U . S . mean that racial inequality is not a pertinent economic and social issue ? Conventionally , between-group inequality is calculated as a function of two arguments : differences among groups in mean incomes and the relative size and number of the groups . The figures above are based on four population groups for Brazil , three for South Africa , and five for the U . S . , but the population shares of the white groups versus non-white groups differ tremendously . < sup > 6 < / sup > In each country , the mean income of the nonwhite groups is much below that of the white group , but the non-white groups form the majority in South Africa ( 80 % ) , half of the population in Brazil ( 50 % ) , and a minority in the U . S . ( 28 % ) . The difference in between-group inequality observed between these three countries could in fact be due largely to the difference in population shares of the racial groups instead of the differences in relative mean incomes of these groups . < sup > 7 < / sup > The conventional between-group share is calculated by taking the ratio of observed between-group inequality to total inequality . Total inequality , however , can be viewed as the between-group inequality that would be observed if every household in the > 5 These figures have been calculated by the authors using data from PNAD ( 2001 ) for Brazil , IES ( 2000 ) for South Africa , and LIS ( 2000 ) for the U . S . > 6 The racial groups used in our analysis are “ White ” , “ Black ” , “ Pardo ” , and “ other ”", "spans": [{"start": 1765, "end": 1769, "text": "PNAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "some of the differences between the predicted poverty rates can be explained by particularities of how poverty is measured in a country . Figure 8 shows the predicted and survey-based poverty rates for other populous , or poor and data deprived countries . In most cases , the two are fairly well aligned , though there are exceptions , such as the cases of China and India just discussed as well as the República Bolivariana de Venezuela , where the predicted poverty rates are much lower than the surveybased ones . Figures A . 3-A . 12 in the annex show similar plots for 218 economies . PIP currently assigns countries without any poverty estimate ( or without national accounts data to extrapolate / interpolate from an old poverty estimate ) the regional poverty rate . This concerns about 3 % of the global population . In Appendix B we show how PIP ’ s regional and global poverty rates would change if we used the estimates from our two tiers instead of applying the regional average , as PIP currently does . Global poverty is projected to be revised upwards in 2019 by 11 million at the $ 2 . 15 line and 16 million at the $ 6 . 85 line . For certain countries the implications are larger , notably Afghanistan , Somalia , and the Democratic People ’ s Republic of Korea . # 7 Conclusion This paper proposes a method to estimate welfare distributions in contexts where little data is available . Data deprivation is often a bigger concern in poorer and more fragile countries where data collection might be limited due to active conflict , lack of resources , or institutional fragility , but where efforts to monitor changes in living conditions are essential . While comprehensive surveys of household income and consumption remain the best way to measure household welfare , we offer a simple alternative to estimate welfare distributions when surveys are not available . The method consists of leveraging income or consumption distributions from more than 2 , 000 household surveys available in the World Bank ’ s Poverty and Inequality Platform ( PIP ) for 168 countries covering the period between 1991 and 2000 . We combine these distributions with more than 1 ,", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 687, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1680, "end": 1737, "text": "comprehensive surveys of household income and consumption", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2029, "end": 2060, "text": "Poverty and Inequality Platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "social impact assessment for the renovation / construction and equipping of health facilities to ensure that activities related to their construction and rehabilitation comply with national socio-environmental regulation requirements . The specific objectives were : - To assess environmental and social impact of activities for the construction / rehabilitation and equipping of selected health facilities . - Establish land needs for expansion and develop a resettlement action plan , where necessary , and to undertake a survey of non-health related livelihood activities . # # # * * 1 . 5 . 1 Study Scope * * The scope of the study entailed two distinct requirements , namely : a ) Environmental Impact Assessment , EIA b ) Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan , ARAP These are described below :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the relative increase of the high skill group was larger than that of the middle skill group . The evidence indicates the presence of stronger relative demand forces for high school graduate workers in 2002-2009 than in the 1990-2002 period : demand factors must have operated in the most recent years , since the relative wage of high skill workers increased moderately with simultaneous increase in its relative supply . Data limitations in the case of Ecuador restrict the comparability of the available surveys from the 1990s with those of the 2000s . The analysis here is based on comparable statistics constructed for the 2000s , based on the ENEMDU survey . The wage skill premium fell at an annual rate of 3 . 2 percent between 2003 and 2010 , while the relative supply increased steadily in the same period . This indicates that , conditional on the assumptions on elasticities of substitution , the relative demand for skilled labor must have fallen over that period . With respect to unskilled workers , the increase in the relative supply of the high school group resulted in a reduction of its wage premium over the 20032010 period . This pattern is similar to that of the aggregate skilled-unskilled premium and relative demand , although the changes are smaller for the high school-dropout differentials . As in the cases of Colombia and Costa Rica , Tables 3 . 1 and 3 . 2 indicate that most of the reduction in the share of employment of the low skill group was accounted for by an increase of that of the high skill group , although , as discussed in the sector decompositions section , in the case of Ecuador there were relatively large within and between sector effects for both skill groups . Table 3 . 1 indicates that the relative supply of skilled labor increased strongly in El Salvador during the 1990s . The corresponding wage premium also increased significantly during that decade , and these simultaneous trends are consistent with a strong increase in the relative demand for skilled labor . The evolution of these variables in the decade of 2000 , however , indicates a marked change . The relative labor supply of skilled labor stopped growing , while the corresponding wage", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 667, "text": "ENEMDU survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BREAK_ | | | * * Livelihoods Programming # 2 * * | | * * 11 : 30 - * * < br > * * 12 : 25 * * | 1 . Remi Mannaert ( RET LATIN AMERICA , ECUADOR ) - Youth Empowerment : A Holistic Approach to < br > Livelihoods < br > 2 . Janete Ferreira ( SCALABRINIAN MISSION ) - Scaled Livelihoods Interventions < br > 3 . Besem Obenson ( UNHCR ECUADOR ) - Database of Good Practices in Livelihoods | | * * 12 : 25 - * * < br > * * 13 : 30 * * | _LUNCH_ | | * * 13 : 30 - * * < br > * * 14 : 30 * * | * * Access to Capital * * < br > 1 . Crismar Alvarez ( ONPAR PANAMA ) , Kylie Alcoba ( UNHCR PANAMA ) and Clara Gamiz ( NRC < br > PANAMA ) - Collaboration with MICROSERFIN and the Superintendence of Banks < br > 2 . Cristina Carvajal ( HIAS ECUADOR ) - Community Banking through Bank of Pichincha < br > 3 . Albert Vañó Sanchis ( UNHCR ARGENTINA , BOLIVIA ) - Seed Capital and Direct Employment for < br > Refugees | | * * 14 : 30 - * * < br > * * 15 : 30 * * | * * Migration and Refugees in Brazil * * < br > Fernando Bissacot ( UNHCR BO BRAZIL ) - _Refugees in Brazil ( Refugiados no Brasil ) : Video_ < br > _Introduction_ < br > 1 . Sister Rosita Milesi , Director of the Instituto de Migrações e Direitos Humanos ( IMDH ) < br > 2 . Paulo", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 10 . CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION PROCESSES * * Relocating or compensating people implies communication or dialogue with the stakeholders . After completion of the design or the design review , PAPs will be consulted individually and in groups , depending on the context . The consultation and participation process will include four phases : i ) data collection ; ii ) preparation and planning of operations ; iii ) implementation of operations ; and iv ) monitoring and evaluation . The EMT Experts of EEPCo are responsible for coordinating the public participation and consultation process . # # # * * 10 . 1 . Data Collection Phase * * In the data collection phase , the following organizations and groups are identified as the major actors for its implementation . EEPCo ’ s EMT Experts ( monitoring ) The project office ( compensation / rehabilitation ) , - Agriculture and Rural Development Offices located at Woreda level ( for agricultural data ) , - Municipalities ( housing data ) , Kebele Administration ( household data ) , and PAPs ( provision of other relevant data ) The above actors will constitute the main task force in the data collection phase . This process will include consultations with PAPs and other relevant stakeholders . The data collected will serve as an instrument for the monitoring of the social mitigation measures to be implemented . PAPs , including woreda administration and sector offices ( Agriculture desk , municipality , the police , and other relevant Offices ) will be consulted through individual and group meetings to share information about the project . For example , owners of properties in the right-of-way will be informed about actions to be taken and the rehabilitation or the resettlement measures anticipated in order to prepare them for the possible changes . In such meetings , PAPs will be involved and shall participate in the data collection phase by providing socio-economic information about their livelihoods . Their inputs will be integrated into the project implementation process , from the planning to the", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1018, "text": "agricultural data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1042, "end": 1054, "text": "housing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1083, "end": 1097, "text": "household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While our results do not have enough power to statistically distinguish varying self / proxy discrepancies in child labor statistics over different agricultural seasons , the point estimates are ordered : self / proxy discrepancies in child labor reporting are at the lowest when the agricultural season involves routine steps and complementarity of tasks between children and adults i . e . , planting and fertilizing usage , while higher discrepancies emerge in the lean ( or hungry ) season in which farm activities are less salient , income is scarce and , therefore , the heads of households might allocate effort to other off-farm activities to supplement income , or in the coffee harvest season , when farm labor demand is at its highest and farm activities can be done by children in their own . Future studies with greater power can potentially provide more definitive evidence on the seasonality of survey treatment effect for child labor statistics . Our results are different from Dillon ’ s et al . ( 2012 ) experimental survey design on child labor statistics in Tanzania . We find that given variable and irregular work schedules across the agricultural calendar for girls , it is plausible to find higher self / proxy discrepancies in farm child labor statistics . The difference in results highlights the need to understand the type of activities children perform and the context in which the surveys are implemented . Our results also offer information for survey costs and statistical power trade-offs . A detailed breakdown of survey costs showed that for potential interventions that target child labor as the outcome of interest , self-proxy reporting offers a good compromise between survey precision and survey costs mainly if the expected impact on child labor is small or moderate . Overall , this survey design intervention in rural Ethiopia points out that studies of child labor in agricultural settings should explicitly acknowledge and discuss survey design gender gaps in child labor statistics for a better understanding of its determinants and conditions , and for the design of social protection programs and policies . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 2022-06-01 2022-05-14 < br > esta Nacional de Desnutrició < br > n Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-7 / Adquisició < br > n de suministros de oficina ypapelería para el desarrollo de las actividades de la Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 3 , 220 . 43 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-03-09 2022-06-22 2022-04-14 2022-05-14 < br > Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-9 / Adquisición de los suministros médicos , necesarios para el desarrollode la Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 20 , 496 . 56 18 , 821 . 87 Signed 2022-03-09 2022-04-26 2022-04-15 2022-05-31 2022-05-15 < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-20 / Suministr < br > os de impresión ( materialesde impresión ) y repuestos ( repuestos y accesorios ) para eldesarrollo de las actividades IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 31 , 523 . 17 27 , 653 . 55 Signed 2022-03-30 2022-04-04 2022-04-27 2022-05-31 2022-06-11 < br > de la", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 237, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnutrición", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "and Ki-Hong Choi ( 1997 ) ‘ Decomposition of Aggregate Energy and Gas Emission Intensities for Industry : A Refined Divisia Index Method . ’ _The Energy Journal_ pp . 59 – 73 - Ang , BW , XY Xu , and Bin Su ( 2015 ) ‘ Multi-country Comparisons of Energy Performance : The Index Decomposition Analysis Approach . ’ _Energy Economics_ 47 , 68 – 76 - Atkeson , Andrew , and Patrick J . Kehoe ( 1999 ) ‘ Models of Energy Use : Putty-Putty versus Putty-Clay . ’ _American Economic Review_ 89 ( 4 ) , 1028 – 1043 - Bjørner , Thomas Bue , and Henrik Holm Jensen ( 2002 ) ‘ Interfuel Substitution within Industrial Companies : An Analysis Based on Panel Data at Company Level . ’ _The Energy Journal_ 23 ( 2 ) , 27 – 50 - Br ̈ annlund , Runar , and Tommy Lundgren ( 2004 ) ‘ A Dynamic Analysis of Interfuel Substitution for Swedish Heating Plants . ’ _Energy Economics_ 26 ( 6 ) , 961 – 976 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "borrowers . Distinguishing between these different potential outcomes is important for determining the extent to which the PPP program actually increased access to funds for small businesses and by how much . Four studies using bank Call Report data find very strong multiplier effects supporting > 28 This same study finds opposing results for localities with more TARP banks during the GFC . Subprime consumer debt increased where more banks were bailed out . 36", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 249, "text": "bank Call Report data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 186, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 391, "end": 414, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _4 . 1_ Selection of targeted population by the Basic Needs sector * * The Basic Needs sector identified the use of coping strategies , high dependency ratios , high levels of debt and a low level of expenditure per capita as the critical elements contributing to a risk of increased vulnerability < sup > 7 < / sup > . Families who exhibit these characteristics are considered to be unlikely to be able provide for their Basic Needs and would therefore be in need of sector specific assistance packages . High levels of debt per capita , low levels of expenditure per capita , high dependency ratios and the adoption of crisis or emergency coping mechanism make families vulnerable in this sector . Many families have depleted all assets and are living in unfurnished or semi-furnished apartments without access to regular income or financial support that would allow them to manage their own needs . Using VAF allows the Basic Needs sector to prioritize the assistance to the most vulnerable . < sup > 8 < / sup > In Jordan , More than 406 , 762 individuals were reached with multi-purpose cash assistance . Basic Needs Partners were able to provide enhanced winterization assistance to more than 350 , 000 individuals . The assistance included winterization cash assistance , in-kind donations and shelter maintenance . Basic Needs partners provided NFI support to approximately 141 , 045 individuals in Zaatari and Azraq Camps . # # * * 4 . 2 Refugee Community Practices , Cultural and Social roles and Responsibilities * * The focus group discussions conducted by ACTED , DRC and UN-Women in various locations whether in Zaatari camp or urban areas in Mafraq or Karak , have unveiled that the crisis in Syria has played a substantial role in changing what the family expects from both women and men in terms of roles and responsibilities . The FGDs conducted have revealed that men or boys go most of the times to collect the distributed basic needs as there are not well-organized segregation among males and females at the distribution", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BF project was intended to strengthen the capacities of the Commission Nationale des Terres et Autres Biens ( CNTB ) established by the Government in 2006 , to address these issues . The _Independent External Evaluation_ < sup > 233 < / sup > found that the project on Land Disputes was highly effective , and that “ [ t ] he project was implemented in a high quality fashion . ” < sup > 234 < / sup > In the timeframe of the project , it enabled over 3 , 000 cases of land conflict to be addressed , 19 percent amicably resolved , 49 percent resolved by the CNTB , 21 percent passed to another authority , and 11 percent could not be reconciled ; it supported the establishment of a community based system for resolving land conflicts . Furthermore , it completed a study of all government land . Ultimately the project was assessed as reinforcing the capacity of the CNTB . As regards the sustainability of the project , the Independent Evaluation noted that the PBF project was planned to jump-start a project that would be continued by UNHCR with its own funding . In 2010 , UNHCR was instrumental in helping resolve 2 , 600 land disputes ; likewise , in 2011 some 2400 disputes were resolved . > 229 _Idem_ , para . 23 . > 230 S / 2011 / 751 of 30 November 2011 . > 231 _Idem_ , para . 40-45 . Reflecting Burundi ’ s progress from conflict to peace has been the changing nature of the UN presence in the country . These included : ONUP , the peace-keeping mission ( 21 May 2004 to 31 December 2006 ) ; BINUP , a UN integrated mission , established in 2006 through UN Security Council Resolution 1719 of 25 October > 2006 ( 1 January 2007 – 31 December 2010 ) ; BNUP , a lighter UN presence ( UNCT ) ( established initially for 1 year , i . e . , 1 January 2011 – 31 December 2011 ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "supplied in the circumstances to which Article 31 ( 1 ) of the Refugee Convention applies . ’ < sup > 322 < / sup > Prior to the introduction of this provision , it appears that if asylum-seekers or refugees were tried for other immigration-related offices , such as those under the 1991 Passports Act , the courts sought to give effect to the principle in Article 31 ( 1 ) by requiring trial courts to take it into account in sentencing or when applying general defences under criminal law ( such as ‘ reasonable excuse ’ and ‘ compulsion ’ ) . For example , in _Appiah_ , where the applicant was convicted of an offence under the 1992 Passports Act , the High Court held that it required a finding on the applicant ’ s refugee status before it could exercise an informed judgment when sentencing . < sup > 323 < / sup > In a later case of _AHK_ , the High Court went further and held that the asylum application had to be processed before a decision on his passport offence could be made , because if he were later found to be a refugee , his refugee status would constitute a reasonable excuse under the legislation . < sup > 324 < / sup > # # * * 6 . 4 Systemic Breaches * * Some of the State practices surveyed reveal systemic and widespread breaches of Article 31 , combined with other human rights and refugee law violations . Often in these States , the role of domestic courts has been ignored or restricted , suggesting that these sorts of breaches also entail deep rule of law challenges at the domestic level . For example , Hungary has introduced new physical , criminal and asylum measures to deflect , deter and unfairly reject asylum-seekers since 2015 . < sup > 325 < / sup > It enacted a number of new criminal offences when it constructed fences along its borders with Serbia and Croatia , in order to deflect refugees and migrants who were arriving _en masse_ in 2015", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country of asylum and level in the procedure , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * | Country / | | | | | Pending < br > start-06 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-06 | < br > Recog | Protecti < br > nition | on indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | territory | | | Ca | ses / | | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | rat | es | O / w . | Change | | of < br > asylum | Pro < br > T * | cedure < br > L * * | Pers < br > App . | ons * * * < br > Dec . | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed < br > rate | pending < br > cases ( % ) | | Switzerland | G | AR | P | P | 9 , 843 | 6 , 808 | 1 , 421 | - | 3 , 562 | 4 , 340 | 9 , 323 | 7 , 328 | 28 . 5 | 28 . 5 | 46 . 6 | - 25 . 6", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 139, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . 57 | - 0 . 04 | 2 . 67 | 3 . 65 | 0 . 98 | | Sri Lanka | 1 . 99 | 1 . 26 | 3 . 77 | - 1 . 78 | 3 . 50 | 3 . 75 | 0 . 25 | | Tajikistan | 2 . 73 | 0 . 38 | 2 . 89 | - 0 . 15 | - 0 . 21 | 2 . 66 | 2 . 88 | | Tanzania | 2 . 68 | 1 . 11 | 4 . 66 | - 1 . 99 | 1 . 56 | 3 . 26 | 1 . 70 | | Togo | 3 . 35 | 1 . 25 | 5 . 28 | - 1 . 93 | - 2 . 91 | 1 . 44 | 4 . 35 | | Uganda | 2 . 54 | 0 . 83 | 4 . 21 | - 1 . 67 | 0 . 43 | 3 . 36 | 2 . 93 | | Ukraine | 2 . 49 | 0 . 14 | 2 . 62 | - 0 . 13 | - 0 . 31 | 2 . 30 | 2 . 60 | | Uzbekistan | 4 . 23 | 0 . 60 | 5 . 22 | - 0 . 99 | - 1 . 37 | 3 . 67 | 5 . 04 | | Vietnam | 1 . 80 | 0 . 75 | 4 . 13 | - 2 . 33 | - 1 . 76 | 0 . 82 | 2 . 58 | | Yemen , Rep . | 2 . 10 | 0 . 28 | 3 . 07 | - 0 . 97 | 0 . 14 | 2 . 14 | 2 . 00 | | Zambia | 7 . 44 | 0 . 46 | 8 . 61 | - 1 . 17 | 0 . 72 | 7 . 84 | 7 . 12 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the elimination of country ’ s own agricultural import tariffs . 32", "spans": [{"start": 877, "end": 885, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_OFFICE OF THE_ * * _A_ * * _UDITOR-_ * * _GENERAL_ * * _Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , 2024_ Annex * * I I - * * Reports Generated from * * IFMIS * * * * 35 * *", "spans": [{"start": 190, "end": 195, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 11 . Major locations and demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Type of location : C = Camps / Centers ; U = Urban ; R = Rural / Dispersed ; V = Various / Unknown . * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern at the location for which the demographic characteristics are available . This table shows locations where the population numbered 100 or more only . Name of location as provided by UNHCR country office . * * * * _ < u > Important notes : < / u > _ The population by location does not necessarily add up to the total population of concern in the country . Countries with no information on location or demographics are not included . * * | Country of | Type | Name | | | | | | Dem | ograph | ic indic | ators | | | | | | Total < br > population | Cove | rage * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > asylum / | of | of | | Share | of age | groupi | n total | | | < br > Pe | < br > rcenta | e fema | leper a | gegro | up | | at location , | Age / | Sex | | residence | location | location | 0-4 | 5-11 | 12-17 | < 18 | 18-59 | 60 + > | 0-4", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 122, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries . In 24 countries in the HIT data set tariff protection is pro-rich ( and liberalization , pro-poor ) . One simple way to assess how much we can gain by exploiting the heterogeneity in the household surveys is to compute the gains from trade using aggregate price changes and aggregate income and budget shares . To do this , we aggregate the staple agriculture income and budget shares from the 4-digit classification up to staple and non-staple agriculture . We then compute the welfare gains from the elimination of aggregate tariffs , as before . The > 9Note that the HIT data have limited heterogeneity in expenditures on manufacturing and services . This may also play a role in our results . > 10In the online Appendix we show that our results are very robust to using alternative cutoffs . In addition , we show that both average gains and the pro-poor bias are correlated with GDP per capita . The pro-poor bias is also larger in countries with higher levels of poverty . 10", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 47, "text": "HIT data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 199, "end": 216, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on board advise from Bank mission to ensure project implementation is completed by December 31 , 2012 . With respect to the triggers to move from APL1 to APL2 the status are as follows : ( i ) New organizational system operational - the KCCA organizational structure has been approved by Ministry of Public Service in March 2012 . By the time of the mission , the Executive Director and nine Directors had been substantively appointed ; the job descriptions and personal specifications for all the 328 job families that make the approved KCCA structure had been developed , adverts for 279 jobs families ( 85 % ) had been made and first batch of interviews started by May 21 , 2012 with interviews for all job families to be completed by September 2012 . In addition , under the new KCCA structure , top management will be on three year renewable contract based on performance , while other staff will be appointed on permanent performance contract including enforcement of leadership code of conduct ; ( ii ) KCCA has established and implemented a formal public consultation process - this included the first citizen score card report , formulation of a media strategy for public feed back . in addition a budget and development planning consultation for FY2012 / 13 was carried out in April 9 , 2012 followed by a development partners breakfast meeting held on April 20 , 2012 , ( iii ) the implementation of the financial recovery action plan ( FRAP ) targets have been achieved - stock of overdue liability has been reduced from UGX8 billion to zero ( target UGX0 . 5 billion ) , own source revenue ( OSR ) has been increased from UGX22 billion to UGX 33 . 9 billion ( target UGX 33 . 5 billion ) , ( iv ) KCCA has developed a comprehensive O & M plan for infrastructure and in FY2011 / 12 out of a total budget of UGX145 . 73 billion about UGX81 . 1 billion was allocated for non-wage of which UGX45 . 5 billion has been allocated to engineering", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1135, "text": "citizen score card report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ET-CSA-155436-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment of < br > consultancy service providing < br > firm for Code of conduct - < br > Consultancy service on whatshould be the content of thecode of conduct , inclusion IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 48 , 649 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-02-28 2020-03-30 2020-04-29 2020-05-27 2020-06-26 2020-07-31 2020-08-20 2021-08-20 < br > and exclusion criteria ’ s , its < br > revision and feedback < br > procedure both from the < br > producers an < br > ET-CSA-156236-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Construction Price Index - < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues of IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 175 , 723 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > estimation and analytical < br > procedures for the < br > compilation of Consumer < br > Price Index < br > ET-CSA-156238-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > National Gender Survey - < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues ofcustomized questionnaire IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 13 , 333 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 from pressures from interest groups , there could be considerable friction in the trade , and competition policy nexus . Thus the need for a coherent design , coordination if not integration and strict oversight , to avoid capture and distortions . This paper argues that there are good reasons to worry about the antidumping law and practice and that antidumping per se should be , if not eradicated , transferred to the jurisdiction of the competition policies agency and judged and ruled by the same economic criteria . The plan of the paper is as follows . The next section II , discusses generic issues related to antidumping and competition policies and the background to the discussion that follows . Section III describes antidumping in the Uruguay Round . Section IV examines antidumping practice in Latin America . Section V examines competition policies in Latin America . Section VI provides conclusions regarding the integration of antidumping and competition policies . * * Table * * 1 : Changes in Trade Orientation ( percent ) | | Trade reform | Openne | ss index | | Trade flows | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country | period | Period | Change | Period | Export growth | Import growth | | Argentina | * * 1989-91 * * | * * 1988-94 * * | * * 8 . 01 * * | * * 1990-94 * * | * * _5 . 63_ * * | * * 31 . 62 * * | | Bolivia | * * 1985-88 * * | * * 1984-93 * * | * * 3 . 56 * * | * * 1986-93 * * | * * 8 . 46 * * | * * 4 . 76 * * | | Brazil | * * _1990-93_ * * | * * 1989-94 * * | * * 5 . 19 * * | * * 1991-94 * * | * * 6 . 99 * * | * * 9 . 97 * * | | Chile | * * 1988-91 * * | * * 1987-94", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "noncognitive skills ( Adhvaryu , Namrata , and Anant ( 2018 ) ; Fox and Kaul ( 2018 ) ) . Second , and relatedly , to fully understand the poverty-reduction potential of noncognitive skills , looking at equilibrium effects through impacts on other individuals is crucial . Indeed , our results show that what matters for predicting income-earning is relative levels of noncognitive skills . Moreover , inequality in the household can be amplified through increases in the noncognitive skills of only one member . In the presence of non-unitary households , the composition of household economic participation , and who earns what matters for development outcomes beyond overall household income . For example , Duflo and Udry ( 2004 ) ) show using data from Côte d ’ Ivoire that increases in rainfall that benefits traditionally female crops , shifts household expenditure towards food consumption and so improve nutrition of children . Thus , programs or events that unilaterally increase the noncognitive skills of one member ( say , the husband ) could have potential negative effects on other household members and the future generation if they result in the capture of intra-household resource allocation . Lastly , our results imply that positive impacts of noncognitive skills , or socio-emotional skills programs , could be unlocked by an accompanying alleviation of inputs scarcity . Within agriculture , this highlights the potentially high multiplier effect of programs focused on property rights and stimulating markets for fixed inputs like land , which could attenuate the \" battle of the sexes \" and capture of household resources we observe . Such programs may also benefit", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 773, "text": "data from Côte d ’ Ivoire", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We test in column 3 whether these gendered survey impacts vary across seasons when the self-report indicator interacts with the gender and agricultural seasons indicators . The magnitude of the coefficient on this interaction term is non-negligible and , as expected , higher in the main rainy season ( 2 . 3 percentage points , or 5 % ) and harvesting season ( 3 . 7 percentage points , or 8 % ) relative to the short rainy season , suggesting that the differential child / proxy discrepancies in child labor statistics for girls vary across seasons . However , we do not have enough power to reject the equality of these interaction coefficients as shown by the p-values at the bottom of the table . The panel at the right of Table 3 depicts results at the intensive margin of work . While in column 4 we observe meaningful overall child / proxy discrepancies in reporting of worked hours equal to 1 . 99hr , or 11 % from the mean hours reported by the proxy , we do not observe statistically significant differential survey impacts for girls relative to boys ( column 5 ) , or differential gendered impacts that vary across seasons ( column 6 ) . Turning our attention to the 7-day recall period in Table 4 , column 2 shows that girls have a statistically significant 5 . 5 percentage points higher discrepancy in the participation of farm activities report compared to boys , or a 10 . 3 % higher rate of participation than the mean participation obtained from the proxy . Likewise , column 3 shows that the higher child / proxy discrepancies in reporting for girls that that for boys increases in the harvesting season for 5 . 7 percentage points ( 10 . 7 % ) , relative to the short rainy season . Moreover , as the 30-day recall results , the point estimates for the interaction of self-report indicator , child ’ s gender , and season indicator are somewhat larger in the harvesting season than in the short rainy season but it is not measured with statistical precision . Furthermore , by looking at the intensive margin of work for the 7-day recall period in columns 4-6 in Table 4 , we", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implications of exports for the economy , our data allow us to evaluate the extent to which traditional versus nontraditional exports indeed support incomes and jobs . The paper has three key findings . First , the sectoral composition as well as the labor intensity of exports in South Africa provides a nuanced understanding of the observed export-led ‘ jobless growth ’ . The LACEX data combined with South Africa ’ s Labor Force Survey data suggest that much of the labor content of exports is shaped by the minerals sector . Between 2001 and 2011 , minerals exports grew 22 . 2 % annually , wages supported by minerals exports grew 24 . 6 % annually , but jobs supported by minerals exports grew by only 3 . 9 % annually . < sup > 3 < / sup > South Africa is one of the middle-income countries in the sample with the lowest number of jobs associated with exports , and the quantity of jobs and the labor value added per unit of exports has diminished overall . Decompositions show that the observed decline in the labor intensity of exports is driven by exports becoming less labor intensive ( labor-intensity effect ) , only slightly amplified by South Africa shifting to less labor-intensive exports ( composition effect ) . While this is generally consistent with unbundling of production globally , where exports contain more foreign inputs , the data also show that exports in South Africa are becoming more capital intensive and less labor intensive : a decline in the share of total labor value added in gross exports has been accompanied by an increase in the share of capital value added in gross exports . < sup > 4 < / sup > > 3 Direct wages supported by minerals exports grew 33 . 4 % annually , but direct jobs supported by minerals exports contracted by 16 . 8 % annually . > 4 These findings are consistent with the labor-saving technology changing across countries ( see , for example , Kumar and Russell ( 2002 ) and Berman ( 2000 ) ) . Behar ( 2010a ) shows that the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor has been negative in South Africa , also supporting our finding of", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 389, "text": "LACEX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 421, "end": 444, "text": "Labor Force Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) Implementation Status & Results Report Current MPA Program Development Objective ( Approved as part of ( Seq . ) package on ) # # * * 4 . DATA ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE * * # # * * 4 . 1 Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IDA-77010 | Effective | 50 . 00 | 51 . 78 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 51 . 78 | 0 % | | TF-C7771 | Effective | 46 . 37 | 46 . 37 | 0 . 00 | 6 . 00 | 40 . 37 | 12 . 94 % | | TF-C8111 | Effective | 22 . 20 | 22 . 20 | 0 . 00 | 6 . 20 | 16 . 00 | 27 . 93 % | # # * * 4 . 2 Key Dates ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval | Signing | Effectiveness | Orig . Closing | Rev . Closing | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IDA-77010 | Effective | 20-Feb-2025 | 31-Mar-2025 | 04-Jun-2025 | 31-Dec-2029 | 31-Dec-2029 | | TF-C7771 | Effective | 20-Feb-2025 | 31-Mar-2025 | 04-Jun-2025 | 31-Dec-2029 | 31-Dec -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7023 The World Bank | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Health Center IV and Hospitals Renovated | | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 46 . 00 | | according to agreed standards | | | Date | 30-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | | Comments | | Activity not started yet . | | | Health Center IV Performing Caesarian < br > | | Percentage | Value | 14 . 00 | 24 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Sections | | | Date | 30-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | | Comments | | Source : MoH RH Division < br > Report | | | Couple years of protection | | Number | Value | 549594 . 00 | 787390 . 00 | 1000000 . 00 | | | | | Date | 30-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | | Comments | | Source : 2010 / 2011 AHSPR | | | Pregnant women receiving antenatal care | | Number | Value | 1200000 . 00 | 1327296 . 00 | 1400000 . 00 | | during a visit to a health provider ( number ) | | | Date | 30-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | | Comments | | Source : 2010 / 2011 AHSPR | | | Drug Orders processed timely by National < br > | | Percentage | Value | 55 . 00 | 70 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Medical Stores | | | Date | 04", "spans": [{"start": 816, "end": 833, "text": "2010 / 2011 AHSPR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "refugees actually do so but we check if these observations might have an influence on our results . We therefore run all our regressions on a sample from which we drop the observations where the canton of residence differs from the initially assigned canton ( 7 . 5 % of observations ) . There are hardly any differences between these results and those reported in Tables 4 , 5 and 6 . < sup > 42 < / sup > # * * 6 Concluding Remarks and Policy Implications * * In this paper , we analyze the integration of refugees in the Swiss labor market by looking at trajectories of employment rates and by analyzing the impact of initial conditions on these trajectories . We combine data from a longitudinal dataset , which covers the universe of refugees and migrants in Switzerland over 1998-2018 , with data on attitudes toward refugees and migrants , which are derived from popular voting outcomes at the canton level . We find that , on average , the employment rates of refugees increase slowly over time to reach , ten years after their arrival , a level which is about 15 percentage points lower than the employment rates of comparable natives . However , this integration profile depends on the refugees ’ age upon arrival : those who were younger at arrival integrate more rapidly into the labor market and attain higher employment rates in the long run . We also consider migrants from non EU-15 countries as a comparison group . According to our estimates , which take differences in origin countries into account , labor market integration takes more time for refugees than for migrants , although the convergence seems slightly more rapid than in other European countries ( Fasani et al . 2020a ) . Ten years after arrival , employment rates of refugees are 4 percentage points lower than those of migrants and this difference persists in the long run . There are some gender differences . Employment rates of male refugees increase initially more rapidly than employment rates for female refugees but native-refugee employment gaps are similar for men and women in the long run . When we investigate the impact of initial conditions on the employment of refugees over the lifecycle", "spans": [{"start": 687, "end": 707, "text": "longitudinal dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 798, "end": 844, "text": "data on attitudes toward refugees and migrants", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With respect to export delays , only one of the eight African countries performs better than the Philippines and only three perform better than China . Even this is likely to underestimate the relatively poor performance of customs administration in the African countries since the point of exit for most exports from China and the Philippines will be a port and , therefore , the delays will include port delays . < sup > 9 < / sup > In contrast , several of the African countries ( including Zambia and Uganda the two best performers ) are landlocked — meaning all exports will clear customs at a land border . < sup > 10 < / sup > Further , as noted above , for most of the African countries neighboring countries are the most important export partners for the firms in the Investment Climate Surveys . Although customs delays reflect one aspect of the burden associated with trade and customs regulations , they are not the only aspect of trade regulation that is burdensome and costly for enterprises involved in exporting . Further , as noted above , trade regulations that make importing more difficult might also discourage exporting . If trade regulations make it more difficult for exporters to get imported capital and intermediate inputs — and hence to meet international standards in these respects — restrictions on imports will also discourage exporting . Most firms that use imported goods use clearing agents to help arrange for customs clearance . Over 85 percent of enterprises that used imported inputs reported that they used clearing agents to help with these procedures ( see Table 6 ) . The median cost of hiring a clearing agent in Zambia — the only country where the survey asked about the cost — was about 1 percent of the shipment value . In addition , many companies reported that they had had to obtain ( at least one ) import license within the two years prior to the survey ( see Table 6 ) . In most countries , the average wait to get a license was about a week and in some countries it was close to two weeks . About 10 > 9 In contrast to the African countries , the most important markets", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 803, "text": "Investment Climate Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "submitted . OFAG gave unqualified opinion for the year ended July 7 , 2020 but the management letter raised several issues mainly generic in nature on the areas of cash , property management , settlement of advances and receivables and some ineligible expenditures which require attention . For past years , MoF has already submitted status report for rectification of audit findings raised in the audit report of previous years and all have been resolved . 45 . ORAGs audit budgetary institutions ’ books of account in their respective regions . Each ORAG present the consolidated audit report to their respective regional councils . The oversight role is performed by the budget and finance standing committee of the regional and woreda councils . As indicated in the PEFA 2018 , ORAGs performance vary region to region on external audit report ( audit coverage and standards , timely submission to the legislative , external audit follows up and audit institutions independence and legislative scrutiny of audit report ( timing of scrutiny , hearing audit findings , audit recommendation by legislature and transparency ) . Somali and SNNPR ’ s ORAGs relatively performed well in both cases while Amhara and Oromia poorly performed on external audit report . 46 . * * _Procurement Audit : _ * * As one of the core responsibilities of the regulatory units , the assessment has noted that generally procurement audit has been undertaken on a regular basis guided by audit checklist adopted by each region . The data received from FPPPA indicates the regional regulatory bodies have increased their procurement audit coverage since the last assessment . According FPPPA data all regions except Afar have covered at least 15 % of woredas as indicated in the below table . However , the audit reports are not publicized and have limited circulation between the auditee and the BoF and there is no practice in communicating the report to the wider public and regional administration . Hence , the incentive in addressing audit findings and working on the recommendations is limited . 47 . The assessment received the Woreda audit reports of the regional regulatory bodies and", "spans": [{"start": 1512, "end": 1536, "text": "data received from FPPPA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1664, "end": 1674, "text": "FPPPA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "intervention . The way in which strategic and operational targeting issues are considered can play a significant role the efficiency and effectiveness of a CBI and its subsequent impact on intended beneficiaries . This chapter breaks down the targeting practices employed by humanitarian agencies in Afghanistan across three phases of a cash-based intervention and provides analysis of their suitability and effectiveness . - * * 8 Inception : * * When the project is under design and vulnerability criteria are assessed . - * * 9 Strategy : * * When target groups are identified and partners are selected and stakeholders coordinate to address their needs . - * * 10 Implementation : * * When resources are mobilised and assistance distributed to beneficiary communities . Before analysing the targeting practices used to address protection issues among IDPs in Afghanistan , it is first worth exploring the preference of recent cash and voucher modalities used by donors to provide humanitarian assistance in the city of Kabul . Across the six interventions examined 21 % of beneficiaries received direct cash assistance , 31 % received assistance through mobile money or e-voucher and 48 % benefited from paper vouchers . Whilst direct cash was the least commonly received assistance modality among the population surveyed ; it represents the largest intervention in terms of assistance provided , with respondents receiving on average $ 442 USD . In contrast , paper vouchers represented an average assistance of just $ 80 USD – despite covering the majority of beneficiaries interviewed . $ 210 USD was received on average via mobile . # # # * * Inception : defining vulnerability * * Interviews with stakeholders conducted alongside literature review for this study confirm that , in the context of Afghanistan , organisations working on humanitarian responses targeting IDPs largely adopt the same definition of household vulnerability when selecting beneficiaries at the household 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is important to note that the Burundian NSP states , without providing evidence , that the promiscuity in IDP camps and agglomerations is one of the principle causes of HIV / AIDS in the country . < sup > 24 < / sup > The Burundian Red Cross interviewed 731 persons for a BSS in IDP sites located in the Makamba , Rutana and Bururi provinces in 2001-02 . The study showed that IDPs could accurately at least one mode of transmission of HIV ; 96 . 5 % mentioned unprotected sex , 79 . 5 % sharp objects with infected people , and 30 . 5 % contaminated blood . Few IDPs knew about mother-to-child transmission . The BSS reported that radio ( 87 . 8 % ) and religious sermons ( 27 . 3 % ) were the most effective means of raising HIV awareness . In terms of prevention , 91 . 8 % spoke of abstinence , 54 . 0 % suggested not sharing sharp objects , 45 . 3 % mentioned condoms , and only 10 . 3 % knew about antiretroviral drugs reducing mother-to-child transmission . The fact that few people know of and use condoms is particularly worrying given that 53 . 6 % of young people claimed to have sexual relations before 15 years of age . The BSS also showed some 23", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 275, "text": "BSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Table 1 . C < br > LF | ase 1 Resilience Indicator Data | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | o < br > Indicators | Relevant Data | Data Source | Content | | | Traffic volume per min under theordinarystate ( x � ) | Design traffic < br > volume | 13 . 68 pcu / min < br > ( 19 , 700 pcu / day ) | | | Traffic volume per minwithoutthe project under thedisrupted < br > state ( x � ) | Simulation | 6 . 84 pcu / min | | Economic | Travel time between representative OD ( Asago – Toyooka ) without < br > the project under theordinarystate ( t < sup > � � � � � < / sup > ) | Route search < br > system | 50 mins | | Loss | Travel time between representative OD ( Asago – Toyooka ) withthe < br > project under theordinarystate ( t < sup > � � � � < / sup > ) | Route search < br > system | 42 mins | | | Travel time between representative OD ( Asago – Toyooka ) without < br > the project under thedisruptedstate ( t < sup > � � � � � < / sup > ) | Route search < br > system | 79 mins | | | Travel time between representative OD ( Asago – Toyooka ) withthe < br > project under thedisruptedstate ( t < sup > � � � � < / sup > ) | Route search < br > system | 42 mins | | | Population of coverage area ( Tajima Area ) ( Pop � � < br > � � � � ) | Population < br > statistics | 180 , 607 | | | The percentage ratio of population who can access major hospitals < br > in 30 minuteswithoutthe project under theordinarystate | Route search < br > system | 45 . 1 % | | Saving < br > Lives | The percentage of population who can access major hospitals in < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Bank were required . Goods for financing were to be identified by means of applications for import licenses so that procurement practices could be monitored . Hence , Bank preparation efforts had taken advantage of the fact that the main importers of some categories of sector imports could be identified , and staff had evaluated their procurement practices with the intention of monitoring them during Bank supervision . Despite these careful preparations , however , the Bank ' s supervision of procurement was soon to be focused almost exclusively on the problems of speeding up disbursements . 5 . 15 As mentioned in the PCR ( para . 47 ) , disbursement of the first tranche was delayed after effectiveness by about 5 months while Government worked out the best way to do it . According to IAD , Kenya ' s Treasury staff identified commercial imports by visiting commercial enterprises and from a list of letters of credit under which payments were made by commercial banks . The importer and his bank were requested to provide the supporting documentation which were then sent to the Bank ' s Regional Mission in Eastern Africa ( RMEA ) . RMEA staff reviewed the documents to identify items that qualified for financing and to ascertain that the documentation was 10 See OED Report No . 8341 , A Review of Procurement in Policy-Based Lending , January 19 , 1990 .", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 934, "text": "list of letters of credit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 / < br > 1 < br > _TV_ < br > 2 < br > _P / _ < br > 1 | hO KSh / ton < br > 20KSh / ton < br > 40 KSh / ton < br > 65 KSh / ton < br > 45KSh / ton | < br > | 6 / 260 < br > 7 / 340 < br > 8 / Allo < br > 9 / ss | KSh / ton < br > KSh / ton < br > wing < br > for < br > uming ha | costs < br > es < br > lf the tr | timated < br > at < br > affic < br > will | _50 % . _ < br > be addition | al < br > traffic | . | | w Source : Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 432, "end": 449, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has increased Uganda ’ s debt vulnerabilities . * * To adequately assess vulnerabilities over the medium term , the transparency of contingent liabilities is paramount . MoFPED has published detailed information on PPPs and SOE ’ s explicit and implicit contingent liabilities , including upcoming government guarantees in the pipeline for Cabinet approval . The continuation of publishing rising contingent liabilities from SOEs is critical during the crisis . The lack of timely domestic arrears data , however , and contingent liabilities from legal proceedings detracts from the otherwise good transparency and hinders government from effectively managing these fiscal risks . 68 . * * _Substance of the prior action : _ * * MoFPED has previously published a report on public debt , including approved government guarantees , PPPs and implicit contingent liabilities , such as non-guaranteed SOE borrowing ( domestic and external ) . In the _Report on Public Debt , Guarantees , Other Financial Liabilities and Grants for FY19 / 20_ and the _Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy FY20 / 21 to FY23 / 24 , _ MoFPED has now started including the stock of verified domestic arrears not older than 1 year , contingent liabilities from legal proceedings and government guarantees awaiting Cabinet approval in its public debt reporting . These reports were presented to Parliament and published in late April 2020 . 69 . * * _Expected results : _ * * Based on published verified arrears , MoFPED will increase the repayment of domestic arrears in FY20 , which is estimated to result in a decline in domestic arrears from 2 . 8 percent of GDP in FY19 to 2 . 4 percent of GDP in FY20 . Page 34", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 502, "text": "domestic arrears data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 1 ) | - | 10 ( 16 ) | 11 ( 17 ) | | Total | 26 ( 44 ) | 37 ( 64 ) | 32 ( 53 ) | 13 ( 17 ) | 18 ( 38 ) | 63 ( 108 ) | 7 Question D . 13 in the GFICPS 2017 was : “ Are financial institutions subject to explicit caps on interest rates or other methods that limit loan pricing , e . g . maximum profit margins or maximum spread ? ” 8 Regional and income level classifications are consistent with the World Bank classification while legal origins are based on the JuriGLOBE database of the University of Ottawa . 9 We conducted a two-sample t test for equality of means by income group and found no statistically significant difference between high income and low and middle income economies . 10 China ’ s influence is even greater if the sample is weighted by deposit money banks ' assets : these stand at 175 percent of the Chinese GDP and 29 percent of our full country sample ( source : Global Financial Development Database ) . 11 Seventy-six percent of the countries under common law in our sample have IRCs . That is significantly higher ( at 5 % , one-tail ) than countries with civil codes or mixed legal systems . 7", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 479, "text": "JuriGLOBE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 889, "end": 926, "text": "Global Financial Development Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "when holding the poverty line and the distributions the same . < sup > 26 < / sup > Compared to our survey estimates , on average , country-level poverty estimates at the international poverty line ( IPL ) of $ 1 . 90 are on average 34 percent lower using HFCE , and 61 percent lower using GDP . < sup > 27 < / sup > Figure 5 , Panel A , compares survey estimates of poverty at the $ 1 . 90 line to corresponding measures using national accounts means combined with distributions from surveys . Only in 11 percent of observations is poverty higher using HFCE rather than using survey estimates , and only 2 . 5 percent in the case of GDP . This illustrates the much lower level of poverty resulting from using national accounts means in combination with survey distributions and the $ 1 . 90 line . Naturally , when aggregated to global estimates , poverty measures using national accounts means is much lower compared to that using survey means , as seen in the right pane of Panel A of Figure 5 . Our estimates using national accounts means and survey distributions suggest that the World Bank ’ s 3 percent global poverty target for 2030 was reached by year 2011 in the case of GDP , and is estimated at 5 . 7 percent when using HFCE the same year . < sup > 28 < / sup > It is worth noting that with NAS measures being much higher than survey measures at any point in time , any starting point for poverty trajectories based on national accounts are also much lower than for survey estimates . For example , estimates for 1990 , the baseline year of the UN Millennium Development Goals , show global poverty measured using GDP at 9 percent , 25 percent with HFCE , and above 35 percent using survey means . The $ 1 . 90 poverty line may not be the appropriate threshold for international poverty measurement when the distribution is adjusted to the level of national accounts means . Since the $ 1 . 90 line is itself estimated from national poverty lines originating from household surveys ( see Ferreira et al . , 2016", "spans": [{"start": 872, "end": 895, "text": "national accounts means", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1976, "end": 1993, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 7 : Heterogeneity by gender | | Psycho | social Index | P | HQ | Value to | Family | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | | Work | 0 . 165 | 0 . 233 | 0 . 120 | 0 . 276 | 0 . 091 | 0 . 121 | | | ( 0 . 068 ) | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 124 ) | ( 0 . 089 ) | ( 0 . 114 ) | ( 0 . 089 ) | | Cash | 0 . 086 | 0 . 045 | 0 . 089 | - 0 . 031 | 0 . 080 | - 0 . 084 | | | ( 0 . 088 ) | ( 0 . 057 ) | ( 0 . 146 ) | ( 0 . 101 ) | ( 0 . 142 ) | ( 0 . 109 ) | | Test : Cash = Work | 0 . 268 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 799 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 921 | 0 . 021 | | Shrp . q-val Cash = Work | 1 . 000 | 0 . 001 | 1 . 000 | 0 . 008 | 1 . 000 | 0 . 026 | | Test : Male = Female | 0 . 247 | 0 . 247 | 0 . 047 | 0 . 047 | 0 . 223 | 0 . 223 | | Shrp . q-val Male = Female | 0 . 396 | 0 . 396 | 0 . 396 | 0 . 396 | 0 . 396 | 0 . 396 | | Observations | 223 | 503 | 223 | 503 | 223 | 503 | | | Stab | ility | Household P | ower Index | Work Rig | hts Index | | | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | | Work | 0 . 241 | 0 . 284 | 0 . 323", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; < br > spill records ; < br > storage condition < br > review | During < br > operations and < br > periodic < br > supervision | Contractors / < br > Suppliers ; Site < br > Supervisors ; PIU < br > oversight | | * * Fuel * * < br > * * Containers , * * < br > * * Lubricants , * * < br > * * Chemical * * < br > * * Containers * * | Improper disposal < br > leading to < br > environmental < br > contamination ; unsafe < br > reuse of containers | Store empty containers safely . < br > prohibit reuse for domestic < br > purposes ; < br > dispose through authorized < br > handlers ; < br > maintain inventory of < br > hazardous materials | Containers properly < br > stored ; no uncontrolled < br > dumping ; hazardous < br > waste records < br > maintained | Inspection ; waste < br > inventory logs ; < br > transport / disposal < br > records | Periodic < br > monitoring | Contractors / < br > Suppliers ; PIU < br > oversight | | * * Fertilizer * * < br > * * Supply * * < br > * * ( handling and * * < br > * * storage ) * * | Soil and water < br > contamination ; plastic < br > waste from packaging ; < br > chemical exposure | Store fertilizers in dry , < br > ventilated areas ; collect < br > packaging separately ; prevent < br > mixing with general waste ; < br > manage spills properly | Fertilizer properly < br > stored ; no visible < br > contamination ; < br > packaging waste < br > collected separately | Visual inspection ; < br > storage records ; < br > worker interviews", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 22, "text": "spill records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 734, "end": 747, "text": "waste records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 794, "end": 808, "text": "inventory logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1460, "end": 1475, "text": "storage records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unbiased impact of electrification on outcomes affected by electricity . Descriptive analysis was done for both the urban and rural samples ; however , for the empirical analysis , we used only the 2005 IHDS rural household-level data , consisting of more than 24 , 000 households , which were available after the data cleaning . As expected , the extent of household electrification in India ’ s rural regions — nearly 60 percent on average — is significantly less than in urban areas ( more than 94 percent ) . The highest rates of rural electrification are found in the south and north , while eastern and plains regions exhibit the lowest rates for rural areas and India overall ( Table 1 ) . The great variation in rural electrification rates — from only about 40 percent in eastern regions to nearly 88 percent in the north — allows us to empirically investigate the drivers of rural household demand for electricity and the impact of household electrification status on outcomes of interest . # * * 5 . Energy Use and Electricity Demand in Rural India * * Despite rapid urbanization , about three-quarters of India ’ s population still reside in rural areas . Most rural people continue to rely predominantly on traditional biomass fuels to meet most of their energy needs . This is true even for households with electricity . For cooking , most rural households use fuelwood , crop residue , and dung , while some use kerosene . For lighting , kerosene is the primary energy source for households without electricity . Even among households with electricity , kerosene is an important backup lighting source . Thus , it is not surprising that kerosene is used by the vast majority of rural households ( Table 2 ) . India ’ s rural households spend about 10 percent of their monthly income on basic fuel and energy services , which are used primarily for cooking , lighting , and heating activities ( ESMAP 2002b ) . But in urban areas , electricity is the most commonly used fuel , followed by liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) , and kerosene . As Table 2 indicates , more than one-third of urban 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the heath facilities found in all Subproject impact woredas was very small while one Sanitarian was reported to work in Deksis woreda , whereas one X-ray technician was found in Hetosa woreda . c ) Top * * Ten Diseases * * Based on top ten diseases data collected from respective Subproject woredas Pneumonia , Diarrhea , Urinary Tract Infection * * ( UTI ) * * and Typhoid fever were among the commonest illness that affects people residing in Subproject woredas . The list of top ten diseases in Subproject Woreda for the year * * 2022 / 23 * * is presented in Table 4 . 13 below < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a 1 < br > \" age 1 cc < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Mid-D ) ayEni * *", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 253, "text": "top ten diseases data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ affected households as well as other community members in the Subproject influence area . The farming households in the Subproject influence Woreda grown annual crops at their farm fields located at a walkable distance from their residential area , while perennial crops are grown at homestead or close to their residential area . The census survey also confirmed that all 26 Subproject affected households have grown _teff_ , followed by onion ( 18 HHs ) , wheat ( 9 HHs ) and garlic ( 2 HHs ) on the farmland to be expropriated for the construction of the proposed Subproject components . Table 6 . 3 : Main crops grown by Subproject Affected Households | * * Crop * * | * * Number ( N = 26 ) * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Teff | 26 | 100 . 0 | | Wheat | 9 | 34 . 6 | | Onion | 18 | 69 . 2 | | Garlic | 2 | 7 . 7 | _Source : RP Census Enumeration ( December 2024 ) _ # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 5 Livestock Ownership and Production * * Data on livestock ownership of the surveyed households revealed that 82 . 4 % of the households at least owned one livestock , while the remaining 17 . 6 % did not own livestock during the survey . Based on the socioeconomic survey , Subproject affected households on average owned 12 . 8 livestock per household which looks decent number in areas like the Subproject Kebele where crop production is the dominant livelihood activity than livestock production . Among livestock types , cattle ( cows , oxen and calf ) are the dominant livestock types owned by Subproject affected households . For example , based on socioeconomic survey the proportions of households owning cow calf", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 489, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 990, "end": 1011, "text": "RP Census Enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1097, "end": 1124, "text": "Data on livestock ownership", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1308, "end": 1328, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 low - and middle-income countries around the world : Ethiopia , Mali , Niger , Nigeria , Uganda , El Salvador , Jamaica , Panama , Bangladesh , and Vietnam . This sample is relatively heterogeneous in terms of gross domestic product per capita , connection rates , tariff structures , and cost-recovery tariffs . Our analysis is founded upon data from household surveys that capture water expenditure , utility providers ’ administrative reports , and a novel estimation of country-specific costs of service . < sup > 3 < / sup > Our results suggest that , in all the countries analyzed , the mean unit prices charged are , on average , lower than the overall cost of producing and distributing piped water ( that is , lower than would be needed to cover both capital and operating expenditures ) , resulting in substantial subsidies . Having said this , in some countries the average prices charged are higher than the tariffs that would be needed to cover operating expenditure . In addition , subsidies are regressive , with the amount of resources allocated to water consumption subsidies increasing over the expenditure distribution , and richer households in the top five deciles usually capturing the lion ’ s share . The results also suggest that , in most countries , subsidies are regressive due to a combination of factors that are not related to their design : ( i ) poor households are located in areas not covered by piped water networks , ( ii ) poor households are in areas that are covered , > 2 The United Nations ’ Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) , adopted in 2015 , include the aims to “ achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water ” and to “ achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all ” by 2030 . > 3 These estimates are calculated using an improved methodology and new data presented in Andres et al . ( 2019 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 355, "end": 372, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reporting period using d | roduced recen < br > ata from PIMIS | tly . Baseline , act < br > which is still bei | ual , and targets to < br > ng rolled out . | be updated | | People with enhanced | | | 0 < br > 06-Dec-2024 | 1 , 000 , 000 | 12-Jun-2025 | 2 , 000 , 000 | Dec / 2028 | | resilience to climate < br > risks – Youth ( Number < br > ofpeople ) CRI | Comments on < br > achieving targ | ets | Corporate result indicator int < br > next reporting period using d | roduced recen < br > ata from PIMIS | tly . Baseline , act < br > which is still bei | ual , and targets to < br > ng rolled out . | be updated | | | | | 0 < br > 06-Dec-2024 | 1 , 500 , 000 | 12-Jun-2025 | 3 , 000 , 000 | Dec / 2028 | Page 10 of 21 Jun 23 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 62, "text": "PIMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| NE-FRSP-NE-306238-NC-DIR < br > / Fourniture et installation du | IDA / 69980 | Project Management | Post < br > | Direct Selection | Direct - National | | 17 , 422 . 00 < br > 0 . | Planned < br > 00 < br > Signed | Actual < br > Plann | ed < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > 2022-08-30 | Actual < br > Pla < br > 2022-09-09 < br > 202 | nned < br > Actual < br > < br > 2-09-04 < br > 2022-10-07 | Planned < br > Actual < br > Pl | anned < br > Actual < br > Pla | nned | Actual < br > Plann < br > 2022-0 | ed < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > 9-23 < br > 2023-09-23 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | logiciel informatique et comp < br > table TOM2PRO < br > * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description < br > | * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N < br > o . | < br > Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approac < br > h < br > Contra | ct Type < br > Estimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > A |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "grade , average teacher education levels and marginality index components . Community level variables include the margination index , proportion illiterate , proportion of households without piped water , proportion without electricity and proportion without drainage . Overall , these results are highly consistent with Schultz , 2004 ; Behrman , Sengupta and Todd , 2005 , where enrollment was measured by self-reported household data . With respect to gender , the results do not show significant differences by gender in the enrollment impacts , that is , program impacts on enrollment are similar for both genders . Note that both Schultz , 2004 and Behrman , Sengupta and Todd , 2005 demonstrate higher effects on enrollment at the secondary level for girls than boys in the randomized evaluation sample carried out in 506 communities in seven states in the initial years of this evaluation . Nevertheless , follow-up results of this sample 20", "spans": [{"start": 408, "end": 436, "text": "self-reported household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 6 : * * The effects of AIA on the demand for data workers | Regressions | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Variable | | | Worker | Wages | | | | Occupation < br > Group | Non - | Data | Other | Data | Data | Analytics | | Y | 2007 - | 2007 - | 2007 - | 2007 - | 2007 - | 2007 - | | ear | 2013 | 2019 | 2013 | 2019 | 2013 | 2019 | | AIA Dummy | - 0 . 006 | - 0 . 008 | 0 . 008 | - 0 . 011 | - 0 . 015 * | - 0 . 016 * * | | | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 009 ) | ( 0 . 007 ) | | Observations | 144 , 136 | 288 , 347 | 30 , 812 | 61 , 863 | 51 , 415 | 104 , 859 | Note : Worker-level regressions using annual data . Worker wages are in ( logged ) thousands of pounds . Treated firms are identified taking the average investment values for firms in 2005 / 06 and calculating if this lagged investment average is above or below the AIA threshold in any given year . Regressions use a binary AIA eligibility indicator . Data occupation groups are defined following Corrado et al . ( 2022 ) . Specifically , Data Analytics reflects occupations with time used for data intelligence . The remaining occupations are decomposed into Other Data , those with time used for creating data stores , databases or software ; and Non-Data , those that do not spend time on data activities . The regressions are estimated using the method outlined in Callaway and Sant ’ Anna ( 2021 ) . All regressions", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 728, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Overall , the data reveal important target areas from a gender perspective ( for example , younger women and the prominence of market-related constraints ) that policy could be targeted towards — but more refined data in this category of constraints would be useful . Specifically , looking more carefully within market access issues related to distance and cost — for example , commuting times , how often individuals can reach markets , infrastructure quality and modes of transport for products — would better inform how policy might be directed , particularly since distance / cost affect marketing of products as well . In surveys with a community module like the LSMS , better data on access to child care and caregiving arrangements can also help in understanding women ’ s labor underutilization amid rural economic transitions . This could include , for example , community-level data on care centers along with existing data collection on local schools — including how long schools and centers are open — as well as other questions on informal caregiving arrangements among family members or other individuals within the community , which could be more relevant for poorer , rural contexts . # # Summary and ways forward There are large survey data gaps in understanding how rural economic transition is associated with changes in individual employment outcomes . Data on constraints faced by rural women in seeking better economic opportunities or improving productivity are also very important for policy targeting ( for example , in technology adoption programs ) . Box 7 summarizes these issues and priorities for survey data collection going forward . Box 7 . Features of work amid rural transition , and barriers to economic mobility - Consistent individual-level data on work-related migration across surveys is needed ( including data on individuals from the household that have migrated for work , place of migration , sector of work , and remittances ) to understand how rural-urban migration has affected rural women left behind . - Survey questions on skills acquired ( or needed ) , as well as questions on economic mobility ( including , relevant to women , information on respondents looking to move to paid work in the formal sector , and those transitioning from home and subsistence production into market work", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 673, "text": "LSMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 873, "end": 909, "text": "community-level data on care centers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1247, "end": 1258, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figures 5 : Distribution of Countries by ( Relative ) Income Classification , 1900-2008 , % * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > > 0 . 7 < br > 60 < br > 0 . 5 to 0 . 7 < br > 50 < br > 0 . 3 to 0 . 5 < br > 40 < br > 30 0 . 1 to 0 . 3 < br > 20 < 0 . 1 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1900 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ‘ calculations based on Maddison data . There is also some ― churning ‖ where countries not only converge up the ladder , but also diverge down the ladder . This is the case of some former colonies in Africa : many have gone from being lower MICs at independence to LICs in 1980 . Since then , some have climbed back up to MIC status . There are also countries at the HIC end of the distribution that have fallen back to MIC status , by this measure . < sup > 5 < / sup > Many middle-income countries face the risk of falling into a middle income trap . Even some previously high growth Asian economies , like Malaysia and Thailand , < sup > 6 < / sup > experienced a substantial deceleration of growth following the Asian financial crisis . The Latin America and Caribbean region , however , probably provides the classic example of MICs failing to progress to high income country status . Figure 6 reveals the persistent lack of convergence of the Latin America region with living standards in the United States . Periods of mild catch-up were followed by periods of declining relative incomes . More recently , most of the economies of Latin America have stabilized and there has been a strong upturn in growth , led by the largest economy of the region — Brazil — as will be discussed in more detail in the", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 463, "text": "Maddison data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data and reporting , while at the County level , funds are transferred and deposited into the approved local bank at the county . Disbursement of the funds is strictly on the purpose detailed in the instructions and only on approval by the respective authorized county staff . On spending , the support documents are sent to the Headquarters where they are reviewed and posted into the IFMIS . Regular monitoring visits by HQ staff and Internal audit functions to the county offices are maintained to ensure accountability of funds transferred to the counties . The assessment further noted the following Page 18 of 25", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 391, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of automated variable selection , it selects the point on the accuracy-vs-enumeration-cost spectrum that maximizes model accuracy . This section revolves around the idea that other points – and especially earlier points – along the variable sequence should also be considered . A shorter questionnaire may be less accurate , yet it may result in lower overall exclusion due to the consideration of more households . We suggest methods which replace the single point with a range of options that allow policymakers to select a length-accuracy profile that is suitable for their conditions . > 5Klasen et al . [ 2016 ] estimated exclusion errors for a forward stepwise regression model of 27 % for a simulated 50 % program coverage . The forward stepwise model constructed mirrors closely the approach taken in generating PMT rankings in the update of the UDB / DTKS in 2015 . Appendix A shows a PMT exclusion error rate of 21 % at 50 % coverage . 13", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 864, "text": "UDB / DTKS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 , another payment that many lower-income urban households make is to transfer funds to family members living outside the U . S . In the OCC survey , 20 percent of the respondents indicated that they had made at least one such remittance over the past year . Of those who did so , 45 percent wired the funds and 24 percent mailed a money order . No other method accounted for over 5 percent of typical means of transferring the money . 18", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 148, "text": "OCC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by < br > 2014 . 23 The simulations in this study use data from 2014 ; hence , they do not consider the full effects < br > of the reforms , but they highlight the potential benefits these reforms could have in the future . < br > Figure 3 . The Herfindahl-Hirschman index in mobile telecommunication , OECD , 2017 < br > 5000 < br > 4500 < br > 4000 < br > 3500 < br > 3000 < br > 2500 < br > 2000 < br > 1500 < br > 1000 < br > 500 < br > 0 < br > US $ PPP US $ PPP < br > population ) < br > Mobile Cellular Subscriptions ( per 100 < br > Herfindahl-Hirschman index Mexico Switzerland Australia Greece Korea , South Slovenia Hungary Japan Norway Luxembourg Ireland New Zealand Turkey Belgium Estonia Austria Czech Republic Portugal Germany Netherlands OECD Iceland Finland Slovakia Italy Chile Spain France United States of . . . Canada Poland Sweden Denmark < br > United Kingdom < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In 2014 , 99 . 9 percent of the market was divided among four companies : Telcel ( 66 . 9 percent ) , Telefónica ( 21 percent ) , Iusacell-Unefon ( 9 . 1 percent ) , and Nextel ( 2 . 9 percent ) . The rest of the market was divided between a few virtual mobile operators that had just entered the Mexican market by 2014 . < sup > 23 < / sup > The simulations in this study use data from 2014 ; hence , they do not consider the full effects of the reforms , but they highlight the potential benefits these reforms could have in the future . _Source : _ GSMA Intelligence 2018 . 23 ITF ( 2015 ) . Informe Estadístico 4to Trimestre de 2014 . Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones , July 15 , 2015 . http : / / www . ift . org . mx / sites / default / files / comunicacion-y-medios / informes / 4ite14-vf-02 . pdf 12", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 68, "text": "data from 2014", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1520, "end": 1561, "text": "Informe Estadístico 4to Trimestre de 2014", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "considerations , detailed Engineering Designs , the initial draft Abbreviated RAP reports . * * 1 . 7 . 2 PAPs Verification Census and Socio-economic Survey * * PAPs were verified against the existing Asset register between June 22 < sup > nd < / sup > and 23 < sup > rd < / sup > 2023 jointly with the County surveyor , SEC chairpersons and GRC chairpersons . Given that an inception meeting with the client upheld the cut-off date , new physical displacement PAPs and structures were not enumerated . PAP details , e . g . , phone numbers , missing ID numbers were updated where available . A socioeconomic survey was undertaken targeting the PAPs . The interview solicited quantitative - In this respect , among others , the following documents were reviewed : The Kenyan Constitution 2010 , National Land Commission Act 2012 , Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011 , and the World Bank guidelines on Involuntary Resettlement and the Environmental and Social considerations , detailed Engineering Designs , the initial draft Abbreviated RAP reports . A socioeconomic survey was undertaken targeting the PAPs . The interview solicited quantitative information on household demographic structure , households ’ living conditions , access to basic social services , livelihood , employment and income , and households ’ perceptions about the project and preferred compensation and resettlement options , among other resettlement related issues . # # # * * 1 . 7 . 3 Verification * * A valuation exercise was undertaken to verify the impact by assessing the location of the affected asset in respective to the design layout . The affected structure ’ s measurements were verified using a tape measure , including materials , type of impact ( partial / full ) and use ( residential , commercial etc . ) . Where structures were found to be outside the road RoW , these were eliminated from the inventory . 9", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 156, "text": "PAPs Verification Census and Socio-economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 595, "end": 615, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1050, "end": 1070, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". , pp . 17-31 . Dibeh , G . , Fakih , A . & Marrouch , W . , 2019 . Labor market and institutional drivers of youth irregular migration in the Middle East and North Africa region . _Journal of Industrial Relations , _ 61 ( 2 ) , pp . 225-251 . Dustmann , C . & Okatenko , A . , 2024 . Out-migration , wealth constraints , and the quality of local amenities . _Journal of Development Economics , _ Volume 110 , pp . 52-63 . Du , X . & Wong , B . , 2019 . Science career aspiration and science capital in China and UK : a comparative study using PISA data . _International Journal of Science Education . _ Esipova , N . , Pugliese , A . & Ray , J . , 2018 . _More than 750 Million Worldwide Would Migrate if They Could . _ [ Online ] Available at : https : / / news . gallup . com / poll / 245255 / 750-million-worldwide-migrate . aspx Evans , R . , 2010 . Children ’ s Caring Roles and Responsibilities within the Family in Africa . _Geography Compass , _ Volume 4 , pp . 1477-1496 . Favara , M . , 2017 . Do Dreams Come True ? Aspirations and Educational Attainments of Ethiopian Boys and Girls . _Journal of African Economies , _ p . 26 ( 5 ) : 561 – 583 . 27", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 554, "text": "PISA data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Public Financial Management Reforms Secretariat Annual Report and Financial Statements for thefinancial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * - c ) Accounting and reporting guidelines developed * * by PSASB , * * and End * * of * * Year Procedures issued by the * * NT * * improved the quality of financial reports . - d ) Most of the counties and national-level facilities had updated health workforce data in iHRIS which helped in planning and policy-making . - e ) * * All * * Level 4 * * & * * * * _5_ * * hospitals and public secondary schools were able to report using the financial reporting templates issued in FY 2021 / 22 . - i ) Training of school auditors improved internal audit reporting and embraced assessment * * of * * risk management in schools as per the Risk Audit Manual developed earlier in 2021 . - * * vii . Disciplined Financial Management and Accurate * * Reporting : The achieved reforms were : - a ) Training on reconciliation of financial statements resulted in comprehensive financial reports and reduced audit opinions . - * * b ) * * The policy framework on management of assets and liabilities was developed . - c ) The * * IFMIS * * Fixed Asset Module was configured to capture the approved reporting templates . - * * d ) GIMIS * * enabled monitoring of taxes , pending and pension bills for SCs . - * * viii . Accountability Delivered through Audit , Oversight and Follow up : * * The reforms achieved under the result area were : - - a ) The audit methodology was fully aligned to the * * IAS * * and automated through the audit management system which improved the audit process and the quality of audits . - * * b ) OAG * * developed and implemented a framework for tracking and follow up of audit recommendations . - c ) There was a citizen accountability framework to engage the public in the audit process . - * * d ) * *", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 414, "text": "iHRIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the foreseeable future . - b ) * * Recognition of Receipts * * - The OCoB recognises all receipts from various sources when the event occurs and the related cash has been received by the entity . During the period under review , the office receipts comprised exchequer releases and Appropriation in Aid ( AIA ) # # # # # # * * i . Transfers from the Exchequer * * Transfers from the exchequer are recognized in the books of accounts when cash is received . Cash is considered as received when payment instruction is issued to the Bank and notified to the receiving entity . During the period under review , the office received exchequer notifications amounting to * * Kshs * * . * * 665 , 913 , 161 * * and A . I . A * * of Kshs . 4 , 840 , 049 * * - ( i ) * * External Assistance * * - During the FY 2023 / 24 , The Office received financial support from the Public Finance Management Reforms ( PFMR ) amounting to Kshs 8 . 24 million to support the development of Regulations for the Controller of Budget Act , 2016 . The external assistance were direct payments by the PFMR hence are not recorded in the financial statements . There were no instances of non-compliance with terms and conditions which could have resulted in the cancellation of external assistance funds - ( ii ) * * Miscellaneous receipts * * During the period under review , the office received appropriation in aid ( * * AIA ) amounting to * * ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 , 2024 * * 88 * *", "spans": [{"start": 631, "end": 654, "text": "exchequer notifications", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 555 | | All | | 0 . 384 | 0 . 355 | 0 . 998 | 0 . 995 | 36 . 579 | | Poor / All | | 0 . 745 | 0 . 462 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 003 | 0 . 999 | | * * Vietnam * * | 0 . 858 | | | | | | | < br > Poor | | 0 . 804 | 0 . 627 | 1 . 000 | 0 . 861 | 13 . 863 | | All | | 0 . 840 | 0 . 631 | 1 . 000 | 0 . 858 | 15 . 430 | | Poor / All | | 0 . 958 | 0 . 993 | 1 . 000 | 1 . 004 | 0 . 898 | _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . _Note : _ Access factors : _SA = SAP / SAH_ is the share of households located in a service area for the poor relative to the population as a whole ; _C = CP | SA / CH | SA_ is the relative share of households that are connected to the service conditional on potential access ( being located in a service area ) . Subsidy design factors : _T = TP | C / TH | C_ is the relative proportion of households with a subsidy conditional on usage ; _R = RP | T / RH | T_ is the relative rate of subsidization ; _Q = QP | T / QH | T_ are relative quantities consumed . A factor value below 1 indicates that the factor contributes to reduced targeting performance , whereas a value above 1 indicates that the factor contributes to increased targeting performance . All figures are calculated using sample weights . Poor households are defined as belonging to the first four deciles of the expenditure ( or income ) distribution in each country . 19", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 440, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country had a sufficient supply of raw materials , and producers of narcotics needed a special license / permit from the Minister of Health . We obtain a combined indicator of investment restrictiveness , our measure of product > 12 All Presidential Decrees are announced at the end of the calendar year , which implies that they become effective at the beginning of the next year . We follow this convention in constructing our dataset . > 13 Only a few sectoral laws included investment restrictions which were not included in the Presidential Decree . These restrictions were still legally valid as laws have higher legal standings than decrees in Indonesia . As discussed below , we complement the investment restrictions data in the Presidential Decrees with these sectoral restrictions . > 14 This differs from the definition in the previous Presidential Decision , which used only general industry descriptions , thus making it difficult to identify variation across product markets . > 15 Further revisions were enacted since 2015 , but these extend beyond the coverage of our manufacturing plants ’ survey . It is also worth noting that the majority of the restrictions in the NIL was eventually eliminated through the so-called Omnibus Law for Job Creation in 2021 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 702, "end": 730, "text": "investment restrictions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1085, "end": 1114, "text": "manufacturing plants ’ survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > WPS3565 < / mark > # Trade Preferences to Small Developing Countries and the Welfare Costs of Lost Multilateral Liberalization < sup > ∗ < / sup > Nuno Limão < sup > † < / sup > Marcelo Olarreaga < sup > ‡ < / sup > University of Maryland and CEPR World Bank and CEPR # # Abstract The proliferation of preferential trade liberalization over the last 20 years has raised the question of whether it slows down multilateral trade liberalization . Recent theoretical and empirical evidence indicates this is the case even for unilateral preferences that developed countries provide to small and poor countries but there is no estimate of the resulting welfare costs . To avoid this stumbling block effect we suggest replacing unilateral preferences by a fi xed import subsidy . We argue that this scheme would reduce the drag of preferences on multilateral liberalization and generate a Pareto improvement . More importantly , we provide the fi rst estimates of the welfare cost of preferential liberalization as a stumbling block to multilateral liberalization . By combining recent estimates of the stumbling block effect of preferences with data for 170 countries and over 5 , 000 products we calculate the welfare effects of the United States , European Union and Japan switching from unilateral preferences to Least Developed Countries to the import subsidy scheme . Even in a model with no dynamic gains to trade we fi nd that the switch produces an annual net welfare gain for the 170 countries ( $ 4 , 354 million ) and for each group : the United States , European Union and Japan ( $ 2 , 934 million ) , Least Developed Countries ( $ 520 million ) and the rest of the world ( $ 900 million ) . JEL classi fi cation : D78 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 Keywords : Preferential trade agreements ; multilateral trade negotiations ; MFN tariff concessions , preference erosion . > ∗ We thank Stephanie Aaronson , Bernard Hoekman , Aaditya Mattoo , Petros Mavroidis , Stefano Inama , Chris Stevens , Alan Winters and participants of the seminar on the WTO and developing countries ( Columbia Law School ) for helpful comments and discussions . The usual", "spans": [{"start": 1149, "end": 1171, "text": "data for 170 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of classes taken by the student . Recall that the latter is theoretically an upper bound for the former ( see Section 5 . 2 . ) As such , our average predicted target is lower than the average observed number of classes . * * Figure 9 : Goodness of Fit : College Outcomes . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > On − time graduate Late graduate < br > 90 Dropout 2nd year Dropout 1st year < br > Dropout after 2nd year < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 < br > Ability quintile < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : SPADIES for observed data ; fitted values for predicted data . _Notes_ : Whole lines show observed values ; dashed lines show values . * * Figure 10 : Goodness of Fit : Tiers of Cumulative Classes Completed , by Year . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 Tier 1 Tier 2 & 3 Tier 4 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 < br > Year < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : SPADIES for observed data ; fitted values for predicted data . _Notes_ : For each year , the figure shows the percent of students by tier of cumulative classes completed . Whole and dashed lines show observed and predicted percentages , respectively . * * Table 5 : Goodness of Fit : Dropout Year . * * | Year | Observed | Predicted | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1st | 27 . 41", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 636, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1124, "end": 1137, "text": "observed data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "what percentage of total project expenditures went into micro-project investments , however . To evaluate gains in livestock wealth , the ICR made use of historical weather station rainfall estimates in Garissa , observing that it made the \" conservative assumption that , absent project interventions , livestock in Garissa would have fallen by 18 percent in 2005 and 2008 . \" On the further assumption that Garissa was \" broadly representative of other project districts on metrics related to changes in precipitation and livestock , \" the ICR assumes that there was a 10 percent counterfactual increase in livestock due to project investments , on the basis of which the gains from project investments in the water and livestock sectors were estimated to have an ERR of 28 . 2 percent . On the basis of these two partial ERR figures , the ICR estimates the project ' s overall ERR to be 31 . 1 percent on the additional assumption that 20 percent of the project funds were misused . However , it also carries out a sensitivity analysis to take into account the possible impact of the alleged misuse of project funds , with the resulting ERR estimates varying from 15 . 6 percent if half of all project resources had been misused to 40 . 4 percent if none were misused , concluding in the main text that \" under the range of assumptions about the extent of the possible diversion of funds from 0 percent to 50 percent the project was economically viable and the costs incurred were justified \" ( ICR , para . 78 , pg . 25 ) . In addition to the above , the ICR attempted to assess project cost - effectiveness relative to normal Kenyan Government activities for similar activities , but was unable to \" capture comparative data . \" It affirms , however , that the ICR team \" does not anticipate that there would be major differences because line agencies were so heavily engaged through the DSGs [ District Steering Groups ] and METs [ Mobile Extension Teams ] that standards probably did not differ greatly . \" It was similarly unable", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 199, "text": "historical weather station rainfall estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Han transcurrido más de diez años desde que inició la ardua tarea de llegar a los lugares más apartados de nuestra geografía nacional , para lograr identificar las poblaciones más vulnerables y marginadas , ubicadas en zonas rurales de difícil acceso y afectadas por el conflicto armado interno . En esta labor han sido muchas las jornadas que han requerido el esfuerzo de funcionarios , contratistas , autoridades locales , Entidades Públicas y Organizaciones Internacionales , para contribuir con las múltiples tareas necesarias para poner a disposición de estas comunidades los servicios de identificación . El esquema de atención a través de unidades portátiles que operan como Oficinas Móviles , demostró ser el medio más adecuado para atender a las comunidades que no tienen acceso a la oferta institucional del Estado , teniendo en cuenta las grandes distancias que deberían cubrir para llegar a las cabeceras municipales , el elevado costo para transportarse con el grupo familiar y las difíciles condiciones socio-económicas , que se convierten en una barrera para obtener los beneficios que otorga el Estado Colombiano a partir de su oportuna identificación . El uso de tecnologías de última generación en materia de comunicación satelital ha permitido realizar nuestra labor de forma continua , incorporando la información en “ tiempo real ” de los Registros Civiles de Nacimiento , tarjetas de identidad y cedulas de ciudadanía , efectuando la verificación de la información directamente con las Bases de", "spans": [{"start": 1360, "end": 1391, "text": "Registros Civiles de Nacimiento", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Rijkers , 2013 ) . Hill ( 2007 ) suggests that slow recovery was caused by imperfect implementation of the reforms and political instability . In summary , the collapse of the regime decreased the value of connections to Suharto . The restructuring of politically connected companies , the elimination of a number of production and trade monopolies , and restrictions on investment are arguably all manifestations of reduced capture . If they are , one would expect increased competition , especially in industries where firms with connections to Suharto accounted for substantial market share . That the reform agenda and changes in business practices were not more sweeping , however , may limit the size of the effects . # * * 3 Data * * This study draws on a number of data sets that are described in more detail in the online appendix A . Our primary data comes from the plant-level Annual Manufacturing Survey ( _Survei Tahunan Perusahaam Industri Pengolahan_ ) , collected by Indonesia ’ s Central Bureau of Statistics ( _Badan Pusat_ 8", "spans": [{"start": 876, "end": 915, "text": "plant-level Annual Manufacturing Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ ( US $ _millions ) | * * 1982 * * | * * 1992 * * | * * 2001 * * | * * 2002 * * | * * _Export_and * * * * _Import levels_ ( US $ * * * * _mill . ) _ * * < br > I | | < br > Total exports ( fob ) < br > | 894 < br > | 1 , 013 | 1 , 732 < br > | 1 , 742 | 4 , 000T < br > | | Fuel | 223 | 69 | 115 | 101 | | | Coffee | 227 | 128 | 86 | 97 | | | < br > Manufactures | < br > 107 | < br > 144 | < br > 274 | < br > 310 | | | Total imports ( cif ) | 1 , 415 | 1 , 666 | 3 , 182 | 3137 | | | < br > Food < br > Fuel and energy | < br > 63 < br > 523 | < br > 156 < br > 412 | < br > 290 < br > 810 | , < br > 300 < br > 809 | | | < br > Capital goods | < br > 250 | < br > 41 1 | < br > 756 | < br > 803 | | | Export price index ( 1995 = 100J | 77 | 76 | 74 | 74 | I < br > 96 < br > 97 < br > 98 < br > B9 < br > 00 < br > 01 | | Import price index ( 1995 = 100 ) | 112 | 91 | 100 | 104 | < br > * * Exports * * < br > * * Imports * * | | < br > Terms of trade ( 1995 = 100 ) | < br > 69 | < br > 84 | < br > 74 | < br > 71 | * * O2", "spans": [{"start": 705, "end": 723, "text": "Export price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 826, "end": 844, "text": "Import price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * | * * Table 7 . Asylum a * * < br > * See Table 1 for countri < br > Figures between 1 and 4 | * * pplication * * < br > es included . < br > have been | * * s lodge * * < br > Top-40 ran < br > replaced w | * * d in Sou * * < br > king of co < br > ith an aste | * * thern E * * < br > untries bas < br > risk . | * * urope * b * * < br > ed on app | * * y origin * * < br > lications lo | * * , first q * * < br > dged duri | * * uarter 2 * * < br > ng second | * * 006 to s * * < br > quarter of < br > * * Excludi * * | * * econd q * * < br > 2008 . < br > * * ng Italy * * | * * uarter * * | * * 2008 * * | | ' 08 - ' 07 | * * Includin * * | * * g Italy * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | 200 | 6 | | | 200 | 7 | | 200 | 8 | First se | mester ch | ange | Q3Q4 / | 200 | 8 | | Origin | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ii . lack of reconciliations of key balances e . g . , Kenya Primary Education Development project , _proceeds_ from domestic and foreign grants totaled Kshs 576 , 810 , 278 while the identical account balance in the special account statement as at 30 June 2020 amounted to Kshs 540 , 540 , 216072 resulting to a variance of Kshs 36 , 594 , 206 which had not been reconciled at the time of the audit - iii . Multiple imprests and imprest not surrendered within due dates . E . g . , Secondary Education Quality _Improvement_ Project multiple imprests totaling Kshs 1 , 169 , 618 during the year 2019 / 2020 and imprest totaling 220 , 858 past due dates - iv . unresolved prior year matters with no progress indicated as required by the Public Sector Accounting Standard Board ( PSASB ) . Secondary Education Quality Improvement Project the audit for the year ended 30 June 2019 highlighted differences of Kshs 5 , 259 , 898 between balances in the financial statements and those reflected in the IFMIS . Contrary to reporting requirements set by PSASB , management had not reported on the progress in resolving the differences , and - v . delays in exchequer releases . Releases by exchequer totaling Kshs 540 , 406 , 486 were received by the _State_ Department during the month of June 2020 when the FY was closing . 52 . The Management of the Implementing agencies should strive to ensure that audit recommendations are fully implemented , and any prior year matters are resolved forthwith . 53 . The office of the Auditor General is reasonably independent and is resourced to carry out their work by GOK . It is important for adequate resources to be allocated to OAG to ensure that the program is adequately audit . Incremental audit costs are provided in IPF audits especially where projects coverage is wide but for PforR , the GoK should ensure the resources are adequately provided . # # * * 3 . 5 Fiduciary Capacity * *", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1003, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Facilitation Project are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2021 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Project Accountant , Project Coordinator and Project Sponsor for Eastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade * * & * * Development Facilitation Project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Project Accountant , Project Coordinator and Project Sponsor for Eastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade * * & * * Development Facilitation Project confirms that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . # # # # * * Approval of the Project financial statements * * The Project financial statements were approved * * by * * the Project Accountant , Project Coordinator and Project * * Sp * * sor for the Fastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade * * & * * Development Facilitation _on . ! . . . h . . . . _ * * . . . . . . . 1 . . * * and signed on their behalf * * by . * * Josephat Omondi Project Accountant : ICPAK Member No . * * 3473 * * Mrs Lilian Nyawanda Project Coordinator Githii Mburu , * * CBS * * Project Sponsor Amb . Francis K . Muthaura , MBS , * * EGH * * Chairman xiX", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 478, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Improved livelihood Opportunities and Accessibility for Underserved Urban Communities in Meru Town Audited Reports and Financial Statements For the Period Ended 31 % t December , 2025 . I . Management and supervision We reviewed the project organogram , Job description and specifications and confirmed that there was a clear chain of command . The Board exercised oversight over management . who in turn provide day to day supervision and direction to the rest of the staff . Management reviews of all financial transactions , reports and reconciliations prepared by staff are designed to enable detection of errors . There is a two-way communication channel through regular staff meeting . IV . Competence of personnel Competent staff are known to be effective and efficient . We perused staff personal files to compare qualifications and experience to the positions they were appointed to . We confirmed that their level of performance was good . The recruitment and selection process adhered to the laid down job requirements for each position . This was confirmed through a review of board minutes on the interview of staff . Most of the staff have attended professional courses and seminars to improve their skills . V . Protection of fixed assets We requested and tested the manner in which fixed assets procured using project funds were being safeguarded . These assets include office equipment , furniture , fittings and also data generated . The type of controls we were interested in are those that : - : Ensure that access to assets is limited only to authorized personnel . : Assets are protected against the creation of documents that would authorize their use or disposal . - Assets are safeguarded against theft , pilferage , unnecessary wear and tear . We confirmed that all project assets were protected . VI . Accounting and protection of records The project maintains its accounting records both manually and electronically . We reviewed this aspect of internal control to confirm whether the accounting procedures currently in place are preventive and detective in nature so as to ensure the integrity of records . We further inquired , whether the system manual or electronic is designed to ensure that transactions are completely and accurately recorded . We sought", "spans": [{"start": 1892, "end": 1910, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") * * Economic analysis proposes that there is a long ‐ run relationship between variables and that the means and variances are constant and not dependent on time . In the case of time ‐ series variables , this stationarity of variables is not always satisfied . To account for nonstationarity , cointegration test are used to examine how time series data , which may be individually nonstationary and drift extensively away from equilibrium , can be paired so that the workings of equilibrium forces will ensure they do not drift too far apart . 15", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 355, "text": "time series data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * - Amendola , N . , Mancini , G . , Redaelli , S . , & Vecchi , G . ( 2023 ) . Price adjustments and poverty measurement , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 10426 . - Ameye , H . , & De Weerdt , J . ( 2020 ) . Child health across the rural – urban spectrum . _World Development_ , _130_ . - Balk , D . L . , Deichmann , U . , Yetman , G . , Pozzi , F . , Hay , S . I . , & Nelson , A . ( 2006 ) . Determining global population distribution : Methods , applications , and data . _Advances in Parasitology_ , _62_ , 119 – 156 . - Beegle , K . , & Christiaensen , L . ( 2019 ) . _Accelerating poverty reduction in Africa_ . Washington , D . C . : World Bank . - Bidani , B . , & Ravallion , M . ( 1993 ) . A regional poverty profile for Indonesia . _Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies_ , _29_ ( 3 ) , 37 – 68 . - Blinder , A . S . ( 1973 ) . Wage discrimination : Reduced form and structural estimates . _Journal of Human Resources_ , _8_ , 436 – 455 . - Brecht , H . , Deichmann , U . , & Wang , H . G . ( 2013 ) . A global urban risk index , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 6506 . - Bryan , G . , Glaeser , E . , & Tsivanidis , N . ( 2020 ) . Cities in the developing world . _Annual Review of Economics_ , _12_ , 273 – 297 . - Castañeda , A . , Doan , D . , Newhouse , D . , Nguyen , M . C . , Uematsu , H . , Azevedo , J . P . , & World Bank Data for Goals Group . ( 2018 ) . A new profile of the global poor . _World Development_ , _101_ , 250 – 267 . - Castells-Quintana , D . , & Wenban-Smith", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". - As a collective approach and a common service platform , the conduct of CORA pushes for improvements in engaging the communities under the new normal . # # # # * * Main issues or gaps being addressed : * * - Unmet and continuing priority humanitarian needs ( since the launching of the HRP on March 2020 ) - Evolving priority needs in the next six months ( revision of the HRP from JulyDecember 2020 ) - Community consultation fatigue ( series of perception surveys , other types of assessment and consultation ) - Vulnerable sector - Closing the feedback loop - New normal # # # # * * Sub-issue : localization * * - Dependent on the local networks and existing partnerships / collaborations - Limited response capacities and resources - Gaps in the collaborations between government and other agencies - Challenges of the lockdown and community quarantine protocol # # # # * * Methodology : * * - Household and Key Informant Interviews - Use of CORA tool - Face-to-face consultation and phone call interview - Common service partnerships at the local level in terms of target respondents and coverage areas .", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 469, "text": "perception surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 , 64 ' 5 | | | ( postal , other ) | 5 , 802 | ( 3 % ) | < br > 3 , 086 | ( 2 % ) | ) | | | Equipment : < br > ( transportation ) | 14 , 837 | ( 8 % ) | < br > 17 , 889 | ( 9 % ) | < br > 1 , 826 | | | ( others ) | 2 , 025 | ( 1 % ) | < br > 5 , 396 | < br > ( 3 % ) | < br > 5 , 535 | | | Staff housing and < br > building | 15 , 820 | ( 9 % ) | < br > 17 , 312 | ( 8 % ) | < br > 16 , 372 | | | Others ( Road construc - < br > tion , land purchase , < br > regional surveys , etc ) | < br > 6 , 126 | ( 3 % ) | < br > 7 , 636 | ( 4 % ) | < br > 7 , 423 | | Total | | 194 , 667 | | 205 , 901 | | 207 , 522 | September 2 , 1981", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 477, "text": "regional surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 0090 | − 0 . 0043 | − 0 . 0070 | − 0 . 015 | | | ( 0 . 0095 ) | ( 0 . 0099 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | | Observations | 862 | 862 | 862 | 830 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 90 | 0 . 90 | 0 . 90 | 0 . 90 | | Household level controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Agricultural controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Group controls | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Control for other group | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Additional group controls | No | No | No | Yes | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 1982 and 2006 rounds of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research . _Note_ : < sup > * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 1 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p < _ 0 . 01 . Robust standard errors clustered at the village level are reported in parentheses . The coefficients on the other controls are reported in table S1 . 1 in the supplementary appendix S1 . The reference group is defined as individuals from the same caste and the same occupation . The other group refers to individuals from the same caste that do not have agriculture as their main occupation . Group controls and controls for other groups include the number of individuals in each group ( in log ) and the mean value for the demographic characteristics in each group . Additional group controls include the average amount of land in each group and the amount of transfers within groups .", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 617, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 . 42 | 20 . 43 | | 2008 | 1 . 29 | 1 . 31 | 1 . 28 | 1 . 59 | 2 . 68 | 21 . 99 | _Source : own estimates based on panel HIECPS survey 2005-2008 . _ The widening of the distribution is well illustrated by growth rates for different percentiles . Figure 2 shows growth-incidence curves ( GICs ) for Egypt overall , and for urban and rural areas , over 2005-2008 . Such curves show the annual growth rate for household welfare at each percentile from the poorest ( 1 < sup > st < / sup > percentile , on the left ) to the richest ( 100 < sup > th < / sup > percentile , on the right ) . The positive slope of the growth incidence curves suggests that the rich gained more than the poor , especially in rural areas , which show even a fall in real welfare for the poorest percentiles in contrast to overall positive growth . In urban areas the growth incidence curve has a characteristic U-shape , suggesting that the richest and the poorest had the highest growth rate , while the middle , especially those between the 20 < sup > th < / sup > and 60 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles , experienced the slowest growth , bordering just 1 percent per year . < sup > 16 < / sup > Taking bottom 20 percent as poor in the country , one can see that in absolute sense the poor as a group had a small gain ( with the extreme poor in rural areas experiencing a fall in welfare ) . Taking into consideration confidence intervals , one can say that for Egypt and for rural areas , the poor have experienced growth rates below the mean . In fact , the poor in Egypt had the lowest growth rate , hence the growth was not pro-poor in a relative sense . > 16 It is important to remember that the period of high growth during 2005-2008 was preceded by five years of losses . For the lower-middle class , 1 percent per annum gain does not even compensate for losses", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 137, "text": "HIECPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ Annex 2 : Socio-Economic Household Survey Questionnaire # # # # # # * * Informed Consent * * Thank you for the opportunity to speak with you . We are from MDI Consulting Engineers working with Ethiopian Electric Power . We are conducting a household survey to learn about socio-economic characteristics of the households in this area . Your household has been selected to participate in an interview that includes questions on topics such as your family background , livelihood strategies dwelling characteristics , household income & expenditures and access to social services . The survey also includes questions about the household vulnerability to shocks , trends and coping strategies , existing formal and informal social support mechanisms , knowledge , information and attitude towards the proposed TL & SS subproject . These questions in total will take approximately 45 minutes to complete and your participation is entirely based on your free will . Your answers will be completely confidential , we will not share information that identifies you with anyone . If you have any questions about the survey or what I have said you have the right to ask clarification and also you have full right not to participate in the survey . Date of interview _______________________________________ | Print name of interviewer | | - - - | | Name of Supervisor | # # # # # # * * 1 . Address of the household * * | 1 . 1 | Zone | | - - - | - - - | | 1 . 2 | Woreda | | 1 . 3 | Kebele | | 1 . 4 | Village | | 1 . 5 | Name of Household head | # # # # # # * * 2", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 240, "text": "Socio-Economic Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 439, "end": 455, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These differences across shocks and regions in our sample relative to the reported incidence in EMDAT may reflect data availability and our restriction to studies in English . Most studies use data at the micro level — household ( 35 percent ) or individual ( 21 percent ) — while 38 percent use data at the country level and 27 percent at the subnational level ( Table 1 ) . These shares are not mutually exclusive since some studies provide estimates using data at different levels . At the estimate level , 54 percent use data at the country level to estimate the poor ’ s exposure to climate shocks and almost 40 percent use country-level data to estimate the adverse impact of climate shocks on the poor ( Table 2 ) . The channels through which the poor are more adversely affected by climate shocks than the non-poor include income reduction ( almost a third of estimates ) , aggregate human capital losses ( 17 percent of estimates ) , mortality , poor health , and food insecurity ( about 6 percent of estimates each ) . # _3 . 2 Climate shock exposure_ More than two-thirds ( 68 percent ) of estimates found that the poor are statistically significantly more exposed to climate shocks ( Table 2 ) . Of the estimates that are not from the World Bank ’ s CCDRs , 59 percent documented greater exposure of the poor , especially to droughts , extreme heat , and floods ( together about three-quarters of estimates ) . Compared with studies of other natural disasters , studies of heat were 22 percentage points more likely to find that the poor were more exposed than the average household or country . Studies on droughts were 19 percentage points more likely to find that the poor were more exposed and studies on floods were 29 percentage points more likely to find that the poor were more exposed ( Table 4 , columns 1-2 ) . When the CCDRs are excluded , the results on exposure are qualitatively similar . The prevalence of studies finding that the poor are more exposed to shocks may reflect the data used in these studies . For example , there is some evidence that the poor are more", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 101, "text": "EMDAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1262, "end": 1267, "text": "CCDRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more , while a more fortunate 10 percent have a PTR of 36 or lower . These inequities occur between districts and sub-district areas , but primarily occur within a single sub-district area ( _zone_ ) : school PTRs within a single zone can vary by a factor of ten or more ( Ministry of Education , 2021a ) . This inequitable distribution of teachers contributes to Malawi ’ s poor levels of student retention and progression . More than 5 percent of students drop out in Grade 1 , < sup > 1 < / sup > with dropout rates rising to almost 7 percent in upper grades ( Malawi Longitudinal School Survey , 2021 ) . Fewer than two-thirds of students entering Grade 1 are still in school by Grade 5 . Those students who remain in school frequently repeat grades : < sup > 2 < / sup > more than one-third of Grade 1 students repeat , and repetition rates are above 18 percent in all grades ( Ministry of Education , 2021b ) . Those students who do progress in school nevertheless achieve low learning outcomes : in Grade 2 , fewer than 25 percent of students achieve minimum proficiency levels in the Early Grade Reading Assessment ( EGRA ) conducted by the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . At Grade 6 , fewer than 25 percent of students achieve minimum proficiency levels in the Southern African Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality ( SACMEQ ) assessment in Mathematics , placing Malawi near the bottom in the region . The persistence of this poor distribution of teachers reflects weaknesses in Malawi ’ s systems of national - and district-level resource allocation . Until recently , the rules governing allocations were excessively broad , requiring only that teachers be sent to schools with a PTR above 60 . With more than half of schools above this level , this introduced a high degree of discretion in allocations . < sup > 3 < / sup > Teachers exploit this discretion , using formal and informal channels of influence to resist placements > 1 Grades are known as Standards in Malawi , but will be referenced as Grades throughout this paper . Grades range from Grade 1-12 .", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 597, "text": "Malawi Longitudinal School Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "096 , 596 / = . * * The case was heard , concluded and judgment was to be given on notice . The court on 28 April 2020 delivered judgment and awarded the plaintiff a sum of * * Kshs 20 , 746 , 800 / = plus costs and interest as per copy of judgment . * * The Management has sought further advice from the * * AG * * and also requested the * * AG * * to file an appeal in the court of appeal Challenging the award as well as seek a stay of execution of the judgment . The process of appeal is ongoing . This is an active case and the Bureau is exposed to the extent of the judgment sum plus costs and interest # # # # * * c . Nakuru High Court Civil Petition No . 18 of 2019 : Robert Njenga - VsKenya National Bureau of Statistics & 2 Others * * This case was filed before High Court of Kenya at Nakuru . The * * KNBS * * County Statistical Officer and the Nakuru County Commissioner are sued as the lt and 2 nd respondents respectively . The applicants are challenging the recruitment of civil servants who were recruited to carry out census activities within Nakuru County . The two were authorized officers working on behalf of * * KNBS * * in the recruitment of * * 2019 * * census personnel within Nakuru County . The Bureau ' s defence as filed * * by * * the Honorable Attorney General is that all personnel involved in the 2019 census were recruited competitively , with preference for youths as enumerators while for supervisors , * * KNBS * * hired mainly experienced people including civil servants . On various dates , the matter did not proceed for hearing . The last mention date was on 8 September , 2020 when the trial Judge fixed the matter for hearing on * * 1s October 2020 * * The matter is still pending . # # # # * * d . Kisumu ELRC Petition No . 25 of 2019 : Michael Kojo", "spans": [{"start": 1330, "end": 1341, "text": "2019 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Partnership and that there could be value in organizing similar workshops to develop concrete recommendations for the development of whole-of-society approach in implementing the CRRF . NGOs encouraged strengthening the accountability of UNHCR by building the partnership skills in job descriptions . UNHCR and NGO leadership should continue to create regular space for open dialogues and engagements . The annual planning process should be more open , with resource and needs presentation , partner participation and a widened whole-of-society pool of stakeholders . Together UNHCR and NGOs should keep institutionalizing their efforts for better coordination and delivery of support for PoC . # # # # # _UNHCR / NGO Partnership Survey_ Oral updates were also given on the perception of UNHCR / NGO partnership dynamics as evaluated through the annual partnership survey . This survey has been used since 2014 . In 2017 the data was received and analysed jointly by HIAS and InterAction in consultation with UNHCR-IPMS . In 2017 there were 450 respondents including 100 UNHCR staff across the world . NGO partners reported a favourable and positive overall partnership with UNHCR ; continuing a trend of increasingly favourable assessments of partnership with NGOs for the last four years . There was an eleven percent decrease in the proportion of respondents who view the UNHCR-NGO partnership as poor or fair . NGOs indicated the most Report 2017 ● UNHCR Annual Consultations with NGOs * * 47 * *", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 874, "text": "annual partnership survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * ANNEX IX : Checklist for Data collection * * | * * Baseline date * * | * * Parameter * * | * * Descri * * < br > * * ption * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Demograph | Population number ( male and female ) | | | y < br > of < br > the | Age group | | | proposed | Religion | | | project | Ethnicity | | | implementa | Type of livelihood Agriculture , commercial or both ) | | | tion area | Livelihoods and employment rate to the city | | | | Birth / Death rates | | | 2 . Physical | 2 . 1 Description of the project site including boundary areas | | | Environme < br > nt | 2 . 1 Air resource such as meteorological data ( Temperature , wind and wind direction ) , < br > Ambient air quality ( Particulates ) , Stationary source of emission ; mobile source of < br > emission ( e . g Cars and truck etc ) | | | | 2 . 3 Water Resource | | | | Surface water : such as location and type ( e . g estuaries , streams lakes and their position < br > relative to the site , water quality information ( e . g BOD , COD , temperature , nutrients ) , < br > existing pollutant source ( location and amount of discharge ) , future uses | | | | Ground water : description of key factors ( e . g . , depth to water table , overlying soil , < br > geologic features ) , water quality information ( e . g pH , Solid ) , | | | | 2 . 4 Soil and Geology : topography , soil structure , ground water movement , erosion < br > potential , subsidence , seismic activity ( e . g proximity to faults , history of earthquakes < br > and volcanic eruptions", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 633, "text": "meteorological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To enable the communities to be self-reliant , a holistic approach is required . A significant role is required from government to show the willingness to integrate the refugee community and to leverage resources . Development agencies including UN and NGOs are required to plan for long-term activities to help refugees achieve self-reliance . Based on the findings of this report , cross cutting and camp-specific programmatic recommendations are presented in following sections . # # 6 . 2 < mark > Cross-cutting recommendations < / mark > Cross-cutting recommendations include : - a . advocating for enforcing refugee acts and nationality act in all three camps through regular consultation with government and civil society ; - b . ensuring work force development , focusing on agriculture , through trainings , specific targeting and proper technology ; - c . introducing asset building activities like Food for Asset ( FFA ) light and FFA activities to substitute general food distribution ; and - d . targeting very poor and vulnerable households and determining a timeframe for continuing general food distribution ; - e . Provided that other recommended activities are systematically and effectively implemented , WFP might continue to provide General Food Distribution ( GFD ) for at least two agricultural seasons , while livelihoods options are implemented to develop refugees ’ resilience to shock , and to gradually withdraw provision of free handouts including GFD . However , vulnerable households , disabled , chronically ill and child headed households would continue to receive on-going humanitarian assistance . Future actions regarding these groups would be taken based on a household survey to be conducted specifically targeting these groups to determine the progress and status of their welfare . # # 6 . 3 < mark > Camp-specific recommendations < / mark > # # # 6 . 3 . 1 Napere Recommendations for Napere camp include the following : - a . Based on the low income levels of the refugee population , UNHCR / WFP joint initiative should introduce cash grants to refugees with entrepreneurial ideas interested in small business opportunities . The grants should be relatively flexible packages that allow", "spans": [{"start": 1697, "end": 1713, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ément sous la forme d ’ un droit pour tout enfant – même si la constitution de l ’ Ouganda prévoit que « L ’ État devra enregistrer toute naissance , tout mariage et tout décès se produisant en Ouganda » . < sup > 62 < / sup > Seul le Code des enfants de 2008 du Soudan du Sud , dit _Child Act_ , instaure que tout enfant a le droit d ’ être enregistré . < sup > 63 < / sup > Au Kenya , la Loi de 2011 dite _Citizenship and Immigration Act_ prévoit le droit à un acte de naissance , qui s ’ applique uniquement aux ressortissants et pas aux enfants ; la Loi dite _Births and Deaths Registration Act_ rend l ’ enregistrement des naissances obligatoire , mais n ’ en fait pas un droit . < sup > 64 < / sup > Le Cadre juridique général de l ’ état-civil est toujours inscrit dans les textes législatifs depuis les années 1920 au Kenya et en Tanzanie , même s ’ il a été amendé à de nombreuses reprises : le cadre initial de ces lois rendait l ’ enregistrement obligatoire uniquement pour les « Européens et les Asiatiques » . L ’ enregistrement universel des naissances au Kenya n ’ a été introduit qu ’ après l ’ indépendance et n ’ inclura l ’ ensemble du pays qu ’ à partir de 1971 ; en Tanzanie , l ’ enregistrement de la naissance des Africains a commencé en 1950 et , comme au Kenya , a été progressivement rendu obliga", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Milanovic ( 2016 ) and Chandy and Siedel ( 2017a , 2017b ) . We find that such adjustments have little effect on global poverty measures , but substantially revise upwards both global and national inequality , and significantly change our understanding of the distributional nature of growth and ‘ shared prosperity ’ . < sup > 3 < / sup > Notably , the relationship between observed levels of inequality and country income levels changes significantly , strengthening evidence of a Kuznets curve where inequality first rises and then falls with economic development ( Kuznets , 1955 ) . The remainder of the paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 presents the data compiled for the analysis presented in this paper . Section 3 discusses reasons why gaps exist and presents our analysis of the differences between survey means and national accounts estimates ( both in terms of levels and change over time ) based on our newly compiled data . Section 4 considers two adjustments to survey data to reconcile these differences and describes the implications of each for global poverty and inequality measurement ; the final section offers some concluding thoughts . # * * 2 . Data * * # * * _National accounts_ * * Our main comparison between survey and national accounts data focuses on comparing the survey household consumption aggregate with the component of national accounts that corresponds to household expenditure , known as household final consumption expenditure ( HFCE ) and established in the 1993 System of National Accounts . < sup > 4 < / sup > While per capita HFCE is the variable that conceptually most closely corresponds to the measures from household surveys , < sup > 5 < / sup > we also compare survey estimates to per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) estimates , for two reasons . First , GDP is a more frequently cited indicator of economic development and may be measured with less noise than HFCE , which is sometimes measured as > 3 Shared prosperity is an indicator of shared growth developed by the World Bank , measuring the income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the distribution in each country . It is often compared to the average growth of the country .", "spans": [{"start": 981, "end": 992, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "outlined above to correct for potential endogeneity problems . To this purpose , we take advantage of the panel nature of the data in order to employ a fixed effect estimator methodology ( FE , hereafter ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > In this way , the effect of a variation of the specified covariates is the same for all individuals and over all periods of time , but the average effect for each individual _i_ can be different from individual _j_ . The FE estimator allows us to wipe out all time-invariant unobserved characteristics , which may be correlated with the conflict measure and with our dependent variable . Therefore , we take advantage of the longitudinal design of our ̳ _ad hoc ’ _ panel data in order to eliminate individual unobserved heterogeneity . The FE model does not account for time-variant omitted variables . Our specification includes thus year dummies that allow us to control for this unobserved time-variant heterogeneity . In addition to potential sample biases , the results may also contain identification biases . One potential threat to our identification strategy is that trends in education before the 1999 violence were not ̳ _parallel ’ _ between affected and not affected group . The violation of this assumption would lead to wrong conclusions because pre-existing trends could then be driving post-conflict education outcomes . We have examined the average educational grade achieved before the 1999 violence of affected and not affected groups of individuals . Figures 6a and 6b show that trends in education levels of affected and not affected groups were parallel for cohorts which were not exposed to the 1999 conflict during primary school years and were old enough in 1999 to have completed at least their primary school level . < sup > 17 < / sup > The graphs are done by estimating separate kernel-weighted local polynomial regressions of attained grade of education against age using an Epanechnikov kernel . Given the in figures 6a and 6b , it is unlikely that pre-existing trends may be driving our postconflict outcomes . # * * 4 . 2 . Identification strategy : The impact of violence on primary school completion in 2007 * * The second aim of this paper is to", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 705, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "environment in schools . A recent school utilization study indicates that the number of MoE students is expected to increase by 124 , 634 between 2008 and 2013 . It is estimated that there will be a need to provide an additional 3 , 360 classrooms over this time period . # # # * * Institutional and Regulatory Set-up Relative to Environmental Management * * 7 . Environmental management in Jordan falls under the responsibility of the Jordan Ministry of Environmental Policy and Enforcement . However , construction permits for schools in urban areas are issued by the concerned municipalities and the Water Authority of Jordan ( WAJ ) . WAJ deals with permits for connections to water and sewerage services , where they exist , or permits to provide in-situ water wells and sewage disposal facilities . Municipalities issue building permits for compliance with zoning and building codes , review off-site drainage and access roads , and review requirements for the provision of solid waste disposal services . # # # * * Identification and Role of Stakeholders and Implementation Arrangements * * 8 . The main stakeholders are the MoE and the Government Buildings Directorate ( GBD ) of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing , the concerned municipalities , concerned NGOs , the community at-large and beneficiary population . 9 . MoE will be responsible for the overall implementation of the project , and GBD will be responsible for the implementation of the civil works component . Directorate of Planning under MoE will be responsible for site selection and identification of needs . Directorate of Buildings and International Projects ( DBIP ) under MoE will be responsible for providing standard school designs . DBIP will accomplish this in direct coordination with GBD , that will be fully responsible for the implementation of all civil works contracts under the project . 10 . MoE had provided relevant training to its staff in proper administration of environmental and social concerns , both in terms of addressing environmental and social issues as well as the welfare of beneficiary communities during ERfKE I . These trained", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 58, "text": "school utilization study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": 387-407 . - Hoekman , B . and B . Shepherd . 2019 . “ Services Trade Policies and Economic Integration : New Evidence for Developing Countries , ” EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2019 / 57 . - Jafari , Y . and D . Tarr , 2017 , “ Estimates of Ad Valorem Equivalents of Barriers against Foreign Suppliers of Services in Eleven Services Sectors and 103 Countries , ” _The World Economy , _ < mark > 40 ( 3 ) : 544-73 . < / mark > - Kox , H . and A . Lejour , 2005 . \" Regulatory heterogeneity as obstacle for international services trade , \" CPB Discussion Paper 49 , CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis . - Miroudot , S . and B . Shepherd . 2016 . “ Trade Costs and Global Value Chains in Services , ” in M . Roy and P . Sauvé ( eds . ) , _Research Handbook on Trade in Services . _ Edward Elgar . - < mark > Moïsé , E . and S < / mark > . Sorescu . 2013 . \" Trade Facilitation Indicators : The Potential Impact of Trade Facilitation on Developing Countries ' Trade , \" Trade Policy Papers 144 , OECD Publishing , Paris . - Mustilli , F . and J . Pelkmans , 2013 , _Access Barriers to Services Markets Mapping , tracing , understanding and measuring_ , Brussels : CEPS Special Report 77 . - Nordås , H . 2016 , “ Services Trade Restrictiveness Index ( STRI ) : The Trade Effect of Regulatory Differences ” , Trade Policy Papers 189 , OECD Publishing , Paris . - OECD , 2017 , _International Regulatory Cooperation and Trade : Understanding the Trade Costs of Regulatory Divergence and the Remedies_ . Paris : OECD . - Weissinger , R . 2019 . “ Methods to Determine Needs for Service Standards , ” University of Geneva , mimeo . - WTO . 2019 . _World Trade Report 2019 : The future of services trade_ . Geneva : WTO . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in TFP across countries . Here , management practices are found to explain at least a fifth of within-country heterogeneity in firm performance , thereby suggesting that firm - and sectorspecific factors are at least as important as the general business environment in shaping firm performance ( Bloom et al . , 2016 ) . The four sets of practices that comprise an overall management score in the World Management Survey include : operations , performance monitoring , incentives , and target-setting ( Bloom and Van Reenen , 2007 ) . Questions in the operations category seek to understand the production process and the adoption of lean manufacturing techniques , while those in monitoring category solicit responses on the types of production and input data that are collected as well as how the performance of capital and workers is measured . Questions on practices relating to the hiring and firing of workers as well as the criteria for bonuses and promotions comprise the incentives category . Finally , the target-setting category evaluates practices relating to defining and communicating organizational goals , setting a time frame for implementation , whether or not these goals are demanding , and if there are consequences for failing to achieve them . In prior studies , these scores are averaged to obtain an overall management score . In addition to focusing on the composite management score , studies have also considered specific categories of management practices . Weaknesses in management practices , for example , relating to data driven performance monitoring cripples the overall management score in Croatia ( Grover et al . , 2019 ) . Monitoring includes specific practices that help managers define their key performance indicators ( e . g . inventory , sales , absenteeism ) and track them periodically over time . By comparison , Croatia firms ’ average score on practices relating to target setting and incentives is relatively closer to that of United States firms . Incentive practices relate to how managers and non-managers are awarded bonuses and promotions . The findings for Croatia and the Russian Federation regarding the weaknesses of these subindices are similar , that is , monitoring practices are weaker ( Grover et al . , 2019 ; Grover and Torre , 2019 ) . By comparison ,", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 420, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") simultaneously < br > to GoU and the Bank for review . < br > PTC sub-committee will verify that the assessment results are accurate . < br > ( ii ) MoFPED presents to the PTC , evidence for the disbursement from the central < br > government to LGs of Program funds in the last FY period has been done on time ( starting < br > with the second disbursement of DDEG for Program duration ) < br > After approval of the results , the MoFPED in liaison with MLHUD will calculate the final < br > allocation to each LG as per the formula in the Bank Disbursement Table , and provide the < br > aggregate disbursement amount to the Word Bank for review . < br > As part of implementation support , Bank will review the assessment results , the allocation < br > amount and will ensure the timely disbursement of Program funds . | 39", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 860 | | Adult Tonsillectomy | 3 , 398 | 17 , 251 | 1 , 931 | 102 , 749 | 1 , 010 | 13 , 588 , 218 | | < br > Hysterectomy | 5 , 783 | 640 , 565 | 5 , 420 | N / a | 1 , 869 | 250 , 704 , 845 | | < br > Haemorrhoidectomy | 4 , 945 | 12 , 787 | 2 , 081 | 137 , 213 | 781 | 23 , 160 , 663 | | < br > Rhinoplasty | 5 , 050 | 7 , 265 | 3 , 417 | N / a | 1 , 906 | 2 , 284 , 315 | | < br > Bunionectomy | 6 , 046 | 3 , 139 | 2 , 392 | 41 , 507 | 1 , 487 | 5 , 186 , 290 | | < br > Cataract extraction | 3 , 595 | 2 , 215 | 2 , 325 | 1 , 430 , 785 | 1 , 133 | 171 , 078 , 116 | | Varicose vein surgery | 7 , 065 | 1 , 957 | 2 , 373 | 148 , 043 | 1 , 393 | 15 , 618 , 521 | | < br > Glaucoma procedures | 3 , 882 | - | 2 , 292 | 75 , 838 | 1 , 017 | 9 , 670 , 440 | | < br > Tympanoplasty | 4 , 993 | 754 | 3 , 347 | 149 , 246 | 1 , 261 | 31 , 408 , 685 | | Total savings | | | | | | 1 , 415 , 264 , 725 | _Sources : _ Health care Cost and Utilization Project ( H-CUP ) database , 2002 , Vanbreda International , and authors ’ calculations . An “ N / a ” denotes that data was not available . Patient volume data pertain to 2002 , while the prices pertain to 2004 . 20", "spans": [{"start": 1086, "end": 1105, "text": "Patient volume data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ESSA – Financing Locally-Led Climate Action Program ( FLLCA ) < mark > 218 . In addition , poor land records management systems have made it difficult to find even the formal rights ’ holders of the land . Confusing laws and procedures for land registration have resulted in registries of poor integrity , which may be marred by false ownership claims or replete with inaccurate or outdated ownership information . This has undercut trust in the registries and in this case , contributed to an incomplete compensation process . A common issue with compensating formal title-holders is when succession takes place without transfer of the formal rights . The titles are therefore often still in the name of the deceased . < / mark > 219 . The Land Laws ( Amendment ) Act 2016 presents another hurdle to identifying legitimate rights ’ holders . In an apparent contradiction to the constitutional provision for compensation of occupants in good faith , the Land Laws ( Amendment ) Act prohibits unlawful occupation of public and private land . The Constitution allows forced evictions to take place under certain conditions but mandates the passing of legislation to guide the procedures guiding forced evictions . The procedure to be followed during eviction have been included in the Land Laws ( Amendment ) Act ( 2016 ) and stipulates that certain measures are to be taken into account during evictions but does not explicitly mention compensation as one such measure . The new amendment to the Land Act 2016 , criminalization of unlawful occupation of land . - A new section in the Land Act prohibits unlawful occupation of public , private or public land . - An unlawful occupant of all classes of land shall be evicted in accordance with the Act - < mark > U < / mark > nlawful occupants are entitled to notice prior to eviction . 220 . The following eviction procedure shall be followed : - < mark > prior identification of all person participating in the eviction < / mark > - < mark > prior presentation of formal authorization for the action < / mark > - < mark > where groups of people are being evicted , government officials or", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 127, "text": "land records management systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Area Name * * | * * Reasons for Designation ( with Highest Red List status for species ) * * | * * TL Section * * < br > * * Relevance * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sango Bay Area IBA | Recognized for 45 bird species , including one VU , one NT and 43 LC < br > species . These birds are largely forest specialists , with the water - < br > dependent birds being White-winged Tern , Blue Swallow and Papyrus < br > Gonolek . | Both | | Minziro Forest | Located in Tanzania as an extension of the Sango Bay IBA . | Mas-Mut | | Reserve IBA | | | * denotes species where the Uganda National Red List provides the highest threatened status The TL route avoids all of the internationally recognized areas listed in Table 6 , with the exception of the Lake Wamala Catchment KBA . This water catchment is recognized for three fish species , a dragonfly and a plant species . The TL passes through the higher-lying ground of eastern-most edge of the catchment where there is no aquatic habitat , and the TL will not impact the fish or damselfly ( aquatic-associated ) species . The plant species ( _Dracaena newtoniana_ ) is not evaluated on either the IUCN or national red lists and little is known about its rarity or distribution . No impacts are expected or can be described for this KBA . All species listed in Table 6 have been considered in the assessment of critical habitat , with the exception of _Dracaena newtoniana_ for which there is no data available . Only one species in Table 5 , Shoebill is a species of critical habitat concern , which is further discussed in Chapter 6 . No other impacts to internationally recognized areas are expected . Figure 10 Layout of internationally recognized areas of biodiversity", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 606, "text": "Uganda National Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "defined . For instance , in the case of Iraq , the questionnaire allows to separate out private / public / governmental sector ownership from occupancy status . Moreover , household surveys may allow for country-specific ownership statuses as in the case of Peru for the category “ ownership by invasion . ” Starting from the occupancy status , as a preliminary step in the analysis , households have been regrouped in two mutually exclusive ownership sets : owners and non-market tenants in one group and market tenants in the second group . The first group includes outright owners , owners paying mortgage , and individuals living for free or paying a subsidized rent ; market tenants are defined residually as households paying a rent . The rent paid by market tenants is reported either in monthly or annual values . Table 2 summarizes categories and regrouping specifications for each country and year . Table 3 summarizes the main differences between tenants and owners with respect to dwellings ’ and households ’ characteristics , focusing on the most recent year of analysis . The share of market tenants is typically rather small in all four countries , ranging from 3 . 6 percent in Albania ( 2008 ) to 11 . 1 in Bangladesh ( 2010 ) . The large majority of tenants live in urban areas : 82 percent in Albania , about 90 percent in Bangladesh , and virtually all tenants in Iraq and in Peru . In all 4 countries , individuals living in rented dwellings are concentrated in the region of the capital . For instance , one out of three in the region of Tirana ( Albania ) and two out of three in the region of Dhaka ( Bangladesh ) . The high prevalence of tenants in largely urbanized areas , and within these areas mainly in the capital region , poses a problem to the rent-imputation exercise as the characteristics of dwellings as well as rental markets in such areas might be very different compared to those in the rest of the country . Hedonic models assume that urban and rural rental markets price houses similarly , although this is well-known to be very unlikely , whereas self-assessment might be less accurate in areas of the country", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 189, "text": "household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "experiment known as CVIP : Methodological Experiment on Measuring Cassava Production , Productivity , and Variety Identification . The CVIP fieldwork started in July 2015 and ended in August 2016 . The data were collected on Android tablets , using a computer-assisted personal interviewing ( CAPI ) platform that was designed with the World Bank _Survey Solutions_ CAPI software . The CVIP target universe included households cultivating cassava in five major cassava producing districts in northern , central , and southern Malawi , namely Nkhatabay , Nkhotakota , Lilongwe , Zomba and Mulanje . P9F < sup > 10 < / sup > The selection of these five districts ensured representation from each agroecological zone and Agricultural Development Division ( ADD ) , with the exception of Karonga ADD . P10F < sup > 11 < / sup > Based on the last National Census of Agriculture and Livestock ( NACAL ) 2006 / 07 , Nkhatabay and Nkhotakota were in fact the two districts with the highest percent of households involved in cassava cultivation , production and area under cultivation . Following the district selection , the district agricultural development officers , the assistant agricultural development officers and the crop specialists in each of the five districts were consulted . The consultations aimed to obtain the APES-based cassava production estimates for the MoAIWD Extension Planning Areas ( EPAs ) within each district , such that cassava-producing EPAs were identified . Following the identification of these EPAs , the NSO cartography department identified the census enumeration areas ( EAs ) in each EPA . Out of the universe of EAs in cassava-producing EPAs , 9 EAs were sampled in each district , with probability proportional to the EA-level count of households as captured in the 2008 Population and Housing Census ( PHC ) . In each sampled EA , a household listing exercise was conducted in June 2015 to identify the universe of households cultivating cassava at that time . Out of that list , 28 households were sampled at random in each EA , and 7 sampled households were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 survey treatment that differed in the approach to data collection on production , as explained in section 3 . 1 . Although the target was to have 1", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 886, "text": "National Census of Agriculture and Livestock", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1799, "end": 1833, "text": "2008 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > structured < br > management < br > practices < br > in 35 , 000 manufactur - < br > ing plants | The study fnds large dif - < br > ferences < br > in < br > productivity < br > associated with variations < br > in management practices . | | 2019 | Bloom , < br > Iacovone , < br > Pereira - < br > Lopez , < br > Van < br > Reenen | Mexico , United States | 2014 to 2015 | total factor productiv - < br > ity , proft | survey of management < br > practices , < br > combined < br > with data from Mex - < br > ico ’ s National Survey < br > on < br > Productivity < br > and < br > Competitiveness < br > in < br > 2015 | Management < br > score < br > is < br > strongly < br > and < br > positively < br > correlated < br > with < br > frm < br > productivity . | | 2020 | Karplus < br > and < br > Zhang | China | March < br > and < br > April 2016 | energy efciency , total < br > energy use | two-part < br > survey < br > on < br > management < br > and < br > en - < br > ergy < br > management ; < br > electricity < br > use < br > and < br > production information < br > from SECA survey | Moving < br > from < br > the < br > 25th < br > to < br > 75th < br > percentile < br > on < br > management score reduces < br > electricity < br > intensity < br > by < br > 40 % in value terms and < br > by 33 % in physical terms . | * * 47 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1106, "text": "SECA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that forces people to concentrate on immediate survival needs away from long term considerations . - * * High prevalence of STIs and poor sexual and reproductive health . * * The country ' s STI rates - the most important risk factor along with unprotected sex - are high . - * * Women ' s subordinate status . * * Specific biological reasons explain the higher vulnerability of women to HIV infection compared to men . This gender differential vulnerability is accentuated by traditional practices and the economic balance of prover which constrain women ' s control over their sexuality . For instance , the practice of _gutera intobo_ allows a father to seek sexual favors from his son ' s wife and _gusobanya_ allows a man to do the same with his brother ' s wife when the brother is absent . In addition , the practice of _gucura_ means that a woman is expected to marry her husband ' s brother when her husband dies . Gender imbalance may also arise from the difficulty many women experience in convincing their partners to use condoms or to get tested for HIV / AIDS . - * * Socio-political instability . * * This epidemiological situation is partly explained by the civil strife that was triggered by the assassination of the President of Burundi in 1993 . Widespread violence led to the displacement of about one million people , out of a population of 6 . 4 million ( 1997 ) . Promiscuity in refugees camps , extreme poverty , violence and rape all contributed to a general deterioration of public health arid to the spread of AIDS and other communicable diseases . The conflict has continued at a variable and usually low intensity . The cost of conducting the conflict has brought a sharp reduction in public resources available for health and education , and this has further constrained the struggle against HIV / AIDS . Moreover , continuing movements of formal armies , militia and bandits both within Burundi and in neighboring countries , contribute to the spread of HIV / AIDS . - * * Limited resources . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this effect is not significant . A decrease in concentration after closed cases are economically meaningful . Nocke and Whinston ( 2022 ) for example find that harms to consumers may outweigh potential efficiency gains from mergers when the HHI increases by 200 , among industries that already have a low HHI of 1500-2500 . Changes in informality can explain this unexpected result . Columns ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) show specifications where the left-hand side variable is the SDID change in the concentration ratios , respectively CR4 , the sales share of the four largest firms , and CR1 , the sales share of the largest firm , each expressed as a percentage ranging from 0-100 . The terms _τ_ 0 < sup > _CR_4 < / sup > and _τ_ 0 < sup > _CR_1 < / sup > are quantitatively small and statistically insignificant , suggesting the decrease in the HHI in closed cases is not coming from changes in the market shares of the largest four firms or the largest firm declining by a large amount and must be due to decreased concentration of sales among smaller ( informal ) firms . Columns ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) report specifications where the outcome change is in measures of legal and illegal informal employment proposed by Levy Algazi ( 2010 ) that can be measured in the Economic Census . Legal informal employment is unremunerated labor , < sup > 16 < / sup > illegal informal employment is remunerated labor without employer contributions to social security . In Column ( 5 ) the left-hand side variable is the change in the percentage of workers in establishments with workers but no recorded remuneration . This indicates that workers are compensated out of profits , as in the case of a family business . Here we see _τ_ 0 _legalinformal_ = 1 . 445 ( 0 . 643 ) , suggesting closed cases see a 1 . 445 percentage point increase in the share of workers operating in firms that record no remuneration . In Column ( 6 ) the left-hand side variable is employer contributions to social security as a percentage of the wage bill . The term _τ_ 0 _illegalinformal_ = - 1 . 504 (", "spans": [{"start": 1255, "end": 1270, "text": "Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) # # * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # # * * A . Country Context * * 1 . * * South Sudan was beset by decades of armed conflicts even prior to its independence in 2011 , and these have only become increasingly complex in the years since . * * Southern Sudan , as the region was called before independence , has been marred by conflict since 1955 , just a year before Sudan attained its independence from British colonial rule . The region experienced systematic marginalization and underdevelopment under both British and Sudanese rule , inhibiting it from developing its physical and human capital . Consequently , at its independence in July 2011 , South Sudan ranked almost at the bottom of the global development indicators with little infrastructure , basic services provided almost entirely through humanitarian aid , and an economy completely dependent on oil . Renewed civil conflict broke out in December 2013 and has only recently subsided with the formation of a new government in February 2020 , pursuant to the terms of the September 2018 Revitalized Peace Agreement . < mark > As a result of decades of violence , nearly 7 . 5 million people of the estimated 14 million total population rely on some type of humanitarian assistance or protection . < / mark > < sup > 1 < / sup > 2 . * * The country is highly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters , and increased stress on natural resources is fueling local conflicts * * . The Global Climate Risk Index ranked the country 125 out of 171 between 1998 and 2018 . < sup > 2 < / sup > With a strong reliance on subsistence farming and pastoralism , rural communities are particularly affected by extreme weather events and natural disasters , including the recent desert locust invasion . Historical records show a large year-to-year variability in precipitation , but droughts have become more frequent and widespread since the 1960s . < sup > 3 <", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 831, "text": "global development indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1559, "end": 1584, "text": "Global Climate Risk Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1867, "end": 1885, "text": "Historical records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on return facilitation for long-term refugees by UNHCR ( UNHCR , 2009 ) . This was a response to a large – scale naturalization process that was set in motion for the 1972 refugees residing in the Old Settlements . As proposed by the Tripartite Commission , they were given the option to either return to Burundi or to apply for citizenship in Tanzania . More than 160 , 000 Burundians applied for Tanzanian citizenship ( UNHCR , 2009 ) , which was finally granted to them in 2010 . Around 50 , 000 1972 refugees decided to return to Burundi , of which over 30 , 000 of them were already repatriated in 2008 . A small minority opted for resettlement in third countries . Due to the high naturalization rates of 1972 refugees this group constituted only 11 per cent of the total number of repatriates between 2002 and 2011 . Most of the 1972 refugees returned to the southern provinces of Makamba , Bururi and Rutana , whereas as a total group repatriates returned to the border provinces of Makamba , Ruyigi and Muyinga . Together these provinces received almost 60 percent of all repatriates since 2002 ( UNHCR , 2011 ) . Many also returned to the fertile shores of Lake Tanganyika in Bururi , to Kirundo province in the north , and Rutana province in the south . In 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 , repatriation from Tanzania continued , although at a lower pace . Numbers even dropped to around 1 , 000 in 2010 . After the closing of Nduta refugee camp in 2008 , Mtabila remained the only refugee camp for Burundians in Tanzania , and it currently hosts around 37 , 000 people . > 3 tUNHCR Burundi put into place a counting system for repatriation in 2002 . All statistics from before 2002 are therefore estimates , often based on the statistics of countries of asylum . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1730, "end": 1763, "text": "statistics of countries of asylum", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| N ( obs . ) | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | | N ( frms ) | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . RCA is a standard measure of comparative advantages of Germany versus Poland and the world . All measures of German influence refer to the period 1994-2004 . Standard errors in parentheses clustered at 2-digit industry level . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level , and * * * 1 % level . TFPR is estimated using the method proposed in Ackerberg et al . ( 2015 ) . 35", "spans": [{"start": 190, "end": 201, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ministry_ of _Water and Energy_ _Page 2-4_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 2-1 : Option I - full surface irrigation 10 1 770 ha < br > PROPOSED < br > DIVERSION < br > . WEIR < br > FUll SURFACE IRRIGATION < br > 100 % jJ ' JTENSI : ! Y : 10 , 770ha < br > RAIN-FED < br > 3 , 690ha OPTION - ! < br > FULL SURFACE IRRIGATION < br > NET IRRIGATION AREA 10 , 770ha < br > RAIN-FED AREA 3 , 690ha < br > TOTAL WATER NEEDED 137 . 06MCM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : RIDP FS ( 2010 ) _ _Figure_ 2-2 : _Option II_ - _varying intensity surface irrigation_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > PROPOSED < br > DIVERSION < br > WEIR < br > 1 < br > RAIN-F ~ D < br > SURFACE < br > IRRIGATION < br > 1 , S70ha I 8 , 000 - 9 , OOOha < br > @ 7S % Intensity < br > OPTION-II < br > 1 . SURFACE IRRIGATION @ 100 % IntenSity < br > NET IRRIGATION AREA 4 , 000 S , OOOha < br > 2 . 5URFACE IRRIGATION @ 75 % Intensity < br > NET IRRIGATION AREA 8 , 000 9 , OOOha < br > RAIN-FED AREA l , S70ha < br > TOTAL WATER NEEDED 137 . 03MCM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Source : RID", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Based on the census survey results , there are 26 households whose farmland of varying sizes affected by the Subproject . Table 11 . 1 below summarizes the severity of the land-take and categories of PAHs that are affected to varying degrees depending on the modified assessment criteria used to determine the severity of impact on the PAHs . Table 11 . 1 : PAHs by Severity of Impact on Farmland | * * Severity * * | * * Proportion of Impacted Farmland ( in % ) * * | * * No . of * * < br > * * PAHs * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | SeverelyAffected | 80 % & more or land-poor ( Less than 0 . 25 ha ) | 2 | 7 . 7 | | SignificantlyAffected | 41 % to 80 % | 6 | 23 . 1 | | ModeratelyAffected | 20 % to 40 % Farmland | 7 | 26 . 9 | | Limited Impact | Less than 20 % | 11 | 42 . 3 | | * * Total PAHs * * | | * * 26 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | Accordingly , based on the impact severity assessment criteria and for the purpose of this LRP , there are 2 PAHs who are considered near landless are considered to be “ _Severely Affected_ ” . The number of PAHs whose loss of farmland size is between 41 % and 80 % are 6 and these are considered “ _Significantly Affected_ ” . Those PAHs that are categorized as “ _Moderately Affected_ ” constituted 7 and their affected farmland is between", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 175, "text": "census survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with HEIS . Otherwise delete ] _ * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . [ Provide any other relevant procurement information such as procedures for procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance , or Capacity Constraints etc . ] _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "] contract award details of all procurement of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services using open international procedure ; and [ d ] a list of contracts / purchase orders placed following DC procedures on a quarterly basis . Further , the implementing agency will also publish on their websites any information required under the provisions of ‘ _suo moto_ ’ disclosure as specified by the Right to Information Act . 10", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 197, "text": "list of contracts / purchase orders", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pocket expenses , loss in household income and productivity loss , amounts to 52 million birr or roughly US $ 1 billion ( as of 2022 ) , accounting for nearly 1 percent of Ethiopia ’ s GDP in 2020 . Combined with the cost of service provision , which presents a significant drain on the health sector , criminal justice services , civil legal services and social services , the economic impact of IPV in Ethiopia in 2022 was estimated to be US $ 1 . 3billion or 1 . 21 percent of GDP . < sup > 11 < / sup > - * * C . Project Status * * 9 . * * Prepared prior to the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities , the Response-Recovery-Resilience for ConflictAffected Communities in Ethiopia ( 3R-4-CACE ) parent project ( P177233 ) became effective on September 16 , 2022 , with an International Development Association ( IDA ) grant of US $ 300 million and has a current closing date of March 31 , 2027 . * * The objective of the Project is to : ( i ) rebuild and improve access to basic services and climate-resilient community infrastructure and ( ii ) improve access to multisectoral response services for Gender-Based Violence ( GBV ) survivors ; in selected conflict-affected communities in Ethiopia . The parent project targets conflict-affected communities and people in Ethiopia , including internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , host community members , and GBV survivors , in Afar , Amhara , Benishangul-Gumuz , Oromia and Tigray region . Component 1 of the parent project , Rebuilding and Improving Access to Basic Services and Climate-resilient Community Infrastructure , aims to improve > 8 World Bank . 2020 . _Inclusive Development in Local Areas of Violence and IDP Hosting Areas : Risks and Opportunities . _ Washington , D . C . See also Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project . 2021", "spans": [{"start": 1748, "end": 1794, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # * * 18 Annexes * * Annex 1 : Baseline Socio-Economic HH Survey and Census Questionnaire # # # # # # * * < mark > Census Enumeration and Property Registration Survey Questionnaire for Transmission Line and Substation Subprojects < / mark > * * Date of Interview _______________________________________________ | Name of Enumerator | | - - - | | Name of Supervisor | # # # # # # * * 1 . Address * * | 1 . 1 | Region | | - - - | - - - | | 1 . 2 . | Zone | | 1 . 3 . | Woreda | | 1 . 4 . | Kebele | | 1 . 5 . | Village | # # # # # # * * 2 . Respondent Details * * | 2 . 1 | Name of Respondent | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 . 2 | Responsibility | | | | 2 . 3 | Family Size | Male ______ | __ < br > Female ________ | | 2 . 4 | Name of Household Head | | | Official Use Only Page 192", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . Context : Sectoral Reallocation of Resources and Enterprise Dynamics * * Over the past thirty years since 1980 , there have been significant changes in the underlying structure of the Sri Lanka economy from agriculture to manufacturing and services . In terms of value added , manufacturing has remained roughly constant at 29 percent of GDP , while the value addition of agriculture has declined by 17 percentage points to 12 percent as the services sector has increased its share to 59 percent of GDP ( Figure 1 , panel A ) . The proportion of the largely non-traded services sector in Sri Lanka is large even by South Asian standards , where the size of the services sector stands out relative to other developing regions of the world . Services-led growth has become more pronounced in recent years putting it closer to the composition of economic growth in OECD countries than other developing countries . Over 60 percent of real GDP growth recorded from 2000 is accounted for by growth in the services sector ( Figure 1 , panel B ) . Sectoral reallocation from agriculture to manufacturing has played an important but less significant role in Sri Lanka ’ s labor productivity growth than for other South Asia economies . Over the past several decades , Sri Lanka has not benefitted from sectoral resource reallocation to the same degree as its South Asian neighbors . Table 1 provides estimates of economy-wide productivity enhancements from sectoral reallocation based on national accounts data . The contribution of sectoral reallocation to overall growth is given by : where GDP1980 − 2008 is the annual growth rate of GDP from 1980 to 2008 , ki , 1980 is the share of employment in sector _i_ ( indexed by agriculture , manufacturing and services ) in 1980 , and LaborProdi , 1980 − 2008 is the average annual growth in labor productivity from 1980 to 2008 . Over this time period , broad sectoral reallocation contributed approximately 15 percent to average annual growth in output per worker in Sri Lanka ( 0 . 5 / 3 . 1 ) , as compared to 25 percent in India ( 1 . 1 / 4 . 4 ) , just under 40 percent in", "spans": [{"start": 1491, "end": 1513, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s report , whereby head teachers provided independent reports of teacher absence over the last 30 days for the entire matched teacher sample . As an indicator for teacher shocks , this is a noisy measure and as usual , measurement error implies that our estimates are likely to be biased towards zero . < sup > 13 < / sup > Table 1 summarizes the school , teacher and student samples . The schools are evenly divided among rural and urban locations , with an average of 23 teachers teaching 912 pupils in every school . There are more female teachers , the majority have teaching certi fi cates and about half have been teaching for fi ve years or more . Absenteeism is a big problem . Head-teachers reported that 304 > 10 As in a number of other countries in the region , student teachers are typically used to teach a class for a year before returning to teacher training college to complete their training . > 11 In schools with less than 20 students in grade 5 , the entire grade was sampled . > 12 Ideally we would like to measure the time that teachers spend away from the classroom when they should be teaching . This would include absence episodes while teachers are in school . Glewwe , Kremer and Moulin . ( 2001 ) fi nd that teachers are in school but absent from class 12 percent of the time . We focus only on time away from school . > 13 Absences and their reasons are broadly similar for different methods used to collect absenteeism data . Appendix 1 provides a discussion of these alternative measures . Despite the measurement error associated with a 30-day recall period as a measure of year-long shocks , there are established precedents in household surveys . Most household survey modules on illness , for instance , restrict themselves to recall periods of 30-days or less . Nevertheless , these measures have been extensively used and validated in the literature on health and economic outcomes . 13", "spans": [{"start": 1439, "end": 1455, "text": "absenteeism data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1663, "end": 1680, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10127 # * * Abstract * * This paper uses a hedonic property price function to estimate the relationship between flood risk and rents in four Sub-Saharan Africa cities : Accra , Antananarivo , Dar es Salaam , and Addis Ababa . The analysis relies on household survey data collected after flood events in the cities . Flood risk is measured with self-reported data on past flood exposure and perception of future risk of flooding of households . The study finds that flood risk is associated with lower rents in Accra , Antananarivo , and Addis Ababa , ranging from 14 to 56 percent lower . In contrast , risk is associated with higher rent in Dar es Salaam , which could be potentially attributed to a combination of lack of awareness of flood risk among renters , high transaction costs and omitted variable bias . For example , only 12 percent of households living in flood-prone areas were aware of the flood risk when they moved in . In Antananarivo , job density is associated with higher rents while in Accra and Addis Ababa , higher job density is associated with lower rents . Results are negative but not significant in Dar es Salaam . When interacting job density with flood risk for each city , the negative effect of job density on rents is higher ( in absolute value ) when flood risk is high in Accra and Addis Ababa , and the positive effect of job density on rents becomes negative when flood risk is high in Antananarivo . This relationship is not found in Dar es Salaam . The finding seems to suggest that access to jobs is a factor driving people to settle in flood-prone areas . This paper is a product of the Urban , Disaster Risk Management , Resilience and Land Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at aerman @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 300, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 374, "end": 392, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# WPS3622 # # * * Trade Policy , Income Risk , and Welfare * * * * Tom Krebs Brown University * * * * Pravin Krishna * * † * * Johns Hopkins University * * * * William Maloney World Bank * * # # # * * Abstract * * This paper studies empirically the relationship between trade policy and individual income risk faced by workers , and uses the estimates of this empirical analysis to evaluate the welfare effect of trade reform . The analysis proceeds in three steps . First , longitudinal data on workers are used to estimate time-varying individual income risk parameters in various manufacturing sectors . Second , the estimated income risk parameters and data on trade barriers are used to analyze the relationship between trade policy and income risk . Finally , a simple dynamic incomplete-market model is used to assess the corresponding welfare costs . In the implementation of this methodology using Mexican data , we find that trade policy _changes_ have a significant short run effect on income risk . Further , while the tariff _level_ has an insignificant mean effect , it nevertheless changes the degree to which macroeconomic shocks affect income risk . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3622 , June 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ We would like to thank Alberto Alesina , Pol Antras , Robert Feenstra , Pierre Gourinchas , Kishore Gawande , Boyan Jovanovic , Mark Melitz , Marcelo Olarreaga , Arvind Panagariya , J . David Richardson and seminar participants at Brown , Columbia , Georgetown , Harvard ,", "spans": [{"start": 475, "end": 503, "text": "longitudinal data on workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 657, "end": 679, "text": "data on trade barriers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 907, "end": 919, "text": "Mexican data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the ‘ informal economy ’ focuses on the nature of employment in addition to the characteristics of enterprises . ” ( Chen 2006 , p . 76 ) . # * * 2 . 2 Measurement and Trends * * With so many different conceptualizations of informality and formality , it is perhaps not surprising that getting nationally comparable estimates of informality is fraught with difficulties . Even if the basic concept is agreed - - for example , registered enterprises - - the detailed specification may vary across countries , since the requirement for registration will vary . Estimates produced by national authorities may differ from those produced by international agencies because of differing definitions and data sources . Despite concerns about data and definitions , there is an agreement that the informal sector is large in most developing countries , and it is the overwhelming employer of labor in the non-agricultural sector . For developing countries as a group , more than half of all jobs — over 900 million workers — are in the informal sector ( Jutting and de Laglesia , 2009 ) . The sector is large not just in terms of employment , but also by the number of enterprises . Many more new establishments are created in the informal sector than in the formal sector . Figure 1 plots the share of informal employment in total non-agricultural employment for 50 developing countries against their per capita income , using data from ILO KLIM , OECD , and World Development Indicators . For these 50 developing countries as a group , nearly half of the total nonagricultural jobs is generated in the informal sector . In India , it is much higher , at more than 80 percent of total non-agricultural jobs generated in the informal sector . It is also high in Sub Saharan Africa . The share of the informal sector is slightly lower in Latin America , with Brazil at 42 % and Mexico at more than 50 % . As a region , the lowest share of informal employment is in the Central & South-Eastern Europe , with the share of informal employment in Poland and Russia in single digits . * * Figure 1 : Jobs are concentrated in the Informal Sectors in", "spans": [{"start": 1429, "end": 1437, "text": "ILO KLIM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1451, "end": 1479, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 7 : Combustion power plant HDI relative to country HDI < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 . 0 < br > − 0 . 1 < br > − 0 . 2 < br > 0 600 1200 1800 < br > Combustion power plants < br > Coal Gas Oil Biomass < br > HDI < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ This figure plots for each combustion power plant the difference between the average Human Development Index ( HDI ) among the population residing within 50 km and the HDI of the country where the plant is located . The HDI was measured in 2019 . neighborhoods , or the adverse effects of past pollution exposure on HDI . Despite the varied reasons for this association , this exposure pattern is noteworthy because our CRFs do not capture the plausibly greater vulnerability for populations with lower HDI levels . Consequently , our counterfactual calculations of premature deaths are likely to underestimate the deaths caused by excess PM2 _ . _ 5 in the region . # * * 4 . 2 Value of lives lost due to excess air pollution * * To monetize the cost of the lives lost previously documented , we calculate the Value of a Statistical Life ( VSL ) estimate at the country-year level in two steps . In the first step , we follow Banzhaf ( 2022 ) and compute a base VSL from a meta-meta-analysis of U . S . VSL estimates . In the second step , we follow Viscusi and Masterman ( 2017 ) and calculate an income-adjusted extrapolation for each country and year using our base VSL , the GNI per capita data from World Bank ( 2023b ) , and assuming that the income elasticity of the VSL is equal to 21", "spans": [{"start": 1485, "end": 1504, "text": "GNI per capita data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "62 BETWEEN CLOSED BORDERS 2018 # # * * Concluding remarks and recommendations * * This paper presents key findings and observations , collected data and efforts of the two UNHCR partners – HCIT and CRPC , for the second year in a row two organizations have continued to facilitate access of refugees and migrants to the asylum procedures and public services and monitor the protection situation of hundreds of refugees and migrants in Belgrade and the border areas on a daily basis . Many vulnerable individuals were identified and assisted among thousands of newly arrived refugees , asylum seekers and migrants in 2018 . Some of them were in urgent need of international protection , while a number faced different forms of ill treatment both in the countries of origin and in the transit countries . The vast majority of all refugees and migrants CRPC and HCIT teams worked with , highlighted that they had been forced to travel with smugglers and that they had been exposed to different risks and great dangers on their way to safety and security . Refugees still perceived EU Member States as their final destination , with only a small number of asylum seekers deciding to seek international protection in Serbia . Similar to the available 2017 asylum statistics , only 4 % of those who expressed intention to seek asylum , officially submitted asylum requests to the Asylum Office in 2018 . An increase in the number of granted statuses ( 25 in comparison to 14 in 2017 ) was observed . In comparison to the 2015 refugee crisis and the consequent changes in the protection response throughout 2016 and 2017 , the situation in 2018 stabilized and moved from transit to a more constant state . More refugees and migrants stay in Serbia for prolonged periods of time , which requires that all actors involved in refugee protection : institutions , civil society and international organizations , take a more solution-oriented approach . At the same time , irregular arrivals and departures continued in 2018 , so this paper also examines this issue from the point of view of two organizations and their front-line experiences . Despite the fact that 2018 was marked by", "spans": [{"start": 1246, "end": 1268, "text": "2017 asylum statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 9 - Since there is no quarterly data for GDP at market prices , quarterly series were formed from annual series through interpolation . The results of the regression are presented in Table 2a . As expected , the foreign interest rates do have a high correlation with the domestic rates with a t-statistic of 4 . 0 . The coefficient of [ GDP ) representing the degree of tightness of the monetary policy , has a very low number ( . 003 ) , with a t-statistic of 0 . 3 . and is insignificant . The inflation rate ( Xt ) is also insignificant . When M2 is replaced by the monetary base , the results are almost identical , and therefore omitted from the table . Table 2a : Determinants of the Interest Rate for Thailand | Variable < br > Parameter Estimate < br > T-Statistic | | - - - | | 1974-87 ) Quarterly Using Money Supply ( M2 ) < br > ariable - < br > rTHA < br > CONST < br > 0 . 009 < br > 0 . 8 | | rSGP < br > 0 . 484 < br > 4 . 0 | | GDP / M2 < br > 0 . 003 < br > 0 . 3 | | iX < br > - 0 . 079 < br > 0 . 6 | | rFTHA_1 < br > 0 . 627 < br > 7 . 0 | I . Thailand ( 1974-87 ) Quarterly Using Money Supply ( M2 ) DeR Variable - rTHA R-Square - 0 . 838 Durbin-Watson D - 1 . 81 Source : IFS .", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 38, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 3 . Internship Policy * * This policy provides for engagement and management of internship programmes in the Bureau . It outlines the various provisions and requirements of the programme , selection procedures and roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders in the internship programme . Further , it takes cognizance of the various legal and policy provisions on which the internship policy is based on the following : # # # * * Consideration of gender ratio * * # # # # # The Bureau shall : - a . Ensure a gender responsive human resource function ; - * * b . * * Empower all staff to provide gender responsive services and products ; - c . Establish sustainable gender responsive systems and structures in recruitment , promotion and training . - * * d . * * Set up sustainable sex disaggregated databases on recruitment , promotion and training and other Human Resource functions ; - e . Embrace affirmative action to address gender disparities ; - * * f . * * Observe at least * * 30 * * percent gender representation in all recruitments and promotions as required * * by * * the law . * * 26 * *", "spans": [{"start": 800, "end": 827, "text": "sex disaggregated databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is an oligopoly market ( OLI-NASH ) and that the corn market behaves like a PCO . An additional feature of WELCOM is that it enables users to study multiple sectors simultaneously under different market structures . WELCOM also allows the user to choose the type of welfare function applied to assess the impacts of the competition reforms . There are three alternative money metric measures available to assess changes in welfare : ( a ) Laspeyres , ( b ) equivalent variation , or ( c ) compensated variation . The latter two options also require the selection of the functional forms to define the utility function of a household . The options available for the simulation method are ( a ) Cobb-Douglas and ( b ) constant elasticity of substitution ( CES ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > The user then needs to define the original and final conditions or the characteristics of the market under analysis . The default scenario assumes that the policy reform enhances competition in the market ( that is , the movement from concentration to competition ) ; however , the tool also allows an analysis of the opposite scenario ( from a competitive market to a market with higher concentration ) . WELCOM also enables the user to carry out the simulations in gradual steps , thereby providing users with the option to see the gradual liberalization or concentration of sectors of interest , while also focusing on providing the extreme case of perfect ( imperfect ) competition to determine upper-bound estimates of such an outcome . In sum , the empirical analysis produced by the WELCOM tool will be based on microeconomic models in which the household is the unit of reference . The data requirements of the module include a representative sample of the population , information on total household expenditures , and household expenditures on the product of interest where the market concentration is observed , or the competition policy reform is expected . # * * 4 . The Mexico case study * * Mexico is well known for its history of monopolies , including TELMEX on fixed lines ( privatized in 1990 ) and PEMEX in fuel ( a state-owned enterprise opened to competition only after 2013", "spans": [{"start": 1811, "end": 1833, "text": "household expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper provides an overview of Lesotho ’ s export competitiveness based on the analysis of publicly available data and evidence , by examining export dynamics and outcomes and using field interviews with representatives of the public and private sectors . It examines the relevance of trade for the macroeconomic context , and vice versa , as well as the degree of diversification and sophistication of exports over time and relative to a series of relevant comparators . < sup > 2 < / sup > It builds on this with CGE analysis of potential impacts based on specific trade-related scenarios . Computable General Equilibrium ( CGE ) analysis carried out for this study finds that the negative impacts due to a sudden suspension of AGOA privileges would reach 1 % of GDP in 2020 , while exports of textiles and apparel would drop by 16 % leading to a drop of textiles and apparel output by 9 % . The decline of average real consumption by 0 . 5 % would have significant negative consequences for the poor . As demonstrated in the paper , an immediate loss of AGOA preferences would have a significant economic impact that far exceeds that of a potential future US-Vietnam FTA . If these preferences were suspended in 2018 , the country would face 1 % loss in income by 2020 , relative to the baseline . However , to a large extent the impact of the sudden loss of AGOA privileges would depend on the behavior of the textiles and apparel companies , many of which are highly footloose and could decide to move their operations somewhere else given the tight margin at which the industry operates . FTAs between the United States and Asian competitor countries would have a far less significant impact . The CGE simulations stress the need to strengthen the efforts to support structural transformation leading to diversification of export products and markets , improving backward and forward linkages and lowering trade costs . They also indicate that a decrease of trade costs of an average 2 % per year would eliminate the negative consequences of the loss of AGOA in terms of the loss of income . These findings emphasize the need for a new approach to trade and trade policy", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 118, "text": "publicly available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Mmmm % Revenue lost due to distribution losses lll % Revenue lost due to collection rate < br > — = @ — Average Tariffs LCU Index — @ = — Average Tariffs USD Index < br > 30 % 490 % < br > 25 % < br > n 390 % < br > $ s < br > c $ 20 % $ 8vn < br > = 290 % a = ] £ < br > 2 < br > Q 15 % & < br > = x 190 % Vv & < br > ' 10 % y < br > gé < br > x < br > 90 % < br > 5 % < br > EEseNo data ( 1990-2009 ) ee a < br > 0 % - 10 % < br > PPPPSSD oS oYoh PPBSo > DSof PP6 SS © BPo \\ PPPSL0 DO DQ PFSS Dh FPPOP & FFF © © Sd HPFOo OD PHPSDDO AD MHDV WG ” LYWD SPA 2D < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in some countries has skewed samples toward the household head . In addition , the GHFPS does not permit one to net out job gains by other workers that may have > 40 Moreover , both approaches to estimating job losses depend upon the modeled assignment of production versus nonproduction workers and the mapping to the LMPS . 26", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 323, "text": "LMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "administration techniques can reduce sensitivity bias by changing the social context in which sensitive questions are asked so that the identity of the respondent is obscured from interviewers , bystanders , and other potential social referents . While most of the core topics shared between the PPCS and the Facebook survey could have been considered sensitive , we expect that in this context the questions on conflict exposure and mental health may have been more sensitive than the questions on food insecurity and COVID-19 exposure . Respondents may have perceived the questions on personal exposure to conflict to be sensitive because they brought up memories of traumatic experiences . In the mental health modules , respondents may have perceived questions as sensitive because of the negative attitudes and stigma around mental illness that persist in many parts of the region . < sup > 7 < / sup > Questions about food insecurity may be perceived as sensitive because of their association with poverty , but we expect this sensitivity to be reduced in the specific context of the PPCS because most respondents had participated in the last wave of the Socio-Economic and Food Security Survey and might therefore be accustomed to answering questions about food insecurity . COVID-19 restrictions are not as severe as they were in earlier stages of the pandemic , and surveys about people ' s experience of COVID have proliferated since early 2020 . We might therefore expect the difference in sensitivity bias between the PPCS and the Facebook survey to be more marked in the indicators related to conflict exposure and mental health than in the indicators related to food insecurity and COVID-19 exposure . # _Hypotheses_ H2a : People tend to underreport conflict exposure , aggressive tendencies , indicators of risk for mental health problems , and symptoms consistent with depression because these are perceived as dangerous or undesirable traits and experiences . H2b : People are more likely to underreport dangerous or undesirable traits and experiences in an inperson survey than in a self-administered web survey because the interviewer and bystanders are important social referents for respondents . # _Discussion_ We explore this pair of hypotheses by comparing shares of sensitive responses reported in the Facebook survey and in the PPCS — following the approach of", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 324, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1090, "end": 1094, "text": "PPCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1161, "end": 1200, "text": "Socio-Economic and Food Security Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | | | * * En * * | * * fant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Ad * * | * * ulte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle-Commune * * | * * Ménage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans ) * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | Rharous | 7470 | 9309 | 7042 | 16351 | 6546 | 5899 | 12445 | 566 | 289 | 855 | 16421 | 13230 | 29651 | | Serere | 1349 | 2356 | 1806 | 4162 | 1806 | 1649 | 3455 | 158 | 79 | 237 | 4320 | 3534 | 7854 | | * * Niafunke * * | * * 8206 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country of asylum and level in the procedure , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * | | | | | | Pending | | | | | | | Pending | | Protecti | on indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country / | | | | | start-06 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | end-06 | Recog | nition | | | | territory | | | Ca | ses / | | Applied | Posit | ive | | | | | rat | es | O / w . | Change | | of < br > asylum | Proc < br > T * | edure < br > L * * | Pers < br > App . | ons * * * < br > Dec . | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed < br > rate | pending < br > cases ( % ) | | Kyrgyzstan | G | FA | P | P | 423 | 307 | 25 | - | 66 | 210 | 301 | 429 | 27 . 5 | 27 . 5 | 69 . 8 | 1 . 4 | | Kyrgyzstan", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 139, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "45 - 7 . 08 The 1980 price of bleached softwood sulphate pulp from temperate regions cif Germany - - the world pulp price indicator - - is US $ 540 / ton . Kenya ' s imports , though bearing a higher freight charge because of the greater distance from northern sources , contain a high percentage of cheaper mechanical pulp and average lower quality than the premium indicator . The cif Mombasa price averages roughly US $ 500 / ton . The hypothetical fob Mombasa export price can be estimated at US $ 415 / ton . Transport between Mombasa and Webuye of US $ 20 / ton give a cif Webuye import price of US $ 520 / ton and an ex-Webuye exportequivalent price of US $ 395 / ton , not counting import duties ( @ 60 % ) or export bonuses . 7 . 09 PPM-s estimated variable production costs ( excluding stumpage ) for an average ton of pulp reflecting its mix of bleached and unbleached chemical ( and soon-to-be-installed mechanical ) production is in the order of US $ 300 / ton . This includes logging and delivery of wood , power , chemicals , stores , packing , and some other variable costs . For purposes of economic calculation ( that is , excluding taxes , among others ) , when a ton of pulp is produced locally , the difference between the cif Webuye import price and PPM-s variable production costs ( excluding stumpage ) may be divided between payments to the mill for its fixed costs and profits and payments to FD for its wood . At present , about 10 % of this theoretical difference is allocated to FD as stumpages . By allocating one-third to stumpages , the 1981 national economic stumpages become : 1 / | | US $ / m < sup > 3 < / sup > | KSh / m < sup > 3 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 131, "text": "world pulp price indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank ( 2024 , Forthcoming ) . Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) . \" Report on the Nepal labour force survey 2017 / 18 . \" ( 2019 ) . Chakravarty , Shubha , Mattias Lundberg , Plamen Nikolov , and Juliane Zenker . \" Vocational training programs and youth labor market outcomes : Evidence from Nepal . \" _Journal of Development Economics_ 136 ( 2019 ) : 71-110 . Chicoine , Luke . \" Free primary education , fertility , and women ’ s access to the labor market : Evidence from Ethiopia . \" _The World Bank Economic Review_ 35 , no . 2 ( 2021 ) : 480-498 . Crowne , Douglas P . , and David Marlowe . \" A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology . \" _Journal of consulting psychology_ 24 , no . 4 ( 1960 ) : 349 . Cislaghi , Ben , and Lori Heise . \" Measuring Gender-related Social Norms : Report of a Meeting , Baltimore Maryland . ” Learning Group on Social Norms and Gender-based Violence of the _London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine_ \" ( 2016 ) : 44 . Deshpande , Ashwini , and Naila Kabeer . \" Norms that matter : Exploring the distribution of women ’ s work between income generation , expenditure-saving and unpaid domestic responsibilities in India . \" _World Development_ 174 ( 2024 ) : 106435 . Deshpande , Ashwini , and Jitendra Singh . “ Dropping out , being pushed out or can ’ t get in ? Decoding declining labour force participation of Indian women . ” No . 14639 . IZA Discussion Papers , 2021 . Dhar , Diva , Tarun Jain , and Seema Jayachandran . \" Reshaping adolescents ' gender attitudes : Evidence from a school-based experiment in India . \" American economic review 112 , no . 3 ( 2022 ) : 899-927 . Field , Erica , and Kate Vyborny . \" Women ' s mobility and labor supply : experimental evidence from Pakistan . \" _Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series_ 655 ( 2022 ) . Gauri , Varun , Tasmia Rahman , and Iman Kalyan Sen . \" Measuring social norms about female labor force participation in Jordan . \"", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "other country in its peer groups and is becoming a challenge for the country . Fewer than half the wells and boreholes in Africa provide safe water ( table 10 ) . Sanitation access in Sudan is bimodal . On the one hand , 40 percent of the population has access to improved latrines ; on the other , 40 percent continues to practice open defecation . Both ratios are substantially higher than for the relevant resource-rich and low-income African peer groups . In contrast to these peers , reliance on flush toilets and traditional latrines is much more limited . A very small share of the population — 15 percent — has access to utility water , well below all other African benchmarks . Available information suggests that there is almost no access to piped water , and stand posts are the only form of utility water that is accessed . Census data for all parts of Sudan indicate that in 1993 about 60 percent of the population had access to utility water but there has been a steep decline in access rates — down to 35 percent — in the 2000s . Since access to utility water is negligible in South Sudan , the access data for all parts of Sudan reported in the census relates primarily to Sudan itself . > < sup > 22 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 847, "text": "Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 % | | _Totals_ | _100 . 0 % _ | _100 . 0 % _ | _100 . 0 % _ | _100 . 0 % _ | _100 . 0 % _ | _Source : DANE survey , 2003_ 25 . * * More people seek loans in the informal than in the formal sector . * * The Bogotá survey reveals that the banked population is more likely to seek loans than the unbanked - by a factor of six to one ( see Figure 3 . 12 ) . Among the population surveyed 13 . 6 % of the total population successfully sought loans with the informal sector in the past thirty six months while another 8 . 6 % successfully sought loans from the formal sector . This proportion is higher than that reported in other studies . Only 10 % of those surveyed in Mexico City reported requesting a loan in the past 36 months from either formal or informal sources . * * Figure 3 . 12 Loan request from formal institutions * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 97 % < br > 100 % < br > 91 % < br > 90 % 82 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 18 % < br > 20 % < br > 9 % < br > 10 % 3 % < br > 0 % < br > Banked Unbanked Total population < br > Requested a formal loan in the past 3 years < br > Did not request a formal loan in the past 3 years < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ 26 . * * Higher loan approval rates help explain the relatively higher importance of credit obtained outside the banking system . * * Table 3 . 5 shows the approval rate , according to the would-be borrowers surveyed , 56", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 115, "text": "DANE survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 208, "end": 221, "text": "Bogotá survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1246, "end": 1276, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Introduction 2014 # # * * 1 . Introduction * * In recent years , the issue of children undertaking unaccompanied journeys abroad has been the focus of increasing concern . Amongst the drivers of this interest have been the rising numbers of unaccompanied children arriving in Europe and concerns relating to the particular protection needs of children , the risks associated with the journey and the fact that they typically travel irregularly , often with the assistance of smuggling networks . Afghanistan figures prominently amongst countries sending unaccompanied children to Europe , Australia , Pakistan , Iran and other countries . While a number of studies have been conducted on unaccompanied children in general , and a handful on children of Afghan origin , there remains a dearth of information about the profile and motivations of children taking unaccompanied journeys from Afghanistan . In June 2010 , the UNHCR Policy Development and Evaluation Service ( PDES ) published _Trees Only Move in the Wind : A study of unaccompanied Afghan children in Europe_ . It was a comparative study based on interviews conducted with unaccompanied Afghan children in a number of European countries . The study offered path-breaking evidence on some of the characteristics of the children who engage in unaccompanied travel , and on the journey itself . Nevertheless , many gaps in the evidence remain , and the study recommended that further research be undertaken in Afghanistan itself to better understand the motivations and profile of children , their families and sending communities . # # # # * * 1 . 1 Research objectives * * The overall purpose of this research is to gain further knowledge on the specific circumstances and motivations leading Afghan children to travel to Europe and other industrialised countries . Such knowledge may serve to inform future policies and strategic planning on the issue of unaccompanied child movements from Afghanistan . # # # # * * 1 . 2 Current research and evidence on unaccompanied children travelling from Afghanistan * * For centuries , Afghans have migrated , both internally and across international borders , in response to crop failures , drought and violence , and in pursuit of opportunities abroad . < sup > 1 <", "spans": [{"start": 1109, "end": 1164, "text": "interviews conducted with unaccompanied Afghan children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 1 PROFILE OF THE UNBANKED * * 7 . * * Being unbanked is clearly associated with lower incomes . * * The majority of the unbanked are poor , but the unbanked are not just the poor . As Figure 3 . 3 shows , the percentage of unbanked persons increases as incomes fall . Slightly more than half ( 51 % ) of bank account holders belong to the top three deciles of income distribution , and about a third ( 34 % ) belong to the group earning less than the median income . Of the unbanked , over half ( 53 % ) earn less than half the minimum wage and 70 % earn less than one minimum wage . On the other hand , of those earning over 4 minimum wages , 84 . 22 % are banked and 15 . 78 % unbanked . At the other end of the income scale , it is notable that no less than a quarter of the families in the lowest 40 % of income distribution ( those earning less than half a minimum wage ) are banked . This data shows that even very poor households have the capacity to be banked . * * Figure 3 . 3 Use of banking services in relation to income * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % 81 % < br > 80 % 74 % 75 % 73 % 76 % < br > 70 % < br > 70 % 64 % < br > 59 % < br > 60 % 55 % 56 % < br > 50 % 41 % 45 % 44 % < br > 36 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 30 % 26 % 25 % 27 % 24 % < br > 19 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Population distribution by income level < br > Banked Unbanked < br > Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003", "spans": [{"start": 1457, "end": 1477, "text": "DANE household study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR13969 The World Bank | | Breakdown | Comments | | Data requires verification . The < br > progress has been updated < br > during additional financing < br > preparation . | The end target is updated on < br > the basis of the target set for < br > combined original and < br > additional financing projects . < br > This indicator was moved to < br > PDO level during the < br > additional financing < br > preparation . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Secondary cities | Percentage | Value | 80 . 00 | 120 . 00 | 110 . 00 | | | Sub Type | Date | 13-Sep-2007 | 31-Jan-2014 | 13-Sep-2007 | | | Breakdown | Comments | | Data requires verification . The < br > progress has been updated < br > during additional financing < br > preparation . | The end target is updated on < br > the basis of the target set for < br > combined original and < br > additional financing projects . < br > This indicator was aggregated < br > for Addis Ababa and < br > secondary cities and moved < br > to PDO level during the < br > additional financing < br > preparation . | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 21-Mar-2014 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P101473 | IDA-42920 | Effective | 24 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "] contract award details of all procurement of Works , Goods , IT system procurement and non-consulting services using open international procedure ; and [ d ] a list of contracts / purchase orders placed following DC procedures on a quarterly basis . Further , the implementing agency will also publish on their websites any information required under the provisions of ‘ _suo moto_ ’ disclosure as specified by the Right to Information Act . 10", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 197, "text": "list of contracts / purchase orders", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SOLUTIONS STRATEGY FOR AFGHAN REFUGEES 2018-2019 Only one third of Afghan refugees in Pakistan are reportedly able to read and write ; with female literacy rate lower than 8 percent . Refugees cite poverty and cultural barriers to girls ’ education as the two main obstacles to school enrolment and education attainment . According to participatory assessments , parents generally consider that vocational skills training has more value for their children than formal education . 22 . 5 % of Afghans are economically active with a predominantly ( 85 . 6 % ) male workforce . Most of the adult males work as daily UNHCR established forty home-based girls schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to enable older out of school girls access quality education . Home-based girls ’ schools are located in accessible and safe locations within refugee communities in teachers ’ homes . These schools have given 1 , 145 girls ( who had never been to school or were forced to drop out of school ) a second chance to complete primary school and progress to formal secondary school . wage labourers in the informal market and do not possess competitive skills to access better employment opportunities and improve their living standards . Children and youth , with little or no access to formal education , resort to garbage collection and / or daily wage labour in informal sectors of the economy to help sustain the family ’ s limited income . According to the Mapping of Education Facilities and Access of Afghan Children to Education carried out in 2017 , some 36 % of Afghan children that attend schools are enrolled in Pakistani public schools These statistics highlight the vulnerability of the displaced population prone to poverty , marginalization and exclusion ; and calls for robust youth empowerment interventions through enhanced access to education , skills training and livelihoods support . Against this background , UNHCR ’ s Education Strategy in Pakistan prioritizes interventions that will seek to : - * * Enhance * * access to , and quality of , primary education ( for maximum transferability to secondary education ) , particularly for girls , through investment in national education facilities in urban and rural", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 360, "text": "participatory assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1441, "end": 1472, "text": "Mapping of Education Facilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from these studies and uses a larger sample of countries , our results on the effects of a persistent inflation shock are broadly in line with theirs . A few recent empirical studies on the effects of inflation shocks on public debt are summarized in Table 1 ( b ) . As far as we know , Afonso and Jalles ( 2019 ) is the only one that uses the local projection method as we do . While they use historical data before World War I and focus on a deflationary dummy , their results from the local projection are broadly in line with ours . Quantitatively , however , their results and End et al . ’ s ( 2015 ) results from panel regression , however , are smaller than ours . Cherif and Hasanov ( 2018 ) estimate a VAR model with the debt dynamics equation using the US data , and their estimated impact of an inflation shock on the debtto-GDP ratio is comparable to ours . Besides the above-cited recent studies using simulation or estimation approach comparable to ours , there is a long strand of literature on the link between inflation and public debt . Using detailed historical data of public debt , Hall and Sargent ( 2011 ) and Abbas et al . ( 2011 ) provide an accounting decomposition of the evolution of public debt and calculate the contribution of inflation and find that inflation was not a consistent source of public debt reduction , but played an important role in certain periods , such as post-war United States until the 1960s . Giannitsarou and Scott ( 2008 ) explore the implications of rising public debt for inflation based on an accounting exercise of public debt . The literature on the fiscal theory of price level , including Cochrane ( 2011 ) and Davig et al . ( 2011 ) , explores the theoretical possibility that a high level of public debt may lead to higher inflation . Doepke and Schneider ( 2006 ) study the impact of an inflation shock on wealth distribution across private holders of public debt . # * * III . SIMULATION APPROACH * * # * * A . Methodology * * # * * Debt dynamics equation * *", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 409, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 764, "end": 771, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1071, "end": 1101, "text": "historical data of public debt", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "training . BDC / PDC mobilization will > 52 Population figures for urban areas would be calculated based on a headcount or by complementing 2008 census with other data sources ( for example , DTM . ) > 53 In Wau town , the only urban area expected to be targeted under the project , the communities will be mobilized into Quarter Development Committees ( QDCs ) and Block Development Committees ( BkDCS ) in line with the urban local institutional structure . > 54 The Participatory Planning and Budgeting Guide for Local Governments in Southern Sudan ( 2010 ) , which helps operationalize the LGA , calls for broad and inclusive membership with strong gender representation . > 55 Types of capacity-building activities include familiarity with conflict / disaster risks and needs identification , resource mapping , local development planning , project identification , budgeting , project implementation , oversight / monitoring , and social audit methods . Page 21 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 151, "text": "2008 census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 192, "end": 195, "text": "DTM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "é au MEP et au MES de mettre en place une commission pour évaluer les propositions techniques . Le recrutement de l ’ AMO doit avoir lieu au plus tard quatre mois avant l ’ entrée en vigueur ( clause juridique ) . 13 . Des revues annuelles conjointes auxquelles participeront tous les partenaires de développement du secteur de l ’ éducation et les organismes gouvernementaux concernés seront organisées par le gouvernement , conformément au Cadre de partenariat . Au cours de ces revues , l ’ un des points à examiner sera l ’ état d ’ avancement des activités du projet . Des rapports annuels 66", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 597, "text": "rapports annuels 66", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "This Authorization also confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials * * ( SIDC ) * * and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association * * by * * electronic means . The Association may rely upon such representations and warranties , including the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to the Agreement ( s ) referred to in the subject line of this Authorization . # # * * Signatory Details * * | * * Name * * | * * IPosition * * | * * EmailID * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ Signator < br > e__________ [ Title | l < br > [ Email ] | | # # * * Specimen Signatures * * | * * Signatory * * Name | Signature1 | * * Signature2 * * | * * Signature * * _3_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * [ User * * Name ] | | | | | [ User Name ] | | | | # # # Yours truly , * * / * * signed [ Position ] ' Instruction to Bank staff : please forward this letter to Country Lawyer for further processing ( Recipient : please do not delete this note ) .", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 829, "text": "Association records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ing of the Access to Information Law * * . Significant TA will be provided as part of the establishment and improvement of the Access to Information Law . Indeed , it is important and useful for citizens to freely request any kind of public information , including the type of public services to which they are entitled , as well as reports on the conduct of business by public officials . The right of ATI as well as the public data disclosure policy through open data , will make a significant contribution to improving governmental transparency and participation of citizens in public life . A Tunisian model is being proposed for the drafting of an organic law on the right of ATI . The necessary legal assistance will be mobilized for the preparation of the bill , as well as a study trip to Tunisia . 26 . * * Strengthening of the asset declaration and verification process . * * All members of the Government , as well as managers of most companies and public institutions , have already declared their assets . However , the publication of these statements in the Official Gazette , as provided by law , has not yet been done because the verification process is not complete . To strengthen the asset declaration and asset disclosure program for public officials , TA will be provided in the following areas : ( a ) establishment of a database and electronic filing software ( currently , the system is manual ) , ( b ) assistance in asset verification and investigation techniques , and ( c ) development of a system of online filing of asset declarations . 27 . * * Enhancing public procurement to ensure value for money * * . Procurement reform is essential to ensuring that the procurement of goods and services is conducted in a transparent and competitive manner . As such , it should contribute to effectively improving the quality of services provided to citizens , as well as the fight against corruption . The Project will support ( a ) the revision of the public procurement code , ( b ) the strengthening of the procurement commission , ( c ) the rationalization of the public procurement project management", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 469, "text": "open data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # * * 12 Resettlement Sites for Affected Farmlands * * Based on the findings of the census survey conducted with PAHs , “ cash for land ” is the most preferred option for compensation payment to be made to all households whose farmland and trees will be affected by the Subproject components . One of the main reason for preference of cash for land as primary compensation modality by PAHs is the impact magnitude is minor . With regard to households who preferred land replacement for impact on farmland as a compensation , the local officials from Limu Seqa and Limu Kosa Woredas promised to facilitate land for land compensation ( i . e . replacement land ) . However , based on their experience and potential impact of the Subproject on individual farmland , the local officials confirmed that it is less likely that PAHs will prefer land replacement over cash compensation for impact on farmland . The officials from Limu Genet town administration clearly confirmed that although “ land for land ” compensation may be preferred by the PAHs , it is impossible to find suitable unoccupied farmland in the affected Kebeles . Therefore , the local Authorities will not be able to implement land for land replacement . Therefore , social and environmental issues related to farmland relocation sites and impacts on host communities is not applicable . Page 174", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 273, "text": "census survey conducted with PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "over the past five years ( Simone 2003 ) . Although there is little hard data , it is likely that the influx of both refugees and economic migrants constitutes a significant part of this urban growth . 11 See Sommers 2001 ; SAMP 2000 ; Crush 2000 . > 12 Wits University ( Johannesburg ) and Tufts University are currently collaborating on a survey of urban refugees in Johannesburg , and we hope to extend the survey to three other African cities , Maputo , Dar es Salaam , and Khartoum ( IDPs ) . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix 4 . Additional information on the Policy Priority Inference Model Setup * * Besides the data on the network structure , PPI also requires data on 1 ) government expenditure over time ( during the retrospective analysis ) , 2 ) data on the quality of law and monitoring , and 3 ) data on the initial estimates for the growth probabilities c which in the initialization are assumed to be fixed values within the data ( they do not change over the calibration period ) . ee ( tt ) * * Government expenditure data : * * For the retrospective analysis , we approximate the government expenditure using annual data from the World Development Indicators on general government final expenditure as a percentage of GDP . We transform this data to be in per capita constant 2021 USD BB ( tt ) ( in PPP ) simply by multiplying with World Bank ’ s GDP per capita estimates . PPI also requires the government expenditure data to be de-trended we do this by estimating a linear trend regression model 0 1 BB ( tt ) = aa + aa tt + uu ( tt ) , and removing the trend component from the model . That is , for each year we calculate an estimate for the government expenditure and use it as an input in PPI as 0 . Also , PPI typically runs its calibration process with time increments that are much smaller than a year ( in order BB < sup > � < / sup > ( tt ) BB < sup > � < / sup > ( tt ) = aa + uu ( tt ) to converge PPI requires more than 50 simulation time steps ) . Here we assume that there are 6 simulation steps in a year ( meaning that we calibrate PPI with a total of 54 steps ) . Due to this , the yearly data needs to be transformed such that the total budget of the country within the six steps that correspond to a one year matches the government expenditure . We do this by simply assuming that the government distributes its budget equally within each simulation step in a year ( / 6 )", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 661, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 927, "text": "government expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1605, "end": 1616, "text": "yearly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "value both proximity and quality but that has not prevented them from traveling abroad for a range of treatments , such as cosmetic surgeries , rehabilitative care , alternative medicine , and in some cases , even eye and cardiac surgery . Estimates suggest that in 2003 , over 350 , 000 patients traveled to Cuba , India , Jordan , Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand , specifically to consume health care services . A significant number were patients from industrial countries , traveling to a growing number of overseas medical centers to obtain “ first-world treatments at thirdworld prices ” . < sup > 4 < / sup > 1 The rapid advances in medical technology , increased market power in the hospital sector , higher prescription drug costs , and an increasingly aging population are often cited as the main cost-drivers fueling the rise in US health spending ( see e . g . , Alliance for Health Reform , 2004 ) . To a lesser extent , generous malpractice awards and higher administrative costs for insurers also contribute to rising health care costs . 2 A typical employer pays for 73 percent of premiums with the employee paying the rest . 3 The prices outside the US include the cost of travel from the US . The price differentials are even greater for more complicated surgeries such as Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts ( CABG ) , which costs over $ 35 , 000 in the US , but under $ 9 , 000 ( inclusive of travel costs ) in the best cardiac surgery centers in India and Thailand . Source : CMS hospital reimbursement data and Apollo Hospital , Delhi . 4 In 2003 , an estimated 50 , 000 “ medical tourists ” traveled overseas from the UK for a variety of check-ups , treatments and surgeries , to Thailand , South Africa , India and Cuba ( The Guardian , May 11 , 2004 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1523, "text": "CMS hospital reimbursement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the widely visited public premises - post offices , chain stores , transport links , and offices of the local NGOs . When the notifications are placed on public boards in open air , it should be remembered that the posters are exposed to weather , may be removed by passers or covered by other advertisements . The project ’ s staff will therefore maintain regular checks in order to ensure that the notifications provided on the public boards remain in place and legible . - Another critical aspect of the meeting preparation process is selecting the methods of communication that reach the potential audience with lower levels of literacy or those who are not well-versed in the technical aspects of the proposed . Oral communication is an option that enables the information to be readily conveyed to such persons . This includes involving the selected community representatives / local NGOs / faith-based organizations and initiative groups to relay upto-date information on the project and consultation meetings to other members of the community , Advertising the project and the associated meetings via radio or television and making direct calls ( in case fixed-line or mobile phone communication is available ) is another method that allows reaching out to the remote audiences . The announcement of a public meeting or a hearing is made sufficiently in advance , thereby enabling participants to make necessary arrangements , and provides all relevant details , including date , time , location / venue and contact persons . - Placement of the project materials in the public domain is also accompanied by making available a register of comments and suggestions that can be used by any member of the affected community and general public to provide their written feedback on the contents of the presented materials . As a rule , the register is made available for the entire duration of the requisite disclosure period . Where necessary , a project representative or an appointed consultant should be made available to receive 31", "spans": [{"start": 1634, "end": 1670, "text": "register of comments and suggestions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distributions . Should these inter-module differences in Gini coefficients in Table 7 be considered large ? The difference between the Gini coefficient calculated with the benchmark diary and with module 1 is 14 percent and with module 5 it is 19 percent . These are equivalent to the average gap between consumption-based and income-based Gini coefficients reported by Deininger and Squire ( 1996 ) , the basis for the current UNU / WIDER WIID database . Thus , just as those authors were careful to identify which inequality estimates came from consumption surveys and which from income surveys , so that investigators might adjust them to a consistent basis , so too would it be worth identifying which Gini coefficients are computed from surveys that use diaries and which recall , and over what reference period and level of respondent . Yet such meta-data are hardly ever reported , forcing investigators who combine inequality measures from various surveys to introduce considerable measurement error into their analyses . > 24 The pattern of results also holds for Generalized Inequality measures GE ( 0 ) , GE ( 1 ) , and GE ( 2 ) ( not presented but available upon request ) .", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 453, "text": "WIID database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 547, "end": 566, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 596, "text": "income surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "All stakeholder engagement meetings will have minutes , which will be stored in the PRIME-1 stakeholder engagement database ; this will be to ensure that ( i ) there are records that can be referred to and that all views raised are taken into consideration , and ( ii ) commitments made are delivered upon . In addition , the outcomes of the stakeholder engagement activities with comments that have been considered will be reported in the Quarterly E & S Performance Report and inform the preparation of ESF instruments ( mainly , ESMF , SA , RF , ESIA / ESMPs and RAPs under component 1 , 2 , 3 & 4 ) for the proposed Project . Periodic and final reports ( as set out in the ESCP ) on stakeholder engagement under the PRIME-1 will be issued . * * 32 * *", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 123, "text": "PRIME-1 stakeholder engagement database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is compensated by the benefit from indirect subsidies ( equivalent to 17 percent of market income for Decile 1 ) . Nonetheless , there are a number of vulnerable households who live just above the poverty line , so the net impact on the cost of living from indirect taxes affects poverty ( as felt by households if not measured officially ) . As is standard practice , we do not report the poverty impact of in-kind transfers , since these benefits are not cash ( as all the taxes and other spending benefits are ) , nor are they considered when constructing the poverty line . < sup > 53 < / sup > Even a progressive fiscal system does not necessarily imply net positive transfers for all poor households . The Fiscal impoverishment indicator quantifies how many people were pre-fiscal poor and made poorer by the fiscal system or were non-poor and made poor . Excluding in-kind transfers in health and education and using the national poverty line as benchmark , 4 . 2 percent of individuals have been impoverished by fiscal policy . In other words , they were poor to begin with and were made poorer because they paid more in taxes than they have received in direct or indirect transfers , or their market income was above the poverty line but their consumable income fell below . Jordan ’ s fiscal impoverishment rate is low among middle-income developing countries . Using the international poverty line for lower-middle-income countries at Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP ) ( $ 3 . 2 ) , the fiscal impoverishment rate of Jordan ( 0 . 2 percent ) is close to that in Chile and Brazil ( see Lustig and Higgins , 2017 ) . < sup > 54 < / sup > On the other hand , close to 15 percent of individuals were made richer by fiscal policy , that is they were lifted above the poverty line because received more in cash or near cash benefits than they paid in taxes and contributions , or , even if they remained poor , they were better off after taxes and transfers . > 51 We measure marginal contributions to consumable income , except for in-kind benefits , for which the marginal", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will also be managed and carried out by the DESG and comprise of online and face-to-face modules . The online training will be self-paced , while each head teacher will receive two sessions of face-to-face training . The accreditation process should be completed by a head teacher within a year of starting . The DESG will use modern technology tools for implementation and monitoring of secondary school management performance of head teachers through a standardized indicator system . The first assessment on the competency of head teachers vis-à-vis the standards will be recorded by the DESG . 45 . To incentivize the Government to design and implement structural reforms on professionalizing head teachers to become effective school leaders , the release of IDA funds under this intervention will be linked to DLI 2 : Head teachers of general secondary schools trained and accredited ( see details in DLI matrix and Annex 2 ) . # # * * Improved Capacity of New Teachers ( US $ 5 million equivalent ) * * 46 . * * There is no teacher on-boarding program at the secondary education level in Cameroon ( approximately 3 , 000 new teachers are appointed annually ) . * * This intervention will address the following critical constraints leading to low learning outcomes as measured by the standardized exams especially after lower secondary : ( a ) limited preparedness of new teachers for their teaching career ; ( b ) limited classroom exposure of new teachers due to theoretical preservice training ; and ( c ) weak pedagogical knowledge , subject integration teaching , and gender awareness and classroom management competencies . < sup > 52 < / sup > The project will support development and > 51 Whole School Approach refers to a set of interventions that work at multiple levels , within the school and the community , to prevent and respond to school related gender-based violence . United Nations Girls ` ’ ` Education Initiative ( UNGEI ) ` ’ ` s Whole School Approach minimum standards and monitoring framework eight inter-related domains to establish a safe", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 1986 and then rise again until 1988 . Like the inequality measures , they fluctuate without a trend between 1989 and 1993 , and then begin a sustained decline which lasts for the next eleven years . * * Figure 2 : Poverty indices over time in Brazil using the Administrative Poverty Line , 1981-2004 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 40 < br > 0 . 35 < br > 0 . 30 < br > 0 . 25 < br > 0 . 20 < br > 0 . 15 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 05 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 < br > Years < br > Headcount Poverty Gap FGT ( 2 ) < br > FGT ( a ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The poverty decline in 1986 , which mirrors the enormous increase in mean and median incomes reported for that year in Table 1 , deserves a word of explanation . These are the actual numbers from the PNAD survey , and they do not reflect any change in the questionnaire , reference period or survey design on that year . Despite considerable scrutiny from various authors , similar figures have been widely reported in the literature on Brazil , including Amadeo and Camargo ( 1997 ) ; Barros , Henriques and Mendonça ( 2000 ) ; and Ferreira and Litchfield ( 2000 ) . The general view seems to be that this rise in mean incomes , and the corresponding decline in poverty , reflect the expansionary nature of the 1986 _Cruzado_ stabilization plan . GDP grew by 7 . 5 % , and the FIESP industrial real wages by some 20 % during that year , suggesting that _part_ of the increase in the survey mean and the decline in poverty are likely to have been real . Nevertheless , the increase in the PNAD survey mean between 1985 and 1986 is of 46 % , which is clearly inconsistent with the national accounts", "spans": [{"start": 884, "end": 895, "text": "PNAD survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on Fruit Trees by Subproject Component | * * Woreda * * | * * PAHs Affec * * < br > * * Pads * * | * * ted by Tower * * < br > * * & ROW * * | * * PAHs A * * < br > * * sub * * | * * ffected by * * < br > * * station * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | * * No * * | * * Percent * * | | Jima town | 22 | 10 . 1 | 0 | 0 | | Kersa | 6 | 2 . 8 | 0 | 0 | | Mana | 127 | 58 . 3 | 0 | 0 | | Limu Kosa | 57 | 26 . 1 | 12 | 100 . 0 | | Limu Genet | 4 | 1 . 8 | 0 | 0 | | Limu Seqa | 2 | 0 . 9 | 0 | 0 | | All | 218 | 100 . 0 | 12 | 100 . 0 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Based on the census and inventory survey fruit trees and perennial crops impacted by tower and ROW belongs to 218 PAHs . The number , types and sizes of fruit trees and perennial crops affected by the towers and ROW is presented in table 7 . 8 below . Page 86", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 637, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Box 2 explains the robustness checks conducted using EU-SILC and matched administrative tax data for measuring impacts . * * | Box 2 . Robustness Checks – Using EU-SILC and Matched Administrative tax data and EU-SILC to measure < br > Impacts . | | - - - | | * * In a related study , Robayo-Abril , Balaban , and Wronski ( 2024 ) utilize statistical data matching techniques to * * | | * * align income data from the 2020 administrative tax dataset with the 2021 EU-SILC , referencing the income * * < br > * * year 2020 . * * The aim is twofold : to assess tax regulation adherence and to examine possible overestimations in the < br > proportion of individuals earning the minimum wage , as reported in tax records . Their findings highlight a notable | | disparity in the prevalence of minimum wage earners when comparing data from EU-SILC and tax records . | | * * We explore using linked survey administrative tax data , which could provide valuable insights for several * * < br > * * reasons * * . On the positive side , this approach presents comprehensive coverage of unemployment , capturing the entire | | labor force and enabling the estimation of unemployment rates , albeit differing from the LFS approach , as the EUSILC | | is not designed to measure labor market status . Additionally , it considers both employed and informal sector workers , < br > providing a more holistic perspective . The inclusion of income poverty data further enriches the scope of findings . | | Moreover , this method accounts for a diverse range of worker characteristics , including observable factors like | | education levels and occupations , allowing for a more refined characterization of the potentially affected group . | | However , the share of minimum wage workers earning between the current and the proposed minimum wage in the < br > EUSILC is tiny , significantly limiting the sample size for this analysis . The EU-SILC measures income annually . | | Respondents report their income in a previous calendar year . EU-SILC 2021 provides information on annual income < br >", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 66, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 71, "end": 102, "text": "matched administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 187, "end": 210, "text": "Administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 423, "end": 454, "text": "2020 administrative tax dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 464, "end": 476, "text": "2021 EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1431, "end": 1450, "text": "income poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2031, "end": 2043, "text": "EU-SILC 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Epistemology , RCT methodology , and research transparency . _ Researchers have begun to examine large sets of studies to understand the “ political economy ” of designing , conducting , and publishing experiments ( e . g . , Andrews and Oster ( 2019 ) on external validity bias ; Gechter and Meager ( 2022 ) on the role of pre-existing infrastructure for site selection ; H ̈ offler ( 2017 ) on how data publication influences citation rates ; Anderson and Magruder ( 2017 ) on how to reduce the number of false discoveries ; or Christensen and Miguel ( 2018 ) on the adherence to transparent research practices ) . _Summary statistics . _ RCT data can help both researchers and the broader public to better understand underrepresented populations or get an overview of the body of experimental evidence . Especially in lowincome contexts , RCT data delivers a detailed picture of populations that are typically not well-represented in available data – neither government data , such as ( formal ) labor market statistics , nor private data , such as bank records . RCT data can be used to extract stylized facts , conduct exploratory research or power calculations , and more . For example , the non-profit AidGrade ( 2019 ) compiled a database of standardized effect sizes and standard errors to facilitate simple forms of comparative analysis ( e . g . Vivalt , 2015 , 2019 ) . The metadata schema is designed to benefit all these different applications by - enabling filtering datasets on criteria such as unit of randomization or intervention assignment strategy ; - collecting information specific to RCTs such as interventions , treatment arms , or treatment compliance ; - facilitating the combination of multiple RCT datasets by documenting features such as available covariates , time period covered in the data , or inclusion / exclusion criteria ; - recording external resources such as registry entries , ethics review protocols , and academic publications , and documenting information such as whether a pre-analysis plan exists or who funded or partnered in the implementation of the RCT . # * * 3 Creating the Metadata Schema * * We followed the process outlined in ISO ( 2021 ) in creating the metadata schema .", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 851, "text": "RCT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1000, "end": 1023, "text": "labor market statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1239, "end": 1296, "text": "database of standardized effect sizes and standard errors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private audit firm , will conduct in ‐ year risk ‐ based audit of project activities in order to strengthen internal controls . The in ‐ year internal audit reviews will be conducted at least once a year and the audit reports will be shared with MAFS , Ministry of Finance and Planning ( MoFP ) and the Bank for review and comments . # # * * Funds flow and Disbursement arrangements * * 65 . Disbursement of the Grant will use advances , reimbursement , direct payments and payments under Special Commitments including full documentation or against statements of expenditure , as appropriate . For Components 1 and 2 , a lump sum amount will be disbursed through UN blanket commitments to WFP and UNICEF ( Component 1 ) and FAO ( Component 2 ) following submission of a duly executed contract between the respective UN agency and MAFS and a Payment Request from that agency . WFP , UNICEF and FAO will then provide quarterly funds utilization reports to the PIU within 45 days after the end of the quarter , which will be used to account for expenditures in the Bank records . 66 . For Component 3 , the proceeds of the grant will be disbursed into the DA following the transaction – based Statement of Expenditure ( SoE ) method . The PIU will submit Withdrawal Applications accompanied by statements of expenditure incurred , to the World Bank for replenishment of the DA . The project will also maintain a local currency sub ‐ project account for making payments denominated in local currency . Funds will only be transferred from the main DA to the local currency sub ‐ account in order to meet immediate payment obligations . No significant cash balances will be maintained in local currency to reduce the foreign exchange exposure risk . MAFS will be responsible for initiating , incurring and authorizing expenditures under the Project in accordance with the specified procedures and initiating the payment process with all the required supporting documentation . Detailed disbursements arrangements are documented in the Disbursement Letter . # # * * D . Procurement * * 67 . In", "spans": [{"start": 1062, "end": 1074, "text": "Bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "World Bank 2024 ) . It is thus critical to identify the drivers of and barriers to productivity , formal employment , and formal wage growth in Zambia . Leveraging firm and worker administrative tax data from Zambia , this paper decomposes labor productivity and wage growth among formal firms and workers in Zambia into withinfirm , between-firm , inter-sectoral , and dynamic components . We find that aggregate labor productivity of formal firms declined over the 2014-2021 period , driven by secular within-firm declines in the nonmining industry and service sectors . By contrast , labor productivity grew in agriculture and remained flat in mining over the same period . Real wage trends for formal workers have mostly mirrored labor productivity dynamics , declining 40-50 percent across non-agriculture sectors but growing slightly in agriculture , largely driven by within-firm shifts rather than between-firm or between-sector dynamics . The declines in labor productivity and wages reflect business environment challenges related to access to finance and electricity , as well as burdensome formal compliance requirements and competition with the informal sector . Within-firm labor productivity challenges also reflect low skills and capacity — including low technology adoption — among both firms and workers . The rest of this paper is structured as follows . Section 2 provides background about the related literature and the private sector in Zambia . Section 3 outlines the data sources we leverage in the paper . Section 4 first outlines the methodology used for productivity analyses and then discusses the results of these analyses . Section 5 outlines the methodology and results for jobs-related analyses . Section 6 discusses the productivity and wage findings in the context of salient business environment and firmlevel constraints in Zambia . Section 7 concludes with the implications the paper ’ s findings and areas for further research . 2", "spans": [{"start": 164, "end": 215, "text": "firm and worker administrative tax data from Zambia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ The study further captured the number of rooms of the residential house the sampled households have and the study finding shows that , while 34 . 4 % and 28 . 1 % of the sampled households are residing in 4 and 3 roomed residential houses respectively , whereas about 20 . 4 % of them reported to own five room residential houses . The residential houses of close to 4 . 8 % of the sampled households have six or more rooms . Conversely , about 10 . 7 % of households are living in two roomed residential houses , whereas very few households reported to live in single room house . Unlike what we have seen in many rural parts of the country , the households within the Subproject impact areas are living in relatively bigger size and many roomed residential houses . With respect to the building materials used to construct their residential houses , the finding of the sample socioeconomic survey exhibits that 98 . 9 % of the households used corrugated iron sheet ( CIS ) for house roofing , 99 . 3 % wood plastered with mud for construction of house wall and ( 97 . 0 % ) dirt / soil for house flooring respectively . Apart from that , households covered by sample socioeconomic survey described that they used grass ( thatched ) to construct the roof . Similarly , 2 . 2 % and 0 . 4 % of the sampled households informed that they constructed their house floor with cement and ceramic / tiles respectively . The socioeconomic baseline survey finding further indicated the availability and utilization of some household amenities including cooking space and toilets . In this regard , 94 . 8 % of the sampled households use a separate kitchen for cooking meals . Conversely , about 4 . 4 % and 0 . 7 % of them confirmed to cook meals inside a living room , and in open space respectively . Correspondingly , almost all ( 99 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1052, "text": "sample socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1570, "end": 1599, "text": "socioeconomic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # 3 . STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS SEP activities will be led by MEMD , UECCC and UEDCL personnel responsible for stakeholder engagement , Project Implementation Units ( Environment , Social and Gender Specialists ) and Community Development Officers in the different districts traversed by the project . These Departments will be responsible for the overall coordination and management of stakeholder engagements . In addition , the Social Aspects Units of implementing agencies will oversee the grievance resolution mechanism . The Project Grievance Focal Point will also be part of the Community Development Team . Specific named personnel within the implementing Agencies will be seconded for these roles as the project progresses . The material resources are GRM database , printed documents will be used based on the needs of the SEP . # # # 3 . 1 Stakeholder mapping matrix The stakeholder mapping matrix for the ASCENT Project is designed to assess the relative influence , level of impact , and risk exposure of key stakeholders across the project components . This analysis supports prioritization of engagement strategies , strengthens risk management , and enhances accountability during implementation . The matrix builds on the identified stakeholder groups and project implementation arrangements under Components 1 , 2 , and 3 of the ASCENT Project * * _Figure 2 : Categories of stakeholders_ * * 8", "spans": [{"start": 779, "end": 791, "text": "GRM database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 : Average Utility Borrowing Rates vs . the Jurisdictions ’ Commercial Rates * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 30 % < br > 26 % < br > 25 % 24 % < br > 20 % 19 % < br > 16 % 17 % < br > 15 % < br > 15 % 14 % 13 % 13 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 10 % 8 % < br > 6 % 5 % 7 % 6 % 6 % 6 % 7 % 7 % < br > 5 % 3 % 3 . 2 % 4 % 4 % 4 % < br > 0 % < br > Average borrowing rate for the utilities < br > Average commercial borrowing rate for the country < br > Public distribution company < br > Private distribution company < br > Average borrowing rate < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Utility financial statements ; World Development Indicators . * * Figure 6 : Loan Sources and Average Borrowing Rates * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 % 23 . 0 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % 9 . 0 % 8 . 4 % < br > 7 . 5 % < br > 6 . 6 % < br > 5 % 2 . 93 % 3 . 6 % 4 . 2 % 4 . 0 % < br > 0 . 6 % < br > 0 % < br > Tanzania Kenya Senegal Tajikistan Uganda < br > Government Commercial IFI < br > Average Borrowing Rate < br > Percent of Total Loans < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Utility financial statements ; World Development Indicators . 19", "spans": [{"start": 649, "end": 677, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "low income clients . In addition , high minimum balance requirements create strong barriers to access even for basic financial services such as savings accounts . The situation is exacerbated by multiple documentation requirements resulting from strict anti-money laundering regulation which reduces the eligibility of low income clients for formal financial services . 5 . Financial exclusion is associated with lower and more uncertain incomes , lower education and closer links to the informal sector . A household survey conducted in Bogotá for this study reveals that 70 % of the unbanked earn less than one minimum wage per month , are three times more likely to be unemployed than the banked , and have lower education levels . The unbanked save and borrow largely in the informal sector . At the same time , however , high home ownership rates show that the unbanked have the capacity to build assets , demonstrating that they have ‘ bankable ’ characteristics . 15", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 544, "text": "household survey conducted in Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Gedo ’ s 2 , 801 responses were almost evenly split between requests for assistance ( 65 % ) and information ( 35 % ) , mostly in Food Security ( 46 % ) and Shelter / NFIs ( 20 % ) . Nearly 100 % of queries in Gedo were closed , showcasing strong responsiveness in this # # * * Contributing Organizations : * * ACF , ACTED , ASAL ) , DAN , DRC , FAO , IOM , LRDO , MRDO , NoFYL , PSA , SCC , SOMLIFE , SASMO , UNICEF , and UNHCR . Supported by the CCCM Cluster and Government Partners . * * For more information regarding PDAD : Action # 6 and Interoperable Aggregator CFM Model , please contact : * * Mahbub Rahman , CEA TF ( mmarahman @ iom . int ) and Blessings Mtuwa Nkhata , UNICEF ( bnkhata @ unicef . org ) . * * For information regarding the central repository and CFM data analysis , please contact : * * Anil Mani Acharya ( acharyaa @ unhcr . org ) and Raymond Tagle Jr . , UNHCR ( taglejr @ unhcr . org ) region . Overall , the findings emphasize the need to prioritize Food Security , Shelter / NFI , and Health interventions while addressing the backlog of unresolved queries in regions like Galgaduud . # * * Sensitive Reporting : * * A total of 350 sensitive or life-threatening security cases were reported , primarily involving gender-based violence ( 212 cases ) and other protectionrelated concerns ( 104 cases ) . Alarmingly , three ( 3 ) cases of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA ) were reported in the Banadir and Lower Shabelle regions . Of these 350 sensitive cases , 35 % remain open , highlighting the need for continued follow-up and strengthened response mechanisms . 2 _All data presented in this report have been compiled and analyzed by", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 783, "text": "CFM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # * * ACKNOWLEDGEMENT * * This RAP report acknowledges the contributions of the local community of Kariobangi Informal Settlement , in particular the Project Affected Persons , for their open participation in the data collection and draft report review process . Acknowledged as well is the support given to the data collection and draft report review process by : Kariobangi Informal Settlement SEC members ; KISIP team of the Ministry of Land , Housing and Urban Development ; KISIP Machakos County Team ; Mr . Kiamba , Senior Technical Supervisor , Machakos Sub-County ; and , the Area Chief ’ s Office . Other persons whose assistance is truly recognised are two research assistants who are residents of Kariobangi Informal Settlement . These research assistants not only assisted in collecting data , but in their effort to do a good job , assisted in disseminating to their resident community , facts on the study . Distinct contribution is also acknowledged of one SEC member , the Chairman , Rev . Daniel Kaveva . He committed himself to actively participate in the data collection process . He supervised the research assistants , to ensure efficiency in data collection . Additionally , he dedicated time to alleviate the Project Affected Persons concerns , and explaining to them , whenever required to , the significance of openly participating in the data collection process . He also assisted in mobilising PAPs and other community members to attend community consultative groups , one of the techniques used in the census survey with the specific objectives of : a ) creating awareness on the study and ultimately the Project ; b ) collecting qualitative data toward development of this report ; and , c ) reviewing the draft report toward ensuring ownership . i March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 1674, "end": 1687, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the AS1 group , and had issued title certificates for 1 , 481 ( covering 410 hectares ) . The remaining 815 unfinished cases were to be completed by the Lands Commission of Ghana . In addition to this , plans for 5 , 729 land parcels , covering 5 , 039 hectares had been produced . The nature of the project and the interventions which accompanied this pilot program were aimed at some of the structural barriers to land registration . The fact that the program created a new registration district and an office with modern equipment for land data collection , processing and storage removes some of the bottlenecks associated with previous attempts . The program also created incentive structures to nudge officials to maintain a constant workflow . Finally , the program facilitated negotiations with chiefs and family heads who hold allodial titles to land in order to ensure consent for the issuance of titles . # * * 4 . 2 Evaluation Design * * We build our analysis on three survey waves conducted in 20 communities that are located around a main road that forms a closed circuit . This main road geographically divides many of the sample communities into two halves . This circuit also corresponds to the boundary of the Land Titling Program . Households within the loop were eligible to participate in the pilot while households outside of the loop were not eligible in the first phase of the program which spans our entire evaluation period . The physical demarcation of the road dividing communities into two forms the basis for our empirical evaluation strategy . < sup > 7 < / sup > More precisely , households located within the loop of the road and not more than 200 meters away from the road are considered as the treatment group in our study . On the other side of the main road , i . e . outside of the loop and outside of the pilot area , we sampled households such that they form two types of control groups : a short-term control group and a long-term control group . At the time of project initiation , it was anticipated that households just outside the loop would be the most likely future recipients of", "spans": [{"start": 981, "end": 993, "text": "survey waves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stocks in * * ( 3 . 1 ) * * above . But the conditions just mentioned under which historical flow accumulation would yield a good approximation to the value of the corresponding stocks are quite stringent . More specifically , correcting for the effects of unrequited capital transfers and debt reduction operations is relatively simple , as the relevant data is available from the * * IMF * * and the World Bank , but valuation effects are much more problematic . They arise from two main sources cross-exchange rate changes , whose effect depends on the currency composition of foreign assets and liabilities ( generally unavailable from standard data sources ) , and changes in the secondarymarket price of assets * * ( e . g . , * * equity prices in the case of portfolio investment , or market prices of developing-country debt ) . The latter valuation effects are even more difficult to estimate , as organized secondary markets often do not exist ( particularly in developing countries ) . Obviously , valuation problems could * * be * * easily overcome if information were available reporting asset stocks at current exchange rates and market prices . However , available stock information is limited to two main sources : ( i ) the foreign reserve data collected * * by * * the IMF ' s * * IFS , * * which value foreign exchange reserves at current exchange rates and have very broad coverage across countries and over time ; and ( ii ) the external debt data compiled * * by * * the World * * 13 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1241, "end": 1261, "text": "foreign reserve data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1450, "end": 1468, "text": "external debt data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Digital Acceleration Project – GovNet ( P171305 ) RCIP-5 ’ s PDO is to : “ ( a ) Lower prices for international capacity and extend the geographic reach of broadband networks and ( b ) Improve the government ’ s efficiency and transparency through e-Government applications . ” The project has provided support for developing or updating key laws and regulations with the view to increase competition and lower prices for broadband connectivity and digital services . It has also supported the expansion of the national fiber-optic backbone infrastructure and connected government facilities to high-speed broadband . Finally , RCIP-5 has helped improve the GoU ’ s ability to deliver services to its citizens by putting in place shared e - Government infrastructure , digital platforms , and shared services . The project ’ s main implementing agency is the NITA-U — an autonomous statutory body with the authority to coordinate and regulate Information Technology ( IT ) services in Uganda . A continuation of RCIP-5 , the UDAP-GovNet seeks to accelerate the take-up of services , as Ministries , Departments and Agencies ( MDAs ) , and increasingly secondary MDAs , are being progressively connected . * * 18 . The GoU ’ s ability to deliver public services digitally has improved in recent years , helped by investments in shared IT facilities and service delivery platforms . * * Uganda ranked 137 out of 193 countries on the 2020 UN e - Government Development Index , < sup > 40 < / sup > up from 156 five years ago . The investments made through RCIP-5 , including in government cloud-based data centers , data exchange and integration platform , SMS and e-payment gateways , as well as in digital authentication services , have played a key role in the improved ranking . To date , over 80 sectoral e-services have been introduced in collaboration with a variety of MDAs . However , much remains to be done to", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "include teacher < br > evaluation tools based on the national teacher professional < br > standards ( NTPS ) . | MOE website , < br > signed documents at < br > MOE | Third Party | The verification agency will check < br > that the teacher evaluation < br > framework has been adopted , < br > signed , and published on MOE ' s < br > website . | | * * DLR # 4 . 3 * * Number of newly < br > appointed teachers evaluated < br > against the National Teacher < br > Professional Standards ( NTPS ) < br > using the teacher evaluation < br > framework | The National Teacher Evaluation and Appraisal Framework < br > ( NTEAF ) aims to evaluate teacher performance and to provide < br > feedback to teachers , teacher training institutes and MOE < br > supervisors . MOE will then evaluate teachers against this < br > framework to identify teacher professional development needs < br > and to determine teachers ’ placement on the career path < br > ( certification level ) . Data should be disaggregated by gender . | MOE Teacher < br > evaluation records | Third Party | The verification agency will verify < br > teacher evaluation records . | | * * DLR # 4 . 4 . * * Number of K ‐ 12 < br > teachers trained and certified | In ‐ service training for grade 4 to 10 teachers to be delivered < br > with the aim of aligning teacher skills and competencies with < br > the new Teacher Standards . The training would also place < br > emphasis on the application of targeted instruction strategies < br > and the use of student assessments ( formative and < br > summative ) . Instructional support materials , whether paper or < br > technology based , that are closely aligned with the curriculum < br > and that teachers will be trained on , will be introduced as < br > supplementary means for fostering improved teaching < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1053, "text": "evaluation records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1113, "end": 1139, "text": "teacher evaluation records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 5 . Conclusion The need to expand the assistance and protection for conflict-affected populations beyond humanitarian aid cannot be overemphasized . The debate on how to expand government supports to IDPs has been ongoing for several years . Although certain frameworks are available in the literature , there is limited evidence of practical application of frameworks in a real-world setting . This paper adds to this ongoing debate and goes beyond framework development to a demonstrated application on this topic in Iraq . This paper investigated a possible approach to bringing the humanitarian caseload into the government SP programs by exploiting data from a field test . As part of the CLC ' s recertification and enrollment process in the Northern conflict-affected governorates , a field survey asked the complete set of questions required to construct a full set of variables used in both the humanitarian and government cash transfer targeting models from the same households . It also collected information on perception and willingness to be referred to the government ’ s program . Just because a household is likely eligible does not necessarily mean it is willing to be referred for assistance from the government . A combination of likely eligibility and willingness will ultimately determine how many potential MoLSA beneficiaries could come from the humanitarian database . Analyzing the field-test data , this paper reconfirmed the findings from the desk review that a significant number of households that qualify for the humanitarian MPCA assistance are also eligible for the government ’ s cash transfer program . Among households identified as < mark > extremely vulnerable by < / mark > the SocioEconomic Vulnerability Assessment Tool ( SEVAT ) used by the MPCA since 2019 , 40 percent of the beneficiaries would be eligible for the government ’ s program when the targeting is limited to those below the national poverty line ( a medium-small program ) . The referral rate would increase to < mark > 70 percent when the program expansion included everyone in bottom 35 percent nationally or within 1 . 36 times the poverty line ( a large program ) . Under the same two expansion scenarios , 20 and 48 percent of the extremely vulnerable group identified by the old MPCA targeting tool , Legacy-VA ,", "spans": [{"start": 1372, "end": 1393, "text": "humanitarian database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that PTAs serve as commitment mechanisms to foreign investors regarding the treatment of their assets that is more credible than domestic regulations . ( Osnago , Rocha , & Ruta , 2015 ) find that deep trade agreements facilitate vertical FDI because they reduce the contractual uncertainty associated with the difference between PTA members ’ institutions . In terms of methodology , recent works have grasped the importance of accounting for the variation in content to distinguish the effects of deep versus shallow PTAs . Advances in data availability regarding the content of PTAs have enabled researchers to depart from the use of restrictive dummy variables and incorporate more sophisticated measures of PTA depth . Equipped with these new empirical tools , some papers have focused on the impact of PTA depth on trade flows , while others have addressed the same question for FDI . < sup > 9 < / sup > For example , ( Lesher & Miroudot , 2006 ) construct an index of investment disciplines in PTAs but limit their coverage to 24 North-South agreements . Several papers have attempted to build similar types of indexes based on careful analysis of the information contained in agreements ’ treaties . However , none conducted this exercise on the universe of PTAs as well as their overall content , up until the work conducted by the World Bank for which experts accomplished a thorough mapping of all disciplines included in all PTAs notified to the WTO ( see ( Hofmann , Osnago , & Ruta , 2018 ) for a presentation of the content of PTAs data set ) . ( Osnago , Rocha , & Ruta , 2015 ) were the first to use this data set to construct a comprehensive measure of PTA depth and use it to explore the impact of deep integration on vertical investments . Several papers analyze the impact of specific policy areas on foreign investments > 9 ( Mattoo , Mulabdic and Ruta 2017 ) find that deep trade agreements increase gross trade and can have a positive spillover effect on trade with third countries if their design and implementation are non-discriminatory . ( Orefice and Rocha 2014 ) study trade in parts and components , and ( Laget , et al . 2018", "spans": [{"start": 1543, "end": 1556, "text": "PTAs data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "housing supply is inelastic in the short run . The effect is negative and statistically insignificant for below-median rents , but positive and statistically significant for high-rent housing . They interpret this as a sign of residential segregation , with natives moving out of lower-priced neighborhoods where refugees settled . The only other country affected by the Syrian crisis where studies are available is Jordan . Fallah et al . ( 2018 ) look at Syrian refugees in Jordan and find that locals have not experienced negative labor market outcomes if one considers labor market participation , employment , employment by type or wages . They find no difference between the labor market outcomes of locals living in areas with a high share of refugees and those who do not . Fakih and Ibrahim ( 2016 ) look at Syrian refugees in three governorates of Jordan and use a longitudinal vector autoregressive model ( VAR ) to assess the impact of refugees flows on local employment . Similarly to Fallah et al . ( 2018 ) they find no correlation between refugee flows and local > 31 Based on UNHCR data as of January 2019 ( https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / situations / syria ) . 58", "spans": [{"start": 1093, "end": 1103, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this report , without the means to make it to the border , many of the displaced population in Aburoc are stuck without a place to hide from a potential SPLA advance on the area . The brunt of the confl ict weighs heavily on women , girls , boys and men with forced recruitment by armed forces of boys and men coupled with abduction of women and girls into virtual slavery , to serve as wives and cooks . Gender roles have changed as women take up the role of bread winner in the family by moving in search of food , fi rewood and petty jobs which exposes them to exploitation , sexual violence especially rape . Though gender inequality is deeply rooted into the culture of South Sudan and early marriage has been widely practiced , the economic burden of confl ict has forced parents to marry off their child daughters . Children do not attend school in order to support their parents ; including girls engaging in transactional sex that exposes them to negative reproductive health consequences . < sup > 7 < / sup > In the previous Trends report a large population movement of the mainly Dinka population from the Equatoria region , mainly from Yei , to Juba and other government controlled areas from fear of being attacked was reported . Many settled around the airport in Juba and were air lifted by the Government to Malakal in February this year , just after fi ghting emptied nearby Wau Shilluk of its Shilluk population . From IDP monitoring and discussions with the local authorities , it is estimated that about two thousand people , the vast majority Dinka , were transported north by the Government . During this reporting period a movement of about 1 , 800 mainly Dinka were relocated to areas around Malakal and to the town including ; Rianom , Nyonkuach , Adong and Baliet town from the IDP camps in the area south of Melut town . Most all other ethnic groups not associated with the government SPLA or Taban Deng related forces previously part", "spans": [{"start": 1438, "end": 1452, "text": "IDP monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Year 2 * * | * * 010-2011 * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Rural Capacity Building * * | | | | | | I < br > * * Draft Bid Documents , * * < br > * * ildi d * * | f Post-Revie | w , No-objection Dates are | not needed | | | | | | * * Loan # : * * | | * * B * * | * * ASIC DATA * * | | | * * ncung specs an * * < br > * * quantities , draft SPN * * | * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * Notice * * | * * Bidding Period * * | * * Bid Eval * * | * * uation * * | * * Contract Finalization * * | * * Contract Implemen * * | * * tation * * | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Numbe * * < br > * * Estimate * * < br > * * d * * | * * Procure * * < br > * * ment * * < br > * * Pre-or * * < br > * * Post * * | * * Prior or * * < br > * * Post * * | < br > * * Plan vs . * * < br > * * Actual * * | * * Prep & * * < br > * * Submission * * < br > * * No - * * < br > * * objection * * | * * On-line * * < br > * * UNDB * * | * * Bid * * < br > * * Invitation * * < br > * * Bid Closing - * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * “ Not Applicable ” * * * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * “ Not Applicable ” * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * To be Identified * * ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . * * ” Not Applicable ” * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . Not Applicable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 29 Bradley VC , Kuriwaki S , Isakov M , Sejdinovic D , Meng X-L , Flaxman S . Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake . _Nature_ 2021 ; * * 600 * * : 695 – 700 . - 30 Bloland P , MacNeil A . Defining & assessing the quality , usability , and utilization of immunization data . _BMC Public Health_ 2019 ; * * 19 * * : 380 . - 31 Sandefur J , Glassman A . The Political Economy of Bad Data : Evidence from African Survey and Administrative Statistics . _J Dev Stud_ 2015 ; * * 51 * * : 116 – 32 . 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * -  DLI 1 Per capita increase in federal block grants transfer to regions ( Number ( Thousand ) ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 588 . 00 | - - | | 962 . 00 | | Date | 14-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar-2017 | # # #  DLI 3 Health extension workers who have graduated with a Level 4 qualification ( Number ( Thousand ) ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 2123 . 00 | - - | | 10724 . 00 | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar-2017 | Comments The December 2016 interim ISR had the actual achievement over 11 , 000 . However , these were preliminary numbers . 10 , 724 is the correct number for this year . -  DLI 7 Enhanced transparency and accountability through citizen engagement ( Text ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | FTA budget disclosure < br > happening in all woredas , with < br > informal pre-budget < br > discussions during budget < br > literacy training , | | | The Nov 2016 DLI achieved by < br > reaching 37 . 2 % of woredas from | | Value | Standard GRM", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "abounds on how Internet access prices evolved following the arrival of major submarine cables ( Appendix A ) . For instance , Nigeria experienced the arrival of five SMCs between 2010 and 2015 . < sup > 3 < / sup > These new SMCs have accelerated the growth of international Internet bandwidth used in the country , from an annual rate of 48 percent between 2010 and 2014 to 70 percent between 2015 and 2020 . < sup > 4 < / sup > Such an expansion in bandwidth was accompanied by a 5 percentage point drop in the price of mobile broadband over the same period . < sup > 5 < / sup > Cameroon also experienced the arrival of three major SMCs during the same period , among the five which arrived in Nigeria : ACE , WACS and NCSCS . These arrivals were also associated with an ex - > 1Some submarine cables may have some terrestrial segments . > 2Telegeography , 2022 . > 3Glo-1 and MainOne in 2010 ; Africa Coast to Europe ( ACE ) and West Africa Cable System ( WACS ) in 2012 , and the Nigeria Cameroon Submarine Cable System ( NCSCS ) in 2015 . > 4Based on bandwidth data from Telegeography . > 5Price of 2GB of mobile broadband data in percentage of monthly income per capita - based on data from the ITU . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1090, "text": "bandwidth data from Telegeography", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1188, "end": 1205, "text": "data from the ITU", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 68 , 500 m3 / day of sewage to < br > be < br > safely < br > treated < br > and < br > disposed . The TP is now < br > operating at 76 % of its < br > capacity | | * * 3 * * | Participating < br > cities < br > that < br > have < br > prepared and < br > implemented < br > an integrated < br > urban < br > sanitation < br > management < br > plan < br > under < br > the project . < br > ( Number ) | Number | - < br > 23 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 Secondary city utilities out < br > of the 22 have completed < br > their < br > integrated < br > urban < br > sanitation plan together with < br > their respective feasibility < br > studies , detail design and < br > Tender document . The CWIS < br > study for Adigrat is under < br > assessment stage . < br > This indicator shows how < br > many cities in the project < br > have created and started < br > using complete plans to < br > improve their sanitation < br > systems . | | * * 3 . 1 * * | Addis Ababa < br > ( Number ) | | - < br > 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | The master plan study has < br > been < br > completed < br > and < br > submitted and the feasibility < br > study phase is under way . | | * * 3 . 2 * * | Secondary < br > Cities < br > ( Number ) | | - < br > 22 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 22 | All < br > the 22 < br > towns have < br > completed the CWIS study | 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "There are two main insights from an analysis of the haircut data . First , there are strong recurring features over time . Over the entire 200-year span , average haircuts and their variation are surprisingly similar . The level of creditor losses averaged between 40 % and 50 % – with no visible time trend or outlier spells . Every decade since 1815 featured a few sovereign restructurings . The only major exception is the period between WW2 and the 1970s . This is the Bretton Woods era with closed capital accounts and very limited private cross-border lending , so that barely any new defaults or restructurings on privately held sovereign debt occurred . Since the 1980s , we have seen a sharp increase in the number of sovereign restructurings , which also owes to the fact that the number of independent countries is much higher today . The standard deviation of haircuts is large throughout the sample , at about 30 % . Some deals imply low haircuts of less than 20 % while others reach 80 % or more . Thus , the historical haircut statistics resemble those of more recent decades , despite the fundamental changes in institutions and markets since the 19th century . < sup > 27 < / sup > Table 1 : Sovereign haircuts with foreign private creditors ( 1815-2016 ) | | Cases | Mean | Median | SD | Min | Max | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Haircuts across time * * ( by default-restructuring event ) | | | | | | | | Full sample ( 1815-2016 ) | 313 | 44 | 39 | 30 | - 14 | 100 | | _Historical_sample ( defaults pre-1970 , < br > only bond restructurings occurred , no bank debt ) | 138 | 51 | 48 | 32 | - 14 | 100 | | _Modern_sample ( defaults post-1970 , < br > incl . 152 bank debt defaults and 23 bond defaults ) | 175 | 39 | 34 | 28 | - 10 | 97 | | . . . subsample of", "spans": [{"start": 52, "end": 64, "text": "haircut data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Therefore , it ispossible for managing projects . | | * * Management * * < br > * * of conflicts * * | Important to have the following documented : ( i ) register of PAP ; ( ii ) clear < br > eligibility criteria ; ( iii ) use and adherence to guidelines ; ( iv ) establishing < br > committees among PAP and chosen by them ; ( v ) Registering of the formed < br > committees . | | * * Management * * < br > * * of livelihood * * < br > * * enterprises * * | Form associations based on the livelihood alternatives | | | * * National Forestry Authority * * | | * * District Local * * < br > * * Government * * | ( i ) < br > Boundary surveys - the involvement of DLG political and civil leaderships is < br > very important . < br > ( ii ) < br > Collaborative forest management - support is needed from district < br > community development officers , forest officers for mobilizations and < br > technical support , plan implementation , management of groups , < br > settlement of governance issues and in the formation of CFM . < br > ( iii ) < br > Funding - There are community development driven funds which are < br > obtainable in the districts . These funds do boost CFM activities . | | * * Guidelines * * | There are guidelines in place for the formation of CFM . Formation of CRM , < br > dependingon communities , can take more than ayear in some instance . | | * * Challenges * * | The following are key challenges : ( i ) Formation of CFM is time consuming ; < br > ( ii ) Balancing between conservation and livelihoods ; ( iii ) Funding inadequacies ; ( iv ) < br > compliances ; ( v ) Expectations are high among CFM and communities ; ( vi ) < br > Capacity is", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "challenges associated with firms evading taxes in Indonesia are similar to those in other middle-income countries where tax revenue to GDP has remained stubbornly low ( Alm , 2019 ; Basri et al . , 2021 ) . This study is particularly valuable for revenue authorities in these settings that face sizable challenges in accurately estimating levels of tax evasion and identifying non-compliant taxpayers . The results show that substantially more revenue could be collected if the government increased compliance by registered firms . < sup > 2 < / sup > This study may also assist revenue authorities with their compliance activities by identifying the dimensions where the most significant heterogeneity exists in tax evasion between firms . For example , the higher rates of tax evasion among non-exporting firms suggest that many firms may perceive that the revenue authority lacks third-party information about economic activities that do not cross international borders . Furthermore , the notably higher rates of tax evasion by firms that see tax administration as a major obstacle to their business activities provide suggestive evidence that efforts to simplify the tax system may lead to increases in compliance . This study contributes to two strands of the existing literature about tax evasion by firms and methods for surveying sensitive topics . Regarding research about tax evasion by firms , we make three main contributions . First , we focus on measuring levels of tax evasion in a middle-income country in a novel way compared to previous studies that have typically relied on tax administrative data for a subset of firms ( e . g . , see Pomeranz , 2015 ; Carrillo et al . , 2017 ; Basri et al . , 2021 ; Waseem , 2022 ; Waseem , 2023 ; Artavanis et al . , 2016 ) < sup > 3 < / sup > or survey questions that either directly ask about compliance or focus on tax morale ( both of which are likely to underestimate tax evasion ) ( e . g . , see Ali et al . , 2014 ; Luttmer and Singhal , 2014 ; Hoy , 2022 ) . Secondly , our focus is on the tax compliance behavior of almost exclu - > 2However efforts by the authorities to", "spans": [{"start": 1594, "end": 1617, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Update of the IDePS guidelines will be undertaken as part of the harmonization process . | | | * * Action Description * * | 04 . Prepare guid | elines to develop a local business database and priv | ate sector engagemen | t framework | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * < br > * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Technical | DLI 5 | NPCT in coord with < br > CoG < br > Due Date | 31-Mar-2024 | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Guidelines devel | oped and validated and included in the POM | | | | * * Comments * * | WB is providing | TA while NPCT hires a technical assistant for RA4 . | | | | * * Action Description * * | 05 . Develop met < br > urban-level | hodology for collection of data and tools for results fr | amework , including re | porting from county and | 4 / 16 / 2024 Page 2 of 14", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 194, "text": "local business database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Overall Ratings * * | Name | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Progress towards achievement of PDO |  Satisfactory |  Satisfactory | | Overall Implementation Progress ( IP ) |  Moderately Satisfactory |  Moderately Satisfactory | | Overall Risk Rating |  Moderate |  Moderate | # * * Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * The overall implementation progress of the project post mid-term is on track to meet its development objectives , despite the continued security issues in many of the project Woredas . The implementation progress was assessed based on the Annual Progress Report obtained from the Federal Project Coordination Unit and the field visit which the mission undertook in Oromia and SNNP region . The project made good progress in all components and subcomponents , further ensuring the relevance , effectiveness , sustainability , and impact of the project . During the reporting period ( January to September 2022 ) , a total of 6 , 747 Common Interest Groups ( CIGs ) have been active in the production and marketing of the four value chains ( Dairy , Poultry , Red meat , and Fishery ) supported by the project . About 3 , 555 CIGs are engaged in small ruminant management while 1901 , 1180 , and 111 CIGs are respectively engaged in dairy , poultry , and fishery productions . These CIGs earned a 1 / 26 / 2023 Page 1 of 10", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 626, "text": "Annual Progress Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "time expense but an ongoing cost of doing business as a public company . < sup > 41 < / sup > Sometimes there is simply a cultural reluctance to disclose information that may appear to be personal in nature . < sup > 42 < / sup > In some markets , it may in fact be dangerous – personally dangerous – to disclose information about yourself and your company . Of course , none of these reasons is necessarily exclusive and there may be considerable overlap . < sup > 43 < / sup > Many impediments to listing can be mitigated or removed altogether through education and training initiatives and by legal and regulatory reform . But alleviation of perceived obstacles is not of itself capable of bringing public or private sector companies to list on the exchange because the obstacles , while serious , are in fact incidental to the key incentives motivating companies to list . Recent experience in Korea provides evidence of this . In 2005 , the Korean government conducted a survey on costs incurred by public companies , with a view to investigating causes of sluggish activity in the stock market . < sup > 44 < / sup > The survey found that 40 percent of listed companies do not see great advantages in being public . For example , 19 . 1 percent of listed companies consider that the costs are higher than the benefits of remaining public , and 20 . 9 percent see no net benefits . Most listed companies in Korea also raised serious concerns over everincreasing compliance costs . More specifically , they indicated that the most burdensome regulations are : ( i ) disclosure rules ( 60 percent ) , ( ii ) litigation risks ( 50 percent ) , and ( iii ) requirements for listing maintenance ( 42 percent ) . The total compliance costs in Korea are estimated to be far lower than those in the US ; however , the relative amount to the market capitalization and GDP is comparable . As expected , since the compliance costs are a fixed cost , smaller companies tend to be affected more negatively as the regulatory burdens increase . < sup > 45 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 1020, "text": "survey on costs incurred by public companies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "∑ � � � � � � hours � � � � hours � � < sup > � < / sup > ) . The results , given in table A10 , suggest that week-to-week hours vary considerably , even among workers whose primary jobs may not be characterized as flexible by standard definitions . While fluctuations in hours worked may also reflect changes in labor demand , these changes suggest that it is at least possible to change hours from week to week . While the similar level of variation in hours between wage and self-employed workers may seem surprising at first , recall that the majority of wage work is plausibly informal . This is true for both those paid regularly and irregularly : specifically , 61 percent of wage workers with irregular pay at baseline and 66 percent of wage workers with regular pay are in the service sector , where there is presumably flexibility to extend hours to meet demand , or devote extra time to work to increase demand via advertising . To provide further reassurance that the similar within-worker deviation in hours is not an artifact of noise in the data , we examine betweenworker variation in hours in the 2013 GHUPS round and the baseline of the high-frequency data we collect . Figure A2 shows that the distribution of hours worked look similar across wage and self-employment in both surveys , and there is no evidence of stronger bunching around benchmarks like 40 hours a week among wage workers . < sup > 21 < / sup > Lastly , table A11 examines potential differences in responsiveness to illness shocks by household composition . While it is possible that households with more potential alternative caregivers free up employed adults from caregiving – thereby allowing them to increase their labor even more than adults in other households – there is no evidence of differentially increased labor supply by either men or women in households with elderly members or working age adults not in the labor force . By contrast , men in households with more children are more likely to > 21 Moreover , in the high frequency baseline , the mean absolute deviation across workers is not statistically different between wage and self-employed for either men", "spans": [{"start": 1119, "end": 1124, "text": "GHUPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1155, "end": 1174, "text": "high-frequency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex . The Progression of Severity : Full Sample * * To focus on just a few countries , this paper restricted the sample from a total of 160 countries to just 48 , which will be discussed below . As shown in Table A1 , our dataset includes 160 countries ( including 15 that report zero COVID-19 deaths ) . We focus on countries with over 10 million inhabitants and at least 100 COVID-19 fatalities . The population restriction removes a large number of small HICs , whereas the fatality restriction removes many poorer countries . Table A1 . Sample Selection by Population Size and Minimum COVID-19 Fatalities | | | Number of countries | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Total | Population > < br > 10 million | + COVID-19 < br > deaths > 100 | | Total | 160 | 82 | 48 | | High income | 52 | 19 | 19 | | Upper-middle-income | 48 | 48 | 16 | | Lower-middle-income | 36 | 36 | 12 | | Low income | 24 | 24 | 1 | Source : Johns Hopkins University ; World Health Organization ; World Population Prospects . Having obtained 48 countries , we then split the sample up into four groups that proxy the level of severity : high , medium , lower and low . The summary metric used to divide the sample is the peak daily severity ratio observed over the course of the pandemic thus far . The peak daily severity ratio not only dimensions the extent of the health emergency of each country ; it also helps us organize the sample in buckets with similar ranges for the daily severity ratios . The high group comprises 8 countries with peak severity above 50 percent ; medium refers to 11 countries with peak severity between 50 and 10 percent ; lower refers to 13 countries with the ratio between 10 and 2 . 5 percent ; and low refers to 16 countries with peak severity below 2 . 5 percent . In what follows , we illustrate the progression of the pandemic for the full set of 48 countries", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 1013, "text": "World Population Prospects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 - ( vii ) “ Government Guarantee ” means the agreement between the Government and the Company dated May 25 , 2007 providing for GOU ’ s guarantee to the Company of UETC ’ s payment obligations under the PPA ; - ( viii ) “ Guaranteed Obligation ” means any obligation of the Government with respect to making a compensation payment or other payment upon termination of ( or at any other time under ) the Implementation Agreement or the Government Guarantee by reason of : - ( a ) any GOU Event of Default pursuant to Sections 15 . 2 ( a ) , ( b ) , ( c ) , ( d ) , ( f ) , ( g ) or ( h ) of the Implementation Agreement ; - ( b ) any UETC Event of Default pursuant to Sections 4 . 3 ( a ) , ( b ) , ( c ) or ( f ) ( but excluding any breach by UETC of the Liquidity Facility Agreement ) of the PPA ; or - ( c ) any Political Force Majeure Event pursuant to Sections 14 . 1 ( a ) ( i ) , ( a ) ( ii ) , ( a ) ( iii ) or ( a ) ( v ) of the Implementation Agreement ; - ( ix ) “ IDA Agreements ” means the IDA Guarantee Agreement , this Indemnity Agreement , and the IDA Project Agreement ; - ( x ) “ IDA Project Agreement ” means the agreement dated on or about the date hereof between the Association and the Company ; - ( xi ) “ Kalagala Falls Site ” means the area designated as such on the map attached hereto ; - ( xii ) “ Mabira Central Forest Reserve ” means the area designated as such on the map attached hereto , including all use classifications set forth on such map as agreed with the Association ; - ( xiii ) “ O & M Contractor ” means the onshore and offshore operators who are parties to the Operation and Maintenance Agreements ; - ( xiv ) “ Operation and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- NC-RFQ / Repairs and Servicing of Laboratory Equipment IDA / 59450 Climate-Smart Agricultural Research and Seed Systems ( US $ 53 . 7 million equivalent , Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 9 , 820 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2021-12-09 2022-01-28 2022-04-02 < br > of which IDA US $ 50 . 0 million < br > equivalent ) < br > KE-KALRO-261639-NC-RFQ / Repair and Servicing of Irrigation Pumps and Drip Irrigation Systems IDA / 59450 Component 2 : StrengtheningClimate-Smart Agricultural Research and Seed Systems ( US $ 53 . 7 million equivalent , of which IDA US $ 50 . 0 million Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 33 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2021-11-25 2022-01-28 2022-04-02 < br > equivalent ) < br > Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > KE-KALRO-278378-NC-RFQ / Procurement of Bulk SMS IDA / 59450 ro-weather , Market , Climate , and Advisory Services ( US $ 32 . 9 million equivalent , of whi Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 50 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-02-24 2022-04-07 2022-05-26 < br > ch IDA US $ 30 . 0 million equi < br > valent ) < br > KE-KALRO-280379-NC-RFB / Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > Weather Data Package for Kenya Agricultural ObservatoryPlatform ( KAOP ) Subscription IDA / 59450 ro-weather , Market , Climate , and Advisory Services ( US $ 32 . 9 million equivalent , of whi Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 174 , 000 . 00 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 1257, "end": 1277, "text": "Weather Data Package", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "short time sample covering a period during which a country could have gone through major structural changes in the financial sector could be problematic . Similarly , using country specific historical data especially for emerging countries , covers only a rather limited number of crises periods . For these reasons , we find the pooled regression approach preferable for the sake of robustness of the acquired estimates , as lower income countries develop and their own past experience may not be relevant in assessing the impact of possible future crises on their financial system and on the economy . Moreover , if more country specificity is desirable , the pooled regression estimates could be used as priors in a Bayesian estimation of the NPL regression , including also additional country specific variables , possibly also as latent variables ( see , Brand , Buncic and Turunen , 2010 , on how latent variables can be incorporated in a monetary polciy modeling environment ) 21Note here again that we will simply refer to this variable as NPLs ( non-performing loans ) in the text . 25", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 205, "text": "country specific historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification * * . Not expected for any works or goods packages in the procurement plan . # * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components : Applicable * * * * Reference to ( if any ) Project Operational / Procurement Manual : * * the IWMDP team will prepare a Procurement manuals , which will also be part of the Project Implementation Manual . * * Any Other Special Procurement Arrangements * * :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 4 . < br > SocialSafeguards < sup > Specialist : The < / sup > < br > position < sup > istobere-advertised ; revised < / sup > < br > ToRs < sup > submittedtotheBank < / sup > < sup > * * for * * approval < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | - - - ue-t < br > c < br > Procurementof < sup > Project < / sup > < br > Vehicles - * * 13NO * * - 4WD < br > pickuptrucks | cotrctfo < br > * * Sign * * contractfrsupply < br > the vehicles . | pitoin < br > ContractawardedandsignedwithCooper < br > MotorsCompany < sup > Ltdtosupplythevehicles . < / sup > < br > Delivery * * and * * distributionofthevehiclesamong < br > Projectcomponent < sup > implementationofficesIs < / sup > < br > expected * * by * * September < sup > 2020 < / sup > | | - ~ ~ < br > Moioin < br > n < br > Momtormgandeet < br > Technical Assistance < br > Supporttowardswater < br > regulationactivities | ~ c < br > P * * oe * * t < sup > * * M & E * * Pa , r < / sup > < br > < br > r j ct M < br > n , < br > Evaluationrrangement < br > 2 . Collectcomprehensive < br > baselinedataforall < br > * * key * * performance < br > inicat \" ors < br > 3 . Produce", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1065, "text": "baselinedataforall", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * D . Financial Management Arrangements * * # * * _Budgeting_ * * 10 . The budgeting process , from development to execution and control , will rely on WFP and FAO budgeting arrangements , which are deemed acceptable to the World Bank for the purposes of the proposed project . # * * _Accounting , Internal Control , and Internal Auditing_ * * 11 . The PIU for EAPSP will be responsible for consolidating accounting information submitted by WFP and FAO . Each supplier will maintain a separate account ( International Public Sector Accounting Standards accrual basis or any other acceptable accounting standard ) in its records — a complete , true , and faithful record of all of the advances from proceeds of the financing and of all the expenditures paid from such advances . 12 . The project ’ s internal control and internal audit arrangements will rely on the arrangements of the implementing entity identified by the government ( in this case , the PIU for the EAPSP ) , complemented by WFP - and FAO-related procedures for the day-to-day management of project activities . # * * _Funds Flow and Disbursements_ * * 13 . Upon project effectiveness , applications for withdrawal of proceeds will be prepared by the government and submitted to IDA . The special World Bank disbursement procedures will be used to establish a Blanket Commitment to allow the amount to be advanced . Funds withdrawn from the IDA credit account will be deposited directly into the UN bank accounts provided by FAO and WFP for their respective project components . 14 . The amount advanced will be documented through the quarterly unaudited IFRs as actual expenditures are incurred by the WFP and FAO . Figure A3 . 1 diagrams the flow of funds . 36", "spans": [{"start": 1607, "end": 1631, "text": "quarterly unaudited IFRs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1 . 079 | | | ( 0 . 101 ) | ( 0 . 164 ) | ( 0 . 443 ) | ( 0 . 523 ) | ( 0 . 577 ) | ( 0 . 662 ) | ( 0 . 750 ) | ( 0 . 791 ) | | Constant | 0 . 279 * * * | 0 . 286 | - 1 . 942 * * * | - 2 . 562 * * * | - 1 . 966 * * * | - 1 . 427 * * * | - 3 . 278 * * * | - 3 . 284 * * * | | | ( 0 . 097 ) | ( 0 . 232 ) | ( 0 . 535 ) | ( 0 . 459 ) | ( 0 . 357 ) | ( 0 . 354 ) | ( 0 . 479 ) | ( 0 . 500 ) | | Number of observations | 619 | 469 | 630 | 473 | 679 | 522 | 554 | 427 | | r2_w | 0 . 215 | 0 . 334 | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 111 | 0 . 079 | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 097 | 0 . 077 | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 620 | 0 . 677 | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the Georgia COV-ES data . Columns 3 through 8 report marginal effects from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6 for more details . 47", "spans": [{"start": 717, "end": 736, "text": "Georgia COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 91 * * < br > 92 < br > 93 < br > 94 < br > 95 < br > * * 96 * * | | Import price index ( 1987 = 100 ) < br > Terms of trade ( 1987 = 100 ) | . . | | | | _ * _Exports < br > aImports | | BALANCE of PAYMENTS | | | | | | | _ ( millions USS ) _ | 1975 | 1985 | 1995 | * * 1996 * * | Current account balance to * * GDP ratio ( % ) * * | | < br > Exports of goods and services | * * . . * * | . . | 381 | 658 | | | Imports of goods and services < br > Resource balance | . . < br > * * , . * * | * * . . * * < br > . , | 1 . 334 < br > - 953 | 2 , 379 < br > - 1 , 721 | o < br > . < br > * * 1 * * < br > _ < br > - < br > | | Net factor income | . . | * * . . * * | - 242 | - 220 | * * - 10T * * < br > - 15T | | Net current transfers | . . | . . | 625 | 536 | * * - 20 * * < br > - | | Current account balance | | | | | * * - 25 * * < br > * * - 30 * * | | . < br > before official capital transfers | . . | * * . . * * | - 570 | - 1 , 405 | * * - 35 * * | | Financing items ( net ) | * * . . * * | . . | 708 | 1 , 803 | * * - 40 * * | | < br > Changes in net", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 91, "text": "Import price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "driven by climate change and displacement from the country ’ s ongoing conflict with Boko Haram in the northeast . Simultaneously , settled communities have expanded , and dry farming techniques have lengthened their land and water use throughout the year . In response to these tensions , three Nigerian states ( Benue , Ekiti , and Taraba ) passed outright bans on open grazing in 2016 and 2017 . These bans exacerbated previous tensions and directly contributed to a peak of violence in the first half of 2018 . We combine detailed panel data of households and individuals from Nigeria ’ s General Household Survey ( GHS ) with data on violent events from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data ( ACLED ) project ( Raleigh _et al . _ , 2010 ) . The GHS data contain four survey rounds , each including two seasonal visits — post-planting and post-harvest . This means that individuals can be observed in ( up to ) eight separate periods between 2010 and 2019 . Herder-related violence typically follows a seasonal pattern , with events worsening as herders remain to graze their cattle in areas past May , when they historically moved north . < sup > 5 < / sup > With these data , we leverage variation across time and space using the presence of herder-related violent incidents within a given radius around households ( i . e . , 10 km ) and within a given time frame ( i . e . , within the last month ) as an indicator of exposure to herder-related violence . < sup > 6 < / sup > The granularity of these data allows us to include fixed effects at the level of a comparatively small geographic area , which combined with time and individual-level fixed effects , allows us to estimate changes in economic activities associated with herder-related violence while ruling out confounding variation between narrowly defined locations over time . Therefore , our identification strategy relies upon the fact that exposure to these violent events varies meaningfully , even within narrowly defined geographic areas . This empirical approach helps ensure that we are comparing households with similar agro-ecological and economic conditions . In particular , we include fixed effects by river sub-basins", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 575, "text": "detailed panel data of households and individuals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 593, "end": 617, "text": "General Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 631, "end": 653, "text": "data on violent events", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 701, "text": "Armed Conflict Location and Event Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * < u > CONSULTATION MEETING WITH COMMUNITY MEMBERS AT PEMBA < / u > * * # # # # # # * * < u > VILLAGE , MWAVUMBO LOCATION - 14TH JULY 2017 . < / u > * * - The meeting began at 2 : 00 pm with a word of prayer from the area elder Chipori Mwatela followed by introductions . - Engineer Wainaina then gave the gathering an overview of the project before introducing the Consultants . - The Consultant explained to the gathering the whole process of RAP from Consultation to project implementation . The consultant also explained to the gathering the reason as to why the process was being redone . - The consultant then urged the gathering to be open and candid in the discussions . | Questions / Comments < br > Some people have rented the land and have < br > crops like maize but the land is not theirs , How < br > will such issues be handled ? | Responses < br > Such people will be compensated for the crops < br > and the land owner will be compensated for < br > loss of land . | | - - - | - - - | | A similar study was done 3 years ago , why is it < br > being repeated ? | Yes , a RAP was conducted in 2014 . It is being < br > re-done due to the fact that the dam height has < br > been increased and other components added . < br > This will be an update of the previous RAP . | | We need transparency when it comes to land < br > issues ; this is because we would not want cases < br > where people who are being compensated are < br > not real PAPs . | The RAP team will conduct a census of PAPs < br > guided by the project design as fed onto our < br > GPS machines . We will be able to", "spans": [{"start": 1506, "end": 1520, "text": "census of PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Database of Shared Prosperity_ . This database is designed with the objective of assessing growth as measured 10 Following an approach similar to that taken by Lakner et al . ( 2019 ) , we use the ungroup command included in the DASP Stata Package ( Abdelkrim and Duclos , 2007 ) to generate a national distribution of 10 , 000 points for each reference year , based on Lorenz curves from PovcalNet . The resulting estimates of poverty and inequality are within 1 percentage point of direct PovcalNet estimates based on microdata in more than 95 percent of the cases . 11 Criteria and data on survey estimate comparability are described in Atamanov et al . ( 2019 ) . The comparability metadata is available in the World Bank ’ s GitHub Repository for PovcalNet : < u > https : / / raw . githubusercontent . com / worldbank / povcalnet / master / metadata / povcalnet_metadata . csv < / u > 12 Global Database of Shared Prosperity and Median Income / Consumption , circa 2013-2018 , as of March 20 , 2021 : < u > https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / topic / poverty / brief / global-database-of-shared-prosperity . < / u > A limitation of household surveys is that they are conducted with uneven frequency and with low consistency in methodology and implementation over time . Many countries lack surveys for at least five years or longer ( Serajuddin et al . , 2015 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 398, "text": "PovcalNet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 894, "end": 930, "text": "Global Database of Shared Prosperity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1143, "end": 1160, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * CHAD Improving Learning Outcomes Project ( P175803 ) and / or caregivers to engage with children ´ s learning . Specifically , the project will support the identification of open source titles - ideally in mother tongue and / or the versioning or creation of new storybooks / story cards , as well as the development of guidance for community members and caregivers to accompany the reading process . The latter will take into account the literacy levels of community members and the existing evidence on what works to encourage reading with the help of nonliterate caregivers . < sup > 44 < / sup > # # * * Component 3 : Strengthened education system management and financing ( USD 54 million ) * * 21 . This component aims to strengthen the management and financing of community schools and teachers . The release of funds under this component will be contingent upon the Government taking steps to officially recognize and finance community schools and teachers . The objectives of the component will be achieved through performance based conditions ( PBCs ) . The release of US $ 54 million will be linked to two PBCs : - PBC 1 ( five Performance-based Condition Targets ( PBCTs ) ) : Primary community schools integrated into public school system and effectively manage an operating grant based on a School Improvement Plan - PBC 2 ( five PBCTs ) : Primary community teachers ’ salary paid from state budget # # * * _Sub-component 3 . 1 : Strengthened management and financing of community schools . _ * * 22 . The objective of this sub-component is to sustainably strengthen the management and equitable financing of community schools . The sub-component will undertake three activities , linked to five PBCTs . First , the government will officially recognize community schools as public ( state ) schools . The project will map all community schools and identify those that are viable and meet the criteria to be officially recognized as state schools . The selected schools will be granted an official", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "32 WHO ( 2000 ) , Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment , Geneva , available at < u > http : / / www . who . int / docstore / water_sanitation_health / Globassessment / GlobalTOC . htm < / u > # * * Bibliography for PPI , the macro story * * Briceno , C . , A . Estache and N . Shafik ( 2004 ) , “ Infrastructure Services In Developing Countries : Access , Quality , Costs and Policy Reform ” , The World Bank , ( forthcoming ) Easterly , W . and L . Serven , editors ( 2003 ) , * * The Limits of Stabilization , * * Stanford University Press , Stanford Estache , A . and M . E . Pinglo ( 2004 ) , “ Are returns to Public-Private Infrastructure Partnerships in Developing Countries Consistent with Risks since the Asian Crisis ” , World Bank , PR Working Paper series , Number 3373 Guasch , J . L . ( 2004 ) , * * Granting and Renegotiating Infrastructure Concessions : Doing it Right * * , WBI Development Studies Gomez-Ibanez , J . A . ( 2003 ) , * * Regulation of Private Infrastructure : Monopoly , contracts and discretion * * * * _ , _ * * Harvard University Press Kessides , I . ( 2004 ) , * * Reforming Infrastructure : Privatization , Regulation , and Competition , * * Oxford University Press Ramamurti , R . and J . Doh ( 2004 ) , “ Rethinking foreign infrastructure investment in developing countries ” , _Journal of World Business_ , 39 , pp151-167 U . K . Department for International Development , 2002 , * * Making Connections : Infrastructure for Poverty Reduction , * * London # * * Bibliography for the Fiscal space debate * * Ballasone , F . and D . Franco ( 2000 ) , “ Public Investment , the Stability Pact and the Golden Rule , Fiscal Policy , vol . 21 , 2 , pp207-229 Blanchard , O . J . and F . Giavazzi ( 2003 ) , “ Improving the SGP through a Proper Accounting of Public Investment ” , European Economic Perspective newsletter , CEPR", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 63, "text": "Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 _Figure 3 . Average Annual Salary_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 25 , 000 < br > 2 0 , 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > ~ M 15 , 000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > 10 , 000 - - - - < br > 5 , 000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ' s Calculations based on data from SEDAPAL Annual Reports The reduction in labor expenses and the rise in tariffs allowed SEDAPAL to make a profit in 1993 for the first time in more than a decade . Further price increases , as well as improvements in billing and collection have kept SEDAPAL solvent ( Figure 4 ) . _Figure 4 . SEDAPAL Profits_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 < br > 08 ( 50 ) , / . < br > C ( 100o ) , . . . . < br > ( 150 ) < br > 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 < br > Source : SEDAPAL AMual Reports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The increase in SEDAPAL ' s liquidity and the World Bank project allowed a surge in investment in expansion and maintance . As Figure 5 shows , investment per connection rose from US $ 26 in 1990 to US $ 80 by 1996 . Most of the investment has been earmarked for expansion and there has been less emphasis on rehabilitiation and maintenance of the existing network .", "spans": [{"start": 483, "end": 515, "text": "data from SEDAPAL Annual Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Box 2 . Pairwise Correlations for Components of Related Lending Index * * | Single Owner Limit | Single Owner Limit < br > 1 < br > [ n = 74 ] | Related Party < br > Limit | Non-Financial Firm < br > Ownership of < br > Banks | Bank Ownership of < br > Non-Financial Firms | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Related Party Limit | 0 . 758 * * * < br > [ n = 74 ] | 1 < br > [ n = 74 ] | | | | Non-Financial Firm | 0 . 474 * * * | 0 . 482 * * * | 1 | | | Ownership of Banks | [ n = 74 ] | [ n = 74 ] | [ n = 74 ] | | | Bank Ownership of | - 0 . 027 | 0 . 087 | 0 . 079 | 1 | | Non-Financial Firms | [ n = 74 ] | [ n = 74 ] | [ n = 74 ] | [ n = 74 ] | * * * indicates p < 0 . 01 . # < u > C . Rule of Law < / u > In order to measure the strength of the rule of law we use the index developed by Kaufmann , Kraay , and Zoido-Lobaton ( 1999 , hereafter KKZ ) . The KKZ data are available for 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , and then annually from 2002 to 2008 . < sup > 5 < / sup > We use the index values from 2004 because it is close to coterminous with the 2003 BCL survey , and because it offers wider country coverage than the 2002 survey . We note that our results are not sensitive to the index year chosen , because the KKZ rule of law index does not vary dramatically over time . < sup > 6 < / sup > # < u > D . Depositor Monitoring < / u > We use the level of deposit insurance to measure the intensity of depositor monitoring", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 883, "text": "KKZ data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1064, "end": 1074, "text": "BCL survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The paper makes several contributions to the minimum wage literature . First , it is one of very few papers to investigate firm responses going beyond employment cuts for a developing country . < sup > 3 < / sup > Compared to the prior contributions that looked at firm-level responses to the minimum wage in developing economies ( Hau , Huang , and Wang , 2016 ; Mayneris , Poncet , and Zhang , 2018 ) , we take advantage of a very rich linked employer-employee dataset that enables us to link firm destruction to boarder employment and reallocation effects , as well as informality . Overall , our paper is also one of the very few in the minimum-wage literature to jointly examine impacts on both firm - and workerlevel outcomes , which has been even more rare for developing economies . < sup > 4 < / sup > To the best of our knowledge , it is also the first paper to assess impacts on firm destruction for the universe of registered firms in the economy , including small firms which predominate in developing countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > Compared to prior contributions , the granularity of the data allows us to shed light on heterogeneous effects across firm types – an area of study that is critical for understanding productivity and allocative efficiency – which may have been missed by prior contributions . Our paper also contributes to the very thin literature on the efficiency gains and reallocation effects of the minimum wage . It is only the second paper to examine reallocations among workers as a result of the minimum wage by tracking workers who leave exiting firms , and it is the first to address this issue in a developing-country economy . < sup > 6 < / sup > Our results suggest that productivity gains from the minimum wage in the formal sector emerge through the elimination of firms with low levels of productivity . However , these productivity gains are somewhat offset by a lack of worker reallocation into more-productive firms , at least in the short run . One year after the minimum-wage increase , a minority of workers from exiting firms were employed in formal firms , and", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 470, "text": "linked employer-employee dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "age ) | 0 . 00 | | 19 . 30 | | Share of registered grievances that are addressed < br > ( Percentage ) < br > * * IO Table SPACE * * | 0 . 00 | | 100 . 00 | * * UL Table SPACE * * # # * * Monitoring & Evaluation Plan : PDO Indicators * * | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * Methodology for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Electricity transmitted from RIS to RIN | This indicator measures the < br > electricity flow ( in MWh ) < br > through the 225kV double | Annual | SONATREL | SONATREL PIU reports | SONATREL PIU | Page 59", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 689, "text": "SONATREL PIU reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our interest in New Zealand , in turn , lies in the starkness of its containment policies . It implemented a very intense , but brief shutdown in the second quarter of 2020 and , except for some time intervals and locations , lifted mobility restrictions thereafter . In this sense , New Zealand fits very well our benchmark experiment of a one quarter shutdown . < sup > 6 < / sup > > 6Figure 16 in Appendix B shows , using data from Google mobility reports on visits to shopping venues 4", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 458, "text": "Google mobility reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Loss of 2 traditional worship shrines ( Kayas ) and 4 worship * * < br > * * caves located within the project area * * | There was broad community support for this project with a clear < br > condition that the affected Kayas and caves mustberelocatedin < br > and following the traditional systems and ways of conductingthe < br > process . < br > The Kaya Elders , who were informed that the project < br > would affect the Kayas , were further consultedtofind out measures < br > that are culturally appropriate for minimizing this impact . < br > Kaya Elders indicated that they would oversee the process of re - < br > locating the kayas but would need compensation mainly resources < br > toobtain bulls that wouldbeslaughtersinorder to appeasethe < br > spirits during the relocation who wouldbedisturbed . < br > A full < br > ceremony for relocating the shrines exists and Kaya elders would < br > conduct the ceremonv priortocommencement of a | | - - - | - - - | | * * Loss of graves and communal burial sites * * < br > The Duruma people have a lot of reverence for the dead and < br > therefore their graves are well preserved including communal burial < br > sites , which is a common way of resting the departedinthis < br > community . They also , asmuchasthey have adopted new forms of < br > religious worship , have deep attachmenttothe traditional worship < br > and the shrines are crucialintheir ways of life . | All the affected graves / burial sites have been identified during the < br > RAPcensus survey conductedinMarch-April 2014 . < br > During the < br > dissemination of information about this project and as part of < br > obtaining broad community support , the Duruma community", "spans": [{"start": 1518, "end": 1534, "text": "RAPcensus survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Survey . However , we did not find similar studies across developing countries in general and the LAC region in particular . < sup > 2 < / sup > Hence , it is not possible to draw any conclusions about whether the above theories are borne out in the region from existing literature . At the global level , the main relationship investigated is between citizens ’ trust in government and their willingness to obey laws and pay taxes . There is evidence , though , that weak trust in government can ( including in developing-economy settings ) erode the social contract and lead to citizens disengaging from the state ( that is , citizens evade taxes , stop participating in elections , disobey laws , take justice on their own , among others ; see Arizti et al . 2010 ; Kumagai and Iorio , 2020 ) . We contribute to the literature studying the relationship between trust in government — or political trust — and citizen participation in two ways . First , we develop a quantitative strategy that relies on the use of machine learning methods on micro-level data . Second , we focus the analysis across multiple countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region simultaneously using comparable data . < sup > 3 < / sup > To be clear , we seek neither to construct a formal hypothesis testing nor develop a general theory of political participation . Rather , our study builds on the work of Lee and Schachter ( 2019 ) in > 2 One exception is Wagle ( 2006 ) , who uses a structural equation model to study political participation and civic engagement in Kathmandu , Nepal . > 3 This comparative analysis does not undermine the need for case studies that provide further insights into specific contexts such as , for example , the sudden and dramatic increase in political trust in El Salvador or the effects on trust that Constitutional referendums have ( as recently held in Chile ) , to mention a few examples . Nonetheless , the use of country fixed effects in our empirical analysis aims at controlling for those idiosyncratic factors in specific countries . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1060, "text": "micro-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 28 - ( ii ) fish stock assessmentt ( 18 man-months ) ; ( iii ) fishery statistics 112 man-months ) ; ( iv ) tsetse control ( 9 mn-months ) . - ( b ) Extension - ( i ) subject matter spec : ; alists ( 298 man-months ) ; ( ii ) extension methodology ( 10 man-months ) ; - ( c ) Monitoring and Evaluation ( i ) monitoring and evaluation techniques ( 21 man-months ) F . Environmental Impact 3 . b3 The project is expected to have no adverse effects on environmental conditions . The insecticides and aphicides to be provided would be used under controlled conditions , mainly in restricted areas ( forestry nurseries , grain storage and vegetable gardens ) . An improvement in the environment should result from improved erosion control resulting from the strengthened extension services , and from starting to substitute fly traps for the present chemical . sprays ( dieldrin ) used for tsetse fly control . IV . COST ES ' IMATES AND FINANCING A . Cost Estimates 4 . 01 The total estimated four year project cost is USh 10 , 978 million ( US * 31 . 4 million ) , including price and physical contingencies . Cost estimates are summarized in table I and details given in Annex V tables 1-15 . Foreign exchange amounts to USh 8 , 690 ( US $ 24 . 8 million ) or about 79 % of total project costs . Duties and taxes included in total costs are estimated at USh 495 million ( US $ : . 4 million ) . Cost estimates are based on findings during appraisal updated to October 1984 base line costs . The project would require about 24 man-years of consultancy services . 4 . 02 Physical contingencies of 10 % ( US $ 1 . 4 million ) have been applied to costs of civil works , equipment , training and operation and maintenance costs . Price contingencies are estimated at about 25 % of project base costs and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Kenyan population have unimproved sanitation facilities < sup > 68 < / sup > . > 62 ( “ Kenya Demographics Profile 2018 , ” 2018 ) > 63 ( Clark , 2015 ) > 64 ( Clark , 2015 ) > 65 ( “ Demographics of Kenya - Facts and Figures , ” 2018 ) > 66 ( Climate Service Center Germany , 2015 ) . > 67 ( Wesangula . 2017 ) > 68 ( “ Kenya Demographics Profile 2018 , ” 2018 ) 25", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 123, "text": "Kenya Demographics Profile 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 6 : BAU-2030 and base year data aggregated by 5 % percentiles of income . GDP per capita as population weighted averages , population in millions , number of poor people in millions , annual tree loss in square kilometers , PM2 _ . _ 5 in population weighted average concentrations , carbon emissions in million tons . World totals are scaled to world totals using multipliers ( 1 . 16 for population and carbon based on the share of population in our data , and tree loss 1 . 42 based on the share of tree cover in the data ) . | Income | GDP p . c . | GDP p . c . | Pop . | Pop . | No . Poor | No . Poor | Treeloss | Treeloss | PM25 | PM25 | CO2 | CO2 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Group | 2014 | 2030 | 2014 | 2030 | 2014 | 2030 | 2014 | 2030 | 2014 | 2030 | 2014 | 2030 | | 1 | 1_ , _094 | 1_ , _548 | 68 | 101 | 41 | 55 | 3_ , _382 | 3_ , _640 | 15 | 20 | 10 | 28 | | 2 | 1_ , _495 | 2_ , _611 | 171 | 262 | 74 | 70 | 3_ , _750 | 3_ , _977 | 17 | 21 | 20 | 109 | | 3 | 1_ , _899 | 2_ , _388 | 46 | 67 | 19 | 24 | 1_ , _415 | 1_ , _684 | 23 | 25 | 22 | 39 | | 4 | 2_ , _305 | 3_ , _308 | 96 | 139 | 36 | 43 | 1_ , _821 | 1_ , _931 | 29 | 31 | 27 | 71 | | 5 | 2_ , _917 | 4_ , _720 | 237 | 305 | 57 | 45 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up the use of * * | | ✓ Reduce or avoid loud horns around residential areas and around health facilities | | * * technology for improved * * < br > * * public financial * * | | ✓ Reduce or avoid usage of machines for minor activities that can be done with human < br > labor | | * * management * * | | ✓ Apply or adhere to workplace code of conduct for construction workers to reduce < br > unwanted noise | | ▪ * * Sub-component 32 : * * | | ✓ Minimize the movement of vehicles around residential and commercial areas | | * * Address critical public * * < br > * * financial management * * | | ✓ Unavoidable noise causing activities should be restricted to the day-time and working < br > hours < br > | | * * deficiencies * * | | ✓ Machine or equipment producing high levels of noise should be avoided or screened < br > when workingwithin closeproximityto anysensitive noise receptors ; | | • * * Sub-component 3 . 3 : * * < br > * * Institutionalizing Training , * * | Risk of data loss due to in < br > appropriate location of IT | ✓ Conduct climate risk assessment before making decisions on locations of data storage < br > serves < br > | | * * Capacity Building , and * * < br > * * Change * * | servers in the implementing < br > and beneficiary institutions , | ✓ Install proper flood protection measures and prepare flood risk management plans in < br > cases of such events | | * * ManagementConstruction * * < br > * * of Tax-Data Warehouse * * < br > * * ( Comp 2 ) * * | due to extreme weather < br > events such as floods and < br > intense rain | | | | Air pollution from dust from | ✓ To reduce dust , use appropriate construction site management", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1454, "text": "Tax-Data Warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * MATERIAL MEASURES AND ACTIONS * * | * * TIMEFRAME * * | * * RESPONSIBLE ENTITY * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | • < br > Complaints submitted to the grievance mechanism ( s ) , the grievance log , and progress made in < br > resolving them . | | | | • < br > E & S performance of contractors and subcontractors as reported through [ monthly ] contractors ’ < br > and supervision firms ’ reports . < br > • < br > Number and status of resolution of incidents and accidents reported under action E below . < br > • < br > Summary of Security Management measures carried out as per the Security Management Plan < br > ( SMP ) | | | | D < br > * * INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS * * < br > Notify the Association of any incident or accident relating to the project which has , or is likely to < br > have , a significant adverse effect on the environment , the affected communities , the public or < br > workers , including those resulting in death or significant injury to workers or the public ; acts of < br > violence , discrimination or protest ; unforeseen impacts to cultural heritage or biodiversity < br > resources ; pollution of the environment ; dam failure ; forced or child labor ; displacement without < br > due process ( forced eviction ) ; allegations of sexual exploitation or abuse ( SEA ) , or sexual < br > harassment ( SH ) ; or disease outbreaks . Provide available details of the incident or accident to the < br > Association upon request . < br > Arrange for an appropriate review of the incident or accident to establish its immediate , underlying < br > and root causes . Prepare , agree with the Association , and implement a Corrective Action Plan that < br > sets out the measures and actions to be taken to address the incident", "spans": [{"start": 188, "end": 201, "text": "grievance log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ineligible ” households in each village . Hence , in a typical village with one TASAF II group funded to run an income generating activity , the sample size was 14 . There were 1 , 544 households that completed the household survey in the 100 villages . The household survey contained detailed consumption data at the household level , limited consumption data at the individual level , as well as collecting information on distance to the village center , the education of the household head , asset ownership , participation in village meetings , whether household members hold political office in the village , and blood relationships between household memberships and village elites . There are 2 , 542 wards in 119 districts in mainland Tanzania . The poverty mapping data is unavailable for 86 of these wards . Out of these , the ward councilor elections were uncontested in 10", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 231, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 344, "end": 360, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 757, "end": 777, "text": "poverty mapping data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") Toilets of the children ’ s ward also used as laundry . - f ) Cattle grazed on hospital premises . - g ) Hospital had no functioning ambulance . - h ) Heavy traffic near hospital due to ongoing construction of Matuga-Semuto road . A visual record of observations at Nakaseke Hospital is provided in Plate 4 ( a-d ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Comparison with other countries_ The next question is how this relationship between the adoption of management practices and firm performance differs from the pattern found in other countries . The Enterprise Survey has collected similar management practices adoption data in 15 other countries and territories . < sup > 15 < / sup > Figure 9 repeats the regression of Column 1 of Table 6 , showing the ( partial ) correlation between firm performance , measured by log sales per employee , and the management practices score ( normalized within each country ) , from both a conditional regression with controls and a unconditional regression without controls . Most countries , with the exception of Lao PDR , report a positive coefficient . The coefficient from Mozambique is among the highest , at a similar level as Gambia and Suriname , but higher than most Latin American countries as well as Kenya . * * Figure 9 . Unconditional and conditional regression coefficients of a regression of log sales per employee on management practices , by country . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Suriname 2018 0 . 48 * * * < br > Gambia 2018 0 . 48 * * * < br > Mozambique 2018 0 . 47 * * * < br > Bolivia 2017 0 . 34 * * < br > Ecuador 2017 0 . 27 * * < br > Greece 2018 0 . 23 * * * < br > Paraguay 2017 0 . 19 * * * < br > Colombia 2017 0 . 11 < br > Kenya 2018 0 . 09 < br > Argentina 2017 0 . 08 < br > Peru 2017 0 . 03 < br > Lao PDR 2018 - 0 . 34 < br > - 0 . 60 - 0 . 40 - 0 . 20 0 . 00 0 . 20 0 . 40 0 . 60 < br > Coefficent < br > Unconditional Conditional < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ The reported coefficient is from a regression of log sales on management score < sup > 16 < / sup > , with the", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 275, "text": "management practices adoption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 : Impacts on Socio-Emotional Skills | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Aggregate soft-skills < br > index | Intrapersonal < br > skills index | Interpersonal < br > skills index | | Offered Training | 0 . 03 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 03 | | | ( 0 . 03 ) | ( 0 . 03 ) | ( 0 . 04 ) | | Baseline soft-skills index | 0 . 51 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | | | | Baseline intrapersonal index | | 0 . 44 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 04 ) | | | Baseline interpersonal index | | | 0 . 50 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | | Control Mean | - 0 . 02 | - 0 . 02 | - 0 . 02 | | Observations | 849 | 849 | 849 | Notes : OLS regressions controlling for strata dummies used in the randomization and baseline value of the outcome . Soft skills were only measured at baseline and endline . Robust standard errors shown in parenthesis . Intrapersonal skills include emotional awareness , self awareness , emotional regulation , self control , perseverance , personal initiative , and problem solving . Interpersonal skills include listening , empathy , expressiveness , relatedness , influence , negotiation , and collaboration . Table 4 : Impacts on Search | | ( 1 ) < br > Searche < br > in Last | ( 2 ) < br > d For Job < br > Month | ( 3 ) < br > Confdenc < br > Empl | ( 4 ) < br > e Approaching < br > oyers ( 0-3 ) | ( 5 ) < br > CV < br > Digital | ( 6 ) < br > in < br > Format | (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Governance and political stability are important criteria here but , unfortunately , no direct indicator is available at the sub-national level . However , three good proxies for institutional strength are available in our data and all contribute to adaptive capacity : < / mark > - < mark > Social capital and trust is measured in the form of generalized trust . The question \" Generally speaking , would you say that most people can be trusted , or that you can ’ t be too careful in dealing with people ? \" has been used in many settings to assess general interpersonal trust as a dimension of social capital . It is available for Tajikistan from the Life in Transition ( LiTS ) survey . We use the < / mark > > 1 Access to information and communications infrastructure is also arguably important in < mark > influencing vulnerability ( Blake et al , 1994 ) . In the past , authors have used telephone access measures as proxies for information sharing , early warning , and general connectivity . However , now that most households have cell phones , the value of telephone access as a proxy variable has arguably diminished . This leaves us with no usable data source on access to information . < / mark > < mark > 6 < / mark >", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 690, "text": "Life in Transition ( LiTS ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is an event that lowers oil prices amid falling oil output and industrial production . A positive speculative demand shock ( such as the residual in Figure 2 . F ) is identified as one that raises oil inventories , increases prices and oil production , and reduces industrial production . * * _Elasticity restrictions . _ * * Restrictions are imposed on the short-run price elasticity of oil demand . The impact price elasticity of demand is assumed to be non-positive ; the median draw in the range - 0 . 2 to - 0 . 1 is used , in line with estimates of the elasticity since the 1980s in Baumeister and Peersman ( 2013 ) . * * _Data_ * * . The exercise set uses monthly data from January 1980 to April 2020 . Global industrial production is the production-weighted average of industrial production in 31 advanced economies and 47 EMDEs , in an unbalanced sample depending on data availability . Data for industrial production in April is estimated as the level predicted by the global manufacturing purchasing managers ’ index . Global oil production is from the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) from 19872020 and the U . S . Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) from 1980-86 . Oil prices are the unweighted average of Brent , West Texas Intermediate , and Dubai crude oil prices from the World Bank ’ s Pink Sheet , measured in U . S . dollars . OECD inventories use IEA data from 1991-2020 and EIA data from 1987-1990 . In April 2020 and prior to 1987 , percent changes in U . S . inventories , which account for about one-third of OECD inventories , are used to proxy for changes in OECD inventories . # * * 2 . 3 Results * * The oil price plunge in 2020 has been mostly demand-driven , although supply factors have also played a role . The SVAR decomposition suggests that two-thirds of the price decline in the six months ending in April 2020 has been due to falling demand . < sup > 4 < / sup > The demand and supply factors surrounding the recent plunge in oil prices are discussed below . * * _Demand decline resulting from lockdowns", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 707, "text": "monthly data from January 1980 to April 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 1027, "text": "global manufacturing purchasing managers ’ index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . 3 FDI Regulations and Trade Agreements In addition to transportation and infrastructure data , we also obtain information on FDI regulations and trade and investment agreements . To measure FDI regulations across countries , we use the Investing Across Borders data set , which compares FDI laws and regulations across 87 economies . It presents quantitative indicators on economies ' laws , regulations , and practices affecting how foreign companies invest across sectors , start businesses , access industrial land , and arbitrate commercial disputes : Specifically , it includes the following indices : - Investing Across Borders : its offers < mark > measures of statutory restrictions on foreign ownership of equity in new investment projects ( greenfield FDI ) and on the acquisition of shares in existing companies ( mergers and acquisitions ) . < / mark > - Starting a Foreign Business : it < mark > quantifies the procedural burden that foreign companies face when entering a new market . It comprises 3 components measuring the time needed , procedural steps required , and regulatory regime for establishing a foreign-owned subsidiary . < / mark > - Accessing Industrial Land : it quantifies several aspects of land administration regimes important to foreign companies seeking to acquire land for their industrial investment projects , including the strength of land rights , the scope of available land information , and the process of leasing land in a country ’ s largest business city . - Arbitrating Commercial Disputes : < mark > it reflects different aspects of domestic and international arbitration regimes in each country applicable to local and foreign companies , including the strength of the legal framework for alternative dispute resolution , rules for the arbitration process , and the extent to which the judiciary supports and facilitates arbitration . < / mark > Figure 12 compares BRI countries with non-BRI countries as well as high-income OECD countries in the above FDI policy indicators . < sup > 15 < / sup > For each indicator , a higher score implies better performance and more attractiveness to foreign investors . Figure 13 shows a comparison of FDI openness at the sector level . < sup > 16 < / sup > A few patterns emerge from the", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 98, "text": "transportation and infrastructure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 242, "end": 275, "text": "Investing Across Borders data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "officials ) see McChesney ( 1997 ) . There is a huge literature on the dynamic costs of rent seeking ( Tullock rectangle ) , and one recent estimate puts the costs of rent seeking in Western Europe at 7 % of GDP ( Angelopoulos et al , 2009 ) . > 3 The first comparative and systematic data on the level of political corruption and rents and corruption was compiled by PRS Group beginning in 1986 . Other prominent measures include Transparency International ’ s ‘ Corruption Perceptions Index ’ begun in 1995 - ( data beginning 2011 ) and the World Bank ’ s Graft indicator-begun in 1998 - ( 2011 ) . > 4 See Treisman ( 2007 ) for an extensive review and testing of the theories on the determinants of rents and rent extraction . Seldadyo and de Haan ( 2005 ) , Alt and Lassen ( 2008 ) , also find several other variables as being very robust in explaining reduced ( - ) or increased ( + ) the incidence of rent extraction – namely population density ( - ) , Scandinavian legal origin ( - ) and ethnic conflict ( + ) and to a lesser extent literacy ( + ) , primary school enrolment ( + ) , public sector salaries ( + ) , dependence on fuel exports ( - ) , parliamentary form of government ( + ) and female labour force participation ( + ) . In their study of US states Maxwell and Winters ( 2004 ) find that the size of government ( + ) , population size ( + ) , social homogeneity ( - ) and citizen education and engagement ( - ) are robust predictors of rent extraction . Glaeser and Saks ( 2006 ) using Maxwell and Winters data ( 2004 ) but with a less ‘ noisy ’ identification strategy find that historical income ( - ) , education ( - ) , income inequality ( + ) and racial heterogeneity ( + ) are robust determinants of rent extraction .", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 492, "text": "Corruption Perceptions Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1506, "end": 1530, "text": "Maxwell and Winters data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ Eligible ERF Event ” ) , respond promptly and effectively to it . < mark > Components < / mark > Adaptive Productive Safety Net Improve Shock Responsiveness of the Rural Safety Net Systems , Capacity Development , and Program Management Support * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions ) * * # * * SUMMARY-NewFin1 * * | * * Total Project Cost * * | 200 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | | * * Total Financing * * | 200 . 00 | | * * of which IBRD / IDA * * | 200 . 00 | | * * Financing Gap * * | 0 . 00 | Page 2 of 10 Feb 09 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 273, "text": "PROJECT FINANCING DATA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials * * ( SIDC ) * * and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , < ! - - Start of picture text - - > / signed / < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > [ Position ] 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > * * 12 * * Instruction to Association staff : please forward this letter to the Country Lawyer for further processing ( Borrower : please do not delete this note ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 even from improved sources . Among unimproved sources , 86 % of samples had coliform levels over 100 per 100mL , ‘ very high risk ’ according to WHO standards [ 30 ] ; among improved sources , 60 % of samples had coliform levels over 100 per 100mL . Water samples from intervention household water containers showed no difference in thermotolerant coliforms per 100mL compared to control household samples . The intervention had no effect on the psychological well-being index , the life satisfaction & selfesteem index , or school attendance . In the prespecified subgroup analysis of primary outcomes by province , we find that the intervention reduced diarrhea in one of four provinces ( Kongo Central ) , reduced length-for-age in one province ( Kasai Central ) , and increased the WASH institutions index in two provinces ( Kasai and Kasai Central ) ( see S3 Table ) . We also used interaction terms in linear models to test for effect modification on the additive scale ( S5 Table ) . Of the nine coefficients ( three provinces , leaving out a reference , and three primary outcomes ) , two were statistically significant : in Kasai Central province , the results suggest that the intervention increased diarrhea prevalence relative to the treatment effect in the reference province ( Kongo Central ) ; in Kasai province , the results suggest that the intervention increased length-for-age . For both diarrhea and length-for-age , the Wald test rejects the null hypothesis that all province-by-intervention coefficients are zero at the 0 . 05 level . For the WASH institutions index , the Wald test fails to reject the null . In the prespecified subgroup analysis of diarrhea and length-for-age by child sex , we find no difference in intervention effects by sex ( see S4 Table ) . In linear models with interaction terms for intervention-by-sex , the coefficients are not statistically significant ( S7 Table ) . # Discussion We tested the effects of the national community-led rural WASH program in the DRC on child length-for-age , diarrhea , and WASH institutions . The program improved community WASH institutions , with intervention villages more likely to have a WASH committee , and for this institution to actively monitor community health conditions .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "presents a challenge since it is not possible to estimate the differential from the individual survey data available and there does not exist much evidence on it . Of the scarce literature , Bishop and Mane ( 2004 ) indicate that the increase in earnings is about 12 percent ( or more ) for students in the US who , in high school , entered a technical program with computer courses during 61 Although there is an existing course in computer literacy and skills , the curriculum is considered obsolete . Page 85 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 106, "text": "individual survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "primary education due to chronic disruptions , reducing years of schooling . Meanwhile , deprivations in the current school attendance indicator reflect the individual ’ s present circumstances . Both accumulated and contemporaneous disadvantages shape the lived realities of forcibly displaced populations . # _5 . 3 . 1 Results of intrahousehold inequalities among the MPI poor , education_ As observed in Alkire , Ul Haq , and Alim ( 2019 ) , girls ’ education affects various lifecourse outcomes , from consequences for human dignity to human capital for economic development to child survival ( Currie and Moretti 2003 , Mare and Maralani 2006 , Send 2009 , Hong et al . 2019 ) . Table 12 evaluates intrahousehold inequalities for education by gender and displacement status , < sup > 9 < / sup > while Figures A . 1 and A . 2 in the Annex present the population shares for the eligible populations . _Table 12 : Intrahousehold inequality in the education dimension_ | Country | Popula < br > Childre | tion < br > Sha < br > n ( _n_ ) | re < br > of < br > | School-age | School-a < br > MPI po < br > school , a | ge childre < br > or househol < br > nd another | n who re < br > d where t < br > does not | side in an < br > hey attend < br > ( % ) | Chi - < br > squared test < br > f d | Chi - < br > squared < br > test < br > for | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | | | | | | or gener | | | | _IDP_ | | _Non-I_ | _P_ | _IDP_ | | _Non-ID_ | _P_ | | IDP status | | | _Boys_ | _Girls_ | _Boys_ | _Girls_ | _Boys_ | _Girls_ | _Boys_ | _Girls_ | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MALI ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Figure 29 . Mali ’ s power and water utilities burden of inefficiency * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Uncollected bills and unaccounted losses in the power sector , as a percentage of GDP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 8 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Mali nonfragile low-income countries < br > collection inefficiencies unaccounted losses < br > b . Uncollected bills and unaccounted losses in the water sector , as a percentage of GDP < br > 0 . 20 < br > 0 . 15 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 05 < br > 0 . 00 < br > Mali nonfragile low-income countries < br > collection inefficiencies unaccounted losses < br > % of GDP < br > % of GDP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > - b . Uncollected bills and unaccounted losses in the water sector , as a percentage of GDP _Source_ : Derived from Briceño-Garmendia , Smits , and Foster 2009 . Note : Estimations based on operational performance data up to 2007 . # Annual funding gap Mali ’ s infrastructure funding gap amounts to $ 283 million per year , or about 5 percent of GDP . More than half of the funding gap is in the water sector , for which the annual shortfall for meeting the Millennium Development Goals is $ 200 million ( table 21 ) . Another significant part of the gap is found in the transport sector , which requires an additional $ 77 million to meet the country ’ s development goals . Our analysis finds no funding gap in the power sector since the potential efficiency gains could compensate for the shortfall . 47", "spans": [{"start": 1026, "end": 1054, "text": "operational performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "34 The empirical specification of the intensification packages studied in the regression equations cannot exclude that additional factors also matter , such as the associated use of improved seeds , water control or soil fertility . These effects are controlled for to the extent that the instruments are able to isolate these practices from the ones studied ( agrochemicals , mechanization ) . There are no obvious reasons to believe that they do not , but it cannot be fully excluded . Given the crosssectional nature of the data , and despite the inclusion of a broad set of controls including farmers ’ attitudes ( risk , information ) to reflect farmer heterogeneity as much as possible , and the use of instruments , caution remains warranted in interpreting the coefficients as causal . Analysis using panel data or randomized controlled trials complemented with more complete information on the adopted packages and input quantities would be needed to establish this more firmly . To conclude , the findings support the general notion that agricultural intensification can be profitable and that helping farmers intensify their production through the adoption of modern agricultural technologies such as tractors and chemical inputs , among others , contributes to increasing the returns to their labor , enhances specialization and commercialization , raises household income , and helps productively release agricultural labor for other crops and off-farm activities . It points to alleviation of the barriers to accessing these modern technologies as good policy entry points for supporting agricultural development and rural transformation . The findings also underscore the importance of looking at returns to labor ( instead of returns to land ) . Labor productivity is the more relevant metric in instigating structural transformation , despite the somewhat misguided focus of ministries and agricultural development agencies as well as the literature on yields ( Cock et al . , 2022 ) . While this partly follows from the challenges related to measuring labor input in agriculture ( Sagesaka et al . , 2021 ) , the focus of policy makers and the profession on yields also reflects the sectorial ( focused on aggregate food production ) as opposed", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "revise his / her case . Then the committee will draft its inclusions and submit them to the District board for deliberation in the aim of settling the differences . And when these have failed the individual PAP has the right to take his case to the civil courts for litigation . # # * * 2 . 10 Arrangements for Funding Resettlement and Compensation * * The estimate of the overall cost of resettlement and compensation would be determined during the socio-economic study . In collaboration with the Local Authorities and the PAPs , the KPLC through its Project Management team , will finance the preparation of the resettlement and compensation plan . At this stage , it is not possible to estimate the likely number of people who may be affected since some of the route lines and substation sites have not yet been identified . When these locations are known , and after the conclusion of the site specific socioeconomic study , information on specific impacts , individual and household incomes and numbers of affected people and other demographic data would be available , thus facilitating the preparation of a detailed and accurate budget for resettlement and compensation . All the stakeholders will review this budget . Contingency measures will be put in place based on the information gathered in the survey . The budget in the resettlement and compensation plans will be subject to the approval of the World Bank . # # * * 2 . 11 Mechanisms for Consultations * * To obtain cooperation , participation , and feedback , the affected hosts and resetlers need to be systematically informed and consulted during preparation of the resettlement plan about their options and rights . They will also be able to choose from a number of acceptable resettlement alternatives . Particular attention must be given to vulnerable groups such as indigenous people , ethnic minorities , the landless , and women to ensure that they are represented adequately in such arrangements . Successful resettlement requires a timely transfer of responsibility from settlement agencies to the resetlers themselves . Otherwise , a dependency relationship may arise , and agency resources may become tied up in a limited number of continually supervised schemes", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1054, "text": "demographic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reduced by less and relative labor inputs have remained fairly constant between male - and female-headed households over the past decade . However , our headline result of a large reduction in the agricultural productivity gender gap masks heterogeneity and lurking issues that will be key for policy makers in the coming years . < sup > 5 < / sup > First , while our results focus on women ’ s productivity , their efficiency gains relative to men must be put in perspective with the relative land loss they experienced during the same period . Women have become more efficient , but they are given less to work with . The land loss suffered by female-headed households is also starting to impact food crop productivity , where the gender gap remains high : the lower number of fields managed by the household emerges as a big driver in 2016 , perhaps due to higher exposure to risk . Strengthening women ’ s land rights , either through spousal co-titling , direct land transfer or safeguarding of inheritance rights , should be a key policy priority within agricultural programming in the country . In addition to the remaining gender gap in food crop productivity , the RIF decomposition highlights that we still see large gender gaps among lower-productivity households in 2016 . Since our productivity measure is closely related to income and asset-based poverty , as covered in Section 3 , this means that targeting the poorest half of female-headed households , in particular as regards their food crop production , should be a key policy priority . What does our analysis have to say about what the remaining drivers of the gender gap for these households are ? In addition to the lower number of fields managed by the household , as discussed above , the other main driver is lower use of male household labor . Indeed , labor constraints , in particular lower use of _male_ labor , have emerged as a key cause of the gender gap across Sub-Saharan Africa ( O ’ Sullivan 2014 ) . This result has also been shown to hold for Côte d ’ Ivoire ; agriculture programs in the country should consider implementing creative solutions such as labor vouchers and directly engaging husbands", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bas < br > Implementatio < br > of quality ( i . e . , < br > usters under Co < br > mbers and direc < br > t-intervention j < br > ohorts having b < br > project . | d if output per w < br > eline . The exact t < br > n Unit ( PIU ) will t < br > productivity ) of j < br > mponent 2 . Thes < br > t employees . The < br > ob creation and i < br > aseline and follo | orker at the MS < br > hreshold will be < br > rack the numbe < br > obs has been co < br > e clusters acco < br > first follow-up < br > mprovement is < br > w-up survey dat | ME increased < br > further refined < br > rs through < br > llected for the < br > unt for over < br > survey to < br > scheduled for < br > a collected as | | | 0 < br > Aug / 2023 | 0 < br > 01-Dec-2025 | 0 | 15-Jun-2026 | 60 | Dec / 2028 | | Percentage of participating < br > firms with increased average < br > annual sales ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | This indicator seeks to track t < br > annual sales to be captured b < br > Baseline data on annual sales < br > under Component 2 . The firs < br > sales increases is scheduled f < br > follow-up survey data collect | he progress in f < br > y the PIU throu < br > has been colle < br > t follow-up surv < br > or July 2026 , wi < br > ed as they are o | irm", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 543, "text": "w-up survey dat", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1008, "end": 1037, "text": "Baseline data on annual sales", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1119, "end": 1140, "text": "follow-up survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > inside medical buildings | No excessive < br > construction noise | Patients and health workers < br > do not complain about noise < br > during renovation | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | Negligible | None | | | Contractors < br > should < br > use < br > screens or nets to avoid < br > flying debris and dust | No debris noted < br > outside construction < br > areas | No complaints about flying < br > debris from construction < br > areas ( this should be verified < br > by perusal of records in < br > complaints log ) | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | $ 500 at 1 HFC < br > * * _ ( hence $ 7 , 000_ * * < br > * * _for 14 HC ) . Fs_ * * | None | | 6 . 2 . 2 . 3 | * * Indoor airquality deteriora * * | * * tion due to dust * * | | | | | | | | Contractors < br > should < br > use < br > dust screens or nets in < br > windows , doorways and < br > ventilators < br > of < br > rooms < br > where demolition or other < br > dusty < br > construction < br > activities are occurring | No excessive dust < br > emissions noted < br > outside construction < br > areas | No complaints about < br > excessive dust from < br > construction areas ( this < br > should be verified by perusal < br > of records in complaints log ) | During < br > construction / < br > renovation | MoH and < br > Contractor | Comprised in < br >", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 575, "text": "complaints log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "best describe operations along the supply chain that one could place on a “ smilecurve ” as illustrated in Figure 3 . In Figure 4 , we compare our source for bilateral FDI announcements data with bilateral FDI data from UNCTAD . Even though the correlation fluctuates over time , on average our chosen measure of FDI tracks official data on cross-border investments relatively well . We explain the discrepancy by the fact that our data is not based on declarations of firms ’ balance sheets and therefore does not record the full set of balance of payment flows , which implies that our constructed measure of inward ( or outward ) FDI cannot perfectly match official measures . First , inward and outward notions require a reporting country , which is not the case for the fDi Markets data as its compilation is performed by experts from the Financial Times . Second , outward ( inward ) flows are computed by netting out any transactions that decrease the stake of resident ( foreign ) investors in foreign ( resident ) enterprises from transactions that increase it . A crucial stage of the empirical work resides in dealing with the absence of announcements . As acknowledged in the trade literature , zero trade ( or investment ) flows do not occur randomly , which means that samples restricted on positive values may yield biased estimates . It is particularly important to account for zero flows when studying the effects of deep integration . The nature of our investment data requires assumptions concerning the presence of zero investment flows . Contrary to officially reported trade or investment data , we cannot apply the mirror method to complete missing observations , and lack of announcements in the news can be left to interpretation . Nevertheless , we assume that if a significant investment ever materializes , it will be covered in the news or announced in some other way that fDi Markets will be able to identify . We generate zero investment flows by doing the following : starting from the sample of countries included in the fDi Markets database , we generate all possible source / destination pairs across the sample period 12", "spans": [{"start": 158, "end": 190, "text": "bilateral FDI announcements data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 196, "end": 226, "text": "bilateral FDI data from UNCTAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 775, "end": 791, "text": "fDi Markets data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1471, "end": 1486, "text": "investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2054, "end": 2074, "text": "fDi Markets database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank ’ s country and sectoral assistance strategies as well as the institution ’ s equity and inclusion agenda ( that is , improving access to skilled delivery services for poor and marginalized women in rural areas ) . * * It was also consistent with the country ’ s strategy on improving maternal health outcomes and its focus on evidence-based costeffective package of services ( from pre-pregnancy / ANC , through delivery , to postpartum care including family planning ) . Thus , the relevance of PDO is assessed as High _ . _ # # * * B . ACHIEVEMENT OF PDOs ( EFFICACY ) * * # # * * Assessment of Achievement of Each Objective / Outcome Rating : Substantial * * 21 . * * The PDO was to increase access to skilled care among poor women living in rural and disadvantaged areas during pregnancy and delivery . * * The achievement is assessed for each of the two aspects of the PDO : increased access to skilled care ( a ) during pregnancy and ( b ) during delivery . > 15 2016 – 2021 Uganda Country Partnership Framework Report No . 101173-UG . > 16 According to the 2016 Uganda DHS , its estimate was 375 deaths per 100 , 000 lives over the seven-year period preceding the 2016 Uganda DHS and it accounted for 18 percent of all deaths among women ages 15 – 49 years . > 17 Specifically , the project ’ s objectives were in line with the two main objectives of the road map : ( a ) to increase the availability , accessibility , utilization , and quality of skilled care during pregnancy , childbirth , and postnatal period at all levels of the health care delivery system and ( b ) to promote and support appropriate health-seeking behavior among pregnant women , their > families , and the community . Inclusion of PPFP in the second half of the project period was in line with the third objective of the road map : to strengthen family planning information and service provision for women / men / couples who want to space", "spans": [{"start": 1070, "end": 1085, "text": "2016 Uganda DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1177, "end": 1192, "text": "2016 Uganda DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "those whose parents completed primary school in the case of downward mobility . They are estimated by country , birth decade of the “ children ” and gender . * * Figure 9 : * * Intergenerational Educational Mobility in LAC across cohorts < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Jamaica Cuba < br > Bolivia Suriname < br > Trinidad and Tobago Jamaica < br > Cuba Mexico < br > Mexico Bolivia < br > Uruguay Panama < br > Chile Uruguay < br > Suriname Chile < br > Costa Rica Costa Rica < br > Peru Trinidad and Tobago < br > Ecuador Colombia < br > Argentina Peru < br > Panama Argentina < br > Colombia Ecuador < br > Dominican Republic Dominican Republic < br > Paraguay Venezuela < br > Saint Lucia Paraguay < br > Brazil El Salvador < br > Venezuela Saint Lucia < br > El Salvador Brazil < br > Honduras Honduras < br > Nicaragua Guatemala < br > Guatemala Nicaragua < br > Haiti Haiti < br > 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 < br > IGM UP IGM Down < br > 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 < br > ( a ) Upward mobility ( b ) Downward mobility < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : The estimates are done by birth decade cohort of the children . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * VNG * * International * * ESAP2 * * Audit Report and Financial Statements For the year ended * * 31 * * December * * 2015 * * Appendix IV * * - A * * list of material assets acquired or procured to date with project funds Assets procured * * by * * the MA are recorded in an asset register called ' inventory tracker ' . The tracker provides a listing of all assets procured since the project inception as well as details to distinguish a particular asset . Below is the listing of assets procured during the period starting * * 1 * * January and ending * * 31 * * December * * 2015 : * * | * * CANONEOS700D * * CAMERA | * * 3 , 570 . 00 * * | 14 , 550 . 00 | * * 31 . 01 . 15 * * | Media market | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | SonyICD-PX440-4GBVoiceRecorder | 143 . 16 | * * 2 , 950 . 00 * * | * * 23 . 07 . 15 * * | NetconnEngineering | | SonyICD-PX440-4GBVoiceRecorder | 143 . 16 | * * 2 , 950 . 00 * * | * * 23 . 07 . 15 * * | NetconnEngineering | | LTEDevicewithsimcard | * * 120 . 32 * * | 2 , 500 . 00 | * * 19 . 08 . 15 * * | EthioTelecom | | 3G . dongel * * USB * * Stickwithsimcard | * * 33 . 37 * * | * * 699 . 00 * * | * * 10 . 11 . 15 * * | Ethiotelecom | | 3G . dongel * * USB * * Stickwithsimcard | * * 33 . 37 * * | * * 699", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 320, "text": "inventory tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Africa . < / u > < u > [ 2 ] Data from 2018 show that 78 % of refugees were living in protracted situations , up from 66 % the previous year ( UNHCR , 2019 ) . < / u > [ 1 ] Ministry of Education , Education Strategic Plan 2018 – 2022 . [ 2 ] Colombian Institute for Education Evaluation ( ICFES ) , Resolution 624 of 2019 . [ 3 ] National Planning Department , Colombian Observatory for Venezuelan Migration ( OMV ) . * * 12 * * Building Inclusive Education Systems for Refugees", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 46, "text": "Data from 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it harder to change attitudes and raise awareness about the benefits of education for girls . Poor information exchange was also perceived as evidence of lack of transparency and accountability of the school management and the WEB . In all rural areas and in peri-urban Gambella town , for example , parents expressed concerns about not being informed about changes occurring in the school and the lack of transparency in teacher selection or removal from the school . In Afar and Oramia , parents felt that they lacked adequate information to judge the quality of education in the schools . * * Use of ICT : * * In rural areas across the four regions , FDG participants have little knowledge of what ICT in schools would involve and how it might help with the quality of education . In urban areas , the reverse was true . Parents and children wanted ICT in schools but , where there was provision , were frustrated by the lack of equipment , poor maintenance and teachers qualified to use ICT . These findings on ICT and communications resonate with existing data from elsewhere about the 26 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "take several months to adopt it . A major reason is that the owners were severely time constrained , working an average of 68 hours per week already . There was also evidence of procrastination in that some owners would defer on taking quick decisions . This matches up with the evidence on procrastination in other contexts , for example African farmers investing in fertilizer ( Duflo , Kremer and Robinson , 2009 ) . Finally , somewhat surprisingly , we did not find evidence for the direct impact of capital constraints , which are a significant obstacle to the expansion of micro-enterprises ( e . g . De Mel et al . , 2008 ) . Our evidence suggested that these large firms were not cash-constrained , at least for tangible investments . We collected data on all the investments for our 17 firms over the period August 2008 until August 2010 and found the firms invested a mean ( median ) of $ 880 , 000 ( $ 140 , 000 ) . For example , several of the firms were adding machines or opening new factories , apparently often financed by bank loans . Certainly , this scale of investment suggests that investment on the scale of $ 2000 ( the first-year costs of these management changes , ignoring the consultants ’ fees ) is unlikely to be directly impeded by financial constraints . Of course financial constraints could impede hiring international consultants . The market cost of our free consulting would be at least $ 250 , 000 , and as an intangible investment it would be difficult to collateralize . Hence , while financial constraints do not appear to directly block the implantation of better management practices , they may hinder firms ’ ability to improve their management using external consultants . On the other hand , our estimates of the return on hiring consultants to improve management practices suggest profitability in just over one year . # * * _VII . C . How do badly managed firms survive ? _ * * We have shown that management matters , with improvements in management practices improving plant-level outcomes . One response from economists might then be to argue that poor management can at most be a short-run problem", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 783, "text": "data on all the investments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "package GAMS and the solver PATH . # * * 2 . 1 The Tax Structure of South Africa * * Typical of a middle-income or more advanced developing country , the tax base of South Africa is derived more from manufacturing activities and formal services , which now account for more than two-thirds of the economy . The production structure of South Africa is reflected in Table 1 , which is derived from a recent social accounting matrix ( SAM ) . While the mining sector remains a significant source of export revenue , its share in the economy is less than 7 percent and , as an export sector , it does not contribute to VAT revenue . > 6 Devarajan and Hossain ( 1995 ) analyze the combined incidence of taxes and public expenditure in the Philippines . They simulated the price effect of a particular tax , by eliminating the tax from the Philippines tax system and simultaneously replacing it with an increase in proportional income tax ( Devarajan and Hossain , 1995 : 10 ) . > 7 A detailed discussion on the mathematical structure of the standard model can be found in Löfgren et al ( 2001 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 429, "text": "social accounting matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Clean Cooking Supply Chain Expansion Project ( ) | | * * Manufacturer * * | * * Distributor ( s ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * | Ecozoom East Africa Limited | Fenix International | | * * 2 * * | Uganda Stove Manufacturers | WWF , Simoshi , ENventure and Save Energy | | * * 3 * * | Envirofit | FINCA Bright life , Build Uganda , AREM | | * * 4 * * | Biolite | FINCA Bright Life , Africell | | * * 5 * * | BURN Manufacturing | Ezylife , Paradigm | | * * 6 * * | Bold Energy | UpEnergy | | * * 7 * * | Potential Energy | BRAC , Daraja Plus , RESI | | * * 8 * * | International Life Fund | UpEnergy | Figure 1 : Sales of stoves ( cumulative ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Cumulative Sales < br > 45 , 000 < br > 40 , 043 < br > 40 , 000 < br > 35 , 000 < br > 30 , 000 27 , 014 < br > 25 , 000 < br > 19 , 154 < br > 20 , 000 17 , 036 < br > 13 , 841 < br > 15 , 000 < br > 11 , 136 < br > 8 , 642 < br > 10 , 000 7 , 208 < br > 5 , 328 < br > 5 , 000 2 , 665 < br > 0 < br > FY17Q4 FY18Q1 FY18Q2 FY18Q3 FY18Q4 FY19Q1 FY19Q2 FY19Q2 FY19Q2 FY19Q3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 8 . The project has", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 669, "text": "Sales of stoves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and demand will respond to price changes — even if the short-run elasticities are low , which would make prices stationary . If prices are stationary , however , it is optimal to maximize extraction when prices are high and to minimize it when prices are low . This would cause government revenues to be more volatile than price ; if at the same time consumption is to stay largely unaffected , in accordance with the PIH , fluctuations in revenues should be absorbed largely by capital expenditure and the fiscal balance . The theory of optimal resource abstraction assumes that the resources in the ground are finite and known . This is very much a matter of debate , particularly in relation to oil , where new technology such as fracking has made more reserves accessible . In terms of assessing fiscal performance , a natural test is whether resource wealth is associated with higher government saving or , in other words , whether there is less government consumption expenditure relative to revenue , and whether the saving takes the form of a stronger fiscal balance or higher capital expenditure . This is the issue that we address here . A second aspect of the resource curse issue , which we do not discuss here , is the possibility that even when the revenues are largely saved , they may nevertheless be wasted — for example , in ill-conceived or inefficiently implemented investment projects . # * * 3 . Resource Wealth and Fiscal Performance * * In this section we examine the correlation between resource wealth and a number of fiscal variables , using annual data for low - and middle-income countries back to 1996 . Fiscal data are scarce before that date , so the sample can be extended further back for only a very few countries . We capture resource wealth by the share of exports represented by fuel or ores and metals , transformed into dummy variables that are equal to 1 if the export share is above a threshold level . For fuels , we use a threshold of 25 percent ; for ores and metals , the threshold is 10 percent . Each of these dummy variables is equal to 1 for just over 20 percent of", "spans": [{"start": 1569, "end": 1580, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 1 – Data collection using phone interviews and door-to-door survey_ # 2 . 2 . 3 Complementary data The survey data were complemented by geospatial data at the sub-ward level collected by the Ramani Huria team . Data include information on solid waste ( location and quantity of trash ) collected in July 2018 and information on the drainage systems collected from July 2017 onward . The team accessed these data in September 2018 and aggregated the information at the sub-ward level . The data collection is ongoing , the data used in the current study do not cover the entire city yet . To address inconsistencies , the data were only used in regression analysis and by applying ward-level fixed effects . Distance from work was measured . The distance / travel time to work variable was computed from a multimodal network based on OSM for pedestrian travel and a GTFS feed produced by WhereIsMyTransport for transit . The workplace of each household ’ s breadwinner was geocoded in the data . < sup > 7 < / sup > The network travel times and distances between the household dwelling and the geo-coded workplace were calculated using the GOSTnets python library . Finally , six focus group discussions were conducted with households from different areas that had participated in the survey . The team traveled to Dar es Salaam in March 2018 for this purpose . The information gathered during these discussions is used to complement the quantitative analysis with qualitative insights directly from the families who participated in the study . > 7 Workplace location was identified by respondents using landmarks ( due to the lack of addresses in Dar es Salaam ) . Respondents primarily used names of bus stops , streets , markets and neighborhoods . Breadwinners were identified by the household itself and defined as the household member whose income the family relies on the most for subsistence ( not necessarily the household head ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 122, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 144, "end": 159, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 873, "end": 882, "text": "GTFS feed", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "60 % of public < br > investment projects . | | ( DLR 8 . 4 total < br > allocated 4 , 000 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) 1 , 250 , 000 per 10 < br > percentage < br > points < br > achieved above 20 % , < br > up to 2 , 500 , 000 < br > ( ii ) 750 , 000 per 30 < br > percentage points < br > achieved , up to < br > 1 , 500 , 000 | | | ( 9 ) < br > DLI < br > 9 : < br > Asset < br > Registration , < br > Valuation and < br > Monitoring in < br > place covering < br > at least three < br > MDAs ’ < br > infrastructure < br > projects | DLR 9 . 1 ( Year 1 ) : < br > ( i ) Updated Asset < br > Management Strategy < br > FY2025 / 26 - FY2029 / 30 < br > adopted , consistent with < br > IPSAS ; and < br > ( ii ) O & Mguidelines < br > ( guiding regular < br > maintenance ) prepared and < br > approved by MoFPED . | 15 , 000 , 000 | ( DLR < br > 9 . 1 < br > total < br > allocated 2 , 500 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) 1 , 500 , 000 < br > ( ii ) 1 , 000 , 000 | | | | DLR 9 . 2 ( Year 2 ) : < br > ( i ) At least 10 % of < br > registered central < br > government assets are < br > valued in the IFMIS FA and < br > monitored according to the < br > guidelines ; and < br > ( ii ) BPR for asset < br > management system and | | ( DLR 9 . 2 total < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1086, "end": 1094, "text": "IFMIS FA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development Project ( P146797 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # #  Number of participating schools being audited ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2015 | 29-Jul-2016 | 12-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2019 | # # Comments School based audit for the SIP target schools is ongoing . The MTR mission will update this indicator . # # #  Percentage of primary schools submitting EMIS data ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 60 . 00 | - - | - - | 98 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2015 | 29-Jul-2016 | 12-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2019 | # # Comments Data entry of 2016 EMIS data is ongoing . The MTR mission will update this data . # # #  Sector diagnosis covering access , equity and efficiency ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N | - - | N | Y | | Date | 01-Jun-2015 | - - | 12-Dec-2016 | 31-Mar-2019 | # # Comments Procurement for firms to conduct two studies , teacher deployment and", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 624, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 896, "end": 910, "text": "2016 EMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cases have been reported in 2021 , and more than 2000 cases in the first quarter of > 31 < u > https : / / www . ipcinfo . org / ipc-country-analysis / details-map / en / c / 1155527 / ? iso3 = SSD < / u > 2022 . These numbers are the tip of the iceberg . Conflict-related sexual violence against women and girls is widespread and systematic throughout South Sudan . Ongoing conflict across the country , including in the Equatorias , has created a perilous situation of great insecurity for women and girls , exacerbated by a lack of accountability for sexual and gender-based violence . As noted by the OCHR , widespread rape and sexual violence in armed conflict , while complex , can be attributed to a patriarchal society , and is reflected in the inferior status of women maintained by the State and its institutions , creating conditions in which these violations thrive . Sexual violence in South Sudan has been instrumentalized as a “ reward ” and entitlement for youth and men participating in the conflict . It serves as a means of building ethnic solidarity to mete out retribution against perceived enemies ; the objective being to inflict maximum disruption and the destruction of the fabric of communities , including through their constant displacement . This scourge has had the most profound impact on victims , their families and communities . < sup > 32 < / sup > Incidents occurred in remote areas expose victims of violence or survivors of sexual assault to little or no access to health services . Children are particularly vulnerable and often exposed to serious risks , due to the compounded erosion of economic and livelihood capacities of families , family separation or the killing of the caregiver or both parents during the fighting . According to the Child Protection Information Management System ( CPIMS + ) , including Unaccompanied and Separated Children ( UASC ) , a total of 30 , 441 cases have been registered by the end of 2021 ( 17 % increase compared to 2020 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1782, "end": 1828, "text": "Child Protection Information Management System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Assets Act , 2003_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : - _Use of the BUBU policy is not permitted . _ - _Reservation and Preference Schemes shall not apply . _ * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Not Applicable_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of medicalpersonnel in facilities | | services / exclusion | Rosabel Wanjiku Githinji | There are challenges of patient data management , there are < br > no good books for managing data , and limited automation < br > leads to lack of accountability hence loss of funds . Patient < br > records and data should be automated < br > Communities in far flung areas are at a disadvantage facilities < br > are far and they have to cove long distances to access < br > facilities . Long distance to health facilities may affect access < br > to health by communities . < br > There is need to provide for mobile clinics since transport is < br > difficult in such areas | | Vulnerable Groups < br > and accessibility to < br > services | | How accessible are the services to PWDs in terms of < br > communication , information - for blind , deaf . < br > There is need to address exclusion of PWDs by improve < br > channels of communications to the deaf , blind , < br > Some PWDs are not able to access facilities because of long < br > distances , and fear of SEA-SH < br > Consider persons with intersecting vulnerabilities - women < br > with disabilities who are unaccompanied . < br > Avoid discrimination and stigma for PWDs < br > VMGs to include orphans , Widows , widowers , council of < br > elders | | | Friedie Kombo ( VMG < br > Chair ) | VMGs depend on Handouts and support from development < br > partners for survival and the project is quite timely and < br > relevant < br > Hope theproject is movingforward and will be implemented | | Engagement of < br > stakeholders | John Chepseba , < br > Ratib | It is the first time to be engaged as PWDs and the gesture is < br >", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 124, "text": "patient data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > ci < sup > ( t ) ) < / sup > | | | | 0 . 008 < sup > * * < / sup > | - 0 . 001 | | | | | | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | | Constant | - 0 . 002 < sup > * * * < / sup > | - 0 . 002 < sup > * * < / sup > | - 0 . 001 < sup > * < / sup > | - 0 . 006 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 001 < sup > * * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 000 ) | | Observations | 652 | 652 | 652 | 652 | 652 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > < br > | 0 . 370 | 0 . 441 | 0 . 447 | 0 . 447 | 0 . 447 | | Adjusted R < sup > 2 < / sup > < br > < br > | 0 . 288 | 0 . 367 | 0 . 373 | 0 . 373 | 0 . 373 | | Country dummy ( αc ) < br > | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Indicator dummy ( βc ) < br > _Note : Robust_Standard errors in parentheses . < sup > * < / sup > p < | Yes < br > 0 . 1 , < sup > * * < / sup > p < 0 . 05 | Yes < br > , < sup > * * * < / sup > p < 0 . 0 | Yes < br > 1 . | Yes | Yes | To ascertain the robustness of our findings , we use two different approaches . First , we utilize data for 15 countries that have an additional survey conducted between the initial and final years of the survey period .", "spans": [{"start": 1009, "end": 1030, "text": "data for 15 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lope | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | 2023-11-11 < br > 2023-12-01 | | | 2023-12-03 < br > 2023-12 - | 14 < br > 2023-12-10 < br > 2024-01-19 | | ET-MOWE-396527-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of Digital vernie < br > r caliper for ministry of water < br > and energy by MOWE | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 8 , 928 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2023-12-18 | | | 2024-02-12 | 2024-07-11 | | ET-MOWE-396533-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of # 2 monochr < br > ome A3 printer for ministry o < br > f Water and energy by MOWE | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > Po | st < br > Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 10 , 714 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | | 2023-12-19 | | | 2024-02-13 | 2024-07-12 | | ET-MOWE-396571-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of fire extinguis < br > hing equipment including ala < br > rm with all accessories for hy < br > dro-logical data library by", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1148, "text": "dro-logical data library", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "World Bank surveys are generally done in a decentralized manner , making it difficult to synthesize the lessons that have emerged from these ambitious and often expensive efforts . Still , as the Bank continues its survey efforts , it is worth investigating what we have learned from its experiences to date . We first present a brief overview of World Bank surveys organized by research topic , including technology , incentives , market structure , transaction environment , the role of the state , and the importance of micro data in understanding macro phenomena . We note that to analyze the effects of policy intervention it is often important to collect panel data and to define industries at sufficiently disaggregated levels . Building on our \" survey of surveys , \" we review the literature on survey design , highlighting the point that questions themselves can bias responses and provide some guidelines for recognizing the direction of this bias and minimizing it when possible . While we address only firm surveys conducted by the World Bank , we believe that this discussion is also relevant to policy analysts outside the Bank . The World Bank has probably conducted more surveys in developing countries than any other single institution . As a result of the large number of surveys and survey topics , the Bank now possesses enormous institutional knowledge not just from the data collected , but from the survey experiences themselves . The Bank should share this knowledge with its member countries . This paper represents such an attempt . < sup > 3 < / sup > # * * II . GENERAL DATA ISSUES AND THE BANK ' S EXPERIENCE * * Rigorous policy analysis requires a great deal of data . Ideally , the data are longitudinal ( i . e . , firm level information collected at discrete points over time ) and fairly dissagregated ( i . e . , industries are defined as narrowly as possible ) . Only with panel data can one investigate the effects of policy interventions and the process of economic growth . Consider , for example , the > ' See Blank and Grosh ( 1999 ) for a complementary paper on household surveys . They suggest that political will ,", "spans": [{"start": 1015, "end": 1027, "text": "firm surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2105, "end": 2122, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > 8 < / sup > The summary statistics reveal that women-owned businesses represent a significant share of the taxpayers in specific sectors , including hotels and > 8It is important to note that , within our dataset , approximately 30 % of the taxpayers did not disclose their industrial classification in their tax registry . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > • < br > Women in attendance were encouraged to < br > own land on their own as it shows great < br > development in the society and they were < br > advised to take upthe idea . < br > | _The RAP also recommends joint_ < br > _account for spouses where_ < br > _compensation money will be_ < br > _channeled_ < br > * * CO * * | | Vulnerable < br > groups < br > | • < br > These include ; Orphans , the disabled and < br > the chronically ill PAPs . < br > • < br > The community was urged by the < br > consultant that if they were able to help < br > them during the relocation of the assets it < br > would be really of great importance . < br > • < br > An assurance was given by the consultant < br > that the RAP process had captured all the < br > vulnerable persons affected by the project < br > and their bio data would be forwarded to < br > KISIP and the Ministryfor further actions . < br > * * OSUR * * | _The RAP has provided extra_ < br > _assistant_ < br > _to_ < br > _vulnerable_ < br > _categories as required by OP_ < br > _4 . 12_ < br > _on_ < br > _Involuntary_ < br > _Resettlement_ < br > | relocation , Benefits of the The PAPs were taught about how owning a title _Titles would give PAP security of_ title deeds would benefit them by the Land ’ s Register . _tenure . _ Even though their assets would be affected by the roads , they can always use the title as collateral to secure loans in future and this would be very beneficial . Gender and • This is in the case", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 832, "text": "bio data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1275, "end": 1292, "text": "Land ’ s Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and urban populations . The Government of Ethiopia ( GoE ) declared a state of emergency on April 8 , 2020 . Following that , employment rates plunged in the early days of the pandemic , particularly in urban areas where the rate dropped from 80 percent before COVID-19 to 65 percent , with changes noted more prominently in female-headed households . Estimates suggest that the rate of poverty increased by 33 . 2 percent in urban areas since 2018 / 19 , compared to an increase of 9 . 4 percent in rural areas over the same period . < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > 5 . * * Ethiopia is emerging from one of the most devastating periods of conflict the country has seen in recent years . * * According to the Damage Needs Assessment < sup > 6 < / sup > , more than US $ 22 . 6 billion in damages and US $ 6 billion in losses had been caused across sectors and regions due to multiple conflicts from November 2020 to December 2021 . On November 2 , 2022 , a peace agreement was reached between the Government of Ethiopia and the regional party of Tigray . Consolidating peace dividends and restoring the legitimacy of the governance system requires improvement in basic service delivery including electricity supply . Accelerated delivery of adequate , affordable , and reliable access to electricity would be vital for enabling structural transformation of Ethiopia ’ s economy and society , which includes reduction of poverty rates , and a shift toward higher productivity and industrialization . Reliable electricity is needed for Ethiopia to develop a domestic manufacturing capacity adequate for local needs and exports , encompassing industrial parks , private sector entrepreneurship , information and communication technology , and financial centers . 6 . * * An overvalued exchange rate , * * * * < mark > pervasive regulations , a large state footprint with an overhang from debtfinanced SOE investments , and financial repression have resulted in deep structural distortions in the economy . < / mark > * * < mark > These distortions have held", "spans": [{"start": 705, "end": 728, "text": "Damage Needs Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 , 950 | 40 , 260 | 126 , 530 | 0 . 6 | | Land Tax and related | 18 , 487 | 37 , 460 | 14 , 505 | 70 , 452 | 0 . 3 | | Interest on loan received | 82 , 000 | 11 , 000 | 36 , 000 | 129 , 000 | 0 . 6 | | Ikub | 19 , 200 | - | 114 , 400 | 133 , 600 | 0 . 6 | | Remittance sent out | 63 , 000 | - | 78 , 600 | 141 , 600 | 0 . 7 | | Other expense | 50 , 000 | 24 , 200 | 181 , 540 | 255 , 740 | 1 . 2 | | * * Total * * < br > * * Percent * * | * * 9 , 875 , 740 * * < br > * * 48 . 01 * * | * * 2 , 993 , 720 * * < br > * * 14 . 55 * * | * * 7 , 702 , 845 * * < br > * * 37 . 44 * * | * * 20 , 572 , 305 * * < br > * * 100 . 00 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Socioeconomic sample survey October 2024_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 Housing Ownership and Household Service and Facilities * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 1 Ownership of Residential House and Housing Condition * * Like all rural farm families in many parts of the country , 98 . 3 % of the surveyed households in the Subproject impact Kebeles were living in privately owned residential houses , while the remaining 1 . 1 % and 0 . 6 % households reported to live in rented houses and houses obtained rent-free respectively . With respect to construction materials used by households , wood plastered with mud for their wall , corrugated iron sheet for roofing and mud or soil flooring", "spans": [{"start": 658, "end": 685, "text": "Socioeconomic sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 Many questions in the MENA survey were directly drawn from the two previous surveys , allowing for comparisons of some of the main results . At the same time , the MENA survey has new questions , designed to cover topics that were not covered in the previous surveys , but that are important for MENA , or designed to provide granularity on some of the obstacles to SME lending . For example , the MENA survey has included a new question on long-run targets for SME lending that allows us to assess the additional room for SME finance by each country . The survey also provides more granularity on some of the problems with financial infrastructure such as creditor rights ( an area where the MENA region fares very poorly ) , asks questions on gender and Islamic finance , and finally includes some questions on the status of Basel II implementation , because of its potential effects on SME finance . The first version of the MENA survey was tested in a pilot set of interviews with 6 banks in 2 countries – Morocco and Egypt . The results of these interviews provided important insights for the final revisions . The UAB and World Bank teams finalized the revisions and launched the survey in December 2009 . The survey was sent in English , French , and Arabic . The UAB also played a fundamental role in the follow-up phase ( January-May 2010 ) , through constant communication with member banks , collecting responses , checking for inconsistencies , and frequently requesting revisions . The final response rate was high – slightly less than half of the universe , due largely to the active follow-up of UAB staff in headquarters and regional offices . Table 1 reports the number of banks and countries from MENA that responded to our survey along with their market share . We obtained responses from a total of 139 banks in 16 countries . On average the banks that responded account for 64 % of the banking system loans . Among the 16 countries in our sample , 6 are from the GCC and remaining 10 are from outside the GCC . The 57 GCC banks account for 74 % of loans in GCC banking systems", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 35, "text": "MENA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Annual * * | 0 . 00 | 141 . 91 | 152 . 62 | 37 . 20 | 15 . 63 | 0 . 00 | | * * Cumulative * * | 0 . 00 | 141 . 91 | 294 . 53 | 331 . 73 | 347 . 35 | 347 . 35 | | * * INSTITUTIONAL DATA * * | | | | | | | Page 2 of 86", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "opposite results . For example , using a CGE for Mozambique , Arndt et al . ( 2008 ) find that biofuels would have favorable effects on growth and income distribution . They show that the welfare and distributional effects of higher production of sugar cane to feed into ethanol industries are positive ; the benefits would be larger if the expansion sugarcane is materialized through smallholders than through large plantations as the former employs more unskilled labor , provides higher rents to their land and also provide higher wage . Similarly , applying a CGE model , Arndt et al . ( 2011 ) show that cultivation of jatropha feedstock reduces poverty and increases GDP in Mozambique . A similar finding is reported by Hertel ( 2009 ) where developing countries with significant agricultural self-employed poverty population benefit from higher factor returns following increased production of biofuels . However , the positive impacts of biofuels on poverty reduction depend on how biofuel policies are designed . For example , HabibMintz ( 2010 ) finds that jatropha-based biofuel development in Tanzania would not help reduce poverty and food insecurity unless strong regulatory frameworks for land , investment management , and rural development are in place . This paper aims to analyze the effects of large-scale expansion of biofuels on the global income distribution , and poverty . The model used in our study explicitly represents both biofuels and land-use changes , which are critical to fully assess overall impacts of biofuels . Our global computable general equilibrium ( CGE ) model includes four types of biofuels : sugar ethanol , corn ethanol , grains ethanol and biodiesel . The land use module we developed uses a multi-level constant elasticity of transformation ( CET ) nest of various uses of land : forestry , pasture , agricultural crops ( disaggregated further to grains , oilseeds , sugar , rice , wheat and other crops ) . With these developments , we are able to capture the fuel vs . food demand for agricultural commodities , land reallocation , and land rent . To assess the distributional and poverty impacts , we feed the CGE results to a Global Income Distribution Dynamics ( GIDD ) model , a model that is based on detailed household surveys", "spans": [{"start": 2259, "end": 2285, "text": "detailed household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appears to be random measurement error . For noncognitive skills , we find evidence of systematic measurement error related to acquiescence bias and show that combining questions according to pre-existing scales leads to low internal consistency . Related , the latent noncognitive construct resulting from the factor analysis does not map in the personality domains typically found in developed countries . While the corrected noncognitive constructs are predictive of agricultural productivity , the estimates do not allow drawing clear conclusions about the relevance of specific noncognitive skills . Overall , the best predictions obtained after corrections of different sources of measurement error show that the three types of skills together explain up to 17 % of the variation in yield , with all three skill constructs being significant and with similar point estimates . Technical and noncognitive skills also help predict agricultural practices , though with varying degrees . In the last part of the paper , we further analyze the different challenges related to measuring skills in household surveys in developing countries , and discuss guidelines on how to address them . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1113, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , we collected socio-economic data for all the household members including education attainment , age , labor and non-labor incomes , family composition , employment status , household wealth , access to health and community services , and health shocks . # 3 Data # # 3 . 1 Baseline descriptive and sample balance Table 1 describes key characteristics for our sample of 2 , 916 principal caregivers and their households . There are three sets of columns , one for each treatment arm . We show the mean of each variable and the number of observations in each group . The last two columns of the table display p-values of tests of whether the values of each variable are equal for the control group and for each of the treatment groups . Caregivers are mostly mothers ( 94 . 8 % ) , followed by grandmothers ( 3 . 6 % ) . The father is the main caregiver for the child only in 1 . 2 % of all households . This is consistent with what we see in the administrative records from the program . The average age of caregivers is 29 years old , with most caregivers being between 21 and 30 years of age . Moreover , 37 . 5 % of caregivers are high school dropouts , and 16 . 3 % have some level of tertiary education . The intervention targets the most disadvantaged section of the population in Chile . Of the households in the sample , 52 . 1 % belong to the bottom quintile and 80 . 2 % belong to the bottom two quintiles of the household income distribution in the country ( the definition of poverty in the table ) . Among the participants , 41 . 3 % are single mother households , while the remaining are biparental non-extended families ( consisting of father , mother , and children , but no other adults at home ) . We find no significant differences between families across treatment arms at baseline whenever we test for equality of these characteristics individually or jointly ( last line ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 42, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 955, "end": 994, "text": "administrative records from the program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 2 . Pre-Treatment Summary Statistics * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database . The table presents variable average and standard deviation ( in the bracket below ) for the entire sample , as well as a subsample of firms that receive land titles in the land titling program ( _Titling firms_ ) and firms that do not ( _Non Titling firms_ ) . The difference between the values for Titling firms and Non Titling firms are presented in Column ( 4 ) . The statistics are calculated based on the financial reports of firms * * in 2011 * * , the last year before the title reform was implemented in 2012 . The t - statistics in brackets of column ( 4 ) are for the null hypothesis that there is no difference between _Titling firms_ and _Non-Titling firms_ . * , * * , * * * indicates significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | Whole Sample | Titling < br > firm | Non-titling < br > firm | Difference | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | N = 1250 | N = 43 | N = 1207 | | | Sales ( Billion RMB ) | 5 . 315 | 5 . 317 | 5 . 266 | - 0 . 055 | | | ( 8 . 237 ) | ( 8 . 231 ) | ( 8 . 507 ) | ( - 0 . 043 ) | | Total asset ( Billion RMB ) | 8 . 342 | 8 . 323 | 8 . 879 | 0 . 576 | | | ( 11 . 017 ) | ( 10 . 998 ) | ( 11 . 650 ) | ( 0 . 338 ) | | Employment ( Thousand ) | 4 . 576 | 4 . 569 | 4 . 786 | 0 . 206 | | | ( 5 . 708 ) | ( 5 . 668 ) | ( 6 . 803 ) | ( 0 . 232 ) | | Book leverage ratio |", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 127, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a baseline of 473 , 085 . - The revised target for the overall direct beneficiaries of the project was exceeded ( 124 % ) , reaching 3 , 091 , 502 against a revised target of 2 , 500 , 000 . - The target for direct beneficiaries as a result of the tourism component activities was exceeded , reaching 1 , 687 , 502 , against a target of 1 , 000 , 000 . - The target for the number of registered businesses on which data have been entered into the online business register was exceeded by 40 percent , reaching 209 , 539 against a target of 150 , 000 . - The revised target for the number of URSB staff and other agencies trained in business registration and business licensing and new procedures reached 232 . 00 , exceeding by 65 percent the target of 150 . - The revised target for the number of staff at all levels across MoTWA who completed project-provided training in tourism sector issues reached 183 , exceeding the target of 130 by 41 percent . - The target for the increase in sales of firms supported under the matching grants facility was exceeded ( 177 % ) , reaching 17 . 7 percent , against a target of 10 percent , as the economic recovery of tourism sector after Covid was faster than had been expected . - The revised target for the increase in exports of non-traditional products was exceeded , reaching 10 . 70 percent , against a target of 10 percent . The matching grants targeting promotion of nontraditional products for export , such as fish , flowers resulted in increase of their exports . - The revised target of 1 day for the average number of days taken to verify ownership of property was fully achieved against a baseline of 3 days , due to operations of backlog cleaning , operationalization of the one - stop center , and development of the online search set up by the MoLHUD . - The revised target of the reduction in number of days to 1 day to register a business was fully achieved , against a baseline of 33 days", "spans": [{"start": 447, "end": 471, "text": "online business register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Month / Year | | | 0 < br > Feb / 2024 | 0 | Mar / 2026 | 0 | Jun / 2026 | 25 | Jan / 2027 | | Community investment sub - < br > projects in the CDPs co - < br > implemented by < br > communities and counties < br > under the project < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Activities ar < br > expected th < br > Sub - project < br > - 3No . Sub-pr < br > The exact nu | e still at co-design < br > at about 30No . su < br > s ; Kiambu County < br > ojects < br > mber will be firm | ing stages . Base < br > b-projects will b < br > - 16No . Sub-proj < br > ed up once the | d on identified a < br > e implemented < br > ects ; Uasin Gish < br > design reviews a | reas of interven < br > as follows : Kilifi < br > u-7No . Sub-proj < br > re completed . | tion , it is < br > county-4No . < br > ects ; Mombasa | | l d | 0 < br > Feb / 2024 | 23 , 478 | Mar / 2026 | 25 , 884 | Jun / 2026 | 16 , 000 | Jan / 2027 | | Peope engage in < br > community works of which at < br > least 50 % are women < br > ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Total jobs cr < br > 31 % < br > Source ofjo | eated are 25 , 884 < br > bs : DPWpilot - 28 | disaggregated a < br > 2 ; DPW upscale | s follows :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial dependence , asset tangibility , employment turnover , and the natural rate of establishment entry obtained from secondary sources ( e . g . Braun , 2003 , and Micco and Pages , 2004 ) , and information on provincial level minimum wages ( World Bank , forthcoming ) . In addition , we complemented the data with two measures of political connectedness constructed by Mobaraq and Purbasari ( 2008 ) . The first builds on an insight by Fisman ( 2001 ) and identifies firms traded on the Jakarta Stock Exchange ( henceforth JSX ) whose stock returns responded negatively to news reports about Suharto ‟ s health . Mobaraq and Purbasari ( 2008 ) identify the major shareholders on the boards of these firms , and all conglomerates run by these entrepreneurs , as well as firms owned by these conglomerates and classify those as connected . This measure , however , may only identify those firms for whom connections mattered or spuriously include firms for whom an adverse stock market valuation spuriously coincided with news reports about Suharto ‟ s health . The second proxy , which is an indicator of whether a firm has a relative of Suharto on its board , overcomes these limitations . For more information see Mobaraq and Purbasari ( 2008 ) . The survey design impacts the definitions of key explanatory variables . Entry is defined as entry into the survey ; it is when establishments cross the 20 employee threshold , not necessarily when they began operations . Conversely , exit is defined as exit from the survey ; we cannot distinguish whether firms go out of business or continue operating with fewer than 20 employees . < sup > 7 < / sup > Information on the capital stock was not collected in 1996 . We use data from 1991-95 to predict the capital stock based on output , investment , material inputs , labor usage , ownership characteristics , whether or not the firm exports , province and lagged capital . < sup > 8 < / sup > We also confirmed the robustness of our results by omitting 1996 from the regressions . > 7 As establishments are not required to report their closure , exit is inferred from establishments", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 246, "text": "information on provincial level minimum wages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1729, "end": 1746, "text": "data from 1991-95", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7324 The World Bank | py | | | Comments | | Commercial farmers have < br > been visited and inspected < br > and the process of < br > registration is on-going | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Co | Number of updated HPAI protocols , SOPs , and < br > | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | | re | case definitions printed and distributed | | Date | 08-Apr-2011 | 13-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | | ic Disclosu | | | Comments | | HPAI protocols , SOPs and < br > case definitions have been < br > reviewed and await printing < br > and distribution | | | ubl | Percentage of districts reporting data on | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 85 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | P | influenza-like illness using the weekly < br > Integrated District Reporting System ( IDRS ) | | Date < br > Comments | 08-Apr-2011 | 13-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | | | Number of epidemiological mapping exercizes | Text | Value | 0 | 3 | 10 | | | of AI risk factors undertaken in high risk < br > districts | | Date < br > Comments | 08-Apr-2011 | 13-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | | | Proportion of districts with bulletins / IDRS | Text | Value | 0 % | 58 | 50 % | | | feedback reports | | Date | 08-Apr-2011 | 13-Jun-2012 | 30-Jun-2012 | | | | | Comments | | | | | | Proportion of regional referral hospitals with | Text | Value |", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 780, "text": "Integrated District Reporting System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . < br > DLCPCU | _ _ - - - - - - - < br > , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , < br > I < br > I < br > I < br > < br > I < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > i < br > D L C B o a r d < br > j < br > ! , . < br > I < br > ! < br > I < br > ; < br > I < br > ; < br > I < br > ; < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | - < br > I < br > < br > | | ! < br > I < br > DLC < br > * * b * * | | < br > I < br > I < br > Prnciiremcnt | | < br > ! < br > I < br > ! < br > I | # # # # # # * * _Business_ * * Upon taking office , the Director will prepare a business plan based o n a market study identifying training needs from the public and private sectors . The business plan , to be submitted to the Board for approval and IDA for advice , will include : market data , budget and sources o f financing , training , and other services to be provided ( lectures , seminars , etc . ) , source and programming o f training , rates for the different types o f training , the", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 891, "text": "market data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * < mark > Annex 4 : UNRA Progress brief < / mark > * * | * * No * * | * * Subject of Procurement * * | * * Status * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * | Civil Works for the Upgrading of Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road ( 103 . 08km ) from Gravel < br > to Paved ( Bituminous ) Standard . | Done | | * * 2 * * | Consultancy Services for Design Review and construction supervision of the < br > Upgrading of Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road ( 103 . 08km ) from Gravel to Paved < br > ( Bituminous ) Standard . | Done | | * * 3 * * | Consultancy Services for carrying out Third Party Technical Audits on KYM . | Done | | * * 4 * * | Consultancy Services for the Implementation of Resettlement Assistance and < br > Livelihood Restoration Programme on Koboko – Yumbe – Moyo Civil Works < br > Implementation . | Done | | * * 5 * * | Consultancy Services for Managing Risks associated with Gender Based Violence < br > ( GBV ) / Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA ) on Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road under < br > Upgrading Project ( KYM ) - Retender . | At Contract signature and due < br > diligence being undertaken | | * * 6 * * | Consultancy Services for Carrying out Periodic Monitoring and Evaluation Services < br > and Road User Satisfaction Surveys of the Roads and Bridges Project . | At contract signature | | * * 7 * * | Consultancy Services for Road Safety Sensitization and awareness Campaigns on < br > Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road . | At Contract signature | | * * 8 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement On water supply , from the results of the socio-economic study undertaken as part of this consultancy , an estimated 11 . 8 % of households in Kariobangi Informal Settlements have private piped connection into household as their main source of water . As Figure 6 illustrates , majority ( ≈ 60 . 9 % ) rely on water kiosks as a main source of water . * * Figure 6 : Main Source of Water for Households in Kariobangi Informal Settlement * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Bottled Water Private < br > Borehole / Shared < br > ( mineral ) shared well connection tanker / piped Neighbours Water kiosk Total < br > water vendor connection < br > Count 1 7 12 16 33 40 170 279 < br > Percentage 0 . 4 2 . 5 4 . 3 5 . 7 11 . 8 14 . 3 60 . 9 100 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Socio-Economic Survey undertaken as part of the consultancy Respecting main mode of human waste disposal , according to the socio-economic study undertaken as part of this consultancy , an estimated 65 . 78 % of households in the Informal Settlement use the main sewer . Of this , an estimated 82 . 08 % are formally connected to the main sewer : the rest are illegally connected . * * Figure 7 : Main Mode of Human Waste Disposal for Households in Kariobangi Informal Settlement * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Informal Formal < br > Other connection to Pit latrine Septic tank / connection to Total < br > soak pit < br > public sewer public sewer < br > Count 4 31 39 47 142 263 < br > Percentage 1 . 5 11 . 8 14 . 8 17 . 9 54 100 < br > < ! - -", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 955, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affected household heads and Subproject Woredas in general dominated by Muslim religion . Based on the census survey result , about 92 . 0 % of the Subproject affected household heads are affiliated with Muslim religion , while 6 . 6 % are reported to be followers of Orthodox Christianity . Across Subproject Woreda , all Subproject affected household heads in Haromaya Sub city is reported that they are follower of Muslim religion . On the other hand , the proportion of household heads who affiliated with Orthodox Christianity is relatively higher in Meta Woreda than other Subproject affected Woreda and sub cites . Similar to the dominance of Oromo ethnic group terms of ethnic composition of the subproject affected households and population , the religious affiliation of the PAHs is also dominated by Muslim religion . Based on the census survey finding 86 . 1 % of Subproject Page 83", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 123, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * UG Enhancing Accountability & Performance of Social Service Contracts ( P150872 ) the Ministry of Agriculture , Animal Industry and Fisheries ( MAAIF ) / National Agricultural Advisory Services ( NAADS ) , Local governments , Uganda Contract Monitoring Coalition ( UCMC ) , Ministry of Public Service ( MoP ) , Ministry of Local Government ( MoLG ) and Parliament to agree on strategies to act on problems identified through the monitoring . # # # # # * * Component 2 : Contract monitoring in education and health in five priority districts ( US $ 200 , 000 ) * * 16 . * * This component aimed at establishing a network of health and education services delivery projects community monitors and equipping them with the necessary tools and skills to disclose and monitor infrastructure contracts in these sectors * * . The project would support these monitors to build collaborative partnerships with relevant government officials to ensure that government actors take corrective action based on feedback provided by citizens . Activities under this component included : - _Tools Development_ : Development of tools , approaches and other resources for disclosure and monitoring . This included developing manuals on access to information and improving the AskyourGov . ug website that citizens could use to submit information requests to government officials . It also included development of computer based system to support contract monitoring data entry and analysis . - _Skills building_ : On the basis of the developed tools and approaches , training was to be provided for CSO leaders and community monitors responsible for ground monitoring and reporting the data of the monitoring results in different districts - _Application of monitoring and engagement with decision-makers : _ Support to government officials and civil society stakeholders to conduct disclosure and monitoring activities and facilitate dialogue and partnerships among players to effectively address citizens ’ concerns . This would include the development and analysis of monitoring reports and monthly meetings with community monitors . For the health sector , monitoring activities would be conducted regarding improvements of infrastructure in existing health facilities under the Uganda Health Systems Strengthening Project", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". More than half ( 52 % ) of the individuals have been in contact with their teachers during the school closure period . Individuals were more affected by drought in 2019 than in 2020 . Specifically , 56 % of respondents were affected by the drought in 2019 , compared to 41 % in 2020 . About half of the respondents ( 47 % ) for whom > 15Given that the COVID-19 NLPS phone survey does not provide the updated GPS coordinates of EAs where interviewed households ’ reside , we hypothesize that households interviewed in October 2020 reside in the same locality as in 2018 / 19 . To test this assumption , we assess the households ’ mobility for the previous rounds of the GHS survey . Of households surveyed , 93 . 7 % in both the GHS - Panel 2015 / 16 and the GHS Panel 2018 / 19 have not changed location a 3-year interval , while 6 . 97 % of households have moved within the same locality , close to the original location . This evidence , along with the context of COVID-19 , which led the government to impose certain restrictions , reinforces the assumption that it is unlikely that households have moved from their original location in 2020 . 16", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 380, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS phone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 671, "end": 681, "text": "GHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 760, "end": 779, "text": "GHS Panel 2018 / 19", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ “ It started improving in July to August , and by September , October 2021 it had reached to normal up to date . _ _ “ Since June 2021 , last year . I started noticing that the pandemic was over because I earned a lot of money . ” _ Similar results emerged from the survey data , which indicate that sex work income has recovered from the initial price shocks that occurred at the beginning of 2020 . Among participants who reported sex work as their primary source of income , the total monthly income from sex work reported in surveys significantly increased from 84 USD to 127 USD per month from 2020 to 2021 . Total income also recovered by 2021 and was similar to income levels prior to the pandemic . # * * Discussion * * This study found that by late 2021 FSW in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania had mostly recovered from the economic insecurity following the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 . The restrictions introduced in early 2020 resulted in dramatic decreases in sex work income , leading to extreme financial vulnerability , food insecurity , and challenges in meeting other basic needs such as paying rent . However , participants reported that the demand for sex work substantially increased in summer 2021 . Notably , despite decreases in the average number of unique weekly clients , the price per client and the total monthly sex work income had returned to pre-pandemic levels . This may potentially be explained by an increased number of repeat clients , which started to represent a larger proportion of all clients during COVID-19 , even after restrictions were lifted . Additionally , this study revealed that the pandemic changed the landscape of sex work in many ways , including the places to meet new clients and ways of meeting and engaging with clients . In 2021 , participants were still not meeting clients as regularly in bars and brothels and were more likely to meet clients on the street . Our results are consistent with findings from studies in rural and urban Kenya which demonstrated sharp decreases in transactional sex activity , income , and numbers of clients in the early phases of the pandemic", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 279, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7932 # * * Abstract * * This paper studies the question of whether exchange rate policy affects the impact of remittances on economic growth in recipient countries . The paper utilizes a comprehensive data set that comprises annual observations for 135 developing and transition countries , spanning 1970 − 2007 . The data for exchange rate regimes is based on the Reinhart and Rogoff exchange rate regime classification , whereas the data for remittances and all other variables are from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators database . The findings indicate that more flexible exchange rate regimes are associated with a greater increase in economic growth following an increase in remittances , but also that the impact of remittances on growth is positive under a fixed exchange rate regime . The estimates suggest that a 1 percent increase in remittances increases per capita growth by about 0 . 79 percent under a fixed exchange rate regime , and that this effect increases by about 0 . 13 percent for a 1 point increase in the exchange rate flexibility - index . The results further suggest that the effect of remit tances under a fixed exchange rate regime is positive in less financially developed countries as well , but do not provide conclusive evidence that this effect varies inversely with exchange rate flexibility in such economies as theorized . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at elartey @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this", "spans": [{"start": 217, "end": 239, "text": "comprehensive data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 538, "end": 575, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "45 * * ANNEX A * * # # # # # * * ECONOMIC STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT CREDIT ( CREDIT C3666 ) * * # # # # # # * * Key Project Data * * * * _ ( amounts_ * * _in US $ million ) _ | | * * _Appraisal_ * * < br > * * _estimate_ * * | * * _Actualor_ * * < br > * * _current estimate_ * * | * * _Actual as_ * * % * * _of_ * * < br > * * _appraisal estimate_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total project costs | 120 | 120 | 100 | | Loan amount | 120 | 120 | 100 | | Cofinancing | | | | | Cancellation | | | | | Institutional performance | | | | # # # # # # * * Project Dates * * | | * * _Original_ * * | * * _Actual_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Initiating memorandum | | 02 / 12 / 2001 | | Negotiations | | 02 / 19 / 2002 | | Board approval | | 06 / 18 / 2002 | | Signing | | 06 / 27 / 2002 | | Effectiveness | | 11 / 28 / 2002 | | Closing date | | 06 / 30 / 2004 | # # # # # # * * Staff Inputs * * ( staff * * weeks ) * * | * * _StageofProject Cycle_ * * | * * _Actuanatest Estimate_ * * | * * _StageofProject Cycle_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * No . Staffweeks *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an explicit rationale for including Cost Efficiency analysis and just under half explicitly reported the limitations of the Costing exercise . Our analysis suggests the results of available Cost Efficiency analyses from WB impact evaluations should be used carefully . Such analyses often quantify a portion of the program ’ s benefits , and frequently suffer from missing information and missing cost data . In sum , our analysis reveals the need to elevate reporting transparency and the need to develop standards of reporting so that the available evidence can accumulate and be used to improve the use of resources in development cooperation . In addition , our analysis suggests the need to examine the root causes underscoring the wide variation in cost-efficiency reporting across evaluators . It is difficult to know why VFM analysis is so infrequent in the absence of further inputs from IE producers and consumers . # * * QUESTION 2 : WHAT ARE THE EXISTING INCENTIVES AND BARRIERS FACED BY PRODUCERS AND USERS , BOTH AS INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS , FOR VFM INCORPORATION ? * * The descriptive analytic findings on the state of VFM in IE are symptoms of underlying problems faced in their production , dissemination , and use . We found three primary reasons for the underproduction of VFM in IE — organized around three principal actors : impact evaluators , policymakers , and institutions . * * Finding 1 : * * The expected payoffs to producing efficiency analyses is dulled by the ( inaccurate ) perception that policymaker demand for VFM is low when it is more accurately described as uncertain . As shown in Table 3 . 1 , our sample of IE producers most frequently cite a lack of policymaker demand as the reason for little VFM observed in IEs . IE-producing interviewees supported this argument with three main points : first , interviewees questioned the cost data ’ s relevance to a policymaker ’ s individual contextual considerations . Second , many interviewees felt that the political calculus , rather than a project ’ s investment case , dominates a policymaker ’ s decision-making . This view of political economy dynamics undercuts incentives to generate efficiency analysis and often detrimentally influences the analysis itself . Third , IE and VFM producers", "spans": [{"start": 1874, "end": 1883, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IN01298984 ~ ~ | Assessment based < br > results cannot be co | on LGPA Report 2020 ( FY2019 < br > mpared with LGPA 2019 ) | / 20 . ( Due to the reporting c | hange of LGPA 2020 , the | ► IR Indicator 3 . 2 : Improvement in LG performance in the inspection , monitoring and assessment of service delivery as measured in the annual performance assessment ( Text , Custom ) 8 / 5 / 2023 Page 13 of 21", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 83, "text": "LGPA Report 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > The youthweretrained beforeembarkingon digitizationand mapping exercises < / sup > that are currently ongoing . As at close of < sup > June , 30th2022 , a totalof < / sup > < sup > * * 226 * * youth hadbeen engagedtocarryout < / sup > digital works ( KCC Village < sup > had < / sup > < sup > * * 80 * * youth , EmbakasiSokoni < / sup > < sup > * * _57_ * * youthandKahawaSowetohad < / sup > < sup > * * 89 * * youth ) . < / sup > DPW employs the use of < sup > specialized equipmentandopen-source softwaretodevelopdigitalmaps from < / sup > publicly available < sup > satelliteimages . Thesedigitalmapsgivelifetotheimages < / sup > < sup > * * by * * providingdetailsof < / sup > geographical locations < sup > andthephysicalfeatures inthelocation . The dataisvaluableinputin economic < / sup > planning and is expected < sup > toguideinfrastructureupgrading activitiesof subcomponent1 . 2 . Specificactivities < / sup > include Digitization of < sup > buildingsusingaerialimagery ; Datacollectionusingaterrestrialcamera ; Micro - < / sup > tasking ; Household socio-economic < sup > datacollection ; Participatory mappingof plannedsettlements ; Focus < / sup > group discussions and < sup > participatorymapping ; Dataanalysisandpresentation ; andDatastorageanddata < / sup > management . * * iv ) Absorption rate for each year * * < sup > * * sincethe commencementof the project . * * <", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 592, "text": "satelliteimages", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "AdjustedR-Squared ( OLS ) / F-Statistic ( FE ) | . 2683 | . 2047 | 60 . 79 | | NumberofObservations / Groups | 100 | 53 | 146 | Note : parentheses indicate t-statistics . Source : Author ’ s calculations All three data types yield a level of GDP per capita at which economies switch from diversification to specialization between $ 17 , 350 and $ 17 , 500 . Using domestic production data , Imbs and Wacziarg ( 2003 ) find a switching point in the $ 13 , 150 to $ 14 , 600 range ( in equivalent 1996 dollars ) , which is slightly lower than our findings using export data . These results support > 6 Measures of GDP per capita are 1996 PPP values from PWT 6 . 1 ( Aten , Heston and Summers 2002 ) . See ( 3 ) in section 2 for the definition of the Herfindahl index . The value of the Herfindahl index ranges from 0 to 1 , with lower values indicating greater diversification of export earnings . 20", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 388, "text": "domestic production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 560, "end": 571, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 652, "end": 661, "text": "PWT 6 . 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # Summary Vulnerable refugees , especially children and women , are exposed to sexual and gender-based violence ( SGBV ) on a daily basis . The increasingly difficult socio-economic situation , the downward trend in the resources allocated to refugee protection and assistance programmes , including reductions in food rations over the last five years , are factors that aggravate refugees ' vulnerability and exposure to SGBV . The negative effects of SGBV on the refugees ' physical , mental and psychological health demand that rapid , coordinated and effective interventions be carried out by all actors so as to affect favourably the protection environment . This annual report elaborates on the incidents of SGBV among the refugees in Chad during 2016 as well as the different prevention and response actions against SGBV undertaken by UNHCR and partners . The data in this report were collected by UNHCR and various partners in the 19 camps hosting a total of 393 , 161 Sudanese , Central African , Nigerian , Congolese and other nationalities for the period 01 January to 31 December 2016 . Despite the slight decrease in the number of observed incidents in 2016 among the refugee population compared to 2015 , the results of the analysis of the data remain worrying . UNHCR recorded a total of 1 , 247 incidents of SGBV during 2016 , an estimated rate of 0 . 31 % of all refugees in Chad . However , we feel that these figures are underestimated because of lack of information related to several other underlying socio-cultural norms . Women and girls remain the most affected by this type of violence given the social status ascribed to them by the communities , their gender , their weak physical and legal defense capacity and their major involvement in the search for \" even negative \" coping mechanisms for the subsistence of their households . Indicators show that women remain less represented and less active in the various community management structures ( about 30 % ) . Also they have very limited participation in the community strategic decision making processes . They instead opt for the understandable choice of dedicating themselves to income-generating activities", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 890, "text": "data in this report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 Graphique 4 : Environnement du lieu de déplacement < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 54 % < br > 41 % < br > 5 % < br > milieu urbain milieu rural milieu rural isole < br > proche d ' une ville < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > La plupart des sites évalués ( 95 % ) étaient localisés soit en milieu rural proche d ’ une ville soit en milieu urbain . Le reste ( 5 % ) étaient des sites localisés en milieu rural isolé , situés respectivement dans les cercles de Gourma-Rharous , Niono , Badiangara et Dire . Graphique 5 : Raisons de déplacement < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Présence d ' armes ou crainte < br > de munitions explosives en < br > lieu dorigine 1 % < br > Conflits armés < br > 28 % < br > Tension < br > intercommunautaire < br > 71 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sur l ’ ensemble des sites évalués , les tensions intercommunautaires ( 71 % ) constituent le principal motif de déplacement de la majorité des PDI , soit une augmentation de 20 points pour cent comparé à la dernière évaluation DTM du mois de juillet 2020 . Il y a ensuite les conflits armés ( 28 % ) qui arrivent en seconde position de la principale raison de déplacement des PDIs . Enfin , la d ' armes ou crainte de munitions explosives en lieu d ’ origine , a été affirmée comme raison de déplacement au niveau de quelques sites", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "The questionnaire was tested on a pilot sample of 19 countries , on all continents , across all World Bank income groups and all with Panalpina offices . < sup > 8 < / sup > A revised questionnaire was sent to all respondents in February 2005 , and they were asked to benchmark their answers to January 2005 . < sup > 9 < / sup > An expanded questionnaire was sent to the 42 landlocked countries in the sample . It contained an additional section on transit transport and customs clearance at each border , as well as the associated documents , time and costs . The questionnaire asks respondents to identify the likely port of export . For many countries , especially in Africa and the Middle East , this may not be the nearest port . Due to high port fees , inadequate inland infrastructure , or problems at border crossings , freight-forwarders avoid some ports . For example , Cotonou , Benin ’ s main port , is seldom used due to perception of corruption and high terminal handling fees . Respondents also identify the likely destination of their cargo . This serves as another quality check of the data , to confirm that this is a viable trade destination compared with the available trade statistics . The survey then goes through the exporting procedures , dividing them into four stages : pre-shipment activities such as inspections and technical clearance ; inland carriage and handling ; terminal ( port ) handling , including storage if a certain storage period is required ; and finally customs and technical control . At each stage , the respondents describe what documents are required , where do they submit these > 8 These are Bangladesh , Chile , Dominican Republic , Germany , Honduras , Italy , Japan , Jordan , the Republic of Korea , Latvia , Malaysia , Mexico , Netherlands , Nigeria , Singapore , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Thailand and the United States . 9 The survey is available at > - < u > http : / / rru . worldbank . org / Documents / DoingBusiness / Methodology / TradingAcrossBorders / Logistics survey . pdf . < / u > 8", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1206, "text": "trade statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | respiratory < br > disorders < br > to < br > human | D | isclosure < br > maintained and serviced in < br > accordance with the contractor ’ s < br > specifications < br >  < br > The removal of vegetation shall be < br > avoided < br > until < br > such < br > time < br > as < br > clearance is required and exposed < br > surfaces shall be re-vegetated or < br > stabil", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 See e . g . Thomas , 1990 , Haddad , Hoddinott and Alderman , 1997 , Duflo , 2000 , Quisumbing and Maluccio , 2000 , Attanasio and Lechene , 2002 , Katz and Chamorro , 2002 , Schady and Rosero , 2007 . > 2 The World Bank defines the investment climate as _the set of location-specific factors shaping the opportunities and incentives for firms to invest productively , create jobs and expand_ ( World Bank , 2005 , p19 ) . De facto , any factor that affects firm performance and decision making can be considered part of the investment climate . This has led some ( e . g . Easterly , 2002 ) to criticize the concept as being devoid of any meaning . Instead , we take the view that it is important to clearly specify which aspects of the investment climate we are considering . 3 For example , in the Amhara region in Ethiopia , where the Ethiopian Rural Investment Climate Survey data used in this paper were collected , the belief that the harvest will be bad if women work on the farm is prevalent ( Zwede and Associates , 2002 , Bardasi and Getahun , 2007 ) . 4 Gender differences in the performance of male and female entrepreneurs in developed countries are relatively well documented , but the evidence is mixed . Some studies report evidence of female underperformance , whereas other do not find gender differences ( see e . g . the literature reviews in Parker , 2009 and Sabbarwal and Terrel , 2008 ) . 5 In addition , Sabbarwal and Terrel ( 2008 ) find some evidence that female firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia have higher returns to scale , but the differences in returns to scale between men and women are small , and could be an artifact of a rather restrictive production function specification . For example , differences in technology between sectors are modeled as being additive in TFP , rather than as interacting with the returns to capital , labor and material inputs . 6 Some studies suggest women indeed have more difficulty accessing finance than men ( e . g . Brush 1992 , Carter , 2000 ) , while others", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 887, "text": "Ethiopian Rural Investment Climate Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hub . Some of the newly identified challenges in 2018 were : - Cancellation of outreach social workers service in winter and early spring 2018 influenced protection of UASC and other vulnerable persons and made it more difficult for all actors on the field , who had to rely mostly on the city Centre for Social Work with often limited capacities . > 10 Building previously owned by “ Simpo ” Furniture Factory from Vranje , Serbia ; situated in close proximity of the main bus station and the nearby park . > 11 UNHCR , Inter-Agency Operational updates 2018 , January-December 2018 , https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / > 12 For comparison , see Vukasevic , I . et al . ( 2018 ) . Between closed borders , Joint agency paper on refugees and migrants in Serbia 2017 , Belgrade : Crisis Response and Policy Centre , p . 22", "spans": [{"start": 521, "end": 558, "text": "Inter-Agency Operational updates 2018", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 - creating new posts . For this reason , the Project includes the incremental operational costs of this one-time exercise . The development of teaching and learning aids will be undertaken by SEPU . Special arrangements were made to support its design and prototype development capacity with four man-years of technical assistance under the Third Education Project . 3 . 17 An efficient Planning Unit in the Ministry of Education is essential for future educational developments in Kenya . The Planning Unit will have the major task of systematically planning for the implementation of the NCEOP recommendations . This work will be superimposed upon the Unit ' s already heavy day-to-day operations . The Planning Unit received technical assistance under the Second Education Project , and the contracts of the educational planner and educational economist are terminating . New appointments to these posts are necessary . Provision for 2-1 / 2 and 2 man-years respectively , would be included in the Project in this respect . Also included , so as to provide essential short-term support in specialized areas of planning , are funds for specialist services to enable appropriate local consultants to be hired for varying short periods . 3 . 18 The Educational Facilities Unit of the Ministry of Education has an important role to play in support of the Planning Unit and of the Educational Project Implementation Section of the Ministry of Works . The Facilities Unit is charged with keeping an inventory of school buildings including site plans , advising on maintenance and development problems , control of minor works and improvements , and preparing site plans and architectural briefs for development programs . Research programs are also carried out to establish space norms for standard educational facilities , equipment requirements , furniture designs , and to investigate the possibility of reducing the unit cost of standard buildings by the use of local building materials and simpler construction techniques . To render the Facilities Unit effective in this work , seven man-years of technical assistance would be included in the Project to enable an architect and two building supervisors to be appointed for two years each and a school furniture", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1528, "text": "inventory of school buildings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Evaluation Report < br > Planned < br > Actual | Draft Bidding < br > Document / < br > Justification < br > Planned < br > Actual | Specific Proc < br > Notice / In < br > < br > Planned | urement < br > vitation < br > Bid < br > Actual < br > P | din < br > lann | g Do < br > Issu < br > ed | cuments as < br > ed < br > Proposal Su < br > Opening / < br > Actual < br > Planned | bmission / < br > Minutes < br > Bid Evaluatio < br > and Recomme < br > for Awa < br > Actual < br > Planned | n Report < br > ndation < br > rd < br > Signed C < br > Actual < br > Planned | ontract < br > Actua | Contract C < br > l < br > Planned | ompletion < br > Actual | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CONSULTING FIRMS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Request for ProposalsShort List and Draft Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Technical Proposal Evaluation of Combined EvaluationNeReport and Draftgotiated Contract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 223748-CS-LCS / Component 1 : Upscaling < br > environmental andhydrological social impactsurvey report for IDAKHO IDA / 59450 Climate-Smart AgriculturalPractices ( US $", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Comments | | MoH Report , RH Division | | | Hospitals and HC IVs offering comprehensive | | Percentage | Value | 20 . 00 | 24 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | emergency obstetric care | | | Date | 04-Oct-2009 | 30-Oct-2011 | 31-Jul-2015 | | | | | Comments | | Source : 2010 / 2011 AHSPR | | Page 7 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 272, "text": "2010 / 2011 AHSPR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 28 - ( forthcoming ) in the North Arcot region of South India , also computes an agricultural growth multiplier of 1 . 83 . In this case too , the small threeparameter model generated virtually identical results . Applying the model to African agriculture , Rogers ( 1986 ) computes much lower multipliers . Using a slight variant of the Hazell model along with data from Mauritania , Rogers estimates agricultural growth multipliers under a range of conditions . Most estimates clump around 1 . 27 . eiven the harsh rural economy of Mauritania , this estimate very likely paints an unduly pessimistic picture of agricultural growth multipliers throughout the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa . Using what are probably more representative African data-consumption parameters from Sierra Leone and Nigeria along with production parameters from farm and nonfarm budget studies across the continent-Haggblade , Hazell and Brown ( 1987 ) estimate agricultural growth multipliers on the order of 1 . 5 . This estimate places the African growth multipliers at about 60 percent of the magnitude of those estimated in Asia ; a $ 1 increase in value added from agricultural tradables produces an additional 0 . 50 of rural income in Africa compared to about $ 0 . 83 in the Asian countries for which we have evidence . These Africa multipliers of about 1 . 5 are also strikingly close to the 1 . 43 direct cross-regional estimate reported earl ' er for Togo ( Section VII A ) . The model can also shed light on . potential differences in rural linkages generated by alternative agricultural growth strategies . Haggblade , Hazell and Brown ( 1987 ) use African farm management data to compare rural income multipliers likely to emanate from small farmer growth strategies with strategies based on promotion of estate agriculture . Under a range of probable production yarameters , the model predicts regional multipliers in the range of 1 . 45 and 1 . 55 for both small and large farmer strategies . The surprising similarity between estate and smallholder", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 384, "text": "data from Mauritania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1640, "end": 1668, "text": "African farm management data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "active investors , _η_ , and ( ii ) changes in expected repayment , _α_ . Using the calibrated model , we can isolate the effects driven by changes in expected repayment to properly identify the structural demand elasticity . Figure 6 decomposes the channels outlined in Equation ( 19 ) . The black line shows the reduced-form ( inverse ) demand elasticity _η_ ˆ , while the blue line depicts the model-implied structural elasticity , _η_ . The vertical differences between these two curves ( red lines ) indicate the portion of the reduced-form elasticity attributable to endogenous changes in the repayment ˆ function , _α_ . We find that the magnitude of _η_ is always higher than that of _η_ . This is consistent with our empirical analysis based on CDS spreads ( described in Section 3 ) . The difference can be substantial , particularly for larger values of _B_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > and for higher bond spreads . The first column of Table 6 shows the unconditional average for both the reduced-form ˆ elasticity , _η_ , and the structural elasticity , _η_ . On average , the structural elasticity accounts for less than two-thirds of the reduced-form elasticity . The rest is explained by endogenous changes in the expected repayment , _α_ . Despite the fundamentals ( _y , B_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > ) being fixed and the ∆ _T_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > shocks being exogenous , the reduced-form elasticity significantly differs from the structural one . The magnitudes of the documented biases critically depend on the persistence of the 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "held the jobs that were lost . # 5 . 4 Projected Job Losses by Sector In this sub-section we assess how well projections of job loss align across various methods and sources of data by sector of employment . Because neither survey ( WBES and LFS ) on which our job loss projections are based are representative at the sector level , we might not expect projections to be fully reliable at the sector level . However , since we must use sectors to link employers to labor force data , it is important to assess this > 45 The HFPS does not contain variables permitting one to distinguish formal from informal jobs . > 46 - Georgia LFS . https : / / www . geostat . ge / en / modules / categories / 683 / Employment < u > Unemployment < / u > 47 The figures include all industrial sectors . 31", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 237, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 465, "end": 481, "text": "labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 629, "end": 632, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or working age adults not in the labor force . By contrast , men in households with more children are more likely to > 21 Moreover , in the high frequency baseline , the mean absolute deviation across workers is not statistically different between wage and self-employed for either men or women , and while it does differ in the 2013 GHUPS , the differences are statistically significant but relatively small in magnitude ( 3 . 3 hours for men and 1 . 4 hours for women ) . 28", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 339, "text": "2013 GHUPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Districts ’ LG authorities and technical staff ; - Cultural Institution ( Buganda Kingdom ) ; - Project-affected communities and households , including vulnerable groups ; - Project-affected industrial and commercial organizations ; and - Relevant NGOs in the fields of conservation , development and human rights . # # # * * 5 . 3 Methods and Approach for Stakeholder Consultations * * Appointments were made to meet the respective District and Sub-County officials to inform them about the project , introduce the consultant and prepare for the community meetings . Verbal notices to all Chairpersons of the respective villages regarding dates , venues and time of the respective consultation activities were given . A full account of consultations , as well as consultation and disclosure material is included in * * Section 5 . 4 * * . The Chairpersons were also requested to mobilize all members of their villages . The Consultant also prepared project information sheets and handouts in English and local languages with information about the project and its foreseen effects in terms of resettlement and land acquisition . This material was distributed to all persons who were present in the community meetings . To cater for those who could not read , it was agreed that either their children or the Chairpersons of the respective villages should read to them . In addition , a map showing the TL route , as it traverses through the project area , was prepared and used during information dissemination . Copies of information brochures ( * * Annex 8 * * ) were also distributed to District and Sub-County officials and directly affected households . Community meetings were held throughout the project area ( see * * Annex 9 * * – Stakeholder Meeting Attendance Lists ) . The meetings were held per village as indicated in photos included in * * Annex 10 * * . The purpose of these meetings was to provide information about the project and gather people ’ s perceptions , opinions , suggestions and concerns about the project . The community meetings acted as a forum for discussions between the project team and the community members , community", "spans": [{"start": 1741, "end": 1777, "text": "Stakeholder Meeting Attendance Lists", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Figure 1 : Secondary GER Relative to Per Capita GDP * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 180 < br > 160 < br > Belgium < br > Australia < br > Sweden < br > 140 < br > Denmark < br > Finland < br > 120 Dominica SpainNew ZealandNetherlandsIcelandNorway < br > 10080 Tajikistan MoldovaMongoliaUzbekistanKyrgyz RepublicGeorgiaVietnamBolivia JamaicaJordanPhilippinesChinaGuyanaPeruFijiSt . LuciaVenezuela , RBPanamaBelizeColombiaTongaThailandBrazilRussian FederationLatviaUruguayMalaysiaMexicoTrinidad and TobagoChile EstoniaArgentinaSaudi ArabiaHungaryOmanBarbadosKorea , Rep . GreeceSloveniaMacao , ChinaIsrael Hong Kong , ChinaItalyFranceJapanGermanySwitzerlandIrelandUnited States Luxembourg < br > 60 Nepal NicaraguaEcuador Paraguay Dominican Republic < br > Indonesia El Salvador Costa Rica < br > India Gabon < br > Yemen , Rep . Lao PDRBangladesh Zimbabwe Morocco < br > 40 Ghana Guatemala < br > Sierra LeoneMalawi ZambiaKenyaBenin Gambia , TheCambodiaCameroonLesothoVanuatu Equatorial Guinea < br > 20 Ethiopia MaliChad Uganda < br > Burundi Burkina Faso < br > Niger < br > 0 < br > 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 < br > Log of per capita GDP , 2000 ( PPP $ ) < br > Gross secondary enrollment rate , 2002 or most recent year < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 6 . However , it is the package of ERfKE II reforms aimed at enhancing education quality ( largely Components 1 through 4 but also including some aspects of Component 5 ) that are most critical to assess for Jordan . As shown in Figure 2 , there appears to be little relationship between increased educational attainment and economic growth if the education obtained is not of high quality", "spans": [{"start": 1173, "end": 1204, "text": "Gross secondary enrollment rate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Figure 6 . 4 : Proportions of HHHs by Primary ( left ) and Secondary ( right ) Occupation In addition to primary occupation , 33 . 9 % of HH heads confirmed to have secondary occupation . While the proportion of HH heads having secondary occupation is highest in Kersa Woreda with 88 . 9 % for HH Heads , the lowest proportion of HH heads with secondary occupation is reported in Limu Kosa Woreda . With regard to types of secondary occupation the surveyed HH heads are engaged similar to the primary occupation . Accordingly , farming , business and livestock are the three important secondary occupation mentioned by majority of HH heads who claimed to have secondary occupation . # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 3 Health Status and HH Heads and HH Population * * In terms of physical and mental well-being ( health ) , 81 . 9 % of affected household heads and 94 . 6 % of the household members reporting to be healthy at the time of the census survey . Elderly people constituted 13 . 5 % of HH heads and 3 . 9 % HH population . On the other hand , the proportions of disabled and chronically ill heads of household accounted for 1 . 3 % and 1 . 8 % respectively , while the proportion of disabled HH members constituted 0 . 6 % and the chronically ill HH members estimated to 0 . 9 % of the total subproject affected HH members . Figure 6 . 5 : Proportions of Health Status of HH Heads ( left ) and Population ( right ) by Woreda Page 71", "spans": [{"start": 1086, "end": 1099, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We estimate this model only with women . < sup > 10 < / sup > The data source is the Arab Barometer , and * * X * * i includes dummies for 7 age brackets , a dummy variable that equals “ 1 ” if a woman is married , and dummies for five categories of education and years fixed effects . < sup > 11 < / sup > Our variable of interest is a dummy that equals “ 1 ” if women agree with the claim “ A married woman can work outside home if she wishes , ” which we will interpret as signaling a positive attitude toward female work . # * * VII . Results : The determinants of female labor supply * * Since the descriptive statistics show that urban and rural areas function as different markets for labor , we estimate the model in equation ( 1 ) separately for women in urban and in rural areas in 2001 and 2018 and show the resulting marginal effects in figure 10 . During this time period , there are no important qualitative changes in the influence of the covariates and only a few important quantitative changes . We highlight the effect of each covariate in our results : # # * * _First , higher educational attainment means more participation , although this relationship_ * * * * _has decreased over time . _ * * The effect of women ’ s education differs greatly across areas and educational levels , although , especially in rural areas , more education does not necessarily translate into greater FLFP . In 2001 , having fundamental education in rural areas increased the probability of remaining OLF compared to women with no education , contrary to the results obtained for urban areas where fundamental education slightly reduces the probability . In 2001 , in rural and urban areas , secondary education decreased the probability > 10 Further research can estimate this model , including only men ’ s answers to assess their attitude toward female work . > 11 Strictly speaking , these fixed effects correspond to three waves : 2006-2009 , 2012-2014 , and 2016-2017 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 99, "text": "Arab Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR4345 # The World Bank # # # * * < u > < mark > Intermediate Results Indicators < / mark > < / u > * * | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of rural towns and villages electrified < br > ( grid and off-grid , countrywide ) | | Text | Value | 1126 Rural Towns / Villages | 1370 ( 244 added under < br > EAREP-I ) | 2000 Rural Towns / Villages | | | | | Date | 07-Jun-2007 | 15-Oct-2011 | 31-Dec-2011 | | | | | Comments | | Given the aggressive move of < br > the Government and EEPCo , < br > more villages have received < br > Grid Connection . Ongoing . | | | Number of customers in rural towns in which < br > monetary incentives to connect are offered ; < br > | | Text | Value | 0 ; < br > 0 | 31 , 380 ; < br > 9 , 650 | 225 , 000 ; < br > 450 , 000 | | Number of CFLs installed in households < br > underalternative subsid rorams | | | Date | 07-Jun-2007 | 15-Oct-2011 | 31-Dec-2011 | | y pg | | | Comments | | 31 , 380 customers have been < br > registered to be connected to < br > the grid under the GPOBA < br > program . 4 , 825 customers < br > have been connected to the < br > grid and received 9 , 650 CFLs . | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 29-Nov-2011 ) * * #", "spans": [{"start": 1260, "end": 1289, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the students at risk for dropping out in a particular grade are those who stayed in school from the previous grade . In this study , we analyze nationwide data on standardized tests in math and Spanish combined with administrative data on beneficiary receipt , school characteristics and on student and parent characteristics to study program effects on 1 ) enrollment , 2 ) type of school attended and 3 ) academic achievement . We construct a panel of students in sixth grade enrolled in primary schools in high and very high poverty areas in 2008 , whom we observe in 2009 , 2011 and 2014 . Our estimates derive both from fixed-effects regression models and propensity score matching models . We study whether impacts are heterogeneous by gender and by indigenous status . We include a rich set of control variables at the individual , household , school and locality level . We study impacts of PROSPERA in medium , poor and very poor areas , as defined by margination indexes developed by Conapo ( National Mexican Population Council “ Consejo Nacional de Poblacion ” ) , where a majority of beneficiaries reside . We begin by describing the program and our research hypotheses , then turn to previous literature , a description of our data and methodology , followed by results and conclusions . # * * II . Background and Hypotheses * * PROSPERA began operating in small rural communities in 1997 , following a macroeconomic crisis in Mexico in 1995 , and was part of a transition towards implementing targeted anti-poverty programs and eliminating general food subsidies . It quickly grew over time and currently covers six million families , or about one-quarter of all families in Mexico . Although the program has expanded into urban areas , it remains largely rural , with about two-thirds of its household beneficiaries deriving from communities with fewer than 2 , 500 inhabitants . The program conditions cash payments to families on children regularly attending schools and on family members visiting health clinics for checkups . Program take-up was exceedingly high when the program began , with 97 percent of families who were offered the program participating ( Skoufias and Parker , 2001 ) . Program rules allow students to fail each", "spans": [{"start": 148, "end": 185, "text": "nationwide data on standardized tests", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 220, "end": 239, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "established , a meeting between the KPLC staff , the locals and the local administration is arranged . During this meeting KPLC formally requests for permission to survey the area . Once this is agreed upon , the surveyor moves to site and takes detailed profiles of the area and also places pegs where the poles are to be located . The surveyor then prepares a cadastral map of the area showing the plot numbers and the route of the power lines as well as the position of the poles . The Wayleaves section of the KPLC then prepares a wayleaves agreement showing the specific affected plot and the proposed route . The individual owner is then approached with this proposal and his consent is requested . If the owner agrees , she / he is not offered any compensation for the land but also does not surrender the title to the land . However , the owner is not allowed to grow anything higher than 12 feet within five meters of the poles or line . If the owner refuses to consent to this proposal an alternative route is sought . KPLC also consult with other relevant institutions such as Telkom Kenya , County Councils , Airport Authorities , Kenya Pipeline Company , Kenya Ports Authority , Department of Defence , Kenya Wildlife Service , Conservatoire of Forests and Ministry of Public Works and Housing to ensure that their proposal is in harmony with other proposed developments . # _Hizh Voltage Lines_ A similar procedure is undertaken in assessing the best route as in the case for the low voltage lines . The land required is of 40 meters width . Once the best route is established the landowner is approached and an offer is made based on the prevailing market rates . The owner is also compensated for buildings or crops that are on the land . Resettlement of those affected is undertaken when the situation is warranted . Once an agreement is reached between KPLC and the landowner , the latter is paid 70 % of the agreed sum in advance . She / he is then issued with a 6-month notice to quit the land on", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 375, "text": "cadastral map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( or program of study ) , we can see from Table 4 that the effect of FPE on student achievement is bounded between zero effect to 19 . 36 percentage points increase on students achievement . The upper bound slightly increases in this case , but not by a significant margin . More importantly , there are no noticeable heterogeneities by gender . This implies that FPE policy has affected academic performance of females and males equally . However , the effect of FPE varies by program of study . For instance , looking at column ( 2 ) results , we notice that , post-FPE , academic performance of students doing science and technology programs is 4 percentage points ( i . e . 19 _ . _ 36 _ − _ 15 _ . _ 13 ) lower than that of a typical student , this effect is significant at 5 percent . Further , we can see from column ( 4 ) results that the program decreased academic performance of those in the faculty of agriculture . The faculties of agriculture , health sciences , and science and technology have exactly the same entry requirements , the most important being a good COSC pass in mathematics and sciences . Therefore , while these results seem to suggest that FPE-treated students are less prepared on mathematics and science subjects , they likely reflect the effect of discontinuing the bridging program for students into these faculties ( or programs ) , known as the pre-entry science program ( PESP ) , in 2012 . < sup > 15 < / sup > In the next section , I test the sensitivity of the results against this potential confounder . # * * 6 . 3 Robustness checks * * In this section , I present a number of robustness checks ’ results . First , I show that the results are less likely to have been driven by selection bias . Second , I present the placebo test results , using the pre-FPE data , assuming that FPE was introduced in 1999 , such that the first FPE-treated cohort entered university in 2011 . Third , I narrow the age window to include only students aged between 18 and 22 years old", "spans": [{"start": 1794, "end": 1806, "text": "pre-FPE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6066 # * * Abstract * * Despite their increasing prominence in policy debates , little is known about gender inequities in nonagricultural labor market outcomes in rural areas . Using matched household-enterprise-community data sets from Bangladesh , Ethiopia , Indonesia and Sri Lanka , this paper documents and analyzes gender differences in the individual portfolio choice and productivity of nonfarm entrepreneurship . Except for Ethiopia , women are less likely than men to become nonfarm entrepreneurs . Women ’ s nonfarm entrepreneurship isn ’ t strongly correlated with household composition or educational attainment , but is especially prevalent amongst women who are the head of their household . Female-led firms are much smaller and less productive on average , though gender differences in productivity vary dramatically across countries . Mean differences in log output per worker suggest that male firms are roughly 10 times as productive as female firms in Bangladesh , three times as those in Ethiopia and twice as those in Sri Lanka . By contrast , no significant differences in labor productivity were detected in Indonesia . Differences in output per worker are overwhelmingly accounted for by sorting by sector and size . They can ’ t be explained by differences in capital intensity , human capital or the local investment climate , nor by increasing returns to scale . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at brijkers @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 262, "text": "matched household-enterprise-community data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 . * * M & E * * remains rated Moderately Satisfactory . Although the revised PIM has been submitted to IDA and considered acceptable , there is still a lot of work to be done to fine-tune the system and get it working to the expected standard . The mission learnt that a M & E manual is being prepared . The rating will be reviewed at the next mission in January / February depending on actual reporting on project ’ s activities and results . 22 . The World Bank ’ s DIME team , that specializes in in-depth M & E is still working on the in-depth analysis of the baseline data which is expected to be presented to the project ’ s team during the January / February mission . A training will be provided for M & E staff as well as ARARI and BoA staff before handing over of the database . # * * Main recommendations * * 23 . * * Megech CC evaluation : * * MWE need to expedite the Megech CC evaluation in order to get a better understanding of the reasons underlying the high prices , and determine if any change should be made to the Ribb CC . Moreover , the economic feasibility of the Megech scheme needs to be confirmed based on the expected construction cost < sup > 4 < / sup > . 24 . * * Ribb CC : * * Two options were considered : ( i ) bid for the full area of the irrigation scheme ( 13 , 300 ha ) after getting a commitment from Ministry of Finance and Economic Development ( MoFED ) to finance the gap , or ( ii ) revise the scope of works to include only the first phase of the scheme , e . g . the headworks and about 3 , 300 ha of irrigated land . The decision is pending further progress on the Megech Construction bid evaluation to ascertain the reason for high bid prices . 25 . * * Megech MSC : * * the contract signing", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 580, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * < br > * * Total * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * < br > | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * < br > * * Total * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | BORKO | 124 | 175 | 149 | 324 | 156 | 126 | 282 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 338 | 278 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "We also discuss how these parameters can be estimated using individual income data and econometric techniques that exploit both the longitudinal and repeated cross-section features of our data set on individual incomes from Mexico ( Sections III-V ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Finally , we use a tractable consumption-saving model with labor income risk and incomplete markets ( Section VI ) that yields closed-form solutions for equilibrium consumption and welfare as a function of the preference and income parameters . This theoretical framework , based on the work of Constantinides and Duffie ( 1996 ) and Krebs ( 2007 ) , focuses on the persistent component of labor income and abstracts from the i . i . d component , an abstraction motivated by results in the literature demonstrating that workers can effectively self-insure against transitory income shocks , as we have already mentioned . < sup > 7 < / sup > One of the main insights of this literature is that in equilibrium consumption responds one-for-one to permanent income shocks . < sup > 8 < / sup > In this paper , we exploit this property of equilibrium consumption to derive an explicit formula for social welfare as a function of the underlying income parameters . The analytical framework we develop in this paper has the merit of linking income dynamics , income mobility and social welfare in a simple and transparent manner − allowing for a clearer analytical and quantitative discussion of these interrelated concepts , and specifically the role of income variability , than has generally been possible in the past . We discuss in detail how different determinants of measured income mobility may have quite different Fields and Ok ( 1996 ) discuss , however , the literature has recently made important advances in studying the “ multi-faceted concept ” of mobility and a number of different theoretical measures , each capturing a different aspect of mobility have been introduced . We have no contribution to make to this discussion and simply use the Hart Index as our basic measure of mobility . > 6For an interesting exercise which compares results on poverty vulnerability ( the propensity to move into poverty ) obtained using panel data on incomes with those obtained from repeated", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 82, "text": "individual income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 188, "end": 230, "text": "data set on individual incomes from Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2208, "end": 2218, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Technical ( T ) & | Negotiation for Projects after May 2002 < br > Financial ( F ) and Negotions ( N ) | Draft Contract | Contract Finalization | Contract Imp | | Lumpsum < br > or < br > Time-Based < br > p < br > Method < br > no / 10 | Prep & < br > Submission < br > by Ex Ag < br > < br > in US $ Review < br > . | No-objection < br > Date | On-line UNDB < br > Gateway < br > Nat Press < br > Lead-time < br > before shortlist | Submission < br > Date < br > No-objection < br > Date < br > Invitation < br > Date < br > . | Submission / < br > Opening < br > Date < br > Submission < br > Evaluation < br > Report ( T ) < br > No-objection < br > Evaluation < br > Report ( T ) | Opening < br > Financial < br > Proposals < br > Preparation < br > Eval Report < br > ( T ) ( F ) < br > Negotiations < br > ( N ) | Plan vs . Actual < br > Submission < br > Date < br > No-objection < br > Date | Contract < br > Amount in < br > US $ Contract < br > Award < br > Contract < br > Signature | Plan vs . Actual < br > Mobilization < br > Advance < br > Payment < br > Draft < br > Report | | | Plan < br > 3 - 6 wks < br > | 1 - 2 wks | 1 - 1 . 5 wks < br > 2 wks | 1 - 2 wks < br > Plan < br > 4 to < br > 1 | 2 wk", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Facebook survey consistently estimated more severe outcomes than the in-person survey The national-level Facebook estimates range from about 14 percent to about 250 percent more severe than their PPCS counterparts ( see Table 2 ) . For six of the eight core indicators , the difference in estimates between the two surveys is significant at the 5 % level . The direction of difference holds in almost all cases if estimates are disaggregated by region , gender , age category ( 18 to 34 / 35 and older ) or reported exposure to at least one conflict event . Estimates do not appear to be systematically more similar for any of the subgroups created by these disaggregations , except for respondents from Gaza . This finding is discussed in more detail in a later section . Nor does the direction of differences between subgroups in the Facebook survey necessarily match the direction of differences between the same subgroups in the PPCS . * * Table 2 : The Facebook survey estimated more severe outcomes than the PPCS across eight core * * * * indicators * * | | * * Indicator * * | * * Indicator * * < br > * * range * * | < br > * * PPCS * * < br > * * estimate * * | * * Facebook * * < br > * * estimate * * | < br > < sup > * * Difference * * < / sup > | * * N * * < br > * * ( combined ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _1_ | _Share of people who report personal_ < br > _exposure to at least one conflict event_ < br > _ ( Gaza only ) _ | 0-100 % | 35 . 0 < br > ( 3 . 2 ) | 49 . 7 < br > ( 8 . 8 ) | 14 . 7 < br > ( 9 . 4 ) | 2937 | | _2_ | < sup > _Approximate prevalence of moderate or_ <", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 977, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _dit_ is the Polity2 democracy index of country _i_ in period _t_ . The lagged value of this variable on the right-hand side is included to capture the persistence of democracy . The parameter _NRAit − 1_ is the lagged value of the protection level in agriculture . Other covariates are included in the vector _Xit − 1_ . The parameters _μt_ and _δi_ denote full sets of year and country fixed effects , respectively , and ε _it_ is an error term capturing all other omitted factors . For the same reason given above , the model in equation 3 is estimated using D-inD < sup > 27 < / sup > and first-difference GMM estimators . Moreover , because democracy is a persistent variable , we run a system GMM regression ( see Arellano and Bover 1995 ) . We find that the lagged protection coefficient is always insignificant in these additional regressions ( see the results in table S . 4 in the supplemental appendix ) . Thus , these results suggest that there is no feedback effect of agricultural protection on the transition to democracy . # * * < < B > > * * _Definition of regime change_ The evidence presented thus far has been obtained from approximately 40 political reform episodes based on the Polity2 index . We have checked whether our results are driven by the specific definition of our political reform variable . We have employed three alternative approaches : ( a ) defining a democracy variable using _all_ of the 67 reform episodes from Polity2 ; ( b ) using the data from Papaioannou and Siourounis ( 2008 ) and including only 23 ( permanent ) democratization episodes ; and ( c ) only considering permanent transitions from Polity2 , namely , those that lasted at least eight years . These democratization dummies differ in terms of not only the number of regime transitions considered but also the timing of the reform episodes ( see table S . 1 ) . The results are presented in table S . 5 in the supplemental appendix . The results remain robust using these different measures of democratic transitions . Moreover , the additional regression results suggest that permanent transitions are most important . In line", "spans": [{"start": 1206, "end": 1219, "text": "Polity2 index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1484, "end": 1520, "text": "data from Papaioannou and Siourounis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project Collisions of birds with the transmission in this location may cause a physical hazard from electrocution during display flights and when birds are flying in search of food . Birds sitting or perching on conducting cables may also be electrocuted and large species , such as raptors , are most at risk in this case . This happens where the electricity structure dimensions are such that a phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground contact occurs between the bird and the structure . Poor visibility increases possibility of collision and electrocution accidents of birds . Climbing animals like monkeys may be killed from electrocution while attempting to climb up the Towers . According to the information obtained from Tarmaber woreda Environmental Protection and Land administration Office , the existing transmission line crossing the steep cliff in the Woreda are installed close to ground and is causing deaths of monkeys from electrocution . # * * Mitigation Measure * * As stated in the list of recommendations proposed by the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society , which is the representative of the IBA , the proposed project , is required to implement the following measures : - To ensure that no Bird impacts are generated from the stringing activities of the transmission lines that passing through areas rich in avifauna , the TML shall be fitted with bird warning spheres ( colored balloons ) . - Fitting of flapper devices on the shield wires , which will make them more visible . - Undertake regular monitoring and collect data on avifauna electrocuted along the proposed transmission line , if occurred . - Every steel tower pad will have also a danger sign and an anti-climbing barbed wire for the safety purposes . 97", "spans": [{"start": 1671, "end": 1700, "text": "data on avifauna electrocuted", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and global studies . After the validation exercises , the authors implemented the LASSO-PMM method in 43 countries worldwide . > 6 The donor survey is the one that contains the actual income data from the first-round survey . The receiver is the second-round survey where the income is imputed . > the second-round survey where the income is imputed . > 7 To simplify notation , in this document i will be used to refer to the logarithm of household per capita income . yy 5", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 147, "text": "donor survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and generally benefits society by providing a combination of goods and services whose qualities and attributes are adapted to the demands of consumers using up as small a quantity of resources as possible in the supply of these products . Competition also makes enterprise expansion profitable due to the productivity gains that it stimulates . > 6 Using data on German manufacturing and service-sector firms from the third Community Innovation Surveys ( CIS3 ) for the period 1998-2000 , Peters ( 2005 ) finds that product innovations have a net positive impact on employment while process innovations are associated with employment reduction for manufacturing but not service firms . These findings are largely confirmed by Harrison et al ( 2008 ) in a study that is also based on CIS3 . Using comparable firm-level data across four European countries — France , Germany , Spain , UK — they find that process innovation has significant displacement effects that are partially counteracted by compensation mechanisms . The displacement effects of process innovation are most pronounced in manufacturing . On the other hand , product innovation is associated with employment growth and these results are similar across countries . Based on a firmlevel comparison across provinces and cities in China , Mairesse et al ( 2009 ) find that the compensation effects of product innovation more than counterbalance the displacement effects of process innovation , the net result being that innovation makes a strong positive contribution to total employment growth . Alvarez et al ( 2011 ) find that in the case of Chile , process innovation is generally not a relevant determinant of employment growth , and that product innovation is positively associated with employment growth . > 7 Syverson ( 2011 ) provides a deep survey of principal recent work on the determinants of enterprise-level productivity . 7", "spans": [{"start": 357, "end": 410, "text": "data on German manufacturing and service-sector firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 420, "end": 454, "text": "third Community Innovation Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 785, "end": 789, "text": "CIS3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 809, "end": 824, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 267 ) | 12 , 397 | | | Survei Tahunan Perusahaan Industri | Badan Pusat Statistik ( BPS - | | Districts and | | | Indonesia | Pengolahan ( Annual Manufacturing Survey ) | Statistics Indonesia ) | 2000-2015 | metros ( 291 ) | 34 , 366 | | Ethiopia | LargeandMediumManufacturingSurvey | CentralStatisticalAgency ( CSA ) | = 2000-2009 | Towns ( 91 ) | 3 . 465 | Notes : For each country , the statistical agency listed in the source column implements an annual survey of manufacturing establishments . In Chile , although we have access to the data from 1996-2007 , we used only the period 2001-2005 because product categories changed in 2001 and the correspondence between the old and new product classification is not perfect , while for the year 2006-07 , establishment location is missing .", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 59, "text": "Survei Tahunan Perusahaan Industri", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 128, "end": 170, "text": "Pengolahan ( Annual Manufacturing Survey )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 251, "end": 284, "text": "LargeandMediumManufacturingSurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 453, "end": 498, "text": "annual survey of manufacturing establishments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "designed to deliver impact-based forecasts and warnings , and the establishment of a National Framework for Climate Services . A service delivery strategy is being developed to define the roles of the Regional Meteorological Service Centers ( RMSC ) and to establish a dedicated Weather and Climate Services Section . Additionally , a system to verify forecast accuracy will be created , along with surveys to evaluate the utility of services offered by the EMI to a diverse user base . Under this subcomponent , hydromet and climate information services have been provided to 40 WASH woredas and the Ethiopia Meteorology Institute ( EMI ) has published a study on impact-based forecasting . EMI supports a national climate service framework and has upgraded the station network for better forecasting and IT integration . MoWE has archived over 50 years of hydrological data . The hydrological observation station network master plan is 45 % complete , with 550 stations monitoring surface water flows across 9 basins . 3 . * * Climate Resilient Service Delivery * * : The progress on CR multi-village water supply projects is moving at a relatively slow pace . Since the last mission , the Dalefagi multi-village WS project in Afar has been completed , bringing the total number of completed projects to two out of planned eighteen . From these completed projects , approximately 23 , 100 people have been provided with water supply , which is only 4 % of the target . Additionally , two projects ( Sankura in Central Ethiopia and Asaita Afambo in Afar ) are under construction , with completion statuses of 95 % and 75 % , respectively . MoWE has advanced in the procurement process for civil works for three projects - Guradamole , Ayun , and Hawasa Zuria - which are currently under bid evaluation and are expected to be signed by the end of October 2024 . Four projects - Agamber , Bursa , Workie , and Burji - are under bid floating for civil works and are expected to be signed by the end of November 2024 . However ,", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 875, "text": "hydrological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "definition of an urban setting in India has been mostly stable since the 1961 census . India uses a more demanding set of criteria than most countries to define what is ‘ urban ’ . For example , substantial parts of U . S . metropolitan areas like Atlanta or Phoenix would be classified as rural in Indian statistical analyses because their population densities fall below 1 , 000 persons per square mile ( Ghani et al , 2012 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 84, "text": "1961 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proportion of household members that are illiterate , while Pakistan has the highest and Bangladesh has the second highest . In South Asia , Pakistan scores the worst when it comes to education among the international extreme poor . Although Bhutan has the second lowest international extreme poverty rate in the region , its international extreme poor are worse off in many categories when they are compared with the Indian international extreme poor . For example , only 19 percent of the heads of household who are international extreme poor in Bhutan are literate , compared to 50 percent in India and 29 percent in Bangladesh . Bangladesh scores much worse in many of the non-monetary dimensions than India . India has the highest proportion of international extreme poor in the region , while Bangladesh had the second highest proportion of international extreme poor . But the Bangladeshi extreme poor have lower human capital and lower levels of physical assets compared to their Indian counterparts . Bangladeshi households that are in international extreme poverty have lower educational attainment , and have lower ownership rates of household assets , even though both Bangladeshi and Indian international extreme poor have the same proportion of households engaged in agriculture . * * Table 14 . Summary statistics of indicators of non-monetary well-being for the extreme poor * * * * < u > identified using the standardized consumption aggregates < / u > * * | * * Variable * * | * * Bangladesh * * | * * Bhutan * * | * * India * * | * * Maldives * * | * * Nepal * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * Sri Lanka * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Household Composition_ | | | | | | | | | Household size | 5 . 68 | 8 . 18 | 5 . 60 | 7 . 58 | 7 . 20 | 9 . 68 | 5 . 68 | | Dependency Ratio | 0 . 47 | 0 . 40 | 0 . 95 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ordered by their relative ranking in terms of the per capita consumption expenditure obtained from the poverty mapping approach . Therefore , Section 3 is devoted to a brief presentation of the World Bank methodology . Since , in general , we believe that any new methodological proposal is useful if it can be put into practice , the second part of Section 3 presents the implementation of poverty mapping in Tunisia , based on the 2014 Census and the 2015 Household 4", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 444, "text": "2014 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 453, "end": 469, "text": "2015 Household 4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 37 - 3 . 24 The Staff Performance Review and Appraisal would be the second phase of the Performance Improvement Program . A Performance Review and Appraisal System would be developed to ensure a periodic review of the quality and quantity of each employee ' s work by his supervisor , and to provide a record of each employee ' s progress which will serve as a basis for recommendations on salary increases , promotions , disciplinary actions , career development and replacement planning . A specialist would be employed as a consultant to advise management on appropriate policies , set up the review system , and train supervisory and subordinate staff of the Personnel Department who will be responsible for implementing the review . Later , once the program is in place , the consultant would conduct a follow-up study to evaluate its impact and to identify areas for further refinement . 3 . 25 ( iii ) Career Development Program . This program would aim to establish an orderly system of succession planning for key positions in AFC . It would ensure that all such positions are periodically reviewed to determine that they are adequately staffed , and that potential replacements are either fully developed or being developed . Specific plans would be formulated , steps identified , and actions implemented to develop and prepare employees for key management positions . As a result of this program , AFC would be better able to determine areas of management weakness and take appropriate measures to strengthen these , through either specific training efforts or external recruitment . 3 . 26 A Human Resources Development specialist would be recruited on a short-term basis to assist AFC senior management in identifying key managerial , supervisory and professional positions within the organization . The specialist would identify the critical skills , knowledge , and performance of each key position , using available job analysis data ( para 3 . 23 ) , supplemented by interviews as appropriate . The consultant would then design AFC ' s replacement planning and career development system , including the preparation of the policies , procedures and required forms . In addition , the consultant would design and conduct a series of workshops to coach senior", "spans": [{"start": 1935, "end": 1952, "text": "job analysis data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : Bloomberg ; Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics ; International Energy Agency ; New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority ; Ministry of Transport of China ; World Bank . A . “ NYC subway ridership ” is the sum of entries into each station in New York ’ s Metropolitan Transportation Authority network , which serves a population of 15 . 3 million people across a 5 , 000-square-mile travel area surrounding New York City , including Long Island , southeastern New York State , and Connecticut . “ China passenger journeys ” include all daily passenger journeys in China . B . Year-on-year growth . Last observation is March 2020 . - C . Percent of global oil consumption . D . Shaded area shows IEA estimates for year-on-year demand growth in 2020Q2 and 2020Q3 . E . Based on a Bayesian vector autoregressive estimation . Cumulative response to a 1-percentage-point decline on oil prices on impact or after four quarters . Orange whiskers reflect the 16th-84th percentile confidence bands . The model includes U . S . growth , Euro Area growth , 10-year U . S . government bond interest rate , VIX volatility index , China ’ s growth , oil price , and commodity-importing or commodity-exporting EMDE growth over 2000Q1 to 2019Q2 . The model has four lags . Aggregate growth rates calculated using GDP weights at 2010 prices and market exchange rates . F . Chart shows the contribution to explained six-month log changes ( in percent ) in oil prices . Decomposition based on structural vector autoregression estimation . For each of the seven episodes , only the month with the deepest sixmonth oil price plunge is shown ( consecutive months are not shown ) . The gap between the total price decline and the contributions of demand and supply represents speculative demand factor . 29", "spans": [{"start": 1118, "end": 1138, "text": "VIX volatility index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ # # # * * DEFINITIONS * * Unless the context dictates otherwise , the following terms will have the following meanings : * * “ Census ” * * means a field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Project Affected Persons ( PAP ) or Displaced Persons ( DPs ) as a result of land acquisition and related impacts . The census provides the basic information necessary for determining eligibility for compensation , resettlement and other measures emanating from consultations with affected communities and the local government institutions ( LGIs ) . * * Project Affected Person ( s ) ( PAPs ) * * are persons affected by land and other assets loss as a result of the project activities . These person ( s ) are affected because they may lose , be denied , or be restricted to access economic assets ; lose shelter , income sources , or means of livelihood . These persons are affected whether or not they will move to another location . * * “ Compensation ” * * means the payment in kind , cash or other assets given in exchange for the acquisition of land including fixed assets thereon as well as other impacts resulting from the project program activities . * * “ Cut-off date ” * * is the date of commencement of the census of PAPs or DPs within the project area boundaries . This is the date on and beyond which any person whose land is occupied for project will not be eligible for compensation . * * “ Displaced Persons ” * * mean persons who , for reasons due to involuntary acquisition or voluntary contribution of their land and other assets under the project , will suffer direct economic and or social adverse impacts , regardless of whether or not the said Displaced Persons are physically relocated . These people may have their : standard of living adversely affected , whether or not the Displaced Person will move", "spans": [{"start": 1321, "end": 1342, "text": "census of PAPs or DPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The tourism sector has grown rapidly in Latin American countries over the last decade and has become an important source of foreign exchange and an impetus for overall economic growth . Tourist arrivals rose by about 68 percent worldwide over the 1995 – 2007 period and by about 50 percent in Latin American countries ( Fayissa et al . 2009 ) . The tourism sector makes an increasingly large contribution to the overall economy and foreign exchange earnings in the region , and it has rapidly grown in Panama in the last decade . The international arrivals in Panama have grown from around1 . 3 million visitors in 2006 to 1 . 7 million in 2010 . < sup > 2 < / sup > Given the sector ’ s growing importance , the Panamanian Tourism Authority ( _Autoridad de Turismo de Panamá , _ ATP ) carried out a series of surveys between 2006 and 2008 to better understand the direct and indirect economic impacts of tourism and develop pilot satellite accounts . According to the 2006 data on national and international tourism and tourists ’ expenditures , including tourists in transit that never leave the airport , international tourist arrivals in Panama reached 2 . 4 million — a number equivalent to 70 percent of the country ’ s population . The expenditures by foreign tourists during this period totaled around $ 960 million , equivalent to 6 percent of Panama ’ s 2006 GDP . Of the total of 2 . 4 million visitors , about half of the visits are direct transit < sup > 3 < / sup > and a quarter is for recreation ; the former account for one-third of total expenditures by foreign tourists and the latter for over 40 percent . Panama is also becoming a popular destination for retirees from North America and Europe — not reflected in these statistics on tourism arrivals , which contributes to the real estate boom in the metropolitan area of Panama City , Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui . Recent studies show that growth of the tourism sector has contributed to overall economic growth and development in Latin American countries . A cross-country econometric study of the determinants of economic", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1043, "text": "2006 data on national and international tourism", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1767, "end": 1797, "text": "statistics on tourism arrivals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2006 to 2016 . < sup > 12 < / sup > In 2012 , the registry adopted a panel structure with unique firm and worker identifiers that allow both firms and workers to be followed over time . The registry includes very detailed information at the firm level . It has rich information on financial statements — net sales , asset and liability statements , debt , and profits — among firms that pay institutional and corporate taxes . The database also contains records on capital and machinery stocks , capital expenditures , labor costs , exports and imports , and output and income . The data also include standard information on age , the economic sector at the four-digit level , and the geographical location of firms up to the district level . < sup > 13 < / sup > At the worker level , the registry includes individual-level information on workers who are registered with the Turkish Social Security Institution and employed in those firms . As of 2016 , the EIS database included about 12 . 6 million workers , representing the universe of formal wage workers in nonfinancial sectors , and about 80 percent of all wage workers . < sup > 14 < / sup > Information on the age , gender , occupation , days worked , and wages is available for each registered worker . This allows us to calculate total employment and the total wage bill for each registered firm by quarter . A first major advantage of using the EIS database to study the impacts of the minimum wage is that it has no minimum threshold for firm size . This is a critical feature for analyzing firm responses to the minimum wage , especially in the context of a developing economy in which small firms predominate . In Turkey , 50 percent of all registered firms have at most two employees , and 75 percent have at most five employees . These firms typically pay low wages , and , as a result they are more exposed to increases in the minimum wage . A second attractive feature of the EIS is the broad coverage of sectors of activity : it includes registered private firms in all sectors of activity , apart", "spans": [{"start": 959, "end": 971, "text": "EIS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been the main source country previously in 2000 and 2002 . This trend has continued into 2007 when more than 45 , 000 new asylum claims were lodged in the 44 industrialized countries . During the first half of 2008 , Iraqis lodged 19 , 500 asylum claims or 12 per cent of all applications in the 44 industrialized countries . < sup > 7 < / sup > This constitutes a significant decrease compared to 2007 : 18 per cent compared to the last six months of 2007 ( 23 , 500 ; excluding Italy ) and almost 10 per cent compared to the first half of 2007 ( 21 , 400 ; excluding Italy ) . The decrease in Iraqi claims was particularly significant between April and June of 2008 when 8 , 800 Iraqis applied for asylum in the 44 industrialized countries , the lowest quarterly level since the fourth quarter of 2006 . During the first six months of 2008 , Iraqis lodged asylum applications in 36 out of the 44 industrialized countries covered by this report . One in five of the 19 , 500 Iraqi applications were submitted in * * Sweden * * ( 3 , 900 ) , the latter having attracted the highest number of Iraqi asylum-seekers for some time . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Quarterly Iraqi asylum claims lodged in < br > Germany and Sweden , 2006-2008 < br > 5 , 000 < br > 4 , 000 Germany < br > Sw eden < br > 3 , 000 < br > 2 , 000 < br > 1 , 000 < br > - < br > 06Q1 06Q2 06Q3 06Q4 07Q1 07Q2 07Q3 07Q4 08Q1 08Q2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Germany * * registered 3 , 400 Iraqi asylum claims , the same level as in the preceding six months , but four times more than in the first half of 2007 ( 820 ) . A change in Swedish decision-making", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1194, "text": "Quarterly Iraqi asylum claims", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "developed countries . Urban communities are more likely to have a health facility compared to rural communities and at the same time have the required human resources as compared to those in the rural areas . The proximity or distance of a health facility from the population gives an indication of how accessible the available healthcare is . The major health concerns of all the project area include : vector borne diseases such as malaria ; water borne diseases such as diarrhoea and dysentery ; respiratory diseases ( a consequence of air pollution particularly from fossil fuel combustion and waste burning ) ; and HIV / AIDS . Other health issues include inadequate human resources for health services , limited funding for health projects and in adequate health infrastructure . One of the most significant communicable diseases facing Uganda is HIV / AIDS . According to MoH estimates for 2021 , the HIV prevalence among adults ( 15 to 49 years ) in Uganda is 5 . 4 % . * * ES 4 . 3 . 6 Land Use , Ownership , Tenure and Housing * * Land tenure systems in Uganda include : customary tenure ; free-hold tenure ; mailo ; and leasehold tenure . The land tenure system in the project area is either mailo or leasehold . Mailo tenure is the most dominant in the project area . * * ES 4 . 3 . 7 Energy Sources and Use * * The major sources of energy for the residents of the project area include electricity supplied by Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited ( UEGCL ) ; gas ; paraffin ; charcoal and firewood ; and petroleum products ( fossil fuels ) such as Kerosene , petrol and diesel . Charcoal and firewood are mainly used for cooking while electricity and paraffin are basically used for lighting in households and facilities such * * 15 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 901, "text": "MoH estimates for 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "planning and monitoring . | MEP Budget planning and < br > monitoring processes < br > revised . | Publicly available report on < br > budget execution data < br > evidencing 50 percent of < br > MEP paid budget < br > expenditures for Selected < br > Subprograms up to July 31 < br > in a given Borrower ’ s fiscal < br > year during Project < br > execution | Publicly available report on < br > budget execution data < br > evidencing 75 percent of < br > MEP paid budget < br > expenditures for Selected < br > Sub-programs up to < br > October 31 in any given < br > Borrower ’ s fiscal year < br > duringProject execution . | N / A | | * * IRI 1 . 2 Information Systems * * | * * modules implemented ( Text ) * * | | | | | | Dec / 2024 | Mar / 2025 | Mar / 2026 | Mar / 2027 | Mar / 2028 | Mar / 2029 | | N / A | Governance mechanism in < br > MEP for development and < br > deployment of information < br > systems is inplace | At least 2 information < br > systems modules < br > implemented | At least 5 information < br > systems modules < br > implemented | At least 7 information < br > systems modules < br > implemented | At least 9 information systems < br > modules implemented | | * * 2 . Support for Pedagogical T * * < br > * * IRI 2 . 1 . 1 Development or val * * | * * ransformation * * < br > * * idation of an in-classroom dia * * | * * gnostic formative assessment * * | * * in mathematics and reading ( * * | * * Text ) * * | | | Feb / 2025 | Jul / 2025 | Mar / 2026", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 156, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 398, "end": 419, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 , 555 to 7 , 438 . The number of students in secondary schools increased from under 6 . 4 million in 1997 to 8 . 3 million in 2009 ( INEP 2003 ; INEP 2011 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > # * * 3 . Data * * The primary data used in this study comes from two sources : the Brazilian school census ( _Censo Escolar_ ) and Brazilian vital statistics data ( _SINASC_ ) from the Ministry of Health . In addition , we use auxiliary data , including population estimates for Brazilian municipalities from the Brazilian Census Bureau , and municipal expenditure data from a variety of sources . Descriptive statistics for the key variables in our analysis are reported in Table S1 . 1 in the supplementary appendix . As municipal boundaries changed over the period of interest , we base our analysis on 4 , 884 minimal comparable areas ( see Appendix S2 for details ) . For simplicity , we continue to refer to the unit of observation as municipality . # _Schooling data_ We use 13 waves of the Brazilian school census , collected annually for the Ministry of Education by the _Anisio Teixeira Institute of Research on Education_ ( INEP ) which provides administrative data on the universe of schools in Brazil ( Glewwe and Kassouf 2012 ) . The school census includes detailed information on the universe of public and private schools in Brazil , such as enrolment by grade , age and sex , information on the number of classes , the physical characteristics of the schools , as well as information on teachers . < sup > 11 < / sup > The school census is available from 1995 , but because of inadequate quality of the data , we discard the first two census years . We use the census data to create a dataset on the number of secondary schools , the number of classrooms and the number of students between 1997 and 2009 — when the vast majority of the school expansion has > 10 This increase is mirrored by a steep increase in education expenditure ; between 2000 and 2009 , Brazil reported the largest increase in education spending as a percentage", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 289, "text": "Brazilian school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 314, "end": 345, "text": "Brazilian vital statistics data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 437, "end": 486, "text": "population estimates for Brazilian municipalities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 526, "end": 552, "text": "municipal expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1523, "end": 1536, "text": "school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1661, "end": 1672, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Registered Incidents : April - September 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > At the end of 2015 , the UN signed an action plan with the SPLA-IO to stop and prevent the recruitment and use of children and killing and maiming of children . The SPLA signed an action plan with the UN to stop and prevent the recruitment and use of children in 2009 . It signed a revised action plan in 2012 and made a recommitment to its revised action plan in 2014 . Both the SPLA and the SPLA-IO are listed for recruitment and use of children and killing and maiming of children in the Secretary-General ’ s 2015 report on children and armed confl ict . In 2015 , 1 , 054 incidents of grave violations were documented through the MRM , an increase of 28 . 2 per cent from 2014 , when 756 incidents were", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1197, "text": "MRM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE This report presents the key AICD findings for Zimbabwe , allowing the country ‘ s infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers . Given that Zimbabwe is at present a distressed low-income country , but has approached middle-income status in the past , two sets of African benchmarks will be used to evaluate Zimbabwe ‘ s situation : that of low-income countries and that of middle-income countries . Detailed comparisons will also be made with Zimbabwe ‘ s immediate regional neighbors in the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) . Several methodological issues should be borne in mind . First , because of the cross-country nature of data collection , a time lag is inevitable . In the particular case of Zimbabwe , it is hardly possible to make sense of the financial data for the period 2005 – 08 due to the spiraling currency crisis : hyperinflation soared to an official figure of over 230 million percentlow-income countrieby February 2008 . Therefore the report will focus on the Zimbabwe ‘ s 2004 pre-currency-crisis and 2009 post-currency-crisis data points . Most technical data presented are for 2006 ( or the most recent year available ) , while financial data for comparator countries are typically averaged over 2001 – 06 to smooth out the effect of short-term fluctuations . Second , to make comparisons across countries , indicators are standardized to allow for a consistent cross-country analysis . This means that some of the indicators presented here may be slightly different from those that are routinely reported and discussed at the country level . # Why infrastructure matters In common with the rest of the continent , southern Africa ‘ s < sup > 2 < / sup > growth performance improved markedly in the 2000s vis-à-vis the 1990s . The overall improvement in per capita growth rates has been estimated at 2 . 1 percentage points , of which 1 . 1 points are attributable to better structural policies and 1 . 0 point to improved infrastructure . Zimbabwe stands out markedly as a sad exception . Zimbabwe ‘ s broad-based output declined dramatically during 2000 – 08 . Its GDP contracted by roughly 50 percent — possibly the largest peacetime", "spans": [{"start": 859, "end": 873, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in broad strokes some of the challenges generally associated with data collection and data use in humanitarian contexts : What data do you need ? When do you need it ? And what decisions are you making based on the data you collect ? Emergency and disaster situations are highly diverse , but in cases where the crisis unfolds quickly , the data collection process must move towards actual response planning very fast given the lives at stake . Much depends therefore on the quality of pre-crisis data that is available to responders because at the early stages of a response little time is available to organize large-scale data collection processes involving large samples and complex questionnaires . Better pre-existing quantitative data is invaluable to humanitarian actors to understand the scope of the problem . The focus of initial rapid needs assessments that the humanitarian community undertakes is an attempt to produce a situational overview answering questions such as the scale and scope of the problem , profiling the affected population , the capacities on the ground to respond , and the state of humanitarian > 2 World Health Organization and the World Bank , World Report on Disability ( 2011 ) > < u > http : / / www . who . int / disabilities / world_report / 2011 / report . pdf Controversy exists about how accurate this estimate is given the < / u > methodology used to produce it . As this paper will indicate , weaknesses with disability statistics led to the international efforts by the Washington Group to improve the comparability and accuracy of data including estimates such as this one . > 3 Berhanu Tefera > 4 Kate Alley Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 2", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 501, "text": "pre-crisis data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 724, "end": 741, "text": "quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1455, "end": 1476, "text": "disability statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 3 * * | * * Resettlement Committee Formation and Awareness Creation Phase * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 1 | Liaison with local administration and local government office | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 2 | Establish Woreda and Kebele Resettlement Committee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 3 | Organize Joint Visit to the Project Affected Areas for all Committee Members | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 4 | Provide Training to all Resettlement Committee Members | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 5 | Appoint Witness NGO / SCO for oversight | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 . 6 | Establish Grievance Redress Committee | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 4 * * | * * Prepare Compensation Process * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 1 | Information disemination to Woreda and Kebele Resettlement Committee ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 2 | Verify names and start interaction with PAHs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 3 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 4 | Verify and update expropriated assets and properties database for PAHs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 5 | Individual / Consultation on Compensation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 6 | Preparation of schedule for individual compensations |", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1109, "text": "expropriated assets and properties database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | | | New piped household water connections that < br > | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 38579 . 00 | 65000 . 00 | | are resulting from the project intervention | | Date < br > Comments | 13-Sep-2007 | 23-Dec-2011 | 31-Dec-2012 | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 07-Feb-2012 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | | Approval Date | | Signing Date | | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P101473 | IDA-42920 | Effective | | 24-Apr-2007 | | 16-May-2007 | | 07-Sep-2007 | 31-Dec-2012 | | | P101473 < br > * * Disbursement * * | IDA-H2870 < br > * * s ( in Millions ) * * | Effective | | 24-Apr-2007 | | 16-May-2007 | | 07-Sep-2007 | 31-Dec-2012 | | | Project | Loan No . | Status | Currency | Original | | Revised | Cance | lled < br > Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | P101473 | IDA-42920 | Effective | XDR | | 43 . 70 | 43 . 70 | | 0 . 00 < br > 20 . 88 | < br > 22 . 82 | 48 . 00 | | P101473 | IDA-H2870 | Effective | XDR | | 23 . 50 |", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 264, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) 54 . * * The project implementation entity is CDR that will coordinate with relevant government agencies . * * This is a national project executed at the central level , and all technical , fiduciary , safeguards , and monitoring aspects will be executed directly by CDR , therefore avoiding the complication of multiple agencies ’ implementation . CDR has a long and well established cooperation with the World Bank and other donors , and its performance at project implementation has been generally satisfactory . CDR will ensure coordination with the relevant government agencies , particularly MPWT , regarding roads priorities , technical aspects , and project ’ s requirements . The selection of priority roads for the program will be undertaken in consultation with the MPWT based on the results of the visual survey and the agreed criteria . MPWT will also identify and submit its needs for emergency equipment and the desired technical specifications to CDR that will undertake the procurement of such equipment . Meanwhile , the SNRSC will be the technical lead agency on road safety aspects and the SNRSC will inform CDR about its capacity building needs and will draft and review terms of reference for the required services , with Bank support , before CDR proceeds with the procurement of such services . The road asset management system and its supporting consultancy services will be procured by CDR and will be installed within both CDR and MPWT . The project will include capacity building of MPWT and CDR staff on the utilization of the new road asset management system , therefore reinforcing project ’ s sustainability . CDR will therefore be the project implementing agency , and will coordinate with MPWT and SNRSC on various technical aspects as required . # # # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation * * 55 . * * Project monitoring and verification will be undertaken by the implementing agency to ensure the project is being implemented in line with the proposed objectives and is on track to achieve expected results . * * Project progress reports will be prepared by CDR , with", "spans": [{"start": 874, "end": 887, "text": "visual survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "depart within the next 30 days . While 58 % of persons in CSs report receipt of humanitarian assistance . 79 % of CSs require rehabilitation , repairs or construction works to improve sub-standard conditions and to provide sustainable sources of energy , as well as to accommodate vulnerable communities requiring specific configurations for their care , primarily accessibility elements for persons with disabilities and the elderly , and infrastructure to improve the privacy and security _CCCM Cluster / REACH mapping of the active collective sites ( Ukraine , June 2023 ) _ of women and children to reduce the risk of GBV . CSs are managed by a diverse array of stakeholders , including local government authorities , management of educational institutions and NGOs , depending on ownership and building type of the CS . While recognizing that a significant number of IDPs in CSs will not be able to return to their places of origin due to ongoing conflict or damaged and / or destroyed property , CSs are only intended to serve as temporary accommodation , and longer-term , affordable housing alternatives must be identified . Advocacy is ongoing with the Protection , CCCM , Shelter / NFI and Education clusters in conjunction with the Humanitarian Country Team and local and central authorities regarding planning for dignified , affordable , alternative housing options and other support for durable solutions . Page 5", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 551, "text": "REACH mapping of the active collective sites", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respect to their impact on people with disabilities overall and by sex , age group , residence and other potential factors of intersectional disadvantage . More research is needed on program or policy evaluations . Not all such assessments need to be quantitative and large scale in nature . Qualitative , mixed methods and participatory studies are necessary on social protection programs and more broadly to complement the statistics produced in this paper by trying to understand the results in their complex contexts and by listening to voices and perceptions ( e . g . Chaudhry 2019 , Diaz et al ( 2015 ) , Kuper et al 2016 ) . Consistent with earlier research ( Washington Group on Disability Statistics ( 2016 ) ) , this paper shows that data sets with the WGSS and similar questions can be used to monitor the disability related targets of the 2030 Agenda . The Washington Group ’ s recommendation is to consider those who have at least a lot of difficulty in at least one functional domain as a threshold for disability . Our results suggest that analyses should try to incorporate the degree of functional difficulties through different degree categories or a functional score ( Mitra 2018 ; Loeb 2020 ) . Analyses that focus on persons experiencing a lot of difficulty leave out persons with some difficulty who , as shown in this paper , are also at risk of deprivations . In addition , the range of development indicators on the radar screen of international and national organizations to monitor the SDGs for persons with disabilities should be expanded to more comprehensively monitor disability inequalities . Results in this paper suggest that considering indicators in addition to the SDG indicators such as the employment population ratio is necessary to monitor disability inequalities . Further , there is a need to include information on environmental barriers that could answer the question of why disparities exist . Finally , for progress to continue in research and data analysis , internationally comparable disability questions need to become standard in censuses and general household surveys in LMICs , as well as in the monitoring systems of NGOs and governments . Results in this paper stress the need to produce disability prevalence and disability disaggregated statistics in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "each year subject to an imposed import restriction . Figure 10 illustrates interesting features on the use of these TTBs over time . First , there are spikes for the United States in 1992 and 2001 and for the EU in 2001 ; empirical evidence described in more detail below links significant increases in TTB use to recessionary periods ( especially unemployment rate increases ) as well as real exchange rate appreciations . Second , India began using TTBs in 1992 and China in 1997 ; import coverage levels for India exhibit a consistently upward trend . Third , for China , the EU , and US , the significant deviation in 2001-2003 between the ‘ all TTB ’ series and ‘ antidumping only ’ series reflects the previously discussed global safeguards that each applied over steel products . Fourth , there is a slight increase for these economies in the ‘ flow ’ of products subject to new TTB investigations during the Great Recession period of 20082009 , but it is not nearly as sizeable as in other periods of macroeconomic downturn . To what extent has research linked changes in TTB levels to macroeconomic shocks such as real exchange rate appreciations and increases in the unemployment rate ? Furthermore , can this partially explain why applied MFN tariffs were not responsive to the massive aggregate-level fluctuations taking place during the Great Recession , as discussed in Section 2 . 1 ? Knetter and Prusa ( 2003 ) and Irwin ( 2005 ) provide evidence from data through the 1990s that exchange rate appreciation significantly impacts antidumping use for a number of high-income economies . More recently , Bown and Crowley ( 2013a , 2014 ) confirm these results in the more comprehensive TTB data in cross-country samples of five high-income economies and 13 emerging economies , respectively , covering the period of 1988-2010 . They find for the EU and the US , the flexibility of the real exchange rate , and in particular the sharp depreciations that subsequently took place ( after initial sharp appreciations in 2009 ) likely contributed to the dampening pressure on demands for import protection during the Great Recession . Second , over time , the emerging economies ’ collective TTB responsiveness to macroeconomic shocks ( including", "spans": [{"start": 1699, "end": 1707, "text": "TTB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ male household heads ( 65 & older ) , 11 female household heads ( FHH ) and 1 chronically ill male household head , In the assessment of vulnerable PAPs , we identified no child heads and disabled heads of households affected by the Subproject . In the interest of protecting lives and livelihoods of these groups , in addition to compensation payment and other community development support , vulnerable PAPs shall receive special assistance that would enable them to recover from the shock and re-establish themselves as quickly and effectively as possible . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Social Services , Institutions and Infrastructure_ * * Based on inventory taken during the fieldwork for this study , the proposed power subproject will not affect any public social service facilities , institutions and infrastructure facilities like community water tankers , local government office buildings , police station , etc . # # # # # # * * _Cut-Off Date_ * * This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on December 21 , 2024 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for all Subproject components ( i . e . for TL tower pad , RoW and the new Woliso substation ) . During the census survey , all PAPs have been informed about the cut-off-date by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members . They have also been informed that no payment of compensation will be made with respect to any construction or any improvement on land where such activity is done after the cut-off date . # # # # # # * * _Compensation for Temporary Losses_ * * Temporary land acquisition", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1264, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1517, "end": 1530, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1627, "end": 1640, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bilateral trade between India and its neighbors . < sup > 3 < / sup > However , these estimates are based on surveys carried out prior to 1995 . It should be noted that it is likely that unilateral trade reforms > 2 Srinivasan and Canonero . ( 1994 , 1997 ) and Pigato , Farah , Itakura , Jun , Martin , Murrel and Srinivasan ( 1997 ) , and recent studes include Panagariya ( 2001 ) and Mukherji ( 2001 ) . > 3 Taneja ( 1999 ) for estimates of informal trade between India and its neighbors . It must be noted these estimates are based on surveys carried out incorporating important smuggling centers and extrapolated to arrive at national figures . Thus , they are prone to higher margins of error . 2", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 142, "text": "surveys carried out prior to 1995", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Empowerment Case Studies : Uganda PRSC_ The GOU prepared the guide _Harmonized Participatory Development Planning and Management for Lower Councils_ in consultation with districts and civil society groups . The guide is expected to lead to more effective participatory community development as services respond to user preferences . The Justice , Law , and Order sector developed a draft Civil Society Partnership Strategy by coordinating with NGOs and civil society organizations engaged in delivery of legal services . The partnership will focus on developing human rights and civic education programs and a national legal aid service for the poor . District water and sanitation teams were formed in rural areas to manage the WSS systems . Community participation was facilitated through water and sanitation committees or water-user associations . Capacity building and technical advice to district teams were provided through technical support units # * * _Accountability_ * * # _1 . Vertical accountability_ Some of the vertical accountability mechanisms employed under PRSC I and II and proposed to be employed over the series of PRSC can be described as follows : - Setting of qualitative and / or quantitative benchmarks for all reform areas , i . e . , integration of Result Oriented Management to monitor service delivery - Publishing budget performance reports and semi-annual interim financial statements - Development of a computerized database to improve availability of data on NGOs and their functioning - Harmonizing NGO policy and a code of conduct for using participatory approaches - Streamlining of inter-governmental fiscal transfers - Tabling of IGG Act 2001 to enhance the powers of the Inspectorate of Government to fight corruption - Development and implementation of government pay and procurement reform strategies - Conducting of annual surveys to monitor poverty and sector-level outcomes , namely , household , service delivery , and integrity surveys . _2 . Horizontal accountability_ To improve horizontal accountability , the PRSC supports the following actions : - Improve accounting and auditing systems at the central and district levels of government - Improve the flow of funds to frontline service delivery - Coordinate financial management", "spans": [{"start": 1967, "end": 1984, "text": "integrity surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have been excluded from accessing digital services and operations . It will also create a resilient and digitally skilled citizenry who would be better prepared for the update of digital services . Related investments are expected to yield spillover benefits on private sector innovation . Component 4 : Project Management ( US $ 15 million of which US $ 10 million from National IDA Regional and US $ 5 million from Regional IDA ) : This component will support project implementation , coordination , and capacity building for the oject Implementation Unit ( PIU ) within ICTA . At a minimum this will include support for a dedicated project manager , procurement and financial management specialists , and environmental and social specialists . Other positions , for instance technical specialists , M & E , gender , communications , etc . may be added later . It will also provide support for office equipment , incremental operating costs , and audits . If necessary , this component will also fund technical assistance for M & E , such as a survey of ICT usage by households and individuals , to supplement the work of the CA and KNBS . Relevant MCDAs will also receive training on measures to be taken during emergencies such as on emergency response procedures at times of health or climate emergencies , to ensure continuity of operations and minimize disruptions . The PIU will also manage the regional activities under the project , as covered in Subcomponents R1 . 5 , R2 . 3 and R3 . 4 . Implementation arrangements are discussed in more detail below . < mark > Component 5 : Contingent Emergency Response Component ( US $ 0 ) : < / mark > A Contingent Emergency Response Component ( CERC ) is added to the project structure . This will have an initial zero value but may be financed during the project to allow for an agile response to an eligible crisis or emergency . Adding the component from the beginning , albeit with zero funding , provides for flexibility to respond to crises as they arise , and the Project Implementation Manual will be adapted to guide the utilization of this component including", "spans": [{"start": 1046, "end": 1065, "text": "survey of ICT usage", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Chad COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Project ( P173894 ) | | * * Monitoring & Evaluatio * * | * * n Plan : Inter * * | * * mediate Results * * | * * Indicators * * < br > * * Methodology for Data * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | < br > * * Collection * * | < br > * * Collection * * | | 1 . 1 . Update of National COVID-19 < br > Response Action Plan | Updating of national action < br > plan to respond to COVID - < br > 19 | once | COVID-19 < br > report | routine data | MOPH | | | Number of trained | | | | | | 1 . 2 Percentage of healthcare workers < br > trained in surveillance and investigation | healthcare workers as a < br > percentage of all the health < br > care workers that could be < br > trained | weekly | COVID-19 < br > report | routine data | MOPH | | 1 . 2 Number of health workers trained on < br > case definition , management , infection < br > prevention and control for COVID-19 | Number of trained < br > healthcare workers | weekly | COVID-19 < br > report | routine data | MOPH | | | Number of healthcare | | | | | | 1 . 3 Percentage of healthcare facilities < br > with triage capacity | facilities with capacity to < br > conduct triage as a < br > percentge of all the health <", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 667, "text": "routine data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 946, "end": 958, "text": "routine data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", only 603 women attended a capacity building training designed for 1 , 139 women . The ICR ( p . 50 , para 24 ) attributed the low participation of women to the time constraint faced by women given their multiple roles in the household , including cooking , caring for children , fetching water and wood , and tending to agricultural production . On the other hand , the project faced challenges in capturing data on youth headed households due to difficulties in identifying this group . This consequently resulted in weak assessment of various outcome indicators related to youth ( ICR , pages 24 & 25 , para 52 ) . # # * * Rating * * # # # Modest ~ ~ PHREVDELTBL ~ ~ # * * Objective 2 * * # # * * Objective * * ( b ) increase market access for key crop and livestock products in targeted Woredas with increased participation of women and youth . Rated : substantial . # # * * Rationale * * # # # * * Outputs * * - 623 km of all-weather feeder roads ( original target : 831 km , revised target : 1 , 203 km ) and 175 bridges - ( target : 80 ) were constructed under the project to improve the accessibility of the kebeles . - 90 primary market centers and 2 terminal markets were built compared to a target of 60 primary markets - and 8 terminals . - Capacity building : training was given to 637 market center management committees and the project - strengthened a total of 12 , 827 CIGs , and 939 of these were promoted to the cooperative level through training , technical support and linkages to microfinance institutions . Page 8 of 18", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 441, "text": "data on youth headed households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Burundi * * committed to promoting the inclusion of refugees and reintegration of returnees into the Burundian education system , including those facing challenges related to curriculum differences between countries of asylum and origin . With support , the country pledged to ensure the availability of qualified teachers and to promote social cohesion within the educational environment . - * * Education Cannot Wait ( ECW ) * * pledged to invest at least $ 500 million < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > over the next four years to support refugee education , aiming to reach 5 million refugees globally . The investment will address immediate needs through temporary education programs and support the inclusion of refugees , including teachers , into national education systems . This pledge aims to enable refugee and host community children to complete their education and transition to self-sufficiency . Additionally , ECW will contribute to networks , working groups , and technical advancements , and will establish a Financing Observatory to improve the use of education financing data . > * * 1 * * The pledge is contingent on raising $ 1 . 5 billion for ECW ’ s new Strategic Plan . UNHCR > * * GRF 2023 * * 11", "spans": [{"start": 1069, "end": 1093, "text": "education financing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Miscellaneous | 104 . 6 | 172 . 9 | 171 . 9 | | Total | 101 . 4 | 145 . 0 | 144 . 4 | over time for each region . Other countries , such as Ghana , have a rural price index available . The urban and rural deflators for the Ghana poverty analysis are based on rural and urban price indices . Given the difference in expenditure shares between the survey and CPI baskets in Ghana , the food and nonfood price indices were weighted by the survey shares to derive the deflators . Such a procedure might be envisioned for CMte d ' Ivoire , though in the absence of regional price indices over time and given the differences even in the composition of food expenditure between the survey and the CPI basket , it is not clear that the result would necessarily be more accurate . The use of the Abidjan price deflator as the price deflator for other regions could potentially be a problem , since there is a big difference between Abidjan and the Savannah in the share of expenditure on food . The food share is 62 percent in the Savannah compared with 35 percent in Abidjan , according to the 1993 survey ( table 31 ) . The higher share on food in the Savannah was offset by a somewhat lower share of expenditure on lodging and utilities , health and education , transport and remittances . Since the price increase in lodging and utilities was far less than the overall increase in prices , this would have contributed to the Savannah having a slightly higher rate of inflation than Abidjan , if the price index were recalculated on the basis of the Savannah consumption basket . 34", "spans": [{"start": 1090, "end": 1101, "text": "1993 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ug / media / pressreleases / 2020 / 03 / 30 / more-guidelines-covid19-preventive-measures-need-shut-downpresident . < / u > 23 . Speech by President Mutharika on 21-day Covid-19 lockdown . ( Lilongwe , 2020 ) ; < u > https : / / malawi . un . org / en / 46797-speech-president-mutharika-21-day-covid-19-lockdown . < / u > 24 . Republic of Malawi in the High Court of Malawi , Lilongwe District Registry , Judicial Review Cause No . 22 of 2020 , Before Honorable Justice Kenyatta Nyirenda , “ Order granting permission to apply for judicial review and interlocutory order of injunction , ” ( Lilongwe , 2020 ) ; https : / / perma . cc / MML4-8FNU . 25 . ILO , ILO Monitor : COVID-19 and the world of work . 6th edition . ( ILO , Genève , 2020 ) . 26 . F . Ahmed , N . Ahmed , C . Pissarides , and J . Stiglitz , Why inequality could spread COVID-19 . _Lancet Public Health_ * * 5 * * , e240 ( 2020 ) . 27 . D . Laborde , W . Martin , R . Vos , Poverty and food insecurity could grow dramatically as COVID-19 spreads ( IFPRI , Washington , D . C . , 2020 ) ; < u > https : / / www . ifpri . org / blog / poverty-andfood-insecurity-could-grow-dramatically-covid-19-spreads < / u > 28 . _The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015_ ( United Nations , New York , 2015 ) . * * Acknowledgments : * * We gratefully acknowledge the research assistance provided by Ann Furbush and Joshua Brubaker . We also owe a great debt to the individuals involved in the design , implementation and dissemination of high-frequency phone surveys on COVID-19 , specifically the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) team , and the phone survey 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 7 . | Consultancy services on end < br > line evaluation of the program - < br > AF | 272 , 727 | CQS | Post | 5 / 4 / 2023 | 30 / 6 / 2023 | PAP | Services | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 8 . | Technical Assistant to < br > undertake an assessment of < br > school grants intervention , < br > particularly in relation to the < br > proposed integrated < br > remediation approach , and < br > adjust the remedial < br > intervention as needed . - AF | 100 , 000 | ICS | Post | 1 / 10 / 2023 | 30 / 11 / 2023 | RA1 | Services | | 9 . | Technical Assistant to Analyze < br > TPAD data in target schools for < br > the school grants for lesson < br > coverage ( TSC ) - AF | 200 , 000 | ICS | Post | 1 / 2 / 2023 | 30 / 6 / 2023 | RA1 | Services | | 10 . | TA - Assessments to measure < br > teacher proficiency at < br > Program ’ s midterm and < br > endline ( TSC ) - AF | 200 , 000 | ICS | Post | 1 / 2 / 2023 | 30 / 6 / 2023 | RA1 | Services | 12 * * Prepared By ; Verified By ; Approved By ; … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Date … … … … … … … … … . . Date Date … … … … . . … . . … … . . … … . … . . … Martha Ekirapa Regina Kanyi Julius O . Jwan , PhD , CBS National KPEELP Head , Supply Chain Principal Secretary Coordinator * *", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 632, "text": "TPAD data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# III . DATA The data I use is the National Family Health Survey ( NFHS ) conducted in 2005-06 , which is a large survey of representative households from all 29 states of India . The survey includes a Household Schedule which provides a list of members in each household and basic socioeconomic information such as religion , caste , wealth status , and durable goods ownership . In addition , a Women ’ s Schedule provides the information needed to pin down the treatment status — state of residence , year of marriage , and religion — for all women between the ages of 15 and 49 in each household . It also provides information on sociodemographic variables such as years of education , work status , husband ’ s education and occupation , and on variables denoting status within the household such as participation in own healthcare and household decision-making , and requiring permission to go somewhere or maintain contact with friends and family . The outcome variables that are based on questions related to mobility are dummy variables denoting : ( i . ) whether the woman is allowed to go to a health clinic by herself ; and ( ii . ) whether she is allowed to go to the market by herself . Outcome variables based on questions related to bargaining power within the marriage are dummies denoting whether she has a say in ( either alone or jointly with her husband ) : ( iii . ) how the husband ’ s money is spent ; ( iv . ) her own healthcare decisions ; ( v . ) big household purchase decisions ; ( vi . ) small household purchase decisions ; and ( vii . ) decisions about visiting her family and friends . Table 1 shows summary statistics . There are 93 , 274 married women in the data overall who constitute my primary sample . Women in reform and non-reform states are similar in average age and age at marriage . Women in the reform states have higher years of education on average than women in non-reform states , and this is particularly the case for the cohorts of women married post-reform , < sup > 14 < / sup > who are", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 64, "text": "National Family Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "c ) the targets for accounting and auditing staff employed have been met . A qualitative and quantitative analysis conducted by the ICR ( Annex 3 ) point to the perceived positive contribution by IFMS . With the local government adopting the IFMS , the system has ensured uniform reporting across the different levels of government and the achievement of the objective of strengthening the financial management process is therefore rated substantial . * * Building capacity to monitor service delivery and poverty trends * * : This objective was achieved mainly through support provided by the project ( with parallel financing from the Nordic development Fund ( NDF ) , the UK Department for International Development ( DFID ) and the Danish International Development Agency ( DANIDA ) ) to the Uganda Bureaus of Statistics ( UBOS ) . Through the provision of a new office building , IT equipment , recruitment and training of staff , there have been ( i ) improved availability of statistical data on public expenditures and poverty trends ; and ( ii ) timely availability ( through different channels ) of survey results and their use for policy dialogue . On the basis of the transformation that has taken place at UBOS , the achievement of this objective is rated substantial . * * Testing the effectiveness and sustainability of distance learning : * * Although this objective was experimental , intended to evaluate the cost effectiveness and sustainability of distance learning system , the achievement of the objective could be rated high . The center was able to generate revenue to cover about 60 percent of its cost , even under restrictions imposed on use by WBI . Utilization of the services increased from 34 percent in 2001 to close to 98 < u > percent in 2006 , against the target of 73 . 3 percent established in 2003 . < / u > # # # * * 5 . Efficiency ( not applicable to DPLs ) : * * Although no ERR / FRR were estimated at appraisal , the ICR carried out an analysis in the context of the Integrated Financial Management System ( IFMS", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 999, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where * * 0 * * is a block of zeroes ; the number of columns equals the _V_ < sup > ˆ < / sup > _c_ from above , and the number of rows to the _V_ < sup > ˆ < / sup > _c_ next to it . The _V_ < sup > ˆ < / sup > matrix is similar to the Ωmatrix from the ELL methodology . < sup > ˆ < / sup > In the most current version of PovMap users no longer have the option to use the _GLS_ estimator originally offered by ELL ( 2003 ) , and independently of how users choose to model the location effect , the manner in which the _GLS_ estimators are obtained is using the estimators from equations 16 and 17 . # * * 4 The Second Stage : Simulation * * The final goal of the process described up to this point is to simulate values for the variable of interest . In the Elbers , Lanjouw , and Lanjouw ( 2003 ) context , this entailed log welfare and poverty rates for specific locations using the census data . Monte Carlo simulation is used to obtain the expected welfare measures given the first stage model ( ELL , 2003 ) . This is done by applying the parameter and error estimates from the survey to the census data . The goal is to obtain a sufficient number of simulations in order to obtain reliable levels of welfare . The section begins by introducing Empirical Bayes prediction as is done by Van der Weide ( 2014 ) . # # * * 4 . 1 Empirical Bayes Prediction Assuming Normality * * Along with the _GLS_ and Henderson ’ s Method III additions to the ELL approach mentioned before , Empirical Bayes ( EB ) prediction was also added . EB prediction makes use of the survey data in order to improve predictions on the location effect . Since EB makes explicit use of data from the survey , its use only improves predictions for areas that are included in the survey . If we assume that _ηc_ and _ech_ ( from equation 1 ) are normally distributed , then the distribution of _ηc_ conditional on", "spans": [{"start": 886, "end": 897, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1562, "end": 1573, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 Ghana , Malawi and Uganda are under this threshold while South Africa , Algeria and Tunisia are well above it . < sup > 4 < / sup > Column 3 of Tables 1 and 2 shows the results of the estimations testing the role of human capital in the trade-poverty relationship . The beneficial impact of an increase in trade openness on poverty reduction is larger when the investment in human capital is stronger . We find that when the share of the population over age 15 with completed primary education exceeds 46 . 7 percent ( the average in the sample is 55 percent ) , trade openness starts being favorable to the poor . In other words , with appropriate learning skills , people are better able to take advantage of the new opportunities offered by trade . Finally , we examine whether the relationship between the openness to trade and poverty may hinge on a country ’ s institutional environment ( columns 4 ) . Results suggest that the negative association between trade openness and poverty could diminish with improvements with respect to law and order , and even reverse . We find that trade openness could be favorable to the poor when institution quality ( measured by the _Law and order_ variable ) reaches 3 . 3 ( the average of our sample is 2 . 9 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > In other words , an environment where laws and contracts are enforced seems to be more favorable for the emergence of new enterprises and the closing of older ones , allowing the economy the needed flexibility to adjust . # _Robustness tests_ We conducted several robustness tests : - First , we used an alternative measure of absolute poverty , the poverty gap . The results using the poverty gap confirmed the observations for the poverty headcount ratio ( see Table 2 ) ; - We also removed outliers . The results reported in Table A . 1 and Table A . 2 confirm and reinforce our previous observations . > 4 See Appendix 6 . > 5 We also used another ICRG indicator measuring Institutional strength and quality of the bureaucracy ( ranging from 0 to 4 , with a", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < < B > > * * _Control variables_ In the empirical specification , we include additional controls that are likely to affect agricultural and food policies , as suggested by many previous studies ( e . g . , Anderson 1995 ; Beghin and Kherallah 1994 ; Swinnen et al . 2000 ; Olper 2007 ) . Specifically , our basic D-in-D specification always includes the following structural controls : the level of development , measured by the log of real per capita GDP ; the share of agricultural employment in total employment ; the log of agricultural land per capita ; and the log of total population . All of these variables are computed from World Bank ( _WDI_ ) , FAO , or national statistics . We also test the robustness of our findings by controlling for several other ( macro ) covariates , such as different indicators of ( aggregate ) openness , government expenditures , and economic and political crises ( wars and conflicts ) . Openness indicators ( the trade to GDP ratio and the Sachs and Warner ( 1995 ) index ) and government expenditures are obtained from Wacziarg and Welch ( 2008 ) < sup > 15 < / sup > and the Penn World Table , respectively . War and conflict year dummies are based on the UCDP / PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset Version 4-2008 ( see Gleditsch _et al . _ 2002 ) . For our matching strategy , we use a limited number of covariates that are likely to influence both regime change and agricultural and food policies . As discussed previously , a shift in agricultural policy may require political reforms of sufficient size ( Swinnen _et al . _ 2001 ) . Therefore , in our model , we include a variable , _initial polity2_ , that takes the value of our democracy index at the beginning of the sample . This variable is included to take into account that countries with Polity2 values close to zero are more likely to have a political regime change . To control for the fact that the sample period varies in length across countries and that the length of the sample may be correlated with the probability of changes in the", "spans": [{"start": 990, "end": 1021, "text": "Sachs and Warner ( 1995 ) index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1127, "end": 1143, "text": "Penn World Table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1208, "end": 1242, "text": "UCDP / PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Different kinds of literatures were considered for the assessment , - Distributional data ( apart from those obtained during the surveys ) was sourced from Ash and Atkins * * ( 2009 ) * * and Redman et al . * * ( 2009 ) * * Other important sources included del Hoyo et al . * * ( 1992-2011 ) , * * Sinclair and Ryan ( 2010 ) , and Nikolaus * * ( 1987 ) . * * - The choice of scientific nomenclature , taxonomy , and common names were recommended * * by * * the International Ornithological Committee ( the * * IOC * * World Bird Names , version 10 . 2 ) unless otherwise specified ( see www . worldbirdnames . org ; Gill et al . , 2020 ) . - The conservation status of bird species was categorized according to the * * lUCN * * Red List of threatened species * * ( IUCN , * * 2021 , _v . _ * * 3 . 1 ) , * * while their biogeographic affinities were obtained from * * EWNHS * * ( 2001 ) and Ash and Atkins * * ( 2009 ) . * * * * b ) * * Field observation Description of field observation sites The Subproject area starts at the new Asela Wind Farm Substation , near Iteya Town . The transmission line Subproject area crosses * * 5 * * Woredas of Arsi zone of Oromia regional state namely , Hitosa , Lude Hitosa , Diksis , Sude , and Robe ( See Figure 2 . 2 ) . * * All * * micro-habitats along the transmission line routes were covered to assess bird diversity and habitat association . Bird species asses ment along the proposed transmission line * * A * * field survey of the avifauna along the Arsi-Robe transmission line corridor and the substation Subproject sites was conducted for six days from December * * 6 * * to * * 11", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 758, "text": "Red List of threatened species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1458, "end": 1486, "text": "field survey of the avifauna", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Contrairement au mois d ’ avril 2020 où le contexte a été marqué par des incidents ayant ciblé particulièrement des militaires , au cours du mois de mai 2020 , les incidents ont ciblé à la fois des civils et des militaires . Au nombre de cinq ( 5 ) , ces incidents se sont traduits par des enlèvements , des corps sans vie retrouvés , des attaques de postes de police et de gendarmerie . Les localités les plus touchées par ces incidents sont Bourasso , Toéni , Bouni , Madouba et Gomboro . Les conséquences qui en découlent restent considérables sur les populations civiles comme les déplacements forcés de populations à la quête d ’ un lieu plus sécurisé , la pratique de sexe de survie perçue par des sources locales notamment chez certaines élèves qui sont sans soutien parental et en séparation familiale . 5 enfants séparés ont été identifiés et appuyés en assistance monétaire en tant que personnes à besoins spécifiques ( PBS ) . Ils ont été également référés à l ’ action sociale pour la recherche familiale . Bien que moins ressentie par les populations au cours du mois de mai 2020 , la pandémie COVID-19 a également marqué le contexte de la région de la Boucle du Mouhoun selon les leaders interrogés sur la question . A la date du 30 mai 2020 , la région compte 21 cas confirmés de COVID-19 dont 16 cas de guérisons et 05 cas sous traitement . Le monitoring de protection a permis de constater", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "6 # 3 . Data 3 . 1 . * * Outcomes . * * To measure our outcome variables , we will combine two administrative datasets . First , we will compute school-level enrollment , dropout rates and promotion rates using the administrative registry of all the students in Colombia , enrolled in either public or private schools . This dataset is called _R166-SIMAT_ and its source is the Colombian Ministry of Education . < sup > 7 < / sup > It is available for the period 20122018 , which shapes our sample period . Importantly , R166-SIMAT includes the student ID that allows us to distinguish between Colombian and foreign students in order to explore the effects of the Venezuelan migration shock on both native and migrant students . Specifically , we identified as ‘ migrant ’ those students with IDs different to the standard ID that the government issues to underage natives . These include special residence permits , visas , and border mobility cards . We also classified as migrant students the individuals who enrolled using a provisional ID , provided by the municipal Secretary of Education to undocumented children who want to enroll in a public institution . The vast majority of undocumented children are foreigners , most of whom are Venezuelans ( see section 2 . Using R166-SIMAT we can construct the following school ( or school / grade ) - level variables : 1 . * * ( Log ) Enrollment : * * the ( log of the ) total number of students enrolled per school ( or school / grade ) at the beginning of each academic year . > 7The name of the dataset originated in the Ministry ’ s Resolution 166 of 2004 , which created the National Enrollment System ( SIMAT , from the Spanish acronym ) that mandated all education institutions to report to the Ministry individual-level enrollment each year as well as the condition of each student at the end of the academic year . Importantly , this registry excludes schools that have nontraditional education models . This is the case of some indigenous communities in rural areas . It also excludes public institutions for adult education and literacy , and training colleges .", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 270, "text": "administrative registry of all the students in Colombia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 521, "end": 531, "text": "R166-SIMAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "when looking at the aggregate distribution of land cultivated for maize , Figure 9 shows that producers belonging to the richest quintile cultivated 14 percent of the total maize hectares using inputs from the program . Producers in the poorest quintile cultivated a very similar share of that type of land , 16 percent . This again calls into question the targeting of the program , which does not seem to concentrate on the most vulnerable producers but rather focuses on producers in the middle quintiles , as they represent the lion ‘ s share of maize production in Zambia . > 16 The average area cultivated for maize with inputs from government programs for the second to fourth quintiles were 1 . 23 , 1 . 39 and 1 . 43 hectares , respectively . Average cultivated areas for maize ( with or without inputs from public programs ) are : 1 . 05 , 1 . 02 , 1 . 15 , 1 . 39 and 2 . 17 hectares respectively . Source : Authors ‘ estimates from LCMS VI . 27", "spans": [{"start": 944, "end": 948, "text": "LCMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "design of , and budgeting for , the resettlement program ; ( e ) In conjunction with establishment of a cutoff date , providing a basis for excluding ineligible people from compensation and resettlement assistance ; and ( f ) Establishing baseline conditions for monitoring and evaluation purposes . As the Bank may deem relevant , additional studies on the following subjects may be required to supplement or inform the census survey : ( g ) Land tenure and transfer systems , including an inventory of common property natural resources from which people derive their livelihoods and sustenance , nontitle-based usufruct systems ( including fishing , grazing , or use of forest areas ) governed by local recognized land allocation mechanisms , and any issues raised by different tenure systems in the project area ; ( h ) The patterns of social interaction in the affected communities , including social networks and social support systems , and how they will be affected by the project ; and ( i ) Social and cultural characteristics of displaced communities , including a description of formal and informal institutions ( e . g . , community organizations , ritual groups , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) ) that may be relevant to the consultation strategy and to designing and implementing the resettlement activities . 5 . Legal framework . The findings of an analysis of the legal framework , covering : ( a ) The scope of the power of compulsory acquisition and imposition of land use restriction and the nature of compensation associated with it , in terms of both the valuation methodology and the timing 75", "spans": [{"start": 421, "end": 434, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "according to some economic and * * geographical * * variables , which consequently form the list as a * * geographical serpentine . * * - c ) < u > Poverty map : this is the design proposed in the present paper ; PSUs are < / u > firstly stratified in the 24 governorates , and then they are further stratified ( implicitly ) with systematic sampling by ordering the lists of PSUs by average per capita consumption expenditure estimated with the poverty mapping method presented in Section 3 . On the basis of the new information from the current population in Tunisia , and the design effect of 2 . 19 estimated on the basis of the EBCNV 2015 , Table 5 reports the expected sample sizes to obtain maximum percentage errors reported in the left column . The expected design effects corresponding to scenarios a ) and c ) have been estimated using equation ( 3 ) in Section 2 , where Y is the mean per capita consumption expenditure from the poverty mapping in equation ( 6 ) in Section 3 . First of all , we can observe that in order to obtain a percentage error of about 10 % a very high sample size is not needed when good designs with implicit stratification are taken into account ( such as the classical “ Serpentine ” ) . However , this can be verified when very complex methods of variance estimation , usually based on replication techniques , are implemented . The recent JRR version , proposed by Verma and Betti ( 2011 ) , and implemented to estimate the design effect 2 . 19 of the “ Serpentine ” design , is much more easily implemented by National Statistical Offices . * * < u > Table 5 . Sample sizes in function of expected errors and type of design < / u > * * | | | Explicit < br > stratification | Serpentine | Poverty map | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * deft * * | * * 3 . 71 * * | * * 2 . 19 * * | *", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 643, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "complementary and interact to achieve the objectives of accelerated growth and sustainable development . 6 . The first axis identifies energy as an important element of growth and the second axis highlights the need to increase access to modern energy services . To promote access to energy services for the greatest number of people and improve their productive capacity , the Government will pay particular attention to rural areas where rates of access to energy are generally very low . To address energy service access , the Government plans to : ( i ) connect most of the population to the electricity network , ( ii ) install power stations in major centers outside the network , ( iii ) develop multifunctional platforms with small networks providing access to energy for sparsely populated communities , and ( iv ) use photo-voltaic systems for population in lowdensity areas . The SCADD pays particular attention to the development of renewable energies , in particular solar energy , and the development of interconnection with countries of the subregion . # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 7 . Burkina Faso faces limited access to modern energy sources . The electrification rate is about 14 percent ( about 40 percent in urban areas and no more than 5 percent in rural areas ) . The full survey of the living conditions of households shows that the rate of access to electricity remains generally low in Burkina Faso , albeit with disparities between urban areas . The rate of access to electricity by region varies greatly from one region to another 41 . 3 percent for the Center region , 27 . 3 percent for the Hauts-Bassins , and 20 . 8 percent for the Cascades region . However , it remains very low for the Sahel ( 2 . 6 percent ) , the Center-South ( 3 . 2 percent ) , and Center-North ( 3 . 4 percent ) regions . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Sahel 2 . 6 < br > Center ‐ South 3 . 2 < br > Center ‐ North 3 . 4 < br > Boucle", "spans": [{"start": 1311, "end": 1361, "text": "full survey of the living conditions of households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 101 - Annex 14 Page 6 of 14 # # # UGANDA RAILWAYS CORPORATION Terms of Reference for Accounts Verification 1 . Revenue Account 1 . 01 Do test exercise on revenue for each of 3 random months , tracing final ledger entries back to prIme documents ( Station Balance Sheets ) in order to verify that entries are being correctly recorded . Similarly , do test on other corresponding Station Balance Sheet items - - cash , debtors , disbursements , etc . If this exercise does not verify the accuracy of the revenue accounting figures , it will be the task of the internal auditor to follow up . 1 . 02 Do test runs of expenditure postings from : cash book , accruals ( if any ) , creditors , stores issues , payrolls . 1 . 03 The discrepancies between the figures for earnings and expenditures which are shown in the Statistical Digest produced by the Traffic Department , and the corresponding figures shown in the Revenue Account should be examined and resolved so that these two sets of figures will coincide in future .", "spans": [{"start": 814, "end": 832, "text": "Statistical Digest", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 | 30 , 000 | 24 , 000 | 24 , 000 | 16 , 000 | 16 , 000 | | 16 , 000 | Building and staff housing | 21 , 000 | 21 , 000 | 21 , 000 | 21 , 000 | 21 , 000 | 21 , 000 | | 9 , 000 < br > ______ < br > 33 , 000 | Other capital costs < br > ( Road construction , land < br > purchase etc . ) < br > Subtotal | 17 , 000 < br > 61 , 000 | 17 , 000 < br > 68 , 000 | 17 , 000 < br > 62 , 000 | 17 , 000 < br > 62 , 000 | 14 , 000 < br > 51 , 000 | 11 , 000 < br > 48 , 000 | | 210 , 000 | Total Costs | 266 , 000 | 298 , 000 | 290 , 000 | 287 , 000 | 266 , 000 | 242 , 000 | | | Incremental Expenditure < br > With Project | 56 , 000 < br > _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 88 , 000 < br > ~ ~ | 80 , 000 | 77 , 000 | 56 , 000 | 32 , 000 | - 1 / Existing personnel costs as of Dec . 31 , 1981 ; < sup > additional skilled labor added ; unskilled labor decrease < / sup > of 5 % p . a . during the 4 project years . - 2 / 1981 / 82 operating and maintenance costs + incremental < sup > operating costs until 1985 / 86 ; 1981 operating costs + < / sup > 50 % of incremental operating costs thereafter . - 3 / Based on FD 1981 / 82 annual budget estimates .", "spans": [{"start": 1119, "end": 1155, "text": "FD 1981 / 82 annual budget estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : Transport Systems Improvement Project ( TRANSIP ) ( P151819 ) | Value < br > 0 . 00 | - - | 10 . 00 | 30 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | # * * Overall Comments IR * * The restructuring made modifications and improvements to the original TRANSIP ME framework . Some indicators that are associated with methodology changes will be updated in the next ME report as per data collection schedule . There is no registered grievance to date . Due to covid , there is no update on manpower trained . # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * | * * Disbursem * * | * * ents ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | P151819 | IDA-58160 | Effective | USD | 300 . 00 | 300 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 47 . 23 | 254 . 61 | 16 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P151819 | IDA-58160 | Effective | 03-Jun-2016 | 15-Ju | n -", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 648, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 . 3 . | 3 < br > Training of enumerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 | | 3 . 1 . 3 . | 4 < br > Identification of PAHs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 | | 3 . 1 . 3 . | 5 < br > Cadastral land survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 | | 3 . 1 . 3 . | 6 < br > Asset Valuation Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shock of the COVID-19 prompting authorities to respond faster and at a larger scale . We use four indicators : the 2019 current account balance from the IMF World Economic Outlook ( April 2020 ) ; the 2019 general government net lending ( borrowing ) taken from the IMF World Economic Outlook ( April 2020 ) ; and the 2018 total private-sector debt and total public sector debt as a percentage of GDP sourced through the World Bank and IMF Global Debt databases . * * Banking sector characteristics . * * The initial state of the banking sector may also influence the reaction function of financial sector authorities . We explore the role of the following variables : regulatory Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ( IMF Financial Soundness Indicators , end-2019 ) , ii ) non-performing loans as a percent of total gross loans ( IMF Financial Soundness Indicators , end-2019 ) , iii ) domestic credit to the > 13 https : / / www . bis . org / statistics / payment_stats / commentary2011 . htm . 18", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 179, "text": "IMF World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 436, "end": 461, "text": "IMF Global Debt databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 721, "end": 755, "text": "IMF Financial Soundness Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "flood disruption to commuter travel in Kinshasa at US $ 1 . 2 million . Per person the reduction in flood disruption can amount to approximately a 10 % increase in income for impacted households . < sup > 5 < / sup > The various literature in support of income-related impacts of different types of public service and infrastructure improvements are discussed in detail in this Annex . - The CB approach introduces considerably more assumptions into the analysis , for which limited data are available . For example , data on the number and cost of motor vehicles are available for Kenya as a whole rather than Nairobi specifically , much less for the specific municipalities in which the project interventions took place . Additionally , such data is outdated , with the most recent data on number of motor vehicles in Kenya reported as 23 . 85 in 2010 . < sup > 6 < / sup > While such data can be used as a benchmark for estimates in the analysis , using this approach across multiple benefits adds many additional layers of assumptions that are increasingly difficult to validate . 3 . * * The total ERR across these investments is estimated at 48 percent based on improved revenues for beneficiaries over the time period of project implementation * * . The NPV is estimated at US $ 159 million at a 15 percent discount rate , and US $ 476 million at a 5 percent discount rate . The following table provides the NPV and ERR estimates for the different types of project investments . | * * Investment type * * | * * NPV * * | * * ERR * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 15 * * % * * discount , | | | | US $ million ) | | | Markets | 9 . 7 | 30 % | > 5 He , Yiyi , Stephan Thies , Paolo Avner , and Jun Rentschler , _The Impact of Flooding on Urban Transit and Accessibility – A Case Study of Kinshasa . _ World", "spans": [{"start": 518, "end": 563, "text": "data on the number and cost of motor vehicles", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 784, "end": 825, "text": "data on number of motor vehicles in Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "clusters . < br > We have identified 32 , 339 vascular plant species that are in both databases . As before , we rasterize our < br > occurrence maps and compute cell counts at 5 km resolution . Borgelt provides species maps in a raster < br > stack with much coarser resolution ( 50 km ) . We extract raster layers for the 32 , 339 common species and < br > add across layers to obtain relative incidence scores for the 50 km grid cells . Then we use mean smoothing < br > to approximate the effect of higher resolution . < br > Figure 5 provides the comparative results , displayed as ranks in 10 groups . Inspection of the two maps < br > reveals essentially the same density pattern , with the exception of somewhat more extensive high-ranking < br > In this section , we have compared our estimated GBIF occurrence maps with species-matched sets of < br > expert maps from recent publications for mammals , ants and vascular plants . In all three cases , the < br > comparative global patterns of species density are quite similar . Where the patterns diverge , the < br > maps and expert “ native range ” maps are attributable to “ undershooting ” , where the expert map < br > boundaries exclude many GBIF occurrences , or “ overshooting ” , where GBIF occurrences are persistently < br > absent in parts of the native range maps . For ants , where the research also employs aphahull estimation , < br > the differences are attributable to differences in the source databases and the relative conservatism of our < br > approach to map estimation . For plants , where the research employs GBIF occurrences and the global < br > pattern similarity is most striking , the few discrepancies are attributable to temporal and spatial < br > restrictions imposed by the expert research team . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 861, "end": 872, "text": "expert maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recessions . But their identification strategy requires data on government consumption forecast errors , which essentially limits their study to only OECD countries . Our paper makes three contributions . First , by clearly distinguishing between the state of the business cycle and the fiscal position , we establish that the fiscal position is a unique state that determines the size of the fiscal multiplier . Second , we show the empirical relevance of the transmission mechanisms that underlay the state-dependent effects due to fiscal position : the Ricardian channel and the interest rate channel . Third , compared to previous studies , our sample includes a larger set of countries covering advanced and developing economies , thus providing a general result on the state-dependent effects due to fiscal position . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 presents the econometric methodology . Here , we discuss the IPVAR model , the identification strategy , and the database . We present estimates of state-dependent multipliers in Section 3 . In Section 4 , we discuss the transmission mechanisms that highlight the Ricardian and the interest rate channels . Section 5 discusses robustness exercises and Section 6 concludes . # 2 Empirical Methodology # # 2 . 1 Econometric Model A standard panel structural VAR ( SVAR ) estimates a single set of parameters which then yields an “ average ” or unconditional multiplier . Our objective is to go beyond the unconditional multiplier , and investigate how multipliers can depend on specific macroeconomic conditions , in particular fiscal position of governments . For that , we deploy the Interacted Panel Vector Autoregressive ( IPVAR ) model where the main innovation , with respect to a standard panel SVAR , is that the model coeffi cients vary deterministically according to conditioning ( state ) variables . Thus , the IPVAR results in a framework where model dynamics and hence , estimated multipliers are conditional on the state variables . By choosing the conditioning variable to be a measure of fiscal position in the IPVAR , we estimate multipliers that depend on fiscal position . The IPVAR model , in its structural form , is represented by : where for a given country i in period t , gc represents real", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 102, "text": "government consumption forecast errors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shocks may be considered as exogenous to the firms , households , and banks , i . e . , not significantly caused by or easily anticipated in advance by any of these economic agents . A number of measures of these shocks are readily available at the national and state levels from several publicly available sources . These are quite useful both for research and for us to discuss the crisis . < sup > 5 < / sup > We focus on these shocks during the first half of 2020 , which is when most of the economic damage of the crisis occurred . The public health shocks in the U . S . commenced when the first COVID-19 case was identified on January 21 , 2020 , and the first government activity restrictions shock in the country started on February 29 , 2020 , when the Governor of the State of Washington declared a state of emergency . Berger , Bouwman , Norden , Roman , Udell , and Wang ( 2021a ) provide an illustration of how these shocks are employed in research , and their data help us navigate the first months of the crisis . They construct 14 different COVID-19 shocks from the raw data . Their public health shocks include new and total COVID-19 cases and deaths at the national and state levels , and their government activity restrictions indices include totals of stay-at-home orders , business shutdown orders or limitations , quarantines , etc . at the national and state levels . The rich variation in COVID-19 shocks across the different measures allows us to see how the crisis unfolded at different rates across the nation and helps enable the precision and robustness of research on the COVID-19 crisis . Studies of the GFC and earlier crises often just compare effects during a crisis versus normal times and do not have access to such detailed exogenous shock data . We first consider here one of the public health shocks , new disease cases per 100 , 000 ( 100K ) population . National new cases per 100K population intensified considerably over time > 5 Examples include the Economic Tracker of Chetty , Friedman , Hendren , and Stepner ( 2020 ) ; the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus", "spans": [{"start": 1762, "end": 1782, "text": "exogenous shock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1995, "end": 2011, "text": "Economic Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Accident * * | | * * Accident * * | * * Fatalities * * | * * taken after the incident * * | # # # * * OHS Training * * Describe Health and Safety training programs carried out in the reporting period . | Date | Type of audience | Description < br > duration ) | of | training | ( and | Number of attendees | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | # # # * * Workplace Monitoring * * Please provide copy of any Workplace Monitoring reports developed for the reporting period . > 88 _Lost workdays_ are the number of workdays ( consecutive or not ) beyond the 111", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 514, "text": "Workplace Monitoring reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 55 , 932 . 81 * * | * * 42 . 88 % * * | | Institutionalcapacitybuilding | * * 408 , 565 , 100 . 00 * * | * * 219 , 518 , 952 . 00 * * | * * 57 , 942 . 25 * * | * * 53 , 730 % * * | | Safeguardmonitoring | * * 93 . 665 , 500 . 00 * * | * * 75 , 211 , 000 . 00 * * | * * 19 , 702 . 16 * * | * * 80 . 30 % * * | | Projectmeetings | 27 , 143 , 200 . 00 | 24 , 437 , 000 . 00 | * * 6 , 499 . 75 * * | * * 90 . 03 % * * | | Environmentalandsocial audits | | | | | | AnnualBeneficiary satisfaction surveys | 1i3 , 943 , 350 . 00 | | | * * 0 . 000 * * | 25", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 502, "text": "AnnualBeneficiary satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 . Population Supply < sup > a , b , c < / sup > ( robust standard errors in parentheses ) | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | GMM-IV | OLS | GMM-IV < br > ( 1980 ) | GMM-IV < br > ( 1991 ) | GMM-IV < br > ( 2000 ) | | Ln ( incomeper capita ) | 2 . 370 * * * | 1 . 813 * * * | 1 . 830 * * * | 2 . 636 * * * | 2 . 886 * * * | | | ( 0 . 683 ) | ( 0 . 378 ) | ( 0 . 569 ) | ( 0 . 704 ) | ( 0 . 933 ) | | Ln ( rural income opportunities : | - 5 . 151 * * * | - 4 . 152 * * * | - 4 . 821 * * * | - 5 . 316 * * * | - 5 . 624 * * * | | marketpotential ) | ( 1 . 454 ) | ( 0 . 819 ) | ( 1 . 457 ) | ( 1 . 354 ) | ( 1 . 824 ) | | Ln ( ruralpop . supplymarket | 5 . 851 * * * | 4 . 878 * * * | 5 . 559 * * * | 5 . 978 * * * | 6 . 317 * * * | | potential ) | ( 1 . 368 ) | ( 0 . 752 ) | ( 1 . 378 ) | ( 1 . 281 ) | ( 1 . 705 ) | | time dummies | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | | 0 . 745 | | | | | Hansen J statistic < br > ( overidentificationtest ) | 1 . 909 | | 1 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "places of refugee return . Measurement of the overall well-being of refugees will include data on people in refugeelike situations . 3 In line with the Sustainable Development Goal agenda of ‘ leave no one behind ’ , the type and level of data disaggregation is crucial in the GCR indicator framework . At a minimum , disaggregation by sex , age and diversity4 will be encouraged , where applicable . Practice has shown that higher levels of disaggregation require that national and international institutions put additional measures in place to allow this information to be captured through their data sets . UNHCR anticipates that the GCR indicator framework will show a diverse level of disaggregation in the initial years depending on the availability of data as well as collective investments in GCR data capacity . 5 UNHCR expects that the endorsement by the United Nations Statistical Commission of the _International Recommendations on Refugee Statistics_ 6 in March 2018 will lead to improved refugee statistics over time . The recommendations not only provide guidance with regards to the inclusion of refugees in national statistical systems , but also emphasize the need for increased disaggregation of national data , including by displacement status . Baseline data to compare progress over time is available for some indicators but not all , affecting in particular Tier 2 indicators . Moreover , not every indicator is relevant for every country . Some indicators are universally applicable , whereas others only in specific contexts or for a limited number of countries . For example , countries that do not have ongoing repatriation and reintegration activities will not report on indicators under outcome 4 . 1 and 4 . 2 . Similarly , countries that do not have established resettlement programmes , will not report under indicator 3 . 1 . 2 . > 3 This term is descriptive in nature . It includes groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks similar to refugees but for whom refugee status has , for practical or other reasons , not been ascertained . > 4 See UNHCR ’ s Age , Gender and Diversity ( AGD )", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ridout , B . , & Campbell , A . ( 2014 ) . Using F acebook to deliver a social norm intervention to reduce problem drinking at university . Drug and alcohol review , 33 ( 6 ) , 667-673 . Riegel , B . , Stephens ‐ Shields , A . , Jaskowiak ‐ Barr , A . , Daus , M . , & Kimmel , S . E . ( 2020 ) . A behavioral economics ‐ based telehealth intervention to improve aspirin adherence following hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome . Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety , 29 ( 5 ) , 513-517 . Ritchie , P . D . , Jenkins , M . , & Cameron , P . A . ( 2000 ) . A telephone call reminder to improve outpatient attendance in patients referred from the emergency department : a randomised controlled trial . Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine , 30 ( 5 ) , 585-592 . Ritov , I . , & Baron , J . ( 1992 ) . Status-quo and omission biases . Journal of risk and uncertainty , 5 ( 1 ) , 49-61 . Ruhm , C . J . ( 2012 ) . Understanding overeating and obesity . Journal of Health economics , 31 ( 6 ) , 781-796 . Sacarny A , Barnett ML , Le J , Tetkoski F , Yokum D , Agrawal S . Effect of Peer Comparison Letters for High-Volume Primary Care Prescribers of Quetiapine in Older and Disabled Adults : A Randomized Clinical Trial . JAMA Psychiatry . 2018 ; 75 : 1003 . Sacarny A , Yokum D , Finkelstein A , Agrawal S . Medicare Letters To Curb Overprescribing Of Controlled Substances Had No Detectable Effect On Providers . Health Affairs . 2016 ; 35 : 471 – 479 . Salami JA , Warraich H , Valero-Elizondo J , et al . National trends in statin use and expenditures in the US adult population from 2002 to 2013 : insights from the medical expenditure panel survey . JAMA Cardiol . 2017 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 56 – 65 . Samuelson , W . , & Zeckhauser , R . ( 1988 ) . Status quo bias in decision making", "spans": [{"start": 1634, "end": 1666, "text": "medical expenditure panel survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < sup > 13 < / sup > Gender-based violence ( GBV ) has escalated due to the conflict . The World Bank research on the gender dimensions of forced displacement shows the employment situation among IDPs is generally worse for women . A survey on IDP in Ethiopia found that 35 percent of women became unemployed due to displacement , compared with 30 percent of men . < sup > 14 < / sup > Humanitarian assessments note the vulnerability of displaced women and children to a wide range of challenges , including food insecurity , loss in livelihoods , increased care > 8 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Planning and Development Commission ( now the Ministry of Planning and Development ) . 2020 . Ten Years Development Plan : A Pathway to Prosperity , 2021-2030 . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . > 9 World Bank . 2022 . Think Hazard . Ethiopia . URL : https : / / thinkhazard . org / en / report / 79-ethiopia > 10 International Organization of Migration < mark > . 2022 . Ethiopia National Displacement Report 14 ( August – September 2022 ) , published December 2022 . URL : h < / mark > ttps : / / dtm . iom . int / reports / ethiopia-national-displacement-report-14-august-september-2022 . Due to operational reasons Tigray < u > isn ' t included in the national total . < / u > > 11 World Economic Forum . 2022 . Global Gender Gap Report 2022 , published July 13 , 2022 . URL : https : / / www3 . weforum . org / docs / WEF_GGGR_2022 . pdf > 12 Estimates indicate that reducing basic gender inequalities in education and the labor market could increase the annual GDP growth in Ethiopia by around 1 . 9 percentage points — which would be an important contribution to poverty reduction given the elasticity of growth to poverty reduction . World Bank . 2009 . “ Ethiopia :", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 261, "text": "survey on IDP in Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PRIME-1 Project activities . The International Development Association ( World Bank ) has agreed to finance these initiatives that are essential for robust preparation and timely implementation of the Project activities The Arsi Robe subproject has been is identified and committed for construction under the auspices of the Prime-1 Main Project . The nature and magnitude of the impact of the proposed subproject , as per the Ethiopian * * ESIA * * Guideline and WB ' s * * ESF , * * it is classified as Schedule * * 1 * * and High risk , respectively . Thus , the project requires an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment * * ( ESIA ) . * * Therefore , this Subproject * * ESIA * * has been undertaken to address both the national and the World Bank ' s * * ESF * * requirements and the * * 10 * * Environmental and Social Standards ( ESSs ) . _Purpose_ * * _of the ESIA Study_ * * The consultancy service is required to prepare * * ESIA * * for Arsi Robe * * 132kV * * power Transmission Line Subproject with its related substations . The main objectives of the consultancy for the * * ESIA * * include : - To address all * * E & S * * risks and impacts that are likely to arise during the preconstruction , construction , operation , and decommissioning phases while taking into account national laws and regulations as well as the World Bank ' s * * E & S * * Framework * * ( ESF ) , * * the relevant * * E & S * * Standards ( ESSs ) and gap analysis between Ethiopian laws and * * ESF * * to close the gap . - Identify baseline data on the physical and biological environment , as well as the social , gender issues , cultural heritages including if any tangible and intangible cultural heritage Sites * * ( AS ) , * * demographic , and economic characteristics of the", "spans": [{"start": 1530, "end": 1543, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "helps to identify and correct for these responses , whether they are generated by social or political factors . # * * 3 . Research Design , Data and Analysis * * To explore the relationship between investment and corruption , we utilize the Bangladesh Business Confidence Survey from the 4 < sup > th < / sup > Quarter of 2009 . This business confidence survey was conducted on a quarterly basis from the first quarter of 2009 to the first quarter of 2010 by the Bangladesh Investment Climate Fund involving leading Bangladeshi survey research firms < sup > 4 < / sup > . The objective of the survey is to read the pulse of the economy and the mood of the business community on a quarterly basis . Typically , the owners or the managers of the firms were surveyed in a nationally representative sample of firms covering all the six divisions of the country . In the survey , business owners or managers report on their current business situation compared to the immediate past and anticipate business conditions for the near future in terms of investment , employment , and profitability . Jointly with one of more leading business chambers , BICF disseminate the survey findings in a high profile national workshop in the presence of key policy makers of the government such as the Commerce Minister , Prime Minister ’ s advisers , leading economists and development practitioners , private sector leaders , business community , and representatives from relevant government organizations , which captures the extensive print and electronic media coverage . The role of government officials in the dissemination of the survey isn ’ t unique Bangladesh Business Confidence Survey , > 4 The Bangladesh Investment Climate Fund ( BICF ) provides advisory services aimed at improving business operating environment in Bangladesh . BICF is managed by IFC , in partnership with the U . K Department for International Development and the European Union . BICF administered the first two quarterly surveys jointly with the Bangladesh Enterprise Institute and the subsequent rounds with the OrgQuest Research Limited . 6", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 278, "text": "Bangladesh Business Confidence Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1979, "end": 1996, "text": "quarterly surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 : School Construction and Child Activities Inventory : Difference-in-differences estimates . * * | | 1966-1970 Materna | l Cohort | Differen | ce in Diff | erences | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | High INPRES < br > High-L | ow INPRES | | | | | | Mean | Gap | [ 1 ] | [ 2 ] | [ 3 ] | | Child read books / magazines last week ( Yes = 1 ) | 0 . 84 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 018 | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 014 | | | | | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | ( 0 . 035 ) | | | | | [ 0 . 616 ] | [ 0 . 716 ] | [ 0 . 708 ] | | Child told tale / story last week ( Yes = 1 ) | 0 . 40 | 0 . 17 | - 0 . 05 | - 0 . 045 | - 0 . 044 | | | | | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 031 ) | ( 0 . 031 ) | | | | | [ 0 . 128 ] | [ 0 . 164 ] | [ 0 . 192 ] | | Child drew last week ( Yes = 1 ) | 0 . 91 | 0 . 05 | - 0 . 034 | - 0 . 031 | - 0 . 029 | | | | | ( 0 . 016 ) | ( 0 . 016 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | | | | [ 0 . 096 ] | [ 0 . 108 ] | [ 0 . 124 ] | | Child played music last week ( Yes = 1 ) | 0 . 68 | - 0 . 09 | - 0 . 091 | - 0 . 082 | - 0 . 081 | | | | | ( 0 . 041 ) | ( 0 . 039 ) | (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "connected to piped water . Access to improved water in urban areas — where most of the better-off population lives — is 99 percent versus 67 percent in poorer rural areas ( figure 9a ) , according to the 2005 Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) . The main driver of the inequity is that piped-water service is more affordable in the more densely populated urban areas than it is in rural areas . The limited reach of piped water into rural areas makes the population largely reliant on springs and wells . Matters are made worse by the fact that more than two-thirds of these groundwater sources are unprotected , raising waterquality risks . Zimbabwe ‘ s sanitation sector has deteriorated over time , causing an increase in reliance on open defecation and a sharp decline in access to improved latrines . Reliance on open defecation increased from 27 to 29 percent between 1999 and 2005 ( table 7 ) , implying that , on average , 0 . 5 percent of the population was losing access to other forms of sanitation each year . Strikingly , access to flush toilets remained relatively steady , while access to improved latrines dropped from 25 to 14 percent between 1999 and 2005 , exposing more people to unsafe sanitation options . 26", "spans": [{"start": 204, "end": 238, "text": "2005 Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Draft Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) Kenya Electricity Systems Improvement Project ( KESIP ) and distribution of income , employment and labour markets , land use , and cultural heritage ) . - ( ii ) Identifies any changes anticipated before the project commences . - ( iii ) Takes into account current and proposed development activities within the project area but not directly connected to the project . - ( iv ) Collates data from existing sources , and if necessary collects original data - ( v ) Includes data directly provided and confirmed by relevant data sources , such a KWS , NMK , KFS , utilities ( oil , gas , ICT ) , and county authorities . - ( vi ) Identifies and estimates the extent , quality , accuracy and reliability of available data , key data gaps , and uncertainties associated with predictions , and specifies topics that do not require further attention . - ( vii ) Organizes and presents data according to three levels of detail : ( a ) footprint / wayleave , ( b ) a buffer area of 1 km around the line and associated facilities , and ( c ) area of influence . - ( viii ) Presents summary data in geographic format using the transmission line alignment sheets . - ( ix ) Confirms the accuracy of available data by “ walking the line ” . - e . _Environmental impacts_ - ( i ) Predicts and assesses the project ' s potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts that might change the baseline conditions , in quantitative terms to the extent possible , during the construction , operation and decommissioning phases . - ( ii ) Differentiates between short , medium and long-term impacts , and estimates the magnitude of impacts . - ( iii ) Identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated . - ( iv ) Explores opportunities for environmental enhancement . - f . _Analysis of alternatives_ . - ( i ) Systematically compares feasible alternatives to the proposed transmission lines and associated ancillary facilities , such as", "spans": [{"start": 1179, "end": 1213, "text": "transmission line alignment sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ly recognized best practices on energy efficiency ; and ( iii ) finance any < br > subprojects or activities that would be Significant Environmental Riskper ESF and ESSs . < br > ESS7 applies to a distinct social and cultural group identified in accordance with < br > paragraphs 8 and 9 of the ESS7 . Since the GMEESD Project activities are to be < br > implemented in regions where underserved communities or groups are residing , this < br > standard shall be applied . These includes disadvantaged or Underserved and < br > Vulnerable groups in emerging regions such as Gambella , Benishangul Gumuz , < br > Sothwest , Somali and Afar regions as well as pastoralists in Oromiya , South Ethiopia < br > and South-West Ethiopia Regions of the country . | | - - - | - - - | | 8 . * * Cultural * * < br > * * Heritage * * | ESS8 is relevant as the project will involve rehabilitation of offices and < br > overhaul / development of ICSMIS , IHRPS , and IFMIS in existing government < br > premises ; thus , the potential adverse impacts of these activities are expected to be < br > low . Thus , the project ’ s ESMF has incorporated “ chance finds ” procedures to address < br > potential adverse impacts on cultural heritage consistent with the ESS8 requirement . < br > . The national legislation Proc . No 209 / 2000 addressed broadly provisions of the < br > ESS8 requirements . Thus , ESS8 requirements will be implemented along with the < br > national regulation . | | * * 10 . * * < br > * * Stakeholder * * < br > * * Engagement * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * Information * * < br > * * Disclosure * * | ESS10 is relevant for all projects given the need to engage with", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 938, "text": "ICSMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 941, "end": 946, "text": "IHRPS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 953, "end": 958, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recall were 21 percent higher ( NSSO 2003 ) . In short there are numerous features of survey design that can result in different reported consumption for the same household over the same period of time . Usually based on ad hoc or opportunistic studies , clear divergences arise in measured consumption when recall periods are varied , commodity lists are shortened or lengthened , and consumption is recorded through diary or recall . Underlying these divergences are different magnitudes of various reporting errors , thus making it unclear ( i ) which variant of consumption measurement more closely hews to the truth ; ( ii ) the implications of survey design for subsequent analysis , especially when consumption measures derived from different variants are combined in the analysis ; and ( iii ) generalizable lessons for future consumption measurement in developing country surveys . The current study was designed to shed light on all three questions . > 8 Dutta Roy and Mabey ( 1968 ) present results of studying alternative recall periods in Ghana for experiments circa 1966 ; they found significantly larger declines in reported expenditure than Scott and Amenuvegbe ( 1991 ) . They attribute this to a combination of memory lapse for longer recall periods and over stated expenditures for short recall periods , although it is not clear how this conclusion is drawn . > 9 A related research design would be to collect both diary and recall consumption data from the same household . Ahmed et al . ( 2006 ) study food expenditure among Canadian households reported by recall ( past one month ) and then collected for the following 2 weeks by diary . However , this design also risks cross-module spillovers within the household .", "spans": [{"start": 1435, "end": 1468, "text": "diary and recall consumption data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ernment supplier and identify their location using publicly available data from the Ministry of the Economy . We then document that approximately 25 % of purchases are from suppliers located in the same municipality , but with wide variation across entities . Local purchases are less prevalent in smaller municipalities , which could be driven by the scarcity of local suppliers , but they are no more or less common when we compare competitive vs . non-competitive purchase modalities . Second , we document the extent of delays in payments to suppliers across municipalities in the country and how it correlates with municipal characteristics . Payment delays are considered one of the key barriers to the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises ( SMEs ) in public procurement since they often have less access to working capital loans and are unable to wait for longer periods of time before being paid by their clients ( Barrot and Nanda , 2020 ; Breza and Liberman , 2017 ; Barrot , 2016 ; Conti et al . , 2021 ) . By law , public entities in Brazil are mandated to pay their clients in less than 30 days as a rule . < sup > 7 < / sup > However , late payments are common – we document that 15 % of all payments to suppliers of goods and services in recent years are made in more than 30 days , and 20 % of municipality-year observations have an average payment delay over 30 days . Payment timeliness is also systematically correlated with local per capita GDP , with higher-income municipalities paying faster on average . The granularity of the data allows us to show that aggregate quantities , such as the average payment delay , might hide a strong variability in payment timeliness across suppliers and types of purchases . This is an instance in which microdata is crucial for a proper assessment of the quality of the budget execution process of a municipality . The remainder of this paper is organized as follows . In Section 2 , we provide further institutional details on procurement and budget execution in Brazil and present some statistics from our datasets . We then proceed to validate the quality of our budget execution data in Section", "spans": [{"start": 2141, "end": 2162, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < u > ANNEX 3 : ASSET INSPECTION SHEET < / u > * * Household No / unique Identifier … … … … … … … … … General details of Affected Asset or Livelihood | Village / Cluster < br > Location | Sub County < br > County | | - - - | - - - | | Plot Number < br > PAP category < sup > 10 < / sup > < br > * * mographic Data of PAP * * < br > Name of the owner ( HH ) < br > ID | Ownership / Rented < br > GPS coordinates / < br > Photo Number < br > Telephone < br > Gender < br > Age | | Spouse Details < br > ID < br > FamilySize < br > Household size < br > Education Level < br > Livelihood < br > * * lnerability ( Marginalized and Vulnerable Groups * * < br > < br > Vulnerable Parameter < br > Is the HH headed by child under 18yrs < br > Is the HH headed by a disabled Person < br > Is the HH headed a chronic illperson < br > Is the HH headed by elderly over 65yrs < br > Is the HH enrolled to government social progr < br > ~ ~ VMG ? ~ ~ < br > Did the HH business / loss of income collapse < br > HH lost livestock due to disease or drought < br > s ( 1 ) or No ( 2 ) < br > * * nd Affected ( Yes / no ) … … … … … … … … . . Size ( acre / sq * * < br > * * ructure … … … … … ( partial / total impact ) * * tick appro < br > * * YPE OF STRUCTURE * * < br > * * ffected * * < br > * * NATURE OF MATER * * < br > * * Wall * * < br > * * Roof * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ Control the occurrence or spread and increase in populations of weeds , pests , insect and fungal attacks that are above what is expected of a natural stand . All the area found suitable for enrichment ( restoration ) planting shall be fully planted by the 10 < sup > th < / sup > year of this management plan . Research plot establishment and assessments within the conservation working circle shall be done . The natural woodland areas shall be surveyed and mapped . All areas designated , as wetlands shall be marked on the ground and managed for conservation . Studies shall be promoted to assess and update biological diversity data in collaboration with other research and education institutions . # # # # * * Community livelihoods working circle ( CLWC ) * * This will cover areas surrounding the forest and those allocated to communities within the forest . Collaborative Forest Management ( CFM ) has been initiated with 5 groups participating . CFM agreements shall be the basis for partnership between NFA and communities . # # # # * * Objectives of the working circle . * * * * 1 . To develop and implement collaborative partnerships with communities to promote conservation and livelihoods * * * * 2 . In collaboration with other institutions support communities adjacent to forest reserve to plant trees or engage in other initiatives for income generation * * NFA shall engage communities to protect and restore the natural forest ( prescription ) NFA in collaboration with other development agencies shall train communities in forestry management and forest based enterprise development ( prescription ) NFA shall engage adjacent communities to Monitor and manage fire ( prescription ) The 150 ha classified for planting under collaborative forest management shall be fully planted by the 5 < sup > th < / sup > year of this management plan . ( Prescription ) Page | 50", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 681, "text": "biological diversity data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "District which is in Eastern Uganda . The town is situated 45 kilometers North of Tororo Town , 56 kilometers south east of Kumi Town , 57 kilometers east of Pallisa Town and 55 kilometers south west of Kapchorwa Town . Mbale is 256 kilometers and 220 kilometers via Tororo and Tirinyi respectively from Kampala the capital city of Uganda and 52 kilometers from the Western Kenya Boarder . Mbale has gentle hills and valleys covering a geographical area of 2 , 435 hectares , 10 square miles ( 24 . 35 sq . km ) . Its relief varies from 4 , 040 ft above sea level in the South Eastern Border region to 3 , 600 ft . above sea level , in the west . The town is drained from east to west by three major rivers that have their sources on Wanale Ridge . River Nashibiso and its tributary Napwoli drain the southern part of the town . These are bound by an extensive plain under forest reserve management . River Nabiyonga and its major tributary Namatsio drain across the northern area of the town . Several primary and secondary drains have been developed to originate from within the town area and drain into these rivers . All the mentioned rivers drain into River Namatala that forms the Northwest boundary of Mbale Town . Other socio-environmental characteristics of the Municipality are described in sections below . # # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * According to the 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census Analytical Report ( UBOS 2007 ) , Mbale Municipality had a total population of 91 , 800 of which 44 , 900 were males and 46 , 900 females with a sex ratio of 98 . 1 males per 100 females . Commerce is the dominant component of the Municipal economy followed by service sector , agriculture and industry . The greatest concentration of commercial activity is on Republic Street , Naboa Road , Cathedral Avenue and Market Street . # # # # * * b ) Land use * * 69", "spans": [{"start": 1378, "end": 1419, "text": "2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | 0 . 122 | | Lower Income < br > | dropped | dropped | 6 . 090 * * | 57 . 336 * * * | | Lower income * Nonrenewable resource < br > Dependence | 0 . 078 | - 0 . 362 * * * | 0 . 129 * * | - 0 . 756 * * * | | High-Low education ratio | - 0 . 418 * * * | - | - 0 . 159 | - | | High-Low education ratio square | 0 . 015 * * * | - | 0 . 008 * | - | | Consumer Price Index ( 2005 ) | - 0 . 010 * | - | - 0 . 003 | - | | Services value added share | 0 . 130 * * * | - | 0 . 117 * * | - | | Manufacturing value added share | - 0 . 006 | - | 0 . 064 | - | | Agriculture value added share | - 0 . 175 * * * | - | - 0 . 154 * * | - | | Log Labour Force | - | - 8 . 651 * * * | - | - 26 . 131 * * * | | Log Gross fixed capital formation | - | 0 . 975 | - | 5 . 280 * * * | | Log Exports of goods and services | - | 2 . 663 * * | - | 6 . 042 * * * | | Log REER | - | 5 . 057 * * * | - | 3 . 325 | | World Oil price index | - | 0 . 081 * * * | - | 0 . 091 * * * | | WorldMetalpriceindex | - | 0 . 018 | - | - 0 . 001 | | Observations | 667 | 707 | 580 | 580 | | R2 | 0 . 096 | 0 . 311 | 0 . 911 | 0 . 864 | Note : * * * and * * * denote significance at the 10 % 5 % and 1 % levels ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in these factors , beyond their direct effects for Indian businesses , may also provide beneficial effects from an urbanization and spatial allocation perspective . < sup > 13 < / sup > Our findings suggest that policies that take an inclusionary approach to the urban informal economy may be more successful in promoting local development and managing its strains than those focused only on the formal sector . It is very important for Indian policy makers to recognize that much of the urbanization that is occurring is in the unorganized sector . Moreover , education and infrastructure investments , regardless of original motivation , are primarily operating through the unorganized sector . Going forward , adequate provision of infrastructure is necessary for the informal sector to develop . The more Indian cities recognize this influx and design appropriate policies and investments to support it , the more effective the policy interventions will be . Examples of inclusionary policies are mechanisms to ensure that urban informal livelihoods are integrated into urban plans , land allocation , and zoning regulations ; that the urban informal workforce gains access to markets and to basic urban infrastructure services ; and that organizations of informal workers participate in government procurement schemes and policy-making processes . It is something of a paradox that India , among the most densely populated countries in the world , is also among the least urbanized . An important aspect for India ’ s continued growth is better and deeper urbanization over the next two decades than it has achieved over the past two decades . # * * References * * Amin , Mohammad and Aaditya Mattoo , “ Human Capital and the Changing Structure of the Indian Economy , ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4576 ( 2008 ) . - Baily , Martin , Charles Hulten and David Campbell , “ Productivity Dynamics in Manufacturing Plants , ” _Brookings Papers on Economic Activity : Microeconomics_ ( 1992 ) : 187-249 . - Balakrishnan , Pulapre , K . Pushpangadan and M . Suresh Babu , “ Trade Liberalisation and Productivity Growth in Manufacturing : Evidence from Firm-level Panel Data , ” _Economic and Political Weekly_ , 35 ( 41 ) , ( 2000 ) : 3679-3682 . > 13 Evaluating", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 10 . References * * Aten , B . , A . Heston and R . Summers . 2002 . Penn World Table Version 6 . 1 , Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania ( CICUP ) . Barro , Robert J . and Jong-Wha Lee . 2001 . “ International Data on Educational Attainment : Updates and Implications . ” _Oxford Economic Papers_ 2001 ; 53 : 541-563 . Bhagwati , J . 1968 . The Theory and Practice of Commercial Policy : Departures from Unified Exchange Rates . Special Papers in International Economics . New Jersey : Princeton University Press . Baumol , W . J . , R . R . Nelson and E . N . Wolff . 1994 . The Convergence of Productivity , Its < u > Significance and Its Varied Connotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . < / u > Beck , T . , R . Levine and N . Loayza . 2000 . “ Finance and the sources of growth . ” _Journal of Financial Economics_ . 58 ( 1-2 ) : 261-300 . Butkevicius , A . , A . Kadri and J . Mayer . 2002 . “ Dynamic Products in World Exports . ” United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Discussion Paper No . 159 . Geneva : UNCTAD . FUSADES ( Fundación Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo Económico y Social ) . 2004 . “ Cuarta estrategia económica y social 2004-2009 oportunidades , seguridad y legitimidad : bases para el desarrollo . ” El Salvador : FUSADES . Ganslandt , M and J . R . Markusen . 2000 . Standards and related regulations in international trade : A modeling approach . _Quantifying the impact of technical barriers to trade : Can it be done ? _ 95135 . Studies in International Economics , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Grubel , Herbert G . and P . J . Lloyd . 1975 . Intra-Industry Trade : The Theory and Measurement of < u > International Trade in Differentiated Products . New York : John Wiley & Sons . < / u > Gwartney , James and Robert Lawson ( 2004 ) . “ Economic freedom of the world : 2004", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "28 pillar strategy : First , adopting a dual-track approach to reforms — giving transitory protections to old comparative-advantage-defying , capital-intensive sectors and liberalizing entry to comparative-advantage-conforming , labor-intensive sectors , and thereby simultaneously achieving both stability and dynamic transformation . Second , as a latecomer , choosing an economic development strategy that taps the potential of the advantage of backwardness along the lines of the flying-geese pattern . < sup > 20 < / sup > Looking forward , China can still rely on the advantage of backwardness and has the potential to maintain dynamic growth for another 20 years or more . < sup > 21 < / sup > Behind China ‘ s growth over the past three decades has been a dramatic structural transformation — in particular , rapid urbanization and industrialization . At the start of economic reforms in the 1980s China was primarily an agrarian economy . Even in 1990 , 73 . 6 percent of its population lived in rural areas , and primary products accounted for 27 . 1 percent of GDP . In 2009 these shares had declined to 27 . 1 percent and 11 . 3 percent . A similar change occurred in the composition of China ‘ s exports . In 1990 primary products made up an important share of merchandise exports . Today almost all of China ‘ s exports are manufactures ( figure 16 ) . * * Figure 16 . The Structural Transformation of China ’ s Exports * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Composition of Chinese Exports , Composition of Chinese Exports , < br > 1990 2009 < br > Primary < br > products and < br > chemicals : < br > Primary < br > products < br > and < br > chemicals : < br > Manufactured Manufactured < br > Goods , ( including Goods , ( including < br > machinery and machinery and < br > transport transport < br > equipment ) : < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank , WITS database . China is unquestionably the dragon in the global marketplace for low-tech products today . In the four", "spans": [{"start": 1898, "end": 1911, "text": "WITS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 inhabitants , with multiple interventions aiming to support local economic development while attracting further private investments . This approach led a large creation of new firms ( 1 , 200 in Nosy Be and 800 in Port Dauphin just for registered firms ) , which resulted in an 85 percent increase in the corporate income tax paid by Fort Dauphin firms . 47 . * * Lesson 3 : Integrate support to refugees and host communities through local governance . * * The design of the project draws from the lessons from the first projects to draw from the IDA18 RSW . The World Bank team concomitantly prepared four different projects in Cameroon while building strong synergies on support provided to refugees and host communities on decentralization ( P164803 ) , social protection ( P164830 ) , health ( P164954 ) , and education ( P160926 ) on the targeting mechanism , aligning intervention with the local planning process , harmonizing community worker role , and beneficiary database . The country context does not enable concomitant preparation of projects benefiting from the RSW . However , the project has strong synergies with ( a ) the water project ( Mauritania Water and Sanitation Sectoral Project [ P167328 ] under preparation ) , as water is one of the responsibilities transferred to regions and communes and ( b ) Mauritania Social Safety Net System Additional Financing ( P168232 ) , as fostering jobs and local economy is a shared objective . Building synergies will be fostered by ( a ) quarterly coordination meetings between the respective PIUs ; ( b ) LG planning process , which includes water sector and local economic actor ’ s dialogue ( c ) financing of LG productive investment , which will foster local jobs ; and ( d ) coordination of development and humanitarian efforts at the regional level ( Hodh Ech Charghi ) . 48 . * * Lesson 4 : Combine long-term institutional support to decentralization and LG capacity building * * . Drawing lessons from institutional reform assessment from the World Bank < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 985, "text": "beneficiary database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Land Acquisition and Resettlement Process_ * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Source of * * < br > * * Information * * | * * Frequency * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Input Indicators_ * * | | | | Overall spending | Financial records | Quarterly | | Distribution of spending by : | Financial records | Quarterly | | Cash compensation | | | | Rehabilitation - livelihood restoration Consultation and < br > engagement of Vulnerable people | | | | General implementation services & overhead | | | | Number of full-time staff dedicated to land acquisition & < br > resettlement implementation , and distribution by skill type | UETCL HR < br > Department | Quarterly | | Number of vehicles , computers , GPSs , and other < br > equipment relevant to the resettlement & land acquisition < br > program | Count | Quarterly | 354", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 239, "text": "Financial records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 288, "end": 305, "text": "Financial records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * A * * a * * _A_ * * ft * * A * * _l_ * * _ . 1Marine Fisheries & Socio-Economic Development ( KEMFSED ) Project_ * * _2rts_ * * _and Financial Statements_ * * _the financial year ended June_ * * _30 , _ * * _2021_ # # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) * * # # # # * * iii ) Interest on borrowing * * Borrowing costs that include interest are recognized as payment in the period in which they incurred and paid for . * * iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # * * v ) Acquisition of fixed assets * * A The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # * * f ) In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1210, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 9 . Average Psychosocial Stimulation Scores Among Children Aged 0-72 Months in Pakistan by Parent Gender and Educational Attainment * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 8 . 50 < br > 8 . 00 7 . 88 < br > 7 . 70 < br > 7 . 65 < br > 7 . 50 < br > 7 . 09 < br > 7 . 00 < br > 6 . 62 6 . 61 < br > 6 . 50 < br > 6 . 00 < br > Less than Primary Education Primary or Middle Education Secondary or Higher Education < br > Mothers / Female Caregivers Fathers / Male Caregivers < br > Note : All estimates are weighted . Psychosocial stimulation as measured by children ’ s access to learning materials and < br > participation in stimulating activities with adult caregivers in the past 24 hours on a scale of 0-14 . Sample includes all children < br > ( N = 2 , 896 ) ) < br > Psychosocial Stimulation Sum-Score < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * 4 . Discussion * * ECD has been an understudied area in Pakistan , particularly for very young children , and this study contributes to our understanding of how young Pakistani children are faring , through a holistic lens . Other national-level surveys tend to measure nutritional and physical growth metrics among children under age 3 , academic performance among older children , or provide province-level but not national-level data , as in the case of the MICS surveys . This study , which provides national estimates of ECD , fills key gaps in the literature on children ’ s development under age 3 and school readiness for children aged 3-6 years . We quantify the compounding and pernicious impact of multiple risk factors on children ’ s development for both children under 3 and aged 3-6 , with clear declines in development and school readiness as risk factors increase . The study also explores which household - and caregiver-oriented variables have the strongest associations with child outcomes . For children under age 3 , we found that", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1120, "text": "national-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1328, "end": 1340, "text": "MICS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evaluations and planning more generally . While these issues should be addressed more systemically , the project ' s monitoring and evaluation system is noteworthy . Despite shortcomings , it produced regular status updates , and-based on a large rural household survey-a credible impact evaluation . More efforts are required to . harmonize and improve data collection practices in Ethiopia . 65 . Many small-scale farmers are able to buy fertilizer on a cash basis . Ethiopia has no explicit fertilizer subsidies and reforms are reducing credit guarantees and encouraging farmers to purchase fertilizer ona cash basis . During the project , field evidence and impact evaluation data from the project indicate that the large majority of farmers used cash to purchase fertilizer , and only in exceptional circumstances did local administrations support new credit guarantees . Experience under the project confirmed the ability and willingness of many small holders to pay cash for fertilizer . - 19 -", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 271, "text": "large rural household survey-a", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 662, "end": 701, "text": "impact evaluation data from the project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ETHIOPIA CLIMATE ACTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR RESULTS ( P170384 ) ► DLI 5 Second Level Landholding Certificates ( SLLCs ) issued ( Intermediate Outcome , 66 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | Fiscal year-end < br > 2024 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 , 800 , 000 . 00 | 11 , 534 , 326 . 00 | 11 , 534 , 326 . 00 | 18 , 800 , 000 . 00 | | Date | - - | 13-Apr-2021 | 13-Apr-2021 | - - | | * * Comments * * | This figure is subject to | verification by the Central Stat | istics Agency . | | ► DLI 6 Program woredas covered by operational National Rural Land Administration Information System ( NRLAIS ) with Second Level Land Holding Certificates ( SLLCs ) digitized ( Intermediate Outcome , 84 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | Fiscal year-end < br > 2024 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 < br > 125 . 00 | 125 . 00 | 280 . 00 | | Date | - - < br > 13-Apr-2021 | 13-Apr-2021 | - - | | * * Comments * * | This figure includes 10 woredas in Tigray region wher < br > status of operationalization . This figure is subject to v | e the current conflict constrai < br > erification by the Central Sta | ns reporting on current < br > tistics", "spans": [{"start": 691, "end": 744, "text": "National Rural Land Administration Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : Transport Systems Improvement Project ( TRANSIP ) ( P151819 ) | Value | 9 . 80 | 0 . 20 | 8 . 46 | 7 . 19 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date | 27-May-2016 | 25-May-2020 | 12-Jul-2021 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | During the Feb 2021 < br > 10 , 000 vehicles inst < br > differ from the previo < br > Various civil works t | Restructuring , the indicator wa < br > ead of along five selected corrid < br > us ISR data . < br > hat are intended to improve mo | s revised to consider cityw < br > ors . As a result , the basel < br > bility of pedestrians have n | ide pedestrian fatalities per < br > ine and current actual value < br > ot yet started . | | IN01020553 < br > ► Passenger trips car | ried by Anbessa per day ( Numb | er , 000 ) ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 396 . 00 | 180 . 00 | 407 . 00 | 682 . 00 | | Date | 27-May-2016 | 25-May-2020 | 12-Jul-2021 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01020556 < br >  Percentage of Fem | During the Feb 2021 < br > instead of along five < br > previous ISR data . < br > All three Anbessa do < br > ale passenger Trips ( % ) ( Percen < br > |", "spans": [{"start": 513, "end": 521, "text": "ISR data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "xxii , 1 ( 2 ) where ii denotes the indirect utility function , and ii1 ii1 ( . ) the equivalent income function of household . νν ( pp , ΓΓ ( pp , pp , xx ) ) = νν ( pp , xx Given that all households face the same price 1 , hii ( . ) can be considered as a monetary measure of νν ( . ) ΓΓ ii utility . 1 ) given that h ( . ) is a monotonic transformation of . Inverting the indirect utility pp ΓΓ function , the equivalent income can be derived as : ii1 νν ( pp , xx ΓΓ νν ( . ) 0 1 ( 3 ) Γii0 = Γii 0 1 ii0 ii0 ( 4 ) ΓΓ = ΓΓ ( pp , pp , xx ) = xx where ii1 ii and ii1 denote pre and post pandemic equivalent incomes , and ii0 ii1 is the equivalent loss . The ( pp , pp , xx ) = xx − EELL price effect of the pandemic on household is estimated by the . ii0 ii1 ii1 ΓΓ ΓΓ EELL Suppose that consumer preferences are represented at the Stone-Geary utility function . The ii1 ii EELL corresponding indirect utility function is given by : > 9 Consumption surveys only provide information on consumption and not income . 12", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 958, "text": "Consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_i_ < br > ( 1 ) | _D_ < sup > _FNL_ < / sup > < br > _i_ < br > ( 2 ) | _S _ < sup > _FNL_ < / sup > < br > _i_ < br > ( 3 ) | | Total Consumption | No control | 1 . 49 | 2 . 26 | - 1 . 98 | | | Lag | 6 . 35 | 35 . 00 | 9 . 95 | | Consumption expenditures | No control | - 10 . 06 | 2 . 29 | - 1 . 15 | | | Lag | - 42 . 94 | 10 . 53 | 43 . 23 | | Consumption from stocks | No control | - 2 . 77 | 6 . 96 | - 6 . 22 | | | Lag | - 8 . 11 | - 6 . 28 | 16 . 79 | | Nonfood spending | No control | - 23 . 82 | 29 . 99 | - 4 . 00 | | | Lag | - 16 . 11 | 33 . 16 | 1538 . 95 | | TLU | No control | 3 . 55 | - 4 . 82 | - 2 . 41 | | | Lag | 22 . 13 | - 12 . 45 | - 60 . 60 | _Notes : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . Each cell of the table reports ratios based on the coefficient corresponding to the respective column : column ( 1 ) is the ratio for _returnees_ , column ( 2 ) for _demobilized_ and column ( 3 ) for the spillovers . There are two lines per outcomes . The first is the restricted model without any control , and the second is a regression that includes the lagged dependent variable . For each outcome , each regression is based on the same sample size is restricted ; andand includes province fixed eαˆ _F_ when the regression the full set of controls . ffects . Denote αˆ _R_ the coefficients on the demobilization variables ( The reported ratio is calculated as : _R_ , _D_ andαˆ _R_ αˆ − _ <", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 732, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank . A . LICs = low-income countries . LICs in 2001 had per capita GNI ( US $ , current ) at $ 755 or below , while LICs in 2020 have per capita GNI at or below $ 1025 in 2018 . B . Other EMDEs exclude the 2001 LICs . Several factors have contributed to the rapid economic growth of the 2001 LICs . Twelve 2001 LICs were transition economies , of which nine rebounded sharply during the 2000s from their deep recessions in the 1990s . Among non-transition 2001 LICs , rapid investment growth boosted overall economic growth , on average contributing more than one-third to output growth during 2001-18 . In six of these countries ( Cameroon , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Guinea , Indonesia , Mauritania , Mozambique ) , investment booms followed new resource discoveries . Debt relief in the early 2000s , and the fiscal space created by it , supported government spending on non - > 1 LICs in 2020 reflect the country classification of the 2019 / 20 World Bank fiscal year and are defined as countries with GNI per capita ( World Bank Atlas method ) of $ 1 , 025 or less in 2018 ; 2001 LICs reflect the country classification of the 2000 / 01 fiscal year and had GNI per capita of $ 755 or less in 1999 . New thresholds are determined at the start of each World Bank fiscal year in July . Of the 64 2001 LICs , 35 moved to middle-income country status while 29 remained classified as LICs in 2019 . Two countries are classified as LICs today that were not part of the 2001 LICs ( the Syrian Arab Republic , South Sudan ) . > 2 A fourth country , Senegal , temporarily relapsed into LIC status during this period before returning to MIC status in the 2019 / 20 country classification . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from natural conditions by the high levels of diversions and that rates of growth in water diversions increased since 1988 . The Independent Audit Groups ’ s 2000-01 review of cap implementation ( MDMBC 2002 ) indicates that transparency in reporting concerning cap compliance is resulting in pressure upon communities that are not in compliance , as well as their governments . < sup > 9 < / sup > The “ Review of the Operation of the Cap ” in 2002 concluded that the Cap is an essential first step in achieving a sustainable Basin ecosystem and that it has significantly reduced risk of environmental degradation . - MDBC Salinity and Drainage Strategy arose from concerns about salinity and waterlogging problems along the Murray River with studies showing that the irrigation areas affected by high water tables could increase from 559 , 000 hectares in 1985 to 869 , 000 hectares in 2015 ( MDBMC , 1987 ) . Under the 15year strategy , States agreed to be responsible for actions taken after 1 January 1988 significantly affecting river salinity . A market in salt credits was set up , a salinity audit was carried out and a model of salt loads and concentrations was > 9 A region and its government are considered to be in breach of addressing water use overallocattion or to not have commitment to cap compliance when breaching the cap several years running . 24", "spans": [{"start": 1092, "end": 1106, "text": "salinity audit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mainly laborers , while the opposite is true for extractive sectors , which do not have much impact on wages . There has also been an attempt to estimate the sectoral labor effects of the trade contraction following the 2008 global crisis using social accounting matrices in a Leontief multiplier model , specifically in South Africa and India ( Kucera et al . 2012 ) . The industry-level changes in exports on industry-level changes in employment was mediated by its indirect and income-induced effects as well as differences in laborintensity of production across sectors . Los et al . ( 2015 ) also use input-output analysis to show that the composition of export growth mattered for job growth and ultimately structural transformation in China . The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 briefly describes the World Bank database on the labor content of exports and the methodology to measure the wages and jobs content . Section 3 presents the findings of labor and jobs content of aggregate production and exports in South Africa relative to peer countries . To control for compositional effects , Section 4 presents these results at the sectoral level first in South Africa and second relative to peer countries . Section 5 narrows the focus even further to GVCoriented sectors to understand how changes in labor content relate to changes in GVC-participation in South Africa . Section 6 concludes with policy implications . # * * 2 . Data * * The main data we use in the analysis is the newly developed World Bank Labor Content of Exports ( LACEX ) database . The database encompasses information on the contribution of labor to a given country ’ s domestic production and exports , measured as employees ’ compensation ( wages ) or the number of jobs . The LACEX database has been computed by Calì et al . ( 2016 ) on the basis of a panel of global input-output tables and other aggregate data spanning intermittent years from 1995 to 2011 from GTAP and employment data from ILO . < sup > 6 < / sup > The input-output tables in the GTAP data set allow one to exploit a form of social accounting data — a variation on the social accounting matrix (", "spans": [{"start": 832, "end": 851, "text": "World Bank database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1784, "end": 1798, "text": "LACEX database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1972, "end": 1976, "text": "GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1981, "end": 2005, "text": "employment data from ILO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2104, "end": 2126, "text": "social accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimate parameters of demand and simulate coverage rate . Unfortunately , this approach will often not work for service such as improved supply of safe , reliable and sufficient water because there are no historical data in the context where the plans are being made . By definition , new government policies and improved products are beyond the range of historical experience . In this setting , the analyst typically has to rely on stated preference ( SP ) approaches such as contingent valuation surveys ( also called WTP surveys ) that directly elicit willingness ( and ability ) to pay statements from respondents ( Mitchell and Carson , 1989 ) . In other words , respondents are directly asked about their WTP ( Whitehead et al . , 2005 ) . The method involves the development of a hypothetical market in the context of in ‐ person , telephone , mail , or other types of surveys . In the hypothetical market respondents are informed about the current problem and the policy designed to mitigate the problem . The state of the environment before and after the policy is described . Other contextual details about the policy are provided such as the policy implementation rules ( e . g . , majority rule ) and the payment vehicles ( e . g . , increased taxes or utility bills ) . Finally , a hypothetical question is presented that confronts respondents with a choice about improved environmental quality and increased costs versus the status quo . Respondents can be presented with multiple scenarios and make multiple choices . In addition to solving the problem of missing ‘ behavioral data ’ , consider two advantages of conducting WTP surveys in this context . First , seeking households ’ opinions and preferences during the planning and design stage is widely viewed as an important ingredient of the economic development process . Paraphrasing Sen ( 1998 ) , participation is development . Second , the typical WTP survey presents an important form of experimentation which lies somewhere along the spectrum of laboratory experiments and observational studies . Such survey based ‘ field experiments ’ represent a practical mix of control and realism . Control comes from the design of the survey sample and the structure of", "spans": [{"start": 1583, "end": 1598, "text": "behavioral data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex S . Summary of Beneficiary Survey * * Jl ~ sul ~ s . The Ethiopian consulting fIrm DSA conducted a detailed assessment of fertilizer supply anduse at the farm level . The DSA team interviewed approximately 3 , 500 rural households jn early 2010 on their experience regarding fertilizer access in 2009 and the 2009-2010 nieher se ~ onharvest . The team also collected primary and secondary data from federal and regional governments . Based on these data , it conducted an assessment of the fertilizer project ' s impact on fertilizer distribution and use at the regional , woreda , and kebele levels . The ~ sessment ' s main fIndings are : . - Aggregate fertilizer supply has increased , but fertilizer consumption among survey household declined marginally in 2009-10 . This decline is attributed to inadequate and erratic rainfall and difficulty in accessing fertilizer credit . However , overall fertilizer consumption has considerably increased over the past few years . Three crops , namely teff , wheat , and maize , account for 92 percent of total fertilizer use . Moderate output growth of these crops was observed . - The availability ofDAPand urea and the timeliness with which fertilizer was supplied improved in the project year compared with prior years . Although a few cases of fertilizer quality problems ( supplying caked fertilizer and underweight bags ) were reported , the overall quality · of fertilizer supplied through the project was better in 2009-10 than in previous years . - The use of a single fertilizer importer , AISE , had positive outcomes from the point of view of importing fertilizer efficiently during an emergency ~ but it narrowed the marketing chain . In the future it would be desirable to explore options for involving the private sector in the fertilizer market . - The profItability of using fertilizer on tefT , wheat , and maize in the project year was measured by VCRs using incremental yield and crop and fertilizer prices . The calculated VCRs were over 2 ,", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 47, "text": "Beneficiary Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sumption caused by the program ( Ib ́ a ̃ nez et al . , 2024 ) might have reduced crimes by improving economic opportunities . Together , these findings highlight the critical role of regularization programs like PEP in enhancing legal protections , reducing social tensions , and improving safety for both migrants and host communities . Our results are in line with declines in the crime rates of newly documented migrants in Italy , as shown by Pinotti ( 2017a ) . Our results suggest that facilitating forced migrant ’ s economic integration has powerful impacts that go beyond labor markets . For one , they affect migrant ’ s willingness to cooperate with governments and make their basic human rights be respected . Such policies seem to be particularly relevant for vulnerable groups such as women who may be facing disproportionate domestic and sexual violence by staying undocumented . Moreover , ensuring proper documentations facilitates enforcement and increases income resulting in lower crime rates . This study contributes to work examining the relationship between immigration and crime ( Butcher and Piehl , 1998b ; Borjas et al . , 2010 ; Bianchi et al . , 2012 ; Alonso-Borrego et al . , 2012 ; Bell et al . , 2013 ; Spenkuch , 2014b ; Baker , 2017 ; Pinotti , 2017b ; Freedman et al . , 2018 ; Fasani , 2018 ; Fasani et al . , 2019 ; Ajzenman et al . , 2020 ; Knight and Tribin , 2020 ) . Specifically , for Colombia , Knight and Tribin , 2020 investigate the connection between violent crime and immigration , using data from Colombian municipalities during the recent wave of immigration from Venezuela . The authors find that after the ColombianVenezuelan border was closed and later re-opened in 2016 — triggering a large influx of migrants — homicides in Colombia increased in areas near the Venezuelan border . This rise , however , was primarily driven by homicides involving Venezuelan victims , with no statistically significant increase in homicides targeting Colombians . While our study examines a related outcome , it departs from this body of work by focusing on the effects of a policy that improved the rights of undocumented migrants already residing in Colombia", "spans": [{"start": 1538, "end": 1572, "text": "data from Colombian municipalities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productive establishments to the most productive ones . Finally , in our benchmark analysis we include all establishments regardless of their size . As explained before our census covers all establishments employing 10 workers and a representative sample of firms were taken from establishments with less than 10 workers in Ethiopia and Ghana while the Kenyan census covers all manufacturing establishments in the country . One may argue that Kenyan census may not be comparable to the Ivorian , Ethiopian or Ghanaian censuses in covering the smallest establishments . To examine the extent to which this finding is an artifact of the Kenyan dataset that has sparse coverage of small firms , as a final robustness check , we redo the analysis by excluding establishments employing less than 10 workers . The result shows that the potential gains from reallocation decreases in all countries ( 29 . 4 % vs . 31 . 4 % ) in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire , ( 60 . 9 % vs . 66 . 6 % ) in Ethiopia , ( 66 . 9 % vs . 75 . 7 % ) in Ghana and ( 141 . 5 % vs . 162 . 6 % ) in Kenya , implying that part of the gains from reallocation comes from small establishments but the qualitative result remains unchanged . Table 7 : Sensitivity Analysis : Potential Gains from Equalizing TFPR | | Baseline | _σ_ = 5 | Trim 2 % | L _ > _ 10 | WL = L | _αs_ = 1 / 3 | Country _α_ < sup > _ ′ _ < / sup > < br > _s_ < sup > _s_ < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Cˆote d ’ Ivoire | 31 . 4 | 44 . 7 | 25 . 8 | 29 . 4 | 33 . 2 | 21 . 8 | 44 . 9 | | Ethiopia | 66 . 6 | 82 . 0 | 66 . 0 | 60 . 9 | 77 . 97 | 56 . 41 |", "spans": [{"start": 353, "end": 366, "text": "Kenyan census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * UG Enhancing Accountability & Performance of Social Service Contracts ( P150872 ) * * Key Expected Outcome 2 : * * Improved public participation in contracting processes and collaborative engagement between government and civil society in the targeted districts , in the agriculture , education and health sectors . * * This expected outcome was partially achieved as evidenced by the PDO indicator # 2 . * * 24 . * * The project contributed to improving public participation and citizen engagement in contracting processes . Public participation improved over the project period as a result of project interventions . * * The project held 142 multistakeholder activities , which represented an important advance , though lower than the targeted 221 multi-stakeholder activities . In addition , the amendment of PPDA Act to incorporate open contracting and citizen participation in monitoring public contracts is a result of advocacy stemming from the project . 25 . * * According to the GPSA Grantee Annual Progress Report 2019 , the project did not achieve the targeted number of meetings due to the delay in accessing contracts at the start of the project , since it took time for the stakeholders to build trust in the project . * * A total of 65 public dialogues and feedback meetings were held compared to the target of 76 , due to limited access to contracts in the agriculture sector . In addition , 30 other community engagements were held by implementing partners ( TIU and UCMC ) during year 4 of project implementation . The project trained 186 community monitors during the implementation period . This was less than the project target of 310 community monitors due to limited achievements under the agriculture sector . The project produced 4 contracts monitoring reports out of the 6 targeted contracts monitoring reports under the agriculture sector . 26 . * * The strategy of collaborative and non-confrontational approach of engaging government enhanced sharing of contract information with AFIC , which was a major challenge in the initial stages of the project . * * This was realized after the government increasingly trusted CSOs through regular dialogue with", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# I . Introduction Individual income dynamics characterize society in important ways . The degree to which individuals move across different sections of the income distribution is often summarized by one parameter , income mobility . Indeed , income mobility is probably the single most important indicator of individual income dynamics used in public policy discussions . < sup > 1 < / sup > Income mobility is important as it informs us about the opportunities afforded by society to escape one ’ s origins . < sup > 2 < / sup > At the same time , mobility may also be driven by variability in incomes that reflect the risk to which individuals are exposed in the economy . < sup > 3 < / sup > In this paper , we develop an analytical framework for the estimation and welfare-theoretic evaluation of individual income dynamics that takes into account these different drivers of income mobility . In addition , we provide an application of our framework using individual income data from Mexico that yields striking results : Much of measured income mobility is driven by measurement error or transitory income shocks and therefore ( almost ) welfare-neutral . A smaller part of measured income mobility is due to either welfare-reducing income risk or welfare-enhancing catchingup of low-income individuals with high-income individuals , both of which have economically significant effects on social welfare . Decomposing mobility into its fundamental components is thus crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation . The literature on income mobility has often focused on two important questions : the quantitative / empirical measurement of the extent and nature of the change in individual incomes and , separately , the social-welfare-theoretic evaluations of such changes . < sup > 4 < / sup > Two methodological issues have arisen in this area . First , the parametric formulations used in the > 1In a developing country context , see , for example , a flagship publication of the World Bank in 2012 , “ Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Middle Class , ” that focuses on the income mobility in Latin America . For the US , the New York Times article “ Harder for Americans to Rise From Lower Rungs , ” by Jason deParle", "spans": [{"start": 961, "end": 995, "text": "individual income data from Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * < u > 2 . MEDIUM TERM POLICY OPTIONS < / u > * * - * * _Support Syrian refugees ’ access to livelihoods as part of integrated regional development strategies_ * * , for example through the employment of Syrian refugees in labour-intensive public employment projects that do not attract enough Jordanian workers . - * * _Implement longstanding labour reforms_ * * , including ( i ) accelerating the formalization of the informal economy , ( ii ) revising the implementation plan of the National Employment Strategy ( 2011 - 2020 ) , and ( iii ) streamlining and managing labour market information for monitoring the impact of employment and labour market policies . - * * _Scale up and strengthen the impact and efficiency existing livelihoods programmes with a view to encouraging self-reliance among refugees and vulnerable host populations and reducing humanitarian aid costs_ * * , by ( i ) enlarging programmes to include Syrian refugees as well as host communities , and ( ii ) scaling up and consolidating existing small-scale , segmented and overlapping livelihoods projects . Finally , as the spillover of the regional refugee crisis increasingly affects Europe and the rest of the world , this paper acknowledges that all efforts in Jordan towards creative local socio-economic responses to the impact of the influx of Syrian refugees and the Syria crisis should be developed within a framework of burden sharing . In partnership with European and Arab Gulf States and other governments and international actors , Jordan ’ s support for refugees should be accompanied by commensurate efforts to explore resettlement efforts in countries with the capacity to absorb refugee populations . * * 6 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "declined over the last several decades , it has risen every year between 2015 and 2019 ( FAO , 2020a ) and has almost certainly risen disastrously during the COVID-19 pandemic ( FAO , 2020b ; Laborde et al . , 2020 ; Smith and Wesselbaum , 2020 ) and more recently the war in Ukraine . This would have important implications on societal trust – both vertical and horizontal dimensions of trust . In 2014 , the Food and Agriculture Organization ’ s ( FAO ) Voices of the Hungry project developed an experiential measure of food insecurity called the Food Insecurity Experience Scale ( FIES ) , and contracted Gallup , Inc . to use its Gallup World Poll ( GWP ) to collect data in over 150 countries ( Cafiero et al . , 2018 ) . The rich individual-level data in the GWP combined with asking individuals directly about their experiences and behaviors related to their access to food in the FIES module , provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine the relationship between food insecurity and trust globally . 2", "spans": [{"start": 634, "end": 651, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 736, "end": 768, "text": "individual-level data in the GWP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "view that capacity building for credit providers is critical ii ) the CBK is the regulatory body with legal mandate to supervise credit bureaus ( and , by extension , credit bureau subscribers / data providers whether regulated by CBK or not ) , however TA is required to strengthen the CBK ’ s oversight on the credit information sharing system iii ) it will be important to review the legislative framework and capacity for credit information sharing for the nonregulated sectors , such as utilities , telecommunications providers and retailers iv ) since consumer education and awareness on credit reporting is generally lacking in Kenya , it is important to implement a broader campaign initiative led and facilitated by the National Treasury < u > Proposed changes to the work plan : i ) Include TA to CBK for development of an enhanced supervisory framework for credit reference bureaus and data < / u > providers . This should address , among others , issues related to data integrity ( accuracy and completeness ) , consumer protection and dispute resolution ii ) Include TA to credit providers ( banks , MFIs , SACCOs , leasing companies etc . ) to participate in CIS , utilize credit bureau products and services and to integrate data into risk management practices across the account cycle iii ) Include a review of the CIS framework and capacity of the non-regulated sectors such as utilities , telecommunications companies and retailers that provide goods and services on post-paid basis . # # # # * * Subcomponent 2B – Enabling Secured Transactions * * The overall objective of this sub-component is to strengthen the framework governing secured transactions ( movable collateral ) to facilitate increased lending to SMEs at more affordable rates by supporting the necessary legal and regulatory reforms for secured transactions , followed by the creation of an electronic movable assets registry . # # # # * * _Key activities , work plan updates & key issues_ * * < u > Enactment of a new secured transactions legal framework : The Office of the Deputy President has provided an accelerated timeline for the", "spans": [{"start": 1876, "end": 1910, "text": "electronic movable assets registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As shown in the table , the unbanked population in Mexico is somewhat less educated than the banked population , is less likely to be working , and has a lower household income . These patterns are broadly consistent with those found in the U . S . survey . # B . Where do the unbanked get financial services ? Individuals who do not use banks still need financial services . If they have any financial savings , they need a means to safeguard their savings . If they receive income in the form of a check , they need a means to convert the check into cash . They need to pay bills . Finally , they many need to borrow periodically . This subsection draws on the survey data to examine where and how the unbanked obtain these financial services . Table 14 presents data on the forms in which the unbanked keep financial savings and contrasts this with the banked . As noted in Table 13 above , 74 . 9 % of the unbanked said that they had no formal sector financial savings . The survey also asked about the use of informal means of financial savings , such as holding cash , money orders , uncashed checks , jewelry that can be sold , etc . As shown in Table 14 , 18 percent of the unbanked respondents said that they use such means ; only 1 . 1 % of the banked did . Allowing for both formal and informal means of financial savings , 56 % of the unbanked had no financial savings and 0 . 7 % of the banked had none . | * * Savins methods or sort of * * < br > * * Table 14 . Use of inform * * | * * al savings meth * * | * * ods * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * g * * < br > * * savings * * | * * Banked * * | * * Unbanked * * | | * * Informal savings * * | * * 1 . 1 % * * | * * 18 . 7 % *", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 255, "text": "U . S . survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 674, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher cost-reflective tariffs than the average unit price paid by all households that report paying a positive amount for piped water . This already shows that all countries operate in a way that on average subsidizes residential consumers . However , six of the ten countries show a unit price higher than the estimated CRTOpex , suggesting that they can cover at least operating expenditures . * * Table 2 . Tariff data and estimated unit costs and prices * * | Country | Number of < br > providers < br > covered in | Type of tariff < br > structure | Estimated cost - < br > reflective tariff < br > ( unit cost / m < sup > 3 < / sup > ) | Estimated OPEX < br > cost-reflective < br > tariff ( unit | Estimated < br > effective < br > average | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | the | | CRT | cost / m < sup > 3 < / sup > ) CRTopex | price / m < sup > 3 < / sup > | | | analysis < sup > a < / sup > | | ( $ 2017 ) | ( $ 2017 ) | ( $ 2017 ) | 6", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 422, "text": "Tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "predictive model , _AIC_ is the Akaike information criterion [ Akaike , 1998 ] . # * * 2 . 4 Data and background * * # # * * The Indonesia context * * Indonesia uses a social registry to implement its PMT for targeting multiple programmes . Much of the country ’ s population lives clustered above the poverty line and despite marked improvements in welfare , vulnerability remains substantial . In 2018 , the poverty rate was 9 . 8 % , but 28 % of Indonesians lived below 1 . 5 times the poverty line . As a result , a relatively small income shock can push around 20 % of Indonesian households into poverty . Those living above this vulnerability line but below 3 . 5 times poverty line 9", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 183, "text": "social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Secondary * * * * Connected * * * * < mark > Thematic < / mark > * * * * Primary * * * * Tertiary * * * * Emergencies * * * * HEA * * # # # # # * * _Recommendations for increasing political will and coordination_ * * To national governments , donors , and humanitarian and development partners : - Implement awareness-raising campaigns to challenge prejudices and highlight refugee contributions to the host society ; - Identify and work with key political champions for refugee education . - Engage in advocacy efforts with policymakers and stakeholders to emphasize the benefits of including refugees in national education systems ; # # # # # * * 3 . International coordination * * Effective coordination at national , regional and international levels is critical to ensure efficient use of funding and coherent outputs for all children . International cooperation , along with technical assistance and financial contributions supporting government-led plans and assistance frameworks , is vital to ensure the utilization of capacities to enable inclusive policies and implementation plans . # # # # # * * _Barriers contributing to the lack of coordination between stakeholders_ * * - A key finding that emerged from our research is that the absence of good coordination mechanisms for data collection on refugee education leads to the duplication of efforts across humanitarian partners and often means that existing humanitarian data cannot be used to inform government responses # # # # # * * _Recommendations for strengthening international coordination on refugee educational inclusion_ * * To national governments , donors , and humanitarian and development partners : - Inform new responses by drawing on pre-existing knowledge and skills as well as existing coordination platforms ( e . g . , Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework , Regional Monitoring Framework for People on the Move ) ; To national donors and humanitarian and development partners : - Increase international technical assistance , accompaniment , and financial contributions to work with government-led coordination mechanisms ( e . g . , Rwanda , Ecuador )", "spans": [{"start": 1425, "end": 1442, "text": "humanitarian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Electricity Expansion ( P103037 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  15 . Rural Electrification Master Plan ( REMP ) annual | ly updated ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > N | N | Y | Y | | Date < br > - - | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Sep-2016 | # # Comments Updated report on electrification status of public facilities produced |  16 . Cost of service study completed one year befor | e 2014 tariff review is launched | ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > N | Y | Y | Y | | Date < br > - - | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Sep-2016 | Overall Comments Completed in November 2012 # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P103037 | IDA-47430 | Effective | XDR | 217 . 40 | 217 . 40 | 0 . 00 | 170 . 20 | 47 . 20 | 78 % |", "spans": [{"start": 864, "end": 893, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2010 - HIV Prevention Package MARPs and Vulnerable Groups-HIV Prevention Package – MARPs and Vulnerable Groups FHAPCO September 2011 - Tool Kit For Positive Change - for Orphans and Vulnerable Children - Community Health Information System – Data Recording and Reporting - User ` s Manual FMoH 2011 - Ethiopia Young Adults & Gender Survey Addis Abeba UNFPA / Population Council 2010 - People Living with HIV Stigma NEP + 2010 ( draft ) a INDEX — Ethiopian Stigma and Discrimination Survey Report - Road Map for Intensifying Multi-Sectoral HIV / AIDS Response in Ethiopia 2010-2014 FHAPCO August 2010 37", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 338, "text": "Ethiopia Young Adults & Gender Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 446, "end": 495, "text": "Ethiopian Stigma and Discrimination Survey Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "initial months of the shock . WW2 had a particularly lasting impact , as market liquidity never fully recovered after 1945 , with average bid-ask spreads remaining at a level far above those in the 1920s . Also , idiosyncratic crises affected aggregate market liquidity , for example the Ottoman and Egyptian defaults in the 1870s , the Russian default in 1998 , or the Argentine defaults in the 1890s and early 2000s . Second , total returns tend to be higher when bid-ask spreads are high , except for the first months of major shocks , when returns collapse while bid-ask spreads spike . On average , higher risk is associated with lower market liquidity . Appendix B6 confirms this using bond-level data , as average returns are significantly higher for less liquid bonds . The difference between the most liquid and least liquid bonds is large and statistically significant , especially in the historical sample , which is in line with Alquist ( 2010 ) and Chavaz and Flandreau ( 2017 ) , who also find a substantial sovereign bond liquidity premium . An indepth analysis of sovereign bond market liquidity over the full 200 years is left for future research . # * * 5 . Investor performance around debt crises : Returns , defaults , and haircuts * * This section studies the link between bond returns , defaults , and haircuts , by combining the data on debt restructurings and creditor losses from Section 3 with those on bond prices and returns from Section 4 . Figure 11 : Bond returns around sovereign defaults < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 175 < br > Upper 75 % < br > 150 < br > 125 Average < br > cumulative < br > return < br > 100 < br > Lower 25 % < br > 75 < br > 50 < br > - 2 - 1 t 1 2 3 4 5 6 < br > Years around default < br > Start of holding period : 2 years before default < br > Cumulative total return index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ This figure shows total cumulative returns", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 707, "text": "bond-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1352, "end": 1399, "text": "data on debt restructurings and creditor losses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the PNAD is much more disaggregated than the 16 food groups used for the INPC – POF concordance , and given in Table 1 . An additional concordance was needed , which maps each sector-specific agricultural activity reported in the PNAD to one of the 16 food groups whose prices we follow . The full concordance takes fourteen pages to describe and is available from the authors on request . An excerpt corresponding to the first four INPC food categories is reported in Annex Table A1 for illustrative purposes .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 108 - Annex 14 Page 13 of 14 # # # 3 . January / February 1989 : Accounts Credibility Check All the above eccounts to be subjected to a broad credibility chack by external personnel in order to correct any structural or other faults or inconsistencies , so as to give the Chief Accountant ' s Department a sound basis on which o keep the Accounts up to date in future , and in preparation for the formal auditing of the accounts . Any obvious discrepancies at this stage should be written off to a suspense account or profit and loss account , as appropriate for further investigation by the Uganda Railways Chief Accountant who should be requested to submit quarterly progress reports . All such discrepancies should be finally resolved or written off witb4n two years . Such discrepancies are expected to be disclosed in the following areas : - the reconcilation of the Bank Accounts the reconciliation of Revenue Accounting ( i . e . , the checking of station balance sheets against central ledger accounts - various unbalanced central ledger accounts - the reconciliation and balancing of the stores department records - a general review of the total central accounting records . 4 . March / April 1989 : Formal AuditinR of Accounts The accounts to be subjected to formal auditing by external auditors . 5 . April / September 1989 : Computerization of Accounts and Stores Computerization of accounts to be introduced , including training of stafZ . Computerization of stores department to be introduced simultaneously . Manigement reports and costing systems to be developed as well . 6 . April / September 1989 : Manatement Reforms A Management Information System to be introduced with the help of the computerization , which will produce inter alia following quarterly reports for Board : - 6 . 1 Profit and Loss Account showing Budget and Actual for the quarter , and aggregate year to date . - 6 . 2 Analysis of expenditure by Department as above . - 6 . 3 Analysis of Revenue and tonnage carried , by commodity , as above . - 6 . 4 Analysis", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1183, "text": "central accounting records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "training across the PFM cycle , including through the generation of content for the e-learning platform proposed under sub-component 1 . 3 . * * < u > Component 4 : Project Management : the component will support the management , coordination , and < / u > M & E of project activities and funds . Key activities that will be supported include * * ( a ) hiring of consultants to support project management including for critical functions in the Project Implementation Units to be established ; ( b ) Design and development of monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) mechanisms ; ( c ) Engagement Surveys on the civil service ( d ) global HR summits ( e ) Knowledge sharing events and visits ( f ) Design and implementation of an initiative to provide selective honorariums for high performing reform champions in key institutions . The M & E costs , as well as operating costs , audit and impact evaluations will also be financed through this component . 13", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 620, "text": "Engagement Surveys on the civil service", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Attendance Sheets * * 165", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 27, "text": "Attendance Sheets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "incorrect comparisons coming from data constraints . Loosely speaking , this indicator yields the largest “ signal-to-noise ratio ” when filtering available data . The review focuses on global multidimensional poverty measures . First , multidimensional poverty measures are arguably the multidimensional indicators most used for policy making , perhaps because of the simplicity of the Alkire-Foster ( AF ) methodology . Second , global applications face the most stringent data constraints . However , most of the improvement opportunities we identify still make sense at the national or regional level . The conceptual framework proposed can also guide well-being measurement practices beyond poverty . We identify three sources of potential improvements : “ wasting ” less of the available data , better filtering the data used , and better harnessing the added-value of multidimensional poverty measures . The first two sources relate to the construction of the indicator while the third source relates to the use of the indicator . The main source of potential improvements relates to “ wasting ” less data . Ironically , in spite of stringent data constraints , large amounts of relevant data are simply ignored . To a large extent , this problem originates from conceptual rigidities constraining the indices used to aggregate across dimensions . We identify three ways of reducing the current “ waste ” of data . First , the AF methodology to identify the multidimensionally poor is based on dichotomous deprivation statuses , i . e . , either being deprived or non-deprived in a given variable . However , not all variables are dichotomous . For instance , this is neither the case of consumption , which is a cardinal variable , nor the case of some health or education outcomes , which are captured by categorical variables . Dichotomozing such variables leads to a loss of information . We identify in the literature two conceptually sound solutions to reduce this loss of information and show how these solutions can be implemented even in the absence of information on the relevant preference . Second , in spite of its large intrinsic value , longevity is ignored by all global multidimensional poverty measures . Mortality data are often available but these data are not used . One difficulty is that the joint distribution", "spans": [{"start": 2230, "end": 2244, "text": "Mortality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 9 : Baseline balance , restricted to sample with midline student assessment data | | | ( 1 ) | | ( 2 ) | | ( 3 ) | T - | test | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Co | ntrol | In - | Kind | Reco | gnition | Dif | erence | | Variable | N | Mean | N | Mean | N | Mean | ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) | ( 1 ) - ( 3 ) | | _Student-level ( grade 2 ) _ | | | | | | | | | | Math | 5528 < br > [ 84 ] | 0 . 049 < br > ( 0 . 084 ) | 5771 < br > [ 80 ] | 0 . 093 < br > ( 0 . 075 ) | 5409 < br > [ 86 ] | - 0 . 100 < br > ( 0 . 088 ) | - 0 . 044 | 0 . 149 | | Language | 5528 < br > [ 84 ] | 0 . 050 < br > ( 0 . 076 ) | 5771 < br > [ 80 ] | 0 . 063 < br > ( 0 . 074 ) | 5409 < br > [ 86 ] | - 0 . 025 < br > ( 0 . 074 ) | - 0 . 013 | 0 . 075 | | Female | 5517 < br > [ 84 ] | 0 . 482 < br > ( 0 . 008 ) | 5767 < br > [ 80 ] | 0 . 484 < br > ( 0 . 010 ) | 5400 < br > [ 86 ] | 0 . 479 < br > ( 0 . 009 ) | - 0 . 003 | 0 . 003 | | Age < br > _Student-level ( grade 3 ) _ | 5349 < br > [ 84 ] | 9 . 485 < br", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 90, "text": "student assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _North / T + 5_ According to WFP ‟ s secondary literature and data desk review , in the Northern area , total living expenses before the crisis were LBP 1 , 207 , 000 or USD 793 , compared to LBP 1 , 275 , 000 or USD 842 after the crisis , with a general inflation rate of 6 % to 12 % < sup > 16 < / sup > for food prices , 34 % for medicines , and 6 % for water and utility bills . # # _North / T + 5 , Beirut , Bekaa , Mount Lebanon and South_ The Winterisation baseline survey has been recently updated within the first of two post-distribution monitoring ( PDM ) cycles . < sup > 17 < / sup > The chart below provides recent figures on the main types of expenditure by region . It shows that Syrian refugees in the North have the highest household expenditure of all regions assessed ( the North , Beirut , Bekaa , Mount Lebanon and the South ) . _Figure [ 10 ] : Household expenditure by type and geographical region_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Type of average household expenditure ( % ) across geographic region < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > Beirut < br > 30 < br > Bekaa < br > 25 < br > 20 Mount Lebanon < br > 15 < br > North < br > 10 < br > 5 South < br > 0 < br > Food Rent Fuel Hygiene items Education Utilities < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # < u > Palestinian refugees from Syria < / u > # # _National_ The ANERA assessment ( March 2013 ) indicated that food was the most burdensome expense for PRS families . This need was demonstrated by the inability of PRS families to purchase adequate quantities of food , forcing many to skip meals and / or reduce food portions . In fact , the", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 483, "text": "Winterisation baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1346, "end": 1362, "text": "ANERA assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "experiences and lessons from implementation at the national and global level . The description of the activities to be supported under the RETF is provided below . * * Design , Piloting and Evaluating Models of Care for Screening and Treatment of Select NCDs * * . Two pilot projects would be conducted in two counties ( i . e . Busia , Trans-Nzoia ) in Western Kenya with support of AMPATH . Pilot 1 would include the expansion of the _Chronic Care Model_ ( CCM ) and the testing of the _Expanded Chronic Care Model_ ( ECCM ) in select sub-counties in Trans-Nzoia . Pilot 2 would include the expansion of the Chronic Care Model in sub-counties in Busia . Counties were selected based on the following criteria : ( i ) _commitment_ and support of county governments ; ( ii ) _high poverty_ rates ; and / or ( iii ) _disease burden . _ Busia county with a population of roughly 954 , 000 inhabitants has a poverty rate of over 64 percent and a life expectancy of only 47 years . Based on community screenings done over the past two years in select counties the prevalence of elevated blood pressure is 22 percent and diabetes is 1 . 5 percent . Page 3 of 7 Jul 18 , 2017", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 1007, "text": "community screenings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| v < br > * * Ethiopia * * < br > * * Rural Capacity Building * * | | * * Amhara Purcha * * | * * se for the Year 2010-2011 * * | | If Post-Revie < br > * * Draft Bid Documents , * * < br > * * includin secs and * * | w , No-objecti | on Dates are | not needed | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | | * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * g p * * | | | | | | | | | * * Loan # : * * | | * * B * * | * * ASIC DATA * * | | < br > * * Notice * * < br > * * quantities , draft SPN * * | * * Bidding * * | * * Period * * | * * Bid Evaluation * * | * * Contract Finaliz * * | * * ation * * | * * Contr * * | * * act Implementation * * | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Numbe * * < br > * * Estimate * * < br > * * d * * | * * Procure * * < br > * * ment * * < br > * * Pre-or * * < br > * * Post * * < br > * * Prior or * * < br > * * Post * * | * * Plan vs . * * < br > * * Actual *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "After qualitative piloting , an extended version of the skill questionnaire was piloted in November 2013 on 120 farmers from an area in Siaya , close to the study area , and on farmers that had been selected in a similar way as those of the actual study population . A small subset of these farmers was also retested in December 2013 with the same survey instrument , in order to obtain retest statistics of the pilot . Based on this quantitative pilot , we eliminated questions with little variation . < sup > 11 < / sup > We also removed questions that showed negative correlations with other variables meant to capture the same latent trait , and fine-tuned phrasing and translation of questions . < sup > 12 < / sup > The final survey instrument took about 2 . 5 hours to complete . The vast majority of farmers in the sample ( 97 % ) were native Luo speakers ( the local language ) – the others were more comfortable in Swahili or English ( Kenya ’ s two official languages ) . The English-language survey therefore was translated in both Luo and Swahili . All versions were homogenized after independent back translation . < sup > 13 < / sup > # * * 2 . 3 . Alternative measures of skills * * Prior to the set of questions in the three main modules described above , respondents were asked their self-assessment for the same set of skills using a set of 14 questions , formulated to proxy the different subdomains captured by the questions in the main modules . And after answering all questions from the three main sections , each farmer was asked to assess the skill level of one of the other farmers of his village in the sample using similar proxy questions . This provides an independent ( though clearly subjective and possibly mis-measured ) assessment . A second proxy measure comes from asking the same questions to another household member ( typically the spouse ) also involved in farming . And a third independent measure was obtained prior to the survey from the village health worker , who was asked to classify each farmer according to his > 11 For instance , experience", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 1010, "text": "English-language survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Figure 3 . Total number of South Sudanese refugees in neighbouring countries … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 4 | | Figure 4 . Typesof GBV reported in the South Sudan GBV IMS … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 7 | | Figure 5 . Number of children affected by grave violations per State … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . . . . . 9 | | Figure 6 . Hazardous areas cleared and devices destroyed … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 18 | | Table 1 . Incidents of grave violations reported to the MRM … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . … … … … … … … … … … … 9 | | Table 2 . Official number of IDPs living in UNMISS POC sites … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enced historically during a crisis period . Secondly , we take out countries for which the selected minimum values were positive , that is , when the change in GDP growth during the crisis years was greater than zero . This is necessary to avoid the inclusion of a country experience that contradicts the definition of a systemic financial crisis . < sup > 16 < / sup > Thirdly , we employ an outlier robust method to compute the average response of the countries that have a crisis trimmed means . The trimmed means experienced financial by computing are calculated in such a way that only the data points that fall within the 2 . 5 < sup > _th_ < / sup > and the 97 . 5 < sup > _th_ < / sup > percentile are included in the computation . This ensures that only the center of the empirical data , where 95 % of the probability mass lies , is included in the averaging . The of extreme values on the is thus eliminated . The influence average response effectively censoring rules applied to CPI inflation , the lending rate and changes in the exchange rate are analogous to the ones applied to real GDP growth . One last requirement that is imposed is that for each country a full set of macroeconomic Stress scenarios needs to be present . That is , we require data for each of the four macroeconomic variables ( real GDP growth , CPI inflation , the lending rate and the change in the exchange rate ) to be available for the trimmed mean response to be computed . If , for instance , data on lending rates are not available for a particular country , while the remaining three macroeconomic variables are present , then this scenario , and potentially the country itself , is excluded from the calculation of the average crisis response . The resulting model free Stress scenario based on the historical cross-country crisis experience > 16 To provide an example of such a scenario , consider Lebanon which is identified by the Laeven and Valencia ( 2008 ) database to have gone through a Systematic Banking and Currency Crisis in 1990 . However , ( annual ) real", "spans": [{"start": 1486, "end": 1507, "text": "data on lending rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1930, "end": 1967, "text": "Laeven and Valencia ( 2008 ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "GDP does not respond to the current account within one quarter , and that the current account does not respond within one quarter when the real effective exchange rate moves . The precise ordering of the latter two variables is , however , immaterial for our main results . Of course , there are alternative identification schemes used in the literature . For instance , Romer and Romer ( 2010 ) use a narrative approach to identify exogenous fiscal shocks for the US . Auerbach and Gorodnichenko ( 2012a ) proxy exogenous fiscal shocks by forecast errors of government consumption for OECD countries . Due to data limitations , neither of these approaches is feasible for our sample that includes developing countries . < sup > 11 < / sup > The IPVAR system , comprising Equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , is estimated with ordinary least squares ( OLS ) applied separately to each equation . < sup > 12 < / sup > The estimated system yields model coeffi cients that > 9 This step to calculate multipliers from impulse responses follows Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) . Since the conditional multipliers are estimated from the panel of countries , they reflect an average estimate across those countries included in the panel . Thus , we use the average government consumption to GDP ratio in the sample to calculate the multipliers rather than country-specific government consumption to GDP ratios . > 10 One caveat of the recursive identification scheme is that the fiscal shocks identified using this scheme may be predicted by private forecasts ( Ramey , 2011 ) . Ilzetzki , Mendoza , and Vegh ( 2013 ) , who use a similar identification scheme and sample of countries like ours , provide evidence that this is unlikely the case . > 11 There are alternative identification schemes used in the literature . For instance , Romer and Romer ( 2010 ) use a narrative approach to identify exogenous fiscal shocks for the US . Auerbach and Gorodnichenko ( 2012a ) proxy exogenous fiscal shocks by forecast errors of government consumption for OECD countries . Due to data limitations , these approaches are not feasible for our sample that includes developing countries . >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Being a household head or a household head ’ s spouse was associated with being less conservative for all categories , except for employment . Respondents who were from a household owning a house and who were poor or B40 ( being in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution ) exhibited more conservative attitude across all categories , but a less conservative attitude towards employment . To the contrary , respondents from a household living in an urban area and owning land exhibited less conservative attitude across all categories , but a more conservative attitude towards employment . Other individual characteristics such as age , financial situation , employment status , and personal habits , and household characteristics such as household size and composition did not clearly define respondents ’ attitudes towards gender questions . * * Figure 2 : Post-Estimated Distribution of Gender Attitude Composite Indexes by Migrant Type * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Standardized Employment Index Standardized General Index Standardized Decision Making Index < br > - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 < br > Standardized GBV Index Standardized Extreme Index < br > - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 < br > Non-migrants Returned migrants from Gulf Countries < br > Returned migrants from Saudi Arabia < br > 2 . 5 2 . 5 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 2 2 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 1 < br > 1 < br > . 5 . 5 . 5 < br > 0 0 0 < br > 2 . 5 2 . 5 < br > 2 2 < br > 1 . 5 1 . 5 < br > 1 1 < br > . 5 . 5 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Data source : KMS 2003 , 2013 The comparison group", "spans": [{"start": 1631, "end": 1634, "text": "KMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "killing and maiming of children in the Secretary-General ’ s 2015 report on children and armed confl ict . In 2015 , 1 , 054 incidents of grave violations were documented through the MRM , an increase of 28 . 2 per cent from 2014 , when 756 incidents were documented . Incidents of all six types of grave violations , with the exception of maiming , increased in 2015 ; indeed , incidents of killing more than doubled , and incidents of rape and other forms of sexual violence increased by 41 per cent . In both years , the majority of such violations have been documented in the Greater Upper Nile . The increase in documented violations in 2015 are mostly attributable to the prolonged fi ghting in Unity , which targeted and displaced civilians from villages throughout the state into the UNMISS Protection of Civilians site in Bentiu . Witnesses and survivors of attacks on villages recounted incidents of killing , maiming , raping , and abduction of", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 186, "text": "MRM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( given by the observed infrastructure data ) , respectively . We can see also that the average income increases by 3 . 4 % and 10 . 7 % , while for median income , the gains are slightly smaller , 2 . 85 % and 10 . 25 % . When the government can decide on both types of investments , the gains are substantially larger . This is shown in the first two columns of Table 7 . When budgets are kept separated , the Efficiency + Coordination allocation generates median income , average income , and welfare gains of 14 . 88 , 15 . 85 , and 19 . 75 percent , respectively . If we also allow for a joint budget , the gains are even larger . The Fully Optimal solution produces welfare gains of around 22 % , comparable in magnitude to the gains in average and median income . In the Fully Optimal counterfactual , it is important to note that , besides reassigning investments to different road segments , the government also increases the share of total expenditure on roads . Table 7 provides clear evidence that the government benefits from the complementarities of investments in both electricity and road infrastructures . When comparing the Efficiency + Coordination scenario to the Efficiency-Roads and Efficiency-Electricity cases , we see an increase of 1 . 26 percentage points in the welfare gains due to a larger degree of efficiency in the allocation within each infrastructure budget . Moreover , comparing the Fully Optimal and 29", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 43, "text": "observed infrastructure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ landscan . ornl . gov / documentation on August 3rd 2018 . - Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center ( 2018 ) . Gridded Population of the World ( GPW ) . Retrieved from http : / / sedac . ciesin . columbia . edu / data / collection / gpwv4 / methods / method1 on November 19th 2018 . - Stevens , F . R . , Gaughan , A . E . , Linard , C . , and Tatem , A . J . ( 2015 ) . Disaggregating census data for population mapping using random forests with remotely-sensed and ancillary data . _PloS one_ , 10 ( 2 ) : e0107042 . - Sutton , P . , Roberts , D . , Elvidge , C . , and Baugh , K . ( 2001 ) . Census from heaven : An estimate of the global human population using night-time satellite imagery . _International Journal of Remote Sensing_ , 22 ( 16 ) : 3061 – 3076 . - Varian , H . R . ( 2014 ) . Big data : New tricks for econometrics . _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , 28 ( 2 ) : 3 – 28 . - Vogel , K . , Goldblatt , R . , Hanson , G . , and Khandelwal , A . ( 2018 ) . Detecting urban markets with satellite imagery . International Growth Centre Working Paper C-89448-INC-1 . - Wardrop , N . , Jochem , W . , Bird , T . , Chamberlain , H . , Clarke , D . , Kerr , D . , Bengtsson , L . , Juran , S . , Seaman , V . , and Tatem , A . ( 2018 ) . Spatially disaggregated population estimates in the absence of national population and housing census data . _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ , 115 ( 14 ) : 3529 – 3537 . - Wooldridge , J . M . ( 2002 ) . Inverse probability weighted m-estimators for sample selection , attrition , and stratification . _Portuguese Economic Journal_ , 1 ( 2 ) : 117 – 139 . - WorldPop ( 2018 ) . World pop website and methods page . Retrieved from http", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "now as large as its rural population . Extreme poverty remains a predominantly rural phenomenon , with some 75 % of those who subsist on expenditures below $ 1-a-day still residing in rural areas in 2002 , even when higher cost of living in urban areas is taken into account . < sup > 4 < / sup > But urban poverty has been falling more slowly than rural poverty – in part because urbanization has been a > 2 A classic study by Bates ( 1981 ) documented the use of price regulation and marketing boards in Ghana , Nigeria and Zambia to extract surplus from farmers to the benefit of urban food consumers . 3 Ravallion et al . ( 2007 ) produced arguably the first global poverty statistics that cover the majority of the world ’ s population and disaggregate between urban and rural areas . They estimate that the urban share of the world ’ s extreme poor in 1993 was 19 % . 4 See Ravallion et al . ( 2007 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 663, "end": 688, "text": "global poverty statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Following the literature on within country migration , we use the share of the population that had arrived in destination j more than 5 years ago that was born in state of origin i as a proxy . < u > Population : is the population by state in 1995 as reported by the Census . As Greenwood < / u > ( 1997 ) summarizes , population is often used as a measure of the availability of public goods . However , it is also true that larger states offer more “ connection points ” than small states and will hence , in a random reallocation , attract more migrants . Shultz ( 1982 ) is also correct in arguing that larger states may have smaller rates of out migration simply by virtue of having more places to migrate to within . The 1995 value is used to eliminate any problems of simultaneity with migration flows that happen in subsequent years . < u > Labor Market Variables : < / u > The unemployment and nominal wage variables are generated as the average of their quarterly values in 1995 , 1996 and 1997 from the National Urban Employment Survey ( Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano - ENEU ) . < u > Cost of Living : < / u > Though presumably the potential migrant should be focusing on real as opposed to nominal expected wages , the actual deflator used may not be that of the current place of work . For instance , if a migrant plans to return to a low cost area to retire , he may generate real savings measured in his retirement destination faster by earning a lower real wage in a high cost area ( See Lucas 1997 for a survey of this literature ) . Further , high cost of living may point to a larger potential income over the long run even if not experienced even by the individual making the decision ( Spencer 1989 , Pagano 1990 ) . Certainly , in an intertemporal or intergenerational context , taking a lower real wage in the US is still likely to offer the migrant ’ s descendents far better options than would have been the case in Mexico . < sup > 5", "spans": [{"start": 1014, "end": 1046, "text": "National Urban Employment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1049, "end": 1090, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano - ENEU", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "grains for home markets . < sup > Ithas greatly re - < / sup > duced truck and bus transport costs0 It has made it possible , for the first time , for large numbers of Ethiopians to make business and personal trips < sup > within < / sup > their own country , and it has extended the reach and < sup > increased the efficacy of < / sup > governmental administration . 49 . From the existing data it is not possible to measure , even roughly , the extent to which road development has stimulated < sup > the production and marketing < / sup > of particular commodities . There are no firm figures < sup > by which to assess thein - < / sup > creased amounts of food grains , pulses , oilseeds , fruit < sup > andvegetables trucked < / sup > into Addis Ababa , Dessie Diredawa , Gondar and other towns , < sup > orthe greater volumes < / sup > of locally manufactured and imported goods and petroleum < sup > Droducts trucked into < / sup > the interior , Annual exports of Ethiopian coffee , hides < sup > andskins , and oilseeds < / sup > have fluctuated widely for reasons unrelated to inland transport , < sup > e . g . tempcrary < / sup > shortages and gluts in wor . ld markets , the negotiation < sup > or modification < / sup > < sup > * * of * * trade < / sup > agreements , the closure and re-opening of the Suez Canal , < sup > etc , < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 395, "text": "existing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the intermediate scenario , we expect schools to be closed for 5 months . In the last , and most pessimistic scenario , we expect schools to be closed for 7 months , or 70 % of the school year . These scenarios are aligned with what we have been observing with the existing data on school closures from both UNESCO and the World Bank . As of June 8 < sup > h < / sup > , school systems were closed on average 79 days , or 2 . 6 months < sup > 49 < / sup > ( Figure 3 ) . If we include in this school closure estimate the announcement of several countries that they will only reopen their schools by August or September , the average expected school closure will increase to 110 days , or 3 . 6 months , and those are mostly northern hemisphere countries ( Figure 4 ) . < sup > 50 < / sup > In the optimistic scenario , we are not assuming that schools might close again , nor that the summer learnings loss will be significantly larger than usual . Our intermediate scenario , with an average 5 months of school closure , and our pessimistic scenario with 7 months of school closure extends the length of the expected school closure . > 48 PISA defines minimum reading proficiency as a score below level 2 which is 407 . 47 points . > 49 School closure days were only counted until June 8th , 2020 , using the UNESCO school closure monitoring database , available at https : / / en . unesco . org / sites / default / files / covid_impact_education . csv ( as of June 8th 2020 ) . 50 3 . 6 months of school closures includes a subset of 62 economies which have already reopened their schools , or announced a date in which their educational system will be re-open ; the 2 . 6 months average school closures is the measure of actual number of days systems have been closed until June 8 < sup > th < / sup > , 2020 . In this later case , the 150 economies in which schools are still closed , were", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 300, "text": "data on school closures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1313, "end": 1354, "text": "UNESCO school closure monitoring database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a randomly chosen diary week , we have _E_ [ _N | N_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > = _n_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _ , Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > = _y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ] = _n_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > and : The model also implies that distributional indicators obtained from diary acquisitions may be liable to provide incorrect policy conclusions . For example , calculations reported in the Online Appendix show that if acquisitions occur independently at the same rate _N_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > across households , we have : where _CV_ ( _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ) is the coefficient of variation of consumption . The last expression implies that for items usually acquired once a week ( _N_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > = 1 ) , the variance of acquisition must be at least twice as large as the variance of consumption . When the coefficient of variation is equal to one , the variance of acquisition becomes three times the variance of consumption . We conclude that acquisition diaries may yield a distorted idea of consumption _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > even if all entries are recorded correctly . However , entries may not be exempt from errors . As the effects of fatigue on accuracy have long been known to researchers ( Silberstein and Scott , 2004 ) , it is common practice to assist households through frequent visits by enumerators during the recording process . It is generally presumed that this design yields the most accurate data ( see Brzozowski et al . , 2017 , for discussion ) . > 6The model can be easily generalized to allow for random spending around _Y ∗ / N ∗ _ . 6", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 990, "text": "acquisition diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Displacement ( KAP-FD ) < / u > expands on the Socioeconomic Survey series with two waves of panel data collection from 2022 – 2024 . Qualitative data and engagement with local scholars and practitioners help promote policy-relevant research analyses . KAP-FD is a collaboration between the World Bank , UNHCR and the University of California-Berkeley Center for Effective Global Action . 5", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 74, "text": "Socioeconomic Survey series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "educationalait ' hkjm , n between male and female household heads , According to the survey result , the propoID of illiterate household heads are disproportionately higher am g Female Heade Households * * ( 63 . 6 % ) , * * while * * ( 18 . 5 % ) * * for male household heads . UL * * Mid-Day * * acons % J '", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 98, "text": "survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > * * CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC * * GBV risks are also stemming from weak self-reliance opportunities amongst newly arrived refugees . The search for natural resources such as firewood and forage or shea fruit used in the production of marketable products often drives women and girls to leave settlements and populated areas in Birao to venture towards more remote areas , increased risks of exposure to sexual assaults . In addition , Protection teams have detected the occurrence of harmful coping strategies , with instances of women and girls engaged in the sell and exchange of sex to meet their basic needs . Early marriages , already presence in the social fabric before the flight , is a phenomenon that starts to be observed . In this context , aside GBV awareness and mitigation activities , the uninterrupted provision of food and other humanitarian assistance , as well as investment in community-based self-reliance initiative benefitting women heading household is of paramount importance . * * Child protection . * * The presence of armed elements around the main areas of arrival in Am-Dafock represents a concrete risk for children to be recruited , particularly if unaccompanied or separated from their parents or previous legal or customary caregivers . Furthermore , the effect of the conflict on families and communities have exposed children to risks of abuse , violence and exploitation , and increased levels of psychosocial distress . Identifying appropriate family-based care arrangements for unaccompanied children in the current context remains a further challenge . The overall psychosocial well-being of children is seriously affected also by the lack of education . Within the pre-registered refugee arrivals , 38 percent have been identified as children of school age ( 57 percent girls ) . According to consultations with the newly arrived refugees ( _Project 21 ) _ , 92 percent of the respondent households confirmed that their children has been enrolled in schools while in Sudan . While in the relocation site in Birao , education activities have started , access to education remains disrupted for the high percentage of children who have not yet been relocated and", "spans": [{"start": 1853, "end": 1898, "text": "consultations with the newly arrived refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s ICR states that poor women were targeted to receive income generating support ( in the form of training , start-up working capital and links to microfinance , though there is no information available on the extent to which these women were able to participate in design and management of such support programs . 53 . _Social Development_ . The project built upon a highly effective social mobilization strategy , the ― community conversations ‖ program , which was considered to have resulted in increased awareness of HIV / AIDS , improved participation of women , greater support for PLWHAs and OVCs , and a decrease in tolerance of customary practices such as multiple sexual relationships . There was at least one conversation group in each kebele where 50 participants met twice per month to discuss responses to the epidemic . The Local Response Fund ( component 3 ) helped to expand these community level initiatives , which significantly reduced stigma and discrimination , and reached marginalized segments of the population . 54 . A large study of PLWHA , carried out by the Network of Networks of HIV Positives in Ethiopia found ― . . a general feeling among [ respondents ] that the level of stigma is declining and less virulent than the situation five years ago ‖ . The study also found relatively low levels of discrimination against those affected and their children in school settings , and survey respondents expressed higher levels of confidence in health personnel than other groups . There remain major areas of concern : the high levels of poverty reported by those living with HIV and AIDS ( 95 % of women and 93 % of men ) ; the ― institutionalization ‖ of discrimination ( eg the widely reported charging of higher rents to those known to be HIV positive ; 13", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1065, "text": "large study of PLWHA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 2 . Change in censored headcount ratio models results with restricted and unbalanced panel data . * * | | Change < br > | _Depe_ < br > in censor < br > | _ndent vari_ < br > ed headco < br > ~ ~ ( ~ ~ < br > ΔHci ( t ) < br > Δt < br > ~ ~ ) ~ ~ < br > | _able : _ < br > unt ratio p < br > | er year < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | | Initial poverty centrality ( Sc ( t ) ) < br > | | - 0 . 010 < sup > * * * < / sup > | - 0 . 009 < sup > * * * < / sup > | - 0 . 009 < sup > * * * < / sup > | - 0 . 009 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | | | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | | Initial censored headcount ratio ( Hc ( t ) ) | | | - 0 . 003 | | - 0 . 001 | | | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | | ( 0 . 016 ) | | Initial headcount ratios of all other indicators < br > ( ∑ < br > H < br > i ≠ c < br > ci < sup > ( t ) ) < / sup > | | | | 0 . 003 | 0 . 002 | | | | | | ( 0 . 005 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | | Constant | - 0 . 002 < sup > * * * < / sup > | - 0 . 001 < sup > * < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 107, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Paper 7709 , World Bank , Washington , DC . https : / / elibrary . worldbank . org / doi / abs / 10 . 1596 / 1813-9450-7709 . Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) and ICF . 2018 . _Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016 . _ Kampala , Uganda and Rockville , Maryland , USA : UBOS and ICF . Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) . Uganda National Household Survey 2016 / 2017 Report . ( _https : / / www . ubos . org / wp-content / uploads / publications / 03_20182016_UNHS_FINAL_REPORT . pdf_ ) . WHO ’ s Global Health Observatory Data . 2014 . Woods , B . , Revill , P . , Sculpher , M . and Claxton , K . , 2016 . Country-level cost-effectiveness thresholds : initial estimates and the need for further research . _Value in Health , 19 ( 8 ) _ , pp . 929-935 . World Bank . Uganda Country Partnership Framework 2016-2021 Report No . 101173-UG . Page 55 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 363, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 506, "end": 536, "text": "Global Health Observatory Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # * * ANNEX 6 . EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS – ADDITIONAL DETAILS * * * * Efficiency is assessed as * * * * _Modest_ . * * The 21-month standstill , subsequent cancellation of EUR19 . 5 million , and compressed timeframe fundamentally altered the project ’ s feasible scale and cost structure . Although implementation accelerated after the March 2023 restart — bringing overall disbursement to roughly three-quarters of the post-cancellation envelope — the pause meant that fixed and cross-cutting costs ( PIU , PMIS / M & E , procurement remediation and funds flow regularization ) were ultimately spread over a much smaller set of verified results than the original disbursement curve assumed . The backloaded implementation — several years of very low disbursement followed by a compressed catchup phase — also reduced scope to reap economies of scale and forced key activities ( e . g . , later SME cohorts and analytics ) into a shorter window than planned . Procurement and documentation cleanup delays further slowed the rollout of contracts and added transaction costs , even though the eventual restructuring and funds flow regularization improved allocative efficiency and fiduciary control . Taken together , these factors kept portfolio-level efficiency below the threshold for a higher rating . * * The PAD Economic Rate of Return ( ERR ) could not be replicated at completion because of missing longitudinal outcome data from late delivery of outputs due to implementation standstill . * * At appraisal , the PAD estimated an overall ERR of 36 percent ( neutral scenario ) and a Net Present Value ( NPV ) of about US $ 26 million at a 10 . 5 percent discount rate ; component analyses reported ERRs of 26 percent for incubators / accelerators and 88 percent for bootcamps ( with NPVs of about US $ 8 . 07 million and US $ 5 . 24 million , respectively ) , 32 percent for the", "spans": [{"start": 1487, "end": 1512, "text": "longitudinal outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Rule of Law variables ) . These effects are among the largest ( in absolute terms ) in most specifications and for all country groups . In emerging Europe ( East and South ) and in wealthy Europe ( West and North ) alike , as well as in Europe at large , the share of non-contracted employees is positively related to _economic growth_ ( plausibly , through demand side channels - the scale effect and the time pressure ) . The same is true for informal self-employment in Eastern and Southern Europe and in Europe at large , whilst in Western and Northern Europe this effect is absent . These findings suggest that _informal [ at the main job ] employment is a pro-cyclic phenomenon in Europe_ . This is in line with finding by Hazans ( 2011a ) , based on 70 observations of 27 European countries , that the rates of dependent informal employment and unemployment never went up simultaneously between 2004 and 2009 < sup > 32 < / sup > . The level of _GDP per capita_ has a positive and significant effect on the share of non-contracted employees in Europe at large and on both types of informal employment within Eastern and Southern Europe , again suggesting that the scale effect overcomes both the substitution effect and the supply side effects . Positive association between the income level and employment informality in Europe is in a sharp contrast with the situation found in large samples of either high-income and developing countries across the world , or only developing countries , or in Latin America and the Caribbean ( see Loayza and Rigolini , 2006 ; Perry et al . , 2007 ; their results partly reported in Table 10 ) . However , we find a negative effect of income level on employment informality when the wealthy part of Europe ( the West and the North ) is considered separately . Fialova and Schneider ( 2011 ) find a similar effect on self-employment for the ― old Europe ‖ ( the West , the North , and the South ) . Note that our results are not directly comparable to those of Schneider et al . ( 2010 ) and Bajada and Schneider ( 2009 ) on", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| OutcomeIndicators < br > , | Baseline < br > , ( 2008-09 ) | Target < br > ( 2 ~ lO ) | Ac : tualResult < br > ' , ' ( 2 ~ lO ) , ' \" | Soun : e < br > , | Remarks < br > I | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | F . Area with fertilizer applications < br > ( perce ~ toftotal cultivated land ) . | 44 . 9 | 44 . 9 | 37 . 0 | Baseline : CSA ; actual : < br > DSA ( 2010 ) | Baseline and result data not directly < br > comparable : DSAdataapply only to < br > chemical fertilizer for selected < br > regions , whereas CSA baseline data < br > apply to all regions and include < br > organic fertilizer . | | G . Costs and contributionof < br > fertilizer to production and welfare < br > ( various unitsa ~ dconcepts ) . | Nobaseline < br > available . | Target not formally < br > established . < br > - | Grain production < br > increased by 5 . 6 < br > percent . < br > Yields increased ' by < br > 2 . 6 percent . < br > Project benefit-cost < br > ratio is 3 . 9 . < br > Average VCR · at < br > the farm level is < br > 2 . 4 . < br > Likely positive < br > welfare effects , in < br > particularofthe < br > _ll ! ' banpoor | CSAAnnual < br > Agricultural Sample < br > Survey < br > ICRestimates ; DSA < br > ( 2010 ) < br > Alem and SOderbom < br > (", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 551, "text": "CSA baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * consultants * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Entente directe / firmes * * < br > * * de consultants * * | > = 0 . 5 | Les justifications pour < br > l ’ entente directe < br > | | * * Entente * * < br > * * directe / Consultants * * < br > * * individuel * * | > = 0 . 2 | devront être jointes et < br > approuvées avec le < br > PPM | | * * Méthode Compétitive * * < br > * * ( Comparaison de CVs ) / * * < br > * * Consultants individuels * * | > = 0 . 2 | | * * 2 . Liste restreinte composée entièrement de firmes nationales : * * La liste restreinte de consultants pour les prestations d ’ études d ’ ingénierie , de contrôle et de surveillance estimées à moins de 300 , 000 US $ par contrat , et pour tout autre type de prestations , estimées à moins de 100 000 US $ par contrat , peut comporter entièrement de consultants nationaux selon les dispositions du paragraphe 2 . 7 des Directives de Sélection et d ’ Emploi des Consultants , et l ’ Emprunteur ne procède pas à une publication dans UNDB . * * 3 . Autre arrangement spécial de Sélection de consultants : Le seuil pour l ’ utilisation * * de la méthode de sélection de consultant fondée sur les qualifications des consultants est déterminé au cas par cas en tenant compte de la nature et de la complexité de", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . Business Cycle Synchronization – orthogonal to US business cycle * * | | Costa Rica | El Salvador | Guatemala | Honduras | Nicaragua | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Costa Rica | 1 . 000 | | | | | | El Salvador | * * 0 . 409 * * | 1 . 000 | | | | | Guatemala | * * 0 . 488 * * | 0 . 006 | 1 . 000 | | | | Honduras | 0 . 104 | 0 . 157 | * * 0 . 421 * * | 1 . 000 | | | Nicaragua | - 0 . 141 | 0 . 115 | - 0 . 076 | - 0 . 063 | 1 . 000 | | Panama | 0 . 134 | 0 . 014 | - 0 . 021 | 0 . 118 | 0 . 065 | # * * 2 . 1 . 2 Monthly Data : 1995 - 2003 * * The business cycle is usually defined in the range of 6 to 32 quarters , as such , the low frequency of annual data might be insufficient to fully assess the degree of business cycle synchronization . In this section we therefore complement our analysis in the previous section with an analysis of monthly data , where output is proxied by seasonally adjusted monthly indices of industrial production and economic activity . We use spectral analysis to estimate the correlation at different frequencies and use the average coherence at business cycle frequency ( 6 to 32 quarters ) of year-over-year changes in economic activity as a summary measure of business cycle synchronization ( Garnier , 2003 ) . The advantage of using cross-spectral densities over simple correlations in the analysis of business cycle synchronization is twofold . First , spectral analysis avoids possible business cycle distortions due to filtering , it is well known that the cycles change with the de-trending method ( Canova , 1998 ) . Second , contemporaneous correlation is unable to take lagged co-movement into account . As coherence measures the correlation between", "spans": [{"start": 550, "end": 576, "text": "Monthly Data : 1995 - 2003", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 879, "end": 891, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "domestic resources - land and labor . 10 . In manufacturing , it appears that while Kenya may well have a comparative advantage in agriculture-based processing , the protection given to import substitution industries has not only encouraged the establishment of some inefficient industries and discouraged exports by distorting input prices , but has discriminated against agriculture . Import incentives for efficient resource allocation may result from the incipient moves towards uniform tariffs and incentives for exports which the Kenyan authorities are already contemplating in collaboration with the other two Partner States of the East African Community . 11 . But restructuring growth is not easy , in any country , and Kenya will face a number of particular problems of her own . The first is to create the appropriate environment of price and other incentives to induce the private sector to develop rapidly and make better use of the resources available to it . A second problem Kenya faces is the capacity of the public sector to accelerate growth in the preferred sectors , particularly in agriculture . The problem is , of course , largely one of skilled manpower , and it is clear that Kenya ' s development potential will continue to be curtailed by the scarcity of skills for a long time . The recent basic economic report and the agricultural sector survey have both emphasized the problem of low absorptive capacity in agriculture . For industry , the dearth of managerial skills adversely affects small-scale business development and hinders efforts to screen new large-scale industrial projects . Much of the Bank ' s assistance to Kenya is aimed directly or indirectly at helping to overcome these constraints .", "spans": [{"start": 1349, "end": 1375, "text": "agricultural sector survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where * * ' A , * * is the price index of goods from the component groups that make up the aggregate at node A . This aggregation structure implies that the share of total expenditure on imports at node A that come from category Ai will be Equations ( 1 ) - ( 3 ) summarize the quantity , price , and expenditure share at a representative node . In practice , data on the value of trade in each category is normally available but data on the quantities of imports are unavailable or unreliable . This means that it will not be possible to separately identify the bA4 parameters from the data . Therefore , there is no loss of generality in normalizing prices of all imports to 1 in the initial situation . Under the assumption that the country in question is small and that goods from different source countries are imperfect substitutes , the domestic price of the imported goods in the tariff line data will be ( 1 + * * j * * ) q * , , where q * , is the exogenously given foreign price of goods in the tariff line with index ijk from the country whose index is Im and * * r ° jjkhn * * is the ad valorem tariff imposed in the initial situation . The normalization of domestic prices to 1 in the initial situation is thus a normalization of world prices to 1 / ( 1 + * * i ' ijkh , , ) * * in the initial situation . Assuming that prices in the rest of the world remain unchanged , the new domestic price will be * * Ojk , n , = * * ( 1 _ + Tlj , k , , ) / _ ( 1 * * + ° i7jj , , ) , * * where * * r ! j , l , * * is the new tariff rate . > Under this normalization , * A = 1 for all nodes A and sub-indices i in the initial situation 6", "spans": [{"start": 888, "end": 904, "text": "tariff line data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 9 Coping mechanisms for lack of NFIs * * People were asked to select from a range of options what their main coping mechanisms were for dealing with a lack of NFIs . They had an opportunity to add their own . Data sources : Syria hub , Multi sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile 134 sub-districts reporting - the most common coping mechanisms are to look for income opportunities , borrow or share the use of items with others , make debt-funded purchases , or rely on gifts . # # # # # * * 1 . 9 . 1 Coping mechanisms for lack of NFI : Percentage of reporting sub-districts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 13 . 3 % < br > 12 . 6 % < br > 10 . 3 % 10 . 2 % 10 . 2 % < br > 9 . 3 % < br > 8 . 9 % < br > 7 . 5 % < br > 5 . 6 % < br > 4 . 5 % < br > 1 . 7 % 1 . 5 % 1 . 4 % 1 . 2 % < br > 0 . 8 % < br > 0 . 5 % 0 . 3 % 0 . 3 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Look for income opportunities Borrow from others Take credit go into debt Share items Gifts or charity from other community members Trade barter Depends on humanitarian assistance Go without items Begging No problems Use alternative materials Report to community leaders No answer Other Do not know Access to nearby local market which is often risky Ignore it Recycle items # # # * * 1 . 10 General perception of the need to continue humanitarian support for NFIs * * Respondents were asked whether or not there is a continued need for humanitarian support for NFIs Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community profile :", "spans": [{"start": 297, "end": 320, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "379 , 241 | 727 , 087 | 846 , 080 | 917 , 584 | 2 , 321 , 841 | | * * Domestic credit * * < br > * * cards * * | | | | | | | | | | Processing costs | 5 , 250 | 2 . 9 % | 1 . 5 % | 1 . 4 % | 0 . 7 % | 0 . 6 % | 0 . 6 % | 0 . 2 % | | Monthly fee | 11 , 925 | 6 . 7 % | 3 . 3 % | 3 . 1 % | 1 . 6 % | 1 . 4 % | 1 . 3 % | 0 . 5 % | | Other monthly fees | 1 , 137 | 0 . 6 % | 0 . 3 % | 0 . 3 % | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 1 % | 0 . 1 % | 0 . 0 % | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 18 , 312 * * | * * 10 . 2 % * * | * * 5 . 1 % * * | * * 4 . 8 % * * | * * 2 . 5 % * * | * * 2 . 2 % * * | * * 2 . 0 % * * | * * 0 . 8 % * * | _Source : Superintendencia Bancaria ; Encuesta Calidad de Vida 2003_ 16 . * * More bank services are available for higher income clients . * * Less than 10 out of the 26 banks surveyed by the Superintendencia Bancaria provide savings services for the lowest population quintile , by income level . In addition , none of the banks offer credit card services to this segment . This supply side finding confirms the demand side finding that income is a key factor in determining access to financial services ( see Chapter 3 ) . 38", "spans": [{"start": 632, "end": 656, "text": "Encuesta Calidad de Vida", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "emotional and cognitive stimulation intersects with lack of proper nutrition and other critical inputs to increase the likelihood of long-term risks to development ( Yousafzai et al . , 2013 ) . All of these risks operate in conjunction with rising levels of food insecurity , which was estimated to be 37 percent prior to the pandemic and has increased as a result of the pandemic ( National Nutrition Survey , 2018 ; World Bank , 2021a ) . Many under-resourced households suffer from high rates of malnutrition leading to high rates of child stunting and wasting , with an estimated 40 percent of children stunted and 29 percent of children underweight ( National Nutrition Survey , 2018 ) . These health and nutritional risk factors to development are highly associated with other risk factors , such as living in a rural area , and low maternal educational status ( Khan et al . , 2019 ) , which leads to a cumulative negative impact on development . # Early learning opportunities outside the home , through early childhood education , are also few Enrollment in early childhood education is very low for children aged 3-5 in Pakistan , further curtailing access to early stimulation and learning opportunities for young children . According to 2019-20 PSLM data , just 18 . 9 percent of 3 - to 5-year-olds nationally are enrolled in ECE ( Tomlinson et al . , forthcoming ) . The greatest level of coverage is seen in Punjab , where just over one-quarter of eligible children ( 27 . 0 percent ) are enrolled , whereas in Balochistan , only 5 . 2 percent of eligible children are enrolled ( Tomlinson et al . , forthcoming ) , putting 95 percent of children in this province at a considerable disadvantage in terms of school readiness . Low-income and rural children are especially disadvantaged in terms of access to ECE — and gender inequality begins to emerge as well . Children in Pakistan who lack ECE experiences show lower rates of ontrack development than children who attend ECE programs ( e . g . , 52 percent vs . 74 percent respectively in Punjab , 2017-18 ) ( Tomlinson et al . , forthcoming ) . Very little is known about the", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 409, "text": "National Nutrition Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1267, "text": "PSLM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 15 . Incidence curves with respect to baseline , by 2030 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Growth Incidence Curve with respect to Baseline , 2030 < br > EU-IDN FTAAP TPP-15 < br > 0 50 100 0 50 100 0 50 100 < br > Percentiles of Per Capita Income < br > a : Growth b : a + Sectoral Reallocation c : b + Wage Premia d : c + Food prices < br > Growth Incidence Curve with respect to Baseline , 2030 < br > TPP-11 RCEP < br > 0 50 100 0 50 100 < br > Percentiles of Per Capita Income < br > a : Growth b : a + Sectoral Reallocation c : b + Wage Premia d : c + Food prices < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > % change , w . r . t . Baseline < br > 0 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > % change , w . r . t . Baseline < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # 6 . Conclusions With the flurry of new , more complex bilateral and regional PTAs , it is become more important to carefully assess their economic impacts . This paper has provided macro - and micro-estimates of the impacts of various important agreements currently negotiated or potentially negotiated by the largest economy in Southeast Asia – Indonesia . To that end , it has employed state-of-the-art simulation methods , including a dynamic multi-country global CGE model and a micro-simulation tool linking the macro-economic results to the household level . The results suggest that of the PTAs under investigation , the EU - CEPA would yield the largest macro-economic gains for Indonesia in terms of income , output and exports . This large impact is mainly driven by the high expected reductions in trade barriers and the high share of international trade between Indonesia and the EU", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Statistical Matching for Combining the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions and the Household Budget Surveys : An Evaluation of Energy Expenditures in Bulgaria * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > Britta Rude Monica Robayo-April JEL classification : O13 , P28 , Q42 , D12 , C15 , C52 Keywords : energy poverty , statistical matching , poverty , data fusion , imputation , EU-SILC , Bulgaria > 1 This paper was prepared as part of the Poverty Program for Bulgaria in the World Bank ' s Global Poverty and Equity Practice . The study was carried out by a team composed of Mónica Robayo-Abril ( Senior Economist , World Bank ) and Britta Rude ( Young Professional , World Bank ) . We thank the peer reviewer Paul Corral ( Senior Economist , World Bank ) , for helpful comments and feedback .", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 92, "text": "European Survey on Income and Living Conditions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 101, "end": 125, "text": "Household Budget Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( MFA ) - that we address in Section 4 - was dismantled in 2004 . A number of studies have focused on different aspects of the MFA ( Brambilla , Khandelwal and Schott , 2010 ; Harrigan and Barrows , 2009 ; Dean , 1995 ; Khandelwal , Schott , Wei , 2013 ) , and especially the implications of its expiration . # * * 3 . 3 Price undertakings and voluntary export restraints * * A second form of quantitative restriction is a voluntary agreement by exporters to raise their prices and / or restrain their export volumes . These policies are referred to as price undertakings or voluntary export restraints ( VERs ) , and while they share many common economic features ; they are currently treated in different ways under the WTO . For while VERs were supposedly banned in the Agreement on Safeguards established in 1995 , price undertakings are encouraged as an outcome in the 1995 WTO Agreement on Antidumping . < sup > 60 < / sup > Not surprisingly , given the high frequency of antidumping use across countries , price undertakings are also a relatively common outcome of the investigations . Consider , for example , the data on antidumping outcomes for the European Union . Overall , approximately 20 percent of EU antidumping investigations that found evidence of dumping by foreign exporters over 1989-2011 resulted in a negotiated price undertaking . These arrangements typically consist of a minimum import price and a market share allotment . < sup > 61 < / sup > Thus , the impact of an undertaking , like that of a quota , will depend on the competitive structure of the industry with considerable scope for losses to consumers if the market is imperfectly competitive . Table 7 summarizes the EU ’ s application of different _forms_ of import barriers arising as the outcomes of antidumping investigations over 1989-2011 . Each entry is the percent of total antidumping measures , by export origin , implemented in the form listed . < sup > 62 < / sup > The EU imposed almost two thirds of antidumping measures as ad valorem duties and roughly 10 percent as specific duties ; as noted earlier , these specific duties can also", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1173, "text": "data on antidumping outcomes for the European Union", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure C6 Skilled-unskilled wage skill premium and terms of trade * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ARG BOL BRA CHL < br > 50 100 150 100 120 140 60 80 100 120 100 150 200 < br > COL CRI ECU HND < br > 90 100 110 120 80 100 120 90 100 110 120 80 100 120 < br > MEX NIC PAN PER < br > 90 95 100 105 80 100 120 80 100 120 100 120 140 160 < br > PRY SLV URY VEN < br > 90 100 110 120 80 100 120 90 100 110 120 50 100 150 200 < br > Terms of trade ( 2000 = 100 ) < br > 1 . 1 1 . 3 1 . 6 1 . 2 < br > 1 1 . 2 1 . 15 < br > . 9 1 . 4 1 . 1 < br > 1 . 1 < br > . 8 < br > 1 1 . 05 < br > . 7 1 . 2 1 < br > 1 < br > 1 . 35 1 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 31 . 25 . 95 . 9 . 9 . 8 1 . 41 . 3 < br > 1 . 2 < br > 1 . 15 . 85 . 7 1 . 2 < br > 1 . 4 1 . 4 1 . 2 . 9 < br > 1 . 3 1 . 3 1 . 1 . 8 < br > 1 . 21 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 7 < br > 1 1 . 1 . 9 . 6 < br > Wage Premium , Skilled-Unskilled < br > 1 . 3 1 . 1 1 . 9 < br > 1 . 2 . 8 < br > 1 . 1 1 . 8 < br > 1 . 7 < br > . 9 . 9 . 6 . 6 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 51", "spans": [{"start": 1050, "end": 1056, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 1 : Estimated threshold values of the impact of the increase in the share of foreign private investors ( _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 ) and the expected public debt ( E _푡 퐷푒푏푡푖 , 푡_ + _푛_ < u > ) on the interest rate < / u > | | Threshold composition < br > | Threshold level | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( 1 ) IT | _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 = < sup > − < / sup > < sup > _훽_0 < / sup > < br > _훽_1 < br > | E_푡퐷푒푏푡푖 , 푡_ + _푛_ = < sup > − < / sup > < sup > _훿_ < / sup > < br > _훽_1 | | ( 2 ) PSTR | _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 = < br > − _훽_0 < br > _훽_1 ( _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 ; _훾_1_ , 푐_ ) < br > | E_푡퐷푒푏푡푖 , 푡_ + _푛_ = < br > − _훿_ < br > _훽_1 < br > � _휕푔_ ( _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 ; _훾_1_ , , 푐_ ) < br > _휕푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 < br > � | | ( 3 ) GPSTR | _푓_ = < br > − _훽_0 | E_퐷푒푏푡_ = < br > − _훿_ | | | _푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 < br > _훽_1 ( _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 ; _훾_1_ , 훾_2_ , 푐_ ) | _푡푖 , 푡_ + _푛_ < br > _훽_1 < br > � _휕푔_ ( _푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 ; _훾_1_ , 훾_2_ , 푐_ ) < br > _휕푓푝푖 , 푡_ − 1 < br > � | # * * 2 . 4 Data * * # # * * 2 . 4 . 1 Data coverage * * Based on forecast data availability , we use bi-annual data of 25 countries : 11 advanced economies and 14 emerging markets during 2006H2-2018H2 . Advanced economies include Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Japan , the Republic of Korea , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the", "spans": [{"start": 1037, "end": 1067, "text": "bi-annual data of 25 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Electricity Demand * * The ERT project team commissioned a local team to work with the Hospital to develop a business plan . Demand and consumer surveys were undertaken , and technical and business plans were drawn up . Technical specifications were drawn up by local and international specialists . The demand surveys showed that current peak power demand at present is around 170 kW . This comprises the service area made up of the Hospital , Kisiizi Town , the market area and the Kihanga area . It is estimated that during the first two years of operation , Kisiizi Hospital ( the Hospital complex ) will account for between 55-60 % of peak load , and a higher proportion of base load . The KHPP is fortunate to have such a large , dependable load with the hospital . As a new company , it will begin its operations with a heavy , steady load ( and a good paying customer ) from the very beginning . This is good both from a technical operational sense , as well as from a financial perspective . The Hospital will benefit in two ways . It will be able to increase its electricity consumption to provide a wider range of services within the Hospital complex . Secondly , it will earn ( from its shareholding in the KHPP ) substantial revenues to expand its service offerings and operations in the region . Revenues from the KHPP will help to reduce patient fees , on the one hand , and will make the Hospital much more autonomous ( less dependent on outside donations ) than at present . * * Table * * 1 : * * KHPP Customer Profile ( 2001 ) * * | * * Customer Category * * | * * Number * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Households * * | 400 | | * * Small businesses * * | * * 194 * * | | * * Light industry * * | 14 | | * * Institutions * * | | | Hospital |", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 168, "text": "Demand and consumer surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 320, "end": 334, "text": "demand surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1530, "end": 1551, "text": "KHPP Customer Profile", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8700 # * * Abstract * * The main goal of this paper is to document and analyze the long-term evolution of inequality of opportunity and thus extend the recent empirical literature , which is mainly concerned with its measurement at a specific point in time . Using repeated cross-section surveys for five European countries ( France , Germany , Great Britain , Italy , and Switzerland ) , the evolution of inequality of opportunity is measured for a period of about two decades for the whole populations , as well as for different birth cohorts . Relative inequality of opportunity represents an important portion of total income inequality , with values ranging from 30 to 50 percent according to the standard deviation of logs ( and reaching a lower share in case of mean log deviation ) and , for all the countries , it shows a stable or declining time trend . When the birth cohorts are followed across time , inequality of opportunity decreases with age : the effect of circumstances seems to weaken over the life cycle . This is a quite different age profile from that of inequality of outcomes ( income or consumption ) , which generally increases with age . A decomposition of the relative inequality of opportunity allows highlighting some key drivers of its time evolution . In all the countries , there has been a clear enhancement of equality of educational opportunity ( as captured by a downward trending intergenerational education persistence ) and a reduction of the returns to education . However , for some countries , notably Italy , these trends have failed to translate into decreasing inequality of opportunity in the income distribution because of the increasing role of parental networking ( an additional channel through which parental background affects the incomes of offspring ) . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Europe and Central Asia Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research .", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 325, "text": "cross-section surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 5 . Sample and Experiment Design < mark > The 2012 World Bank Group ‐ supported Economic Revitalization of KP and FATA ( ERKF ) project provided a unique setting to compare individuals who received a cash grant to rebuild or establish businesses in the conflict ‐ affected area with individuals who received both a grant and the 5 ‐ week PM + E training intervention . This allowed for the testing of the hypothesis that financial assistance coupled with the psychosocial training would be more effective than just receiving cash grants in reducing depression and anxiety , the most common manifestations of psychosocial distress . < / mark > # 5 . 1 Sample Size Calculations < mark > The unit of randomization in the study was individual entrepreneurs , with an equal number of entrepreneurs randomized into the intervention and control groups . The sample size was estimated using a recent study that measured changes in the occurrence of depressive symptoms as measured by the PHQ ‐ 9 ( as a proxy for the PHQ ‐ ADS , which has not been applied in similar contexts ) . The study utilized a sample of primary care ( clinical ) participants in the same area of Pakistan that showed a similar PM + intervention had an effect size of 0 . 725 with a PHQ ‐ 9 total score as the outcome . An effect size which is one ‐ third of the precedent effect size was assumed because the current sample was not derived from a clinically ‐ referred population . Factoring this in , a 20 percent reduction ( roughly , one ‐ third of 0 . 725 ) in the occurrence of psychological distress < / mark > was considered meaningful . < mark > Power calculations suggested a minimum sample size of 84 participants per arm ( power = 0 . 90 ; α = . 05 , 2 ‐ sided ) . To account for a 25 percent attrition at the 3 ‐ month follow ‐ up , a total of 235 participants were included and randomized into intervention ( n = 118 ) and control ( n = 117 ) arms ( Saraf , Rahman , Hamdani , Jamison , and others , 2018 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MOH-182114-GO-RFQ / Procurement of 5 No . Laptopcomputers and 5 No . mobilePhones IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 9 , 500 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-07-02 2020-10-19 2020-07-21 2020-12-01 2021-01-17 2021-06-30 < br > KE-MOH-173603-GO-RFQ / procurement of 368 hand washing stations and accessories IDA / 65980 Medical supplies and equipment Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 552 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-06-08 2020-06-09 2020-08-03 2020-11-09 2021-01-30 2020-12-10 < br > KE-MOH-184648-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 500 copies of Grievance Redress Mechanism on < br > e pager , 1000 copies of Gender Based Violence / SEA one pager , 1000 copies of Abbreviated Code of Conduct , 200 c IDA / 65980 Project implementation andmonitoring Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 7 , 700 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2020-07-20 2020-07-28 2020-10-30 < br > opies of Grievance Redress < br > Mechanism Register Log and < br > 1000 copies of Patient feedb < br > KE-MOH-188957-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 38 , 286 copies of booklets , forms , charts , Regist IDA / 65980 Availability of safe blood and blood products Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 111 , 852 . 00 0 . 00 Completed 2020-08-28 2020-10-26 2020-09 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Low female labor force participation can be an important barrier to economic growth . In Mexico , for example , women ’ s labor force participation is considerably lower than that of men and is also low in comparison to other countries . The female labor force participation rate was just 45 percent in 2019 , compared to 77 percent for men , a gap of 32 percentage points . In the OECD , only Turkey and Italy have a lower rate of female labor force participation , while in LAC only Guatemala has a lower value than Mexico . This has important economic impacts . A recent World Bank analysis suggests that if women participated at the same rate as men , per capita income could be as much as 22 percent higher ( Inchauste et al . , 2021 ) . The same analysis suggests that if Mexico could implement policies to increase the female labor force participation rate by 0 . 6 percentage points a year – in line with that observed in Spain , Ireland , and Chile – this would help eliminate the gender gap in labor force participation and increase economic growth by 0 . 4 percent a year , highlighting how increases in female labor force participation are not just an output of the development process , but a driver of it , as well . Trends in female labor force participation are determined by several key factors , including the relationship between households ’ economic conditions and female participation , the supply and demand for jobs deemed appropriate for more educated women , national growth strategies , and occupational gender segregation ( Klasen , 2018 ) . To better understand from a spatial perspective how policy can address these factors , it is useful to understand where pockets of low rates of female labor participation exist . However , most labor force surveys can only provide adequate estimates for larger areas of aggregation . Mexico ’ s labor force survey is no exception , as it can only provide estimates for urban and rural areas within states , as well as for select larger municipalities . Since Mexico has 32 states and 2 , 450 municipalities , reliable", "spans": [{"start": 1791, "end": 1810, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1881, "end": 1910, "text": "Mexico ’ s labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_assistance . _ | ▪ Special < br > measures < br > for < br > effective < br > participation , < br > compensation , < br > assistance and livelihood < br > restoration as defined in < br > the RP . | | | | | ▪ Additional assistance < br > ( e . g . , food supply , < br > medical assistance , < br > construction of houses , < br > transporting movable < br > items , and live stocks , < br > etc . ) | | _Source : RP Census Survey ( January – March 2025 ) _ Page 142", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 432, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As of December 2019 there is no me < br > indicator . | | IN00935935 | | - - - | ► % of rural safety net public works sub-projects meeting common standards ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 80 . 00 | 85 . 00 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 < br > 31-Dec-2019 | 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | In PSNP woredas only | | | | IN00936006 < br > ► # of PSNP core bene | ficiaries receiving their cash payments through e-payments ( Nu | mber , Custom ) | | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 420 , 000 . 00 < br > 2 , 770 , 188 . 00 | 2 , 770 , 188 . 00 | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 09-Jun-2017 < br > 28-Feb-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00936007 | Source : EFY 2012 2Q report | | | ► Percentage of households in the beneficiary list who are poor ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 38 . 00 | 38 . 00 | 90 . 00 | 1 / 14 / 2021 Page 3 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 892, "end": 910, "text": "EFY 2012 2Q report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 , is being explored by a Soviet geological team under a bilateral government agreement . A seismic survey has been carried out and a program of wells begun . The other area covers the Gambela Promontory close to the Sudan , which has been leased to Chevron . The exploration license provides that Chevron will undertake aerial magnetic and gravimetric survey works and to proceed to seismic studies if the results of these works are positive . Drilling will depend on the results of the seismic studies . 60 . A total of twenty-one deep wells have been drilled in the Ogaden and eight in the Red Sea area ( in addition to AGIP ' s drilling program of the early 30s ) . These wells are described in more detail in Annex IV . Considering the size of the sedimentary areas of the country and the history of oil and gas shows from past drilling , it is clear that the country remains underexplored . Legal / Contractual Framework 61 . In Ethiopia , legislation pertaining to petroleum activities is contained in legislation for the mining industry . While some mining activities are reserved exclusively for the Government , exploration and production of oil and gas can be undertaken jointly with it . Exploration was originally authorized through a system of licenses , either under a nonexclusive prospecting permit or an exploration license granting exclusive rights for minerals specified within a defined area for a period of time ( e . g . , two years ) . More recently , oil companies have worked under special agreements which incorporated elements of production licenses as part of the initial exploration license , minimum work programs , compulsory relinquishment , and reporting requirements .", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 107, "text": "seismic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": OECD TiE data , covering 51 countries and 45 sectors for the period 19952018 . The country sample covers 38 OECD countries plus 13 non-OECD countries . The red line indicates employment growth in exports equals employment growth sustained by domestic demand . # 3 . 2 In which countries and sectors are jobs in exports created ? Until the global financial crisis the number of jobs in exports increased strongly in emerging markets , dominated by jobs linked to manufacturing exports , but have started to decline since . Figure 10 plots the development of employment in exports for the sample of 51 countries by broad sector over the period 1995-2018 , differentiating between high-income ( top left panel ) and LMICs ( right panel ) using the 1995 income categorization ( see Appendix 8 ) . In the sample of emerging countries , the number of jobs in exports increased from 177 million to 310 million between 1995 and 2007 . This compares with total employment expanding from 1 , 343 million to 1 , 642 million over the same period in these countries . China and India alone added over 80 million and 30 million jobs in exports , respectively ( bottom left and right panels ) . The number of jobs in manufacturing exports almost doubled from 107 million to 210 million over this period , representing an increase from 60 to 67 percent of the total , and driven in large part by China and India . However , jobs in exports dropped strongly in 2009 and continued to decline hovering around 255 million jobs between 2016 and 2018 . Jobs linked to agriculture and mining exports combined now represent 9 percent of the total in emerging markets , while employment sustained by business services exports makes up over 27 percent . Here , China and India differ strongly , with India ’ s share of jobs in business services exports representing 36 percent in 2018 , while China ’ s share makes up less than 20 percent . 13", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 15, "text": "OECD TiE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "method consists of two steps . The initial step relies on estimating a welfare model ( Eq : 1 ) using household survey data , and then obtaining generalized least square ( _GLS_ ) estimates for the model . Given the interrelatedness between households in a cluster , ordinary least squares is not the most efficient estimator . The second stage consists in utilizing the parameter estimates from the first stage and applying these to census data to obtain small area poverty and inequality measures . Because the motivation is to implement the methodology into a Stata command , where possible , we also follow the methods implemented by PovMap ( Zhao , 2006 ) . It must be noted , however , that the methodology utilized by ELL is not necessarily the one followed by the PovMap software . Places where methodologies will be indicated in footnotes . > 9This point is crucial , and the quality of a good poverty map is highly dependent on these two criteria being met . For further discussion and motivation refer to : Tarozzi and Deaton ( 2009 ) . > 10Note that the interrelatedness of _ηc_ across observations is already a violation of _OLS_ assumptions . > 11Molina and Rao ( 2010 ) follow the naming convention of a nested error linear regression model . Regardless of its name , standard _OLS_ is invalid under this structure . > 12Rao and Molina ( 2015 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 123, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the < sup > audit evidence < / sup > < sup > * * I * * haveobtainedissufficient andappropriate < / sup > to provide a basis for my conclusion . REPORT * * ON EFFECTIVENESS * * OF * * INTERNAL CONTROLS , * * RISK * * MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE * * # # # # # * * Conclusion * * As required * * by * * Section 7 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Public Audit < sup > Act , < / sup > < sup > * * 2015 , * * basedontheprocedures < / sup > performed , except for the matter < sup > describedinthe Basisfor ConclusiononEffectiveness < / sup > of Internal Controls , Risk Management and Governance < sup > sectionofmyreport , < / sup > < sup > * * I * * confirm < / sup > that , nothing else has come to my attention to cause me < sup > tobelieve thatinternal controls , < / sup > risk management and overall governance < sup > werenoteffective . < / sup > # # # # # * * Basis for Conclusion * * # # # # * * Failure to Update Imprest Register * * Note * * 3 * * to the financial statements reflects < sup > purchaseofgoodsandservicesof < / sup > Kshs . 986 , 444 , 389 . The amount includes domestic travel and subsistence of Kshs . 293 , 082 , 937 out of which Kshs . 40 , 294 , 650 < sup > issuedasimprestwas notrecordedin < / sup > the imprest register . In the circumstances , the effectiveness < sup > oncontrolsonissuanceandrecordingofimprest < / sup > could not be confirmed . The audit was", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1236, "text": "imprest register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * 7 . * * Decentralized Systems : * * Consider decentralized systems for sewage treatment and water supply , reducing the strain on centralized infrastructure . This can include small-scale wastewater treatment and rainwater harvesting systems . 8 . * * Resilience to Climate Change : * * Design infrastructure to withstand the impacts of climate change , such as increased rainfall and flooding . Implement flood-resistant design and consider elevating infrastructure where necessary . 9 . * * Safety and Security : * * Provide proper lighting through solar-powered floodlights and ensure that roads and public spaces are well-lit for safety and security , particularly at night . night . * * Local Workforce and Skills Development : * * Use the construction of infrastructure as an opportunity for skill development and employment for local residents . This can also enhance community ownership and pride . * * Regular Maintenance Plans : * * Develop plans for ongoing maintenance and repair of infrastructure . Engage the community in the maintenance process to ensure the longevity of the infrastructure . * * Legal Recognition and Tenure Security : * * Advocate for legal recognition of informal settlements to provide residents with tenure security , enabling them to invest in and maintain their living spaces . * * Partnerships and Collaboration : * * Collaborate with NGOs , community-based organizations , government agencies , and private sector entities to pool resources , expertise , and support for holistic development . Remember that each informal settlement is unique , so solutions should be tailored to the specific context and needs of the community . It ' s crucial to involve local stakeholders , experts , and the community itself throughout the design and implementation process . 10 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 2 Sorting Patterns : Where Do Women Work ? * * Figures 1A-F plot kernel weighted polynomial bivariate regressions of the gender composition on firm-size , capital intensity , value-added per worker , wages and share of output exported , to document sorting patterns by gender . They reveal a very strong association between firm-size and the share of women in the workforce ; small firms tend to be majority-male firms , while large firms tend to be majority female-firms . In part because they tend to be larger , firms that employ a larger proportion of women are also more likely to export . Yet , the share of women in the workforce is negatively correlated with capital intensity , value-added per worker and firm average wages , variables that are positively correlated with firm-size . Firms that use proportionately more blue-collar workers also employ proportionately more women ( see figure 1F ) . The coexistence of these patterns points towards the importance of sorting by gender into different types of industries and firms . Table 1 presents descriptive statistics by industry , ranking them on the basis of the share of women they employ . Industries which are highly labor-intensive pay relatively low wages and have a high export propensity , such as the tobacco and apparel industry , employ a lot of women . By contrast , capital intensive industries , such as transport and motor vehicles , basic machinery and equipment employ relatively few women . These patterns are by no means unique to Indonesia ; very similar gender sorting patterns have been documented in a host of other countries ( see e . g . World Bank forthcoming , Chapter 5 and the references therein ) . Possible explanations for these sorting patterns are that women have a comparative advantage in industries that require fine motor skills , women may be less likely to be involved in labor disputes which can be a particular concern in large firms , and that women may lack more favorable outside opportunities ( relative to men ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > Given the sorting of women into larger firms , we will present weighted regressions . Unweighted statistics reflect average outcomes for firms", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "VAT rates in nine European ( IFS , 2011a ) and 20 OECD countries ( OECD / KIPF , 2014 ) . Both studies find that reduced VAT rates as a whole have a progressive impact , but that richer households benefit more in aggregate terms than poorer households . IFS ( 2011a ) emphasize a key reason for the overall progressive results is the application of reduced rates to the majority of food in all nine countries . OECD / KIPF ( 2014 ) finds significant variation in the distributional impact of reduced rates across expenditure types . Reduced rates typically introduced to achieve distributional goals – such as on food , water supply and energy products – are found to have a small progressive effect , but to be poorly targeted . Reduced rates typically introduced to address social , cultural and other non-distributional goals – such as reduced rates on books , restaurant food and hotel accommodation – are often found to be so poorly targeted that they have a regressive effect . < sup > 26 < / sup > Meanwhile , Warwick et al . ( 2022 ) examine the overall distributional impact of reduced VAT rates in six developing countries ( Ethiopia , Ghana , Senegal , Sri Lanka , Uzbekistan and Zambia ) . Additionally , they utilize input-output tables to estimate tax expenditures resulting from VAT exemptions . They find both progressive and regressive results , depending on the country , but that reduced rates and exemptions give significant benefit to richer households and are therefore an expensive way of attempting to support poorer households . < sup > 27 < / sup > The impact of informality in developing countries illustrated by Bachas et al . ( 2023 ) > 25 Similarly , current expenditure , and the VAT incurred on it , may have been funded from income earned in a previous year . See Thomas ( 2022a ) for a more detailed discussion . > 26 A range of other single-country microsimulation studies find similar results either for reduced VAT rates as a whole or for selected reduced rates such as on food ( e . g . , Davis and Kay , 1985 , for the United Kingdom ; Leahy et al", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1249, "text": "input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Tracks the completion , publication , and dissemination of the Early Grade Reading Assessment ( EGRA ) report , including data captured from integrated < br > refugee ‑ hostingschools | | Frequency | Once | | Data source | EGRA Assessment Data , EMIS , MoE Reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Review of document ( s ) | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Educational Assessment and Examinations Services ( EAES ) | | * * Corporate Results Indicator * * | | | Indicator Name | * * Students supported with better education ( Number ) * * < sup > * * CRI * * < / sup > | | Description | Counts the number of students at the pre-primary level benefiting from improved access and quality of pre-primary education , plus the number of students < br > at theprimarylevel benefitingfrom improved learningenvironments andqualityof teaching . | | Frequency | Annually | Page 48", "spans": [{"start": 223, "end": 243, "text": "EGRA Assessment Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Key Actions * * 1 . Accountability and Response Framework : - Conduct orientation training for the personnel of Implementing Agencies on IFPA-CD GRM including GBV and SEA / SH issues . - Obtain and disseminate pre-existing GBV service provider map for all project areas . - Complete Grievance Mechanism training for LC1 and LC3 levels from the project districts , including SEA / SH modules , and distribution of service provider maps . 2 . Institutional Strengthening : - Awareness raising for PCU at MWE and PCU at UWA and other relevant civil servants through a half-day meeting led by WB . - Enhance PCU technical capacity on GBV / SEA / SH by assigning qualified staff from MWE . 3 . Community Awareness : - Conduct up to 10 radio talk shows in major towns within the project landscape to promote awareness of SEA / SH grievance mechanisms . - Display 3 , 000 GRM posters ( already completed ) 4 . Contractor Document Review : - Review Contractors ’ Environmental and Social Management Plans ( C-ESMPs ) and recommend changes if needed . 5 . Contractor Compliance : - Ensure contractors have established grievance redress committees and that all contractor staff have signed code of conduct . - Train contractors ’ grievance redress committees on survivor-centered principles , SEA / SH verification and referral . - Ensure , through spot checks , that code of conduct requirements are applied in contractors ’ ESMPs and contracts . - Report compliance to the World Bank ( WB ) as part of regular E & S reporting . # * * 6 . Roles and Responsibilities * * * * Ministry of Water and Environment ( Lead Implementer / Project Coordinating Agency ) * * Through the PCU , - Ensures capacity building of implementing agencies including UWA - Shares best practices with implementing partners including technical service providers - Provide technical support to stakeholders - Ensures the functionality of established GBV management systems including monitoring and reporting", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Controls and Governorate Fixed Effects | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Note : This table estimates how the average Reduced Coping Strategy Index changed following the announcement of the 2017 IPC in March 2017 . Column ( 1 ) estimates a sparse specification regressing the average share of respondents in each governorate on an indicator equaling one if the survey was conducted after March 2017 ; column ( 2 ) adds governorate fixed effects and control variables ; column ( 3 ) estimates an identical specification but replaces the post indicator with indicators equaling one if the survey happened during that quarter-year time period ; column ( 4 ) interacts the post indicator with an indicator for the most severe IPC classification in the 2017 IPC announcement ( IPC 4 ) ; and column ( 5 ) further interacts the post indicator with governorate indicators for each governorate that was classified as IPC 4 2017 IPC announcement . Control variables include the number of people killed in the month before the survey , and four lags of the same variable . Standard errors are clustered by governorate and reported in parentheses . * denotes significance at the 1 percent level ; * * denotes < u > significance at the 5 percent level ; and * * * denotes significance at the 1 percent level . < / u > 40", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mechanism ( GRM ) at no cost to the PAPs . The first tier is the Settlement Grievance Redress Committee ( SGRC ) which already exists within the settlement . The second level will be the Resettlement Implementation Committee ( RIC ) which comprise of KISIP Project Coordinating Team This ARAP provides for a three tier Grievances Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) at no cost to the PAPs . The first tier is the Settlement Grievance Redress Committee ( SGRC ) which already exists within the settlement . The second level will be the Resettlement Implementation Committee ( RIC ) which comprise of KISIP Project Coordinating Team ( PCT ) , Kilifi County KISIP representative and the local administration . The third tier will be the Courts of Law to be adopted as the last resort . KISIP has already sensitized the SGRC and issued them with a grievance log which they used to document all reported , resolved and escalated grievances . Further sensitization of the SGRC will be undertaken at RAP implementation stage . # # * * Implementation of the ARAP * * The primary responsibility for implementation of the ARAP is with KISIP Project Coordination Team ( PCT ) and the Kilifi County Government KISIP Unit . These units will ensure that all PAPs are adequately facilitated as provided in the entitlement matrix ( sub section 8 . 2 ) and implementation schedule provided as table 10 . 4 in chapter 10 of this ARAP . # # * * ARAP Implementation Budget * * This ARAP provides a total implementation budget of * * KShs 5 , 184 , 201 . 00 * * ( Five Million , One Hundred and Eighty Four Thousands , Two Hundred and One Kenya Shillings ) . The PAPs will be paid compensation allocation prior to issuance of Lease certificates as presented in the ARAP implementation schedule provided in chapter 10 table 10 . 4 . > 1 Specialized assistance will include assistance in reconstruction of affected structures through provision of transport and labour from the community", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 847, "text": "grievance log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Furukawa < br > ( 2014 ) * | Student | Uganda | Education | Solar lamps increased reported study time , but nonetheless lowered < br > student test scores , perhaps due to inappropriate usage . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Aevarsdottir et < br > al ( 2017 ) + | Household | Tanzania | Consumption / < br > Jobs | Solar lamps , reduce expenditure on lighting and phone charging , and lead < br > to more employment and greater household consumption and well-being . | | Aklin et al ( 2017 ) | Household | India | Welfare | Access to off-grid solar power decreases black market kerosene < br > expenditures , without systematically affecting other outcomes . | | Ratledge et al < br > ( 2022 ) | Village | Uganda | Welfare | Grid access improves village-level asset wealth in rural Uganda by up to < br > 0 . 15 standard deviations . | Source : Compiled by the authors . Note : Findings column is based on the main finding of the paper . * represents peer-reviewed papers . Plus identifies papers following the instrumental variable approach . As a part of a field experiment in rural India , randomly chosen households were offered to set up a solar microgrid if at least 10 households within the area subscribed at a price that corresponds to about 2 percent of the monthly baseline household expenditure . The electrification rates for the households offered solar power under the experiment increased around 30 percent faster than other households . However , the study was not able to identify any consistent impacts of electrification , such as the use of lighting for study or power for the creation of new businesses ( Aklin et al , 2017 ) . # * * 4 . 2 Reliability of Supply * * Based on World Bank Enterprise Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2020 , 8 . 4 percent of the firms in the world chose electricity as the biggest obstacle affecting their businesses . The main reason for this is the unreliability of power supply , with outages", "spans": [{"start": 1714, "end": 1743, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Trying to track employment outcomes in SSA : Lessons from Uganda * * # # * * 3 . 1 Evolution of the UNHS survey and the labor force / employment module * * Uganda ’ s National Household Surveys ( UNHS ) ( formerly the Integrated Household Survey , or IHS ) has been conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) at regular intervals since 1988 . The UNHS are multipurpose household surveys , originally developed as a tool for poverty monitoring and analysis . They have been conducted on a random sample of households over a 12 month period since 1992 . Core modules include a household demographic module , health and education modules , questions measuring household living conditions assets and access to infrastructure , and a standard LSMS-type ( recall ) consumption module . < sup > 12 < / sup > The analysis in this paper focuses on the 1992 / 93 surveys onwards . This series of household surveys is noteworthy for the consistency of the overall design and quality of execution in the field . UBOS was one of the first offices in SSA to regularly make clean , anonymized unit record data available to researchers < sup > 13 < / sup > , despite numerous obstacles such as funding gaps and the regional conflict in the early 1990s . The consistency of the overall design of the household surveys did not extend to the labor force and employment modules . These modules have been altered in each survey , displaying a range of good and not so good practices . Some changes in the employment module were made to shorten the questionnaire , making room for a topic given a higher priority that year , while more recent changes were made to improve the measurement of labor force participation and employment outcomes ( e . g . more extensive screening questions ) as more attention was focused on better capturing labor outcome indicators in the country . Consequently the information content differs across surveys in terms of scope and content . This has meant that the methodology used to compute variables on the measurement of labor market outcomes - levels and trends – changed over time as", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 121, "text": "UNHS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 177, "end": 203, "text": "National Household Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 228, "end": 255, "text": "Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 907, "end": 924, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1099, "end": 1115, "text": "unit record data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Namibia | 1 | n . a . | 8 . 4 | — | 1 | n . a . | 7 . 7 | — | | Niger | 1 | n . a . | 12 . 2 | — | 1 | n . a . | 8 . 8 | — | | Nigeria | 4 | 15 kVA | 5 | 30 | 5 | 15 < br > kVA | 5 | 30 | | Rwanda | 1 | n . a . | 17 . 2 | — | 1 | n . a . | 17 . 2 | — | | Senegal | 2 | TOU | 14 . 4 | 44 | 2 | TOU | 11 . 8 | 45 | | South Africa | 3 / 1 | 25 kVA | 4 | 138 | 2 | TOU | 2 . 6 | – 31 | | Tanzania | 1 | n . a . | 5 . 3 | — | 1 | n . a . | 4 . 9 | — | | Uganda | 1 | n . a . | 21 . 8 | — | 1 | n . a . | 16 . 7 | — | | Zambia | 1 | n . a . | 3 . 7 | — | 4 | 1200 | 2 . 2 | – 45 | | Zimbabwe | 1 | n . a . | | — | 1 | n . a . | | — | _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database _Notes_ : For details see Annexes 3 and 4 . n . a . Not applicable ; — Not available ; kVa = kilovolt-ampere . 13", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 706, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries will result in differences that are small relative to the confidence intervals . A useful rule of thumb is that the observed difference in estimates of governance between two countries is not statistically significant if the confidence intervals overlap . For example , comparing Guatemala with Zambia on Government Effectiveness ( ge ) , it is clear from the graph that the 90 percent confidence intervals overlap . This means that although Zambia has a higher estimate of governance than Guatemala , the difference between the two countries should not be considered as statistically significant . In contrast , Mauritius has a much higher estimate of Government Effectiveness ( ge ) than either Guatemala or Zambia . For these comparisons , 90 percent confidence intervals do not overlap and the difference in estimates of governance can be considered statistically significant . Looking more systematically across all six aggregate indicators and all years since 1996 , 61 percent of all pairwise comparisons of countries within an indicator and year will result in estimates of governance that are significantly different in the sense that the 90 percent confidence intervals do not overlap . There are some differences across indicators and over time . For example , looking across the six aggregate indicators , the share of significant pairwise comparisons ranges from 52 percent ( for Political Stability and Absence of Violence / Terrorism ) to 70 percent ( for Voice and Accountability ) , in part reflecting the considerably smaller number of data sources that feed into the former versus the latter ( 23 vs 10 , see Annex 3 ) . Looking over time and averaging across all six indicators , the share of significant pairwise comparisons increased from 52 percent in 1996 to 62 percent in 2005 , again in part reflecting a steady increase in the number of WGI data sources over this period from 12 to 31 over this period ( see Table 1 ) . From 2005 onwards , the share of significant pairwise comparisons has fluctuated between 61 and 65 percent . This indicates that while margins of error are both substantial and important to consider when comparing countries , it also is possible to use the WGI data to identify many significant pairwise differences in estimates of governance", "spans": [{"start": 1874, "end": 1890, "text": "WGI data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2214, "end": 2222, "text": "WGI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Digital Acceleration Program ( P171305 ) 3 . * * Uganda hosts Africa ’ s largest refugee population for whom digital connectivity could offer improved access to basic services and economic opportunity . * * As a result of ongoing outbreaks of unrest , drought and socio-economic crises across the neighboring Horn of Africa sub-region < sup > 10 < / sup > , Uganda currently hosts over 1 . 4 million refugees < sup > 11 < / sup > – mostly in the Northern and Western regions of the country – making it the largest refugee-hosting country in Africa . < sup > 12 < / sup > According to the United Nations Children ’ s Fund ( UNICEF ) , women and children constitute 86 % of the refugee population in Uganda . < sup > 13 , 14 < / sup > Despite the country ’ s many challenges , Uganda has maintained an open-door policy and is expected to receive an additional influx of refugees from South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2019 . < sup > 15 < / sup > Sectoral and Institutional Context 4 . * * The digital sector represents one of the fastest growing sectors in Uganda , with positive spill-over effects on various other sectors of the economy . * * The ICT sector ’ s contribution to the country ’ s GDP has considerably increased , from 6 . 6 % in 2015 to 8 . 7 % in 2016 , < sup > 16 < / sup > recording average annual growth rates of up to 20 % . < sup > 17 < / sup > This trend is driven by i ) a series of conducive Government policies < sup > 18 < / sup > , and ii ) the significant uptake of mobile phone subscribers , which grew from 14 . 7 million in 2010 to 21 . 7 million in 2018 , representing an increasing penetration rate that has reached 56 %", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * Similar to the second semester of 2007 , asylum-seekers originating from the * * Russian Federation * * were the second largest group , with 9 , 400 new claims recorded during the first six months of 2008 , thus accounting for 6 per cent of all asylum claims in the 44 industrialized countries . The first half of 2008 , however , witnessed a 23 per cent drop in the number of Russian asylum claims compared to the second half of 2007 ( 12 , 200 claims ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > This significant decrease can be attributed primarily to Poland , the main destination for Russian asylum-seekers in 2007 and 2008 . Indeed , the Polish authorities registered about half the number of Russian claims between January and June 2008 ( 2 , 800 ) as compared to the period from June to December 2007 ( 5 , 400 ) . The number of new asylum applications submitted by citizens from * * China * * has remained fairly stable . Some 8 , 700 Chinese asylum-seekers were registered in the first half of 2008 , virtually the same number as in the preceding two semesters ( 8 , 600 each ) . Since 2002 , however , the number of Chinese nationals requesting asylum in the 44 industrialized countries has declined by one third , and in 2007 reached its lowest level in a decade . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Somali asylum claims lodged in 44 < br > industrialized countries , 1999-2008 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 15 , 000 < br > 10 , 000 < br > 5 , 000 < br > 0 < br > ' 99 ' 00 ' 01 ' 02 ' 03 ' 04 ' 05 ' 06 ' 07 ' 08 * < br > * 2008 data refers to January-June only . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > While the top three source countries of asylum", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 . Refugee population and changes by major origin and country of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * The refugee population is included in this table if the number at the end of 2006 was 5 , 000 or more . For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatriation figu < mark > res include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . Figures below 5 have been replaced with an asterisk . | | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Increa | ses during | 2006 | | | | D | ecreases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Country / | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre |", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 109, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1154, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transparency and external debts . For example , a one-point increase in the data transparency index conditional on lower external debt would reduce sovereign spreads by 0 . 00224 and conditional on an improvement in ICRG would decrease sovereign spreads by 0 . 713 . As a consequence , a combination of higher data transparency and better institutional quality would reduce bond spreads , and hence lower the costs of borrowing . The econometric results from Tables 4 and 5 are consistent with the results from fixed effects and are more robust . For example , the coefficients of GDP per capita and GDP growth are consistently positive and significant , therefore , higher GDP per capita and higher economic activity would reduce sovereign bond spreads ( lower costs of borrowing ) . Robust results of positive and significant coefficients of CPI inflation indicate that higher domestic inflation increases the costs of borrowing . The coefficients of VIX are robustly positive and significant and the coefficients of 10-year US Treasury bond yield are robustly negative and significant . Accordingly , higher global market volatility and lower US bond yield increase the costs of borrowing . As a result , both push ( global market volatility and US Treasury bond yields ) and pull ( i . e . GDP , CPI inflation , institutional quality , data transparency ) factors matter for sovereign bonds spreads . Table 6 includes trade and financial openness variables as well as its interactions with data transparency indicators . Overall the results from IV estimations are consistent with the results from the fixed effect estimations . Trade openness and financial openness have a negative and significant impact on sovereign bond spreads . Therefore opening-up markets will bring more benefits in terms of lower borrowing costs . For instance , a one-point increase in trade openness and in financial openness decreases borrowing costs by 0 . 53 points ( [ 1 ] in Table 6 ) and by 0 . 899 points ( [ 3 ] in Table 6 ) , respectively . When both variables are jointly included in the specification , a one-point increase in both trade and financial openness reduces borrowing costs by 0 . 51 and 0 . 0635 , respectively in the same regression (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Request for ProposalsShort List and Draft Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Technical Proposal Evaluation of Combined EvaluationNeReport and Draftgotiated Contract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > KE-KISII COUNTY-138397-CS - < br > CQS / Procure Consultant todevelop county health datarepository ( consultancy feeand host computer IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post IndividualConsultantSelection Direct 600 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-11-18 2019-11-28 2019-12-19 2020-01-23 2020-03-13 < br > configuration ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 1082, "end": 1110, "text": "county health datarepository", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of information from desk reviews of past National Procurement Integrity Surveys ( NPIS ) reports , PPDA annual reports and key informant interviews with key stakeholders and a descriptive analysis of NPIS 2020 survey of ministries departments agencies ( MDA ) , Local Governments ( LGs ) , suppliers , and citizens were the basis of the analysis . The 4th NPIS can be accessed at _PPDA 4th INTEGRITY SURVEY REPORT . pdf_ The results of the integrity survey , which reflect the public perception on corruption in public procurement were used to inform various stakeholders on how the public is rating the public procurement system in terms of transparency and accountability . The results were a signal to all anti – corruption institutions as well as the arms of the Government of executive , legislature and judiciary on whether corruption in public procurement is still a problem or not . According to the integrity survey that was done in FY 2019 / 20 , public perception about corruption in public procurement worsened from 72 % ( FY 2014 / 15 ) to 76 % ( FY 2019 / 20 ) . This informed the amendment of the PPDA Act ( under the provision of sanctions ) , which was Gazetted in July 2021 in which the penalties for the failure to comply with the PPDA Act were tightened . b ) * * Installation of 11 Billboards * * for promoting transparency and accountability were installed in different regions toll free line for reporting fraud in public procurement targeting 4 main highways . 6 complaints ( as shown in the table below ) were registered by PPDA within one month of installation related to irregularities and fraudulent occurrences in procurement processing pointing to increased vigilance amongst the public . | * * No . ENTITY * * | * * COMPLAINT * * | * * ORIGINATOR * * | * * DATE RECEIVED * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Alebtong < br > District | Complaint concerning", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 79, "text": "National Procurement Integrity Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 200, "end": 216, "text": "NPIS 2020 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 440, "end": 456, "text": "integrity survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 908, "end": 924, "text": "integrity survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this paper fills the gap by examining how HSR expansion may enable firms to choose domestic over imported materials , thereby driving up firm DVAR and moving China up the GVCs . This paper first proposes a new methodology to estimate firm-level DVAR from the export revenue function , based solely on customs transaction data . With the rise of GVCs , where production stages span multiple countries , traditional trade statistics are inadequate to measure a country ’ s contribution , leading to the need to properly measure DVAR in exports . Previous studies , such as Johnson and Noguera ( 2012 ) and Koopman et al . ( 2014 ) , relied on industry input-output ( IO ) tables to estimate aggregate DVAR . However , IO tables tend to over-represent large firms with higher import-to-sales ratios ( Amiti and Koning , 2007 ) , which causes aggregation biases and may underestimate DVAR . 3 Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) taking a ground-up approach , address the aggregation bias by measuring firm DVAR directly from customs transaction data and constructing industry - and country-level DVAR as the weighted averages of firm DVARs . However , while only customs transaction data is necessary for measuring firm DVAR for the exporters that use all their imports for exports , such as the processing exporters in China , for exporters who also produce for domestic markets , their approach still requires matching customs data with industrial census data to infer the proportion of imports used for exports . The matching requirement severely limits the applicability of their approach in countries without industrial census data . This paper proposes a new method to estimate the proportion of imports used in exports directly from firms ’ export revenue function . Relying solely on customs transaction data , this approach eliminates the need for additional industrial census data , making it more applicable for future research and policy work on GVCs for countries with such data limitations . To estimate the proportion of imports used for exports in the firm-level export revenue function regressions , this paper builds on the classic approach to estimate production function introduced by Olley and Pakes ( 1996 ) , who use firm investment as a proxy for firm productivity . In", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 325, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1596, "end": 1618, "text": "industrial census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Implications of the Divergence and Concentration of Export Structures_ It appears from the above that there are several inconsistencies in the region ’ s trade patterns that need further examination . First , there appears to be a significant divergence < sup > 15 < / sup > between products that are exported to the region and to the rest of the world . While primary products dominate intra-regional trade , manufactured products dominate exports to the rest of the world . India is the only exception , having achieved some symmetry in exports with the region and the rest of the world . This is mainly a consequence of the restrictive trade regimes particularly in India , Bangladesh and Pakistan despite measures to reduce them in recent years . < sup > 16 < / sup > Another explanation appears to be India ’ s growing efficiency in a range of agriculture as well as manufactured products ( discussed further , below ) . The ability to increase regional exports is contingent on the degree to which dynamic exports < sup > 17 < / sup > are incorporated in the regional export mix . Secondly , the exports of most member countries ( with the exception of India ) seem to be confined to a few products , that is , a small number of products seem to accumulate a significant share of exports revenues . The likely success or failure of any proposed regional trade arrangement is contingent on the range of products prospective members have the capacity to export or import . If the members export a wide range of diversified goods , this is a positive factor . If their exports are concentrated , it will limit the prospects of increasing regional trade . < sup > 18 < / sup > Table 7 presents a summary of the divergence and concentration estimates to further examine the two propositions , above . The summary is derived from raw data in annex Table A3 . The data are for products that > 15 Divergence is defined as the departure of intra-regional exports from extra-regional exports in major product categories . 16 See Pigato et . al and Pitigala et al ( 2001 ) for more details on trade reforms", "spans": [{"start": 1833, "end": 1859, "text": "raw data in annex Table A3", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Annex B : Estimation of GDP Projections to 2030_ * * < sup > * * _3_ * * < / sup > # < u > Estimation Method < / u > - Data from 1995 to 2020 are obtained from the World Economic Outlook database . - Data from 2014 to 2020 are IMF estimates . - Data from 2020 to 2035 are projections based on the following assumptions : 1 . Cobb ‐ Douglas production function with constant returns to scale : Y = A * K ^ ( 1 ‐ alpha ) * L ^ ( alpha ) 2 . Labor share ( alpha ) = 1 / 3 3 . TFP growth ( A ) and Capital growth ( K ) are constant at steady state 4 . Labor force growth is equal to population growth 5 . Data on population growth are taken from the UN ‐ DESA World Population Prospects 2012 ( medium fertility assumption ) # < u > Steps < / u > 1 . Derive the projections for annual growth rates of real GDP ‐ ‐ > ( World Economic Outlook data base ( WEO_NGDP_RPCH ) 2 . Rebase the WDI constant GDP series ( 2011 GDP deflator = 100 ) in LCU ‐ ‐ > WDI_GDP_constant_LCU2011 3 . Derive the projections for real GDP at 2011 prices using projected growth rates ( 2021 ‐ 2035 ) to real GDP estimates from 2020 onward ‐ ‐ > REAL GDP PER CAPITA 4 . Apply WPP 2012 population projections based on medium fertility assumption to derive projected real GDP per capita ( expressed in million LCU per capita ) ‐ ‐ > REAL GDP PER CAPITA 5 . 2011 PPP factors are applied to convert constant GDP in LCU to international $ ‐ ‐ > REAL GDP PER CAPITA 6 . A multilevel model with country and region random effects is estimated to derive GNI projections from GDP projections ‐ ‐ > REAL GNI PER CAPITA > 3 GDP estimation for 2030 was prepared by Patrick Eozenou ( Health Economist , World Bank ) for the working paper by Olusoji Adeyi , Caroline Ly , Patrick Eozenou , Allyala Nandakumar , Ariel Pablos ‐ Mendez and Timothy Evans , \" The economic", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 202, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 608, "end": 633, "text": "Data on population growth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 653, "end": 694, "text": "UN ‐ DESA World Population Prospects 2012", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 820, "end": 852, "text": "World Economic Outlook data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RCA ( Balassa ) index , the ratio between the share of an HS4 product in a country ’ s export portfolio and the share of the same product in world exports , using data from UN COMTRADE and GDP per capita data from the World Development Indicators for 2012 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 246, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Total < br > soak pit < br > public sewer public sewer < br > Count 4 31 39 47 142 263 < br > Percentage 1 . 5 11 . 8 14 . 8 17 . 9 54 100 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Socio-Economic Survey undertaken as part of the consultancy 19 March 2014 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 210, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "picture text - - > _Source : _ COVID-19 Trade Policy database , own calculations _ . _ High and upper middle-income countries , according to the World Bank income classification , enacted more trade policy measures targeting the medical sector than other countries ( Evenett et al . 2020 ) . As already mentioned , many of the trade restrictive and liberalizing measures that were adopted to increase the availability of personal protective equipment and medical supplies at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak , were subsequently removed . We consider this dynamic in the empirical analysis . 6", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 61, "text": "COVID-19 Trade Policy database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * 36 * * | | * * ANNEXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 * * | | Annex 1 * * : * * PEFA rating for Ethiopia ( 2014 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 | | Annex 2 : Continuous audit report findings data for three quarters of EFY 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 722, "text": "Continuous audit report findings data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ asile si la personne est concernée par cette opération . - C . EVALUATION DES BESOINS DANS LES ZONES DE RETOUR : Cet exercice vise , au niveau des villages identifiés , à mieux appréhender et quantifier les besoins des populations affectées par la crise : populations déplacées , retournées et communautés d ’ accueil . Les informations collectées concernent les secteurs alimentation , eau / hygiène / assainissement , abri , moyen de subsistance et éducation . - Formation : Les formations pour les évaluations des besoins sont menées par des représentants de la DNDS - dans les régions de Gao , Tombouctou et Mopti au profit des staffs DNDS . - Collecte des données : Ces évaluations sont menées dans des villages des régions de Gao , Tombouctou et - Mopti où une forte concentration de personnes déplacées et retournées ont été identifiées . • Saisie des données : Les données collectées sur le terrain seront vérifiées puis entrées dans la base de données de la DNDS à travers des tablettes androïdes depuis le terrain par les agents de collecte . Ces données seront mises en commun avec les partenaires qui réalisent des évaluations similaires au nord afin de permettre une analyse commune des besoins identifiés dans ces régions . * * 47 * *", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 973, "text": "base de données de la DNDS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "on the economic decisions of recipient households , using a natural experiment among Indian households that benefited from a large nationwide debt relief program . In particular , I test whether – similar to a bankruptcy settlement – the bailout acted to restore access to formal credit among beneficiary households and led to economically meaningful changes in investment and productivity . My analysis takes advantage of an experiment > 1For evidence on barriers to household risk-management see also Cole et al . ( 2012 ) and Gin ́ e et al . ( 2008 ) > 2USDA Economic Research Service Briefings , http : / / www . ers . usda . gov > 3See also Robert ( 2012 ) who uses the natural experiment and survey data underlying this study to test the impact of wealth on subjective well-being . > 4 “ Waiving , not drowning : India writes off farm loans . Has it also written off the rural credit culture ? ” _The Economist_ , July 3 , 2008 . > 5For the theory of moral hazard and credit rationing see Stiglitz and Weiss ( 1981 ) and Jaffee and Russell ( 1976 ) . Karlan and Zinman ( 2009 ) provide empirical evidence on moral hazard and adverse selection in an emerging credit market . 1", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 709, "text": "natural experiment and survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the achievement of targeted results . This component amounts in total to JD 82 . 65 million ( US $ 116 . 45 million ) over four years . - * * Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship ( MODEE ) * * : A full budget program is dedicated to e - government . Relevant budget lines for the Program are included in the expenditure framework for a total amount of JD 16 . 70 million ( US $ 23 . 50 million ) from March 2027 onwards , since prior to that , the budget program is already included in eligible expenditures for the YTJ ( P170669 ) that closes on February 28 , 2027 . - * * Service and Public Administration Commission ( SPAC ) , * * which replaced the Civil Service Bureau from January 1 , 2024 : Its entire budget is captured for a total amount of JD 16 . 70 million ( US $ 23 . 55 million ) over four years . - * * Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation ( MOPIC ) * * : A single budget line in the 2024 , 2025 , and 2026 budgets of the Department of Statistics ( DOS ) are earmarked for the completion of the 2025 population census . It is included in the program of expenditure for a total amount of JD 24 . 00 million ( US $ 33 . 80 million ) . This budget line was not included in the DOS budget for 2023 , which is part of the program of expenditure of the Jordan Transparent , Inclusive and Climate Responsive Investment PforR . - * * B . PforR Program Scope * * * * 17 . The Program supports the achievement of three cross-cutting strategic objectives of the government reform agenda ( service delivery , government effectiveness , and transparency and accountability ) by leveraging government digitalization across the board with a focus on human capital ( health and education ) and the refugee agenda . * * Accordingly , the Program boundary is delineated by three Result Areas ( RAs ) ( See figure 2 ) : - 1 ) Service delivery through", "spans": [{"start": 1039, "end": 1061, "text": "2025 population census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> studies ; case studies of < br > successful examples ; impact < br > studies < br > * < br > Household surveys ; farmers < br > and focus group interviews < br > * < br > Fann surveys ; adoption rate < br > studies ; case studies of < br > successful examples | * < br > Stakeholders , especially farmers , < br > actively participate in research < br > planning and implementation < br > * < br > Technologies developed are < br > relevant to farmers ' conditions < br > and inputs are available and < br > affordable < br > * < br > Policies provide incentives for < br > adoption of improved < br > technologies |", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 112, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 173, "end": 185, "text": "Fann surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- MICS - by Geopolitical Zone - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > child 5-9 child 10-14 child 15-17 Total child 5-9 child 10-14 child 15-17 Total < br > MICS 2016 / 2017_NC MICS 2016 / 2017_NE MICS 2016 / 2017_NW MICS 2016 / 2017_NC MICS 2016 / 2017_NE MICS 2016 / 2017_NW < br > MICS 2016 / 2017_SE MICS 2016 / 2017_SS MICS 2016 / 2017_SW MICS 2016 / 2017_SE MICS 2016 / 2017_SS MICS 2016 / 2017_SW < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-4 and MICS 2016 / 17 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . Comparing state level severe education deprivation rates in Figure 9 with state level non-enrollment rate in Figures 13 and 14 shows that high shares of education deprivation do not necessarily imply high dropout rates , the difference between the shares displayed in Figures 10 and 13 / 14 for those who ever attended school . Rather it seems to suggest , that while children in some states may be less severely deprived of education , it does not inform about the duration of schooling for those non-deprived children , leaving quality all aside . Overall , however , state level school non-enrollment rates in Figures 13 , 14 and 15 largely display the same urban rural and north-south pattern as estimates of severe education deprivation in Figures 9 and 10 though with even higher inter-state discrepancies . The highest share of children of school going age not in school is found in Bauchi , where 68 percent of rural girls and 66 percent of rural boys are out of school , meaning only roughly one third of rural children is attending school . It is worth noting though that there is", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 620, "text": "GHS Wave 1-4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 625, "end": 639, "text": "MICS 2016 / 17", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée * * | * * ( > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | ZEGOUA | 104 | 295 | 201 | 496 | 227 | 150 | 377 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 524 | 353 | 877 | | * * KOUTIALA * * | * * 218 * * | * * 621 * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "sourced through Earth Map ( * * Figure 23 ) * * . A field visit was conducted from 27 to 28 August 2025 , to ground truth the land cover units , which are categorized as either modified or natural habitats ( * * Table 21 * * ) to estimate the extent of natural habitat associated the TL route . Some land cover units represent both modified and natural habitats and percentage compositions are applied based on field observations . Further field validation of this classification is required . * * Figure 19 : * * * * _CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 m resolution ) Land Cover Showing the Wobulenzi-Masaka TL_ * * * * Table 21 : * * * * _Calculation of Modified and Natural Habitat Extent Along the Wobulenzi-Masaka TL Route Based on CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 m Resolution ) and Ground Truthing_ * * | | * * Land * * | * * Correctio * * | * * n * * < sup > * * Note ( a ) * * < / sup > | * * Estimated Ha * * | * * bitat Extent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Landcover Unit * * | * * cover * * | | | * * ( ha * * | * * ) * * | | * * Wobulenzi-Masaka TL route * * | * * extent * * < br > * * ( ha ) * * | * * Modified * * < br > * * habitat * * | * * Natural * * < br > * * Habitat * * | * * Modified * * < br > * * Habitat * * | * * Natural * * < br > * * Habitat * * | | Built up areas | 254 . 6 |", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 25, "text": "Earth Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 730, "end": 752, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 01-28 | 2024-03-03 | 2024-04-07 | 2025-04-07 | | opographical Survey of 10 Se < br > lected Informal Settlements i < br > n Kisii , Nakuru and Nandi Co < br > unties ; Lot VIII – Cluster 3 | ng | ase eecon < br > | | aon | | | | | | | | | Page 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "export revenue of the firm , log ( m ) pdt is the average unit import value of the six-digit HS product _p_ in a particular destination , and log ( employment ) ft is the number of workers that firm _f_ employs . The availability of employment data determines the sample size in the last specification . 9", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 248, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9000 # * * Abstract * * Many studies have demonstrated that Mexico ’ s conditional cash transfer program , PROSPERA , has substantial effects on educational attainment . Nevertheless , little evidence exists on whether increases in time spent in school have led to higher learning in the context of the poor areas where PROSPERA principally operates , which tend to have overall low school quality . This study combines data from nationwide achievement tests with administrative data on PROSPERA beneficiaries to estimate impacts on achievement tests . The analysis finds significant effects on learning , as measured by standardized achievement tests , on the order of magnitude of 0 . 05 to standard deviation , with larger effects for indigenous children . The analysis also confirms large effects on enrollment in secondary and high school , using administrative school enrollment data rather than self-reported household-level data , as generally used in previous studies . Finally , given the existence of several alternative tracks in secondary and high school , the study also examines where PROSPERA beneficiaries enroll . The findings show that most of the increase in enrollment occurs in tele-secondary schools and , at the high school level , in general high schools . This paper is a product of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted atswparker @ umd . edu and the coordinators of the studies may be contacted at cavilaparra @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 488, "text": "nationwide achievement tests", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 494, "end": 539, "text": "administrative data on PROSPERA beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 882, "end": 919, "text": "administrative school enrollment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 946, "end": 966, "text": "household-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated , and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delineation to prevent further population influx . 22 . For projects that are highly risky or contentious , or that involve significant and complex resettlement activities , the borrower should normally engage an advisory panel of independent , internationally recognized resettlement specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the resettlement activities . The size , role , and frequency of meeting depend on the complexity of the resettlement . If independent technical advisory panels are established under OP 4 . 01 , _Environmental Assessment_ , the resettlement panel may form part of the environmental panel of experts . See < u > BP < / u > 85", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 53, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 7 Page 2 - ( v ) types and volume of production credit for current inputs , on-farm investments and investments in agriculture-related industries compared with gross agricultural production , GNP , and total credit for all purposes ; loan distribbution by purpose , number and size of loans , related to farm size categories , and to total number of farms ; - ( vi ) technical and financial loan appraisal techniques , borrower selection and borrowing terms with due attention to security requirements , legal instruments of security and their effectiveness ; - ( vii ) external constraints to agricultural credit , including land-tenure situations , existing indebtedness , sufficiency of qualified staff , extension , research , timely availability of farm inputs , and marketing facilities ; price policies regarding farm inputs and commodities ; and - ( viii ) taxes includin : ; import / export duties and their effect on farm input costs , farm output prices and generation of Government tax revenue . - ( b ) Future agricultural credit policies and institutions , including any recommended changes in institutional arrangements , policies and practices , and any measures for increasing and mobilizing rural savings , expanding rediscount facilities , and encouraging further private commercial banking in agriculture . - ( c ) Estimated credit requirements for the next five years : - ( i ) farm credit needs , based upon survey of farm households , including both small and large-scale and pasturalists and projected future developments , for seasonal and longer term credit ; these should cover the relationship between seasonal and longer term loans , and include investments for land and water development ; the survey would examine past and existing sources , terms and use of credit in relation to future needs ; and - ( ii ) credit needs for related agricultural activities , including handling , marketing , and processing of farm products ; procurement and distribution of fertilizers , seed , farm chemicals and machinery . - ( d ) Propose specific credit programs in support of priorities in Agricultural Sector :", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1461, "text": "survey of farm households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 3 : Tests of _β_ - convergence conditional on public spending and CCT data , 2000 – 14 | | * * ( 1 ) * * | * * ( 2 ) * * | * * ( 3 ) * * | * * ( 4 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 2000-2014 * * | * * 2000-2005 * * | * * 2005-2010 * * | * * 2010-2014 * * | | | | * * a . All mun * * | * * icipalities * * | | | | _ − _0_ . _025 * * * | _ − _0_ . _059 * * * | _ − _0_ . _026 * * * | _ − _0_ . _015 * * * | | _ln yit − τ_ | ( 0 . 002 ) | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 004 ) | | | 0 . 003 * * | 0 . 006 * * | _ − _0_ . _010 * * * | 0 . 025 * * * | | Public spending | ( 0 . 001 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | | | 0 . 035 * * * | 0 . 067 * * * | _ − _0_ . _023 | _ − _0_ . _055 * * | | Annual growth in CCT coverage | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 026 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | | Obs . | 1 , 957 | 1 , 957 | 2 , 106 | 2 , 035 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 367 | 0 . 348 | 0 . 182 | 0 . 065 | | | | * * b . Urban m * * | * * unicipalities * * | | | | _ − _0_ . _025 * * * | _", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 80, "text": "CCT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 70 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 year . This is also the only direction from which higher winds ( 9 + knots ) arise to any significant extent . Given the recorded conditions at Jinja , wind erosion of exposed ground is unlikely to be a significant source of airborne dust . Dust generated by mechanical disturbance of soil most probably would affect an area limited to the north and northwest of the source . # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 2 Ambient Noise * * Sample measurements of the existing noise conditions were conducted near representative residential areas in the vicinity of the dam works and quarry areas as part of the AESNP EIA . Land use has not changed significantly and therefore these data are considered representative of current conditions . The summary results of the I 0-minute measurements , at locations A to F as shown in Figure 3 . 4 , are given in Table 3 . 6 . The table gives the date and start time of each measurement , the LA90 level ( background level exceeded for 90 percent of the measurement period ) , the LAI level ( that exceeded for I percent of the period - approximating to the typical highest level ) and the LAeq ( energy equivalent ) level . The final column indicates the primary noise sources contributing to the measured levels , as recorded by field staff during the instrumental measurement . * * R . J . * * Burnside International Limited * * I-A 10045 * *", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 904, "text": "I 0-minute measurements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3768 # * * Road Freight Logistics , Competition and Innovation : Downstream Benefits and Policy Implications * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > Mark Dutz The World Bank # # * * Abstract * * This empirical paper sheds light on a significant element of the debate of whether infrastructure services have a strong impact on economic development by exploring the impact of innovative road freight services on downstream business users . The paper uses a new and purpose-specific survey of 165 logistics service providers and 493 user enterprises in food processing , food distribution and the automotive industry in the Czech Republic , Hungary and Poland . The main findings are that there are substantial downstream benefits from innovations in road freight services , both dampening cost increases and raising sales revenues of business users . The additional finding that increased intensity of competition in road freight services is significantly associated with the provision of innovative services suggests that easing any remaining barriers to competition in upstream business sectors should be a priority . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3768 , November 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ 1 I am grateful to Maria Vagliasindi for helpful suggestions throughout the research project , and to Professor Remy Prud ’ homme for useful feedback . This paper and the underlying enterprise data were prepared under funding from World Bank research grant ‘ Road freight transport , competition , and innovation ’ ( RPO 683-44 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 2029, "end": 2044, "text": "enterprise data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is therefore missing for 1998 . Although Indonesian < sup > Bank Danamon < / sup > merged with state-owned bank PDCFI in 1998 , both banks continued < sup > reporting separately for another year , < / sup > so that we could include Bank Danamon ' s 1998 data . For Japan , two < sup > long-term credit banks have been de - < / sup > listed - Long Term Credit Bank on October 26h , 1998 and Nippon Credit < sup > Bank on December < / sup > * * 14 * * < sup > * * th , * * 1998 - < / sup > and have been nationalized . Since both banks did report 1998 deposit data , we were < sup > able to include the < / sup > 1998 data of those two banks as well . For Malaysia , we did not include < sup > Kwong Yik Bank , because this < / sup > bank was acquired by RHB Capital and officially de-listed on August < sup > 26h , 1997 . For Korea , we exclude < / sup > Commercial Bank of Korea and Korea Long Term Credit Bank , because they were < sup > not listed , and < / sup > Donghwa Bank , because it only started to operate in 1996 . The < sup > sample of Korean banks changes in 1998 < / sup > 12", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 258, "text": "Bank Danamon ' s 1998 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 545, "end": 562, "text": "1998 deposit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 611, "end": 639, "text": "1998 data of those two banks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With the data , we compute firm-level export and import values , volumes , prices , number of transactions , export destinations , import origin countries , and number of products . The average price calculation at the firm-level accounts for the fact that different firms produce different products . So , for every disaggregated product ( 8-digit HS code ) , we compute the average price per unit across all firms and all destinations in that month . For every firm , we compute a ratio most disaggregated produce-wise : the numerator is the price that the firm charges for that HS-8 product and the denominator is the average price of that product . Then , we compute a weighted firm-month average price per unit of these products in the firm ’ s export basket . We define GVC firms as firms that imported and exported at least once in the Covid-19 preperiod ( February 2019-November 2019 ) . Non-GVC firms are either pure importers or pure exporters . There are 8 , 290 GVC firms ( 23 . 11 % ) , 22 , 065 pure importers ( 61 . 52 % ) , and 5 , 511 pure exporters ( 15 . 37 % ) in our data . The data shows that 80 . 4 percent of export value for Indonesia was generated by GVC firms before Covid ( i . e . , before March 2020 ) and 82 . 1 percent after Covid . Overall , about 81 . 5 percent of Indonesia ’ s exports were generated by GVC firms in the sample period . These figures are slightly higher than what was reported in other studies where about two-thirds of export values were generated by importing-exporters ( Cal ` ı et al . , 2022 ) . The data on non-tariff measures ( NTMs ) is sourced from the World Bank NTM database for Indonesia . < sup > 1 < / sup > This dataset improves on existing data from UNCTAD-ERIA through more frequent updates , a wider variety of sources , and intensive forward and backward tracing that enables the creation of panel data . The data is hand collected through extensive regulatory checks , careful coding processes using the UNCTAD 3-digit MAST classification", "spans": [{"start": 1614, "end": 1637, "text": "World Bank NTM database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1718, "end": 1729, "text": "UNCTAD-ERIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * - ( c ) Land in respect of which no individual or community ownership can be established by any legal process ; - ( d ) Land in respect of which no heir can be identified by any legal process . The functions of NLC in managing public land on behalf of the national and county governments , monitoring and having oversight responsibilities over land use planning and the registration of all rights and interests in land are buttressed in the National Land Commission Act 2012 . Article 63 ( 2 ) defines community land as consisting of : - ( _a_ ) land lawfully registered in the name of group representatives under the provisions of any law ; - ( _b_ ) land lawfully transferred to a specific community by any process of law ; - ( _c_ ) any other land declared to be community land by an Act of Parliament ; and - ( _d_ ) land that is — - ( i ) lawfully held , managed or used by specific communities as community forests , grazing areas or shrines ; - ( ii ) ancestral lands and lands traditionally occupied by hunter-gatherer communities ; or - ( iii ) lawfully held as trust land by the county governments , but not including any public land held in trust by the county government under Article 62 ( 2 ) . Article 64 of the constitution defines private land as consisting of : ( _a_ ) registered land held by any person under any freehold tenure ; ( _b_ ) land held by any person under leasehold tenure ; and ( _c_ ) any other land declared private land under an Act of Parliament . The Land Registration Act 2012 revises , consolidates and rationalizes the registration of titles to land , to give effect to the principles and objects of devolved government in land registration . Section 7 requires the establishment of a land registry containing cadastral maps and names of the land owners while Section 8 details the requirements of such where community land", "spans": [{"start": 1790, "end": 1803, "text": "land registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 138 and 0 . 345 sd , consistent with moderate-to-large treatment effects . The effect on the socio-emotional index remain statistically insignificant . Overall , these results confirm that low ITT impacts are consistent with moderateto-large effects on h-compliers . * * Conditional LATE * * We next turn to the conditional LATE approach which allows us to estimate both _LATEhc_ and _LATEac_ . In a first step we reject that each set of instruments is weak ( the last row of Table 11 ) . This is reassuring as it confirms that the instruments selected do predict ASP enrollment well in the control group ( and its substitution to CPS in the treatment group ) . For each set of instruments , we also run an over-identification test ( except for the LASSO which is just-identified ) : since the instruments are all from the baseline survey and are interacted with the random assignment , they are exogenous and will fail the over-identification test only when treatment effects are not homogeneous . Failing the over-identification test would therefore be an indication that the constant treatment assumption is violated . In most cases , our instruments pass the over-identification test . For both aggregate indexes , the over-identification test is passed for all specifications . 28", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 840, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * A . 1 Example of data extraction and analysis * * In this section we exemplify how researchers can use our dataset for generating descriptive statistics about public procurement and budget execution across Brazilian municipalities . The full documentation on using datasets hosted on the Data Basis platform can be found at https : / / basedosdados . github . io / mais ( in Portuguese ) , including video tutorials and details on how to create projects at Google BigQuery . Here we provide a simple example using the ‘ basedosdados ‘ R package . This package allows users to connect to their BigQuery projects ( and billing ID ) and directly make SQL queries on BigQuery datasets , which are then loaded in R . The SQL query presented below does the following : it connects to the _licitacao_ ( tender ) table including tender-level information for all municipalities and years covered in our data ( over 2 . 3 million unique tenders ) ; it creates an indicator for when the modality is defined as categories 8 ( waiver ) or 10 ( non-requirement ) ; then it computes the average share of tenders that are non-competitive and the total number of tenders at the municipality-year level . The resulting table , loaded in the ‘ data ‘ object , includes 19 , 033 municipality-year observations . When executed , this query took 3 seconds to process the 2 . 3 million observations and provide us these summarized statistics . We then can simply plot a histogram of the share of non-competitive tenders across municipality - year ( in this case , we filter the dataset for observations with at least 50 tenders ) . We present the results in Figure A . 7 . We can see that the average we describe in Table 2 of 30 % - 40 % masks substantial heterogeneity : while a substantial amount of municipalities in a given year do not use non-competitive modalities , in some municipalities the share of these is above three-quarters . Using this dataset and auxiliary tables also easily accessible in the ‘ basedosdados ‘ package , we could also explore additional questions , such as whether the use of non-competitive tenders vary systematically over time", "spans": [{"start": 1997, "end": 2009, "text": "basedosdados", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 details on bilateral tariffs ( incorporating all significant reciprocal and non-reciprocal preferences ) including ad valorem tariff equivalents of specific and compound tariffs and key non-tariff barriers such as tariff rate quotas ( TRQs ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > The new GTAP database has lower tariffs than the previous Version 5 database because of the inclusion for the first time of non-reciprocal trade preferences and because of major reforms between 1997 and 2001 such as China ’ s progress towards WTO accession ( which alone contributed to the ratio of global exports plus imports to GDP rising from 44 to 46 percent over those four years ) and the continued implementation of the Uruguay Round agreements ( van der Mensbrugghe 2006 ) . According to this dataset , the average import tariff in high-income countries in 2001 is 20 . 2 percent for primary agricultural products , and 13 . 0 percent for processed food , compared with just 0 . 5 percent for other primary products and 2 . 1 percent for other manufactures . < sup > 3 < / sup > In developing countries , by contrast , the average tariff for primary agriculture is lower at 17 . 0 percent , while it is higher for the other three sectors at 19 . 3 percent for processed food , 2 . 5 percent for other primary products , and 10 . 0 for other manufactures . Needless to say , these averages vary considerably within those two country groups , as shown in Table 1 ( a ) . These import tariff averages can be poor indicators of overall assistance to farming , even if there were no farm production or trade subsidies or any exceptional tax > 2 More information on the MAcMaps database is available in Bouët et al . ( 2004 ) and at < u > http : / / www . cepii . fr / anglaisgraph / bdd / macmap . htm . For details of its incorporation into the GTAP < / u > Version 6 dataset , see Dimaranan and McDougall ( 2005 ) and < u > www . gtap . org . < / u > > 3 High-income countries include all members of the", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 287, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1638, "end": 1654, "text": "MAcMaps database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1815, "end": 1819, "text": "GTAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2024 | No < br > 23-May-2025 | Yes | Oct / 2028 | | ( Yes / No ) PBC | Comments on achi | eving targets | This work is on track ; the transition to | Basel II framework is | expected in FY26 | | Climate related financial risk | No | Oct / 2024 | No < br > 23-May-2025 | Yes | Oct / 2028 | | guideline issued ( Yes / No ) PBC | Comments on achi | eving targets | Not yet due | | | | Number of financial institutions | 0 | Oct / 2024 | 0 < br > 23-May-2025 | 3 | Oct / 2028 | | monitoring and collecting sex - < br > disaggregated financial sector data < br > ( Number ) < br > * * Component 2 : Reform , Restructuring * * | Comments on achi < br > * * and Recapitalization o * * | eving targets < br > * * f the CBE * * | This will be tracked going forward | | | | | Baseli | ne | Actual ( Current ) | ClosingP | eriod | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value < br > Date | Value | Month / Year | | | No | Oct / 2024 | Yes < br > 23-May-2025 | Yes | Oct / 2025 | | A new commercial operating model | | | < br > | | | | of CBE is adopted ( Yes / No ) PBC | Comments on achi | eving targets | Achieved | | | | | No | Oct / 2024 | Yes < br > 23-May-2025 | Yes | Oct / 2025 | Page 4 of 9 Jun 27 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 550, "text": "disaggregated financial sector data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our robustness exercise revolves around three potential sources of biases in our results : the relationship between population attributes and trust ; the impact of _non-foreign_ assistance on trust and the nature of reporting bias in our measure of the presence of foreign organizations . # < u > Trust and Population Attributes < / u > # < u > Risk Aversion < / u > A substantial experimental ( both field and lab based ) literature studies the relationship between risk aversion and trust ; although the general finding from this literature is not conclusive ( see for instance , Eckel and Wilson 2004 ) , it is possible that our results could arise from preexisting differences risk-aversion or the way that that the earthquake changed people ’ s risk attitudes . < sup > 14 < / sup > If the experience of an earthquake increased risk aversion and increases in risk aversion lead to a loss of trust in other locals ( relative to outsiders ) , we would observe the patterns documented above . In our household survey , we asked respondents to play a hypothetical game ( real money was not involved ) where they had to select s single scheme from among a menu of risky options . Specifically , we posited that : _In every scheme , you have a 50 / 50 chance of making a small profit or a big profit . Out of these schemes , which one would you choose ? _ The options started from a profit of Rs . 50 regardless of the draw ( 0 risk ) increasing in risk and return to Rs . 0 with 50 percent probability and Rs . 200 with 50 percent probability . The options were ordered in an ordinal fashion to represent higher risks . In Table 11 , we add in household choices in this game as indicator variables , increasing in their risk attitudes , to the base specification . Note that there is a drop in the number of observations because 25 percent of our > 14 For instance , Ben-ner and Putterman ( 2001 ) : “ Consider next the determinants of trusting . The main factors are A ’ s information about B ( and his trustworthiness", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "` ` ` paragraph ( i ) above . ` ` ` - ` ( c ) ( i ) Carrying out socio-economic studies on small-scale fishing and fishing commodity systems , their effects on the environment , alternative management strategies , consequences of changes in fishing policies , social amenities in fishing communities and the contribution of fisheries to the national economy ; ` - ` ( ii ) establishment of a database to develop bibliographies and a central clearing house for information about Lake Victoria and an electronic communications network ; and ` - ` ( iii ) acquisition of vehicles , boats , office , laboratory and field equipment , books and journals and provision of training , workshops and technical advisory services for above activities . ` ` ` ` 3 . Fisheries Extension , Policies and Law ` ` ` - ` ( a ) Harmonization of fisheries laws of the Borrowers . ` ` ` ` ( b ) Identification and establishment of closed fishing areas in Kenya and Uganda and confirmation of those already established in Tanzania . ` ` ` ` ` ` ( c ) Training of officers to ensure compliance with laws related to fisheries and establishment of customs posts at selected border landing sites . ` ` ` ` ` ` ( d ) Introduction in pilot zones of new techniques in fishery , small-scale aquaculture and promotion of organizations of persons engaged in fishing to monitor fisheries in the Lake . ` ` ` ` ` ` ( e ) Establishment of a fish quality control laboratory in each of the Borrowers ’ territories . ` ` ` ` ` ` ( f ) Carrying out by communities of Microprojects to provide sanitary facilities , water supply , local roads and health facilities . ` ` ` ` ` ` ( g ) Acquisition of vehicles , boats , office , laboratory and field equipment and provision of training , workshops and technical advisory services for activities in paragraphs ( a ) through ( f ) above . ` ` ` ` ` ` 4 . Fish Levy Trust ` ` ` ` ` ` Carrying out a study and making recommendations to raise", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 426, "text": "database to develop bibliographies", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project - Additional Financing 1 ( P181168 ) # # # # # * * PROJECT FINANCING DATA ( US $ , Millions ) * * # # # * * SUMMARY ( Total Financing ) * * | | Current Financing | Proposed Additional < br > Financing | Total Proposed < br > Financing | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Total Project Cost * * | 300 . 00 | 31 . 00 | 331 . 00 | | * * Total Financing * * | 300 . 00 | 31 . 00 | 331 . 00 | | * * Financing Gap * * | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | * * DETAILSNewFinEnh1 - Additional Financing * * | | | | | * * Non-World Bank Group Financing * * | | | | | Trust Funds | | | 31 . 00 | | Early Learning Partnership | | | 3 . 00 | | Miscellaneous 1 | | | 28 . 00 | | * * COMPLIANCE * * | | | | | * * Policy * * | | | | Does the project depart from the CPF in content or in other significant respects ? [ ] Yes [ ✔ ] No Does the project require any other Policy waiver ( s ) ? < mark > [ ] Yes [ ✔ ] No < / mark > Page 4 of 49 June 17 , 2024", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Engagement of respective county social development specialists at the local level to verify legitimacy of community representatives and representing organizations from the official CBO registration records . - Learning from similar WB financed PforR Programs previously and or currently implemented within the similar geographical areas such as Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK I ) , Kenya Urban Support Program ( KUSP ) I & II , Kenya Devolution Support Program ( KDSP I ) , Financing Locally Led Climate Action ( FLLoCA ) , Kenya Water Sanitation and Hygiene Program ( WASH ) , Kenya Green and Resilient Expansion of Sustainable Access to Electricity Program ( GREEN ) among others . This far , KDSP II has consulted a number of stakeholders during the following undertakings : i ) Environmental and Social System Assessment ; ii ) , Mission for the Governance and Public Sector Reforms for KDSP II and iii ) Preparation Mission for KDSP II . Stakeholders consulted thus far include : - Representatives of minority VMGs . - Civil Society Groups . - Lead ESHS agencies . - National and county - government entities . Engagement with all identified stakeholders will help ensure the greatest possible contribution from the stakeholder parties towards the successful implementation of TA activities and will enable the Program to draw on the pre-existing expertise , networks , and agendas . It will also facilitate both the community and institutional endorsement of the Program by various parties . Access to the local knowledge and experience also becomes possible through the active involvement of stakeholders . KDSP II has a wide range of stakeholders including national and county government , private sector , civil society , and the general public . Some of whom were engaged during the ESSA consultations . However , for the purposes of the SEP , stakeholders who are likely to be directly affected by the TA activities , include , but are not limited to : Affected Parties : Individuals , groups and other entities that are directly affected ( actually or potentially ) by the project and / or have been identified as most susceptible", "spans": [{"start": 183, "end": 207, "text": "CBO registration records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from estimates of the capital stock per customer for an efficient firm plus information on operation and maintenance costs and efficiency levels ( in terms of losses and employees ) for the period 2010 – 15 , derived from the IBNET data set . A total cost-reflective tariff that covers both operating expenditure ( OPEX ) and capital expenditure ( CAPEX ) ( defined as CRT ) and a costreflective tariff that covers only OPEX ( defined as CRTopex ) are estimated . < sup > 5 < / sup > # * * 2 . 2 Descriptive statistics * * Table 1 presents some descriptive statistics of the rates of households connected to piped water in each country analyzed ; countries are listed in descending order by gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita . These statistics are country-wide , and outline the areas covered by each household survey and not only those served by utility companies . < sup > 6 < / sup > Column 1 shows the proportion of all households ( regardless of whether they have access or not ) that report using piped water as their main source of drinking water . < sup > 7 < / sup > Column 2 shows the same figure for rural households , column 3 for urban households , and column 4 for poor households . Despite wide variations in coverage rates across countries , connection levels are consistently higher among urban households than both rural and poor ones . < sup > 8 < / sup > The African countries in our sample with the lowest GDP per capita ( Ethiopia , Mali , Niger , and Uganda ; column 5 ) also have the lowest connection rate , at below 5 percent among rural and poor households . Bangladesh , a relatively poor country , presents a similar pattern . Nigeria ’ s connection rates are quite low given the country ’ s income per capita , but disparities among different population segments are smaller . The three Latin American countries have substantially higher connection rates , between 70 and 95 percent for the general population , and around 50 percent or over for rural and poor households . Vietnam falls in the middle , with a connection", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 240, "text": "IBNET data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on households , including increasing the threshold rate of the Guaranteed Minimum Income program , the main national poverty-targeted program ; and a self-targeted public works program for unemployed people . Our simulations indicate that these measures may have helped cushion crisis impacts for some of the hardest hit households . However , the scale of the crisis exceeded the ability of programs launched under the Emergency Social Safety Net to offset negative impacts . As a result , poor and near-poor people continued to suffer considerable hardship . > 13 We have SILC data collected in 2009 but since SILC income data refer to the previous year ’ s earnings , the 2009 SILC income data cannot be used as post-crisis income . 14 Poverty numbers are based on HBS income data . A household is considered to live in poverty if total household disposable income is below LVL 90 per capita per month . 17", "spans": [{"start": 574, "end": 583, "text": "SILC data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 680, "end": 696, "text": "SILC income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 768, "end": 783, "text": "HBS income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 33 . 00 | Data not yet available < br > from MoE related to < br > 2018 / 19 performance | Data not yet available < br > from MoE related to < br > 2018 / 19 performance | 58 . 00 | | Date | 29-Jan-2016 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 02-Nov-2020 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN1 ~ ~ | The end target is to b | e confirmed by the PSNP / IFPRI | survey which is scheduled t | o be undertaken in 2020 | | ~ ~ 0078739 ~ ~ < br > ► Per capita increase i | n budgeted federal government b | lock grant transfers to regions , e | xcluding Addis Ababa ( Num | ber , Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 1 , 240 . 00 | 1 , 380 . 00 | 1 , 418 . 00 | 1 , 696 . 00 | | Date | 14-Sep-2017 | 23-Jul-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 02-Nov-2020 | | Comments < br > | Partially achieved an | d cleared for about 30 % of disbu | rsement . | | | ~ ~ IN00781740 ~ ~ < br > ► Improved geographic | equity in NER Outcomes : NER | in bottom 10 % of woredas ( Perc | entage , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 21 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 26 | | Date | 01-May-2015 | 23-Jul-2018 | 31-Dec-2019 | 18-Dec", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 436, "text": "PSNP / IFPRI | survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR11975 The World Bank | Infrastructure asset inventories updated < br > | Text | Value | 0 | 19 | 19 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | annually indicating additional assets and < br > | | Date | 15-Dec-2008 | 07-Jul-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | condition of existing assets . | | Comments | | | | | Each ULG prepares 3-year rolling budget . | Text | Value | 0 | 19 | 19 | | | | Date | 15-Dec-2008 | 07-Jul-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | Comments | | All participating cities have < br > updated budget for EFY < br > 2005-2007 ( FY 13 to 15 ) | | | Urban Local Governments prepare annual | Text | Value | 0 | 19 | 19 | | finacial reports on time and as per required < br > ft b | | Date | 01-Sep-2008 | 07-Jul-2013 | 01-Sep-2014 | | orma ( numer ) | | Comments | | All cities have submitted IFRs < br > on time . | | | Each ULG prepares and adopts a revenue < br > | Text | Value | 0 | 19 | 19 | | enhancement plan . | | Date | 01-Sep-2008 | 07-Jul-2013 | 01-Sep-2014 | | | | Comments | | | | | Roads constructed , non-rural | Kilometers | Value | 0 . 00 | 670 . 00 | 1000 . 00 | | | | Date | 01-Sep-2008 | 07-Jul-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | Comments | | 69 kms of roads are added < br > 9km is gravel and the rest", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 70, "text": "Infrastructure asset inventories", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Summary statistics of business environment indicators at the establishment level for 2003 are presented in the first column of Table 3 . < sup > 10 < / sup > Of all sampled establishments , roughly 15 percent have at least 10 percent government ownership , 68 percent participate in export markets , 68 percent have and use internet , 41 percent have a formal training program , while only 21 percent report facing a foreign competitor . The mean interest rate on loans is around 14 percent , with an average share of investment financed externally of 33 percent . The average rate of losses from crime is low , under 1 percent of sales , and the mean share of electricity sourced from private generators is around 13 percent . In addition to these WBES indicators , the outcome variables based on the Census data are the log of output per worker ( its mean across clusters is 9 . 22 , or $ 10 , 071 ) and the log of value added per worker ( its mean across clusters is 8 . 45 , or $ 4 , 687 ) . Figure 5 presents evidence of large labor productivity heterogeneity across industrial clusters . Although it would be desirable to explore these dispersions based on establishment-level data at the most disaggregated product level while controlling for differences in quality and market power , the results are nonetheless suggestive . Across industrial clusters , the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile in output per worker is , on average , ten times that of the 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile . The industrial sectors with the greatest dispersion in productivity are food / beverages / tobacco and non-metallic mineral products . Dispersion across locations is as prominent if not more so — with an average ratio of output per worker for the 90 < sup > th < / sup > relative to the 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles greater than 20 in the North Central and Central provinces . These numbers are likely an understatement of the actual firm-level dispersion in productivity , given that they are based on averages across firms within a given location", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 813, "text": "Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1163, "end": 1187, "text": "establishment-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Re | ference < br > Expression of Interest < br > Notice < br > Short List and Draft R < br > equest for Proposals < br > Reque | st f < br > as I | or Pr < br > ssue | oposals < br > d < br > Opening of Technical < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > Ev | alua < br > al | tion < br > Pro | of T < br > posa | ech < br > l | nic < br > | < br > Report and < br > otiated C | < br > Draft Ne < br > ontract | < br > g < br > Si | gne | d Contra | ct < br > C | ontract | Comple | tion | | KEMOWI7909CSCS C | | | | | | | Planned | Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Plann | ed | | Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Pla | nne | d | A | ctua | l | Planned | Actual | Pla | nne | d < br > Act | ual < br > | Planned | Act | ual | | - - - - Q / o < br > nsulting services to Conduct < br > Baseline Survey for Impact E < br > valuation for Lower Nzoia Irri < br > gation Project - Phase 1 < br > IDA / 52680 | C1 : Water Resources Dev < br > pment | elo < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Open - National | 0 . 00 | Signed < br > 2 | 017-02-21 < br > | 2016-09-15 < br > 2017-03-14 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 ( geochemical , sedimentologic and paleontologic ) necessary for data reinterpretation ; to define and prepare an exploration strategy ; to prepare promotion reports for sale to interested companies and associated tender documents ; to promote offered blocks and negotiate with oil companies ; to interpret and integrate with existing information data acquired from new exploration activities ; and to monitor contractors ' work obligations . In addition , the exploration consultants will assist in the training of the Ministry of Mines and Energy staff . Approximately eight man-months of legal advisory services are provided to recommend amendments to existing legislation which would incorporate current worldwide practices ; to prepare a model exploration / production agreement ; and to provide , in cooperation with the exploration consultants , assistance to the Government during future negotiations with interested oil companies . A petroleum accounting / auditing firm would provide approximately eight man-months of accounting services to review the existing petroleum accounting system of the Ministry of Mines and Energy ; to design an improved system to monitor the performance of work and financial commitments of oil companies with activities in the country ; to implement the designed system and train the Ministry ' s staff in its operation ; and to supervise the system ' s operation on a periodic basis . - ( b ) Geophysical Work . It is proposed that approximately 3 , 000 line-km of old seismic data from the Red Sea and Ogaden Basin be reprocessed . Approximately 800 line-km of new seismic lines in the Red Sea area are also included in the project . New-seismic data from the Ogaden is not considered necessary to promotion of this area because of the greater number of , and more recent , seismic surveys which have been undertaken there . As a result , no physical activity in the Ogaden is included in the project . - ( c ) Training . Training would be provided to the Ministry of Mines and Energy staff on the job by the exploration consultants , the accounting advisers and the geothermal specialists . In addition , short training courses overseas in petroleum exploration techniques and", "spans": [{"start": 1509, "end": 1525, "text": "old seismic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a $ 1 increase in cash flow is associated with reduction in short-term debt of 4 . 5 cents , increase in long-term borrowing of 7 . 6 cents , increase in equity issuances of 13 . 9 cents and increase in share repurchases of 4 . 3 cents . In 2008 , a $ 1 increase in cash flow is associated with increase in equity issuances of 9 . 8 cents , increase in share repurchases of 8 . 8 cents and decrease in other financing of 1 . 7 cents for manufacturing firms . For non-manufacturing firms in 2008 , $ 1 increase in cash flow is associated with increase in long-term debt of 6 . 5 cents , decrease in short-term debt of 6 . 1 cents , increase in equity issuances of 10 . 2 cents , decrease in other financing of 1 . 2 cents and increase in share repurchases of 3 . 8 cents . In 2009 , the non-manufacturing firms reduce their short-term debt by 4 . 5 cents , increase their equity issuances by 10 cents and reduce share repurchases by 3 . 2 cents while manufacturing firms reduce short-term debt by 3 . 7 cents and increase equity issuances by 6 cents . During the recovery period in 2010 , manufacturing use their positive cash flow shocks to repay long-term debt ( 10 cents ) , repay short-term debt ( 2 . 7 cents ) and issue new equity ( 15 . 6 cents ) while non-manufacturing firms use their positive cash flow shocks to repay short-term debt ( 2 . 3 cents ) , reduce other financing ( 1 . 7 cents ) and issue new equity ( 6 . 9 cents ) without any significant change in their long-term debt positions . As explained before , the interpretation of the coefficients in the negative cash flow sample is such that a negative sign indicates an increase and a positive sign indicates a decrease . Focusing on the firms facing adverse cash flow shocks in B1 and B2 , we find that both manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms have increases in long-term debt and equity issuances over the entire period . They also have substantial addition to their cash balances and increases in capital expenditures", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 6 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND CUT-OFF DATES * * # # * * 6 . 1 Criteria for Determining Eligibility for Compensation * * In compliance with ESS 5 of the World Bank , the criteria for determining eligibility for compensation , resettlement and rehabilitation assistance measures for persons to be displaced , will be based on the following : - a ) Persons that have formal legal rights to land , including customary and traditional ; and religious rights recognized under the laws of Kenya . This class of people includes those holding leasehold land , freehold land and land held within the family or passed on through generations . - b ) Persons who do not have formal legal rights to land or assets but have a claim to land or assets that is recognized under national law . - c ) Persons who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying , using or getting their livelihood from . This class of people includes encroachers , illegal occupants / squatters and / ( ownerships under dispute etc . ) . Affected persons classified under paragraph ( a ) and ( b ) will be provided compensation , resettlement , and rehabilitation assistance for the land , building or fixed assets on the land and buildings taken by the project . The compensation will be in accordance with the provisions of this framework and if affected persons occupied the project area prior to the date of commencement of the Census . Persons covered under sub-section ( c ) above are to be provided with resettlement assistance in lieu of compensation . In addition , they must be given the necessary relocation assistance in conformity with the provisions of this policy framework provided the land was occupied prior to the established cut-off date . All persons in the three sub-sections above are to be provided with compensation for loss of assets other than land . Consequently , this policy advocates for assistance to all affected persons , including illegal occupants / squatters and encroachers , that is , irrespective of whether they have formal titles", "spans": [{"start": 1425, "end": 1431, "text": "Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". ( 1999 ) , suggest that solving the puzzle of the low level of investment and the weak link between investment and growth in Africa may require exploring more closely other determinants of investment , such as the degree of reversibility or risk . Micro panel data on characteristics of capital stock and firm productivity could improve our understanding of the link between investment and growth . Unfortunately , this type of data is not readily available . Bank coverage has improved recently with the implementation of the three > 1 l This result is derived by looking directly at the productivity of the firms , and indirectly at the degree of tolerance of the markets toward inefficient investment . 20", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 266, "text": "Micro panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROJECT PAPER # # * * The World Bank * * Additional Financing for Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) | Data source | Household surveyreport | | - - - | - - - | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Independent evaluation surveys at basline , midline and endline stages . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Contracted survey firm , supervised by FPCU . | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Beneficiaries who feel project investments reflect their needs ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the percentage of project beneficiaries who feel that the different project investments are relevant to their priorities and reflect < br > their needs . This indicates how well theproject is implementingCDD asgenuinelycommunity-driven . | | Frequency | Baseline , mid-term and endline | | Data source | Household surveyreport | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Independent evaluation surveys at basline , midline and endline stages . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Contracted survey firm , supervised by FPCU . | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Grievances registered related to project implementation that are resolved ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator will measure the number of grievances resolved from the total grievances presented and documented at all level of GRM established by the < br > project . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED", "spans": [{"start": 178, "end": 200, "text": "Household surveyreport", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 918, "end": 940, "text": "Household surveyreport", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1536, "end": 1560, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "larger changes in the adoption of recommended practices among control farmers near treated farmers . We find no evidence of any such spillovers . > 35We test whether the lower adoption of _T_ 1 ( relative to _T_ 2 ) is due to proximity to other study farmers as disagreement across recommendations results in lower willingness to follow their own recommendations . We examine this hypothesis using again plot-level GPS locations . In particular , we examine whether farmers in _T_ 1 with plots close to those of other treated farmers ( controlling for the total number of plots from nearby study farmers ) were 19", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 428, "text": "plot-level GPS locations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SEWER COMPONENT LAYOUT MAP * *", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 30, "text": "SEWER COMPONENT LAYOUT MAP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "included in its dashboard but not yet tracked . Some of those priorities and KPIs are directly relevant to the Program . This would provide the Program with more visibility , thus further anchoring it into the government ’ s reform agenda . # # # * * C . Disbursement Arrangements * * * * 35 . The Program will disburse an advance of 25 percent of its total amount when the project is declared effective . * * The advance will help finance expenses ( both in terms of capital spending and recurrent expenditures ) , predicated on the achievement of initial results : for example , the upgrading , deployment , and operationalization of IT systems ( such as myHakeem for the management of medical records or the digitalization of government archives ) ; the completion of the population census to generate microdata sets ; or the operationalization of GSCs across governorates and examination centers ( to run digital student assessments ) , and so on . > 12 ESCJ . 2023 . _Outcomes of the National Dialogue on Public Sector Modernization Map_ . https : / / www . esc . jo / Documents / 2cf138c1 - < u > 4d81-491d-8c41-bf675fd8896e . pdf . < / u > Page | 15", "spans": [{"start": 775, "end": 792, "text": "population census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 23 : Relationship between FAT survey variables and log of wages from administrative data for Brazil | Variable | ( 1 ) < br > log ( sales per worker ) | ( 2 ) < br > GBF | ( 3 ) < br > SSBF | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ln ( Wage ) RAIS | 0 . 882 * * * | 0 . 400 * * * | 0 . 299 * * * | | | ( 0 . 157 ) | ( 0 . 111 ) | ( 0 . 101 ) | | Observations | 592 | 675 | 674 | | R-squared | 0 . 346 | 0 . 364 | 0 . 800 | | Controls : | | | | | Sector FE | Y | Y | Y | | Region FE | Y | Y | Y | | Size-group FE | Y | Y | Y | | Age | Y | Y | Y | | Exporter | Y | Y | Y | | Foreign owned | Y | Y | Y | Note : * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . Average wage information for each establishment is obtained from the 2017 _Relação Anual de Informações Sociais_ ( RAIS ) merged with the Firm-level Adoption of Technology ( FAT ) data used in this exercise , including sales per worker , the technology adoption index ( _MOSTj_ ) for GBF and SSBF , and firm characteristics used as controls . Regressions estimated using establishment-level sampling weights . Robust standard errors in parenthesis . firms in RAIS that are part of our universe for the State of Ceará , in Brazil < sup > 41 < / sup > . We then perform a t-test to compare the differences . Table A . 24 shows that the differences are not statistically significant . Overall , these ex post checks appear to validate the quality of the data collected . > 41The variables are number of workers , average wages", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 98, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 815, "end": 861, "text": "Firm-level Adoption of Technology ( FAT ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "national regions , both the census and surveys generally have information from the same geographical locations . When this is not the case , it is necessary to aggregate locations to match the minimum common factor . For example , given that the Colombian census of 1985 aggregates the information of three departments ( Caldas , Quindio , and Risaralda ) but the same departments appear separately in the household survey , it was necessary to group them in the survey to match the census disaggregation . In Mexico , the subnational breakdown of the household surveys comprises only eight regions , whereas the census has information for 32 states . In these cases , the census data had to be aggregated to match the household survey . < sup > 4 < / sup > This paper aims to shed light on the relationship between access to opportunities during childhood and household income in adulthood at the subnational level for different demographic groups , relying on both census records and data from household surveys , although household surveys are typically not statistically representative at these levels of disaggregation . Thus , in spite that our results are consistent across countries and opportunities , they should be interpreted considering these limitations . # * * 3 . Stylized facts * * 4 The Mexican household survey ENIGH-MCS includes a module that is representative at the same level of disaggregation as the census . However , the survey used in the SEDLAC project is the standard ENIGH , which does not have such statistical power . The reason for including the ENIGH rather than the ENIGH-MCS was that , by being the former part of the SEDLAC project , we are guaranteed a better level of comparability between countries . 8", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 270, "text": "Colombian census of 1985", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 406, "end": 422, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 967, "end": 981, "text": "census records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 986, "end": 1013, "text": "data from household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1025, "end": 1042, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1305, "end": 1339, "text": "Mexican household survey ENIGH-MCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1497, "end": 1502, "text": "ENIGH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1601, "end": 1610, "text": "ENIGH-MCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | PPPC = PPP / Population | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | UVI | Unit value of import | IFS ( see note 3 ) | | | Copperchl | Copper price for Chilean TOT | IFS | | | TOT | Terms of trade | IFS and calculated ( see note 4 ) | 1970 - 1995 | | DREF | Dummy variable for reforms | constructed ( see note 5 ) | 1970-1995 | | DPOL | Dummy variable for political upheaval | constructed ( see note 5 ) | 1970-1995 | | EDI | mean years of education for the population < br > age over 15 | constructed from < br > ( a ) Barro & Lee 1997 and < br > ( b ) Psacharopoulos & Arriagada < br > ( see note 6 , 7 , 8 ) | 1970-1995 | | EDV | variance of education for the population age < br > over 15 | constructed | 1970-1995 | | EDS | standard deviation of education for the < br > population age over 15 | constructed | 1970-1995 | | EDZ | coefficient of variability of education for < br > the population age over 15 | constructed | 1970-1995 | | GINI | GINI index of education for the population < br > age over 15 | constructed | 1970-1995 | | THL | Theil index of education for the population < br > ageover 15 | constructed | 1970-1995 < br > _ | | SDL . | Standard Deviation of Logs of education for < br > the population age over 15 | constructed | 1970-1995 | * * End * * Notes for the data sources and data calculations # 1 . WDI World Bank , _World Developm7ent Inidicators ( WDI ) , CD-ROM . _ 2 . Nehru & Dhareshwar , 1993 Nehru , Vikram , and Ashok Dhareshwar . 1993 . \" A New Database on Physical Capital Stock : Sources , Methodology and Results . \" Revista de Analisis Economico 8 ( 1 ) : 37-59 . Nehru , Vikram , Eric Swanson , and Ashok Dubey . 1994 . \"", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the present grain | | | ( c ) | | SOON | 11 / 91 | - | marketing system , and ( d ) household welfare < br > monitoring survey . | | | ( d ) | | SOON | 11 / 91 | | | | | 3 . 03 | | CP | | | The Bofrower shall strnghen the capabilities of ( a ) < br > MOA , MOLD , MSM , MOF , MLHPP , CBS and < br > NCPB in the areas of data collection and policy < br > analysis through the provision of technical assistance , < br > shoit term training courses , advanced local and | Generally proceeded much slower than originally < br > anticipated , Many of the staff tramed have been < br > transferred to other departments or ministries . < br > Separate , but identical , contracts were let for < br > M & E development by MOA an MOLD and the |", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 126, "text": "monitoring survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 17 ] | 0 . 09 < br > [ 0 . 29 ] | - 0 . 06 * * * | - 0 . 01 | < br > 0 . 01 | | Notes : | | | | | | | | | ( 1 ) Source : UNPS 2013-14 round . The question on desire to work additional hours was asked , for those employed , as follows : “ In the last 7 days , would [ NAME ] have liked to work more hours than [ NAME ] actually worked , provided the extra hours had been paid ? ” ( 1 = Yes , in the current job 2 = Yes , in taking an additional job 3 = Yes , in a different job with more hours 4 = No , and 9 = Don ’ t know ) . On availability to work , recent LSMS surveys ask respondents if they would “ want to work if a job or business opportunity becomes available . ” In the ILO LFS study , respondents were asked two separate questions on ( a ) whether they would want to work more paid hours per week than usual ( desire to work ) , and ( b ) whether they could start working those hours in the next two weeks ( availability to work ) . ( 2 ) T-tests of equality of means were conducted between proxy and own-reporting , as well as across men and women within each of these categories . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 697, "text": "ILO LFS study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . 7 | 13 . 4 | 4 . 4 | | memo . item | | | | | | | | | GDP growth | - 11 . 7 | - 7 . 3 | - 1 . 5 | 1 . 8 | 2 . 1 | - 10 . 9 | - 7 . 4 | _Source : Hassan and Bogetic ( 1996 ) ; World Bank ( 1997 ) . _ Before discussing the revenue potential , it is necessary to outline the actual tax structure and the associated actual revenue performance . The 1992 personal income tax exemplified a steeply graduated tax-rate schedule ( see Table 2 ) . There were seven tax brackets including the lowest tax-free bracket . The exemption level for the poor was low , comprising individuals earning up to 9 , 000 Lev , or about 50 percent of average household per capita income as reported in the 1992 household budget survey ( nearly 88 percent of the minimum annual wage ) . There was a progressive scale , with marginal tax rates ranging from 20 percent to a maximum of 40 percent at annual income over 240 , 000 Lev .", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 711, "text": "1992 household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table S1 . 1 . * * Continued . | * * Dependant variable : * * | | * * A * * | * * gricultural production * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Caste * * | * * Caste & occup * * | * * Jati & occup * * | * * WHEAT * * | * * RICE * * | | * * Village characteristics * * | | | | | | | Village population ( in log ) | 0 . 084 < sup > * < / sup > | 0 . 090 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 093 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 11 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 11 < sup > * * * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 051 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | | Village land | − 0 . 000040 < sup > * < / sup > | − 0 . 000039 < sup > * < / sup > | − 0 . 000044 < sup > * < / sup > | − 0 . 000081 < sup > * < / sup > | − 0 . 000070 | | | ( 0 . 000022 ) | ( 0 . 000022 ) | ( 0 . 000026 ) | ( 0 . 000042 ) | ( 0 . 000056 ) | | Observations | 4405 | 4405 | 3333 | 1165 | 1362 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 819 | 0 . 819 | 0 . 829 | 0 . 846 | 0 . 848 | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of", "spans": [{"start": 1108, "end": 1117, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the targeting system and specific criteria will be further refined for different interventions . For instance , livelihood activities will employ application based-selfselection followed by other tools noted above to finalize the list of prospective beneficiaries . The overall targeting strategy will be guided by defining the roadmap for operationalization of the dynamic social registry during project preparation . It has been agreed with the Government that the roll-out of the social registry will be accompanied by rolling out PMT in Uganda . The operationalization strategy will be discussed as part of project preparation . Based on initial estimates and component financial allocations : under component 1 : 100 , 000 beneficiaries will be supported with full livelihoods package and 1 , 500 , 000 beneficiaries will be supported under component 2 of safety nets for enhanced resilience and human capital development . Vulnerable youth will particularly benefit from activities under component 1 as they will be a primary target group , given the unique demography of Uganda , and rising levels of inactivity and unemployment , as well as pervasive underemployment among them . They will benefit from skills development and empowering interventions , as well as access to finance and markets . Also , women will be a particular target group and the project will ensure they are equally represented among beneficiaries . 10", "spans": [{"start": 366, "end": 389, "text": "dynamic social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 483, "end": 498, "text": "social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimation has been carried out for GEQIP-II , which shows that rate of return to schooling is approximately 17 per cent in Ethiopia < sup > 100 < / sup > . 162 . Similarly , VfM study could have undertaken a cost effectiveness analysis for health sector by estimating cost of _disability-adjusted life year_ ( DALY ) saved due to reduction in maternal and child deaths . Since the PBS program has supported basic mother and child services by providing additional HEWs , the DALY analysis could have provided some insights into effectiveness of the PBS program . 163 . * * Equity * * : The PBS-3 and its predecessor programs have not made any visible impact in reducing inequities in basic services . The inequities in service delivery across the regions and income / wealth quintiles have persisted over the years ( _see Annex 4 for evidence of inequities in education and health sectors_ ) . 164 . The VfM study further highlights the formula-based allocation of block grants from the federal to the regions , and from the regions to the woredas as GoE ’ s approach to foster equitable development in the country . It may be noted here that the regions apply varied allocation formulae , and many of them have not updated their formulae for long period of time < sup > 101 < / sup > . Thus , there is a need to assess first the efficacy of the regional formulae in achieving equitable allocation of block grant to woredas . # # # # * * 7 . 2 Efficacy of the Program Implementation * * 165 . * * Financial management of the program * * : As per the restructuring paper ( 20 July 2015 ) , the revised budget estimate of PBS-3 is USD 1215 . 74 million ( IDA fund of USD 600 million plus Trust Fund of USD 615 . 74 million ) . The program budget has shrunk by USD 162 . 4 million due to DfID ’ s withdrawal from the program", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sealing of about 2 , 600 km of paved roads , regravelling of about 4 , 200 km of gravel roads , and maintenance of the total classified road network . A spare parts supplies system would be set up , and mechanical workshops , stores , workshop tools and equipment and road maintenance vehicles and equipment would be provided to effectively carry out the road maintenance program . - ( c ) The Traffic Law Enforcement and Road Safety Program would include the provision of ten additional police patrol bases ( including police patrol vehicles and ambulances ) , three electronic mobile weighbridges , and five fully-equipped vehicle inspection centers . - ( d ) MOW Management and Operations would be strengthened through the assistance of engineering consultants for detailed engineering and supervision of road construction , provision of vehicles and equipment for the Materials Branch road testing laboratories , and strengthening of MOW staffing and training . The road inventory would be re-established , the inventory of", "spans": [{"start": 970, "end": 984, "text": "road inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the total number of observations in the regressions still > 32 It should be noted that this assessment of the agent is not in any way linked to the agent ’ s performance in terms of number of transactions or volumes transacted . These assessments are carried out in the field by personnel that does not have access to the headquarters database on transactions . > 33 Because the transactions performance category and its sub-components were not significantly associated with transaction numbers or volumes , we do not include it among the explanatory variables in the models presented in Table 7 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 359, "text": "headquarters database on transactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > legal and regulatory environ < br > ment | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 | Under Imple < br > mentation < br > 2023-10-12 | 2023-10-17 | 2023-12-01 | 2024-02-13 | | 2024-03-19 | 2024-11-14 | | ET-MINT-381332-GO-RFP / T < br > he Supply & Installation of IT < br > Equipment for Integrating th < br > e National Databases < br > IDA / 68560 | 2 . Digital government and c < br > onnectivity | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 | Pending Impl < br > ementation < br > 2023-10-15 | 2023-10-20 | 2023-12-04 | 2024-02-16 | | 2024-03-22 | 2025-03-22 | | ET-MINT-381330-GO-RFP / S < br > upply , Delivery and Installati < br > on of IT Related Equipment f < br > or Federated System of Inter < br > net Exchange Points - Rebid < br > IDA / 68560 | 2 . Digital government and c < br > onnectivity | Prior | Request for Propo < br > sals | Open - In < br > l | ternationa < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 0 . 00 | Under Imple < br > mentation < br > 2023-10-05 | 2023-10-10 | 2023", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 419, "text": "e National Databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 Effect Heterogeneity * * In this section we extend our analysis by examining the above identified effects ’ heterogeneous nature . This allows us to narrow down the range of possible mechanisms and identify world regions where the effect of drought on urbanization appears most evidently . We begin by interrogating effect heterogeneity in the global sample before turning to the developing world . Existing literature leads us to expect particularly strong positive effects of drought on urbanization in less developed countries both because much of the developing world is geographically located in the Global South and because poverty has typically been associated with fewer coping mechanisms that are at vulnerable populations ’ disposal . # # * * 6 . 1 Country Income Categories * * Figure 3 displays the interactions between country-level income categories and our spatially and temporally lagged measure of drought . Note that each of the displayed models uses our preferred specification with year and grid cell fixed effects ( model ( 3 ) from Table 1 ) . Including grid cell fixed effects allows us to account for time-invariant features of individual grid cells , thus significantly lowering the threat of unobserved confounding . By the same token , this means that while the interactions between country-income categories and the impact of drought can be estimated , the main effects themselves become inestimable . Thus , the direction of the interactions is generally more informative than their magnitude . To capture country-level income , we use the World Bank ’ s income classification ( grouping lower - and upper-middle income into “ middle-income ” countries for simplicity ) . In addition , we distinguish between countries that were industrialized at the beginning of our panel dataset in 1985 ( defined by a share of agriculture in national income below 30 percent ) from countries that reached this milestone later or countries that have not reached it at the time of our analyses . Overall , we find a clear indication that the effect of drought on urban growth is uniquely pronounced in the world ’ s poorer countries . Whereas low - and middle-income countries exhibit positive and statistically significant 18", "spans": [{"start": 1805, "end": 1818, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For our indicator of attitudes toward migration and asylum , we use the share of votes in each canton that express a preference for a more restrictive regulation of migration and asylum . A first challenge is that each vote concerns a different project . Therefore , it is difficult to carry out comparisons between votes over time . We solve this problem by standardizing each vote outcome : what matters for our indicator is each canton ’ s _relative_ position at each moment in time . An important implication of this standardization is that our indicator cannot measure the change over time in average attitudes ( at the country level ) . This is , however , not a problem for our empirical analysis , since we use year fixed effects in all our regressions . < sup > 20 < / sup > We use the voting data to create our yearly indicator in the following way . When there is more than one vote within a year , we take the average of these vote outcomes . Then we use a simple method to fill in the missing values : for each missing value , we take the simple average of the two observations that are closest in time . < sup > 21 < / sup > Figure 4 shows the resulting data for all 26 cantons over the period 1998 – 2018 . Standardized vote outcomes are shown as black dots , whereas the filled-in data appears in red . Several patterns are clearly visible . First , the French-speaking cantons ( FR , VD , VS , NE , GE , JU ) generally exhibit less restrictive attitudes toward migration and asylum than Italian-speaking ( TI ) or German-speaking cantons . However , the attitudes in most French-speaking cantons have become more restrictive over time , whereas several German-speaking cantons ( especially those with big cities , ZH and BS ) have evolved toward more open attitudes . There is also a third group of cantons , including some small conservative cantons and Italian-speaking Ticino ( TI ) , where initially restrictive attitudes have become even more restrictive over time . < sup > 22 < / sup > # * * 4 . 2 Empirical Strategy *", "spans": [{"start": 795, "end": 806, "text": "voting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1168, "end": 1191, "text": "data for all 26 cantons", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 6 Page 5 of 6 * * women ' s groups to help ensure that womens ' needs and interests are not overlooked . In the case of park management activities , the TAC will ensure that they are consistent with both the MBIFCT ' s objectives and the park management plans . Any proposals involving infrastructure development or land acquisition will receive particular scrutiny . To ensure adequate consultation with the communities surrounding the parks , the TMB will request that the proposals also be endorsed by the BINP or MGNP Park Management Advisory Committee . Follow-up review and monitoring of the progress and impacts of implementation of projects ( which could lead to revision or termination of a given project if necessary ) will be principally the responsibility of the TAU , based in part on data to be generated through Trust-funded research activities . 16 . * * Resettlement Plan : * * A resettlement plan as described in Para . I I and the project working paper has been approved by the Bank and USAID and will be implemented as a condition of grant effectiveness , as described in the side letter to the Grant Agreement . 17 . * * Indigenous Peoples Plan : * * A plan for ensuring the participation and benefit of the Batwa , as discussed in Para 13 , has been approved by the Bank . It will be revised as needed following further anthropological and socio-economic studies of the local Batwa , to be carried out with funding from the GEF Project Preparation Advance , beginning in early 1995 . # # # COMMUNITY AND NGO PARTICIPATION 18 . Community participation is one of the principal objectives and characteristics of this project . Community representatives participate as full partners in the two main decision-making bodies , the TMB and the LCSC , which have been structured to balance the influence of local communities with that of the other key stakeholders in the management of the BINP and MGNP , i . e . conservationists and government authorities . In keeping with this approach ,", "spans": [{"start": 808, "end": 869, "text": "data to be generated through Trust-funded research activities", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "REPORT AND RECOMENDATION < sup > OFTHEPRESIDENT < / sup > TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED DEVELOPENT < sup > CREDIT < / sup > TO THE EMPIRE OF < sup > ETHIOPIA < / sup > FOR A SECOND LIVESTOCK < sup > DEVELOP ? ENTPROJECT < / sup > 1 . I submit the following < sup > reportandrecommendationonaproposed < / sup > development credit to < sup > theEmpireofEthiopiafortheequivalentofUS $ 5 . 0 < / sup > million on standard < sup > IDAtermstohelpfinanceasecondlivestockdevelop - < / sup > ment project in < sup > athiopia . J1 < / sup > PART I - THE ECONOMY 2 . A report \" Current Position < sup > andProspectsoftheEthiopian < / sup > Economy \" ( AE-21 ) was < sup > circulatedonNovember18 , 1971 . < / sup > The report of a recent economic mission < sup > isnearingcompletion . < / sup > A Country Data Sheet < sup > isattachedas < / sup > Annex I . 3 . Virtually isolated < sup > frommodernscienceandtechnologyuntilthe < / sup > middle of the twentieth < sup > century , Ethiopiaisoneoftheleastdevelopedof < / sup > all countries . The per capita income < sup > is $ 76ayear andsome85 % of thepop - < / sup > ulation of 25 million < sup > arepeasantfarmers . < / sup > Agriculture accounts < sup > forabout < / sup > 90 % of employment , < sup > 58 % ofGDP , andalmostallexports", "spans": [{"start": 796, "end": 814, "text": "Country Data Sheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ment arrangements will largely follow procedures used for DRDIP I * * . Procurement is conducted at four levels : federal , regional , _woreda_ and procurement with community participation . The FPCU housed in MoA is responsible for the overall procurement planning , monitoring and supervision and capacity building . It will review and approve procurement plans ( PPs ) from each region and _woreda_ offline . The FPCU will procure strategic level goods and services and provide technical backstopping for sub-national personnel , particularly for high-value and complex contracts . The RPCU housed in each regional BoA will manage procurement in their regions and support _woreda-_ level procurement . At the _woreda_ level , the WoFED will lead procurement of small-value goods , works and non-consulting services and provide hands-on support to communities . Each implementing agency is responsible for keeping a complete set of procurement and contract management records . The communities will also be involved in the needs ’ identification , Page 76 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 977, "text": "procurement and contract management records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IDPs with disabilities also spoke about the need for better access to small business grants and advice / training on entrepreneurship . < u > Recommendations < / u > Refugees and IDPs with disabilities identified access to information about job opportunities and advice on business development as being particularly important , and that this information should be available through various channels to improve accessibility . Numerous recommendations were also made regarding improving accessibility and inclusiveness of workplaces , both in regards to physical accessibility and attitudes . Refugees and IDPs recommended awareness - raising of employers about the capacities and positive contributions of persons with disabilities . Refugees and IDPs also recommended for services to be available in community centers to support with job searching , such as outreach by employment centers , advice on resume writing , provision of computers and business skills training . # # * * 3 . 3 . ACCESS TO STATE ASSISTANCE * * > 6 ‘ The Washington Group ’ was formed in 2001 with the authorization of the United Nations Statistical Division to address the need for statistical and methodological work on an international level in order to facilitate the comparison of data on disability cross - nationally . See < u > http : / / www . cdc . gov / nchs / washington_group . htm < / u > United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) – www . unhcr . org 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "power sector is underpinned by a broad policy , legal , and strategic framework and structured by the National Energy Policy . * * The Council of Ministers Proclamation No . 302 / 2013 unbundled the sector institutional structure into ( a ) the Ethiopian Electric Power ( EEP ) , responsible for generation , transmission , and system operations , and ( b ) the Ethiopian Electric Utility ( EEU ) , responsible for power distribution , sales , and customer services . It established a regulatory agency , the Petroleum and Energy Authority ( PEA ) , formerly known as Ethiopian Energy Authority . The Ministry of Water and Energy ( MoWE ) is responsible for sector policy and overall development , while multiple ministries and agencies are involved in various roles , including the Ministry of Finance ( MoF ) , Ministry of Mines ( MoM ) , Ministry of Trade and Regional > 1 International Labour Organization . “ ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database ( ILOEST ) ” ILOSTAT . Accessed September 05 , 2023 . ilostat . ilo . org / data Page * * 1 * *", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 961, "text": "ILO Modelled Estimates and Projections database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "neutral measure of geographical distance , and obviously the lived experience of dispersion ( or remoteness ) is likely to be more impactful in Tuvalu than Fiji , given is vastly smaller population . Our dispersion-adjusted measures of population sparsity reflect this perspective . FSM and Kiribati stand out as being extremely sparsely distributed ( with the sparsity of settlement patterns equivalent to 1 person per 20 km < sup > 2 < / sup > ) , as is Tuvalu ( 1 person per 5 km < sup > 2 < / sup > ) . Sparsity for the populations of Tonga , Solomon Islands and Vanuatu is somewhat more moderate ( around 1-2 people per km < sup > 2 < / sup > ) , while the population of Fiji is by far the most highly concentrated across geographical space ( 16 people per km < sup > 2 < / sup > ) . We also exploit the World Bank ’ s subnational geography database to estimate the geographical scale of population dispersion and dispersion-adjusted population sparsity for 110 other countries around the world . This exercise highlights the extreme degree of population sparsity in the PICs , relative to all other countries assessed . Across the global database , the geographical scale of population dispersion ranges from a maximum of 3 , 600km in the Russian Federation , to a minimum of 40km in Trinidad and Tobago . None of the PICs lie at the extremes of this range , but dispersion for FSM and Kiribati is at the higher end of the distribution , while Fiji and Tonga are at the lower end . On the other hand , after accounting for population size , the PICs stand out as having extremely low levels of dispersion-adjusted population density compared to other countries , and equivalently , an extremely high degree of population sparsity * * . * * This note proceeds as follows . In the first section we define our three key indicators which reflect , respectively : local-area community-level remoteness ; the geographical scale of population dispersion across a country ; and , country-wide , dispersion-adjusted population density , or inversely sparsity . The second section presents empirical estimates for each of the PICs and compares", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 854, "text": "subnational geography database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1137, "end": 1152, "text": "global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | * * below 25 * * | 44 . 1 | 5 . 7 | 77 . 4 | 14 . 7 | | * * 25 to 45 * * | 27 . 2 | 2 . 6 | 62 . 4 | 19 . 0 | | * * above 45 * * | 23 . 8 | 0 . 6 | 58 . 5 | 23 . 6 | Source : GHFPS . 52 In both Jordan and Georgia , further research is required to fully understand gender disparities in the effects of the pandemic on labor markets . First , females are affected by intrahousehold resource allocation , meaning that they may suffer greater food insecurity , or non-monetary poverty even if their employment income is not affected . Second , the analysis would capture relatively short-term effects of the pandemic as we rely on the data collected during 2020-21 . Finally , the analysis does not reveal situations of under-employment and low-paying jobs among female workers . 53 Available data from the 2018 Household Incomes and Expenditure Survey ( HIES ) show that prior to the pandemic the Azeri population was more likely to be poor than other nationalities in Georgia ( World Bank , 2021 ) due to the types of firms , sectors , and occupations they were employed in . 39", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 666, "text": "data collected during 2020-21", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 809, "end": 854, "text": "2018 Household Incomes and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBERIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Figure 19 . Liberia has done relatively well at capturing private investment in infrastructure * * # Power ICT Transport Water Note : Average annual private sector commitments to infrastructure projects for the period 2002 / 07 . Source : Derived from World Bank , Private Participation in Infrastructure Database , 2008 . There is also scope for integrating national infrastructure development with substantial privately funded infrastructure development by concessionaires . A number of large multinational companies are taking on the country ’ s numerous mineral , forestry , and agricultural concessions and will need to invest heavily in the necessary transport and energy platforms to support their operations . It is estimated that power demand from mining , natural resources , and agriculture could climb to 1 , 000 mega-watts by 2040 , about 84 percent of it associated with mining ( table 17 ) . A recent study by the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs estimates that mining sector investments over the coming years could amount to around $ 5 billion in railways and $ 1 billion in power . Liberia has a policy of ensuring that such investments are done in such a way as to benefit the broader national economy , avoiding the formation of enclaves with high quality infrastructure that are insulated from and fail to benefit the broader economy . In the case of transport investments , a principle of open access to roads , railways , and ports developed by private concessionaires has been established , and this will help to ensure that these assets become integrated with the national transport network . In the case of power , similar issues arise but their resolution is more complex due to the absence of a transmission grid to integrate private power development with the national system . In principle , both the country and concessionaires could benefit from coordinated development of larger , more cost-effective power generation options ( including power imports ) . Capturing these benefits will require a clear national energy plan that explicitly provides for the inter-connection of Monrovia , the key power generation sites , the key mining sites , and the West Africa Power Pool . Private power development could then be", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 372, "text": "Private Participation in Infrastructure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BRI and non-BRI countries to investigate how the determinants of investment flows might vary between BRI and the rest of the world . Table 9 shows that most of the empirical regularities established in previous studies hold in our broad cross-country data . Most of the factors that have been considered in the literature exert significant and expected effects . As in earlier studies , transportation costs between source and host countries are found in general to reduce FDI , but the effect varies significantly by the mode of transportation . A 1-percent increase in air distance is associated with 0 . 7-1 percent decrease in the volume of FDI . Land transportation cost , measured by either driving distance or driving time , is also found to exert a significant and negative effect : a 1-percent increase in driving time , for instance , leads to a close to 1-percent decrease in FDI . In contrast , the effect of sea distance is weaker ( insignificant in some specifications ) : a 1-percent increase in sea distance is related to around 0 . 1percent decrease in FDI flows . Infrastructure quality is found to matter : the results show a significant and positive relationship between each of the three infrastructure quality measures , namely , railway , airway and port qualities , and FDI inflows . Countries with higher railway and airway indices and better ports tend to attract a greater volume of FDI . For example , improving the level of railway index from BRI countries ( 11 . 8 ) to the level of high-income countries ( 18 . 5 ) is associated with 4 . 3 percent increase in FDI flows . 26", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 255, "text": "broad cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Start of picture text - - > - 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Market < br > Income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Disposable Consumable Final Income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Income < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Poverty is measured at the national poverty line . Inequality is measured by the Gini Index . Market income includes all income from wages and earnings , capital incomes and rents , and private remittances . Disposable income subtracts direct taxes and adds direct transfers . Consumable income subtracts indirect taxes and adds indirect subsidies . Final income adds in-kind health and education spending . * * _Table 3 . Fiscal Loss or Gain at Consumable Income by Poverty Line_ * * | | * * Fiscal Impoverishment * * | * * Fiscal Gains * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Post-fiscal losers < br > ( percent total < br > population ) | Post-fiscal gainers < br > ( percent total < br > population ) | | _At consumable income_ | | | | PPP $ 1 . 9 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 7 | | PPP $ 3 . 2 | 0 . 2 | 2 . 6 | | PPP $ 5 . 5 | 3 . 1 | 12 . 7 | | Nationalpovertyline | 4 . 2 | 14 . 7 | Note : The table shows loss and gains based on households ’ consumable income , which", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | industry-specifc trends | No | No | Yes | Yes | | frm-specifc trends | No | No | No | Yes | NOTES : OLS-FE regressions of ( log ) employment on export intensity ( exports / sales ) . Column ( 1 ) : firm fixed-effects and year fixed-effects ; column ( 2 ) : adds log total employment ( firm size ) ; column ( 3 ) : adds controls for industry-specific trends ( i . e . , interactions between year dummies and industry dummies ) ; column ( 4 ) : adds initial conditions to control for firm-specific trends . Data are from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( National Annual Industrial Survey ) , Chile 2001-2005 . 16", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 561, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 564, "end": 597, "text": "National Annual Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | e | Pending < br > nd-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > nition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | P < br > T | rocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Positi < br > Recog - < br > nized | ve < br > Other < br > ( hum . ) | O < br > Rejected < br > | therw . < br > closed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w . <", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mask ( Copernicus Global Land Cover Layers , 2019 ) was applied to exclude hazard values in areas that would not affect crop yields . Data on seasonal timing were taken from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) for each country . To aggregate the hazard data to an appropriate geographic unit for merging with the welfare data , additional data were incorporated in the data set , including country and administrative area boundaries from the World Bank Group , Global Administration Areas ( GADM ) , and Global Administrative Unit Layers ( GAUL ) of the FAO . The standardized anomaly measure is defined as _ ( level – mean for local area ) / standard deviation_ for the local area , where the mean and standard deviation for the local area are calculated based on the 20 years of hazard data , or the maximum data available in the case of soil moisture . The local area is defined by aggregating the data for a 20 km buffer of the household location or for the administrative area if the former is not available . The unconditional correlation between different hazard measures is not particularly high . Table 3 . 2 presents results for each livelihood zone used in the analysis . The independent variation across these hazard measures highlights their capture of different atmospheric conditions ; hence the difficulty of identifying a measure capturing drought events well . But as the analysis will show , in a regression framework the results are more consistent across most hazard measures ( with some exceptions ) . This suggests that despite capturing different atmospheric conditions , the hazard measures are reasonably effective at capturing situations making households worse off . 10", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 42, "text": "Copernicus Global Land Cover Layers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 517, "end": 550, "text": "Global Administrative Unit Layers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Historias migratorias de venezolanos que vuelven al país * * * * 9 * * No deseamos caer en el reduccionismo estructural socioeconómico , pero tampoco en la tentación de establecer inferencias generales en tono con la época ; nos referimos a las no asociadas a las variables estructurales socioeconómicas sino a las de acción cultural . La acción cultural y el mundo simbólico , la capacidad y cualidad de las redes de los sujetos vulnerables migrantes y retornados no pueden concebirse de manera indiscriminada y apartada de su contexto . La subjetividad del retornado venezolano se enmarca en una inmensa crisis previa de su país y no en la difusiva movilidad humana descontextualizada , muchas veces a la ligera , impuesta a la era globalizada . Es una migración y un retorno sobre todo concebido en medio de un contexto de crisis y esto no debemos pasarlo por alto . Partimos de la consideración de la crisis en Venezuela como una situación de origen de “ no derecho ” y una situación previa de vulnerabilidad que acompaña a los migrantes . La Encuesta de las Condiciones de Vida del venezolano ( ENCOVI ) ha arrojado suficiente evidencia de las magnitudes y de los múltiples órdenes de tal crisis , mucho más allá de la variable económica hincada hasta el hueso de las instituciones del país : “ … el proceso hiperinflacionario ha destruido la capacidad adquisitiva que se tenía a través de las", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1101, "text": "Encuesta de las Condiciones de Vida del venezolano", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "bulk of the analysis , includes additional variables explaining growth . An overview of the alternative data is presented in Figure 7 . Additional variables are the quality of capital , trade openness , terms of trade , and imported capital goods . This section also examines the effect of life expectancy as a companion indicator for human capital . In addition the role of military expenditures is analyzed , which , among others things , may serve as a proxy for bad governance in Guatemala . Section 6 . 4 closes with a brief summary of the findings . # # * * 6 . 1 Stability of Coefficients * * Given the distortions of the economy by the civil strife and other events , it is imperative to evaluate the stability of the coefficients . For example , comparing data > 27 According to the Table , the implicit return to schooling can be calculated as follows : ( 0 . 034 / 0 . 240 ) / ( 1-0 . 240 ) ̃ 0 . 184 . Discrepancies are due to rounding . > 28 Based on ENCOVI ( 2000 ) survey data the World Bank ( 2003a ) reports an overall rate of return of 6 percent . - 40 -", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 991, "text": "ENCOVI ( 2000 ) survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Dadaab . < sup > 63 < / sup > While this policy change applies to all new arrivals , the context means that it predominantly affects Somalis . UNHCR and Kenyan authorities have continued to gather basic profile information , but without registration , Somalis who have arrived since mid-2015 are unable to access procedures that would assess their claim for refugee status . As noted above , as at July 2018 , about 9 , 738 profiled Somali and 345 profiled individuals of other nationalities remain unregistered . < sup > 64 < / sup > > 62 The discussion here ( and in other parts of this annex ) on the March 2011 meeting is based on an interview with an informant who was present at the meeting . > 63 Except for limited exceptional and _ad hoc_ registration ; UNHCR Kenya , Timeline of Registration Activities in Dadaab : 2013 – July 2018 , on file with author . > 64 These numbers are based on figures as at 23 July 2018 , shared with the author . 138", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 822, "text": "Timeline of Registration Activities in Dadaab", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 898, "end": 924, "text": "figures as at 23 July 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "classes of road , market towns and urban centers . Urban roads are included in | # # B . Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building in the Transport Sector ► Navigational charts for Kenyan Coast developed to acceptable international standards and in use ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date < br > IN00785608 | 01-Mar-2011 | 22-Aug-2019 | 20-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | | ► Feasibility and engineering design studies completed to acceptable standards and covering 1 , 150km ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | 1 / 6 / 2020 Page 6 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 201, "text": "Navigational charts for Kenyan Coast", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 28 * * of * * 73 * * - owner , - leasee from another owner - Entitlements are defined Owner-occupiers receive compensation for lost assets , and replacement of land for house construction . The amount of compensation is calculated based on the regulation on compensation in each region . Owner-occupiers are entitled to the full range of entitlements . Tenants in government houses are entitled to land allocation for house construction ; tenants in private houses are not entitled to anything . Farmers are entitled to replacement of land for house construction , compensation for house and for lost farm land , grazing land , perennial plants . Illegal occupiers are not entitled to any form of compensation by law but town administrations have procedures that allow for some form of accommodating informal settlers if they fulfil minimum stay criteria as set in their regulations . - Compensation is determined based on inventory of assets . A committee conducts inventory of assets , calculates compensation and payment is made by the MSO , the Wereda administration or government agency which owns the project causing the resettlement . - Resettlement plan preparation is usually done by the regional Bureau of Works and Urban Development as towns do not have the technical capacity to prepare development plans . Based on availability of fund , the municipal office develops basic infrastructure and allocates land for the displaced persons . - Procedure exists to take dissatisfaction to the Town Manager , the Mayor , to the Zone administration and then to the regional BWUD . The above procedure is applicable to all regions in Ethiopia . However , there are minor variations on entitlements . For example , tenants in government houses do not receive any land for house construction in the case of Axum and Addis Ababa while they could get land in Lalibela . The federal law does not force town administrations to provide compensation for such groups ; however , the practice in Lalibela is recommended . Farmers who choose to take urban land for house construction do not receive compensation for lost farm land in the case of", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 981, "text": "inventory of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1005, "end": 1024, "text": "inventory of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ">  | They provide the entry point to the settlement . < br > Solving land related disputes within the settlements . < br > They provide alinkbetweenthe community and other institution . | | SGRC |  | Receiving , filing and resolution of grievances at the settlement level | In addition to the above government institutions , several structures have been established to ensure effective implementation of this ARAP as summarized in * * Table 10-2 * * below while presents information sharing and Stakeholder Engagement Strategy : * * < u > plementing Units lementing Units g Units Units < / u > * * * * < mark > ilities < / mark > * * Coordinate the effective implementation of the RAP as provided for by Prepare Progress Reports on the implementation of the Environmental and Social Safeguards . Procure and supervise consultants for Social Assessments . Build the capacity at all levels to implement the RPF . Supervise RPF implementation during and after project implementation . Ensure integration of RAPs into Contract and Bid Documents . < u > Ensure adequate community participation . < / u > < mark > Provide overall leadership in the implementation of RAPs ; < / mark > Organize the public disclosure of the final RAP ; Confirm entitlements and the final PAP register ; Oversee compensation and other assistance to PAPs Hear and consider representations from PAP Committees ; Support the grievance redress mechanism . Prevents further encroachments after the cut-off date 36", "spans": [{"start": 1265, "end": 1277, "text": "PAP register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0 % | 7 . 6 % | 67 % | 3 . 9 % | | GJ12 | 281 , 750 | 21 . 6 % | 6 . 9 % | 7 . 6 % | 67 % | 16 . 9 % | | GJ13 | 98 , 831 | 5 . 4 % | 0 . 6 % | 7 . 6 % | 67 % | 6 . 1 % | | GJ14 | 448 , 126 | 3 . 0 % | 0 . 2 % | 7 . 6 % | 67 % | 4 . 6 % | | Unwe | ighted average : | 6 . 3 % | 1 . 12 % | | | | | S | ample variance : | 0 . 338 % | | | | | Second , calculate the Empirical Bayes Credibility Factor for ratemaking at the crop / state level using the capped loss cost histories of Table 12 . For cotton in Gujarat the credibility factor of 67 % is calculated as follows : Let denote the weighted average capped loss cost for district in year . These are tabulated in columns [ 3 ] to [ 12 ] of Table 12 ; - , since there are fourteen districts in the state ; - , since all products have ten years of loss cost history to be used ; - , the product base rate is given in column [ 3 ] of Table 13 ; - ( see the bottom of column [ 3 ] of Table 13 ) ; - ( see the bottom of column [ 3 ] of Table 13 ) ; 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "At temporal resolutions of one year or greater , it may be useful to augment the Hakkarainen technique with a second filter based on an econometric model like ( 1 ) above . The model relates local CO2 concentration anomalies to local emissions from industry , fires and non-industrial population sources . Model parameters provide estimates of characteristic marginal relationships between local emissions and satellite-recorded concentration anomalies , while model residuals measure the deviations of local anomalies from their expected values . In principle , model estimation could be viewed as a useful postHakkarainen filter , with trends in model residuals used for tracking changes in local CO2 emissions intensities . However , the present case is complicated by the presence of both static and dynamic variables in the model . The industry components are basically fixed effects because they are derived from fixed plant capacities , not variable outputs . Among the non-industrial components , population , income per capita and the subway variables are interpolated from observations over intervals of a year or longer . The only variables with one-month periodicity are fires , heating degree days and cooling degree days . Under these conditions , it is not clear whether the econometric post-Hakkarainen filter adds significant value to an emissions tracking analysis . We test the filtering utility of econometric model estimation with data for 6 , 142 Functional Urban Areas ( FUAs ) with populations greater than 100 , 000 , as defined by Schiavina et al . ( 2019 ) . Our exercise controls for potential biases introduced by limited sampling within FUAs . Although the OCO-2 satellite platform provides the best available database , its coverage for our 25-km grid cells is limited by its 16-day repeat cycle , relatively narrow observation track , and the frequent occurrence of cloud cover over some areas . Within an FUA , typical concentration anomalies may differ substantially across grid cells . To cite one possible consequence , a naive trend analysis could generate spuriouslypositive results in cases where early-period observations are more numerous in lower-anomaly cells and later observations are more concentrated in higher-anomaly cells . To test for this potential source of bias , our exercise includes regressions with dummy variable controls for grid cells . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1687, "end": 1711, "text": "OCO-2 satellite platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B # # * * RAP Preparation , Review and Approval * * The steps to be undertaken for each individual RAP include a screening process ; a socioeconomic census and land asset inventory of the area and identification of ULGDP investment project Affected Parties ( PAPs ) . This is followed by the development of a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) or abbreviated RAP , RAP review and approval , implementation of the RAP and monitoring of RAP implementation and success . These steps are shown in Figure 2 below . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 2 . Individual RAP Preparation , Review and Approval Process < br > Task Tool Responsibility < br > SCREENING ULG IO < br > SCREENING < br > CHECKLIST FORM < br > CENSUS & ID OF CENSUS SURVEY < br > ULG IO < br > PAPS FORM < br > LAND ASSET LAND ASSET ULG IO < br > INVENTORY INVENTORY FORM < br > DEVELOPMENT OF < br > RPF ULG IO < br > RAP / ARAP < br > REVIEW & RAP / < br > RPF BWUD + REPA < br > ARAP APPROVAL < br > RAP / ARAP RAP ULG IO < br > IMPLEMENTATION < br > RAP / ARAP M & E LIST OF BWUD , MWUD , < br > & REPORTING INDICATORS REPA / EPA < br > CONSULTATION < br > C PONSULTATION ANDARTICIPATION < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # * * STEP 1 : ULGDP INVESTMENT PROJECT SCREENING * * The first step in the process of preparing individual resettlement and compensation plans is the screening process to identify the land or areas that may result in environmental and social impacts , including resettlement . ULGDP investment project screening is used", "spans": [{"start": 177, "end": 222, "text": "socioeconomic census and land asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 756, "end": 784, "text": "CENSUS & ID OF CENSUS SURVEY", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the slope coefficient is equal to _σεj_ < sup > 2 . The insightthattherandomwalkcomponentinincome < / sup > implies a linearly increasing income dispersion over time is the basis of the estimation method used by several authors . For example , Carroll and Samwick ( 1997 ) estimate _σε_ < sup > 2by performing < / sup > OLS regressions of the left-hand-side of ( 9 ) on _n_ . While the preceding example , with timeinvariant parameters , serves to illustrate the intuition underlying the estimation procedure , it should be clear that our exercise is more general in the sense that it allows for arbitrary time-variation in the income risk parameters . # _II . 4 . Estimation using ENEU Data_ The preceding section provided a detailed description of a general econometric methodology that may be used to estimate time-variant income risk parameters given longitudinal data on individual incomes . We note here some additional issues that arise in applying this methodology to our data , with particular emphasis on the type of income risk accounted for by our estimation procedure . In forming the sample analogs to the moment conditions ( 5 ) , we use information on all individuals who are present in a given manufacturing industry in both time periods _t_ and _t_ + _n_ ( with _n ≤ _ 5 ) regardless of their employment status in any intermediate period . In doing so , we pick up shocks to workers who retain their jobs but experience income changes due to changes in their wage rates or the number of hours worked . Moreover , we also account for changes in income experienced by workers who have lost their job in period _t_ , but are re-employed in the same industry in some subsequent period _t_ + _n_ ( with _n ≤ _ 5 ) , and this is true even if these workers are unemployed in any intermediate period . In particular , we do account for the long-term earnings losses of a large fraction of displaced workers , namely all those displaced workers who are re-employed in the same industry but have lost firm13", "spans": [{"start": 855, "end": 872, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an existing problem and a major constraint to several enterprises in Kenya , it is obvious that there are already existing pest management programmes within the country . In view of these efforts , it will be advisable to use the Participatory Impact Monitoring ( PIM ) approach . # # * * _The steps involved in participatory M & E should include : _ * * - Stakeholder Analysis and identification of M & E team - Setting up objectives and expectations for monitoring - Selection of Impacts to be monitored ( Variables / Indicators ) - Develop Indicator sheets - Develop and test the tools to be used in data collection ( Usually Participatory Rural Appraisal tools are used ) - Collect the data from as many sources of stakeholders as possible - Assessment of the data and discussion for a arranged on regular basis # # * * _Participatory Impact Monitoring ( PIM ) _ * * Participatory Impact Monitoring ( PIM ) should be employed for continuous observation , systematic documentation and critical reflection of impacts of IPM , followed by corrective action ( plan adjustments , strategy changes ) . It should be done by project staff and target groups , using self-generated survey results . The stakeholder analysis and selection of 153", "spans": [{"start": 1161, "end": 1190, "text": "self-generated survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "progress over time . An “ agile evaluation ” learning assessment system will be implemented , providing flexibility with a variety of assessment methods ( quizzes , tests , assignments ) catering to different subjects . This will be supported through : ( i ) learning standards in line with the competency-based curricula for all grades and levels ; ( ii ) a high-quality digital item bank to automatically generate competency-based formative and summative assessments ; ( iii ) development of a digital assessment platform whose data will feed into automated information system modules available at the central and regional levels ; and ( iv ) training on the use and maintenance of the platform for end users . The digital assessment platform will be used to implement the national standardized assessments . This subcomponent will finance technical assistance ( consultancy firms and individual ) and > 26 It is expected that most of the hardware will be leased to MEP , as explained in the next paragraph . Computational services would be provided through modular mobile carts that will be wheeled to classrooms . Modeling with empirical data indicates that 153 , 785 computers would be sufficient to cover the needs of PNFT . PNFT has two dimensions : the first comprises computational thinking or computational science , which concerns the implementation of the PNFT curriculum that requires 2 mandatory lessons per week . Dimension 2 comprises the use of computers and digital tools for all subjects in the curriculum , which is expected to grow over time as progress in Dimension 1 generates awareness , interest , and capabilities . Page 11", "spans": [{"start": 1132, "end": 1146, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TANZANIA ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE # b . Water < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 < br > income quintile < br > piped water standposts < br > wells / boreholes surface water < br > % of population < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Banerjee and others 2009 . Assuming that households can afford to spend 5 percent of their budget on power and 5 percent on water , subsistence consumption bundles of water and power at cost recovery prices would be affordable for the vast majority of Tanzanian households ( figure 19 ) . For power , with a cost recovery tariff of $ 0 . 16 per kilowatt hour for power and a subsistence consumption of 25 kilowatt hours per month ( enough to power two 100 watt light bulbs for four hours per day ) , the monthly power bill would be $ 4 . For water , with a cost recovery tariff of $ 0 . 68 and a subsistence consumption of 4 cubic meters per month ( 25 liters per person per day for a family of five ) , the monthly water bill would be $ 4 . Based on analysis of household income distribution , monthly utility bills of $ 4 would be affordable to all but the poorest 20 percent of Tanzania ’ s population . Given that access to these services is currently confined to the more affluent 10 percent of the population , affordability is unlikely to become a real issue for some time to come until service access is much more widely available than at present . Even if all inefficiencies could have been eliminated , an infrastructure funding gap of $ 0 . 7 billion per year ( 5 percent of GDP ) remained as of 2006 ( table 12 ) . Looking across sectors , the overall funding gap was mainly associated with water ( 55 percent of total ) and to a lesser extent power ( 30 percent of total", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "potential and less contribution to the economy . Our findings provide several ways for policy makers to reduce the productivity gap and improve the labor productivity of female-owned firms . That is , increasing the human capital of women entrepreneurs in the informal sector may help their businesses catch up with businesses owned by men . Enabling women-owned informal businesses to sell under contract , reducing the degree of informality , may further raise their productivity . Furthermore , we find that most women-owned businesses do wish to register . This implies that there is room to reduce informality if governments embrace policies that provide the right incentives to formalize . To summarize , this is the first study we are aware of that decomposes the gender labor productivity gap across informal firms . Several contributors to these gaps are identified , with the magnitude of these contributions estimated . These findings provide concrete policy recommendations to aid women-owned informal businesses . The rest of the paper is structured as follows . Section 2 describes the data and variables used . Section 3 provides the decomposition methodology . Difference in the level of resources used by women - and men-owned firms is provided in section 4 along with the difference in the impact of the resources on labor productivity . Section 5 contains our main decomposition results based on the Oaxaca-Blinder methodology . Section 6 summarizes the main findings and suggests scope for policy intervention and future research in the area . # * * 2 . Data and Main Variables * * Our data source is the Informal Enterprise Surveys ( IES ) that is a specialized survey for informal businesses defined as those that are unregistered with the relevant authorities in the country . The data we use consists of a random sample of 2 , 759 informal or unregistered firms collected by the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys team in 55 cities or regions in 14 countries in Africa , Asia , and 8", "spans": [{"start": 1625, "end": 1652, "text": "Informal Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . Une tendance inquiétante : l ’ augmentation des attaques contre le système de santé au Mali # # EXEMPLES D ’ INCIDENTS RAPPORTES - < mark > 6 femmes ont été tuées par l ’ explosion d ’ un engin explosif au passage d ’ une ambulance dans la région de Sikasso ( 11 / 09 ) . < / mark > Les Clusters Protection et Santé ont néanmoins constaté une augmentation inquiétante des attaques contre les infrastructures de santé au Mali ces derniers mois . Au premier semestre de 2020 , 11 attaques contre des hôpitaux ont été enregistré par le mécanisme MRM ( Monitoring and Reporting of Grave Child Rights Violations ) . Cela représente 79 % de ce type d ’ attaques enregistrées par le mécanisme MRM sur toute l ’ année précédente . Les violations comprennent des attaques contre des hôpitaux / centres de santé , le pillage ou la destruction d ’ équipement , médicaments et autres produits médicaux , le détournement des véhicules et les menaces contre ou les enlèvements des personnels de santé < sup > 8 < / sup > . - < mark > Des personnes armées non identifiées ( PANI ) ont détourné le véhicule d ’ une ONG qui servait d ' ambulance pour le centre de santé de référence de Bourem , dans le village de Barkeina ( 08 / 09 ) . < / mark > - < mark > Des PANI ont tiré sur une ambulance dans le village de Tassiga , commune de Bourra , cercle d ’ Angs", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "social and road safety risks < u > < mark > IN00933713 < / mark > < / u > ► Fully operational Environmental and Social Management System in place ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Not in place | - - | Not in place | Fully operational < br > system inplace | | Date | 23-Jun-2020 | - - | 09-Dec-2020 | 30-Mar-2022 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00933715 | Environmental and < br > issues | Social Management System to r | egister , track and monitor | environmental and social | ► Crash data entered into system , publicly reported , and used in decision making ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | - - | No | Yes | | Date | 23-Jun-2020 | - - | 09-Dec-2020 | 30-Mar-2022 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00933747 < br > ► Annual number of fat | Establishment / impro < br > and Serious Injuries < br > alities or serious injuries involvin | vement of monitoring and eval < br > , and its application for decision < br > g construction vehicles or at co | uation systems ( crash data < br > making < br > nstruction sites ( Number , | base ) to monitor Fatalities < br > Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 598, "text": "Crash data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the transition to individualized land rights , they have often maintained land-related social safety nets to provide insurance for the poor . One example for a mechanism to do so is to allow continuing uses of communal pastures and forest areas of low productive value as well as an universal right to collect leftovers after the harvest or graze animals on harvested fields . Another one is the provision for periodic redistribution of at least part of the land available to the community - for example the Bible mandates land redistribution every 50 years . < sup > 22 < / sup > Such redistribution of cultivation rights is likely to decrease productive efficiency by attenuating individuals ' > 2 ' Jodha ( 1990 ) provides evidence on the importance of access to the commons as a safety net for the poor . Based on panel data from China , Burgess ( 1997 ) finds that the equitable allocation of land use rights under communal tenure has an effect similar to a lump sum transfer that provide insurance against low nutritional outcomes in a way that is more incentive-compatible than arex _post_ redistribution . The fact that land ownership has a more significant impact on improving nutrition than on income can be explained by the fact that , with imperfect rural grain markets , considerable cash outlays would be required to achieve a similar effect through market purchases of grain . The presence of equity benefits from periodic redistribution of land rights in China would be consistent with peasants ' strong support for the system of periodic redistribution ( Kung , 1995 ) . > * * 21 * * Note that this is historically well-founded , as the many examples in Binswanger et al . ( 1995 ) demonstrate . > * * 22 * * If incentive structures and enforcement mechanisms to ensure that such provisions are actually implemented at the local level are non-existent , the provision for regular redistribution can actually give way to arbitrary behavior and rent extraction by local leaders . For a theoretical and empirical discussion of these issues see Tumer et al . ( 1998 ) . 14", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 839, "text": "panel data from China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The Welfare Effects of Mobile Broadband Internet : Evidence from Nigeria * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > Kalvin Bahia < sup > 2 < / sup > Pau Castells < sup > 3 < / sup > Genaro Cruz < sup > 4 < / sup > Takaaki Masaki < sup > 5 < / sup > Xavier Pedrós < sup > 6 < / sup > Tobias Pfutze < sup > 7 < / sup > Carlos Rodríguez-Castelán < sup > 8 < / sup > Hernan Winkler < sup > 9 < / sup > . * * Keywords : * * Poverty , Household consumption , Mobile broadband , Africa , Nigeria * * JEL codes : * * D12 , F63 , I31 , L86 , O12 1 The authors wish to thank Shubham Chaudhuri , Andrew Dabalen , Mark Dutz , Jonas Hjort , Samantha Lach , David McKenzie , Chandni Raja , Viviane Sanfelice , Emmanuel Skoufias , Daniel Valderrama and Tara Vishwanath for their comments and suggestions . The authors would also like to thank participants of the World Bank seminar organized by the Poverty and Equity and Digital Development Global Practices . The authors are also thankful to Gero Carletto and Siobhan Murray from the World Bank LSMS team for their support with data integration , as well as Aibek Baibagysh and Abul Azad from the World Bank Poverty and Equity Global Practice for their support on building the consumption aggregate for Nigeria GHS . The authors would also like to thank Mobile Network Operators in Nigeria for sharing their mobile network infrastructure data . This study received funding from the Digital Development Partnership and from UK aid . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent , or the UK government ’ s official policies , or those of the GSMA and GSMA Intelligence . 2 GSMA 3 GSMA 4 GSMA 5 World Bank 6 GSMA", "spans": [{"start": 1340, "end": 1374, "text": "mobile network infrastructure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "substation ( s ) , especially near urban areas , will be modified with time , since these lands are subject to new residential development . Over time , these residential developments can generate conflict between inhabitants and equipment operators resulting from complaints about noise , risks of electrocution , etc . The TL traverses mostly small-scale agricultural land , as well as some land that might be used for pasture . Therefore , the clearance of the line ’ s ROW will have a significant impact on local farmers . Mitigation measures to be applied will include providing compensation and resettlement assistance to affected households and landowners , and providing livelihoods restoration to affected households and landowners . # # # * * ES 7 . 3 . 2 Land Acquisition and Resettlement * * A number of houses , secondary structures ( e . g . , barns , paddocks , etc . ) , community forests , trees providing tree crops and shade trees , and community buildings that are located within the RoW will be demolished or moved . This resettlement operation will be very sensitive due to high density in some areas . With proper resettlement procedures , appropriate and cost-effective compensation measures , the impact of the Project on these households will be minimized but still potentially significant . Sufficient time and care to assist communities and households is crucial to minimize the impact on these resettlements . In accordance with WB ESF ESS5 all resettlement , iincluding any physical displacement and compensation payments , will be completed prior to the start of any sub-project site preparation or construction activities . It should , however , be noted that the definitive number of households likely to be displaced will be established during the final property and asset inventories to be identified when the RP is prepared . In general , however , the TL avoids villages , where the concentration of buildings is demarcated . # # # * * ES 7 . 3 . 3 Employment and Economic Development * * There are no strong adverse impacts on the local and regional economy at the pre-construction and construction stage . Some speculation could happen before", "spans": [{"start": 1788, "end": 1818, "text": "property and asset inventories", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > malnourished | 38 % | 17 % | NA * | NA | NA | | % immunization ( DPT3 ) < br > coveragerate * * | 82 % | 87 % | 85 % | 3 % | No | | % of pregnant women who < br > received completeIPT2dose | 42 % | 50 % | 47 % | 5 % | No | | No . of couple years of < br > protection ( CYP ) | 361 , 080 | 500 , 000 | 594 , 594 | 65 % | Yes | | % ofwomenattendedANC4 | 56 % | 60 % | 58 % | 2 % | No | * Data only collected every five years through DHS ( 2006 and 2011 ) * * PRSC indicator . Source : Government Annual Performance Report , Financial Year 2008 / 09 , November 2009 . > 27 As noted in the 2010 CAS , “ Uganda suffers from pervasive ‘ quiet corruption ’ – the failure of public servants to deliver goods or services paid for by the government – such as unchecked teacher and health worker absenteeism , ” which often has “ deep long-term consequences for households , farms , and firms . ” 24", "spans": [{"start": 436, "end": 439, "text": "DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 95 * * < br > * * 7 * * < br > * * 58 * * | | < br > Import price index ( 1993 = 100 ) | | | | | * * rExporns * * < br > Iportn | | < br > Terms of trade ( 1993 = 100 ) | | | | | < br > | | * * BALANCE of PAYMENTS * * | | | | | | | _ ( UiS $ millions ) _ | * * 1977 * * | * * 1987 * * | * * 1997 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * Current account balance to GDP ratio ( V . ) * * | | Exports of goods and services | | 334 | 239 | 289 o | | | < br > Importsofgoodsandservices < br > | | 336 < br > | 816 < br > | 980 < br > | s < br > l | | Resource balance < br > - | | - 2 | - 577 | - 691 | | | Net income | | ° | 51 | 65 | * * _-20_ * * _ - - _ < br > r1 | | Net current transfers | | | 250 | 440 | * * . 00 * * | | Current account balance | | 5 | - 276 | - 186 | * * 40 { * * | | Financing items ( net ) | | 7 | 303 | 257 | i | | < br > Changes in net reserves | | - 12 | - 27 | - 71 | n60 | | * * _Memo : _ * * | | | | | | | Reserves including gold_ ( US $ millions ) _ < br > Conversion rate_ ( DEC , locallUS $ ) _ | _ . . _ < br > _ . . _ | _ . . _ < br >", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 73, "text": "Import price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "providing disaster relief and assistance in recovery ( Davies and others , 2014 ) , which increases the possibility of cascading disaster effects ( see next section ) . The impacts of disasters can be difficult to identify in macroeconomic statistics because efforts to rebuild can create a stimulus effect that counterbalances production losses during the disaster . However , ADB ( 2012 , p . 2 ) reported a noticeable long-term impact on economic development in Cambodia from the 2011 floods : “ Despite the positive overall economic performance of Cambodia in 2011 , the flood slowed the potential for sustained economic growth due to the devastating impact at the household and macroeconomic levels . ” Even in cases where resources are diverted toward recovery efforts , there could be displacement effects , for example if public services are cut to balance budgets . Alternatively , an increase in debt levels could impact financial stability , as discussed in Section 4 . Table 1 shows that large floods with substantial human and economic cost already occur in Cambodia on a frequent basis , in part because of the intensity of rainfall in the rainy season ( when 80 percent of annual rainfall occurs ) . Paltan and others ( 2018 ) report that climate change will increase the frequency further ; even under a scenario with limited climate change , what was previously a 1-in-100-year flood could occur once every 25 years or even once every five years . World Bank Group ( 2021 ) summarizes the recent literature and finds that 25 percent of Cambodia ’ s population is expected to be exposed to floods between 2035 and 2044 . However , there remains substantial uncertainty about both the scale and potential impacts of future floods . Phy and others ( 2022 ) note that Cambodia lacks both flood hazard mapping and risk and damage assessment . The authors recommend further data collection and model-based analysis , combined with predictions about future land use change and infrastructure development , to identify key future risks in Cambodia .", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 250, "text": "macroeconomic statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "production capacity apparently caused a sharp increase in real GDP . The CEM data ( which I suspect are superior ) indicate an increase in real CDP , rising from 2 . 9 in 1975-78 to 14 . 9 percent during 1979-80 and then falling to 7 . 3 percent in 1981-83 as world oil prices declined from their peak . A comparison of Cameroon ' s two boom episodes supports the conjecture above that commodity orice booms , compared to booms caused by exogenous volume increases , often have only modest impacts on real output . In the face of price or \" terms of trade \" shocks , therefore , stabilization Rolicies should focus on the inflationary and external balance consequences of booms rather than their effects on output and emplovment . In the case of booms caused by resource discoveries , on the other hand , more emphasis on t . . e latter effects is warranted . In their comparative study of boom management in Cameroon , Cote d ' Ivoire , and Senegal , Devarajan and DeMelo ( 1987 ) conclude that Cameroon ' s macro management during the 1970s was first-rate . The increase in spending associated with the boom was modest ; the government budgetary situation which was conservative prior to the booms remained so throughout the 1970s ; the real exchange rate did not appreciate sharply , in contrast to the typical pattern in booming economies ( including Cote d ' lvoire and Senegal ) . They point out that the initial windfall from the coffee boom in Cameroon and the windfall from the coffee and cocoa boom in Cote d ' Ivoire accrued to their commodity stabilization funds , as prices paid to domestic producers were kept below prevailing world prices . Whether this results in a moderation of the spending effect of the boom ( relative to a situation where the bulk of the windfall accrues directly to the private sector , as happened for example in the case of the 1973 phosphate boom in Senegal ) depends critically on how the 34", "spans": [{"start": 73, "end": 81, "text": "CEM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rounds of COV-ES and include individual firm fixed effects to eliminate selection bias stemming from time-invariant characteristics of firms . We also add a set of COV-ES variables to capture time-varying aspects of firms ’ operations , reducing endogeneity concerns . To alleviate concerns about selection bias , we re-estimate panel regressions on a restricted sample . For El Salvador , this means that we drop firms that state the following reasons for not receiving government support : not aware , not eligible , no need , or applied but did not receive it . In the context of the pandemic , these firms likely faced fewer hardships than others , so we expect to reduce negative selection bias by excluding them from the control group . This same information is not available in the Georgia surveys , so to restrict the sample , we include only the firms that have not yet received support but are expecting in the next three months . We think that some concerns about selection bias – which can be positive as well as negative , with positive selection bias likely reduced in the context of panel regressions – and endogeneity likely remain , so we refrain from commenting on the estimated size of the effectiveness of government support and only focus on whether it is estimated to be above zero . We find nearly no statistically significant positive effect of government support on any of our four outcome variables in either country , with only one exception . Our panel regressions suggest that government support helped firms avoid reducing their total hours of operations per week in El Salvador ( Table 11 ) . COV-ES data includes questions asking firms to specify whether they received the following types of support : cash transfers , deferral of payments , access to new credit , fiscal relief , and wage subsidies ( with the additional general “ other ” category also asked ) , with multiple types possible at the same time . Among these questions , we added to the respective panel regression the ones with at least 50 Yes responses . This exercise suggests that the link between government support and total hours of operations in El Salvador is through cash transfers ( Table 13 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 804, "text": "Georgia surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1624, "end": 1635, "text": "COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 1 Diagram representing the data process * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Targeting : < br > - Most Vulnerable < br > - Vulnerable < br > - Less Vulnerable < br > Scored for Vulnerability < br > Family Data < br > Scored Family Data collated < br > Geographical Area Scored for < br > Vulnerability : < br > - Most Vulnerable < br > - Vulnerable < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 9", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 224, "text": "Family Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 239, "end": 250, "text": "Family Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "migrate before 2006 . The findings suggest transformation of household gender dynamics and reinforcement of traditional gender ideologies by male migrants returning from other Arab countries . A similar analysis was undertaken for Jordan ( Tuccio and Wahba 2018 ) . Controlling for both emigration and return migration selections , the study found that women with a returnee family member are more likely to hold traditional gender norms than women in households with no migration experience . Further analysis showed that results are driven by returnees from more conservative Arab countries , suggesting a transfer of conservative norms from destinations with highly traditional gender roles . In general , return migration from Middle Eastern countries had an adverse impact on female labor force participation , education , fertility , and gender equality . Although exposure to new ideas and norms during migration and the impact of this exposure on home country conditions after the end of migration has been studied to some extent , no studies have considered the transfer of norms and values by return migrants from the Gulf or the Middle East to any Indian state or other South Asian countries . This paper addresses this gap given the large-scale South Asian migration to Middle Eastern countries and the potential implications of such exposure on future migration and gender equality policies in sending and destination countries alike . # * * 3 . Data * * This paper uses data from the Kerala Migration Survey ( KMS ) 2013 , the sixth in a series of migration monitoring surveys conducted by the Center of Development Studies since 1998 ( Rajan and Zachariah 2013 ) . The KMS 2013 includes a total of 14 , 575 households , representative at the level of 14 districts and covering all 63 _taluks_ . < sup > 5 < / sup > Interviews were conducted between December 2013 and May 2013 . The survey collected demographic information for 63 , 230 household members , including 29 , 882 males and 33 , 341 females . > 5 An administrative district used for taxation purposes , typically made up of multiple villages . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1498, "end": 1521, "text": "Kerala Migration Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Community Characteristics . Community characteristics at the time of schooling are meant to capture the effect of differences in communities , levels of economic development , public services , and school availability . The level of community economic development determines opportunities for work in the local labor market and , thus , returns to schooling in the area . The level of public expenditures in the area contributes to its economic health and the availability of transportation , schools , and other facilities . For our sample , we do not have measures of public community characteristics at the time of schooling . In their absence , we use two city-noncity dummy variables that take on a value of 1 if the individual lived in a city at age 8 ar < sup > 4 < / sup > 13 , i . e . , ages corresponding to the official ages of entry into the primary and secondary levels . 14 / The premise for this is that city dwellers generally have greater access to public facilities , such as schools , and more active labor markets than do rural residents . To the exteni that the availability of schools influences an individual ' s choice of residence , these variables may be endogenc . However , this is less likely to be the case for 8 - and 13-year olds than for older youths . School Characteristics . The primary school characteristics we use in equation ( 3 ) refer to the school the respondents attended , not to the primary school that is generally available to the community . Thus , it can be argued that the values of these variables are themselves a result of family decision-making which would bias the coefficients . To the extent that only 14 / These variables were constructed from migration data and there is some error in their measurement . For those individuals who migrated more than twice during their school-age years ( about 5 percent of the sample ) , we are unable to identify residence . These individuals were assigned the location to which they had first migrated . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1703, "end": 1717, "text": "migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > Develop innovative resettlement options ( Legally sound , socially , economically and environmentally sustainable ) for the affected persons based on existing situation and context of the settlement as well as best global resettlement practices . < / mark > d . < mark > Conduct extensive and in-depth stakeholder consultations with all project stakeholders . < / mark > e . < mark > Propose an acceptable entitlement matrix to guide compensation and other mitigation actions to Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) . < / mark > f . < mark > Compile an accurate PAP and Asset register that is acceptable to stakeholders . < / mark > > 2 These number of beneficiaries is exclusive of 10 PAPs on the flood zone . A PDP has been prepared by the County Government for resettlement of the PAPs . 1-3", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 590, "text": "PAP and Asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > a < br > a < br > ai < br > a < br > n < br > a < br > á < br > ib < br > r < br > Alt < br > a < br > o < br > ê < br > et e < br > a < br > Ti < br > P < br > JANUARY 2005 IBRD 33727 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": "Agriculture Technol < br > ogies and Practices | Prior < br > Re | quest for Bids | Open - Internation < br > l | a < br > Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | | 2 , 670 , 157 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Revie < br > w | | 2024-10-31 | 2024-11-22 | | | | 2025-01-03 | 2025-03-18 | 2025-04-22 | 2025-10-19 | | | UG-MAAIF-461994-GO-RFB / < br > Supply of 6 , 000 , 000 fingerlin < br > gs for stock enhancement in < br > valley dams and small wat < br > er bodies under 2 Lots < br > IDA / 72610 | Promoting Adoption of Clima < br > te Smart Agriculture Technol < br > ogies and Practices | Post < br > Re | quest for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 1 , 230 , 366 . 50 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2024-11-29 | 2024-12-04 | | | | 2025-01-15 | 2025-02-14 | 2025-03-21 | 2025-09-17 | | | UG-MAAIF-462047-GO-RFB / < br > Supply and test run the Digit < br > al ( electronic ) registration , lic < br > ensing and fisheries data acq < br > uisition system for evidence - < br > based fisheries stock monitor < br > ingand evaluation . < br > IDA / 72610 | Promoting Adoption of Clima < br > te Smart Agriculture Technol < br > ogies and Practices | Post < br > Re | quest for Bids | Open -", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 955, "text": "fisheries data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9046 # * * Abstract * * Workers in developing countries are subject to frequent health shocks . Using 10 weeks of high-frequency labor market data that were collected in urban Ghana , this paper documents that men are 9 percentage points more likely to work in weeks in which another worker in the household is unexpectedly ill . The paper provides suggestive evidence that these effects are strongest among very risk averse men , men in poorer households , and men who are the highest earners in their household . By contrast , women display a net zero response to another worker ’ s illness , even women who are the highest earners in their household . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at rmheath @ uw . edu , gmansuri @ worldbank . org , and brijkers @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 176, "text": "high-frequency labor market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "female members ) . The - members mobilized Br 67 , 219 as paid share capital and Br 158 , 704 as saving . Most of these groups have already started the inter-loaning for income generation and livelihood diversification activities . To date , the project has managed to establish 346 PaSACCOs in the project Regions , of which 329 have been registered as legal entities . The project has also disbursed Br . 7 . 15 million as seed capital for 133 PaSACCOs that fulfilled the required criteria . This was made possible after the required training and capacity building efforts . • Under the Pastoral Risk Management component of the project , the Pastoral Early Warning System has been effective in collecting , analyzing and interpretation early warning data for informed decision making purposes . Accordingly , during the reporting period , 24 weekly and 6 monthly early warning information were produced by the four major pastoral regions of the country . The Early Warning and Response Directorate of MoA has been disseminating the monthly early warning reports to all concerned stakeholders . • The Disaster Preparedness Strategic Investment Program ( DPSIP ) , with longer term disaster preparedness , reduction and mitigation objectives , has also been active in supporting the beneficiary regions to design and implement strategic investments to complement the pastoral livelihoods resilience building efforts . During the reporting period and following the recommendations of the MTR mission in June 2011 , a total of Birr 23 million has been transferred to Somali , Oromiya and SNNP regions to implement DPSIP subprojects that obtained the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment clearances . Accordingly , activities in areas of range management , water development , small scale irrigation works , livestock market development , forage production and road construction are underway in various pastoral areas of the country . • Implementation progress of the Knowledge Management and Networking component of the project is also progressing very well . The mission noted with satisfaction that the dynamic web site of the project www . pcdp . gov . et , which is being used as one of its communication strategies , has been visited", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 757, "text": "early warning data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- DBE-231076-GO-RFQ / < br > Re - collection of quotation for < br > the procurement of 42 units < br > of Laptop computers forvirtual capacity building oncarbon financing and ITtraining on Java Fundamentals / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-04-27 2021-05-19 2021-07-05 < br > for Android Development and < br > Google associate android < br > developer . < br > NON CONSULTING SERVICES < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach ProcurementProcess Prequalification ( Y / N ) Actual Amount ( US $ ) ProcessStatus Draft Pre-qualificationDocuments Evaluation ReportPrequalification Draft BiddingDocument / Justification Specific ProcurementNotice / Invitation Bidding Documents asIssued Proposal Submission / Opening / Minutes and RecommendationBid Evaluation Reportfor Award Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > CONSULTING FIRMS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Request for ProposalsShort List and Draft Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Technical Proposal Evaluation of Combined EvaluationNeReport and Draftgotiated Contract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > ET-DBE-116473-CS-CQS / Implementing of Biogas UserSurvey ( BUS ) / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 0 . 00 Canceled 2019-06-23 2019-10 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 85 | 100 . 0 | Based on the survey result , almost half ( 49 . 4 % ) of the surveyed households owning farmland size between 0 . 001 to 0 . 499 hectare , followed by households owning farmland holding between 0 . 5 to 0 . 99 ha . Only 18 . 9 % of the surveyed households reported to have farmland size above 1 . 0ha . Particularly , the proportion of the surveyed households owning farmland size below 0 . 5ha is disproportionally high among households in Hawela Tula Woreda where 83 . 3 % of the households owned below 0 . 5ha of farmland . ( See Table 4 . 20 above ) On the other hand , only four households ( three in Hawela Tula & One in Bulchana woredas ) owning irrigation land . The proportion of households owning grazing land is also very limited . Based on the survey result only 9 households reported to owning grazing land and most of them ( 6 households ) belongs to Toga Weransa Woreda . In project woredas , all farming households having farmland may not owning , official farmland ownership certificate . For example , among surveyed households who owning farmland about 37 . 8 % of the households reported that they do not have official land ownership certificate , while majority ( 62 . 2 % ) of the households having land ownership certificate . Higher proportion of land ownership certificate is reported among households in Hawela Tula ( 70 . 0 % ) # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 6 . 4 Economic Activities and Livelihoods * * # # # # # # * * _Crop Production_ * * Crop and livestock production are the main sources of livelihood for people residing in periurban areas and rural settlements of project affected cities . Sample households were asked about what crops they grow . Accordingly , Vegetables and fruits is the main crops grown by the majority ( 81 . 1 % ) of the households , followed by haricot bean ( 67 .", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 43, "text": "survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 773, "end": 786, "text": "survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . N / A * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were violated in the data , Hamilton and Flavin would conclude that the borrowing constraint need not be satisfied . By contrast , I regard the necessity of the presentvalue borrowing constraint in a dynamically efficient economy as established on theoretical grounds . . . This suggests a natural definition for the concept of sustainability : a sustainable fiscal policy is one that would be expected to generate a sequence of debt and deficits such that the present-value borrowing constraint would hold . . . . Moreover , an unsustainable policy would be expected to change . . . If the present-value borrowing constraint does not hold , what will be the form of the violation ? Hakkio and Rush ( 1991 , p . 429 ) also interpret their PVC tests as tests of the sustainability of current fiscal policy : Is the [ U . S . ] budget deficit \" too large ? \" Yes . Specifically , we find that recent spending and tax policies of the government - - if continued - - violate the government ' s intertemporal budget constraint . As a result government sending must be reduced and / or tax revenues must be increased . The authors state explicitly that they are testing whether the NPG condition would be satisfied _if government revenue and expenditure continued to follow their past stochastic processes . _ I conclude that the PVC tests are appropriately viewed as tests of the sustainability of the current fiscal policy stance , as reflected in the historical times series data on government spending , revenue , deficits , and / or debt , not as _solvency_ tests . An analysis of solvency would have to consider all conceivable government policies , and ask whether there is _any_ economically and politically feasible policy stance that would satisfy the PVC , given the value of current debt . If there is none , then the government is insolvent . In the U . S . context , it is reasonable to assume that government expenditure or tax policies would ultimately have to change in order to bring the projected stream of discounted future primary surpluses into line with the PVC in situations where the current fiscal policy is unsustainable . In the LDC context", "spans": [{"start": 1448, "end": 1476, "text": "historical times series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 0 | 0 . 9 | | Lag of Partial Credit Guarantee % of GDP | 266 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 9 | | Median Coverage of PCG Scheme | 210 | 68 . 1 | 7 . 5 | 60 . 0 | 82 . 5 |", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 60, "text": "Lag of Partial Credit Guarantee % of GDP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< / sup > Exports covers all movements out of the country of the commodity in question . FAO also reports whenever possible trade in processed commodities expressed in the originating primary commodity equivalent . For example , wheat are imported as bulk grain and / or as processed ( e . g . wheat flour , wheat bran , wheat germ , wheat gluten , etc ) . The value of imports and exports of these processed products in terms of the > 12 . However , as indicated by Tyers and Falvey ( 1989 ) , this need not always be true in the case where significant and multiple distortions exist in the food sub-sectors . > 13 The FAO data are based on official country trade statistics on standard trade classification ( SITC ) . Trade data are included in both the Commodity Balance Databases ( CBD ) and the Supply and Utilization Database or Food Balance Sheets ( SUA ) . The difference in the databases mainly concerns the processed products that are expressed in primary commodity equivalent in CBD whereas in SUA , trade accounts are shown by product weight , often in different detailed categories . However , the differences are relatively small and the grouping \" total food \" in CBD are very similar to those used in the supply and utilization accounts . > 14 The import data are reported in terms of net weight , i . e . excluding the weight of the container . 12", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 783, "text": "Commodity Balance Databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 800, "end": 831, "text": "Supply and Utilization Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 835, "end": 854, "text": "Food Balance Sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1264, "end": 1275, "text": "import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 7 : Graduation by Cumulative Classes Completed in Year 5 . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 < br > Graduation rate On − time graduation rate < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : SPADIES . Students belong to the 2006 entry cohort ( first semester ) . _Notes_ : The figure refers to students who start year 5 and classifies them into tiers based on their cumulative classes completed by the end of the year . For each tier , the blue bar shows the percent of students who graduate , and the green bar shows the percent of students who graduate on time , relative to all graduates from that tier . * * Figure 8 : Average Number of Classes Attempted in Year 1 , by Ability . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > 19 . 5 < br > 19 < br > 18 . 5 < br > 18 < br > 17 . 5 < br > 17 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Ability decile < br > Avg . number of classes taken < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Calculations based on SPADIES for students from the 2006 entry cohort ( first semester ) . _Notes_ : Figure shows the average number of classes attempted by students in year 1 by ability decile . # * * 5 Model * * We model a representative cohort of high school graduates who differ in ability , family income , and idiosyncratic preferences . They choose whether to enroll in college or enter the labor force as high school graduates . College graduation requires the completion of a set number of classes . The combination of ability , effort , and performance and dropout risks determines class completion and college outcomes .", "spans": [{"start": 1083, "end": 1090, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Planning and Budgeting * * < br > 1 . Address the delay of annual budget approval by EEU Board - < br > align the budget calendar of the EEU and Board regular < br > meeting dates with that of the Federal Government . < br > 2 . Produce budget execution reports based on actual < br > expenditure data and according to planned physical activities < br > from the system regularly addressing current backlogs ; < br > 3 . Amend the CoA structure to capture expenditures according < br > to Program activities . | Continuous | EEU | Annual budgets are < br > approved and < br > disseminated on time ; < br > Budget execution reports < br > and amended CoA < br > structure | 1 . _Not_ < br > _yet_ < br > _resolved_ . < br > 2 . _Resolved_ < br > 3 . _Not_ < br > _yet_ < br > _completed_ | 1 . Carried < br > over < br > 2 . Completed < br > 3 . Carried < br > over | | * * Transparency : * * Disclose entity and ELEAP budget and financial < br > statements to the public through the MoWE and EEU ’ s website ( this < br > includes budgets , yearly budget execution reports , and audit < br > reports ) . | Continuous | EEU and < br > MoWE | Disclosure of annual < br > budget and financial < br > statements including < br > budget execution reports < br > and audit reports | _Not done_ | Carried over | | * * Treasury management and fund flow : * * Unpredictability of Program < br > funds should be addressed - financing gap should be carefully < br > considered and addressed bythe Government / MoF . | Continuous | MoWE and < br > MoF", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 305, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contain more noise than the model predictions ( including due to outliers ) . < sup > 40 < / sup > In practice , as detailed further below , we find that for aggregate job losses , the predicted and survey measured levels from CFUWBES2 match reasonably well for both countries , supporting the stability of the proximate causal relationships estimated in Section 4 over a short time horizon . When compared with actual COVID-19 period labor force monitoring data ( discussed in the subsequent paragraph ) , we generally find that the model-predicted estimates come closer to the actual observed groupwise distribution of job losses than the survey-measured projections do . The second , more important validity check we perform is to examine the divergence between our model projections and a COVID-period monitoring survey of labor market impacts . For Jordan , we use the COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey ( CMMHH ) , conducted in January-March 2021 ( See Figure 6 , which depicts the surveys ’ relative timelines ) . The sampling frame for this survey differs from that of the LMPS survey in that it does not include “ other ” nationalities ( non-Jordanian , Syrian , or Palestinian ) . In addition , the surveys utilized different definitions of industry categories , work arrangements , and employment types . In particular , the definitions used for “ permanent ” jobs varies . Finally , the survey ’ s timing did not align perfectly with that of CFUWBES2 . Therefore , one might expect some differences between the levels of PFPS job losses captured , Nonetheless , this comparison can provide an indication of the validity of our methodology . _Figure 7 : Jordan : Timeline of Surveys_ | | | | CFUWBES1 | | | CFUWB | ES2 | CMMHH | , 2021 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Apr-20 | May-20 | Jun-20 | Jul-20 < br > Aug-20 | Sep-20 | Oct-20 | Nov-20 | Dec-20 | Jan-21 | Feb-21 | Mar-21 | Source", "spans": [{"start": 227, "end": 235, "text": "CFUWBES2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 419, "end": 462, "text": "COVID-19 period labor force monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 793, "end": 847, "text": "COVID-period monitoring survey of labor market impacts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 874, "end": 912, "text": "COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1085, "end": 1096, "text": "LMPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 : Procurement Expenditure by Category based on PO data * * 33 . According to PO data in EPSA , the maximum value of single contracts committed using the SDG PF are US $ 18 . 3 million for Etonogestel ( pharmaceutical ) , US $ 16 . 6 million for lab chemical , and US $ 15 . 6 million for Sterilizer ( Medical Equipment ) . It is noted that the likelihood of a single contract amounting to more than 25 percent of program expenditure is low at EPSA . Furthermore , outside of EPSA , large value procurement using the SDG PF is undertaken by FMOH when procuring vehicles from a local supplier MOENCO with contract amount around JPY 11 . 45 billion ( around $ 104 million ) during 2017 , which was resolved with the Bank through agreement for exclusion of the contract amount from the program expenditure framework . In addition , the assessment found maximum contract value recorded with UNICEF valued at US $ 50 million for procurement of hospital equipment and US $ 45 million for procurement of Solar Direct drive from the SDG PF . The assessment also found a maximum contract value of US $ 17 million with UNOPS for procurement of vehicles . 34 . The Public Health Infrastructure Department ( PHID ) in FMOH is managing construction of centrally planned health infrastructure projects including hospitals . Data received from the Department indicates construction contracts with total worth of ETB 1 . 3 billion ( US $ 46 million ) have been managed by the department during the past five years ( 2017-2020 ) with a maximum contract amount for construction of Alert Trauma Hospital being ETB 751 . 3 million ( US $ 25 million ) . Therefore , the likelihood of having a single construction contract at the MOH PHID within the exclusion threshold is low . 35 . Procurement expenditure profile at region level is assessed . The assessment took input from the annual procurement Key Performance Indicator reports that regional regulatory bodies compile which includes the health sector procurement among other sectors and requested the regional Health bureaus", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 67, "text": "PO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 90, "end": 105, "text": "PO data in EPSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1878, "end": 1923, "text": "procurement Key Performance Indicator reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "green patents granted . In comparison , high-income countries were granted nearly 1 , 500 green patents in 2010 alone . Though small , the ̳ importance ‘ of green patenting as measured in absolute numbers in developing regions is rising , particularly in EAP and S Asia . This reflects the general rise in patenting by developing countries . Measured by their share in overall patenting per region , green innovations are as prominent in ECA and LAC as in high-income countries , having grown relative to all patents ; in this relative sense , green patents have actually declined since the late 1990s in EAP and S Asia and been stagnant across the 2000s ( Figure 1 , Panel C ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > But we stress caution in interpreting these trends . For one , these ratios are sensitive to even small changes in the number of patents granted to a few countries . Secondly , scale matters in R & D : even if the relative importance of green patenting is similar to high-income countries , most developing countries have not reached a critical mass of green patenting . # * * 2 . 2 Technologically-sophisticated countries emerging as significant innovators , but limited to a few technologies * * * * < u > Figure 2 : Increasing Patenting in the most Technological Sophisticated Countries < / u > * * Number of Green Patents Granted < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 1996-2000 < br > 30 2001-2005 < br > 20 < br > 2006-2010 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Low-tech Hi-tech Developing High Income ( in < br > Developing 100s ) < br > Total USPTO grants in OECD Green Technology Areas for three periods . Patents granted to high-income < br > countries are in 100s . Source : USPTO grants in PATSTAT . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 2 suggests that a significant capacity for frontier green innovation exists in a small group of more technologically-sophisticated developing countries . Hence", "spans": [{"start": 1730, "end": 1737, "text": "PATSTAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Javorcik , Beata S . , and Mariana Spatareanu . 2008 . “ To Share or Not to Share : Does Local Participation Matter for Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment ? ” Journal of Development Economics 85 ( 1 – 2 ) : 194 – 217 . - < mark > Jiménez , A . ( 2011 ) . Political risk as a determinant of Southern European FDI in neighboring developing countries . < / mark > _ < mark > Emerging Markets Finance and Trade < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 47 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 4 ) , 59-74 . < / mark > - < mark > Durán , J . J . , De la Fuente , J . M . , & Jiménez , A . ( 2008 ) . Political risk as a determinant of investment by Spanish multinational firms in Europe . Is there an East-West structure ? . In < / mark > _ < mark > Communication presented at the 34th EIBA International Annual Conference in Tallin ( Estonia ) < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > - Jun K . and Singh H . ( 1996 ) . \" The Determinants of foreign direct investment in developing countries \" , Transnational Corporations , Vol . 5 , p . 67-105 . - Kearney , A . T . 2017 . _Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index_ . Global Business Council , New York . - Kinda , T . ( 2010 ) . Investment climate and FDI in developing countries : affiliate-level evidence . World development , 38 ( 4 ) , 498-513 . - Kowalski , P . , Gonzalez , J . , Ragoussis , A . , and Ugarte , C . ( 2015 ) . Participation of Developing Countries in Global Value Chains : Implications for Trade and Trade-Related Policies . _OECD Trade Policy Papers_ 179 . - Krifa-Schneider , H . , & Matei , I . ( 2010 ) . Business climate , political risk and FDI in developing countries : Evidence from panel data . International Journal of Economics and Finance , 2 ( 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "al . , 2019 ) , while others employ an empirical best predictor model ( Battese Harter and Fuller , 1988 Masaki et al . , 2020 ) . We undertake this exercise in the context of Mexico , which has publicly available data that makes our approach feasible . We focus on three separate levels of aggregation : the state , the municipality , and the AGEB ( Área Geoestadistica Básica , i . e . the Basic Geo-Statistical Area ) . Importantly , the census data has AGEB-level identifiers for all urban AGEBs in the country . This allows us to match geospatial data to AGEBs . In addition , we simulate a random sample from the census before implementing our preferred small area estimation approach . The use of census data allows us to compare the resulting estimates to the “ truth , ” derived from the census data itself . This type of data is rarely available in developing countries and , as such , Mexico is the perfect context in which to apply our approach . It is important to note that our results on unemployment and labor force participation differ from official rates in two key ways . First , we include only urban AGEBs due to data limitations . Second , we are using census data , not a labor force survey , so the instruments differ . For example , the age range for which employment questions are asked differs across the instruments . However , despite these differences in the instruments , the underlying concepts of labor force participation and unemployment in the census and labor force survey are similar . There is therefore no reason to believe that the findings on the benefits of incorporating geospatial data would not apply to the official definitions as well . This paper implements a sub-area model , which is essentially a unit-level model in which the unit is taken to be the AGEB . In particular , we specify a weighted empirical best predictor model , with conditional random effects specified at the municipality level in our main results . Municipal 3", "spans": [{"start": 704, "end": 715, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1195, "end": 1213, "text": "labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1480, "end": 1509, "text": "census and labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNHCR informants surmise that the policy and practice must have begun well over 20 years ago with the first large-scale influx of Somalis into Ethiopia in the late 1980s . < sup > 36 < / sup > What is clear , however , is that in 2011 , when Somalis began arriving in substantial numbers , the established policy and practice was to recognize Somalis from southern or central Somalia through a group-based approach . Recognition was granted under the authority of the Refugee Proclamation , primarily under the broader refugee criteria , but sometimes also based on the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria . Somalis from other parts of Somalia were , in principle , subject to an individual approach to RSD . < sup > 37 < / sup > As at the end of 2010 , UNHCR ’ s data indicate that there were over 67 , 000 Somali refugees in Ethiopia who were recognized under the broader refugee criteria ( more than 45 , 000 in the Dollo Ado camps and more than 21 , 000 in the Jijiga camps ) . Fewer than 30 Somali refugees had been recognized based on the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria and fewer than 5 Somalis based on UNHCR mandate definitions , with all of them based in the Jijiga camps . < sup > 38 < / sup > Exactly when the geographical distinction was introduced into practice is unclear . Some informants suggested that it was in play well — possibly years — before the 2011 crossborder movements . Certainly , as at April 2018 , this policy and practice remained unchanged . At no point in the intervening period , including in the context of more recent cross-border movements , has this policy been revised or revoked . Importantly , the declaration of famine in parts of Somalia in July 2011 does not appear to have been a key marker with regard to the recognition of Somalis . As alluded to earlier , while Article 19 of the Refugee Proclamation allows the NISS to declare a class of persons as refugees , public", "spans": [{"start": 750, "end": 764, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 34 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * # * * SECTION 2 : * * TARGETING EFFECTIVENESS The effectiveness of the targeting approach is defined by the objectives it is meant to achieve . As jointly agreed in the Joint Targeting Strategy < sup > 5 < / sup > , the targeting approach is to : - Identify vulnerable refugee households in need of humanitarian assistance and less vulnerable refugees with higher livelihood resilience who would benefit from livelihoods support ; - Ensure the greatest protection outcomes through strong community participation , communications with refugee communities and risk analysis to inform the approach . # # * * Longitudinal analysis of panel household * * The effectiveness of the targeting approach was measured using the analysis from the panel household sample . Panel households were interviewed twice , the first time in December 2020 and the second time in September 2021 . This methodological approach allowed for a longitudinal analysis that could control for contextual confounders , such as population movements . The assumption is that the non-assisted group of households should not be showing a significant deterioration in a set of outcome indicators due to their relative self-reliance observed in December 2020 as per the targeting criteria used . The assisted group of households , on the other hand , should be showing a stabilizing trend with regards to the set of outcome indicators because of the assistance they receive . The key value of the panel analysis ( household-tohousehold ) is to observe how each of the three eligibility groups responded to the assistance change that took place after the baseline in December 2020 . In other words , the panel data analysis allows for more robust overtime comparisons of key outcome indicators and hence , assess the effectiveness of the targeting approach . The sample of 892 panel households represented the three eligibility groups : 1 ) highly vulnerable households receiving a full food ration ( 757 ) , 2 ) moderately vulnerable households receiving a half food ration ( 62 ) and 3 ) households not receiving food assistance ( 73 ) . Due to a high drop-out", "spans": [{"start": 790, "end": 812, "text": "panel household sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 187 , 740 . 59 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-22 2022-12-30 2023-12-28 < br > rición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-57 / Contratación de 24 Encuestadores ENDI para el operativo de campode la Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 356 , 772 . 70 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-23 2022-12-29 2023-12-29 < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 4", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 341, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de D IBRD", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for a 10 % increase . Earlier research has indicated that economic impacts of air pollution stem mainly from health effects that decrease length and quality of life , increase health expenditures , and reduce labor supply and productivity . In 2013 , one-tenth of deaths worldwide were attributable to air pollution , resulting in about $ 225 billion annually in lost labor income ( World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation , 2016 ) . For those facing negative health impacts , personal wealth can suffer immensely , between $ 240 billion and $ 630 billion are spent each year on health care costs related to pollution ( Preker et al . , 2016 ) . Quality of life is affected too , Levinson ( 2012 ) found individual average willingness to pay up to $ 42 per day for a one-standard-deviation improvement in air quality in the United States . Reduced air pollution has also been shown to increase short-run labor supply due to a healthier population , in one case by 3 . 5 percent , translating to increased income for individual workers ( Hanna and Oliva , 2015 ) . Worker productivity in certain sectors also relies on health from clean air , with a 10 ppb change in average ozone exposure , for instance , resulting in a 5 . 5 percent change in a study of agricultural worker productivity ( Zivin and Neidell , 2012 ) . In that case , reducing ozone pollution could result in annual cost savings in labor expenditure — totaling approximately $ 700 million in the United States if a 10 ppb reduction was implemented . While many of the results point toward an economic failure , we also see potentials for enhanced growth . Policy targeted at exogenous pollution can have positive growth effects by reducing the harmful effects of pollution . Positive economic effects , specifically on the poor , in turn help combat air pollution . Bottom-up growth spills over positively to average growth while reducing pollution , and can therefore be seen both as an effective component in pollution reduction strategies as well as in general economic growth programs . Health policies for the poor that reduce the economic impact on these households , may similarly have", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goldberg and Knetter ( 1999 ) or Bernhofen and Xu ( 2000 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Our study , which is close in spirit to those papers , links the literature on PTM with that on trade policy and competition . We also contribute to the recent literature documenting the effect of tariffs and NTMs on exporters ’ performance . Fontagn ́ e _et al . _ ( 2015 ) use French firm-level data and show that SPS concerns raised at the WTO increase firms ’ unit values and inhibit their entry . Interestingly , they show that these effects are not neutral on the distribution of firms , as smaller ones seem to react more strongly . Using a similar strategy , Fontagn ́ e and Orefice ( 2018 ) study TBT concerns instead and show that firms ’ exit probability increases in destinations with restrictive TBTs , an effect that is magnified in multi-destination firms that can divert their exports to TBT-free destinations . Fernandes _et al . _ ( 2015 ) focus on the impact of pesticide standards on firms ’ exports of agricultural products and show that more restrictive standards lower the firms ’ probability to export as well as their export values and quantities . These papers help understand the mechanisms through which NTMs affect trade . However , they do not speak directly about their impact on market power , which cannot be directly measured in the absence of information on the entire set of firms , both foreign and domestic . In that sense , we view our paper as complementary to these works : we focus on a somewhat narrower question ( we look at only one outcome ) , but we are able to cleanly identify the link between trade policy and market power . Finally , our paper also relates to a vast literature on the determinants of PTM . We build on the predictions of a variety of models featuring endogenous markups , and heterogeneous PTM across firms . In these models , the perceived price elasticity of demand faced by each firm varies > 8Blonigen _et al . _ ( 2013 ) estimate a positive but mostly insignificant effect on market power . Konings and Vandebussche", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 383, "text": "French firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * # # * * _None . _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Development Economics Technical Study No . 12 . Rome , FAO . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 4060 / cb5157en World Bank . 2020 . World Development Indicators . Washington , DC : World Bank Group . Accessed January 22 , 2020 . https : / / databank . worldbank . org / source / world-developmentindicators Abdallah , C . , Der Sarkissian , R . , Termos , S . , Darwich , T . & Faour , G . 2018 . Agricultural risk assessment for Lebanon to facilitate contingency & DRR / CCA planning by the Ministry of Agriculture . Beirut , Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . FAO and UNICEF . ( 2019 ) . Child Labour in Agriculture : The Demand Side . Beirut , Lebanon : FAO and UNICEF . Retrieved from http : / / www . fao . org / documents / card / en / c / CA2975EN / Bahn , Rachel A . ; Juergenliemk , Armine ; Zurayk , Rami ; Debroux , Laurent ; Broka , Sandra ; Mohtar , Rabi . 2021 . Digital Revitalization of the Agri-food Sector in Mashreq . Focus on Iraq , Jordan , and Lebanon . Washington , DC : World Bank . Sep 02 , 2021 Page 6 of 10", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 154, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Brookings Institution report on foreign aid summarized this unresolved tension : Aid is being extended , bilaterally and multilaterally , to 100 countries , democratic and authoritarian , allied and neutral , progressing and retrogressing , without satisfactory standards for evaluating competing claims , promoting particular strategies , harmonizing aid with other available instruments of policy , or appraising the results achieved . There is need for a better political , moral and economic framework within which to review our foreign aid programs and to prepare recommendations regarding their future . < sup > 6 < / sup > > 5 For one more testimony to Hirschman ’ s sensitivity to the role of historical reconstruction , see his opinion of Marx ’ s work : “ _The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte_ was a particularly fine work . His historical books were much less orthodox than his economic ones . [ . . . ] I like to understand how things happen , how change actually takes place ” ( Hirschman 1998 , p . 67 ) . > 6 The Brookings Institution , Division of Foreign Policy Studies , “ Proposal for a Program of Studies Dealing with American Foreign Assistance ” , April 1964 ( Revised ) , p . 5 , Barcode 1070156 - Projects and Studies - Projects Evaluation - Professor Albert O . Hirschman - Volume 1 , Series No . 4225 : Operations policy files - Projects and studies - General Files - General 1946-1968 , World Bank Group Archives ( henceforth World Bank Hirschman Folders Vol . 1 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1421, "end": 1446, "text": "World Bank Group Archives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1460, "end": 1488, "text": "World Bank Hirschman Folders", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_4 . 2 . 2_ * * _Baseline and Socio-economic Data_ * * An important aspect of preparing a RAP is to collect baseline data within the project targeted areas to better assess potentially affected communities . < sup > The < / sup > subproject application form will require an identification of PAPs on the individual and household levels , with particular attention to vulnerable groups ( women , children , the elderly , female-headed households , ethnic minorities , < sup > etc . ) . < / sup > Baseline data for subproject RAPs will include : number of persons ; number , < sup > type , < / sup > and area of the houses to be affected ; number , category and area of residential plots and agricultural land to be affected ; and productive assets to be affected as < sup > a < / sup > percentage of total productive assets . A _District Commissioner_ assigned to the _Ministry of Lands and Settlement_ will decide based on a review of this data , whether or not a RAP , or abbreviated RAP , is required . # # # # * * _4 . 2 . 3_ * * # # # * * _Preparation of a Subproject RAP_ * * A RAP or abbreviated RAP ( as required ) shall be prepared by the Proponent < sup > ( i . e . < / sup > _School Management Committee ) _ preferably with the support of technical service providers , for subprojects that have been determined to result in potential involuntary resettlement and / or land acquisition . When a RAP or an abbreviated RAP is required , the Proponent shall submit completed studies along with < sup > their < / sup > RAP ' s subproject application to the _District Education Board_ for appraisal , and subsequently to the for _District Commissionerfor the Ministry of Lands and Settlement . _ Detailed guidelines for preparing a RAP and an", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 121, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "management of education data and associated administrative functions . NEMIS tracks information on the learners instead of prior arrangement where Ministry of Education was relying on learners ’ information / data provided by the Principals / Head teachers and countersigned by the County Directors of Education . Gaps identified included a ) though NEMIS automated the data management and associated administrative functions , it still relies on some information / data provided by the principals ’ / head teacher and County education officers b ) budget cuts that are necessitated partly by development partners not releasing funds and , c ) there were anomalies in subsidies ( Free Day Secondary School Funds ) amounting to Kshs 1 , 815 , 126 , 548 being overpayment to 2 , 610 public schools in different counties . The overpayment arose from erroneous computation of July to September 2019 disbursements , inflation of enrolment numbers in January 2020 and double payment to schools . Included is an expenditure of Kshs 26 , 835 , 700 disbursed to 5 schools whose existence was in doubt . Mitigation measures include a ) Enhancement of NEMIS that accurately tracks information / data on learners to replace the earlier system that relied on provision of information / data by the principals and County Directors of education b ) MoE has put in plans to recover any monies that were irregularly received by some schools . # # * * Teachers Service Commission ( TSC ) Level * * 4 . Teacher Service Commission TSC will rely on the existing structures in the implementation of anticipated program activities . The commission has offices and staff at Headquarters and the counties . At the Head Quarters ( HQ ) and counties , the commission also has financial systems and processes that include funds flow , payment and reporting systems . At HQ , the commission uses the Government IFMIS for capturing financial data and reporting , while at the County level , funds are transferred and deposited into the approved local bank at the county . Disbursement of the funds is strictly on the purpose detailed in the instructions and only on approval by the respective authorized county staff", "spans": [{"start": 1871, "end": 1887, "text": "Government IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Revise the Gender and Social Inclusion strategy by incorporating lessons learned and best practices from phase I of LLRP , with a focus on gender transformative approaches . - Create a condensed version of the gender strategy for easy reference and share it to all component and subcomponent implementing partners to develop their own plans for implementing the strategy . - Establish a Management Information System ( MIS ) that captures gender disaggregated data of beneficiaries , as well as information on the representation of women and men in leadership roles within various committees . Additionally , collect gender disaggregated data on household heads ( Female-Headed Households and MaleHeaded Households ) . - Develop gender equality measuring indicators for tracking results and outcome of the gender transformative approaches to be recruited under LLRP II - Develop gender equality indicators to monitor the results and outcomes of gender transformative approaches implemented in LLRP II . - Provide capacity building programs on Gender Transformative Practices for program and partner staff with the support of IFAD team . * * Nutrition : * * The following recommendations are proposed to strength nutrition sensitive agriculture for LLRP II kickoff period : - In collaboration with MOA Food and Nutrition Coordination Office , develop strategies to support implementation of NSA - Create context-specific social and behavioral change communication ( SBCC ) materials to expand the reach of NSA piloted interventions . 16", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 466, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 619, "end": 663, "text": "gender disaggregated data on household heads", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 23 * * # # # Immigration * * and * * Vital Events Registration Agency # Strenetbening Primary HEalth Care Services # # Cash forecast table | Particulars < br > | Cashrequirementfor < br > thequarter < br > ending . . . . ETB | Cashrequirementfor < br > thequarter < br > ending . . . . ETB | Totalcash < br > requirementforthe < br > nextsixmonthsETB | Totalcash < br > requirementforthe < br > nextsixmonthsUSD / i | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Goods | | | | | | Consultancyservices | | | | | | Nonconsultancy < br > services | | | | | | Training | | | | | | Operatingcosts | | | | | | Totalexpenditurefor < br > thenextsixmonths | | | | | | Less : Designated < br > accountbalance | | | | | | * * IDA * * | | | | | | TF | | | | | | Cashrequirementfor < br > thenextsixmonths | | | | | | Contributionfrom : | | | | | | * * IDA * * | | | | | | TF | | | | | | * * / - * * exchangerateruling_ont | erepotidatesareusedto | convertBIRRto * * USD * * andvi | ceversa | | | Prepared * * By * * | | Approved * * By * * | | | | Signature | | Signature | | | | Date | | Date | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Baier , Scott L . , Yoto V . Yotov , and Thomas Zylkin ( 2019 ) , “ On the Widely Differing Effects of Free Trade Agreements : Lessons From Twenty Years of Trade Integration . ” _Journal of International Economics_ 116 , 206 – 226 . url : https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jinteco . 2018 . 11 . 002 . - Baldwin , Richard E . , Simon Evenett , and Patrick Low ( 2009 ) , “ Beyond Tariffs : Multilateralizing Non-Tariff RTA Commitments . ” _Multilateralizing Regionalism : Challenges for the Global Trading System_ . Ed . by Richard E . Baldwin and Patrick Low . Cambridge University Press . - Bergstrand , Jeffrey H . , Mario Larch , and Yoto V . Yotov ( 2015 ) , “ Economic Integration Agreements , Border Effects , and Distance Elasticities in the Gravity Equation . ” _European Economic Review_ 78 , 307 – 327 . url : https : / / www . sciencedirect . com / science / article / pii / S0014292115000847 . - Borchert , Ingo , Mario Larch , Serge Shikher , and Yoto V . Yotov ( 2020 ) , “ The International Trade and Production Database for Estimation ( ITPD-E ) . ” _International Economics_ . - Breinlich , Holger , Valentina Corradi , Nadia Rocha , Michele Ruta , J . M . C . Santos Silva , and Tom Zylkin ( 2021 ) , “ Machine Learning in International Trade Research . ” _World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9629_ April . url : https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 35451 . - De Melo , Jaime and Alessandro Nicita ( 2018 ) , “ Non-Tariff Measures : Data and Quantitative Tools of Analysis . ” _F . R . E . I . T . Working Paper_ . url : UNCTAD / DITC / TAB / 2017 / 2 . - Dhingra , Swati , Rebecca Freeman , and Hanwei Huang ( 2021 ) , “ The impact of non-tariff barriers on trade and welfare . ” 17 . - Dür , Andreas , Leonardo Baccini , and Manfred Elsig ( 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher followed by the “ Professionals ” and “ Skilled agricultural , forestry and fishery workers ” . On the contrary , “ Managers ” , “ Technicians ” , “ Craft and related trades workers ” and “ Plant and machine operators and assemblers ” are the types of occupations with a lower incidence of NSE in the region . Figure 16 : Prevalence of NSE among salaried employees . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 30 % < br > starting point < br > 25 % ending point < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > Russia Georgia Kyrgyz Republic Turkey Armenia Albania Moldova < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys Figure 17 : Prevalence of NSE by categories of occupations ISCO . ( Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 % < br > 45 % < br > 40 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > Managers Professionals Technicians Clerical Services and Skilled Craft and Plant and Elementary < br > Support Sales Agricultural Related Machine Occupations < br > Workers Workers Workers Trades Operators < br > Workers < br > Albania Armenia Georgia Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Turkey < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys . As in the case of Latin American countries , the observed prevalence of NSE across types of occupations suggests a strong heterogeneity across non-standard employees . Actually , as we will analyze in detail in next sections , the productivity and task profile of workers in the categories of “ Professionals ” and “ Elementary workers ” is very different , even though both types of occupations are characterized by a higher prevalence of non-standard", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 712, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 | | 0 . 3 | Institutional and Organisational Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 | | 0 . 4 | Main Findings of Census and Socio-Economic Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 | | 0 . 5 | Impact of the Subproject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 | | 0 . 6 | Public and Stakeholder Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 | | 0 . 7 | Entitlement Matrix and Eligibility Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 321, "text": "Census and Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 . Explaining Social Norms * * | | * * ( 1 ) * * | * * ( 2 ) * * | * * ( 3 ) * * | * * ( 4 ) * * | * * ( 5 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | PNB Index - < br > HH Roles | PNB Index - < br > Public Space | SNE Index - < br > HH Roles | SNE Index - < br > Public Space | Sanctions < br > Index | | Respondent is female | - 0 . 00 | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 07 * | 0 . 02 | | | ( 0 . 03 ) | ( 0 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 11 ) | | Respondent ’ s age in years , | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 00 | - 0 . 00 | - 0 . 00 * * | - 0 . 00 | | squared | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | ( 0 . 00 ) | | Years of education , derived | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 02 * | - 0 . 00 | - 0 . 02 * * * | - 0 . 08 * * * | | from education level | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | | Indicator for respondent | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 05 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 00 | 0 . 33 | | having child younger than 5 < br > years | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 03 ) | ( 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Secondary Education and Skills Development Project ( P170561 ) implementation of an on-boarding program for newly recruited teachers , focusing on key professional skills , including practical pedagogic and didactic contents , as well as gender and vulnerability sensitization . 47 . * * The on-boarding program will consist of face-to-face training and online training as well as a classroom mentoring program . * * The face-to-face training and online training of newly recruited teachers will include content on ( a ) school functionality and management ; ( b ) pedagogical orientation ; ( c ) SRGBV , including safe schools , and code of ethics in line with a Whole School Approach ; and ( d ) information on environment and climate change to increase their adaptive capacity and overall awareness . Teachers from beneficiary schools supported under Subcomponent 1 . 1 will also be introduced to classroom observation practices and will benefit from the continuous professional development program which is financed under Component 3 . Once at school , the new teachers will also benefit from a mentoring program with experienced peers . The new teachers will be continuously coached by the teaching advisors ( _Conseillers d ’ Enseignement_ ) and head teachers while in service . The length of the mentoring program will be specified in the teacher on-boarding program which will be developed with technical assistance ( TA ) to the Inspectorate General of Education ( _Inspection Générale des Enseignements - _ IGE ) under Component 3 ( see below ) . 48 . The release of IDA funds under this subcomponent will be linked to DLI 3 : Newly recruited teachers who have completed the on-boarding program ( see details in DLI matrix and Annex 2 ) . # # * * Component 2 : Support to skills development sector ( US $ 63 . 5 million equivalent ) * * _Subcomponent 2 . 1 : Improving the quality and relevance of skills development programs ( US $ 14 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Mixed migration routes and dynamics in Libya Libya | April 2018 * * between different smugglers to send refugees and migrants on boats took longer due to the increased controls along the coast . This has increased refugees ’ and migrants ’ protection risks and vulnerability . _ ‘ In the city of Bani Waleed the numbers of refugees and migrants have not decreased and we are still sending large numbers to the cities along the coast . I think that the number of migrants coming to Europe has decreased , but their numbers in Libya have not – I have not seen it . I think there is a problem that prevents these people from leaving from the beaches to Europe and this leads to the accumulation of their numbers in Libya . ’ _ Smuggler , Bani Waleed # # * * IMPACT OF MIGRATION MEASURES ON REFUGEES ’ AND MIGRANTS ’ EVERYDAY LIVES * * Refugees and migrants in Libya were asked to speak about their lives in the country since early 2017 to ascertain the extent to which recent migration measures in the region affected individuals in their everyday lives . The impact was found to be different between individuals who were in Libya with the aim to transit to Italy and those who were in the country with the intention to stay and work . # # # * * Refugees and migrants transiting through Libya to Italy * * * * Refugees and migrants who were in Libya with the intention to reach Italy tended to fall into two categories * * . First , refugees and migrants who had planned their travel in stages , first reaching Libya to stay and work in the country for a while to earn the necessary resources to pay for their trip to Italy . Second , some refugees and migrants interviewed were reportedly only transiting through the country , having already organised and paid for a ‘ travel package ’ which included their journey until Italy . This was comparable to the profiles of refugees and migrants transiting through Libya recorded in early 2017 . < sup > 17 < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1858, "end": 1916, "text": "profiles of refugees and migrants transiting through Libya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 3 * * Project Overview | lineMinistry / StateDepartment < sup > ofthe < / sup > < br > project | < sup > Theprojectisunder thesupervisionofStateDepartment < / sup > < br > forEarlyLearning < sup > * * & * * BasicEducation . < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | | Project number | * * P146797 * * | | Strategic goalsof < sup > theproject < / sup > | Thestrategicgoals < sup > oftheprojectareasfollows : < / sup > < br > ( i ) < br > Theproject < sup > activitiesarealignedwiththe < / sup > < br > Government ' sstrategicobjective < sup > ofproviding < / sup > < br > qualitybasic < sup > educationforKenya ' ssustainable < / sup > < br > development | | Achievementofstrategicgoals | Theproject management < sup > aimsto achieve the goals < / sup > < br > throughthefollowing < sup > means : < / sup > < br > ( i ) Improvement < sup > inbasicmathematicscompetency < / sup > < br > levelofGrade2pupils < br > ( ii ) Numberofparticipating < sup > schoolscompletingtop < / sup > < br > twoprioritiesof < sup > SchoolImprovementPlans < / sup > < br > * * ( SIP ) * * < br > ( iii ) < br > * * EMIS * * datafor < sup > primaryeducation published < / sup > < br > annuallyfrom * * 2016 * * < br > ( iv ) NASMLA < sup > forstandard", "spans": [{"start": 1085, "end": 1089, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 7 . Participation and consultation * * Community participation is crucial in projects that result into either physical or economic displacement and therefore has to be deliberately promoted . In the case of this project , community participation took the form of consultation at various levels beginning with the district administration up to the lower level of the PAPs through community sensitization meetings . The implementation stage will largely require information exchange between the project sponsors and the PAPs . Dearth information has been cited as a major cause of anxiety over compensation . In order to facilitate this information exchange , it is recommended that the project sponsors directly or otherwise undertakes public awareness campaign focusing on the benefits of the project , location of disclosure , eligibility for compensation and cut-off date , rights of the PAPs among other things . It is further recommended that the Client continues this dialogue using the different forums existing at community levels . For example , the Parish Development Committees ( PDC ) and Community Development Officers ( CDOs ) which will , continually up-date the public of the different stages of the project implementation and there after seek their views . Such endeavor will backstop anxiety while promoting cooperation particularly among the land owners . # # * * 7 . 1 Grievance Mechanism * * Managing grievances , including avoiding and minimizing them is an integral part of the stakeholder engagement strategy under the project . The following indicative timeframe will be used : - Grievances on compensation will be forwarded to the Resettlement officer ( CDO ) up to 60 days after the beginning of the disclosure exercise . - Grievances on other issues related to the project will be forwarded to the coordination office through any of the avenues presented below . - The grievances will be recorded by the CDO in a register at the division and the complainant will receive a response within 20 days . Proposed grievance mechanism is presented in Appendix II # # * * _7 . 1 . 1 Avenues to lodge a Grievance_ * * The following avenues will be made available for the PAP", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * * * Table 12 . Top-10 nationalities of asylum applicants by country of asylum , second quarter 2008 ( continued ) * * Covering 44 industrialized countries which provided monthly data to UNHCR . An asterisk ( * ) indicates a value between 1 and 4 . | Malta | | Montenegro | | Netherlands | | New Zealand | | Norway | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Somalia | 158 | Albania | * | Iraq | 1 , 345 | Iraq | 19 | Iraq | 619 | | Côte d ' Ivoire | 100 | Belarus | * | Somalia | 636 | Islamic Rep . of Iran | 7 | Eritrea | 426 | | Nigeria | 65 | | | China | 350 | Sri Lanka | 5 | Somalia | 272 | | Ethiopia | 58 | | | Afghanistan | 61 | China | * | Russian Fed . | 212 | | Togo | 42 | | | Islamic Rep . of Iran | 58 | Afghanistan | * | Serbia | 200 | | Niger | 35 | | | Sri Lanka | 41 | Myanmar | * | Afghanistan | 189 | | Ghana | 32 | | | Eritrea | 40 | India | * | Stateless | 168 | | Mali | 30 | | | Sierra Leone | 39 | Nepal | * | Islamic Rep . of Iran | 94 | | Burkina Faso | 18 | | | Armenia | 31 | Ethiopia | * | Sri Lanka | 89 | | Eritrea | 17 | | | Guinea | 29 | Zimbabwe | * | Nigeria | 70 | | Poland | | Portugal | | Rep . of Korea |", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 261, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > * * LEGAL AND * * REGULATORY < / sup > < sup > * * REQUIREMENTS * * < / sup > # # # # * * Conclusion * * As required * * by * * the International < sup > Development Association , < / sup > < sup > * * I * * report basedonmy audit that < / sup > * * I * * have obtained all the information < sup > andexplanationswhichto thebestof myknowledge < / sup > and belief , were necessary < sup > for the purposeof the audit . Inmyopinion : < / sup > - i . Information given in the < sup > Managementreportonpagesivtoxxiiiisconsistent with < / sup > the financial statements ; - * * ii . * * Adequate accounting < sup > recordshavebeenkept < / sup > < sup > * * by * * theProject , so far asappears from < / sup > the examination of those < sup > records ; and < / sup > - * * iii . * * The Project ' s financial < sup > statements areinagreementwith the accounting records and < / sup > returns . # # # # * * Basis for Conclusion * * The International Development < sup > Association requiresthat < / sup > < sup > * * Ireport on thelegalor regulatory * * < / sup > requirements , or on performance < sup > informationdisclosed . Thesematters require < / sup > _Report qf the Auclitor-General_ < sup > _onKenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project Credit No . 6348 for the year ended_ < / sup > * * _30_ * * _June , 2024_ *", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 871, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a wide coverage of countries over a log period of time . This data comes from the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( WDI ) . # * * 3 . 2 Data on Trade Flows * * We collect data on bilateral trade flows from the Observatory of Economic Complexity ( MIT ) . This database covers 215 countries over the period 1962-2014 . The data are classified according the 4-digit Standard International Trade Classification ( SITC ) , Revision 2 . Only products and commodities are considered . Then , we aggregate these bilateral trade flows at the country-level . To classify trade flows into final and intermediate goods , we use a concordance table from SITC Rev . 2 to Broad Economic Categories ( BEC ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > We then classify goods into five categories : primary , semi-finished goods , parts and components , capital goods , consumption goods , and a residual category called goods non-specified . We group these categories into intermediate and final goods as follows : intermediate goods are primary goods , semi-finished goods , parts and components ; and final goods are consumption goods and capital goods . # * * 3 . 3 Measures of GVC participation based on Value Added * * One of the main purposes in this paper is to identify production linkages between countries . Recent advances in data collection and theoretical decomposition of trade flows have shown the various ways of measuring GVC participation . < sup > 5 < / sup > In this paper , we use the recent GVC indicators from Borin and Mancini ( 2019 ) . They offer a new toolkit for value-added accounting of trade flows at the aggregate , bilateral , and sectoral levels that can be used to investigate a broad set of empirical questions — including in this case an assessment of the global inflation synchronization . Based on this gross and value-added decomposition , we analyze the association between inflation co-movement and several indices of GVC participation and trade which are as described below . > 4The concordance table from SITC Rev2 to BEC can be found on the UN Trade Statistics webpage : https : / / unstats .", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 125, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 183, "end": 212, "text": "data on bilateral trade flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1487, "end": 1501, "text": "GVC indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 8 PAPS AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS * * Key consultations with the PAHs and other relevant stakeholders were significant aspects in the RAP preparation . To achieve this , additional public participation forum was organized at Mwashanga ECD grounds targeting PAHs and stakeholders within the six ( 6 ) villages falling within the scope of RAP 1b ( Refer to * * Annex 1 * * ) . The RAP team also held a consultative meeting with the leadership of the group ranch . The consultations were aimed at informing the PAHs and the management committee of the projects impacts and to receive their feedback as regards the project . They were informed about the new requirement to split the RAP 1 into RAP 1a and RAP 1b , the areas that are covered by each RAP and the repeat of RAP census within the entire Mwavumbo Group Ranch . During the initial RAP 1 census , Mwavumbo Group Ranch was considered as one land PAP but those members who owned affected structures , trees and crops in the Ranch were considered individual PAPs . However , during the initial RAP preparation phase , the Ranch Management Committee Members were not thoroughly consulted and hence did not participate sufficiently in the initial RAP process . Therefore , differences arose on who would be entitled to receive compensation money for Group Ranch land affected by Mwache Dam . While the Ranch Management Committee members were of the opinion that any compensation money in respect to affected land in the Group Ranch be paid and received by Committee on behalf of the affected members and then distributed to the affected members by the committee , the members wanted the compensation money paid to each affected member directly without any involvement of the management committee nor other intermediary parties . Later , when consulted appropriately , the committee members disclosed that the Group Ranch had through the committee applied for dissolution of the Group Ranch in 2015 and approval given by National Land Commission ( NLC ) the same year . The approval stated that the group representatives will", "spans": [{"start": 786, "end": 796, "text": "RAP census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 869, "text": "RAP 1 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_4 . What of the following options best describe the reason why this establishment did not receive any national or local government measures issued in response to the crisis ? _ Menu of options : I was not aware ; Too difficult to apply ; I am not eligible ; I have applied but not received it ; Other . > 6This is measured using country-level Google Mobility Data . > 7 See World Bank , _Map of SME-Support Measures in Response to COVID-19_ . Data and visualizations available here : https : / / bit . ly / 2SelF96 . Policy responses are classified in eight different categories : business advice ; business climate ; business cost support ; debt finance support ; demand support measures ; employment cost support ; other finance support ; and tax relief . > 8Primarily through rate reductions , credits , waivers , and / or deferrals of VAT , payroll , social security , and land taxes ( 58 % of all tax support measures ) ; similar benefits on corporate taxes have been used to a lesser degree ( 30 % ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 364, "text": "Google Mobility Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to address the > 1 Cavalcanti et al . , “ Haitian Immigrants in the Brazilian Labor Market ” , _Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas Sobre as Américas_ , Vol . 11 , No . 1 , 2017 , p . 192 . > 2 UNHCR , “ UNHCR Population Statistics Database ” , available at : < u > http : / / popstats . unhcr . org / en / persons_of_concern , < / u > accessed between February and September 2018 . > 3 For more on routes , paths and Haitian movements to Brazil more generally , see e . g . Cavalcanti and Tonhati , “ Haitian Flow to Brazil and New Policies ” , forthcoming in _Patterns of Rebordering_ , Edinburgh University Press ; IOM , “ Haitian Migration to Brazil : Characteristics , Opportunities and Challenges ” , Migration Notebook No . 6 , 2014 , available at : http : / / publications . iom . int / system / files / pdf / cuaderno_migratorio_no6_en . pdf , accessed : September 2018 ; Godoy , “ El Caso de los Haitianos en Brasil y la vía de la Protección Humanitaria Complementaria ” in Lettieri ( ed . ) , _Protección Internacional de Refugiados en el Sur de Sudamérica_ , Universidad National de Lanús , 2012 , pp . 309 – 329 , available at : < u > http : / / 209 . 177 . 156 . 169 / libreria_cm / archivos / pdf_1543 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 ; Fagen , “ Receiving < / u > Haitian Migrants in the Context of the 2010 Earthquake ” , Nansen Initiative Discussion Paper , 2013 , available at : < u > https : / / www2 . nanseninitiative . org / wp - <", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 235, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "oi : 1 ( Y RLSE & ARCH - WORKING P aFR 21 66 # Summary fi ' ndilngs r : siPcemt _Albcrro_ Fujimlori created the Peruvian Social FLlind ( FONCODES ) in I 99 1 with the stated objectives of gencratilcnioptoviient helping to alleviate poverty , and i . mrprovmgo access to social services . ScLhadY USes province-level data on monthly cxpenleturcs , socioeconomic indicators , and electoral outcomes to analvze political influences on the timing an * * g ' ographic * * distribut ; on of FONCODES expenditures between 1991 and 1995 . * * * * * FONCODES projects were directed at poor provinces , as well as provinces in which the mar-ginal political impact of expenditures was likely to be greatest . The results are robust to many specifications and controls . The Peruvian data thus support predictions made in the literature on political business cycles as well as the literature on political influences on the allocation of discretionary funds . He finds that : CONCODDES expenditures mcreased significantly . - efoTe electiotns . - This - pper - a product of the Poverty Division , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network is part of a laracr I * * _rfo ; r_ * * im the netwvork to understand the functioning and impact of social funds . Copies of the paper are available free * * fion ' * * the World Bank , 1818 H Street N-W , Washington , DC 20433 . Please contact Norbert Schady , room MC4-629 , t eph oru e 202-45 8-8247 , fax 202-222-3283 , Internet address nschady ( @ worldbank . org . Policy Research Working Papers * * ale * * a , ) 0 potsed on the Web at http : / \" , \" ww . worldbank . org / html / dec / Publications / Workpapers / home . html . August 1999 . ( 30 p i \" ' s ? > _ihc Se ollc Resea , ch_ * * _kVorkXkng_ * * _Paper Series disserninates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas_ * * _aboot_ * * _oIeuesopmZent issiues . _ * * _Ani_ * * _objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 320, "text": "province-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 763, "end": 776, "text": "Peruvian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while 32 % are owned by females . It is estimated that the settlements has over 800 housing units measuring 10x10 sq . ft . Most of the structures have walls made of stone , iron sheets and bricks , whilst the prevalent roofing material is iron sheeting . # # # # * * Existing Sanitation Facilities * * Data and information collected in Kayole Soweto shows that the settlement has no sewer line connection although a trunk sewer runs to the south of the village . The residents rely on on-site systems ( mainly pit latrines ) for excreta disposal - many of them built and maintained by the property owners . # # # # * * Number of people sharing the Facility * * Most of the excreta disposal facilities in Kayole Soweto are found within the plots . The average number of households sharing a facility was estimated to be 16 households . Based on the number of people per household , this translates to 32 people per facility . # # # # * * Ownership of Excreta Disposal Facility * * Assessment of the ownership status of the existing excreta disposal facilities revealed that an 93 % of the facilities are owned by the landlords as illustrated below : 27", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 350, "text": "Data and information collected in Kayole Soweto", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_29_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Benefit Obligations to Be Paid from the Pension Fund < br > under the Civil Service Retirernent Ran < br > ( % of concurrent GDP ) < br > 6 < br > 5 < br > 0 Unf unded < br > 4 < br > Funded 4 . 01 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 0 . 93 < br > 0 < br > THT Pension < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : These liabilities are 22 . 5 percent of total estimated civil service benefit obligations . Sources : Staff calculations based on Taspen ' s data . * * _Budgetary Implications_ * * The under-funding of the civil service plan is expected to have a major impact on the budget and the domestic financial markets . The budgetary expenses arising from the government ' s contractual responsibility is projected to rise significantly . Furthermore , substantial new outlays would be needed to cover THT and pension obligations that are now being paid by Taspen . The severity of this impact is due in part to the demographic shifts , which would increase the number of retirees relative to the work force . Since the civil service represents a relatively mature work force ( see Chapter 1 ) , the rise in the dependency ratio occurs sooner than the rest of the population . Based on current practices under the plan , and the standard macroeconomic assumptions as given in the accompanying charts , the benefit payments under Taspen ' s THT program are projected to rise significantly and to exceed cash inflows ( consisting of contributions and investment income ) by the year 2006 . Thereafter the THT assets would be drawn down to meet the required payments . By the year 2015 , the THT assets would be completely depleted . To pay for the THT benefits thereafter , the government would need to make additional cash outlays , which are not required today . ( See the charts below . ) The size of this extra annual outlay would rise to about the same as the employees ' contributions", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 494, "text": "Taspen ' s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the device , 245 students were able to name two , and 208 students were able to name three books ( not shown ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > Most students found the eReader easy and convenient to use . About 63 percent of respondents had to charge their eReaders once or twice a week with 84 percent claiming that charging had little or no impact on their use . More than 75 percent had no problems with eReader features ( e . g . marking text , weight of the device , difficulty of use ) . Around 89 percent claimed difficulty in reading had little or no impact on their use . Safety concerns about device use in public or breakage concerns were limited , however , nearly half of the students used their eReader only at home . Around 84 percent of the sample reported being comfortable with the device ; 90 percent claim that their overall experience with the device was positive . Despite this , one-fourth of the respondents claimed that their use of the device was limited because they have a preference for textbooks ( 27 percent ) . Information on eReader usage was also derived from direct extraction of usage statistics from the eReaders themselves . The eReaders used in the experiment ( Kindle , version 3 . 2 ) allowed for limited extraction of usage data – such as books read / opened , highlights , and notes . Two strategies were followed . First , data were collected by transcribing information from the ‘ menu ’ of actual eReaders recovered from students at endline . Second , functioning devices were connected to the internet to extract usage data . The extent to which these data can be used for rigorous analysis , however , is constrained by the high rates of device breakage and unavailability . Device status at endline is reported in Table 3 . Around 88 percent of devices showed some sign of physical damage ( 51 percent of which was damage to the screen ) . Analyzing usage data from 86 functioning devices stored on the cloud , we find that average number of books read - in the 6-8 months duration of treatment - was 4 .", "spans": [{"start": 1105, "end": 1121, "text": "usage statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1889, "end": 1899, "text": "usage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ensure that the quality of service provision met the standard required to achieve the program ' s intended outcomes . According to the PAD ( p . 36 ) \" farmers will be the primary source of data needed for agricultural , monitoring and evaluation of activities at all levels - including their own . Their record keeping and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms will be developed and piloted using participatory and collaborative learning approaches . \" However , the ICR ( p . 29 ) listed several M & E challenges - highlighted in the government ' s ICR , including the absence of an overall framework for M & E describing objectives , roles , responsibilities and periodicity of M & E activities . * * Implementation * * . The ICR ( p . 9 ) reported that no documentation was found to show that NAADS conducted participatory M & E . Also , according to the ICR ( p . 29 ) there were insufficient baseline indicators until 2004 . A Household survey was conducted in 2004 and another in 2007 . However , M & E activities were particularly weak from 2007 till closing . The ICR ( p . 29 ) points out that the M & E team was understaffed leading to a system that defaulted to progress reporting aimed more at triggering payments to districts rather than providing management information . In addition , the NAADS secretariat was not always up to date - especially after restructuring , due to inadequate linkages with local governments which resulted in slow information flows . Monitoring frequency was also irregular and subject to the availability of resources . In some districts participatory M & E was seen as too complicated and perceived as a top down monitoring tool . * * Utilization . * * The lack of appropriate M & E and comprehensive baseline information impacted management decisions and hindered the assessment of final project outcomes . * * a . M & E Quality Rating : * * Modest # # # * * 11 . Other Issues ( Safeguards , Fiduciary , Unintended Positive and Negative Impacts ) : * * *", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 948, "text": "Household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 710 | 12 , 710 | | R-squared | 0 . 281 | 0 . 233 | 0 . 108 | | Pairwise contrasts | | | | | Sequence : | | | | | [ II ] - [ I ] | 0 . 0558 * * | 0 . 0861 * * * | 0 . 0284 | | [ III ] - [ II ] | 0 . 182 * * * | 0 . 134 * * * | 0 . 0660 * * | | [ IV ] - [ III ] | 0 . 171 * * * | 0 . 196 * * * | 0 . 09 | Note : Robust standard errors clustered at the village level in parentheses . All regressions include child characteristics ( age , grade , gender , and stunting ) , family characteristics ( household wealth , mother ’ s education , parenting practices ) , ECED characteristics ( average quality , average fees ) , and district fixed effects . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "between influence variables and employment levels < sup > 48 < / sup > . Nonetheless , the risk factors identified in our model remain valid even if they are not perfect predictors . Examining job losses by sector in the CMMHH using its distinct sector classification , we see a higher degree of cross-sector disparity in PFPS job losses than using the WBES categories . As shown in Table 5-10 , the percentage of “ PFPS ” workers which were permanently laid off or suspended was highest for _manufacturing_ ( 39 percent ) , _and accommodation and food services_ ( 39 . 0 ) , but were essentially nil in _construction and utilities_ and _ICT_ sectors | _Table 5-9 Jordan : Model-Predicted versus S_ < br > _Sector-Level PFPS Job Losses , Winter 2020_ | _urvey-Measu_ < br > _ / Wave 2_ < br > Model - < br > predicted | _red Projections of_ < br > Survey < br > Measured | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Chemicals | 13 . 2 | 17 . 3 | | 2 . Food , drink , and tobacco | 20 . 8 | 8 . 0 | | 3 . Garments | 23 . 8 | 37 . 4 | | 4 . Hotel , restaurant , and transportation | 25 . 8 | 27 . 2 | | 5 . Machinery , electronics , and construction | 34 . 9 | 39 . 2 | | 6 . Metals and non-metallic minerals | 13 . 9 | 6 . 8 | | 7 . Wholesale , retail , and other services | 26 . 6 | 29 . 5 | | 8 . Wood , paper , publishing , and printing | 27 . 3 | 7 . 3 | | Total < br > Source : CFUWBES2 . See notes to Table 5-8 . | 25 . 2 | 25 . 5 | ( which are not categories in the WBES . ) As shown , when individuals were asked about impacts in the past 60 days , they reported a high level of temporary or permanent layoffs relative to the total shown in column 1 , confirming that", "spans": [{"start": 1371, "end": 1379, "text": "CFUWBES2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Physical Security Support_ - Physical protection in the form of police presence , safe havens and relocation options should be available for victim / survivors . - Camp layout structure should be informed by a process of analysis involving the community , which leads to identification of safe havens and risk zones . # # # # # # _Community level support_ - Ensure the community is consulted in designing standards . - Ensure there are established community support groups to support the survivor . - Invest in building the capacity of the community to be able to support the survivors e . g . knowledge of the services and provisions provided . # # # # # # _Material Support_ - Material support to victims / survivors should be provided based on a case-by-case assessment . # # # # # # * * 2 . Minimum Standards : Coordination and Reporting on SGBV Cases * * # # # # # # _Coordination_ - Create a multi-sectoral inter-agency working group of all stake holders ( including UNHCR , implementing partners , government and refugees ) with clear roles and responsibilities . - Appoint a UNHCR focal point with Terms of Reference . The focal point should have the ability to dedicate time , have skills to mobilize stakeholders , be a senior staff within the office and be required to exercise accountable leadership . - Ensure periodic Code of Conduct sessions are convened for all stakeholders . - Establish regular coordination meetings to review all actions for prevention and response to SGBV at a number of levels : Field level : meet at least once a month Regional level : meet at least once a year . National level : meet at least once a year - Ensure regular reviews of existing budgets and projects with Programme staff to prioritise within the budget actions for SGBV prevention and response in all sectors . # # # # # # _Monitoring_ - At field level develop a plan of action based on situational analysis . - Conduct sector by sector survey for protection based on UNHCR", "spans": [{"start": 1925, "end": 1963, "text": "sector by sector survey for protection", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 135 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * Average income per household from business activities or formal sector employment , according to the baseline survey , is UGX 3 . 481 m ( USD 2 , 700 ) . Other sources of income include rents and social benefits . The total average annual income per household in the project area is estimated at approximately UGX 8 m or USD 5 , 360 . However , income is not distributed evenly among households in the project area . # # # # # * * Poverty Assessment * * The ACDI-VOCA study included a poverty assessment based on a ' simple wealth ranking ' technique . This resulted in a categorisation of households into rich , not-sopoor , poor , and very poor . Each category is accorded distinct characteristics based on ownership of property and ability to meet the necessities of life . For example the rich are characterised as : - Having over 30 acres ( 12 hectares ) of land ; - Owning ten cattle or more ; - Having children in boarding schools ; - Having a vehicle ; - Owning a permanent house ; and / or , - Owning a business . The very poor are characterised as : - Sleeping on banana fibre mats ; - Beggars ; - Having grass thatched huts with old iron sheet roofs that leak ; - Having poor nutrition in the family ; - Producing many children ; - Having divorced parents ; - During illness , relying on neighbours only to help ; and / or , - Squatters , who do not own land . Out of 50 randomly selected households three were classed as rich ( 6 percent ) , nineteen as not-so-poor ( 38 percent ) , eighteen as poor ( 36 percent ) and ten as very poor ( 20 percent ) . # # # # # * * Expenditures , Savings and Credit *", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 274, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", do governments prioritize the payment of some government functions at the expense of others ? Payment delays impose several costs on suppliers and might affect the provision of public goods ( Flynn and Pessoa , 2014 ) . The importance of this issue is reflected in several recent regulations and initiatives that governments implemented in an attempt to shorten payment terms . < sup > 1 < / sup > Yet , the scarcity of granular data on the stages of the budget execution renders the answers to these questions elusive . < sup > 2 < / sup > In this paper , we introduce a new dataset on municipal public finance in Brazil ( MiDES , _Microdados de Despesas de Entes Subnacionais_ ) that allows users to answer several of these questions . < sup > 3 < / sup > We collect , clean , and harmonize microdata on public procurement and budget > 1Examples include the QuickPay initiative , launched in 2011 in the United States ; Regulation 113 of the Public Contracts Regulations , passed in 2015 in the United Kingdom ; and the introduction of the Centralized Payment Platform ( PPC ) in 2020 in Chile . > 2According to Potter et al . ( 1999 ) : “ For the fiscal economist seeking to monitor budget execution , choosing which stage ( s ) of the expenditure management procedure to monitor is often constrained by information availability . In principle , the data given at the verification stage may be particularly relevant because they measure the actual liability of the public entity and thus the accrued account liability . For example , if bills are verified promptly when they arrive , it allows a good measure of the potential arrears , where strict cash limits constrain the amounts available to make payments . But such information is rarely available . ” > 3The English translation of _Microdados de Despesas de Entes Subnacionais_ is Subnational Entities ’ Expenditure Microdata . 2", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 623, "text": "dataset on municipal public finance in Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 | 3 / 26 / 10 | NA | 4 / 1 / 10 | 4 / 29 / 10 | | | | | | | | Plan ( 1st < br > Revision ) | 6 / 15 / 10 | NA | 7 / 1 / 10 | 7 / 25 / 10 | 7 / 26 / 10 | NA | 8 / 1 / 10 | 8 / 29 / 10 | | Health Commodity Tracking and Stock Management < br > Study | CO - < br > D / C23 / 09 | CQS | LS | 190 | post | Plan < br > Plan | 7 / 20 / 09 | NA | 8 / 3 / 09 | 8 / 27 / 09 | 8 / 28 / 09 | NA | 9 / 4 / 09 | 10 / 2 / 09 | | | | | | | | Plan ( 1st < br > Revision ) < br > | 7 / 20 / 09 | NA | 8 / 3 / 09 | 8 / 27 / 09 | 8 / 28 / 09 | NA | 9 / 4 / 09 | 10 / 2 / 09 | | | | | | | | Plan ( 2nd < br > revision ) | 7 / 20 / 09 | NA | 8 / 3 / 09 | 8 / 27 / 09 | 8 / 28 / 09 | NA | 9 / 4 / 09 | 10 / 2 / 09 | | | | | | | | Actual | 2 / 7 / 09 | | 8 / 7 / 09 | 16 / 7 / 2009 | 17 / 7 / 2009 | NA | 21 / 8 / 2009 | 23 / 8 / 2009 | | Health service facilitysurveyfor health centre | ~ ~ COPCU / ~ ~ < br > C24 / 09 | QCBS | LS | 150 | post | Plan < br > | 2 / 25 / 10 | 3 / 4 / 10 | 3 / 11 / 10 | 4 /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 61 . 0 < br > s ] ; Livestock [ En < br > il [ Fuel Exploita | 4 . 2 < br > teric Fermentation ] ; < br > tion – Oil ] ; Landfills | # * * 6 . 3 Results by World Bank Income Group * * Our results by World Bank income group ( Table 12 ) suggest that global accountability has begun to affect methane emissions intensity in high-income countries . They have an imbalance toward Decreasing ( 34 . 6 % vs . 24 . 0 % ) , but they account for only 14 . 5 % of EDGAR emissions for our priority GGUs . The other three income groups have very large imbalances toward Increasing . The greatest imbalance ( 65 . 2 % vs . 9 . 0 % ) is in upper-middle-income countries , which also dominate methane emissions ( 56 . 5 % of the total ) . * * Table 12 : GGU estimation results by World Bank income group * * | | % of E < br > | missions-Wei < br > | ghted Estimation < br > | Results < br > | % of Priority < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Income Group | No Trend | Mixed | Decreasing | Increasing | Emissions | | Low | 4 . 9 | 27 . 5 | 15 . 1 | 52 . 6 | 1 . 7 | | Lower Middle | 8 . 0 | 23 . 8 | 10 . 4 | 57 . 8 | 27 . 3 | | Upper Middle | 6 . 2 | 19 . 6 | 9 . 0 | 65 . 2 | 56 . 5 | | High | 5 . 0 | 36 . 4 | 34 . 6 | 24 . 0 | 14 . 5 | 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "they run hedonic ( log ) price and ( log ) rent regressions for urban areas of the Philippines to assess the premium given to dwelling values by property rights . Jimenez ( 1984 ) looking at data from Davao , 1979 , found a 18 percent differential for the rents of rental units and 20", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 213, "text": "data from Davao , 1979", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> from municipalities , regional < br > councils and ministries who < br > receive training in Public < br > Finance Management . | Annual | Progress < br > reports from < br > PCU | The PCU will determine < br > the number of people < br > who have benefited < br > from capacity building < br > training through < br > attendance sheets . | PCU | | Grievances received , recorded and < br > addressed by the project within 2 weeks | Percentage of project - < br > related grievances received , < br > recorded and acted upon < br > within two weeks . | Semi - < br > annual | GRM and < br > progress < br > reports by < br > PCU | The GRM will be < br > designed to keep track < br > of this indicator . | PCU | Page 41 of 76", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 338, "text": "attendance sheets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stock-takeof < br > school < br > infrastructure < br > and < br > equipment < br > is < br > undertaken , < br > and < br > a < br > SchoolAtlasisinplace . < br > Geotagged < br > asset < br > registersarepopulated < br > * * by * * atleast | NationalStockTakeofall < br > governmentschoolswas < br > done < br > forinfrastructure , < br > equipment < br > and < br > * * GPS * * < br > coordinatesalsoobtained . < br > Report < br > on < br > school < br > infrastructure < br > stock-take , < br > SchoolAtlasforatleast * * 10 * * < br > districtsis inplace . | Workinprogress | | * * 3 . * * | Health | Nationalstocktakeof < br > health < br > facility < br > infrastructure < br > and < br > equipmenttakesplace , | AnequipmentInventoryis < br > inplace usingthe * * NOMAD * * < br > APP . GIScodingofhealth < br > facilitieswascompletedin | Workinprogress | | | | and < br > Geographic | 2020 . TheGeo-mapped | | | | | Information < br > System | datawascleared , andthe | | | | | ( GIS ) < br > assisted < br > health | finaldatasetisavailable . | | | | | facility < br > atlas < br > is | This capturedthelocation , | | | | | developed < br > with | power < br > source , < br > water | | | | | geotagged < br > asset | source andavailabilityof | | | | | registerspopulatedfor | ambulances . TheUganda | | | | | < br >", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 154, "text": "SchoolAtlasisinplace", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Contraceptive prevalence rate * * ( * * Percentage * * , * * Custom * * ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 27 . 30 | 40 . 20 | 40 . 20 | 35 . 00 | | Date < br > - - | 30-Apr-2014 | 30-Apr-2014 | 30-Jun-2018 | # # Overall Comments # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Health Centers reporting HMIS data in time ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | - - | 68 . 00 | | 68 . 00 | | 80 . 00 | 2 / 23 / 2016 Page 8 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 409, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK ) ( P161387 ) # * * The World Bank * * for four years from 2019-2023 as the IVA , which facilitated verification . Furthermore , M & E design was strengthened by several key initiatives including : ( a ) development of the GESDeK POM that outlined the strategies , rules , procedures , and guidance for the implementation of the PforR ; ( b ) development of the M & E Framework for the PFMRS for 2018-2023 ; and ( c ) formulation of a Communication Strategy ( CS ) for 2018-2023 outlining the measures to be implemented to increase stakeholders ’ support for PFM reform implementation . # # * * M & E Implementation * * 57 . * * Reporting data for the RF indicators was done throughout the Program ' s life . * * The selected performance indicators were tracked regularly , and the RF was updated promptly during supervision missions . The POM outlined the detailed verification protocol , checklists , and supporting evidence required for the IVA process , which enabled the quality of the independent verification practices . The IVA ’ s approach included : ( i ) statements of the validity of supporting evidence , methodology , and tasks undertaken by the IVA ; ( ii ) confirmation of the application of DLI protocols by implementing agencies and statement of the activities carried out by the IVA to do so ; ( iii ) confirmation of whether or not DLRs had been achieved or whether the IVA was unable to reach a conclusion on the achievement of the results ; and ( iv ) statement of any outstanding issues , responsibilities , timelines , and documentation of the process of resolving any issues with implementing agencies . In addition to the IVA process , implementation support missions were conducted annually by the World Bank and AFD . To strengthen the Result Team mechanism , the PFMRS engaged a Program Coordinator at the Secretariat to coordinate , support , and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 raise the issue , non-central government expenditures are probably omitted from IFS data just as they are in the WDR central government expenditure figures . With these qualifications in mind , consider Pluta ' s results ( Table 8 ) . He finds a median value in the mid-1970 ' s for Ge as a share of GDP of 17 . 4 % . This is below half the median value of 43 . 2 % reported by Tanzi ( 1986 ) ( Table 4 ) for OECD economies in 1975 . Furthermore , by the mid-1970 ' s only two out of the twenty countries in Pluta ' s sample , Cyprus ( 27 . 8 % ) and Sri Lanka ( 30 . 0 % ) , have Ge shares greater than the lowest value reported for any OECD country in 1975 , Spain ( 24 . 7 % ) . Even if state and local government expenditures were added to the developing country data , it is unlikely that the reported differences with OECD nations would change substantially . Pluta also presents a decomposition of E-e suggesting some further differences between OECD and developing economies . Not surprisingly , transfer payments are a much smaller percentage of developing nation government outlays . In Pluta ' s sample the ratio , Gt / GDP , has a median value of 6 . 3 % in the mid-1970 ' s as compared to a mean value of 24 . 3 % in OECD countries in 1982 . The results suggest that the level and composition of government expenditures for developing economies differ substantially from those of industrialized economies . When considering growth in government expenditures , a somewhat different result is obtained . Pluta estimates the elasticity of Ge , as well as of Gc and Gt , with respect to GDP in both current and constant prices for each nation ( Table 9 ) . The elasticities based on current prices can be compared", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 91, "text": "IFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 751, "end": 774, "text": "developing country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "historically been the main drivers of increasing CO2e emissions . < sup > 7 < / sup > This raises the question whether , and under which conditions , containing climate change and eradicating poverty are compatible goals . Existing research has approached this question by calculating the carbon footprint associated with the consumption of individuals at different income levels using consumption and expenditure surveys . < sup > 8 – 10 < / sup > These studies simulate shifting up the consumption value of the world ’ s extreme poor to the poverty line and estimate the emissions associated with this hypothetical consumption shift . Studies using this approach have generally found that eradicating poverty leads to modest increases in global emissions , with estimates ranging from less than 1 % to about 3 % . Here we approach this question with a different , more realistic , framing . Poverty reduction occurs by a combination of economic growth and distribution of this growth across households , with 90 % of historical poverty alleviation driven by economic growth . < sup > 11 – 14 < / sup > We estimate the carbon emissions implications of various growth scenarios ( for aggregate growth and the distribution of this growth among the population ) under which poverty would be eradicated . With this framing , eradicating poverty requires not only to increase the consumption of poor people but also , under realistic assumptions for the distribution of growth based on historical patterns , to increase the consumption of non-poor people . Therefore , eradicating poverty is expected to lead to higher emissions with this framing than in previous studies if the energy and carbon contents of economic growth follow historical patterns . To achieve the world ’ s poverty and climate objectives , the future will need to differ markedly from the past . In particular , we analyze how changes in income inequality and in the energy and carbon intensity of economic growth can contribute to reconciling poverty and climate goals . Previous studies have documented stark inequalities in emissions between poorer and richer individuals and households , drawing attention to high emitters in all countries , which contrast with the minimal emissions contributions of the world ’ s poorest . < sup", "spans": [{"start": 386, "end": 421, "text": "consumption and expenditure surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The use of digital data would also facilitate the identification of struggling but viable firms that need > 41 A total of KES 604 . 4 billion ( 29 percent of the total banking sector loan book of KES2 . 9 trillion ) was restructured in July 2020 mainly to trade ( 22 . 9 percent ) , real estate ( 19 . 5 percent ) , transport and communication ( 16 . 3 percent ) and manufacturing ( 14 . 0 percent ) . > 42 WB Policy on Investment Project Financing requires lending to financial intermediaries ( a ) which are duly licensed with at least two years in operation , ( b ) with qualified and experienced management , adequate governance , and institutional capacity for its specific risk profile , ( c ) are in “ good standing ” with its supervisory authority ( it meets all prudential and other applicable laws and regulations ) , and ( d ) has adequate management information systems , among others . > 43 For example , MNOs are currently providing P2P and P2B payment services to over five million and 150 , 000 + MSMEs spanning the entire country , respectively . In addition , MNOs are leveraging ‘ big data ’ for alternative credit assessments . By PFIs teaming up with MNOs in structures approved by their supervisory authority digital platforms , PFIs can be responsibly leveraged under this component to extend liquidity support to COVID-19 hit MSMEs . 22", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 23, "text": "digital data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1100, "end": 1108, "text": "big data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 # # # # * * 3 . 2 The National Legislative Context * * Upon assuming power , President Kabila promulgated a constitutional decree , which abrogated all previous constitutional dispositions and is to remain in force until the adoption of a new constitution . Prior to the outbreak of the present conflict in August 1998 , the government had been in the process of selecting members of the Constituent Legislative Assembly , whose initial mandate was to examine the draft constitution , which was drawn up by a Constitutional Commission appointed in October 1997 . However , the Assembly was unable to convene due to the conflict . In its place , President Kabila appointed an Institutional Reform Commission consisting of 12 members and a chairman and operating under his authority . < sup > 49 < / sup > The draft constitution , presented by the Constitutional Commission , provides for a once-renewable , five-year presidency . The president is to be answerable to a bicameral parliament with a Senate and a Chamber of Representatives . It also provides for the president having wider powers , a vice-president and no prime minister . The draft also contains restrictions on who can be a candidate for president . In accordance with the draft constitution , President Kabila announced presidential and legislative elections to be held in April 1999 . In mid-September 1998 , after the outbreak of the hostilities , the Government announced its intention to proceed with a national census in preparation for the national elections . However , President Kabila stated that the holding of elections would be conditional upon the cessation of all hostilities . In March 1999 , President Kabila introduced the Comités du Pouvoir Populaires ( CPP ) a grass-roots political structure purportedly intended to transfer power to the people . Elections of CPP officials were called in late-January 2000 and they now exist in the capital and in the provinces under government control . In January 1999 , President Kabila had lifted the ban on political party < sup > 50 < / sup > activity , replacing it with an obstructive", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * STUDIES * * The Studies conducted to improve the implementation and management of AEP included the following : - Baseline Survey - Farmers Follow-up Survey - Extension Staff Survey * Monitoring and Evaluation Surveys - Mid-term Review - Beneficiary Assessment of the Agricultural Extension Project - Manpower Status , Training Needs , Training Plan and Personnel Specifications ; - Rationalising the Roles and Responsibilities of the Various Training Institutes , Colleges and Centre under MAAIF and Development of their Curricula ; - Evaluation of monthly Training Programmes , and - Design of a Follow-on Project . # # # * * PROCUREMENT * * Procurement activities fell under three categories namely : Procurement of services , Procurement of works , Procurement of goods . The project met constraints in civil works and consequently it carried out some rehabilitation of only Ikulwe DFI . Work at Kyembogo DFI did not commence . With regards to goods : vehicles , motorcycles , bicycles , office and field equipment were procured . # # # * * ESTIMATED PROJECT COSTS * * The appraised project costs were estimated at US $ 17 . 75 million . The International Development Association ( IDA ) and Government of Uganda ( GOU ) were to contribute US $ 15 . 79 million and US $ 1 . 96 million respectively . # # # * * ACTUAL FINANCING * * Out of the US $ 17 . 7 million by * * 30Q * * October 1998 , AEP had spent US $ 16 . 87 million . This gives an overall positive variance of US $ 0 . 83 million . Out of the total expenditure pf US $ 16 . 87 million , GOU contributed US $ 1 . 83 million , which is approximately 93 % of the contribution stipulated in the DCA . The IDA contributed US $ 11 . 5 millions , which is approximately 92 % of what was stipulated . Besides , the project has streamlined the Financial Management System by introducing Imprest System for the district", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 165, "text": "Farmers Follow-up Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 168, "end": 190, "text": "Extension Staff Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 193, "end": 226, "text": "Monitoring and Evaluation Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unobservables is arguably less problematic for the distribution of refugees reported in the census of April 1923 . At that time , refugees had been in Greece for less than 6 months ( since the fire of Smyrna in September 1922 ) , and still hoped to return to their homeland in Turkey . Upon arrival , the main worry of refugees , who were in a state of “ utter destitution ” , was to find relief and shelter where they could and less so to seek places with better economic opportunities ( Kontogiorgi , 2006 , pp . 88 ) . The first place of settlement in 1923 was often temporary , as more than one third of refugees relocated to a different settlement between 1923 and 1928 . As Figure A . 5 shows , the spatial distribution of refugees in 1923 is correlated with but far from identical to the one in 1928 . # * * 5 Results * * # # * * 5 . 1 Social integration of refugees * * * * Closing the gap * * I first examine the educational outcomes of refugees . The Panel A of Table 1 shows that , among adult refugee men in the 1928 census ( 15-65 years old in 1923 ) , 66 % are literate , while it is the case for the 75 % of native men . < sup > 21 < / sup > This initial negative gap disappears for refugees arrived in Greece at a younger age , i . e . , below 15 . The 1 , 270 refugee men sampled in the 2001 census and born between 1908 and 1922 are as likely as natives ( born in the same period ) to be literate ( 93 % ) and to have completed primary school ( 70 % ) . < sup > 22 < / sup > Differently from men , adult refugee women in 1923 had a literacy rate similar to native women ( around 35 % ) . When displaced as children , they became later in life more educated than native women . As for the second-generation refugees born in Greece , the Panel C of Table 1 shows that , among adult men ,", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 112, "text": "census of April 1923", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1024, "end": 1035, "text": "1928 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1304, "end": 1315, "text": "2001 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ètes et le ratio d ' encadrement plus élevé dans les zones rurales qui affectent la qualité de l ’ éducation font qu ’ il est plus difficile de maintenir > 1 Le RESEN 2010 est un rapport préparé par le gouvernement du Niger avec l ' appui de la Banque mondiale , qui a servi de base pour la préparation du nouveau Programme Sectoriel de l ’ Education et de la Formation ( PSEF ) . Les données fournies dans ces documents sont en grande partie du RESEN 2010 . > 2 La méthode pseudo-longitudinale évalue les progrès d ' une cohorte donnée d ' élèves à travers le cycle d ' éducation en procédant à une reconstruction ( hypothétique ) d ' un organigramme d ' une rétention de la cohorte dans le système . Elle compare les non-redoublants réels dans une classe donnée dans l ' année t au nombre de non-redoublants dans la classe précédente dans l ' année t-1 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 456, "text": "RESEN 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * _Judicial Performance Improvement Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2019_ * * # # # # # # * * * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * * * The * * repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # # * * * Acquisition of fixed * * assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # * * c ) * * Cash * * and cash * * equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account balances include amounts held at the Central Bank of Kenya and at various commercial banks at the end of the financial year . For the purposes of these financial statements , cash and cash equivalents also include short term cash imprests and advances to authorised public officers and / or institutions which were not surrendered or accounted for at the end of the financial year . # # # # # # * * _Restriction on cash_ * * Restricted cash represents amounts that are", "spans": [{"start": 895, "end": 915, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . The outlined reallocation entail allocating an amount of SDR 1 . 06m ( USD 1 . 55m ) from _Goods_ to _Consultant Services & Audits_ as well as allocating an additional SDR 0 . 90m ( USD 1 . 30m ) from _Operating Costs_ to _Training and Workshops_ . The remaining balance of SDR 0 . 55m ( USD 0 . 80m ) to fully finance planned expenditures in the _Consultants Services and Audits_ category will be available from a reallocation of the unspent PPF balance . The proposed reallocation is necessary to have sufficient funds in categories _Consultant Services & Audits_ and _Training & Workshops_ to ( i ) develop a new national sampling frame ( NASSEP ) based on the 2009 Population Census ; ( ii ) undertake the second Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey ( KIHBS II ) , ( iii ) carry out the census of industrial production and the distribution and services survey , that are needed to update the country ’ s micro and macro economic statistics ; and ( iv ) complete a number of other priority surveys and activities within KNBS and across the NSS . The activities were foreseen in the original PAD , but delayed for reasons including Census implementation , the post election violence and procurement issues that have now been addressed . 3 . Substantial progress has been made in the project implementation since December 2009 , and areas that were previously weak , including financial management , procurement and sector coordination , are working better . The overall coordination and harmonization of statistical activities across the country ’ s National Statistics System ( NSS ) has appreciably improved . Key sector ministries and departments ( Police , Health , Education , civil registration , Gender ) are now producing regular monthly or quarterly statistics from their administrative data system ; and these statistics are increasingly being used by policy-makers in the public sector . Thus , the team believes that the project ’ s development objectives are achievable within a period of about 18 months after", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 690, "text": "2009 Population Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 721, "end": 761, "text": "Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 764, "end": 772, "text": "KIHBS II", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 799, "end": 830, "text": "census of industrial production", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 839, "end": 871, "text": "distribution and services survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1791, "end": 1817, "text": "administrative data system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and updated in 2019 . In 2020 , a legal assessment was carried out , which contributed to the Principles and Governance Structure of the National Identity Program published by the GoE . The ID4D technical assistance also contributed to the development of the Digital ID Proclamation , now adopted . In 2021 , ID4D worked with NIDP to do a costing for a Fayda rollout , which came up with ( a ) registering adults ages 18 and older only ( US $ 283 million or US $ 3 . 8 per registrant ) , ( b ) registering adults and children ages 14 and older only ( US $ 308 million or US $ 3 . 5 per registrant ) , and ( c ) registering adults and children ages 5 and older only ( US $ 334 million or US $ 2 . 8 per registrant ) . The World Bank has also worked with NIDP to map use cases for Fayda , including identifying complementary World Bank engagements . During 2022 pilots , ID4D conducted an exit survey and focus group discussions among PSNP beneficiaries who registered for Fayda to get insights on any shortcomings of registration processes to fine-tune registration during scale-up . A conflict analysis and end-user survey have contributed to the design and risk mitigation measures for this project . > 23 NBE . 2021 . _Requirements for Undertaking Account Based Transactions and Ensuring of Regulatory Limits Directive No . FIS / 04 / 2021_ . > 24 World Bank . 2016 . _ID4D Country Diagnostic : Ethiopia_ . https : / / id4d . worldbank . org / country-action / id4d-diagnostics . Page 6 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 898, "text": "exit survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1085, "end": 1122, "text": "conflict analysis and end-user survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ installation of the TL shall be compensated as per the RP to be developed and implemented by EEP . Further , compensation shall be provided for loss of farmlands at the tower foundation and substation based on a RP to be prepared prior to commencing construction . On the basis of the extent and characteristics of anticipated impacts on farmland , the following set of mitigation measures shall be adopted to adequately compensate and properly rehabilitate the affected people : - Conduct a detailed inventory of potentially affected agricultural lands and other assets legitimate for compensation prior to commencement of construction ; - Compensate farmers for loss of farmland and other land uses as per the applicable Eth . law ( Procl . No . 1161 / 2019 ) and regulations ( Reg . No . 472 / 2020 ) and the WB ESS5 ; - The process of compensation shall be preceded by a detailed inventory of individual and communal land ; - The inventory shall include size of individual holdings of agricultural land , homestead and gardens including immovable properties ; - Consult and involve subproject-affected people ( PAPs ) in the estimation of costs for lost assets ; - Assessment of cash compensation for the forgone benefit from agricultural land shall be carried out in a wholly transparent manner , resulting in payments which truly reflect current rebuilding costs ; - No construction shall commence until land expropriation procedures have been completed and cash compensation paid and any other agreed compensation delivered as appropriate ; - Allow enough time for PAPs to remove their crops ( perennial or annual ) and trees ; - Ascertain the consent of women members of subproject affected households ( PAH ) on beneficiary of compensation decisions and arrangements of effecting payments ; and - Give priority in the employment of casual workers for household members of PAPs that have lost their land for the subproject construction works .", "spans": [{"start": 1074, "end": 1124, "text": "detailed inventory of individual and communal land", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been identified during the < br > RAPcensus survey conductedinMarch-April 2014 . < br > During the < br > dissemination of information about this project and as part of < br > obtaining broad community support , the Duruma community was < br > informed of the fact that graves willbeaffectedandconsultations < br > were held to determine the measures , which are culturally < br > acceptableinavoiding , minimizing or compensating for the adverse < br > effects . | | | The mitigation measure that was agreed upon during the < br > deliberations was thatallgraves / burial sites identifiedasaffected , < br > willberelocated using the Duruma cultural practices and < br > procedures . < br > The council of elders will leadinthe process of < br > relocation , whichisa ceremony with rituals and participation of the < br > entire community . < br > · | | | All families whose dead willbedisturbed willbecompensated < br > ( monetary ) for the disturbances and emotional strife , andthe < br > project will meetallthe costs relatedtorelocation of the graves < br > ~ ~ includina those associated with rituals and ceremonial ~ ~ | | * * Disruptionoffamilial / Clan linkages , ties and family set up * * | Like other Kenyan tribes today , Durumas have assimilatedto < br > modern cultural practices , resultinginthe disappearance of many of < br > their traditional customs . < br > In < br > ordertoensure that the < br > families / homesteads thatwillbe Phvsicallv displaced are resettled | 51", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 50, "text": "RAPcensus survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lines in the first years of primary school . < sup > 13 < / sup > Limited specialized in ‐ service training opportunities and pedagogical support constrain KG teachers ’ ability to structure learning around age ‐ appropriate and play ‐ based activities that stimulate child development and early noncognitive skills . This , coupled with a lack of an efficient quality assurance system for KGs means that there is no mechanism to monitor progress or incentivize continuous quality improvements , and likely is restricting the ECE ’ s contribution to children ’ s school readiness in the country . The 2014 Early Development Instrument , for example , revealed that a quarter of children enrolled in public KG2 in Jordan are “ not ready to learn ” , mainly due to inadequate levels of socioemotional development . As such , expanding access and ensuring quality in the provision of KG are likely to transform Jordanian and non ‐ Jordanian students ’ ability to learn and succeed in school . 12 . * * Poor student learning outcomes at all levels are a challenge in Jordan . * * One in five students in grade 2 cannot read a single word from a reading passage , while nearly half are unable to perform a single subtraction task correctly , thus lacking the foundational literacy and numeracy skills that enable further cognitive skill development . < sup > 14 < / sup > With a weak start , skills deficits compound such that by age 15 , two ‐ thirds of students do not meet the most basic level of proficiency in mathematics , and half are below basic proficiency in reading and science , as measured by the 2015 Program for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) . Furthermore , learning outcome data show a reverse gender gap with girls performing better than boys in reading , mathematics , and science . < sup > 15 < / sup > International comparisons place Jordan in the bottom 20 percent of PISA ‐ participating countries and economies , substantially below average in mathematics , reading , and science . 13 . * * A key contributor to the learning crisis is the", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 634, "text": "2014 Early Development Instrument", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1605, "end": 1654, "text": "2015 Program for International Student Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1680, "end": 1701, "text": "learning outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental Impact Assessment for the North Rwenzori Central Forest Reserve Final Report habitat are unique and this natural hub is a good ecological setting for many animal species . This part of the forest neighbouring Burangapass and Itojo ( about 1 , 531 hectares ) should be preserved to enhance its carbon reduction importance . # # # # # # Enhancement Measures NFA is going to ensure that the natural habitat is left intact and other indigenous trees planted to foster the existing ones . The habitat is to be protected against invasion of the exotic species which may adversely affect the regeneration of the natural forest . NFA is to ensure that this natural habitat is surveyed , mapped and protected against fire and logging . This is aimed at fostering the regeneration of the natural vegetation in this section of North Rwenzori CFR ; and A comprehensive inventory should be conducted to ascertain the biomass , rare , unique and endangered species in the natural habitat for proper management and enhance the species protection against extinction . # # # # # # Opening of Property Boundaries The boundaries of North Rwenzori forest reserve have been opened and surveyed which has helped in removing boundary conflicts between NFA and local community and enhancing the status of the forest reserve . Other benefits that will come with the project are namely : - - improvement on climate change and the environment in general - increased acreage of planted tree species country wide - reduced soil erosion and sedimentation - increased groundwater recharge with related increase in spring discharges and base flow , or at least more even year round flow - preserved varied tree species - improved peoples livelihood especially for the private plantations - the proposed tree planting will lead to growth in the local economy and wealth creation - the sales of carbon emissions reductions will also lead to increase household revenue - increased income from the sale of good quality trees - may improve the appearance of the landscape - restoration of degraded areas - will increase on supply of improved charcoal , construction materials and other forest products , even while protecting soil and water", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OHS permits . < br >  < br > # of OHS incidents < br > timely reported , RCA < br > developed , < br > CAP < br > identified < br > and < br > implemented . < br >  < br > # of registered cases of < br > incidents are closed . < br >  < br > # of staff attending fire < br > safety training . < br >  < br > Types < br > of < br > fire < br > extinguishers deployed < br > and service records . | X | | Implementation : < br > Contractor / Investees < br > Monitoring : PIU | Monitorin < br > g costs : < br > Included in < br > staff time . < br > Travel < br > costs < br > for < br > monitoring < br > activities : < br > 100 , 000 | 41", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 396, "text": "service records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . CRoss seCtoRs - * * a . National data collection system : * * Currently collected socio economic data are not capturing the status of those surveyed , whether they are refugees , asylum-seekers or IDPs . Capturing status-based information is critical to better inform policies , track progress and impact over time , help shape and target interventions and prioritize resources . Data segregation providing insights about refugees , asylum seekers and internally displaced was not available in past poverty assessments and national household surveys . - * * b . Access to education and connected learning : * * Given that a significant number of refugees come from Nigeria , where they are mainly educated in English , the national curriculum taught in French may not suit their age group . Enabling distance learning through modern technology tools is vital for refugee youth to acquire skills , both for employment and language proficiency in societal integration . - * * c . Social protection : * * Vulnerable refugees are not specifically targeted in cash or in-kind via national safety nets beyond the World Bank financed PARCA project closing in September 2023 . Systematic inclusion would decrease their vulnerability and facilitate their local integration . 16 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > * * N I G E R * *", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 105, "text": "socio economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 527, "end": 553, "text": "national household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Annex * * A * * Page 1 of 4 * * 31 * * # Basic Data Sheet # # # # FIRST * * STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT CREDIT ( CREDIT 2314-UG ) * * * * Key Project Data * * _ ( amounts in_ * * _USS_ * * _million ) _ | | _Appraisal_ < br > _Estimate_ | _Actualor_ < br > _currentestimate_ | _Actualas_ * * _ % _ * * _of_ < br > _appraisalestimate_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Totalproject costs | 125 . 0a | * * 200 . 7b * * | * * 160 . 6 * * | | Loanamount | 125 . 0a | * * 131 . 3 b * * | * * _105 . 0_ * * | | Cofinancingc | * * 0 . 0 * * | 69 . 4 | * * - - * * | | Cancellation | * * - - * * | * * - - * * | | | Datephysicalcomponentscompletedd | 1 / 31 / 94 | * * _7 / 31 / 96_ * * | - - | | Economicrateofreturn | * * NA * * | * * NA * * | * * NA * * | _a_ Does _not include_ * * IDA * * reflows of * * US $ * * 1 . 4 million equivalent . * * b * * Includes * * IDA * * reflows of * * US $ * * 1 . 4 million equivalent . * * c * * Cofinancing from Switzerland * * ( US $ * * 10 . 2 million ) , * * UK ( US $ 25 . 8 * * million ) , and Norway * * ( US $ *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Malawi ) . This heterogeneity reflects the fact that some countries are more agrarian than others and that some are large net-consumers , others are large net-producers , and yet others either consume and produce little cereals or do so in similar magnitudes so that the net effects tend to cancel out . A similar story can be told about the pro-poor bias of liberalization . There are countries where cereals liberalization would be clearly pro-poor ( Tanzania , Bhutan , Guinea Bissau , Ecuador ) and countries where it would be clearly pro-rich ( Vietnam ) . There are also cases where the liberalization would be neutral and this can in turn be because of little direct consumption and production of grains ( Armenia , Georgia ) or because of the offsetting consumption and income effects ( Madagascar , Nigeria ) . As this analysis illustrates , the HIT data and our framework enable researchers to examine and exploit the extensive household heterogeneity in incomes and expenditures in many dimensions . There are some limitations to the framework that are important to note for accurate interpretation of our results . To make it operational , we need to impose some structure , in particular perfect competition , constant returns to scale , and product homogeneity . Since we work with household surveys and with an agricultural household model ` a la Deaton , there are some limitations in the scope of the analysis as well . The household surveys do not collect reliable information on the returns to capital and on profits and often fail to capture very rich households . Also , there are marked differences between consumption and production aggregates from the household surveys and those from the national accounts . As a result , there might be some discrepancies between the household welfare effects from the HIT data and the aggregate welfare effects stemming from more general trade models . In addition , some relevant impacts , such as heterogeneous varieties , two-way trade or labor and investment effects , may require additional modeling assumptions as well as additional data ( such as demand and supply elasticities and so on ) . In any case , most of the discussion about poverty , inequality and household welfare is typically based", "spans": [{"start": 855, "end": 863, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1441, "end": 1458, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "most labor intensive of sectors / Transport costs are calculated using a linear relationship from the transport time ( in days ) τ � � � 1 � λ < sup > � < / sup > time � � � , as in Alder ( 2017 ) and Roberts et al . , ( 2012 ) . Costs are highest from non ‐ tradeable services which are produced and sold predominantly in the same location , and lowest for manufacturing , for which longer travel times do not lead to much loss in terms of the value of the good . θ is chosen at 0 . 75 , reflecting similar assumptions elsewhere in the literature such as for rural goods in China in Roberts et al . ( 2012 ) . There are other ways of modeling the impacts of transport times on transport costs , such as through an exponential model in Lall and Lebrand ( 2019 ) . The GVA data from the UN National Accounts , and the consequent Gross Output values calculated from input ‐ output matrices , combined with the net trade flows from each country , gives a total value of output of each sector consumed within each country . From these , national consumption value shares for each sector , β � , β � , β � , are calculated . # _Parameters_ | | Primary < br > Goods | Manufacturing | Non ‐ Tradeable < br > Services | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Input Shares | | | | | Primary Goodsα � | 0 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 1 | | Manufacturingα � | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 1 | | Non ‐ Tradable Servicesα � | 0 . 1 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 1 | | Landα � | Rural 0 . 25 | Urban 0 . 1 | Urban 0 . 3 | | Labourα � | 0 . 55 | 0 . 4 | 0 . 4 | | Transport Costs | | | | | λ < sup > � < / sup > | 0 . 18 | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 776, "text": "GVA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 806, "text": "UN National Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) | * * Drainage channels * * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lubigi channel | 13 . 03 | 11 . 19 | 18 | 21 . 1 | | | Nakamiro channel | - | 3 . 68 | - | 18 . 1 | | | * * Street lighting * * | - | 18 . 59 | - | - | 2 . 66 | Sources : Roads and drainage – KCCA / Eficon Consulting ( 2023 ) . _End Term Evaluation of the Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( KIIDP2 ) _ . Street lighting – ICR team . 36 . * * While the project ’ s infrastructure investments yielded positive economic returns , implementation efficiency was challenging . * * The project completion date was postponed four times by a cumulative total of nearly 3 . 5 years . This is partly attributable to COVID-19 , but also to delays in acquisition of rights of way , relocation of utilities , resettlement , among other factors . 37 . * * Non quantifiable benefits increase the level of project efficiency as they raise the latent value of the benefits accruing to the project . * * The dualling and reconstruction of roads as well as signaling of selected junctions reduced road injuries and fatalities . From the analysis it has been established that average savings from productivity loss due to road traffic injuries and fatalities averted , for the urban ( Kampala ) areas in estimated to be approximately USD 10 , 618 per person per year . The reduction in productivity losses is expected to increase urban output which in turn increases the gross national output . The beneficiary survey supports this finding as it shows that over 77 % of beneficiaries were satisfied with all road resurfacing while at least 88 % were satisfied with all road widths and lanes", "spans": [{"start": 1601, "end": 1619, "text": "beneficiary survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Functioning of the European Union that applies to EU member states , the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement ( GPA ) and recent vintage preferential trade agreements ( PTAs ) – embody not only generally accepted good PP practices but require that foreign firms be treated the same as national bidders . The main thrust of such agreements is to open procurement markets to foreign competition . As do all trade agreements , national procurement regulations and international agreements that discipline PP practices include exceptions that allow governments to respond rapidly to emergencies in ways that may be inconsistent with the rules that apply in normal times . This might take the form of direct contracting for supplies from producers without going through the processes that normally would be used ( Baxter and Casady , 2020 ) . At the time of writing it is not yet possible to investigate the extent and effectiveness of emergency procurement measures taken by different jurisdictions . < sup > 7 < / sup > Instead , we examine the relationship between precrisis attributes of public procurement regimes as reflected in indicators compiled by the World Bank and the trade policy behavior of countries in the first seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic . Most trade policy activism was observed in the initial months of the pandemic , reflecting the feasibility of applying trade policy instruments very rapidly . Similarly , trade measures can also be removed rapidly — and in principle should be to abide by WTO rules . Global excess demand for protective equipment and COVID-19 medical supplies was met with a massive supply response , attenuating the rationale for using trade policy instruments for an extended period . > 6 The basic features of good administrative practice in public procurement are summarized in UNCITRAL ( 2014 ) and World Bank ( 2017 ) . > 7 Comprehensive and comparable information on whether and how governments diverged from normal practices in procuring supplies does not exist . Cocciolo et al . ( 2020 ) and OECD ( 2020a ) discuss procurement challenges and experiences during the first seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1137, "end": 1174, "text": "indicators compiled by the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "If these initiatives achieve fruition , they would create competing sources of international bandwidth , driving down bandwidth costs and retail broadband prices . Wireless broadband will also create greater competition with Econet having launched 3G and WiMAX < sup > 12 < / sup > networks while Powertel and Tel-One have deployed CMDA < sup > 13 < / sup > 2000-based high-speed wireless networks . > 11 As in most low-income countries , Internet access is estimated to be negligible in rural areas in Zimbabwe . The 2010 estimate for Internet users is derived from applying the ZAMPS * * [ [ expand acronym ? ] ] * * survey data to the urban population 15 years and older using statistics for Zimbabwe from the United Nations . See : unstats . un . org / unsd / demographic / products / socind / . > 12 Worldwide interoperability for microwave access . > 13 Code division multiple access . 39", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 585, "text": "ZAMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 680, "end": 727, "text": "statistics for Zimbabwe from the United Nations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF # # 2 . * * Project Description * * The project activities will be implemented under four major components which are Improving Human Resource Management Capabilities ; Improving Domestic Revenue Mobilization Capabilities ; Improving Public Financial Management Capabilities ; and Project Management , supporting the management , coordination , and M & E of project activities and funds . The sub-component activities are actions that target improving efficiency and transparency , quality and standard service delivery by deploying digital solutions that require investment in ICT infrastructure such as hardware and software , and operating systems and data management systems , deploying innovative technologies for improving government capacity in human resources management , tax data management and public finance management . The Ministry of Finance will be responsible for the overall coordination of the project activities , including dayto-day implementation , coordination , supervision , and management of project . The CSC will take the lead for improving human resource management capabilities ( Comp1 ) , the MoR will lead improving the domestic revenue mobilization capabilities ( Comp2 ) , and the MoF will lead improving public finance management capabilities ( Comp3 ) . * * < u > Component 1 : Improving Public Administration Capabilities : this component will focus on three < / u > fundamental building blocks aligned with the GoE ’ s Civil Service Reform Roadmap and Civil Service Policy . * * The component will address the paucity of personnel and workforce data available to inform policy making , the limited application of competency-based human resource management systems and practices in the recruitment and performance management of public sector workers , and the fragmented approach to civil servant capacity-building and training . By focusing on productive and service delivery sectors , the project also ensures that these systemic reforms will result in a more effective civil service in the ministries and local governments that engage with citizens and businesses . * * _Subcomponent 1 . 1 : _ * * _Developing an Evidence-based and Data-Informed Approach to Human Resource Management :", "spans": [{"start": 1645, "end": 1673, "text": "personnel and workforce data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 # # # # # # * * Box 9 . 2 . * * Emerging global risks . * * The global economy is gradually recovering despite the continuing rise in COVID-19 cases . * * The pandemic has sent the global economy reeling into its steepest recession in eight decades . The baseline forecast in June projected a 5 . 2 percent contraction in global GDP in 2020 , despite unprecedented policy support ( World Bank 2020a ) . Since then , the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 has accelerated to over 30 million globally , with over 950 , 000 deaths . Livelihoods have also been deeply disrupted , with estimates equating the fall in working hours to the loss of 400 million full-time jobs in the second quarter of 2020 ( ILO 2020 ) . Despite the continuing spread of the virus , recent data indicate that the global economy is slowly firming as mobility indicators improve and as services and manufacturing begin to recoup earlier losses ( Figure B9 . 1 ) . However , shifts in consumer behavior and continued restrictions on movement continue to depress international travel . * * The global outlook is subject to considerable uncertainty about the duration of the pandemic and the potential rollout and distribution of a vaccine . * * The global forecast published in June assumed that mobility restrictions would begin to be lifted in mid-2020 as the virus retreated . To varying degrees , however , restrictions on movement and interactions have been extended or reintroduced as COVID-19 cases again surged . Although a vaccine could arrive in the first half of 2021 , its distribution is likely to take longer , especially in emerging markets and developing economies ( EMDEs ) . Delays to a vaccine could prolong the economic damage and generate financial market turmoil , which would hit economies in the Western Balkans particularly hard because they are so open to global trade and financial flows . * * Financial market volatility has reemerged , with particular impact on EMD", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 902, "text": "mobility indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When a complaint is received , a maximum of 5 days has been provided for a receiving GRC to resolve the complaint or respond to the Project Affected Persons ( PAP ) . This is so to make sure that grievances / complaints are resolved as early as possible . Once complaints are received , the GRCs shall assess whether the complaint or grievance is related to this Project activity implementation or not . In a situation where the complaints are not related to the project , PAPs shall be advised to channel their complaints to the right institutions . For Project specific complaints or grievances , GRCs shall hear such cases and make necessary follow ups to gather evidence and make necessary determination . The outcome of the analysis shall be communicated to the PAP and shall be recorded on a Grievance Resolution Agreement Minute ( Annex III ) . Grievance feedback shall be communicated with complainants , among others , by telephone , fax , email , or in writing and authorized meetings where necessary . # # # # # 4 . 3 . 3 . 3 STAGE 3 : RESOLUTION AND CLOSURE Where a resolution has been arrived at and the PAP accepts the resolution , the PAP shall be required to sign the resolution and closure section as attached in a grievance resolution implementation minute-Annex IV . Two members of the specific GRC ( Chairperson and Secretary ) shall also be required to counter sign . This shall signify that the complaint or grievance , which was presented , has been fully discussed resolved and closed . # # # # # 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 STAGE 4 : GRM REGISTRY All received complaints will be recorded in the complaints log book ( Annex-V ) or grievance excelsheet / grievance database . A register shall be kept at all GRCs at all levels to ensure proper record of all complaints and their resolutions . For any case heard , closed or referred to an upper level GRC , a copy of logs and resolution forms for every case shall be submitted as well .", "spans": [{"start": 1606, "end": 1625, "text": "complaints log book", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1641, "end": 1682, "text": "grievance excelsheet / grievance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and public-sector versus private-sector employment ( ILO 2018 ) . Our experiment took place in Jendouba , one of the poorest governorates in Tunisia . < sup > 3 < / sup > The Jendouba governorate is administratively divided into 95 Imadas ( localities ) , 15 of which are classified as urban , and 80 of which are classified as rural . Our RCT targeted 2 , 000 women in the 80 rural Imadas . These women were recruited from the treatment and control groups of another randomized experiment , which evaluated the impact of a public-works program ( The World Bank 2017 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > Data from the 2014 census and from our baseline survey provide information about life in rural Jendouba ( our data are described in Section 4 . 1 ) . In 2014 , only 37 % of the adult population of rural Jendouba was economically active . Illiteracy rates were around 40 % , and 48 % of household heads had no education . In 2016 , the value of daily consumption per capita at baseline was about TND 9 ( less than USD 4 ) . For most households , the main source of income is coming from casual work , agriculture , and animal farming . The labor market in rural Jendouba is highly segregated by gender . Female workers are typically working in agriculture , either as casual laborers ( harvesting , weeding , sowing ) or at home ( Zuccotti et al . 2018 ) . The United Nations General Assembly ( 2013 ) describes that _ “ In Jendouba , agriculture is the main source of income and depends primarily on female labour , particularly older women , who are ready to accept the sector ’ s low wages . These older rural women are predominantly casual agricultural labourers , who are collected every morning from the streets , transported , standing in the back of trucks , to the farms , and compelled to work long hours for meagre pay . ” _ Women are also in charge of small-scale agriculture and livestock farming at home ( Massin et al . 2016 ) . About 18 % of households reported owning land at baseline and", "spans": [{"start": 605, "end": 616, "text": "2014 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 630, "end": 645, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 : Secondary school density and teenage birthrate across Brazil , 2002 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 14 < br > 13 Acre Roraima < br > 12 Amapa < br > 11 Para Amazonas Tocantins < br > Maranhao < br > 10 < br > Rondonia < br > 9 Alagoas MatoGrosso < br > Piaui < br > 8 Pernambuco MatoGrosso do Sul < br > 7 Bahia Paraiba Parana Goias < br > Rio de Janeiro < br > 6 < br > Distrito Federal < br > Minas Gerais Santa Catarina < br > 5 Sao Paulo < br > . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 < br > Number of secondary schools per 100 females 15-19 < br > State weighted Best fit unweighted Best fit weighted < br > Births per 100 females 15-19 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Data for 2002 cross-section . Marker size weighted by population of females aged 15 – 19 . Broken line shows linear fit weighted by population size , solid line shows unweighted linear fit . Births are for mothers aged 15 – 19 . Source : Authors ’ analysis based on school data from the 2002 wave of the Brazilian School Census ; official population estimates from the Brazilian Census Bureau ; births by age from Brazilian Vital Statistics . 27", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 1009, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1096, "end": 1122, "text": "Brazilian Vital Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project ( P169949 ) 5 . * * Counties were then ranked based on the vulnerability index score . * * Each of the above six indicators were aggregated into a single z-score with equal weighting , and the aggregate z-scores were rescaled from 0 to 100 , with 100 being the most vulnerable . Most counties with high vulnerability are in Eastern Equatoria , Jonglei , Upper Nile , and Western Bahr-el-Ghazal , most of which were heavily conflict affected . * * Figure 2 . 8 . County Vulnerability * * * * Figure 2 . 9 . County Accessibility * * 6 . Once counties with higher vulnerability score are long listed , they will be short-listed considering feasibility . Feasibility will be assessed based on levels of insecurity , physical accessibility , a more nuanced qualitative conflict assessment , and the willingness of the county government . The result will be triangulated through consultations with key stakeholders such as the government , development partners , and the civil society before finalizing . All _payams_ and _bomas_ within the selected counties will be eligible for financing . To accommodate the fluid conditions on the ground , the final list of possible target counties was determined at appraisal using the latest data sets . 7 . * * Subproject budget allocation . * * The subproject budget allocation will be allocated at the county level on a per capita basis using the latest county-level population projection used by all humanitarian agencies for consistency . US $ 10 and US $ 15 per capita will be allocated for rural and urban areas , respectively , which is 43 percent higher than the allocation under the LGSDP . This is deemed appropriate as ( a ) costs of construction materials have increased ; ( b ) costs will be higher in conflict-affected areas due Page 70 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 1321, "end": 1330, "text": "data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1486, "end": 1520, "text": "county-level population projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with a lack of evidence around their impact on firm performance , this paper contributes to a largely unexplored empirical literature . It does so thanks to a novel and unique dataset that includes detailed information on firms both within and outside economic zones across Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , and Nepal . It employs standard econometric techniques in the empirical literature on estimating the impact of zones on firm performance . The first main finding of the paper is that being inside a zone has a positive and significant effect on FDI and employment . This lends support to the idea that when governments are unable to rectify constraints at an economy-wide level , addressing challenges within discrete areas can be a viable alternative to support firm performance . The second main finding is that the effect of zones is mixed across zone types . Industrial areas and estates show significant and negative effects on exports and employment . Conversely , industrial parks have positive effects on FDI and employment , while EPZs demonstrate the most consistent positive effects across all measures of firm performance . The third main finding is that controlling for zone status , public support services have significant impacts on firm performance . In particular , infrastructure support and trade and connectivity facilities have the most consistent positive effects across measures of firm performance . Governance and fiscal incentives have positive effects only on the measures of employment and exports , respectively . These findings further underscore the notion that policymakers need to worry about the design and implementation arrangements of zone programs . Finally , we explore the effects of zone status on firm growth . Zone status is positively and significantly associated with younger firms and EPZs have a positive effect on employment generation . In terms of future research , the heterogeneous performance of zones raises questions about why EPZs overall seem to improve firms ’ competitiveness and efficiency , and why some zone types produce negative or no discernible effects on firm performance . Given the range of possible government interventions delivered through such programs , and the relative importance of infrastructure and trade facilitation , it seems that the success of zone programs depends largely on providing the “ right ” support services", "spans": [{"start": 159, "end": 183, "text": "novel and unique dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "study for several reasons . Female labor force participation ( LFP ) in the Islamic Republic of Iran is among the lowest > 1 Most existing studies for developing countries rely on high-frequency phone surveys ( Egger _et al . _ , 2021 ; Khamis _et al . _ , 2021 ; Mahmud and Riley , 2021 ; Krafft _et al . _ , 2022 ; < mark > Bundervoet , Dávalos , and Garcia , 2022 ) < / mark > , which can be prone to various data quality issues . These issues include low response rates or undercoverage and shorter questionnaires with fewer variables than the typical household survey , so typically do not allow for the rigorous and comprehensive analysis that can be implemented with nationally representative data ( Miguel and Mobarak , 2022 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 208, "text": "high-frequency phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 674, "end": 704, "text": "nationally representative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 39 - | * * Cash in safe * * | | - - - | | * * Receivables * * | | * * Less : Payables * * | | * * Total Closing * * < br > * * Balances * * | # * * < mark > Productive Safety Net Project ( PSNP ) 6 Summary of Fund Utilization Report ( In ETB ) < / mark > * * # * * < u > < mark > For the period from - - to - - - < / mark > < / u > * * | | * * Name of * * | * * Begin . * * < br > * * From * * < br > * * ( I * * < br > * * Openi * * | * * Balance * * < br > * * previous * * < br > * * FR ) * * < br > * * Gain / L * * | < br > * * Total * * | * * Curren * * < br > * * t * * < br > * * Gain / L * * | * * Direct * * | * * T * * < br > * * Dur * * | * * otal Trans * * < br > * * ing the P * * | * * fer * * < br > * * eriod * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * No * * | < br > * * Federal / * * < br > * * Regional * * < br > * * Bureau * * | * * ng * * < br > * * Balan * * < br > * * ce * * < br > * *", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 234, "text": "Summary of Fund Utilization Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Annex E * * # # # # # Refugee Women and Empowerment Strategy UNHCR statistical surveys on asylum-seekers , refugees and other persons of concern report that close to half of the world ’ s refugees are women ( 49 % in 2003 and 51 % in 2000 ) < sup > 106 < / sup > . Gender mainstreaming combined with targeted action to support refugee women ’ s empowerment is cross-cutting and a priority of UNHCR and the UN system . The protection and security concerns of refugee , internally displaced and returnee women can only be effectively addressed by analysing the changing roles of women and men and how operational interventions , including assistance measures , impact on them . The following legal instruments and policy documents provide the framework for UNHCR ’ s related protection and assistance activities : - The Agenda for Protection - UNHCR ’ s Policy on Refugee Women and their protection - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women – ( CEDAW ) - The Beijing Platform for Action - UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women , Peace and Security , - The 1997 UN Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) resolution on gender mainstreaming - Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) - UNHCR Guidelines for Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender-Based Violence In most refugee and displacement contexts , the roles and responsibilities of men and women change because of the impact of conflict on family and community structures . For example , women may become the breadwinners and men responsible for childcare . Participatory assessment and an analysis of the situation from a gender perspective are imperative for gender mainstreaming . While planning operations , UNHCR and partner staff must analyse carefully the socially assigned roles of women and girls and men and boys in the community . In most situations , women are primary care givers for children , the sick and older persons . The power relations between women and men and how these impact on women ’ s participation in decision making , access and control", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 100, "text": "UNHCR statistical surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2000 ) — where women ’ s LFP is higher in poorer countries , declines initially with growth as they pursue more education and leisure , and then rises again with increases in income / expected earnings opportunities . However , employment for older age groups is less responsive to economic growth ( right panel of Figure 1 ) . This is an important policy question which countries like India have recently been grappling with ( Fletcher et al , 2018 ) . Younger women , who are less likely to have children and may have greater mobility ( Including opportunities for education ) , could be more responsive to changes in income and market conditions — but better data are needed on economic opportunities and constraints faced by rural women overall . Figure 1 . Rural women ’ s labor force participation against log GDP per capita ( 2016-17 ) , by age group Younger women ( aged 15-24 ) Women aged 25 + < u > Source : LFP data obtained from ILOSTAT ( Key Indicators of the Labour Market ( KILM ) data ) , 2016 and 2017 . GDP data obtained from WDI . < / u > 4", "spans": [{"start": 951, "end": 986, "text": "Key Indicators of the Labour Market", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1021, "end": 1047, "text": "GDP data obtained from WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Year 2 Scenario * * | * * Outbreak in Year 4 Scenario * * | | I | 0 . 7 % | 11 % | 7 % | | II | 1 . 0 % | 20 % | 13 % | | III | 2 . 5 % | 70 % | 34 % | 6 . No outbreak occurred in Uganda during the project period , although a major threat is still likely . The 2013 H7N9 outbreak in East Asia has demonstrated the danger that these viruses continue to pose . 7 . In updating the economic analysis , this ICR retains the investment horizon of 15 years , but adjusts the other assumptions as follows : 15 , 000 shillings per bird , 300 shillings per egg , the ratio of eggs to birds of 14 . 3 ( according to Government statistics ) , and an annual poultry growth of 3 percent ( also based on recent Government statistics ) . No speculation is made as to when a future outbreak might happen ( since there is no hard data to back up such a precise prediction ) . Instead , an assessment is made of the return on the prevention / mitigation measures that have been put in place should an outbreak occur today well understanding that the returns diminish the further out the event occurs ( although not linearly since other parameters are also changing over time ) . * * < u > Table 2 : Internal Rate of Return in the Event of an Outbreak in 2014 < / u > * * | | * * Gross Attack Rates * * | * * IRR * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | I | 0 . 7 % | 12 % | | II | 1 . 0 % | 19 % | | III | 2 . 5 % | 40 % | 8 . In reality , the returns are much higher . First , this analysis is limited to poultry meat and eggs . It doesn ’ t account for possible decline in the demand for poultry / meat products in the", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 627, "text": "Government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 697, "end": 718, "text": "Government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 4 . Refugee population and changes by origin , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * # # # # # * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatr < mark > iation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Incr | eases durin | g2006 | | | | De | creases du | ring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | Origin | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1040, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources not previously covered . The combination of all these sources makes this review among the largest and most thematically comprehensive undertaken . In contrast to earlier work , the review will focus mainly on specific types of infrastructure – namely energy , digital , and transport – and specific dimensions of development impact – such as output and productivity , poverty and inequality , labor market outcomes , human capital formation , and trade . In this way , the paper seeks to develop a more nuanced understanding of the pathways through which infrastructure contributes to the development process . To avoid publication bias , the corpus of papers contains a significant number of unpublished working papers and reports . Nevertheless , about 70 percent of the papers are published in peer reviewed journals , and 80 percent include at least one academic co-author . < mark > Following the selection of the papers , their most salient characteristics were recorded in a database , from which it is possible to obtain a descriptive overview of the literature under review . What emerges very clearly is the large and sustained increase in the volume of research addressing infrastructure and development linkages since 2005 , with over 60 percent of the articles considered being published in the last decade , 2011-2021 ( Figure 1 ) . However , in terms of the historical period analyzed within these papers , two-thirds relate to data representing the period 1980-2000 ( e . g . , Bogart , 2009 ; Burgess et al , 2010 ; Haines and Margo , 2006 ) , while only around one-third is based on post-2000 data ( e . g . , Aggarwal et al , 2018 ; Rodríguez-Castelán et al , 2022 ) . About 70 percent of the studies are based on longitudinal data exceeding one decade in length . < / mark > Over time , there has also been a noticeable shift from articles focusing on cross-sectoral infrastructure broadly defined , to research that examines specific types of energy , digital and transportation literature , again primarily during the last decade ( Figure 1 ) . From 2010 the literature became more oriented towards micro-economic approaches , exploiting increasingly granular data that is often spatially explicit .", "spans": [{"start": 1741, "end": 1758, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and numeracy * * | | | This indicator measures the number of educational resources developed or validated in early reading , writing and | | Description | numeracy . Education resources refer to open textbooks , modules or full courses , supported byscientific evidence . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Curriculum Department | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | PIU memo | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | * * IRI 2 . 1 . 3 . Percentage ofp * * | * * reschool , primary and secondary schools receiving educational resources for foundational learning * * | | Description | This indicator measures the share of preschool , primary and secondary schools out of the total number of schools in the < br > system receivingeducation resources developed or validated aspart of the Project for foundational learning . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Department of Statistics | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Annual end-of-year school survey with module on foundational learning | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MEP Department of Statistics | | * * IRI 2 . 1 . 4 My Foundationa * * | * * l Learning Professional Development Planplatform for teachers , school administrators andpedagogical advisors * * | | Description | The indicator measures the use of an application developed under the Project for teachers , schools administrators and < br > pedagogical advisors at the Preschool , Primary , and Secondarylevels | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Curriculum Department | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The App will generate realtime statistics from which data will be downloaded by the PIU for this indicator . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PIU | | * * IRI 2 . 1 . 5 National founda * * | * * tional learning campaign * * | Page 27", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 999, "text": "Annual end-of-year school survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * AN UNCERTAIN RECOVERY * * _Box 8 . 1 continued_ * * Digital trade * * can only thrive at the intersection of a complex multi-sectoral enabling environment … * * … and scope * * for further growth of online markets in the western Balkans region is large . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > United States < br > Germany < br > Digital Payment Italy < br > connectivity services Croatia < br > Greece < br > Turkey < br > E-commerce Serbia < br > ecosystem North Macedonia < br > Montenegro < br > of platforms , Capabilitiessellers and Logisticsandcustoms Bosnia & HerzegovinaKosovo < br > customers Albania < br > Regulatory and tax framework for e-commerce 0 20 40 60 80 < br > Used the internet to buy something online in the past year < br > ( percent age 15 + ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Bank E-commerce Diagnostic for Albania — forthcoming . _Source : _ World Bank Findex Survey ( 2017 ) . * * To unlock these benefits , countries in the Western Balkans need to come together to build a regional e-commerce market . * * E-commerce activity in the Western Balkans is lower than in regional and aspirational peers . Catching up will require a holistic multisectoral approach , coordinated through the Western Balkans MAP REA process and CEFTA . Given the region ’ s goals of EU accession , the EU regulatory framework offers a natural anchor for coordinating country efforts . In particular , the following reform areas need to be tackled : - * * Digital connectivity : * * Availability of high-speed fixed and mobile broadband access to the Internet is a prerequisite for participating in online markets and can foster economic growth , facilitate social cohesion , and improve citizen well-being . It is therefore not surprising that acceleration of broadband diffusion and deployment of broadband infrastructure", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 868, "text": "World Bank E-commerce Diagnostic for Albania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 897, "end": 921, "text": "World Bank Findex Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requiring financing only for a single country with complementary investments for South Sudan and Somalia proposed to be funded through EARDIP ; and ( v ) the proposed Regional IDA allocation would be financing subcomponents that focus on the implementation of regional activities in Kenya for which no other financing sources are available . The project ’ s development objective is to expand access to high-speed internet , improve the quality and delivery of education and selected government services , and build skills for the regional digital economy . # # * * 1 . 3 Geographical Characteristic of the Project Area * * The project will be implemented in all the forty-seven counties in Kenya . Population growth has averaged 2 . 7 percent annually since 2000 , with the urban population growing at 4 . 4 percent , reaching over 27 percent in 2020 . However , a vast majority of Kenyans ( 73 percent ) continue to reside in rural areas . Kenya ’ s young population , coupled with the bulging urbanization , presents an opportunity to capitalize on a demographic dividend , paired with the challenge of creating enough jobs to support the boom in the working-age population . Kenya is the world ’ s seventh most ethnically diverse country with an evolving political structure aimed at balancing competition and fostering national unity * * . * * Access to national resources and services mirrored access to political 1", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 716, "text": "Population growth", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Introduction * * Minimum wage systems exist in about 90 percent of the International Labour Organization ’ s ( ILO ) 193 member states ( Benassi , 2011 ) . These minimum wage regulations aim to protect low-paid workers and typically take one of two broad forms : A single base minimum wage rate for a country or region , or a more complex system of multiple minimum wage rates by sector and / or occupation . In Mauritius , minimum wages have been legislated in the latter form , with specified wage rates for varying occupations across 30 industry-specific remuneration orders . There has , however , been little work on the nature and impact of these stipulated wage rates in the country . In this paper , we thus consider the effects of these minimum wages on employment and hours worked in Mauritius . The standard textbook theoretical model of minimum wages predicts that in a competitive equilibrium , there is a negative relationship between minimum wages and employment . Early studies on the effect of the minimum wage on employment , dating as far back as the work of Stigler ( 1946 ) , predicted that in a competitive labor market , the relationship between minimum wages and employment is a negative one . A growing number of later studies however suggested that the relationship between the minimum wage and employment is not necessarily always negative ( Katz and Krueger , 1992 ; Card , 1992 a , b ) . Based on the work of Neumark and Wascher ( 2007 ) and 17 more recent studies focusing on low - and middle-income ( LMI ) countries , DPRU ( 2016 ) presents the employment effects of minimum wage increases across various developed and developing countries derived from a review of 115 studies . The results include aggregate impacts for all workers coupled with the employment impacts for specific demographic groups , regions and sectors . Overall , employment elasticities in the studies reviewed a range from 2 . 17 ( Katz and Krueger , 1992 ) to - 4 . 6 ( Abowd , Kramarz , and Margolis , 1999 ) . The mean and median of all the cumulative elasticities are - 0 . 22 and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sant ’ Anna and Zhao ( 2020 ) in column ( 2 ) has been implemented using pre-treatment levels of employment , age , region and sectoral dummies as covariates . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level , and * * * 1 % level . Table 3 : Effects of EU accession on firm performance across sectors | Dep . variable : | Log TFPR < br > ( 1 ) | Log revenue < br > ( 2 ) | Log employment < br > ( 3 ) | Log exports < br > ( 4 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Post _ × _ Germany ’ s export share ( log ) | 0 . 048 * * * | 0 . 082 * * | 0 . 029 | 0 . 162 * * | | Firm FE | ( 0 . 017 ) < br > Yes | ( 0 . 032 ) < br > Yes | ( 0 . 023 ) < br > Yes | ( 0 . 064 ) < br > Yes | | Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | N ( obs . ) | 134174 | 134176 | 134178 | 63992 | | N ( frms ) | 18355 | 18357 | 18359 | 13245 | | R-squared | 0 . 105 | 0 . 110 | 0 . 073 | 0 . 110 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . Germany ’ s export shares are measured in the period 19942004 . TFPR is estimated using the method in Levinsohn and Petrin ( 2003 ) . When using exports as dependent variable , the sample is restricted to the period 2002-2012 due to a change in the questionnaire , which does not allow for a consistent measure of exports throughout the entire period . The standard errors in parentheses are clustered at 2-digit industry level . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level , and * * * 1", "spans": [{"start": 895, "end": 906, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * D Additional Tables * * # # Table D . 1 : * * Household Survey * * – Eligible Population and Sample Frame The Table reports summary statistics of the sample population and sample frame . Panel A reports summary statistics on program beneficiaries by bank and district . Observations cover all beneficiary accounts from the largest six commercial banks and the state ’ s largest cooperative bank , accounting for 91 % of eligible accounts in the districts covered by the survey . Panel B summarizes all accounts included in the sample frame and qualifying for a 100 % waiver or 25 % conditional debt relief . Observations in the sample frame are drawn from administrative data published by the largest six commercial banks and the largest cooperative bank in the state of Gujarat . Percentages refer to the proportion of total beneficiaries included in the sample frame . _Panel A : Program Beneficiaries by Bank and District_ | | District | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Anand | Kheda | Gandhinagar | Mehsana | Total | | Bank of Baroda | 1 , 941 | 3 , 644 | 503 | 1 , 070 | 7 , 158 | | Bank of India | 877 | 870 | 343 | 432 | 2 , 522 | | Central Bank of India | 1 , 384 | 738 | 243 | 253 | 2 , 618 | | Dena Bank | 654 | 366 | 794 | 803 | 2 , 617 | | State Bank of India | 3 , 412 | 2 , 711 | 916 | 3 , 187 | 10 , 226 | | Union Bank of India | 1 , 013 | 1 , 428 | 306 | 84 | 2 , 831 | | Kaira District Coop Bank | | 21 , 141 | 0 | 0 | 21 , 141 | | Total | | 40 , 179 | 3 , 105 | 5 , 829 | 49 , 113 | | Other banks | | 3 , 956 | 491 | 14 , 933 |", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 681, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # * * Localisation in practice * * # # # * * 6 . 1 Funding * * The definition of a localised response to the Syria crisis within this report states that : * * The maximum amount of direct , quality funding is channeled to national and local actors in order to allow them to respond to the needs of crisis-affected populations while simultaneously investing in their own institutional capacities . * * A lack of access to international resources is considered one of the greatest impediments to more localised responses in situations of crisis . Increasing both the amount and the quality of funding that reaches local and national actors is critical to making progress on localisation . # # # # # # * * Greater access to international funding for local and national actors * * Available data at a global level indicates that local and national responders directly received just 2 % ( US $ 445 million ) of all reported international humanitarian assistance in 2016 ( Development Initiatives , 2017 ) . Research also shows that only 1 % of the gender equality focused aid went to women ’ s equality groups or institutions between 2012 and 2013 ( OECD DAC Network on Gender Equality Gendernet , 2015 ) , impeding the integration of women and gender in the localisation process . An analysis of funding in Lebanon for the LCRP in 2017 , tracked by UNDP and UNHCR , provides greater insight . It shows that between January to August 2017 , just over 2 % of direct funding went to local and national organisations , namely local and national NGOs , compared with almost 80 % to UN organisations and over 18 % to international NGOs . Clearly , much more funding is provided indirectly to local and national organisations , though this onward passing of resources is not routinely tracked ( see section on Transparency below ) . funding in Lebanon for the LCRP in 2017 , tracked by UNDP and UNHCR , provides greater insight . It shows that between January to August 2017 , just over 2 % of direct funding went", "spans": [{"start": 852, "end": 884, "text": "Available data at a global level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for contemporary research and policy . Some of the policies of importance were only temporary ; others have arguably had effects that persist to this day . Along the way , we also highlight both our main themes and important venues for additional research , especially given the troves of historical data , digitization , and electronic archives increasingly being made publicly available to researchers . < sup > 66 < / sup > # * * 4 . 1 Pre-GATT 1947 tariff levels , and tariff trends over the GATT period * * The GATT negotiations began in 1947 with 23 countries - referred to as ‘ Contracting Parties ’ - ultimately signing the agreement . The initial activity consisted of a round of reciprocal tariff cutting negotiations between those countries , as well as the establishment of a set of principles , rules and exceptions , set out as distinct ‘ Articles ’ in the agreement , that together launched the new multilateral trading system . < sup > 67 < / sup > The US , Canada , Australia , the countries of Western Europe , and the other Contracting Parties then repeatedly convened under GATT negotiating rounds over the next five decades to bargain for additional tariff reductions and sometimes consider adoption > 66The Data Appendix includes a detailed introduction and discussion of the GATT archival data utilized in this Section . > 67For a description of the key GATT Articles - the rules and exceptions - that we have introduced and referenced throughout this chapter , see Table Appendix A . 38", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 304, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1298, "end": 1316, "text": "GATT archival data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use of improved seed , which could have diminished the benefits from , and therefore the demand for , fertilizer ( a mere 35 percent of fertilizer users use improved seed ) . # # * * ( b ) Fertilizer Supply Management * * Overall , the execution of this sub-component was only partially successful . On the one hand , NFIA carried out a commendable job coordinating the fertilizer sector : judiciously managing donor and government funds to ensure adequate fertilizer supply , and coordinating procurement to ensure timely delivery . As a result , the country never suffered fertilizer shortages during the project ' s life . According to a 2001 survey , farmers complaining of untimely fertilizer delivery at the farm level had dropped to 30 percent , down from 67 - 81 percent reported in the 1995 survey . NFIA ' s initiatives for minimizing these delays including standardizing bidding documents , providing support in procurement planning , and training for woreda / zonal / cooperative officials are already under way . On the other hand , however , the task of developing a competitive fertilizer importation and distribution system faced major challenges . For the importation market segment , these included : ( i ) access to import credit , ( ii ) limitations to promoting a vibrant fertilizer importation system in an environment of administered foreign exchange allocation , and ( iii ) excessive carryover stocks . For the distribution market segment , they included : ( i ) externalities of the Government ' s input credit administration and input distribution programs , and ( ii ) imperfections in the fertilizer distribution market . # # Fertilizer Importation System Fertilizer importation , hitherto a government monopoly , was liberalized in 1992 , and the first private importer entered the scene in 1993 . In order to encourage more importers , the project provided for equal access to foreign exchange for all fertilizer importers . The National Bank of Ethiopia ( NBE ) introduced a competitive process under which it invites bids for the importation of the needed fertilizer , generally in lots of 25 , 000 tons each , and all registered importers , who in turn obtain", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 652, "text": "2001 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 795, "end": 806, "text": "1995 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Using the multi-year data set created , each premise in the conceptual framework was tested in order to estimate associations between the principle independent variable ( OGD ) and the respective dependent variables ( accountability and service delivery ) . In addition to these aggregates , key relationships were tested with respect to variables contained in the sub-indices of accountability , service provision , and service delivery outcomes , which may be of interest on their own — outside the hypothesized relationships noted in the conceptual framework . Finally , the four enabling “ conditions , ” — publicity , political agency , public management , and client power — were tested in order to provide important clues regarding the necessary and sufficient conditions in each relationship . #  * * _Premise 1 : Higher levels of OGD make government more accountable . _ * * To test the first premise , the aggregate accountability index is regressed on the overall average score of OGD implementation ( across all dimensions of OGD ) . First , a positive and statistically significant correlation is found between the indexes : for a 1-point increase in OGD , accountability is expected to increase by 0 . 375 points in the sample of countries surveyed . Second , when controlling for the Political Agency condition index and the Publicity condition index , the association between OGD and accountability remain significant in the case of the Political Agency condition and marginally significant < sup > 123 < / sup > in the case of the Publicity condition , suggesting that all three variables are meaningful both independently and when taken together . As expected , higher levels of per capita GDP are associated with higher levels of accountability . > 123 Although the OGD coefficient in column 3 is not significant at the 90 % confidence interval , the coefficient value was not drastically affected and remains approximately twice the standard error , suggesting that this relationship remains at least marginally significant . Moreover , it is likely that some of the significance was lost given that the broader OGD enabling environment is captured by the sub-indices used to operationalize the Publicity condition ( see annex 2 for details ) . 24", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 33, "text": "multi-year data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The baseline established 141 plant species that are within the project area . The flora is largely dominated by wetland and forest , with some grasslands and open fields of dry lands in Luwero . Uganda subscribes to the Red List and frequently reviews the status of flora and fauna in terms of their numbers , distribution and threat from anthropogenic or natural process to establish the nationally threatened species for Uganda . Uganda has only 20 plant species that are critically endangered , 28 species are endangered , 40 are vulnerable , 3 have limited data on them , 2 are nearly extinct and 3 species are least concern < sup > 20 < / sup > . Within the project area , none of the species that were sampled are critically engagered or endangered . The majority of the 141 species are in normal ranges with minimal human induced land use changes that continue to reduce their rate of regeneration . * * _General Floral Composition in the Proposed Area : _ * * The National Biomass Study ( NBS ) was undertaken by the Uganda Forest Department , originally in 1989 , to quantify biomass stock across the landscape in all woody formations including bush and agricultural residues , with the purpose to evaluate the biomass energy contribution to Uganda ’ s total delivered energy . It was updated most recently in 2016 to 2019 < sup > 21 < / sup > . The NBS identified five types of vegetation in central region , as follows : * * _Vegetation in Built-up Areas : _ * * This covers the largest part of project area and includes trees planted for timber and ornamental purposes . The most common species are : _Cassia spp , Markhamia platycalyx , Lutea spp , Eucalyptus_ spp , _Markhania platycalyx and Jacaranda mimosifolia_ . Other plant species include _Bougainvillaea_ spp _ , Acalypha_ spp _and grasses such as Brachiaria_ spp and _Hyparrhenia_ spp", "spans": [{"start": 972, "end": 994, "text": "National Biomass Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources into common units , and does so in a way that reflects the fact that different data sources cover different groups of countries with potentially different distributions of governance . However , unlike the UCM , this alternative approach assigns equal weight to all data sources . We do this in four steps : 1 . We take our globally representative data sources and standardize each of them to have zero mean and unit standard deviation . This step converts the globally representative data sources into common units ( i . e . , the units are z-scores ) . We then compute a simple average of these standardized data sources as a preliminary estimate of governance based on only globally representative data sources . 2 . As discussed in Section 3 , we cannot treat globally non-representative sources in the same way , because the underlying distribution of governance in the different sets of countries covered by these sources is unlikely to be the same as the distribution across all countries in the world . Instead , we standardize each non-representative data source so that it has the same mean and standard deviation as the preliminary estimate of governance from Step 1 _in the sample of countries covered by each non-representative data source . _ This step converts non-representative data sources into the same units as the globally representative data sources , allowing the distribution of governance to be different in the different sets of countries covered by non-representative data sources . 3 . We construct a simple average of all the resulting standardized representative and nonrepresentative standardized data sources . This simple averaging approach assigns equal weight to all standardized data sources . 4 . To make the units of this alternative indicator comparable with those of the baseline WGI estimates , we rescale the resulting average to have zero mean and unit standard deviation . The results for this alternative aggregation method are reported in Figure 4 , using the most recently available data for 2023 . The six panels of the figure correspond to the six dimensions of governance . In each panel , we plot the baseline WGI estimate of governance on the horizontal axis , and the alternative equally weighted estimate on the vertical axis . The", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 368, "text": "globally representative data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Street lighting / security lighting through high masts will help improve the security situation , a common problem in informal settlements ; - In these settlements with the exception of residents use pit latrines for fecal waste disposal which are then evacuated when they fill . A sewer line will be constructed from each of the respective settlements and connected to existing sewer lines that are not far . A modern public ablution block was also included as one of the project components in Kisumu town settlements . - Solid waste disposal improvements . Mechanisms of collecting solid waste will also be put in place ( waste collection centers ) . In general , the project will redress the myriad of environmental and social issues found in these informal settlements . The following are the identified interventions as well as the scale of what will be done under each of the 3 key components ; Roads and drainages , water and sanitation , and street lighting are the main projects that will be undertaken within the Kisumu KISIP Program . # # # # # # * * 2 . 2 Current Status * * The County ' s average population density according to 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census stands at 554 per km < sup > 2 < / sup > against the national average of 82 per km < sup > 2 < / sup > ( Government of Kisumu , Annual 13", "spans": [{"start": 1144, "end": 1184, "text": "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 2 : Correlation between the relative intensity of communication versus manual tasks and the share of teleworkable jobs in each of ISCO three-digit occupations in 2018 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 531 232413351 14225 2 262 1 234125111411251133235 313441 3 43 2 231121 23324 2 212 243 41 261 < br > 122 < br > 216 < br > 143431 331264 < br > 213 < br > 352 < br > 333 < br > 214 < br > 342 < br > 341 < br > 211 < br > 263 < br > 422 < br > 311 421265 < br > 441 132 < br > 516 < br > 622831 612 < br > 961 732 315 343432511 335 < br > 226 < br > 92175263633721728128 98111 39486218833962763283427 3871 613 2 525911753257513711611 1 8237481393359418328 1 6512742731754 5 541524121532 3 312432514314 3 5233 2 325 12 1312524141323522222 223 221 952 < br > 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 < br > Relative intensity of communication / manual tasks < br > 1 < br > . 8 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > . 2 < br > Share of telework jobs in occupation group 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own elaboration based on EU-LFS data and O * NET surveys . Note : The size of the circles represents the relative size of each ISCO three-digit occupation in employment . The correlation uses the relative size of each occupation as weights . # 3 . 3 Migrant-Native Gaps in Income and Health Risk Exposure to COVID-19 Before illustrating the econometric analysis , we present several descriptive statistics of our sample of working age individuals ( ages 25-64 ) from the EU Labour Force Survey . As of 2018 , there were 270 million working-age people residing in Western European countries . Almost one out of five ( 18 . 7 % ) of them were foreign-born ( Table 1 ) . These immigrants originally come from various high-income Western European countries ( 3 . 1 % ) , new EU", "spans": [{"start": 1036, "end": 1047, "text": "EU-LFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1482, "end": 1504, "text": "EU Labour Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Box 2 . Applying CDR-Based Poverty Models to Fill Data Gaps * * Much of the discussion surrounding using CDRs for socioeconomic research ignores the practical conditions in which they will be applied . CDR data are almost always available in addition to conventional data , such as household surveys or censuses . There is little to be gained in showing that CDR data can be used to predict this existing survey data ; instead , the fitted model must be applied to new , unseen data to answer new questions . There are at least three different ways in which CDR data can complement conventional data sources : * * 1 . Spatial infill : generating small-area statistics . * * Given the relatively high spatial resolution of CDRs , spatial infill likely offers the most added value as a socioeconomic research method . A particular household survey with a limited sample size may only support estimates at a relatively coarse spatial resolution , such as the _departamento_ level . The high-resolution behavioral signals in CDRs can enhance the statistical strength of survey data , enabling more detailed and accurate estimates . Ideally , the CDR collection period should coincide with the period in which the survey was conducted . This approach entails the risk of ignoring the role that space and geography might play in the prediction of poverty rates . * * 2 . Time interpolation / extrapolation . * * The potentially high frequency of CDRs can also complement conventional data sources . Household surveys are generally updated at 2-to-5-year intervals . CDRs can be used to update these estimates , providing officials with current information on policy-specific subjects . A predictive model can be constructed for a survey year using contemporaneous CDR data . This model can then be applied to more recent CDR data for which corresponding survey data are not available . There is a risk , however , that the relationship between CDR behavioral signals and the target variable , in this case the poverty rate , could change over time . * * 3 . Spatial extrapolation . * * This is the most ambitious potential application of CDR data . In countries or regions in which no recent survey data are available", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 303, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 307, "end": 315, "text": "censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1497, "end": 1514, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2136, "end": 2144, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 . 4 | 26 . 4 | | North Macedonia | 30 . 6 | 31 . 0 | 30 . 5 | 31 . 2 | 28 . 9 | 31 . 4 | 32 . 1 | | Montenegro | 42 . 5 | 41 . 4 | 42 . 0 | 43 . 3 | 41 . 3 | 42 . 9 | 42 . 3 | | Serbia | 40 . 8 | 41 . 5 | 41 . 5 | 42 . 1 | 39 . 4 | 42 . 8 | 44 . 0 | | _WB6_ | _35 . 1_ | _35 . 3_ | _35 . 1_ | _35 . 7_ | _33 . 9_ | _35 . 5_ | _35 . 9_ | _Source : _ World Bank calculations and projections on data from national authorities and World Economic Outlook . 82 | < sup > kEy ECONOMIC INDICATORs < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 425, "text": "data from national authorities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 430, "end": 452, "text": "World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Russian | Mature | 20 % | 18 % | 28 % | 64 % | - | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Federation | Young | 22 % | 12 % | 28 % | 82 % | - | | | All | 5 % | 6 % | 9 % | 63 % | - | | Turkey | Mature | 6 % | 7 % | 9 % | 65 % | - | | | Young | 1 % | 1 % | 2 % | 27 % | - | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) . < u > Differences across trader-status groups : Trader firms i . e . , exporter , importer or both , tend to be more < / u > innovative in both dimensions ( technological and non-technological ) than non-trader firms ( Table 6 ) , with relatively larger gaps between groups for process innovation . However , these differences are statistically different in few cases . Further , the proportion of innovative firms within the non-trader group in leading countries is larger than the proportion of innovative firms in laggard ones . The overall innovation dynamic of the region is consistent with what is the average behavior in other regions such as ECA and Africa . < u > Table 6 . Firm Innovation by Trade Status ( % of all firms in each category ) < / u > | | * * T * * | * * echnologic * * | * * al innovation * * | * * Non-techn * * | * * ological * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Country * * | * * Product * * | * * Process * * | * * Product & Process * * | * * Organizational * * | * * Marketing * * | | * * Bangladesh * * | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 349, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are de < br > facto stateless persons . | | | Nepal | Stateless persons | + 3 million | UNHCR adopted the Government estimate of an < br > estimated 3 . 4 million stateless persons . Previously the < br > figure of 400 , 000 was used as estimate . | | | Sudan | < br > IDPs | + 485 , 000 | < br > Newly included IDPs in Khartoum ( 879 , 000 ) and Blue < br > Nile State . Revised figure for Darfur ( from 841 , 000 to < br > 421 , 000 ) | | | United States < br > of America * | < br > Refugees | + 464 , 000 | Refugee pop . estimated by UNHCR in the absence of a < br > Government figure . Newly available data on < br > naturalization of refugees indicates that the average < br > waiting time for refugees to naturalize is at least 10 < br > years . Previously it was estimated at 5 years . The < br > UNHCR estimate for 2006 has been adjusted to reflect < br > this change . | * Can also be included under the Cluster approach * * _15_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 648, "text": "naturalization of refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expenditure programs ) that matters , not one particular component . As such , distributional concerns regarding the VAT do not need to be addressed directly through the VAT system itself . The distributional impact of a VAT system , including who benefits from reduced VAT rates , will in practice depend on both the design of the VAT system and the consumption patterns of households ( including their responses to price changes ) . As such , whether the VAT is regressive , whether reduced VAT rates are well targeted at poorer households , and whether alternative instruments can better target poorer households are all empirical questions that can be tested . A number of empirical studies have examined these questions , and are summarized briefly below . These studies typically draw on household expenditure survey microdata , < sup > 24 < / sup > as this enables the fine distinctions present in many countries between expenditure categories subject to different VAT rates to be accurately modelled . # # # 4 . 1 . 1 Regressivity of the VAT Several studies ( e . g . , Leahy et al . , 2011 ; Ruiz and Trannoy , 2008 ; O ’ Donoghue et al . , 2004 ) examine the overall distributional impact of the VAT by measuring VAT burdens as a percentage of income across the income distribution for a single year . Following this approach , these studies find the VAT to be a highly regressive tax . However , as has been highlighted by various authors ( e . g . , IFS , 2011a ; Creedy , 1998 ; Metcalf , 1994 ) , a major problem with this approach is that it does not account for savings behavior . More specifically , it ignores the fact that income saved in the current year will incur VAT when it is eventually > 24 Warren ( 2008 ) provides a summary of different approaches that can be taken to modelling the distributional effects of consumption taxes more broadly . 11", "spans": [{"start": 794, "end": 832, "text": "household expenditure survey microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Second , an analysis over the period 2005-2009 was carried out by the ICR team using sub-district ( division ) level data from the project-supported household early warning system ( EWS ) , satellite-based rainfall estimates , and information from project-supported micro-project investments . The analysis covered 51 treatment and 46 control divisions , approximately equally divided between arid ( 52 ) and semi-arid ( 45 ) . The results indicate a 19 . 7 % difference between treatment and control divisions in terms of the percentage change in the proportion of people assessed as needing food aid . This result was statistically significant at 5 % . However , the absolute fall in the share of the population needing food aid in the treatment divisions was only 1 . 7 % on average ( from 31 . 9 % to 30 . 2 % ) . For the ASALs as a whole ( arid and semi-arid ) , the average fall ( weighted by population ) was 4 % ( from 27 . 2 % to 23 . 2 % ) . - Overall , there is evidence indicating a small decrease in the food - aid needs of the population benefiting from the project in the arid districts ( 11 of the 28 covered ) which were targeted by all three components . Also in the arid districts , there is a statistically significant correlation between this decrease and cumulative project expenditures indicating a reasonable degree of attribution . In the semi-arid districts , attribution is less clear . - With regard to speed of response , the ILRI impact evaluation indicated that users of the EWS monthly bulletins , produced and disseminated in the project area and at national level on a monthly basis , reduced their average response time to drought-related emergencies from 7 . 6 weeks in the year 2000 to 3 . 5 weeks in 2009 . “ The analysis is based on a survey by ILRI of [ District Steering Group ] members in 10 study districts to find mean response times for users and non-users . The", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 181, "text": "project-supported household early warning system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 192, "end": 226, "text": "satellite-based rainfall estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1776, "end": 1790, "text": "survey by ILRI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "levels above those of the non-Native population and twice the years of education than those of the group with the lowest educational attainment . Considering all outcomes , the group with the best outcomes has an average standardized outcome almost 9 percent of a standard deviation higher than the general population , while the group with the worst outcomes has an average outcome that is lower than the general population by 60 percent of a standard deviation . These large differences in outcomes across native groups stress the importance of not considering the native population of Argentina as homogeneous . While there may be many possible determinants of the differences across groups , we show that there is one historical characteristic of these that correlates with their groups outcomes : groups that practiced agriculture before the arrival of the Spanish tend to have better outcomes today than those that were hunter gatherers . This is consistent with what was found for Sub-Saharan Africa by Michalopoulos et al . ( 2018 ) . # * * 2 Size and Distribution of Native Groups * * The main data used in this study come from the 2010 National Census collected by the National Institute of Statistics ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2010 ) . In particular , we use data collected with the “ long-form ” version of the census based on a probabilistic sample of households . In addition to the questions on the short form ( regarding gender , age , level of education , dwellings ’ characteristics , employment status , etc . ) , the long-form questionnaire includes questions on fertility , contributions to retirement plans , health insurance and whether the respondent is Afro-descendant or belongs to or is descendant from an indigenous or Native group ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2010 ) . The 2010 National Census is the first decennial census in Argentina to ask about racial or ethnic identification at the individual level which allowed for a description of the native population ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2015a , b , c , d , e , f ) . < sup > 34 < / sup > Table 1 shows the population", "spans": [{"start": 1141, "end": 1161, "text": "2010 National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by or actively aligned with state service provision . Experience here has been mixed yet again , and probably more negative than positive . An early study of contracting for clinical and ancillary services in the health sector found problems created by the limited capacity of slow-moving , rule-ridden bureaucracies to perform even very basic functions such as paying contractors in a timely manner ( Bennett and Mills , 1998 ) . A more recent comprehensive survey echoed that finding , and noted that formal policy dialogue between government and non-state providers was often imperfect and unrepresentative , especially in fragile settings , and sometimes unduly dominated by the provider side ( Batley and Mcloughlin , 2009 ) . # * * The Appropriateness of NPM * * NPM has been described as ‘ truly a global paradigm ’ ( Borins , 1997 : 65 ) whose spread is impeded only by bureaucratic isolationism ( Thompson , 1997 : 13 ) . However , the contributors to a comprehensive review in 2001 found that its incidence in developing countries was limited ( McCourt and Minogue , 2001 ) , and that picture has probably not changed a great deal in the last decade . The problem-solving approach that I have taken in this paper suggests an explanation . If NPM is essentially a response to the problem of improving performance and delivering on a government ’ s objectives , then a prior condition for its application must be that government makes improving performance a priority . Whether performance is or even ought to be a priority was the subject of a debate over the application of the New Zealand version of NPM ( New Zealand was a market leader in the early days of NPM ) . Bale and Dale ( 1998 ) , as advocates , argued that the New Zealand reforms were relevant to developing countries because they were developed from a broad , system-wide perspective that focused on the causes , not the symptoms , of dysfunctionality , and because having specified the performance standards that the center expected , the reforms devolved to line agencies the management authority that they would need to meet the standards . However , they conceded that some stringent conditions were also necessary : a", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 465, "text": "comprehensive survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Affected Asset * * | * * Type of Impact * * | * * Entitled * * < br > * * Person / Entity * * | * * Entitlement Details * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Commercial Land | * * No displacement : * * Land used for < br > commercial / business < br > purposes < br > is < br > partially affected , there is limited loss , < br > remaining portion is viable and no < br > displacement is occasioned . | Title holder / Business < br > owner |  < br > Cash compensation for lost portion of land where a business is < br > viably operated . < br >  < br > Opportunity cost compensation equivalent to 5 % of net annual < br > income based on tax records for previous year or tax records from < br > comparable business or estimates where such records do not exist . | | | | Business owner is a < br > lease holder |  < br > Opportunity cost compensation equivalent to 10 % of net annual < br > income based on tax records for previous year or tax records from < br > comparable business or estimates where such records do not exist . | | | * * Displacement : * * Premise used for < br > business severely affected , remaining < br > area insufficient for continued use . | Title holder / Business < br > owner |  < br > Replacement with a new parcel of land of equivalent size and market < br > potential , with secured tenure status at an available location which is < br > acceptable to the PAP . Transfer of the land to the PAP shall be free < br > of taxes , registration and other costs . OR < br >  < br > Cash compensation for the land at replacement cost as decided by < br > the Competent Authority ( National", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 661, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 683, "end": 694, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 919, "end": 930, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Figure 6 : VAT payments as a percentage of household income_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 < br > 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > h_d0 h_d1 h_d2 h_d3 h_d4 h_d5 h_d6 h_d7 h_d8 h_d91 h_d921 h_d922 h_d923 h_d924 < br > Household Deciles < br > Base VAT reform < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : South Africa CGE model simulations # * * 6 . Conclusion * * In this paper , we analyze the VAT in South Africa , using the effective rates observed in the Social Accounting Matrix for 2001 . We find : - The VAT in South Africa is mildly regressive ; the over all tax system is not . - The marginal cost of funds for the VAT is higher for low-income households than for high-income households . - A VAT is the most effective instrument for generating government revenue . - One can restructure the VAT system to make it less regressive , or even progressive . - There is scope for redesigning the tax system without imposing serious strain on highincome households . Minor changes in the tax structure can have a substantial impact on the tax burden for low-income households . We illustrate a few possibilities in this paper . When we remove the VAT and increase the income tax rates for high income households , all rates are under 33 percent . Alternatively , when we restructure the VAT rates and eliminate the VAT on commodities important to low-income household consumption , other VAT rates increase by 16 . 4 percent . One can construct an alternative mix of VAT and other taxes that is more progressive than the existing VAT system . 19", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 534, "text": "Social Accounting Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "imposing caps on rates . Surprisingly , data on lending rate ceilings show that low and middle income economies are as likely as their high income peers to choose a benchmark market rate ( both at 27 percent of those with IRCs ) . As far as caps on deposit rates are concerned , only Sri Lanka and the United States have set their maximum rate relative to a market rate , while Belgium and Morocco set theirs in relation to their central bank policy rate . IRCs are typically applied to deposits and loans denominated in local currency . In the case of deposit rate floors , all but one country ( Belgium , where a floor is set for rates on deposits 10", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 69, "text": "data on lending rate ceilings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and cash-flow projections and estimated probabilities of repayment to obtain a more forward-looking measure . < sup > 19 < / sup > Consistency rules between the ratings of different lenders to the same borrower are often established e . g . ; two lenders cannot input ratings that differ by say more than one point on the scale otherwise the system rejects both . Depending on the sophistication of the system , including ratings will require a higher degree of supervisory oversight to ensure that ‘ ratings ’ are consistent and to resolve disputes . Nearly 60 % ( 33 / 57 ) of the PCRs surveyed , collect rating information including all Latin American countries > 17 These questions were not asked in the subsequent 2002 PCR survey . > 18 Other answers to the question on the most important supervisory use of PCR data included : to track conglomerate borrowing ( 3 ) ; for use in calculating provisions ( 6 ) ; to identify discrepancies between institutions in risk ratings of borrowers ( 5 ) ; for information on the status of credits ( 7 ) ; and other ( 2 ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 734, "text": "2002 PCR survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer globally , and 342 , 000 died from the disease , with a disproportionate 85 percent of deaths occurring in the world ’ s poorest countries . Ethiopia , like many nations in sub-Saharan Africa , shares the regional high incidence and mortality of cervical cancer which makes it one of the major public health concerns . In 2020 , an estimated 6 , 294 women were diagnosed with HPV related cancer and 4 , 884 died from the disease . For young women between 15 and 44 , cervical cancer is the second deadliest cancer after breast cancer and the third major cause of cancer deaths during their reproductive years . Becoming sexually active at a young age can increase the risk for cervical cancer . In Ethiopia , 29 percent of youth had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 15 years and 62 percent of them had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 18 years , depicting the degree of urgency and attention that HPV prevention needs in Ethiopia and the contribution it makes in protecting the future productive generation of the country . 10 . * * Despite the overall progress and significant investments to expand health services , infrastructure in health services delivery , Ethiopia still falls short of achieving Universal Health Coverage ( UHC ) by 2030 . * * In 2019 the UHC service coverage index was still very low at 39 % , which is expected to be 80 % by 2030 , as per the vision of the government . Key challenges remain and contributing to this slow progress towards UHC includes inequitable access to key health services , slow health-systems transition to provide services for noncommunicable diseases , inadequate quality of care , high out-of-pocket expenditure , and limited resilience of Ethiopia ’ s primary healthcare delivery system during public health emergencies and insecurities . Review of Ethiopia ’ s progress towards UHC has made clear that for the health system to sustain and expand the gains made so far and tackle new and emerging health system challenges , the government needs to leverage emerging technologies , innovations", "spans": [{"start": 1343, "end": 1369, "text": "UHC service coverage index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : Average Actual Expenditures vs . Allocated Budget per Municipality , 2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 8000 < br > Actual < br > Budget < br > 6000 < br > 4000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 < br > Capital Capital Current Current < br > Ordinary Defined Ordinary Defined < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Data are in thousands Nuevo Soles . As of December 31 , 2009 , 1 Peruvian Nuevo Sol = 0 . 35 US Dollar . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on data from Ministry of Economics and Finance ( MEF ) . There is also considerable variability in municipalities ’ spending patterns ( Figure 2 ) , which do not display any geographic trends : municipalities that are ( not ) able to spend their budget appear to be scattered all across the territory , from the Amazon basin , to Lima , and from North to South . The lack of a clear-cut pattern is all the more surprising given the geographic clustering of poverty and other factors such as natural resources that may affect governance and political factors . In studying determinants of spending ability , we draw both from existing literature and the Peruvian context . We classify constraints to spending into four broad categories : the budget size and allocation process ; local capacity ; local needs ; and political economy constraints . Both the academic and policy literature have widely documented the extent to which capacity constraints and political economy considerations can significantly hamper the ability and willingness of local administrations to address the needs of their electorates . Poor capacity of local administrations has long been identified as an important bottleneck for successful 5", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 524, "text": "data from Ministry of Economics and Finance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - * * 22 * * - * * of the area . The case studies developed current gross cash surplus data , i . e . results of cash costs and receipts ( excluding capital transactions , the value of home milk consumption and non-cash transactions ) . * * Of * * the * * 13 * * IDA project borrowers included in the Murang ' a sample , two had discontinued their grade cattle enterprises at the time of the survey because of stock mortality . Three others incurred net cash losses in most of the period surveyed , < sup > which < / sup > ranged from two and one-half to four and one-half years . Only three had ever obtained enough cash surplus in any given year to cover their annual loan installment , and only one of these had done so on a fairly consistent basis . 4 . 32 Grade cattle enterprise rates of return computed for these * * 13 * * borrowers were based on current and capital cash flows , again excluding home consumption , but including herd values , debt outstanding , etc . , at the close of the study period on June * * 30 , 1973 . * * Four incurred pure losses * * - * * rate of return calculations proved meaningless because there were no positive cash flows during the years studied . Three others incurred negative returns in excess of minus * * 100 , * * again rendering calculations meaningless because of the mathematical problem of handling the signs involved in the return formula . One suffered a negative return of minus 47 % , and the five remaining scored positive returns of from * * 15 % * * to 48 % . The mean * * of * * all the borrowers , taken as a single entity , was a negative return amounting to minus * * 39 % . * * 4 . 33 ( Roughly * * _9 % _ * * of project borrowers were located < sup > in Murang ' a . The < / sup > district is classified", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 95, "text": "gross cash surplus data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBYA , CASH & MARKETS WORKING GROUP Strategic Workshop Report , February 2018 # # * * WHAT * * # * * Minimum Expenditure Basket ( MEB ) & Transfer Values * * The Minimum Expenditure Basket is defined * * as the minimum amount of goods an average Libyan household needs to consume each month to meet all basic needs . * * The calculation is not an exact science , but a rational estimation of funds absolutely needed by a household . The calculations are based on an average household size of 6 people . While the prices of items vary across locations , the suggested items listed in the Libya MEB are generally harmonized , though not all items are prioritized in the calculation of each location . The Libya CMWG calculated the MEB by considering the following : * * • Results of a REACH / CMWG assessment on household expenditures and consumption patterns in Libya * * * * • Beneficiary needs assessments – both surveys and focus group discussion on target group Prioritized needs . Affected households themselves defined basic needs . * * - * * On-going post distribution monitoring and beneficiary satisfaction surveys * * - * * Cash Learning Partnership ( CaLP ) and other guidance , best practices and lessons learned and * * - * * Prices from local markets and access * * As part of the monthly monitoring of commodities prices included in the MEB , the full cost of the MEB , and by extension the standard cash transfer value , can be calculated and updated on a monthly basis . This standard transfer value takes in consideration the expenditures as well as the incomes per household . Income can originate from either from paid work , subsidies or another humanitarian assistance . On the behalf of the CMWG , REACH , in consultation with sector leads has compiled an initial version of the MEB . Version 1 of this MEB will be submitted to the ISC for comments , modifications and endorsement . # # # * * Presentation * * # # # REACH # # # * * Rec", "spans": [{"start": 878, "end": 907, "text": "Beneficiary needs assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1058, "end": 1123, "text": "post distribution monitoring and beneficiary satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1295, "end": 1335, "text": "monthly monitoring of commodities prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Most of the PE / VC funds investing in Ghana tend to be sector agnostic and employ venture or growth investment strategies , using both equity and quasi equity financing ; however , there is a small subset of thematic funds focused on impact , health , agribusiness , real estate or infrastructure which also invest in Ghana . According to EMPEA data , Ghanaian banks and financial services outfits have been significant recipients of PE / VC fund investment – totaling roughly US $ 115 million since 2008 . There has also been significant PE investment towards oil and gas exploration and production in Ghana . In 2008 , globally renowned private equity shops Warburg Pincus and Blackstone Capital Partners invested US $ 500 million in Kosmos Energy for its development activities in West Africa , including the Jubilee Field offshore Ghana . Real estate investments in Ghana by PE funds have also featured prominently in EMPEA data , amounting to US $ 45 million since 2008 , including the Abraaj Group ’ s US $ 20 million investment in Regimanuel Gray Ltd . , a real estate developer , in 2008 . < sup > 73 < / sup > Thematic funds investing in Ghana include the following four broad categories : - a ) * * Impact investors * * such as Acumen , I & P , and Injaro . < sup > 74 < / sup > Acumen ’ s West Africa office opened in 2011 and they have invested in four deals in Ghana totaling roughly US $ 7 million . < sup > 75 < / sup > - b ) * * Health investors * * such as Abraaj Capital ’ s US $ 105 million Africa Health Fund , which invested in C & J Medicare Hospital in Ghana . - c ) * * Agricultural / agribusiness-focused funds * * such as the US $ 49 million Injaro Capital Holdings and US $ 36 million AAF SME ( although the latter has not yet invested in Ghana ) . - d ) * * Real estate funds * * such as US $ 278 million Actis Africa Real Estate II ; and US $ 154 million Actis Africa Real Estate ( 2006 ) which", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 350, "text": "EMPEA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "support from multilateral funding institutions ( i . e . , Bretton Woods institutions ) , as well as the reluctance of many bilateral donors to provide direct support to the government , the possibility of leveraging development funding to help the government better integrate refugees whilst obtaining significant benefits for host communities and local infrastructure is limited . UNHCR will continue to work closely with the government on laying the groundwork for future opportunities . In particular , UNHCR will work with COR and line ministries to collect baseline data and analyse trends in relation to refugees ’ integration into public services , continue to foster progressive refugee policies in alternatives to camps , freedom of movement , self-reliance , access to work and mainstreaming refugees into Government services . UNHCR will continue the partnership and coordination with respective government authorities to address the issues of mixed migration and onward movement . UNHCR will closely coordinate with the Ministry of Interior , the National Committee to Combat Human Trafficking , the State Committee to Combat Human Trafficking , and relevant government counterparts in East Sudan to support the implementation of the Sudan National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking in order to prevent and mitigate the risks of onward movement . UNHCR will also coordinate with the Ministry of Social Affairs ( MoSA ) to strengthen SGBV prevention and response and child protection in the East . UNHCR will work closely with HAC and the MoSA to ensure its responsibilities for Protection and ES / NFI for IDPs within the IASC sector division of labour are executed in an effective and efficient manner . The role of the Resident Coordinator / Humanitarian Coordinator ( RC / HC ) and the HCT in advocating for protection principles and the centrality of protection in the UN ’ s approach to IDPs will be important , all the more because of the draw-down of UNAMID over the coming years . 37", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 576, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* claims ) but * * 2 * * per cent lower than during the second semester of * * 2013 * * ( * * 270 , 600 * * ) . Europe accounted for four-fifths ( * * 80 * * % ) of all claims lodged in the * * 44 * * industrialized countries in the first half of * * 2014 * * . * * * * The * * 28 * * Member States of the European Union registered * * 216 , 300 * * asylum claims during the first half of * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig . 1 New asylum claims lodged in < br > 44 industrialized countries | 2011 - 2014 < br > 70 , 000 < br > 60 , 000 < br > 50 , 000 < br > 40 , 000 < br > 30 , 000 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 10 , 000 < br > 0 < br > Jan Feb mar Apr may Jun Jul Aug Sep oct Nov dec < br > 2011 2012 2013 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ( 4 ) See notes in Annex Table 1 for a list of countries included under this regional grouping . Asylum Trends , First half 2014 * * 7 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms , with no drop in sales reported at the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of large firms , while sales declined by 90 percent for the bottom 10percent of firms . > 10 According to the KIHBS 2015 / 2016 Kenya Social Protection and Job Programs Public Expenditure Review , it is estimated that out of the 16 . 8 million people employed in Kenya , 14 million work in the informal sector , corresponding to approximately 83 percent of total employment . > 11 For this project , women-owned formal sector businesses are defined as businesses where one of the cofounders or the CEO is a woman . Women-owned informal sector businesses are defined as businesses where the primary owner / operator is a woman ( sole proprietorship ) and are interchangeably referenced as women borrowers . > 12 KNBS ( 2016 ) : MSME Survey . > 13 World Bank ( 2018 ) : Kenya Poverty and Gender Assessment . > 14 A SACCO is a member owned financial cooperative whose primary objective is to mobilize savings and afford access to loans on competitive terms as a way of enhancing members ’ socio-economic wellbeing . > 15 Preliminary information from World Bank ( 2020 ) Kenya Women ’ s Economic Empowerment Scoping . These institutions offer lower level of finance compared to larger institutions . > 16 GSMA ( 2020 ) : The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2020 ; World Bank ( 2018 ) : Kenya Poverty and Gender Assessment . The gender gap in the usage of mobile internet and M-pesa is 39 percent and 16 percent respectively . 9", "spans": [{"start": 808, "end": 819, "text": "MSME Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at the bank level if no asset class data are available or skipped altogether if relevant data are not retrievable . With this information , the minimal set of bank-level variables can be compiled so that the proposed approach can be deployed at a reasonable degree of granularity , where it is assumed that the required ( country-specific ) macroeconomic data are available either from country authorities or IFIs . # * * 8 . Conclusion * * This paper proposed a macroprudential stress testing approach and illustrated its application and properties on an empirical data for a set of Eastern European banks . The innovative features of the proposed macroprudential stress tests were inspired by the effects of the global financial crisis on Eastern Europe . We demonstrated in the empirical application section how the proposed approach can be effectively used to identify systemic and idiosyncratic risk factors to gauge the relative financial soundness and resilience of individual banks to economic risks . The proposed approach is also useful for monitoring and assessing banking-sector wide systemic risks via aggregate measures of outcome indicators under the three different macroeconomic scenarios that are analyzed . The direction of future research should focus on the functions estimating response of the banking sector and the policy makers to changing balance-sheet solvency conditions of the Future research should also focus on these re - banking system . connecting sponse functions to the real economy so that dynamic stress tests can be constructed which would enable stress testers to study the response pattern of some key macroeconomic and bank specific variables to various shocks that hit the economy and the financial system . Nonetheless , it is important to highlight here that bank-level granularity , which is valuable to policy makers , should be preserved to ensure the practical usefulness of any newly 67", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 40, "text": "asset class data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 341, "end": 359, "text": "macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 556, "end": 570, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _T_ is the number of days in the heating season preceding the election year , and are the number of recorded daily instances of temperature switches and precipitation in day ττ , ii _t_ in municipality ττ , ii ss pp _i_ , and and are the indicator variables , which take the value of one if ] and < sup > mm < / sup > ] , and zero otherwise . < sup > 12 < / sup > ττ , ii 11 < sup > SS < / sup > 11 < sup > PPmm < / sup > ss ∈ SS ( 0 , ss < sup > m < / sup > ττ , ii We calculate the duration of the heating season each year based on the rule posted on the pp ∈ PP ( 0 , pp < sup > m < / sup > We calculate the duration of the heating season each year based on the rule posted on the official website of the Moscow mayor < sup > 13 < / sup > , which foresees that , _In Moscow , heating is turned on by order of the City Government if the daily average temperature is below 8 ° C for 5 days , and the weather forecast expects a further decrease . Heating is turned off according to the same principle - if the average daily temperature for 5 days keeps above 8 ° C , and according to the weather forecast , it is expected to increase further . _ To calculate the duration of the heating season , we use the archived daily temperature of Moscow VDNKh weather station , posted on the website of _Raspisaniye Pogodi Ltd_ , a weather forecast company based in Saint-Petersburg , Russia . < sup > 14 < / sup > We use the same weather archive to obtain the recorded daily instances of temperature switches and precipitation for 13 weather stations located in the city of Moscow and Moscow oblast in close proximity to the city of Moscow . We apply the kriging procedure to interpolate these weather data and compute the switch and precipitation instances at the municipal level . The details are available in the Appendix . Using the calculated", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1271, "text": "archived daily temperature of Moscow VDNKh weather station", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1442, "text": "weather archive", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project characteristics . We use the logarithm ( in millions USD ) of the total amount of World Bank lending committed to each project as a basic measure of size ( _LNSIZE_ ) . Larger projects tend to be complex , with multiple components , tranches and counterparts who implement individual components , all of which adds complexity to project implementation . We also have information on the start and end dates of each project , which > 6 A potential concern regarding the CPIA measure is that it also is scored by Bank staff , leading to a possible mechanical relationship between country-level CPIA scores and project-level outcome ratings . This however is less of a concern given that we average all the country-level variables over the life of the project , while the outcome is measured at or after the end of the project . In any case , as a robustness check we also used the Worldwide Governance Indicators Rule of Law measure ( www . govindicators . org ) and found very similar results ( not reported for reasons of space ) . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Electricity Expansion ( P103037 ) # # Overall Comments # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Meters installed under | the project ( Number , Custom ) < br > | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 255 , 000 . 00 | 255 , 000 . 00 | 255 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2010 | 30-Sep-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 31-Dec-2017 | | Comments < br > Number of meters installe | d by KPLC at consumers ’ premises un | der the project | | | |  KPLC conducts an annual customer satisfaction surv < br > Baseline | ey for slum consumers ( Yes / < br > Actual ( Previous ) | No , Custom ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value < br > N | N | N | Y | | Date < br > 30-Apr-2016 | 30-Sep-2016 | 31-Mar-2017 | 31-Dec-2017 | 6 / 30 / 2017 Page 7 of 15 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 669, "text": "annual customer satisfaction surv", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) 15 percent annual increase in own source revenue ( OSR ) from FY2012 / 13 base year , ( iii ) adequate budget and timely maintenance of existing infrastructure so as to prolong asset life time , and ( iv ) introduction of Information and Communication Technology ICT through the use of SMS mobile phone platform for payment of bills and clients feedback . 14 . * * Component 2 focused mainly on three core directorates : Engineering and Technical Services , Physical Planning , and Revenue . * * These Directorates were integral to the implementation of Component 1 and their outputs were directly linked to the achievement of the project development objective . - a . * * _Support to the Directorate of Engineering and Technical Services ( US $ 4 . 0 million ) _ – * * Component 1 of the project would be implemented by this Directorate . The project aimed to address skills gaps in project management and build the capacity of the Directorate for effective project delivery . The city required a comprehensive asset register and an asset management policy and plan to sustainably operate and maintain city assets and maximize their value . Adequate management of assets like road reserves would also minimize the resettlement cost associated with infrastructure development . The KCCA Traffic and Transport Planning unit , within the Directorate of Engineering and Technical Services of KCCA , would plan , design and operate the capital city transport system . Support to this Directorate was to include the following : - i . Capacity building for long term project leadership ( US $ 0 . 350 million ) - ii . Developing a Project Management Manual ( US $ 0 . 050 million ) - iii . Building KCCA Capacity for Environment and Social Management Framework Analysis , ( US $ 0 . 150 million ) - iv . Developing a city asset management policy , strategy and registry , including the provision of relevant hardware , equipment and software ( US $ 1 . 75 million ) - v . Supporting KCCA Traffic and Transport", "spans": [{"start": 1115, "end": 1129, "text": "asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "& Schargrodsky , 2010 ; Zegarra et al . , 2008 ) . In addition , those studies that have found empirical support for this relationship frequently qualify their findings in several ways . In particular , these evaluations of land titling programs highlight impact heterogeneity and the importance of the implementation approach ( Mushinski , 1999 ; Dower & Potamites , 2005 ) . Taken together , the findings of these studies suggest that credit markets thrive within a plethora of enabling factors , of which land titling , and thus the ability to use real estate as collateral , is an important , but not the sole driver to access to credit . The fact that we find no evidence that titling increases borrowing is consistent with the lessons of this literature . The most basic economic argument linking land tenure security , investment and agricultural productivity is the possibility that the land , and any investments sunk into it , may be expropriated . This possibility acts like a tax on investment and reduces the incentive to invest . Ali , Deininger & Goldstein ( 2014 ) , for example , find that a pilot regularization land program had large impacts on investment and maintenance of soil conservation measures in Rwanda . Jacoby et al . ( 2002 ) ; Hornbeck ( 2010 ) and Galiani and Schargrodsky ( 2010 ) provide other important examples of this mechanism . In contrast , we show that there is no evidence that land registration in Ghana and the associated increase 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional budget allocations of in excel of KES 600m to national PFM reforms to enable the achievement of 2017 / 18 results , indicating strong early commitment to the operation . Multi-stakeholder results teams have planned for and started implementing activities . Although there are likely to be delays in the achievement of some results , due to the time it took to reach effectiveness , momentum is being built . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P161387 | IDA-61330 | Effective | USD | 150 . 00 | 150 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 160 . 65 | 0 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval D | ate < br > Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | # # # * * Program Action Plan * * 6 / 16 / 2018 Page 1 of 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tiles and Amphibians ) * * The Visual Encounter Survey ( VES ) method was used to search for Herptiles in the study area from 30 . 04 . 2023-04 . 05 . 2023 . To increase the chances of finding animals and cover a wider survey area , a random search was conducted . This method involved a researcher moving slowly through the habitat , carefully watching the foliage above the ground , turning logs or stones , inspecting retreats , and watching out for surface-active species . In addition to VES , interviews were conducted with local leadership near the park as well as UWA rangers , who were asked about physical signs of herptiles presence in the area such as skin shades and prints , bones , and fecal samples . Herptiles were sampled along the study area with a sampling radius of 200m from either side of the center line , as herptiles are highly mobile animals . The sampling interval was determined by the spatial distribution of the chosen habitats . The species encountered were assessed against the IUCN Red list to determine their conservation status . 43 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1011, "end": 1024, "text": "IUCN Red list", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 8 . 7 | 774 | 91 . 0 | 0 | 0 . 0 | | * * 18-29 * * | 773 | 3 | 0 . 4 | 50 | 6 . 5 | 719 | 93 . 0 | 1 | 0 . 1 | | * * 30-41 * * | 718 | 5 | 0 . 7 | 55 | 7 . 7 | 658 | 91 . 6 | 0 | 0 . 0 | | * * 42-53 * * | 703 | 5 | 0 . 7 | 44 | 6 . 3 | 654 | 93 . 0 | 0 | 0 . 0 | | * * 54-59 * * | 209 | 2 | 1 . 0 | 19 | 9 . 1 | 188 | 90 . 0 | 0 | 0 . 0 | | * * Total * * | 3254 | 18 | 0 . 6 | 242 | 7 . 4 | 2993 | 92 . 0 | 1 | 0 . 0 | * * Table 18 : Prevalence of Acute Malnutrition based on MUAC in Children , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 * * | * * Host Community * * | * * Global * * < br > * * Malnutrition * * < br > * * ( < 125 mm and / or * * < br > * * oedema ) * * | * * Moderate * * < br > * * Malnutrition * * < br > * * ( < 125 mm and > = * * < br > * * 115 mm , no oedema ) * * | * * Severe * * < br > * * Malnutrition * * < br > * * ( < 115 mm * * < br > * * and / or oedema ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Arua ( n = 278 ) * * | 5 . 4 % ( 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are most in need both in terms of resources ( e . g . have a low PMT score ) and program support ( e . g . are at a higher risk of not meeting some program objective , such as having adequate nutritional intake ) . We develop a PMT for Sudan based on the latest household survey , the National Baseline Household Budget and Poverty Survey ( NHBPS ) 2014 / 2015 . We first identify a set of candidate variables that best suit the country ’ s situation and that we believe serve as good proxies for welfare in Sudan . Based on this set of variables , we then perform statistical analyses to determine the final candidate variables to be included in the PMT . This step includes the estimation of different model specifications . Later , we evaluate the out-ofsample performance of the model across different PMT cutoff scores and use several evaluation metrics to evaluate the targeting performance of the PMT . Given the recent and rapid changes of the Sudan economy , this PMT methodology can readily be applied to new household survey data when it becomes available . Compared to social program targeting based on a uniform allocation , where everyone has the same chance of being included , the results show that a PMT should be considered for targeting social protection programs in Sudan . < sup > 8 < / sup > The PMT would assist social programs to reach a higher share of the poor and vulnerable , while reducing expenditure going towards households that are less in need , improving both the poverty impact , as well as the sustainability of the program . We explore various specifications of the PMT and find that our proposed Sudan national PMT performs as well as a rural and urban specific PMT , making it easier to implement and manage in practice . Furthermore , costly and time-consuming employment information does not improve the accuracy of the PMT in a meaningful way . Finally , our proposed Sudan PMT relies on about 20 variables that could be collected by a short survey in the field on a large portion of the population . The rest of the study proceeds as follows . Section 2", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 338, "text": "National Baseline Household Budget and Poverty Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1019, "end": 1040, "text": "household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", in the form to be determined by the Commission ; - The cadastral map ; - Parcel files containing the instruments and documents that support subsisting entries in the land register . - Any plans which shall , after a date appointed by the Commission , be geo-referenced ; - The presentation book , in which shall be kept a record of all applications numbered consecutively in the order in which they are presented to the registry ; - An index , in alphabetical order , of the names of the proprietors ; and - A register and a file of powers of attorney . # # # # # # * * _Sec 8 ; Community Land Register_ * * - ( 1 ) Subject to the legislation on community land made pursuant to Article 63 of the Constitution , there shall be maintained in each registration unit , a community land register in which shall be kept — - ( a ) a cadastral map showing the extent of the community land and identified areas of common interest ; - ( b ) the name of the community identified in accordance with Article 63 ( 1 ) of the Constitution and any other law relating to community land ; - ( c ) a register of members of the community ; - ( d ) the user of the land ; - ( e ) the identity of those members registered as group representatives ; - ( f ) the names and identity of the members of the group ; and - ( g ) any other requirement as shall be required under the law relating to community land . ( 2 ) The Registrar shall issue a certificate of title or certificate of lease in the prescribed form . ( 3 ) The Registrar shall not register any instrument purporting to dispose of rights or interest in community land except in accordance with the law relating to community land . 24", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 792, "text": "community land register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1083, "end": 1119, "text": "register of members of the community", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electorate . Lack of accountability in the use of subsidies to achieve private goals , such as political dominance over the sector , may be one of the most difficult problems to overcome when designing a new tariff structure in infrastructure . This is why renegotiations of contracts , for instance , so often result in increases in subsidies to investors to protect users from initially scheduled tariff increases . These aspects lead to a lack of credibility to implement screening mechanisms ( sophisticated tariff schemes ) or the usage of social program databases as a proxy of affordability issues . The difficulty of securing fair and accountable use of subsidies under club-leadership may also lead to difficulties in the use of prices for demand management . Manipulation of subsidies impedes the signaling effect of prices and thus the benefit of markets . * * _Oversight and regulation : _ * * Political dominance over all institutions tends to be the norm under club leadership in politics , including regulatory institutions initially intended to be independent . The loss of actual control over tariffs can have painful long-term consequences , as prices and investments decisions become disconnected . Public investment in infrastructure may be kept low , unless it serves the interests of the regime ( highways for military operations , for example ) . Information about sector performance and regulatory decisions is likely to be kept confidential or at least blurred to hinder insights into the regime ’ s performance . # * * 3 . 3 . Industry ‐ friendliness for party revenues and / or personal benefits in the private sector * * Politicians sometimes reveal a very strong industry-friendliness . The need for campaign funding may be one explanation . Another is that some politicians might want to use their time in political office to expand their own or their allies ’ opportunities for private sector positions . While the results in terms of industryfriendliness might be similar , the literature suggests that employment patterns with career opportunities for politicians and regulators — often referred to as “ the revolving door ” — is less of a welfare-challenge than various forms of lobby pressure or strategic influence from the private sector . < sup > 33 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 569, "text": "social program databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project ( P107314 ) 46 . * * An Inspection Panel request was requested which delayed the finalization of the Nairobi Railway Station plan . * * The World Bank received a Request for Inspection for NaMSIP on April 12 , 2019 . The request was registered on May 13 , 2019 . The Request was related to the Nairobi Railway Station Planning activity and raised concerns related to consultation in the Muthurwa neighborhood , specifically : ( i ) the quality of household surveys ; ( ii ) poor public consultation and participation ; ( iii ) potential evictions ; ( iv ) potential demolition of cultural and historical facilities ; and ( v ) legacy health concerns related to air , water and soil pollution . The Inspection Panel team conducted an eligibility mission in Nairobi from June 19-22 , 2019 and recommended that the request should not be investigated . However , it advised for the completion of the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment ( SESA ) under the consultancy , including robust engagement with the Muthurwa stakeholders during this process . The SESA was completed , and the clearance provided by the Bank on June 30 , 2020 . This case delayed the finalization of the plan and also raised the importance of preparing SESAs in planning activities . The increased scrutiny by the project team and the Bank on all plans regarding their social and environmental impact assessments significantly delayed the finalization of the planning consultancies . 47 . * * Implementation of solid waste interventions , particularly construction of the Mitubiri Sanitary landfill , encountered numerous challenges . * * Due to significant procurement and safeguard-related delays , the construction contract was not signed until November 2018 and construction did not commence until January 2019 . Stakeholder consultations were conducted but , due to the public and political nature of landfills , the project encountered periodic public and political concerns . To resolve this , the project team moves towards conducting continuous stakeholder engagement and developed a communication plan to guide the engagement . Delays were also", "spans": [{"start": 520, "end": 537, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ec3Bb < br > * * IEA2Z92 * * | | | Transacion7List < br > | | | | TotalDepositsLessRefunds < br > U / < br > Documented | Currency * * ( USD ) * * | 1 , 800 , 000 . 00 < br > * * 0 . 00 * * | | SOutstandingBalance u | | | | , < br > Waived DocumentationAmount | | 1 , 800 , 000 . 00 < br > | | Transactionsin * * Process * * | | * * 0 . 00 * * < br > * * 0 . 00 * * | # # # # # # undefined Data as of 27-Sep-2017 * * 08 : 07 EST * * Disclaimer : Please note that in the case of any discrepancies between a translation and the English version the English version prevails . * * 9 / 27 / 2017 , 3 : 07 * * pmn", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 52, "text": "Transacion7List", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "arguably also yields a public good ; and in that of health , any reductions in pain and suffering or in infant and child mortality . The second step involves an assertion of belief , namely , that the sum of these benefits for the community in question is at least Rs 0 . 59 million a year . If doubts persist on this score , then recourse must be made to the existence of net external benefits that arise in the economic system as a whole ( see Section 6 below ) . The sceptical reader will stick with that which has been measured with some confidence , and on that basis establish the discount rate at which the project would just pass muster . Setting the annual stream of benefits at Rs 2 . 69 million , he or she will obtain _ρ_ = 7 _ . _ 0 percent , which also establishes how great the leap of faith must be when the bar is set at 10 percent . Does _gb_ = 0 _ . _ 02 supply the required boost ? Eq . ( 2 ) yields _B_ 1 < sup > + ( < / sup > < sup > _ρ_ = 0 < / sup > < sup > _ . _10 < / sup > < sup > _ , _0 < / sup > < sup > _ . _02 ) = Rs 2 . 77 million . This is still not quite enough , but now only very < / sup > modest help from elsewhere is needed . The poor villages in Orissa ’ s uplands are much less commercialized , but labor there is also arguably under-employed . Recall from Section 4 . 1 that in a sample of 30 such villages , the estimated aggregate annual commercial benefits average at about Rs 2 . 70 million . Proceeding as before , the Orissa Survey yields estimated savings in travel20", "spans": [{"start": 1466, "end": 1479, "text": "Orissa Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the absence of distortions , _TFPRsi_ should be equalized across establishments within in each industry . The actual TFP at industry level can be calculated as where _TFPRs_ is a geometric mean of the average marginal revenue product of capital and labor : When _Asi_ ( = _TFPQsi_ ) and _TFPRsi_ are jointly lognormally distributed , HK show that To empirically implement the HK framework , we require information for several parameters . The primary parameter we need to fix is the elasticity of substitution – _σ_ . There is little agreement in the literature on the plausible magnitude of this parameter . We follow Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) and set a conservative estimate _σ_ = 3 . < sup > 4 < / sup > . Again , following Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) , we set _R_ = 10 % assuming a real interest rate of 5 % and depreciation rate of 5 % . There is some evidence that the cost of capital is high in Africa . But the different values of _R_ only affect the average capital distortion but not the differences between firms in a given industry . Thus , it doesn ’ t affect our calculation of gains from reallocation . For the industry-level factor share , _αs_ , we use NBER Productivity Database . We assume factor intensities are the same as those of the corresponding U . S . industries , which is assumed to be undistorted . < sup > 5 < / sup > After obtaining the capital share at four-digit level , we combine it with our firm-level datasets . < sup > 6 < / sup > Once these parameters are fixed , the wedges can be computed as follows : > 4Note that this parameter doesn ’ t affect the basic measure of dispersion but only alters their effect on aggregate productivity > 5HK point out that the labor share in this dataset underestimates the labor compensation because it doesn ’ t include fringe benefits and employer social security contribution . Following Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) , we inflate the labor cost by a factor of 3 / 2 . > 6Note that industries in Ethiopia , Ghana and Kenya are classified according to", "spans": [{"start": 1171, "end": 1197, "text": "NBER Productivity Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1429, "end": 1448, "text": "firm-level datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . Introduction * * # # # * * 1 . 1 Background for the KEWASIP * * The Kenya Watershed Services Improvement Project ( KEWASIP ) responds to the critical need to restore degraded landscapes , strengthen the management of Kenya ’ s natural resources , and enhance ecosystem services to improve climate resilience and provide access to diversified livelihoods in Kenya . < mark > Kenya , officially the Republic < / mark > of < mark > Kenya , < / mark > is a < mark > country < / mark > in < mark > East Africa with < / mark > an < mark > estimated population < / mark > of 54 < mark > million . < / mark > Over the past decade , Kenya has seen substantial economic growth . The country ’ s gross domestic product ( GDP ) grew at an average of 4 . 8 percent ( 2015 – 2019 ) , with the poverty rate decreasing from 47 percent to 34 percent . Kenya ’ s natural resources are central to the employment , food security , and energy of its 54 million people . They support over 80 percent of livelihoods , make up 35 percent of total wealth , 42 percent of GDP , and nearly 70 percent of jobs . The agriculture sector employs 48 percent of workers and is highly climate-sensitive , with limited labor shifting to other sectors . # # # * * 1 . 1 . 1 Land Degradation * * Kenya ’ s Land Assessment Report highlights that high levels of land degradation are likely to occur on approximately 88 . 6 percent of Kenya ’ s total land area ( approximately 38 . 8 million hectares ) . Land is driven by a combination of deforestation , overgrazing , soil erosion , poor agricultural practices , and population pressure leading to the declining agricultural productivity , biodiversity loss , livelihoods disruptions , and conflict particularly over grazing land . Specifically , the degradation of water catchment areas has reduced water retention of upper catchments or water towers , exacerbating the effects of both droughts and floods ,", "spans": [{"start": 1283, "end": 1305, "text": "Land Assessment Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | DJENNE | 294 | 371 | 434 | 805 | 196 | 118 | 314 | 19 | 13 | 32 | 586 | 565 | 1151 | | FAKALA | 682 | 803 | 779 | 1582 | 619 | 601 | 1220", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7562 # * * Abstract * * In Latin America , labor markets have been the main channel through which growth has reduced poverty , with higher labor income accounting for 49 percent of the reduction in poverty in 2008 – 13 . Understanding labor markets is critical to designing policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty . With close to 70 percent of the population under age 30 years , labor markets are bound to be central to defining Haiti ’ s future . Yet , labor analysis in Haiti has been constrained by the dearth of data and the focus on - measuring the impact of the 2010 earthquake . This pres ent paper contributes to filling this gap by providing an overview of Haiti ’ s labor markets and the determinants of labor income over a decade , focusing on growing urban areas . The paper also contributes to the research on Haiti in general , as well as labor markets in fragile countries such as Haiti , in particular through an unprecedented effort to harmonize three household surveys conducted between 2001 and 2012 . Building on this exercise , the study provides new insights into the development of labor markets in a particularly turbulent decade for Haiti , one that was marked by the political crisis of 2004 and the earthquake of 2010 . In spite of the earthquake , the analysis shows that Haiti ’ s labor markets are characterized by continuity over the period . Somewhat surprisingly , the defining features remain overall unchanged in spite of the shock , pointing to heavy forces shaping economic and labor dynamics . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at arodella @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the", "spans": [{"start": 1008, "end": 1025, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9511 # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes a prominent dimension of the initial policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic observed in many countries : the imposition of export restrictions and actions to facilitate imports . Weekly data on the use of trade policy instruments during the first seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic ( January-July 2020 ) are used to assess the relationship between the use of trade policy instruments and attributes of pre-crisis public procurement regulation . Controlling for country size , government effectiveness and economic factors , the analysis finds that use of export restrictions targeting medical products is strongly positively correlated with the total number of steps and time required to complete procurement processes in the pre-crisis period . Membership in trade agreements encompassing public procurement disciplines is associated with actions to facilitate trade in medical products . These findings suggest that future empirical assessments of the drivers of trade policy during the pandemic should consider public procurement systems . This paper is a product of the Global Indicators Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at varuneknath @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 266, "text": "Weekly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Lebanon Health Resilience Project ( P163476 ) degree of autonomy . Around 47 percent of the Lebanese population have health insurance coverage ; and 53 percent who lack any formal coverage are covered by the MoPH , which serves as an “ insurer of last resort . ” This means a strong role for the ministry , not only in preventive care , public health leadership , and regulation , but also in curative care . To provide hospital coverage to about 250 , 000 cases per year , the MoPH contracts 26 public and 105 private hospitals . Individual patient copayment to the hospital constitutes 5 percent ( public hospital ) or 15 percent ( private hospital ) of the hospitalization costs , and the MoPH directly reimburses the hospital for the 85 – 95 percent difference . 10 . * * Despite the considerable resilience of Lebanon ’ s health system , the health sector indicators are regressing since the start of the Syrian crisis * * . The gains that Lebanon made in meeting the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) before the Syrian crisis are rapidly declining . The latest MoPH hospital data show significant setbacks in neonatal and maternal mortality indicators ( this excludes deliveries outside the hospitals ) . As of 2017 , the data indicate that the neonatal mortality rate has increased from 3 . 4 per 10 , 000 in 2012 to 4 . 9 per 10 , 000 , with the rate among displaced Syrians ( 7 per 10 , 000 ) almost double that among Lebanese ( 3 . 7 per 10 , 000 ) . Similarly , the maternal mortality ratio increased from 12 . 7 per 100 , 000 in 2012 to 21 . 3 per 100 , 000 , with the rate among displaced Syrians ( 30 . 4 per 100 , 000 ) double that among Lebanese ( 15 . 8 per 100 , 000 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > 11 . * * Lebanon also faces epidemiological risks , the reemergence of some diseases that had been controlled before the Syrian crisis", "spans": [{"start": 1094, "end": 1112, "text": "MoPH hospital data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| UG-MEMD-15330-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 50 Tablets < br > for the ERT III Baseline < br > Survey | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access < br > P | ost | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 30 , 000 . 00 | 26 , 914 . 05 < br > Signed | | 2017-06-06 | | | 2017-07-29 | 2017-09-10 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | UG-MEMD-15112-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Satellite < br > Imagery Requirements for < br > ERT III | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access < br > P | rior | Request for Bids | Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 988 , 041 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-05-18 | 2017-05-31 | 2017-07-14 | 2017-08-04 | 2017-09-20 | 2017-12-20 | | UG-MEMD-48035-GO-DIR / < br > Supply , Installation & < br > training of geophysical data < br > processing software Geotools < br > ( Magnetotelluric and TDEM < br > Intepretation software ) | IDA / 56530 | Institutional Strengthening < br > and Impacts Monitoring < br > P | ost | Direct Selection | Direct |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Interviewer characteristics_ The mean values for interviewer characteristics are provided in Table 2 . These characteristics are used as covariates in the analytical approach , which is described in the section below . * * Table 2 : Interviewer characteristics * * < sup > * * 6 * * < / sup > | * * Interviewer characteristic * * | * * Value * * | | - - - | - - - | | Female ( % ) | 40 | | Age ( mean years ) | 40 . 2 | | Lives or has lived in the survey state ( Kassala ) ( % ) | 50 | | Attended university or higher ( % ) | 77 . 8 | | Works with CBS ( % ) | 82 . 4 | | Conducted 10 or more CAPI surveys previously ( % ) | 61 . 1 | | Self-rated skill with tablets or smartphones before survey ( 1 – 10 ) ( mean ) | 9 . 3 | | “ On a scale of 1 to 10 , how much do you generally trust other people ? ” ( mean ) | 6 . 8 | | “ On a scale of 1 to 10 , how much do you think other people generally trust you ? ” | 7 . 6 | | ( mean ) | | # * * 3 . Analytical approach * * This research seeks to identify interviewer effects and their causes through four different specifications of a model that measures interviewer ICC . Following Brunton-Smith _et al_ . ( 2016 ) , we use two-level mixed effects linear regression models with respondents nested in interviewers . We deploy four different versions of this model . The first specification simply measures the interviewer ICC for each variable . Specifications II and III aim to control for covariates including interviewer area clusters and the gender of interviewers and respondents . A fourth specification includes interviewer characteristics in an attempt to identify their contribution to interviewer-related measurement error . Note that for each specification , we are only interested in the ICCs that are obtained post-estimation and not the coefficients themselves . The first specification simply identifies the ICC without", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "da administrations and the private sector and provision of training of staff of these entities . # # * * < u > Part 3 : Network Management Studies < / u > * * 1 . Carrying out an assessment of maintenance needs and the updating of a road financing study . 2 . Carrying out transport and poverty observatories in order to assess the poverty impact of the road investments .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "During SE exercises or meetings organised in each project-affected area at the time of RAP preparation , Community Development Officers will explain to local communities the alternative ways of lodging a grievance . The GRM procedures will be disclosed through the Project ’ s website and will also be advertised on billboards / posters in each community and at the entrance of the service provider ’ s yard . Information material on GRM will also be made available at the information desks in districts covered by the project . To ensure that all grievances are captured , the Implementing Agency will explain how the grievances received by district GRC members may be channelled through the Project ’ s GRM . Training will be conducted for all GRC members on their roles and responsibilities and the implementing agency shall regularly monitor to ensure no grievances are missed . # # # # # * * 7 . 6 Screening and assessment of grievance * * All grievances will be registered , reported and tracked by Implementing Agency in the Grievance Register by a Grievance Focal Point who is responsible for receiving , logging , referring and following up on grievances . Once a grievance is logged , the related event ( s ) that caused the grievance will be tracked 64", "spans": [{"start": 1032, "end": 1050, "text": "Grievance Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decreasing score variability . Torgler , Schaffner , and Macintyre ( 2010 ) , e . g . , have used an index that covers the following questions to be able to measure tax morale : 1 . Given present tax burdens , one can hardly blame tax evaders . 2 . Given the easy availability of opportunities to evade taxes , one can hardly blame tax evaders . 3 . If in doubt about whether or not to report a certain source of income , I would not report it . 4 . Since the government gets enough taxes , it does not matter that some people evade taxes . 5 . Taxes are so heavy that tax evasion is an economic necessity for many to survive . 6 . If I receive $ 2000 in cash for services rendered , I would not report it . 7 . Cheating on taxes is justifiable in light of the unfairness of the tax system . 8 . Taxes are something which is taken away from me . 9 . Since everybody evades taxes , one can hardly be blamed for doing it . 10 . There is nothing bad about under-reporting taxable income on one ‘ s tax return ( 1 = strongly disagree ; 2 = disagree ; 3 = neutral ; 4 = agree , 5 = strongly agree ) . In general , single-item measures in cross-cultural comparisons should be treated with some caution . For example , in countries where tax revenues are collected to finance a ― dictator ‘ s war machine ‖ , tax evasion might be justifiable , and there could even be a ― moral duty ‖ not to pay taxes . Similarly , in authoritarian political systems people will search for ― voice ‖ or ― exit ‖ mechanisms via tax resistance to express their preferences ( Torgler , 2001 ) . Moreover , there is still the potential problem in the survey studies that some individuals may excuse their non-cooperative behavior in the past by declaring relatively high tax morale values . # _3 . Correlation between Tax Compliance / Tax Evasion and Tax Morale_ A number of previous studies have investigated the simple correlation between tax morale and the size of the shadow", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA report for the Proposed Borehole at Mosoriot market Center May 2014_ * * # # # # # * * 5 . 7 . 2 Mitigation * * The following mitigation options should be adopted ; - i . The proponent will be advised to carry out a hydrogeologist survey to determine the suitability of the area for the drilling of a borehole - ii . Temporary casings may also be installed during drilling in case they notice the soil strata is weak to prevent the borehole walls from collapsing which should be replaced by stronger casings - iii . Drilling be done in the presence and supervision of a hydro-geologist # # # # # * * 5 . 8 Solid Wastes * * # # # # # * * 5 . 8 . 1 Assessment * * The major solid waste will be the drilled cuttings . There will be some solid containers such as cement , bentonite and gravel bags and other packets with materials and equipment to be used during implementation of the project . Other solid waste will be generated from the composite housing of the drilling crew . At the time of assessment the church had not secured a solid waste collection point . # # # # # * * 5 . 8 . 2 Mitigation * * The following mitigation options can be adopted ; - i . Any remaining waste ( paper or polythene containers , cement , bentonine and gravel bags , excavation debris , remaining gravel pack e . t . c . should be burned and / or disposed in sanitary dumpsite before the project is commissioned . - ii . Some of the drilled materials will be used in the borehole construction by back-filling the annular space . All excavated material from the draining channel will be used to refill it . - iii . Drilling crew to be encouraged to dump their personal wastes in designated covered dustbins - iv . Do not secure a solid waste disposal site within a radius of 50M of the proposed borehole site . # # # # # * * 5 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Later , when consulted appropriately , the committee members disclosed that the Group Ranch had through the committee applied for dissolution of the Group Ranch in 2015 and approval given by National Land Commission ( NLC ) the same year . The approval stated that the group representatives will finally be dissolved after they have signed all the necessary documents transferring the created subdivisions to the individual members of the Group Ranch . This meant that every registered member could then be apportioned their parcels of land after subdivision according to how members owned , occupied and used their land . Land registration would then follow and members issued with individual title deeds . The management committee members and the Group Ranch PAPs supported the idea of this wider consultation as the RAP census was repeated and a more inclusive RAP developed . The main reason for repeating the census ( specifically asset inventory ) was informed by the fact that the original census was conducted with little or no involvement of the Mwavumbo Group Ranch Management Committee at the insistence of the group ranch members who perceived the management committee members as wanting to receive compensation on their behalf , a position that was resisted by the group ranch members . When an agreement was reached between the group ranch management committee and its membership to dissolve the ranch and pave way for individual compensation of each affected member , it was considered necessary to undertake a repeat census targeting specifically land with the involvement of the group ranch management committee previously excluded owing to their familiarity with the land boundaries of its members . Table 8 shows the dates consultation forums were held with the two stakeholders ( Group Ranch Management Committee and PAHs within Mwavumbo Group Ranch where the RAP 1b areas are exclusively located ) , venue and number of participants . 35", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 829, "text": "RAP census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "incentives , and the process might delay the project for several months . “ This does not encourage me to apply , ” he explained , “ for me , time is money . ” Officials at local Departments of Commerce seem to be well aware of the circumvention of approvals by private firms . As one official said , “ they ( the private firms ) don ’ t come to us because , frankly , they want nothing from us , ” adding “ Nor is there much we can do about it . ” Foreign exchange control , which is supposed to be an effective gatekeeper , fails to work in many cases because firms can draw money from their established overseas accounts or swap currencies with other firms with overseas accounts . Unsurprisingly , off-the-record estimates by MOC officials of private overseas projects ran from two to three times that captured by the MOC database . 10", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 834, "text": "MOC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "seeking UNHCR funds < br > submit proposals ; initial discussions < br > are held . | All implementing and operational partners presented to refugee representatives their achievements , constraints , activities to be implemented . Refugees commented on implementation by the partners and graded partner performances to recommend what required improvements and what should be discontinued . Partners then explained their project proposals at sectoral levels and refugees commented . Minutes of the meetings formed the basis of the bilateral negotiations between UNHCR and implementing partners on the Sub-Projects implemented by each partner . To facilitate the discussions , UNHCR previously explained to refugees the objectives of the meetings and attempted to reach an understanding on expectations of the process . UNHCR also prepared and shared with refugees and other stakeholders ’ documents including baseline data on the 2003 budget , i . e . , funding per implementing partner and per sector in each camp , planned 2003 activities and outputs per sector , and a _Who is Who_ chart of partners in each camp . Implementing partners prepared a table showing objectives , performance indicators according to their Sub-Projects and compared this with progress made during January to August . Although the actual financial details were not disclosed , documents on inputs / budgetary arrangements significantly helped all stakeholders visualise the cost implications of activities . Refugees then prioritised needs in view of limited resources and based on progress made over time . _E11_", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 940, "text": "baseline data on the 2003 budget", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ sup > While use of the PEAP results framework under > 31 A change in TTL at the time of PRSC 5 negotiation also did not help in the development of a realistic matrix for that operation . > 32 To prevent these weaknesses in the forthcoming NDP , the Bank Uganda team has held multiple discussions with the Ministry of Finance , Uganda Bureau of Statistics , and DPs to ensure that the M & E framework for the NDP will include more focused sector priorities , clear linkages to budget formulation and accountability for results , a reliable supply of statistics through annual surveys , and impact evaluation and analyses to inform policy adjustments during implementation . 31", "spans": [{"start": 570, "end": 584, "text": "annual surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", The theory of peasant economy ( Irwin , Homewood , IL ) . < mark > Firpo , S . , Fortin , N . M . and Lemieux , T . , 2009 . Unconditional quantile regressions . < / mark > _ < mark > Econometrica < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 77 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 3 ) , pp . 953-973 . < / mark > < mark > Gilbert , R . A . , Sakala , W . D . and Benson , T . D . , 2002 . Gender Analysis of a Nationwide Cropping System Trial Survey in Malawi . < / mark > _ < mark > African Studies Quarterly < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 6 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 1-2 ) , pp . 223-243 . < / mark > < mark > Halvorsen , R . and Palmquist , R . , 1980 . The interpretation of dummy variables in semilogarithmic equations . < / mark > _ < mark > American economic review < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 70 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 3 ) , pp . 474-475 . < / mark > < mark > Kimhi , A . , 2006 . Plot size and maize productivity in Zambia : is there an inverse relationship ? . < / mark > _ < mark > Agricultural Economics < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 35 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 1 ) , pp . 1-9 . < / mark > < mark > Kinkingninhoun-Mêdagbé , F . M . , Diagne , A . , Simtowe , F . , Agboh-Noameshie , A . R . and Adégbola , P . Y . , 2010 . Gender discrimination and its impact on income , productivity , and technical efficiency : evidence from Benin . < / mark > _ < mark > Agriculture and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 38 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * * * Table 11 : Characteristics of households wrongly included in food assistance * * | | * * Wrongly included beneficiaries * * < br > * * ( 306 HHs ) * * | * * All surveyed * * < br > * * HHs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Household had income in past 30 days | 67 . 3 % | 44 . 5 % | | No productive activities | 26 . 6 % | 51 . 1 % | | Formal salary | 13 . 9 % | 6 . 4 % | | Small business | 12 . 3 % | 6 . 2 % | | Other petty trade | 0 . 5 % | 1 . 8 % | | Livestock production / sale | 1 . 1 % | 0 . 2 % | | Have debt | 73 . 1 % | 69 . 2 % | | Average household size | 6 . 3 | 5 . 0 | | Dependency ratio > 2 | 21 . 7 % | 20 . 1 % | | Average numberof active HH members | 2 . 7 | 2 . 2 | | Source : JPDM September 2021 | | | An econometric analysis identified assets that were disproportionately owned more by households wrongly included than by households correctly included or that were wrongly excluded . Those assets include a table , mattress , lamp , as well as having access to working capital . Also , households wrongly included were more likely to be engaged in productive activities ( 52 percent ) than households correctly included ( 35 percent ) or wrongly excluded ( 31 percent ) . Furthermore , an econometric model identified assets or other observable household characteristics that could be considered best predictors of inclusion errors . In other words , they could serve future verification exercises to check whether households receiving full / half ration food assistance are in possession of those assets . It appears that households with working capital and that are engaged", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 763, "text": "JPDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "plan . < br > ( c ) Those who have no recognizable legal < br > right or claim to the land they are occupying . < br > To determine eligibility : < br > Carry out resettlement census . Cut-off date < br > for eligibility is the day when the census < br > begins . < br > | < br > The Land Act 2012 provides that written < br > and unwritten official or customary land < br > rights are recognized as valid land right . < br > The Law provides that people eligible for < br > compensation are those holding land < br > tenure rights . < br > Land Act also recognizes those who have < br > interest or some claim in the land such < br > pastoralist or who use the land for their < br > livelihood . < br > The constitution recognizes ‘ occupants of < br > land even if they do not have titles ’ and < br > payment made in good faith to those < br > occupants of land . However , this does not < br > include those who illegally acquired land . < br > Land Act 2012 provides for census < br > through NLC inspection and valuation < br > process but is not clear on cut-off date . < br > * * DISCLO * * | Ensure ALL users ( including < br > squatters , laborers , rights of access ) < br > of affected lands are included in the < br > census survey or are paid . < br > Implement cut-off procedures as < br > outlined in the RPF and Kenyan Law . | | * * Measures * * : Preference should be given to < br > land-based resettlement strategies for < br > displaced persons whose livelihoods are < br > land-based . < br > Cash based compensation should only be < br > made where ( a ) land taken for the project is < br", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 182, "text": "resettlement census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1231, "end": 1244, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Timeline and experimental design * * We present the timeline of key activities associated with the IAPP project and the experiment in Figure 1 . As the pulses are particularly suited for cultivation in the dry season , which starts in roughly November in Barisal , initial meetings with farmer groups were implemented a few months prior in July 2012 . These initial farmer group meetings were used to collect our sampling frame for our baseline survey , which we describe in additional detail , along with other aspects of data collection , in Section 3 . 3 . The baseline survey covered , among other things , agricultural production during the November 2011 — March 2012 dry season , which we refer to as the “ Pre-demo year ” . Figure 1 : Timeline < ! - - Start of picture text - - > One year Two-years < br > Pre-demo Demo post-demo post-demo < br > Baseline survey First midline survey Second midline survey Endline survey < br > 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 < br > Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 < br > Farmer Crop Adoption season < br > selection demos < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ Dark gray solid lines indicate the boro season each year , denoted _Pre-demo_ , _Demo_ , _One year post-demo_ and _Two years post-demo_ , respectively . Survey periods are highlighted in black . Light gray brackets denote project interventions . After initial farmer group meetings , we randomly assigned one fourth of the 110 villages in our study sample into one of three treatment arms plus a control group . Figure 2 summarizes the experimental design and sample sizes under each arm . We describe the activities implemented under each of the four experimental arms below . * * Control * * In contrast to our three treatment arms , no demonstration resources were provided through farmer groups in control villages . However , as noted in Section 2 , a number of activities associated with the promotion of the new seeds were implemented in control villages . Extension agents participate in regular meetings with the farmers", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 583, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "protection programs and other welfare indicators in the EU-SILC . Traditionally , it is possible to combine information via record linking by relying on common household identifiers between two surveys . This is not possible in the case of HBS and EU-SILC , as the sample of households included in each survey does not overlap . * * In this paper , we explore statistical matching techniques to combine both datasets and impute energy spending shares into the EU-SILC . * * While datasets are traditionally merged via record linking , an increasing number of researchers has explored the potential of statistical matching for combining datasets without a common identifier , especially in the European Union ( see , for example , Donatiello et al . ( 2016b ) for an application to Italy ; Serafino and Tolkin ( 2017 ) for an example using data from six European countries ; Lamarche et al . ( 2020 ) for the European context more broadly speaking ; Schaller ( 2021 ) for an application in Germany , France , and the Netherlands ; Emmenegger et al . ( 2022 ) for an application in Germany ) . We build upon the existing body of literature and apply statistical matching techniques to impute the energy spending share in Bulgaria reported in the HBS 2019 into EU-SILC data collected in 2020 . We use EU-SILC data from 2020 , as income data in the EU-SILC always refers to the previous year ( so 2019 in this case ) . * * Imputing energy expenditure shares and energy poverty into the EU-SILC facilitates future research questions , such as exploring the impact of rising energy prices on the poorest households . * * Our imputation exercise is helpful given that we can identify if those households belonging to the lowest income quintiles are those most affected by energy poverty . In addition , having information on energy expenditure shares in surveys that provide information on monetary poverty indicators allows us to evaluate the impact of rising energy prices on the poorest households . Moreover , given that the EUSILC contains detailed information on social protection programs , we can explore the impact of potential mitigation strategies in response to rising energy prices by combining information from both surveys", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 871, "text": "data from six European countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1244, "end": 1252, "text": "HBS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1270, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1298, "end": 1320, "text": "EU-SILC data from 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Implementation support for < br > ULGDP-II and UIIDP < br > Management informationsystem that supports the IDA / D2770 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2018-04-10 2018-05-01 2018-06-14 2018-07-12 2018-08-11 2018-09-15 2018-10-20 2019-12-19 < br > program operation at the < br > Federal , Regional and ULG < br > Level . < br > ET-MUDH-56660-CS-QCBS / < br > Conduct Citizen SatisfactionLevel Survey in SampleCities in accordance with IDA / D2770 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2018-05-15 2018-06-05 2018-07-19 2018-08-16 2018-09-15 2018-10-20 2018-11-24 2019-07-12 < br > Urban Categories < br > ET-MUDH-56698-CS-QCBS / Prepartion of DensificationStandard for Urban Ethiopia IDA / D2770 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-04-17 2018-05-08 2018-06-21 2018-07-19 2018-08-18 2018-09-22 2018-10-27 2019-10-26 < br > ET-MUDH-56699-CS-QCBS / < br > Preparation of Regional < br > Urban Development Spatial < br > Plan for 9 Regional States / Oromiya , Amhara , SNNP , Tigray , Gambella , Afar , IDA / D2770 Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2018-08-17 2018-09-07", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 457, "text": "Citizen SatisfactionLevel Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this region is Rs 40 and that all the days lost due to bad weather are likewise valued . Then , at this opportunity cost , the total annual savings for the whole village amount to Rs 0 . 20 million , whereby the limit _e_ ̄ will not reached until 20 years will have passed . The Orissa Survey data suggest that while , in the short-run at least , the road will have little effect on morbidity , there is substantial willingness to pay for treatment . Putting a value on the latter is difficult , however , so we leave it aside for the moment . Turning to mortality , the assumption that the road will reduce the rate among primeage adults by 10 percent ( see Section 4 . 3 ) , while conservative in Orissa , may be on the optimistic side for Himachal Pradesh . Suppose , therefore , that a reduction of only half as much will result . Since the changes are quite small , the components making up the EV do so approximately linearly ; so that , in the first 20-year period , the two-to-one ratio will shrink to four-to-one – in the extreme case that the estimated Rs 0 . 20 million associated with school attendance is also halved . The aggregate ‘ measurable ’ annual benefits at this stage are , therefore , Rs 2 . 69 ( = 1 _ . _ 25 _ × _ ( 2 _ . _ 05 + 0 _ . _ 10 ) ) million , leaving us still Rs 0 . 59 million short . One way of finding this missing sum is , first , to list what has not been measured and valued : in the commercial sphere , trade in commodities other than the main crop and substitution into more valuable crops when there is land to spare ; in that of education , the fact that producing better educated citizens arguably also yields a public good ; and in that of health , any reductions in pain and suffering or in infant and child mortality . The second step involves an assertion of belief , namely , that the sum of these benefits for the community in question is at", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 297, "text": "Orissa Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P174041 ) | IN01132829 | | - - - | | ► Units of whole blood issued to health facilities nationally in a year ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 253 , 000 . 00 | 25 , 300 . 00 | 25 , 300 . 00 | 260 , 693 . 00 | | Date | 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Dec-2024 | | IN01132831 | | - - - | ► Percentage of facilities that had over 95 % availability of a basket of 41 commodities in the previous quarter ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 46 . 00 | 46 . 00 | 46 . 00 | 57 . 00 | | Date | 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Dec-2024 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "direct beneficiaries . Specifically , the study will review all engineering designs for the above items , prepare the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) , Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) , repackage tender documents as per stakeholder agreements within the budgets , advise client on value for money ( feasibility ) for each works item and prepare design review reports . In the site validation surveys ( site case analysis ) the study team through discipline-based coordination conducted confirmatory studies to evaluate the design report contents . This In the site validation surveys ( site case analysis ) the study team through discipline-based coordination conducted confirmatory studies to evaluate the design report contents . This was done for the entire investment menu . The socio - economic studies , feasibility studies , and the conceptual designs have been completed under the same consultancy . This Report therefore presents findings of Environmental and Social Assessment undertaken for the Proposed Projects , the report presents potential environment and social risks that are likely to be triggered by the Project , appropriate mitigation measures have also been provided in this assessment . * * Page v * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Functional < br > Structures of the < br > Pharmaceutical Functional in < br > the Health Sector and Costing < br > of the Developed plan | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services < br > | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 30 , 268 . 00 | 31 , 574 . 31 | Signed | 2020-03-10 | 2020-02-2 | 7 < br > 2020-03-20 < br > 202 | 0-0 | 1-03 | | 2020-05-24 < br > 2 | 020-05 | - 04 < br > 2020-11-20 | | UG-MOH-184104-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Conduct Client < br > Satisfaction Survey 2020 for < br > the Health Sector | IDA / 58970 | Component 2 : Strengthen < br > Health Systems to Deliver < br > RMNCAH Services < br > | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 101 , 762 . 16 | 94 , 561 . 87 | Signed | 2020-07-17 | 2020-04-3 | 0 < br > 2020-07-27 < br > 202 | 0-0 | 9-16 | | 2020-09-30 < br > 2 | 020-12 | - 08 < br > 2021-03-29 | | UG-MOH-185039-CS-CDS / < br > Procurement of Consultancy < br > Services to Develop a Data < br > Management System for RBF < br > Digitalization | IDA / 58970 | Component 1 : Results-Based < br > Financing for Primary Health < br > Care Services < br > | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 217 , 277 . 30 | 0 . 00 | Under", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 577, "text": "Satisfaction Survey 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characteristics , that have been highlighted in the literature , matter in our data and whether our main results are robust to including them . First , in column ( 1 ) we include as control an index of bureaucrats ’ perception on management quality < sup > 36 < / sup > . Rasul and Rogger ( 2016 ) , drawing upon Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2007 ) , have documented a positive correlation between management practices and project completion in Nigeria . Including a variable on management practices does not change the positive effect of politicians ’ integrity , and the coefficient on the management variable is not statistically different from zero , although the point estimate is positive and large . We also examine whether ethnic heterogeneity among the districts ’ bureaucrats and politicians play a role in service delivery in columns ( 2 ) - ( 3 ) , as in the literature on the role of ethnic diversity in teams ( Hjort , 2014 ) and in economic development more generally ( Alesina and La Ferrara , 2005 ; Alesina et al , 2017 ) . Our proxy for ethnic diversity is a Herfindahl Index of self-reported ethnicities . We first include as control the index for all surveyed individuals , and in column ( 3 ) we include separate herfindahl indices for bureaucrats and politicians . Once again the correlation between integrity and service delivery remains broadly unchanged . The point estimates on the herfindahl indices are small and not significant . In column ( 4 ) we include both ethnic diversity and management practices measure as controls ; the coefficient on politician integrity remains significant , and with little change in size across all these different specifications . Finally , we consider whether the integrity of different types of bureaucrats – those with greater leadership powers , such as the Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) and the Resident District Commissioner ( RDC ) , versus those within the technical health bureacracy , such as the District Health officer – matters for service delivery , and whether this disaggregation by bureaucrat type changes the results for political integrity . We calculate the integrity index separately for the leaders of the bureaucratic organization - CAOs and RDCs", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Data on household consumption and detailed price data for the COICOP two-digit group for 19 countries in EMDE ECA is our primary sample of analysis . < sup > 6 < / sup > This sample is complemented by data on 25 countries in the European Union and European Economic Area . < sup > 7 < / sup > For these countries , we have detailed price data and aggregate household consumption statistics by quintile of the consumption distribution . # * * 5 Inflation dispersion and consumption patterns in ECA countries * * Differences along two dimensions explain differences in COL indexes across households : variation in prices across goods and services and variation in consumption patterns across households . In periods of low inflation , adjustment of prices of individual goods and services occurs infrequently ; the dispersion of relative prices over time is , therefore , low . When inflation increases , however , price changes become more frequent , and the relative price dispersion expands over time < u > ( Alvarez et al . , 2019 ) . Median annual inflation in Europe jumped from 2 percent in < / u > January 2021 to around 12 percent in October 2022 ( Figure 1 ) – values the region had not seen in more than two decades . This high inflation could lead to larger price dispersion in the region . # _5 . 1 Heterogeneity of inflation across countries_ A simple way to measure price dispersion across the 12 broad COICOP groups is to calculate the root mean square deviation ( RMSD ) in price changes with respect to the mean . < sup > 8 < / sup > < u > Figure 2 presents < / u > the RMSD for the 47 countries from which the data is available and where price changes correspond to the 12-month variation by December 2022 . The country with the widest dispersion in price changes across consumption groups is the Netherlands , where the RMSD in price changes was almost 22 percentage points in 2022 , but this was driven by a substantial increase in the education category , which differed from a more > 6 The countries are Albania , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Bosnia", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 53, "text": "Data on household consumption and detailed price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 332, "end": 342, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . The shock is distributional neutral , and all children lose the same amount . In our intermediate scenario , this increases the share of children below minimum proficiency by 5 percentage points , to 45 % . This share is 42 % in the optimistic scenario and 49 % in the pessimistic scenario . 2 . The distribution skews , and the most disadvantaged students lose most . In this scenario , the share of children below minimum proficiency goes up by 10 percentage points ( p . p . ) , to 50 % . In our optimistic scenario , this goes up by 7 p . p . , while in the pessimistic scenario , this goes up by 13 p . p . Note that the relative impact of the same ( pessimistic scenario ) is significantly larger when measured as the share of students ( + 34 % ) than when measured as the mean score ( - 6 . 1 % ) , so a substantial mass of students near PISA Level 2 might fall below this threshold . 3 . The distribution flattens , and students at the top pull ahead , while students at the bottom fall behind . Results fall in between the two extreme scenarios already mentioned . The intermediate scenario of simulation 3 suggests that the share of students below this level will increase by 10 percentage points . < sup > 67 < / sup > We use the PISA distribution database to simulate the effects of COVID-19 in terms of the share of children below this minimum proficiency threshold ( figure 10 ) . At present , 40 % of learners fall below proficiency level 2 ( their scores are lower than 407 PISA points ) . < sup > 68 < / sup > This will be accompanied by a much larger effect in terms of the learning “ gap ” – the minimum learning required to secure a basic understanding of the material . A related measure – that of “ severity ” puts more weight on those farther from the threshold . The latter more than doubles even in the most optimistic scenario . < sup > 69 < / sup > In regions such as ECA", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1271, "text": "PISA distribution database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Main concerns presented in the focus groups conducted in both Zaatari and Azraq camp : * * * * < u > Based on the FGD finding which were conducted in both Azraq and Zaatari camps on 23 & 26 Oct 2016 < / u > * * # # # * * Privacy concerns : * * Privacy concerns are often mentioned in most of the FG ; as it has a strong relation with the social and cultural norms related to gender . # # # * * 1 . Shelters design * * - Shelters don ’ t provide adequate privacy i . e . ( changing clothes , study space and nursery place ) as were mentioned in most of the FG . - Some participant highlighted that too many incidents occur due to the lack of privacy inside shelters , mainly where is more than one family like a father in law with married children or two married brothers in the same caravan . - “ an incident example : once two sisters in law were fighting because one of them thought that her brother in law was watching her while she was changing ” - Caravans are very close to each other ( average distance between caravans is less than 3 meters ) . In Zaatari some districts have a fair distance while other districts don ’ t have a good distance , the problem wasn ’ t solved by last caravans ’ allocation . - The caravans are not isolated from heat , sounds . etc . as one of the cultural values among Syrian , they don ’ t discuss problems in public or with others . A participant in FGD told us , “ I had a problem with my close neighbor , and I was imprisoned for a week after a fight , because we were able to hear all voices and sounds in each other ’ s caravans ” - Windows location is not suitable for women , especially that most of women in camps wears Hijab in front of strangers , so they keep the windows closed and fully covered in order to maintain privacy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Educational Profiles by Gender * * and * * Residence Table 2 presents the educational profiles of the sample by gender and type of residence . There are clearly large differences in levels of educational attainment between males and females , and between those residing in Lima , other urban and rural areas . Females , on average , have completed only 5 . 5 years of schooling compared to 7 years for males . While only 8 percent of the males never attended school , 25 percent of the females never enrolled ; and , only 28 and 12 percent of the females had some secondary and higher education , respectively , compared to 35 and 18 percent of the males . These results are very similar to the 1981 census results ( Appendix Table A . 1 ) . In comparison to the census data , average years of schooling for males and females have risen slightly since 1981 ; a smaller proportion report primary schooling as their terminal level since a slightly larger proportion have continued on to higher education . Table 2 Educational Attainumet of Males and Females , Residents in Lima , Other Urban , and Rural Areas | Educational attainment | Females | < br > Males | Lima | Other < br > Urban | Rural | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Average years of schooling | 5 . 5 | 7 . 1 | 8 . 8 | 7 . 5 | 3 . 2 | | ( standard deviation ) | ( 4 . 6 ) | ( 4 . 4 ) | ( 3 . 9 ) | < br > ( 4 . 3 ) | ( 3 . 5 ) | | Highest level of schooling < br > attended ( percent of sample ) | | | | | | | Never attended | 24 . 3 | 7 . 7 | 3 . 2 | 7 . 3 | 33 . 2 | | Primary | 35 . 9 | 39 . 4 | 24 . 0 | 34 . 9 | 50 . 2 | | Secondary |", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 714, "text": "1981 census results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 763, "end": 774, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to predictable and high-quality funding for local and national NGOs and in some cases are taking action to address them . In Jordan , for example , the UK ’ s Department for International Development ( DFID ) is providing multi-year funding – currently for two years in Jordan , increasing in next round of proposals to three years , and four years in the case of Syria – to allow adequate time for relationship and partnership-building between international and national or local NGOs . Proposals for DFID funding from international organisations must demonstrate a clear exit strategy , where and when possible , including details of how they are building the necessary capacity to handover to national and local partners . * * * * DFID in Jordan is also considering institutionalising regular , joint project update meetings between themselves as the donor , the international recipients of their funding , and national and local implementing partners . This would give visibility to local NGOs implementing the work at activity level , and allow them the opportunity to develop a direct relationship with the donor , ultimately with a view to directly accessing bilateral donor funding in the future . * * * * The EU Regional Trust Fund in Response to the Syrian Crisis , the ‘ Madad Fund ’ , operates as a pooled fund , providing access to EU funding from EU Member States and other donors for international and national actors alike . The Fund provides non-humanitarian funding and focuses on supporting resilience and recovery-oriented initiatives in the region . It currently operates with a budget of € 1 billion , with average contract allocations of between € 20-22 million . * * Figure 5 : OCHA-managed humanitarian countrybased pooled funding in response to the Syria crisis by recipient type , 2017 _Source : OCHA data on CBPFs , available at : https : / / gms . unocha . org / content / cbpf-allocations_ Notes : Data is updated in real-time . The data shown here is accurate as of 17 October 2017 . The Iraq CBP", "spans": [{"start": 1823, "end": 1841, "text": "OCHA data on CBPFs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimated . Therefore , restricting the weight to be identical over time should also not affect the results substantially . Another implication of the small changes over time in the weights is that they did not contribute signi fi cantly to the EU ’ s tariff reduction in the UR . < sup > 62 < / sup > To conclude , the assumption of constant weights is reasonable in this sample and does not appear to affect our main results signi fi cantly . This is further supported by noting that the sign and signi fi cance of the main parameters in table 6 are identical to those we found in table 2 . The main predictions of the model are still con fi rmed and the only difference is a small change in the magnitude of the point estimate of the growth effect , but even that is not signi fi cantly different from table 2 . < sup > 63 < / sup > Nonetheless we did fi nd evidence of signi fi cant determinants that generate different political economy weights across industries . This suggests that in general the variation in these weights should be modeled empirically and theoretically . < sup > 64 < / sup > # 5 Conclusion We analyze the effects of preferential trade agreements on multilateral trade liberalization — a controversial issue where the evidence has been scarce . The model we develop captures key features of the current trading system and provides a rich set of predictions regarding the impact of PTAs on MTL . We derive and estimate the structural equations of protection using detailed tariff data for the EU during the last two multilateral rounds and fi nd evidence that its PTAs slowed down MTL . As the model predicts , this occurred only in products with a zero preferential tariff and was not present in agreements with a common external tariff and transfers . Our model also incorporates domestic political economy motives for setting trade policy and we fi nd a negative relation between import penetration and tariff levels working through the extra weight that governments place on producer surplus . We estimate that these industry weights are increasing in regional concentration and employment shares . We also fi nd evidence", "spans": [{"start": 1489, "end": 1520, "text": "detailed tariff data for the EU", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RINCIPLES , ASPECTS , LAWS & REGULATIONS < br > 14 | | | 4 . 1 | Main Principles of the RPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 | | | 4 . 2 | Legislation Related to Resettlement Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 | | | 4 . 3 | Expropriation of Land for Public Purposes and Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 | | 5 | RAP | PREPARATION , REVIEW AND APPROVAL < br > 20 | | | 5 . 1 | Step 1 : ULGDP Investment Project Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 | | | 5 . 2 | Steps 2 and 3 : Census Survey and Land Asset Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 | | | 5 . 3 | Step 4 : Development of the RAP or Abbreviated", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 819, "text": "Census Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 824, "end": 844, "text": "Land Asset Inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "c * d are provided . These average figures are hiding the fact , that an unknown number of customers are getting less water or no water at all ( reliable data are not available at present ) . Service coverage and quality are falling as a result of rapid urban migration , insufficient resources for operation , maintenance and new investments , and inadequate incentives for sector agencies to improve services . - 3 -", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 158, "text": "reliable data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Statistics Report 2014_ , Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government , Civil Registration Services , août 2015 . Les données reprises sont peut-être plus anciennes que les informations du DHS de 2014 au Kenya . 74 « The Government of Tanzania launches a new national birth registration system set to massively accelerate the number of children under 5 with birth certificates » , UNICEF , 23 juillet 2013 . 75 Shane Doyle , « Parish Baptism Registers , Vital Registration and Fixing Identities in Uganda » , Keith Breckenridge et Simon Szreter ( eds . ) , _Registration and Recognition : Documenting the Person in World History_ , ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) ; « Revitalization of Birth Registration in Uganda : Country Paper » , Ministry of Gender , Labour and Social Welfare , Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs , Uganda Bureau of Statistics , Population Secretariat , et UNICEF Kampala , présentation à l ’ Anglophone Africa Workshop on Birth Registration , 21-24 octobre 2002 , Kampala , Ouganda , disponible avec d ’ autres documents à l ’ adresse : https : / / unstats . un . org / unsd / vitalstatkb / KnowledgebaseArticle50865 . aspx . > 76 _The Registration of Persons Act 2015_ autorise pour la première fois la délivrance d ’ actes de naissance dans toutes les zones d ’ enregistrement . 77 Interview , UNICEF Kampala , août 2016 . 78 Rwanda DHS 2014-15 ; interview , UNICEF Rwanda , Kigali , 27 July 2016 ; point focal du gouvernement rwandais sur l ’ apatridie , « Comments on the Draft Study on Citizenship and Statelessness in EAC » , avril 2018 . 79 Law No . 32 / 2016 of 28 / 08 / 2016 Governing Persons and the Family , Section 100 . > 80 Comité sur les droits de l ' enfant", "spans": [{"start": 206, "end": 209, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1392, "end": 1410, "text": "Rwanda DHS 2014-15", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "authorities are determined to consolidate and expand the role of the Credit Reference Bureau . * * The establishment of the Credit Reference Bureau and concomitant biometric financial cards has been a major step to bridge the information gaps which have hampered further expansion of intermediation . The CRB covers all commercial banks , credit institutions and microfinance deposit taking institutions . The scope of the CRB has been expanded to include institutions outside of the financial sector . Data from utility providers can now be included in borrowers ‘ records as well as records from public institutions such as the Registrar of Companies and Courts . To engrain the use of financial cards , effective July 2010 , borrowers are required to have a financial card to be able to obtain a loan credit . As of September 2010 , more than 400 , 000 financial cards had been issued ( free of charge ) to borrowers . 86 . * * The authorities are preparing financial sector specific guidelines to protect participants in the financial sector and foster the credibility of the sector . * * The envisaged guidelines will introduce a set of rules and principles in line with international best practice , which will help to appropriately structure the relationship between provider and consumer . The guidelines will be grounded on four key principles , namely accountability , fairness , reliability and transparency . The authorities also expect that the consumer protection guidelines will dovetail with the substantial efforts being made to increase financial literacy across the country . A number of projects in both the public and private sectors have been 25", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 530, "text": "Data from utility providers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 585, "end": 617, "text": "records from public institutions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A . 2a . OLS regressions of agricultural productivity on female plot owner without control variables ( 2008 ) * * | | | * * Log [ Se * * < br > | * * lf-reported Pr * * < br > | * * oductivity ( X * * < br > | * * OF / ha ) ] * * < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) < br > All crops | ( 2 ) < br > Export < br > crops | ( 3 ) < br > Food crops | ( 4 ) < br > All crops | ( 5 ) < br > Export < br > crops | ( 6 ) < br > Food crops | | Female plot Owner | - 0 . 375 * * * | - 0 . 151 | - 0 . 429 * * * | - 0 . 309 * * * | 0 . 025 | - 0 . 406 * * * | | | ( 0 . 037 ) | ( 0 . 102 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 037 ) | ( 0 . 093 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | | Constant | 11 . 306 * * * | 11 . 277 * * * | 11 . 329 * * * | 11 . 458 * * * | 11 . 486 * * * | 11 . 470 * * * | | | ( 0 . 018 ) | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 021 ) | ( 0 . 103 ) | ( 0 . 176 ) | ( 0 . 109 ) | | Region fixed effect | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Adjusted R-squared | 0 . 011 | 0 . 001 | 0 . 018 | 0 . 067 | 0 . 079 | 0 . 093 | | * * % gap * * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Income Strategies Among Rural Households in Mexico : The Role of Off-farm Activities , _World Development_ 29 ( 3 ) , 467-480 . - Elbers , C . & P . Lanjouw , 2001 , Intersectoral Transfer , Growth , and Inequality in Rural Ecuador , _World Development_ 29 ( 3 ) , 481-496 . - Escobal , J . , 2001 , The Determinants of Nonfarm Income Diversification in Rural Peru , _World Development_ 29 ( 3 ) , 497-508 . FAO , 1998 , _The state of food and agriculture 1998_ ( Rome , FAO ) . - Goldstein , S . & A . Goldstein , 1991 , Rural industrialization and migration in the People ’ s Republic of China , _Social Science History_ 15 ( 3 ) , 289-314 . Greene , W . H . , 1997 , _Econometric Analysis_ ( New Jersey , Prentice-Hall International ) . Heckman , J . , 1979 , Sample selection bias as a specification error , _Econometrica_ 47 ( 1 ) , 153-161 . - Hussain , A . , P . Lanjouw & N . Stern , 1994 , Income Inequalities in China : Evidence from Household Survey Data , _World Development_ 22 ( 12 ) , 1947-1957 . - Islam , N . , 1997 , The non-farm sector and rural development – review of issues and evidence , _Food , Agriculture and the Environment Discussion Paper_ 22 , IFPRI , Washington D . C . - Khan , A . R . & C . Riskin , 2001 , _Inequality and Poverty in China in the Age of Globalization_ ( New York , Oxford University Press ) . - Kimhi , A . , 1994 , Quasi Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Multivariate Probit Models : Farm Couples ’ Labor Participation , _American Journal of Agricultural Economics_ 76 ( 4 ) , 828-835 . - Knight , J . & L . Song , 1993 , The spatial contribution to income inequality in rural China , _Cambridge Journal of Economics_ 17 , 195-213 . - Lachaud , J-P . , 1999 , Envois de fonds , inégalité et pauvreté au Burkina Faso , _Revue Tiers Monde_ 40 ( 160 ) , 793-827 . 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * In principle , place-based development programs can bring substantial advantages to firms ( Duranton and Venables , 2018 ) . The expectation is that firms in these zones would perform better because they would operate under better institutional arrangements , superior infrastructure , and benefit from other fiscal and non-fiscal incentives than their peers outside . Moreover , the urban economics literature emphasizes the returns from ” sharing , matching , and learning ” brought about through agglomeration effects ( Duranton and Puga , 2004 ) and improved matching between workers and firms through denser labor markets ( Moretti , 2010 ) . In practical terms , policymakers find it attractive to adopt zone programs , under a variety of names , for understandable reasons ( UNCTAD , 2019 ) . Firstly , initiatives targeting subnational regions or discrete local areas are easier to implement than national-level enabling environment reforms , especially in countries with weak institutional capacity . Secondly , they are less costly to adopt than upgrading industrial infrastructure on an economy-wide scale , and if their financing is shared with private developers , the government budget burden is reduced . Thirdly , they can serve as an effective tool to attract international investors , who typically shop around globally for better investment incentives . Despite the solid theoretical foundations supporting the advantages of spatial development programs , their real-world effectiveness is not assured . Global experiences with such programs have revealed potential pitfalls in their planning , development , and operation . These include costs stemming from inadequate strategic planning , a failure to adopt a demand-driven approach , neglect of critical market and government failures , a poor policy and regulatory environment , weak implementation capacity , and an inability to address environmental and social risks effectively ( Zeng , 2021 ) . As a result , the effectiveness of any given zone programs remains an empirical question . The contribution of this paper is that it provides some answers to this question drawing from a comprehensive and unique firm-level survey conducted across South Asian countries . While there has been ample empirical work focused on the efficacy of zone programs in economically advanced countries ( Neumark and Simpson ( 2015 ) provides", "spans": [{"start": 2209, "end": 2226, "text": "firm-level survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _4-é / _ * * _Va Social and Econolijic Illejlsjol , 1 , 1 . oje ( Icl_ * * _s \" ' _ * * _D , , I ) ( iilillelilfol-SOci ( IIPI ' 01 ( - ' CliotiaiidS - , iiiol-Cilize , 1Affail . s Afn , ualRepodandFinancialSfalemen1s_ _iýthefinancialyeai * emledJune30 , 2024_ * * AIIII ý-x 5 : 1 * * Sti * * III * * lila * * ryOf * * Fixed Assets Registet - < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ý1 , K < br > . 7 < br > 7r ; < br > Tråli port < br > 106 , 164 , < br > e tå lileilt < br > Offid , equipillent , 593 - 106 , 16 < br > filli ' lil re a i lid 113 , 835 , 11 , 803 , 125 63 4 , 593 < br > fittin s < br > 980 < br > 046 < br > 9 , 0ý6 < br > ICT-E tit inelit , 10 , 860 , 2 64 < br > 10 , 860 , < br > 264 < br > Total 230 , 860 , 837 11 , 803 , < br > 046 242 66 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 344, "text": "Fixed Assets Registet", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Note . Sampling weights used . T-tests of equality of means were conducted across men and women within each country . Only average shares are reported for the sake of clarity . Source : Own calculations based on Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey ( 2020-2023 ) ; Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey 2020-2024 ; Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey 2020-2021 . Datasets downloaded from https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / hfps / ? page = 1 & ps = 15 & repo = hfps on January 2 , 2024 # * * 4 . 2 . Employment status and career aspirations * * We estimate that overall , 25 percent of youths is employed as of May / June 2020 and 30 percent of them is not working in their ideal job . Nigeria and Ethiopia report the highest proportions of youths who are not currently engaged in their ideal work activity , accounting for 41 percent of youths in Ethiopia and 31 percent of youths in Nigeria . This share decreases to 10 percent in Malawi ( * * Table A2 in the Annex * * ) . Nonetheless , approximately 81 percent of youths believe they can achieve their dream job , with percentages ranging from 86 percent of youths in Ethiopia and Nigeria to 61 percent in Malawi ( * * Table A2 in the Annex * * ) . Furthermore , about 70 percent of youths know someone from their community who holds their desired occupation , ranging from 72 percent and 69 percent in Nigeria and Ethiopia respectively to 64 percent in Malawi ( * * Table A2 in the Annex * * ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 250, "text": "Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 267, "end": 303, "text": "Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 316, "end": 367, "text": "Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00936023 < br > ► Number of woredas | Source : ESAP Quart < br > 16 of the 19 ESAP w < br > Expansion was plan < br > with upgraded version of PASS ( < br > | erly Report # 27 ( July-Septemb < br > oredas were implementing JAP < br > ned but due to COVID , there ha < br > Number , Custom ) < br > | er 2018 ) < br > . This has since completed < br > s been no sector specific w < br > | . < br > ork on PSNP < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 93 . 00 | 326 . 00 | 431 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-Apr-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Source : FSCD Repo < br > This has been fully i < br > August 2020 ) and Af | rt < br > mplemented in all regions exce < br > ar ( completed at 72 % ) . | pt for Somali ( scheduled to | start software installation in | | IN00936024 < br > ► Design and impleme | ntation of ' Hydromet ' pilot ( Text , | Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 31", "spans": [{"start": 196, "end": 206, "text": "ESAP Quart", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 835, "end": 844, "text": "FSCD Repo", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may be a crude measure since it does not account for differences between cohorts at birth with growth of a cohort over its life cycle . It is obviously of interest to reexamine this relationship using a panel dataset in Africa . < sup > 16 < / sup > # * * 7 A Comparison with Survey Data * * Our strategy to measure and quantify the costs of misallocation was taken directly from the literature . In return to relying on strong assumptions , the methodology provides a clear benchmark of efficiency with which to confront the data and is relatively simple to apply . The real limitation is the availability of adequate data sources . In this section we perform the same exercise of measuring and computing the costs of misallocation from an alternative data source , the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys . First , we diagnose the differences between the two data sources exploring their implications for the firm size distribution . We show that there are significant deviations in the coverage of the full spectrum of firms in the ES for Ghana , where we find that large firms are over-represented relative to the Census . In Kenya , on the other hand , we find that the two distributions match up relatively closely . Then , we investigate the properties of the distribution of TFPQ and TFPR and compute counterfactual gains in productivity from the ES , in order to highlight differences with the results from the Census . In this case , we find that accounting for the true distribution of industrial value added share across manufacturing industries is essential for the patterns of misallocation and the aggregate gains in productivity from its reversal . Because the ES does not attempt to ensure representativeness at the 4-digit level in these countries , we use industrial weights from the Census . We find that when doing so , the ES depict a much less distorted economy with significantly lower gains from resource reallocation . We interpret this finding as indicative of the importance of counting with a database that properly accounts for the real distribution of value added shares in the economy . # # * * 7 . 1 Firm-Size Distribution : Survey vs Census", "spans": [{"start": 203, "end": 226, "text": "panel dataset in Africa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 276, "end": 287, "text": "Survey Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 804, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1773, "end": 1807, "text": "industrial weights from the Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "asis for Conclusion * * # # # * * 1 . Payment of Claims * * The statement of receipt and payments showed acquisition of non-financial assets of Kshs . 1 , 398 , 366 , 928 . Included in this amount is Kshs . 697 , 327 , 832 paid for Construction and Civil Works as disclosed under Note * * 8 * * to the financial statement . Examination of payment vouchers provided for audit for Lot * * 1 , * * Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project for the financial year 2023 / 2024 revealed that the project had paid a total accumulated amount of Kshs . 214 , 801 , 257 . 82 as claims made * * by * * the contractor for idle time . The * * Ag . * * Director , Irrigation and Drainage in a letter ref : * * MWSI / SDI / PS / 32 * * dated * * 5 * * December , * * 2023 * * stated that the progress of works was hindered due to delayed land _Report of the Auditor-General on Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project ( Grant No . _ * * _TFOAO761A_ * * _and Credit No . _ * * _5268 / 5674 / 7423-KE ) _ * * _for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , 2024_ * * _-_ * * _State Department for Irrigation_ * * 3 * *", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 355, "text": "payment vouchers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Carleton , T . A . , and S . M . Hsiang . 2016 . “ Social and Economic Impacts of Climate . ” _Science_ 353 ( 6304 ) : aad9837 . Carter , M . R . , P . D . Little , T . Mogues , and W . Negatu . 2007 . “ Poverty Traps and Natural Disasters in Ethiopia and Honduras . ” _World Development_ 35 ( 5 ) : 835 – 56 . Currie , J . D . , Olivier . 2016 . “ Children and Climate Change : Introducing the Issue . ” _The Future of Children_ 26 ( 1 ) : 3 – 9 . Dang , H . - A . H . , S . Hallegatte , and T . - A . Trinh . 2023 . “ Does Global Warming Worsen Poverty and Inequality ? An Updated Review . ” _SSRN Electronic Journal_ . Deaton , A . 2007 . “ Height , Health , and Development . ” _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ 104 ( 33 ) : 13232 – 37 . Deuchert , E . , and C . Felfe . 2015 . “ The Tempest : Short-and Long-Term Consequences of a Natural Disaster for Children ’ s Development . ” _European Economic Review_ 80 : 280 – 94 . Duque , V . , M . Rosales-Rueda , and F . Sanchez . 2018 . “ How Do Early-Life Shocks Interact with Subsequent Human-Capital Investments ? Evidence from Administrative Data . ” In _IZA World of Labor Conference_ . Frankenberg , E . , B . Sikoki , C . Sumantri , W . Suriastini , and D . Thomas . 2013 . “ Education , Vulnerability , and Resilience after a Natural Disaster . ” _Ecology and Society : A Journal of Integrative Science for Resilience and Sustainability_ 18 ( 2 ) : 16 . Hallegatte , S . R . , Jun ; Rozenberg , Julie . 2019 . _Lifelines : The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity_ . Washington , DC : World Bank . Hallegatte , S . , A . Vogt-Schilb , J . Rozenberg , M . Bangalore , and C . Beaudet . 2020 . “ From Poverty to Disaster and Back", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1117, "text": "Administrative Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * conservation concern may be secretive and nocturnal , searching for mammal traits such as fecal matter , feeding signs , footprints , and burrows was an important part of the field surveys . Mammal tracks were mostly looked for on the wet or muddy areas near ponds and streams where animals come to feed or drink . In addition , local people encountered near the park were contacted , and an inquiry was made into the mammals encountered in their day-to-day work , with most of the mammal names given in the local names . In addition , UWA rangers further provided information on the mammal species that frequent the proposed project area . Mammals were classified into two categories : small mammals to include only rodents , shrews , and bats , and medium to large-sized mammals . These methods are usually adopted in surveys of small , medium , and large-sized mammals , although they are more efficient with the latter two . Data from each of these methods were noted as encountered at survey locations . The conservation status for each mammal recorded was evaluated using the IUCN Red List ( 2021 ) and the Red List of Uganda ’ s Nationally Threatened Species ( WCS , 2016 ) . In these resources , species are assessed as to whether they are CR – Critically Endangered , EN – Endangered , VU – Vulnerable , NT - Near-Threatened , NE – Not Evaluated , LC - Least Concern or DD - Data Deficient . The use of both direct and indirect methods allowed for a more comprehensive and accurate survey of the mammal species present in Queen Elizabeth National Park . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . 2 Herptiles ( Reptiles and Amphibians ) * * The Visual Encounter Survey ( VES ) method was used to search for Herptiles in the study area from 30 . 04 . 2023-04 . 05 . 2023 . To increase the chances of finding animals and cover", "spans": [{"start": 1134, "end": 1147, "text": "IUCN Red List", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1165, "end": 1217, "text": "Red List of Uganda ’ s Nationally Threatened Species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Value : | * * veterinary schools reviewed * * < br > 0 < br > 3 < br > 3 | | - - - | - - - | | Date : | 31-Dec-2009 < br > 31-Dec-2009 < br > 31-Dec-2013 | | Comments : | There are three institutions covered which are offering certificates , diplomas and degrees . < br > Allcurriculareviewed by a consultingfirmandfinal report presented toMAAIF . | | * * Indicator : * * < br > Value : | * * Number of sero-prevalence surveys of HPAI and emerging zoonotic diseases * * < br > 0 < br > 6 < br > 8 | | Date : | 31-Dec-2009 < br > 31-Dec-2009 < br > 31-Dec-2013 | | Comments : | Surveys have been undertaken for HPAI and other non-zonootic diseases e . g . Pestes des < br > Petits Ruminants , Foot-and-Mouth Disease , Anthrax , and Contagious Bovine < br > Pleuropneumonia | | * * Indicator : * * | * * Full diagnostic competence at MAAIF veterinary laboratory for HPAI differential * * < br > * * diagnosis * * | | Value : | None < br > Full < br > Partial | | Date : | 31-Dec-2009 < br > 31-Dec-2009 < br > 31-Dec-2013 | | Comments : | Full diagnostic competence will be achieved after the recently completed BSL-3 < br > laboratoryisfully operational | | * * Indicator : : * * | * * Five high risk districts with active community based surveillance system * * | | Value : | 0 < br > 5 < br > 2 | | Date : | 31-Dec-2009 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 428, "text": "sero-prevalence surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up the use of the Geo-Enabling initiative for Monitoring and Supervision ( GEMS ) to track subproject locations and progress . Iterative Beneficiary Monitoring ( IBM ) will be introduced to gather regular feedback from a large sample of beneficiaries though phone-based surveys . A third-party monitoring ( TPM ) agency will be recruited for HROC areas . - c . _Evaluation_ . ( a ) project baseline status to be documented through the end-of-project evaluation for Phase I _woredas_ and a baseline study for the new _woredas_ ; ( b ) mid-term review ; and ( c ) end of project review . A quasiexperimental evaluation design will be utilized for before-after / treatment-control comparison . 82 . * * Learning activities will be expanded under Phase II * * . Reflecting the progress made over the last five years in the policy environment for refugee inclusion , this component will include technical support on development responses to forced displacement for RRS , the agency in charge of managing and coordinating refugee responses . Activities are defined in a capacity-building plan prepared jointly by the World Bank and RRS , with support from the MoA . The project will support RRS to organize a series of high-level , whole-of-government national policy dialogue sessions on development responses to forced displacement and implementation of the government ’ s GCR commitments . This activity recognizes that implementing the progressive policies requires broad-based awareness and buy-in from multiple government agencies . DRDIP support is intended to galvanize political commitment and reinforce policy commitments by bringing together stakeholders to share experience and prepare implementation plans on refugee inclusion and strengthening the humanitarian-development nexus . Learning activities will complement capacitybuilding support for all the DRDIP countries being provided by IGAD under both the current DRDIP operations ( P152822 and P161067 ) . # # * * Component 5 : Contingent Emergency Response ( US", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 72, "text": "Geo-Enabling initiative for Monitoring and Supervision", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 258, "end": 277, "text": "phone-based surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital Foundations Project ( P171034 ) 20 plus individual consultant contracts has been delayed by the Ministry of Finance freeze . This is having a negative impact on implementation , particularly in EthERNet , the research and eduation network , and the National ID Project ( NIDP ) * * Disbursement Conditions * * . Although the project was declared effective in July 2021 , there has been a delay in meeting the disbursement condition that relates to component 3 on digital entrepreneurship . This may require a restructuring of the sub-component to remove the planned use of matching grants as there are some questions as to whether or not current Government legislation allows this . # * * Risks * * # * * Systematic Operations Risk-rating Tool * * | Risk Category | Rating at Approval | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Political and Governance |  High |  High |  High | | Macroeconomic |  Substantial |  High |  High | | Sector Strategies and Policies |  High |  Substantial |  High | | Technical Design of Project or Program |  Moderate |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Institutional Capacity for Implementation and < br > Sustainability |  Substantial |  Substantial |  Substantial | | Fiduciary |  Substantial |  Substantial |  Substantial | | Environment and Social |  Moderate |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Stakeholders |  Moderate |  Moderate |  Moderate | | Other |  Substantial |  High |  Substantial | | Overall |  High |  High |  High | | * * Results * * | | | | # * * PDO Indicators", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Sweden . To document this , the authors use the FLYDATA , which offers detailed information on all refugees who received a residence permit between 1987 and 1991 . Data on labor market outcomes come from the Sweden Longitudinal Individual Study . The authors are thus able to follow individuals over time until 1998 . In comparing refugees entering Sweden during an economic boom and during severe and unexpected recession , the authors show that high unemployment rates at arrival have negative effects for at least ten years . Aksoy et al . ( 2020 ) focus on refugees who arrived in Germany between 2013 and 2016 and were subsequently interviewed in the framework of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP survey . The authors examine the role of labor market conditions and attitudes towards migrants at the time of refugees ’ arrival . Their identification relies on the quasi-random allocation of refugees across counties . They find that high unemployment rates at arrival predicts future lower employment rates , lower earnings , and lower human capital investment . Conversely , positive attitudes towards migrants promote economic and social integration . Furthermore , integration outcomes are equally affected by both factors . Another stream of the literature has examined the role of spatial concentration of co-ethnics , and how this affects refugees ’ pattern of integration in society . Specifically , existing studies have examined residential integration by focusing on the size of the ethnic enclaves . In the sociological literature , early descriptive studies examined segregation through the enclave setting and its role in shaping the integration of migrants into the labor market of the host country ( e . g . , Wilson and Portes ( 1980 ) ; Sanders and Nee ( 1987 ) ; Massey and Denton ( 1988 ) ) . More recently , in the economics literature , Edin et al . ( 2003 ) look at the impacts of living in ethnic enclaves on the labor market outcome for refugees in Sweden . They rely on the placement > 16 . For example , a few studies have examined the role of employment bans . Fasani et al . ( 2020a ) investigate the medium to long-term effect of temporary employment bans on labor market outcomes for refugees in 19", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 58, "text": "FLYDATA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 211, "end": 247, "text": "Sweden Longitudinal Individual Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 676, "end": 696, "text": "IAB-BAMF-SOEP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The price , PINTA ( A ) is used in the producer ’ s first order condition over the intermediate aggregate input and the primary factor aggregate input . The original SAM data does not include a rebate account . Taxes paid by the activity to the government are net of subsidies . The rebate is a subsidy on the use of intermediate inputs . When we use rebates explicitly in the model , the tax payment from the activity to the government must be adjusted upward to add back in the subsidy payment . The indirect tax rate , ta ( A ) , must be recomputed to take into account the adjustment to the SAM . The value added tax revenue paid to the government ( VATREV ) becomes : Much of the analysis of tax policy reform depends on the initial tax rates in the base data . We use the following tax rates as found in the SAM for South Africa : 8", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 174, "text": "SAM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Orig . Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P149718 | IDA-57170 | Effective | 10-Sep-2015 | 02-Oct-2015 | 10-Feb-2016 | 31-Dec-2020 | - - | # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * # # #  DLI 1 : Implement an integrated program of economic surveys to fill National Accounts source data gaps ( Text ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | National Accounts source < br > data incomplete and partly < br > outdated | - - | | DLR 1 . 1 ( “ Micro and Small < br > Enterprise ( MSE ) survey < br > conducted , report produced and < br > available online ” ) : This activity is < br > on track . Fieldwork has been < br > completed . Work on the data < br > cleaning and report writing is now < br > ongoing . The milestone is on < br > track for achievement and < br > verification in September 2016 . | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | - - | | 06-Jun-2016 | # # Comments The 4 DLRs under DLI 1 are : ( 1 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 645, "text": "National Accounts source data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 894, "end": 919, "text": "Enterprise ( MSE ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix A7 : Sentiment and FDI Inflows The following section investigates the effect of international sentiment and discussions on FDI inflows to the GCC countries . The analysis is particularly important today as more and more GCC countries engage in reforms targeted toward improving FDI . We perform our analysis using a panel of all six GCC countries over the period 2000-2020 . We include a set of macroeconomic and structural variables in our estimation based on the existing literature . Data on GDP growth , inflation , FDI inflows , and trade openness are obtained from the World Development Indicators database ; data on six institutional quality indices are obtained from the World Governance Indicators database . Using the data described above , we estimate the following equation : R R The dependent variable in all specifications is FDI inflows as a percentage of lagged GDP . Our main FFDDIIiiIIRRvvRRwwppii , tt = ααii + ββtt + λλR λλRRIIiiaaii , tt + XXii , tt + εεii , tt variables of interest are a group of reform media variables ( international reform chatter , international reform sentiment , Twitter reform intensity , and Twitter reform sentiment ) . Each of these variables is standardized to have zero mean and unit variance in the regression . The construction of these variables is described in the main text . In addition , we control for GDP growth , inflation , trade openness , and institutional quality in all regressions . We consider the latter to be a good proxy for the attractiveness of a country for FDI investors . Finally , we include country and time fixed effects — the former control for unobserved , country-specific , and time-invariant differences in FDI attractiveness across the GCC countries . Time fixed effects capture the effects of any large shocks ( e . g . , Global Financial Crisis , Arab Spring ) on FDI attractiveness across all countries . Our main results on FDI inflows using news media are presented in Table A7 . 1 . The results from Column 3 suggest that sentiment about GCC economic reforms in international media is significantly and robustly correlated with the level of FDI inflows . Moreover , the size of this effect is economically significant : one", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 623, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 690, "end": 726, "text": "World Governance Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > * * CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC * * # # # Protection risks Following the outbreak of the crisis in mid-April 2023 in Sudan , UNHCR and its partners have conducted regular protection monitoring activities in the main areas of arrival through its interagency and crossborder protection monitoring systems ( _Project 21_ ) , as well as through a periodical direct presence at the border areas in Am-Dafouk . Up to August 2023 , a total of 975 households ( 69 percent refugees and 31 percent refugees returnees ) have been consulted in Birao ( Vakaga prefecture ) , Ndélé ( BaminguiBangoran prefecture ) and Sam Ouandja ( Haute-Kotto prefecture ) to detect various protection risks and needs , both those encountered during the journey and while crossing the border , as well as protection risks and needs currently faced in the hosting community . UNHCR is further expanding protection monitoring activities , including through the support of community-based structures and outreach mechanisms , in areas of refugee arrivals along the border , within the Korsi area in Birao , and in other key locations where Sudanese refugees have settled such as Ndélé and Sam Ouandja cities . * * Security and safety . * * The safety and security of the newly arrived refugee population remains a paramount risk , particularly considering the overwhelming presence of women , children and older person , and the significant number of individuals still residing in insecure border areas . A population already significantly affected by the acute violence directly suffered or witnessed in areas of origin , and by episodes of harassment and extortion during their journey to safety , continues to be exposed to the risk of attacks , sexual violence , forced recruitment due to their proximity to porous and non-securitised border areas . At the same time , the remoteness of other settlement areas and the general weakness of rule of law mechanisms and law enforcement actors triggers physical protection risks also in other settlement areas , equally affecting refugees , returnees , and", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 318, "text": "interagency and crossborder protection monitoring systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector by 1 . 06 - 1 . 14 percentage points whereas the shares of agriculture and manufacturing decline , respectively , by 0 . 65 - 0 . 7 and 0 . 42 - 0 . 43 percentage points over the period 1970 – 2006 . Almost one-third of the observed increase in GDP per capita is explained by the expansion of electricity infrastructure , which is a relatively high estimate . Turning to India , Rud ( 2012 ) analyzes the effect of electricity provision on industrialization between 1965 and 1984 , by using the introduction of a new irrigation technology as a natural experiment . Agricultural productivity is linked with timely irrigation that could be cheaply supplied by electrified pump sets . As the demand for these irrigation technologies increases , so does the demand for electricity . Hence , the availability of groundwater explains the divergence in electricity network expansion and hence industrial outcomes . The author finds that electrification has a larger impact on industrialization than groundwater availability . An increase of one standard deviation in the measure of electrification is associated with an increase of around 14 percent in manufacturing output for a state at the mean of the distribution . In addition , network expansion encourages the entry of small firms . These results suggest that the expansion of electricity networks could be used as a means of promoting industrial development , although the effectiveness of electrification will depend on the presence of other development constraints , such as lack of transport infrastructure . Using panel data of rural Ethiopian villages , Fried and Lagakos ( 2021 ) show that rural electrification not only facilitates structural change but also alters migration patterns by slowing out-migration from rural villages . Non-electrified villages are 2 . 3 percent less likely to receive migrants , while electrified villages are 7 . 0 percent more likely . Similarly , non-electrified villages are 4 . 7 percent more likely to be net senders of migrants , while electrified villages are a dramatic 20 . 9 percent less likely to be net senders of migrants . Electrification also lowers market entry costs for firms , increasing competition , and forcing unproductive firms to exit more often . Kassem ( 2021 ) studies the", "spans": [{"start": 1576, "end": 1614, "text": "panel data of rural Ethiopian villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- iii ) Children aged 17 and younger engaged in activities that are designated as “ _hazardous ” _ ( affecting the child ’ s safety , physical and mental development ) or the “ _worst forms of child labor ” _ ( e . g . children in bondage or forced labor , commercial sexual exploitation , illicit activities and armed conflict , among others ) . Based on these definitions , ILO ( 2013 ) estimates that there were 264 million children ages 5 to 17 engaged in an economic activity in the world ( 16 . 7 percent ) , of which 168 million children were involved in child labor . About 51 percent of child laborers ( 85 . 3 million ) were engaged in hazardous work . Academic researchers , however , rarely measure child labor following the ICLS resolution outlined above . The child labor literature often uses the terms “ _child labor ” _ and “ _children engaged in productive activities ” _ interchangeably . Moreover , there is considerable heterogeneity in the types of productive activities considered in this literature : some papers define children in wage work as child laborers while others include children engaged in any economic activity for the market ( paid or unpaid ) or even household chores . The challenge of using wage work as an indicator for child labor is that many children working outside the household are not paid . However , not all forms of unpaid activities are considered detrimental to children ’ s development . For that reason , some studies apply an hour limit to the number of domestic hours a child works to consider activities where children regularly participate ( Edmonds 2008 ) . There is also variation in the reference period applied in these studies . Some studies look at work in the 7 days prior to the household survey while other studies focus on work in the past one or twelve months . This heterogeneity complicates the comparison of program effects across studies . We report the definition and reference time used in each paper ( when available ) in our review ; we also use child labor and children engaged in an economic activity interchangeably throughout the paper . It is important", "spans": [{"start": 1746, "end": 1762, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER # * * The World Bank * * | Collection | | | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | * * Share of targeted schools implementing School Improvement Plan ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | Measures theproportion of schools that have implemented their SIPs and demonstrated improvements in schoolperformance , as agreed with the Bank . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , SIP Records , Audit report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The percentage is calculated by dividing the number of schools that implemented their SIP by the number of schools that received the correct amount of < br > the schoolgrant . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * REVISED * * * * Students with Special Needs in the Inclusive Education Resource Centerand satellite schools ( Number ) DLI * * | | Description | Tracks the number of children with disabilities and special needs ( including students with SEN , in host community , refugee and newly integrated refugee < br > schools ) enrolled * * in pre-primary and primary education supported through * * Inclusive Education Resource Centers ( IERCs ) and satellite schools that meet < br > standards established under GEQIP-E for staffing and equipment . It measures both the students at the newly established IERCs and existing IERCs with < br > upgraded facilities . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Special Education Needs Data Reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The indicator is measured by calculating the number of children with disabilities and special needs enrolled in * * pre-primary and primary supported through * * < br > functional Inclusive Education Resource Centers", "spans": [{"start": 1562, "end": 1598, "text": "Special Education Needs Data Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government has assumed full leadership of the process , establishing a government-led multi-stakeholder CRRF Steering Group . This brings together humanitarian and development actors , local governments and authorities , refugees and the private sector to engage and provide guidance on refugee affairs . The CRRF Steering Group mobilizes support from humanitarian and development actors , including civil society and the private sector . Key partnerships have also been established with multilateral donors such as the World Bank to support the socio-economic development of refugee-hosting districts . # # # NOTES - 1 ‘ Service authority ’ refers to the enabling environment where sector policy and strategy are set , standards of service delivery are defined and finance mechanisms are put in place . It should also ensure that effective coordination , regulation and planning take place at national and local levels . These functions are designed to support and provide clarity to service providers . - 2 The terms ‘ service delivery ’ and ‘ service provider ’ refer to the day-to-day management functions that are performed to maintain an agreed standard of WASH services . Typically , the service provider function may be fulfilled by a water utility , a private operator or a community management structure . - 3 In its simplest form , the term ‘ sustainability ’ refers to whether WASH services remain permanent and lasting and continue to function indefinitely . - 4 UNHCR Ethiopia refugee figures , July 2018 . - 5 The CRRF was laid out in the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants , which was adopted by all 193 Member States of the United Nations in September 2016 . See http : / / www . unhcr . org / uk / comprehensive-refugee-response-framework-crrf . html and http : / / www . globalcrrf . org / - 6 bid . - 7 Ibid . - 8 Ibid . - 9 Ibid . - 10 Ibid . - 11 See http : / / www . globalcrrf . org / crrf_country / uga / Water , Sanitation and Hygiene in", "spans": [{"start": 1476, "end": 1506, "text": "UNHCR Ethiopia refugee figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2022 ) . # # # * * 2 . 4 Access to civil registration and documentation * * The < u > 2017 Decree Governing the Fundamental Rights of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers < / u > governing the fundamental rights of refugees and asylum-seekers continues to provide for asylum-seekers to be issued with a six-month attestation delivered by ONARS and renewable , and refugees are issued with a national identity card delivered by the Ministry of Interior . The national identification documents also serve as authorization to stay and work in Djibouti . ONARS remained responsible for registering asylum-seekers and refugees with robust support from UNHCR . Furthermore , UNHCR has continued to prepare the asylumseekers ’ attestations and refugee ID cards to be distributed by ONARS to refugees and asylumseekers . It ’ s worth noting that refugee ID cards do not contain any national identification number , as is typically found on national identity cards issued by the Ministry of the Interior to nationals . Over the past three years , refugees and asylum-seekers have encountered challenges regarding the recognition and respect of their documents by authorities , at times leading to arrests and detentions by law enforcement officials . Some of these incidents stem from issues with the validity of their documentation , which had expired . There is also a notable lack of recognition for these identification documents by both national and sub-national authorities , as well as within the private sector . To address these issues in line with relevant national legislation , it is imperative that refugees are provided with national identity cards containing the national identification number issued by the competent authority within the Ministry of the Interior . In January 2019 , < u > Law No . 39 / AN / 19 / 8ème L < / u > on the identification of individuals , creation of the national identification number , and establishment of a national register was enacted in Djibouti . Article 5 of this 2019 Law also provides for access to the national identification number for any foreigner residing regularly on Djiboutian territory . This includes refugees", "spans": [{"start": 1937, "end": 1954, "text": "national register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "international migrants . _Journal of Development Economics 95_ ( 1 ) , 42 – 57 . - Gross , D . M . and N . Schmitt ( 2003 ) . The role of cultural clustering in attracting new immigrants . _Journal of Regional Science 43_ ( 2 ) , 295 – 318 . - Hatton , T . ( 2005 , November ) . Explaining trends in UK immigration . _Journal of Population Economics 18_ ( 4 ) , 719 – 740 . - Mattoo , A . , N . Rocha , and M . Ruta ( 2020 ) . _Handbook of deep trade agreements_ . World Bank Publications . - Mayda , A . ( 2010 , September ) . International migration : a panel data analysis of the determinants of bilateral flows . _Journal of Population Economics 23_ ( 4 ) , 1249 – 1274 . - McFadden , D . ( 1973 ) . Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behaviour . In P . Zarembka ( Ed . ) , _Frontiers in Econometrics_ , pp . 105 – 142 . New York , NY , USA : Academic Press New York . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "associated with the dependence on agricultural export growth as well as political events . For example , in 1956 a new constitution was drawn up and in 1963 Guatemala was preparing to enter into the Central American Common Market ( MCCA ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > At first sight , Figure 1 suggests that the civil war ’ s guerilla activities — starting around 1960 — appeared to have an impact only on short-run growth . However , the later growth accounting exercise suggests that , indeed , the trend growth of total factor productivity ( TFP ) was negatively affected by the civil strife from the beginning . * * Figure 1 . Guatemala : Economic Growth , Social Conflict and Politics , 1951-2003 * * ( growth rates in percent ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 < br > 1963 : Central American Common Market < br > ( MCCA ) and coup d ‘ état < br > 8 < br > 1956 : New constitution Since 1977 : Explosion of the internal < br > conflict into a full-scale civil war < br > 6 < br > = Presidential elections < br > 4 < br > 1967 : Counterinsurgency < br > guerilla operations < br > 2 < br > 1975 : Second oil crisis < br > 1954 : Military-backed coup d ‘ état < br > 1985 : Transition to civilian rule < br > 0 < br > 1964-1965 : Urban < br > 1957 : Murder of C . Armas guerilla activities < br > - 2 < br > 1962 : Student revolts “ Jornadas < br > 1960 : Beginning of the civil strife de Marzo y Abril ” 1982 : Peak of the internal military < br > conflict under General R . Montt < br > - 4 < br > 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Author ’ s elaboration based on data from Banco de Guatemala . Data for 2002 ( 2003 ) is GDP growth preliminary ( estimated ) . Historical events", "spans": [{"start": 1620, "end": 1648, "text": "data from Banco de Guatemala", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are used to maintain up-to-date information . - Develop a tracing data-base , entering each unaccompanied minor , with digital photographs ( front and side shots ) of each unaccompanied minor . - Each month , print a booklet of unaccompanied minors with the photographs of those identified . The booklet was distributed to all the camps in the country to facilitate inter-camp family reunification . When security permitted , the booklet was also distributed in the country of origin to facilitate cross-border reunifications . Parents missing children browse through the booklets looking for their children . - Verification procedures established to prevent mistaken or fraudulent reunifications . # # # # # # * * Challenges in Implementation : * * - The involved agencies often moved forward at different speeds . - Cross-border tracing was difficult due to insecurity in the regions of origin . - Inadequate resources . _H13_", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 75, "text": "tracing data-base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "28 lower than those of operating unofficially . Hence , the official liberalization effort has to be sufficiently bold ( and credible ) so as to lower expected official costs of doing business to a level below those of operating unofficially . Small liberalizing steps will affect only the marginal unofficial activity and , in addition , will generally undermine the credibility of the reformns in the eyes of economic agents . Consequently , partial or gradual liberalization is not an effective policy-making approach , particularly where there is a large unofficial economy . < sup > 2 7 < / sup > The most visible ( and aggregate ) economic liberalization measures , such as removal of price ceilings and export quotas , while necessary , are insufficient in themselves to sufficiently lower the cost of operating unofficially . Deregulation , at both the micro and regional levels , is also required in order to address issues of harassment and the costs of discretionary enforcement of old regulations and laws ( licenses , health and fire inspections , etc . ) . Thus , the concept of full economic liberalization should include deregulation as an integral component . # 3 . * * Macroeconomic Stability * * The Ukrainian entrepreneurs ' survey responses point to macroeconomic stability ( and very low inflation ) as one priority in ensuring that they operate more effectively , and officially . Lax budgetary and monetary policies , and the resulting high inflation , raise the expected benefits of unofficial activities and reduce their perceived risks and costs . Furthermore , they increase the costs of operating officially . Budgetary and credit handouts breed vested interests , which further fuel and perpetuate unofficial income flows , domestically and abroad . For instance , it appears evident that in Russia the episodes of large expansion of credit in 1992-93 , which were channeled by the central bank into many large state enterprises , were also associated with a very significant ( multibillion dollar ) capital flight abroad . Lax monetary policies and high inflation cloud financial accounting , making it easier to distort official reports . At the same time , they reduce the probability of getting caught ( or of proving illegal behavior ) . Since domestic currency", "spans": [{"start": 1219, "end": 1251, "text": "Ukrainian entrepreneurs ' survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Climate trend analyses show that since the mid-1970s summer rainfall decreased by 10 − 20 percent across parts of the country < sup > 116 < / sup > and droughts have become more frequent and widespread in South Sudan since the 1960s . < sup > 117 < / sup > With average annual temperature across South Sudan expected to increase by approximately 1 − 1 . 5 ° C by 2060 , extreme heat days and prolonged dry spells will become more likely under future climate conditions . < sup > 118 < / sup > Local observations substantiate these trends : as indicated in the South Sudan ’ s State of the Environment Report , farmers have already noticed the delayed onset of rains and longer dry > 112 EM-DAT . 2020 . “ Emergency Events Database , Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters ( CRED ) . ” > 113 USAID . 2019 . “ South Sudan Climate Vulnerability Profile . ” > 114 Consequently , data are based on global observations . cf . Global Risk Data Platform , United Nations Environment Programme-Global Resource Information Database , or FATHOM . > 115 Fernando , N . , and W . Garvey . 201 ) . _Republic of South Sudan – The Rapid Water Sector Needs Assessment and a Way Forward_ . World Bank . UNEP . 2018 . _South Sudan First State of the Environment and Outlook Report_ . > 116 Funk , et al . 2011 . ” A Climate Trend Analysis of South Sudan . ” U . S . Department of the Interior / U . S . Geological Survey , Fact Sheet 2011-3072 , June . > 117 USAID . 2019 . “ South Sudan Climate Vulnerability Profile . ” p . 2 . > 118 USAID . 2016 . “ South Sudan Climate Change Risk Profile . ” Fact Sheet . Page 85 of 94", "spans": [{"start": 707, "end": 732, "text": "Emergency Events Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 936, "end": 961, "text": "Global Risk Data Platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1043, "end": 1049, "text": "FATHOM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < mark > Pre-registration < / mark > * * < mark > We prospectively registered a protocol of our analysis in the Center for Open Science ( OSF ) on 10 February 2023 ( https : / / osf . io / jcp2b ) . < / mark > # * * < mark > References < / mark > * * < mark > Agostinelli , F . , Doepke , M . , Sorrenti , G . , Zilibotti , F . ( 2022 ) . When the great equalizer shuts down : Schools , peers , and parents in pandemic times . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Public Economics < / mark > _ < mark > 206 104574 . < / mark > < mark > Angrist , N . , Djankov , S . , Goldberg , P . K . , Patrinos , H . A . ( 2021 ) . Measuring human capital using global learning data . < / mark > _ < mark > Nature < / mark > _ < mark > 592 ( 7854 ) : 403-408 . < / mark > < mark > Angrist , N . , Djankov , S . , Goldberg , P . , Patrinos , H . ( 2022 ) . Mapping the Global Learning Crisis : Despite record enrollments in school worldwide , learning is limited . < / mark > _ < mark > Education Next < / mark > _ < mark > 22 ( 2 ) : 50-56 . < / mark > Azevedo , J . P . , Hasan , A . , Goldemberg , D . , Geven , K . , Iqbal , S . A . ( 2021 ) . Simulating the potential impacts of COVID-19 school closures on schooling and learning outcomes : A set of global estimates . _The World Bank Research Observer_ 36 ( 1 ) : 1-40 . Belot , M . , Webbink , D . ( 2010 ) . Do Teacher Strikes Harm Educational Attainment of Students ? _Labour_ 24 ( 4 ) : 391 – 406 . Betthäuser , B . A . , Bach-Mortensen , A . M . ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "orio de otro Estado Parte e introdujo el novedoso criterio de “ nacionalidad ” como fundamento para de las solicitudes de residencia . Si bien el Acuerdo entró formalmente en vigencia en 2009 , < sup > 13 < / sup > Argentina incorporó el criterio de nacionalidad en la Ley de Migraciones ( N ° 25 . 871 ) promulgada en enero de 2004 . Efectivamente , el artículo 23 inc . l ) de la ley argentina establece que los ciudadanos nativos de Estados Parte del Mercosur y Asociados pueden solicitar la residencia temporaria por dos años , prorrogable , con entradas y salidas múltiples . Se trata de un tipo de residencia que permite trabajar y otorga documento de identidad argentino . A su vencimiento , y cumplimentando relativamente pocas exigencias documentarias , las personas pueden solicitar la residencia permanente , que da acceso también a un acotado conjunto de derechos políticos en los niveles municipal y provincial ( en algunas jurisdicciones ) . En virtud del criterio de “ nacionalidad Mercosur ” , entre 2004 y 2018 se otorgaron aproximadamente 1 . 250 . 000 residencias temporarias a personas provenientes principalmente de Paraguay , Bolivia y Perú ( DNM , 2014 y 2018 ) . Además , en el mismo período se otorgaron más de un millón de residencias permanentes , gran parte de ellas a quienes habían obtenido previamente una residencia temporaria . Es decir que a partir de 2004 , quienes provenían de países del Mercosur", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year / period ended June * * 30 , 2019 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . Chief Registrar of the Judiciary and the Project Coordinator for The Judicial Performance Improvement project further confirm the . completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Chief Registrar of the Judiciary and the Project Coordinator for The Judicial Performance Improvement project confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . * * Approval of the * * Project financial statements The Project financial statements were approved * * by * * the Chief Registrar of the Judiciary and the Project Coordinator for The Judicial Performance Improvement project on * * J * * ' : \\ a * * 2019 * * and signed * * by * * them . dief Registrar of the Judiciary Project Coord or Project Accountant : Anne . * * A . * * Amadi Nancy Kanyago Mary Muchoki ICPAK Member Number * * 6621 * * * * V * *", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 337, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "operation to the on-going CDP II project and would have the same financial management structure . To manage the project effectively , a Special Account would be maintained in a commercial bank under terms and conditions acceptable to IDA . Disbursements would be based on traditional disbursement methods including direct payments and special commitments with full documentation , reimbursements and replenishments to the Special Account with full documentation and / or statements of expenditures . The project accounts would be audited annually by an independent auditor acceptable to IDA under terms of reference acceptable to IDA . # # # _Financial Management Assessment : _ The financial management responsibility would lie with PECDAR which has an impressive track record for IDA-financed projects since 1993 . The Financial Management Assessment concluded the following : ( i ) PECDAR has in place an adequate financial management system ( FMS ) with adequate level of computerization ; ( ii ) accounting policies and procedures are documented in a financial manual and strictly enforced ; ( iii ) all project accounting and reporting follow international accounting standards ; ( iv ) the internal control system is adequate and there is proper segregation of duties among incompatible functions ; ( v ) accounting records are maintained properly on chronological basis with clear reference to the fund , donor , and are up-to-date ; ( vi ) the accounting manual is distributed and used by all staff ; ( vii ) PECDAR ' s finance department is adequately staffed with well qualified financial and accounting specialists ; and ( viii ) the computer - 43 -", "spans": [{"start": 1312, "end": 1330, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) Report Kisumu Ndogo Informal Settlement in Mombasa County - North Mainland of Mombasa Town # # # # * * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * * # # # # * * < u > Project Information < / u > * * The Ministry of Transport , Infrastructure , Housing and Urban Development ( MTIHUD ) is implementing the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project ( KISIP ) in 14 counties in Kenya . The overall objective of KISIP is to improve living conditions within informal settlements in the country through tenure regularization and infrastructure development . This Project is part of KISIP component 2 which aims to ensure security of tenure within target settlements . The component supports systematization and scaling-up of settlement planning and tenure security in urban informal settlements . Mombasa County is among the target counties where Kisumu Ndogo Informal Settlement is located . The settlement is strategically located 5 km from the city centre of Mombasa within Nyali Subcounty in Kongowea Ward . It borders Maweni Secondary School to the North , ShauriYako Settlement to the East , and Mnazi-Moja to the South . The settlement size is estimate to be 3 . 97Ha and home to approximately 5 , 000-8 , 000 people . This report presents Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) prepared for Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) in the settlementthat are affected by the planning surveying and tenure regularization process undertaken under KISIP component 2 . The report also provides applicable entitlement , compensation and livelihood restoration measures to the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) identified as required by the World Bank Social Safeguard Policy OP 4 . 12 on Involuntary Resettlement and Kenya ’ s Laws and regulations . . # # # # * * < u > Planning and Surveying Process in the Settlement < / u > * * The planning process was community driven where all beneficiaries and stakeholders were involved from the onset of the planning process . Initial activities involved reconnaissance survey followed by Settlement Executive Committee", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-KIRINYAGA COUNTY - < br > 84270-NC-RFQ / Printing of3000 mother child booklets , 2000 martenity files and IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 Canceled 2018-11-17 2018-12-08 2019-01-07 < br > 2000 family planning files . < br > CONSULTING FIRMS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method ApproachMarket Contract Type Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Request for ProposalsShort List and Draft Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Technical Proposal Evaluation of Combined EvaluationReport and Draft Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Negotiated Contract < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # * * INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS * * Page 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will result in a more effective civil service in the ministries and local governments that engage with citizens and businesses . * * _Subcomponent 1 . 1 : _ * * _Developing an Evidence-based and Data-Informed Approach to Human Resource Management : _ this sub-component will support the GoE to improve the functionality of HR information systems . The Project will support the design , acquisition , configuration , and deployment of an Integrated Human Resource and Payroll Information System ( IHRPS ) , with online transaction and analytical processing functionalities and effect integration into the GoE ’ s Integrated Financial Management Information System . The project will additionally support tailored training on HR Data Analytics with a particular focus on analyzing gender disaggregated data , within the CSC and participating public bodies . * * _Subcomponent 1 . 2 : _ * * _Competency-based Human Resource Management_ : the sub-component will support the transition towards competency-based human resource management practices , to enable the government to align officials ’ knowledge , skills , and attitudes with its priorities , resulting in performance improvement and operational efficiencies . Project activities will be sequenced in order to build standardized processes within the CSC , before piloting tailored activities with federal and regional public bodies in the Health and Agriculture sectors . The sub-component will : ( a ) support structural-level changes , including the specification of job families , occupational classifications and competency frameworks , and the development of a detailed job catalog , with clearly defined career paths for critical roles ; ( b ) support the adoption of merit - and competency-based recruitment that is encouraging of gender parity through the establishment of an online recruitment portal and Competency Assessment Centers under the CSC , and specialized training of HR units within the CSC and selected public bodies ; and ( c ) the development and adoption of performance incentives and management practices that align with performance outcomes . * * _Subcomponent 1 . 3 : _ * * _Institutionalizing Training , Capacity Building , and", "spans": [{"start": 779, "end": 804, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pakistan , Simler ( 2010 ) who examines Uganda , < sup > 4 < / sup > and Ivanic and Martin ( 2008 ) who simulate price increases in nine low-income countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > In these studies , the magnitude of the impact of the crisis varies greatly across households and countries , depending on many characteristics including the degree of price transmission , dependence on food imports , whether staple foods are traded internationally , and overall levels of productivity . < sup > 6 < / sup > But the general finding is similar – national poverty rates increase , with urban areas on average suffering larger increases . From these studies though , it is difficult to disentangle the extent to which the simulated estimates result from actual changes in household behavior and wellbeing , or from the simulation assumptions . For example , Woden _et al . _ ( 2008 ) assume that increases in food prices directly produce an equivalent reduction in total consumption . That is , the household is assumed to have no behavioral response to the price increase . In this case , the magnitude of the poverty reduction is determined by the shape of the distribution of consumption and the assumed reduction in total consumption . The need to simulate welfare effects is driven by a lack of comparable pre - and postcrisis data . Jensen and Miller ( 2008 ) improve upon the simulation studies by using a panel of 1 , 300 urban poor households in two Chinese provinces to measure the nutritional effects of the crisis . The data in their analysis though are from April and December , 2006 , and largely do not reflect the stark increase in the price of staples during the crisis . < sup > 7 < / sup > They find a limited nutritional impact of the crisis , as measured by calorie intake , which they suggest is due to government policies that stabilized grain prices and household substitution towards cheaper foods . The analysis in this paper is similar to Jensen and Miller ( 2008 ) in that the estimates are based on measured ( not simulated ) differences in consumption behavior . While we", "spans": [{"start": 1407, "end": 1445, "text": "panel of 1 , 300 urban poor households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the impacts of temporary cash transfers on household consumption . In this literature , a large body of work has leveraged random and quasi-random income shocks to estimate short run impacts in richer countries ( Jappelli & Pistaferri , 2010 ) and developing countries ( Haushofer & Shapiro , 2016 ) . More recent work in Norway has taken advantage of high frequency household balance sheet data to estimate dynamic impacts leveraging natural experimental variation in cash transfers ( Fagereng et al . , 2019 ) . Aggregating across experimental UCT studies meets the data requirements to produce comparable dynamic estimates for developing countries . These impacts can also be interpreted as intertemporal marginal propensities to consume , key parameters for disciplining models of intertemporal optimization subject to constraints ( Auclert et al . , 2018 ) . Second , we contribute to a deep literature that investigates the role of poverty traps and implements empirical tests ( Carter & Barrett , 2006 ; Kraay & McKenzie , 2014 ; Balboni et al . , 2020 ) . Complementarily , recent work leveraging experimental variation has consistently found large UCT and TUP programs increase household consumption 4 or more years after initial transfers , suggesting these programs enable households to escape from poverty ( Bandiera et al . , 2017 ; Blattman et al . , 2020 ) . Through a metaänalytic lens , we provide a relatively powered test of the relationship between intervention size and the impacts of cash transfers on household consumption over time . In addition , we theoretically link this relationship to the existence of poverty traps . Third , we contribute to a growing literature in economics that uses metaänalysis to aggregate estimated program impacts across studies ( Baird et al . , 2014 ; Burke et al . , 2015 ; Meager , 2019 ; Vivalt , 2020 ) . We do so by providing a template for future “ metabenchmarking ” of the cost-effectiveness of one intervention ( here , the cost-effectiveness of either large UCT or TUP at increasing household consumption ) against UCT . In summary , we present a nuanced view of the impacts of intervention size on cost effective sustained poverty reduction in the context of temporary cash transfers and their theoretical", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 395, "text": "high frequency household balance sheet data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction A country ’ s human capital is critical for its economic success . A recent report found that human capital comprises the largest component of a nation ’ s wealth , at 64 percent ( World Bank 2018 ) . In this paper , we focus on one measure of human capital : learning outcomes . Fifteen years of literature demonstrates that learning outcomes , as well as years of schooling , matter substantially for growth ( World Bank , 2018 ; Hanushek and Kimko , 2000 ; Pritchett , 2001 ; Hanushek and Woessmann , 2008 , 2012 ) . This insight comes at a time when the availability of international student achievement tests ( ISATs ) is growing . These tests are psychometrically designed , standardized assessments of cognitive skills and enable credible cross-country and over-time comparisons of learning . However , traditional ISATs often exclude developing countries – the countries that have the most potential to gain from human capital accumulation . In this paper , we address this gap by including the largest number of developing countries in a globally comparable database of learning outcomes to date . We build on a literature producing comparable measures of learning across countries and over time ( Barro and Lee , 1996 ; Hanushek and Kimko , 2000 ; Barro and Lee , 2001 , 2015 ; Altinok and Murseli , 2007 ; Hanushek and Woessmann , 2012 , 2016 ; Angrist , Patrinos and Schlotter , 2013 ; Altinok , Diebolt and de Meulemeester , 2014 ; UIS , 2017 ; Altinok , Angrist and Patrinos , 2018 ) . Our database covers 164 countries / territories from 2000-2017 . The central intuition behind the methodology we use is the production of a conversion factor between international standardized achievement tests ( ISATs ) such as PISA , TIMSS , and PIRLS and their regional counterparts ( RSATs ) such as SACMEQ , LLECE , and PASEC . This conversion factor is derived by comparing scores for countries that participate in both an RSAT and an ISAT in a given time period , schooling level ( primary and secondary ) , and subject . Following Altinok , Angrist and Patrinos ( 2018 ) , we call these countries “", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1115, "text": "globally comparable database of learning outcomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "spells that are non-overlapping , and with limited durations ( e . g . spells of 3 years or less , spells shorter than 5 years ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > In all of our analyses , we treat the country as the unit of analysis and therefore weight each country equally . Where countries have varying number of observations of matched survey and national accounts data , each observation is weighted as the inverse of the number of observations for each country , so that the total weight given to each country , in each subsample , sums to one . < sup > 17 < / sup > This ensures that our analysis does not assign more weight to countries simply because they have more household surveys available , which is what would occur in an unweighted analysis . Our decision to treat the country as the unit of analysis is based on our interpretation of this literature as being fundamentally about the performance of country-level statistical systems , not people . Nonetheless , we do provide , supplemental tables with populationweighted and unweighted gaps in both levels and growth rates between surveys and national accounts as this can help explain how these gaps affect aggregate measures such as global changes in living standards or poverty . < sup > 18 < / sup > # * * 3 . Assessing the Gaps * * There are many reasons why there are gaps between survey and national accounts estimates , but they largely fall into three categories – ( i ) measurement error in surveys , ( ii ) measurement error in national accounts , and ( iii ) conceptual differences in what each are designed to measure , including differences in their primary objectives . The evidence of measurement error in surveys is vast and indicative of substantial levels of noise in estimated levels of consumption and income . Examples demonstrating the sensitivity of estimated consumption to questionnaire 16 The analysis excludes 1 percent ( top 0 . 5 and bottom 0 . 5 ) of estimated gaps in our main analyses of both levels and growth . Even after careful review of deflator and currency conversion issues , a few outlier observations remain , which", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 362, "text": "matched survey and national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > [ 17 ] Kaminsky , Graciella , Carmen Reinhart and Carlos A . Végh ( 2004 ) . < br > “ When It Rains It Pours : Procyclical Capital Flows and Macroeconomic < br > Policies . ” in NBER Macroeconomics Annual , edited by Mark Gertler and < br > Kenneth Rogoff , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . < br > [ 18 ] Kraay , Aart ( 2010 ) “ How Large is the Government Spending Multi - < br > plier ? Evidence from World Bank Lending , ” World Bank Policy Re - < br > search Working Paper No . 5500 . < br > [ 19 ] Lopez , Humberto and Luis Serven ( 2006 ) . “ A normal relationship ? < br > Poverty , growth , and inequality , ” World Bank Policy Research Work - < br > ing Paper Series 3814 . < br > [ 20 ] Mendoza , Enrique G . and Jonathan D . Ostry ( 2008 ) . “ International < br > Evidence on Fiscal Solvency : Is Fiscal Policy Responsible ? , ” Journal of < br > Monetary Economics 55 ( 6 ) . < br > [ 21 ] Nakamura , Emi and Jén Steinsson ( 2010 ) “ Fiscal Stimulus in a Mone - < br > tary Union : Evidence from U . S . Regions , ” Mimeo : Columbia University . < br > [ 22 ] Perotti , Roberto ( 2004 ) “ Estimating the effects of fiscal policy in OECD < br > countries , ” Working Papers 276 , IGIER Bocconi University . < br > [ 23 ] Perotti Roberto ( 2011 ) “ The Effects of Tax Shocks on Output : Not So < br > Large , But Not Small Either ” NBER Working Papers 16786 . < br > [ 24 ] Ramey , Valerie A . , 2009 . “ Identifying Government Spending Shocks : It ’ s < br > All in the Timing , ” NBER Working Papers 15464 . < br > [ 25 ] Ramey , Valerie A . and Matthew D . Shapiro (", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0327 ) | ( 0 . 0377 ) | | Playgroup ( 5 ) then kindergarten ( 6 ) then primary [ VII ] | 0 . 320 * * * | 0 . 308 * * * | 0 . 141 * | | | ( 0 . 0716 ) | ( 0 . 0676 ) | ( 0 . 0844 ) | | Constant | - 0 . 559 * * * | - 0 . 510 * * * | - 0 . 352 * * * | | | ( 0 . 0379 ) | ( 0 . 0381 ) | ( 0 . 0445 ) | | Observations | 12 , 710 | 12 , 710 | 12 , 710 | | R-squared | 0 . 281 | 0 . 233 | 0 . 108 | | Pairwise contrasts | | | | | Timing : | | | | | [ II ] - [ I ] | 0 . 0854 * * * | 0 . 116 * * * | 0 . 0650 * | | [ VI ] - [ II ] | - 0 . 0629 * | - 0 . 0629 * | - 0 . 0781 * | | [ III ] - [ II ] | 0 . 153 * * * | 0 . 105 * * * | 0 . 0680 * * | | [ IV ] - [ III ] | 0 . 180 * * * | 0 . 207 * * * | 0 . 0715 * * | | [ VII ] - [ IV ] | - 0 . 0983 | - 0 . 119 * | - 0 . 0634 | Note : Robust standard errors clustered at the village level in parentheses . All regressions include child characteristics ( age , grade , gender , and stunting ) , family characteristics ( household wealth , mother ’ s education , parenting practices ) , ECED characteristics ( average quality , average fees ) , and district fixed effects . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 27 - improving the organization , presentation , consistency , and general accessibility of project data . Availability of the relevant historical data on a consistent format cross different projects , and over reasonable periods of time , would enable statistical analysis at a much more sophisticated level than has been possible In this study . This Is highly desirable , since the Bank would then be In a position to better understand the underlying causal factors that Influence pro ; 3ct and utility performance . Such Information would be Invaluable In designing loan covenants , arresting adverse trends at a much earlier stage In the project cycle , and predicting power project and utility performance . While most of the useful Information on past and current lending may be ultimately retrievable , the efort Is likely to be prohibitively cnstly . Therefore , It Is recommended that while the comprehensive database compiled for this study be further developed , regularly updated , and made readily accessible to other Bank staff , a serious eftort be made to also collect and preserve all relevant data , for current and future power sector projects . Beyond the data collection and organization level , there Is a need to build up and maintain a critical mass of staff who can provide Intellectual leadership and proactive guidance , by analyzing past Information , drawing useful lessons for the future , and developing new and viable policies for future operations . This problem Is compilcated by the tendency for the deep insights and knowledge that has been acquired by senior staff to vanish with their retirement . At the same time , daily pressures on operational staff act as a deterrent to those who wish to synthesize and preserve some of their valuable experience for the benefit of colleagues . The strengthening of the policy development capability Is particularly Important , given that Bank lending Is presently carrled out In an environment of rapid change and many relatively Inexperienced operational staff are being called upon to address more and more complex Issues , often under severe time and resource constraints . Beyond the database development mentioned above , It would be useful to develop an agendr . ut more in-depth follow-up Bank studies In areas such as", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 106, "text": "project data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 907, "end": 953, "text": "comprehensive database compiled for this study", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and non-labor income ( Y < sup > NL < / sup > ) of all the members of the household : On the one hand , labor income equals the hourly wage earned by the individual ( ) , times the number of hours worked ( ) : > 8 Dasgupta and Ajwad ( 2011 ) , using crisis response survey data from five Eastern European countries , showed that households impacted by income shocks adopt a host of coping strategies . 7", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 277, "text": "crisis response survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 3 3 < br > 2 . 5 2 . 5 < br > 2 2 < br > 1 . 5 1 . 5 < br > 1 1 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 1993 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > 1993 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > percent India percent India < br > 7 25 < br > 6 < br > 20 < br > 5 < br > 4 15 < br > 3 < br > 10 < br > 2 < br > 5 < br > 1 < br > 0 0 < br > 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > Stock : imports subject to any imposed TTB in effect All trading partners ' exports under any TTB in effect < br > Stock : imports subject to AD only in effect China ' s exports under any TTB in effect < br > Flow : imports subject to any newly initiated TTB investigation Other emerging economies ' ( non-China ) exports under any TTB in effect < br > Flow : imports subject to newly initiated AD investigation only High income countries ' exports under any TTB in effect < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Shares of nonoil imports , constructed by the author with policy data from Bown ( 2012 ) and trade-weighting with HS-06 import data from UN Comtrade via WITS , following Appendix equation ( A2 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1117, "end": 1138, "text": "policy data from Bown", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> d | and Draft < br > Proposal < br > Req < br > Actual < br > Pla | uest for Proposal < br > s as Issued < br > O < br > P < br > ned < br > Actual < br > P | pening of Technical < br > roposals / Minutes < br > lanned < br > Actual | Evaluation of T < br > cal Proposa < br > Planned < br > Ac | echni < br > l < br > C < br > R < br > tual | om < br > epo < br > oti < br > Plan | bined Ev < br > rt and D < br > ated Co < br > ned < br > | alua < br > raft < br > ntrac < br > Actu | tion < br > Neg < br > t < br > al < br > Pl | Sign < br > ann | ed Contract < br > ed < br > Actual | Con < br > Pla | trac < br > nne | t Completion < br > < br > Actual | | | ET-MOF-329648-CS-CQS / C | | Adti Pt M | | Cltt Qlif | | | | | | 2022121 | 20 | 21 | 3 | 2023030 | | | | | 023 | 011 < br > 2 | 23 | 53 < br > 2 | 230 | 21 < br > 2023060 | 202 | 08 | 1 < br > 2024032 | | | onsultant firm to Conduct B < br > aseline survey of 3R-4CACE < br > | IDA / E0100 | apve rojec anagem < br > ent | Post | onsuan ua < br > ication Selection | Limited | | 250 , 000 . 0 | 0 <", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 935, "text": "aseline survey of 3R-4CACE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _Liberia_ Refugees from Sierra Leone arrived in Liberia in several waves beginning in March 1991 , when civil war broke out across the country . The successive waves of internal disturbances and tensions in Sierra Leone forced some 120 , 000 refugees to flee to Liberia . UNHCR facilitated and promoted voluntary repatriation to Sierra Leone and renewed civil war in Liberia further encouraged tens of thousands of refugees to return to Sierra Leone . The official close of the voluntary repatriation exercise came in June 2004 , with 3 , 563 refugees remaining in Liberia , for whom local integration is being sought . A survey was taken in October 2006 , in which 2 , 155 refugees participated . Of the respondents , about 69 % ( 1 , 487 ) expressed the desire to become naturalized Liberian citizens and 31 % ( 668 ) opted for resident alien status . < sup > 23 < / sup > The Government of Liberia has expressed its political will to support local integration , for example by the “ Pact on good neighbourhood , stability and solidarity ” between the Mano River Union ( Guinea , Sierra Leone and Liberia ) . The pact recognised local integration as a durable solution for refugees in the region . Furthermore , the Liberian Government has agreed to offer land to the refugees to settle and farm . < sup > 24 < / sup > The Liberia Refugee Repatriation and Resettlement Commission ( LRRRC ) in partnership with UNHCR held a one day stakeholders ’ conference on local integration in February 2008 . The conference aimed to present a broader perspective about the government ’ s responsibility in the local integration initiative and also to reach a consensus on the way forward . < sup > 25 < / sup > # # _Namibia_ Namibia is host to refugees mainly from Angola , but also houses populations from the DRC , Rwanda and Burundi . All Angolans have refugee status while all of the Great Lakes population are asylum-seekers . The durable solutions available to these populations are also very different ,", "spans": [{"start": 626, "end": 658, "text": "survey was taken in October 2006", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have effected a reform in the design of the program along the lines being pursued during the follow-on project . Nor did they lead to effective solutions to the persistent problems with the programs financial management . Nor did they lead to reforms which might have shifted the pattern of expenditures under the program so that a greater share of program funds might have been channeled away from headquarters and into the field where extension agents were frequently left without funds with which to operate . One area where Bank supervision was responsive to the issues emerging in project implementation was in the development of the VLPA initiative . This was clearly an attempt to instill more meaningful client participation into the direction of the program . While the ultimate results of the VLPA experience were mixed , important lessons were learned ( these are now being articulated through the analysis of a beneficiary assessment undertaken subsequently to the close of the project ) . # # # _7 . 3 OverallBankPerformance : _ Overall Bank Performance is rated unsatisfactory . In hindsight , it is clear that neither the design nor the supervision of the project was fully satisfactory in leading to the development of an extension institution which could ultimately be either effective or sustainable . The failure to begin dealing with the problems in the program ' s design at the mid-term review stage prolonged the emerging problems . However , lessons have been learned and are playing a central role in the articulation of the approach which will form the basis of the follow on project . # # # # * * Borrower * * # # # _7 . 4 Preparation : _ - The design of the extension institution was overly bureaucratic and centrally controlled . # # # _7 . 5 Government Implementation Performance : _ The establishment of a substantial institutional structure with which to carry out extension was an impressive achievement . However , it was far too inflexible in nature and it was never satisfactorily operated or maintained . Lack of adequate counterpart staffing for the technical assistance , delayed counterpart funding , poor financial control , and the", "spans": [{"start": 923, "end": 945, "text": "beneficiary assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 # 1 . INTRODUCllON The existence of reliable , disaggregated information on residential fuel consumption and supply is essential to the formulation of sound household energy strategie-s . Unfortunately , institutions and individuals concerned with data collection and management in many developing countries have often not considered household energy characteristics in the design of their information-gathering exercises . Thus , there is a serious need for carefullydeveloped aad maintained databases on residential fuel demand and supply so that planners and policymakers can identify , quantify and address the key issues relating to household energy . This paper reviews some of the important methodological , theoretical and practical issues that should be considered by organizations which are planning to gather dat ; : on domestic energy use . It is based on the experiences of the joint UNDP / World Bank Energy Sectot Managment Assistance Program ( ESMAP ) in developing household energy strategies , as well as on a review oi the literature and advice from practitioners in the field . ' Without comprehensive knowledge of how households acquire and use energy , attempts to develop policies and projects which purportedly seek to improve the welfare of households and / or protect the environment can be futile and even counterproductive . Solid information on fuel prices , quantities consumed and consumer preferences are necessary for interfuel substitution analysis and pricing policies . Knowledge of culinary practices , household decisionmaking on expenditures and stove / oven ownership are crucial in preparing the cooking efficiency component of a demand management program . Data on consumption patterns , biomass supply systems and household attitudes towards the natural resource base are essential to the development of a supply management strategy . Reliance on anecdotal evidence , unrepresentative statistics and theoretical extrapolations to create real policies will amount , at best , to random shots in the dark and , at worst , these shots might hit the wrong targets . When policies and projects for the residential sub-sector have been implemented in thr nast , the subsequent development and analysis of a household energy database has led to the overturning of irR - a . e preconceptions and false paradigms upon which these real actions had been based . For example , the * ed promotion of", "spans": [{"start": 2246, "end": 2271, "text": "household energy database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "growth of the economy . _ Our starting point is the sectoral projection of growth ( carried out by the WB projections according to several scenarios of the evolution of the pandemic . ss gg ss = 1 , . . . SS ) This is followed by _estimating the loss of employment at the level of each sector : _ The loss of employment at the level of each sector is given by . _Identification of individuals who will lose their jobs : _ ss ss ss in this step a logit model is estimated to predict the LL = EE × gg _Identification of individuals who will lose their jobs : _ in this step a logit model is estimated to predict the probability that each worker in the household loses his / her job depending on four variables ( education , age , gender , region of residence ) . Individuals with the lowest predicted probabilities < sup > 8 < / sup > are assumed to leave the labor market . At this level , several hypotheses are adopted : each household has a certain amount of savings or employment insurance ( even informal ) that allows it to smooth its consumption . Some households can liquidate certain assets to finance current consumption . Thus , in each sector of activity we find two types of individuals : those who have managed to preserve their jobs and those who have lost them . For the first group , the impact of the pandemic on the household of an individual _i_ who continues to work in sector _s_ is given by , where and stand for pre-crisis and post-crisis ss < sup > ii < / sup > ss < sup > ii < / sup > ss ss < sup > ii < / sup > ss < sup > ii < / sup > II = CC × gg CC II > 5 According to INS , the national rate translates to 15 . 2 % using the 2015 data . Given this , we first update the 2015 data to create a new distribution of consumption , and observe a pre-covid 19 ( 2019 ) poverty rate . We then use growth projections to identify the distribution of", "spans": [{"start": 1654, "end": 1663, "text": "2015 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the second half of 2020 , and the most recent survey collected in 2021 for the third period . < sup > 11 < / sup > For employment outcomes , the sample is restricted to households in which the respondent was between 18 and 64 years old , since employment questions were only asked of the respondent . Survey waves were only included in the calculation of summary statistics if the indicator had a response rate of at least 50 percent . Table 2 describes welfare outcomes of interest related to employment , income , food security , assistance , and coping strategies . Annex 2 provides more detail on the construction of these indicators . > challenging to use these for cross-country comparisons with countries without individual level weights . > 10The OxCGRT stringency index records the strictness of ‘ lockdown style ’ policies that primarily restrict people ’ s behavior ( Hale et al . 2021 ) . It is calculated using 9 indicators including school closures ; workplace closures ; cancellation of public events ; restrictions on public gatherings ; closures of public transport ; stayat-home requirements ; public information campaigns ; restrictions on internal movements ; and international travel controls . > 11The main findings from the descriptive analysis are consistent if we instead pool surveys within each period . The regression analysis does not compare across time periods and uses all HFPS rounds ( countries are weighted equally ) . 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "influence of outliers . We further impose the following five restrictions on regression coefficients to ensure homogeneity of degree one in input prices : We then use the coefficient estimates from the previous regression to estimate marginal cost for bank _i_ in calendar year _t_ : The Lerner index is then computed as : Above , _Pit_ is the price of assets and is equal to the ratio of total revenue ( sum of interest income , commission and fee income , trading income , and other operating income ) to total assets . In section 3 . 3 , as a robustness check , we use bank asset concentration as an alternative proxy for bank competition . < sup > 8 < / sup > Untabulated results show that country level bank concentration , as measured by the three bank asset concentration ratio , is correlated with the country level average Lerner index with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0 . 077 ( p-value < 0 . 0001 ) . The three bank asset concentration ratio is also highly correlated with the Hirschmann-Herfindahl index of bank assets concentration with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0 . 798 ( p-value < 0 . 0001 ) . # * * 2 . 4 . Institutional and Regulatory Variables * * As mentioned in the introduction we are also interested in the impact of the larger regulatory and institutional framework on the competition and systemic stability relationship . The main regulatory and institutional variables used in this study come from the three surveys conducted by Barth , Caprio , and Levine ( 2008 ) . The surveys were conducted in the years 1999 , 2002 , and 2005 . Since country level regulations change slowly over time , we use the previously available > 8 We use the three bank asset concentration ratio from the Financial Structure Dataset ( Beck , Demirguc-Kunt and Levine 2010 ) as a measure of bank concentration . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1728, "end": 1755, "text": "Financial Structure Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 Data and descriptive statistics * * We built a country-level panel dataset covering 150 countries for which price data was available over the following period : 2008-2021 for fixed broadband , and 2012-2021 for mobile broadband . Our dataset includes data on price , SMCs , competition , and regulation , as well as several variables used as controls in the econometric modeling . Definitions and sources of variables are described in Table 1 . Summary statistics are reported in Table 2 , while correlation matrices are presented in Tables 3 and 4 in the Appendix . # # * * 3 . 1 Price data * * Telecom markets host a variety of packages with different levels of usage allowance and attributes , and this can make the measurement of price challenging in this sector . Several approaches are considered in the literature to address this challenge . Studies like Nicolle et al . ( 2018 ) use a hedonic price model , whereby price is estimated as a function of the attributes of packages . As such , a focus can be set on the price of a particular attribute , for instance , data allowance or quality , and be used in the analysis . Such modeling requires comprehensive data on all packages offered by operators and the results can be dependent on the functional form of the model . Other studies like Genakos et al . ( 2018 ) rely on the price of a particular basket of usage . As part of this approach , baskets of usage are defined , and the price of the least expensive offer is tracked for each basket . In this paper , we use the basket approach which does not require the availability of comprehensive data on packages – a task that would have been challenging to complete for a study that involves more than 150 countries / markets . Interestingly , the ITU has defined several baskets of broadband packages and tracked their price since 2008 . < sup > 11 < / sup > We focused on two baskets that are the most representative of recent trends in data usage : ( i ) a basket of fixed broadband packages enabling at least 5 Gigabytes of", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 82, "text": "country-level panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 589, "end": 599, "text": "Price data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 060 ) | | N | 4 , 596 | 157 | 4 , 753 | 4 , 753 | This table shows average attitudes and behaviors of Albanian immigrants and Greek natives . In the fourth column , the table reports regression estimates of the refugee-native gap after controlling for age and gender dummies . Standard errors in parentheses . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the European Social Survey ( ESS ) . Table 4 : Refugee resettlement and sport clubs | Dep . var : | | Prese | nce of at l | east one sp | ort club | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | | Share of refugees in 1928 | 0 . 031 | 0 . 035 | 0 . 049 | - 0 . 048 | - 0 . 053 | - 0 . 042 | | | ( 0 . 033 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 039 ) | ( 0 . 040 ) | | Share of refugees in 1928 * small community | | | | 0 . 151 * * < br > ( 0 . 060 ) | 0 . 161 * * * < br > ( 0 . 060 ) | 0 . 157 * * * < br > ( 0 . 058 ) | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 288 | 0 . 294 | 0 . 327 | 0 . 289 | 0 . 295 | 0 . 328 | | Observations | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 | 4 , 393 |", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 468, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nization of European standards , for instance through a political economy process , the estimators are not longer unbiased or consistent . I argue that _NHt_ < sup > _i_is exogenous to trade flows for two reasons : < / sup > First , the decision making process to create or to harmonize an European standard does not involve any international consultation with trade partners . < sup > 27 < / sup > Second , U . S . firms have raised concerns on their inability to participate in the formation of EU standards , these claims are documented in the 2010 Report on Technical Barriers to Trade . < sup > 28 < / sup > # * * 4 . 2 The Extensive Margin of Trade * * While harmonization of product standards are important to increase U . S . export value to the EU , the theoretical model predicts that the extensive margin of trade ( the number of exporting firms ) accounts for this variation ( hypothesis 1 ) . I estimate the impact of falling trade costs on the probability that non-exporting firms to the EU become exporters to the EU via a logistic regression on my measure of changing trade costs , firm productivity and other firm characteristics . I use firms ’ information from the 1992 , 1997 , and 2002 U . S . Censuses of Manufactures . I define the change in trade costs for census year _t_ as the log difference in tariffs over the preceding five years ( _ △ τt_ < sup > _i_ < / sup > + 5 < sup > ) andasthelogdifferenceonmymeasureofprod - < / sup > uct standard heterogeneity over the preceding five years ( _ △ NHt_ < sup > _i_ < / sup > + 5 < sup > ) . These regressions are given by : < / sup > where _Et_ + 5 is a dummy variable equal to one if a firm does not export to the EU in year _t_ and becomes an exporter to the EU in year _t_ + 5 ; _PRt_ is the firm ’ s revenue based labor productivity , and _Zt_ is a set of additional firm characteristics . Additional firm controls include size ,", "spans": [{"start": 1207, "end": 1239, "text": "U . S . Censuses of Manufactures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85005-GO-RFQ / procure 5 < br > neonatal warmers / < br > resuscitares for < br > shamakhubu , shianda , < br > matungu . malava & butere | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Po | st | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 20 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-11-28 < br > 2018-12-26 | 2019-01-25 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85012-GO-RFQ / procure < br > 500 IUD insertion & removal < br > sets for all level 3 & 4 and all < br > facilities | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Po | st | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 10 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-12-11 < br > 2019-01-08 | 2019-02-07 | | KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85029-GO-RFQ / procure < br > 600 anc syphilis profile < br > reagnant for all level 3 , 4 & 5 < br > facilities | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In order to use these estimates in the context of our static model , we cannot simply use the total costs computed above and compare those to a single year of annual gain . Indeed , the model is calibrated using yearly data ( trade flows and GDP are annual ) and hence total consumption levels found in our simulated results are comparable to one year of consumption . One way to compare the cost and benefits of investing in transport infrastructure using such a static model could be to compare the one-time initial cost payment to the present discounted value of the benefits that will be felt from the investment onward . Let Gn be the total annual welfare gain for a country in terms of real consumption , Gn = In − In < sup > ′ < / sup > , and Dn the one-time investment Pn Pn < sup > ′ < / sup > cost . Assuming a constant discount rate r , we could compute the net gain as the difference between the net present value of all gains and the one-time initial cost : However , such an approach would assume that the whole cost of infrastructure is paid in full in the first year and the benefits are felt thereafter . In our model , this would imply setting the L annual lump sum tax for the household to zero ( τn = 0 ) and assuming that investment occurs _before_ solving for the equilibrium . By doing this , however , we would not properly account for the interaction between the investment cost in the household budget constraint and the equilibrium allocation : since countries have different consumption baskets and sectoral distributions , it is important to be able to incorporate the investment cost within the annual equilibrium structure described above . To take into account the costs of infrastructures in a way consistent with the static model and its annual equilibrium , we use an “ annualized ” cost which allows us to compare one year of household revenues to one “ yearly equivalent ” of the investment cost . To do so , we simply assume that the costs are paid through a perpetuity with interest rate r . The equivalent annuity for", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 223, "text": "yearly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Koboko-Yumbe - Moyo Road Corridor Project Project ID No : P171339 & Grant No : 7200-UG . Financial Statements for the year ended 3 0th June 2025 * * * * _2 . 3 . 2_ Part 2 - Institutional Strengthening ( Total US $ 3 million ; fully financed by IDA ) * * This component supports MOWT in the following areas ; - ( a ) Management of social and environmental risks with focus on managing risks in refugee areas through acquiring new skill sets that are required , - * * ( b ) * * Review and strengthening of Environmental , Social , Health and Safety Management System and its piloting including annual system audits , - ( c ) Acquiring and use of in-situ pollution monitoring equipment , - * * ( d ) * * Analysis of mobility patterns and barriers disaggregated * * by * * gender for refugees and host population to inform mobility plans and the design of potential pilots for refugees to benefit from road upgrading , - ( e ) Institutional capacity building for promoting women ' s ( refugees and in host communities ) participation in cooperatives , and - ( f Strengthen the skills in handling climate change and natural disasters risks in refugee hosting areas , improve contingency planning and the climate resilience of local communities * * by * * enhancement of early warning systems , and update of the Road Design Manuals and Specifications * * for * * civil works to account for climate change parameters . Several of the associated procurement activities under this component are now under implementation . # # * * _2 . 3 . 3_ Part 3 - Road Safety ( Total : US $ 2 million , fully financed by IDA ) * * This component supports MoWT in ; - ( a ) Completion of development and operationalization of a Road Accident Database Management System disaggregated * * by * * gender , refugee , and host community , and - * * ( b ) * * Training and awareness campaigns to school children , motorbike", "spans": [{"start": 1711, "end": 1751, "text": "Road Accident Database Management System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_4 Community Reintegration and Development Project_ # # # _1 . Selection ofparticipating communes_ The PCMU will be responsible for selecting , and replacing , participating communes on the basis of a specific set of criteria , and according to the guidelines of the project implementation manual : the degree of destruction by the war ; the degree of local organizational density and capacity ; the socio-economic level of the commune ; the willingness of the local administration to participate in the project ; and the availability of resources from other agencies . Other criteria for consideration comprise the size of the commune , its economic potential , and the availability and capacity of partner agencies . Based on a socioeconomic profile of the selected communes , the PCMU will determine the annual funding envelop for each of the participating communes . # # # _2 . Project components_ i ) Community initiatives . Each of the participating communes will receive on average approximately US $ 215 , 000 over three years to be used for : ( a ) infrastructure sub-projects ( such as the rehabilitation of health centers , schools and roads ) ; ( b ) income-generating sub-projects ( for instance a livestock bank or micro-project initiated by a local group ) ; and ( c ) capacity building sub-projects ( training , transport , communication , and office rehabilitation and equipment ) . In addition , the CDC will receive about US $ 35 , 000 per annum to cover the costs of partner agencies and local operating expenses . The communities will develop one-year community development plans and decide upfront for each year the block allocation for each of the three sub-project categories according to needs . This block allocation will be reviewed during the year and adjusted , if necessary . The funds for sub-projects will cover capital expenses only . ii ) Institution and capacity building . The project will finance participatory rural appraisals and training activities to build local capacities for sustainable , self-reliant development . The training program will include", "spans": [{"start": 730, "end": 776, "text": "socioeconomic profile of the selected communes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; and ( iv ) MoF ’ s Financial Controller who validates the accuracy of the payment and its compliance with the applicable laws in Jordan and with the Bank procurement and FM procedures as well as the loan terms and conditions . 13 . Although the Project will follow the government applied controls set in the local laws , there will be supplementary controls in place for monitoring Project activities to ensure that reports are issued regularly . The Project ’ s financial controls are documented in the Operational Manual ( OM ) that was prepared by a consultant appointed by MoE . The OM needs to be finalized prior to effectiveness . # # # * * Accounting * * 14 . The Project will follow the cash basis of accounting where resources and uses of funds are recorded when cash is received or when payments are made . 15 . As the current MoE accounting system , operated by MoE Finance Department , is not capable of generating the required reports as per World Bank requirements , MoE will continue using the stand alone accounting software utilized by the DCU for ERfKE I . This system is capable of generating the Project reports , including the required IFRs . 16 . GBD uses a manual system to account for its expenditures . Plans are underway in MoF to develop and implement a GFMIS that will also be implemented in all the ministries . In the meantime and in order to allow the Directorate to separately record and report on the Project ’ s accounts , the same accounting software of DCU will be installed at GBD . The two systems at the DCU and GBD will be linked via a network . The DCU will be granted read-only access to GBD ’ s database but no access will be granted to GBD to access the DCU database . This would enable the DCU to perform its oversight function and generate financial reports when needed . 63", "spans": [{"start": 1632, "end": 1648, "text": "GBD ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1700, "end": 1712, "text": "DCU database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Ensuring the active participation and technical inputs of the relevant line bureaux and offices in the implementation and monitoring of the PW programme . # # # # # # * * 3 . Woreda Level * * The Woreda is the key level of government that determines needs , and undertakes planning and implementation of Safety Net activities . # # # # # # _i ) Woreda Council / Cabinet_ The Woreda Council is the highest decision-making body at woreda level and is responsible for the allocation of safety net resources to kebeles in line with size of vulnerable population and based on the recommendations of the Woreda Food Security Task Force . It will have responsibility for : - Assisting in resolving unresolved appeals submitted to them by the Kebele Council and sharing the outcomes of these appeals cases with the WFSTF . - Work with Kebele Councils to ensure that up-to-date listings of beneficiaries are posted in public locations at Woreda , Kebele and community levels . - Work with Kebele Councils to ensure that up-to-date listings of appeals and appeals resolutions are posted in public locations at Woreda , Kebele and community levels .", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 896, "text": "listings of beneficiaries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "AMERICAS * * Thematic Update RCCE * * / May 2020 - < mark > Increased xenophobia and discrimination against refugees , IDPs and others of concern with the spread of the disease in the COVID-19 context is driving them to maintain a low profile , making it harder for humanitarian actors to reach out to those at heightened risk . < / mark > * * DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE ? FOLLOW THESE USEFUL LINKS * * - UNHCR Help , Information for Refugees , Asylum-seekers and Stateless People . - R4V website – with a dedicated Coronavirus page with latest information . - R4V Regional Service Mapping – online mapping for refugees and migrants ( English , Spanish and Portuguese ) . - Central America and Mexico data portal – with up to date information on forced displacement in the region . Global Humanitarian Response Plan COVID-19 ( launched 25 March 2020 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Global Focus COVID-19 Situation page < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ( including UNHCR ’ s Coronavirus emergency appeal and sitreps ) # # # # # * * CONTACTS RCCE REGIONAL TASK FORCE * * * * William Spindler * * , Senior External Engagement Coordinator spindler @ unhcr . org , mobile + 507 6382 7815 * * Pilar Peña * * , Protection Officer ( Community-Based ) penabric @ unhcr . org , mobile + 507 6639 9986 * * Sonia Aguilar * * , Reporting Officer aguilars @ unhcr . org , mobile + 507 6835 5622 # # # Financial Requirements UNHCR is grateful for the critical support provided by donors who have provided generous and timely support to the Coronavirus Emergency Situation globally , and to the Americas , as well as those who have contributed to UNHCR programmes with unearmarked funding . * * Thanks to", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 710, "text": "Central America and Mexico data portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development ( P096323 ) Implementation Status & Results Report Overall Risk Rating  Moderate  Moderate # * * Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * The project has been under implementation since October 2008 . Its original closing date was September 30 , 2013 . A US $ 5 . 1 million additional financing , was approved by the World Bank ’ s Board in August 2015 and the closing date has been extended to July 31 , 2016 . Disbursements are currently at 92 % . The project achievements are detailed in the results section below and the attached Aide-memoire . Highlights include : 1 . The Tana and Beles sub-basin organizations under the Abbay Basin Authority have been established , staffed , and equipped . Sub-basin management plans have been prepared , consulted on by stakeholders , and presented to the Abbay Basin Authority for approval . 2 . Information on the Tana Basin has been augmented through groundwater potential investigation , topographic surveys to identify flood prone areas , and a bathymetric survey of Lake Tana . 3 . The Hydro-meteorological system has been strengthened through the installation of 43 hydro-met stations , and 33 meteorological stations . Additionally , the project has purchased Ethiopia ’ s first weather RADAR , which is expected to be fully operational in March 2016 . 4 . An extensive watershed management program in the Tana Basin has resulted in the treatment of over 79 , 000 hectares with improved natural resources management practices ( soil conservation , afforestation , rain fed agriculture improvement etc . ) . Over 219 , 000 direct beneficiaries have benefited from the land treatment , small scale irrigation , and many income generation and livelihood improvement activities . 5 . An improved flood protection and early warning system with 8 shelters and solar operated alarms . Since the last ( May 2015 ) mission , the project has picked up the pace of delivery in all areas and is expected to achieve", "spans": [{"start": 1037, "end": 1056, "text": "topographic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1095, "end": 1126, "text": "bathymetric survey of Lake Tana", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Financial Sector Strengthening Project ( FSSP ) ( P171627 ) accounts showing the respective increments in cash and capital using the exchange rate at the date of receipt of funds , legal formalities , that is the EIH ’ s board resolution approving the recapitalization for CBE , the issuance of the COM Regulation authorizing the recapitalization for DBE ; and NBE ' s license renewal showing the increase in paid-up capital for both CBE and DBE and / or official letter from NBE confirming the increase in paid-up capital . 15 . * * Disbursement for non-PBC linked activities * * . All disbursement methods are available for the non PBC activities , under the regular IPF . For the Advance to the DA and Reimbursement methods , the project will use report-based disbursements using quarterly consolidated IFRs . Initial advance will be deposited to the DA upon receipt of withdrawal applications from NBE along with the six-month cash requirement forecast . Further replenishments will be made upon submission of consolidated financial reports ( IFRs ) by NBE . The IFRs will be used to document or settle past advances to the DA and also request future resources using their Cash forecast statement . Further details about disbursements to the project will be included in the DFIL . * * Figure 1 . 1 . Funds flow Diagram * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > The World Bank – disburses to NBE < br > ( IPF with PBCs - Advance disbursed upon confirmation of achievement of PBCs < br > IPF with non-PBC – Advance based on approved six months cash requirement ) < br > NBE Project DA for the PBC tied activities NBE Project DA for the non - PBC tied activities < br > NBE transfer advances to CBE and DBE in US $ based on NBE transfer advances to CBE and DBE in US $ < br", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 833, "text": "quarterly consolidated IFRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > process to remain engaged in < br > self-reliance and educational activities < br > Establish identifi cation and referral < br > mechanisms with NGOs < br > Prioritize most vulnerable refugees < br > for resttlemnt in a non-discriminatory < br > manner < br > Establish veracity of security incidents to < br > identify at-risk individuals < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # * * Challenges in enabling durable solutions for urban refugees * * * * Voluntary repatriation is not a realistic option for most people due to ongoing * * insecurity or other specifi c obstacles in the country of origin . However , in some countries , the lack of up-to-date country of origin information ( COI ) and guidelines make it diffi cult to adequately counsel refugees on return . Lack of cash grants in some countries limits the attractiveness of voluntary return . Likewise , one respondent notes that inability to cover excess luggage expenses discourages refugees to apply for voluntary repatriation . The Implementation of UNHCR ’ s Policy on Refugee Protection and Solutions in Urban Areas 48", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 752, "text": "country of origin information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix 7 : Data Availability * * Appendix Table 2 shows data availability by treatment status . | * * Appendix Table 2 : Data * * | * * Availability * * < br > Round 2 | * * by Treatm * * < br > Round 3 | * * ent Statu * * < br > R2 or R3 | * * s * * < br > Round 4 | Round 5 | R4 or R5 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Panel A : Interviewed * * | | | | | | | | Assigned to Training | 0 . 034 * * * | 0 . 030 * * * | 0 . 023 * * * | 0 . 009 | 0 . 023 * | 0 . 010 | | | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | | Spillover Group | 0 . 014 | ‐ 0 . 013 | ‐ 0 . 003 | ‐ 0 . 026 * | 0 . 002 | ‐ 0 . 009 | | | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | | Pure Control Mean | 0 . 886 | 0 . 889 | 0 . 943 | 0 . 894 | 0 . 876 | 0 . 923 | | * * Panel B : Data on Surviv * * | * * al Available * * | | | | | | | Assigned to Training | 0 . 011 * | 0 . 016 * * | 0 . 002 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 010 | 0 . 003 | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | (", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 884, "text": "Data on Surviv", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "joie . 12209 < / mark > Syverson , C . ( 2011 ) . What determines productivity ? _Journal of Economic literature , 49_ ( 2 ) , 326365 . Toivanen , Otto , and Lotta Väänänen . 2016 . “ Education and Invention . ” Review of Economics and Statistics 98 ( 2 ) : 382 – 96 . < mark > Tokman , Victor E . , ( 1978 ) , Competition between the informal and formal sectors in retailing : The case of Santiago , < / mark > _ < mark > World Development < / mark > _ < mark > , 6 , issue 9-10 , p . 1187-1198 . < / mark > Valero , Anna , and John Van Reenen . 2019 . “ The Economic Impact of Universities : Evidence from Across the Globe . ” _Economics of Education Review_ 68 ( 1 ) : 53 – 67 . < mark > Xu , Gang and Go Yano . ( 2017 ) . How does anti-corruption affect corporate innovation ? Evidence from recent anti-corruption efforts in China , < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Comparative Economics < / mark > _ < mark > , 45 ( 3 ) : 498-519 . < / mark > Wagner , J . ( 2007 ) . Exports and productivity : A survey of the evidence from firm ‐ level data . _World Economy , 30_ ( 1 ) , 60-82 . 41", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "different elasticity assumptions . Assuming a 25 or 50 percent price increase ( Panels A and B ) , the effect is still generally negative and somewhat regressive . Though the magnitude and regressive pattern is more moderate than under direct > 17 The national estimate of smoking-attributable medical expenses ( derived from Goodchild et al . 2018 ) and described above is adjusted by the factor of 56 percent of average out-of-pocket expenditure in medical bills . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percentage point greater fall in sales than larger firms , whereas for medium firms the fall is on average 6 percentage points . Similarly , small firms predominantly explain the exposure of SMEs to financial shocks , as one would expect . In contrast , small and medium firms have similar increased exposure to supply shocks and are equally unlikely to experience positive demand shocks or export demand shocks than larger firms . COVID has led to massive increases in uncertainty that is likely leading firms to postpone investments in capital , skills and innovation – with likely scars for the post-COVID recovery . Measuring uncertainty is not straightforward , with scarce data for developing economies . SMEs typically report higher uncertainty over sales than larger firms , in part , due to poorer access to information and due to the fact that sales is where the impact by firm size is more severe . Evidence for the United Kingdom and the United States finds that while SMEs face around 20 % - 30 % higher uncertainty over sales both before and after COVID , firm uncertainty has reached the highest levels since records began and dwarfing the financial crisis ( Altig et al . , 2020 ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Results from the 13 countries surveyed by the World Bank are mixed , with variation in the overall expectations of return to normalcy lower among SMEs than large firms in some countries ( see Figure 5 ) , suggesting somewhat greater certainty in overall outlook . Large firms might be better able to cope with the challenges , but often have additional uncertainty to take into account such as foreign suppliers or the stock market , which SMEs are less likely to be listed . > 9 Smaller firms may however be indirectly affected through disruptions to inputs imported by wholesalers . The World Bank Enterprise follow-up surveys do not allow measurement of the import supply shock . > 10 The comparison group here is firms with more than 250 employees , but SMEs are defined as having fewer than 100 employees ( as in the rest of this paper ) . Their records began in 1985 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1809, "end": 1848, "text": "World Bank Enterprise follow-up surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # 6 . 3 LOSS GRAVES / BURIAL SITES The Duruma people have a lot of reverence for the dead and therefore their graves are well preserved including communal burial sites , which is a common way of resting the departed in this community . They also , as much as they have adopted new forms of religious worship , have deep attachment to the traditional worship and the shrines are crucial in their ways of life . According to the Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) , a total of 100 graves / burial sites will be affected by the project i . e . inundated hence adversely affecting the cultural norms of the Duruma community . # # # # # # 6 . 3 . 1 Mitigation Measure ( s ) All the affected graves / burial sites have been identified during the RAP census survey conducted in March-April 2014 . During the dissemination of information about this project and as part of obtaining broad community support , the Duruma community was informed of the fact that graves will be affected and consultations were held to determine the measures , which are culturally acceptable in avoiding , minimizing or compensating for the adverse effects . The mitigation measure that was agreed upon during the deliberations was that all graves / burial sites identified as affected , will be relocated using the Duruma cultural practices and procedures . The council of elders will lead in the process of relocation , which is a ceremony with rituals and participation of the entire community . All families whose dead will be disturbed will be compensated ( monetary ) for the disturbances and emotional strife , and the project will meet all the costs related to relocation of the graves including those associated with rituals and ceremonial processes . The new gravesites will be located in the new areas of land acquired following compensation . # # # # # # 6 . 4 LOSS OF LAND / DISPLACEMENT The Duruma community have a lot of collective attachment to land and inherent resources . Land is used by this community in many instances communally", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 765, "text": "RAP census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which abruptly impacted the mining sector . In addition , the country had to face a security and humanitarian crisis in the North Kim province following the resurgence o f the conflict in late August 2008 . The recently approved IDA-funded $ 100 million Emergency Project to mitigate the impact o f the financial crisis i s seen as a response to an immediate crisis and sustain economic activities until the government ’ s policy responses ( see _section E_ * * _on_ * * _critical risks ) _ can take effect and thus i s complementary to other sectoral and regional operations financed by the Bank and other donors , including those in the forest and nature conservation sectors . Moving ahead with the forest reform agenda , rehabilitating dysfunctional forest and conservation institutions , introducing good governance in the management o f natural resources and supporting forest communities in planning and implementing development initiatives continue to be high priorities for the government program and the PRSP . # # # # # # * * _Abundant natural resource wealth and continued vulnerability_ * * * * 6 . * * Persistent poverty stands in stark contrast to the country ’ s natural resource wealth . DRC forests are among the world ’ s most coveted and important . They include _half_ of Africa ’ s rainforests * * ( 86 * * million hectares ) , as well as dry forests ( 45 million hectares ) , swamp forests _ ( 9_ million hectares ) , and mountain forests * * ( 5 * * million hectares ) . The country has fertile soils , ample rainfall , and immense water resources . Its enormous mineral wealth includes copper , cobalt , coltan , diamonds , gold , zinc , other base metals , and oil . _7 . _ While annual deforestation rates have remained relatively low , at 0 . 27 percent for several years , deforestation can be locally very high and i s generally associated to clearing land for agriculture , population growth and migration , poverty , and conflict . During the war , entire villages sought refuge in the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data and some relevant studies to inform the assessment . The United States Agency for International Development ’ s Uganda Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in 2013 concluded that : ( a ) a robust and significant warming signal has been found across all temperature records ; ( b ) there may be potential increase in precipitation during dry season ; and ( c ) there is a potential for increase in the frequency of extreme events . The most significant and robust impact is the increase of the temperature , which could reach a 1 . 5 ° C annual average increase by 2030 . This level of temperature rise is unlikely to affect transmission lines and substation facilities that the project is financing . # * * VI . APPRAISAL SUMMARY * * # * * A . Economic and Financial Analysis * * 67 . The economic analysis for the project follows a standard cost benefit framework . Comparing the present value of incurred costs to the stream of attributable benefits , the economic internal rate of return ( EIRR ) and net present value ( NPV ) of benefits will inform the project ’ s viability over its economic life time , assumed to be 40 years . 68 . The results from the analysis show that the project is economically viable with an NPV of US $ 297 million ( assuming a 10 percent discount rate ) and an EIRR of 38 percent . Sensitivity analysis also shows that the project ’ s viability is robust to large changes in the assumed values of underlying parameters and cost over-runs . Details of the analysis are presented in annex 5 . 16", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 280, "text": "temperature records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers ( Recast ) _ , COM ( 2008 ) 815 final . Available from : - < http : / / ec . europa . eu / justice_home / doc_centre / asylum / doc_asylum_intro_en . htm > ( Accessed 27 May 2010 ) # # _ ( 2 ) Paradigmatic Discourse Analysis_ The Green Paper Consultations , Commentaries on the recast Directives by UNHCR and ECRE , and a Commission Staff Working Document shared by one of the Officials have formed the basis for the paradigmatic Discourse Analysis . Not all documents contained references to disability . Those that did are cited explicitly in the text and also appear in the secondary sources section of this bibliography . Below is a comprehensive overview of the data set used in this analysis . # # * * Green Paper Consultations * * The full list of the Green Paper Consultations is available from the following link : < http : / / ec . europa . eu / justice_home / news / consulting_public / gp_asylum_system / news_contributio ns_asylum_system_en . htm # civil_society > ( Accessed 6 May 2010 ) The two data sets reviewed are the ‘ Submissions to the Green Paper Consultation by Member States : National Governments ’ and the ‘ Submissions to the Green Paper Consultation by Civil Society , Non-Governmental Organisations , Others . ’ # # * * Commentaries on the Directives * * * * EUROPEAN COUNCIL ON REFUGEES AND EXILES ( ECRE ) * * ( 2003 ) _Comments from the European Council on Refugees and Exiles on the Amended Proposal for a Council Directive_ 28", "spans": [{"start": 1163, "end": 1206, "text": "Submissions to the Green Paper Consultation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1259, "end": 1302, "text": "Submissions to the Green Paper Consultation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Storage * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * fuels / noise * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * excessive * * < br > * * vibration * * < br > * * managemen * * < br > * * t * * | Fuels , Oils and < br > other < br > hydro - < br > carbons | < br > High | losure < br >  < br > The contractor shall", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 71 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-03-04 < br > 2022-04-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-15 / Contratac < br > ión de 4 Operadores Cartogr < br > áficos de Enlistamiento para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 13 , 224 . 96 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-03-04 < br > 2022-04-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-16 / Contratac < br > ión de 44 Revisores de contr < br > ol de calidad ENDI para el op < br > erativo de campo de la Encu < br > esta Nacional de Desnutrició < br > n Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 67 , 020 . 80 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-05-04 < br > 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-17 / Contra", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 266, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnut", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "Table 2 presents average applied MFN tariffs for our sample of countries for three key years chosen to reveal the impacts of important institutional milestones arising across three decades : 1993 , 2003 , and 2013 . < sup > 21 < / sup > The table also provides information on when ( if ever ) the country became a member of the GATT , as well as when ( if ever ) the country became a member of the WTO . For countries that were members of the GATT , the 1993 data in Table 2 reflects their applied MFN GATT tariffs _before_ they implemented any changes resulting from the Uruguay Round of negotiations that ushered in the WTO . By 2003 , the countries that joined the WTO at its 1995 inception had phased in most of their Uruguay Round tariff liberalization commitments ; thus a comparison of 1993 and 2003 for such countries provides a first-order assessment of the impact of the Uruguay Round on average applied MFN tariffs . For countries that acceded to the WTO somewhat later , comparisons of the tariff data can provide information on pre-WTO and post-WTO accession applied MFN tariffs . The Table 2 evidence on changes to applied MFN tariffs for the G20 high-income economies over this extended period is mixed . Long-standing GATT / WTO members such as the European Union , Japan and the United States already had relatively low MFN applied rates at the end of the GATT period in 1993 at 7 . 0 , 4 . 4 , and 5 . 6 percent , respectively . These economies cut their average applied tariffs by another 1 to 3 percentage points as a result of the Uruguay Round ; and , given their low initial applied levels , low tariff bindings , and resulting lack of overhang ( see again Table 1 ) , applied MFN tariffs for these economies were virtually unchanged between 2003 and 2013 . For Australia and Canada , average applied MFN tariff cuts over the 20 year period have been larger . Korea ’ s average applied MFN import tariff is actually higher in 2013 than it was in 1993 . Finally , Saudi Arabia ’ s tariff by 2013 is roughly one third of", "spans": [{"start": 1002, "end": 1013, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9465 # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes how local leaders make targeting decisions in the context of a public workfare program in the Lao People ’ s Democratic Republic . The study finds that village heads are progressive in their targeting , prioritizing the poorer households in their villages . The study benchmarks this decentralized selection to the common alternative proxy means test method and finds that village heads are at least as progressive as a proxy means test method approach . To illuminate what poverty-related information village heads could plausibly be incorporating into their internal selection decisions , the study designs and administers a set of exercises for village heads to rank villagers on land ownership , access to nutrition , and experience with recent shocks — indicators that are likely to differ in their observability to village heads and could plausibly be associated with need for public support . The study finds that village heads ’ perceptions , as revealed through the ranking exercise , differ substantially from actual levels reported in surveys of the villagers themselves . The study then uses a data-driven machine learning approach to identify the predictors of village head selection . It concludes that village heads rely on a combination of easily observable household characteristics , forming a holistic impression of household welfare , rather than specific indicators like actual land ownership , nutrition , or economic shocks . This paper is a product of the Gender Innovation Lab and the Office of the Chief Economist , East Asia and the Pacific Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at eperova @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names", "spans": [{"start": 1120, "end": 1144, "text": "surveys of the villagers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using the approach based on the risk of falling into poverty , as proposed by Lopez-Calva & Ortiz-Juarez ( 2014 ) , is conceptually more accurate in defining the lower bound of the middle class for country-specific analysis . Interestingly , it has been found that despite using an alternative approach , this paper ’ s results align closely with their findings , which is a valuable contribution to the discussion on middle-class thresholds . Moreover , while the risk-based approach is highly relevant and useful for defining the lower end of the middle class , it does not address the upper end of the spectrum . The proposed methodology in this paper simultaneously tackles the lower and upper bounds of the middle class , using a consistent methodological approach . Doing so provides a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the middle class in Latin America , which can be of great value to policy makers and researchers alike . Despite offering valuable insights into the socioeconomic structure of the region , this methodology has certain limitations that should be acknowledged . First , the synthetic panel construction using labor market surveys is subject to potential biases and measurement errors inherent in self-reported income data . These biases may impact the accuracy of the estimated bounds for the middle class . Additionally , the synthetic panel data may not capture the full extent of income mobility based on cross-sectional surveys rather than longitudinal data . Second , this approach does not explicitly account for factors such as social protection systems , access to quality education and health care , or other non-income dimensions contributing to an individual ' s vulnerability or resilience to falling into poverty . As a result , the proposed methodology may not fully capture the complex dynamics that define the middle class in Latin America . It may overlook essential aspects related to social inclusion , economic security , and quality of life . Lastly , this method may need to comprehensively understand the heterogeneity within the middle class . This group is diverse , encompassing households with varying levels of vulnerability . This approach may not adequately capture these nuances , which are essential for designing effective policies to foster inclusive growth . While the present approach offers a", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1162, "text": "labor market surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1229, "end": 1254, "text": "self-reported income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1441, "end": 1464, "text": "cross-sectional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Online Appendix B : The Evolution of the Value of Suharto Connections * * # * * ( Extending Fisman , 2001 ) * * A key assumption of our paper is that the fall of Suharto reduced the value of political connections to him . Given that he was replaced by his protégé , B . J . Habibie , and that many people , including Suharto family members , managed to maintain their positions of power and prominence , it is important to assess whether this is indeed the case . If political connections to the Suharto regime remained valuable – or if our measure of political connections is a measure of generic political connectedness , rather than connectedness to Suharto specifically , we might anticipate that these connections continued to impact how firms ’ stock prices responded to political developments ( at least to some extent ) . By contrast , if these connections lost their relevance , then political connections to the Suharto regime should not predict firms ’ share price responses to news about political developments . To discriminate between these competing hypotheses , we use Fisman ’ s ( 2001 ) event study methodology and data to assess how firms with connections to him respond to political news after his fall , with the caveat that we have to confine our attention to firms that survived up until 2019 . < sup > 26 < / sup > We use the Castle Suharto Dependency Index which Ray Fisman generously shared with us . This indicator is a numerical rating of the degree to which the profitability of the 25 largest industrial groups in Indonesia was dependent on political connections to Suharto , ranging from 1 to 5 , that is based on the subjective assessments of consultants at the Castle Group , a leading economics consultancy firm based in Jakarta . Rank 5 is given to conglomerates with direct ownership links to the Suharto family . Most of these groups had multiple companies listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange . The total sample of firms for which we can revisit Fisman ’ s analysis is 51 , which is lower than the original sample of 79 firms analyzed by Fisman ( 2001 ) because Bloomberg", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1387, "text": "Castle Suharto Dependency Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # species of Eucalptus on the farmlans and backyards . Icm , Based on a terrestrial vegetation survey The main mammal species found in the area are Anubis Baboon , Grivet Monkey , Colobus Monkey , Hyena , Crested Porcupine , Bush Pig , Common fox , and Serval Cat , as reported * * by * * the woreda officials and local peoples during the field survey . The primates , which are more abundant and frequently observed than the other species , have larger populations than the other monkey < sup > species . It < / sup > is also confirmed that there are no endangered or rare species and species with restrictive habitat preference within the project affected areas . _Avifauna : _ The current survey showed the presence of 43 bird species in the Subproject area which is quiet low considering the species richness of the country , 864 species . Most of these existing population are categorized mainly as uncommon , resident and breeding , and Least concern in terms of IUCN ' s Red List , most are also listed as non-CITES Appendix species and few species in Appendix * * II . * * This analysis shows that the birds in the area are not among the protection concern species of the country . However , all the birds recorded in the proposed Subproject site are equally important but the risk could be higher to near endemics , Palearctic migrants and resident soaring birds . Therefore , it is recommended < sup > to < / sup > adopt appropriate < sup > mitigation measures . < / sup > _Protected / reberved areas , National Parks and Sanctuaries : _ The Subproject corridor is neither contiguous with , nor in close proximity with any of the regionally or nationally protected areas . There are many birds in the Subproject area . According to Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society * * ( EWNHS , 1996 ) , * * none", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 109, "text": "terrestrial vegetation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNBS * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KeepingYAYsfo , 5 - iv . Mainstream statistics in Ministries , Departments and Agencies ( MDAs ) and , County Governments - v . Strengthen human and physical capital - vi . Undertake Institutional reforms and good governance # # # # # * * ( b ) * * Principal * * Activities * * The Bureau is the principal agency of the Government for collecting , analysing and disseminating statistical data in Kenya and is the custodian of official statistical information . Specifically the Bureau is mandated with : ( a ) Planning , authorizing , co-ordinating and supervising all official statistical programmes undertaken within the National Statistical System ; * * ( b ) * * Establishing standards and promoting the use of best practices and methods in the production and dissemination of statistical information across the National Statistical System ; ( c ) Collecting , compiling , analyzing , abstracting and disseminating statistical information on the matters specified in the First Schedule ; * * ( d ) * * Conducting the Population and Housing Census every ten years , and such other censuses and surveys as the Board may determine ; and ( e ) Maintaining a comprehensive and reliable national socio-economic database . # # # # # ( c ) * * Key Management * * The Bureau ' s day-to-day management is under the following key organs : - Director General ; - Director * * - * * Finance and Administration ; * * - * * Director * * - * * Production Statistics ; - Director * * - * * Macro Economics Statistics ; - Director * * - * * Population and Social Statistics ; - Director * * - * * Strategy and Development ; and - Director * * - * * Information and Communication Technology # # # # # * * ( d ) Fiduciary Management * * The key management personnel who held office during the financial year ended 3 0 < sup > th June < / sup > < sup > * * 2016", "spans": [{"start": 1070, "end": 1099, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1234, "end": 1266, "text": "national socio-economic database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "400 . 00 | 6 , 400 . 00 | | Date | 25-Sep-2013 | 04-Nov-2016 | 10-Oct-2017 | 01-Jun-2018 | # # Overall Comments All Intermediate Results Indicators either achieved or surpassed agreed targets . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P143324 | TF-14232 | Effective | USD | 2 . 80 | 2 . 80 | 0 . 00 | 2 . 26 | 0 . 54 | 81 % | # # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * 11 / 14 / 2017 Page 8 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Ribilit f Dt * * | | * * Indicator Name * * | | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * eooogy or aa * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * esponsy or aa * * < br > * * Collection * * | | Beneficiaries with rebuilt < br > access to climate-resilient < br > infrastructure | and improved < br > community | | Semi - < br > Annual < br > starting in < br > YR2 | Woreda < br > Project < br > Coordination < br > Teams , < br > Central < br > Statistical < br > Agency of < br > Ethiopia | Aggregation of Woreda - < br > level data . Beneficiaries < br > are the people of the < br > Kebeles that the < br > infrastructure serves | MoF FPCU | | Beneficiaries with reb | uilt and | | Semi - | Woreda | Aggregation of Woreda - | MoF FPCU | | improved access to cl | imate-resilient | | Annual | Project | level data on female | | Page 37 of 49 June 18 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 863, "text": "level data on female", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Balma , and A . N . Mukasa , ‘ Not a good time ’ : Economic impact of COVID-19 in Africa . ( African Development Bank Group , Working Paper Series # 338 , 2020 ) . < mark > 7 . W . G . Cochran , < / mark > _ < mark > Sampling Techniques < / mark > _ < mark > , 3 < / mark > < sup > rd < / sup > < mark > ed . ( Wiley , New York , 1977 ) . < / mark > < mark > 8 . K < / mark > . Himelein , Weight Calculations for Panel Surveys with Subsampling and Split-off Tracking . _Statistics and Public Policy_ * * 1 * * ( 1 ) : 40 – 45 ( 2014 ) . 9 . Y , Tillé . _Sampling Algorithms_ ( Spring , New York , 2006 ) . 10 . Greene , W . H . _Econometric Analysis_ , 8 < sup > th < / sup > ed . ( Pearson , New York , 2017 ) . 11 . S . Hsiang , _et al_ . , The effects of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic . _Nature_ * * 584 * * , 262-267 ( 2020 ) . 12 . < mark > World Bank , Ethiopia - High-Frequency Phone Survey on COVID-19 2020 . ( World Bank , Washington , D . C . , 2020 ) ; https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3716 . < / mark > 13 . < mark > World Bank , Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey on COVID-19 2020 . ( World Bank , Washington , D . C . , 2020 ) ; https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3766 < / mark > < u > . < / u > 14 . < mark > World Bank , Nigeria - High-Frequency Phone Survey on COVID-19 2020 . ( World Bank , Washington , D . C . , 2020 ) ; https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog /", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < br > The proposed and existed TML shall be < br > fitted with bird warning spheres < br > ( colored balloons ) , Fitting of flapper < br > devices on the shield wires , which will < br > make them more visible and avoid any < br > striking . < br > Undertake regular monitoring and < br > collect data on avifauna electrocuted < br > along the proposed transmission line , if < br > occurred . < br > Awareness < br > rising < br > for < br > community < br > members and workers about illegal < br > hunting . < br > The contractor shall develop a site < br > management plan , as required to ensure < br > proper management of impacts during < br > construction period | | * * Operation * * | * * Landscape and Visual Intrusion ( Lot-1 ) * * | | | | The < br > Proposed < br > High < br > Voltage < br > Transmission line ( HVTL ) is likely to < br > cause visual impacts hence disturbing the < br > aesthetic beauty of the area . | No significant impact is expected , as < br > The proposed transmission line has < br > already been decided to follow the < br > existing transmission line route | | | * * Impact on Cultural , Religious and Arche * * | * * ological Resources ( Lot - 1 ) * * | xix", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 330, "text": "data on avifauna electrocuted", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > | : Jesuit Refugee Service | | LGBTI < br > | : Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Transgender and Intersex | | MGF < br > | : Mutilation Génitale Féminine ( Female Gender mutilation ) | | MICS < br > | : Enquête par grappes à indicateurs multiples ( Multiple-Indicator Cluster Survey ) | | NFI < br > | : Non Food Items | | OMS < br > | : Organisation Mondiale de la Santé | | PEP < br > | : Post Exposure Prophylaxis | | PoC < br > | : People of Concern | | SECADEV < br > | : Secours Catholique de Développement | | SGBV < br > | : Sexual and Gender Based Violence | | SIDA < br > i | : Syndrome de l ' Immuno Déficience Acquise ( AIDS ) | | SMSPS < br > | : Santé Mentale et Soutien PsychoSociale ( Mental Health and Psychosocial Support ) | | SNU < br > | : Système des Nations Unies ( United Nations System ) | | SOP < br > | : Standard Operating Procedures | | UNFPA < br > | : United Nations Funds for Population Activities | | UNICEF < br > | : United Nations Children ' s Fund | | VBG < br > | : Violences Basées sur le Genre ( Gender-based Violence ) | | VIH < br > i | : Virus de l ' Immunodeficience Humaine ( HIV ) |", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 281, "text": "Multiple-Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". , C . Pitt , S . Cousens , et al . 2014 . “ Cost-effectiveness of Strategies to Improve the Utilization and Provision of Maternal and Newborn Health Care in Low-income and Lower-middle-income Countries : A Systematic Review . ” < / mark > _ < mark > BMC Pregnancy Childbirth < / mark > _ < mark > 14 : 243 . < / mark > > 48 < mark > Horton , S . , and C . Levin . 2016 . “ Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Reproductive , Maternal , Neonatal , and Child Health . ” < / mark > In _ < mark > Reproductive , Maternal , Newborn , and Child Health . Disease Control Priorities < / mark > _ < mark > , edited by R . E . Black , R . Laxminarayan , M . Temmerman , and N . Walker , 319 – 334 . Third edition , volume 2 . Washington , DC : World Bank . < / mark > > 49 Data were extracted from the WHO ’ s Global Health Observatory Data ( 2014 ) . The ratio of DALYs to the total all-cause deaths for the 15 – 49 years age group was estimated at 85 in 2014 . > 50 According to the Disease Control Priorities and the Copenhagen Consensus , benefits can be calculated as either one or three times per capita GDP . Jha , et al . 2015 . “ Benefits and Costs of the Health Targets for the Post-2015 Development Agenda . ” http : / / dcp-3 . org / sites / default / files / resources / health_assessment_-_jha_et_al_0 . pdf . Page 42 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 805, "end": 835, "text": "Global Health Observatory Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 21 - 54 . The results of the analysis are shown in Table 2 below . At the end of 1997 , Zambia ' s fiscal balance remained far from the level required for solvency and sustainability , and fiscal adjustment equivalent to about 2 . 4 percent of GDP would be needed to bring about solvency in the central government deficit ( Table 2 ) . However , achieving fiscal solvency for the public sector as a whole ( the quasi-fiscal deficit ) would require fiscal adjustment on the order of 16 . 1 % of GDP . Because of a substantial real devaluation in 1997 , fiscal adjustment to achieve sustainability was about 25 . 3 % of GDP , a huge requirement beyond the ability of any government . A comparison of Table 1 and 2 also shows that while the conventional measure of fiscal deficit ( Table 1 ) shows a decline from 1996 to 1997 , the solvency and sustainability indicators ( Table 2 ) show that an increase in fiscal adjustment was needed . * * Table 2 : Zambia : Public Sector Solvency and Sustainability ( percentage of GDP ) * * | | * * 1995 * * | * * 1996 * * | * * 1997 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Solvency | | | | | Primary Balance | 6 . 6 | 6 . 3 | 5 . 3 | | Real GDP Growth | - 2 . 3 | 6 . 5 | 3 . 5 | | Domestic Debt | 7 . 5 | 5 . 8 | 4 . 6 | | External Debt | 207 . 5 | 188 . 1 | 178 . 5 | | Primary Balance for Solvency | 22 . 9 | 6 . 7 | 7 . 7 | | Central Government Solvency Adjustment | 16 . 3 | . 5 | 2 . 4 | | Non-financial Public Sector Solvency | 23 . 7 | 12 . 6 | 12 . 4 | | Adjustment | | | | | Quasi-Public Sector Solvency Adjustment | 32 . 8 | 18 . 8 | 16 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provision will help strengthen the ability of first responders to work effectively during the emergency period , especially to power front-line medical equipment such as ventilators . The imposed lockdown and other > 25 Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research and WHO , 2017 . > 26 National Health Accounts 2014 . > 27 As part of the Cabinet paper : The Government COVID-19 Response Plan . > 28 These include disposable medical face masks , boots , impermeable aprons / coverall suits , protective goggles , indirect side ventilation , infra-red thermometers , motorized fumigation pumps , oxygen cylinders , biohazard bags , body bags , disinfectants including sanitizers , plastics / rubber gloves , gas masks with mechanical parts and paper bed sheets . > 29 First responders to emergencies include , for instance , public and private hospitals , quarantine facilities and rural medical infirmaries . Page 27", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 319, "text": "National Health Accounts 2014", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor market without foundational skills . Uganda ’ s 2020 Human Capital Index ( HCI ) is 0 . 38 , a figure that is below the Sub-Saharan African average of 0 . 40 . 0 . 38 HCI implies that a child born in Uganda today is likely to be only 38 percent as productive when she grows up as she could be if she enjoyed complete education and full health . # # # * * < u > Refugee context < / u > * * 3 . * * Uganda has an open-door policy towards refugees anchored in the 2006 Refugee Act and the 2010 Refugee Regulations . The legal framework governing refugees allows freedom of movement , the right to work , establish a business , own property , and access to national services , including education and health care . * * As of March 31 , 2023 , Uganda hosts 1 , 532 , 162 refugees and asylum seekers < sup > 3 < / sup > , representing the fifth largest refugee-hosting country globally and first in Africa < sup > 4 < / sup > . About 94 percent of refugees live in 33 settlements > 1 State of Skills , ILO , 2020 ( https : / / www . ilo . org / skills / pubs / WCMS_736694 / lang - - en / index . html ) > 2 See https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / country / uganda / overview . > 3 OPM and UNHCR : Uganda Refugee Statistics , March 2023 : _https : / / unh . cr / 6364f3f1f_ > 4 < u > https : / / www . unhcr . org / refugee-statistics / < / u > Page 3 of 9 May 06 , 2023", "spans": [{"start": 1203, "end": 1228, "text": "Uganda Refugee Statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The matching analysis draws only from the baseline survey which interviewed 6 , 722 households in 57 treatment municipalities and 4 , 562 households in 9 control municipalities . < sup > 11 < / sup > The subsample for this analysis includes only children who were born during 1975-1994 , and who may have graduated from high school between 2003 and 2009 . < sup > 12 < / sup > For instance , a child that had completed grade 6 at baseline ( either in a treated or control area ) was expected to finish high school ( grade 11 ) by 2007 if the child progressed on schedule . In contrast , a child starting primary school ( grade 1 ) in 2002 ( baseline ) will not be able to finish high school at least before 2013 . Therefore , the relevant cohorts of children to estimate the average impacts of the program are those who at baseline had 4 to 10 years of schooling , and who were 18 years old or younger ( called ― PSM data ‖ ) . The baseline survey is also used to construct most of the pre-program covariates for the matching procedures . The samples of analysis for the RDD approach are constructed with two different administrative sources of data . The first is the monitoring and evaluation system , SIFA , created for administrative and monitoring purposes at the onset of the FA program . The system is a longitudinal census of program beneficiaries from 2001 to present . To date , there is information on approximately 2 . 8 million families currently participating in the program . The second source of information is the data from a census of the poor ( _Sisben_ ) carried out between 1994 and 2003 to construct the poverty index score for the proxymeans test . Questions were asked regarding households ‘ demographics , structure , durable goods , housing characteristics , human capital , labor force participation , income , and access to basic services . By 2003 , the surveys covered over 25 million individuals . < sup > 13 < / sup > Data from SIFA and _Sisben_ were carefully merged using confidential information on date of birth , full name , and", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 921, "text": "PSM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 932, "end": 947, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1204, "end": 1208, "text": "SIFA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1311, "end": 1355, "text": "longitudinal census of program beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1543, "end": 1561, "text": "census of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implications for welfare . Specifically , we show that the auto-correlation coefficient of the AR ( 1 ) process ( the catching-up parameter ) measures “ good mobility ” in the sense that a reduction in this parameter increases both mobility and welfare . In contrast , social welfare is ( almost ) unaffected by measurement error or transitory income shocks even though mobility increases with the variance of the i . i . d . component of labor income . Finally , the variance of persistent income shocks ( income risk ) increases mobility , but decreases social welfare . This implies that two societies with the same initial distribution of income and the same level of measured income mobility and aggregate growth may experience quite different social welfare changes depending upon the different combinations of the underlying income parameters . We present a quantitative implementation of our framework that underscores the importance of decomposing income dynamics into its components , as we have discussed . Specifically , an application using data on individual incomes from Mexico yields striking results . Most of measured income mobility is driven by measurement error or transitory income shocks and therefore ( almost ) welfare-neutral , and only a small part of measured income mobility is due to either welfare-reducing income risk or welfare-enhancing catching-up of low-income individuals with high-income individuals . However , despite the small mobility effects , ( idiosyncratic ) persistent income risk has significant negative effects on social welfare – eliminating or insuring it would generate welfare gains that are equivalent to an increase in lifetime consumption by about 10 percent even if workers are only moderately risk-averse ( log-utility ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > Eliminating the catch-up of low income individuals with high income individuals yields a loss in social welfare of similar magnitude . Decomposing mobility into its fundamental components is thus seen to be crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation . # II . Income and Mobility # # II . 1 . Income Process Consider a large number of workers indexed by i . For notational ease , we focus on one cohort of workers who enter the labor market for the first time in period t = 0 so that t =", "spans": [{"start": 1054, "end": 1092, "text": "data on individual incomes from Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . the Development and Implementation of Corrective Strategy for Suspended Providers ance < br > due to over commitment . | | Key Outputs by Component < br > ( linked to the achievement of the < br > Objective / Outcome 2 ) | * * i . * * < br > * * Sensitization Campaign of Stakeholders on Transparency and Accountability : * * < br > ( a ) * * Integrity Survey : * * < br > The results of the integrity survey informed the amendment of the PPDA Act ( under the | Page 23 of 28", "spans": [{"start": 347, "end": 363, "text": "Integrity Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during arrivals / recognition during the past five years , whereas for most European countries and the USA a 10-year period has been applied . These periods reflect the different naturalization rates for refugees in these regions . 2 Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention / 1967 Protocol , the 1969 OAU Convention , in accordance with the UNHCR Statute , persons granted a humanitarian status and those granted temporary protection . 3 Persons whose application for asylum or refugee status is pending at any stage in the asylum procedure . 4 Refugees who have returned to their place of origin during the year . Source : Country of origin and asylum . 5 Persons who are displaced within their country and to whom UNHCR extends protection and / or assistance . 6 IDPs protected / assisted by UNHCR who have returned to their place of origin during the year . 7 Refers to persons who are not considered nationals by any State under the operation of its laws . 8 Persons of concern to UNHCR not included in the previous columns including a . o . forced migrants ( Russian Federation ) , local residents-at-risk ( Serbia , Kosovo ) , Sahrawis ( Mauritania ) , Afghan asylum-seekers ( Russian Federation , UNHCR est . ) , Muslims from the Phillipines ( Malaysia ) , Colombians ( Ecuador and Venezuela ) , etc . 9 UNHCR figures for Pakistan only include Afghans living in camps who are assisted by UNHCR . According to a 2005 government census of Afghans in Pakistan and subsequent voluntary repatriation during the year , there are an additional 1 . 5 million Afghans living outside camps , some of whom may be refugees . Those Afghans living outside camps receive no UNHCR assistance except access to UNHCR-facilitated voluntary repatriation . These figures are currently under review as result of the registration of Afghans which took place in Pakistan from October 2006 to February 2007 . > 10 The decision to apply _prima facie_ status to Iraqis originating from south and central Iraq was taken in January 2007 . As a", "spans": [{"start": 1438, "end": 1471, "text": "2005 government census of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1821, "end": 1844, "text": "registration of Afghans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ية * * : المصدر * * . هي تقديرات2020 بيانات عام * * : مالحظة * * عدد المهاجرين والالجئين من البلدان العربية . 3 الشكل 2020-1990 ، ( بالماليين ) حسب مجموعات البلدان < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 < br > بلدان المغرب بلدان مجلس المنطقة العربية < br > العربي التعاون الخليجي < br > ً أقل البلدان بلدان المشرق < br > العربية نموا العربي < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > . DESA , International Migration Stock , 2020 حسابات اإلسكوا استنادا ً إلى * * : المصدر * * تشير البيانات المتعلقة ببلدان مجلس التعاون الخليجي بشكل أساسي إلى * * : مالحظة * * . المهاجرين ، نظرا ً إلى اتجاهات الهجرة إلى هذه البلدان", "spans": [{"start": 492, "end": 521, "text": "International Migration Stock", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "a monetary welfare measure is used , such as consumption expenditures per adult equivalent ) . RR ββ ̂ The extent to which hazards experienced by households in the sample are associated with sufficiently significant declines in their welfare depends in part on the degree to which there is variability in the exposure to and intensity of the shocks experienced . For example , if the value of k is the same for all in the sample and not just for those within a given cluster , then there is no way to identify the parameter 2 . Hence , it is critical to derive estimates of 2 based on data that include significant variability in RRk . This task is a particular challenge when analyzing the impact of drought because these events are spatially correlated and not localized . Increasing the number of years ββ and the number of countries included increases the variation in ββ ̂ RR k . For this reason , the analysis prioritizes inclusion of countries where multiple rounds of survey data were available . In addition , by estimating this relationship at the level of the livelihood zone and not the country , the analysis increases the number of years and RR variation in hazards available . Based on the general but unknown function _f_ , the effect of exposure to the hazard on welfare depends on the specific values of the determinants of welfare summarized by the variables k , and , i . e . , < u > hk < / u > = k d < u > ( k hk hk ) < / u > ddWW k ~ ~ . ~ ~ The linear specification in regression equation ( 2 ) assumes a constant effect of the hazard on RR , XXhkk EEhkk ddRR RR = rr , XX = xx , EE = ee welfare ( i . e . , ddRR < u > hk < / u > = 2 ) that is independent of the level of the hazard and of specific household characteristics k ddWW and environmental factors . It is important to relax this assumption in two ways : first , by allowing the ddRR ββ impact of the hazard to vary by the size of", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 987, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "constraint is that the variable must be numeric and should match across datasets , although it is recommended it follows a hierarchical structure similar to the one proposed by Zhao ( 2006 ) . - The hierarchical id should be of the same length for all observations . For example : AAMMEEE . < sup > 30 < / sup > This structure facilitiates getting final estimates at different aggregation levels . - The ` dataout ( ) ` option indicates the path and filename of the Mata format dataset that will be used when running the Monte Carlo simulations . # # * * 6 . 1 . 1 Example : Preparing the Target Data * * The ` sae ` command requires users to import the target data into a Mata data format file . This is done to facilitate the process of simulations in the second stage due to the potential large size of the target data . > 30In the case this were done for a specific country , AA stands for the highest aggregation level , MM stands for the second highest aggregation level , and EEE , stands for the lowest aggregation level . 14", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 485, "text": "Mata format dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > simulated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model and show that up to 100 , 000 jobs could disappear in the short ‐ run and more than 300 , 000 in the long ‐ run . Another study by Bauer < / mark > _ < mark > et al < / mark > _ < mark > . ( 2013 ) uses a computable general equilibrium GTAP model to estimate the economic impact of the GDPR . It finds that this law could lead to losses up to 1 . 3 percent of the EU ’ s GDP as a result of a reduction of trade between the EU and the rest of the world . < / mark > Goldfarb and Tucker ( 2012 ) empirically prove the adverse link between restrictive data policies and innovation and point out that stricter privacy regulations may harm innovative activities by presenting the results of previous studies undertaken with respect to two sectors , namely health services and online advertising . Both studies show that there are strong linkages between the effective sourcing and use of data and innovation based on open markets . Recent work by Goldfarb and Trefler ( 2018 ) discusses the potential theoretical implications of restrictive data policies such as data localization and strict privacy regulations on innovation and trade , albeit from the perspective of AI . The authors make clear that an expanded innovative AI industry in which data flows are an important factor would be distorted by restrictive data policies such as data localization . This paper combines the two strands of the literature by developing a specific yet expanded data policy restrictiveness index based on Ferracane _et al . _ ( 2018a ) . It then relates the index to firms ’ digital innovation activities for a set of East Asian countries for which we specifically have developed the data policy index . The index covers various measures related to data activities and is much broader in scope than equivalent indexes used in the papers described above . For instance , in addition to restrictions on the cross ‐ border flow and domestic use of data , we now also include restrictions related to IPR for digital sectors , intermediate liability and content access for online", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1-2 _EIA & EMMP Report for Bachuma Gate – Maji ya Chumvi ( A109 ) Road Project_ - Environmental Management and Coordination ( Water Quality ) Regulations 2006 - Factories and Other Places of Work Act , Cap 514 - Factories ( Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction ) Rules - 1984 ; - Factories and Other Places of Work ( Health & Safety Committees ) Rules 2004 ; - Factories and Other Places of Work ( Medical Examination ) Rules 2005 . - Factories and Other Places of Work ( Noise Prevention and Control ) Rules 2005 . - Factories and Other Places of Work ( Fire Risk Reduction ) Rules 2006 ( Draft ) . - Water Act , 2002 - Public Health Act , Cap 242 - Wayleaves Act , Cap 292 - Land Acquisition Act , Cap 295 - Public Roads and Roads of Access Act , Cap 399 - Limitations of Actions Act Cap 22 . # # * * 1 . 4 Project Justification & Alternatives * * The objective of the project is to improve road transport services along the A109 , which forms part of the Northern Corridor , by improving the highway and enhancing mobility on the road . The proposed road project is heavy trafficked , with annual average daily traffic estimated at 3420 in 2011 , based on traffic studies and growth rates carried out by the consultant in September 2003 . As shown from these traffic studies , the heavy traffic is increasing with time as a result of the high economic growth experienced in Kenya and surrounding countries which use the road for its transportation of goods to and from Mombasa . The road also serves as an important role in the tourism industry by providing links to major tourist attractions such as Tsavo , Amboseli and Maasai Mara National parks , as well as the coastal towns of Mombasa and Malindi . The poor physical condition of this section of the road between Bachuma gate and Maji ya Chumvi , and its limited capacity are associated with significant travel time , high fuel consumption , high vehicle emissions as well", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is generally the case that verifiable information on program applicants ’ level of consumption or income will not be available due to the difficulty and cost of collecting such information . Careful data collection and statistical modeling are required to ensure an accurate prediction of household welfare . Nevertheless , due to these inaccuracies , it is important for programs to include a grievance or appeals process available to excluded program applicants who may like to provide additional information in support of their application or have their case reviewed for potential errors ( Sebastian et al . 2018 ) . Even with careful data collection and statistical modeling , the PMT score is still a prediction of a households ’ actual welfare and subject to inaccuracies . The magnitude of inclusion and exclusion errors depends on the program eligibility threshold ( the PMT score cutoff ) and the true level of poverty rate in a country . Considering a fixed poverty rate in a country , at one extreme , a program that does not include any beneficiaries will have zero inclusion error , but an exclusion error equal to the poverty rate . Likewise , at the other extreme , a program that includes everyone will have zero exclusion error , but an inclusion error equal to percentage of the population not living in poverty . In practice , the PMT score cutoff can be selected to balance these errors based on policy and program objectives . # 3 . Data and Methods The development of the Sudan PMT proceeds as follows : First , we identify a set of candidate variables from household survey data that we believe could serve as a good proxy for a household ’ s welfare — in the case of Sudan this is household consumption expenditure . Second , we perform statistical analyses to determine a subset of variables to be used in the final PMT . In this step , we also explore different model specifications . Third , we evaluate candidate models ’ out-of-sample predictions across different PMT cutoff scores using several evaluation metrics . Finally , we explore the performance of hypothetical targeting methods and transfer schemes using the final PMT . # # _Data and Variables_ That data used to develop the", "spans": [{"start": 1584, "end": 1605, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adds to its system , the more attractive it becomes to student clients . On the other , a larger client base incentivizes more local tutors to register in the system . As the number of participants on either side grows , the growth generates value for both groups , creating two-sided network effects . A tremendous amount of data accumulates on digital platforms with expansion of the positive network effect . Data on consumer behavior and preferences become the secret weapon to further propel business growth . < sup > 14 < / sup > The data can either be utilized to improve a platform ’ s efficiency as an exchange facilitator or to develop other related businesses . Flipkart , an Indian e-commerce platform , provides customers with more targeted advertisements based on their transaction patterns . Ant Financial incorporates data gained through Alibaba ’ s Taobao . com Marketplace in its loan assessment model to offer microloans to merchants on the 4", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 453, "text": "Data on consumer behavior and preferences", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "can adapt to climate-driven changes in labor availability by adjusting firm locations . For instance , Jin et al . ( 2021 ) document higher establishment closures in U . S . counties exposed to abnormally high temperatures due to lower local demand . It is not clear > 2Boustan et al . ( 2020 ) detect increases in out-migration from U . S . counties affected by severe natural disasters , but we did not find empirical evidence on effects on migration from natural disasters in LMICs . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "addition , wage data are likely to be affected by wage arrears and non-payment of wages , a problem particularly pronounced in CIS ( particularly at the early stage of the transition ) . Finally , a widespread practice of underreporting of wages to avoid tax payments also means that the actual wage growth during the transition is likely to be underestimated . 30", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 20, "text": "wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "no contribution to make to this discussion and simply use the Hart Index as our basic measure of mobility . > 6For an interesting exercise which compares results on poverty vulnerability ( the propensity to move into poverty ) obtained using panel data on incomes with those obtained from repeated cross-sections instead and finds that model parameters recovered from pseudo-panels approximate reasonably well those estimated directly from a true panel , see Bourguignon , Goh and Kim ( 2006 ) > 7See , for example , Aiyagari ( 1994 ) , Heaton and Lucas ( 1996 ) , and Levine and Zame ( 2002 ) and Section III for further discussion of the issue of transitory income shocks . Clearly , in the case of measurement error there is even more compelling reason to neglect the i . i . d . component in the welfare analysis . We should also note that while we consider self-insurance against persistent income shocks , we do not model any alternative schemes that may provide insurance against variations in persistent income . We believe this characterization to be closer to that of developing economies , but this analysis would be relevant in any contexts where such ( social ) insurance schemes are absent . 8Moreover , Krebs ( 2007 ) shows that even in the case of persistent , but not necessarily permanent , income shocks ( AR ( 1 ) process with auto-correlation coefficient less than one ) consumption still responds one-forone to income shocks if there are costs of financial intermediation that generate a sufficiently large spread between borrowing rate and lending rate . 3", "spans": [{"start": 242, "end": 252, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were unemployed and 5 percent left the labor force , relative to approximately 15 . 5 percent of other age groups becoming unemployed ( Table 5-17 ) . * * Nationality : * * Conclusions based on reported nationality should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size for national minorities and potential biases in data collection . Nonetheless , for Jordan , our method predicts the general pattern . As shown in Table 5-14 , our model predicts higher rates of PFPS job loss for Palestinian and “ other ” workers , and lower rates of job loss for Syrian workers . This pattern is confirmed , indeed magnified , in the CMMHH data . However , the survey-measured projections do not project this general pattern . Once again , the model-based prediction gives a closer approximation to the demographic pattern of job losses observed in the CMMHH , lending support to that approach of assessing jobs at risk . < sup > 51 < / sup > # * * 5 . 5 . 2 Georgia * * * * Gender : * * In Georgia , our model similarly projects impacts disfavoring men more than women ( Table 5-18 ) . The model shows a 17 . 4 percent rate of PFPS job loss for females compared to 20 . 0 percent for men in wave 1 of the CFUWBES and a 2 . 8 percent rate of PFPS job loss for females compared to 7 . 9 percent for men in the Wave 2 . However , the projected gender gap narrows when we utilize the survey-measured job loss rates . _Table 5-18 Georgia : Comparison of PFPS Job Losses , Modeled , and Survey-Measured ( including jobs loss due to firm closures ) , by Demographic Group_ | | CFUWBES1 < br > | CFUW < br > | BES2 ( Cumulative ) < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Modeled | Model-predicted | Survey-measured | | By gender | | | | | Female | 17 . 4 | 2 . 8 | 6 . 4 | | Male | 20 . 0 | 7 . 9 | 8 .", "spans": [{"start": 631, "end": 641, "text": "CMMHH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1203, "end": 1210, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1568, "end": 1576, "text": "CFUWBES1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1600, "end": 1604, "text": "BES2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > PAKCIVLAOTGOUGAMDGSENPNGMOZ PAKCIVLAOTGOUGAMDGSENPNGMOZ < br > KHM KHM < br > CMRSDNGI NMLIETHGNB CMRSDNGI NMLIETHGNB < br > GA B MRTCAFHTISLE GA B MRTCAFHTISLE < br > BFA DJI BFA DJI < br > AGO AGO < br > COG COG < br > NGAZARNERTCD NGAZARNERTCD < br > 300 400 500 600 700 800 300 400 500 600 700 800 < br > Orthogonalized Public Expditure on Health Orthogonalized Public Expditure on Health < br > Daat Source : World Bank WDI Daat Source : World Bank WDI < br > ( b . 1 ) ( b . 2 ) < br > 80 80 < br > 70 70 < br > 60 60 < br > 50 50 < br > Life Expectancy at Birth Life Expectancy at Birth < br > 40 40 < br > 100 100 < br > 80 80 < br > 60 60 < br > Immunization DPT Immunization DPT < br > 40 40 < br > 20 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Are Firm Capabilities Holding Back Firms in Mozambique ? * * Gemechu Aga < sup > 1 < / sup > , Francisco Campos < sup > 1 < / sup > , Adriana Conconi < sup > 2 < / sup > , Elwyn Davies < sup > 1 < / sup > , Carolin Geginat < sup > 1 * < / sup > # # * * 1World Bank * * # # * * 2Harvard University * * _Keywords : _ enterprises ; firm capabilities ; skills ; management practices . _JEL codes : _ O12 ; L26 ; M20 ; O17 ; M53 . > * We would like to thank – with no implication – our World Bank management and donors for financing the data collection without which this paper would not have been possible . Further we would like to thank Arti Grover , Alvaro Gonzalez , Asif Islam , Mark Lundell , Denis Medvedev , Douglas Pearce , Jorge Rodriguez Meza , Peter Holland for helpful discussions . Funding from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency ( SIDA ) , World Bank Group Enterprise Surveys ; World Bank ’ s Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation ( FCI ) Global Practice ; Macro , Trade and Investment ( MTI ) Global Practice ; and the Mozambique Women Entrepreneurship Finance Initiative ( WeFI ) is gratefully acknowledged . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . The authors may be contacted at : < u > gayanaaga @ worldbank . org ; fcampos @ worldbank . org ; adrianaconconi @ gmail . com ; edavies @ worldbank . org ; cgeginat @ worldbank . org < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 914, "text": "World Bank Group Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A number of findings stand out based on the host government data . #  * * _In all six host countries , the numbers of Chinese investment projects proved to be several times higher than those recorded by the MOC system , confirming the suspicions of many in China . _ * * Figure 4 below shows the number of Chinese investment projects that are “ in operation ” in each of the six host countries , contrasted to the number of projects reported by the MOC database . To be conservative , in all countries except Rwanda , the research uses numbers of projects “ in operation , ” rather than “ committed . ” < sup > 14 < / sup > It is quite astonishing to see how closely the Chinese estimated , i . e . , what is happening on the ground is significantly higher , by 2-7 times , than what is captured by MOC data in all six countries . * * Figure 4 : Chinese Investment in Six African Countries , as of end-2011 * * ( by project number ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 700 < br > 605 < br > 600 < br > 478 < br > 500 < br > 400 < br > 313 < br > 290 < br > 300 < br > 212 < br > 200 < br > 123 111 113 < br > 87 < br > 100 16 7 25 < br > 0 < br > Nigeria Zambia Ethiopia Ghana Liberia Rwanda < br > Data from China Ministry of Commerce Data from Host Country IPA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # _Source : Shen and Zhai . _ More specifically , there are 2 . 9 times as much Chinese investment projects in Nigeria , 2 . 5 times in Zambia , 2 . 6 times in Ethiopia , 3 . 6 times in Rwanda , 5 . 5 times in Ghana , and 7 times in Liberia . Host country data do not distinguish private and government ownership . However , the differences are ostensibly caused by private projects assuming SOEs generally comply", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 64, "text": "host government data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 450, "end": 462, "text": "MOC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 800, "end": 808, "text": "MOC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1548, "end": 1565, "text": "Host country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- MARSABIT COUNTY - < br > 84512-GO-RFQ / Procure < br > 14No . laptops for projectaccountant and all the 13HRIOs at Marsabit CountyReferral Hospital , Moyale IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-16 2019-02-18 2019-05-19 < br > hospital , Laisamis hospital , < br > Kalacha hospital < br > KE-ELGEYO MARAKWET - < br > 84513-GO-RFQ / Purchase of < br > 1 Heavy Duty Multipurposephotocopier ( 4 in one ) tosupport RMNCAH Data IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-25 2019-01-20 2019-05-20 < br > review for County Referral < br > Hospital Iten < br > KE-GARISSA COUNTY-84505-GO-RFQ / PURCHASEOF 10 LAPTOPS AND 4DESKTOPS . IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-18 2019-02-01 2019-03-03 < br > KE-UASIN GISHU < br > COUNTY-84515-GO-RFQ / Procure 3 delivery sets forBurnt forest Subcounty IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-12 2019-03-09 2019-09-05 < br > Hospital < br > KE-KERICHO COUNTY - < br > 84517-GO-RFQ / Purchase of30 gas cylinders for 30newly opened level", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 497, "text": "RMNCAH Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * MAIN ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS * * * * ANMEB National Agreement for the Modernization of Basic Education ( Acuerdo Nacional para la Modernización de la Educación Básica ) ENIGH National Household Survey of Income and Expenditures ( Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares ) ENEU National Urban Employment Survey ( Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano ) INEGI National Institute of Statistics , Geography , and Information ( Instituto National de Estadística , Geografía e Informática ) SEP : Ministry of Education ( Secretaría de Educación Pública ) SNTE : National Union of Education Workers ( Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación ) * * 2", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 234, "text": "ENIGH National Household Survey of Income and Expenditures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 293, "end": 330, "text": "ENEU National Urban Employment Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 333, "end": 367, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "the region . Phase-I was implemented in 4 woredas of the region , namely ; Kebribeyah , Awubere , Dollo Ado and Bokolmay woredas and benefited 27 beneficiary kebeles . # # # # * * Dollo Ado woreda * * Dollo Ado woreda is one of the project target woredas in the Somali Region found in Liben Zone of the region located 240 km from the zonal city Filtu and 965 km far from the regional city Jigjiga . The woreda is bordered to the northwest by Filtu , on the northeast by Afder Zone , on the southeast by Somalia and on the south by Kenya . The altitude of this woreda ranges from 149 to 200 meters above sea level . The average temperature of is 34-37 < sup > 0 < / sup > c and the average annual rain fails is 300mm . The woreda has 22 kebeles and two known rivers , Dawa river , and Ganale river . Mena river is also found in this woreda . Based on the 2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA , this Woreda has a total population of 145 , 755 of whom 77 , 117 are male and 68 , 538 female , 50 , 294 and 95 , 361 of the population 46", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 896, "text": "2017 Population Projection of Ethiopia CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WB ) < br > Taxation Capacity ( ICTD ) | < br > • < br > Freedom of Expression ( BS ) < br > • < br > Media Freedom ( RSF ) < br > • < br > Media Impartiality ( V-Dem ) | | • < br > • | Revenue Collection ( AfDB / WB ) < br > Revenue Collection ( AfDB ) | • < br > Freedom of Expression ( V-Dem ) < br > • < br > Censorship ( GI ) | | • | Revenue Collection ( WB ) | • < br > Media Censorship ( GI ) | | • | < br > Transparency of State-owned Companies ( GI ) | < br > • < br > Online Censorship ( GI ) < br > • < br > Freedom of Association & Assembly ( BS / GI ) < br > • < br > Freedom of Association & Assembly ( BS ) < br > • < br > Freedom of Association ( GI ) < br > • < br > Freedom of Association ( GI ) < br > • < br > Trade Unions ( GI ) < br > • < br > Digital & IT Infrastructure ( EIU / ITU ) < br > • < br > IT Infrastructure ( EIU ) < br > • < br > Mobile Phone Subscribers ( ITU ) < br > • < br > Household Computers ( ITU ) | _Source : Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance Indicators , 2017_ 38", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 1004, "text": "Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ censusindia . gov . in / 2011census / maps / administrative_maps / admmaps2011 . html . < / mark > - O ’ Sullivan , A . and Strange , W . C . , 2018 . The emergence of coagglomeration . Journal of Economic Geography , 18 ( 2 ) , pp . 293-317 . - Rathelot , R . and Sillard , P . , 2008 . The importance of local corporate taxes in business location decisions : Evidence from French micro data . The Economic Journal , 118 ( 527 ) , pp . 499-514 . - Rohlin , S . , Rosenthal , S . S . and Ross , A . , 2014 . Tax avoidance and business location in a state border model . Journal of Urban Economics , 83 , pp . 34-49 . - Shenoy , A . , 2018 . Regional development through place-based policies : Evidence from a spatial discontinuity . Journal of Development Economics , 130 , pp . 173-189 . - Singh , K . and Saluja , M . R . , 2018 . Input – Output Table for India 2013 – 2014 : Based on the New Series of National Accounts Statistics and Supply and the Use Table . Margin : The Journal of Applied Economic Research , 12 ( 2 ) , pp . 197-223 . Tillin , L . , 2013 . Remapping India : New states and their political origins . Hurst Publishers . Unni , J . and Raveendran , G . , 2006 . Are the Results of the Economic Census Robust ? . Economic and Political Weekly , pp . 3558-3560 . Wang , J . , 2013 . The economic impact of special economic zones : Evidence from Chinese municipalities . Journal of development economics , 101 , pp . 133-147 . Wasylenko , M . J . , 1997 . Taxation and economic development : the state of the economic literature . 37", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Empirical results * * # # * * 5 . 1 Descriptive statistics * * Table ( 2 ) presents a summary of our treatment variables ( power constraints ) in this study . With respect to power outages , 16 , 816 firms out of 30 , 403 firms faced power outages , or about 53 . 6 % of the firms in our sample . In addition , for 19 , 551 firms , power is an obstacle , representing 62 . 3 % of firms . Of these firms , 17 . 6 % faced minor obstacles in the power sector , 15 . 1 % faced moderate obstacles , 16 . 2 % faced major obstacles , 13 . 2 % faced severe obstacles , and 11 . 7 % considered power to be the major challenge in their operations . Finally , while outages are one of the main manifestations of constraints in the power sector in these countries , there are a number of other constraints ( high cost of power , voltage fluctuations , connection problems , etc . ) that are not readily observable through the survey data . Indeed , we can see here that 32 . 7 % of the firms that faced obstacles did not experience any outages . Similarly , 39 . 1 % of firms that experienced minor obstacles , 28 . 3 % of firms that experienced moderate obstacles , 28 . 9 % of firms that experienced major obstacles , 33 . 8 % of firms that experienced severe obstacles , and 27 . 2 % of firms that reported power as their greatest challenge . Table 2 : Summary statistics on the treatment variables | | * * No Outages * * | * * Outages * * | * * Total * * | * * No Outages * * | * * Outages * * | * * Total * * | * * No Outages * * | * * Outages * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 922, "end": 933, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", including detailed definition and implementation of operational procedures for revenue protection using information provided by AMI ; ( ii ) the universalization of use of prepaid metering , including interconnection of vending platform with information system supporting commercial functions companywide ; and ( iii ) re-engineering of processes and activities for commercial functions and management and resolution of complaints from customers in incidents related to electricity supply ( iv ) customer indexing ( linking each customer meter data to low voltage lines , distribution transformers , and substation feeder lines ) to carry out energy balances and detect areas of high losses , including processes for incorporation of new customers through execution of electrification programs . Lastly , the DLI will ( v ) introduce reporting on and improving KPIs related to installation of AMI infrastructure , network reliability , and reduction of commercial losses . Implementing AMI at key commercial and industrial customers ’ level will help to protect revenue leakage due to theft and significantly reduce the distribution transformers ’ failure rate due to overloading and unauthorized / illegal connections . This , in turn , will support the utility in enhancing revenue collection and reducing non-technical losses . There is overwhelming evidence that these devices curb payment defaults , considerably ease bill collection by eliminating manual meter reading , detect outages , and enable utilities to resolve power-quality problems more quickly . On top of this , customer indexing will help EEU to identify areas with high losses and quantify amounts of energy consumed but not sold . 38 . * * In line with this defined scope , the DLI will feature three DLRs to support the financial and operational performance of EEU . * * The first DLR will focus on the adoption of operational procedures within the first year of the program . The subsequent DLRs will focus on the implementation and reporting of actions as identified in the operational procedures for the second and third year of the AF . * * Table 2 : Summary of ELEAP AF technical DLIs * * | * * DLIs * * | * * Unit disbursed * * < br >", "spans": [{"start": 531, "end": 550, "text": "customer meter data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 # * * 1 . Introduction * * The financing of small and medium sized enterprises ( SMEs ) has attracted great interest from academics and policy-makers around the world . SMEs play an essential role in building a competitive private sector and contributing significantly to employment and economic activity . < sup > 1 < / sup > Despite their importance , SMEs seem significantly more financially constrained than large firms , especially in developing countries . Indeed , enterprise-level surveys conducted by the World Bank show that a much smaller share of SMEs has a loan or a line of credit by comparison with large firms , and also that access to finance is relatively more constrained in lower and middle income countries ( Figure 1a ) . Other studies using enterprise-level data show that the lack of access to external finance constitutes a major constraint to SME growth . < sup > 2 < / sup > Despite the importance of the topic of SME finance , there has been relatively little research on the supply side of bank finance to SMEs . Notable exceptions are Beck , Demirguc-Kunt , and Peria ( 2008 and 2009 ) , and De la Torre , Peria , and Schmukler ( 2010 ) , which provided the first measures of the extent of bank lending to SMEs , as well as the drivers and obstacles to further SME lending . These studies were based on two surveys , the first covering 45 developing and developed countries and the second 3 Latin American countries and one Central European country . The results show that most banks increasingly see SMEs as an attractive business , in contrast with the traditional view that SME lending is dominated by small banks and based on relationship lending . However , the studies also show that institutional obstacles to SME lending remain and that the SME market is still far from saturated . The ongoing efforts to investigate further the status of bank lending to SMEs are particularly relevant for the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) region . As shown in Figures 1b and 1c , enterprise-level surveys conducted by the World Bank suggest that SMEs are particularly financially constrained in MENA countries – only 20", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 526, "text": "enterprise-level surveys conducted by the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 766, "end": 787, "text": "enterprise-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2013, "end": 2037, "text": "enterprise-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Instead , temporary or permanent growth effects of capital accumulation and productivity improvement are supported by financial intermediaries ( banks , capital markets ) that actively mobilize savings and channel these towards profit-maximizing investment opportunities . Another strand of the growth literature that ( implicitly ) emphasizes a services dimension stresses the importance of human capital ( education ) and R & D ( a “ service ” activity ) in generating ( endogenous ) growth ( e . g . , Lucas , 1988 , Romer , 1990 ) . * * < mark > Table 4 : Reduced form panel estimates of FDI stocks regressed on policy reform variables < / mark > * * | Estimation technique | OLS fixed effects | OLS fixed effects | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Dependent variable | FDI / GDP | FDI / GDP | | Model No . | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | | Independent variables | | | | ( a ) Service reform index | 18 . 92 < br > ( 20 . 39 ) * * * | | | ( b ) Investment climate index | | 17 . 13 < br > ( 15 . 04 ) * * * | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 61 | 0 . 46 | | No . of obs . | 203 | 203 | < mark > Note : t-values in brackets , asterisks denote significance at 10 * , 5 * * , and 1 * * * percent levels . Sample includes 17 transition economies . See Annex for definition of variables . < / mark > The role of producer-services of the type captured by the infrastructure services reform index in the growth process has not attracted much attention in the theoretical or empirical growth literature . Francois ( 1990 ) develops a model that points to the importance of such producer services for economic growth , although his model is not dynamic . He argues that the increasing importance of producer services in modern ( growing ) economies reflects economies of scale and specialization . As firm size increases and labor specializes ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Regarding subproject affected household population a total of 4 , 045 persons ( including household heads ) are residing in 703 interviewed PAHs and the proportion of male population is higher than that of female population ( 53 . 1 % for male vs 46 . 9 % for female population ) . The average family size is calculated as 5 . 8 persons and slightly higher than national average of about five persons per household . Family size is the highest ( 6 . 2 persons per household ) in Adele Sub city and lowest ( 5 . 5 persons per household ) in Meta Woreda . Table 6 . 2 : Family Size and Household Population by Sex and Kebele | * * Woreda * * | * * Female * * | * * Male * * | * * Both Sex * * | * * Family Size * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Adele SC | 523 | 572 | 1 , 095 | 6 . 2 | | Haromaya SC | 126 | 157 | 283 | 5 . 7 | | Kera | 580 | 669 | 1 , 249 | 5 . 7 | | Meta | 669 | 749 | 1 , 418 | 5 . 5 | | * * Total * * | * * 1 , 898 * * | * * 2 , 147 * * | * * 4 , 045 * * | * * 5 . 8 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 46 . 9 * * | * * 53 . 1 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census enumeration January-March 2025_ * * Age Structure of HH Heads and HH Population * * The age structure of subproject affected household heads reveals that about 9", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1263, "text": "Census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) # # * * Component 1 : Strengthening e-government Foundation and Institutional Building ( US $ 9 . 5 million ) * * # # _Subcomponent 1 . 1 : Development of a digital platform and e-services_ 4 . The development of e-government is critical to improve the efficiency and transparency in the delivery of public services , as well as to enable citizen feedback on the quality of services . The e - government platform will serve not only citizens ( G2C ) , but also businesses ( G2B ) . It will also facilitate better G2G coordination . The development of e-services will follow a gradual approach to maximize the chances of success and adapt to the context . Hence , only a small number of e-services will be realized over the course of this Project , which will focus on establishing a strong foundation and enabling environment for e-government . Preliminary work will be done for future deployment of other e-services . The e-services targeted under the current phase include unique ID , tax filing , and customs filing . Future e - services may include criminal records , birth certificates , and renewal of driver ’ s licenses . 5 . The e-government component seeks to achieve these objectives through the following envisaged activities : ( a ) support for the establishment of legal and institutional frameworks , as well as strategy and action plans for digital development ; ( b ) strengthening of the e-government infrastructure , particularly the backup data center ; ( c ) development of an interoperable platform , which will include an ESB ( for example , authentication and user access register , data exchange and management , payment interface , and notification service ) ; ( d ) development of the e-ID unique identifier system for citizens , which will be integrated with the civil and people registries , driver licenses , and so on ; ( e ) strengthening of the cyber security capabilities , especially", "spans": [{"start": 1870, "end": 1897, "text": "civil and people registries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE A major issue has been the country ‘ s rampant inflation causing frequent tariff changes to ICT pricing ( POTRAZ 2009 ) . The dollarization of the economy in 2009 brought this to an end by introducing stability to tariffs , which are now expressed in U . S . dollars . Zimbabwe ‘ s fixed-line and mobile retail pricing is similar to peer averages . Fixed broadband is expensive , almost twice as much as the Sub-Saharan average , which is already high by international standards . Internet-access penetration in Zimbabwe is average for the southern African region ( figure 17 ) . There are no comprehensive official data on the number of Internet users in Zimbabwe , though the Zimbabwe All Media and Products and Services Survey found that 22 percent of urban dwellers aged 15 years and older used the Internet in mid-2010 ( Ndlela 2010 ) . This amounts to some 645 , 000 people or 5 . 1 of the total population . < sup > 11 < / sup > International connectivity is a challenge for Zimbabwe due to its landlocked situation . Much of Zimbabwe ‘ s international connectivity has been through satellite . Activities are under way to build out national fiber networks to obtain cross-border connectivity to undersea fiber cable . For example , Powertel , a subsidiary of the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority , inked an agreement with the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation ( BTC ) for supply of international bandwidth via its links to undersea cables ( Smarts 2010 ) . Tel-One is building a fiber-optic cable to Mutare on Zimbabwe ‘ s eastern border where it will connect to a submarine cable in Mozambique ( _Technology Zimbabwe_ , June 24 , 2010 ) . Econet is also busy laying a nationwide fiber-optic cable backbone with spurs planned for connection to undersea fiber systems in Mozambique and South Africa ( Econet Wireless Zimbabwe 2010 ) . If these initiatives achieve fruition , they would create competing sources of international bandwidth , driving down bandwidth costs and retail broadband prices . Wireless broadband will also create greater competition with Econet having launched 3G and WiMAX < sup > 12 < / sup > networks while Powertel and", "spans": [{"start": 734, "end": 785, "text": "Zimbabwe All Media and Products and Services Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manufacturing in total employment reached about 20 percent before it declined due to industrial upgrading and wage increases . It seems reasonable to suggest that the Leading Dragon Phenomenon alone can create sufficient labor intensive manufacturing jobs for developing Sub-Saharan African countries to bring them to par with most industrial countries . Even if China ‘ s manufacturing sector sheds 10 percent of its total employment in the next few years , a pool of 8 . 5 million jobs will be ready to relocate overseas . The number could almost double employment in manufacturing in African countries in a few years , jumpstarting its process of industrialization . Similarly , in the medium term , India ‘ s manufacturing sector will prepare a large pool of labor intensive manufacturing jobs for relocation . Evidently , the sheer number of jobs the Leading Dragon Phenomenon can create is unprecedented and will be adequate to industrialize not only Sub-Saharan Africa but also other lower wage countries in the medium term . # * * 4 . 5 : Outward Foreign Direct Investment in the Manufacturing Sector will accelerate the leading dragon phenomenon in Sub-Saharan Africa * * SSA countries are not alone in competing for the millions of jobs relocating from China . The scarcity of local entrepreneurial skills and investment capital are invariably the top two constraints for a competitive manufacturing sector . Evidently , the availability of OFDI can enable SSA to overcome these constraints and take advantage of the Leading Dragon phenomenon to finally participate in the global production of labor-intensive products . Outward FDI from developing and transition economies reached $ 388 billion in 2010 with China at the helm and Brazil , Russia , India and Korea ( BRICK ) the other key sources of FDI ( UNCTAD data ) ( Figure 4 . 4 ) . 60 percent of the OFDI from developing countries went into other developing countries , mostly in the form of Greenfield investments which can typically open the door for South-South relocation of various industries from China and other BRICSs ( M & A and Greenfield data ) . * * Figure 4 . 4 Outward FDI ( OFDI ) from BRICK Countries , * * 48", "spans": [{"start": 1816, "end": 1827, "text": "UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "N / A * * | * * 35 * * | * * 5 . 5 * * | | | | | * * System * * | * * 29 * * | * * 4 . 5 * * | | | | | * * Total * * | * * 64 * * | * * 10 . 0 * * | | | | * * Total * * | | * * 640 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | | Source : Field Survey * * Table 15 : Average Net Business Income ( Profit ) Per Day * * | * * Average net business income * * < br > * * ( profit ) per day ( Ksh ) * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Percent * * | * * Valid * * < br > * * Percent * * | * * Cumulative * * < br > * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * To 500 * * | 156 | 24 . 3 | 26 . 6 | 26 . 8 | | * * From : 501 to 1000 * * | 224 | 35 . 1 | 38 . 5 | 65 . 2 | | * * From : 1001 to 1500 * * | 116 | 18 . 2 | 19 . 9 | 85 . 1 | | * * From : 1501 to 2000 * * | 60 | 9 . 3 | 10 . 3 | 95 . 4 | | * * From : 2001 to 2500 * * | 22 | 3 . 4 | 3 . 7 | 99 . 1 | | * * From : 2501 to 3000 * * | 2 | 0 . 3 | 0 . 3 | 99 . 5 | | * * From : 3001 to3500 * * | 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 2 | 99 . 7 | | * * From : 4001", "spans": [{"start": 218, "end": 230, "text": "Field Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( 0 . 230 ) | ( 0 . 162 ) | | Constant | < br > - 0 . 208 * | < br > - 0 . 381 * * * | < br > - 0 . 570 * * * | < br > - 0 . 476 * * * | < br > - 0 . 777 * * * | < br > - 0 . 776 * * * | < br > - 1 . 706 * * * | < br > - 1 . 244 * * * | < br > - 1 . 520 * * * | < br > - 0 . 927 * * * | | | ( 0 . 121 ) | ( 0 . 136 ) | ( 0 . 148 ) | ( 0 . 145 ) | ( 0 . 128 ) | ( 0 . 117 ) | ( 0 . 121 ) | ( 0 . 0906 ) | ( 0 . 221 ) | ( 0 . 195 ) | | Observations | 311 , 102 , 742 | 234 , 905 , 864 | 307 , 172 , 501 | 306 , 378 , 211 | 309 , 905 , 128 | 226 , 711 , 452 | 221 , 335 , 597 | 219 , 014 , 238 | 11 , 454 , 053 | 16 , 158 , 133 | | | | | Robust s | tandard errors | in parentheses | | | | | | * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 Source : Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Waves 1-3 Note : The highest education level completed among female household members above 18 years is used to proxy for the mother ’ s highest completed education level of existing household members in waves 2 and 3 , as the GHS only asks in wave 1 about the mother ’ s education of all individuals , but in the later waves only for new household members . As the GHS data is unfortunately not an individual level panel , it is not possible", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 796, "text": "GHS Waves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1157, "end": 1165, "text": "GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While the data may not be the most reliable , the Figures 14 ( a ) and ( b ) show that there has been some catch-up in total R & D spending and in the number of patent applications in the new BRIC growth poles . Particularly noteworthy is that China has more than doubled its total R & D spending as a share of GDP . While patent applications lag the high income countries , the ratio has fallen substantially from over 40 HIC patent applications for every BRIC resident application to only about 5 HIC applications for every BRIC application . # * * Figures 14 ( a ) and ( b ) : R & D and patent applications * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( b ) Patent Applications by Residents < br > ( a ) R & D Spending , % of GDP < br > 3 900000 50 < br > 800000 45 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 40 < br > 700000 < br > HICs < br > 2 HICs 600000 ( Number ) 35 < br > 30 < br > 1 . 5 China 500000 BRICs < br > ( Number ) 25 < br > Russia 400000 HIC to BRIC < br > 1 20 < br > Brazil 300000 Ratio ( RHS ) < br > 15 < br > 0 . 5 India 200000 < br > 10 < br > 0 100000 5 < br > 0 0 < br > 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Development Indicators The World Bank has developed a multidimensional measure of multi-polarity that starts with a country ‘ s contribution to economic growth and is then adjusted to take into consideration the country ‘ s spillover effects via trade , finance and technology linkages . The multidimensional polarity index places six developing countries among the top fifteen in the world over the period 2004-2008 . < sup > 17 < / sup > The index also documents the changing role of the old growth poles of Europe , the United States", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Citizen Engagement * * * * 57 . The operation will support people-centric digitalization and governance reforms , as well as leverage digital citizen engagement mechanisms across its results framework . * * It will help develop and operationalize existing and planned digital platforms to be used for citizen engagement , such as the online At Your Service GRM , which is already used as the GRM for the Transparent , Inclusive and Climate Responsive Investment PforR ; the National Registry of Government Services to measure improvements to service standards , including those based on user feedback ( and also supported by the same operation ) ; digital archiving of government documents to facilitate compliance with legal requirements under the Access to Information Law ; and the DOS interactive statistical data portal . The Program will also leverage reporting to the public by the GOJ on the implementation of the EMV , and capture stakeholders ’ feedback through impact assessments by the ESCJ of achieved results during Program implementation . < sup > 16 < / sup > # # # * * Gender * * * * 58 . Within the scope of the Program , two main challenges for gender equity have been identified : * * - 1 ) * * Low representation of women in leadership positions in the civil service , estimated at 16 percent in the Government ’ s HRM Strategy for 2023-2027 . * * According to the Civil Service Commission 2020 annual report , only six women held the position of secretary general in 2020 out of a total of 70 positions . This underrepresentation results from a range of factors , including : an earlier mandatory retirement age for women ; gender disparities in access to training opportunities ; a lack of career development opportunities and biased staff performance appraisals ; and insufficient protection against moral harassment of those in or aspiring to leadership positions . The Jordan National Commission for Women is promoting gender diversity practices in the public sector with support from USAID . This includes the adoption of such practices by public entities , which should help improve gender balance in positions of leadership ( legally", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 516, "text": "National Registry of Government Services", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 787, "end": 826, "text": "DOS interactive statistical data portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "example , a firm survey by Grupo de Servicios de Información ( 1999 ) indicates that for all firms the quality of skills ranks as the second most important constraint . For small firms , important for employment and income generation , the quality of skills is the main production constraint . # * * 3 . Measuring the Contribution of Education to Growth * * The accumulation of human capital through education has long been acknowledged to be an important factor in the development process of a nation . Education is thought to be beneficial because it decreases inequality , improves the quality of life , and in particular it is a factor in rising the income level and facilitating economic growth . This section will concentrate on the latter effect and summarize some evidence on the relationship between education and growth . # # * * 3 . 1 Augmented Solow Model and Endogenous Growth * * The existing literature contains a number of distinct conceptual rationales for the inclusion of human capital in models of economic growth . According to Sianesi and van Reenen ( 2003 ) , the two main macro approaches are the augmented Solow model and the new growth theories . # # * * _Augmented Solow Model_ * * One way to estimate the impact of education on growth is to adapt the Solow ( 1956 ) model . The augmented version extends the basic framework to allow human capital as an extra input to enter the production function . In particular Mankiw et al . ( 1992 ) show that traditional growth theory can accommodate human capital and provide a reasonable approximation for empirical analysis . At the economy-wide level , it may also take into account human capital externalities . Still , one of the key insights is that the factor accumulation affects the _level_ of income , but per se is insufficient to achieve long-run _growth_ . Long-run growth depends rather on growth in technological progress . Human capital accumulation may therefore have only a short-term impact on the rate of growth . However , rates of accumulation are expected to have explanatory power for growth rates during the transition to an eventual equilibrium growth path . In particular , considering the case of", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 60, "text": "firm survey by Grupo de Servicios de Información", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "confounds the interpretation of the estimate . This requires data that matches speci fi c students and teachers , a requirement that is hard to ful fi ll in most countries ; Ehrenberg and others ( 1991 ) for instance use district level data , which could partially explain the lack of a relationship between teacher absence and student learning in their study . # 3 Theory The model is based on Das and others ( 2004a ) . It is extended here to explicitly focus on the implications of uncertainty in teacher inputs on household decisions about educational inputs and cognitive achievement , as measured by test scores . The model assumes a household ( with a single child attending school ) that derives ( instantaneous ) utility from the cognitive achievement of the child TS and the consumption of other goods X . The household maximizes an intertemporal utility function U ( . ) , additive over time and states of the world with discount rate β ( < 1 ) subject to an intertemporal budget constraint ( IBC ) relating assets in the current period to assets in the previous period , current expenditure and current income . Finally , cognitive achievement is determined by a production function relating current achievement ( TSt ) to past achievement ( TSt − 1 ) , household educational inputs ( zt ) , teacher inputs ( mt ) , non-time varying child characteristics ( μ ) and non time-varying teacher and school characteristics ( η ) . We impose the following structure on preferences and the production function for cognitive achievement : [ A1 ] Household utility is additively separable , increasing , and concave in cognitive achievement and other goods . [ A2 ] The production function for cognitive achievement is given by TSt = F ( TSt − 1 , mt , zt , μ , η ) where F ( . ) is concave in its arguments . Under [ A1 ] and [ A2 ] the household problem is Here u and v are concave in each of its arguments . The intertemporal budget constraint ( 2 ) links asset levels At + 1 at t + 1 with initial assets At , private spending on educational inputs zt ,", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 240, "text": "district level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | i # Acronyms , Definitions & Units # # # # # # * * Acronyms : * * - AIDS : Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - CFR : Central Forest Reserves - CMP : Construction Management Plan - CRMP : Cultural resources management plan - DBST : Double bituminous surface treatment - DIA : Direct Impact Area - ESIA : Environmental & Social Impact Assessment - GoU : Government of Uganda - INDIA : Indirect Impact Area - KNP : Kibale National Park - LC : Local Council - M & E : Monitoring and Evaluation MoWT : Ministry of Works & Transport - NGO : Non-governmental organization - PCR : Physical cultural resources - PEAP : Poverty Eradication Action Plan - NEMA : National Environmental Management Authority - NGO : Non-Governmental Organization - PAP : Project Affected Persons RAP : Resettlement Action Plan - UNRA : Uganda National Roads Authority - UWA : Uganda Wildlife Authority - WB : World Bank # # # # # # * * Measures : * * m : Meter m < sup > 2 < / sup > : Square meter km : Kilometer ( = 1000 m ) Ha : Hectare ( = 10000 m < sup > 2 < / sup > or 2 . 471 acres ) # # # # # # * * Currency : * * UgShs : Uganda Shilling USD : United States Dollar * * Definitions : * * * * Asset Inventory : * * A complete count and description of all property that will be acquired by the project . * * Carriageway : * * Area of road used by vehicles . It is bounded on either side by road shoulder .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reports represent the most relevant antecedents to the novel indicators proposed and tested in this report . First , the World Bank has created a measure of legislative predictability for Romania and Türkiye that focuses on the count of amendments and repeals over time ( World Bank 2019 , 2021 ) . In the case of Romania , the World Bank relied on the number and frequency of amendments and repeals to show changes per year , trends over time , comparisons between different year intervals , as well as amendment patterns across different sectors . For Türkiye , the World Bank analyzed the number of annual changes and average changes over larger time periods with a further breakdown of these patterns by type of legislation . One of the key insights of these analyses was that they allow for an identification of the sectors where unpredictability was the highest . Second , Brenner & Fazekas ( 2023 ) uses legislative data on France , Hungary , Italy and the UK , to develop new indicators of legislative predictability focusing on the timing of first modification and number of total modifications . While our main innovation is the development of legislative predictability indicators , we also propose a number of variables which are essential for exploring the prevalence , distribution and trends of legislative predictability ( Table 1 ) . * * Table 1 . Indicators used in the analysis ( unit of analysis = individual law ) * * | * * Name * * | * * Description * * | | - - - | - - - | | Modification count | Total count of modifications a law / regulation received until 2022 | | First modification date | Date when the law / regulation was first modified | | Category | Type : law or regulation | | Date passing | The date a law / regulation was published | | Title | Title of a law / regulation | | Text | Full text of a law / regulation | | Text size | Size of the text ( expressed in number of characters ) | | Policy Production | Number of laws / regulations passed in a year ( level of country-year ) | | Related laws", "spans": [{"start": 911, "end": 927, "text": "legislative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for consolidated reporting . The PCU will conduct periodic field monitoring visits , on a case-by-case basis , purposely to verify information received from the monitoring reports . The MWE is responsible for the overall monitoring and reporting on Project performance and results . The MWE will be supported by the PCU . Implementing Agencies , User departments and Technical Service Provider ( TSP ) will be responsible for collecting and analyzing monitoring data using an agreed format and availing this information to the PCU for action . Implementing Agencies ( MWE and UWA ) , TSPs and User Departments will host and participate in any field monitoring visits . Alongside the M & E Framework , project reporting formats and feedback mechanism will be developed for use by UWA , DLGs and the TSPs . In case of the implementing agent for the Batwa or the TSP , the reporting formats will be appended to the Service Contracts . The VMGP already highlights key targets and indicators that shall inform the design of data collection tools for its Implementation . # # # * * ( a ) Day to day Monitoring * * Monitoring will be the main mechanism through which the implementers of this VMGP will get the feedback and alerts on any delays and problems . The monitoring framework will help the implementers to measure the pace of implementation of activities . It enables timely responses while providing lessons on implementation strategies . It will also help to ascertain whether the IFPA-CD project activities are complying with this VMGP , the World Bank ESF and National policy and legal procedures that provide for participation of the VMGs ( Batwa ) . The implementation of this VMGP will rely on a participatory monitoring and evaluation process which will ensure monitoring of the effectiveness of mitigation measures to improve Batwa ’ s standards of living . Monitoring will involve the Batwa leaders , so that they have first-hand understanding and appreciation of the process . Their views on the positive and negative impacts should also be considered .", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 466, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 9 . 4 Monitoring and Evaluation Phase * * * * _Actors_ * * : PCU Municipality and local administration ( monitoring and evaluation ) PAPs and NGO ’ s or private consultants wherever required ( evaluation ) The PCU will organize project completion workshops with government agencies , NGOs and representatives of PAPs after completion of the expropriation / compensation operations but prior to the closure of the mitigation measures . The aim of that exercise is to assess progress in the operations executed , suggest corrective measures where needed and solve pending issues . After completion of all expropriation / compensation operations , PAPs will be consulted in a household survey . The aim of that survey is to assess the impacts of the social mitigation measures implemented . Likewise , the municipality and other local administration with PAPs will be consulted to provide their assessments of the impacts of the social mitigation measures applied . The findings of the survey and the workshops will be presented in the Project Completion Report , which will be established by the PCU . 30", "spans": [{"start": 687, "end": 703, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 < br > 55 < br > 50 < br > 45 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Arrival to gate arrrival to lodging lodging to payment payment to gate < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Graph 3 – Boxplot analysis of cargo dwell time sequential components ( container imports in Douala , 2009 ) * * < sup > * * 13 * * < / sup > Souce : CAMEROONIAN CUSTOMS , 2009 – Values in days For all these steps however the fact that median values are 40 to 65 % lower than means demonstrates the substantial impact of a minority of very long or abnormal delays . A specific look into the determinants of these very long delays is then necessary , and we recommend using the median rather than the mean ( traditionally used in Douala and other ports ) as the benchmark for long delays . # * * Shipment level analysis and the need for segmentation * * # # * * _Main conclusions from shipment level analysis_ * * Since the dwell time issue came to the forefront in 1997 < sup > 14 < / sup > local stakeholders in the Port of Douala have implemented multiple monitoring tools that provide extensive shipment level data . Preliminary analysis of these data lead to conclusions that are consistent with previous research findings ( notably Arvis _et al . , _ 2010 ) : # #  * * Broad-tailed multimodal distribution * * The first observation is that there is a large dispersion of values in the distribution of dwell times ) , with a broad-tailed shape quite specific to developing regions . This is symptomatic of the long storage patterns and opportunistic behaviors mentioned here before . This also reflects that the > 13 For a better visibility whiskers have been limited to 1 . 5 times the Inter-quartile range . > 14 Mostly because of a very serious deterioration", "spans": [{"start": 1177, "end": 1196, "text": "shipment level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Conclusion * * This paper is the result of a collaboration between the World Bank and UNICEF to estimate the global and regional magnitude of child poverty between 2013 and 2019 and specifically includes nowcasts of extreme child poverty for 2020 – 2022 , to help monitor progress towards SDG 1 . 1 . 1 . The trend analysis shows that in the absence of COVID-19 , we would have expected a reduction of 79 . 7 million children in extreme poverty between 2013 and 2022 ; but our estimates suggest a reduction of only 49 . 2 million children , due to pandemic disruptions . The extreme child poverty nowcasted estimate in 2022 ( 15 . 8 percent ) is on par with the child poverty rate in 2019 , indicating approximately three years of lost progress . With a staggering 333 . 5 million children living in extreme poverty in 2022 , addressing the structural root causes that affect children living in extreme poverty is imperative . A key step towards that is to monitor and understand which children and their families are being left behind , what are their characteristics and where do they live , and why existing policy interventions are not effective in curbing child poverty for countries to develop the appropriate policy portfolios to address and end extreme child poverty for good . The analysis shows that these policy portfolios need to consider both the common and distinct vulnerabilities and deprivations of children living in fragile and conflict prone settings , children in large households , younger children , children in rural settings , children in households where the head has no or little education - as these are more likely than other children to be living in extreme poor households . In addition , the focus needs to be on the large concentration of children living in extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa , where a staggering 40 percent of children live in extreme poverty . And while about 45 percent of extremely poor children live in low-income countries ; half of all extremely poor children live in lower middle-Income countries . As a result , the design of effective policy portfolios needs to take into consideration too that context matters . For example ,", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 243, "text": "nowcasts of extreme child poverty", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) technology courses in schools , develop context-relevant digital skills learning assets , train teachers on the new courses and roll out in a systematic way across four grades ( G7-10 ) during the timeframe of the project in public classrooms . * * 9 . To reap the benefits of education , Jordan must align its push for learning with a pull for skills * * ( World Bank MENA Education Flagship 2019 ) . A pull for skills will depend on curricula that reflect the skills that prepare students for the future of work . The majority of youth entering the workforce every year , as well as of the huge stock of young people in the 15-25 year old age group , need both foundational skills as well as basic digital skills . * * 10 . There is strong evidence of demand for digital skills in classrooms . * * In a survey on social media and education reform across 13 MENA countries , most respondents supported ICT in the classroom ( Arab Social Media Report 2013 ) . Eighty-four percent of those surveyed felt universal internet access should be a norm and that children in schools should be able to access the internet on personal devices . Over threequarters felt that social media should be part of the school curriculum ; indeed , 61 percent believed students should be allowed to use social networking media in class . Responding to a question on whether students should be allowed to engage in a range of computer related activities , almost 80 percent noted they would be happy to have their children use “ collaborative web tools ” in classwork . * * 11 . This sub-component is aligned with the commitment made in the “ Amman Communique ” , * * which was announced at the Digital Mashreq Forum 2019 , for mainstreaming digital skills in public schools to train 300 , 000 students by 2022 . Key activities will aim to introduce quality computer science courses in public classrooms between G", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 928, "text": "survey on social media and education reform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * WESTERN BALKANS * * REGULAR ECONOMIC REPORT NO . 18 the disruption in supply chains resulting from the slowdown in manufacturing in China , the US , and especially the EU , the main trading partner for Western Balkans countries , and the global drop in aggregate demand caused by the economic downturn . All three are integrated into GVCs through backward links ; globally , trade and industrial production have fallen most in countries with strong forward links , which suggests that for the COVID-19 economic shock the demand factor has been more severe than the supply factor , and that has to some extent shielded Western Balkan countries . This is corroborated by the fact that inward processing trade in these countries tumbled between March and June as supply chains were disrupted , but data for July , the last available , indicates a tentative recovery as supply chains re-opened , largely to accommodate demand from EU destination factories < sup > * * 10 * * < / sup > ( Figure 8 . 2 ) . * * Manufactured exports linked to global value chains are among the most affected sectors of goods trade * * ( Figure 8 . 3 ) . Manufacturing * * Figure 8 . 2 . * * At first inward processing trade plummeted , but has recovered somewhat . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Inward processing trade , y-o-y percent change < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > - 20 < br > - 40 < br > - 60 < br > ▬ BIH ▬ MKD ▬ SRB ▬ ALB < br > Jan-19 Apr-19 Jul-19 Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Eurostat ComExt data and World Bank staff calculations . > 10 As of August , global trade carrying capacity is 0 . 9 percent higher than", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 812, "text": "data for July", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1532, "end": 1552, "text": "Eurostat ComExt data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "associated with a job loss rate of only 1 . 0 percent . Although the modeled and surveymeasured estimates are not as close as they were for Jordan , our prediction model does a reasonable job of matching the aggregate survey-measured job losses of 7 . 8 percent for that wave . _Table 5-6 Georgia : Job Loss Projections PFPS Jobs as a Percent of PreCOVID Levels_ | | As of Wave 1 | Cumulative < br > Wave 2 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Modeled Job Losses : Percent of PFPS < br > jobs lost ( relative to Dec 2019 ) as < br > projected | 19 . 0 | 5 . 9 | | _Of which_ : Due to Permanent closures | 0 . 0 | 1 . 0 | | Survey-measured job losses : Percent of < br > PFPS Jobs Lost ( relative to Dec 2019 ) | 18 . 1 | 7 . 8 | Source : Authors ’ calculations . Notes : The post-COVID survey is not directly comparable to the projected jobs lost as it does not contain enough variables to separate PFPS workers . It appears from the CFUWBES data that Georgian formal private firms were better able to remain in | _Table 5-5 Georgia : Selected Potential Jobs at Risk Influ_ < br > _CFUWBES Waves Rounds 1 and 2_ | _ence Variables , _ < br > Wave 1 | _Means of_ < br > Wave 2 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Temporarily closed due to COVID ( weeks of closure ) * | 5 . 7 | 2 . 3 | | Infection risk ( score ) ( 0-300 ) | 162 . 4 | 162 . 4 | | Percentage of firm workers working remotely < br > ( percentage ) | 3 . 8 | 2 . 9 | | Sales change ( percent change year-on-year , same < br > month in 2019 ) | - 53 . 8 | - 28 . 2 | | Change in export share of sales ( percentage difference < br > from 2019 ES ) | - 0 . 7 |", "spans": [{"start": 927, "end": 939, "text": "CFUWBES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "covenant on economic , social and cultural Rights , Article 12 ( 1 ) establishes that ‘ the states Parties to the present covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health ’ , and that ( 2 ) ‘ the steps to be taken by the states Parties to the present covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for : ( c ) the Prevention , treatment and control of epidemic , endemic , occupational and other diseases . Furthermore , Article 25 ( i ) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights establishes that ‘ ‘ everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family , including food , clothing , housing and medical care and necessary social services , and the right to security in the event of unemployment , sickness , disability , widowhood , old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control ’ . - 12 According to the World Bank Group ’ s 2018 # ID4D Global Dataset , an estimated one billion people around the globe face challenges in proving who they are . - 13 UnHcR , “ UNHCR commends Central Asia for providing asylum seekers , refugees , and stateless persons with access to COVID vaccination ” , 14 May 2021 - 14 UnHcR , The Impact of COVID-19 on Stateless Populations : Policy Recommendations and Good Practices , May 2020 . tHe iMPAct oF coviD-19 on stAteLess PoPULAtions 11", "spans": [{"start": 1037, "end": 1056, "text": "ID4D Global Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pakistan and Nepal but lags behind China and India . This suggests that the country has some room to expand its investment share of GDP . However , as can be seen from the graph below , the deficit in investment share with respect to India is not due to low public investment in Bangladesh . Average public investment as a share of GDP during 2011 – 2014 outpaced that of India by more than 2 . 5 percentage points . The targets from the 7 < sup > th < / sup > Five Year Plan are used to chart a reasonable path of investment . Specifically , I assume that the aggregate investment share of GDP increases from the present levels to 34 . 4 percent of GDP by year 2020 and remains at that level beyond 2020 . This is based on the plan targets on public investment which rises from 6 . 5 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Bangladesh China * India * * Nepal * * Pakistan Sri Lanka < br > Aggregate Private Public < br > Source : World Development Indicators < br > * Aggregate average of 2011 ‐ 2014 , * * All measures average of 2011 ‐ 2014 < br > Investment Share of GDP ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > percent of GDP in 2016 to 7 . 8 percent of GDP by year 2020 . This implies that private investment as a share of GDP expands by approximately 3 percentage points to reach 26 . 6 percent by 2020 . I assume that both public and private investment continue to remain at the same level beyond 2020 . With regards to investment , there is a concern that public investment is not as efficient as private investment . This means that a percentage point expansion in public investment will deliver lower growth compared to a percentage point expansion in private investment . On the other hand , it is possible to generate additional growth by increasing the efficiency of public investment", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 1014, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * # # # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies ( continued ) * * * * v ) Acquisition of fixed assets * * The payment on the acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items , respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as a receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity , and a summary is provided for consolidation purposes . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # * * f ) In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment , or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . * * g ) * * Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account balances include amounts held at the Central Bank of Kenya and at various commercial banks at the end of the financial year . For the purposes of these financial statements , cash and cash equivalents also include short term cash", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 712, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and poor suitability as a GDP proxy in rural areas ( Gibson et al . , 2021 ) . To address challenges associated with using VIIRS nightlights data as a proxy for economic activity ( Skoufias et al . , 2021 ) , we apply filters to remove pixels with extreme values ( i . e . , we restrict the sample to values comprised between the 1 < sup > st < / sup > and 99 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles ) and account for the number of observations available per pixel . < sup > 1 < / sup > We calculate the average nightlight radiance monthly spanning from 1 to 6 months before and after the occurrence of the 2019 floods in Mozambique and the 2022 floods in Nigeria . Two variables are computed : \" avg_rad , \" representing the nightlight radiance at the flooded pixel level , and \" avg_radBuff05 \" which averages for each flooded pixel the nightlight radiance of the pixel itself and adjacent pixels within a 0 . 5-kilometer buffer . < sup > 2 < / sup > The latter variable is preferred to ensure maximum observation availability and to capture the impact on indirectly affected grid cells . < sup > 3 < / sup > We also extracted the associated variables \" cf_cvg \" and \" avg_cvgBuff05 \" , which indicate the number of cloud-free observations in the month used to calculate average nightlight radiance . < sup > 4 < / sup > # _Flood data_ Flood events are determined based on the methodology outlined by DeVries et al . ( 2020 ) . We use S1 Ground Range Detected scenes from the Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors onboard the Sentinel-1 satellite , part of the European Space Agency ' s Copernicus program ( ESA , 2023 ) . These scenes provide data on Z-scores derived from SAR backscatter time series of single band co-polarization vertical transmit vertical receive ( VV ) and dual cross-polarization vertical transmit horizontal receive ( VH ) . Since October 2014 , this data has been available every 6 days at a 10-meter resolution . floods from permanent or seasonally occurring surface water , we utilize the historical Landsatderived monthly water probabilities dataset", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 145, "text": "VIIRS nightlights data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2006, "end": 2067, "text": "historical Landsatderived monthly water probabilities dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of people they had to mobilize , and the number of groups that they had to create . They also achieved these targets more quickly than their local counterparts ( Table 3 , Panel C ) . In our fieldwork , we found that external facilitators used their status as “ outsiders ” to create new systems of working . A salient aspect of this is that they often chose to work late at night , sometimes holding meetings until 2AM , almost unaware of the dangers of doing so . < sup > 26 < / sup > We observed that the Rajasthani culture of hospitality towards outsiders often served to benefit the external facilitators . There was a great deal of curiosity about them , and their distinctive language , appearance and diet , made them highly visible in a way that local women were not . In our qualitative work , we found mixed opinions about whether this was an advantage or disadvantage , but most agreed that external facilitators found it easier to get the attention of villagers and develop an initial interest in the SHG program . # Differences in Impact Self-Reported Measures of Impact In our facilitator survey , we asked respondents to provide examples of the impact of their mobilization . Specifically , we asked them to describe an example of collective action the women had taken that made them most proud ( as mobilizers ) . < sup > 27 < / sup > The response was left open-ended and we post-coded the responses into the following groups : woman-specific issues ( dowry , domestic violence , women ’ s credit groups , child-care issues , etc . ) , political issues and issues related to public service delivery . To test the hypothesis that external facilitators induce collective action differently than internal facilitators , we ran the following regression : where cfbis a measure of collective-action outcomes reported by facilitator _f_ in block _b_ , EXTERNALb is a dummy variable that takes value 1 if the SHGs in the block are being facilitated by external facilitators , Xf is a vector of controls for facilitator _f_ ( this includes her age , education , experience , job-description and salary ) , and εibis the error", "spans": [{"start": 1092, "end": 1110, "text": "facilitator survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00927563 < br > ► KPLC Commercial l | KPLC Customer Data < br > osses ( Percentage , Custom ) | base Total number of new cust | omers connected by KPLC . | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 6 . 70 | 9 . 08 | 10 . 00 | 6 . 10 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Jun-2019 | 19-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2021 | | IN00927564 < br > ► Average outage dur | ation for customers served ( Numb | er , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 12 . 00 | 8 . 50 | 8 . 78 | 5 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 25-May-2020 | 19-Nov-2020 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | KPLC / ERC utility data < br > 8 . 775 data available i | base ( IMS ) KPLC Average outa < br > s the average for 3 months only | ge duration in hours for cust < br > July to September ) | omers served by KPLC . | | IN00927565 < br > ► KPLC ' s Current Rati | o ( Text , Custom ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | ≥ 1 | 0 . 38 | 0 . 00 | ≥ 1 | | Date < br > IN00927566 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Jun-2019 | 19-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | 12 / 8", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 100, "text": "KPLC Customer Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 690, "end": 713, "text": "KPLC / ERC utility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 3 . 0 STUDY METHODOLOGY * * # # # # * * 3 . 1 Introduction * * The ESIA approach was structured to cover the requirements under the NEA ( 2019 ) and the National Environment ( Environmental and Social Assessment ) Regulations , 2020 . The approach mainly involved an understanding of the project background , technology and processes , implementation plan and operation activities . In addition , baseline information was obtained through detailed physical and biological investigation of the proposed project and its surrounding areas , stakeholder consultations ( which included discussions with local communities , local administration , private sector , Government and private organizations ) , photography and , continuous discussions with the proponent . A multidisciplinary environmental team carried out the assessment . Key methodologies adopted for the study were desktop research , consultation with stakeholders , field research , laboratory analysis and impact assessment and evaluation . These are discussed in detail below . # # # # * * 3 . 2 Socio-economic survey methods * * # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 1 Literature review * * Literature review involved going through project documents related to tourist development study reports , management plans , District development plans , legal , policy and other related documents . Likewise , reference materials on physical , biological , and socio-economic attributes of the project sites were also reviewed . From the exercise , key aspects relevant to the project were addressed including : - project area , location and pertinent features ; - project options under consideration ; - project components , activities and phases involved ; - scope and area to be covered during full assessment study ; - specific and general impacts that may be associated with the project ; - Identifying legal , policy and institutional frameworks that may be associated with the proposed project and requirements for undertaking the ESIA study . # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Stakeholders consultations * * The ESIA team employed different methods during the stakeholder ’ s consultation process . These included consultative and public participatory meetings ; individual interviews focus group discussion", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Despite growing evidence on the effectiveness of parenting programs evaluated in small-scale trials , key questions remain relating to how to make these programs scalable , and how to sustain their impacts long-term . Individual home visits provide an opportunity to tailor activities to individual circumstances and personal barriers to behavioral change , but they are expensive to implement at scale . < sup > 3 < / sup > Group parenting programs are less costly to implement at scale and favor the creating of support networks , but they offer less individualized attention and guided practice . The evidence of these programs , which is the type of program we examine here , is somewhat mixed . < sup > 4 < / sup > Group-based interventions have been shown to shift parental knowledge about child development 3 A home visiting model in Jamaica that provides individualized support to parents to help them improve their child development found large effects on children ’ s developmental outcomes , sustained until adulthood ( S . M . GranthamMcGregor et al . 1991 , Gertler et al . 2014 ) . Cross country replication of the Jamaican home visiting curriculum to other settings ( such as Bangladesh , India and Colombia ) has so far found impacts on child development in the short-term ( O . P . Attanasio et al . 2014 ; Hamadani et al . 2006 ; Nahar et al . 2012 ; Vazir et al . 2013 ) . 4 The systematic evidence in the LANCET series on Early Childhood Development suggests that interventions that directly engage the child in play experiences and guide caregivers in providing stimulating interactions , as well as give parents the opportunity to practice with their children and receive feedback , can be effective in remediating early disparities in child development ( Black et al . 2017 ; Britto et al . 2016 ; Engle et al . 2007 , 2011 ) . A recent systematic meta-analysis , on the other hand , finds mean effect sizes in children ’ s language and cognitive outcomes of 0 . 32 SD for home-based studies , and 0 . 59 SD for group visit studies ( Aboud and Yousafzai 2015 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1425, "end": 1469, "text": "LANCET series on Early Childhood Development", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "within a community where each member has a right to use independently the holdings of the community . Community land shall vest in the community and maybe held under any of the following tenure system — ( a ) customary ; - ( b ) freehold ; ( c ) leasehold ; and ( d ) such other tenure system recognized under the Community Land Act or other written law . * * Conversion of community land * * ( 1 ) The Community land register shall , in addition to the particulars set out under section 8 ( 1 ) of the Land Registration Act , 2012 ( No . 3 of 2012 ) contain the particulars of all conversions involving community land . ( 2 ) A registered community shall , before the conversion of registered community land into any other category of land seek and obtain approval from two thirds of the assembly in a special meeting convened for that purpose . # # # # # # * * Conversion of community land to public land * * ( 1 ) Community land may be converted to public land by — _ < u > ( a ) compulsory acquisition ; < / u > _ ( b ) transfer ; or ( c ) surrender . _ < u > ( 2 ) Nothing in the Community Land Act Limits Land Act , 2012 ( No . 6 of 2012 ) and any other compulsory acquisition of land . < / u > _ 23", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 426, "text": "Community land register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Family Care Indicators ( FCI ) ( Hamadani et al . 2010 ) , which measures the frequency of learning and play activities with children , as well as the amount and variety of play and learning materials available at home . In the endline survey we used a revised version of the FCI , with additional self-report and observational items from the HOME-SF ( Bradley and Caldwell 1984 ) , enabling us to expand the Family Care Indicators for an older age group . Using these items ( which are highly correlated to each other ) , we construct a latent factor index of cognitive stimulation using all the items using principal components analysis . # 2 . 3 . 3 Child development outcomes We consider three developmental domains potentially affected by the intervention : language , executive function , and socio-emotional development . Different test instruments available at baseline reached an age limit and endline , and were complemented by measurements that could cover a wider age range . < u > Language : At baseline we measured both receptive and expressive language for children from 0 < / u > to 71 months using the Spanish version of the Preschool Language Scale ( PLS-4 ) . However , because a large proportion of children at endline were older than 71 months and could not be administered the PLSIV , in the endline survey we applied the “ Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes ” ( TEVI-R ) , a direct assessment for receptive vocabulary that has been adapted from the Peabody PPVT and normed for the Chilean context and was administered to children 36 months of age and 9", "spans": [{"start": 347, "end": 354, "text": "HOME-SF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "correlated with an increase in public school expenditure , suggesting that formal electoral mechanisms can have an effect on service provision . < sup > 103 < / sup > Such findings have likewise been found in the health sector , where enfranchisement of the poor has been shown to have a significant effect on health provision and outcomes . Fujiwara ( 2015 ) finds that the rise of electronic voting in Brazil resulted in the de-facto enfranchisement of poor and less educated voters , which had the secondary effect of increasing health care provision , including services for prenatal and newborn health . < sup > 104 < / sup > Similarly , in terms of health outcomes , Kudamatsu ( 2012 ) utilizes surveys conducted in 28 African countries to compare infant survival rates before and after the emergence of democracy in these countries and finds that infant mortality declined after democratization , < sup > 105 < / sup > which suggests the effect that formal democratic accountability channels may have on improving health outcomes , particularly in a developing country context . # * * _Gaps in the Literature_ * * While the theoretical literature reviewed above provides an understanding of how the concepts of OGD , transparency , accountability and service delivery are defined — and how they relate to larger theoretical concepts and debates — the empirical literature that supports a relationship between these ideas is slightly less complete . As noted above , existing case studies are often aspirational or speculative in nature , and do not provide sufficiently rigorous evidence that OGD inputs translate into accountability or service delivery outcomes . Moreover , the situation-specificity of these cases provides limited external validity for other contexts . A final drawback to this literature is a paucity of analysis of the proximate conditions in place — that is , defining what is necessary and sufficient from a political economy perspective — to ensure that OGD has its intended impacts . Likewise , with respect to the empirical literature , numerous studies have been completed — some using sophisticated large-n experimental and quasi-experimental designs — however , few have been able to link Open Data , and OGD in particular , to changes in levels of government accountability or", "spans": [{"start": 701, "end": 742, "text": "surveys conducted in 28 African countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as NRC . As a result , a number of stakeholders interviewed during KIIs cited difficulties that can arise when agreeing on beneficiary numbers between aid agencies , government representatives and community members who can all receive conflicting information on the number of households that are eligible to receive support . _ “ In an Emergency everyone gets aid . Vulnerability is just not that high on the to do list ” _ – NGO in Afghanistan Additionally , although the use of targeting tools for beneficiary selection is mandated in emergency responses , the pressures of delivering support under challenging circumstances often means only minimal targeting of vulnerable groups is conducted in practise – especially in the first two to three weeks of a humanitarian intervention where ‘ blanket distributions ’ of an assistance modality are not uncommon . Instead , organisations make much better use of targeting tools during protracted interventions lasting several months . This means that some of the most vulnerable households can remain under-supported and in a state of critical insecurity . Organisations and donors involved in emergency responses are becoming increasingly aware of these limitations and the need to better target and support the most vulnerable households during an emergency response . > 32 DRC ( 2014 ) , Urban Poverty Report 29", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 1 Page 3 of * * 6 Para . 8 below ) . While botanical surveys are far from complete , the BINP is believed to be the richest in Uganda in terms of trees , with over 190 identified species including 10 endemics . It is also very unusual in Uganda in having almost no invasion of exotic trees . The BINP vegetation represents a climax ecological community overall , but it is estimated that only about 10 % of the area is completely undisturbed , while about 60 % has been heavily logged and 30 % selectively logged . Fires , goldmining , harvest of non-timber products and some agricultural encroachment and clearing have also had impacts in the past by altering species compositions , distributions and population structures and polluting surface waters . The forest is now in a process of recovery as these activities have largely stopped . # # # THE MGAHINGA GORILLA NATIONAL PARK - - DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY 7 . The 33 . 7 km < sup > 2 < / sup > MGNP represents most of the Uganda portion of the Virungas volcanic mountain range , contiguous with the 7500 km < sup > 2 < / sup > Virungas National Park in Zaire ( a World Heritage Site ) and the 45 km < sup > 2 < / sup > Parc National des Volcans in Rwanda ( Figure 2 ) . Its long borders with these countries , which have recently been experiencing considerable political conflict , has led to a major influx of refugees to the Ugandan side . The entire area which is now the MGNP was originally proclaimed as a Gorilla Game Sanctuary in 1930 . The Mgahinga Forest Reserve , with the same boundaries , was established in 1940 . Over the next few decades the boundaries of the Sanctuary and Reserve underwent a number of changes , with successive reductions and expansions in area . In this process , an area of about 10 km < sup > 2 < / sup > was settled", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 70, "text": "botanical surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Introduction Doll , Muller , and Elvidge ( 2000 ) were the first to use satellite data to spatially distribute GDP on a geographic grid . Their methodology relied on night ‐ time lights , which generally gave an indication of where cities were , while the intensity of the light gave an indication of both population density and intensity of production , with the more intense lights being associated with higher GDP per unit area . The methodology they used was especially helpful in countries for which finely distributed subnational data on economic activities were not available . It allowed researchers and policy makers to have a better idea as to which cities and locales were of high importance to the national economy , and which were under ‐ developed . However , this methodology performed poorly for countries with relatively large agricultural GDPs , since the night ‐ time lights were more of an indication of manufacturing and urban population rather than farming and rural population . In 2006 , Nordhaus ( 2006 ) proposed using population to distribute GDP . If GDP per capita were relatively evenly distributed within administrative areas in which the values were aggregated , this could provide a reasonably accurate estimate of the geographic distribution of GDP . Several authors since then have used this idea and similar methodology to distribute agriculture GDP using rural population < sup > 5 < / sup > or land cover ( e . g . Ghosh , Powell , and Elvidge , et al . , 2010 ; Gunasekera et al . 2015 ; Rafa , Moyer , and Wang et al . , 2017 ) . In this paper , we propose two new methods for distributing agricultural GDP across a geographic grid . The first is a spatial allocation methodology which relies on several gridded data sets showing location of agricultural production . It starts with several components of agricultural GDP such as crop , livestock , fishery and timber production to provide a prior estimate of gridded agricultural GDP . The estimate is then reconciled with national and sub ‐ national agricultural GDP values using an entropy ‐ based data fusion method . The second is a “ spatial disaggregation ” method that relies on imposing", "spans": [{"start": 74, "end": 88, "text": "satellite data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 526, "end": 542, "text": "subnational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1746, "end": 1763, "text": "gridded data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "higher fraction of Keralite households with members abroad depend exclusively on remittances for income than do households with members working elsewhere in India . This suggests that households with overseas migrants may rely more heavily on remittances for current consumption needs . < sup > 14 < / sup > On the other hand , the origin household might treat the remittances sent back to it by a domestic migrant as a mixture of transitory and permanent income , and use them for both consumption and investment . The less the household expects its family member ’ s migration to be temporary , the less likely it is to view the transfers it receives as temporary income . Accordingly , the marginal propensity to invest domestic remittances is likely to be lower than the propensity to invest overseas remittances . Another related factor is that an individual who moves within India to work may , at a certain point , start remitting a smaller share of his or her earnings , because the growing prospect of settling long-term or permanently in the new domicile presents additional expenses . This reduction in domestic remittances would then limit the ability of the household back home to make investments comparable in size to the investments made by households receiving overseas remittances , even if the marginal propensity to invest domestic transfers were the same as for overseas transfers . < sup > 15 < / sup > While the theoretical expectation is that households will invest a greater portion of overseas remittances than they will domestic remittances , the extent to which they actually do so is an empirical question that I investigate in this paper . Yet , migration is not simply a matter of the transfer and receipt of remittances . When a family member moves elsewhere for work , households no longer have access to his or her labor resources , insights , or acumen . If the migrating member used to make financial decisions for the family — for example , as the head of household — his or her departure may compel another member , such as the spouse or parents , to assume this responsibility . This , in turn , > 14 The 1998 KMS data show that 38 .", "spans": [{"start": 2144, "end": 2157, "text": "1998 KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Eroeor ) numberpopulationof online sellers x 100 < br > ( Temper numberpopulation ofommnemuyers ) of online buyers x 100 < br > annual online sales GMV < br > eee GDP x 100 < br > annual online purchase GMV < br > eer ) GDP x 100 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > annual sales GMV < br > number of online sellers < br > annual purchase GV < br > number of online buyers < br > annual sales GMV < br > population < br > annual purchase GMV < br > population < br > — national annual online salh e s sales GMVhe GMV x 100 < br > — _total number number of o fnational f online online sellers online se t ers sellers __ — 100 < br > error annual purchase GMV oe x 100 < br > national online purchase GMV < br > — __humber number of of online online buyers buyers __ x 100 < br > total number of national online buyers < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". DB has been updated annually since its introduction in 2003 . However , the ES have been repeated in only a few countries , generally with a 3-5 year lag . This section uses only those countries for which an ES was fielded , there was then a formal change in the regulation that manifests as a reduction in the formal time expected for the requirement to be met , and another ES fielded . The frequency of reforms varies across the 3 indicators . Reforms were more frequent for getting goods through customs and getting operating licenses . However , there are only 3 instances of reforms of construction permits enacted between Enterprise Surveys . 24", "spans": [{"start": 631, "end": 649, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "On the other hand , the ongoing banking crisis and formal credit squeeze might be expected to have a larger direct impact on men than on women , since men are the majority of financial services users and formal sector borrowers . However , women are the majority of clients of microfinance institutions ( MFIs ) . Women comprised 85 percent of the poorest 93 million clients of MFIs in 2006 ( Microcredit Summit Campaign Report 2007 ) , and as credit dries out , their earnings from micro-businesses are expected to drop . This should be especially true in Latin America and Eastern Europe and Central Asia , where MFIs obtain a significant portion of their lending resources from commercial rather than concessional ( grant ) sources ( CGAP 2009 ) . # * * 3 . 2 . Fertility * * Empirical evidence on how fertility is affected during economic crises is available mainly for middle income and developed countries and suggests that fertility rates are pro-cyclical . The research reviewed here examines the impact of business cycles ( GDP growth rates , unemployment rates ) on fertility ( e . g . , total or age specific fertility rate , or the probability of giving birth ) . Using panel data for 18 Latin American countries covering over 45 years and a separate analysis of transition to first , second and higher order births using Demographic and Health Surveys , Adsera and Menendez ( 2009 ) find that women postpone and in some cases even reduce childbearing during economic crises ; this fertility response appears to in response to increases in unemployment rather than slowdown in GDP growth . They find fertility postponement to be stronger for younger , urban , and more educated women ; however , the association between economic slowdown and likelihood of second or third childbearing is strongest among the least educated women . Further , with the spread of family planning in Latin America , the 13", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1224, "text": "panel data for 18 Latin American countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1334, "end": 1364, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 indication of whether project affected persons will become more vulnerable as a result of the social impact relating to economic loss . # # # # * * 8 Religious Affiliation * * The most common social interactions were noted to be religious circles with which most people associate . It was found that most of the impacted people are dedicated to any one of the major religions in the area . In Kiruhura , the majority were Catholics ( 40 . 5 % ) followed by Anglicans ( 35 % ) and Pentecostals ( 17 % ) and Islam ( 3 % ) . While in Mbarara Anglicans were at ( 48 . 5 % ) followed by Catholics ( 32 % ) , Pentecostals ( 15 % ) and Islam ( 3 % ) . These are the main social groups through which most of the local communities can be reached . * * Figure 5 Religion and faith in Kiruhura and Mbarara * * * * _Source : Primary Data from social economic survey in October 2017_ * * # # # # * * 9 Migration * * In regard to migration the study revealed that majority of PAPs in both district had lived in the project area for over 10years . This suggests that majority could be natives of the area which could make identification of rightful owners during the compensation exercise easier . # # # # * * Sources of livelihood * * # # # # * * 1 Agriculture * * The primary economic activity of household heads in the project area was farming which employed 67 % and 48 % for Mbarara and Kiruhura respectively . Because farming is the main source of livelihood and part of the proposed area being key to agricultural production , household income of some PAPs will be affected . However the proposed line being of medium and low voltage , PAPs will continue to use their", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 1000, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ownership drops below 20 % . These findings highlight the stark gender disparities in high-value property ownership , which are important to consider in the wealth distribution and gender equity literature . Second , we conduct a detailed analysis of property tax compliance by gender and find that men and women are equally likely to pay their property tax bills . A key advantage of studying property taxes is that evasion is directly observed : owners are billed based on cadastral valuation , and we observe whether they pay or not . We characterize tax payment rates for women and men , examining how these rates vary across the wealth distribution , proxied by the properties ’ assessed value . We document substantial evasion , with slightly lower rates for women-owned properties ( 46 % ) compared to men-owned ( 48 . 5 % ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > The property tax gap is economically significant , amounting to roughly 8 % of total municipal spending or the equivalent of the entire local public safety budget . On-time payment rates increase with property value , ranging from about 35 % in the first percentile to 60 % in the top percentile , though they remain similar for men and women across the distribution . However , women face slightly higher effective tax rates than men , driven by ownership of lower-value properties and a _de jure_ regressive tax schedule . We also document a small but statistically significant difference in payment methods : women are slightly less likely to use electronic means to pay property taxes , even after controlling for age . Third , we examine gender-specific responses to ( soft ) tax enforcement measures . We estimate the effects of personalized tax letters on current , past , and subsequent property tax payments for women and men by leveraging a large-scale field experiment conducted by Cruces , Tortarolo , and Vazquez-Bare ( 2023 ) in October 2020 . < sup > 2 < / sup > The intervention , launched amid the COVID-19 pandemic , sought to address a sharp decline in property tax payments driven by economic disruptions and lockdown measures . It consisted of sending a one-page personalized letter to randomly selected residences , providing", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * * * < br > * * [ eq . USD ] * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "chi Training Center for road maintenance training , to strengthen the ongoing trainings ; and ( iv ) preparatory study toward promoting small labor-based local contractors at the wereda level . Component 3 Network Management Studies : This comprises ( i ) update of road maintenance financing study ; ( ii ) road safety study to follow up road safety management review to be conducted by GRSF toward preparation of cross-sectoral and comprehensive road safety action plan ; ( iii ) preparatory study toward establishing a nationwide Road Traffic Census Program ; and iv ) transport and poverty observatories ( TPOs ) to assess the poverty impacts of the road investments . TPOs are panel surveys started that under APL2 and will be carried out for five years . # * * D . Project location ( if known ) * * ( i ) Mekanejo-D / Dollo road ( 181km asphalt ) connects weredas of West Wollega zone and zonal capital towns like Gimbi and Nekemte . This section is a continuation of Gedo-NekemptMekenajo road rehabilitated under APL1 and APL3 which leads to Gambella region . ( ii ) Welkite-Hosaina road ( 127km asphalt ) connects agricultural hinterlands of the SNNP region . This road links the Addis-Jimma road with Addis-Sodo-AlabaMinchi road to accommodate agricultural traffic . A part of his road ( 67km ) received heavy maintenance works ( 2002 / 04 ) under IDA Emergency Rehabilitation Project . ( iii ) Ankober-AwashArba road ( 92km gravel ) will link the two major roads , Addis-WeldiaMekele road and Addis-Djibouti road , providing access to highland / agricultural area of Amhara and lowland / nomadic area of Afar region . The Ankober-Aliyuamba-Awasharba junction road which mainly traverses the Afar Region , was selected by representatives of", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 560, "text": "Road Traffic Census Program", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 572, "end": 607, "text": "transport and poverty observatories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Notes : Stars indicates levels of significance of t-test on equality of means between the two years : * p < 0 . 1 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 Source : LFS 2019-20 , 2020-21 In order to better gauge the differential labor market impact of the COVID-19 crisis between comparable men and women , we estimate the following linear OLS model on the pooled sample of individuals in the working age population observed in the 2019-20 and 2020-21 LFS survey waves : i 0 F F C F F ∗ C C + F + F where ( 1 ) YY is the outcome of interest ( labor force participation , employment and unemployment ii = αα + ββ F ii + γγ C CCii + δδ ( F ii CCii ) + ηη XXii ii ii + εεii < sup > 9 < / sup > ) for individual _i_ in province _p_ and season _s . _ The model further includes a dummy variable to identify the gender ii of the respondent ( YY _Female_ ) , a dummy identifying the pandemic ( corresponding to Persian year 2020-21 from March 2020 to February 2021 ) and an interaction between the two , which identify the differential impact of the pandemic on female and male individuals . The vector includes individual controls , such as age , age squared , education , marital status as well as a dummy indicating urban residence . Additional ii XX controls include season and province dummies . Moreover , in order to capture how the presence of children might have differentially impacted men and women after controlling for individual characteristics , the sample was partitioned to focus on the following groups : women and men with any child aged 0-5 ; women and men with any school-aged child ( age 6-14 ) and women and men without any child aged 0-14 . Results are presented in Table 6 . _Table 6 : Gendered impact of the pandemic - regression results_ | | * * All * * | * * Any 0-5 child * * | * * Any 6-14 child * * | * * No child 0-14 * * | | -", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 462, "text": "LFS survey waves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Min . 02 / 08 / 08 / 2019 : Briefing Session on the Proposed Plan * *  The Consultant Planner made a brief presentation to the members that included the following elements : * * Consultant * * ` o ` The base map - The County team was informed that the Consultant * * team * * had identified that part of the section considered by local communities to from part of Kibokoni M26 was found to be lying within the larger Kibokoni M27 parcel from existing survey plans . Searches conducted for the Kibokoni M27 parcel at the Nairobi , Coast ( Mombasa ) and Malindi Land Registries did not yield any results as the land was found to have no card . It was therefore established that the land parcel was public land as there are no records of private ownership of the same . Therefore , based on consultation with the KISIP teams at the national level , it had been agreed that the 82", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 582, "text": "Malindi Land Registries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activities . _ * * A total of US $ 15 . 8 m which is 75 % of total IDA funding had been spent by 16th April 1998 and is expected to exceed 90 % by project closure on 3 0 th June 1998 . The project was reviewed and restructured at Mid-Term Review ( MTR ) in February 1994 . The project has been effective in strengthening delivery of livestock services . Essential vaccines , drugs , professional equipment and transport for both headquarter and field staff were procured . Staff skills have been enhanced through training 38 staff at MSc level and several short courses . Operational funds for mass vaccinations against CBPP and Rinderpest , Foot and Mouth Disease and Rabies among others were provided . Regular disease monitoring and surveillance were carried out and disease control measures effected . Under the Tsetse Control , tsetse survey units were established in 10 districts of mid Western Uganda , i . e . , Masindi , Hoima , Kiboga , Luwero , Kibaale , Mubende , Apac , Kabarole , Bundibugyo and Mbarara which conducted tsetse surveys to determine prevalence , distribution and density of tsetse species . Tsetse distribution maps showing relative abundances of tsetse flies in 142 Sub-counties were produced . Nine ( 9 )", "spans": [{"start": 1033, "end": 1047, "text": "tsetse surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1119, "end": 1143, "text": "Tsetse distribution maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) * * Unit of Responsibility for Indicator Name Core Baseline End Target Frequency Data Source / Methodology Measure Data Collection * * Description : This indicator measures beneficiary feedback of e-services provided by Citizen Service Center . There will be built-in short questionnaire requesting feedback from citizens after requesting or using a service online . Data on citizen satisfaction will not be available for the first two years while e-services are being developed and citizen service center is being < u > piloted . < / u > Page 40 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 474, "text": "Data on citizen satisfaction", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < mark > Hazardous materials ( HM ) : Do you use or generate HM in your < / mark > operations ? If so , what types ( e . g . explosive , corrosive , flammable , etc . ) ? Describe management of hazardous materials on site to ensure proper handling / disposal . - • Copy of environmental monitoring reports – ambient air quality , stack emissions etc . - • Describe efforts and technical interventions to minimize fire risks at facilities . - • Describe planned initiatives on energy efficiency < mark > • What kind of grievances are more common and why ? < / mark > The redress of grievance back to the grievant ? 94", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 307, "text": "environmental monitoring reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * 3 ) * * Identify potential environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with the transmission line and substation areas that are anticipated to occur during preconstruction , construction , operation , and decommissioning phases and analyze whether these impacts outweigh the expected positive economic , social and environmental benefits . - 4 ) Conduct participatory consultation and engagements with various primary stakeholders at all administrative levels . * * A * * mix of diverse methods were used to gather data and information required to establish a socio-economic and environmental baseline for the proposed Asela * * - * * Arsi Robe TL Subproject . The methods included a desk review of relevant and accessible literature , a quantitative sample survey of households inside the Subproject Aol , secondary or administrative data from Subproject Woredas , stakeholder consultation , site visits and field investigations and , review of maps , images and Geographic Information Systems * * ( GIS ) . A * * brief description of each of the above methods is presented hereunder . _Definition of the Study Area : In_ consideration of the nature and the location of the potential future conditions and consequences , the Study Area has been identified . Area of influence of the * * E & S * * impact assessment considers both the spatial and temporal boundaries of the subproject direct and indirect impacts . * * IFC * * Performance Standard * * 1 * * states that where the project involves specifically identified physical elements , aspects , and facilities that are likely to generate impacts , * * E & S * * risks and impacts will be identified in the context of the subproject ' s area of influence . The spatial boundary of the subproject is governed * * by * * the direct and indirect impacts areas of influence . The areas of influence are . _Direct Impacts Area of Influence : _ The area likely affected * * by * * the direct impacts of the subproject include subproject activities or facilities that are directly owned , operated , and managed * * by * *", "spans": [{"start": 752, "end": 818, "text": "quantitative sample survey of households inside the Subproject Aol", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 821, "end": 877, "text": "secondary or administrative data from Subproject Woredas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 0 . 52 * * | * * 0 . 10 * * | Considering the above monthly fuel consumption figures per person and using the cost of 1 , 200 TZS per kg of briquettes , the monthly briquettes cost per person is 18 , 720TZS . Similarly , since the current swapping cost for a 6kg LPG cylinder is 23 , 000TZS and assuming the cost per kg is 3 , 833TZS the monthly LPG cost is 11 , 500TZS per person . In other words , the monthly cooking fuel cost for an average household with 5 members is 93 , 600TZS for charcoal briquettes while it is 57 , 500TZS for LPG . To provide charcoal briquettes to the entire refugee population in Nduta which stands at 88 , 082 < sup > 1 < / sup > an estimated amount of 1 , 648 , 895 , 040 TZS is needed per month . On the 1 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Empowerment Case Studies : Uganda PRSC_ # * * V . Issues and Lessons * * # * * _Critical Issues_ * * Despite the efforts taken by the GOU to improve access to health services , the health status of the Ugandan population continues to be poor . The Demographic Survey ( HDS ) 2000 – 2001 indicated high infant and maternal mortality rates . An increase in contraceptive prevalence has not abated the fertility rates . As a result , population growth remains high , as much as 2 . 5 percent per annum , posing a potential threat to poverty reduction efforts . In addition , almost 51 percent of the population lives more than 5 kilometers away from a health facility that provides basic curative and preventive services . Most of the facilities remain understaffed due to a shortage of trained health workers , meager salaries , a lack of financial management , and the absence of well-coordinated procurement and support systems . Furthermore , the health facilities often run out of drugs and supplies , thus creating a negative public image . According to NSDS 2000 , only 56 percent of households are satisfied with the quality of health services . Reducing absenteeism and dropout rates in primary schools remains an important issue to be tackled as a part of the education sector reforms . Some of the reasons cited for increased absenteeism at the primary level were poor health ( 64 percent ) , inability to pay extra school charges ( 52 percent ) , and lack of school uniforms ( 42 percent ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > In addition , lacking and improper hygienic facilities also resulted in absenteeism and dropouts , especially among girl students . Although efforts are underway to publicize and disseminate information of policy issues and budget processes by sectors and ministries , these efforts are mostly uncoordinated , resulting in duplication and low level of efficiency in message delivery . It was suggested that the MFPED coordinate the actions of all departments . However , no further steps have been taken in this direction . The number of students enrolling for post", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 267, "text": "Demographic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1058, "end": 1067, "text": "NSDS 2000", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As the data for medical costs only consists of public expenditure , medical costs in the analysis cannot be understood as a direct household expenditure change . Instead , it offers an estimated reflection of the overall change in medical costs attributable to taxation . This encompasses the impact on patients in both the public and private sectors , with the public sector ' s cost data serving as the foundational reference point . _Table 4_ - Medical expenditure related to dietary risks | Diseases related to dietary risks | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Average < br > 2018-2022 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Other heart diseases | 173 . 06 | 169 . 51 | 129 . 86 | 122 . 58 | 149 . 26 | 148 . 85 | | Intracranial hemorrhage | 121 . 89 | 124 . 07 | 121 . 75 | 116 . 90 | 123 . 61 | 121 . 64 | | Other peripheral vascular diseases | 25 . 63 | 27 . 00 | 27 . 11 | 28 . 20 | 32 . 89 | 28 . 17 | | Malignant neoplasm of trachea , bronchus , and lung | 37 . 74 | 40 . 03 | 36 . 77 | 34 . 09 | 38 . 27 | 37 . 38 | | Other hypertensive diseases | 16 . 10 | 14 . 12 | 12 . 97 | 11 . 92 | 15 . 85 | 14 . 19 | | Other ischemic heart diseases | 710 . 05 | 711 . 00 | 559 . 94 | 500 . 76 | 553 . 90 | 607 . 13 | | Conduction disorders and cardiac arrhythmias | 279 . 89 | 291 . 49 | 249 . 04 | 238 . 26 | 225 . 23 | 256 . 78 | | Diabetes mellitus | 100 . 56 | 104 . 30 | 99 . 55 | 95 . 91 | 104 . 32 | 100 . 93 | | Malignant neoplasm of the breast | 148 .", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 389, "text": "public sector ' s cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* PDO Indicator 4 . Service Delivery Performance Assessed * * | | | | | | Water and Sanitation : Percentage of sub-counties with functional safe water coverage > 77 percent | N / A | 50 % | 43 % | | | Water and Sanitation : Average score in the water and sanitation sub county performance assessment | N / A | Yes | Yes | | | * * Intermediate Results Indicators - Water and Environment * * | | | | | | Number of water connections and point sources constructed / rehabilitated in sub-counties with coverage < 77 % | N / A | 3 , 217 | 4 , 975 | | | % of water facilities / schemes functional as reported in upgraded MIS | N / A | 85 % | 85 % | | | Number of water connections / point sources constructed / rehabilitated in refugee-hosting LGs | N / A | 519 | 855 | | | Population served byfunctional water schemes transitioned to the LG system ( refugee districts ) | 0 | 114 , 139 | 114 , 139 | | 42 . * * The water sector was the one area where the Program fell short of a PDO indicator end-target . * * The percentage of sub-counties with functional safe water coverage above 77 percent reached 43 . 2 percent , against a revised target of 50 percent , the only unmet PDO end-target across the entire Program . The shortfall was partly attributable to the restructuring of administrative units at the local level , which altered the denominator used to measure coverage , and to gazettement changes that removed certain areas from sub-county boundaries . These measurement challenges were compounded by the grant ' s bias toward water point development over broader sub-county investments , and by the > 8 An HC II is a parish-level outpatient facility serving ~ 5 , 000 people that provides basic curative care , preventive services , and antenatal consultations ; an HC III is a sub-county -", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 299, "text": "water and sanitation sub county performance assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Theoretical Considerations * * Since Stark and Bloom ’ s work on the “ new economics of migration ” ( 1985 ) , migration has been recognized as part of a household ’ s strategy for maximizing its welfare . Migration from Kerala for work is appropriately viewed as a household decision rather than an individual choice . The sending household finances migration expenses upfront — particularly for a move overseas — in return for a future stream of remittances from the migrant family member . Migration expenses to the Gulf are costly for low-skilled jobholders from Kerala , averaging US $ 1 , 018 as computed from the 1998 KMS , which was 2 . 7 times Kerala ’ s per-capita domestic product for that year . < sup > 10 < / sup > An expected utility model would see a household that receives such remittances choosing between consuming the income and investing it in assets during the early period of migration . The availability of remittance income would then be expected to raise the recipient household ’ s investments in assets in subsequent periods , to the extent that the household were to treat that income as a positive transitory income shock . < sup > 11 < / sup > Remittances from temporary migrants working in the Arabian Gulf can be readily regarded as transitory income for the household back home . There is limited opportunity to settle permanently in these countries or acquire citizenship , and foreign workers earning below a certain threshold are prohibited from bringing their dependents . < sup > 12 < / sup > Existing evidence shows that these “ single ” migrants transfer the bulk of their earnings back home and for the most part , spend in the host country only on what they require for subsistence . < sup > 13 < / sup > Hence , the origin household ’ s marginal propensity to invest using international remittances is potentially high , given the impermanent nature of overseas migration to the Gulf . A mitigating factor , however , is that a > 10 Migrant households must typically cover the costs of an airline ticket , visa , commission to the recruitment agency , and even", "spans": [{"start": 630, "end": 638, "text": "1998 KMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were before the earthquake . # _ ( d ) Directly affected areas_ Table 4 presents descriptive statistics for households living in directly affected areas . The food consumption score is calculated based on the number of different food groups consumed by the household , to represent diversity , and the number of times a week they are consumed . Notably , we observe that the average food consumption score is 55 . 79 , with a standard deviation of 19 . 75 . A majority of households is above the limit food consumption thresholds ( the limit consumption threshold being 42 and the critical threshold being 26 ) . Table 4 also shows that , in June , 44 % of the households in directly affected areas had received assistance and that 32 % had received food assistance . 37 % of the respondents ’ houses 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The consultants made inventory of schemes and field investigation ; prepare reports and workshop on the proposed options , community based management system . Training materials on project proposal , operation and maintenance , and design of schemes including preparing job description were prepared . Trainings were delivered for the established water committees on CBM ( community based management ) and also pump and generator maintenance , construction of tapping and hand dug wells to potential service providers , and artisans . In addition to this , to ensure the sustainability of the schemes required equipment and tools were provided based on the inventories earlier made . Training on sanitation and hygiene was also given for the communities . To transfer knowledge to other woredas the officials of regions , zones , and woredas were given training on how to facilitate and be good management advisor . Finally monitoring and evaluation was conducted how the communities are performing and final report was prepared . # # # * * 3 . 2 . Feasibility Studies , Engineering Design and Immediate Rehabilitation for the Project Towns * * # # # * * _A ) Water Supply Scheme Feasibility and Engineering Design_ * * The aim of this component was to provide improved water supply for the 25 towns by rehabilitating and expanding the existing facilities to the year 2005 requirement and also designing the system to 2025 requirement through stage construction . Under this component studies were carried out to identify water supply systems which need immediate rehabilitation in the project towns by three foreign and three local consultants . Environmental impact assessments and engineering design were carried out for future expansion of the water supply schemes . # # # * * _Civil Constructions_ * * Drilling of new boreholes was carried out by regional water bureaus . However , it took longer time than anticipated to complete in study for the surveying and drilling works . Due to the insufficiency of the source survey some of the proposed well sites were changed . This in turn delayed the civil construction . Most of the towns have almost completed the civil construction . The civil construction includes lying of transmission and distribution pipes", "spans": [{"start": 2016, "end": 2029, "text": "source survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Flood Management Project ( P176327 ) | flood early warning services . | and end | the MoWE | EMI and EDRMC | EDRMC | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | This figure will be estimated | evaluation | PMU with | | | | by a user survey conducted | | inputs from | | | | at least three times during | | relevant | | | | the life of the project ( at the | | Implementin | | | | beginning , mid-term and | | g Agencies | | | | towards the end of the < br > project ) . | | | | | * * ME PDO Table SPACE * * | | * * Monitoring & Evaluatio * * | * * n Plan : Interm * * | * * ediate Results I * * | * * ndicators * * < br > * * Methodolo for Data * * | * * Resonsibilit for Data * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * gy * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * py * * < br > * * Collection * * | | IR Indicator 1 . 1 Hazard / risk assessments < br > to inform disaster risk reduction policies < br > and investments for priority areas < br > completed | The number of hazard or < br > disaster risk assessment < br > conducted to inform < br > disaster risk reduction < br > policies and investments for < br > priority areas . | Semiannua < br > l | Progress < br > report", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 271, "text": "user survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Paper WPS 8155 , World Bank Group , Washington , DC . > 55 Hirshleifer , Sarojini , McKenzie , David , Almeida , Rita , and Cristobal Ridao-Cano . 2014 . _The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed : Experimental Evidence from Turkey ( English ) _ . EnGender Impact : the World Bank ' s Gender Impact Evaluation Database . Washington , DC : World Bank Group . _http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 209871468310469519 / Theimpact-of-vocational-training-for-the-unemployed-experimental-evidence-from-Turkey_ . Bo ̈ rdo ̋ s , K . , Csillag , M . , and A . Scharl . 2015 . _What Works in Wage Subsidies for Young People : A Review of Issues , Theory , Policies and Evidence_ ( No . 994898973402676 ) . International Labour Organization . > 56 For example , ‘ Employment Support Project for Syrians Under Temporary Protection and Turkish Citizens ’ ( P161670 ) in implementation and ‘ Turkey : Support for Transition to Labor Market for People under Temporary and International Protection and Turkish Citizens Project ’ ( P171471 ) in the pipeline . Page 28 of 85", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nological innovation on employment can be ambiguous . While product innovation is typically aimed at increasing a firm ’ s demand through the introduction of a new product , process innovation by definition usually entails productivity enhancements that can be labor saving . The existence of competing mechanisms make the net effects uncertain . For instance , in the case of product innovation , even though a new product is associated with new demand and new markets , there remains the possibility that the new product may be produced more efficiently than old products . While in the short term it is possible that new product sales may cannibalize old ones , the extent to which this occurs will depend on the degree to which the new products are substitutes or complements in demand and production . Furthermore , the net effect will depend on the extent that competitors react by introducing new products themselves , resulting in dynamic competition . For process innovations , while the use of new technologies and capital may be labor saving , under competitive conditions where lower costs of production translate to lower final goods prices , increases in demand and sales may offset any initial labor displacement . Over time , process innovations can shift labor to more skilled , higher wage jobs and widespread adoption of new capital equipment would enlarge downstream sectors of the economy . In a recent survey of the literature , Vivarelli ( 2012 ) suggests that the microeconometric literature tends to support a positive link between innovation , proxied as R & D and / or product innovation , and employment ; especially when focusing on high-tech sectors . The study also finds significant evidence in favor of the skill-biased hypothesis across different OECD countries , different economic sectors , and different types of innovation . For example , in one micro-econometric study Harrison , Jaumandreu , Mairesse , and Peters ( 2014 ) study the impact of innovation on employment using a comparable data set of firms from France , Germany , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The authors find that product innovation has a positive impact on employment , but that process innovation has a displacing effect on employment . However , the positive impact of product", "spans": [{"start": 2016, "end": 2044, "text": "comparable data set of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 and 1 . 8 percentage points of added employment growth for product and process innovators respectively in non-OECD developing countries , while it is statistically unrelated to employment growth for non-innovators . The large firms ( with over 200 employees ) in both the all-country and non-OECD country samples are different from smaller firms in that while their employment growth is significantly affected , on average , by their product innovations , it is not significantly related to their process innovations or their TFP . In addition , large firms ‘ employment growth is unrelated to internet use , ISO certification , use of formal job training programs , membership in a business association and incorporation status . The young firms are different on average since their employment growth rates are not significantly related to process innovation ( though they are significantly related to TFP and product innovation ) , ISO certification , membership in a business association , and their incorporation status . In contrast , internet use and formal job > 28 ISO management certification refers to a family of internationally recognized management quality standards . The certification status of surveyed establishments is ascertained directly in the Enterprise Surveys . Formal training programs refer to ― beyond the job ‖ training opportunities offered to employees of the respondent establishment . Table 1c contains a detailed listing of the definition of these and other enterprise-level business environment indicators used in this study . 20", "spans": [{"start": 1269, "end": 1287, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by increasing competition for scarce land and water resources ( McGuirk and Nunn , 2020 ; George _et al . _ , 2021a ) . As agricultural seasons have shifted associated with climate change , nomadic herders have changed the timing of their migratory patterns and agricultural households have lengthened their growing seasons . Rising tensions motivated several Nigerian states to implement open-grazing bans in 2016 and 2017 . These bans are associated with a sharp escalation of violence in the first half of 2018 , which represents the core source of variation in herder-related violence in our study . We construct panel data by combining information from Nigeria ’ s General Household Survey and the ACLED Project from 2010 through 2019 and pay particular attention to both the seasonality in herder-related conflict and how agricultural households respond to exposure throughout the agricultural season . We find that both men and women exposed to herder-related violence and that have also been previously exposed to this violence shift toward informal work in the post-planting season and shift away from informal work , on the extensive margin , in the post-harvest season . This shift toward informal work in the post-planting season seems to act as a substitute activity for agricultural work for men in households exposed to herder-related violence and that have also been previously exposed to this violence . Agricultural work , however , does not decline for women . Rather , the total number of hours worked increases if women live within households exposed to herder-related violence and that have also been previously exposed . For these women , the increase in total hours worked is predominantly allocated to informal work . These results are consistent with the view that work in the informal sector can act as a partial ‘ safety net ’ for agricultural households exposed to herder-related violence in Nigeria . Furthermore , we investigate heterogeneity across both time and space by exploiting the spike in violence just before the 2018-2019 GHS survey rounds and within Nigerian states implementing opengrazing bans , which have been attributed as a contributor to increased violence in the conflict . We find that the shift toward informal work and away from agricultural work is larger within states implementing an open-grazing ban and during the", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 694, "text": "General Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2063, "end": 2073, "text": "GHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Near-Real-Time Welfare and Livelihood Impacts of an Active Civil War : Evidence from Ethiopia * * Kibrom A . Abay < sup > † * < / sup > , Kibrom Tafere < sup > ‡ < / sup > , Guush Berhane < sup > † < / sup > , Jordan Chamberlin < sup > ⁑ < / sup > , and Mehari H . Abay < sup > ¥ < / sup > _Key words_ : Ethiopia , civil war , conflict , food security , livelihoods , phone surveys _JEL Codes_ : D74 , I31 , I32 , J21 , O13 , Q12 , Q13 . ______________________________________________________________________________ † International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI ) , ‡ World Bank , < sup > ⁑ < / sup > Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) of < sup > the United Nations , ¥ Independent Consultant . * Corresponding author , email : < / sup > < sup > < u > k . abay @ cgiar . org . The views < / u > < / sup > expressed in this paper are those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank Group , FAO and IFPRI .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # * * 6 Socioeconomic Characteristics of the PAHs * * The socio-economic baseline study seeks to understand the socio-economic and basic social services and livelihood activities and their constraints in Subproject influence areas . Therefore , the socio-economic study included relevant data collection at Subproject Woreda and Kebele levels , stakeholder identification & consultation , impact identification as well as baseline socioeconomic survey of the affected households . As part of the processes for preparing this RP , the socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs was conducted . The Socio-economic baseline survey was conducted in October 2024 and the census survey between January 2 – 29 , 2025 . While the census survey involved all the 613 HHs affected by the subproject components , whereas the baseline socioeconomic survey was conducted on 270 HHs of which 60 . 0 % were Subproject affected households and the remaining 40 . 0 % were non-impacted households who reside in subproject impacted Kebeles . The difference between the two types of surveys is that while the socio-economic survey is intended to establish the baseline socio-economic conditions of PAHs and the census survey is intended to prepare the objective ground for compensation payment by a complete enumeration of PAHs and by registering all properties affected by the Subproject components . Therefore , this chapter discuss the main findings on the demographic and socio-economic aspects of heads of households as well as the entire population in those projects affected households . The socio-economic and PAHs profile section does not include the 9 absentee PAHs . However , the impact section discuss all the total project affected PAHs i . e . 613 . # # # # # * * 6 . 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Households * * This section presents the demographic characteristics of the surveyed household heads", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 607, "text": "baseline socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 690, "end": 742, "text": "socio-economic survey and census enumeration of PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 763, "end": 793, "text": "Socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 832, "end": 845, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 888, "end": 901, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 979, "end": 1008, "text": "baseline socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1254, "end": 1275, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1356, "end": 1369, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "S implementation process to cater for gaps . EEU is currently undertaking internal performance reviews at national and regional levels on a monthly , quarterly , and annual basis . Further , ESHS issues are included as one of the performance indicators of EEU ’ s operations during regular management meetings . However , these efforts should be complemented with E & S performance reviews and audits by independent consultants which MoWE and EEU are yet to conduct . EEU and MoWE shall take a responsibility to ensure the accomplishment of annual audits and bi-annual performance review meetings that will be conducted with the engagement of Program stakeholders and other development partners . # # # * * _ii . _ * * * * _ < u > Pre-screening of Projects for Risks on Natural Habitats and PCRs < / u > _ * * During implementation of the parent Program , there was a gap on screening of on-grid projects , including awareness of chance finds procedures by E & S staff . Further , the institutional capacity of EEU on identification , mitigation , and monitoring of impacts / risks on natural habitats and PCRs is limited in terms of trained staff and resources . Given these challenges , it is recommended to pre-screen project for risks on natural habitats and PCRs using available maps and data . The pre-screening shall be done at Program level ( PPMD ) . # # # * * _iii . _ * * * * _ < u > Workers and Public Safety Management < / u > _ * * Accidents involving workers and the public sometimes result in injuries and fatalities . In addition to use of PPE , such accidents usually occur due to inadequate and inappropriate work procedures ( including communications ) , electric lines and poles collapse due to faulty installations , and lack of regular inspection and maintenance of the electric infrastructure resulting in failures and associated risks on the public . On the other hand , while influx of workers is deployed and interact with the local communities , there", "spans": [{"start": 1284, "end": 1297, "text": "maps and data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of 23 variables . The indicator for unlicensed at baseline is partialled out for the private facilities regressions . In Column 2 , patient wealth index , years of education , health status , and distance from home are partialled out . HF = health facility ; JHIC = Joint Health Inspection Checklist ; OOP = out-of-pocket payments ; PPP = purchasing power parity . the JHIC score and ( b ) that there was at least some ( perhaps substantial ) information about this score available to consumers . As we will see in Section V , this is consistent with a diminished role for information as the mechanism for the improvements we observe . These patterns also suggest that regulating facilities at the low-end may be very costly given their high rates of churn and low patient loads , an observation we return to in the conclusion . # * * III . 4 Design Integrity * * # # * * III . 4 . 1 Balance , Attrition , and Accretion * * There are no systematic differences across treatment and control groups in baseline main outcome variables and key covariates with the exception of out-of-pocket payments at the facility level and the test of joint significance yields an F-stat of 1 . 020 ( p = 0 . 425 ) ( Table A2 of the Appendix ) . Response rates were 93 % at baseline and 97 % at endline and non-response is balanced between treatment and control at endline with an estimated null difference ( p-value = 0 . 974 ) . At baseline there is a small 4 percentage point higher response rate among facilities in treatment markets 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR7155 The World Bank | opy | | | | before joining the workforce < br > and curriculum revision is < br > conducted to 16 courses < br > which were found to be sub - < br > standard . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | e C | | Date | 23-Nov-2004 | 19-Jun-2012 | | | sur | | Comments | | | | | Public Disclo < br > 6 . 4 ) Freedom of information | Text | Value | 6 . 4 . a ) There is no < br > proclamation on right to < br > information and no < br > institutional focal point for < br > information . < br > Additional Note : < br > - According to the 2008 < br > woreda and city < br > benchmarking survey , citizens < br > who know what taxes and < br > fees they are legally required < br > to pay are 60 % , those who < br > know woreda budget are < br > 13 % , those who know their < br > woreda strategic plan are < br > 17 % and those who know < br > council meetings are open to < br > the public are 11 % . < br > - Ethiopia ’ s E-participation < br > ranking in the UN Index is 170 < br > out of 174 countries in < br > 2004 / 05 . | 6 . 4a ) Right to information < br > proclamation is enacted and < br > information officers in all < br > offices and Keble Mangers < br > are established in all Kebeles . < br > Additional Note : < br > - According to the 2011 < br > woreda and city < br > benchmarking survey , citizens < br > who know what taxes", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 641, "text": "benchmarking survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contribute to more effective land use planning . Management in both sectors depends on access to land-related information to inform licensing for various sectors and basic features linked with surface land management . Each of the sectors also has specific needs and faces distinctive issues . < / mark > # # * * The Land Sector * * 9 . * * < mark > Pressure on land is ever increasing due to population growth , expansion of urban centers , the development of natural resources projects in rural areas , and climate change . These dynamics , and the ensuing competition for land , pose significant risks to the country ’ s economic development and social cohesion . < / mark > * * < mark > In rural < / mark > > 13 United Nations Children ’ s Fund ( UNICEF ) 2018 > 14 Demographic and Health Survey 2018 > 15 Demographic and Health Survey 2010 Page 11 of 95", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey , we are left with a sample size of 1 , 493 . Data were collected from September 2007 to August 2008 . All households in a village completed their diaries over the same 14 days . Survey work in each district was completed in less than two months . < sup > 6 < / sup > Each study household maintained a transaction diary for 14 days . The diary took the form of a paper log book , with a separate row for each transaction . On each day during the observation window , diary keepers noted the quantity , unit , value , and description of every item that entered or exited the household . If multiple items were purchased during a single shopping trip , each item received its own entry ( row ) in the diary . Purchases , gifts , own production , and stock adjustments were recorded separately . Because this paper deals with purchasing behaviors , we use only those rows of the transaction diaries that indicate purchases , unless otherwise specified . After collecting the diaries from respondents , project staff used the item descriptions to assign each purchased item to one of 73 categories , covering 58 food items and 15 non-food items . These categories are similar to those that would be available in a typical consumption survey . However , because we have access to the raw diary data , we use the detailed descriptions of each item to further narrow the definitions of the study items . We do this by dropping entries for which the description does not match that of the modal entry within the item category . For example , we drop “ unrefined sugar ” from “ Sugar , ” retain only “ dried beans ” ( excluding soy beans ) from the original category of “ Peas , beans , lentils and other pulses , ” keep only “ immature coconuts ” in the “ Coconut ” category , restrict the “ Dried fish ” group to only “ dried sardines , ” excluding larger fish , and so on . This removes much of the bias from grouping goods of different variety under a single heading . The end result is a data set", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 902, "text": "transaction diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "vulnerable populations are reached , especially given the higher poverty risk for families with young children ( World Bank , 2012 ) . Second , there is a need to better understand constraints and effective mechanisms to increase access to and quality of ECE programs . Research on age of entry , program type and duration , and intensity of attendance is needed to understand which ECE programs are working and for whom . Program quality data are almost entirely lacking . Reliable administrative data on elements of quality , including teacher-child interactions , student-teacher ratios , mixed-aged classrooms , physical environments , availability of materials , curriculum , teacher training , incentive structures , and parent engagement , among other inputs , would be invaluable . Notably , it would be worth exploring the frequency and effectiveness of psychosocial stimulation in the classroom . Data on both supply - and demand-side barriers are needed , with analysis of the impacts of sociocultural norms and income inequalities , to allow for more targeted access to ECE and entry points for coordinated service provision . Third , further research is needed to explore the role of gender-related norms , knowledge , and skills relevant to ECD . While this study provides an initial analysis of parental stimulation and ECD , further research is needed on differential patterns of early stimulation between women and men caregivers , how those might impact child development , and what approaches to parenting education programs are effective for women and men respectively . # Limitations Several constraints in data collection limit the conclusions we could draw . First , the respondents were predominantly male , which meant that most respondents were not the child ’ s primary caregiver . Second , an issue with cell-phone towers in Sindh resulted in under-sampling the province , however we were able to account for any selection bias with survey weights . Third , approximately 6 percent of Pakistani households that do not own a phone were excluded from our study . As such , our study results are only representative of the phone-owning households in Pakistan . Fourth , given the nature of the phone survey , all responses were caregiver-reported . Fifth , since the survey was cross-sectional , we could not", "spans": [{"start": 483, "end": 502, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2219, "end": 2231, "text": "phone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 4 . 5 Other control variables * * A vector of control variables * * zi * * _ , _ * * t * * includes several variables . First , we use the lagged domestic official sector holdings ratio _푑표푖 , 푡_ − 1 as a control variable . Major central banks in advanced economies have been important players in the government bond markets , purchasing government bonds financed by the creation of central bank reserves through quantitative easing — which central banks have implemented to put downward pressure on interest rates when policy rates were at or near zero . The portfolio balance channel operates when the central bank ’ s bond purchases , which change the relative supply of assets held by the private sector , induce equilibrating changes in the relative yields . < sup > 16 < / sup > In the United States , Gagnon et al . ( 2011 ) show a cumulative decline in the 10-year Treasury yields by about 91 basis points after announcements of quantitative easing . According to Joyce et al . ( 2011 ) , the corresponding impacts in the United Kingdom is estimated to be 100 basis points . Second , we add the lagged foreign official holdings ratio _푓표푖 , 푡_ − 1 using data from Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014a ) and Arslanalp and Tsuda ( 2014b ) . The U . S . long-term interest rates remained low in the mid-2000s despite increases in the federal funds rate , a phenomenon Alan Greenspan labeled as a “ conundrum ” ( Greenspan ( 2005 ) ) . Bernanke ( 2005 ) hypothesized that a global saving glut – driven by net savings in Asia and oilexporting countries – lowered long-term interest rates through an accumulation of foreign exchange reserves . Warnock and Warnock ( 2009 ) show that a 12-month total of foreign flows of 1 percentage point of GDP is associated with a 40 basis point reduction . Beltran et al . ( 2013 ) find that a 10 percentage point increase in foreign official flows into and out of Treasuries lowers the five-year term premium by 135 basis points . Third , following Gruber and Kamin ( 2012 ) , we", "spans": [{"start": 1172, "end": 1201, "text": "data from Arslanalp and Tsuda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "units in these agencies at the federal level and the creation of independent enVironmental agencies at the regional level . This law also re-established the Environmental Protection Council , a cross-sectoral co-coordinating body that advises the federal EPA and supervises its activities . The mandate of the Council includes : ( i ) reviewing environmental polices , strategies and laws proposed by the EPA and issuing recommendations to government ; ( ii ) providing appropriate advice on the implementation of the Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia ; and ( iii ) reviewing and approving directives , guidelines , and enVironmental standards prepared by the EPA . # # # # # # 3 . 2 . 3 . 3 _Environmental Impact Assessment ( Proclamation No . 29912002 ) _ As stated in the RIDP FS , this Proclamation ( No . 299 / 2002 ) aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA . The law specifies the projects and activities that will require an environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) . The proponent of the project must prepare the EIA following the format specified in the legislation . The EPA will then review the EIA and either approve the project ( with or without conditions ) or reject it . Under this legislation , the EPA has to prepare procedures , regulations , environmental guidelines and standards for the EIA . Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals . The Proclamation requires , among other things : - Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an EIA and receive an authorization from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing implementation of the project . - Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior to issuing an investment permit , a trade or operating license or a work permit to a business organization . - The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from carrying out an EIA in projects with an insignificant", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "allocated budget , the share of the allocated budget that comes from the exploitation of natural resources , total population in 2007 , the average number of years of schooling of the population aged 15 and older in 2007 , the number of whitecollar personnel as percentage of total population , the poverty rate in 2007 , the percentage of urban population in 2007 , the percentage of winning votes of the elected mayor in the 2006 elections , a binary variable of value 1 if the elected mayor is an incumbent , and year-specific effects . Spending data cover all 1 , 834 Peruvian municipalities ; however , because of other data missing , the final sample consists of an unbalanced panel of 1 , 688 municipalities and 3 years of data ( rendering 4 , 858 observations ) . The basic estimation methodology is ordinary least squares regression ( OLS ) with robust standard errors , clustered by province ( a political demarcation of adjacent districts / municipalities ) . The results are robust to the use of weighted least squares regression ( WLS ) and median regression ( MR ) that controls for the influence of outliers . In addition , we apply quantile regressions ( QR ) in order to allow the estimated effects to vary according to the degree of budget execution . Table 1 presents the basic OLS regression results for total spending , for spending disaggregated by current and capital expenditures , and for defined capital expenditures . In what follows , we organize the discussion of results using the framework introduced above , which separates the determinants of the budget execution rate along the issues of the budget size and allocation process , local capacity , local needs , and political economy constraints . Let us first discuss the variables related to the budget . A larger allocated budget is significantly related to a lower execution rate ; and this is the case for both total and disaggregated expenditures , with a larger effect on capital than current expenditures . Thus , it seems to be harder to spend a larger budget , especially when this requires planning , project preparation , and implementation capacity . The budget share of natural resource revenues has an ambiguous", "spans": [{"start": 540, "end": 553, "text": "Spending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 3 . The Effect of Land Title on Investment * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008 to 2017 . This table presents parameter estimates from OLS regression of investment on Titling Firm dummy variable for various specifications . The dependent variable is the averaged investment ( capital expenditure divided by PP & E ) between 2013 and 2017 net of various benchmark levels . That is , In column ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) the benchmark level is calculated using the average investment between 2008 and 2012 . In column ( 3 ) the benchmark level is calculated using the average investment between 2010 and 2012 . In column ( 4 ) the investment in 2012 is used as the benchmark level . In Column ( 5 ) the investment in 2008-2009 is used as the benchmark level . _Titling Firm_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm has allocated land before the land title scheme starting from 2012 and 0 if otherwise . All variables are winsorised at the upper and lower 1-percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification . The _t-statistics_ are computed using standard errors that are White-corrected . * , * * , * * * indicate significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | | ∆ < br > | ( Investment / Total F < br > | ixed Asset ) < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Long P | eriod | Median Period | Short Period | Using 2009 | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | | Titling Firm | 0 . 345 * * * | 0 . 301 * * *", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 133, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of subsidies ’ distributional and targeting performance are arithmetic , nonbehavioral , and express a partial equilibrium . < sup > 4 < / sup > # * * 2 . 1 Data sources * * As no single data source provides all the information needed to compute the efficient economic cost of service , which is needed to estimate efficient subsidies at the household level , we use several data sources combined with a series of assumptions to construct the variables for our analysis . # # * * Household surveys * * We estimate piped water access , connections , and expenditure using information self-reported during national household-level surveys ( see the appendix for details ) . These surveys also provide , with varying degrees of quality across countries , the information necessary to construct total expenditure ( and / or income ) variables for each household . The quantities of water consumed , and the prices or tariffs paid by each household , are usually not reported in household surveys . We therefore estimate these by complementing the household-level surveys with administrative data from service providers and government programs detailing tariff structures . # # * * Administrative data on tariff structures * * We gathered information about tariff structures from the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities ( IBNET ) database . Some countries list most of their water providers in IBNET , while others list only a few . For example , IBNET includes data on the tariff structures of all water providers in Mali and Niger , each of which has only one piped water provider . Meanwhile , for countries such as Ethiopia , Nigeria , Uganda , and Bangladesh — where the provision of services is decentralized and a multitude of utilities provide piped water — IBNET covers only a sample of providers . # # * * Data on cost-reflective tariffs * * Cost-reflective tariffs cover the costs of providing service , including not only the efficient economic cost but also the costs arising from the inefficiencies of the service provider . The _efficient economic cost_ , meanwhile , covers all the economic resources required for efficient service delivery . These include operation and maintenance expenses and also all capital costs such as", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 636, "text": "national household-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 974, "end": 991, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1072, "end": 1138, "text": "administrative data from service providers and government programs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1177, "end": 1196, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1845, "end": 1876, "text": "Data on cost-reflective tariffs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SOLUTIONS STRATEGY FOR AFGHAN REFUGEES 2018-2019 registration of undocumented children in schools . In the scholastic years 2017-2018 some 420 , 000 Afghan children have registered for primary and secondary school out of which 103 , 000 children are undocumented . The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran estimates that large numbers of Afghans enter the territory on a daily basis . Return movement from the Islamic Republic of Iran to Afghanistan likewise take place , however , it is estimated that at all times 1 . 5-2 million undocumented Afghans reside in the Islamic Republic of Iran . As part of efforts towards regularisation , in 2017 the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran initiated a headcount exercise targeting specific categories of undocumented Afghans residing in Iran . According to authorities up to 800 , 000 Afghans were identified through this exercise . UNHCR will work jointly with the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the broader international community within the Islamic Republic of Iran and internationally , to showcase efforts of the Government as an example of broad-based support for refugees and seeking international responsibility-sharing . UNHCR will in cooperation with other partners seek new opportunities to assist the Government in continuing to provide protection and assistance to the refugee population hosted in Iran . UNHCR will also cooperate closely with the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to support their efforts to ensure documentation and protection of Afghans and ensure that access to basic services can be further enhanced for Afghans living in the country , whilst working towards longer term solutions for this protracted displaced population . # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Access to Protection : Legal and Policy Framework * * UNHCR will continue to carry out its core mandate activities , including facilitated voluntary repatriation , provision of legal assistance , support for access to civil documentation , targeted support for persons with specific needs , and resettlement for the most vulnerable refugees . The operation will continue to conduct case management and offer support for individual protection cases , however will seek to gradually shift emphasis towards", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bank competition , the recent literature also emphasizes the differences between the two , suggesting concentration is a less reliable indicator of competition ( Beck , Demirguc-Kunt , and Levine , 2006 ; Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria , 2010 ) . Nevertheless , as an alternative measure of competition , we use the three bank asset concentration ratio from the Financial Structure Dataset to measure banking concentration . We run the same regressions specified in equation and ( 9 ) replacing the Lerner index with bank concentration . Unlike the Lerner index , bank concentration is measured at the country level each year . All other control variables are the same as those used 17", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 391, "text": "Financial Structure Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PoFcy RESEARCH WORKINC PAPER 1 733 # Summary findings Using a specially designed survey of Japanese firms planning investmenrs in Asia , Kinoshira and Mody emphasize the importance of privately held information in making for ¢ ign investment decisions . > Information on operating conditions hased oTn direct experience in a country is likely to be rlte mnost credible Information , but for investors new to a c ountry , information inferred from observing others investing in that country may he more influential . Initially , in fact , > observing the actions of comppetitors seenms to lead to cascading investments in that - ountry , apparenitly through herd behavior ( as in China anid Vietnam ) . Countries whiich do not draw a critical mass of investors are in danger of being bypassed for significint perto ls . Publicly available information is iniip ( Jrtatlit in helping > shape \" average \" perceptions about a couLntry , leading potential investors to view particular locations favorably . Privatclv held information complements that public inforination , and ac-oulits for iniportant variations in rive . tinier plans . Sulj ¢ jective perceptions about policy on foreign direct investinenit are also important . - Pol cv designed co attract invcstors for exaimiple , . speci . _ , zones_ for foreign investors - have been * . icce tful in nmanv instances , cspecially * * in * * East Asia , but have ilso beell a waste of scarce investmuent resources when not appropriately planned . And such policy is of lirtle alne in artracting those already investing in a country , or those who alruady perceive rivals to be active rhere This paper - a product of the East Asia and Pacific Regional Of tice - - is part of a larger effort in the department to study trends in foreign investment in the region . Copies of the paper are av * * 1ilable * * free ftrm the World Bank , 181 8 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Please contact Rafaela Reff , room Q5 - I3 9 , n . luphonc 202 473-48 15 , fax 202-477-0218 , Internct address rreff ( & worldbank . org . February 1997 . ( 32 pages ) _The Policy Researcbh WZorking", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 105, "text": "survey of Japanese firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > < br > * * olde * * < br > * * / Ot * * | isclosure < br > was achieved through a variety of information and consultation methods . < br > ualized to the type of stakeholder and complexity of information to be < br > < br > * * n method * * < br > * * pation meetings in the Initial A-RAP exercise * * < br > consultations undertaken during the initial preparation of the A-RAP has < br > * * Consultation Method * * < br > * * rs-project * * < br > * * Affected * * < br > • < br > Household socio-economic survey and Asset Inventory < br > • < br > Public meeting / Baraza < br > • < br > Consultations with SEC and GRC . < br > * * her stakeholders e . g . , * * < br > • < br > Consultation meetings with the county CPCT . | # # # * * 3 . 4 Public Participation meetings in the Initial A-RAP exercise * * Public participation consultations undertaken during the initial preparation of the A-RAP has been summarised below * * _Table 3 . 3_ : Summary of public participations during initial preparation of A-RAP * * | * * Settlement * * | * * Date * * | * * Total No . * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * attendants * * | * * representation * * | * * representation * * | | * * Kibuye * * | 17 / 1 / 2018 | 78 | 52 | 26 | | | 2 < sup > nd < / sup > / 6 / 2018 | 41 | 25 | 16", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 539, "text": "Household socio-economic survey and Asset Inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Afghanistan ’ s economy in recent years . It is thus relatively straightforward to estimate the change in informal sector activity as a weighted difference between the change in nighttime light intensity and the change in cell phone traffic among registered firms . Non-traditional sources of information are also used to measure the intensity of conflict at the local level , and to control for potentially confounding circumstances . The US Pentagon has made available data on conflict-related casualties with a high level of spatial disaggregation , as well as information on the presence of international and Afghan troops at the district level . Based on information from international donor agencies , it is also possible to estimate the level of foreign aid at the district level . The analysis is conducted with the district as the unit of observation , as this is the lowest level of spatial disaggregation for which all the relevant data are available . The estimates are for the period 2012-16 . The initial year is the starting point of a rapid deterioration of the security situation in Afghanistan . The final year is the last one for which the Pentagon made spatially disaggregated data on conflict-related casualties available . The high frequency of the data also allows estimating the response of each of the three sectors to conflicts with varying time lags . In this paper , the impacts from conflict are estimated over each of the four quarters following a surge in the number of casualties . The exercise reveals very different time patterns across sectors . The impact of local surges in conflict on overall economic activity is relatively modest , but their effect on the composition of output is dramatic . # * * The Afghan context * * Following the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 , Afghanistan received massive international security and development assistance . More than 100 , 000 international troops were stationed in the country until 2012 , supporting operations against the ongoing insurgency and assisting in building and training a national defense force . To ensure a path toward self-reliance , the government of Afghanistan and NATO partners agreed in 2010 on a gradual handover of security responsibilities . By 2018 , there were only 16 , 229", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 509, "text": "data on conflict-related casualties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 708, "text": "information from international donor agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1176, "end": 1235, "text": "spatially disaggregated data on conflict-related casualties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Only a few of these characteristics are closely correlated with each other . < sup > 21 < / sup > > 19 We use the IMF ’ s _de facto_ exchange rate-regime to classify countries by their currency regime . http : / / www . imf . org / external / np / mfd / er / 2006 / eng / 0706 . htm > 20 Countries are classified as high manufacturing , high export , difficult to fire , and high firing cost countries , based on whether the indicator exceeds the median across countries in the sample . The difficulty of firing index measures whether redundancy is allowed as a basis for terminating workers , and the existence of rendundancy regulations and requirements . The redundancy cost indicator measures the cost of advance notice requirements , severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker , expressed in weeks of salary Additional information on the redundancy indices is available at http : / / www . doingbusiness . org / Methodology / Surveys / EmployingWorkers . aspx 21 In only 4 cases do the pair-wise correlations between characteristics exceed 0 . 25 . Latin American countries are most likely to be upper middle income and least likely to be lower middle income . Europe and Central Asian countries and middle income MICS tend to have larger manufacturing sectors , but Latin American countries are less likely to have large manufacturing sectors . Finally , countries with high redundancy costs are far more likely to be in East Asia or Latin America than Europe , and are less likely to be middle income countries . Somewhat surprisingly , the correlation between a high difficulty of redundancy and high redundancy cost is weak and negative . 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> involve subcomponent information | Ongoing during < br > implementation | All implementing < br > entities | < br > Some program implementing entities < br > started . Follow up and support will < br > continue until the remaining start to < br > reort Sub-comonent exenditure | | 3 . < br > _Budget_ < br > ( a ) Align proclaimed & working budget in amount & sectors involved ; < br > ( b ) Ensure official & timely notification of approved budget to regional < br > implementers ( Woredas , towns , zones , & sector bureaus ) ; < br > ( c ) Include budget information in the system in use and apply budget < br > tracking mechanism . Provide variance reports & related explanation < br > on quarterly IFRs | < br > ( a ) Ongoing < br > annually ; < br > ( b ) Ongoing < br > annually ; < br > ( c ) Ongoing ; < br > ( d ) Ongoing | ( a ) MoF , MoWE < br > MoH , MoE ; < br > ( b ) BoFs , and < br > RWCOs ; < br > ( c ) All entities ; < br > ( d ) All entities ; | pp p . < br > , < br > ( a ) Ongoing activities annually done . < br > ( b ) Ongoing activities annually done < br > ( c ) Ongoing activities annually done . < br > ( d ) Ongoing activities annually done . | | ( d ) Improve budget utilization and disbursement | | | | | < br > 4 . < br > _Internal Audit_ < br > ( d ) Conduct internal audit on the MoWE and share report with < br > Bank / DPs . < br > ( e ) Increase engagement of internal auditors at all levels . < br > ( f ) Hire or assign internal", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 709, "text": "quarterly IFRs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic opportunities for the hard-to-serve youth . # * * _Part C : Improving Labor Market Information ( LMI ) _ * * * * 1 . Identification of LMI system users and specification of LMI needs . Provision * * of technical advisory services to identify priority LMI users and the type of indicators , analysis and reports needed , including details about the contents and their production ( ' Data Dictionary ' ) , and carrying out of an assessment of data gaps to meet user needs and development of strategies and action plans with costs for bridging the data gaps . 2 . * * Production of LMI * * system content . Provision of services to develop content for the LMI system to include labor statistics , reports analyzing these statistics , occupational outlook surveys , career navigator tools for * * job * * seekers , and a skills", "spans": [{"start": 684, "end": 700, "text": "labor statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 740, "end": 768, "text": "occupational outlook surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using 22 years of data , the income and the assets of the poor who were affected by natural disasters were significantly lower over the longer term than those of the poor who were not affected by them ( Pleninger 2022 ) . In Ethiopia and Honduras , natural disasters pushed poor households into poverty traps in which recovery from natural disasters took longer than it did among other households ( Carter et al . 2007 ) . At the aggregate , Dell , Jones , and Olken ( 2012 ) find that higher temperatures reduce economic growth in poor countries < mark > . The channels include lower < / mark > agricultu < mark > ral and industrial output , and more political instability . Additionally , they find that the adverse effects of temperature are concentrated in poor countries . These results raise the concern of a reduced ability to grow among poor countries , which can have medium - and long-term consequences . Indeed , evidence from typhoons suggests that climate shocks reduce per-capita income , and this effect persists up to 20 years < / mark > ( Hsiang and Jina 2014 < mark > ) . These persistent income losses following climate shocks pose the risk of poverty traps . < / mark > # _3 . 4 . 2 Mortality and human capital losses_ Climate shocks generally increase mortality and reduce the human capital of survivors ( Carleton and Hsiang 2016 ; Baez 2010 ) . Indeed , about 80 percent of studies that focus on human capital find that the poor are more adversely affected than the non-poor ( Table 5 ) . < mark > Deschenes ( 2009 ) estimates an immediate increase in mortality rates in the United States following extreme weather events . < / mark > Poorer countries suffer more deaths from climate shocks , while higher economic development and countries with higher quality institutions suffer less death ( Kahn 2005 ) . < mark > Among those who survive , climate shocks can still negatively affect education and health . Abiona ( 2022 ) analyzes the impact of droughts on birth outcomes in rural Sierra Leone , and finds the adverse effects concentrated among poorer households , with some evidence for", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 22, "text": "22 years of data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Domestic preference * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 51 of the Procurement Regulations * * ( Goods and Works ) * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * # # * * Not Applicable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7676 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines whether export participation matters for job training . The paper draws on longitudinal worker-firm data for Brazilian manufacturing , linked with detailed records on training activity from the main provider . The analysis uses industry-specific exchange rate movements to generate exogenous variation in export status at the firm-level . The findings indicate that export participation tends to increase the share of workers who receive technical upgrading . The results also reveal that technical upgrading has positive returns to trainees within exporting firms . These findings support the hypothesis that exporting requires skill upgrading , and suggest that this is partially achieved by training firms ’ existing workforce . This paper is a product of the Trade and International Integration Team , Development Research Group , and the Office of the Chief Economist , Latin America and the Caribbean Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at pbastos @ worldbank . org , jsilva @ worldbank . org , or rproenca @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 149, "end": 206, "text": "longitudinal worker-firm data for Brazilian manufacturing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report * * * * Manyatta A , Manyatta B , Nyawita and Kibuye settlements * * # # # * * 1 . 7 Approach followed for Update of the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan * * A participatory approach ensured the participation and consultation of key stakeholders in the process . The study also combined quantitative and quantitative data collection methods . Mobilization of all field activities and stakeholder engagements was done through the KISIP county team-Social safeguards , the Settlement Executive Committees ( SEC ) and Grievance Redress Committees ( GRC ) . # # # * * 1 . 7 . 1 Document Review * * The development of the Abbreviated RAP was complemented by reviewing the existing literature pertaining to the resettlement and road development . The literature review involved the identification of the applicable legal and administrative frameworks and policies enshrined in the Kenyan Constitution 2010 and the World Bank Safeguard Policy ( OP 4 . 12 ) on involuntary resettlement and compensation requirement and mechanism towards compensation . In addition , this report was informed by the review of the earlier prepared project documents i . e . , Project Appraisal Document ( PAD ) , Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) , Stakeholder Engagement Framework ( SEF ) and Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) . The purpose of the review was to : • Review legal and policy framework on compensation and resettlement . • Harmonize differences in resettlement and compensation guidelines between the Kenyan government and the World Bank Guidelines • In this respect , among others , the following documents were reviewed : The Kenyan Constitution 2010 , National Land Commission Act 2012 , Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011 , and the World Bank guidelines on Involuntary Resettlement and the Environmental and Social considerations , detailed Engineering Designs , the initial draft Abbreviated RAP reports . * * 1 . 7 . 2 PAPs Verification Census and Socio-economic Survey * * PAPs were verified against the existing Asset register between June 22 < sup > nd", "spans": [{"start": 1987, "end": 2037, "text": "PAPs Verification Census and Socio-economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on time as outlined in the M & E pl | an ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 61 . 70 | 71 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | 16-Dec-2019 | 30-Apr-2020 | 31-Mar-2022 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * | * * Data on Financial Performance * * | | - - - | # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P145037 | IDA-56110 | Effective | USD | 150 . 00 | 150 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 56 . 09 | 89 . 63 | 38 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P145037 | IDA-56110 | Effective | 09-Apr-2015 | 26-Se | p-2016 | 23-Jan-2017 | 31-Ma | r-2022 | 31-Mar-2022 | # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * 5 / 18 / 2020 Page 10 of 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "empirical literature has been in part motivated by a robust to many specifications and periods ln ( _Distance_ ) coefficient of ( _ − _ 1 ) in the _a_ ggregate trade gravity regressions initially introduced by Tinbergen ( 1962 ) . In these regressions , 14An example of the widely-used bilateral distances is CEPII trade barriers and geography dataset . 14", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 351, "text": "CEPII trade barriers and geography dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES * * Various technical options were analysed for tower type , conductor type , overhead vs . underground TLs particularly at sensitive areas such as the wetlands and forest areas ( Refer to * * Table 24 * * which outlines the names of wetlands and forests ) , using multi-voltage multicircuit ( MVMC ) , combining ( 400kV ) and existing 132kV lines , and construction and installation methods . However , with technical , social and environmental , safety , security and cost considered , the configuration of the TL described in Section 3 Description of the Project , and shown in * * Figure 38 * * , is considered to be the most appropriate . A comprehensive assessment of technical , economic , social and environmental considerations associated with the various options was undertaken , as summarized below : - i . A desk review was conducted of available information from secondary sources ; ii . Objective discussions were held with concerned officials from the Government line agencies including Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development as well as UETCL ’ s head office ; - iii . Reconnaissance site visits were conducted covering 166km of the TL route as well as the areas for any possible TL routing alternatives and substation locations . The survey covered an assessment and appraisal of the engineering , physical , biological and social environment features and came up with an optimal line route ; - iv . An environmental and social profile of project-affected areas was prepared based on a review of secondary data , findings from the reconnaissance surveys and discussions with the key stakeholders ; - v . To evaluate the E & S impacts associated with the proposed project and prioritize the selected option , a panel of subject specialists appraised the environmental and social features of the project area by sharing the E & S baseline profile of the project areas ; and - vi . Based on detailed analysis of techno-economical , and E & S parameters , including < mark > E & S assessments for the alternatives undertaken jointly at Scoping", "spans": [{"start": 1549, "end": 1563, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "partenaires internationaux des États d ' Afrique de l ' Est , notamment l ’ UNHRC , l ' UNICEF , le PNUD , le FNUAP et le Bureau de l ' Envoyé spécial des Nations Unies pour la région des Grands Lacs devraient renforcer la coordination et la collaboration autour du droit à la nationalité , à l ' échelle internationale et de l ' Afrique de l ' Est , et parmi les bureaux nationaux , notamment en : - S ’ assurant que les diverses interventions pour remédier au manque de documents soient coordonnées avec les gouvernements et entre eux , en fonction des écarts identifiés à travers une évaluation et une analyse de référence commune , en particulier des données qualitatives . - Adoptant des règlements ou directives portant sur l ' apatridie et la Loi sur la nationalité , quand elles interagissent avec d ' autres systèmes concernés , notamment la gestion des frontières , les documents d ' identité et l ' enregistrement des naissances . - Appuyant la mise en œuvre des recommandations du présent rapport . UNHCR / Septembre 2018 103", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 675, "text": "données qualitatives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "stems and include < br > s including VAT | | * * Name : * * Upgrade of the < br > Customs Administration < br > Information System | | Yes / No | N | Y | Annual | Customs Administration < br > ( DGDDI ) | DGDDI and ANSIE | | Description : Upgrade and introd < br > indicator is linked to the custom < br > * * Name : * * Percentage of Citizen < br > Service Center users satisfied < br > with provided e-services | uction o < br > s cleara < br > | f new modules < br > nce delayoutco < br > Percentage | to improve sta < br > me indicator . < br > 0 . 00 | tistics treatmen < br > 40 . 00 | t and inspection of im < br > Annual | ported and exported merchandises . Th < br > Citizen Service Center < br > statistical reports and < br > questionnaire data from e - < br > government portal | is intermediate < br > Citizen Service < br > Centers and ANSIE | | Percentage of women CSC < br > users satisfied with < br > provided e-services | | Percentage | 0 . 00 | 40 . 00 | | | | Description : The new Tax Information System that will be acquired and deployed should be more integrated with other government information systems and include new required functionalities such e-tax filling . It should help the Tax Administration to be more efficient and be better at monitoring its operations including VAT collection and refund . This intermediate indicator is linked to the VAT collection outcome indicator . Description : Upgrade and introduction of new modules to improve statistics treatment and inspection of imported and exported merchandises . This intermediate indicator is linked to the customs clearance delay outcome indicator . Page 39 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 755, "text": "questionnaire data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "because the high government priority assigned to fertilizer distribution resulted in enhanced _supervision_ when transporting and handling fertilizer . Although fanners in a few areas ( mostly Amhara ) complained about caked product , such complaints appear slightly lower than in previous years . # # 3 . 3 Efficiency 43 . The ICR team conducted an indicative benefit-cost analysis to assess economic efficiency ( Annex 3 ) . The key parameter to measure aggregate efficiency is based on the fann-Ievel profitability of fertilizer used , as measured by the VCR . The various VCRs used in calculating benefit-cost and net benefit ratios are based on the DSA ( 2010 ) impact evaluation as well as survey data from Sasakawa Global-2000 ( 80 . : - 2000 ) in 2010 . Compared with other studies , the DSA study reported relatively high VCRs when compared to available studies . Because the calculations are very sensitive to the VCR , the ICR team preferred to keep assumptions conservative and calculate mean VCRs from the SO-2000 dataset . Since VCRs based on SG - ~ OOO fertilizer response data were more consistent with other studies , these VCRs were used in the baseline scenario and VCRs from DSAstudy were used in optimistic scenario . 44 . The key findings of the analysis indicate significantly positive results for both the · benefit-cost ratio and net benefit stream approach . The fertilizer project most likely generated net economic benefits of US $ 667 . 9 million , with an average benefit-cost ratio of about 3 . 78 . The project was thus reasonably justifiable in terms of economic efficiency . The highest fertilizer response and return are from wheat , followed by maize and teff . Therefore under reasonable rainfall and grain price patterns . such as those prevailing during the project ' s implementation , fertilizer use in Ethiopia is profitable and can be economically efficient . In view of recent international fertilizer price increases , the fertilizer stock left over from 2009-10 may also generate marginal net benefits ( see", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 733, "text": "survey data from Sasakawa Global-2000", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1019, "end": 1034, "text": "SO-2000 dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1057, "end": 1092, "text": "SG - ~ OOO fertilizer response data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "years of study ; and ( iv ) entry into municipalities within the same urban area is likely to be highly correlated . Given these problems , we decided instead to use the concept of “ urban agglomerations , ” defined in a comprehensive urban study developed by IPEA , IBGE and Unicamp ( 2002 ) , and used by Da Mata , Deichmann , Henderson , Lall and Wang ( 2005a and 2005b ) . Even though we had RAIS micro data available from 1986 to 2003 , we found the data from 1993 to 2001 to be more reliable and therefore use only these years for the analysis . For each year , we identified new establishments with at least 10 employees , and recorded the urban agglomeration in which they entered . If the entering establishment belonged to a multi-establishment firm , we also identified the agglomeration of the parent . As can be noted from Table 1 , most parent establishments are located in the Southeast ( 58 . 15 % in 1993 ) . Note , however , that the percentage of entering parent firms over the period 1993-2001 ( i . e . , the CF years ) falls to 42 . 7 % in the Southeast , but rises to 21 . 01 % in the Northeast ( from 12 . 49 % of the parents in 1993 ) . Thus , considering only the spatial distribution of parents ( which are footloose by definition ) , there is some evidence that the CF ’ s were effective . There is also evidence in this table , however , that if branches are closely tied to parents , the CF ’ s have a lot to overcome in vertically integrated industries , given the initial distribution of parent firms in 1993 . How empirically relevant is the “ pull ” of the parent firm ? The answer depends upon the sector being considered . Table 2 shows percentage of entrants over years 19932001 that have headquarters . We would expect proximity to the parent to be particularly important for Metallurgy , Communcations and Electronics , Transportation , Chemicals , and two situations from the data , the econometric results presented in the following sections show evidence of", "spans": [{"start": 396, "end": 411, "text": "RAIS micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "communities . The study also noted variations in livestock ownership across different Woredas . Sude Woreda reported the highest proportion of livestock ownership , with all surveyed households owning livestock . Lude Hetosa Woreda followed closely , with 98 . 3 % of surveyed households owning livestock . In contrast , Hetosa Woreda had the lowest livestock ownership , with about 65 % of households reporting ownership of at least one or more livestock . In terms of livestock population , the baseline survey results indicated a total of 3 , 014 livestock owned by the 237 households . This substantial number underscores the reliance on livestock as a key economic resource for the households in the subproject affected Woredas . This information , drawn from the ESIA , provides valuable insights into the livestock ownership dynamics in the subproject affected Woredas , which is crucial for developing effective livelihood restoration for the proposed subproject . The finding of the baseline survey also revealed that communal grazing land and crop residue as the major sources of livestock feed among the surveyed sample households . Despite the prevalence of livestock among the majority of surveyed households in the subproject-affected Woredas , several challenges have been identified . One of the challenges encountered by the households is the shortage of grazing land which is faced by 58 . 1 % of the households . This problem is particularly severe in Hetosa and Diksis Woredas . Another significant challenge is livestock disease . 37 . 0 % of the surveyed households mentioned livestock disease as a major challenge . Additionally , the lack of adequate veterinary services poses a substantial obstacle affecting 17 . 8 % of the households . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 6 Off-farm Livelihood Strategies * * The ESIA for the proposed subproject provides data regarding the business activities undertaken by households in the subproject affected Woredas . According to the ESIA , 24 . 8 % of the total surveyed households reported that one or more family members are engaged in some form", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 520, "text": "baseline survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 992, "end": 1007, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hygiene practices , stimulating cognitive and language development , and providing warm and responsive social-emotional support in the early years ( Cuartas , 2022 ) . Studies demonstrate that increased years of schooling among mothers positively relate to increased maternal engagement with young children , through more stimulating activities , improved ECE attendance , and reduced use of harsh discipline ( Cuartas , 2022 ; Hasan et . al , 2020 ) . Maternal education has been shown to serve as a mediation pathway through which greater cognitive and verbal stimulation from mother to child occurs , which relates to children ’ s language skills , social-emotional responsiveness , and later social competence ( Huang et al . , 2022 ; Hasan et . al 2020 ) . Without sufficient knowledge , skills , and mental health supports in place , caregivers in Pakistan are not providing their young children with the early psychosocial stimulation they need to learn and thrive . Everyday activities that support learning in young children include telling stories , singing songs , going outside together , playing , reading books , or naming or counting objects . Rates of adequate early stimulation in Pakistan are lower than the average rate for least developed countries ( 48 percent ) and considerably lower than the average rate for low - and middle-income countries ( 69 percent ) for children aged 2-5 years ( Lu et al . , 2020 ) . Based on data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) , among Pakistani children aged 3-5 , stimulation rates for the prior three days are just 35 percent in Punjab ( 2017-18 ) , 45 percent in Sindh ( 201819 ) , 35 percent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( 2019 ) , and 23 percent in Balochistan ( 2010 ) ( Tomlinson et al . , forthcoming ) . Children younger than 3 years old , whose brain development is at its most rapid and sensitive , have equally or even lower odds of experiencing adequate stimulation through responsive interactions , ranging from 26 percent in Punjab , to 29 percent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to 45 percent in Sindh ( Tomlinson et al . , forthcoming ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > However , more", "spans": [{"start": 1457, "end": 1490, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productive . Better workforce skills are crucial for firms to employ more efficient technologies , produce more sophisticated and higher quality products and services ( e . g . , Verhoogen 2008 ) and make the implementation of managerial and organizational practices more effective ( Bloom & Van Reenen 2010 ) . Productivity returns to the education of managers are even higher . Many studies show a clear link between the education of a manager and firm performance in both industrialized countries ( see Van der Sluis et al . 2008 for a review ) and in low income countries ( see e . g . , Van der Sluis et al . 2005 ) . Gennaioli et al . ( 2013 ) estimate that the return to productivity is close to 30 percent for an extra year of education of a manager . One source of these productivity gains is that more highly educated managers are also more likely to adopt better management practices ( Bloom & Van Reenen 2010 ) , suggesting that they are either more aware of what good management practices are or are more effective in adopting them . Informality is also strongly associated with education : according to the 2018 Enterprise Survey , less than five percent of owners of informal firms in Mozambique have completed tertiary education , against 45 percent of owners of formal firms , in line with results from other countries ( La Porta & Shleifer 2014 ) . # _Interventions to improve capabilities_ While the importance of business practices on firm performance is well established ( McKenzie and Woodruff , 2017 ; Bloom & Van Reenen , 2007 ) , there is not enough evidence on how to change business practices effectively . A wide range of interventions aiming to improve firm capabilities of firms through business skills trainings have had at best mixed results ( McKenzie & Woodruff 2013 ; McKenzie et al . 2020 ; McKenzie 2020 ) . Grover , Medvedev & Olafsen ( 2018 ) review 15 randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ) of business trainings ( none in Mozambique ) , and find that 8 of them had significant and positive impacts on sales , while the remaining 7 had insignificant impacts . Most of these studies targeted", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1143, "text": "2018 Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | | Per capita Consumption | USD in consta | nt 2011 PPP | % | | All Population | 8 , 971 | 8 , 354 | ‐ 6 . 88 | | Bottom 40 | 3 , 619 | 3 , 395 | ‐ 6 . 20 | | Top 60 | 12 , 539 | 11 , 660 | ‐ 7 . 01 | | Poverty headcount | Headcoun | t ratios ( % ) | % Points | | 2 . 5 $ a day line | 0 . 25 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 07 | | 5 $ a day line | 3 . 14 | 3 . 77 | 0 . 64 | | 10 $ a day line | 19 . 06 | 21 . 98 | 2 . 92 | | Gini coefficient | 41 . 06 | 40 . 86 | ‐ 0 . 20 | Source : HBS data and micro ‐ simulation results . Note : per capita consumption is expressed in 2011 US PPP $ ; poverty headcounts and Gini in percentages The impact of the oil shock along the full welfare distribution of the Russian population can be seen in the growth incidence curve ( GIC ) of Figure 1 . For all percentiles , per capita consumption is measured with and without the oil price shock and the difference between these two situations is plotted in the graph . The welfare distribution obtained from the household survey of 2011 is assumed to represent the situation without the oil shock . The microsimulation model is used to generate the counterfactual distribution with 14", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 489, "text": "HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1017, "text": "household survey of 2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "production ) . In other cases , however , women dominate employment in export manufacturing ( e . g . , in Bangladesh , Cambodia , Nicaragua , and the Philippines ) and highvalue agriculture ( e . g . , in Ecuador , Thailand , and Uganda ) ( Dolan and Sorby 2003 ; Kabeer , 2008 ) . Women employed in these industries will likely suffer direct employment losses from the contraction in industrial countries ’ demand for developing country exports . In Thailand , during the financial crisis of 1997 , women were the majority of all retrenched workers in sectors such as garments , toys , knitting , electrical appliances , jewelry , plastic products , and shoes and leather products ( Mahmood and Aryah 2000 ) . There is anecdotal evidence that , unlike in previous crises , the informal sector may have ceased to be a good safety net during this downturn . This is linked to falling demand for products in global supply chains that include informal sector producers . For example , in India , half of self-employed women in the garment sector in Ahmedabad saw their monthly earnings decrease to less than 1000 rupees by January 2009 , while all earned above that amount in November 2008 . During the same period , 31 percent saw significant decreases in the number of days worked . < sup > 2 < / sup > Similarly , self-employed waste pickers , frequently women and among the poorest of the poor , have seen a significant reduction in the price of scrap / recycled waste material in Delhi and Ahmedabad , India ( Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group 2009 ) . Case studies of waste pickers , home-based workers , and street vendors in 10 countries reveal uniformly deteriorating working conditions and falling incomes as result of this financial crisis ( Horn 2009 ) . > 2 Reported by Women in Information Employment Globalizing and Organizing ( WEIGO ) 2009 , “ Global Economic Crisis and the Informal Economy , ” based on data from the Self-Employed Women ’ s Association . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1934, "end": 1983, "text": "data from the Self-Employed Women ’ s Association", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B # # # # * * Box 1 . Contents of a Resettlement Action Plan * * # # # # * * < mark > Structure of a Resettlement Action Plan < / mark > * * Identification of project impacts and affected populations ; Legal framework for land acquisition and compensation ; Compensation framework ; Description of resettlement assistance and restoration of livelihood activities ; Detailed budget ; Implementation schedule ; Description of organizational responsibilities ; Framework for public consultation , participation , and development planning ; Description of provisions for complaints and appeals ; and Framework for monitoring , evaluation , and reporting # # # # * * < u > Preparation of an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan < / u > * * An abbreviated RAP may be developed if the loss is a small percentage of the affected party ’ s livelihood , such as the loss of part of a fence surrounding a property or as is defined in Figure 1 on page 16 – when between 25 and 99 individuals are affected . This needs to include at a minimum those aspects as set out in Box 2 : # # # # * * Box 2 . Required Elements of an Abbreviated RAP * * - ⇒ A census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets ; - ⇒ Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to be provided ; - ⇒ Consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives ; - ⇒ Institutional responsibility for implementation and procedures for complaints and appeals ; - ⇒ Arrangements for monitoring and implementation ; and - ⇒ A timetable and budget It is likely that the ULGDP project will require only an Abbreviated RAP – or only a simple screening process and census , in most instances , ensuring that it is not overburdensome , but at the same time ensuring a process has been followed . A full RAP may result in a large and detailed report , while an abbreviated RAP may be a few pages documenting all steps in the process , as set out in Box 2 . # # # # * * STEP", "spans": [{"start": 1178, "end": 1212, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Additional Financing for Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) PROJECT PAPER | Indicator Name | * * Refugee beneficiaries ( Percentage ) * * | | - - - | - - - | | Description | Number of refugee beneficiaries targeted for livelihoods support under theproject . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name | * * Female beneficiaries ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This measures the number of female project beneficiaries targeted under the traditional , nontraditional livelihood support and small-scale irrigation < br > interventions . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Farmers adopting improved agricultural technologies following demonstration through farmer training centers / pastoralist training centers ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of farmers who have adopted an improved agricultural technology promoted by the project . \" Agriculture \" or < br > \" Agricultural \" includes : crops , livestock , capture fisheries , aquaculture , agroforestry , apiculture , timber and non-timber forest products . \" Adoption \" refers < br > to a change of practice or change in use of a technology that was introduced or promoted by theroject . \" Technology \" includes a change in practices < br > compared to currently used practices or technologies ( seed preparation , planting time , feeding schedule , feeding ingredients , post-harvest storage / < br > processing , etc .", "spans": [{"start": 390, "end": 414, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commerce can help accelerate consumption growth and narrow the regional gaps in e-commerce development , which in turn can lead to a more inclusive spatial development pattern . Due to data limitations , our study cannot separate total household consumption into online consumption and offline consumption , and therefore cannot examine the effects of e - commerce development on these two types of consumption separately . Studies on whether e - commerce results in additional offline consumption or online consumption substitutes for offline consumption will be interesting future research topics . Of equal if not more importance , studies on how e-commerce contributes to entrepreneurship and employment , and how this varies across sectors , regions , and individuals of different characteristics , will be crucial to understanding the role of e-commerce in the production and income aspects . In what areas and to what extent e - commerce adds to or substitutes for traditional offline business , and as a result , the net effect on the economy remains an important question for more empirical studies . # * * References * * Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada ( 2017 ) , E-grocery market in China , - http : / / www . agr . gc . ca / eng / industry-markets-and-trade / international-agri-food-marketintelligence / asia / market-intelligence / e-grocery-market-in-china / ? id = 1504037238257 . - Baye , Michael R . , and John Morgan , “ Price Dispersion in the Lab and on the Internet : Theory and Evidence , ” _The RAND Journal of Economics_ 35 , no . 3 ( 2004 ) : 449 . - Baye , Michael R . , John Morgan , and Patrick Scholten , “ Price Dispersion in the Small and in the Large : Evidence From an Internet Price Comparison Site , ” _Journal of Industrial Economics_ 52 , no . 4 ( 2004 ) : 463 – 496 . - Blum , Bernardo S . , and Avi Goldfarb , “ Does the Internet Defy the Law of Gravity ? , ” _Journal of International Economics_ 70 , no . 2 ( 2006 ) : 384 – 405 . - Brown , Jennifer R . , Tanjim Hossain , and John Morgan , “ Shrouded Attributes and Information Suppression : Evidence from", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "87 % | 90 % | 96 . 4 % | Yes | | Primary enrollment - < br > girls | 86 . 4 % | 89 % | 90 % | Yes | | Primary completion rate - < br > Boys | 66 % | 74 % | 59 . 4 % | No | | Primary completion rate - < br > Girls | 44 % | 64 % | 61 . 1 % | No | | * * Better educated Ugandans v * * < br > | * * ia improved qual * * < br > | * * ity of primary * * < br > | * * education * * < br > | | | Primary % reaching | 34 % | 45 % | 44 . 5 % | Nearly | | literacy competence * | | | | | | Boys | 33 % | 44 % | N / A | N / A | | Girls | 35 % | 47 % | 45 . 3 % | No | | * * Pupil : teacher ratio lowered * * < br > | * * ; pupil : classroom * * < br > | * * ratio lowered * * < br > | | | | Pupil : teacher | 54 : 1 | 50 : 1 | 52 : 1 | No | | Pupil : classroom | 85 : 1 | 77 : 1 | 72 : 1 | Yes | * PRSC indicator Sources : Program Document for PRSC 7 and Educational Management Information Service ( EMIS ) , 2009 Less positively , completion rates for boys fell over the period , and while it increased for girls , it fell short of target . A diagnostic study identified the following causes : ( i ) high drop-out rates ( about 7 percent ) ; ( ii ) high repetition rate ( 15 percent ) ; ( iii ) inadequate school-level supervision ; and ( iv ) inadequate involvement of other stakeholders , such as communities . In addition , the FY2008 PER in education revealed high inefficiencies and wastage", "spans": [{"start": 1320, "end": 1343, "text": "FY2008 PER in education", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _CPI_ < sup > _C_ < / sup > 2017 _ , t_ < sup > adjustsforthepricedifferencesbetweenthesurveyyear < / sup > < sup > _t_and2017incountry < / sup > and _PPP C , _ 2017 adjusts for the differences in the currency exchange ratios and price levels > 7For the sake of simplicity , we refer to consumption , instead of income , as a welfare measure in the remainder of this paper . > 8The international poverty line is derived as the median of the national poverty lines of low-income countries , while the lower-middle-income and higher-middle-income poverty lines , respectively , are the median national poverty lines of lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries . 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% | 8 . 9 % | Debt service costs . | | India – Odisha | 91 % | 90 % | 94 % | 1 . 7 % | n . a . | | India – Rajasthan | 45 % | 38 % | 57 % | * * 16 . 0 % * * | Debt service costs . | | Kenya | 90 % | 80 % | 101 % | 9 . 0 % | Fuel mix ( hydro availability ) , capital costs . | | Morocco < sup > a < / sup > | 84 % | n . a . | n . a . | n . a . | Fuel prices . | | Pakistan | 80 % | 66 % | 97 % | * * 17 . 0 % * * | Fuel prices ( major factor ) , tariff increases ( minor ) . | | Peru | 98 % | 93 % | 102 % | 3 . 6 % | n . a . | | Philippines | 98 % | 95 % | 100 % | 1 . 7 % | Fuel prices . | | Senegal | 70 % | 55 % | 87 % | * * 16 . 0 % * * | Fuel prices . | | Tajikistan | 67 % | 52 % | 83 % | * * 18 . 7 % * * | FEX rate . | | Tanzania | 68 % | 56 % | 90 % | * * 22 . 6 % * * | Fuel mix ( hydro availability ) , FEX rate , fuel prices . | | Uganda | 92 % | 81 % | 110 % | * * 12 . 2 % * * | Capital costs , fuel prices , FEX rate . | | Ukraine | 106 % | 93 % | 115 % | 7 . 1 % | FEX rate , fuel prices . | | Vietnam | 89 % | 86 % | 91 % | 2 . 1 % | n . a . | _Notes : _ < sup > a < / sup > Data for Morocco is only available for one", "spans": [{"start": 1092, "end": 1108, "text": "Data for Morocco", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lau , Lawrence J . , Dean T . Jamison , and F . F . Louat . 1991 . \" Education and Productivity in Developing Countries : An Aggregate Production Function Approach . \" Policy Research Working Paper 612 . Office of the Vice President , Development Economics , World Bank , Washington , D . C . L6pez , Ram6n . 1998 . \" Growth and Stagnation in Natural Resource-rich Economies . \" Unpublished , University of Maryland , College Park . Lucas , Robert E . 1993 . \" Making a Miracle . \" Econometrica , 61 ( 2 ) : 251-72 . Middleton , John , Adrian Ziderman , and Arvil Van Adams . 1993 . Skills for Productivity . New York : Oxford University Press . Min , Wei-Fang , 1987 . \" The Impact of Vocational Education on Productivity in the Specific Institutional Context of China : A Case Study . \" Ph . D . dissertation , Stanford University . Mincer , Jacob . 1962 . \" On the Job Training Costs : Returns and Some Implications . \" Journal of Political Economy 70 ( Supplement ) ( October ) part 2 : 50-79 . . 1974 . Schooling , Experience , and Earnings . New York : National Bureau of Economic Research . Nelson , Richard R . and Howard Pack . 1996 . \" Firm Competencies , Technological Catch-up and the Asian Miracle . \" Paper presented at a conference in honor of Gustav Ranis , Yale University . Nehru , Vikram , and Ashok Dhareshwar . 1993 . \" A New database on physical capital stock : Souces , methodology and results . \" Revista de Analysis Economico . 8 ( 1 ) : 37-59 . Nehru , Vikram , Eric Swanson , and Ashok Dubey . 1994 . \" A new database on human capital stock : sources , methodology and results . \" Journal of Develoment Economics . North , Douglass C . 1989 . \" Institutions and Economic Growth : An Historical Introduction . \" World Development 17 ( 9 ) : 1319-32 . . 1993 . \" The Ultimate Sources of Economic Growth . \" In Adam Szirmai , Bart Vanark , and Dirk Pilat , eds . Explaining Economic", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "low-income settlements for this OBA project are located in Nairobi Eastlands & Northlands low income areas . Informal settlements being considered for investments include : Matopeni / Spring Valley , Kayole Soweto , Maili-Saba , Kahawa-Soweto , Huruma , and Embakasi-River Bank . Nairobi ’ s slums demonstrate the magnitude of the challenges and opportunities for poverty reduction in these settlements . The National Bureau of Statistics conservatively estimates that , within Nairobi ‘ s administrative boundary , at least 30 percent of the population lives in slums . With the 2009 census reporting Nairobi ‘ s total population as 3 . 2 million , the city ‘ s slum population now stands at almost one million people . Recent indepth research supported by the World Bank reveals both encouraging and discouraging development indicators in Nairobi ‘ s slums . The incidence of economic poverty is very high — an astounding 73 percent of slum residents fall below the poverty line . Unemployment is also high ( 26 percent ) , and living conditions are appalling — only 3 percent live in a house with permanent walls , water and electricity . Rapid growth of informal slum settlements in the city of Nairobi can be attributed to a number of factors among them increasing income inequalities and urban poverty , increasing rates of rural urban migration , inefficient land delivery systems , high costs of urban living and poor investment in low income housing , among other factors . In these low income areas of Nairobi , basic amenities such as water , sanitation facilities including toilets and designed drainage and", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 591, "text": "2009 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | - 0 . 072 * * * | - 0 . 019 | 0 . 005 | | National market dummy | 0 . 029 * | 0 . 041 * * | - 0 . 001 | - 0 . 013 | | International market dummy | 0 . 056 * * * | 0 . 035 * * | 0 . 025 | 0 . 011 | | Manufacturing sector | 0 . 032 * | 0 . 042 * * | - 0 . 008 | 0 . 001 | | Retail sector | - 0 . 059 * * * | - 0 . 035 * * | - 0 . 022 | - 0 . 021 | | Other services sector | 0 . 015 | - 0 . 016 | 0 . 027 * | 0 . 017 | _Sources_ : Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys and Enterprise Surveys . _Notes_ : Correlations matrix based on 3 , 647 observations . * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . 16", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 479, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 484, "end": 502, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - | BBB + | BBB | BBB | | 3 | Russian Feder - | RUS | - | BBB | BBB - | BBB | | | ation | | | | | | | | South Africa | ZAF | - | A | BB + | BBB | | | Hungary | HUN | - | BBB | BBB - | BBB - | | | India | IND | - | BBB - | BBB - | BBB - | | | Indonesia | IDN | - | BBB | BBB - | BBB - | | | Philippines | PHL | - | BBB | BBB - | BBB - | | | Portugal | PRT | Yes | BBB | BB + | BBB - | | | Romania | ROU | - | BBB | BBB - | BBB - | | 4 | Brazil | BRA | - | BBB | BB - | BB + | | | Turkey | TUR | - | BBB | BB - | BB + | Figure 2 shows the wealth composition of the countries studied . Natural capital , or natural wealth , is further divided into renewable and non-renewable resources . The term “ renewables ” refers to natural capital that can produce benefits in perpetuity under sustainable management . It stands in contrast to “ non-renewables ” , which refer to extractable , subsoil assets . We do not use the term renewables in the sense of renewable energy sources . Different from other data sets on natural resources , which account for stock or flows of a particular resource , the wealth data employs a forward-looking approach . Human capital , for instance , is calculated as the discounted expected lifetime earnings of an individual , which is either working age or still in school . A similar rationale applies to the valuation of natural resources . A country ’ s fossil fuel wealth is calculated as the discounted value of future resource rents , until this non-renewable resource is depleted . Renewable resources distinguish themselves in that their discounting horizon depends on the rate of extraction versus replacement . For instance , forest 6", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1106, "text": "wealth data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 # # * * Profil des Rapatriés * * # # # Démographie Tableau V : Nombre de rapatriés enregistrés regroupés par sexe et par tranches d ’ âges au 31 décembre 2020 | Région | En < br > | fant ( < 18 < br > | ans ) < br > | Adult < br > | e ( 18 - 59 an < br > | s ) < br > | Personne < br > | âgée ( > 5 < br > | 9 ans ) < br > | Grand < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Fille | Garçon | Total | Femme | Homme | Total | Femme | Homme | Total | Total | | BAMAKO | 106 | 92 | 198 | 168 | 155 | 323 | 21 | 22 | 43 | 564 | | GAO | 5029 | 5166 | 10195 | 5975 | 4770 | 10745 | 607 | 727 | 1334 | 22274 | | KIDAL | 292 | 272 | 564 | 644 | 745 | 1389 | 58 | 42 | 100 | 2053 | | KOULIKORO | 21 | 30 | 51 | 73 | 70 | 143 | 9 | 12 | 21 | 215 | | MENAKA | 4160 | 4421 | 8581 | 3766 | 3087 | 6853 | 344 | 405 | 749 | 16183 | | MOPTI | 1063 | 1067 | 2130 | 1131 | 953 | 2084 | 133 | 156 | 289 | 4503 | | SEGOU | 315 | 281 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "In Guatemala and Nicaragua , the distribution modalities were amended after mounting evidence that cash grants were not being used for the purposes for which they were designed , so that a portion of the grant ( including that allocated in respect of any children ) was paid directly to women . In Burundi women have been encouraged to assume the role of “ administrator ” of the bank account . The decision whether to take on this role , however , is left to both spouses . However , in cases were grants have been paid directly to women , there has been little or no monitoring of any potentially negative protection implications . # # _Security Issues_ The review found little evidence of security risks posed by the use of cash grants . In some cases “ security plans for cash distribution ” existed ( Afghanistan 1990-93 ) In Guatemala concerns about the risk of transporting large amounts of cash were raised . _Verification and the avoidance of ‘ recycling ’ _ The biggest challenge encountered in nearly every operation was “ recycling ” ( i . e . when returnees attempt to receive the cash grant more than once . Recycling can be countered by making entitlement to assistance contingent on verification against a registration database ( Afghan refugees in Iran 2000 , Burundian refugees in Tanzania ) . Cross-checking of VRFs , pre-registration or use of family photos , inspections of vehicles and truckloads , have all been used as techniques to reduce recycling . The use of biometric verification mechanisms ( such as iris scanning of Afghans or fingerprinting of Guatemalans ) is believed to have significantly reduced recycling and to be a effective means of discouraging it . However , in the absence of baseline data , the impact of such mechanisms is difficult to assess . In general , without a comprehensive data protection policy framework , heavy reliance on electronic records and use of biometrics raises certain dilemmas . # # * * 5 . Lessons learned and effective / ineffective practices * * # # _General_ - Cash grants can be a useful tool for", "spans": [{"start": 1222, "end": 1243, "text": "registration database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1720, "end": 1733, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 The State of ICT in Uganda . Research ICT Africa , 2019 . “ The State of ICT in Uganda . ” https : / / researchictafrica . net / publication / the-stateof-ict-in-uganda > 31 NITA-U ( National Information Technology Authority of Uganda ) . 2018 . National Information Technology Survey 2017 / 18 Report . NITA Uganda , March 2018 . Page 4 of 76", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "covers housing and asset ownership , risks and coping mechanisms , and coverage of social protection programs on the household level . Interviews were done in December 2014 and January 2015 . For the first time for a large-scale household survey in Bhutan , tablet-based computer-assisted personal interviews ( CAPI ) were conducted . The objective was to improve data quality and streamline data analysis . As another measure to assure high data quality , all respondents were asked for their cellphone numbers and during a meticulous data cleaning exercise these numbers were used to reach out to respondents in case any inconsistencies or missing values had been discovered in the raw BLFS data . < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > The BLFS contains information on household members ’ monthly earnings and weekly hours . Both variables are available for dependent as well as own-account workers . Under the assumption that each month consists of 4 . 35 weeks this makes it possible to construct a measure for hourly wages . < sup > 2 < / sup > The survey also ascertains whether a worker is employed in the civil service , other government agencies , the armed forces or state-owned enterprises ( which following ILO , 2009 , together constitute the public sector ) , in agriculture or private enterprises ( defined henceforth as the private sector ) or by a non-governmental organization , international non-governmental organization or community service organization ( a very small group of workers that is henceforth disregarded ) . Additionally , the 2014 edition of the BLFS questions respondents about a wide range of household members ’ individual characteristics useful for an analysis of wages . These include information on labor market characteristics such as whether an individual is a regular paid employee , casually paid employee , contract worker , own-account worker or unpaid family worker . Henceforth , unpaid family workers and / or workers for whom an hourly wage cannot be discerned will not be considered . Comprehensive sectoral information is also available in the BLFS . For the purpose of this study , this information is aggregated to the level of 16 broad sectors according to the ISIC Rev . 3 classification ( agriculture , hunting and", "spans": [{"start": 688, "end": 697, "text": "BLFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1571, "end": 1575, "text": "BLFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * KENYA * * As of December 2021 , Kenya hosted 540 , 068 refugees and asylum-seekers , making it the fifth largest refugee-hosting country in Africa . Most of the refugees in Kenya are from Somalia , South Sudan , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Uganda , Ethiopia and Eritrea . Kenya also has a population of stateless persons estimated at around 19 , 000 persons , though several statelessness risk factors highlighted by different research , as well as data from the 2019 national population and housing census in Kenya , indicate that this number is probably underestimated . The country is placed in the medium human development category , and despite its own challenges Kenya continues to provide refugees with asylum and access to basic rights and services . The introduction of the Roadmap for Solutions in 2021 highlights Kenya ’ s commitments to comprehensively address the needs of refugees and find lasting solutions for them . * * KEY POPULATION DATA * * * * 481 , 058 Refugees * * * * 59 , 010 Asylum-seekers * * * * 1 . 0 % of the country ’ s population ( 53 . 01 million ) are refugees and asylum-seekers * * * * IDA 18 RSW / IDA 19 WHR Eligibility 23 FEBRUARY 2022 * * * * Refugee Policy Review Framework – Kenya Country Summary as at 31 December 2021 * * Kenya maintains an encampment policy . Roughly 84 % of the refugee population resides in the Dadaab Refugee Complex in Garissa County and the Kakuma camp and Kalobeyei integrated settlement in Turkana County . An estimated 205 , 000 Kenyans live in refugee-hosting areas in the two counties and access humanitarian programmes and development projects , notably as part of the Kalobeyei Integrated Socioeconomic Development Plan ( KISEDP ) in Turkana County . More than 53 % of the refugee population is from Somalia , with the majority located in Dadaab . Refugees from South Sudan make up 25 % of the population and are residing mainly in Kakuma and", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 532, "text": "2019 national population and housing census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * According to the 2002 population and housing Census , the population of Entebbe Municipality stood at 55 , 086 people of which 51 % are females and 49 % Males . Entebbe ’ s population size has been increasing at an average annual growth rate of 2 . 2 % implying that it was 63 , 820 people according to the projection of 2009 and 69 , 700 people by the next census in 2013 . There are a number of livelihood groups that contribute to the social economic development of Entebbe Municipality and these include ; civil servants , contractors , casual laborers , pensioners , artisan , brick makers , vehicle repairers , fisher folk , farmers , traders , hoteliers and aviation related occupations . # # # # * * b ) Land use * * Entebbe ’ s total land size is 56 . 2 Square Kilometers . As of 2005 , 9 . 34 % ( 5 . 3 sq . km ) of land was used for human settlement , Agriculture covers 33 . 92 % ( 19 . 1 sq . km ) and 1 . 25 % ( 0 . 7 sq . km ) was used for commercial farming . 33 . 79 % ( 19 . 0 sq . km ) of the land was under public utilities while 1 . 83 % ( 1 . 028 sq . km ) was occupied by forest reserves . # # # # * * c ) Education and literacy * * The majority of the 263 secondary school teachers in the municipality ( 65 % ) are university graduates and none are Grade III or IV teachers . There are 426 primary school teachers most of whom are Grade III ( 61 % ) while 20 % hold a Diploma in Primary Education ( DPE ) and 15 primary school teachers hold no qualification in the teaching profession . In Entebbe Municipality 83 % population are literate . < sup > 27 < / sup > Over 84 % of male people above 10 years are literate and 81 % of females can also read", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 94, "text": "2002 population and housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 : Language requirements and share of migrants per occupation and average by type of migrants Panel a . Language requirements and share of migrants Panel b . Language requirement by type of migrant < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 911 0 . 1 < br > 0 < br > 941 < br > 912 932 - 0 . 1 < br > 921 816 512 - 0 . 2 < br > 933 513 < br > 713 521931818515832711 532 343 141 221 - 0 . 3 < br > 815752753834721751962712814523812821731813 524 961722754611514313723432531833741 441 312522732516742351315511133431352142325541342321311422215252332341333322331250112265132251334412216111214241143121226134413211243242232222122213263235 264231 - 0 . 4-0 . 5-0 . 6 < br > 831 421 411 261233 < br > 612 314410335 234 - 0 . 7 < br > 910 750810710930830720613520610 510740430310340540 140330130 210120240220 260 230 Natives Migrants Migrants Migrants < br > high low < br > - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 language language < br > Standardized language intensity per occupation command command < br > . 4 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 in average occupation < br > Share of foreign workers per occupation < br > Standardized language requirements < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own elaboration based on the EU-LFS 2018 and the ad-hoc migration module of 2014 . Note : The size of the circles represents the share of each occupation in the total employment in the EU . 95 % confidence intervals are included for comparison . Panel b shows language intensity of in the average occupation in standardized terms , that is , the original language intensity minus the mean , divided by the standard deviation . 37", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1225, "text": "EU-LFS 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ # # # * * 12 MONITORING AND EVALUATION * * A monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) program is required to be developed to provide feedback to project management which will help keep the programs on schedule and successful . Monitoring provides both a working system for effective implementation of the RAP by the project managers , and an information channel for the PAPs to assess how their needs are being met . In reference to the monitoring of this particular RAP , the SCRCC will assist in compiling basic information related to compensation and send them to the CWSB as part of the monthly monitoring . Some of the information which will be collected at the SCRCC level will include : time to gauge the performance of the : - - Length of time from project identification to payment of compensation to PAPs ; - Timing of compensation in relation to commencement of physical works ; - Amount of compensation paid to each PAP household ( if in cash ) , or the nature of compensation ( if in kind ) ; - Number of people raising grievances in relation to each project investment ; - Number of unresolved grievances . - Number of vulnerable people assisted . - Number of livelihoods restored and types of the livelihood restoration CWSB will make this information available all stakeholders including the World Bank . The implementing agencies will directly monitor compensation as undertaken by NLC . In addition there will be external monitoring and evaluation , which will be carried out for all other RAPs carried out under KWSDP . This will be done by an independent consultancy / agency . Information will be collected via survey , interviews and focus group discussions with the affected communities . The data for these indicators will be collected every six months during the RAP implementation by the implementing agency which is CWSB , SCRCC and an independent NGO working in the area to ensure triangulation of data . LRCCs will also assist with collection of monitoring data of the RAPs implementation . Financial records will be", "spans": [{"start": 2020, "end": 2035, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_5 . Government ’ s budget constraint_ ( 27 ) _ : _ _6 . Previous underlying network investments : _ _In these constraints , Pdj is defined as in_ ( 8 ) _ , Pj as in_ ( 9 ) _ , κdi is given by_ _and bi comes from equation_ ( 13 ) _ , _ # * * 4 Model Calibration * * We now give values to the model ’ s different parameters and exogenous variables . Except when noted , this calibration is performed using Brazilian data for the year 2010 . * * Exogenously Calibrated Parameters . * * Table 3 shows the parameters taken from the literature and their values . Let us start with the ones related to the household ’ s problem . The elasticity of substitution across sectors _ρ_ is set to 1 ; < sup > 11 < / sup > otherwise , we cannot guarantee that the model equilibrium is unique ( see Appendix D . 1 ) . The elasticity of substitution _σ_ for goods within the sector is set to 5 so that the elasticity of sectoral trade flows with respect to trade costs equals 4 as estimated by Simonovska and Waugh ( 2014 ) . The parameters of the utility function _ωd_ are set to match the gross value added ( GVA ) share for each sector . Parameter _ν_ is estimated from the Brazilian consumer expenditure survey ( POF ) for 2008-2009 as one minus the average expenditure share in electricity . Following Allen and Arkolakis ( 2014 ) , we map the parameter _θ_ to the expenditure share in housing , which equaled 25 % for the POF 20022003 wave and 21 % for the 2008-2009 period . This implies a value of _θ ∈ _ ( _ − _ 0 . 27 , _ − _ 0 . 33 ) . Consequently , we take the intermediate value _θ_ = _ − _ 0 . 3 . < sup > 12 < / sup > The production function parameter _βd_ is obtained as one minus the share of energy consumption in production . The elasticity of trade costs to investment _γ_ is another key parameter for our results . We choose an intermediate value among those", "spans": [{"start": 1161, "end": 1198, "text": "Brazilian consumer expenditure survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | mitigation < br > measure ) | mitigation < br > measure ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Extremepoverty | 2 . 9 | 7 . 4 | 6 . 9 | 4 . 5 | 4 | | Poverty | 13 . 7 | 20 . 9 | 20 . 2 | 7 . 3 | 6 . 5 | | Poverty gapLower | 0 . 5 | 2 . 0 | 0 . 7 | 1 . 5 | 1 . 3 | | Poverty gapupper | 3 . 2 | 6 . 4 | 4 . 2 | 3 . 2 | 1 | | Inequality | 37 . 0 | 39 . 5 | 39 . 2 | 2 . 5 | 2 . 2 | Source : Author ’ s calculations based on EBCNV 2015 # * * 5 . Policy Implications and Conclusions * * Our findings show that the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to affect household welfare depending on the socio-economic characteristics of the population , sector of employment and location . The poor ( more likely to be living in overcrowded conditions ) and those with chronic diseases are at greater risk to contract the infection , while those without health insurance ( largely the poor and those in informal sectors ) are faced with greater inability to avail health care . Also given that the dependence on schools for meals and books is the highest among poor , they are most likely to be negatively affected . The labor market would be impacted by the COVID-19 crisis in various ways . There are six sectors that have been identified as high risk and are expected to be worst hit in Tunisia - Tourism / Hotels and Cafes / Restaurants , Textiles , Mechanical and Electric Industry , Transport , Commerce and , Construction or civil engineering . These sectors engage a larger share of those employed in the Centre and north east regions and 47 percent from the poorest decile . Secondly , the pandemic will negatively affect those employed informally which is widespread and the highest in", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 458, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consequently , the welfare results reported in Table IX might overstate the true cost of trade liberalization . We therefore also calculate the welfare effects for an economy in which the average income risk , _σε_ < sup > 2 , andallchangesinincomerisk , ∆ < / sup > < sup > _σ_ < / sup > _ε_ < sup > 2 , arescaleddownbya < / sup > factor of 0 _ . _ 7 . The factor 0 _ . _ 7 is derived from the fact that the estimate of income risk , _σε_ < sup > 2 , < / sup > obtained by Carroll and Samwick ( 1997 ) , Gourinchas and Parker ( 2002 ) , Hubbard , Skinner and Zeldes ( 1994 ) , and Storesletten , Telmer and Yaron ( 2004 ) using income data with a very long panel dimension is roughly 70 percent of our estimate of income risk using a much shorter panel dimension ( see our discussion in Section II . 5 for details ) . Using the scaled down values for income risk and income risk changes , we find the following welfare cost of a five percent tariff reduction for a degree of risk aversion of _γ_ = 1 . First , the one-year increase in income risk immediately following the tariff reduction is equivalent to a decrease in lifetime consumption by _ . _ 68 percent . Second , a five percent decline in GDP growth leads to an increase in income risk that is equivalent to a loss of lifetime consumption of _ . _ 27 percent before the tariff reduction , and this loss increases to _ . _ 68 percent after the tariff reduction ( that is , the difference is _ . _ 41 percent ) . Thus , although the welfare cost of trade liberalization are somewhat smaller than for the baseline case , they are still quite substantial . # * * VI . Conclusions * * This paper studies empirically the relationship between trade policy and _individual_ income risk . The analysis proceeds in three steps . First , longitudinal data on Mexican workers are used to estimate individual income risk in various manufacturing sectors . Second , the variation in income risk and", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 640, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1788, "end": 1824, "text": "longitudinal data on Mexican workers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _Monitoring & Evaluation_ 89 . The project monitoring and evaluation framework will rely on specific M & E arrangements at three different layers – national level , regional level , and community monitoring . This approach is critical to ensure close monitoring of activities and real-time evaluation of progress achieved , and to promote the relevance of project activities in a changing environment . At the national level , the Project Coordination Unit ( PCU ) will be responsible for data collection and consolidated reporting on Components 1 , 2 and 3 as provided by the different implementing agencies for the respective components . A dedicated staff within the PCU will assure the quality and timeliness of data and reporting . The Steering Committee will monitor the semi-annual reports that will be disclosed to the public . Baseline data will be collected by implementing agencies as part of project preparation . The Regional Antennas ( RAs ) will follow a specific framework for monitoring activities of Components 1 , 2 and 3 in close coordination with regional , _cercle_ and local government coordination mechanisms . 90 . Participatory monitoring and public information dissemination will also be a key element of the project ’ s M & E . Communities and PLGs will monitor the use of project resources at the grassroots level including the timeliness and quality of infrastructure rehabilitation , and the utilization of project inputs by associations and individual beneficiaries in jump-starting productive activities . Regular supervision by PCU and RAs , with community inputs , will also contribute to project implementation monitoring at the field level . An NGO may be contracted by the PCU to support communities and PLGs in these efforts and will also provide periodic reports to the PCU for necessary action . Information will be made available at the communitylevel through multiple channels including periodic local meetings , notice boards , and vernacular radio . The feedback and grievance redress mechanism will provide important information on the project process and impacts from the community perspective . Project information will also be available at different levels through website postings , reports", "spans": [{"start": 840, "end": 853, "text": "Baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Carrying out the cost data-collection and < br > analysis is costly to the projects | | 3 | 5 | 8 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Obtaining cost data can be challenging | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7 | | Measuring the impact or benefit is the < br > evaluator ' sfirst-orderconcern | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 | | Large institutions implement VFM in IEs < br > inconsistently across their programs | | 3 | 2 | 5 | | Institutional conflicts and interests stand in the < br > way of applying VFM to institutional decision - < br > making | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | | The skills of VFM and IE experts differ and < br > there is not a lot of integration across projects < br > or within institutions | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | | The importance of VFM will increase as more < br > large-scale randomized evaluations are carried < br > out | | 2 | | 2 | _Source_ : Analysis of unstructured and semi-structured interview responses to the question : “ Thinking about the field , generally , why do you think VFM is so infrequently incorporated into impact evaluations ? ” Even so , producers suggested that the political calculus differed greatly depending on the amount and on the quality of the evidence provided . Validating this point is the fact that impact evaluations have flourished at current levels of policymaker interest , and that quantitative analysis of the policymaker survey data < sup > 7 < / sup > showed that their willingness to pay for causal information on benefits is not much higher than their willingness to pay for Cost information . Analysis of the policymaker survey of 407 respondents in the study sample revealed that respondents are willing to pay about 10 percent more for an impact evaluation study as they are for a Cost study , but the observed difference is not statistically significant . Likewise , the average willingness to pay for VFM is also higher than willingness to pay to know", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 165, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1336, "end": 1359, "text": "policymaker survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1540, "end": 1558, "text": "policymaker survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 59 . * * Progress was recorded regarding quality of quarterly < sup > reporting submitted < / sup > < sup > * * byUJNCST * * < / sup > using the improved accounting software . Internal audit reviews < sup > areregularlycarried out < / sup > < sup > * * by * * < / sup > the responsible Internal Audit staff of * * UNCST * * covering the Council < sup > andsubgranteeswith < / sup > recommendations addressed to management . * * 60 . * * As a result of the FM review , Mission advised that emphasis be < sup > givento the following < / sup > areas : - Bank reconciliations should be carried out on a regular and timely basis < sup > while reconciling < / sup > items are resolved within reasonable times . - Accountable staff advances should be followed up and strict internal controls regarding advances should be adhered to , to avoid re-occurrence . - The Fixed Assets Register should * * be * * comprehensive to capture key identities < sup > of assets < / sup > and regularly updated . - For enhanced governance and oversight , there is need to urgently constitute the governing Council of * * UNCST . * * - Given that the balance on the credit is about * * $ 11 . 5 * * million and outstanding < sup > commitments < / sup > to grantees stand at * * $ 11 * * million , critical financial analysis < sup > needsto < / sup > < sup > * * be * * donetoensure < / sup > sufficient funding is available for full implementation including < sup > * * UNCST * * mobilizing < / sup > additional resources in time for full settlement of the balances . - Mission continues to advise that * * UNCST * * pursues the recovery or", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 883, "text": "Fixed Assets Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ARSISROBE A-i1-A-1 132KV TRANSMAISSIONLIUNEANDSUBSTATION POWER k0kPL \" ' , ~ : _ PROJECT < br > PrQo esV FTL . d ~ O iWIada Car ~ c cko wa s . Un , 03e ; Tre m < br > = ame * ' \" \" & * * * s * PROTECTEDAREAANDSOARING t EChSepn7c < br > BIRDS SENSITVITY MAP < br > , e 000 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 256, "text": "BIRDS SENSITVITY MAP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the circumstances , the accuracy and completeness of acquisition of non-financial assets * * - * * retention fees of Kshs . 10 , 081 , 768 could not be confirmed # # # # * * 3 . Inaccuracies in Cash and Cash Equivalents * * The statement of financial assets reflects bank balance of Kshs . 62 , 433 , 792 as disclosed in Note * * 11 . 7A * * to the financial statements . However , the bank reconciliation statement included unreconciling items of * * Kshs . 1 , 674 , 315 * * and stale cheques of _Kshs . 967 , 109_ which were not adjusted in the cashbook . In the circumstances , the accuracy and completeness of bank balance of Kshs . 62 , 433 , 792 could not be confirmed . # # # # * * 4 . Undisclosed Imprests and Advances * * The statement of financial assets reflects accounts receivables * * - * * imprests and advances balance of Kshs . 4 , 668 , 877 as disclosed in Note * * 11 . 8 * * to the financial statements . However , analysis of the imprest register and supporting schedules revealed unsurrendered imprest amounting to Kshs . 43 , 671 , 525 resulting to unreconciled variance of Kshs . 39 , 002 , 648 . In the circumstances , the accuracy and completeness of accounts receivables * * - * * imprests and advances of Kshs . 4 , 668 , 877 could not be confirmed . The audit was conducted in accordance with International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions ( ISSAls ) . * * I * * am independent of the Covid-19 Health Emergency Response Project Grant / Credit No . 6598-KE Management in accordance with * * ISSAI 130 * * on Code of Ethics . * * I * * have fulfilled other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the * * ISSAI * * and", "spans": [{"start": 955, "end": 971, "text": "imprest register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 in total ) , thereby < / sup > excluding the mostly smaller regional banks ( 127 in total ) . < sup > To limit the large number of < / sup > listed banks in the US , we only include the 22 largest < sup > US banks , namely the multinational < / sup > banks ( 6 in total ) and the super regional banks ( 16 in total ) as defined < sup > by Goldman Sachs . < / sup > For the 137 banks we have collected a total of 917 observations < sup > across eight years . < / sup > Data is missing for 179 observations for a number of < sup > reasons . Some banks have not < / sup > reported accounting data for each year , some banks only listed < sup > at a certain point in the < / sup > sample period , and some banks were de-listed during < sup > the sample period , because of < / sup > government intervention or merger activity . < sup > 5 < / sup > Missing observations < sup > for the year 1998 are < / sup > 4 The distribution of the number of banks across countries is as follows ( with the number of banks between brackets ) : France ( 4 ) , Germany ( 8 ) , Hong Kong ( 12 ) , Indonesia < sup > ( 8 ) , Japan ( 19 ) , Korea ( 22 ) , Malaysia ( 10 ) , < / sup > Singapore ( 5 ) , Taiwan ( 8 ) , Thailand ( 12 ) , United Kingdom ( 7 ) , US ( 22 ) . 5 In Indonesia , Bank Tiara Asia , a private foreign exchange bank , < sup > was taken over in 1998 by the Indonesian < / sup > Bank Restructuring Agency and is therefore missing for 1998 . Although Indonesian < sup > Bank Danamon < / sup > merged with state-owned bank PDCFI in 1998 , both banks continued < sup > reporting separately for another year , < / sup > so that we could include Bank Danamon ' s", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 595, "text": "accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "men must command at least 27 % ( the GSS impact on teacher wages ) higher wages then women . If they didn ' t , then private schools could setup in villages without a GSS by hiring ( local / non-local ) men rather than women as teachers . Andrabi et al . ( 2008 ) show that men ( with the same observed characteristics ) indeed earn 33 percent more than women , suggesting that men do not o \u001b er a viable teaching alternative . Second , the entrepreneur could try to setup a school with a larger initial class-size in order to pay for the greater cost of hiring a male teacher . However , this has the trade-o \u001b of lowering quality . A natural constraint here is that student performance in the private schools must exceed that in the ( free ) public schools . Andrabi et al . ( forthcoming ) uses GMM methods together with children who switch school types to show that the yearly value-added of private schooling is around 0 . 25 standard-deviations . Although the estimates from the experimental literature on class-size reductions vary somewhat , a number of studies suggest gains of 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 standard deviations due to a reduction of four to ten students ( Angrist and Lavy 1999 , Krueger 1999 , Muralidharan and Sundararaman forthcoming ) . Given median wages and school fees in Punjab , to generate enough revenue to cover the 33 percent higher wages of a male teacher , the school would need a class size that is seven children more than the median private school . This suggests that the quality drop from the increase in class size required to hire male teachers would almost entirely o \u001b set the private school advantage in these villages and hence not be viable . In other words , parents would choose public schools instead if the private school had a larger class size . Third , the entrepreneur could set fees 33 percent higher than the current levels . Using data from Pakistan , Carnero et al . ( 2010 ) structurally estimate the elasticity of private school market shares to fees and nd that a 1 percent increase in prices reduces", "spans": [{"start": 1880, "end": 1898, "text": "data from Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "municipal waste for industrialists and local authorities , ( g ) launching of public awareness campaigns , and ( h ) initiation of pilot treatment projects in selected municipalities and industries . ` ` ` ` ` ` 2 . Creation of \" wetlands \" to test tertiary treatment through filtration of industrial waste from the Pan Paper Mill in Webuye ( Kenya ) and from various industrial companies in Mwanza and in Jinja . ` ` ` ` ` ` 3 . Creation of \" wetlands \" to test tertiary treatment through filtration of municipal waste in Kisumu , Mwanza , and Jinja . ` ` ` ` ` ` 4 . Rehabilitation of urban sanitation systems in Kisumu , Mwanza , Bukoba and Kampala , which are currently discharging untreated waste directly into the lake . ` ` ` ` ` ` 5 . Acquisition of vehicles , boats , office , laboratory and field equipment , laboratory chemicals and reagents , construction of artificial wetlands , construction of urban sanitation works , and provision of training , workshops , and demonstrations , and technical advisory services for above activities . ` ` ` # ` Part E : Land Use and Wetland Management ` ` ` ` 1 . Management of Pollution Loading : Establishment of a water quality monitoring network throughout the Lake Victoria catchment area , to estimate the effects of changes in land use on pollution loads in the lake , and development of policies and programs to control non-point source pollution . ` ` ` ` ` ` 2 . Buffering Capacity of Wetlands : Investigation of the buffering processes and capacity of Lake Victoria wetlands and devising of a management strategy for the wetlands . ` ` ` ` ` ` 3 . Role of Agro-Chemicals in Pollution : Implementation of the following activities on selected sites in the Winam Gulf , Nyando , and Nzoia catchment areas in Kenya , the Simiyu catchment area in Tanzania and the Kakira sugar estate in Uganda : ( a ) carrying out inventories of agro - chemicals ; ( b ) conducting fields trials on pesticides", "spans": [{"start": 1166, "end": 1198, "text": "water quality monitoring network", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "providing evidence for professional upgrading . The absorption of Syrian refugees in the Turkish labor market seems facilitated by an increase in the number of new Syrian-owned businesses ( Altindag , Bakis and Rozo 2018 ; Akgündüz , van den Berg , and Hassink 2018 ) with firms substituting capital with Syrian workers ( Akgündüz and Torun 2018 ) . Results on prices in Turkey remain unclear with different studies showing positive , negative or non-significant results . Only in Jordan there is some evidence for increases in rental prices in areas closer to refugee camps . # Ethnic Greeks from Turkey to Greece After the Greco-Turkish war of 1919 – 1922 , 1 . 2 million Greek Orthodox were forcibly resettled from Turkey to Greece , increasing the Greek population by more than 20 % within a few months . Murard and Sakalli ( 2018 ) look at the impact of this resettlement on local municipalities almost 100 years after the event . They find that localities with a greater share of refugees in 1923 have today higher earnings , higher levels of household wealth , greater educational attainment and larger financial and manufacturing sectors . These results are similar to the positive long-term effects due to agglomeration economies found for German expellees ( Braun and Kvasnicka 2014 ; Schumann 2014 ; Wyrwich 2018 ) and for the forced population relocation in rural areas within Finland after World War II ( Sarvimäki 2011 ) . # 2 . 3 Low-income countries # Burundian and Rwandan refugees in Tanzania Following the assassination of the Burundian president in 1993 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994 , a large number of Burundian and Rwandan refugees settled in the Kagera region of neighboring Tanzania . By 1995 , this region of 1 . 5 m inhabitants hosted about 0 . 7 m refugees from these two countries alone . This is the largest crisis in terms of incidence of refugees over the host population and also the crisis that has the largest number of empirical studies in Sub-Saharan Africa thanks to the considerable number of household surveys that have been conducted in the affected region over the years . Alix-Garcia and Saah ( 2009 ) was one of the first studies that looked at the impact of", "spans": [{"start": 2035, "end": 2052, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Water , Sanitation , And Hygiene Program ( P179012 ) utility services model . This will include supporting coordination between refugee stakeholders and transition monitoring . Capacity building activities will also include training counties on climate-resilient design and construction of water supply and sanitation infrastructure , standardizing WASH facilities for schools and health care facilities , launching a behavior change communication campaign and address the gender gaps in women ’ s employment in leadership positions . Water Services Regulatory Board ( WASREB ) and Water Sector Trust Fund ( Water Fund ) will receive support to enhance their mandates in assisting WSPs to achieve regulatory and good governance compliance , developing highquality Performance Improvement Action Plans ( PIAPs ) and bankable projects for commercial financing , as well as facilitating the leveraging of private financing . The support for PIAPs will have a direct and positive impact on the operations and financial health of the service providers , and ultimately their creditworthiness . The IPF will support sector monitoring and reporting by funding a baseline survey of water points , the development of a national water sector M & E system , the hiring of an Independent Verification Agent ( IVA ) to verify Program results , as well operational costs for managing the Program . There will be ongoing refugee policy and regulatory support in the implementation of the WASH elements of the Shirika plan and coordination of the operation ’ s implementation with humanitarian WASH stakeholders led by DRS . # * * D . Environmental and Social Overview * * # * * D . 1 Overview of Environmental and Social Project Settings * * The Project will be implemented in 19 counties of West Pokot , Turkana , Garissa , Samburu , Mandera , Baringo , Narok , Kwale , Tana River , Kitui , Makueni , Tharaka Nithi , Nandi , Vihiga , Bomet , Migori , Murang ´ a , Kericho , and Kirinyaga It will provide implementation support to the", "spans": [{"start": 1184, "end": 1215, "text": "baseline survey of water points", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "inction of local < br > vegetation |  Contractor | Construction < br > phase | 5 , 000 | | | | |  Avoid encroachment into ecologically < br > sensitive areas < br >  Plant < br > vegetation < br > with < br > water < br > conservation / purification traits around < br > the borehole . | Extinction of local < br > vegetation < br > No . of trees planted < br > to < br > conserve < br > the < br > catchment |  LVNWSB | Construction < br > and operation < br > phase | 10 , 000 | | * * Water Quality * * |  Poor / fluctuating < br > water quality < br >  Health < br > complications < br > associated < br > with < br > contaminated < br > water |  EMCA , 1999 < br >  Water < br > Act , < br > 2002 < br >  Public < br > Health Act |  Use water based drilling fluid < br >  Case the well as it passes through the < br > water table < br >  Proper housekeeping within and around < br > the rig will be observed before , during < br > and after drilling , while proper clean up < br > procedures will be undertaken in case of < br > drillingfluid and oil spills | Water quality records < br > Availability of water < br > disinfection agents |  Contractor | Construction < br > phase of the < br > project | 10 , 000 | | | | |  Groundwater < br > quality < br > must < br > be < br > safeguarded by a correct territorial < br > planning and protection of surface < br > waters since these are strictly linked to < br > ground water resources . < br >  Establish a database on water quality < br", "spans": [{"start": 1076, "end": 1097, "text": "Water quality records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1479, "end": 1504, "text": "database on water quality", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE # Information and communication technologies # # * * Achievements * * Despite Zimbabwe ‘ s political and economic situation , it has maintained parity with Sub-Saharan African averages for many ICT indicators . Fixed telephone line penetration exceeded the Sub-Saharan average in 2008 and Internet access penetration was about the same . Mobile penetration has lagged due to chronic network underinvestment as a result of the country ‘ s economic situation . But the market more than doubled in 2009 , lifting mobile subscriptions per 100 inhabitants to 24 , reducing the gap between Zimbabwe and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa ( table 14 ) . * * Table 14 . Benchmarking ICT indicators * * | | | * * Zimbabwe * * < br > * * Zimbabwe * * | * * Lower - * * < br > * * income * * < br > * * group * * | * * Sub - * * < br > * * Saharan * * < br > * * African * * < br > * * region * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Unit | * * 2000 * * < br > * * 2005 * * < br > * * 2008 * * | * * 2008 * * | * * 2008 * * | | GSM coverage | % population under signal | 48 < br > 56 < br > 59 | 56 | 56 | | International bandwidth | Bits / person | 1 < br > 4 < br > 10 | 24 | 34 | | Internet | Users / 100 people | 0 . 4 < br > 3 . 9 < br > 4 . 5 | 4 . 6 | 5 . 1 | | Landline | Subscribers / 100 people | 2 . 2 < br > 2 . 8 < br > 2 . 7 | 4 . 6 | 1 . 5 | | Mobile phone | Subscribers / 100 people | 2 . 7 < br > 5 . 9 < br", "spans": [{"start": 250, "end": 264, "text": "ICT indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Abstract * * The idea of social inclusion has garnered considerable attention , especially in the context of two recent developments : the Sustainable Development Goals and the heightened attention to inequality . This paper reviews the manner and extent to which social inclusion is addressed in the first 17 Systematic Country Diagnostics ( SCDs ) , which are ex ante , country-level assessments conducted by the World Bank Group , ahead of the preparation of its Country Partnership Frameworks . In addition to this primary purpose , the paper fulfils three other purposes . It allows for a broader reflection on the value of the social inclusion construct in macro-level diagnostics ; it takes the opportunity to develop and refine a methodology to assess social inclusion and finally , it positions the narrative on social inclusion into the ongoing discourse on poverty , shared prosperity , inequality and the thinking around the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals . It is therefore , a refined articulation of the idea of social inclusion in the context of global epistemological shifts . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * CHAPTER SIX : IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES * * # * * 6 . 1 CHAPTER SIX : IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES * * # # * * 6 . 1 Resettlement Procedures * * # # * * Modalities for payment of compensation : * * Payment of compensation and other assistance will be implemented by respective RAP Implementation Committees ( RICs ) as outlined in the entitlement matrix * * ( Table 5 . 2 ) * * . In case of compulsory acquisition , which is highly unlikely under KISIP , the compensation will be in accordance with the provisions of the Kenya constitution 2010 , and the Land Act , 2012 ( revised 2019 ) . For KISIP , since no land acquisition is envisaged , the PAPs will mostly likely be encroachers and squatters on government land or land set aside for public purposes . These types of PAPs only qualify for relocation assistance and livelihood restoration measures . In providing this assistance , the RICs will consider both monetary and non-monetary assistance like alternative sites for traders and skills training . Once the PAP registers are validated by the RICs , the appropriate assistance will given to the PAPs promptly and notices issued for relocation . The date , time and place for payments will be made known to the PAPs in good time . # # * * Stakeholder involvement * * All RAPs will provide a clear implementation schedule for each activity covering initial baseline and preparation , actual relocation , and post relocation economic and social activities . The RAP will include a target date when the expected benefits for resettled persons and hosts would be achieved . To facilitate planning and coordination of the tasks in resettlement , respective County KISIP PCT will hold monthly meetings during which representatives of PAPs will be invited . At the construction stage , The PAP Committee may attend site meetings with contractors . Such a forum will accord PAPs an opportunity to voice their concerns and mitigate any unforeseen impacts . # # * * Integration with", "spans": [{"start": 1021, "end": 1034, "text": "PAP registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 Introduction Household surveys are needed to measure poverty and design distributional policies , yet in several countries they are not conducted due to low statistical capacity , conflict , or lack of resources . In other cases , household surveys are collected but not shared with researchers and policy makers ( Dang et al . 2019 , Ekhator-Mobayode and Hoogeveen 2022 ) . Lack of data disproportionally affects poorer countries , meaning that ignoring or not properly accounting for such countries in global analyses biases results . We address these gaps by developing a method that through a simple regression can predict annual income and consumption ( henceforth welfare ) distributions with a credible distributional shape for each country . The method uses widely available social and economic indicators at the country level and does not require any household survey data for the country of interest . We explicitly search for a simple model that can be easily taken up in applied work and can work for the most data deprived countries . To estimate such a model , we leverage rich information on welfare distributions from more than 2 , 000 household surveys available in the World Bank ’ s Poverty and Inequality Platform ( PIP ) , which covers 168 countries , using data between 1991 and 2020 . For each of these surveys , we have distributions of daily per-capita household income or consumption expressed in purchasing-power-parity-adjusted dollars . We sequentially remove one of the 168 countries from the sample and predict the excluded distribution for this country using the remaining 167 countries and various predictors . As potential predictors , we search among more than 1 , 000 candidate variables spanning multiple databases and including remote sensing indicators . After repeating this leave-one-out cross-validation for each of the 168 countries with available data , we compare the predicted distributions to the survey-based distributions , favoring models that minimize the prediction error . We find that a model that uses GDP per capita , under-5 mortality , life expectancy , rural population shares , and regional dummies predicts welfare well , and that adding more information does not lead to any relevant gains . National accounts data stand out as the single best predictor of welfare , even ,", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 34, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 864, "end": 885, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1156, "end": 1173, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2258, "end": 2280, "text": "National accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the past two decades by international institutions and NGOs , studies that focus on the carbon benefits as well as the distributional impact of subsidies based on large scale household surveys are extremely lacking . This study aims to fill this gap using the first available national household survey that collects data on SHS installation in rural Bangladesh . Bangladesh is one of a few countries that have made significant progress in providing electricity access to rural population through SHS . The SHS programs that were financed from Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) and International Development Assistance ( IDA ) had installed over 300 , 000 SHS ( accounting for about 1 . 6 % of non-electrified rural households ) in rural Bangladesh by 2009 . This study focuses on ( 1 ) the quantification of the carbon benefits , particularly on kerosene displacement ; ( 2 ) SHS affordability ; and ( 3 ) the distributional consequences of SHS subsidies . This paper is structured as follows : section 2 reviews the development of SHS dissemination in LDCs . Section 3 summaries the progress of rural electrification in Bangladesh . In section 4 , we present the statistical summary of the 2005 national household survey . Section 5 presents methodology and results in the above three areas . Section 6 concludes . # 2 . * * SHS dissemination in less developed countries * * Despite technology maturity and the constant decline in SHS prices , the current level of SHS dissemination among rural populations is low . According to the Global Status Report 2009 , out of the 400 million households who lacked access to grid electricity in 2007 , only about 2 . 5 million received electricity from SHS . < sup > 4 < / sup > A recently published IFC report , entitled “ Selling Solar “ , summarizes the lessons from more than a decade of experience in SHS dissemination in developing countries and concludes that many IFC programs financed through GEF have not been able to create sustainable SHS business in rural areas . Several factors underlie the slow progress in SHS dissemination for rural electrification . These include lack of information about SHS and grid-extension plans , lack of financial resources for SHS businesses and", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 192, "text": "large scale household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 276, "end": 301, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1193, "end": 1223, "text": "2005 national household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1536, "end": 1561, "text": "Global Status Report 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and multifaceted development challenges * * . Chad is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world , ranking 187 < sup > th < / sup > out of 189 countries and territories on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) in 2018 . It faces a difficult geographical and geopolitical environment ; it is the 5 < sup > th < / sup > largest country in Africa , landlocked , crossed by the Sahara , prone to climate risks , and has a very low population density . The security and humanitarian situations are also challenging given the security tensions along the border areas , serious terrorist threats particularly in the Lake Chad region , and given that Chad hosts the largest number of refugees ( on a per capita basis ) in Africa . 12 . * * The effects of recession and austerity aggravated Chad ’ s humanitarian challenge while constraining poverty reduction * * . During the oil boom , poverty rates < sup > 8 < / sup > declined from 52 percent in 2003 to 39 percent in 2011 . However , the absolute number of poor people increased from 4 . 9 million to 5 . 6 million due to population growth . Despite efforts to protect priority social and productive spending , dwindling fiscal resources and poor social spending execution have disrupted vital public services . Furthermore , insecurity in the sub-region resulted in an inflow of over 450 , 000 refugees , putting further pressure on tight fiscal balances and strained public service delivery . In the absence of a well-targeted and effective social safety net system , the poor and vulnerable have been deeply affected by the crisis , as well as by 8 US $ 1 . 9 international line ( estimated ) . Page 13", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 218, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sexual violence is prevalent and the large majority of cross-border traders are women and most border officials are men . According to the most recent Demographic and Health Survey data from DRC , 28 % of women aged 15-49 in North Kivu and 35 % of those in South Kivu have experienced sexual > 1In 2011 , the DRC Government issued a decree officially banning the collection of taxes on the import of foodstuffs ( including vegetables and fruits ) and addressing the perceptions of cross-border trade as being illegal ( Government of the DRC , 2011 ) . While most of the traders engaged in cross-border trade are not smugglers , some smuggling of banned products ( e . g . , charcoal from Rwanda ) does indeed occur along the border ( Titeca and Kimanuka , 2012 ) . > 2This study took place during a period of heightened tension between the DRC and Rwanda against the backdrop of the “ March 23 ” rebel group ’ s armed conflict with the DRC Government ( Rono , 2013 ) , with temporary curfews and border closures also occurring . 5", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 185, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_a . Formal Sector firms_ : This study is limited to the formal private sector . We omit firms that operate informally because business registries are unable to provide accurate cross-country tallies of these firms . This is an important caveat , as there is a strong and inverse relationship between the size of the informal economy ( defined by Schneider , 2007 , as a percentage of GDP ) and our variable of interest : new business density ( Figure 1 ) , defined as newly registered firms as a percentage of the country ’ s working age population ( ages 15-64 ) , normalized by 1 , 000 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 < br > 8 < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > 0 20 40 60 80 < br > Informal Economy ( % GDP ) < br > Entry Density ‘ 04 - ’ 09 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 1 : Entrepreneurship and Informality * * _b . New Firms : _ The database does not include the number of total or closed firms , since most countries do not accurately collect data on total ‘ active ’ or ‘ inactive ’ firms . Therefore , we are concerned that the stock number of total firms includes many closed firms that did not formally de-register . Furthermore , the process to remove inactive firms varies widely across countries : For example , in Sweden , firms are removed from the registry if they do not submit financial statements and an audited account within eleven months of the end of the financial year ; Austria and Slovakia remove firms that fail to file financial reports for two consecutive years ; while other countries report that firms are never removed from the registry . Consequently , 6", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 146, "text": "business registries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT - * * Communication should be adapted to the specific needs of different ages , gender , and diversified groups as much as possible . * * - For children : easy-to-understand communication tools need to be applied , such as simple posters and audio-visual ( video , radio , etc . ) . - For women : effectively use the existing structure such as women group for refugees , ensure gender balance in community-based protection networks as well as among protection staff particularly monitors reaching out at the household level . Hold regular FGDs with women at community centres and other locations . - Attention should be given to older persons whose mobility may be restricted and may prefer face to face communication . - Mobility issues and specific needs of persons with disabilities should also be taken into consideration with the support of specialized agencies . - Information campaign or messaging needs to remain available in multiple languages , particularly for refugees and asylum seekers . UNHCR / September 2020 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 5 . 0 | 6 . 0 | 6 . 4 < br > | 343 | 404 | 1 . 02 | | Rest of South Asia | 6 . 7 | 4 . 8 | 5 . 4 < br > | 398 | 527 | 1 . 78 | | Rest of Europe and Central Asia | 7 . 3 | 5 . 7 | 6 . 1 < br > | 227 | 247 | 0 . 51 | | Middle East and North Africa | 5 . 2 | 3 . 7 | 4 . 1 < br > | 360 | 469 | 1 . 66 | | Rest Sub-Saharan Africa | 6 . 2 | 5 . 7 | 6 . 0 < br > | 690 | 942 | 1 . 97 | / a / Growth growth / b / EFTA - European Free Trade Area Source : World Bank ‟ s Development Data Group The third set of assumptions under the BaU scenario is on the population in each of the countries and regions in the model also shown in Table 2 . Growth rates of population were based on the population growth projection of the United Nations . One can observe that developed countries have generally declining population growth rates . The fourth set of assumptions under the BaU scenario is that existing biofuel policies ( e . g . already implemented mandates , subsidies and import duties ) will continue throughout the study horizon ( 2010-2020 ) . Biofuel penetration in the BAU scenario , which is defined as the 14", "spans": [{"start": 679, "end": 729, "text": "population growth projection of the United Nations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < / sup > * * 1I * * The Recipient shall furnish to the < sup > Bank eachProjectReportsnotlaterthan forty - < / sup > five * * _ ( 45 ) _ * * days after the end of each < sup > EFY , covering the EFY . < / sup > 2 . Except as may otherwise be explicitly < sup > required or permitted under this Agreement < / sup > or as may be explicitly requested < sup > * * by * * theBank , in sharingany information , report < / sup > or document related to the activities < sup > describedinSchedule < / sup > < sup > * * I * * of thisAgreement , < / sup > the Recipient shall ensure that < sup > suchinformation , reportordocumentdoesnot < / sup > include Personal Data . - 14 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "less vulnerable to liquidity constraints , fared much better during the crisis than comparable domestically owned firms . < sup > 2 < / sup > Discriminating between the competing predictions of the cleansing and scarring paradigms requires firm-level analysis on the impact of crises on resource allocation , as it requires one to analyze the link between productivity , exit and firm growth . Although such analysis is scant , there are a few studies that shed light on the debate . Liu and Tybout ( 1996 ) compare the performance of continuing plants and exiting plants in Chile and Colombia from 1980-1985 but find no evidence for systematic covariance of the efficiency gap between these two groups of firms over the business cycle in either country , even though Chile suffered a recession in 1982 . Exit rates of Chilean firms only increased modestly during the recession . Casacuberta and Gandelsman ( 2009 ) examine the impact of the 2002 banking crises in Uruguay on resource allocation . Even during the crisis , productivity was negatively correlated with exit , although the evidence suggests the crisis may have attenuated the link between productivity and exit somewhat . Nishimura , et al . ( 2005 ) use a cohort analysis comparing productivity of entrants and survivors to examine the impact of the Japanese recession on productivity growth and find that the 1996 / 97 banking crisis induced the exit of some relatively efficient firms among the youngest cohorts . Similarly , Eslava et al . ( 2010 ) demonstrate that Colombian firms dependent on external credit were more likely to exit during the 1998-2001 recessions , even if they were highly productive . On the other hand , using manufacturing data from Russia , Brown and Earle ( 2002 ) show that the recession induced by the transition from communism to a market based economy coincided with an improvement in the reallocative process . In short , theoretical models yield competing predictions regarding the impact of crises on resource allocation and the empirical evidence on the impact of crises on firm dynamics is limited and ambiguous . > 2 Similarly Oh et al . ( 2009 ) find that the Korean credit guarantee scheme for SMEs implemented in response to the Asian crisis", "spans": [{"start": 1702, "end": 1732, "text": "manufacturing data from Russia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024 Graphique 1 : Evolution du nombre de PDIs de septembre 2012 à septembre 2024 L ’ augmentation du nombre de PDIs entre 2012 et 2013 s ’ explique par le conflit et les violences qui étaient en cours dans les régions Nord pendant cette période . Le nombre de personnes déplacées a franchis , pour la première fois , la barre des 350 . 000 individus en juin 2013 . L ’ augmentation du nombre de personnes déplacées à cette date par rapport aux mois précédents s ’ explique par l ’ extension des opérations d ’ enregistrements aux trois régions Nord ( Gao , Tombouctou et Kidal ) . A partir de 2013 avec la pacification progressive des régions nord , nous avons assisté à une tendance à la baisse du nombre de PDIs pour atteindre 38 172 individus en décembre 2017 . Les années 2020 , 2021 et 2022 ont été marquées par la recrudescence des violences dans les régions du Centre et du Nord . Suite à ces violences nous avons assisté à une forte augmentation du nombre de PDIs . De 330 713 PDIs identifiées en mai 2024 , le nombre de personnes déplacées internes dans le pays est estimé désormais à * * 378 363 * * individus . Ainsi du 1 < sup > er < / sup > juin au 30 septembre 2024 , une augmentation de 47 . 650 personnes déplacées internes a été constatée suite à la dégradation des conditions climatiques et la situation sécuritaire dans certaines localités du pays . Tableau II : Déplacés Internes à la suite des inondations , par région à la date du", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ". 3 | K0 < br > 585 . 8 | 1 . 2 < br > 483 . 4 | 617 . 9 | _1j4l_ < br > 461 . 8 | 12j < br > 696 . 6 | 183 . 6 < br > 493 . 0 | 198 . 9 < br > 571 . 0 | 13 . 97 < br > 677 . 6 | al FY92 data based on unaudited financlal statemerts .", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 231, "text": "unaudited financlal statemerts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 1 Data * * # # * * – 4 . 1 . 1 CPS US * * Our data for the United States come from the March supplement to the Current Population Surveys ( CPS ) for 1995 and 2007 . < sup > 9 < / sup > The dataset provides the distribution of labor earnings in the US in 1995 and 2007 for full-time workers of both genders . We use the following variables for our analysis . _Y_ denotes real hourly labor earnings ( sum of annual pretax wages , salaries , tips , and bonuses , divided by the number of hours worked annually ) . The vector * * _X_ * * consists of three covariates of _Y_ , namely : ( i ) the worker ’ s age in years ; ( ii ) a gender dummy ; and ( iii ) a categorical variable for the highest educational level attained ( “ high school ” , “ some college ” or “ college ” ) . We restrict the sample to individuals aged 16 to 65 that reported a positive value for real hourly earnings in the previous year . Individuals with missing values for any of the four variables in _Y_ and * * _X_ * * were excluded from the sample . After applying these filters , we trimmed the sample by dropping the top and bottom 0 . 5 % of the distribution of hourly wages in each year , to eliminate outliers . Hourly wages are in US dollars of March 2007 . The Consumer Price Index was used to inflate 1995 incomes : nominal values in 1995 were multiplied by 1 . 36 to be expressed in 2007 dollars . The final sample contains a total of 165 , 245 observations . Summary statistics are presented in Table 1 . – Table 1 : Summary Statistics US | | Mean | S . D . | Min . | Max . | Observations | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | CPS 1995 | | | | | | | Hourly Work Earnings | 16 . 730", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 147, "text": "Current Population Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Next , we estimate separate regressions for each country again regressing cell-level average PM2 _ . _ 5 on cell-level relative wealth ( Methods ) . This exercise provides us with countrylevel estimates for the within-country correlation between wealth and pollution and allows us to assess which factors contribute to pollution being progressive or regressive in different settings . We next restrict our sample to large urban areas and estimate city-specific regressions in order to assess how pollution varies with wealth across neighborhoods within cities . Finally , we explore potential drivers of heterogeneity in both country - and city - level relationships . # * * 2 Results * * While wealthier LMICs tend to have lower pollution on average ( Section SI-1 . 1 ) , we find that the average within-country correlation between wealth and ambient pollution is positive . This relationship is seen both in the raw data and in our regression results . Areas with the lowest average PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations have the lowest average RWI levels while areas with the highest PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations have the highest average RWI ( Figure 1a ) . Results from our preferred 3", "spans": [{"start": 917, "end": 925, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ sup > In Djibouti , the law provides that a birth outside the territory must be declared to the consulate within ten days , an obviously impractical obligation to impose , even with the possibility of extension of this period by presidential decree . < sup > 193 < / sup > However , the grant of legal authority to a consulate in civil status matters is not sufficient . It is usually the case that consular authorities only transcribe birth certificates issued by the state of birth , and will not register a birth directly , if not already registered by the host country . Consular assistance may , however , also be critical to enable this first step if parents need to produce documents from the country of origin in order to register a child ’ s birth in another country . These requirements are particularly difficult for refugees – who may fear to approach their embassy , and risk losing refugee status if they do so ( although UNHCR advises that this should not be the case ) . The Refugee Convention therefore provides in Article 25 for a host country to issue “ such documents or certifications as would normally be delivered to aliens by or through their national authorities ” , and in > _190 Décret N ° 2016-019 / PR / MI fixant les modalités d ' établissement des listes électorales ainsi que les conditions de délivrance et de validité des cartes d ' électeurs . _ > _191 Registration of Vital Events and National Identity Card Proclamation No . 760 / 2012 , art . 7 , as amended by Proclamation No . 1049 / 2017 . _ > _192 Country of Origin Report on Eritrea , Government of The Netherlands , February 2017 https : / / www . government . nl / documents / reports / 2017 / 02 / 06 / countryof-origin-report-on-eritrea-february-2017 . _ > _193 Loi n ° 003 / AN / 18 / 8ème L , ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9539 The World Bank | * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | % increase in earnings smallholder < br > | | Percentage | Value | 78760 . 00 | 95514 . 00 | 100000 . 00 | | beneficiaries | | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 30-Nov-2012 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | | Comments | Men 130 , 207 < br > Female 43 , 194 | over 20 % increase across < br > board | | | Direct project beneficiaries | | Number | Value | 1500 . 00 | 63762 . 00 | 300000 . 00 | | | | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 30-Nov-2012 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | | Comments | based on Phase I figures | The number represent < br > farmers receiving grants only < br > and does not include other < br > beneficiaries . Male 39 , 029 , < br > Female 27 , 733 | The number includes farmers < br > receiving grants , those trained < br > and participating in < br > agribusiness activities | | | | Kilometers < br > Sub Type < br > Supplemental | Value | | | | | Participating men and women smallholders < br > | | Percentage | Value | 51 . 00 | 65 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | farmers who are satisfied with extension , < br > emowerment and aribusiness services | | | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | 30-Nov-2012 | 31-Dec-2014 | | p", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "forecasts of economic growth . < sup > 23 < / sup > We take the difference in annualized growth rates of survey means and national accounts as our measure of the gap ( or ‘ error ’ in the growth forecast literature ) . A negative value indicates that survey means grew slower than the national accounts measures . The distribution of the gap is presented in Figure 4 , showing a large variation in differences in growth rates between the two sources . To check for systematic differences , we estimate these differences in growth rates by subgroups of countries , time periods and spell lengths , for each type of survey ( income and consumption ) . < sup > 24 < / sup > The main results are presented in Table 2 . Overall , growth rates in surveys are , on average , lower than in national accounts . However , the difference is not statistically significant for the overall sample which pools both income and consumption for all countries and time periods . For the subsamples of lower middleincome countries , as well as the 1990s , survey means grow more than one percentage point slower than HFCE in national accounts on average , a difference that is statistically different from 0 at the 95 % - level . The gap in growth rates is also larger when looking only at longer , comparable spells for each country ( with four-to-six-year spells ) . The gaps in growth rates between surveys and national accounts are larger and more robust when looking at the subsamples consisting of only survey consumption means . Overall , we find that the average growth rate for consumption means in surveys in our full sample is 0 . 53 percentage points less than HFCE and 0 . 43 percentage points less than GDP growth . The difference is particularly large in middle-income countries . For income means , the differences in growth rates with respect to national accounts are smaller and mostly statistically insignificant . Notably , we observe a positive gap for high-income countries , where survey means grow faster than HFCE . This is despite the North America region ( where both the US and Canada are also considered high income )", "spans": [{"start": 782, "end": 799, "text": "national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Each firm produces a differentiated product with the standard Cobb-Douglas production function : s s s s 1 − ααss ααss where s stands for firm-specific productivity ; YY = AA LLs is the firm ' s laborKK s is the firm ’ s capital ; and is the sector-specific capital share . AA LL ; KK Each firm maximizes current profits : ss αα s s s s s s where s s is the firm ' s value added ( which is the firm ' s revenue minus the cost of intermediate YYs KKs ππ = ( 1 − ττ ) PP YY − ww LL − ( 1 + ττ ) RRKK inputs ) , and s and _R_ are the cost of one unit of labor and capital , respectively . The term denotes firm-specific output distortions that reduce firms ' revenues . The firm-specific \" capital \" PP YY YYs distortions , which raise the cost of capital ( relative to labor ) , are denoted as ww . ττ HK differentiate two productivity measures : TFPQ , which captures “ physical productivity ” ; and KKs ττ TFPR , which captures “ revenue productivity ” : < u > s s s < / u > T s = ~ ~ 1 − α α ~ ~ and T s = ~ ~ 1 − α α ~ ~ s s s s YY PP YY PPTT LL αssKK αss PPRR LL αssKK αss In the absence of distortions , TFPR should not vary across firms within each sector . This is so because more capital and labor are allocated to firms with higher physical productivity ( TFPQ ) such that their higher output results in a lower price , s ; this occurs up to the point where T s is equalized for all firms in the sector . On the contrary , it is normal for T s to vary across firms PP PPRR because different firms may have different productivity levels . PPTT Assuming monopolistic competition and CES technology , HK derive T s in terms of revenue data as : PPTT T s s σσ ~ ~ , ~ ~ σσ − 1 s < sup > YYs < / sup > s <", "spans": [{"start": 1632, "end": 1644, "text": "revenue data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assessment of road safety , and traffic counts on select road sections ) , and the revision of design and maintenance standards to reflect changing climate conditions , particularly related to drainage and slope stabilization . This subcomponent will also finance the preparation of routine maintenance manual for small contractors , and bidding documents and training on performance ‐ based contracts for road maintenance . This subcomponent could benefit at later stages from additional support from disaster risk management and climate adaptation funds . 16 . * * Subcomponent 2 . * * Support the planning and implementation of road safety measures ( US $ 2 million ) . This subcomponent will benefit the Secretariat of the NRSC and will primarily finance the elaboration of a national strategy and action plan on road safety , as well as the implementation of select priority road safety measures in collaboration with other interested parties . This subcomponent could benefit at later stages from grants from the GRSF and / or other interested donors . 17 . It is important to note that Lebanon has one of the worst road safety records globally , and that road safety fatalities and injuries continue to rise . This has been affecting both Lebanese host communities and the Syrian refugees as evidenced in the road safety fatality and injury statistics prepared by the Lebanese traffic police ( see table 1 . 5 below ) , which remain underreported compared to WHO and World Bank estimates , given differing methodologies for accounting for road safety fatalities and injuries . 18 . * * Subcomponent 3 . * * Support planning and design studies ( US $ 2 million ) . This subcomponent will finance CDR studies to prepare the required planning and design studies for critical transport projects identified as priorities by the Lebanese governments . Page 54 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 1316, "end": 1358, "text": "road safety fatality and injury statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "flood risk < br > management < br > investment framework , < br > and regular monitoring | MoWE | | 1 . 4 People benefitting from impact-based < br > flood early warnings | The number of people who < br > have access to impact-based < br > flood early warning services . < br > This figure will be estimated < br > by a user survey conducted < br > at least three times during < br > the life of the project ( at the < br > beginning , mid-term and < br > towards the end of the < br > project ) . | Baseline , < br > mid-term , < br > and end < br > evaluation | Progress < br > report from < br > the MoWE < br > PMU with < br > inputs from < br > relevant < br > Implementin < br > g Agencies | User survey jointly < br > conducted by MoWE , < br > EMI and EDRMC | MoWE , EMI , and < br > EDRMC | | 1 . 4 . 1 Of which women | The number of women who < br > have access to impact-based | Baseline , < br > mid-term , | Progress < br > report from | User survey jointly < br > conducted byMoWE , | MoWE , EMI and | Page 57 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 331, "text": "user survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Share of Polluting Sectors : < br > Chinese Industy , 17l-1992 < br > 0 . 8 . < br > 0 . 75 < . < br > 0 . 65 \\ < \\ > . < br > 0 . 6 V . < br > 0 . 55 . _ < br > r j g 8 e i z > 88 | c < br > IFigure_17__Trend_in_the_Output_Share_of_th Five < br > Figure 17 : Trend in the Output Share of the Five < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > analyzing recent trends for the five most . . heavily-polluting industry sectors : ' Chemicals , Pulp and Paper , Non-Ferrous Metals , Ferrous Metals , and Non-Metallic Minerals ( principally Cement ) . Using production and trade data for China and its trading partners , we have developed three indices of change in pollution intensity . The first is the proportion of China ' s total industrial output produced by these five sectors during the era of reform . Figure 17 provides the evidence : From 1977 to 1992 , the output share ofthe five ' dirty ' sectors has trended downward . Within the period , rapid decline in the early 1980 ' s was succeeded by an increase in the late 1980 ' s and a leveling off in the early 1990s . There is no evidence of any 1long-run shift toward a pollution-intensive industry structure . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Net Imports of Polluting Products < br > 25 - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . < br > 20 r ' < br > . 5 / < br > 10 g < br > 5 . < br > 1 . 2 < br > 15987 Is \" 199 1990 19 , 91 19 , 92 1993 1994 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 18 : Trend in Net Imports from PollutionIntensive Industries Our second index is the", "spans": [{"start": 605, "end": 644, "text": "data for China and its trading partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| vaccines that have been < br > procured by the GOL < br > through World Bank < br > financingsupport . | 6 months | logistics < br > reports | Administrative data | PMU / MOPH | | | The indicator will track the < br > number of eligible people < br > as defined among a specific < br > set of priority groups in the | | MOPH | | | | Percentage of residents of Lebanon who < br > are fully vaccinated , total and < br > disaggregated by sex , age risk , group and < br > nationality ( including refugees and host | National Deployment and < br > Vaccination Plan < br > ( NVDP ) / government < br > prioritization list who are | 6 months | reports , < br > National < br > Vaccine digital < br > platform | Administrative data | PMU / MOPH | | communities ) . | fully vaccinated from < br > COVID-19 using vaccines < br > that meet the Bank ' s < br > vaccine approval criteria . < br > This indicator will be | | ( IMPACT ) | | | Page 42 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 164, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 708, "end": 727, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": < br > | Activities in Semuliki , implemented by UWA | | Improvement of infrastructure and < br > equipment for the management of < br > forest protected areas | • < br > Improvement of UWA staff housing ( senior and junior ranger < br > posts ) – planned < br > • < br > Investment in logistics and communication equipment ( vehicle , < br > motorcycles , binoculars ) – completed | | * * Sub-component 1 . 2 : * * Increasing | Activities in Semuliki , implemented by UWA | | the < br > involvement < br > of < br > local | | | communities in the management < br > of forest and wildlife areas by < br > increasing < br > their < br > access < br > and < br > benefits from these areas . | • < br > Support for the establishment of collaborative resource < br > management agreements under UWA ( some completed , some < br > ongoing ) < br > • < br > Livelihood support activities ( e . g . , Batwa targeted training on < br > mushroom growing , handcraft , beekeeping , horticulture and < br > entrepreneurship and business management ) ( some completed , < br > more planned as per this VMGP ) < br > • < br > Community awareness activities ( ongoing ) < br > • < br > Roll-out of the Earth Ranger monitoring system ( planned ) | > 3 See < u > https : / / documents . worldbank . org / en / publication / documents-reports / documentdetail / 304401587952865863 . See also < / u > modifications introduced by Project Restructuring < u > https : / / documents . worldbank . org / en / publication / documentsreports / documentdetail / 099111925105631444 < / u > 9", "spans": [{"start": 1190, "end": 1220, "text": "Earth Ranger monitoring system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 < br > aBeyx - ' T 1 ! < br > z | . ~ | ' TT OI < br > Zuji - 7 riot < br > gli | i 14boo . TT - AI < br > sot = z2a > ge * 1Li1H . + ' ! iWW L1 tetit it tatry ritmei \\ _TttVt | 1 < br > = me 1 it < br > 2 . xN 1i + < br > or < br > AMPMOROROK AK ANMTMONMBOrC AK ANTHONAD < br > BABBAGDGAGEEESGSGSSGSSGSGSGEweerSSSOSSOOHKTAANAAAAANSSOAAAAAAAAANSSOOAANAAAAAAAFErFEreErreecEeEecEcEEEErETEEEEEEEEEEEer ee DAODNQNNNNANANSSoanaNNANAAANANNHK OGOOOSCSOOOCAAASSSOSOSSOOSSANNEER er eeree eK < br > Year-Month < br > Data Source : panjiva < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 < br > oO & gu ! ! < br > zs = 1 7 ! < br > < 7 iy ! < br > solt_g As wero Ae I PpT_TAG - it T < br > 5So ] 2S38a faI THY1oaI VW1 \\ 1 | VAtI1IiAI aeit 1 ata ( on ~ AVat 1toyiry < br > & id ry < br > = a5 . 1boa < br > ao < br > BD ANPMORMROKAKANMT < br > BABBAGDAGDEEESGSGSSGSSGSGSGEwereSSSOSSOOHKTAAAAAAAANSSOAAAAAAAAANSSOOAAAAAAAAAFErFErErreecEeEEceEcEErEErFETEEEEEEEEEEE eee Hr DBMONQNNNNNAANAAASSSANNNANANAANAYAANAHK OGOOOSCSOOOANAASSSSOSGSOSSHON OBOrNNNEER AK ANTHONADer eee r eK < br > Year-Month < br > Data Source : panjiva < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 566, "text": "panjiva", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in large longitudinal studies such as the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the United States , the German Socio-Economic Panel and the Household Income and the Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey . Economists researching noncognitive skills ( such as Cobb-Clark and Tan ( 2011 ) ; Heineck and Anger ( 2008 ) ) have relied on these data and the measures . Our analysis uses data on men ’ s and women ’ s self-esteem in 1 _ , _ 511 farmer couples in Côte d ’ Ivoire to determine how relative self-esteem levels in the household affect spouses ’ agricultural income-earning . Our findings show that while having higher self-esteem increases one ’ s likelihood of earning crop income , one ’ s spouse ’ s self-esteem reduces it . Own self-esteem emerges as a more important determinant of income-earning for women , who also suffer more from their partners ’ self-esteem . A one standard deviation increase in female self-esteem is associated with her husband being 12 percent less likely to earn crop income , and a one standard deviation increase in male self-esteem is associated with his wife being 33 percent less likely to earn crop income . Conforming to gendered norms about assertiveness , a high self-esteem wife reduces husband ’ s agricultural income-earning regardless of his own self-esteem ; whereas for wives , a high selfesteem husband is not consequential as long as she also has high self-esteem . In line with theory , we find evidence that this channel operates through a higher ability to negotiate access to the fixed inputs in agricultural production functions . Self-esteem levels seem to instead operate as complements in off-farm employment , which relies less on fixed inputs .", "spans": [{"start": 42, "end": 79, "text": "National Longitudinal Survey of Youth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 107, "end": 134, "text": "German Socio-Economic Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF > * * CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC * * Dafock and neighboring villages , regularly pillaging essential goods such as food , livestock , and vehicles / motorbikes . This risk may extend also to refugee settlement and sites further away from the border . As a central part of its advocacy efforts to promote the safety and security of the civilian population , including refugees , since the inception of the crisis and in cooperation with other humanitarian actors , UNHCR has raised the awareness of the CAR authorities on the importance of preserving the civilian character of the refugee movements and of the sites where they settle , including by calling for the identification and separation of armed elements . * * GBV response . * * Together with partners , in the context of the refugee response , UNHCR has initiated and reinforced GBV mitigation and response activities targeted to the areas of Birao , in order to offer timely and quality services to GBV survivors . Mirroring other initiatives already in place in other areas of the country for the response to internal displacement , current interventions include a medical response and follow-up in confidential spaces within the Korsi area ; a psychosocial response , at individual as well as at community level ; the provision of dignity and menstrual hygiene kits ; local awareness-raising campaigns , extended also to men and adolescent boys ; the establishment of two “ _Ma Mbi Si_ listening centres ” and safe spaces for women and girls ( in Korsi and Birao town ) . In addition , referral pathways for survivors in and outside the camp have been updated and strengthened and capacity-development activities are regularly organised with GBV case managers and community leaders . * * Child protection . * * To effectively shape a response to child protection issues , including neglect , abuse , and various forms of violence , in the Korsi area and in the host community of the Vakaga prefecture UNHCR and partners conducted child protection risks assessments , to better gauge the overall wellbeing of children , detect psychosocial support needs", "spans": [{"start": 2007, "end": 2041, "text": "child protection risks assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "individual monthly income ( Panel D ) . Blue / solid lines indicate monthly average values . Red / dashed lines represent pre-COVID means ( 2018-19 ) . Data on household business suspension and closure filings are obtained from the Household Business Tax Census . Data on individual work hours and income are obtained from the Vietnamese Labor Force Surveys . 16", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 261, "text": "Household Business Tax Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 327, "end": 357, "text": "Vietnamese Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "total popu < br > ty had a t < br > spread acr < br > he Visual < br > bility ( 16 , < br > roup that is < br > ettlements . < br > ols being p | < br > lation of Kenyans repr < br > otal of 39 , 868 Persons < br > oss the seven sub cou < br > domain ( 17606 ) and thi < br > 196 ) , Hearing ( 7291 ) , < br > mostly affected by dis < br > The table below show < br > ublic . < br > * * TYPE OF SCHOOL * * < br > Public < br > Public < br > Public < br > public < br > public < br > public < br > public < br > | * * Source : 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census : volume II * * According to 2019 Census , 2 . 2 % ( 0 . 9million people ) of the total population of Kenyans represent PWDs . From the National census conducted Kisumu County had a total of 39 , 868 Persons with Disabilities in which Males were 16 , 311 and Females 23 , 557 spread across the seven sub counties . Majority of the Population presenting with disability were of the Visual domain ( 17606 ) and this was evident across all the age groups , followed by physical / mobility ( 16 , 196 ) , Hearing ( 7291 ) , other cognition ( 7922 ) , Self-care ( 4288 ) and Speech ( 3409 ) . The age group that is mostly affected by disability is the 55 + due to the onset of old age . # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 10 Literacy Levels * * There are both public and private schools in the identified settlements . The table below shows the existing both public and private schools with most of the schools being public . * * Table 5 . 14 : Schools within the Project Area *", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 566, "text": "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 596, "end": 607, "text": "2019 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 703, "end": 718, "text": "National census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Information Deprivation National level information deprivation has been drastically decreasing over time , in the urban and the rural areas alike ( see Figure 36 ) . In 2010 , 33 percent of rural children of school going age were , according to the GHS data , deprived of information , such as phone , TV and radio , while this share had dropped to 9 percent over the subsequent 6 years period . This large reduction in severe information deprivation of children , holds , as Figures 37 a and 37 b show , across all geo-spatial zones . While the estimates from the MICS 2016 / 2017 survey , do not continue the trend of the third wave of the GHS survey these are very much in line with the GHS wave 2 estimates . One explanation for this discrepancy may be large heterogeneity at the state level , that the GHS , only representative at the regional level , cannot capture . Unlike other deprivations , there is not such a clear north-south divide in terms of information deprivation . While North Eastern and North Western rural zones have the largest shares of information deprived children , the share of information deprived children in the North Central urban and rural areas is according to both surveys in the last wave comparable to the South Eastern and South Western zones . Figures 38 and 39 rather show that particular states stand out . Ebonyi stands out with about 15 percentage points more children being severely information deprived compared to neighboring states in the South East . Children living in the at the time of the survey accessible areas of Borno on the other hand are one of the least information deprived , even compared to those in the least deprived southern states and the FCT . Considering that most accessible enumeration areas of Borno were in and around it ’ s state capital city Maiduguri and exclude IDP camps , results hence suggest that children living in these areas are despite the conflict in the state still doing quite well in terms of household access to information . The surge in information deprivation in the urban North East from wave 3 to wave 4 may however be linked to the rising", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 259, "text": "GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 590, "text": "MICS 2016 / 2017 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 644, "end": 654, "text": "GHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 809, "end": 812, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ESSA – Financing Locally-Led Climate Action Program ( FLLCA ) referendum is to take place . Section 91 the County government should facilitate the establishment of modalities , and platforms for citizen participation . 164 . Many other laws make public participation in Kenya as their central pillar . They include Urban Areas and Cities Act Section 21 and 22 , the overarching theme is participation by the residents in the governance of urban areas and cities . The second schedule of the act provides for the rights of and participation by residents in the affairs of their city or urban areas . Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2015 , emphasizes the transparency of the procurement process including requirements for procuring entities to publicly avail procurement records after the closure of proceedings , publicize notice of intention to enter into a contract on websites and public notice boards , publish , and publicize all contract awards . * * The Prevention , Protection , and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons and Affected Communities Act ( 2012 ) * * 165 . This is an Act of parliament that applies to all internally displaced and affected communities by the development projects or programs . The prevention , protection , and assistance to internally displaced persons and affected communities are outlined in the following sections of the Act . - Part II : Principle of prevention , protection , and assistance ; The Government and any other organization , body or individual when responding to a situation of internal displacement and the needs of internally displaced persons under this Act , shall take into account their rights and freedoms as set out in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution . - Part IV : Public awareness , sensitization , training , and education ; The national Government , to prevent future instances of internal displacement in Kenya , shall promote public awareness about the causes , impact , and consequences of internal displacement as well as on means of prevention , protection and assistance to internally displaced persons through comprehensive nation-wide education and information campaign . - Part V : Provisions relating to development and displacement ; 21 . ( 1 ) Subject to the Constitution , the Government", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 780, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KrEpiyeA : Ifre < ! - - Start of picture text - - > KNBS < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # * * V . The Director General ' s Report * * According to the Statistics Act * * 2006 , * * the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics is the principal agency of the national government for the collection , compilation , analysis < sup > and < / sup > dissemination of official statistics for planning , policy making and < sup > monitoringand < / sup > evaluation . It is also mandated to ensure best standards and methods in the production of statistics across the National Statistical System * * ( NSS ) . * * This annual financial report , therefore , highlights achievements made * * by KNBS . * * # # # # * * Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey ( 2015 / 2016 KIHBS ) * * During the * * 2015-2016 * * Financial Year , major activities were completed . Key among < sup > them < / sup > was training of Research Assistants who were to undertake data collection . Data Collection commenced on 1s September * * 2015 * * and continued throughout < sup > theyear . < / sup > Quarterly data collection reports were produced . # # # # # * * National Strategy for Development of Statistics * * The process of developing National Strategy for Development of Statistics < sup > * * ( NSDS ) * * < / sup > a strategy to guide the generation of statistics across * * NSS * * which commenced < sup > inthe < / sup > FY 2014-2015 continued . During the FY * * 2015-2016 , * * a workshop with sectors across < sup > * * NSS * * < / sup > was held in order to assess the status of statistics in those sectors . * *", "spans": [{"start": 755, "end": 795, "text": "Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Project Appraisal Document Country : Uganda Page 41 Project Title : Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project # # * * Overview of Financial Management System * * 2 . * * Accounting System and Procedures : * * KCC is currently undergoing a restructuring of its accounting system under the Strategic Framework for Reform . Progress has been made towards achieving a stronger and more integrated financial management system but more actions need to be taken before the necessary reforms are complete . The financial management system in KCC is mainly designed to meet the requirements of the Local Governments Financial and Accounting Regulations 1998 and with reforms not yet completed , it is not suited for reporting the project ' s financial performance in accordance with the requirements of LACI . However , KCC is also the implementing agency for the IDA-financed First Urban Project , and initially , the financial management arrangements for NCRP will be based on those of the First Urban Project . 3 . * * Manual Accounting System : * * The system currently in place is a manual based system , with accounting transactions being recorded manually into books of accounts and reports and analyses being produced on computer spreadsheets . The main books of accounts are : ( i ) Cash Book , ( ii ) Ledgers , ( iii ) Journal Vouchers and ( iv ) Fixed Asset Register . 4 . * * Internal Controls : * * There are no manuals that document accounting procedures and internal controls . There are also no clearly documented guidelines for the review of financial information that is generated from the accounting system and reporting lines for financial management are not defined . _5 . _ * * Fixed * * Assets : A fixed assets register is used to record the project ' s fixed assets . 6 . * * Staffing of Accounting Department and Responsibilities : * * Even though large sums of money are involved , there is a relatively small number of transactions handled by the First Urban Project . The accounting unit is headed by the Programme Accountant . He is assisted by the Assistant Programme Accountant and an accounts assistant .", "spans": [{"start": 1710, "end": 1731, "text": "fixed assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Financial Tracking Service ( FTS ) indicates that just 1 . 4 % of international humanitarian assistance to the Syria crisis went directly to national and local actors in 2016 . However , much more funding is passed on to national and local actors ; according to an online survey conducted as part of this research , international organisations have passed on between 22-37 % of their funding so far in 2017 to local and national partners , though this calculation is based on only partial data . Both the quantity and the quality of funding are critical . Quality funding refers to resources that are provided predictably and flexibly ( including across multiple years where needed ) , transparently , and in support of institutional strengthening and capacity building . While multi-year funding to the crisis appears to be increasing , it is not yet the norm . Inflexible , conditional , short-term funding continues to hinder efforts to build resilience through partnerships with local respondents and reinforce local systems . * * 7 * *", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 278, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 481, "end": 493, "text": "partial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 . 84 | 17 . 22 | 817 | 15 . 21 | 23 . 98 | 18 . 41 * * | 15 . 17 | | | | FHH | 288 | 11 . 45 | 12 . 80 | 298 | 15 . 08 | 23 . 04 | 31 . 74 * * | 15 . 08 | | | | * * THH * * | * * 191 * * | * * 46 . 63 * * | * * 69 . 92 * * | * * 202 * * | * * 47 . 86 * * | * * 54 . 69 * * | * * 2 . 64 * * | * * 69 . 07 * * | | | * * Vegetables and * * < br > * * f * * | MHH | 146 | 48 . 16 | 68 . 98 | 155 | 52 . 02 | 56 . 97 | 8 . 02 | 72 . 69 | | | * * ruits * * | FHH | 45 | 41 . 65 | 73 . 46 | 47 | 34 . 13 | 44 . 18 | - 18 . 07 | 55 . 11 | _Source : _ AGP2 EIER ( based on survey data collected in March 2017 and May 2024 ) . * * Table 4 . 2 . Change in Daily Milk Productivity and Production by Gender and AGP2 Status : 2017 – 2024 * * | * * Woreda Status * * < br > | * * Livestock * * < br > * * Products * * | * * Type of HH * * < br > | | * * Baseline * * | | | * * Endline * * | | * * P-value * * | * * Change * * < br > * * ( in % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 555, "text": "AGP2 EIER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 567, "end": 578, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Zeitlin , “ Information and Collective Action in Community-Based Monitoring of Schools : Field and Lab Experimental Evidence from Uganda ” Working Paper ( 2012 ) . > 96 Priyanka Pandey , Sangeeta Goyal , and Venkatesh Sundararaman , “ Public Participation , Teacher Accountability , and School Outcomes : Findings from Baseline Surveys in Three Indian States , ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series ( November 1 , 2008 ) . > 97 Esther Duflo , Pascaline Dupas , and Michael Kremer , “ School Governance , Teacher Incentives , and Pupil - Teacher Ratios : Experimental Evidence from Kenyan Primary Schools , ” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 17939 , Cambridge , MA ( 2012 ) . 98 M . Bjorkman , D . de Walque , and J . Svensson , “ Information Is Power : Experimental Evidence on the Long-Run Impact of Community-Based Monitoring , ” Policy Research Working Paper 7015 , World Bank ( 2014 ) . 99 V . Misra , “ Pilot Study 1 , Andhra Pradesh , India : Improving Health Services through Community Score Cards : Learning Notes , ” Social Accountability Series , Washington , DC , World Bank ( 2007 ) . 100 A . Ravindra , “ An Assessment of the Impact of Bangalore Citizen Report Cards on the Performance of Public Agencies , ” Evaluation Capacity Development Working Paper 12 , Washington , DC , World Bank , Operations Evaluation Department ( 2004 ) . 101 B . Goldfrank , “ Lessons from Latin American Experience in Participatory Budgeting , ” Presentation at the Latin American Studies Association Meeting , San Juan , Puerto Rico ( March 2006 ) . 102 Chad Kendall , Tommaso Nannicini , and Francesco Trebbi , “ How Do Voters Respond to Information ? Evidence from a Randomized Campaign . ” _American Economic Review_ 105 ( 1 ) ( 2015 ) p . 322 – 53 . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which to < br > implement policies that were part of their long-run reform < br > agenda rather than being carefully targeted countercyclical < br > fiscal policy . | | United States | Mian & Sufi ( 2012 ) | 957 U . S . metropolitan or < br > micropolitan statistical < br > areas ( CBSAs ) for | January 2004 - June < br > 2010 | The Car Allowance Rebate System < br > program - temporary subsidies to < br > encourage the trading in old cars and < br > buying new ones | < br > Program induced the purchase of an additional 370 , 000 cars in < br > July & August 2009 . < br > reversal impact 10 months after the program expired | | United States | Chodorow-Reich_et_ < br > _al . _ ( 2012 ) | State level income and < br > employment | December 2008 - < br > July 2009 ( main < br > focus ) | $ 88 billion of aid to state governments < br > through the Medicaid reimbursement | Positive relationship between receiving fiscal relief and < br > increases in employment | | Europe < br > ( 17 countries ) | Nickel and Tudyka < br > ( 2014 ) | Real GDP , government < br > consumption , private < br > investment , debt-to-GDP < br > ratio , trade balance | 1970-2010 | | A one percentage point of GDP increase ( expansionary fiscal < br > shock ) in government consumption is first followed by < br > positive cumulative responses of real GDP and negative < br > responses of private investment and the trade balance as a < br > share of GDP | | G20 | Spilimbergo , < br > Symansky , and < br > Schindler ( 2009 ) | | 2008 Global crisis | | The low set of fiscal stimulus multipliers included 0 . 3 on < br > revenue , 0 . 5 on capital spending and 0 . 3 on other spending | | World | < br > Agnello_et al . _ ( 2017 ) | Panel of 157 countries < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Solidarités International ‟ s January 2014 assessment found that running into debt was also an important coping mechanism used by Syrian refugees to buy food in T + 5 . The assessment revealed that 70 % of Syrian refugees have run into debt to buy food , 56 % to pay their rent , 28 % to fund healthcare , 13 % to buy NFI , 3 % for transportation , 2 % for education and 2 % for other purpose such as bringing their family to Lebanon or fixing their dwelling . Moreover , the assessment revealed that 22 % of the Syrian refugees who have run into debt have borrowed money directly from shop-owners . _Figure [ 19 ] : Reasons for debt and sources of borrowing_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Reasons to run into debt Money borrowed from < br > 4 % 2 % < br > 70 % < br > Friends / relatives < br > 56 % in Lebanon < br > 6 % < br > Shop owners < br > 28 % < br > 22 % Other < br > 13 % < br > 3 % 2 % 2 % < br > Friends / relatives < br > 66 % < br > outside Lebanon < br > Money lender < br > * Source of both graphs : Solidarités International assessment – January 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The assessment found that 81 % of refugees run into debt in the five surrounding districts compared to 71 % in Tripoli . The average debt is USD 694 , with 32 % of the refugees having a higher debt . The average debt is slightly different in Tripoli than in the other districts ( USD 665 and USD 725 respectively ) , which could be due to the fact that expenditures are lower in Tripoli and by the fact that it could be harder to borrow money from relatives or Syrians in an urban area than in the surrounding districts , were refugees are gathered and creating a stronger network . #", "spans": [{"start": 1024, "end": 1060, "text": "Solidarités International assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "calculate the effects of tariff changes on domestic activity levels , tariff revenue , and welfare . This model is designed to be sufficiently simple that it can be calculated on an EXCEL spreadsheet , and to be flexible enough to allow application under differing degrees of availability of domestic data . The spreadsheet model yields an index of the effect of the preferential tariff reductions which is dependent on the assumptions made regarding the domestic production structure . The structure of this model reflects the desire to combine information on tariffs and trade volumes , which is available at a very fine levels of product classification , with data on domestic input usage and consumption , which is available only at much more highly aggregated levels . By assuming separability between domestically produced goods ( traded and non-traded ) and imported goods in the production functions and utility function , we are able to combine data from these two different sources and obtain simple measures of the welfare effects of preferential tariff cuts . Chile presents an interesting example application of the model for several reasons . First , the initial tariff structure in Chile is essentially a uniform external tariff . The literature on tariff reform ( Hatta ( 1977 ) , Corden ( 1984 ) ) has suggested that under certain conditions , welfare improvements can be obtained by either ( i ) a proportional reduction in all tariffs or ( ii ) tariff changes that move in the direction of a uniform external tariff ( e . g . a reduction in the highest tariff rate and an increase in the lower tariff rate ) . This raises questions about the benefit of entry into a preferential trading arrangement for Chile , since it results in a movement away from a uniform external tariff . Second , the availability of two alternative preferential trading arrangements has the potential to provide insights about which types of preferential trading arrangements would be most desirable . # I . Aggregation of Trade Data In this section , we present a procedure for aggregating tariff line level data using nested CES functions that is compatible with domestic data on consumption and input use . The trade data consists of import values and base tariff", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 305, "text": "domestic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2018, "end": 2028, "text": "Trade Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Comprehension_ , and _History , Economics , and Geography_ , respectively . Consistent with previous findings , no impact is observed in the _metropolitan_ sample . < sup > 21 < / sup > # _ < u > Mechanisms < / u > _ The administrative data available do not allow us to fully uncover the mechanisms through which the intervention had an impact on students ’ test scores , however , there is some information available on the self-administered questionnaire that students assessed by MINEDU have to answer . In * * Table 8 * * we provide evidence of the impact of the intervention on educational expectations ( in the short and medium term ) , as well as on students ’ self-perception of their own abilities in math and reading comprehension ( in the short-term ) . In the short-term , students in schools assigned to receive the ‘ GYM package ’ improved their expectation to attend university by 1 . 1 p . p . Consistent with previous findings , the ITT impact on expectations is virtually zero in the _metropolitan_ sample , and approximately 1 . 8 p . p . in the _regional_ sample . Results are very similar in the medium-term estimates , albeit marginally insignificant . Finally , our results do not suggest the intervention had an impact on students ’ beliefs about their own abilities in the short-term . It is possible that the intervention might have had an impact on this domain in the medium-term , once students realized they had improved their performance on both subjects — potentially thanks to an increased academic effort . Unfortunately , this hypothesis cannot be tested because the scales used to measure these self-perceptions were discontinued from the MINEDU questionnaire . > 21 By 2016 , the research team knew the intervention had had an impact in the _regional_ sample and not in the _metropolitan_ sample . Because of this , we decided to randomly allocate half the schools from the _regional_ sample to receive the ‘ GYM package ’ so that they could repeat the session at approximately the same month of the year . The instruments and protocols were identical , and the same monitoring procedure was put in place . The only difference", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 241, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 9 | 2 . 9 | 3 . 8 | 3 . 6 | ‐ 2 . 9 | ‐ 9 . 3 | ‐ 7 . 5 | ‐ 7 . 2 | ‐ 7 . 5 | ‐ 3 . 5 | ‐ 2 . 5 | | EA ‐ 19 * | 3 . 5 | 1 . 6 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 3 | 1 . 3 | 2 . 2 | 0 . 8 | ‐ 3 . 5 | ‐ 3 . 4 | ‐ 1 . 2 | ‐ 0 . 6 | ‐ 0 . 2 | 0 . 1 | | EU ‐ 28 * | ‐ | 1 . 8 | 0 . 5 | ‐ 0 . 3 | ‐ 0 . 2 | 0 . 1 | 1 . 0 | 1 . 7 | 0 . 3 | ‐ 4 . 1 | ‐ 3 . 8 | ‐ 1 . 6 | ‐ 1 . 4 | ‐ 0 . 6 | ‐ 0 . 4 | * : weighted average . Source : European Commission , Annual macro ‐ economic database By all measures , the countries undertook substantial fiscal adjustments , but Greece has done the most by some measures as shown in Tables 5c and 5d . Greece ’ s primary _structural_ budget was actually in better shape than that of IPS in every single year AND the pace of adjustment was faster during 2010 ‐ 2012 . The heavily front ‐ loaded Greek adjustment , on the heels of the financial crisis induced recession , and tightening monetary policy ( the ECB raised its reference rate during this time ( Figure 10a ) ) , had all the conditions for a strong negative impact on output . Comparison with the EU and EZ averages shows the much larger adjustment the GIPS adopted Another way to look at the size of the adjustment governments made is to consider actual expenditure decisions ( a policy variable ) , abstracting from the fall in GDP ( not a policy instrument ) . Greece ’ s performance is striking . In 2010 ‐ 2014 , real expenditures", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 478, "text": "Annual macro ‐ economic database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a large number of communities now see themselves as capable of taking a greater role in shaping their future . This capacity can be traced partly to the act of community contribution which was exceedingly well adopted , to the point that , in some cases , communities increased their contribution above what was required in order to expand facilities in their communities . Third , the CDD process showed the beginnings of a transformative change with respect to interventions outside of the project . For instance , it was reported that , by comparison with CDD , NGO assistance was often too ‘ top down ’ and tended to have only a fleeting effect . Communities and local governments have begun to insist that these other development partners follow practices similar to CDD where needs are prioritized by the communities from the outset , and even require community contribution , which had also been typically absent in activities of other development partners . # * * ( c ) Other Unintended Outcomes and Impacts ( positive or negative ) * * 85 . One very positive impact that was not entirely anticipated was the degree to which community participation would take on a momentum of its own . For instance , communities would put pressure on _woredas_ , if necessary , to ensure that the _woreda_ would fulfill its responsibilities toward the new community investment as called for under the MOU between the _woreda_ and the community . # * * 3 . 6 . Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and / or Stakeholder Workshops * * * * 86 . * * Not applicable . There was no formal beneficiary survey as this is a core ICR , however the ICR field visits are summarized in Annex 10 . # * * 4 . Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome * * # * * Rating : Substantial * * 87 . Overall risk to development outcome is significant . There are three main risks : i ) there will not be adequate support to project investments , such as staff , supplies and maintenance to keep the assets functional and sustain their lives ;", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fanfare , having an independent fiscal institution monitor and report on compliance can raise the quality of public debate on the subject . * * Second , the rules in place should ease accession to the EU . * * National fiscal rules should be consistent with EU rules . But the rules do not need to be identical to the EU ’ s to be consistent with them . Debt limits should be less than 60 percent of GDP , and the total set of rules should be simpler than those of the EU . The focus should also be on changes that will not be regretted if accession to the EU is delayed . * * Third , the systems of public financial management that support fiscal rules should continue * * * * to be improved * * . These improvements are among those most likely to pass the no-regrets test . Being able to measure the government ’ s debt and deficit according to the rules of ESA 2010 , for example , is necessary if the countries are to join the EU , but it will be valuable even if they do not . Being able to monitor debts and deficits according to these rules will , for example , make it easier to see if fiscal rules are being followed only at the expense of a build-up of arrears or the transfer of spending responsibilities to noncommercial state-owned enterprises . Once ESA data can be measured with sufficient reliability , they can be used for setting fiscal rules or targets . Ensuring that forecasts are unbiased is also valuable , and it will be useful to evaluate the success of attempts to get unbiased forecasts by establishing fiscal councils . Solving the problem of biased forecasts will also increase the prospects for making medium-term spending plans credible . Spending reviews of the kind used in many EU countries can ensure that across-theboard spending restraint is supplemented by periodic , in-depth examination of whether spending is efficient and well-targeted . * * Fourth , limits should not be mistaken for targets * * . To adopt a debt limit of , say , 60 percent of GDP is not to say that government should aim to keep debt at", "spans": [{"start": 1264, "end": 1272, "text": "ESA data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Appendix Table A4 compares our study sample to respondents from the nationally representative INEGI survey , both in Mexico and in Tlaxcala . In Panel A we include all farmers , while Panel B restricts the sample to rainfed farmers . Study farmers have lower yields than both the national and the Tlaxcala sample . In terms of agricultural practices , study farmers are less likely to use hybrid seeds relative to the national average ( but comparable to the Tlaxcala sample ) and are more likely to have used fertilizer and herbicide than either of the INEGI samples . They are also more likely to have used extension services in the past . Panel B shows similar patterns , and both panels suggests that farmers with greater experience and perhaps those interested in improved inputs were more likely to select into the study . # * * 3 Experimental Design * * The five experimental arms are a combination of three components : ( a ) soil analysis and recommendations ( individual or averaged ) , ( b ) extension services and ( c ) and in-kind grants ( conditional or unconditional ) as outlined in the introduction . To summarize : - * * T1 * * : _Individualized or plot-level_ soil analysis , input recommendations , extension services ; inflexible in-kind grant . - * * T2 * * : _Averaged or cluster-level_ soil analysis , input recommendations , extension services ; inflex - - ible in-kind grant . ( i . e . same as * * T1 * * but with averaged instead of individual soil analyses and recommendations ) . - * * T3 * * : Averaged soil analysis , input recommendations , extension services ; _flexible_ in-kind grant . ( i . e . same as * * T2 * * but with a flexible instead of inflexible in-kind grant ) . - * * T4 * * : Averaged soil analysis , input recommendations ; extension services . ( i . e . same as * * T3 * * or * * T2 * * but with _no in-kind grant_ ) . - * * C * * : No intervention . Control Arm received averaged soil analysis and recommendations the year after the", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 106, "text": "INEGI survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 2 . 2 Brief Project Description The above-mentioned ESIA documents provide detailed descriptions of the project . A brief description of technical aspects relevant to the biodiversity assessment is provided below . # # # # * * Transmission Line Route * * The Government of Uganda proposes to develop a 400kV TL to provide additional capacity to support the region and connect with a similar TL through northwestern Tanzania . The voltage is planned at 400 kV but will initially be operated at 220kV . The TL will start at the proposed Wobulenzi substation ( an associated facility that will be constructed under another financing arrangement ) , to feed into the proposed Masaka substation , located at Kakunyu , from where it will interconnect with the Tanzanian grid at Mutukula . Extension of the substation bays at Kakunyu to accommodate the incoming and outgoing lines will be part of the project , as well as clearing of the right-of-way ( RoW ) , which is 10 meters for a 400 / 220 kV TL ( entire wayleave is 60 meters for a 400 kV line ) . The TL has a total length of 258 km and comprises the following segments : - Wobulenzi to Masaka : 166 km - Masaka to Mutukula : 92 km The above route alignments have been selected based on an assessment of alternatives provided in the ESIAs as required by the Ugandan laws and the ESF . Spatial data ( kml files ) for the above segments have been provided for this assessment , which Google Earth estimates the lengths to be 165 km and 89 . 6 km respectively . This spatial data is considered sufficiently accurate for biodiversity assessment purposes . # # # # * * Design Characteristics * * All construction activities will be undertaken within the RoW for the safe operation of the TLs , considering minimum clearances as indicated in Government Regulations ( 60 m RoW , 10 m cleared vegetation ) . - For construction , the TL route will be marked by wooden pegs in", "spans": [{"start": 1340, "end": 1352, "text": "Spatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1519, "end": 1531, "text": "spatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year / period ended June * * 30 , 2017 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Principal Secretary for State Department of Infrastructure and the Project Coordinator for * * NUTRIP * * project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Principal Secretary for the State Department of Infrastructure and the Project Coordinator for * * NUTRIP * * project confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . # # # # # # * * Approval of the Project financial statements * * The Project financial statements were approved * * by * * the Principal Secretary for the State Department of Infrastructure and the Project Coordinator for * * NUTRIP * * project on - * * 2017 * * signed * * by * * them . Princ al Secretary Eng . hn K . Mosonik , * * CBS * * ject Coordinator Project Accountant : Eng . * * J . * * M . Kung ' u Lucas M . Kaunda ICPAK Member Number : vii", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 353, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 : SMEs have Shorter Survival Times than Large Firms to Sales Disruptions < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Survival if sales stopped ( weeks ) Coverage of fixed costs through retained < br > earnings ( weeks ) < br > 30 30 < br > 25 25 < br > 20 20 < br > 15 15Large < br > SME SME < br > 10 10 < br > Large < br > 5 5 < br > 0 0 < br > Weeks < br > Zimbabwe Chad Albania Italy Russia Georgia Moldova Guinea Cyprus Greece Zambia Togo Niger Colombia Greece Italy Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Morocco Peru Portugal Russia Turkey Ukraine < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank Enterprise Follow-Up Surveys and Bosio et al . ( 2020 ) _Note_ : Mean estimates using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys on the left panel use stratification weights adjusted for the follow-up enterprise surveys according to median eligibility . were used to produce the estimates . The weights account for non-response , assuming that businesses that could not be re-contacted ( unobtainable ) have exited the market . Without any sales , the survival time they self-report is on average 4-5 weeks across countries , which is not very different to large firms . An analysis of the distribution across countries shows that , without sales , half of them will have shut down at the end of the first month , and 3 out of 4 by the end of 10 weeks ( see Annex Fig A1 ) . A protracted downturn can therefore result in an exodus of firms at these turning points . # 2 . 1 Prevalence of SMEs in affected countries and sectors The vulnerability of SMEs to the crisis depends in part on their prevalence in more crisis-exposed countries and sectors . Measuring exposure to the crisis is difficult because countries and sectors are interconnected through trade linkages , which can magnify the effects of demand and supply shocks . For instance , in February , Chinese lockdowns led to shortages of key inputs and disrupted production worldwide . European consumers cutting back on clothing demand led to order", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 630, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Follow-Up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 692, "end": 721, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Annex 2 Page 2 of 11_ efficiency of these institutions as well as more efficient use of combined public and private sector capacity . The project would also support training to upgrade the clinical skills of Ministry of Health ( MOH ) medical personnel . # # Current Situation Currently , most investment decisions are based on ad hoc investment decisions which do not systematically consider the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the population and / or the existing resources available , reflecting a lack of institutional capacity at both the MOH and Royal Medical Services ( RMS ) , as well as the Ministry of Planning ( MOP ) , which has overall responsibility for investment plan development and aid coordination . Similarly , there are no standards and norms applied in the construction of facilities to ensure efficiency in the allocation of space and relative proximity of services . The trend has been to build new facilities to match population growth , without assessing the extent to which existing facilities are being used at their maximum capacity . The current hospital occupancy rate of 63 % suggests considerable room for improved efficiency given that 80 % occupancy is the generally accepted standard for optimizing operational efficiency . Rationalizing the investment strategy for health facilities in Jordan is a priority need and will support improved economic efficiency , clinical effectiveness and quality of health services . # # Project Inputs As noted above , the masterplan is under preparation by a team of international consultants and a Jordanian counterpart team . The methodology for preparing the masterplan is as follows : - the development of specific criteria and indicators to be applied to measure the need for health services , of what type , and their relative priority as a tool for the development of an investment plan based on quantifiable demand ( actual and projected ) . Such indicators include the current disease / illness profile of the population , health seeking behavior patterns , and the proximity of existing health services . - using these criteria , a \" health services map \" is being developed , indicating where facilities , and the corresponding types of services to be offered , should be located", "spans": [{"start": 2135, "end": 2154, "text": "health services map", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mohanan , P . C . , “ Differentials in the Rural-Urban Movement of Workers , ” _The Journal of Income and Wealth_ , 30 ( 1 ) , ( 2008 ) : 59-67 . - Moretti , Enrico , “ Human Capital Externalities in Cities , ” in Henderson , J . V . and J . F . Thisse ( eds . ) , _Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics Volume 4_ ( Elsevier , 2004 ) : 22432291 . - Mukim , Megha , “ Industry and the Urge to Cluster : A Study of the Informal Sector in India , ” SERC Discussion Papers 0072 , ( 2011 ) . - Nataraj , Shanthi , “ The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Productivity : Evidence from India ’ s Formal and Informal Manufacturing Sectors , ” _Journal of International Economics_ , forthcoming ( 2011 ) . - Nelson , Andrew and Hirotsugu Uchida , “ Agglomeration Index : Towards A New Measure of Urban Concentration , ” World Bank WDR Paper 2009 ( 2008 ) . Planning Commission , “ Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012 , ” Government of India ( 2008 ) . - Rossi-Hansberg , Esteban and Mark Wright , “ Establishment Size Dynamics in the Aggregate Economy , ” _American Economic Review_ , 97 ( 5 ) , ( 2007 ) : 1639-1666 . - Schneider A . , M . Friedl and D . Potere , “ A New Map of Global Urban Extent from MODIS Satellite Data , ” _Environmental Research Letters_ , 4 ( 4 ) , ( 2009 ) . - Shaw , Annapurna , and Kavita Pandit , “ The Geography of Segmentation of Informal Labor Markets : The Case of Motor Vehicle Repair in Calcutta ” , _Economic Geography_ , 77 ( 2 ) , ( 2001 ) : 180-196 . - Sivaramakrishna , K . C . , A . Kundu and B . N . Singh , _Handbook of Urbanization_ ( New Delhi : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . - Sridhar , Kala Seetharam , “ Impact of Land Use Regulations : Evidence from India ' s Cities , ” _Urban Studies_ , 47 ( 7 ) , ( 2010 ) : 1541-1569 . - Srivastava ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] | | _Extent_ | * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NA * * < br > Site – 2 | * * KURU COUNTY ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Magnitude | * * Intensity * * | Medium-3 | | | | * * Duration * * | Medium term-3 | | | | * * Probability * * | Likely – 3 | | | Significance | * * Weighting * * | ( Extent + Intensity + Duration + < br > Probability ) x WF ( 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 ) x1 = 11 ( Low ) | Low | # # * * 7 . 2 . 3 . Biophysical Environment Risk Mitigation Measures * * | < br > The preliminary Env < br > mitigation measures to < br > 3 below . < br > * * Table 7-3 : Mitigation * * | < br > ironmen < br > identifi < br > * * of Bioph * * | py < br > t and Social Screening report proposes the below listed < br > ed biophysical environment setting as summarized in table 7 - < br > * * ysical Environment Impacts * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Propos * * | < br > * * ed Mitigation Measures * * | | < br > Destruction < br > of < br > Vegetation in the < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * India * * | * * Pakistan * * | * * Bangladesh * * | * * Sri Lanka * * | * * Nepal * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Share of Total Exports Representing Top 50 < br > Products | 62 . 5 | 99 . 0 | 98 . 0 | 90 . 0 | 80 . 0 | | Share of Competing Products in Total < br > Exports * | 32 . 1 | 82 . 7 | 89 . 8 | 77 . 1 | 73 . 9 | | Share of Competing Products with RCA › 1 | 29 . 7 | 82 . 3 | 89 . 6 | 75 . 7 | 73 . 8 | Notes : * The number products exported at SITC 4-digit level matching the exports of at least one regional trading partner , as a share of total exports . Source : WITS and SIMA databases , World Bank . When comparison is made between those products in which RCA > 1 , the conclusion above remain unchanged . More than 89 percent of Bangladesh ’ s globally competitive exports coincide with those of at least one regional partner . The extent of competition among Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka is marginally lower than that of Bangladesh . This characteristic in export profiles underscores the extent of complexity involved in creating an environment that encourages regional competition for those products with global efficiency . Only India offers any noteworthy share of efficient exports that are dissimilar to others in the region , and therefore offers the prospects for significantly expanding regional trade . The lack of complementarity and high degree of competition in export structures imply daunting prospects for expanding regional trade in South Asia . It seems that general liberalization efforts , which helped countries to increase efficiency , have evolved among a narrow range of products largely dominated by textiles and apparel . Ironically , these are precisely the products for which the countries have demonstrated a reluctance to totally dismantle existing trade barriers . For instance", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 634, "text": "WITS and SIMA databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # Therefore , no mitigation measure is recommended . Cultural heritage , archaeological , written and oral information survey has been conducted along the Subproject corridor and the new substation . The analysis demonstrate that : - During survey , no visible archaeological evidences and cultural heritage have been unearthed in and around the proposed TL corridor . Therefore , the Subproject will have no impact on archaeological and cultural heritage sites ; and - Consultations with local communities and officials also demonstrate that there are no known tangible cultural heritage sites within the proposed subproject direct impact zone . Also , there is no intangible cultural heritage in the subproject area of influence which will be adversely affected * * by * * subproject activities . # # # # # Necessary Mitigation Measures Although no direct and specific mitigation is necessary , the following protective measures are recommended : - _Although_ no know protected cultural , historical or archaeological sites were identified in and around the Subproject corridor , it is recommended for the construction contract to make provision for work to be halted and the relevant authorities to be notified , in the event of accidental discovery of archaeological remains ; - _Induction Training_ to Construction Workers : In addition , the Contractor is responsible to provide Cultural Heritage Training programme on intangible Cultural Heritage for all its staffs that join the Subproject . It helps to create awareness among the Subproject management and staffs about the culture and intangible heritage of the people ( including graveyards ) . Although no physical cultural site is identified at this stage of the proposed Subproject , a chance find procedure has been considered and presented in this report ( See Annex * * 7 ) . * * Ground survey was conducted * * by * * making car transect and foot surveys and two burial sites and one recently assigned site were identified and documented during the survey along the line Arsi Robe * * 132 kV * * TL corridor ( See Table * * 5 . 8 ) . * * Therefore , these burial sites", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 133, "text": "Cultural heritage , archaeological , written and oral information survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > The procedure for constructing the variables is detailed in Fan , Lang and Stulz ( 1998 ) . It entails three steps . First , we create four matrices of inter-industry relatedness coefficients . This involves computing the coefficients between each pair of over 400 industries defined in the input-output tables . We follow an approach similar to Lemelin ( 1982 ) in measuring inter-industry relatedness . The building block of this approach is the _Use Table of the 1992 Benchmark U . S . Input-Output Accounts . _ < sup > _1 0_ < / sup > The _Use Table_ reports > 9 We are unable to obtain input-outpu * * t * * ables for individual Asian countries . > ' ° The Accounts reports commodity flows between pairs of over 400 non-governnent and non-household industries . See Lawson ( 1997 ) for details . 9", "spans": [{"start": 487, "end": 516, "text": "U . S . Input-Output Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "streams below 1 , 000 meters . The Awash River is the most intensively developed river basin in Ethiopia , with a high concentration of economic value and assets , including most of the irrigated agriculture and related industries , such as sugar cane production . < sup > 36 < / sup > 12 . * * Non-climatic hazards , such as earthquakes , landslides , and urban fire , are also becoming increasingly prevalent in the context of rapid population and urban growth , and pose a further immediate challenge for disaster risk management ( DRM ) in Ethiopia . * * _Earthquakes_ pose a less frequent but potentially high-impact hazard to Ethiopia . Several major cities and towns , including the capital city Addis Ababa , are situated in Rift Valley areas with a moderate earthquake hazard . As most known earthquakes in Ethiopia have been shallow ( < 25km deep ) , they can cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure even with moderate magnitudes , especially if they occur beneath or close to major urban areas . < sup > 37 < / sup > Urban growth , in particular of informal settlements , is also a significant driver of risk related to _landslides_ , which pose a more localized but also significant hazard across Ethiopia , in particular , in the highlands . Landslides in Ethiopia are primarily triggered by heavy rainfall , but they can also be caused by earthquake ground shaking . Human-induced landslides are becoming more common as agriculture , road cutting , urbanization , and deforestation destabilize slopes . < sup > 38 < / sup > Finally , urban fire presents an increasing risk in Ethiopia ’ s growing cities . Rapid settlement growth , densification of urban area , and in particular , the significant development of high-rise buildings is increasing the vulnerability of Ethiopia ’ s cities to urban fires . While data on urban fires is scarce , there are indications that their magnitude has increased over the past years . _DRM Institutional Context and Challenges_ 13 . * *", "spans": [{"start": 1842, "end": 1861, "text": "data on urban fires", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 paper we attempt to describe ways and means by which such reforms affect various interest groups ( including government agencies and users ) , and how each group may affect the implementation of each reform . We also attempt to develop an approach to estimate the political risks associated with implementation of institutional reforms in the water sector . We first describe ways in which political impacts and political risks were handled in the literature dealing with various reforms and economic adjustment projects . The survey of the literature provides some needed qualitative relationships observed over the years in various countries . Then we propose a procedure which can be used to calculate the political risks , expressed as the likelihood of achieving a given reform . We use available data from the NDP project in Pakistan ( World Bank , 1997 ) to apply our framework ; and make inkages to the political economy of the water and drainage sector as they are reflected through the NDP project . We focus on the major institutional reforms and the main . interest groups associated with the NDP . We conclude by providing for risk mitigating and management that should assist the government of Pakistan to cope with the political risks of the various reforms in the NDP . # * * POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REFORMS , POLITICAL INFLUENCE AND POLITICAL RISK ASSESSMENT * * To be able to assess the political risks associated with institutional reforms , it is necessary to know how the stakeholders ( also called interest groups or players ) are affected by the reforms , what their interests are , and their ability to impact the reforms . A quantitative evaluation of risk can be estimated once the extent of the political effects on the institutional reforms is known . Although the literature contains a rich set of studies on the political economy of institutional reforms in general ( Paul , 1990 ; Azis , 1994 ; Bromley , 1989 ; Nelson , 1992 ; Haggard et al . , 1995 ; Rose-Ackerman , 1997 ; Stallings and Brock , 1993 ) , and in the agricultural sector in particular ( Bhalla , 1991 ; Brandao and Carvalho , 1991 ; Garcia , 1991 ; Nabi , 1986 ;", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 841, "text": "NDP project in Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ratios which use 1989 as the base . As greater than 50 per cent of the food sub-sector output < sup > is < / sup > consumed on-farm , estimating this output is difficult . The agricultural production data is collected by the MAAIF , and the Department of Statistics collects the price and market data . While shortfalls exist in the data , key agencies such as the World Bank consider that the general trends in the GDP ( outlined in Appendix < sup > 1 , Table 3 ) < / sup > are reliable and consistent with what is occurring . The data shortfalls limit < sup > the value of dis - < / sup > aggregation of data to district and regional level , and limit the confidence < sup > placed on inter-year < / sup > variation . # # # * * 6 . Project Impact on Agricultural Production * * In assessing impact it is difficult to isolate AEP activities and impact from other < sup > factors < / sup > which influenced production and from complementary activities on other related < sup > projects . The < / sup > absence of planned AEP studies is a further constraint . While the Beneficiary Assessment Report indicated that for farmers adopting the improved practices there was a large increase in yield and productivity , no studies < sup > were undertaken during < / sup > AEP that would enable any definitive assessment of project economic benefits . The < sup > survey < / sup > findings indicated that while AEP increased awareness and adoption of < sup > more complex < / sup > technologies and practices ( i . e . improved cultivars and seeds , optimum < sup > plant population , < / sup > improved breeds and aquaculture ) that these higher levels of adoption were < sup > not significantly < / sup > different from previous practices . These outcomes are indicative as there are concerns regarding the statistical", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 204, "text": "agricultural production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 279, "end": 300, "text": "price and market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "modeled as being additive in TFP , rather than as interacting with the returns to capital , labor and material inputs . 6 Some studies suggest women indeed have more difficulty accessing finance than men ( e . g . Brush 1992 , Carter , 2000 ) , while others detect no gender differences ( Blanchflower et al . , 2003 , Storey , 2004 , Cavalluzzo and Wolken , 2005 ) . 7 Thus , in many cases the term “ activity ” might have been more appropriate than the term enterprise . 8 Loening et al ( 2008 ) demonstrate that the rural non-farm sector in the Amhara region is very similar to the rural nonfarm sector in other regions , although its composition is slightly skewed towards manufacturing activities , whereas in other regions of Ethiopia trade and services enterprises dominate . 9 Only three enterprises in the Ethiopian dataset employ more than 10 workers . Since the enterprises in this dataset are all household-based we might miss out on fully commercial enterprises owned or managed by individuals not living in these communities . However , from the community level dataset one can infer that there are not more than a dozen firms with more than 20 employees in a radius of one hour commuting distance from the 179 surveyed communities . It 30", "spans": [{"start": 815, "end": 832, "text": "Ethiopian dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1060, "end": 1083, "text": "community level dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this law was reformed and < / mark > 266 See also , e . g . Amnesty International , “ Urgent Action : Hundreds Stranded on Mexico – US Border at Risk ” , 10 October 2018 , available at : < u > https : / / www . amnesty . org / download / Documents / AMR4149632016ENGLISH . pdf , < / u > accessed : September 2018 . 267 Ibid . 268 In 2015 , 77 Haitians were detained in the context of migration . In 2016 , the migratory detention numbers soared to 17 , 078 . In 2017 , they fell to 1 , 190 . Based on government statistics , of those detained , 30 , 21 and 27 , respectively returned voluntarily to Haiti . See < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2015 / Bole tin_2015 . pdf , pp . 134 and 147 , accessed : September 2018 ; < / u > < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2016 / Bole tin_2016 . pdf , < / u > pp . 136 and 147 , accessed : September 2018 ; and < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2017 / Bole tin_2017 . pdf , pp . 136 and 146 , accessed : September 2018 , respectively . < / u > 269 See also Amnesty International , supra note 266 ; Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos ( CNDH", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 522, "text": "government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Brazil and Mexico to Haitian movements in 2010 – 2012 . > 288 In addition , it is worth noting that in recognition of the fact that the risks of gender-based violence and in particular sexual violence were exacerbated in post-earthquake Haiti due to heightened impunity and limited State protection , _inter alia_ , UNHCR advocated for a range of solutions including in-country resettlement . Through such a programme , it appears that cases of single-female headed households were referred to Canada ; tens of cases comprising both adults and children were ultimately resettled to Canada through the in-country programme and are considered in statistical compilations as ‘ Government Assisted Refugees ’ . These cases related to IDP women and girls at risk , and particularly those who had been deemed acutely vulnerable because of trauma and severe sexual and gender-based violence ( SGBV ) and for whom solutions within Haiti were unavailable or unpalatable . > 289 For more on France ’ s recognition of Haitians on these bases , see e . g . < u > https : / / www . ofpra . gouv . fr / fr / l-ofpra / nospublications / rapports-d-activite < / u > and the reports for the years 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , accessed : September 2018 . > 290 Cantor , supra note 52 , p . 51 , referencing a paper by Audebert , “ The Recent Geodynamics of Haitian Migration in the Americas : Refugees or Economic Migrants ? ” , _Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População_ , 2017 , Vol . 34 , No . 1 . 92", "spans": [{"start": 648, "end": 672, "text": "statistical compilations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 containment measures , many households have not received shelter assistance in more than a year . Given that bamboo and tarpaulin weaken over time , shelters become more susceptible to the impacts of small-scale weather events . Therefore , building materials require frequent replacement , highlighting the incremental nature of temporary shelter assistance in Cox ’ s Bazar , which is unsustainable without a shift to more durable materials and structures such as mud walls or metal double story shelters . The inability to conduct comprehensive , planned shelter improvements , repairs and maintenance prior to May of this year correlates with twice as much damage as last year , highlighting the need for robust materials , monsoon preparedness activities , and continued access to the camps for shelter assistance conducted in accordance with COVID-19 prevention recommendations . > 5 Definitions of the different small-scale weather events used in the Daily Incident Monitoring Mechanism can be found here . https : / / npm-iom . shinyapps . io / Incident_Dashboard / > 6 RRRC guidance on program restrictions in light of COVID-19 : https : / / rrrc . portal . gov . bd / 3 Any questions ? Please contact us at info @ acaps . org", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2017 < br > Account No . 01268945650 < br > Depository Bank STANCHART LONDON < br > Address 22 BILLTERS ST EC3A2BE < br > Related Loan TRANSFOR . H . SYTEMS-GR A TFOA2561 < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency USD < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2016 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account < br > K Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank < br > 12 , 499 , 910 . 00 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn < br > 12 , 499 , 850 . 00 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2017 < br > 60 . 00 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > DATE < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE - ( 2 C7 20rp < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2017 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 431, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1133, "end": 1169, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | | | services ( % ) | Monthly | Per use | Monthly | Per use | | Kayole Soweto | 92 | 96 | 4 | 300 | 2 | | Kahawa Soweto | 96 | 95 | 5 | 100 | 5 | | Matopeni / spring < br > valley | 87 | 97 | 3 | 430 | 5 | | Mailisaba | 98 | 67 | 23 | 110 | 2 | | Mathare | 91 | 85 | 15 | 100 | 3 | | Embakasi < br > Riverbank | 89 | 91 | 9 | 200 | 3 | | Huruma | 98 | 60 | 40 | 100 | 5 | # # # # * * _Connection Fees and OBA Subsidy_ * * The connection charges and deposit are included as part of the project cost . Based on the results from the household income and willingness to pay surveys it is proposed that eligible low income households will be required to pay a deposit of KES 742 . 20 ( US $ 8 . 73 ) per connection or KES 148 . 44 ( US $ 1 . 75 ) per beneficiary . The KES 742 . 20 deposit is the amount households are willing to pay , based on the socio-economic report carried out under the ongoing World Bank WaSSIP project . The proposed subsidy from GPOBA will be 175 US $ for a sewerage connection and 80 US $ for a water connection per household . 16", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 584, "text": "household income and willingness to pay surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the four general principles identified by the Committee on the Rights of the Child as of fundamental importance for implementing the CRC : - * * Non-discrimination : * * Every child , girls and boys , within a state ’ s jurisdiction holds all the rights of the CRC , independent of immigration status . This includes refugee children , asylum – seeking children and rejected asylum – seeking children . - * * The best interests of the child : * * In each and every decision affecting the child , the various possible solutions must be considered and due weight given to the child ’ s best interests . This means that in programming and in the allocation of budgets , special attention should be given to this principle and how programmes and budget allocations ( and cuts ) impact on children ’ s lives and contribute to the realisation of their rights . - * * Right to life , survival and development : * * Appropriate measures to safeguard life and address the psycho-social well-being of the child must be taken . These include measures to increase life expectancy and to lower infant and child mortality ; Identifying numbers of children with specific needs , assessing their situation and providing follow-up is essential . Establishing an effective birth registration is instrumental . - * * Participation : * * The participation of children , especially adolescents , in decision making not only ensures identification of their needs and protection risks early in programme design , but also meets their developmental needs as they learn for instance decision-making skills and gain self-confidence to use those skills . # # # # # # * * Five priorities * * In legal terms , every refugee under the age of 18 is a refugee child , ‘ unless , under the law applicable to the child , majority is attained earlier . ’ < sup > 116 < / sup > With regard to refugee children , UNHCR has identified five main global priority issues : - separation from families and caregivers - sexual exploitation , abuse and violence - military recruitment - education", "spans": [{"start": 1255, "end": 1273, "text": "birth registration", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_18_ _Why Infrastructure Financing Facilities Often Fall Short of Their Objectives_ _46 . Results . _ The design phase of the facility has been a long drawn out process due to a lack of government coordination , the long lead time between the demand survey and the final implementation of the facilities and inconsistencies between developmental objectives being pursued by the government and commercial objectives being pursued by Bancoldex , the public banks in which the facility was to be housed . _47 . Lessons Learned . _ The Colombian case study offers best practice in three important aspects : ( i ) employment of a detailed demand analysis that identifies impediments to private investment in infrastructure , ( ii ) provision of a limited number of instruments that are well targeted at specific non-commercial risks , and ( iii ) leverage of govemment funds . Nevertheless , it also highlights some of the problems governments face when setting up these facilities . 48 . The concept of the facility and the design of the instruments were based on a detailed demand analysis , which helped to initially identify obstacles to private investment in infrastructure . However , the survey was not of sufficient detail to provide specific information as to the underlying factors that are constraining private capital flows to that sector . For example construction risk which was identified as a key impediment for private investment in toll roads . Yet the information gathered in the survey was of insufficient detail to identify specifically what part of the construction risk was the constraining factor . And the facilities was to offer a limited number of instruments targeted at specific risks-financial market interruption-and aimed at achieving a better risk allocation between the private and public sector and allowing the project company to insure itself against those aspects of the refinancing risks it has little control over . By the same token , as the exercise of the refinancing option is linked to good performance , the facility is insulated against such risk over which they have limited control , commercial risks . The limited number of instruments in combination with the limited number of sectors targeted also mitigate demands on the organizational structure and on internal technical capacity and make the management of", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 256, "text": "demand survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Chapman , Chapman , and Chandler ( 1996 ) . Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes . Biological Conservation 78 : 263 – 70 . - CEDC ( Clarion Energy Content Directors ) 2024 . New drone solution automatically installs bird diverters on overhead power lines . RenewableEnergyWorld . com website . Online Link . Visited 29-Aug-2025 . - Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Birds of the World online literature . Online link . - Dwyer , J . F . ; Arun K . Pandey , A . ; McHale , L . A . and Harness , R . E . ( 2018 ) Near-ultraviolet light reduced Sandhill Crane collisions with a power line by 98 % . The Condor ( AmericanOrnithology . org ) . Available in pdf ( 10 pages ) : < u > Online Link < / u > ( Field trials show near-UV Avian Collision Avoidance Systems can substantially reduce collisions for cranes and waterbirds ) . - Earth Map ( version 1 . 2 . 16 ) < u > Online Link . < / u > - eBird Bar Charts – generated for Western Uganda . Online Link . - eBird . An online database of bird observation data and analysis . The Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Online Link . Accessed 4-Aug-2025 - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) for the Proposed Construction of Wobulenzi - Masaka 400 ( 220 ) KV , Transmission Line Project and Associated Substations . November 2024 . Revised Final Report prepared by NEK Consultants , submitted to UETCL . - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Proposed Construction of Masaka-Mutukula-Mwanza 400kv 92km Transmission Line and Associated Substation . May 2025 . Final Report prepared by NEK Consultants , submitted to UETCL . - IBAT PS6 & ESS6 Reports . Generated for each section of the transmission line . Reports generated under license 6354-89568 from the", "spans": [{"start": 900, "end": 916, "text": "eBird Bar Charts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1601, "end": 1624, "text": "IBAT PS6 & ESS6 Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenyp Primary Education Development Project . Repo ts and Financial Statements For_ * * _trse_ * * _financial year ended 40 June 2022_ * * # # # # * * PROJECT * * INFORMATION * * AND * * OVERALL PERFORMANCE ( Continued ) * * 1 . 8 * * Summary of Overall Project Performance : Budget performance against actual amounts for current year was only * * 73 * * percent . Cumulatively , the disbursement is relatively at * * 98 * * percent and actual expenditure of * * 91 * * percent compared to the project remaining life which is now * * 6 * * months | Component * * 1 * * | DevelopedtheSchoolBasedTeacherSupport < sup > * * ( SBTS ) * * operationalization < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | | < br > Keyresult | manualforGrade * * 1 , * * 2 * * & 3 . * * SupportedKICD < sup > inthedevelopmentofthe < / sup > | | < br > Improvementofearlygrade < br > mathematicscompetency | DiplomaPrimaryTeacherEducation ( PTE ) Curriculum < sup > designsunder < / sup > < sup > * * CBC * * < / sup > < br > frameworkfor * * SNE & D * * | Component 2 Key result Progress Strengthening school management Annual Schools Audit , Training of Head teachers and BOM on and accountability financial management , Documentary of * * SIP * * good practices , Appraisal of teachers under TPAD is ongoing and helping improve teacher ' s management . Component * * 3 * * Key result Progress Strengthening capacity for * * NESSP * * report finalised , Education sector analysis report finalised , evidence-based policy development * * NHIF * * and * * SFDE * * utilising NEMIS data", "spans": [{"start": 1539, "end": 1549, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) * * _Figure 4 : Revenue collections over the KIIDP2 period 2014 / 15 – 2021 / 22 ( UGX bn ) _ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rates Collection over the KIIDP2 period ( 2014 / 15 - 2021 / 22 ) < br > ( UGX bn . ) < br > 45 < br > 43 . 55 < br > 35 < br > 36 . 96 < br > 32 . 393 < br > 25 30 . 33 < br > 23 . 24 < br > 15 20 . 31 < br > 17 . 65 17 . 53 < br > 5 < br > - 5 2014 / 15 2015 / 16 2016 / 17 2017 / 18 2018 / 19 2019 / 20 2020 / 21 2021 / 22 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : KCCA KIIDP 2 progress reports over the years * * 14 . The improvement in the city addressing system has improved the navigation and location finding within the city . * * Several activities were successfully implemented under Component 2 : Fifteen new staff ( 1 GIS consultant , 4 GIS officers and 10 data collectors ) were recruited to support the GIS activities . At systems level , the GIS platform was upgraded , and new computer and hardware procured , so that RAP maps are still under development . The GIS policy which included street naming and house numbering guidelines was approved by KCCA resulting in several achievements within the city : 373 , 826 houses / properties were assigned house numbers in the five divisions , 7 , 246 roads were named and approved by the Physical Planning Committee ( PPC ) , 3 , 437 road signage were installed at different locations and 12 , 555 house number plates were installed at different locations . The citizen and stakeholder survey revealed that 92 . 5percent had seen the signposts erected by", "spans": [{"start": 1567, "end": 1597, "text": "citizen and stakeholder survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compensation because it doesn ’ t include fringe benefits and employer social security contribution . Following Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) , we inflate the labor cost by a factor of 3 / 2 . > 6Note that industries in Ethiopia , Ghana and Kenya are classified according to ISIC Rev 3 . 1 , ISIC Rev 3 and ISIC Rev 4 , respectively . Industries in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire are classified according to NAEMA ( equivalent to ISIC Rev 3 ) whereas the industrial data for US is reported based on 1987 SIC and 1997 NAICS classifications . We use appropriate concordance tables to match the datasets . We keep firms that correspond with the US data at four-digit levels . 11", "spans": [{"start": 624, "end": 631, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 4 * * Our results have implications for future policy making and research . First , our results show that the impact of noncognitive skills can be underestimated when looking at only one individual in the household , particularly in informal sectors where the household is the relevant unit of production . This insight has important implications for evaluating the growing number of training programs aimed at increasing individual noncognitive skills . Second , our results show that what matters for predicting income-earning is the relative level of noncognitive skills within the household . Looking at equilibrium effects through impacts on other individuals is crucial to fully understand the poverty-reduction potential of noncognitive skills . Lastly , our results imply that positive impacts of noncognitive skills could be enhanced by an accompanying alleviation of inputs scarcity . The remainder of the paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 introduces the data and presents summary statistics . The conceptual framework is outlined in Section 3 , while Section 4 presents our main results on the link between spouses ’ self-esteem and income-earning and its mechanisms . Section 5 presents evidence on the direction of causality , while Section 6 provides additional results with an alternative outcome specification . Section 7 concludes with policy implications and suggestions for further research . # * * 2 Context * * This paper uses data on farmer couples collected by the authors in June-July 2016 . The survey formed the baseline of a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of improving farmers ’ access to technologies and markets . The survey elicited information on the self-esteem , agricultural self-efficacy and time and risk preferences of the farmers that applied to the program , as well as of their spouses . The spouses were asked these modules separately and privately . The household survey also collected information on couples ’ socio-demographic characteristics and income generating activities , along with modules on expenditures , saving , credit , transfers and social networks , shocks and coping strategies , assets and food security . Table 1 shows descriptive statistics for our sample . Our primary outcome of interest is income-earning in agriculture . For the rural households in Côte d ’ Ivoire we surveyed , the scope for engaging", "spans": [{"start": 1456, "end": 1478, "text": "data on farmer couples", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1922, "end": 1938, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the sum of _PRODY_ s using as weights the share of the particular service in the country ‘ s total service export basket . _EXPY_ s are constructed for each country and for each year with available data . The trade data come from the IMF Balance of Payments statistics , which has data available for over 190 countries from 1990 to 2007 . Due to data being reported inconsistently on service exports , we end up with a sample of approximately 100 countries 1990 to 2007 . GDP per capita data is taken from the World Bank Indicators database . Before describing the _service EXPY_ we would like to discuss two of its characteristics that differ from preexisting goods index – the need for _dynamic PRODYs_ and the high level of aggregation . First , the _Goods EXPY_ was constructed using _static PRODY_ s ( the _PRODY_ for each good is held constant at the average value 1999-2001 ) . This means that any increase in _Goods EXPY_ > _xij_ 5 _X i_ is hence the value-added share of commodity j in the country ‘ s overall export basket . > 6 The rational for using revealed comparative advantages as weights is to control for country size when ranking the services . 11", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 268, "text": "IMF Balance of Payments statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 510, "end": 540, "text": "World Bank Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( number , gender breakup < br > and organogram ) ? | | | • | How are the general and specific working < br > conditions , leaves , wage rates , working hours etc . < br > communicated to the employees ? | • < br > HR policy on display at any notice board ? < br > • < br > Shift hours , wage rates etc . displayed ? | | • | Is it through the appointment letter ? Any other < br > medium ? | | | • < br > • | Do you have a policy on non - discrimination ? < br > Is there any work which is given to a particular < br > workforce only ? What is that ? | • < br > Visual inspection of facilities provided | | • | How do you monitor the minimum age < br > restriction ? What documents do you refer for < br > ensuring it ? < br > | Look at HR files of 12 or more employees and workers | | • | What is the policy on child labor or minimum < br > working age ? | | 92", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 745, "text": "HR files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "external commercial and multilateral ( IMF ) sources in the same proportion – 50 percent each . The financing terms are the same assumed in each country ’ s latest DSA . For 3 of the 24 countries – Republic of Congo , Mauritania and Sudan – the exercise results in an improvement of their external debt burden indicators . This occurs because we apply the same new growth rates to the exports projected for 2015 and onwards to all countries , thus ignoring other developments considered in the DSA that affect the country ’ s exports during the projection period , such as a depletion of natural resources . < sup > 16 < / sup > For this reason in the discussion below we refer only to the remaining 21 countries . The results are shown in Annex Table 6 , which presents summary measures for the deviations vis-à-vis the corresponding thresholds of the relevant debt burden indicators , both in the baseline and new scenario . The table also shows summary statistics for the deterioration of the debt burden indicators vis-à-vis the baseline after the exports growth shock . All measures , unless indicated , are in percentage points . In the majority of cases ( 13 out of 21 ) , < sup > 17 < / sup > the shock appears to be mild . The two debt burden indicators are negatively affected , however not to an extent large enough to cause a breach of the thresholds in the projection horizon . For these countries the slowdown in exports growth does not appear to be a major cause of concern in regard to their debt sustainability . For 4 countries – Comoros , Guinea-Bissau , Sao Tome & Principe and Zimbabwe – the effect of the export shock , whether large or small , does not change their overall risk assessment because the debt burden indicators already showed breaches in the baseline scenario . In all these cases except Guinea-Bissau the effect of the shock appears to be large , leading to larger and more protracted breaches . In the case of Guinea-Bissau the shock mildly affects the debt-to-exports ratio and the effect on the debt service-to-exports ratio is negligible . Finally , for 4 countries – Cameroon", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second , we need a measure of potential ( per-capita ) child income , _yc_ . However , we do not observe potential incomes for those children in school . We therefore predict child income ( for all children ) using earnings data from children reporting earning an income . One may be concerned with selection bias in such a procedure ; however , as shown in Attanasio et al ( 2011 ) , there is no evidence of selection effects on children ’ s earnings , likely due to the fact that the jobs children perform in these rural villages are very lowskilled . Thus , our predicted measure of potential child income , _yc_ , is simply a function of child age , child gender , and area characteristics ( see Appendix B . 3 for details on how we estimate potential child incomes ) . Using data from our sample of eligible , treated 12-15 year-old children for the years 1998 and 1999 , and using our estimate of E � _PI_ � from Table VII above , we solve Equation ( 14 ) for _γ_ . Our results are presented in Table VIII below . Our curvature estimate is _γ_ = 1 _ . _ 05 . Interestingly , this estimate is very similar to that estimated in Chetty ( 2006 ) who finds a value of _γ ≈ _ 1 , i . e . , _u_ ( _c_ ) = _log_ ( _c_ ) ( similarly , Layard and Mayraz ( 2008 ) find _γ_ = 1 _ . _ 26 ) . When we vary mothers ’ earnings from 0 % to 100 % as much as fathers ’ earnings , we find that _γ_ ranges from [ 0 _ . _ 72 _ , _ 1 _ . _ 13 ] . < sup > 32 < / sup > If we instead assume mother ’ s income is equal to 80 % of the mean value of father ’ s income , we find _γ_ = 1 _ . _ 15 . TABLE VIII : Curvature of Utility | E < br > � _I_ < br > _P_ < br > � | 0 . 21 | | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 228, "text": "earnings data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and international bonds declined by about 42 and 29 percent , respectively , between 2008-16 and 2000-07 , at the same > 16 An increase in demand ( albeit slower than the increase in supply ) could still have occurred ( di Giovanni et al . , 2019 ) . 17 We do not collapse these regressions at the economy-industry level given the large number of controls . These regressions exclude China because of its large weight in the issuance data . But including China does not change the results . 17", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 438, "text": "issuance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 9 : GDP growth rate , total labor mobility and moving cost differences , 2004-2015 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 300 300 < br > 200 200 < br > 100 100 < br > 0 0 < br > - 100 - 100 < br > - 200 - 200 < br > - 300 - 300 < br > 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 < br > ( a ) Total labor mobility ( b ) Inverse of implied moving cost differences < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes_ : Panel ( a ) depicts the ratio between the number of workers who change jobs ( within the same labor market or to another labor market ) and the number of stayers . Panel ( b ) depicts the inverse of the difference between the moving cost implied by the auxiliary model and the actual moving cost from our estimation . All series are in terms of deviations from the mean and multiplied by the inverse of their standard deviations for comparison . # * * 7 . 1 Data and Simulated Flows * * In Section 4 . 1 , we estimated _m_ � < sup > _kl_ < / sup > _t_ < sup > , and the three parameters of the moving cost function by PPML . We < / sup > used the average of the estimated moving cost parameters over the sample period to characterize the initial steady state flows for the counterfactual simulation as explained in detail in Appendix A . 5 . 1 . 1 . The steady state simulation backs out values to match the labor allocations in the data , but does not target flows . In fact , steady state simulations only use labor allocation data , wage data , moving cost , and labor supply elasticity parameters . We show that despite the simple moving cost function , the model matches the labor flows in the data very well . Figure A6 panel ( a ) shows the average number of workers switching regions in the data", "spans": [{"start": 1505, "end": 1526, "text": "labor allocation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1529, "end": 1538, "text": "wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "help ensure timely delivery of audit and IFRs . Finally , some 483 local technicians < sup > 17 < / sup > were trained as part of the supplier contract to provide after sale service in the different regions , and additional 200 technicians trained directly under the project in December 2014 . While this has been a positive development , organizational steps still need to be taken to ensure that the benefits of this training are not lost to the sector . * * ( c ) Other Unintended Outcomes and Impacts ( positive or negative ) : * * There were no other unintended outcomes or impacts under the EAREP II project . # # * * 3 . 6 Summary of Findings of Beneficiary Survey and / or Stakeholder Workshops * * No beneficiary surveys or stakeholder workshops were carried out # # * * 4 . Assessment of Risk to Development Outcome * * # # * * Rating : Significant * * 85 . The main risks to the development outcome are judged to be _ ‘ Significant ’ _ based on the following considerations . First , some 85 , 000 metered household connections have yet to be made ; also , in isolated off-grid rural areas , 11 , 488 SHS have been delivered but not yet installed . While it is likely that these connections and installations will be completed within 6-18 months , sustained network maintenance of the distribution system will still be needed to ensure reliability of electricity supply . Most of the consumers are low income with limited capacity to pay for electricity . Consumer willingness to maintain regular payments for basic electricity services is therefore uncertain . For the 40 , 223 SHS installations in off-grid areas , low cost financing mechanisms will need to be found to enable battery replacement every 3-5 years ( i . e . within the repayment period of the subloan contract to pay for the SHS ) ; while consideration is being given to making available low cost carbon finance to help finance part of the battery replacement cost , this is not yet in place and will", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 671, "text": "Beneficiary Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Land ’ s Register . _tenure . _ Even though their assets would be affected by the roads , they can always use the title as collateral to secure loans in future and this would be very beneficial . Gender and • This is in the case of land ownership , if both _The RAP also recommends joint_ Equality the names of the man and woman of the _account for spouses where_ house would both be in the title it would _compensation money will be_ be very good . _channeled_ • Women in attendance were encouraged to own land on their own as it shows great development in the society and they were advised to take up the idea . Vulnerable • These include ; Orphans , the disabled and _The RAP has provided extra_ groups the chronically ill PAPs . _assistant to vulnerable_ • The community was urged by the _categories as required by OP_ consultant that if they were able to help _4 . 12 on Involuntary_ them during the relocation of the assets it _Resettlement_ would be really of great importance . • An assurance was given by the consultant that the RAP process had captured all the vulnerable persons affected by the project and their bio data would be forwarded to KISIP and the Ministry for further actions . 5-6", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 21, "text": "Land ’ s Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1136, "text": "bio data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Conclusion * * We use data from three rounds of ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys for 15 emerging markets and developing economies in ECA to assess the effect of government support during the COVID-19 crisis on firm performance by mid-2021 , over a year after support measures were first enacted . We first document that 42 percent of firms received government support by Round 1 of the survey and 23 percent received support between Rounds 1 and 2 , for a cumulative 50 percent of firms that received government support . We find that the effect of government support on firm performance varies with the timing of the support . Firms that received support in Round 1 performed better in terms of Round 3 sales , but only if they did not have continued support in Round 2 . Firms that received support in Round 2 had a similar sales performance in Round 3 and were more likely to decrease employment than those that received no support . Overall , these results suggest that during economic crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic , government support should be provided to firms quickly , but that it should also be phased out quickly . Doing so ensures that support measures help firms weather the crisis but do not delay insolvencies for firms that may no longer be competitive . This conclusion is consistent with the notion that fiscal stimulus should be timely and temporary ( Elmendorf and Furman 2008 ) . In practice , responses to previous crises have often been implemented too slowly and were not rolled back fully , leading to increasingly higher government spending ( Taylor and Castillo O ' Sullivan 2015 ) . By mid-2021 the COVID-19 crisis was still ongoing . An avenue for future research is to investigate the effects of government support measures during the COVID-19 crisis on long-run firm performance once such data becomes available . To help inform the government response to future crises , researchers could also try to examine the relative merit of different firm support measures such as wage subsidies compared to cash subsidies . 11", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 87, "text": "ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Project ( P107314 ) subcomponent , the metropolitan level investment of the sewerage plants could have been better linked to investments at the local level , such as the lateral pipes needed for the household connections , to enable a greater impact on the delivery of sanitation services . The local area planning of the area surrounding the commuter rail stations was a strong linkage that supported the investments with a strong institutional development tool ensuring greater impact of the project on commuter rail services . 73 . * * Integrated planning for metropolitan infrastructure and services , while challenging to coordinate , is necessary to establish a backbone for effective metropolitan growth . * * The preparation of the strategic and the integrated development plans was the first time many of the metropolitan subareas had been planned . These plans integrated land use , transport , environment , economic activities and social services . The challenge of planning areas that have already experienced human settlement and development was evident , as well as preparing plans together with county governments . However , from these efforts , large areas of the Nairobi metropolitan region have been planned and both national and county governments have been able to achieve their own planning and development objectives using these plans . The existence of the plans ensures that the metropolitan emphasis on the development of the region is maintained . More broadly , while metro-level institutional strengthening outcomes , such as the integrated strategic development plans , the street addressing systems and the valuation roll , were smaller investments when compared with the infrastructure investments , these outcomes strengthened the institutional backbone of the Nairobi metro region . 74 . * * Investments with spillover effects require time and continued commitment . * * The lessons learnt from the solid waste management bring out important considerations across the four main stages to completion : preparation , procurement , stakeholder engagement and construction . Identifying land , land acquisition , procuring engineers , and stakeholder engagement all had particular issues . The NIMBY phenomenon was clearly articulated in the Mitubiri experience and political rivals used the opportunity", "spans": [{"start": 1704, "end": 1718, "text": "valuation roll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | ( 0 . 0197 ) | ( 0 . 0348 ) | | Inflation Rate ( t ) | 0 . 0226 | - 0 . 0174 | - 0 . 00993 | | | ( 0 . 175 ) | ( 0 . 127 ) | ( 0 . 123 ) | | Trade Openness ( t ) | 0 . 107 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 106 < sup > * * < / sup > | 0 . 106 < sup > * < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 0413 ) | ( 0 . 0331 ) | ( 0 . 0443 ) | | Institutional Quality ( t ) | 0 . 724 | - 1 . 534 | - 0 . 407 | | | ( 3 . 495 ) | ( 2 . 454 ) | ( 2 . 291 ) | | Country FE |  |  |  | | Year FE |  |  |  | | R2 | 0 . 605 | 0 . 622 | 0 . 655 | | Mean of Dependent Variable | 2 . 858 | 2 . 899 | 2 . 899 | | Number of Countries | 6 | 6 | 6 | | Observations | 103 | 100 | 100 | Note : This table presents the relationship between GCC reform chatter and reform sentiment in non-GCC international media and FDI net inflows to the GCC . Coverage includes the six GCC countries between 2000 to 2020 . Reform discussion and reform sentiment are in both English and Arabic and normalized to have unit variance . Trade openness is measured as the value of exports plus imports as a percentage of GDP . Institutional quality is the average of six measures from the World Governance Indicators database . Standard errors are clustered at the country level and papered in parentheses . < sup > * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 10 , < sup > * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 05 , < sup > * * * < / sup > _p_ < 0 . 01 47", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1158, "text": "World Governance Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , there is a general lack of up-to-date evidence on child poverty and specifically so on children in Nigeria . Even irrespective of age groups , the latest detailed poverty assessment for Nigeria was published in 2016 ( see World Bank , 2016 ) , using data up until 2013 . This is , apart from survey specific reports , the latest systematic analysis of poverty indicators available for Nigeria and does not provide detailed child poverty estimates . The current , post-economic crisis poverty situation may though well be different , as also the pattern of child versus adult poverty in its different dimensions . The objective of this study is therefore threefold : It aims at providing a ) an evidence base of the extent and heterogeneity of monetary and multi-dimensional poverty of children and households with children throughout the country and how these types of poverty overlap ; b ) insights to what extent poverty appears to be an intergenerational concern , coinciding with the children ’ s parents ’ level of education ; and c ) insights to whether poverty is chronic or transitory over the years these survey spans . Study results may provide an evidence base for policy makers and development partners to design anti-poverty policies and targeted interventions under circumstances with limited resources . This study will proceed with a review of the existing literature on poverty measurement , in particular child poverty in Nigeria . Thereafter the methodology and datasets used in this analysis will be discussed , followed by the presentation of results . The final section concludes . # 2 . Literature Review on Defining ( Child ) Poverty and Poverty Measurement # # 2 . 1 General Poverty has by the World Bank and others traditionally been measured using income in relation to a certain poverty line threshold , and in the absence of income data , consumption and expenditure data has been used to estimate a welfare aggregate as a proxy for income ( see Haughton and Khandker , 2009 ) . While there had long been strands of literature arguing in favor of alternative and multi-dimensional approaches to poverty measurement , such as Amartya Sen ’ s ( 1987 ) capability approach , only around the change of the millennium", "spans": [{"start": 1864, "end": 1875, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1878, "end": 1910, "text": "consumption and expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strong competition in export markets , firms wishing to export considerably improve their productivity before entering export markets . Second , in some cases , there is a learning-by-exporting process thanks to which feedback from foreign buyers and competitors helps to improve the performance of exporting companies after export ( Camino-Mogro et al . , 2023 ; Greenaway et al . , 2002 ; Bigsten et al . , 2000 ) . Whether the improvement in firms ' performance is ex-ante or ex-post , entering export markets is associated with better productivity which can improve wages and therefore the standard of living . Hence , it becomes important to understand how electricity access , which is one of the main obstacles to firms ' growth in SSA , helps manufacturing companies to move from domestic to export markets . < sup > 4 < / sup > As such , this paper examines the role that access to reliable electricity could play in the orientation of manufacturing companies towards export markets at the expense of domestic markets . Using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) , we explore a sample of 13 , 025 manufacturing firms in 39 SSA countries surveyed between 2006 and 2022 . We consider a treatment variable describing whether a firm has access to reliable electricity or not . We then assess how this treatment – a dummy taking 1 if the firm declares not experiencing power outages and 0 otherwise – affects our two measures of ISSC . By using the entropy balancing method , we first create a counterfactual group containing firms experiencing power outages but as similar as possible to those in the treated group ( the group of companies not experiencing power outages ) . Then , in a second step , we determine the difference in terms of ISSC between the two groups , which difference is attributed to electricity access . Compared to other > 3 In this paper , the term output corresponds to companies ' sales , since the database we use approximates production to sales . > 4 In this paper , the word \" electricity access \" refers to the availability of reliable electricity . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1039, "end": 1068, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Firms | Firms with a Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC ) code between 60 and 67 . Source : Worldscope . | | Foreign Owership | Total value of shares held by investors whose main residence address is outside mainland China over the total value of shares . < br > Source : Refinitiv . | | Leverage | Total debt over total assets ( ratio ) . | | Marging Trading Stocks | Dummy variable that equals one for firms with stocks that became available for margin trading during 2010-2017 . Source : Hong < br > KongStock Exchange webpage . | | Market Capitalization | Product of equity market price ( fiscal period end ) x common shares outstanding . For companies with more than one type of < br > common / ordinary share , market capitalization represents the total market value of the company . Unit : Constant 2011 U . S . < br > dollars . Source : Wordscope . | | | Dummy variable that equals one for firms with stocks purchased by the Chinese national team during 2015-19 . According to | | Government Stock < br > Purchases | Wind database , the national team is represented by five groups : ( i ) CSF ( China Securities Finance Corporation Limited ) , ( ii ) CCH < br > ( China Central Huijin Investment Limited ) , ( iii ) affiliates of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange , ( iv ) CSF customized < br > asset management plans , and ( v ) CSF customized funds . Source : Wind . | | Research and < br > Development | Direct and indirect costs related to the creation and development of new processes , techniques , applications , and products with < br > commercial possibilities . It includes software design and development expenses . Unit : Constant 2011 U . S . dollars . Source : < br > Wordscope . | | State Owned | Firms whose main ( top1 ) shareholder is agovernment-connected entity . Source : Wind . | | Total Assets | The sum of total current assets , long-term receivables , investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries , other investments , net property < br > plant and", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1044, "text": "Wind database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "experienced would increase children ’ s odds of developing to potential — but COVID-19 setbacks have increased the number and severity of challenges families face . Figure 1 . The likelihood of being developmentally on track declines with the number of risk factors , children aged 3 and 4 in Sindh < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent of children 3-4-years old Percent of children developmentally on track < br > 25 . 00 100 < br > 90 < br > 83 . 02 < br > 20 . 00 80 < br > 69 . 71 < br > 70 < br > 57 . 77 < br > 15 . 00 44 . 76 60 < br > 43 . 23 < br > 37 . 43 < br > 50 < br > 10 . 00 40 < br > 26 . 46 < br > 30 < br > 5 . 00 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 . 00 0 < br > 0-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + < br > Number of risk factors < br > ( stunting , less than primary maternal education , no ece , poorest wealth quintile , rural area , < br > disability , stimulation ( engaged in < 4 stimulating activities with a caregiver , harsh < br > punishment ) < br > Percent of children 3-4-years old < br > Percent of children developmentally on track < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculation using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2018 – 19 . Risk factors included being in the lowest income quintile , stunted , living in a rural area , having a functional disability , mother with less than a primary school education , low early stimulation at home ( less than four activities in the previous 24 hours ) , exposed to harsh parenting , and not enrolled in early childhood education . COVID-19 has introduced loss and hardships for families worldwide , including through reduced household resources and increased caregiver distress , which pose direct threats to young children ’ s wellbeing . In Pakistan , the pandemic has", "spans": [{"start": 1132, "end": 1165, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "procedures like proving land ownership . < sup > 7 < / sup > The features of the Kebele ID vary by Kebele , but they generally display demographic information and address in handwriting and include a stapled photo . 11 . * * According to the 2017 ID4D-Findex Survey , 36 percent of the population aged 18 and older lack a Kebele ID , with a significant gender gap of 46 percent of women lacking one compared to 25 percent of men , creating barriers for a large portion of people in Ethiopia to access services and economic opportunities . * * Kebele ID coverage increases to 70 percent for adults aged 25 and above , and 80 percent for the highest income quintile . Obtaining a Kebele ID often requires residing in a location for minimum period ( e . g . , six months ) , which leads to exclusion of internal migrants and refugees . Being tied to residence also means that it cannot serve as continuous identification throughout the life of the individual who may move . Most Kebele IDs still display the holder ’ s ethnicity , which is a potential source of discrimination . The lack of uniformity among Kebele IDs and the ease of forgery add substantial identity-related risks for service providers . Records are often hard-copy paper ledgers and books that are vulnerable to damage , tampering , unauthorized use , identity theft and loss due to fires or natural disasters like floods . 12 . * * The current ID landscape in Ethiopia can be summarized to have four main weaknesses . * * First , inefficiency : the absence of identity verification capabilities for online and even for in-person service delivery adds transaction costs through manual processes . Second , exclusion : gaps in Kebele ID coverage among adults and low birth registration coverage ( around 20 % ) . Third , fraud-related risks : inability to reliably verify an individual ’ s unique identity , particularly for use cases that require higher levels of assurance , such as cash transfers and obtaining credit . Finally , lack of", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 265, "text": "ID4D-Findex Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Response Action Plan to include at a minimum , in conformance with local laws and customs , < br > equal opportunity for employment , < br > - < br > All workers and nearby communities and stakeholders will be educated on preventing and < br > responding to sexual harassment and GBV ahead of any project-related works , < br > - < br > Construction areas shall be separated by a fence and a separate access gate is used for < br > construction workers , < br > - < br > Ensure that women are given a mentorship orientation before starting their work . < br > - < br > Provision of gender-disaggregated data , separate bathing , changing , and sanitation facilities for < br > men and women shall be made ready by the contractor , and < br > - < br > Impose zero tolerance on sexual harassment , all forms of gender-based violence and < br > discrimination at all phases of the project . < br > - < br > MOH must clearly define the SEA / SH requirements and expectations in the bidding documents < br > for contractor | Contractor , < br > Consultant , < br > MOH | During < br > construction | 40 , 000 | 154", "spans": [{"start": 589, "end": 614, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "34 - ANNEX II Page 5 is nearing completion and the construction of AMC ' s new headquarters building has begun . AMC ' s overall penetration of the cereals trade has grown as fast as estimated at appraisal , but various marketing and distribution problems have been encountered and are being reviewed . In particular , the Government and the Association are carrying out jointly a study of farmers ' incentives and marketing efficiency . Cr . No . 1088 : Second Agricultural Minimum Package Project : SDR 32 . 0 million ( US $ 40 million equivalent ) Credit of February 2 , 1981 ; Date of Effectiveness : September 1 , 1981 ; Closing Date : June 30 , 1983 . Good progress is being made in establishing a widespread network of Ministry of Agriculture offices and staff throughout most of the arable highland areas but a procurement problem relating to the construction of office buildings led to a concellation of about US $ 780 , 000 equivalent of the IDA credit . Procurement of vehicles and equipment is well underway . Delays , however , have been encountered in producing improved seeds and procuring other inputs for the technical packages for farmers . Some organizational difficulties have also become apparent , and various proposals to correct them are being examined . The Government and the Association are carrying out jointly an in-depth review of the project and the minimum package program . Cr . No . 1141 : - Fifth Education Project : SDR28 . 2 million ( US $ 35 million equivalent ) Credit of June 29 , 1981 ; Date of Effectiveness : September 24 , 1981 ; Closing Date : September 30 , 1985 . Start-up activities have commenced as scheduled . The construction of primary and secondary schools are in line with appraisal estimates . The educational aspects of the project which consist of an evaluation study of a new curriculum to be introduced , a manpower survey and in-service training of school inspectors , are well underway . A Project Coordinator and local staff of the Project Management Office ( PMO ) are in post . Consultants in accountancy have been recruited", "spans": [{"start": 1867, "end": 1882, "text": "manpower survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Electronic equipment * * | Peru | | * * Machinery and equipment * * | Singapore | | * * Other manufacturing * * | United States | | * * Utilities * * | Vietnam | | * * Construction * * | Brazil | | * * Trade and transport * * | Russian Federation | | * * Finance and other business services * * | India | | * * Communication and business services * * | China | | * * Social services * * | South Africa | | | EU28 | | | Egypt , Arab Rep . | | | Colombia | | | Turkey | | | Thailand | | | Korea , Rep . | | | Philippines | | | Indonesia | | | Bangladesh | > 7 https : / / www . gtap . agecon . purdue . edu / 8 We are grateful to Badri Narayanan for the incorporation of Lesotho SAM to the GTAP database . 13", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 705, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Bujagali Energy Limited * * * * 209 * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 | * * Description * * | * * Specification * * | | - - - | - - - | | SizeofGates < br > SiphonSpillway : < br > MaximumDischarge | FlapGate : 12mwidex8mhighapprox < br > RadialGates : 9 . 5mwidex10 . 5mhigh approx . < br > 1 , 200m < sup > 3 < / sup > / s | | Crest Level / ClearWaterway Length | 1111 . 5mAMSL / 80 m | | Dam : Type | ClaycorerockFilldam | | Height ( estimatedmaximum ) | 30m | | CrestLevel / Length | 1114 . 5mAMSL / 560mapprox . | | Extreme Drawdown Level | 1106 . 5mAMSL | | BujagaliSubStation : | | | Voltage | 132kV ( initialphase ) | | Type | OutdoorOpenTerminal , DoubleBusbar , Single < br > CircuitBreaker | Source : Knight Piesold , 1998 and 1998b , updated 2000 . * Data based on currently available hydrological data . # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 2 Power House * * The power station is designed to house the complete generation plant and all five units , and to carry out all operational and maintenance related activities . There will be the provision for access for the maintenance and repair of the hydroelectric plant , and all essential services and components that may require frequent attention . Such equipment will be arranged such that operational , maintenance and refurbishment related activities can be undertaken swiftly and efficiently , and without affecting the remaining units in service . The machine hall will be sized to accommodate five vertical Kaplan turbine driven generating sets together with a services", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 882, "text": "hydrological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 4 : Portfolio of S & E Articles by Field ( 2001 ) * * | | Japan | US | OECD | World < br > wide | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of articles | 57 , 420 | 200 , 870 | 551 , 402 | 649 , 795 | | Of which ( % ) | | | | | | clinical medicine | 28 . 7 | 31 . 7 | 30 . 7 | 28 . 4 | | biomedical research | 14 . 0 | 16 . 9 | 15 . 0 | 14 . 2 | | biology | 6 . 1 | 6 . 2 | 6 . 8 | 6 . 8 | | chemistry | 14 . 9 | 7 . 1 | 10 . 3 | 11 . 9 | | physics | 19 . 1 | 8 . 7 | 11 . 9 | 13 . 4 | | earth / space sciences | 3 . 0 | 5 . 6 | 5 . 4 | 5 . 4 | | engineering / technology | 11 . 6 | 6 . 9 | 8 . 2 | 9 . 0 | | mathematics | 1 . 4 | 1 . 8 | 2 . 0 | 2 . 2 | | psychology | 0 . 5 | 4 . 7 | 3 . 3 | 3 . 1 | | social sciences | 0 . 5 | 3 . 9 | 2 . 6 | 2 . 3 | | health science | 0 . 1 | 2 . 5 | 1 . 6 | 1 . 4 | | professional fields | 0 . 1 | 3 . 9 | 2 . 2 | 2 . 0 | Source : Science and Engineering Indicators 2004 ( National Science Board 2004 ) 47", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 930, "text": "Science and Engineering Indicators 2004", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Accounting Standards - Income and Expenditure is recorded on a strict cash basis , with no formal adjustment for accruals at the end of financial periods . - Capital expenditure is recorded in the year of expenditure , with no system of depreciation for physical assets . - Accounting standards and financial instructions are set by the MOF , and enforced through an \" on-site \" auditor within RMS who counter-signs all items prior to payment . - * Local procedure manuals set out the financial procedures to be followed by staff . # # Financial Systems - A computerized payroll system is operated by the Armed Forces HQ for RMS staff , although consideration is currently been given to introducing a separate payroll within RMS . - A computerized payment system designed within RMS and operated on a PC system is in operation for the payment of Professional Fees at RMS HQ . - Consideration is being given to computerizing the main stores system . - All other accounting records are produced on a manual basis . # # Financial Management - The MOF allows the RMS to move funds between budget headings within the year . * RMS operate a formal budget policy , with monthly reports being made to a Budget Conmmittee headed by the Director of RMS .", "spans": [{"start": 963, "end": 981, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Center for Resilience . > 3 CSA ( Central Statistical Agency ) . 2013 . Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at Woreda level from 2014 – 2017 . Addis Ababa . > 4 Ayele , T . , D . Dedecha , and D . Duba . 2020 . The impact of climate change on pastoralist livelihoods in Ethiopia : A review . Journal of Resources Development and Management 63 : 2020 . > 5 The World Bank ( December 2023 ) : PAD for Lowlands Livelihood Resilience Project , Phase Two ( LLRP II ) ( P180076 ) . ( Report No : PAD00083 ) . See on page 4 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 105, "text": "Population projection of Ethiopia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 | 60 . 00 | | 142 . 00 | | | | | | | Amounilt sold . | | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | | | | | | Of whicb repai | d : | | 0 , 00 | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | | | | | | Total Undisburse | d : | | 47 . 29 | 0 . 00 | | 47 . 29 | | | | | | a . Intended disbursements to date minus actual disbursements to date as projected at appraisal . b . Following the FY94 Annual Review of Portfolio perfonranice ( ARPP ) , a letter based system was introduiced ( HS highly Satisfactory , S satisfactory , U = insatisfactory , HU = higlhly unsatisfactory ) : see proposed Improvements il Project alnd Portfolio Perfonnamice Rating Methodology ( SecM94-901 ) , Augiast 23 , 1994 . Note Disbursement data is utpdated at the enid of the first week of the month .", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 687, "text": "Disbursement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both their business start-up and day-to-day operations . In return , private entrepreneurs may provide quid pro quo benefits to cadres or their family members . Given the mechanisms through which village cadres in rural China may enhance their income , and the ways that markets and other institutions may have undermined these opportunities , we turn to the empirical question of whether or not cadres earn a return on their positions . Further , in an effort to understand whether any returns are excessive and may thus reflect rent-seeking , or simply sufficient to attracting talent to China ‘ s pool of rural cadres , we next estimate the source and magnitude of these returns . We address these analytical questions with the use of a unique panel of household survey data which we describe below . # * * III . Data * * The analysis of the paper makes use of a large rural household panel data set that comes from annual household surveys conducted by the Survey Department of the Research Center on the Rural Economy ( RCRE ) at the Ministry of Agriculture in Beijing . To sample households , RCRE first selected counties in the upper , middle and lower income terciles in each of the 31 provinces and administrative regions in China . A village in each county was then randomly selected . Depending on the village population , between 40 and 120 households were randomly chosen and surveyed in each village . RCRE started the household survey in 1986 and intended a longitudinal survey , 11", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 777, "text": "panel of household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 866, "end": 902, "text": "large rural household panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # KEY FINDINGS FROM THE 2023 MAPPING - The total number of national DRR strategies and related instruments which include human mobility terminology has increased significantly since 2018 . - 78 per cent of the 112 national DRR strategies and related instruments examined included some reference to human mobility . This is read as evidence of relatively high recognition that human mobility can be important in preventing or mitigating disaster risk . - Most national DRR strategies and related instruments reference human mobility terms with little detail , often without consistent definitions or further elaboration of measures . - ‘ Displacement ‘ was the most commonly used term , followed by ‘ evacuation ‘ . References to ‘ migration ‘ and the inclusion of migrants in national DRR strategies remain limited . - There is growing recognition of the intersection between climate change , urbanisation and displacement , which can increase risk for people already displaced . - The intersection between refugees , conflict settings and displacement is also a significant theme among national DRR strategies . - While there is evidence of increasing acknowledgement of the needs of displaced persons , migrants and host communities , risk assessments and data collection on human mobility are not strongly reflected to date within national DRR strategies . - At the Regional Level : - A total of nine new regional instruments with reference to human mobility were developed since 2018 , at least one per - world region . Among these , particularly the strategies of Asia-Pacific and Africa - integrated human mobility considerations . # # LOOKING AHEAD - * * Advocacy : * * There is a need for continued advocacy for the integration of human mobility within DRR strategies . This includes the need for specific measures such evacuation or planned relocation , as appropriate , while ensuring that such measures are carried out with full respect for human rights . Advocacy should highlight how DRR , displacement , climate change , urbanisation and other challenges are linked , and must be addressed in an integrated manner , particularly in fragile and conflict settings . - * * Knowledge Base : * *", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 38, "text": "2023 MAPPING", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commercial lands are of great importance as it provides greater value added to the land as reflected in the value of industrial / commercial land compared with agricultural land . The minimum price of industrial land per mu of 0 . 5 million RMB ( i . e . , 1 . 07 million USD per hectare ) is 25-fold of the price of agricultural land of 20 , 000 RMB ( i . e . , 42 , 000 USD per hectare ) . Moreover , since non-agriculture accounts for an everincreasing share of the economy - - the average scale of output from the non-agricultural sector of OECD countries is around 98 % of their total GDP — it becomes increasingly important to > 6 See the data from http : / / internationalpropertyrightsindex . org / country ? c = CHINA 9", "spans": [{"start": 645, "end": 726, "text": "data from http : / / internationalpropertyrightsindex . org / country ? c = CHINA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Real wage changes , in turn , can be positive or negative , and in our Mexican data substantial declines in the real wage are quite common . More specifically , Mexico experienced very high inflation rates during our sample period with annual declines in the _aggregate_ real wage as high as 25 percent during this time ( see , for instance , Hanson ( 2003 ) ) , implying that the wage rates of some individual workers declined by an even larger amount . Thus , despite the often cited downward rigidity of wages , our sample includes large numbers of workers whose _real_ wages declined dramatically . # _II . 5 . Results_ As described before , we have individual income data for the time period 1987-1998 covering 21 different manufacturing sectors in Mexico . Using the methodology outlined above , we estimate the risk parameters _σε_ < sup > 2and < / sup > < sup > _σ_ < / sup > _η_ < sup > 2foreachquarterandeachmanufacturingsector . In < / sup > Tables II and III we provide the average estimate of _σε_ < sup > 2and < / sup > < sup > _σ_ < / sup > _η_ < sup > 2for each year ( averaged across < / sup > industries ) and for each industry ( averaged over time ) respectively . < sup > 20 < / sup > The mean value ( across industries and over time ) of the quarterly variance of the persistent shock , _σε_ < sup > 2 , isestimated < / sup > to be 0 . 008 , or 0 . 032 annualized ( i . e . , _σε_ , is estimated to have a mean quarterly value of 0 . 09 and a mean annualized value of 0 . 18 ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > As expected , given the extent of measurement error in the income data ( see our discussion in Section II ) , the estimated variances of transitory shocks are much larger in magnitude . More precisely , the mean value of the annualized variance of transitory shocks is 0 _ . _ 2 ( an annual standard deviation of 45 percent ) , which is >", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 676, "text": "individual income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1580, "end": 1591, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10242 # * * Abstract * * Interviewer design effects occur when data collected by the same interviewer is more similar than data collected by different interviewers . Design effects inflate survey variance and reduce the precision of estimates . Using household survey data collected via computer assisted personal interviewing ( CAPI ) in Sudan this paper employs a two-level mixed effects regression model to identify interviewer design effects for key variables . The study finds mean interviewer design effect values of 7 with a maximum of 16 , implying a significant loss of precision . Recommendations to mitigate interviewer design effects include simplifying questions , sound survey implementation practices , and utilizing multi-way cluster robust standard errors to account for both area and interviewer clustering during data analysis . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at aetangndip @ worldbank . org ; christopher . n . root @ gmail . com ; hfuje @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 281, "end": 302, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * < < A > > * * _I . POLICY INDICATORS AND STYLIZED FACTS_ We employ two different indicators of agricultural and food policies : the nominal rate of assistance ( _NRA_ ) to agriculture and the relative rate of assistance ( _RRA_ ) , both from the World Bank ’ s agricultural distortions database ( see Anderson and Valenzuela 2008 , for calculation details ) . This database reports the most consistent and comparable estimates of agricultural protection across countries and over time . In our econometric analysis , we use a sample of 74 countries , comprising yearly data from 1955 to 2005 ( see table S . 1 in the supplemental appendix , available at http : / / wber . oxfordjournals . org / ) . The average number of observations per country is 35 . We work with an unbalanced panel with more than 2 , 600 observations . The _NRA_ measures total transfers to agriculture as a percentage of the undistorted unit value . The _NRA_ for agriculture is obtained as a weighted average of the _NRA_ at the product level , using the undistorted value of production as a weight . The _NRA_ is positive when agriculture is subsidized , negative when it is taxed , and zero when net transfers are zero . The _NRA_ includes both the assistance provided by all tariff and nontariff trade measures applied to agricultural products and any domestic price-distorting measures . < sup > 1 < / sup > The price equivalent of any direct intervention regarding inputs or outputs is also included . < sup > 2 < / sup > To account for the protection of manufacturing sectors , which is an important source of indirect taxation on agriculture , especially in developing countries , we use both the _NRA_ and the _RRA_ , which is calculated as the ratio of agricultural _NRA_ to nonagricultural _NRA_ . < sup > 3 < / sup > The _RRA_ is a useful indicator for international comparisons of antior proagricultural policy regimes . There are fewer observations for the _RRA_ because the country and time-series coverage is smaller than for the _NRA_ . Specifically , the _RRA_ data contain five fewer countries ( 69 instead of 74 )", "spans": [{"start": 267, "end": 300, "text": "agricultural distortions database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 568, "end": 597, "text": "yearly data from 1955 to 2005", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 % | 8 % | | Mean ( months ) | 4 . 4 | 4 . 5 | 2 . 8 | 1 . 8 | | Median ( months ) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Note : RoW is the rest of the world . Source : Authors ’ compilation using PSA data # * * 4 Methodology * * An event-study approach is employed to establish the effect of COVID-19 lockdown policies on international trade in the Philippines . This approach is preferred over impact-evaluation estimators such as the difference-in-differences ( DiD ) and Propensity Score Matching ( PSM ) . DiD and PSM compare the outcome before and after a treatment has been imposed on a control and treatment group . Given that all countries in our sample imposed lockdowns , we do not have a non-treated control group ( Majune and Addisu , 2021 ) . Another advantage of the event-study approach is that it addresses concerns of lockdown anticipation . Since East Asia was the first epicenter of COVID-19 , most countries started imposing restrictions earlier than the rest of the world ( see Figure 1 ) which could have triggered the reaction of exporters and importers in the Philippines in anticipation of the imposition of lockdowns in partner countries . The event-study also enables us to observe the reaction of international trade to lockdown policies at high frequency ( months ) which often changed depending on the spread / wave of the virus in a country . The event-study model is specified as follows : 19", "spans": [{"start": 178, "end": 186, "text": "PSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to 8 . 3 percent , indicating that poor households were becoming poorer . Simulations also indicated that income inequality  the Gini coefficient  would rise from 39 . 3 to 41 . 3 . When compared with recently released post-crisis data , our ex-ante simulation model performed reasonably well in predicting the direction and magnitude of changes in poverty . Although , postcrisis EU-SILC data are not available , the household budget surveys ( HBS ) indicate that poverty rates increased from 10 . 12 percent in 2008 to 18 . 05 percent in 2009 : an increase of about 8 . 0 percentage points . < sup > 13 , 14 < / sup > and our simulation model predicted a poverty increase of about 6 . 0 percentage points . Similarly , between 2008 and 2009 , the poverty gap increased by 3 . 6 percentage points compared to our predicted increase of 2 . 4 percentage points . Some differences may have arisen because our income data sources differ from those of the HBS . However , poverty numbers from post-crisis HBS data show the usefulness of our model in predicting exante effects of a crisis , despite many data limitations . Much of the social impact of the crisis can be traced through crisis effects on the labor market . In 2009 , GDP contracted 18 percent and the sectors most severely affected were trade hotels and  restaurants , construction , and manufacturing a loss of more than 126 , 000 formal jobs , comprising about 11 . 2 percent of the workforce . The large contraction in overall employment reflects employment contractions of 19 percent in trade , hotels , and restaurants , 16 percent in construction , and 14 percent in manufacturing . Finally , substantial differences exist in the impact of the financial crisis across regions and specific population groups in Latvia . The Government of Latvia implemented several programs to mitigate crisis impacts on households , including increasing the threshold rate of the Guaranteed Minimum Income program , the main national poverty-targeted program ; and a self-targeted public works program for unemployed people . Our simulations indicate that these measures may have helped cushion crisis impacts for some of the hardest hit households", "spans": [{"start": 372, "end": 395, "text": "postcrisis EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 420, "end": 444, "text": "household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 991, "end": 1011, "text": "post-crisis HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS6001 Policy Research Working Paper 6001 Collateralized Borrowing Insights from The World Bank Enterprise Surveys _Yuting Fan Ha Nguyen Rong Qian_ The World Bank Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth Team March 2012", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 115, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the cohort of exporter entrants in 2003 that survive until 2011 the patterns are qualitatively similar but quantitatively different . Specifically , Panel A of Table 9 shows that the destination intensive margin accounts for 80 % of the short-run export growth of the cohort of exporter entrants in 2003 but for just 50 % of their long-run export growth between 2003 and 2011 . The product intensive margin accounts for 88 % of short-run export growth of the cohort of exporter entrants in their continuous destinations but for less just 46 % of their long-run export growth in those destinations between 2003 and 2011 , as seen in Panel B of Table 9 . So over the long-run churning in destination markets and churning in HS 6-digit products ( for continuing destinations ) is critical in explaining export growth of the cohort of new exporters but less so in explaining export growth of the 2002-2011 continuing exporters . # * * 5 . Conclusion * * This paper examines the micro dynamics behind the dramatic export boom experienced by Turkey from 2002 to 2008 as well as the underlying forces for the strong contraction ensuing from the 2008-2009 global financial crisis and for the recovery thereafter using a novel and rich exporter-level customs dataset . Growth in exports of continuing exporters accounts for the majority of short-run export growth during the entire period . For these continuing exporters , short-run growth is dominated by exports to their continuing destinations , and for these continuing destinations , short-run growth is dominated by exports of continuing products . However , there is a high degree of dynamism across firms , destinations , and products from year to year . More importantly , churning across exporters , destination markets and products account for an important part of Turkey ’ s long-run export growth in the whole 2002-2008 period , even if the intensive margins still dominate . The patterns of micro-dynamics of export growth are verified across all sectors , a finding which is novel to the literature . These patterns are also mostly verified across groups of destination markets , a noteworthy exception being the greater prominence of net exporter entry in accounting for long-run growth in exports to the Rest of the 23", "spans": [{"start": 1231, "end": 1261, "text": "exporter-level customs dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the dependent variable . The estimated coefficients also show the percentage change as the model uses a log transformation of the dependent variable . The use of PPML regressions as an alternative to OLS regressions is common practice in the trade and finance literature using bilateral country data . Countries typically do not trade with , or invest in , every other country in the world , thus yielding a data set with many zero-valued observations ( Helpman , Melitz , and Rubinstein 2008 ) . The use of standard OLS log-linear estimations might raise some concerns in this context as this approach excludes all these zero-valued observations . In contrast , the PPML estimator provides a natural way to deal with zero values in the dependent variable , while also being consistent in the presence of heteroscedasticity . < sup > 12 < / sup > We report both OLS and PPML estimations because they provide different insights on the intensive and extensive margins . < sup > 13 < / sup > By keeping observations with zero values , the PPML estimations capture the dynamics in international investments along the intensive margin ( the growth in the value of investments ) and the extensive margin ( the growth in the number of bilateral links ) . In contrast , the OLS regressions better capture trends in the intensive margin as they estimate growth dynamics conditional on positive international investment . The C-C OLS regressions are especially informative in this regard . At higher levels of aggregation , there is less of a distinction between the intensive and extensive margins . That is , the entry and exit of bilateral links between individual country pairs affect the extensive margin at the C-C level , but at a higher aggregation ( R-R and C-R ) they only affect the value of the dependent variable , not whether the aggregate link is active or not . The R-R regressions include R-R fixed effects ( North-to-North , North-to-South , South-toNorth , and South-to-South ) . Analogously , the C-R regressions include C-R fixed effects . For each country in the sample , we include a set of four dummy variables capturing their investments in the > 12 The PPML estimator presents some advantages over other estimators", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 299, "text": "bilateral country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning ( KPEEL ) Program Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June_ * * < sup > * * _30 , 2023_ * * < / sup > # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts * * The balances in the Project ' s Special < sup > Deposit Accountasat < / sup > 3 0 < sup > thJune < / sup > < sup > * * 2023 * * arenotincludedin < / sup > the Statement of Financial Assets since < sup > theyare below the lineitems and are yet to be drawninto < / sup > the Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account < sup > * * ( SDA ) * * movementschedulewhichshowsthe flowof funds < / sup > that were voted in the year . The Kenya < sup > Primary Education EquityinLearningLoanComponent < / sup > is operating one Designated Account which is operated < sup > * * by * * both implementingagencies ( Ministry < / sup > of Education and Teachers Service < sup > Commission ) . Outofthe total amountoftheEuro < / sup > * * 21 , 540 , 986 , * * Euro * * 1 , 023 , 637 . 496 * * equivalent < sup > toKsh . 120Millionwas transferredtothe < / sup > Commission . These funds have been < sup > reportedasloans received in theyear under theStatement < / sup > of Receipts and Payments . # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | CentralBankofKenya * * A / C * * No . * * 1000600772 * * | | | - - - | - - - | | Openingbalance | | | Totalamountdepositedintheaccount |", "spans": [{"start": 1248, "end": 1290, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank of Ethiopia ( DBE ) | | | Contact : | Esayas Bahre | Title : < br > President | | Telephone No . : | 251 115 51188 | Email : < br > dbe @ ethionet . et | | Responsible Agency : | Ministry of Water and Energy ( MOWE ) | | | Contact : | Alemayehu Tegenu | Title : < br > Minister | | Telephone No . : | 251 1 6611111 | Email : < br > info @ mowr . gov . et | | . < br > Project Implementatio | n Period : < br > Start Date : < br > May 29 , 2012 | End Date : < br > December 31 , 2017 | | Expected Effectivenes | s Date : < br > August 30 , 2012 | | | Expected Closing Dat < br > . | e : < br > December 31 , 2017 | | | | * * Project F * * | * * inancing Data ( US $ M ) * * | | [ ] < br > Loan < br > [ | ] < br > Grant < br > [ ] < br > Other | | | [ X ] < br > Credit < br > [ | ] < br > Guarantee | | | * * For Loans / Credi * * | * * ts / Others * * | | | Total Project Cost : | 250 . 00 | Total Bank Financing : < br > 200 . 00 | | Total Co-financing : | 50 . 00 | Financing Gap : < br > 0 . 00 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that perform above the average in their countries tend to report bigger constraints than their poorly-performing compatriates . The scale of this problem is reduced when countryaverages are used ; it is unlikely that a country in which the average firm is high productivity is therefore more likely to be a country in which the average firm will perceive greater investment climate obstacles . The BEEPS and PICS datasets have a very rich set of investment indicators , and the question is how to make use of them . Two sets of investment climate indicators were used . The first set was the simple country-survey-average of each of the raw indicators reported by firms , scaled from 1 ( no obstacle ) to 4 ( major obstacle ) . These variables are those in the block of questions used in the factor analysis reported in the previous chapter . The second set used sets of indicators corresponding to aspects of the investment climate , combined ( e . g . , a single “ finance ” indicator was created using the responses to questions about financial access and cost of finance ) . The other combined indicators were for infrastructure , taxation , regulation , the macroeconomic environment , and property rights ( corruption and crime ) . These were scaled to be comparable to the raw data on perceived business obstacles ( the minimum was 1 and the maximum was 4 ) . In addition to augmenting the country-survey-averages regression equation ( 2 ) with the average investment climate variable , country-survey-averages of ownership variables ( privatized , new private , foreign owned ) and export orientation were also included . The analysis was conducted on 50-51 country-survey-averages based on about 14 , 000 firms from manufacturing , services and construction ; the analysis separating manufacturing and services firms yielded similar results . In these TFP estimations most of the investment climate measures in the regressions were insignificant , with one very clear and consistent exception : infrastructure constraints generate lower TFP , with an estimated coefficient of about – 0 . 7 . Countries in which firms complain a lot about infrastructure are , ceteris paribus , countries with less productive firms . The infrastructure constraints are : ( i ) access", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 403, "text": "BEEPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 408, "end": 421, "text": "PICS datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Affordable Housing Finance Project ( P165034 ) 15 . * * The SDLPP will continue to implement TA activities under this component . * * The earlier decision to cancel all previously planned Land consultancies was reversed and the consultancies reinstated < mark > ( procurable activities will remain < / mark > at < mark > the SDLPP and will < / mark > no < mark > longer move < / mark > to < mark > the State Department < / mark > for < mark > Housing and Urban Development ) < / mark > . Currently , Lands has included two key procurement activities in the workplan for FY24 : ( i ) TA to develop a Strategy for Large-Scale Mapping and a Modern Geodetic Reference System for Kenya in order to improve the quality and reliability of spatial data for land administration ; and ( ii ) TA to prepare a land reform plan and a strategic plan , based on a land sector assessment , and including a plan for the required capacity building plan and estimated financial resources for its implementation . Despite early delays in implementation , this component is back on track . 16 . * * There has been some progress in the issue of land titling , which plays a crucial role in the mortgage process , as it serves as a form of security for lenders * * . The ArdhiSasa online land information management system , launched in April 2021 , is currently operational ; however , there needs to be significant effort put towards awareness raising among various stakeholders ( financial institutions , lawyers , property developers etc . ) on how to effectively engage with the platform . The project will explore utilizing some of the TA funds to support awareness-raising initiatives through various channels . 17 . * * In addition to being responsible for Lands-related TA activities , the SDLPP will also be assigned fiduciary responsibilities . * * This implies transitioning the Lands-related procurement activities from NT to SDLPP ( in line with the Project Appraisal", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 773, "text": "spatial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| PIC | Project Implementation Consultant | | - - - | - - - | | PIT | Project Implementation Team | | PM | Project Manager | | PM2 . 5 | Particulate Matter 2 . 5-micron size < br > | | PM10 < br > | Particulate Matter 10-micron size < br > | | PMU < br > | Project Management Unit < br > | | PNFP | Private Not for Profit | | PPE | Personal Protective Equipment | | PRA | Participatory Rural Appraisal | | PWD | People with Disabilities | | RP | Resettlement Plan | | RoW | Right-of-Way | | RPF | Resettlement Policy Framework | | SCADA | Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition | | SEA | Sexual Exploitation and Abuse | | SEAP | Social and Environmental Action Plan | | SF6 | Sulphur Hexafluoride | | SH | Sexual Harassment | | SHE | Safety , Health and Environment | | SO2 , | Sulphite < br > | | SOP | Standards Operations Procedure | | SS | Sub Station < br > | | STD | Sexually Transmitted Disease ( s ) | | STI | Sexually Transmitted Infection ( s ) | | STRP | Scientific and Technical Review Panel | | T | Tesla | | TCS | Timed Species Count ( s ) | | TL | Transmission Line | | UBOS | Uganda Bureau of Statistics | | UEB | Uganda Electricity Board | | UEDCL | Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited | | UEGCL | Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited | | UETCL | Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited < br > | | UNFCC | United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | | UNHS | Uganda National Health Survey | | UPE | Univeral Primary Education | | URED | Uganda Rural Electricity Department", "spans": [{"start": 1419, "end": 1448, "text": "Uganda National Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85005-GO-RFQ / procure 5 < br > neonatal warmers / < br > resuscitares for < br > shamakhubu , shianda , < br > matungu . malava & butere | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Po | st | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 20 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-11-28 < br > 2018-12-26 | 2019-01-25 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85012-GO-RFQ / procure < br > 500 IUD insertion & removal < br > sets for all level 3 & 4 and all < br > facilities | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results < br > Po | st | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 10 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-12-11 < br > 2019-01-08 | 2019-02-07 | | KE-KAKAMEGA COUNTY - < br > 85029-GO-RFQ / procure < br > 600 anc syphilis profile < br > reagnant for all level 3 , 4 & 5 < br > facilities | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using administrative data from EF , we examine the rate of program take-up by the treatment and control groups for the 2010 , 2011 and 2012 cohorts in Table 6 . < sup > 44 < / sup > The table shows a high degree of uptake ( 65 to 74 percent ) among the treatment group , but also a high rate of participation among the control group . < sup > 45 < / sup > Between 26 percent and 36 percent of the individuals in the control group participated in the EF training course that they applied for , even though their scores did not qualify them for admission . < sup > 46 , 47 < / sup > In the presence of imperfect compliance , standard impact evaluation methods produce intent-to-treat ( ITT ) estimates , as described in section IV . However , the relatively high degree of noncompliance in our study leads to a likely downward bias in our ITT estimates , which compare a treatment group in which not everyone received treatment to a control group in which some people did receive treatment , hence diluting the impact of the program . We present an alternative set of ATT estimates in Annex 3 ( available upon request from the authors ) in which we compare those who actually complete training to those who do not , irrespective of treatment assignment . < sup > 48 < / sup > In our view , the ITT results serve as a lower bound for the estimated program impact while the ATT results serve as an upper bound . # * * VI . Short-Run Results of the EF Program * * This section describes the impact of the Employment Fund ’ s training programs for the combined 2010 , 2011 and 2012 samples . We measure outcomes approximately one year after the start of training . < sup > 49 < / sup > We start with a description of our analysis on likelihood of being in the treatment group . We proceed with the shortterm impacts of the EF program on the full sample and on various demographic and socioeconomic subgroups . # # * * a . First-Stage Estimation of Propensity Scores * * At the", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 33, "text": "administrative data from EF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 . 3 Avian Fauna * * Timed species counts ( TSCs ) were used to assess the relative abundance of birds within the survey sites , a method that gives the researcher the opportunity to flush out all observable species . TSCs are good for quick assessment of species richness and abundance of an area and is thus good for inventorying during environmental assessments ( Pomeroy , 1992 ; Freeman _et al , _ 2003 ) . This method involved developing a species count list in which all species positively identified were listed in the order / rank of sight or calling over a period of 30 minutes were used at each sample point . The observer walked around the survey point in a radius of 100 meters flushing out shy and cryptic birds . The species recorded between 0 to 5 , 5 to 10 , 10 to 15 , 15 to 20 , 15 to 25 and 25 to 30 minutes were given scores of 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 and 1 respectively . TSC is good for quick assessment of species richness and abundance of an area . The TSCs were supplemented with opportunistic observations , for example , if a bird was seen before or after making a transect count , and in the same habitat as a transect , then it was recorded as present . Field identifications were undertaken with the help of a field guide to the Birds of East Africa ( Stevenson and Fanshawe , 2002 ) * * _Habitat Classification : _ * * Birds recorded were classified into categories based on the standard habitat classification by ( Bennun and Njoroge , 1996 ; Carwell et al , 2005 ) as shown in * * Table 25 * * This clarification is widely used in evaluation of avifauna in Uganda . * * Table 25 : Classification of Birds According to Their Habitat Requirements . * * | * * Category * * | * * Description * * | * * Abbreviation * * | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by asking how laws facilitate transactions . They examine the significance of legal institutions in the transacting process . Their analysis suggests that firms that invest in constructing contracts and have better knowledge of the law have better chances to successfully complete a transaction . To illustrate the potential advances in research on transaction costs , consider the example of credit access . The World Bank ' s efforts to collect data on this particular type of costs has already allowed researchers to explore more closely the theorized link between credit access and firm performance . Fan , Lee and Schaffer ( 1996 ) , for example , analyze the impact of the financial sector reform in Russia on firms in the early years of transition . Their data , collected at the end of 1994 , shows that a partial reformn of the banking system , with many banks still acting \" soft \" in their dealings with firms , slowed the enterprise restructuring process amd undermined financial sector reform . Bank loans are not the firm ' s only source of financing , especially when credit is rationed or the credit market is underdeveloped . A recent study on Zimbabwean manufacturing firms using the RPED data ( Fafchamps , 1996 ) suggests that trade credit is an important , alternative source of short-term liquidity for many firms . # F . * * The Role of the State * * Even in industrialized countries , the state is generally the most importaint single actor in the economy . The policies the government implements can both harm and benefit economic growth . As Stiglitz ( 1998 ) notes , \" there is a growing consensus that governments can play a vital role in successful development efforts , but we also recognize that the wrong kind of government intervention can be highly detrimental . \" Surveys of firms can therefore be an important tool in determining which aspects of government involvement are beneficial and which are harmful . # * * Regulation * * Despite its potential importance in explaining different growth rates across nations , little is known empirically about regulation in developing countries . For instance , ' what are the effects of regulation on firm performance , employment , and pricing", "spans": [{"start": 1202, "end": 1211, "text": "RPED data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1799, "end": 1815, "text": "Surveys of firms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| No | No | No | Yes [ Data collection < br > completed ] | | Date | 10-Jun-2020 | 14-Oct-2022 | 08-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | The purpose of this < br > implemented before < br > First registry has no | indicator is to guarantee that a < br > the next phase of PSNP . < br > t been completed yet . Once thi | strategy for updating the f < br > s is done we can discuss o | ull registry is in place and < br > n the strategy to update it . | # < u > < mark > IN01255556 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of PSNP core and shock response beneficiary households aware of KAC ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 35 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 60 . 00 | | Date | 10-Jun-2020 | 14-Oct-2022 | 08-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | This indicator tracks < br > grievances related t < br > This will be estimate | the extent to which PSNP ben < br > o PSNP . < br > d by July 2023 once we have | eficiary households are aw < br > data from the national spotc | are of how and where to file < br > hecks . | # < u > < mark > IN01255559 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of core payment beneficiary households for whom a client card has been issued ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline", "spans": [{"start": 1063, "end": 1091, "text": "data from the national spotc", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ 32 % ( 13ha ) is part of the Shallo Farm Development ( large-scale investment farm ) under the Elfora Agro-industry Plc . The proposed substation is covered entirely by intensive farmland of about 9ha . The detailed land use / land cover data is presented in Table 4 . 2 . Most of the PTL corridor and entire substation site are intensively cultivated for annual crops production , dominantly maize . Other major crops grown in the area include Teff , potatoes and haricot bean . In most places there are many indigenous trees that are conserved within cultivated lands or on farm boundaries as agro-forestry system . The subproject route corridor particularly the corridor of the first 3km also contains abundant Eucalyptus trees . Moreover , there is extensive grassland plain , which is used as a grazing ground for abundant livestock population ( dominantly cattle ) coming from Hawassa town and about 8 woredas of Sidama RS as informed by officials of Hawela Tula Sub-city of Hawassa ( Photo 3 ( a ) , Figure 4 . 4 ) . Table 4 . 2 below presents the types and coverage of land cover traversed by the proposed power TL . Table 4 . 2 : Land Use / Land Cover Types Crossed by the Proposed TL and at the Substation | * * Sl . * * < br > * * No * * | * * Land Use / Land Cover Types * * | * * Area ( Ha ) * * | * * Percent ( % ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * I * * | * * Transmission Line * * | | | | 1 | Cropland | 40 . 88 | 68 . 04 | |", "spans": [{"start": 415, "end": 441, "text": "land use / land cover data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > 20072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023 < br > Year < br > Percentage < br > RON < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Gross Nominal Minimum Wage Level ( Left axis ) Real Gross Minimum Wage Growth ( Right axis ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Own estimates based on the Romanian Ministry of Public Finance and National Statistics Institute . Note : Since 2019 , three statutory minimum wage levels were established , so the estimate represents the lowest of minimum wage levels ( basic minimum wage ) . Changes in 2018 / 2019 also capture the government ' s imposition of mandatory social contributions transfer from the employer to the employee regarding income from wages . Change in real terms calculated using HICP inflation . _ > 3 Source : < u > https : / / ec . europa . eu / commission / presscorner / detail / en / STAT_07_85 . < / u > > 4 The year 2018 stands out as an anomaly in the context of wage increases , including the minimum wage , due to the government ' s imposition of mandatory social contributions transfer from the employer to the employee in the case of income from wages . Therefore , changes between pre-2018 and 2018 wages are not fully comparable to changes in other years , as they partly captured this policy change . For example , the minimum wage ' s rise from RON 1450 in 2017 to RON 1 , 900 in 2018 represented a 31 % increase , influenced significantly by the transfer of contributions from the employer to the employee , constituting 22 . 75 % of the total increase . 4", "spans": [{"start": 809, "end": 823, "text": "HICP inflation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _How well supported are the rules by public financial management ? _ * * # * * Public financial management is reasonable in many respects . * * < sup > 14 < / sup > The quality of budgets , forecasts , accounts , and statistics is hard to summarize , but in the region , there are generally - Functioning budgets - Medium-term fiscal projections - Monthly or quarterly in-year budget-execution reports - Accounts or statistics on fiscal outcomes at the end of the year - Detailed data on traditionally defined debt and debt guarantees ( that is , on the bonds the governments have issued and the loans they have contracted , along with the guarantees they have given of other entities ’ bond and loans ) . In many of the countries , the basic information is published in a timely and accessible manner . There are also some interesting innovations , such as the use of a fiscal council in Serbia and Republika Srpska and the use of external GDP forecasts in Albania . # * * But there are several problems with fiscal information * * . - _Coverage of public institutions_ . Statistics do not include data on all the public institutions that are part of general government according to standards such as ESA 2010 ( EC 2013 ) . For example , the recent IMF Fiscal Transparency Evaluation for North Macedonia estimates that statistics on general government should , but do not , include the activities of 12 state-owned enterprises with spending equal to about 3 percent of GDP ( IMF 2018 , pp . 13 – 14 ) . Similarly , the Fiscal Transparency Evaluation for Albania estimated that there were about 27 entities that should have been included in data on general government , but were not ( IMF 2015 , p . 12 ) . - _Coverage of fiscal stocks and flows_ . None of the central governments publishes a set of audited accrual-based financial statements according to standards like International Public Sector Accounting Standards or a comprehensive set of statistics like those required by the IMF ’ s _Government Finance Statistics Manuals_ of 2001 and 2014 . None can yet produce reliable estimates of the debt and deficit as", "spans": [{"start": 1326, "end": 1358, "text": "statistics on general government", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1647, "end": 1673, "text": "data on general government", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - c ) The consolidated performance monitoring reports will serve as one source of data and information for presentations during the periodic progress review meetings . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 RP External Evaluation * * An external RP evaluation will be undertaken at the end of implementation . This will be undertaken by an external entity , preferably an independent consultant . EEP ’ s rules and regulations for the contracting of external consultancy services will be followed and the consultant will be engaged on the basis of a TOR to be prepared by the PIO / ESAO . The terminal external evaluation will be generally comprehensive in nature in that its main purpose is to assess the outcomes and effects of the RP in relation to the objectives and aims . Accordingly , the focus of the evaluation will be on the impact of the project on PAHs and the outcomes of the compensation , livelihoods restoration and well-being of PAHs . # # # # # # * * 17 . 3 . 1 Objectives of External Evaluation * * The following will be the focus and purpose of the evaluation : - Verify whether the outcomes of the RP comply with the national legislation and WB ’ s ESSs , in particular ESS5 ; - Assess whether or not the aims and objectives of the RP were achieved in terms of the actual implementation of the components and activities of the RP including the timely and full payment of compensation , the attainment of the objectives of the income restoration and community development projects and interventions in mitigating the adverse impacts of the subproject and in the improvement of the income and wellbeing of the PAHs ; - Identify and document the problems and challenges encountered in the process of implementing the RP ; and - Identify and assess the main lessons learned to inform the planning and implementation of similar EEP ’ s projects in the future . # #", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 204, "text": "consolidated performance monitoring reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 , 276 Inward Onward < br > 1 , 777 2 , 051 movements movements < br > 926 1 , 310 31 % 36 % < br > Outward < br > Before 2019 2019 2020 2021 2022 movements33 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations * PoCs = Person of Concerns * * REF = Refugee , ASY = Asylum-seeker , OOC = Other person of concern * The flows shown are restricted only to 4 or more people of movement , therefore the totals is different from the overal movements of the month due to the exclusion . In case of the same country of origin and first country of asylum , due to the change of nationality of some PoCs , country of origin are replaced with the previous Data sources : UNHCR PRIMES . For more information or to contribute , please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA ( rsarbdima @ unhcr . org )", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 872, "text": "UNHCR PRIMES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : China and India Shares of World GDP , Pre-Industrial Revolution ( ratio ) * * Source : Author ‘ s presentation based on data from Maddison . Growth was also largely determined by these large population economies as well . During the first millennium , their growth lagged the rest of the world ; however , in the following centuries , the two countries contributed to roughly half of world GDP growth . The composition of that contribution changed as China and India alternated in terms of stronger or weaker growth periods leading up to the industrial revolution ( Figure 2 ) . * * Figure 2 : Contribution to global growth of China and India , Pre-Industrial Revolution ( % ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 1600 1600 to 1700 1700 to 1820 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ‘ s calculations based on data from Maddison . It should be noted that the calculation of the contribution to growth over these centuries is somewhat misleading , given that annual growth rates were minimal , as displayed in Table 1 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 153, "text": "data from Maddison", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consequently , the tax system ’ s burden on firms may also increase compliance . Thirdly , firms that face substantial competition from the informal sector are more likely to report higher levels of tax evasion . This is likely because formal firms in competition with informal firms have a disincentive to comply , as this will lower their competitiveness in the market ( such as by lowering their profit margins ) . Interestingly , this result suggests that there may be a positive externality from registering informal firms if this leads to formal firms being more likely to comply . Notably , there were limited differences in tax evasion rates across other dimensions . As such , any efforts by tax collectors to reduce the rate of tax evasion by most types of firms are likely to raise revenue . This study has also shown the value of embedding double-list experiments in large-scale surveys . While single-list experiments have grown popular over time , there has also been increasing recognition of some of their shortcomings , particularly regarding the possibility of specific non-sensitive items in a list influencing the likelihood of respondents also counting the sensitive item . Double-list experiments verify if this issue is present and can help illustrate the internal consistency of findings . Our examination of heterogeneity across 27 dimensions with a large sample size is also an important learning exercise as it shows the value of combining machine learning algorithms with indirect solicitation techniques . However , the double-list experiment approach also raises important questions about the best way to report heterogeneity in instances that are not substantial and / or consistent across both list experiments . At a minimum , our study shows how , at a low marginal cost , a double list experiment can provide much more credible insights about the prevalence of a sensitive behavior than a single list experiment and this approach can identify the dimensions of heterogeneity in the prevalence of a sensitive behavior . Future research on this topic could take several directions . Firstly , additional research could be conducted measuring levels of tax evasion in Indonesia to validate our findings by analyzing tax administrative data with third-party information and / or survey data that directly captures tax evasion and tax", "spans": [{"start": 2248, "end": 2271, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2310, "end": 2321, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These findings are consistent at the country level , but with some exceptions . For example , in Ethiopia and Nigeria , male NEETs and male students aged 15-18 exhibit greater educational aspirations than their female peers ( * * Figure 1 * * ) . Conversely , in other countries , female youths aged 19-25 display greater educational aspirations than male counterparts . Moreover , in Malawi , female NEETs and female students aged 19-25 express higher educational aspirations than their male peers ( * * Figure 2 * * ) . * * Figure 2 . Share of youths aged 15-18 who would like to complete university or post-graduate studies , by sex and current activity . * * * * Figure 1 . Share of youths aged 19-25 who would like to complete university or post-graduate studies , by sex and current activity * * _ . _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Average Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Average < br > 100 % 100 % 95 % < br > 91 % < br > 88 % < br > 90 % 85 % 90 % < br > 82 % < br > 79 % 79 % < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 69 % < br > 70 % 70 % 65 % < br > 62 % < br > 59 % 59 % < br > 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female < br > NEETs Currently at school Working NEETs Currently at school Working < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . Sampling weights used . T-tests of equality of means were conducted across men and women within each country . Only average shares are reported for the sake of clarity . Source : Own calculations based on Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey ( 2020-2023 ) ; Malawi -", "spans": [{"start": 1611, "end": 1649, "text": "Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The further use of implicit stratification proposed by the “ Poverty map ” design is able to further reduce the design effect to 1 . 87 . This could lead to a reduction in the needed sample size ( and costs ) and the desired maximum percentage error . * * Figure 2 . Sample sizes ( left ) and gains in cost ( right ) as function of expected maximum error * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40000 6 < br > 35000 5 < br > 4 < br > 30000 < br > 3 < br > 25000 < br > 2 < br > 20000 < br > 1 < br > 15000 < br > 0 < br > 10000 < br > - 1 < br > 5000 - 2 < br > 0 - 3 < br > 4 . 5 5 5 . 5 5 . 7 5 . 9 6 7 8 9 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Based on the right column of Table 5 , the INS has decided to adopt a final size of 21 , 600 households selected from 1 , 800 PSUs . This choice , also seen in Figure 2 , is based on two main considerations : i ) this size not only permits getting maximum percentage errors less than 10 % , which can also reach 5 . 7 % , which is even below the estimated maximum value in the EBCNV 2015 ; ii ) thus , the total cost of the survey will be about 5 . 2 million Tunisian dinars , with a 1 . 7 million dinar increase in cost when compared with the initial estimated budget . # * * 5 . Discussion , further research , and concluding remarks * * In this paper we have proposed an original methodology for improving the design effect of household surveys in general and Household Budget Surveys in particular . This is carried out by using the results of a poverty mapping exercise implemented by the method developed by the World Bank . Moreover , we have described how the new JRR method , proposed by Verma", "spans": [{"start": 1030, "end": 1040, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1383, "end": 1400, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1416, "end": 1440, "text": "Household Budget Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is not finalized yet as was agreed during project negotiation . # # * * < mark > FM Risk Rating < / mark > * * The overall financial management risk for the project shall remain _moderate_ as it was determined during project appraisal . # # * * < mark > FM REVIEW : FINDINGS AND ACTION PLAN < / mark > * * # # * * Budgeting * * * * _Preparation_ * * - The FY 2013 / 14 budget for FeMSEDA has been prepared and approved by MOFED . The proclaimed budget of the project under FeMSEDA is for a total of Br . 54 , 887 , 801 ( equivalent USD 3 , 049 , 322 . 32 ) . * * _Budgetary control_ * * – variance analysis is shown on the IFR prepared by FEMSEDA although the variances are not very well explained . This should be further strengthened to allow management to resolve any bottleneck issues . * * _Budget utilization_ - * * The fourth quarter Interim Financial Report ( IFR ) for 2012 / 2013 indicates that budget utilization for the current year is only 68 % . The main reasons for slow implementation are the late employment of staff , delay in launching the program formally , delay in payments for some consultants , etc . The project management team should give particular attention to budget utilization and should take action to facilitate implementation . In addition , the variance analysis should be used as a management tool to make informed decisions . 22 | P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 865, "text": "fourth quarter Interim Financial Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > - < mark > Dube , A . ( 2019 ) . Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes < / mark > _ < mark > . American Economic Journal : Applied Economics < / mark > _ < mark > , 11 ( 4 ) , 268-304 . < / mark > - < mark > Eberenz , S . , Lüthi , S . , & Bresch , D . N . ( 2021 ) . Regional Tropical Cyclone Impact Functions for Globally Consistent Risk Assessments . < / mark > _ < mark > Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences < / mark > _ < mark > , 21 ( 1 ) , 393-415 . < / mark > - Elbers , C . , Gunning , J . W . , and Kinsey , B . ( 2007 ) . Growth and Risk : Methodology and Micro Evidence . _The World Bank Economic Review_ 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 20 . - < mark > Ellis , F . ( 1998 ) . Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification . < / mark > _ < mark > The Journal of Development Studies < / mark > _ < mark > , 35 : 1 , 1-38 . < / mark > - < mark > Erman , A . , E . Motte , R . Goyal , A . Asare , S . Takamatsu , X . Chen , S . Malgioglio , A . Skinner , N . Yoshida , and < / mark > - < mark > S . Hallegatte . 2020 . The road to recovery the role of poverty in the exposure , vulnerability and resilience to floods in Accra . < / mark > _ < mark > Economics of Disasters and Climate Change < / mark > _ < mark > 4 : 171-193 . < / mark > - FAO . ( 2023 ) . Agricultural Stress Index System ( ASIS ) : Historic Agricultural Drought Frequency ( Global - 1 Km ) . http : / / www . fao . org / giews / earthobservation / Foster , J . , Smallcombe", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Article 70 provides an avenue for redress for any person who alleges that the right to a clean and healthy environment has been or is likely to be denied , violated , infringed , or threatened . The Court is empowered to issue preventive , cessation , or compensatory orders . Article 70 relaxes the rule on locus standi because of which , there is no need to prove loss or injury by an applicant . Anyone may institute a claim seeking to enforce the environmental rights and obligations stipulated in the Constitution . Enforcement contemplated by Article 70 will be done through the Environment and Land Court established under Article 162 ( 2 ) ( b ) . The Court has the same status as the High Court . This effectively denies High Court jurisdiction over environmental matters under Article 165 ( 5 ) ( b ) . _ICTA should ensure project activities do not compromise the right to a clean and healthy environment . Requisite measures should be put in place to guarantee the sustainability of the Project . Such measures should include but not limited to pollution prevention and control and sustainable utilization of natural resources . _ # # * * _2 . 2 . 2 Sessional Paper No . 10 of 2014 on the National Environment Policy , 2014_ * * The overall goal of this Paper is to ensure better quality of life for present and future generations through sustainable management and use of the environment and natural resources . Section 5 . 6 of this Policy focusses on infrastructure development and environment and makes explicit policy statements to ensure sustainable management and use of the environment and natural resources during the construction and operation of infrastructure developments including roads . These policy statements require the commitment of the Government to : - Ensure Strategic Environmental Assessment ( SEA ) , Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) , Social Impact Assessment ( SIA ) and Public Participation in the planning and approval of infrastructural projects ; - Develop and implement an environmentally friendly national infrastructural development strategy and action plan ; and - Ensure that periodic Environmental Audits are carried out for all infrastructural projects . Relevance to this", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Photo 2 : Consultation with Southwest Shewa Zone administration Officials Photo 3 : Consultation with Woliso town ( Left ) and Woliso Woreda administration Officials ( right ) The summary of issues presented and discussed during the consultation meetings with the local authorities are presented in the section below . # # # # # # * * i ) Participants ’ Awareness and Understanding of the Subproject * * In reflecting their ideas on early awareness and knowledge about the proposed Subproject , while local officials at Zonal and town administration levels had better information of the proposed Woliso Subproject , whereas consulted officials at Woreda and Kebele levels had limited information and knowledge about the subproject as most of them are new to the official position they hold right now . To have a better understanding of the proposed Subproject , the study team briefed the local authorities about the proposed Subproject , previous studies related to the Subproject and about the particular meeting . In addition to that , the consultation meetings conducted with the local authorities was focused on issues encountered during the census enumeration of Subproject affected properties which accomplished with active participation of selected Woreda compensation committee members and Kebele administration representative . Surprisingly , most of the consulted local officials were not aware of the exact site selected for the construction of the proposed new Woliso substation . As a result , the study team provided information to the participants regarding the substation site that allocated by the Woreda administration about two years ago . Page 93 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1288, "end": 1340, "text": "census enumeration of Subproject affected properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information that emphasizes community norms favoring vaccine uptake ( Palm et al . , 2021 ) . Observational studies provide good grounds for anticipating information on vaccine safety and disease risk to be effective in reducing vaccine hesitancy . In line with the findings from developing countries on attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines outlined above , a common finding in much work on attitudes to vaccinations is that people ’ s reluctance to be vaccinated stems in part from fear of vaccines or their perceived side effects ( Brewer et al . , 2017 ; Kang et al . , 2017 ; Karlsson et al . , 2021 ) . Similarly , a common finding in observational studies is that when people perceive an illness to be more threatening , and the vaccine efficacious in reducing that threat , they are more willing to be vaccinated ( Karlsson et al . , 2021 ; Palm et al . , 2021 ) . Although observational studies provide evidence that information on the relative risk of vaccines and diseases will increase people ’ s willingness to be vaccinated , experimental studies have returned mixed results . Positive treatment effects have been found in some studies ( for example , Palm et al . , 2021 ) , other experiments have failed to find clear evidence of the efficacy of information treatments ( Brewer et al . , 2017 ; Dubé et al . , 2015 ) , while some studies have found adverse effects , at least in certain groups ( Nyhan and Reifler , 2015 ; Nyhan et al . , 2014 ) . Broader non-vaccine-related work in social science suggests that beliefs about social norms , and in particular beliefs about what most other people are doing , will be an effective means of changing vaccine attitudes . Norms have been found to shape human actions and interactions in many ways ( Tankard and Paluck , 2016 ) . And there is some evidence from earlier vaccine work suggesting that norms are important in influencing views , although their potential use as a tool for increasing vaccine uptake remains a comparatively new research area ( Brewer et al . , 2017 ; Dubé et al . , 2015 ) . One of the few currently", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Northern Uganda Business Support Program ( P147258 ) replicate / scale up the VRF model in their districts , showing demand for the project is high . In addition to OPM / NUSAF TST , the President of Uganda ’ s team of Economic Advisors have appreciated the NUBSP project design and are planning to replicate the revolving fund approach in 7200 Parishes < sup > 2 < / sup > across the whole of Uganda . In addition , some development partners have expressed interest to partner with the GoU and the World Bank to strengthen and scale up the model nationally . # # * * I . PROJECT CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES * * # # # * * A . CONTEXT AT APPRAISAL * * 1 . In 2013 , at the time the NUBSP was being conceptualized and designed , Northern Uganda experienced economic stagnation arising from more than two decades of instability . The insurgency in the region had taken a tremendous toll on the population and the economy . In financial terms , the cost of the conflict to the national economy had been estimated at over US $ 1 . 3 billion ( for 1986 – 2002 ) , more than 3 percent of gross domestic product . 2 . As a result , the North was the poorest region in Uganda with some of the lowest human development indicators in the country . The 2005 / 2006 National Household Survey showed that the North had the largest proportion of people living in poverty , estimated at 61 percent , almost twice the national poverty level of 31 percent . The gap between the northern and national poverty levels had widened from 17 percentage points in 1992 to 30 percentage points in 2005 / 2006 , with poverty in the North falling less than any other region since the early 1990s . 3 . The World Bank ’ s engagement with the Government of Uganda ( GoU ) in Northern Uganda dates back to the Northern Uganda Reconstruction Project 1992 – 1998 . While a number of the project", "spans": [{"start": 1271, "end": 1308, "text": "2005 / 2006 National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Local development is also often an elusive goal , dependent on the implementation of appropriate and equitable economic policies at the national level . In the short term at least , people with access to higher incomes may actually be more rather than less prone to migrate . And while the notion of improving the protection and assistance available to refugees is an inherently positive once , it is a strategy that requires the full support of both host and donor states and which runs the risk of privileging refugees over equally poor members of the host community . Migration should ultimately be seen in terms of its potential contributions to national development . Migration builds human capacity , with migrants bringing skills and also often returning home with new skills . Migrants also build economic links between their host and home countries and can be an engine of economic development on both sides as a source of labour and remittances . The goal should not be to suppress migration but rather to ensure it is a true choice and yields maximum benefits for the individuals , communities and countries concerned . # # * * National and regional strategies * * A number of transit and destination countries in the region under review have developed their own strategies for responding to mixed migratory movements . In Tanzania , for example , a Ministerial Task Force , involving the Ministry of Home Affairs , IOM , UNHCR and the national and international Red Cross was established in 2008 to examine the phenomenon of mixed movements through Tanzania and to consider appropriate responses . The work of the Task Force has provided a rare and important source of empirical data on this issue , allowing better mapping and understanding of the movement of people through the country . In South Africa , where the issue of mixed movement is in many ways most pressing , the Department of Home Affairs ( DHA ) has announced its decision “ to shift the international migration paradigm away from trying to combat what is an inevitable process towards seeking to manage it in the national interest , as well as in the interests of immigrants themselves , in a proactive rather than reactive way . ”", "spans": [{"start": 1681, "end": 1695, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * a . * * Actions and policies need to be grounded in thorough knowledge and understanding of land and property dynamics prevalent in areas of planned relocation . For example , multiple forms of land and property frameworks ( traditional / customary , collective and individual , private and social , formal and informal , local versus national , etc . ) may co-exist ; there may be a disconnect between the formal State land tenure laws and the way land and property relations are actually managed on the ground ; and informal land tenure arrangements and / or existing cadastres and land title registries may not be reliable , etc . ; * * b . * * Macro-level policy setting needs to be accompanied by micro-level political engagement , since land and property relations are highly contextual and often highly politicized ; * * c . * * The feasibility of action should be ascertained from the outset , with policies grounded in a realistic assessment of institutional capacities . < sup > 58 < / sup > 73 . Among the multiple sources of potentially valuable guidance on land , housing , and property are : the FAO Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land , Fisheries , and Forests in the Context of National Food Insecurity , the United Nations Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons , and guidance on evictions . < sup > 59 < / sup > # # # COMPENSATION AND RESTITUTION 74 . Experience from DIDR , in particular , indicates that cash-based compensation schemes alone have rarely prevented impoverishment risks and impacts . In-kind compensation , however , entails less risk and such compensation remains one indispensable means of making reparations for what has been lost . Certain forms of compensation schemes can fail relocated communities , thereby compounding vulnerability . For example , when compensation is provided in the form of ‘ cash for land ’ , safeguards need to be put in place to avoid the sudden and concomitant infusion of money into the market from pricing out relocated", "spans": [{"start": 574, "end": 583, "text": "cadastres", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 588, "end": 609, "text": "land title registries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prices of key consumer goods , agricultural inputs , and agro-processing services , crop and other output prices , access to credit , distances to tarred road and transport to district center and capital city , land rights , tenure , availability and inheritance , and access to common property right grazing land and forested areas . * * Social capital and institutional indicators * * will be collected during the participatory workshops and from households and enterprises individually . Survey and participatory instruments will be designed with reference to the World Values Survey , the World Bank ' s Local-level Institutions Survey and DFID ' s Sustainable Livelihoods Strategy . These indicators will relate to the ethnic , religious , and geographical composition of the communities , key local institutions and organizations , the operations of and degree of individual involvement in local councils ( levels 1 , II , and III ) , ERT-related groups and other community-based associations , levels of trust and trustworthiness , perceptions about ERT projects , individuals ' senses of empowerment , extra community networks and access to communications technologies . F ' inally , several indicators relating to * * ERT project characteristics * * will be collected during key informant interviews and stored in a form that is compatible with the household , enterprise and service provider data . T ' hese will include data on ownership , generation technology , extent of the grid , metering technologies , sources of investment finance , subsidy , loan terms , and interest rates , tariff structures and billing procedures , user charges outstanding , aspects of management , staff , problems encountered on each project and the types of solutions found , community issues , perceptions and aspirations . # # # # # # * * _Participatory Workshops_ * * T ' he program of participatory monitoring is to be designed in collaboration with a member of the Ugandan Participatory Poverty Monitoring team . It will involve livelihoods analysis , social mapping , institutional mapping , and , where appropriate , the construction of network diagrams , transect walks , and time-lines . T", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 586, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 608, "end": 639, "text": "Local-level Institutions Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1358, "end": 1406, "text": "household , enterprise and service provider data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table Annex 5 # # # # IHA < sup > t < / sup > s Total Expenditures Over Next Three Years | | | < br > | Eth $ - millio < br > | n < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ITEM | IDA | GOVERNMENT | TOTAL | | 1 . | TocompleteSecondHighwayProgram | 3 . 75 | 2 . 25 | 6 . 00 | | | Sub-Total | 3 . 75 | 2 . 25 | 6 . 00 | | 2 . | ThirdHighwayProgram < br > a ) construction , asphalting , and < sup > supervisi < / sup > < br > andmanagementconsultants | < sup > on < / sup > < br > 24 . 6o | 18e00 | 42 . 60 | | | b ) AhwasValleyroadsurvey | 1 . 90 | 0 . 60 | 2 . 50 | | | c ) contingencies | 3 . 50 | 3 . 40 | 6e90 | | | Sub-Total | 33 . 75 | 24 . 25 | 58 . 0o | | 3 . | RoutineMaintenance | - | 25-00 | 25rOO | | 4 . | BettermentWorks | - | 30 . 00 | 30-00 | | | Total < br > InU . S . Dollars | 33 . 75 < br > 13350 | 79 . 25 < br > 31 . 70 | 113X00 < br > 45cco |", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 548, "text": "AhwasValleyroadsurvey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Attachment 2 * * # * * Sample Form for Advances * * # [ Ministry / Implementing Agency Letterhead ] _ [ Date ] _ Loan Department * * - * * [ name of Regional Center ] The World Bank [ address of regional center ] Attention : [ name of regional center team lead ] * * Subject : Re : IDA [ Credit ] [ Grant ] ( name of Program / Operation ) - Request for Advance * * # Dear Sir / Madam , We refer to the Financing Agreement between the Association ( the \" Association \" ) and _ [ insert the name of the Recipient ] _ ( the \" Recipient \" ) providing for the above [ Grant ] [ Credit ] . In accordance with the provisions of the Disbursement Letter and Schedule * * _ , * * Section of the Financing Agreement , to support the implementation of the above Program and to facilitate the achievement of the planned results , we request an Advance in the amount of _ [ insert amount ] ' . _ [ We request that the Advance be disbursed in _ [ currency requested for disbursement ] _ equivalent to the Total Advance Requested above . ] < sup > 2 < / sup > We acknowledge that the amount disbursed will be charged to < sup > the < / sup > [ Grant ] [ Credit ] Account in the currency of the Financing at the rate of exchange in effect at the time of disbursement . Sincerely , _ [ insert Name and Position ] _ < sup > _3_ < / sup > The Proposed Advance should be in the currency of the DLI / DLR as set out in the disbursement table < sup > in < / sup > the [ Grant ] [ Financing ] Agreement and in accordance with provisions in the Disbursement and Financial Information Letter . Normally , this is the currency of commitment of the [ Grant ] [ Credit ] . 2 Use this", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and a few independent studies , fragmentary field data is available on the performance of grade cattle enterprises . 4 . 20 The PCR suggests that milk yields of * * 250-350 * * imperial gallons per animal are normal and that gross cash returns per grade cow average * * _Sh_ 900-1 , 000 * * after allowing for home consumption . Assuming a two cow herd financed by-a Sh * * 3 , 500 * * loan under the project , a payback period of two years", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 54, "text": "fragmentary field data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "missing . By contrast , all bilateral positions of a reporting country ( source or destination ) are , in principle , observed . Since BIS reporting countries generally itemize every counterparty country on which its banks hold or owe an active ( positive ) position , any missing observation is most likely a true zero and we code it as such . This procedure could underestimate the number and value of active links for those reporting countries that do not require banks to report the complete breakdown of all counterparty countries when positions are small enough . Another point concerns the handling of a change in reporting in 2012 . Countries historically reported positions expressed in U . S . dollars rounded to the closest million . Thus , positions below US $ 0 . 5 million ( a low threshold in the context of country-to-country investment ) were reported as zero . When decimal reporting was introduced in the second quarter of 2012 , hundreds of links below US $ 0 . 5 million started to be reported as positive , leading to an artificial jump in the number of active links in 2012 . Although this jump does not affect our analysis of the intensive margin ( because the value of these links is so small ) , it could bias the analysis of the extensive margin . We offset this break in the series by setting all links below US $ 0 . 5 million to zero . This ensures that all reported loans and deposits are subject to a constant reporting threshold throughout the sample period . # * * A . 2 . Portfolio Investment * * For portfolio investment , we rely on the CPIS database from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . The CPIS is a voluntary data collection exercise that assembles data on countries ’ international holdings of equities and long-term and short-term debt securities . Countries report data on : ( i ) their holdings of portfolio investment assets issued by residents in other countries , and ( ii ) their portfolio investment liabilities issued by domestic residents and held by residents in other countries . No aggregation is needed because the data are already reported at the country level ( all", "spans": [{"start": 1574, "end": 1587, "text": "CPIS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9898 # * * Abstract * * This study employs a synthetic panel approach based on nationally representative micro-level data to track poverty and income mobility in Malaysia in 2004 – 16 . On aggregate , there were large reductions in chronic poverty and increases in persistent economic security , but those who remained poor in 2016 were increasingly likely to be poor in a structural sense . Further , the poverty and income dynamics differ notably across geographic dimensions . Such disparities are most striking when comparing affluent urban Peninsular Malaysia with poorer rural East Malaysia . Although there are important differences in welfare levels between the main ethnic groups in Malaysia , the mobility trends generally point in the same direction . While the findings show that there is still scope for poverty reduction through the reduction of interethnic inequalities , the study underscores the importance of taking regional inequalities into account to ensure a fairer distribution of socioeconomic opportunities for poor and vulnerable Malaysians . Hence , addressing chronic poverty is likely to require additional attention to less developed geographic areas , as a complement to the current policies that are largely ethnicity-based . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at g . rongen @ aighd . org and zaliahmad @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 151, "text": "nationally representative micro-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Log of Total Population , Log of size , Direct exports , Foreign ownership , checking or savings account , sector are controlled for . Survey weights are used . # 4 . Summary and Conclusions The Covid-19 pandemic and the ensuing financial tightening due to the inflationary environment has raised public debt as governments grapple with public health investments to curb the pandemic and collapse in revenues due to slower economic activity . The rise in debt may further disrupt the formal private sector in developing economies . Using two to three waves of panel firm-level data across developing economies , this study finds that higher public debt is correlated with low investment by formal private sector firms . The finding is largely driven by small and medium-size enterprises , domestic firms , and non-exporters – 17", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 583, "text": "panel firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) * * Figure 5 . 5 : Main sanitation facilities and practices in an informal settlement in Kisumu County * * In the 13 sites targeted by KISIP , this same pattern was exhibited in a social economic survey conducted in 2017 in order to understand the social and economic dynamics in the sites . Most of the sites are not on a sewer line except for Manyatta A . Flying toilets were reported in Manyatta A by 28 % of the respondents . Inadequate sanitation not only degrades the environmental conditions in the settlements but only poses the risk of surface and ground water contamination and the spread of water borne diseases . The sanitation situation in 9 sites as gathered by the KISIP Social economic survey are presented in the Table 5 . 9 . * * Table 5 . 9 : Types of Sanitation Facilities Used and by what Percentage of the Population * * Name of Site Pit latrine Flush Existence of sewer line VIP Flying Toilets * * Manyatta A * * 67 4 Yes 28 % * * Manyatta B * * 69 . 2 No 26 . 9 87 No 10 * * Shauri Yako * * 66 34 No * * Shauri Moyo * * 100 No Almost all No 7 54 18 NO 14 The main sewage treatment plant in Kisumu is the Kisat Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant that was built in 1958 . There are in addition three main private industrial wastewater treatment plants , two * * Figure 5 . 5 : Main sanitation facilities and practices in an informal settlement in Kisumu County * * In the 13 sites targeted by KISIP , this same pattern was exhibited in a social economic survey conducted in 2017 in order to understand the social and economic dynamics in the sites . Most of the sites are not on a sewer line except for Manyatta A . Flying toilets were reported in Manyatta A by 28 % of the respondents . Inadequate sanitation not", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 395, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 873, "end": 901, "text": "KISIP Social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * ANC * * < br > | * * OVA * * < br > | * * P * * < br > | * * ooled * * < br > | | | * * 5 weeks * * < br > * * WHO ‐ 5 score * * | * * 3 months * * < br > * * WHO ‐ 5 score * * | * * Pooled * * < br > * * WHO ‐ 5 * * < br > * * score * * | * * Clustered SEs * * < br > * * WHO ‐ 5 score * * | | Treatment | 0 . 751 | 4 . 732 * | 2 . 710 | 2 . 710 | | | ( 2 . 147 ) | ( 2 . 637 ) | ( 1 . 698 ) | ( 1 . 958 ) | | Baseline score | 0 . 442 * * * | 0 . 338 * * * | 0 . 392 * * * | 0 . 392 * * * | | | ( 0 . 056 ) | ( 0 . 067 ) | ( 0 . 0436 ) | ( 0 . 0580 ) | | Round ‐ ERKF | 0 . 105 | 3 . 669 | 1 . 924 | 1 . 924 | | | ( 2 . 197 ) | ( 2 . 742 ) | ( 1 . 750 ) | ( 1 . 845 ) | | Age | 0 . 134 | ‐ 0 . 135 | ‐ 0 . 00123 | ‐ 0 . 00123 | | | ( 0 . 103 ) | ( 0 . 125 ) | ( 0 . 0810 ) | ( 0 . 0926 ) | | Education | ‐ 0 . 735 * * * | ‐ 0 . 207 | ‐ 0 . 480 * * | ‐ 0 . 480 * * | | | ( 0 . 265 ) | ( 0 . 327 ) | ( 0 . 210 ) | ( 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", as reflected in trust and membership of associations . Temple and Johnson ( 1998 ) also examine the relationship between measures of trust and associational activity as measured in the World Values Survey and their social indicators . Although the overlap in countries from the two data sets was only 10 , the results are suggestive . They find negative or insignificant relations between the two sets of social measures except when they divide up the associational activity measure into groups that are likely to be distributional coalitions ( negative correlation ) and groups that are Putnamesque ( positive correlation ) . La Porta and colleagues ( 1997 ) once again used the trust data from the World Values Survey to examine the thesis that trust or social capital determines the performance of society ' s institutions through cross-country regressions . Trust is the propensity to co-operate . They argue that trust is needed more to support co-operation between strangers or between those who 21", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 692, "text": "trust data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 702, "end": 721, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10934 # * * Abstract * * Minimum wages are an essential component of a country ’ s social protection system , aiming to protect vulnerable workers and reduce poverty and wage inequality . Yet , there are risks associated with poor minimum wage design . Higher minimum wages may result in higher earnings for affected workers but fewer job opportunities for others , including the demographic groups they are intended to help , such as those with very low wages and skills and youth , so ex-ante evaluation of potential employment , wage , and distributional impacts is needed . Over the past decade , Romania experienced significant real growth in the minimum wage and a rising minimum-to-median wage ratio . However , when looking at minimum living standards , the analysis shows that the statutory minimum wage is higher than the living wage needed to cover a consumption food basket estimated by the European Commission under the European Reference budget network , but not enough to include non-food components . The microsimulation results using administrative tax data show that tying minimum wage to inflation or the living wage could lead to a slight short-term wage increase for some workers but may cause job loss in the long run , especially for younger workers . The minimum wage increase could have varying impacts across regions and sectors , with the accommodation and food services sector and those living in the Suceava region , which has the highest proportion of affected employees . Moreover , male employees tend to be more affected than their female counterparts . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at mrobayo @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . _The Policy Research Working Paper", "spans": [{"start": 1081, "end": 1104, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "equal to the 2010 GDP per capita from the World Development Indicators . It should be noted that this is only an approximation to more proper international comparisons ( see e . g . Deaton and Dupriez , 2011 ) and that the HIT database is not the World Bank Group ’ s official poverty data , which can be found in PovcalNet . < sup > 2 < / sup > Figure 4 pools all the data and shows how the aggregate spending categories identified in our data vary with ( the log of ) household income per capita ( in constant 2010 USD ) . To start , households spend a large share of their income on food and agricultural products . Across all countries , the average household in our sample spends 44 . 7 % of its income on food items , 17 . 4 % on manufacturing goods , and 15 . 1 % on services . Another 16 . 9 % of expenditure is accounted for by goods households have produced themselves , which highlights the importance of dealing with home consumption in the analysis . This also implies that the total expenditure share in agriculture is 61 . 6 % . While there is huge heterogeneity in spending patterns both across and within countries , the graph shows that , as households get richer , the share of income spent on food decreases , especially for the richest households . Spending on manufacturing goods , services , and other goods first declines with income but then increases sharply . The opposite happens with home consumption . The implication is that the tariff burden on different households will vary as a result of these different consumption patterns . Agriculture is the most important source of income , accounting for 38 . 5 % of total household income on average . This total comprises a 20 . 9 % share of production for household consumption and 17 . 6 % of sales of agricultural products in the market . Labor income represents 29 . 6 % of household income , on average , and non-farm enterprises account for another 12 . 7 % . Figure 5 shows how these aggregate income shares vary by income ( in constant 2010", "spans": [{"start": 42, "end": 70, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 235, "text": "HIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 314, "end": 323, "text": "PovcalNet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 8 : Median Survival Time ( adjusted for exporters ) based on Fixed < br > Costs by Country < br > Ukraine < br > Kazakhs . . . < br > Kenya < br > Greece < br > Portugal < br > Turkey < br > Morocco < br > Jordan < br > Italy < br > Russia < br > Peru < br > Colombia < br > 0 4 8 12 16 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Weeks < br > Note : Data is extracted from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . Number of Observations : 6 , 395 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The analysis here also offers a partial answer to the puzzling result in Tables 2-4 that Schumpeter ’ s theory does not find support in our data . Previous analyses have shown that exporters are among the most productive firms in any economy ( for example , Wagner 2007 ) . As exports are among the most affected sectors of the economy during economic distress periods that involve health concerns , productive firms are in effect subjected to financial strain more than the average firm . The Schumpeter theory of creative destruction no longer holds . # * * VII . Policy Response * * The evidence in Section VI suggests that significant government response is warranted to prevent mass insolvency . Such response can proceed in two steps . First , governments need to temporarily suspend bankruptcy procedures , which often dictate that illiquid firms ’ assets get transferred to their secured creditors , mostly banks . A number of countries have already taken this step . For example , in France bankruptcy law normally gives 45 days from the moment a debtor can no longer pay its debts to filing for bankruptcy . The new ordinance says that the firms will have three months", "spans": [{"start": 534, "end": 563, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > covering a global < br > sample . | Annual . Used in < br > WGI since 1996 . < br > CIRI Human < br > Rights Data was < br > discontnued in < br > 2014 and last < br > used in WGI in < br > 2013 . | Expert / NGO | < br > Both data sources are expert assessments scored by coding < br > informaton inUS Department of State Country Reports on < br > Human Rights PractcesandAmnesty Internatonal Annual < br > Reports . Coding is done by researchers afliated with the < br > project . A complete descripton of the methodology is < br > availableherefor the Politcal Terror Scale andhere for the < br > CIRI Human Rights Data . Because both products draw on the < br > same primary sources they are treated as a single source in the < br > WGI . | | IFD | Internatonal < br > Fund for | Rural Sector < br > Performance < br > Assessment | 66 IFAD client countries . | Every three < br > years . Used in < br > WGI since 2004 | Expert / GOV | Expert assessment of quality of insttutons and policies < br > relevant for rural development scored by IFAD staf subject to < br > centralized review . Questonnaire andprocess are similar to | 40", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 628, "text": "CIRI Human Rights Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% ( based on the Global Solar Atlas - https : / / globalsolaratlas . ino ) . 63 The reconversion of the diesel plants is assumed to be possible at negligible cost . After conversion , the plants will run on a mixture of 80 % HFO and 20 % diesel . Page 101", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 35, "text": "Global Solar Atlas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "national water resources monitoring and information system , said program to consist of : ( i ) enhancing the water quality and pollution monitoring network * * by * * establishing new water quality monitoring stations ; ( ii ) enhancing the network for hydro-meteorological , surface and groundwater monitoring , * * by : ( A ) * * upgrading existing surface water stations with data loggers ; ( B ) establishing new water stations equipped with automated sensors and real time telemetry ; * * ( C ) * * upgrading groundwater monitoring wells and installing water level meters and related data loggers ; and * * ( D ) * * establishing new weather stations for climate monitoring ; ( iii ) improving real time data transfer from MWE ' s water resources and climate monitoring network ; ( iv ) strengthening the technical capacities of water quality laboratories to provide back up", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it will reflect the sources of funds , and will be broken down into different types of expenditures for the project . Furthermore , it will provide information on the receipt and use of funds and will be able to produce financial reports comparing budget with actual expenditures at any given time . The system will be capable of providing financial data to measure performance when linked to the outputs of the project .", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 354, "text": "financial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "controlling for observable characteristics ? # Achieved samples As is often the case with online surveys , the achieved sample for the Facebook survey differed from the population on several observable characteristics ( see Table 5 ) . Respondents to the Facebook survey were more likely than the general population to live in the West Bank , more likely to be male , more likely to report working in the past week , and much more likely to have completed secondary or higher education . The distribution of observable characteristics in the PPCS sample was more closely ( although not perfectly ) aligned with that of the population . * * Table 5 : The achieved sample for the Facebook survey is farther than the PPCS sample from the population distribution * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Facebook sample * * < br > * * ( unweighted ) * * | * * PPCS sample * * < br > * * ( unweighted ) * * | * * Population * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Share who live in the West Bank_ | 69 . 4 | 56 . 4 | 62 . 0 | | | ( 1 . 3 ) | ( 2 . 6 ) | | | _Share who are female_ | 24 . 5 | 51 . 8 | 49 . 4 | | | ( 1 . 2 ) | ( 0 . 5 ) | | > 10 Based on publicly available < u > ACLED data for the West Bank and Gaza from May 6 to 21 , 2021 , accessed around < / u > December 2022 and filtered to the following event and sub event types : Battles , Explosions / Remote violence , Riots , Violence against civilians , and Excessive force against protesters . See also Raleigh et al ( 2010 ) . 11 See for example Mehvar et al ( 2021 ) and World Bank Group et al ( 2021 ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1166, "end": 1203, "text": "ACLED data for the West Bank and Gaza", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through dialogue and argumentation ( World Bank , 2017 ) . Examining these norms and preferences and how they evolve is key to understanding why conflicts of interest persist and how reformers can find common ground for socially beneficial reforms ( Khemani , 2020 ) . Broad participation and engagement could also increase the contestability of policy ideas . Consequently , reforms could be of higher quality , and efforts could be focused on the most-needed reforms . Available empirical evidence shows that citizen engagement largely improves outcomes at the local level ( Baiocchi , 2005 ; World Bank , 2017 ) . Citizen support can also be instrumental in improving the legitimacy of decisions . The Arab Spring is a powerful reminder of the importance of inclusiveness and public support . Little has been done to analyze the engagement and support for economic reforms < sup > 2 < / sup > in the GCC . This paper is an effort to fill in the needed gap using novel data from news and social media . The paper contributes to the existing literature on economic reforms , which has typically focused only on the effects of implemented reforms ( see Prati et al . , 2013 , Alesina et al . , 2020 ) . The paper uses text analysis techniques on publicly available big data sources : passed laws and decrees , social media , and news media . The use of data from newspapers and social media platforms has several advantages . They can be real-time and cover many countries . They can provide more granular and > 2 Economic reforms are understood as changes introduced with the intention to improve the economy . For example , we do not examine political reforms in this paper . 2", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 1002, "text": "novel data from news and social media", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1353, "end": 1400, "text": "data from newspapers and social media platforms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR8668 The World Bank collaboration between the Ethiopia Health and Nutrition Research Institute ( EHNRI ) and five national universities . The topics being covered by these OR studies include : i ) examining different means of reaching iron supplements to adolescent girls in school and outside ; ii ) development and marketing of nutrient rich locally processed foods for young children ; iii ) improving school-based nutrition education curriculum ; iv ) piloting of orange flesh sweet potato consumption ; and v ) assessing the quality of CBN service delivery . The FMOH has procured 28 , 750 bicycles , which will be delivered to all HEWs in the project areas by the end of February 2013 . Procurement of micronutrients and deworming medicines at an estimated value of US $ 7 . 5 million is currently in progress . # # # * * Locations * * No Location data has been entered # # * * < mark > Results < / mark > * * # # # * * < mark > Project Development Objective Indicators < / mark > * * | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage of children 0-23 months | | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 41 . 30 | 40 . 00 | | participating in monthly GMP sessions | | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | | | | Comments | Source : Routine CBN data , < br > FMOH ( new indicator ) | Source : Routine CBN data , < br > FMOH | Source : Routine CBN data , < br > FMOH | | Percentage of infants 0-5 months exclusively | | Percentage | Value | 51 . 00 | 52 . 00 | 56 . 00 |", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 873, "text": "Location data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1358, "end": 1374, "text": "Routine CBN data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", _ the restructuring and downsizing operations have produced better capitalized banking systems . Among the _CEEs , Bulgaria_ had the highest capital adequacy ratio in 1998 of around 37 percent due to revaluation gains . # * * c . Banking Sector Efficiency * * The effects of bank crisis resolution on banking sector efficiency were mixed . One measure , interest rate spreads < sup > 45 < / sup > , indicates that the banking sector has become more efficient in the _CEEs_ and _Baltics , _ while it remains far from efficient in the _CIS_ countries . Another measure - central bank credit to commercial banks as a share of GDP < sup > 46 < / sup > - indicate that there were improvements in this area for all three country groups . In the _CEEs_ and the _Baltics , _ interest rate spreads have , by and large , been declining in the latter part of the 1990s , suggesting increasing banking sector efficiency during that period . In 1998 , the average interest rate spreads of the two country groups were around 8 percent , which was still twice the level in the OECD countries . By contrast , in the four _CIS_ countries , interest margins were extremely high , averaging 33 percent in 1998 , reflecting the lack of competition and inefficiency in their banking systems . For all three country groups , central bank credit to banks as a share of GDP generally declined through the 1990s , reflecting a decrease in the reliance of the banking system on the central bank , and suggesting an increase in efficiency . By 1998 , this ratio had fallen to around I percent or smaller in the > * * 45 * * See Appendix Table 9 for data on interest rate spreads for the twelve countries and for OECD countries . > * * 46 * * See Appendix Table 10 for data on central bank credit to banks as a share of GDP for the twelve countries and for OECD countries . 45", "spans": [{"start": 1624, "end": 1653, "text": "data on interest rate spreads", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1743, "end": 1770, "text": "data on central bank credit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "may have played a role in the trend in labor income inequality in Latin America ; it also documents how residual labor inequality is the most important factor in this trend . Section 5 concludes . # 2 . Data : From noise to signal for identifying regional trends Most stylized facts on Latin America are produced using harmonized national household surveys from the SEDLAC Project . < sup > 14 < / sup > The surveys are collected by the respective national statistics offices ( NSOs ) and harmonized through the SEDLAC Project . These microdata cover 17 countries over a span of 20 years , which account for 90 percent of the population in the region . Annex A provides more detail on the microdata used in this study for each country and each year . In addition , part of the analysis in section 3 uses aggregated information on República Bolivariana de Venezuela to present a more comprehensive picture on labor income inequality in Latin America . There is information on a yearly basis for all countries with the exception of Chile and Mexico , which collect data every two or three years , and Guatemala and Nicaragua , which collect household survey data about every five years . < sup > 15 < / sup > All the surveys have a labor module to collect information on labor income after taxes , which is the main variable of interest in this study . Next , we provide a detailed description of the use we make of this variable . An additional contribution of this study is the effort to minimize the intrinsic noncomparability of surveys over long periods of time . A salient characteristic of household surveys in developing countries is that they are living tools that undergo changes in structure , the phrasing of questions , sample design , and frequency , among other features , from time to time . There is thus a cost of comparability in the country series for those indicators that are more sensitive to the specific change . The large majority of the studies that are not country specific do not mention how they deal with the effect that the changes in the survey features have on the comparability of their estimates .", "spans": [{"start": 1139, "end": 1160, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1595, "end": 1612, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nées centrale . Cette étape cruciale de ce système d ’ enregistrement biométrique garantit la qualité des données collectées , améliore la gestion des ressources des partenaires humanitaires et limite les cas de duplication ou de détournement de l ’ assistance . Les principaux acteurs humanitaires dans ces différentes régions ont travaillé en étroite collaboration avec la DNDS pour enregistrer les personnes déplacées internes dans les sites et les familles d ’ accueils et ont fourni une assistance à la population touchée par le biais de la carte d ' enregistrement des personnes déplacées . * * 9 * *", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 594, "text": "carte d ' enregistrement des personnes déplacées", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Localised resilience in action : Responding to the Regional Syria crisis # # # # # * * Case study : Long-term investments in institutional capacity building * * * * UNDP Country Office in Jordan , in partnership with the European Union and other agencies have provided support to the Government of Jordan to strengthen its capacity to effectively respond to the impact of the Syria crisis . The project provides support to the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation ( MOPIC ) , in particular , for its leadership and coordination functions , providing policy advice , strategic planning , aid coordination and data management . The project has been critical in supporting the Humanitarian Relief Coordination Unit ( HRCU ) and the Aid coordination Unit ( ACU ) within MOPIC to coordinate development and implementation of the JRP , as well as the establishment of information management and aid flow systems , such as JORISS and the Aid Flow Information System ( AFIS ) . * * * * The project is expected to end in December 2017 . However it is clear that MOPIC continues to need technical and policy support to fulfill its planning and international cooperation mandate . Discussions are underway regarding the extent and scope of continued donor support . Based on lessons learned from the initial period of support , the Government of Jordan , donors and UN agencies are developing a plan for followup funding that situates support for the ACU in a development-oriented framework . A more holistic approach of this kind would link the government ’ s strategy for responding to the Syria crisis with Jordan ’ s ongoing development and efforts to achieve the sustainable development goals . UNDP Jordan recognizes importance of working through national structures and services , including government and national / local responders and using the approaches referred to in this document as the basis for driving the ‘ transition ’ agenda forward . If successful , it may also attract longerterm commitments from donors and UN partners , with funding from both humanitarian and development budgets , thereby operationalising the humanitarian-development nexus within a resilience framework .", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 972, "text": "Aid Flow Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Policy dialogue forums on development responses to forced displacement supported by the project ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of structured whole-of-government policy dialogues organized by Refugees and Returnees Service ( RRS ) with funding < br > from ET-DRDIP II . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Policyforum brief | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Summarized from forum deliberations | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | FPCU | Page 45", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 45, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 553, "end": 570, "text": "Policyforum brief", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tices . These practices were measured using items describing parent-child relationships adapted from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children ( Zubrick , Smith , Nicholson , Sanson , & Jackiewicz , 2008 ) . The questions covered a range of possible practices . Parenting practices are specific behaviors that parents use in their interactions with their child . These include , for example , using reprimands , giving praise , showing physical affection and setting and keeping with rules for behavior ( Bornstein & Zlotnik , 2008 ; L . O . Walker & Kirby , 2010 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > Following a recent narrative review of parenting , three hierarchical summary constructs are proposed : warmth , consistency , and hostility ( Jansen , Daniels , & Nicholson , 2012 ) . We compute these constructs by calculating within each of them the proportion of items the caregiver responds as having undertaken frequently . Many dimensions of parenting have been shown to influence child development , although different terms are often used to describe overlapping or similar constructs . Generally , children show better developmental outcomes when exposed to parenting that is high on the dimensions of warmth , consistency , inductive reasoning and self-efficacy and low on the dimensions of irritability , hostility and over-protectiveness ( Bayer et al . , 2011 ; Bradley et al . , 1989 ; Chang , Schwartz , Dodge , & McBride-Chang , 2003 ; Chao & Willms , 2002 ; Paterson & Sanson , 1999 ; Pettit & Bates , 1989 ) . Parenting styles are multidimensional categories of behaviors and attitudes which classify parents according to where they lie on the distributions of some specific parenting dimensions ( Darling & Steinberg , 1993 ) . One of the most well-known classifications of parenting style is that applied by Baumrind and others ( Baumrind , 1991 ; Darling & Steinberg , 1993 ; Maccoby & Martin , 1983 ) defining four parenting styles based around levels of over-controlling and responsive parenting : authoritative ( high control , high responsiveness ) , authoritarian ( high control , low responsiveness ) , indulgent / permissive ( low control , high responsiveness ) , and uninvolved / neglectful parenting ( low control", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The aggregate gains from trade in Vietnam are 1 . 99 percent . These gains are mostly explained by gains from lower tariffs on Other Processed Food ( 0 . 92 percent ) , Bananas ( 0 . 88 percent ) and Cigarettes ( 0 . 61 percent ) . These are mostly consumption gains ( with minor or even absent income gains ) . Fish contributes 0 . 37 percentage points to the aggregate gains , with a consumption gain of 0 . 50 percent and a lower income loss of 0 . 13 percent . The case of Rice is interesting because lower tariffs ( and lower prices ) create large income losses of – 1 . 57 percent . Other important products are Corn ( with income losses of – 0 . 13 percent ) , Alcohol ( with consumption gains of 0 . 17 percent ) , Pork ( 0 . 28 percent ) and Tea ( 0 . 13 percent ) . The pro-poor index in Vietnam is – 1 . 70 . This anti-poor bias of agricultural liberalization is due to the fact that the gains for the rich ( 2 . 74 percent ) are higher than the gains for the poor ( 1 . 04 percent ) . Tariff liberalization in products such as Bananas and Cigarettes yields the largest pro-poor biases , but the tariff cuts in Corn , Other Processed Food and Rice are distinctly anti-poor . Note in particular the role of the rice income effect : because of lower prices and because the poor are major producers and sellers of rice , the net rice income loss for the poor is – 2 . 35 percent , much higher than the net rice income loss for the rich ( of only – 0 . 58 percent ) . To end , we report in Table 6 the results from scenarios where tariffs are eliminated only in cereals ( namely , corn , wheat , rice and other cereals — sorghum , barley — in the templates ) . This scenario is interesting because it combines a simulation for a set of related goods that accounts for more than 50 % of global calorie intake , < sup > 11 < / sup", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Chile , Czechia , and India ) and demonstrate that inflation rises for several months before falling in response to monetary tightening , suggesting the price puzzle . Héricourt ( 2005 ) argues that despite numerous proposed solutions , the price puzzle remains unresolved in the case of Czechia . The inclusion of a broad commodity price index has been insufficient to resolve the puzzle . Additionally , Giordani ’ s ( 2004 ) proposition of simultaneous inclusion of output and output gap in the VAR to mimic IS and Philips curves has not resulted in any change in price behavior . Javid and Munir ( 2010 ) attribute the currency depreciations as a source of price puzzle , citing cases where exchange rate depreciation follows monetary tightening . Creel and Levasseur ( 2005 ) rationalize this exchange rate puzzle in terms of market expectations regarding the sustainability of sovereign debt and the probability of default , particularly with high levels of government debt and deficits . Beckers ( 2020 ) finds evidence of the price puzzle in Australia data , even when controlling for the systemic response of the cash rate to the Reserve Bank ’ s own inflation forecasts . This is attributed to an additional but omitted systematic response of the cash rate to credit market shocks , leading to a positive correlation between cash rate changes and future inflation . 47", "spans": [{"start": 1052, "end": 1066, "text": "Australia data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 2 | 2 . 6 | | PPP $ 5 . 5 | 3 . 1 | 12 . 7 | | Nationalpovertyline | 4 . 2 | 14 . 7 | Note : The table shows loss and gains based on households ’ consumable income , which is defined as market income – direct and indirect tax payments + direct transfers . It excludes in-kind transfers ( for education or health care ) . PPP = purchasing power parity , in 2011 U . S . dollars . a . “ Fiscal impoverishment ” is the extent to which fiscal system ( of taxes and transfers ) either ( a ) make a substantial portion of the poor even poorer , of ( b ) make the nonpoor poor . In other words , if the poor pay more in taxes than they receive in transfers , they are fiscally impoverished ( Higgins and Lustig 2016 ) . b . “ Fiscal gains to the poor ” is the opposite of fiscal impoverishment , representing more in gains from transfers than they pay in taxes ( Higgins and Lustig 2016 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ male household heads ( 65 & older ) , 41 female household heads ( FHH ) , 9 Elderly and FHH , 6 physically disabled HHs and 7 chronically ill household heads . # # # # # # * * _Cut-Off Date_ * * This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on April 1 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for TL tower pad , RoW and the two new Substations . During the census survey , all PAPs have been informed about the cut-off-date by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members . They have also been informed that no payment of compensation will be made with respect to any construction or any improvement on land where such activity is done after the cut-off date . # # # # # # * * _Compensation for Temporary Losses_ * * Temporary land acquisition impact of ROW on agricultural land will be considered for compensation payment as per the provisions stated in the Ethiopian law ( Proclamation No . 1161 / 2019 ) and Amendment Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 and in compliance with the WB ’ s ESS 5 . Provision of a temporary area to be used by the contractor includes temporary access road , construction office , store and camp facilities , temporary storage area for materials , equipment , machinery and tools , supplies , etc . related to civil and electrical works . Preliminary access road alignment along the TL corridor has been assessed and the temporary impacts are identified and quantified . However , the locations of the other auxiliary activities have yet to be selected . Therefore ,", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 512, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 717, "end": 730, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 827, "end": 840, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( a ) a cash flow statement ; ( b ) a closing statement of financial position , ( c ) a statement of ongoing commitments , ( d ) an analysis of payments and withdrawals from the Project ’ s account , ( e ) a statement of cash receipts and payments by category and component , ( f ) a reconciliation statement for the balance of the Project ’ s DA , ( g ) a statement of cash payments made using the SOE basis , and ( h ) the yearly inventory of fixed assets acquired under the Project . 13 . * * Flow of funds . * * Payment shall require three signatures : the Director of ANSIE , the Director of the External Financing Department at the Ministry of Finance , and the Director of the Debt Department at the Ministry of Budget . Funds will be transferred from the World Bank based on withdrawal applications submitted by the Project . The funds will be channeled from the World Bank through the single segregated DA in U . S . dollars opened at a commercial bank in Djibouti acceptable to the World Bank . Advances from the IDA account will be disbursed to the DA and used for project expenditures . 14 . * * Audit of the PFSs . * * An annual external audit of the PFSs will cover the financial transactions , internal controls , and FM systems . It will also include a comprehensive review of SOEs . 15 . An external auditor will be appointed according to a ToR acceptable to the World Bank . The audit should be conducted in accordance with international auditing standards . The auditor should produce ( a ) an annual audit report including his / her opinion on the Project ' s annual financial statements , ( b ) a management letter on the project internal controls , and ( c ) a limited review opinion of the IFRs on a yearly basis . The annual reports will be submitted to the World Bank within six months from the closure of each fiscal year and the limited review opinion will be submitted to the World Bank along with the yearly", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 457, "text": "yearly inventory of fixed assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "particularly timely . NFSP implementing agencies , especially the then newly created NFIA would not have been in a position to implement the NFSP at the level they did without such well thought out interventions . Thus , the quality at entry was satisfactory and the project design , by and large , adequate . However , given that inputs market was very weak ; the private sector lacked experience and capital , and Government dominated the sector , the realization of project objectives could have come only slowly . # # _3 . 0 Achievements of Objectives and Outputs_ The Central Statistical Authority ( CSA ) estimated food grain production in 2000 / 01 at 10 . 6 million tons ; FAO estimates are higher at 12 . 6 million tons . CSA agricultural sample surveys also reveal that food production increased in all project years except in 1997 / 98 when there was a serious rainfall shortage in the country . The increasing trend of almost continuous increase food grain production shows that the Project succeeded in achieving its objective . # # 4 . 0 Outputs by Component # # # Fertilizer Policy Reform Fertilizer policy reforms sought to decontrol fertilizer prices , withdraw fertilizer subsidies , provide fertilizer importers equitable access to foreign exchange , promote competitive fertilizer markets , disengage Government from direct marketing of fertilizer , promote greater private and cooperative sector involvement , and introduce and enforce fertilizer quality control . _Most of the above were achieved and consequently , there is now considerably less govemment intervention in the fertilizer market as_ a _result of the Project . _ Nevertheless , establishment of a fully competitive fertilizer market with a vibrant private sector would take some more time . # # # Capacity Building The overall implementation of the capacity building component of the NFSP is rated _satisfactory , as substantial results have been achieved under both subcomponents : _ ( i ) The key interventions under institutional strengthening were the purchase and distribution of office and other equipment , machinery , vehicles , construction of civil works and the establishment and strengthening of institutions , committees and various structures", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 762, "text": "CSA agricultural sample surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts under climate change and sea level rise scenarios ( Kebede and Nicholls , 2010 ) . These results are driven by the lack of a coordinated storm water drainage system , inadequate housing development and blocking of water streams by careless dumping of solid waste ( Sakijege , Lupala and Sheuya , 2012 ) . Results from the current report indicate that far more people are affected by floods than the models predict . At the household level , the poor are disproportionately affected by flooding , and often do not have the means to recover . This study is an attempt to quantify the impacts for households living in Dar es Salaam both inside and outside known flood risk areas . Vulnerable populations , such as children , elderly and > 2 UN-Habitat 2014 , using Global Urban Indicators , 2009 data . 3 PreventionWeb , accessed 19 February 2019 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 793, "text": "Global Urban Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 4 . 1 . 3 . 2 Climate Related Natural Hazards * * Uganda is at risk to natural disasters . < sup > 7 < / sup > The country experiences extreme weather events which lead to mudslides , landslides and flooding , particularly for the country ’ s mountain regions and related districts such as Mbale in the Mt Elgon Region . Extreme events leading to disasters such as floods , droughts , and landslides have increased over the last 30 years . Flooding has become more frequent , largely due to more intense rainfall . Flooding , particularly in low-lying areas of the country , presents the largest risk . Each year , floods impact nearly 50 , 000 people and costs over $ 62 million . Uganda experiences both flash floods and slow-onset floods , which are common in urban areas , low-lying areas , areas along riverbanks and swamplands . Areas most prone to floods are the capital city , Kampala , as well as the northern and eastern areas of the country . Heavy rainfall in arid areas has led to flash flooding causing infrastructure damage . Areas such as Gulu District , face large challenges in the rainy seasons as large areas of the district become impassable , often resulting in food shortages and inaccessibility to health facilities and schools due to the destruction of roads and bridges from flooding . River flood risk is classified as high based on modelled flood information currently available at thinkhazard . org . This means that potentially damaging and life-threatening river floods are expected to occur at least once in the next 10 years . Project planning decisions , project design , and construction methods must take into account the level of river flood hazard . The risk of landslide susceptibility is classified as high in some parts of Uganda . However , the Project is not located within the high-risk zone , and risk for the Project can be classified according to the information that is currently available . This means that this area has rainfall patterns , terrain slope , geology , soil", "spans": [{"start": 1370, "end": 1396, "text": "modelled flood information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Actual | 20 / 12 / 2010 < br > NA < br > 3 / 01 / 11 < br > 4 / 01 / 11 < br > 3 / 02 / 11 < br > 15 / 02 / 11 < br > NA | Plan < br > Actual | 01 / 03 / 11 | 08 / 03 / 11 | NA < br > 22 / 06 / 11 | | 2 . Procurement of Motor Cycles | MoWE / G-02 / 10 | | 175 , 000 < br > NCB | MoWE | post < br > post < br > Plan | 17 / 12 / 10 < br > NA < br > 22 / 12 / 10 < br > 22 / 12 / 10 < br > 21 / 01 / 11 31 / 01 / 11 < br > NA | Plan | 15 / 02 / 11 | 22 / 02 / 11 | NA < br > 22 / 07 / 11 | | 3 . Procurement of office furniture - Chairs , Tables , shelves , file < br > cabinets etc | MoWE / G-03 / 10 | | 430 , 000 < br > NCB | MoWE | post < br > post < br > Plan < br > Actual | 25 / 01 / 11 < br > NA < br > 1 / 02 / 11 < br > 01 / 02 / 11 < br > 02 / 03 / 11 < br > 15 / 03 / 11 < br > NA | Plan < br > Actual | 24 / 03 / 11 | 29 / 03 / 11 | NA < br > 30 / 06 / 11 | | * * Component A . 1 - Water Resources Information System * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoWE / G-04 / 10 | | 1 , 050 , 000 < br > ICB | MoWE | post < br > Prior < br > Plan | 22 / 11 / 10 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– 546 . Edin , Per-Anders , Peter Fredriksson and Olof Åslund . 2003 . “ Ethnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of Immigrants — Evidence from a Natural Experiment , ” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 118 ( 1 ) : 329 – 357 . European Commission . 2015 . “ Labor Market Shortages in the European Union , ” IP / A / EMP / ST / 2013-06 . European Commission . 2020 . “ Communication from the Commission Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak , ” 2020 / C 102 I / 03 . - - < u > https : / / eur lex . europa . eu / legal < / u > < u > content / EN / TXT / PDF / ? uri = CELEX : 52020XC0330 ( 03 ) & from = EN < / u > Eurostat . 2021 . “ Labor Market Database ” , Eurostat , European Commission , reference period 2019q2 / 2020q2 , Employment by sex , age and country of birth ( 1 000 ) [ lfsq_egacob ] , < u > https : / / appsso . eurostat . ec . europa . eu / nui / submitViewTableAction . do < / u > ( accessed on 02 November 2021 ) . Fasani , Francesco , and Jacopo Mazza . 2020a . “ A Vulnerable Workforce : Migrant Workers in the < u > COVID-19 Pandemic , ” European Commission , JRC - EUR 30225 < / u > 29", "spans": [{"start": 693, "end": 714, "text": "Labor Market Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > nition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Pr < br > T | ocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Positi < br > Recog - < br > nized | ve < br > Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w . < br > closed <", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". seeds for use in agriculture , quantities used in food processing - and losses in distribution . Requirements were estimated by FAO based on physiological needs for normal _actitin_ and health considerintt environmental temperature . bods weights . age and sex dtstribution of population . md allowing Itt percent for naste at household klel : 1961 . 1970 and 1982 data . _Srarionary popudanon-ls_ one in which age - and sex-specific mortalitn mtes have not changed over a long period . while age-specfic fertility raes have simultaneously remained at replacenent level tnet reproduction tate - 1 . In such a population . the birth rate is constant and equal to the death rate the age structure is also constant . and the growth rate is zero . The staionary population stum vas estmated on the basis of the projeed chatacteristics of the population in the year 2000 . and the rate of decline of iertility rate to replcement level . _PopuarisosM mmwnnn-ls_ the tendency for population growvth to continue beyond the tme that replacement-levle fertility has been achieed . that is even after the net reproduction rate has reached unity . 7he momentum of a population in the vear r is measured as a ratio of the ultimate stationary population to the population in the year r . given the assumption that fertiht remains at repacement levl from year r onward . 1985 data . * * _Per Cate Supyf nOrweia_ * * _ ( grasm_ per eey ) - Proten content ol per capita net supply of food per day . ' Net supply of food is defined * * as * * above . Requirements for all countnes estabashed by USDA provide for minimum allowances of 60 grams of total proton per", "spans": [{"start": 1358, "end": 1367, "text": "1985 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _Year_ | _incidenceN ( / 1_ * * _Q O Q ~ ~ A ~ ) _ * * | | - - - | - - - | | 1990 | 16 ( 6 . 7 ) | | 1991 | 22 ( 6 . 1 ) | | 1992 | * * 21 ( 5 . 5 ) * * | | 1993 | 34 ( 8 . 5 ) | | 1994 | 23 ( 5 . 7 ) | | 1995 | 23 ( 5 . 5 ) | | 1996 | 20 ( 4 . 7 ) | | 1997 | 20 ( 4 . 6 ) | | 1998 | 9 ( 1 . 9 ) | | 1999 | 20 ( 4 . 3 ) | | 2000 | 16 ( 3 . 5 ) | | 2001 | 16 ( 3 . 7 ) | | 2002 | 18 ( 4 . 7 ) | PYAR = person years at risk . Source : HIV-1 incidence and prevalence in rural South-West Uganda : * * 13 * * years of follow-up . Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS , Uganda Virus Research Institute .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "� < mark > The meeting began , first , by creating a common foundation with the < / mark > Humanitarian � Action � < mark > dissemination of a background paper describing the broad diversity of humanitarian contexts and entry points for data on persons with disabilities prior to the meeting . Beginning presentations were reminders of the < / mark > why < mark > 3 � < / mark > Challenges � and � collecting data on persons with disabilities is so important , that a significant Opportunities � in � Different � Crisis � ( and growing ) political commitment to disability statistics exists globally Contexts � through such mechanisms as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( CRPD ) ( United Nations , 2006 ) and as supported by processes < mark > 1 � < / mark > such as the Sustainable Development Goals . Significant political buy-in exists , < mark > 4 � < / mark > � � � � Disability � Data � the � but the international community now needs to determine how to move and � Humanitarian � Program � Cycle � � forward together . Data collection in humanitarian contexts was discussed , as well as the progress being made by the Washington Group on Disability Statistics . < mark > 5 � < / mark > Second , the group heard about experiences from the field where disability Prioritizing � Next � Steps � statistics have been used in different humanitarian contexts . The third session considered four different humanitarian action scenarios from the perspective of disability data , and small groups attempted to unpack where and how these data could be used , and their importance for improved programming in those settings , as well as the anticipated barriers . Fourth , the group looked at the use of disability data along the timeline of an emergency , diving in for a deeper look at where disability data fits into particular points along the humanitarian program cycle as > 1 Handicap International was renamed “ Humanity and Inclusion ” on January 24 , 2018 . ( www . humanity-inclusion . org . uk", "spans": [{"start": 1485, "end": 1500, "text": "disability data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * * * < br > * * [ eq . USD ] * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "market ; as captured in the EU-LFS , it represents a main barrier for only 6 percent of working-age migrants . Moreover , when we compare the coefficients for different world regions ( tables 1-3 , columns 5 - 6 ) , we do not see much of a change either . This indicates that barriers for certifying foreign credentials , although relevant for some migrants , are not one of the main factors that would explain the higher economic risk exposure of migrants from lower-income countries to the EU15 . 6 . 3 . Immigrant Network Effects Even after we control for personal characteristics such as education level and fluency in the local language , there are still unexplained differences between migrants from different regions of the world , in terms of their occupations and the resulting income and health risks to which they are exposed . Results ( tables 1-3 , columns 5-6 ) show that migrants from NMS13 countries are still 9 . 5 percentage points less likely than native workers to be in safe jobs . The gap is 13 . 5 percent for migrants from other eastern European countries , 6 . 0 percent for those from Sub-Saharan Africa , 6 . 6 percent for those from Asia , and 10 . 5 percent for those from Latin America ( Table 1 , Column 5 ) . Another pattern found in the literature for the clustering of migrants into specific occupations is the role of migrant networks . Existing social and cultural networks provide numerous services , especially to newly arriving migrants . In addition to helping them with housing , schools and deciphering the cultural norms of the destination country , migrant networks help the new migrants 18", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 34, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an even lower demand for skilled workers . This provides support to our interpretation of the negative > 45We use detailed trade fl ows for Brazil , China and the world taken from World Integrated Trade Solution ( WITS ) to compute the revealed comparative advantage indexes as detailed in Yeats ( 1998 ) . Industries with values for those indexes larger than one have revealed comparative advantage . > 46The results with imported inputs shares , export shares and FDI shares are qualitatively similar to those with the corresponding dummy variables , hence we discuss here only the results with shares . 22", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 211, "text": "World Integrated Trade Solution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | 0 . 00589 | | ( 0 to 100 ) | ( 2 . 06 ) | ( 1 . 69 ) | ( 0 . 94 ) | | Time trend | - 0 . 0794 | - 0 . 314 * * * | 0 . 0053 | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( - 0 . 43 ) | ( - 3 . 15 ) | ( 0 . 11 ) | | n | 288 | 265 | 254 | | R-squared | 0 . 741 | 0 . 809 | 0 . 884 | | RMSE | 3 . 60 | 1 . 88 | 0 . 891 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries with fuel > 25 percent of total exports . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 21", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 455, "text": "Annual data from 1996 – 2013", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schemes < br > schemes schemes < br > percentage of prevailing percentage of prevailing < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . About half of the sample countries have adopted two-part tariffs ( figure 1b ) , combining fixed charges with block tariff pricing . Among countries practicing linear tariffs , the use of two-part tariffs is more common than where IBTs are applied . For African countries the fixed charge tends to be relatively high : between $ 1 . 00 and $ 3 . 00 per month ( table 1 ) . As a reference , the average fixed charge in Latin American countries is $ 0 . 70 ( Foster and Yepes 2006 ) . 5", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 203, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Broader refugee criteria | 98 , 650 | 34 , 816 | | Refugee Convention criteria | 17 | 0 | | UNHCR mandate definitions | 35 | 12 | The following Table 2 shows the legal bases for recognition of Somalis during 2016 and 2017 in the Dollo Ado camps . With regard to accessing assistance and protection within the camps , the legal basis pursuant to which Somalis were recognized made little > 45 On paper at least , certain individuals could be referred to a so-called “ litigation desk ” for reasons related to exclusion triggers , doubts regarding nationality or for other reasons , where a more detailed status determination interview by relatively experienced officers could be undertaken . It was suggested that this process may not have been used during the height of the crisis . > 46 UNHCR Ethiopia 2017 memo , supra note 14 . > 47 The statistics included in this table ( and the table further below ) were taken in 2018 . In the elapsed time periods , there may have been changes related to deaths , births , returns , possible data errors and other factors . Therefore , these statistics may not reflect a completely accurate picture of the numbers . Nonetheless , they are included to highlight , in broad terms , the way recognition was referenced in UNHCR ’ s data and provide a sense of the differences in numbers . > 48 Figures provided included approximately 579 others who did not fall within the three categories listed in the table . 49 Figures provided included approximately 65 others who did not fall within the three categories listed in the table . 160", "spans": [{"start": 1263, "end": 1277, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ET-TAGP RPCU-77362-GO - < br > RFB / IT Equipment to < br > strengthen FTC data < br > management | < br > IDA / 56050 | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementat < br > ion | | 2018-10-08 | 2018-10-13 | 2018-11-12 | 2018-11-27 | 2018-12-17 | 2019-04-16 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ET-TAGP RPCU-41284-GO - < br > DIR / Tomato seedlings ( The < br > justification for the direct < br > contracting is uploaded on < br > the system ) | < br > IDA / 56050 | Prior | Direct Selection | Direct | | 0 . 00 | Canceled | | 2018-01-03 | 2018-01-08 | | | 2018-01-19 | 2018-03-05 | | ET-TAGP RPCU-41273-GO - < br > RFQ / Electric generator | < br > IDA / 56050 | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 | Canceled | | | 2018-01-15 | | | 2018-02-15 | 2018-03-17 | | EIAR / AGP2 / ENGINE / SH / 11 / < br > 18 / Procurement of diesel < br > engine |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Eurocodes 1 – Actions on structure – Part 1-5 : General actions – Thermal actions [ EN 1991-1-5 ] - Eurocode 8 : Design of structures for earthquake resilience , existing seismic maps for Kenya are valid . - Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical design - Part 1 : General rules - Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical design - Part 2 : Ground investigation and testing - * * 3 . 4 Incorporating green and blue infrastructure into design * * - * * 3 . 4 . 1 Background : Why blue and green infrastructure is important * * Due to rapid growth and urban expansion , Kenya ’ s cities are rapidly losing green space , for example , Nairobi has lost 22 % of its green space between the period 1988 and 2016 . < sup > 12 < / sup > This results in increased urban vulnerabilities with respect to both urban heating and flood risk . The population residing in the informal settlements are potentially highly vulnerable to heat exposure due to lack of information on heatwave occurrence and risk , lack of access to health services , limited # # * * Summary * * - Follow the draft National Building Code 2022 ( mandatory ) and Street < u > Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya ) < / u > - Add swales and rain gardens , where possible . access to potable water , limited householder ventilated and access to cooling . < sup > 13 < / sup > Walking and public transport are the dominant forms of mobility in Kenyan cities , and therefore urban heating will impact connectivity , creating economic impacts , and put the public at risk . Urban flooding is widespread across Kenya due to increases in impermeable urban areas , insufficient investment in drainage to keep up with urban expansion , and poor waste management – which increases flood risks by blocking drains . Both rainfall intensity and maximum temperatures are projected to rise significantly across Kenya in the next century , and the frequency of extreme heat and flooding are set to continue to rise , exacerbating the vulnerabilities described above .", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 195, "text": "seismic maps for Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Minus 10 % < br > Benefits Minus 20 % < br > Costs Plus 10 % < br > Costs Plus 10 % , Benefits Minus < sup > 10 % < / sup > < br > Export < br > Without Shadow-Pricing < br > of Foreign Exchange < br > Basic | 35 < br > 31 < br > 26 < br > 31 < br > 27 < br > 26 < br > 32 | | | | | - Based on cost data presented inANNEX < sup > 11 . < / sup > - / Includes the costs of research , the Kenya < sup > Sugar Authority , netvalue of production foregone and < / sup > farm family labor ( i . e . KShs . 6 < sup > million per year at full development ) . < / sup > Based on sugar import parity price < sup > of KShs . 4 , 796 / t for 1978-84 and KShs . 5 , 363 / t for 1985 and < / sup > onwards , and export parity price < sup > ofKShs . 350 for molasses . < / sup > X O The assumed shadow foreign exchange < sup > rate is KShs . 11 . 00 = US $ 1 . 00 < / sup > December 9 , 1977", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 303, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table S20 . Concerns about health and finance across consumption quintile * * | | Concerned about < br > household health | Concerned about < br > household finances | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ethiopia | - 0 . 219 * * * < br > ( 0 . 019 ) | - 0 . 150 * * * < br > ( 0 . 016 ) | | Nigeria | - 0 . 141 * * * | - 0 . 032 * * * | | | ( 0 . 017 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | | Uganda | - 0 . 217 * * * | - 0 . 133 * * * | | | ( 0 . 017 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | | Quintile 2 | - 0 . 004 | - 0 . 019 | | | ( 0 . 031 ) | ( 0 . 027 ) | | Quintile 3 | - 0 . 064 * | - 0 . 012 | | | ( 0 . 032 ) | ( 0 . 026 ) | | Quintile 4 | - 0 . 059 * * | 0 . 004 | | | ( 0 . 030 ) | ( 0 . 025 ) | | Quintile 5 | - 0 . 094 * * * | - 0 . 006 | | | ( 0 . 028 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | | Ethiopia-Nigeria | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | Ethiopia-Uganda | 0 . 929 | 0 . 351 | | Nigeria-Uganda | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | Observations | 8 , 846 | 8 , 847 | | R-squared | 0 . 024 | 0 . 032 | _Note_ : Each column reports results from a single regression of a binary variable equal to 1 if the respondent answered “ yes ” to the question of whether they were concerned that a household member may fall ill with COVID-19 or that the household would experience financial distress due to COVID-19 . The binary variable is regressed on indicators for each country ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) | | For the Q1 of EFY 2012 : < br > Cash : 35 % < br > Food : No food transfer | | - - - | - - - | | | Key challenges for delays in cash payments in the first quarter were due to : < br > 1 . Reshuffling of staff specially Afar and < br > Somali 2 . Instability problem in certain < br > parts of the country < br > 3 . Limited bank liquidity and cash holding capacity in lowlands < br > 4 . Low level of commitment between regions and weredas to implement the agreed actions developed by < br > the FSCD < br > 5 . Poor coordination between BoLSA and regional Food security in Afar resulted in a delay of cash < br > transfer to weredas . | | IN01086863 < br > ► % of clients reporting | that they can provide adequate meals for their family for 12 months a year ( male / female ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 44 . 41 < br > 44 . 41 < br > 50 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 < br > 31-Dec-2019 < br > 20-Dec-2021 < br > 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01086865 < br > ► % of transfers receiv | This is a weighted average based on the data from the Midline evaluation ( 75 % Highlands / 25 % < br > Lowlands ) . < br > 39 . 5 % of PSNP Household reported 12 months of food security in the highlands ; 59 .", "spans": [{"start": 1271, "end": 1303, "text": "data from the Midline evaluation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * B . Technical * * 61 . Access to certified seed , fertilizer , equipment , and agricultural services will help to restore and maintain livelihoods in the areas affected by the crisis and enable returnees , refugees , and host communities to become less dependent on food distribution . Agricultural production in Chad remains essentially at the subsistence level , with limited marketable surplus . In this context , the challenge is first to ensure the short-term distribution of these agricultural goods and services to generate a supply response . A critical assumption is that the proposed project will be able to restore the production capacity and improve food security of the beneficiary farmers and at the same time prevent malnutrition among the most vulnerable and affected groups , especially young children . The project will use a voucher system already implemented by WFP . 62 . A 2009 study reports that households rely on markets to meet 87 percent of their food consumption needs . A more recent market assessment ( March 2014 ) finds a similar pattern among newly arrived returnees and refugees from CAR . < sup > 22 < / sup > These findings point to a lack of purchasing power as the main constraint to adequate and diversified food intake . The market assessment indicates that the local food economy is robust and well integrated . WFP ’ s use of vouchers enhances markets for small-scale Chadian farmers as well as CAR returnees engaged in agricultural activities . This strategy will further enhance market integration and provide new opportunities for returnees , refugees , and the host population to contribute to and participate in the local economy . # * * C . Financial Management * * 63 . The PIU for the EAPSP is endowed with a financial management system that meets the Bank ’ s financial management requirements . For the proposed project , the EAPSP will enter into service agreements for supplies and technical assistance with WFP and FAO . Despite these arrangements , the financial management residual risk rating for the proposed project is deemed * * substantial , * * mainly because of the inherent risk ( at the country", "spans": [{"start": 1019, "end": 1036, "text": "market assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ou réhabilitées dans l ’ enseignement primaire résultant < br > des interventions du projet . | Cet indicateur mesure le nombre de classes supplémentaires construites ou réhabilitées < br > dans l ’ enseignement primaire grâce au programme financé par la Banque . Dans la < br > plupart des cas , il est prévu que la valeur de base de cet indicateur soit zéro ( « 0 » ) . La < br > valeur de base peut ne pas être zéro , par exemple pour une opération de financement < br > supplémentaire . Cet indicateur sera utilisé pour calculer le « déclin de la pénurie de < br > salles de classe dans l ’ enseignement primaire » . Les CEP devraient rendre compte de < br > la progression de cet indicateur uniquement s ’ il est pertinent pour le projet , c ’ est-à - < br > dire , si le projet vise à réduire la pénurie de salles de classe dans l ’ enseignement < br > primaire . Prière de se rendre sur la base de données EdStats pour visualiser la pénurie < br > de salles de classe dans le primaire par pays . | | Nombre de salles de classe supplémentaires construites < br > ou réhabilitées dans le premier cycle du secondaire < br > résultant des interventions duprojet | Nombre de salles de classe supplémentaires construites pour le premier cycle du < br > secondaire . | | Effectif total des élèves dans l ’ enseignement primaire < br > ( toutes les écoles ) | Effect", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 925, "text": "données EdStats", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "- 2015 continued . During the FY * * 2015-2016 , * * a workshop with sectors across < sup > * * NSS * * < / sup > was held in order to assess the status of statistics in those sectors . * * Performance Contracting for FY 2015-2016 * * The * * 2015-2016 * * Performance Contract between * * KNBS * * and the Ministry of Devolution < sup > and < / sup > Planning was vetted and the Bureau implemented the agreed targets during the < sup > period < / sup > under review . In order to monitor the * * PC * * implementation , four quarterly progress < sup > reports < / sup > were prepared and submitted the Performance Contracting Secretariat , the parent ministry and Inspectorates of State Corporations and other agencies as guided * * by * * the Performance Contract 1 2 < sup > thCycleguidelines . Anevaluationof2014-2015 < / sup > < sup > * * KNBS * * < / sup > Performance Contract was also carried out during the period under review . # # # # # * * Quality Management System * * During the period under review , the Bureau continued to implement and maintain its Quality Management System * * ( QMS ) * * based on ISO * * 9001 : 2008 * * Standard . < sup > Following the < / sup > revision of ISO * * 9001 : 2008 * * Standard * * by * * International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) to ISO * * 9001 : 2015 * * Standard , the Bureau embarked on the process of transiting to the new Standard . Trainings on the new Standard was conducted as well as undertaking gap analysis thus generating documentation compliant to < sup > ISO < / sup > < sup > * * 9001 : 2015 . * * < / sup > # # # # # * * Economic Survey 2016", "spans": [{"start": 1603, "end": 1623, "text": "Economic Survey 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Anticipated grievances for the NUSAF project will include those related to the following categories : 1 . General complaints in relation to general implementation 2 . Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children 3 . Incidents 4 . Fraud and corruption-related Details of specific examples under each category , above , are further exemplified in the following section . * * 1 . General complaints in relation to general implementation * * Name missed out of RAP register , Poor Waste Management and contamination , wrongly recorded personal or community details , crop damage , Group conflicts , Land related , Exclusion , General Worker ’ s welfare related , Labour issues especially under Labour Intensive Public Works ( LIPW ) , Delayed implementation , Procurement related and General damage to community resources and Assets . * * 2 . Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children * * Sexual Exploitation and abuse , Abuse and neglect in family , Child labour , Psychological Aggression , Corporal punishment , Trafficking , Family wrangles , Economic exclusion , Infanticide , Rape ( Gang rape , male rape-sodomy and marital , forced early marriage , Domestic Violence and Female genital mutilation . # # # # # * * 3 . Incidents * * Accidental death fatality , Loss of body part in an accident , Contamination and pollution , Damage to ecological resources , Accidental fire , Poisoning , Trafficking and forced labour and Natural Calamity ( Earth quakes , mudslides , floods ) . # # # # # * * 4 . Fraud and Corruption * * Soliciting for bribes , charging informal fees , deliberate provision of wrong / incorrect info by beneficiaries , inclusion of ghost workers especially under LIPW and multiple enrolments The Implementing Agency ( OPM ) will establish and implement an effective GRM . Grievance Redress Committees ( GRCs ) will be established , trained and equipped as per appropriate structures with the view helping to ensure that the aggrieved affected communities and third parties avoid resorting to the judicial system as much as possible . The project ’ s GRM will include four successive", "spans": [{"start": 464, "end": 476, "text": "RAP register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Trainina and Staff Development for MLG / TM-U and local authority staff , in maintenance planning and management , including maintenance contract management , comprised of seminars , workshops and overseas training ; and Road Inventory and Condition Survey by specialized firms , to up-date the data base for all local authority road network and its condition to provide the necessary information for forward planning for maintenance program and budget . # # 3 . * * Program and Policy Studies * * A Long-Term Traffic Management Study for Nairobi , to develop a strategy which would consider , besides transport infrastructure needs , operational , institutional , legislative , land-use and environmental measures . A Long-Term Investment Program Study for Mombasa , to prepare a program of investments in road transport infrastructure , including priority needs before year 2002 .", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 256, "text": "Road Inventory and Condition Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dismissing employees ( World Bank 2020b ) . In 2020 , Senegal scored a 0 in terms of the Ease of Hiring Index and 60 . 0 for the Ease of Redundancy Index . < sup > 6 < / sup > This is further corroborated by Golub et al . ( 2015 ) , < sup > 7 < / sup > which rank Senegal as the third most highly regulated labor market in the world , and the World Economic Forum ’ s labor market competitive index , where Senegal ranks among the 30 least competitive countries in terms of its labor market . < sup > 8 < / sup > A closer look at the data shows that countries with high levels of informality are associated with lower levels of competitive labor markets ( Figure 2 , Panel A ) . This is particularly the case for SSA , which has the highest levels of informality and lowest levels of labor market competitiveness in the world . The opposite is true for countries in Europe and Central Asia , which have a low labor informality rate and are associated with more effective labor markets . Quality jobs and formality yield higher levels of productivity . This rapport is well documented in the literature ( World Bank 2020c ; Brummund , et al . 2016 ; La Porta and Shleifer 2016 ; Busso et al . 2012 ; Benjamin et al . 2012 ; Hsieh and Klenow 2009 , Steel and Snodgrass 2008 ; Gelb et al . 2009 ; La Porta and Shleifer 2008 ) . Countries with high informality tend to have the lowest levels of worker productivity in the world , as measured by their output per worker ( Figure 2 , Panel B ) . This sheds light on the substantial productivity gap between formal and informal firms ( World Bank 2019 ) . In Senegal , La Porta and Shleifer ( 2014 ) find that the value added per employee of informal firms is 14 percent that of formal firms . Therefore , expanding the share of workforce in formal employment is a critical policy objective for developing countries in order to increase productivity . > 6 The lower the score , the least flexible regulation", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Demirgüç-Kunt , A . , Klapper , L . , Singer , D . , Ansar , S . , and Hess , J . ( 2018 ) . _The Global Findex Database 2017 : Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution_ . Washington , DC : World Bank . - Espinoza-Delgado , J . and Klasen , S . ( 2018 ) . ‘ Gender and Multidimensional Poverty in Nicaragua . An Individual Based Approach ’ , _World Development , _ Vol . 110 : 46691 . - Fiddian-Qasmiyeh , E . ( 2014 ) . ‘ Gender and Forced Migration ’ , in Loescher , G . , Long , K . , Sigona , N . , and Fiddian-Qasmiyeh , E . ( eds . ) _The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies_ . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - Fukuda-Parr , S . ( 1999 ) . ‘ What does feminization of poverty mean ? It isn ’ t just lack of income . ’ _Feminist Economics_ , 5 ( 2 ) , 99 – 103 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1080 / 135457099337996 . - García , S . and Ritterbusch , A . ( 2015 ) . ‘ Child poverty in Colombia : Construction of a multidimensional measure using a Mixed-Method approach ’ , _Child Indicators Research_ , 8 ( 4 ) , pp . 801 – 823 . - Hong , G . , Kim , S . , Park , G . , and Sim , S-G . ( 2019 ) . ‘ Female Education . Externality and Inclusive Growth ’ , _Sustainability , _ Vol . 11 , No . 12 : 3344 . - IDMC . ( 2020 ) . _Global Report on Internal Displacement : GRID 2020_ . Geneva : Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre . - ILO . ( 2020 ) . _Employment and decent work in refugee and other forced displacement contexts : Compendium of ILO ’ s lessons learned , emerging good practices and policy guidance_ . Geneva : International Labour Office . - ILO . ( 2018 ) . _World Employment Social Outlook : Trends for Women 2018 , Global snapshot_ . Geneva : International Labour Office . International Organization for", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characterized by both high oversight potential ( such as Belgium , Germany , the Netherlands ) and by low oversight potential ( for example , Japan ) < sup > 7 < / sup > . The purpose of the present paper is to investigate whether the oversight potential of parliaments is related to other variables ; however , we present two major differences from Maffio ’ s paper . First , instead of using the 1986 IPU data , we use the data that the IPU collected in collaboration with the World Bank Institute ( WBI ) in 2001 . Our analyses are performed on the 83 cases for which the IPU-WBI data are available < sup > 8 < / sup > . And second , in contrast to Maffio , we investigate whether there is any relationship between oversight potential and types of constitution ( i . e . presidential , semi-presidential , or parliamentary ) , national income levels , and levels of democracy . In the first section of this paper , after providing a working definition of oversight , we review some of the tools that parliaments can use to oversee the activities of the executive . We underline that oversight tools can be grouped on the basis of two criteria : the first concerns whether a specific oversight tool is employed before ( _ex ante_ ) or after ( _ex post_ ) the enactment of a government-sponsored policy , and the second concerns whether oversight is exercised internally or externally to parliament . Though the data collected by the IPU in collaboration with the WBI do not provide evidence as to the _effectiveness_ of the oversight tools , they do provide some measure regarding the _potential_ for oversight . Our line of reasoning is straightforward , as we suggest that a parliament ’ s potential to oversee the executive increases as the number > 7 Roberta Maffio , “ _Quis custodiet ipsos custodes ? _ Il controllo parlamentare dell ’ attivitá di governo in prospettiva comparata ” , _op . cit . _ , p . 361 . > 8 See Table 1 in this paper . 2", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 411, "text": "1986 IPU data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 575, "end": 587, "text": "IPU-WBI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1413, "end": 1438, "text": "data collected by the IPU", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix 3b . Sample of a mVAM Questionnaire * * # * * _Introduction : _ * * Hello , my name is [ name enumerator / operator ] . I am calling on behalf of the United Nations World Food Programme . WFP is conducting nationwide phone surveys in Yemen to learn about its population ’ s food security . If you agree to participate in this survey , we will ask you some questions about the household ’ s food consumption and coping . Your participation in this survey is voluntary . Each survey will take maximum 10-15 minutes of your time . All your answers will remain confidential . * * < u > OPERATOR : < / u > * * What is your year of birth ? _____ If respondent ’ s age is less than 18 , end survey * * < u > OPERATOR : < / u > * * What is the sex of the head of households ? _____ # * * < u > Section 1 : Geographic and Demographic info < / u > * * * * Question 1 : OPERATOR * * In which Governorate has your Household been living for the past 3 months ? . . . . . . . . . . . . [ List of Governorates ] ( drop-down list ) * * Question 2 : OPERATOR * * In which District has your Household been living for the past 3 months ? . . . . . . . . . . . . [ List of District ] ( drop-down list ) * * Question 3 : OPERATOR * * How many members living in the household for the past 3 months ? . . . . ( report the number ) # * * < u > Section 2 : Food Assistance < / u > * * * * Question 4 : * * * * _ < u > OPERATOR : < / u > _ * * When did you receive food assistance last time ? - Never received food assistance - Less than a month ago - Between 1 and 3 months ago - More than 3 months ago * * Question 5 :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and asset valuation and tariff study . These studies were carried out by three local consultants ; namely Metaferia Consulting Engineers , Tropics Consulting Engineers and BIK Engineering . Reports of the studies were also produced . Trainings were also delivered for the personnel of the regional water bureaus and staffs of town water supply services based on the study results . Water boards were established almost in all the project towns except two towns in Somali Region . The water boards have full autonomy in the management , operation and maintenance of their town water supply facilities . This really has appreciable contribution on the sustainability of the water supply facilities . ii ) At the ministry of water resources level Ethiopian water sector strategy was prepared to translate the provisions of the clauses of Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy in to practice . In addition to this the ministry has laid local / wide area network for the development of centralized water supply data compilation and information system . iii ) To facilitate the capacity building , the regional water bureaus were provided equipment like service rigs , mobile workshops and vehicles . This significantly contributes the move towards to achievement of the sector objectives ; as this equipment contributes their share for the sustainability of the existing schemes . # # # * * _B ) Rural Water Supply Pilot Schemes_ * * The main objectives of this component are to explore how community involvement , particularly managements of completed schemes can improve cost efficiency and long term sustainability , give technical assistance and miscellaneous equipment to create a rural water supply forum for exchange and dissemination of experiences among the government , donors , NGOs and communities , centrally and in each region ; and construct pilot schemes for testing and application of the detailed strategies . The studies to implement the pilot schemes of ten woredas in three regions were carried out by three consultants , namely Abay , Finn and Tropics consulting engineers . The three regions are Amahara , Oromia and SNNP regions . - 30 -", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1053, "text": "centralized water supply data compilation and information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "à l ’ assistance humanitaire . Par ailleurs , il convient de noter que les cercles de la région de San restent relativement calmes . Cependant , étant proche de la région de Ségou , ils pourraient également être impactés par l ' instabilité croissante de la région . 1 . * * Les atteintes aux personnes * * # # # # # * * a ) Violences basées sur le genre * * En 2023 , les One Stop Centers des régions de San et Ségou ont documenté un total de 92 incidents de violence basée sur le genre ( VBG ) , dont 38 à San et 54 à Ségou < sup > 3 < / sup > . Pour le premier trimestre de 2024 , on a enregistré 11 cas à San et 18 cas à Ségou . Toutes les survivantes de ces incidents étaient des femmes ou des filles . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 11 < br > 92 < br > 2023 2024 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Ces statistiques ne représentent peut-être pas pleinement la réalité ou la gravité de la VBG dans ces régions . En effet , il existe un manque croissant de services spécialisés . Selon la cartographie des services VBG , seuls les One Stop Centers proposent une prise en charge complète de la VBG . Cependant , en raison de pressions culturelles , de peur de stigmatisation et de la distance entre les centres et les communautés affectées , ces centres sont peu fréquentés . De plus , en l ' absence d ' un cadre de coordination efficace des interventions , il semble que plusieurs organisations", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1032, "text": "cartographie des services VBG", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# # Policy Paper # * * 26 * * May 2016 # # # * * No more excuses : Provide education to all forcibly displaced people * * * * Malala Yousafzai , Student , Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and Co-Founder of the Malala Fund * * No child should have to pay the cost of war , to be kept away from the classroom because of conflict . Yet whole generations of refugee children from countries like Syria , Afghanistan , Palestine and South Sudan have had to leave their homes and schools . But they do not leave their dreams of a better future for themselves and their countries , a future only possible through education . It is unacceptable that just half of refugee children have access to primary education and one quarter have access to secondary education . It is unacceptable that girls are nearly always the first to miss out . Education is every child ’ s basic human right . Dreams should not end because of conflict . Futures should not be put on hold because of war . There is no tomorrow for countries affected by conflict unless their children learn today , and not just the basics , but an education that gives them the tools and skills they need to fly . World leaders have promised to provide every child with a full 12 years of education by 2030 . Young people displaced by war are not the exception . Humanity should know no borders . There are solutions , as this paper shows , but the world must come together and make good on its promises . We know what we have to do . This paper , jointly released by the UN Refugee Agency ( UNHCR ) and the Global Education Monitoring Report in advance of the World Humanitarian Summit , shows that the education rights of forcibly displaced populations are being neglected on a large scale . It calls for countries and their humanitarian and development partners to urgently ensure that internally displaced , asylum seeking and refugee children and youth are included in national education plans , and collect better data to monitor their situation . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization", "spans": [{"start": 1552, "end": 1586, "text": "Global Education Monitoring Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Conclusion * * Azerbaijan is a highly educated country , at least in terms of years of schooling and levels of education completed . There is still a need to improve the quality of education in terms of student learning outcomes . In 2015 , the average level of schooling was 12 . 8 years . Very few 15-64-yearolds have no schooling . In fact , 69 percent of the labor force has a secondary school education . Only 10 percent have only primary , while 20 percent have tertiary education . The enrollment rate for tertiary is low . Sizable differences in earnings only appear at the tertiary level . Women have more schooling than men , at 13 . 2 versus 12 . 6 years of schooling . We use the 2015 Azerbaijan Monitoring Survey for Social Welfare to estimate the returns to education . This is the first estimate of returns to schooling in Azerbaijan since 1995 . This results in a private rate of return of 6 percent . This is low compared to the global average of 8-10 percent , and it is low for the Europe and Central Asia region . The returns to schooling for men are 6 percent and 8 percent for women , even controlling for selection ; this is in line with global findings . For higher education , the rate of return is 9 percent ; 9 percent for males and 11 percent for females . Only returns at the tertiary level are significant given the fact that almost everyone in the labor force has secondary education . Returns to schooling are highest in the manufacturing sector , at 8 percent ; followed by services at 5 percent ; and agriculture and other at 3 percent . Overall , the returns to education in Azerbaijan are low , and have not changed much in the last 20 years . Using the full discounting method , the private return to tertiary education is estimated at 9 percent and the social rate of return is 8 percent . There are two types of students attending higher education institutions in Azerbaijan , those who receive state scholarships and those who pay tuition , even for 18", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 731, "text": "2015 Azerbaijan Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "simple correlations between the share of private sector participation in the distribution activity and household prices with taxes , industrial prices with taxes , household prices without taxes , and industrial prices without taxes ( all corresponding to > 12 The data is from the OLADE data base which only reflects taxes as reported by governments and usually tend to ignore subnational taxes which in some countries may bias the analysis . 20", "spans": [{"start": 282, "end": 297, "text": "OLADE data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1 , 500 . 00 | | Date | 27-May-2016 | 29-Mar-2019 | 21-Jun-2019 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00719880 < br > ► Average processing | No training was orga < br > time for citizen to register a | nized after the last supervision < br > vehicle . ( Days , Custom ) | mission . | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 20 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 4 . 00 | | Date | 27-May-2016 | 29-Mar-2019 | 21-Jun-2019 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | | | | | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P151819 | IDA-58160 | Effective | USD | 300 . 00 | 300 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 24 . 99 | 269 . 65 | 8 . 5 % | 6 / 26 / 2019 Page 7 of 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PIST reports demonstrate that the amount of international assistance channeled to or through public institutions in Lebanon is increasing ( from US $ 77 million in 2014 to US $ 207 million in 2017 ) , providing evidence of the transition towards resilience and stabilisation . * * # # # # # * * Case study : Partnering with municipalities to improve public services * * * * UNDP ’ s resilience-oriented work in Turkey invests in existing national and local systems to ensure that they can adequately serve both host and refugee communities . To that end , UNDP ’ s partnerships with municipalities in Turkey seek to strengthen service delivery in areas affected by the arrival of large numbers of Syrian refugees . For example , a direct partnership with municipalities is in place to support improved solid waste management services in response to increased demand . UNDP provides vital equipment ( such as collection containers and compaction vehicles ) , supports the design and building of solid waste management facilities ( such as waste transfer stations and composting plants ) , and provides training and technical support for municipal staff . * * * * In addition , the partnership has a strong social cohesion aspect , mobilising and bringing together communities representing both host populations and Syrian refugees . UNDP works with municipalities to encourage and facilitate community-based approaches to solid waste management , including localised recycling activities with associated training to both refugees and host community members . This aspect of the work helps to mitigate and defuse potential tensions between host communities and new arrivals , and build stronger relationships between service providers and users . * * Partnerships take time to develop . It may take years for a working partnership to evolve into a positive and fully functioning relationship between equals . Newly arrived international organisations , without prior knowledge of the context and existing national and local capacities , are unlikely to forge quality partnerships with local actors overnight . Even within well-established international organisations , high turnover of staff can limit the potential for lasting partnerships . Moreover , short-term funding cycles – typical of humanitarian assistance – often undermine efforts to establish", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 12, "text": "PIST reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development Project ( P146797 ) Implementation Status & Results Report Overall Risk Rating  Substantial  Substantial # * * Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * Overall project implementation is satisfactorily . Main project activities are initiated as described below . * * Component 1 : Component 1 : Scaling up , across Kenya , of the EGM methodology piloted under the Primary Math and Reading Initiative ( PRIMR ) supported by USAID and DFID . * * Printing of the second batch of 2449280 EGM text books was completed and distribution is ongoing ; and a total of 22 , 259 head teachers and 49 , 215 class 1 and 2 teachers were trained in EGM methodologies . The EGM baseline survey was significantly delayed . However , the pilot study was concluded and the main study report is being finalized - data cleaning and report writing are at advanced stages ; a total of 1101 classroom observations had been recorded on the Tusome RTI platform ; and principals from 26 PTTC were sensitized on EGM methodologies and 46 PTTC college tutors were trained as EGM Master Trainers . * * Component 2 : Pilot to improve school performance through strengthened school management and accountability for results in the delivery of primary education . * * Kenya Certificate of Primary Education ( KCPE ) school specific analysis reports for the 4000 pilot schools were prepared and the pilot schools accessed these from KNEC website as well as hard copies ; 15 , 356 teachers were appraised ; eight firms were contracted in November 2016 to facilitate development of SIPs in 10 regions country wide targeting clusters of the 4000 schools-SIPs review and clearance is ongoing prior to disbursement of grants to target schools ; Directorate of school audit has prepared risk based audit manuals and commenced audit of the 4000 schools implementing SIP . * * Component 3 aims at strengthening capacity for evidence-based ( education sector ) policy development at national level * * . No EMIS activities", "spans": [{"start": 747, "end": 766, "text": "EGM baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also been low by comparison with other reforming countries , as shown in Table 13 . < sup > 10 < / sup > * * Table 11 : Net Rates of Return , Wage Growth , and Inflation Rates , 1998 – 2004 * * | | * * 1998 * * | * * 1999 * * | * * 2000 * * | * * 2001 * * | * * 2002 * * | * * 2003 * * | * * 2004 * * | * * 2005 * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Net Nominal Rate of Return | 15 . 7 | 17 . 1 | 7 . 9 | 8 . 0 | 7 . 4 | 3 . 4 | 16 . 3 | 13 . 0 | | Wage Growth | 16 . 8 | 12 . 1 | 12 . 7 | 13 . 2 | 15 . 0 | 12 . 7 | 6 . 3 | 6 . 2 | | Inflation Rate ( Aver ) | 14 . 2 | 10 . 0 | 9 . 8 | 9 . 2 | 5 . 3 | 4 . 6 | 6 . 8 | 3 . 9 | | Inflation Rate ( Dec ) | 10 . 3 | 11 . 2 | 10 . 1 | 6 . 8 | 4 . 8 | 5 . 7 | 5 . 5 | 3 . 0 | Notes : / 1 estimates Source : NBH and HFSA raw data ( wage and return ) , and IMF ( inflation ) . 9 We use December inflation to calculate the real rate of return and average inflation to calculate the real wage growth as the rate of return is realized in December of each year while wages are a flow over the year . 10 Rates of return in Hungary are reported net of asset management fees , while in other countries rates of", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 845, "text": "NBH and HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 72 . 8 | 27 . 2 | | Education | 1 . 0 | 29 . 5 | 80 . 5 | 3 . 3 | 41 . 5 | 58 . 5 | | Miscellaneous | 6 . 7 | 45 . 7 | 54 . 3 | 1 . 0 | | 100 . 0 | | Non-food in kind | | | | 0 . 2 | | 100 . 0 | | Remittances | | | | 7 . 6 | | 100 . 0 | | Total | 100 . 00 | _46 . 5_ | 53 . 5 | 100 . 0 | 32 . 5 | 67 . 6 | a ) The clothing category in the 1993 priority survey includes expenses for hairdressers and tailors , which were classified as non-tradable . * * Table 13 * * Evolution * * of the Tradable and Non-tradable Components of the CPIa ) * * | | _Apr_ | _il 1995_ | _Janua_ | _rv 1996_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Components_ | | | | | | _of the CPI_ | _Tradable_ | _Non - tradable_ | _Tradable_ | _Non - tradable_ | | Food | 146 . 3 | 150 . 3 | 155 . 5 | 133 . 9 | | Total | 155 . 3 | 139 . 7 | 159 . 3 | 133 . 4 | a CPI index is the INS index for \" ouvrier , employd qualifid on artisan traditionnel . \" Base period is October 1992 to November 1993 . For the breakdown of posts into tradable and non-tradables , see text . What are the implications for poverty ? To the extent that there is relatively little differentiation in the rise of nontradable and tradable goods prices in the CPI consumption basket , differences in the share of importables in the consumption basket across socioeconomic groups or between the poor and nonpoor will have relatively little influence on poverty outcomes . Moreover , in 1993 there was relatively little difference between the poor and nonpoor population in the share of tradables in total household expenditure ( table 14", "spans": [{"start": 341, "end": 361, "text": "1993 priority survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 6 : Level of data policy restrictiveness and ICT ‐ services imports ( 2018 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Data policy index & ICT-services imports < br > JPN < br > SGP < br > KOR < br > MNG THA < br > HKG < br > IDN < br > PHL < br > CHN < br > KHM < br > 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 < br > Restrictiveness index ( 0-1 ) < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > Computer services ( % of commercial service imports ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : ECIPE and World Bank Development Indicators . Note : Digital services include computer , communications and digital services such activities as international telecommunications , and postal and courier services ; computer data ; news ‐ related service transactions between residents and non ‐ residents ; construction services ; royalties and license fees ; miscellaneous business , professional , and technical services ; and personal , cultural , and recreational services . The trend line is plotted with China included . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Sisben_ data ‖ ) contains the universe of individuals above and below the threshold of eligibility ( whether or not they actually participate in the program ) . This information is then used to construct indicators of program participation and length of exposure . In order to focus on a period of time that is comparable to the one examined in the matching analysis , the final subsample is restricted to treatment municipalities that were covered during the first phase of expansion between 2001 and 2004 . This implies that in addition to the comparison group , the samples are comprised of beneficiaries that could have been covered for up to nine years until 2009 . < sup > 14 < / sup > The two resulting data sets ( ― PSM data ‖ and ― SIFA + _Sisben_ data ‖ ) are merged with the administrative records on registration and results for the _Icfes_ test . < sup > 15 < / sup > This exam is a nationally recognized and standardized test that is administered prior to graduation from high school and mandatory for entrance to higher education . Over four million students registered and took the test between 2003 and 2009 . This database identifies test takes by date of birth , full name and national identification number . This dataset is merged with the cohorts of children identified in the ― PSM data ‖ assembled to perform the matching analysis , and with the ― SIFA + SISBEN data ‖ to implement the RDD strategy . In order to avoid problems of nonrandom mismatch , strict procedures were followed to merge the datasets including matching based on full name , birth date , national identification number , and a minimization of the phonetic _Levenshtein_ distance . < sup > 16 < / sup > ( see Appendix A for more details about the data merging procedures ) . The final matching rates are around 18 percent for the matching analysis and 24 percent for the RDD approach . < sup > 17 < / sup > The long-term impacts of the program on the human capital of children are estimated on two outcome variables . The first is an indicator of high school completion that is measured through a dummy", "spans": [{"start": 725, "end": 733, "text": "PSM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1373, "end": 1391, "text": "SIFA + SISBEN data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey < br > questionnaires that will be used to enumerate < br > the PAPs , undertake census survey and < br > conduct valuation of assets . | | How will you handle land disputes ? Because in < br > the area there are a lot of cases in regard to < br > land disputes . | We haven ’ t come to resolve land cases , instead < br > we will encourage parties in any disputes to try < br > and resolve their cases before we carry out any < br > census . | | How will the compensation be undertaken < br > because in previous projects , locals have be < br > complaining over low compensation | The compensation will be determined by the < br > local current market rate . Also the NLC will < br > also check what the consultant has proposed as < br > compensation to the PAPs . |", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 101, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| renforcée à < br > travers leprojet | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Revues < br > sectorielles < br > régulières < br > pendant la mise < br > en œuvre du < br > projet | Nombre | 0 < br > 1 < br > 2 < br > 3 < br > 4 < br > 4 | Annuel | Rapport < br > d ’ avancem < br > ent du < br > projet < br > Secrétariat < br > General et < br > Direction des < br > Etudes et de la < br > Programmation du < br > MEP | | * * Indicateurs des objectifs de développement dupro * * | * * jet * * | | - - - | - - - | | Indicateur | Description ( définition de l ’ indicateur , etc . ) | | Taux d ’ achèvement du primaire | Effectifs en dernière classe ( niveau 6 ) du primaire , hors redoublants , divisés par la < br > population d ’ âge adéquat pour ce niveau ( 11 ans ) – sur la base des données < br > démographiques révisées après le recensement 2012 . | | Augmentation de l ’ indice de parité genre de < br > l ’ enseignement primaire dans les zones cibles du projet < br > ( moyenne ) | Proportion garçons-filles du taux brut de scolarisation dans le primaire , dans les zones < br > cibles des interventions sur l ’ éducation des filles financées par le projet", "spans": [{"start": 850, "end": 866, "text": "recensement 2012", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "informal , temporary / irregular , or both . Almost 30 percent of jobs were for the government or public enterprises , and 16 . 4 percent were in self-employment or family workers ( on farm or off ) . In Georgia , in contrast , 35 percent of jobs in 2019 were in self-employment and 22 . 7 percent in unpaid family work . Wage jobs for the public sector and for the private sector both comprised lower shares of jobs ( 17 . 2 and 24 . 6 percent , respectively ) than in Jordan . Wage work for the private sector in both countries was _Table 3-2 : Employment Structure , Jordan ( 2016 ) and Georgia ( 2019 ) _ | Mode of Employment | Share of employed ( all ages ) < br > Jordan | Georgia | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Farmer ( owns a farm / self-employed ) | 0 . 4 | 35 . 5 | | 2 . Business owner / self-employed ( but not a farmer ) | 14 . 4 | | | 3 . Unpaid familyworker on a farm | 1 . 2 | 22 . 7 | | 4 . Unpaid familyworker ( but not a farmer ) | 0 . 4 | | | 5 . Wage worker for Government / public enterprises | 29 . 6 | 17 . 2 | | 6 . Wage Worker for theprivate sector | 54 . 1 | 24 . 6 | | Formal and regular | 22 . 1 | - | | Permanent < sup > 1 / < / sup > | 21 . 7 | 11 . 0 | | Formal irregular or temporary | 0 . 7 | 0 . 5 | | Informal regular orpermanent | 23 . 2 | 11 . 0 | | Informal Irregular or temporary | 8 . 1 | 2 . 1 | Source : Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey ( LMPS ) 2016 and Georgia Labor Force Survey ( GLFS ) 2019 . Notes : GLFS 2019 does not distinguish between owner-operation of or unpaid family work on an on-farm versus an off-farm business Since GLFS 2019 does not", "spans": [{"start": 1350, "end": 1382, "text": "Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1401, "end": 1427, "text": "Georgia Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tiers of the Grievance Redress Mechanism , they will seek redress from the Courts of Law . # # # # # # * * E . 10 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT * * The primary responsibility for the implementation of this RAP is with WSDP Project MAWASCO Resettlement Implementation Committee ( RIC ) . The committee will comprise of a Social Expert , Environmentalist , Accountant , Legal and Monitoring / Evaluation Expert . The committee will work with a representative of Coast Water Works Development Agency ( CWWDA ) and representation from the County Government of Kilifi to ensure that all PAPs are adequately compensated as provided in the RAP Implementation Schedule provided as Table 9 . 2 on page 9-5 of this report . # # # # # # * * E . 11 RAP BUDGET * * The Project design has ensured that the Proposed alignment of the Water Mains follow the Road Reserves . Therefore , no land acquisition is anticipated for the Project Components . However , the RAP census identified private assets including residential structures , temporary business structures and loss and / or destruction of livelihoods that will be affected . The total cost of compensation is * * Ksh 15 , 001 , 300 * * as summarized in * * Table E . 5 . * * * * E-9 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 953, "text": "RAP census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "addressing grievances e . g . grievances received and how they were handled , - • The committees will maintain records such as : grievance registers , minutes of meetings , and correspondences , for reference and inspection . - * * 9 . 6 Capacity-Building for the Grievance Officer and Grievance Committees * * - It will be important for the GO to be appointed based on his / her experience and training in conflict resolution through mediation and reconciliation . It will also be important for the GO to have sufficient skills in mediating disputes involving parcels of land , ownership shares , and data management , including data entry , data analysis and storage . This notwithstanding , it will be important that steps are taken to orient and build the capacity of the GO as part of the project implementation team in conflict resolution procedures , such as mediation and reconciliation , and other management areas such as record-keeping , report-writing and ICT equipment management . The Grievance Committee members will also need to be oriented to the grievance redress - The grievance redress form in annex 5 includes components like name of the recorder ; definition of the grievance , information about the complainant and the details of grievance . - * * 9 . 5 Effectiveness of the Grievance Redress Mechanism * * - The following measures are proposed to ensure the effectiveness of the Grievance Redress Mechanism : * * 9 . 6 Capacity-Building for the Grievance Officer and Grievance Committees * * It will be important for the GO to be appointed based on his / her experience and training in conflict resolution through mediation and reconciliation . It will also be important for the GO to have sufficient skills in mediating disputes involving parcels of land , ownership shares , and data management , including data entry , data analysis and storage . This notwithstanding , it will be important that steps are taken to orient and build the capacity of the GO as part of the project implementation team in conflict resolution procedures , such as mediation and reconciliation , and other management areas such as record-keeping , report-writing", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 148, "text": "grievance registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "need to become more familiar with the constitutional provisions and to know where to seek information from the appropriate bodies . # # # * * The National Land Commission ( NLC ) * * 285 . The National Land Commission ( NLC ) is an independent commission tasked with registering land transfers , resolving land disputes and addressing historical land injustices . The National Land Commission is tasked with facilitating and increasing access to fair and equitable mechanisms for resolving land and natural resource-based disputes and conflicts < sup > . < / sup > National Land Commission Act , 2012 specifies the role of NLC as : To identify public land , prepare and keep a database of all public land , which shall be geo-referenced and authenticated by the statutory body responsible for a survey ; Evaluate all parcels of public land based on land capability classification , land resources mapping consideration , overall potential for use , and resource evaluation data for land use planning ; and Acquire land for public purposes , Solve land disputes and deal with historical land injustices , Share data with the public and relevant institutions in order to discharge their respective functions and powers under this Act ; or May require the land to be used for specified purposes and subject to such conditions , covenants , encumbrances or reservations as are specified in the relevant order or another instrument . # # # * * The Commission on Revenue Allocation ( CRA ) * * 286 . CRA is the COK , 2010 ’ s mechanism for bringing the marginalized communities and regions of Kenya into the country ’ s mainstream development agenda . The mandate of CRA includes to : ( i ) Recommend on equitable sharing of revenues between National and County Governments and among Counties ; ( ii ) Recommend on financing and financial management of County Governments ; and to ( iii ) Determine , publish and regularly review a policy which sets out the criteria by which to identify the marginalized areas . The constitution has further established the Equalization Fund as the instrument with which CRA it to achieve its mandate . The objective of the equalization", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 704, "text": "database of all public land", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 953, "end": 977, "text": "resource evaluation data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To ensure our measures of food insecurity are as similar as possible over time , we create a standardized FIES score developed by Adjognon et al . ( 2021 ) and implemented in Rudin-Rush et al . ( 2022 ) that is in addition to our mild , moderate , and severe indicators . The standardized measure counts the number of affirmative answers to FIES questions in the pre-outbreak data by country and uses survey weights to standardize the variable such that its mean is zero and standard deviation is one . < sup > 7 < / sup > Following a similar process , the post-outbreak data are standardized by country across all data rounds . As such , the standardization process facilitates comparison between preand post-outbreak data and across country by ensuring our measure of food insecurity is as similar as possible over time and across countries . This allows for comparisons of deviations from the pre-pandemic mean and the mean of the variables after the onset of the pandemic within each country . Additionally , standardization allows us to interpret estimated coefficients in terms of standard deviations instead of a unitless score . As seen in Figure 2 , food insecurity in all three countries increased substantially between 2019 and the summer of 2020 , following the onset of the pandemic . Recovery in food security throughout the subsequent year was slow in all three countries , with about 80 percent of households in Malawi and Nigeria and about 60 percent in Ethiopia experiencing mild food insecurity in almost every month following the outbreak . Prior to the onset of the pandemic , mild food insecurity affected less than 30 percent of households in Ethiopia and about 60 percent in Malawi and Nigeria . Similarly , moderate food insecurity spiked after the COVID-19 outbreak and slowly recovered in subsequent months . Severe food insecurity increased in Malawi and Nigeria in June 2020 and rose slightly in Ethiopia after the initial outbreak period . In all three countries , food security has not returned to pre-pandemic levels . # * * 3 Method * * We use two econometric approaches to investigate the causal effect of livelihood diversification on mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on food insecurity . The first approach is", "spans": [{"start": 363, "end": 380, "text": "pre-outbreak data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 557, "end": 575, "text": "post-outbreak data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5563 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines _de jure and de facto_ measures of regulations , finding the relationship between them is neither one for one , nor linear . “ Doing Business ” provides indicators of the formal time and costs associated with fully complying with regulations . Enterprise Surveys report the actual experiences of a wide range of firms . First , there are significant variations in reported times to complete the same transaction by firms facing the same formal policy . Second , regulatory compliance appears “ under water ” as firms report actual times much less than the Doing Business reported days . Third , the data reveal substantial differences between favored and disfavored firms in the same location . Favored firms show minimal variation , so Doing Business has little predictive power for the times they report . For disfavored firms , the variation is greater , although still not significantly correlated with Doing Business . Fourth , where multiple Enterprise Surveys are available , there is little association over time , with _reductions_ in Doing Business days as likely to be accompanied by _increases_ in Enterprise Surveys days . Comparing these two types of measures suggests very different ways of thinking about policy versus policy implementation , what “ a climate ” for firms in a country might mean , and what the options for “ policy reform ” really are . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Financial and Private Sector Development . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at mhallward @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 336, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quantity of information , and ‘ desire ’ to acquire information . In contrast , we assume that everyone is exposed to the same degree to the relevant economic context , but ideology plays a role in interpreting the elements of such context . That is , faced with a same context – a high unemployment rate , for instance – individuals with different ideologies may form different perceptions of equality . Similarly , given everything else constant , high earnings individuals might also perceive inequality differently . In sum and starting from the bottom , the model says that people ’ s ideology , exposure to a specific economic context ( inequality , poverty , unemployment and government expenditures ) , and their personal characteristics form their perceptions of inequality . These perceptions , in turn , influence , together again > 14 Data on intergenerational mobility are just beginning to become available for many countries and long time periods . In order to cover all the countries / years of our sample we had to use intergenerational mobility of education . For more details about intergenerational mobility and equality of opportunity see www . equalchances . org . 8", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 881, "text": "Data on intergenerational mobility", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector model in which technological progress in the production of durable good is faster than in the rest of the economy . Whelan ( 2003 ) develops the two-sector approach to establish the longrun properties of the real NIPA aggregate data . Our finding highlights the importance of examining growth in a detailed sectoral perspective . Most of the existing analyses focusing on the structural changes are based on twosector ( agriculture / non-agriculture ) or a three-sector ( agriculture / manufacturing / services ) model with a few exceptions . For example , Ungor ( 2017 ) analyzes a nine-sector model for Korea , Taiwan , China , and Latin American countries and finds that productivity growth in manufacturing and wholesale is important in increasing aggregate productivity growth . Although our study empirically examines industries at an even more detailed level than that of Ungor ( 2017 ) , it may not be practical to develop and analyze a growth model distinguishing very narrow industries . However , it is worthwhile to think about how to model the effect of reallocation ( i . e . , sectoral shift ) in an existing two-sector model , because our empirical evidence suggests that industrial shift ( e . g . , from textiles to electronics ) may provide a key to explain sustainable growth of income and productivity in Korea . First , we have to think about how to deal with returns to investment when there is ongoing structural change . In particular , sectoral shift suggests that new investment is more likely to concentrate on the new , growing industries . A steep decrease in marginal returns to investment in a traditional one sector model may not be suitable to explain the returns to investment when there are multiple sectors and firms at different stages of the life cycle . Moreover , the marginal returns to investment may behave differently due to differential rates of R & D activity and other innovations . 26", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 239, "text": "NIPA aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 ( a ) ) ; _ ( iv ) reconstruction of select existing roads _ ( to the extent not covered under Part 1 ( a ) ) ; _ ( v ) upgrading of priority gravel roads ( said vorks including , _inter alia , _ associated footpaths , walkways , street lighting , lands , : aping , footbridges and drainage ) ; and ( vi ) improvement of primary and seconda-y drainage systems . - ( c ) Provision of technical advisory services for , _inter alia : _ ( i ) carrying out of a survey on the conditions of the road and drainage networks , as well as creation of a separate road database and a separate drainage database ; ( ii ) updating the Kampala Capital City drainage master plan ; and ( iii ) preparing designs for future upgrading of roads , * * j * * nctions and drainage systems . # # * * Part * * 2 : Institutional and * * Sy * * stems Development Support Strengthening KCCA ' s instit utional and technical capacity for infrastructure development and maintenance , in particular : - ( a ) Carrying out of a program of actions designed to strengthen the capacity of KCCA ' s Engineering and Technical Services Directorate for implementation and supervision of acti ) , ities under Part 1 of the Project , including , _inter alia ; _", "spans": [{"start": 545, "end": 567, "text": "separate road database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 574, "end": 600, "text": "separate drainage database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms exporting to high-income countries — a dummy that takes a value of one when a firm exports to a country at the top 25 % of the per capita GDP spectrum . As it can be seen , the results are qualitatively similar as before . Exporting is associated with higher skilled employment and in particular higher utilization of engineers , and there is an additional effect on the demand of skills and of skilled tasks for firms that export to high-income , rich countries . These results suggests that both the quality and the required services mechanisms are present in the Chilean case . The presence of the quality mechanism is consistent with the widespread support for it listed above . The presence of the required services mechanism is also expected . Pellandra ( 2017 ) , for instance , finds support for the Matsuyama interpretation using similar Chilean data . Building on Brambilla , Lederman and Porto ( 2012 ) , Pellandra includes fixed costs of reaching different export destinations and those fixed costs are essentially covered with skilled workers . This suggests that the required services mechanism is also present . Incidentally , this is consistent with the results in Brambilla , Lederman , and Porto ( 2012 ) , who also find support for both mechanisms using Argentine data . The most novel result of this paper is , however , the finding that exporting requires the skills of specific tasks within skilled labor , namely those performed by engineers rather than by directors or administrative workers . The quality provision and quality valuation mechanisms just discussed can rationalize these findings by assuming for example a technology to produce quality that is more intensive in those specific skilled tasks . In the working paper version of this paper ( Brambilla , Lederman , and Porto 2016 ) , we develop a model with some of these features . We combine elements from the literature on quality and skilled utilization with element from theories of trade and tasks . In particular , we build on recent models of international trade where goods are produced with tasks using assignment rules ( Acemoglu and Autor 2011 ; Costinot and Vogel 2010 ) . Production involves many different tasks , such as managing", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 865, "text": "Chilean data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1279, "end": 1293, "text": "Argentine data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "upper-secondary on-time graduation and test scores . A one standard-deviation ( SD ) increase in grade 6 test scores is associated with an increase in the probability of on-time lower secondary graduation by 10 percentage points and ( conditional on this ) with an increase in learning outcomes by 0 . 6 SD . They also find a strong association between grade 6 test scores and grade 12 outcomes . Lastly , they find that grade 6 test scores and future outcomes have a strong relationship even when comparing individuals with identical family backgrounds , which is done using a subsample of twins . # * * IV . Data and Methodology * * We are fortunate to have access to a number of administrative data sets that we combine to create a data set with information on achievement tests , characteristics of students , PROSPERA receipt and school quality . We now describe the data sets used and our methodology . From the school years 2006-2007 to 2013-2014 , the Mexican Secretariat of Public Education ( SEP ) applied the Evaluación Nacional de Logro Académico en Centros Escolares , ENLACE . The test gathered information at the end of each academic year on student performance in math , Spanish and a rotating subject for all third to ninth graders in private and public schools . Beginning in 2007-2008 , ENLACE was also given to students in their final year of high school ( grade 12 ) . The test was intended to be a low-stakes assessment that would be informative about learning outcomes to SEP and to parents . The proportion of students who take the test is close to 90 % ( Hoyos , Estrada and Vargas 2018 ) . The last school year of application of the test was 20132014 . ENLACE was eventually replaced by PLANEA ( National Plan for Evaluating Learning “ Plan Nacional para la Evaluación de los Aprendizajes ” ) during the Pena Nieto administration , this test however is applied only to a sample of students in each school . An important issue related to using the ENLACE for this study is the possibility of cheating and , in particular , student copying on the ENLACE exams . When the government stopped applying the ENLACE tests", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 706, "text": "administrative data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Introduction Pacific Island Countries ( PICs ) are often characterized as being both remote ( in a global context ) and highly dispersed , but within each country there is enormous variation in the remoteness of individual communities , and the extent to which communities are clustered or dispersed from one another . This paper seeks to better understand , and to empirically measure , the nature of dispersion and remoteness within individual PICs . This paper defines a new measure of local-area population remoteness which is highly sensitive to variation in settlement patterns . Remoteness of a community is calculated as the population-weighted average distance between the community of interest , and all communities across the country . It is designed to be evaluated using commonly available population census data . A community is measured to be more remote if it is home to a smaller share of the population , relative to other communities further afield . It is also sensitive to the distance between the community of interest and any other community ( in particular , a community is measured to be more remote , the more distant it is from large population centers ) . The remoteness measure for a particular community is unaffected by the overall population level of the country as a whole . Our new measures of community-level remoteness can be aggregated to derive country-level indicators of ( i ) the geographical scale of population dispersion , and ( ii ) a dispersion-adjusted measure of population density , or inversely , sparsity . The geographical scale of dispersion is defined as the population-weighted average remoteness . This indicator is again highly sensitive to variation in settlement patterns ( unlike more macro measures of geographical dispersion , such as the size of a country ’ s Exclusive Economic Zone ) . The dispersion indicator will be higher when a larger share of the population live in remote communities . Like the community-level remoteness indicator , the dispersion indicator is populationneutral , and unaffected by the overall level of a country ’ s population . The dispersion-adjusted measure of population density is defined as being proportional to the country ’ s population divided by the square of the dispersion indicator ( with the square operation applied to transform", "spans": [{"start": 805, "end": 827, "text": "population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 64 yrara . _Chi11_ d-eived _a . g-_ 1-4 ) fr . . ee 14ortality cicI ed Pate Pu \" es ( per ltounsid ( ic drINedy1COME Anooi . . dc-ths per tio-nend P-rotig DISTRIBUTfION of Piate mo-r ( both to * * caob * * ad hind ) - Received by richest aegroup 1-4 yearn , to c , hildrin thin ngr _group ; for_ _tsidccvi 5 perent , richest 20 percet , pooret 20 preeo . t , ad Poor . est 4i por-ot oPbng ooontr0 ? o data deriod from life noble , of households . * * Averse * * Sloe of Houshold ( Cerassper hushold ) total . urban , mi r-ra - A . hssshld cosasof * * a * * grop o o io-Les to har livng qoastera ad their * * al . asala . * * A hoarder or lodger my or my act be icooded to the bosobold for satitstical * * purp * * . . . . Aveome fcesoe-ttl , ubn a ua - * * Average saber * * of prea * * prrost * * uraad ualcuperrvtocdeigo r-petively . D . IRslings ecolude ao - - pus ' t atrctursa ad - rocptd Porn . . Access to ELactrictir Corceat of defl jas L - otal , uban itd rura - . Cocea ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 430, "text": "data deriod from life noble", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > The monitoring activities will result in regular feedback on the implementation of the VMGP , which is shared with UWA / MWE for learning and improvement of implementation modalities . The scope of Monitoring Indicators shall include the following : < / mark > - < mark > Collaborative resource management < / mark > - < mark > Livelihoods activities support < / mark > - < mark > Awareness < / mark > - < mark > Employment in project funded activities < / mark > 11 < mark > . Administrative Reporting and Grievance Redress Mechanisms < / mark > < mark > The standard record of activities undertaken in each reporting period , along with financial information , will continue to be provided until the Project closes in June 2026 . For this revised VMGP , quarterly and annual project progress reports will include a section that details , for instance , the number and type of local meetings held , the number and types of grievances registered and their resolution , and the nature of measures implemented . This will benefit from routine collection of data from activity reports . < / mark > < mark > The Project Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) in and around national parks , including Semuliki , is structured with four levels of Grievance Redress Committees ( GRCs ) : at the Conservation Area , District , Subcounty , and Village levels ( existing Local Council LC1 ) . In the case of SNP , the project has established and trained the Grievance Redress Committee for Semuliki Conservation area , the Budibugyo District Committee and the Subcounty Committees bordering the park ( Burondo , Ntandi , Ntotoro and Tokwe ) in 2023 and 2025 . Arrangements for training village leaders ( Local Council 1 Chairpersons ) in communities bordering the protected areas are ongoing . In May 2025 orientation training was provided to all project District stakeholders on inclusion and non-discrimination with emphasis on involvement of all project stakeholders in decision", "spans": [{"start": 1064, "end": 1090, "text": "data from activity reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BE-116473-CS-CQS / Implementing of Biogas UserSurvey ( BUS ) / Biogas user survey underNational Biogas Program Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 40 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2019-06-23 2019-10-02 2019-07-14 2019-12-30 2019-08-09 2019-12-08 2019-08-16 2019-12-02 2019-08-24 2019-12-31 < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method ApproachMarket Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Amount ( US $ ) Actual Process Status Terms of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) - 2 , 770 , 188 PSNP core beneficiaries received their cash payments through e-payments , against a baseline of 420 , 000 , * * considerably surpassing the PDI target * * of 2 , 000 , 000 . < u > Public works sub-projects support the creation of sustainable community assets and an improved enabling environment for livelihoods . < / u > - 85 percent of rural safety net public works sub-projects met a common standard , * * substantially achieving * * the PDI target of 90 percent ( this PDI is associated with Objective 2 in the results framework but is nonetheless relevant also for Objective 1 ) . - 84 . 5 percent of public works subprojects were selected and implemented according to the government ’ s management guidelines , against a baseline of 75 percent , * * substantially achieving * * the 85 percent target . The ICRR notes that the same indicator appeared in the PSNP results framework , but with a higher target of 90 % , so that the target was effectively , if not formally , downwardly revised . ( This IRI is associated in the results framework with Objective 2 , and thus also reported below . ) . - The 2019 PWIA found that across ten watersheds and rangeland areas sampled , 183 , 000 tons CO2 / Anum were sequestered , as well as substantial improvements in watershed resource management . Across 8 sampled watersheds , soil erosion was reduced by 36 percent , woody biomass in non-pastoral watersheds increased by 169 percent , and carbon sequestration resulting from increased vegetation cover increased from 3 . 25 to 4 MT Co2 per hectare between 2015 and 2019 . This translated into livelihoods and health benefits for agricultural households : crop yields in sample watersheds grew by 24 percent , irrigated crop production rose from 12 to 26 percent of households ( including 6 to 12 percent", "spans": [{"start": 1266, "end": 1275, "text": "2019 PWIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table B2 : Evolution of APA indicators vs . survey indicators | | Change APA | Change IE Survey | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Accountability | 0 . 23 | 0 . 04 | | Fiduciary | - 0 . 42 | 0 . 21 | | Improved infrastructure | - 0 . 57 | 0 . 41 | | Urban planning | 0 . 67 | 0 . 44 | _Note : _ This table reports changes in APA scores between the 4th and 6th APAs ( column ( 1 ) ) and survey indices between first and second rounds ( column ( 2 ) ) , for APA component and similar survey index . Changes are normalized to be interpreted as standard deviations of baseline . Indicator for \" Increased revenue \" is not presented since it was not collected on the 6th APA . We present how variations in APA scores and equivalent household survey measures vary between the 2016-2018 period in the 18 LGAs receiving ULGSP in Figure B3 . For the infrastructure and urban planning dimensions , we observe a positive correlation - although with a fair amount of noise as should be expected from 18 observations . The linear relationship between the two variables is also positive for accountability , but the scatter plot makes clear that most LGAs do not observe any variation in the DLI scores . Finally , for the fiduciary responsibility dimension we actually observe a negative correlation between changes in DLI and survey measures . Additionally , we present correlations for baseline , endline and changes in subcomponents for household survey measures in Figure B4 . We also present correlations between APA scores and government officials ’ survey indices in Figure B5 . 58", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regions using an in-depth methodology that combines contextual data , technical assessments , and secondary indicators . < sup > 119 < / sup > For each year , a country is given an overall data set score ( 1 – 100 ) for the completeness of OGD data sets based on a standardized rubric < sup > 120 < / sup > across a number of areas , including : maps , land ownership , census , government budget , government spending , company registration , legislation , public transport , international trade , health , education , crime statistics , environment statistics , election results , and contracts . For the purposes of the present analysis , raw scores provided by the ODB were slightly remixed to obtain a certain operationalization of the variables based on the theoretical literature and conceptual framework . < sup > 121 < / sup > - * * Accountability : * * Since the research will focus on Sub-Saharan Africa , accountability data were obtained from the Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance ( IIAG ) , which has rated accountability in virtually every African country since 2001 . The data set relies on an accountability index based on an inclusive list of sub-indicators , including those listed Annex 3 . As noted in the theoretical literature , there are many definitions of accountability and there are likewise many different measures of what constitutes accountability across different international institutions ’ indices . Accordingly , such an indexed variable — which draws on many of the principle accountability indexes including those produced by the World Bank , African Development Bank , Economist Intelligence Unit , Bertelsmann , the World Economic Forum , and others — ensures that the concept is broadly operationalized . < sup > 122 < / sup > - * * Service Delivery : * * Measuring service delivery can be difficult , as it has many different dimensions including access , quality , timeliness , price , efficacy , and satisfaction . For the sake of simplicity , service delivery will be operationalized in two dimensions : ( i ) provision of services and ( ii ) outcomes of services . The rationale for this is that provision ( e . g .", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 998, "text": "Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector employment over the same period ( World Bank , 1995 ) . Private consumption per capita fell by 31 percent between 1987 and 1995 , consistent with the 35 percent fall in household expenditure per capita over the same period as measured by the household surveys . Due to four years of C6te d ' Ivoire Living Standards Survey ( CILSS ) data between 1985 and 1988 and two Priority Household Surveys ( PHS ) conducted in 1993 and 1995 , it is possible to trace the evolution of poverty during this period of severe economic recession in C6te d ' lvoire , although the differences in the two types of surveys raise questions about comparability of the poverty estimates across surveys . < sup > 4 < / sup > In 1985 , the headcount index of poverty in C6te d ' Ivoire was 11 percent based on the extreme poverty line of 75 , 000 CFAF per capita per year adopted by Grootaert ( 1996 ) shown in table 2 . The 75 , 000 CFAF poverty line is close to the one dollar per day poverty line used in the 1990 World Development Report . < sup > 5 < / sup > Between 1985 and 1993 , poverty almost tripled , with almost three-fourths of the 26 percentage point increase occurring in the five year period between 1988 and 1993 . Looking at the change in poverty by region and socioeconomic groups raises some questions about the validity of the data and about why certain groups fared better than others . # Declining per * * capita * * expenditures * * and * * increasing poverty , 1985-1988 Between 1985 and 1988 the decline in household expenditure per capita was greater in the urban areas than in the rural areas , setting aside for the moment the West Forest region ( table 3 ) . Mean per capita expenditures fell by almost 30 percent in Abidjan and 40 percent in Other Cities , compared to the 15 percent decline in East Forest and the 21 percent cent decline in the Savannah . Despite the large fall in household expenditure in Abidjan , there was no increase in poverty , since even in 1988 mean household expenditure per capita", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 266, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 290, "end": 329, "text": "C6te d ' Ivoire Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 375, "end": 401, "text": "Priority Household Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Pooled waves ) * * | | Women | Girls | Men | Boys | Remittances | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | ( All outcomes a | s % in househ | old income | ) | | placebo | 0_ . _31 | 0_ . _85 | _ − _0_ . _47 | 0_ . _56 | 0_ . _60 | | | ( 1_ . _93 ) | ( 0_ . _71 ) | ( 0_ . _55 ) | ( 0_ . _51 ) | ( 1_ . _62 ) | | N | 296 | 116 | 296 | 129 | 295 | | Nominated mean | 8_ . _13 | 2_ . _29 | 4_ . _46 | 2_ . _00 | 9_ . _25 | | Nominated SD | 14_ . _83 | 3_ . _00 | 5_ . _14 | 2_ . _28 | 12_ . _91 | Notes : Table only includes women selected for the promotion program , where the upper half of the ranked list in each factory is assigned to a placebo treatment which is zero for the lower half . Standard errors clustered at the individual level in parentheses . Controls chosen using pdslasso ( ivlasso for Panel A , Column 4 ) from demographic controls and baseline bargaining measures , their squares , and factory , enumerator and month dummies . Where available , the baseline outcome is included in the amelioration set . The sample in Panel C , Column 2 ( Column 4 ) is limited to those respondent with a daughter ( son ) , or a female ( male ) child in the household . * * Table C . 21 : Lee ( 2009 ) bounds * * | * * Outcome * * | | * * Pooled waves * * | | | * * Wave 1 * * | | | * * Wave 2 * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| FEPBA score in Language | 70 < br > 488 . 16 | 18 . 05 | 487 . 03 | 18 . 17 < br > 487 . 86 | 20 . 02 | 489 . 66 | < br > 16 . 49 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | Source : Author ' s analysis based on survey experimental data generated for this study . Note : N means number of observations in the full sample , and SD means standard deviation . Note : N means number of observation in the full sample and Sd means standard deviation . 41", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 262, "text": "survey experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sizes by country , region , and gender are shown in Table A1 . < sup > 13 < / sup > The paper ’ s dataset comprises 157 , 483 observations , encompassing all respondents who provided complete information on individual characteristics . However , the sample size varies when analyzing different outcomes , as detailed in A . 7 . Questions posed later in the survey experienced higher rates of nonresponse . The sample for the Gender Equality at Home survey is comprised of individuals who have access to the internet and personal Facebook accounts . As such , the results should not be viewed as representative of a general population in each country . Nevertheless , the survey ’ s extensive geographic reach and substantial sample size provide a unique opportunity to explore the research questions on a global scale . Given the significant increase in internet bandwidth and Facebook ’ s expanding user base , which stands at approximately 2 . 9 billion monthly active users at the time of this writing , this survey offers valuable insights despite its limitations . < sup > 14 < / sup > Table 1 outlines the demographic characteristics of our sample , split by gender of the respondent . The total sample comprises of 152 , 555 individuals , with 52 % of the sample being women . The demographic characteristics are broadly similar across female and male respondents . On average , 58 % of the individuals in our sample are in a long-term partnership or married . The majority , 73 % , are over 25 years old . Education levels are high , with 60 % possessing an education beyond secondary level . Additionally , 60 % of respondents reside in urban areas . Notable gender-based differences in the sample include a 19 % lower likelihood of women identifying as the head of the household compared to men , and a 7 % lower likelihood of women owning land . # * * 2 . 3 Description of Key Variables * * # # * * 2 . 3 . 1 Economic Behaviors * * The dependent variables in our study are categorized as follows : labor supply ( employment status in the previous year and weekly hours worked", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 455, "text": "Gender Equality at Home survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B . 2 : Missing commitment identifiers < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 0 . 0003 0 . 04 < br > 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 0002 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 0001 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 04 < br > 0 . 0000 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > PB PR < br > 0 . 30 < br > 0 . 04 < br > 0 . 25 < br > 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 20 < br > 0 . 15 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 10 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 05 < br > 0 . 04 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > RS SP < br > 0 . 8 5 < br > 0 . 6 4 < br > 0 . 4 3 < br > 0 . 2 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 < br > Year Year < br > Null Commitments ( % ) Null Total Committed ( % ) < br > % < br > % < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage of observations by year for which we were unable to build a unique identifier ( id_empenho_bd ) in the _commitment_ table . 49", "spans": [{"start": 1003, "end": 1021, "text": "_commitment_ table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". In addition , a program-specific MIS will be established , of which the single registry will be one element , to ensure effective knowledge management . A comprehensive public works database will also be a crucial part of the MIS . Establishing such an MIS system will necessitate targeted capacity building efforts , involving both skills training and investments in information and communication technology . In addition , the next phase of the program must develop clearer triggers and thresholds for intervention , and improve the contribution of the program to DRM systems and tools ( e . g . early warning ) , including support for woreda risk profiles . The transitory response will continue to use the delivery mechanisms for support developed under the regular program transfers . Harmonized information management will enable the use of common triggers for DRM interventions , thereby enabling more rapid and effective responses to shocks . Component 2 : Productive Safety Nets and Support to Livelihoods Strengthening Component 2 will deliver a range of client services , including safety nets transfers , sustainable community assets and human capital services , and support for livelihoods strengthening . This will be done through the implementation of three sub-components described below . Sub-component 2a will provide safety nets transfers to targeted households . The program will provide transfers to chronically food insecure households through public works , human capital conditionalities and direct support depending on the household ’ s labor capacity . The next generation of the program will aim to improve transfers through increased timeliness and predictability ; an", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 192, "text": "comprehensive public works database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "If this is right , it is important information for policymakers to have to be able to target compensation programs effectively . We take the focus on occupations in a new direction . Building on earlier work ( Artu ̧ c , Chaudhuri and McLaren ( 2010 ) ) ( henceforth ACM ) in which we estimated the costs to workers of switching industries in a dynamic model in order to measure the welfare effects of trade shocks on workers in different industries , we expand our framework to allow workers to change _both_ their industry _and_ their occupations , estimating the costs of doing so in an integrated dynamic structural econometric model . Our strategy is to specify a rational-expectations model in which industry and occupational switching is a forward-looking investment decision by long-lived workers ; estimate the key structural parameters ( particularly means and variances of moving costs ) on worker data ; and then simulate the effects of trade shocks using these estimates to analyze welfare and the time-path of the labor market ’ s adjustment . This approach has a number of advantages . First , it allows us to incorporate a real dynamic analysis into the effect on different occupations . Workers can and do change occupation , but it is costly to do so , and the degree of cost will affect the wage effects of a trade shock as well as how those wage changes translate into welfare changes . Importantly , a dynamic analysis allows us to identify the role of option value , which has been shown to have a large effect on the welfare analysis of trade shocks ( Artu ̧ c , Chaudhuri and McLaren ( 2010 ) ) . If one ’ s wage in one ’ s own industry and occupation is reduced by a policy change , but wages in other occupations and industries to which one might consider switching are increased , then the positive option-value effect brought about by the latter may dominate the negative direct effect of the former . One needs a dynamic model with option value built in in order to out what the net is . Second , we will argue that a full account of occupational choice can have a significant effect on", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 913, "text": "worker data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * _Jain irrigation systems , Jalgaon , India_ * * : adapted existing drip irrigation systems specifically to meet the needs of smallholder farmers , and works closely with customers to teach ̳ precision farming ‘ ( which optimizes the balance between fertilizers , pesticides , water and energy to increase output ) ; and uses dance and song to explain the benefits of drip irrigation to farmers who can ‘ t read Source : World Economic Forum ( 2011 ) . WEF and the Boston Consulting Group partnered to review more than 1 , 000 emerging market-based companies with annual sales ranging from $ 25 million to $ 5 billion , coupled with interviews of almost 200 business executives , to identify 16 showcase companies in light of sustainability , innovation and scalability criteria . Enterprise surveys are another potential source of systematic information on the extent and breadth of such local green innovations . However , most national industrial census efforts and complementary internationally-comparable enterprise surveys have not yet systematically been collecting information on green product , process , organizational and marketing innovations . # * * 3 FOSTERING INNOVATION – POLICIES FOR PROMOTING FRONTIER AND CATCH-UP INNOVATIONS AND FOR DEVELOPING ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY * * As with all other technologies , market failures in the creation , dissemination and absorption of knowledge by firms provide a rationale for public policies addressing the development and commercialization of green technologies . In addition , green technologies are also characterized by environmental externalities . The combination of knowledge and environmental market failures require combined policy responses and 12", "spans": [{"start": 786, "end": 804, "text": "Enterprise surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "literature . In line with recent innovations in the industrialized country literature , we generate proxies for both the level of amenities and costs of living and find their influence to be statistically significant . Further , contrary to much of the literature either in the industrialized or developing world noted above , our specification allows > 2 Using data gathered in 25 Mexican communities , Massey and Espinosa ( 1997 ) create histories of migrants to the US and find initial migration to the US to be negatively related to the wage rate and the proportion of women in manufacturing . Jones ( 2000 ) examines 17 emigrant municipalities and argues in favor of an association between proximity to maquiladoras and employment growth and , in turn , declining US migration . 2", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 401, "text": "data gathered in 25 Mexican communities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nationally representative sample of 15 , 000 Americans . They argue that citizen participation is the heart of a functioning democracy in which politicians respond to citizen concerns , interests , preferences and needs . This presumes that the voice of citizens is clear , understood , and loud so policymakers have an incentive to pay attention to what is being said . In the US , as dollars have substituted for time as inputs into the political campaigns , Verba et al show how participation in the political process becomes skewed to the wealthy and is responsive to their priorities and concerns . \" When money replaces time as the principle form of political currency , the playing field is no longer level \" ( 1997 , p . 21 ) . The voice of the poor gets drowned out , which leads to their greater exclusion . The figures show that the top 3 percent of the sample with family incomes over $ 125 , 000 produce more than their proportionate share of the vote , protests , campaign hours and 35 percent of the money contributed . The top two income groups , with annual incomes over $ 75 , 000 account for more than half the money contributed to political campaigns , while the bottom 20 percent of the income distribution , with incomes less than $ 15 , 000 produce only 14 percent of the vote and 2 percent of the campaign dollars . These distinctions are important because there is limited overlap of concerns and interests between these two groups . The disadvantaged , roughly one-sixth of the public with no education beyond high school , are more than twice as likely , and those receiving means-tested welfare benefits are four times as likely , to focus on basic human needs , poverty , jobs , housing and health . The concerns of the more advantaged are linked to economic issues , such as taxes , government spending , budget , and social / moral issues , such as abortion or pornography . In sum , public officials hear many more messages from the advantaged than from the poor because the former belong to many more organizations that mobilize voice and resources . The authors conclude that the", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 54, "text": "nationally representative sample of 15 , 000 Americans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "state , a complete upgrade implies an increase of primary roads by about 70 percentage points . This translates into a price reduction of about 39 percent for tradable goods as the average prices in the states are 48 percent higher than in Juba . Applying this reduction in price to equation ( 3 ) , we estimate that the average consumption of tradable goods increases by 63 percent on average . With about 45 percent of tradable consumption for the average household , this road improvement increases total consumption on average by 28 percent . The computations with the upper bound coefficient - 6 . 61 ( derived from column 9 in * * Error ! Reference source not found . * * ) yields an average increase in consumption of 57 percent . Hence , the first-order impact of upgrading the quality of all roads to that of primary roads increases total consumption by between 28 percent and 57 percent for the average household . A simulation confirms the results of the back-of-the-envelope calculation . Based on the NBHS 2009 data for South Sudan , the impact of the price reduction due to road improvement can be simulated . As Juba in Central Equatoria is the reference for the price differential , the impact of road improvement in Central Equatoria is simply estimated as the average price consumption effects per tradable item over the remaining states . We use the lower ( - 3 . 22 ) and the upper bound ( - 6 . 61 ) for the elasticity of reduction of the price differential with respect to road improvement . The simulation considers upgrading major roads connecting the state capitals assuming that the upgraded roads would yield a road quality of 100 percent for the corresponding states . 25", "spans": [{"start": 1014, "end": 1028, "text": "NBHS 2009 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * SECTOR SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS : * * # # # # # # * * SECTOR-SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS EDUCATION * * - Expand outreach of child safe-guarding hotlines to Ukrainian learners ( especially those who attend online classes and stay in private accommodations ) through social media . - Develop and disseminate child-friendly materials on GBV and PSEA . - Strengthen GBV and PSEA awareness and response capacity of educators , especially non-formal educators ( facilitators and teachers including among Ukrainian refugees , and psychologists ) . - Add information on education systems , including related to accessibility for children with disabilities , to digital blue dots . - Increase the availability of Ukrainian-speaking teachers or learning support staff within schools . - Mainstream GBV in the Education sector activities by integrating the < u > Thematic Area Guide ( TAG ) , excerpted from < / u > the comprehensive IASC ’ s _Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action_ ( IASC , 2015 ) , aimed at assisting education actors and communities affected by humanitarian emergencies to coordinate , plan , implement , monitor and evaluate essential actions for the prevention and mitigation of genderbased violence ( GBV ) across the education sector . - Aim at training frontline staff , including protection monitors , data collectors , enumerators , etc . on how safely handle GBV disclosure and refer to available GBV services . # # # # # # * * < mark > HEALTH < / mark > * * * * To the Polish Government and Public Authorities : * * - Increase the availability of Ukrainian and Russian interpreters to improve access to health services and treatment provision , ensuring prior training on medical confidentiality . Women translators should ideally be available 24 / 7 via a hotline . Healthcare providers , as well as patient representatives should be made aware of options for accessing translation . - Ensure continuity of access to necessary treatment in national systems for cases related", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 677, "text": "digital blue dots", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to migrating for work , but nonetheless find their work and time allocation are affected when other male household members do so . Mu and van de Walle ( 2011 ) and Slavchevska et al ( 2016 ) , for example , discuss how rapid economic development and rural-urban migration led to lower engagement in paid work and greater on-farm work for women who remained in rural areas , but not for men . And when rural women do migrate , they are much more likely to be engaged in vulnerable , informal forms of work ( ILO , 2018a ) . Additional individual-level questions on migrants ’ employment outcomes , including place and date of migration , would help shed light on how economic development is associated with work-related migration and outcomes of remaining household members , including women . Among the LSMS-ISA , currently only the 2015-16 Ethiopia survey asks individual-level questions on migrants spanning these topics . The 201314 Uganda LSMS-ISA asks on the second visit to the household whether any member from the roster has left , reasons why ( economic / education / marriage / conflict ) , and where ( region of the country , or abroad ) they went . The question on locality of migration , if within the country , is asked at the district level . Having a similar , consistent set of questions across surveys and survey rounds is valuable in cross-country comparisons , as well as the longer-term effects of migration in these areas . 17", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 856, "text": "2015-16 Ethiopia survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 929, "end": 951, "text": "201314 Uganda LSMS-ISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A . 1 . 2 : Child Labor Statistics by Survey Assignment and Season : 7-day Recall Period * * | | | * * Pooled Dat * * < br > | * * a * * | * * Shor * * < br > | * * t Raining S * * < br > | * * eason * * | * * H * * < br > | * * arvest Sea * * < br > | * * son * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Self - < br > reported | Proxy - < br > report | Diff | Self - < br > reported | Proxy - < br > report | Diff | Self - < br > reported | Proxy - < br > report | Diff | | * * _Partic_ * * | * * _ipation in_ * * | * * _Household_ * * | * * _Farm Activities ( _ * * | * * _ % ) _ * * | | | | | | | All | 0 . 629 | 0 . 609 | 0 . 020 | 0 . 489 | 0 . 484 | 0 . 004 | 0 . 773 | 0 . 734 | 0 . 039 | | | [ 0 . 017 ] | [ 0 . 012 ] | | [ 0 . 025 ] | [ 0 . 017 ] | | [ 0 . 022 ] | [ 0 . 016 ] | | | Boys | 0 . 677 | 0 . 688 | - 0 . 010 | 0 . 567 | 0 . 575 | 0 . 008 | 0 . 792 | 0 . 800 | - 0 . 008 | | | [ 0 . 022 ] | [ 0 . 015 ] | | [ 0 . 031 ] | [ 0 . 022 ] | | [ 0 . 025 ] | [ 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 Data * * # # * * 2 . 1 Lockdown data * * Lockdown is a binary variable where one indicates the month the following measures were imposed by trading partners of the Philippines : workplace closure , the closure of public transport , stay at home requirements , restrictions on internal movement , and international travel controls . This definition of lockdowns has been adopted from Majune ( 2020 ) . Data for these indicators is from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker ( Hale et al . , 2020 ) . To explain the pattern of lockdown measures , we display the trend of the lockdown Stringency Index for the Philippines and neighboring countries ( Thailand , Malaysia , China , Indonesia , and Vietnam ) between January 1 , 2020 , and December 31 , 2020 , in Figure 1 . The index is constructed by re-scaling the maximum ordinal values of nine indicators ( one health measure and eight closures and containment policies ) to range between 0 and 100 . The scores are then averaged to get a composite index for over 180 countries . A score of 0 indicates no restrictions while 100 signals severe implementation of lockdown policies in a country ( Hale et al . , 2020 ) . The first lockdown measure in the Philippines was on January 31 , 2020 , when arrivals of people from some regions were banned . This was followed by the closure of the border , workplaces , public transport , and imposition of stay-at-home requirements and restrictions on internal movement on March 15 , 2020 , as reflected by a sudden jump in the index , from 34 to 75 . The index was 100 on March 22 , 2020 , indicating maximum implementation of all containment measures . However , it dropped significantly , on May 29 , 2020 , when workplace and public transport closure , stay at home requirements and restrictions on internal movement were temporarily suspended . The easing of international travel controls started on July 7 , 2020 . The Philippines had the joint least index with Vietnam by the end of 2020 , indicating a significant lax of most containment measures . 5", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 44, "text": "Lockdown data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 490, "text": "Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the shocks could be on the real economy . _Ceteris paribus_ , when φ is larger , borrowing constraints are less likely to bind , and crises are less frequent . Without an empirical measurement of φ , the theoretical literature must resort to calibrating φ to match some business cycle moments . Thus , the value of φ is modelspecific , and not surprisingly , it varies markedly across studies ( for example 15 % - 30 % in Mendoza ( 2010 ) , 5 % in Korinek and Jeanne ( 2010 ) , 32 % in Bianchi ( 2011 ) , 50 % in Devereux and Yetman ( 2010 ) ) . An estimate of φ will provide the literature an empirical measure to serve as a benchmark value . More broadly , documenting and understanding the magnitude and the correlates of collateral ’ s extensive and intensive margins are crucial for both firms and governments to mitigate the negative aspects of collateralized borrowing . Our paper is an attempt to fill the gap and it is divided into two parts . In the first part , we use data from 22 , 263 borrowing firms , < sup > 3 < / sup > across 131 countries , and between 2005-2017 from World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) to document the existence and prevalence of collateralized borrowing . We show that collateralized borrowing is widespread . On average , 77 % of loans from financial institutions require collateral , and among loans with collateral , collateral value is about 167 % of the loan value . This implies that for a $ 1 loan , the average collateral value is $ 1 . 67 . Equivalently , the loan-to-value ratio φ is about 60 % . When stocks , bonds and other financial assets are pledged as collateral , the collateral value is about 120 % of the loan value . This implies that the value of φ is 83 % . Either at 60 % or 83 % , the value is much larger than those commonly used in the theoretical literature . Our empirical estimate of φ has been cited and used in recent theoretical literature on macro-prudential policy , for example , by Bianchi", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1017, "text": "data from 22 , 263 borrowing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1105, "end": 1123, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for cohorts that are likely to have been in their formative years ( in school ) around the time the Nepali economy liberalized creating newer opportunities in the labor market . Looking across different social groups , Newars , followed closely by hill Brhamins and Chhettris have the best odds of surpassing their father ’ s education and occupation levels . On the other hand , Nepalis in Muslim and other minority caste categories followed by Terai Brahmin Middle Caste , and Dalit categories have the lowest odds of doing so . Finally , the odds of upward mobility are significantly better for households who have managed to also be mobile spatially . That is , individuals born in rural Nepal but currently living in urban areas have significantly better odds of doing better than their fathers than individuals who were born in rural areas and continued to stay in rural areas . We also introduced and used synthetic panel methodology to show the extent of directional income movement within a generation . In particular , we used this technique to unpack net poverty movements and disentangle the proportion of Nepali population falling into and out of poverty . Our results show that for every two Nepalis moving out of poverty in the last couple of poverty reduction episodes , there is one Nepali falling back into poverty . Alongside these movements in and out of poverty , our results also suggest a sizeable persistence in poverty status : based on data from the three rounds of NLSS , we conclude that 60 percent of those that are found to be poor in any given year actually suffer from chronic poverty . Generalizing , the notion of the risk of falling into poverty , we propose a distinctly economic definition of vulnerability that we argue is an improvement over heuristic definitions such as the level of clustering above 18", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1496, "text": "NLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "issued exclusively in the name of men with 8 % joint and the remainder in the name of women only . While perceived risk of conflict is , with 2 % negligible , levels of perceived transferability are also very low ; with 30 % , the share of parcels that can be sold is comparable to the average ( 26 % ) from a nation-wide household survey ( Ali _et al . _ 2020 ) , implying that land cultivated by large farms is no more transferable than that by smallholders despite much higher levels of formalization . Only about half of titled land is perceived to be transferable by sale , suggesting that rights supposedly associated with having title may be difficult or impossible to exercise , possibly because traditional authorities continue to exercise oversight over patterns of land use . Such limited transferability can reduce investment incentives and slow structural transformation by constraining productive farmers ’ ability to take over land from less productive ones and to access credit which banks may not be willing to provide if lack of an active land sales market ( as indeed supported by our data ) would increase the cost of foreclosure . Indeed , self-assessed ability to access credit is , with 20 % for titled land , only slightly above the level for the entire sample ( 17 % ) . Quite surprisingly in light of the high demand and willingness to pay for formal documentation noted above , possession of title also does not seem to be related to either the self-assessed risk of land dispute or the level of soil conservation investment . For the subset of cultivated parcels , levels of crop output or profit per ha are not affected by title status . However , self-assessed land values for titled land are , with ZMK 14 , 300 per ha well above the sample mean of 10 , 600 per ha . This could indicate speculative land holding or imply that barriers to acquisition of title generate rents that are capitalized in land prices . 13", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 338, "text": "nation-wide household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * PROCUREMENT PLAN ( Textual Part ) * * * * Project information : [ Ethiopia * * _ ~ ~ < u > country < / u > ~ ~ _ * * ] [ Program for Results Enhancing Shared Prosperity * * * * < u > Through Equitable Services ( ESPES ) < / u > * * _ < u > Project name < / u > _ * * ] [ * * _P151432_ _ ~ ~ - number ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ ] ] ~ ~ * * * * Project Implementation agency : [ Channel One Programs Coordinating Directorate * * * * < u > ( COPCD ) < / u > * * _ ~ ~ < u > insert legal name < / u > ~ ~ _ * * ] * * * * Date of the Procurement Plan : [ 24 / 02 / 201 * * * * ~ ~ < u > 9 < / u > ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ insert date ~ ~ _ * * ~ ~ ] ~ ~ * * * * Period covered by this Procurement Plan * * : * * [ 24 / 02 / 2019 * * _ ~ ~ < u > insert from < / u > ~ ~ – 31 / 05 / 202_ _ ~ ~ < u > 3to period < / u > ~ ~ _ * * ] * * # # * * Preamble * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 9 of the “ World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers ” ( July 2016 ) ( “ Procurement Regulations ” ) the Bank ’ s Systematic Tracking and Exchanges in Procurement ( STEP ) system will be used to prepare , clear and update Procurement Plans and conduct all procurement transactions for the Project . This textual part along with the Procurement Plan tables in STEP constitute the Procurement Plan for the Project . The following conditions apply to all procurement activities in the Procurement Plan . The other elements of the Procurement Plan as required", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country . A score of 0 indicates no restrictions while 100 signals severe implementation of lockdown policies in a country ( Hale et al . , 2021 ) . The first lockdown measure in Indonesia was on January 18 , 2020 , when COVID-19 screening of international travelers was introduced . This was followed by the ban on arrivals from some regions on February 5 , 2020 . Closure of workplaces , total border closure , closure of public transport , restrictions on internal movement and stay-at-home requirements followed in that order from March 15 and they were all operational by April 1 . This is depicted by the consistent rise in the stringency index which remained above 70 until May 20 , 2020 , when the closure of public transport was temporarily lifted . The index has since fluctuated depending on the severity of the COVID-19 wave . Indonesia had the second highest index among the countries in Figure 1 , after Australia , by the end of 2020 . All the lockdown measures were in operation in 2021 and the index was relatively stable at around 72 . Indonesia had the third highest index , after Vietnam and the Philippines , at the end of the sample period on August 31 , 2021 . Among the neighboring countries , Singapore was the first to impose lockdown measures ( January 2 ) , followed by Vietnam ( January 25 ) , India ( January 26 ) , Papua New Guinea ( January 27 ) , Malaysia ( January 30 ) , the Philippines ( January 31 ) , Australia ( February 1 ) and Thailand ( March 6 ) . All the countries started with international travel controls and progressively introduced domestic measures . Singapore ’ s stringency index was the lowest of all Indonesia ’ s neighbors at the end of August 2021 because of the relaxation of the conditions on internal movements and public transport . The Philippines , Vietnam and Australia had the highest stringency indices by the end of August 2021 , respectively . # * * 2 . 2 Trade data * * Our export and import data is a monthly product-country data series obtained from the Indonesia Statistics Authority ( BPS _Badan Pusat Statistik_ ) . The", "spans": [{"start": 1942, "end": 1964, "text": "export and import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PPSD for the first phase of the PRIME program | * * Attribute * * | * * Selected Arrangement * * | * * Justification Summary / Logic * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Specifications * * | Conformance | EEU has detailed specification < br > of double cabin pickups from < br > already procured vehicle and < br > will update the specification to < br > consider the latest available < br > double cabin pickups . | | * * Sustainability * * < br > * * Requirements * * | Yes | EEU apply government and WB < br > social < br > and < br > environmental < br > standards as per the contract < br > ESH assessment outputs . The < br > project is targeting promotion < br > ~ ~ ofgreenenergyproductsand ~ ~ | | * * Contract Type * * | Traditional | | | * * Pricing and Costing * * < br > * * Mechanism * * | Schedule of Rates | The required quantities are < br > known , and unit prices are < br > sought from suppliers . | | * * Supplier Relationship * * | Adversary | | | * * Price Adjustments * * | Fixed price | The contract duration period is less < br > than 18 months . | | * * Form of Contract ( Terms * * < br > * * and Conditions ) * * | WB Bank ’ s Standard < br > Conditions of Contract | | | * * Selection Method * * | Requests for Bids ( RFB ) | All requirements are specified . | | * * Selection Arrangement * * | Not Applicable | | | * * Market Approach * * | A . Type of Competition < br > Open International | ICB | | | B . Number of < br > Envelopes / Stages Single <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Woreda and Kebele boundary maps prepared by Central Statistical Authority were used to identify and delineate villages , resources and facilities that could potentially be affected when the proposed scheme is realized . The following base maps were prepared : - Location of the Proposed TL and SS Subproject - Administration map along the proposed TL and SS subproject influence areas - Location of the proposed substations - * * 1 . 2 . 2 Quantitative Methods of Data Collection * * # # # # # # * * _Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets_ * * The Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets survey was carried out between 15 - 25 December 2025 in all parts of Subproject impacted Kebeles and Woredas . _Sensitisation and Familiarisation Stage : _ A team of experts visited the subproject area to meet with PAPs and local government officials . This mission helped not only to familiarise the study team with the Subproject area but also to adapt various survey forms and instruments to local conditions . This was then followed by finalisation of the survey instrument . Official Use Only Page 17", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 35, "text": "Woreda and Kebele boundary maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 557, "end": 606, "text": "Census Enumeration and Inventory of Assets survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Source : _ World Bank compilation . Table B . 2 . Definitions used for household descriptive variables from country surveys | * * Country * * | * * Land ownership ( 0 if none , 1 if any ) * * | * * Education * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Ethiopia | Ownership of land plots | Literacy | | Lesotho | Ownership or cultivation of land | Level : primary complete | | Malawi | Land area cultivated | Can read and write | | Mauritania | Hectares owned | Literacy | | Mozambique | Number of plots | Can read and write | | Niger | Land area cultivated | Level : any | | Nigeria | Land area cultivated | Level : primary complete | | Zambia | Land area cultivated | Level : primary complete | | Zimbabwe | Ownership of any arable land | Level : primary complete | # _Source : _ World Bank . _Note : _ Country-specific definitions for land ownership and education are based on survey information . 40", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 124, "text": "country surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 870, "end": 888, "text": "survey information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a total of 1 , 245 households . There were two types of ranking questions : RMG priority ranking and ranking based on specific criteria : # _ “ RMG Priority Ranking ” : _ Please rank who you would prioritize to join the RMG if it were solely up to you and not determined by eligibility and a lottery . Start with the highest priority to the least priority . For example , if I were in the list and you really thought I should receive the RMG job , you would rank me number 1 . If you think I am the last person in the list you would give the job to , rank me ( total number in the list ) . < sup > 12 < / sup > # _Criteria Rankings : _ - Rank who owns the least to most square meters of land , agricultural and residential land combined . - Rank the likelihood that , in the last 12 months , the person or someone in her household was hungry but did not eat because there was not enough rice or food at home , and not enough money or other tradeable goods to purchase rice or food . Start with the person or household most likely to have had been hungry but did not eat . - Rank who needs the most to least help right now . The variety of data collected , including actual data on selection , respondent self-reports , and data collected on hypothetical ranking by village heads , combined with an intention sampling design that includes both selected and non-selected among eligible and a random sample of villagers , enable us to explore both the actual targeting by village heads , the proximate inputs into the targeting choices , and the potential information constraints that may limit the ability of village heads to target the poorest households in their villages . 4 . Do village heads effectively select poorer households for participation in RMGs ? Given the extensive baseline surveys administered to the RMG-eligible and the RS , we can compare them on a wide range of dimensions , including income , assets , land holding , etc . Notably , the baseline questionnaires did not include a comprehensive", "spans": [{"start": 1166, "end": 1190, "text": "actual data on selection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1796, "text": "baseline surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Having access to up to date information on causality figures helps target preventative programming . - • Broad interagency buy-in is needed from the beginning of the message design phase to prevent duplication of message development across organisations . < sup > 230 < / sup > # # # # # * * < mark > MRE in Sri Lanka < / mark > * * < mark > An independent evaluation of MRE activities implemented by UNICEF Sri Lanka and its partners through an overall approach of combining child protection and MRE during the conflict found : < / mark > - Partnering with pre-existing village structures such as Village Child Rights Monitoring Committees and child clubs was cost-effective and sustainable , and allowed MRE activities to take place in areas where NGOs were not able to access especially during emergency periods . However , some committees and clubs did not function due to displacement , movement , and / or resource limitations . In addition , greater incentives , clear TORs , knowledge and capacity to conduct MRE activities were needed . - School-based MRE was thought to be successful in reaching school-going children . Education and health partners expressed a need for general injury prevention and safety education . It was suggested this could include MRE alongside sessions on the prevention of falls , snakebites , drowning , and others . - < mark > Involving < / mark > landmine / ERW injury survivors in MRE and mine action projects helped survivors feel empowered through their inclusion and responsibility , and happy to contribute to protecting their communities . In one location children blinded by landmines conducted MRE activities in coordination with children ’ s clubs . - When expensive communication projects were thought not to be resulting in significant behaviour change , and efforts were underway across a number of different sectors to address different kinds of social and health issues through communication . Inter-sector collaboration was requested to conduct a broad survey on the preferred sources of information for different kinds of issues , key influencers", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 62, "text": "causality figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 25 * * * * Plate 3d : * * An open shed where medical waste is burnt on a concrete floor ( right inset ) and ash dumped in a pit in the shed floor ( left inset ) # # # * * 2 . 1 . 4 Nakaseke Hospital 2 . 1 . 4 . 1 General district profile * * The 2002 national census estimated the population of Nakaseke District at about 138 , 000 inhabitants , with an annual growth rate of 3 . 3 % hence in 2009 , the District population was about 178 , 900 . Farming is the main economic activity in the districts and crops grown include , maize , beans , bananas , cassava , sweet potatoes , vegetables such as tomatoes , cabbage and fruits including pineapples and mangoes all of which find ready market in Kampala City . Fishing in swamps and rearing of livestock are also undertaken . Table 7 : Nakaseke population by < u > parish , sub-county , sex , households and household size . < / u > | * * County or sub * * < br > * * county * * | * * Households * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | * * Total * * | * * Average * * < br > * * household size * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Kapeeka * * | 5 , 751 | 12 , 397 | 11 , 724 | 24 , 121 | 4 . 2 | | * * Kasagombe * * | 3 , 823 | 8 , 714 | 8 , 924 | 17 , 638 | 4 . 6 | | * * Kikamulo * * | 5 , 081 | 10 , 777 | 11 , 301 | 22 , 078 | 4 . 3 | | * * Nakaseke * * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% of the refugee population is comprised of Rohingya refugees who arrived by boat in recent years and who are residing primarily in temporary shelters in Aceh and North Sumatra . Indonesia ’ s National Refugee Task Force , established in 2019 , remains an important Government entity in the management of refugee affairs . Deputy V in POLHUKAM is the head of the National Refugee Task Force and members include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a wide range of security-focused actors . Several local refugee task forces operate in provinces hosting refugees and remain active and important counterparts . UNHCR also works with a range of partners in Indonesia , particularly IOM , YCWS , and YKMI in several areas of protection and assistance . In addition , UNHCR works with nongovernmental , civil society and refugee-led organizations , as well as other UN agencies working with and advocating for the rights of the refugee population in Indonesia . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Locations of Persons Registered with UNHCR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Aceh < br > 538 < br > North < br > Sumatra < br > 1 , 602 < br > Riau Islands < br > Riau 671 < br > 1 , 432 < br > South Sulawesi Other locations < br > Jakarta & 981 231 < br > Surrounding Area < br > 5 , 631 < br > 38 Bali < br > 392 52 < br > Central < br > Java Java East East Nusa < br > Tenggara < br > 167 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 1 The Government of Indonesia-UNHCR host country agreement has been in place since 1979 . UNHCR / 1 November 2024 2", "spans": [{"start": 992, "end": 1034, "text": "Locations of Persons Registered with UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will be taken to the second level-judiciary . An integral part of the grievance mechanism ( GM ) is a defined way for VGs to bring questions or concerns about project activities to the project proponent , and receive prompt responses in a consistent and transparent manner . In order to comply with these standards , the GM will be : - Legitimate ; - Accessible ; - Equitable ; - Transparent ; - Consistent ; - Adaptively managed ; and - Dialogic . In order to fulfill the above criteria , the GM by the Duruma Council of Elders will : - Respect the confidentiality of all parties and accommodate anonymous complaints as much as reasonably possible ; - Impose minimal restrictions on the types of issues to be raised under the GM ; - Take steps to protect aggrieved parties from retaliation ; - Communicate the GM process with stakeholders clearly , appropriately , and broadly ; - Provide multiple points of access ; - Involve stakeholders in the GM design and ensure it is culturally appropriate ; - Ensure stakeholder feedback informs the development and ongoing management of the GM ; - Maintain the grievance register ; 58", "spans": [{"start": 1104, "end": 1122, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > | | * * Pop * * | * * ulation * * | * * Refugee * * | * * Number o * * | * * f Firms * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Refugee * * | * * Ugandan Host * * < br > * * Community * * | * * % of * * < br > * * Total * * | * * Refugee * * | * * Host * * | | * * Northern West RHDs * * | | | | | | | Yumbe , Adjumani , Terego , Madi Okollo , < br > Lamwo , Koboko , Obongi | 873 , 844 | 2 , 169 , 200 | 29 % | 1 , 987 | 13 , 505 | | * * South Western RHDs * * | | | | | | | Isingiro , Kyegegwa , Kamwenge , < br > Kiryandongo , Kikuube | 576 , 922 | 2 , 266 , 800 | 20 % | 2 , 526 | 15 , 095 | | * * Total non-Kampala RHDs * * | 1 , 450 , 766 | 4 , 436 , 000 | 25 % | 4 , 513 | 28 , 601 | | * * Total Kampala * * | 98 , 415 | 1 , 709 , 000 | 5 % | 5 , 028 | 104 , 972 | > 1 Uganda Comprehensive Refugee Response Portal ( https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / uga ) , September 20 , 2020 . > 2 Calculation based on district-level firm data from Census of Business Establishments , and refugee and host community household", "spans": [{"start": 1011, "end": 1044, "text": "Census of Business Establishments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more at risk to HIV than the general population in DRC . < sup > 20 < / sup > However , more information and data are needed before generalizations about IDPs can be made . There are no other HIV-specific seroprevalence data for the other IDP populations in DRC . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > The NSP 1998-2008 < sup > 48 < / sup > does mention IDPs and has specific activities for them , while the World Bank ’ s MAP 2004-08 < sup > 49 < / sup > and GLIA 2005 < sup > 14 < / sup > also mention IDPs but do not state specific HIV activities . In contrast , the GFATM round 3 approved proposal with an HIV component for 2004-06 < sup > 50 < / sup > does not mention IDPs . # # * * 4 . * * * * < u > Liberia : < / u > * * # # < u > IDP Situation : < / u > Internal displacement began in 1989 due to the civil war between Charles Taylor ’ s National Patriotic Front of Liberia and Samuel Doe ’ s regime . However , since August 2005 , 203 , 000 IDPs have been assisted home , leaving approximately 111 , 000 IDPs in the country . The major cause of displacement has been attacks on towns and villages and major human rights abuses . < sup > 51 < / sup > # # < u > HIV / AIDS Situation : < / u > Liberia ’ s adult HIV prevalence at the end of 2003 was 5 . 9 % , with a low estimate of 2 . 7 % and a high estimate of 12 . 4 % . < sup > 52 < / sup > However , there is no reliable information on the HIV prevalence for the country . No countrywide HIV sentinel surveillance system has yet been established . There", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 224, "text": "HIV-specific seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA report for the Proposed Borehole water supply at Namboboto Secondary School May 2014_ * * # # # # * * Public participation questionnaires * * 51", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * III . What is the extent and distribution of tax compliance in Romania ? * * * * The imputation results show that the final imputed values using predictive mean matching ( PMM ) are reasonably close to those observed on the tax admin data * * . The distribution of income in the EUSILC , tax data , and imputed EU-SILC is presented in Table 3 . The mean income value in tax data and imputed EU-SILC are reasonably close . < sup > 11 < / sup > The mean tax income is 1 . 2 % lower than the mean survey income , and the mean imputed tax income is 6 . 6 % higher than the mean survey income . As discussed below , our estimate of tax evasion in Romania is close to that of other countries in the region . * * Table 3 . The distribution of survey income , tax income , and imputed tax income ( 2020 € ) . * * | * * Statistic * * | * * Annual income based on * * < br > * * Survey data * * < br > * * ( EU – SILC , gross labor * * < br > * * income ) * * | * * Tax * * < br > * * annual * * < br > * * income - * * < br > * * observed value * * < br > * * ( July 2020 * 12 ) * * | * * Imputed tax annual gross * * < br > * * income * * < br > * * ( imputed EU-SILC ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Mean ( without * * < br > * * censoring ) * * | 11 , 300 | 11 , 164 | 12 , 051 | | * * Mean ( with censoring ) * * | 10 , 863 | . | 10 , 191 | | * * P1 * * | 2 , 968 | 322 | 1 , 364 | | * * P5", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 244, "text": "tax admin data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 285, "end": 291, "text": "EUSILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 294, "end": 302, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 309, "end": 324, "text": "imputed EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 397, "end": 404, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 886, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 2b * * # # # # # Project Costs and Financing # # # # # Project Costs by Procurement Arrangements ( in US $ million equivalent ) 11 | E E | l | < br > l g g < br > g | . 901 | 0 . 251 | | 3 . 151 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > < br > < br > 1E | | | I < br > | | I < br > | | . 881 | | 0 . 21 | 2 . 181 | | < br > < br > < br > | | | | | | < br > | < br > | < br > 1 | 1 | | < br > 1 | 1 | 5 . 531 | 15531 | | | | 0 | 1 | 1l < br > | | g | 1 | ~ 6 . 89 | i6 . 89 < br > i | | I | | 1E g | < br > g 1 ! | 4 . 781 | 0 . 351 | 12 . 621 | 17 . 751 | Note : NBF = Not Bank Financed ( includes elements provided under parallel cofinancing procedures , consultants imder trust funds , any reserved procurement and any other miscellaneous items ) . The procurement arrangements for items listed under \" Other \" and details of the items listed as NBF need to be explained in footnotes to the table . 1 / * * Actual disbursement data by procurement method not available . * * 21", "spans": [{"start": 937, "end": 954, "text": "disbursement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distributional consequences of the increase ( the impact on income inequality and the identification of the winners and losers ) . We aim to identify effects on the wage distribution if only the minimum wage policy changes , keeping everything else constant ; therefore , this exercise aims to identify the potential impacts of the policy , and it is different from a forecasting exercise where the objective is to replicate the actual distributions , given many changes in the economic environment . This part of our research is based on the administrative tax data and the method previously used by Robayo-Abril et al . ( 2020 ) to provide an ex-ante evaluation of the impact of the several minimum wage increase scenarios on Romania ' s labor market outcomes . This approach enables us to estimate the broader economy-wide effects and the more granular micro-level consequences of different policy options . # Methodology and Assumptions * * We rely exclusively on administrative tax data for the microsimulation . * * The administrative tax data comprises a series of 12 monthly datasets . Considering that income evolves throughout the year , we work with one of the year ' s final months . Hence , we have opted to use data from November 2021 . Notably , we exclude December 2021 due to the potential seasonality caused by annual bonuses during that month . Some additional robustness checks were performed using EU-SILC and matched administrative tax data , as presented later in this section . * * As mentioned above , the administrative tax data does not provide direct information on the skill level of the taxpayers . * * Therefore , we use the employer ' s NACE sectoral code as a proxy for skill level . We assume that people working in the following sectors are skilled workers : information and communication ; financial and insurance ; professional , scientific , and technical activities ; public administration and defense , education ; human health and social work activities ; arts , entertainment and recreation , activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies . The remaining taxpayers are classified as unskilled . The share of skilled workers in our sample is 35 . 97 % . In the EU-SILC 2021 , where the information", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 991, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1431, "end": 1462, "text": "matched administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2212, "end": 2224, "text": "EU-SILC 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "és par les partenaires , ainsi qu ’ à travers les échanges et des discussions avec les partenaires opérationnels . Les données de suivi de la protection sont utilisées tout au long du rapport telles que disponibles aux dates de rédaction / publication . - Ce rapport fournit une vue d ' ensemble des développements clés , illustrés par des exemples de violations des droits de l ' homme et des points clés du plaidoyer ; et n ' inclut pas tous les différents incidents et violations . Les chiffres du suivi de la protection peuvent ne pas correspondre aux derniers développements pour diverses raisons , notamment l ' insécurité dans de nombreuses zones de conflit , qui rend impossible la collecte de données . Les chiffres finaux seront publiés à travers les différents mécanismes de rapportage établis . - Si vous avez des commentaires ou des informations pour compléter et améliorer le rapport – merci de bien vouloir nous nous contacter . _Carte de flux des mouvements de population dans les zones affectées , _ Rapport de la mission exploratoire et de suivi de la situation humanitaire et de protection dans les zones affectées par le conflit intercommunautaire dans leTerritoire de Kwamouth Si vous avez des commentaires , questions , ou données supplémentaires , veuillez contacter : Steve Ndikumwenayo < u > ( ndikumwe @ unhcr . org ) , Paule Yvette Makanga Zinga makangaz @ unhcr . org < / u > et Mira Nkumpanyi ( nkumpany @ unhcr . org ) 8", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 152, "text": "données de suivi de la protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "constraints for livestock | 1 = Po | or breed | 6 = Lack of v | eterinaryservices | | * * C8 * * | and livestock production | 2 = Par | asites / diseases | 7 = Insecurity | | | * * . * * | for your household ? | 3 = Ina | dequate labour | 8 = Theft | | | | _Circle all that apply_ | 4 = Sh | ortage ofpasture / feed | 9 = Lack of m | arket for livestock | | | | 5 = Sh | ortage of water | 10 = Other_ ( s_ | _pecify ) _ : | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 112 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 23 . On hindsight , there appear to be three major constraints that stalled the MTEF process and health reforms more generally . There are technical constraints which are well known and solvable , but there are also institutional constraints which do not lend themselves to easy solutions . 24 . _Technical Constraints_ : MoH continues to lack planning and budgeting parameters needed to underpin the MTEF process : - No personnel information on established posts and location of staff ; available information indicates where staff are paid from , but not where they are physically located . MoH just recently completed a staff headcount at the central office in April ; a similar headcount needs to be conducted for all facilities and levels . These and other information should be inputted into a good personnel management information system that shows all the established posts and which are filled or unfilled . - No staffing norms ; the proposed study was stalled under Civil Service Reform II project , which is at the risk of being cancelled . - No information on state of repair of health facilities < sup > 4 < / sup > . - No cost data on a standard ( well-functioning ) health facility , by type of facility , by location that can be used to construct bottom-up budgets . - No program cost data , except possibly on reproductive health . 25 . Constraints were also posed by the different timelines of the supportive analytical work , health sector strategic planning work , and the key MTEF activities . The MoH did formulate the National Health Sector Strategic Plan which is now in preliminary draft form , but this came after the planned first fiscal-year of the MTEF . And the first bunch of analytical results were not available until midway through the first MTEF fiscal year . This problem is not unique to Kenya ; other countries in the region also has difficulties properly sequencing the MTEF-supportive activities simply because they are being pushed by different initiatives . 26 . _Inadequate Comprehensive Understanding of MTEF Requirements and Implications : _ Because", "spans": [{"start": 624, "end": 639, "text": "staff headcount", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1137, "end": 1146, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1289, "end": 1306, "text": "program cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". * * Half-yearly asylum claims * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Half-yearly asylum claims < br > lodged in the UK , 2002-2008 < br > 120 , 000 < br > 100 , 000 2nd semester < br > 80 , 000 1st semester < br > 60 , 000 < br > 40 , 000 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 0 < br > ' 02 ' 03 ' 04 ' 05 ' 06 ' 07 ' 08 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The * * United Kingdom * * ranked forth among the 44 industrialized countries with 14 , 500 new applications received during the first semester of 2008 . This constituted a 4 per cent decrease compared to the second half of 2007 ( 15 , 200 ) , but a 15 per cent increase compared to the first half of 2007 ( 12 , 700 ) . These figures are , however , far below those of the peak year of 2002 when some 103 , 000 individuals requested refugee status in the United Kingdom . Following a significant decrease in the number of people , particularly Iraqis , requesting refugee status in the country , * * Sweden * * dropped from the second to the fifth largest recipient of new asylum-seekers during the first semester of 2008 . A total of 12 , 300 people lodged an asylum application during this period , a 34 per cent decrease compared to the 18 , 600 claims which had * * _5_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 31, "text": "Half-yearly asylum claims", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 72, "end": 97, "text": "Half-yearly asylum claims", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | | registration number . ' On duty ' means the teacher physically joined their assigned duty station / target school . Minimum < br > achievement to trigger disbursement is 100 teachers annually . | | - - - | - - - | | * * Data source / Agency * * | TSC | | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | | TSC county offices will collect data from schools for submission to the TSC for compilation of annual reports on teacher | | * * Procedure * * < br > * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * | deployment . < br > Independent Third Party conducts verification . IVA confirms TSC-reported figures through target schools online or phone < br > based surveys and keyinformant interviews . | | * * DLI 3 . 1 * * | Number of new teachers deployed to primary schools in refugee host communities with the highest teacher shortages | | * * Description * * | 210 teachers will be recruited to the refugee host communities . TSC allocates and deploys new teacher posts to primary < br > schools with the highest teacher shortage , on top of pro-rata annual allocation to these schools . ' Qualified teacher ' means , < br > a teacher who is registered with the TSC and has a TSC registration number . ' On duty ' means the teacher physically joined < br > their assigned dutystation / target school . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | TSC | | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | | TSC county offices will collect data from schools for submission to the TSC for compilation of annual reports on teacher | | * * Procedure * * | deployment . < br > Independent Third Party conducts verification . IVA confirms TSC-reported figures through target schools online or phone < br > based surveys and keyinformant interviews .", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 430, "text": "data from schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1474, "end": 1491, "text": "data from schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "priority is an empirical matter , sector-specific poverty data on access for various income groups are needed — but are not available for most developing countries . There are reasonably good databases on the number of poor ( although the measurement of poverty continues to be a source of conflict ) , but no database tells policymakers exactly what the poor are poor in . And even for countries with some data , problems exist . From a sectoral viewpoint , Living Standard Measurement Surveys ( LSMS ) , Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) , and household consumption surveys raise three types of problems . < sup > 16 < / sup > First , the fact that they do not generate data for every country trying to get access to international aid aimed at reducing poverty limits the ability of the international community to monitor progress across countries . Second , the questionnaires in the available surveys are seldom comparable , and hence cross-country comparisons and performance benchmarking are quite approximate for many of the variables of interest to policymakers , particularly for infrastructure services . Third , there are significant differences in the quality of the data available for urban and rural areas . The World Bank has started working on standardized questionnaires , but there is still a long way to go . Ignoring for a moment the data issues , there are some fundamental questions that have not been addressed by researchers . How consistent are the ideal strategies implicit in these differentiated needs assessments for the rural and urban poor with the strategies to maximize the > 14 Many in the water community would argue against this , at least form the viewpoint of their sector . According to WHO statistics , for developing regions , rural areas have 5 . 3 times more unserved people for water supply and 3 . 6 times more unserved for sanitation compared with urban areas ( WHO ( 2004 ) ) . This service gap is not really well correlated with the direction of the lending program of many donors . For instance , in the World Bank ’ s lending portfolio between 1900 and 2001 , * * urban areas received nearly six times more in loan funds *", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 62, "text": "sector-specific poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 459, "end": 494, "text": "Living Standard Measurement Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 506, "end": 536, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 551, "end": 580, "text": "household consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1731, "end": 1745, "text": "WHO statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| # # # * * Food Availability * * 77 . 5 % of the households farmed maize , 42 . 3 % farmed cassava , 40 . 5 % farmed potatoes and 18 . 9 % banana the three crops are some of the main food staples in the districts . Millet ( 6 . 6 % ) and sorghum ( 24 . 7 % ) though not very much reported are part of the main food staple in the districts hosting refugees . Though most of the food staples occupied more than 50 % of acreage , sorghum occupied only 46 . 2 % . # # # * * Household Food Production * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 . 6 % < br > 42 . 3 % < br > 60 . 4 % 24 . 7 % < br > 40 . 5 % < br > 77 . 5 % 18 . 9 % < br > 2 . 2 % < br > Maize Baens Cassava Millet Sorghum Potato Banana Rice < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 14 : Showing Average Type of Crops Cultivated Last Season in Host Community , October 2017 , Uganda * * * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 75 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kakwani , N . 1980 . On a class of poverty measures . _Econometrica_ 48 ( 2 ) : 437 – 446 . - Kihiu , Njoki . 2020 . “ Kenya : 80 % of Students Missing Virtual Learning Amid School Closures – Study ” . Available online at https : / / allafrica . com / stories / 202005180774 . html - Kim J . S . , Quinn D . M . ( 2013 ) . The effects of summer reading on low-income children ’ s literacy achievement from kindergarten to grade 8 a meta-analysis of classroom and home interventions . Review of Educational Research , 83 ( 3 ) , 386 – 431 . Available online at < u > http : / / journals . sagepub . com / doi / 10 . 3102 / 0034654313483906 < / u > - Kraay , Aart . 2018 . Methodology for a World Bank Human Capital Index . Policy Research Working Paper 8593 . - Kuhfeld , Megan and Beth Tarasawa . 2020 . The COVID-19 slide : What summer learning loss can tell us about the potential impact of school closures on student academic achievement April 2020 . Available online at < u > https : / / www . nwea . org / blog / 2020 / covid-19-school-closures-couldhave-devastating-impact-student-achievement / < / u > - Kuhfeld , Megan , James Soland , Beth Tarasawa , Angela Johnson , Erik Ruzek and Jing Liu . 2020 . Projecting the potential impacts of COVID-19 school closures on academic achievement . EdWorkingPaper No . 20-226 . - Kulbir Singh , Ruchi ; Abu Alghaib , Ola . 2019 . Every Learner Matters : Unpacking the Learning Crisis for Children With Disabilities ( English ) . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . < u > http : / / documents . worldbank . org / curated / en / 756811560851384787 / Every-Learner-MattersUnpacking-the-Learning-Crisis-for-Children-With-Disabilities < / u > - Lloyd , D . N . 1978 . Prediction of School Failure From Third-Grade Data : Educational and Psychological Measurement . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1177 / 001316447803800442 - Nicola , M . , Alsafi , Z . , Sohrabi , C . , Kerwan ,", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 719, "text": "World Bank Human Capital Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1751, "end": 1767, "text": "Third-Grade Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "female proxy respondents over which this sub-group analysis is executed . For land size , on the other hand , we find statistically significant heterogeneous impacts of 4 . 5 percentage points per additional hectare of land . Finally , we address the potential concern that self / proxy discrepancies in child labor may be affected by Fairtrade cooperative certification . It is important to highlight that Fairtrade does not ban children ’ s engagement in the household farm but aims to regulate it by allowing children to work in family farms as long it is outside school hours and free of risky activities . We investigated self / proxy discrepancies of child labor reporting due to variations in proxy respondents ’ knowledge of Fairtrade standards related to labor , environmental regulations , and Fairtrade pricing . Based on this information we computed a knowledge index using principal component analysis . < sup > 18 < / sup > Unreported results show that the coefficient associate with the interaction between the survey treatment indicator and the knowledge index is negative , negligible , and not statistically significantly different from zero . These findings show that knowledge of Fairtrade standards does not have a positive and systematic differential effect on the self / proxy reporting of child labor statistics . # * * 5 . Costs and Statistical Power Implications * * Results presented in section 4 have implications for survey costs and statistical power . One way to address this trade-off is to ask how many household surveys would be needed to detect meaningful impacts for a hypothetical randomized intervention that targets child labor as the outcome of interest and relate that finding to survey cost considerations . To implement that exercise , we use self - and proxy-reported pooled tabulates of child labor for girls as the baseline 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 and after the quake , so that it is unlikely that the population living in the treated towns as of 1981 had changed significantly and in a different direction compared to towns lying just outside the border . Finally , we explore whether the quake had different effects on labor market outcomes of adults in treated and control towns . We exploit a retrospective question on employment status 5 years before the census , as of 1976 , to compute town-cohort specific changes in employment rates between 1976 and 1981 . Figure ( 5 ) reports the cohort-specific estimated difference between treated and control towns along with the 95 percent confidence bands . None of the difference turns out to be statistically significant at conventional levels and the null that they are jointly zero cannot be rejected . Failure to detect statistically significant differences further supports the assumption that the population from sampled towns belonging to the quake region was not affected by quake-related interventions and that the direct effects of the quake , if any , were similar in the two groups of towns . # 4 Short and long-run effects of avoiding military service . In this section we explore the short - and long-run effects of avoiding military service . We start by documenting how exemption status granted while in high school or shortly after affected a set of relevant current and subsequent outcomes . We then turn to difference-in-difference estimates of the effects of exemption status before formal eligibility for service . # # 4 . 1 Preliminary evidence Table ( 1 ) reports unconditional comparisons of schooling and other labor market outcomes of youths from towns on the inner border of the quake region to those of similar youths from towns just outside the region in the aftermath of the quake . Throughout the paper the observational unit is the cell town and year of birth and all estimates are weighted by the number of individuals in the cell . We focus separately on two groups of cohorts , youths born between 1963 and 1965 and between 1959 and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "options available in each labor market , workers have an option to move to the residual labor market . Empirically , unemployment , home employment , and working in the informal sector all belong to this choice . < sup > 20 < / sup > Each worker compares the option to move to the residual labor market with all the other job options available in each of formal labor markets . < sup > 21 < / sup > We denote the choice to be in the residual labor market by _j_ = _I_ . The residual labor market is assumed to offer only one job option , and thus we do not distinguish a job from a labor market for the residual labor market , i . e . , _kI_ = _I_ without loss of generality . We also assume that there is no job switching cost , _δ_ , if a worker decides to move into the residual labor market . < sup > 22 < / sup > * * Timeline of events * * . Each period _t_ consists of two stages in the following order : ( 1 ) production stage , and ( 2 ) preparation and mobility stage . In the production stage , workers start the period _t_ attached to a job _j_ , perform the task _τj_ associated with _j_ for production , and receive a market-level real wage _wt_ < sup > _kj_ . Next , thepreparationandmobilitystagebeginswithproducersdeterminingthemass < / sup > of tasks _Tt_ < sup > _k_and assigning tasks to positions for the next period . Workers then sample jobs for the next < / sup > period and learn about the random iid costs shocks associated with each of them , the current job , and > 20As explained in the previous section , the RAIS database covers only formal sectors . We introduce the residual market to account for the informal labor market that is not covered in the data that we will use to quantify the model . > 21To be consistent with the way the residual market is empirically defined later , we will use the terms “ formal ” and “ non-residual ” interchangeably to denote the baseline labor markets . > 22We could also assume", "spans": [{"start": 1538, "end": 1551, "text": "RAIS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . INTRODUCTION * * # * * _Context_ * * Over the past decade , the production of data has grown exponentially around the world , and now more than ever , complex data are available at the touch of a button — from the grand , such as DNA sequencing and macroeconomic modeling , to the more mundane , such as weather maps , trash collection schedules , and public transport timetables . Expanding at a rapid pace , experts estimate that there will be a further 4 , 300 percent increase in annual data generation , reaching a level of 35 zettabytes ( equivalent to 35 trillion gigabytes ) by 2020 . < sup > 2 < / sup > As the sheer amount of available data in the world increases — driven by advances in technology and computing — terms such as “ Big Data ” and “ Open Data ” have become common parlance , reflecting the importance of data use in our everyday lives . In particular , Open Data — that is , “ digital data that is made available with the technical and legal characteristics necessary for it to be freely used , reused , and redistributed by anyone , anytime , anywhere . ” < sup > 3 < / sup > — has attracted much attention as a means to innovate , add value , and improve outcomes in a variety of sectors . Based on its attributes of “ availability and access , reuse and redistribution , and universal participation ” , < sup > 4 < / sup > it has been argued that Open Data has the potential to deliver a number of benefit streams . In particular , Open Data ’ s potential to foster innovation , efficiency , jobs , profits , and economic growth has been touted by the private sector , which has widely emphasized the potential financial and economic returns of Open Data . For instance , McKinsey estimates that “ Open Data can help unlock between US $ 3 trillion to US $ 5 trillion in economic value annually across seven sectors , including education , transportation , consumer products , electricity , oil and gas , health care , and consumer", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | by preliminary environmental and social < br > screening to identify any site-specific potential < br > impacts that might warrant an EIA . < br > The approach to PSNP 4 ’ s ESMF procedures < br > for livelihoods investments is to identify any < br > household level activities which might give rise < br > to negative cumulative environmental or social < br > impacts if carried out at scale in each woreda . < br > This identification is made by drawing up a < br > woreda environmental profile highlighting the < br > strengths and weaknesses of the ecosystem and < br > social issues in that woreda , and matching the < br > strengths and weaknesses to the types of activity < br > that households are likely to wish to undertake . < br > The result of this analysis , in which the PW < br > woreda staff participate , is a list of HABP < br > activities which should not be allowed in order < br > to meet compliance with OP 4 . 01 . The state of < br > the bio-physical and social environment of the < br > woreda and the appropriateness of the negative < br > list is reviewed on an annual basis under the < br > ESMF Monitoring System . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Natural Habitats OP / BP 4 . 04 | No | < br > All sub-projects that might trigger OP 4 . 04 are < br > eliminated at Screening stage . | | Forests OP / BP 4 . 36 | No | All sub-projects that might trigger OP 4 . 04 are < br > eliminated at Screening stage . | | Pest Management OP 4 . 09 | Yes | This policy is triggered under the assumption < br > that successful small-scale irrigation projects < br > might lead to greater agricultural activity which < br > may require pest control management", "spans": [{"start": 1126, "end": 1148, "text": "ESMF Monitoring System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 16 | | _Foreign Owners_ | 1-2 | 1-2 | 1-2 | 4-5 | 8 | | _StateAgencies_ | 12-20 | 11-13 | 9-11 | 7-14 | 3 | 1 . No survey undertaken in 1998 . _2 . _ Includes investment funds , all other firms ( including holding companies and financial-industrial groups ) , and banks . private investment funds . Similar critique by the same author is mentioned in John Nellis , \" Time to Rethink Privatization , \" _Finance and Development_ 36 , 2 ( 1999 ) : 16-19 . 13 Estimates vary considerably depending on when , during the course of the year , the survey was taken , and on the sample size . Figure ranges are taken from the following : for 1994 , Blasi and Shleifer , \" Corporate Governance in Russia , \" Radygin , \" The Russian Model of Mass Privatization : Governmental Policy and First Results , \" in _Privatization , Conversion , and Enterprise Reform in Russia_ ( Boulder , Col . : Westview , 1995 ) ; for 1995 , Blasi , \" Corporate Ownership and Corporate Governance in the Russian Federation , \" in Ira Liebermjan , Stilpon Nestor , and Raj Desai , eds . _Between State and Market : Mass Privatization in Transition Economies_ ( Washington , D . C . / Paris : World Bank / OECD , 1997 ) , Radygin , \" Securities Market Development and its Relationship to Corporate Governance , \" paper presented at OECD conference on Capital Markets , 1996 ; for 1996 : Blasi _et al , Kremlin Capitalism : Privatizing the Russian Economy_ ( Ithaca , N . Y . : Cornell University Press , 1997 ) , Radygin , S . Aukutsionek , _et al . , _ \" Dominant Shareholders and Performance of Industrial Enterprises , \" _Russian Economic Barometer 1_ ( 1998 ) : 8-41 , Institute for Economies in Transition , _Annual Report 1996_ ( Moscow : IET Press , 1996 ) ; for 1997 : Simeon Djankov , \" Business as Unusual , \" World Bank , 1998 ; data from IET ; 1999 figures are from Radygin , \" Ownership and Control of Russian Industry . \" 6", "spans": [{"start": 1809, "end": 1822, "text": "data from IET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 0 # * * Abstract * * This paper develops a framework for the quantitative analysis of individual income dynamics , mobility and welfare . Individual income is assumed to follow a stochastic process with two ( unobserved ) components , component representing measurement error or transitory income shocks and an Autoregressive ( AR ( 1 ) ) component representing persistent changes in income . The analysis uses a tractable consumption-saving model with labor income risk and incomplete markets to relate income dynamics to consumption and welfare , and derive analytical expressions for income mobility and welfare as a function of the various parameters of the underlying income process . The empirical application of the framework using data on individual incomes from Mexico provides striking results . Much of measured income mobility is driven by measurement error or transitory income shocks and therefore ( almost ) welfare-neutral . A smaller part of measured income mobility is due to either welfare-reducing income risk or welfare-enhancing catching-up of low-income individuals with high-income individuals , both of which have economically significant effects on social welfare . Decomposing mobility into its fundamental components is thus seen to be crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at Wmaloney @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated", "spans": [{"start": 769, "end": 807, "text": "data on individual incomes from Mexico", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * PROTECTION LANDSCAPE IN 2023 * * # # # * * Annual Report 2023 * * The following section briefly analyzes the critical protection risks identified in 2023 . An estimated of 4 . 4 million people need protection in the country , including those on the move . Lack of livelihoods and gaps in accessing essential services result in the adoption of negative coping mechanisms by the most vulnerable people . This situation exposes them to protection risks where children , women , the elderly , people with disabilities and LGBTIQ + people encounter differentiated risks . The situation in Venezuela is characterized by the limited access to services for vulnerable groups such as women , children , the elderly , people with disabilities , and LGBTIQ + people , who suffer violence , abuse , and exploitation in different ways . Gender-based violence is the main protection risk , with most cases occurring within the family or partner . In addition , discrimination based on gender , sexual orientation , and ethnic identity has increased . These conditions generate urgent protection needs and negative coping mechanisms among the affected population . According to the various protection monitoring tools implemented in 2023 , the protection sector faces a limited presence of specialized services , especially for persons with disabilities and the elderly , the LGBTIQ + community , and the indigenous community . The protection of children and adolescents in Venezuela is a humanitarian priority due to the socioeconomic crisis and human mobility that exposes them to a vast amount of risks . An estimated 1 . 3 million children require support to prevent and respond to violence , abuse , exploitation , and neglect . Among the most vulnerable are separated , unaccompanied , indigenous , and disabled children . The protection sector faces challenges in providing adequate services and ensuring access to legal documentation for children . Trafficking in Persons ( TiP ) is a serious human rights violation in Venezuela , affecting victims both inside and outside the country . The most common forms of exploitation are labor and sexual exploitation , and the most common means of recruitment are deceptive offers , seduction , abduction ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "digital_Tawjihi_exam , for upto a total of US $ 3 million . | | - - - | - - - | | Description | The DLI supports the digitalization of student assessments through : < br > - DLR 7 . 1 on the establishment of digital assessment centers across Jordan to host the General Secondary < br > Certificate Examination ( _Tawjihi_ ) in its digital format . The digital assessment centers will be fully equipped < br > with the required digital devices , furniture , and broadband access to meet the physical infrastructure < br > requirements for administering the digitalized_Tawjihi_ . These can be in standalone centers or schools < br > equipped to serve as such . The centers will be distributed geographically to ensure equitable access , and < br > they will be equipped to be cross-functional , that is , used for multiple purposes , including other < br > assessments as well as teacher training . < br > - DLR 7 . 2 provides an incentive for digital assessment centers in refugee camps and districts with high < br > concentrations of refugees , thus removing barriers to access . < br > - DLR 7 . 3 on the mainstreaming of digital student assessments in secondary education by having all < br > students access the digitalized_Tawjihi_ , including refugees living in camps . < br > - DLR 7 . 4 on enhancing teachers ’ digital skills at the secondary level to integrate digitalization in the < br > assessment process and to support the digitalization efforts . < br > - DLR 7 . 5 incentivizes refugee students takingthe digital_Tawjihi_ . | | Data source / Agency | MOE / EMIS . | | Verification Entity | KACE | | Procedure | DLR 7 . 1 & 2 : Verification of infrastructure records and random spot checks to confirm whether equipped < br > centers are functional and are successfully accommodating", "spans": [{"start": 1660, "end": 1682, "text": "infrastructure records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( 4 ) < br > ( 5 ) < br > Profts < br > Profts ( no subsidy ) < br > ( Mex $ / ha ) < br > ( Mex $ / ha ) < br > 609 . 48 < br > 763 . 60 < br > ( 529 . 58 ) < br > ( 531 . 50 ) < br > 223 . 80 < br > 36 . 00 < br > ( 611 . 89 ) < br > ( 612 . 56 ) < br > - 291 . 38 < br > 1539 . 96 * * < br > ( 567 . 34 ) < br > ( 568 . 21 ) < br > - 57 . 59 < br > - 43 . 55 < br > ( 536 . 10 ) < br > ( 542 . 22 ) < br > 678 < br > 678 < br > 0 . 21 < br > 0 . 23 < br > 2639 . 20 < br > 2718 . 87 < br > 4024 . 33 < br > 4024 . 42 < br > 0 . 36 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 54 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 61 < br > 0 . 00 < br > e run the following regression : _Yit_ = _β_0 + _βEExtensioni_ + < br > riod . We include randomization strata fxed effects and com - < br > group , the omitted category in our regression . We also report < br > zation survey conducted in June 2016 . In column 1 , we use as < br > ntains the value of farmers ’ maize production ( per hectare ) in < br > mer in the 2015 season by the price the maize could be sold in < br > farmers when computing the value of the maize production . < br > stment in soil preparation activities , fertilizers ( chemical and < br > at was the case ) , as well as the subsidy for fertilizer packages , < br > 5 , the dependent variable is", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 838, "text": "zation survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "programs relative to conventional _-_ - MFIs strongly suggests that large numbers of poor people prefer Sharia compliant finance . < sup > 1 < / sup > In addition , microfinance practitioners report that many of the Lebanese poor refuse financial services unless they are Sharia-compliant . ( Hamze 2001 ) - Microfinance practitioners working in certain regions in Afghanistan , Syria , and Indonesia report similar results from their market surveys . ( The Dubai Islamic Bank ) Source : World Bank Memoriam 27", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 449, "text": "market surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) 59 . All DLIs and their annual results and achievements will be verified by an Independent Verification Agency ( IVA ) . MoE , in consultation with the World Bank and in line with required procurement regulations , will explore whether the existing IVA for SEQIP could also verify results for this program . The DLIs will be verified through pre-identified and disclosed data from the National Program Coordinating Unit ( PCU ) . The annual IVA reports will serve as the basis for assessing progress toward the achievement of the DLI targets , and for disbursement authorization by the World Bank for the PforR part of PEELP . Funds released against the DLIs will be deposited in two DAs , one in MoE and TSC based on the proportions agreed for each of the DLIs . # * * III . PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION * * - * * A . Institutional and Implementation Arrangements * * * * The Program will be implemented by MoE and the TSC as the main implementing agencies , with support from participating agencies KICD and KNEC . MoE may engage other agencies in the implementation of the activities under the IPF Component listed in * * Technical Annex 3 Table 3 . 3 shows the specific mandates of these institutions . Implementation of the Program builds upon existing capacities and implementation arrangements within these entities for the ongoing Education projects SEQIP , and the just concluded PRIEDE and LCBEPs , and implementation of the overall subprograms in the NESSP II for basic education . MoE and TSC are the main Implementing Agencies ( IAs ) for RA 1 ( Equalize learning opportunities , improve learning outcomes in target counties and for refugee populations ) , while MoE is the main implementing agency for RA 2 ( Improve girls ’ participation in schooling , including in refugee hosting counties ) . MoE , the main implementing agency and KICD and", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 499, "text": "pre-identified and disclosed data from the National Program Coordinating Unit", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA project report for the Proposed St . Marys Mon Sec . School Borehole-Marakwet East July 2014_ * * # # * * REFERENCES * * - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ( 2009 ) ; Kenya Population Census 2009 _ , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 1987 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Building Code , 1987 , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts 2000 , _Environmental Management and Coordination Act ( EMCA ) No . 8 of 1999 , Government Printer , Nairobi_ Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Environmental ( Impact Assessment and Audit ) Regulations 2003 , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Land Planning Act ( Cap . 303 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Land Titles Act ( Cap 282 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Occupational Health and Safety Act , 2007 , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Penal Code Act ( Cap . 63 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Physical Planning Act , 1999 , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Public Health Act ( Cap . 242 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Registration of Titles Act ( Cap 281 ) , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya Gazette Supplement Acts , _Sessional Paper No . 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development , _ Government Printer , Nairobi Republic of Kenya ( 2005 ) ; - Kenya ( 2005 )", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 207, "text": "Kenya Population Census 2009", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in , public services . * * Has the Program Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Program ? Yes No # # * * Overall Ratings * * | | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Progress towards achievement of PDO | | Satisfactory | | Overall Implementation Progress ( IP ) | | Satisfactory | # # * * Implementation Status Overview * * As the first operation in a programmatic series of three , the Uganda PRSC 8 has been implemented successfully . The achievements under the 8th PRSC operation contributed towards fulfilling the Program Development Objective ( PDO ) . The 8th PRSC operation was the first one prepared and executed under the Joint Budget Support Framework ( JBSF ) . All prior actions of the operation were completed . The prior actions were : 1 . ( a ) Actual annual budget releases for the sum of conditional grants to each of the four JBSF sectors ( health , education , water and sanitation , and roads ) were at least 95 % of the corresponding approved budget allocations for the Fiscal Year 2008 / 2009 ; ( b ) budget releases for the sum of recurrent wage expenditure across the four sectors , the sum of recurrent non-wage expenditure across these sectors , and the sum of development expenditures across these sectors were in each case at least 95 % of the corresponding approved budget allocations for the Fiscal Year 2008 / 2009 2 . Releases from the treasury to spending agencies are made on a quarterly instead of monthly basis , through the end of the first quarter of Fiscal Year 2009 / 10 3 . Develop format for performance agreements for accounting officers ( including Chief Administrative Officers ) with an incentive and penalty system for non compliance with PFM regulations 4 . Procurement performance indicator framework agreed and baseline data available Page 1 of 5", "spans": [{"start": 1813, "end": 1826, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ population great proportion ( 96 . 3 % ) of the HH members are healthy , while 0 . 7 % of them were chronically ill HH members , about 0 . 5 % of the HH population found to be disabled and the remaining 2 . 4 % of Subproject affected HH members were elderly population ( 65 years old and above ) . Figure 6 . 4 : Proportions of Health Status of HH Heads by Woreda # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 Socio-economic Characteristics * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 1 Farmland Ownership * * With regard to farmland ownership and holding size , the census survey result indicates out of the total 703 interviewed households 700 claimed to have farmland . Accordingly , a total of 700 PAHs reported to own a total of 320 . 1ha of farmland . This shows the average farmland size of the PAHs is 0 . 5ha per household which is much lower than the regional average ( i . e . 1 . 4ha per household ) . Very little variation is observed regarding average farm holding per PAHs across the Subproject impact Woredas and sub cities . While average land holding size of the PAHs in Kersa Woreda reached 0 . 6ha per household , whereas the average farmland size owned by PAHs in other Subproject Woredas and sub cities are less than half hectare ( 0 . 4ha per HH ) . Table 6 . 5 : Size of Farmland Holding Size by Woreda | * * Woreda * * | * * Sum of Owned * * < br > * * Farmland Size ( ha ) * * | * * No . of PAHs * * < br > * * owned farmland * * | * * Average holding * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 693, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Conclusion * * “ Is management good for the environment , or just hot air ? ” < sup > 17 < / sup > Using firm-level data from 31 countries , our results suggest that management practices are associated with a reduction in energy expenditure intensity . However , these cost savings do not translate into reduced physical energy use , a close proxy for environmental impacts . There may be several reasons for the divergence between the relationship of management practices to physical and expenditure measures of energy intensity . _First_ , managers may be focused on saving costs , not limiting the environmental impacts of energy use _per se_ . To the extent that management practices help managers reach their goals more expediently , it is perhaps not surprising that the correlation runs only through the energy expenditure intensity measure . _Second_ , management may enable firms to take advantage of lower prices , e . g . through investments in self-generation or by allocating production hours to take advantage of favorable time-of-day pricing . Larger one-time or repeat energy purchases may be subject to subsidies or preferential pricing , relative to smaller outlays . For some firms , it may be economically attractive to increase physical energy use in order to save costs on other productive inputs , for instance , by automating certain processes . Therefore , our results suggest that although management practices are associated with reduced energy intensity in value terms , it does not mean that physical energy use , and its related environmental impacts , will follow the same pattern . Turning to focus on energy management practices , we find they have no additional effect on reducing the intensity of energy expense over and above generic management practices . It is possible , given the diversity of firms in our sample , that the coefficient reflects reverse causality : energy-intensive firms have stronger incentives to develop energy management . The decision to develop energy management practices may be the result of selection by subset of firms most likely to profit from them . Supporting this notion , we find that energy management scores are on average higher in energy-intensive sectors . Energy-intensive man - > 17This is the title of", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 146, "text": "firm-level data from 31 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * A * * slight variation is observed across Subproject woredas with regard to the proportion of households owned livestock . The proportion of livestock ownership is reported to be high in Sude woreda with all the survey households owing livestock , followed * * by * * Lude Hetosa woreda where * * ( 98 . 3 % ) * * of the survey households owned livestock . On the other hand , the lowest livestock ownership is found in Hetosa woreda where about * * 65 * * percent of the households reported to have at least one or more livestock . With respect to livestock population the sample survey results show a total of 3014 livestock are reported to be owned * * by 237 * * households . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent of HHs owned Livestock < br > 98 . 3 < br > 100o 0 93 . 3 < br > 900 88 . 3 STS < br > soo < br > 70 065 . 0 < br > 50 0 < br > 50 . 0 < br > 30 0 < br > 2U0 < br > 00 < br > Arsi Lode < br > R kis Heto Ht Sude Al < br > 88 . 3 93 . 3 65 . 0 983 10D . 0 87 . 8 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Regarding types of livestock owned * * by * * the households , the survey finding indicate , large majority * * ( 88 . 6 % ) * * of the surveyed households owned cow and the proportion of households owned cow in Arsi Robe woreda is the highest with ( 94 . 3 % ) , while lowest cow ownership is found in Hetosa Woreda with * * ( 66 . 7 % ) . * * Calves and Oxen are the other important livestock types owned * * by ( 79 . 7 % ) * *", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 599, "text": "sample survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increase is notably progressive if dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivity , and the pool of still employed workers is higher paid , on average . * * Further studies should evaluate the fiscal implications of raising the minimum wage . * * On the expenditure side , this can prompt several fiscal considerations for the public sector . These include a potential uptick in the wage bill , considering the current indexation system in the public sector pay system . Additionally , budget reallocations may be necessary to accommodate increased wages for public sector employees . Furthermore , there may be concerns regarding inflationary pressures stemming from higher costs of goods and services provided . Conversely , raising minimum wages could reduce the need for certain social welfare programs , particularly as low-wage workers , who tend to be overrepresented among poor families , earn more income . This , in turn , could translate into government savings concerning social assistance and welfare disbursements . On the revenue side , raising the minimum wage might also yield higher tax revenues for the government , especially given the flat Personal Income Tax ( PIT ) structure . Nonetheless , this could be fully or partially offset by the potential job losses or reduced working hours , resulting in lower overall tax revenue . > 28 This is estimated based on gross labor income in tax administrative data . 41", "spans": [{"start": 1411, "end": 1434, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | sure < br >  < br > Excavated materials and < br > excess earth should be < br > kept at appropriate sites < br > approved < br > by < br > the < br > Supervising Engineer . < br >  < br > The < br > contractor < br > should < br > adhere to specified cut and < br > fill gradients and planting < br > embankments with shrubs < br > and < br > grass < br > to <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ Table 0 . 3 : Summary of farmland Impacted by Subproject Components | * * Project component * * | * * Required land in ( Ha ) * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Substation | 3 . 921 | 89 . 6 | | Tower | 0 . 387 | 8 . 9 | | Access road | 0 . 066 | 1 . 5 | | * * Total * * | * * 4 . 374 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( January 2025 ) _ # # # # # # * * _Impact on Residential Land and Property_ * * The results of the property surveys along the Subproject route revealed that 111 residential houses and related structures will be affected by the Subproject components ( Tower pads , RoW and Substation ) . This 111 housing structures belong to 61 households . Of the total housing structure , 86 . 9 % will be affected by tower pads and RoW , while the remaining 13 . 1 % will be impacted by the construction of the new Limu-Genet Substation . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Fruit Crops and Perennial crops_ * * A total of 32 , 015 fruit trees and perennial crops belonging to 230 households would be affected by Tower pad , RoW and Substation . Of the total fruit trees and perennial trees , 17 , 286 will be impacted by tower and RoW and the remaining 14 , 729 will be affected by the construction of the Limu-Genet Substation . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Eucalyptus and Other Trees_ * * Based on the census result , the Subproject will affect a total of", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 537, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 640, "end": 656, "text": "property surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1521, "end": 1534, "text": "census result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an idiosyncratic error term ; we use the sandwich variance estimator ( sometimes referred to as the Huber - or Huber-White robust estimator ) , which allows for correlation of the residuals within clusters ( i . e . , PSUs ) and is therefore robust to violations of the assumptions of identically and independently distributed residuals . < sup > 25 < / sup > # _3 . 2 . 1 Dependent variables_ We examine the following measures of wellbeing : real monthly per capita food consumption ; per capita daily calorie intake ; per capita daily protein intake ; household dietary diversity ; and expenditure shares by broad food groupings . Finally , we examine the demand for wheat products ( per capita intake ) as a result of the price increases . Our priors are that the large increases in wheat prices will be associated with reductions in wellbeing in terms of total food consumption , total calorie intake , and diversity . In terms of wheat and protein consumption , it is not clear whether the substitution effect or income effect will dominate . When the price of one good increases , the relative price of the other goods declines , and the substitution effect implies that consumption of the relatively cheaper other goods will increase . The countervailing income effect is driven by the fact that as the price of one good increases , real income declines , which results in decreased consumption of normal goods . ( For example , as wheat prices in Afghanistan increased , the price of lamb relative to wheat declined ; this would suggest more consumption of meat . However , the increase in wheat prices also led to a decline in real income , suggesting less consumption of meat . Therefore the overall effect is an empirical question . ) We also expect a change in the composition of food expenditures , with a general movement towards cheaper , lower quality foods . Total food consumption is an informative measure of wellbeing in itself , but is also important because it is a core component of poverty indicators . To calculate the value of total monthly consumption on food ( in Afghani ) , we map district price data to quantity data", "spans": [{"start": 2111, "end": 2130, "text": "district price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement * * Table 20 : Potential Impacts at New Re-Installation Site * * | * * Item * * < br > * * 1 ) Is re-housing necessary ? * * | * * Yes * * < br > * * No * * < br > No | * * Result * * < br > The field survey conducted from the 19 < sup > th < / sup > to 31 < sup > st < / sup > < br > October 2013 established that no household will < br > be moved . However , it was established three ( 3 ) < br > structures for housing would be partly affected , < br > and the residual would be viable . | * * Mitigation and Attenuation * * < br > With respect , the Project could : < br > a ) * * For legal user with valid ownership , owner without title , * * < br > * * and squatter : * * i ) Two months advance notice ; ii ) cash < br > compensation at replacement cost for affected portion < br > calculated on MOW rate without depreciation ; iii ) repair costs < br > equivalent to 25 % of the compensation ; and , iv ) right to salvage < br > material < br > b ) * * Additionally , for legal user with valid ownership : * * Ex-gratia < br > at < br > 15 % < br > of < br > compensation < br > amount < br > towards < br > compulsory < br > acquisition < br > c ) * * As a precaution : * * Should structures for housing be established < br > during engineering works phase of the Project , the mitigation < br > measure highly recommended for the Project to consider , to the < br > extent", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 355, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , which commodities contribute most to the global cost of agricultural protection ? That depends not only on the nominal rate of protection but also on the relative size of each subsector and the different degrees of responsiveness of inputs to changes in relative output prices . According to the Linkage model , rice , sugar and meat are the key contributors ( Table 15 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > The first two of those especially are of importance to developing country farmers , so it is not surprising that their interest in agricultural trade reform is so intense . # * * Lessons , implications and areas for further research * * The following are the key messages that emerge from our analysis : - The potential gains from global trade reform are large , including for developing countries and especially when they participate in the reform , despite its adverse terms of trade impact on many developing countries ; - Agriculture is where the greatest gains from liberalization would occur ; - Liberalization would cause farm output and farm employment to be greater in developing countries relative to the baseline , except in South Asia ; - It is the poorest people that appear to be most likely to gain from global trade liberalization , namely farmers and unskilled laborers in developing countries ; and , in particular , - 9 Dairy ’ s estimated contribution is much less despite the high rates of assistance to dairy farmers , presumably because the GTAP protection database relies just on tariffs and excludes the protective effect of non-tariff import barriers such as sanitary and phytosanitary restrictions , which may be much higher for fluid milk than for most other farm products . 17", "spans": [{"start": 1468, "end": 1492, "text": "GTAP protection database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "selfreported losses , which suggest that 100 hours of blackout would decrease the annual utilization rate by about 0 . 29 percentage points in the model without interaction ( Table 4 model I ) . This makes us confident that our identification strategy in the previous section is valid and thus also provides reliable estimates for water and transportation . A similar result is obtained for water outages , measured by the annual total outage duration . In this case , 100 additional hours of water outages are estimated to decrease utilization by up to 0 . 19 percentage points on average . < sup > 5 < / sup > From among the three infrastructure variables considered here , water has the weakest explanatory power according to standardized beta coefficients ( not shown ) . For transport , there is also a significant impact of transport problems on the utilization rate , but numerical results are difficult to interpret since the metric is qualitative . In fact , it does not allow to investigate marginal effects , and we can only compare the _proportion_ of direct to indirect effects . For assessing the impact of marginal increases in transport reliability , we use an alternative measure of transport reliability , the Logistic Performance Index ’ ( LPI ) “ timeliness ” sub-indicator ( Jaramillo et al . , 2018 ) . LPI can be used to proxy reliability , resilience and steadiness of transport infrastructure , i . e . the absence > 3 Note that for transport , various country-level characteristics correlate with transport quality , making it hard to pin down indirect effects . > 4 The average firm in the sample experiences 253 . 5 hours of blackout annually , while 10 % of all firms face 720 hours or more . > 5 The majority of firms does not face any water supply disruptions while a few firms have to cope with long and frequent interruptions . The top 5 % of most disrupted firms face at least 120 hours , the top 1 % faces 2700 hours or more . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9618 # * * Abstract * * This paper describes new global evidence — derived from satellite data — for rates and patterns of urban spatial development since 1990 along three margins : horizontal spread ( outward extension ) , infill development ( inward additions in the gaps left between earlier structures ) , and vertical layering ( upward construction ) . The end product of this growth is floor space , the amount and distribution of which are central to understanding how a city becomes livable and sustainable . Over the quarter century between 1990 and 2015 , urban built-up area worldwide grew by 30 percent through horizontal spread and infill . While most cities grow through a combination of horizontal spread and infill , the paper provides the first estimates of the relative prominence of each type of expansion at different stages of economic development . In low-income and lower-middle-income countries , 90 percent of urban built-up area expansion occurs as horizontal spread . The study also finds that increasing incomes are a uniquely necessary condition for a rise in floor space per person through vertical layering : the reason is that building tall is capital intensive . The analysis highlights that if a city ’ s population doubles but incomes stay constant , the city ’ s floor space per person declines by 40 percent ; by contrast , if per capita income doubles but population stays constant , the city ’ s total floor space per person increases by 29 percent . This paper is a product of the Urban , Disaster Risk Management , Resilience and Land Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at slall1 @ worldbank . org and mlebrand @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 124, "text": "satellite data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the sample starting in January 2010 to January 2020 , the average number of protests per month per country is 21 . In 34 percent of country-month pairs ( 2 , 910 of 8 , 549 ) , there is no occurrence of protest . Panel A of Appendix Figure A1 presents the histogram of the entire distribution of available occurrence of protests from ACLED ( Appendix Table A2 for summary statistics of actual protests ) . The distribution supports the use of the Zero-Inflated Poisson estimator , which we discuss in the next section . We construct an alternative measure of protests capturing the intensity of media chatter around protests . The rationale for the news-based measure of protests is first and foremost that it allows to significantly expand the scope of the data on protests over space and time . This measure accounts for the saliency of specific protests . For instance , a protest sparked by a popular figure is likely reported and discussed more extensively in the news media . The news data are from Dow Jones FACTIVA , which is a global repository of over one billion articles published across the world and reported in 28 different languages . For each language , the following words are translated : ( i ) “ street ” and ( ii ) “ protests ” or “ protest ” . The search for each language is constructed such that the word “ street ” and at least one relating to “ protest ” appear . For example , in English , the precise search query is : _ [ ( “ street ” ) AND ( “ protest ” OR “ protests ” ) ] _ . This search is performed for all countries and all languages in the Dow Jones database , over the period from January 1 , 2000 to December 31 , 2019 . In addition , we gather the number of total articles in the Dow Jones FACTIVA for each country and each month . A measure of normalized article counts is then constructed by taking the ratio between the number of articles mentioning “ street protests ” and the total number of articles for each country-month pair multiplied by 100 . Formally , for country _i_", "spans": [{"start": 1580, "end": 1598, "text": "Dow Jones database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1723, "end": 1740, "text": "Dow Jones FACTIVA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and adoption of a Geographic Expansion and Caseload Allocation Plan ( Text , Custom , PBC ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No plan | Submission pending . < br > GoE has completed < br > internal process . | Plan submitted . | Periodically updated < br > plan in place | | Date | 21-May-2020 | 14-Oct-2022 | 08-Mar-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | | This plan will identif < br > allocated across ne < br > updated annually d | y which woredas PSNP will expa < br > w and existing woredas using late < br > uring the life of SEASN . | nd to and how the PSNP c < br > st available poverty data . | ore caseload will be < br > The plan should be | | Comments * * : * * | The draft plan for P < br > between the WB an < br > have been submitte | SNP5 reallocation and expansion < br > d FSCO ’ s technical team the fina < br > d yet . | was submitted by Decem < br > l plan was submitted by Fe | ber 2021 . After discussions < br > bruary 2022 . No updates | # < u > < mark > IN01255550 < / mark > < / u > # ► Key shock responsive systems established and operational ( Text , Custom , PBC ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | EW dashboard submitted < br > and draft DRP . | EW dashboard and < br > annual DRAP <", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 673, "text": "poverty data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "if any ) . # # # # 6 . 7 GM Monitoring and Implementation The monitoring of the GM implementation will be undertaken on a periodic basis by the NPCT and CPCT . Monitoring aspects will be elaborated in the project wide GM that will be set up and will include the following indicators : - Number of grievances received , logged , acknowledged , processed , resolved , and closed within a set time frame . - Number of cases requesting external review or alternative third-party arbitration - Number of stakeholders satisfied with resolution - Number and percentage of grievances received per categories / thematic area - Number and percentage of grievances received per severity level - Number and percentage of grievances resolved versus rejected - Number and percentage of grievances per operation site / location # # # # 6 . 8 GM Reporting The performance of the TA activities GM will be reviewed on a quarterly basis during the implementation period . For the purpose of review , the quarterly reports will be considered for analysis and discussion . On the basis of these reports , a Grievance Redress Mechanism Report will be prepared . Reports will be periodically shared by each agency on complaints and grievance logs with the NPCU for monitoring purposes . The NPCT will maintain a documented record of stakeholder engagement and GM , including a description of the stakeholders consulted , a summary of the feedback / grievances received and a brief explanation of how the feedback was considered , or the reasons why the issue could not be resolved . For complaints 45", "spans": [{"start": 1194, "end": 1223, "text": "complaints and grievance logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5758 # * * Abstract * * Using the Agricultural Census 2003 and the Rice Household Survey 2008 for Indonesia , this paper analyzes the distribution of benefits from fertilizer subsidies and their impact on rice production . The findings suggest that most farmers benefit from fertilizer subsidies ; however , the 40 percent largest farmers capture up to 60 percent of the subsidy . The regressive nature of the fertilizer subsidies is in line with research carried out in other countries , the result of larger farms using a larger volume of fertilizer . This paper confirms that fertilizer used in adequate quantities has a positive and significant impact on rice yields , but it also provides evidence that over-using fertilizer has an adverse impact on yields ( an inverted U-curve relationship ) . This paper is a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division , East Asia and Pacific Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at eblancoarmas @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 88, "text": "Agricultural Census 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 97, "end": 123, "text": "Rice Household Survey 2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "very strongly correlated with contemporaneous events . In order to obtain meaningfully ‐ precise estimates of the multiplier , it is important that disbursements on World Bank loans are also large relative to borrowing ‐ country GDP . To ensure that this is the case , I focus on a set of aid ‐ dependent countries where ( a ) annual disbursements on World Bank loans are available for at least 20 of the 25 years between 1985 and 2009 , and ( b ) total disbursements on World Bank loans as a share of GDP averaged over the sample period 1985 ‐ 2009 exceed one percent . This results in a set of 41 mostly low ‐ income countries where World Bank lending has been an important source of financing for public spending over the past 25 years . My country sample is further limited by the availability of data on total public spending required to construct ∆ � � . My primary source for this data is the IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook database , which provides information on total general government expenditures , typically beginning in the late 1980s . I supplement this with information taken from the World Bank ’ s African Development Indicators which also reports data on total general government expenditures , going back to the early 1980s for many 12", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 939, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1117, "end": 1147, "text": "African Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to understand how FSW were affected economically . # * * Study setting * * # _COVID-19 in Tanzania_ The Director-General of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on March , 11 2020 . < sup > 14 < / sup > The first case of COVID-19 was reported in Tanzania five days later , < sup > 15 < / sup > and was followed by WHO-recommended public health restrictions , < sup > 16 < / sup > including government closures of schools and universities . Public gatherings were banned with the exception of churches and mosques , many businesses were temporarily or permanently closed , and travelers were required to quarantine for a 14-day period . Government reporting of COVID-19 data ended in April 2020 after 509 cumulative cases and 21 deaths . < sup > 17 < / sup > The late president , John Magufuli , declared in June 2020 that COVID-19 had been 2", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 710, "text": "COVID-19 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the EU can also provide small Balkan economies with greater stability and financial security , facilitating their ability to invest in long-term capital ( i . e . investments in infrastructure , education , research and development , and other productive sectors of the economy ) that ultimately promotes sustainable development and contributes to reducing poverty . Against this background , this paper quantifies the potential benefits of more international integration . It uses various sources of microdata and simulates different scenarios using recent advancements in quantitative spatial models . The paper is structured as follows . First , it describes the different data sources used in the analysis . The paper uses various sources of information , such as the I2D2 database , which reports employment , earnings , place of residency , industry variables , and aggregate information from the Working Time Statistics database held by the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) . In doing so , this paper combines datasets specific to the Western Balkans with other sources for the EU . Second , the paper presents a range of descriptive statistics relevant to the discussion . Finally , it uses a quantitative spatial model ( QSM ) to understand the impact of market integration policies in the region . Using this QSM model , the paper simulates different counterfactual analyses to understand the impact of interventions such as reducing transit time at border crossings , resulting from the implementation of the National Single Window for Trade , investments in border management systems , and upgrading of border crossing points ; accession of the Western Balkan economies to the EU ; and the provision of improved road infrastructure . Section 4 describes the model and section 5 explains the counterfactual analyses . Overall , the paper finds that market integration policies can effectively generate economic gains in the region , especially if cross-border coordination exists in the policy reform agenda and across policies . For example , reducing transit times at border crossings generates gains in terms of real income of around 2 . 5 % in the region . Both cross-border coordination in the trade facilitation reform agenda and EU accession amplify these gains significantly . Similarly , EU accession boosts the benefits of road infrastructure improvements . In", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 785, "text": "I2D2 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 903, "end": 935, "text": "Working Time Statistics database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1026, "end": 1066, "text": "datasets specific to the Western Balkans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Other crustaceans | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 03 | - 0 . 05 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 03 | 0 . 01 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the elimination of Vietnam ’ s own agricultural import tariffs . 34", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 184, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "control for any unobservable time-invariant country characteristics . We also add time dummies to capture global macroeconomic variables , such as oil price , interest rates , etc . To reduce endogeneity concerns , we include one year lags of business environment variables . However , most of our results are not sensitive to using lags . < sup > 15 < / sup > We estimate this model by country and year fixed effects regressions with errors clustered on the country level to capture any serial correlation of errors within country . Results are presented in Table 4 . We find that reforms to the business environment have a predicted significant impact on new business registration . Thus , improvements ( i . e . reductions ) in starting days , procedures or employment rigidity all result in increased business registrations . With respect to governance indicators , we find that neither variable is significant in fixed effects model . Our explanation for this finding is that governance is a slow moving variable and improvements in governance can only be observed over longer time horizons . Our time frame is only six years , which might be insufficient to register any significant within country variation in governance indicators . This does not invalidate our earlier conclusion that governance has a significant positive long term impact on subsequent business registrations . The corporate tax rate and financial development are also not significant in the fixed effects model , likely for the same reasons we discussed above for governance indicators . # * * _4 . 3 The Impact of the Crisis on New Business Creation_ * * In this section we formally investigate the relationship between crisis and new firm registration that we presented graphically earlier in the paper . These graphs show a decline in Entry Density that was visible in 2008 and 2009 for high income countries and in 2009 for > 15 While endogeneity concerns are not completely eliminated with the inclusion of one year lags , using lagged regressors has an additional benefit that it allows us to include year 2009 in the regressions as the GDP data and governance indicators are not yet available for 2009 as of this draft . 17", "spans": [{"start": 2121, "end": 2155, "text": "GDP data and governance indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 # * * 1 . Introduction * * Between 2005 and 2008 , driven by rapidly rising demand during a global economic expansion , the world prices of many staple food commodities rose substantially . < sup > 2 < / sup > Rice prices rose by 25 percent , wheat prices by 70 percent , maize prices by 80 percent , and dairy prices by 90 percent ( Ivanic and Martin , 2008 ) . Price increases of this magnitude for basic foodstuffs , over a relatively short period , led to widespread concern about possible impacts on hunger and deprivation . A number of governments , including those of India and Vietnam , resorted to export restrictions in order to guarantee domestic supply , while international organizations fretted about possible reversals and delays in meeting the first Millennium Development Goal , related to the eradication of hunger and extreme poverty . < sup > 3 < / sup > After falling during the “ Great Recession ” of 2008-2009 , international food prices resumed their upward trend in mid-2009 . The increase accelerated in late 2010 , with the World Bank food price index rising by 15 % between October 2010 and January 2011 , to a level just 3 % below its previous ( 2008 ) peak . Some international agencies began to describe the prevalence of higher average levels _and_ volatility for world food prices as the “ new normal ” ( World Bank , 2011 ) . But it has also been argued that the present concern with the effect of higher food prices on household well-being may be fundamentally misguided , because it tends to ignore or underplay income gains to farmers or farm workers , who are numerous among the poor in many developing countries . As Swinnen ( 2010 ) notes , this represents a striking reversal in the mainstream opinion among development economists : “ Only a few years ago the widely shared view was that low food prices were a curse to developing countries and the poor . However , since 2008 the vast majority of analyses and reports state that high food prices have a devastating effect on developing countries and the world ‟ s poor ” ( p . 30 )", "spans": [{"start": 1053, "end": 1080, "text": "World Bank food price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the program opens calls for inscription and enrollment into the _FA_ program only on specific dates for each municipality , making it impossible for people to join the program at other times . Problems of misspecification of the underlying regression models may introduce bias in treatment effects , particularly in the RD design . In order to avoid such problems , we checked the sensitivity of program impacts using various alternative specifications . Overall , the existence or lack of program effects on school completion and test scores , > 34 Camacho and Conover ( 2011 ) find evidence of manipulation for the _Sisben_ proxy-means test constructed with the same census of the poor . However , this problem occurs only for people around the level 2 threshold which determines eligibility for other social programs such the Subsidized Health Insurance ( _Régimen Subsidiado_ ) . 29", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 687, "text": "census of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 13 . b : * * States should use a holistic approach to self-reliance that encompasses access to civil documentation , national health ( including psychosocial ) , education services in addition to livelihood opportunities and labour market access . Integration and participation of refugees and host communities from the outset of self-reliance efforts is critical . - * * Appendix 1 , 13 . c : * * States and UNHCR should take into account the unique contributions of women and youth towards community well-being . All parties should uphold the ‘ Do no harm ’ principle throughout the solutions process . - * * Appendix 1 , 13 . d : * * States should invest in incentives ( ex . tax reductions for business , salary subsidies ) that create win-win solutions for refugees and the marketplace . Investment should also be made to include self-reliance data in national data collection efforts . - * * Appendix 1 , 14 . a : * * States and UNHCR should use employment , not access to work permits as the measure of impact for labour schemes . - * * Appendix 1 , 14 . b : * * Complementary pathways extended by States should not be biased by age , gender , etc . , nor should pursuing such pathways exclude refugees from accessing durable solutions ( ex . continuing to wait for resettlement while making use of an academic visa ) . - * * Appendix 1 , 14 . c : * * - * * i . * * States should consider adapting complementary pathways to better support protection of refugees , ( ex . applying a broader definition of family unity in family / humanitarian visas or integrating _non-refoulement_ elements with labour visas ) . - * * ii . * * States should not limit resettlement to refugees from a certain region , a certain religion , a particular level of education , or a particular skill set . - * * Appendix 1 , 16 : * * States investing in complementary pathways should offer these in addition to , not in place of existing resettlement quotas .", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 855, "text": "self-reliance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hampered by no effective and coordinated response from the European Union and its member states , agencies , professionals and volunteers are playing a crucial role in reaching out and assisting refugee and migrant children . Advocacy plays a key role . UNICEF and 59 other organisations have developed a ‘ _Call for Action : Protecting of the rights of refugee and migrant children arriving in Europe ’ _ to protect and promote the rights of all children at all times . The 10-point plan includes measures to protect children during rescue , interception , transport and transfer operations including access to safe routes , special measures for young children , people with disabilities , sick people etc . ; and queue management procedures that recognise the priority of vulnerable people . It also calls for reception centres to comply with Child Protection Minimum Standards including meeting children ’ s needs in their design , functioning and equipment , safety and security measures ; accessibility for children and parents with disability ; basic services including first aid , child-friendly spaces and recreational activities for children , and the referral of children to specialised services when needed ( hospitalisation , specialised health care etc . ) . Other advocacy has focused on avoiding uncertainty and sudden border closures which expose children to long waits in the rain and cold and on ensuring suitable facilities and services ( including for children with chronic / severe medical conditions , the provision of wheelchairs , fast-track access to services and transport , etc . ) In addition to advocacy , agencies are supporting humanitarian services at reception centres in transit countries , including winterisation , heating , clothing , blankets , and child-friendly spaces where children can play and benefit from psychosocial support and women can rest and take care of their babies . Figure 13 Source : UNHCR Refugees / Migrants Emergency Response - Mediterranean : * * http : / / data . unhcr . org / mediterranean / regional . php * * ; UNHCR Regional Overview : * * https : / / data . unhcr . org / mediterranean /", "spans": [{"start": 1941, "end": 2001, "text": "UNHCR Refugees / Migrants Emergency Response - Mediterranean", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2077, "end": 2100, "text": "UNHCR Regional Overview", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Sales change ( percent change year-on-year , same < br > month in 2019 ) | - 53 . 8 | - 28 . 2 | | Change in export share of sales ( percentage difference < br > from 2019 ES ) | - 0 . 7 | - 1 . 2 | | Supply of goods and materials has decreased ( 1 = yes ) | 0 . 61 | 0 . 45 | | Started / increased online or delivery business activities < br > ( 1 = yes ) * | 0 . 21 | 0 . 17 | | Faced financial issues ( 1 = yes ) * | 0 . 81 | 0 . 73 | | Received other policy support ( 1 = yes ) * | 0 . 19 | 0 . 19 | | Received wage subsidies ( 1 = yes ) * | 0 . 08 | 0 . 07 | | Interaction between whether had export sales in 2018 < br > and trade shock | - 5 . 1 | - 5 . 1 | | Source : CFUWBES . | | | | Notes : See note to table 5-2 . | | | operation , boost sales , and re-absorb workers even under crisis conditions than their Jordanian counterparts . Between waves 1 and 2 , they reported an additional 2 . 3 weeks of COVID-related closures on average and a lower share of workers was working remotely than before ( 2 . 9 percent ) . Moreover , the percentage of firms receiving policy support remained flat . However , there was a # modest improvement in the share of firms reporting recent supply disruptions , with a decline from 61 to 45 percent . Crucially , sales rebounded between the two waves of the CFUWBES to a year-on-year decline of 28 . 2 percent , up from a 53 . 8 percent drop for wave 1 . Whether due to greater ex ante resilience , better input and output market linkages , or more flexible labor markets , Georgian formal firms were better able to bounce back and rehire PFPS workers . < sup > 44 < / sup > > 44 This is despite the fact", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 684, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2019 . - Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia ( CSA ) ( 2015 ) . Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey 20132014 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : ETH ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 013 ~ ~ E ~ ~ SS ~ ~ v ~ ~ 02 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2053 ` on 6 September 2019 . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "de la construction de l ’ école seront gérés soit directement par le MEP et le MES , par les collectivités territoriales , ou par les communautés ou les conseils locaux sur une base expérimentale . La Direction des études et de la programmation ( DEP ) , en coordination avec la Direction des infrastructures et équipements scolaires ( DIES ) et d ’ autres unités concernées , sera responsable de la planification et de la programmation globales des activités relevant de cette sous-composante à travers : ( i ) la préparation et la mise à jour du programme de construction ; ( ii ) la création d ’ une base de données contenant des informations mises à jour sur les besoins , les effectifs , les coûts unitaires et l ’ espace requis ; et ( iii ) l ’ établissement des conditions et critères de sélection des sites . La mise en œuvre des activités de la composante liée à la qualité sera principalement assurée par les ministères , directement par le biais de leurs différents services . La direction chargée de la formation et des programmes scolaires , en particulier la Direction de la formation initiale et continue ( DFIC ) du MEP , sera responsable de la coordination et de la gestion des activités de formation des enseignants , de la révision des programmes et de l ’ élaboration de modules de formation . La DFIC a acquis de l ’ expérience dans la gestion de grande envergure des activités de formation des enseignants et met actuellement en œuvre des programmes de formation des enseignants financés", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 618, "text": "base de données", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "regulations than non-exporters are ( see Table 5 ) . This makes intuitive since excessive trade regulations will impose greater constraints for enterprises involved in exporting than for enterprises that only operate in domestic markets . We attempt to control for this in two ways . First , rather than using the enterprises ’ own assessment of the obstacle , we substitute this with the average assessment of enterprises involved in exporting in the same sector and region as the enterprise . In addition to reducing concerns about endogeneity , using average perceptions should also clean out white noise associated with the perceptions of the individual manager . Second , we implement a Generalized Least Squares procedure for Tobit models allowing these variables to be determined endogenously . < sup > 15 < / sup > Two sets of instruments are used in this part of the analysis : ( i ) the average assessment of trade and customs regulation for enterprises in the same sector and region that are involved in exporting and ( ii ) the average and maximum times for imports and exports to clear customs for firms in the same sector and region . The second set of instruments is particularly interesting . Since it is not perceptions based ( i . e . , it is based upon actual experience with customs administration ) , it is not subject to the same concerns as perception-based data . In addition to the variables representing trade and customs regulations , the regressions also include a series of additional control variables . First , all regressions include a set of sector dummies ( γj ) to control for differences between manufacturing sub-sectors with respect to export behavior . For example , some products might be more difficult to transport than other products , limiting export potential . Second , the regressions include a series of enterprise-level controls ( Xijk ) including enterprise size ( proxied by number of employees ) , age of the enterprise , dummies indicating whether the enterprise in state or foreign-owned and a dummy variable indicating whether the enterprise manager has a university education . Finally , the regressions also include a series of country dummies to control for differences between countries that might > 15 The procedure", "spans": [{"start": 1364, "end": 1385, "text": "perception-based data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * d Reporting * * < br > < br > < br > Responsibility < br > for Data < br > Collection | | < br > Vocational < br > Education < br > Directorate ( VED ) | As will be < br > identified in the < br > M & E framework | Directorate of < br > Special < br > Education ( DSE ) | Directorate of < br > Special < br > Education ( DSE ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Collection an * * < br > < br > Data < br > Collection < br > Instruments | | MoE Reports | Employer < br > Surveys | MoE reports | EMIS | | * * Data * * < br > Frequency < br > and < br > Reports | | Annual | Baseline , < br > Mid-term < br > and Yr . 6 | Yrs 1 , 3 and < br > 6 | Annual | | YR6 | | 100 % of < br > programs | 20 % < br > increase in < br > overall < br > satisfaction | Policies < br > implemented | 50 < br > 50 | | YR5 | | | | | 50 < br > 50 | | * * t Values * * < br > YR4 | | | | | 50 < br > 50 | | * * Targe * * < br > YR3 | | 50 % of < br > programs | 10 % < br > increase in < br > overall < br > satisfaction | Policies < br > adopted | 50 < br > 50 | | YR2 | | | | | 50 < br > 50 | | YR1 | | | | Policy < br > framework < br > completed | 50 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 480, "text": "MoE Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 509, "end": 520, "text": "MoE reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 523, "end": 527, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Proposed Borehole at Akira Ngondu , Igembe , Meru County # # # # * * 3 . 5 Project Management * * The project will be under the management of an elected committee with thirteen members . Their role should be supervisory whereby , the project should have a care taker who would be responsible for the dayto-day running of the scheme . The scheme will employ a billing clerk , scheme operator and 2 communal water points ’ attendants for a start . * * Table 3 . 1 : * * Management Structure of Anjaru Kithuru Self-help Group Water Project | * * Key Operation * * | | * * How Managed / Organized * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Borehole | | Operation of the borehole | | Community Water | | Operation of the community water point | | Kiosks | | | | Treatment | | None ( treatment / boiling at home ) | | Maintenance | | Annual of borehole , pumps , tank | | Revenue Collection | | Revenue clerk on daily basis collects funds , issues receipt , updates ledger balances and < br > compiles monthly financial reports | | Banking | | Revenue collected is banked on a regular basis | | Administration | | Co-ordination of all pertinent functions at the scheme level including supervision and < br > deployment functions and record keeping / report submission | | Monitoring | | Project pipe for bursts , weak points , defaulters etc | | Public Relations | | Explanation of policy changes and new tariff rates < br > Liaison with institutions through committees , early warning system for defaulters , < br > consumers | | Budgeting | | Budget done for each year | | Procurements | | Procurements done as per the procurement procedures | | Progress < br > reports | on | Charts covering borehole and booster station", "spans": [{"start": 1715, "end": 1759, "text": "Charts covering borehole and booster station", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Tableau 2 : VAN du projet en fonction des taux de réussite et des salaires ( millions de dollars - prix de 2012 ) * * | | * * Taux d ’ a * * | * * ctualisatio * * | * * n de 5 % * * | * * Taux d ’ * * | * * actualisatio * * | * * n de 8 % * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Taux de réussite * * < br > * * Scénarios salariaux * * | * * Résultat * * | * * + 5 % * * | * * + 10 % * * | * * Résultat * * | * * + 5 % * * | * * + 10 % * * | | * * Baisse des salaires de * * < br > * * 5 % * * | 177 , 7 | 192 , 4 | 207 , 2 | 46 , 8 | 53 , 6 | 60 , 4 | | * * Résultat * * | * * 193 , 2 * * | 208 , 7 | 224 , 3 | 54 , 0 | 61 , 1 | 68 , 2 | | * * Augmentation des * * < br > * * salaires de 5 % * * | 208 , 7 | 225 , 0 | 241 , 4 | 61 , 1 | 68 , 6 | 76 , 0 | Remarque : Réel renvoie aux paramètres basés sur les données les plus récentes , qui sont utilisées dans le scénario de base . Source : Calculs de l ’ auteur . 16 . Ces avantages seront renforcés par", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 867, "text": "données les plus récentes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "the Government of Chad assists with their resettlement in four designated areas . WFP gives priority to women as the designated recipients of vouchers or direct food transfers . For direct food transfers , a local food management committee is established ; WFP requires 50 percent of its members to be women . 9 . Vouchers will be distributed monthly at designated distribution sites , where the contracted NGO partners will check registration cards against the local beneficiary lists . Many refugees and returnees have lost their national identification cards in their flight from CAR , so beneficiaries of the food assistance component of the project will receive registration cards with their photos . To limit the possibility of unauthorized reproduction and redemption , each voucher will also have a specific security code and a 3D printed hologram . Beneficiaries with vouchers and registration cards will enter shops or distribution areas set up by local traders , where they can redeem the vouchers and collect commodities of their choosing , corresponding to the voucher value . The voucher allows purchase of staple foods , legumes , oil , canned fish , tomatoes , and onions ( 14 items altogether ) . This approach gives individuals some flexibility in their food choices , including the ability to obtain fresh foods . It also supports local markets and traders and strengthens supply chains . 10 . Each partner NGO will reconcile its monthly distribution of vouchers against those redeemed by the traders and compensates the traders accordingly . The NGOs will receive advanced funds , sufficient to cover one month ’ s distribution only , to pay the traders . Once those funds are exhausted , an NGO must submit a verified , reconciled account of the use of those funds to receive a further advance to handle the next month ’ s voucher distribution . 11 . Because agriculture is a highly seasonal occupation , and because everyone — the refugees , returnees , and host population — depends highly on local markets to buy food , voucher provision in the lean season has the potential to trigger food price inflation , which would reduce the purchasing power of all of these groups . For that reason , direct food transfers will be", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 485, "text": "local beneficiary lists", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Chapter 1 * * UNICEF Voice Series * *    AUDIENCE : TIME : OBJECTIVE : All staff 1-day To encourage a culture of speaking up against workshop sexual misconduct and guide workplace behaviours to empower staff to do so .  METHOD : Three-part Interactive webinar series In an effort to promote a ‘ Speak Up ’ culture , UNICEF has rolled out the Voice Initiative , a one-day training workshop intended to mobilize staff to become agents of organizational culture change . The initiative was launched in 2018 as a result of the findings of the 2017 Global Staff Survey , which revealed low levels of personal empowerment and a culture of silence , and seeks to enhance a ‘ speak up ’ culture among staff globally , with the aim to create offices free of fear , intimidation , and misconduct . The Global Staff Survey aided in the identification of specific elements of vulnerability that lead to a culture of silence which the initiative was developed to respond to , particularly through providing a platform for naming and confronting unacceptable behaviour with the objective of regaining trust and establishing a pathway for managing and adjusting behaviour that falls in variance with the organization ’ s values . The workshop is designed in PowerPoint webinar format to ensure easy and broad access to the content and in a manner to allow different UNICEF offices and other organizations to utilize and adapt the tools and strategies for their respective structures and workplace particularities . While the workshop is voluntary , UNICEF has noted high levels of interest among senior staff , both in their own participation in the workshop and in the desire to have it facilitated for their teams . It is used as a tool for the integration of UNICEF ’ s core values ( care , respect , integrity , trust , and accountability ) into how staff work and in establishing a link between trust and accountability in order to promote a ‘ Speak Up ’ culture as a tool to combat sexual misconduct . The initiative can be adapted to deliver the package according to other values identified", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 571, "text": "2017 Global Staff Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 800, "end": 819, "text": "Global Staff Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER | | new classrooms alongwith Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene ( WASH ) facilities forpre-primaryeducation . | | - - - | - - - | | Frequency | 2026 , 2027 , 2028 , 2029 | | Data source | EMIS , Ministryof Education ( MoE ) | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Enrollment numbers are derived from school reports submitted bi-annually to EMIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * Pre-primary classrooms constructed by the Program ( Number ) * * | | Description | Measures the number of pre-primary classrooms and Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene ( WASH ) facilities provided by the Program in targeted regions , with < br > PPE enrollment below the national average . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Infrastructure Improvement MonitoringReports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Count the number of classrooms constructed according to EMIS data and cross-verified with infrastructure improvement monitoring reports . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * NEW Refugee schools equipped with gender * * ‑ * * responsive WASH and Menstrual Hygiene Management ( MHM ) facilities ( Number ) * * | | Description | Measures the number of refugee pre-primary and primary schools that are equipped with functional gender responsive Water , Sanitation , and Hygiene < br > ( WASH ) facilities , includingappropriate MHM infrastructure inprimary , supported bythe Program . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS ,", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 986, "text": "Infrastructure Improvement MonitoringReports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1088, "end": 1097, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1122, "end": 1167, "text": "infrastructure improvement monitoring reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ures pour mesurer et améliorer l ’ efficacité et la performance de l ’ école . La sous-composante contribuera à mettre en place un système de planification et de suivi de la qualité , de l ’ assiduité et des acquis . Tous les établissements scolaires pourront y prendre part et devront réaliser des auto-évaluations et des plans de développement , et participer également aux enquêtes scolaires ; le personnel sera formé à l ’ utilisation de ces nouveaux instruments et à un fonctionnement efficace dans cet environnement décentralisé . Une meilleure gestion des écoles passera également par le renforcement des CGDES , qui joueront un rôle important dans la gestion des programmes de restauration scolaire . 49 . S ’ agissant du financement des écoles , l ’ accent sera mis sur l ’ établissement d ’ un cadre institutionnel durable pour un système concurrentiel de SAE destiné à encourager la qualité de l ’ apprentissage , la performance des enseignants , l ’ assiduité et / ou les acquis . En outre , les SAE peuvent aussi aider à investir dans des catégories de dépenses non récurrentes , telles que le financement de la formation initiale des enseignants et autres personnels . Cette activité permettra d ’ élaborer des processus d ’ approbation , de suivi et évaluation des SAE , et de mettre en place et former des conseils régionaux de l ’ éducation et les CGDES . La gestion des SAE sera suivie sur la base de sondages avec l ’ aide d", "spans": [{"start": 1419, "end": 1427, "text": "sondages", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "9 . 6 < br > 16 | < br > 4 . 1 < br > 07 | * * bEtS * * ' < br > | | * * mpor ogoods * * andservces < br > Gross nationalproduct | 0 . 6 < br > 8 . 3 | 9 . < br > 4 . 0 | . < br > 1 . 2 | - . < br > 0 . 9 | * * por * * < br > mport | Note : 1997 data are preliminary estimates . The diamonds show four key indicators in the country ( in bold ) compared with its income-group be incomplete . average . fdata are missing , the diamond vaill", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 250, "text": "1997 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 4 . Refugee population and changes by origin , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * # # # # # * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatr < mark > iation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | | Population | start-2006 | | Incre | ases durin | g2006 | | | | De | creases du | ring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Spont . a | rrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettle | ment | | | | | | | | Origin | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br >", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1040, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY The members of parliament and members of the County Assembly ( MCAs ) may be co-opted as exofficio members . Mombasa County Office of the Mombasa County KISIP Coordinator will provide the secretariat for the committee . * * 9 . 2 . 3 Courts of Law * * If complainants are not satisfied by the decision of the first two tiers of the Grievance Mechanism , they can seek redress from the Courts of Law at their own cost * * 9 . 3 Procedure of Receiving and resolution of Complaints 9 . 3 . 1 Step 1 : Receipt of complaint / grievance * * A verbal or written complaint from a PAP or community member will be received by the Grievance Officer ( GO ) on behalf of the SGRC the role of Grievance officer will be as described below . a ) Recording the grievances , both written and oral , of the affected people , categorizing and prioritizing them for handling within the specified time period . He will sort the grievances as those : • Those that need clarifications • To be handled by SGRC • To be forwarded to RIC / KISIP Headquarters directly e . g . complains on compensation amounts b ) Discussing grievances on a regular basis with the SGRC and coming up with decisions / actions regarding issues that can be resolved at that level . c ) Reporting to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and the decisions of the SGRC and RIC . d ) Providing inputs into the monitoring and evaluation process . The grievance team will hold meetings at site level based on grievances received by the GO . The GO will record the grievance and progress into the grievance register . The grievance register will indicate grievances , date opened / lodged , actions taken to address or reasons why the grievance was not acted upon ( e . g . the grievance was not related to the", "spans": [{"start": 1695, "end": 1713, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1720, "end": 1738, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9628 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the welfare effects of international trade on workers in a new dynamic general equilibrium discrete choice model of labor mobility , where the workers ’ choice set of jobs is endogenous . The analysis exploits differential exposure of sectors and regions to destination-specific demand shocks to estimate the impacts of exports on wages , employment , and labor mobility , using employer-employee panel data for Brazil . It then employs the same empirical strategy to estimate structural parameters and the different components of changes in model-implied worker welfare . Counterfactual simulations show that the endogenous number of job options significantly magnifies the welfare effects of trade shocks . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at eartuc @ worldbank . org , pbastos @ worldbank . org , and eunhee11 @ umd . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 453, "end": 492, "text": "employer-employee panel data for Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "work could investigate the ability of real-time indicators observed in the past to produce _exante_ predictions of the economic losses implied by the actual values of predictors obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic . The accuracy of such predictions can be validated by comparing them against the actual GDP figures that usually come with a one-year lag . Also , the results point out potential caveats associated with the use of the “ digital ” real-time indicators , as a non-trivial proportion of people in low-income countries face limited internet access . With the availability of data at a higher geographic resolution , it would be possible to assess the models ’ performance in settings with comparable rates of internet penetration — e . g . , at the subnational level in a given country — and examine how the prediction accuracy depends upon the internet coverage in a more detailed way . Despite these potential extensions , the analysis above can help shed light on how best to monitor the economic impact of a crisis like COVID-19 when survey data is scarce . Real-time indicators have several advantages in monitoring the impact of crises . They are often readily available , low cost , and do not involve face-to-face interactions , which is particularly important in a pandemic . Some indicators , particularly those relating to mobility , may be particularly valuable during the COVID-19 crisis when mobility was restricted . Nonetheless , the analysis suggests that Google search terms and food prices are promising indicators for tracking the trajectory of economic impacts during crises , particularly when combined in a parsimonious model that predicts postcrisis outcomes . # References - < mark > Abay , K . A . , Tafere , K . , & Woldemichael , A . ( 2020 ) . Winners and losers from COVID-19 : Global evidence from Google Search . < / mark > Policy Research Working Pape < mark > r No . 9268 . World Bank , Washington , DC . < / mark > - < mark > Beyer , R . C . , Chhabra , E . , Galdo , V . , and Rama , M . ( 2018 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > M <", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 58, "text": "real-time indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1051, "end": 1062, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as the treatment group in these calculations . Table 3 illustrates numerically Implications 1-6 , and Implication 10 . Comparing the sample sizes in Panel A and B , we see Implication 1 and 3 . When there is only one baseline , difference-indifferences requires larger sample sizes than post analysis when ρ < 0 . 5 , the same sample sizes for ρ = 0 . 5 , and lower sample sizes for ρ > 0 . 5 . The difference in sample size can be large . For example , with a single baseline and follow-up , when ρ = 0 . 25 , one would need a treatment group size of 2355 with difference-in-differences , compared to 1570 with post analysis . Adding a second pre-treatment survey reduces the sample size for difference-in-differences to 1766 , 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10834 # * * Abstract * * This study uses individual-level census data from Argentina to examine the socioeconomic disparities between Native and non-Native people . Native people fare worse across a variety of indicators , including housing , education , employment , and health . On average , the observed disparities amount to 12 percent of the standard deviation and persist even after controlling for factors such as geographic location . Furthermore , there are differences in the intergenerational transmission of education between Natives and non-Natives : for each level of education of the parents , the children of Natives have , on average , fewer years of education than the children of non-Natives . Finally , the study also reveals large differences between Native groups : while some achieve average outcomes that surpass those of the non-Native population , others significantly lag behind . Notably , these differences are correlated with a characteristic of their pre-Columbian economy : the practice of agriculture . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at carolina_lopez @ worldbank . org and pedro_dal_bo @ brown . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 114, "text": "individual-level census data from Argentina", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | 2 , 670 , 157 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2024-10-31 < br > 2025 | - 03-18 < br > 2024-11-22 < br > 2025-03-18 | 2025-01-03 < br > 2025-0 | 5-05 < br > 2025-03-18 < br > 2025-1 | 1-24 < br > 2025-04-22 | 2025-10-19 | | UG-MAAIF-461994-GO-RFB / < br > Supply of 6 , 000 , 000 fingerlin < br > gs for stock enhancement in < br > valley dams and small wat < br > er bodies under 2 Lots < br > IDA / 72610 | Promoting Adoption of Clima < br > te Smart Agriculture Technol < br > ogies and Practices < br > Post | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 1 , 230 , 366 . 50 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2024-11-29 | 2024-12-04 | 2025-01-15 | 2025-02-14 | 2025-03-21 | 2025-09-17 | | UG-MAAIF-462047-GO-RFB / < br > Supply and test run the Digit < br > al ( electronic ) registration , lic < br > ensing and fisheries data acq < br > uisition system for evidence - < br > based fisheries stock monitor < br > ingand evaluation . < br > IDA / 72610 | Promoting Adoption of Clima < br > te Smart Agriculture Technol < br > ogies and Practices < br > Post | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National", "spans": [{"start": 903, "end": 917, "text": "fisheries data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it provided only passive guidance as to how communities might access resources with which to carry out the plans generated by the VLPA process . As a result , introduction of this broad based approach within the context of an agricultural extension project , which had only one year of implementation remaining , resulted in unmet expectations . These observations emerged in a post-project beneficiary assessment of the VLPA experience . # # # * * b ) Improvement in Training Capacity and Skills ( US $ 6 . 10 million , 34 % of costs ) * * In general , implementation of this component was marginally satisfactory . There was over-achievement of targets in terms of postgraduate training , study tours , and demonstrations , resulting in over-expenditure against the training category . On the other hand , much of the training was theoretical and there was under-achievement with FEW retraining , farmer training , in rehabilitation of the District Farm Institutes and Agricultural Colleges , and in improving the relevance of training provided . While a locally contracted Training Specialist was employed throughout the project period , no counterpart was provided , a training needs assessment was not carried out until mid-1997 ( too late for project purposes ) , and no evaluation of training impact was carried out . Rehabilitation of the Arapai and Bukalasa Agricultural Colleges was not done . This is largely due to the failure to employ a suitable civil engineer until near the end of the project > 4 AEP contributed to adoption of a range of simple and more complex technologies . The 1997 beneficiary assessment indicates that among the 2-5 % of farmers who received regular contact from extensionists , adoption averaged 60 % for simple practices ( timely planting , weed control and harvesting ) and from 2545 % for improved seeds and planting material ( in particular for maize and cassava ) , pest and disease control and proper storage . Other less widely adopted technologies included fishpond development , and improved livestock feeding and management . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1598, "end": 1625, "text": "1997 beneficiary assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Elvidge 2000 ; Sutton and Costanza 2002 ; Ebener , Murray , Tandon et al . 2005 , Doll , Muller , and Morley 2006 ; Henderson , Storeygard , and Weil 2012 ; Sutton , Elvidge , and Ghosh 2007 ; Chen and Nordhaus , 2011 ; Ghosh , Anderson , and Powell et al . 2009 ) . Night lights are seen as indicators of where people – especially urban people – are concentrated , and more importantly , where economic activity ( particularly non ‐ agricultural ) is concentrated . The second is population . Nightlights seemed to capture industrial and commercial activity reasonably well , but it performed poorly in capturing significant portions of total GDP in countries that have relatively large agricultural sectors . Both types of methods use national or subnational GDP measures , and distribute the measures to each pixel based on the intensity of the indicator : night lights or population density . In the latter case , the assumption is normally that GDP per capita is uniform across people in the national or subnational unit for which data are available . Often the distribution happens using separate measures for rural and non ‐ rural . If the two are distinguished , often nightlights are used with non ‐ rural GDP distribution while population is used to distribute to rural areas the agricultural GDP . Because this is a mechanistic approach , in whatever way the population data set has an error , there will be a corresponding error in the gridded agricultural GDP . Furthermore , in whatever way the true distribution deviates from the assumption of perfectly even distribution of agricultural GDP per person this will also produce errors . Nordhaus ( 2006 ) uses subnational GDP data to distribute the GDP based on population per pixel . He then does post ‐ distribution analysis at a pixel level with climate and geographic variables . He does not distinguish between urban and rural populations , even though data for most countries show a gap between rural and urban income . Kummu , Taka , and Guillaume ( 2018 ) use a similar methodology , and Yetman , Gaffin , and Xing ( 2004 ) use it to generate a future gridded GDP based on", "spans": [{"start": 1370, "end": 1389, "text": "population data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1673, "end": 1693, "text": "subnational GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 70 , 265 . 96 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-09-13 < br > 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | | C2-MIES-INEC-28 / Contratac < br > ión de 8 Operadores Cartogr < br > áficos de Enlistamiento para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 21 , 931 . 39 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-09-13 < br > 2022-09-30 | 2022-12-30 | | C2-MIES-INEC-29 / Contratac < br > ión de 8 Revisores de control < br > de calidad de Enlistamiento p < br > ara el operativo de campo de < br > la Encuesta Nacional de Desn < br > utrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 509, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desnut", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the rise in exports to Russia . Moreover , Central Asian countries have replenished their own budgets through an influx of labor , capital , and remittances . In addition , the countries increased the sale of their own oil and gas , the demand for which has hiked after the large drop in EU gas supplies from Russia . With the relocation of Russian business to Central Asian countries , the arguably temporary inflow of skilled labor from Russia , and a short-lived windfall reexport margin ( ADB 2023 ) , the total effects of Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine on Central Asian business — and its dynamics over time — needs to be further studied using updated firm-level data and rigorous empirical methods . > 9 < u > https : / / www . russia-briefing . com / news / ebrd-report-anti-russian-sanctions-are-boosting-central-asianeconomies . html / < / u > > 10 < u > https : / / www . adb . org / sites / default / files / publication / 863591 / ado-april-2023-special-topic . pdf < / u > 15", "spans": [{"start": 657, "end": 672, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "highly attractive to populations living in these villages , but the program aimed to allocate the RMG spots to the poorest households in the villages . The village heads played an important role in this allocation . First , the village heads were responsible for publicizing the program and inviting households to the registration event , acting to some extent as gatekeepers for information about RMGs . Baird , MacIntosh and Ozler ( 2013 ) provide an example of informational elite capture . Their analysis of targeting effectiveness of Tanzania ’ s flagship CDD program suggests that wealth , education , access to media , and political engagement are positively correlated with awareness of the program , which is a necessary condition for benefitting from it . Such lack of access to information results in only mildly pro-poor targeting . Second , the village heads contributed to the selection of beneficiaries through updating their poverty ranking . Specifically , beneficiaries for the RMG program were selected through a two-step process in June 2018 . In the first step , those eligible to participate in the program were identified . In the second step , as demand for the program exceeded the number of RMG jobs , a lottery ( lucky draw ) was carried out to > 4 PRF is housed under the Government Office of Lao PDR . Its mission is to apply a community driven development approach to reduce poverty in Lao PDR , with a focus on rural populations , by improving infrastructure and access to services and resources . > 5 Authors ’ calculations using the baseline data for the RMG impact evaluation and LECS V . Available upon request . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1614, "end": 1620, "text": "LECS V", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Required data includes where these species occur , how they have been detected ( sightings , evidence of presence , through use of technology such as camera traps or sound recording , reported through community engagement , or describe any other means ) . Based on improved LoO data , a revision of the potential impact to critical habitat species may be relevant . 7 . 1 . 3 Investigate Options and Capacity to Fit Bird Diverters to Operational TLs Section 6 . 4 . 4 outlines a 5 point framework for a strategy to achieve net gains through fitting BFDs to improve the visibility of TL wires for birds , which are further elaborated below : # # # # * * 1 . Incorporate BFD installation into the design of the Project TL : * * Both ESIA documents currently require species specific assessments for collision and electrocution risks for avifauna of conservation interest . This document confirms the risk and installation of BFDs must be incorporated into the project design . # # # # * * 2 . Mainstream BFDs as a standard feature of UETCL future TL designs : * * UETCL staff have stated that BFDs will be included into the design of future TL where these pass through bird sensitive habitats . * * 3 . Adaptation of technology and development capacity for remote-based BFD installation : * * - Remote installation of BFDs to operational TLs is a new field which is currently being pioneered in the United States , but Africa has a different and far greater diversity of bird species . Birdlife International , and particularly their Africa offices need to be engaged to determine the most suitable BFD designs . - Tests need to be conducted on the BFD devices most effective for species at risk along the Project TLs are suitable for drone based installation . A variety of BFD designs will likely be needed and design changes may be necessary to adapt these and / or drones for remote installation . Estimation of cost is needed based assessment of", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 282, "text": "LoO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "roughly 2 and 3 weeks ’ worth of consumption . Hence , even though the data are from 2-week transaction diaries , for most items the relevant time frame for storing and consuming a bulk purchase is substantially shorter . Bulk purchasing in this setting involves avoidance of very small quantities , rather than stocking up on several weeks ’ or months ’ worth of an item . # * * Liquidity constraints * * A natural hypothesis for the financial losses in our data is that people would like to take advantage of bulk discounts , but they lack the liquidity to do so . Prior work has argued that poor households may pay higher unit prices than wealthy households because binding liquidity constraints prevent the poor from buying in bulk . This is an intuitive idea . Credit constraints are well understood to be an important barrier to investment in low-income countries , so it is reasonable to wonder whether they are a binding constraint here . For a liquidity constraint to drive small-quantity purchasing , a household must be unable to gather the cash needed to buy _qmin_ < sup > _ ∗ _ , theminimumquantityrequiredtobuyat < / sup > 19", "spans": [{"start": 85, "end": 111, "text": "2-week transaction diaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 < / sup > The sample is limited to low and middle-income countries according to the World Bank ’ s classification in 2008 and spans about a quarter of a century , from 1980-2004 . The complete list of available poverty spell observations in _Povcal_ at that time consists of 52 countries and 219 country-spell observations . As poverty measures fluctuate substantially in some > 21 < u > http : / / esa . un . org / unup / . April , 2008 . In the urban economics literature , urban concentration is often < / u > measured by urban primacy — the share of the urban population living in the largest city . This is adequate when most data points are small countries . The approach is too limited when the spells cover many large countries , which have more than one metro area , as is the case here ( Henderson , 2010 ) . > 22 By using the one million or more as cut-off to define a metropolis , measurement challenges in consistently defining rural and urban areas across countries are also circumvented ( Ravallion , Chen , Sangraula , 2007 ) . Nonetheless , noise in the data cannot be denied , also when categorizing the population in agricultural and nonagricultural categories , instead of rural and urban . In depth analysis by Christiaensen and Todo ( 2013 ) shows that the measurement error is neither systematic nor systematically correlated with changes in poverty . > 23 http : / / www . emdat . be / , June 2009 . > 24 http : / / www . systemicpeace . org / inscr / p4manualv2010 . pdf 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "study their export participation and entry decisions . < sup > 10 < / sup > Finally , we use two alternative measures to proxy for the regulation intensity at the product level . First , we use the WTO Specific Trade Concerns ( STC ) Database , which provides product-level ( HS4 ) information on trade concerns raised in the WTO ’ s SPS and TBT committees . The main advantage of this database is that it captures the “ revealed ” stringency of standards , as perceived as important trade barriers by exporters , rather than counting the number of standards that may or may not be trade impeding ( Fontagné et al . , 2015 ; Fontagné and Orefice , 2018 ) . We classify products to be regulation intensive if at least a concern was raised to one of the committees . There are 312 specific concerns raised on 124 products in the SPS committee and 317 specific concerns raised on 848 products in the TBT committee , together covering a broad range of 863 products across different industries ( see Appendix Table A . 4 for the distribution of STC-products across industries ) . Second , we use an alternative measure of regulation intensity based on prior notice requirements by the United States ’ Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . This measure covers a total of 272 HS4-products , mainly in food , drugs , and medical devices , which require prior notice to the FDA . < sup > 11 < / sup > To construct the data set needed for the first part of our analysis ( firm-level ) , we expand the initial exporters database to make it squared so that every firm-destinationyear combination is an observation . For the second part of our analysis using the product-level data , we first aggregate firms ’ exports data ( available at HS6-level ) to the HS4-level , which is the level available in the WTO STC data set . Then , we expand the data set so that each firm-product that exported at least once is combined with every destination and year . There are 12 , 918 firms exporting 1 , 197 HS4-products to 115 destinations , and there are 102 , 295 firm-product", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 242, "text": "WTO Specific Trade Concerns ( STC ) Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1500, "end": 1518, "text": "exporters database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1794, "end": 1810, "text": "WTO STC data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ disclosed . All the required review and clearance activities shall pass through WB ’ s Team . Subproject activities that will cause involuntary resettlement cannot be commenced until such specific resettlement plans have been finalized and approved by the WB . The purpose of an Addendum to the RP for this subproject is to present the additional impacts expected from subproject activities as they were not known at the time of the RP development as well as the mitigation measures to be undertaken consistent to the principles and procedures utilized by this RP . During the development of an Addendum to the RP , the site for construction / implementation of certain subproject activities , size of land to be acquired , number and category of PAPs to be affected , and related aspects may not be known but apparently would come to the scene . EEP shall therefore be responsible to prepare a RP Addendum using the same principle and method of compensation consistent to the original RP . A census will be conducted , and a full inventory of losses shall be established to prepare such RP Addendum . The Addendum will not discuss all the key elements of a RP as such elements have already been discussed or addressed in the original RP prepared to the Subproject . The key objectives will be to provide mitigation measures in terms of compensation for structure and other assets at full replacement cost and other necessary assistance to ensure that PAPs are appropriately compensated and assisted for their losses . The Addendum , following the RP policies and principles , establishes the provisions for payment of resettlement assistance to affected households , farmlands , grazing places etc . and as deemed necessary , special assistance to vulnerable households and / or income restoration activities . It shall also need to present demographic profiles of the affected households and their socioeconomic characteristics , the implementation arrangements , consultation outcomes , implementation schedule and the estimated budget for implementation , established cut-off dates , etc . #", "spans": [{"start": 1134, "end": 1140, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sanitary facilities in the Municipality are very unfavorable . Waste disposal problems feature mainly in the Central Division and relate to refuse dumping , littering delayed collection of filled garbage skips . At present the community collects waste / garbage at specific areas gazetted by the authorities and the Municipal / Division authorities collect the garbage using trucks and deposits in the sand and clay quarry pits around the Municipality . This implies that the Municipality does not have a specific garbage disposal site . Community response to properly collect garbage to the identified areas is poor leading to garbage littering in most parts of the Municipality . # # # # * * _Energy_ * * Kabale Municipality is connected to the national electricity grid . The major sources of energy in the Municipality are charcoal and paraffin for cooking and lighting respectively . # # # # * * e ) Health * * Kabale has a total of 32 health facilities including 10 government health centers and a referral hospital at Makanga hill central division . The rest are privately owned Nursing homes , clinics and drug shops / pharmacies . The health facilities are evenly distributed within the municipality and that the majority of the health facilities are privately owned . The 2002 census indicated that 23 % of the population in Kabale was with in less than ½ km from the nearest health centre and 44 % within 1 to 5 km . The Percentage of latrine coverage is at 72 % , the Percentage of households using hand-washing facilities is 80 % and the Percentage of households using water-borne toilets is 18 % # # # # * * f ) Urban poverty * * Kabale Municipality has a number of informal settlements that cut across all divisions < sup > 28 < / sup > . The main serious slum pockets are : Kakabano in upper Bugongi , Mukihaha in Kirigime ward , Igabiro in Mwanjari ward , Kekubo in Mwanjari ward , Kingongi in Kingongi ward , Konyo in But", "spans": [{"start": 1282, "end": 1293, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ` o ` | Implementation of engineering and administrative control measures to avoid or minimize | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | the release of hazardous substances into the work environment keeping the level of exposure < br > below internationally established or recognized limits | | | | | ` o ` < br > ` o ` < br > ` o ` | Keeping the number of employees exposed , or likely to become exposed , to a minimum < br > Communicating chemical hazards to workers through labeling and marking according to < br > national and internationally recognized requirements and standards , including the < br > International Chemical Safety Cards ( ICSC ) , Materials Safety Data Sheets ( MSDS ) , or < br > equivalent . Any means of written communication shall be in an easily understood language < br > and be readily available to exposed workers and first-aid personnel < br > Training workers in the use of the available information ( such as MSDSs ) , safe work < br > practices , and appropriate use of PPE | | | | | * * Mitiga * * < br > ● < br > ● < br > ● < br > ● | * * tion Measures for Fire and Explosion Hazards * * < br > Storing flammables away from ignition sources and oxidizing materials . < br > Providing bonding and grounding of , and between , containers and additional mechanical < br > floor level ventilation if materials are being , or could be , dispensed in the storage area < br > Where the flammable material is mainly comprised of dust , providing electrical grounding , < br > spark detection , and , if needed , quenching systems < br > Implementing hot work permits procedures | Contractor , < br > Consultant , < br > MOH | During < br > construction | 10 , 000 | | ● < br > ● <", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 657, "text": "International Chemical Safety Cards", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 669, "end": 697, "text": "Materials Safety Data Sheets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * Aguiar , Mark and Manuel Amador ( 2014 ) . Sovereign Debt . In : Gopinath , Gita , Elhanan Helpman , and Kenneth Rogoff ( ed . ) _Handbook of International Economics_ , Vol . 4 , Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp . 647-687 . - Aguiar , Mark , Manuel Amador , Hugo Hopenhayn and Iván Werning ( 2019 ) . Take the Short Route : Equilibrium Default and Debt Maturity . _Econometrica_ , 87 ( 2 ) , 423-462 . - Aguiar , Mark and Gita Gopinath ( 2006 ) . Defaultable Debt , Interest Rates and the Current Account . _Journal of International Economics_ , 69 ( 1 ) , 64-83 . Aguiar , Mark , Satyajit Chatterjee , Harold Cole , and Zachary Stangebye ( 2016 ) . Quantitative Models of Sovereign Debt Crises . In : Taylor , John B . and Harald Uhlig ( ed ) _Handbook of Macroeconomics_ , Vol . 2 , Saint Louis : Elsevier , pp . 1697-1755 . Alquist , Ron ( 2010 ) . How important is liquidity risk for sovereign bond risk premia ? Evidence from the London stock exchange . _Journal of International Economics_ , 82 ( 2 ) , 219-229 . Altman , Edward I . ( 2011 ) . Default Recovery Rates and Lgd in Credit Risk Modelling and Practice . In : Lipton , Alexander and Andrew Rennie ( ed ) _The Oxford Handbook of Credit Derivatives_ , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp 39-66 . Amador , Manuel ( 2012 ) . Sovereign Debt and The Tragedy of the Commons . Mimeo . Andritzky Jochen R . and Julian Schumacher ( 2018 ) . Long-Term Returns in Distressed Sovereign Bond Markets : How Did Investors Fare ? Paper presented at the 2018 VfS conference . - Arellano , Cristina ( 2008 ) . Default Risk and Income Fluctuations in Emerging Economies . _American Economic Review_ , 98 ( 3 ) , 690-712 . Asonuma , Tamon and Hyungseok Joo ( 2018 ) . Sovereign Debt Restructurings : Delays in Negotiations with Risk Averse Creditors . Mimeo . Asonuma , Tamon and Christoph Trebesch ( 2016 ) . Sovereign Debt Restructurings : Preemptive or Postdefault . _Journal of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # 2 . 2 . 5 < u > Implementation < / u > The municipalities follow the practice of incorporating the ESMPs in project profiles that are developed for every infrastructure project and attached as annexes to the five year development plans approved by Municipal Councils on a rolling basis . The Municipal Works and Technical Services Departments report that they incorporate the ESMPs in project bidding documents , and they also become the frameworks for monitoring by the MEOs , however this only applies to construction related impacts . One third of the MCs had ESMPs in place and 50 % had included mitigation measure in the bidding documents . Overall , projects met environmental standards in about 40 % of the MCs . Payment of contractors ’ invoices should be contingent on certification by the MEO that the contractor has properly implemented mitigation measures . During the consultation workshop , MEOs stated that in some cases the engineer may issue completion certificates without the environmental compliance certification from the MEO . Only 33 % of USMID municipalities followed this requirement in 2011 , based on the MoLG assessment . It is unclear if the implementation of mitigation measures is rigorously ensured and the MoLG reports evidence of supervision in only 58 % of the MCs . Resource constraints are reported to prevent all but a few projects from receiving any follow-up during construction and there is no evidence of any system in place to ensure follow-up occurs during implementation , unless complaints are received . # # # # 2 . 2 . 6 < u > Supervision and Oversight < / u > Performance is primarily assessed through the Annual Local Government Performance Assessment ( LGPA ) , which includes some indicators for environmental performance : key has been whether EIA ’ s are undertaken , and also whether project screening has been completed . The LGPA falls short of determining whether issues were addressed . NEMA have no involvement in municipal environmental performance beyond the EIA approval process . MoLG states that the LGPA", "spans": [{"start": 1140, "end": 1155, "text": "MoLG assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS , PROTECTION RISKS AND NEEDS OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # Access to documentation 25 % of respondents reported that at least one of their family members had an expired or missing civil status / identity document . The most commonly missing document was a biometric passport ( 21 % ) , followed by a non-biometric passport ( 5 % ) and an internal passport ( 2 % ) . Additionally , 3 % of respondents reported that at least one household member did not possess any documentation . 30 % of those missing a document report that they are unable to obtain a replacement in host countries , with a considerably high percentage in Slovakia ( 80 % ) . This is likely because , until recently , refugees in Slovakia had to travel to Poland to renew / replace their biometric passports . Beginning from 1 February 2023 , however , Ukrainian diplomatic / consular institutions in Slovakia have started issuing biometric passports . documents prior to their displacement from Ukraine . The inability to afford associated fees and long processing times are also commonly reported barriers to replacing missing documents , with the issuance of biometric passports by Ukrainian diplomatic / consular institutions possibly taking up to six months in some cases . The absence of civil status and identity documents greatly restricts the ability of refugees to exercise their rights , such as education , work , social services , and freedom of movement . UNHCR has < u > previously reported < / u > that reliable access to civil documentation is likely to become a pressing concern for many refugees to ensure they continue to access their rights and services . The absence of such documentation can also create obstacles to return and increase the risk of statelessness . The requirement to present supporting documents is a major barrier for refugees to replace missing civil documentation . Some refugees have been asked to return to Ukraine to retrieve necessary documents , which is also supported by protection monitoring data . Of those respondents who temporarily visited Ukraine , 25 % of them returned to obtain documentation . This requirement is especially difficult for", "spans": [{"start": 2008, "end": 2034, "text": "protection monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% . Recent data on concentration indicate that at the oblast level , the average 4-firm concentration ratio is above 95 % . In large part , the existing level of horizontal dominance in Russian manufacturing markets is a legacy of Soviet centralized planning . Horizontal integration is also increasing . But less so through _de novo_ expansion than through mergers and acquisitions . The recently announced mergers among aluminum companies and the earlier proposed mergers of oil companies are cases in point . Horizontal integration is also increasing through the creation of financial industrial groups ( FIGs ) . The WB-RAS survey found that enterprises with higher market shares are more likely to be registered as members of a FIG ; indeed , the average oblast market share of firms associated with a FIG was 53 % , while the average oblast market share for firms not associated with a FIG was 42 % . Surprisingly , empirical investigation of the effects of horizontal dominance on the performance of Russian firms is exceptionally sparse . This is in contrast to the vast literature on this issue for many developed and developing countries , including transition economies . Arguably , this is due to the paucity of comprehensive data on Russian firms in the short period since the onset of reform ; and what data do exist suffer from the fact that Russian financial accouniting practices diverge from International Accounting Standards . Rectifying this data vacuum and carrying out systematic empirical analysis of such data should be seen as a major challenge to the Russian authorities if policy-making in this area is to be strengthened . In one of the few empirical studies that have been undertaken , support can be found for the notion that , as in other countries , in Russia , the greater the level of market concentration the higher are industry profits . < sup > 7 < / sup > The same study found that capital intensity is negatively related to profitability . Data from the WB-RAS survey indicate that firms with lower capital productivity are more likely to be registered as \" dominant \" ( generally defined as having market shares above 35 % - - see below ) by the Ministry of Anti-Monopoly Policy and Support", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 32, "text": "Recent data on concentration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 621, "end": 634, "text": "WB-RAS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Notes de fin * * i Mali : Note de protection ( octobre - décembre 2024 ) - Mali | ReliefWeb ii Mali : Rapport annuel sur les contraintes d ' accès au Mali 2024 - Mali | ReliefWeb iii Note de plaidoyer conjointe sur les inondations de décembre 2024 > iv Données ACLED couvrant la période du 1er octobre 2024 au 31 mars 2025 , avec 1444 morts civiles causées par 758 incidents v Monitoring de protection avec 6 591 violations des droits humains documentées de janvier à mars 2025 > vi Les enfants et le conflit armé au Mali - Rapport du Secrétaire général ( S / 2024 / 883 ) - Mali | ReliefWeb vii La Matrice de Suivi des Déplacements de septembre 2024 , ( Displacement Tracking Matrix – DTM , en anglais ) viii Selon le rapport d ’ OCHA , publier en octobre 2024 > ix Selon le GTA , ces informations sont celles partagées par INSO et couplées à celles de UNDSS , avec les remontées des sous bureaux terrain et sont essentiellement relatives aux humanitaires avec un impact direct sur eux ou sur les populations civiles x Les enfants et le conflit armé au Mali - Rapport du Secrétaire général ( S / 2024 / 883 ) - Mali | ReliefWeb xi Rapport Mondial 2025 : Mali - Human Rights Watch Microsoft Power BI - Monitoring de Protection - UNHCR xiv Mali : Rapport annuel sur les contraintes d ' accès au Mali 2024 - Mali | ReliefWeb xv Site search | OCHA xvi Mali : Perception des contraintes d ’ accès humanitaire dans les régions de Mopti , de Bandiagara , et", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 270, "text": "Données ACLED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 603, "end": 636, "text": "Matrice de Suivi des Déplacements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 659, "end": 687, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "time-bound urban residence status through an Urban Assistance Programme that targets refugees with medical , protection and humanitarian concerns . < sup > 6 < / sup > Hundreds of > 1 UNHCR , “ UNHCR Population Statistics Database ” , available at : < u > http : / / popstats . unhcr . org / en / persons_of_concern , < / u > accessed between February and September 2018 . For further reading see e . g . Hammond , “ History , Overview , Trends and Issues in Major Somali Refugee Displacements in the Near Region ” , New Issues in Refugee Research , UNHCR , 2014 , available at : < u > http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 53301a444 . html , accessed : September 2018 ; Ambroso , “ Pastoral < / u > Society and Transnational Refugees : Population Movements in Somaliland and Eastern Ethiopia : 1988 – 2000 ” , New Issues in Refugee Research , UNHCR , 2002 , available at : < u > http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 4ff3fa8b2 . html , accessed : < / u > September 2018 ; Moret et al . , “ The Path of Somali Refugees into Exile : A Comparative Analysis of Secondary Movements and Policy Responses ” , Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies , 2006 , available at : < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / 50aa0d6f9 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > > 2 UNHCR , ibid . > 3 Ibid . Relates to refugees and persons in refugee-like situations . > 4 See e . g . UNHCR Ethiopia Updates , including Briefing Notes on the Somali Situation , such as the one dated April 2017 ; UNHCR and ARRA , “ Briefing Note : Melkadida , 30 September 2017 ( draft ) ” , on file with author . 5", "spans": [{"start": 194, "end": 230, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank and * * OECD * * for most developing countries starting in * * 1970 , * * which report debt at face value ( after adjusting for debt forgiveness and reduction as well as changes in exchange rates ) . In addition , we have also the international investment positions ( IPs ) of the IMF ' s Balance of Payments , which cover the majority of industrial countries over a varying number of years since the 1980s as well as a handful of developing economies . The valuation methods underlying the BoP ' s IIPs vary across countries , as well as over time for a given country ? In view of these facts , we take as primary data sources the IMFs * * IFS * * and BoP and the World Bank ' s Global Development Finance , complemented in a few cases * * by * * country-specific documents , typically from the respective central banks , plus the data on international investment positions constructed * * by * * Rider ( 1994 ) primarily for industrial countries . From these sources , we construct our foreign asset and liability stocks as follows ( see Kraay _et . al . _ * * 1999 * * for more details ) . For reserves of all countries , as well as developing-country debt liabilities , we simply take the values reported * * by * * the IMF and the World Bank , respectively . For all other assets and liabilities , we construct stock series from the flows reported * * by * * theBoP , using the earliest available stock ( if one exists ) to tie down the level of the series . o From these initial values , stock series are obtained using the recursive formula : # _S ( t ) _ * * _ = _ * * _S ( t_ * * _Q-_ 1Xl - * * * * _b ) + _ * * _F ( t ) _ * * _-_ * * _Q ( t_ * * 1 ) * * where * * S * * denotes the dollar value of the stock at the end of the period , F is the net flow during the period", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 879, "text": "data on international investment positions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from factory to ship reduces relative exports of time sensitive goods by 6 percent . The _ — _ coefficient estimate on distance is not significant indicating that domestic restrictions are a bigger constraint to trade in time-sensitive agricultural goods than distance . Poor trade facilitation affects the composition of trade , preventing countries from exporting time-sensitive goods . Time-sensitive goods also tend to have higher value , implying that some of the effect of time delays on _aggregate_ exports results from countries with poor trade facilitation concentrating on low-value time-insensitive goods . Taken together , our results suggest that time delays depress exports , at least part of which is due to compositional effects . # * * VI . Conclusions * * We use a new World Bank dataset on the time it takes to move containerized products from the factory gate to the ship in 126 countries . A difference gravity equation is first estimated , by regressing relative exports of similar countries — by location , endowment , and facing the same trade barriers abroad — on relative time delays , remoteness and other standard variables . Our estimates imply that on average each additional day that a product is delayed prior to being shipped reduces trade by at least 1 percent . We find a larger effect on time-sensitive agricultural goods : a day ’ s delay reduces a country ’ s relative exports of such products by 6 percent on average . The size of the effect suggests that a one-day reduction in delays before a cargo sails to its export destination is equivalent to reducing the distance to trading partners by about 70 km . This may explain why Mauritius has enjoyed success as an exporter . At 16 days to process cargo , the efficiency of its trade infrastructure is identical to that of the United Kingdom and better than France ’ s . 21", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 805, "text": "World Bank dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the overall Uganda Roads and Bridges project | UNRA | 15-Dec - < br > 2023 | Contract signature | 30-May-2024 | | Consultancy Services for Road Safety Sensitization and < br > awareness Campaigns on Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road | UNRA | 15-Dec - < br > 2023 | Contract signature | 30-May-2024 | | Consultancy services for review and strengthening of < br > Environmental , Social , Health and Safety Management < br > Systems and its piloting including annual system audits . | UNRA | 15-Dec - < br > 2023 | Contract signature | 30-Apr-2024 | | Consultancy services for study of mobility patterns and barriers < br > for women in refuge hosting districts and the design of potential < br > pilots for refugees to benefit from road upgrading . | UNRA | 15-Jan - < br > 2024 | WB to issue comments | 30-Jun-2024 | | Consultancy Services for the completion of the development < br > and the operationalization of a Road < br > Accident Database Management System ( RCDS ) . | UNRA | 15-Jan - < br > 2024 | EoI stage completed | 30-July-2024 | | < br > ToRs and conclude procurement for the Consultancy Services < br > for strengthening skills in handling climate change and natural < br > disasters risks in refugee hosting areas , to improve contingency | UNRA | 15-Mar - < br > 2024 | Evaluation of EoI | 30-Mar-2024 < br > and 30-Aug < br > 2024 | * * _ ~ ~ P a g e 3 ~ ~ _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10221 # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes the risks to child development and school readiness among children under age 6 in Pakistan . Drawing on a nationally representative telephone survey conducted between December 2021 and February 2022 , it presents the first nationally representative estimates of child development for children under 3 years of age and school readiness for children 3 to 6 years of age , using internationally validated instruments . The paper examines how risk factors such as parental distress , lack of psychosocial stimulation , food insecurity , low maternal education , no enrollment in early childhood education , and living in a rural area are associated with children ’ s outcomes . The data indicate that more than half ( 57 percent ) of parents with children under age 3 were distressed and that 61 percent of households reported cutting down on the size of or skipping meals since the start of the pandemic . The data reveal that over half of parents fail to engage in adequate psychosocial stimulation with their child and enrollment in early childhood education is very low ( 39 percent ) . The paper finds that child development outcomes decline rapidly as the number of risks increase . Specifically , for children under 3 years , lack of psychosocial stimulation at home and higher levels of parental distress were most significantly associated with lower child development levels . For a child aged 3 to 6 years , early childhood education enrollment and the amount of psychosocial stimulation the child receives at home had the strongest association with school readiness scores . This paper is a product of the Education Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at ahasan1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 223, "text": "nationally representative telephone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 , 199 , 896 * * < br > * * ' * * | | h | * * 77 * * < br > - 2 | | NetBookValue * * 30 . 06 . 2015 * * | 9 , 466 , 254 | | L | | During the period , the work in progress relates to the development of Sage Evolution software , which commenced in 2014 / 2015 and was commissioned in * * 2015 / 2016 * * at a total cost of * * Sh . 9 , 867 , 983 . * * Work in progress amounting to Kshs . 29 , 382 , 342 which was included in the financial statements during 2013 / 2014 was removed from the asset register after it was ascertained that no benefit was expected from the software system . This relates to the cost of development of an ERP system which the supplier failed to implement as per the contract terms . The Bureau has sued the supplier for the amount already paid amounting to Kshs . 23 , 793 , 873 . 60 . Also the supplier has sued for the outstanding balance 49", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 504, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- MEMD-7437-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of a Double cabin | IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 40 , 000 . 00 | 51 , 874 . 23 < br > Signed | 2016-12-30 | 2017-01-04 | 2017-02-15 < br > 2017 - | 07-14 < br > 2017-03-17 < br > 201 | 7-07-14 < br > 2017-04-21 < br > 2017 | - 08-01 < br > 2017-10-18 | | UG-REA-14924-GO-RFQ / < br > Supply of Inspector ' s < br > Measurement Equipment | IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 10 , 765 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | | 2017-08-07 | | | 2017-10-18 | 2019-01-16 | | UG-MEMD-15330-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 50 Tablets for th < br > ERT III Baseline Survey | e < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br", "spans": [{"start": 1014, "end": 1037, "text": "ERT III Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 , 003 | 2 , 840 | 320 . 3 | | Largest MPF | 224 , 161 | 681 , 231 | 57 , 267 . 8 | | Average MPF | 48 , 997 | 133 , 456 | 11 , 851 . 4 | | Market Total | 881 , 944 | 2 , 402 , 210 | 213 , 324 . 9 | | Share of Largest Six MPFs | 83 % | 87 % | 83 % | | Herfindahl Index | 1 , 491 | 1 , 638 | 1 , 510 | Source : HFSA raw data . 11 . The co-existence of large and small institutions is to a large extent due to the diversified nature MPF sponsors . Table 4 shows how the ten MPFs sponsored by financial institutions tend to be much larger . Average assets , contributions and members in this first group are much higher than for the other two groups . < sup > 4 < / sup > The five MPFs sponsored by large employers have between 8 , 000 and 20 , 000 members , mostly employees of the sponsoring company or the group of companies in the sector ( i . e . , the electricity sector ) . The three MPFs in the third group have on average 60 , 000 members , although there is a large difference between the smallest and the largest MPF in this group . 12 . The MPFs in the first group account for 87 percent of the market , however measured , reflecting the profit oriented nature of the sponsor and the more aggressive marketing tactics . The MPFs sponsored by employers or considered to be independent represent only around 5 and 8 percent of the market , respectively . These MPFs are open to members who are not employees of the sponsor ( s ) , and most of them would actually welcome an increase in membership as a means to reduce average operating costs . > 4 However , the smallest MPF belongs to this group .", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 324, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ceptions of access to basic services * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Feel access to shelter < br > 47 % < br > is bad or very bad < br > Have bad or very bad < br > 30 % < br > access to healthcare < br > Rate food security < br > 39 % < br > as bad or very bad < br > Rate access to clean drinking < br > 46 % < br > water as good or very good < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Respondents across all three target groups used a range of coping strategies to deal with food shortages , the most prevalent of which ( 33 % ) was to reduce the quantity or quality of food the household consumes . Over 25 % resorted to borrowing food or purchasing it on credit to cover shortfalls , with 7 % resorting to using their children to earn additional money . # # # * * Basic services accessed through cash-based interventions * * Analysis of the data collected from 11 informal settlements in Kabul city clearly demonstrates that donors prioritise food over other essential items . Of the six interventions surveyed in this study , three focused on food assistance and a further two facilitated the purchase of food through the distribution of unconditional cash . Paper vouchers were the most common modality used to deliver food assistance as many organisations feel that they have better control over how beneficiaries are targeted and the quality of materials sourced . Whilst this reflects IDPs need for basic nutrition , the choice of modality biases how beneficiaries are able to spend the assistance they receive . This is because vouchers are intended for specific items that may not always match the requirements of beneficiaries , but cannot be traded for more needed goods or services . 24", "spans": [{"start": 852, "end": 895, "text": "data collected from 11 informal settlements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "supported by five task-forces on surveillance ; public awareness and advocacy ; food hygiene and safety containment ; case management ; and resource mobilization . These task forces constituted the National Project Committee . The National Project Steering Committee ; Nation Task force on Avian and Human undertook coordination and using entry forms obtain data from districts on performance and issues were discussed to address emerging challenges . # * * A . 4 Project Efficiency and Value for Money * * AHIP was a $ 10 million project and underwent both internal and external audits and annually an audit report was sent to the Speaker of Parliament by the Auditor General . The larger part of this investment was spent on construction and related procurement of equipment for the NADDEC laboratory , National Isolation Unit and Human Infections Laboratory at UVRI all in Entebbe . The AHIP is on course in terms of setting up an early warning system for occurrence of epidemic diseases . However , the delay in start of project implementation for nearly two years negatively impacted on achievement of key outputs . 32", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 377, "text": "data from districts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in column 2 but following Conley ( 1999 ) to account for spatial correlation of the error term with a 50-km buffer area . The results are very similar . Given the scope for spatial correlation in internet access , we henceforth adopt Conley ( 1999 ) standard error correction procedures . This association between internet access and jihadist recruitment is robust to including addi - > 6Note that the terrorist acts documented therein were committed between 2004 and 2018 ; the timespan the data cover is thus different from that covered by our data on Daesh recruitment 10", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 571, "text": "data on Daesh recruitment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Sub-Saharan Africa | 5 . 2 | 1 . 0 | 6 . 9 | 1 . 5 | Source : The Doing Business Database * * Table 7 * * * * Outstanding Guarantees as a % of GDP * * | * * Country * * | * * 2007 * * | * * 2008 * * | * * 2009 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Egypt | 0 . 08 % | 0 . 08 % | 0 . 09 % | | Jordan | 0 . 07 % | 0 . 07 % | 0 . 07 % | | Lebanon | 0 . 85 % | 0 . 84 % | 0 . 87 % | | Morocco | 0 . 33 % | 0 . 35 % | 0 . 41 % | | Palestine | 0 . 05 % | 0 . 16 % | 0 . 27 % | | Saudi Arabia | 0 . 01 % | 0 . 01 % | 0 . 02 % | | Tunisia | 0 . 34 % | 0 . 39 % | 0 . 50 % | Source : Saadani , Arvai , and Rocha ( 2010 )", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 91, "text": "The Doing Business Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 benefits provided through preferential utility prices and rates of asset lease , etc . < sup > 6 < / sup > It is estimated from data of the State Tax Service that regional governments provided more than 1 % of GDP in tax exemptions in 1995 , which constitute about 20 % of their funded budget subsidies ( Table 3 ) . In Tatarstan , which is probably an extreme case of regional government intervention , a case study revealed that in 1995 off-budget subsidies , i . e . the most implicit part of the overall subsidy program , exceeded 50 % of those which were reflected in the budget ( Table 4 ) 7 . _Table 4 . Tatarstan : various subsidies in 1995 . _ | | In trln . rbl . | As % of total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Subsidies from the regional | 3 . 65 | 64 . 83 | | budget , o / w : | | | | - consumer < br > - producer | 1 . 95 < br > 1 . 70 | 34 . 64 < br > 30 . 20 | | Subsidies to enterprises from regional < br > extrabudgetary funds | 1 . 65 | 29 . 31 | | Tax benefits granted to local enterprises | 0 . 33 | 5 . 86 | | TOTAL | 5 . 63 | 100 . 00 | Source : the World Bank In addition , a number of case studies suggest that the regional allocation of transfers to industrial enterprises is biased towards regionally dominating \" crisis \" industries and strong sectoral interest groups . For example , in Kemerovo oblast subsidies for the regional coal company Oblkemerovougol amounted to 6 . 6 % of all expenditures in the 1996 draft oblast budget , and budgeted subsidies per ton of coal produced were higher than the average per ton federal coal subsidies provided by the federal budget ( Bodnar et al . , 1996 ) . Correspondingly , there is evidence that some regions in Central Russia , depending on peculiarities of their industrial structure , provide relatively more in budget support for local textile", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 159, "text": "data of the State Tax Service", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "operating budgets of BPO-ITO companies . Getting that subsidized will enable the companies to bid for new contracts more aggressively as it relates to pricing . The rationale of making the first payment after 4 months of employment is because Jordanian employees must register at Social Security Corporation by the end of their third employment month . Once registered , the commitment of the employer to retain them in the medium term becomes much higher . This will ensure higher retention rate for new employees supported by the project . The project will ask for the social security records of new employees to process payments . * * Support increasing access to new market opportunities for digital firms ( US $ 4 million ) : 21 . * * The project will support building linkages between Jordanian digital firms and potential buyers and investors in regional / global markets , to provide access to market and investments . * * 22 . Support to digital firms : * * Support the business development efforts of digital firms ( focusing on ITO-BPO businesses ) aimed at securing new contracts from target markets in the GCC countries , Europe , Page 73 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 594, "text": "social security records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Inclusive Growth and Fiscal DPO ( P168204 ) county irrigation development schemes and community-based irrigation water users association ( IRWA ) . County level irrigation development units would support the development of agricultural land under irrigation , consistent with national policies . The governance of small holder irrigation schemes , which were previously established as non-legal entities with weaker governance structures , are now established under the formation of the IRWAs . This would allow for greater accountability and better community level management of water resources . The Act also included guidelines for the involvement of the private sector in the provision of irrigation . - * * PA8 ( ii ) * * sought to improve agricultural productivity by improving access to subsidized fertilizers for small-scale farmers . This PA was grounded in the findings of the Kenya Poverty and Gender Assessment which found that farmers with better access to markets are less poor . This was considered one of the most effective channels for poverty reduction and for enhancing the country ' s food security . Agricultural production constituted the predominant economic activity in Kenya , accounting for 50 percent of the country ' s GDP and 60 percent of the country ' s labor force when including subsistence farming employment . The fertilizer program prior to the implementation of this PA had several failures , which included that it was targeted to medium - to large-scale farmers , that there were significant delays in distribution as the procurement of fertilizers was largely undertaken by the government , and that the program allowed rent-seeking behavior . The new program supported by this PA led to the electronic distribution of vouchers to targeted groups of farmers , primarily those with small-scale operations and women farmers , allowing them to directly purchase fertilizers from the suppliers of their choice . The program was to be accompanied by an electronic database , which could assess eligibility to subsidized fertilizers based on farm size , with eligibility limited to an agricultural land area of up to 4 acres for", "spans": [{"start": 2081, "end": 2100, "text": "electronic database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "= h-s < br > 1 < br > | geRate . < br > 17 < br > | A ' eag < br > nnaGrowthRates < br > 1972 - \" 731973-74 < br > 1974-75 < br > 10 < br > 16 < br > 02 | P-rcetof < br > Total < br > 1972 < br > 1975 < br > 32 < br > 30 | | | Agricuture < br > ledostry and Nlniog < br > | | 602Min < br > ~ ~ ~ ~ < br > < br > | 608 < br > ~ ~ ~ ~ < br > < br > 270 < br > | 68 < br > ~ ~ ~ ~ < br > 284 < br > < br > | < br > 230 < br > 295 < br > | < br > < br > - . < br > 17 . 4 < br > 5 . 2 < br > 3 . 9 < br > < br > < br > | < br > < br > 12 < br > 14 < br > < br > 56 | | | Service . < br > Total | | 1033 < br > < br > 1865 < br > < br > | 091 < br > 1969 < br > | 1148 < br > < br > 2050 < br > < br > | 1152 < br > 2064 | 3 . 6 < br > 5 . 2 < br > 0 . 3 < br > 5 . 6 < br > 4 . 1 < br > 0 . 7 | 56 < br > < br > lOB < br > 100 | | | PUBLICFINANCE | 1nC < br > | urrentPrice < br > | s6andsl < br > | agRte < br > < br > | | | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9824 # The Double Burden of Female Protracted Displacement Survey Evidence on Gendered Livelihoods in El Fasher , Darfur _Wolfgang Stojetz Tilman Brück_ Gender Global Theme October 2021", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > * * work * * * * | | | | | | | | | | | Street | 6 . 7 | 12 . 4 | | | | | | | | | Bar | 40 . 9 | 34 . 7 | | | | N / | A | | | | Brothel | 33 . 1 | 28 . 0 | | | | | | | | | Other | 19 . 3 | 24 . 9 | < 0 . 01 | | | | | | | | * * Mean * * < br > * * price / client * * | 6 . 6 ( 9 . 6 ) | 6 . 2 ( 5 . 5 ) | 0 . 27 | | | | | | | | Missing data : T | otal income ( Wa | ve 1 & 3 bala | nced pan | el , n = 21 , Wave | 1 & 2 balanc | ed panel | , n = 11 ) sex wo | rk income ( W | ave 1 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the maximum amount that the average survey respondent would be willing to pay for the proposed improvement in WSS in the context of the existing institutional regime within which households are free to allocate their financial resources . In the context of the case study presented here , WTP is the amount of monthly income that the average household could give up after obtaining the improved and or new WSS and be just as well off as in the situation without an improvement in water supply . By this token WTP is a measure of the average households ’ economic value and the basis for its preference for the proposed improvements in WSS . Maximum WTP for the average household is related to but not equivalent to the future economic demand or to the monthly bill paid by households to the utility for new or improved WSS services . Although maximum WTP is related to both these concepts because it contains similar behavioral information about household preferences , it is different primarily because it is an _ex ante_ measure of consumer surplus . From the perspective of estimating future demand , it does not tell us what level of the service ( e . g . , how much water ) will be consumed . Instead , as a measure of consumer benefits , maximum WTP measures are best used in Kaldor ‐ Hicks type social cost ‐ benefit analysis – do the benefits of expanding piped water services exceed the costs of the infrastructure and operational investments ? In the remainder of this short paper , we show that in addition to generating a general measure of economic benefits , WTP surveys often produce two important pieces of operational information . First , because we usually implement a WTP study by using a split ‐ sample survey experiment ( different households are asked to consider different charges say for improved water services ) , we can trace out the demand in the service area that maps the relationship between charge and the number of people who will take up the service at that particular charge . Such an estimated relationship can depict the ‘ uptake rate ’ for the service improvements . This interpretation of WTP survey data is common in the health", "spans": [{"start": 1573, "end": 1584, "text": "WTP surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2129, "end": 2144, "text": "WTP survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "STAYING SAFE : INTER-AGENCY INSIGHTS ON PROTECTION AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # * * Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse * * The socio-economic and humanitarian situation in Ukraine and neighboring countries remains complex and volatile , with ongoing displacement and resource strain heightening vulnerabilities among refugees . This underscores the critical need for robust and adaptive responses to address protection gaps , including those related to SEA , as highlighted by the 2024 Socio-Economic Insights Survey ( SEIS ) . The SEIS has provided vital insights into perceptions of aid worker behavior , awareness of reporting mechanisms , and barriers to reporting concerns within the Ukraine refugee response . These findings underscore the importance of strengthening systems to protect refugees from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse while building trust and accountability in humanitarian operations . The survey revealed that * * 72 % * * of households interacted with aid workers ; * * 96 % * * of these expressed satisfaction while 4 * * % * * voiced dissatisfaction . The majority of respondents expressed satisfaction with the behavior of aid workers , reflecting a strong commitment to upholding professional standards . However , those respondents who voiced dissatisfaction , cited reasons such as a lack of empathy , perceived ineffectiveness of feedback mechanisms , and insufficient communication about entitlements . Among households with * * disabilities * * , about * * 86 % * * interacted with aid workers and of those , * * 94 % * * reported being satisfied with the way aid workers behave while * * 6 % * * were not < sup > 5 < / sup > . Despite these positive findings , gaps remain in ensuring that refugees are aware of their rights and the mechanisms available for reporting inappropriate behavior . While * * 57 % * * of respondents indicated that they knew where and how to report concerns , * * 43 % * * were unaware of available reporting mechanisms , with significant disparities across countries . For instance , in Estonia , * * 63 % * * of respondents reported not knowing", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 543, "text": "2024 Socio-Economic Insights Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 559, "end": 563, "text": "SEIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 0 . 04 | 0 . 60 | 1 . 66 | 1 . 06 | | Sri Lanka | 3 . 02 | 1 . 52 | 4 . 74 | - 1 . 72 | 4 . 21 | 4 . 97 | 0 . 75 | | Tajikistan | 3 . 08 | 0 . 41 | 3 . 24 | - 0 . 16 | - 0 . 38 | 2 . 93 | 3 . 31 | | Tanzania | 3 . 68 | 1 . 65 | 5 . 94 | - 2 . 26 | 3 . 04 | 5 . 26 | 2 . 22 | | Togo | 3 . 70 | 1 . 38 | 5 . 39 | - 1 . 69 | - 3 . 21 | 1 . 62 | 4 . 83 | | Uganda | 3 . 26 | 1 . 09 | 5 . 44 | - 2 . 18 | 0 . 72 | 4 . 39 | 3 . 67 | | Ukraine | 3 . 44 | 0 . 19 | 3 . 64 | - 0 . 20 | - 0 . 42 | 3 . 17 | 3 . 59 | | Uzbekistan | 3 . 97 | 0 . 69 | 4 . 68 | - 0 . 71 | - 1 . 71 | 3 . 25 | 4 . 96 | | Vietnam | 1 . 99 | 0 . 82 | 5 . 52 | - 3 . 53 | - 1 . 70 | 1 . 04 | 2 . 74 | | Yemen , Rep . | 3 . 68 | 0 . 49 | 4 . 64 | - 0 . 96 | 0 . 67 | 3 . 84 | 3 . 17 | | Zambia | 6 . 93 | 0 . 46 | 8 . 07 | - 1 . 14 | 0 . 75 | 7 . 35 | 6 . 60 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on HIT data . The table presents the gains associated with the elimination of country ’ s own agricultural import tariffs . 30", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 878, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We collect data on sources of revenue beyond local tax collection as well as federal transfers , the primary source of municipal budgets in Brazil . Revenue collected from non-tax sources and federal transfers could influence local tax collection in different directions . On the one hand , access to revenue and resources beyond the local tax base may limit municipal governments ’ incentives to collect additional revenue from local sources , especially if collecting that revenue comes at a political cost . On the other hand , external resources may promote municipal capacity to enforce tax regulations and facilitate payments . Either way , we include data on these external resources to account for their influence on tax collection . other sources evaluate the extent to which public spending contributes to well-being . Finally , we include an indicator for local GDP per capita to account for local economic activity that we expect to be associated with tax revenue . Including local GDP per capita in models of tax collection also captures economic and resource based unobservables that could influence both the adoption of participatory institutions and tax outcomes . The 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Notably , a clear policy environment and sustained Government support were essential . These basic preconditions were not fulfilled and the Project-s implementation was therefore less successful than anticipated . The most serious shortcoming was the substantial increase in production costs ; this problem resulted initially from a number of factors , including poor management , but the impact of rising costs was not fully appreciated because of poor record-keeping and inadequate analysis of operational experience . The lack of sustained Government support further contributed to the problems of management . Costs were increased directly by increases in wages and manpower size , and indirectly by the change in status of the labor from casual to permanent . The actual labor use ( 48 , 253 man years ) to establish 30 , 568 ha during Phase II corresponds to the very high figure of 474 man days per ha . At the September 1980 daily wage rate of K Sh 26 , the actual plantation cost per ha equals K Sh 12 , 324 ( US $ 1 , 232 ) as against K Sh 4 , 836 ( US $ 484 ) estimated at appraisal . The irony was that the plantation activities contributed to an increasingly costly operation , which weighs heavily on the Government budget at a time of financial strain , yet deficiencies in management themselves obscured the picture and delayed a realization of what was occurring . As a result , prompt and effective corrective action was not taken , and the problems became , by end of the Project period , very complex and difficult to resolve . In retrospect , it is most regrettable that the forest economist , whose task was to aid in assessing costs and the productivity of operations , could not be retained , and that the planned comprehensive land use survey was never carried out .", "spans": [{"start": 1730, "end": 1767, "text": "planned comprehensive land use survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Limit the speed of the truck to 10 km / hr at the project site , - Initiation of a safety program and measures by creating awareness and educational campaigns for drivers , workers , including monitoring of speed limits , - Installation of appropriate road signage , speed signs , and other warning signs at the site and access roads , - Assuring driver ’ s licenses originality and regular construction site trucks technical performance , - The contractor ’ s vehicles and equipment must be in proper working condition ( roadworthy vehicles ) and have registration plates and numbering , - The contractor ensures proper driving discipline by its employees , and sanctions those in breach , - Use only permitted gates and access road which is allowed for construction machineries and trucks . # # * * Gender-Based Violence * * As the project is located within KIP under operation in Addis Ababa , the workers will have no contact with the community . Hence , the GBV risk will be low . # # * * Mitigation Measures for Gender-Based Violence * * - The contractor should provide orientation to its staff to respect the culture of the local people and to limit their relationship with the local people , - Contractor and implementing agency to prepare and implement a GBV Prevention and Response Action Plan to include at a minimum , in conformance with local laws and customs , equal opportunity for employment , - All workers and nearby companies and stakeholders will be educated on preventing and responding to sexual harassment and GBV ahead of any project-related works , - Construction areas shall be separated by a fence and a separate access gate is used for construction workers , - Ensure that women are given a mentorship orientation before starting their work , - Provision of gender-disaggregated data , separate bathing , changing , and sanitation facilities for men and women shall be made ready by the contractor , - Impose zero tolerance on sexual harassment , all forms of gender-based violence and discrimination at all phases of the project , 111", "spans": [{"start": 1788, "end": 1813, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) Currently , the civil status information is scattered ; it should be grouped under a unique authority ( that is , the DGPF ) . Biometric procedures should be expressly reflected in the texts . Laws and decrees should also be enacted for data privacy and electronic transactions . 13 . * * Technical assessments of the existing main ID systems ( civil registry , social security , and safety net ) have revealed some good achievements in terms of enrollment , technical , and procedural capabilities that this new ID project should reuse and capitalize on . * * - The DGPF , which is in charge of the civil registry , issues national ID cards with biographic and scanned biometric information . The national ID card includes a picture and scanned pictures of 10 fingerprints of the beneficiary . The digitization process started in 2007 , and in 2014 important upgrades took place that allowed administrative processes to be treated online . The population registry has more than 300 , 000 individuals in its database . The DGPF has also scanned all identity cases and related identity documents to issue an identity card from 1954 to 2011 . The processes for data entry , data verification , ID printing , and quality assurance after printing are in place . - The national social security fund ( _Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale , _ CNSS ) issues biometric IDs to all of its beneficiaries in the form of a smartcard , which has a unique identifier . The biometric information includes a photo and four fingerprints of the main beneficiary and pictures of the children . The CNSS has a thorough process for issuing such IDs . It includes biographic information , a copy of the national ID , and so forth . A bureau with five full-time employees has been tasked with gathering this information and verifying it . This unit also has a mobile capability to facilitate registering beneficiaries . Another five-person office is responsible for registering the biometric data and printing the social security cards .", "spans": [{"start": 1024, "end": 1043, "text": "population registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from administrative centers , markets , and population centers . < sup > 31 < / sup > # * * 3 . 3 Estimation Strategy * * As noted above , our data comes from four separate GHS rounds , run approximately every two years , with an observation for both the post-planting and post-harvest periods ( Figure 2 ) . While these data allow us to observe many of the same individuals at different time periods , the irregularity of the timing of the GHS rounds presents a few challenges for analysis . First , we expect individual and household labor decisions to be different in post-planting and post-harvest seasons ( the patterns in Table 1 suggest this expectation has merit ) . Secondly , since exposure to violent events ( as measured by the ACLED data ) can happen at any time relative to GHS data collection , we must decide on a reasonable time window for that exposure . However , any choice of a time window for such exposure will require an assumption about the expected duration and form of any effect on labor-related outcomes . To clarify this point : if the effects of violence exposure are relatively long-lasting — that is , if exposure to violence has effects on individual work several months afterward — then a time window that is too short will be contaminated by prior exposure . For instance , if we were to choose a time window for exposure equal to one month , when the true effect of exposure to violence had effects that lasted over six months , then an individual coded as _not_ being exposed within the last month ( but who _was_ exposed in the last six months ) would be coded as not treated , even though such an individual would be experiencing the effects of prior violence exposure . Just the same , if we were to choose a time window that was too long ( e . g . , a time window of six months when the true effect lasted one month ) , any employment effects would be attenuated . To more formally discuss our approach , we first use the baseline specification given by : Where _yiet_ is one of the seven labor-related", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 750, "text": "ACLED data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "North Africa ( MENA ) region * * . Lebanon is in the midst of three mega-crises : the economic crisis ; the COVID-19 pandemic ; and the aftermath of the Port of Beirut explosion . The crippling economic crisis starting in October 2019 has greatly constrained the health system ' s ability to provide accessible and affordable health services . As of May 4 , 2022 , Lebanon has recorded a total of 1 , 097 , 204 confirmed cases and 10 , 393 deaths since the start of the pandemic . < sup > 1 < / sup > A total of 5 , 602 , 398 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered . < sup > 2 < / sup > Of the total number of vaccinated people , 2 , 677 , 312 received at least one dose ( approximately 49 percent of the eligible population of ages 12 and older ) , and 2 , 351 , 269 have been fully immunized with two doses ( approximately 43 percent of the eligible population of ages 12 and older ) . Among those who received two doses , approximately 24 percent received a third dose . < sup > 2 < / sup > 4 . * * The World Bank has been supporting Lebanon in strengthening its response to COVID-19 through its existing * * > 1 MoPH COVID-19 Surveillance in Lebanon Daily Report – May 4 , 2022 > 2 MoPH COVID-19 Surveillance in Lebanon Daily Report – April 25 , 2022 Page 7 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1173, "text": "MoPH COVID-19 Surveillance in Lebanon Daily Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 67 . 04 | ( 16 . 09 , 17 . 44 ) | 0 . 51 | 0 . 252 | | A great extent | 259 | 16 . 90 | 67 . 60 | ( 15 . 90 , 17 . 90 ) | 0 . 45 | 0 . 536 | | * * School Enrollment ( 36-72 mont * * | * * hs ) ( REF = O * * | * * ut of school ) * * | | | | | | Out of School | 621 | 12 . 58 | 50 . 32 | ( 11 . 99 , 13 . 16 ) | 0 . 30 | | | Enrolled in ECE | 508 | 19 . 79 | 79 . 16 | ( 19 . 25 , 20 . 33 ) | 0 . 27 | < 0 . 001 | | Enrolled in Primary | 193 | 21 . 85 | 87 . 40 | ( 21 . 21 , 22 . 50 ) | 0 . 33 | < 0 . 001 | _Note : All estimates weighted . Psychosocial stimulation ranges from 0 to 14 . Parental distress sum score ranges from 0 to 5 . The age parents believe children should begin school is open ended and represents child year of age . Linearized standard error is based on the weighted sum score variation . _ # Risk Factor Prevalence Risk factor prevalence is similar in households with children 0-35 months and those with children 36-72 months . The three most prevalent risk factors in all households were : experiencing some level of food insecurity , living in a rural area , and parental distress ( Figures 2 & 3 ) . Households with children aged 0-35 months , compared to 36-72 months , experienced much higher levels of parental distress ( 57 percent to 53 percent , respectively ) and less psychosocial stimulation ( 12 percent compared to 3 percent experience no psychosocial stimulation , respectively ) . Households with children 36-72 months experienced slightly higher levels of food insecurity ( 61 percent to 60 percent , respectively ) , lived in rural areas at higher rates ( 66 percent to 61 percent , respectively", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Sanitation and < br > Hygiene ( WASH ) < br > constructedin < br > existingJSas per the < br > needs-based School | * * DLR # 6 . 2 : * * Numberofnew classrooms / integrated < br > learning resource centers / labs / WASH facilities < br > constructed as per the established standardsinthe need - < br > based SIIP . | $ 6 , 125for each Classroom constructedinexisting schools per the < br > established standardsinthe need-based SIIP | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Infrastructure < br > Investment Plan < br > ( SIIP ) | * * DLR # 6 . 3 : * * A costed and prioritized SIIP developed for < br > primary and junior schools based on a comprehensive < br > school infrastructure needs assessment , including for < br > SNE . | US $ 20 million for comprehensive school infrastructure needs < br > assessment conducted , and developmentofan associated costed and < br > prioritized primary and Junior School infrastructure investment plan < br > including for SNE . | | | | * * DLR # 6 . 4 : * * PercentageofPrimary / Junior Schools that < br > have achieved minimum essential standards for < br > classrooms / integrated learning resource < br > centres / labs / WASH facilities . | Percentageofovercrowded classrooms / integrated learning resource < br > centers / labs / Water , Sanitation and Hygiene ( WASH ) inprimary / Junior < br > schools meeting essential minimum standards for classrooms , integrated < br > resource centers and sanitation facilities . US $ I 7 millionfor every 30 % < br > ofprimary / Junior Schools , categorized as overcrowded and prioritized < br > inthe plan , achieving minimum essential standards for target facilities . | | | ( 7 ) DLI #", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | 2 . 1 | Consultancy services , trainings , and workshops < br > including for the target refugee schools ( national < br > survey on child development and pre-primary < br > school quality assurance standards and tools , < br > including tools for appraisal for teachers in pre - < br > school < sup > 41 < / sup > ; two TAs for CBC and CBA ; strengthening < br > supply chain system for sanitary towels ; develop < br > implementation guidelines for the school meals < br > and nutrition policy ; utilization of the online based < br > assessment item portal by teachers ; support for < br > the SBTS initiative ; and activities for OOSC ’ in the < br > 15 Counties ) . | RA 3 < br > and < br > PAP | US $ 7 < br > million < sup > 42 < / sup > | Procurement : < br > International partner < br > institutions ; < br > consultants / firms ; < br > trainings and < br > workshops . | > 39 A detailed Annual Workplan and Budget for the IPF component is part of the POM , which is prepared before Program effectiveness . 40 The SIPs will include aspects of tree planting , rainwater harvesting and disaster mitigation actions . MoE will develop an overall disaster management plan for schools in the regions affected by drought and floods . > 41 TSC will develop a custom appraisal tool for nontrained teachers teaching at the camp-based refugee schools . > 42 Ibid Page 27 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 170, "text": "survey on child development and pre-primary", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ministry of Water and Energy_ _Page 3-20_ 3 . Enhance the operation and maintenance capacity of women through technical and systems management training services . Improve the enabling environment for women to play influential roles in water sector management . 4 . Develop mechanisms to deal with situations those hinder women from playing important roles in management of water sector development systems . _Source : 2001 Ethiopian Water Sector Strategy , _ Guidelines on gender specific to MoWE include : - MoWR . 2001 . Gender Mainstreaming Guidelines and Checklists for the Water Sector . - MoWR . 2005 . Gender Mainstreaming Field Manual for Water Supply and Sanitation Projects , 2005 . The administrative machinery includes a Women ' s Affairs Office ( WAO ) in the Office of Prime Minister , with Women ' s Affairs Departments in each line ministry , Bureaus in the regions , and Offices at woreda level . In ANRS the responsible office is the Bureau of Women , Children and youth Affairs ( BoWCYA ) . To maximise their effectiveness , these offices work closely with civil society organisations ( NGOs ) . However , the recent ( 2009 ) Proclamation for the Registration and Regulation of Charities and Societies restricts promoting equality , including gender equality , to NGOs classified as Ethiopian , i . e . those which obtain no more than 10 % of their funds from external sources . This has had a major impact on organisations using advocacy to promote the development of civil society including women ' s rights in Ethiopia . # # # # # # * * 3 . 3 . 13 Health * * As stated in the RIDP FS , Ethiopia in general , and ANRS in particular , has a low level of health , even in comparison with other Sub-Saharan countries . This is largely related to low levels of income and widespread poverty , low levels of education , nutritional deficiencies , poor environmental conditions , and inadequate access to health services . The government has therefore assigned a very high priority to significantly improving health care", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : COVID-19 Education Response Project ( P174206 ) | | handwashing station . | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 . 2 % of grant-supported schools < br > reopened | Number of public primary < br > and secondary schools < br > which are open and < br > functioning and have been < br > so for at least one month / < br > total number of grant - < br > supported schools * 100 , < br > disaggregated by level of < br > education taught and region < br > ( Cumulative ) | Every six < br > months | MoE | MoE will collect data < br > from REBs | MoE | | | Number of teachers trained < br > by the project to provide | | | | | | 2 . 3 Number of teachers trained by the < br > project to provide accelerated programs < br > to mitigate loss of learning during school | accelerated programs to < br > mitigate loss of learning < br > during school closure , | Every six < br > months | MoE | MoE will collect data < br > from REBs | MoE | | closure | disaggregated by gender , < br > level of education taught , < br > and region ( Cumulative ) | | | | | | | Number of students < br > enrolled at grant-supported < br > schools whose learning was < br > assessed to evaluate loss of | | | | | | 2 . 4 % of children at grant-supported < br > schools whose learning was assessed to < br > evaluate loss of learning during school < br > closure | learning during school < br > closure / total number of < br > students enrolled at grant - < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Iair view of the state of Project ' s transactions * * during * * the < sup > financialyear / periodended < / sup > < sup > * * June30 , * * < / sup > 2022 , and of the . ' roject ' s financial position as at that date . < sup > ThePrincipalSecretaryfor theMinistry < / sup > of Health and the Project Manager for * * Kenya * * < sup > * * COVID-19 * * EmergencyResponse Projectfibrther < / sup > confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained < sup > fortheProject , whichhavebeen < / sup > relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial < sup > statementsaswell astheadequacyof the < / sup > systems of internal financial control . _The Principal Secrelary_ for the Ministry of Health and the < sup > Project Managerfor < / sup > < sup > * * KenyaCOVID-19 * * < / sup > Emergency Response Project confirm that the < sup > Projecthascompliedfullywithapplicable < / sup > Government Regulations and the terms of external financing < sup > covenants . The Projectfundsreceived < / sup > during the financial year / period under audit were used for the < sup > eligiblepurposes for whichthey were < / sup > intended and were properly accounted for . * * xx * *", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 451, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "productive . This section demonstrates how TFP at the firm level is related to GDP per capita at the country level , and compares the level of TFP in Serbian firms with the levels in comparator countries . These comparisons use the large PICS-BEEPS dataset of about 27 , 000 firms from 50 countries . < sup > 3 < / sup > TFP is a multi-factor productivity measure that represents the efficiency of the firm in transforming factor inputs into outputs . A firm that has a high level of TFP is one that can produce a high level of output for given quantities of capital and labor . TFP can be affected by wide range of factors : technology , managerial quality and incentives , corporate governance , government policies , and , of course , various dimensions of the investment climate . TFP is usually analyzed in a production function or growth 4", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 256, "text": "PICS-BEEPS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - 0 . 09 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Openness | 3 . 11 | 3 . 11 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 75 | 2126 | | Emotional Stability | 2 . 88 | 2 . 87 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 72 | 2126 | | Agreeableness | 2 . 94 | 3 . 06 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Big fve index ( mean of z-scores ) | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 01 | 2126 | | Grit | 2 . 72 | 2 . 68 | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 07 | 2126 | | Decision making | 3 . 26 | 3 . 13 | - 0 . 13 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Hostile Bias | 3 . 05 | 2 . 91 | - 0 . 14 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Other Non-Cognitive Index ( Grit , Decision , Hostile ) | 0 . 12 | - 0 . 21 | - 0 . 34 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Non-Cognitive index ( Big Five + Others ) | 0 . 02 | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 07 | 0 . 13 | 2126 | | _Panel C : Public Sector Motivation_ | | | | | | | Attraction to Policy Making | 3 . 51 | 3 . 51 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 83 | 2126 | | Commitment to Public Interest | 4 . 08 | 4 . 07 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 55 | 2126 | | Social Justice | 4 . 09 | 4 . 08 | - 0 . 00 | 0 . 80 | 2126 | | Civic Duty | 4 . 05 | 4 . 10 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Compassion | 3 . 75 | 3 . 67 | - 0 . 07 | 0 . 00 | 2126 | | Self-Sacrifce | 4 . 05 | 4 . 14 | 0 . 08 | 0 . 00", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ministries and LGs in development planning and service delivery . 3 . * * Support to strengthen the capacity of LG in the past few years led to some improvements in local governance . * * The Ministry of Interior has developed training curricula for municipalities in the past few years . T he rate of the municipalities that fulfilled the obligation to vote and approve the initial budget before December 31 increased from 54 percent to 90 percent 2015 and 2018 . Most of the LGs ( 67 percent ) declared holding citizen consultations . Between 2015 and 2018 , the availability of mayors improved significantly , going from the 85-94 percent range to 93-100 percent . < sup > 56 < / sup > 4 . * * However , LG ’ s HR capacity is a key challenge * * . LGs ’ staff capacity is limited , as they tend to not attract and retain cadres with adequate capacity . None of the regions can demonstrate two employees per 1 , 000 inhabitants and 49 municipalities out of 218 report have no permanent employees . LGs do not have personnel management strategies and skills are seldom aligned to needs . Most municipalities ( 72 percent ) do not hold the four reunions required by law . Capacity in FM improved over the past few years but there is room for improvement , as 34 percent of municipalities do not keep a registry of expenses and payments . Many municipalities do not know how to establish an administrative account and all its > 55 In the _Discours de Politique Générale du Gouvernement_ ( September 2019 ) , the Government declared that “ in the field of decentralization , the Government will strengthen State presence over the national territory by reactivating the options chosen for deconcentration through a better reorganization of external services of the Central State Administration to adapt to the constraints arising from the new policy of local development ( regions and municipalities ) ; ( … ) the decentralization mechanism will be complemented by the establishment of the necessary framework for the mobilization of local human resources ,", "spans": [{"start": 1302, "end": 1335, "text": "registry of expenses and payments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Low - and middle-income countries spend an average of 1 . 5 % of GDP on social assistance [ World Bank , 2022 ] . These public programmes aim to protect the poor and vulnerable from shocks , help them cope with crises , support investment in human capital and enjoy a decent standard of living throughout the lifecycle [ ILO , 2021 ] . Policymakers design a social protection programme with a specific target population in mind . A crucial aspect of policy implementation , commonly referred to as the targeting problem , is how to identify households or individuals who are members of the target population and therefore eligible for the programme . Due to limited fiscal resources , social assistance tends to be limited to the most economically disadvantaged segment of society . Consequently , socio-economic criteria are a prevalent eligibility category [ Grosh et al . , 2022 ] , whether applied in isolation – such as in a food subsidy programme for the poor – or in combination with another eligibility category , such as conditional cash transfer programmes that support poor families with school-age children . In settings where nearly all households ’ income is reported to the tax authority , means testing via income tax records can determine socio-economic eligibility . However , countries ’ average informal employment share is above 50 % in Asia Pacific , South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa , while the poverty rate of the informally employed is around six times higher than that of those in formal employment [ Ohnsorge and Yu , 2021 ] . This paper is concerned with such settings , where means testing is unviable due to a lack of tax records among poorer households . There , proxy means testing ( PMT ) has become a widespread targeting approach since its description by Grosh and Baker [ 1995 ] . PMT is a statistical approach that relies on two large-scale surveys . The first , conducted at regular intervals in most countries , is a socio-economic population sample survey that serves as training data for the PMT predictive model . The second is a targeting survey that collects current data to determine household eligibility . Due to the large population", "spans": [{"start": 1248, "end": 1266, "text": "income tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1982, "end": 2021, "text": "socio-economic population sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2098, "end": 2114, "text": "targeting survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * WFP FOOD VOUCHER VALUES - USD * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > $ 35 Voucher value < br > decrease < br > since 2014 : < br > Turkey 22 % < br > $ 30 Jordan 36 % < br > Lebanon 37 % < br > Iraq 39 % < br > Egypt 43 % < br > $ 25 < br > Turkey 1 < br > Jordan 3 < br > $ 20 < br > Iraq 2 Lebanon < br > Egypt < br > $ 15 2014 2015 Planned May-15 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 1 Voucher value in Turkey was reduced to USD17 for only one month - January 2015 . 2 Voucher reduction started in February in Iraq . 3 The Voucher value in Jordan does not include refugee camps which is USD28 . 2 as planned . inability to provide assistance in nine camps due to funding shortfalls . Should funding not be forthcoming , further reductions or cancellations of food assistance programmes are inevitable . In Lebanon in July , during the Holy month of Ramadan , over 750 , 000 Syrian refugees and Palestine refugees from Syria ( PRS ) will receive only 50 per cent of the full voucher value needed to ensure sufficient daily nutrition . Similarly in Egypt , some 80 , 000 Syrian and PRS will have their support reduced to only 50 per cent of the planned value . The provision of regular food assistance to some 1 . 8 million people is in jeopardy due to underfunding , and partners may be forced to focus solely on safety-net cases such as households with children under five , pregnant and lactating women , the disabled and the elderly . Significant impacts of the reductions in assistance have already been witnessed over the past months by an increased reliance on negative coping strategies and a worsening food security status of refugee families . In Jordan , preliminary analysis of the CFSME indicates that the proportion of Syrian refugee households considered food insecure", "spans": [{"start": 1716, "end": 1721, "text": "CFSME", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recogn | otection < br > ition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Pr < br > T | ocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Positi < br > Recog - < br > nized | ve < br > Other < br > ( hum . ) < br > | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w . < br > closed <", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Practically all low-income residents in the targeted settlements can be classified as poor . The high rate of economic poverty is accompanied by extremely low living conditions and other forms of non-economic poverty . The housing units are mostly illegal , of sub-standard quality , and crowded . Rents , however , are high . Unit owners are mostly absentee landlords who would seem to be operating a highly profitable business in providing shelter to the poor . Low income dwellers have poor access to gainful employment . About 49 % of adult low income dwellers have regular or casual jobs and 19 % work in a household micro-enterprise , but at least 26 % are unemployed . 49 % of the women report that they are unemployed . At the household level , microenterprises are helping diversify the income portfolio and appear to be assisting in the struggle against poverty . About 30 % of households report that they “ operate an enterprise ” and , encouragingly , ownership of an enterprise is negatively correlated with poverty . # # # # * * Willingness to pay for water connection and sewerage connection * * According to the WaSSIP Socio-economic Report the majority of residents had considered changing their sanitation options to one that provided higher hygiene and lower maintenance costs . The willingness to pay for improved services , preferred methods of payments and the amount they are willing to pay are as follows : | Settlement | Proportion Willing to < br > pay for improved | Preferred m < br > payment ( % | ethod of < br > ) | Amount < br > ( Ksh ) | willing to pay | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | services ( % ) | Monthly | Per use | Monthly | Per use | | Kayole Soweto | 92 | 96 | 4 | 300 | 2 | | Kahawa Soweto | 96 | 95 | 5 | 100 | 5", "spans": [{"start": 1128, "end": 1156, "text": "WaSSIP Socio-economic Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 9 % | 0 . 6 % | 1 . 5 % | | South ( Top 20 ) | South ( Top 20 ) | 1 . 0 % | 1 . 2 % | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 5 % | 0 . 2 % | 0 . 5 % | Note : This table shows the year-end value of international investment positions scaled by world gross domestic product ( GDP ) for alternative groupings of countries . Bilateral data are aggregated for all countries within a source region to all countries within a destination region . For each investment type and year , world GDP includes the GDP of destination countries for which we have data for that year ( all source countries with data for a given year also have data as destination countries ) . Within each investment type and year , world GDP is the same across blocks . Panel A separates China from the rest of the South . For portfolio investment , there are no data available for China as a source of investments for 2001 . Panel B separates the top-20 richest South countries from the rest of the South . The top-20 richest South countries are classified based on the International Monetary Fund ' s current GDP per capita in 2018 and include the following economies : Australia ; Bahrain ; Brunei Darussalam ; Czech Republic ; Estonia ; Hong Kong SAR , China ; Israel ; Korea , Rep . ; Kuwait ; Lithuania ; Malta ; New Zealand ; Oman ; Qatar ; Saudi Arabia ; Singapore ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Taiwan , China ; and United Arab Emirates .", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 315, "text": "Bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 mortality and morbidity situation especially with respect to key public health interventions such as HIV / AIDS , sexually transmitted diseases , and maternal and child health . Alarming declines were reported in most coverage indicators especially immunization , no significant inroads were being made on adolescent health , the AIDS epidemic continues to take its toll , and the uptake of contraception has probably slowed , making a dent on one of Kenya ’ s best performing programs that has been so successful in the past two decades . Like much of the useful information usually generated on Kenya , the DHS findings seem not to have strongly influenced any of the MTEF deliberations . For instance , in light of the stark DHS findings , MoH would have renegotiated for a more robust budget from MoF ( say allowances for vaccinators which have dried up ) . 20 . The National Health Accounts ( NHA ) study was commissioned by USAID to Harvard / Abt Associates to generate sector-wide information on the sources and uses of funds in Kenya ’ s health sector . Initial difficulties revolving around the institutional locus of the study and the involvement of government staff working on it continued to persist so that much of the work is being done by expatriate staff . The NHA promises to be a critical database to assess system-wide spending and effectiveness , and would therefore be a useful input into the MTEF process and in the long-term , the planned SWAp . A stronger MoH commitment to this activity is needed . 21 . This brief review indicates that Kenya ( relative to other African countries ) was not wanting in available technical information required to initiate an MTEF , though admittedly , the information base remains incomplete . In fact , although most of these analyses were completed , their results were not comprehensively applied to inform the MTEF process . # * * III . Constraints * * 22 . In the last quarter of 1998 all ministries prepared their PERs as planned which were presented to all permanent secretaries in mid-November . Comments", "spans": [{"start": 873, "end": 897, "text": "National Health Accounts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1279, "end": 1282, "text": "NHA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the implementation of the PSNP and assessments of its effectiveness and impact with additional independent M & E undertaken through the multi-donor trust fund . Reporting is within existing government systems and is frequently done manually though in subsequent years investments have been made to computerize the M & E system . Innovations in monitoring included the establishment of an Information Center within the FSCB which collects real-time data from a sample of 81 _woredas , _ a Rapid Response Mechanism which provided assessment of implementation challenges at community level and support to resolve them . 2 . 34 The Rapid Response Teams were instrumental during APL1 in identifying systemic problems with implementation . Evaluations have included a regionally representative household panel survey conducted every two years , evaluation of the impact of PSNP public works , qualitative appraisals of targeting and the program linkages with the ( Other Food Security Programs ( OFSP ) and other mechanisms designed to support graduation . A comprehensive listing of M & E activities and outputs is found in Table 2 .", "spans": [{"start": 762, "end": 810, "text": "regionally representative household panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project , suchas < / sup > the implementation of new management procedures at headquarters , the < sup > cost < / sup > accounting system , road inventory , allocation of recurrent funds , equipment availability rates , and the annual maintenance output , were not adequately monitored . This was due to frequent staff changes and < sup > stringent divisional < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 154, "text": "road inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ion of the Government | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > O | pen - National | 300 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2023-12-29 < br > 2024-02-02 < br > 2024-01-19 < br > 2024 | - 02-21 < br > 2024-03-03 | | | 2024-04-02 | 2024-05-07 | 2024-11-03 | | UG-NITA-U-418636-CS-CQS / < br > E-Waste Management - Stud < br > y to explore O & M business m < br > odels for sustainability | IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectivi < br > ty in selected areas | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > O | pen - National | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | 2024-04-14 < br > 2024-06-07 < br > 2024-05-05 < br > 2024 | - 06-12 < br > 2024-06-18 < br > | 2024-08-16 | | 2024-07-18 < br > 2024-10 - | 01 < br > 2024-08-22 < br > 2024 - | 11-27 < br > 2025-02-18 < br > 2025-06-25 | | UG-NITA-U-418640-CS-CQS / < br > Study for the development of < br > a National ICT Spatial Data In < br > frastructure Store | IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectivi < br > ty in selected areas | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > O | pen - National | 150 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 923, "text": "National ICT Spatial Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9977 # * * Abstract * * Recent literature suggests that the positive impact of population density on wages , the canonical measure of agglomeration effects , is multiples higher in developing countries than in advanced economies . This poses an urban productivity puzzle because on-the-ground observations do not suggest that cities in developing countries function especially well or are conducive to enhanced productivity . This paper uses manufacturing censuses from four countries at differing levels of income that allow separating plant output quantity from prices . It shows that higher wage elasticities with respect to density are due to higher marginal costs , and agglomeration elasticities of efficiency , physical total factor productivity , are in fact far lower in developing countries . Further , congestion costs decrease with country income . Both are consistent with often low rates of structural transformation that make cities in developing countries so-called “ sterile agglomerations , ” which are populous but not efficient . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice and the Office of the Chief Economist , Latin America and the Caribbean Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at agrover1 @ worldbank . org and wmaloney @ worldbank . org _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced", "spans": [{"start": 472, "end": 494, "text": "manufacturing censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Deaths Registration Services | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 443 , 222 . 94 < br > Signed | 2021-09-15 < br > 202 | 1-09-28 < br > 2021-09-20 | 2021-11-01 < br > 2021 | - 10-27 < br > 2021-12-01 < br > 2021 - | 11-12 < br > 2022-01-05 < br > 2021 - | 12-15 < br > 2022-07-0 | 4 | | UG-MOH-255270-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of Handheld < br > Devices for Capturing Birth < br > and Death Notification Data | IDA / 58970 | Component Three : < br > Strengthen Capacity to Scale - < br > up Delivery of Births and < br > Deaths Registration Services | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 62 , 979 . 18 < br > Signed | | 2021-10-05 < br > 2021-10-28 | | | 2021-11-30 < br > 2021 - | 12-15 < br > 2022-05-2 | 9 | | UG-MOH-262384-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 25 Projectors < br > for NIRA District Offices for < br > usage in undertaking < br > Training of Duty Bearers | IDA / 58970 | Component Three : < br > Strengthen Capacity to Scale - < br > up Delivery of Births and < br > Deaths Registration Services | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope |", "spans": [{"start": 443, "end": 466, "text": "Death Notification Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", discussed September 9 , 1997 ) . To directly benefit the poor , assistance would be geared towards improving the health status of the population , emphasizing preventive measures while not neglecting curative ones . The Program followed Government ’ s priorities within the health sector , namely integrated primary care services ( particularly at the community health level facilities ) and the improvement in the quality of services . The PAD identified properly the high risk areas of implementation , namely : ( i ) financing available from the different sources would be insufficient ; ( ii ) proposed facility staffing and staff productivity would prove difficult to meet ; ( iii ) implementation of the civil works / equipment program is delayed ; ( iv ) essential drugs and medical supplies are not regularly available ; ( v ) utilization rates do not increase as anticipated ; and ( vi ) donor procedures are administratively burdensome . Appropriate mitigation measures were identified . One good aspect of the design is that it included a small number of key indicators ( three for health status and four for health services ) , that were for the most part included in demographic and health surveys ( DHS ) or that are relatively easy to monitor . On the other hand , there were problems with the design of some facilities included in the program . The inclusion of some basic surgical facilities in all primary health care units ( PHCU ) was controversial at the inception . The Bank team argued that it was not realistic and could not be implemented and sustained during HSDP because it would be costly and require more trained staff . On the other hand , the Government insisted that those basic surgical facilities be included because they were necessary to handle pregnancy and childbirth complications at the new PHCUs . In view of this , an understanding was reached to pilot the approach and assess the outcomes before going nationwide . . It was noted that nn health centers where such facilities were provided , the facilities have 15", "spans": [{"start": 1182, "end": 1212, "text": "demographic and health surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 128 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * interviewed , reported illness in the 30 days preceding the survey and 56 percent of them stated malaria / fever as the cause of that illness . According to a study in the four districts of Jinja , Mukono , Arua and Mbarara by Commercial Marketing Strategies in 2000 , awareness about malaria in general is high ( 99 percent ) with 70 . 6 percent of the people getting the malaria messages from the radios . However , knowledge on recognition of disease , which is critical in case management , was still very low . Only 34 percent linked fever to malaria , 18 percent associated malaria with cold , 14 . 5 percent associated malaria with headaches , 11 . 7 percent mentioned joint pains , and 10 . 6 percent body weakness . Malaria was mainly considered a problem of children ( 75 percent ) . These findings are in agreement with the KAP study of 1999 in seven districts by the Centre for Basic Research ( CBR ) sponsored by MOH . In 2001 , baseline surveys were undertaken in the districts of Apac , Tororo , Mubende and Kabale representing the four epidemiological strata of malaria in Uganda , with the aim of getting baseline indicators for monitoring and evaluating RBM impact in Uganda . The study found that malaria continues to be the most serious public health problem in Uganda . Children under five and pregnant women bear the greatest burden of the disease and within these groups the poorest are most vulnerable . According to the baseline survey , morbidity attributed to malaria in children aged less than 5 years presenting to outpatients was 44 . 4 percent , while for those above 5 years it was 41 . 6 percent and 2 for all ages 38 . 8 percent . This is in agreement with the health unit OPD findings . Mortality attributed to malaria in inpatients was 42 . 9 percent in the under 5 -", "spans": [{"start": 1088, "end": 1104, "text": "baseline surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1591, "end": 1606, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- a . Provides affected people with avenues for making a complaint or resolving any dispute that may arise during the course of the implementation of a project ; - b . Ensures that appropriate and mutually acceptable redress actions are identified and implemented to the satisfaction of complainants ; and - c . Avoids the need to resort to judicial proceedings . 73 . Grievance management will be a key requirement for the effective delivery of the vaccine component and therefore the project will ensure GRM is mainstreamed in COVID-19 Vaccine interventions . # * * 7 . 1 Progress in the implementation of GRM of the Parent Project * * 74 . The Project acquired and has operationalized cell phone line ( 0795884577 ) and an email address < u > ( grievance @ cherproject . com ) managed by the Project Social Safeguards < / u > Officers . So far a total of 58 complaints had been received by the PMT ( as of 20 < sup > th < / sup > April 2020 ) with 46 complaints directly linked to the project . A GRM Guideline with GRM handling protocols was developed to facilitate training of GRM focal persons . The GRM Guidelines were disseminated to GRMFP and VMGFPs from 21 Counties ( 21 VMG and 16 GRMFPs ) and 11 officers from PoEs . Complaints registers were printed and distributed to 17 counties for dissemination to 230 health facilities . 75 . The Project developed and implemented project feedback tools using WB Geoenabling Initiative for Monitoring and Surveillance ( GEMS ) . It further facilitated the development of project feedback tools for county , facility and patients which include information on the management of complaints . The social team has trained 21 GRMFP and 16 VMGFPs on the utilization of the GEMs tools . So far two initial reports for the county and patient feedback have been prepared by the Project . The report will be used to review the GEMS tools before full implementation .", "spans": [{"start": 1229, "end": 1249, "text": "Complaints registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Gender norms are often emphasized as key to help explain remaining gender gaps in the labor market ( Bertrand , 2020 ; Goldin , 2021 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > For example , the stereotypical gender roles that men should be the main income earners or “ breadwinners ” and women should primarily be responsible for the care of children and household chores or “ caregivers ” in the household are widely acknowledged normative constraints to women ’ s economic empowerment ( Jayachandran , 2021 ) . Despite the recognition of the importance of social norms for gender equality among economists and policy makers , very little development-funding is currently devoted to programs that directly influence norms-related change . < sup > 2 < / sup > In this paper we collect and analyze data from 111 countries to characterize how gender beliefs and norms relate to economic behavior across the world . We use the findings to help highlight some potential entry points for policy to address gender norms . Women ’ s economic decisions may be constrained by a range of social norms that influence the types of roles and responsibilities that are acceptable for men and women and uphold widely shared conceptions of masculinity and femininity ( Bicchieri , 2016 ; Marcus and Harper , 2014 ) . Akerlof and Kranton ( 2000 , 2002 , 2010 ) translated theories of social identity into an economics framework and propose that social identity influences economic outcomes because deviating from the prescribed behavior is inherently costly . Norms ( often subconsciously ) encourage behaviors that are socially valued and discourage behaviors that elicit social sanctions and stigma ( Bernhardt et al . , 2018 ) . Gender norms are likely to significantly constrain women ’ s choices about whether and which types of work to pursue , and equally may prevent men from engaging in care and domestic chore activities . Our interest in this paper is to contribute to a growing literature that examines societal norms as a barrier to female labor market outcomes ( e . g . Bernhardt et al . ( 2018 ) ; Bursztyn and Yang ( 2022 ) ; Giuliano ( 2021 ) ; Jayachandran", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 826, "text": "data from 111 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "84 . 5 | 87 . 4 | 88 . 4 | | _Source : International Monetary Fund , \" International Financial Statistics . \" _ / I Data for high-income OECD countries except for Germany ( 1990 ) and Luxembourg ( 1993 ) , for which data is not available . / 2 Data for high-income OECD countries except for Germany ( 1990 ) , Sweden ( all years ) and UK ( all years ) for which data is not available . result of bank crises and bank liquidation . On the other hand , the _CEE_ countries did not experience as large an increase or decline ( see section 3 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 105, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 116, "end": 151, "text": "Data for high-income OECD countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 7000 < br > 700 0 < br > 6000 < br > 600 0 < br > 5000 < br > 500 0 < br > 400 0 4000 < br > 300 0 3000 < br > 200 0 < br > 2000 < br > 100 0 < br > 1000 < br > 0 < br > 0 50 100 150 < br > Precipitation 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 < br > Active Model Predicted Flow < br > Active Model < br > Figure 2 . 1 : Average of all flow ( m3 / s per month , Figure 2 . 2 : Predicted flow ( m3 / s per month , x-axis ) < br > y-axis ) and precipitation ( mm per month , x-axis ) versus calculated average flow ( m3 / s per month , y - < br > in sample catchment area of the Mekong river axis ) in sample catchment area of the Mekong river < br > basin in a nonlinear regression . gression . ression . basin from precipitation model . in from precipitation model . om precipitation model . m precipitation model . precipitation model . recipitation model . ecipitation model . ipitation model . pitation model . itation model . tation model . ion model . on model . n model . odel . l . . < br > Observed Flow < br > Observed Flow < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 2 . 1 : Average of all flow ( m3 / s per month , y-axis ) and precipitation ( mm per month , x-axis ) in sample catchment area of the Mekong river basin in a nonlinear regression . gression . ression . * * * * Figure 2 . 2 : Predicted flow ( m3 / s per month , x-axis ) versus calculated average flow ( m3 / s per month , y - axis ) in sample catchment area of the Mekong river * * * * < u > basin from precipitation model . in from precipitation model . om precipitation model", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Assume that a household head � is confronted with the decision ( denoted by � � ) of whether or not to migrate to a different location . He will migrate only if the benefits expected from migrating are greater than the gains expected from not changing location ( which can be normalized to zero for convenience ) . Let us indicate with � � ∗ the unobservable latent variable measuring the gains deriving from the decision to migrate , this decision can be written as follows : where � � � � � � � � is our exclusion restriction , the share of the population aged 15 and above who was not born in the village ( or town ) they resided in at the time of the 1984 Census , � � is a set of households ’ and heads ’ characteristics , and � � are district level controls . Household characteristics are assumed to affect the probability of migration ; migration is a life-cycle event and as such young people and males are more likely to participate . Following the human capital model , education and skills are likely to affect the probability of migrating as more educated individuals have more chances to get high-paying employment opportunities in destination areas . For these reasons , we include gender , a second-degree polynomial in age , educational attainment , household size , household demographic ( share of household members aged between 4 and 14 , between 15 and 64 ( separately for males and females ) , and 65 and above ) and labor market structure ( share of working-age household members who are employed and who are unemployed ) , current location of residence ( urban / rural ) , and region of birth . The inclusion of region of origin fixed effects implies that we compare non-migrants with migrants from the same region of origin . As explained above , among the district level variables measured in 1984 we include the average number of years of schooling of the population aged 6 and above , the Gini index of years of schooling among the population aged 6 and above , the share of the population aged 6 and above with no schooling and the share of the employed", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 666, "text": "1984 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * II . Prospects of Intra-Regional Trade : a Product-Level Assessment * * The success of the regional trade agreement may depend crucially on the extent to which the core market , India , given its relative size , becomes more accessible to its periphery and vice versa . In this context , the prospects of increasing regional trade may depend more on the existence of product complementarities and export efficiencies ( defined by comparative advantage ) and other characteristics such as the degree of concentration and diversification of trade profiles amongst the regional partners , particularly between India and the other countries of the region . These are evaluated in detail in the following section . A useful beginning to the analysis is a review of trade structures at a broad level . An analysis of product-level trade data , at the SITC heading level in Table 6 suggests that agriculture and primary materials have dominated intra-regional trade in South Asia for the past two decades . For example , in 1998 the percentage of regional exports that originated in food and live animals was over 60 percent for Pakistan , 41 percent for India , 35 percent for Sri Lanka , and 34 percent for Nepal . For Bangladesh , crude materials were its major regional exports , with a share of 60 percent of total exports . In contrast , South Asia ’ s exports to the rest of the world are dominated by manufacturing products . The data in Table 6 also reveal that , although food and live animals constitute a major share of regional exports , there have been large fluctuations over different periods . Such fluctuations are due to the import demand for basic food products such as rice , vegetables , fruits , pulses , onions , potatoes , and sugar , which vary with domestic supply conditions and , which , in turn , strongly impact the trade policies of respective member countries . The SACs often exercise arbitrary policies to maintain stable domestic prices in these “ essential commodities . ” When shortfalls occur domestically imports are encouraged and when the domestic supply is stable , restrictions are re-imposed , explaining the large swings in export shares . A further insight into", "spans": [{"start": 817, "end": 841, "text": "product-level trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1437, "end": 1452, "text": "data in Table 6", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "based water pumping < br > have already been identified in Arua , Yumbe , Moyo , < br > Adjumani , Lamwo , and Kiryandongo | Provide digital enabling environment for < br > remove water monitoring and strengthen < br > efficiencies and effectiveness of water < br > management systems . | | * * Gender Based Violence * * < br > * * and Violence Against * * < br > * * Children Prevention and * * < br > * * Response Services in * * < br > * * Uganda ’ s Refugee - * * < br > * * Hosting Districts Report * * | Total < br > 0 . 5 < br > RSW / < br > WHR < br > N / A | To mitigate GBV and prevent violence against children < br > through engagement in productive activities in 4 < br > RHDs . | Increased < br > access < br > to < br > more < br > affordable < br > connectivity will also increase likelihood of GB < br > online risks . Project will support the project < br > objective indirectly by including awareness < br > and mitigation measures in digital skills < br > training . | | _Status : Analysis_ < br > _completed , _ | | | Digital connectivity will strengthen case < br > management for GBV and violence against | Page 64 of 76", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "coincided with sharp increases in infant mortality rates ; however , they attribute this at least partly to the collapse in public spending on health , which occurred during the same time . There is some evidence that the 1997-99 financial crisis in Indonesia had adverse impacts on neonatal mortality rates in both urban and rural areas ( Rukumnuaykit 2003 ; see also Simms and Rowson 2003 ) . < sup > 4 < / sup > Stillman and Thomas ( 2004 ) show that weight-forheight of children deteriorated during the 1998 economic crisis in Russia . Bhalotra ( 2010 ) shows that in rural areas in low-income countries , infant mortality rates increase during economic downturns . Based on data from World Development Indicators ( 2009 ) , an analysis by Buvinic ( 2009 ) of countries ’ progress toward the Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) suggests that girls in poor households in the countries with pre-existing high child mortality rates ( and / or low female schooling ) are highly vulnerable to the effects of the global economic and food crises . Their situation is especially precarious in the subset of 15 countries , mostly in Africa , that are affected by both low female schooling and high infant and child deaths , as well as decelerating growth ( Buvinic 2009 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > Unlike schooling impacts , however , there is strong suggestive evidence in lowincome countries of gender differences in the way recessions affect infant mortality ( Baird , Friedman , and Schady 2007 ; Friedman and Schady 2009 ) . Baird et al . ( 2007 ) use Demographic and Health Survey data from 1986-2006 on mothers ’ reports of births and deaths from 59 low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa , Latin America , and South > 4 This evidence is slightly controversial , since other studies do not find impacts of the Indonesian crisis of 1997-98 on child health outcomes ( Strauss et al . 2004 , Frankenberg et al . 1999 ) . > 5 Countries with high infant mortality rates are those in the highest quartile of the distribution of under-five mortality rate scores ( per 1 , 000 live births ) for 151 developing countries in the", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 717, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1549, "end": 1583, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| If avoiding the significant conversion of natural < br > habitats is not technically feasible , include < br > measures to mitigate or offset the adverse impacts < br > of the PforR Program activities . | i . < br > If Program activities may cause conversion or degradation of non-critical natural habitats , do < br > Environmental Impact Assessment procedures include considerations of measures to avoid or < br > minimize the severity of impacts ( for example , through the systematic consideration of viable < br > alternatives ) ? < br > ii . < br > Do plans require appropriate conservation offset measure to be in place , including measures to < br > maintain ecological services ? | | - - - | - - - | | Take into account potential adverse effects on < br > physical cultural property and provide adequate < br > measures to avoid , minimize or mitigate such < br > effects . | i . < br > Does the screening review involve careful attention to avoiding impacts on resources of < br > archaeological , paleontological , historical , architectural , religious , aesthetic , or other cultural < br > significance ? < br > ii . < br > Is the mitigation hierarchy principle applied in the management of potential adverse impacts on the < br > physical cultural property ? < br > iii . < br > Are management measures in place to avoid , minimize or mitigate such effects ? < br > iv . < br > Do procedures require the use of authoritative source materials or field-based surveys to identify < br > existing physical cultural resources before works commence ? < br > v . < br > Do borrower systems include “ chance find ” procedures to take effect whenever Program activities < br > result in the discovery of , or disturbance to , physical cultural resources ? | Core Principle 3 : Program E & S management systems are designed to protect public and worker safety against the potential risks associated with the construction and / or operation of facilities or other", "spans": [{"start": 1462, "end": 1481, "text": "field-based surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services Project ( P179040 ) # # * * Monitoring & Evaluation Plan : PDO Indicators by PDO Outcomes * * | * * An inclusive digital ID ecosystem i * * | * * s established * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Number ofpeople in Ethiopia wh * * | * * o have received a Fayda ID ( Number ) * * | | Description | A number of unique individuals registered in the Fayda system and who have been assigned a Fayda number | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | Fayda registration data | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Percentage of whom are women * * | * * andgirls ( Number ) * * | | Description | Percentage of women and girls among the total number of unique individuals registered in the Fayda system < br > and who have been assigned a Fayda number | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | Fayda registration data | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Number of whom are individuals * * | * * living in refugee host communities ( Number ) * * | | Description | Number of individuals who have been registered in areas tagged as a refugee host community | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | Fayda registration data | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Number of whom are refugees ( N * * | * * umber ) * * | | Description | Number of individuals registered in Fayda ID recognized as refugees byUNHCR / RRS | | Frequency | Biannual |", "spans": [{"start": 508, "end": 531, "text": "Fayda registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where is firm growth from period t to t + 1 and is a firm-fixed effect . Under the null hypothesis that the crisis did not improve the allocative efficiency of employment re-allocation amongst continuing firms , whereas ( 0 ) under the alternative hypothesis that the crisis enhanced ( diminished ) the importance of productivity as a determinant of firm growth . Serial correlation in the error term , in conjunction with the presence of lagged size as an explanatory variable would render OLS estimates of the employment growth equation biased . To address this concern , we also use a Fixed Effects estimator . The fixed effects transformation is biased due to the correlation between the transformed error and the transformed explanatory variables ( Nickell , 1981 ) , but as the OLS and Fixed Effects estimators are biased in opposite directions , they provide a confidence interval within which the true parameters lie ( Bond 2002 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > # * * 4 . Data * * The Indonesian Manufacturing Census ( 1991-2001 ) collected by the Indonesian Statistical Agency , BPS ( Badan Pusat Statistik ) , provides the empirical basis for our analysis . It contains information on all Indonesian manufacturing establishments with more than 20 employees and spans the pre - and post - crisis periods , as well as the crisis itself . It has very detailed information on employment , inputs and outputs , industrial classification , exporting , ownership , investment behavior , and the capital stock , which we measure as the replacement value of machinery and equipment at the end of the calendar year . Employment is measured as the average number of workers per day . We augmented the data with industry-level measures of > 6 While the Difference and Systems GMM estimators developed by Arellano and Bond ( 1991 ) are in principle capable of yielding unbiased estimates , these estimators are not well suited for our data ; the difference GMM estimator is likely to result in poorly behaved estimates when variables are highly persistent as is the case with our data ( for surviving firms the correlation between lnLt and lnLt-1 is 0 . 98 – both in crisis and non-crisis years", "spans": [{"start": 984, "end": 1015, "text": "Indonesian Manufacturing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # _Problems faced in conducting the Johannesburg survey_ For a variety of reasons , it proved impossible to stick to our strictly defined sampling and interview strategy . Some difficulties could have been avoided or predicted through more elaborate preparation , while others were surprises to all of those involved in conducting the research . While some problems ( especially those involving security ) may be unique to Johannesburg , we expect they will confront any researcher exploring the often hidden lives of urban refugees . The first problem occurred when , for security reasons , building managers denied our interviewers access to the large apartment blocks that make up much of Johannesburg ’ s inner city . This meant hundreds of people could not be part of our sampling , spoiling the idea of randomly selecting respondents . In the buildings and residences we were able to access , we also faced considerable challenges . For one , the multiplicity of languages used by Johannesburg residents ( both South African and foreign ) made it next to impossible for a single field-worker to approach all households and make interview appointments . In many instances , when we were able to communicate with potential respondents , they simply ‘ changed ’ their nationality to make themselves ineligible for our survey . < sup > 15 < / sup > In one notable instance , an audibly francophone respondent with a Congolese flag on his wall insisted , in heavily accented English , that he was in fact a Nigerian . Others simply would not agree to be interviewed , fearing perhaps that our field-workers would return with a gang of thieves or , worse , representatives from South Africa ’ s Department of Home Affairs ( the department responsible for immigration matters ) . Others suspected that we were attempting to mobilize support for the African National Congress and wanted nothing to do with us . Still others demanded payment or immediate benefit for their participation . Even agreement to be interviewed was not a guarantee , as many potential respondents simply did not show up at the appointed time . We were also severely constrained by Johannesburg ’ s security situation . Although", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- iii ) Changa iv ) Luweni v ) Mwatate The consultant also tried to explain the reasons behind the spaces in the Cadastral Map . , that i ) There was no allocation during that time ii ) Land Disputes . The chairman of the Ranch Management Committee reminded the meeting that it was illegal to have enumerated PAPs without consultations . He also agreed that the verification process would continue and also mentioned that the consultations were now politically derailed . He informed the meeting that they had already gotten consent for dissolution and that they were already in talks with the county government . He wanted all the PAPs who were members of the Ranch to be identified and all non-ranch PAP members be removed from the asset register . He also advised that the consultant hold with the verification exercise and pave way for subdivisions first . Mr . Mkalla informed the meeting that he has receiving messages from PAPs who wanted to know if the Mwache DAM Project had stalled . A member of the committee also informed the meeting that the Ranch was communal and that the county government promised to provide Surveyors to enhance the sub-division process . He also noted that the School needs to be removed because it was too close to the project but Mr . Mkalla interjected and informed the meeting that Pemba Primary School and the Dispensary were not affected . Ngeyeni Catt but this was to be le Dip would be affected but was in RAP 2 . Both alternatives for subdivision if there were to be considered He also noted that the exercise can be done both ways and still push for the supplementary budget if money would be available for the subdivision .", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 126, "text": "Cadastral Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 734, "end": 748, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor force participation has also stalled , exacerbating the _ < mark > Figure 1 : The Job Challenge < / mark > _ urgency posed by the presence of 1 . 3 million Syrian refugees that started arriving in 2011 . While the youth proportion ( 15-24 years ) in Jordan ’ s population is similar to the regional average ( 19 percent in 2015 ) , Jordan ’ s youth unemployment rate is far above the regional average ( 28 percent ) . * * 3 . Women ’ s economic participation in Jordan is strikingly low . * * < sup > 3 < / sup > Since 2000 , female labor force participation has increased by only 2 percentage points . < sup > 4 < / sup > At 14 percent , Jordan ’ s female labor force participation is well below both the regional average and the average for low - and middle-income countries in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) region . Similarly , the ratio of female-to-male labor force participation in Jordan in 2019 ( 22 . 2 percent ) was lower than the regional average ( 30 percent ) . Of the few women active in Jordan ’ s labor market , a large share is unemployed ( 23 percent of the female labor force is unemployed , compared to 13 percent of the male labor force ) , with young women particularly disadvantaged ( 55 percent of female youth are unemployed , compared to 33 percent of male youth ) . The government has recently strengthened its commitment to gender equality and female social and economic empowerment through Jordan ’ s Renaissance Plan 2019-2020 and through its the Women > 1 Department of Statistics , Jordan ( Q3 2019 ) > 2 International Labor Organization , ILOSTAT database . Data retrieved in Sept 2019 . > 3 The gender analysis in this document has been adapted from “ Jordan : Improving Women Economic Opportunities - Select Entry Points for Policy Dialogue and Operational Interventions ” , World Bank ( June 2019 ) . > 4 World Development Indicators . Data retrieved in June 2019", "spans": [{"start": 1590, "end": 1606, "text": "ILOSTAT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1859, "end": 1887, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries but within industries . If industry characteristics affect the results , then the panel and pooled estimates will be quite different , and the factor endowments perspective will be shown to contribute to our understanding of discovery . The results using both HS 4-digit and HS 6-Digit data are shown in Table 6 . * * < u > Table 6 : Testing for Structural Transformation < / u > * * | | * * HS 4 * * < br > | * * - Digit * * < br > | * * HS 6 * * < br > | * * - Digit * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Discoveries by * * < br > * * Industry * * | * * Discoveries * * < br > * * Pooled * * | * * Discoveries by * * < br > * * Industry * * | * * Discoveries * * < br > * * Pooled * * | | Coefficient on ln < br > GDPpercapita | 13 . 5666 < br > ( 7 . 02 ) | 15 . 6518 < br > ( 5 . 68 ) | 11 . 9700 < br > ( 9 . 56 ) | 15 . 7203 < br > ( 5 . 89 ) | | 95 % Confidence < br > Interval | < br > 9 . 7769 to < br > 17 . 3562 | 10 . 2503 to < br > 21 . 0532 | 9 . 5152 to < br > 14 . 4248 | 10 . 4869 to < br > 20 . 9535 | | Coefficient on ln | - . 8109 | - . 92803 | - . 6970 | - . 9114 | | GDP per capita < br > squared | ( - 7 . 29 ) | ( - 5 . 92 ) | ( - 9 . 83 ) | ( - 6 . 03 ) | | 95 % Confidence < br > Interval | - 1 . 02 to - . 5929", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 300, "text": "HS 6-Digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "computed from the location probability estimates of Table 6 . A comparison of column 5 of Table 8 with those of Table 5 would seem to suggest that no selectivity bias involved in the estimates reported in Table 5 . None of the selectivity terms in Table 5 are statistically different from zero , and individual coefficient estimates are not significantly different in otherwise the same specifications across the two tables . However , the reason for this outcome is the high degree of collinearity between the selectivity term and the region dummies rather than true lack of statistical significance of the former . Indeed the outcome sharply contradicts what we seen Table 9 as strong evidence for the presence of selectivity bias in Table 5 . The advantage of the reduced form specification that we estimated in Table 9 is precisely that it avoids the multicollineary problem of Table 8 . We also see more plausible coefficient estimates in Table 9 than those in Table 8 . This and the high values of the Hausman-Wu endogeneity test statistic reported at the bottom of column ( 4 ) to ( 7 ) lead to the conclusion that there is selectivity bias in the estimates of Table 5 . < sup > 26 < / sup > In estimating equation ( 12 ) in the first panel of Table 9 , we replace the region dummies by probabilities of selection calculated from the choice probabilities of column 3 of Table 6 . In the second panel of Table 9 we report the same correction for selectivity bias , but based on a multinomial selection equation in which location characteristics are assumed not to matter . This latter specification is directly estimated in Table 7 , but can also be thought of as what we would obtain by imposing the restriction on equation ( 10 ) that all locations are identical in terms of observable characteristics . < sup > 27 < / sup > In spite of the contrast between the two specifications of the selection process , the results are quite similar across the two panels in terms of the direction of selectivity bias though not in the magnitude of bias . The bias is larger when we assume that businesses self select on", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Together , the results suggest an ambiguous impact of controlling for human capital , but in neither case do we find that physical productivity is positive . # _Sensitivity to sample periods_ The patterns observed in our base results are also not an artifact of disruptive sample periods . In Colombia and Indonesia , we drop the years when the country was going through a crisis ( 2000-01 in Colombia and 2008-09 in Indonesia ) , while in Ethiopia , we drop the year 2005 when the census data collection was rather idiosyncratic . Table 2 , panel e shows that in all cases , these estimates are quite close to our original sample period . # _Sensitivity to quality in price indices_ As noted earlier , higher product prices in cities may capture higher quality products rather than costs and hence deflating revenues may lead effectively to downward bias in the TFPQ estimates . We explore the possible impact of this using the four different price indices constructed for Colombia by Eslava and Haltiwanger ( 2021 ) that account for product quality : the constant basket , Sato-Vartia , Feenstra , and CES Unified Price Index ( CUPI ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > Table 3 shows that the elasticities of the various adjusted indices are now higher than the . 006 in the OLS estimates , ranging from . 013 to . 021 , and are now uniformly significant suggesting , counterintuitively , that quality is actually lower as urbanization increases , perhaps reflecting that producing for the mass market leads to a lower average level of quality . < sup > 17 < / sup > Correspondingly , the Foster et al . ( 2008 ) TFPQ estimates now move from insignificant - . 004 to a range of - . 018 to . 021 with all but the constant basket coefficients entering significantly . The negative impact of agglomeration on productivity seems exacerbated in the Colombia case . # * * V . Conclusions * * This paper offers a resolution to what it calls the urban productivity puzzle surrounding the net benefits of agglomeration in developing countries : despite recent estimates of the elasticity of wages with respect to population density which suggest that agglomeration", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 493, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * Governments of developing countries typically spend resources equivalent to between 15 and 30 percent of GDP . Hence , small changes in the efficiency of public spending could have a significant impact on GDP and on the attainment of the government ’ s objectives whichever these are . The first challenge faced by stakeholders is measuring and scoring efficiency . This paper attempts such quantification . Additionally it verifies statistically some empirical regularities that describe the cross country-variation in the estimated efficiency scores . The paper has four chapters following this Introduction . The first one presents the methodology that defines efficiency as the distance from the observed input-output combinations to an efficient frontier . This frontier , defined as the maximum attainable output for a given input level , is estimated using the Free Disposable Hull ( FDH ) and Data Envelopment Analysis ( DEA ) techniques . The exercise focuses on health and education expenditure because they absorb the largest share of most countries ’ budgets , and because of lack of data availability for international comparisons in other types of expenditures . The second chapter estimates the efficiency frontiers for nine education output indicators and four health output indicators , based on a sample of 140 countries and data for 19962002 Both input-efficiency ( excess input consumption to achieve a level of output ) and output-efficiency ( output shortfall for a given level of inputs ) are scored . The chapter presents both the single input-single-output and the multiple-inputs multiple-outputs frameworks . In addition , this chapter explores how expenditure efficiency has changed over time . The third chapter seeks to identify empirical regularities that explain cross-country variation in the efficiency scores . Using a Tobit panel approach , this chapter shows that higher expenditure levels are generally associated with lower efficiency scores . Similarly , countries in which the wage bill is a larger share of the total budget tend to have lower efficiency scores . Three other variables that explain the cross country variation in efficiency scores are the degree of urbanization ( positively correlated with efficiency , the prevalence of the HIV / AIDS epidemic ( negatively associated with efficiency scores ) , and inequality in income distribution ( higher", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- World Bank diagnostics and international benchmarks also warrant the Program ’ s sectoral focus on education and health . According to the Global Digital Health Monitor 2023 < sup > 13 < / sup > , the digital landscape in the health sector is considered more mature in Jordan compared to neighboring countries in the MENA region , especially in developing digital services and applications ( see the technical assessment for further detail ) . However , due to limited governance and multiple services and systems designed and operated in silos , health information systems have been fragmented with inconsistent data standards and quality . The education sector has also been advancing on the digital front . Jordan was one of the first countries in the region to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and school closures by developing an online learning platform called Darsak covering the curriculum ’ s core subjects of Arabic , English , math , and science for grades 1 through 12 . In addition , a newly launched platform for teacher training offers courses on distance learning tools , blended learning , and educational technology . The MOE has developed an integrated , comprehensive , flexible , and trusted educational management information system ( EMIS ) using OpenEMIS , which provides a system that is accessible countrywide , covering over 2 million students , 7 , 300 schools , and 170 , 000 educational staff . - World Bank diagnostics and international benchmarks also warrant the Program ’ s focus on transparency and accountability . Under international governance indicators , Jordan is on par with other upper middle-income countries , but it lags on voice and accountability . Regarding transparency , although Jordan was the first country in the region to legislate access to information , it is poorly rated under the Right to Information Index and ranks among the 15 percent least well-performing countries . According to an assessment of the whole of government citizen feedback platform , only 33 percent of citizens filing a grievance using the At Your Service online government grievance redress platform surveyed in 2022 had received any response . Opinion surveys reflect a pervasive perception of corruption in government and", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 175, "text": "Global Digital Health Monitor 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1842, "end": 1868, "text": "Right to Information Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2179, "end": 2194, "text": "Opinion surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> publicly available . | | ASD | Asian < br > Development < br > Bank | Country < br > Performance < br > Assessment | 26 Asian Development < br > Bank client countries . | Every two years ; < br > used in WGI < br > since 2005 . | Expert / GOV | Expert assessment along 16 dimensions , scored by ADB < br > country economists subject to centralized review . < br > Questonnaire and process are similar to the World Bank < br > Country Policy and Insttutonal Assessment ( PIA ) , the IFAD < br > Rural Sector Performance Assessment ( IFD ) , and the African < br > Development Bank Country Performance Assessment ( ADB ) . < br > Link to methodologyhere . Data are publicly available only for < br > countries eligible for concessional fnance . | | BPS | World Bank and < br > European Bank < br > for < br > Reconstructon < br > and < br > Development | World Bank < br > Business < br > Environment < br > and Enterprise < br > Performance < br > Survey ( BEEPS ) | 30 transiton economies < br > in Eastern Europe and < br > Central Asia . | Every three < br > years , used in < br > WGI 2000-2015 . | Survey / Firm | Enterprise surveys conducted by the World Bank Enterprise < br > Survey ( WBES ) unit and cofnanced with the European Bank for < br > Reconstructon and Development . Before 2023 , this was the < br > only region for which the WBES produced surveys with < br > sufcient frequency to be included in the WGI . Beginning in < br > 2023 the WBES has global coverage on a three-year rotatng < br > cycle and is included as a new data source in the WGI ( see < br > source WBS below ) . Record-level survey data is publicly < br > available through the WBES website . Link to methodology and < br > questonnaireshere . | | BTI | Bertelsmann < br > Foundaton | Bertelsmann < br > Transformaton", "spans": [{"start": 565, "end": 612, "text": "Development Bank Country Performance Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Demirgüç-Kunt , A . , & Klapper , L . ( 2012 ) . Measuring Financial Inclusion : The Global Findex Database . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6025 . - Demirgüç-Kunt , A . , Klapper , L . , Singer , D . , & Ansar , S . ( 2022 ) . The Global Findex Database 2021 : Financial Inclusion , Digital Payments , and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19 . Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . - < mark > Demirguc-Kunt , A . , Klapper , L . , Singer , D . , & Van Oudheusden , P . ( 2015 ) . The Global Findex Database 2014 : Measuring Financial Inclusion around the World . Policy Research Working Paper No . 7255 . < / mark > Washington , D . C . : The World Bank . - Dercon , S . and Porter , C . 2014 . Live aid revisited : long-term impacts of the 1984 Ethiopian famine on children . _Journal of the European Economic Association_ 12 ( 4 ) : 1542-4766 - Dercon , Stefan . 2004 . “ Growth and Shocks : Evidence from Rural Ethiopia . ” Journal of Development Economics 74 ( 2 ) : 309 – 29 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jdeveco . 2004 . 01 . 001 . - Dimitrova , A . ( 2021 ) . Seasonal droughts and the risk of childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia . _World Development_ , _141_ , 105417 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . worlddev . 2021 . 105417 - < mark > Dobermann , T . ( 2023 ) . How building up the human capital of the world ' s poor can help lessen the climate crisis . < / mark > _ < mark > LSE Business Review < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > - < mark > Dube , A . ( 2019 ) . Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes < / mark > _ < mark > . American Economic Journal : Applied Economics < / mark >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2024 | 28 . 00 | Aug / 2025 | | Indicator Name | Bas < br > Value | eline < br > Month / Year | Actual ( < br > Value | Previous ) < br > Date | Actual ( < br > Value | Current ) < br > Date | Closin < br > Value | gPeriod < br > Month / Year | | Insolvency regime revised | No | Aug / 2016 | Yes | 31-May-2024 | Yes | 31-Dec-2024 | Yes | Aug / 2025 | | and approved by the < br > Parliament ( Yes / No ) | | | | | | | | | | Citizen engagement survey | No | Apr / 2016 | No | 31-May-2024 | No | 31-Dec-2024 | Yes | Aug / 2025 | | conducted ( Yes / No ) < br > * * Business Development Service * * | * * s for SMEs * * | | | | | | | | | | Bas | eline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Number of SMEs that < br > received trainingthrough a | 218 . 00 | Dec / 2020 | 2 , 239 | 31-May-2024 | 2 , 654 | 31-Dec-2024 | 1 , 500 . 00 | Aug / 2025 | Page 5 of 8 Apr 23 , 2025", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # * * ANNEX 7 . OTHER OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS – ADDITIONAL DETAILS * * * * _ < u > GENDER < / u > _ * * * * KIEP generated measurable gender gains by combining inclusive design with scale in skills , startup , and SME support streams . * * Women participated at scale across multiple delivery channels . Under SKIES and related bootcamps , providers used stipends , safe transport , and accommodation to reduce noninstructional barriers that disproportionately affect women , in line with the project ’ s tiered subsidy design for cohorts with at least 35 percent female participation . Women-owned firms are present in each major stream and women trainees feature prominently in rapid tech and entrepreneurship programs . In effect , of the 1 , 737 firms that benefited from project interventions , 755 were women owned . Similarly , the 6 , 714 individual training completions , include 2 , 903 by women . This combination of female-owned firms and women ’ s documented training participation indicates that the project ’ s focus on innovation , skills , and ecosystem support expanded women ’ s access to _higher_ productivity opportunities . # # * * _ < u > INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING < / u > _ * * * * KIEP significantly strengthened core institutions in Kenya ’ s productivity and innovation ecosystem , leaving behind platforms and capabilities that extend beyond individual firm level results . * * The project institutionalized the industry – academia platform ( iTATU ) with a defined governance model , an integrated Management Information System ( MIS ) / Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) and website , and a registered trademark , with hosting agreed by KEPSA pending formal handover . KIEP also consolidated the role of ASSEK as the national ecosystem association by supporting an ecosystem census / mapping , organizational capacity assessment , and the preparation of a 2024 – 27 Strategic Plan and resource mobilization", "spans": [{"start": 1887, "end": 1913, "text": "ecosystem census / mapping", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "had been characterized by debates about macroapproaches to development strategies , such as “ balanced growth ” vs . “ unbalanced growth , ” and project appraisal and evaluation had remained a somewhat marginal topic in the larger > 1 Albert O . Hirschman Papers , Box 56 , Folder 15 . 2 Data from the World Bank ’ s website , Projects & Operations , www . worldbank . org / projects . 2", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 324, "text": "Data from the World Bank ’ s website", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "proxy test used to award social support in Colombia . As such , the PEP enabled undocumented migrants to work in the formal sector and to access social services ( including complete health services through the subsidized health regime ) . > 1For instance , at least 74 percent of Colombian natives believes that Venezuelan forced immigration exacerbates crime and insecurity ( LAPOP , 2021 ; OXFAM , 2023 ) . > 2See recent evidence from Colombia by Knight and Tribin ( 2020 ) and Mexico by Rozo et al . ( 2021 ) . 3See evidence by Horn ( 2010 ) ; Calder ́ on et al . ( 2011 ) ; Wirtz et al . ( 2014 ) ; Kelly et al . ( 2199 ) . > 4According to the latest data from Colombian migration authorities , by 2022 the number of Venezuelans there numbered approximately 2 . 5 million people , or about 5 % of Colombia ’ s population . 2", "spans": [{"start": 648, "end": 696, "text": "latest data from Colombian migration authorities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shows that such negative impact arises from the observations with above-median ( but not extreme ) poverty rates . Indeed , the indirect impact is negligible when poverty is below the median , and it even turns positive at extremely high levels of poverty . Importantly , these empirical findings are fully consistent with the analytical model sketched in Section II . # * * VI . Conclusions * * This paper has examined two issues that have received limited attention in the otherwise extensive empirical literature of growth , inequality and poverty . First , the paper provides an empirical assessment of the impact of poverty on growth , building on the earlier work by López and Servén ( 2009 ) . Second , as a byproduct , the paper also highlights the indirect effect of inequality on growth accruing through poverty . To guide its empirical work , the paper uses a simple analytical model in which growth is driven by aggregate investment , but poor consumers lack the resources to save and invest . In the model , the impact of poverty on growth is unambiguously negative , and its magnitude increases with the extent of poverty . In contrast , the impact of inequality on growth can go either way , as it combines two different effects that may be mutually opposing . The first one is the indirect impact of inequality on growth accruing through poverty , which is uniformly negative except when extremely high poverty is coupled with very low levels of inequality . The second is due to the impact of inequality on the aggregate investment of non-poor individuals , which is also shown to be ambiguous . To test these predictions , the paper uses a large panel data set including 804 observations covering 158 countries and spanning the years 1960-2010 . The empirical strategy involves including inequality and poverty indicators among the explanatory variables in an otherwise standard empirical growth equation . On the whole , the results reveal a consistently negative and strongly significant correlation of poverty with subsequent growth . Its magnitude is economically significant too : a 10 percentagepoint decrease in the headcount poverty rate is associated with a rise in annual per capita real growth of 0 . 5 % to", "spans": [{"start": 1658, "end": 1678, "text": "large panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17-KE . ASAO I concentrated on financing studies , policy papers and restructuring plans rather than on implementation . ASAO II was designed to deepen the reforms m key areas ( improved incentives for smallholder maize producers , fertilizer availability and efficiency of public expenditures ) and capacity building for policy analysis and for improved project implementation . Uneven implementation performance in ASAO I led to a better design of monitoring arrangements , fewer conditions and a common framework for donor support . However , ASAO II contained a number of relatively minor components , such as capacity and institution building , budget management and studies related to the Ministry ' s organizational structure , vulnerable groups and land inventory system which required extensive management from MOALDM and supervision by IDA . IDA ' s cancellation of the second tranche , though regrettable , ultimately may have helped GOK win over opponents to its liberalization policies . 14 . GOK initially took the right decisions both for maize , fertilizers and the reduction of NCPB ' s role . However , the reimposition of movement controls for maize in November 1992 effectively put a stop to the adjustment component of ASAO H . The institution of a NCPB Performance Contract with the Ministry clarified NCPB responsibilities , but both NCPB and the Ministry failed to carry out their respective obligations . Also , NCPB ' s eventual role in the maize market was not clearly defined in the project design . Overall country non-compliance with audit covenants had been the focus of discussions between the Ministry of Finance and IDA on numerous occasions from 1994 through March 1995 , and as indicated above , the credit was suspended for approximately one year as a result of long overdue audits . For the remaining secondary objectives , support was satisfactory from MOALDM , the main beneficiary , but restricted govemment budgets provided inadequate resources for the institution building components .", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 778, "text": "land inventory system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 113 ( 3 ) : 903 – 47 . - Corden , W . , and P . Neary . 1982 . “ Booming Sector and De-Industrialization in a Small Open Economy . ” _Economic Journal_ 92 ( December ) : 825 – 48 . - Davis , S . , and J . Haltiwanger . 1992 . “ Gross Job Creation , Gross Job Destruction and Employment Reallocation . ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 107 ( 3 ) : 819 – 63 . - Gaulier , G . , D . Taglioni , and S . Zignago . 2012 . “ Export Performance in the Wake of the Global Crisis : Evidence from a New Database . ” Mimeo . - Hausman , R . , J . Hwang , and D . Rodrik . 2007 . “ What You Export Matters . ” _Journal of Economic Growth_ 12 : 1 – 25 . - Helpman , E . , M . Melitz , and Y . Rubinstein . 2008 . “ Estimating Trade Flows : Trading Partners and Trading Volumes . ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ CXXIII : 2 . - Krugman , P . 1996 . “ Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate . ” _Oxford Review of Economic Policy_ 12 : 17 – 25 . - Malouche , M . , J . Reis , and S . Waglé , 2012 . “ The Character of Export Growth in Developing Countries 1998-2008 ” . Mimeo . - Melitz , M . J . 2003 . “ The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity . ” _Econometrica_ 71 ( 6 ) : 1695 – 1725 . 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the reduction in formal sector borrowing is primarily driven by a decline in borrowing from cooperative banks , while the greater share of informal sector financing is primarily due to a greater percentage of loans obtained from friends and family , rather than high-interest loans from moneylenders or credit from shopkeepers and traders . These results indicate that , in the absence of bank credit , most households are in fact able to increase their relative reliance on internal financing through family networks , rather than having to resort to loans from moneylenders – the most > 19These estimates are based on self-reported data , in which borrowers may tend to underreport high-interest rate informal sector loans ( Karlan and Zinman , 2008 ) . To mitigate this concern , the next section reports evidence based on questions asking about relative shares of financing obtained from different lenders rather than loan amounts . 20Results distinguising between different informal sector lenders are reported in the Supplemental Appendix . 19", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 643, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacted states in terms of damages are Jonglei ( US $ > 14 HNO , 2022 > 15 Additional information here ( Accessed in May 2022 ) > 16 World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database ( apps . who . int / nha / database ) . > The data was retrieved on January 30 , 2022 . Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP . Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and 256 . 4 million ) and Unity ( US $ 117 . 8 million ) , which together account for more than half of total damages , followed by Warrap ( US $ 94 . 2 million ) and Upper Nile ( US $ 64 . 8 million ) . The effects of the lack of availability and accessibility of services are compounded by the overall inability of the population to afford related costs . Around 82 % of the population is poor < sup > 17 < / sup > . Livelihoods are seriously deteriorated by conflict and climate shocks that could further lead to increased tensions between farmers and pastoralists . < sup > 18 < / sup > It is also estimated that floods killed or displaced more than four million livestock ( cattle , sheep , goats ) . Infrastructure-related damages are estimated to stand at US $ 125 . 4 , or 18 . 7 per cent of the total . In total , 3 , 464 km of primary , secondary , and tertiary roads were affected by floods , severely disrupting accessibility , connectivity , and the delivery of much needed humanitarian aid to flood-affected areas . Seventy health facilities have been affected by the floods , with 20 storage facilities reportedly damaged . In addition , extensive flood damage has been reported to water , sanitation , and hygiene-related community infrastructure , including boreholes and water points The delivery of social services and infrastructure has been affected by these concurrent shocks , resulting in extremely low levels of access , particularly outside urban areas . With IDPs among the most severely affected , a large proportion of people", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 194, "text": "Global Health Expenditure database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) | Value | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 2 , 891 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date < br > | | 20-Nov-2017 | 21-May-2021 | 18-Jan-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | | IN01092972 < br >  Of which female ( | Number | , Custom Breakdown ) | | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 517 . 00 | | Date | | 20-Nov-2017 | 21-May-2021 | 18-Jan-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P161317 | IDA-62680 | Effective | USD | 50 . 00 | 50 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 . 28 | 43 . 54 | 7 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) # # * * Unit of Responsibility for Indicator Name Core Baseline End Target Frequency Data Source / Methodology Measure Data Collection * * Description : This indicator will measure the percentage increase in the average number of transactions initiated and / or completed at the pilot CSC established in Year 2 of the project . A transaction is any type of service that a CSC provides , that is , providing information to citizens , processing applications on citizens ' behalf and delivering services . Baseline will be established at the end of Year 2 after CSC has been established . | * * Name : * * Citizens involved in < br > the design and delivery of e - < br > services < br > | Number | 0 . 00 | 300 . 00 | Annual | Data on citizen participation < br > will be collected through list < br > of participants to meetings < br > and workshops organized < br > by ANSIE / PCU during the < br > different phases of the < br > development , testing , and < br > launching of e-services < br > including e-ID . | ANSIE / PCU | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Number of women < br > involved in the design and < br > delivery of e-services < br > | Number | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | Annual | Data on women < br > participation in meetings < br > and workshops related to < br > the development of e - < br > services | | Description : Citizens participation through online or workshop consultations . This indicator is critical to ensure citizen engagement and feedback . | * * Name : * * Share of tax returns < br > filed electronically < br > | Percentage | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | Annual |", "spans": [{"start": 805, "end": 834, "text": "Data on citizen participation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We also characterize the population residing in close proximity to combustion power plants and show that the burden of excess PM2 _ . _ 5 falls disproportionately among groups with lower socioeconomic status . The fourth set of results projects these costs into the future , accounting for possible changes in the climate , demography , and the electricity sector . Specifically , we extend the counterfactual calculations until 2059 , which roughly corresponds to the expected operational lifespan of the combustion power plants in service . We begin by computing the evolution of the FHD using data from 22 climate and earth system models under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways ( SSPs ) . Concerningly , for the region , we find that the FHD is expected to increase between 22 and 24 percent over the next four decades . Consistent with the increase in the FHD , we also find that premature deaths and monetized losses are also likely to increase . When assessing the effect of the SSPs in conjunction with three highly stylized electricity sector scenarios , we find that merely flattening out the losses would require the most optimistic SSP scenario in conjunction with an electricity sector scenario where combustion power plants are phased out following regional pledges . These results are important because they indicate that the health burden of excess PM2 _ . _ 5 is largely permanent over the next four decades and is a first-order concern for policy makers in the region . Another important feature of these results is that there are considerable differences in sub-regional trends , for example , with the Andean Region ( Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru ) poised to experience a decrease in hydrological droughts and consequently in their FHD . Our paper contributes to several stands of literature . Most narrowly , it extends recent work in the U . S . quantifying the relationship between hydrological droughts , energy generation , and air quality ( Eyer and Wichman , 2018 ; Herrera-Estrada et al . , 2018 ; Qiu et al . , 2023 ) . Specifically , we demonstrate that this relationship also exists in LAC , we recover the first region-wide estimates of excess PM2 _ . _ 5 for the region , and we", "spans": [{"start": 596, "end": 640, "text": "data from 22 climate and earth system models", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UGANDA AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ANNEX V TSETSE CONTROL Table 7 Detailed Cost Table ( U . Sh . ' 0001 Ouantits Base Costs Unit 85 / 86 86 / 87 87 / 8 * * 8 * * 8 / 89 Total Unit Cost 85 / 86 86 / 87 87 / 88 88 / 89 Total I . INVESTMENT COSTS TRAINING IN ZIM8bAE MAN / MONTH 9 - - - 9 359 . 19 39232 . 7 - - - 39232 . 7 CONSULTANCY MAN / HONTH 3 3 2 - B 5 , 301 , 61 15X904 & 8 150904 . 8 10I603 . 2 - 42M412 . 9 EQUIPMENT sun 0 . 5 0 . 3 0 . 2 - 1 60 , 074 , 11 30 , 037 . 1 184O22 . 2 12 , 014 . 8 - 60 , 074 , 1 Total INVESTMENT COSTS INVESTMENT COSTS COSTS 49 , 174 . 6 33p927 . 1 22 ? 618 . 0 - 1059719 . 7 2 = 2 - = : : : = = = - - : = = = = = c : = s = = = = = = Total 49 , 174 . 6 33Y927 . 1 22 , 618 . 0 - 105 , 719 . 7 = = = No = * = e : = = 13 = 14 1 : = : : = = Total INVESTMENT COSTS INVESTMENT COSTS COSTS Total November 13P 1984 10 : 53", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With our panel of constructed ENLACE data , we merge information on program receipt at the individual level derived from administrative data . We define an individual ’ s beneficiary status based on the receipt of a PROSPERA scholarship in the sixth grade . Because enrollment in primary school is near universal , we assume that if administrative data shows that a sixth grader was not receiving a PROSPERA grant , that sixth grader lives in a household that does not receive PROSPERA . Our definition thus of beneficiary versus non-beneficiary reflects status in sixth grade and the identification strategy compares sixth grade PROSPERA recipients with sixth grade non-recipients in all the years we study . One might expect PROSPERA recipients to show higher poverty rates than non-recipients and this would imply lower rates of school enrollment between the groups in the absence of the program . We are fortunate to be able to also merge information on children and their households using Context Questionnaires that were applied to children at the time of the ENLACE application to sixth graders in 2007-2008 and this information provides valuable variables for controlling for differences in characteristics between PROSPERA recipients and non-recipients . The context questionnaires were applied only to a random subsample of schools , so we restrict our analysis to this subsample . We also have data on characteristics of the schools that are collected using “ 911 ” forms , which are administrative forms that are filled out at the level of the school at the beginning and the end of each school year , which we also merge to our data . These data allow us to control for measures of quality and to potentially study if PROSPERA impacts are significantly different when children have access to different quality schools . We also use these variables to control for impacts of available school quality on achievement . The particular variables available varies by school year . We use those variables available at the beginning of our panel , for the school year 2007-2008 to construct the following school level indicators : student / teacher ratio , whether school is “ multi-grado ” meaning a teacher has more than 1 grade in his / her classroom , teacher education levels ( measured by proportion", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 41, "text": "ENLACE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 333, "end": 352, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Yang , J . and M . C Nguyen , “ March 2021 Update to the Global Database of Shared Prosperity : What ’ s New ” . _Global Poverty Monitoring Technical Note_ , 16 , World Bank , Washington , DC , 2021 . https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 35389 35", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "best way to identify it is at the industry level . < sup > 37 < / sup > Table 1 presents the tariff levels and their changes for our sample . Although our analysis is conducted at the product level we provide some statistics here aggregated by industry . The highest tariff rates before and after the UR appear in the tobacco sector ( SIC-314 ) : an average of 42 and 25 percent respectively . The lowest pre-UR tariffs are in the miscellaneous petroleum and coal products sector ( SIC-354 ) with 3 . 9 % , whereas the iron and steel industry ( SIC-371 ) became the least protected in terms of tariffs after the UR , 0 . 4 % . The footwear sector ( SIC-324 ) experienced the least liberalization , 0 . 8 percentage points , and tobacco the highest , 17 . Note also that there is a considerable amount of variation in tariff changes both within industries , with coefficients of variation between 0 . 28 and 1 . 5 , and across industries , with a coefficient of variation of 0 . 44 . # 4 . 3 Estimation Results The unconditional mean reduction in MFN tariffs by the EU was 4 . 4 percentage points for non-PTA products but only 2 . 9 for PTA products during the UR . A simple t-test con fi rms that the difference of 1 . 5 percentage points , with a standard error of 0 . 1 , is statistically signi fi cant . This difference may be due to other factors that are correlated with the PTA variable . Therefore in table 2 we present the estimates of the parameters in ( 23 ) . In order to address the endogeneity issues discussed above we employ an instrumental variables technique . More speci fi cally , we use the two-step efficient generalized method of moments estimator , which is robust to heteroskedasticity with an undetermined form . Furthermore , we allow for the errors to be correlated through clustering within each industry for which the production data is used to ensure the estimation is also robust to arbitrary within-industry correlation . < sup > 38 < / sup > The variable I < sup > any0", "spans": [{"start": 1847, "end": 1862, "text": "production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Second Kenya Informal Settiemen ' _ < sup > _IiprovementJ Projec_ < / sup > _Annual Report and Financial_ < sup > _Statements for the financialyear ended June 30 , 2025_ < / sup > implemented in < sup > phases . Socio-economic surveysandanalysistoidentifycommunityissueswere < / sup > undertaken in settlements < sup > benefitingfrom < / sup > < sup > * * CDP . * * Thetarget settlementsareMajaoni , andLikoni < / sup > 203 in Mombasa County ; < sup > FortJesus , Kiang ' ombeandBosniainKiambuCounty ; andMwanzo < / sup > and Kipkaren in Uasin < sup > Gishu . Subsequently , Community Developmentplans ( CDPs ) for the seven < / sup > settlements were prepared and < sup > presentedtothestakeholdersforreviewandownership . < / sup > Prioritization and co-designing < sup > of communityprojects / investmentssub-projectsforsixinformal < / sup > settlements advanced < sup > inKilifi , inreadiness for implementation . Otherconversationonskills < / sup > enhancement of beneficiaries < sup > incollaboration withNationalYouthOpportunitiesTowards < / sup > Advancement * * ( NYOTA ) . * * In Component * * 3 , * * Institutional < sup > CapacityDevelopmentforSlumUpgrading , thefinalSlum < / sup > Upgrading and < sup > PreventionStrategywasdevelopedandapproved < / sup > < sup > * * by * * the AccountingOfficerand < / sup > adopted * * by * * the < sup > CabinetSecretary . Itis beingdisseminatedinthecounty", "spans": [{"start": 213, "end": 275, "text": "Socio-economic surveysandanalysistoidentifycommunityissueswere", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 4 . Representative of PAPs 5 . Representative from local NGO - 6 . EEPCo representative In urban areas : 1 . Head of the Municipality or Urban Administration 2 . Town planner / surveyor 3 . Representative of PAPs 4 . Representative from local NGO 5 . EEPCo representative The amount of compensation will be determined according to proclamation No . 455 / 2005 , Part Three , Article 7 . The amount of compensation will be paid at a replacement cost , and also taking into account World Bank requirements . All compensations will be effected ahead of the civil works . The environmental team of the project office will carry out household census of project affected persons , and identify the impact and affected property . The following methodology and procedures are suggested for the valuation of compensation rates for crops and trees . • Cash compensation is paid for loss of crops and trees that are found on the land that has been acquired . The relevant agricultural office of the locality considered establishes the compensation rates . In accordance with the EEPCo procedures and in consultations with Woreda administrations , the project office and EEPCo ’ s EMT execute the expropriation and the compensation for the loss of crops and trees . The decisions taken will be , as is the practice , documented with meeting protocols and receipts upon payment . The documents will , as usual , be available at municipalities and Woreda government offices and at EEPCo . • Compensation rates for loss of crops and trees will be based on market values and cover a cash value of the loss estimated until the new crop or tree comes to maturity . The process and the necessary actions to be taken will be concluded after consultations with Woreda administrations and EEPCo . # # # * * < u > Unit Rates of Compensation for Loss of Crops < / u > * * < u > : < / u > a . Measure the size of land for each type of crop ( in square meter", "spans": [{"start": 681, "end": 725, "text": "household census of project affected persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 # * * PDIS RETOURNÉES * * Tableau III : Nombre Cumulé de PDIs retournées par région de juillet 2013 au 31 octobre 2020 | * * Région * * | * * Ménage * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kayes | 41 | 125 | 106 | 231 | | Mopti | 9457 | 25284 | 20627 | 45911 | | Segou | 422 | 1817 | 1487 | 3304 | | Gao | 32 286 | 86 457 | 69 965 | 156 422 | | Menaka | 16 682 | 37 597 | 30 813 | 68 410 | | Kidal | 547 | 1201 | 983 | 2184 | | Tombouctou | 67 904 | 167 661 | 137 956 | 305 617 | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 127 339 * * | * * 320 142 * * | * * 261 937 * * | * * 582 079 * * | D ’ après les évaluations menées en décembre 2020 , le nombre de PDIs retournées est estimé à * * 582 . 079 * * individus . Le nombre de retournés au Mali est passé de 581 550 en octobre 2020 à individus en décembre 2020 , soit une augmentation de * * 529 * * individus . * * 22 * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| | _Cereals and roots_ | 3 , 207 . 0 | 350 . 9 | 948 . 9 | 385 . 7 | 232 . 3 | 82 | 430 . 9 | 776 . 4 | | _Sugars and oils_ | 2 , 625 . 0 | 108 . 5 | 561 . 6 | 125 . 7 | 1 , 046 . 3 | 40 . 5 | 405 . 6 | 336 . 8 | | _Pulses_ | 67 . 3 | 13 . 4 | 10 . 1 | 5 | 6 . 6 | 1 . 8 | 17 . 6 | 12 . 7 | | * * Livestock , 2010 , mt * * | 24 , 884 . 6 | 1 , 997 . 1 | 9 , 503 . 5 | 1 , 638 . 0 | 3 , 599 . 1 | 2 , 020 . 2 | 1 , 983 . 5 | 4 , 143 . 5 | | _Poultry_ | 20 , 451 . 1 | 1 , 137 . 5 | 8 , 363 . 1 | 1 , 355 . 6 | 3 , 008 . 5 | 1 , 777 . 2 | 1 , 322 . 1 | 3 , 487 . 1 | | _Pigs_ | 939 . 3 | 31 . 0 | 538 . 9 | 64 | 82 . 4 | 0 . 1 | 12 . 6 | 210 . 4 | | _Ruminants_ | 3 , 494 . 1 | 828 . 6 | 601 . 6 | 218 . 4 | 508 . 2 | 243 | 648 . 8 | 445 . 6 | Note : Since urban expansion data use 2015 as the starting year , any crop or livestock that overlap with the 2015 urban extent are not counted toward the initial agricultural production . In Table 3 , we present descriptive statistics on the percentage of grids that have overlap in urban extent , crop production , and livestock production . For example , 30 percent of grids that have cereal production also have fruit production , 90 percent of grids have both pig and chicken production , 35 percent of grids have both cereal", "spans": [{"start": 756, "end": 776, "text": "urban expansion data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "called for coordinated multi-sectoral efforts to increase investments in nutrition specific and sensitive interventions including technology and infrastructure , dietary diversity , behavior change , and empowering communities to innovate and identify localized solutions to address malnutrition . # # # * * Profile of the GC members * * # # # * * < u > Description of Changes to the Results Framework during Restructuring < / u > * * * * PDO Indicators . * * The following changes were made to the PDO indicators . Page 41 of 47", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "about 8 percent of Kenyan exporters export to their main industrial market ( the United Kingdom ) , since 58 percent of Kenyan enterprises export , this represents over 4 percent of Kenyan enterprises . The poor performance of Ethiopian exporters in regional markets probably reflects regional difficulties that have prevented Ethiopian enterprises from developing export partnerships with firms in neighboring countries ( e . g . , in Eritrea , Somalia and Sudan ) . # * * II . 2 Barriers to Trade * * Many different factors affect firms ’ propensities to export . Since the cost of transportation will vary between sectors , enterprises will be more likely to export in some sectors than they will be in others . Similarly , enterprise size is likely to be important — there are fixed costs associating with exporting that larger enterprises will find it easier to bear . Finally , transportation costs will vary between countries . Although exporting will generally be more difficult for enterprises in landlocked countries , it is important to note that most of the small and medium enterprises included in the investment climate surveys export to neighboring countries ( including neighboring landlocked countries ) rather than to more distant markets . Another factor that might affect export performance is the existence of policy-induced barriers to trade . Export taxes are the most direct policy-induced barrier . In practice , however , export taxes — which were mostly levied on primary production in any case — have become far less important in recent years . For example , Senegal eliminated export taxes in the mid-1980s and Uganda abolished export taxes in the mid-1990s . < sup > 6 < / sup > In addition to export taxes , tariffs and non-tariff barriers on imports might also affect exports . By increasing the cost of imports , they will divert resources towards import substituting activities , discouraging exports . In addition , if firms find it more costly to import intermediate and capital goods , this will increase production costs . Although exporters are often entitled to reimbursement of import duties under duty drawback schemes , these schemes are often complex and are administered inefficiently ( Collier , 1998 ) . Tariffs might also discourage exports , if", "spans": [{"start": 1115, "end": 1141, "text": "investment climate surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stringency of the harmonized standards and the restrictiveness of the rules of origin . We contribute to this literature by identifying through a firm-level analysis regulatory convergence in deep trade agreements ( and , specifically , the presence of SPS and TBT provisions in RTAs ) as a source of spillover effect . The paper is organized as follows . The next section describes the data and provides some descriptive statistics . Section 3 presents the empirical specification and results for the firm-level analysis . Section 4 explores the differential effects for regulation-intensive products . Section 5 provides robustness analysis and Section 6 concludes . # * * 2 Data and descriptive statistics * * To identify the impact of trade-related institutions in destination markets on Costa Rican firms , we combine data on regional trade agreements , the universe of export transactions at the firm level , and product-level information on regulation sensitivity . First , we use the World Bank Deep Agreements Database to capture the depth of trade agreements ( Hofmann et al . , 2017 ) . The data set provides information on the detailed content of 279 RTAs , signed by 180 countries between 1957 and 2015 . Following Mattoo et al . ( 2017 ) , we measure the depth of an agreement as the count of strictly enforceable provisions included in the RTA . < sup > 8 < / sup > Other dimensions of the content of RTAs used in the analysis include the presence of regulatory provisions and the preferential or nondiscriminatory nature of provisions . Appendix A . 1 provides the details . In a robustness test , we use an alternative measure of RTA depth from Mario Larch ’ s Regional Trade Agreements Database ( Egger and Larch , 2008 ) which categorizes RTAs into partial scope agreements , free trade agreements , and customs unions . For exporter transactions , we use the Exporter Dynamics Database described in Fernandes , Freund , and Pierola ( 2016 ) . The underlying data for Costa Rica cover the universe of exporting firms over 1998 – 2012 and provides information on export value and quantity at the firm-product-destination-year level . The data cover 14 , 253 firms exporting to 211 destinations . We limit our", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 856, "text": "data on regional trade agreements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 992, "end": 1027, "text": "World Bank Deep Agreements Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1678, "end": 1712, "text": "Regional Trade Agreements Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1879, "end": 1905, "text": "Exporter Dynamics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Technical | DLI 2 | NPCT | Due Date | 31-Mar-2024 | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Model law deve | loped and validated . Guidel | ines developed and vali | dated and included in the | POM . | | * * Comments * * | ( i ) < br > TOR < br > ( ii ) < br > TORs | drafted . Procurement is to s < br > finished . Procurement is to | tart in March 2024 . < br > start in March 2024 . | | | | * * Action Description * * | 03 . Update guidelines for the preparation of IDePS , including climate-resilience aspects | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * < br > * * Timing * * < br > * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Technical | DLI 3 < br > NPCT in coord with < br > CoG < br > Due Date < br > 30-Mar-2024 | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Guidelines developed and validated and included in the POM , and gazetted | | | * * Comments * * | Guidelines for climate resilient planning have been added to the POM . < br > Update of the IDePS guidelines will be undertaken as part of the harmonization process . | | | * * Action Description * * | 04 . Prepare guid | elines to develop a local business database and priv | ate sector engagemen", "spans": [{"start": 1273, "end": 1296, "text": "local business database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS , PROTECTION RISKS AND NEEDS OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE # # # * * Older persons * * Some 13 % of households are comprised of one or more older persons , aged 60 years or more . Households comprised of one or more older persons reported higher levels of serious medical conditions ( 37 % ) and disability ( 21 % ) than average . Households comprised of older persons also reported a higher percentage of household members who are unable to replace missing or expired civil status and identity documents than average ( 39 % ) . This may reflect increased challenges in accessing information on how to replace documents or reaching locations where such services are provided . The vast majority , 82 % of older persons surveyed , are retired . Per < u > UNHCR ’ s intentions study , most < / u > older persons rely on their pensions from Ukraine ( 60 % ) and social protection or cash assistance in the host country ( 46 % ) to sustain themselves , indicating limited sources of income among these households . Data from protection monitoring also identifies that households comprised of older persons are more likely to reside in collective sites ( 25 % ) or be hosted by relatives ( 28 % ) and less likely to be renting their own accommodation than average , likely a reflection of the higher level of economic vulnerability of such households . # # # # # * * CURRENT ACCOMMODATION OF HOUSEHOLDS COMPRISED OF OLDER PERSONS * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Hosted by relatives 28 % < br > Collective site 24 % < br > Rented 22 % < br > Hotel by government 12 % < br > Hosted by others 10 % < br > Other 4 % < br > Provided by employer 1 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Likely due to their limited sources of income and health conditions , many older persons struggle to meet their", "spans": [{"start": 1028, "end": 1059, "text": "Data from protection monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Other results accord with intuition ; exporters fared significantly better during the crisis , whereas large firms shed more labor , in part because such firms were less likely to go out of business ( our regressions are conditional on firm survival ) . Government firms also appear to have shed less labor . # * * 7 . Conclusion * * While crises are recognized to be periods of intensified adjustment and aggregate studies suggest that firm dynamics are a key determinant of the depth and duration of crises , firm-level evidence on their impact on the efficiency of resource allocation is scant . Perhaps because of the paucity of the empirical evidence , there is an active debate as to whether or not crises have a silver lining by improving resource allocation . On the one hand , a host of macroeconomic models are predicated on the idea that the additional competitive pressure induced by the crisis will hurt inefficient producers disproportionately . They predict that the crisis will “ cleanse ” out unproductive firms and reallocate resources towards more efficient producers . On the other hand , a series of recent papers point out that , in the presence of market imperfection , these conclusions may be overturned and that crises may “ scar ” the economy by driving productive firms out of business . Using Indonesian manufacturing census data from 1991-2001 to examine the impact of the East Asian crisis on resource allocation , this paper rejects the hypothesis that the crisis unequivocally improved the reallocative process . Decompositions of aggregate productivity growth reveal that firms that suffered the largest productivity losses also suffered the largest reductions in market share . In addition , market share reallocation between firms contributed more positively to average productivity than during non-crisis times , although the magnitude of this contribution was modest and only positive in absolute terms in 1998 . However , the correlation between productivity and employment growth did not strengthen , which is concerning given the excessive amount of job reallocation taking place during the crisis . More 29", "spans": [{"start": 1322, "end": 1358, "text": "Indonesian manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 For the MICs , the teacher survey from McKinsey ( 2020 ) reports reach _ × _ effectiveness rate = 54 % for China . Given an effective closure rate of 43 . 5 % , the loss is about 20 % . Likewise , children were 1 . 4 months behind by November 2020 , also a loss of 20 % . In India , another large MIC , the ASER ( 2020 , 2021 ) surveys suggest students were about 50 % behind in 2020 . Given an effective closure rate of 77 % , reach _ × _ effectiveness = 35 % . Since India is likely more representative of the MIC group ’ s ability to provide effective remote learning than China , and since no improvement has been observed based on descriptive evidence , we assume reach * effectiveness = 35 % for MICs in both years . Finally , for the LICs we have reach * effectiveness = 25 % based on the ministries ’ data . Since we use 40-45 % for HICs , 35 % for MICs , we arbitrarily use 20 % for LICs . * * Computing the loss * * _ν_ * * . * * The disruption to school was greatest in the MICs ( 33 % of two years of education ) , due to their higher effective school closure rate ( see Table 2 ) . Schools were then slightly more open in the LICs , but reach * effectiveness was much higher in HICs , making the shock less severe in HICs ( 21 % vs . 28 % for LICs ) . * * Employment Shock * * The ILO ( 2020 ) reports that the peak loss in total hours worked ( from unemployment , inactivity and reduced hours ) across the HICs , MICs and LICs are 15 _ . _ 8 , 20 _ . _ 9 and 12 _ . _ 4 percent respectively . However , the peak is not indicative of the impact of the shock over the entire year . Instead , we assume a loss equal to the average over 2020 , i . e . 8 _ . _ 3 , 9 _ . _ 5 and 6", "spans": [{"start": 22, "end": 50, "text": "teacher survey from McKinsey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 799, "end": 816, "text": "ministries ’ data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Annex 7 . Summary of Borrower ' s ICR and / or Comments on Draft ICR _Assessment of project development objective_ The project ' s development objective was to sustain growth in national crop production at the high level of recent years and to help maintain stable food security . This objective is successfully achieved , mainly by supplying sufficient fertilizer on time to the farming community . The DSA study estimated the 2009-10 grain harvest at 18 . 1 million tons , up from 17 . 1 million tons in 2008-09 ( a 5 . 6 percent increase ) . Production increases have been achieved under conditions of somewhat erratic rainfall , mainly by increasing crop productivity per unit of cultivated land and by expanding cultivated area . Based on CSA yield estimates for 2009-10 , the productivity of Ethiopia ' s three major food crops increased by 4 . 5 percent ( wheat ) , 2 . 5 percent ( teff ) , and 5 . 8 percent ( sorghum ) over the previous season . Table S : ComparisoD of Project Targets and Achievements | No . | Outcome Indicator | Target < br > ( end 0 [ 2009 cropping < br > season ) | Achievements | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | I | Fertilizerprocuredand < br > distributedtofarmers < br > ( tons ) | 400 , 000tonsfromproject < br > resources ( total importsabout < br > 550 , 000 ) | 510 , 370tonsfromproject resources < br > ( tota ) importsabout 627 , 000 ) | | 2 | Cereal , pulse , andoilseed < br > production ( tons ) | 17 . 9mi1Iion | 18 . 1million | | 3 | Yieldofcereals , pulses , < br > andoilseeds ( tonsper < br > hectare ) | 1 . 50 | 1 . 57", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 765, "text": "CSA yield estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 kWh ) | * * 2 . 9 * * | 11 . 4 | | | _Source : _ Eberhard and others , 2008 Derived from data downloadable at AICD on-line power utilities database http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data _Note : _ MW = megawatt . 16", "spans": [{"start": 116, "end": 153, "text": "AICD on-line power utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capita payment will be divided into three parts : the first payment relates to PHCCs ’ success in enrolling eligible NPTP beneficiaries , the second is based on use of services by beneficiaries , and a third is based on achievement of user satisfaction . 14 . Accordingly , disbursement will be made according to the following installments : ( i ) 20 percent of the contract amount would be disbursed immediately upon signing . In addition , onetime payment to PHCCs to assist them in preparing for project implementation including recruitment of additional staff , as needed ; ( ii ) 40 percent would be disbursed periodically ( 3 months ) for the actual number of enrollees attending clinic after verification through crosschecking of PHCCs registers with existing NPTP enrollee databases ; ( iii ) 30 percent will be disbursed periodically ( 3 months ) for enrollees completing a second visit ; and ( iv ) a final disbursement of 10 percent will be offered in two installments at the end of second and end of third year as a reward based on achieving user satisfaction ( Table 4 ) . 15 . The user satisfaction will be monitored through third party assessment and will include analysis of the following : ( i ) enrollment ; ( ii ) knowledge of the benefits plan ; and ( iii ) utilization of the grievance system . 38", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 790, "text": "NPTP enrollee databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 7 . For projects with impacts covered under para . 3 ( b ) of OP 4 . 12 , the analysis referred to in ( b ) and ( d ) above is carried out when the plan of action is furnished to the Bank ( see para . 15 of this BP ) . 8 . In case of resettlement policy framework , the borrower ' s obligation also includes preparing a resettlement plan in accordance with the framework , for each sub-project giving rise to displacement , and furnishing it to be the Bank for approval prior to implementation of the sub-project . 9 . See OP / BP 13 . 05 , _Project Supervision_ . 10 . The Plan is prepared by the regional social development unit in consultation with the TTs and Legal . 11 . See OP / BP 13 . 05 , _Implementation Completion Report_ . 12 . The ICR ' s assessment of the extent to which resettlement objectives were realized is normally based on a socioeconomic survey of affected people conducted at the time of project completion , and takes into account the extent of displacement , and the impact of the project on the livelihoods of displaced persons and any host communities . 74", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 940, "text": "socioeconomic survey of affected people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * been developed to enable registration for those without formal identification . For women , this typically involves registration under the identity card ( tazkira ) of the husband or male relative and then taking a photograph for visual identification at collection points where mobile phones are used to receive payment . Where the taking of female photographs is deemed culturally unacceptable , fingerprint records can be made for identification . Low levels of beneficiary literacy have also been cited as barriers to widespread adoption of mobile assistance delivery , even when training is provided – with large numbers of beneficiaries unable to benefit from training due to illiteracy < sup > 38 < / sup > . Perhaps the final barrier to the delivery of cash and voucher assistance over mobile phone is the low level of awareness cited by respondents during focus groups within vulnerable communities . However , despite these challenges and uncertainties within NGOs on how to deploy the technology , distribution of cash and voucher assistance over mobile phone is increasingly seen as a high-potential , cost effective and secure delivery mechanism by the majority of humanitarian organisations interviewed . _ “ As Pashtuns we have never heard of transferring money through mobile phones , and we don ’ t know how it works , because we are always at home and busy with children and housework and unaware of what happens outside ” _ – Female respondents from a focus group in Regreshan neighbourhood , Kabul city # # # # * * Delivering assistance quickly and bypassing corruption : * * Some cash and voucher modalities require more logistical organisation than others . For example , setting up voucher interventions takes time if suppliers have not already been identified and vetted . Beneficiaries must often queue to receive assistance , imposing time and physical constraints on more vulnerable recipients such as women , the elderly and disabled . Once again , technology is able to play a role in speeding up the delivery of cash or voucher assistance through e-voucher and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accessed on 18 July , 2023 ) . This makes the air to have long term health impacts to residents with high sensitivity to pollen and will not be able to perform high intensive tasks for prolonged periods of time . People with already existing respiratory diseases are most affected . * * Noise levels * * The project area is within disturbed environment with various activities , such as shops , motorized and non-motorized transport , people , and domestic animals among others within fairly limited surface area . The noise levels are generally high during the day , and part of the night . The sources of noise are the same as the sources of air pollution in the area , and include : Vehicular traffic along the major roads . Construction material haulage operations and , Any potential project component depending on intention of use ( i . e . mechanical pumps ) * * Social Economic Baseline Information Land Use and Tenure * * On average according to the Household Baseline Survey Report ( 2014 ) land allocation to different uses was as follows : subsistence crops ( 34 % ) , natural pastures ( 34 % ) , commercial crop production ( 18 % ) and homesteads ( 7 % ) . About 1 % of the lands constituted woodlots while 18 % was classified as not utilizable . Very little land was identified to have been set aside for conservation purposes that have potential to negatively affect water , soil nutrients , plants and animals ( GoK , 2014 ) . The mean land holding size at 1 . 6 acres while the mean agricultural parcel is 1 . 0 acres . Subdivision into # # # # # # * * 5 . 1 . 8 Air Quality * * Air quality in Kisumu County is generally moderately polluted with an average annual air quality index of between 51 and 112 ( https : / / www . aqi . in / dashboard / kenya / kisumu / kisumu ( https : / / www . aqi . in / dashboard / kenya / kisumu / kisumuhttps : / / www .", "spans": [{"start": 959, "end": 991, "text": "Household Baseline Survey Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by 5 percentage points . At the same time , the share of manufacturing dropped dramatically by 13 percentage points . < sup > 5 < / sup > Transition economies differ substantially as regards the sectoral structure of employment . In CEE the economy is dominated in equal measure by manufacturing and market services ( jointly about 60 percent of all jobs ) . Public services ( health , education , administration , etc . ) provide additional 25 percent of jobs . The share of agriculture is relatively small ( 15 percent ) . Outliers in this group are Bulgaria and Romania , where the share of agriculture is well above the average for the group . If the group is limited to current EU member transition economies , then the share of agriculture is correspondingly lower , and that of manufacturing is higher . In Belarus , Russia and Ukraine relatively more jobs are provided by agriculture and public services at the cost of significantly smaller market services sector . Belarus , Russia and Ukraine apparently move towards similar sectoral employment structure as CEE , however the pace of structural changes is slower and thus the economic structure seems “ less advanced ” . In the other CIS countries the employment structure looks dramatically different . It is heavily dominated by agriculture , which accounts for close to half of total employment . The manufacturing sector tends to be small , providing on average less than 15 percent of all jobs . The market services sector is also substantially smaller than in other ECA sub-regions , accounting for less than 20 percent of all jobs . Only the share of public services ( which is the least varying component of the employment structure ) is comparable to that in other ECA transition economies . > 4 This does not necessarily imply that labor has moved directly from agriculture to services . An alternative scenario is also possible that agricultural labor moved to manufacturing and manufacturing labor moved to services . Data which would allow one to discriminate between those two scenarios is absent . > 5 These figures come from an employer based survey , and thus probably underestimate the growth in the employment share of the services and agriculture sectors", "spans": [{"start": 2104, "end": 2125, "text": "employer based survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * PROTECTION BRIEF > CZECHIA * * # # # Protection Risk III * * Access to decent work : * * Among the key barriers to accessing work , 66 % respondents mentioned a lack of knowledge of the Czech language ( 41 % ) , inability to find a job with decent pay ( 24 % ) , inability to find a job with a mentioned suitable or flexible schedule ( 18 % ) , and lack of opportunities commensurate difficulties in with skills or professional experience ( 18 % ) . These findings were also reflected in focus group discussions conducted by UNHCR with Ukrainian finding refugee women in Plzen in April ( elderly women ) and in Cesky Krumlov in work in Czechia . May . Employment / livelihoods support was mentioned as one of the top three priority needs ( 23 % ) of interviewed households . Moreover , in terms of information needs 35 % of respondents indicated a need for more information about job opportunities ; this was the highest reported information need . # # # Protection Risk IV * * Access to adequate healthcare : * * As per the Protection Monitoring , 26 % of respondents indicated having had a health problem in the last 30 days and needing to access health care . Of these , 6 % were unable to obtain the needed healthcare . Key reasons for not being able to access the needed care included : inaccessibility of health facilities / inability to make an appointment ( 48 % ) , language barriers ( 31 % ) , long waiting times ( 21 % ) , and refusal of staff to provide care ( 14 % ) . * * What were the main reason [ this person ] was unable to access health care ? ( N = 42 , asked to those who needed health care and were unable to access it ) * * Unable to make an appointment ( e . g . administrative < mark > … < / mark > 48 % Language barriers ( e . g . unable to communicate with < mark > … < /", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1050, "text": "Protection Monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "o < / sup > C | | well | Longitude | 40 < sup > o < / sup > 59 ’ 29 . 62 ’ ’ | ppm | μs / cm | . | . | The result indicates that there is high concentration of heavy metal in Tendho dam and the PH is alkaline for both the dam and the borehole . # # # # 4 . 1 . 8 Ambient Air Pollution Since it is rarely routinely monitored , ambient air quality statistics are often scarce in Ethiopian towns and cities in general and in the case of Semera-Loggia town in particular . Semera-Logia town is in the main road to Djibouti and it is exposed to air pollution related to fossil fuel combustion such as airborne lead and carbon monoxide as there is a high presence and movement of heavy trucks in the area . In addition , dust re-suspension is one of the major causes of air quality problems in Semera-Logia as there is high prevalence of wind and the area is characterized bare land with sand soils . Thus , due diligence needs to be taken during the design , construction , and operational phases of the sanitation projects so as to protect the already exposed ambient air conditions in the sub towns . In general , air quality is influenced by anthropogenic activities distinguishing two main sources , namely mobile and stationary sources associated with the project activities . Excavation and vehicle activities are major sources of ambient air pollution arising from the project activities during construction . In addition , the exhaust from the vehicles during the construction is a short-term source of ambient air pollution with insignificant levels . During operation , there may be also potential sources of ambient air pollution from the dry mater and evaporation of liquid wastes with some toxic materials from fecal sludge treatment plan as the area is characterized by strong wind and high temperature . Emissions to the ambient air from vehicles may include pollutants particulate matter ( PM ) , Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , Nitrous oxide ( NO", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 356, "text": "ambient air quality statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cost of rent extraction ( NEDDs ) . It is therefore possible to develop specific predictions about how variation in the EDD / NEDD ratio will incentivize policy-makers in anticipation of voters ’ reactions . Specifically , this game theoretic set-up enables the derivation of two distinct hypotheses . Firstly , EDD policy-makers will be more reluctant to engage in rent extraction versus insulated policy-makers ( although this result will only hold in democratic contexts ) ; secondly , perception of rent extraction among voters regarding the overall level of ‘ political ’ rent extraction , will vary with the EDD / NEDD ratio ( as a higher EDD / NEDD ratio will incentivize more policy-makers to desist from rent extraction in order to secure re-election ) . This two-stage test is a logical extension of the original focus of the Duch-Stevenson ( ibid ) and economic voting literature in general , and of the impact of context on the magnitude of voter reaction to incumbent behavior . Ideally , it would also have been good if the operationalization and testing of the ‘ voter component ’ of the hypotheses derived by the model occurred in the same manner as Duch and Stevenson ’ s ( 2008 ) formalization . That is , using individual level survey data of voter perceptions of rent extraction before and after an election . However , due to the limited reliability of over time variation in perceptions of rent extraction noted > 7 See Besley , ( 2006 ) for an introduction to the use of P-A in political economy analysis . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1258, "text": "individual level survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s Humanitarian Aid Commission ( HAC ) and IOM have registered approximately 104 , 000 Sudanese returnees from 2015-2017 . UNHCR is not involved in population data management for IDPs , which is done by IOM with some participation from WFP . The national figures are compiled by HAC and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) , and form part of the Humanitarian Country Team ’ s ( HCT ) official figures . The agreed national figure for 2018 is nearly 2 million individuals across 8 states , as shown in Table 2 . * * Table 2 : IDP population by state in Sudan * * _ ( Source : 2018 Sudan HNO ) _ | STATE | IDP POPN . ( Individuals ) | | - - - | - - - | | South Darfur | 537 , 833 | | North Darfur | 480 , 828 | | Central Darfur | 395 , 329 | | West Darfur | 253 , 237 | | South Kordofan | 179 , 665 | | East Darfur | 94 , 438 | | Blue Nile | 47 , 392 | | West Kordofan | 8 , 300 | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 1 , 997 , 022 * * | 8", "spans": [{"start": 618, "end": 632, "text": "2018 Sudan HNO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "light density comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Table 2 presents descriptive statistics for all the main variables in our analysis . Our sample includes 1 , 080 observations that correspond to the 30 municipalities that represent cities of most in Colombia and 36 months . < sup > 10 < / sup > We focus on capital departments capital cities that host about two-thirds of all Venezuelans in our sample ( e . g . , using the locations reported in the RAMV data ) in order to reduce possible biases in crime reporting due to internal conflict that still persists in rural areas ( Iba ̃ nez et al . , 2017 ) . Yet , as a robustness test we also show that our main results hold for different levels of geographic aggregation B . A . ( such as aggregating the data by department-month level ) in Appendix Panel A of Table 2 illustrates the total number of crimes B the ones re - reported ; panel ported _by Venezuelans_ in rates per 100 , 000 individuals . The rate of all crimes reported by Venezuelan migrants in our sample is 0 . 79 per 100 , 000 individuals ( panel B ) . The most common crimes reported by Venezuelans is theft ( 0 . 44 per 100 , 000 individuals ) . These numbers are quite low , as expected — at the time , Venezuelans represented at most three percent of Colombia ’ s population , with heterogeneity in terms of locations , naturally . Yet , they have enough variation to exploit for our exercise . Indeed , given the high standard deviations relative to the mean , significant variation is evident across crime reports , cities , and months . Similar trends are observed for crimes perpetrated by Venezuelans ( Panel C ) , where theft is also the most common crime . In terms of the treatment variable , panel D of Table 2 shows that for the average city in our sample , there were 4 , 839 Venezuelans who received the PEP migratory status . That number , however , ranged between 13 and 35 , 729 across all cities in the sample . In proportion to the local", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 489, "text": "RAMV data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or promoted by theroject . \" Technology \" includes a change in practices < br > compared to currently used practices or technologies ( seed preparation , planting time , feeding schedule , feeding ingredients , post-harvest storage / < br > processing , etc . ) . If the project introduces or promotes a technology package in which the benefit depends on the application of the entire package ( e . g . , a < br > combination of inputs such as a new variety and advice on agronomic practices such as soil preparation , changes in seeding time , fertilizer schedule , plant < br > protection , etc . ) , this counts as one technology . \" Farmers \" are people engaged in farming of agricultural , including livestock products or members of an < br > agriculture related business ( disaggregated bymen and women ) targeted bytheproject . This includes agro-pastoralists andpastoralists . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name | * * Farmer beneficiaries who are female ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures female beneficiaries adoptingimproved agricultural technologies andpractices followingdemonstrations bytheproject | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodologyfor Data | MIS | Page 43", "spans": [{"start": 929, "end": 953, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "certain industries . It is critical to understand that the consequences of product market concentration are not always confined to the product market and may impact other , related markets . Ultimately , an analysis of the ways reforms to promote competition affect household welfare would need to consider the direct effects through price and other channels , such as wages , employment , and profit shares , to determine the distributional effects of competition through its impact on three overlapping groups of economic agents , that is , consumers , workers , and capital owners . The competition conditions among firms affect the welfare of households in their role as consumers through changes in the prices , quality , and diversity of alternatives available for purchase ( Atkin et al . 2016 ; Begazo and Nyman 2016 ) . Although desirable , changes in the quality and diversity of products , as well as the effects of new consumers that were previously priced out , are not within the scope of analysis of WELCOM . The first is due to the use of household surveys , which do not account for the quality of the products consumed . An appropriate method is currently in development in an updated version of the tool and will be incorporating potential welfare gains in the extensive margin of the products of interest . It is also important to highlight other channels , such as wages , employment , profit , and capital income . For instance , competition can affect household welfare through labor market adjustments induced by competition and the resulting effect on nominal wages , the number and composition of firms demanding labor ( due to the potential entry or exit of firms ) , and labor ’ s bargaining power or the presence of oligopsonies in factor markets such as labor ( CEA 2016b ) . Moreover , competition affects 22", "spans": [{"start": 1055, "end": 1072, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mentioned international activities are associated with higher relative wages for skilled workers . However , the effects on relative skilled employment are negative and signi fi cant for imported inputs and export shares and are not signi fi cant for FDI shares . # 5 . 2 . Industries with Comparative Advantage The effect of international economic activities on the demand for skilled labor may depend on whether or not the plant belongs to an industry with comparative advantage . We follow Yeats ( 1998 ) in calculating revealed comparative advantage indexes for each 4-digit ISIC revision 3 industry in Brazil ( for 2001 ) and in China ( for 1999 ) and based on these indexes , we construct dummy variables identifying the industries with comparative advantage in each country . < sup > 45 < / sup > We estimate a modi fi ed version of Eq . ( 5 ) , where the international activity Tijr < sup > 2enters separately and < / sup > interacted with the dummy variable for comparative advantage industries and show the results in Tables 16-18 . < sup > 46 < / sup > In Table 16 , the coefficients on imported inputs shares for Brazil are positive and close to those in Table 6 . The coefficients on the interaction with the comparative advantage dummy are negative in three cases but never signi fi cant . The total effect of imported inputs on the demand for skilled labor is positive suggesting that our earlier fi nding that imported inputs allow Brazilian plants access to skill-biased technology fl ows is not counteracted by the fact that plants importing inputs in comparative advantage industries may be engaging in production activities intensive in unskilled labor . For China , the effect of imported inputs shares per se on the demand for skilled labor is negative , except for education-based skills measures . Chinese plants that import higher shares of inputs in industries with comparative advantage have an even lower demand for skilled workers . This provides support to our interpretation of the negative > 45We use detailed trade fl ows for Brazil , China and the world taken from World Integrated Trade Solution ( WITS ) to compute the revealed comparative advantage indexes as detailed in", "spans": [{"start": 2099, "end": 2130, "text": "World Integrated Trade Solution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "place at the peak of the crisis to transfer data from one jurisdiction to the next , nor was there a protocol for identifying individuals . Key ideas to take forward : - Importance of a rights-based definition of disability in data collection processes during humanitarian action that allows the analysis of interactions between persons with long-term activity limitations and attitudinal and environmental barriers . More nuanced data about the types of functional difficulties may be useful in program design , implementation and evaluation . Better-designed humanitarian action should aim to promote access and removal of barriers . - Invest in the capacity of humanitarian actors to collect and effectively use disabilitydisaggregated data . Raising the awareness of humanitarian actors about the implications of the barriers to participation and accessing services , as well as the risks they cause for persons with disabilities , will reduce the chance that people are left behind or passed over . Before collecting any disability data , humanitarian actors can do a lot to make the services they provide more accessible . # # # * * 4 . Disability Data and the Humanitarian Program Cycle * * # # # # * * Preparedness and relevant pre-crisis data * * Lack of existing or reliable secondary data on persons with disabilities was identified as being a general challenge . Where such data does exist prior to the emergency it is enormously helpful in rapidly assessing needs . Investments at the national level in population censuses , demographic and health surveys , or health or education management information systems pay off following a humanitarian crisis by offering responders a solid foundation on which to assess the scenario as well as the likely impacts on affected populations . Pre-crisis data is not relevant in every situation . Pre-conflict data might be outdated . In some scenarios sharing of data may be limited due to the lack of political will , accountability , or the fact that the government may be a party to the conflict itself . Also , how data is shared in these situations could have important protection issues for affected persons . Important ideas at the preparedness stage :", "spans": [{"start": 715, "end": 743, "text": "disabilitydisaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1026, "end": 1041, "text": "disability data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1516, "end": 1535, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1538, "end": 1568, "text": "demographic and health surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1574, "end": 1624, "text": "health or education management information systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1848, "end": 1865, "text": "Pre-conflict data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# without long-lasting welfare consequences or the need to resort to migration . This conceptual framework offers valuable insights and constitutes a practical tool for analyzing climate-induced mobility . First , it enables the assessment of the inherently non-linear relationship between climate shocks and mobility . Second , it allows for a specific investigation of the key mediating factors influencing this relationship , which can be attributed to household-specific endowments and contextual elements , as in the NELM framework . Overall , it helps in identifying the heterogeneous effects of climate shocks , where outcomes include not only dichotomic choices but also encompass mobility , immobility , and poverty traps . Lastly , it emphasizes the importance of estimating critical thresholds that determine households ' migration responses to climate stress based on their assets , adaptive capacity , and liquidity constraints . It is important to note that most conventional resilience and vulnerability indicators and traditional econometric tools are not adequately equipped to capture the intrinsically non-linear dynamics of the heterogeneous ( im ) mobility responses induced by climate shocks depicted in Figure 1 ( Montalbano and Romano , 2022 ) . Therefore , novel empirical approaches based on fully flexible and nonparametric methods are needed to estimate the conditional probability of farmers ' mobility under climate risk ( as explored by Cissé and Barrett , 2018 ) . Our empirical analysis aims to explore these issues using household panel data and methodologies capable of detecting the type of conditional treatment effect heterogeneity that , according to our framework , characterizes the climate-mobility nexus in rural agricultural contexts . In conclusion , based on the above discussion , we formulate the key hypotheses subject to subsequent empirical testing , presented in Table 1 . The table also reports the expected empirical results that one would anticipate _ex ante_ based on the relationships described in the conceptual framework . 10", "spans": [{"start": 990, "end": 1029, "text": "resilience and vulnerability indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1555, "end": 1575, "text": "household panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Actual < br > KE-LAMU COUNTY-137492 - < br > NC-RFQ / Hire of one motor < br > vehicle 13 seater van to carrycounty health managementteam to Patte island andkiunga for RBF Data IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 1 , 160 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-11-25 2020-01-20 2020-05-15 < br > verification < br > CONSULTING FIRMS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Request for ProposalsShort List and Draft Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Technical Proposal Evaluation of Combined EvaluationNeReport and Draftgotiated Contract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Identified / SelectedInvitation toConsultant Draft NegotiatedContract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification * * . Not expected for any works or goods packages in the procurement plan . # * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components : Applicable * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implemented here follows closely the methodology suggested by Fay and Herriot ( 1979 ) , in which a linear mixed model establishes the relationship between the welfare parameter and auxiliary subgroup level information . > ′ ( 2 ) dd dd dd where is the mean income , YY = XX is a vector of characteristics , and ββ + uu , dd = 1 , . . . , DD , is a vector of random effects with mean zero and variance YYdd XXdd2 that account for additional variability that is not explained uudd uu by in subgroup _d_ . These characteristics are found in the most recent census ( or the one closest σσ dd to the most recent available household survey ) and are country-specific . However , most countries XX provide information of characteristics at the household and individual level such as geography , access to utilities , ownership of appliances ( and / or amenities ) , dwelling features , demography , fertility , mortality , education , and disabilities . Given that the household income parameter , , is not available in the census , it must be dd estimated from the household survey by , YY ( 3 ) dd dd dd where is the sampling error associated with the estimation of YY < sup > � < / sup > = YY + ee , such that the direct dd dd estimator is assumed to be unbiased , ee ) = 0 , and the variances YY < sup > � < / sup > , are assumed to be dd dd dd known , . Thus , by combining equations ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) we obtain the following mixed EE ( ee | YY φφ dd dd dd linear model , VV ( ee | YY ) = φφ ′ ( 4 ) dd dd dd dd To obtain the _empirical best linear unbiased predictor_ YY < sup > � < / sup > = XX ββ + uu + ee ( EBLUP ) of , which is unbiased and dd minimizes the mean squared error ( MSE ) of the model , Fay and Herriot ( 1979 , 270 ) suggest YY < sup > � < / sup > 20", "spans": [{"start": 618, "end": 634, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Reproductive , Maternal and Child Health Services Improvement Project ( P155186 ) | * * Indicator Name * * | * * PBC * * < br > * * Baseline * * | | * * Intermediate * * | * * Targets * * < br > * * End Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | | | * * _Rationale : _ * * | | | | | * * _Action : This indicator has been_ * * < br > * * _Revised_ * * | * * _Corrected actual achievement_ * * < br > * * _and refinement in definition a_ * * | * * _from 23 percent to 7 percent , _ * * < br > * * _nd methodology of data . _ * * | * * _which is more accurate_ * * | * * _reflection of performance given refinement of data collection tools_ * * | | Births registered among children < br > under 1 year ( Percentage ) | 13 . 00 | 30 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 30 . 00 | | | * * _Rationale : _ * * < br > * * _Revised end year targets dow_ * * | * * _nwards as the target set durin_ * * | * * _g the last restructuring_ * * | * * _ ( December 2020 ) was overly ambitious_ * * | | * * _Action : This indicator has been_ * * < br > * * _Revised_ * * | | | | | | * * Strengthen disease outbreak prepa * * | * * redness and response * * | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 investment to the capital stock ) is lower for this group of firms . The ratio of liquid assets to total capital is no different for firms that never had access to long term credit and those that always had it , although it is higher for companies that have had long term financing during some years . The results obtained when firms are partitioned according to quartiles are similar with two interesting exceptions . Firstly , the ( operating ) profit rate is the lowest for the group with a maturity length in the top quartile relative to the other firms . Secondly , the liquid asset to total asset ratio seems to be monotonically decreasing with maturity . The results for the SCI and the SC2 sample are very similar . The only difference is that profit is always positively correlated both to the access and length of maturity . # * * 111 . 2 . ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE ON * * ACCESS * * AND MATURITY * * We now discuss some of the econometric evidence on the access to long term debt . In Table 9 we report in the first two columns the results obtained using probit and logit models for the probability of obtaining long term credit for the SC 1 sample . In order to take into account of the panel data nature of the data , in the last two columns we also report the results for the probit random effects model ( see Butler and Moffit ( 1982 ) ) and for the fixed effect logit model ( see Chamberlain ( 1980 ) ) . In order to minimize endogeneity problems , at least in the logit models with fixed effects , we have included all regressors as beginning of period ( if stocks ) or last period values ( if flows ) . All equations in this subsection include also sector and year dummies ( not reported here for brevity", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 schools , but the timely feedback ( due to data generated by the monitoring system , the learning assessments , and the evaluations ) led to immediate scaling up of activities , by way of both the government budget and GPE Additional Financing . - Improving learning outcomes can be an achievable project objective if accompanied by a strong M & E framework and monitoring arrangements . In the case of this project , the project was able to establish a robust M & E system capable of systematically tracking progress , and project activities included relevant assessments and studies that influenced decision making and policy development . For example , the regular assessment data collection allowed for an evidence-based correction at the time of project restructuring , when assessments indicated that learning levels had decreased . Remedial action was taken , by introducing more targeted teacher pedagogical skills training and peer-to-peer learning to complement ongoing activities . Page 15 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 687, "text": "assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affect limited size of grazing land owned by individual households and community members collectively . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 6 Off-farm Livelihood Strategies * * In the assessment of off-farming economic activities of subproject affected households both the sample socioeconomic survey as well as census survey confirmed the presence limited non-farming economic activities along the impact corridor as well as among PAHs . For instance , the sample socioeconomic survey finding revealed that only 24 . 4 % of the sample households confirmed that one or more members of their family have been engaged in some kind of off-farming economic activities , mainly business and handcraft activities . The proportion of households who are engaged in business activities are found to be higher in Manna Woreda than other study areas . The proportion of households engaged in business activities in urban areas like Jima and Limu Genet towns is not as high as expected . Similarly , the census survey result also confirmed that salaried employment , business / trade and daily labour is among reported off-farming economic activities by 9 . 6 % and 10 . 3 % of subproject affected household heads and household population respectively . # # # # # * * 6 . 3 Household Cash Income and Expenditure * * During the preparation of the ESIA for the Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject , a socioeconomic survey was conducted to understand the current income and expenditure levels of households in Subproject influence corridor . This assessment was crucial for evaluating the overall economic well-being of the households that would be affected by the proposed Subproject . The survey delivered various aspects of the households ' financial situations , including their sources of income , spending patterns , and overall economic stability . By gathering detailed information on these factors , the assessment sought to provide a clear picture of the economic conditions prevailing in the affected communities . This understanding is essential for developing strategies that can mitigate the potential adverse impacts of the Subproject and ensure that", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 288, "text": "sample socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 300, "end": 313, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1391, "end": 1411, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > consultants for standards < br > need assessment survey < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Po | st | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | 30 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-09-30 | 2017-10-21 | 2017-12-04 | 2018-01-03 | 2018-02-07 | 2018-08-06 | Page 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2017-12-03 | | KE-MOE-11517-GO-RFB / < br > Mobile Environmental Monitoring < br > equipment Lot 3 & 4 < br > IDA / 55260 | Component A : Petroleum Secto < br > - Reforms and Capacity Building | r < br > < sup > Post < / sup > < br > | Request for Bids | Open - International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 900 , 000 . 00 | 0 . | 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | | | | 2017-04-04 | 2017-04-09 | | 2017-05-21 | 2017-06-20 | 2017-07-25 | | 2018-01-21 | | KE-MOE-15672-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of geophysical data < br > processing and Interpretation < br > Hardware < br > TF / A3418 | Component A : Petroleum Secto < br > - Reforms and Capacity Building | r < br > < sup > Post < / sup > < br > < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 60 , 000 . 00 | 0 . | 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | | | | | 2017-08-19 | | | | 2017-10-14 | | 2018-04-12 | | KE-MOE-16927-GO-RFB / Gas < br > Testing Equipment < br > IDA / 55260 | Component A : Petroleum Secto < br > - Reforms and Capacity Building | r < br > < sup > Post < / sup > < br > | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage -", "spans": [{"start": 514, "end": 530, "text": "geophysical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # < u > The burden paradigm < / u > A central reason for the emergence of the RAD approach is the perception by developing host states of refugees as a ‘ burden ’ . The International Conference on Assistance to Refugees in Africa [ ICARA ] conferences in the early 1980s , which were an impetus to much of the RAD literature , explicitly sought to address the burden of refugees on host-states , in the interests of ‘ burden-sharing ’ . The literature describes the RAD approach as a way to counter this perception of refugees as ‘ burdens ’ and ensure recognition of refugees as potential ‘ benefits ’ . However , the RAD literature in fact reinforces the view of refugees as a ‘ burden ’ . The narrative that emerges from the literature can be seen in one of the key texts in the RAD literature , Gorman ’ s _Coping with Africa ’ s Refugee Burden_ ( 1987 ) : Given the rudimentary and limited resources these governments [ of developing host countries ] have to provide their own people with health , education and agricultural development programs , it is reasonable to assume that sudden and large influxes of refugees can overwhelm their capacities to respond . Many of Africa ’ s refugees … impose a direct burden on host country infrastructure ( Gorman , 1987 : 33 ) . The literature simply assumes refugees to be burdens in resource-constrained areas and proposes that implementing RAD approaches can ensure that refugees transform from being a ‘ burden ’ to a ‘ benefit ’ . However , a significant body of literature argues that the polarisation of the debate , regarding refugees in developing host countries and the need for burden-sharing , into ‘ burden ’ _or_ ‘ benefit ’ fails to see the complexities of social change that refugees bring to an area . Kibreab notes that the assumption that refugees are a burden on host communities is not based on empirical data but abstract preconceptions ( 1991 : 59 ) . He argues regarding the contention that refugees are a burden , “ buried", "spans": [{"start": 1865, "end": 1879, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that most facilities visited were using syndromic diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections . Few health facilities had condoms and none conducted Information , Education and Communication activities on AIDS . < sup > 41 < / sup > The National AIDS Control Programme , 80 % of health facilities that transfuse blood do not test donated blood for HIV , but NGOs health facilities do test for HIV . According to JSI , condoms are only available in the two family planning facilities . In Goma , all facilities use syndromic diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections , and condoms are not generally available in health facilities but are occasionally found in pharmacies . < sup > 41 < / sup > GBV is a huge problem in the country , especially as the stigma of rape and domestic violence persists , preventing many women from seeking medical help and counselling . In such circumstances , the risk of contracting HIV may increase , though there are no data to corroborate this claim . The DRC Ministry of Health has also conducted a two-part survey of the HIV situation in the country . In July 2003 , sentinel surveillance was done in 7 urban and 2 rural sites in the West of the country ; from January to May 2004 sentinel surveillance in 5 urban and 3 rural sites in the Eastern regions ( Bukavu , Bunia , Goma , Karawa , Kindu , Kisangani , Lodja and Neisu ) , where the majority of IDPs live , was undertaken . < sup > 47 < / sup > Results of the second study in the Eastern part of the country will soon be published , but there are no data to disaggregate between the general population and IDPs . HIV serosurveys were also conducted in 2002 by a team of doctors in 4 major cities : Kinshasa , Mbuji-Mayi , Lumbumbashi ( government-controlled areas ) and Kisangani ( under the control of rebel factions ) . Pregnant women , blood donors", "spans": [{"start": 1050, "end": 1086, "text": "two-part survey of the HIV situation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1622, "end": 1637, "text": "HIV serosurveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "27 iii ) Pooled account / special account activity statement . - ( b ) Physical Progress ( Output Monitoring ) Report - ( c ) Procurement Report on prior review contracts 74 . The formats of the IFR have been agreed with the Bank . MoPS is eligible to use the report-based disbursement for both the PSRP and Strategic Capacity Development Component , provided that during project implementation , it : ( a ) sustains satisfactory financial management ratings during the project ’ s supervision ; ( b ) submits IFRs consistent with the agreed form and content as explained below ; and ( c ) submits Project Audit Reports by the due dates . 75 . The financial statements should be prepared in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( which inter alia includes the application of the cash basis for the recognition of transactions ) . The IDA Financing Agreement will require the submission of audited financial statements to the Bank for both PSRP and Strategic Capacity Development Component within six months after the year-end . 76 . These PSRP and Strategic Capacity Development Component Financial Statements will comprise : - ( a ) A _Statement of Sources and Uses of Funds / Cash Receipts and Payments_ that recognizes all cash receipts , cash payments and cash balances controlled by the entity ; and separately identifies payments by third parties on behalf of the entity . - ( b ) The _Accounting Policies Adopted and Explanatory Notes . _ The explanatory notes should be presented in a systematic manner with items on the Statement of Cash Receipts and Payments being cross-referenced to any related information in the notes . Examples of this information include a summary of fixed assets by category of assets , and a summary of SOE Withdrawal Schedule , listing individual withdrawal applications ; and - ( c ) A _Management Assertion_ that Bank funds have been expended in accordance with the intended purposes as specified in the relevant World Bank financing agreement . 77 . Indicative formats of these statements will be developed in accordance with IDA and agreed with the Country Financial Management Specialist", "spans": [{"start": 1766, "end": 1789, "text": "SOE Withdrawal Schedule", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * ANNEX 8 . INVESTMENT PROJECT FINANCING COMPONENT * * # * * Financial Management ( FM ) * * 1 . The World Bank team assessed MoE , TSC and JKF , the implementing entities for the IPF and established that the FM arrangements ( a ) are capable of recording correctly and completely all transactions and balances relating to the project ; ( b ) are able to facilitate the preparation of regular , timely , and reliable financial statements ; ( c ) can safeguard the project ’ s assets ; and ( d ) are subject to auditing arrangements acceptable to the Bank . 2 . MoE is currently implementing GPE PRIEDE , GPE Covid 19 Learning Continuity in Basic Education Project , SEQIP and EASTRIP all funded and / or administered by World Bank for GPE . Some of the issues raised in the FM reviews include ; Counties still submitting County Financial Reports late and with wrong reporting format despite a lot of training had been done ; the internal audits from MoE IAD very infrequent . However , the IAD indicated that the projects are audited annually only that the sharing with the World Bank may not have been done . Regular refresher trainings on the counties are recommended and internal audit department will be required to have carried out internal audit of the project activities at least annually and reports shared with the World Bank . 3 . * * Ministry of Education ( MoE * * ) : The following strengths were identified ; a ) adequate financial processes and systems that will support the program-including the Financial Management System ( IFMIS ) for capturing financial transactions and reporting and b ) development of a National Education Management Information System ( NEMIS ) that automated end to end management of education data and associated administrative functions . NEMIS tracks information on the learners instead of prior arrangement where Ministry of Education was relying on learners ’ information / data provided by the Principals / Head teachers and countersigned by the County Directors of Education .", "spans": [{"start": 1729, "end": 1743, "text": "education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the local institutions and the recipient clients within and outside the country who will benefit from the locally provided training . Participatow : Participation i s required at various levels . This includes : ( i ) participation o f local and international training providers as users and in identifying training available , availing courses , and developing content . Their participation i s also important for the evaluation , planning , and review processes ; ( ii ) participation from the client population / agencies - civil society , civil service , private sector , projects , etc . - as users and in training needs assessments , market surveys , and monitoring and evaluation ; ( iii ) participation o f Board members in monitoring , decision making , and overall support ; ( iv ) participation o f D P M as users and in financing , monitoring and evaluation , project management , and in implementing the public service training strategy ; ( v ) participation o f * * KIA * * in providing host facilities for the DLC , in actively supporting the Centre through the Board , in making suitable working arrangements between the two institutions as well as its role as a training institution ; and ( vi ) participation o f donors as users o f the Centre and in fund raising , knowledge sharing , and technical assistance . Other - Monitoring , & Evaluation : The project has introduced M & E as an important integrated institutional process rather than as a discrete activity . It i s expected that useful information will be documented on the usefulness o f the M & E implementation plan and where and how the process has changed to improve evaluation practice and its value to the project . - 6 -", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 658, "text": "market surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A weather product based on normal seasonal rainfall is a special case of a weighted rainfall index , where all the weights are chosen to be the same . In general , a weighted rainfall index may be defined as where denote the weights , denotes realized rainfall and is typically chosen to be the average historical rainfall . Products based on such indices have been sold by ICICI Lombard in Kharif 2003 and AICI and IFFCO Tokio in Kharif 2004 and 2005 ( see Table 4 ) . Weighted rainfall indices offer more flexibility to a designer than indices based on total seasonal rainfall , but suffer from similar limitations . In particular , a weighted rainfall index provided scope for cross-subsidization across different rainfall periods . For example , a large volume of rainfall in a period of low significance ( weight ) could compensate for poor rainfall in a period of high significance ( weight ) . Application of daily caps ( ceilings ) for rainfall volume could partly address this constraint at the cost of further complicating the index . # < u > Multiple phase weather index < / u > In response to the farmer feedback collected after the first pilot , ICICI Lombard developed a rainfall index with multiple phases for the Kharif 2004 season , described in Giné et al ( 2010 ) . For such an index the growing season is divided into sequential phases of varying duration , typically chosen to correspond to the crop-growth stages as defined by crop calendars and other reference sources for agronomy . For each phase , the schedule of payments is typically piecewise linear in the total rainfall in the phase , reflecting the water requirements of the crop in that phase , and with payments only if the total rainfall in the phase is sufficiently low ( or high ) . For example , Table 5 provides an example of a product for which payments are triggered if the total rainfall in the phase is below the rainfall trigger , linearly increasing to the maximum payment of for . Such a schedule would lead to a claim payment as follows : This design could be more intuitive to potential policyholders by clearly associating each critical crop-growth phase", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Accounting Research ( CSMAR ) database , the most comprehensive database of its type that contains all trading prices and financial statement data for listed firms trading on both the Shanghai and the Shenzhen exchanges . We also rely on land price in Shenzhen to estimate the value of titling when Allocated land was converted . < sup > 20 < / sup > > 20 These land prices are found on the website of the “ Urban Planning Land and Resources Commission of Shenzhen Municipality ” , the government land agency , and “ Soufan . com ” , the largest online source of land 19", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 260, "text": "land price in Shenzhen", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "There are two more time paths that are needed to run the growth simulations – investment share of GDP � � and participation rate � � � � . Both these drivers of growth are ~ ~ � ~ ~ � � ~ ~ � ~ ~ expected to play a big role going forward and have been identified as such by the policy makers . For this reason , I consider different scenarios for their time paths that help in identifying their relative importance . - � � - * * Investment share of GDP : . * * Bangladesh has realized continued increase in the � � � ~ ~ � ~ ~ - investment share of GDP during the last 35 years . The investment share of GDP has almost doubled from 1980 to 2015 with most of the increases coming from private investment . Needless to say , capital accumulation has been an important driver of growth in the country . This point is illustrated in the graph below which shows the average GDP per capita growth rate during 2011 – 2015 against the average investment share during the same period for more than 200 countries for which data is available from the World Development Indicators database . < sup > 6 < / sup > The relationship between the two variables is positive and highly significant . However , a more important < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Correlation = 0 . 37 * * * < br > CHN < br > BGD LKA IND < br > NPL < br > PAK < br > 0 20 40 60 < br > Average Investment Share of GDP , 2011 - 2015 ( % ) < br > Source : World Development Indicators ( * * * Significant at 1 % ) < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > - 5 < br > Average GDP per Capita Growth . , 2011 - 2015 ( % ) < br > - 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > question is whether capital accumulation can deliver a sustainable high level of growth going into the future . Average", "spans": [{"start": 1040, "end": 1077, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1415, "end": 1443, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Overall , there are quite substantial differences in the degree of wage inequality both between country groups and within groups . This variation in wage inequality is depicted in Figure 12 . < sup > 11 < / sup > # * * Figure 12 Summary of wage distribution , 2002 * * # # * * Summary of Wage Distribution , 2002 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 300 14 < br > 250 < br > 12 < br > 200 < br > 10 < br > 150 < br > 8 < br > P10 < br > 100 P90 < br > Decile Ratio < br > 6 < br > 50 < br > 4 < br > 0 < br > 2 < br > - 50 < br > - 100 0 < br > Source : UNICEF TransMONEE database ; Bank staff calculation a ) 2001 < br > Azerbaijan RussiaKyrgyzstan SAMArmeniaEstonia a ) Romania UkraineBulgaria BelarusLithnuaniaHungary a ) Latvia PolandSloveniaCzech R . < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > P10 = bottom decile / median P90 = top decile / median Decile ration = top decile / bottom decile In the European transition economies the wage distribution has widened especially at the upper tail , meaning the high wages have become more prevalent and also the emergence of very high wages , not seen under the previous regime . For example , in Poland before the transition a top-paid workers ( top decile ) was earning 60 percent more than the median worker . At present a top paid worker earns twice as much a the median worker . Thus , the earnings status of top paid workers has improved quite substantially . Changes at the lower tail of the wage distribution were less pronounced in CEE . Sticking to the example of Poland , which is quite typical , before the transition a low-paid ( bottom decile ) worker was earning 35 percent less than the median worker . Currently , a low-paid worker earns > 11 The measures of wage inequality shown in Figure 12 are defined as follows . The decile ratio is", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 583, "text": "UNICEF TransMONEE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Capacity : Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India . \" American Economic Review , 106 ( 10 ) : 2895-2929 . Olken , Benjamin A . ( 2007 ) . Monitoring Corruption : Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia . Journal of Political Economy 115 , no . 2 ( April 2007 ) : 200-249 . Osborne , M . , and Slivinski , A . ( 1996 ) . A Model of Political Competition with CitizenPerry , James L . ( 1996 ) . Measuring Public Sector Motivation : An Assessment of Construct Reliability and Validity . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory : J - PART , Vol . 6 , No 1 . Pierre , Gaëlle , Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta , Alexandria Valerio , Tania Rajadel ( 2014 ) . STEP Skills Measurement Surveys : Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills . World Bank . Raffler , P . , 2017 . Does political oversight of the bureaucracy increase accountability ? Field experimental evidence from an electoral autocracy . Working paper , Harvard University . Rasul , I , D Rogger and M Williams ( 2017 ) , “ Management and bureaucratic effectiveness : A scientific replication ” , mimeo , UCL . Reinikka , Ritva ; and Svensson , Jakob . 2004 . Loca Capture : Evidence From a Central Government Transfer Program in Uganda . The Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol . 119 ( 2 ) . Rogger , Daniel ( 2017 ) . Who Serves the Poor ? Surveying Civil Servants in the Developing World . World Bank Policy Research Paper 8051 . Tirole , Jean , ( 1994 ) , The Internal Organization of Government , Oxford Economic Papers , 46 , issue 1 , p . 1-29 , https : / / EconPapers . repec . org / RePEc : oup : oxecpp : v : 46 : y : 1994 : i : 1 : p : 129 . Weaver , Jeff ( 2017 ) . Jobs for Sale : Corruption and Misallocation in Hiring . Job Market Paper , Yale University . World Bank . ( 2016a ) Making Politics Work for Development : Harnessing Transparency and Citizen Engagement . Policy Research Report . Washington , DC . © World Bank", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "liberalisation also allowed unhedged foreign borrowings , which , as Lim ( 1998 ) notes , was attractive because the central bank ' s policy of a stable currency made sure that domestic interest rates were above foreign rates . Financial liberalisation without sufficient prudential regulation and enforcement by the central bank led also in the Philippines to an overexposure to risky loans , especially real estate loans , foreign borrowings and consumer loans to high risk groups . # * * 4 . Data * * The data used in this study are taken from BankScope , which is a rich source for balance sheet and profit & loss account data for individual banks across the world . In order to estimate the bank efficiencies we have gathered the following variables : interest expenses on deposits and borrowings , personnel expenses , operating expenses ( on equipment , building , machinery , etc . ) , net loans ( equal to gross loans or credit plus accrued interest minus loan losses ) , and investments in securities ( including securities purchased with a resale agreement ) . In addition , we have collected data on total assets , deposits , equity capital , loan loss provisions , short-term borrowings ( domestic and foreign ) and ownership structures . The data is on 54 commercial banks in Indonesia , 25 in Korea , 34 in Malaysia , 29 in the Philippines , and 29 in Thailand for the years 1992-963 ( see Appendix , Tables 1-4 , for summary statistics of the data ) . The coverage of the data is quite good . In terms of bank loans , the coverage of the total commercial banking system by our sample of commercial banks is about 70 % in Indonesia , 90 % in the Philippines , 98 % in both Korea and Malaysia , and 100 % in Thailand . In terms of number of commercial banks , the coverage by our sample is 23 % in Indonesia , 96 % in Korea , 97 % in Malaysia , 57 % in the Philippines and 100 % in Thailand ( see Appendix , Tables 1 and 2 ) . We consider five different ownership forms : state-owned , family-owned , companyowned , foreign-owned", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 556, "text": "BankScope", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households reside in subproject impact Kebele . The difference between the two types of surveys is that while the socio-economic survey is intended to establish the baseline socio-economic conditions of PAHs and the census survey is to prepare the ground for compensation payment by a complete enumeration of PAHs and by registering all properties affected by the Subproject components . Therefore , this chapter discuss the main findings on the demographic and socio-economic aspects of heads of households as well as the entire population in those PAHs . # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Households * * This section presents the demographic characteristics of the surveyed household heads and family members affected by the subproject . This analysis encompasses a range of factors , including sex , age structure , family size , marital status , ethnic composition , religious affiliation , primary and secondary occupations , education levels , and health status . Based on the census survey result overwhelming majority 89 . 1 % of subproject affected households are headed by male , while 9 . 5 % of subproject affected households are headed by female ( FHH ) and the remaining ( 1 . 4 % ) of the households are absentee or missing PAHs . Proportionally higher female headed household are found in Kersa Woreda which is about 19 . 4 % of all PAHs in the Woreda . Table 6 . 1 : Distribution of affected Households by Sex and Woreda | * * Woreda * * | * * Female Headed * * | * * Male Headed * * | * * Missing * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Adele SC | 13 | 165 | 4 | 182 | | Haromaya SC | 5 | 45 | 0 | 50 | | Kersa | 36 | 183 | 4 | 223 | | Meta | 14 | 242 |", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 135, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 216, "end": 229, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1006, "end": 1019, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "predictions are then generated by taking the population-weighted mean of the AGEB-level predictions . < sup > 1 < / sup > This approach leverages AGEB-level data , which leads to more accurate and efficient estimates than area-level models specified at the municipal level and requires minor modifications of publicly available software to generate point estimates and confidence intervals . < sup > 2 < / sup > Six main findings emerge : 1 . Combining survey and geospatial data substantially improves the precision and accuracy of state-level estimates of both labor force participation ( LFP ) and unemployment rates . Estimated mean absolute deviation falls by approximately 62 and 50 percent for female and male participation rates , respectively , and by approximately 52 and 25 percent for female and male unemployment rates . 2 . When considering municipal estimates of labor force participation rates , incorporating geospatial data significantly improves accuracy and greatly improves precision . In estimates from repeated simulations , estimated mean absolute deviation falls by about 43 percent for women and 53 percent for men , and rank correlation increases by 0 . 13 for women and 0 . 11 for men . After adjusting direct survey estimates to equalize coverage rates , estimated mean squared error for male and female LFP falls by a factor of more than four . 3 . Because unemployment rates are very low , municipal estimates of unemployment rates based on a linear model are not reliable . Although estimated mean absolute deviation falls for both man and women , relative bias is high , rank correlation falls significantly for women and the estimates exhibit little variation . 4 . Accuracy is substantially lower in out-of-sample municipalities than sampled municipalities . 5 . When using a sample that simulates fully enumerating sampled AGEBs , small area estimates offer very minor improvements on direct survey estimates . 6 . A model specified at the AGEB level generates more accurate estimates than one specified at the municipal level . The improvement due to using AGEB rather than municipal variation is much larger for male LFP , which is harder to predict , than for female LFP . In short , the results support the use of augmenting survey data with geospatial data when estimating state-level", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 161, "text": "AGEB-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 926, "end": 941, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2265, "end": 2276, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report : Jobs . Washington , DC . World Bank ( 2020 ) . Lebanon Overview . Retrieved on June 17 , 2021 : < u > https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / country / lebanon / overview < / u > World Bank ( 2021 ) . Jordan Economic Monitor , Spring 2021 . Retrieved on Ocotber 21 , 2021 : - < u > https : / / documents1 . worldbank . org / curated / en / 831601624470221546 / pdf / Jordan Economic-Monitor-Spring-2021-Uncertain-and-Long-Trail-Ahead . pdf < / u > 29", "spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 234, "text": "Jordan Economic Monitor", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", architectural and engineering designs , new financial products and mineral exploration . Next ( at 1 . 6 percent of GDP ) are economic competencies , which include brand equity development through advertizing and market research , employee training and organizational improvement . < sup > 7 < / sup > Lastly , business computer software and database investments total about 1 percent of GDP . However , spending on > 7 This is an underestimate because of missing data on labor training expenditures in service sector firms . 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as < mark > tools , gunny bags , seeds , < / mark > IT < mark > equipment and accessories , vehicles , etc . ] and works [ very small value labor contracts for Development < / mark > of < mark > Nurseries [ 52 nos . ] < / mark > in < mark > 26 clusters < / mark > in < mark > 10 Districts covering 428 GPs . The total value < / mark > of < mark > this spend < / mark > is < mark > approximately 1 . 2 < / mark > % of < mark > the Bank loan . Payment made by PMU / HPFD for these contracts following World Bank procurement procedures during the 12 months prior < / mark > to < mark > the tentative Loan signing date shall be eligible for retroactive financing < / mark > . * * Record Keeping * * . All records pertaining to award of tenders / selection of consultants , including tender notification / advertisement , register pertaining to sale and receipt of bids , bid / proposal opening minutes , bid / technical and financial evaluation reports , comparative statements , Goods , Receipt Note [ GRN ] and all correspondence pertaining to bid evaluation , communication sent to / with the Bank in the process , bid securities , and approval of invitation / evaluation of bids / proposals would be maintained by the PMU and at DPO / GP level . * * Contract Management . * * The PMU , HPFD will be responsible for overall procurement and contract management under the project . At the Centre , procurement staff will be responsible for contract monitoring and supervision of contracts awarded by PMU . At DPO level , contract monitoring and supervision will be done by technical staff at DPOs / APOs level [ Agriculture , Animal Husbandry / Engineering staff of technical wing of DPO level and Forest Extension and Social Extension staff at APO level ] to ensure timely delivery of quality outputs from the procurement contracts in the project areas . All payments will be made", "spans": [{"start": 817, "end": 864, "text": "register pertaining to sale and receipt of bids", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "eligibility of affected land must be confirmed by legal documents of ownership ( squatters may be compensated for assets , not for land ) . - ( ii ) Census and valuation of structures - A detailed census and valuation of all affected structures , by type and nature , e . g . residential , institutional , communal or business structures , and whether made of permanent , semi-permanent or temporary materials , and the plinth area . - ( iii ) Census and valuation of crops and trees - A detailed census and valuation of affected crops and trees by type and level of maturity . * * Note : * * ( i ) For each affected asset provide details of the true owner , including names , gender and ID as a caption of the picture of the affected assets ; ( ii ) For each of the affected assets , provide type and methodology of compensation preferred with justification . - ( iv ) Prepare the PAPs Categorization / Classification and Compensation Entitlements due to each category of PAPs . - Classification should be in the form of , e . g . Land , structures , Crops and Trees affected ; Permanently displaced Persons ( PDPs ) and PDPs with structures . - Provide a description of the eligibility criteria for each entitlement . - Prepare a livelihoods restoration plan ( where appropriate ) for each category of vulnerable PAPs . - ( v ) Provide a cutoff date to prevent “ rent seeking ” . - ( vi ) Propose the institutional arrangements for the implementation of the RAP . This should clearly identify all stakeholder institutions at all levels that are responsible for RAP implementation as well as assign implementation roles and responsibilities to each . - ( vii ) Prepare a Grievance Redress Mechanisms ( GRM ) , developed in consultation with the PAPs and other subproject stakeholders . - ( viii ) Propose a capacity building strategy that will ensure effective and smooth implementation of the RAP - ( ix ) Prepare a detailed budget estimate for the whole resettlement action plan inclusive of costs of structures", "spans": [{"start": 149, "end": 183, "text": "Census and valuation of structures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 444, "end": 483, "text": "Census and valuation of crops and trees", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "infrastructure under Sub-component 2 . 1 . > 66 The exact number of people directly benefitting from the project depends on the combination of sub-projects prioritized and selected as the investment plan for FMP through the strategic investment framework . The direct beneficiary numbers mentioned here are based on the combination of candidate sub-projects producing the lowest number . > 67 The average poverty rate of the woredas benefitting from potential sub-projects under the project is 28 . 4 percent compared to 24 . 0 percent , based on 2016 World Bank poverty estimates ( Bundervoet et al . , 2020 . Ethiopia Poverty Assessment ) Page 25 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 580, "text": "2016 World Bank poverty estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * # # # Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) * * < mark > Direct project beneficiaries – Refugees and Host Communities < / mark > * * | Description | Number of direct beneficiaries of digital identification , EMR and Tawjihi digitalization who are refugees or living in host < br > communities with a high concentration of refugees ( > 10percent of thepopulation ) , disaggregated by gender | | - - - | - - - | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Reports on digital ID implementation by MODEE , administrative data from the EHS , Education Management < br > Information System ( EMIS ) | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Data collected and compiled from administrative sources by MOPIC to measure the number of refugee beneficiaries < br > and host communities | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MOPIC | | * * Result Area 2 on enhan * * | * * cedgovernment effectiveness through digitalization * * | | * * Increased access to reli * * | * * able and efficient digital student assessment ( DLI ) * * | | Description | Percentage of students sittingfor the digital_Tawjihi_exam , includingrefugees . | | Frequency | Annually . | | Data source | MOE , Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Review of EMIS-generated report . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MOE . | | * * Strengthened digital skil * * | * * ls in civil service * * | | Description | Number of senior officials and applicants tojobs in the civil service with digital skills certified as a result of training . | | Frequency | Once , byProgram closure . | | Data source | Roster of", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 591, "text": "administrative data from the EHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable * * * * VII . * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable . * * - * * VIII . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . - ( a ) Goods : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * . - ( b ) Works : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * * * IX . Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable # # # # # * * X . Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 ) defining M l as equal to one for banks with a Lerner Index above the median and zero otherwise . The results of this exercise are summarized in Panel A of Table A3 in the Appendix . We confirm the main finding : after issuing an earmarked loan , banks with more market power tend to increase the interest rate of new working capital loans to riskier borrowers . Notably , these banks do not reduce their lending volume to these firms . Exploiting the fact that asymmetric information is a natural source for imperfect competition , we use the number of bank relationships for each firm as an alternative measure of market power . The intuition behind this measure is that a bank can extract rents for firms that are more informationally opaque because of the limited ability of these firms to find new lenders . For instance , if a bank is the sole provider of credit to a firm , it gains valuable information about the borrower ’ s risk through its longstanding relationship , which can be then used to extract rents from the client ( Greenbaum , Kanatas , and Venezia , 1989 ; Sharpe , 1990 ; Petersen and Rajan , 1994 ; Bharath et al . , 2007 ; Ioannidou and Ongena , 2010 ) . We estimate Equation ( 3 ) defining M l as equal to one if the firm only receives credit from a single bank and zero if the firm has credit relationships with multiple banks prior to obtaining earmarked credit . The results of this check , displayed in Panel B of Table 4 in the Appendix , show that while price mark-ups in working capital loans are more pronounced for riskier firms that obtain their credit from a single bank , their loan volumes remain unchanged . > 15 There are at least two advantages of this measure . First , banks set their loan provisions according to this rating . Thus , this variable provides useful information about the risk assessment of the firm at the exact time of its first earmarked loan . Second , different from our baseline risk variable , this measure does not require information about prior working capital loans of a firm ;", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 | | 34 | 25 | 9 | | | College | ( Total | 604 | 734 | 734 | 461 | | 578 | 385 | 193 | - | | Totals | ( Male | 4 , 093 | 4 , 277 | 4 , 604 | 4 , 281 | | 3 , 729 | 1 , 822 | 1 , 364 | 543 | | | ( Female | 126 | 147 | 200 | 231 | | 290 | 145 | 84 | 61 | | | ( Total | 4 , 219 | 4 , 424 | 4 , 804 | 4 , 512 | | 4 , 019 | 1 , 967 | 1 , 448 | 604 | | Percent Fema | le | 3 . 0 | < br > 3 . 3 | 4 . 2 | 5 | . 1 | 7 . 2 | 7 . 4 | 5 . 8 | < br > 10 . 1 | Notes : 1 / Lower secondary level , following primary school . - 2 / Upper secondary level . 3 / Post-secondary level . 4 / Provisional Data , total enrollment for technical schools and technical institutes for 1979 was 3 , 931 . Source : Ministry of Education . a Co", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Electricity Expansion ( P103037 ) 1 . This indicator has been affected by illegal tapping , power theft and extended distribution lines in the LV network where losses are higher . This indicator will be improved through enhanced meter reading coverage & accuracy , installations inspections , reduction of technical losses through network refurbishment program & minimized planned and unplanned outage time . 2 . This indicator has been affected by higher transmission losses from the long routing of power from the new KenGen Kipevu III Power Station . Some mitigation of transmission losses is expected from the new unit 2 Olkaria IV 70MW plant commissioned in July 2014 , 70MW Olkaria 1 unit 4 and 13 . 6 MW Ngong II ( Gamesa ) commissioned in September 2014 , 6 . 8 MW Ngong Phase II ( Gamesa ) , 80 . 32MW Gulf commissioned in October 2014 and 70MW Olkaria 1 unit V commissioned in November 2014 . Transmission losses are expected to return to normal at about 3 . 5 % after completion of the Nairobi - Mombasa 400kV Line . # # # #  3 . Average interruptions frequency per year in the project area ( CORE ) ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 70000 . 00 | 57000 . 00 | 40525 . 00 | 51000 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2010 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Sep-2016 | # # Comments The indicator values are misleading due to computation issues as the data provided by KPLC are for total incidents reported by customers without any attempt to normalize the data i . e . the values are not true averages ( see below ) . Level 2", "spans": [{"start": 1539, "end": 1560, "text": "data provided by KPLC", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") finds that Chinese local government policy measured by willingness to approve local ODI and investment in R & D has a positive impact on regional ODI . Another home country characteristic found to have a significant effect is lagged inward FDI . Yao et al ( 2016 ) find that a country ’ s lagged inward FDI stock in China is positively correlated with China ’ s contemporaneous ODI to that country . A case study by Hertenstein et al ( 2017 ) looks into Chinese ODI in the auto component industry and argues that business networks explain the connections between lagged inward FDI and ODI . More recent studies of Chinese ODI explore firm-level data . Using MOFCOM project data from 1998-2009 , Chen and Tang ( 2014 ) find that the ex-ante larger , more productive , and more exportintensive firms are more likely to invest abroad . They also find that ODI helps firms to achieve higher TFP , employment , and export intensity and greater product innovation . Wang et al ( 2016 ) use firm-level data from Zhejiang Province to examine the impact of financial constraints on firms ’ ODI decisions and suggest that lowering a firm ’ s financial constraints can increase both the probability and volume of ODI . Chen , Dollar , and Tang ( 2016 ) focus on the determinants of Chinese ODI in Africa and show that Chinese ODI in Africa is shaped by firms ’ profit 5 Another related literature has examined the patterns of FDI from other emerging economies . Gómez-Mera et al . ( 2015 ) , for example , study the patterns of FDI from Brazil , India , the Republic of Korea , and South Africa and find that FDI from these emerging economies deals with a fundamental trade-off between market attractiveness and the transactions costs of entering distant and remote markets . 6 This “ institutional advantage argument ” is supported by Cuervo-Cazurra and Genc ’ s ( 2008 ) cross-country analysis , which argues that disadvantages at home due to weak institutions could become advantages abroad . 9", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 679, "text": "MOFCOM project data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 986, "end": 1024, "text": "firm-level data from Zhejiang Province", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 # I * * Introduction * * The relationships between growth , inequality , and poverty in developing countries have been discussed at some length . The standard view is that broad-based economic growth is poverty reducing < sup > 2 < / sup > . Yet , growth may also be associated with rising inequality , which then tends to offset part of the gains from growth for the poor . This point was first made by Kuznets ( 1955 ) who suggested that rural to urban migration would result in an inverted-U relationship between growth and inequality since urban areas have not only higher standards of living , but also higher inequality . Kuznets ' views or extensions thereof remain present in the literature today ( Anand and Kanbur , 1993 ; Watkins , 1995 ; Ram , 1995 ) , even though they have been challenged or at least qualified recently ( Papanek and Kyn , 1986 ; Bourguignon and Morisson , 1990 ; World Bank , 1990 ; Fields , 1989 ; Chen and Ravallion , 1997 ; Bruno et al . , 1996 ) 3 . While the theoretical arguments for explaining the links between growth , inequality , and poverty have been refined over time , most of the empirical work is still based on international panel data with growth , poverty , and inequality measures for a large number of countries at a few points in time . Empirical studies focusing on a single country have relied on somewhat less satisfying methodologies . First , researchers using single surveys have estimated the point elasticity of poverty to growth and inequality using formulae provided by Kakwani ( 1993 ) and Kanbur ( 1987 ) . Although useful for short term comparative statics , these elasticities say nothing about the longer term relationships between growth , poverty , and inequality . Second , researchers have decomposed changes in poverty measures 2 The World Bank ' s ( 1990 ) World Development Report on poverty recommends growth as a privileged path for poverty alleviation , provided it is accompanied by policies to promote access to education , health and social services , and also by the provision of safety nets , especially during adjustment periods . 3 For example", "spans": [{"start": 1162, "end": 1186, "text": "international panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pre-FPE . Further , I present evidence in table 5 to show that the pre - and post-FPE cohorts do not come from different wealth groups , and even if they do , such differences would attenuate rather than overstate the FPE effect . Column ( 1 ) of the table presents the determinants of the probability of completing secondary or higher education , while column ( 2 ) presents the determinants of completed years of education . From column ( 1 ) , we can see that , all else constant , the probability of completing secondary or higher education did not increase post-FPE . And the interaction of year and household wealth dummies indicates that , while household wealth increases the chances of completing secondary or higher education , the influence of household wealth did not change post-FPE . That is , pre - and post-FPE cohorts come from the same wealth groups . From column ( 2 ) , we can see that , everything held constant , 16-24 year-old children completed 0 . 5 more years of schooling post-FPE and those from wealthier households completed more years of schooling . However , the influence of household wealth on completed years of schooling attenuated post-FPE as indicated by the negative coefficients on year-wealth interaction dummies . The gap in completed years of education between those from rich and poor households was reduced . Consequently , if those who completed more years of education are the ones more likely to proceed to acquire higher education , the pool of students admitted into university post FPE is relatively poor compared to that admitted pre-FPE . This may have downward biased the FPE effect . Thus , taken together , the estimated effect could not have been an artefact of pre - and post-FPE differences in student composition . # * * 6 . 3 . 2 Pre-FPE effect of FPE on student academic performance * * Here I estimate the placebo FPE effect using the pre-FPE data ( i . e . 2010-2011 ) , assuming that the FPE-treated first enrolled in university in 2011 . Because the FPE-treated students were not at the university in those years , we do not expect to see any positive placebo FPE effect on performance because", "spans": [{"start": 1897, "end": 1909, "text": "pre-FPE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| < br > 6 . 6 < br > < br > 12 . 9 | 67 . 8 < br > < br > - 10 . 4 | < br > 15 . 8 < br > < br > 6 . 9 | Note : All conversions to dollars In this table * * are at * * the official exchange rate of US $ 1 . 00 - lirr 2 . 07 All Fiscal Years are from July 8 to July 7 . 1 / Provisional Data for 1985 .", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 299, "text": "Provisional Data for 1985", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and ultimately converged with those for regression . Therefore , the number of poverty classes selected entails a tradeoff between the accuracy and the granularity of the prediction . * * Result # 2 : In Guatemala CDRs predict urban and total poverty more accurately than rural poverty * * In both the regression and classification models , rural poverty rates were consistently more difficult to predict than either total or urban poverty rates . R < sup > 2 < / sup > values fell to around 0 . 25 for rural poverty , implying that CDR data could explain just 25 percent of the variation in rural poverty rates . The accuracy of the classification models dropped to between 0 . 3 and 0 . 65 depending on the specification . Two hypotheses could explain this phenomenon . First , cellular penetration rates in urban areas tend to be higher , and thus CDR-based analysis provides more robust modeling signals in urban areas , where they represent the behavior of a larger share of the population . In rural areas , fewer phones and fewer calls weaken the signal that can be extracted from CDR data , and their predictive power decreases . Second , urban areas tend to have more cellular antennae per square kilometer , which results in smaller polygons . The much larger polygons in rural areas may tend to reduce the granularity of the data by aggregating behaviors , weakening the predictive power of the algorithm . Testing these hypotheses will require further research . * * Result # 3 : Further analysis will be necessary to determine the extent to which CDR-based models based on past poverty data can be used to predict future poverty dynamics * * CDR-based models could potentially be used for temporal prediction or time extrapolation ( see Boxes 2 and 3 ) , but no research project has yet been able to prove that models trained on past poverty values can be used to predict future poverty levels . Such an analysis would require an extremely large and detailed dataset . For example , predicting future poverty values in Guatemala would require CDR data from 2006 and 2011 , as well as corresponding poverty survey data for the same time periods .", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 541, "text": "CDR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1586, "end": 1603, "text": "past poverty data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2056, "end": 2083, "text": "CDR data from 2006 and 2011", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2111, "end": 2130, "text": "poverty survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% in fishing . Both food and cash crops are grown . The major food crops include cassava , beans , groundnuts , simsim , millet and maize . Tobacco is the major cash crop and is the main source of livelihood for majority of the population in the district . There is renewed interest in the promotion of coffee production in many areas of the district now . With the total production volume of 275 , 994 metric tons of major crops , Arua has a strong agricultural raw material supply base for value adding agroprocessing industries . Other nonagricultural activities include : general retail and whole sale , metal and wood fabrication , art and crafts production , fish farming and livestock farming . Tobacco is also grown extensively for income generation . Honey production and trade is a known income generating activity . # # # # * * Moyo District * * Moyo District is located in the north-western corner , or West Nile region of Uganda . In total the district covers an area of 2 , 059 km < sup > 2 < / sup > , of which 192km < sup > 2 < / sup > is rivers and swamps , 172km < sup > 2 < / sup > is gazetted forest and game reserves . Approximately 78 . 9 % of the districts ’ land is arable or suitable for cattle grazing and a population density of 115 persons per km < sup > 2 < / sup > . The distance from the district headquarters to Kampala via Arua and Gulu are 640 and 480km respectively . # # # # * * _Population_ * * Moyo District had a population of 194 , 778 according to the 2002 Population and Housing Census Report . The mid-year Projection 2012 now puts the district ’ s population at 382 , 400 of which 201 , 300 are males and 181 , 100 are females . The average annual population growth rate of the district , between 1991 and 2012 , was 7 . 7 % compared to the", "spans": [{"start": 1493, "end": 1534, "text": "2002 Population and Housing Census Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with HEIS . Otherwise delete ] _ * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . [ Provide any other relevant procurement information such as procedures for procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance , or Capacity Constraints etc . ] _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s AntiCorruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . _ * * - * * _Rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities . _ * * - * * _An effective complaints mechanism . _ * * - * * _Maintenance of records of the Procurement Process_ * * When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations : * * _Not Applicable_ * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * _Not Applicable_ * * . Works : * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is * * _Not Applicable_ * * . * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : * * * * _Nothing Significant to Report ( NSTR ) _ * * _ . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "serve significant changes for people with higher reservation wages ( above 6 , 600 pesos ) . While the pattern of treatment effects is similar , the magnitude is much smaller and not significant . The last piece of evidence in support of reservation wages as an underlying mechanism for the treatment effects comes from hourly wage data collected in the endline survey . Appendix Figure A2 shows how hourly wages evolve over the employment spell for participants with formal sector jobs . Compared to the control group , youths eligible for the wage incentive accept jobs that pay around 5 pesos ( 12 % ) less in the first few months ( suggesting that they lowered reservation wages ) . These results consistently suggest that reservation wages are binding for job seekers , which is in line with evidence from the U . S . by Krueger and Mueller ( 2016 ) . It raises the question of why youths in our setting hold these high reservation wages in light of rapid skill and wage growth they would experience in formal employment . Next , we will explore the role of time preferences , false beliefs and liquidity constraints . # * * 5 . 3 Discount factors * * One explanation for why job seekers set high reservation wages and search little for jobs in the formal sector relative to the informal sector is that they heavily discount future benefits of formal employment including strong wage growth and being covered by social security programs . < sup > 27 < / sup > We elicit participants ’ discount rates in two ways . First , as part of the inperson endline survey we use the traditional method of asking hypothetical choices between payments in one month or one year . < sup > 28 < / sup > Second , we implement an incentive-compatible way to elicit time preferences for 665 respondents in our second endline survey . Specifically , respondents are invited to participate in a lottery . Their payout , if they win , is determined by their choices between receiving 2 , 000 pesos in one month or a larger amount in one year . We elicit time preferences through a set of binary choice questions and compute individual", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 336, "text": "hourly wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 354, "end": 368, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1542, "end": 1565, "text": "inperson endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "condicionaba al municipio de expulsión para tramitar este documento o recurrir a la figura de “ inscripción por correo ” , que significaba solicitar a través de otra Registraduría el registro en su municipio de nacimiento , prolongándose la posibilidad de tener el documento original de manera inmediata . Es destacable también la iniciativa de la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil de dotar a la UDAPV con recursos financieros que permitan su sostenibilidad . Desde el año 2008 gracias a las gestiones que adelantó ante el Banco de Proyectos del Departamento Nacional de Planeación , la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil cuenta con recursos para sostener las actividades ejecutadas a través de la UDAPV y no depender exclusivamente de los recursos de los cooperantes internacionales . * * La situación especial de la población desplazada en colombia y el derecho a la identidad * * Respecto a la población en situación de desplazamiento , la Comisión de Seguimiento a la Política Pública del Desplazamiento en el primer informe presentado a la Corte Constitucional en 2008 , respecto al acceso al derecho a la identidad , reporta que : - * * ( i ) * * Sólo cerca del 31 % de la población desplazada incluida en el RUPD porta el - tipo de documento de identidad requerido de acuerdo con su edad . - * * ( ii ) * * Sólo el 32 . 6 % de los hombres mayores de 17 años cuenta con libreta militar . - * * ( iii ) * * En cambio , casi el 70 % de", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1230, "text": "RUPD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": ") , this implies likely NCME in fertilizer , labor , seed , and other inputs that have been less well studied . Second , simplifying mental models naturally generate correlated measurement error , which further complicates econometric correctives , as replacing an erroneous self-reported variable with an accurate measure of the same variable can aggravate rather than reduce bias in regression coefficient estimates due to correlated NCME ( e . g . , Abay et al . , 2019 ) . We run several robustness checks to probe the robustness of our main results . Among these , we limit our sample to those cases where we have the same respondent in both the postplanting and post-harvest surveys . We re-estimate for these restricted sample involving the same respondent . Appendix Tables A6-A9 show adjustment in plot size self-reports in the post-harvest survey round . These estimates confirm those in Tables 7-10 , confirming the already-discussed 28", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 688, "text": "post-harvest surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We also highlight resource-dependent countries and resource-rich countries in our sample ( note that the two lists are not mutually exclusive ) , as they are highlighted to be particularly procyclical in the recent literature ( Arezki and Bruckner , 2012 ; Konuki and Villafuerte , 2016 ) : 1 . Resource-dependent countries are countries for which commodity revenues ( GGRC in WEO data set ) account for at least 10 percent of total revenues minus grants ( GGR and GGRG series in WEO data set ) at least 50 percent of the time over the considered period . This definition is derived from Konuki and Villafuerte ( 2016 ) and enables us to capture countries with a resourcedependent revenue structure . For more details , see Table E . 1 in Appendix E . 2 . Resource-rich countries are defined by the IMF ( 2012 ) , here is direct access to the report < u > ( https : / / www . imf . org / external / np / pp / eng / 2012 / 082412 . pdf ) . According to this definition , we < / u > capture countries where production on natural resources reached ( or expected to reach ) significant levels . For more details , see Table E . 2 in Appendix E . # Treatment of missing data # We expand equation 1 as follows : Cycl . rggpx � � � α � βCycl . rgdp � � � ρxX � � � γ � � δ � � ε � � ( A-1 ) The vector of covariates X � � includes the standard deviation of the terms of trade ( TT series in WEO database ) measured with five years rolling window , two binary dummy ( BD ) variables equaling one if the original real primary expenditures and the cyclical components of real GDP were missing , zero otherwise . Last but not least , we include two additional BD variables equaling one if the cyclical components of expenditures and GDP were missing the previous year . This is the Set 1 of covariates . The Set 2 of covariates differs with the inclusion of two BD variables equaling one if the cyclical components of expenditures and GDP were", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 389, "text": "WEO data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1384, "end": 1396, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10821 # Revisiting Global Biodiversity A Spatial Analysis of Species Occurrence Data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility _Susmita Dasgupta Brian Blankespoor David Wheeler_ Development Research Group Development Data Group & Environment , Natural Resources and Blue Economy Global Practice June 2024", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 114, "text": "Species Occurrence Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of college educated workers and the college premium , respectively . The former rises over time as young , more educated cohorts replace older , less educated ones . The replacement is complete around the year 2045 , when the economy reaches steady state . * * Figure 16 : Free College and and the College Premium * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 45 3 < br > 40 2 . 5 < br > 35 2 < br > 30 1 . 5 ω = 3 . 2 < br > ω = 2 . 5 < br > 25 1 ω = 1 . 4 < br > 20 . 5 ω = 1 . 2 < br > 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 < br > Year Year < br > a . Share College in Labor Force b . College Premium < br > Percent < br > College premium < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Own calculations based on estimates . _Notes_ : Panel a shows predicted share of college graduates in the labor force , calculated as the share of workers ( of all ages ) with a college degree relative to all workers ( all ages and educational attainment ) in the economy . Panel b shows predicted college premium , calculated as the ratio between wage for college graduates and wage for high school graduates . > 29There is a large number of estimates for this parameter in the literature . For example , Katz and Murphy ( 1992 ) estimate it to be 1 . 4 for the U . S . for the period 1963-1987 , but the low range of estimates also include 0 . 5 . Card and Lemieux ( 2001 ) estimate it for the United States ( 1959 to 1996 ) and the United Kingdom ( 1974-1996 ) and find estimates between 2 and 2 . 5 . Following Card and Lemieux ( 2001 ) , we estimate the production function parameters using Colombia ’ s household surveys ( SEDLAC ) for 2001-12 . Due to data limitations , college graduates include", "spans": [{"start": 1626, "end": 1656, "text": "Colombia ’ s household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1659, "end": 1665, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* - * * VII . * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Not Applicable . * * - * * VIII . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . - ( a ) Goods : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * . - ( b ) Works : * * Not Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * - * * IX . Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations : * * If requested by the Recipient , the World Bank will provide procurement hands-on expanded implementation support ( HEIS ) to help expedite preparation of bidding documents . * * # # # # # * * X . Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > A high concentration of Informal Jobs in developing < br > 4 . 8 countries < br > 4 . 6 India < br > Indonesia < br > 4 . 4 < br > Kenya Philippines < br > 4 . 2 < br > Sri Lanka < br > Pakistan Thailand Argentina < br > 4 < br > Zimbabwe Mexico < br > Brazil < br > 3 . 8 South Africa < br > Ethiopia < br > 3 . 6 Egypt Chile < br > 3 . 4 Turkey < br > 3 . 2 < br > 3 < br > 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > ln ( GDP per capita ) , 2008 < br > Data source : OECD , 2009 . World Development Indicators , 2010 . ILO KILM . < br > Note : 52 countries with available data shown . Chart uses latest data on informal share of employment available < br > ( 1995-99 or 2000-07 ) . GDP per capita is in 2005 constant PPP international $ . < br > employment ) < br > ln ( informal employment share of non-agricultural < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 2 : Informal sectors are exceptionally Persistent * * ( Share of Population in Informal Employment , Earliest and Latest Data Points Available ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Data source : ILO KILM Table 8 , \" Employment in the informal economy \" . India : Annual Survey of Industries / National Sample Survey ( Manufacturing only ) . The relationship between the size of informal sector and development in Figure 1 is downward sloping . This is the stylized cross-section relaionship , established many times in the literature , which informs the mindset that predicts a decline", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 524, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 618, "end": 654, "text": "data on informal share of employment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1280, "end": 1307, "text": "Annual Survey of Industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1310, "end": 1332, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well | 972 | 3 . 69 | 1 . 18 | 1227 | 3 . 67 | 1 . 23 | 0 . 01 | - 0 . 13 | 0 . 15 | | Confidence committee will solve reported issue | 1009 | 3 . 10 | 1 . 05 | 1227 | 3 . 12 | 1 . 03 | 0 . 02 | - 0 . 13 | 0 . 17 | | Satisfaction with water access ( 1-5 ) | 1845 | 2 . 76 | 1 . 49 | 1438 | 3 . 38 | 1 . 43 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 85 | | Time spent collecting water ( IHS ) | 1845 | 4 . 17 | 2 . 07 | 1438 | 4 . 04 | 2 . 05 | 0 . 03 | - 0 . 20 | 0 . 27 | | HHs pay for water ( Dummy ) | 1845 | 10 % | | 1438 | 23 % | | 0 . 09 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 19 | | Water use expenditure ( weekly ) | 137 | 153 | 217 | 303 | 254 | 351 | 114 | - 16 | 243 | | Hygiene and behaviour index | 1845 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | 1438 | 0 . 30 | 1 . 07 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 34 | | Handwashing score ( 0-10 ) | 1845 | 2 . 79 | 2 . 22 | 1438 | 3 . 41 | 2 . 16 | 0 . 43 | 0 . 19 | 0 . 67 | | Open defecation ( % ) | 1843 | 32 % | | 1437 | 27 % | | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 08 | 0 . 01 | | Self-reported handwashing with soap / ash ( % ) | 1843 | 67 % | | 1437 | 82 % | | 0 . 09 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 13 | | Frequency of latrine cleaning over past 2 weeks | 761 | 4 . 89 | 4 . 26 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| − 3 . 7 | − 0 . 9 | − 3 . 1 | | 21 – 30 YoE | − 2 . 1 | − 0 . 3 | − 2 . 9 | − 4 . 9 | − 1 . 4 | − 3 . 4 | | 31 + YoE | − 2 . 1 | − 0 . 8 | − 3 . 6 | − 4 . 9 | − 1 . 5 | − 3 . 9 | | * * Gender and area of residence * * | | | | | | | | Male / Female | − 1 . 4 | − 4 . 2 | − 1 . 1 | − 0 . 2 | − 2 . 3 | − 0 . 9 | | Urban / Rural | 2 . 8 | − 3 . 8 | − 3 . 9 | − 0 . 5 | − 0 . 1 | − 3 . 2 | _Source : _ Calculations based on the SEDLAC database . See annexes A . 1 and A . 2 for details . _Note : _ The underlying data represent the differences in the trends plotted in figures 9 , 11 , and 13 . The bases for each category are primary or less in education , between 0 and 5 years of age for the potential experience , females for gender , and rural areas for area of residence . YoE = years of experience . # 5 . Conclusions In this paper , we examine trends in labor income inequality in Latin America during the last 20 years . To estimate the inequality derived from the way the labor market values the different skills and demographic characteristics , we focus on the hourly earnings inequality of the main occupation of full-time workers between 15 and 65 years of age . We identify a trend reversal in labor income inequality beginning in the early 2000s that followed a slight increase during the early 1990s . The increase of labor income inequality during the 1990s was associated with a reduction in real wages , most severe for the workers on less well paid jobs , particularly for those in the left half", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 441, "text": "SEDLAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of HIV among IDPs and refugees . The media should also seek to verify data quoted by other reports rather than just repeating them verbatim and seek out other sources of data . Sudan is one of the only countries to have HIV prevalence among IDPs available , and it should have been included in the original article on HIV in Sudan . # # * * Uganda * * _ “ The rate of HIV / AIDS infection in northern Uganda is nearly double that in the rest of the country … ” _ < sup > _81_ < / sup > Source : Associated Press , Sept 27 , 2004 _ “ About half the girls who escape from the rebels are found to be HIV positive , doctors say . ” _ < sup > _87_ < / sup > Source : BBC , Sept 27 , 2004 _ [ AIDS is the ] “ leading cause for death , constituting 69 % of deaths in Gulu area , or three times higher than direct killings during military confrontation . ” _ < sup > _80_ < / sup > _ “ Very little work has been done in the north because it is so unsafe , despite Gulu province in the north possibly having the highest prevalence rate of HIV / AIDS . It is feared that rates amongst the LRA , the army and displaced people are higher still . ” _ < sup > _88_ < / sup > Source : Avert , Sept 16 , 2005 . _ “ In spite of the national decrease in HIV / AIDS , prevalence rates are actually on the rise in conflict areas , most notably in Gulu , the largest and most populated of the war-affected northern districts . Rates in this area were almost double the national average . If the conflict continues to spread further south and east , and a culture of war and displacement begins to take root , HIV prevalence rates are likely to rise elsewhere , and Uganda will lose many of the gains that the country", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 245, "text": "HIV prevalence among IDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reform ( 1978-2000 ) this trend continued , and the fall exceeded one-third . 25 Yao also estimated that , between 1953 and 1989 , per capita arable land and crop area declined , respectively , by 2 . 08 % and 1 . 69 % per year . 26 Should more rural labor move out of the agricultural sector and more machinery be used in farming , China ’ s agricultural productivity could expect a major improvement . 27 However , considering the current industrial structure and land tenancy system , this would be a very difficult and slow process . Furthermore , based on 2000 data , China ’ s manufacturing labor productivity was only 92 % of that in India and less than 5 % of that in Brazil , France , Japan , and the United States ( figure 2 ) . * * Table 5 . Productivity Comparison in Agriculture , Industry , and Services ( 1999 ) * * < u > ( Related GDP per person employed in industry , US $ ) < / u > | | China | U . S . | U . K . | Germa < br > ny | Japan | Finland | Korea | Malays < br > ia | Brazil | Chile | Thailan < br > d | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Agriculture | 512 | 53657 | 62117 | 41332 | 25902 | 34835 | 10439 | 3733 | 3795 | 7059 | 885 | | Industry | 2954 | 81077 | 60168 | 64556 | 80860 | 65977 | 32138 | 13534 | 19827 | 18244 | 8506 | | Services | 1751 | 66494 | 48329 | 58205 | 64294 | 52199 | 16959 | 7365 | 13771 | 12349 | 5773 | Source : IMD , The World Competitiveness Yearbook 2000 , Lausanne , Switzerland , pp461-463 . * * Table 6 . Cereal Yields ( Selected Countries ) * * < u > ( kilograms", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 570, "text": "2000 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5th Division when returning from the Baggari area . < sup > 31 < / sup > Besides IDPs , humanitarian workers and a UN mission member ( WFP staff and a CTSAMM monitor ) have been attacked and lives have been lost . Arbitrary arrests and detention of youth , including school children targeting ethnic Fertit generally and increasingly reported , member of the Luo population . < sup > 32 < / sup > This has resulted in some students not going to school . Men , especially the youth , are very concerned with their safety and security where they are perceived to be targets for military personnel outside the collective center . Some male respondents highlighted forced conscription of young men from the Cathedral , during their movement outside of collective center area around evening hours by the military forces conducting security patrols . < sup > 33 < / sup > Humanitarian workers , including WFP , Oxfam , UNMISS , UCDC and WDG staff have also been arbitrarily detained at the National Security Directorate and in the Grinti Barracks . SGBV incidents against the displaced population continues . The ability to report remains weak . Some survivors prefer not to report for fear of retaliation by the perpetrators ( armed military personnel ) . Even when a perpetrator has been arrested , with links to senior offi cers , it often results in charges not being pursued . GBV safety audits led by IMC , indicate an increase in the stress levels among family members resulting in more domestic violence incidents , an increase of over 42 % reported incidents . The capacity of local and international partners is overwhelmed resulting in a slow response on cases referred . Owing to unabated looting of property , especially in areas of Jeber Kheir and Hai Salaam , IDPs have emptied their houses and bring their property inside crowded displacement sites . The Director of the UNMISS Human Rights Division , stated during a recent visit that people are losing hope in the humanitarian actors to respond . The government plan for relocation of", "spans": [{"start": 1376, "end": 1393, "text": "GBV safety audits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * ة بالصرف والتحقق من / البيانات * * < br > * * جائ نت ال * * < br > * * إ * * | * * قييم إنجاز المؤشرات المرتبط * * < br > | * * ال بروتوكوللت * * < br > | * * قابلية توسع * * < br > | * * تعريف / وصف اإلنجاز * * | * * المؤشر المرتبط * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * اإل * * < br > * * جراء * * < br > * * ات * * | * * هيئة التحقق * * | * * مصدر / وكالة البيانات * * | * * الم * * < br > * * صروفات * * < br > * * / ( نعم * * < br > * * ك ) لا * * | | * * بالصرف * * | | النتيجة المرتبطة بالصرف2 . 4 < br > : < br > تقوم هيئة < br > التحقق المستقلة < br > بمراجعة سجالت مضيف < br > السجل و < br > ي جر ت معاينة عشوائية < br > لسجل األصول < br > المنقولة للتحققمناستخدامه | | النتيجة المرتبطة بالص", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Household survey data commonly exhibit considerable nonclassical measurement error ( NCME ) ( Bound et al . , 2001 ) . This is true even for key assets and factors of production , like agricultural land , that are readily measurable and observable to the survey respondent , and that heavily affect farmers ' incomes and livelihood . The measurement error literature largely treats NCME as an econometric challenge to overcome . This would be appropriate if NCME arises purely due to respondents misreporting their true , accurate beliefs about land holdings and other key variables . In that case , NCME carries no implications for behavior and respondents ’ decision-making processes ; it is merely a statistical nuisance . Abay et al . ( 2021 ) show , however , that a large share of NCME in plot sizes reported by farmers in four African countries appears to reflect farmers ' reporting mistaken beliefs , not misreporting of accurate beliefs . < sup > 1 < / sup > Such findings suggest that NCME in household survey data not only matters for statistical inference but can also shed light on respondents ’ decision-making processes and behaviors in ways that may reveal actionable information , consistent with a longstanding behavioral economics literature that routinely finds that people often act upon mistaken beliefs or misperceptions ( Tversky and Kahneman , 1973 ; Kahneman and Tversky , 1984 ; Angner and Loewenstein , 2012 ) . If at least some NCME reflects mistaken beliefs , then uncovering the nature and sources of NCME and their prospective implications for measurement and policy design becomes important for multiple reasons . First , mistaken beliefs might reveal smallholder farmer behavioral phenomena that drive these errors , such as inattention , self-esteem , or confirmation bias . As a burgeoning literature on “ choice architecture ” underscores , organizations worldwide increasingly design policies around behavioral anomalies ( Thaler and Sunstein , 2009 ; Ariely , 2016 ) , but the agricultural development community has been slow to do so . Second , we know little about whether and how farmers incorporate objective information to correct mistaken beliefs , although this surely matters for information-based interventions , such as agricultural extension programming ,", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1052, "text": "household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an identifiable , predominantly contiguous territory . ” This represents some 75 out of the 80 groups who are members of the House of Federation , which is the second chamber of the Ethiopian legislature . The Constitution recognizes the rights of these Nations , Nationalities and Peoples to : self-determination , including the right to secession ; speak , write and develop their own languages ; express , develop and promote their cultures ; preserve their history ; and , self-government , which includes the right to establish institutions of government in the territory that it inhabits and equitable representation in state and Federal governments . The vast majority of the project participants and beneficiaries belong to this group . The Ethiopian Constitution also recognizes the rights of pastoralist groups ( Articles 40 and 41 ) . This includes the right to “ free land for grazing and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from their own lands ” and the right to “ receive fair prices for their products , that would lead to improvement in their conditions of life and to enable them to obtain an equitable share of the national wealth commensurate with their contribution . This objective shall guide the State in the formulation of economic , social and development policies . ” Pastoralist regions / areas recognized by the government are : Afar ; Somali ; Borena Zone and Fentele Wereda ( Oromia ) ; South Omo Zone , BenchMaji Zone , and parts of DechaWereda in Keffa Zone ( SNNPR ) ; and , Nuer Zone ( Gambella ) . The pastoralists comprise approximately 12-15 million people that belong to 29 groups of Nations , 14 * * Social Assessment of GEQIP Phase 2 Ethiopia * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * . Since the X variables are selected from the baseline survey , their independence is guaranteed by randomization . However , these extra instruments could capture sources of variation that are not related to the variation in counterfactual enrollment , therefore causing a violation of the constant treatment assumption . To be valid , the conditional LATE approach therefore requires that the extra instruments capture the heterogeneity caused by the variation in counterfactual enrollment ( i . e . the fact that some would have stayed at home and some would have enrolled in an ASP ) but not other forms of more standard heterogeneity . Arguably , variables at the province or village level that capture infrastructure quality are less likely to be correlated with the standard heterogeneity associated with observed characteristics . Note that when there is more than one instrument in * * _X_ * * , the validity of the constant treatment assumption can be tested using an over-identification test . 21", "spans": [{"start": 50, "end": 65, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The number of the laws and decrees might not capture the most important laws and decrees . In other words , it might not reflect the depth and significance of economic reforms . We use news media to provide a robustness check by focusing on reform announcements in the press . The argument is that media chatter about reform announcements can pick up reforms that are perceived as important . Similar results are obtained when reform announcements are used instead of the number of laws and decrees . Figure II . 3 shows scatterplots between the reform announcements about a policy pillar versus its lagged Distance to Policy Frontier ( i . e . , the distance to the policy frontier _in the previous year_ ) between 2007 and 2017 . A policy pillar ’ s lagged distance to the frontier is not significantly correlated to reform announcements ( see Appendix A2 for more detail ) . # # * * Figure II . 3 : Number of Laws and Decrees Passed and Reform Announcements * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Bahrain Kuwait Oman < br > Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE < br > 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 < br > Distance to Frontier , Lagged ( 100 : farthest away from the frontier ) < br > Diversification Financial Market Development Goods Market Efficiency Health and Primary Education < br > Higher Education and Training Infrastructure Innovation Institutions < br > Labor Market Efficiency Macroeconomic Environment Technological Readiness < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > . 5 < br > 0 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > Reform Announcements Index . 5 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note_ : A higher ‘ Distance to Policy Frontier ’ implies being farther away from policy best practices . GCI data are from 2007 to 2017 due to data constraints from WEF ’ s GCI database ( the GCI scores are only methodically consistent and comparable across years during this period ) . #", "spans": [{"start": 1785, "end": 1797, "text": "GCI database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 09 Pest Management * * . Support to agriculture and livestock under Component 2 will entail the direct financing of pesticide and fertilizers , and / or indirect increase of chemical inputs in the agricultural areas . A pest management plan ( PMP ) was prepared , consulted upon and disclosed prior to negotiations . 10 . * * OP 4 . 10 Indigenous Peoples * * . The proposed project will not trigger this safeguard policy as there are no Indigenous Peoples in the project area . 11 . * * OP 4 . 11 Physical Cultural Resources * * . The proposed project is not expected to threaten cultural property . Nevertheless , clear procedures will be required for identification , protection of cultural property from theft , and treatment of discovered artifacts , and will be included in standard bidding documents . 12 . * * OP 4 . 12 Involuntary Resettlement * * . The need for involuntary resettlement or land acquisition in specific activity areas will only be known during project implementation , when site-specific plans are available . Therefore all activities will be screened for applicability of the resettlement policy and any activity involving involuntary resettlement or land acquisition will only be approved after preparation of a resettlement plan acceptable to the Bank . Several issues increase the complexity of land acquisition - the lack of reliable land record systems , and the inability of people losing land to either document ownership or be physically present to make their claims for eligibility . The safeguards framework will therefore include procedures for identifying eligible project-affected people , calculating and delivering compensation , and mechanisms for land dispute grievance redress . A Resettlement Policy Framework will be 82", "spans": [{"start": 1375, "end": 1394, "text": "land record systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PDO Indicator_ * * _3 : _ * * Firms active in technology development / evaluation < sup > employ < / sup > more * * S & T * * talent and profitably use more technology . Data on On PDO * * 3 * * is not available but < sup > willbecollectedaspartof the newsurveystobe < / sup > undertaken in September * * UNCST * * will consult with URI < sup > howtocombineanydatain the < / sup > Industrial Resource Centre ( IRC ) with < sup > a newsurvey . < / sup > - _ ( iv ) PDO Indicator 4 : _ Survey of clients reveals that < sup > * * UNCST * * and < / sup > < sup > * * UIRI * * provide < / sup > effective services . Survey results indicate that knowledge about < sup > andclient satisfactionwithUNCST ' sand < / sup > UIRI ' s services has been considerably enhanced . Satisfaction < sup > withresponsetostakeholder < / sup > needs increased from * * 36 % * * in * * 2007 * * to * * 78 % in 2009 * * for < sup > * * UNCST * * andfrom34 % to < / sup > < sup > * * _58 % _ * * for < / sup > UIRI for the same period . - _ ( v ) PDO Indicator_ * * _5 : _ * * Positive impressions of careers < sup > inscienceandtechnology < / sup > increase . Survey results for PDO * * _5_ * * are more challenging : < sup > in < / sup > < sup > * * 2009 * * thepercentageof A-levelstudents < / sup > having a positive interest in or planning careers", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 501, "text": "Survey of clients", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1135, "end": 1157, "text": "Survey results for PDO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Fig . 1 : GDP in OECD countries * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 105 % < br > 100 % < br > 95 % < br > 90 % < br > 85 % < br > 80 % < br > 75 % < br > 75 % 80 % 85 % 90 % 95 % 100 % 105 % < br > Q2-2020 GDP as % of GDP Q4-2019 < br > Q3-2020 Q4-2020 < br > % of Q4-2019 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : OECDstats . 20 % . Along the vertical axis , the speed of the recovery in the third and the fourth quarter is measured by the distance between each point and the 45 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > degree line ( no recovery ) and the 100 % ( full recovery ) line . For example , the United States and New Zealand had a similar reduction of GDP in the second quarter of 2020 , 10 % relative to the pre-pandemic quarterly GDP , but the recovery was different . New Zealand ’ s output was 103 % and 101 % of the fourth quarter of 2019 GDP in the third and fourth quarters of 2020 , respectively , while the corresponding numbers for the United States were 97 % and 98 % . Table 2 in Appendix A has the data underlying Figure 1 . In our model , we take the size of the shutdown as an unanticipated shock , which determines the fall in GDP during the lockdown . We are interested in characterizing the speed of the recovery . We find the cases of the United States and New Zealand of particular interest . The US is our calibration benchmark and we assess the quantitative implications of our laboratory economy using the US data . Our interest in New Zealand , in turn , lies in the starkness of its containment policies . It implemented a very intense , but brief shutdown in the second quarter of 2020 and , except for some time intervals and locations , lifted mobility restrictions thereafter . In this", "spans": [{"start": 1439, "end": 1446, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) 2 , 666 , 000 following the rollout of SLAAC activities to the additional 14 districts , the launch of the Uganda National Land Information System mobile application . - The target of the number of land parcels with use or ownership rights recorded as a result of the project was partially achieved , as it reached 397 , 000 against a target of 800 , 000 , and a baseline of 0 . # # # * * < u > Outcomes < / u > * * - The target for the number of people directly employed in the Tourism sector was exceeded ( 204 percent ) reaching 610 , 806 , against a target of 300 , 000 , and a baseline of 225 , 300 . - The target for the increase in exports of non-traditional products was slightly exceeded , reaching 10 . 70 percent , against a target of 10 percent . The matching grants targeting promotion of nontraditional products for export , such as fish , flowers resulted in increase of their exports . - The target for the cumulative direct project beneficiaries was exceeded , and more than tripled , reaching 3 , 091 , 502 , against a target of 1 , 000 , 000 . - The target of the percentage of customers reporting satisfaction with land registration services was exceeded , reaching 78 . 50 percent , against a target of 70 percent . - The target for the number of staff at all levels across MoTWA who completed project-provided training in tourism sector issues reached 183 , exceeding the target of 130 by 41 percent . - The new target for the number of new tourism MSMEs reached 1 , 661 , largely exceeding by the target of 125 . - The target for the number of tourism enterprises supported through project activities was exceeded by 67 percent , reaching 334 , against a target of 200 . - The new target for the increase in", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 295, "text": "Uganda National Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "899 points ( [ 3 ] in Table 6 ) , respectively . When both variables are jointly included in the specification , a one-point increase in both trade and financial openness reduces borrowing costs by 0 . 51 and 0 . 0635 , respectively in the same regression ( [ 5 ] in Table 6 ) . The interaction term between data transparency and trade openness is negative and statistically significant when using the IMF data transparency index ( [ 6 ] in Table 6 ) . The coefficient estimate suggests that a one-point increase in this interaction reduces borrowing costs by 0 . 434 points . The interaction between IMF data transparency and financial openness does not show any significant results . GDP growth reduces sovereign bond spreads while the VIX index increases spreads robustly . GDP per capita also reduces bond spreads . Higher CPI inflation , higher global market volatility and lower US bond yield increase bond spreads , and hence raise the cost of borrowing . In Table 6 we find robust results with the World Bank data transparency variable and , additionally , we find some significant results when decomposing the World Bank data transparency index into its methodology , periodicity and timeliness , and data source components . Next , we introduce the lag of trade and financial openness variables as instrumental variables , to control for endogeneity , and include those interactions with data transparency indicators in Table 7 . Table 7 shows that the results from the IV estimations are robust and consistent with the findings from previous regressions . GDP growth , for instance , reduces sovereign bond spreads while the VIX index increases spreads robustly . GDP per capita also reduces bond spreads . Higher CPI inflation , higher global market volatility and lower US bond yield increase bond spreads , and 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "did not deliver long-run growth in Costa Rica . The latter considers the effects of trade liberalization in four CENAMs and finds no evidence of reform-led growth in any except Nicaragua . > 4 The exclusion of other CENAMs is not because of their growth performance . Instead , the unavailability of data restricts their inclusion . > 5 I follow the World Bank ’ s income definitions ( The World Bank , 2020 ) . For the fiscal year 2020 , the World Bank classifies countries with GNI per capita of USD 12 , 376 or more in 2018 ( as per the World Bank Atlas method ) as highincome . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Second Informal Settlements Improvement Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2022_ * * # # # # * * Notes to the Financial Statements ( Continued ) * * # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts * * The balances in the Project ' s Special Deposit Account ( s ) as at * * 30 \" ' * * June 2022 are not included in the Statement of Financial Assets since they are below the line items and are yet to be drawn into the Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule which shows the flow of funds that were voted in the year . These funds have been reported as loans / grants received in the year under the Statement of Receipts and Payments . # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | | 2021 / 2022 | 2020 / 2021 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | KShs | KShs < br > * * b * * | | * * ( i ) * * < br > * * CentralBankofKenya [ A / cNo10004875691DA-ANG * * | | | | Opening balance | | | | Totalamount depositedintheaccount | 144 , 547 , 531 | | | Totalamountwithdrawn ( asperStatementofReceipts * * & * * < br > Payments ) | 144547j531 < br > 14 , | | | * * Closingbalance * * * * _ ( asperSDAbankaccountreconciliation_ * * < br > * * _attached ) _ * * | | | | * * ( ii ) CentralBankofKenya [ AlcNo1000487698 ] DA-B * * < br > * * CountyGovts * * | | | | Openingbalance ( asperthe * * SDA", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 799, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "take advantage of these datasets for targeting strategies , such as proxy means testing or geographic targeting . Another important limitation is that HBS often only collects limited information on disposable income , which makes it difficult to deduce reliable poverty indicators from these types of surveys . * * The current data environment in Bulgaria imposes serious restrictions on studying energy poverty . * * Detailed information on income , living conditions , and access to social protection programs in Bulgaria is mainly gathered as part of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions ( EU-SILC ) . Expenditure data , on the other hand , is primarily collected by HBS . Only relying on HBS to study energy poverty would result in very limited analyses due to the following reasons . First , the information on household income is less reliable and rigorous in the case of the HBS , as the survey is mostly designed to capture expenditure patterns , not income patterns . Figures A . 1 and A . 2 in the Appendix show that the distribution of equivalized household income , as reported in the HBS and EU-SILC , differs in the case of Bulgaria . Second , the HBS does not contain information on social protection programs . Consequently , it is not possible to study if energy poor households are sufficiently covered by social protection schemes . Third , the HBS only has very limited information to study potential drivers behind energy poverty . Detailed information on housing conditions , for example , is only available in the EUSILC . Ideally , to achieve efficient and effective policy interventions , one would want to observe all this information together . In addition , the current data environment also imposes limitations on identifying individuals who might be vulnerable to energy poverty . < sup > 3 < / sup > * * Given that the sample of households between different types of surveys does not overlap , one cannot combine both datasets based on common household identifiers . * * Due to the data environment described previously , one can only observe energy spending shares and energy poverty indicators in the HBS , while we can only observe reliable monetary poverty indicators as well as", "spans": [{"start": 558, "end": 615, "text": "European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 630, "end": 646, "text": "Expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finance Gap . https : / / www . ifc . org / wps / wcm / connect / 03522e90-a13d-4a02-87cd - < u > 9ee9a297b311 / 121264-WP-PUBLICMSMEReportFINAL . pdf ? MOD = AJPERES & CVID = m5SwAQA . < / u > IFC . 2018 . “ IFC Reach Data . ” https : / / www . smefinanceforum . org / data-sites . International Trade Centre , 2020 . “ SME Competitiveness Outlook 2020 ” ( accessed on 1 August 2020 ) . - “ ’ ” - Intrum , 2020 . < u > One in five of Europe s SMEs say late payments are a threat to their business . ( accessed 1 < / u > August 2020 ) . - Leer , John . “ Analysis : Divergent Paths for Consumer Condence in U . S . , EuropeUnderline Need to Control Coronavirus Spread . ” Morning Consult . https : / / morningconsult . com / 2020 / 07 / 29 / analysis-consumer - < u > confidence-us-europe-spain / ( July 29 , 2020 ) . < / u > - Li , Lei , Philip E Strahan , and Song Zhang . 2020 . Banks Are Lenders of First Resort : Evidence Form the COVID-19 Crisis . Long , Heather . 2020 . “ Small Business Used to Define America ’ s Economy . The Pandemic Could Change - That Forever . ” Washington Post . https : / / www . washingtonpost . com / business / 2020 / 05 / 12 / small < u > business-used-define-americas-economy-pandemic-could-end-that-forever / . < / u > OAG ( Open Access Government ) . 2019 . World Bank blockchain pilot sows fresh narrative for Haiti ’ s farmers . https : / / www . openaccessgovernment . org / world-bank-blockchain-haitis-farmers / 61205 / 24", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 223, "text": "IFC Reach Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Jr * * 351 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * # # # # # * * 7 . 5 . 1 . 2 Principles for Compensation and Resettlement * * Compensation and resettlement packages were based on a census of affected people and a census and valuation of affected assets conducted in 2000 by AESNP in liaison with relevant authorities of the Government of Uganda . Any household identified during the census as having interests affected by the project was eligible to resettlement and compensation packages proportionate to the level of impact , regardless of land tenure regime ( formal or customary , ownership or tenancy ) . The compensation and resettlement process provided a range of options from which households could choose . Figure 7 . 2 summarises the numbers and categorisation of PAPs and the resettlement and compensation packages offered . The process itself was overseen by a witness NGO and included provision of legal advice to households , as required . A resettlement area of 48 . 6 ha was identified in Naminya village , which is one of the eight affected villages . The resettlement area is located close to Jinja and the main West Bank road . In addition , a primary school is situated in the vicinity . Houses within the resettlement area are serviced by roads and a borehole . A clinic has been established by the Mukono Health District in one of the resettlement houses . Consultations held with the residents of Naminya indicate that there is no opposition from either the village leaders or the general public . Additional details are provided in the Resettlement Audit . A full resettlement package was offered to resettlers . The package included : - A residential and agricultural plot within the resettlement area on the West Bank ; - * The provision of a replacement house , based upon a model developed in Uganda by the NGO \" Habitat for Humanity \" , including a corrugated iron roof , a concrete floor , and a ventilated", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 318, "text": "census of affected people", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 325, "end": 364, "text": "census and valuation of affected assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1673, "end": 1691, "text": "Resettlement Audit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Ensure integration of RAPs into Contract and Bid Documents . < br > Ensure adequate community participation . < br > * * LOSURE * * | | KISIP RIC |  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  | Provide overall leadership in the implementation of RAPs ; < br > Organize the public disclosure of the final RAP ; < br > Confirm entitlements and the final PAP register ; < br > Oversee compensation and other assistance to PAPs < br > Hear and consider representations from PAP Committees ; < br > Support the grievance redress mechanism . < br > Prevents further encroachments after the cut-off date < br > Issuance of demolition notice and implementation of the demolitions < br > Development , management and maintenance of roads network < br > * * DISC * * | | County KISIP < br > Team |  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  < br >  | Approval of the LP & LUDP , < br > Part of the GRM < br > Validation of assets and PAPs before compensation < br > Formation of the grievance redress committee < br > Capacity building of RAPs committee < br > Sensitization of PAPs on bank accounts and use of compensation funds < br > Monitoring of RAP activities < br > Oversight and supervision of rebuilding of structures owned by < br > vulnerable PAPs who need assistance . | | SEC |  < br >  < br >  | They provide the entry point to the settlement . < br > Solving land related disputes within the settlements . < br > They provide alinkbetweenthe community and other institution . | | SGRC |  | Receiving , filing", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 396, "text": "PAP register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "only data from one or two rural ground monitors for the entire country . There is also often substantial temporal gaps in ground monitor data , on average ground monitors only report measurements in 45 % of the months over which we have satellite measures of pollution . This can also lead to substantial bias when using ground monitor data if the ground monitor data is missing observations during particular seasons when pollution spikes ( or is only available in those seasons ) . In our city level results the choice of city boundaries is an important determinant of the sign and magnitude of the within-city correlation . The overall pattern of heterogeneity remains regardless of which precise city boundary is chosen but estimates for individual cities do change . In contrast , the threshold for the minimum level of RWI points within a city does not change our results in the range from 10 to 50 . In Figure SI-14 we show how the point estimates change for three cities in our data for which we have both the URCA designated boundaries as well as administrative boundaries . In some cases ( e . g . Delhi ) the URCA and administrative boundaries align relatively closely but in 24", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 340, "text": "ground monitor data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income or consumption from surveys . Interestingly , we do not see as much narrowing of the gap among the richest countries for GDP , as with HFCE . This results from a widening of the gap between HFCE and GDP over time . Upper-middle-income countries have the largest gap , on average , but it is not much larger than that of the high-income countries in our sample . Additional estimates for gaps in levels with different weighting schemes are available in Appendix 2 , Table A2 . 1 . The larger gaps between national accounts and surveys observed in middle-income countries may reflect the difficulty of measuring consumption in household surveys in the context of rapid growth and associated changes in consumption patterns . The experience of revisions to Vietnam ’ s consumption survey in 2010 is pertinent to this ( see Badiani et al . , 2013 ) . From the early 1990s to 2010 , a period of rapid economic growth in Vietnam , the national statistics office made few changes to the consumption survey instrument and methodology , resulting in a failure at capturing new durable consumption items , such as cellphone and computers . By 2010 , the country ’ s much greater affluence necessitated the use of a revised consumption questionnaire and survey methodology . Consumption measures from the old survey methodology , which reflected the consumption patterns in Vietnam in 1992 , was just 78 percent of what was measured as the average household budget in 2010 using the new survey instrument and the new methodology for measuring household consumption . Household consumption in the surveys leading up to 2010 were falling further and further below the consumption captured in the revised survey instrument . The example of Vietnam gives some context as to how the surveys fail to capture consumption as countries get richer . At the same time , one should recognize the importance of maintaining consistent series of consumption data over time . One approach to combine consistency and revise methodology would be to generate several consumption aggregates chaining new and old survey methods , as commonly done when revising national accounts . # * * _HHS – NAS gaps , growth rates_ * * We now turn to assessing how growth rates", "spans": [{"start": 1927, "end": 1943, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "awjihi ) as an outcome of the digitalization of student assessment . * * A recent survey < sup > 11 < / sup > reflects a widespread lack of trust in the fairness of the exam by most students ( 47 percent ) . It is expected that the digitalization of the exam will enhance the perception by students of its objectivity and fairness . * * 4 ) Increased representation of women in leadership positions in the civil service as a result of performance - * * * * based promotions and competitive recruitment . * * In 2020 , women were officially appointed to only 16 percent of leadership positions in the civil service . The Program aims to improve the gender balance in leadership positions with more performance-based promotions and competitive recruitments as a result of digital skills enhancement and by leveraging the use of the Human Resource Management Information System ( HRMIS ) and other HRM digital platforms . # # # * * Result Area 3 on transparency and accountability through digitalization : the PDO-level indicator is : * * * * 5 ) Improved e-participation as an outcome of enhancing e-information and of interactive statistical information . * * Jordan ’ s rating under the e-participation indicator of the UN E-Government Development Index in 2022 is above the world average . However , it is far below regional best performers . It is expected that improved access to e - information and online official communications concerning the implementation of the government program will significantly enhance Jordan ’ s rating . * * E . Disbursement-Linked Indicators and Verification Protocols * * * * 28 . A total of 10 DLIs ( Table 3 ) have been selected * * using the following selection criteria : ( 1 ) they reflect objective and tangible results , as officially targeted in government policy documents ( including budget documents ) ; ( 2 ) they are underpinned by a substantial program of expenditure in the government budget ; ( 3 ) they mobilize government digital systems that are already operational ; and ( 4 ) they", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1253, "text": "UN E-Government Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > est . , < br > based on < br > U . N . 1980 assessment | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | Niue | Sep 76 | 4 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( officiat < br > est . ) | | | | Norway | Nov 80 | 4091 J | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | Oman | - - | - . < br > - | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | Pacific Islands , < br > Trust Terr . | Sep 80 | 133 J | Bank projection from official < br > 1983est . , UIMPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | Bank est . | | Pakistan | Mar 81 | 84254 F | U . N . 1984 assessment | Bank est . | Bank est . | | Panama | May 80 | 1825 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | 1980-85 , U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) ; < br > 1985-90 , Bank < br > projection | | Papua New Guine | a Sep 80 | 3011 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | Paraguay | Jul 82 | 3030 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Celade printout < br > 2 / 87 | Celade printout < br > 2 / 87 | | Peru | Jul 81 | 17005 F | Bank projection from census , | 1980-85 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1244, "end": 1271, "text": "Bank projection from census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3378 # * * Pro-growth , pro-poor : Is there a tradeoff ? * * J . Humberto Lopez < sup > * < / sup > The World Bank ( PRMPR ) # # * * Abstract * * Is a pro-growth strategy always the best pro-poor strategy ? To address this issue , this paper provides an empirical evaluation of the impact of a series of pro-growth policies on inequality and headcount poverty . We rely on a large macroeconomic data set and estimate dynamic panel models that allow us to differentiate between the short - and longrun impacts of the policies under consideration on growth , inequality and poverty . Our findings indicate that regardless of their impact on inequality , all the pro-growth policies we consider lead to lower poverty levels in the long run . However , we also find evidence indicating that some of these policies may lead to higher inequality and , under plausible assumptions for the distribution of income , to higher poverty levels in the short run . These findings would justify the adoption of a pro-growth policy package as the center of any poverty reduction strategy together with pro-poor measures that complement such a package by offsetting potential short-run increases in poverty . # # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3378 , August 2004 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . _ * This paper has been prepared in the context of the \" Pro-poor Growth \" program sponsored by the World Bank ' s PREM Poverty Group . I would like to thank Oya Celasum , Aart Kraay , Ugo Paniza", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 406, "text": "large macroeconomic data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 # * * b ) Fixed assets * * * * Fixed asset acquired for * * the project are shown as expenditure in the year it occurs and reported on memorandum records . - c ) * * Foreign currency transactions . * * - Transaction in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rate prevailing on the date * * of * * the transaction . Federal * * AGP * * 2 Coordinating Unit * * ( FPCU ) , * * Regional Program Coordinating Units ( RPCUs ) and Project woredas will keep the original book of accounts for their own financial transactions and posts to the general ledger , Project woreda keeps all financial documents and prepare quarterly financial statements using Peachtree accounting program and submit to RPCU ; RPCUs prepare quarterly financial statement for its own financial transactions and woreda expenditures and submit to ' FPCU ; * * FPCU * * prepares a consolidated financial report and submit to the World Bank and Ministry of Agriculture", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 156, "text": "memorandum records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ED AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > 49 | # # # SUPPORTING TABLES , CHARTS AND MAP # # # 1 . Supporting Tables 1 . CLSMB Accounts 1976-80 2 . Project Cost Summary by Component 3 . Estimated Schedule of Disbursements 4 . Economic Price of Cotton 5 . Cotton : Cost of Production per hectare 6 . Government Cash Flow 7 . Summary of Project Economic Benefits 8 . Economic Analysis 2 . Charts 1 . CLSMB Organization 2 . Project Implementation Schedule . 3 . Material Available in Implementation Volume 4 . MAP IBRD 15232", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 167, "text": "CLSMB Accounts 1976-80", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the assigned video clips , as objectively recorded by the bot . These variables are instrumented using the random assignment indicators to the treatment groups . The first-stage Wald F-statistic is reported . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 insignificant for treatment 1 . < sup > 31 < / sup > This unintended effect may potentially be explained by the awareness goal of the docuseries : by showcasing how prevalent VAW is in Indian society , users may have inferred this was also the case in their social circles . Finally , Annex Table A15 shows that quantitatively similar coefficients are obtained when using indexes constructed with principal component analysis . > 31Annex Table A9 reports impacts on individual items that make up the social norms index . It shows that an increased number of individuals in treatment 2 believed that their Facebook friends were against pre-marital sex for men , and that their friends would condone domestic violence when wives were either unfaithful or went out without permission of their husbands . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adul * * | * * te ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | * * Total * * | | * * Communes * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | | * * Ménages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | | | | | TEMERA | 814 | 809 | 696 | 1505 | 828 | 477 | 1305 | 11 | 6 | 17 | 1648 | 1179 | 2827 | | * * GAO * * | * * 8899 * * | *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "For each indicator , there is a threshold and continuous variable option . In theory , the threshold option ‘ percent zero ’ on either reading comprehension or oral reading fluency is most plausibly comparable . This measures the most basic foundational skills attained which should be relatively invariant to details which would affect performance higher up the learning margin . It is also easily interpretable and meaningful across contexts . However , since this variable is a threshold rather than a continuous measure of learning it is difficult to convert this to a score we can place on an international scale . Instead we produce mean scores using a continuous variable that is plausibly comparable , the ‘ percent of answers correct ’ on reading comprehension . We use the percent correct since the number of test items varies slightly for each EGRA . If students did not attempt any question this is recorded as a zero . We further confirm that the threshold and continues variables are tightly correlated , with an inverse correlation of - 0 . 9 ( see Figure 2 . 0 ) . We compute a standardized Z-score from the continuous reading comprehension metric and scale it with a mean of 500 and standard deviation of 100 , akin to RSAT and ISAT scales . EGRA data is designed for grades 2-4 , although certain countries will participate out of this range . We restrict data used for our database to grades 2-4 to be consistent with the design of EGRA . This range further optimizes the coverage-bias tradeoff . If we include additional grade levels to expand coverage , the data starts to skew due to availability of data for certain countries coming from a particularly low or high grade ( grades 1 or 6 ) . If we restrict our interval to reduce grade bias , we start to lose countries . In the grade 2-4 range , we optimize this trade-off . Figure 2 . 0 : Correlation between Percent Zero Reading & Percent Reading Comprehension < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Pearson Correlation Coefficient : - . 8991 < br > NIC < br > MKD < br > IDN IDNTJKKGZAFGKGZKGZIDNKGZHNDPHL < br > MKD LBR < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1259, "end": 1268, "text": "EGRA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Rural Electrification ( P159112 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | Participating Financial < br > Institutions ( cumulative US $ million equivalent ) ( Text ) < br > * * Institutional Strengthening an * * | * * d Impacts Moni * * | * * toring * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Bas | eline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Completion of the baseline | No | Feb / 2019 | Yes | 27-Jun-2024 | Yes | 23-Jan-2025 | Yes | Jun / 2023 | | survey report for ERT-3 < br > ( Yes / No ) | Comments o < br > achieving ta | n < br > rgets | Achieved | | | | | | | Increase in certified wiremen | 0 . 00 | Feb / 2019 | 1 , 850 . 00 | 27-Jun-2024 | 1 , 850 . 00 | 23-Jan-2025 | 1 , 850 . 00 | Jun / 2023 | | for household connections < br > ( Number ) | Comments o < br > achieving ta | n < br > rgets | Achieved | | | | | | Page 6 of 8 Feb 04 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 662, "end": 685, "text": "survey report for ERT-3", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") Sub-Component 1 : Support to Civil Registration and Vital Statistics System - ( b ) Sub-Component 2 : Technical Assistance and Capacity Building to Support the National Nutrition Program II ( c ) Sub-Component 3 : Technical Assistance and Capacity Building 3 . * * Current Performance and Achievements * * . Noteworthy progress has been made towards achievement of the development objectives and on disbursement , with an overall disbursement ratio of 97 . 11 percent including IDA and trust fund sources ( refer to the Data Sheet ) . The Program ’ s Implementation Progress and Progress towards achievement of the PDO are both rated Moderately Satisfactory ( MS ) in the previous Implementation Status and Results report ( ISR , Sept 2021 ) and the last ISR ( March 2022 ) that is under clearance process . All of the key results , as measured by the PDO indicators , have surpassed and / or fully achieved the end-of-Program targets which is evidenced by substantial improvements in the coverage of essential services for maternal and child health ( Table 1 ) . Similarly , significant progress has been made on process related DLIs . The implementation support mission conducted in February 2022 , found all the 17 intermediate indicators except for DLR 15 . 1d ( Implement a mechanism for documenting consultations for land use and acquisition in 70 % of woredas ) are fully achieved , and disbursement of funds will be made once the Result Achievement Notification Letter is submitted to the World Bank . * * Table 1 : Progress of PDO indicators , February 2022 * * | * * PDO Indicator * * | * * AF baseline * * < br > * * ( 2016 ) * * | * * Achievement * * < br > * * ( July 2019 ) * * | * * Program End * * < br > * * Target * * < br > * * ( March 2022 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Deliveries attended by", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- board drop in firm turnover that averaged almost 12 percent , with hospitality services plummeting by 25 percent . Public investment is also expected to decline due to limited fiscal space and further construction delays . However , higher remittances , base metal exports and the fiscal measures adopted have cushioned the pandemic impact . * * Kosovo entered the economic crisis caused by COVID-19 with a weak labor market . * * Labor force participation in Q1 2020 was just 38 . 8 percent of the working-age population , similar to a year earlier . < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > Unemployment retracted from 26 . 9 percent in Q1 2019 to 25 percent of the labor force ( LF ) in Q1 2020 due to declines in both LF participation ( 0 . 1 pp ) and the employment rate ( 0 . 9 pp ) , which mostly reflected the pre-outbreak situation . In response to the outbreak , more than 130 , 000 employees received government wage subsidies . COVID-19 crisis is estimated to have had a significant impact on employment and poverty . According to a World Bank Business Pulse Survey ( BPS ) in Kosovo , most businesses cut working hours , and the main avenue for adjusting employment was granting leave of absence . > 3 First quarter national accounts estimate growth at 1 . 29 percent . However , the estimate is not consistent with 2019 balance of payments statistics . > 4 All comparisons are year-on-year unless otherwise stated . > 5 Over 70 percent of the Labor Force Survey interviews were conducted before the pandemic outbreak . > kOsOvO | 57", "spans": [{"start": 1034, "end": 1066, "text": "World Bank Business Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1318, "end": 1353, "text": "2019 balance of payments statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1446, "end": 1464, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "many aspects of social norms . As expected , the measure of gender norms from WVS and FLFP are highly correlated ( see Appendix Figure A . 2 ) . It is therefore not surprising that repeating our estimations yields results that are broadly consistent with using the WVS to classify countries as more or less traditional ( Panel A of Tables A . 16 and A . 17 in the Appendix ) . < sup > 30 < / sup > In addition , we use information from Women , Business and the Law ( WBL ) ( World Bank , 2024 ) . WBL measures many aspects of laws and policies critical for women ’ s economic empowerment , including laws and regulations related to women ’ s agency and freedom of movement , protection against workplace discrimination based on gender , mandates of equal remuneration for women and men for work of equal value , constraints to a woman ’ s ability to start and run a business , among others . Panels B and C of the Appendix Tables A . 16 and A . 17 present results when using the WBL index and the entrepreneurship component of the WBL index to classify countries in more or less traditional . < sup > 31 < / sup > When using the WBL index and the component relating to entrepreneurship , the > 28Ideally , the minimum sample size should possibly be 100 , however , due to constraints on sample size for firms reporting loan amount , we use a lower threshold . > 29Using this threshold , the number of more traditional countries is 20 while the remaining 41 countries are classified as less traditional . > 30When using FLFP , the number of more traditional countries is 28 while the remaining 33 countries are classified as less traditional . > 31When using the WBL index , 32 countries are classified as more traditional and 29 as less traditional , although the figures are 52 and 9 when using the entrepreneurship component . This unbalanced division in the latter is explained by 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "partner violence . Gender-based violence is occurring in IDP areas , POC sites , refugee hosting areas and in urban displacement and confl ict areas across the country . All parties to confl ict allegedly committed acts of GBV , including sexual violence . Community leaders , police , security guards and UN / NGO staff were other alleged perpetrators of different types of gender-based violence . The Gender-Based Violence Information Management System ( GBV-IMS ) , used by humanitarian service providers and managed by UNFPA , recorded 1516 incidents of GBV from 1 April to 31 September 2016 . Survivors comprised 1163 adults and 353 children , who received GBV response services . In May and July incidents sharply increased , with a 106 % increase in incidents from June to July . The highest number of physical assaults and rapes reported occurred in July . In August , reported incidents decreased but rose approximately 56 % during September . Intimate partner violence comprised the largest percentage of reported incidents in all months . Different forms of sexual violence ( rape , sexual assault , forced and early marriage and possible sexual slavery ) were the second most reported types of incidents . In a disturbing new trend , incidents of harmful traditional practices exponentially increased from previous months in July , with 72 incidents reported . Incidents of possible sexual slavery more than tripled during July , with 25 incidents reported . Forced marriages doubled in number in July , with 41 reported incidents . UNMISS reportedly documented 217 incidents of confl ictrelated sexual violence in July 2016 alone . Since July , service providers have received multiple reports of GBV , including sexual violence , occurring in the context of the confl ict in Yei , Mundri , Eastern Equatoria and Southern Unity , but humanitarians have not been granted suffi cient access to mount a multi-sector protection response for survivors . The Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism on the Violation of the Rights of the Child in Armed Confl ict ( MRM ) recorded", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 454, "text": "Gender-Based Violence Information Management System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these proxies are then entered linearly in an equation that predicts a variable of interest . However , there is no reason to believe that the scales are designed to detect material effects of the determinant on the variable of > America ’ s agriculture is conducive to small farms , so that more egalitarian institutions emerged . We focus on the AJR ( 2001 ) measure of settler mortality and latitude and not on agricultural endowments because the data on settler mortality and latitude is available for a broader cross-section of countries . > 5 Since we need a categorical variable to do variance decomposition , we use dominant religion dummies calculated from the percentage of the population of each religion within each country instead of using the percentages directly . > 6 As noted by Alesina et al ( 2003 ) , ethnic fractionalization has also been found empirically to predict lower levels of trust , less efficient public services and less favorable economic outcomes in US localities , 7 In an earlier version of the paper we used a measure of ethnic fractionalization from Easterly and Levine ( 1997 ) that Alesina et al ( 2003 ) show relies largely on linguistic distinctions . 7", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 488, "text": "data on settler mortality and latitude", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS * * ( Exchange Rate Effective 09 / 31 / 2011 ) Currency Unit = Birr Birr 1 . 00 = 0 . 058US $ US $ 1 . 00 = 17 . 30 Fiscal Year July 1 - June 30 # # * * ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS * * | ACTAfrica | AIDS Campaign Team for Africa | IFR | Interim Financial Report | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency < br > Syndrome | M & E | Monitoring and Evaluation | | ARV | Antiretroviral ( drugs ) | MAP | Multi-countryHIV / AIDS Program | | BCC | Behavior Change Communication | MARP | Most at Risk Population | | BPR | Business Process Re-Engineering | MDG | Millennium Development Goals | | CBO | Community-Based Organization | MSM | Men who have Sex with Men | | CIS | CommunityInformation System | NGO | Non-Governmental Organization | | DHS | Demographic and Health Survey | PAD | Project Appraisal Document | | DO | Development Objective | PDO | Project Development Objective | | EAF | EmergencyHIV / AIDS Fund | PCU | Project Coordination Unit | | EMSAP | Ethiopia Multisectoral HIV / AIDS < br > Project | PEPFAR | President ' s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief < br > ( US ) | | EFY | Ethiopian Fiscal Year | PIM | Project Implementation Manual | | FSW | Female Sex Worker | PLWHA | People Livingwith HIV / AIDS | | ( F ) HAPCO | ( Federal ) HIV / AIDS Prevention < br > and Control Office | SoE | Statement of Expenses | | GFATM | Global Fund for AIDS , < br > Tuberculosis and Malaria | SPM | Strategic Plan for Management | | HCT | HIV Counseling", "spans": [{"start": 796, "end": 825, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ # # # # # * * 11 . Support for refugee returnees * * _Vision : Returning refugees have access to protection and assistance upon their return to Sudan . _ # # # # # # * * Key challenges * * Many Sudanese refugee returnees have already spontaneously returned to their areas of origin and have already settled in their communities without necessarily registered with COR and UNHCR upon return . Reports indicate that this could be due to the concerns of refugee status deactivation . Assessment missions conducted in return areas indicate critical gaps in basic needs and essential services including food , water , education , health , NFIs , and shelter . There is a need to upgrade existing facilities in order to ensure regular provision of water to returnees and the local population in the area . Key protection challenges including SGBV , Child Protection , Rule of Law and immediate response to the most vulnerable , all of which require urgent intervention in order to better support refugee returnees and create a conducive atmosphere for sustainable return and reintegration . # # # # # # * * Response Strategy * * UNHCR will work within the tripartite agreement framework on ensuring the preparation and implementation of organised return of Sudanese refugees from Chad . It is expected that voluntary repatriation will start at a moderate pace to selected return areas , primarily in North , West and Central Darfur . The first phase of the operation will start in the second quarter of 2018 with a projected 20 , 000 Sudanese refugees opting for voluntary repatriation from Chad to Darfur during the course of 2018 . The planning figure for 2019 is an additional 20 , 000 organized returns . These planning figures are based on an intention survey conducted by UNHCR and the Commission Nationale pour l ' Accueil et la Réinsertion des Réfugiés et des Rapatriés ( CNARR ) < sup > 17 < / sup > in March 2017 . UNHCR will continue to coordinate with UNHCR Chad", "spans": [{"start": 1818, "end": 1834, "text": "intention survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Syrian refugees by geographic area_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Number of meals per day by geographical area < br > 100 % < br > 1 < br > 80 % < br > 2 < br > 60 % < br > 40 % 3 < br > 20 % < br > 0 % < br > Bekaa Tripoli Akkar < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * Source : Handicap International ‟ s Livelihoods report 16", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 333, "text": "Livelihoods report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from high-income countries . This price is fixed at unity in the base year and throughout the projection period to 2015 . The version of the LINKAGE model used for this study is based on the GTAP database and is solved with 27 regions and 25 sectors . There is a heavy emphasis on agriculture and food , comprising 13 of the 25 sectors , and a focus on the largest commodity exporters and importers . # * * Effects of current protection policies * * The LINKAGE model provides a baseline projection of the world economy first to 2005 and then to 2015 assuming no other policy changes . Deviations from that baseline in 2015 , due to total liberalization from 2005 , are then examined . The first step requires a pre-simulation to bring the world as depicted in the GTAP dataset in 2001 up to the start of 2005 . In terms of policy shocks , we include only key multilateral commitments in that pre-simulation , namely the final stages of Uruguay Round implementation including the phase-out of the Multifibre Arrangement ( MFA ) , the accession of China and Taiwan to the WTO , and the eastern enlargement of the European Union from 15 to 25 members . The impacts of those three reforms are non-trivial : had they not been implemented , the dynamic gains in 2015 from freeing global merchandise trade would have been an extra $ 64 billion per year . Nearly half of that difference is due to the removal of MFA quotas and hence should be considered part of the Uruguay Round ’ s legacy . The effect of those reforms on tariffs can be seen by comparing the estimates at the start of 2005 in Table 2 with those for 2001 in Table 1 . The next step is to measure the prospective effects of removing all agricultural subsidies plus those tariffs summarized in Table 2 over the 2005-2010 period . This could be done for each 9", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 204, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 765, "end": 777, "text": "GTAP dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "l . 0I9 . 776 | £ 0 . 0 | 101 , 87 . 6 | | | E . OFFICE < br > PI3IT1RE < br > F TRININ | 51M20 | | | - < br > < br > | 440 . 0 < br > 98 . 0 < br > < br > | - | - | - | _20320 . 0_ < br > | £ 0 . 0 < br > | 132 . 0 < br > | | | . < br > S SEED < br > PIRNSE | # . | | 342 , 760 . 0 | < br > 71 . 280 , 0 | < br > - < br > t28 , 744 . 0 - < br > * | | - - | | 594 , 70 . 0 < br > | £ 0 . 0 < br > | 59 , 470 . 4 < br > | < br > | | . < br > < br > N STUDIE AUDITS | | - - - | * | | - < br > 310420 . | < br > | - < br > | - | 310 . 420 . < br > | £ 00 < br > | 31 , 042 . 0 < br > | | | oNO < br > | - - | | 7040 . 0 | < br > - < br > | - < br > - - | 237 , 600 . 0 | < br > - - | | 244 , 640 . | £ 0 . 0 | 24 , 464 . 0 | | | tINEUOF CREDIT < br > < br > < br > | | - - | | 59600 . 0 - | - - - | | - | - | < br > 809dO . O | < br > 0 . 10 . 0 | < br > 80 * 960 . 0 | < br > | |", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 463, "text": "N STUDIE AUDITS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "cy"}
{"text": "# # * * PROTECTION ANALYSIS UPDATE – Q1 2022 * * < mark > within or outside the country . Meanwhile , in the country , children are involved in agriculture ( 27 % ) , construction work ( 23 % ) , work at the markets / bazaar ( 23 % ) , factory work ( 16 % ) , and mechanic shops ( 11 % ) . < / mark > * * < mark > Harmful Coping mechanisms < / mark > * * < mark > : Based on protection monitoring findings , harmful coping mechanisms such as child selling in exchange for debt relief and organ harvesting , including from children , increased in scale within the last year . 7 % of respondents indicated that children are experiencing either forced marriage ( 4 % ) or child marriage ( 3 % ) while 3 % of respondents indicated that family ’ s resort to the practice of child selling or organ harvesting . The reasons / drivers are mainly economic - due to poverty and loss of income , families need to meet the basic needs in the context , and lack of information and awareness on the consequences of organ harvesting . < / mark > < mark > parts of the country , there is an increased risk as the local population ventures into previous battle areas inaccessible until recently , as well as that returnee and other people on the move return to areas without knowledge of the presence of the explosive hazards in the location or < / mark > how to act safely around them . < mark > While most EO casualties are men and boys , EO impacts all age and gender groups in differing ways . Women often become careers for those in their family or community who have been injured , and the death / injury of male relatives places a significant burden on women as the head of household and breadwinner to large families . Physical impediments and disability caused by EO accidents significantly limits the survivors ’ as well as family members ’ opportunities to engage in socio-economic development and community life and puts an < /", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 405, "text": "protection monitoring findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of human capital . The results of our analysis suggest that the answer to this question is not straightforward and more efforts are required along different dimensions . First , it is necessary to improve data availability . As stressed by the recent IMF report on engagement on social spending ( IMF 2019 ) , there is a need for a concerted strategy to improve coverage and availability of data . The report points to the improved availability of expenditure data by Function of Government ( COFOG ) as one of the possible useful avenues for moving forward . Advantages of COFOG data include : ( i ) they are based on already consolidated statistical concepts , so there would be no need for establishing new statistical standards or placing new reporting requirements on statistical authorities ; and ( ii ) they would also be fully consistent with Government Finance Statistics and National Accounts concepts , and therefore would ensure consistency of the analysis with the broader understanding of countries ’ economic developments ( IMF 2019 ) . Second , in order to further tease out the relationships between spending and human capital outcomes , additional research is required . Until data quality are improved , analysis similar to the one conducted in this paper will continue to have weaknesses . As suggested throughout , cross-country analyses may mask key confounding factors and complicate the associations observed here . One way of strengthening the analysis would be through examination of spending and HCI data sub-nationally , and even more so by quasi-experimental work that could test the impact of exogenous variation in social sector spending on HCI outcomes . Another way would be through strengthening and harmonization of sector-specific or programspecific studies ( e . g . Public Expenditure Reviews ) , which are likely to deliver much more robust evidence for examining the relationship between monetary inputs ( government spending ) and outcomes . Progress in these alternative research avenues may begin to help develop strategic guidance on the magnitude and nature of financing required to further human capital outcomes . 24", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 464, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1523, "end": 1531, "text": "HCI data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Eastern Africa Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * # # # # Other Important Disclosures ( Continued ) # # # # 2 . Related Party Disclosures - Related party disclosure is encouraged under non-mandatory section of the Cash Basis * * IPSAS . * * The comprise of related parties to the Project - i ) Key management personnel including the program director / manager - ii ) The implementing entity / ministry / department - iii ) Other Ministries and Departments . - iv ) The National Treasury There were no Related Party transactions . # # # * * 3 . * * Contingent Liabilities | * * Contingentliabilities * * | * * 2023 / 2024 * * | * * _2022 / 2023_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * KShs . * * | * * KShs . * * | | * * E511 * * of2021MagdaleneMjomba * * VS * * < br > * * ICTA * * | * * 91 , 552 , 110 * * | * * 91 , 552 , 110 * * | | Total | * * 91 , 552 , 170 * * | * * 91 , 552 , 170 * * | * * _ ( ANNEX 6 - Contingent liabilities register ) _ * * * * 27 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1066, "text": "Contingent liabilities register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "competition with FDI . On the other hand , local firms could be better equipped to benefit from positive demonstration effects . Barrios and Strobl ( 2002 ) find that less sectoral competition , captured by a higher Hirschman-Herfindahl index ( HHI ) , increases the productivity gains from FDI for Spain , pointing towards a lower incentive to improve . 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of a discriminatory education system . For the attentive observer , these issues are still felt today . Table 2 shows that the country still performs poorly for indicators of education and health , and ranks highest among states in the region for child malnutrition , despite some improvements over time . < sup > 8 < / sup > In addition , Guatemala spends less on education than any other country in the region . Based on household survey data comparing the education level of age cohorts , the Inter-American Development Bank ( 2001 ) finds that the educational gap between Guatemala and other Latin American countries is widening . * * Table 2 . Guatemala , Central and Latin America : Comparison of Human Capital Indicators , 1998-2002 * * | Indicator < br > G | uatemala | Nicaragua | Honduras | El < br > Salvador | Costa < br > Rica | Mexico | Latin < br > America | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Public spending on education < br > ( in percent of GDP ) ( average < br > 1998-2000 ) < sup > c / d / < / sup > | 1 . 7 | 5 . 0 | 4 . 0 | 2 . 3 | 5 . 7 | 4 . 4 | N . D . | | Average years of schooling < br > ( 2000 ) < sup > b / < / sup > | 4 . 8 | 6 . 3 | 5 . 3 | 5 . 1 | 6 . 7 | 7 . 9 | 7 . 3 | | Net primary school < br > enrollment ( in percent ) < br > ( 2000-2001 ) < sup > c / < / sup > | 84 | 81 | 88 | 81 | 91 | 103 | 97 | | Net secondary school < br > enrollment ( in percent ) < br > ( 2000-2001 ) < sup > c / < / sup > | 26 | 36 | N", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 444, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "land they are occupying . _ _16 . Persons covered under para . 15 ( a ) and ( b ) are provided compensation for the land they lose , and other assistance in accordance with para . 6 . Persons covered under para . 15 ( c ) are provided resettlement assistance_ < sup > _20_ < / sup > _in lieu of compensation for the land they occupy , and other assistance , as necessary , to achieve the objectives set out in this policy , if they occupy the project area prior to a cut-off date established by the borrower and acceptable to the Bank . _ < sup > _21_ < / sup > _Persons who encroach on the area after the cut-off date are not entitled to compensation or any other form of resettlement assistance . All persons included in para . 15 ( a ) , ( b ) , or ( c ) are provided compensation for loss of assets other than land . _ > 18 . Paras . 13-15 do not apply to impacts covered under para . 3 ( b ) of this policy . The eligibility criteria for displaced persons under 3 ( b ) are covered under the process framework ( see paras . 7 and 30 ) . > 19 . Such claims could be derived from adverse possession , from continued possession of public lands without government action for eviction ( that is , with the implicit leave of the government ) , or from customary and traditional law and usage , and so on . > 20 . Resettlement assistance may consist of land , other assets , cash , employment , and so on , as appropriate . > 21 . Normally , this cut-off date is the date the census begins . The cut-off date could also be the date the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated , and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delineation to prevent further population influx .", "spans": [{"start": 1474, "end": 1480, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1577, "end": 1583, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 * * Figure 8 . Observed Patterns of Structural Change across Country Income Groups * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rural Share of Population , % Agriculture Share of GDP , % < br > 70 < br > 100 60 < br > 90 < br > 80 50 < br > 70 40 < br > 60 30 < br > 50 < br > 40 20 < br > 30 10 < br > 20 < br > 10 0 < br > 0 Low income Lower Upper High income < br > Low income Lower middle Upper middle High income middle middle < br > income income income income < br > Agriculture Share of Employment , % The Case of the Republic of Korea < br > 80 80 < br > Agriculture Share of GDP < br > 70 70 < br > 60 60 Rural Population Share < br > 5040 50 Agricultural Share of Employment < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 30 < br > 10 20 < br > 0 10 < br > incomeLow middle Lower middle Upper incomeHigh 0 < br > income income 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank , World Development Indicators database . Note : Data for rural population and GDP shares are for 2008 . Data for employment shares are for 2000 for low-income countries ( because of limited data availability ) and for 2006 for other country groups . Some small island states with very high rural population shares were removed as outliers from the high-income and upper-middle-income groups . Lines represent the range of values within each country group , and triangles the average . Yet development strategies have often failed to deliver sustained growth and structural transformation in many developing countries , especially in Latin America and Africa . A recent assessment by McMillan and Rodrik ( 2011 ) , based on a decomposition of productivity growth into two components ( sectoral productivity and structural change ) , is illustrative . < sup > 13 < /", "spans": [{"start": 947, "end": 984, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 994, "end": 1034, "text": "Data for rural population and GDP shares", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1050, "end": 1076, "text": "Data for employment shares", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transport and communications ; financial intermediation ; real estate and business activities ; public administration and defense ; education ; health and social work ; other service activities ; and private households ) . Information on socio-demographic characteristics , such as individuals ’ age and education are included in the BLFS as well . This allows the construction of a variable for potential labor market experience . Information on an individual ’ s location ( _dzongkhag_ and urban or rural area ) and his or her gender and nationality ( Bhutanese or not ) can also be used . Lastly , the questionnaire contains a series of questions on households ’ wealth and exact demographic composition . For precise definitions of all variables used in the empirical analysis of Section 4 , cf . Table 1 . # * * 3 . 2 . Analytical Strategy and Econometric Model * * The microeconomic literature has used a wide range of methods to investigate wage differentials between public and private sector workers ( cf . Lausev , 2014 , for an overview ) . Among the most commonly used methods are “ single equation ” models and “ double equation ” models . Single equation models are basically wage regressions in the tradition of Mincer ( 1974 ) for the whole economy that include a public sector dummy variable . For double equation models separate wage regressions are run for the public and private sector samples . The main advantage of single equation models is that they make corrections for self-selection into labor force participation and specific sectors straightforward . In the context of analyzing wage differentials between public and private sector , controlling for such self-selection is of paramount importance . On the other hand , double equation models are more flexible and allow intercepts and returns to productive characteristics to differ across sectors . They can also be an intermediate step for counterfactual decompositions , i . e . , for an investigation of the proportion of the differences in the average levels of hourly wages between public and private sector workers that is accounted for by differences in the level of individuals ’ characteristics ( the “ characteristics effect ” ) and by differences in the impact on earnings of these characteristics", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 338, "text": "BLFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "educationforKenya ' ssustainable < br > development | | Achievementofstrategicgoals | Theproject managementaimsto achievethegoals < br > throughthefollowingmeans : < br > ( i ) Improvement inbasicmathematicscompetency < br > levelofGrade2pupils < br > ( ii ) Numberofparticipatingschoolscompletingtop < br > twoprioritiesofSchoolImprovementPlans < br > * * ( SIP ) * * < br > ( iii ) EMIS dataforprimaryeducationpublished < br > annuallyfrom * * 2016 * * < br > ( iv ) NASMLAforstandard * * 3 * * pupilsconductedand < br > disseminated in * * 2015 * * and * * 2018 * * | | Other < br > important < br > background < br > informationoftheproject | The < br > project < br > has < br > completed < br > its < br > third < br > year < br > of < br > implementation | | Currentsituationthat theprojectwas | Theprojectwasformedtointervene < sup > inthefollowing < / sup > < br > areas : | iii", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 421, "text": "EMIS dataforprimaryeducationpublished", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pritchett ( 2001 ) , using the first principal component that weights more heavily those assets that vary the most across households . An asset common to all households receives zero weight , as it explains none of the variation across the households . Intuitively , commonly held assets are also likely to be of lower value . Accordingly , the resulting indices would also reflect some underlying monetary valuation . In order to make comparisons over time , I pooled the data for 1998 and 2003 to calculate the first principal component . This created constant weights that explained any variation across time , as well as across households . The asset indicators common to both KMS rounds can be divided into housing quality and ownership of durable goods . There were 11 indicators for housing quality , encompassing different types of homes ( 5 separate indicators for various building materials and the number of rooms ) , cooking methods ( 4 unique indicators ) , use of electricity , and presence of a landline telephone . The KMS surveys categorized home types into five categories : ( i ) luxurious ( three or more bedrooms with attached bathrooms , concrete roof , mosaic floor ) , ( ii ) very good ( two bedrooms with attached bathrooms , concrete roof , mosaic floor ) , ( iii ) good ( one bedroom , brick or cement walls , concrete or tile roof ) , ( iv ) poor ( brick walls , cement floor , tin or asbestos roof ) , and ( iv ) _kutcha_ ( mud walls , mud floor , thatched roof ) . For ownership of durable goods , there were 6 indicators , covering ownership of a car , taxi or truck , scooter , television , VCR , and refrigerator . I created a separate index for each of the two categories of asset indicators — broadly , housing quality and durable goods . I then added an overall assets index , in which all 17 indicators are used together . Each of the two specialized indices has a correlation of 0 . 9 or more with the overall assets index . The first component accounts for 26 percent , 40 percent , and 27 percent", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1046, "text": "KMS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Such an adjustment can be done for a particular year , or by taking the average ratio for a country over a longer time period . We estimate such country specific IPLs for use with national accounts for 1990 , ensuring that poverty estimates from national accounts and surveys are aligned in that year . The results for global poverty are shown in Panel C of Figure 5 . While the poverty estimates are equal ( by design ) in 1990 , there is considerable variation over time , and , in global measures the rate of decline is much larger , due to the faster growth rates of national accounts means compared with survey means . Across all the methods which involve substituting survey means with national accounts means , poverty is estimated to be lower and falling faster when compared to traditional survey measures . The more rapid decline seen in the poverty measures using national accounts points to a concern with current use of national accounts growth rates in extrapolating household survey estimates for years with missing surveys . Even if household survey means are used for poverty estimation for survey years , national accounts growth rates are used to interpolate such estimates to non-survey years and for nowcasts and projections of poverty in the future . Current methods use actual or projected national accounts growth rates to align poverty estimates to non-survey years for global aggregation . Removing the bias implicit in this method suggests a slower global decline in poverty than the World Banks official poverty numbers . Because India , Indonesia and China , countries which historically have been the home of a large share of the global poor , typically have household surveys for most reference years for which the World Bank reports poverty , the effect on global numbers is of less concern . However , the lack of recent surveys available for India , the home to a large share of the world ’ s poor , has generated greater uncertainty about poverty estimates from national accounts based extrapolation of the latest available survey . < sup > 31 < / sup > Extrapolations or projections of poverty beyond the World Bank ’ s latest reference year that use national accounts growth rates commonly use", "spans": [{"start": 1689, "end": 1706, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2187, "end": 2217, "text": "national accounts growth rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "security and political stability . Malian security forces along with MINUSMA are being redeployed and access to the main Northern towns , particularly Timbuktu and Gao , has been restored . The government is taking steps to redeploy the civilian administration and services in the North . The newly elected government has also announced a National Dialogue to address the underlying causes of the Tuareg rebellion in the North and has created a new Ministry of National Reconciliation and Development of the Northern Regions . Despite the improvement of the security situation and the promising political developments at the national level , access to the Northern areas remains limited , casting doubt on the prospects for a rapid recovery . # # * * B . Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints * * 5 . * * Mali is now faced with the dual challenge of quickly reconstructing the North while addressing the underlying causes of the recent crises * * . The security and political crisis was likely triggered by the return of fighters from the Libyan revolution and the increased availability of weapons resulting from that conflict . However , Mali has faced several rebellions since independence in 1960 and multiple drivers of fragility and instability have fuelled the cyclical nature of violence over the years . The limited presence of the state , particularly in the Northern provinces , its weak capacity to guarantee that services are delivered , the collapse of the security sector , and the mounting tensions and prejudice that exists between social groups , pose a challenge to long term peace and the territorial integrity of the country . 6 . * * The recent political crisis is also perceived by many as having resulted from the deterioration of governance and the weak capacity of institutions to respond to popular expectations * * . While important reforms have been implemented over the past five years to improve macro-economic management , governance indicators during the same period show a marked decline in the ability of government to control corruption , enforce the rule of law , and ensure government effectiveness . Ethnic and social tensions have also weakened social cohesion , all the more so with the", "spans": [{"start": 1981, "end": 2002, "text": "governance indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is similar in sampling design with the Ethiopian data ; it covers the universe of establishments employing more than 10 workers and takes a representative sample of firms employing less than 10 workers . The census was undertaken in two phases . In the first phase , the registry covers all establishment ( 25 , 865 ) and includes information on persons engaged , location , age and industrial group . However , it contains no balance sheet information . In the second phase , the survey covers _all_ establishments with at-least 10 workers and a 5 % sample of manufacturing establishments engaging less than 10 workers . Data on production , sales , wages and salaries , material costs , fixed assets are reported for these firms . The raw data consist of a total of 3 , 302 manufacturing establishments . Applying the weights constructed by the GSS , sampled establishments represent a population of 22 , 544 firms in the country . < sup > 10 < / sup > * * Kenya * * The Kenyan data come from the 2010 Census of Industrial Production ( CIP ) , conducted by the Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics ( KNBS ) . The dataset provides detailed information needed for our analysis , including total sales , value of production , labor cost , capital , material and energy costs . The raw data contain information on about 2 , 089 manufacturing firms . However , a large number of firms report either missing or zero values of labor cost and capital stock , and thus were omitted from our analysis . > 8Note that although the LSMI targets establishments with more than 10 employees , they remain in the census even if the number of workers decrease . > 9In both LMSMI and SSMI , industries are classified according to the four-digit ISIC Rev 3 . 1 classification . The manufactures of food products and beverages is the largest sub-sector , measured by the number of firms . > 10For more details about the sampling design and detailed description of the data , see Krakah et al . ( 2014 ) . 13", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 745, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 999, "end": 1035, "text": "2010 Census of Industrial Production", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent . > 4 The Latvian EU-SILC survey uses a stratified two-stage sampling design . In the first stage , systematic sampling of the primary sampling units was selected . In the second stage , simple random sampling was used to select secondary sampling units . The survey was stratified by the degree of urbanization . 5 Ministry of Economics , Government of Latvia . 4", "spans": [{"start": 18, "end": 40, "text": "Latvian EU-SILC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "largest manufacturing industry in India , accounting for 22 % of manufacturing employment . The fourth panel shows the management scores for the 232 textile firms in the BVR Indian sample , which look very similar to Indian manufacturing in general . Within textiles , our experiment was carried out on 28 plants operated by 17 firms in the woven cotton fabric industry . These plants weave cotton yarn into cotton fabric for suits , shirts and home furnishing . They purchase yarn from upstream spinning firms and send their fabric to downstream dyeing and processing firms . As shown in the bottom panel of Figure 1 , the 17 firms involved had an average BVR management score of 2 . 60 , very similar to the rest of Indian manufacturing . Hence , our particular sample of 17 Indian firms also appears broadly similar in terms of management practices to manufacturing firms in developing countries . # * * _II . B . The selection of firms for the field experiment_ * * The sample firms were randomly chosen from the population of all publicly and privately owned textile firms in Maharashtra , based on lists provided by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs . < sup > 6 < / sup > We restricted attention to firms with between 100 to 1000 employees to focus on larger firms but avoided multinationals . Geographically we focused on firms in the towns of Tarapur and Umbergaon ( the largest two textile towns in the area ) since this reduced the travel time for the consultants . This yielded a sample of 66 potential subject firms . All of these 66 firms were then contacted by telephone by our partnering international consulting firm . They offered free consulting , funded by Stanford University and the World Bank , as part of a management research project . We paid for the consulting services to ensure that we controlled the intervention and could provide a homogeneous management treatment to all firms . We were concerned that if the firms made any co-payments they might have tried to direct the consulting , for example asking for help on marketing or finance . Of this group of firms , 34 expressed an interest in the project and were given a", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 187, "text": "BVR Indian sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1104, "end": 1155, "text": "lists provided by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") and other advanced countries ( e . g . , UK , 70 % ) . India desperately needs to unlock this workforce to reach not only sustainable development goals on gender equality , human development , and poverty eradication but also to foster economic growth and shared prosperity . If gender disparity in India is a result of discriminatory hiring practices in the labor market , then economists , dating back to Gary Becker , would argue that competition should drive out such discrimination . < sup > 3 < / sup > The idea behind this theory is that people prefer to work with their own “ types . ” In lax environments , or when firms have market power , managers may engage in discriminatory behavior to hire their own “ type ” and still be able to remain in business . However , competition is thought to put a brake on the scope of discrimination and crony capitalism . If a firm is in a fierce battle for survival , then it must optimize to stay in business , and firms with managers who are willing to give up ( or never had ) tendencies to discriminate over employees will be more likely to succeed . Evidence from the United States suggests that following deregulations in the banking sector , discrimination within banks and among product markets declined due to greater competition . < sup > 4 < / sup > However , a systematic study on the impact of pro-competitive reforms on gender discrimination and / or segmentation in developing countries is rather scarce . > 1 See Albrecht , Björklund and Vroman ( 2003 ) for evidence on Sweden . > 2 India ranks among the top 10 countries in the WEF ’ s political empowerment index , which is one of the pillars of the Gender gap index . > 3 Becker ( 1957 ) . > 4 Black and Strahan ( 2001 ) and Levine , Levkov and Rubinstein ( 2014 ) . 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "supervisors in the same room to limit cheating incidents as much as possible . - Variations in the difficulty of exam papers and pass rates across different rounds . This variability is attributed to the fact that exam paper questions are untested , and their difficulty depends on the judgment of those who create the questions . - The simultaneous announcement of results for all students and subjects , which puts strain on government agencies in managing public feedback . This includes dealing with increased road traffic and potential internet crashes . * * 8 . Result Area 3 on transparency and accountability supports e-participation , the government ’ s open data agenda and the enhancement of data quality in the health sector . * * * * - Regarding e-information , the electronic participation policy approved by the GOJ in 2021 has yet to be implemented and the 2007 Access to Information Law , as amended in 2024 , has yet to be enforced . * * As a result , Jordan lags regional best performers under the e-participation indicator of the UN ’ s E-government Readiness Index . Also , even though Jordan was the first country in MENA to legislate the right to information , it ranks amongst the 10 least-performing countries the Right to Information Index ( RTI ) published by is badly rated by the Centre for Law and Democracy . It has particularly room for improvement on the right to access to information and on sanctions for non-compliance with legal requirements and protection of applicants . The GOJ tabled amendments to the Parliament in 2019 to address significant weaknesses and loopholes in the initial legislation . This should lead to a significant improvement in Jordan ’ s rating under the RTI . < sup > 4 < / sup > Those amendments include : ( 1 ) open the Information Council , which oversees the enforcement of the law to Civil Society Organizations ( CSOs ) and strengthens its oversight responsibility ; ( 2 ) frame exceptions to access to information for national security reasons ; ( 3 ) mandate proactive information disclosure and the appointment of information officers in all", "spans": [{"start": 1057, "end": 1085, "text": "E-government Readiness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1239, "end": 1265, "text": "Right to Information Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In this section , we increase spatial resolution to assess the distribution of endemic percentages using a global grid with 0 . 25 degree ( 25 km ) resolution . We perform cellwise addition across all rasters in apparent . First , all three groups exhibit huge global variation , from 0 % to 60 % endemic for terrestrial variation within their borders ( e . g . , Brazil , United States , South Africa , India , China ) while others do not very high endemic intensities over their entire areas . In Brazil , by contrast , all three groups exhibit progressively-declining endemic intensities from the Atlantic coast to the western frontier region . Similarly-broad patterns of variation across regions are visible in the United States , Mexico , Colombia , Argentina , South Africa , Morocco , Ethiopia , India , China , the Russian Federation and Indonesia . Countries have added protection responsibilities for endemic species , so large spatial variations in endemic intensity have significant implications for protected-area policies . Scale economies are important divert fewer hectares from economic use . For both reasons , spatial clusters with high endemic intensity offer the potential for cost-effective area protection . Figures 6 and 7 identify candidate clusters in many 5 . The Global Distribution of Small-Occurrence Region Species Jenkins et al . ( 2015 ) note that “ small range size is the best predictor of extinction risk and , thus , the first metric for conservation priority ” . This factor has been studied extensively in the empirical literature ( Kraus Brooks and Pimm 1999 ) . It has particular significance because it is a widely-recognized indicator of extinction risk that is computable for any species that can be mapped . In contrast , expert assessments of extinction risks for individual species are limited by their resource intensity . The result is a gap between In this section , we explore the size and global distribution of small-occurrence region species in our GBIF maps database . Then we consider the implications for conservation policymakers , who must balance the of that territory . At the outset we should note that small-range status is not determinate ; no single critical minimum habitat size exists , given the myriad interactions", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 208, "text": "rasters", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2004, "end": 2022, "text": "GBIF maps database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Prevention and Response to SGBV through Girl ’ s Education – Uganda – Jesuit Refugee Services Good Practice * * Location : * * Imvepi and Rhino camp settlements in Arua , Uganda . # # # # # # * * Cross-References : * * _Protection Monitoring / SGBV_ * * Goal : * * Protection against SGBV , particularly early marriage , in refugee settlements through promotion of education of girls * * Partners : * * DED ( German Development Agency ) , District Education Office , District Community Services ( DCDS ) # # # # # # * * Objectives : * * - 1 . Awareness-raising on prevention / response of SGBV ; - 2 . Increase girl enrolment and attendance in schools in order to reduce incidences of exploitation and early marriage ; and - 3 . Empower refugees on human rights , including children ’ s rights . # # # # # # * * Implementation Strategy : * * Baseline activities included : - 1 . Lessons-learnt workshop revealed the need to improve girls ’ education . - 2 . Assessment made on enrolment and attendance of girls in schools . - 3 . Assessment of hospital records on number of teenage mothers attending antenatal clinic services . - 4 . Review of hospital records on sexually transmitted infections of girls in refugee settlements . Pre-planning activities included : - 1 . Meetings with refugee women , leaders and girls ; - 2 . Consultative meetings with Health , Community Services and Education Implementing Partners ; - 3 . Meeting with teachers , school supervisors and refugee school children . The program is implemented with the following activities : - * * Establishment of Crises Intervention Teams ( CIT ) to address SGBV cases : * * The CITs are formed among refugee leaders , religious leaders , youth representatives , community facilitators and refugee women . Each village in the refugee settlements has a CIT to address SGBV cases . They are the first port of call for majority", "spans": [{"start": 1044, "end": 1060, "text": "hospital records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1144, "end": 1195, "text": "hospital records on sexually transmitted infections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _Lender types_ : whether the lender is a state bank , a private bank or a non-bank institution ( which include microfinance institutions , credit cooperative , credit unions or finance companies ) . The expectation is that a non-bank institution would be less likely to require collateral because it is less formal and more likely to operate on trust and reputation . Country characteristics : - _GDP per capita_ : this measure captures the overall economic development of countries and is in real international dollars ( PPP ) based on data from the World Economic Outlook . - _Institutional variables : _ We use _Regulatory Quality_ and _Rule of law_ < sup > 6 < / sup > data from The World Bank ’ s Governance Indicators . - _Financial development measures : _ Our focus is on the availability of credit information , and our proxy is the _Depth of Credit Information_ < sup > _7_ < / sup > ( which takes a value of 1 to 6 ) , taken from the World Bank ’ s Doing Business Surveys . We also use two common financial development measures . The first one is domestic credit to private sector , as a % of GDP . < sup > 8 < / sup > This proxy is widely used in literature on the access to finance ( for example , see Beck et al , 2006 ) . The second measure is interest rate spread , to capture the efficiency of the banking sector < sup > 9 < / sup > . The first column in Table 1 presents the OLS regressions with country fixed effects . The dependent variable takes the value 100 when the loan is collateralized and zero otherwise . Relevant predictors of collateralized borrowing are years in operation , firm size , industry , having international management certification , export orientation , firm ’ s ownership and having overdraft facility . Essentially , we look for _within-country variations across firms_ . Columns 2 to 6 control for country characteristics ( and remove country fixed effects ) . Overall , older firms are less likely to pledge collateral . One more year of operation reduces the chance of pledging collateral by about 0 . 1 %", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 575, "text": "World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 962, "end": 984, "text": "Doing Business Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contextualize the program mapping , the WRC and Save the Children further conducted 13 key informant interviews with humanitarian SRH practitioners for an understanding of what makes ASRH programs successful . # # # # * * Good practice documentation through case studies * * From among the programs identified through the mapping exercise that provided at least two modern methods of contraception , three were selected to illustrate service delivery models that demonstrated effectiveness in reaching adolescents and improving contraceptive uptake through their outreach , communications or service delivery approaches . Contraceptive uptake was used as a marker of effective ASRH programs , given the importance of pregnancy prevention in adolescent lives . Through examining the programs in depth , the study team aimed to understand the following : - What are “ effective ” models and practices for delivering adolescent family planning services ? - How have programs reached adolescents with family planning services , especially the most vulnerable ? - Have programs conducted specific outreach to very young adolescents , and have these efforts been successful ? - What communication strategies were employed ? - What measurable change was observed in uptake over the course of the program ? - What systems are in place to examine , reexamine and adjust existing programs ? - What are the perspectives of adolescents of these services ? The data collection activities conducted between July and September 2012 , for each case study were : - Key informant interviews among program and clinical staff to learn about iterative processes . - Exit interviews with adolescents using ASRH services , particularly family planning services , to learn about positive aspects of the program . - Facility observation to examine the level of adolescent-friendliness . - Focus group discussions with community adolescents and outreach workers to gain their perspectives . - Analysis of program indicators to observe trends on service use and contraceptive uptake . 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provide implementation support for the execution of the activities . # # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements * * 52 . * * The PCU will develop an M & E framework to support project implementation . * * The M & E system will be a result-based framework and management tool , focusing on both project impacts and outcomes , as well as the regular monitoring of inputs and outputs covering the three project components . The M & E system will build on the existing M & E system from the relevant ministries with regard to LG performance , public investment monitoring , and access to electricity , as well as tools for asset management and service management that will be established by the project as part of the technical support to municipalities . 53 . * * Digital innovations will be leveraged to support M & E of the project during implementation . * * In particular , the Geo-Enabling initiative for Monitoring and Supervision ( GEMS ) under the Kobo Toolbox Platform piloted under the World Bank-financed PNIDDLE project will continue to be leveraged for this project . The GEMS will enable the PCU to collect and structure digital data that automatically feeds into a centralized M & E system . The platform will be customized to capture relevant indicators , photos , audio , videos ; time and date stamps ; and Global Positioning System coordinates that allow for automated geomapping of the project during implementation . Using these tools systematically allows the Government and the World Bank remote supervision , frequent safeguards monitoring , and coordination across projects and partners working in the same area . 54 . * * The M & E process will involve data collection and reporting , production of periodic activity reports , and biannual reviews . * * Surveys will be conducted among economic actors of the seven cities of > 35 The same team at SOMELEC will be overseeing the implementation of the AFD-funded RIMDIR and will benefit from the oversight of the RIMDIR PSC . > 36 The specialist will be established in the same", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1160, "text": "digital data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shocks for the observed patterns of capital flows . Table 5 offers a summary view of the fraction of the variance explained by global and group factors ( additional details are given in A . 6 ) . On average , the common factors taken together account for a considerable portion of the variance of gross flows – 45 percent for gross inflows and 42 percent for gross outflows . However , there is a sharp contrast between advanced and emerging countries . Among the former , common factors account for 58 and 62 percent of the variance of inflows and outflows , respectively . Among the latter , the figures are 36 and 28 percent . Thus , common shocks dominate the capital flows of advanced countries , while idiosyncratic shocks dominate the capital flows of emerging countries . Further , the respective roles of global and group factors are quantitatively similar in the case of gross inflows , while the global factor dominates gross outflows – trivially so in the case of emerging countries , given the absence of a group factor affecting their outflows . One might worry that these results overstate the role of common factors because the advanced-country group includes the world ’ s leading financial centers , which could be artificially inflating the role of commonality . However , the lower panel of Table 5 shows that excluding the U . S . , U . K . , Switzerland , Germany , and Japan from the calculations has very little effect on the variance decomposition figures . These results concerning the quantitative role of common factors might appear to be in contrast with those that Cerutti et al . ( 2017c ) reach using quarterly data on capital flows disaggregated by flow type ( FDI , portfolio debt , portfolio equity , bank credit ) . They find a very modest role for global factors , whether alone or augmented with a handful of variables summarizing world real and financial conditions . Specifically , regressions of flows on two global factors – one estimated from 6 non-central advanced countries , and another one estimated from 15 emerging market economies ( those with weight in the MSCI index above 1 % ) – yield an average ( across", "spans": [{"start": 1633, "end": 1664, "text": "quarterly data on capital flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While more recent estimates of poverty rates are not yet available ( with the exception of the Northern region ) , in light of the sustained and significant real GDP per capita growth during the second series of PRSCs it is very likely that the national poverty rate continued to decline in this period . The poverty rate in the North did decline from 61 to 57 percent over the period . Judged more narrowly by table 8 , the achievement of program development objectives was mixed and on balance moderately satisfactory . The economic management objective and enhanced production , competition and output objectives were satisfactory . The economic management objective of a _reduced fiscal deficit_ was nearly met , as the fiscal deficit was reduced from 11 . 3 % of GDP in 2005 to 8 . 9 percent in FY08 / 09 , just 0 . 7 shy of the target . _Increased private sector competitiveness_ was achieved , as private investment as a share of GDP rose from 17 percent to 19 . 1 percent ( using the old national accounts GDP series ) , slightly exceeding the goal of 19 . 0 percent . In the broad area of _increased and more efficient agricultural production_ , six indicators were used to monitor progress . Several outcomes were identified to measure increased market orientation , including the percentage of agricultural exports as a percentage of agricultural GDP , the increased marketing of agricultural production , the value of fish exports , and the percentage of farmers with access to improved agricultural technologies . As seen in the table , nearly all of these showed progress over the baseline . While the increased marketing of agricultural products showed only a modest 1 . 5 percent increase , agricultural exports as a share of GDP rose by 5 . 7 percent ( there were no PEAP targets for these indicators ) . The agricultural research system ( NARs ) was successfully decentralized , meeting the objective of carrying out research that was relevant to specific agricultural areas . While neither the volume of fish exports nor farmer access to technology met the PEAP targets , it should be", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1024, "text": "national accounts GDP series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "surveys ( averaging over the various surveys when is there are more than one ) and as reported in the World Bank ' s World Development Indicators ( WDI ) ( World Bank , 1999 ) database which is based on UNESCO data ( averaging over all available data between 1990 and 1999 ) . ' 3 Overall the two data sources tell a similar story . The primary net enrollment rate for girls averaged across all the countries is very similar from the two sources : 58 . 6 percent based on the DHS surveys and 58 . 3 based on the WDI statistics ( when restricting the sample to countries that have number from both surveys - the average over all DHS surveys is 63 . 4 percent ) . The average male / female ratio is similar when using the two sources as well ( 1 . 14 from DHS and 1 . 22 from WDI ) . Other characteristics of the distribution ( standard deviation , maximum , minimum and median ) are very similar as well . The overall similarity , however , masks some large discrepancies at the country level . The difference between the enrollment rate based on the two sources ranges from - 22 percentage points ( Turkey where the DHS implies a rate of 71 percent and the WDI 93 percent ) to 47 percentage points ( Haiti where the DHS implies a rate of 70 percent and the WDI 23 percent ) . After Haiti , the next largest discrepancy is 19 percentage points ( Mozambique where the DHS implies a rate of 54 percent and the WDI a rate of 35 percent ) . In most countries , the two datasets tell a sirnilar story with respect to gender differences as well . The main difference occurs in the Western and Central African countries where ( except for Cote d ' Ivoire and Senegal ) the WDI numbers imply a male / female ratio that is substantially larger than what the DHS show . For example , in Chad the WDI imply a male / female ratio of 1 . 80 whereas . the DHS imply a ratio of 1 . 53 . Relying on the WDI one would overstate the male \"", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 145, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 203, "end": 214, "text": "UNESCO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 476, "end": 487, "text": "DHS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 512, "end": 526, "text": "WDI statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1157, "end": 1160, "text": "WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1216, "end": 1219, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A related consideration is whether illness shocks affect the probability that a survey is successfully completed . Heath et al ( 2019 ) point out that attrition is very low and difficult to predict on the basis of observable worker and household characteristics : 91 % of the weekly interviews scheduled were successfully conducted . Missed surveys very rarely correspond to complete disappearance from the survey ; only two of the 949 respondents in the high frequency data were not available at endline . Moreover , note that even if missed surveys do correlate with illness in the household , this would only bias the estimated effect of illness on labor supply if this pattern differentially holds among respondents who were more or less likely to work during a given illness episode suffered by another family member . Finally , since missed surveys affect the probability that we can detect an illness – we only know an individual was ill if he or she responds to the survey – our control for the number of household member planning to work in a round also accounts for the fact that we have a greater chance of detecting sickness in rounds in which more household members were surveyed . # * * 2 . 4 Econometric Strategy : Net effects of illness on households * * To estimate the net effect of a household member ’ s illness on the household , inclusive of the compensatory behavior of other workers , we also examine the effect of a household-level illness shock ( Worker Ill � � � – a worker missing a week of work due to unexpected illness in a given week – on household-level outcomes ( Y � � ) , namely , total labor supply and earnings . We include household ( γ � � fixed effects and time fixed effects interacted with city ( λ � � μ � � : 17", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 474, "text": "high frequency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we nonetheless control for a wide array of variables that might correlate with trade policy and affect PTM . We start by adding interactions between the exchange rate and the destination countries ’ characteristics such as per capita GDP , GDP , and market potential in columns ( 2 ) and ( 7 ) . In columns ( 3 ) and ( 8 ) we include interaction terms between the RER variable and a measure of market size varying by product and destination ( total imports ) , as well as a set of standard gravity controls . In columns ( 4 ) and ( 9 ) we control for interaction terms between the real exchange rate and several product-specific characteristics : dummies for consumer goods ( defined according to the Broad Economic Categories classification ) , manufacturing goods and differentiated goods ( defined according to Rauch classification ) . Finally , in columns ( 5 ) and ( 10 ) we perform a more extreme exercise and include sets of interactions between the exchange rate and ( i ) destination group dummies ; ( ii ) origin country dummies ; as well as ( iii ) 2-digit sector dummies . This allows controlling for any time-invariant unobserved destination , origin or product factors that could be correlated with our trade policy variables and affect pricing-to-market . Overall , our main results are largely unaffected throughout . We find weak evidence that pricing-to-market tends to be less prevalent in more competitive markets , where firms ’ market power is lower ( column ( 7 ) ) . Regarding product characteristics , when significant , the coefficients on the interaction terms tend to be negative ( column ( 4 ) ) , but this result is not robust to the inclusion of firm _ × _ product _ × _ year FE ( column ( 9 ) ) , to alternative currency specifications ( online appendix Section C . 8 ) , nor to the use of the full sample of countries , i . e without the NTM data restriction . Taken together our results suggest no significant differences across categories of goods . < sup > 31 < / sup > Finally , when including a full set of origin , destination group", "spans": [{"start": 1871, "end": 1879, "text": "NTM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE / CONTEXT * * # # * * 3 . 1 Overview * * This Chapter provides a description of the existing physical , biological , and socio-economic conditions , which are directly or indirectly affected by Project activities . It is essential that the baseline conditions of the environment and social are characterized to accurately predict the potential effects the proposed project will have on the environment and society . The collection of baseline data therefore focused on providing information to support the assessment of any potential impact of the project at the national level . # # * * 3 . 2 Physical Environment * * # # * * _3 . 2 . 1 Size , Location and Geography_ * * Kenya covers a land area of approximately 583 , 000 square kilometers . Kenya straddles the Equator between approximately 4 . 5 degrees South and 4 . 5 degrees North latitude . The Republic of Kenya is bordered by the Indian Ocean , Uganda , Tanzania , Ethiopia , South-Sudan , and Somalia . Nairobi , Mombasa , and Kisumu are the three main cities in Kenya . Nairobi lies in central Kenya , Mombasa on the Indian Ocean , and Kisumu on the Lake Victoria shores . Nakuru , Eldoret , Kitale and Lamu are among the major towns . The capital city of Kenya is Nairobi , which is considered the main tourist hub < sup > 26 < / sup > . # # * * _3 . 2 . 2 Climate and Climate Change_ * * # # # _3 . 2 . 2 . 1 Climate_ Kenya has a tropical climate , but there are large regional climatic variations influenced by several factors , including altitude . Temperatures drop by about 6 ° C for every 1 , 000m you climb ( or 3 . 5 ° F per 1 , 000 ft ) . Kenya ’ s daytime temperatures average between 20 ° C / 68 ° F and 28 ° C / 82 ° F , but it is warmer at the coast . The", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 491, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households without electricity access were provided with SHS . This figure will go up to about 15 % if the grid-electricity generation is used as the energy baseline to estimate the carbon benefit from SHS . Second , under the assumption that the existing micro-credit scheme plus a cash subsidy is made available to all non-electrified households in rural Bangladesh , the affordability assessment indicates that scaling-up SHS adoption is indeed possible in many parts of rural areas . Among the 41 districts in the survey , about 17 districts have an affordability rate over 25 % as well as high concentration of non-electrified households in comparison to the national average . This means there exists a potential market for SHS and it is also possible to reduce the costs of SHS dissemination due to economies of scale to promote a profitable participation of the private sector in the SHS market . Third , contrary to the commonly held views that subsidies for promoting SHS dissemination in rural areas benefit mainly better-off households , our policy simulation shows that SHS subsidies in rural Bangladesh are progressive when programs are appropriately targeted even using the private sector delivery model . > 11 The 2005 poverty map is constructed using the 2005 Household Living Standard survey by the World Bank . 13", "spans": [{"start": 1272, "end": 1309, "text": "2005 Household Living Standard survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the gender , socio-demographic and country of origin characteristics . We also examine how the inflow of asylum seekers affects inequalities among the hosts , by comparing labor-market outcomes with the native population . Our study consists of original empirical analysis . We employ a unique dataset based on the Swiss administrative records and social security data provided to us by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office ( FSO ) . Our dataset includes the universe of refugees and migrants in Switzerland over 1998 – 2018 . Our dataset presents the longitudinal dimension , which allows us to follow individuals over time and examine their labor-market outcomes and career trajectories over the life-cycle , comparing refugees to the host population and other migrants . Our study complements the other papers that are part of this World Bank project on forced displacement . Specifically , it is closely related to the studies that examine the effect of forced displacement on inequalities . These studies focus on both low and middle-income countries , which have different traditions of hosting refugees ( e . g . , Albarosa and Elsner ( 2021 ) focusing on Germany ; Kovac et al . ( 2021 ) on Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia ; Murard ( 2021 ) examining the case of Greece and Aksoy and Ginn ( 2021 ) focusing on a cross-country comparison ) . On the other hand , we focus on Switzerland , an advanced economy with a multicultural society , and a long historical tradition of hosting refugees . Our paper makes three main contributions to the existing literature . First , the specific context of Switzerland where refugees are randomly allocated across cantons that are different in terms of local economic and social conditions , provides us with a ‘ natural experiment ’ . This allows us to rigorously evaluate the causal effect of these determinants on refugees ’ labor market outcomes and economic integration . In this context , we examine the role of initial local conditions such as natives ’ attitudes towards refugees at the time of arrival in the host location , and their subsequent effects on the trajectory of economic integration . Second , we examine in a horserace model the relative importance of three fundamental initial local conditions , namely", "spans": [{"start": 315, "end": 368, "text": "Swiss administrative records and social security data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 28 2022-03-11 2022-04-04 2022-04-18 2022-05-02 2022-06-16 < br > snutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-11 / Adquisici < br > ón de hemoglobinómetros , e < br > quipos analizadores de hemoglobina cuantitativo , con susinsumos médicos y de limpieza , IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 91 , 936 . 14 78 , 722 . 00 Signed 2022-02-28 2022-04-01 2022-03-11 2022-04-01 2022-04-04 2022-04-21 2022-04-18 2022-05-05 2022-05-02 2022-05-26 2022-06-16 < br > necesarios para el desarrollo < br > de la Encuesta Nacional de D < br > esnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-6 / Adquisició < br > n de vestimenta identificativ < br > a para el operativo de campo , necesaria para la operaciónestadística para el desarrollode las actividades de la Encu IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 21 , 833 . 78 19 , 368 . 20 Signed 2022-03-09 2022-04-06 2022-04-14 2022-06-01 2022-05-14 < br > esta Nacional de Desnutrició < br > n Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-7 / Adquisició < br > n de", "spans": [{"start": 623, "end": 645, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de D", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "that countries use to implement a lower tariff toward a particular trading partner - arrangements which comply with basic GATT / WTO exceptions to the MFN principle of nondiscrimination - include free trade agreements , customs unions , unilateral preference schemes , and the lesser-known partial scope agreements . < sup > 33 < / sup > Section 2 . 3 . 2 provides more detail on the potential economic significance of tariff preferences arising under these PTAs . We begin by characterizing the scope of products for which countries can and do offer tariff preferences ( given their MFN tariffs ) , the size of the discriminatory preference margins that are granted , and the trading partners to which they are being offered . Our productlevel bilateral tariff preference data is sufficiently rich that we can examine the bilateral tariff rates offered by 27 of our economies to the 30 trading partners in our sample . < sup > 34 < / sup > While we document considerable variation across countries , a number of interesting patterns emerge . First , high-income countries , which generally have very low MFN tariffs , have relatively fewer products over which they can offer any preferential tariffs . These countries tend to offer > noteworthy because this policy was designed by the WTO Agreements to be less discriminatory than other policy tools , like antidumping . In practice , the use of safeguards is a politically useful way for governments to discriminate between foreign suppliers , such as against varieties from a low-priced trading partner while minimizing the impact on a high-priced trading partner . See , for example , Turkey ’ s safeguards on imports of footwear described in Bown , Karacaovali and Tovar ( 2015 ) . > 33These exceptions include the original GATT 1947 ’ s Article XXIV and the 1979 ‘ Enabling Clause ’ that permits non-reciprocal and non-comprehensive preferential tariff coverage for developing countries involved in PTAs . > 34Bilateral tariff data is not available for four of the countries in our analysis . Furthermore , for tractability , we restrict the analysis to variation across 30 trading partners . This obviously misses additional variation associated with other trading partners . 19", "spans": [{"start": 732, "end": 777, "text": "productlevel bilateral tariff preference data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | * * PRIEDE PROJECT DIS * * < br > * * FOR THE FINANCIAL * * | * * BURSEMENT TO COUNT * * < br > * * YEAR 2021 / 2022 * * | * * IES * * | | * * S / NO . * * | * * ACTIVITY * * | * * EXPECTED DATE * * < br > * * OF * * < br > * * DISBURSEMENT * * | * * DATE DISBURSED * * | * * AMOUNT DISBURSED Kshs * * | | 1 | STRENGTHENING < br > SCHOOL BASED < br > TEACHER SUPPORT | 01 / 07 / 2021 | 16 / 09 / 2021 | 129 , 178 , 900 . 00 | | 2 | REFRESHER TRAINING < br > OF SCHOOL KEY < br > STAKEHOLDERS | 18 / 07 / 2021 | 08 / 10 / 2021 | 186 , 631 , 300 . 00 | | | | | | * * 315 , 810 , 200 . 00 * * | | Exchang | e Kshs 107 = USD | | | | 24 . * * Key potential risks and actions : * * a ) there are some delays in exchequer releases to MoE and from MoE to counties and schools b ) Misstated capitation per school due to wrong data arising from manual intervention rather than fully relying on NEMIS . 25 . * * Proposed actions : * * a ) The Exchequer in National Treasury should ensure timely release of funds and MoE to ensure fast verification and monitoring process for the DLIs achieved . b ) Fix / upgrade NEMIS to eliminate human intervention . Meanwhile , cleansing and harmonizing of the NEMIS data vs actual enrollment in the schools is necessary . ( c ) MoE to address issues for late release of capitation as well as delays in release of funds for county-based activities .", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 895, "text": "NEMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1193, "end": 1203, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while most of the documents are in the regional language , Afan Oromo When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . “ Not Applicable ” * * _Procurement of Secondhand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ _ Not Applicable . ” * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . ( Not Applicable ) Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * * * Procurement Responsibility : MoA Livestock and Fisheries * * LFSDP PIU as an * * implementing agency * * ( IA ) who will be responsible for the procurement related to Grant No . TF0B9869-ET . * * _List of Contracts to be undertaken under the ORCU Operational Grant No . TF0B9878-ET_ * * | * * No . * * < br > * * GOO * * < br > 1 | * * Activity * * < br > * * Description * * < br > * * DS AND NON-CONS * * < br > Procurement of < br > Office equipment < br > ( Laptop , tablet & < br > others ) | * * Estima * * < br > * * ted * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 ) . Taken together , the poorest quintile in Kenya ( both urban and rural ) account for seven percent of total household spending on electricity , while the richest quintile account for 43 percent ( Figure 6 ) . Given that poorer households are less likely to consume mains electricity , the direct poverty impact of an increase in household budget share allocated to mains electricity is expected to be small . In fact , the analysis shows that thanks to the counteracting effects of the lifeline reform , the aggregate poverty impact of the reform is close to zero ( an increase in poverty of 0 . 02 percentage points at the national level – Figure 7 ) . On one hand , the increase in tariffs for households consuming between 30 – 100 kWh per month negatively affects the purchasing power of poor households that fall within this bracket . This effect however applies to only four percent of poor households ( focusing only on poor households that consume mains electricity , the tariff applies to 27 percent of poor households – Figure 8 ) . On the other hand , the decrease in tariffs for households consuming less than 30 kWh per month ( the new lifeline ) increases real incomes , cancelling out , at the aggregate level , the poverty impact of the overall reform . The figures also show that the former lifeline ( 0-100 kWh ) was too high , with over 90 percent of non-poor households consuming less electricity than the lifeline threshold ( Figure 8 ) . 28 Based on the latest publicly available household survey data ( 2015 / 16 ) . Page 40", "spans": [{"start": 1506, "end": 1527, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "loans . < sup > 25 < / sup > _TTC_ The role of the term _PDi_ < sup > _TTC_ < / sup > / _PD_ in ( 8 ) is to weight the influence from the macroeconomic variables on the PDs by the relative size of the asset ’ s probability of default . This weighting scheme therefore ensures that an asset class that is , in relative terms , more likely to default than another class when no macroeconomic shocks are considered is also more likely to default when macroeconomic shocks are accounted for . For instance , if an asset class is two times more likely to default than the average of the considered asset classes in the TTC scenario , it is also two times more likely to default than the average of the considered asset classes in a Stress scenario . Hence , the proportionality across the _PDi_ < sup > _TTC_ < / sup > values before and after macroeconomic shocks is preserved . The last term in ( 8 ) adds the TTC PDs specific to each asset class to the effect coming from the macroeconomy . # * * 4 . 6 . Incorporating Bank Specific Characteristics : The Idiosyncratic Component of Credit Risk * * We use data on credit ( EAD ) growth for each bank and each asset class before the peak of the last credit cycle , or the most recent positive credit growth if the cycle is in an upturn , to get a measure of the relative aggressiveness of bank lending . The intention here is to approximate the quality of the underwriting standards of the individual banks in each asset class relative to the average of the banking system . This is under the assumption that relatively more aggressive lending is associated with laxer underwriting standards . To describe the construction of bank specific PDs , let _PDi_ < sup > S < / sup > , _j_ < sup > denotethePDforbank < / sup > < sup > _j_ < / sup > holding asset class _i_ under scenario S , where S is now re-defined as S = _ { TTC_ , _PIT_ , _Stress } _ > 25Note that we work here with the NPL", "spans": [{"start": 1102, "end": 1131, "text": "data on credit ( EAD ) growth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 1987 | < br > 200 | 200 | 125 | 180 | 705 | 190 | 9 , 435 | | 1988 | < br > 200 | 200 | 125 | 180 | 705 | 200 | 9 , 950 | | 1989 | < br > 200 | 200 | 125 | 180 | 705 | 210 | 10 , 455 | | 1990 | < br > 200 | 200 | 125 | 180 | 705 | 220 | 10 , 950 | - 1 / Includes proposed Fourth IDA Project . - 2 / Total of columns 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 ( rounded ) provides for training of about 7 , 000 agricultural assistants during 1977-1990 . These figures indicate that the output of agricultural technicians should be increased from about 300 in the mid-70s to about 700 p . a . in the late 1980s . 1 . 12 The estimates for trained manpower requirement at the certificate level carried out by Bank staff are about 2 , 500 less than those developed by the recent USAID agricultural manpower survey . The Bank staff estimates take into account that in certain jobs a lower number of people than that currently employed will be needed since worker productivity will gradually be improved . Furthermore , projections of government recurrent finances indicate that the Government is unlikely to be able to employ such a large number of agricultural certificate holders as suggested by the manpower survey . To keep the total recurrent wage costs within acceptable limits , present plans should provide for the training of about 7 , 000 agricultural assistants by 1990 . 1 . 13 A recent study undertaken by the Ministry of Finance indicated that improved management and budgeting techniques are a prerequisite to carry out effective government project preparation and implementation in the field of agriculture as well as in other development activities . The training of middleand upper-level administration and managerial personnel is an area which needs", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 785, "text": "USAID agricultural manpower survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1173, "end": 1188, "text": "manpower survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schools . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS ( Education Management Information System ) | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The percentage increase in enrollment is calculated by comparing the total number of students enrolled in public pre-primary schools in the targeted < br > regions and newly integrated refugee schools at the end of the current year with the total enrollment at baseline . For the newly integrated refugee schools , < br > the baseline will be defined as the total enrollment recorded in theprevious academicyear . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | Page 39", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 55, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "educational profile today than 10 / 15 years ago . Finally , the cases of Georgia and Turkey are less clear because we find a rise in the prevalence of workers with secondary education but together with a decrease in the share of workers at the tertiary level . Figure 24 : Education profile of Part-time employees . ( Early 2000s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 80 % < br > 60 % < br > 40 % < br > 20 % < br > 0 % < br > Russia Georgia Kyrgyzstan Turkey Armenia Moldova < br > Without Instruction ( SP ) Without Instruction ( EP ) Primary ( SP ) < br > Primary ( EP ) Secondary ( SP ) Secondary ( EP ) < br > Tertiary ( SP ) Tertiary ( EP ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys Note : SP indicates the starting point of the analysis and EP states de ending point . A similar picture is registered in the case of temporary employment . Armenia is the most evident case of improvement in the educational profile of part-time workers because it is observed a rise in the share of workers with secondary and tertiary education . Kyrgyzstan shows a decrease in the prevalence of workers at the secondary level , but this decrease is compensated by the greater incidence of tertiary workers . Lastly , Georgia and Turkey are the countries where the improvement of the educational profile of temporary workers is less clear because there is observed a rise in the prevalence of workers with secondary education compensated , in part by a decrease in the share of workers at the tertiary level . Anyway , even in this last two cases , taken together , the share of workers with secondary and tertiary education increased within temporary workers in detriment of workers with lower levels of education . Page 31 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 749, "end": 766, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "metric is based on the premise that a person faces lower employment and income risk if she can work at home , and higher risk if she is required to be physically present in the workplace to carry out the required tasks . Recent literature on the impact of COVID-19 on labor markets highlights the feasibility of home-based work ( telework ) as a key determinant to overcome governments ’ mobility restrictions and associated income and / or unemployment risks . The ability to telework also limits the exposure to health risks among workers that face supply shocks . Dingel and Neiman ( 2020 ) use the Occupational Information Network ( O * NET ) surveys to calculate the amenability of different > 9 < u > https : / / eur-lex . europa . eu / legal-content / EN / TXT / ? uri = CELEX : 52020XC0330 ( 03 ) < / u > > 10 This result is slightly higher than Fasani and Mazza ( 2020a ) who estimate that 33 % of workers in the EU work in essential sectors . The disparities emerge as we include the occupations related to “ Agriculture , Forestry and Fishery Laborers ” ( ISCO-08 code 921 ) , as well as an approximation of essential occupations at the 2-digit level for Bulgaria , Poland and Slovenia as the EU-LFS does not include 3-digit occupations for those countries . 10", "spans": [{"start": 602, "end": 634, "text": "Occupational Information Network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Fi ure 1 : Shares of female ownershi b state < u > g p y < / u > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Female ownership of unorganized manufacturing in < br > 2000 < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 0 10 , 000 20 , 000 30 , 000 40 , 000 50 , 000 60 , 000 < br > State GDP per capita in 2000 < br > Female-owned share of firms < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > B . Female ownership of services in 2000 < br > 45 % < br > 40 % < br > 35 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > 0 10 , 000 20 , 000 30 , 000 40 , 000 50 , 000 60 , 000 < br > State GDP per capita in 2000 < br > Female-owned share of firms < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > C . Growth in female ownership share of unorganized < br > mfg . , 2001-2010 < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 0 10 , 000 20 , 000 30 , 000 40 , 000 50 , 000 60 , 000 < br > - 10 % < br > - 20 % < br > State GDP per capita in 2000 < br > ownership < br > Growth in share of female < br > < !", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 17 - 2 . 26 Budgetary Control . The new MIS can also expedite the budgeting process . The 1980 / 81 budget exercise was the first to involve Area and Branch management . Previous budgets had been made on a corporate-wide basis , while the current budget has been split into Cost and Income Centers . The Income Centers include all field branches and two departments in Head Office , the Accounting Department , and the Business Services Department . The General Manager ' s Office , other Head Office divisions and departments , and Area Offices are Cost Centers . Unallocated costs such as depreciation , interest on loans and capital expenditures are included in a \" Corporate Overheads \" Cost Center . In preparing the 1980 / 81 Budget Paper for AFC Board presentation , emphasis was placed on the involvement of Branch and Area personnel in the budgeting exercise as well as on future efforts to relate actual to budgeted performance . An automated budget system would facilitate such performance appraisal , and allocate income and costs to the relevant centers . 2 . 27 Cash Management . Although a monthly funds flow statement is prepared on an historical basis , there are no projected statements of cash-flow for future periods . This has been a serious drawback to AFC ' s operations over the past few years . Loan approvals have been made on the basis of general policy directives combined with historical , and often outdated , information . As a result of this practice , branch lending was often slowed down and sometimes halted . AFC surplus cash rarely falls below K Sh 30 million , but occasionally loan approvals are curtailed because of apparent cash shortages . Better information on projected loan repayments would allow AFC to estimate its short-term cash flow and to plan disbursements and lending more effectively . 2 . 28 Credit Reports . Much of the information required to complete the above reports would automatically be available from the computer statements . However , mechanically produced figures , such as those generated by the computer , tend to be less valuable than those which have been prepared or reviewed by an experienced", "spans": [{"start": 1107, "end": 1135, "text": "monthly funds flow statement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1971, "end": 1990, "text": "computer statements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "report < br > * * * * * < br > Analysis of the new curriculum | | | Project Development * * Objective : * * | * * Outcome * * / Impact Indicators : | * * Project Reports : * * | * * ( from Objective to Goal ) * * | | New teaching methodologies applied < br > and pilot-tested in 20 schools | * * * * * < br > % of lessons in the 20 pilot < br > schools where teachers use < br > \" active learning \" techniques < br > l < br > % of better performance by < br > students within pilot schools < br > than the average student in < br > other schools | Observation / survey / report < br > Student achievement testing | Successful conclusion of peace < br > process < br > Teachers get their salaries < br > regularly < br > New teaching methods accepted < br > among majority of teachers < br > Educational authorities maintain < br > support to the introduction of the < br > new teaching methodology < br > A program for replicating the < br > pilot is designed and implemented < br > MOE has enough institutional < br > capacity to implement national < br > reform | | Output from * * each component : * * | * * Output Indicators : * * | * * Project Reports : * * | * * ( from Outputs * * to * * Objective ) * * | | A . Capacity building < br > 1 . Training | | | | | * < br > Training for teacher trainers < br > * < br > In-service training for teachers < br > in pilot schools | * * * * * < br > 900 teachers trained in \" active < br > learning \" methods by year < br > 2001 . | PIU reports | Successful conclusion of peace < br > process | | e < br > Management-training for school < br > principal", "spans": [{"start": 1481, "end": 1492, "text": "PIU reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cycle effects vary considerably across countries , but they are generally quite small . One limitation of the data used by Sorensen ( 2013 ) is that the alternatives available in the questionnaire for additional government expenditure are not mutually exclusive . In other words , individuals can choose to increase or decrease expenditure in all categories . In contrast , in a more realistic scenario individuals would be faced with trade ‐ offs , so that increasing expenditure in one category would require offsets in others . Against this background , our paper makes three contributions to the literature . First , it tests the “ grey peril ” hypothesis for a larger set of countries . Using data from LITS II , we use comparable data for 34 economies , mostly developing ones . This is important , as most papers in the literature focus on advanced economies . Second , even though Sorensen ( 2013 ) allows for age and cohort effects , we use > 5 There is of course a large literature showing how individual preferences do not necessarily translate into actual policy . See for example Gilens and Page ( 2015 ) for a recent example . 6", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 715, "text": "LITS II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for female headed households , appear to be driven by changes in financial behavior - in particular , increased financial resilience and occupational choices for the women who made the decision to move out of agriculture . Mobile money has therefore increased the efficiency of the allocation of consumption over time while allowing a more efficient allocation of labor , resulting in a reduction of poverty in Kenya . In sum , there are notable contributions to the literature on how the advent of digital technologies affect local labor markets in Africa , and on how household welfare has been improved by the adoption of digital tools that reduce the costs of financial transactions . Yet , as mentioned above , there seems to be a blind spot in the literature when it comes to assessing the empirical relationship between unemployment and the digital economy . The following section describes the international and publicly available data we use to estimate the partial correlation between unemployment and the digital economy across countries . # * * III . Data * * We first describe the data concerning the dependent variable , namely national unemployment rates . In turn , this section discusses the data concerning the explanatory variables including the proxies of the incidence of the digital economy and other controls used in the econometric estimations . # _A . Dependent Variable : Unemployment Rates_ The dependent variable is the average unemployment rate of a large sample of countries between the years 2000 and 2017 . The time period is determined by our view of when digital technologies became commonplace ; they were virtually non-existent in the twentieth century . 7", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 943, "text": "international and publicly available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". However , the latter is only possible if data on cargo characteristics is made available to terminal operating companies and used to segregate full containers according expected dwell time . In that respect this study has only used very partially the potential of data available in ASYCUDA and Cameroon customs are encouraged to further the investigation of databases . Further research is needed to better address the long cargo dwell time issue in Sub-Saharan African ports : - Further research is needed to investigate governance issues , for example to see if long delays between arrival and lodging can be interpreted because of ongoing negotiations with agents with a view to lower overall import cost for shipment . Likewise , long time between duties payment and exit may be related to redundant controls . 29", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 72, "text": "data on cargo characteristics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PAPS ( Age , Gender , Marital Status ) , Education Level , Income Sources of PAPS , Water and Sanitation Facilities and Health and Hygiene Levels of PAPS After analysis , majority of PAPs were between 36 to 45 years of age , representing 34 . 3 % , whereas , PAPs within the age range of 19 to 25 years were in the minority , representing 8 . 6 % , other age brackets included 26 to 35 years at 14 . 3 % , 46 to 55 years at 20 % and above 55 years at 22 . 9 % . The gender profile of PAPs was 62 % male and 38 % female , marital status was that 92 % of the PAPs were married while 8 % were single . The literacy levels of PAPs was relatively high with 32 . 5 % of PAPs attained some form of Tertiary Education . 22 . 5 % of PAPs stopped after completing Secondary Education while 32 . 5 % stopped after completing Primary Education , only 7 . 5 % had primary education and below while 5 % had no education at all . The census data indicated that majority of the PAPs within the Project area engage in various income generating activities . The most common source ( 69 . 4 % ) of income for PAPs was through self-employed business . 11 . 1 % of PAPs are employed in the formal sector , while 5 . 6 % were un-employed . The type of business activities PAPS are engaged in include small subsistence retail enterprises such as Retail Shops , Grocery Shops , Food Kiosk or Hotels . MAWASCO serves 84 % of the PAPs , of which 52 % are served through individual metered connections and 32 % are served through communal water sources . The remaining PAPs either have private sources of water ( 12 % ) or purchase water from private vendors ( 4 % ) . The survey further assessed water supply challenges as reported * * E-8 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 919, "end": 930, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reached : the participants at the meeting agreed that the Somalis arriving in conditions of worsening food insecurity , soon to be classified as a famine , should continue to be considered as refugees . < sup > 62 < / sup > The underlying reasons for this consensus are highlighted further below . # # # # * * Policy Changes on Registration of Somalis in Dadaab * * In October 2011 , with Somali arrival numbers mounting in an underlying environment of growing insecurity in the camps and elsewhere in the country , the Kenyan government stopped the registration of new asylum-seekers in Dadaab . Some informants surmised that this edict might have been influenced at least in part by concerns that existing systems were inadequate to identify individuals presenting security threats . Another concern conjectured by informants was that registration ( and the services that flow from it ) was seen as an incentive that created a pull factor , without which Somalis may not have come or may have been more inclined to return . With registration stopped , to keep account of numbers and identify acute vulnerabilities , UNHCR maintained lists of new arrivals ( names , general profiles , locations in camps ) . In this context , tacit permission was provided for unregistered asylum-seekers to remain in the camps and among their outskirts , with the international community continuing to be responsible for many aspects of protection . After that time , the government opened a number of limited time periods or ‘ windows ’ , lasting for a week or more , to register backlogs of asylum-seekers awaiting registration in Dadaab . As time passed , increasingly sophisticated methods of data collection and biometrics were implemented , which also enabled better verification exercises in Dadaab . As of mid-2015 , opportunities for registration have completely stopped in Dadaab . < sup > 63 < / sup > While this policy change applies to all new arrivals , the context means that it predominantly affects Somalis . UNHCR and Kenyan authorities have continued to gather basic profile information , but without registration , Somali", "spans": [{"start": 1135, "end": 1156, "text": "lists of new arrivals", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > for strengthening skills in handling climate change and natural disasters risks in < br > refugee hosting areas , to improve contingency planning and climate resilience < br > of local communities and update of road design manuals and specifications for < br > civil works for climate changeparameters . | * * Moderately * * < br > * * Satisfactory * * < br > ▲ | | * * Monitoring and Evaluation * * | Weekly progress meetings have been effective in addressing many of the < br > challenges which were faced at the procurement stage of the various activities . < br > The consultant who is providing_Consultancy Services for carrying out Periodic_ < br > _Monitoring and Evaluation Services and Road User Satisfaction Surveys of the_ < br > _Roads and Bridges Project_is now on board . The ratingis maintained . | * * Satisfactory * * < br > * * ◄ ► * * | | * * Social Safeguards * * | The rating is downgraded owing to the lack of stakeholder engagement activities < br > documentation , and the late submission of reports contrary to the requirements < br > of the Financing Agreement . There was also a significant breach in the timely < br > reporting of the ESIRT incident which was not in keeping with the ESIRT < br > protocols . | * * Moderately * * < br > * * Unsatisfactory * * < br > ▼ | | * * Environmental Safeguards * * | The rating is downgraded owing to the non-compliance observed when the < br > Contractor attempted to set up the main camp and reporting protocols which < br > are not aligned to the requirements of the Financing Agreement and the non - < br > compliance with ESIRTprotocols for the reported incident . | * * Moderately * * < br > * * Satisfactory * * < br > ▼ | | * * Grie", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-WEST POKOT < br > COUNTY-84630-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of two utility < br > vehicles to be used by the < br > health department for project < br > activities accross the county < br > ( 4wd Double Cabin Pickup ) | IDA / 58360 | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2018-11-21 < br > 2019-01-16 | 2019-07-15 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-WEST POKOT < br > COUNTY-84645-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of one cabinet < br > drawer for storage of < br > RMNCAH / THS-UC files at < br > the kapenguria County < br > reffereral office | IDA / 58360 | Post | Direct Selection | Direct | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | 2018-11-09 | 2018-11-14 < br > 2018-12-19 | 2019-06-17 | | KE-BUNGOMA COUNTY - < br > 84685-GO-RFQ / Procure 10 < br > Autoclave machines for 10 < br > healthy facilities | IDA / 58360 | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on |", "spans": [{"start": 621, "end": 642, "text": "RMNCAH / THS-UC files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition to * * E & S * * Standards ( ESSs ) , the WB has sector-specific Environmental , Health and Safety * * ( EHS ) * * guideline documents . The guidelines applicable to the proposed project include : The Environmental , Health and Safety * * ( EHS ) * * General Guidelines which identifies detailed * * EHS * * management and technical recommendations of relevance to all development projects . The World Bank Group ( WBG ) General * * EHS * * Guidelines are organized into four focus areas including Environmental ; Occupational Health and Safety ; Community Health and Safety ; and Construction and Decommissioning . # # # # # a ) Environmental Terrestrial Habitat Alteration : Construction activities within the right-of-way of a project have a potential to transform natural habitats , depending on the characteristics of existing vegetation , topographic features , and installed height of the transmission lines . Aquatic Habitat Alteration : While aligning power transmission and distribution lines , and associated access roads and facilities , it is possible that construction of corridors crossing aquatic habitats may disrupt watercourses and wetlands , and require the removal of riparian vegetation . In addition , sediment and erosion from construction activities and storm water runoff may increase turbidity of surface watercourses , lectric and Magnetic Fields ( EMF ) : Electric and magnetic fields ( EMF ) are invisible lines of force emitted * * by * * and surrounding any electrical device ( e . g . power lines and electrical equipment ) . Electric fields are produced * * by * * voltage and increase in strength as the voltage increases . Magnetic fields pass through most materials and are difficult to shield . Although there is public and scientific concern over the potential health effects associated with exposure to EMF ( not only high voltage power lines and substations , but also from everyday household uses of electricity ) , there is no empirical data demonstrating adverse health effects from exposure to typical levels from power transmissions lines and equipment . However , while the evidence of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "energy access rates than the national averages . For Lusaka , electricity from the national grid , at 83 . 7 % , is the main source of energy used in primary livelihoods activities ; followed by charcoal for cooking and space heating at 49 percent ( the charcoal rates are closer to LCMS 2015 urban charcoal use for cooking and space heating ) . The energy situation in the two rural settlements is dominated by wood biomass : charcoal for cooking and space heating ( 9 . 2 percent in Mayukwayukwa and 39 . 5 percent in Meheba ) . However , the use of firewood at 28 . 6 % in Meheba and at 1 . 7 % in Mayukwayukwa is in stark contrast to the national average of over 80 % reliance on wood fuel biomass in rural Zambia ( CSO , LCMS 2015 ) . < sup > 22 < / sup > > 22 The very low use of firewood for primary livelihood activities in Mayukwayukwa seem to suggest that baking / ” confectionary ” types of livelihood activities are not very widespread . 50 * * _February 15 , 2017_ * * * * _UNHCR appreciates the generous support of various co-operating partners_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 292, "text": "LCMS 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | | | ( b ) AFC | 0 . 1 | 0 . 8 | 0 . 9 | presentingthe < br > ) < br > estimated < br > | | | | | | | _ ) _foreignexpendi - | | | Total | 0 . 2 | 1 . 0 | 1 . 2 | < br > ) < br > turecomponent ) | | III . | Agricultural | | | | | | | CreditSurvey | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 3 | ) < br > 100 % offoreign < br > expendituresof < br > _ ) _80 % oftotalex - < br > ) penditures ( re - < br > 3presentingthe < br > - estimated < br > ) < br > foreignexpendi - < br > ) < br > turecomponent ) | | | TotalProject < br > Costs | 5 . 1 | 4 . 0 | 9 . 2 | | | | Estimatesinclude | 10 % fo | rcostinc | rease | s . | # # # # Cost of Project :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "et ( ii ) obtenir des niveaux de salinité des fluides géothermiques inférieurs à ceux relevés dans le secteur géothermique moins perméable d ’ Assal 3 99 . Il est également souligné dans l ’ étude ISOR que la présence de canaux de flux chauds et froids peut constituer un défi pour le ciblage du puits , qui doit être suffisamment éloigné des canaux d ’ eau froide mais assez proche pour bénéficier de la recharge du réservoir géothermique . Des canaux de flux et des caractéristiques géologiques similaires ont été identifiées en Islande et n ’ ont pas entravé la production d ’ énergie géothermique . En se basant sur les conclusions des études géothermiques menées dans le rift d ’ Assal en 1975 , et en incluant les études menées par ISOR par le biais de REI , le Gouvernement de Djibouti et la Banque Mondiale ont conclu que la 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# Local Economic Shocks and Human Capital Accumulation : Evidence from Rwandan Coffee Mills < sup > * < / sup > Andrew Dabalen , Justice Tei Mensah , Aimable Nsabimana # # * * JEL classification : * * I28 , Q13 , J24 * * Keywords : * * Local economic shocks , Coffee Mills , Human capital accumulation , Rwanda > * Dabalen : Office of the Chief Economist , Africa Region , The World Bank . Email : adabalen @ worldbank . org ; Mensah : Office of the Chief Economist , Africa Region , The World Bank . Email : jmensah2 @ worldbank . org ; and Nsabimana : UNU-WIDER , Pretoria , South Africa , Email : aimable . nsabimana @ wider . unu . edu ; We wish to express our profound gratitude to the Rwandan National Examination and School Inspection Authority ( NESA ) , Rwanda Basic Education Board ( REB ) for granting access to standardized students ’ test score datasets , and to the Rwanda Ministry of Education ( MINEDUC ) for sharing official documents related to the education sector in the country . We are grateful to Kathleen Beegle , Heidi Kaila , Dean Karlan , Konrad Burchardi , Moussa Blimpo , and participants at the STIAS 2024 Nobel Symposium in Economic Sciences , and the CSAE 2024 Conference for their contributions and comments . We also thank Marijke Verpoorten for sharing the data on the Rwanda coffee census with us . All errors and views expressed in this paper are those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank or UNU-WIDER", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 866, "text": "standardized students ’ test score datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1304, "end": 1324, "text": "Rwanda coffee census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "29 percent of deleveraging were to occur via the loan portfolio , the impact would be € 501 billion , or 30 percent of EMDE credit ( Scenario 2 ) . If banks are able to raise equity by 20 percent ― as they did after the 2007 – 08 crisis ― and the residual deleveraging occurs fully by loan reduction , the estimated decline in EMDE credit could amount to € 676 billion , or 41 percent of EMDE credit ( Scenario 3 ) . Scenario 4 shows the impact if half of the asset shedding occurs through loans ( € 338 billion , or 21 percent ) . * * Figure 21 . European Banks ' EMDE Credit ( € billion and percent ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ASIA , 241 . 1 CIS , 99 . 1 < br > 15 % 6 % < br > MENA , 132 . 8 < br > 8 % < br > CEE , 529 < br > 32 % < br > AFR , 125 . 5 < br > 8 % < br > LAC , 519 , < br > 31 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : IMF , Financial Soundness Indicators . * * Figure 22 . EBA Recapitalization Impact on EMDE Credit across Simulation Scenarios * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Result of EBA Capital Shortfall ( € billion ) < br > 300 . 0 < br > € 300 < br > LAC < br > € 250 245 . 1 250 . 0 Middle East < br > € 200 1 Asia < br > 200 . 0 < br > 109 . 0 CIS < br > € 150 < br > 2 130 . 5 150 . 0 CEE < br > € 100 < br > Africa < br > 3 < br > € 50 4 100 . 0 56 . 7 < br > 5 27 . 1 < br > € 0 50 . 0 96 . 4 29 . 1 < br > 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 %", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 898, "text": "Financial Soundness Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > Reduced transaction costs , greater liquidity , and increased credit worthiness are associated with mobile money activities . < sup > 75 < / sup > Regulations have not caught up with the rapid development of mobile money activities . < sup > 76 < / sup > In the Arab Republic of Egypt , Bangladesh , and Kazakhstan , laws prohibit nonbank businesses from providing mobile money services on their own . The traditional financial institutions that lobby heavily to remain the gateway of the digital payment system , as well as the uncertainty about the financial risks posed by mobile money service providers , dissuade governments from giving the green light to the new type of payment service providers . That said , governments can take a few steps to avoid handicapping innovation or discouraging new entrants from entering the digital payment system , while ensuring that customers are protected . Standardizing the licensing of payment service providers ensures quality control of players in the market and helps streamline the government ’ s supervision and oversight of their activities . Security measures should be in place for all types of payment service providers . Most countries covered by the Digital Business Indicators project except Armenia , Honduras , Korea , and Pakistan require payment service providers to establish at least one 20", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1248, "text": "Digital Business Indicators project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "also higher for Afghan households , consistent with the anecdotal evidence that they have more labor productivity in unskilled jobs than Iranians . The effect of economic shocks is negative on expenditure but positive on income and wage rate . Although the positive impact of economic shocks on income and wage is counter-intuitive , our price deflator ( CPI index ) can be a reason for the positive coefficients . Because the exchange rate shock does not instantly pass through CPI , it perhaps shows its effect on nominal income more immediately than on the CPI price deflator . For expenditure items , our deflator is the monthly price index of the item , and thus the > 6 IOM data has no information about the movement from Afghanistan toward Iran nor information on exit before 2015 . One reason for unavailability of entrance data is that many Afghan refugees enter Iran via human smuggling while there is no restriction for them to exit from the borders . 10", "spans": [{"start": 672, "end": 684, "text": "> 6 IOM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "informal sector are agriculture , hunting and forestry , wholesale and retail trade , hotels and restaurants and “ other community , social and personal activities ” ( see Table 1 ) . * * Table 1 : Informal economy output at current prices by industry and absolute values of population * * * * < u > projections < / u > * * | * * Industry * * | * * 2011 * * | * * 2012 * * | * * 2013 * * | * * 2014 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Agriculture , hunting and forestry | 1436 . 6 | 1441 . 0 | 1446 . 0 | 1451 . 5 | | Manufacturing | 826 . 1 | 828 . 7 | 831 . 6 | 834 . 7 | | Construction | 520 . 1 | 521 . 7 | 523 . 6 | 525 . 5 | | Wholesale and retail trade | 1910 . 3 | 1916 . 2 | 1922 . 9 | 1930 . 2 | | Hotels and restaurants | 1220 . 8 | 1224 . 5 | 1228 . 8 | 1233 . 5 | | Transport , storage and communications | 919 . 6 | 922 . 4 | 925 . 6 | 929 . 2 | | Education | 389 . 1 | 390 . 3 | 391 . 6 | 393 . 1 | | Health and social work | 276 . 5 | 277 . 3 | 278 . 3 | 279 . 3 | | Other community , social and personal activities | 1508 . 1 | 1512 . 7 | 1518 . 0 | 1523 . 8 | | * * TOTAL OUTPUT ( million Maloti ) * * | * * 9007 . 1 * * | * * 9035 . 0 * * | * * 9066 . 5 * * | * * 9100 . 8 * * | | * * Population projections * * | 1 , 896 , 833 | 1 , 902 , 707 | 1 , 909 , 321 | 1 , 916 ,", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1240, "text": "Population projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "risk * * \" PDO indicator * * 7 , * * Annual national entity capacity building plan delivered ( Percentage ) \" . In the review period , the County Delivery Support Plan had not been developed . * * Introduction * * Section * * 81 * * ( 2 ) * * ( f ) * * of the Public Finance Management Act , 2012 requires that , at the end of each financial year , the Accounting Officer when preparing financial statements of each National Government entity in accordance with the standards and formats prescribed * * by * * the Public Sector Accounting Standards Board includes a statement of the national government entity ' s performance against predetermined objectives . The key development objectives of the project ' s agreement / plan are to : \" To deliver locally-led climate resilience actions and strengthen county and national governments ' capacity to manage climate risks \" . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > xxii < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "benefits , it is clear , particularly in the Israeli context , that they are real and tend to raise the underlying social rates of return to vocational education . # 3 . Vocational Education , Occupational Choice and Earnings The previous section has been concerned with a comparison of the earnings of vocational and academic secondary school graduates . In this section we pose the qu stions : to what extent are vocational school completers employed in occupations related to the main subject area studied at school ? Are there significant differences in the earnings of those employed in jobs related to subject studied at school and those not working in subject-related occupations ? # Education-occupation matchings : The Census questionnaire was unusual in addressing a specific question to those individuals whose formal education terminated at the agricultural or vocational secondary school , concerning the main subject of study , whether in Agriculture , Electricity , Electronics , Metal work , Automechanics , Clerical and book-keeping , Sewing and fashion , and Hotel management . For each vocational school completer , we compared subject studied with current job held ( using 2-digit occupational codes ) to see if vocational education received was related to occupation . Two alternative - 26 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Using data collected in cooperation with two e-commerce platforms – Chaldal which operates in Bangladesh and Daraz which is present in several countries in South Asia , including Bangladesh , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka – this paper investigates whether engagement with e-commerce is linked to increased sales and productivity gains for informal firms in South Asia . This question is relevant for this region where a stubbornly high share of informality is a key development issue , and where the recent expansion of e-commerce is often portrayed as an opportunity to expand market access for informal firms . Excluding agriculture , three-quarters of South Asia ’ s workers were informal around 2017 , the highest share among developing regions . And , in terms of their number , the share of informal firms is even higher , reaching 99 percent in India according to data from the Annual Survey of Industries and the National Sample Survey ( NSS ) of Unincorporated Enterprises of 2015-16 . < sup > 1 < / sup > Remarkably , these shares have not changed much in the last two decades , World Bank ( 2020 ) . In contrast , even if still comparatively small , the e-commerce sector has been growing rapidly . In 2015 , the share of online sales in retail sales was only 1 . 6 percent in India and 0 . 7 percent in Bangladesh as compared to more than 15 percent in China and the United Kingdom . < sup > 2 < / sup > However , reports in the business media and by industry associations suggest it is growing fast . For example , in 2021 e-commerce ’ s share of retail sales in India had already reached 5 percent and is expected to expand at 20 percent annually in the next few years . The COVID-19 crisis seems to have accelerated this rise , though it remains to be seen if the momentum will be sustained : according to the e-Commerce Association of Bangladesh , total e-commerce revenues increased by 70-80 percent in the space of a few months during 2020 . < sup > 3 < / sup > The expectation that the digital economy can have broad", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 940, "text": "Annual Survey of Industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 949, "end": 971, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to struggle with regular collection of data on key indicators . For example , the last reporting on the Results Framework ( see annex 6 ) in the final aide memoire showed no data had been collected on either SLM-enabling environment index or SLM-coalition-building index . In addition , an agreed approach to collect data on the Percent reduction of sedimentation in the Sasumua water reservoir failed to become operational . 47 . In addition , to the challenges of collecting data , the project had a dramatic expansion of project activities over the final 18 months . As a result , M & E system could not fully assess and report on the financial , environmental and social sustainability of the interventions being implemented . 48 . In summary , the M & E may have been technically sound . However , the design failed to take into account the institutional capacity , potential delays in establishing capacity , the focus on decentralization in Kenya and the complex realities of project implementation . As a result , the M & E system really did not contribute data that could support effective management of project implementation . # # * * 2 . 3 Safeguard and Fiduciary Compliance * * 49 . * * _Safeguards_ * * _ . _ The key to effective mainstreaming in CDD projects which is evident in this project , is to ensure that environmental and social safeguard measures are taken into account during project design and implementation . There was adequate in-country institutional capacity at the national , county and local levels for managing community development plans . An effective decentralized government technical structure – County Technical Team ( CTT ) to support the target community during proposal development , subproject implementation was instituted in each Catchment and was also critical for 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "foreign asset holdings largely reflect cumulative flows , intense flows could be consistent with a limited geographical diversification of assets and liabilities . Conversely , the existence of large foreign asset holdings ( for example , as a result of capital flight ) does not necessarily imply frequent rebalancing and cross-market arbitrage . Thus , > 15 This section borrows from Levy Yeyati and Williams ( 2010 ) . > 16 The literature generally distinguishes between de jure and de facto financial globalization ( Kose , Prassad , Rogoff , Wei , 2009 ) : where the former is based on regulations , restrictions and controls over capital flows and asset ownership , the latter is related to the intensity of capital flows and cross-market correlation and arbitrage . > 17Kraay , Loayza and Ventura ( 2005 ) report a similar dataset on country ́ s asset positions . An alternative approach to FG relies on price convergence , an application of the Law of one Price to financial markets . Measures within this group point at transaction costs and regulation that inhibit market arbitrage , and usually compare prices of identical or similar assets trading in different markets . On this , see Levy Yeyati , Schmukler and Van Horen ( 2008 ) and references therein . LMF and the Chinn-Ito index are the de facto and de jure measures of choice in recent work on determinants and implications of FG ( see , i . a . , Kose , Prasad , Taylor , 2009 and Rodrik , and A . Subramanian , 2009 ) . < u > 11 < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 830, "end": 868, "text": "dataset on country ́ s asset positions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 8 in the Appendix presents by province , the predicted per capita expenditure , poverty rate , number of poor , and share in the total number of poor in the country . Lai Chau , Ha Giang and Dien Bien are three poorest provinces with the poverty rate of more than 70 % . As expected , Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city are the richest cities , followed by Da Nang , Hai Phong , Quang Ninh , Binh Duong , Ba Ria-Vung Tau . Figure 1 shows the spatial distribution of poverty by provinces and districts in 2009 . Poverty rates are highest in the mountainous Northern areas and lowest in the Mekong and Red River Deltas . Disaggregating down to the district level reveals a greater degree of heterogeneity in terms of both pockets of extreme poverty and pockets with particularly low levels of poverty . As we shall see below , such heterogeneity across sub-national localities translates into gains from spatial targeting of anti-poverty resources . Figure 2 graphs the density of the poor across the country . Because of their large populations , the Mekong and Red River Delta regions still account for a significant number of the poor in the country . However , as we shall see below , the picture in 2009 is much less accentuated than at the time of the preceding census , and as such indicates a clear attenuation of the pattern described in earlier studies of poverty in Vietnam ( see Minot et al , 2003 ) where the distribution of the number of poor people was inversely correlated with the spatial distribution communities ’ poverty rates . Then , poverty rates were highest in relative sparsely populated localities and these thus accounted for only a modest fraction of the poor . Today , poverty rates remain spatially concentrated but the distribution of poor people is more evenly spread across the country . Consequently Vietnam ’ s poorest communities account for a larger share of the poor population . Despite the ongoing urbanization process , poverty in Vietnam is currently still largely a rural phenomenon : 95 percent of the poor live in rural areas . The poverty rate in urban areas is generally low , and there", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Northern Uganda Business Support Program ( P147258 ) summary of the project evaluation report is added as annex 4 . 56 . * * M & E Utilization . * * Based on the progress reports , the TST were able to identify implementation gaps and accordingly prepared quarterly technical support plans to provide need-based support to implementing districts . Therefore , the project was able to use M & E data collected through the Kobo collect tool to inform project management and decision making . However , at the initial phase of implementation , when neither the MIS nor the Kobo Collect tool were functional , it was difficult to collect , analyze and use the data to inform project management . The IE report was useful for assessing the impact of project activities on target communities . 57 . Given the moderate shortcomings in the M & E system ’ s design , implementation , or utilization , the rating is * * Substantial . * * # # # * * Environmental , Social , and Fiduciary Compliance * * 58 . * * Environmental Safeguards . * * The project followed the NUSAF 3 safeguard model that adopted a decentralization approach , ensuring that safeguards considerations were reflected at all levels of implementation , from the OPM to the districts , sub-counties and communities . At the district level , environmental compliance was overseen by district CDOs , DEOs , and environmental focal persons in all the implementing sub-counties . The project also organized several training workshops to orient and build the capacities of DIST , SIST , and CBAs about environmental and social safeguards . Under the project , the SHGs prepared and submitted business plans . To appraise and approve business plans , the project developed a screening checklist to check whether the business / enterprise could create negative impact on the environment . All business plans were screened , and Environmental and Social Management Plans ( ESMPs ) were accordingly developed . The project implemented all the mitigation measures identified in the ESMPs among others", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 461, "text": "M & E data collected through the Kobo collect tool", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "part of the Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey . We use the latest available data ( World Bank , 2019 ) and expect a negative association with our measure of interest rate repression , given that a higher value of the index of legal requirements indicates greater entry barriers . - * * Excessive reserve requirements * * : Governments may impose excessively high reserve requirements , beyond what can be reasonably expected for prudential purposes , and reserves may not be remunerated at market rates of return . Excessive reserve requirements are not directly observable , however . We measure reserve requirements using the Reserve Requirement Dataset ( Federico et al . , 2014 ) , who provide a database of various reserve requirements ( by type of currency , products , etc . ) for 65 countries updated to 2019 . We take the average of reserve requirements , which are expressed as a percentage of the instrument targeted . We expect that higher values of reserve requirements are positively associated with higher interest rate repression hence we expect a negative sign on the coefficients of correlation . Pairwise correlations confirm that IRCs may in fact be a component of a wider financial repression policy toolkit . Table 7 presents the pairwise correlation coefficients among the gap between actual lending rates and legal ceilings , our bindingness measure for lending rate caps , and our proxies for other common financial repression policies along with their statistical significance . Pairwise correlations suggest that the relative bindingness of lending ceilings is associated with a higher share of state-owned commercial banks , which governments can use to direct credit , and more stringent _de jure_ capital controls , which can be used to influence size and composition of capital flows . Correlations become stronger , including for other proxies of financial repression ( albeit not significant ) , when lending ceilings that are determined relative to a market benchmark are excluded from the sample . * * Table 7 . Correlation Between Lending IRC Bindingness and Other Financial Repression Policies * * | | Full sampl < br > ρ | e < br > N | Excl . relative < br > ceilings < br > ρ | ( mkt ) < br >", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 50, "text": "Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 633, "end": 660, "text": "Reserve Requirement Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 705, "end": 745, "text": "database of various reserve requirements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 50 % . * * Based on administrative tax data , previous research estimated the share of minimum wage earners in Romania in 2020 – 2021 and described their profile ( Robayo-Abril , Zamfir , and Wroński , 2024 ) . According to our results , based on the tax data , more than 25 % of all employees earn minimum wage . The proportion of minimum wage earners varies across branches of the economy and regions of the country . The share of minimum wage earners is exceptionally high in micro enterprises ( less than ten employees ) , where 67 % of all employees are minimum wage earners . In construction , accommodation , and food services , more than 50 % of employees earn only the minimum wage ; in the transport and storage sector , this share is over 40 % . The proportion of minimum wage earners is higher in low-income regions . The share of minimum wage earners is highest among the youngest and oldest employees . * * However , the estimated share of minimum-wage earners in tax data may be subject to measurement error due to tax evasion and unreported income ; in particular , it may be biased upwards . * * In particular , workers and employers may underreport their actual earnings to avoid paying taxes or to receive government benefits . This behavior could lead to an upward bias in estimating the share of minimum wage earners in the tax data . Moreover , envelope payments , typically made in cash and not reported to tax authorities , are more prevalent among workers in low-wage occupations , further complicating the measurement of the share of minimum-wage earners based on tax data . It is theoretically possible that some employees earn minimum wage formally and more informally , e . g . , by receiving envelope payments . To assess the reliability of the estimate of the share of minimum wage earners based on tax data , we compare the share of minimum wage earners in survey data , tax data , and imputed survey data . We define minimum wage earners the same as Robayo-Abril , Zamfir & Wroński ( 2024 ) ; we cover separate minimum wage for the construction", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 47, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 255, "end": 263, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1893, "end": 1904, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1922, "end": 1941, "text": "imputed survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In this paper , I examine the asset gains experienced by households with a family member who migrates internationally and domestically . I focus on the state of Kerala , in southwest India . Kerala has for several decades seen its residents relocating for work both overseas and within India , primarily to neighboring states . For Keralites working abroad , the most common destination is the countries of the Arabian Gulf , where they hold temporary contract-based jobs . < sup > 6 < / sup > Using panel data on migrant and non-migrant families from the 1998 and 2003 waves of the Kerala Migration Survey ( KMS ) , I examine the assets accumulated — a measure of medium to long-term economic welfare — by Keralite households over a five-year period . The KMS is the only panel data set of Indian households currently available that can be examined for changes over time in the outcomes of households with members who migrated overseas or within India . A key challenge in identifying the welfare consequences of migration is the non-random selection of migrant households . This can result in a biased estimation of the relationship between migration decisions and household-level outcomes . No easy solutions to this challenge exist . My strategy in this paper for mitigating concerns about endogeneity bias is to use panel data in conjunction with an instrumental variables approach . The identification strategy exploits two key facts during the period observed : First , Muslim households were far more likely to send a family member overseas and much less likely to send a member to work within India . Second , as migration for employment from Kerala was predominantly undertaken by males during this period , the likelihood of migration increases with the number of prime-age males in a household . The results of the analysis show that the assets accumulated by households over the five-year interval in terms of housing investments and purchases of durable goods were positively associated with the migration of a family member for work . The asset gains are also statistically similar between households whose members migrated overseas and those whose members moved within India for > 6 The 1998 and 2003 KMS data reported that 95 and 90 percent , respectively ,", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 546, "text": "panel data on migrant and non-migrant families", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 583, "end": 606, "text": "Kerala Migration Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 773, "end": 783, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2217, "end": 2225, "text": "KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > in the project areas . Access to and adoption of climate-adapted agricultural p < br > technologies improves resilience to climate change by increasing absorptive a < br > capacity as well transformative capacity when these new practices result in a < br > change in how land resources are used and managed . Adoption refers to cha < br > or change in the use of a technology promoted or introduced by the project . < br > management and improved technologies refers to a range of locally appropri < br > activities such as soil and water conservation ( SWC ) , agroforestry , and / or clim < br > agriculture ( CSA ) that are supported by RLLP via extension support or financin < br > packages are listed in the Community-based Participatory Watershed Manag < br > Guidelines , CSA Field Manual , Project Implementation Manual , and other pro < br > documentation . Access to and adoption of climate-adapted agricultural pract < br > technologies improves resilience to climate change . Land users are based on < br > adult individuals within the household who are considered to be land users . I < br > households where both the wife and husband are engaged in livelihood activi < br > both individuals can contribute to the total number of users . Users of both in < br > communally held land is permissible . < br > This indicator is tracked as part of the stakeholder / beneficiary survey . < br > For PROGREEN reportingthis indicator is equivalent to ‘ Land-users adoptingn | ment practices < br > ractices / < br > nd adaptive < br > fundamental < br > nge of practice < br > Admissible land < br > ate physical < br > ate-smart < br > g . These < br > ement < br > ject < br > ices / < br > the number of < br > n married / joint < br > ties using land", "spans": [{"start": 1368, "end": 1400, "text": "stakeholder / beneficiary survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Chart 5 ) 48 Virtually all twelve countries experienced a decline in the confidence in the banking sector during banking crises , as measured by the currency to deposit ratio . Confidence did not recover in all the countries after the crises . Among the _CEEs , _ there was recovery in confidence ( that is , the ratio fell ) only in _Macedonia_ and _Poland , _ while in the _CIS_ countries , there was recovery only in _Georgia . _ On the other hand , in all three _Baltics_ states , and in particular in _Estonia , _ confidence in the banking sector rose after crisis resolution . In 1998 , confidence in the banking sector as measured by the currency to deposit ratio was similar in the _CEEs_ and the _Baltics , _ where the ratio was between 90 to 95 percent in these countries , compared with around 30 percent in OECD countries . The confidence in the banking sector was much lower in the _CIS , _ where the ratio was over 400 percent . Data on the ratio of MI to M2 shows a generally positive experience for all the countries . With the exception of _Macedonia , _ all the countries showed a decline in the ratio in the aftermath of bank crisis resolution , reflecting an increase in confidence in the banking sector . > * * 47 * * See Appendix Table 11 for data on currency deposit ratios for the twelve countries and for OECD countries . 48 See Appendix Table 12 for data on MI / M2 for the twelve countries and for OECD countries . 46", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 974, "text": "Data on the ratio of MI to M2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1267, "end": 1298, "text": "data on currency deposit ratios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1378, "end": 1393, "text": "data on MI / M2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5kms or more to the nearest public health facility 13 , 458 39 . 2 * * _Kalungu : _ * * Accessibility to health services for the district is shown in * * Table 45 * * . | * * Table 45 : Distance to Access Health Facilities Within a C * * | * * ommunity by the H * * | * * ousehold * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Households * * | * * Number * * | * * Percent * * | | 5kms or more to the nearest private health facility | 6 , 277 | 15 . 2 | | 5kms or more to the nearest public health facility | 12 , 809 | 30 . 9 | * * _Gomba : - _ * * In Gomba District , information from the discussions with the different stakeholders revealed that there is too much pressure on the existing health facilities that are mainly administered in health centers , drug shops , clinics , and by traditional birth attendants . In most parishes people rely on these facilities , which are poorly equiped ( staff , drugs , and modern diagnostic facilities ) . Because of this , patients have to be referred to Mulago main hospital in Kampala . Statistics from the district development plans ( DDP ) show that the majority of the people in the area use health centers ( 43 % ) , clinics ( 28 % ) and drug shops ( 20 % ) for the management of their health . A mere 6 % visit hospitals . * * Butambala : * * Accessibility to health services in the district is shown in * * Table 46 * * . | * * Table 46 : * * * * _Distance to Access Health Facilities Within a_ * * < br > | * * _Community by the Household_ * * < br > < br > | | - - - | - - - | | * * Households * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1073, "text": "district development plans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scheme rules allow commutation of up to a third of the pension at commutation factors that are double what is considered to be actuarially fair . Commuted pensions are restored after 15 years . The unique policy of indexing pensions provides a rate of indexation that is higher than wage indexation . With regard to survivors ‘ pension , the pension payable is 100 percent of the pension entitlement of the deceased public officer . The guaranteed period for the survivors ‘ pension is 15 years . The scheme also provides an array of other gratuities such as contract gratuities , death gratuities , short term gratuities , and marriage gratuities . 36 . * * The Armed Forces Pension Scheme is also a non-contributory defined benefit scheme . * * As noted , the benefits payable by the scheme are administered through PSPF . Data about the active contributors and pensioners is maintained by the Minister of Defense and are not publicly available . 37 . * * The National Social Security Fund ( NSSF ) is the compulsory fund for workers in the formal sector in enterprises with five or more employees other than those persons employed as teachers or in the Civil Service and Armed Forces . * * NSSF is a defined contribution provident fund which is financed by compulsory contributions of 15 percent of wages divided between employers and employees in the ratio of 2 : 1 . NSSF operates on a defined contribution basis , that is , as an investment fund where accrued balances can only be withdrawn at retirement . As such , its assets and liabilities are by definition matched . The fund does not guarantee a rate of return on the contributions it collects . While there are no explicit contingent liabilities that would need to be covered by the scheme sponsors or a pension administrator , if the fund were to face shortfalls the government would most likely have to step in . The fund has 450 , 000 active contributors and its total assets stood at UGX 1 . 6 trillion ( end of June 2010 , unaudited ) , equivalent to about 5 percent of GDP . 13", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 874, "text": "Data about the active contributors and pensioners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contained sharp objects , and where * * sexual health programmes * * had distributed condoms and they were very accessible to the community , children had started playing with new and then used condoms . Here child protection actors have worked with health services and GBV actors to take remedial action , including to improve the distribution and disposal of condoms so children are not able to access them inappropriately . < sup > 209 < / sup > * * UNHCR Safe Road Use Campaign * * UNHCR works in some 125 countries and manages 6 , 500 vehicles globally . To take steps to address the largest cause of deaths and injuries amongst UN staff , and in conjunction with the ‘ UN Decade of Road Safety ’ , UNHCR launched its inaugural organisational wide ‘ Safe Road Use Campaign ’ in 2015 , which aims to to achieve zero road fatalities and injuries among staff , partners and all other road users . The campaign raises awareness , training and standards amongst staff . It sits alongside other operational activities such as centralised fleet management and vehicle insurance scheme of which a portion goes annually to road safety campaigns ; mandatory reporting of any incident and improved data collection . Challenges include significant under-reporting and the collection of disaggregated data ; although other road users are disproportionally affected , the campaign for the moment focuses on improving staff safety , not that of other users . * * Water safety instruction * * carries considerable risk of harming children through its very intervention . Factors such as the capacity and standard of instructors and the levels of training and monitoring that are possible in many countries affected by emergencies are inadequate ; the modification of risk-taking behaviour in children who have learnt to swim , particularly when there is limited experience of open water requires examination ; and teaching young children to swim on a large scale has directly associated risks in terms of children drowning during lessons . Figure 18 Source : Key informant 10 and UNHCR . Press Release : 10 June 2015 . UNHCR in campaign to cut global road death toll from one every 30", "spans": [{"start": 1279, "end": 1297, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Table A . 6 : Social integration of Albanian immigrants arrived in Greece at different age | Albania-born arrived in Greece when | Young ( _ < _24 ) | Older ( _ ≥ _24 ) | Difference | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) | | Greek citizen | 0 . 149 | 0 . 111 | 0 . 038 | | | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 033 ) | ( 0 . 054 ) | | Ever feel discriminated against | 0 . 522 | 0 . 489 | 0 . 033 | | | ( 0 . 061 ) | ( 0 . 053 ) | ( 0 . 081 ) | | Greek as language most often spoken at home | 0 . 507 | 0 . 567 | - 0 . 059 | | | ( 0 . 062 ) | ( 0 . 053 ) | ( 0 . 081 ) | | Political activism ( petition , boycott , demonstration . . . ) | 0 . 045 | 0 . 056 | - 0 . 011 | | | ( 0 . 026 ) | ( 0 . 025 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | | Participate in civic organisation | 0 . 077 | 0 . 080 | - 0 . 003 | | | ( 0 . 077 ) | ( 0 . 055 ) | ( 0 . 095 ) | | N | 67 | 90 | 157 | This table shows average attitudes and behaviors of Albanian immigrants arrived in Greece at different age . Standard errors in parentheses . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the European Social Survey ( ESS ) . # Table A . 7 : Robustness check : Sport clubs and share of refugees in 1923 | Dep . var : | | Presence o | f at least o | ne", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1134, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Akkar_ Handicap International ‟ s Livelihoods report found that approximately 70 % of refugees in Akkar were having three meals per days . The geographical area saw the highest number of meals per day per Syrian refugee compared to Bekaa and Tripoli . # # _Bekaa_ Handicap International ‟ s Livelihoods report also identified that nearly 40 % of refugees in Bekaa were only having one to two meals per days . # # _South_ Similar to the VASyR findings , a January 2013 in-depth needs assessment by World Vision in Saida and Tyre indicated that the large majority of households assessed ( around 95 % ) consumed two to three meals a day . _There was no specific data available during the MSNA process on number of meals consumed by Syrian refugees in Mount Lebanon and Beirut . _ # # < u > Palestinian refugees from Syria < / u > _National_ According to American Near East Refugee Aid ‟ s ( ANERA ) March 2013 needs assessment of Palestinian refugees from Syria in Lebanon , when asked about their food intake the day before the interview , nearly 70 % of the families reported not being able to provide three meals a day ; 58 % could only provide two meals and 10 % were only able to provide one meal for the family . Moreover , 73 % of those interviewed said that they did not have enough food to feed the whole family . UNWRA ‟ s October 2013 survey of registered PRS found that almost half of the surveyed households ( 45 % ) reported having consumed only one cooked meal the previous day . The survey found that about 15 % of the PRS adults ( classified as individuals twelve years old and above in this survey ) reported having consumed three warm or cooked meals the day prior to the survey , while 35 % consumed two cooked meals the previous day . Only about one in five children ( 22 % ) reported having consumed three cooked meals the day prior to the survey . The survey showed that the", "spans": [{"start": 1345, "end": 1369, "text": "survey of registered PRS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of non-Ukrainian property owners who were legally entitled to be domiciled in Ukraine on 24 February 2022 and victims of sexual violence , since the approach to victims / survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence should be particularly sensitive to their needs . The compensation scheme should extend to destroyed or damaged immovables other than residential housing , for instance garages , small corner shops , offices of individuals set up in apartments , etc , as well as damaged agricultural land ( for instance , through mines , military movements , flooding , etc . ) . * * A fair and transparent compensation mechanism * * , with clear messaging on eligibility will increase social cohesion and strengthen the rebuilding of social fabric . - Streamline the procedure to officially register residential properties in the State Register of Real Property Rights . - Support the increase in capacity of local commissions in processing compensation claims .", "spans": [{"start": 832, "end": 870, "text": "State Register of Real Property Rights", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 2 . Road data * * In the original formulation of the Rural Accessibility Index , the “ all-seasonality ” of rural roads is based on the surface type and roughness of each road . The RAI only considers the roads serviceable if they are paved roads in ‘ good ’ or ‘ fair ’ condition , and unpaved roads in ‘ good ’ condition . National road agencies typically have a database of their road network with some information on paving and condition . However , in many low-income countries , these databases are incomplete and rarely updated ( Espinet Alegre et al . , 2018 ) . An alternative to these databases is OpenStreetMap ( OSM ) , a collaborative project to create a free map of the world . OSM allows any user to edit the map anywhere in the world , without restriction . It represents perhaps the largest map in the world , though completeness varies from region to region . OSM users classify roads based on their function , using their knowledge of the local area or satellite imagery . We reduce this classification down to four categories ( primary , secondary , tertiary , and tracks , see Annex 2 for the detailed classification ) . Unfortunately , OSM does not allow users to provide information on the type of pavement or the quality of the road ; and yet information on road quality is essential for the calculation of rural accessibility . To overcome this issue , the RAI is calculated three times , assuming that all-season roads can be loosely defined from the OSM ‘ highway ’ tag as ( i ) primary or secondary roads only ; ( ii ) primary , secondary and tertiary roads ; ( iii ) all roads . We then compare the results with previous RAI estimates ( Figure 2 ) and with the fraction of paved roads provided by the International Roads Federation < sup > 2 < / sup > and conclude that the best proxy for all-season roads are primary and secondary roads . > 2 https : / / worldroadstatistics . org / 5", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 405, "text": "database of their road network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 2 Data * * The empirical approach uses the data from the sixth wave of the World Value Survey ( WVS ) on four African countries : Algeria , Ghana , Morocco , and Nigeria . < sup > 10 < / sup > In the survey , respondents are interviewed on their attitudes concerning economic and social contemporary issues , family , religion , and work . The WVS is widely used in political economics , sociology and economy in many papers , including Knack and Keefer ( 1997 ) , Zak and Knack ( 2001 ) , and Nunn and Wantchecon ( 2011 ) . Moreover , using the experimental data of the _Reader ’ s Digest_ , < sup > 11 < / sup > Knack and Keefer ( 1997 ) provide empirical proof of the validity of these data . Indeed , they show the existence of a strong correlation between the measure of trust in the WVS and the number of wallets lost and returned with their content intact in many countries . Figure 1 depicts the distribution of tax morale by country . As the figure shows , the majority of respondents declare high levels of tax morale , while a minority state lower tax morale . In Ghana and Morocco , the share of respondents stating that cheating on taxes is never justified is close to 80 percent , while the same proportion is about 60 and 40 percent in Algeria and Nigeria respectively . This highlights heterogeneity in attitudes toward taxes both between and within countries . Figure 2 shows the relationship between tax morale and trust in the data graphically . It plots the average trust in public institutions and the neighborhood against tax morale . As expected , both trust in public institutions and the neighborhood are positively correlated with tax morale , with a more pronounced relationship for trust in public institutions . In Table 2 , I present some individual-level descriptive statistics . The standard errors are presented in parenthesis . The first columns show the summary statistics for each country while the last column gives the statistics for the full sample . Respondents in Algeria report a lower level of tax morale ( 7 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 103, "text": "sixth wave of the World Value Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the RAIS micro data , provided by the Labor Ministry . < sup > 1 < / sup > We study the effects of the CF ’ s on entry by firms in 18 sectors ( 11 manufacturing , 7 service ) into 265 “ urban agglomerations ” ( see description below ) over the years 1993-2001 . < sup > 2 < / sup > The RAIS database contains a vast range of information for all economic establishments in the formal sector in Brazil from 1986 onward . For each establishment in this database , we have annual information on the number of employees at the beginning and end of each year ; total salaries and wages ; in which municipality the company is located ; as well as the establishment ’ s economic activity according to several industry classifications . To avoid problems caused by a large number of establishments with very few employees , we limit our analysis to establishments with no fewer than 10 employees . This paper is the first research project to use the RAIS data to study firm geography and the effectiveness of fiscal incentives . As discussed above , one important piece of information in the estimated models is the composition and location of the relatives for each establishment . To uncover the composition of each family of establishments ( parent and sibling establishments ) , which constitutes a firm , we make use of the establishment identification number , hereafter CNPJ . The CNPJ has 14 digits and is the official identification number for all productive units in the formal sector . The first 8 digits of the CNPJ indicate the company ( or family ) of each establishment . The next 4 digits indicate the position of the establishment in the family . For example , “ 0001 ” indicates the first establishment in the company , which is assumed in this paper to be the company headquarters . The other establishments in the company are given sequential codes , so that the second establishment receives “ 0002 ” , the > 1 The RAIS data was used under a cooperation agreement between the Labor Ministry and the Institute of Applied Economic Research ( IPEA ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 19, "text": "RAIS micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 286, "end": 299, "text": "RAIS database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 941, "end": 950, "text": "RAIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ Trees Only Move in the Wind A Study of Unaccompanied Afghan Children in Europe , ” Geneva , Policy Development and Evaluation Service , 2010 ; A . Lundberg and L . Dahlquist , “ Unaccompanied children seeking asylum in Sweden : Living conditions from a child-centred perspective , ” _Refugee Survey Quarterly_ ( 2012 ) : 1-22 . > 7 UNHCR “ Global Trends 2012 ” , p28 . > 8 Eurostat , “ Asylum applicants considered to be unaccompanied minors by citizenship , age and sex Annual data ” http : / / appsso . eurostat . ec . europa . eu / nui / show . do ? dataset = migr_asyunaa & lang = en > 9 UNHCR “ Global Trends 2013 , ” p 29 > 10 The actual number of child migrants in Europe has been estimated to be up to 100 , 000 . ( Council of Europe , Parliamen tary Assembly , “ Unaccompanied Children in Europe : Issues of Arrival , Stay and Return ” , Resolution 1810 , 2011 . ) > 11 UNHCR , “ Trees Only Move in the Wind . ” p8 > 12 Ibid . > 13 Ibid . > 14 European Migration Network , “ Unaccompanied Minors - an EU Comparative Study ” , 2010 , < http : / / emm . si / files / publikacije / 00_emn_synthesis_report_unaccompanied_minors . pdf > ; European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights , “ Separated , Asylum-seeking Children in European Union Member States Comparative Report ” , 2010 , < http : / / fra . europa . eu / sites / default / files / fra_uploads / 1692-SEPAC-comparative-report_EN . pdf > ; Hancilova , Blanka and Knauder , Bernadette , “ Unaccompanied Minor Asylum Seekers : Overview of Protection , Assistance and Promising Practices ” , IOM , Budapest ,", "spans": [{"start": 565, "end": 577, "text": "migr_asyunaa", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "showing that the relationship is positive up to a point , beyond which the impact of additional use of fertilizer on yields is negative . We also show the relative inefficiency of the subsidy in increasing rice production , since fertilizer subsidies are significantly higher than the value of the increase in production achieved through the fertilizer subsidy . In the fifth section we discuss the rationale for subsidizing agricultural inputs and review some of the international experience to date . Finally , section six concludes and provides some policy recommendations . For this research we use two different surveys by the National Statistics Office ( BPS ) , the Agricultural Census 2003 and the Rice Household Survey 2008 . The first comprises a random sample of over 46 , 000 rice farmers in 29 provinces , while the latter uses a smaller sample of over 11 , 000 rice farmers from the 15 largest rice-producing provinces in Indonesia . The results of the benefit incidence analysis is very similar using both surveys ; there is little targeting in the subsidy , with the largest farmers capturing a disproportionate share of the subsidy . * * 3 * *", "spans": [{"start": 673, "end": 697, "text": "Agricultural Census 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 706, "end": 732, "text": "Rice Household Survey 2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affects the transition of non-essential entrepreneurs from the lockdown period to the next . Thereafter , however , we observe a notable weakening of the recovery . The unemployment rate is almost 3 percentage points higher than its _t_ = 2 value in the benchmark and decreases slowly . Investment , capital stock and output remain below their initial levels for a longer period of time . As mentioned above , financial and labor market frictions are at the core of the weaker recovery . As older businesses exit and are replaced by newcomers , financial frictions impede the growth of those productive entrants who are not yet wealthy enough to overcome credit constraints . Furthermore , as workers leave their former employers and wait to be hired by newcomers , the labor market is congested by the matching frictions , so the unemployment rate remains high for many quarters after the combination of shocks disappear . The evidence of a strong rise in business formation in the US in Section 2 provides a measure of empirical support for this reallocation channel . # * * 6 Concluding Remarks * * The Covid-19 pandemic triggered a burst of economic research seeking to understand its economic implications . Motivated by this episode , and also noting a scarcity of quantitative frameworks that can help us think about large temporary shocks more broadly , we propose one in this paper . Our model incorporates the main elements that can capture the first-order effects that operate on impact and during the recovery of an economy hit by such a shock : imperfect access to credit , costly reallocation of workers , recall unemployment ( especially relevant to the temporary nature of the shock ) , and imperfect consumption insurance . Disciplining the degree of the market frictions in the economy to the US data , we show that the deep but short-lived shutdown results in a deep but short-lived recession followed by a swift recovery . While the recovery is fast in the aggregate variables , it carries lasting scarring effects on young non-essential firms . Paying for capital costs while generating no revenue for one period , these firms sustain a significant damage to their balance sheets , which shows up as significantly lower growth over", "spans": [{"start": 1811, "end": 1818, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This Authorization also confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association by electronic means . The Association may rely upon such representations and warranties , including the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( “ Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC ” ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to the Agreement ( s ) referred to in the subject line of this Authorization . # # * * Signatory Details * * | * * Name * * | * * Position * * | * * Email ID * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ Signatory Name ] | [ Title ] | [ Email ] | # # * * Specimen Signatures * * | Signatory Name | Signature 1 | Signature2 | Signature 3 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | [ User Name ] | | | | | [ User Name ] | | | | # # Yours truly , / signed / ______________ [ Position ] < sup > 1 < / sup > > 1 Instruction to Bank staff : please forward this letter to Country Lawyer for further processing ( Recipient : please do not delete this note ) . Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 797, "text": "Association records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Rural Productive Safety Net Project ( P163438 ) capacity building , including training for staff , particularly at regional and woredas levels , and activities to support mentoring and coaching , among other capacity-building activities ; and ( iii ) activities ( including consultancy services and hardware ) to strengthen the administrative systems of the rural safety net including : ( i ) putting in place a program-based management information system ( MIS ) ; ( ii ) improving the Payroll and Attendance Sheet System to track payments in cash and food for core clients and those receiving temporary support in response to drought and to begin to create a household registry of safety net clients ; and ( iii ) strengthening the Government ’ s early warning systems to better inform a scaling-up of the safety net . A major aim of this support was to be integration of the PSNP and Humanitarian Food Assistance ( HFA ) program into a common framework , including use of PSNP ’ s targeting , payment , reporting and auditing systems . - * * e . Comments on Project Cost , Financing , Borrower Contribution , and Dates Project cost and financing : * * Total project cost as estimated at appraisal was $ 1 , 766 . 1 million of which XDR 426 . 3 million ( US $ 600 million equivalent ) was to be in IDA grant financing and $ 1 , 166 . 1 million in financing from the GoE , multilateral trust funds , and individual donor contributions . In total , the actual project cost was $ 1 , 988 million , including 100 % disbursement of IDA financing . * * Borrower contribution * * : The borrower contribution was originally planned at $ 621 Million with the actual contribution amounting to $ 426 . 8 million ( ICR p . 2 ) * * Project dates * * : RPSNP was approved on September 14 , 2017 , became effective on October 23 , 2017 , and closed on", "spans": [{"start": 754, "end": 794, "text": "household registry of safety net clients", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strongly regressive across districts . The strong cross-district regressivity in applications is effectively neutralized by the formula that allocates funding across districts , which fixes the amount of money available per district at the outset of the entire program . The progressivity injected into project selection is entirely cross-district , suggesting that it is in fact the _centralized_ component of this decentralized program that makes it mildly pro-poor . It is also noteworthy that variables , such as access to information and political activity are not correlated with the funding decisions conditional on applications , consistent with the fact that the centralized funding formula to the districts did not include these characteristics . Figure 1 illustrates how the regressive nature of the decentralized applications process is counteracted by the progressive centralized district funding formula . Here , we plot the smoothed number of applications and the acceptance rate over the distribution of poverty headcounts across wards . The heterogeneity is tremendous : the richest wards submit almost six applications per 1 , 000 people compared with less than two among wards with the highest poverty rates . The acceptance rates , on the other hand , increase from below 12 % to over 15 % across that same span . This finding suggests that the heterogeneity in applications is not simply arising from the expected probability of funding : application rates are highest in places where the funding rates are lowest and vice versa . # * * 6 . Targeting Performance at the Village Level * * Our analysis of within-village targeting focuses on the Vulnerable Groups component ( VG projects ) of TASAF II because the data collected for this study was part of baseline data collection for the randomized study designed to assess the impact of this component on the creation of small enterprises and household welfare . < sup > 13 < / sup > The data at the household level allow the cross-examination of the earlier findings from the institutional data that we have used up to this point , because the surveys were conducted by an independent firm . To the extent that data coming from the program itself may contain accounting irregularities ( ghost projects , efforts to cover up the misuse of funds , etc .", "spans": [{"start": 2048, "end": 2066, "text": "institutional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "geographical spread , and fatality rates from the outbreaks has considerably declined as the result of the response capacity in MOH that was developed with support of the project and other donors < sup > 7 < / sup > . 47 . But the project also had some shortcomings . For instance , out of the 6 planned isolation units , only one was constructed towards the project ’ s closing . As a result , it is not possible to attest to its functionality , including on issues related to adequate staffing , equipment , and overall management . Similarly , the belated completion of the two BSL-3 laboratories did not permit ensuring their functionality during the life of the project and makes it hard to discern the extent of their future functionality . Otherwise , most of the outcome indicator targets as defined in the results matrix were achieved and some even surpassed : 48 . * * < u > Outcome 1 : Increased percentage of annual suspected HPAI cases in poultry reported and fully investigated ( both laboratory and field ) in ten high risk districts ( end of project target = 80 % ) < / u > * * < u > . The percentage of suspected poultry cases that are fully investigated in the 10 < / u > high risk districts ( which later became 15 because of splits ) increased from a baseline of 0 % in 2009 to 100 % , thus exceeding the end of project target of 80 % . As indicated earlier , the project ’ s scope was broader than just HPAI . Reporting and investigation improved for a wide range of other diseases as well ( anthrax , poultry diseases , swine fever , ruminant plague , and foot and mouth disease , among others ) . A number of sero-prevalence surveys of HPAI and re-emerging zoonotic diseases were carried out in order to ensure early detection and rapid response . This capability was enhanced by establishing an active community based surveillance system in some high risk districts . It was also enabled by providing all districts adequate GPS equipment and transport facilities", "spans": [{"start": 1632, "end": 1655, "text": "sero-prevalence surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enable payment of all government bills and fees under the same platform , as well as options to connect e-wallets to the system . ” In addition , the GOJ will digitalize business licensing , increase the digitalization of taxpayers ’ services , foster access to credit information through digital channels , and further digitalize data capture and analysis . It is also committed to strengthening controls on wage bill increases through the professionalization of the civil service and by mobilizing an “ HR management information system that includes real-time civil service data and performance management functions to support the roles and functions of the newly established ” Service and Public Administration Commission ( SPAC ) . * * 5 . The Public Sector Modernization Roadmap for 2022-2025 , approved in 2022 , builds on a sound diagnostic of governance challenges in Jordan , aimed at both analog and digital governance reforms to improve governmental effectiveness * * . It points to critical shortcomings across seven dimensions , which it aims to address : ( 1 ) deterioration in the provision of government services and decreasing levels of satisfaction among service users ; ( 2 ) weak documentation and coordination in government procedures ; ( 3 ) complexity and overlap ; ( 4 ) slow development of digital infrastructure ; ( 5 ) weak implementation of plans and strategies , and linkages with human resource budgets and plans ; ( 6 ) weak evaluation , performance oversight , and impact assessment processes ; and ( 7 ) the civil service ’ s efficiency and productivity , weak workforce planning , performance management , leadership , and middle management , and limited ability to attract and retain competencies . To remedy the identified weaknesses , it promotes the digitalization of government through the mainstreaming of government-to-government digitalized procedures ; the leveraging of information technology ( IT ) systems for policy making ( for example , crowdsourcing and artificial intelligence-based modeling and simulation ) ; the digitalization of government interactions with both businesses and citizens ( based on “ no-touch government , ” and “ onceonly government ” processes ) , e -", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 580, "text": "real-time civil service data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * A large literature has examined the difference in productivity and performance between businesses owned or run by women vs . men . The general finding is that women-owned or run firms perform worse than men-owned or run firms ( Klapper and Parker 2010 ; Rijkers and Costa 2012 ; HallwardDriemeier 2013 ; Campos and Gassier 2017 ; Gui-Diby et al . 2017 ; Islam et al . , 2020 ; Essers et al . 2021 ) . Factors that contribute to widening or narrowing of the gender-based gap are identified . Most studies in the area focus on the formal or registered firms . The few studies on informal firms that exist are mostly on the informal firms in rural areas . There is much to uncover about genderbased differences within the informal sector , especially in urban areas . The present paper contributes to this literature using firm-level survey data on informal or unregistered firms in 55 cities across 14 developing countries . The results show that labor productivity of female owned / run firms is on average lower by 15 . 2 percent ( or 0 . 165 log point ) compared to men owned / run firms . The difference is robust to several controls for firm , industry , and country characteristics . Using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique , we find the primacy as contributors to the productivity gap of factors such as education level of the owner / manager , manager experience , use of capital equipment , ties with the formal sector , and security payments that informal firms need to make to remain informal . For most of these factors , difference in their level rather than in their returns to labor productivity is what contributes to the productivity gap . As we discuss below , this is important from the policy point of view as it may be easier to improve the availability of resources to women than improve to the returns of resources to women . Several other specific and general policy recommendations to improve labor productivity of informal women-owned firms follow from our results . 2", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 869, "text": "firm-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5522 # * * Abstract * * Using panel data from Mozambique collected in 2007 and 2008 , the authors explore the impact of the food crisis on the welfare of households living with HIV / AIDS . The analysis finds that there has been a real deterioration of welfare in terms of income , food consumption , and nutritional status in Mozambique between 2007 and 2008 , among both HIV and comparison households . However , HIV households have not suffered more from the crisis than others . Results on the evolution of labor force participation suggest that initiation of treatment and better services in health facilities have counter-balanced the effect of the crisis by improving the health of patients and their labor force participation . In addition , the authors look at the effect of the change in welfare on the frequency of visits to a health facility of patients and on their treatment outcomes . Both variables can proxy for adherence to treatment . This is a particularly crucial issue as it affects both the health of the patient and public health , because sub-optimal adherence leads to the development of resistant forms of the virus . The paper finds no effect of the change in welfare on the frequency of visits , but does find that people who experienced a negative income shock also experienced a reduction or a slower progression in treatment outcomes . This paper is a product of the Human Development and Public Services Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at ddewalque @ worldbank . org , harounan . kazianga @ okstate . edu , mover @ cgdev . org and julia . vaillant @ gmail . com . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 86, "text": "panel data from Mozambique", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > 2 < / sup > . Using data over 10 years , this study examines the efficiency and quality impacts across three provider payment systems in Croatia : ( 1 ) the original fee-for-service ( FFS ) ; ( 2 ) broad case-based groupings under the PPTP system , and ( 3 ) DRG case-based groupings under DTS , which are in effect today . < sup > 3 < / sup > The main objective is to examine the impact of introducing case-based payment systems , both broad ( PPTP ) and more detailed ( DTS ) . Since > 1 Like Croatia , several other European countries ( e . g . , Ireland , Romania , Germany and Slovenia ) also have decided to import and modify the AR-DRG system , and not to develop their own . There are different versions of the DRG system in the world , namely : NorDRG ( Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , Sweden ) ; AR-DRG ( Australia ) ; DPC ( Japan ) ; CMG ( Canada ) ; HCFA / CMS ( USA ) ; HBCs ( Hungary ) ; DBC ( Netherlands ) ; HRG ( UK ) ; G-DRG ( Germany ) ; T-DRG ( Turkey ) ; GHM ( France ) ; LDF ( Austria ) 2 Steinbusch PJ , Oostenbrink JB , Zuurbier JJ , Schaepkens FJ . The risk of upcoding in casemix systems : A comparative study . Health Policy 2007 ; 81 ( 2-3 ) : 289-99 > 3 Through the rest of the paper , the term DRG will be used to refer to detailed case-based groupings such as DTS or other DRG systems in the world . The term case-based payment systems will refer to both PPTP and DTS . 3", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 44, "text": "data over 10 years", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– < u > Figure 6 Perceptions of equality and Gini index , 2009 < / u > Source : own elaboration based on ISSP Social Inequality data set ; Gini indices from Bussolo et al . ( 2018 ) and Milanovic ( 2018 ) Note : Net equality perception is equal to the percentage of people believing theirs is an equal society minus the percentage believing theirs is an unequal one . National weights used . Gini index estimated on per capita household income . A similar weak correlation is also found when comparing demand for redistribution and objective inequality ( Figure 7 ) . Individuals in countries with similar levels of income inequality have strongly different levels of demand for redistribution . Portugal and the United Kingdom have roughly similar levels of income inequality , but in the former the percentage of people that agree with redistribution being a government responsibility is 50 percentage points higher than that of those who disagree , while in the United Kingdom that difference is below 20 percentage points . Slovenia and Portugal have a very similar demand for redistribution , but in Slovenia actual income inequality is 10 Gini points lower than Portugal . 19", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 136, "text": "ISSP Social Inequality data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) timeliness , and dissemination ; ( v ) it would facilitate potential scalability of the program both by drawing in other government agencies and drawing in financing from development partners ; and finally ( vi ) it would enhance coordination with development partners supporting statistics in Kenya . # # * * Rating * * High # # * * 4 . Achievement of Objectives ( Efficacy ) * * # * * Objective 1 Objective * * PDO1 : To support KNBS to generate “ better ” data to inform policymakers . # # * * Rationale * * Improved capacity of the KNBS was a requirement ( input ) in the production of better and more accessible data ( intermediate results / outcomes ) needed to inform policymakers ( outcome ) . Capacity strengthening is therefore _implicitly_ measured by 2 of the 3 PDO-level indicators : if KNBS could produce regular poverty statistics and better-quality real sector economic data and make them more accessible , its capacity must have strengthened . Moreover , achieving these two PDO-level indicators would demonstrate that the KNBS could implement integrated survey programs . The objective of strengthening the capacity of the KNBS to generate “ better ” data involved _filling critical source data gaps_ for missing or outdated data and _improving the quality_ of existing data . The program sought to fill data gaps through integrated surveys and addressed the quality dimension by introducing international standards for vital official statistics . The efficacy of each dimension is discussed separately below through the lens of the theory of change . * * < u > A . Filling data < / u > * * * * _ < u > gaps < / u > _ * * * * < u > to generate “ better ” data < / u > * * * * Rationale : * * Before the Program , Kenya ’ s poverty", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 987, "text": "poverty statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1007, "end": 1032, "text": "real sector economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 12 Share of Tradable and Non-Tradable in the Consum 3tion Basket * * _ ( percent ) _ | | | CPI | | | 1993 Survey | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Expenditure Categories_ | _Expenditure_ < br > _share_ | _Tradable_ < br > _share_ | _Non-_ < br > _tradable_ < br > _share_ | _Expenditure_ < br > _share_ | < br > _Tradable_ < br > _share_ | _Non-_ < br > _tradable_ < br > _share_ | | Food | 48 . 0 | 47 . 8 | 52 . 8 | 47 . 4 | 35 . 6 | 64 . 4 | | Lodging | 7 . 8 | | 100 . 0 | 12 . 6 | | 100 . 0 | | Utilities | 8 . 5 | | 100 . 0 | 5 . 8 | | 100 . 0 | | Household furnishing | 3 . 4 | 100 . 0 | | 1 . 4 | 100 . 0 | | | Clothinga ) | 10 . 1 | 100 . 0 | | 6 . 7 | 84 . 6 | 15 . 4 | | Transport | 6 . 8 | 100 . 0 | 100 . 0 | 7 . 0 | 23 . 2 | 76 . 8 | | Vehicles | 5 . 4 | 81 . 8 | 18 . 2 | | | | | Household maintenance | 0 . 6 | 100 . 0 | | 0 . 2 | | 100 . 0 | | Hygiene | 1 . 0 | 100 . 0 | | 2 . 1 | 100 . 0 | | | Health | 0 . 7 | 96 . 6 | 3 . 4 | 4 . 6 | 72 . 8 | 27 . 2 | | Education | 1 . 0 | 29 . 5 | 80 . 5 | 3 . 3 | 41 . 5 | 58 . 5 | | Miscellaneous | 6 . 7 | 45 . 7 | 54 . 3", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 122, "text": "1993 Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 26 : Real change in services consumption during crisis ( 2014 ‐ 2016 ) for major socio ‐ economic groups depending on initial level of food consumption , % _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 expenditure on services per capita in 2014 , in BYN in prices of 2014 < br > 0 hh_single_parent < br > 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 < br > - 2 retiree < br > hh_3more_kids nonemployed < br > - 4 hh_2kids child < br > rural large_cities < br > other_edu < br > - 6 < br > average < br > small_cities < br > - 8 hh_no_kidsworking_age hh_1child < br > employed < br > - 10 sec_specialized_edu < br > minsk < br > high_edu < br > - 12 < br > partly_employed < br > - 14 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . Services exclude utilities , education and healthcare . Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . # 5 . 3 . Savings Precautionary savings could be an important consumption smoothing mechanism for households , and as such , the evolution of saving ( and dissaving ) during the crisis is of interest to this inquiry . Unfortunately , the HBS data do not have data on the savings stock or loans taken , but do have data on saving , dissaving and loans paid . In 2014 , 42 percent of the population reported positive net savings , while 19 percent of the population dissaved ( negative net savings ) . In 2016 , at the height of the crisis , only 35 percent of the population saved a portion of their incomes , while the number of those who dissaved increased to 24 percent . Those with relatively higher incomes also had the highest dissaving rates in 2016 ( 32 and 38 percent for 8 ‐ 9 < sup > th < / sup > and 10 < sup > th < / sup > decile correspondingly ) . In other words , while savings are an important insurance mechanism , they are available mostly for the well ‐ off households that", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 818, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1059, "end": 1067, "text": "HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 7 Percentage of Providers Observed during Consultation from Voucher and Nonvoucher Facilities That Adequately Offered Various Services to Clients in 2010 | Indicator | Voucher facilities | Comparison facilities | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ANC | ( _N_ = 96 ) | ( _N_ = 51 ) | | Adequately created rapport < br > ( three items ) | 79 | 67 * | | Adequately took account of < br > client ’ s general history ( four < br > items ) | 26 | 26 | | Adequately took account of < br > client ’ s medical history ( six < br > items ) | 18 | 10 | | PNC | ( _N_ = 59 ) | ( _N_ = 24 ) | | Adequately created rapport < br > ( four items ) | 20 | 13 | | Adequately took account of < br > client ’ s general history ( four < br > items ) | 3 | 0 | _Source : _ Population Council , Health Facility Survey 2010 – 11 . _ * _ Difference between voucher and nonvoucher facilities is statistically significant at 5 percent . For each indicator , percentages refer to the proportions of consultations at which the SP performed all the itemized tasks . The results from the observations of CPIs further show that significantly higher proportions of SPs from voucher facilities conducted most of the clinical examinations for ANC and PNC clients compared with their counterparts at nonvoucher facilities ( table 8 ) . 31", "spans": [{"start": 771, "end": 793, "text": "Health Facility Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A2 : Food Insecurity Experience Scale ( FIES ) Questions in Ethiopia | | Pre-COVID-19 Surveys | | COVID-19 Surveys | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | FIES | Question | Recall | Question | Recall | | FS1 | Did you worry that your household would not have < br > enough food ? | 7 day | Was there a time when you or any other adult < br > in your household were worried about not having < br > enough food to eat because of lack of money or < br > other resources ? | 30 day | | FS2 | How many days have you or someone in your < br > household had to rely on less preferred foods ? | 7 day | Was there a time when you , or any other adult < br > in your household , were unable to eat healthy < br > and nutritious / preferred foods because of a lack < br > of money or other resources ? | 30 day | | FS3 | How many days have you or someone in your < br > household had to limit the variety of foods eaten ? | 7 day | Was there a time when you , or any other adult < br > in your household , ate only a few kinds of foods | 30 day | | 39 | | | because of a lack of money or other resources ? | | | FS4 < br > FS5 < br > | How many days have you or someone in your < br > household had to limit portion size at meal-times ? < br > How many days have you or someone in your < br > household had to reduce number of meals eaten < br > in a day ? | 7 day < br > 7 day | Was there a time when you or others in your < br > household had to skip a meal because there was < br > not enough money or other resources to get food ? < br > Was there a time", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 99, "text": "Pre-COVID-19 Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 104, "end": 120, "text": "COVID-19 Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the dynamic results discussed above , temporary democratization episodes ( i . e . , in countries that revert to dictatorships after a brief democratization episode ) have a significantly lower effect on agricultural protection . # * * < < B > > * * _Economic and political crises_ As noted in the recent political economy literature , the implemented policies may be related to both economic and political ( in ) stability ( see North _et al . _ 2009 ; Besley and Persson 2009 among others ) . Therefore , we complement our earlier specifications with three variables designed to capture the effect of economic and political crises . An economic crisis is measured with a dummy equal to one for every year that the real GDP per capita growth rate from the Penn World Table is negative ( zero otherwise ) . A political crisis is measured with two dummies equal to one in every year a country is involved in a domestic war or international conflict ( zero otherwise ) . All three variables are used in the regressions with several lags . < sup > 28 < / sup > The effect of democratic reform on policy outcomes is very robust to the inclusion of these additional covariates ( see table S . 6 ) . # * * < < A > > * * _VII . CONCLUSIONS_ In this paper , we investigate how democratization affects agricultural and food policies . On the basis of the unique data set collected by the World Bank , we empirically analyze the impact of political regime transitions on agricultural taxation and subsidization . We find a significant positive ( negative ) effect of a democratic transition on agricultural protection ( taxation ) . The transition to democracy increases agricultural protection by 10 to 18 percentage points , depending on the indicator and the model employed . This measured effect primarily reflects changes in poor countries , where the vast majority of the transitions from autocracy to democracy occurred and where farmers 28", "spans": [{"start": 762, "end": 778, "text": "Penn World Table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1351, "end": 1394, "text": "unique data set collected by the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Y | | Region FE | Y | Y | Y | * * * * * * Note : p _ < _ 0 . 01 , p _ < _ 0 . 05 , p _ < _ 0 . 1 . Data are from the list of establishments contacted by the enumerators . For each country , the level of employment was regressed on a dummy for respondent while controlling for stratification such as sectors , size groups ( small , medium , and large ) , and regions . Estimates for Vietnam are based on the original list of 1500 firms , with 1346 respondents and 154 non-respondents . Robust standard errors in parenthesis . Second , under the premise that any systematic relationship between firm characteristics and participation is continuous in their reluctance to participate in the survey , we can learn about sample differences between respondents and non-respondents by comparing firms across different percentiles of the distribution of the number of attempts it took for them 36The average response rate for the WMS is around 40 percent . The response rate for MOPS , implemented by the United States Census Bureau , was around 80 percent . 106", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 168, "text": "list of establishments contacted by the enumerators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 407, "end": 434, "text": "original list of 1500 firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as birth certificates are major barriers for women and girls to obtain ID > 6 UNICEF ( United Nations Children ’ s Fund ) . 2011 . _MENA Gender Equality Profile , Status of Girls , and Women in Djibouti_ . > 7 Labor force participation rate ( age 15 + , model International Labour Organization estimate ) , World Development Indicators 2017 . > 8 World Development Indicators 2017 ( latest data from 2011 ) . Page 11 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 307, "end": 340, "text": "World Development Indicators 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 347, "end": 380, "text": "World Development Indicators 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measure for access to appropriate sanitation facilities . In 2013 the number of households with access to covered pit latrine stood at 87 % . Latrine coverage in the district has slightly increased from 67 % in 2010 to 68 % in 2013 . However , the availability of hand washing facility is still below the district target of 71 % which should be in line with the national aspirations . A reliable water source is one capable of supplying its beneficiaries , a minimum of 20 litres _per capita_ per day as per the WHO recommended standards . According to the 2012 population census , 98 % of the people in the district can access water within a reasonable walking distance of up to 5kms # # # # * * _Gender Issues_ * * Gender equity is a critical building block in sustainable development in any society . However , there are a lot of gender issues which are not mainstreamed in development programmes / activities in the district . Employment status of men and women in the district departments at senior level reveals that there is high gender disparity standing at 57 . 2 % . This reflects the low level of education and little priority accorded to the girl children . Further still the fewer number of women at senior levels translates into gender biases and insensitivity . There is dominance ( 70 % men and 30 % women ) in local leadership positions especially in Project management . Contrary , there is low participation and commitment of men compared to women in the sustenance of local development initiatives in the community . Most women ( 95 % ) are prone to domestic and sexual gender-based violence compared to men ( 5 % ) . It has been observed that there is low participation of men ( 20 % ) in both provision of care and support to children . In the district , most women ( 95 % ) do not own productive resources ( land , animals etc . ) compare to men ( 5 % ) . Other gender issues include ; low participation of men ( approx . 900 males & 3000 females ) in providing", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 579, "text": "2012 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . 5 . 1 : < u > Restricting the Sample to Relatively Poor Households . The limited impacts of aid on food < / u > consumption outcomes may be due to a number of reasons . The first is that aid really does have limited impacts on food consumption outcomes . The second is that the sample does not provide sufficient power to estimate modest impacts of aid on food consumption outcomes . For value of food consumed and calories per capita in particular , we would expect that the impacts of aid would be relatively higher for those with low levels of food consumption outcomes , since aid would then form a larger percentage of the food sourced . Targeting errors can then exacerbate the difficulty in estimating the impacts of aid on food consumption , since we would expect more muted impacts if aid is received by relatively wealthy households . But we cannot introduce yet additional instrumented variables . Instead , we limit the sample to those households with wealth index levels below the median ( . 195 ) . The results for the four food consumption outcomes are reported in the top panel of Table 7 for the two-shock specification . < sup > 23 < / sup > As can be seen , we are more likely to observe impacts of aid on food consumption outcomes versus results from the full sample , particularly for those households that have experienced a sequential shock . For the both the IHPS and FIAS samples , there are significant negative impacts of a sequential shock on the value of food consumed per capita , but also significant positive impacts of receiving aid under a sequential shock . For FIAS , calories per capita are also negatively affected by a sequential shock but aid under a sequential shock has a positive impact . For IHPS , households who experienced a currentperiod only shock but also received aid reduced food purchases . We do lose significance on the food consumption score for the IHPS sample , however . 4 . 5 . 2 : Restricting the Sample to Households Interviewed during September-March . Another reason we might not be able to detect changes in food consumption outcomes from receipt of food", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) concerned . In the ongoing LVSWATSAN project , a 500mm diameter trunk running along Auji River has been proposed . No service lines to Manyatta B has been provided As per the 2019 census , Manyatta B and a total population of 33 , 183 . Based on the National population census of 1989 , 1999 , 2009 and 2019 , the settlement has been growing at a rate of 1 . 6 % . While the settlement has an area of 2 . 6km , the project will cover 0 . 85 Km2 ( sewerage and water ) . This translates to a population projected population of 11 , 847 in the initial of 2024 and 17 , 611 for the ultimate year 2054 . So the impact of the project in the ultimate year 2054 will be 17 , 611 . The LVWATSAN project is constructing a main trunk along the Auji River and cutting through the settlement . The proposed DN500mm DWC sewer line run along Auji River stretches on 3 , 496 lm and collects wastewater from a large catchment not yet connected to the existing network . It will connect to the proposed Nairobi interchange pumping station . wastewater from a large catchment not yet connected to the existing network . It will connect to the proposed Nairobi interchange pumping station . Seven lateral lines of DN 200mm to 300mm totaling to 5 , 155m have been proposed to serve Manyatta B under the KISIP 2 project . 120 connection boxes have been proposed which will connect more than 200 households to the sewer system . Seven lateral lines of DN 200mm to 300mm totaling to 5 , 155m have been proposed to serve Manyatta B under the KISIP 2 project . 120 connection boxes have been proposed which will connect more than 200 households to the sewer system . * * Figure 2 . 22 : Migosi proposed", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 379, "text": "2019 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 443, "end": 469, "text": "National population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . Financial Policy Response Activity Index Across Regions ( September 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * , 2020 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > HInc EAP ECA LAC MENA SA SSA < br > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database . Note : Boxes show the median and the interquartile range . Dots show outliers . Note : World Bank regional classification . High Inc . = High income ; EAP = East Asia Pacific ; ECA = Europe & Central Asia ; LAC = Latin America & Caribbean ; SAR = South Asia ; MENA = Middle East & North Africa ; and SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa . WBG regions exclude highincome countries . * * Figure 4 . Financial Policy Response Activity Index and Selected Country Characteristics ( September 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * , 2020 ) * * * * Panel A . Log cumulative COVID-19 cases per Panel B . Log population size 100 , 000 people * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 15 20 < br > Log cumulative cases per 100 , 000 Log Population size < br > High Inc EAP ECA LAC High Inc EAP ECA LAC < br > MENA SA SSA MENA SA SSA < br > 100 100 < br > 80 80 < br > 60 60 < br > 40 40 < br > 20 20 < br > Financial Policy Response Activity Index Financial Policy Response Activity Index < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 15", "spans": [{"start": 371, "end": 421, "text": "COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 58 . 60 | 50 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date < br > IN00993106 | 29-Apr-2016 | 09-Dec-2020 | 26-May-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | ► Percentage of youth receiving training and an internship who find a job or are self-employed after at least six months ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 55 . 00 < br > 68 . 20 < br > 77 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 < br > 09-Dec-2020 < br > 26-May-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | The percentage is a weighted average of cycle 1 Tracer results with prelimina < br > results based on responses from 7 , 721 respondents to a survey that targeted < br > beneficiaries , where the weight is the percentage of participants in each cycle < br > of participants in cycles 1-3 . The Tracer study for cycle 2 and 3 is expected to < br > 2021 for update of these results and deeper analysis . | ry routine SMS survey < br > all cycles 2 and 3 < br > divided by the total number < br > be conducted in September | | IN00993107 | | - - - | | ► Percentage of youth employed , including self-employed , at least 6 months after receiving a startup grant and / or BDS ( Percentage , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * CHAPTER 2 : CONSTRAINTS ON THE SUPPLY OF FINANCIAL SERVICES * * 1 . This chapter examines supply side aspects of access to financial services in Colombia from the perspective of constraints on financial institutions in Colombia that prevent low income clients from gaining access to formal banking services . Three groups of supply side issues have been identified : ( i ) regulatory issues , ( ii ) cost constraints and ( iii ) physical difficulties . The following will look at each one of these in more detail . # # * * 2 . 1 REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS * * 2 . In Colombia , existing regulation has a mixed impact on the use of financial services . On the one hand , norms such as strict account opening requirements and taxation on financial services might discourage the use of formal financial services . On the other , regulation on income tax returns and sales tax refunds on credit and debit card transactions could encourage the use of formal banking services . 3 . * * Existing regulation constraints entry to formal financial services for low income people . * * Anti-money laundering regulation introduced in 2003 < sup > 20 < / sup > created a number of complex account opening requirements . In order to open an account with a Colombian bank , individuals have to provide multiple documents , including proof of identity , employer information and monthly income and expense statements , such as proof of salary and rental payments ( see Table 2 . 1 ) . These information requirements apply to all clients regardless of their socio-economic characteristics . By implicitly assuming that clients are active in the formal economy , this regulation creates significant barriers to entry for low income clients . As the demand survey shows ( see Chapter 3 . 1 ) , a significant share of the unbanked is not active in the formal sector , and hence , cannot fulfill the formal eligibility criteria , such as proof of income or employment . Consequently , low income people are severely disadvantaged under existing regulation . In addition , multiple documentation requirements are needed to open a savings account in Colombia < sup > 21 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1736, "end": 1749, "text": "demand survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 00 | 40 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 201 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 1 Ethiopia Demographic Health | Survey ( EDHS ) Report . Up | date to be provided by | 6 / 28 / 2019 Page 12 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 130, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # Details of the Census Field Activities are given below : # # # # # * * < u > Census and Inventory of Losses < / u > * * A field team conducted complete census and inventory of losses ( IOL ) of all the PAPs identified within the settlement , information gathered was used to develop an inventory of assets likely to be affected by the Project . * * < u > Census < / u > * * A questionnaire was used to collect PAP census information that registered and located the households ; and ; identified all household members ( resident and non-resident ) by age , sex , and relationship to head of household , education and occupation and housing conditions . Mombasa County Government including , Town Administration , County Executive Committee Member and Chief Executive Officer for Lands and Physical Planning , Sub County and Ward Administrators . KISIP National Coordination Unit from Ministry of Infrastructure , Housing and Urban Development . County Administration including County Commissioners , Deputy County Commissioners , Assistant County Commissioners , Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs in the settlement . Settlement Executive Committee Members . Beneficiary Community Members in the settlement . Project Affected Persons . * * Phase 3 : Census Field Activities * * This task involved enumeration of PAPs at household-level in order to come up with a census and inventory of losses ( IoL ) . This involved the following : Coordination with Mombasa County Government representatives who were tasked to participate in the fieldwork , as agreed in the initial consultations . Household surveys with PAPs to collect information for the census and inventory of losses ( IOL ) . Replacement cost surveys carried out by the valuation team to establish market rates for affected assets as a basis for compensation . Details of the Census Field Activities are given below : * * < u > Census and Inventory of Losses < / u > * * A field team conducted complete census and inventory of losses ( IOL ) of all the PAPs identified within the settlement , information gathered was used to develop", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 438, "text": "PAP census information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1361, "end": 1391, "text": "census and inventory of losses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "del Toro , Chiriqui and Other Panama ) defined using household survey data ( Table 5 ) . * * Table 5 : Panama : Size and Expenditures of Major Household Groups , 2005 * * | | * * Population * * < br > * * ( ' 000 ) * * | * * Population * * < br > * * ( percent ) * * | * * SAM * * < br > * * Income * * < br > * * ( $ mn ) * * | * * SAM * * < br > * * Income * * < br > * * ( percent ) * * | * * SAM * * < br > * * Income / * * < br > * * Capita ( $ ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Urban Poor – Panama City | 209 . 9 | 6 . 9 % | 371 | 3 . 2 % | 1 , 770 | | Urban Non-Poor Panama City | 1 , 076 . 7 | 35 . 2 % | 7 , 466 | 64 . 7 % | 6 , 934 | | Urban Poor – Bocas del Toro | 19 . 1 | 0 . 6 % | 31 | 0 . 3 % | 1 , 601 | | Urban Non-Poor Bocas del Toro | 20 . 2 | 0 . 7 % | 111 | 1 . 0 % | 5 , 504 | | Urban Poor – Chriqui | 40 . 9 | 1 . 3 % | 84 | 0 . 7 % | 2 , 059 | | Urban Non-Poor Chiriqui | 148 . 7 | 4 . 9 % | 749 | 6 . 5 % | 5 , 039 | | Urban Poor – Other Panama | 101 . 0 | 3 . 3 % | 89 | 0 . 8 % | 878 | | Urban Non-Poor Other Panama | 238 . 4 | 7 . 8 % | 615 | 5 . 3 % | 2 , 579", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 74, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abuse and Rape cases that may , among others , include use of Child protection Committees that are already established e . g . children outside of school and Referrals and appeals , depending on the rating of the grievances . The other institutions expected to be part of this referral pathway include : Local Leaders e . g . LCI , LC11 & LCIII , Police , Health Centers / facilities , Courts , Community Development / Labor Officers , Religious Leaders and Civil Society Organizations ( CSOs ) . * * Figure 4-2 : Flow Chart for referral process and Community GRM * * Anyone from the affected communities or anyone believing they are affected by the Project can submit a grievance / grievance : by completing a written Grievance Registration Form * * ( Appendix 4 * * that will be available at the Project Site / GMC level offices including the LC1 , School and district Education offices as well as at the Ministry / PCU . Complaints may also be submitted orally and the details of the complaint entered in the GM log . When complainants make their submissions verbally , they should take consideration of social distancing norms and lockdown restrictions as much as possible . The complainant will attach all copies of documents that support their complaints . Staff at MoES / PCU and GCs will ensure that the form is filled accurately . The complainant will receive a receipt or a confirmation email of acknowledgment with a reference number to track their complaint ( s ) . Any incident or accident related to the Project which has , or is likely to have , a significant adverse effect on the environment , the affected communities , the public or workers , including , inter alia , cases of sexual exploitation and abuse ( SEA ) , sexual harassment ( SH ) , and accidents that result in death , serious or multiple injury should be reported to MoES and the Bank no later than 48 hours after learning of the incident or accident . 4 . 3 . 3 . 2 STAGE 2 : ASSESSMENT ,", "spans": [{"start": 1012, "end": 1018, "text": "GM log", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2 % | 80 . 8 % < br > 91 . 6 % | | Employees , agriculture ( % of employment ) | 44 . 3 % < br > 43 . 8 % | 68 . 1 % | 41 . 8 % | 39 . 2 % | 31 . 6 % | 74 . 8 % < br > 83 . 2 % | Sources : World Development Indicators , UNDP , OECD , CIA Fact Book Years : Indonesia 2005 ( 2004 when not available ) , Bangladesh 2007 ( 2005 when not available ) , Sri Lanka 2003 ( 2002 when not available ) , Ethiopia 2006 ( 2005 or closest year when not available ) a The SIGI was measured in 102 countries in 2009 . It includes 12 indicators on social institutions , which are grouped into 5 categories : Family Code , Physical Integrity , Son Preference , Civil Liberties and Ownership Rights ( 0 = low / no discrimination , 1 = high discrimination ) . b The Gender Inequality Index was measured in 138 countries in 2010 . The index incorporates the following indicators : Labor force participation , educational attainment , parliamentary representation , adolescent fertility and maternal mortality ( higher values indicate lower achievement ) . 51", "spans": [{"start": 458, "end": 462, "text": "SIGI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | | food services < br > Information and | 38 . 8 | 3 . 6 | 19 . 0 | 5 . 0 | 7 . 9 | 26 . 0 | | communication | 0 . 0 | 10 . 4 | 3 . 5 | 18 . 8 | 7 . 5 | 7 . 5 | | Other services | 15 . 1 | 3 . 8 | 15 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | Total < br > Source : CMMHH 2021 . | 23 . 3 | 5 . 8 | 16 . 7 | 11 . 6 | 8 . 0 | 18 . 7 | _Table 5-11 Georgia : Percentage of Permanent Formal Private Sector Jobs Lost by Sector , Model Predicted and Survey-Measured Projections , CFUWBES1 ( July 2020 ) _ | | Econometric < br > Model Projections | Survey < br > Measured | No . Of < br > observations | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Chemicals | 6 . 0 | 30 . 3 | 7 | | 2 . Food , drink , and tobacco | 7 . 7 | 13 . 2 | 98 | | 3 . Garments < br > 4 . Hotel , restaurants , and | 33 . 4 | 44 . 4 | 8 | | transportation < br > 5 . Machinery , electronics , and | 27 . 4 | 39 . 9 | 99 | | construction | 23 . 9 | 18 . 9 | 54 | | 6 . Metals and non-metallic minerals ; | | | | | Plastic and rubber | 8 . 4 | 5 . 2 | 40 | | 7 . Wholesale , retail , and other < br > services | 15 . 0 | 8 . 2 | 164 | | 8 . Wood , paper , publishing , and < br > printing | 26 . 8 | 17 . 5 | 14 | | Total | 19 . 0 | 18 . 1 | 484 | Sources : LFS", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 275, "text": "CMMHH 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "obstacles to growth , and performance measures . The survey is designed to be representative of a country ’ s private non-agricultural economy and only registered firms with at least five employees are included in the sample . The data consist of a random sample of 12 , 000 firms across 27 developing countries in different regions stratified by firm size , location , and sector . The survey year ranges between 2007 and 2009 . This sample of ES data is selected on the basis of consistent sampling methodology . Surveys for previous years do not have the same methodology . Police data is obtained from the United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems . This data set consists of an unbalanced panel covering years between 2003 and 2008 for both developing and developed economies . Due to the unbalanced nature of the data set , about 39 countries match between the ES firm-level data and the UN country-level police data . Accounting for issues such as missing questions and incorrect data , the sample size reduces to a cross-section of 27 developing economies . To account for firm-specific unobservables , we use panel data for 644 firms in a subset of 12 Eastern European economies for 2004 and 2007 . < sup > 2 < / sup > We would caution that the firms sampled in 2004 do not use the same sampling methodology as the firms in 2007 , and data are only available for Eastern European economies . Details of countries in the sample and their respective survey years can be found in the first column of table A3 in the appendix . # _2 . 1 Dependent variable_ The dependent variable used is losses due to crime as a percentage of annual sales of a firm . This variable is derived from the survey question : “ In fiscal year [ insert fiscal year ] , what are the > 2 Panel data are not available for the other countries 8", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 647, "text": "United Nations Survey on Crime Trends", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 910, "end": 928, "text": "ES firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 937, "end": 965, "text": "UN country-level police data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1161, "end": 1171, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "study conducted by Fazzari , Hubbard , and Peterson ( 1988 ) , a large number of investigations on investment have highlighted that smaller firms are more likely to face liquidity constraints . These findings , in trmn , imply that monetary policy shifts have an important distributional aspect that cannot be tackled within the traditional money view . < sup > 20 < / sup > Furthermore , since smaller and faster growing firms are likely to be firms with highly profitable investment opportunities , the fact that they bear a disproportionate share of the burden imposed by a recession has serious consequences for social welfare : not only are recessions associated with both aggregate output and investment declines , but the declines themselves are inefficient . While the largest industrialized countries have been the subject of the above mentioned studies , very little wvork has been conducted to investigate the validity of distributional consequences of monetarv policy shifts for developing countries . < sup > 2 1 < / sup > This section attempts to fill an important void by investigating whether monetary policy shifts have a greater influence on the production of sinall and medium sized manufacturing firms than on that of larger firms in one such developing country , Malaysia . The first step of the empirical investigation is to construct a reasonable proxy for the production of small and medium sized as well as large manufacturing firms . To this end , the paper relies on the information published by the Federeation of Malaysian Manufacturers ( FMM ) on small and medium sized industries ( SMIs ) and on industrial surveys conducted by the Department of Statistics . Appendix 1 presents both information on SMIs in Malaysia as well as the compostion of manufacturing component of the industrial production . Available information suggests that the majority of SMIs operate in : ( i ) food and beverages ; ( ii ) fabricated metal products ; ( iii ) wood and wood products ; and ( iv ) basic metal . Using the corresponding weights 20 See Cecchetti ( 1995 ) for more on this . 18", "spans": [{"start": 1627, "end": 1687, "text": "industrial surveys conducted by the Department of Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "garments , processed food , etc . ) . In addition , we include year effects interacted with base-year product market characteristics that may influence regulatory changes . In particular we use six such characteristics : i ) the product average import tariff rate ; ii ) a dummy equal to one if a product market is subject to at least one non-tariff measure ; < sup > 25 < / sup > > 25To control for the impact of non-tariff measures , we aggregate HS 10 digit product-level information at the 5-digit industry-level using concordance tables provided by Indonesia Bureau of Statistics . We construct a dummy variable equal to 1 if a 5-digit industry has at least one non-tariff measure , and zero otherwise . The NTM and tariff data comes from Calì et al . ( 2021 ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 732, "text": "NTM and tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Therefore , no special mitigation measures or Biodiversity Management Plan will be required . - There is no critical habit that will be affected by the subproject - There are no endangered or rare species or species with restrict range of distribution that entirely dependent on the subproject corridor ; - There are no wildlife species with restrictive habitat preferences within the subproject influence corridor that suffer the consequence of land clearing for the implementation of the subproject . Therefore , no special mitigation measures or Biodiversity Management Plan will be required . - Ecological surveys conducted along the TL corridor and substation revealed that the subproject corridor is neither contiguous with , nor in close proximity with any of the nationally protected areas or any internationally designated biodiversity reserve area . - The TL crosses a narrow strip of permanent wetland created by the Tikur Weha River and its shoreline , which is an important habitat for Hippos and a variety of bird species . The proposed subproject activities are not expected to bring severe impacts on the wetland and the fauna dependent on the habitat . Nevertheless , it requires due attention and proper mitigation measures to minimize potential impacts on the wetland habitat and the fauna dependent on it . - There are birds in the subproject area . According to EWNHS , none of the nationally designated Important Bird Areas ( IBAs ) are contiguous with the TL corridor . However , Lake Hawassa IBA ( IBA ET053 ) is located at a minimum of 7km downstream of the TL route . In addition , the sproject area and surroundings support 4 bird species that are classified as Critically Endangered , Endangered , Vulnerable and Near-Threatened species as per the IUCN Red-List Status , and these are Page 246", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 619, "text": "Ecological surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 31 * * | * * 2 . 50 * * | * * 2 . 57 * * | _Source : Authors estimates based on HIECPS 2005-2008 and regional CPI indice ) . Note : Table uses fixed household size to construct constant panel weights . _ This 7 percent growth in real average household welfare translated in poverty reduction , but not at the same rate for everyone . Table 3 presents assessment of poverty changes based on poverty line defined in World Bank ( 2007 ) . The “ lower poverty line ” used here represents the cost of the minimum subsistence basket comprising food and non-food goods and services . The poverty headcount moved from about 23 percent in 2005 to about 19 percent in 2008 . Poverty reduction was especially rapid in urban areas . However , large standard errors mean that only for Egypt as a whole change in poverty was significant at high confidence level ( 95 percent ) . > 15 Notably , allowing for panel design does not change the magnitude of standard error significantly ( 3rd and 4th columns ) . Hence , we can rely on simple survey methods to calculate standard errors ( available as standard command in Stata ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 88, "text": "HIECPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 103, "end": 122, "text": "regional CPI indice", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 Firm capabilities in Mozambique * * Using the 2018 Enterprise Survey data , the analysis suggests that the firm capabilities in Mozambique are weak . When compared with other countries with Enterprise Surveys tracking management practices < sup > 10 < / sup > , Mozambique ’ s overall management practices are 16 percent below firms in Kenya , and 11 percent below those in Gambia , after accounting for size of the firm ( Figure 5 ) . The gap to more developed Latin American countries is even larger . These results go in line with the assessment done in 2014 in the manufacturing sector for Mozambique ( Lemos and Scur , 2014 ) . Mozambique ’ s average management practices mask still significant differences in the distribution of enterprises ( Figure 6 ) . Compared to countries with higher income and management practices ( like Colombia ) , where the proportion of firms with “ bad ” management practices is relatively low , Mozambique has a high concentration of enterprises with weak management practices . * * Figure 5 . Average management practices scores , controlled by number of employees * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Colombia N = 989 < br > Peru N = 1000 < br > Paraguay N = 364 < br > Ecuador N = 361 < br > Argentina N = 982 < br > Uruguay N = 340 < br > Suriname N = 230 < br > Kenya N = 1000 < br > Bolivia N = 363 < br > Gambia N = 151 < br > Mozambique N = 650 < br > Lao N = 332 < br > 0 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 < br > Mozambique LAC SSA EAP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Enterprise Survey data , authors > 10 This is preliminary and will be updated with more countries when compared with the World Management Survey . 18", "spans": [{"start": 54, "end": 81, "text": "2018 Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1533, "end": 1555, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1654, "end": 1677, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the form of statistically justified confidence intervals . We encourage users to take these into account when comparing governance across countries and over time . We also note that comparisons of governance across countries and over time will often involve comparing estimates of governance that are based on different sets of underlying data sources . This reflects the reality that not all data sources that feed into the WGI cover all countries , which in turn allows the WGI to rely on many rich data sources with less than global coverage . Comparing estimates of governance for two countries based on differing underlying data sources poses no conceptual problems : for both countries , the conditional mean in Equation ( 2 ) is the best possible estimate of governance given the available data for that country , and these estimates can be compared ( of course with due regard to margins of error ) . The same point is true when comparing governance at two points in time for the same country . However , for some purposes users may also wish to consider how comparisons of governance might look based on a common set of data sources , or the extent to which differences in the set of data sources contribute to differences in scores . To enable this further analysis , the WGI website makes all the source data and the weights assigned to different indicators readily available to WGI users at www . govindicators . org . Finally , we briefly remind the reader that when comparing estimates of governance over time , it is important to bear in mind that the global averages of the indicators have been normalized to zero in every period . This means that changes over time in the WGI estimates of governance capture countries ’ movements relative to a global average that is assumed to be constant . Whether these relative changes correspond to absolute changes of course depends on whether the global average of governance is constant or not . We take this issue up in Section 5 . 3 where we show that there is little evidence of trends over time in global averages of governance as measured by the WGI data sources , implying that the relative changes observed in the", "spans": [{"start": 2112, "end": 2128, "text": "WGI data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Deci | sions during | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otectio < br > nition | n indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Origin | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Pr < br > T | ocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | Applied < br > during < br > 2006 | Positi < br > Recog - < br > nized | ve < br > Other < br > ( hum . ) | O < br > Rejected < br > | therw . < br > closed | Total | Total | rate < br > Ref . < br > status | s < br > Total | O / w . <", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which Kenya applied a group-based approach to RSD . Claimants from all other nationalities are subject to an individual approach . Somalis , who had benefited from a group-based approach to RSD for decades , are no longer able to do so . Beginning in April 2016 , Somali asylum-seekers are required to undergo an individual approach to RSD throughout Kenya . < sup > 19 < / sup > > 15 Of the Somali total of 9 , 738 , approximately 1 , 746 individuals have returned to Kenya , having previously benefited from assistance to voluntarily repatriate to Somalia . Of the 1 , 746 , approximately 1 , 720 were facilitated from Dadaab , and another 26 from Kakuma . These numbers are based on figures as at 23 July 2018 , shared with the author . Somalis have cited a wide range of reasons for returning back to Kenya , including insecurity . For more discussion on repatriation and to view the returns back to Kenya in their overall context , see the last section of this case study . > 16 But see e . g . literature highlighted in footnote 2 . See also Abuya , “ Past Reflections , Future Insights : African Asylum Law and Policy in Historical Perspective ” , _International Journal of Refugee Law_ , Vol . 19 , Issue 1 , 2007 , pp . 51 – 95 . > 17 Physical protection and security-related activities remained within the responsibilities of the government . > 18 See e . g . Garlick et al . , “ Building on the Foundation : Formative Evaluation of the Refugee Status Determination ( RSD ) Transition Process in Kenya ” , UNHCR , 2015 , available at : < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / 5551f3c49 . pdf , accessed : < / u > September 2018 . > 19 The Kenya Gazette , Vol . CXVIII-No . 46 , Gazette Notice No . 3017 , Nairobi , 29 April 2016 , available at : < u >", "spans": [{"start": 686, "end": 712, "text": "figures as at 23 July 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Page 4-49_ _Ministry of Water and Energy_ The local name for wetlands is _kure . _ Fogera WoWRD officers are aware of the importance of Nabega ( Shesher , Welela , Daga-Takua ) and \" Kedest Hana \" wetlands . Fogera Woreda ' s land administration office reported that local residents are resisting the formal registration of \" Shag a Mariam wetland \" since they perceive this to be a government take-over of their \" ancestral heritage from their fathers \" or \" a gift from God \" . The wetlands in-and around the command area are not protected . This contrasts with the lakeshore , where local males have use of plots only 3 m wide but stretching hundreds of metres towards and into the lake to enable cultivation as during the lake ' s annual dry season recession . The closest villages to the shore were built under the Dergue regime to resettle drought-stricken people from Wollo . The lakeshore zone is also termed _Zelamoch Tabia , _ which can be translated as \" livestock centre \" , since much of the land is reserved for grazing . Access to the land by youth for cultivation is denied . # # # # # # _4 . 4 . 5 . 6_ * * _Livestock Husbandry_ * * 92 % of the households in the PCA are reported to own livestock ( RIDP FS ) , which are an integral part of the farming system in the floodplains and provide around 20 % of household incomes . # # # # # # _Cattle_ Cattle are essential as draught animals , harnessed in pairs to the wooden ploughs used for centuries to prepare the land for growing teff and other crops . They are also used in threshing , and provide a variety of other products and services , especially milk , manure , and ( as a last resort ) acting as saleable assets . Cattle dominate the livestock of the project", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "previous phases of the PSNP , safeguards at regional level were , and still are , managed by environmental and social staff of each regional Public Works Focal Unit ( PWFU ) . At regional level under PSNP4 safeguards performance has been Moderately Satisfactory , but as in the case of the federal level , for PSNP5 the needs of E & S Standards staff for each PWFU have been reviewed in the light of : - improvements required in the general level of supervision and support for E & S Standards compliance ; - the increase in woreda coverage under PSNP5 ; - the increased scope of social issues to be covered under PSNP5 , in terms of additional roll-out and - supervision ; - increased training requirements for E & S Standards . - In addition , the current capacity and future capacity requirements at woreda and kebele levels ( including DAs ) to ensure ESS compliance have been determined . The staffing requirements above for PSNP5 are set out in detail in the PSNP5 Environmental & Social Commitment Plan ( ESCP ) . # Entities responsible for the Livelihoods Sub-Component The LCU of the FSCD was responsible under the previous phases of the PSNP for the roll-out and overseeing of safeguards implementation for the Livelihoods sub-component . This responsibility will be continued for the E & S Standards under PSNP5 . While data on the implementation of the Livelihoods safeguards procedures was made available during the latter part of PSNP Phase IV , the monitoring of safeguards performance of this sub-component has suffered from a general lack of data , its performance is not known with any degree of confidence . Thus a detailed capacity assessment at all levels has been conducted to ensure that the necessary capacity is in place . The capacity assessment found that at federal level the MoA does not need additional staff , but MOLSA needs to recruit two additional staff to address social issues under the ESF . In the regions and at", "spans": [{"start": 1331, "end": 1398, "text": "data on the implementation of the Livelihoods safeguards procedures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Improve understanding of ways to raise awareness with men and boys about male SGBV survivors , the importance of supporting and referring female survivors of SGBV , and engaging in SGBV prevention activities . - _3 . 3 Improve access to existing SGBV services for men and boys_ - Map existing agencies who provide services to men and boys in communities as potential referral partners ; - Assess any barriers to men and boys accessing existing SGBV services ; - If necessary , encourage gender diversity among SGBV staff ( e . g . consider recruitment of males as staff and volunteers within some SGBV activities such as community outreach if this encourages male participation < sup > 4 < / sup > ) ; - Strengthen the existing referral system to respond to male survivors and ensure information on SGBV services is available for men and boys as well as for women and girls ; - Review current SOPs < sup > 5 < / sup > to link SGBV actors and organizations currently working on community mobilization to promote referral for men and boys ; - Raise the awareness of staff on the need to provide services for men and boys , as well as women and girls . # * * 4 . How can we better understand what violence is happening to men and boys currently ? * * - Integrate questions that target men and boys ’ safety concerns into existing assessment tools ( e . g . safety audits ) and SGBV assessments ; - Analyse data and information collected through the GBVIMS and ActivityInfo ( already disaggregated by sex and age ) to see trends in violence against men and boys ; # * * Final thoughts and suggestions * * Engaging with men and boys in SGBV prevention and responding to the needs of male SGBV survivors is a cross - ­ ‐ cutting issue that will require engaging with the Protection WG and its sub working groups ( Mental Health and Psychosocial Support SWG and Child Protection SWG ) as well as engagement with the Youth Task Force , the", "spans": [{"start": 1448, "end": 1454, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1459, "end": 1471, "text": "ActivityInfo", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "end-of-year school survey . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MEP Department of Statistics | | * * IRI 2 . 2 . 3 Percentage of G * * | * * rade 9 students whoparticipate in the Bebras Challenge competition * * | | Description | This indicator measures Grade 9 students annual participation in the Bebras challenge as registered online by MEP ’ s < br > Department of Technological Resources for Education ( DRTE ) or successor department in charge of the PNFT | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Online registration for Bebras | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Bebras participation is registered for each school through online portal | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | DRTE or successor department in charge of PNFT | | * * IRI 2 . 3 . 1 Item Bank for au * * | * * tomatized learning assessments developed * * | | Description | This indicator measures the development and regular update of an item bank with validated items for use in < br > standardized assessments inprimaryand secondaryschools for selected subjects andgrades . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Curriculum Department | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Memo from PIU detailing status of item bank in various subjects | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MEP Curriculum Department | | * * IRI 2 . 3 . 2 National Standa * * | * * rdized Assessment Result withgender disaggregationpublished * * | | Description | National Reports on standardized assessmentpublished annually . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | MEP Curriculum Department | Page 28", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 25, "text": "end-of-year school survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". # * * Table 2 . Poverty rates * * * * < u > by Governorate < / u > * * | * * Governorate * * | * * E * * < br > * * Poverty * * < br > * * rate * * | * * BCNV 2015 * * < br > * * Standard * * < br > * * error * * | * * cv * * | * * Poverty m * * < br > * * Poverty * * < br > * * rate * * | * * apping - Cen * * < br > * * Standard * * < br > * * error * * | * * sus 2014 * * < br > * * cv * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * TUNIS * * | 3 . 5 | 0 . 575 | 0 . 164 | 4 . 6 | 0 . 360 | 0 . 078 | | * * ARIANA * * | 5 . 4 | 0 . 698 | 0 . 129 | 7 . 0 | 1 . 024 | 0 . 146 | | * * BEN AROUS * * | 4 . 3 | 0 . 595 | 0 . 138 | 5 . 6 | 0 . 288 | 0 . 051 | | * * MANOUBA * * | 12 . 1 | 1 . 379 | 0 . 114 | 9 . 8 | 0 . 697 | 0 . 071 | 12", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 165, "text": "BCNV 2015", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- e . g . , the United States frequently applies two different TTB policies , such as an antidumping duty and a countervailing duty , to the same product and trading partner at the same time . The last columns indicate that , on average over 1995-2013 , the US had 4 . 9 percent of imported products covered by an imposed TTB in any year , and the maximum coverage was at 6 . 8 percent in 2012 . Finally , the mean share of imported products in a year that were subject to a new US TTB investigation - and that could potentially lead to new import restrictions - was 0 . 9 percent . The maximum share of imports subject to new TTB investigations was 3 . 9 percent of products in 2001 , when the US initiated a wide-ranging safeguard investigation over steel . Is there a pattern to which countries tend to utilize TTBs as import protection ? To summarize Bown ( 2011b ) , which also provides more detail on the underlying methodology , using more recent data from the World Bank ’ s Temporary Trade Barriers Database ( Bown , 2014a ) . Additional detail on the database is provided in the Data Appendix . Our analysis below is not comprehensive , however , and there are at least three other important aspects of TTB use that we mention briefly here . First , and as we describe elsewhere in this chapter , these policies are applied not only as ad valorem duties , but also frequently as specific duties , price undertakings , quotas , and tariff rate quotas . Second , our import coverage ratio measures do not address potentially significant variation in the restrictiveness of the policies ; here we only note that even when these policies are imposed as ad valorem import duties , they are sometimes set at prohibitive levels of greater than 100 , 500 , or 800 percent . Third , while the ‘ stock ’ measures introduced below are affected by the duration of the imposed policy - recall that WTO rules for each of them are that they are supposed to be ‘ temporary ’ ( i . e . , duration of less than 3-5 years", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1016, "text": "Temporary Trade Barriers Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Investments in early childhood are a critical determinant of later life outcomes , and stimulating activities — for example , shared reading and infant-directed speech — are an important way that older family members invest in young children ( Knudsen , Heckman , Cameron , and Shonkoff 2006 , Grantham-McGregor _et al_ . 2007 , Almond and Currie 2011 , Walker _et al_ . 2011 , Aizer and Cunha 2012 ) . Underinvestment in early childhood is an acute problem in low - and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) , where an estimated 43 percent of children are at risk of failing to meet their developmental potential because of inadequate nutrition and cognitive stimulation ( Black _et al_ . 2017 ) . A growing interdisciplinary literature examines the causes and consequences of parental investments in young children in LMICs , seeking to identify interventions that can change parenting practices to improve developmental outcomes in children and increase incomes in adulthood ( cf . Gertler _et al_ . 2014 , Black _et al_ . 2017 , Andrew _et al_ . 2018 ) . However , parents are not the only caregivers in most societies — in many low-income contexts , much of that work is done by older siblings , particularly sisters ( Weisner _et al_ . 1977 , Lancy 2015 ) . Though this pattern is well-documented in the anthropology literature , older siblings ’ role in childrearing is often ignored in academic and policy discussions of investments in early childhood . < sup > 1 < / sup > We model older siblings ’ contributions to the human capital accumulation of young chil - > 1Though older siblings are known to play an important role in caring for young children in LMIC contexts , standard approaches to quantitative measurement frequently ignore both the investments older children make in their younger siblings and the impacts that early childhood interventions ( including those that seek to change childrearing practices ) might have on sibling caregivers . For example , the standard format of the Family Care Indicators , one of the most widely used measures of early childhood stimulation , does not record stimulating activities carried out by household members under 15 years old ( Hamadani _et al_", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 adjustment , European bank leverage and reliance on wholesale funding remain relatively high compared to other regions where deleveraging also took place but started from lower levels . For many global European banks , the L / D ratios were above 100 percent and median asset values stood at almost 19 times equity , compared to around 10 times for their U . S . counterparts at end2010 ( figure 2 ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > * * Figure 3 . Foreign Claims of European Banks on Emerging and Developing Countries * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 , 600 < br > Asia & Pacific Mar 2005 – Dec 2011 < br > 1 , 400 Europe < br > Latin America / Caribbean < br > 1 , 200 Middle East < br > Africa < br > 1 , 000 < br > 800 < br > 600 < br > 400 < br > 200 < br > - < br > US $ billion < br > Mar . 2005 Jun . 2005 Sep . 2005 Dec . 2005 Mar . 2006 Jun . 2006 Sep . 2006 Dec . 2006 Mar . 2007 Jun . 2007 Sep . 2007 Dec . 2007 Mar . 2008 Jun . 2008 Sep . 2008 Dec . 2008 Mar . 2009 Jun . 2009 Sep . 2009 Dec . 2009 Mar . 2010 Jun . 2010 Sep . 2010 Dec . 2010 Mar . 2011 Jun . 2011 Sep . 2011 Dec . 2011 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Bank for International Settlements ( BIS ) , Consolidated Banking Statistics , table 9D . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 4 . European Consolidated Banking System Figure 5 . European Consolidated Banking < br > Leverage , 2007 – 11 System Loan to Deposit Ratios , 2007 – 10 < br > 28 27 . 9 13 200 < br > 181 < br > 175 < br > 171 < br > 162 < br > 26 152 < br > 25 . 0 12 150 147 < br > 138", "spans": [{"start": 1193, "end": 1224, "text": "Consolidated Banking Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Roads and < br > Bridgesproject | UNRA | 15-Dec-2023 | DONE | 30-May-2024 | | Consultancy Services for Road Safety Sensitization and < br > awareness Campaigns on Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road | UNRA | 15-Dec-2023 | DONE | 30-May-2024 | | Consultancy services for review and strengthening of < br > Environmental , Social , Health and Safety Management < br > Systems and itspilotingincludingannual system audits . | UNRA | 15-Dec-2023 | DONE | 30-Apr-2024 | | Consultancy services for study of mobility patterns and < br > barriers for women in refuge hosting districts and the < br > design of potential pilots for refugees to benefit from road < br > upgrading . | UNRA | 15-Jan-2024 | Delayed | 30-Nov-2024 | | Consultancy < br > Services < br > for < br > the < br > completion < br > of < br > the < br > development and the operationalization of a Road < br > Accident Database Management System ( RCDS ) . | UNRA | 15-Jan-2024 | Delayed | 30-Dec-2024 | | Consultancy Services for strengthening skills in handling < br > climate change and natural disasters risks in refugee < br > hosting areas , to improve contingency planning and climate < br > resilience of local communities and update of road design < br > manuals and specifications for civil works for climate < br > changeparameters . | UNRA | 15-Mar-2024 | Delayed | 30-Dec-2024 | | Hold an orientation conference between UNRA , the < br > consultant for construction supervision and the contractor < br > to ensure that roles and obligations of each party are < br > clearlyspelt out and understood . | WB", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "way to the real economy as credit . > 11 The ECB data shows that Greek bank deposits fell from a peak of Є245 billion in end-2009 to Є170 billion in February 2012 , while Spanish deposits fell by Є6 . 4 billion in February 2012 , after a Є17 billion fall in January 2012 .", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 53, "text": "ECB data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE wastewater services from the ZINWA to local governments , and the capital city water services to Harare Water , is an important step to restore coverage and service quality to pre-ZINWA levels . * * Figure 10 . Distribution losses and labor productivity among southern African utilities * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Latest available year < br > a . Distributional losses ( percentage of production ) b . Labor productivity ( connections per employee ) < br > 50 1000 < br > 45 900 < br > 40 800 < br > 35 700 < br > 30 600 < br > 25 500 < br > 20 400 < br > 15 300 < br > 10 200 < br > 5 100 < br > 0 0 < br > Percentage of production Connections per employee < br > Mozambique , Av . Zimbabwe , ZINWA Zambia , Av . Swaziland , SWSC Malawi , Av . Madagascar , JIRAMA Lesotho , WASA South Africa , Av . Namibia , Av . Botswana , WUC SSA Madagascar , JIRAMA South Africa , Av . Namibia , Av . Zambia , Av . Lesotho , WASA Zimbabwe , ZINWA Mozambique , Av . Swaziland , SWSC Malawi , Av . SSA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ AICD water and sanitation utilities database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . _Note : _ Per water connection . Zimbabwe data is for 2008 ; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa . Another problem is that water tariffs do not cover costs . At an estimated $ 0 . 23 and $ 0 . 82 per m < sup > 3 < / sup > for residential and nonresidential tariffs , respectively , the ZINWA ‘ s tariffs are below the tariffs reported in other water-scarce countries in Africa and other developing regions in the world ( see table 7 ) . About 60 percent of total water and sanitation sector spending needs comes from urban areas . This is due to the relatively rapid population growth in urban as opposed", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1154, "text": "AICD water and sanitation utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "year or two years earlier ( is statistically significant but and are not ) . Based on the estimated coefficients , after the outbreak of terrorism , per capita GDP in the Basque Country declined about 10 μμ < sup > 1 < / sup > μμ < sup > 0 < / sup > μμ < sup > 2 < / sup > percentage points relative to the synthetic control region . Impacts on the formal sector are assessed by Blumenstock et al . ( 2018 ) , who investigate how private sector firms in Afghanistan respond to changes in the local security situation . Whether the firms are active is assessed based on call detail records from one of the country ’ s largest mobile network operators between April 2013 and December 2016 . Call detail records are from cell phone towers spanning two7", "spans": [{"start": 569, "end": 588, "text": "call detail records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > 45 < / sup > Once fully operational , the new site will have the capacity to house approximately 25 , 000 refugees . 39 . * * Combined with Phase I , DRDIP II will ensure that all * * * * _kebeles_ within a 20-kilometer radius of the refugee camps and sites will be covered by the project , in line with the government ’ s original plan * * . The exception is for the new refugee site in Amhara , where all _kebeles_ within a 35-kilometer radius will be covered . This decision follows a January 2022 government assessment , which identified major impacts from the conflict , including extensive destruction of public facilities . The scale of the damage has raised concerns over the potential for tensions with refugees , justifying an additional investment of funds to support inclusion and stability in Amhara . In the DRDIP I areas to be covered during Phase II , activities will be implemented under all sub-components , except for the community investment fund > 44 Gure-Shombolla camp in Mao-Komo _woreda , _ Benishangul Region ; Pugnido 2 Camp in Gog _woreda , _ Gambella Region ; and Nguenyiel and Akula Refugee Camps in Itang special _woreda , _ Gambella Region . > 45 RRS and UNHCR have emphasized that Alemwach is not a refugee camp , but a site where refugees will live in a manner designed to integrate them into local society from the outset . Accordingly the term “ site ” is used rather than “ camp ” . Page 17 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 493, "end": 527, "text": "January 2022 government assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Babu et al . , 2018 ) . As shown in Table 1 , aid distribution rates were much higher in 2015 and 2016 versus 2013 , with a TA-level average of more than one distribution per household . The summary statistics in 2016 provide a rough proxy for aid > 18 We use the nominal values in the analysis below , and control for inflation with time and location fixed effects . Given Malawi ’ s currency devaluation in 2012 , it is difficult to adequately convert nominal to real Malawi kwacha with publicly available data . We did calculate an inflation correction factor to generate real values , but given data issues , we felt it was better to use nominal values with fixed effects . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 # * * I . INTRODUCTION * * Most economists accept that , in the long run , open economies fair better in aggregate than do closed ones , and that relatively open policies contribute significantly to development . Many commentators fear , however , that in the shorter run , one of the steps towards openness – trade liberalization – harms the poorer actors in the economy , and that even in the longer run successful open regimes may leave some people behind in poverty . Africa remains the poorest continent of the world . Yet , at the same time , African countries have experienced significant improvements in trade liberalization . It seems that the large gains expected from opening up to international economic forces have , to date , been limited in Africa , especially for poor people . While the traditional trade theory predicts welfare gains from openness at the country level through specialization , investment in innovation , productivity improvement , or a better resource allocation , the theoretical impact of trade on the poor remains uncertain . Besides , empirical results do not converge on this point and it seems that developing countries are not equally able to make use of the opportunities arising out of increased access to markets in the developed world . The contribution of this paper lies in providing new cross-country empirical evidence focused on Africa on how the poverty reduction effect of greater trade openness depends on a variety of structural characteristics , including some that are subject to reform . Using a panel of African countries over the period 1981-2010 and testing for non-linearities in the trade-poverty relationship , this paper explores the empirical link between trade openness and poverty . Its results uncover an interesting pattern of reform complementarity : trade openness tends to reduce poverty in countries as their financial sector grows deeper , their education level higher and their governance stronger . Our concern is with poverty , not inequality . Since trade liberalization tends to increase the opportunities for economic activity , it can very easily widen income inequality while at the same time reduce poverty . Consequently , statements about its effects on inequality cannot be translated directly into statements about its impact on absolute poverty", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "then decreased from According to Rahman and Haque ( 1988 ) , poverty decreased from the mid 1970 ' s to the mid 1980 ' s . For the later period , estimates based on group data for the Household Expenditure Surveys published by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics indicate that in both rural and urban areas , poverty increased in the late 1980 ' s and early 1990 ' s ( Khundker , Mahmud , Sen , and Ahmed , 1994 ; Hossain and Sen , 1992 ) . This was confirmed using the unit level data of the surveys up to 1991-92 ( Wodon , 1995 , 1997 ) . Additional work based on a smaller survey conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies within rural areas also show an increase in poverty in the late 1 980s , followed by a decrease between 1990 and 1994 ( Rahman and Hossain , 1995 ; Rahman , Hossein , and Sen , 1996 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 184, "end": 213, "text": "Household Expenditure Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 01 | 78 . 27 | | Jamaica | 51 . 78 | 51 . 78 | | Panama | 71 . 14 | 38 . 56 | | Bangladesh | 87 . 67 | 95 . 45 | | Vietnam | 66 . 51 | 50 . 28 | _Source : _ Original calculations using data from household surveys , IBNET , and national utilities and programs . See the data and methodology section , and the appendix , for more detail . _Note : _ Poor households are defined as belonging to the first four deciles of the expenditure ( or income ) distribution in each country . Error of inclusion is measured by the percentage of all beneficiary households that are rich ; error of exclusion is measured by the percentage of poor households that do not get a subsidy . All figures are calculated using sample weights . # * * 4 Conclusion * * This paper offers a methodology to both estimate the amount of subsidy resulting from piped water consumption tariffs and assess the resulting subsidy ’ s efficacy in improving the accessibility and affordability of service for the poor . In an analysis of 10 low - and middle-income countries , we find that piped water is substantially subsidized , as existing tariffs do not fully recover the costs of service provision . Moreover , these consumption subsidies fail to efficiently address service gaps among the poor due to ineffective targeting . Our analysis reveals remarkably consistent findings across countries , despite their great diversity in terms of economic development , national income levels , piped water coverage , and the costs of producing and distributing piped water . 20", "spans": [{"start": 197, "end": 214, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Becker , Gary S . and Nigel Tomes ( 1979 ) , “ An equilibrium theory of the distribution of income and intergenerational mobility ” , Journal of Political Economy 87 : 1153-1189 . Becker , Gary , & Kominers , Scott Duke & Murphy , Kevin M . & Spenkuch , J ̈ org L . , 2015 . “ A Theory of Intergenerational Mobility , ” MPRA Paper 66334 , University Library of Munich , Germany . Binder , Melissa and Christopher Woodruff . 2002 . “ Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility in Schooling : The Case of Mexico . ” Economic Development and Cultural Change , Vol . 50 , Iss . 2 , pp . 249-267 . Behrman , J . , A . Gaviria and M . Szekely ( 2001 ) , “ Intergenerational Mobility in Latin America , ” Economia , Vol . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 44 . Behrman , Jere R . , ( 1999 ) . “ Labor markets in developing countries ” , in : O . Ashenfelter & D . Card ( ed . ) , Handbook of Labor Economics , edition 1 , volume 3 , chapter 43 , pages 2859-2939 Elsevier . Bjorklund A and K . Salvanes . ( 2011 ) . “ Education and Family Background : Mechanisms and Policies , Handbook in the Economics of Education vol 3 , E A Hanushek , S Machin and L Woessmann ( es . ) , The Netherlands : North Holland , 2011 , pp . 201-247 . Bj ̈ orklund , A . , Lindahl , M . , & Plug , E . ( 2006 ) . “ The origins of intergenerational associations : Lessons from Swedish adoption data . ” The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 999-1028 . Bossuroy , T and Denis Cogneau , 2013 . “ Social Mobility in Five African Countries , ” Review of Income and Wealth , vol . 59 , pages S84-S110 , October . Black , S , & Paul J . Devereux & Petter Lundborg & Kaveh Majlesi , 2015 . “ Poor Little Rich Kids ? The Determinants of the Intergenerational Transmission of Wealth , ” NBER Working Papers 21409 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Inc", "spans": [{"start": 1325, "end": 1346, "text": "Swedish adoption data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "even though several parks have enjoyed rapid and sustained growth ( annual growth in sales of 50 % ) . 10 Electronics and telecommunications industries , despite considerable efforts toward their development , do not generate many new jobs . 11 Altogether these industries ’ share reached 8 . 7 % of the manufacturing total labor force in 2000 , up from 7 . 3 % in 1994 ( table 2 ) . On the other hand , the labor-intensive light industries employed more than 30 % of the labor force in 2000 . Growing steadily , the traditional basic industries — such as metal products , chemicals , and machinery , which have not received priority attention from the authorities — had about 57 % of the labor force in 2000 . | * * Table 2 . Number and Share of Workers in Manufacturing * * | * * Industries ( 1994-2000 ) * * < br > * * a * * | | - - - | - - - | | 1994 < br > 1996 | 1998 < br > 2000 | > 8 Calculated based on data from _China Statistical Yearbook 1999_ , and _China Labor Statistical Yearbook 2002_ , China Statistics Press , Beijing . > 9 The lower estimate reflects published data of Ministry of Public Security , the higher estimate is by the World Bank based on the 2000 census . > 10 Dahlman , C . and J . Aubert , _China & Knowledge Economy : Seizing the 21st Century_ , 2001 , the World Bank , Washington , DC . > 11 Ibid . 5", "spans": [{"start": 1071, "end": 1116, "text": "published data of Ministry of Public Security", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1173, "end": 1184, "text": "2000 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 33 - 3 . 32 Overall , the data on objectives suggest that nonform ' l components and components in LAC , EMENA and Asia were more complex , seeking to address more issues . African and post-secondary components were least complex . Manpower expansion and improvement in the quality of training were the dominant aims of all investments , with some attention being given to upgrading worker skills and improving access for disadvantaged groups . 3 . 33 Few differences are observed across country income levels . This may suggest that , in terms of the intended outcomes selected by project designers , the nature of the economy has received relatively little attention . 3 . 34 Changes Over Time : The data in Table 13 reflect more than twenty years of investment history . The pattern of emphasis on different objectives has changed over this period . Although the changes have been relatively small , they indicate reduced emphasis on manpower expansion and quality improvement and increased attention to upgrading worker skills and improving access for disadvantaged groups . The data , disaggregated for three time periods , are shown in Table 14 . Only data for the four most frequently cited client objectives are given . Table 14 : Changes In Percentage Distribution of Client Objectives , Three Time Periods : SLmmary Data | Type of < br > ObJective | liLme < br > P < br > FY63-70 | erods < br > FY71-78 | FY79-87 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Manwaer Expansion | 41 | 39 | 35 | | ImproveTraining < br > Quality | 41 | 37 | 34 | | Upgrade Worker Skills | 06 | 09 | 14 | | Improve Access of Grouvs | - 0 - | 07 | 09 | | TOTALS ( % ) | 88 | 92 | 92 |", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 46, "text": "data on objectives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 704, "end": 720, "text": "data in Table 13", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < mark > Make transparent any conditions associated with an offer of a stay , including duration , notice period , as well as any < / mark > expectation of labour such as cooking or cleaning . - Include information on whether pets and / or children are accepted when creating advertisements or ascribing to hosting databases , as well as other information outlined within < u > EUAA ’ s practical recommendations : ‘ Table 2 : information for hosts to gather . ’ < / u > - Provide information on accessibility for persons with disabilities and older persons e . g . whether wheelchair accessible , suitable for children with disabilities etc . within offers . - Consider setting up front and abiding to a minimum notice period should you be required to re-claim the property . - If offering ‘ work for board ’ or similar conditions , creating an informal contract can help tenants feel more secure , and understand what ’ s expected of them . The contract should include hours expected , rate of pay etc . Hosts envisaging this type of exchange should pay tenants directly and allow them to then re-imburse for rental costs . Even if symbolic , this can support tenants ' self-esteem , as well as upholding of dignity and autonomy . - Do not host if motivated by expectations of sexual or romantic relationships with tenants . Persons fleeing Ukraine are in extremely vulnerable psychological , social and economic positions . Expectations of any form of romantic and / or sexual relationships in exchange for housing is inappropriate and an abuse of power . - Be transparent about who tenants will be sharing premises with , and provide information on living quarters ( e . g . single room , private bathroom ) etc . - Respect tenants ' private spaces and agree on boundary setting e . g . knocking before entering a room , not entering a tenant ’ s room while they ’ re not there , not disturbing tenants after certain hours . 21", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 326, "text": "hosting databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 : Validation with SICONFI data - verification < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 4000 < br > 1000 < br > 3000 < br > 2000 < br > 500 < br > 1000 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PB PE < br > 1000 600 < br > 750 < br > 400 < br > 500 < br > 200 < br > 250 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > PR RS < br > 800 1500 < br > 600 < br > 1000 < br > 400 < br > 200 500 < br > 0 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > SP % difference from SICONFI data < br > 6000 < br > 4000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 < br > < - 25 - 20 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 > < br > % difference from SICONFI data < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > Frequency < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure presents the percentage deviation in total amount of budget verifications , at the municipality-year level , between our dataset and SICONFI , the public finance dataset of the Brazilian Treasury . Values are positive whenever the total amount in our dataset , aggregated from individual verifications , is larger than that of SICONFI . See Table 1", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 39, "text": "SICONFI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1287, "end": 1294, "text": "SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* # # INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA FOR A HIGHWAY SECTOR PROJECT 1 . I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed loan to the Republic of Kenya for the equivalent of US $ 90 . 0 million to help finance the highway sector development program . The loan would have a term of 21 years , including 5-1 / 2 years of grace 1 / , with interest at 7 % per annum . # # PART I - THE ECONOMY 2 . A report entitled \" Kenya Economic Memorandum \" ( Report No . 2441-KE , dated March 28 , 1979 ) has been distributed to the Executive Directors . A summary of social and economic data is at Annex I . A Basic Economic Report on Kenya is now under preparation - - the mission to complete the report returned from Kenya in mid-November . # # Economic Structure and Trends 3 . During the first fifteen years of independence Kenya has had continuity in leadership and development strategy . That strategy has been to promote rapid economic growth by means of public investment , encouragement of both smallholder and large-scale farming , and the promotion of accelerated industrialization through incentives for private ( including foreign ) investment in modern industry . With the death of President Kenyatta and the tensions prevailing in the areas surrounding Kenya , there is inevitably some uncertainty about the future . Nevertheless , present indications are that the main directions of Kenyan development strategy will be continued , albeit with increased emphasis on poverty alleviation and social services . 4 . Kenya is a poor country with an economy still largely dependent on agriculture . Average per capita income in 1977 was US $ 270 and agriculture accounted for one-third of GDP on average during the period 1975-77 . Agriculture provided about 60 % of export earnings in 1977 and remains the major source of livelihood for the 90 % of the population which lives in rural areas .", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 724, "text": "social and economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # * * 4 . Environmental and Socio-economic Baseline Conditions * * # # # # * * 4 . 1 General * * The Hawassa-Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line ( TL ) and Shashemene II substation subproject is located in the Oromia and Sidama Regional States . The TL is 20 . 0km long with 30m wide route corridor ( Right-of-Way ) while the substation covers 9 . 0ha of land . This section describes the baseline status of the corridor along the power TL and substation covering both the natural and social environments . The baseline analysis was completed through the use of a combination of secondary data sources and primary data gathered through field assessments along the TL route corridor and substation site . Data for this chapter were compiled from : - _Primary Sources : _ This included gathering information from field surveys and stakeholder consultations in the subproject area . - _Secondary Sources : _ This included data from literature reviews , satellite images and previous study maps and reports . The baseline condition of the subproject area serves as the basis for identification , prediction , and evaluation of risks and impacts . The following section describes the baseline environment into three broad categories : Physical , Biological and Socio-economic Environment . # # # # * * 4 . 2 Physical Environment * * # # # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 Landform and Topography * * The topography of the corridor of the Hawassa-Shashemene 230kV power transmission line is predominantly flat and rolling terrain . The two major slope / terrain classes traversed by the proposed TL are flat or almost flat and gently sloping topography that comprises about 38 % and 49 % of the total length of the transmission route respectively . The", "spans": [{"start": 1017, "end": 1030, "text": "field surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Doubling graduation rates : Three-year effects of CUNY ’ s Accelerated Study in Associate Programs ( ASAP ) for developmental education students . New York : MDRC . - [ 59 ] Solis , A . ( 2017 ) . Credit access and college enrollment . _Journal of Political Economy , 125 ( 2 ) , _ pp . 562-622 . - [ 60 ] Sommo , C . , Cullinan , D . , Manno , M . , Blake , S . , & Alonzo , E . ( 2018 ) . Doubling graduation rates in a new state : Two-year findings from the ASAP Ohio demonstration . New York : MDRC , Policy Brief . - [ 61 ] Stange , K . M . ( 2012 ) . An empirical investigation of the option value of college enrollment . _American Economic Journal : Applied Economics 4 ( 1 ) , _ pp . 49-84 - [ 62 ] Stinebrickner , R . & T . R . Stinebrickner ( 2004 ) . Time-Use and college outcomes . _Journal of Econometrics , 121 ( 1-2 ) , _ pp 243-269 . - [ 63 ] Stinebrickner , R . & T . R . Stinebrickner ( 2014 ) . Academic performance and college dropout : Using longitudinal expectations data to estimate a learning model . _Journal of Labor Economics , 32 ( 3 ) , _ pp . 601 - 644 . - [ 64 ] Trachter , N . ( 2015 ) . Stepping stone and option value in a model of post-secondary education . _Quantitative Economics , 6 ( 1 ) , _ pp . 223-256 . - [ 65 ] World Bank ( 2016 ) . Poverty and shared prosperity 2016 : Taking on inequality . World Bank Publications . - [ 66 ] Zamarro , G . , C . Hitt , & I . Mendez ( 2019 ) . When students don ’ t care : Reexamining international differences in achievement and student Effort . _Journal of Human Capital , 13 ( 2 ) , _ pp . 519-552 . 50", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 997, "text": "longitudinal expectations data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 352 | 0 . 109 | 0 . 312 | | HH has internet | 0 . 077 | 0 . 266 | 0 . 076 | 0 . 266 | | HH has calculator | 0 . 826 | 0 . 379 | 0 . 811 | 0 . 392 | | Aspires to attend college | 0 . 385 | 0 . 487 | 0 . 315 | 0 . 465 | | Studies English | 0 . 117 | 0 . 321 | 0 . 098 | 0 . 298 | | _School Characteristics_ | | | | | | Student teacher ratio | 25 . 203 | 7 . 363 | 24 . 927 | 7 . 251 | | Has computer | 0 . 485 | 0 . 5 | 0 . 497 | 0 . 5 | | More than 1 grade per classroom | 0 . 26 | 0 . 439 | 0 . 27 | 0 . 444 | | Proportion of teachers with university | 0 . 313 | 0 . 274 | 0 . 304 | 0 . 278 | Source : Authors calculations : ENLACE 2007-2008 merged with context questionnaires and school characteristics . # _B . Descriptive variables on outcomes_ Table 3 shows the proportion of students enrolled after sixth grade , which we take as a baseline for our study . We present the proportion enrolled in seventh grade , ninth grade and twelfth grade , by gender and for the samples of schools in medium to very high marginalized areas and for students in indigenous primary schools during sixth grade . The Table shows enrollment , proxied by the proportion of students taking the ENLACE in that year . According to the Table , about 60 % of males and 64 % of female sixth graders are captured in the seventh grade ENLACE applied in the next academic year and about 30 % of males and 32 % of females are captured as taking the twelfth grade ENLACE . As mentioned before , this is an underestimate of enrollment 16", "spans": [{"start": 1301, "end": 1321, "text": "seventh grade ENLACE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1447, "text": "twelfth grade ENLACE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _IV . 4 Inequality and poverty_ We also examine the spatial pattern of expenditure inequality ( the Gini coefficient ) in Vietnam . The provincial estimates of the Gini coefficients can be found in Table A . 10 in the Appendix . Inequality varies across provinces and districts albeit with small differences . Average inequality ( based on expenditure ) is rather low at 0 . 27 for provinces and 0 . 25 for districts . The province with the lowest Gini ( 0 . 23 ) is Thai Binh , while the province with the highest Gini ( 0 . 35 ) is Lam Dong . At the district level , the Gini coefficient varies from 0 . 17 to 0 . 47 . Meo Vac disitrict of Ha Giang province has the lowest Gini ( 0 . 17 ) , while Da Lat city of Lam Dong province has the highest Gini ( 0 . 47 ) . Interestingly , low levels of inequality are found in both the poorest provinces and the richest provinces . Figure 3 plots the relationship between poverty and inequality . The quadratic relationship is highly significant both at the province and district level . Inequality tends to be lower in areas with relative low poverty and areas with relatively high poverty rates , although the differences are not enormous . This finding is consistent with the Kuznets hypothesis that inequality first increases as the economy develops , and then decreases once a high level of economic development is reached . * * Figure 3 Inequality ( Gini index ) and poverty ( P0 ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > The poverty incidence in 2006 The poverty incidence in 2006 < br > Source : Authors ’ estimation from VHLSS 2006 and ARFC 2006 < br > . 35 . 5 < br > . 4 < br > . 3 < br > . 3 < br > Gini coefficient Gini coefficient < br > . 25 < br > . 2 < br > . 2 . 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": T-Statistics in parentheses . * : significant at 10 % level , * * : significant at 5 % level # * * IV . 2 Investment * * Our results for investment seem less robust to specification . We still use the three monthly deposit rate as a proxy of the opportunity cost of funds , due to the lack of reliable lending rate data . Although the levels of lending and deposit rates are different , the variation in the deposit rate would be expected to track the variation in the lending rate reasonably well . The results of the basic equation estimation for private fixed capital formation are in the first two columns of Table 12 . Though the capital account does not significantly affect private fixed capital formation whether real M2 is included or not , the real interest rate becomes significantly negative only when it is included . But the sign of the coefficient of real M2 is negative , which is not plausible . The results for fixed capital formation by the public sector , as shown in the last two columns of Table 11 are not different . Capital flows do not significantly enter any of the two equations , while the implausible sign on real M2 persists . Error correction versions of the estimation are summarized in Table 13 . It can seen that public investment still is not related to capital flows , but capital flows , in past level , or past changes , do effect private fixed capital formation . Based on the error correction", "spans": [{"start": 304, "end": 321, "text": "lending rate data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Basic data on the agronomic characteristics of the plant , time required for plant maturity ; manpower requirement for land preparation and planting ; seedling rate per hectare ; costs of seedlings and productivity per tree or per hectare of land were collected from the Woreda Offices ; - The required costs for land improvement ( land levelling and equipment ) was computed on hectare of land basis ; - Data on prices of the different fruits were collected from local markets and Woredas ; and - To those trees which provide produces annually , the compensation cost is computed on the basis of tree characteristics and the 15 years benefit . However , for other trees forgone benefits are calculated on the bases of the production rate and the basis of the time required to give production . On the basis of the above data , the compensation rates are computed and the recommended cost to compensate for loss of perennial trees is shown in Table 10 . 3 . Table 10 . 3 : Compensation Estimation for Loss of Perennial Crops and Woreda | | * * Type of Fruit * * | | * * Unit Rate ( * * | * * Birr / Tree ) * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Sr . No * * | < br > * * Trees / Perennial Crops * * | * * Big * * | * * Medium * * | * * Small * * | * * Seedling * * | | 1 | _Coffee / _ቡና | _792_ | _612_ | _342_ | _60_ | | 2 | _Chat / _ጫት | _2 , 000_ | _1 , 500_ | _750_ | _120_ | |", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 599, "text": "Data on prices of the different fruits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Secondary Education Quality Improvement_ * * < sup > * * _Project_ * * < / sup > * * _Annual Report and Financial Statements_ * * < sup > * * _for the financial yearended 30 June , 2025_ * * < / sup > # # # # * * 5 . STATEMENT OF PROJECT * * < sup > * * MANAGEMENTRESPONSIBILITIES * * < / sup > The Principal Secretary < sup > for the StateDepartmentforBasicEducationandtheProjectCoordinator < / sup > for * * SEQIP * * project are < sup > responsibleforthepreparationandpresentationoftheProject ' sfinancial < / sup > statements . which give < sup > atrue andfairviewof thestateof affairsof theProjectforandasattheend < / sup > of the financial year ended < sup > on < / sup > < sup > * * 30 * * June2025 . < / sup > This responsibility includes < sup > * * ( i ) * * Maintainingadequatefinancialmanacement arrangementand < / sup > ensuring that these continue to * * be * * effective < sup > throughoutthe reporting period , ( ii ) Maintaining < / sup > < sup > * * proper * * < / sup > accounting records , which < sup > disclosewith reasonableaccuracyatanytime thefinancialposition of < / sup > the project , ( iii ) Designing , implementing < sup > andmaintaininginternalcontrolsrelevanttothe < / sup > preparation and fair presentation < sup > of thefinancial statement , andensuringthat theyarefreefrom < / sup > material misstatements , whether due < sup > toerroror fraud , ( iv ) safeguarding", "spans": [{"start": 994, "end": 1012, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "● | ● | | ● | | ● | | | | Vanuatu | ● | ● | ● | ● | | ● | ● | | | Number of North Countries | 22 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 22 | | | Number of South Countries | 178 | 178 | 57 | 192 | 95 | 192 | 148 | | | Number of Offshore Centers | 21 | 21 | 14 | 24 | 7 | 25 | 12 | Note : The coverage of bank loans and deposits has been extended by the use of mirror data obtained from the 47 Bank for International Settlements ( BIS ) reporting countries reporting assets and liabilities vis-à-vis all countries and jurisdictions ( appendix , section A . 1 ) . Sources and destinations not marked with dots are not identified as separate countries by the BIS , but are included in the data reported by their governing country . For foreign direct investment ( FDI ) , coverage was enhanced through a similar procedure , using liabilities reported by the destination country when asset data are missing ( appendix , section A . 3 ) . This table indicates , for each country in the sample , whether we have data on that country as a source and destination . A country is considered a source ( destination ) of international investments if , for at least one year , the sum of all international investment positions for which the country is a source ( destination ) of funds is non-missing . For international reserves , we have country-to-region data , so we only indicate whether a country is a source . The list of offshore financial centers ( OFCs ) is based on the list of countries included in the International Monetary Fund ' s Staff Assessments on Offshore Financial Centers ( OFCs ) ( available at : https : / / www . imf . org / external / np / ofca / ofca . aspx ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1314, "end": 1336, "text": "country-to-region data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indicators are methodologically not directly comparable , however , because the impact evaluation captured only the application of chemical feliilizer in five regions . Official CSA data apply to an regions and include organic fertilizer . - _ \" Costs and contribution of fertilizer to production and economic welfare . _ According to official data , overall grain production appears to have increased by 5 . 6 percent with associated average yield increases of2 . 6 percent . An indicative benefit-cost analysis ( Annex 3 ) suggests that the application of fertilizer has been profitable and economically efficient , both at the farm and aggregate level . The weighted average value-cost ratio ( VCRs ) of three representative crops is 2 . 4 and the overall benefit-cost ratio is 3 . 8 . The economic welfare impacts are likely to be related to increased or stabilized cereal production , which protect the most vulnerable groups from price increases , in particular the poorer urban population . 42 . Field interviews by the team preparing this Implementation and Completion Results Report ( ICR ) and information from the impact assessment by DSA ( 2010 ) suggest that the fertilizer that was supplied was generally of satisfactory quality . In fact , fertilizer quality may have been marginally better in 2009-10 than in previous years , perhaps - 12 -", "spans": [{"start": 178, "end": 186, "text": "CSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "identification of individuals , creation of the national identification number , and establishment of a national register was enacted in Djibouti . Article 5 of this 2019 Law also provides for access to the national identification number for any foreigner residing regularly on Djiboutian territory . This includes refugees and asylum-seekers . Article 12 of the same law stipulates that the national register constitutes the unique reference for the identification of individuals and the production of all secure titles and national documents such as civil status certificates , national identity cards , travel documents , voter cards , driver ’ s licenses , vehicle registration documents , work permits for foreigners , and criminal records . However , this new legislation has not been fully implemented as the government is still taking the necessary steps to ensure the interoperability of different national databases . Additionally , it is anticipated that a national population census scheduled for 2024 will also help prepare for the implementation of this law . Refugees and asylum-seekers are expected to be included in this upcoming national census . 5 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > * * D J I B O U T I * *", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 994, "text": "national population census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1147, "end": 1162, "text": "national census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lead to higher PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations ( McClure and Jaffe , 2018 ) , are a particular source of concern . To limit the influence of surface PM2 _ . _ 5 related to wildfires , we follow Qiu et al . ( 2023 ) and omit observations plausibly affected by wildfires . Specifically , we use data from the Global Fire Emissions Database version 4 ( GFED4s ) < sup > 6 < / sup > described in Van Der Werf et al . ( 2017 ) . This dataset provides monthly information on carbon emissions from fires at a spatial resolution of 0 . 25 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > x0 . 25 < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > and at a monthly frequency between 1997 and 2022 . Using this information , we identify and exclude from the sample plant-month-year observations where fire emissions are observed within 50 km of a power plant . To account for other confounding factors , we also include in our dataset several meteorological variables derived from the Weather for Energy Tracker database ( IEA and CMCC , 2022 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > These variables provide monthly frequency information and correspond to the mean value observed within 50 km of each power plant . The meteorological variables are : temperature ( < sup > _ ◦ _ < / sup > C at 2m ) , total precipita - > 5https : / / sites . wustl . edu / acag / datasets / surface-pm2-5 / > 6https : / / www . geo . vu . nl / gwerf / GFED / GFED4 / > 7https : / / www . iea . org / data-and-statistics / data-tools / weather-for-energy-tracker . 9", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 342, "text": "Global Fire Emissions Database version 4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 345, "end": 351, "text": "GFED4s", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 918, "end": 953, "text": "Weather for Energy Tracker database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 15 : Factors of well ‐ being worsening by vulnerable and non ‐ vulnerable groups , % of respondents_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 % < br > 35 % < br > other < br > 30 % inflation < br > 25 % loan servicing < br > 20 % health < br > change of HH composition < br > 15 % < br > loss of additional income < br > 10 % < br > retirement < br > 5 % < br > lower salary < br > 0 % job loss < br > vulnerable average vulnerable average vulnerable average vulnerable average < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . There were differences in the way the crisis affected labor income of different social groups : - Job losses were more commonly reported as a factor of well ‐ being deterioration by individuals with high education levels rather than those with secondary specialized education or lower education levels . On the contrary , the latter faced a higher risk of falling nominal wages . - Those identified as partly employed faced a higher risk of well ‐ being reduction due to loss of job or nominal wages reduction than other social groups . On the contrary , retirees were mostly affected by real decreases in their income ( pensions ) that took place in 2016 and 2017 . - Households with children appeared to be more exposed to the risk of nominal wages reductions , on average , while single parent households were also vulnerable to inflation , as they have fewer possibilities to optimize their consumption structure compared to larger households with more diversified income sources and larger scale effect . The economic recovery of 2017 allowed to moderate some of the losses for affected households . Well ‐ being improvements were reported by 11 . 8 percent of households ‐ ‐ significantly higher than in 2016 ( Figure 16 ) . In particular , a larger share of the population reported well ‐ being gains from improved terms of employment and higher wages .", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 598, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK ) ( P161387 ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) < br > By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | | Value | No < br > No < br > Yes < br > Yes | | Date | - - < br > 30-Jan-2020 < br > 01-Oct-2020 < br > - - | | * * Comments * * | An agreed plan is in place for a human resource data management system which consolidates individual MDA < br > payrolls developed in GHRIS . The plan includes user requirements , which specify the business processes , < br > information requirements and interfaces between the individual payrolls , as well as , provisions for a < br > consolidated database in GHRIS and IFMIS with a common data structure . The DLI has been achieved and < br > verified . Associated disbursement is ready for withdrawal . | ► DLI 16 DLR4b : Number of MDAs whose payroll data has been uploaded to GHRIS and are up to date . ( Outcome , 18 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | Date | - - | 30-Jan-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | - - | Delays experienced in the development of the GHRIS plan have resulted in this DLR not being achieved in 2018 / 19 and 2019 / 20 . Considering the pace of progress in this Result Area", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 983, "text": "payroll data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "errors at that same level to allow for correlation in the error term of household heads within a district . Ghana is administratively divided into 10 regions , 6 metropolitan assemblies and 55 municipal assemblies which are subdivided into 216 districts , each one with its own district assembly . Over time the number of districts has changed : in 1984 there were 141 local authorities which were reorganized into 110 districts in 1989 within a decentralization effort of the government , 28 districts were created by splitting some of the original 110 by 2006 , in February 2008 the number was brought to 170 . Since then , a further 46 districts were added bringing the total to 216 districts . We were able to map all the changes occurred over time and to match the administrative units of 1984 with the 170 districts available in GLSS-6 . < sup > 11 < / sup > Intuitively , the first stage is meant to capture a simple process : immigrants tend to settle where other immigrants from the same village ( or town ) of origin reside , and this is remarkably more so in a multiethnic country like Ghana where there is a strong overlap between administrative regions > 11 This number ( 104 ) is well above the threshold of 30 clusters that Cameron et al . ( 2008 ) find to be the lower bound below which standard asymptotic tests can over-reject the null . 11", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 841, "text": "GLSS-6", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rather save some for investing and savings . There will likely always be some individuals with very low or negative income each year due to a negative capital shock or for other reasons . Yet this may not imply that their consumption falls below any problematic threshold . This poses a challenge for our study because it is not obvious that income poverty can be ended . For that reason , we convert income distributions to consumption distributions by applying the following formula : ln ( c m m m ) ) cc ) = llcc ( iic < sup > 0 . 93 < / sup > + 0 . 68 + 0 . 26 ∗ ln ( iic ( 1 ) This is derived by exploiting 150 surveys spanning 16 countries where for a given year , there exists both an income aggregate and consumption aggregate in the World Bank ’ s Poverty and Inequality Platform . For each of these surveys , the distributions are converted to 100 quantiles of matching income-consumption pairs ( i . e . the income and consumption level at a particular quantile for a particular country-year ) . The functional form in equation ( 1 ) is chosen as it reflects a scenario where both the consumption and income distributions follow a 3-parameter log normal distribution while allowing for these distributions to differ based on a country ’ s median income . The fit gives an R < sup > 2 < / sup > of 0 . 965 and hence highly accurately converts income to consumption distributions . Note that the conversion is not done at the household level , meaning that we do not convert a particular household ’ s income level to a consumption level . Rather , we convert the 2022 distributions to 1 , 000 quantiles and convert each of the income quantiles to consumption based on the equation above . More details about the income-consumption conversion are available in the appendix . For about 50 economies home to less than 2 % of the world ’ s population , we have no prior income or consumption data at all . These tend to be small high-income countries that do not share microdata as well as very closed countries , such", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 645, "text": "150 surveys spanning 16 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "e . , at time _t_ = - 1 . Table 2 presents summary statistics for the data used in the empirical analysis , and the Appendix provides more information on the underlying sources of the data . 16 Indeed , Bown and Crowley ( 2013a ) consider the role of WTO disciplines for high income economies . While the estimated IRRs from that paper are in line with theoretical expectations , they are not precisely estimated . One explanation for the imprecision is the lack of inter-temporal and cross-sectional variation in WTO disciplines across the five high income economies during this sample period . > 17 To clarify , we might also expect the _level_ of a country ’ s WTO disciplines to impact TTB determination . I . e . , policy-imposing countries that have bound less than 100 percent of their tariffs ( see column 1 of Table 1 ) might be less likely to use TTBs than others because there is no WTO discipline over products with unbound tariffs . However , because there is no inter-temporal variation in the share of a country ’ s MFN tariffs that are bound during the WTO period , any level differences are captured by the importing country indicator variables . < mark > 13 < / mark >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Instrumental Variables * * Even though we concede the difficulty in accounting for endogeneity issues in our estimations given the data at hand , as a robustness we present instrumental variables estimations that may not be compelling , but do provide some insight that may be beneficial for future research . We use two instruments for police strength – a dummy variable indicating whether the party of the chief executive is right-wing or not and the stock of international migrants as a % of the population . The right-wing indicator is obtained from the database of political institutions ( DPI ) and is defined as conservative , religious or right-wing . On the one hand right , wing governments may prefer less government intervention and are thus more likely to decrease the police force . On the other hand , although right wing governments may be in favor of budget cuts , they may also prefer a larger crackdown of police on criminal activity , consequently increasing the police budget . A priori , it is difficult to see which effect will dominate . Furthermore , it has been shown that conservative voters typically perceive immigrants as illegal , and thus a larger migrant stock may push conservative governments to spend more on increasing the police force ( Fennelly and Federico , 2008 ) . Thus we expect the international migrant stock in the country to be positively correlated with the size of the police force . The first-stage estimates are presented in column 2 of table 3 , with a negative coefficient for right wing governments and a positive coefficient for migration stocks , both with a significance of at least 5 % . This shows some support of a negative association of right wing governments with police size for the sample of countries in this study . We report the second-stage results using instrumental variables in table 3 , column 1 . The coefficient of police per 100 , 000 of population using instrumental variables retains the sign and significance of the base estimations . The magnitude increases in absolute terms from - 0 . 0011 in the base estimations to - 0 . 0025 in the estimations using the instrumental variables . As indicated in the", "spans": [{"start": 568, "end": 602, "text": "database of political institutions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ Woreda administrations . Thus , views and recommendations of the participants have been captured through consultation meetings . For administering household survey , enumerators were recruited and they received half day training on basic interviewing techniques , probing without leading , and recording responses on the questionnaires correctly . The survey team leaders conducted all the public consultations with communities and interviews with sector office experts and local government authorities . - _i ) Focus group discussions : _ They were employed to gather qualitative information . Discussions were held with representatives of sector offices and subproject affected Woreda administrations . Thus , views and recommendations of the participants have been captured through consultation meetings . - _ii ) Key informant interviews : _ In-depth interviews were conducted with sectors experts and local authorities in the subproject affected cities / Woredas in order to collect qualitative information using checklist questions . The interviews used to understand the views , concerns and suggestions of experts and authorities about the subproject idea and its implementation . - _iii ) Field observation : _ Additional information on the physical environment , community infrastructures and settlement pattern was captured through transect walking along the transmission line corridor . - _iv ) Taking notes and photos : _ Minutes and records of all consultation meetings and group discussions , and group photo of discussion participants were taken . - _v ) Public consultations / discussions : _ One of the plausible methods to do social impact assessment is involvement of all stakeholders interested , particularly of those directly and indirectly affected by a project . Therefore , this assessment has used participatory methodology ( i . e . community consultations and discussions with all stakeholders at different levels ) that is mandatory in the process of social impact assessment . Consultation meetings were held with stakeholders to understand risks , impacts , and opportunities of TL , and it allowed stakeholders to express their views", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 362, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * FRAGILITY AND POPULATION MOVEMENT IN AFGHANISTAN * * 12 . The World Bank , 2011 . _Migration and poverty . Towards better opportunities for the poor . _ Washington DC . 13 . The share of literate household heads in IDP households decreases to 43 percent when excluding secondary displacement , i . e . returnees who have been internally displaced upon return and that were IDPs at the time of the survey . 14 . Due to a relatively small sample size , the poverty rates of IDP and economic migrant households are estimated with lower precision , and therefore the difference in poverty rate compared to non-mobile households is not statistically significant . 15 . Afghanistan is characterized by sizeable differences in access to education between rural ( low ) and urban areas ( high ) . As detailed in the 2015 _Poverty Status Update_ report , urban / rural differences account for approximately one-third of differences in education opportunities for Afghan children . 16 . Probability of being in school was estimated using a Probit model and ALCS 2013 – 14 data . Controls include sex and age of the child ; composition and employment outcomes at the household level ; dummy variables identifying returnee households and IDP households ; whether the household has migrants and receives remittances ; quintiles of a wealth index ; urban residence and quintiles of an index indicating the severity of conflict in the district of residence . 17 . Ministry of Economy , World Bank ( 2015 ) : _Afghanistan Poverty Status_ Update . 18 . Some useful information can be obtained from the three available and comparable rounds of the Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey ( ALCS ) conducted in 2013 – 14 , 2011 – 12 and 2007 – 08 which collect information about household members who have left the household in the 12 months preceding the survey and about their reason for migrating . 19 . The collapse in oil prices had a strong impact on Iran ’ s economy , further magnified by international sanctions imposed in 2011 .", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1078, "text": "ALCS 2013 – 14 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1642, "end": 1678, "text": "Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # < mark > 1 . Baseline characteristics of population and sample < / mark > 1 . 1 Survey response < mark > 685 < / mark > Number of households selected to < u > participate in the study < / u > # # < mark > 44 % < / mark > Non-response rate ( i . e . could not be reached due to invalid number or refused to participate in the study ) # # # # 1 . 2 Sample population # # < mark > 386 < / mark > Number of households reached and agreed to participate in the study 2 , 206 household members in surveyed households # # 5 . 7 Average number of household members in surveyed households , including the head of household < mark > 52 . 0 % < / mark > household members are female 17 . 0 % household members aged < 5 years # # 7 . 4 Mean years of education for head of household Figure 1 : Year of arrival in Lebanon , by household ( n = 386 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 < br > 30 . 61 < br > 30 < br > 26 . 47 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 13 . 74 14 . 53 < br > 15 < br > 10 7 . 12 < br > 5 1 . 56 2 . 59 2 . 08 1 . 3 < br > 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 < br > Year of arrival < br > Figure 2 : Distribution of households by governorate ( n = 386 ) < br > 35 32 . 38 < br > 28 . 5 < br > 30 26 . 68 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 12 . 44 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Beirut & Mt Bekaa North South < br > Lebanon < br > Governerate < br > Percentage ( % ) < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "e . g . Ogude 2017 ; Verwimp and Maystadt 2015 ; Mabiso et al . 2014 ) . Some of the empirical papers we review offer an overview of the literature , such as Borjas and Monras ( 2017 ) and Clemens and Hunt ( 2017 ) who revisit several cases of large and sudden inflows in high-income countries , but none of these papers covers the range or scope of this work . The literature on the impacts of forced displacement on the displaced themselves was very limited until recently ( see the reviews by Kondylis and Mueller 2014 and Ruiz and Vargas-Silva 2013 ) but has also started to grow in the last years ( e . g . Gimenez-Nadal , Jose Ignacio , José Alberto Molina , and Edgar SilvaQuintero 2018 ; Fransen , Vargas-Silva , and Siegel 2018 ) . The results of this literature are linked to our review as the impacts on the financial assets , human capital and psychological well-being of forced migrants will in return influence how they impact the consumer and labor markets of the host community . Most of the papers covered are published in peer-reviewed international journals and most of these journals are top ranked journals in their respective disciplines . This set of papers is complemented by papers published as working papers in reputable series by known authors using standard modeling techniques . The oldest paper covered is dated 1990 and the newest 2018 . No papers prior to 1990 were found . The episodes of FD included in this literature span from 1922 to 2015 and cover 17 of the major FD crises of this period , those that received the most attention from scholars . These are distributed between high , medium and lowincome host countries and include episodes of FD in the US and Europe , Middle East , North-Africa , SubSaharan Africa and Latin America . Only empirical papers in economics with original results are covered by the review . Almost all studies are described as _natural experiments_ by the authors but face major measurement and identification challenges . Availability of micro data is one of the challenges and the first explanation of why these types of studies have emerged only very recently . < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 2008, "end": 2018, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 76 ` on 6 September 2019 . - Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics ( TNBS ) ( 2012 ) . Tanzania National Panel Survey 20102011 , Wave 2 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : TZA ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 010 ~ ~ N ~ ~ PS-R2 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 03 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 1050 ` on 6 September 2019 . - Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics ( TNBS ) ( 2015 ) . Tanzania National Panel Survey 20122013 , Wave 3 . Public Use Dataset . Ref : TZA ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 012 ~ ~ N ~ ~ PS-R3 ~ ~ v ~ ~ 01 ~ ~ M ~ ~ . Downloaded from ` https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 2252 ` on 6 September 2019 . 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poverty levels with the population below the poverty line ( Poverty Line Head Count ) currently at 29 . 97 % ( District Local Government , 2009 ) . The Project should sensitise communities on how they can utilize electricity for poverty alleviation that would lead to improved education opportunities . * * _Mpigi : _ * * According to the National Housing and Population Census ( NHPC ) , 2014 , 20 . 2 % of persons aged 18 years and above , 15 . 6 % of those aged 10 to 17 years , 12 . 5 % of those aged 18 to 30 years , and 48 . 5 % of those aged 60 years and older , respectively are illiterate . * * _Mityana : _ * * Illiteracy rates computed for persons aged 18 years and above is 20 % in Mityana District . Generally , persons aged 60 years and older were more illiterate than other age groups as shown in * * Table 40 * * . * * Table 40 : * * * * _Illiteracy Status of Mityana District_ * * | * * Category * * | * * Breakd * * < br > * * Ge * * < br > * * ( 18 Yrs a * * < br > * * Males * * | * * own by * * < br > * * nder * * < br > * * nd Above ) * * < br > * * Females * * | * * Illitera * * < br > * * 10 to 17 yrs * * | * * cy Breakdow * * < br > * * 18 to 30 * * < br > * * yrs * * | * * n by Age * * < br > * * 60 and older * * | * * Total * * < br > * * All Ages & * * < br > * * Genders * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 377, "text": "National Housing and Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Jroject Development * * < br > * * 3bjective : * * < br > Totestthe effectiveness and < br > iustainability ofa < br > levelopment learningcentre < br > nKenya as parto faglobal < br > cnowledge-sharing network to < br > ; trengthen the capacityo f < br > wblic , private and civil < br > ; ociety decision makers and < br > mplementers to design , plan < br > md manage social and < br > xonomic development < br > Joliciesand programs | * * 3utcomeI Impact * * < br > * * ndicators : * * < br > * * _0_ * * At least40 % o f < br > participants fromY1and < br > 60 % fromY3have < br > improved capacity to < br > design , plan , and manage < br > socialand economic < br > development policies and < br > programs as judged by < br > both participants and < br > their supervisors < br > * * _0_ * * At least40 % fromY 1 , < br > 50 % fromY2 , 60 % from < br > Y3and70 % o fthe < br > sampled participants have < br > improved knowledge < br > and / orskillsor changed < br > attitudeasaresulto fthe < br > training < br > * * _0_ * * Centrei sself-sustaining < br > byY5o foperation | * * ' roject reports : * * < br > ' reand Post survey reports < br > rom level2and3training < br > : valuations ( KirkPatrick ' s < br > nethodology outlinedin < br > innex11 , draft M & E Plan ) < br", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1148, "text": "reand Post survey reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 3 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS The present line route alternatives analysis aims to contribute to selection of the project line route option which has been conducted by UETCL and the FS consultant ( SMEC 2015 ) , by comparing line route options against mainly environmental and social evaluation criteria . # # # # # # * * 3 . 1 DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF LINE ROUTE OPTIONS * * Line route options were developed by the FS consultant and presented in their _Final Line Route Selection Report_ ( SMEC , 2015 ) . The WSP team has transposed the line route coordinates presented in that report in its geographical information system ( GIS ) and used it to compare options . # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 LINE ROUTE ALTERNATIVES * * Three line routing options have been identified for interconnecting Lira , Gulu , Nebbi and Arua substations . Those contemplated routing options are described hereafter . # # # # # # 3 . 2 . 1 LINE ROUTE OPTION 1 According to SMEC ( 2015 ) , the project ’ s line route option 1 can be described as follows : - Option 1 has a total of 315km traversing the districts of Lira , Oyam and Gulu to meet the KamdiniGulu highway at Bobi trading center via Aboke , Icheme and Ngai trading centers . From Bobi , the line moves parallel to the Gulu highway on the left hand side up to the proposed Gulu substation at Okoro trading centre . - From Gulu substation , the line moves parallel with the Gulu-Koch road on the left hand side via Anaka Town Council to Olwiyo substation . From Olwiyo , the route takes on the right hand side to avoid going through Murchison falls National Park and proceeds through Purongo , Lolim up to Pakwach . Unlike other options that cross the River Nile very close to the Pakwach Bridge , this line route option has been designed", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 6 of the civil works contract . < br > Submit monthly progress report for < br > each contract | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Weaknesses on contract < br > administration especially < br > works certification < br > resulting in delayed < br > implementation | Operationalizing and strengthening < br > of the procurement and contract < br > management and reporting system ; < br > Training in contract administration | During project < br > implementation | UETCL | | National procurement < br > procedures are not fully < br > consistent with IDA < br > procurement procedures | Financing Agreement shall include < br > the exception provisions | Exceptions to < br > use of NCB are < br > listed in the < br > Financing < br > Agreement | IDA / MEMD < br > and UETCL | # * * Record Keeping * * 40 . Each implementing agency will be responsible for record keeping and filing of procurement records for ease of retrieval of procurement information . In this respect , each contract shall have its own file and should contain all documents on the procurement process in accordance with the requirements and as described in the PPDA Act . # * * Frequency of Procurement Supervision * * 41 . In addition to the prior review to be carried out by the Bank , the capacity assessment of the implementing agencies recommends six-monthly supervision missions to visit the field , including at least one mission to carry out a post review of procurement actions . # * * Environmental and Social ( including safeguards ) * * 42 . * * General safeguards . * * The project is classified as category B as activities and interventions are not expected to lead to large scale , significant or irreversible environmental or social impacts . The project triggers the following Bank operational policies . OP4 . 01 ( Environmental Assessment ) , OP4 . 04 ( Natural Habitats", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 915, "text": "procurement records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY | * * Issues * * | * * Discussion * * | * * Way Forward * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | • < br > The PAPs suggested that if the flood plan < br > can be channelized and desilted , the < br > flooding impact can be eliminated and < br > therefore they can retain their land parcels < br > • < br > The PAPs were against the idea of < br > relocation , < br > | land will offered to the persons < br > who will be displaced from the < br > flood plain . < br > | | Benefits of the < br > title deeds < br > | The PAPs were taught about how owning a title < br > would benefit them by the Land ’ s Register . < br > Even though their assets would be affected by < br > the roads , they can always use the title as < br > collateral to secure loans in future and this < br > would be verybeneficial . < br > | _Titles would give PAP security of_ < br > _tenure . _ < br > * * P * * | | Gender and < br > Equality < br > | • < br > This is in the case of land ownership , if both < br > the names of the man and woman of the < br > house would both be in the title it would < br > be very good . < br > • < br > Women in attendance were encouraged to < br > own land on their own as it shows great < br > development in the society and they were < br > advised to take upthe idea . < br > | _", "spans": [{"start": 712, "end": 729, "text": "Land ’ s Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services ( P109224 ) |  Number of farmers r | eached through ICT innovations | piloted . ( Number , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 230000 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2017 | |  Percentage of results monitoring indicators reported o | n time as outlined in the M & | E plan ( Percentage , Cu | stom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 85 . 00 | 85 . 00 | 85 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Jan-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2017 | |  Annual audit recomm | endations implemented as a pro | portion of all actions recomm | ended ( Percentage , C | ustom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2014 | 31-Dec-2017 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "79 . Economic benefits are derived from the number of consumers and their energy consumption compared to capital and operating costs incurred . The revised projections on the number of grid connections are based on EEPCo ’ s actual planning data and consequent annual growth rates ( 130 , 000 by the end of 2017 , 85 percent residential , 13 percent commercial and 2 percent industrial ; annual growth rate of 4 percent ) . Actual consumption levels were in fact higher than originally estimated : 74 kWh for residential consumption , 100 kWh for commercial consumption and 3 , 104 kWh for industrial consumption compared to 26 kWh , 176 kWh and 222 kWh , respectively . Willingness to pay ( WTP ) was assumed to be US $ 0 . 17 for residential and US $ 0 . 20 for commercial and industrial customers in line with similar projects . WTP was measured as the net consumer surplus resulting from lower cost electricity supply from the grid as compared to the cost of the alternative supply sources to meet the same needs . 80 . Taking into account these assumptions , the EIRR for the grid component over a 20 year period is 15 percent at a NPV of US $ 91 . 5 million . The slightly lower EIRR compared to the originally projected 15 . 7 percent can be explained due to the much lower number of connections i . e . 130 , 000 instead of 213 , 000 , which offsets the higher consumption levels for residential and industrial customers . 81 . For the off-grid component , a comparison at the time of appraisal is not possible , given the completely revised nature of the Component due to the restructuring in 2013 , which resulted in dropping the mini-grid activities in favor of new investments in SHS . Nevertheless , an economic analysis of investments in SHS was undertaken . The benefit analysis for the off-grid component draws on the comparison of the net benefits of lighting using kerosene and gas lamps and the savings from mobile phone charging , and the improved net benefits from electricity supply through the SHS . The off", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 245, "text": "EEPCo ’ s actual planning data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 # _The Main Bottlenecks to Operating Officially : The Entrepreneur ' s Perspective_ When questioned in the various surveys conducted , entrepreneurs prominently and repeatedly mentioned as the main bottlenecks to operating officially the following : ( 1 ) the myriad of regulations in the foreign exchange and trade regimes ; ( 2 ) high inflation ; and ( 3 ) the high tax rates and volatile and often retroactive tax regulations . Interestingly , such highly restrictive bottlenecks , in the eyes of entrepreneurs , contrasted sharply with the entrepreneur and manager ' s relatively nonintrusive assessment of more conventional determinants , such as labor regulations , the skill and motivation of the labor force , enterprise registration , and infrastructure constraints . Not surprisingly , when questioned about the type of measures that would provide a strong incentive to return to the official economy , of paramount importance was the removal of administrative controls in the trade and foreign exchange regimes , as well as a stable and moderate tax structure and macroeconomic stability ( that is , low inflation ) . \" < sup > 4 < / sup > From these microsurveys , the empirical link between the lack of liberalization and stabilization and the flight to the unofficial economy appears to be rather strong . In fact , in response to the question of timing and extent to which entrepreneurs would be prepared to switch toward operating officially , about 50 percent stated that they would come back from unofficialdom within two years of implementation of far-reaching economic liberalization and tax reform measures ( 30 percent would do so during the first year ) , and over 33 percent would come back thereafter . Only about 15 percent indicated that there would be no coming back to the official economy , some because they did not believe in the government ' s ability to carry out sustained liberalization reforms , and some because they were doing just fine where they were and intended to carry on regardless . \" < sup > 5 < / sup > Clearly , however , the bulk of the unofficial economy appears to be shallow and thus amenable to reversal by liberalizing economic policies . _The Extent of the Unofficial Economy in", "spans": [{"start": 1164, "end": 1176, "text": "microsurveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Community , < br > Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 | | < br > Table 57 : Satisfaction with Water Supply , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 | | < br > Table 58 : Safe Excreta Disposal , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 | | < br > Table 59 : Proportion of Households with Children Under Three Years Old That Dispose Off Faeces < br > Safely , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 | | < br > Table 60 : Mosquito Net Coverage Sampling Information , Host Community , Uganda , October 2017 < br > . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > 31 | | Recent and less-recent behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > 32 | | Within-question order effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > 33 | | Sensitive Questions and Truth-Revealing Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 | | V . CONCLUSIONS < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > 35 | # * * I . INTRODUCTION * * Industrialized nations make rigorous data-collection the foundation of their policy analysis . The paucity of data on firms in developing countries , however , makes policy analysis in those countries more difficult , The World Bank has increasingly focused on firmn-level surveys to help build a data foundation in developing countries and transition economies . The most extensive firn surveys implemented by the World Bank include the Regional Program on Enterprise Development ( RPED ) survey in 8 African countries , the Industrial Competitiveness", "spans": [{"start": 1158, "end": 1200, "text": "Regional Program on Enterprise Development", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", within the PIU , for the refugee related activities linked to the HSIRRP secretariat ; ( ii ) improving the governance and leadership mechanisms at central to district level , necessary to implement the HSIRRP ; ( iii ) appointing designated liaisons at the district-level , who working with District Health Officers , will monitor and ensure the integration of Project-funded activities within refugee health services ; ( iv ) covering all logistical and implementation costs associated with activities in RHDs and refugee settlements . * * 40 . * * In order to enhance MoH ’ s monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) capacity , the GFF grant will support : ( i ) finalization and dissemination of the National Health Digitalization Strategy , the development of which is already underway and will help bolster the dissemination of health data ( including on COVID-19 ) ; ( ii ) development of national protocol / guidelines / tools for health data analysis , information synthesis and data utilization ; ( iii ) training of HMIS managers , health sector managers and other key stakeholders on insight-driven health data analysis , information synthesis and data utilization and ; ( iv ) upgrading of the DHIS-2 ( to incorporate COVID-19 indicators ) . Finally , the resources will help to improve the quality of national health surveys such as the demographic and health surveys , including updating modules – where necessary – to better capture and interpret impacts of COVID-19 . Furthermore , under the proposed Project restructuring , the component cost of the parent project will be revised to US $ 1 . 1 million , consisting of US $ 0 . 8 million in IDA credit and US $ 0 . 3 million in PEFF . # # # * * 41 . Component 4 : Vaccine Acquisition and Deployment [ * * * * _US $ 137 . 15 million , of which US $ 124 . 15 million is IDA grant , US $ 10 million is from the WHR , US $ 1 million is", "spans": [{"start": 831, "end": 842, "text": "health data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1204, "end": 1210, "text": "DHIS-2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1348, "end": 1378, "text": "demographic and health surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- GoK , 2020 . KISIP Project Operations Manual , Ministry of Ministry Of Transport , Infrastructure , Housing , Urban Development and Public Works , State Department for Housing and Urban Development KNBS ( 2019 ) . Census 2019 Summary of Results . KNBS , Nairobi - Mutiso B . ( 2015 ) . Feasibility Study of Basin Structure Mapping Using Passive Seismic Exploration Technique Case Study : Ahero Area , Nyanza Basin , Kisumu County , Kenya . University of Nairobi Repository . Nairobi Kenya . - Ouma F et al ( 2016 ) . Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study Report For The Proposed Output Based Aid ( Oba ) Project For Kisumu Water & Sewerage Company , ( KIWASCO ) Water Expansion – Phase ( 1 & 2 ) In Seven Sub-Locations ( Dago , Mikendwa , Kogony , Kanyakwar , Korando “ A ” Konya , Wathorego ) , Kisumu County . Finix Consulting Limited , Nairobi , Kenya . Kanyakwar , Korando “ A ” Konya , Wathorego ) , Kisumu County . Finix Consulting Limited , Nairobi , Kenya . Weimann A . et al ( 2019 ) . A Systematized Review of the Health Impact of Urban Informal Settlements and Implications for Upgrading Interventions in South Africa , a Rapidly Urbanizing MiddleIncome Country . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public . < u > < mark > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 3390 / ijerph16193608 < / mark > < / u > Air Quality Index https : / / www . aqi . in / dashboard / kenya / kisumu / kisumu accessed on 18 July , 2023 Weather spark < u > https : / / weatherspark . com / y / 98112 / Average-Weather-in-Kisumu-Kenya-Year-Round www . globalforestwatch . org < / u > accessed on 18 July , 2023 - Wei", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 227, "text": "Census 2019", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1332, "end": 1349, "text": "Air Quality Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis and findings . Section 6 discusses the school-level QAT score regression analysis and findings . Section 7 discusses the regression-discontinuity analysis and findings on the threat effect on mean QAT scores arising from QAT failure on marginal first-time failers and the carrot effect on mean QAT scores and test participation arising from missing teacher bonus qualification on marginal bonus nonqualifiers . Section 8 summarizes the main findings and provides some concluding remarks . # * * 2 . Context and program features * * The Foundation Assisted Schools ( FAS ) program was introduced into an education landscape characterized by three defining features . One : equitable access to schooling and attainment and achievement are acute , persistent challenges . Estimates using household sample survey data for Punjab from 2004 / 05 , the year prior to the launch of the FAS program , indicate that the school participation rate ( grade 1 + ) of children ages 6 – 15 years was 65 . 7 % — this share drops to 61 . 2 % , 60 . 9 % , and 48 . 7 % when the sample is restricted to girls , children from rural households , and children from the poorest ( bottom expenditure quintile ) households , respectively . Conditional on any schooling ( grade 1 + ) , while 91 . 8 % of individuals ages 17 – 21 years completed primary school ( grade 5 ) , only 40 . 7 % of them completed secondary school ( grade 10 ) , with significantly lower shares for rural children and , in particular , poor children . The National Education Assessment System ( NEAS ) for Pakistan finds that scaled mean scores in mathematics and language assessments for a sample of grade-4 students in public schools in Punjab in 2005 were significantly less than 500 , suggesting that , on average , students , obtained less than 50 % of the points in the assessments ( Government of Pakistan 2006 ) . Das et al . ( 2006 ) and Andrabi et al . ( 2007 ) also find that the learning levels of grade-3 students in a selected sample of villages in Punjab measured in 2004 were far below curriculum standards in English , Urdu", "spans": [{"start": 794, "end": 833, "text": "household sample survey data for Punjab", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Agriculture | | . | 4 . 1 | 4 . 4 | 1 . 3 | 160 | | Industry | | | 11 . 0 | < br > 181 | 14 . 5 | 40 | | < br > Manufacturing | | . | < br > 12 . 2 | < br > < br > 19 . 7 | 13 . 5 | | | Services | | | 7 9 | 8 . 6 | 5 . 9 | 20 * * . * * | | Private consumption | | | 6 . 3 | 8 3 | 2 . 3 | o < br > 99 < br > . | | < br > General government consumption < br > | | | 61I < br > | 8 . 4 < br > | 7 0 < br > | < < br > * * - 4 * * < br > * * 9 = * * < br > 6 < br > 9 < br > | | Gross domestic tnvestment | | | 7 . 0 | 10 . 0 | - 2 . 6 | * * L20 - * * | | Imports of goods and servces < br > | | | 6 . 3 < br > < br > | 13 . 0 < br > | 2 . 0 < br > | , Exports < br > - . 0-Imports | | Gross national product | | 1 . 8 | < br > 7 . 1 | 9 . 8 | 6 . 0 | | Note : 1997 data are preliminary estimates . This table was produced from the Development Economics central database . The diamonds show four key indicators in the country ( in bold ) compared with its income-group average . I data are missing , the diamond will be incomplete", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 770, "text": "1997 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 832, "end": 870, "text": "Development Economics central database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") Administration Offices : - Participate in all the Subproject information disclosure meetings ; - Participate in the identification of affected households and mobilise PAPs ; - Give feedback / notification to PAPs on Subproject related issues ; - Participate in and witness the process of the affected land survey , property valuation and compensation payment process ; and - Attend to all grievances within the Kebele with regard to land required by the Subproject . # # # # # # * * 14 . 6 Subproject Affected Community Members * * The following are among some of the key responsibilities of the Subproject-affected community members : - Participate in all Subproject information meetings through nominated representatives ; - Participate in and witness relevant Subproject land acquisition activities ; - Prepare and submit claims about compensation payment as and when required ; Page 185", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 314, "text": "affected land survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > Ethiopia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate variability and climate change due to its high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resources . The country ’ s relatively low adaptive capacity to deal with current and expected changes amplifies resource scarcity and the risk of instability . 10 . * * Climate change is expected to cause severe damage to infrastructure , increase the risk of water scarcity and increase crop land exposure to drought * * . This will increase demand for water , raising the potential for conflict and > 3 According to Ethiopia ’ s 2007 Census . > 4 World Bank Poverty and Equity Brief for Ethiopia , October 2021 . > 5 As of May 11 , 2022 , Ethiopia had registered 470 , 760 COVID cases and 7 , 510 fatalities : _https : / / covid19 . who . int / region / afro / country / et_ > 6 World Bank analysis suggests that the poverty headcount in the 23 . 5th percentile ( the national poverty rate ) increased by 11 . 2 percent and for the bottom 40 < sup > th < / sup > percentile by 7 . 7 percent between 2018 / 19 and October 2020 . Inequality is estimated to have increased , with the Gini coefficient rising to 42 in October / November 2020 . See Christina Wieser et al ( 2021 ) “ Poverty projections and profiling based on Ethiopia ’ s High Frequency Phone Surveys of households using a SWIFT-COVID-19 package ” World Bank : Washington DC . > 7 2021 Humanitarian Response Plan . _https : / / www . wfp . org / countries / ethiopia_ Page 8 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 602, "text": "2007 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1296, "end": 1324, "text": "High Frequency Phone Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Policy-data nexus : Pathways for inclusion_ * * Data on refugee learners is critical for informing effective policymaking and for measuring policy implementation . Along the pathway for inclusion presented in Figure 1 , key data points may provide a means of measuring the implementation of inclusive policies for refugee education . For example , access to schools may be monitored through data on enrolment or attendance ; access to learning may be measured through learning assessments ; access to transitions and certification of learning may be monitored through data on primary and secondary leaving examinations ; and access to higher education may be monitored through data on tertiary enrolment . Making this linkage requires that refugees are included in both policy and data systems , and that they can be identified in data collection exercises — for example , through information on protection status or nationality . Case studies have revealed promising practices for successful inclusion in both policy and data systems : - In Jordan , the Ministry of Education collects data on enrolment by nationality , allowing for the identification of Syrian refugee students in national EMIS data . This data has been used to inform policies such as the 2018-2022 Education Strategic Plan ( ESP ) , < sup > 3 < / sup > which promotes the inclusion of refugee learners in national schools . - In Colombia , a resolution issued by the Colombian Institute for Education Evaluation ( ICFES ) < sup > 4 < / sup > granted Venezuelan students the ability to register for the Saber 11 examination , which measures formal learning achievement for those that complete secondary education , using their Special Stay Permit ( PEP ) number or a unique code provided by the Ministry of Education for students in irregular status . Using this information , the ICFES collects data on the results of Venezuelan students , which may provide an indication of learning outcomes of Venezuelans in comparison with their Colombian peers and on the number of students who qualify to certify their studies ( although only students in regular status may receive certification ) . This data is available to the public via the Colombian", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 423, "text": "data on enrolment or attendance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 569, "end": 619, "text": "data on primary and secondary leaving examinations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 678, "end": 704, "text": "data on tertiary enrolment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1087, "end": 1119, "text": "data on enrolment by nationality", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1193, "end": 1202, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1867, "end": 1909, "text": "data on the results of Venezuelan students", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The upgrade of the Customs IT system and development of e - customs declaration would take 18 months , so the first results are expected at the end of year 2 . | * * Name : * * Number of systems < br > | Number | 0 . 00 | 10 . 00 | Annual | e-government platform | ANSIE / PCU | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | connected to the | | | | | | | | Government ' s interoperable | | | | | | | | platform | | | | | | | Description : Several ministerial and public information systems will connect and be linked to the e-government platform through the ESB and unique ID . Systems that are envisaged to be connected include : tax , customs , < u > justice , birth certificate , driver ' s license , education , health , and budget . < / u > | * * Name : * * Time to obtain a VAT < br > refund < br > | Weeks | 50 . 00 | 30 . 00 | Annual | Doing Business Report | Tax Administration < br > and ANSIE | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | Description : Time taken to obtain refund on VA . The baseline per the 2018 Doing Business report is 50 weeks for Djibouti . The target is to bring the delay down to 30 weeks at the end of the project . This intermediate indicator is linked to the VAT collection outcome indicator . Page 38 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 1052, "end": 1078, "text": "2018 Doing Business report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poor or at risk of becoming poor in the event of a shock . < sup > 3 < / sup > 4 . * * Ethiopia ’ s labor force remains low-skilled and employment remains dominated by agriculture and unpaid labor . * * < sup > * * 4 * * < / sup > In 2019 , 78 percent of the labor force had not completed primary education , and only seven percent completed secondary education or more . In rural areas , 96 percent of workers work in agriculture , either as a main or a secondary occupation . Most of the low-educated rural workers are underemployed in their main job . The gender productivity gap in agriculture is one of the largest in SubSaharan Africa : women have lower access to agricultural extension services , credit and fertilizer . According to the 2016 Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey ( ESS ) rural workers spend about 68 days per year working in agriculture ( from land preparation to harvest ) , leaving ample time to take up secondary occupations . The nonfarm sector in rural areas is small . In 2016 three percent of workers were working for wages in the nonfarm sector and 11 percent were running a small nonfarm enterprise of some type . The share of the working-age population who were not in employment , education , or training ( NEET ) was about 11 to 13 percent . < sup > 5 < / sup > Though employment rates increased ( 85 percent in 2019 ) , about 9 percent of the youth in rural areas are unemployed . Fostering diversification of rural incomes through off-farm agriculture and non-agriculture sectors ( rural transformation ) is key to poverty reduction ( De Janvry 2017 ) , and youth in particular need more , better paying and more diversified labor opportunities . 5 . * * Despite progress in restoring degraded watersheds to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change , land degradation remains a challenge . * * Ethiopia was experiencing low and declining agricultural productivity , persistent food insecurity , and rural poverty largely", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 779, "text": "2016 Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the first half of 2024 , these have deprived thousands of civilians of at least temporary access to electricity , water , heating and related essential services , posing additional risks for the winter season . < sup > xvii < / sup > . Over * * 10 % of the total housing stock has been either damaged or destroyed , affecting close to 2 million households * * . Over 75 % of the damage is concentrated in four oblasts : Donetska , Kharkivska , Luhanska and Kyivska < sup > xviii < / sup > . The Health Cluster , through WHO and the WHO Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care platform , verified a * * 480 % increase in attacks on health care since December 2023 : * * there were 110 confirmed attacks on health care between 29 December 2023 and 30 April 2024 , resulting in 11 deaths and 46 injuries to health care workers and patients . Overall , since February 2022 , the Health Cluster has verified 1 , 742 attacks on health care , with 136 deaths and 311 injuries recorded < sup > xix < / sup > . Since February 2022 , * * 280 education facilities have been destroyed * * , with a further 958 damaged < sup > xx < / sup > . Schools account for most of the damage ( 53 % ) , with destruction concentrated in eastern and southern oblasts . Whilst many educational institutions generally continue to operate online , destruction of schools has increased pressure on caregivers and limited their labour market participation , especially given that many children are still doing home schooling < sup > xxi < / sup > . In the transport sector , damaged or destroyed assets include * * 8 , 400 km of roads , over 290 bridges and more than 50 km of railways lines * * < sup > * * xxii * * < / sup > , exacerbated by fewer public transport connections in rural frontline areas * * . * * Similarly , since 11 July", "spans": [{"start": 532, "end": 582, "text": "WHO Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Sindh | 54 . 75 % | 13 . 51 % | 18 . 99 % | 16 . 67 % | 31 . 58 % | 18 . 87 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | 4 . 70 % | 20 . 26 % | 3 . 80 % | 1 . 85 % | 0 . 00 % | 15 . 09 % | | Islamabad | 3 . 22 % | 10 . 92 % | 3 . 80 % | 1 . 85 % | 0 . 00 % | 1 . 89 % | | _Herfindahl concentration_ | 0 . 26 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 44 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 42 | 0 . 29 | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) # 6 . Exploring the Causal Links Between Innovation and Productivity As Paul Krugman famously claimed , \" Productivity isn ' t everything , but in the long run it is almost everything . A country ' s ability to improve its standard of living over time depends almost entirely on its ability to raise its output per worker . ” ( Krugman , 1994 ) . Although several studies have been conducted to explore the links between innovation and productivity , most of the evidence available relies on the findings for developed countries , with little evidence for developing economies . It is therefore the objective of this section to fill this gap by focusing the analysis on the South Asia region . # # 6 . 1 Methodology In order to examine the empirical relationship between innovation and productivity , we follow a conceptual framework based on Figure 1 , which forms the basis of the CDM model . The framework holds that firms invest in knowledge inputs that can be transformed into innovation outputs according to an innovation function . At a later stage , these innovation results impact on firm-level productivity , contingent on the capacity of firms to transform innovation outputs into improvements in product quality and efficiency . As a", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 451, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "business . Minas Fácil is a one-stop-shop system , where firms obtain municipal , state , and federal tax registrations simultaneously instead of having to request these from separate offices . However , despite these efforts , survey data from 2009 revealed that 72 percent of firms were still informal . As a result , the State Government wanted to test several competing mechanisms for reducing formality . A listing survey was used to identify potentially informal firms , which were then randomized into four treatment groups and a control group . Survey data revealing a lack of knowledge about how to formalize motivated the first treatment , which was to provide information about how to register by means of a glossy brochure and a dedicated helpline . A second treatment coupled this information with an exemption in the registration fees and free use of mandatory accounting services for a year to test if reducing registration costs would induce formalization . The third treatment randomly assigned municipal inspectors to firms , to see whether increased enforcement would get firms to formalize . The final treatment consists of having a neighboring firm visited by an inspector , to test whether there is a spillover impact of inspection on the formalization behavior of other firms . We find that efforts to help firms formalize by giving them information , and by reducing the initial cost to zero along with offering a free accountant resulted in an increase in knowledge about the role of accountants in the formalization process , but did not lead to firms formalizing . In fact , it resulted in a small reduction in firms registering through a separate formal category – that of individual entrepreneur – which the information campaign did not target and which had its eligibility criteria relaxed during the course of our study . Moreover , firms which were assigned to either of these two treatments expressed less trust in government in our follow-up survey . In contrast , assigning firms to receive a visit from a municipal inspector did result in an increase in municipal registration , although the impact was much less than anticipated by the government , with only an additional 3 percent of those assigned to treatment formalizing . This low rate results from the", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 249, "text": "survey data from 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 553, "end": 564, "text": "Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the relative importance of the two channels of increasing diversification across levels of development . Section 4 analyzes the empirical relationship between income , discovery , and diversification . # _2 ) Discovery and development : a part of structural change based on factor endowments_ Rather than equation ( 1 ) , consider the fundamental framework for analyzing output and growth in economics , namely the aggregate production function . Stated in its most basic , generalized form , national income ( _Y_ ) depends on an economy ’ s factor endowments , such as physical capital ( _K_ ) , human capital ( _H_ ) , and unskilled labor ( _L_ ) : When countries grow , their relative endowments of factors of production change , which in turn determines patterns of production across income levels . As pointed out by Leamer ( 1984 ) , less developed countries with a relative abundance of _L_ will specialize in traditional labor-intensive goods . However , as they grow , their stock of capital ( both human and physical ) increases , causing them to shift production towards more capital-intensive goods . This theoretical perspective has its own implications for what we would expect to find in our discovery data . Discoveries may be capturing the structural transformation that occurs with growth , in that discoveries will be concentrated in certain industries at low levels of development and in others at higher levels of development . If this factor-endowments story accurately characterizes discovery patterns across income levels , we would expect the relative frequency of 5", "spans": [{"start": 1211, "end": 1225, "text": "discovery data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "29 Thus , the impact of federal transfers on fiscal decentralization at the regional level was mixed . On one hand , federal aid was by no means concentrated in regions with the highest degree of fiscal decentralization , but on the other , larger federal transfers to regions resulted in larger transfers from regions to local governments , and thus indirectly promoted some decentralization . In the preceding section , we identified two distinct patterns of fiscal decentralization prevalent in Russian regions of different administrative type . In oblasts and krais , the downward shift of expenditure responsibilities is generally financed through increases in the share of local governments in consolidated regional revenues - \" true decentralization \" . In autonomous okrugs and republics , however , relatively more funds for local budgets are provided by regional governments via interbudgetary transfers - \" decentralization through transfers \" . Consequently , the results of the correlation analysis suggest that federal transfers to regions promoted the process of fiscal decentralization in autonomous okrugs and republics and slowed down it in oblasts and krais . # Section 7 . Decentralization and Economic Performance . The panel-data regression analysis conducted in this section addresses the following specific issues related to the nature and impact of fiscal decentralization within Russian regions : - What are the main social and economic determinants of the degree of fiscal decentralization within Russian regions ? - Is there a link between regional fiscal decentralization and public expenditures policy ( measured through the structure of the consolidated budget expenditures ) ? - Does the degree of fiscal decentralization have an influence over regional economic performance ? In the initial stages of our empirical investigation of these problems , we have considered the following set of social and economic variables as potential determinants of the degree of fiscal decentralization within Russian regions : # A . Geographic and administrative characteristics : - Geographic location ( regions divided in 11 zones , so called \" economic regions \" , based on their location ) - Territory of region as percent of the total territory of the Russian Federation ( % ) - Population density in 1994 ( persons per square kilometer ) * Administrative type ( republic , oblast and krai , autonomous okrug )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > progress against this < br > indicator based on the < br > assumption that the < br > majority of the Syrians and < br > Palestinians pre-registered < br > on the IMPACTplatform | 6 months | IMPACT and < br > national < br > surveys by UN < br > ( UNCHR and < br > UNRWA ) and < br > other < br > available < br > sources | Administrative report < br > and estimation from < br > national surveys | PMU / MoPH | Page 45 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 385, "end": 401, "text": "national surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 6 . Cost decomposition of landed duty-paid value of exports in the US ( 2015 ) _ # * * Woven men ’ s trousers ( cotton ) * * * * Knitted women ’ s trousers ( synthetic ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2016 2016 < br > BangladeshCambodia China Ethiopia Kenya Lesotho Vietnam BangladeshCambodia China Ethiopia Kenya Lesotho Vietnam < br > unit value ( fob ) cif duty unit value ( fob ) cif duty < br > 80 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 40 < br > Price per unit ( US $ ) Price per unit ( US $ ) < br > 20 < br > 20 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Authors ’ calculations based on data from USITC There is considerable variation among export destinations in this context . Lesotho has by far the greatest variety of exports going to South Africa , with only Namibia and Botswana exporting more . While the overall number of products has decreased between 2010 and 2015 , the number of exports greater than $ 100 , 000 in value has increased . More significantly , while the number of products going to the European Union is greater than to the United States , over 30 products are greater than $ 100 , 000 for the United States , and only nine go to the European Union – this is a decline of 50 % compared to 2010 . Most apparel export products to the United States had stagnant or declining market share over the last decade . For one , Lesotho has been losing market share in the United States in 10 of its most exported products against Asian and Latin American competitors such as Vietnam , Malaysia , Bangladesh and Cambodia . The potential expiration of AGOA could also result in a significant disadvantage for Lesotho ’ s apparel exports , as they would revert to the MFN tariff - which is slightly higher than 20 % on average - since none of these products is", "spans": [{"start": 645, "end": 660, "text": "data from USITC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial institutions respect their public commitments according to these guidelines . < u > Example US < / u > – Government regulation : Through the community reinvestment act ( CRA ) of 1977 , the US government obliged banks to reinvest deposits in the communities where they are received from , and having institutions serve the areas in which they have a physical presence . CRA established a point system which rates banks according to their provision of lending and savings services to low income neighborhoods . These ratings were subsequently published and taken into consideration in the approval of decisions on bank mergers and acquisitions and other regulatory decisions . Bank compliance with the CRA is subject to regular reporting and monitoring by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council . 9 . * * With the exception of housing finance , no regulatory incentives exist to enhance the provision of credit to low income clients . * * Following the significant decline in available housing finance after the banking crisis , the Government put in place a framework to increase micro housing lending ( see Box 3 ) . As the household survey shows , demand for personal loans is high , in particular among the lower income groups ( see Chapter 3 ) . Measures to provide incentives for the “ downscaling ” of banks toward the microcredit market could be considered , based on the experience of other countries < sup > 29 < / sup > . > 29 However , as the case of Brazil has shown , the provision of microcredit at subsidized interest rates , or based on earmarked resources , is not a sound basis for expansion . 34", "spans": [{"start": 1151, "end": 1167, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and we discuss several sensitive issues regarding , for example , what data should be made public and when , and the relationship between PCRs and private credit bureaus . The main focus of the paper is , however , on how PCRs can be used to improve the quality of credit analysis by financial institutions and to strengthen bank regulation and supervision . We present multicountry evidence of the importance of credit information sharing and on the importance of including positive and not just negative information . We also discuss the potential role of PCRs in banking regulation in the context of the proposed new capital accord known as Basel II . The plan of the paper is as follows . In the next section we briefly discuss the development of PCRs across the globe , in Latin America and in more detail in the three countries where we conduct our empirical research . In section III we present the empirical analysis on the gains to information sharing and in section IV we present a policy discussion . This is organized around the various roles of credit bureaus . In section V we then discuss the main design parameters of PCRs relevant to using a PCR as a complementary tool to aid in the implementation of the Basel II proposals . Section VI concludes . # * * II . On the Development of Public Credit Bureaus * * Public credit registries ( PCRs ) contain information on the performance of borrowers in a financial system and are administered and maintained by either the central bank or bank supervisor . According to survey data collected by the World Bank , almost 60 countries have PCRs . < sup > 5 < / sup > The region with the highest coverage of public credit registries is Latin America , where 17 countries have established PCRs , including all the largest economies ( Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Mexico ) . The first countries to establish public credit registries were in Western Europe – Germany in 1934 followed by France in 1946 . By the mid-1960s , three other European countries – Italy , Spain and Belgium – had also established PCRs . Early adopters included the former French > 5 This", "spans": [{"start": 1531, "end": 1570, "text": "survey data collected by the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NTS | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * IDA * * Credit < br > * * 983 * * / a | Special < br > Action < br > Credit | CIDA < br > Grant | * * OPEC * * < br > * * FUND * * < br > Loan | Total | | Planned * * - * * < br > FY81 | * * 72 . 5 * * | 20 . 0 | * * 2 . 6 * * | * * 5 . 0 * * | * * 95 . 0 * * | | Actual-FY81 | * * 3 . 0 * * | 0 . 2 | * * - * * | * * - * * | * * 3 . 2 * * | | FY82 | * * 33 . 9 * * | 14 . 0 | * * 2 . 6 * * | 4 . 6 | * * 55 . 1 * * | | FY83 | * * 72 . 5 * * | 14 . 9 | * * 2 . 6 * * | * * 5 . 0 * * | * * 95 . 0 * * | # # # # # * * IDA DATA * * | | Original < br > CreditDate | Actualor < br > Re-estimated | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Negotiations | * * 12 / 19 / 79 * * | * * 12 / 19 / 79 * * | | BoardApproval | * * 02 / 19 / 80 * * | * * 02 / 19 / 80 * * | | Credit Agreement | 04 / 02 / 80 | 04 / 02 / 80 | | Effectiveness | * * 06 / 02 / 80 * * | * * 05 / 01 / 80 * * | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OR “ adolescence , ” which increased our total to 1182 records . Duplicates were removed , reducing our total to 614 records . Titles were screened for topic relevance by a research assistant and one author of this review . We excluded studies focusing on samples of children with disabilities from birth , premature children , or teen mothers . We excluded outcomes on usage of health services ( i . e . , vaccinations , nutrition related behaviors , doctor visits ) . Similarly , we excluded outcomes that are considered mediators leading to the final outcomes in our list ( e . g . , dietary intake , sedentary behaviors , sleep , work-family conflict ) . We excluded employment relating to migration or sex work . This screening provided us with 313 records . For the final decision regarding inclusion , the abstracts and / or methods sections of papers were examined by an author of this review , with the other authors consulted regarding the empirical quality of the studies . We limited the studies to those published between 2002 and 2021 . Studies were included if they had quantitative analysis , a measure of maternal work as a causal variable in the paper , at least one child or adolescent development outcome ( cognition , schooling , behavior , anthropometrics , and health ) . Moreover , we restrict the analysis to studies analyzing natural or quasi-natural experiments and using the following methodologies : individual fixed or random effects , lagged dependent variables , < sup > 6 < / sup > sibling fixed > 5 The search was restricted to the titles of articles , since when the entire content of the articles was searched , it returned tens of thousands of papers . Several keyword searches ( in contrast to title searches ) of the permutations that yielded the most results did not provide additional papers for the review , so we did not pursue a keyword search . 6 Even though many papers analyzed longitudinal data on maternal work , we excluded studies that only controlled for observables . One exception is the lagged dependent variable approach , which controls for the baseline value of the outcome variable . Although the lagged outcome variable is", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| v < br > * * Ethiopia * * | | * * Afar Pu * * | * * rchase for the Ye * * | * * ar 2010 - * * | * * 2011 * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Rural Capacity Building * * | | | | | | I < br > * * Draft Bid Documents , * * < br > * * including specs and * * | f Post-Revie | w , No-objection Dates are | not needed | | | | | | * * Loan # : * * | | * * B * * | * * ASIC DATA * * | | | < br > * * quantities , draft SPN * * | * * Spec Proc * * < br > * * Notice * * | * * Bidding Period * * | * * Bid Eval * * | * * uation * * | * * Contract Finalization * * | * * Contract Implemen * * | * * tation * * | | * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Numbe * * < br > * * Estimate * * < br > * * d * * | * * Procure * * < br > * * ment * * < br > * * Pre-or * * < br > * * Post * * | * * Prior or * * < br > * * Post * * | < br > * * Plan vs . * * < br > * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 19 . Percentage of the population with service connections who do not pay for service < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Poorest quintile 2nd quintile 3rd quintile 4th quintile quintile < br > Source : Banerjee and others 2008 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Another possible measure of affordability is whether the _full economic cost_ of a _subsistence level_ of consumption falls above a _normative affordability threshold_ . Economic cost is defined as the tariff that would fully cover both operating and capital costs and is country specific ; reaching an average level of US $ 0 . 18 / kW for SSA as a whole . Subsistence consumption is defined as 50 kWh per month , which is enough to cover very minimal usage for lighting ( roughly one light bulb for two hours per day ) . The affordability threshold is typically defined as spending on subsistence power needs of between 3 and 5 percent of the total household budget . These values are normative , and are informed by power spending patterns by low income households that have been observed across a wide range of household surveys ( recall figure 18 above ) . By looking at the distribution of household budgets , one can calculate the percentage of households for which subsistence consumption priced at full economic cost would absorb more than 5 percent of their budgets and thus prove unaffordable . For example , looking across the distribution of household budgets for all of SSA , monthly bills of $ 2 would be affordable for almost the entire population , whereas monthly bills of $ 10 would only remain affordable for the entire population of _middle-income_ African countries . Based on existing average effective tariffs , the bill for subsistence consumption levels looks very affordable _for those that are already connected to the grid_ ( Figure 20a ) . With a 3 percent affordability threshold , the subsistence consumption of 50kWh / month priced at", "spans": [{"start": 1183, "end": 1200, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > lanned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > A | terest < br > Short List < br > Request for < br > ctual < br > Planned | nd Draft < br > Proposals < br > Request for Proposals < br > as Issued < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | Opening of T < br > Proposals / < br > Planned | chnical < br > Minutes < br > Evaluation < br > Pro < br > Actual < br > Planned | of Technical < br > posal < br > Report and D < br > Negotiated Co < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > A | raft < br > ntrac < br > ctua | t < br > Signed Contract < br > l < br > Planned < br > Actual | Contract Completion < br > Planned < br > Actual | | UG-MAAIF-8584-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy to Develop a < br > statistical database | IDA / 47 | 690 | Component 4 : Supporting < br > Agribusiness Services and < br > Market Linkages | Post | | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - National | | 113 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Unde < br > Imple | r < br > ment | ation | 20 | 17-03-17 < br > 2017-04-07 < br > 2017-04-07 | 2017-05-21 | | | | 2017-06-20 | | 2017-07-25 | 2018-01-21 | | UG-MAAIF-8586-CS-CQS / < br > Consultants to develop < br > specialized platforms including e < br > M & E , e", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 714, "text": "statistical database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "23 навчального року менше ніж половина дітей-біженців з України були зараховані до польських шкіл , а 78 % дітей середнього шкільного віку залишилися поза системою польської освіти . < sup > 13 < / sup > Занепокоєння щодо ізоляції і відсутності соціальних зв ’ язків висловили діти , які навчаються онлайн за українською програмою . Більш того , протягом 2022 / 23 навчального року майже 10 000 дітей-біженців вибули з польської системи освіти : чисельність зменшилася зі 144 228 дітей , зарахованих станом на жовтень 2022 року , до 134 673 дітей станом на квітень 2023 року < sup > 14 < / sup > . Дослідження CEO Foundation показали , що кількість дітей , зарахованих , зокрема , до середньої школи , впала на 8 % із жовтня 2022 року по квітень 2023 року . < sup > 15 < / sup > > 12 < u > Міністерська постанов", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "uk"}
{"text": "1 # 1 . Introduction Over the past ten tears , economic and political turmoil in Venezuela , as well as a surge in criminal violence , have induced large migration flows of Venezuelans . By September 2023 , about a third of the 7 . 7 million Venezuelans who had fled the country because of the crisis had registered in neighboring Colombia . Of these , more than 1 . 8 million had obtained a residence permit . < sup > 1 < / sup > About 40 % of Venezuelans in Colombia are minors . < sup > 2 < / sup > Since forced migration most likely interrupted their education process , the implied surge in the demand for schooling constitutes an important challenge for the Colombian education system . Indeed , the extent to which local schools can absorb and accommodate Venezuelan children will determine the accumulation of skills and human capital of the younger generations of both migrants and native kids in host communities . In this paper , we estimate the impact of the Venezuelan migration shock on schooling outcomes in receiving Colombian municipalities . In particular , we use administrative data to study the effect of the Venezuelan migration on school enrollment , dropout rates , promotion rates , and test scores . We use individual-level administrative data to distinguish between native and migrant children , as well as in terms of gender and school characteristics such as their public or private ownership . Our empirical strategy exploits two sources of exogenous variation in cumulative Venezuelan migration inflows at the municipality-year level . Cross-sectional municipal variation comes from the share of population within each receiving municipality that was born Venezuela and arrived in 1993 , well before the start of the political and economic crisis of that country . Annual variation comes from the number of Venezuelans arriving to Colombia each year , as the crises worsened during the late Chavez and under the > 1Source : United Nations ’ Regional Interagency Coordination Platform . > 2See ` https : / / migravenezuela . com / informes / caracterizacion-de-la-ninez-y-adolescenciamigrante-en-colombia / ( lastaccessed15 / 01 / 2024 ) . `", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1269, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _OFFICE OF THE A UDITOR-GENERAL Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June , 2024_ * * # # # 14 . Significant Accounting Policies ( continued ) Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained , and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the financial statements . # # # iv ) In-kind Contributions In-kind contributions are donations that are made in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , such value is included in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts . * * OAG * * includes a disclosure on in-kind contributions in the financial statements . # # # v ) Third Party Payments Included in the receipts and payments , are payments made on the entity ' s behalf to third parties in form of loans and grants . These payments do not constitute cash receipts and payments and are disclosed in the payment to third parties in the statement of receipts and payments as proceeds from foreign borrowings or grants . # # # # c ) Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . Bank account balances include amounts held at the Central Bank of Kenya and at various commercial banks at the end of the financial year . * * 13 * *", "spans": [{"start": 396, "end": 416, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5589 # * * Abstract * * This paper presents a detailed picture of how sustained growth in Egypt over 2005-2008 affected different groups both above and below the poverty line . This analysis , based on the Household Income , Expenditure and Consumption Panel Survey conducted by Egypt ’ s national statistical agency , compares the changes in the _static_ poverty profiles ( based on growth incidence curves on a cross-section of data ) with poverty _dynamic_ s ( relying on panel data , growth incidence curves and transition matrices ) . The two approaches yield contrasting results : the longitudinal analysis reveals that growth benefited the poor while the cross-sectional analysis shows that the rich benefitted even more . The paper also shows the importance of going beyond averages to look at the trajectories of individual households . Panel data analysis shows that the welfare of the average poor household increased by almost 10 percent per year between 2005 and 2008 , enough to move out of poverty . Conversely however , many initially non-poor households were exposed to poverty . As a matter of fact , only 45 percent of the population in Egypt remained consistently out of ( near - ) poverty throughout the period , while the remaining 55 percent of Egyptians experienced at least one ( near - ) poverty episode . This high mobility is not a statistical artefact : it reflects the actual process of growth . Taking high vulnerability into account is essential when designing policies to protect the poor and to ensure that growth is really inclusive . This paper is a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network , Middle East and North Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at dmarotta @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 295, "text": "Household Income , Expenditure and Consumption Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 505, "end": 515, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Access to the formal financial system can increase asset ownership and serve as a catalyst to greater economic empowerment among women . < sup > 1 < / sup > Even a basic financial tool such as a deposit account at a formal financial institution can be of great value . A formal account provides a safe place to save and creates a reliable payment connection with family members , an employer , or the government . It can also open up channels to formal credit critical to investing in education or in a business . Yet more than 1 . 3 billion women worldwide remain largely outside the formal financial system ( Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper , 2013 ) . Efforts to improve gender parity in the formal financial system have been hindered by the lack of systematic indicators on the use of different financial services — both formal and informal — in most economies . This paper documents and analyzes gender differences in the use of financial services using the Global Financial Inclusion ( Global Findex ) database , which provides indicators measuring how people in 148 economies around the world save , borrow , make payments , and manage risk . These new indicators are constructed with survey data from interviews with more than 150 , 000 nationally representative and randomly selected adults . The data show a persistent gender gap in developing countries in the ownership of bank accounts and savings and borrowing behavior . Even after controlling for a host of individual characteristics including income , education , employment status , rural residency and age , gender remains significantly related to access to and use of financial services . We also explore the degree to which country-level legal discrimination against women and cultural norms of gender equality are related to differences in account penetration and > 1 The lack of access to financial services is often a critical element underlying persistent income inequality , as well as slower economic growth . For additional discussion see , for example , Beck , Demirguc-Kunt and Levine ( 2007 ) , Beck , Levine and Loayza ( 2000 ) , Demirguc-Kunt and Levine ( 2009 ) , Klapper , Laeven , and Rajan ( 2006", "spans": [{"start": 1012, "end": 1025, "text": "Global Findex", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1212, "end": 1223, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at border crossings generates gains in terms of real income of around 2 . 5 % in the region . Both cross-border coordination in the trade facilitation reform agenda and EU accession amplify these gains significantly . Similarly , EU accession boosts the benefits of road infrastructure improvements . In conclusion , the main policy message from the paper is that cross-border and cross-reform coordination is necessary to take advantage of regional integration opportunities . # * * 2 Data * * The study focuses on the six Western Balkan economies , but it also includes data for the 27 European Union countries , the most important economic neighbor of the Western Balkans region . Since we are interested in assessing how impacts differ within countries and / or 2", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 612, "text": "data for the 27 European Union countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 0 < br > 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > Pakistan < br > percent < br > 4 < br > 3 . 5 < br > 3 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 < br > 2004 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > All trading partners ' exports under any TTB in effect < br > China ' s exports under any TTB in effect < br > Other emerging economies ' ( non-China ) exports under any TTB in effect < br > High income countries ' exports under any TTB in effect < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Shares of nonoil imports , constructed by the author with policy data from Bown ( 2012 ) and trade-weighting with HS-06 import data from UN Comtrade via WITS , following Appendix equation ( A2 ) . 21", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 627, "text": "policy data from Bown", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 662, "end": 679, "text": "HS-06 import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Basic purpose * * | Improve efficiency , adjust work < br > plans | Improve effectiveness , impact , informed < br > future programming | | d ) | * * Focus * * | Inputs , outputs , process outcomes , < br > work plans | Effectiveness , < br > relevance , < br > impact , < br > cost - < br > effectiveness | | e ) | * * Information * * < br > * * sources * * | Routine systems , field observations , < br > progress reports , rapid assessments | Same , plus surveys , studies | | f ) | * * Undertaken * * < br > * * by * * | * * Project manager , and * * * beneficiary < br > community | * * Project < br > manager , < br > * * * * supervisor , < br > * * * * funders , < br > external < br > evaluators , < br > * * * beneficiary community | | g ) | * * Reporting to * * | * * Project < br > manager , < br > * * * beneficiary < br > community , < br > * * * * supervisors , < br > * * * * funders | * * Project < br > manager , < br > * * * * supervisor , < br > * * * * funders , * * * beneficiary community | * * Notes : * * - a ) * The evaluation done at the beginning , which is referred to as a baseline survey , has been done and is presented in this resettlement instrument - b ) In the case of this resettlement instrument : - Project manager * * is RIC - * Beneficiary community * * is SEC , PAPs , and the beneficiary community - * Supervisor and funders * * is the WB # # # # * * II . Objectives", "spans": [{"start": 1106, "end": 1121, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 25 20 < br > 15 < br > 20 < br > 10 15 15 < br > 5 10 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 5 < br > 0 < br > China US India Korea Brazil < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ‘ s calculations based on data from World Bank , World Development Indicators database . That shift in economic weight is likely to produce major benefits for the world economy , with positive effects for both high-income and developing countries . For high-income countries the growth of emerging economies will expand markets for their exports of capital goods and intermediate goods . For many developing countries that are still major producers of agricultural and natural resource commodities , higher consumption and production levels in the new growth poles will continue to support adequate prices for their commodity exports . In addition , firms and governments in emerging economies will provide funds for infrastructure and natural resource investment in developing countries .", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 305, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 200 400 600 800 1 , 000 1 , 200 < br > Number of products exported < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Bank staff calculations based on COMTRADE and UNCTAD data . as movement of people , goods , and capital is restricted . Continuing global trade tensions and disputes , especially between the US and China , will further complicate the region ’ s recovery ; if they persist , they will amplify the slowdown caused by the pandemic and in the medium term may worsen external balances . * * The pandemic has affected remittances and FDI dramatically ; they compound the negative effects of declining trade and put more pressure on CADs . * * For most Western Balkan countries , because remittances are the main channel of trade deficit financing , they are important for external stability . Given the global reach of COVIC-19 , many emigrants from the region are losing their jobs and have no money to send to their families back home . This is already undermining the external position of countries in the region ; it is estimated that remittances will drop to an average of 5 . 8 percent of GDP , a historic low . Albania , Serbia , and BiH will see the deepest losses because they have the largest diasporas , many now resident in the EU , which is experiencing one of its worst recessions . Kosovo * * Figure 8 . 5 . * * FDI has plunged , putting pressure on CAD financing . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Net FDI-to-GDP Ratio < br > 6 6 < br > 4 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > - 6 - 4 < br > MNE ALB SRB KOS MKD BIH WB6 < br > J Net FDI to GDP 2019e ( percent ) Q", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 185, "text": "COMTRADE and UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "estimated losses as a result of theft , robbery , vandalism or arson that occurred on establishment ’ s premises calculated as a percent of annual sales or the total annual value of the losses ? ” In some instances the total value of losses is reported , and in that case the share of losses due to crime over total sales is manually calculated . The main advantage of having a share of the losses over total sales as a measure of crime is that it provides a unit free measure given the range of measurement issues regarding currency exchange rates and inflation prevalent in crime measures using local currency units . We make no distinction between a firm that has experienced no crime and a firm that has experienced crime but incurred no losses . Both firms get a zero value for the dependent variable . The variable averages 0 . 72 % in the sample with a standard deviation of 3 . 9 % . Using country averages across all firms , Azerbaijan has the lowest amount of crime losses at 0 . 20 % of sales , while El Salvador has the highest with 1 . 73 % . Data source and description of the variable can be found in table A1 , with summary statistics in table A2 . # _2 . 2 Explanatory variable_ The main variable of interest is the number of police per 100 , 000 of population . The variable is obtained from United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems . The variable is typically lagged by 1 year to reduce potential simultaneity bias between crime losses and police presence , however due to data constraints , for some countries the lag is not exactly one year previous , but a few years previous in certain cases . The specific details of the number of lags are available in table A3 in the appendix . The sample mean for the number of police is 288 , while the standard deviation is 108 . Macedonia has the highest number of police with 480 police per 100 , 000 of the population while Hungary has the lowest with 90 police per 100 , 000 of population . The country average for", "spans": [{"start": 1310, "end": 1347, "text": "United Nations Survey on Crime Trends", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Aug 82 | 7550 F | Bank projection < br > from < br > census | Bank est . < br > based < br > on officiat < br > contraceptive prevalence < br > rate < br > of 26X | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelir . ) | Notes : When a source for an estimate is directly cited ( e . g . . UNPVSR 4 / 87 ) , the estimate is taken as is from that publication . When an estimate Is \" based on \" a source , the estimate is not reported in but derived using data in that publication . When a source is given for a fertility or mortality estimate prior to 1985-90 , the source for t e corresponding 1985-90 estimate is a projection usirg the earlier estimate . Citations for the main documents referred to here ( usually by abbreviations ) arein the list of references . Nature of population estimate : F a de facto ; J = de jure . No census , or no fertility or mortality estimates and no projections made ( the latter for small countries ) . a Census was for entire peninsula . b 55 people . CBR Crude birth rate . CDR Crude death rate . Celade Centro Latino Americano de Demograffa ( 1987 ) . DNS Demographic and Health Survey . INED Institut National d ' & tudes D6mographiques ( Momier 1987 ) . TFR Total fertility rate . UNPVSR United Nations , Population and Vital Statistics Report . USBOC United States , Bureau of the Census ( 1985 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 830, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1085, "end": 1118, "text": "DNS Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1240, "end": 1278, "text": "Population and Vital Statistics Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increase in the number of returnees , with almost half of returnees residing in Kyiv city or Kyivska oblast . The impacts of war are widespread and uneven , and the greatest effects felt by the most vulnerable , including women and men at heightened risk , children and youth , people with disabilities and older people , IDPs , the Roma population and LGBTQI + people . * * The human impact has been substantial * * , with a combination of loss of private sector jobs and income , high inflation , and asset loss reversing 15 years of poverty reduction . Total losses in the livelihoods and social protection sector are estimated at US $ 60 . 8 billion , with the largest share of losses stemming from the permanent loss of jobs and workers and only 44 % of individuals who were employed before the invasion working at their regular workplaces < sup > xii < / sup > . Almost 20 % of Protection Monitoring Tool ( PMT ) key informants across the country assess the situation as sufficiently safe , however the fact that this assessment is made by KIs in some of the most severely affected hromadas of Donetska and Mykolayivska oblasts shows a certain level of desensitization to the conflict the longer it lasts . < sup > xiii < / sup > # # # * * ALARMING INTENSIFICATION OF ATTACKS AGAINST CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN INFRASTRUCTURE * * Since February 2022 , over * * 33 , 800 civilian casualties have been recorded * * , including 11 , 284 killed and 22 , 594 injured , of which 2 , 109 are children , with the actual numbers of those killed and injured likely to be significantly higher . In May 2024 , the number of civilian casualties was the highest since June 2023 , due to increased attacks in Kharkivska region . Of the adults , men were disproportionately affected , accounting for 60 % of casualties . 92 % of civilian deaths were as a result of the use of *", "spans": [{"start": 884, "end": 910, "text": "Protection Monitoring Tool", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Mean squared error estimates are obtained from a parametric bootstrap procedure , as proposed by Gonzalez-Manteiga et al . ( 2007 ) and implemented in the R EMDI package ( Kreutzmann et al . , 2018 ) , based on the theory developed by Butar ( 1997 ) and Butar and Lahiri ( 2003 ) . When estimating the parameters of models ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , observations are weighted using normalized inverse probability weights , using the weighting method implemented in the R nlme package ( Pinheiro , et al . , 2021 ) . Because each municipality is given equal weight when evaluating the estimates , it is necessary to normalize the weights to avoid giving too much weight to more populous municipalities in the sample estimation . < sup > 10 < / sup > We therefore normalize the weights by dividing the inverse probability of selection by the mean inverse probability of selection for the municipality , as follows : s 1 s where is the number of AGEBs contained in the sample for ∑ ππ ss < sup > − 1 < / sup > s municipality m and WW ss < sup > = < / sup > NNss ss = 1NNss ππ ss < sup > − 1 < / sup > s NNss normalizes the sum of the weights in each municipality to equal the number of sample observations , ss < sup > is the probability of AGEB a being included in the sample . 11 This < / sup > which is one recommended method for normalizing weights when estimating conditional random ππ > 8 The same software package was used to estimate both municipal and state level results . We experimented with omitting state-level dummies and the results were worse . > 9 Using estimated population from WorldPop has the added benefit of being applicable to other contexts . While we have census information that would allow us to aggregate using arguably more “ correct ” data , this would not be possible in other contexts in which census data is missing or out of date . For this reason , we drop any AGEBs with an estimated population of zero . Only 0 . 6 percent of AGEBs", "spans": [{"start": 1673, "end": 1691, "text": "census information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1818, "end": 1829, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the cash transfer programs reduced the likelihood of young women becoming pregnant and improved mental health outcomes , such as lower rates of depression , greater belief in self-agency and self-efficacy , and more positive views of the future . Second , the KSEIP supports positive gender outcomes through interventions specifically targeted to women . * * NICHE * * supports PLW and mothers to make better dietary decisions for their children and enhance existing impacts on * * household * * decision making through the provision of a top-up transfer . The KSEIP M & E framework includes genderdisaggregated indicators on proposed project beneficiaries . Project surveys would collect * * XX * *", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 679, "text": "Project surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Coastal Development Project ( P094692 ) * * Component : * * Sound management of natural resources | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * Original Target * * | * * Formally Revised * * < br > * * Target * * | * * Actual Achieved at * * < br > * * Completion * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Target areas with annually < br > updated geo-referenced < br > biodiversity data | Hectare ( Ha ) | 0 . 00 < br > 01-Jun-2011 | 15000 . 00 < br > 01-Jun-2011 | 10000 . 00 < br > 21-Sep-2012 | 25000 . 00 < br > 30-Jun-2017 | | * * Comments ( achievements agains * * < br > Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Park and < br > biodiversity data has been genera < br > and coastal resources . The data w < br > * * Indicator Name * * | * * t targets ) : * * Targe < br > Reserve and its < br > ted , and subseq < br > as collected ann < br > * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | t achieved ( 250 % ) : T < br > environments ) and o < br > uently used to develo < br > ually . < br > * * Baseline * * | hrough biodiversity assessm < br > utside protected areas ( i . e . , < br > p a coastal biodiversity info < br > * * Original Target * * | ents in protected", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 477, "text": "biodiversity data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 106 . 032 . 2 | | OhSEMTUIA1INIl | * * aw inth * * | 6 | 3 | 3 | - | 12 < br > 395 . 11 | < br > 2 . 370 . 6 | 2 . 305 . 1 | 1 . 15 . 1 | 4-741 . 3 | | EaSM TIAIRS6 | | | | | | | | | | | | LIS ! r | r / tar | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 4 < br > 712 . 30 | 10-46 . 3 | < br > 730 . 4 | < br > ? 3 . 4 | - < br > : - P33 . 5 | | LOCAL < br > T11 * 235 | _QeWe_thio ' t | 190 | 0 | 20 | - | 30 < br > t4 . 3 | 483 . 0 | < br > 4330 | 4U3 . 0 | - < br > 1-449 . 0 | | Sib-Total Fltl3ES - < br > STATISTICS . < br > SD EIU | < br > tILTION | | | | | | 237-047 . | 0 55 . 42 . 0 | 7 - . 3 . ' | - 1 ' 4 - . 3 . 4 | | C . TIMMHLUING FACILITIES | | | | | | | | | | | | 1Itt < br > L1 * 325 FACILITIES | oI | | - | - | - | 2 656 . 75 | _6563_ | | | _ . 956P_ | | Sib-Total IftiWf < br > 1IIDI . 1 FACILITIES | | | | | | | 6 \" 156 . 1 | < br > - | | - < br > 16 ' | | ToalIASIt", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> O CPI | | TRADE | | | | | | | _ ( US $ millions ) _ | 1980 | 1990 | 1999 | 2000 | ExportandImportlevels ( USSmill . ) | | < br > Total exports ( fob ) | 66 | 73 | 56 | 43 | 50 | | Coffee | 58 | 52 | 44 | 47 | 200 | | < br > Tea < br > Manufactures | < br > 2 < br > 1 | < br > 8 < br > 4 | a < br > 1 | 14 < br > 1 | 20 < br > 90 < br > * | | Total imports ( cif ) < br > | 168 < br > | 226 < br > | 118 < br > | 144 < br > | 1oo < br > * * _ . * * * < br > | | Food < br > Fuel andenergy | 18 < br > 25 | 12 < br > 30 | 1 1 < br > 19 | 1 1_ < br > 20 | _ < br > * < br > _ < br > _ < br > _ < br > o | | < br > Capitalgoods | < br > 33 | < br > 80 | < br > 52 | < br > 59 | _ < br > o | | ExportPriceIndex_ ( 1995100 ) _ | _ . . _ | | | | 94 < br > 90 < br > De < br > 97 < br > 99 < br > 99 < br > 00 | | < br > ImoortoriceIndex_ ( 1995 = 100 ) _ | | | | | * Exports < br > * Imports | | < br > Termsof trade ( 1995 = 100 ) | _ . . _ < br > _ . . _ | _ . . _ | _ . . _ | _ . . _ | <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unable to have access to the existing services were child-headed households , ( 16 % ) , children at risk headed households ( 10 % ) , Elderly person headed households ( 16 % ) , female-headed households ( 17 % ) , persons with disability ( 14 % ) , persons with life-threatening health issues ( 4 % ) , substance abusers ( 9 % ) and women at risk headed household < / mark > at ( 9 % ) . _ “ The people who have more power and have more money they will win the dispute ” _ _UR Male HH , Faryab , January “ The new government do not have ability to solve the problems they are illiterate they do not have familiarity with documentation ” UR Male HH , Badakhshan February_ < mark > Although 75 % of the population access basic < / mark > _UR Male HH , Badakhshan February_ < mark > services based on Key Informant Interviews , only 2 % of respondents indicated that there is access to child protection for prevention and response to abuse , violence , and neglect < / mark > # # # # * * < mark > e . Mine Action < / mark > * * < mark > The presence of mines and other explosives shows an increase across the provinces surveyed , The Household Survey revealed that a majority 91 % ( compared to 89 % in Q4 of 2021 ) of households lack awareness about mines and other explosives and 39 % indicated that they lack awareness on where to report explosives . The presence of mines and explosives affected livelihood and access , and the well-being of the community population including that the community cannot get access to services reported ( 25 % ) , children cannot access school safely ( 21 % ) animal grazing ( 20 % ) , children cannot play safely ( 15 % ) and collecting water ( 13 % ) . While the data from the Key informant interview indicated that 88 % of respondents have no information about mines or other explosives compared to", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 823, "text": "Key Informant Interviews", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1148, "text": "Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1699, "end": 1736, "text": "data from the Key informant interview", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the hypothesis that property owners who had been more exposed to prior enforcement activity by the LRA were more responsive to the enforcement message . In the absence of direct information on the different enforcement activities carried out by area , the billing and payment records provide some suggestive evidence of the outcome of enforcement efforts across areas . We use the delinquency recovery rate from the prior fiscal year as a proxy for the extent of prior enforcement efforts . Table A6 , column 4 , shows that for properties similar to the experimental sample ( tax liability below $ 1 , 000 and with tax arrears ) , the payment rate in area two is 9 percentage points higher than in area one ( _p_ = 0 _ . _ 0003 ) , and the rate in area three is 5 percentage points higher than area one ( _p_ = 0 _ . _ 057 ) . This pattern is consistent with a greater effect of the enforcement treatment in area two due to higher credibility of enforcement based on past experience . Although the LRA did not systematically record follow up enforcement activities carried out against delinquent property owners in the treatment group that did not respond , there were no significant changes to their collection capacity around this time and the available evidence suggests that their actions , if any , were not substantial . We find no impact of the intervention beyond the first year ( table 4 and figure 4 ) . This result contrasts with the sustained compliance impact in experiment one , where there was a notable investment in identification capacity and indicates that shifting long-term beliefs about enforcement probability requires real changes in collection capacity . # * * 6 Conclusion * * This paper offers a framework to study tax capacity of emerging economies as three different dimensions : identification , detection , and collection capacity . Given the well-established body of evidence on the importance of verifying the amount of tax liabilities , for example , through third-party information , this paper focuses instead on identification and collection . It highlights the importance of first of all identifying taxable entities and tax bases to make the tax base more legible to the", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 288, "text": "billing and payment records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * The world is undergoing the most extensive school closures ever witnessed . To combat COVID19 , more than 180 countries mandated temporary school closures , leaving , at its peak in early April , close to 1 . 6 billion children and youth out of school . By the end of May 2020 , 20 school systems had opened partially , and about 1 . 2 billion students remained out of school . < sup > 2 < / sup > Most countries are projecting school closures to last through the summer ( or winter break ) . The education system is witnessing an extraordinary twin shock : school closures needed to fight the pandemic and a widespread global economic recession . < sup > 3 < / sup > Unemployment numbers are on the rise , family incomes are falling , and government fiscal space is shrinking . Moreover , this shock is being observed simultaneously across the planet < sup > 4 < / sup > , and most likely , international aid budgets will also be affected . This crisis is making a dire situation worse . Before COVID-19 shut schools down , the world was already in the midst of a global learning crisis that threatened countries ’ efforts to build human capital – the skills and know-how needed for the jobs of the future . Data from the World Bank and UNESCO showed that 53 % of children at the end of primary in low - and middle-income countries suffer from learning poverty ( World Bank , 2019 ) . And progress in reducing it was far too slow to meet the aspirations laid out in SDG4 – to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education . At the rate of improvement that prevailed prior to COVID-19 , about 43 % of children will still be learning-poor in 2030 . Figure 1 shows that prior to COVID-19 , if countries were to reduce learning poverty at a more ambitious yet achievable pace , the global rate of learning poverty could drop to 27 % . This would have meant on average nearly tripling the then-prevalent global rate of progress . > 2 World Bank . Education Systems ’ Response to COVID-19 .", "spans": [{"start": 1236, "end": 1271, "text": "Data from the World Bank and UNESCO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 4 . 1 The proponent shall seek written approval from the Authority for any operational changes under this license . - 4 . 2 The proponent shall ensure that the Authority is notified of any malfunction of any system within 12 hrs . On the * * NEMA * * hotline 020 6006041 and mitigation measures put in place . - 4 . 3 The proponent shall keep records of all pollution incidences * * & * * notify the Authority within 24 hrs , - 4 . 4 The proponent shall notify the Authority of its intent to decommission three months in advance in writing . * * 5 . Decommissioning Conditions * * - * * 5 . 1 * * The proponent shall ensure that a decommissioning plan is submitted to the Authority for approval at least three * * ( 3 ) * * months prior to decommissioning - * * 5 . 2 * * The proponent shall ensure that all pollutants and polluted material is contained and adequate mitigation measures provided during the phase . The above conditions will ensure environmentally sustainable development and must be complied with .", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 380, "text": "records of all pollution incidences", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Annex C : Projecting out ‐ of ‐ pocket expenditures_ * * Future values of OOP spending per capita are needed as input parameters into the demand model projections to predict future values of physicians per 1 , 000 population . Based on historical data for total health expenditures per capita ( PPP constant 2011 international $ ) and the percentage of total health expenditures spent OOP , we calculate the OOP health expenditures per capita for each country from 1995 to 2013 based on the following formula for each country _c_ in year _t_ : - - ( Eq 8 ) _OOPPCct_ = _ % total health expenditures spent OOPct Total health expenditure per capitact_ For 27 countries where health expenditure information was completely missing , year ‐ specific mean OOP spending per capita by region and income group were substituted . These countries were as follows : American Samoa , Aruba , Bermuda , Cayman Islands , Channel Islands , Curacao , Faeroe Islands , French Polynesia , Greenland , Guam , Hong Kong SAR , China , Isle of Man , Democratic People ’ s Republic of Korea , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Macao , New Caledonia , Northern Mariana , Puerto Rico , Sint Maarten , Somalia , St . Martin , Taiwan , China , Turks and Caicos , Virgin Islands , West Bank and Gaza , and Zimbabwe . To select the appropriate model , the data was split into two parts : 1 . Initialization data set included data for years 1995 – 2008 . 2 . Testing data set included data for years 2009 – 2013 ( except for OOPPC variable , which was set to missing ) . To project future values of OOP spending per capita , we tested eight models with the initialization data set : - 1 ) For each country _c_ , a moving average for 18 prior periods without weights was estimated : ( Eq 9 ) � � � � � � � � � � � ∑ � � � � � � � � � � � , � � � A total of 18 previous periods was chosen to maximize the number of prior year observations possible to base projections off of (", "spans": [{"start": 243, "end": 299, "text": "historical data for total health expenditures per capita", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1360, "end": 1383, "text": "Initialization data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1624, "end": 1647, "text": "initialization data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "description of our analysis on likelihood of being in the treatment group . We proceed with the shortterm impacts of the EF program on the full sample and on various demographic and socioeconomic subgroups . # # * * a . First-Stage Estimation of Propensity Scores * * At the heart of the propensity score matching method is pairing trainees with non-trainees who are similar in terms of their observable characteristics . This pairing between a trainee and comparable non-trainees is done via a propensity score , as described in section IV . > 44 An individual is recorded in the EF monitoring database as a trainee only when the T & E provider submits the person ’ s name at the end of the training . Since the EF only reimburses T & E providers at the conclusion of the training , they do not record nor do we have any way to track how many people enrolled , but did not complete , the training in 2010 to 2012 . > 45 The monitoring records indicate that the control group individuals who received training did so in the original training course that they applied for . There is no evidence that they applied for and participated in a different EF training course sponsored by a different T & E provider , nor that they participated in EF training courses in a different year . > 46 In practice , while we cannot be sure what happened in each case , the T & E providers probably dipped into the pool of lowerscoring applicants in an attempt to fill up the training slots as people dropped out . > 47 The stable unit treatment value assumption ( i . e . , SUTVA ) based on Rubin ( 1980 ) assumes that ( 1 ) the treatment status of any unit does not affect the potential outcomes of the other units ( i . e . , non-interference ) and ( 2 ) the treatments for all units are comparable ( i . e . , no variation in treatment ) . Note that take-up of training among control group units is not a violation of the SUTVA , as take-up among non-beneficiaries was not directly a result of the take-up of training", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 603, "text": "EF monitoring database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 925, "end": 943, "text": "monitoring records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "across the decade ( see Figure A . 2 in Annex 4 ) . Women face particularly challenging labor markets in urban areas , where their unemployment rate is close to 50 percent against about 30 percent for men . In rural areas , overall unemployment rates are much lower , at 27 percent , but the gender gap is as high as in urban areas > 6 All unemployment rates for LAC and other countries are from the World Development Indicators ( WDI ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 428, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9188 # * * Abstract * * Despite informality being the norm in conflict-affected countries , most estimates of the impact of conflict on economic activity rely on formal sector data . Using high-frequency data from Afghanistan , this paper assesses how surges in conflict intensity affect not only the formal sector , but also informal and illicit activities . Nighttime light provides a proxy for aggregate economic activity , mobile phone traffic by registered firms captures fluctuations in formal sector output , and the land surface devoted to poppy cultivation gives a measure of illicit production . The unit of observation is the district and the period of reference is 2012 – 16 . The same dynamic specification and controls are used for the estimation in the three cases , making the results comparable across sectors . Controls include the presence of combat troops and the level of foreign aid at the local level , which both influence local living standards in Afghanistan . The results show that an increase in conflict-related casualties has a strong negative impact on formal economic activity in the following quarter and a positive effect on illicit activity after two quarters . The impact on aggregate economic activity is negative , but more muted . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at gacevedo @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction", "spans": [{"start": 192, "end": 210, "text": "formal sector data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 219, "end": 255, "text": "high-frequency data from Afghanistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "oversight authority to guide project implementation effectively . Similarly , the national steering committee , formed to help coordinate interagency actions with respect to the targeted nutrition and school attendance sub - components , seemed unable to provide the overall coordination and guidance that was required . The PMU was not fully staffed all the time , and dedicated project coordinators for the six regions were appointed only around MTR . At the district level , there were significant time lags between approval and funding of projects , weaknesses and delays in financial reporting and auditing , and the de facto non - implementation of the agreed M & E system which , in turn , has precluded a more careful assessment of the actual project impact on the ground . In addition , while recognizing that this appears to be a systemic problem , the failure to adhere to environmental safeguards screening procedures is a matter of concern . Taken together , these shortcomings compromised the quality of < u > program implementation . < / u > * * a . Government Performance : * * Moderately Satisfactory * * b . Implementing Agency Performance : * * Moderately Unsatisfactory * * c . Overall Borrower Performance : * * Moderately Satisfactory # # # * * 10 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization : * * The M & E system of this project showed weaknesses in design and implementation , adversely affecting the ability to evaluate and learn from the project experience . At the design level , there were weaknesses with the “ results framework ” in the sense of objectives defined in broad , non - operational terms , lack of sufficient congruence between project components / activities and the development objectives , and a gap between objectives and their indicators ( including the fact that the indicators were not sufficiently specific or measurable and did not have identified pre - and post-project levels which could be used to calibrate implementation success ) . During implementation , there was no collection of relevant process , cost , and output / impact data at regular intervals . Consequently , it was not easy to calibrate implementation progress and", "spans": [{"start": 2054, "end": 2095, "text": "process , cost , and output / impact data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Sub-c ' omponent L2 W55 _for Refugees_ * * _ & _ * * _hosting communities : _ This is also implemented by the MWE / Rural Water Department and includes Water Supply and Sanitation * * ( WSS ) * * in selected Districts Hosting Refugees in Kiryandongo , Arua , Yumbe , Moyo , Adijumani and Lamwo districts . The activities consist of construction and rehabilitation of * * WSS * * facilities as well as providing associated services including feasibility studies , detailed engineering designs and construction , environment and source protection , preparing and implementing sanitation plans , strengthening capacity of UWAs in operation maintenance , and financial management . # # # # Component * * 3 : * * Water Resources Management This component supports implementation of catchment management and restoration activities in selected subcatchments . The activities include undertaking management measures ( including soil and water conservation , tree planting , river bank protection and restoration ) . The other activities include preparation of a water resources management strategy and plan for the Albert * * Nile * * WMZ , preparation of Catchment Management Plans ( CMPs ) for priority sub-catchments . unidertaking ground water managemnClt study and strengthening Water resource monitoring and Information System ( WIS ) at national and regional WMZ levels , installation of water monitoring stations and * * supply * * of laboratory equipment for the regional Water Quality Laboratories . # # # # * * Component 4 : Project Implementation and Institutional * * Strengthening This component which is implemented * * by * * MWE / Water * * & * * Environment Sector Liaison Department ( WESLD ) finances overall coordination , financial management , planning , reporting and capacity development of the project implementing staff of MWE and * * NWSC . * * The capacity development activities are provided through a Project Support Team * * ( PST ) * * consisting of individual specialists in the areas of technical support , financial management", "spans": [{"start": 1276, "end": 1324, "text": "Water resource monitoring and Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 4-year ( CAB ) | [ 0 . 056 ] | [ 0 . 055 ] | [ 0 . 054 ] | | | EU 10 and EU candidate | - 0 . 609 | - 0 . 660 | - 0 . 568 | | | dummy times CAB | [ 0 . 343 ] | [ 0 . 277 ] < br > * | [ 0 . 304 ] < br > * * * | * | | EU neighborhood country | 0 . 488 | 0 . 474 | 0 . 480 | | | dummy times CAB | [ 0 . 126 ] | [ 0 . 121 ] < br > * * * | [ 0 . 128 ] < br > * * * | * * * | | Number of observations | 565 | 573 | 568 | | | Number of countries | 88 | 88 | 88 | | | Number of instruments | 40 | 40 | 40 | | | Hansen test for over - | 0 . 236 | 0 . 206 | 0 . 227 | | | identifying restrictions | | | | | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 1 ) test | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 2 ) test | 0 . 706 | 0 . 711 | 0 . 736 | | Notes : < sup > [ A ] < / sup > GDP data are adjusted for international differences in purchasing power of the dollar . Robust standard errors in parentheses ; asterisks indicate statistical significance at the * * * 1 , * * 5 , and * 10 percent level . All equations include time period and group-specific dummies . Data for the transition economies refer only from 1997 onwards . All equations include time period and group-specific dummies . # * * 6 . Concluding Remarks * * This paper provides evidence that the new EU member states and the EU candidate countries have been able to speed up their income convergence through greater reliance on foreign capital . The growth equations reveal that the current account deficits are positively correlated with medium-term economic growth", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 767, "text": "GDP data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "space and enable us to distinguish between economy-wide changes in key economic and social welfare indicators and the impact of the ERT projects . Every post-baseline survey round will be preceded by a participatory workshop and followed by presentations of key findings within the communities . # # # # # # * * _Indicators_ * * The quantitative * * enterprise * * indicators will be collected within the context of a best practice enterprise survey , designed to elicit good estimates of cash-flow and balance sheet figures even for enterprises with no books . The energy indicators will focus on coverage , usage , both in terms of the proportion who connect to the new supply and how much electricity and other types of energy are consumed , reliability , sufficiency , and costs , including average fuel and capital costs of energy use , average total costs of energy , and proportion of energy in total costs . These will be analyzed in conjunction with a number of economic indicators including the size and sectoral distribution of the enterprises in each site , non-agriculture employment , remunerated agricultural employment due to land owners working in non-agricultural enterprise hiring farm laborers , investment in and stocks of physical capital , sales and re-deployments of generators , value added , productivity , profitability , input and output prices , stocks of human capital , indebtedness , access to credit , exposure to other ERT interventions , and the characteristics and history of the entrepreneurs , their enterprises and households . The quantitative * * household * * indicators will be collected as part of a best practice , general income and expenditure survey . The survey instrument will be closely linked to the long-standing Uganda National Household Survey , but will a [ so contain a comprehensive set of questions on ERT interventions . The energy indicators will be similar to those for enterprises . However , greater emphasis will be placed on the disaggregation of energy sources and their efficiency factors under different uses . Variations in these indicators across income deciles can be considerable .", "spans": [{"start": 418, "end": 449, "text": "best practice enterprise survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1668, "end": 1697, "text": "income and expenditure survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1766, "end": 1798, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to restrict the civic space and limit fundamental freedoms within the occupied territories in the form of * * suppressing Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar languages and cultural identities * * , including disruption , restriction or banning the use of these languages in education , media and other spheres of life . Further information on protection risks faced by the population living in the occupied territories is severely lacking , with needs often inferred from situations on the side of the frontline controlled by the Government of Ukraine , rather than from data coming out of the occupied territories . While protection actors work to systematically document violations against civilians , including children , the scale of some of these violations is difficult to determine based on both the sensitivity of the topic and limited accessibility . # # # * * COLLECTIVE SITES AND CONSOLIDATION PROCESS * * As of June 2024 , an estimated 85 , 808 IDPs in Ukraine reside in over 1 , 900 Collective Sites ( CSs ) , with higher proportions in the Western and Central parts of the country that are farther from the frontlines . CSs often accommodate highly vulnerable IDPs , with * * 93 % hosting older people , 62 % hosting persons with disabilities and 34 % female-headed households * * < sup > xxvii < / sup > * * , many at risk of various forms of GBV * * < sup > * * xxviii * * < / sup > . Over 60 % of CSs require rehabilitation ( 59 % with Shelter needs and 67 % with WASH needs ) , repairs or construction work to improve sub-standard conditions , as well as to accommodate vulnerable people requiring specific infrastructure or space configurations , primarily accessible infrastructure for people with disabilities , older people or others with low mobility , as well as infrastructure to improve privacy and security of women and children to reduce the risk of GBV . Most CSs are located in education , health facilities or other non-housing stock , intending to serve as temporary accommodation during", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 606, "text": "data coming out of the occupied territories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 2 ) The second model assumes that the variable is stationary with a change in the mean after 12 / 16 / 94 . This is suggested by inspection of the plot of MEXDIS . The variable can be described by a decreasing trend with a change in the constant after the December crisis . We estimated the following model , where the dummy _dl_ takes value one after 12 / 16 / 94 and zero before that date : _4 MEXDIS = c + a t + dl + E ± _ 7 _ . MEXDIS ( - i ) i = _ ( 2 ) The results are : _LS / / Dependent Variable is MEXDIS Sample : 6 / 15 / 90 - 7 / 12 / 96 Included observations : 318_ | Variable < br > Coefficient | Std . | Error | T-Statistic | Prob . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | C < br > 78 . 52782 | 19 . | 52125 | 4 . 022684 | 0 . 0001 | | T < br > - 0 . 253105 | 0 . 07 | 5648 | - 3 . 345822 | 0 . 0009 | | DI < br > 72 . 04601 | 18 . | 44906 | 3 . 905132 | 0 . 0001 | | MEXDIS ( - 1 ) 1 . 186698 | 0 . 05 | 6149 | 21 . 13472 | 0 . 0000 | | MEXDIS ( - 2 ) - 0 . 204627 | 0 . 08 | 5975 | - 2 . 380075 | 0 . 0179 | | MEXDIS ( - 3 ) - 0 . 185268 | 0 . 08 | 5210 | - 2 . 174256 | 0 . 0304 | | MEXDIS ( - 4 ) 0 . 118871 | 0 . 05 | 4331 | 2 . 187901 | 0 . 0294 | | R-squared < br > 0 . 966 | 303 | Mean | dependent var | 657 . 8306 | | Adjusted R-squared 0 . 965 | 653 | S . D . d | ependent var | 282 . 6279", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", we show the country level differences in quintile rank . The results vary depending on the norm in question and gender . For example , in Spain ( ESP ) men are equally gender progressive in both the Gender Equality at Home survey and the WVS ( difference in rank is 0 ) ; whereas Spanish women are equally progressive in the male breadwinner norm ( difference in rank is 0 ) but are ranked more progressive in our survey measure than the WVS ( difference in rank 1 ) . While in most countries there is little difference in the rank across the two surveys for the male breadwinner norm ; for the female caregiver norm there are some discrepancies , e . g . Tunisia and Uzbekistan have a difference of 4 . Using the Gallup World Poll we present comparisons in Table A6 and show that in the majority of countries there is a less than 10 percentage point difference with our survey measure . > Specifically , we selected the dataset year that most closely aligned with our collection of the Gender at Home data in 2020 . This data is referenced as Haerpfer et al . ( 2022 ) > 17Gallup world data was subtracted at the country level using the Appendix of Bursztyn et al . ( 2023 _b_ ) > 18The overlap in country coverage is 68 % between the WVS and the Gender Equality at Home survey ; and approximately 50 % with the Gallup World Poll 2020 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 243, "text": "WVS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 989, "end": 1008, "text": "Gender at Home data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": _ * * the absence of a birth registration could mean that the reunification of children with their families becomes more difficult . - * * _Risk of statelessness : _ * * the lack of documentation and other means to prove one ’ s identity can trigger or increase the risk of statelessness . MAY 2024 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "500 km of roads ( table 20 ) . Sudanese federal and state governments and state-owned enterprises ( SOEs ) account for an additional third of Sudan infrastructure investments , and have focused on transport and to some extent power . The remaining capital funding comes from the private sector , which , as in most of the rest of Africa , supports the ICT boom . ODA flows have played a very small role in capital infrastructure financing . Capital investments in Sudan are heavily skewed toward the power sector , much of this funded by China . Investment levels in ICT and transport are comparable * * Table 20 . Identified infrastructure projects financed by non-OECD financiers * * | US $ million | Project < br > costs | | - - - | - - - | | China | 949 | | Construction of 300 MW gas-fired power plant in Al-Fulah | 518 | | Construction of the El-Gaili Combined Cycle Power Plant , Phase 1 | 150 | | NEC transition line | 81 | | White Nile electricity network | 200 | | China and Arab countries | 1 , 200 | | Construction of the Merowe hydroelectric dam ( 1 , 250 MW ) | 1 , 200 | | India | 475 | | Setting up 4x125 MW Kosti Combined Cycle Power Plant | 475 | | * * Total * * | * * 2 , 624 * * | | _Source : _Foster , etc ( 2009 ) . Calculations based on World Bank-PPIAF < br > project database . ( http : / / ppi . worldbank . org ) , in current $ millions . | Chinese | > < sup > 41 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1260, "end": 1300, "text": "World Bank-PPIAF < br > project database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Procurement has not started for 9 e-payment service contracts , estimated at USD 3 . 5 million . 40 . The actual performance reported by FSCO shows good progress since the last JRIS , however , the performance extracted from the Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement ( STEP ) system shows less progress than reported by FSCO . Some key achievements in the last 6 months include the delivery of 184 vehicles , IT equipment and 615 motorcycles totaling USD 10 . 79 million . The mission noted that most of the agreed actions from the December 2023 JRIS mission have been largely implemented . However , the mission noted that the problem of food procurement remains a persistent challenge . This topic is covered under the Key Strategic Priorities section . 41 . The mission noted that only Oromia region submitted a procurement plan for this EFY . FSCO confirmed that there are no other procurement activities to be implemented at the regional level . The mission therefore highlighted that any procurement activities handled by the other regional offices will not be financed by the project . The mission also noted that woreda level procurement plans have not been submitted or approved , yet ETB 458 million ( about USD 8 . 5 million ) approved capital budget for EFY 2016 was transferred to the woredas for the procurement of capital goods for public works . The mission highlighted that procurement of capital goods without an approved procurement plan is not acceptable and would trigger noncompliance of procurement rules and procedures . The implementing agencies are repeatedly informed that approved procurement plans are a requirement to initiate procurement activities at all levels . 42 . The mission therefore agreed that : ( i ) FSCO and DCT will submit the procurement plan in an Excel sheet for all woredas that procured capital goods in EFY 2016 for review and No Objection by the World Bank by July 15 , 2024 ; ( ii ) FSCO will ensure that EFY 2017 woreda procurement plans are submitted through STEP for approval by July 31 , 2024 ; and ( iii ) FSCO will", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 276, "text": "Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 3 . Refugee population and changes by country / territory of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntar < mark > y repatriation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often unknown . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | Region and | Population | start-2006 | | Incre | ases during | 2006 | | | | De | creases d | uring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | country / | | | Spont . a | rrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettle | ment | | | | | | | | territory | | _of which : _ | | | Resettle - | | | | _of which :", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 104, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 996, "end": 1043, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of all livestock population respectively . According to this livestock data , the proportion of Mule was relatively small in terms of number with ( 0 . 4 % ) of all the livestock population . Across Subproject woredas while * * ( 38 . 6 % ) * * of all livestock population was found in Lude Hetosa woreda , followed * * by * * Sude woreda with * * ( 21 . 3 % ) . * * On the other hand , the proportion of livestock population found in Hetosa woreda was relatively smaller than other Subproject woredas with a total of 393 , 241 livestock population which was * * ( 10 . 6 ) % * * of ck population recorded in all Subproject woredas in the indicated years . . Zr ' ^ ' W In Subproject woredas where cereal crop production is the dominant ' ive ihood * * of * * th majority , crop residue is important feed for the livestock . Prepared anirpal forage a fallow land is among the major source of livestock feed in Subproject wiredas . * * up * * communal and proviate grazing lands forTlivestock production in Subr \" ect w s * * Mid-Day * *", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 75, "text": "livestock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "whereas municipalities like _Almenara_ and _Taiobeiras_ procured over 60 % from local suppliers . An important source of heterogeneity discussed in the public procurement literature , which might also affect the identity of suppliers , is the modality of purchase . In general , purchases can be divided into competitive and non-competitive tenders , as described in Table A . 2 . The literature showing the effects of discretion on procurement outcomes documents that it may have potential negative impacts on efficiency and corruption ( Baltrunaite et al . , 2021 ; Decarolis et al . , 2020 ; Palguta and Pertold , 2017 ) . One explanation is related to favoritism , once lack of competition may favor government bureaucracy to engage in opportunistic behavior for private benefit by awarding contracts to local and / or connected firms . These supplier firms may not be the most efficient , leading to overpricing and other inefficiencies . Using Brazilian federal procurement data , Fazio ( 2022 ) finds evidence that although public agencies use discretion to purchase higher-quality products , they also use it to favor firms that are politically connected , located in the same municipality as the government agency , larger , and older . < sup > 23 < / sup > In order to investigate this heterogeneity , in Figure 7 we present the distribution of the > 23In the Hungarian context , Szucs ( 2023 ) finds a similar result - winners of high discretion procedures are more likely to be domestically owned . On the other hand , contracts in high discretion procedures tend to be awarded to younger and smaller firms . 12", "spans": [{"start": 950, "end": 984, "text": "Brazilian federal procurement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "levels , inflation , public sector and external balances ) and other control variables ( levels of GDP per capita ) and World Bank Income Classification categories to identify countries that are low - , middle - or high income . It is important to note that although the data do not have right or left censoring issues as is typically the case with most duration analysis , the data sample does suffer from “ right truncation ” . In other words , the observation of a mine in the sample is conditional upon it having being developed to production during the sample period ( which ends in 2014 ) . Mines which have yet to be developed are not part of the sample . Most copper and gold mines in our data set tend to get developed within the first 10 years following discovery ( Figure 4 ) . However , the lead time to production is shorter for gold discoveries ( 10 years , versus . 17 years , on average , for copper ) . Only 4 . 5 percent of gold mines in the sample remain in production for 30 or more years , compared to almost a third of copper mines in the sample . On average , there does not appear to be any discernible difference across gold mines of different sizes or quality . < sup > 8 < / sup > In contrast , copper deposits with shorter lead times to production are more often those of higher quality ( Tier 1 ) deposits . By region , the largest number of discoveries in our data set is located in the Americas , Africa , Australia , and among Former > 8 This is also borne out in mean comparison tests , with t-statistics indicating that statistically significant difference in the average delay ( or number of years to production ) from discovery to production across gold and copper mines . Mean comparison tests , however , show no statistically significant difference across mines of different sizes . 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with < br > informal pre-budget < br > discussions during budget < br > literacy training , | | | The Nov 2016 DLI achieved by < br > reaching 37 . 2 % of woredas from | | Value | Standard GRM structures in 4 < br > regions , including assigned < br > staff at regional and woreda < br > levels , | - - | | the planned 15 % , and achieving < br > women participation about 46 . 3 % < br > from planed 25 % | | | SA Operational in 223 < br > woredas | | | | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | - - | | 31-Mar-2017 | -  DLI 9 Oversight function of Regional Procurement regulatory bodies has been improved ( Text ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N / A | - - | | Indicator related data collection , | 4 / 11 / 2017 Page 4 of 14 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "take various forms , such as aligning the definition of units , reference period , population , variables , classification , measurement error , missing data , and derivation of variables . For example , in the case of statistical matching between household budget surveys , we harmonize the reference period by annualizing variables whenever possible and appropriate . Additionally , we harmonize the categorization of variables to ensure they are classified in a consistent manner across different surveys . The harmonization process is facilitated by the fact that both the Household Budget Survey ( HBS ) and the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions ( EU-SILC ) share a similar definition of a household . This definition , as described by Serafino and Tonkin ( 2017 ) , states that a household comprises individuals who live together in the same dwelling and share meals or jointly provide living conditions . Essentially , a household refers to a group of people residing in the same place , with a degree of interdependence in their daily living arrangements , such as cooking and sharing meals together . * * We next identify potential matching variables and harmonize them with each other . * * Table A . 2 in Appendix 1 gives an overview of the variables that are included both in the HBS 2019 and the EU-SILC 2020 . We mark those variables that we include in the set of potential matching variables in green . We also depict the respective categorization of these variables . As there are some important differences in the categorization of most of the variables , we harmonize them with each other . Next , we aggregate all indicators at the household level . Based on our assessment of potential matching variables , we harmonize the variables as follows : - Harmonize HBS regions to EU-SILC regions ( BG3 and BG4 ) - Create a dummy variable for urbanization , both in HBS and EU-SILC - Create a categorical income variable of 20 categories , the lowest category representing those households with the lowest income - Generate household characteristics based on individual-level characteristics , which are as follows : - Household with at least one child ( < 15 ) ; with at least one pensioner ;", "spans": [{"start": 577, "end": 600, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 617, "end": 674, "text": "European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1316, "end": 1324, "text": "HBS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1333, "end": 1345, "text": "EU-SILC 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "539 , 814 | | Islamic Republic of Iran | 98 , 756 , 623 | 98 , 916 , 707 | 197 , 673 , 329 | | Pakistan | 99 , 201 , 670 | 99 , 201 , 669 | 198 , 403 , 339 | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 323 , 792 , 426 * * | * * 319 , 824 , 056 * * | * * 643 , 616 , 482 * * | * * SOURCE : * * GLOBAL APPEAL 2018-2019 . PLEASE SEE : http : / / reporting . unhcr . org / publications # tab-global_appeal 20 U N H C R", "spans": [{"start": 271, "end": 294, "text": "GLOBAL APPEAL 2018-2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 19 * * * * FINANCIAL * * PERFORMANCE This will include : I . Naration of financial performance 2 . Expenditure allocation / apportionment tables - showing apportionments < sup > * * by * * donors of project < / sup > expenditures reported * * 3 . * * Variance analysis 4 . Etc", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "builds on the KAPP and the 12-year IDA APL . A matrix of 12 Kenya GEF SLM-related projects is provided also , though discussion of the connections that will be forged is as yet missing . While the link with FAO ’ s Farmer Field Schools is mentioned in passing , there is also a good match to 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7949 # * * Abstract * * This paper uses comprehensive and comparable firm-level manufacturing census data from four Sub-Saharan African countries to examine the extent , costs , and nature of within-industry resource misallocation across heterogeneous firms . The paper finds evidence of severe misallocation in which resources are diverted away from high-productivity firms toward low-productivity ones in all four countries , although the magnitude differs across countries . The paper shows that a hypothetical reallocation of resources that equalizes marginal returns across firms would increase manufacturing productivity by 31 . 4 percent in Côte d ’ Ivoire and as much as 162 . 7 percent in Kenya . The paper emphasizes the importance of the quality of the underlying data , by comparing the results against those from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys . The comparison finds that the survey-based results underestimate the extent of misallocation vis-a-vis the census . Finally , the paper finds that the size of existing distortions is correlated with various measures of business environment , such as lack of access to finance , corruption , and regulations . This paper is a product of the Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice Group and the Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at xcirera @ worldbank . org and rfattaljaef @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 135, "text": "firm-level manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 860, "end": 889, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 : AEP Impact Points * * | * * Sub-Sector Enterprise * * | * * Production Practice * * | | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * Crop * * | Improved plant materials | | | Timely planting | | | Optimum plant population | | | Soil & water conservation | | | Weed control | | | Pruning | | | Pest / disease control | | | Timely harvest | | | Storage | | * * Livestock * * | mproved breeds | | | Housing | | | Pasturage | | | Zero Grazing | | | Waterng | | | Supplementary < br > feeding | | | Pest / disease control | | * * Aquaculture * * | Pond siting | | | Pond construction | | | Pond fertilization | | | Pondstocking | | | Supplementary < br > feeding | | | Harvest cropping | | | Sampling | # # # # * * 3 . 4 Farmer Awareness * * The project surveys ( baseline , farmer follow-up , beneficiary assessment ) differed in the number of impact points surveyed , and concems have been raised as to the reliability and accuracy of some data . While noting these constraints the beneficiary assessment report indicates some interesting trends in the three sub-sectors . * * Crops . * * The beneficiary assessment report indicated that AEP did not significantly affect the levels of awareness compared to previous extension practices for the simple technology messages : timely planting ; pruning of bananas and coffee ; timely harvest and storage impact points ; optimum planting populations ; and soil and water conservation . AEP did significantly influence the level of farmer awareness for improved plant material and for pest and disease control . With crops the main source of information was farmers and FEWs . Livestock The beneficiary assessment report indicated that while AEP had a significant impact on", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 754, "text": "project surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2007 had an average share of returnees over the population of 70 percent . 3 . Returnee households are considered to have “ reintegrated ” successfully if they were able to return to the place where they used to live before displacement , and if they were able to achieve — on average — socio-economic outcomes and legal protection in line with those of the local / host population . Household ability to reintegrate successfully might depend on several factors related to the social , economic and institutional conditions prevailing in the host community , as well as on the physical , human and social capital accumulated by returnee households while in asylum , and on their returns “ on arrival ” . 4 . According to NRVA 2007 – 08 data , approximately 85 percent of Afghan households reported to have been negatively affected by a “ large influx of returnees ” during the 12 months preceding the survey . 5 . Demographic and Health Survey ( 2014 ) . 6 . The youth bulge is defined as the share of youth aged 15 – 24 to the adult population aged 15 + . 7 . Growth is expected to remain slow over coming years , reflecting weak demand , increasing output gap and the lack of fiscal space for increasing social transfers in order to boost short-term economic growth ( World Bank , 2016 ; _Navigating Risk and Uncertainty in Afghanistan_ ) . 8 . Urdal , Henrik . 2004 . _The devil in the demographics : The effect of youth bulges on domestic armed conflict , _ 1950 – 2000 . Social Development Papers : Conflict and Reconstruction Paper 14 . 9 . Low-technology , rain-fed agriculture remains the country ’ s primary sector of employment , especially for its poorest and more vulnerable people . 10 . ALCS 2013 – 14 . 11 . Probability of having a household member abroad was estimated using a Linear Probability model and ALCS 2013 – 14 data . Controls include a dummy indicating whether the household feels insecure in the district of residence ; the number of security incidents per thousand inhabitants", "spans": [{"start": 721, "end": 740, "text": "NRVA 2007 – 08 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 914, "end": 943, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1701, "end": 1715, "text": "ALCS 2013 – 14", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1822, "end": 1841, "text": "ALCS 2013 – 14 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 3 . 0 STATEMENT OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT ' S RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS * * * * Th * * r World Bark guidelines requ . ire th ' at Projec ma nagement prepares its firancal statements for each accounting penad w . hich give a true and tar view of the state of affairs af the Project and of * * its * * operating resu s for the year The mranagement of Energy tor Rura . Transformat on ( ERT 1 ) PSFJ Component is respons ble for preparing the financial statements _for_ each nancial year which gives atrue and fa * * view * * of the state ot affairs of the Project as at the erd of the frnancoa year . The Projoct management is requi . red to ensure the Project keeps proper accounting records which disclose with reasonab e accuracy at ary time the fmancal position ot the Project They are also responsile fo sateguard ng the assets of * * the * * Project and are ultiately responsibte for the intemai cntrols Standards and systems f interra control are desgned and mrplemented ny management to provide reasonable assurance as te the integrity and refabl ty at the financial statements and to adequately safeguardt verify and maintain accountability of the Pro ect s * * asse : s * * Appropriate accounting polcaies suappoted by reasonable and prudent juagements and estirnates are applied on a consistent basis These systems and cantrois include tre proper delegation et responsb l ties within a clearly deftned tramewark effect ve accou . nting pracedures and adequate segregation of duties . The management of the Projct accepts resonsb lity for tre statement of comprehensve inome the statement of finaal position ana tre speCial ac", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 716, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- One Envelope 46 , 368 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-25 2022-12-29 2023-12-29 < br > a Encuesta Nacional de Desn < br > utrición Infantil año 2023 < br > C2-MIES-INEC-51 / Contratac < br > ión de 16 Supervisores de operativo de campo de Enlistamiento para el operativo de c IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 230 , 640 . 75 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-15 2022-12-27 2023-12-28 < br > ampo de la Encuesta Nacion < br > al de Desnutrición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-52 / Contratac < br > ión de 8 Operadores Cartográficos de Enlistamiento parael operativo de campo de laEncuesta Nacional de Desnut IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 79 , 358 . 72 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-22 2022-12-30 2023-12-29 < br > rición Infantil < br > C2-MIES-INEC-53 / Contratac < br > ión de 8 Revisores de controlde calidad de Enlistamiento para el operativo de campo dela Encuesta Nacional de Desn IBRD / 89460 Component 2 : Technical Assistance for Capacity Building & Monitoring and Evaluation Post Request for Quotations Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 73 , 122 . 56 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-11-18 2022-12-28 2023-12-28 < br > utrición", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 126, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Desn", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 554, "end": 569, "text": "Encuesta Nacion", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # # # * * Thresholds * , Procurement Methods , and Prior Review * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | * * Contracts Subject to * * < br > * * Prior Review / [ eq . US $ ] * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which farmers demonstrated each crop . These administrative data align remarkably well with our self-reported household survey data ; 5 % and 15 % of non-demonstrators ( defined at the household-crop level ) report adoption of improved seed and cultivation , respectively , for promoted crops during the demonstration year , in contrast to 80 % and 94 % of demonstrators . * * Restriction to promoted crops * * Our main analysis leverages data at the farmercrop-survey wave-level and restricts to what we refer to as “ promoted crops ” . A key choice made by extension agents for treatment villages is the selection of pulses for demonstration of improved seeds ; as we do not expect impacts of demonstration on non-demonstrated pulses , pooling demonstrated and non-demonstrated crops together in analysis would meaningfully reduce power . However , no crops were demonstrated in control villages . We therefore identify comparison crops in control villages based on the observation that extension agents were instructed to select crops for demonstration packages based on suitability in their Union ( Section 3 . 1 ) ; specifically , we select the crops that were demonstrated in the other sampled village in their Union ( and therefore selected by the same extension agent ) as comparison crops . < sup > 15 < / sup > We refer to comparison crops in control villages , and demonstrated crops in treatment villages , as “ promoted crops ” , and non-promoted pulses as “ placebo crops . ” The restriction to promoted crops would result in bias if promoted crops were endogenous to treatment assignment ; for instance , extension agents could have been aware of the village ’ s treatment status ( regular , shared , or decentralized ) before selecting the demonstration package , and this information could have informed their choice of demonstrated crops . We consider four tests for this bias , which we discuss and implement in Section 4 . 6 . We compare , across treatment arms , the choice of promoted crops , baseline outcomes , and outcomes on placebo crops , and we estimate impacts controlling for crop-survey wave fixed effects . The results of these tests lead us to conclude that potential endogeneity of promoted crops to treatment assignment", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 131, "text": "self-reported household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 451, "end": 468, "text": "farmercrop-survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 60 % 60 < br > 50 % < br > 40 < br > 40 % < br > 30 % 20 < br > 20 % < br > 10 % 0 < br > 0 % India to EU15 within EU15 NMS to EU15 < br > 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 - 20 < br > India to EU15 EU15 to EU15 NMS to EU15 < br > - 40 < br > Construction Computer and business services < br > modern traditional < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ EuroStat , Direction of Trade Statistics . 2011 . In summary , the stylized facts show that services dominate growth in EU-15 countries and to a lesser extent in NMS and ACC . Service productivity is many times higher in EU-15 than in the other two groups but at least NMS are starting to catch up . Highest growth in ― service tradability ‖ is recorded for NMS followed by EU-15 while ACC are falling behind . Both EU15 and NMS have revealed comparative advantage in services , but this is not the case for ACC . Moreover , growth in modern services outweigh growth in traditional services in EU-15 and NMS , while modern services are even shrinking in ACC . Hence , EU-15 and NMS do seem to change the nature of their services while for ACC - even though the contribution of services to growth is strong in ACC - it seems to be less due to an improved quality of services . We next turn to the sophistication of services . After a short description of the methodology , we will present some descriptive statistics for Europe that may help us further understand the patterns in Europe that we have just observed . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Polanyi , Karl , 1944 , _The Great Transformation : The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time_ , Farrar & Rinehart , New York Pradhan , M . and M . Ravallion . 2000 . Measuring poverty using qualitative perceptions of consumption adequacy , _Review of Economics and Statistics_ , 82 ( 3 ) . < mark > Rao , Vijayendra . 2023 . \" Can Economics Become More Reflexive ? Exploring the Potential of Mixed Methods . \" In A . Deshpande ( edited ) < / mark > _Handbook on Economics of Discrimination and Affirmative Action_ < mark > , pp . 1-27 . Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore . < / mark > Ravallion , Martin and Shaohua Chen , 2003 , “ Measuring pro-poor growth , _Economics Letters_ , Volume 78 , Issue 1 , Pp 93-99 , Ravallion , Martin . 2012 . Poor , or just feeling poor ? On using subjective data in measuring poverty , World Bank Policy Research Paper No . 5968 . ________________ . 2019a . “ Has Malaysia virtually eliminated poverty ? ” _The Edge_ , 29 January . ________________ . 2019b . \" Ethnic Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia Since 1969 , \" NBER Working Papers 25640 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Inc . 54", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Construction and installation work for the Arsi Robe * * 132kV * * Subproject * * ( SS * * and TL ) will affect land which is currently under used for various purposes . Based on the social and economic baseline study , the land requirements are briefly presented below : - _Right-of-Way ( RoW ) : _ RoW is required to ensure the safe construction , maintenance , and operation of the power line . According to EEP ' s directives of overhead electric line clearance , 26m wide ROW is required for * * 132kV * * line . Therefore , an estimated 153 . 4ha of land ( i . e . , 59 . 0km length x 26m corridor ) will be required for the RoW . - _Transmission Tower : _ * * 173 * * transmission towers will be erected and an estimated 0 . 62ha of land will be permanently occupied * * by * * tower pads / foundation ( total land requires for installing a typical * * 132kV * * Tower is 6m x 6m ) . - * * \" * * _Substations : 4 . 11ha_ ha of land will be required for the construction of the new Arsi Robe substation . The total land premanently required for the construction of thew * * SS * * and tower pads is 4 . 73 ha . - * * \" * * The construction of the new substation and the associated TL Works will affect a total of * * 256 * * households . | ArsiRobe | 43 | * * 7 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 51 * * | * * 19 , 9 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | LodeHetosa | * * 132 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * *", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 221, "text": "social and economic baseline study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "visionnelles du semestre suivant ; - ( iv ) États des rapprochements bancaires pour le Compte désigné ; - ( v ) États des rapprochements bancaires pour les comptes de transaction indiquant les soldes disponibles à la fin de chaque trimestre considéré . Une note expliquant les raisons des variations et donnant des informations sur l ’ état de la passation de marchés sera également jointe aux IFR . 23 . * * Flux de fonds et modalités de décaissement : * * Les activités du projet seront financées dans le cadre d ’ un mécanisme de cofinancement conjoint avec d ’ autres bailleurs de fonds ( initialement , l ’ AFD seule ) , par le biais duquel les fonds seront décaissés dans les proportions convenues au préalable avec chaque partenaire financier . Deux comptes désignés ( CD ) , sur lesquels les bailleurs de fonds respectifs déposeront les fonds , seront ouverts dans une banque commerciale jugée acceptable par la Banque et l ’ AFD au Niamey ( Niger ) . Le Compte désigné A sera géré par le MEP et le Compte désigné B sera sous la responsabilité du MES . Les termes et conditions de ces comptes désignés seront communiqués à la Banque sur demande et tous les revenus de fonds inemployés sur ces comptes seront indiqués dans les IFR et les comptes annuels du projet . Ces CD seront gérés selon les procédures de décaissement décrites dans la lettre de décaissement et", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1270, "text": "comptes annuels du projet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report # # # * * Attendance List to PAPs meeting Kibokoni M26 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > DISCLOSURE COPY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 101", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 185, "text": "Attendance List to PAPs meeting Kibokoni M26", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Enumerators recorded basic information about the firm that could be observed without talking to the firm owner – the full street address , the business sector , the “ fantasy name ” of the firm ( the name on a sign outside the firm if they had one ) , whether or not the business had a sign , the approximate area in square meters of the premises , and the approximate number of employees in the business . A photo was also taken of the firm to aid in subsequent identification . Through this process more than 10 , 000 firms were listed during January and February of 2011 ( appendix 3 provides a timeline ) . They were then matched by Gauss against two databases of formal firms – a database from PBH of 140 , 628 firms with municipal registration , and a database from JUCEMG ( the Chamber of Commerce ) of 117 , 350 firms with state registration . This was used to eliminate the “ definitely formal ” firms , i . e . firms who appeared on both of these lists , giving a sample of 7 , 852 listed 11", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 702, "text": "database from PBH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 758, "end": 778, "text": "database from JUCEMG", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attribution , [ the project ] did make a significant number of water investments between 2004 and 2008 ” ( ICR , page 23 ) . * * 5 . Efficiency : * * While the PAD did not provide an ex-ante economic analysis for the entire project , it did assess several of its activities ( irrigation , rain-fed agriculture , petty trade , livestock trade and apiculture ) , concluding that they were all financially viable . The ICR , however , estimates - - and details in a specific Annex - - the net economic benefits resulting from two sets of project activities : ( i ) micro-project investments that led to increases in income as a result of new or increased sales of livestock and livestock products , milk , crops and fish ; and ( ii ) project-invested resources in the water and livestock sectors ( e . g . , livestock restocking , veterinary services and improved access by animals to water sources ) that resulted in gains in livestock wealth , arguing that \" as a consequence of the fact that livelihoods in the project areas depend on livestock - - both as a source of milk that is a valuable nutrient and an important source of income , and , in addition , as an instrument that aids in mitigating income shocks - - the ( counter-factual ) gains in livestock wealth are most closely related to the project ' s development objective \" ( ICR , Annex 3 , para . 2 , pg . 61 ) To arrive at an ERR for all micro-projects , the returns based on analysis of a reportedly representative sample were weighted in proportion to overall project expenditures , resulting in an estimated overall ERR on micro - project investments of 37 percent . The ICR does not indicate what percentage of total project expenditures went into micro-project investments , however . To evaluate gains in livestock wealth , the ICR made use of historical weather station rainfall estimates in Garissa , observing that it made the \" conservative assumption that , absent project interventions", "spans": [{"start": 1814, "end": 1859, "text": "historical weather station rainfall estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "yields similar results . The elasticity of the number of formal employees per commune with respect to the sum of lights is 0 . 563 and again measured with a small standard error . Again the nightlights explain only a rather small share of the between variation in employment ( _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > = 0 _ . _ 103 ) . The elasticity of per capita expenditure with nightlights is much smaller and estimated with a _β_ of 0 . 126 . This indicates that ( at least in the development country setting of Vietnam ) nightlights are more responsive to differences in production but less so to consumption . The R-squared measure of expenditure is even lower at _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > = 0 _ . _ 023 , suggesting that nightlights are not very predictive of overall cross-section consumption patterns in the setting of Vietnam . This finding is in contrast to other studies that find higher prediction power for small geographic units of up to 40-50 % in Africa ( Jean et al . , 2016 ) and of up to 60 % in Sri Lanka ( Engstrom et al . , 2016 ) . Controlling for potentially endogenous commune sizes confirms the strong positive relationship between nightlights and economic activity . Column ( 2 ) includes the log area ( in square kilometers ) as a regressor . The coefficient is strongly negative and indicates an elasticity of the number enterprise with respect to commune size of - 0 . 631 . The coefficient on log SOL increases to 0 . 589 and is still strongly significant . This is a natural consequence of the negative correlation between commune size and economic activity as outlined before . Similarly , in column ( 4 ) the employment elasticity increases to 0 . 806 . For expenditure , the elasticity increases only slightly from 0 . 065 to 0 . 126 . The considerable increase in the R-squared measure in all regressions indicates the predictive power of commune size independently of nightlights and confirms that commune boundaries are endogenous . # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Landsat Spectral Indices * * The focus is now on the question whether", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– indirectly varied somewhat in size , from about 5 , 500 to 9 , 000 according to the 2001 Census . Assuming an average household size of 5 . 5 , and allowing for population growth in the interim , the typical catchment area contains about 1 , 400 households . Deflate this to 1 , 200 to allow for the fact that as many as one half enjoy only an indirect connection . To arrive at an estimate of the benefit per household , I employ a related estimate from Khandker _et al_ . ’ s ( 2009 ) study of rural roads in Bangladesh , namely , that the ‘ commercial ’ benefit is 11 percent of per capita household consumption . In 2001 , the average household income in the 30-village sample referred to above was Rs 16 , 600 ( van Dillen , 2008 ) . Since average savings rates in these communities are surely low , set average household consumption at Rs 15 , 000 , thereby yielding a corresponding commercial benefit of Rs 1 , 650 a year , or about Rs 2 , 250 in 2008 prices . Scaling up by the effective number of households in the catchment , we obtain an aggregate annual benefit in the commercial sphere alone of Rs 2 . 70 million . At _ρ_ = 5 . 5 percent , the present value thereof is Rs 38 . 70 million , which handsomely exceeds the present value of the investment costs in the range of Rs 22 . 9 – 34 . 4 million . At _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 10 percent , the present value of the ‘ commercial ’ benefits is Rs 25 . 30 million , which lies in the middle of the range of _PV_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > ( _I_ ; _ρ_ = 0 _ . _ 10 ) , namely , Rs 20 . 5 – 30 . 7 million . With the benefits in the spheres of education and health still to come into the reckoning , there is every prospect that all these roads will indeed pass at the test rate of 10 percent , even if the flow of benefits does not grow", "spans": [{"start": 86, "end": 97, "text": "2001 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 077 ] | * * | [ 0 . 059 ] | [ 0 . 062 ] * * | | EU neighborhood country dummy x CAB | 0 . 485 | 0 . 471 | | 0 . 495 | 0 . 445 | | | [ 0 . 135 ] | * * * [ 0 . 130 ] | * * * | [ 0 . 178 ] | * * * [ 0 . 129 ] * * * | | Gross capital formation ( in percent of GDP , four-year averages ) | | | | 0 . 318 < br > [ 0 . 068 ] | * * * | | Gross national saving ( in percent of GDP , four-year averages ) | | | | | 0 . 228 < br > [ 0 . 066 ] * * * | | Number of observations | 584 | 584 | | 584 | 584 | | Number of countries | 88 | 88 | | 88 | 88 | | Number of instruments | 45 | 40 | | 49 | 49 | | Hansen test for over-identifying restrictions | 0 . 204 | 0 . 204 | | 0 . 188 | 0 . 062 [ B ] | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 1 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 < br > | | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 2 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 769 | 0 . 725 | | 0 . 680 | 0 . 937 | Notes : < sup > [ A ] < / sup > GDP data are adjusted for international differences in purchasing power of the dollar . < sup > [ B ] < / sup > When the p-value of the Hansen test is a borderline case , the instruments are further validated by the supplementary evidence from the Sargan test of the over-identifying restrictions . Robust standard errors in parentheses ; asterisks indicate statistical significance at the * * * 1 , * * 5 , and * 10 percent level . Data for the transition economies refer only from 1997 onwards .", "spans": [{"start": 900, "end": 908, "text": "GDP data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Data from SEDLAC show that between 1992 and 2002 ( the highest point for a comparable data spell ) the Gini coefficient for the distribution of household per capita income increased from 0 . 450 to 0 . 533 . < sup > 14 < / sup > Gasparini and Cruces suggest that during this period the increase in inequality was due the increase in the skills premium : put simply , the wage gap between skilled and low-skilled workers rose . The increase in the skill premium was associated with the modernization of production and organizational structures . This skill-biased technical change , in turn , was associated — to a certain extent — with Argentina ’ s trade and investment liberalization . Another factor behind the rise in earnings inequality was the weakening of labor unions . There is evidence that labor union membership and activity diminished significantly from 1991 to 2001 . The decline in union activity coincided with reforms such as the privatizations , trade liberalization and price stabilization of the 1990s , which reduced the power of unions through the dissipation of rents from state-owned enterprises , protective tariffs and inflation-induced rents . The decline in union activity during the 1990s , unsurprisingly , coincided with a period of rising wage inequality . After the 2002 crisis , the Gini coefficient fell from 0 . 533 in 2002 to 0 . 442 in 2010 . < sup > 15 < / sup > The reduction in inequality accounted for 40 and 50 percent of the decline in extreme and moderate poverty , respectively ( Figure 3 ) . During this period , both labor income and non-labor income inequality declined . Gasparini and Cruces argue that the fall in labor income inequality can be accounted for by the expansion of employment generated by the fast economic recovery , the shift in favor of more low-skilled labor-intensive sectors as a result of the devaluation of the Argentine peso , the fading out of the effect of skill-biased technical change in the 1990s , and the rise in the influence of labor unions . All these factors caused the skills premium ( measured here by the relative returns to tertiary education ) to fall ( Figure 6 ) . This period", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 16, "text": "Data from SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "le < br > livelihood clients sa < br > 2011 ) . < br > . | Q2 Progress Report . < br > m EFY 2011 Q2 due to the foll < br > ents dropping out of the saving < br > vel of compulsary savings mob < br > ved in the first quarter compare | owing : ( i ) Income irregulari < br > s schemes ; ( ii ) Limited loa < br > ilization , which implied tha < br > d to the end of the previou | ty between July-September < br > n disbursement from MFI as < br > t a smaller number of < br > s fiscal year ( June EFY | | IN00935967 < br > ► % of clients with busi | ness plans developed ( Percent | age , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 64 . 00 | 72 . 66 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 28-Feb-2020 | 30-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00935968 < br > ► % of client HHs recei | Source : EFY 2012 F < br > ving livelihoods transfers ( cumu | SCD 2nd Quarter Report < br > lative ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 4 . 90 | 11 . 61 | 27 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2015 | 30-Apr-2020 | 30-Nov-2020 | 01-Jun-2020 | | Comments", "spans": [{"start": 965, "end": 987, "text": "SCD 2nd Quarter Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | | Kimberly Clark | 5 / 21 / 92 * | Government action : fine for water pollution . | | Grupo Bimbo | 3 / 19 / 92 * < br > 2 / 14 / 93 | Black list of air polluter . < br > Government action : initiate court action . | | Telefonos de < br > Mexico | 5 / 21 / 19 < br > 6 / 9 / 94 | Government action : warning about tree cutting . < br > Government action : fine . | Given the nature of these results , we have pooled together government and citizens ' complaints and tested whether or not they had a statistically significant differential impact on market values when compared to all other negative events . Results in Table 8 indicate that they strongly do . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > Climate-induced displacement has become increasingly prominent in Ethiopia . The cyclic nature of drought conditions in Ethiopia has contributed to a dearth of water resources , deepening food insecurity in the country and in the wider Horn of Africa region . Ethiopia has suffered the worst drought in 40 years which has mainly affected already poor pastoralist communities . As of September 2022 , drought was the primary cause of displacement for 18 . 9 percent of the IDPs concentrated in Somali , Oromia and Afar regions . Floods are another major cause of climate-induced displacement , particularly in low laying areas . The ongoing Climate Change and Development Report ( CCDR ) will examine the likely climate-induced hydrological variations and extreme weather events , along with the consequent impacts on agriculture , electricity , water , public health , and other sectors . Steps for climate resilience that are likely to be highlighted by the study include the need to diversify electricity generation mix , strengthen grid network infrastructure to absorb higher VRE , and establish cross-border transmission links for electricity trade . 9 . * * Women and girls are disproportionately affected by the internal conflict in Ethiopia . * * The Global Gender Gap report of 2022 ranked Ethiopia 74 out of 146 countries , with an improvement of 23 positions compared to 2021 . < sup > 11 < / sup > However , significant and deeply engrained disparities and harmful practices persist in Ethiopia , with four in ten women married before their eighteenth birthday . < sup > 12 < / sup > The COVID-19 pandemic and the recent conflict have threatened the progress made in reducing gender disparities . Girls living in rural , poor and conflict areas or in households with lower levels of education are at a particularly high risk . < sup > 13 < / sup > Gender-based violence ( GBV ) has escalated due to the conflict . The World Bank research on the gender dimensions of forced displacement shows the employment situation among IDPs is generally worse for women .", "spans": [{"start": 1265, "end": 1289, "text": "Global Gender Gap report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Decoupling and recoupling * * Yet another source of concern arises from the less-than-perfect correspondence between stocks holdings and the volume of flows . Levy Yeyati and Williams ( 2010 ) report that the relationship between the size ( that is , the absolute value ) of this year ́ s flows and end-of-lastyear ́ s holdings ( based on holdings data from LMF and BoP flow data ) is significant for EM equity and FDI but not for debt instruments . However , using EPFR ́ s global fund data , they find that the link is significant and stronger for both equity and debt instruments . At any rate , to the extent that flows are only imperfectly characterized by initial holdings , it is useful to proxy globalization both by foreign liability stock ( as is typically done in the literature ) and flow ratios . # * * b . Globalization , benchmarking and financial recoupling * * Does foreign participation increase the market betas to global returns ? Does FG amplify the response of cross-border flows and asset prices in times of global turmoil ? A first look at the data appears to contradict this hypothesis . Although in principle there seems to be a significant link between holdings and betas ( Didier et al , 2010 ) a closer look reveals that it is entirely accounted for by the group of non-EM developing frontier markets . < sup > 18 < / sup > * * Table 9 * * illustrates the point . The first column reproduces the main result in Didier et al . ( 2010 ) , which tries to explain the financial channel behind the large post-Lehman betas , controlling for market moves with time dummies : US holdings from TIC data do not explain but significantly amplify the sensitivity of EM equity to global returns ( measured from a regression of the monthly change in the local stock market index against monthly returns on the S & P 500 ) . However , as the next two columns reveal , the result is entirely driven by frontier markets : US equity holdings do not change significantly the impact of S & P returns on equity returns in either developed or emerging", "spans": [{"start": 343, "end": 383, "text": "holdings data from LMF and BoP flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 470, "end": 495, "text": "EPFR ́ s global fund data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1618, "end": 1626, "text": "TIC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "at the time they export . The only way to solve this issue would be to use higher frequency data which would allow us to match transactions with daily or monthly exchange rates . Indeed , Fosse ( 2012 ) shows using Danish data that moving from annual to monthly data increases the elasticity of unit values to the exchange rate ( from 0 . 14 to 0 . 19 in his case – see also Mallick and Marques , 2010 ) . This might explain why the literature using yearly trade customs data typically finds lower estimates of pass-through than those found in papers using direct price data at a higher frequency ( e . g . Gopinath and Itskhoki , 2010 ) . > 23We use estimations in levels rather than first-difference for three main reasons . First , exchange rates appear to be stationary in our data ( this result might be caused by the low power of unit root tests , as the time series 12", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 226, "text": "Danish data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 450, "end": 475, "text": "yearly trade customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 557, "end": 574, "text": "direct price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _The request for bids / Proposal documents shall require that bidders / proposers submitting Bids / Proposal present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of and compliance with the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit right ; _ - _Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities ; _ - _Application of Standstill period and Publication of contract award information ; _ - _Maintenance of records of the procurement process ; and_ - _The Bank has the right to review procurement documentation and activities . _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . “ _Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement plan ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan . # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 15 | | P-Value | 0 . 36 | 0 . 24 | 0 . 70 | Robust t statistics in parentheses . Standard errors corrected for clustering * significant at 10 % ; * * significant at 5 % ; * * * significant at 1 % Instruments : Malaria Endemicity * % area under inland water , Malaria Endemicity * % of Area above 1000 feet of elevation , difference in slope , difference in slope * malaria Endemicity * inland water * * Table 6 : The Importance of Interaction Effect * * | Travel Time | Travel | Marginal | Elasticity | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentile | time ( hour ) | Effect | | | p20 | 0 . 57 | - 1 . 84 | - 8 . 8 % | | p30 | 0 . 93 | - 1 . 72 | - 8 . 3 % | | p40 | 1 . 40 | - 1 . 57 | - 7 . 5 % | | p50 | 1 . 88 | - 1 . 41 | - 6 . 8 % | | p60 | 2 . 32 | - 1 . 27 | - 6 . 1 % | | p70 | 3 . 01 | - 1 . 04 | - 5 . 0 % | | p80 | 3 . 58 | - 0 . 86 | - 4 . 1 % | | p90 | 5 . 89 | - 0 . 10 | - 0 . 5 % |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 INTRODUCTION * * More rapid green growth is inconceivable without innovation . Frontier innovations shift out production possibilities , allowing the production of more output and newer , more environmentally-friendly outputs with fewer or different inputs . Innovations thereby help to decouple growth from natural capital depletion and environmental pollution , for example towards more resource-efficient and cleaner technologies . Some innovations can directly increase resilience to environmental shocks . Catch-up innovations , that make the use of existing technologies more widespread by adapting them to local contexts , are even more important for all countries . They typically reduce production costs and increase enterprise competitiveness , and are lower risk than frontier innovations . The introduction of new products , processes , business models and other organizational methods , and marketing techniques , whether through frontier or catch-up innovation , in principle contribute to the expansion of existing markets and the creation of new markets , in the process increasing the job content and poverty alleviation of growth . This paper examines existing patterns of green innovation , to what extent innovation policies should be designed differently to address the green growth agenda , and what policy modifications can best help yield short-run or at least medium-term impact . The paper discusses the implications of the inherent ̳ double externality ‘ of knowledge-related market failures compounding the traditional environmental externalities . It motivates appropriate policy action in the absence of global agreements , answering the question of why developing countries should undertake green innovation policies , and what types of policies should be pursued depending on existing technological capabilities . In contrast to most recent empirical analyses that use older patent data to 2005 or at most to 2008 to characterize international patterns of green frontier innovation ( OECD 2011a , Dechezleprêtre et al . 2011 , Aghion et al . 2011 ) , this paper uses patent data to end-2010 and explores patterns across developing countries in greater detail . This matters since there have been significant increases in green patenting over the 2006-2010 period . The paper also examines different frontier innovation patterns by level of technological sophistication of countries , and by extent of cross-country collaboration . As a proxy for patterns of broader green catch-up", "spans": [{"start": 2107, "end": 2118, "text": "patent data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Based Selection < br > < br > l | Open - Internationa < br > | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implem < br > ation | ent < br > 2023-05-11 < br > 2023-05-31 | 2023-06-01 < br > 2023-08 - | 25 < br > 2023-07-15 | 2023-08-12 | | 2023-09-11 | 2023-10-16 | 2023-11-20 | 2024-11-19 | | UG-MOES-359694-CS-QCBS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Child < br > ren ( VAC ) survey and various < br > activities to deliver safe scho < br > ols under Lot 2 in 64 schools < br > located in 26 districts in Sout < br > h Western and Central region < br > | IDA / D7010 | Expansion of Lower Seconda < br > ry Education < br > Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > < br > l | Open - Internationa < br > | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implem < br > ation | ent < br > 2023-05-05 < br > 2023-05-31 | 2023-05-26 < br > 2023-08 - | 25 < br > 2023-07-09 | 2023-08-06 | | 2023-09-05 | 2023-10-10 | 2023-11-14 | 2024-11-13 | | UG-MOES-359684-CS-QCBS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Child < br > ren ( VAC ) survey and various < br > activities to deliver safe scho < br > ols under Lot 3 in 93 schools < br", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 390, "text": "( VAC ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 . 574 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 7 . 787 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 7 . 511 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 7 . 705 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 7 . 585 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | 7 . 792 < sup > ∗ ∗ ∗ < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 360 ) | ( 0 . 507 ) | ( 0 . 366 ) | ( 0 . 500 ) | ( 0 . 352 ) | ( 0 . 502 ) | | Controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Province FE | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Observations | 969 | 958 | 969 | 958 | 969 | 958 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 368 | 0 . 413 | 0 . 369 | 0 . 413 | 0 . 366 | 0 . 411 | | F-test ( η1 = − β1 ) _p_-value | . 6 | . 84 | . 57 | . 84 | . 27 | . 42 | | F-test ( η2 = − β2 ) _p_-value | . 48 | . 66 | . 81 | . 96 | . 6 | . 48 | | F-test ( η3 = − β3 ) _p_-value | . 93 | . 78 | . 90 | . 81 | . 96 | . 84 | _Notes : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . In this table , we compare the three definitions of demobilization , with and without controls and province fixed effects . The table reports OLS estimates . The unit of observation is a household . Total consumption is the sum of consumption expenditures and consumption taken from households ’ stocks per adult equivalent . In column ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , _Di_ only included ex-combatants cross-checked with official registers . In column ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 796, "end": 822, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "telecommunication and corn products are calculated using the ENIGH from 2014 . Furthermore , the per capita income ( welfare variable ) measured using the monthly income is also calculated from the ENIGH for each household . WELCOM requires the poverty line as a variable in the data set to provide insights on impacts on poverty levels . The poverty line used in this case is based on the same survey , following the calculations of the Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social ( National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy ) . < sup > 20 < / sup > For the market structure parameters , the market share of the largest firms in each sector is calculated based on the 2014 economic census produced by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía ( INEGI , National Institute of Statistics and Geography ) . The demand price elasticities are derived from existing research papers and from the forthcoming Stata module for WELCOM that will enable users to estimate price and income elasticities . < sup > 21 < / sup > # * * 4 . 1 . The mobile telecommunications industry * * The telecommunication sector became a key element of Mexico ’ s economy during the process of liberalization in 2013 . According to the OECD ( 2017 ) , since the reform started , there has been a 75 percent price reduction in mobile broadband packages alone , adding 50 million subscriptions , more than the entire population of all ( seven ) Central American countries . Furthermore , Mexico now has the eighth lowest fixed broadband price basket in the OECD for low end users . However , despite the advances in the reform , Mexico still has the highest fixed broadband price basket in the OECD for high end users , demonstrating that higher quality and speed of service remain out of the reach among lower-income groups . < sup > 22 < / sup > Since 2012 , mobile cellular basket prices have decreased by 61 percent , well below any of the aforementioned income groups as its subscriptions per 100 population increased by 6 percent ( figure 2 ) . However , the market remains highly concentrated . Mexico has", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 203, "text": "ENIGH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 715, "end": 735, "text": "2014 economic census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 21 ) sd which is negative but not statistically significantly different from zero . In sum , these estimates present an intriguing perspective of the effects of teacher incentive programs . On one hand , there is supporting evidence that female teachers respond to both pecuniary and non-pecuniary incentives , and do so in ways that benefit all students , male and female . On the other hand , the estimates indicate that male teachers respond mainly to the pecuniary incentive , and do so in a way that benefits only female students . This behavior is compatible with them taking a strategic approach , since female students of male teachers tend to have markedly lower counterfactual test scores than male students . # * * 3 . 3 Inspectors ’ Classroom Observations * * We further investigate the ways through which teachers may have responded to incentives by using the data on teacher practices collected through the inspector classroom observations . The inspector assigned each teacher scores on two indicators of classroom quality and five indicators of teaching quality . We standardized each score to have a control group mean of zero and standard deviation of one , and then took the mean of these standardized scores to create an overall index of classroom and teaching quality , respectively . Table 4 reports the effects of the program on these indicators at midline . The specification is similar to that for 12", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 900, "text": "data on teacher practices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 923, "end": 955, "text": "inspector classroom observations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Innovative Systems to Promote Integrated , Resilient and Enhanced Responses to Women and Girls ’ Health ( P504281 ) 3 . The digital ecosystem in Ethiopia is undergoing a transformative phase . The country has witnessed a remarkable surge in mobile phone and internet accessibility , with internet penetration reaching 16 . 7 percent in early 2023 , translating to approximately 21 million individuals actively using the internet . This has driven the growth of e - commerce , online banking , and social media usage . The government has also played a role in promoting digital inclusion through the Digital Transformation Strategy and the Digital Ethiopia Initiative . These initiatives aim to improve digital infrastructure , develop digital skills , foster innovation , and promote digital inclusion . Despite these gains , there are still challenges to address in Ethiopia ' s digital ecosystem , especially in the health sector . These include digital literacy , data security , and privacy , particularly in the context of a growing surveillance state , and limited internet access and connectivity in rural areas . The Ethiopian government is working to address these challenges and seize the opportunities of the digital ecosystem in the country through initiatives such as the Digital Literacy Program and the National Cybersecurity Strategy ; digital ID and inclusiveness program and working to expand internet access to rural areas and to provide affordable access to digital devices and services . 4 . Recent data on digital device and service usage indicates that Ethiopia had 66 . 80 million active cellular mobile connections in early 2023 . The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2023 revealed that 75 % of Ethiopian men and 55 % of women owned a cell phone . It is important to note that it is common for individuals worldwide to have multiple mobile connections , such as one for personal use and another for work , which can result in mobile connection figures significantly surpassing the total population count . There are 6 . 40 million regular social media users aged 18 and over , accounting for 9 . 2 percent of the adult population . More broadly , 30 . 7 percent of all internet users in Ethiopia engaged with", "spans": [{"start": 1536, "end": 1583, "text": "Recent data on digital device and service usage", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1683, "end": 1712, "text": "Mobile Gender Gap Report 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Overall wage work is negatively associated with both enrollment and attendance disproportionately more than household chores , regardless of gender or work intensity . Intensity seems to play a smaller role , but still matters for girls participating in household chores . Moreover , it is important to remember that even though working longer hours might not directly be correlated with enrollment and attendance , it could affect learning outcomes as it reduces the available time to study and do homework as shown in other studies ( Emerson , Ponczek and Souza 2014 ; , Heady 2003 ; , Patrinos and Psacharopoulous 1997 ) . The analysis highlighted some other important factors that contribute to the probability of being enrolled in school . The education level of the household and who holds the highest level of education , the level of household welfare , income and whether they receive remittances , and having an alive parent positively affect schooling , while the child ’ s age , the number of siblings , disabilities and having a female head of household negatively affect our outcomes of interest . However , as Myanmar quickly developed after 2015 before being hit by multiple crises in the early 2020s , the findings might not reflect this changing socioeconomic environment and the most recent challenges faced by Myanmar . # Bibliography Akabayashi , Hideo , and George Psacharopoulos . 1999 . \" The trade ‐ off between child labour and human capital formation : A Tanzanian case study . \" _Journal of Development Studies_ 35 : 120-140 . - Allais , Federico Blanco . 2009 . _Assessing the gender gap : Evidence from SIMPOC surveys . _ International Labour Organization . International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) , Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour ( SIMPOC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : ILO . - Basu , Kaushik , and Pham Hoang Van . 1998 . \" The economics of child labor . \" _American Economic Review_ 88 ( 3 ) : 412-427 . Beegle , Kathleen , Rajeev Dehejia , and Roberto Gatti . 2009 . \" Why should we care about child labor ? The education , labor market , and health consequences of child labor . \" _Journal of", "spans": [{"start": 1633, "end": 1647, "text": "SIMPOC surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and swimming skills . Nile Swimmers ( http : / / www . nileswimmers . org / ) works to prevent drowning in Africa , and currently work in Sudan . - FIA Foundation is an NGO supporting an international programme of activities promoting road safety , the environment and sustainable mobility . http : / / www . fiafoundation . org / They work alongside UNICEF on a number of initiatives . Some of their key resources are : Ten Strategies for Keeping Children Safe on the Road : http : / / www . fiafoundation . org ; Safe to Learn : Safe Journeys to School are a Child ’ s Right ( Joint FIA UNICEF publication ) : http : / / www . fiafoundation . org ; FIA 10 Golden Rules to Road Safety : http : / / www . fia . com ( available in 29 languages ) ; FIA Road Safety Factsheet http : / / www . fia . com available in three languages . - WHO Health Statistics and Information Systems give the latest global , regional and country-level causespecific mortality estimates for the year 2012 they are available for download from http : / / www . who . int they are a vital source of information on injuries for any pre-or post-emergency data review . # # # # # # * * Disaster Risk reduction , Preparedness and Risk Mapping * * - Risk RED ( Risk Reduction Education for Disasters ) . Family Disaster Plan http : / / toolkit . ineesite . org - INEE Disaster Risk Reduction Teaching and Learning : Disaster Prevention Education . Is a website containing a selection of resources on disaster prevention , including disaster awareness , child focused DRR , disaster and emergency preparedness activities etc . http : / / toolkit . ineesite . org - War Child ( 2014 ) Toolkit for child safety report cards . Available at : https : / / www . warchild . org . uk - Save the Children ( 2008 ) Child-led Disaster Risk Reduction :", "spans": [{"start": 833, "end": 878, "text": "WHO Health Statistics and Information Systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to measure refugee QOL . The first dimension is the overall experience of life , or \" life satisfaction \" , and the second is the material living conditions . < sup > 3 < / sup > The \" life satisfaction \" indicator assesses people ' s subjective well-being . It is popular for use in studies of refugees because it requires respondents to reflect on , and make an overall assessment of , their life happiness , including wealth , security , and hopes for the future . \" Life satisfaction \" tends to be an overall reflective evaluation that uses a Likert response scale of between 0 to 10 , where 0 means not satisfied and 10 completely satisfied . However , it is left for the respondent to define what \" satisfaction \" means and the scaling of his / her satisfaction ; thus , it is a subjective indicator of well-being . \" Material living condition \" captures households ' objective living conditions and opportunities , including material deprivations and housing conditions that directly affect their QOL . Material deprivations refer to the level at which households are able to have the consumption goods and services needed in a society at a given time . Several indicators could measure material deprivations . One typical indicator is the ability or inability for households to meet basic food needs at above the national abject poverty level . Other measures of deprivations may include counting the number of household assets , such as beds , air conditioners , and cooking utensils . The availability of housing and housing conditions can also be captured by calculating overcrowding and satisfaction with accommodation services , such as water and electricity . # 4 . Data and Identification Methodology # # 4 . 1 . < mark > The survey < / mark > < mark > The World Bank Development Economics Data group conducted the Syrian Refugees and Host Communities Survey ( S < / mark > RHCS < mark > ) in 2015 by surveying registered and unregistered refugees ( Krishnan , Munoz , Riva , Sharma , & Vishwanath , 2019 ) . The survey was designed to produce comparable findings on living conditions and quality of life of Syrian refugees and host", "spans": [{"start": 1830, "end": 1873, "text": "Syrian Refugees and Host Communities Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project impacts and compensation payments . In particular , full consultations were carried out with the relevant stakeholders including the Settlement Executive Committee ( SEC ) , community members to be affected , and both county and national government officials . Among the key concerns of the PAPs was the imminent demolition of structures which had encroached onto road reserves . They wanted to know whether such structures will be considered for compensation and they were assured that they would . World Bank OP4 . 12 - Involuntary Resettlement is triggered by this project and therefore requires the preparation of a RAP . This RAP will help define the resettlement and compensation necessary as a result of the infrastructure investments , in accordance with the World Bank ’ s Involuntary Resettlement Policy and relevant sections of the Operations Manual together with the Laws of Kenya . Impacts of the project on the PAPs have been elaborated upon and mitigation measures recommended . The total budget for RAP is estimated at * * Kshs 21 , 990 , 694 . * * The practical Cut-off Date for implementation of the RAP will be deemed to be the date on which the census of affected persons and affected assets commenced i . e . 23 < sup > rd < / sup > March 2015 . No structure established in the Project-Affected Areas after * * _23_ * * < sup > * * _rd_ * * < / sup > * * _March 2015_ * * should be eligible for compensation . | x", "spans": [{"start": 1173, "end": 1219, "text": "census of affected persons and affected assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial development from WDI . Finally , we use a measure of Rule of Law from The World Bank ‘ s World Governance Indicators . We use dynamic panel regressions based on three-year panel data for each country . The basic regression specification is the following : where is the natural logarithm of GDP per capita , is the level of GDP per capita at the beginning of each three year period , is the dynamic service export sophistication measure , is the set of relevant control variables for growth determinants , represents time dummies , stands for country fixed effects and is the error term . We present the growth regression results in Table 5 . In column 5 , we add three European groups that we interact with _Service EXPY_ , to see if there is a significantly different impact of service sophistication in EU-15 , NMS or ACC compared to the rest of the world . The result is show that in the NMS case , there is a positive significant additional impact on growth . This means that service sophistication has a positive association with growth in all countries but the association – given a certain level of sophistication – is stronger in NMS than in other countries . * * Table 5 : Regression results with EU-15 , NMS and ACC dummy , Fixed effect 3-year panel of growth in * * * * < u > per capita GDP , 1990-2007 . < / u > * * | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | log lag initial GDP per capita | - 0 . 481 * * * | - 0 . 644 * * * | - 0 . 650 * * * | - 0 . 690 * * * | - 0 . 680 * * * | | log lag initial Service EXPY | ( 0 . 0780 ) < br > 0 . 315 * * * | ( 0 . 0895 ) < br > 0 . 221 * *", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 126, "text": "World Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 1 0 . 5 1 0 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 0 . 5 1 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 < br > Dominican Republic : census ( 1970 ) Ecuador : census ( 1990 ) Mexico : census ( 1970 ) < br > Electricity Electricity Electricity < br > supplyWater . 510 supplyWater . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 supplyWater < br > Sanitation . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 Sanitation . 6 . 4 . 20 Sanitation < br > . 51 enrollmentSchool . 9 . 8 . 7 . 6 enrollmentSchool . 51 enrollmentSchool < br > . 50 completionPrimary . 51 completionPrimary . 6 . 4 . 20 completionPrimary < br > . 5 1 0 . 5 1 0 . 5 1 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 0 . 2 . 4 . 6 . 5 1 < br > Panama : census ( 1980 ) Peru : census ( 1993 ) Uruguay : census ( 1985 ) < br > Electricity Electricity Electricity < br > . 8 . 6 . 41 supplyWater . 510 supplyWater . 8 . 61 supplyWater < br > . 510 Sanitation . 510 Sanitation . 9 . 8 . 71 Sanitation < br > . 8 . 61 enrollmentSchool . 51 enrollmentSchool . 95 . 85 . 9 enrollmentSchool < br > . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 completionPrimary . 510 completionPrimary . 6 . 8 . 7 completionPrimary < br > . 4 . 6 . 8 1 0 . 5 1 . 6 . 8 1 0 . 5 1 0 . 5 1 0 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 6 . 8 1 . 6 . 8 1 . 7 . 8 . 9 1 . 85 . 9 . 95 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Source : * * Own elaboration based on IPUMS data . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1272, "end": 1282, "text": "IPUMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- A disaster risk financing mechanism needs to be developed in advance to ensure rapid flow of funds for a scale-up . - The strengthening of social protection systems at the national level is critical to ensure a timely response to shocks due to external events , such as climate or other covariate shocks . - Under NUSAF 3 , allocating resources for enhanced accountability and anti-corruption demonstrated its effectiveness in engaging citizens as active participants in demanding for accountability and quality services in addition to controlling corruption . - Enhanced engagement of women under NUSAF 3 , resulted in increased participation in project management leadership , lower incidence of gender-based violence , increased access to better health services . - The project design is informed by the climate and disaster risk screening and contributes F significantly to climate change adaptation . - Furthermore , the project aims to be gender tagged by building on the NUSAF experience to close the gap on access of women to better economic opportunities given the gaps highlighted in the labor market . # # # # 1 . 2 . 1 Project Development Objective The Project Development Objective ( PDO ) is to “ support sustainable livelihoods , enhance the poor and vulnerable households ’ resilience to shocks and strengthen shock-responsive social protection systems in Uganda ” so as to improve quality of life * * . Tracking progress towards attainment of the PDO is will be based on the following indicators ; * * Share of beneficiaries of livelihood support activities reporting increased income ( percentage , sex disaggregated ) , Share of safety net beneficiaries who no longer use negative coping strategy ( percentage , sex disaggregated ) , and number of districts covered by the National social registry where data of at least 75 % of the targeted < sup > 3 < / sup > households are collected and processed . Additionally , other indicators are being considered including for measuring intermediate results across all the project components . # # # # 1 . 2 . 2 Project Components The project consists of the following 4 ( four ) components . # # # # # *", "spans": [{"start": 1794, "end": 1818, "text": "National social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of very low policy rates and unconventional monetary policy . 15 While most of the countries provided accurate references to the level at which floors and ceilings were set , their responses in terms of actual market rates were much more limited . As a complement to the survey , we therefore collected market rate information from the IMF ’ s International Financial Statistics and central banks ’ webpages . 12", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 378, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms and employment . < sup > 11 < / sup > # * * 3 . Data * * # # 3 . 1 . The Turkish Enterprise Information System The primary data source used in this paper is the Turkish Enterprise Information System ( EIS ) , an exceptionally rich , linked , employer-employee dataset covering the universe of registered nonfinancial firms in the economy . The records of registered employees of a given registered firm are linked to the records of that firm . The firms and their employees are observed every quarter from > 10 The Turkish minimum wage was of 950 TL in the first half of 2015 , and 1000 TL in the second half . > 11 We provide further evidence on the validity of the identification strategy in the remainder of the paper . 8", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 116, "text": "Turkish Enterprise Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expropriation ? Given the profound implications for firm productivity and innovations , further research should address the impacts and the deterrninants of regulation in developing countries . To accomplish this research agenda it is important to gather panel data on , for example , pricing behavior , service coverage and quality , profitability , market structure , rent distribution ( i . e . , were employment and wages affected by regulatory changes ) , and dynamic efficiency ( measured by the rate and direction of innovation and productivity ) . World Bank surveys probably have focused more on regulation than any other theme , although the variation in coverage is vast across surveys . Those that cover regulation thoroughly _ ( the Bosnia Survey , the World Business Environment Survey , The Emergence of Private Sector : Hungary , _ and the RPED ) ask questions about : the waiting period for goods to arrive , the level of government to deal with in regulation , the main problems in dealing with govermnent agencies , the frequency with which firms are required to meet with government officials , the costs of facilitators necessary for dealing with the government , the burdens of licensing requirements , costs of obtaining licenses and permits , various types of taxes , tax treatments for profits reinvested in company , and incentives for investment in new machinery and equipment . A general problem with current Bank surveys on regulation , however , is that they focus on the barriers that regulations impose on business . They tend to ask firms \" how severe \" certain regulations are to firrn operations . It is true that burdensome and often unnecessary regulations are common . However , many regulations are important to the functioning of the economy ( e . g . , environmental regulations that force firms to internalize all costs of their production ) . In those cases , the regulation will be an obstacle from the firm ' s perspective , but efficient from the perspective of the entire economy . Surveyors need to think carefully about how to uncover the true costs of regulation , since estimates will be biased upwards by simply asking the firm whether a regulation is an obstacle . # * *", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 265, "text": "panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 746, "end": 759, "text": "Bosnia Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 766, "end": 799, "text": "World Business Environment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 856, "end": 860, "text": "RPED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1437, "end": 1449, "text": "Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 ) | | * * Koboko ( n = 90 ) * * | 100 % | | * * Moyo ( n = 79 ) * * | 100 % | | * * Lamwo ( n = 211 ) * * | 93 . 0 % ( 86 . 7-96 . 5 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 261 ) * * | 92 . 2 % ( 85 . 7-95 . 9 ) | # # # # * * Proportion of Households with Children under the age of 3 years old whose ( last ) Stools were Disposed of Safely * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Left in the Open 2 . 0 % < br > Put / Rinsed into Drain or Ditch 0 . 9 % < br > Thrown into Garden 1 . 7 % < br > Buried 10 . 1 % < br > Put / Rinsed into Toilet or Latrine 80 . 0 % < br > Child Used Toilet / Latrine 5 . 3 % < br > 0 . 0 % 10 . 0 % 20 . 0 % 30 . 0 % 40 . 0 % 50 . 0 % 60 . 0 % 70 . 0 % 80 . 0 % 90 . 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 20 : Proportion ff Households With Children Under the Age of 3 Years Old Whose ( Last ) Stools Were Disposed Of Safely , Host Community , October 2017 , Uganda . * * * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 83 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Statistics for Results Project ( P147356 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * Results * * # # * * Project Development Objective Indicators * *  Indicator 1 : Key NSS members who have applied the EDQAF manual ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | 3 . 00 | 5 . 00 | | Date | 30-May-2014 | 18-Dec-2017 | 15-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2019 |  Indicator 2 : Percentage of users who are satisfied with official statistics methodologies as determined by the user satisfaction survey . ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 94 . 00 | 94 . 00 | 97 . 00 | | Date | 30-May-2014 | 18-Dec-2017 | 15-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2019 |  Indicator 3 : Execution rate of annual statistical release calendar ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 67 . 00 | 67 . 00 | 75 . 00 | | Date | 30-May-2014 | 18-Dec-2017 | 15-Jun-2018 | 30-Jun-2019 |  Indicator 4 : Percentage of users who are satisfied with the accessibility of official statistics as determined by", "spans": [{"start": 632, "end": 656, "text": "user satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 : Employment Growth by Size and Age < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Size < 10 Size 10 − 19 < br > − . 2 0 . 2 < br > Three − year Change in Employees Labor Growth , Three year annualized < br > Age < 5 Age 5 − 9 Age < 5 Age 5 − 9 < br > Age 10 − 14 Age 15 − 19 Age 10 − 14 Age 15 − 19 < br > Age 20 + Age 20 + < br > Size 20 − 99 Size 100 + < br > − . 2 0 . 2 − . 2 0 . 2 < br > Labor Growth , Three year annualized Labor Growth , Three year annualized < br > Age < 5 Age 5 − 9 Age < 5 Age 5 − 9 < br > Age 10 − 14 Age 15 − 19 Age 10 − 14 Age 15 − 19 < br > Age 20 + Age 20 + < br > − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1010 − 20 20 + < br > . 8 15 < br > . 6 < br > 10 < br > . 4 < br > Density < br > Density < br > . 2 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > 15 15 < br > 10 10 < br > Density Density < br > 5 5 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : 10 employees , change in employees displayed where increase in 8 employees corresponds roughly to 20 % three year annualized growth rate for firms with 10 employees in base year . Source : Enterprise Survey 2013-2014 wave .", "spans": [{"start": 1070, "end": 1102, "text": "Enterprise Survey 2013-2014 wave", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 18 - * * 4 . 21 However , the average farmgate price assumed in the PCR for < sup > deli - < / sup > veries to cooperatives seems a little high at * * Sh 3 . 20 * * < sup > per gallon . The < / sup > official price paid * * by * * the Kenya Cooperative Creameries to primary marketing societies is * * Sh * * * * _3 . 50_ * * per gallon ( Sh * * 0 . 77 * * per liter ) , < sup > andsociety overheads < / sup > are commonly 20 % , giving a farmgate price of * * Sh 2 . 80 * * ( As noted in the PCR and in this report , however , some farmers engage in local sales at prices considerably above the farmgate price offered * * by * * primary cooperative societies . ) 4 . 22 There is also some evidence that the PCR yield estimates err on the side of optimism . Although a Ministry of Agriculture ten year projection published in * * 1970 * * used * * 300 * * gallons as the average smallholder yield for that year , other Ministry data show lower yields . One such study suggests that few grade animals on large scale African farms in the Kitale area yield * * 300 * * or more gallons per year . * * Of * * 40 farms studied , * * 36 * * had average yields per grade cow of less than * * 300 * * gallons per year , * * 29 * * averaged fewer than 200 gallons , and * * 19 * * achieved average yields of less than * * 150 * * gallons . Ministry economists indicate that the Kitale experience is probably also representative of much of the smallholder performance in project districts . * * A * * mean yield of 241 gallons and a median yield of about * * 280 * * gallons was estimated * * by * * a Swedish technician from a", "spans": [{"start": 923, "end": 936, "text": "Ministry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms from insolvency even when facing higher drops in sales . # * * 8 . 2 Policy interventions and uncertainty * * Public policies can also play an important role in reducing the uncertainty faced by firms . This is a potentially important channel that could influence recovery because high degrees of uncertainty are likely to adversely affect firm investments and incentives to innovate , by reducing the appetite for entrepreneurial risk taking ( see e . g . , Bloom et al . ( 2007 ) ) and limiting jobs growth and reallocation . The survey provides some suggestive evidence that public policies could reduce uncertainty and improve growth expectations . The right panel in Figure 9 shows a negative correlation between the predicted probability that firms have access to public support programs and their uncertainty , measured as the average standard deviation of the firms ’ sales prediction based on ( Altig et al . , 2019 ) . This cross-sectional correlation though may be driven by a lot of different factors , and as shown by Figure 8 when we control for size , country , sector and timing of the survey ( relative to the peak of the crisis ) , and the size of the experienced drop in sales , we find that uncertainty is not any different between firms that received support versus those that did not . < sup > 21 < / sup > While public policies may play an important role in reducing uncertainty towards the future , it is possible that the large uncertainty associated with the duration of the pandemic is at play during the COVID-19 crisis , which could explain our results . Applying to some of these public programs is costly and often > 20These figures are higher than seen in high-income countries . For example , the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta ’ Survey of Business Uncertainty reports expected drops in sales of between 0 and 3 percent for March and April 2020 . 21This pattern is identical across countries with different income levels , as well as different sizes and sectors as shown in our online appendix . 11", "spans": [{"start": 1770, "end": 1800, "text": "Survey of Business Uncertainty", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "28 # * * References * * - AMREF ( 1998 ) . * * Health Status Analysis . * * Report prepared for the Kenya Ministry of Health , with support from the Swedish International Development Agency . - Fine , Jeffrey C . ( 1999 ) . * * Africa in the Twenty First Century : Human Development * * . Draft report circulated through the Internet . June 6 . - Government of Kenya ( 1998a ) . * * Interim Report of the Public Expenditure Review Secretariat on the Ministerial Expenditure Reviews and the Medium Term Expenditure Framework . * * October . - Government of Kenya ( 1998b ) . * * Public Expenditure Review and Medium Term Expenditure Framework : 1999 / 2000-2001 / 2002 . * * - Government of Malawi ( n . d . ) * * Medium Term Expenditure Framework : The Malawi Experience . * * - Ministry of Health ( 1998 ) . * * Ministry of Health Budget Analysis * * . Report prepared by John M . Kamigwi , Beatrice O . Asienwa , Claudio Politi , Alexander Kireria , Peter Mungania , and Edward Mwaura under the auspices of the MoH with support provided by the British Department for International Development . August 14 . - Ministry of Health ( 1999 * * ) . Budget Analysis Study – Linking Resource Allocations with Output . * * Report prepared by Alexander Kireria , John Kamigwi , Beatrice Asienwa , P . Mungania , and Edward Mwaura under the auspices of the MoH with support provided by the British Department for International Development . - National Council for Population and Development ( 1998 ) . * * Kenya Demographic and Health Survey * * . Preliminary report produced under the auspices of the National Council for Population and Development , the Central bureau of Statistics , and Macro International , with funding from the U . S . Agency for International Development and the British Department for International Development . - Phyllida , Brown ( 1999 ) . WHO urges “ coverage for all", "spans": [{"start": 1497, "end": 1532, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2011 | 30-Apr-2015 | 30-Apr-2015 | 29-Oct-2016 | |  Target areas with annually updated geo-referenced biodiversity data ( Hectare ( Ha ) , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 25000 . 00 | 25000 . 00 | 10000 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jun-2011 | 30-Apr-2015 | 30-Apr-2015 | 29-Oct-2016 | 10 / 27 / 2015 Page 5 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 147, "text": "geo-referenced biodiversity data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 % ) and Nigeria ( 1 . 7 % ) . However , the poorest households in Eryuan , which have an annual income lower than 4000 yuan and account for about 25 % of the total population , are willing to pay more than 5 % of their income for their solid waste disposal . This implies that the poor households in Eryuan have very strong demands for public solid waste management services . Further analyses of the survey data show that the poor households may have stronger demand for the proposed improved SWM service than rich ones , not only in a relative sense to their incomes but also in absolute WTP values . In the areas of new coverage where no public SWM services are available , the marginal WTP of the poor households is significantly higher than that of the middle income and rich households , according to the econometric analyses , and the average WTP of the poor households is also higher , even though the differences may not be statistically significant . One reason could be that the poor households in those areas were suffering seriously from the solid waste problem , while the rich ones had private coping measures . A consistent phenomenon is also found about the rich households in Eryuan . If there have been regular solid waste cleaning services in their neighborhood , they are in general willing to pay more for the proposed SWM project . If the solid waste problems around their houses are thought to be serious , they are willing to pay less for the proposed project . This may be understood as if the rich households have already taken some private preventive measures on the solid waste problems around their houses when the problems are thought to be serious , and therefore the potential benefits that they can enjoy from the proposed improved SWM project are reduced . Among household and individual characteristics , income is found to be a dominant determinant of WTP for SWM services , with an elasticity of 0 . 22 . As expected , those who > 20 The WTP estimated in this study is only the total value of perceived benefits of those households located in the project area . Methodologically ,", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 414, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Productive Safety Net APL III ( P113220 ) Implementation Status & Results Report |  Transfers received t | hat have an average value of at le | ast 15 kg of grain per mont | h ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2008 | 30-Jun-2013 | 30-Jun-2013 | 30-Jun-2015 | |  Transfers made on time ( P | ercentage , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 6 . 00 | 90 . 00 | 90 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2008 | 30-Nov-2012 | 30-Nov-2012 | 30-Jun-2015 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P113220 | IDA-46660 | Effective | USD | 130 . 00 | 130 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 128 . 95 | 0", "spans": [{"start": 794, "end": 823, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and after the program ; c ) generated evidence and lessons for the livelihood component for scale up or down ; d ) documented lessons , best practices and recommendations from the project to stakeholders for remedial actions . # # # * * Methodological Approach : * * Cohort tracking approach with no valid comparison group was employed and triangulated the analysis with other secondary sources from household surveys , and to provide a descriptive understanding of contribution of SLP to the poor . The survey followed similar sampling design as for the baseline . A twostage cluster stratified random sampling design was employed with districts and sub-counties as clusters ( PSUs ) , rural and urban village communities as strata . The evaluation team surveyed the 9 SLP districts at both the baseline and midline . 78 percent response rate was recorded at Midline . This response rate was statistically sufficient to yield reliable and robust results . # # # * * Key Findings : * * * * Involvement in business enterprises : * * 99 . 3 percent of the 570 self-help groups ( SHGs ) in the 9 pilot districts were running a business enterprise . 74 percent of these SHGs were involved in produce buying and selling . * * Inclusiveness : * * 75 percent of SLP beneficiaries are female and 33 percent are youth . * * Adherence to the SLP 5 core principles : * * Weekly savings averagely increased by 2-fold among SHGs , 74 percent of first round of revolving fund disbursement repaid by SHGs , all SHGs having records of their transactions and meeting minutes , all SHGs having weekly meetings and increased inter-lending to all members boosted by introduction of the welfare fund in every SHG . Page 42 of 50", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 417, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "defining four parenting styles based around levels of over-controlling and responsive parenting : authoritative ( high control , high responsiveness ) , authoritarian ( high control , low responsiveness ) , indulgent / permissive ( low control , high responsiveness ) , and uninvolved / neglectful parenting ( low control , low responsiveness ) . In the Anglo population in Western societies , authoritative parenting has been most consistently associated with positive socioemotional competence , cognitive and health outcomes in children ( Baumrind , 1991 ; Bornstein & Zlotnik , 2008 ; Jackson , > 11The psychology literature has paid close attention to these practices , particularly in the case of corporal punishment and spanking . See Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor ( 2016 ) for a review and Putnick et al . ( 2012 ) for an analysis of data from a cross-section of countries . 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "employment of new migrants , the relative size of the migrant population in the local labor-market decreases it . They interpret the latter result as a congestion effect among migrants competing for jobs . A criticism of this kind of work is that the potential endogeneity of the social network is seldom controlled for . One exception is Munshi ( 2003 ) who studies the role of social networks in the migration of Mexicans to the United States , using a panel dataset of individual location decisions and labor outcomes from multiple communities . In this work , the number of other migrants from the same origin-community is instrumented with rainfall in the origin-community since rainfall is a push factor that naturally affects rain-fed agriculture employment . < sup > 28 < / sup > With this endogeneity control , it is found that an individual is more likely to be employed and to hold a higher paying job when his network is larger . * * Policy implications * * - - These works suggest that education or social networks can help migrants in their gradual process of labor-market assimilation in the city even though _the specific channels through which networks and education operate are not identified_ . These channels probably include different kinds of support or opportunities that migrants may lack . In this respect , policies that could help migrants overcome assimilation barriers are diverse . Measures can aim at improving the bargaining power of migrants on the labor-market , for instance through sharing information and collective negotiation ( Mosse _et al . _ , 2002 ) . Governments can see to it that migrants , and especially poor migrants , are not credit rationed so that entrepreneurship is not discouraged , that migrants are not discriminated against in the housing market , and that they find a satisfactory access to public goods , including child care , health and education . < sup > 29 < / sup > Supporting the political involvement of migrants in local politics can help migrants ensure that their needs are taken into account by local policy makers . Several other measures can ensure the protection of rural migrants in cities , providing them with information on labor legislation and rights , favoring their unionization", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 468, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Place “ bird diverters ” at appropriate intervals on the top ( ground ) wire to make the lines more visible to birds if the collision potential is high , in particular inside or close to ecologically sensitive areas ( Wetlands , staging areas , birds ’ migration corridors and large rivers , close to Important Bird Area . - Implement a bird mortality monitoring program , including data monitoring of bird mortality ( in - partnership with local communities ) and review of mitigation measures efficiency . - Develop specific mitigation measures for species that are involved in bird mortality ; # # # # # # * * Bird Diverter Installation Considerations * * Priority locations along the project line routes have been identified for installation of bird diverters . Those locations consider presence of large wetland areas , large waterbodies as well as internationally recognized Important Bird Areas . The following criteria were followed for identification of segments where bird diverters should be installed : - * * Wetland crossings * * : installation above important wetlands and areas surrounding them , in order to minimize risks of collisions during sloping flight trajectories ( downward or upward ) of birds entering or exiting wetlands ; - * * Nile Crossing * * : installation above the Nile River and 800 metres on each side ;", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "letter from NT and / or < br > bank record confirming | • The executive < br > management ( including < br > the Chief Executive < br > Officer , Chief Finance < br > Office and the Chief < br > Operations Officer ) have < br > been hired . < br > • Signed Board minutes < br > evidencing the < br > hiring / approval of the < br > hiring based on clearly < br > defined criteria | > 67 This is proposed since the WB is involved in the setting up of the new institution and building its capacity in the first two to three years of the operation would be critical . Eligible expenditure related to salaries will be for new staff rather than existing staff . This responsibility will be later transitioned to the GoK and the institution as it develops a robust revenue model , including from guarantee fees that would be charged to PFIs . 79", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 42, "text": "bank record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey < sup > 31 < / sup > , which shows that the majority ( 79 percent ) had seen their income reduce ‘ completely ’ or ‘ a lot ’ , and income loss was more pronounced among casual workers and own-enterprise workers . The BRAC findings demonstrate also the real impact the crisis is having on household ’ s resilience , with many missing meals and / or selling assets to cope with the shock . The elderly are particularly vulnerable to the pandemic shock and may be disproportionably affected given high medical costs . As a result , the financial impact on the population , particularly the poor and vulnerable , is likely to be significant and long-lasting . Social safety nets in the form of Labor-intensive Public Works ( LIPW ) , are well-established in Uganda to protect households exposed to shocks and to address poverty . Meanwhile , the information and infrastructure provided by the Single Registry will allow government to have a clear overview of the beneficiaries of existing social protection programs . It will also allow government to move toward better targeting the poor and vulnerable during future shocks and crises . 53 . * * The GoU will expand social safety nets in the form of time-bound LIPW to all major urban areas * * < sup > * * 32 * * < / sup > * * and to districts affected by floods * * . The major urban areas are likely to experience large losses in employment and income due to mobility restrictions and closure of non-essential businesses . As a result , urban poverty is likely to accelerate . The expansion of LIPW in all urban areas will help address and mitigate this rise in poverty and vulnerability . In addition to the poor and near poor , additional categories , such as people who lost their jobs and informal sector workers who see demand for their services vanishing will be targeted through the LIPW expansion . Regions affected by floods will also be targeted with the expansion of the emergency public works program . A combination of self", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 911, "text": "Single Registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "burdens among otherwise similar taxpayers owing to unequal tax policies , or unequal enforcement . Horizontal equity is similarly relevant to both individual and business taxpayers . Vertical equity asks whether the distribution of the tax burden is equitable across the wealth spectrum . This of course depends to an important degree on societal beliefs about what a “ fair ” vertical distribution of the tax burden looks like . In most countries there is a broad belief that individual tax burdens should be progressive - - that is , that the wealthy should pay more , as a share of income , than the less wealthy . The story for businesses is more complex . In most countries , corporate tax regimes apply a single tax rate to all firms , with a stated goal of ensuring competitive balance . However , effective tax burdens may vary owing to exemptions and incentives , while many countries apply special regimes for smaller firms , sometimes with the official goal of delivering somewhat lower burdens to those firms . Discussions of equity from the perspective of firms may thus focus on the relative balance of effective tax burdens across differently-sized firms . The most conspicuous , and problematic , horizontal inequity in most countries appears to be the result of unequal enforcement of many taxes . Among those with enough income to be liable for individual income taxes , those whose primary income is from formal employment – and who thus > 112 Paler , L . , Prichard , W . , Sanchez de la Sierra , R . , & Samii , C . ( 2017 ) . Survey on total tax burden in the DRC , Final Report . Kinshasa : Department for International Development . > 113 Piracha , M . , & Moore , M . ( 2015 ) . Understanding low-level state capacity : Property tax collection in Pakistan . _ICTD Working Paper 33_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . > 114 Hassan , M . , & Prichard , W . ( 2016 ) . The political economy of tax reform in Bangladesh : Political settlements , informal institutions and the negotiation of reform . _Journal of Development Studies_ , 52 ( 12 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using geospatial data instead of census data in SAE and the unit context model has been criticized in recent literature ( for example , Corral et al . , 2021 ) . This is due to the possible introduction of omitted variable bias ( relative to the unit-level model ) resulting from the aggregation of the geospatial covariates . Although a detailed discussion of this issue is beyond", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 21, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | | | | | | | | | | | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | PDO indicator 3 : Transition | 77 . 20 | Sep / 2017 | 85 . 30 | 04-Oct-2023 | | | 86 . 00 | Nov / 2023 | | rate from primary to < br > secondary education in < br > targeted sub-counties < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | | This indicator < br > using the upd | will be reviewed < br > ated NEMIS data . | once the 2022 / < br > | 2023 Education | Statistical bookle | t is completed | | PDO sub-indicator 3 . 1 : | 74 . 90 | Sep / 2017 | 85 . 61 | 28-Mar-2024 | 85 . 61 | 28-Mar-2024 | 83 . 40 | Dec / 2024 | | Female transition rate < br > from primary to < br > secondary education in < br > targeted sub-counties < br > ( Percentage ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | | Gender disag | gregated data is b | eing updated fo | r 2024 for target | sub counties . | | # # * * 6 . 2 Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * Page 6 of 12 May 07 , 2024", "spans": [{"start": 466, "end": 476, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Since we do not have data on migrants ’ province of original residence for 2009 , we do not control for these dummy variables . An alternative modeling option is to pool the 2008 and 2009 rounds of the RUMiC for analysis . While this option allows us to employ a richer econometric model by controlling for the year and city ( fixed ) effects , it does not offer more insights into the crisis year as discussed above . Estimation results on the pooled data ( not shown ) nevertheless confirm that school fees have a negative and statistically significant impacts on child migration . > 44 The Body Mass Index ( BMI ) , a measure of tissue mass ( muscle , fat and bone ) in an individual , is computed as the ratio of weight ( in kilograms ) to squared height ( in meters ) . Using WHO ’ s guidelines , we consider that children with a BMI less than 18 . 5 and equal or greater than 25 are respectively underweight and overweight . 32", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 456, "text": "pooled data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "AND * * NUTRITION PROJECT for the year ended * * 30h * * June * * 2023 . * * # # # # # * * Accounting policies * * The accounting policies used * * by UGANDA MULTI-SECTORAL * * FOOD * * SECURITY AND NUTRITION PROJECT * * are as stated in the Financial statements and are consistent with those of the previous year . # # # # * * Accounting records and transactions * * - * * I . * * We as management are responsible for the design and implementation of internal controls to prevent and detect errors , misstatements and fraud . 2 . We have made available to you all books of account and supporting documentation and all minutes of meetings and no * * such * * information has been withheld . * * 3 . * * To our knowledge , the financial statements are free of material misstatements including omissions . There are no material transactions that have not been properly recorded in the accounting records underlying the financial statements . 4 . We have no plans that may alter materially the carrying value or classification of assets and liabilities reflected in the financial statements . * * 5 . * * Except as disclosed in the financial statements , the results of operations for the year were not materially affected * * by * * transactions of an extraordinary or abnormal nature or of a sort not usually undertaken * * by UGANDA MULTI-SECTORAL * * FOOD * * SECURITY AND NUTRITION PROJECT * * or items relating to a prior year . - * * 3 1I * *", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 901, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "open sun . Nobody is likely to enjoy this work , and that is undoubtedly part of the reason that relatively rich people appear to rarely turn up for work on the scheme . Yet , while this “ selftargeting ” mechanism is a key aspect of the rationale for such schemes in fighting poverty , the fact that the type of work is unpleasant has never ( to our knowledge ) been used in assessing the welfare of actual or potential participants . This paper has offered a simple correction for this deficiency in past assessments of the performance of such programs . Our adjustment to measured household consumption to allow for the disutility of casual manual labor involves a single preference parameter that can be readily calibrated to available data assuming that labor supply choices are utility maximizing . We have also proposed a robustness test given the possibility of involuntary unemployment in casual labor markets . The empirical implementation has been for India ’ s NREGS . The proposed adjustment of the welfare measure for the disutility of casual manual labor entails a marked difference to standard measures of poverty and inequality . The distributional change implies a lower incidence of poverty , but higher measures of its depth and severity ; for example , the squared poverty gap index roughly doubles . For rural India as a whole , the Gini index of inequality rises from 0 . 31 to 0 . 43 . The adjustment also affects the assessment of targeting performance of NREGS . Whereas the choice between the unadjusted consumption and our adjusted version does not make a significant difference among the 30 % richest , the assessed targeting performance is changed appreciably among the poorest half of the distribution when we allow for the disutility of doing casual manual work . However , allowing for the disutility of work also devalues the benefits to participants . Using survey data for Bihar , we find that this effect dominates the better targeting performance implied by allowing for the disutility of the type of work done . The scheme reaches even poorer people , but that it does less to raise their welfare . On balance the poverty impact of the scheme is lower , representing a decline", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Revised Project Development Objectives ( as approved by original approving authority ) * * The Project Development Objectives and key indicators have not been revised . # # * * ( a ) PDO Indicator ( s ) * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Baseline Value * * < br > * * Original Target * * < br > * * Values ( from * * < br > * * approval * * < br > * * documents ) * * | * * Formally * * < br > * * Revised * * < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Values * * | * * Actual Value * * < br > * * Achieved at * * < br > * * Completion or * * < br > * * Target Years * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator 1 : * * | Increase life expectancyat birth : | | | | Value | | | | | quantitative or < br > Qualitative ) | < br > 52 years < br > 55-60 years | | * 48 years | | Date achieved | 12 / 30 / 1997 < br > 01 / 07 / 2003 | | 06 / 30 / 2005 | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > achievement ) | According to the HHRI - 1997 EC , the life exp < br > in 2004 / 05 ( 1997 EC ) . The reasons for the vari < br > over the last sevenyears are not clear . | ectancy at bi < br > ations in life | rth was only 48 years < br > expectancy at birth | | * * Indicator 2 : * * | Decrease infant mortalityrate | | | | Value < br > quantitative or < br > Qualitative ) | < br > 110-128 / 1000 < br", "spans": [{"start": 917, "end": 931, "text": "HHRI - 1997 EC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "protection risks is also impacted by the dire economic crisis that is affecting all population groups in the country . < / mark > > 3 By way of example , NRC conducted an assessment in Kabul province in November 2021 and the results indicated that over half the respondents lived in rental houses and 85 % of those did not have a rental agreement with the landlord . 6", "spans": [{"start": 171, "end": 199, "text": "assessment in Kabul province", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "systems , large landowners responded to the threat of land reform by either evicting tenants who could have made claims to land ownership under a possible reform program , or converting them into wage laborers . In the case of eviction , landlords reduced reliance on hired workers either by resuming extensive livestock production and ranching or - aided by significant credit subsidies - by embarking on highly mechanized self-cultivation ( Binswanger et al . 1995 ) . This did not only reduce tenant welfare but also depopulated farms and created further difficulties for redistributive land reform . A number of further difficulties of effective land reform in hacienda systems are associated with policy distortions , limitations on the functioning of the land market , and inability to provide the necessary complementary elements for land reform beneficiaries to start successful small farm enterprises . First , the cost of carrying out land reform were often increased by the continued existence of implicit and explicit policy distortions ( e . g . agricultural protection and selective credit subsidies ) which drove land prices above the capitalized value of agricultural profits and often disproportionately benefited large producers . Such distortions increased the fiscal cost of land reform policies and reduced their sustainability by making it profitable for land reform beneficiaries to sell their newly acquired land back to large farmers . Indeed , despite attempts to limit beneficiary desertion through imposition of legal restrictions and the threat of punishment in case of contravention , there is considerable anecdotal evidence on land sales by reform beneficiaries in Nicaragua , Colombia , and El Salvador . In a recent Census of Brazilian land reformn settlements , only about 60 % of recently established land reform beneficiaries were actually found tilling their land ( El Globo 1997 ) . Secondly , many countries aimed to implement land reform by eliminating or restricting other forms of ( rental and sales ) market transactions . This completely eliminated price and other market signals , making it more difficult to select beneficiaries and land and further increased the costs of land reform implementation . It also tilted the balance in favor of a highly centralized mode of land reform implementation that has , in a number of countries , led to the", "spans": [{"start": 1750, "end": 1794, "text": "Census of Brazilian land reformn settlements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Public Financial Management Reforms Secretariat Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended_ * * < sup > * * _June 30 , _ * * < / sup > < sup > _2024_ < / sup > # # # # Significant Accounting Policies ( continued ) * * v ) * * Acquisition of fixed assets The payment on the acquisition of property plant and equipment < sup > items is not capitalized . The < / sup > cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items < sup > aretreatedaspayments and < / sup > receipts items , respectively . Where an asset is acquired in < sup > a < / sup > non-exchange < sup > transactionfor nil < / sup > or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can < sup > be < / sup > reliably < sup > established , acontra < / sup > transaction is recorded as a receipt and as a payment . < sup > * * A * * < / sup > fixed < sup > assetregister is maintained < / sup > < sup > * * by * * < / sup > each public entity , and a summary is provided for consolidation purposes . < sup > Thissunmary < / sup > < sup > * * is * * < / sup > disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial < sup > statements . < / sup > * * f ) In-kind * * donations In-kind contributions are donations made to the Project < sup > in < / sup > the < sup > formof actualgoodsand / or < / sup > services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment , or personnel services . Where the financial value < sup > receivedfor", "spans": [{"start": 862, "end": 875, "text": "assetregister", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE KENYA TEA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY WITH THE GUARANTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA 1 . I submit the following report and recommendation on-a proposed loan to the Kenya Tea Development Authority ( KTDA ) with the guarantee of the Republic of Kenya for the equivalent of US $ 10 . 4 million to help finance the Authority ' s program for building and equipping of factories to process tea already planted under KTDA ' s programs up to 1971 / 72 . The loan would be for twenty years , including seven years of grace , at an interest rate of 7-1 / 4 % . In addition to the Bank ' s loan , external financing wo ~ ild also be provided by the Commonwealth Development Corporation ( CDC ) , wh : ch would lend KTDA $ 6 . 3 million , with the same amortization terms as the Bank ' s but at an interest rate of 5 % . KTDA would on-lend the funds thus provided to companies it wculd establish to construct and manage the factories under the program . The companies would repay KTDA over a period of 16 years including three years of grace at an interest rate of 7-3 / 4 % . PART I - THE ECONOMY 2 . A report entitled \" The Second Decade : A Basic Economic Report on Kenya \" ( Report No . 201-KE , dated January 15 , 1974 ) was distributed to the Executive Directors on February 20 , 1974 . An agricultural sector survey on Kenya ( Report No . 254-KE ) was distributed to the Executive Directors on March 13 , 1974 . A special economic mission visited Kenya in February 1974 to review the economy ' s prospects and aid requirements in the light cf the changes in commodity prices including increased oil prices . Country data sheets are attached in Annex I . 3 . Kenya has recently celebrated the end of the first", "spans": [{"start": 1425, "end": 1460, "text": "agricultural sector survey on Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s under such contracts ) that are not the subject of a material modification , as determined by the Bank . We shall permit , and shall cause our sub-contractors , sub-consultants , agents ( whether declared or not ) , personnel , consultants , service providers or suppliers , to permit the Bank to inspect < sup > 4 < / sup > all accounts , records , and other documents relating to the procurement process and / or 2 For the avoidance of doubt , a sanctioned party ’ s ineligibility to be awarded a contract shall include , without limitation , ( i ) applying for pre-qualification , expressing interest in a consultancy , and bidding , either directly or as a nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider , in respect of such contract , and ( ii ) entering into an addendum or amendment introducing a material modification to any existing contract . 3 A nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider ( different names are used depending on the particular bidding document ) is one which has been : ( i ) included by the bidder in its pre-qualification application or bid because it brings specific and critical experience and know-how that allow the bidder to meet the qualification requirements for the particular bid ; or ( ii ) appointed by the Borrower . 4 Inspections in this context are usually investigative ( i . e . , forensic ) in nature : they involve fact-finding activities undertaken by the Bank or persons appointed by the Bank to address specific matters related to investigations / audits , such as evaluating the veracity of an allegation of possible Fraud and Corruption , through the appropriate mechanisms . Such activity includes but is not limited to accessing and examining a firm ' s or individual ' s financial records and information , and making copies thereof as relevant ; accessing", "spans": [{"start": 1873, "end": 1906, "text": "financial records and information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The previous three studies were focused on the e ¤ ects of private pensions on personal saving but none of them considered the e ¤ ects of private pensions on aggregate private saving . Feldstein ( 1978 ) remarked that the net e ¤ ect of private pensions on private saving depended on three key issues : how do employees covered by private pensions alter their ordinary saving , the amount of anticipated pension bene . . . ts that . . . rms e ¤ ectively fund and the response of shareholders to unfunded liabilities of their . . . rms . Ideally one would like to measure these three responses separately . However , data limitations only allow an estimate of the aggregate response . Using aggregate annual time series data for the U . S . and a sample with almost 40 observations , he obtained the following results ( standard errors in parenthesis ) : where SPRIV denotes per capita real private saving , Y D is per capita real disposable income , W is the per capita real value of wealth , SSW is social security wealth , RE is retained earnings of the . . . rms and SPEN is pension saving . < sup > 15 < / sup > Given that the coe ¢ cient of the pension saving variable is smaller than the standard error , the hypothesis that private saving is not a ¤ ected cannot be rejected . One possible rationalization of this result is that employees > 15Pension saving is measured as the increase in the book value of pension fund reserves during the calendar year . These pension values are also adjusted to real dollars with consumer price index and converted to per capita amounts . 20", "spans": [{"start": 691, "end": 724, "text": "aggregate annual time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Section II : HIV / AIDS and IDP Country Profiles * * The 8 country profiles in this section contextualise the HIV / AIDS and IDP situations for each country and provide data , if any , about HIV / AIDS among the IDP population . HIV data for the general population came from the 2004 epidemiological update of the UNAIDS and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , with the exception of Somalia where data was provided by a recent population-based survey led by WHO . The HIV prevalence among the 8 countries with an IDP population estimated from 11 . 1 to 14 . 7 million persons ranges from 0 . 3 % to 12 . 4 % with a median of 3 . 2 % ; however , there are few data focusing on IDP prevalence . Numerous articles made strong declarations on the effects of HIV among IDPs but most provided little data . Reports claiming twice the HIV prevalence among IDPs in Northern Uganda to the overall population did not examine trends that showed a decrease from 27 . 0 % in 1993 to 11 . 9 % in 2002 . We could only find HIV prevalence data for IDPs in Sudan ( 2002 ) and DRC ( 2002 ) . In all other countries , data collected in IDP affected areas were not disaggregated according to displaced and non-displaced persons . Recent population-based behavioural surveillance surveys ( BSS ) and / or sentinel surveillance surveys from Burundi , Colombia , DRC , Somalia and Sudan were used to better convey the situation for IDPs in the respective countries . There were almost no data on HIV and IDPs for Liberia and Nepal . In conclusion , there are insufficient data to conclude how conflict and internal displacement affect HIV prevalence . Statements that conflict increases HIV transmission among IDPs or that IDPs consistently have higher HIV infections than the general population are not supported by data . Overall , most of the 8 priority IDP countries have a relatively low HIV prevalence compared to surrounding countries in their respective region . The overall dearth of data on HIV", "spans": [{"start": 439, "end": 473, "text": "population-based survey led by WHO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1020, "end": 1039, "text": "HIV prevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1229, "end": 1278, "text": "population-based behavioural surveillance surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1296, "end": 1325, "text": "sentinel surveillance surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "comprised 36 % . When an unconditional cash transfer was launched for a third time in 2013 , its coverage was about 40 percent , though beneficiary incidence increased to 40 % . Similarly , a conditional cash transfer for families launched in 2007 saw an increase in beneficiary incidence in the poorest 20 % from 39 % to 44 % between 2010 and 2018 < sup > 3 < / sup > . Its targeting > 3Based on Holmemo et al . [ 2020 ] and World Bank staff calculations from SUSENAS 2010 / 2018 . 10", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 468, "text": "SUSENAS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Balochistan Human Capital Investment Project ( P166308 ) | IA | Implementing Agency | | - - - | - - - | | IMF | International Monetary Fund | | IRR | Internal Rate of Return | | IUFR | Interim Unaudited Financial Report | | LEC | Local Education Council | | LHW | LadyHealth Worker | | M & E | Monitoring and Evaluation | | MNCH | Maternal , Newborn , and Child Health | | MUC | Marginal Utility of Consumption | | NIPS | National Institute of Population Studies | | NPV | Net Present Value | | OECD | Organisation for Economic Co ‐ operation and Development | | PCC | Project Coordination Committee | | PDHS | Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey | | PDO | Project Development Objective | | PHC | Primary Health Care | | PITE | Provincial Institute for Teacher ’ s Education | | PMU | Project Management Unit | | PoR | Proof of Registration | | PPHI | People ' s Primary Healthcare Initiative | | PPSD | Project Procurement Strategy for Development | | PSC | Project Steering Committee | | PTSMC | Parent ‐ Teacher School Management Committee | | RHC | Rural Health Center | | RMNCHN | Reproductive , Maternal , Newborn , Child Health , and Nutrition | | RMP | Repatriation and Management Policy for Afghan Refugees | | RPF | Resettlement Policy Framework | | RSW | Regional Sub ‐ window | | SED | Secondary Education Department | | SSAR | Solution Strategy for Afghan Refugees | | STEP | Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement | | TFR | Total Fertility Rate | | UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | | VSL | Value of Statistical Life | | WDI | World Development Indicator | | WHO | World Health Organization |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "high school graduate compares the expected payoff of two choices — going to college , or joining the labor force as a high school graduate . The enrollment decision is a discrete choice problem , where the payoff associated to each option is the sum of three components . The first component is the expected value of going to college , _V_ < sup > _coll_ < / sup > ( _t_ = 1 _ , h_ 0 = 0 _ , θ , y_ ) or of entering the labor force as a high school graduate , _V_ < sup > _hs_ < / sup > . The second component is a type-specific preference for college enrollment , _ξj_ = _ξ_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > ( _θj , yj_ ) , which captures type-related unobserved factors ( i . e . , parental education ) that affect enrollment . We normalize the unobserved preference for joining the labor force as a high school graduate to zero for all types . The third component is an idiosyncratic choice-specific shock for each individual , _ε_ < sup > _hs_ < / sup > and _ε_ < sup > _coll_ < / sup > , corresponding to working as a high school graduate or enrolling in college , respectively . Thus , all individuals face the same _V_ < sup > _hs_ < / sup > and individuals of a given type face the same _V_ < sup > _coll_ < / sup > and _ξj_ , yet individuals within and across types differ in their idiosyncratic shocks . We assume that > 9This is in keeping with the Colombian context , where tuition is fixed regardless of the number of classes taken . > 10We do not model student ’ s decision to work during college because our administrative data does not record this information . Further , data from Colombia ’ s National Survey of Time Use ( _ENUT_ ) reveals that high-income college students are more likely to work during college than their lower-income counterparts , suggesting that the primary motivation to work is not necessarily to pay for college ( details available upon request ) . For a model of student workers , see Garriga and Keightley (", "spans": [{"start": 1510, "end": 1529, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1598, "end": 1625, "text": "National Survey of Time Use", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "license before start of civil works ; ( iii ) All Contract documents include NEMA license / approval conditions and ESMP with budget allocation ; ( iv ) All subprojects involving temporary physical or economic displacement and relocation to include consulted ARAP / Reinstatement / Restoration Plan before award of contracts ; ( v ) GRM constituted and grievances records being maintained at Municipality level ; ( vi ) At least two stakeholder ’ s consultations with Project Affected Persons were undertaken at preparation stage and two at implementation stage . IV", "spans": [{"start": 353, "end": 371, "text": "grievances records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services Project ( P179040 ) # # * * ANNEX 3 : Gender Analysis and Action Plan * * * * _Problem statement . _ * * In Ethiopia , there is a notable gender gap in the existing ID system ( Kebele ID ) coverage . According to the ID4D-Findex Survey ( 2017 ) , 36 percent of the population ages 18 and older lack a Kebele ID , with significant gender gap of 46 percent of women lacking one , compared to 25 percent of men . | * * ANALYSIS : * * < br > * * Gender gaps identified * * | * * ACTIONS : * * < br > * * Proposed actions Taken to address gaps * * | * * INDICATORS * * : < br > * * How bridging the gap * * < br > * * will be measured * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Women have less knowledge about benefits * * < br > * * of having an ID . * * Country-specific research , < br > including a Social Risk Analysis and a Gender < br > Gap in ID Study , outline low literacy , a general < br > lack of awareness on the day-to-day use of ID , < br > perceived irrelevance of formal identification , < br > and limited knowledge of individual rights as < br > key factors contributing to lower Kebele ID < br > enrolment by women . Based on the most < br > recent data from 2017 , the adult ( age 15 and < br > above ) literacy rate for men is 59 percent , < br > compared to 44 percent for women ( World < br > Bank 2022 ) , which can make it harder for < br > women to navigate the ID registration < br > process . | * * Subcomponent 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 305, "text": "ID4D-Findex Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1230, "end": 1244, "text": "data from 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NIDP will supervise the implementation of these two outsourced channels through audits , spot checks , and other methods . The four channels are as follows : - ( a ) * * Registration partners . * * These are government agencies and state-owned enterprises selected by NIDP based on client profile , geographic coverage , and technical and fiduciary capacity . The intention is to provide convenient registration and to leverage existing client relationships with partners , such as beneficiaries of social safety net programs and license applicants . NIDP will provide registration kits , software , and training , notably to ensure compliance with nondiscrimination principles and special measures for individuals with disabilities or vulnerability . The < u > partners will provide facilities , staffing , and < / u > 30 For example the EU Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency or International Telecommunication Union recommendations on green data centers . > 31 Flash floods and seasonal river floods are becoming more frequent and widespread and are projected to increase alongside extreme rainfall events . World Bank , 2021 , Ethiopia Climate Risk Profile . > 32 This is in addition to the estimated 5 million persons registered by NIDP at the time of project approval . 33 Fees were calculated based on cost models by NIDP as part of project preparation , in line with the costs observed in other developing countries . Page 11 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 1144, "end": 1173, "text": "Ethiopia Climate Risk Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agreement to the preparation of annual audit reports of all project accounts and statements of expenditure ( SOEs ) was also sought . Annual audit reports are to be submitted in English within six months of the end of each fiscal year and be prepared by auditors acceptable to the Bank . # # E . Special Account 10 . To facilitate disbursements against eligible expenditures , the Government will establish in the Central Bank a Special Account ( SA ) to be managed by the Project Director ( or his / her delegate ) of the Project Management Unit ( PMU ) under terms and conditions satisfactory to the Bank . The Project Director and the respective PIU manager would approve payment requests and signatory authority would be vested with the Chair of the Steering Committee ( or his delegate ) and the Secretary General of the MOP . The Bank would , upon request , make an Authorized Allocation of US $ 1 . 5 million . Initially , the SA allocation would be limited to US $ 750 , 000 until disbursements had reached US $ 2 . 0 million at which time the full Authorized Allocation could be claimed . Applications for the replenishment of the Special Account would be submitted monthly or when 20 percent of the initial deposit has been utilized , whichever occurs earlier . The replenishment application would be supported by the necessary docunentation , bank statement of the special account , and a reconciliation bank statement of the special account against Bank records . The SA would be audited annually by independent auditors acceptable to the Bank .", "spans": [{"start": 1461, "end": 1473, "text": "Bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the matter described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion section of my report , the financial statements present fairly , in all material respects , the financial position of the Judicial Performance Improvement Project as at * * 30 * * June , * * 2019 , * * and of its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended , in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( Cash Basis ) and comply with Financing Agreement No * * 5181 - * * KE dated * * 5 * * December , 2012 ( Revised * * 2016 ) * * between the International Development Association * * ( IDA ) * * and the Republic of Kenya and the Public Finance Management Act , 2012 . # # # # # * * Basis for Qualified Opinion * * # # # # # * * 1 . Differences Between the Ledger and the Financial Statements Figures * * As disclosed under Note * * 8 . 5 * * to the financial statements , the statement of receipts and payments reflects purchase of goods and services totalling to Kshs . 572 , 240 , 357 Included in the figure is training expenditure amounting to Kshs . 121 , 951 , 942 . However , a computation of the training expenses from the ledger reflects a balance of Kshs . 129 , 129 , 874 resulting to an unexplained difference of Kshs . 7 , 177 , 932 . Further , the statement of receipts and payments reflects total payments amounting to Kshs . 2 , 121 , 192 , 079 which differs with the * * IFMIS * * ledger figure of Kshs . 2 , 265 , 892252 . 35 resulting to an unexplained difference of Kshs . 144 , 700 , 173 . 35 _Report ended_ * * _30_ * * _of June , the Auditor-Generail 2019_ * * _-_ * * _The Judiciaryon Judicial Performance Improvement Project_ * * _ - IDA_ * * _Credit_ * * _No . 5181-_ *", "spans": [{"start": 1394, "end": 1399, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in profit or loss . Immediately after the initial recognition , an expected credit loss allowance ( ECL ) is recognised for the financial assets measured at amortised cost and investments in debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income ( FVOCI ) , which results in an accounting loss being recognised in the statement of comprehensive income when an asset is newly originated . When the fair value of financial assets and liabilities differs from the transaction price on initial recognition , the entity recognises the difference as follows : - a ) When the fair value is evidenced by a quoted price in an active market for an identical asset or liability ( i . e . Level 1 input ) or based on a valuation technique that uses only data from observable markets , the difference is recognised as a gain or loss . - b ) In all other cases , the difference is deferred and the timing of recognition of deferred day one profit or loss is determined individually . It is either amortised over the life of the instrument , deferred until the instrument ’ s fair value can be determined using market observable inputs , or realised through settlement . # # # # # # Financial assets # # # # # # _ ( i ) Classification and subsequent measurement_ The Company classified its financial assets in the following measurement categories : < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fair value through < br > profit or loss ( FVPL ) < br > Fair value through other < br > comprehensive income < br > ( FVOCI ) < br > Amortised cost < br > 01 < br > 02 < br > 03 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # # # _Debt instruments_ Debt instruments are those instruments that meet the definition of a financial liability from the issuer ’ s perspective , such as loans , government and corporate bonds and trade receivables purchased from clients in factoring arrangements without recourse . Classification and subsequent measurement of", "spans": [{"start": 762, "end": 790, "text": "data from observable markets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 7 Page 1 # # KENYA # # SECOND SMALLHOLDEPx AGRICULTURAL CREDIT PROJECT # # AGRICULTURAL CREDIT SURVEY # Objective 1 . The objective of the proposed agricultural credit survey is to review and define Kenya ' s agricultural credit needs , short - , medium - and long-term , in relation to the priorities for agricultural development over the next five years , to examine and recommend appropriate policies , capital sources , and institutional arrangements for supplying these needs and to examine the possibilities of developing agricultural credit programs . The survey would include : - ( a ) A review of past agricultural credit experience over the last five years , concentrating on credit for production purposes , but giving brief details of credit for marketing of agricultural produce and for related agricultural activities : - ( i ) existing credit policies of Government , Central Bank and other credit institutions , and their relationship to credit policies in other sectors ; - ( ii ) existing agencies : commercial banks , agricultural banks and cooperatives concerned with agricultural credit ; their place in credit and banking system , organization , interrelationship , review should also examine role of noninstitutional credit sources ; - ( iii ) sources of credit funds for lending agencies , rediscounting facilities , rural savings , budgetary and foreign sources and role of agricultural banks and cooperatives in mobilizing resources ; analysis of costs of funds from main sources for each credit agency ; - ( iv ) analysis of costs of lending operations , comparison of agricultural interest rates with those of other sectors , their relation to size and purpose of loan , to agricultural subsidies , and to inflation : analysis of overdue loans , covering period overdue , efficiency of collection techniques and reasons for delinquency ;", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 107, "text": "AGRICULTURAL CREDIT SURVEY", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 154, "end": 180, "text": "agricultural credit survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for rural land . Such interventions would facilitate timely processing and issuance of land certificates , with important features such as geo-referencing and mapping of household and farm plots , communal lands , etc . It would also facilitate the continuous updating of land registration records . The objective of the Program Management component is to provide financial and technical assistance to MoARD and the Regional , Woreda , and Kebele agencies responsible for sustainable land management to effectively support coordination and implementation of the SLM project . Support for coordination would include financing tasks assigned to the SLM Support Unit , MoARD by the National SLM Steering Committee to facilitate a coordinated and harmonized approach to SLM investments in Ethiopia . To strengthen project management , funds would be available to finance selected technical assistance and training such as in financial management , procurement , and monitoring and evaluation .", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 297, "text": "land registration records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "industries ( using the ISI classification ) , indicating that it was largely * * _not_ * * due to shifts from low to high skill industries as would be the case if trade patterns or preferences for goods had changed . Furthermore , estimated capital-skill complementarity increased significantly between the 1980s and 1990s from about zero , to a level similar to that for U . S . manufacturing in the 1960s or 1970s . This could well be due to skill-biased change in technologies embodied in capital . On the other hand , the combination of increased capital-skill complementarity and increased investment account for very little of measured skill-upgrading , assuming constant returns to scale . The only variable that consistently predicts skill upgrading in Indian industries is increased output . Why growing output predicts skill upgrading is a mystery for future research . We can speculate , though . One possibility is that restrictions on layoffs reduce the ability of firms to adjust their skill mix to make it appropriate for new technologies . Rapidly growing firms can raise the proportion of skilled workers by hiring them disproportionately while firms with stable employment may not do so . That constrained labor demand explanation is consistent with the pattern shown by U . S . manufacturing in the recession of the early 1980s , when firms freed of the usual firing constraints by the crisis laid off less-skilled workers disproportionately while new hires in the recovery were on average more skilled . Another reason to doubt that SBTC is a major influence is that the industries undergoing skill-upgrading are not the typical suspects revealed by cross country correlations in the literature . Data on investments in technology would help us understand why demand for skills has increased in some industries and not in others . This would be a particularly interesting investigation in India as tariffs on computers were reduced sharply in the early 1990s . An important topic for future research is the high cross-state variation in increased demand for skills in registered manufacturing . Among the states with large manufacturing 30", "spans": [{"start": 1717, "end": 1750, "text": "Data on investments in technology", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA FOR AN AGRICULTURAL REHABILITATION PROJECT 1 . I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Uganda for the equivalent of SDR 63 . 5 million ( US $ 70 million equivalent ) on standard IDA terms to help finance an agricultural rehabilitation project . The Government would channel US $ 25 . 1 million of the proceeds of the credit to the Uganda Commercial Bank ( UCB ) for a maximum of 15 years at 6 . 5 % per annum interest . The Government would bear the exchange risk against a fee of 1 % per annum to be charged to subborrowers . UCB would on-lend the funds to final beneficiaries for the rehabilitation of coffee , tea , tobacco and cotton production and processing facilities , with appropriate maturities ( depending on the subproject ) not exceeding 10 years and at 14 % per annum interest . # # PART I - THE ECONOMY 2 . An economic mission visited Uganda in August 1981 and its report , entitled \" Uganda - Country Economic Memorandum \" ( Report No . 3773-UG ) dated March 31 , 1982 , has been distributed to the Executive Directors . A summary of social and economic data is given in Annex I . # # Background 3 . Uganda achieved independence in 1962 with a number of important advantages : a favorable climate ( with two rainy seasons in most parts of the country ) ; fertile soils ; a well-established indigenous smallholder sector producing a widening range of export crops ( coffee , cotton , tea , and tobacco ) and an ample domestic food supply ; a small industrial sector contributing exports of textiles and copper ; a well-developed transport infrastructure ; an exportable surplus of hydroelectricity ; and one of the most advanced education systems in East Africa . Uganda ' s complement of skilled and trained manpower was", "spans": [{"start": 1277, "end": 1301, "text": "social and economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 14 : Prevalent wind in the three seasons of Addis Ababa Bole station ( Bega , Belg & Kiremt ) # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 . 4 . Soils * * The climate and topography of KIP favor the development of thick soil profiles . Field observations indicate that the site is predominantly covered by black cotton soil , deposited over weathered rock . This soil is characterized by high plasticity and waterlogging during heavy precipitation . Despite these characteristics , it is considered fertile by local communities . Tech Invention Lifecare Pvt . Ltd conducted field-level soil formation tests at six boreholes using dry drilling methods . Standard Penetration Tests ( SPT ) were used to assess the relative density of expansive soils and the consistency of cohesive soils . The field records of representative SPT N-values with corresponding depth along with the layer ’ s description are summarized under Table 4 . Table 5 : Field records of representative SPT N-values with corresponding depth along with the soil layers | * * BH * * < br > * * ID * * | * * Depth ( m ) * * | * * SPT N * * < br > * * Recorded - * * < br > * * Value / 450mm * * | * * Layer Description * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 2 . 00 – 2 . 45 | 2 / 3 / 3 | Medium stiff , light grey , high plastic silty CLAY / < br > clayey SILT with little whitish sand | | | 4 . 00 – 4 . 45 | 3 / 4 / 5 | | | | 6 . 00 – 6 . 45 | 5 / 7 / 10 | Medium stiff to stiff , light grey , high plastic silty | | | 8 . 00 – 8 . 45 | 4 / 5 / 6 | CLAY / clayey SILT with little", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 816, "text": "field records of representative SPT N-values", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 920, "end": 964, "text": "Field records of representative SPT N-values", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Petroleum Technical Assistance Project ( KEPTAP ) ( P145234 ) # * * The World Bank * * # # # #  Supplier and SME Skills Development Program operational ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No Supplier or SME Skills < br > Program | No Supplier or SME < br > Skills Program | No Supplier or SME < br > Skills Program | Program < br > Implemented | | Date | 31-Dec-2014 | 16-Dec-2015 | 20-May-2016 | 28-Feb-2021 | # # Comments Procurement of the gap analysis is in progress ; the private sector program which will be implemented as a Bank executed activity ( funded through the MDTF ) has been designed . # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P145234 | IDA-55260 | Effective | XDR | 32 . 50 | 32 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 3 . 09 | 29 . 41 | 10 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Page 53 # # # # _Use of statements of expenses ( SOEs ) : _ For goods worth less than US $ 300 , 000 disbursements would be made on the basis of statements of expenditures . Documentation supporting such expenditures would be retained in EPBiH ' s , EPM ' s , and EPRS ' s offices and made available for review by IDA supervision missions . # # # # _Special account_ 1 . To facilitate timely project implementation , two Special Accounts ( one each for the Federation and EPRS ) will be established in a commercial bank , acceptable to the Bank . The authorized allocation will be limited to DEMI . 30 million for the Federation , and DEMO . 45 million for EPRS , representing about four months ( average ) of IDA ' s share of estimated expenditures expected to be paid from the Special Accounts . Replenishment applications would be forwarded to IDA with reconciled bank statements and other appropriate documentation . 2 . Separate and auditable accounts would be established by EPBiH , EPM , and EPRS . These accounts would include : ( i ) a record of withdrawals on the IDA credit with copies of all disbursement requests and underlying documentation ; and ( ii ) a record of transactions on the special Accounts and the copies of the bank statements on this account .", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1086, "text": "record of withdrawals on the IDA credit", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1172, "end": 1218, "text": "record of transactions on the special Accounts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 5 : Matched plant species densities , Borgelt et al . ( 2022 ) vs . GBIF occurrence reports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ane ! srt ‘ i = < br > “ a ww f < br > - ® > : a < br > . : hy & < br > 6 ne < br > . < br > g NE Ly fe bee < br > GroupRankRank £ aeP ns . ; < br > meriri 2 ‘ ¥ Fi . < br > Li 3 : < br > a ] 4 - < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > GroupRankRank < br > meriri 2 < br > Li 3 < br > a ] 4 < br > 5 < br > = e < br > ie < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > = e < br > ie < br > [ . te > * < br > Se < br > - YR oy < br > t / - . < br > id < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 134, "text": "GBIF occurrence reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In our analysis , we will also distinguish between the effects of reform in individual services sectors . To do so , we will construct indices capturing the reform in a particular services sector . For instance , we will define where _αj , banking_ reflects the proportion of inputs sourced by the manufacturing sector _j_ from the banking sector , according to the input-output matrix , and _reformbanking , t_ is the state of reform in the banking industry at time _t . _ We will follow the same approach to construct indices for telecom , insurance and transport sectors . For the banking sector , an alternative measure of financial dependence will help us to test the robustness of the main measure . This alternative is based on Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) , who compute sector averages of financial dependence based on US data and argue that this is a suitable measure for firms ‟ technologically induced demand for external finance in an environment with well-developed financial markets . The measure is based on a comparison between firms ‟ investment outlays and own cash flow . # * * _Measuring the Performance of Manufacturing Firms_ * * Our goal is to provide a fuller explanation of the remarkable improvement in the performance of the Indian manufacturing sector following the post-1991 economic reforms . We use firm-level data from the Capitaline database , a commercially available database including balance sheets , profit and loss statements , and ownership information on large private and public firms operating in India to measure the performance of manufacturing firms . The database covers 62 percent of India ‟ s manufacturing output during the period considered by the analysis , and includes 11 , 939 firms , of which 5 , 236 operate in the manufacturing sector . The data set forms an unbalanced panel covering the period 1993-2005 . Firms ‟ industry affiliations follow India ‟ s National Industry Classification ( NIC ) which encompasses the manufacturing sectors . After cleaning the data and discarding firms not reporting information on output or production inputs , we are left with 3 , 771 firms or 22 , 558 firm-year observations . 17", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 833, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1354, "end": 1373, "text": "Capitaline database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 4 . FDI Inward Stock ( % GDP ) and Real GDP Growth * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Emerging Europe EU10 countries < br > 200 200 < br > 150 150 < br > 100 100 < br > 50 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 50 - 30 - 10 10 30 50 < br > - 50 - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 15 < br > Real GDP growth rate Real GDP growth rate < br > EU candidate countries EU neighborhood countries < br > 200 200 < br > 150 150 < br > 100 100 < br > 50 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 50 . 00 - 30 . 00 - 10 . 00 10 . 00 30 . 00 50 . 00 < br > - 50 - 30 - 10 10 30 50 < br > Real GDP growth rate Real GDP growth rate < br > Source : Authors ’ calculations based on World Bank and IMF data ( 2011 ) . Note : Period 1997-2008 . < br > FDI inward stock ( in percent of GDP ) FDI inward stock ( in percent of GDP ) < br > FDI inward stock ( in percent of GDP ) FDI inward stock ( in percent of GDP ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 . Composition of Capital Flows in Emerging Regions ( median values within groups ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12 < br > 8 < br > 4 < br > 0 < br > - 4 < br > - 8 < br > - 12 < br > EU10 EU Candidates EU Neighborhood Developing East Asia LAC < br > FDI Portfolio < br > Banking Official < br > Current Account Balance Foreign Exchange Reserves , change < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations based on World Bank", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 683, "text": "World Bank and IMF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tariffs due to higher fuel and other costs as well as enforcement of axle-load regulations seem to be forcing more customers to consider the railways as a viable transport alternative , particularly for exports where higher internal transportation costs cannot always be passed on . The project includes technical assistance for studies to determine in what ways the distribution system can be improved ; this will entail studies of major commodities transported by road and rail to determine the most efficient mode of transport , and measures that can be taken to encourage shippers to use it . 4 . 02 Projections based on commodity forecasts give an estimated traffic growth of 4 . % p . a . over the next five years , but these have been revised downwards so as to reflect a more gradual increase , given the expected low rate of economic growth for Kenya over the next two years . Freight traffic is projected to increase from 1 , 873 million tonne-km in 1979 to 2 , 268 million tonne-km in 1984 , a growth rate of 3 . 5-4 . 5 % p . a . , and by 4 . 5 % p . a . from 1985-1990 . Thereafter , a conservative growth rate of 3 % has been projected . KR will have increased capacity and improved marketing under the proposed project which will enable it to carry the increase in traffic . Commodity", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 644, "text": "commodity forecasts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 of additional HAs to work in the health stations , so ai to achieve a level of 2 per facility , the minimum required for effective service provision . Similarly , to relieve serious staffing shortages at health centers and rural hospitals , PDRE would finance additional doctors , nurses , technicians and health assistants to bring existing facilities up to minimum staffing norms , in addition to providing the staff needed to establish the 3 new health centers . During negotiations , government confirmed that it would finance 471 new staff outside the project for the area component and have them in place according to the schedule set out in the Action Plan attached to Section VII below . 3 . 09 A survey carried out under the project preparation facility for the proposed project indicated that the availability of basic drugs is about 50 % of what is needed to meet existing levels of demand at health stations and health centers . The project would therefore finance essential MCH drugs , materials and supplies to a total value of about US $ 3 . 0 million with the aim of doubling the supply at health stations , health canters and rural hospitals in Shewa regions by the end of the project . While funding these additional drugs will add to MOH ' s recurrent cost burden after the project . they represent a conservative estimate of the minimum required to make an impact on health status , since they do not take into account the increase in demand for services which is likely to follow project-sponsored increases in service quality . This additional demand would have to be satisfied from private sector sources . The project would also finance contraceptives to a value of USS 2 . 9 million , required to meet the project ' s prevalence rate target ( see para . 3 . 06 ) . The planned contraceptive mix at the end of the project is pill 702 , condom 132 , IUD 9 . 52 . injectables 2 . 52 , sterilization 2 . 5Z and other 2 . 52 ; the mix now is pill 87X ; ID 62 ; condom 52 and sterilization 2", "spans": [{"start": 708, "end": 765, "text": "survey carried out under the project preparation facility", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Research Questions * * | * * Supporting indicator for the sub-component * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * 6 . How effective are MPAs in * * < br > * * biodiversity conservation ? * * | * * PDO ( To promote environmentally sustainable * * < br > * * management of Kenya ’ s coastal and marine * * < br > * * resources ) * * * * _The research plan needs to be put in the_ * * < br > * * _context of Kenya and KCDP – needs to be more_ * * < br > * * _explicitly described . _ * * | | | * * _Also ample research supports the effectiveness of_ * * < br > * * _MPAs in biodiversity conservation . The question_ * * < br > * * _should be related to the effectiveness of management_ * * < br > * * _practices in specific project targeted areas . ( see also_ * * < br > * * _GEF tracking tool ) . _ * * | | | * * % of target areas with annually updated geo - * * < br > * * referenced biodiversity data * * | 59", "spans": [{"start": 867, "end": 895, "text": "referenced biodiversity data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firms have been under-researched in the literature . Hopkins ( 2002 ) finds that in Britain about 24 % of retailers and manufacturers were burgled in 1993 in contrast to 5 . 6 % of households , implying a higher rate of victimization for firms . Large firms experience more crime than small firms , although small firms face a larger burden of crime in a sample of Latin American countries ( Amin , 2009 ) . Also firms owned by immigrants are more vulnerable to crime than native owned firms ( Amin , 2010 ) . We expect a couple of ways in which crimes experienced by firms may differ from those faced by households . A greater police presence , which is measured simply as the total number of police personnel , may have a stronger deterrence effect on crime experienced by firms than individual crime . This may be because criminals are more likely to displace crime targeting firms with less serious criminal activities when police presence may be greater . The deterrence of crime may come in the form of increased police patrols in business areas , or even increases in the capacity to investigate crimes . However , most firms may have the capacity to utilize private security measures to deter criminal activity , although we do find later in this study that controlling for security costs does not alter our main results . Furthermore , one cannot completely rule out the possibility that the presence of a police force may reflect the existence of criminal activity , but have no correlation with crime experienced by firms . Thus , which mechanism dominates is an empirical question . Empirical studies on crime in developing economies tend to use cross-country crime data from police reports or household crime data from household surveys in a specific city or country . The difficulty of using police reports is that given the level of mistrust of police in developing economies , police reports typically under-report crime ( Soares , 2004 ; Levitt , 1998 ) . The limitation of the household survey studies is that they do not consider crime faced by firms , which tends to 4", "spans": [{"start": 1658, "end": 1702, "text": "cross-country crime data from police reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1706, "end": 1749, "text": "household crime data from household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1806, "end": 1820, "text": "police reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Can foreign investors trigger an efficiency-enhancing structural change in the recipient countries ? While financial openness seems to boost overall investment and economic activity ( Henry 2000a ; Bekaert , Harvey , and Lundblad 2005 ; Gupta and Yuan 2009 ; Levchenko , Ranci ` ere , and Thoenig 2009 ) , things get more complicated when looking at the structural impact of foreign investors . Not only do foreign-owned firms affect the productivity and corporate governance of their immediate competitors and suppliers ( Javorcik 2004 ; Albuquerque et al . 2019 ) . The entry of foreign investors also brings economy-wide structural changes with ambiguous impact on economic efficiency . On the one hand , financial liberalization can trigger positive changes in corporate regulations and governance ( Stulz 2005 ; Doidge , Karolyi , and Stulz 2007 ; Kaminsky and Schmukler 2008 ) . On the other hand , it can decrease incentives for the government to pursue necessary economic reforms ( Fern ́ andez-Villaverde , Garicano , and Santos 2013 ; Challe , Lopez and Mengus 2019 ) and discourage domestic banks from proper monitoring of their corporate borrowers ( Alessandria and Qian 2005 ; Tressel and Verdier 2011 ) . An inflow of foreign capital can improve market efficiency by relaxing financing constraints ( Gupta and Yuan 2009 ) , but it can also worsen capital misallocation by benefiting mostly unproductive firms ( Reis 2013 ; Gopinath et al . 2017 ) . Identifying the full structural impact of financial liberalization thus requires data that are both disaggregated and cover the whole economy . This paper examines whether the entry of foreign investors aligns the export portfolio of the recipient country with its comparative advantage . The use of disaggregated data covering countries ’ entire export portfolios allows us to capture the full structural impact of foreign investors , including potential firm-to-firm spillovers and economy-wide externalities . Moreover , the product-level data on international trade are available and comparable across a large set of diverse countries . This makes them a valuable alternative to firm-level census data , which allow for an analysis of structural changes within one particular country ( e . g . , Varela 2018 ) . Finally , the concept", "spans": [{"start": 1802, "end": 1852, "text": "data covering countries ’ entire export portfolios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2016, "end": 2057, "text": "product-level data on international trade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2171, "end": 2193, "text": "firm-level census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to changing macroeconomic conditions by estimating the elasticities of non-performing loans to a set of key macroeconomic variables . This captures the systemic transmission from the macroeconomy to the performance of bank credit portfolios . Second , we construct macroeconomic Stress scenarios in two different ways , where one is based on a country specific macroeconomic model , and the other is computed from historical macroeconomic data of countries that have experienced financial crises in the past . Third , we allow the sensitivity of credit risk to changing macroeconomic conditions to increase during crisis times . Fourth , we approximate the underwriting standards of individual banks by the aggressiveness of their lending in the individual asset classes at the peak of the most recent credit cycle or during the most recent credit boom period , and penalise banks that grew their asset class faster than the average bank . Fifth , we employ a bank and asset class specific penalty linked to the share of unhedged foreign currency lending . Sixth , we build on the results of the study by Moody ’ s ( 2010 ) and allow the correlation between the probability of default and the loss given default to increase in times of stress . Seventh , we account for a bank ’ s lending concentration within individual asset classes , and the extent of the performed maturity transformation in the computation of the bank and asset class specific capital charges . These seven components are combined to construct a more relevant outcome indicator for measuring bank resilience to macroeconomic as well as bank specific shocks . Some of the early stress testing approaches which were intended for use by policy makers , as , for example , that of Cih ́ ak < sup > ˇ < / sup > ( 2007 ) , are fundamentally financial simulations where no formal links to the macroeconomy are established . These approaches are still being used by many institutions , especially in emerging market economies , as they are tractable and easily understood by policy makers compared to some of the more data intensive and 6", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 443, "text": "historical macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Children who have been seriously injured or are disabled should be supported as a priority at-risk group . - Practical safety measures will need to be provided for many children who are involved in risk-taking behaviour . - Focus coordination with others on data and assessment , advocacy and awareness and support and referrals for individuals . Share information amongst partners on dangers and injuries and encourage duty-bearers to increase their own awareness and safety measures they can take . - Keep preventative programmes in emergencies simple and easy to implement , local and costeffective . Beware of over-burdened child protection teams and other actors . It is important to understand the pre-emergency context of dangers and injuries in a country affected by an emergency . Emergencies can exacerbate pre-existing dangers , create new risks and change people ’ s behaviour and knowledge in any given situation . Non-emergency contexts have developed a body of evidence on tested and evaluated injury prevention strategies . Although many have not been related to humanitarian contexts the potential for innovation and linkages is evident . - Identify the main physical dangers and injuries present before an emergency . Use globally and nationally available statistics and injury surveys , where available . - Identify who in particular they affect ( age , gender , disability ) . - Identify any key research into dangers , injuries and prevention strategies that have taken place in country , consult with colleagues in the development sector . Children , their parents and community members are best placed to identify hazards , risks and dangers , as well as injured and disabled children , and they should be central to efforts to address them . - Assess communities ( including children and parents ) capacities after an emergency to be involved in a range of prevention and response activities . - Involve children and young people in assessment and risk mapping as a basis for action through child protection activities . - Involve youth in preventative and safety initiatives , not only does it encourage ownership , effectiveness and sustainability , it can also complement other objectives such as peace building and violence prevention .", "spans": [{"start": 1276, "end": 1305, "text": "statistics and injury surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Developing East Asia has undergone dramatic transformation over the past few decades thanks to a combination of policies that fostered outward-oriented and labor-intensive growth , investments in basic human capital , and sound economic governance . However , slowing growth and shifting patterns in global trade , rapid technological change , and evolving country circumstances present challenges to sustaining past productivity growth and ensuring that future growth remains . Thus , understanding the extent of misallocation and the elements that correlate with it is an important step towards identifying the types of policies that can improve domestic productivity and the competitiveness of firms . < mark > Our results are three-fold . First , measurement error is substantial . A < / mark > mong the data for the three countries , the Vietnamese data have the largest measurement error . < mark > This results in an overestimation of misallocation by the HK approach . < / mark > In other words , resource misallocation estimated using the BKR approach is overall smaller than that estimated using the HK approach . We discuss the potential measurement error that BKR corrects in Section 4 . < mark > Second , after the correction for measurement error , resource misallocation across firms within a sector is large < / mark > , albeit declining over time . Third , examining the firms ' characteristics that correlate with distortions , we find that firms with higher productivity face larger distortions , pointing to potential structural constraints and inefficient allocation of resources . Foreign firms ( in Indonesia and Vietnam ) and state-owned enterprises , or SOEs ( in Vietnam ) have lower distortions ( or “ taxes ” ) , which reflects either a less constrained environment or a more privileged status . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 summarizes the theoretical framework by HK and BKR . Section 3 presents the firm level data for the three countries . Section 4 discusses the results . Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 . Methodology framework * * - * * 2 . 1 Hsieh and Klenow ( 2009 ) framework * * 5", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 858, "text": "Vietnamese data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1958, "end": 1973, "text": "firm level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT * * Results were slow to emerge in the first half of the operation because the team had to design and align a complex , multiagency program to Government systems while simultaneously adapting to COVID19 disruptions before activities could scale . * * 2018 – 2020 were dominated by getting the architecture in place : designing and tendering multi-year Quality Based Selection ( QBS ) contracts , agreeing the role of parastatals and associations , building the PMIS and M & E machinery , and iterating on how funds would actually flow within public-finance constraints . These startup tasks overlapped with the COVID19 period , requiring missions , contract negotiations , CIT reviews , and many ecosystem events to move to virtual or hybrid formats ; while these adaptations preserved the core design , they added operational complexity and complicated implementation . At the same time , Government and the Bank had to align core choices ( e . g . , who verifies what , who pays whom , and under which instrument ) , and these discussions moved more slowly than the original timetable assumed . Consistent with this extended setup phase , early supervision records show disbursements of only about US $ 2 – 3 million ( 4 – 6 percent of the credit ) through mid2021 , highlighting how the time spent on “ building the backbone ” depressed the front end of the disbursement curve relative to expectations . The consequence is visible in the ISR trajectory : despite effectiveness , PDO and intermediate indicators remained at zero for several years , not because the concept lacked clarity but because the hardware ( i . e . , contracts , manuals , systems , and approvals ) took much longer than planned to be fully operational . * * Mid-stream regularization of funds-flow — moving to PIU-managed reimbursement with stricter documentation — improved control but dampened absorption and added transaction costs for beneficiaries . * * To reconcile the PAD with publicfinance rules and lessons", "spans": [{"start": 1225, "end": 1250, "text": "early supervision records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that dictatorial leaders are less constrained in setting policies and that government responses to pressure from interest groups are stronger in democracies . 8 Of the 42 democratic transitions ( see table S . 1 and the discussion below ) included in the data set , only five occurred in countries that are currently members of the OECD ( Spain , Portugal , Mexico , South Korea , and Turkey ) , and these transitions occurred at times when they had considerably lower incomes than at present . 9 For a discussion of the relationships among various estimators in the context of panel data , see Mundlak ( 1978 ) and Mundlak and Larson ( 1992 ) . 10 This restriction is partially addressed by adding several covariates in the vector _Xi , t_ , to increase the similarity between treated and control countries . 11 See Ashenfelter ( 1978 ) and Ashenfelter and Card ( 1985 ) for a general discussion of this subject . 12 Polity IV has a longer time series and therefore includes more usable political reforms than other existing democracy indices . For example , in addition to its shortcomings due to classification bias ( see Papaioannou and Siourounis 2008 ) , the use of the Freedom House data strongly limits the number of usable transitions because the information only begins in 1972 . For a critical discussion of democracy indices , see Munck and Verkuilen ( 2002 ) . 13 We thank an anonymous referee for focusing our attention on this issue . > 14 It is important to note that the use of the “ continuous ” Polity2 index , instead of a discrete index , does not affect our qualitative conclusions ; a higher Polity2 score increases the level of agricultural protection . These additional results are not reported to conserve space , but they may be obtained from the authors upon request . 32", "spans": [{"start": 1176, "end": 1194, "text": "Freedom House data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 14 . - well . Although both sets of authors acknowledge the frailty of the underlying data , their conclusions are consistent with the view of a rural structural transformation involving increasing specialization and diversification out of agriculture . For individual countries , time series data on trends in rural nonfarm employment are available only for Sierra Leone and Rwanda . O The Sierrf fLeone data are based on rigorous surveys of identical areas and firms , first in 1974 ard subsequently in 1980 ( Chuta and Liedholm , 1982 ) . Unfortunately , sample sizes in the 1980 follow-up survey were not sufficiently large to permit inferences on trends in the most dispersed rural settlements , those below 2 , 000 in population . Nor do they include data for comercial , non-repair service firms , or for any enterprise employing over 50 workers . In practice the firm size cutoff should not pose a problem of incomplete coverage except in Freetown , which falls in the size category of cities over 250 , 000 . The results from Sierra Leone , displayed in Table 7 , lead to several important conclusions . First , they indicate that repair services and food processing have grown most rapidly , both overall and in small and medium rural towns . Second , while manufacturing in general appears to have declined in the smallest localities ( 2 , 000-20 , 000 persons ) , tailoring and welding have held constant , and they , along with carpentry , have grown very rapidly in the medium sized towns ( 20 , 000-250 , 000 ) , These observations are consistent with the previously cited spatial evidence suggesting that repair services and food processing grow most rapidly with the development of rural towns . The Rwanda time series data ( Vanvali , 1985 ) , tracing changes in rural nonfarm employment between 1978 and 1983 , are more conjectural than those from Sierra Leone , since they splice together two very different data sets , the 1978 population census and the results of a more recent", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 299, "text": "time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 393, "end": 411, "text": "Sierrf fLeone data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1719, "end": 1742, "text": "Rwanda time series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1946, "end": 1968, "text": "1978 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", identifying an individual as “ disabled or not ” , rather than capturing the multi-dimensional and continuous nature of disability . One remedy is rather than focusing on the medical perspective , which is more related to an impairment , to use instead activity limitations ( difficulties in functioning ) in identifying individuals with disabilities . This is the approach taken by the Washington Group and it has yielded more accurate approaches to estimate the prevalence of persons with disability in the population , and the type and extent of functional difficulties faced . Information management and knowledge management in humanitarian situations is challenging already , and adding the requirement to disaggregate data by disability could potentially overwhelm the system if capacity is not developed in parallel . Investments in capacity building to improve monitoring , evaluation and learning skills from a disabilities perspective were identified as being urgently needed . In disaster situations that begin with little warning and rapidly evolve , existing data may no longer be relevant making it complicated to know the extent of the situation particularly for people with disabilities . Following an earthquake , for example , demographic data of a neighborhood that may have included disability disaggregation may be of limited use if the former residents have been evacuated . During the European migrant crisis , one data constraint had to do with understanding which Government ( or agency within a particular Government ) was responsible to collect these data as the migrants passed from one country to the next . These migrant populations were also actively avoiding border controls . In cases where data were collected in one country , neither was there a mechanism in Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 7", "spans": [{"start": 1247, "end": 1263, "text": "demographic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To measure industrial pollution intensity we use the Industrial Pollution Projection System ( IPPS ) developed by the World Bank . Numerous studies use the results from IPPS for studies on countries where data is insufficient < sup > 12 < / sup > . We use the assumption that global technological constraints make some industries more polluting than others . Limitations to this assumption is discussed in Gamper-Rabindran ( 2001 ) , Laplante and Meisner ( 2001 ) and Ederington and others ( 2004 ) . . To calculate the pollution load for industries in Vietnam , we first mapped the VSIC categories to the ISIC ( Rev . 3 ) codes . Using purchasing power parity between Vietnam and the U . S . , we converted IPPS pollution intensities to Vietnam dollars . We deflated the output data from the General Statistical Office ( GSO ) and the pollution loads from IPPS to 1987-88 Vietnam prices using CPI . The steps involved in the calculation of the pollution load are detailed in Annex 2 . We applied the deflated pollution load ( in kg per thousand Vietnamese dollar ) to output ( per thousand Vietnam Dollars ) to obtain the pollution intensity for each manufacturing sub-group . In the absence of actual pollution intensities from Vietnam , we are unable to verify the correspondence between the IPPS estimates and the actual pollution load of Vietnamese industries . > 12 See for instance Gamper-Rabindran ( 2001 ) ; Laplante and Meisner ( 2001 ) . undergone many revisions from time to time and the latest version is Rev . 3 ( 1990 ) with ISIC Rev 3 . 1 in draft form . See http : / / esa . un . org / unsd / cr / registry / for details . 17", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 819, "text": "output data from the General Statistical Office", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DIC is one of the beneficiaries of the project . It was recently established by the Kenya Deposit Insurance Act 2012 as the main authority < / u > responsible for bank resolution and deposit insurance , and is the successor to the previous Deposit Protection Fund , which was a “ paybox plus ” deposit insurer , housed at the CBK and with deposit insurance and liquidation powers only . The new KDIC , which commenced operations in July 2014 , is an autonomous body , which has an expanded mandate , including that of statutory manager or receiver of distressed banks . The FSSP is supporting , interalia , KDIC ’ s effectiveness as a resolution authority and deposit insurer . In this regard , the mission indicated that the project could support urgent technical assistance that might be required in the resolution of Imperial Bank should KDIC request such assistance . The team met with the KDIC during the mission in Oct 2015 . However the team was preoccupied with the Imperial Bank situation underway . Mehnaz Safavian subsequently met with KDIC in Jan 2016 , during which time the acting CEO affirmed his gratitude to the FSSP team for the support and expressed interest in TA activity . < u > Suggested work plan amendments : i ) alignment of duplicative activities . For example , both the Financial Stability / Research team and the Banking < / u > Supervision Department have submitted proposals for developing databases that are similar or overlap ii ) inclusion of a consultancy to strengthen supervisory processes , procedures and operations within the BSD of the CBK for period of about 6 months . A TOR has subsequently been circulated and received a No Objection from the bank iii ) exclusion of activities which fall outside the scope of the project design ( as the mission understands them ) e . g . video-conferencing , laptops , i-pads , activities related to financial inclusion surveys and training on RBS for AML / CFT iv ) inclusion of a database to identify risks at the micro and macro levels for the CBK Research Department < u", "spans": [{"start": 1881, "end": 1908, "text": "financial inclusion surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1963, "end": 1989, "text": "database to identify risks", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Costa Rica Results in Education ( CORE ) ( P181174 ) | 0 < br > Microcredentials firm < br > contracted | Microcredentials firm < br > begins issuing < br > microcredentials after < br > MEP normatives are < br > updated | 50 % of technical stream < br > Secondary education < br > students obtain < br > microcredentials < br > registering English < br > proficiency < br > | 75 % of technical stream < br > Secondary education students < br > obtain microcredentials < br > registering English proficiency | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | # # * * Intermediate Indicators by Components * * | Baseline | Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 3 | Period 4 | ClosingPeriod | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . Support for Management * * < br > * * IRI 1 . 1 Efficiency of budgetp * * | * * Transformation of MEP and M * * < br > * * lanning and expenditure mon * * | * * odernization of its Informatio * * < br > * * itoring process ( Text ) * * | * * n Systems * * | | | | Dec / 2024 | Dec / 2025 | Dec / 2026 | Mar / 2027 | Mar / 2028 | Mar / 2029 | | N / A | Consulting firm provides < br > recommendations < br > regarding MEP budget < br > planning and monitoring . | MEP Budget planning and < br > monitoring processes < br > revised . | Publicly available report on < br > budget execution data < br > evidencing 50 percent of < br > MEP paid budget < br > exp", "spans": [{"start": 1322, "end": 1343, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample set includes 19 , 398 households , 8 , 469 of which are rural . The information was collected between February and March of 2010 . The LCMS VI also identifies beneficiaries of public spending programs , though not always precisely . The survey identifies individual and household beneficiaries of public health and education services and identifies whether a household received fertilizer and seeds from a public program , but not which one , FISP or FSP . In addition , the LCMS does not include information on beneficiaries of the Public Welfare Assistance Scheme ( PWAS ) , either those receiving food subsidies or other cash transfers , nor does it record beneficiaries of school feeding programs or programs providing support to orphans and vulnerable children . The benefit incidence analysis ( BIA ) presented here combines LCMS data on government expenditures in education , health care , and fertilizer subsidy programs at the provincial level . The latest available information for the education sector is for 2009 and covers both total spending and the number of beneficiaries enrolled in basic , secondary and tertiary institutions ; enrollment data for 2010 are also available . For healthcare , the latest provincial-level information is from 2008 and includes expenditure data and the number of beneficiaries ( counted as patients or recorded as services provided ) at tier 1 and 2 healthcare providers . Finally , the 2010 budget allocations for all fertilizer and seed packages provided by the Fertilizer Support Program and / or the Fertilizer Support Program were used . # * * 4 . 2 . Allocation of Education Benefits * * The LCMS VI collects information about school attendance in 2010 and 2009 of each household member ; additionally , it collects each household ‘ s aggregate expenditure in education < sup > 15 < / sup > . The information about 2009 is not as complete as the 2010 one ; mainly it does not contain information about the type of school attended ( public or private ) . In order to calculate the allocation of school benefits we face data limitations and we need to make some assumptions explained in Table 8 . > 15 Appendix 3 provides detailed information about the education related questions in LCMS VI", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 149, "text": "LCMS VI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1153, "end": 1177, "text": "enrollment data for 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1282, "end": 1298, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| AgenciesandOrganizations Responsible forImplementationof * * ESMP * * < br > * * 265 * * | | Table13 . 1 : | Environmental * * & * * Social Mitigation , Management * * & * * MonitoringPlanCosts ( in < br > ETB ) < br > * * 276 * * | | Figure * * 2 . 1 : * * | LocationoftheProposedPowerTLSubproject < br > * * 26 * * | | Figure2 . 2 : | AdministrationMapoftheProposedTLSubproject < br > * * 26 * * | | Figure * * 2 . 3 : * * | DrawingsofTypical * * 132 kV * * Tower Type ( left ) andTowerFoundation ( right ) < br > * * 28 * * | | Figure2 . 4 : | Locationandpartialviewofthe proposedArsiRobesubstation < br > * * 30 * * | | Figure4 . 1 : | SlopeClassificationandthe ProfilealongTransmissionCorridor < br > * * 71 * * | | Figure4 . 2 | Max , Min * * & * * Averagemonthlytemperature ( oC ) oftheSubprojectarea * * ( 2017 - * * < br > 21 ) < br > * * 72 * * | | Figure4 . 3 : | Meanmonthlyrainfall ( mm ) alongthe TLRoute * * ( 2017-2021 ) * * < br > * * 72 * * | | Figure4 . 4 : | LandCover / Cover TypesMapofthe TLRouteCorridor < br > 74 | | Figure4 . 5 : | SoilMapofthe TL Route < br > * * 75 * * | | Figure4 . 6 : | SlopealongthePowerTLRoute < br > * * 77 * * | | Figure4 . 7 :", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1080, "text": "SoilMapofthe TL Route", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and over time . Our findings suggest that disparities in income and consumption measures between surveys and national accounts are much larger than found by both Ravallion ( 2003 ) and Deaton ( 2005 ) . On average , across all countries , we find that per capita consumption means are about 22 percent lower in surveys compared with national accounts ( i . e . , HFCE ) , and per capita income means from surveys are about 52 percent lower than per capita GDP . This indicates considerably larger discrepancies than what was found in Deaton ’ s and Ravallion ’ s assessments . Ravallion 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "completed secondary = completed F . A / F . Sc / I . Com / ICS / A-Level or Polytechnic Diploma , completed Bachelor ’ s degree = completed B . A / B . Sc . / B . Com / B . Ed / Degree in Engineering / Accounting / Law / Agriculture , completed graduate degree = completed M . A / M . Sc or M . Phil or PhD , religious education = completed religious education or classified as “ Islamic scholar ” * * * Other ECE / Missing includes Class 1 + , Prep , Madrasa , and Kindergarten ; * * * * Data was missing for 3 household heads indicating that these household heads did not live in the household * * * * * Data was missing for 5 children on days per week and hours per day attendance in ECE CREDI Z-Scores are norm-referenced and standardized against a global population < sup > 7 < / sup > of children from low-and middle-income countries who are from an “ advantageous environment . ” An advantageous environment is defined as children with maternal educational attainment of secondary or higher and adequate levels of early stimulation ( indicated as participated in 4 or more > 7 < mark > A total of 4 , 652 children from Bangladesh , Brazil , Cambodia , Chile , Colombia , Ghana , Guatemala , India , Jordan , the Lao People ’ s Democratic Republic , Lebanon , Nepal and Pakistan were included in the CREDI reference population ( 24 % of the full cross-country sample ) . < / mark > 12", "spans": [{"start": 1306, "end": 1332, "text": "CREDI reference population", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "market-based relative to our estimated financial structure for each economy . Tables 1 , 2 , and 3 provide information on the * * actual Financial structure ratio / Optimal financial structure ratio * * , where we discuss the construction of the Optimal financial structure ratio below . This variable indicates that the average financial structure of countries such as Guatemala , Namibia , and United Arab Emirates are highly distorted relative to their estimated optimum in that they are too bank-based ( > 4 . 91 ; 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ) , while the financial structure of countries such as Denmark , Japan , and United Kingdom , are highly distorted relative to their estimated optimum in that they are too market-based ( < 0 . 03 ; 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ) . Appendix 1 contains a list of countries and provides an overview of the period medians for GDP per capita , Private credit , Stock Value Traded , the Financial structure ratio , and the Financial structure ratio / Expected-Optimal financial structure . # * * 1 . 2 Other data * * As a measure of economic activity , we use * * Log Real GDP per capita * * , which equals the logarithm of GDP per capita in constant 2000 U . S . dollars . And , to assess the independent link between finance and economic development , we control for many other country characteristics that have been employed in the development literature . In some specifications , we use “ standard controls ” to evaluate the independent relationship between finance and economic activity . These standard controls include : years of schooling , openness to trade , inflation , government size , the initial GDP per capita of the economy in 1980 , and dummy variables for the 5-year periods of analysis . Table 1 provides the specific definitions . In other specifications , we use “ exogenous controls , ” which include dummy variables for the legal origin of the country along with the country ’ s distance from the equator . Table 1 gives the detailed definitions and sources of these data and Table 2 provides descriptive statistics #", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6001 # * * Abstract * * Using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys , we investigate the prevalence and correlates of collateralized borrowing in 131 countries between 2005 – 2017 . Overall , 77 percent of loans require collateral , and the median loan-to-collateral value is 60 percent . Small firms and loans from non-bank financial institutions are less often associated with collateral . When collateral is pledged , the type of collateral assets is strongly correlated with the loan-to-value ratio . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at yfan3 @ worldbank . org , rqian @ worldbank . org , and hanguyen @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 93, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 Conclusion * * Deep non-tariff provisions in trade agreements have gained a lot of policy attention . In this paper , we revisit an old question : do RTAs lower NTBs ? In our gravity analysis , we do not find a robust independent trade-creating role for them , while tariffs — once properly measured — are robustly shown to be potent inhibitors of trade . Crucially , to obtain this result , measurement error in the tariff data , which tends to inflate estimates of NTBs , must be removed . Our result suggests that , across a large set of trade agreements , tariff reductions are still quantitatively important drivers of trade creation while non-tariff provisions might be less trade-creating . This does not mean , however , that such provisions are not important as they may actually reduce distortions in bilateral trade . Moreover , they can be the price to be paid for tariff reductions . Interestingly , we find that , in deep FTAs , non-tariff provisions create additional trade in a non-discriminatory fashion . This is welcome from a welfare-theoretic point of view as inefficient trade diversion effects can be avoided . RTAs with this function can be seen as building blocks of multilateral trade liberalization . However , if policy makers want to use trade agreements to grant preferences between geopolitically aligned countries , tariffs are the better choice . # * * References * * Aichele , Rahel , Gabriel J . Felbermayr , and Inga Heiland ( 2016 ) , “ TTIP and Intra-European Trade : Boon or Bane ? ” _Jahrbucher fur Nationalokonomie und Statistik_ 2366 , 639 – 664 . - Anderson , James E . and Eric Van Wincoop ( 2003 ) , “ Gravity with Gravitas : A Solution to the Border Puzzle . ” _The American Economic Review_ 931 , 170 – 192 . - ( 2004 ) , “ Trade Costs . ” _Journal of Economic Literature_ 423 , 691 – 751 . Baier , Scott L . and Jeffrey H . Bergstrand ( 2007 ) , “ Do Free Trade Agreements actually Increase Members ’ International Trade ? ” _Journal of International Economics_ 711 , 72 – 95 . url : https : /", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 436, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "welfare impacts of crises through simulation tools that can then be used to simulate such impacts on poverty and inequality in short periods of time . < / mark > In general , the literature showcases a wide variety of approaches used to quantify the distributional impacts of shocks . < sup > 2 < / sup > In this paper , we follow a methodology similar to that employed by Ajwad , Aran , Azam and Hentschel ( 2013 ) and use a hybrid approach that combines the results of macroeconomic projections of a sectoral slowdown of the Tunisian economy over the whole year of 2020 with micro-simulation techniques . Unlike Ajwad , Aran , Azam and Hentschel ( 2013 ) , however , we introduce the effect of price increase while doing the simulations . In this regard , < mark > our study is different from estimates of IFPRI and UNDP as these are based on CGE modeling and focus much more on the macroeconomic impact of the pandemic , and not so much on the distributional implications of the pandemic , which is the key focus of our simulation exercise . < / mark > We focus on quantifying the magnitude of the impacts of COVID-19 on poverty and inequality in Tunisia through the labor income and consumption channels using the Tunisia household budget survey conducted in 2015 entitled _Enquête Nationale sur le Budget , la Consommation et le Niveau de Vie des Ménages_ ( henceforth referred to as EBCNV 2015 ) . The objective of this analysis is three-fold : first , to assess the pre-COVID situation in order to identify and profile the subgroups of population that are most vulnerable to getting infected by COVID-19 and impacted by the associated government measures ; second , to simulate the impacts of COVID-19 on consumption , poverty and inequality based on sectoral growth performances over the whole year of 2020 and analyze the distribution of individuals expected to fall into poverty due to COVID-19 ; and finally , to simulate how the impacts would vary with or without mitigation measures adopted by the Tunisian government . < sup > 3 < / sup > > 2 Refer to Ajwad , Aran , Azam and Hentschel ( 2013 ) for a", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1249, "text": "Tunisia household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1389, "end": 1399, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 3 . Refugee population and changes by country / territory of asylum , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntar < mark > y repatriation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often unknown . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | Region and | Population s | tart-2006 | | Increa | ses during | 2006 | | | | De | creases du | ring2006 | | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | country / | | | Spont . a | rrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | territory < br > of < br > asylum | Total | _of", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 112, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1004, "end": 1051, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Enhancing Community Resilience and Local Governance Project Phase II ( P177093 ) climate-resilient approaches , including risk assessments , to identify safe locations and elevated building structure options to reduce flood and other disaster risks . The participatory planning process will be supported under Component 2 . All _payams_ and _bomas_ within the target counties will be eligible for funding . 33 . To ensure flexibility , the project can also mobilize resources rapidly to respond to COVID-19 needs by funding handwashing facilities at public markets , places of worship , public transportation hubs , communal water points , women - and girl-friendly spaces , and other densely populated locations . Such investments will be coupled with hygiene promotion and COVID-19 awareness raising / communication to be financed under Component 2 . Communities ’ priorities will be validated through local service mapping to avoid overlaps and to maximize the use of limited resources by consolidating common priorities among neighboring communities , where possible . Community labor will be used , to the extent possible , to generate income opportunities . The project will establish harmonized salary levels , to the extent possible , with the planned Productive Safety Net for Socioeconomic Opportunities Project ( PSNSOP , P177663 ) _ . _ 34 . * * Geographic targeting . * * The selection of counties is guided by four principles : ( a ) vulnerability , ( b ) feasibility , ( c ) equity , and ( d ) continuity ( see Figure 2 ) . The project will continue to target the 10 counties where ECRP-I has started implementation to consolidate the envisioned development gains in these locations . < sup > 48 < / sup > As indicated in Table 1 , ECRP-II will scale up to include refugees in the two refugee-hosting counties that were already targeted under ECRP-I < sup > 49 < / sup > and two new flood-prone vulnerable counties to support Subcomponent 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "manner that is consistent with the standard semi-logarithmic formulation for estimating returns to schooling at the micro level . Nevertheless , Temple ( 2001 ) argues that the parameter _ψ_ may not be interpreted as the social returns to schooling because it does not incorporate the opportunity costs of the resources used in educational provision . Still , it remains of considerable interest since an empirical estimate provides a way of either confirming or rejecting the importance of education suggested by micro studies . For the Guatemalan case , the econometric specification is similar to the previous equations . The production function is first converted into a logarithmic expression : ( 23 ) log _yt_ = log _At_ + _α_ ⋅ log _kt_ + 1 ( − _α_ ) ⋅ _ψ_ ⋅ _ht_ Then , the production function is transformed into an error-correction formulation , which allows the long-run schooling parameter to be identified : Finally , the error-correction model is re-parameterized and includes a series of dummy variables : Notice that the implicit return to schooling can be calculated with knowledge of _α_ and _γ_ 3 . In principle , this approach would also allow the productivity effect of schooling to be differentiated by education level , as mentioned by Wößmann ( 2003 ) . Unfortunately , the results here were found unstable for disaggregated education data . This is presumably due to the missing logarithmic transformation of the schooling variables . Insofar , the specification provides an attractive way for comparing macro and micro evidence on the returns to schooling , but in a time series context tends to produce fragile parameter estimates . Nevertheless , when using aggregated data on human capital the regressions perform quite satisfactorily . Table 7 presents the results . Controlling for endogeneity does not distort the empirics . In the IV specification 1 - 38 -", "spans": [{"start": 1335, "end": 1363, "text": "disaggregated education data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1686, "end": 1701, "text": "aggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", we are interested in asset prices on a monthly basis , and to address whether financial recoupling ( or greater financial contagion ) in the late 2000s was associated with financial globalization . At first sight , frequency and length problems arise with both Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ’ s ( 2007 ) and BoP statistics . Annual foreign stocks from LMF are available until 2007 , and are inadequate to analyze asset prices and financial globalization in the late 2000s , particularly at times when the global financial crisis may have significantly modified gross foreign asset positions . On the other hand , while updated BoP statistics are available , they are usually reported on a quarterly or an annual basis . To study whether greater flow intensity generates the monthly asset correlation behind financial recoupling , we need higher frequency data such as the U . S . Treasury ’ s TIC and EPFR data . < u > 12 < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 319, "text": "BoP statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 898, "end": 907, "text": "EPFR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX II # # SELECTED DOCUMENTS AND DATA AVAILABLE IN THE PROJECT FILE - A . General Reports and Studies on the Sector - A . 1 NCEOP , Function and Structure of Task forces - A . 2 NCEOP Report , 1976 - A . 3 NCEOP , Education and National Development in Kenya - A . 4 NCEOP , Statistical Tables - B . General Reports and Studies Relating to the Project - B . 1 Request for Fourth World Bank Education Project , Parts I and II B . 2 Projections of Recurrent Costs of Alternative Education Programs , 1976 - B . 3 Agricultural Manpower Survey , 1977 - B . 4 Ministry of Agriculture-Agricultural Training Project , 1977 - B . 5 Working Document , Faculty of Agriculture , Kebete , 1977 - B . 6 Faculty of Agriculture-Planning Document , 1977 - B . 7 Boarding Primary Schools in Remote Areas - C . Selected Working Papers - C . 1 Educational and Architectural Working Papers * * , 4 * *", "spans": [{"start": 513, "end": 541, "text": "Agricultural Manpower Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| All | 13 . 64 % | 12 . 51 % | | Age : upto 29 | 14 . 96 % | 14 . 52 % | | Age : 30 – 39 | 13 . 66 % | 12 . 73 % | | Age : 40 – 49 | 13 . 99 % | 12 . 37 % | | Age : 50 – 59 | 12 . 31 % | 11 . 65 % | | Age : 60 + | 14 . 42 % | 11 . 56 % | _Source : Own estimates based on administrative tax data . This is estimated as the share of men or women of each cohort earning between the old and the new ( simulated ) minimum wage . _ * * The minimum wage increase can significantly impact the accommodation and food services sector , affecting almost half of employees . In contrast , fewer than 1 % of employees in the electricity , gas , steam , and air conditioning supply sectors are potentially affected . * * Figure 9 illustrates the potential longrun impacts of the minimum wage increase across various economic sectors . Significant impacts are observed in the accommodation and food services sector , wherein almost half ( 50 % ) of the employees experience the > 29 Workers in the construction sector have been exempt from social health insurance since 2019 . 42", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 295, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "After July , rainfall was below normal in all of the study municipalities , affecting the critical period for plant development . < sup > 41 < / sup > Appendix Table A8 shows that while the rainfall during the initial growing stages ( before August ) was similar in 2014 , 2015 and 2016 , total precipitation was significantly lower in 2015 compared to either 2014 or 2016 . In both 2015 and 2016 , we asked farmers whether they had suffered a drought and while in 2015 , 73 % reported that they did , only 32 % of the same respondents reported a drought in 2016 . Finally , we collected yield expectations data in July and November of 2015 . In Appendix Table A9 we regress the change in expected yields from July to November against an indicator for whether the respondent reported a drought . The results show that reporting a drought is associated with a decline of 170 Kg / ha in expected yields . Given that the sample is smaller than the core sample , we also > 38See e . g . Desiere and Jolliffe ( 2017 ) for a discussion . > 39For farmers with a plot area of less than 1 ha , the research team measured how much they had and adjusted the denominator appropriately . Results are robust to excluding these plots . > 40For 75 % of farmers , the crop was still standing at the time of the QFD visit , and the maize was harvested by QFD using a mechanical harvester . After harvesting , the team threshed the maize and transported it to be weighted . The remaining farmers had already harvested at the time of the visit but the production from the registered plot could be identified . In this case , after drying the maize the team visited the farmer with a mechanical sheller to collect the grain and transport it to be weighted . See Online Appendix D for details . > 41See e . g . Sinclair and Rawlins ( 1993 ) . 21", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 611, "text": "yield expectations data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 554 , 000 | | Leftover stock 2010-11 | 245 , 000e | . . . | - 1 < br > . . . | _Source : _ Estimates based on data from MoARD , AISE , and mission reports . _Note : _ e = estimate . Table 7 . Estimated Fertilizer Consumption / Sales , 1997-2011 ( tQ ! 1s ) | Year | DAP | Urea | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1996-97 | 209 , 887 | 43 , 269 | | 1997-98 | 168 , 623 | 51 , 808 | | 1998-99 | 193 , 395 | - - < br > 87 , 976 | | . 1999-00 | 195 , 345 | 94 , 919 | | 2000-01 | 197 , 345 | 100 , 562 | | 2001-02 | 181 , 545 | 98 , 057 | | 2002 . . . . . ( 13 | 155 , 94 ] | 76 , 329 | | 2003-04 | 157 , 955 | 106 , 394 | | 2004-05 | 210 , 838 | 112 , 101 | | 2005-06 | 224 , 819 | 121 , 735 | | 2006-07 | 251 , 156 | 124 , 561 | | 2007-08 | 259 , 020 | 129 , 121 | | 2008-09 | 299 , 620e | 105 , 485e | | 2009-10 | 337 , OOOe | 90 , 00Oe | | 2010-11 | 352 , 309f | 201 , 576f | _Source : _ ICR estimate , based on data from MoARD and other sources . _Note : _ e = estimate ; f = forecast . - 40 -", "spans": [{"start": 908, "end": 923, "text": "data from MoARD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sample are , by construction , the same for all migrant households in a given city . Both measures provide estimates of the average school fees that each migrant household is ( exogenously ) faced with when migrating to the city . Yet , these school fee measures may still be endogenous at the city level if unobserved citylevel events occur that affect both a city ’ s school fees and its migrant workers ’ decisions regarding child migration . As discussed earlier in the presentation of the empirical model , we address this issue by instrumenting school fees with the one-year lag of unexpected shocks to the city government ’ s education spending . We gathered the historical city-level education spending as a share of local public spending in the 15 cities ( metropolitan areas ) covered by RUMiC 2008 for the period 2002-2007 from the China City Statistical Yearbooks . For each city , using different detrending techniques ( i . e . , Hodrick-Prescott ( HP ) filter and linear filter ) , we decomposed the time series records into a trend component and a cyclical component . We constructed a measure for the trend in city education services with the growth rate of the student-teacher ratio in 2007 based on the number of students and teachers in metropolitan areas in 2006 and in 2007 using the China City Statistical Yearbooks . As a proxy for migration distance between the original and the destination areas , we constructed a dummy variable that equals 1 if the migrant household is from a rural area within the same province and equals 0 if the migrant household is from another province . Since city-level Consumer Price Index data are not available for China , we proxy for living costs with city-level housing prices in 2007 from the China Urban Life and Price Yearbook 2008 . Table 1 shows the summary statistics for household and city characteristics . The average age of household heads in our sample is 36 . 7 , with around one-fourth ( 26 percent ) of households being female-headed . About half of all household heads are primary school graduates and less than one-third ( 29 percent ) of them hold a junior high school diploma or higher . 38 percent", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 875, "text": "China City Statistical Yearbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1612, "end": 1648, "text": "city-level Consumer Price Index data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1753, "end": 1793, "text": "China Urban Life and Price Yearbook 2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "64 BETWEEN CLOSED BORDERS 2018 Support to domicile communities should be a goal as well , with improving their everyday communication with foreigners , in local schools , police stations , medical institutions etc . with properly trained and sensitized staff , interpreters and cultural mediators . As presented in this paper , child protection system has been identified as the one most challenging in the Republic of Serbia in 2018 . The importance of engaging local centres for social work and proper interpreters in all the procedures affecting UASC , and in misdemeanour procedures in particular , cannot be stressed enough . Only few UASC ( according to Serbian Asylum Office only five UASC until November 1 ) had actually submitted official asylum applications and initiated the procedure in the Republic of Serbia in 2018 . Counselling of UASC is extremely challenging , but , regardless of children ’ s expectations and plans , protection of children with adequately trained professionals , while they are on Serbian territory or decide to stay , should be the goal . Simple information provision about asylum does not suffice , especially when a child is under tremendous pressure by the parents or smugglers to continue towards the EU , where most likely they will be forced to pay off for their travel expenses . Furthermore , it is necessary to establish a unified database of all UASC on the territory of RS in line with national and international standards . Such a database should connect all national and local actors in the field of refugee protection , State institutions but also civil society organisations having in mind all the legislation , standards and procedures related to the data protection . At the moment at least three different databases are in use : 1 . Ministry of Interior – Police stations and the Asylum Office have been running their own database regarding number of UASC that had expressed intention to seek asylum and number of UASC that submitted asylum requests , 2 . SCRM is keeping a database regarding the number of UASC accommodated in Asylum and RTC centres , and 3 . MoLEVSA is keeping the third data base on the number of", "spans": [{"start": 1370, "end": 1398, "text": "unified database of all UASC", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1878, "end": 1911, "text": "database regarding number of UASC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capacity to accommodate just 13 % of the adolescent population ( UNHCR , 2015c ) . # # # # # Refugee sites have had varied success in meeting education needs Since the mid-2000s , education for refugee children has progressed in some countries but stagnated in others , as is shown by new analysis of data from nine refugee sites ( Figure 3 ) . A range of factors contribute to this wide divergence in access to education and education quality , including differences in refugees ’ rights to education and certification according to national legislation , the difficulty in dealing with large influxes of displaced people , language differences , and the difficulty of sustaining education in protracted refugee situations . # # # # # # * * FIGURE 2 : * * Education conditions for refugee children vary widely _Primary and secondary enrolment rates , selected refugee sites in selected countries , 2014_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 Primary < br > 20 Secondary < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Enrolment rates ( % ) < br > Kenya Pakistan Bangladesh Chad Malaysia Sudan Uganda Ethiopia Rwanda South Sudan Islamic Rep . of Iran Yemen Egypt < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Analysis based on 2014 UNHCR data . # # # # # # * * FIGURE 3 : * * Different sites in different contexts have followed different trajectories in getting refugee children and adolescents into schools _Enrolment rates of refugee children aged 5 – 17 , selected refugee sites in selected countries , 2004 – 2007 and 2013 – 2015_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 Enrolment rate Enrolment rate < br > improved worsened < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 2004 – 2007 < br > 20 < br > 2013 – 2015 <", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 329, "text": "data from nine refugee sites", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1280, "end": 1295, "text": "2014 UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "∗ < / sup > | 0 . 003 | 0 . 036 | 0 . 001 | | | ( 0 . 333 ) | ( 0 . 352 ) | ( 0 . 379 ) | ( 0 . 505 ) | ( 0 . 365 ) | ( 0 . 414 ) | ( 0 . 007 ) | ( 0 . 028 ) | ( 0 . 083 ) | ( 0 . 169 ) | | Controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Province FE | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | | Observations | 985 | 974 | 796 | 786 | 857 | 850 | 968 | 952 | 690 | 683 | | _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 392 | 0 . 446 | 0 . 460 | 0 . 496 | 0 . 417 | 0 . 458 | 0 . 483 | 0 . 516 | 0 . 387 | 0 . 432 | | F-test ( η1 = − β1 ) _p_-value | . 15 | . 42 | . 45 | . 42 | . 72 | . 87 | . 3 | . 3 | . 87 | . 87 | | F-test ( η2 = − β2 ) _p_-value | . 45 | . 42 | . 3 | . 24 | . 54 | . 51 | . 15 | . 18 | . 24 | . 21 | | F-test ( η3 = − β3 ) _p_-value | . 78 | . 96 | . 48 | . 84 | . 18 | . 42 | . 54 | . 27 | . 57 | . 51 | _Notes : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . The table reports OLS estimates . The unit of observation is a household . This table relies on the second definition of demobilized ex-combatants ( _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + 2 < / sup > and _Di_ < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 909, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 : Combined investment climate measures * * Source : BEEPS II , PICS 2003 Serbia # * * Policy implications for entry , privatization and exit * * As presented above , the results from the international survey show that privately-owned firms , whether privatized or new private , have levels of TFP that are 30-38 percent higher than state-owned firms in the same country . Foreign ownership adds another 23-43 percent to TFP levels . Export orientation adds 22 percent to TFP ( for manufacturing 15", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 209, "text": "international survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our interest in this paper is in measuring the effect of the 2008-2009 recession on the wellbeing of different groups in Thai society . Data on consumption are available for every year , unlike information on income , which is only available for 2007 and 2009 . We thus use a measure of wellbeing that focuses on real consumption . Following Friedman and Levinsohn ( 2002 , p . 403 ) , who used such an approach in their study of the effects of the 2007-2008 Asian financial crisis < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 4 . 0 < br > 3 . 0 < br > 2 . 0 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 < br > % of labor force < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 3 . Unemployment rate in Thailand , 2005 : M1 – 2010 : M12 * * Source : Reported by Bank of Thailand . Shaded area marks period of recession . on poverty in Indonesia , we measure the change in wellbeing for any given household ( indexed by _h_ ) using This says that the proportionate change in real consumption is approximately equal to a weighted average of the proportionate changes in the prices of the _n_ goods , where the weights ( _ai_ ) measure the importance of good _i_ in the household ’ s budget . The Bank of Thailand publishes a series that measures private consumption per capita ( in 1988 prices ) , and this is shown in the top panel of Figure 4 , along with a simple trend line . The computation involves deflating nominal consumption expenditures by the consumer price index . By this measure , real consumption per capita was not only below trend in the first three quarters of 2009 , but actually fell . Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 8", "spans": [{"start": 136, "end": 155, "text": "Data on consumption", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( US $ ) < br > P | roce | ss Status < br > Terms of Reference < br > Expression < br > Noti < br > < br > < br > | of Interest < br > ce < br > Short List < br > equest for < br > < br > | and Draft R < br > Proposals < br > Req < br > < br > | uest for Proposals < br > as Issued < br > Opening of Te < br > Proposals / M < br > < br > < br > < br > | chnic < br > inute < br > | al < br > s < br > Evaluation of Technic < br > al Proposal < br > < br > < br > | < br > < br > Re < br > | < br > port and Dra < br > otiated Cont < br > < br > | < br > ft Neg < br > ract < br > | Signed Contract < br > Contract C < br > < br > < br > | ompletion < br > | | | | | | | | | | | Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned | Actual < br > Planned | Actual < br > Pla | nned < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > | ctua | l < br > Planned < br > Actual | P | anned < br > A | tual | Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned | Actual | | KE-MOTI-214040-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Service for Map < br > ping and Preparation of Natio < br > nal Geodatabase for Slums / I < br > nformal settlements < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum", "spans": [{"start": 1026, "end": 1051, "text": "nal Geodatabase for Slums", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # 4 . RESPONSE # # # 4 . 1 Operation context including access issues According to the 2021 Humanitarian Response in Review , South Sudan continued to be confronted by a series of interconnected shocks , such as conflict , persistent and unprecedented flooding , inflation , and COVID-19 , which severely impacted the most vulnerable , particularly women , children , the elderly , and people with special needs . Insecurity due to conflict and flooding led to increasing internal and cross-border population movements requiring humanitarian support , further straining already limited resources , livelihoods , and services , and exacerbating protection risks . Sub-national violence and conflicts flared , resulting in population displacement , looting and destruction of property , and disruption of services however complicated these efforts and created access challenges . More than 8 . 3 million people needed humanitarian assistance and protection services with ongoing violence in Abyei and other states expected to worsen the context . # # # 4 . 2 Population reached and the response provided In 2021 , 91 Protection Cluster South Sudan members reported * reaching IDP , Returnees and Host Community members with 2 . 1 M protection services . Out of those , 71 agencies and non-governmental actors provided support to vulnerable people within the framework of HRP and reached an estimated 1 . 8 M people . Protection awarenessraising activities counted for 45 % of services provided by Protection Cluster members , while some 25 % of services targeted individuals to mitigate their vulnerabilities . A reported 30 % of protection assistances were other specific protection actions , including , for the most part , training and capacity building services for people of concern or communal or governmental authorities . # # # 4 . 3 Funding data In 2021 , within the HRP framework , Protection Cluster South Sudan planned to reach 2 . 57 million people with protection services with a response plan of 99 M USD . PC HRP members reached to up to 70 % of their target population ( overall , all cluster members , together with other funding resources , reached 82 % of the", "spans": [{"start": 1841, "end": 1853, "text": "Funding data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "different regions . The GTAP model estimated for this paper was explicitly run to assess the impact on average domestic prices in Mexico . The model produced estimates in changes in prices and export quantities for 13 product groups ( 4 manufacturing group , 8 agricultural group and 1 service group ) . The model also produces changes in returns for land , two types of labor , capital and natural resources . These product groups are matched to the household survey . In matching and reconciliation the data from the household surveys with the GTAP data this paper follows the approach of Ianchovicina , Nicita and Soloaga ( 2001 ) . In summary , the matching of the household survey classification to GTAP categories consists of two different exercises : consumption matching and income matching . On the expenditure side , the GTAP system has approximately 50 commodity categories , while the household data includes about 600 different categories . The matching of the expenditure side of the two data sets was facilitated by the use of concordance tables provided by the GTAP website ( www . gtap . org ) . Regarding income , GTAP uses five different endowment categories , while in the household survey data there are more than 40 . In addition , the two data sets adopt different systems in classifying income . Therefore , they are more difficult to match and require some degree of arbitrariness . GTAP income is divided into land , capital , skilled labor , unskilled labor and natural resources . The attained level of education is the variable that allow us to distinguish between skilled and unskilled labor . An individual is considered skilled having completed secondary school or technical education . The household survey divides income into different categories , some of which are not univocally or clearly attributable to any single GTAP category . Many of those household income categories must be 29", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 467, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 546, "end": 555, "text": "GTAP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 897, "end": 911, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1193, "end": 1214, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "but debt levels remain elevated . General government debt ( which nets of the Social Security Investment Fund ( SSIF ) holdings ) increased to 88 . 8 percent of GDP in 2022 , up from 87 . 5 percent in the previous year , and is expected to reach 88 . 7 percent in 2023 . * * 2 . With its small economy and domestic market , Jordan ’ s growth and job creation need to be driven by private sector investment and exports ; however , key structural constraints to growth remain entrenched , notably those related to the labor market and the business environment * * . Despite recent reforms , the private sector still faces barriers to entry and a challenging environment , resulting in low productivity and investment levels . Unemployment is high ( hovering around 22 . 3 percent in Q3 2023 overall and Jordan ’ s labor force participation rate is low ( 32 . 6 percent in Q3 2023 ) , especially for women ( 13 . 5 percent for Jordanian women , one of the lowest in the world ) . Labor market segmentation between the public and private sectors and across gender and nationality , persistent informality , a large gender gap , and structural constraints on employment for migrants prevent the full utilization of Jordan ’ s human capital wealth . According to the latest official 2017 / 2018 poverty estimates , Jordan ’ s poverty rate , at 15 . 7 percent , is relatively low compared to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) region . However , vulnerability is increasing and there is also significant variation in poverty across the country . In 2019 , Jordan initiated a successful reform and expansion of its social protection system . It is now the largest in the MENA region in terms of coverage of the poorest . Public investment spending has been on a steadily declining path during the past two decades . Capital spending averaged 7 . 2 percent of GDP in the fiscal years ( FYs ) 2000 – 2010 , but it declined to an average of 3 . 7 percent in the following decade (", "spans": [{"start": 1277, "end": 1306, "text": "2017 / 2018 poverty estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Région de la Boucle du Mouhoun : * * La situation de LTB est un problème crucial que rencontrent les PDI dans la Boucle du Mouhoun . Les PDI en location estiment le prix de la location cher . Les échanges lors des FGD révèlent que le prix moyen varie entre 5000 et 9000 FCFA . Pour les surfaces cultivables , dans la localité de DI par exemple , ½ hectare en période hivernale coûte 25 000 FCFA et en période sèche la même superficie coûte 30 000 FCFA . Les demandeurs d ’ asile dans la localité de Bouna estimés à 70 personnes n ’ ont pas accès à la terre ni pour la location ni pour les prêts environ pour raisons de stigmatisation , ces réfugiés seraient principalement des Peulhs . # # # * * Région de la région de l ’ Est : * * La question des logements demeure une grande préoccupation des PDIs , vu l ’ approche de l ’ hivernage , les maisons qui les habitent ne tiendront pas , mais d ’ autres aussi qui sont logés en payant le loyer disent ne pas avoir les moyens qu ’ il faut pour assurer le loyer qui varie de 4 000 F à 10 000 F selon la taille et la qualité de la maison . Leurs terres cultivables et les biens qu ’ ils avaient sont restés dans les lieux de provenance ; si ce n ’ est attendre une probable amélioration de la situation pour un retour , les terres cultivables dans les milieux urbains ne peuvent pas être acquis", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| 91 . 82 | Source : WBES , WDI , KOF data , PWT . # 4 . Empirical strategy Using a firm-level treatment variable , we carry out an impact assessment method to understand how access to electricity leads manufacturing firms to become more export-oriented . We consider a binary variable that takes the value 1 if the company did not experience power outages in the last fiscal year , and 0 otherwise . To investigate the exposure of domestic firms to the treatment , we construct the interaction variable between the treatment and the dummy , which is 1 if the company is domestic and 0 otherwise ( Treatment # Domestic_Firm ) . For foreign firms , we construct another dummy that is 1 if the company is foreign and 0 otherwise and we determine the interactive variable between the dummy and the treatment variable ( Treatment # Foreign_Firm ) . The initial idea of our impact assessment is to compare the export or domestic sales ’ performance of manufacturing firms before ( ) and after ( ) receiving the treatment . Thus , the effect of the treatment would be determined by the difference between the outcomes and . Since we do not have YY < sup > 0 < / sup > YY < sup > 1 < / sup > information on the same firms before and after the treatment , we look for a counterfactual of our treated YY < sup > 1 < / sup > YY < sup > 0 < / sup > firms before the treatment . This counterfactual is therefore made up of firms that were not assigned to the treatment , i . e . , that have experienced power outages during the last fiscal year . Hence , if the treatment was randomly assigned , then its effect would be determined by the difference between the outcomes of treated and untreated firms . Nevertheless , electricity access is not random , it is linked to certain characteristics and performances at the country and firm-level . The macroeconomic performances , the economic development , institutions , and the quality of electricity service provided by the country , can affect the occurrence of power outages . For instance , countries with good", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 42, "text": "KOF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Unfortunately , comparable data are not available to carry out similar calculations for IDPs . The definition of a “ protracted situation ” for IDPs is also complex , considering that there is no clear definition of what would constitute a measurable end-point for their ordeal . Case studies may provide more useful insights than aggregate global figures . These numbers re-emphasize the importance of effective humanitarian interventions on the right scale . They suggest that development actors have a role to play but that they need to focus their interventions on a set of discrete situations . Time-series also show that the perceptions of a crisis spinning out of control are not supported by the available evidence . And let us never forget that this is not about numbers but about people and about an immense amount of human suffering . 16", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 355, "text": "aggregate global figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B3 : Changes in APA and Household Survey indices ( 2016-2018 ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Urban planning Fiduciary responsibility < br > 0 1 2 - 2 0 2 < br > Changes in DLI Changes in DLI < br > ( a ) Urban planning ( b ) Fiduciary responsibility < br > Infrastructure Accountability < br > - 4 - 2 0 2 - 2 0 2 4 < br > Changes in DLI Changes in DLI < br > ( c ) Infrastructure ( d ) Accountability < br > 1 < br > . 6 < br > . 8 < br > . 4 < br > . 6 . 2 < br > . 4 0 < br > Changes in Survey Index Changes in Survey Index < br > . 2 - . 2 < br > 1 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > . 5 < br > . 5 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > Changes in Survey Index Changes in Survey Index < br > - . 5 < br > - . 5 - 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ This figure presents a scatter of changes in DLI subcomponent scores ( x-axis ) and survey indices ( x-axis ) by LGA . DLI scores are normalized so that changes can be interpreted as standard deviations in the distribution of the 4th APA scores . Figure B4 : Correlation between APA and household survey measures < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Planning Baseline < br > Fiduciary Baseline < br > Infrastructure Baseline < br > Accountability Baseline < br > Taxation Baseline < br > Planning Endline < br > Fiduciary Endline < br > Infrastructure Endline < br > Accountability Endline < br > Planning Change < br > Fiduciary Change < br > Infrastructure Change < br > Accountability Change < br > - . 5 0 . 5 < br > Correlation < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ This figure presents correlations across", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Poorer than Adults and Deprived in Almost All Counts : Welfare Status of Children in Nigeria _Caroline Schimanski , M Abul Azad_ * * Keywords : * * child poverty , monetary poverty , multi-dimensional poverty , deprivations , Nigeria , intergenerational mobility , chronic poverty * * JEL Codes : * * O1 ; O15 ; O55 ; O12 Acknowledgements : The authors thank Aibek Baibagysh Uulu for providing the consumption estimates for the GHS data sets wave 1-4 .", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 443, "text": "GHS data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 an * * | * * s ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | * * Total * * | | | | | | * * Total * * | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | DJENNE | 294 | 371 | 434 | 805 | 196 | 118 | 314 | 19 | 13 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "ha * * Low elevation arid areas in Afar , Somali , Benshangul , Gumuz and Gambella and the western parts of Tigray and Gonder in Amhara , and eastern Oromiya ( Harrerege and Bale ) ; arid and dry savanna landscapes ; rainfall is generally less than 200 mm . Moisture and nutrient limitations , poor water holding capacity of soils , high livestock grazing pressures and slow recovery rates present constraints in these mostly Arid landscapes that generally have low soil quality , high erosion potential and vulnerability to pastoral livelihoods . # # # # # # * * 3 . 2 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the PSNP Regions * * Table 3 presents basic data on population and agriculture in the PSNP regions , ranked in descending order of agricultural production . * * Table 3 : Population and Agricultural Production of PSNP Regions * * | * * Region * * | * * PSNP * * < br > * * Woredas * * | * * Chronically * * < br > * * Food-Insecure * * < br > * * Population * * | * * Area Pl * * | * * anted * * < sup > * * 4 * * < / sup > | * * Agricu * * < br > * * Produ * * | * * ltural * * < br > * * ction * * < sup > * * 5 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * No . * * | * * ‘ 000 * * | * * ‘ 000 * * < br > * * Ha * * | * * % * * | * * ‘ 000 * * < br > * * quintals * * | * * Yield * * < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 642, "end": 682, "text": "basic data on population and agriculture", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "72 - Annex 11 page 5 of 7 - ( ii ) introduce computerization of stock management by September 1989 ; - ( ii ) recruit an exterral materials management specialist under terms of reference agreed with IDA ( Annex 15 , page 3 ) and financed during an initial period of about months under IDA ' s PPF Advance , to assist in setting up stock data and management procedures , to be in post by effectiveness of the project at the latest .", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 341, "text": "stock data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 5 : Private and Social Returns to Investment in Tertiary * * # * * Education by Full Discount Method ( % ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Private return paying < br > Private Social < br > tuition < br > 9 . 7 5 . 4 5 . 6 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations using AMSSW 2015 Attending tertiary education in a public institution in Azerbaijan leads to two different returns to investment in education estimates , depending on whether the student paid tuition or not . The distinction is created by the tuition costs , where 64 percent of the students pay tuition and 36 percent of the students receive a scholarship and do not pay any tuition . For those students who pay tuition , the rate of return to investment in education is almost 50 percent lower than for those students who receive a scholarship . 17", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 332, "text": "AMSSW 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "28 | - 0 . 23 | | region | | | | | 2 | - 0 . 33 | - 0 . 01 < br > - 0 . 15 | - 0 . 04 | | 3-4 | - 0 . 64 | - 0 . 44 < br > - 0 . 40 | - 0 . 36 | | 5-6 | - 0 . 60 | - 0 . 27 < br > - 0 . 33 | - 0 . 32 | | Panel | E : Engl | ish and Math s | core , male | | total | - 0 . 21 | - 0 . 14 < br > - 0 . 18 | - 0 . 09 | | region | | | | | 2 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 11 < br > - 0 . 04 | 0 . 01 | | 3-4 | - 0 . 51 | - 0 . 37 < br > - 0 . 30 | - 0 . 23 | | 5-6 | - 0 . 18 | - 0 . 05 < br > - 0 . 26 | - 0 . 11 | Sample is Grade 12 student exam records , public schools Regions 2-6 , 1998-2012 . Test scores are mean 2-scores , standardized based on universe of students taking exam in that year , including Region 1 .", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 534, "text": "Grade 12 student exam records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- fifths ( 80 % ) of all claims lodged in the 44 industrialized countries in the first half of 2014 . The * * 28 Member States of the European Union * * registered 216 , 300 asylum claims during the first half of 2014 , a 23 per cent increase compared to the corresponding period of 2013 ( 176 , 200 ) . These 28 States together accounted for 82 per cent of all new asylum claims registered in Europe . # 73 % Among the European regions , the largest relative increase in midyear asylum levels was reported by countries in * * Southern Europe * * . These countries received 60 , 800 asylum requests during the first half of 2014 , a 73 per cent increase compared to the first six months of 2013 ( 35 , 200 claims ) . This growth was mostly due to the number of individuals who requested international protection in Italy and Turkey . * * 2 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . Basic patterns for the relationship between FDI and female corporate leadership * * How do we define female entrepreneurship ? Ideally , we want to capture firms with women being the primary owner and running the firm ; that is , women act as both owners and chief executives . Female-owned firms may not be a good indicator for entrepreneurs since family ownership is prevalent and important in both developed and developing countries > 2 Thus , wholly state-owned firms are not in the sample . > 3 See http : \\ \\ www . enterprisesurveys . org for a more detailed description of the WBES . > 4 Because of the missing values of other variables , for each dependent variable in the regressions , the number of observations differs . In the baseline regressions , the number of observations when the dependent variable is female-manager and female-entrepreneur are 50 , 472 and 47 , 702 respectively . 8", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 592, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 7 Page 3 of * * 7 # # # M & E OF ECOLOGICAL AND CONSERVATION ASPECTS # # # Obiectives 9 . Monitoring and evaluation of ecological and conservation impacts would examine the overall changes and trends in the conservation status of BINP and MGNP and of keystone or focal species , and would try to the extent possible to determine the extent to which the project ( MBIFCT ) contributes to these trends . It would include the following elements : ( 1 ) collection of baseline data on a specified set of parameters ( indicators ) to establish the starting conditions ; ( 2 ) monitoring the status , changes and trends in these indicators over time ; and ( 3 ) evaluatina the significance of changes and trends observed through the research programl / . 10 . All of these aspects must be tailored to answer specific questions which are determined by Park management objectives and the M & E program should provide information which will assist periodic review and revision of park management plans . As no protected area exists in isolation , the ecological and socio-economic M & E programs inter-link in tracking human factors which are relevant to park management , such as : local attitudes toward the parks , conservation and wildlife ; community behavior in relation to conservation ; and demographic changes including population growth ( which in extreme cases may be stimulated by in-migration due to the attraction of project benefits ) . Similarly , M & E should address the use of the parks for research , training and recreation , which are among the important objectives of maintaining a national park . # # * * Developing the M & E Approach and Methodology * * 11 . Some of the baseline data relating to the levels and patterns of biological resources , ecological conditions and human interactions with BINP and MGNP are already relatively well developed while others are poor or non-existent . Gaps will be identified at the outset and addressed in the research activities funded by MBIFC", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 487, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1697, "end": 1710, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "129 | 0 | 297 | 59 . 8 | | _Olea europaea / _ወይራ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 . 8 | | _Bisana_ | 14 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 36 | 7 . 2 | | _Tsid_ | _48_ | _63_ | _20_ | _12_ | 143 | 28 . 6 | | _Warka_ | _3_ | _0_ | _0_ | _0_ | 3 | 0 . 6 | | _Girawa_ | _1_ | _1_ | _0_ | _0_ | 2 | 0 . 4 | | _Trumantree_ | _1_ | _0_ | _1_ | _0_ | 2 | 0 . 4 | | _Gravilia_ | _0_ | _0_ | _0_ | _1_ | 1 | 0 . 4 | | _Birbira_ | _1_ | _2_ | _0_ | _0_ | 3 | 0 . 6 | | * * _All_ * * | * * _167_ * * | * * _148_ * * | * * _169_ * * | * * _13_ * * | * * 497 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ # # # # # # * * 7 . 8 Impact on Grazing Land and Crop-by-Product * * Results of the census enumeration and inventory of affected property showed that the construction of the subproject will also affect a total of 0 . 0576 ha of grazing land belonging to 17 PAHs . While Diksis Woreda is the only Woreda that will be affected by the subproject ' s impact", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 598, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 720, "end": 773, "text": "census enumeration and inventory of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * _Annex 10 E & S Due Diligence and Site Visit Checklist_ * * | * * Section A . Company details * * | | - - - | | Company name : | | Company type : | | Project ID | * * Section B . Environmental and Social Due Diligence & Site Visit Checklist * * | * * Visual observation * * | * * Documentary evidence * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * _E & S Policy & organizational capacity_ * * | | | • Does the company have an Environmental and / or Social < br > Policy_ ? _ < br > _ ( If yes , please attach any documents that can serve as_ < br > _evidence of such policy ) _ | Review and policy documents | | • Does the company conduct any E & S monitoring visits with < br > its business customers ? | Monitoring reports | | • What is the organizational arrangement for managing EHSS < br > issues / risks ? | | | • Names of the officers responsible for EHSS management , | organizational chart with names of the < br > responsible officers | | * * _Training_ * * | | | Isthe < br > EHSSteam < br > adequately qualified ? | Training records | | Is there a requirement for training for staff in EHSS matters ? | Training calendar | * * _Regulatory compliance_ * * 90", "spans": [{"start": 1025, "end": 1041, "text": "Training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . 5 Robustness * * In this section we conduct a series of robustness tests of the baseline results . We first explore a continuous treatment measure that takes into account the size of the investment incentive available to each firm . In Table 7 we replace the dummy treatment variable with a continuous version that measures the number of pounds a firm ’ s average 2005 / 06 investment is below the AIA threshold in that year . By so doing we attempt to capture differences in how strongly a firm was treated by the AIA - firms with a larger unused investment allowance are likely to have a stronger incentive to invest more . < sup > 40 < / sup > As the estimation method of Callaway and Sant ’ Anna ( 2021 ) is applicable only for binary treatment variables , in the investment regression we take advantage of the recent development by Gardner ( 2022 ) that allows for continuous treatment in two-way fixed effects settings with a staggered treatment design . < sup > 41 < / sup > For the cloud regression we continue to use a long-difference specification estimated using OLS . These results provide further evidence that firms with the greatest scope for increasing investment responded to the AIA by increasing their investment and reducing the likelihood of adopting cloud services . Each additional £ 1 , 000 of AIA allowance reduced cloud diffusion by 0 . 3 percentage points . < sup > 42 < / sup > Given the focus of the paper , we concentrate the remaining tests of robustness on the adoption of cloud . Investment data in the UK is , as in most other countries , highly skewed . A small number of firms make very large investments , whereas most firms invest a more modest amount each year . The concern is therefore whether our results are driven by the presence of these largest firms . In column 1 of Table 8 we exclude firms with the largest 5 percent of investment , using investment defined consistent with the treatment status of the firm i . e . the average across 2005 / 06 , while in column 2 we exclude the largest 10", "spans": [{"start": 1523, "end": 1538, "text": "Investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# ( b ) < u > Descriptive statistics < / u > In * * Table 3 * * we report school characteristics by geographical sample . The information corresponds to the 2014 School Census ( Panel A to D ) and ECE 2015 ( Panel E ) . Differences between both samples ( _metropolitan_ versus _regional_ ) are substantial . Schools in the _metropolitan_ sample are larger – with more classrooms , and more students per classroom – more likely to have an afternoon shift , and in most cases have better physical infrastructure ( access to sewage , existence of a science laboratory ) than those in the _regional_ sample ; they are also less likely to have bilingual schools and to be in districts where the main Peruvian social programs operate . Concerning students ’ achievement in these schools , attainment is higher in the _metropolitan_ sample , but grade attainment is low in general ; in _Mathematics_ and _Reading Comprehension_ , only 6 % and 11 % attain a satisfactory level in each subject , respectively . < sup > 18 < / sup > Based on this information , we also report results from the balancing tests ( see * * Table A1 * * in the Web Appendix ) . Treatment and control schools appear to be similar in most observed dimensions . Some differences are observed ( by day shift and sex ) , however , these differences are not substantial in magnitude . Unfortunately , no ECE was available before treatment to confirm balancing in the outcome variables , as 2015 was the first year in which ECE was administered in schools at the secondary level . * * Figure 2 * * presents kernel distributions for _Mathematics_ and _Reading Comprehension_ standardized test scores in 2015 , separately for treatment and control schools , * * Figure 3 * * presents analogous information for 2016 , including also scores from _History , Geography , and Economics_ . A clear pattern arises whereby improvements are observed in all areas and both years in the _regional_ sample . In contrast , no such improvements are observed in the _metropolitan_ sample . This graphical analysis strongly mirrors the parametric analysis presented later in the paper . > 18", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 175, "text": "2014 School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 197, "end": 205, "text": "ECE 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | < br > Signed Co < br > Planned | ntract < br > Contract Completion < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | | KE-MOTI-214040-CS-QCBS / < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Consultancy Service for < br > Mapping and Preparation of < br > National Geodatabase for < br > Slums / Informal settlements | IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity < br > development for slum < br > upgrading | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - National | | 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Ca | nceled | 2021-02-10 < br > 2021-03-03 | 2021-04-16 | | 2021-05-14 | 2021-06-13 | 2021-07-18 | 2021-08-22 | 2022-08-22 | | KE-MOTI-214043-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Service for < br > Capacity Assessment and < br > Implementation Plan for < br > Counties and KISIP for Slum < br > Upgrading . | IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity < br > development for slum < br > upgrading | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - International | | 300 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Un | der Review | 2021-02-14 < br > 2021-07-13 < br > 2021-03-07 | 2021-04-20 | | 2021-05-18 | 2021-06-17 | 2021-07-22 | 2021-08-26 | 2022-08-26 | |", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 306, "text": "National Geodatabase", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data sources , we estimate the parameters of the model by maximum likelihood . Specifically , the contribution of the data for country c to the log-likelihood function is given by : ( 13 ) lnL ( α , β , σ | y ( c ) ) ∝ ln | BΣB + ββ < sup > ′ < / sup > | + ( y ( c ) − α ) ′ ( BΣB + ββ ) < sup > − 1 < / sup > ( y ( c ) − α ) Summing across all countries and maximizing with respect to the parameters delivers maximum likelihood estimates of α ( k ) , β ( k ) , and σ < sup > 2 < / sup > ( k ) for the representative data sources . < sup > 23 < / sup > In the second step , we estimate the parameters for non-representative sources covering subgroups of countries with different geographical or income group coverage using a different approach . This is because we cannot assume that the unobserved distribution of governance has the same mean and standard deviation in these subgroups as in the global sample . To address the problem , in the second step we interpret Equation ( 1 ) as a linear regression and substitute unobserved governance g ( c ) with an estimate of governance based on the representative data sources , ĝ ( c ) = g ( c ) + u ( c ) where u ( c ) represents the measurement error in our estimate of governance based on representative data sources . Because the right-hand-side variable in this regression is measured with error , the slope coefficient will suffer from attenuation bias , i . e . for non-representative data source k , the probability limit of the slope coefficient of a regression of y ( c , k ) on ĝ ( c ) is plimβ ̂ ( k ) = β ( k ) < sup > V [ g ( c ) ] < / sup > ~ ~ . ~ ~ However , V [ ĝ ( c ) ] because we know the margin of error of the estimate of governance based on the", "spans": [{"start": 1096, "end": 1123, "text": "representative data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The considerable increase in the R-squared measure in all regressions indicates the predictive power of commune size independently of nightlights and confirms that commune boundaries are endogenous . # * * 3 . 2 . 2 Landsat Spectral Indices * * The focus is now on the question whether Landsat band values have similar predictive power for ground truth data of economic activity as nightlights . Since Landsat bands measure the reflectance of light of a certain wavelength and are difficult to interpret numerically , the 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > ́ < / sup > and Resosudarmo , 2019 ) . Limited data availability explains why , while the hedonic approach to estimate households ’ willingness to pay for a change in an environmental amenity is used extensively by researchers , it is difficult to find studies of African countries . Household survey data overcome this limitation since surveys often capture information needed to construct a hedonic pricing model , including housing characteristics , access to services and different determinants of housing costs . The surveys exploited in this study include detailed questions on actual housing costs and rents and an estimate of how much a tenant would pay in rent for the dwelling if rented , as estimated by the respondent . Since only a subset of households are renters , exploiting the “ self-estimated ” rental values helps increase the sample size . The analysis therefore combines reported rent values and the self-estimated rent values < sup > 5 < / sup > to construct a rent value variable for all four cities . Observations with missing values for both items were excluded . Comparison of the rents , self-estimated rents , and the combined variable distributions are depicted in Appendix Figure B . 1 . Measurement errors can affect rent and self-estimated rent values . To reduce these errors , outliers were removed and replaced with estimated values . < sup > 6 < / sup > Values are in local currency and transformed to 2017 PPP US $ . The final sample is based on observations without missing values for rents and self-estimated rents . It includes 3 , 132 households in four cities and four countries : Accra ( 996 households ) , Antananarivo ( 919 households ) , Dar es Salaam ( 466 households ) , and Addis Ababa ( 751 households ) . Table 2 presents a summary of the different database characteristics . More detail on the survey methodology and char - > 3The questions related to flood perception were almost identical for all four cities although for Antananarivo the time horizon was 5 rather than 2 years . > 4In most studies , flood models or risk area identifications ( Beltr ́ an et al . , 2018 ) are large surfaces .", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 311, "text": "Household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 11 . 3 Identification , Screening and Categorization of PAHs * * Based on the analysis and findings of the census surveys and public consultation meetings as well as the objective conditions of different categories of PAHs ( experiences , opportunities , and capabilities in terms of resources and skills for income generating activities , needs , and constraints in the case of vulnerable groups ) , PAHs are categorized into 4 broad categories for the purpose of targeting different types of livelihood restoration and income improvement strategies ( See Table 11 . 2 ) . Table 11 . 2 : PAHs by Severity of Impact on Farmland | * * Severity * * | * * Proportion of Impacted Farmland ( in % ) * * | * * No . of * * < br > * * PAHs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | SeverelyAffected | 80 % & more or land-poor ( Less than 0 . 25 ha ) | 1 | | SignificantlyAffected | 41 % to 80 % | 16 | | ModeratelyAffected | 20 % to 40 % Farmland | 9 | | Limited Impact | Less than 20 % | 150 | | | * * Total PAHs * * | * * 176 * * | The categorization of PAHs into different groups is meant to facilitate the targeting of different types of livelihood restoration and income improvement strategies to a specific group of PAHs . Furthermore , there should be no misunderstanding that the main purpose of the above categorization of PAHs is to rationalize the provision of public resources to various categories of PAHs in a manner that is not only equitable but also effective in restoring PAHs livelihoods . The categorization of", "spans": [{"start": 276, "end": 290, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * Similar to the second semester of 2007 , asylum-seekers originating from the * * Russian Federation * * were the second largest group , with 9 , 400 new claims recorded during the first six months of 2008 , thus accounting for 6 per cent of all asylum claims in the 44 industrialized countries . The first half of 2008 , however , witnessed a 23 per cent drop in the number of Russian asylum claims compared to the second half of 2007 ( 12 , 200 claims ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > This significant decrease can be attributed primarily to Poland , the main destination for Russian asylum-seekers in 2007 and 2008 . Indeed , the Polish authorities registered about half the number of Russian claims between January and June 2008 ( 2 , 800 ) as compared to the period from June to December 2007 ( 5 , 400 ) . The number of new asylum applications submitted by citizens from * * China * * has remained fairly stable . Some 8 , 700 Chinese asylum-seekers were registered in the first half of 2008 , virtually the same number as in the preceding two semesters ( 8 , 600 each ) . Since 2002 , however , the number of Chinese nationals requesting asylum in the 44 industrialized countries has declined by one third , and in 2007 reached its lowest level in a decade . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Somali asylum claims lodged in 44 < br > industrialized countries , 1999-2008 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 15 , 000 < br > 10 , 000 < br > 5 , 000 < br > 0 < br > ' 99 ' 00 ' 01 ' 02 ' 03 ' 04 ' 05 ' 06 ' 07 ' 08 * < br > * 2008 data refers to January-June only . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > While the top three source countries of asylum", "spans": [{"start": 1590, "end": 1599, "text": "2008 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increase in exposure to foreign demand . More specifically , on average , the elasticity of employment with respect to exports is 0 . 1 over the short run and 0 . 3 over the long run . The long-run elasticity of the labor force with respect to foreign demand shocks is positive but smaller than that of employment . Six years after the foreign demand shock , the cumulative response of the labor force is about 0 . 17 % . A 1 % increase in exports induces a decrease in the unemployment rate of 0 . 08 percentage point six years after the shock . Effects on real average wages are also positive , with an elasticity of 0 . 6 over the long run . We try to proxy for overall welfare by estimating the elasticity of the real wage bill with respect to exports : it is high and highly significant , reaching 1 . 2 six years after the shock . > 2 During the 1990s Indonesia experienced several liberalization efforts that boosted exports as well as a backlash induced by the currency crisis . The team considered it interesting to incorporate trade data associated to periods of boom ( 1993-97 ) , recession ( 1998-2000 ) , and recovery ( 2001-onwards ) of export values for the medium - and long-run implications of the results . The second reason , finishing the study period in 2014 , relates to a life-cycle project the team was planning to conduct using a representative individual-level panel ( IFLS data ) for the same period 1993-2014 ( the last round of IFLS took place in 2014 ) . The team considers comparing results for district-level averages with those using much more granular data between 1993-2014 would be of great interest . Extending the horizon of the current study to 2022 is doable and will be incorporated in future versions of the paper . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1037, "end": 1047, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1395, "end": 1404, "text": "IFLS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 8 . 96 | 14 . 29 | < br > 12 . 40 | 11 . 41 | 14 . 97 | < br > 6 . 26 | 0 . 33 | | Monthly returns , full sample | 0 . 54 | 0 . 47 | 3 . 74 | 0 . 65 | 0 . 58 | 3 . 66 | < br > 0 . 35 | 9 . 33 | _Note : _ Table 3 shows average ex-post investor returns in our total sample of 91 countries and 200 years , as well as for different subsamples . The country composition is changing over time ( see Appendix B1 ) . All returns are yearly averages , except for the last line , which shows a monthly frequency . Returns and standard deviations shown are based on a global portfolio that includes all outstanding foreign-currency sovereign bonds at each point in time . Excess returns and Sharpe ratios are computed using US / UK bonds as benchmark . In the full sample from 1815 to 2016 , foreign-currency bonds show an annual ex-post real return of 6 . 85 % , including spells of turmoil due to defaults , wars , and revolutions . The average is slightly higher ( 7 % ) > 39 As we explain in Section 3 . 1 . and in Appendix B1 , the 1970s and 1980s were a period dominated by syndicated bank lending to sovereigns . Barely any sovereign bonds were issued abroad . As a result , the number of countries with actively traded bonds dropped to fewer than 10 in the 1980s , making the global portfolio unrepresentative . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 3 | Prepare Household Files from Database | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 4 | Verify and update expropriated assets and properties database for PAHs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 5 | Individual / Consultation on Compensation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 . 6 | Preparation of schedule for individual compensations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | * * 5 * * | * * Resettlement Process and Compensation Payment * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 1 | Notifications / disclosure of entitlements to all PAHs ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 2 | Agreement with each PAP on Compensation Amount and Issue Payment Certificate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 3 | Payment of Compensation for loss of farmland , structures , trees and other assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 4 | Issue notice to vacate ( as applicable ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 5 | Assess additional individual losses as and when required ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 6 | Disburse additional compensation to the PAHs as and when required ( ongoing ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 7 | ~ ~ Assist PAHs during relocation , reestablishment and Livelihood Restoration ~ ~ < br > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 . 8 | ~ ~ ( ongoing ) ~ ~ < br > Provide special assists to vulnar", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 143, "text": "expropriated assets and properties database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Number * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Monitoring < br > ( IPM ) | - Measurement of Input - < br > output < br > data < br > and < br > indicators < br > - Financial and physical < br > performance data | - Internal records < br > - Field observations < br > - Monthly < br > monitoring / progress < br > reports < br > - Survey < br > and < br > questionnaires < br > - Meeting with Subproject < br > staff | PIO / ESAO | Continuous | | | - Measurement of input - < br > output data | | | | | Progress < br > Review | - Assessment < br > of < br > satisfaction of PAPs with < br > RP activities and inputs < br > - Assessment < br > of < br > major < br > problems and challenges | - Sample < br > surveys < br > and < br > qualitative / participatory < br > - Consolidated IPM reports | PIO / ESAO | Monthly | | External < br > Evaluation | - Measurement of input - < br > output indicators < br > - Assessment of impact of < br > Subproject on PAPs < br > - Assessment < br > of < br > achievement < br > of < br > RP < br > objectives in terms of < br > improving the income < br > and wellbeing of PAPs < br > and communities | - Secondary-documentary < br > sources < br > - Primary < br > data < br > through < br > sample < br > survey < br > and < br > qualitative-participatory < br > methods < br > - Focus group discussions | PIO / ESAO ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "00 | Aug / 2024 | | New piped household water < br > connections under the < br > project . ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Water distribu < br > target is on co | tion contracts th < br > urse to be achiev | at will genera < br > ed by August 2 | te new customer connections ar < br > 025 | e advanced . The | | Additional Water delivered by | 39 . 30 < br > Apr / 2017 | 39 . 30 | 25-Jan-2024 | 43 . 90 | 31-May-2024 < br > 44 . 50 | Aug / 2024 | | WSPs to customers due to < br > project interventions ( as < br > reflected in water bills ) ( Cubic < br > meters / year ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Most of the in | terventions will b | e completed b | y December 2024 | | Page 5 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 550, "end": 561, "text": "water bills", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the impact of potential rail investments and of reductions in the time taken to cross borders in an area of Central Asia that spans the seven countries indicated in Figure 1 . Each of these countries except Turkmenistan contains multiple cells , and these are listed in appendix 1 . The model is calibrated to data on employment , population , land area , national accounts and trade . It also uses a network of current transport times and their projected changes . We discuss each of these sources of data in turn . * * _Employment : _ * * Employment data were gathered on a country by country level . For China , the data for the three Western cells , Gansu , Xinjiang , and Qinghai , come from the National Bureau of Statistics in China , http : / / www . stats . gov . cn . For Kazakhstan , the data come from the Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan http : / / stat . gov . kz , reported at the sector and province level . In Kyrgyzstan , employment data at the region and sector level are from the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic http : / / www . stat . kg / en / . In Uzbekistan , the sector and region employment data are from the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics , https : / / www . stat . uz / en / . For all these countries , we select data from 2016 . In Tajikistan , regional data are calculated from the Labor Force Survey 2016 , Statistics Agency of Tajikistan . In Pakistan , cell and sector data are from the Labor Force Survey 2014 ‐ 2015 available from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics http : / / www . pbs . gov . pk . In Turkmenistan , data are only available at the national level , broken into sectoral employment http : / / www . stat . gov . tm / . We therefore only have one location within the country in our analysis . 9", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 559, "text": "Employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1384, "end": 1407, "text": "Labor Force Survey 2016", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1492, "end": 1522, "text": "Labor Force Survey 2014 ‐ 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compensation when calculating public-private sector pay differentials , an issue to which the literature pays insufficient attention . When self-selection is taken into account , pay differentials lose significance when we focus on the whole sample . However , private sector premium is still present for workers with the highest level of education . Results from the Oaxaca – Blinder decomposition show that this differential is driven by the higher returns offered by the formal privates sector to those workers that achieved a higher level of education . Finally , the analysis allows investigating the issue of wage differentials from the gender perspective . Results show that female workers earn a lower salary in Peru and that the gender penalty is more significant in the formal private sector than in the public sector . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 - Schedule * * 1 * * to this Agreement , as such Schedule may be amended from time to time * * by * * agreement between the Borrower and the Bank , for expenditures made ( or , if the Bank shall so agree , to be made ) in respect of the reasonable cost of goods and services required for the Project and to be financed out of the proceeds of the Loan . * * ( b ) * * Promptly after . the Effective Date of this Agreement , the Bank shall withdraw from the Loan Account and pay to the Association , on behalf of the Borrower , the amount required to repay the principal amount withdrawn and outstanding , together with the accrued service charges and other charges , if any , thereon , of the Advance . Any amount of the Advance remaining unwithdrawn shall automatically be cancelled on the same date . Section * * 2 . 03 . * * Except as the Bank shall otherwise agree , procurement of the goods and the aeromagnetic survey to be financed out of the proceeds of the Loan , shall be governed * * by * * the provisions of Schedule 4 to this Agreement . Section 2 . 04 . The Closing Date shall be August * * 31 , 1985 * * or such later date as the Bank shall establish . The Bank shall promptly notify the Borrower of such later date . Section * * 2 . 05 . * * The Borrower shall pay to the Bank a commitment charge at the rate * * of * * three-fourths of one per cent ( 3 / 4 of * * 1 % ) * * per annum on the principal amount of the Loan not withdrawn from time to time . Section * * 2 . 06 . * * The Borrower shall pay interest at the rate of eleven and three-fifths per cent * * ( 11-3 / 5 % ) * * per annum on the principal a . Aount of the Loan withdrawn and outstanding from time to time . Section *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attendance sheets based on an automated attendance register are maintained by the attendance supervisor , who reports absences to the HR and responsible departments . All payroll records are kept in a secure , centralized computerized payroll data base that is updated daily from paper-based reports from the various directorates . The data base is audited by an internal audit mission within the Directorate of HR to ensure that all changes are supported by appropriate documentation . Payroll records and payments are annually audited by Jordan Audit Bureau . * * 11 . Financial Audit : MoDEE will hire Jordan Audit Bureau to audit the Project ’ s financial statements on annual basis . * * Jordan Audit Bureau will conduct the audit in accordance with internationally accepted auditing standards and based on terms of reference cleared by the Bank . MoDEE will be responsible for preparing the TORs for the auditor and will submit them to the Bank for clearance . MoDEE should engage Jordan Audit Bureau six months following the submission of the first withdrawal application . The Jordan Audit Bureau will be responsible of : - i ) reviewing semiannual IFRs to be submitted by not later than 2 months from the end of each 6-month period ; - ii ) Issuing annual audited financial statements of MoDEE in accordance with IPSAS cash ; iii ) Issuing project ’ s annual audited financial statements that will be sent to the Bank no later than 6 months following the end of the project ’ s fiscal year . The report will include an opinion on the project ’ s financial statement . The auditor will also be requested to provide an opinion on the project ’ s effectiveness of internal control system . - iv ) Audit scope will be expanded to cover the benefiting entities ’ annual financial statements under the s and the NSC-ICT sub-account that will be opened as a subsidiary account to the PMU ’ s DA and managed by the NSC-ICT ; - v ) Issuing a management letter that shall accompany the audit report , identifying any deficiencies in the control system the auditor finds pertinent", "spans": [{"start": 30, "end": 59, "text": "automated attendance register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 222, "end": 252, "text": "computerized payroll data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "public health shocks , new disease cases per 100 , 000 ( 100K ) population . National new cases per 100K population intensified considerably over time > 5 Examples include the Economic Tracker of Chetty , Friedman , Hendren , and Stepner ( 2020 ) ; the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center ; and the University of Washington COVID-19 Policies Database from Adolph , Amano , Bang-Jensen , Fullman , and Wilkerson ( 2021 ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 192, "text": "Economic Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 305, "end": 356, "text": "University of Washington COVID-19 Policies Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fixed assets . These variables can be further broken down into type of investment – ( a ) land and buildings and ( b ) equipment and machinery . Summary statistics can be found in Table 1 . The main variable of interest is central government debt as a percentage of GDP at the country level . This data is obtained from the IMF Global Debt Database ( Mbaye et al . , 2018 ) . The data is available for virtually the entire world . The integrity of the data has been checked through consultations with IMF country desks . > 1 See Appendix A5 for the list of countries and years . 7", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 348, "text": "IMF Global Debt Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | sample of regions and woredas to verify the < br > internal audit staffing reported . OFAG then < br > submits verified reports to MoF by end May < br > 2022 . MoF submits to the Bank by June < br > 2022 ( a ) the consolidated report on internal < br > audit staffing sent to OFAG and ( b ) OFAG ’ s < br > verification report | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Procu * * | * * rement DLRs * * | | | | Oversi < br > Regula | ght function of Regional Procurement < br > tory Bodies has been improved : | | | | • | Eight regions ( Afar , Amhara , Benishangul , < br > Gambella , Harari , Oromia , SNNP , < br > Somali ) reported Procurement Performance < br > to their respective Cabinets for each of the < br > five basic sectors ( Health , Education , < br > Agriculture , Water , Roads ) based on agreed < br > KPIs pertaining to analyzed data captured in < br > EFY2013 with the following key elements < br > addressed : ( i ) reports shall indicate < br > performance comparison of current year with < br > past years indicator results , ( ii ) reports shall < br > include capital budget allocation and financial < br > expenditure data of the reporting year and < br > confirm the procurement report is consistent < br > with budget and expenditure , and ( iii ) < br > performance reports are signed off with Head < br > of BoF or Head of Regulatory Body in case of < br > independent structure ; | Nov 2021 | Scalability - Yes - it will be scalable based on < br > the % of eight regions achieving the target < br > ( paid at 1 / 8", "spans": [{"start": 1139, "end": 1155, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "type of selection exists , the test score distributions of treated and control children tested in school are not comparable . In order to address this issue , we follow Lee ( 2002 ) and Angrist et al . ( 2006 ) to construct nonparametric upper bounds of program effects ( for the matching analysis ) on learning by symmetrically truncating the two distributions at some specific quantile . In contrast , unadjusted ( selection-contaminated ) comparisons of test scores – conditional on positive scores – provide lower bound estimates of program impacts ( see Appendix B for details on the methodology for nonparametric bounds of program impacts ) . # * * _Regression Discontinuity Design_ * * The second research design employed in this paper exploits variation in assignment to treatment arising from the discontinuous rule that determines eligibility to the program . As noted before , a proxy-means test designed with the goal of identifying the most vulnerable population that qualifies for various social programs was used to define the target population of FA . The index ( _Sisben_ ) varies between 0 and 100 and is the result of an algorithm that weights households ‘ variables associated with their socio-economic wellbeing . Households placed in the first bracket of _Sisben_ ( level 1 ) , namely those with scores below 18 and 36 in rural and urban areas , respectively , were considered eligible for the first phase of the program . In principle , the expected discrete change in participation produced by the rule offers an opportunity to estimate the causal effects of the program on education outcomes with a Regression Discontinuity Design ( RDD ) . The intuition behind this strategy is that households that lie just below and just above the threshold are statistically comparable except for their participation in the program . As a result , any discontinuity in the conditional distribution of high school graduation rates and tests scores at the cutoff could be interpreted as the effect of FA . We used data from SIFA , an information management system that compiles information on a number of operational aspects of the program including historical records of all beneficiaries . When merging it with the _Sisben_ scores , these databases allow identification of the universe of", "spans": [{"start": 2024, "end": 2038, "text": "data from SIFA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 : Inequality earnings ( Gini ) by age group and gender : 2000 , 2007 and 2014 . Restricted to workers with college . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Males B . Females < br > 23-30 31-40 41-50 51 + 23-30 31-40 41-50 51 + < br > . 4 . 4 < br > . 3 . 3 < br > Gini . 2 Gini . 2 < br > . 1 . 1 < br > 0 0 < br > 2000 2007 2014 2000 2007 2014 2000 2007 2014 2000 2007 2014 2000 2007 2014 2000 2007 2014 2000 2007 2014 2000 2007 2014 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys from 2000 to 2014 . Earnings are in constant Mexican Pesos 2014 : 1 . Earnings refer to full-time workers ( at least 30 weekly hours of work ) with a valid wage . Includes workers with college education : salaried , self-employment and owners . Earnings below and above the 1 and 99 percentile ( within gender and education group ) are dropped . Lines are smoothed by a moving average with a 0 . 4 weight to the current observation and 0 . 3 to the previous and post observation . In order to analyze the roles of the degraded tertiary and skill-obsolescence hypotheses , we calculate earnings over time and by cohort . This calculation is important because it depicts how wages have changed over time for the same type of workers . < sup > 8 < / sup > The degraded tertiary hypothesis should show that wages for recent cohorts declined more pronouncedly ( due to increased competition for the same jobs and that the quality of those workers is inferior to that of previous graduates ) . The skill-obsolescence hypothesis shows that older cohorts experienced a more pronounced decline in their wages over time . * * Table 3 : Mean Log Hourly Wage by Cohort . Males with college education . * * | < br > Cohort | < br > 2000 | < br > 2002 | < br", "spans": [{"start": 531, "end": 560, "text": "quarterly Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * DEFINITIONS * * Unless the context dictates otherwise , the following terms will have the following meanings : * * “ Census ” * * means a field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) or Displaced Persons ( DPs ) as a result of land acquisition and related impacts . The census provides the basic information necessary for determining eligibility for compensation , resettlement and other measures emanating from consultations with affected communities and the local government institutions ( LGIs ) . * * Project Affected Person ( s ) ( PAPs ) * * are persons affected by land and other assets loss as a result of the project activities . These person ( s ) are affected because they may lose , be denied , or be restricted to access economic assets ; loose shelter , income sources , or means of livelihood . These persons are affected whether or not they will move to another location . * * “ Compensation ” * * means the payment in kind , cash or other assets given in exchange for the acquisition of land including fixed assets thereon as well as other impacts resulting from the project program activities . * * “ Cut-off date ” * * is the date of commencement of the census of PAPs or DPs within the project area boundaries . This is the date on and beyond which any person whose land is occupied for the project will not be eligible for compensation . * * “ Involuntary Displacement ” * * means the involuntary acquisition of land resulting in direct or indirect economic and social impacts caused by : Loss of benefits from use of such land ; relocation or loss of shelter ; loss of assets or access to assets ; or loss of income sources or means of livelihood , whether or not the Displaced Person has moved to another location ; or not . * * ” Involuntary Land Acquisition ” * * is the repossession of land by government or other government agencies for compensation , for the purposes of", "spans": [{"start": 1237, "end": 1258, "text": "census of PAPs or DPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "31 Fay , M . , D . Leipziger , Q . Wodon and T . Yepes ( 2003 ) , Achieving the Millennium Development Goals : The Role of Infrastructure , Policy research working paper 2390 , Washington , D . C . Government of Vietnam ( 2001 ) , “ Infrastructure and the MDGs ” Government-NGO poverty - task force , available at http : / / www . vdic . org . vn / eng / pdf / infra < u > eng . pdf < / u > Jayasuriya , R . and Q . Wodon ( 2003 ) , “ Efficiency in Reaching the Millenium Development Goals ” , World Bank Working Paper , No9 Komives , K . & Whittington , D . & Wu , X . ( 2001 ) , \" Infrastructure Coverage and the Poor : A Global Perspective , \" World Bank , Policy Research Working Papers , No 2551 . Manning , R . ( 2004 ) , How can the development community help achieve greater progress towards the MDGs ” , WIDER public lecture , February 9 , 2004 Ravallion , M . ( 2003 ) , The Debate on Globalization , Poverty , and Inequality : Why Measurement Matters ” , World Bank , Policy Research Working Papers , No 3038 Sachs , J . ( 2004 ) , “ Doing the Sums on Africa ” , The Economist , May , available at : < u > http : / / www . undp . org / mdg / Economist_May % 2020 % 202004 . pdf < / u > United Nations ( 2001-2004 ) , Country Reports on MDGs , available at : < u > http : / / www . undp . org / mdg / country_regionalreports . html < / u > Wang , L . ( 2002 ) . “ Health Outcomes in Poor Countries and Policy Implications : Empirical Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys _ ” , _ World Bank , Policy Research Working Paper 2831 # * * Bibliography for Financing needs * * Briceno , C . , A . Estache and N . Shafik ( 2004 ) , “ Infrastructure Services In Developing Countries : Access , Quality , Costs", "spans": [{"start": 1228, "end": 1251, "text": "Country Reports on MDGs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1458, "end": 1488, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "interested in improving the signal-to-noise ratio of their multidimensional poverty measure when aiming at Objective 2 . # * * 3 . 4 Combining data from separate surveys * * One of the main data constraint at global level is the missing distribution between incomes and key non-monetary outcomes such as health ( Section 2 . 4 ) . A priori , this constraint is very consequential because both health and income are arguably among the most important dimensions of well-being . < sup > 41 < / sup > The classical approaches to deal with this data constraint “ waste ” substantial amount of available data . One popular solution consists in constructing an objective well-being indicator based on a single survey . If income data comes from one survey and health data comes from another survey , this solution wastes all the data in the ignored survey . This is the solution used by global multidimensional poverty measures . < sup > 42 < / sup > An alternative solution is to construct a synthetic indicator that ignores inequalities in health and inequalities in incomes . This is the solution used by the HDI , at least when interpreting mortality data as a signal on a population ’ s health . This solution wastes the data on income inequalities that is available in the income survey . In this section , we outline three alternative methods that waste less data by combining information from separate surveys using a hybrid index . The first two methods rely on making assumptions on the missing joint distribution . These methods seem relevant when cross-regional well-being comparisons are expected to depend mainly on the partial distributions , with the joint distribution playing a limited role . The third method assumes equal non-monetary outcomes on small areas to compute household ’ s “ total ” consumption . This method seems relevant when non-monetary inequalities across areas are expected to be larger than non-monetary inequalities within areas . # # * * 3 . 4 . 1 Assuming the overlap between two types of poverty * * We start with the simplest method to estimate the fraction of multidimensionally poor individuals from two separate surveys . We first present the method and then show that it works surprisingly", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 764, "text": "health data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1138, "end": 1152, "text": "mortality data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1272, "end": 1285, "text": "income survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * List of Figures * * | Figure 1 | Location of the UETCL Transmission Line in southern Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 | | - - - | - - - | | Figure 2 | Transmission line alignments from Wobulenzi to Masaka ( left , blue ) , and Masaka to < br > Mutukula ( right , red ) with associated 2 km buffer zones , also showing the Kawanda - < br > Masaka TL ( left , pink ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 | | Figure 3 | CCI Map of Africa 2016 ( 20 meter resolution ) land cover showing the Wobulenzi-Masaka < br > section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 687, "text": "CCI Map of Africa 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # 1 . 6 MITIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT MEASURES # # # # # # 1 . Traditional Shrines , Graves and Caves There was broad community support for this project with a clear condition that the affected Kayas must be relocated in and following the traditional systems and ways of conducting the process . Kaya Elders will oversee the process of re-locating the Kayas but would need compensation mainly resources to obtain bulls that would be slaughtered in order to appease the spirits who would be disturbed because of the relocation . A full ceremony for relocating the shrines will be conducted prior to commencement of any activity . All the affected caves ( 4 in number ) used as worship sites have been identified during the RAP census survey conducted in March-April 2014 . All caves identified as affected , would be relocated using the Duruma cultural practices and procedures . The council of elders will lead in the process of relocation , which is a ceremony with rituals and participation of the entire community . The Kaya and Duruma Elders as part of their tradition will identify the new traditional shrines and caves and will communicate the same to the community members who will then begin using the new shrines following the declaration by the Duruma Council of Elders . This has been budgeted and details are in the main text . All the affected graves / burial sites have been identified during the RAP census survey conducted in March-April 2014 . All graves / burial sites affected will be relocated using the Duruma cultural practices and procedures . The Duruma Council of Elders will lead in the process of relocation , which is a ceremony with rituals and participation of the affected households . All families whose dead will be disturbed will be compensated ( monetary-already budgeted see details in main text ) for the disturbances and emotional strife , and the project will meet all the costs related to relocation of the graves including those associated with rituals and ceremonial processes . New burial sites will be located within the land acquired by the", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 746, "text": "RAP census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSTP subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2023 < / mark > # # # # 8 . 5 . 2 Health The implementation of the proposed subprojects will prevent any health related-problems , particularly from outbreaks of waste-related diseases ( such as cholera dysenteric disease caused by poor sanitation ) . Health reports indicate that sanitation and hygiene related diseases are a major health problem in the town . According to the Region Health Bureau , diarrhea ; bacterial intestinal infection , and typhoid fever were ranked among the top ten diseases that caused morbidity . Moreover , Health bureau expert who participated in the consultations disclosed that the existing practice of disposing of fecal sludge in undesignated and uncontrolled locations is unacceptable from a health point of view . The proposed subprojects will positively contribute towards improving the environmental sanitation and community health in Semera-Logia . * * Enhancement measures : * * Health advantage from fecal waste management would be enhanced by creating awareness among the users and local community as well as its advantage and disadvantage . Advising residents to organize environmental health committee and follow up their environmental sanitation status . Provision of health centers by responsible government offices in areas where there are no health facilities . It is also advisable to provide sufficient information and raise local communities at the FSTP subproject sites . # # # # 8 . 5 . 3 Air Quality in the Catchment Though the localized odor at treatment sites and their boundaries is expected to be adverse , the overall air quality of the catchment will be improved . This is because fecal sludge that is being discharged to wider environment without treatment will be collected at treatment plants and treated to remove harmful components . The project itself is designed to mitigate environmental pollution . Hence , the impact of the project on air quality will be highly positive . * * Enhancement measures : * * To improve the air quality around Semera where the FSTP is", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 342, "text": "Health reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been partly offset by the simultaneous increase in the oil price . As a result , poverty increased especially for extremely poor people . The reason , the author suggested , is that the increase of the price of the households ’ consumption basket overcomes the income rise experienced by the poorest households . By simulating the impact of the oil price reduction at both the macro and micro levels , this paper will allow us to map precisely the impact of a terms of trade shock – in this case the drop of the oil price in an oil exporter country – on income distribution and thus on poverty , inequality and shared prosperity . # Methodology Evaluating the distributive impact of the oil price shock requires the use of a simulation model for at least two reasons . First , being a recent phenomenon , there are still no micro data to compare the distributions of welfare across households before and after the reduction in oil price . Second , even if data were available , they might include other shocks < sup > 4 < / sup > ; hence , to identify the distributive effect of the terms of trade loss , net of ( possible ) additional shocks , a counterfactual welfare distribution needs to be generated . < sup > 5 < / sup > To obtain the counterfactual distribution the effect of the shock needs to be analyzed under two different perspectives : the macro ‐ economic perspective , which provides the impact of the terms of trade variation at the aggregate level ; and the micro ‐ economic perspective , which is required to take into account the heterogeneous effect across households . The macro ‐ micro simulation model used here follows a top ‐ down ( from macro to micro ‐ level ) approach , where the macro and micro part of the model are handled separately and then linked through changes in prices and quantity computed with the CGE ( Lokshin and Ravallion , 2008 ; Chen and Ravallion , 2004 ) . The CGE ( macro ) and the microsimulation modules are briefly described below . # # _The macro CGE model_ The CGE model used in this exercise is fairly standard and", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 834, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 2 . 11 Accessibility of housing : Lack of legal authorization * * Respondents were asked whether people experienced restricted access to housing due to lack of legal authorization , and if so what proportion : some , or many . Those who said that legal issues did affect access to housing were asked to name specific issues Source : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile 192 sub-districts reporting - Lack of legal authorization does not significantly restrict overall levels of access to housing , with 78 % of respondents answering that none are affected . # # # # * * 2 . 11 . 1 Affected population with difficulty to access housing / shelter due to lack of legal authorization : Percentage of reported sub-districts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 78 % < br > 18 % < br > 3 % 1 % < br > None Yes , some Yes , majority No answer < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # * * 2 . 11 . 2 Specific legal / property issues that affect access to housing * * - Those who do encounter HLP issues cite limitations on movement due to security as a barrier to resolving their issues , followed by long approval processes and lack of documentation < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Limitation of movement due to security restrictions Long approval process < br > 21 . 9 % Lack of supporting documents Conflict-affected area < br > 20 . 3 % Some areas are not government control . Sensitive area < br > Sponsorhip from local inhabitants is required Depends on the background of renters < br > Different sources to obtain legal authorization Returnees movement contributory to prolonged process < br > Return and rent is not authorized Refusal from authorities due to congestion < br > Lack of acceptance from the host community due to some security restrictions High rate of rental legal procedures < br > 14 . 1 %", "spans": [{"start": 402, "end": 425, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discounting method , includes direct private costs assuming that they are the only cost of education . Using this method , the social rate of return to investment in education is estimated when the social costs of education are included in the estimation . This paper uses the discounting method to estimate the private and social rate of return to investment in college education . According to the discounting method , the private and social rate of return to investment in college is estimated by finding the rate of discount ( _r_ ) that equalizes a stream of discounted benefits to the costs at a given point in time . In the case of university education lasting five years , for example , the formula for the social rate of return is : where ( _Wu-Ws_ ) is the earnings differential between a university graduate ( subscript _u_ ) and a secondary school graduate ( subscript _s_ ) . _Cu_ represents the direct costs of university education ( tuition , fees , books ) , and _Ws_ denotes the student ' s foregone earnings or indirect costs . To be even more precise about the private costs and the social costs , one can define them as follows : Private costs include foregone earnings while studying and tuition , fees , books and incidentals ( referred to as direct private costs ) . Social costs include teacher and other personnel salaries , rentals for buildings ( referred to as direct social costs ) plus foregone taxes ( referred to as indirect social costs ) . Ideally , one would use the total private costs in computing the private returns and the total social costs in computing the social returns to education . A similar calculation can be made for the other levels of education . One limitation to this methodology is that the discounting method requires specific information that is not easily accessible or available in surveys or censuses . For example , earnings surveys do 7", "spans": [{"start": 1877, "end": 1893, "text": "earnings surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the region have been somewhat reluctant to undertake sweeping reforms . Furthermore , India maintains a vehement opposition to the inclusion of textiles and apparel under SAPTA , although tariff rate quotas were allowed to a limited extent under the India – Sri Lanka bilateral trade agreement . In sum , divergence and concentration data on the part of Bangladesh , Nepal , and Sri Lanka , and to some extent Pakistan , do not auger well for a rapid increase in regional trade . The prospects of increased regional exports , contingent upon the degree to which dynamic exports are incorporated in the regional export mix , do not appear to be the case in South Asia . The divergence can be discerned from the underlying shift of South Asia ’ s trade , which has undergone a greater orientation toward unskilled and semi-skilled manufacturing products for which the SACs appear to compete with each other in third markets . Furthermore , the heavy bias demonstrated by the concentration of exports may complicate prospects for increasing regional trade . Except for India , most countries in the region export a narrow range of goods , dominated by textiles and apparel . Reforms that have helped reduce the general level of protection have nevertheless retained a relatively high level of protection for textiles , apparel , and certain manufacturing products . Furthermore , SAARC members other than India have the capacity to export a limited range of products . Unless the export base undergoes a substantial diversification that complements the imports of 26", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 338, "text": "divergence and concentration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > UG-PPDA-287231-CS-CDS / < br > Consultancy services for < br > Digitization of monthlyreports data base ( High Spend TF / A9343 Building Capacity within PPDAand for other Stakeholders Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2022-03-11 2022-03-11 2022-03-14 2022-03-28 < br > Entities ) into the contracts < br > tracking tool < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 139, "text": "monthlyreports data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5869 # * * Abstract * * Using Indonesian manufacturing census data ( 1991 – 2001 ) , this paper rejects the hypothesis that the East Asian crisis unequivocally improved the reallocative process . The correlation between productivity and employment growth did not strengthen and the crisis induced the exit of relatively productive firms . The attenuation of the relationship between productivity and survival was stronger in provinces with comparatively lower reductions in minimum wages , but not due to reduced entry , changing loan conditions , or firms connected to the Suharto regime suffering disproportionately . On the bright side , firms that entered during the crisis were relatively more productive , which helped mitigate the reduction in aggregate productivity . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group and the Development Economics Vice Presidency . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at mhallward @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 96, "text": "Indonesian manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "health workers decreased from 56 % in 1998 to 40 . 8 % in 2003 ( DHS ) and 42 % in 2005 ( AOP 2 ) < sup > 2 < / sup > , vaccination coverage ( DPT3 ) reduced from 76 . 3 % in 1998 to 72 % in 2003 and total fertility rate increased slightly from 4 . 7 in 1998 to 4 . 9 in 2003 . According the DHS , the percentage of fully immunized children reduced from 65 % in 1998 to 51 . 5 % in 2003 . Only the contraceptive prevalence rates improved from 31 . 5 % in 1998 to 39 % in 2003 and 43 % in 2005 ( AOP2 ) . By MTR , it was evident the objective of this component would no longer be achievable , and in part was the justification to restructure the project . Overall , the project was unable to reach its reproductive health development objectives and this component is rated as * * unsatisfactory . * * # # * * 3 . 3 Efficiency * * The efficiency of the project was * * modest . * * Although there is evidence that fiscal decentralization can result in more cost-effective use of public resources , the result in practice depends heavily on the district management and planning capacity and the leadership role of the Ministry of Health . The weak M & E framework and the short life-span of the decentralization component make it impossible to evaluate its efficiency . Never-the-less , considering the effort and time taken to prepare and resolve implementation bottlenecks , the fact that the project ended in a problem status that could not be resolved compromised its efficiency . The economic analysis of the project shows that the cost-effectiveness of HIV / AIDS prevention through condom use and blood safety is associated with respectively a Net Present Value of US $ 911 million and US $ 60 million and an IRR of 42 % and 30 . 7 % . The project could have been justified on the value of preventive health interventions for the physical development and resulting", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 295, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "hand , the degree of non-compliance could be more limited among the D2 respondents in comparison to their D1 counterparts , mainly due to the significantly more valuable set of incentives that they received to be part of CVIP . P25F < sup > 26 < / sup > In comparison to the recall variants , both diary treatments are expected to reduce two main sources of bias that typically lead to underestimation of annual cassava production . First , since the harvest is captured immediately upon harvest , recall decay should be minimized . Second , diaries should reduce the scope for respondent bias that may arise with recall . Recall-based interviews are often conducted in a specific time frame that revolves less around the schedule of the ideal respondents ( i . e . the plot managers ) resulting in a greater potential for proxy reporting . Lastly , within the recall domain , it is possible that R1 reduces the scope for recall decay to a greater degree compared to R2 , since the R1 respondents are asked to recall over 6 , as opposed to 12 , months . > 25 A specific example of an unsuccessful diary effort is in fact from Malawi , with 40 percent of households in the First Integrated Household Survey ( IHS1 ) 1997 / 98 having been judged to have incomplete or unreliable expenditure data due to poor diary-keeping . > 26 This claim needs to be supported with the available empirical evidence on the impact of gifting on survey data quality . 13", "spans": [{"start": 1178, "end": 1205, "text": "Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1277, "end": 1293, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using the pre-FPE data ( i . e . 2010-2011 ) , assuming that the FPE-treated first enrolled in university in 2011 . Because the FPE-treated students were not at the university in those years , we do not expect to see any positive placebo FPE effect on performance because , if there is , it would imply that the observed increase in academic performance post-FPE presented in Table 4 cannot be attributed to FPE . It would imply that academic performance is simply continuing its upward trend post-FPE . The results are reported in Table 6 . Looking at column ( 1 ) results , we can see that , pre-FPE , there was no statistically significant increase in academic performance . The results in column ( 2 ) indicate that , in fact , academic performance was on the decline pre-FPE , although the decline is statistically insignificant . Taken together , these results , therefore , indicate that the observed significant increase in academic performance post-FPE is indeed attributable to FPE , not some positive time trend . # * * 6 . 3 . 3 Narrow age range ( 18-22 years old sample ) * * Given the school entry age of 6 years , the 18 to 22 year olds are the age appropriate cohort for undergraduate university level . Further , narrowing the age range of the sample increases the 27", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 22, "text": "pre-FPE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SECTION 1 * * # # * * 1 . KEY FINDINGS * * # # * * Summary of Priorities * * # # * * Based on the data review and inputs from the Sector Working Group we can provide the following preliminary conclusions : * * The available data does not provide an indication on priority needs . Participants of the MSNA SWG workshop underlined the need to enable vulnerable populations to access the labour market , provide them with sufficient food assistance and make sure they do not move to insecure settlements as a way of maintaining their level of food expenditure . In terms of target groups , both the data and workshop participants identified unregistered refugees , newcomers and Lebanese returnees as key target groups . Newcomers and unregistered refugees are prone to food insecurity as they are unaware of food assistance programs and whether they can benefit from them . Additionally , lack of data and information on their situation and location means that it is difficult to provide them with the necessary assistance . Workshop participants also mentioned host communities as a key target group due to their fear of being assimilated to refugees and subsequent refusal to attend food distributions . MSNA analysts were not able to identify specific geographical priorities due to the lack of geographically disaggregated data on most information needs ( themes ) . Workshop participants , however , mentioned that Wadi Khaled in Akkar was particularly prone to food insecurity . The available data indicated that there is a lack of food assistance to Lebanese returnees with a majority of them reporting that they had not received any assistance from the humanitarian sector or the government since arriving in Lebanon . Moreover , the SWG highlighted the need for different distribution sites for specific targets as well as medium - and long-term orientated planning . In terms of the future , the participants of the MSNA workshop highlighted that a sudden increase in the number of arrivals , the escalation of internal conflicts , the increase in tensions between refugees and host communities and the occurrence of a drought could affect food security programming . While most of the", "spans": [{"start": 1300, "end": 1333, "text": "geographically disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "solution is agreed between the Project and the complainant , the time needed to implement it will depend on the nature of the solution . However , the actions to implement this solution will be undertaken within one month of the grievance being logged and will be tracked until completion . Once the solution is being implemented or has been implemented to the satisfaction of the complainant , a complaint closure form will be signed by both parties ( Representative of the GRC and the complainant ) , stating that the complainant considers that his / her grievance is closed . The grievance will then be archived in the Project Grievance database . In certain situations , however , the Project may “ close ” a grievance even if the complainant is not satisfied with the outcome . # # # # # * * 7 . 10 Grievance Records and Documentation * * OPM , through the PIST , will nominate a GRM Focal Point Person who will be responsible for management of a grievance database in order to keep a record of all grievances received . The database will contain the name of the individual or organisation lodging a grievance ; the date and nature of the grievance ; any follow-up actions taken ; the solutions and corrective actions implemented by the Service provider or other relevant party ; the outcome ; and how and when this decision was communicated to the complainant . Periodic monitoring reports will provide information on grievance management . Periodic grievance monitoring and reporting will occur quarterly , bi-annually and annually . Desired analytics of the reports will be guided subsequently . 66", "spans": [{"start": 622, "end": 648, "text": "Project Grievance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 952, "end": 970, "text": "grievance database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "48 * * ANNEX A * * * * POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT CREDIT 2 DPL * * - * * FY05 ( LOAN : JPN IDA H1350 , JPN 5380 ) * * # # # # # * * JPN 51119 , * * # # # # # # * * Key Project Data * * _ ( amounts in US $ million ) _ | | * * _Appraisal_ * * < br > * * _estimate_ * * | * * _Actualor_ * * < br > * * _current estimate_ * * | * * _Actual as_ * * % * * _of_ * * < br > * * _appraisal estimate_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total project costs | 150 | 150 | 100 | | Loan amount | 130 | 130 | 100 | | Cofinancing | | | | | Cancellation | | | | Institutional performance # # # # # # * * Proiect Dates * * | | * * _Oriainal_ * * | * * _Actual_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Concept Review : | | 04 / 27 / 2004 | | Appraisal : | | 09 / 21 / 2004 | | Approval : | | 11 / 30 / 2004 | | Effectiveness : | | 12 / 23 / 2004 * * ( A ) * * | | Closing : | | 12 / 31 / 2005 | # # # # # # * * Staff Inputs * * ( staff * * weeks ) * * | * * _StageofProject Cycle_ * * | * * _ActuaL ' Zatest Estimate_ * * | * * _StageofProject Cycle_ * * | | - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply * * Figure 2 : Daily levelized cost of cooking energy scenarios in Kakuma I * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ICS : Basic wood ICS : Basic charcoal ICS : Enhanced wood ICS : Enhanced charcoal < br > Solar cooker Three-stone fire Biogas stove LPG stove Ethanol < br > Baseline < br > User preference < br > Willingness to pay < br > ICS : Basic wood < br > ICS : Enhanced charcoal < br > Clean cooking < br > Ethanol < br > 0 5 , 000 10 , 000 15 , 000 20 , 000 25 , 000 30 , 000 35 , 000 < br > $ / day for Kakuma I camp population ( 14 , 372 families ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The survey results show that while camp residents are willing to pay a certain amount for improved cooking technologies , a gap still remains between what they are willing to pay , what they would prefer to use and what would be clean . For these reasons , it was determined that some form of smart subsidy or incentive would be needed to encourage the use of cleaner , alternative stoves / fuels . Additional investment is required to meet the demand for cleaner , more efficient cooking options . < sup > 25 < / sup > # # # 2 . 4 Case studies of cooking interventions A number of interventions and organizations are trying to engage the private sector and look at non-wood alternatives for cooking in humanitarian settings . The case studies presented in Annexes 1 to 4 of this paper highlight examples of current efforts to better engage privatesector actors and integrate more market-based approaches . The countries covered are Ethiopia , Rwanda , Niger , Tanzania and Bangladesh . Information for these case studies was sourced in August and September of 2018 and was current as of that period . The", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 711, "text": "survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ With regard to temporary impact , chat , coffee and banana are the three perennial crops that are found within the project 4-meter corridor . Based on the census and enumeration survey , a total of 26 , 976 different sizes of the three perennial crops will be impacted . Of which , about 98 . 2 % of them are chat , 1 . 3 % coffee and the remaining 0 . 5 % are banana fruit trees . As far as sizes of temporary impacted perennial crops are concerned , about 56 . 6 % of the temporarily impacted perennial crop size is big , followed by medium size ( 30 . 9 % ) and the remaining 12 . 5 % crops are small sized and seedlings . # # # # # # * * 7 . 16 Gender Considerations * * < mark > In order to understand the subproject impact gender-wise , excluding absentee PAHs out of a total 703 Subproject affected households 68 ( 9 . 5 % ) of them are Female Heads of Households . With regard to household population out of a total 4 , 045 people reported to < / mark > reside in 703 surveyed households 1 , 898 ( 46 . 9 % ) of the household members are female . < mark > When it comes to educational level , the proportion of illiterate female headed household is much higher than male HHs , about 73 . 5 % of FHH reported to be illiterate . On the other hand , 36 . 7 % of female Subproject affected household population aged 7 and above had no formal education at all and surprisingly , among female HH population who reported to have < / mark > some formal education 84 . 8 % them had only elementary education ( Grade 1 to 8 ) . < mark > The occupational profile of female household heads and household population also showed that only two FHH reported to", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 337, "text": "census and enumeration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respect to larger FDI firms . The _FDI-sizebias hypothesis_ is thus the following : on female entrepreneurship , FDI should have a larger general spillover effects among small firms than among medium-and-large firms , but an ambiguous intra-industry effect when comparing the effects among the two types of firms . # * * 3 . Data set * * The main data source is the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) in 709 cities of 128 countries . The WBES data are collected by the World Bank to benchmark the business 7", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 399, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "using social protection to help mitigate the impact of the pandemic . - ➢ Increase support from schools for extracurricular activities and improve alternative measures to address future closures . - ➢ Expand capacity to deliver health services , vaccinations and medicines . - ➢ Simplify procedures to obtain legal documents and ease restrictions on movement . - * * Key findings based on research of high-frequency surveys * * ➢ _ < u > Gender Differences in Household Coping Strategies for COVID19 in Kenya < / u > _ • Across Kenya ( including refugees ) , female-headed households are poorer , less likely to cope with pandemic shocks by selling assets or taking loans , and more likely to rely on social networks than male-led households . - • Widowed and divorced women are especially in need of relief . Governments should provide easily accessible loans to avoid negative impacts in the long term from households selling assets . - ➢ _ < u > Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Market Outcomes of Refugees and Nationals in Kenya < / u > _ - Refugees were less likely to be employed than nationals pre-pandemic ( 32 % to 63 % ) and slower to recover over 2020-21 . 3", "spans": [{"start": 401, "end": 423, "text": "high-frequency surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APATRIDIE ET NATIONALITE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE DE L ’ AFRQUE DE L ’ EST par les transcriptions officielles des débats parlementaires au moment de l ’ adoption des lois . < sup > 7 < / sup > Toutefois , l ’ ancien Premier ministre tanzanien et Procureur général , et juge à la Cour de justice de l ’ Afrique de l ’ Est , Joseph Warioba , aurait été dans le sens de l ’ interprétation selon laquelle en vertu de la loi , toute personne née en Tanzanie a automatiquement la nationalité tanzanienne , sauf les enfants de diplomates . < sup > 8 < / sup > Une proposition de nouvelle constitution proposée en 2014 , mais mise de côté en raison d ’ un changement de gouvernement , aurait supprimé la disposition du _jus soli_ pour la remplacer par un système explicitement basé sur la filiation . < sup > 9 < / sup > L ’ Ouganda a amendé en 1967 sa constitution datant de l ’ indépendance pour supprimer la disposition du _jus soli_ ; une version partielle a été restaurée par la constitution de 1995 , mais seulement pour « les communautés autochtones » . La constitution octroie la nationalité d ’ origine à toute personne née en Ouganda « dont l ’ un des parents ou grands-parents est ou était membre d ’ une des communautés autochtones existant et résidant sur le territoire Ougandais à la date du premier février 1926 » . La troisième annexe à la Constitution donne la liste", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 129, "text": "transcriptions officielles des débats parlementaires", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "br > and impacts , < br > ▪ for < br > all < br > projects < br > with < br > significant < br > involuntary resettlement impacts , the < br > project proponent shall retain competent < br > resettlement professionals to : < br > ` o ` monitor < br > the < br > implementation < br > of < br > resettlement plans , < br > ` o ` design < br > corrective < br > actions < br > as < br > necessary , < br > ` o ` provide advice on compliance with < br > this ESS and < br > ` o ` Produce < br > periodic < br > monitoring < br > reports . < br > ▪ Affected persons will be consulted < br > during the monitoring process . < br > ▪ Periodic monitoring reports will be < br > prepared and affected persons will be < br > informed about monitoring results in a < br > timely manner . < br > ▪ A < br > completion < br > audit < br > should < br > be < br > undertaken once displaced persons are < br > deemed to have had provided adequate < br > opportunity < br > and < br > assistance < br > to | The legislations entrust Woreda and Urban < br > Administrations with the responsibility to < br > collect and maintain the record of property < br > located on the expropriated land as well as < br > records and evidence relating to displaced < br > people . | National legislations do not specify < br > monitoring methods , schedule , reporting < br > requirements , and key performance < br > indicators ( KPIs ) to be monitored . It < br > remains inadequate to effectively monitor < br > changes brought about by project-related < br > interventions < br > including < br > RP < br > & < br > LRP < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1117, "end": 1135, "text": "record of property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District # * * 6 ELIGIBILITY * * # # # # 6 . 1 Introduction This RAP has been prepared consistent with the Ugandan laws and the World Bank ’ s Policy on Involuntary Resettlement , OP4 . 12 . It should be noted that where the standard of each of the policies is higher , that policy has been applied for the preparation of the RAP . # # # # * * 6 . 2 Definition of the cut-off date and project affected persons * * The affected persons in this project are those who owned crops and trees as at the cut-off date which was November 29 , 2017 ; the first day of the asset inventory . Thereafter , no new cases of affected people will be considered . Under this project , there will be no physical displacement and no economic displacement . And as per the REA policy there will be no land take and no compensation for land . So compensation will be in respect of perennial crops and trees . Seasonal crops will be harvested in the 6 months ’ notice period after receiving compensation . In accordance with World Bank ’ s OP 4 . 12 and for each sub-project activities under the project , * * a cut-off date is the date of the start of the census . * * To ensure consistency between Ugandan legal requirements and WB policies , this cut-off date should be the date of notification to owners / occupiers as provided under the Land Act1998 . The establishment of * * a cut-off date * * is required to prevent opportunistic invasions / rush migration into the chosen land areas thereby posing a major risk to the sub-project . In order to ensure that no new claimants turned up after the cut-off date , the PAPs were required by the consultant to sign consent forms with the agreed cut-off date clearly", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 710, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * None .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Final_ * * _TG Consultancy PLC_ | | | | person < br > and < br > MoWE ’ s < br > ADELE < br > Project subcomponent 3 . 1 office < br > will handle grievance issues | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Identification < br > of grievance | MoWE < br > Project subco < br > 3 . 1 office , < br > Focal Person , < br > ADELE < br > subcomponent < br > office , Kebele < br > & < br > company / coop | ADELE < br > mponent < br > Regional < br > Woreda < br > Project < br > < br > 3 . 1 < br > Admin < br > OGS < br > erative | • < br > Use Face-to-face , telephone , letter , < br > email , mail , website , recorded < br > during < br > public < br > community < br > or < br > meeting | 1 day | Telephon < br > e < br > number , < br > email < br > address | | Grievance < br > assessed < br > and logged | MoWE < br > Project subco < br > 3 . 1 , Regional < br > Person , Wored < br > Focal Persons , < br > Admin < br > & < br > company / coop | ADELE < br > mponent < br > Focal < br > a ESMS < br > Kebele < br > OGS < br > erative | • < br > Significance assessed and grievance < br > logged in a grievance logbook < br > • < br > GBV / SH / SA complaints are treated < br > confidentially ,", "spans": [{"start": 1127, "end": 1144, "text": "grievance logbook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in collaboration with other international agencies , it seeks to reduce the untimeliness of data and poor data quality with a less expensive alternative optimizing the sampling procedure and the structure of the questionnaire ( Ajayi , 2006 ; Zoyem et al , 2008 ) . Besides the core modules on household characteristics and consumption behavior , each country can implement additional modules according to its specificities . In the QUIBB for Burundi , questions about displacement and return were included . The sample consists of 6 , 700 households . The QUIBB sample is characterized by two-stage cluster sampling . In the first stage , 548 sous-collines < sup > 11 < / sup > were sampled and in the second stage , 15 households were sampled in each primary unit . < sup > 12 < / sup > From the original data set , we applied a standard data cleaning process , where missing observations , data entry errors , potential measurement errors , distillation errors and outlier from unusual consumption were deleted . The second round , undertaken by the authors in April 2010 , only retained three provinces of the QUIBB sample : Bubanza , Bujumbura Rural , and Cibitoke , located in the North-West of the country . The choice of these provinces is justified by the concentration of ex-combatants in these three provinces in combination with high level of violence in the region over the last years , as well as by budgetary constraints . We traced 1284 households which were interviewed for the QUIBB survey in the three provinces of interest . A total of 1064 ( or 83 % ) households were found and interviewed in 85 collines . < sup > 13 < / sup > We examine issues related to attrition more closely in section 3 . 2 . In order to maximize the reliability of the data , we trained interviewers for a week . Interviews were conducted in Kirundi , the local language . After the training , interviewers were selected on the basis of an exam and simulated interviews . The questionnaire was then tested during a pilot study in a colline that was not included in our sample . We assigned teams of five interviewers , each including a", "spans": [{"start": 433, "end": 438, "text": "QUIBB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1495, "end": 1507, "text": "QUIBB survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report An Innovative , Integrated Approach to Enhance Smallholder Family Nutrition ( P143324 ) # * * Results * * # # * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * |  Percentage of partic | ipating farmers adopting orange-fl | eshed sweet potato ( Percent | age , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 8 . 00 | 24 . 75 | 20 . 00 | | Date | 25-Sep-2013 | 04-Nov-2016 | 10-Oct-2017 | 01-Jun-2018 | | * * PDOTBL * * < br >  Percentage of infant | s 0-5 months exclusively breastfe | d ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 57 . 00 | 57 . 00 | 78 . 00 | 67 . 00 | | Date | 25-Sep-2013 | 04-Nov-2016 | 10-Oct-2017 | 01-Jun-2018 | |  Percentage of childr | en 6-23 months with minimum diet | ary diversity ( Percentage , C | ustom ) ( Percentage , Cu | stom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 10 . 00 | 53 . 00 | 68 . 00 | 67 . 00 | | Date | 25-Sep-2013 | 25-Nov-2016 | 10-Oct-2017 | 01-Jun-2018 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda Project ( P176747 ) 60 . * * Subcomponent 4A : Project management support for high-quality implementation . * * This subcomponent will finance the Project Implementation Teams ( PITs ) at the MGLSD and the PSFU . it will finance capacity building activities , including ( a ) of the national , district , subcounty , parish , refugee settlement stakeholders and implementation support teams . It will finance the development of key partnerships including of quarterly review meetings for all stakeholders involved in the project at the regional and district levels . The project as part of its Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) activities will design and develop an MIS that collects and stores detailed data from project applicants during the registration process ( i . e . , , before beneficiaries have accessed any project-financed activities ) . As indicated in component 1 , the MIS is expected to assign a unique identifier to each registered applicant ( GROW_ID ) that will be shared with the applicant . The MIS will collect information from applicants during registration , such as ( a ) key contact information , gender , age , marital status , education status , refugee status , employment ; ( b ) business level outcomes such as business partners , business age , monthly profits , number of employees ; and ( c ) access to other programs and loans . The MIS database will be updated as program applicants make use of specific components . The GROW_ID can be entered to update the database with any additional information on services received to ensure the applicant is only registered once . For example , dates of business trainings , service provider , or amount of funds will all be entered into the MIS . This database will help support operations through feedback loops as it can track who is accessing which services in real time . The MIS will also be important in being able to establish a sample of study participants to draw on for an impact evaluation", "spans": [{"start": 1471, "end": 1483, "text": "MIS database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 . 1 Agriculture Based Strategies * * The main livelihood activity of the majority of PAHs is based mainly on small-scale cash crop ( _khat_ and fruit trees ) production supplemented by cereal crops and livestock production – the later mainly for sustenance purposes . Following this and as briefly mentioned in the preceding section , agriculture-based livelihood restoration strategy , horticulture , cereal ( sorghum and maize ) crop production , and livestock ( cattle ) production improvement applies to all eligible PAHs regardless of categories indicated above . Agriculture-based livelihood restoration strategy will have the following 2 main components namely : - ( a ) Crops Production Improvement Component ; and - ( b ) Livestock Production and Improvement Component . Each component in turn has sub-components . Detailed discussion on the design , planning approaches , constituent packages , external inputs or resources required for the implementation , and potential implementing partners for each component and subcomponents thereof is presented in the proceeding section . # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 . 1 . 1 Crop Production Improvement Sub-Component * * The average farmland holding size of Subproject affected household is 0 . 5ha per household which is much lower than the regional average farmland holding of 1 . 4ha per household . Despite the acute farmland shortage ( about 0 . 5 ha per household ) , agricultural production potential of smallholder farmers in the Subproject area is considerable . Major annual crops grown in the Subproject area include maize and sorghum . In line with the cropping pattern and corroborating evidence from surveys and community consultations , Cereal Crop Production Improvement is proposed as one of the key LR strategies that should be supported by the Subproject and implemented by PAHs in partnership with local implementation agencies , respective Woreda Agriculture Offices in particular", "spans": [{"start": 1836, "end": 1871, "text": "surveys and community consultations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to manufacturing and manufacturing labor moved to services . Data which would allow one to discriminate between those two scenarios is absent . > 5 These figures come from an employer based survey , and thus probably underestimate the growth in the employment share of the services and agriculture sectors . 17", "spans": [{"start": 175, "end": 196, "text": "employer based survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX B . 14 page 4 of 10 II . Computer Hardware , * * Sottware , * * and Other Equipment Reguiremnents # # # # Computer / Hardware and Software 2 . 1 We expect that a multi-user computer system with 64 mb ( Megabytes ) RAM and four GB ( Gigabytes ) expandable hard disk capacity will meet the requirements . We have recommended a large disk capacity in on the assumption that documents such as memorandum and articles of association , chattels transfer , mortgage and charges will be scanned and stored . In the event that the documents are not stored in their entirety then the computer sizing will reduce significantly . Six to ten terminals will be required for data input . 2 . 2 We recommend two heavy duty printers and two 24-pin printers . In a multi-user environment , communication hardware and software will be rewired . A separate security system may be required to ensure the security of the data both on-line and off-line . 2 . 3 In view of the frequent power fluctuations in Nairobi an uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) unit will be a necessity . We recommend that the UPS should offer at least 10-15 minutes power at full load . - 2 . 4 The main software is likely to be a relational database system , but there may be a requirement for : - ( a ) a system or sub system to be developed in other programming languages ; or - ( b ) acquire a working system from another country , ( for example , Ghana ) and modify it to suit the local requirements . - 2 . 5 A fireproof data safe will be necessary to ensure that backup data is safe in the case of fire and also to protect it from being destroyed or used by unauthorized personnel . 2 . 6 A spreadsheet package will be required for data analysis . There is also a need for a word processing package to process official letters . To enable both these functions four fully IBM -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increased from 250 to 880 . The Kibale National Park Chimpanzee survey conducted in 2019 indicated a population increase from 921 in 2005 to 1001 in 2019 and the gorilla population census conducted in 2018 in the Bwindi-Sarambwe area estimated Gorilla population at 496 . The Black rhinos also increased in captivity from 8 in 2004 to 22 in 2017 . The Grant ’ s gazelle , however , declined from 100 individuals in 1995 to 57 in 2017 . 40", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 70, "text": "Kibale National Park Chimpanzee survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 162, "end": 187, "text": "gorilla population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "53 . 7 | | 9 | 15 . 4 | 12 . 9 | 13 . 9 | 29 . 4 | 12 . 5 | 23 . 1 | Source : SSB : Situation of Children , 1992 . * * ( c ) * * Access to * * education * * by * * provinces . * * The foregoing is substantiated by the differences in enrollment rates for primary , secondary and higher education by quintile of provinces in Table 2 . The attendance rates at the primary level are , by and large , similar irrespective of poor or rich area , confirming the earlier observation from national data of universal entry at this level of education . But the enrollment-rate disparity between rich and poor provinces grows as students move on to secondary and higher levels . Such disparity is particularly acute among the 12-14 and 14 and older age groups-corresponding to post-primary education - - than among the 7-11 age group . Urban-rural differentials are also pronounced , and this can be attributable to differences in income and quality . Primary education that corresponds to age range 7-11 is compulsory in China , but attendance is not universal in rural area particularly among the females . Urban children and those from high-income provinces are much more likely to attend secondary school ( about 2 . 2 times ) compared to children from rural area and low-income provinces . In the absence of compulsion in the subsequent age groups the gap in attendance rates widens steadily . Higher education is mostly received by households in richer provinces .", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 493, "text": "national data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that is observed in community market price surveys ( Gibson , 2007 ) . The community market price surveys reflect current seasonal conditions because they are carried out only once in each cluster but the unit values should not because they are meant to refer to purchases made in a “ usual ” ( that is , an a-seasonal ) month . 13 Just over 52 percent of individuals in the respondent households maintained a personal diary , with the remaining members ( typically children ) allocated to a specific adult personal diary .", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 105, "text": "community market price surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 3 < br > . 6 < br > . 6 . 5 . 25 < br > . 5 < br > . 5 . 2 < br > . 4 . 4 . 4 . 15 < br > Wage Premium , High School-Dropouts < br > . 8 . 6 . 3 . 45 < br > . 55 . 25 . 4 < br > . 6 . 45 . 5 . 2 . 35 < br > . 4 . 4 . 15 . 3 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 49", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 308, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * 16 . 3 * * | * * 10 . 5 * * | * * 5 . 9 * * | * * 104 . 1 * * | < br > * * 6 . 5 * * | * * 4 . 2 * * | * * 8 . 4 * * | | The agricultural group | 5 . 4 | 2 . 9 | 9 . 6 | 6 . 8 | 3 . 8 | 16 . 2 | 5 . 3 | 2 . 4 | 16 . 9 | | The low-skilledgroup | 5 . 6 | 4 . 1 | 12 . 4 | 6 . 0 | 4 . 3 | 80 . 6 | 4 . 0 | 3 . 0 | 4 . 9 | Source : Own calculations based on ENEU survey 1 / Following OECD , it is assumed that teachers work on an average of 41 weeks per year and non teachers work on an average of 49 weeks per year . After using several definitions of teacher salaries and payments , it is clear that real salaries and real labor earnings for teachers in basic public education are significantly above other occupations and groups salaries . # _Income Sources_ With respect to income sources , Table 11 shows the income source shares for primary teachers , lower secondary teachers and other occupational groups . From this table , one can see that salaries contribute close to 82 percent of the teachers ’ total income . Notice that non-monetary income is the second highest income source , especially housing imputed rent and gifts ( 8 . 14 percent and 13 . 14 percent for primary teachers in public and private schools , respectively ; 6 . 4 percent and 14 . 2 percent for lower secondary teachers in public and private schools , respectively ) . Financial income is also important for teachers ; on average , its contribution to total income is about 5 percent < sup > _6_ < / sup > . Yet half the income of _the mixed-skilled group_ and _the low-skilled group_ incomes comes from salary , while in _the agricultural group_ salary contributes just 22 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 375, "text": "ENEU survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* PROTECTION-SENSITIVE LABOUR MIGRATION * * Recent developments have been positive . In the MERCOSUR ( Mercado Común del Sur ) context , refugees may soon move temporarily from their country of asylum to a third country in order to pursue employment and educational opportunities . The scheme reflects a solidarity programme launched as part of regional cooperation amongst MERCOSUR Member States . # # # # # # * * CHILDREN ON THE RUN * * As crime and violence have increased in Mexico and Central America , a troubling trend has emerged among those seeking asylum : the number of children making the treacherous journey to safety alone and unaccompanied , particularly from El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala , has doubled each year since 2010 . UNHCR ’ s 2014 report _Children on the Run_ < sup > 9 < / sup > contextualizes the state of citizen security in the region and analyzes the root causes behind the growing movement based on interviews with more than 400 unaccompanied and separated children . > 9 _Children on the Run : Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America and Mexico and the need for International Protection , _ < u > http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 532180c24 . html . < / u > 16 * * UNHCR Update 2014 * *", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 1006, "text": "interviews with more than 400 unaccompanied and separated children", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 4 # # # # Motor Vehicle Registration < sup > by Class - < / sup > Ethiopia # # # # # 1956-61 ( January 1 ) 1 . | Year | Passenger < br > Cars | Buses | Pick-ups | Trucks | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1956 | 10 , 010 | 180 | 1 , 310 | 3 , 330 | Lb , 840 | | 1957 | 10 , 910 | 260 | 3 ; 190 | 2 , 750 | 17 , 110 | | 1958 | 11 , 130 | 200 | 3 , 520 | 2 , 980 | 17 , 830 | | 1959 | 12 , 020 | 350 | 3 , 640 | 3 , 830 | 19 , 840 | | 1960 | 13 , 730 | 330 | 4 , 000 | 3 , 980 | 22 , 040 | | 1961 | 15 , 230 | 410 | 4 , 160 | 4 . , 270 | 24 , 070 | Source : Program and < sup > PlanningDivisionofI . H . A . < / sup > 2 . Percent increase between < sup > 1956-61 < / sup > | Totall ? IotorVehicles | 62 % | | - - - | - - - | | Passengercars | 52 % | | Buses | 128 % | | Pick-ups | 218 % | | Trucks | 28 % |", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 42, "text": "Motor Vehicle Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Overall Risk Rating | Substantial | Moderate | # # * * Program Status for Public Disclosure * * Implementation Status Overview This is the second ISR following the Program Launch which took place in Mbale Municipality on October 22 , 2013 . The USMID Program was approved by the Board on March 18 , 2013 , signed on May 22 , 2013 , and declared effective on September 4 , 2013 after Government of Uganda ( GoU ) fulfilled the condition of effectiveness , and launched on October 22 , 2013 . As planned , USMID disbursed US $ 26 . 47 million as of January 2014 , against the disbursement linked indicators ( DLIs ) . This is a combination of the results delivered by the 14 participating municipal LGs ( as captured under the performance against DLIs 1 , 2 and 4 ) and the Ugandan central government ( as captured against DLIs 5 , 6 and 7 ) . DLI 3 is to be assessed at a later date . Results include ( i ) DLI 1 - the 14 LGs fully complying with Program ' s institutional minimum access conditions which include financial management , procurement , governance and budgeting areas ; ( ii ) Page 1 of 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2 Onsite observations at Masindi Hospital * * - a ) Space for maternity ward is small handling about 28 patients per day . - b ) Most hospital equipment is in poor state . - c ) Mains water supply available but no storage reservoir . - d ) Hospital lacks delivery beds - e ) Hospital lacks a mortuary , instead using an improvised store for bodies . - f ) Tuberculosis Ward is not safely isolated from general area and is too small . - g ) Inadequate staff houses . - h ) Hospital provides X-ray services with equipment donated by Japanese International Cooperation Agency , JICA . - i ) No operating tables . - j ) No operating theatre . - k ) There are 150 hospital staff but only 30 staff houses . - l ) No records on medical waste generation were maintained by hospital . - m ) The hospital has no waste incineration facility and waste is burnt on a concrete floor of an open shed . A visual record of observations at Masindi Hospital is provided in Plate 3 ( a-d ) . 1 _UBOS ( 2002 ) . Uganda Population and Housing Census , Uganda Bureau of Statistics , Kampala Uganda_", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 940, "text": "visual record of observations at Masindi Hospital", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1029, "text": "Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Dublin Core metadata standard ( IHSN , 2022 ) . We considered all of these for the schema and adopted many usage recommendations from Dupriez et al . ( 2021 ) . Most existing data catalogs do not cover fields related specifically to the design of RCTs . For these , we turned to two important trial registries . The * * AEA RCT Registry * * of the American Economic Association is likely the most complete record of past and ongoing RCTs in economics , including unpublished studies ( AEA RCT Registry , 2022 ) . The registry metadata contains information specific to RCTs that is not typically included in survey schemata , such as the intervention , randomization method , outcome measures , or the reviewing IRB , although these contents are mostly stored in free text fields and there is no cross walk with DDI or other metadata standards . The US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health maintain the trial registry and results database * * ClinicalTrials . gov * * for clinical trials in the United States ( McCray and Ide , 2000 ) . All clinical studies of drugs and devices controlled by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) must be registered here . The registry has detailed metadata field definitions and maintains an API feed ( ClinicalTrials . gov , 2022 ) . Many repositories draw from or link to this registry ( e . g . Vivli , 2022 ; ISRCTN , 2022 ) . The fields on interventions , study arms , and outcome measures provided a > 6Impact evaluation often means RCT in this context but can also mean other rigorous analysis methods aimed at estimating causal impacts . 6", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 336, "text": "AEA RCT Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 75 - - Kagel , John H . and Dan Levin . 1986 . \" The Winner ' s Curse and Public Information in Common Value Auctions . \" _American Economic Review_ , December , 76 ( 5 ) , pp . 894920 . - Kessel , Reuben . 1971 . ― A Study of the Effects of Competition in the Tax-Exempt Bond Market . ‖ _The Journal of Political Economy_ 79 : 706 – 38 . - Klemperer , Paul . 1998 . Auctions with almost common values : The ' Wallet Game ' and its applications * * , \" * * _European Economic Review , _ Elsevier , vol . 42 ( 3-5 ) , pages 757-769 , May - Levin , Dan and James Smith . 1994 . ― Equilibirum Auctions with Entry ‖ , _The American Economic Review_ , Vol . 84 , No . 3 . ( Jun . , 1994 ) , pp . 585-599 . - Li , Tong , and Isabelle Perrigne . 2003 . ― Timber Sale Auctions with Random Reserve Prices . ‖ _Review of Economics and Statistics_ 85 : 189 – 200 . - Li , Tong , and Xiaoyong Zheng . 2006 . ― Entry and Competition Effects in First-Price Auctions : Theory and Evidence from Procurement Auctions . Cemmap working paper CWP13 / 06 , University College London . - McAfee , Preston , and John McMillan . 1987 . ― Auctions with a Stochastic Number of Bidders . ‖ _Journal of Economic Theory_ 43 : 1 – 19 . - Menezes Paulo K . and Flavio M . Menezes , 2000 . \" Auctions with endogenous participation , \" _Review of Economic Design_ , Springer , vol . 5 ( 1 ) , pages 71-89 . - Milgrom , Paul and Robert Weber . 1982 . A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding , _Econometrica_ , 50 , 1982 , 1089-1122 . - Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics . 2004 . Nepal Living Standards Survey : Statistical Report . Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics . - Ohashi , Hiroshi . 2009 . ― Effects of Transparency in Procurement Practices on Government Expenditure : A Case Study of Municipal Public Works . ‖ _Review of Industrial Organization_ 34 :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "microeconomic survey data to assess the impact of cash and food aid assistance to refugees in camps on the local economy identified as host communities living in a 10 km radius from the camps . They find that each adult refugee receiving cash assistance increases the annual real income of host households by 205 to 253 USD , which is more than the value of cash assistance provided to refugees of 120 — 126 USD . They also find positive impacts on local trade and food aid , although the latter impact is smaller than the impact of cash assistance . Therefore , both studies find a positive impact of refugees on household well-being of local communities , which is in line with the studies on Burundian and Rwandan refugees in Tanzania and the work on the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya . # IDPs in Sudan The wars ravaging across Sub-Saharan Africa have led to the internal displacement of millions of people , particularly in countries such as Nigeria , Sudan , South-Sudan , the Democratic Republic of Congo and Somalia due to the prolonged nature of conflict in these countries . These populations are very difficult to study , or even count , because access to IDPs is limited due to war and restrictions are imposed by governments who often share responsibility for displacement . Population surveys are very scarce and published studies are rare . One exception is represented by two studies on internal displacement in the Sudanese region of Darfur , particularly the city of Nyala , a city that counted almost 3 m residents in 2010 . This city became the epicenter of internal displacement in the Darfur region with up to 700 , 000 IDPs located in camps on the outskirts of the city or scattered around the city . Alix-Garcia , Bartlett and Saah ( 2011 ) studied the impact of IDPs on local prices and find a significant association between the growth in IDPs and the rise in food prices . The impact varies across products , from an IDPs / prices elasticity of 0 . 4 for fava beans to 2 . 9 for wheat . This relation is found to be significant for key products like sorghum , wheat , fava beans and oil", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 25, "text": "microeconomic survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1286, "end": 1304, "text": "Population surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > longer be financed by the | during the June 2018 JRIS < br > ERPSNP . | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P163438 | IDA-D2330 | Effective | USD | 600 . 00 | 600 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 593 . 55 | 0 . 00 | 100 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P163438 | IDA-D2330 | Effective | 14-Sep-2017 | 29-Se | p-2017 | 23-Oct-2017 | 31-De | c-2020 | 31-Dec-2021 | # * * Cumulative Disbursements * * 12 / 23 / 2021 Page 8 of 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Guarantee Scheme ) , Regulations , 2020 . In line with these regulations , the NT has set up a dedicated Scheme Steering Committee as the governance structure of the CGS . The committee is chaired by the NT Principal Secretary and includes the CBK Governor and representatives of the Ministry of Industrialization , Trade , and Enterprise Development ( MoITED ) , Office of the Auditor General ( OAG ) , and three independent members who are professionals in the banking , insurance , and finance sector . Section 9 of the regulations stipulates the appointment of a scheme manager and relevant staff . NT is working on the organization structure for the scheme , which will be presented to the Public Service Commission for approval . * * 21 . In response to the COVID-19 pandemic , more than one in five firms is starting to use or increasing their use of digital platforms . * * According to the Kenya COVID-19 BPS , 23 percent of survey firms increased investment in digital platforms . This , coupled with increased use of digital payment / lending platforms present a great potential for increasing access to finance by MSMEs , especially those in the micro and small end of the scale . Mobile Network Operators ( MNOs ) facilitate digital payments and lending to businesses through their platforms . With over 40 million active customers , a total value of US $ 78 billion was transferred by the M-Pesa system in 2019 . < sup > 35 < / sup > A wide ecosystem of services is offered on the M-Pesa platform , including : ( a ) basic person-to-person payments ( e . g . , sending and receiving payments ) ; ( b ) business-to-person payments ; ( c ) business-to-business payments ; and ( d ) institutional payments , including government-to-person payments such as salary payments , government social payments , government fees and tax collection , and microlending solutions ( in partnership with the NCBA Bank ) .", "spans": [{"start": 899, "end": 917, "text": "Kenya COVID-19 BPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 120 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-06-06 < br > 2019-01-2 | 4 < br > 2018-06-27 < br > 2019-01-30 | | 2018-08-22 < br > 2018-09-26 < br > 2019-04-2 | 4 < br > 2018-10-31 | 2019-04-29 | | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-83511 < br > GO-RFB / Printing of Vario < br > Books for Accounting & < br > Auditing Board of Ethiopia | - < br > us < br > IDA / 57660 | Expenditure Management < br > amd Information Systems < br > Support | Post | Request for Bids < br > Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 25 , 000 . 00 | 33 , 901 . 60 < br > Completed | 2018-10-30 < br > 2018-12-2 | 1 < br > 2018-11-29 | | 2019-01-29 < br > 2019-01-22 < br > 2019-02-13 < br > 2019-02-0 | 4 < br > 2019-03-20 < br > 2019-02 | - 25 < br > 2019-09-16 < br > 2019-06-1 | 7 | | ET-MOFEC-COPCU-90515 < br > GO-RFB / procurement of < br > Hardware and Software for < br > GP data , network , call cente < br > and computers , printers an < br > scanner for pilot sites and < br > FPPA | - < br > e - < br > r , < br > d < br > IDA / 57660 | Strengthening Accountability < br > Institutions | Prior", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 863, "text": "GP data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The approach of this paper is based on ex-ante macro-micro simulation methodologies developed in the recent literature : Bourguignon , Bussolo and Pereira da Silva ( 2008 ) describe its advantages and drawbacks . Variants of this methodology have been used in various case studies , including Bourguignon and Pereira da Silva ( 2003 ) , Ferreira and Leite ( 2003 ) , Chen and Ravallion ( 2004 ) , and Bussolo , Lay , and van der Mensbrugghe ( 2008 ) . ehe present paper belongs to the long literature on welfare effects of large infrastructure projects . Exploiting the fact that river gradient affects a district ‘ s suitability of dam construction , Duflo and Pande ( 2007 ) find that such infrastructure projects in India increase agricultural productivity in villages located downstream from the dam . Using a difference-in-difference approach , Lokshin and Yemtsov ( 2005 ) find that improvements in school and road infrastructure increase welfare among the poor in Georgia . Using a variety of GMM estimators on a panel data including over 100 countries covering the period 1960-2000 , Serven and Calderon ( 2004 ) show that infrastructure development can be highly effective for poverty alleviation . Our approach differs from existing papers in two important ways : ( 1 ) the CGE-microsimulation model developed here allows capturing the economy-wide effects of the Canal expansion without losing the heterogeneous impacts on different households ; ( 2 ) based on stylized facts , we assume that the Canal is a separate sector with only marginal linkages with the rest of the Panamanian economy , hence having marginal , if any , effects on total factor productivity . # * * _3 . 1 . Macro framework_ * * The CGE model used in this paper is the World Bank ' s prototype single-country model . < sup > 4 < / sup > Production takes place under perfect competition and constant returns to scale , and is modeled in a nested constant elasticity of substitution ( CES ) fashion to reflect various substitution possibilities across inputs ( see Figure 2 ) . While the production nesting for the canal sector is similar to other activities , we assume that the canal uses a Leontief technology and employs a canal-specific", "spans": [{"start": 1020, "end": 1030, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 In practice , grievances and disputes that arise during the course of implementation of a resettlement and compensation program may be related to the following issues : - Disagreement on plot boundaries , either between the affected person and the expropriation agency or between two neighbors , - Disputed ownership of a given asset ( two or more affected people claim that the affected asset is theirs ) , - Disagreement on plot / asset valuation , - Successions , divorces , and other family issues resulting in disputed ownership or disputed shares between inheritors or family members , - Where affected people opt for a resettlement-based option , disagreement on the resettlement package ( the location of the resettlement site does not suit them , proposed housing or resettlement plot characteristics / agricultural potential are not adequate in their view ) , - Disputed ownership of businesses and business related assets ( quite usually , the owner and the operator of a business may be distinct individuals , which give rise to disputes in the event of compensation ) . Proposed Grievance Management Mechanism Registration of Grievances As long as one of the sub-programs entails resettlement and / or compensation , the implementation agencies will establish a register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes . The existence and conditions of access to this register ( where , when , how ) shall be widely disseminated within the interested area of the town as part of the consultation undertaken for the sub-program in general . Any grievance that may arise from the Compensation / resettlement action plan will be filed at first instance to the implementation agency of the sub-program , and will be registered by the agency for further action using the above mentioned registered . First Instance – Amicable Settlement While there are courts of law for handling grievances , local communities may often be reluctant to expose family members to courts of law , which could trigger the separation of families or worsen conflicts between neighbors . Also , courts of law may be viewed as slow and involving somewhat complicated procedures", "spans": [{"start": 1328, "end": 1399, "text": "register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 18 < br > 2018-03-03 | | | UG-MEMD-7337-GO-RFB / < br > Supply and installation of < br > solar energy packages for 374 < br > Health centres ( MoH ) | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access | Prior | Request for Bids < br > Open - International | < br > Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 4 , 500 , 000 . 00 | 2 , 311 , 450 . 61 < br > Signed | | 2017-02-14 | 2017-02-19 | | 2017-04-02 < br > 2017-07-10 < br > 2017-05-02 < br > 2018-01-1 | 0 < br > 2017-06-06 < br > 2018-02 | - 01 < br > 2017-12-03 | | | UG-MEMD-7437-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of a Double < br > cabin | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access | Post | Request for Bids < br > Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 40 , 000 . 00 | 51 , 874 . 23 < br > Signed | | 2016-12-30 | 2017-01-04 | | 2017-02-15 < br > 2017-07-14 < br > 2017-03-17 < br > 2017-07-1 | 4 < br > 2017-04-21 < br > 2017-08 | - 01 < br > 2017-10-18 | | | UG-MEMD-15330-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 50 Tablets for < br > the ERT III Baseline Survey | IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access | Post | Request", "spans": [{"start": 984, "end": 1007, "text": "ERT III Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of these components from Table Al of Appendix 1 , the paper calculates the production of SMIs , while the production of large industries is calculated by using the remaining components and their corresponding weights . Figures 14 and 15 illustrate the evolution of the constructed series for the production of SMIs and large manufacturing firms ( LMFs ) . It is clear that the downward trend in production is more prominent in the case of SMIs compared to that of LMFs . Indeed , the growth rate in the index averaged over 1997 and 1998 for SMI production is almost - 1 . 4 percent , while that of large industries is around 1 . 8 percent . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 14 . Index of SMI Industrial Production Figure 15 . Index of Large Industries Industrial Production < br > 160 . 193 < br > 180 - < br > 150L < br > 1 70 - < br > 140 - < br > 100 < br > 130 - < br > 150 - < br > 120-10 < br > 110 . ___________________________ 130 . ___________________________ < br > 9g : 01 9d : 04 9607 96 : 1O 9901 97h04 99 : 07 97 : 10 9B8 & 1 bd : 04 98 : 07 98 : 10 9 : 01 9604 9B : 07 9s : 1o 99 : 01 99 : 04 99 : 07 W9A : 1 98 : 01 98 : 047 901O < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Table 2 also presents descriptive statistics of respective index of SMIs and large industries between 1992 : 01 and 1998 : 12 . It is interesting to note that the variability of SMIs ' production is almost twice as much as that of large industries , as demonstrated by the coefficient variation . A possible explanation for this phenomenon is provided by Gertler and Gilchirst ( 1994 ) who > 21 A recent study by Domac and * * Ferri * * ( 1998 ) on Korea concluded that SMEs suffer more than other businesses do from the adverse ceffects of the credit channel . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1256, "end": 1290, "text": "index of SMIs and large industries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the COVID-19 cris < br > data collection has b | Midline Evaluation < br > : % clients reporting the building of the PW infrastructure < br > s this indicator was scheduled to take place between Mar < br > is , the endline data collection has been suspended until f < br > een suspended until March 2021 | benefited them < br > ch-May 2020 , however due < br > urther notice . The endline | # < u > < mark > IN00935958 < / mark > < / u > ► % of PW sub-projects selected and implemented following GOE ' s Community-based Participatory Watershed Management Guidelines or Rangeland Management Guidelines ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 75 . 00 | 83 . 00 | 84 . 50 | 90 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 | 28-Feb-2020 | 30-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments * * : * * | Source : FSCD Report | | | | # < u > < mark > IN00935961 < / mark > < / u > ► % of client households reporting that their livelihoods have benefitted from public work created assets ( male / female ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 20 . 00 < br > 61 . 65 | 61 . 65 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 < br > 31-Dec-2019 | 31-Dec-2019 | 30-Jun-2020 | | | Source :", "spans": [{"start": 888, "end": 899, "text": "FSCD Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * V . Cadre Status and Household Incomes * * Table 1 presents summary statistics of household characteristics of the sample . On average , households have 6 . 4 years of education . In addition , arable land per capita for a typical household is 1 . 36 _mu_ ( or 0 . 09 hectares ) while productive assets per capita are 470 Yuan . Fourteen percent of the households have a Communist Party member and , on average , 4 . 61 percent of rural households have either a township or village cadre . The average cadre tenure for households for cadre members is three years , but in the RCRE data source , some are cadre households for as long as16 years and others for only one year . It is important to note that the village committee chair and village party committee chair tend to stay in their positions for much longer than other cadres , such as village accountants or heads of the village security office . The statistically significant higher average income per capita , both earned and total , of cadre households relative to non-cadre households is evident from direct comparisons shown in Table 2 . Over the entire period from 1986 to 2003 , the average per capita income of cadre households was 28 percent more than that of non-cadre households ( Panel A ) ; and if we restrict attention to earned income per capita , earnings were 25 percent higher ( Panel B ) . The higher average income of cadre households also demonstrates an interesting pattern over time ( Figure 1 , Panels A and B ) . First , the income gap appears to increase over time in both absolute and relative terms . Second , during the period 1995 to 1999 when a sharp decline in farm prices and cropping incomes occurred ( Benjamin , Brandt and Giles , 2005 ) , per capita income for non-cadre households actually fell while cadre households still experienced an average income growth rate of 2 . 4 percent per year , from 1 , 068 Yuan in 1995 to 1 , 173 Yuan in 1999 . 16", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 598, "text": "RCRE data source", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > Table 18 . Innovation by City Size ( % of all firms in each category ) < / u > | * * Country * * | * * City Size * * | * * Product * * | * * Process * * | * * Product or Process * * | * * Organizational * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Bangladesh | Less than 1 mm | 17 % | 12 % | 24 % | 18 % | | | Over 1 mm | 41 % | 62 % | 80 % | 24 % | | Pakistan | Less than 1 mm | 0 . 2 % | 2 % | 2 % | 6 % | | | Over 1 mm | 10 % | 10 % | 18 % | 22 % | | India | Less than 1 mm | 51 % | 69 % | 86 % | 51 % | | | Over 1 mm | 57 % | 52 % | 81 % | 51 % | | Nepal | Less than 1 mm | 11 % | 11 % | 20 % | 59 % | | | Over 1 mm | 14 % | 9 % | 23 % | 18 % | | ECA | Less than 1 mm | 19 % | 12 % | 26 % | 23 % | | | Over 1 mm | 17 % | 12 % | 24 % | 18 % | | Africa | Less than 1 mm | 23 % | 28 % | 41 % | 32 % | | | Over 1 mm | 32 % | 29 % | 51 % | 39 % | Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) In line with the behavior observed in the ECA and Africa regions , all countries of the South Asia region except Bangladesh display higher product innovation rates in main business cities compared to other cities ( Table 19 ) . By contrast , all countries except Pakistan show higher process innovation rates in other", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 919, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * This paper seeks to identify interviewer effects using household data collected in Sudan . The data is from a pilot agricultural survey conducted in 2018 by the Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) in collaboration with the World Bank in Kassala State . Kassala lies in the eastern part of Sudan bordering Eritrea and is viewed as having high smallholder agricultural potential . It was chosen for the pilot agricultural survey in part for this reason but also because of its diverse agriculture including rainfed , irrigated and mechanized crop production , as well as livestock husbandry . The drier north of the state is pastoral whereas the wetter central and southern parts of the state are primarily sorghum-based agro-pastoral livelihood systems . The pilot survey is a good opportunity to identify interviewer effects because of the authors ’ close involvement throughout the survey . This involvement included questionnaire and sample design ; enumerator and supervisor training and piloting ; post survey debriefing with enumerators and supervisors ; and data cleaning and analysis . # _Interviewer effects_ Interviewer effects are the effects that interviewers can have on survey or census data quality . In the case of surveys , which are the focus here , interviewer effects are the difference between the true population parameter and the survey estimate that is attributable to interviewer errors . Interviewer effects can broadly be divided into three categories : coverage errors , non-response errors and measurement errors . Coverage errors are errors in the sample frame as a result of mistakes in listing or under coverage of difficult to access households . Non-response errors result from interviewer ’ s inability to solicit a response from a sampled respondent . Finally , measurement errors , which are the focus of this paper , occur when an interviewer does not solicit or record the correct response from the respondent ( West and Blom , 2017 ) . There is a long history of the study of interviewer effects on survey data collection ( Kish , 1962 ) . In their recent comprehensive review of the literature on interviewer effects , West and Blom ( 2017 ) identify six types of interviewer characteristics that have been related to measurement error in", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 96, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 429, "end": 454, "text": "pilot agricultural survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 | | FIGURE 6-9 | AREA CONSIDERED FOR THE GBIF DATABASE INQUIRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27 | | FIGURE 6-10 | BIRDS MIGRATION INSIDE THE STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37 | | FIGURE 6-11 | MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD FOR HOUSEHOLDS IN LIRA DISTRICT . . . . . . . . . . 6-66 | | FIGURE 6-12 | ASSETS OWNED BY HOUSEHOLDS IN LIRA DISTRICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-67 | | FIGURE 6-13 | EDUCATION LEVELS OF HOUSEHOLDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-68 | | FIGURE 6-14 | INCOME BY HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ( OTHER THAN HOUSEHOLD < br > HEADS ) IN KOLE DISTRICT . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "data on total exports since the survey does not distinguish between direct and indirect exports . < sup > 31 < / sup > In Table 3 Panel B , summary statistics are shown for the different measures of absorptive capacity and international economic activities . > 28The implicit assumption made in constructing this measure is that all workers of a given type have exactly the average level of education of that worker type . > 29Wage bill shares for this education-based measure of skills are not available for Brazil . > 30R & D and the introduction of new product lines can be viewed as , respectively , an input into and an output from a knowledge production function ( see Chennells and Van Reenen , 1999 ) . > 31However , the empirical fi ndings for Brazil are very similar when considering total exports . 12", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 21, "text": "data on total exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "80 85 90 95 00 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Author ’ s elaboration based on data from Banco de Guatemala . Data for 2002 ( 2003 ) is GDP growth preliminary ( estimated ) . Historical events are taken from Luján ( 2000 ) . _External shocks and the civil war , 1975-1985 . _ A second period starts shortly after the deterioration of the terms of trade and the international oil crisis . In 1976 a major earthquake affected Guatemala . After 1977 , social tension culminated in a full-scale civil war that reached genocidal proportions in the early 1980s . Consequently , growth declined dramatically . Apart from causing immense human sorrow , these events destroyed human life and physical capital . They also imposed high costs for long-run growth . > 5 An excellent review of the rise and fall of the Central American integration process for 19501999 can be found in de La Ossa ( 2000 ) . - 4 -", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 128, "text": "data from Banco de Guatemala", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Limited | 332 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review | 2021-10-29 < br > 2021-10-05 | 2021-11-06 | 2021-11-13 | 2021-11-30 | 2022-05-29 | | KE-MOH-268646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand plannin < br > g , blood and blood products f < br > orecasting , quantification an < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Limited | 270 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-12-21 | 2022-01-04 | 2022-02-03 | 2022-03-10 | 2022-09-06 | | KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to gui < br > de community engagement a < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recove < br > ryfrom COVID-19 in Kenya < br > IDA / 65980 | Community discussion and i < br > nformation outreach < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Limited | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2022-01-12 | 2022-01-26 | 2022-02-25 | 2022-04-01 | 2022-09-28 | | KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 753, "text": "nationwide survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Lubotsky , Darren . 2007 . “ Chutes or Ladders ? A Longitudinal Analysis of Immigrant Earnings , ” _Journal of Political Economy_ , 115 : 5 , 820-867 . Martin , Philip L . 1993 . “ The Missing Bridge : How Immigrant Networks Keep Americans Out of Dirty Jobs . ” Population and Environment 14 ( July ) : 539-565 . Marvasti , Akbar . 2010 . “ Occupational Safety and English Language Proficiency . ” _Journal of Labor Research_ 31 : 332-347 . Mongey , Simon , Laura Pilossoph , and Alex Weinberg . 2020 . “ Which workers bear the burden of social distancing policies ? ’ , _National Bureau of Economic Research_ , Working Paper No 27085 . doi : 10 . 3386 / w27085 . Montgomery , James D . 1991 . “ Social Networks and Labor-Market Outcomes : Toward an Economic Analysis , ” _American Economic Review_ , 81 ( 5 ) : 1408-1418 . Munshi , Kaivan . 2003 . “ Networks in the Modern Economy : Mexican Migrants in the U . S . Labor Market ” , _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 118 : 549 – 597 . Munshi , Kaivan and Mark Rosenzweig . 2006 . “ Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern World : Caste , Gender , and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy , ” _American Economic Review_ , 96 ( 4 ) : 1225-1252 . OECD . 2021 . “ Main Economic Indicators - complete database ” , Main Economic Indicators ( database ) , https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1787 / data-00052-en ( accessed on 02 November 2021 ) . Oreopoulos , Philip . 2011 . “ Why Do Skilled Immigrants Struggle in the Labor Market ? A Field Experiment with Thirteen Thousand Resumes . ” _American Economic Journal : Economic Policy_ 3 ( 4 ) : 148-171 . Orrenius , Pia M , and Madeline Zavodny . 2009 . “ Do Immigrants Work In Riskier Jobs ? ” _Demography_ . 46 ( 3 ) : 535 – 551 . Orrenius , Pia M . and Madeline Zavodny , M . 2010 . “ Mexican immigrant employment outcomes over the business cycle . ” _American Economic Review_ 100 ( 2 ) : 316 –", "spans": [{"start": 1217, "end": 1261, "text": "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1266, "end": 1303, "text": "Main Economic Indicators ( database )", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "insecurity , or disruption to public order that potentially brought them within the broader refugee criteria in the region . Many informants noted that Somali flight must have been influenced by factors beyond the drought , since the drought had also affected Kenya , Ethiopia , and other countries in the region , without creating similarly substantial cross-border movements . Informants reflected less on the applicability of the Refugee Convention to Somalis arriving in 2011 , with many noting that the risks were prevalent . Informants , including from UNHCR , explained that in general , people came because of three reasons : insecurity , drought , and lack of humanitarian assistance . Informants perceived that each factor played a different role in the decisions underlying individual movements . Although many Somalis first emphasized depleted livelihoods and humanitarian needs stemming from the drought as the immediate reasons for flight , ongoing discussions during registration highlighted the relevance of conflict , persecution and insecurity , including in relation to the fear of return . Informants recognized that these underlying root causes were interrelated and could not be easily disentangled . Some informants noted contentious political discussions between the two broad sets of views . However , in practice , the sets of views converged at least to a sufficient extent to address the overall humanitarian imperative by permitting a continuation of the prevailing _status quo_ : access to territory , UNHCR registration and available humanitarian assistance . It seems that territorial access was largely unrestricted , even if no real leeway was given on reopening an official border entry point in Liboi , which had been closed in 2007 , or permitting regular , organized transport assistance between the border and the Dadaab camps for starved and malnourished Somalis . < sup > 110 < / sup > Views also converged on curtailing incentives that would create expectations of permanence and inhibit return . Based on UNHCR ’ s data , it appears that more than 121 , 000 Somalis , who arrived in Dadaab in 2011 , were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria , through a group-based approach . Similarly ,", "spans": [{"start": 2048, "end": 2062, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "￿ Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area Urban Development Program ( P175660 ) # # * * The World Bank * * | Allocated amount ( expressed in SDR ) from < br > Credit / Grant | | | - | 782 , 343 . 70 | 16 , 287 , 000 . 00 | 16 , 287 , 000 . 00 | 6 , 883 , 656 . 30 | * * 40 , 240 , 000 . 00 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Disbursement formula = ( Average Score for all GK | MA Sub-nat | ionals / target sco | re for the fiscal y | ear ) * Allocated | amount . ( Scalable | within the annua | l ceiling ) | | | 5 . GKMA Sub-nationals have implemented < br > their annual climate-resilient infrastructure < br > investments plans ( Average % score as < br > assessed through the APA ) | 0 % | | 70 % | 80 % | 90 % | 95 % | 95 % | | | Allocated amount ( expressed in SDR ) from < br > | | | 26 , 975 , 000 | 12 , 712 , 750 . 00 | 10 , 164 , 900 . 00 | 10 , 164 , 900 . 00 | 5 , 082 , 450 . 00 | * * 65 , 100 , 000 . 00 * * | | Credit / Grant | | | | | | | | | | Disbursement formula = ( Average Score for all GK < br > 6 . GKMA Sub-nationals have achieved Value | MA Sub-nat | ionals / target sco | re for the fiscal y | ear ) * Allocated | amount . ( Scalable | within the annua |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * While coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) is primarily a health crisis , its ramifications extend to social and economic aspects of countries . Trade collapsed and demand and supply shocks became widespread after pandemic-induced measures were imposed globally to contain transmissions . Supply-side shocks on exports arose from COVID-19 related deaths and infections , and lockdown policies such as border closures , slow clearance of goods and workplace closures that reduced labor participation resulted in a slump in overall firm and country production capacity . Demand shocks then compounded the supply shocks from declines in aggregate demand due to job redundancies , business closures , cautionary spending and investments . These shocks were in turn transmitted and augmented through disruptions in the global supply chains ( Hayakawa and Mukunoki , 2021a ; Hayakawa and Mukunoki , 2021b ) . In this context , this paper assesses the trade effect of the pandemic on the largest economy in Southeast Asia , Indonesia . The study investigates the broad effects of lockdown measures ( domestic , i . e . , imposed by Indonesia , and external , i . e . , imposed by Indonesia ’ s trading partners ) on Indonesia ’ s imports and exports , including the survival of products in import and export markets . Then , we differentiate between sea and air trade as well as assess the role of specific non-tariff measures ( NTMs ) on the effect of lockdown measures on trade performance in Indonesia . Additional analyses are also conducted to establish the sensitivity of our results to the type of lockdown policy and the effect of lockdowns on export and import prices . Lockdown is a binary composite indicator variable where one indicates the month any of the following measures were imposed by Indonesia and its trading partners : workplace closure , the closure of public transport , stay-at-home requirements , restrictions on internal movement , and international travel controls . This is done using a monthly series of productby-country data for the period 20 months before and 20 months after January 2020 , i . e . , May 2018 to August 2021 , in survival analysis and event-study designs . For imports , domestic lockdowns represent demand factors", "spans": [{"start": 2023, "end": 2063, "text": "monthly series of productby-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ministry_ of _Water and Energy_ _Page 4-64_ _Photo_ 4-34 : _Girls collecting water , peA , April 2010_ Livestock husbandry ( cattle ) is mostly a male task ( especially ploughing with oxen , herding , buying and selling ) although women may sometimes assist with milking , collecting crop residues and forage , and caring for smallstock . Women are not usually involved in beekeeping or fishing . The gender division of tasks is shown in Table 4-22 . Overall , * * women work an astonishing 18 . 3 hours per day , * * and men 10 . 2 hours ( RIDP FS ) . Female-headed households make up about 12 . 5 % of the PCA total . There is significant anecdotal evidence that these households are susceptible to loss of land since single women do not have sufficient time , resources , skills or access to influential figures to take their cases to the administration . Land is inextricably linked to questions of love , marriage and family life , and it is extremely difficult for divorced , widowed or separated women to maintain their rights to land over the long term ( Box 4-3 , Box 4-4 , Box 4-5 ) . _Table_ 4-22 : _Gender division of daily tasks_ | * * Tasks * * | * * Women * * < br > | * * Both * * | * * Man * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sowing_I_harvesting | I < br > ~ ~ - - - ~ ~ | ~ ~ . - ­ ~ ~ | X | | _Threshing < br > - - - f | - - ­ | | X | | Selecting grains | X | | X | | Milking < br > | | X | | | Feeding_I_watering cattle | | | X | | Fetchingwater", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6436 # * * Abstract * * Employment and earnings statistics are the key link between the size and structure of economic growth and the welfare of households , which is the ultimate goal of development policy , so it is important to monitor employment outcomes consistently . A cursory review of employment data for low-income Sub-Saharan African countries shows both large gaps and improbable variation within countries over time and among countries , suggesting that low quality data are routinely reported by national statistics offices . Unfortunately , policies are formed and projects developed and implemented on the basis of these statistics . Therefore , errors of measurement could be having profound implications on the strategic priorities and policies of a country . This paper explains the improbable results observed by using data from Uganda , where the labor module contains variation both within and across surveys , to show the sensitivity of employment outcomes to survey methodology . It finds that estimates of employment outcomes are unreliable if the questionnaire did not use screening questions , as labor force participation will be underestimated . Likewise , surveys that use a seven-day recall period underestimate or potentially misrepresent employment outcomes , owing to seasonality and multiple jobs . Common multivariate analysis applied on household survey data will be affected , as the errors in measurement in the dependent and independent variables will be correlated . Corrections to reduce measurement bias in existing data are tested with the survey data ; none are found to be completely satisfactory . The paper concludes that there is a knowledge gap about employment outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa that will continue unless collection techniques improve . This paper is a product of the Regional Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at opimhidzai @ worldbank . org and lfox @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work", "spans": [{"start": 324, "end": 339, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 869, "end": 885, "text": "data from Uganda", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1404, "end": 1425, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits 5-7 : Implementation Completion and Results Report_ Moreover , the core focus of PRSC 5-7 remained highly relevant , even as Government priorities shifted . Roads and energy were becoming increasingly binding constraints to growth . With the help of analytical economic and sector work , particularly the 2007 CEM which provided the main analytical work during the PRSC 5-7 series , the Government moved to address these constraints , even though it meant a temporary shift in emphasis away from social service delivery and social sector budgets , which PRSC 5-7 had emphasized . PRSC 7 responded to the new priority of infrastructure while retaining most of the initiatives in its original concepts of governance and service delivery . Such flexibility is inherent to PRSCs and was properly consistent with the need to respond to the changing needs of the client in accordance with the analytical findings of the CEM . The GOU had the stated , if ambitious , objective of becoming a middle income country in 20 years . The activities supported by the PRSCs were generally consistent with that objective . One essential area could have been given more attention in order to have any reasonable prospect of reaching that goal . With projected populations of 39 . 3 million and 103 . 2 million by 2015 and 2050 , respectively , without a higher priority placed on reducing the fertility rate to lower the population growth rate to well below the current 3 . 2 percent , reaching that goal might not be feasible . As noted , the Bank consistently emphasized ( through the CEM , PERs , etc . ) that this trend , if continued , would impede government objectives regarding poverty and growth . * * Program Design : * * The scope of the program was ambitious , wide-ranging , and multi-faceted ; this complexity was not aided by several design weaknesses , including : _Complex Monitoring Framework : _ These operations had several inconsistencies with best practice Bank design , although these can be predominantly traced to the design of the PE", "spans": [{"start": 1611, "end": 1615, "text": "PERs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "joint monitoring exercises are recommended to be aligned with other periodically conducted assessments and surveys . * * Mainstreaming JPDMs into the nationally conducted census , UNHCR ´ s annual participatory assessment and the Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey ( SENS ) , will serve to capitalize on available limited resources while also establishing standard monitoring practices , and ensuring greater efficiency , transparency and collaboration among a wide range of stakeholders . * * Monitoring exercises should aim to triangulate qualitative and quantitative data to capture a holistic understanding of the overall well-being of the refugee population with a view to further strengthen the targeting approach . * * In addition to integrating community consultations discussions and key informant interviews into future corporate monitoring exercises , community engagement in future verification exercises to detect inclusion and exclusion errors , will be critical . The list of verifiable characteristics and assets identified by the JPDM as a possible step in addressing inclusion errors should be further discussed and explored with refugee communities to ensure accountability , transparency and the general buyin by the refugee population . * * JPDM findings call for continued and bold efforts to ensure all relevant and sufficient information concerning the targeting approach is disseminated among and understood by the refugee population . * * Findings of the JPDM suggest that the information campaign - implemented prior to the introduction of targeted assistance in May 2021 – may not have achieved its desired impact , mostly due to COVID-19 restrictions that hindered direct access to the population . Thus , in order to meet the objective of ensuring strong community participation and communication with refugees , efforts to address and fill the alleged knowledge gap will have to be resumed through innovative information sharing channels , now that COVID-19 restrictions have eased . # # # # # * * Livelihoods * * * * Livelihood interventions that promote self-reliance are recommended to be expanded and should draw from and build on available capacities and resources at household level and be of long-term nature . * * Rwanda ´ s Joint MINEMA-UN", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 177, "text": "nationally conducted census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 230, "end": 268, "text": "Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and processed . Additionally , other indicators are being considered including for measuring intermediate results across all the project components . # # # # 1 . 2 . 2 Project Components The project consists of the following 4 ( four ) components . # # # # # * * 1 . * * * * _Component 1 : Sustainable Livelihoods Enhancement_ * * Sub-component 1 . a Sustainable Livelihoods Enhancement in rural areas Sub-component 1 . b Youth Employment and Opportunities * * _2 . Component 2 : Strengthening Safety Nets for Enhanced Resilience and Human Development . _ * * Subcomponent 2 . 1 : Climate smart Labor-Intensive Public Works ( CS LIPW ) program . Subcomponent 2 . 2 : Gender and nutrition sensitive safety net . Subcomponent 2 . 3 : Shock-responsive LIPW . # # # # # * * 3 . * * * * _Component 3 : Transformational Delivery Systems_ * * > 3 Targeting will determine the coverage of districts and households in the social registry . 4", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 928, "text": "social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ensure that the consumption to output ratio in the model equaled the 1996 value of that ratio in the data , roughly 0 . 5 . \" < sup > 7 < / sup > Bank of Thailand data was obtained from their World Wide Web site at http : / / www . bot . or . th / . ' < sup > 5 < / sup > This figure was obtained by taking a standard measure of total gross external debt , subtracting public sector external debt , and then subtracting the foreign assets of the banking system . As in the Korean case , these are the only private sector foreign assets for which information is generally available . 19", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 167, "text": "Bank of Thailand data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) # # * * ANNEX 2 : Detailed Project Description * * # # * * Component 1 : Increasing the supply of digitally skilled youth in Jordan ( US $ 102 million ) * * * * 1 . * * This component aims to increase the supply of high-quality human capital to cater to the increasing demand in Jordan covering both employment and freelancing jobs . The component aims to train thousands of youth in entry , mid , and advanced levels of digital skills over five years . The training will ensure inclusion of women , Syrian refugees , and vulnerable youth , including those registered in the National Aid Fund ( NAF ) database . # # * * 1 . 1 - Support the establishment of private sector-led digital skills development activities ( US $ 64 million ) : * * * * 2 . * * The project will support the creation of an ecosystem in which digital skills trainings will be provided in close collaboration with the private sector . Key activities under this sub-component will include digital skills training , demand and supply assessments , national occupational standards , affiliation of service providers , accreditation of training curriculums , provision of online training courses and materials , national awareness activities , and monitoring and evaluation . * * 3 . * * To maximize impact , the project will focus on specific tech-enabled services that factor both : ( a ) Jordan ’ s current / potential capabilities , and ( b ) existing and future global demand . The following outlines those services , mapped out to the tech-enabled services value chain including employment and freelancing jobs : < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 % focus 30 % focus 10 % focus < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Figure 4 : Digitally-enabled opportunities across main levels_ Page 67 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 689, "text": "National Aid Fund ( NAF ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Routine Manual < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1 , 0 < br > 0 , 5 < br > 0 , 0 < br > ‐ 0 , 5 < br > ‐ 1 , 0 < br > ‐ 1 , 5 < br > Russia Georgia Kyrgyzstan Armenia Albania Moldova < br > NSE SE < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys This analysis of the task profile was complemented , in turn , with hypothesis tests to examine whether the evolution recorded by non-standard employment follows a specific behavior or only shows the general trends of the labor market . Tables with the details of the hypothesis tests for the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia are included in the Annex of the paper . The main conclusions of this analysis indicate that , in general terms , the profile of part-time and temporary employment has followed the same trends as standard employment , although in most cases with the specificity of presenting significantly more pronounced variations . Figure 28 : Variance in the task performed of part-time jobs . ( Change from the late 90s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 < br > 1 , 5 < br > 1 < br > 0 , 5 < br > 0 < br > ‐ 0 , 5 < br > ‐ 1 < br > ‐ 1 , 5 < br > ‐ 2 < br > Russia Georgia Kyrgyzstan Armenia Albania Moldova < br > NRCA NRCI RC RM NRM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys Note : NRCA refers to Non-Routine Cognitive Analytical , NRCI is Non-Routine Cognitive Interpersonal , RC is Routine Cognitive , RM is Routine Manual and NRM is Non-Routine Manual . Page 38 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 369, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | | Freight density ( 1 , 000 tonne-km / km ) | * * 902 * * | 469 | 827 | 90 | 270 | 663 | 364 | 475 | 2 , 427 | 406 | | Passenger density ( 1 , 000 passenger-km / km ) | * * 166 * * | — | — | 38 | 103 | 44 | 44 | 33 | 60 | 92 | | Labor productivity ( 1 , 000 traffic units per < br > employee ) | * * 390 * * | 580 | 722 | 131 | 710 | 281 | — | 484 | 3 , 308 | 502 | | Locomotive productivity ( million traffic units < br > per locomotive ) | * * 8 * * | 30 | 41 | 3 | 25 | 13 | — | 25 | 33 | 25 | | Carriage productivity ( 1 , 000 passenger-km per < br > carriage ) | * * — * * | 4 , 046 | 2 , 391 | 1 , 176 | 3 , 333 | 750 | — | — | — | 3 , 286 | | Wagon productivity ( 1 , 000 net tonne-km per < br > wagon ) | * * 195 * * | 950 | 987 | 82 | 260 | 476 | — | 805 | 913 | 377 | | Freight yield ( US cents / tonne-km ) | * * — * * | — | — | 6 | 5 | 3 | 3 | — | — | 4 | | Passenger yield ( US cents / passenger-km ) | * * — * * | — | — | 1 | 0 . 9 | 0 . 5 | 1 | — | — | 1 | _Source : _ Bullock 2009 . Derived from AICD rail operator database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . _Note : _ * With 2 . 5 passenger-km equivalent to 1 traffic unit , 1 tonne-km equivalent to 1 traffic unit . — = Not available . Zimbabwe ‘ s railways", "spans": [{"start": 1034, "end": 1061, "text": "AICD rail operator database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KEng NoNAd * * # # # # # Kenya National Bureau of Statistics # # # # # * * IV . The Chairman ' s Statement * * It is with great pleasure that I present to you the Financial Statements for Kenya National Bureau of Statistics for the year ended 30th June * * 2016 . * * This is the third report in my tenure as the * * KNBS * * Board Chairman . As said in the previous reports , this is yet again another opportunity to report the activities and performance of the Bureau . I wish to appreciate the Board and the management for the commitment and team work shown throughout the financial year in carrying out various activities as detailed in other parts of this report . Last financial year , the Bureau lived to its mandate in providing users and policy-makers with timely and reliable statistics to facilitate decision-making . Various surveys as per the Director General ' s report were conducted and some reports on the same were released , while other reports are still under preparation . The National Surveys that continued to be carried out included the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey , ( KIHBS ) and Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises * * ( MSME ) . * * The preparatory activities for the * * 2019 * * Housing and Population Census such as mapping have commenced . The Bureau will continue to carry out statistical activities that will strengthen the quality of statistical information released to all stakeholders . The Bureau finalized proposals of amending the Statistics Act to be in line with the Constitution of Kenya , 2010 and they were forwarded to the Attorney General for further necessary action . The Bureau also continued to strengthen the National and County Statistics Offices . The Bureau still faces the challenges of office accommodation at the headquarters and Counties , staff retention and visibility . However , the process of identifying a building for leasing for the headquarter offices has commenced . In the long term , the Bureau requires to own a building to house its headquarters . Finally , I wish", "spans": [{"start": 1065, "end": 1105, "text": "Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1122, "end": 1158, "text": "Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1226, "end": 1255, "text": "Housing and Population Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "LIBYA , CASH & MARKETS WORKING GROUP Strategic Workshop Report , February 2018 # * * Cash assistance overview * * # # * * 2017 Cash response * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > Based on the * * Humanitarian Response Plan ( HRP ) of 2017 , 11 , 000 persons received at least one cash transfer value * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > * * . * * Outside the 2017 HRP , 250 Refugees , Asylum seekers and migrant ’ s persons were targeted for cash assistance . * * ASSISTANCE FREQUENCY RECOMMENDED TRANSFER VALUE * * One-off & regular 370LYD # # * * 2018 HRP - Cash component * * Under the * * 2018 HRP * * , the number of projects with a cash component has increase substantially with * * 12 projects across 4 sectors * * , implemented directly or indirectly by 8 organizations ( 3 United Nations Agencies ( UN ) and 5 INGO ’ s ) . National Libyan organizations were and will remain involved in the implementation of cash programs in 2017 and 2018 . It is estimated that 5 % of people in need identified by the HRP 2018 should receive at least one transfer . Cash based response features 12 % of HRP 2018 for a total 35 . 9M $ < sup > 4 < / sup > . The 2018 HRP features CBI across the Shelter-NFI , Protection , Food Security , and under yet to define “ multisector ” . Planned cash assistance aims at Libyans nationals under 9 projects whereas non-Libyans nationals are assisted under 3 projects ( total of the 3 projects : approx . 20 . 7M $ ) . # # # # # * * BENEFICIARIES TARGETED IN 2018 ( PERSONS ) * * # # # # # * * ASSISTANCE FREQUENCY PLANNED * * One-off &", "spans": [{"start": 1000, "end": 1008, "text": "HRP 2018", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR134 The World Bank | Indicator | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Value | Value | Value | | Percentage of PWP sub-projects completed according to design and < br > within timeframe | 0 . 00 | | 100 . 00 | | | Date | Date | Date | | | 16-Mar-2009 | 17-Mar-2011 | 31-Aug-2014 | | Type < br > Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator < br > Percentage | | The indicators will be reported in < br > September 2011 | The baseline is zero because the < br > indicator applies only to sub - < br > projects that are yet to be < br > implemented . | | Indicator | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Indicator Name | Value | Value | Value | | Number of completed IGA sub-projects | 0 . 00 | | 3000 . 00 | | | Date | Date | Date | | | 16-Mar-2009 | 17-Mar-2011 | 31-Aug-2014 | | Type < br > Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator < br > Number | | The indicators will be reported in < br > September 2011 | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 15-Mar-2011 ) * * | * * Financial Agre * * | * * ement ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan No . | Status | | Approval Date | Sign", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1060, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # * * 2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY * * # # # # # # * * 2 . 1 APPROACH and METHODOLOGY flow Chart * * The methodology adopted during preparation of this RAP was guided by * * < u > World Bank OP 4 . 12 < / u > * * and WSDP as summarized in * * Figure * * * * _2_ . 1 * * below . | | Details of documents / information reviewed include ; Prioritized | | - - - | - - - | | Literature Review | Investment Plan Report for Water Distribution Network for < br > MAWASCO , Kilifi County Integrated Development Plan ( CIDP ) < br > ( 2012 to 2017 ) World Bank Operational Policy OP 4 . 12 , WaSSIP < br > Additional Financing Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) | | Consultations with < br > Stakeholders < br > including PAPs . | The task involved detailed stakeholder identification , mapping and < br > consultation as part of the RAP process , Stakeholders consulted < br > included : Local administration in Msabaha , Mambrui , Gongoni , < br > Shela and Watamu locations and MAWASCO officers as detailed < br > in Table 5 . 3 | | Census and Inventory < br > of Losses | The questionnaire collected PAP census information that registers < br > and locates the household ; and , identifies allhouseholds byage , < br > sex , relationship to headof the household , education , occupation < br > and housing conditions . Data for affected structures included < br > construction type , use , area , ownership and", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1373, "text": "PAP census information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ * * 3 . Access to registration and RSD procedures * * _Vision : Asylum-seekers and refugees have equitable and timely access to registration , and_ _ < u > transparent and quality RSD procedures . < / u > _ # # # # # # * * Key challenges * * Access to sufficient registration services remains inconsistent across different populations of concern in Sudan . In the East , NISS and the Immigration and Passport Police ( IPP ) screen asylum-seekers before they are referred to COR or UNHCR , which leads to length registration waiting periods and risk of refoulement . The Asylum ( Organization ) Act states that asylum seekers must register in the State of their initial entry to Sudan . This has led to registration gaps for refugees who have moved onward to Khartoum , especially for victims of trafficking , unaccompanied youth and other vulnerable populations . Gaps persist in access to documentation for POCs , which they require to access to assistance , work permits and broader social services , as well as for freedom of movement within Sudan . UNHCR has limited oversight of - and influence on government registration processes . A high rate of onward movement of asylum-seekers before they are registered leads to significant gaps in both registration and reliable population data on asylum flows into Sudan . Resolving the biometric registration backlog for newly arrived South Sudanese refugees is challenging given the large number of refugee locations across the response and low COR capacity , especially in out-of-camp locations . There is also a need to register the pre-December 2013 South Sudanese population who are scattered across even more states . A lack of registration staff within UNHCR also limits the Operation ’ s capacity to quickly close the backlog and sustain individual biometric registration services upon entry for new arrivals in key locations . There is also limited UNHCR oversight and monitoring of RSD procedures . COR ’ s RSD capacity is low and this is compounded by a lack of", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1366, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Financial Regulation and Government Revenue interest rate in year _t_ through Finally , we can find the data on the average annual stock of domestic debt through the Annual Reports of the NBE in 2004 – 2012 , which we indicate for brevity as _AASDD_ . We calculate the government revenue from financial repression , as GdM shows , which can be simply thought of as the savings in government revenue emerging from the difference between international and local rates on debt . This is conceptually in line with the results of Section 4 . 1 . # * * Financial Repression between 2004 and 2013 * * Once the GdM financial repression indicator is calculated , it is interesting to show its evolution over time and whether the 27 % financial regulation rule is detected in this . Figure D1 presents both the aggregate real figure and the figure standardized by GDP over the whole available period . Three interesting facts emerge : 1 . the financial repression revenue in Ethiopia is very low , between 0 . 1 % and 0 . 5 % of GDP , compared the average across country of 2 % in GdM ; 2 . this indicator of financial repression declines substantially between 2006 and 2010 , both in level and relative to GDP ; 3 . there appears to be a substantial increase in revenue after 2011 . Though not conclusive , we believe that the first fact may be due to the relatively small size of the Ethiopian financial system , which records as few as one branch for 62 , 000 ( NBE 2012 ) , though this has been growing steadily in the last few years . The second may be due to a mild internal financial liberalization introduced between 2006 and 2010 . 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR3410 The World Bank | Indicator | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Value | Value | Value | | Completion of harmonization of legislation that relates to the Water Act < br > 2002 | No < br > Date | No < br > Date | Yes < br > Date | | | 30-Nov-2007 | 21-Jan-2011 | 30-Jun-2013 | | Type < br > Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator < br > Yes / No | | Study on Harmonizing of Laws < br > related to WRM underway , < br > inception report received and < br > comments being incorporated . | | | Indicator | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Indicator Name | Value | Value | Value | | Completion of study to identify priority strategic water investments | No | Yes | Yes | | | Date | Date | Date | | | 30-Nov-2007 | 01-Apr-2010 | 30-Jun-2013 | | Type < br > Unit of Measure | Comment | Comment | Comment | | Custom Indicator < br > Yes / No | | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 06-May-2011 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Loan No . | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P095050 | IDA-42770 | Effective | 27-Mar-2007 | 07-May-2007 | 10-Dec-2007 | 30-Jun -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "53 # # * * Introduction of new migration and asylum laws in Serbia in 2018 * * # # # * * Access to asylum * * During 2018 , according to the official data of the Asylum Office , 8 , 436 foreigners expressed intention to seek asylum in Serbia , 7 , 507 males and 929 females . This includes 2 , 475 children and among that a staggering 700 unaccompanied children . However , only 327 official asylum requests were submitted before the Asylum Office . During the year , the Asylum Office granted 11 refugee protections and 14 subsidiary protection . < sup > 47 < / sup > Beneficiaries of international protection in Serbia in 2018 were nationals of : Libya , Iran , Nigeria , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Somalia and Syria . According to the data provided by the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia , the biggest number of certificates of expressed intention to seek asylum ( registration papers ) was issued in Belgrade , Sid and Pirot . Precisely , 3 , 941 certificates out of 8 , 436 were issued in Belgrade , which represents 47 % . The biggest number of registration papers was issued during July and August ( 1 , 098 ) , which is in accordance with the increased influx of newly arrived refugees and migrants observed during the summer months of 2018 . Aside from Belgrade , Sid Police Station and Pirot Police Department also issued a significant number of registration papers – 747 in Sid and 738 in Pirot . However , it is important to observe that these two municipalities were faced with totally different trends . Namely , the police station in Sid registered the highest number of potential asylum seekers during winter and spring – from January and until the end of May , 541 persons were issued with certificates of expressed intention to seek asylum . On the other hand , Pirot Police Department issued 481 registration papers only during November and December , while during the previous months , monthly average varied between 15 and 40 . Furthermore , 108 foreigners expressed inten - > 47 Law on Asylum and Temporary", "spans": [{"start": 141, "end": 175, "text": "official data of the Asylum Office", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 735, "end": 776, "text": "data provided by the Ministry of Interior", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * INTRODUCTION * * | < br > * * MEETING DISCUSSIONS AND RESOLUTIONS * * < br > 2020 , then it could be forwarded to NLC immediately and NLC would < br > take about 2 weeks to publish the inquiry gazette . < br > Madam Saumu noted that if by 27 < sup > th < / sup > August 2020 there would be no < br > subdivision data for Mwavumbo , then Mwavumbo / 1 would not be < br > gazetted . < br > Irene added that MoWSI had 2 months to pay the PAPs and that by 18 < sup > th < / sup > < br > December 2020 , PAPs in priority area 1 would have been paid . She < br > further informed the meeting that 57 parcels in Mwavumbo within < br > Luweni , Changa and Mgandini were on the list for Priority Area 1 . < br > Madam Saumu further informed the meeting that the County surveyors < br > Tsuma , Chidunga , Sofia and Njenga had agreed to complete the 10 , 000 < br > parcels in Mwavumbo . She told them to sit and come up with a budget < br > and inform the participants how many days they would need to come < br > up with a solution . She asked to sit on the following Thursday 23 < sup > rd < / sup > < br > July2020 and plan the remaining work . < br > The participants scheduled for follow up meeting to held on Tuesday < br > 28 < sup > th < / sup > July 2020 in Diani to discuss the progress made on Mwavumbo < br > and other Mwache Dam Land Acuisition issues | | - - - | - - - | | * * MIN 02 / 7 / 2020 / 2 * *", "spans": [{"start": 306, "end": 335, "text": "subdivision data for Mwavumbo", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s institutional set up includes three sector line ministries ( MODEE , the MOE , and the MOH ) and the SPAC , the newly established authority on civil service and service delivery , in addition to MOPIC and the PMO . * * - The MOH is responsible for the targeted digitalization of health services through the mainstreaming and operationalization of EMRs , enhanced health data management and the exchange of information ( DLIs 4 , 6 , and 10 ) . - The MOE is responsible for the digitalization of the Tawjihi and the strengthening of teachers ’ digital skills ( DLI7 ) . - • MODEE is responsible for supporting the government ’ s digital transformation . It is specifically responsible for the operationalization of DPI to access e-services and the adoption of digital identity ( DLIs 1 , 2 , and 3 ) . - SPAC is responsible for the professionalization of the civil service ( DLI 5 ) . - MOPIC is responsible for making statistical data interactive ( DLI9 ) . Page | 14", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 936, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TABLE 9 # DISTRIBUTION OF OUTSTANDING BANK CREDIT BY SOURCE ( in percent , end of year data ) | YEAR < br > _________ | free < br > credit < br > ________________ | government < br > directed < br > credit < br > ____ - < br > < br > TOT | short-term < br > directed < br > credit < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - < br > __-________ - - _ - - - - _ < br > AL CREDIT | investment < br > loans < br > - - - - - - - - - - | earmarked < br > loans | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1971 | 38 | 62 | 18 | 14 | 30 | | 1974 | 38 | 62 | 16 | 13 | 33 | | 1979 | 29 | 71 | 22 | 7 | 42 | | 1984 | 28 | 72 | 14 | 10 | 49 | | 1986 | 35 | 65 | 10 | 9 | 47 | | | | AGRICUL | TURAL CREDIT | | | | 1971 | 17 | 83 | 36 | 33 | 14 | | 1974 | 16 | 84 | 33 | 37 | 1S | | 1979 | 23 | 77 ' | 28 | 13 | | | 1984 | 12 | 88 | 13 | 16 | 59 | | 1986 | 23 | 77 | 9 | 12 | 56 | Source : Annual Bank Statistics , various issues . answer this puzzle below when considering cost of debt . Credit did not grow only in absolute terms , it also grew relative to product and capital ( Table 7 ) . In the economy at large , debt to product ratio increased from 0 . 30 in 1969 to 0 . 67 in 1986 . Reported product in agriculture is not exactly comparable to product as calculated in GNP , but rates of growth are : debt to product ratio increased in agriculture between", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 91, "text": "end of year data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 874, "end": 896, "text": "Annual Bank Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Empirical Specification * * To investigate the role of institution on the process of resource allocation , we map the measures of business climate from the ES to our census data . Since there is no firm-specific policy variable in our data , we first construct policy variables from the ES by taking the averages of survey responses of firms located in the same region . The underlying assumption of this approach is that policies vary across regions within a country , which is plausible since firms facing the same _de jure_ policy are likely to face different policy implementation across regions ( Acemoglu and Dell , 2010 ; Hallward-Driemeier et al . , 2010 ) . < sup > 26 < / sup > The estimation equation is then given by : where _yisrc_ is firm-specific measure of distortion of firm _i_ in industry _s_ region _r_ and country _c_ . _Dc_ and _Ds_ are country and industry dummies , respectively . _xic_ is a vector of firm characteristics that may be correlated with distortions ( age and size ) . The policy variables ( _BE_ ) are region-average of the respective measures of business environment . For example , ‘ Finance ’ measures the region-average of fraction of firms with no access to short-term finance . Corruption – the region-average of losses due to informal payments . Electricity - average of losses due to electrical outages in each region . Regulation – the region-average of the fraction of time that the senior managers spent dealing with government regulations . The results of this regression are reported in Table 6 . In a frictionless world , _TFPRsi_ should be equalized across all firms within industries , and we would expect all the coefficients of the policy variables to be not significant if these policies are orthogonal to other factors that may possibly affect _TFPR_ . To the extent there is a positive and significant coefficient of the policy variables , this can be taken as evidence that the business environment affects idiosyncratic distortions . Although it cannot be interpreted as causal evidence , the results in table 6 shows that business environment indicators are found to be significantly correlated with firm-specific distortions . < sup > 27 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 181, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "almost unlimited degrees of freedom to _p_ - hack their way to his or her desired results . # * * 5 . 2 Coefficient Ordering * * While the specification charts summarize a large amount of information in a compact form , it can be difficult to detect the extent to which the diamonds indicating EO product form a pattern or are patternless . To dig further into coefficient ordering , we present a series of figures which represent the order ( ranking ) of coefficients within a country , across models , by EO source using bumpline functions ( Naqvi , 2024 ) . These are presented for total seasonal rainfall in Figure 12 and mean daily temperature in Figure 13 . Results for days without rain and GDD are functionally similar and so we present figures for those variables in the Appendix . Within each country panel , the x-axis ( each column ) presents a different outcome variable ( value or quantity ) and a different econometric specification ( weather only , weather with FE , and weather with fixed effects and inputs ) . The y-axis ( each row ) represents the ranking of the coefficient size for each EO source within each regression . They are ordered from one to six , with one representing the largest coefficient and six representing the smallest coefficient . These results give greater insight to the changes in ordinality across specifications and across countries . We first consider the findings from total seasonal rainfall ( see Figure 12 ) . Going country by country : in Ethiopia , we see that in the weather only specification , CPC and TAMSAT have large coefficients while ERA5 has the smallest . This ordering changes once FE are included , with ERA5 producing the largest coefficients and TAMSAT and CPC producing the smallest . In Malawi , the same trend does not hold . Rather , there appear to be trends based on the dependent variable , with ARC2 and TAMSAT producing large coefficients when the value of total farm production is the dependent variable and small coefficients when the dependent variable is quantity of maize yield . Thus , what drives heterogeneity in results in Ethiopia differs in Malawi . Results in Niger appear", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transport , security , ICT , and research and science ) . Lockdowns were initially imposed , progressively lifted during the summer of 2020 , and then reintroduced by some governments over the course of the pandemic ; thus , these restrictions had significant consequences on the ability to go to work . Based on these criteria , we identify essential workers at the three-digit ISCO-08 classification codes ( which includes 182 occupations ) . # * * “ Non-teleworkable ” Jobs * * The second measure we use is related to the degree to which the tasks of a given occupation can be performed from home . Recent literature on the impact of COVID-19 on labor markets highlights the feasibility of home-based work ( telework ) as the key to overcome governments ’ mobility restrictions and associated income / unemployment risks , and as a way to limit exposure to COVID-19 ( Dingel and Neiman , 2020 ; Garrote Sanchez et al . , 2020 ) . In constructing our measure of the “ teleworkability ” of a job , we follow Dingel and Neiman ( 2020 ) , who calculate the amenability of different occupations for telework in the United States by using surveys from the Occupational Information Network ( O * NET ) on work context and generalized work activities . Jobs that are not considered to be amenable to telework arrangements are defined to include those with the following attributes : requiring workers to spend most time outdoors ; requiring workers to > 4 < u > https : / / eur-lex . europa . eu / legal-content / EN / TXT / ? uri = CELEX : 52020XC0330 ( 03 ) < / u > 6", "spans": [{"start": 1153, "end": 1185, "text": "Occupational Information Network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 11 * * of * * 73 * * historic and cultural artefacts and to enhance the environmental condition of tourist attraction sites and to promote tourism in manners that assist to improve the livelihood of the local population . Data gathered from the different sources was analysed and preliminary results were discussed with the data source persons while on the field work . Preliminary results were discussed with Regional Culture and Tourism Bureau experts , Lalibela Town administration officials and consultants dealing with other components of the ESTDP study projects . The data from Lalibela is extensive compared to data on all other tourist destination development sites . However , the aim is not to limit the applicability of the RPF to Lalibela alone , rather it is to ground the framework based on some specific observations . The draft document was discussed at national level with relevant stakeholders including the World Bank staff . Their comments are incorporated in this final draft of the RPF . # # # # # * * Tourism destination development activities causing resettlement * * The activities in the three tourism destination development sites range from enhancing the quality of existing tourism products to developing new ones . Most of the activities do not involve acquisition of more land ; hence do not cause resettlement , but could restrict the enjoyment of access to resources . In some cases ( like Addis Ababa ) the destination development issues are mostly soft components requiring management and capacity building interventions while others are suggestions for city-wide interventions that are beyond the capacity of the ESTDP financing . The categories of major destination development activities that could cause resettlement and or limit access to resources already possessed include the following : 1 . Redevelopment of parts of historical and cultural sites that are inhabited now ( mostly Lalibela but also Axum ) 2 . Infrastructure development : Water supply lines , installation of sanitary facilities , redevelopment or widening of access roads / footpaths , etc . ( Lalibela , and Axum ) 3 . Restricting access to national park reserves , scenic sites", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 632, "text": "data from Lalibela", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > En Ituri , des centaines de milliers de personnes ont déjà fait l ’ expérience de déplacements multiples qui décuplent la précarité de leurs conditions de vie déjà fortement et négativement impactées par les crises . Ces déplacements multiples rendent les personnes affectées , les enfants en particulier , plus vulnérables face à divers dangers ou menaces , notamment la séparation familiale car la fuite face à un péril grave se passe très souvent de manière non-organisée , le recrutement dans les groupes armés , la négligence , la violence et l ’ exploitation sexuelle avec ses conséquences , les maladies , les traumatismes sur le plan psychique , la faim , etc . < / mark > # # # < mark > Sévérité / Insécurité Alimentaire Aigüe < / mark > < mark > La destruction des moyens de subsistance est un risque de protection important dans cette localité qui contribue directement à l ’ insécurité alimentaire et au recrutement forcé . La violence armée résultant d ’ interventions militaires ou de tensions intercommunautaires continue de perturber les activités agricoles et commerciales . < / mark > < mark > Selon les résultats du 20ème cycle d ’ analyse IPC , 27 millions de personnes sont en situation d ’ insécurité alimentaire aigüe parmi lesquelles 20 , 9 millions sont en phase de crise ( phase 3 ) et 6 , 1 millions en phase d ’ urgence ( phase 4 ) . Dans la province de l ' Ituri , la majeure partie de la population ,", "spans": [{"start": 1144, "end": 1171, "text": "20ème cycle d ’ analyse IPC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "* * MALI * * | Mai 2025 # # # # * * CONTEXTE * * | * * VIOLATIONS DES * * < br > * * DROITS HUMAINS * * | * * INCID * * < br > * * DE V * * | * * ENTS * * < br > * * BG * * | * * ATTAQUES CONTRE * * < br > * * LES CIVILS * * | * * NOMB * * < br > * * PERSO * * < br > * * DÉPLA * * | * * RE DE * * < br > * * NNES * * < br > * * CÉES * * | * * NOMBRE * * < br > * * D ’ ECOLES NON * * < br > * * FONCTIONNELLES * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 14 171 * * | * * 9 3 * * | * * 07 * * | * * 1 444 * * | * * 378 * * | * * 363 * * | * * 2 149 * * | | * * % PÉRIODE * * < br > * * SOURCE * * | * * % PÉRIODE * * | * * SOURCE * * | * * % PÉRIODE * * < br > * * SOURCE * * | * * % PÉRIODE * * | * * SOURCE * * | * * % PÉRIODE * * < br > * * SOURCE * * | | - 10 % < br > Monitoring < br > de < br > protection | + 21 % | GBVIMS | - 50 % < br > ACLED | + 14 % | DTM | + 20", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 855, "text": "GBVIMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * ET Productive Safety Nets Project 4 ( PSNP 4 ) ( P146883 ) An assessment on early warning triggers has been finalized which will help to identify improved early Comments * * : * * warning triggers . But it will take time until the client operationalizes it < u > < mark > IN00935953 < / mark > < / u > ► % of PSNP woredas where MIS and single registry is operational ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 75 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 < br > 30-Apr-2020 < br > 30-Nov-2020 | 30-Jun-2020 | | | MIS development is progressing well and as of January 2020 , the MIS phase < br > finalized in June 2020 rolled-out in a phased approach , based on the completi < br > Registry . However due to the recent COVID Crisis , plans to roll out the MIS w < br > is being reassessed . | 1 was planned to be < br > on of the PSNP BHH < br > ithin the planned timeframe | | Comments * * : * * | The PSNP BHH Registry - 7 firms were contracted in January 2020 to carry ou < br > activity for 12 of the 14 clusters . Communication on the registry data collection < br > regions to woredas in January 2020 and trainings on the survey software and < br > tookplace in February 2020 . Unfortunately due to the COVID-19 crisis , data c < br > put on hold until further notice . | t the primary data collection < br > started cascading from", "spans": [{"start": 1222, "end": 1235, "text": "registry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "oilseeds , andp ; ' - ~ - Q ~ tonsl | < br > hectare ) . - - = | < br > = = - - = = ~ = ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ | | Value < br > quantitative or < br > QlllJ : l . ! ~ ti ~ ~ L_ . | < br > . < br > 1 . 47 < br > 1 . 50 < br > . . . . . . . . . . . < br > . . . | < br > . . | __ < br > 1 . 57 < br > , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . | | _ < br > Date achieved < br > | ________________________ < br > __ < br > _7 / 2008_ | _________ | _______ ______ < br > _ ' 112009_ | | ( : om - ; ent ; - · - < br > ( inel . % < br > 1J : ~ l ! ! ~ ' ye ~ ~ ! ! ! L | Significant discrepancies in crop production a < br > from CSA surveys , FAO and WFP ( 2010 ) , an < br > _ . l ! rod ~ ~ ! ! ~ na , nd ~ rea ~ _Yi . ~ ~ _ ~ lt . ~ ~ ~ . p . ~ ~ ! I . ~ bove | nd estimated y < br > d DSA ( 2010 ) . < br > ~ five-xe ~ ! ! . | ieldinfom ; aiiO ; ; - - · · - - < br > Nonetheless crop < br", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 627, "text": "CSA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Needs Data Reports | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The indicator is measured by calculating the number of children with disabilities and special needs enrolled in * * pre-primary and primary supported through * * < br > functional Inclusive Education Resource Centers ( IERCs ) and satellite schools that meet the standards established under GEQIP-E for adequacy of staffing < br > and equipment . Data isgathered from EMIS and cross-verified with special education needs data reports . One IERC has 4-6 satellite schools . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) , Inclusive Education Resource centers | | Sub-indicator | Newlyintegrated refugee schools , host communityschools , Refugee schools and Gender | | Indicator Name | * * IERCs Upgraded ( Number ) * * | | Description | Monitors the number of functional Inclusive Education Resource Centers ( IERCs ) and satellite schools that conduct community outreach activities , are < br > provided with appropriate learning materials and assistive devices , and are staffed with skilled itinerant teachers to support inclusive education . This < br > includes buildingthe capacityof existingIERC and satellite school staff . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , CommunityOutreach Reports from IERCs | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Count the number of IERCs that are operational with the required components . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) , Inclusive Education resource centers | | Indicator Name | * * New IERCs Established and Equipped by the Program ( Number ) * * | | Description | Tracks the number of new Inclusive Education Resource Centers ( IERCs ) established and equipped by the Program to provide comprehensive care and", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 18, "text": "Needs Data Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 432, "end": 436, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 461, "end": 497, "text": "special education needs data reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1313, "end": 1349, "text": "CommunityOutreach Reports from IERCs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 12 December 2001 Page 40 of 9 * * THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL MANUAL * * Operational Policies * * - < u > Determining replacement cost in countries lacking land markets < / u > * * < mark > Method of Valuation for structures , land , trees and other assets Replacement cost for land < / mark > * * - * * Determining replacement cost in countries with active land markets * * : Determining replacement cost of affected land can be relatively easy where active land markets exist ( for example , in most regions of India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Thailand ) . In projects located in these areas , RAPs should include land market surveys . Private and independent real estate agencies , banks , or mortgage firms could be engaged to determine market prices for land , or to evaluate the adequacy of administratively set compensation . If Borrowers refuse to engage private professional agencies , or if legal restrictions preclude payment of fair market prices , solatiums , relocation or subsistence allowances , or other forms of cash assistance can be used to \" top up \" compensation to replacement cost levels . Alternatively , committees including PAPs or NGO representatives can be formed to participate in establishing land valuation , and helping PAPs to identify and purchase replacement land . # # # # # # * * < u > Precedents in Practice < / u > * * < u > In India , < / u > land committees have been established for several projects to identify or purchase replacement land from willing sellers . In the Orissa Water Resources Consolidation Project ( Cr . 2801 ) legal compensation was to be supplemented by \" rehabilitation assistance grants \" sufficient to purchase replacement land or other productive assets . The projects also promised reimbursement for , or exemption from , all transfer fees or taxes . < u > In Bangladesh , < / u > the Jamuna Bridge Multipurpose Project ( Cr . 2569 ) replaced provision of administratively set compensation and an automatic 50 %", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 648, "text": "land market surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Bank . | Quarterly | Quarterly < br > progress < br > reports | Routine data < br > collection / GEMS | PCU | | Percentage of host and refugee < br > community members who believe their < br > relationshiphas improved as a result of | This indicator measures the < br > percentage of project host < br > and refuge beneficiaries | Baseline , < br > mid-term < br > and | HH survey < br > report | HH survey | PCU , supported by < br > external consulting firm | Page 67 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 385, "text": "HH survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 402, "end": 411, "text": "HH survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unconditional measure of volatility : an index of the rolling standard deviations of prices in the same 7 asset markets , along with VIX , used to compute the conditional volatility measure . < sup > 17 < / sup > Results with this alternative measure of volatility are reported in column ( _R4_ ) , and mirror the benchmark results , with a significant negative coeeficient on the alternative volatility measure . As discussed in Section 2 , the uncertainty channel variable is intended to measure shocks to uncertainty , as distinct from shocks to risk aversion . However , the two concepts are interrelated , as the effect of uncertainty on behavior depends on the degree of risk aversion ; and the degree of perceived risk aversion , as well as the effect of a given degree of risk aversion on behavior , may depend on the level of uncertainty . Furthermore , there is a question of whether risk aversion itself changed during the crisis , or whether behavior to reduce risk exposure during the crisis was predominantly a reaction to heightened risk and uncertainty for a given degree of risk aversion . Results with a variable measuring U . S . loan officers ’ risk aversion are reported in columns ( _R5_ ) and ( _R6_ ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > While the coefficient is insignificant when risk aversion is included in place of > 17The results are robust to the method of aggregation . While we report here the weighted average of the first two principal components , using a simple average of the 8 series yields qualitatively similar results . > 18The risk aversion variable is constructed from a question on the Fed ’ s Senior Loan Officer Survey that asks loan officers who reported that they tightened or eased credit standards or terms on C & I loans what factors were relevant to that decision , with reduced or increased tolerance for risk given as an option for the reason for tightening or easing , respectively . Banks ’ responses are averaged , with each response that a change in risk tolerance was “ very important ” given twice the weight of a response that it was “ important . ” 15", "spans": [{"start": 1625, "end": 1651, "text": "Senior Loan Officer Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) ICR DOCUMENT on their produce . By improving access to input and output markets , promoting crop diversification , and fostering a market-oriented mindset , the project drove significant increases in agricultural productivity and revenues from both crop and livestock sales , contributing to the improved livelihoods and resilience of smallholder households . # # # * * C . EFFICIENCY * * # # # * * Assessment of Efficiency and Rating * * 35 . The project aimed to enhance the productivity and commercialization of smallholder farmers . The key economic benefits expected from the project included increased agricultural production through the adoption of improved technologies , enhanced efficiency of water use via SSI development , and improved market opportunities for smallholders and Producer Organizations ( POs ) . Additionally , the project aimed to increase cash incomes for participating smallholders , improve household food security and nutrition , reduce transaction costs , enhance value added within targeted value chains , and generate incremental employment opportunities . At the appraisal stage , the project ' s economic internal rate of return ( EIRR ) was estimated at 18 percent , with an expected net present value ( ENPV ) of US $ 191 million , reflecting high expectations for its economic impact . The analysis was based on anticipated benefits from improved irrigation , adoption of better farm practices , and enhanced market access . 36 . At the project ' s completion , an ex post economic analysis was conducted using actual data on beneficiary outreach , subproject implementation , and expenditures . This analysis revealed an EIRR of 25 . 8 percent and an ENPV of US $ 27 . 1 million . While the ex-post EIRR is substantially higher than the appraisal estimates and proves the economic viability of the project , the lower ENPV at ex post ( ICR ) analysis than of ex ante ( design stage ) results can be mainly explained by the delays in implementation and other external economic factors . Between 2016 and 2024 , Ethiopia experienced several significant", "spans": [{"start": 1621, "end": 1632, "text": "actual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The questions on the UB scheme include the availability and maximum duration < sup > 6 < / sup > of UB after one , five , and ten years of employment , the minimum contribution period to be eligible for UB , and eligibility requirements as stipulated in the labor laws of the country . The questions on ALMP include the availability of PES and the types of PES offered ; the availability of a national skills / training fund , and government incentives for firms to provide training to their employees . It is important to note that there is no notable change in UB and ALMP indicators from 2019 to 2020 . This can be attributed to two factors . First , data is based on labor laws , which typically do not undergo frequent changes . Second , data collection cycle spanned from May of the preceding year to May of the subsequent year for both years . Consequently , the 2020 data does not adequately capture the majority of the UB and ALMP reforms related to the Covid-19 crisis , which commenced in March 2020 . Moreover , the bulk of the UB and ALMP reforms implemented between March and May 2020 fall outside the scope of this dataset , including changes in UB amounts , wage subsidies , public works initiatives , and unemployment assistance , among others . The data collected in 2020 captured reforms in 12 economies between May 2 , 2019 and May 1 , 2020 . Ten of these economies undertook reforms in response to the Covid-19 pandemic , but they did not lead to a significant change in the overall data . < sup > 7 < / sup > Therefore , to examine the UB and ALMP reforms carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic , the paper utilizes the comprehensive Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory of the World Bank collected during March 2020-January 2022 . Table 1 provides the descriptive statistics of UB and ALMP indicators in 2019 . < sup > 8 < / sup > As seen from the table , 47 . 6 percent of 191 economies have UB schemes and 38 . 7 percent offer UB after one year of contribution . As expected , eligibility conditions", "spans": [{"start": 1644, "end": 1701, "text": "comprehensive Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ documentation to 3 , 000 extremely vulnerable individuals in Khartoum State . The Consulate will also be supported to expand nationality documentation activities to other areas of Sudan where high numbers of South Sudanese refugees are living . Registration programmes will be continuously monitored to ensure registration standards and adherence to procedures are met . UNHCR will engage with the Consulate on a continuous basis and provide technical assistance and training . Data on registration and documentation will be obtained and analyzed in order to identify and address cases of individuals whose claim to nationality is denied . In light of the global ‘ Campaign to End Statelessness ’ and the regional Declaration of International Conference on the Great Lakes Region ( ICGLR ) Member States on the Eradication of Statelessness < sup > 15 < / sup > , to which Sudan is a signatory , UNHCR will prioritize capacity-building activities with the Government of Sudan to support the implementation of its commitments under the Declaration . This includes : support to the Government ’ s identification of a national focal point and task force for statelessness issues ; the drafting of a national action plan on statelessness by 2020 ; and support for Sudan ’ s adoption of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness . UNHCR will also support the Government to mainstream birth registration for refugees within the national system and to expand late birth registration activities to cover refugee children in urban areas . Support will also be provided for ICT equipment to improve record keeping . > 15 Declaration of International Conference on the Great Lakes Region ( ICGLR ) Member States on the Eradication of Statelessness , 16 October 2017 : http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 59e9cb8c4 . html 31", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 592, "text": "Data on registration and documentation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ration ; and ( iii ) boundary and | ent of the Project Affected < br > ining 12 percent are at vari < br > s on the valuations ; ( ii ) cou < br > ownership disputes . | Persons ( 3 , 131out of 3 , 356 ) < br > ous stages of valuation and < br > rt cases including issuance | | IN01229684 < br > ► Substation constructed or rehabilitated under the project ( Number , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 00 | | Date | 02-Nov-2015 | 31-Mar-2022 | 08-Dec-2022 | 30-Apr-2024 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P133305 | IDA-58080 | Effective | USD | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 58 . 05 | 37 . 30 | 61 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D", "spans": [{"start": 657, "end": 686, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "was an intended outcome of the project , it was not included in the PDO and , therefore , the RF did not include a PDO indicator to measure this outcome . Intermediate indicators , however , were added during the first restructuring to measure the progress of this outcome . Consideration could be given in future metropolitan projects to include a PDO indicator to measure this important outcome of strengthening metropolitan governance . # # # * * M & E Implementation * * 52 . * * Initial progress in establishing an M & E team was slow and the M & E rating was downgraded to MU in May 2018 to reflect this delay . * * It was upgraded to MS in October 2018 when the PCT established a dedicated team and mechanism for systematic monitoring and evaluation . Quarterly reports shared with the Bank have been consistent with findings from independent beneficiary assessment and the Banks ’ s validation and verification exercises during ISM . Regular site visits and inspections were essential in collecting data for the M & E framework . Once established , the M & E team provided consistent and verifiable project data which were of high quality and were used in the Bank ’ s reporting in the Implementation and Status Reports ( ISRs ) . The changes in the Results Framework described in paragraphs 12-15 reflected the responsiveness of the project to the changing implementation environment . The changes allowed the project to remain relevant , and the upward revisions ensured that the project remained ambitious . # # # * * M & E Utilization * * 53 . The M & E framework informed project-related decisions especially monitoring the progress of infrastructure works . It was also used for keeping the Bank management abreast of the progress of the project . Page 21 of 44", "spans": [{"start": 1107, "end": 1119, "text": "project data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 558 ) | 1132 | 49 . 374 < br > ( 0 . 494 ) | - 9 . 011 * * * | | Permanent | 386 | 0 . 902 < br > ( 0 . 015 ) | 784 | 0 . 955 < br > ( 0 . 007 ) | 1170 | 0 . 938 < br > ( 0 . 007 ) | - 0 . 054 * * * | | Insufcient — recognition | 385 | 0 . 249 < br > ( 0 . 022 ) | 784 | 0 . 281 < br > ( 0 . 016 ) | 1169 | 0 . 270 < br > ( 0 . 013 ) | - 0 . 031 | | Insufcient — salary | 385 | 0 . 675 < br > ( 0 . 024 ) | 784 | 0 . 759 < br > ( 0 . 015 ) | 1169 | 0 . 731 < br > ( 0 . 013 ) | - 0 . 084 * * * | | Monthly salary ( USD ) | 340 | 125 . 268 < br > ( 1 . 254 ) | 743 | 115 . 562 < br > ( 0 . 598 ) | 1083 | 118 . 610 < br > ( 0 . 585 ) | 9 . 706 * * * | | Choose teaching | 381 | 0 . 635 < br > ( 0 . 025 ) | 775 | 0 . 732 < br > ( 0 . 016 ) | 1156 | 0 . 700 < br > ( 0 . 013 ) | - 0 . 096 * * * | _Notes_ : The value displayed for t-tests are the differences in the means between male and female teachers , using baseline data . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at the 1 , 5 , and 10 percent critical level . 7", "spans": [{"start": 917, "end": 930, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Tax-to-GDP prior to transition to middle income status , median < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent of GDP Percent of GDP < br > 30 Median Mean 19 < br > 18 < br > 17 < br > 25 < br > 16 < br > 15 < br > 20 14 12 . 9 < br > 13 < br > 15 12 < br > 27 . 9 < br > 25 . 0 11 < br > 23 . 4 < br > 10 21 . 3 10 9 . 1 < br > 15 . 0 9 < br > 12 . 9 < br > 5 8 < br > 7 < br > 6 < br > 0 < br > L to LM LM to UM UM to H < br > Years < br > T-10 T-9 T-8 T-7 T-6 T-5 T-4 T-3 T-2 T-1 T < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources : _ International Monetary Fund ; Authors ’ calculations . A . “ L ” denotes low income , “ LM ” denotes lower-middle income . “ UM ” denotes upper-middle income , and “ H ” denotes high income based on World Bank income classification . B . T denotes the year of transition from low to lower-middle income group . Dashed line denotes the inter-quartile range . 7 Some countries have transitioned more than once , likely due to volatility in estimated per capita income levels . To address this , we consider only the most recent year in which a country transitioned . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Appendix # # Appendix A1 : A Novel Database of Laws and Decrees in the GCC Our first contribution is a novel database of past and current economic reforms from all the GCC countries . We obtain these data from each country ’ s national legislative archives by web-scraping from the following sources : - * * < u > Bahrain : < / u > * * The Legislation & Legal Opinion Commission ( link ) - * * < u > Kuwait : < / u > * * The General Secretariat of the National Assembly ( link ) - * * < u > Oman : < / u > * * Oman Law ( link ) - * * < u > Qatar : < / u > * * Al-Meezan ( Qatar Legal Portal ) ( link ) - * * < u > Saudi Arabia : < / u > * * National Center for Archives and Record ( link ) - * * < u > UAE : < / u > * * The Ministry of Justice ( link ) After extracting laws and decrees from the online archives , we tagged them according to a classification system corresponding to the WEF ’ s Global Competitive Index ( GCI ) pillars and an additional diversification category corresponding to UNCTAD ’ s Export Concentration Ratio . We conducted the tagging by creating keywords for each category and searching for those terms in each title . For example , the “ innovation ” category ’ s key terms include research , intellectual property , artificial intelligence , technology , inventions , etc . If at least one word in a category ’ s keywords is found , we apply that category ’ s tag . We allow for a law to fall under multiple categories . We do not include laws for which we found no category matches in our analysis . The WEF ’ s GCI pillars and their definitions are in Table A1 . 1 . # # # * * Table A1 . 1 Definitions of policy pillars * * | * * Pillar * * | * * Definition * * | | - - - | - - - | | |", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 156, "text": "database of past and current economic reforms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "but reliable indicators of the market characteristics that might affect agent transactions based on the consulting firm ’ s long experience in Kinshasa . We include a dummy variable for high income and another for low commercial density in the regressions that follow . To the extent that agents are an effective way to reach low income market segments that are typically financially excluded , we would expect a negative relationship between the high income dummy and agent transactions . < sup > 24 < / sup > The level of commercial development is an indicator of both demand for financial transactions and the ease with which many clients can perform them , especially during the course of the business day . We therefore expect the low commercial density dummy variable to be negatively linked to the number and volume of agent transactions . Note that the market characteristics that we include in the regressions are timeinvariant because it was not possible to create reliable measures that varied over time . At the same time , however , we argue that variables such as these are slow to change and thus they should do a good job of accurately sorting municipalities into a few bins within the tight window for which we have agent transactions data . Finally , and as described above , Experts SARL created variables to describe the level of financial development in each municipality , including an overall assessment of financial density as being high , medium , or low , and an assessment of the predominant type of financial institution ( banks , microfinance institutions , providers of mobile banking services ) . To the extent that the services provided by FINCA agents are effective in reaching market segments that are underserved by other providers , we would expect agent transactions to be higher in locations where there are fewer alternative service providers . Thus , we would expect a negative relationship between the dummy variable for high financial density and our agent transactions variables . > 24 Our assumption is that higher income clients are more likely to access financial services from providers other than FINCA DRC agents . 15", "spans": [{"start": 1233, "end": 1256, "text": "agent transactions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | - 0 . 267 * * * | | fuel exporter dummy | ( 1 . 46 ) | ( - 4 . 05 ) | ( - 5 . 21 ) | | Time trend | 0 . 0155 | 0 . 324 * * * | 0 . 291 * * * | | ( = 0 in 2000 ) | ( 0 . 62 ) | ( 7 . 32 ) | ( 6 . 24 ) | | n | 1 , 378 | 1 , 392 | 1 , 378 | | R-squared | 0 . 136 | 0 . 309 | 0 . 244 | | RMSE | 4 . 74 | 7 . 98 | 7 . 91 | _Note : _ Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996 – 2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 14", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 463, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "big jump in the series in the year 2010 . We hence restrict our sample to start in January 2010 when using the ACLED data set . < sup > 2 < / sup > * * Figure 1 : Evolution of the Total Number of Protests * * * * Panel A : Protests in levels Panel B : Protests in per capita * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1995m1 2000m1 2005m1 2010m1 2015m1 2020m1 1995m1 2000m1 2005m1 2010m1 2015m1 2020m1 < br > Sources : Authors ' calculation using ACLED dataset Sources : Authors ' calculation using ACLED dataset < br > 1 . 2 < br > 6000 < br > 1 < br > . 8 < br > 4000 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > 2000 < br > Monthly number of protests < br > . 2 < br > Monthly number of protests ( per million persons ) < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 2 Note that for countries added to the data set after 2010 , we consider these country-year pairs as missing observations ( and not zeros ) before they are added to the data set . However , our results remain robust when using data from ACLED starting in January 1997 . 3", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 125, "text": "ACLED data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 496, "end": 509, "text": "ACLED dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 983, "end": 998, "text": "data from ACLED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Related Literature and Context * * # * * 2 . 1 Related Literature * * According to Schumpeter ( 1939 ) , business cycles are driven by a process of creative destruction by which innovative , high-productivity firms drive relatively unproductive firms out of business . Some prominent macro-models predict that recessions may speed up this process by “ cleansing ” out unproductive firms and freeing up resources for more productive uses ( see e . g . Caballero & Hammour , 1994 , 1999 ) . While longitudinal manufacturing firm-level studies provide empirical evidence that the creative destruction process facilitates productivity growth , they also raise questions about how this process varies over time . Decompositions of aggregate productivity growth only weakly support the hypothesis that allocative efficiency increases during cyclical downturns ( see , _inter alia , _ Griliches & Regev , 1995 , and Baily et al . 1992 ) . Yet such studies typically exclude extreme economic events and it is therefore uncertain whether lessons based on them apply during times of crisis . In the presence of market imperfections downturns may hamper , rather than facilitate , adjustments , and protract the recovery process ( see e . g . Loayza et al . , 2005 ) . Distortionary labor market regulations and policies governing firm dynamics appear particularly detrimental to the efficiency of the reallocative process ( see e . g . Collier and Goderis , 2009 , Haltiwanger , Scarpetta and Schweiger , 2008 ) . Barlevy ( 2002 , 2003 ) , moreover , has pointed out that crises can obstruct the process of creative destruction by exacerbating credit market imperfections , which may hurt efficient firms disproportionately as such firms are likely to have higher financing needs , contradicting the creative destruction hypothesis . Empirical evidence supporting the idea that crises exacerbate credit constraints is provided by Blalock , Gertler and Levine ( 2008 ) who , using the same dataset as considered in this paper , show that foreign owned firms , which are arguably 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "system , while the Order sub-component is an assessment < sup > of popular observance of the < / sup > law . Data on bank concentration and foreign bank penetration < sup > are taken from the World < / sup > Bank Financial Structure Database . Finally , we have < sup > taken data from Demirgui , - Kunt and < / sup > Huizinga ( 1999 ) on the features of the deposit < sup > insurance scheme of a country , in < / sup > particular whether insurance is implicit or explicit < sup > and how large the explicit insurance < / sup > premiums are . Our data set includes listed banks from 12 < sup > countries , namely the four East Asian < / sup > crisis countries ( Indonesia , South Korea , Malaysia , < sup > and Thailand ) , four other countries in < / sup > South East Asia ( Hong Kong , Japan , Singapore , and < sup > Taiwan ) , and the four major < / sup > Western countries to provide for a benchmark ( France , < sup > Germany , UK and US ) . Across < / sup > these 12 countries we have collected data on 137 listed < sup > banks during the period 1991-98 . < / sup > The banks in our sample include most of the major < sup > listed banks in the country4 . The < / sup > features of the deposit insurance schemes of the 12 < sup > countries are presented in Table 2 of < / sup > the Appendix . To limit the large number of listed banks in Japan , we < sup > only look at the long-term < / sup > credit banks ( 3 in total ) , the city banks ( 9 in total ) , and < sup > the trust banks ( 7 in total ) , thereby < / sup > excluding the mostly smaller regional banks ( 127 in total ) . < sup > To limit the large number of < / sup > listed banks in the US , we only include the 22 largest < sup >", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 164, "text": "Data on bank concentration and foreign bank penetration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 208, "end": 241, "text": "Bank Financial Structure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1002, "end": 1034, "text": "data on 137 listed < sup > banks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | 10 | | Agriculture : < br > Livestock | Hybrid DairyCows ( One-off ) | 3 | | | - | 7 | | | Improved Beehives ( One-off ) | 5 | | | - | 17 | | Subproject | Permanent Employment | | | | | | | Related < br > Employment < br > Opportunities | Temporary Employment | | On-dem | and for all P | AHs | | | Training , | Vocational Training | | | | | | | < br > Capacity < br > | EntrepreneurshipTraining | | On-dem | and for all P | AHs | | | Building & < br > Tech . Assist . | Market Linkages | | | | | | # # # # # * * 11 . 6 Special Assistance for Vulnerable Groups * * Special assistance measures will provide vulnerable groups with a safety net . The special assistance measures do not substitute compensation and other income restoration measures to which vulnerable groups are entitled like all other PAPs . The special assistance measures are additional to these . The types of vulnerable groups identified based on the census data are female-headed households ( FHHs ) , elderly and chronically ill heads of households . FHHs are labour-short , because they have no husband / partner to support with farming tasks . The combined number of these vulnerable groups of PAHs is 154 . - 72 Elderly Male headed households ( MHH ) ( elderly people aged 65 and above ) - < mark > 52 Female Headed household ( FHH ) ( labour-short , i . e . no husband / partner to < / mark > support with farming tasks ) - < mark > 11 Elderly and Female headed households ( Vulnerable due both factors ) < / mark > - 8 HHHs with physical disabilities , - < mark > 11 Chronically ill household heads < / mark > When consulted PAPs were", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 935, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Infrastructure < br > and Operations | Provide < br > eco-friendly < br > energy < br > sources such as solar for the < br > facilities . |  The < br > presence < br > of < br > sustainable < br > and < br > eco - < br > friendly equipment at the < br > sites . | Training on the < br > need for and use < br > of < br > eco-friendly < br > equipment . | Quarterly | UWA Rangers | 4000000 | | Employment < br > opportunities |  Timely payment . < br >  Having formal contracts for < br > the workers . < br >  The < br > contractor < br > should < br > involve local leaders in the < br > recruitment < br > process < br > to < br > ensure full and fair < br > participation of local |  Employment records of < br > workers in adherence to < br > the law < br >  41 % < br > of < br > contractor < br > workers . sourced from the < br > local communities | Hire of skilled < br > and < br > unskilled < br > labour . | Quarterly < br > reports | Contractor , < br > UWA , < br > local < br > leaders . | 200 , 000 , 000 | 103 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff accommodation and entrance gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 710, "text": "Employment records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "component supported the building of capacity to monitor development performance , service delivery and the outcomes of public expenditures on living standards of population groups by specifically upgrading the internal capacity of the Uganda Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) , among other things , to ( i ) undertake the National Service Delivery Surveys ; and ( ii ) household expenditure surveys . * * Part D * * : Global Distance Learning ( Appraisal cost , US $ 3 . 4m ; Actual cost , US $ 4 . 28m ; IDA disbursement , US $ 2 . 42m ) . The component served as a pilot for testing the effectiveness and sustainability of distance learning in Uganda through support for ( i ) the construction and acquisition of equipment for a learning center ; and ( ii ) the operation of the center . # # # * * d . Comments on Project Cost , Financing , Borrower Contribution , and Dates : * * The ICR provides conflicting cost estimates ( in terms of both appraisal estimates and actual ) for the various components of the project . The total actual project cost and the contribution by other development partners and the Government are not clear . Nevertheless , it appears the actual total cost of the project exceeded appraisal estimate by about 70 percent . There was cost overrun on all components , but especially for the financial management ( 117 percent ) , because of the cost underestimation for the procurement of the Integrated Financial Management System ( IFMS ) . Although the project ' s components were not formally revised , changes in sub - activities were made ( five changes were made to various schedules of the DCA ) which involved dropping and adding new activities to accommodate IFMS , including a request at mid-term review for a supplemental credit of SDR10 . 5 million ( approved by the Board in October 30 , 2003 ) , and led to the amendment of the DCA dated November 25 , 2003 . The closing dates for the project were changed twice , extended to December 31 , 2005 and later to December 31 ,", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 351, "text": "National Service Delivery Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 365, "end": 394, "text": "household expenditure surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "33 # * * 8 . Concluding Remarks * * Pandemics are unique in that they disrupt human capital accumulation at both school and work . We present an accounting framework to improve our understanding of their impact . Poorer nations are _more_ likely to be insulated from schooling shocks since there is little schooling initially . Despite the lower losses relative to HICs and MICs , LICs are still heavily and durably impacted by the pandemic shock given preexisting vulnerabilities . Richer nations are _less_ likely to be insulated from employment shocks , due to higher returns to experience and higher quantity of schooling . Through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic , we find that the schooling shock is most significant for the middle - and high-income economies , causing significant economic damage in the long run . Even after 10 years , the world economy will still continue to suffer significant losses due to lost experience in richer nations . This emphasizes the role of experience in the global learning losses due to COVID-19 . Finally , by estimating global returns to education and experience separately for men and women using household surveys for 145 countries , differential effects by gender of the COVID-19 pandemic are explored . Surprisingly , the effect on female relative income is small and short-lived . This turns out to be because differences across genders in returns to human capital are too small to make much difference in transition dynamics . That said , for low income economies , the relative lack of schooling among women does turn out to be a factor worsening the impact of the pandemic somewhat . Our analysis has several implications for policy . First , the huge losses that we estimated highlights the urgency of reopening schools . As of November 2021 , about half of the global student population live in countries where schools are still not fully open . Second , our results show the importance of bridging the digital divide between and within countries and improving online education . Third , recovery from the pandemic may require investments in remedial education for students who experienced schooling loss . Fourth , it suggests that payment protection programs are likely preferable to unemployment insurance , at least to the", "spans": [{"start": 1145, "end": 1162, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 decisions . In 1997 antidumping initiations declined relative to 1996 but remained high compared to the early 1990s . Table 2 : Antidumping Activity in Latin America - Initiations , 1989-97 | Country | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Argentina | | | l | | | | 6 | 42 | 18 | | Brazil | 2 | | 2 | 9 | 4 | 30 | 12 | 1 | 19 | | Chile | | | | | | | 2 | 4 | 2 | | Colombia | | | | | | 4 | 1 | 5 < br > | 1 | | Guatemala | | | | | _ | | | 1 | | | Mexico | 17 | 9 | 14 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 18 | 3 | 5 | | Peru | | | | | = | | 4 | * * 4 * * | * * 3 * * | | Venezuela | | | | | | | 1 | * * 5 * * | | | LAC Total | 19 | 9 | 16 | 34 | 28 | 57 | 44 | 65 | 48 | | World Total | 118 | 102 | 179 | 234 | 245 | 247 | 160 | 149 | 190 | | ( Rest of World ) | 99 | * * 93 * * | * * 160 * * | * * 200 * * | * * 217 * * | * * 190 * * | * * 116 * * | * * 84 * * | * * 142 * * | | LAC % * * of World * * | * * 16 % * * | * * 8 % * * | * * 10 % * * | * * 15 % * * | * * 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Civil Engineer , Consultant ) , Ms . Wacuka Ikua ( Operations Officer ) , Mr . Dahir Warsame ( Procurement Specialist ) , and Mr . John Ogallo ( Financial Management Specialist ) . This report is based on information collected during that mission and material from the project files . Tlhe borrower contributed to the preparation of the ICR by contributing views as reflected in the Completion Mission ' s Aide Memoire ( Appendix A ) , by preparing its own Project Completion Report ( Appendix C ) , and by providing detailed comments on the parts of the ICR as it evolved and formally responding to the draft ICR ( Appendix D ) .", "spans": [{"start": 271, "end": 284, "text": "project files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Margaret Grosh ( 2000 ) . \" Consumption . \" < / mark > _ < mark > Designing household survey questionnaires for developing countries : lessons from ten years of LSMS experience . < / mark > _ < mark > 15 : 91-133 . < / mark > - < mark > Deaton , Angus , and Valerie Kozel ( 2005 ) . \" Data and dogma : the great Indian poverty debate . \" < / mark > _ < mark > The World Bank Research Observer < / mark > _ < mark > 20 . 2 : 177-199 . < / mark > - < mark > Dillman , D . , and C . House ( 2012 ) . \" Measuring what we spend : toward a new Consumer Expenditure Survey . \" < / mark > _ < mark > Panel on Redesigning the BLS Consumer Expenditure Surveys < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > - < mark > Elkin , I . ( 2013 ) . Recommendation regarding the use of a CE bounding interview . < / mark > _ < mark > Bounding interview project unpublished paper ( US Bureau of Labor Statistics , 2012 ) < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > - < mark > Farfan , Gabriela , Maria Eugenia Genoni , and Renos Vakis ( 2017 ) . “ You are what ( and where ) you eat : capturing food away from home in welfare measures . ” < / mark > _ < mark > Food Policy 72 : 146-156 . < / mark > _ - FAO and The World Bank . ( 2018 ) . _Food data collection in Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys . Guidelines for low - and middle-income countries_ . Rome . - < mark > Fiedler , J . L . , & Yadav , S . ( 2017 ) . “ How can we better capture food away from Home ? Lessons from India ’ s linking person-level meal and household-level food data ” . < / mark > _ < mark > Food policy < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The persistence in productivity differences among firms , even within the same narrowlydefined industry , is striking and puzzling . For example , within four-digit industries in the United States , labor productivity in manufacturing plants at the 90th percentile is four times as high as it is in plants at the 10th percentile ( Syverson , 2011 ) . A growing literature suggests that management practices play a key role in explaining the large variation in productivity across industries and countries ( Bloom and Van Reenen , 2007 ; Bloom et al . , 2012b ) . In a world facing climate change , patterns of energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions have taken center stage in discussions on firm performance . To this end , methodologies have been adapted to study the relationship between management practices and energy demand at the firm level , albeit mostly in developed countries ( Bloom et al . , 2010a ; Boyd and Curtis , 2014 ; Martin et al . , 2012 ; Schweiger and Stepanov , 2019 ) . Our paper builds on this nascent literature to explore the link between firms ’ management practices and energy use . Despite the implications of business decisions for climate change , and climate change for business , the firm as a unit of analysis is not common in the literature on energy efficiency . Energy use by firms is a major driver of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide . Direct emissions from manufacturing and construction account for 20 % of global CO2-equivalent emissions from fossil fuel combustion ( World Bank Data , 2020 ) , and is much larger once indirect ( e . g . , electricity and heat ) emissions are included . Firm energy use decisions not only have implications for firms ’ private costs , but also affect the global and local environmental impacts of economic activity . Prior studies focus heavily on individual decisions , or aggregated outcomes at the industry or country level , such as total production , given that energy data at the firm level are often aggregated into a firm ’ s materials inputs or not reported at all . Management practices could interact with energy decisions via several channels", "spans": [{"start": 1551, "end": 1566, "text": "World Bank Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1984, "end": 1995, "text": "energy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 # * * PDIS RETOURNÉES * * Tableau III : Nombre Cumulé de PDIs retournées par région de juillet 2013 au 31 octobre 2020 | * * Région * * | * * Ménage * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kayes | 37 | 120 | 99 | 219 | | Mopti | 9352 | 24947 | 20447 | 45394 | | Segou | 422 | 1817 | 1487 | 3304 | | Gao | 32 286 | 86 457 | 69 965 | 156 422 | | Menaka | 16 682 | 37 597 | 30 813 | 68 410 | | Kidal | 547 | 1201 | 983 | 2184 | | Tombouctou | 67 904 | 167 661 | 137 956 | 305 617 | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 127 230 * * | * * 319 800 * * | * * 261 750 * * | * * 581 550 * * | D ’ après les évaluations menées en octobre 2020 , le nombre de PDIs retournées est estimé à * * 581 550 * * individus . Le nombre de retournés au Mali est passé de 567 266 en juillet 2020 à 581 550 individus en octobre 2020 , soit une augmentation de * * 14 284 * * individus . * * 18 * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "7 percent of exports < sup > 10 < / sup > and 21 . 6 percent of value added in 2017 . < sup > 11 < / sup > * * 7 . The IFC / World Bank Country Private Sector Diagnostic ( CPSD ) for Jordan confirmed the importance and the potential of the ICT sector for growth * * . The CPSD highlighted IT outsourcing ( ITO ) / Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) , and digital entrepreneurship as key potential activities . In addition to recommended reforms in the telecom > 5 Excluding public administration . > 6 ICT Association of Jordan ( Intaj ) sector profile , 2018 > 7 ibid > 8 World Bank National Accounts Data , 2018 > 9 Labor Force Survey , 2018 ( DoS ) > 10 The Atlas of Economic Complexity , 2017 > 11 ibid Page 7 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 575, "end": 608, "text": "World Bank National Accounts Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 620, "end": 638, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET CJCP ( P143302 ) sub-components on jobs did not add up to the total , while the addition of trainees as new jobs in the project M & E reporting was not appropriate . Even though the 2021 , restructuring adjusted the targets , the overall job target remained the same even though the target for IP firms was reduced substantially , and the sale target was significantly lowered . At the same time , the measure of exports was dropped . This was driven by the delays in infrastructure development which were undermining the achievement of the ' competitiveness aspect ' referenced in the PDO in the short term . Once the project was extended by another two years , the sales target should have been increased . # # * * c . M & E Utilization * * The assessment of M & E utilization draws from the ICR material provided on page 31 . The internal assessments of the skills development program were helpful in project implementation and generated a variety of practical lessons which were incorporated into the scale-up . The subsequent evaluation at the end of this component served as input into the institutionalization of training at a permanent facility at Bole Lemi II . The reviews of the B2B linkages program helped explain the reasons for its limited success . They supported the decision to downsize the matching grants scheme . However , it proved difficult to offer practical suggestions that could be immediately implemented due to the various external factors beyond the control of the project . However , as noted above during implementation , the project could have better utilized the M & E data to revise the results targets , given the changing priorities on the ground with less focus on job intensive sector which was the key objective of the project . Overall , even though the M & E design was well thought through with moderate shortcomings , there were significant shortcomings during implementation to revise the results framework and targets to address the changing conditions on the ground .", "spans": [{"start": 1692, "end": 1702, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "present given the distribution of hazards is changing over time with climate change and historical data forms the basis of all simulations presented in this paper . The models built in this paper are an important first step toward constructing vulnerability or damage functions as used in the catastrophe risk modeling literature , and can inform disaster response planning and financing . However , these limitations mean that care is needed in interpreting the results of the analysis . We envisage that the set of tools developed herein will provide the basis for refining the analysis as more data become available , and expanding coverage to other regions . Accompanying this paper is code designed to extract a large set of potential shock measures and determine which of these are consistent with changes in the welfare measures ( outof-sample ) . The modular code used is intended to be transparent , to aid in replicability , and to be available for others to improve upon . The goal is to encourage both learning and common standards , which in turn contribute to the implementation of drought-responsive policies that are objective and transparent . The paper is structured as follows . Section 2 presents the empirical framework for assessing the relationship between welfare and hazards in rural areas where rainfall-dependent agricultural production is dominant , and where rainfall deficits ( droughts ) thus may have very serious welfare consequences . It sets out the approach used to estimate the vulnerability function and an exceedance probability curve that describes the welfare losses likely to occur because of rainfall deficits of increasing severity . Section 3 discusses in detail the historical hazard database and the household survey data used , the merging of the hazard data to the household survey data , and the specifications used for the hazard measures . Section 4 presents estimates of vulnerability functions . Section 5 shows how these vulnerability functions can be used to project welfare losses and presents some exceedance probability curves . Section 6 offers some conclusions . # 2 . An Empirical Framework for an Ex Ante Assessment of the Welfare Costs of Drought A catastrophe risk modeling framework uses three components to generate an ex ante assessment of the costs of a catastrophe : hazard , exposure", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 103, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1712, "end": 1738, "text": "historical hazard database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1814, "end": 1835, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> * * Estimate * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 0-12 months | Start-up of large | Team Leader | 8 weeks | | | consultant support < br > contracts , and review | Cadastral Survey < br > Specialist | 4 weeks | | | of bidding documents ; < br > M & E arrangements / | Procurement < br > Specialist | 4 weeks | | | defining baselines ; Support with < br > implementation of | FM specialist | 4 weeks | | | institutional capacity | Social Specialist | 5 weeks | Page 84 of 95", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", persons with disability , returnees , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , ethnic and religious minorities , nomadic and stateless persons . The lack of a Tazkira has a spillover effect , as it is a requirement to acquire other documentation e . g . a passport . < sup > i < / sup > Consequently , accessing legal identity , efficient identity management and removing barriers is crucial as a fundamental human right that duty-bearers must diligently safeguard to mitigate protection risks and achieve lasting solutions . Information on civil documentation and registration rates are currently still limited . The latest World Bank report ( 2015 ) indicates that merely 42 % of the total births are registered in Afghanistan . Data from the Protection Cluster Protection Monitoring tool ( December 2023 ) highlights that 55 % of assessed households reported at least one family member lacking documentation , with the majority having never managed to obtain it . This disproportionately affects women and girls . Also , the UNHCR Protection monitoring tool ( CPBM 2023 ) indicates that rural and culturally conservative areas are more affected , such as in Uruzgan and Hilmand Provinces , where 77 % of the families reported lacking civil documentation , the majority of those being women and girls . MAY 2024 1", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 791, "text": "Protection Cluster Protection Monitoring tool", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1029, "end": 1061, "text": "UNHCR Protection monitoring tool", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5681 # * * Abstract * * Conditional cash transfers are programs under which poor families get a stipend provided they keep their children in school and take them for health checks . Although there is significant evidence showing that they have positive impacts on school participation , little is known about the long-term impacts of the programs on human capital . This paper investigates whether cohorts of children from poor households that benefited up to nine years from _Familias en Acción_ , a conditional cash transfer program in Colombia , attained more school and performed better on academic tests at the end of high school . Identification of program impacts is derived from two different strategies using matching techniques with household surveys , and regression discontinuity design using a census of the poor and administrative records of the program . The authors show that , on average , participant children are 4 to 8 percentage points more likely than nonparticipant children to finish high school , particularly girls and beneficiaries in rural areas . Regarding long-term impact on tests scores , the analysis shows that program recipients who graduate from high school seem to perform at the same level as equally poor non-recipient graduates , even after correcting for possible selection bias when low-performing students enter school in the treatment group . Although the positive impacts on high school graduation may improve the employment and earning prospects of participants , the lack of positive effects on test scores raises the need to further explore policy actions to couple the program ’ s objective of increasing human capital with enhanced learning . This paper is a product of the Public Sector Unit , Independent Evaluation Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at jbaez @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to", "spans": [{"start": 773, "end": 790, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 837, "end": 855, "text": "census of the poor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "revenues are , in fact , used to support the broader public good . Survey respondents in the DRC , as noted above , expressed strong in-principle support for taxation , but 40 percent of respondents said that in practice they had refused or would refuse to pay taxes . This is a reflection of the strikingly low level of trust in the way the revenues are used , with 70 percent of respondents believing that the government is very likely to misuse tax revenue , and another 15 percent finding it somewhat likely . < sup > 137 < / sup > While survey questions on this specific point are not widely available across countries , public concerns about use of government resources appear widespread . The core challenge facing governments is thus to demonstrate to taxpayers that tax revenues are in fact being used to fund national development . Doing so is likely to require two things : ( 1 ) effective strategies for highlighting the connections between revenue and services for taxpayers ; and ( 2 ) actual improvements in service delivery outcomes as revenue collection increases . While > 132 Aiko , R . , & Logan , C . ( 2014 ) . Africa ' s willing taxpayers thwarted by opaque tax systems , corruption . _Afrobarometer Policy Paper 7_ . Afrobarometer . > 133 Paler , L . , Prichard , W . , Sanchez de la Sierra , R . , & Samii , C . ( 2017 ) . Survey on Total Tax Burden in the DRC , Final Report . Kinshasa : Department for International Development . > 134 Ortega , D . , Ronconi , L . , & Sanguinetti , P . ( 2016 ) . Reciprocity and willingness to pay taxes : Evidence from a survey experiment in Latin America . _Economia_ , 16 ( 2 ) : 55-87 . > 135 Ali , M . , Fjeldstad , O-H . , & Sjursen , I . ( 2013 ) . To pay or not to pay ? Citizens ' attitudes towards taxation in Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda and South Africa . _World Development_ , 64 : 828-842 . > 136 OECD . ( 2013 ) . What drives tax morale", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> In the agricultural sector , over half of women workers are unpaid , and in manufacturing this is 58 percent , compared to 40 percent of male workers . < sup > 19 < / sup > Because women are less likely to own land , cultivate fewer crops and have less access to credit and extension services , women ’ s agricultural productivity is 36 percent less per hectare than their male counterparts . < sup > 20 < / sup > The impacts of climate change and the conflict place even greater pressure on women ’ s already volatile livelihoods . 15 . * * Prevailing gender-based violence ( GBV ) risks are elevated due to the conflict * * . According to the most recent Demographic and Health Survey ( 2016 ) for Ethiopia , 26 percent of women aged 15-49 have experienced physical or sexual violence . < sup > 21 < / sup > The conflict exposes women to a range of GBV . < sup > 22 < / sup > Although the government and humanitarian partners have increased support for GBV services , including 34 One-Stop Centers , accessibility remains limited . # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 16 . * * Ethiopia is the third-largest refugee hosting country in Africa and the ninth largest worldwide . * * The country currently hosts over 850 , 000 refugees , with the number increasing over the last three years . < sup > 23 < / sup > Most refugees originate from South Sudan , Somalia and Eritrea ( Figure 1 ) . Most refugees in Ethiopia face protracted displacement due to regional instability and reside in camps , which are generally located in the periphery of the country ( Figure 2 ) . < sup > 24 < / sup > > 16 _https : / / www . unhcr . org / neu / 50129-ethiopians-fleeing-to-sudan-receive-danish-support . html_ >", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 688, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of the world population . The GIDD model projects household survey data using three sets of ex-ante macroeconomic information : ( a ) changes in demographic composition which consist of projection of population by age and by educational attainment ; ( b ) movement of labor between agriculture and non-agriculture ; and ( c ) economic growth . Figure 1 illustrates how the GIDD model incorporates these three changes to adjust the data in the household surveys in the base year to some year in the future . 6", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 79, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rossi-Hansberg 2015 ; Caliendo , Monte and Rossi-Hansberg 2017 ; Spanos 2016 ) , Danish data ( Friedrich 2016 ) , Swedish data ( Tag 2013 ) , and Portuguese data ( Caliendo , Mion , Opromolla and Rossi-Hansberg 2016 ) . The only application for developing countries is Cruz , Bussolo , and Iacovone ( 2016 ) , who study internal firm reorganization and export performance in Brazil . While Chile is at the low spectrum of developed countries , and it is therefore not a developing country , this experience and the evidence gathered here illustrate the possibilities that export opportunities offer for the demand of skills and tasks for developing countries down the road . Our paper is thus a contribution to this incipient empirical literature . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . In section 2 , we introduce the data , we present a set of stylized facts on exports and the demand for skilled tasks and we perform a detailed formal regression analysis . In section 3 , we discuss our results in terms of the theoretical literature . Section 4 discusses extensions and concludes . # * * 2 Exporting Firms and The Demand for Skilled Tasks * * In this section , we study the most salient facts concerning the link between exporting firms and the demand for skilled tasks in Chile . We first describe the data and present the basic correlations between skills , tasks , and exports . Next , we turn to a detailed causal empirical analysis based on instrumental variables regressions . We use two sources of data , firm-level data and customs records . The firm-level data come from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( ENIA ) , an annual industrial census run by Chile ’ s Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica that interviews all manufacturing plants with 10 workers or more . The ENIA is a panel . The customs data provide administrative records on firm exports by destination . We manually matched both databases for the period 2001 – 2005 . As a result , we built a 5-year panel database of Chilean manufacturing firms . The data have several modules . The main module contains information on industry affiliation , ownership type ,", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 92, "text": "Danish data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 114, "end": 126, "text": "Swedish data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 146, "end": 161, "text": "Portuguese data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1526, "end": 1541, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1546, "end": 1561, "text": "customs records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1598, "end": 1632, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1797, "end": 1801, "text": "ENIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1819, "end": 1831, "text": "customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1985, "end": 2037, "text": "5-year panel database of Chilean manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption measures being statistically significant . Karshenas ( 2003 ) finds a corresponding difference of only approximately 5 percent using a slightly different assessment method . < sup > 22 < / sup > While our estimates differ substantially from those of Deaton and Ravallion , we find this difference disappears when we compare our estimates over similar time periods . The Deaton analysis includes data from 1979-2000 , while the Ravallion analysis covers 1985-1998 . Our estimated overall difference between household survey means ( pooling consumption and income ) and HFCE for the 1980s and 1990s are 15 percent . These estimates are similar to Ravallion ’ s 17 percent ( 95 % confidence interval of approximately 9 to 25 percent ) and Deaton ’ s 12 percent ( 95 % confidence interval of approximately 6 to 18 percent ) . One inference to be drawn from this analysis is that our estimated gaps are substantially larger from those estimated separately by Deaton and Ravallion , but this is not due to differences in methods or assumptions , but due primarily to our data including more recent observations . We estimate the overall average gap during the 2010 decade to be 75 percent greater in absolute magnitude relative to the average gap during the 1990s . For a more detailed comparison of our findings with those of Deaton ( 2005 ) and Ravallion ( 2003 ) , see Appendix 1 . Across all sub-samples by geography and income groups , the gap is negative and statistically significant ( Table 1 ) . In Panel A of Table 1 , we compare all survey measures ( overall , consumption , income ) with HFCE . There is a marked pattern of the ratio and country income levels , with the gap being largest among middle-income countries ( 23 percent for lower middle-income countries and 33 percent for upper middle-income countries ) . The gap is much smaller for low - and high-income countries , but still statistically significantly different from zero . The pattern across levels of economic development is shown in greater detail in Figure 3 , which plots all gaps ( and highlights the most recent observations ) against economic development , as measured by GNI per capita . The relationship between", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Historias migratorias de venezolanos que vuelven al país * * * * 19 * * Figura 1 Ejes de valoración y de activos de contexto En general toda la zona inferior del eje vertical dibuja mayor precariedad . Encierra realidades que podríamos asociar con vulnerabilidades que constituyen problemáticas inhibidoras de autonomías tempranas e impactantes en la definición , comprensión e interpretación del futuro de los sujetos más vulnerables . El embarazo adolescente , la desescolarización a niveles tempranos de la enseñanza primaria , y la ocupación de viviendas totalmente inadecuadas ( construidas con materiales de desecho ) podrían incluirse en un ejercicio de construcción de esta línea con fuentes estadísticas . Podría también incluirse otros indicadores que son incluso extraños o infrecuentes en la población más vulnerable del país , que comprometen el futuro de los sujetos miembros de estos hogares y que sobre todo comprometen la posibilidad de una valoración autonómica e integrada de la sociedad . Como , por ejemplo , los hogares en donde los niños y niñas en edad escolar a nivel de primaria no asisten a la escuela . La clave aquí es mirar el ámbito familiar como un escenario de capital y reservar para la sección más baja de la línea el compendio de indicadores menos satisfactorios en tanto locus de activos familiares . Los tipos de migrantes de retorno ubicados en los extremos horizontales son los más disi", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 716, "text": "fuentes estadísticas", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": ", poverty is lower in the group of larger cities than in other urban settings . It is possible , of course , that poverty is both more widespread and deeper in smaller towns , but that population is so concentrated in large cities that the bulk of the poor live there . If this were the case , greater attention to ( and resources for ) metropolitan poverty might be justified on the basis that the _share of poverty_ is greatest there . But Table 2 shows that this is nowhere the case . In fact , the share of the poor is lower than the population share in every country that has a metropolitan area : the difference is relatively small in Kenya , but very substantial elsewhere . In Brazil , although 22 % of the population live in cities greater than 1 million , only 9 % of the country ’ s poor do . In Kazakhstan , 14 % of the population lives in Almaty , but only 3 % of the poor . In Mexico , 27 % of the population resides in Mexico City and the other very large metropolitan areas of the 12 Again with the exception of Kenya , for which we do not have the disaggregated poverty mapping data .", "spans": [{"start": 1065, "end": 1099, "text": "disaggregated poverty mapping data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 5 Page 7 # # # Location Location of the project and its relation to the main lines of communication and ports . # # # Population - Population and its distribution ; - seasonal pattern of population distribution and its employment , including need for itinerant labor . Climate # # # Rainfall , temperature and other climatic data . # # # Topography , Soils and Water Supply The general topographic character of the area , and where relevant related to crop production , and water requirements of the population . Soils The results of the soil survey carried out and information on the suitability of project area soils for different crops . Land Use Present land utilization and the production pattern of the proj - ect area . # # # Land Distribution and Tenure - Distribution and size of holdings by number and area ; - Land tenure situation ; - Any obstacle to economic farming caused by present land distribution and tenure . # # # Research The institutions conducting research pertinent to agricultural development in the project area . Are they adequate ? If not , recommendations for improvement to required standards . # # # Extension and Training - Extension work being carried out in the project area ; - Numbers of extension workers under each category and their qualifications .", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 335, "text": "climatic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 544, "end": 555, "text": "soil survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "RAP * * - i . Raise awareness about the project and its impacts among affected communities ; - ii . Prepare a social profile of PAPs ; - iii . Ensure that any displaced people receive equitable compensation ; - iv . Establish the actual compensation costs ; - v . Prepare resettlement strategies including entitlement matrix and implementation arrangements that would mitigate adverse socioeconomic impacts and grievances ; and - vi . Prepare strategies to mitigate adverse impacts and grievances . # # # # * * Guiding Principles of the RAP * * In order to ensure that the RAP complies with international best practices as regards resettlement , the principle implementing agency , REA shall bind itself to the following guiding principles : - Principle 1 : Physical resettlement must be avoided or minimized - Principle 2 : Meaningful consultation must take place - Principle 3 : Establishment of a pre-resettlement baseline data - Principle 4 : Compensation assessments must be at full replacement cost and prior to commencement of any works 20", "spans": [{"start": 900, "end": 930, "text": "pre-resettlement baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", < br > - social issues | * * Consultant * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * SESA * * < br > * * Team * * | March < br > 2015-June < br > 2015 | Progress < br > report | | | * * 1 . 5 . 2 * * | Spatial mapping < br > of < br > - < br > forest , < br > biodiversity < br > hotspots , < br > river < br > basins , < br > main < br > infrastructure < br > projects < br > - forest dependent < br > communities , < br > activities < br > undertaken < br > in < br > forest areas , use | | | A GIS data < br > base < br > and < br > progress < br > report < br > that < br > includes maps < br > and < br > key < br > environmental < br > and < br > social < br > issues | - Key intersection point < br > with < br > preparation < br > of < br > reference scenario < br > - Update of data on forests < br > canopy mapping will be < br > undertaken < br > through < br > a < br > separate contract < br > - Include community based < br > participatory mapping as < br > needed | 31", "spans": [{"start": 488, "end": 496, "text": "GIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * Source : 2014 Social Economic Data * * However , given that most of the crops are seasonal crops they are likely to be affected during construction . Therefore it is recommended that prior to construction , the contractor considers management of this risk using operational 30", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 44, "text": "2014 Social Economic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a particular age , than women born in the preceding years . The gap is however almost negligible . Agency , and more generally women ’ s empowerment , is influenced by age and education differentials among spouses . < sup > 21 < / sup > The two middle panels of Figure 4 show these differentials , which are calculated by subtracting the years of schooling and age of a woman from the years of schooling and age of their spouse . In most countries , a positive gender gap in education remains between men and women across time but for more recent cohorts in Bangladesh and Maldives , the gap is negative . The reversing of the gap in Bangladesh is encouraging and may be a consequence of targeted policies for girls ’ education . The > 19 Questions included here are those referring to who has a say on ( i ) large household purchases , ( ii ) woman ’ s health care , and ( iii ) women ’ s visits to relatives and friends . Possible answers are : ( a ) respondent alone ; ( b ) respondent and husband / partner jointly ; ( c ) husband / partner alone ; ( d ) someone else ; and ( e ) other . Having a say is defined as choosing answers ( a ) or ( b ) . > 20 The age profiles of agency in Bangladesh and India show that women older than 30 years have higher agency within their households on average than women less than 30 ( Figure A4 in the Annex ) . > 21 See for example Carmichael , 2011 and Mogford , 2011 , Nyyssola 2007 for different implications of the age and education gaps among spouses . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 228, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 5 . Brief remarks from the Coordinator-JBN team , Aisha Zawedde * * She appreciated the District officials for the work done as well attending the meeting . She provided a brief introduction about the assignment and its role in the project . ESIA and RAP are legally required activities by both NEMA and the World Bank . She highlighted that the meeting was an inception meeting to help prepare for the detailed study in the coming weeks . She requested members for their support , guidance and participation in the ESIA and RAP activities to ensure informed decision making by the technical team . # # # * * 6 . Communication from RAP Team Leader , Dauda Batega * * He briefed the meeting about the status of the project . He informed the members of the need for stakeholder engagement including Moyo District leaders and staff . He also requested information from the technical team like the Moyo DDP-II and Statistical report etc . he inquired about the status of refugees in Moyo . * * 7 . Reactions from the members * * # # # * * District Planner , Ereku George * * - The project is long overdue and as such , the project is welcome . - There is need to clearly identify and communicate the distances ( number of km ) for each District . - The ESIA team and design team should ensure that local views are incorporated into the design . For example , the flooding incidences in the area should be catered for . - The project has to consider potential social impacts . # # # * * District Engineer , Nicholas Mawadri * * - The current status of the road makes it inaccessible - There have been changes in policy regarding the road reserve . This might lead to displacement along the alignment . - There is need to consider settlers along the road alignment as well as potential increase in traffic . - There has been creation of new Town Councils i . e . Lafouri and Laropi . The ESIA and RAP reports should be mindful", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 909, "text": "Moyo DDP-II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are provided to < br > target schools and for the target learningdays . The IVA will interview at least 30 % of the target schools . | | * * DLI 2 . 3 * * | Number of vulnerable learners who are provided with school meals during each school calendar year | | * * Description * * | The value number represented target students annually . Percentage of students in target schools having at least one hot < br > meal during the school calendar year . The targeted schools are in semi-arid , arid and informal settlements in urban areas . < br > The target learners in these schools include learners in pre-school ( within these schools ) who will benefit from a fortified < br > meal asper the school health and nutritionpolicy guidelines . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | MoE , School Meals Unit reports | | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | * * Procedure * * < br > * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * | IVA will review reports by MoE and conduct online or phone based verification to confirm school meals are provided to < br > target schools and for the target learningdays . The IVA will interview at least 30 % of the target schools . | | * * DLI 3 * * | Number of new teachers deployed to primary schools with the highest teacher shortages | | * * Description * * | TSC allocates and deploys new teacher posts to primary schools with the highest teacher shortage , on top of pro-rata < br > annual allocation to these schools . ' Qualified teacher ' means , a teacher who is registered with the TSC and has a TSC | Page 97 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 779, "end": 804, "text": "School Meals Unit reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 . Conclusion * * The objective of this paper is to analyze the patterns of UB and ALMP indicators across different income groups and regions and investigate the interlinkages between labor market outcomes and UB and ALMP , drawing on novel UB and ALMP data collected from 191 economies in 2019 – 2020 . The paper also aims to assess the trends of global labor market reforms implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic utilizing the World Bank ’ s comprehensive inventory of these reforms . This investigation reveals new insights on the patterns of UB and ALMP and their linkages with labor market outcomes in low-income , upper-middle-income and high-income economies , especially given the gap in the literature in developing countries . Also , different from past studies , the econometric analysis in this paper incorporates a wide range of UB and ALMP indicators , as well as many categories of labor market outcomes , and controls for the interlinkages between per capita income and UB and ALMP indicators . Finally , unlike most studies that use micro level data , this analysis employs aggregate-level indicators to assess the overall association between UB and ALMP and labor market outcomes . < sup > 22 < / sup > The key findings of the descriptive statistical analyses can be summarized as follows : - Among the 191 countries , 47 . 6 percent have UB schemes and 85 . 3 percent have ALMP . - Across ALMP , public employment services ( PES ) are most prevalent ( employed in 81 . 7 percent of countries ) , followed by national skills funds ( 52 . 9 percent ) and government incentives offered for training ( 53 . 9 percent ) . - The use of ALMP vis-à-vis UB increases substantially , as income level decreases , - On average , employees need to contribute at least 11 . 6 months to become eligible for UB , and the average maximum UB period is 37 . 3 weeks . - Among the six eligibility conditions for UB covered by the data , all of which are also ALMP , periodic reporting on active job search , participation in a training program , and registration with PES are most commonly used .", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 264, "text": "UB and ALMP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 : Evolution of the labor force module in household surveys , 1992 / 93 - 2009 / 10 * * | Question < br > type | SURV < br > IHS 1 | EY < br > 992 / 93 | UNHS | 1999 / 00 < sup > ~ ~ 14 ~ ~ < / sup > | UNHS | 2002 / 03 | UNHS | 2005 / 06 | ÙNHS | 2009 / 10 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Yes < br > / no | Type | Yes / < br > no | Type | Yes / < br > no | Type | Yes / < br > no | Type | Yes / < br > no | Type | | Employment < br > screening < br > questions ? < br > Inactivity < br > measured < br > separately ? | < br > No | _Activity status_ < br > _responses also_ < br > _include inactivity_ < br > _variables_ | No | Labor module is < br > restricted to 3 < br > questions on < br > activity status < br > _Activity status_ < br > _responses also_ < br > _include inactivity_ < br > _variables_ | Partial | “ During < br > the last 7 < br > days did < br > [ NAME ] < br > engage in < br > a family < br > enterprise < br > or in any < br > kind of < br > work for < br > pay or for < br > profit ? ] | Yes < br > – 7 < br > day < br > recall | Detailed – < br > separate < br > questions for < br > wage , family < br > farming , HE < br > _12 month_ < br > _recall has no_ < br > _separate_ < br > _screening ;", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 70, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": " Percentage of Fem | During the Feb 2021 < br > instead of along five < br > previous ISR data . < br > All three Anbessa do < br > ale passenger Trips ( % ) ( Percen < br > | Restructuring , the indicator wa < br > selected corridors . As a result , < br > wnstream activities are under < br > tage , Custom Supplement ) < br > | s revised to consider cityw < br > the baseline and current a < br > procurement . < br > | ide Anbessa ridership < br > ctual value differ from the < br > | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 48 . 00 | - - | 48 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | IN01020554 | | | | | | ► Roads rehablitated ( | Kilometers , Corporate ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 50 | | Date | 26-May-2016 | 25-May-2020 | 12-Jul-2021 | 29-Dec-2023 | | Road safety complianc < br > IN01020541 < br > ► Average processing | e systems < br > time for citizen to register a vehi | cle ( Days , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 20 . 00 | - - | 20 . 00 | 4 . 00 | | Date | 27-May-2016 | - - | 12-Jul-2021 | 31-Dec-2023 | | IN01020545 < br > ► Average processing | time for citizens to obtain a drivin | g license (", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 95, "text": "ISR data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Task 5 : Re-Assessment of Baseline Environmental and Social Conditions * * A review of the previous baseline conditions was assessed and mapped against the current situation on order to understand future projections of both benefits and negative impacts of the project . However , the previous ESIA lacked to a large extent , quantitative data to inform the ESIA study . The consultant , in this case , used various data collection and presentation methods to map current situation as the baseline conditions of the project area . Given the project duration , the consultant reviewed secondary data relevant to the various components of the project . # # # # # # * * Task 6 : Public Consultations / Focus Group Discussions * * To cover a wide range of stakeholders in the study area , focus group discussions and public _barazzas_ were conducted at selected places with Settlements Executive Committee ( SECs ) and other stakeholders to understand their perception on the project as well as their issues and concerns . Overall project features , social safeguards , issues related to women ’ s safety and security , youth and gender concerns , environmental safeguards , and enhancement measures that would be implemented in the project was also discussed with the public . # # # # # # * * Task 7 : Prediction of Environmental and Social Impacts * * The task identified likely positive and negative impacts that would arise due to the implementation of the project , through changes in the physical , biological or socio-economic environment . The 11", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 600, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "term through collaboration with ILO and UNHCR . This support will also include activities aimed at strengthening women ’ s technical skills and will be implemented in cooperation with organizations addressing other constraints ( in particular food nutrition and hygiene ) of vulnerable households . The training would include awareness-raising of risks from climate change and benefits of climate change adaptation . 17 . * * _Component 2 : Poultry value chain input support for improved food and nutrition security and increased incomes ( US $ 1 . 0 million ) : _ * * This activity would finance the distribution of egg-laying chicken and feed and provision of agro-technical advice to refugees in order to tackle food and nutrition insecurity and contribute to improved livelihoods . The activity would also support a limited value chain development , providing opportunities for the poultry producers to sell the surplus products that the family does not require for consumption . 18 . * * _Component 3 : Supervision and monitoring ( US $ 0 . 5 million ) : _ * * This component would finance overall project management , monitoring and implementation , including the following aspects : ( a ) project management and coordination among different actors and stakeholders ; ( b ) monitoring and evaluation , including periodic beneficiary satisfaction survey ( at inception , mid-term and project conclusion ) including ethnicity and gender disaggregated data ; ( c ) project environmental and social safeguards ; ( d ) project fiduciary administration , internal controls and audit , and ( e ) citizen engagement mechanism * * . * * # # # * * Environmental and Social Standards Relevance * * # # # * * E . Relevant Standards * * Sep 02 , 2021 Page 8 of 10", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1358, "text": "periodic beneficiary satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1420, "end": 1459, "text": "ethnicity and gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "execution , monitoring and evaluation . < sup > 18 < / sup > Secondly , the review focused on the macro requirements of MTEF and did not cover the fiscal aspects of health service decentralization . < sup > 19 < / sup > 16 In an interesting observation , Jeffrey Fine ( 1999 ) notes that “ performance auditing ” in Africa is “ now largely conducted under the rubric of public expenditure reviews ” mostly funded by donors and “ largely carried out by externally based professionals ” resulting in “ little ongoing feedback into the [ domestic ] decisionmaking process … Another serious drawback has been failure to disseminate findings in a userfriendly format to the general public . ” We support Mr . Fine ’ s implicit argument for institutionalizing performance measurement and auditing , beyond the usual auditing of government funds . 17 The Health Management Information System ( HMIS ) is in a very poor state and the Ministry ’ s HMIS Unit need to be dramatically strengthened . Service statistics are not reliably collected nor disseminated . In addition , financial data are unintegrated ( extra-budgetary revenues from fees and hospital reimbursements are collected and reported separately from budgetary expenditures , and reporting of both are very uneven across facilities ) . Personnel data are incomplete . Data on assets ( status of health infrastructure ) are nearly nonexistent . 18 In brief , this would require ( a ) capacity to monitor actual MoF allocations and releases , MoH disbursements , and expenditures at the facility or cost-center level during – not after – budget execution ; ( b ) ability to identify any pressure points on aggregate disbursements as well as facility-level “ wrangling ” , and to inform affected facilities or contractors ; and ( c ) ability to reconcile actual expenditures with budget estimates in a timely ( within the budget year ) and public ( transparent ) manner . 19 MTEF in Kenya has been associated , whether rightly or wrongly , with “ right-sizing ” the government . On the other hand , decentralization may", "spans": [{"start": 988, "end": 1006, "text": "Service statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1067, "end": 1081, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1292, "end": 1306, "text": "Personnel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1338, "text": "Data on assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", poor pay and long working hours and increased potential exposure to risk of exploitation and abuse . UNHCR Turkey is committed to supporting the creation of safe environments , and to implementing proactive SGBV prevention , risk mitigation and response intervention . Honouring this commitment requires a coordinated , multisectoral , multilayered approach requiring close coordination at all levels , actively conducting SGBV sensitization , capacity development , and strengthening multisectoral response and risk mitigation interventions across all sectors . The _Building bridges_ project was implemented across multiple sites in three provinces : Istanbul , Ankara and Hatay . Through partnerships with national institutions active in the prevention and mitigation of SGBV risks , the objective of the project was to strengthen the skills and coping mechanisms of individuals at-risk of SGBV and to increase quality and timely response for SGBV . This involved three interrelated components : - Capacity development of stakeholders : capacity development activities focused on SGBV prevention , risk mitigation , response mainstreaming into existing programmes implemented across all sectors . It is widely acknowledged that SGBV remains highly underreported by refugee communities in Turkey , including in employment contexts , mainly due to cultural barriers and stigma . Gaps in the multisectoral referral pathways and uneven levels of community engagement also exist in places compounding the contributing factors . - Sensitization : information dissemination targeted refugee and local communities on SGBV prevention and response . - Multisectoral interventions targeting those atrisk and survivors of SGBV , including : > 2 To provide a picture of the context in which each project was implemented , the population data details for each country is limited to 2018 , which was when the projects began . > 3 https : / / www . unhcr . org / 5c52ea084 . pdf . * * 5 * * Sexual and gender based-violence prevention , risk mitigation and response", "spans": [{"start": 1818, "end": 1833, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expand regression ( 2 ) in order to gauge the relative roles of effort , performance shocks , and ability . Adding effort ( column 3 ) , we explain an additional 30 percent of the variation in classes completed . As expected , we explain all the variation in classes completed when we add the shock as well ( column 4 ) , with a coefficient on log ability equal to our point estimate for _α_ . Further , in column 4 effort and the shock account for 47 and 52 percent of the variation in classes completed , respectively , leaving a mere 1 percent explained by log ability . In other words , in our model almost the whole variation in classes completed is due to effort and shocks . Consistent with estimates from the exogenous effort model , when effort is not controlled for in these regressions the coefficient on ability is overestimated by about 75 percent . This large upward bias should be taken into account not only when estimating achievement regressions with administrative datasets , which typically do not include effort measures , but also when designing policy . By ignoring or underestimating effort ’ s role , policy might place too much weight on a student trait — ability — that cannot be changed rather than on a student choice — effort — that could , in principle be changed . # * * 7 . 5 . 4 Policy implications * * The previous findings elicit two important questions . The first is whether policies could actually raise the number of classes completed . Combining equations ( 3 ) and ( 12 ) , we arrive at the effort 29", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 992, "text": "administrative datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The problem with this approach is that aggregate data fails to capture heterogeneity across firms and non-linearities in investment decisions recently highlighted by a new streamn of works ( Doms and Dunne , 1994 ; Caballero , et al , 1995 ; Cooper , et al , 1995 ) . The problems of an \" aggregate \" approach to the study of investment decisions are even more evident by comparing two recent studies on investment productivity and growth in Africa . The first - Devarajan , et al ( 1999 ) - focuses on investment productivity using cross-country data . Contrary to the aforementioned theoretical predictions , the authors find that neither public nor private investment significantly impacted growth and output in Africa over the past three decades . To reconcile the empirical findings with the theoretical predictions , the authors integrate cross-country exploration with firn-level data on investment in the mianufacturing sector in Tanzania . This analysis suggests that the low level of investment can be partially attributed to the low productivity of capital for African firms . The low level of productivity of capital then explains the absence of a cross-country correlation between growth performance and investment . The second study - Gunning and Mengistae ( 1999 ) - on the other hand reaches the opposite conclusion : the productivity of capital for African firms has increasecl over the past ten years . In particular , the authors explore the rate and the productivity of investment using firmlevel panel data collected by the RPED in eight African countries . Their detailed data set contains information on capital stock and market structure and helps document low levels of investment as well as heterogeneity in firm and investment productivity in the African manufacturing industries . They conclude that manufacturing firms are profitable and that investment productivity has improved in the past ten years . < sup > 1 < / sup > These results , in contrast with the findings of Devarajan et al . ( 1999 ) , suggest that solving the puzzle of the low level of investment and the weak link between investment and growth in Africa may require exploring more closely other determinants of investment , such as the degree of reversibility or risk . Micro panel data on characteristics", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 53, "text": "aggregate data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 533, "end": 551, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 876, "end": 891, "text": "firn-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1507, "end": 1527, "text": "firmlevel panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2268, "end": 2284, "text": "Micro panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY # # # # * * < u > Land Titling in the Settlement < / u > * * The planning process was community driven where all beneficiaries and stakeholders were involved from the onset of the project . Initial activities involved reconnaissance survey as well as Settlement Executive Committee ( SEC ) and community sensitization forums which were aimed at ensuring that the community understands the planning and surveying process . The process also involved mapping and delineation of settlement boundaries , physical mapping of structures , consultative meetings , socioeconomic surveys , community visioning and LPDP plan validation process . delineation of settlement boundaries , physical mapping of structures , consultative meetings , socioeconomic surveys , community visioning and LPDP plan validation process . The process led to generation of a register of beneficiaries , base map and LPDP of the settlement that informed preparation of the Survey Plan . The resultant LPDP was presented to the community for verification through a validation process . This was spearheaded by the SEC followed by various community forums that validated the list of beneficiaries and the LPDP . The total number of beneficiaries enumerated in the settlement is 384 who include ; 262 male , 112 female and 10 institutions who own 352 plots in the settlement . This number does not include the ten ( 10 ) PAPs settled in the flood plain as they beneficiaries in a new site where they will be relocated . To ensure the beneficiaries are aware of available title registration and the corresponding benefits , KISIP and the Chief Lands Registrar will carry out more settlement-oriented community sensitizations on titling and registration . The forums will emphasize the importance of joint titling for spouses as a means to advancing women rights to owning land as well as allow for changes to the title beneficiary list before final printing of the titles . The Land Control Board ( LCB ) will also play an important role in regulating land", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 699, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 967, "end": 992, "text": "register of beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-THARAKA NITHICOUNTY-84639-GO-RFQ / Printing of 938 Reportingtools IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-28 2019-03-06 2019-06-04 < br > KE-WEST POKOT < br > COUNTY-84645-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of one cabinet Pending < br > drawer for storage of IDA / 58360 Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 Implementat 2018-11-09 2018-11-14 2018-12-19 2019-06-17 < br > RMNCAH / THS-UC files at ion < br > the kapenguria County < br > reffereral office < br > KE-EMBU COUNTY-84646 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 1Backup compressor for thecold room with an alarmsystem to be used in Embu IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-12 2018-12-02 2019-03-02 < br > County Refferal Hospital < br > KE-SIAYA COUNTY-84638 - < br > GO-RFQ / Procurement of20 , 000 REVISED motherbaby booklet packed in aplastic pocket bag for IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-19 2019-02-12 2019-03-05 < br > distribution in all facilities . < br > KE-THARAKA NITHI < br > COUNTY-84656-GO-RFQ / < br > Procure one utility vehiclefor CHMT", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 494, "text": "THS-UC files", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SEDLAC , a regional data harmonization effort that increases cross-country comparability , they may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national statistical offices . The LAC aggregate is based on 18 countries in the region for which microdata are available . In cases where data are unavailable for a given country in a given year , values have been interpolated using WDI data or using microsimulations to calculate regional measures . Type of employment and sector limited to working individuals ages 15 – 64 . Table 7 . Profile of the Middle Class | | | * * Middl * * | * * e C * * | * * la * * | * * ss $ * * | * * 13 - * * | * * $ 7 * * | * * 0 * * | * * ( 2011 P * * | * * PP ) * * | * * Middl * * | * * e Clas * * | * * s $ 1 * * | * * 4 * * | * * - $ 81 * * | * * ( * * | * * 201 * * | * * 7 P * * | * * PP ) * * | | | * * Dif * * | * * f * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * 2015 * * | * * 201 * * | * * 6 * * | * * 201 * * | * * 7 2 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 18 * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 394, "end": 402, "text": "WDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as an observer . The Anti-corruption Commission can request access to declarations of incomes , assets and financial interests by public officials for the purpose of its investigations . It can also mobilize the technical expertise or assistance of other oversight authorities , such as the Audit Bureau . * * 23 . Regarding the 2022 Corruption Perception Index ( CPI ) , Jordan ranks 61 worldwide with a score of 47 , which is 12 points lower than in 2021 ( 58 ) . * * Jordan ranked fourth among the Arab countries after the United Arab Emirates , Qatar , and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . The GOJ launched several initiatives to strengthen the rule of law < sup > 32 < / sup > , protect public money < sup > 33 < / sup > , and combat corruption . < sup > 34 < / sup > These are profound steps in the correct direction , yet there is still a need for a more holistic approach to enhance integrity and transparency in anti-corruption measures , including : ( a ) publishing periodic and updated public reports on the government ’ s fulfillment of its commitments to fight corruption ; ( b ) enforcing control and oversight over political money and funding ; ( c ) exercising preemptive and periodic disclosures of cases that are referred to the competent courts with respect to corruption and misuse of public office by the relevant authorities ; ( d ) publicizing financial disclosures and beneficial ownership , as well as limiting conflicts of interest ; ( e ) disclosing the number of objections filed against tenders , as well as the measures taken to address those objections ; in the event the objections are justified , it is necessary to clarify the corrective measures that are taken ; ( f ) advancing the implementation of digitalization of public services ; ( g ) promoting a deeper understanding of the concepts of integrity , transparency and accountability in order to combat corruption among school and university students through a specialized scientific curriculum ; and ( h ) simplifying investment procedures through a reduction in the bureaucratic red tape that foreign and", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 361, "text": "2022 Corruption Perception Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 3 . ECONOMIC ANALYSIS * * It is assumed that 16 , 000 connections will be made . Revenue leakage ( NRW ) has been estimated to be 35 % based the NCWSC history of revenue collections and other losses < sup > 3 < / sup > . Technical data and assumptions made based on surveys or actual data provided by NCWSC and Runji and Associates . # # # # * * Methodology * * The economic analysis is based on consumer surplus methodology which measures the net benefits from consuming n units of a good or the utility value of good n minus the expenditure incurred on the good . The methodology illustrated by Figure 2 , uses the demand curves to estimate the increase in consumer surplus , which results from the increase in water and sanitation consumption at lower price following connection of the household to the NCWSC water supply and sewer mains . The amount the consumer is willing to pay for a quantity Q is the area under the demand curve from 0 to Q . Hence the consumer is willing to pay A + B + D for consumption Q0 but actually pays B + D ( = P0 * Q0 ) , leaving a consumer surplus of A . Once water and sewer becomes available , the consumer surplus is A + B + C , so the increase in consumer surplus as a result of water and sewer are provided is B + C . This consumer surplus has two parts : that arising from the reduction in the price of the Q0units already being consumed and that associated with the new consumption Q1Q0 . The benefit to the consumer is B + C . The area D + E is what consumer pays for the new consumption of water and sewer . This area also equals to the cost of production + producer surplus . The area D + E is also often included in the economic benefits , which is acceptable as long as it is also reflected in the cost side of the analysis", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 300, "text": "surveys or actual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "need for better epidemiological analysis and use of data for decision-making ; and for strengthened financial reporting . 34 . The choice of project components addressing program coordination and institutional strengthening , multi-sectoral prevention , and community and woreda-based initiatives , provided a relevant design and implementation framework . The PAD proposed a broad list of types of activities to be financed by the LRF , but did not provide any guidance as to the choice of activities nor on how these should be implemented . Work with Woreda and Kebele HAPCOs was appropriate , allowing for implementation to be managed at a highly decentralized level . 417 out of 800 Woredas ( approximately 50 % of the population ) were covered , with an effective balance between urban centers ( containing many higher risk ― hotspots ‖ ) and rural areas . Alternative designs were rejected for well-considered reasons ( including the need to respond to a changing epidemiological situation , and to maximize impact of prevention through the most efficient use of limited funds ) . Providing considerable autonomy to local stakeholders to design programs that were culturally sensitive was a reasonable approach in the context . 35 . On the basis of the above the relevance of design and implementation would have been rated high . However , there was insufficient emphasis put on reaching those most-at-risk populations identified at the project appraisal . The time and levels of input needed to establish a fully integrated M & E system were also underestimated . The relevance of design and implementation is rated * * _substantial_ * * . 36 . Based on high relevance of objectives and substantial relevance of design and implementation , overall relevance is rated * * _substantial_ * * . # # * * 3 . 2 Achievement of Project Development Objectives * * 37 . Assessment of PDO achievements has been made difficult because of unforeseen and continued delays in availability of the full DHS report . The Task Team took appropriate steps to fill the information gaps , by supporting FHAPCO to commission a dedicated survey < s", "spans": [{"start": 2112, "end": 2128, "text": "dedicated survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on enhancing gender equalit IDA / 68570 5 . Capacity building , technical assistance and implementation support Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Pending Implementation 2022-09-05 2022-09-26 2022-11-09 2022-12-07 2023-01-06 2023-02-10 2023-03-17 2024-03-16 < br > y in the off-grid sector at the < br > enterprise , employee and cu < br > stomer level . < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE-012 / < br > Procurement of consultancy < br > service ( Component 4 ) < br > - to Conduct a market survey of existing private sectorsolar contractors , identify jobopportunities along the solar IDA / 68570 4 . Standalone solar systemsfor health and education facilities Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2022-01-24 2023-01-23 2022-02-14 2023-02-06 2022-03-30 2023-07-12 2022-04-27 2023-09-05 2022-05-27 2024-03-18 2022-07-01 2024-09-06 2022-08-05 2024-02-01 < br > value chain , and a sustainabi < br > lity plan < br > - to conduct survey of site < br > selection < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE / ICB-0 < br > 01 / Procurement of consulta < br > ncy service ( ADELE Compone < br > nt 2 ) - - for the preparation of EP IDA / 68570 2 . Solar-hybrid mini grids forrural economic development Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Cancel", "spans": [{"start": 527, "end": 584, "text": "market survey of existing private sectorsolar contractors", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commodity prices ? Could it be capturing a commodity price cycle which is not perfectly correlated with the cycle in economic activity that is already captured by GDP growth ? To analyze these issues , we follow the methodology of Céspedes and Velasco ( 2014 ) in separating GDP growth from the commodity price cycle by estimating a policy reaction function ( i . e . , equation ( 1 ) ) that includes the price of commodities . By removing the potential comovements between fiscal policy and the price of commodities from the residual , it is possible that the volatility of commodity exporters gets closer to that of the other countries in the sample . We run two variations of this exercise : first , we include the country-specific commodity export price index ( from the IMF ’ s Commodity Terms of Trade database ) — a weighted average of the export price of commodities , where the weight is the share of exports of a particular commodity . The second specification makes use of the price of oil . < sup > 21 < / sup > Figure 8 shows the results for our four measures of fiscal policy volatility . As is clear from the four panels , the inclusion of the variation in commodity prices does not change the fact that commodity exporters have a much more volatile fiscal policy than other countries . In fact , there is almost no difference between the three specifications regardless of the fiscal policy variable being used . One potential explanation of our result is that the direct effect of commodity prices cannot be separated from the indirect effect that they have through economic activity . This is consistent with the evidence presented in Husain , Tazhibayeva , Ter-Martirosyan ( 2008 ) . An alternative explanation is that the relationship between commodity prices and fiscal policy is much more complex than our simple fiscal policy rule . # * * 5 . Macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy volatility * * So far , we have documented the pattern of fiscal policy volatility with a focus on EMDEs and commodity exporters . We have shown that countries with certain institutional characteristics and policies have a more volatile fiscal policy . But what are", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 816, "text": "Commodity Terms of Trade database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "zones , working on behalf of internally displaced people and conflict-affected populations . As Mark Cutts demonstrates in a recent paper on the issue of ‘ negotiated humanitarian access ’ , the organization ’ s new role in situations of armed conflict has drawn it into a new ( and particularly problematic ) form of the ‘ numbers game ’ : that of determining the relative amounts of assistance to be provided to the different parties involved in a vicious communal conflict . < sup > 19 < / sup > According to Cutts , about 30 per cent of all food aid provided by UNHCR during the war was delivered to Bosnian Serb areas - a figure which reflected the questionable claim that 30 per cent of Bosnia ’ s pre-war population consisted of Serbs . But this allocation ignored the fact that that the _needs_ of the Muslim population were much greater , given that many members of that community were to be found in the besieged enclaves of Sarajevo , Srebrenica , Zepa and Gorazde , where they were largely dependent on humanitarian assistance for their survival . In Bosnian government areas , Cutts also recounts , the allocation of food for Muslims and Croats again reflected pre-war population figures rather than relative needs of the two communities . “ Indeed , ” he writes , “ because of pressure from the Croat authorities of Herzeg Bosna , who controlled the main route into central Bosnia - large quantities of UNHCR food were distributed to Croat areas in the far south of the country which had hardly been affected by the war at all , and where there was no real need for humanitarian assistance . ” < sup > 20 < / sup > Thus by exploiting UNHCR ’ s efforts to pursue an ostensibly ‘ impartial ’ approach to the question of population figures , the Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat authorities were able to able to further their political and military objectives . - 18 J . Crisp , ‘ Ugandan refugees in Sudan and Zaire : the problem of repatriation ’ , African Affairs ,", "spans": [{"start": 1174, "end": 1200, "text": "pre-war population figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| l close of 2018 / 19 FY . No progress expected at this | ► DLI 21 DLR 5 . 2d : Months between receipt of consolidated and quality assured financial statements by OAG and submission of the audited financial statements to Parliament ( Outcome , 8 , 500 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 < br > - - | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | - - < br > - - | - - | - - | | * * Comments * * | 0 entered as not yet measured . Not a DLI for 2017 / 18 . | | | ► DLI 22 6 . 1a MDAs can access multi-year itemized and facility level budget and outturn data for all MDAs in searchable form through the budget module in the IFMIS ( Output , 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | By end FY 2021 / 22 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | N < br > - - < br > N | Y | | Date | - - < br > - - < br > - - | - - | | * * Comments * * | On the budget transparency side , progress has been slow , given the budget department < br > the budget process . A key constraint will be obtaining data on service delivery facilities . < br > this be limited to primary and secondary schools and national health facilities . | has been busy with < br > It is proposed that | ► < mark > DLI 23 6 . 1b UAT of online public interface which provides information in", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 728, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1135, "end": 1170, "text": "data on service delivery facilities", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) additional data or contacting the original authors to obtain additional information . < sup > 3 < / sup > Additionally , in three cases , the updated analysis includes improved estimates , for example , by obtaining information on intra-cluster correlation directly from the original study authors rather than by imputing data from other studies . With the full data set , the hypothesis of a common zero effect of multiple-dose deworming on weight is rejected with p < 0 . 001 . With the TMSDG sample , this hypothesis is rejected at the 10 % level , but applying either a study classification approach used in the previous 2012 Cochrane Review or a study classification approach used in earlier Cochrane Reviews leads to rejection with p < 0 . 01 . < sup > 4 < / sup > Any one of five other individual updates to the TMSDG data leads to rejection of the null hypothesis of a common zero effect at the 5 % level . Using our updated sample , and following TMSDG in including studies from lowprevalence environments where the WHO does not recommend MDA , mass deworming is estimated to increase child weight by 0 . 134 kg ( 95 % CI : 0 . 031 , 0 . 236 ; p = 0 . 01 ; random effects estimation ) . This effect remains robust ( at p < 0 . 05 ) when any individual trial estimate is dropped from the meta-analysis . The result is also nearly unchanged even when simultaneously dropping any two of the 22 estimates : among the 231 possible combinations of two studies that could be dropped simultaneously , in 96 % of cases the estimated effect remains statistically significant at p < 0 . 05 , and the largest p-value is just 0 . 067 . In areas with prevalence above 20 % , where the WHO recommends MDA , the average estimated impact on child weight is 0 . 148 kg ( CI : 0 . 039 , 0 . 258 ; p = 0 . 008 ; random > 3 In several cases we received data from the Campbell Collaboration deworming team , who had themselves directly contacted the original", "spans": [{"start": 842, "end": 852, "text": "TMSDG data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# III . RESULTS Table 1 shows the main results , covering the 1974 – 2009 period . All data are averaged over four years . The dependent variable is the average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita ; aid is measured as net Official Development Assistance ( ODA ) as a percentage of GDP . < sup > 22 < / sup > When we do not account for diminishing returns to aid by including aid squared , the coefficient of the interaction term is negative and significant at the five ‐ percent level ( column 1 ) . When we include aid squared , the interaction becomes significant at the one ‐ percent level ( column 2 ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > According to column 2 , for any increase in _ΔAid_ , the effectiveness of this change in aid disbursements decreases with the share of the period the recipient country has spent on the UNSC two periods before ( i . e . , when the aid has been committed ) . The causal effect of a one percentage point increase in aid as a percentage of GDP on yearly economic growth is 0 . 64 percentage points higher if the recipient has not served on the UNSC compared to if it has served two years ( i . e . , 1 / 2 of the four ‐ year period ) . Compared to the average growth rate of about 1 . 34 percentage points in our sample , this is a substantial reduction of almost half the average growth rate . The results thus support our hypothesis that aid committed during times of short ‐ term political importance is indeed less effective . > 22 . The original source for GDP per capita growth is the World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ; ODA is total net ODA in current US $ from table 2 of the OECD ’ s Development Assistance Committee in percent of GDP in current US $ , taken from the World Development Indicators ( see the Technical Appendix to Clemens et al . 2012 ) . Data for the 2006 – 2009 period are from Minasyan ( 2016 ) and World Bank ( 2016 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1537, "end": 1565, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "performance of East Forest farm households is mirrored in the outcomes for food crop farmer households . Food crop farmers in the East Forest had a 19 percent decrease in farm income compared to the 52 percent drop in the West Forest . While the household expenditure data are more or less in line with the farm income data , they nonetheless beg the question of why West Forest farmers fared so much worse than East Forest farmers during this period . Table 4 Farm Income of Farmers Across Rural Regions _ ( in 1985 CFAFperyear ) _ | | _Percentagze charge , 1985-1988_ | | - - - | - - - | | _Region_ | _Export crop farmer_ < br > _Food crop farmer_ | | East Forest | - 17 . 9 < br > - 3 . 5 | | West Forest | - 33 . 6 < br > - 51 . 6 | | Savannah | - 42 . 1 < br > - 18 . 6 | Source : Grootaert ( 1995 ) . Redeflated with the INS deflators . Cocoa production data from other sources are at some variance with the household survey results for West Forest . 8 The cocoa production data , put together by Agricultural Price Stabilization Fund ( CSSPA ) , are broken down by administrative department and reflect the estimation of cocoa production based on cocoa sales ( table 5 ) . The survey data show that sales increased by roughly 20 percent in the East Forest if we compare 1985 with 1987 or 1988 and decreased by roughly 40 percent in the West Forest . Trends in the survey data are roughly consistent with the CSSPA data for East Forest in that both show an increase in the 1986 / 87 , 1987 / 88 and 1988 / 89 campaigns compared to 1984 / 85 . The strong increase in the sales per household evident in the 1988 East Forest survey data is 1985 and 1988 , and by 28 percent in the West Forest . Coffee sales declined by 7 percent in the East Forest and by 47 percent in the West Forest over the same period . The CILSS surveys were fielded over the following periods : 1985", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 272, "text": "household expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 307, "end": 323, "text": "farm income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 843, "end": 864, "text": "Cocoa production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1184, "end": 1195, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1415, "end": 1425, "text": "CSSPA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1611, "end": 1639, "text": "1988 East Forest survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "28 - ton-km per year in 1983 and locomotive utilization to 100 , 000 km per available locomotive per year . As a result , staff productivity will also increase to 160 , 000 traffic units per employee by 1983 , assuming the same number of staff as in 1979 . Other project items will also contribute to overall operational improvements , provided the implementation schedule is followed . IV . ECONOMIC EVALUATION # # A . Traffic Forecast # # ( i ) Internal Traffic 4 . 01 Future internal traffic on KR will depend on many factors , including the overall level of economic activity in Kenya , import and export growth , the development of regions with low levels of economic activity , Government policy on road and rail transport , operational efficiency of KR , and competition from road transport . Bank projections of GDP growth for Kenya are 3 . 0 % for 1980 and 3 . 5 % rising to 5 . 0 % between 1981-84 ; Western Kenya is developing particularly fast as a result of Government regional policy , and this has led to an increased flow of traffic between Nairobi / Mombasa and the Kisumu / Eldoret areas . With increasing tariffs for road transport , Government ' s policy to encourage traffic to divert from the roads to the railways , and the increased capacity of KR , railway traffic should increase substantially , at least over the next few years . The ability of KR to handle the traffic should not be a problem as , according to the traffic projections , KR will only transport the same tonne-km of traffic in 1986 as it did in 1973 . Road transport may still offer a more reliable and faster service , and customers have been willing to pay a substantial premium for this , but recent increases in road transport tariffs due to higher fuel and other costs as well as enforcement of axle-load regulations seem to be forcing more customers to consider the railways as a viable transport alternative , particularly for exports where higher internal transportation costs cannot always be passed on . The project includes", "spans": [{"start": 1443, "end": 1462, "text": "traffic projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their experience with previous projects of this nature , but we have to mobilize them quickly . We have to meet our goal of a certain number of SHGs . ” < sup > 21 < / sup > # * * b ) Social mapping to facilitate local knowledge versus achieving numeric targets * * Once key stakeholders in the village agreed on the merits of the project , the next step was to identify households to include in the project . This method of identifying the ‘ poorest of the poor ’ ( or POP in JEEViKA ’ s parlance ) involved using census data and hamlet-level information , but also brought in the community to identify the most vulnerable households in a way that established greater ownership and legitimacy over the process . Facilitators in both Phase I and II demonstrated a comparable understanding of this process . What set them apart is that in Phase I villages , ACs and CCs shared a healthy skepticism towards the process . They knew that it was susceptible to being captured by a few groups , that some voices were louder than others when identifying target households , and most importantly that this list would have to be revised with time as they gained a greater understanding of the community , and the community understood more about the project . In a nutshell , decisions about the community were made _and_ changed in the field , with facilitators corrected by participants and vice versa , thereby establishing a model of engagement that was neither entirely bottom up nor top down but which evolved collaboratively on the frontlines . In Phase II villages , facilitators collected data entirely as a means of arriving at a _number_ of target households . The more qualitative data collected in this stage were not utilized during the process of mobilizing women . Moreover , while the ACs and CCs did the mapping exercise and gathered the necessary data , mobilization was ultimately left to CRPs from another village to whom the numeric target was transferred . However , the qualitative data and the informal knowledge on village dynamics collected in the initial stages were not transferred to these CRPs . As a result , often the households identified", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 526, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 531, "end": 555, "text": "hamlet-level information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1671, "end": 1687, "text": "qualitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts will occur during the construction phase , thus , they are shortterm and localized in nature , and their risks are assessed to be moderate to substantial implying the need to apply appropriate mitigation measures . The adverse impacts identified and analyzed in this ESIA are all capable of control within acceptable limits , provided that the recommended mitigation and compensation measures are properly adopted . In addition , construction phase impacts will be mitigated by including specific environmental and social protection clauses in the construction contract documents and enforcing compliance with them during construction supervision . Monitoring of the contractor ' s works will be carried out by the supervising consultant , who will ensure that good civil / environmental engineering practices are followed . Therefore , it is concluded that , provided the benefit enhancement and mitigation measures as recommended in this ESIA report are adopted and a Resettlement Plan ( RP ) and Livelihood Restoration Plan ( LRP ) for the Subproject Affected Households is prepared and implemented , there are no E & S grounds that will prevent the subproject from proceeding to implementation in the form presently proposed . # # # # # # * * _Main Commitments_ * * The Main Commitments for the Subproject Proponent ( EEP ) to implement the following : - _1 ) Resettlement Action Plan : _ Results of the property surveys along the TL route and substation revealed that privately owned farmland , residential houses , religious institutions and eucalyptus and other trees belonging to 62 households will be affected by the subproject . Therefore , a Resettlement Plan ( RP ) and Livelihood Restoration Plan ( LRP ) shall be prepared and implemented to mitigate the land acquisition impact of the subproject as per the requirements of GoE ’ s land expropriation laws and WB ’ s ESS5 on Land Acquisition , Restrictions on Land Use and Voluntary Resettlement . Therefore , EEP who is the implementing Authority must prepare a RP and LRP once the subproject is committed for construction . Page 14", "spans": [{"start": 1416, "end": 1432, "text": "property surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Combining Survey and Geospatial Data Can Significantly Improve GenderDisaggregated Estimates of Labor Market Outcomes * * Joshua D . Merfeld < sup > * < / sup > , David Newhouse < sup > † < / sup > , Michael Weber < sup > ‡ < / sup > , and Partha Lahiri < sup > § < / sup > JEL codes : J21 , C13 Keywords : Small Area Estimation , Data integration , Geospatial Data , Labor Force Participation , Unemployment , Mexico * KDI School of Public Policy and Management and IZA - The World Bank and IZA - The World Bank and IZA > § Department of Mathematics and Joint Program in Survey Methodology , University of Maryland", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 371, "text": "Geospatial Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Revenue performance and fiscal autonomy were enhanced * * as illustrated by ( i ) an increased own revenues and unconditional transfers as a share of total expenditures at sub-national levels , and ( ii ) an achieved nationwide tax collection target for 2011 / 12 of 112 % . Nominally , this has increased 5 times and doubled in real terms . The tax to GDP ratio improved from 11 . 6 % in 2004 / 05 to 12 . 4 % in 2012 . * * Regarding the enhanced incentive environment for public servants , * * the project had no activity that was directly related to improving incentives to civil servants . However , the age decompression ratio was 1 : 9 . 8 in 2004 / 5 ; using the civil service base salary , wage decompression ratio was 1 : 32 . 6 in 2011 / 12 , which shows that salary for skilled staff has improved relative to the non-skilled state employees . * * Toward improved quality and efficiency of operations : * * ( i ) 88 % of the local jurisdictions surveyed in 2011 are providing basic services ( health , education , agriculture and water supply ) as a result of the devolution of power , thus improving access to services & responsiveness through participatory planning , and ( ii ) the reduction in unit cost for 3 sectors has been achieved . Although reduction has not been achieved for primary health & education , there has been significant improvement in the number of health workers , teachers & textbooks , and ( iii ) average processing time for tax collection was reduced to 15 minutes , and for opening files in courts to 24 minutes , and the average clearance rate for courts nationwide has increased to 98 % . In summary , predictability and adequacy of the government ' s financial resources significantly improved , revenue performance and fiscal autonomy at sub-national levels was enhanced , and quality and efficiency in the provision of basic services at sub-national levels were scaled up . However , while wage decompression improved , the incentive environment for public servants stagnated", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Different Dreams , Same Bed : Collecting , Using , and Interpreting Employment Statistics in Sub-Saharan Africa - The Case of Uganda * * # # * * Louise Fox * * # # * * Obert Pimhidzai * * JEL : J21 , o55 . Y1 Keywords : Employment , Sub-Saharan Africa , labor force participation , labor force surveys , gender and employment Sector Board : Poverty Reduction Authors can be contacted at < u > lfox @ worldbank . org < / u > and opimhidzai @ worldbank . org . Useful comments and suggestions were received from Kathleen Beegle .", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 307, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the < br > utilities | * * M * * | * * N * * | | * * Accounting * * < br > The four towns maintain < br > accounting records using < br > peach tree . Dire Dawa is in < br > the Development stage of a < br > new computerized software . < br > The risk is that it is not yet < br > tested to sufficiently say it < br > will meet all the reporting < br > requirements . Still < br > susceptible to bugs , system < br > breakdown etc . < br > The inconsistency in the < br > accounting software used < br > by the different enterprise < br > poses a risk in the < br > consolidation of financial < br > reports . | * * S * * | Develop a new < br > Financial / Accounting < br > Manual < br > MOWE will organize < br > training for Dire Dawa to < br > ensure that they are fully < br > conversant with World < br > Bank policies and < br > guidelines . MOWE < br > will support Dire-Dawa < br > to ensure that the new < br > computerized software is < br > fully functional and < br > adequately meets the < br > needs of the project . | * * S * * | * * N * * | 30", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 124, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Apr-24 | 8-Apr-24 | 2 | 9-Apr-24 | 20-May-2 | 4 27-May-24 | 3-Jun-24 | | * * Cont - 5 * * | Procurement of Consultancy services for data review and < br > surface exploration and conceptual modelling at Adonshe < br > of Aluto | Consultancy < br > | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | High | Prior | Open-International | QCBS / RFP | Rated Criteria < br > | 20 : 80 to 30 : 70 | 70 : 30 | 1-Apr-24 | 8-Apr-24 | 8-Apr-24 | 2 | 9-Apr-24 | 20-May-2 | 4 27-May-24 | 3-Jun-24 | | * * Cont - 7 * * | Procurement of training services for rig crew , data < br > management implementation , office software ’ s and < br > hardware ’ s to strengthen new institutional capacity | Consultancy < br > | 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 | High | Prior | Open-International | QCBS / RFP | Rated Criteria < br > | 20 : 80 to 30 : 70 | 70 : 30 | 1-Apr-24 | 8-Apr-24 | 8-Apr-24 | 2 | 9-Apr-24 | 20-May-2 | 4 27-May-24 | 3-Jun-24 | | * * Cont - 8 * * | Project E & S Support Consultancy : Consultancy for all < br > exploration sites ESIA Study | Consultancy | 195 , 512 . 61 | High | Post | Open / National | CQS / RFP | N / A | N / A | N / A | 1-Apr-24 | 8-Apr-24 | 8-Apr-24 | 2 | 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _6 . Public Consultations in Preparation of the Addendum_ * * The discussion is a continuous activity through updating the land measurement and property inventory . The resettlement committee , the Project Coordination Offices ( National and Regional Coordination Offices ) in collaboration with Amhara Region Rural Land Administration and Use Bureau and the respective Woreda Rural Land Administration and Use office facilitated public consultation . The workshop and community consultation meetings and public hearing sessions were held during the preparation of this RAP Addendum . Communities in the consultation aired their views and concerns including delay in compensation payment , and unpredictability of change in the scope of the project . Community consultation participants stated their concerns relating to 3", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 168, "text": "land measurement and property inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country ; and ( d ) the development and implementation of advocacy and communication strategy for the National Nutrition Program . - b ) * * Nutritional Information System , Surveillance and Operations Research . * * _Knowledge Building_ would be limited without a high-quality nutrition information system in the country . An assessment of the current information systems and the gaps has already been undertaken with UNICEF support . Based on the recommendations as well as further analysis and analytical contributions from other sources , the existing information systems will be strengthened . The aim will be to build a system that provides – mostly at biannual or annual intervals – an adequate range of localized data from different data sources , on nutrition-related indicators . These will include indicators of nutritional status , as well as indicators of health , food security , water / sanitation and other variables that affect nutrition . The system will draw on data from existing sources such as the Early Warning System , national surveys , localized survey including NGO surveys , the Health Management Information System and the Emergency Nutrition Coordination Units ( ENCUs ) . It will strengthen and modify these systems as appropriate , and add new data sources such as additional surveys . Regional governments and bodies will have a key role . A key activity will be to strengthen the Federal and regional ENCUs , and to extend their mandate to , among other things : ( i ) supervise the implementation of surveys conducted at regular intervals at sentinel sites , and not just on an emergency basis ; and ( ii ) oversee independent monitoring and evaluation of the program activities as well as early warning and emergency related information system . A key aspect of this sub-component will be the use of technological innovations to improve the nutritional information system , such as the use of cellphones by Health Extension Workers ( HEWs ) . The cellphones would , among other things , be used to record data on indicators related to nutrition and preventative health , and would also provide alerts for emergency situations . HEWs would be given", "spans": [{"start": 1020, "end": 1040, "text": "Early Warning System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1043, "end": 1059, "text": "national surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1062, "end": 1100, "text": "localized survey including NGO surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1143, "text": "Health Management Information System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "friendly manner . While WELCOM is not meant to be a substitute for more detailed empirical analyses , it is useful for informing policy dialogue . WELCOM aims to simplify the estimation of reform scenarios and become the first building block of a broader project by focusing on the price channel and using data sources that are readily available in developing countries . The results in the Mexican case study included in this paper could also be a useful illustration to inform policy makers and academics on the potential benefits of reducing concentration in key markets through competition-enhancing policies . The hypothetical case study shows that market concentration in key sectors of the Mexican economy has adverse effects on welfare , especially among poor and vulnerable households . Moving toward competitive markets is among the main objectives of the Mexican government , and this requires removing market imperfections and economic distortions to enhance economic performance . WELCOM illustrates the likely poverty and inequality impacts of reducing concentration in the corn and mobile telecommunication markets . The combined effect of expanding competition from 4 to 12 firms in the mobile telecommunications industry and reducing the market share of the dominant oligopoly in corn products from 31 . 2 percent to 7 . 8 percent would achieve an effect on poverty reduction of 0 . 8 percentage points and a drop in the Gini of 0 . 32 points . Although this novel simulation method is not free of limitations , including that it does not incorporate into the analysis other relevant welfare-enhancing channels that directly affect consumers , such as the quality and diversity of products , and new consumers that were previously priced out , WELCOM yields reasonable results using readably available household survey data and minimum information on market structure parameters . The value added of WELCOM is thus its ability to estimate , in a timeand cost-efficient manner , the potential distributional effects of variations in product market competition , linking these changes directly to poverty and inequality . Forthcoming extensions of this simulation approach include modules to estimate price and income elasticities empirically , based on household survey data , and exploring additional extensions to include labor market impacts . 24", "spans": [{"start": 306, "end": 318, "text": "data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1819, "end": 1840, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "e . , agriculture , manufacturing , retail , and other services , including construction ) . The sampling frame excluded micro-firms and / or businesses in agriculture in some countries . In other countries , when micro-businesses were included , the survey instrument offered simplified versions of some questions to facilitate data collection . The sampling frame in most countries where the BPS was not run as a follow-up of the Enterprise Survey was based on censuses from Statistics Agencies , Ministries of Finance or Economy , or business listings from Business Associations and typically only included registered businesses . Our paper uses three waves of data from the Business Pulse Surveys for three Central Asian countries : the Kyrgyz Republic , Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan . The first wave was implemented in August-September 2020 , the second wave was implemented in May-July 2021 , and the third wave was implemented in March-May 2022 . The survey data was collected by interviewing respondents on the phone . In Kyrgyzstan , 1 , 743 firms were interviewed in the first wave , 1 , 025 in the second wave , and 1 , 075 in the third wave . In Tajikistan , 1 , 690 firms were interviewed in the first wave , 1 , 032 in the second wave , and 1 , 031 in the third wave . In Uzbekistan , 1 , 886 firms were interviewed in the first wave , followed by 1 , 008 firms and 1 , 017 firms in the second and third waves , respectively . The sample frame was based on the statistical data from the National Statistical Committees of each country during the first wave in 2020 . For the later waves , the list of companies was updated by using lists of business associations and internal lists of entrepreneurs from the survey firm . Data was collected on firms across all four sizes ( micro , small , medium , and large ) and four sectors ( agriculture , manufacturing , retail , and other services ) . The analysis in our paper is conducted using a balanced panel of firms . To limit the potential noise induced by the variation in our sample of firms across BPS waves , our analysis focuses", "spans": [{"start": 678, "end": 700, "text": "Business Pulse Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 957, "end": 968, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1474, "end": 1531, "text": "statistical data from the National Statistical Committees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1645, "end": 1675, "text": "lists of business associations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Demirguc-Kunt , Love , and Maksimovic ( 2006 ) show that incorporated firms grow comparatively faster in countries with strong financial and legal institutions than in countries with weak institutions . Beck , Demirguc-Kunt , and Levine ( 2005 ) using the same WBES database , find that incorporated and family-owned firms face the highest financing obstacles . Thus , we also examine whether firms ’ perceptions of property rights are affected by their * * _Organizational form_ * * and whether there exist interactions between organizational forms and the institutional variables . There is also an extensive literature documenting a link between ownership structure and the institutional environment . LLSV ( 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 ) , Johnson , La Porta , Lopez-de-Silanes , and Shleifer ( 2000 ) , and Burkart , Panunzi , and Shleifer ( 2003 ) show that legal protection of minority shareholders varies across countries , and this variation determines the level of ownership concentration , the existence of family firms worldwide , the patterns of separation between ownership and management , and the degree of expropriation by corporate insiders . The recent spate of privatizations in Latin America and the transition economies has also brought the performance of state-owned enterprises versus other companies into focus . La Porta and Lopez-de-Silanes ( 1999 ) using the case of Mexican privatizations provide evidence that privately owned firms outperform state owned enterprises . Hence , we also investigate to what extent * * _Ownership Structure_ * * influences firms ’ perceptions of how well property rights are protected . Beck and Levine ( 2002 ) show that differences in legal and financial systems affect the availability of external finance and the growth of different industries in the manufacturing sector . We would expect these differences to matter as much or more when we look across different sectors . Hence , we also examine if belonging to a particular * * _Industrial Sector_ * * impacts how firms perceive their property rights to be protected . 9", "spans": [{"start": 261, "end": 274, "text": "WBES database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "market shocks that may hit specific educational groups . We cluster the standard errors by group , and weight the regressions by the number of observations used in calculating group-level exposure . The results of the difference-in-difference estimations using the grouping estimator are displayed in Table 10 . The estimate reported in Column 1 shows a negative effect of the minimum wage on total employment ( including both formal and informal employment ) . This indicates that the minimum-wage increase had negative effects on employment overall – although the estimated effect is only statistically significant at the 10 percent level . As with the estimates using the EIS data , estimates from the HLFS data show a highly significant negative effect of the minimum wage on formal employment – which includes both private and public sector . The estimates are of similar magnitude with using the HLFS data as with the EIS data ( Column 2 ) . As shown in Column 3 , we do not find that that the minimum-wage hike increased informal employment . This finding contrasts with the findings of some studies in other contexts . < sup > 28 < / sup > Our findings seem incompatible with the notion that formal workers who were employed by firms that wound up exiting the market transitioned instead into informal employment – at least in the short run . One possible explanation for our finding is the higher degree of segmentation between formal and informal employment in Turkey , documented by some studies ( Tansel and Acar , 2017 ; Duman , 2020 ) . This higher level of segmentation contrasts with the situation that characterizes other contexts , such as in some Latin American countries , where frequent transitions between formal and informal employment have been evidenced . < sup > 29 < / sup > The difference-in-difference coefficient in Column 4 indicates that raising the minimum wage led to a sizeable increase in unemployment – although the coefficient is insignificant due to large standard errors at the group level . The estimate reported in Column 5 also shows a significant effect of the minimum-wage increase in raising levels of inactivity . This suggests that the destruction of formal firms and formal jobs was accompanied by an increase in the", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 683, "text": "EIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 705, "end": 714, "text": "HLFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "count of existing contributions and the differing capacities and resources among States . ” It formally “ intends to provide a basis for predictable and equitable burden - and responsibility-sharing among all United Nations Member States , together with other relevant stakeholders as appropriate . ” Underpinning the global debate on responsibilitysharing is the assumption that “ the grant of asylum may place unduly heavy burdens on certain countries ” ( UN General Assembly 2018 ) , typically countries neighboring a conflict area . In this perspective , the number of refugees a country is to host is simply a function of its geography . This paper examines empirically the proposition that the hosting of refugees falls disproportionately on neighboring countries , which in most cases are in the developing world . To do so , we use data on worldwide bilateral refugee stocks compiled by UNHCR to examine the spatial distribution of refugees and its evolution over time . Our period of analysis is 1987-2017 . Our main findings can be summarized as follows . While refugees still remain overwhelmingly in a country neighboring their country of origin , the past decades have seen a trend towards greater geographic diffusion . We begin by showing that the global population of refugees has been increasingly dispersed across host countries , as captured by a falling Herfindahl index of host-country shares . We then document several features of the data underlying this greater diffusion , using four outcome measures of refugee spatial distribution . First , we compute the average distance refugees have traveled between their country of origin and their country of destination . The average distance traveled by refugees has increased substantially over time . Next , we look at the probability that source and host countries are contiguous , and show that the share of refugees going to an adjacent country has fallen . Third , we construct a measure of refugee spatial dispersion by computing the Herfindahl index of refugee shares by source country . The Herfindahl index of refugee shares fell substantially over time , indicating that refugees from a given conflict are now more dispersed across host countries . These results paint a picture of a more globalized and far-reaching refugee network and imply a more equal distribution of", "spans": [{"start": 840, "end": 882, "text": "data on worldwide bilateral refugee stocks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 059 ) | | No . Obs . | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | | R-Squared | 0 . 687 | 0 . 652 | 0 . 706 | 0 . 716 | 0 . 658 | 0 . 730 | | Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Sector-year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Note : We estimate the coefficients in columns ( 1 ) to ( 3 ) using OLS on a set of firms that had positive patenting during the sample period . In columns ( 1 ) to ( 3 ) , the dependent variable is the number of collaborators in each year . In columns ( 4 ) to ( 6 ) , the dependent variable is the total number of collaborators up to the current year . Robust standard errors clustered at the 2-digit ISIC sector level are in parentheses . * * * , * * , and * indicate significance at levels 1 percent , 5 percent , and 10 percent , respectively . 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Callaway and Sant ’ Anna ( 2021 ) , which accounts for staggered treatment designs and heterogeneous treatment effects under semi-balanced panel data . The approach presents event study estimates of investment of treated firms ( for each cohort of AIA changes ) , by comparing against those firms that are never treated and not yet treated as a control group . < sup > 28 < / sup > We also examine > 27We are not able to estimate a regression kink design due to relatively small samples for our technology regressions . > 28The results are similar if we only use never treated firms as controls . 17", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 152, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> _ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 # * * 5 . 5 Other explanations * * In addition to underestimating wage growth , youths may also under-value coverage by social security programs , either because they are not aware of these programs and / or heavily discount these future benefits . In the endline survey we ask participants whether they know what constitutes a formal job : 31 % of the control group did not known , suggesting that a lack of knowledge may be a partial explanation for low rates of formal work . The share is reduced to 17 % in the treatment group , indicating that the wage incentive helps to raise awareness . We also ask how much of their salary participants would be willing to have deducted in order to be covered by social security programs . The average ( median ) response is 17 % ( 14 % ) of their wage . < sup > 33 < / sup > This is considerably lower than the legally mandated social security contributions , which stand at around 26 % of formal wage rates ( Levy , 2010 ) . < sup > 34 < / sup > However , it is unclear whether this means that job seekers underestimate the _marginal_ benefit > 33In the treatment group the willingness to pay is 55 pesos ( 5 . 7 % ) higher . However this difference is not significant ( p-value : 0 . 136 ) . 34This gap can help explain why formal firms in Mexico often hire workers informally ( de la Parra , 2017 ) . 35", "spans": [{"start": 342, "end": 356, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is more critical of the GCC ’ s current economic situation or the directions of current economic reforms compared with local media . Sentiment from international media matters because it is correlated with FDI inflows into the GCC . # II . Taking Stock of Economic Reforms in the GCC This section takes stock of the implemented economic reforms in the GCC because their content and focus could impact engagement and support from the population and other stakeholders . The objective is to understand whether these reforms are geared towards lagging policy areas . In doing so , a novel database of laws and decrees passed by the GCC countries is constructed . Data are obtained by web-scraping countries ’ national legislative archives ( see Appendix A1 for the details ) . All recorded laws and decrees from 1980 to 2019 are collected for each country . Each downloaded legislation has a title , source , and date of the legislation . < sup > 4 < / sup > # # II . 1 A Novel Database of Laws and Decrees in the GCC Since we focus on economic reforms , we map the extracted laws and decrees to ten economic policy > 3 For example , the Arab Barometer ( https : / / www . arabbarometer . org / ) surveys people ’ s view about current economic conditions among other issues in the MENA region . This is a related , but narrower , approach . GCC countries are not typically covered in the Arab Barometer . For example , only Kuwait was covered in the Fifth Wave ( 2018-2019 ) . > 4 Since many laws are in unpassable pdf or image format , we did not obtain the full content of all laws . This is left for future research . 3", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 614, "text": "database of laws and decrees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1385, "end": 1399, "text": "Arab Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; ( iii ) socio-economic research on climate smart agriculture ; ( iv ) land , water and agroforestry ; and ( v ) sustainable bio-energy . # # * * Component 3 : Supporting Agro-weather , Market , Climate and Advisory Services * * 23 . This component will finance the development of agro-weather forecasting and dissemination tools , and marketing information system to help farmers address the challenges of climate variability and change ; and enhance their resilience . Agroweather tools will improve long term capacity for adopting CSA TIMPs and sustaining agricultural intensification under the changing climatic conditions . 24 . Integrating information on weather and markets into planning for adaptation and sustainable agriculture will entail : ( i ) use of modern tools for climate data sourcing and analysis , including automatic meteorological measurements and satellite data products on a near real-time basis ; ( ii ) analysis of weather risks and assessment of impacts using advanced crop – weather interactions modeling ; ( iii ) formulation of highly practical advice that famers can apply directly to their operations ; and ( iv ) dissemination of weather and market advisories to farmers using modern information and communication technologies . 25 . This component will build on infrastructure already provided to KALRO under KAPAP and the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program ( BNPP ) funded Agro-weather 18", "spans": [{"start": 872, "end": 895, "text": "satellite data products", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Quality control_ Price comparisons would be much more credible if we could effectively control for differences in quality . However , in the absence of more information , we can only implement two implicit controls . First , as our selected procedures are routine and relatively uncomplicated , they do not require a relatively high level of surgical expertise . Hence , there is a presumption that there are not big quality variations for these procedures between the best hospitals in developing countries and those in developed countries . Second , since Vanbreda ’ s clients abroad are mainly international organizations that have citizens from industrial countries on staff , their claims data from foreign countries reflects prices of procedures in the best hospitals in that country , thereby mitigating the quality differentials concern . While these implicit quality controls are imperfect , no superior alternative was feasible given the lack of data on quality of care in developing countries . # _Price comparisons_ The results of the cost comparison are illustrated in the last column of Table 4 . The column contains an estimate of cost savings that would accrue if ten percent of the number of patients requiring a procedure in the US instead chose to undergo the procedure overseas . < sup > 25 < / sup > Since the patient volumes are for 2002 , while the prices pertain to the year 2004 , our calculation of savings assumes that annual demand for procedures stays unchanged . In fact , studies have shown that the annual patient volumes for many of our selected procedures , e . g . , knee and shoulder surgeries have displayed a rising trend over the last few years ( see e . g . , American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons ) . As shown in Table 4 , the gains from trade are large . If one in ten patients currently undergoing these fifteen procedures in the US instead were treated abroad , the savings would amount to $ 1 . 4 billion dollars annually . Based on the volume of Medicare patients in the H-CUP sample , we estimate that $ 690 million of these savings would accrue annually to the Medicare program alone . If we expand the list of tradable", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 724, "text": "claims data from foreign countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2026, "end": 2038, "text": "H-CUP sample", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Once approved , the guidelines would then be published and disseminated by the SP Secretariat , with support from the World Bank , by May 31 , 2012 . The Mission further agreed that DFID will procure the services of a consultant to ( i ) upgrade and modify the HSNP MIS for the use of other cash transfer programmes ; and , ( ii ) complete the design of the Single Registry . This work will be undertaken under the guidance of the Expert Working Group . The consultant will be recruited by April 15 , 2012 . 22 . Institutional arrangements for cash transfers . The Mission further noted that , as part of the work to define scale up and harmonisation ( paragraph 19 and 20 above ) , the SP Secretariat will recruit a consultant to review the institutional arrangements for cash transfers and safety nets and present scenarios for strengthening , harmonisation , coordinating and consolidating these institutional mechanisms . The TOR for this function will be disseminated to development partners for their inputs . The consultant , to be hired by April 30 , 2012 , with support from the World Bank , will also be expected to consult widely amongst key ministries involved in delivering safety nets , other government institutions and development partners . The consultant will share the findings of this review in the form of a discussion paper to the cash transfer working group and the SP Secretariat , by June 30 , 2012 . 23 . The Mission learned that there continue to be capacity concerns in the SP Secretariat . In order to support the processes noted above effectively , the SP Secretariat capacity will need to be rationalised and enhanced . An SP Advisor will need to be recruited . Moreover , the role of the Secretariat in relation to the other secretariats in the MGCSD ( CT-OVC , OPCT ) will need to be defined , in order to provide an efficiency delivery structure for cash transfer programmes in the Ministry . The Mission agreed that the consultancy discussed in paragraph 22 will contribute to this discussion . In order to provide continuous guidance and oversight to the work of", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 271, "text": "HSNP MIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN FOR BARICHO WELL FIELD PROTECTION WORKS . * * # # * * < u > MINUTES FOR PAPS CONSULTATIVE FORUM HELD ON THE 11TH OCTOBER 2021 AT LANGO BAYA ASSISTANT CHIEF ’ S OFFICE . < / u > * * # # * * PRESENT : * * # # * * Local Administration * * Fredrick Chembe Charo Assistant Chief Lango Baya Sub Location # # * * Consultant * * | * * Eng Patrick Wambuki * * | * * Engineer * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Obra Mmaitsi * * | * * Environmentalist * * | | * * Collins Juma * * | * * Sociologist * * | | * * Phoebe Mburu * * | * * Surveyor * * | # # * * PAPs and Village Elders of Lango Baya Location - see attached list * * # # * * < u > KEY PROJECT DATA < / u > * * | * * Client / Employer * * | Coast Water Works Development Agency ( CWWDA ) | | - - - | - - - | | * * Financing Agency * * | World Bank |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ZIMBABWE ‘ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE Notable are the absence of private investments in the power sector ( figure 25 ) . Countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo , Liberia , Nigeria , Uganda , Kenya , and Senegal have all captured between 1 . 8 and 2 . 5 percent of GDP , while the most successful country in this regard , Guinea-Bissau , has captured in excess of 3 . 0 percent of GDP . * * Figure 25 . Zimbabwe needs to attract more private investment * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 . 5 < br > 3 . 0 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 2 . 0 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 . 0 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 . 0 < br > Power ICT Transport Water < br > % GDP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Bank ’ s Private Participation in Infrastructure Database , 2010 . _Note : _ GDP = gross domestic product ; ICT = information and communications technology . Attracting required private sector funding is a challenge . The uncertain and difficult investment climate in Zimbabwe , where private property itself seems frequently jeopardized , makes it difficult to attract investors . Furthermore , most of the infrastructure providers are parastastals that require restructuring before any private participation can take place ; poor parastastal performance currently poses too high a risk for private investors , and the regulatory framework needs to be revised and properly implemented . However , the potential scope of private participation in infrastructure ( PPI ) in Zimbabwe is highly promising , and therefore the country must take all possible means to tap this potential . Given the size of the funding gap , clear principles for prioritization and sequencing of infrastructure investment decisions are essential . Since infrastructure is only a means to an end , it is important to define infrastructure development plans in close coordination with the national growth vision . Zimbabwe is currently envisaging a growth strategy based around key development corridors that anchor economic activities in", "spans": [{"start": 733, "end": 781, "text": "Private Participation in Infrastructure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 36 . 8 ) | 12 . 2 % ( 6 . 9-20 . 8 ) | 61 . 1 % ( 50 . 6-70 . 6 ) | | * * Moyo ( n = 79 ) * * | 39 . 2 % ( 29 . 1-50 . 4 ) | 17 . 7 % ( 10 . 7-27 . 8 ) | 43 . 0 % ( 32 . 5-54 . 2 ) | | * * Lamwo ( n = 211 ) * * | 69 . 7 % ( 63 . 1-75 . 5 ) | 16 . 6 % ( 12 . 1-22 . 2 ) | 13 . 7 % ( 9 . 7-19 . 1 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 261 ) * * | 31 . 0 % ( 25 . 7-36 . 9 ) | 11 . 1 % ( 7 . 8-15 . 5 ) | 57 . 9 % 1 ( 51 . 8-63 . 7 ) | The proportion of households that say they were satisfied with the drinking water supply ranged from 25 . 1 % in Kiryandongo to 93 . 7 % in Moyo district . The second highest proportion was recorded in Adjumani ( 84 . 2 % ) , followed by Lamwo ( 76 . 8 % ) . The lowest proportions of households that say they were satisfied with the drinking water supply was recorded in * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 80 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 35 - 3J . 26 Disbursements against ( a ) , ( b ) , ( c ) and ( d ) would be fully documented . No disbursements against ( a ) and ( c ) would be made for ginneries unless detailed investment plans have been approved by IDA and by the Project Coordinating / Steering Committee ( PCSC ) to be established under the project ( para . 4 . 02 ) . Disbursements against ( e ) and ( f ) would be made against statements of expenditure , with the supporting documentation retained by the Borrower and made available for inspection by IDA supervision missions and by independent auditors ( para . 3 . 27 ) . With respect to Category ( f ) , disbursements would only be made to cover CLSMB incremental seed cotton purchases and ginning fees up to the following maximums of bales of lint equivalent per Project year ( PY ) : PYI , 7 , 200 bales and PY3 , 6 , 900 bales . Disbursement would be made in category ( f ) only in PYs in which incremental purchases of seed cotton produced and ginning fees in bales of lint equivalent are higher than in the immediately preceeding PY . CLSMB would submit to IDA disbursement claims every six months , supported by a detailed statement of the above CLSMB purchases . This statement would be certified by CBK and would show the financing provided for these operations within the period concerned by the consortium of commercial banks ( para 3 . 17 ) . If , in any PY , purchases of seed cotton and ginning fees ( both in bales of lint equivalent ) decrease to a level below that of the previous PY , financing for these activities would be fully provided by the consortium of commercial banks . An estimated schedule of IDA disbursements is given in Table 3 ; it is based on the disbursement profile for agricultural projects in Kenya which have been supported by the Bank Group . # # # G . Accounts and Audits", "spans": [{"start": 1710, "end": 1765, "text": "disbursement profile for agricultural projects in Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Paraguay Mexico 40 Argentina < br > El Salvador < br > 20 Honduras El Salvador Costa Rica Honduras < br > 30 < br > Guyana < br > 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 < br > Share of public spending ( % ) Share of public spending ( % ) < br > a . Enrollment b . Graduation < br > Enrollment rate ( % ) Graduation rate ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : UNESCO for 2017 enrollment rates ( panel a ) ; own calculations based on SEDLAC ( household surveys ) for 2017 graduation rates ( panel b ) and on UNESCO for 2017 share of public spending in higher education . _Notes_ : Panel a shows gross enrollment rate , defined as the ratio between higher education enrollment and the number of individuals ages 18-24 . Panel b shows graduation rate , defined as the ratio of number of individuals ages 25-29 who have graduated from higher education , and number of individuals ages 25-29 who have ever started higher education . Share of public spending is defined as government spending in higher education relative to total higher education spending . To capture this evidence and investigate the potential effects of free college , in this paper we develop a dynamic model of college enrollment , performance , and graduation . In the model , a college student faces risks that may prevent her from completing a class or remaining in college , > 1Among the countries surveyed by OECD ( 2018 ) , college is free at public institutions in Argentina , Brazil , Cuba , Czech Republic , Denmark , Ecuador , Estonia , Egypt , Finland , Germany , Greece , Iceland , Mexico , Norway , Panama , Poland , Slovenia , Sweden , Turkey , and Uruguay . 2", "spans": [{"start": 389, "end": 410, "text": "2017 enrollment rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 451, "end": 457, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 484, "end": 505, "text": "2017 graduation rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 | | Seedling | - | 10 | 10 | 0 . 0 | | * * All * * | * * 495 * * | * * 30 , 644 * * | * * 31 , 139 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 1 . 6 * * | * * 98 . 4 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census Enumeration & Property Registration January-March 2025_ # # # # # # * * 7 . 7 Impact on Indigenous and Other Trees * * < mark > The proposed Subproject will also affects different species of indigenous trees that the local people use for various purposes . According to the census survey result , a total of 5 , 368 different sizes and species of indigenous trees belonging to 491 households will be impacted by tower pads , RoW and substations . With regard to the impact , the tower pad and RoW will affect 96 . 3 % of the PAHs and 97 . 6 % of the affected indigenous trees , while the construction of the two new substations will affect 3 . 7 % of the PAHs and 2 . 4 % of the < / mark > affected indigenous trees . < mark > Across subproject Woredas and Sub cities , about 70 . 9 % of the affected indigenous trees are found in Kersa and Meta Woredas . < / mark > Table 7 . 12 : Number of PAPs by loss of indigenous trees , Subproject components & Woreda | * * Woredas * * | * * PAHs a * * < br > * * Tow * * | * * ffected by * * < br > * * er / RoW * * | * * PAHs af * * < br > * * Subs * * | * * fected by * * < br > * * tation * * |", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 250, "text": "Census Enumeration & Property Registration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 489, "end": 509, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fragility and high debt level does expose the Program exogenous shocks . Considering this and given that the NJP introduces several grant and subsidy programs ( budgeted at US $ 89 million over the 5-year period of the Program ) that are not guaranteed continued funding beyond the completion of the Program , these have been designed as pilots with rigorous impact evaluations that should guide decisions on future funding . # # # * * _Economic analysis_ * * 82 . * * The Program is designed to address a wide range of government and market failures that have constrained private sector investment , job creation , and the efficient functioning of labor markets in Lebanon * * . The policy reforms in Results Area 1 target mainly government failures and actions with significant economywide spillovers , including through both productivity and demonstration effects . Interventions in Results Area 2 are focused more on addressing information and coordination failures in vertical sectors ( and , in the case of TSEZ , government failures ) , and internalize discovery costs related to exporting and quality enhancement that contribute to underinvestment . These actions are expected to support job creation through the channel of increased firm investment , output , and exports , as well as increasing wages through raising worker skills . Finally , interventions in Results Area 3 aim to address information asymmetries as well as externalities related to scale economies . These actions are expected to support job creation and increased earnings through self-employment , help ensure that economic opportunities are biased toward the most socially optimal beneficiaries , and raise the productivity of jobs . 83 . * * The economic analysis uses a CGE model to assess Program impacts through investment and labor market channels * * . Following the logic of the results chain and the PDO indicators , the economic analysis derives benefits mainly through the labor channel – via additional employment as well as increased earnings through higher quality employment . Impact estimates are derived independently from published empirical relationships between program actions and economic opportunities , as well as from a computable general equilibrium ( CGE ) model of the Lebanese", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Standardization leads to a slight change in food expenditures in all countries . With non-food nondurables , standardization slightly increases the share of non-food non-durables in Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , and Sri Lanka , but decreases in other countries . Standardization does not affect health care expenditures , and the proportion of housing expenditure changes little with standardization . However , Indian housing expenditure is much higher than that seen in the national consumption aggregate , and this is driven mainly by the inclusion of imputed rent among urban households . To study this point further , we reproduce Tables 8 and 9 , but only for the poor in each country . The tables are presented in the Appendix and show that much of the increase in consumption expenditure among the poor in urban India is driven by imputed rent . While standardization of consumption aggregates does not affect international poverty rankings for most countries , it has a significant effect on the poverty numbers for India . Table 11 shows the international extreme poverty rates calculated using national consumption aggregates and standardized consumption aggregates . In some cases , the standardization increases the poverty rate , like in Bangladesh , Bhutan , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . However , in the cases of India , Maldives , and Nepal , the standardization process decreases the international extreme poverty rate . * * Table 10 . Budget shares * * * * < u > by categories < / u > * * | | * * B * * | * * anglad * * | * * esh * * | * * Bhutan * * | | * * Ind * * | * * ia * * | * * Maldives * * | * * Nepal * * | * * Pakistan * * | < br > * * Sri * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * All * * | *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cents | | 7 | 18 . 8 | 5 . 0 – 10 . 0 | | industrial at 50 , 000 kWh | U . S . cents | | 7 | 14 . 2 | | _Source : _ All sources are AICD unless indicated otherwise . Access to electricity ( national , urban and rural ) from World Energy Outlook ( International Energy Association , 2010 ) ; installed power capacity data for 2009 based on presentation from Zimbabwe investor conference ( 2009 ) ; collection rate data based on World Bank staff information based on 2004 and 2009 ; revenue per unit derived from data based on AICD calculations for 2004 and 2009 ; system losses are for 2003 and 2009 and are based on World Bank ( 2008a ) and World Bank staff estimates ; cost recovery calculated based on World Bank ( 2010 ) and are for 2004 and 2009 ; hidden costs based on data from 2004 and 2009 and derived from AICD calculations ; and tariff information is for 2004 and 2009 and derived based on World Bank ( 2010 ) . _Note : _ MW = megawatts ; kWh = kilowatt-hour . # * * Challenges * * Zimbabwe ‘ s power infrastructure is starved of new investments , however . Zimbabwe has not seen any investments to expand its generation infrastructure since 1988 , when Hwange Power Station added 440 MW . Only around 60 percent of the 1 , 960 MW of installed capacity is operational . Installed capacity in per capita terms is following a clear downward trend ( table 2 ) . Power transmission and distribution networks have been further corroded due to damage and theft . This vandalism produced losses of about $ 400 , 000 a month during 2009 , of which only 40 percent was recovered later ( World Bank 2010 ) . ZESA , Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority , the integrated power utility , faces an unsustainable financial situation that leaves no room for new investments . Sixty-eight percent of Zimbabwe ‘ s installed capacity is thermal as of 2008 , and ZESA uses 2 . 4 million tonnes of coal per year for thermal power generation . Between over half of its coal comes from", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 329, "text": "installed power capacity data for 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 427, "end": 455, "text": "World Bank staff information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 774, "end": 797, "text": "data from 2004 and 2009", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We begin with a short literature review , describing the current state of the literature on defaults , expropriation and the relationship between them . In Sections 3 and 4 we describe the expropriation and default dataset . In Section 5 we explore in more detail a number of correlates of expropriations and defaults , both in the long and short run . In Section 6 we describe in more detail the evolution of FDI and debt around expropriation and default events to investigate in more detail the joint retaliation hypothesis . Section 7 concludes . # * * 2 . Literature Review * * There is a large theoretical and empirical literature on sovereign default crises . On the theoretical front , questions that have been studied include : Why do sovereign debt markets exist when there is no straightforward legal mechanism to enforce repayment ? ( pioneered by Gersovitz ( 1981 ) ) ; What are the punishments in case of default ? ( Bulow and Rogoff ( 1989 ) , Fernandez and Rosenthal ( 1990 ) and Rose ( 2005 ) ) ; What are the enforcement mechanisms for repayment ? ( Kletzer and Wright 2000 , Cole and Kehoe 1998 ) ; and , What is the role of secondary markets in limiting sovereign default risk ? ( Broner et al . 2010 ) , to mention a few . For the purpose of this paper , we focus more on the empirical literature that studies the determinants of sovereign defaults . Default usually occurs when the country suffers a series of bad shocks , as is shown in LevyYeyati and Panizza ( 2006 ) and Tomz and Wright ( 2007 ) . However , the empirical relationship between bad output realizations and defaults is not as tight as would be predicted by standard calibrated theoretical models of default . Other factors , such as behavior of creditors and international capital markets ( as in Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2008 ) ) , might also influence countries ’ default decision . This is because when taking the sovereign debt as given , conditioning on a given level of debt , tighter international financial conditions will make borrowing in bad times more expensive , and defaulting becomes a more attractive option", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 222, "text": "expropriation and default dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 | | | * * Enfant * * | * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | | * * Adulte * * | * * ( 18 - 59 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle - * * < br > | * * Ménage * * | | | | | | | | | | * * Total * * < br > | * * Total * * < br > | * * Total * * < br > | | * * Commune * * | | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * < br > * * âgée * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | Anderamboukane | 6278 | 7959 | 6102 | 14061 | 6102 | 5571 | 11673 | 530 | 266 | 796 | 14591 | 11939 | 26530 | | * * Inekar * * | * * 2 442 * * | *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 23, "text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "environmental and social baseline data of the proposed project-affected area . This data gathering commenced at the screening stage and continued through the full ESIA phase . Gaps in existing ( secondary data sources ) were filled by conducting a primary data field reconnaissance and sampling program . Primary data collection was undertaken as described in Section 4 – Existing Environmental and Social Baseline . Methods used to undertake the baseline studies are presented in Section 4 – Existing Environmental and Social Baseline . # # # * * 1 . 7 . 3 Application of the Mitigation Hierarchy * * In accordance with the WB ESF ESS1 , the mitigation hierarchy applies addresses the environmental and social risks and impacts identified in this ESIA as follows : - Anticipate and avoid risks and impacts ; - Where avoidance is not possible , minimize or reduce risks and impacts to acceptable levels ; - Once risks and impacts have been minimized or reduced , mitigate ; and Where significant residual impacts remain , compensate for or offset them , where techni-cally and financially feasible . * * Within the direct impact zone , the mitigation hierarchy is applied in totality * * through the four levels i . e * * . a ) avoidance * * ( by routing the line to avoid sensitive ecosystems and biodiversity areas or key social areas such as densely populated areas , expanding urban areas , schools etc * * . ; b ) minimization * * ( by ensuring the un-avoided transgression is minimized e . g . by routing the line at the edges of a forests / wetland or close to road reserves , sharing corridors etc . , so as to negate the footprint of the line on the already triggered social or ecological receptors * * ; c ) mitigation to reduce / eliminate / manage * * the triggered risks and ; finally * * d ) offsets * * , to compensate for the residual impacts after all mitigation actions have been applied . Offsets can be applied in many forms including compensatory approaches , ecosystem restoration or social enhancement programs such as livelihood restoration", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 38, "text": "environmental and social baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT * * For period ending * * 30th JUNE , 2022 * * Account No . * * 1000487569 * * Depository Bank * * CENTRAL * * BANK < sup > OFKENYA < / sup > Address CBK Related Loan * * SECOND * * INFRMAL STTLMT IMPRVT < sup > * * PRJ-NG * * < / sup > Credit Agreement Currency * * EUR * * Part * * A - * * Account Activity Beginning balance of 1st July , 2021 as per C . B . K . Ledger Account * * - 0 . 00 Add : * * Total Amount deposited * * by * * World Bank 1 , 127 , 100 . 00 Total Interest earnings if deposited < sup > inaccount < / sup > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible expenditure Deduct : Total amount withdrawn * * 1 , 127 , 100 . 00 * * Total service charges if not included above in amount withdrawn Ending balance on 30th June , 2022 * * 0 . 00 AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA DATE AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : DEPARTMENT-TREASURY DATE * * - NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of < sup > Kenya Ledger Accountand the off-shore < / sup > Special Account as at 30th June , 2022 have been reconciled < sup > and a copy of the supporting < / sup > Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 421, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * I . INTRODUCTION * * < mark > Mexico is sometimes characterized as a country of origin , transit and destination for refugees and migrants , but prior to the 2010 earthquake , Haitians had largely used Mexico as a transit point . < / mark > < sup > 1 < / sup > < mark > A census conducted between 2009 and 2010 , for the period up until the end of 2009 , indicated 733 Haitian residents in Mexico . < / mark > < sup > 2 < / sup > < mark > This figure included Haitians with immigrant documents ( such as for economic or familial reasons ) and Haitians with non-immigrant documents ( such as students , visitors and refugees ) . < / mark > < sup > 3 < / sup > < mark > Based on the census , 126 of the 733 Haitians were categorized as refugees , a figure that represented 26 per cent of total refugees ( 490 ) in the country and the highest of any nationality . < / mark > < sup > 4 < / sup > < mark > The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) holds conflicting estimates for the end of 2009 , suggesting a total of over 1 , 200 refugees . < / mark > < sup > 5 < / sup > < mark > Haitians comprised the fourth-highest nationality , with 175 refugees and 10 asylumseekers . The difference is perhaps explained by the possibility that the census figures include only refugees who applied for and received residence permits , through a postrecognition administrative process . < / mark > < sup > 6 < / sup > < mark > Following the 2010 earthquake and resulting disaster in Haiti , a new group of Haitians arrived in Mexico . < / mark > < sup > 7 < / sup > < mark > During each of 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , between 2 , 300 and 2 , 400 Haitians arrived in Mexico by", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 322, "text": "census conducted between 2009 and 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1266, "end": 1280, "text": "census figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis as they may have a different development trajectory and may thus introduce endogeneity . Figure 1 maps the distribution of refugees in 1928 at the community level . # * * 4 . 1 . 2 Contemporary social cohesion at the local level * * I use three main indicators of social cohesion at the local level : participation in voluntary associations , political fragmentation , and crime . * * Sports clubs * * To measure participation in voluntary associations , I use the register of sports clubs inventoried by the General Secretariat of Sports ( GGA ) in the early 2000s . The dataset provides the geolocation of more than 22 , 000 sport association across the country . The geolocation is precise enough to identify the number of association within each of the 5775 communities that existed in Greece in 2001 . * * Political fragmentation * * To measure political fragmentation at the local level , I follow the political science literature ( Gross and Sigelman , 1984 ) by using an index of fragmentation of votes between different political parties : This index simply measures the probability that two people drawn at random in the population have voted for the same party at the last election . This index is lower when people tend to vote for the same party and higher when votes are scattered between different parties . Since the Greek political landscape has many parties that sometimes hold relatively similar ideological position , I also used a fragmentation index where parties are grouped into a leftist coalition and a rightist coalition . The electoral data I use covers the legislative elections of June 2012 and January 2015 and provides the number of votes for each of the 325 municipalities of Greece at that time . < sup > 17 < / sup > * * Crime data * * I draw on crime data from Vasilakis ( 2018 ) who collected the data from the Greek police . This data comprise the total number of robberies , drug arrests and burglaries in 2015 for each of the 56 departments of Greece . * * Matching places over time * * Out of the 5 , 042 municipalities that existed in 1928 , 4 , 845", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 498, "text": "register of sports clubs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1563, "end": 1577, "text": "electoral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1765, "end": 1775, "text": "Crime data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1790, "end": 1815, "text": "crime data from Vasilakis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Results – Growth in Monthly Mean Consumption * * | | | * * Consumption per * * | * * capita in 2005 LE * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * February 2005 * * | * * February 2008 * * | * * Growth 2008 - * * < br > * * 2005 ( percent ) * * | * * Annual growth * * < br > * * rate ( percent ) * * | | Urban | 3 , 007 | 3 , 430 | 14 . 1 | 4 . 5 | | Rural | 1 , 868 | 2 , 057 | 10 . 1 | 3 . 3 | | * * Total Egypt * * | * * 2 , 352 * * | * * 2 , 641 * * | * * 12 . 3 * * | * * 3 . 9 * * | _Source : Authors estimates based on HIECPS 2005-2008 and regional CPI indices . Note : Table uses actual_ _household size to weight data . _ > 14 Using CPI index to deflate nominal figures . 9", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 557, "text": "HIECPS 2005-2008", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 | Country , < br > L | ast publis | hed censu | s | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | economy , or | P | opulation | Source for population | Source for fertility | Source for mortality | | territory | Date | ( 1000 ) * | ( mid-1985 ) | ( 1985-90 , unless indicated ) | ( 1985-90 , unLess indicated ) | | Netherlands < br > Antilles | Feb 81 | 172 J | Bank est . | Based on USSOC < br > 1985 | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | | Netherlands , Th | e Feb 71 | 13060 J | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | | New Caledonia | Apr 83 | 145 F | USBOC < br > 1985 | Based on JNPVSR < br > 1984 < br > Special Supplement | Based on UNPVSR < br > 1984 < br > SpeciaL Supplement | | New Zealand | Mar 86 | 3307 F | U . N . 1984 assessment | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | icaragua | Apr 71 | 1878 J | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | iger | Nov 77 | 5098 F | Bank projection from census | Bank assessment of 1959-60 < br > survey and age data from < br > 1977 census | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | igeria | Nov 63 | 55670 F | Bank projection from < br > official < br > data | Official < br > est . , < br > based on < br > U . N . 1980 assessment | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | | Niue | Sep 76 | 4 F | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( officiat <", "spans": [{"start": 521, "end": 534, "text": "Eurostat 1987", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 601, "end": 607, "text": "JNPVSR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 657, "end": 663, "text": "UNPVSR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1093, "end": 1104, "text": "1977 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "procedimientos extraordinarios , como los dispuestos a través del Decreto 2957 de 1997 , para facilitar durante un año , y mediante jornadas especiales que realizara la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil , la inscripción en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento de las personas desplazadas por la violencia ocasionada por el conflicto armado interno . Uno de los hechos más sorprendentes de la Ley 387 es que en ningún caso hizo una referencia específica a la presencia de la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil como entidad del Estado con obligaciones concretas para garantizar la documentación de las poblaciones desplazadas . El tema de documentación no era explícito y tan solo se hacían referencias globales a los problemas que los desplazados sufrían cuando , por la no tenencia de su documento de identidad , tenían problemas en el Ministerio Público para presentar su declaración y cuando no eran aceptados en el Registro Único de Población Desplazada . El Decreto 290 de 1999 estableció en su artículo 49 medidas para facilitar la inscripción en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento y expedición de documentos de identificación de las personas en situación de desplazamiento . Posteriormente un hito jurisprudencial en el sistema de atención a la población desplazada lo constituye la sentencia T025 de 2004 , a través de la cual la Corte Constitucional declaró la existencia de un Estado de Cosas Inconstitucional ( ECI ) , ante la grave vulneración de derechos de millones de colombianos y colombianas víctimas del", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 962, "text": "Registro Único de Población Desplazada", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "In no case was there a significant fall in spending on durable goods between 2008 and 2009 , and in some cases there were increases , such as for purchases of automobiles / vans / pickups . This is confirmed by the data in the bottom panel of Table 7 , which reports on the stock of cars , vans , and motorbikes owned by households . The number of such assets held per household generally rose in 2009 relative to 2008 . As a general rule , any drop in spending occurred between 2007 and 2008 , not later . The consumption of non-durables was also higher , or at least not lower , in 2009 than in 2008 , and this includes items such as clothing , meat , fish , and prepared food . There is one major exception , and this is the consumption of home-produced “ grains and cereal productions ” , in practice mainly rice . Although _purchases_ of cereals rose substantially in 2009 , this was offset by a clear drop in own-consumption , although the mean value of the fall in cereals consumption between 2008 and 2009 – at about 14 . 4 baht per person per month – was small compared to the overall rise in the value of consumption per capita over the same period , which we estimate at 363 baht per person per month . < sup > 2 < / sup > Rice production per capita hardly changed between 2007 ( 405 kilos of milled rice per capita ) and 2008 ( 404 kg . ) and actually rose in 2009 ( 412 kg . ) , although it should be noted that the bulk of the harvest arrives in November and is consumed the following year . We surmise that consumption smoothing , to the extent that it occurred , did not occur at the expense of investment in durable goods or schooling , but more probably through lower saving . * * Table 7 . Measuring the Impact of the 2008-09 Recession on Real Expenditure , by Main Expenditure Heading * * | | Real < br > expend / | Chan | ge in real exp < br > compared to | enditure / c < br >", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 250, "text": "data in the bottom panel of Table 7", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To capture the political view of property rights , we use variables from the Polity IV dataset , averaged over the period 1995-99 and Beck et al . ( 1999 ) ’ s Database of Political Institutions ( DPI ) . The variables , * * Democracy * * and * * Autocracy * * , scored from 0-10 ( 0 = low ; 10 = high ) reflect the general openness ( closed-ness ) of the political institutions in the country respectively and are from the Polity IV Dataset < sup > 28 < / sup > . * * Checks * * from DPI , measures the number of influential veto players in legislative and executive initiatives . The political view predicts that greater competition and more checks and balances will limit the ability of the elite to dictate policy and institutional development . < sup > 29 < / sup > Rajan and Zingales ( 2003 ) argue that trade openness proxies for the extent to which certain established interests can restrict entry into their country ’ s markets . According to this view , one would expect property rights to be better protected in countries that are more open to international trade . As a measure of openness of the country , we use * * Trade * * which is the extent of trade as a percentage of GDP of the country . The variable is taken from the World Development Indicators and averaged over the period 1995-99 . Trade as a percentage of GDP is a potentially endogenous variable since a country ’ s actual openness depends on investor rights . An alternative to this variable is the * * Frankel and Romer * * ( 1999 ) measure of natural openness that is based only on geographic characteristics . We present results with both Trade / GDP and the Frankel and Romer ( 1999 ) measure though the latter is available for only 63 of the 80 > 28 According to the Polity IV Dataset , the structure of the state is determined by broadly three interdependent elements - presence of institutions and procedures through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternative policies and leaders , the existence of institutionalized constraints on the exercise of power", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 194, "text": "Database of Political Institutions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 424, "end": 441, "text": "Polity IV Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1240, "end": 1268, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sthroughdirect < / sup > access of the records of the information systems < sup > used < / sup > < sup > * * by * * KPLC . < / sup > - * * ( d ) * * Preparation of feasibility studies for < sup > newinvestments , asrequired , and < / sup > training , and other activities to support < sup > theimplementationand < / sup > monitoring and evaluation of the Project and < sup > tocarryoutfeasibility < / sup > studies and other activities to support < sup > sectordevelopment . < / sup > - ( e ) Carrying out of a series of training < sup > and capacitybuildingprogramsfor < / sup > MOEP , KPLC , REA and ERC .", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 73, "text": "records of the information systems", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey data until a new survey becomes available . Specifically , we use the survey data of 1999 for years 1996 to 2001 , the survey data of 2002 for years 2002 to 2004 , and the survey data of 2005 for years 2005 to 2009 . We consider three groups of bank regulation / institutional variables . The first group of regulatory variables is related to state policies that enable or restrict competition . Entry barrier index , _entry_bar , _ measures bank entry requirements , which is constructed based on eight questions in the Barth , Caprio , and Levine surveys regarding legal submissions required to obtain a banking license in a given country . Application denied , _ap_denied_ , is the percentage of applications to set up a bank which were denied in the past five years . Government ownership , _gov_own_ , measures the fraction of banks that are 50 % or more owned by the government . The second group of variables measure bank regulation and supervision . Activity restrictions index , _activity_restriction_ , measures the degree to which the national regulatory authorities allow banks to engage in securities , insurance , and real estate businesses . Capital stringency index , _capital_stringency_ , measures the amount of capital a bank must maintain . Supervisory power index , _supervisory_power_ , indicates whether the supervisory authorities have the power and the authority to take specific preventive and corrective actions . Diversification index , _diversification_index_ , captures whether there are explicit , verifiable , quantifiable guidelines for bank asset diversification and whether banks are allowed to make loans outside of national borders . Deposit insurance coverage ratio , _covratio , _ is the amount of deposit insurance coverage divided by deposits per capita . It is set to 1 if a country offers full coverage . We obtain this variable from Demirguc-Kunt , Kane , and Laeven ( 2008 ) . Since the data ends in year 2003 and most countries did not change their deposit insurance coverage till the recent financial crises , we use the deposit insurance coverage in 2003 for years 2003 to 2007 . < sup > 9 < / sup > Finally , we also use data on the investor protection index ( _investor_protection_ ) , depth", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 11, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 77, "end": 96, "text": "survey data of 1999", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 126, "end": 145, "text": "survey data of 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 179, "end": 198, "text": "survey data of 2005", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 549, "end": 563, "text": "Levine surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 2005 ) . However , the personal diary was plagued with non-respondent problems in this experiment ; about 54 percent of households assigned the personal diary did not complete it . Personal diaries also create the possibility of inadvertent double-counting of items consumed in common but reported separately by two or more individuals , and so care must be taken with this method . We discuss this further in the next section . While the perfect diary experiment is , essentially , the benchmark for collecting consumption data through survey , it is difficult to extrapolate from experiments between diary and recall consumption modules if the implementation of the diary in the experiment does not reflect the reality of fielding a diary in developing or transition countries . It may be that in the case of illiterate ( or simply unmotivated ) respondents , a 7-day diary becomes a 7-day recall survey if the information has to be obtained orally by the interviewer at the end of the period . The implications of variation in literacy , motivation , and other factors , although not well-documented , implies that it can be quite difficult to conduct a high-quality diary survey , regardless of issues related to respondent recall bias . In their study of measurement errors in food consumption , Ahmed et al . ( 2006 ) observe problems in the Canadian Food Expenditure Survey diary related to infrequency and diary exhaustion and conclude", "spans": [{"start": 1350, "end": 1388, "text": "Canadian Food Expenditure Survey diary", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") | * * No * * | * * OBSERVATION / QUESTION * * | * * ANSWER * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * B6 . * * | CALCULATE THE TOTAL AMOUNT < br > OF WATER USED BY THE < br > HOUSEHOLD PER DAY < br > THIS RELATES TO ALL SOURCES < br > OF WATER ( DRINKING WATER < br > AND NON-DRINKING WATER < br > SOURCES ) | Please show me the < br > containers you < br > used yesterday for < br > collecting water < br > ASSIGN A < br > NUMBER TO < br > EACH < br > CONTAINER | Capacity < br > in litres | Number of < br > journeys < br > made with < br > each < br > container | Total litres < br > * * SUPERVISOR * * < br > * * TO * * < br > * * COMPLETE * * < br > * * HAND * * < br > * * CALCULATION * * | | | | 1 E . g . jerry can | 20 L | | | | | | 2 E . g . jerry can | 10 L | | | | | | 3 E . g . jerry can | 5 L | | | | | | 4 E . g . bucket | 20 L | | | | | | 5 E . g . bucket | 10 L | | | | | | 6 | | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | * * Total litres used by * * | * * household * * | | | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 111 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is government regulation requirement ) which is a government requirement by regulation ; building the capacity of EAC staffs in the areas of recording , organizing , and reporting and information sharing ; increasing the effectiveness of internal auditors through service delivery standards ; and enhancing transparency through periodic information sharing rather than on ad-hoc basis ; and nurturing people ’ s participation for meaningful impact . In addition , the conflict in the country is a key risk affecting implementation in the hot spot conflict areas and those which are recovering from the damage . 6 . * * The fiduciary systems in place help to mitigate the risks identified * * . The project will have annual work plan and budget preparation process in consultation with development partners . Expenditure under the project is identifiable in the government ’ s accounting system and are subject to both internal and external audit reviews . The project submits quarterly financial and procurement tracking reports to the Bank and DPs . Staffing level particularly at regional level is proposed to be strengthened to ensure that the system continues to function well . Government ’ s Procurement audits and fraud and corruption reports are also part of the project arrangements . Activities initiated to improve the transparency and performance of the procurement system at EPSA will continue . The existing robust legal framework for addressing F & C risks in Ethiopia also contributes to a strengthened system . Furthermore , for Pfor4Rs , expenditure reconciliation will be done at the end of the project . Incase during the implementation of the project , expenditure which are outside the scope of the program are identified , these will be excluded from the expenditure framework and will not form part of the reconciliation process . 7 . * * Additional risk mitigating measures have been designed in the form of DLIs and PAP * * . 5 * * Official Use * *", "spans": [{"start": 861, "end": 893, "text": "government ’ s accounting system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 2 Data Collection * * The sample frame for the Chaldal survey was all small and medium sized suppliers ( “ vendors ” ) who had supplied goods through Chaldal in the last 3 months . The survey was implemented by computer-assisted telephone interviews ( CATI ) , fielded in June 2021 by the Chaldal call center . The vendor list provided by Chaldal included 346 firms . However , some firms could not be reached or had closed , and 35 refused to participate . The final sample consists of 127 firms with a completed interview . Some 42 percent of interviews were conducted with the owner of the firm , 34 percent with a manager , and 51 percent with someone in the sales department . Data on Daraz vendors was collected through an online survey , sent to vendors who had filled at least 50 orders on Daraz during the last 6 months by email . The target sample included 14 , 660 firms in Bangladesh , Pakistan , Nepal , Sri Lanka , of which only owners were interviewed . Data collection took place in July 2021 . A total of 1 , 842 firms responded to at least some questions , with 1 , 549 continuing to the end of the questionnaire . Interviews were conducted only with firm owner / directors . The full questionnaires used to collect data from firms supplying Daraz and Chaldal are available in Appendix A4 . Given the different structures of these two e-commerce platforms , the two questionnaire are similar but not identical . # * * 2 . 3 Descriptive Statistics : Chaldal Survey * * Firms in the Chaldal sample are mostly established manufacturing or trading firms , and they range widely in size ( table 1 ) . The average firm has 749 employees , although this number is driven by a few very large firms , with 14 surveyed firms having a workforce of more than 1 , 000 . In the sample , 36 . 6 percent of the firms have 1-19 employees ( including the owner ) , 27 . 7 percent have 20-99 employees , and 35 . 7 percent have 100 or more employees ( figure 1 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 71, "text": "Chaldal survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 692, "end": 713, "text": "Data on Daraz vendors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1477, "end": 1491, "text": "Chaldal Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "separate account with commercial banks to safeguard user funds . < sup > 77 < / sup > In countries such as Colombia , Kenya , and Mexico , payment service providers need to ensure that funds received are placed in a ring-fenced account at commercial banks exclusively . Governments have to strike a balance between risk control and business efficiency so that they do not impose additional burdens on business operations . Ten countries such as Kenya and Korea in the Digital Business Indicators sample set a limit on the amount of a single payment transaction . Such a limit prevents money laundering , terrorist financing , and other digital payment criminal activities . Although there is no global census on the ideal level of a limit , an excessively low amount could pose an extra operational burden on businesses . # _Logistics_ The digital economy is not constrained to businesses operating in a virtual environment ; it also brings traditional businesses closer to markets thanks to e-commerce . E-commerce , defined as “ the process of buying and selling products or services using electronic data transmission via the Internet , ” has been booming . < sup > 78 < / sup > Globally , e-commerce is expected to become the largest retail channel by 2021 . Because physical products must be shipped to customers using conventional transport after online purchases , < sup > 79 < / sup > logistics is a critical link connecting online transactions to offline production . < sup > 80 < / sup > The rise of e-commerce has increased the flow of small parcels processed by third-party logistics and postal services . In 2013 , 86 percent of Amazon products weighed 5 pounds or less . International parcel post grew by an impressive 29 . 7 percent from 2016 to 2017 , with 0 . 18 billion items shipped globally in 2017 ; domestic parcel post grew by 8 . 6 percent , with 13 . 7 billion items shipped . < sup > 81 < / sup > Customers ’ expectations about efficient logistics are also growing . According to a 2018 study , 91 percent of U . S . online shoppers said they will leave a retail website if critical services such", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 708, "text": "global census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX I Page 1 of 6 - 48 - TABLE * * 3A * * KENYA - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA * * SHEET * * | LAND AREA ( THUUSANI ) Sq . * * KME . ) * * | * * K * * | * * ENYA * * | | * * REFERENCEGROUPS ( * * < br > - < br > HOST RECE | * * WEICHTED * * < br > * * AVERCES * * < br > NT ESTIMATE ) . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TOTAL < br > 582 . 6 < br > AGRIGULIURAL < br > 6U . 4 | 1960 < br > / b | < br > 1970 / b | MOST RECENT < br > ESTIMATE Lb | MIDDLE INCOME < br > AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHA | MIDDLE INCOME < br > RA LATIN AMERICA * CARIBBEAN | | WNP PERCAPITA ( US $ ) | 100 . 0 | 170 . 0 | 380 . 0 | 794 . 2 | 1616 . 2 | | ENERGYCUNSUMPTION < br > PER CAPITA < br > ( KILOGRAMSUF CUALEQUlVALENT ) | 150 . 4 | 122 . 1 | 180 . 1 | 707 . 5 | 1324 . 1 | | PUPULATLON ANU VITAL SIATISTICS < br > POPULATION , MID-YEAR ( THOUSANDS ) < br > URBAN PUPULATION ( PERCENTOFTOTA | 8189 . 0 < br > L ) < br > 7 . 4 | 11253 . 0 < br > 10 . 2 | 15274 . 0 < br > 13 . 8 | 27 . 7 | 64 . 2", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 74, "text": "KENYA - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 76 - institutional effectiveness in changing economies . It seems reasonable to think , moreover , that it has been achieved through the combined influence of the other eight characteristics . 5 . 19 It is important not to over-generalize from this kind of analysis . Nevertheless , it does illustrate how these developing countries have developed training systems which have the characteristics necessary to adjust to changing economies . Significantly , these systems involve a variety of training modes , including secondary vocational schools that are often comparatively successful . 5 . 20 We know very little , of course , about the economic effectiveness of the different kinds of training institutions in these systems , although the Korea data demonstrate at least the possibility of good external efficiency for secondary vocational schools , and there is stronger evidence for the external efficiency of nonformal training in several regions . Post-secondary institutions have been reported to have high placement rates for graduates ( Malaysia , Korea , Jordan , Algeria ) . Teacher training institutions have been able to place gradutates in teaching posts where salaries and conditions of work have been attractive . 5 . 21 Secondary vocational schools in middle income countries have been more effective than those in low income countries , particularly those in Africa . The explanation lies in the fact that many of the effective schools have acquired characteristics - - such as linkages with enterprises , incentives to attract and retain qualified instructors and students , good ' feedback \" systems - - which are most often thought characteristic of nonformal modes . They exhibit , in short , what Dougherty ( 1988 ) has identified in his review of the literature as the \" convergence of modes . \" Thus they may no longer be \" public vocational secondary schools \" in the stereo-typical sense , but rather be evolving towards a new institutional form . Further - - investigation into this hypothesis , of course , is needed particularly to see the extent to which these institutions have been freed of the more constricting features of traditional secondary education . # C . onstraints on Effective Systems Evolution 5 . 22 In implementation terms , at least , investments in the development of", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 755, "text": "Korea data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) # # * * ANNEX 2 : IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS * * # # * * DJIBOUTI : Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162094 ) * * # # * * Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements * * 1 . * * Project implementation will be undertaken collaboratively * * by the Steering Committee , the PCU under the leadership of ANSIE ( ANSIE / PCU ) , < sup > 19 < / sup > and focal points in each of the participating ministries and entities . Implementation of activities will be the responsibility of ANSIE / PCU . However , the ministries will take full ownership and leadership in the development of a specialized sectoral information system and capacity-building programs . 2 . ANSIE will primarily manage the development and implementation of the e-government platform and the CSCs . However , for specialized systems such as e-ID , e-Tax , or e-Customs , ANSIE will merely play a coordinating role . Project managers will be designated within ministries to lead the development of specialized systems . The DGPF in the Ministry of Interior will coordinate with all stakeholders , including the Ministry of Social Affairs , the National Social Security Fund , the National Police , and the Ministry of Decentralization ( Municipality ) to ensure the development of a biometric unique ID and comprehensive population registry . Meanwhile , ANSIE will be responsible for the development of the e-ID system that will be incorporated into the e-government for validation and interoperability and shared services . The DGI teams will take the lead in the development and implementation of the new IT system , as will be the case for the DGDDI in the upgrade of their IT system . Implementation of various capacity-building programs on tax , customs , e-government , access to information , asset declarations , procurement , accountability , and so on", "spans": [{"start": 1374, "end": 1407, "text": "comprehensive population registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ # # # * * 6 CONSULTATIONS – PERSONS , AGENCIES & PUBLIC * * # # # * * 6 . 1 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS * * # # # * * _6 . 1 . 1 Policy on Public Consultation_ * * Both Kenyan and World Bank Policies emphasize the importance of public consultation , both within the PAPs and stakeholders . The Consultant conducted both key informant interviews and public consultation to sensitize all stakeholders and get feedback on the proposed project . # # # * * 6 . 2 PERSONS OR AGENCIES CONSULTED * * The key issues associated with the establishment of a treatment works , pump houses , water tanks and placement of pipelines will often relate to land-take , biodiversity , pollution , disruption of livelihoods , community safety , traffic management , communicable diseases and employment and trade opportunities . Effort was not spared to contact all with information on the following issues : - Assessment of the baseline conditions - Consideration of feasible alternatives - Requirements under Kenya country laws and regulations , applicable international treaties and agreements - Protection of human rights and community health , safety and security ( including risks , impacts and management of project ’ s use of security personnel ) - Land Ownership issues within the project site - Settlement patterns within the project area - Sustainable development options with regard to resettlement - Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement - Impacts on affected communities , and disadvantaged or vulnerable groups - Cumulative impacts of existing projects , the proposed project , and anticipated future projects - Consultation and participation of affected parties in the design , review and implementation of the project - Efficient production , delivery and use of energy - Pollution prevention and waste minimization , pollution controls ( liquid effluents and air emissions ) and solid and chemical waste management . As such a cross-section of persons were consulted in Mombasa and Kwale Counties as indicated by the following consultation registers in tables 5-1 . * * _Table 6-1 : Persons met during", "spans": [{"start": 2073, "end": 2095, "text": "consultation registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ethiopia Education Transformation Operation for Learning ( P501017 ) – AF Seq 1 PROJECT PAPER # * * The World Bank * * | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Calculate the percentage by dividing the number of pre-primary teachers and primary level teachers in refugee-hosting schools trained by the total number < br > of teachers requiringthe training ( pre-primaryand Grade 1-6 teachers in refugee hostingschools ) . | | - - - | - - - | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * Pre-primary average early childhood education assessment score for Pre-literacy ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | Assesses improvements in student learning outcomes in pre-literacy , using standardized assessments of pre-primary pre-literacy . ( This is inclusive of the < br > host community and newly integrated refugee schools ) . < br > This indicator measures the mean percentage scores of children ' s performances in literacy domain subtasks , which are : Expressive vocabulary ; Listening < br > comprehension ; Initial letter sounds ; Letter name knowledge and Name writing . | | Frequency | 2027 | | Data source | ECE assessment Reports , EMIS | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Scores from the ECE assessments are used to determine the indicator . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MoE , EAES | | Sub-indicator | Gender | | Indicator Name | * * Pre-primary average early childhood education assessment score for Pre-numeracy ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | Assesses improvements in student learning outcomes in pre-numeracy , using standardized assessments of pre-primary numeracy . ( This is inclusive of the < br > host community and newly integrated refugee schools )", "spans": [{"start": 1209, "end": 1231, "text": "ECE assessment Reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "VFM directly in IEs yields at least two advantages over producing them separately . First , collecting cost data at the time of the intervention and data collection on the IE outcomes is likely to be less onerous in terms of expense and time than reconstructing program costs ex post . Second , evaluators , policymakers , and other stakeholders can use the evidence to make more efficient decisions when high-quality , rigorous estimates of impact also include an estimate of their Cost . 3", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 112, "text": "cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A challenge for those interested in assessing how different households are impacted by trade policy is that tariff data are typically classified using the Harmonized System , whereas household survey classifications have historically been somewhat ad hoc . To render them compatible and comparable across countries , we aggregate goods in the household surveys to common 4 - and 2-digit categories using separate expenditure , autoconsumption and income templates . We cover spending on , income derived from , and autoconsumption of 53 4-digit agricultural and food items . These include Staple Agriculture , such as corn and rice , and Non-Staple Agriculture , such as oils , cotton and tobacco . We also categorize spending on five classes of manufacturing items . In addition , we keep track of spending on five ( non-tradeable ) services and on four other expenditures . The fact that we have much more granular data on agricultural products than on manufacturing services reflects the nature and structure of the household surveys we are standardizing . Note that not all categories are populated in all surveys , which reflects both survey design and local consumption patterns ( e . g . , pork not being consumed in the majority of predominantly Muslim countries ) . The expenditure template is shown in Figure 1 . On the income side , we keep track of income derived from the sales of the same 53 food items we cover on the expenditure side . In addition , whenever the survey design allows it , we also split wage income by sector , defined roughly at the 1 digit level , and keep track of non-farm household enterprise sales across 10 sectors , as well as various types of transfers . The income template is shown in Figure 2 . We also keep track of production for home consumption using the autoconsumption template , which is shown in Figure 3 and contains 53 agricultural products and a select few categories for other goods . Since many of the surveys are subject to confidentiality agreements , we aggregate the households and offer statistics for each percentile of the household per capita real income distribution . The database thus has 5 , 400 observations ( 54 countries and 100 observations per country ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 119, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 343, "end": 360, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * Risks and * * < br > * * Impacts * * | ESS1 is relevant for the project because the GMEESD sub-project activities are < br > expected to pose environmental and social risks including pollution from e-waste , < br > water and soil contamination , toxic substances related to use of materials that have < br > hazardous chemical , pollution from dust and particulate matter from new < br > construction , social discrimination and exclusion of vulnerable groups , security , < br > gender-based violence , demolition of houses and fence , communicable diseases , < br > cultural impacts , etc . The national laws tend to stress on environmental risks and are < br > lenient in the social risks . Hence , the ESS1provisions are upheld . | | * * 2 . Labor and * * < br > * * Working * * < br > * * Conditions * * | ESS2 is relevant for the project because there are certain labor risks for project < br > workers . Labor-related risks include ( i ) inadequate terms and conditions of < br > employment , and ( ii ) occupational health and safety risks ( iii ) security risks to project < br > workers , ( iv ) traffic and road safety issues . Most of the provisions in the proclamation < br > ( 1156 / 2019 ) are consistent with the ESS2 . However , the ESS2 broadly and explicitly < br > addresses the conditions of vulnerable , disadvantaged and migrant workers . | | * * 3 . Resource * * < br > * * Efficiency and * * < br > * * Pollution * * < br > * * Prevention and * * < br > * * Management * * | ESS3 is relevant for the project because sub-project activities are expected to cause < br > pollutions from e-waste and solid wastes to be generated from data warehouse <", "spans": [{"start": 1670, "end": 1684, "text": "data warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Yes < br > 1 . | Yes | Yes | To ascertain the robustness of our findings , we use two different approaches . First , we utilize data for 15 countries that have an additional survey conducted between the initial and final years of the survey period . For these nations , we estimate the Poverty Space ( and the corresponding Poverty Centrality ) for all three survey years and compute the change in headcount ratio between the first and second , as well as the second and third survey years . This enables us to construct a new unbalanced panel sample which is then used to re-estimate our model . To maintain the restrictiveness of the model we also include year dummies in this analysis . The results , presented in Table 2 , affirm that Poverty Centrality remains a significant and negative predictor of changes in headcount ratios over time even within this more homogeneous sample . 22", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 149, "text": "data for 15 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . * * Introduction * * Do incumbents use social programs to get themselves re-elected ? Much theoretical and empirical work on public expenditure patterns in democratic regimes argues that politicians manipulate the timing , composition , and geographic distribution of expenditures to maximize the likelihood of remaining in office . Increases in public expenditures are timed to coincide with upcoming elections ; budgetary tradeoffs are made to satisfy important constituencies ; and expenditures are directed towards areas of the country that are considered critical for an incumbent ' s re-election bid . This paper discusses the relationship between elections and the expenditures made by the Peruvian Social Fund ( FONCODES ) during President Alberto Fujimori ' s first tern in office ( 1990-1995 ) . FONCODES was created in 1991 , during a severe recession which followed the adoption of stringent stabilization and structural adjustment measures by the Fujimori government . Its stated objectives were to generate employment , help alleviate poverty , and improve access to social services ( World Bank 1998 ) . By 1993 , the Peruvian economy had begun a remarkable recovery , and FONCODES was being hailed by govermnent officials and foreign donors alike as an important component of a medium-term strategy to reduce poverty . Scholars in Peru and abroad have generally been more guarded in their praise . Critics argue that social funds like FONCODES undermine line ministries and local governments . And questions about the \" politicization \" of FONCODES have bedeviled the program from its creation ( Graham 1994 , Kay 1995 , Ball6n and Beaumont 1996 ) . Yet there are no satisfactory studies of the impact of elections on FONCODES expenditures . This paper attempts to fill this gap using highly disaggregated data on expenditures , socioeconomic indicators , and electoral outcomes . I use econometric techniques to analyze the timing and geographic distribution of FONCODES expenditures , and reach two main conclusions . First , FONCODES expenditures increased significantly prior to national elections . Second , FONCODES projects were directed to provinces in which the marginal political impact of expenditures was likely to be largest . The results are robust to a large number of specifications and controls . The Peruvian data thus support predictions made in the literature", "spans": [{"start": 2340, "end": 2353, "text": "Peruvian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 5 | 31 . 3 | 14 . 0 | 18 . 5 | | _West_ | 5 . 1 | 6 . 3 | 5 . 5 | 7 . 1 | 15 . 8 | 17 . 8 | 14 . 5 | 16 . 4 | 8 . 9 | 10 . 1 | | _East_ | 5 . 2 | 3 . 8 | 6 . 7 | 5 . 3 | 14 . 8 | 13 . 6 | 13 . 4 | 11 . 9 | 7 . 9 | 6 . 9 | | _North_ | 2 . 7 | 2 . 6 | 2 . 7 | 2 . 7 | 10 . 7 | 11 . 1 | 10 . 3 | 10 . 6 | 6 . 6 | 6 . 7 | | _Total_ | 5 . 8 | 8 . 0 | 6 . 6 | 8 . 6 | 17 . 4 | 19 . 3 | 15 . 7 | 17 . 4 | 9 . 4 | 10 . 4 | | * * _B . L_ * * | * * _ower bound_ * * < br > Non-empl < br > were rece < br > share of < br > Recent e | * * _estimates o_ * * < br > oyed popul < br > ntly inform < br > current ex < br > mployees | * * _f the pop_ * * < br > ation me < br > ally empl < br > tended la < br > T | * * _ulation engag_ * * < br > mbers who < br > oyed , as a < br > bor force < br > otal | * * _ed in informal employm_ * * < br > Total population rece < br > employmen < br > Extende < br > for | * * _ent during_ * * < br > ntly engag < br > t as a shar < br > d labor < br > ce | * * _the last y_ * * < br > ed in info < br > e of < br > Popul < br > aged", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ RoW and Substation ) . This 155 housing structures are belonging to 127 households . The residential houses and related structures of 93 . 7 % of the PAHs will be affected by Subproject tower pads and RoW , while the remaining houses and related structures of 6 . 3 % of the PAHs will be impacted by the construction of the new Chelenko and Haromaya Substations # # # # # # * * _Impact on Fruit Crops and Perennial Crops_ * * Based on the census and enumeration result a total of 26 , 035 different sizes and species of perennial crops and fruit trees belongs to 198 households would be permanently removed by the Subproject components . ( 162 HHs by Subproject RoW & tower pad installation and 36 HHs by the construction of the two new substations ) . Out of the total 26 , 035 perennial crops affected by the Subproject components 23 , 037 or 88 . 5 % will be affected by the construction of the two new substations , while RoW and Tower will affect the remaining 11 . 5 % of the perennial crops . # # # # # # * * _Impact on Eucalyptus Trees_ * * < mark > Based on the census result , the subproject components will affect a total of 31 , 139 eucalyptus trees having different sizes . This eucalyptus trees belongs to 252 households reside in all Subproject impact Woredas and sub cities . Of the total eucalyptus trees about 30 , 644 of the trees would be permanently removed by the Subproject tower pads and ROW and the remaining 495 or 1 . 6 % of the eucalyptus trees will be impacted by the construction of the two substation subprojects ( 357 eucalyptus trees by Haromaya SS & the remaining 138 by Chelenko SS Subproject ) . < / mark > # #", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 621, "text": "census and enumeration result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1224, "end": 1237, "text": "census result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", with much greater effects for countries in closer competition with China . # * * VI . Conclusion * * To our knowledge , this paper is the first attempt to quantify the effect of exchange rate changes on the exports of competitor countries to third markets — the spillover effect — that both exploits > 24 Broda and Weinstein ( 2006 ) argue that with more disaggregated data , one is likely to find higher estimates of the elasticity of substitution . 23", "spans": [{"start": 357, "end": 375, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "changes in credit supply versus credit demand . For the unused commitment ratio , we ignore the mean values , which may mainly reflect some extreme outliers , given that they are always many times greater than the P90 values . Focusing instead on the P50 and P90 values , they are both remarkably steady and suggest no significant increases or decreases . The P50 value remains in a tight range between 9 . 16 and 9 . 69 percent and the P90 statistic varies between 18 . 29 and 19 . 85 percent . The deposit ratios for the industry as a whole show only some very modest increases . The mean and P90 deposit ratios each increase less than one percentage point and stay near 81 and 89 percent , respectively . However , as above for the loan ratios , the industry statistics may disguise some significant heterogeneity . One study using weekly branch-level deposit data finds substantial movements of deposits and the rates paid on these deposits that vary with COVID-19 infection rates ( Levine , Lin , Tai , and Xie , forthcoming ) . The loan ratios for the G-SIBs are much lower than for the industry , and again show substantial reductions in lending and possibly credit risk . The mean loan ratio declines from 36 . 80 to 31 . 49 percent , and the maximum ratio similarly declines from 54 . 80 percent in 2019 : Q4 to 49 . 84 percent in 2020 : Q4 . Unused commitments for the G-SIBs decline very considerably during the COVID-19 crisis , likely primarily due to the “ dash for cash ” by corporations drawing down their commitments at the largest banks described in some of the research discussed later in this paper . The P50 and P90 values fall from 48 . 48 and 69 . 29 percent in 2019 : Q4 to ranges of 38 . 35 to 42 . 18 percent and 60 . 20 to 62 . 46 percent , respectively . Deposits at the G-SIBs increase more than for the industry as a whole , which may reflect in part a flight to safety by some depositors that believe these institutions are “ too big to fail , ” as 24", "spans": [{"start": 835, "end": 867, "text": "weekly branch-level deposit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and Tigray are found to be over-reporting and Afar Gambella under-reporting the number of 1 < sup > st < / sup > visit ANC . It may be further noted here that data quality assurance / control mechanism has not been developed to check data accuracy 128 . The progress of MforR on analytical works has been slow . DPs therefore urged the government to review and priorities pending studies , and accordingly six analytical studies have been dropped < sup > 71 < / sup > . The recently completed studies _inter alia_ include the following studies : mini-EDHS , SPA + , gender disaggregated development data , education SDI survey , M & E assessment studies for education and health sectors , and DA tracking study . There are some studies that have been delayed considerably > 64 This assessment is based on the experience of attending April 2015 JRIS . Some DPs also felt in the same way > 65 DfID ( 2014 ) : _Annual Review_ , p 20 > 66 Presentation at April 2015 JRIS > 67 _Ibid_ > 68 _Ibid_ > 69 CSA ( March 2015 ) : _Overall Data Quality Assessment for Education Sector in Ethiopia_ > 70 This and other information are gathered through interview with the Director , EMIS & IT Directorate . > 71 For details about the studies dropped see PBS Secretariat ( March 2015 ) : _PBS 3 : B3 Managing for Results ( MfR ) Component - Status Update_ 30 _Process Evaluation of PBS-3 , Final Report : Program Effectiveness ( Progress in Achieving Results ) _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rich to meet social obligations . On the other hand , 64 percent of land sales were undertaken in order to generate capital for productive investment ( digging of wells , purchase of pump sets , and children ' s education ) , and the land sales market actually contributed to a slight equalization of the land-ownership distribution . This suggests that in this case the poor were not only able to avoid distress sales , but were able , through access to cash-generating employment , to acquire some land as rich households liquidated agricultural assets to be able to pursue non-agricultural investment . Survey data on land transactions from India indicate that purchases of land are almost all undertaken by individuals with access to sources of income which are not correlated with agricultural production and that borrowing to finance agricultural land acquisition is virtually non-existent ( Sarap 1995 ) . > 34 Distress sales have been important in China ( Shih 1992 ) in early Japan ( Takekoshi 1967 ) in the Indian Punjab ( Hamid 1983 ) , and * * in * * Latin America following the abolition of communal tenure ( Brockett 1984 ) . 21", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 649, "text": "Survey data on land transactions from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "629 | 472 | 678 | 521 | 553 | 426 | | r2_w | 0 . 238 | 0 . 352 | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 104 | 0 . 079 | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 096 | 0 . 079 | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 640 | 0 . 681 | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the Georgia COV-ES data . Size information used as the interaction terms is taken from the total number of full-time equivalent workers in the baseline ES . Columns 3 through 8 report marginal effects from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * * * denotes the significance level at 10 % , 5 % , and 1 % , respectively . See Section 6 for more details . 55", "spans": [{"start": 287, "end": 306, "text": "Georgia COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". \" . . . . . . < br > ~ | | Measles < br > _ < br > | 27 < br > __ | 35 | _Source : _ DHS 2000 / 2005 ; _Note : _ * Derived from PASDEP", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa Phase II ( P178047 ) 18 . * * While refugees enjoy equal or even superior access to basic services such as health , education and water compared to hosts , they lack livelihood opportunities and are highly dependent on dwindling humanitarian aid * * . A survey of refugees and host community members conducted in 2017 showed that refugees in Ethiopia are poorer on average than hosts , live in inferior housing and have less access to electricity and job opportunities . < sup > 26 < / sup > The low level of refugee self-reliance is more acute for female-headed households with 13 percent of female-headed households having access to income sources other than aid , compared to 26 percent of households headed by men . < sup > 27 < / sup > For urban refugees , livelihood opportunities are limited by regulatory barriers , levies imposed on informal businesses and the absence of start-up capital , especially with the negative impact of COVID-19 on the inflow of remittances . 19 . * * Refugee-hosting regions in Ethiopia vary widely in terms of socio-economic characteristics . * * Most refugees in Ethiopia reside in camps in areas that border their country of origin . Nearly all the South Sudanese refugees have settled in Gambella and the Somali refugees in Somali region . Around half of the Eritrean refugees have settled in Tigray or Afar , though many have moved since the conflict erupted in the north . Most of the Sudanese refugees reside in Benishangul-Gumuz region . Each of these groups is integrated to a different degree within the Ethiopian economy and with host communities . Furthermore , there is great variety between these regions in terms of levels of economic development , socio-cultural characteristics , and sources of livelihood . The extent of variation calls for a flexible response to development needs that can be tailored to the different contexts . 20 . * * COVID -", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 397, "text": "survey of refugees and host community members", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "educational attainment and become employed more easily . Conversely , as women become more educated and enter the labor market , fertility rates tend to fall . This scenario thus considers this two-way relationship . The final alternative scenario ( _all interventions_ ) considers the case when there a country can achieve all the individual demographic dividend enhancing interventions together : educational convergence , accelerated productivity growth , greater mobilization of savings , improvements in employment rates , and closing the gender gap in the labor market . For all scenarios , changes in the poverty headcount rate from the GIDD can be decomposed into three sources . The first source is the change in poverty due to the changes in employment , skill premia , and income that would have occurred had there been no additional income growth or distribution shifts – the poverty reduction effect without demographic effects . The second source of poverty reduction is the mechanical change in the distribution of households due to demographic change . This is based on the reweighting of the household surveys , and captures the impact of there being fewer ( or more ) households with certain demographic characteristics that in the benchmark survey data are found to be poorer ( or richer ) . This can be referred to as the demographic composition effect . The third source of poverty reduction is the additional change in income and the income distribution that may occur when economies are able to realize their demographic dividends by absorbing the additional entrants into the working-age cohort and by increasing savings and investment due to declining child dependency ratios . # * * 4 . ANALYSIS * * The rising working-age population shares in SACU economies can be beneficial for Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , and Swaziland , although to varying degrees , considering the magnitude of the possible contribution of demographic change to future growth ( Figure 5 ) . The scenario analysis framework attributes half of the real GDP per capita growth for Lesotho and Swaziland to demographic change . The average annual growth rate is 1 . 2 percent ( versus 2 . 6 in the baseline ) if the labor supply only grows at the same rate as the total population – keeping", "spans": [{"start": 644, "end": 648, "text": "GIDD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1109, "end": 1126, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1250, "end": 1271, "text": "benchmark survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as being less secure when compared to large and medium firms as shown in Figure 1a . On probing deeper , we find that there is significant variation across sizes even within the same country , i . e . , holding all legal and political institutions constant . For instance , > 13 According to TI , “ International surveys on perceptions serve as the most credible means of compiling a ranking of nations ” . See Batra , Kaufmann and Stone ( 2003 ) for a detailed analysis of the sampling methodology and findings of the survey > 14 The original database consists of 10032 observations in 81 countries . We lose 2243 observations because of missing data on the dependent variable and the four firm level variables , size , ownership structure , organizational form and industry sector . On removing variables with missing institutional variables , we lose 1country ( West Bank and Gaza ) which has 29 firms . This leaves us with 7760 observations in 80 countries . > 15 Employment is typically the most reliable figure in developing countries . Hence number of full time workers is used as a measure of firm size by the World Bank Group and other international survey teams including RPED and the Oxford Centre for the Study of African Economies 13", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 335, "text": "International surveys on perceptions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 26th level corresponding to a female life expectancy of 82 . 5 was added . The appropriate level for each time period was chosen given life expectancy , with interpolation if necessary between adjacent levels . Choice among life table families was based on region and mortality level , as follows : Region and mortality level Life table family Sub-Saharan Africa Below 12 South 12-17 North 18 and above West North Africa , the Middle East , Latin America , and the Caribbean Below 18 South 18 and above West Northern America , Europe , Asia , and Oceania All levels West Over time , countries in particular regions may therefore switch from one life table family to another . To avoid discontinuities , the switch is made gradually , using life tables linearly interpolated between the two families involved for five intervening periods . # Fertility level and trend Base-period total fertility rates ( TFRs ) are derived from the same mix of sources as mortality rates , including the U . N . 1988 revision ; official sources , as cited in Population and Vital Statistics Reports or in government publications ; the U . N . 1984 assessment ; the U . S . Bureau of the Census ( 1985 ) ; Eurostat ( 1987 ) ; and Celade ( 1987 ) . We relied on two sources more frequently for information on fertility than mortality : various surveys , especially Demographic and Health Surveys and World Fertility Surveys ; and the Institut National d ' ttudes Demographiques ( Monnier 1987 ) . Often , all these sources give fertility for a different period or in terms of the crude birth rate , and corresponding TFRs had to be estimated using available data on age-sex composition and age-specific fertility , or obtained from a projection using an estimated TFR for an earlier period . Where no reliable source was available , an unattributed Bank estimate may be indicated in the Appendix . Future fertility trends are specified by selecting a year when the net reproduction rate ( NRR ) reaches unity , i . e . , when the average woman ' s fertility results in exactly replacing herself . ( This is referred to here as the replacement year", "spans": [{"start": 1347, "end": 1377, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1382, "end": 1405, "text": "World Fertility Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As in our model , the 2006 entry cohort starts to graduate in 2010 . In 2006 , the initial share of college graduates in the workforce equals 27 percent . < sup > 30 < / sup > Universal free college raises this share for a particular cohort by 12 pp , to a long-run value of 39 percent ( panel a ) . In the short-run the college premium falls relatively little ( panel b ) because the increase in college graduates from the first few cohorts is small relative to the stock of college-educated workers , which includes individuals from 35 to 40 cohorts . Over time , the continuous inflow of a greater number of college graduates produces a larger college premium impact — but still small , given our estimated _ω_ , and unlikely to dissuade many high school graduates from college enrollment . As a robustness check , panel b depicts the implied college premium path for several _ω_ estimates for developed economies . < sup > 31 < / sup > The college premium declines more for these values , yet even the greatest decline - down to 1 . 70 - still leaves the economy with a substantial college premium , comparable to that in the U . S . Skill-biased technical change , of course , would lead to an even smaller decline for any value of _ω_ . In sum , both the short - and long-run college premium decline induced by free college would likely be small in Colombia . As a result , abstracting away from the general equilibrium implications of free college is not likely to bias our predictions substantially . College , thus , would remain a worthy investment even if free college produced more college graduates . < sup > 32 < / sup > # * * 9 Conclusions * * In this paper we have developed and estimated a dynamic model of college enrollment , performance , and graduation . A central piece of the model , student effort , has a direct effect on the completion of classes and an indirect effect mitigating risks on class completion or college persistence . We have estimated the model using rich administrative data from Colombia . According to our", "spans": [{"start": 1997, "end": 2030, "text": "administrative data from Colombia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 345 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 - 80 ha of land that will be inundated : - 35 ha on islands ; - 44 ha along the riverbank . Temporary land take will include 113 ha , composed of : - 106 ha on the west bank ; and , - 7 ha on the east bank . Temporary land take will potentially become available for local people to use again , once construction is completed . After the completion of the works and reinstatement of the land by the EPC Contractor , the leasehold title to the temporary land take will be transferred to ULC . In accordance with Section 41 of the Land Act , non-citizens of Uganda cannot hold land under freehold regime , but can acquire a lease . Consequently , the Government of Uganda acquired the land required for the development from its previous owners , with AESNP paying compensation for previous interests in the land . The land is now held by the Uganda Land Commission and will be leased to BEL for a 30-year term . At the end of the 30-year term , when BEL transfers the hydropower facility to the GoU in accordance with its BOOT ( Build , Own , Operate , Transfer ) - type Implementation Agreement , the leased land will also be transferred to the GoU . The Uganda Land Commission , the body charged with holding the land belonging to the GoU , will acquire the land on behalf of the Government and be responsible for implementing all required procedures thereafter . The Bujagali Project ( via AES Nile Power ) compensated people for a total of 223 . 8 ha of land at the project site , based upon the cadastral survey conducted in 2000 . There was a slight difference of approximately 14 ha between the total amount of land required for the project , and the amount of compensation to be paid to landowners , which is attributed to communal paths , roads", "spans": [{"start": 1647, "end": 1663, "text": "cadastral survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dietary diversity ; and ( iii ) per capita daily protein intake . < sup > 28 < / sup > The first measure is related to United Nations Millennium Development Goal 1 . 9 – to reduce by half the proportion of population below a minimum level of dietary energy consumption . The second two measures reflect different dimensions of household food security that relate to nutrient intake . Several studies from developing > 26 Expenditure on food away from home accounts for approximately 2 % of household food expenditure . 27 The food price index is based on a reference bundle of goods consumed by relatively poor households ; the reference bundle was constructed to reflect regional diversity in consumption patterns . See Diewert ( 1993 ) for a discussion of the Laspeyres price index , as well as other indices . > 28 Since consumption data were collected at the household level , it is not possible to address the issue of individual nutritional status , which depends on the intra-household allocation of resources . There is some evidence that in times of difficulty , households allocate more food to children . ( Block _et al . _ , 2004 ) In the robustness tests , we include the number of children in the household as an additional control ; the results do not change . 11", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 840, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > Such analysis is particularly crucial in conflict areas , which may be most susceptible to shocks , but which usually have little quantitative data . Our findings inform current policy discussions within Afghanistan and , more generally , within the international development community . They > 47 See Arimond and Ruel ( 2004 ) for evidence from 11 Demographic and Health Surveys worldwide . > 48 World Food Program and UNICEF ( 2008 ) ; See also Grantham-McGregor _et al . _ ( 2001 ) for a review of studies on iron deficiency and childhood cognitive development . > 49 The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( 2010 ) has published initial findings in the _National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2007 / 08 : a profile of Afghanistan_ . The report is being used to better inform policy makers on many dimensions of wellbeing , including progress towards the Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) . The reduction of hunger – part of MDG1 – is a priority for the Government of Afghanistan and is a target under the Economic and Social Development Pillar of the Afghanistan National Development Strategy . ( IMF , 2008 ) 23", "spans": [{"start": 355, "end": 385, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 7 . List of Supporting Documents * * 1 . National Fertilizer Policy 1993 . 2 . Proclamation no 106 / 1994 on the establishment of National Fertilizer Industry Agency dated October 26 , 1994 3 . Proclamation no . 137 / 1998 on Fertilizer Manufacturing and Trade Proclamation , Dated - November 24 , 1998 4 . Federal Negarit Gazeta 5th Year No . 25 Addis Ababa - December 15 , 1998 _5 . _ Staff Appraisal Report - National Fertilizer Sector Project , Ethiopia , April 1995 6 . Development Credit Agreement between Government of Ethiopia and Intemational Development Association - National Fertilizer Sector Project , Ethiopia 7 . Development Credit Agreement between Government of Ethiopia and Government of Netherlands - National Fertilizer Sector Project , Ethiopia 8 . Project Implementation Manual , NFSP 9 . Aide-memoires of IDA Supervision Missions I to 12 , NFSP 10 . Benchmark Survey for 1997 crop season prepared in collaboration with CSA 11 . Mid-term Progress Report - NFSP , May 1998 12 . Proceedings of six annual National Fertilizer Workshops 13 . Study report on Agronomic and Environmental use of Fertilizer in Ethiopia , 2001 14 . Study report on Fertilizer Marketing and Credit , 2001 15 . Study report on Fertilizer Supply Chain Management , 2001 16 . Study report on Institutional Analysis of fertilizer related institutions , 2001 - 30 -", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 924, "text": "Benchmark Survey for 1997 crop season", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well as liquidity hoarding by corporate customers as part of the “ dash for cash . ” The G-SIB deposit ratios increase from mean and P90 values of 78 . 18 and 85 . 31 percent in 2019 : Q4 to 81 . 45 and 88 . 41 percent in 2020 : Q4 , respectively . # * * 4 . 2 Additional Statistics That Do Not Depend on Accounting Data * * We evaluate whether bank failures during the crisis may have distorted the accounting data and masked significant problems in the U . S . banking industry . The FDIC reports only four of the over 5 , 000 U . S . banks failed in 2020 , including one failure on February 14 before COVID-19 slowed the U . S . economy . The failed banks had combined assets of just $ 458 million in an industry with assets over $ 17 trillion . < sup > 17 < / sup > These very mild failure data provide additional evidence that the banking system was not in significant distress , and also suggest that missing Call Reports from failing banks are not obscuring our view of any substantial industry problems . We consider as well the possibility that accounting data may generally be less accurate indicators of bank financial distress than market indicators . The KBW Bank Index , which covers stock market values for 24 banking organizations , did fall from 113 . 4 to 97 . 9 from December 31 , 2019 to December 31 , 2020 , and has since risen to 134 . 5 as of this writing on May 17 , 2021 . < sup > 18 < / sup > Thus , there were some market losses during the calendar year , but the index is currently higher than before COVID-19 , not revealing any market value indications of forthcoming financial distress . Another market-based measure is SRISK for the U . S . financial system , an indicator of systemic risk that is employed in many research studies . It rose from 286 to 562 from December 2019 to December 2020 , but then fell to 247 in May 2021 . < sup > 19 < / sup > Again , there was some", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 320, "text": "Accounting Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 798, "text": "failure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1054, "end": 1069, "text": "accounting data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1168, "end": 1182, "text": "KBW Bank Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| The study team is conducting a RP study , which includes the registration of properties affected by the < br > subproject . Once the registration is completed , the compensation will be computed based on the < br > current market value of the affected properties and other criteria as per relevant laws . Therefore , it is < br > notpossible to know the amount of compensation to bepaid at this stage of the RP study . | | When will the compensation be paid ? | Question | The study team does not know the exact schedule for compensation payment , but the subproject < br > construction will not commence before the payment of full compensation . However , sometimes when < br > the number of PAPs is large , Subproject construction activities and compensation payments may go < br > inparallel . | | Will the compensation payment be fair and consider < br > the productivity of the land to be expropriated ? | Concern & < br > Question | The study team will collect data on the productivity of the land and the current market price of < br > agricultural products from the relevant Woreda Offices . Therefore , a fair compensation amount will be < br > recommended bythe studyteam asper relevant legal frameworks . | | The subproject is expected to give job opportunities < br > to the unemployed youths . | Expectation | Contractors are expected to open employment opportunities for community members if they meet the < br > necessary criteria . The study team will recommend to EEP to notify the contractors to give priority to < br > unemployedyouths in the subproject-affected areas . | | Will the subproject affected Kebeles benefit from < br > access to electrification ? | Expectation & < br > Question | EEP is responsible for the construction of the proposed transmission line and substation . Whereas , < br > the distribution of the electricity to the Kebeles is primarily the mandate of EEU . The study team", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 1005, "text": "data on the productivity of the land", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s spending on education as percentage of GDP has consistently been high compared to other countries , and educational indicators are amongst the best in LAC – but can still be improved * * . The literacy rate for adults aged 15 and older is 98 percent , and the share of adults aged 15 and above who had no formal education has declined from 19 . 2 percent in 1950 to a projected 1 . 8 percent in 2020 . < sup > 8 < / sup > Younger cohorts are also attaining more years of education ; > 1 Source : Macro Poverty Outlook for Costa Rica : April 2024 ; > 2 Source : World Development Indicators ( WDI ) < u > https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / NE . TRD . GNFS . ZS ? locations = CR < / u > > 3 Source : World Economic Outlook ( WEO ) , October 2023 , < u > https : / / www . imf . org / external / datamapper / LUR @ WEO / CRI ? zoom = CRI & highlight = CRI < / u > > 4 World Bank estimates using administrative records and annual statistical reports from the Directorate General of Migrants and Foreigners . < u > https : / / www . migracion . go . cr / Paginas / Centro % 20de % 20Documentaci % C3 % B3n / Estad % C3 % ADsticas . aspx . < / u > > 5 World Bank , < u > Climate Change Knowledge Portal - Costa Rica . < / u > > 6 World Bank , GFFDR , < u > ThinkHazard ! Portal . < / u > > 7 _Ibid_ > 8 Source : https : / / ourworldindata . org / Page 1", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 534, "text": "Macro Poverty Outlook for Costa Rica", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 563, "end": 591, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 714, "end": 736, "text": "World Economic Outlook", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 908, "end": 961, "text": "administrative records and annual statistical reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attitudes and mental health outcomes were changed from a 3-point Likert scale at baseline to agree / disagree options in the follow-up surveys to make it easier for adolescents to respond accurately . In the Appendix we detail the individual statements in the attitudes index and present the Cronbach ’ s alpha to test for scale reliability ( Cronbach ’ s alpha of the gender attitudes index is 0 . 798 ) . > 32Parents were also asked to provide basic information on the household including demographic information , plus food security , household assets and consumption modules . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ or resettlement packages for the affected persons . # # # * * Approach and Methodology * * Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were applied to identify the project impact and compensation assessments based on the current verifiable socio-economic and demographic information . Below is a brief description of the methodologies applied by the consultant . # # # * * Quantitative Methods * * Socio-Economic Survey and Census : Quantitative method using a household questionnaire was used to capture detailed data at household level including inventories for all project affected households . All together 402 respondents who are going to be directly and indirectly affected by the projects were interviewed . About 1189 property owners who stay and earn their livelihoods in the project area were identified .", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 436, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey and Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "realistic improvements in teachers ’ subject-matter knowledge could lead to meaningful improvements in the quality of instruction in Indonesia and the learning levels of its students . It is estimated that a 1 . 0 ( 2 . 0 ) standard deviation increase in teacher ’ s subject knowledge can translate into a 0 . 25 ( 0 . 50 ) student-level standard deviation increase in the learning levels of students by the time they leave primary school . The results of this paper suggest that policies which incentivize improvements in subjectmatter knowledge can work in Indonesia . This finding starkly contrasts results from experimental research about Indonesia ’ s recent , and very costly , teacher certification program ( De Ree , Muralidharan , Pradhan , and Rogers ( 2015 ) and World Bank ( 2015 ) ) . Indonesia ’ s certification program was implemented in 2005 / 06 . In a nutshell , the certification program required a university bachelor ’ s degree as minimum academic qualifications for primary teachers , and promised a generous _doubling of take-home pay_ after passing the certification program successfully . While the certification program led to hundreds of thousands of teachers starting course work to obtaining bachelor ’ s degrees , no important improvements in education quality was observed . The stability of the PISA scores is an example of this , but World Bank ( 2015 ) provides additional _micro level_ evidence . The 2012 PISA results perhaps marked the starting points of redirecting policies more explicitly geared towards quality . Indonesia ’ s current minister of Education and Culture Anies Baswedan for example reflected on Indonesia ’ s most recent 2012 PISA results in _Republika_ , one of Indonesia ’ s mainstream daily newspapers , arguing that “ Indonesia ’ s education is in a state of emergency ” ( Novia 2014 ) . The research presented in this paper indicates that future policies to promote quality education could benefit from incorporating subject-matter tests in teacher evaluation systems . 30", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1453, "text": "2012 PISA results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 . PROJECT CONTEXT , DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN * * # # * * 1 . 1 Context at Appraisal * * The Decentralized Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS Project ( DARE ) was designed when the Kenyan economy was facing a severe downturn . From an average of 7 % in the 1970s , GDP growth rate had declined to 2 . 2 % during the 1990s , well below the population growth rate . Weak economic governance was observed to be a major problem undermining the performance of the public sector in terms of independence , capacity and accountability . This resulted in an uneven and slow pace of implementation of major policy reforms and negatively affected government ’ s credibility with its development partners . Between the mid-1980s and early 2000s , there was a significant decline / stagnation in the health status of Kenyans * * . * * Decreased expenditures on health , growing poverty , high population growth , poor access to basic health services and high prevalence of HIV are among some of the reasons cited for the poor health status . Life expectancy dropped from 59 years in 1991to 47 . 6 in 1998 , mainly attributed to the growing HIV / AIDS epidemic , whose prevalence went up from 5 . 8 % in 1990 to 13 . 9 % in 1999 . According to the demographic and health surveys , infant mortality , child mortality and maternal mortality all registered increases between 1989 and 1998 . Per capita public expenditure on health declined from US $ 9 . 50 in 1980 / 81 to US $ 3 . 50 in 1997 / 98 , negatively affecting availability of finance for operational costs and for essential drugs . By 1999 / 00 , per capita expenditure on essential drugs for the public sector had dropped to US $ 0 . 42 from US $ 0 . 72 in 1995 / 96 . The overall policy for the sector was set out in the Health Policy Framework ( 1994 – 2010 ) and aimed to “ promote and improve the health status of Kenyans through deliberate restructuring of", "spans": [{"start": 1253, "end": 1283, "text": "demographic and health surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Revisiting Global Biodiversity : A Spatial Analysis of Species Occurrence Data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility ~ ~ JEL Classification : ~ ~ Q57 , C8 Conservation planning , global biodiversity , species ’ occurrence region , endemic and smallBank program managed by the authors and Dr . Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep , Global Lead , Disruptive Technology . We are also thankful to the participants of the webinar conducted during Biodiversity Week , including our colleagues from the World Bank Sustainable Development Global Practice and the Environment , Natural Resources and Blue Economy Global Practice .", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 78, "text": "Species Occurrence Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "developed countries < sup > 11 < / sup > and assumed linearly related to daily GDP per capita . It is likely that those estimates are overestimated due to the wealth effect and the fact that WTP usually decreases with the reliability of the water distribution system ( Hensher et al . , 2005 ) . Second , the countries included in the ES correspond to the middle of the global GDP distribution : the 123 countries cover 49 % of the global GDP , preventing an accurate extrapolation of the global total annual cost of water outages for households . Third , the ES reports water outages experienced by firms and not households . Depending on the country ’ s regulation , households or firms may be served following an order of priority in case of a water supply disruption what would suggest that they do not experience the same outages . # 3 . The impact of transport disruptions # # 3 . 1 . Transport disruption and congestion affect all cities Road congestion is a growing issue in cities . INRIX , a transport-data company found that a driver spent on average 36 hours in gridlock in 2013 in French , British , German and American metropolitan areas ( Cebr , 2014a ) . The time lost to congestion increases threefold to 111 hours when additional planning time is included . < sup > 12 < / sup > The study used GPS data from some 300 millions of cars and devices to measure when and where traffic slowed to a crawl along 5 million miles of roads , spanning 1 , 360 cities in 38 countries . < sup > 13 < / sup > Capital cities in developing countries suffer the most from traffic because roads and public-transit systems have not kept pace with population growth . In Thailand , drivers loose an average of 56 hours a year to congestion at peak travel times ; Indonesia and Colombia come second and third with 51 and 49 hours . Similarly , the worst place to drive in Europe is Russia , which accounts for five of the continent ’ s ten most congested cities . Weather events have an adverse effect on travel time for households by affecting", "spans": [{"start": 1312, "end": 1320, "text": "GPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "beneficiaries to lodge their grievances . The Social worker will visit the homeless beneficiary at least twice in a week to collect grievances from these beneficiaries and to monitor the overall implementation of this component . The focal person will also collect the grievances submitted through comment boxes , SMS and hotlines and forward it to the kebele / woreda GRM committee for assessment and resolution . This process is overseen and guided by the city offices . The city office will be in charge of training , information and supervision to make sure the focal person and the GRM committee are capacitated to receive , review and process complaints . In addition , when complaints are referred to the city level , city offices will provide a solution if possible . If this is not possible , the city office will forward the complaint to the PCU . For complaints requiring Federal action ( e . g . payments and for Serious Complaints ) , there need to be a mechanism for notifying Federal level . It is the responsibility of the City to regularly follow up with Federal on any pending responses required to resolve a complaint . All actions taken on a particular complaint at any level must be logged in the GRM Log Sheet and captured in the project MIS . * * Serious Complaints such as GBV and other cases : * * Complaints related to GBV must be fast tracked and referred immediately by the City , using the GBV Referral Pathway as indicated in this procedure . # # # * * GBV Referral Pathway * * Serious complaints raised through the GRM , including GBV cases ( sexual exploitation and abuse , sexual harassment , rape , other types of GBV , etc . ) should be addressed immediately by referring GBV survivors to support services within the national GBV Referral Pathway . The four main components of the GBV Referral Pathway are health services , psychosocial support services , legal and justice services and security and protection services ( police ) . Here is the basic overview of the GBV Referral Pathway , below .", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1231, "text": "GRM Log Sheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MIS system is operational , the Woreda Food Security Desk will be responsible for inputting the grievances into the system . In woredas where the MIS is not yet operational , the Woreda Food Security Desk will forward the appeals listing to the regional GRM focal person , and they in turn will forward it to FSCD . # # # # # # * * 8 . 2 Grievance Logs * * KACs will maintain grievance logs , and regularly submit copies to the Kebele and Woreda Councils , who will then distribute upwards . FSCD will maintain a master grievance log . The grievance logs will include the following information . - Individual reference number - Name of the person submitting the complaint , or other feedback , address and / or contact information ( unless the complaint has been submitted anonymously ) - Details of the complaint or feedback - Date of the complaint - Name of committee person who registered the complaint ( acknowledge to the complainant , investigate , propose resolutions , etc . ) - Details of proposed resolution , including person ( s ) or body ( e . g . , WFSTF ) who will be responsible for authorizing and implementing any corrective actions that are part of the proposed resolution - Date when proposed resolution was communicated to the complainant ( unless anonymous ) - Date when the complainant acknowledged , in writing if possible , being informed of the proposed resolution - Details of whether the complainant was satisfied with the resolution , and whether the complaint can be closed out - Date when resolution is implemented ( if any , whether successful or otherwise . If unsuccessful , reason it wasn ’ t resolved ) . 28", "spans": [{"start": 376, "end": 390, "text": "grievance logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "match on street name and number , with a very similar activity ( e . g . “ bar ” and “ comercio varejista de bebidas ” ) ; an exact match on street name and number , with no name or activity data in the listing ; or a match on phone number , street name , and activity , with a different street number . # _Matching ALF registrations_ The ALF administrative data also do not contain a fantasy name , so the same criteria were used as for matching MEIs . 32", "spans": [{"start": 339, "end": 362, "text": "ALF administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Result | Date | Result | Date | Result | Month / Year | | IR Indicator 7 . 1 : Use of unique school | No | Jul / 2016 | Yes | 01-Aug-2024 | Yes | 01-Aug-2024 | Yes | Jul / 2023 | | < br > IDs by EMIS , NLA , EGRA , and < br > Inspection ( Yes / No ) | Comments on achie | ving targets | End target was ach | ieved . | | | | | | | No | Jul / 2016 | Yes | 01-Aug-2024 | Yes | 01-Aug-2024 | Yes | Jul / 2023 | | IR Indicator 7 . 2 : Timely availability of < br > EGRA and NLA scores ( Text ) | Comments on achie | ving targets | End target was ach | ieved . | | | | | | IR Indicator 7 . 4 : Joint report by EMIS , < br > GEID and NEAEA on learning gaps < br > coveringemergingregions ( Text ) | No | Nov / 2020 | Yes | 01-Aug-2024 | Yes | 01-Aug-2024 | Yes | Jul / 2023 | | IR Indicator 7 . 5 EMIS digital data < br > collection pilot and scaled-up at the < br > national level ( Text ) | No | Nov / 2020 | In progress | 01-Aug-2024 | In progress | 01-Aug-2024 | Yes | Jun / 2024 | Page 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 . * * For the uninsured , the MoPH serves as a provider of last resort , providing hospital coverage but with limited primary and outpatient care . * * Hospital services to the 1 . 6 million uninsured Lebanese are provided through contracted public and private hospitals , with MoPH covering 85 percent of the hospital expenses , and 100 percent of medication of chronic and high risk diseases . 14 . * * Primary healthcare on the other hand , is provided either through private clinics or through a network of primary health centers ( PHC Networks ) which are predominantly run by non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . * * As part of MoPH reform efforts in the 1990s to improve access to PHC services for low income groups , the MoPH established the National PHC Network consisting of Primary Health Care Centers ( PHCCs ) operated mainly by NGOs and municipalities . Participating centers were selected based on their size , coverage , and range of services they provide . The MoPH has contractual agreements with the centers whereby the MoPH provides them with in-kind support including generic drugs , vaccines , training and IT support , and in turn the PHCCs provide their communities with essential healthcare services at discounted rates as well as free essential drugs . To date , the PHC Network includes 204 contracted PHCCs ( out of 1 , 085 PHC centers and dispensaries in the country ) , of which 67 percent are affiliated with NGOs , 20 percent with local municipalities , 11 percent with MoPH and 2 percent with the Ministry of Social Affairs ( MOSA ) . 15 . * * For the past decade , the PHC Network has been successful in providing quality primary healthcare to poor and low income Lebanese . * * MoPH data show that use of contracted PHCCs by low income groups increased by 73 percent between 2002 and 2012 , from 32 , 6184 visits to 121 , 2000 , respectively . The data further show that the PHC Network played a major role in the delivery of", "spans": [{"start": 1721, "end": 1730, "text": "MoPH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 Projecting the Pollution Impact of Alternative Policies * * China affords a unique opportunity for projection of alternative futures , because for many parts of China the future already exists . As Figures 8 , 13 and 14 indicate , China ' s provinces and major urban areas exhibit great disparity in the present strictness of environmental regulation , the share of production in large enterprises , and the degree of state ownership of industry . Shanghai , for example , has a high proportion of production in large facilities , a low proportion in state enterprises , a high ( although unfortunately , falling ) degree of regulatory strictness and , as a result , low levels of pollution intensity per unit of industrial output . Sichuan ' s statistics are the converse in most cases . For much of China , it will be many years before current conditions in Shanghai are replicated . Thus , although we cannot predict the future path of technological progress with any accuracy , we can develop conservative projections for much of China based on actual conditions in the more advanced provinces . And even among the latter , there is sufficient diversity of characteristics to permit use of econometrically-estimated relationships to estimate the consequences of moving toward leading-edge status in the dimensions which matter most for pollution intensity . China ' s second advantage is its wealth of data . Large databases made available to us by NEPA have enabled us to base our entire forecasting exercise on the econometric estimation exercises summarized in this paper . To our knowledge this has not previously been possible , in China or any other country . We have used the NEPA databases in three related studies : ( 1 ) determinants of industrial air and water pollution intensity ; ( 2 ) the impact of air emissions on atmospheric pollutant concentrations ; and ( 3 ) the cost of pollution abatement . For our air pollution scenarios , we have completed the forecasting exercise by joining our estimates to the empirical findings of Xu . et . al . ( 1994 ) on the health impact of air pollution . # * * 4 . 3 Projecting Pollution Damage * *", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 767, "text": "Sichuan ' s statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1699, "end": 1713, "text": "NEPA databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The VASyR provided a comprehensive price list of essential items ( see table below ) . _Table [ 9 ] : Prices of essential items by type and geographical area_ 28", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 64, "text": "comprehensive price list of essential items", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _Not Applicable . _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Not Applicable . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Proposed Borehole at Akira Ngondu , Igembe , Meru County | * * _Potential_ * * < br > * * _Environmental / _ * * < br > * * _Social impacts_ * * | * * _Recommend Actions_ * * | * * _Responsible Party_ * * | * * _Time Frame_ * * | * * _Estimated_ * * < br > * * _Cost_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | |  Conduct water sampling at least every 3 months for < br > water monitoringrecord base on this facility . | | | | | * * _3 . To maintain c_ * * | * * _orrect water table_ * * < br > | < br > | | | | Lowered water < br > table / depletion of < br > groundwater |  The borehole will be installed with a master meter < br > and an Airline / Piezometer to monitor ground water < br > abstractions and to facilitate regular measurements < br > of the static water level in the borehole , < br > respectively ; < br >  The maximum ground water abstraction permitted < br > from the borehole is limited to the authorized < br > volume per day for the domestic / industrial use only < br > subject to availability from 60 % of the tested yield < br > for a maximum abstraction period not exceeding ten < br > ( 10 ) hours per day ; < br >  The committee managing the water source shall < br > ensure that there is no over pumping and also they < br > will stick to the permit class issued by WRMA ; < br >  Install auto-shut water taps to reduce water < br > wastage ; < br > ", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 458, "text": "water monitoringrecord base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 < br > Population distribution by income level < br > Banked Unbanked < br > Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003 < br > % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 8 . * * The unbanked have three times greater unemployment than the banked * * ( 10 % are unbanked and unemployed versus 3 . 6 % banked and unemployed ) . Figure 3 . 4 shows that the banked population prevails among the government employees < sup > 43 < / sup > , formal sector employees , and employers , most of whom also benefit from social security and health insurance programs . On the other hand , the unbanked tend to work in areas of lower job security and beyond the social safety networks . The unbanked are more likely to be among the self-employed ( 72 % of the total , which includes informal sector workers ) , domestic workers ( 81 . 5 % ) and unpaid workers in family businesses ( 78 % ) . The financial 43 Perhaps due to recent policy decisions encouraging payment by direct deposit to bank accounts , 83 % of government employees are banked 47", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 162, "text": "DANE household study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "outflows of refugees who mostly settled in selected European countries . It is uncertain how many refugees the Balkan wars generated but using census data from seven European countries Borjas and Monras ( 2017 ) find about 259 , 000 people who were born in former Yugoslavia and moved to Europe during the decade . All considered , this is not a massive inflow of people but certain municipalities had a sizable increase in labor supply . The refugees had similar levels of education compared to the native population , but were faced with a lack of language skills . < sup > 28 < / sup > They were offered different types of residence status by the different host countries but most of them were allowed to work . Angrist and Kugler ( 2003 ) studied this caseload and , measuring aggregate differences across 18 European countries , find a negative and significant effect on employment with both an OLS and an IV approach . An increase in the share of immigrants by 10 percent reduces native employment rates by 0 . 2-0 . 7 of a percentage point with men and younger workers being the most affected groups . < sup > 29 < / sup > These effects tend to be accentuated in localities with more rigid labor and product markets , weak institutions and stagnant labor markets . Borjas and Monras ( 2017 ) also cover refugees from Former Yugoslavia in seven of the 18 European countries studied by Angrist and Kugler ( 2003 ) and , differentating by education level and withincountry regions , find a significant positive effect on the unemployment rate of the locals with an OLS estimation and no significant effect with an IV estimation and a non significant effect on the employment rate . The results of these two papers are not comparable because of the models used , categorizations of variables and sample covered , and they also provide different results on employment . Clemens and Hunt ( 2017 ) , carrying out a Kronmal correction on the instrument used by Borjas and Monras ( 2017 ) , find a statistically insignificant effect on unemployment . # Refugees in Denmark Foged and Peri ( 2015 ) studied the inflow of refugees from conflict areas", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 184, "text": "census data from seven European countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the oil shock . The negative slope of the curve denotes the progressive impact of the shock . However , the poorest percentiles still lose significantly so that the equalizing effect of this result should not be overstated . _Figure 1 : Growth incidence curve due to the oil shock_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ‐ 4 < br > ‐ 5 < br > Overall Change < br > ‐ 6 < br > ‐ 7 < br > ‐ 8 < br > ‐ 9 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 < br > Population percentiles < br > consumption ) < br > Change in welfare ( % change in per capita < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : HBS data and micro ‐ simulation results . Note : the points represent the difference in per capita consumption measured with and without the oil shock ; the line is obtained as a polynomial fit of the points . What explains this heterogeneous impact of the shock ? Table 1 offers some clues . The skill and urban premia are decreasing and one may expect skilled workers and ( among the unskilled ) urban ones to be towards the richer tail of the distribution . This table also highlights that among the workers displaced by the shock , about 100 , 000 unskilled ones will have to move from better paid urban occupations to rural lower paid jobs . However , the aggregate results of this table do not inform from which part of the distribution these displaced unskilled workers are more likely to come . Finally , the lower reduction of food prices vis ‐ à ‐ vis prices of other consumption items suggests a potential regressive impact given that poorer households spend a larger share on food than richer households . < sup > 13 < / sup > Other channels of transmission of the shock can also contribute to its uneven incidence . For example , rents in oil producing and closely related sectors ( such as refineries ) will be directly hit . Given the large capital stocks of the oil sector , capital returns may", "spans": [{"start": 586, "end": 594, "text": "HBS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . - Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – - Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : There shall be no works contracts under the project .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : The Rise of the Service Sector * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Value added by sector , 1980-2009 Economic Growth Decomposition : Sri Lanka and Selected Comparators < br > 1 . 000 . 90 10090 24 7 19 6 8 23 10 15 11 8 112 5 2 18 6 12 5 0 0 < br > 33 14 32 31 < br > 0 . 80 80 38 29 28 47 32 < br > 70 51 40 46 49 < br > 21 32 44 < br > 0 . 70 43 < br > 60 30 < br > 50 24 < br > 0 . 60 < br > 50 < br > 88 < br > 0 . 50 40 77 < br > 68 69 < br > 0 . 40 30 55 63 56 62 63 < br > 0 . 30 20 46 43 43 42 49 48 51 50 44 44 < br > 30 < br > 10 < br > 0 . 20 < br > 0 < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Developing countries China India Sri Lanka Indonesia USA Korea , Rep . Thailand Malaysia Singapore < br > Source : World Development Indicators , World Bank . 2011 . Agriculture Industry Services Source : World Development Indicators , World Bank . 2011 . Service Industry Agriculture < br > % of GDP < br > 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 1980-85 2000-09 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 807, "end": 835, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the F2F measure . Visually , there is significant variation in the intensity distribution of the index , or equivalently , significant geographical variation in business lockdown exposure . < sup > 18 < / sup > # * * 3 Estimation Strategy * * To identify the impact of COVID-19 on Vietnamese household businesses , we estimate the following equation : > 17Following Oldenski ( 2012 ) , the score from each of the four work activities is aggregated for each firm in the O * Net database . The arithmetic average of the scores of all firms in each occupation then denotes the F2F index for that occupation . > 18In Figure A . 1 , we aggregate our F2F indices to the district level for visualization purposes . There are 670 districts in the country , which comprises of over 11 , 000 communes . 7", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 485, "text": "O * Net database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 7 . 5 . 3 Air Quality * * This section presents the impact assessment for air quality , covering the construction and operation phases . The technical scope comprises a review of : - the likely effect on local air quality during construction , as a result of : - emissions of fugitive dust from dust-raising activities from the works themselves ; and - ` o ` emissions from additional vehicles associated with construction and removal of waste materials , accessing and leaving the site on the local network , and from any changes in traffic due to temporary traffic management measures ; The air quality assessment has been undertaken through a review of field notes , a review of the Proposed Project activities including construction workforce and traffic data , and the identification of potentially sensitive receptors through review of aerial photography and the findings of a land use and sensitive receptors mapping exercise . - * * 7 . 5 . 3 . 1 Construction Phase – Air Quality * * # # # * * Potential Impact * * - Temporary air quality deterioration # # # * * Sources of Impact * * - Site preparation ( vegetation clearing and grubbing ) ; - Construction activities ( earthworks , excavation , stockpiling soils ) ; and - Transportation and circulation . # # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * During the construction phase , several construction activities will be conducted simultaneously at separate locations around the work sites ( e . g . , site clearing and grubbing , earthworks , excavations , off-road equipment operation , traffic along the ROW and on unpaved roads , etc . ) . These activities will generate dust and exhaust emissions , which will lead to temporary air quality deterioration and disturbances to neighbouring populations . The dust from construction activities such as excavation , grading , and earthmoving is likely to generate fine dust particles ( i . e . , PM2 . 5 ) to coarse particles ( i . e . , PM10 ) . Heavy machinery and construction vehicles used during TL construction can emit pollutants", "spans": [{"start": 734, "end": 773, "text": "construction workforce and traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% was classified as not utilizable . Very little land was identified to have been set aside for conservation purposes that have potential to negatively affect water , soil nutrients , plants and animals ( GoK , 2014 ) . The mean land holding size at 1 . 6 acres while the mean agricultural parcel is 1 . 0 acres . Subdivision into smaller parcels is high mostly driven by the demand for land as a result of population rise and the traditional land inheritance practices . About 61 . 3 % of the land has been titled and is mostly owned by individuals ( 78 . 8 % ) . Other land tenure arrangement includes : leases ( 10 . 7 % ) , Clan / family owned ( 4 . 9 % ) and Communal land ( 0 . 4 % ) . The CIDP indicates that incidences of landlessness are generally low in the county with the exception of Muhoroni ; which is a settlement scheme . Within the KISIP sites , great variations exist in terms of land ownership as captured in the KISIP sites socio-economic survey . In Manyatta A for example , 70 % of the respondents owned the land while in Nyawita and Kibuye , very few people owned the land . Even in areas where people said they owned the 101", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 966, "text": "KISIP sites socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Uganda will also need to take steps to avoid the pool of unemployed or underemployed becoming larger . The economy needs to generate demand for at least 600 , 000 new jobs each year between 2020 and 2030 . < sup > 3 < / sup > Small and young firms in Uganda play a key role in employment creation – registered firms , five years and younger , account for over 50 percent of formal employment . In addition , 3 . 1 million household enterprises provide self-employment and employment for family members , the majority ( 56 . 2 percent ) of which operate a service business ( trade , construction , and so on ) , with a substantial proportion ( 20 . 3 percent ) engaged in manufacturing activities and agro-processing activities . Businesses in agricultural production ( excluding smallholder farm families working on their own farms ) , food and beverage processing , and food and beverage services retail accounted for more than a quarter of all formal business employment in 2010 . < sup > 4 < / sup > # # * * 4 . 3 . 8 Household Income and Expenditure * * It is estimated that that 21 . 4 % of Ugandans ( representing 8 million persons ) are poor . The poor in the rural areas represent 25 % of the population compared to 10 % in the urban areas . Incidence of poverty by region highlights significant variations : the 2016 / 2017 national rankings show Eastern region ( 36 % ) with the highest incidence of poverty . Income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient stood at 0 . 42 in 2016 / 17 . Uganda ’ s average household monthly expenditure stood at UGX 325 , 800 in 2016 / 17 . Kampala and Northern regions realized increases in the monthly consumption expenditure . The increase in per capita consumption expenditure in northern Uganda was observed for both rural ( 8 % ) and urban ( 10 % ) residents . The share of food and non-alcoholic beverages in total household expenditure was the highest ( 46 % ) , followed by expenditure on housing , water", "spans": [{"start": 1321, "end": 1350, "text": "2016 / 2017 national rankings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Category ( including < br > DisbursementLinked < sup > Indicator < / sup > < br > ( asapplicable ) | DisbursementLinked < br > Result ( asapplicable ) | Amount < br > ofFinancing < br > ( expressedin < br > SDR ) < br > * * IDA * * E121 - < br > * * ET * * | Amount < br > of * * GFF * * < br > Ethiopia < br > Second < br > Round < br > Grant < br > ( expressed < br > in * * USD ) * * < br > < br > TFOB9194 | Amount < br > of * * GFF * * < br > Ethiopia < br > Essential < br > Health < br > Services < br > Grant < br > ( expressedin < br > * * USD ) * * < br > TFOB9212 | DLRallocationand < br > DisbursementFormula < br > ( expressedin < sup > SDRor < / sup > < sup > * * USD * * < / sup > < br > ( $ ) , asapplicable ) | Percentageof < br > Expendituresto < sup > * * be * * < / sup > < br > < sup > Financed ( inclusive < / sup > < br > ofTaxes ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | | FY2024 : SDR 1 , 140 , 000 < br > uponbaselinee-GP < sup > key < / sup > < br > perfornanceindicators < sup > ( KPI ) < / sup > < br > datagenerated", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "systems ( crash data < br > making < br > nstruction sites ( Number , | base ) to monitor Fatalities < br > Custom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 12 / 17 / 2020 Page 3 of 8", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 20, "text": "crash data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) # # * * ANNEX 2 : Detailed Project Description * * # # * * Component 1 : Increasing the supply of digitally skilled youth in Jordan ( US $ 102 million ) * * * * 1 . * * This component aims to increase the supply of high-quality human capital to cater to the increasing demand in Jordan covering both employment and freelancing jobs . The component aims to train thousands of youth in entry , mid , and advanced levels of digital skills over five years . The training will ensure inclusion of women , Syrian refugees , and vulnerable youth , including those registered in the National Aid Fund ( NAF ) database . # # * * 1 . 1 - Support the establishment of private sector-led digital skills development activities ( US $ 64 million ) : * * * * 2 . * * The project will support the creation of an ecosystem in which digital skills trainings will be provided in close collaboration with the private sector . Key activities under this sub-component will include digital skills training , demand and supply assessments , national occupational standards , affiliation of service providers , accreditation of training curriculums , provision of online training courses and materials , national awareness activities , and monitoring and evaluation . * * 3 . * * To maximize impact , the project will focus on specific tech-enabled services that factor both : ( a ) Jordan ’ s current / potential capabilities , and ( b ) existing and future global demand . The following outlines those services , mapped out to the tech-enabled services value chain including employment and freelancing jobs : < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 % focus 30 % focus 10 % focus < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Figure 4 : Digitally-enabled opportunities across main levels_ Page 67 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 655, "end": 689, "text": "National Aid Fund ( NAF ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources_ At this point it might be useful to digress and compare the findings based on these ( generally ) nationally representative household surveys to those reported in standard crosscountry tables . Table 4 reports the primary net enrollment rate for girls as derived from the DHS > \" In a subsequent section , the properties of the entire \" attainment profile \" of this cohort are investigated . * * 12 * * Filmer , King , and Pritchett ( 1998 ) and Filmer and Pritchett ( 1999b ) disaggregate the data within India and find substantial heterogeneity across the different states . 12", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 150, "text": "nationally representative household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 281, "end": 284, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Apr-20 | May-20 | Jun-20 | Jul-20 < br > Aug-20 | Sep-20 | Oct-20 | Nov-20 | Dec-20 | Jan-21 | Feb-21 | Mar-21 | Source : CFUWBES Implementation Reports and COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey Study Description . Notes : The CFUWBES asked employee levels at the end of the “ last completed month ” , and the CMMHH asked individuals about their main activity in the “ past month . ” _Figure 8 : Georgia : Timeline of Surveys_ | | | CFUW < br > BES1 | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | CFUWBES2 | GHFPS1 | | | | | Apr-20 | May-20 | Jun-20 | Jul-20 Aug-20 < br > Sep-20 | Oct-20 Nov-20 | Dec-20 | Jan-21 | Feb-21 | Mar-21 | Source : CFUWBES Implementation Reports and GHFPS round 1 main findings . Notes : The CFUWBES asked employee levels at the end of the “ last completed month ” , and the GHFPS1 ( Georgia High-Frequency Phone Survey ) asked individuals about whether they lost jobs due to COVID-19 since March 2020 . For Georgia , unfortunately , the available data do not permit us to perform the same type of validity check . As shown in Figure 8 , there was a High-Frequency Phone Survey ( GHFPS ) conducted in December 2020 , just a month after CFUWBES2 . However , this survey does not follow a sufficiently similar sampling approach to a labor force survey . The World Bank ’ s high-frequency phone surveys generally only capture data on the individual responding to the phone call , which in some countries has skewed samples toward the household head . In addition , the GHFPS does not permit one to net out job gains by other workers that may have > 40 Moreover , both approaches to estimating job losses depend upon the modeled assignment of production versus nonproduction", "spans": [{"start": 901, "end": 907, "text": "GHFPS1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 918, "end": 945, "text": "High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1357, "end": 1375, "text": "labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # JORDAN # # # # * * AMMAN * * # # # * * ENSURING SAFE ACCESS TO SGBV SERVICES AND MITIGATING SGBV RISKS WITHIN SECTORS USING “ EMPOWER ” MOBILE APP * * * * Partners : * * Nour Hussein Foundation ( NHF ) , National SGBV sub-working group Jordan , UNHCR , community members # # # Context Jordan continued to host 705 , 800 refugees by mid2018 . As with other countries in the region , the vast majority were from Syria ( 667 , 200 ) . Other countries of refugees ’ origin in Jordan were Iraq ( 34 , 400 ) and Sudan ( 2 , 700 ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > * * Of the total registered Syrians in Jordan , 50 . 4 per cent are female and 49 . 6 per cent are male . Children represent 51 per cent of the entire refugee population . 78 . 7 per cent of Syrians live in urban areas across the country : Amman , Irbid , Mafraq and Zarqa governorates . * * In 2017 , according to the GBV Information Management System ( IMS ) Task Force , 94 . 6 per cent of SGBV survivors assisted were women and girls . Child marriage remains a major concern for refugees in Jordan . Sexual violence remains underreported due to extreme social stigma . Women and girls also often face risks of sexual harassment in most public spaces and have reported being particularly concerned by the increase of sexual harassment occurring over the phone . Lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender and intersex persons refugees are often exposed to emotional and physical abuse . Most survivors approached SGBV service providers more than a month after the incident . This indicated an urgent need for a more efficient referral pathway for survivors and persons at-risk of SGBV , including efforts to disseminate information about SGBV services within communities and also within non-specialized service providers . # # # # # * * COMMUNITY", "spans": [{"start": 869, "end": 902, "text": "GBV Information Management System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table A . 3 . 3 : Results of Simulation 3 by region , income group , and lending type . Effect on proficiency ( share ) * * | | | | Post-COVID-19 < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Aggregate | Baseline | Optimistic | Intermediate | Pessimistic | | EAP | 36 % | 41 % | 43 % | 46 % | | ECA | 31 % | 39 % | 42 % | 46 % | | LAC | 53 % | 60 % | 64 % | 68 % | | MNA | 55 % | 61 % | 65 % | 68 % | | NAC | 17 % | 22 % | 25 % | 28 % | | SAR | | | | | | SSF | | | | | | Grand Total | 40 % | 47 % | 50 % | 53 % | | HIC | 25 % | 32 % | 35 % | 39 % | | UMC | 51 % | 58 % | 61 % | 65 % | | LMC | 69 % | 74 % | 75 % | 77 % | | LIC | - | - | - | - | | Grand Total | 40 % | 47 % | 50 % | 53 % | | Part I | 23 % | 30 % | 33 % | 37 % | | IBRD | 49 % | 57 % | 60 % | 63 % | | IDA / Blend | 80 % | 82 % | 84 % | 86 % | | Grand Total | 40 % | 47 % | 50 % | 53 % | Source : Authors ’ calculation . Share Students Below Minimum Proficiency ( BMP ) . Simulation 3 results based on the latest available PISA and PISA-D of 92 countries . Unweighted average . Student coverage as share of lower secondary enrollment : 100 % NAC ; 95 % LAC ; 94 % EAP ; 91 % ECA ; 76 % SAR ; 39 % MNA ; 3 % SSA .", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1016, "text": "PISA and PISA-D", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "places were the victims were hiding as a consequence of escaping from the troops , and died for starvation . In addition , since killings are less likely to affect entire families than deaths due to deprivation , there is a lower underreporting bias attached to the former measure relative to the latter one ( Silva and Ball 2006 ) . We also exclude disappearances as , according to HRVD data , they do not show enough time and geographical variation in order to identify individuals more or less exposed to the conflict . We believe that the number of killings proxies quite well the intensity of the conflict across time and space as their occurrence largely tracked the movements of the Indonesian military operations . The other two types of violations do not seem to show the same pattern ( Silva and Ball 2006 ) . For the same reason , we believe that it proxies quite well the destruction of houses and infrastructure and the displacement of people given the way in which the last wave of violence occurred ( i . e . the scorch-earth technique employed by Indonesian troops as they moved towards West Timor ) . 20", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 392, "text": "HRVD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Eligibility for Benefits * * < sup > * * 19 * * < / sup > 14 . Upon identification of the need for involuntary resettlement in a project , the borrower carries out a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project ( see the < u > Annex A , para . < / u > 6 ( a ) ) , to determine who will be eligible for assistance , and to discourage inflow of people ineligible for assistance . The borrower also develops a procedure , satisfactory to the Bank , for establishing the criteria by which displaced persons will be deemed eligible for compensation and other resettlement assistance . The procedure includes provisions for meaningful consultations with affected persons and communities , local authorities , and , as appropriate , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) , and it specifies grievance mechanisms . 15 . _Criteria for Eligibility_ . Displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups : ( a ) those who have formal legal rights to land ( including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the country ) ; ( b ) those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets - - provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan ( see < u > Annex A , < / u > para . 7 ( f ) ) ; and < sup > 20 < / sup > ( c ) those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying . 16 . Persons covered under para . 15 ( a ) and ( b ) are provided compensation for the land they lose , and other assistance in accordance with para . 6 . Persons covered under para . 15 ( c ) are provided resettlement assistance < sup > 21 < / sup > in lieu of compensation for the land they occupy ,", "spans": [{"start": 178, "end": 184, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "funds . Globally , refugee children and adolescents are five times more likely to be out of school _Primary and secondary level out-of-school rates , global averages ( 2013 ) and refugee populations ( 2014 ) _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 < br > 90 < br > Refugee < br > 80 adolescents < br > 75 % < br > 70 < br > 60 Refugee < br > children < br > 50 50 % < br > 40 < br > 30 All < br > adolescents < br > 20 All < br > children 17 % < br > 10 9 % < br > 0 < br > Primary Secondary < br > Out of school ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : The out of school rate for all adolescents refers to those of lower secondary school age ( approximately 12 – 14 years ) , while the out of school rate for refugee adolescents refers to all those aged 12 – 17 years . Source : Analysis based on the 2014 UNHCR data ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics database . 3", "spans": [{"start": 817, "end": 832, "text": "2014 UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 835, "end": 875, "text": "UNESCO Institute for Statistics database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * I I . * * - Preparation < sup > of Ministryof Land and Settlement < / sup > < sup > * * PerformanceIn provenmentManagementSystems , * * < / sup > * * _4_ * * - Schedule of < sup > Duties / Responsibility , First Drat i ( DepartmentalTezmn ) , FromOctober2000-January < / sup > 2001 . - 4 Preparatory < sup > paperof < / sup > < sup > * * CountryReport onHabitat It inIstanbu . * * DepartmentalRepresentative , < / sup > * * February * * < sup > 2000 . < / sup > - + The Application < sup > of < / sup > < sup > * * GeographicalInformationSystem ( GIS ) * * ii . DevelopingDatabasefor Physical < / sup > Planning < sup > Department : < / sup > - * * 6 * * Database for < sup > Taita Taveta DistrictRegionalPhysicalPan , May2000 . < / sup > - Database for < sup > RongoDevelopmentPlan , June 2000 . < / sup > 1 . , . . . w . ^ tMarch * * : I * * - - * * 0 * * Paper presentation : < sup > TheApplication of GISin Develoling aDatabasefor PhysicalPlanning - ; : . < / sup > - paper presented < sup > to EnvironmentalInformationSystemAfrica Workshop . LTNEP , July < / sup > < sup > * * 2000 . * * < / sup > - 3 Participated < sup > in thepreparationof MinisterialPosition Paper on < / sup > < sup > * * invironmentalConsideration * * to < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 720, "text": "Taita Taveta DistrictRegionalPhysicalPan", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 766, "end": 786, "text": "RongoDevelopmentPlan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_9 . 4 BUDGETAND SOURCE OF FUNDING_ The estimate of the overall cost of resettlement and compensation would be determined during the socio-economic study . In collaboration with the Local Authorities and the PAPs , KESSP through its Project Management team and tender committees , will finance the preparation of the resettlement and compensation plan . At this stage , it is not possible to estimate the likely number of people who may be affected . After the conclusion of the socio-economic study , information on specific impacts , individual and household incomes and numbers of affected people and other demographic data would thus be available , facilitating the preparation of a detailed and accurate budget for resettlement and compensation . All the stakeholders will review this budget . Contingency measures will be put in place based on the information gathered in the survey . Each abbreviated RAP will include a detailed budget for compensation and other rehabilitation entitlements . It will also include information on how the funds will flow as well as the compensation schedule . The RAP will also clearly state where the sources of land and fund will come from . The budget in the resettlement and compensation plans will be subject to approval of the World Bank . As the Borrower , MoEST carries official responsibility for meeting the terms of this framework , including financial obligations associated with land acquisition . If in the event there are insufficient funds available for compensation , the proposed investment will be disqualified . # # # # _9 . 5 MECHANISMS FOR CONSULTATION_ To obtain cooperation , participation and feedback , the affected hosts and resettlers need to be systematically informed and consulted during preparation of the resettlement plan about their options and rights . They will also be able to choose from a number of acceptable resettlement alternatives . Particular attention must be given to vulnerable groups such as indigenous people , ethnic minorities , the landless , and women , to ensure that they are represented adequately in such arrangements . Successful resettlement requires a timely transfer of responsibility from settlement agencies to the PAPs themselves . Otherwise ,", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 626, "text": "demographic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Herfindahl index ( H ) of exports for each country using the HS 4-digit , HS 6-digit , and SITC 3 - digit export data , and estimate the following equation < sup > 6 < / sup > : We use GDP per capita rather than the log of GDP per capita to remain consistent with the approach of Imbs and Wacziarg ( 2003 ) . The results , summarized in Table 3 , indicate that , similar to total production , a country ’ s export basket becomes more diversified as income rises until a relatively high level , at which point the process reverses itself and specialization occurs . This result is also found when employing a fixed-effects OLS regression on the SITC data from 1972-2002 . * * < u > Table 3 : Stages of Export Diversification < / u > * * | * * Variable * * | * * HS 4-Digit * * < br > * * 1995 * * | * * HS 6-Digit * * < br > * * 1995 * * | * * SITC 3-Digit * * < br > * * 1972-2002 ( FE ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Coefficient on GDP per capita | - . 0000333 < br > ( - 4 . 55 ) | - . 0000183 < br > ( - 3 . 07 ) | - . 0000173 < br > ( - 7 . 01 ) | | Coefficient on GDP per capita squared | 9 . 53e-10 < br > ( 3 . 30 ) | 5 . 25e-10 < br > ( 2 . 44 ) | 4 . 98e-10 < br > ( 6 . 71 ) | | Minimum Point ( highest levelofdiversification ) | $ 17 , 471 | $ 17 , 429 | $ 17 , 369 | | AdjustedR-Squared ( OLS ) / F-Statistic ( FE ) | . 2683 | . 2047 | 60 . 79 | | NumberofObservations / Groups | 100 | 53 | 146 | Note : parentheses indicate t-statistics . Source : Author ’ s calculations All three data types yield a level", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 71, "text": "HS 4-digit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 74, "end": 84, "text": "HS 6-digit", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 91, "end": 117, "text": "SITC 3 - digit export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 644, "end": 653, "text": "SITC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "document negative economic effects from certain U . S . environmental policies . While not directly related to firm productivity , X . Cai et al . ( 2016 ) show that stricter environmental regulations in China reduced foreign direct investment except for investments originating in countries with stronger environmental protections than China . Keller and Levinson ( 2002 ) find similar results across U . S . states . These results underline the importance of balancing climate mitigation goals with goals for economic growth and development in LMICs . Climate mitigation policies may also carry distortionary effects that direct estimates of policies on firm productivity do not capture . For instance , S . P . Ryan ( 2012 ) shows that environmental regulations can increase barriers to entry , thereby reducing competitiveness in certain industries . Accounting for both direct costs and reduced competition substantially changes estimates of the welfare impacts of climate mitigation policies . In many LMICs , climate mitigation policies may also encourage informality . Such considerations highlight potential distributional impacts of mitigation policies on firms . There is a marked absence of evidence on the economic impacts of climate mitigation policies outside the global north and China . The limited evidence base from LMICs impacts our ability to understand whether and why specific climate mitigation policies will slow economic growth in different contexts . < sup > 11 < / sup > Given the importance of economic development for LMICs , it is critical to build more evidence on climate mitigation policies that at best complement , and at a minimum do not detract from economic growth . # * * 4 Conclusion * * It is worth noting that of the of the 106 papers we identified that study firms in LMICs , 6 provide evidence from RCTs , 46 provide empirical evidence from natural experiments , 11 estimate structural models , and the remainder are descriptive , theoretical , or overview > 11Bassi et al . ( 2022 ) show that Ugandan firms would significantly reduce profits if they were to relocate away from polluted roads , but their work does not directly study a policy to encourage such movements . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Accelerating Sustainable and Clean Energy Access Transformation in Ethiopia ( P506061 ) | | | | | | ( US $ 3 , 500 , 000 ) DLR 2 . 8 : < br > EEU indexes 6 million of < br > their customers to < br > network assets by year 5 < br > ( US $ 3 , 500 , 000 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Allocated Amount | 0 . 00 | | | 10 , 200 , 000 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | | 23 , 500 , 000 . 00 | | | | 3 : Sector institutions < br > capacity building and < br > systems strengthening < br > ( Yes / No ) < br > Not Due | Value | No | 0 | 16-Oct-2025 | DLR 3 . 1 : EEU delivers < br > IFRS-compliant audited < br > financial statements on < br > time and with clean < br > opinion annually < br > ( US $ 200 , 000 annually , < br > total US $ 1 , 000 , 000 ) DLR < br > 3 . 2 : EEU carries out and < br > implements annual < br > nationally < br > representative customer < br > feedback surveys in key < br > aspects throughout the < br > duration of the Program < br > ( US $ 100 , 000 annually , < br > total US $ 500 , 000 ) DLR < br > 3 . 7 : At least 100 females < br > in science , technology , < br > engineering and < br > mathematics < br > backgrounds hired in < br > full-time positions in < br > EEU ( US $ 1 , 000 , 000 ) DLR | Page 16 of 17 Oct 29", "spans": [{"start": 954, "end": 970, "text": "feedback surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kaplan , D . S . , Piedra , E . , & Seira , E . ( 2011 ) . Entry regulation and business start-ups : Evidence from Mexico . Journal of Public Economics , 95 ( 11 ) , 1501-1515 . Karlan , D . , Knight , R . , & Udry , C . ( 2014 ) . Consulting and Capital Experiments with Micro and Small Tailoring Enterprises in Ghana . Working Paper , October . Leea , E . Y . , & Cin , B . C . ( 2010 ) . The effect of risk-sharing government subsidy on corporate R & D investment : Empirical evidence from Korea . Technological Forecasting & Social Change , 77 , 881 – 890 . Lopez-Acevedo , G . , & Tan , H . W . ( 2011 ) . Impact Evaluation of Small and Medium Enterprise Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean . World Bank Publications , The World Bank , 2298 , March . Lopez-Acevedo , G . , & Tan , H . W . ( 2005 ) . Evaluating Training Programs for Small and Medium Enterprises Lessons from Mexico . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3760 , November . Lopez-Acevedo , G . , & Tinajero , M . ( 2010 ) . Mexico : impact evaluation of SME programs using panel firm data . Policy Research Working Paper Series 5186 , The World Bank . Machado , L . , Parreiras , M . A . , & Peçanha , V . R . ( 2011 ) . Avaliação de impacto do uso do Cartão BNDES sobre o emprego nas empresas de menor porte . Revista do BNDES 36 , December . Mano , Y . , Iddrisu , A . , Yoshino , Y . , & Sonobe , T . ( 2012 ) . How Can Micro and Small Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa Become More Productive ? The Impacts of Experimental Basic Managerial Training . World Development , Elsevier , 40 ( 3 ) , 458-468 . Martincus , C . V . , Carballo , J . and Garcia , P . M . ( 2014 ) . Public Programmes to Promote Firm ’ s Exports in Developing Countries :", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Bank Disbursement Table * * | * * _ # _ * * | * * _DLI_ * * | * * _Bank_ * * < br > * * _financing_ * * < br > * * _allocated to_ * * < br > * * _the DLI_ * * | * * _Deadline for DLI_ * * < br > * * _Achievement_ * * | * * _Minimum DLI value to_ * * < br > * * _be achieved to trigger_ * * < br > * * _disbursements of Bank_ * * < br > * * _Financing_ * * | * * _Maximum DLI_ * * < br > * * _value ( s ) expected to_ * * < br > * * _be achieved for Bank_ * * < br > * * _disbursements_ * * < br > * * _purposes _ * * | * * _Determination of Financing_ * * < br > * * _Amount to be disbursed against_ * * < br > * * _achieved and verified DLI value ( s ) _ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | DLR 1 . 1 : Three < br > decrees addressing < br > staffing , < br > administrative and < br > financial functions < br > for HCP approved by < br > the COM . < br > DLR 1 . 2 : < br > Five feasibility < br > studies based on < br > Capital Investment < br > Plan ( CIP ) and other < br > projects completed < br > and approved in < br > accordance with the < br > PPP", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "our sample . However , Gini coefficients from the top-income adjusted data , suggest that there is an upwards sloping segment and firmly re-establish a Kuznets-like relationship between economic development and observed inequality , as seen in Figure 7 . The clearly inverted U-shaped curve results from the lowess regression of the adjusted Ginis . A quadric form regression of the Gini estimates from the adjustment on GDP per capita explains more than twice as much variation as the regression of the unadjusted measures . > 34 We measure global interpersonal inequality , capturing inequality of individual incomes ( or consumption ) , referred to as ‘ concept 3 ’ inequality by Milanovic ( 2005 ) . We estimate a global Gini coefficient giving each individual equal weight , regardless of where they live , using the same weights as used for estimating global poverty . The global distribution is generated using the reference year distributions for global poverty measurement in PovcalNet , using the method described in Section 2 . > 35 Lakner and Milanovic ( 2016 ) conduct most of their analysis using 2005 PPPs , but provide estimates based on 2011 PPPs as well . 26", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 994, "text": "PovcalNet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 9 CUT-OFF DATE * * Persons who encroach on the area after the cut-off date are not entitled to compensation or any other form of resettlement assistance . Improvements made to homes or additional structures added by existing residents after the cut-off date are also not eligible for compensation and resettlement assistance . According to OP 4 . 12 , Cut-off date is the date the census begins . The cut-off date could also be the date the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated to prevent further population influx and opportunistic investments / claims . The first cut-off date of * * 23 July 2017 * * was declared for all the project areas affected by RAP 1 . This was at the beginning of the entire RAP process for Mwache Dam when the initial census and asset inventory was carried out . started . The areas covered by this cut-off date include the main and lower check dam walls , surrounding operation and their related reservoir areas . The second cut-off date was * * 17 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * April 2019 * * which was established because of the need to carry out a repeat census within the Group Ranch as described earlier . The affected area within the Group Ranch was however delineated in 2017 and the PAPs had since then known the extent of the dam boundary on their land and how they could be affected . This extent of the dam did not change during the repeat census in the Group Ranch in April 2019 . * * 17 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * April 2019 * * is therefore the Cutoff date for all the PAPs in RAP 1b and which has been reinforced in the ongoing project consultations and communications . The cut-off dates were publicly disclosed in the project areas", "spans": [{"start": 878, "end": 904, "text": "census and asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1512, "end": 1544, "text": "repeat census in the Group Ranch", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Migration data from the population census demonstrates the following : a ) relative to other migrant and non-migrant women , women who migrate between ages 10 and 18 are significantly more likely to be teenage parents ; b ) migrants tend to leave municipalities with low school expansion in favor of municipalities with high school expansion ; c ) the difference in school expansion between the destination and origin municipality is higher for teenage mothers than for non-teenage mothers . These stylized facts all work against finding a negative relationship between school density and teenage birthrates . As a result , migration may lead to an underestimate of the true magnitude . Therefore , the results reported in Table 3 should be considered a lower bound on the parameter . * * 7 . Concluding Remarks * * αα # * * 7 . Concluding Remarks * * In this article , we investigate whether an increase in secondary education access , through an increase in the municipal density of secondary schools , impacts the fertility decisions of teenagers in the middle-income context of Brazil . Our estimates are consistent with the hypothesis that the school expansion played an important role for teenage fertility in Brazil . A one-unit increase in secondary school density in municipalities leads to an average decrease in a cohort ’ s teenage birth rate of between 0 . 250 and 0 . 563 births per 100 . These estimates suggest , under some assumptions , a reduction of one birth for roughly every 50 to 100 students who enroll in secondary education due to the expansion . The data we use in this study have the advantage of near-universal coverage of births , and significant variation from a large school expansion across 4 , 884 municipalities . However , a limitation of these data is that we cannot link birth outcomes to schools at an individual level . Therefore , our results should not be interpreted as capturing the effect of school enrolment on an 21", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "Migration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 24, "end": 41, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 * * 32 . Policy measures taken by central banks in emerging and mature economies in recent months ( especially by the ECB ) are believed to have improved funding conditions markedly , but lending conditions still remain weak . * * The slowdown in the associated deterioration of lending conditions in the first quarter of 2012 seems most pronounced in CEE , which has the tightest funding links with the European banks . Nonetheless , while improving , credit conditions continue to remain tight , reflecting economic uncertainty in the local and advanced country economies . In fact , a number of CEE , Asian , and Latin American subsidiaries of European and U . S . banks have seen their credit ratings downgraded following rating actions on the parent banks , including BBVA , Citigroup , Goldman Sachs , HSBC , KBC , Santander , and Unicredit ( see appendix table A . 3 ) . * * Figure 19 . Emerging Market Lending Conditions and Drivers * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . EM Banking Lending Condition Indices b . IIF Data Index – Global Conditions by < br > Category < br > 70 2009 : Q4 – 2012 : Q1 75 2009 : Q4 – 2012 : Q1 < br > 70 < br > 65 < br > 65 < br > 60 < br > 60 < br > 55 55 < br > 50 50 < br > 45 < br > 45 < br > 40 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 35 30 < br > Credit Standards Demand for Loans Funding Conditions < br > GLOBAL AFME LATAM EUROPE ASIA Nonperforming Loans Trade Finance < br > Diffusion Index ( 50 = neutral ) < br > Diffusion Index ( 50 = neutral ) < br > Q4 2009 Q1 2010 Q2 2010 Q3 2010 Q4 2010 Q1 2011 Q2 2011 Q3 2011 Q4 2011 Q1 2012 Q4 2009 Q1 2010 Q2 2010 Q3 2010 Q4 2010 Q1 2011 Q2 2011 Q3 2011 Q4 2011 Q1 2012 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : International Institute of Finance , Emerging", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1043, "text": "IIF Data Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "serious problems in the Somali , Afar due to the use of forests for various reasons including production of charcoal and collection of firewood for market . Besides , in the areas there have been inconsistent rainfall and recurrent drought that leads to high deforestation . In Gambella region ( Gambella zuria and Itang woreda ) and Afar region ( Asaita woreda ) secondary data showed that the challenges of flooding in the rainy season that in turn brought severe soil erosion in the areas . Soil erosion also was a result of cutting trees for charcoal production and firewood . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 5 Indigenous Peoples of Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities * * According to ESS7 of the World Bank , Indigenous Peoples / Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities are inextricably linked to the land on which they live and the natural resources on which they depend . They are therefore particularly vulnerable if 55", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 378, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table B . 2 : Limitations in the procurement data | | CE | MG | PB | PE | PR | RS | Obs | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Incomplete temporal coverage_ | | | | | | | | | Tender | | | | | | | | | Item | | | | | | | | | Participant | | | | | | | | | _Has some municipality missing_ | | | | | | | | | Tender | ✓ | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 5 | | Item | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 5 | | Participant | ✓ | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | SeeFigure B . 5 | | _Does not have unique ID_ | | | | | | | | | Tender | | | | | | | | | Item | | | | | | | | | Participant | | | | | | | | | _Has missing IDs_ | | | | | | | | | Tender | ✓ | | | | | | SeeFigure B . 1 | | Item | ✓ | ✓ | | | | | | | Participant | | | | | | | | * * Notes * * : This table presents the limitations in procurement data . ’ Does not have unique ID ’ refer to the cases where we were not able to build an identifier that uniquely identifies each row in the given table . Even if we manage to construct a unique identifier for most of the observations of a state-table pair , we may still have observations within that table for which this is not possible . In these cases , we mark it with a tick in ’ Has missing ID ’ . The percentage of cases in which that happens can be found in Figure B . 1 . 47", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 49, "text": "procurement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the training would be that trained traders cross the border at official hours , with an increase in the non-payment of bribes and a drop in the incidence of gender-based violence . Such a scenario would occur outside the trader-led pathway in Figure 2 . # * * 4 Experimental design , data , and empirical approach * * # # * * 4 . 1 Experimental design and baseline data * * We rely on the random assignment of individual traders to examine the impact of the empowerment training program on corruption and gender-based violence ( GBV ) at the borders between Eastern DRC and Rwanda . The sample frame was generated based on a listing exercise at the Goma / Gisenyi and Bukavu / Cyangugu border crossings between Eastern DRC and Rwanda . Among the 628 crossborder traders included in the sample , 314 were randomly selected to be invited to the training and 314 selected to be control traders . There were two rounds of survey data collection conducted by an international survey firm with support from the Catholic University of Bukavu . The baseline survey took place prior to the empowerment training workshops in August 2011 , and the end-line survey was carried out in August 2013 . The survey instrument was a multi-topic questionnaire covering the trader ’ s demographic characteristics , housing characteristics and assets , expenditure , trade ( border crossing , trading activity , corruption , and income ) , GBV , and access to mobile technology . The questionnaire was piloted prior to the survey , with a particular focus on adapting the survey to the local cultural context . All field staff received training on data collection consisting of instructive lectures and demonstrations followed by practice sessions with non-sampled cross-border traders , and a final briefing about field data collection techniques . A team of researchers from the Catholic University of Bukavu and the World Bank ’ s Gender Innovation Lab closely monitored all field activities . As expected , given the fragile context , the field survey team confronted a number of challenges during data collection linked to the mobility of traders and their distrust of outsiders . At baseline , some respondents provided fake names to survey enumerators , making it", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 932, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transfornation approach , identify any constraints to the achievement of the stated objectives , and thereby inform and enhance both later phases of ERT in Uganda and similar programs in other African countries . The M & E program will : - document the state of service ( energy , ICT , water , health , education , roads ) and economic and social welfare in a sample of host communities before the implementation of the ERT project ; - track service provision and demand and economic and social welfare during the project lifetime in those communities and identify the changes brought about by the implementation of ERT projects ; - distinguish between the impacts on connected and unconnected ( to electricity and ICTs ) sections of the community ; - where possible , make comparisons with non-ERT communities , so as to distinguish ERT project impacts from other economy - and society-wide changes ; and - facilitate the drawing of lessons applicable to later phases of the ERT project . The M & E program has been designed with reference to existing research work relating to energy sector interventions , Uganda ' s Poverty Monitoring Surveys , the Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process ( UPPAP ) , and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ( Uganda Ministry of Finance 2000 ) . Further , the M & E program fits in with the objectives of community participation , process transparency , continuous stakeholder feedback , and capacity building . With this in mind , the proposed M & E system has been designed to be run by Ugandan consultants supported by a team of intemational consultants with expertise in fields of particular relevance ( poverty , enterprise performance , social capital , energy and the environment ) . In addition , the proposed system includes both survey-based and participatory monitoring and provision for feedback to the communities through written reports and workshops . # # # # # # * * Links to the Ugandan Poverty Eradication Action Plan , Poverty Monitoring in Uganda * * The M & E program builds on the work of KaR , DFID , and ESMAP", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1147, "text": "Poverty Monitoring Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To facilitate the implementation of the GCR indicator framework , all indicators are classified into two tiers based on their level of methodological development and the availability of data at the global level . The tiers are defined as follows : * * Tier 1 DefiniTion : Tier 2 DefiniTion : * * Indicator is conceptually clear . It has an internaIndicator is conceptually clear . However , either no tionally established methodology and standards internationally established methodology or stanare available . Data is regularly produced either by dard is available , or data is not regularly produced national or international institutions for at least by national or international institutions . 50 per cent of countries where the indicator is relevant . * * Total Tier 1 indicators : 5 Total Tier 2 indicators : 10 * * There are five Tier 1 and ten Tier 2 indicators . All are equally important , and the establishment of the tier system is intended solely to assist in the development of data-relevant global implementation and capacity-building strategies . As methodological improvements are foreseen over time , there is scope to review the list of indicators at periodic intervals and adjust as deemed appropriate . Moreover , it is expected that some indicators currently classified as Tier 2 may be re-classified to Tier 1 as a result of methodological advancements or improved data coverage at the global level . To achieve this goal , significant technical and financial investment will be required to support the GCR indicator framework . Each indicator is accompanied by a metadata overview specifying its concept , rationale and definition , together with its method of computation , level of disaggregation and data source . The focus of the GCR indicator framework is on responses to refugee situations , including a limited number of indicators that measure the situation in places of refugee return . Measurement of the overall well-being of refugees will include data on people in refugeelike situations . 3 In line with the Sustainable Development Goal agenda of ‘ leave no one behind ’ , the type and level of data disaggregation is", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 - areas , such as rural and urban infrastructure . In addition to make those investments efficient , the role of the government at all levels will need to be reoriented towards creating a more enabling environment for enhancing economic activities and growth . # # C . * * Urban Sector Overview * * 1 . 05 While the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey indicates that population growth rates may have peaked and entered a period of decline , Kenya still has a high natural population growth rate and one of the highest rates of urbanization in the world . In the decade 1979-89 , the urban population grew by over 5 . 1 % p . a . , compared to the total population growth of 2 . 7 % p . a . The growth rate of Nairobi , Kenya ' s largest city ( 1 . 4 million in 1989 ) , was 5 . 0 % p . a . , and was exceeded only by Nakuru ( at 5 . 8 % p . a . ) , one of the country ' s five largest urban centers . Smaller towns on average grew considerably faster . Nairobi was home to nearly 45 % of the urban population in 1989 , up slightly from 1979 . Based on recent trends , the urban share of the total population will rise from 19 % in 1989 to 21 % in 2000 . It is expected that during the next decade over half of the urban population increase will come from rural-urban migration . 1 . 06 Urban areas in Kenya function as trading centers for agriculture and their economic importance goes beyond being centers of population and industry . Financial services are concentrated there , as are the centers of trade , transport and communication services , manufacturing , construction , and government . About 21 % of formal employment , and 65 % of informal sector employment is in the urban areas . Nairobi alone accounts for 28 % of wage employment in the country . Kenya ' s development challenge remains one of employment creation and poverty reduction . Between now and the year 2000 nearly 500 , 000", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 360, "text": "Kenya Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 13 - * * * * by * * external assistance beginning with the settlement program in the early 19 < sup > 6 < / sup > 0 ' s . * * A * * shortage of grade animals has existed throughout the project ' s life , and prices of grade animals have increased greatly . * * A 1973 * * project summary report prepared * * by * * the Agricultural Finance Corporation states that the price of one-year heifers rose from * * Sh * * 400 to * * Sh 700 * * between * * 1967 * * and * * _1973 , _ * * heifers in calf from * * Sh 900 * * to * * Sh 1 , 500 , * * and old cows for slaughter from * * Sh * * 200 to * * Sh * * 400 , presenting grounds for enquiring whether credit programs supported * * by * * the World Bank may have contributed to an inflationary increase in animal prices . If such is the case , the costs of adoption of the enterprise were probably raised . 4 . 5 The rates of increase in cattle prices are much greater than the increase recorded for farmgate prices of milk and third grade beef in Kenya ' s annual Economic Survey , which increases for the period * * 1967-1973 * * are * * 35 % * * for milk and * * 30 * * for beef . However , the application of these statistics to smallholder production involves assumptions which cannot be sufficiently documented . Milk sold * * by * * smallholders through cooperatives prior to the abolition of a quota system in * * 1970 * * usually received a much lower price than the average stated in the Economic Survey series , and it is possible that some smallholder producers experienced a tripling in farmgate milk prices during the * * 1967-1973 * * period . On the other hand , cooperatives generally are an attractive marketing channel only when local demand is satisfied to the extent that it-is more profitable to", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1030, "text": "Kenya ' s annual Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1448, "end": 1470, "text": "Economic Survey series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Appendix 7 Monitoring Supervision and Appraisal of Capital Works * * | * * Date * * | * * Referenceno . * * | * * Payee Name * * | * * LineDescription * * | * * USD * * | * * UGX * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 03-Aug - < br > 21 | * * 131 * * 0W0522080001 | Dan Iga | Feb ' 21-Field < br > facilitation | * * 569 . 59 * * | * * 2 , 025 , 000 * * | | 03-Aug - < br > 21 | * * 1310W0522080003 * * | OtimAlexP < br > Okene | Fieldfacilitationto < br > Kyenjojo-Kabwoya < br > Facilitation to < br > | * * 288 . 31 * * | * * 1 , 025 , 000 * * | | 21 | 1310W0522080004 | JulianMugisha | Kyenjojo < sup > Kabwoya < / sup > < br > tocarryouta < br > beneficiary < br > satisfaction survey < br > Facilitation to | * * 174 . 39 * * | * * 620 , 000 * * | | 03-Aug - < br > 21 | * * 1310W0522080005 * * | Tusiime < br > AbagiiraDavid | Kyenjojo < sup > Kabwoya < / sup > < br > tocarry outa < br > beneficiary < br > satisfaction survey < br > Facilitation to | * * 88 . 6 * * | * * 315 , 000 * * | | 03", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1 . 66 | 0 . 90 | 0 . 21 | Note : Calculations are based on data from the IMF Direction of Trade Statistics While the South Asian countries demonstrate TIIs ( not normalized ) greater than unity , some relatively increasing and some decreasing as seen from Table 3 , when normalized for geographic proximity , their relative importance to each other becomes less pronounced . This is illustrates from statistics in Table 4 which reports the ratio of observed to predicted TIIs for each of the countries , thus demonstrating the magnitude of the difference in actual ( not normalized ) TIIs and the TII that would be predicted given the geographical distance ( i . e . at a given point along the regression line ) . For example , India ’ s “ real ” trade intensities , normalized for geographical proximity , with the other South Asian countries are stronger than that implied by its bilateral trade shares . In 1998 , India traded more than 3 times as much as should have been expected with Sri Lanka , more than 51 ⁄ 2 times as much as should have been expected with Bangladesh , and 8 times as much as should have been expected with Nepal . However , for the peripheral countries , trade with the region is below what should have been expected given the size of the partners ’ import market and their geographical proximity . For 13", "spans": [{"start": 76, "end": 109, "text": "IMF Direction of Trade Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Desk review . * * The review covered current environmental and social legislations and regulations , relevant environmental and social reports ( e . g . ESMF and RPF ) , and district reports on the implementation of the previous and current World Bank projects ( LGDP I and II and LGMSDP ) ; * * Field visits * * . Visits to 14 MCs to establish the status and standard of environmental and social safeguard systems at the municipal level and interviews with technical staff in relevant institutions within the Government and Development Partners . The field survey results are contained in ANNEX 5 ( USMID Field Survey for Municipalities ) and ANNEX 6 ( Consultation Record ) ; * * Initial Consultation meetings . * * Meetings were held with environmental and social management counterparts in municipalities , MoLHUD and other ministries and government institutions , including MoLG , MGLSD , NEMA and National Water and Sewerage Corporation ( NWSC ) to develop understanding of procedures , standards , and approach . A list of personnel involved in this consultation is contained in Annex 6 ; * * Validation workshop * * . A workshop was held on the 8th May 2012 with technical staff from the Government ( both national and municipal levels ) , Development Partners and Civil Society Organizations . The ESSA draft report was provided in advance of this meeting . Feedback from the workshop has been incorporated into the ESSA and a full list of participants and summary of their feedback is attached in ANNEX 6 . 3", "spans": [{"start": 604, "end": 641, "text": "USMID Field Survey for Municipalities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * China − US − Other ( unweighted ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Avg . Country − pair including China < br > Avg . Country − pair including USA < br > Other Country − Pairs < br > 1992 2000 2008 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > Corr ( GDP − HP ) < br > 0 . 0 < br > − 0 . 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 2 . * * Source : WDR 2020 team , based on World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( database ) . Note : The blue line represents the average of all pair-wise GDP correlation taken over all country-pairs that include China . The orange line represents the average taken over all countries that include the United States . The grey line represents country-pairs that contain neither the United States nor China . The date corresponds to the midpoint of a 10-year rolling window . # * * 3 . 2 Link Between Trade and GDP Co movement : overview * * In figure 3 , we show the linear relationship ( in cross-section ) between total trade intensity and GDP correlation . An increase in trade intensity is significantly associated with more GDP co movement . Figure 4 refines this analysis and captures the changes in intermediate input trade as opposed to total trade . As a first pass , and without controlling for country-pair specific and time window specific characteristics , we observe a positive relationship between trade in intermediate inputs and GDP synchronization . The objective of the following analysis is to test , in a more formal and rigorous way , the empirical relationship between trade proximity ( separated between final goods and intermediate inputs ) and GDP co-movement , controlling for unobserved heterogeneity ( through fixed effects ) , financial integration , sectoral composition and trade network ( through third country indexes ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 437, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Resource Blocks appear to have fewer SC / ST ( Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe ) members and slightly higher rates of home ownership , but most differences between the two groups are small and not statistically significant , particularly when it comes to existing levels of SHG membership . Our qualitative research suggests that RRLP staff and program directors had some knowledge and familiarity with NGOs that were working in at least two of the intensive blocks . However , the operational scale of these institutions was small , and since the selection of blocks for the two > 21 We originally sent survey enumerators to Andhra Pradesh to interview the SERP facilitators while they were home and taking a break from their rotations in Rajasthan . The head of the organization however , denied our surveyors access and refused to allow any surveys in the state of Andhra Pradesh . We were able to complete our surveys with tremendous difficulty only when the women went back to Rajasthan . The Government of Rajasthan allowed the surveys and overruled the NGO ’ s directives . The busy schedules of the SERP facilitators however , made it impossible to interview all women on a particular day – the division of labor between the women required some women to be constantly working on either cooking , cleaning , washing clothes , going out into the village to conduct mobilizations , and / or record key data and report this to headquarters . > 22 2 , 914 control households in 6 villages sampled per block in each of the 19 non-RRLP blocks in the same districts as the treatment villages were also surveyed , but we do not analyze the control data in this paper . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1645, "end": 1657, "text": "control data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than 500 meters were omitted , as well as the roads serving less than 0 . 01 % of the total rural population . * * Step 2 * * : The network of connected roads is then overlaid with the population layer , and the number of people living within 2km of each tertiary road or track is calculated . Tertiary roads and tracks are then ranked according to the number of people per kilometer of road . The first road from this list is recorded and marked as upgraded to all-season , the new RAI is calculated , and the algorithm starts at Step 2 again , until no more improvement to accessibility can be achieved given the restrictions outlined in Step 1 . # * * 3 . Results and discussion * * # # * * 3 . 1 . Global Rural Accessibility Index estimates * * Results for rural accessibility are displayed in Figure 3 . While most European countries have an RAI close to 100 percent , most developing countries are below 60 percent , all Sub-Saharan countries are below 51 percent , and 24 countries are below 20 percent . > 3 Data were considered good enough if the completeness score on Open Street Map was higher than 75 percent . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1078, "end": 1093, "text": "Open Street Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "official time required to complete the process , and its official cost . Substantial empirical evidence suggests that more procedures and longer delays reflect bribe extraction and / or capture ( make entry less attractive to potential competitors ) . Predictions regarding the cost indicator are ambiguous . A benevolent social planner may finance screening of market entrants from direct fees , thus rendering the latter as an imperfect measure of costs . On the other hand , higher fees are frequently used to deter entry . Indicators of the reforms in exit conditions would include , at least , the legal reform of bankruptcy procedures , a measure of efficiency of the bankruptcy agencies and officers , and its average cost ( e . g . , annual number of sentences as shares of filings , time required and official costs to sentence ) . The World Bank is assembling an index of the efficiency of the bankruptcy process , based on the procedures for filing , the petition hearing , the court ' s decision , the appointment of an insolvency practitioner , the assessment of claims and their ordering by priority , and the sale of assets . Assessing the impact of reforms on the efficiency of the judiciary system for civil procedures is quite difficult . Djankov et al . ( 2002b ) develop indicators based on the analysis by law firms of two specific legal procedures ( the eviction of non-paying tenants and the collection of a bounced check ) . A measure of the reforms would be the change in the average time and the monetary cost involved in accomplishing each goal . In similar fashion , three indicators of contract enforcement are the number of independent procedural steps counted from the moment the lawsuit is filed in court until the contract is fulfilled ; the associated time of the procedures ; and their cost as a percentage of GNP . * * _3 . Outcome indicators_ * * . Evaluating the impact of changes in legal and regulatory frameworks is difficult because of the microeconomic , specific nature of most reforms and also because changes occur slowly due to the presence of substantial adjustment costs . Hence , it is necessary to focus on intermediate measures of", "spans": [{"start": 873, "end": 922, "text": "index of the efficiency of the bankruptcy process", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178478 ) | * * RESULT_FRAME_TBL_IO * * < br > * * Indicator Name * * | * * PBC * * < br > * * Baseline * * | | * * Intermediate Targets * * | * * End Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * < br > * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | | vaccination service that they < br > received ( Percentage ) < br > * * IO Table SPACE * * < br > * * UL Table SPACE * * | | | | | | | * * Monitoring & * * | * * Evaluation Pl * * | * * an : PDO Indicato * * | * * rs * * < br > | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * Methodology for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | | This indicator will measure < br > the number of COVID-19 | | Vaccine | | | | Number of COVID-19 vaccine doses < br > acquired through project financing | vaccines that have been < br > procured by the GOL < br > through World Bank < br > financingsupport . | 6 months | logistics < br > reports | Administrative data | PMU / MOPH | |", "spans": [{"start": 1142, "end": 1161, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "persons mapped under the sub-projects . Specifically , the affected persons will be informed about the intentions to use the earmarked sites for the KDEAP sub-projects . The affected persons will be made aware of : - Their options and rights pertaining to resettlement and restrictions on land use . - Specific technically and economically feasible options and alternatives if required . - Proposed dates for displacement or land repossession . - Extent on the restrictions on land use . - Effective compensation rates at full replacement costs for loss of assets and services . - Proposed measures and costs to maintain or improve their living standards . - Grievance procedure Screening checklist The screening checklist form will be incorporated into the Project ’ s Implementation Manual . The screening checklist will be completed by the KDEAP social specialist with the support of the relevant county and national government officers . The ESMF developed alongside this RPF will address environmental and social risks and impacts including the screening process . # # * * 4 . 1 . 2 Sub-Project Design * * If the screening indicates that a subproject requires in its present layout the physical or economic resettlement , or restrictions on land use advice to consider feasible alternative sub-project designs to avoid or at least minimize physical or economic displacement , while balancing environmental , social and financial costs and benefits will be sought . Once the decision has been made on which specific areas the sub-projects will be located for construction under the ICTA , PIU will meet the administrative and local leaders of those potentially affected areas to communicate to all those potentially affected persons in the chosen areas . ICTA will hire a resettlement consultant who will support this process . The cut-off date will be the commencement date of the socio-economic study and census on the chosen site to identify the potential PAPs on the individual , household , and vulnerable groups ’ level . The socio-economic study and the census constitute the first step in the preparation of the RAPs . This RPF will culminate in the preparation of Plans as", "spans": [{"start": 1886, "end": 1917, "text": "socio-economic study and census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The Uganda Multi Sectoral Food Security and Nutrition Project ( UMFSNP ) Financial Statements for the Period ended 30 \" ' June 2023 * * * * 1 . 0 . INTRODUCTION * * The Human Development Index * * ( HDI ) 2013 * * listed Uganda as one of * * 15 * * developing countries whose income growth benefited the poor . Hlowever , human development remains ' low ' and Uganda is ranked * * 161 * * out of * * 186 * * countries , underscoring the need to improve pro-poor policies in social sectors . Under nutrition is a critical element in this ranking because of its contributions to productivity losses from poor physical status , increased health care costs , and reduced cognitive functions and learning performance . In Uganda , * * 33 * * percent of under-5 children are stunted , higher than in neighboring countries with lower per capita income . Stunting is nearly twice as high in rural compared to urban areas * * ( 36 * * percent compared to * * 19 * * percent ) , and there arc great regional variations . Micronutrient deficiencies ( particularly vitamin * * A * * and iron ) are also * * highly * * prevalent across all regions . Recognizing that nutrition interventions are essential investment in public health for long term development , the Government of Uganda ( GoU ) has begun the implementation of the ' Uganda Multi-sectoral Food Security and Nutrition Project ' aimed at increasing the production and consumption of micronutrient-rich foods and utilization of community-based nutrition services in smallholder households . This project is being implemented collectively * * by * * the Ministry of Agriculture , Animal Industries and Fisheries * * ( MAAIF ) , * * Ministry of Agriculture , Animal Industry and Fisheries ( MOH ) and Ministry of Education , and Sports * * ( MOES ) , * * financed through the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program * * ( GAFSP ) . * * The project", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 196, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "development groups and randomly selected from within this group for survey of rural households . From each district , 7 – 9 villages were selected , depending on the district ’ s size and listing of India ’ s rural population . < sup > 4 < / sup > # * * 4 . 2 * * * * < u > Survey Features < / u > * * The IHDS is ideal for estimating the impact of electricity access and consumption on welfare indicators owing to its exhaustive coverage of survey topics and sample representativeness . It is India ’ s first survey for measuring detailed income , as well as consumption and ownership of consumer goods . Income-related questions cover a variety of sources ( e . g . , wages and salaries , net farm , net family business , property , and pension ) . The survey also contains education-related questions , including educational outcomes , study hours , school enrollment , and school completion rate , along with household characteristics . Compared to the Demographic and Health Surveys and Living Standards Measurement Surveys , the IHDS covers energy more extensively . It includes elaborate questions on fuel use , cash expenditures for fuels , time spent collecting biomass fuels , and types of stoves and electric appliances used in the household . It also asks detailed questions related to electricity use , including reliability of power supply and source of household electricity ( i . e . , whether serviced by the local state electricity board or a neighbor ) . Such detailed energy questions allow us to investigate the drivers of household demand for electricity and analyze the welfare impacts of household access more comprehensively . In addition to household-level data , the survey covers key features of the villages where the surveyed households are located ( e . g . , availability of social development programs in the area or distance to village facilities ) . Such area characteristics can directly affect outcomes of interest , such as employment , income and poverty indicators , and the probability of electricity presence in the village . Because this survey covers villages with and without electricity , it allows for identifying an > 4 The 2005 IHDS", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 94, "text": "survey of rural households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 306, "end": 310, "text": "IHDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 957, "end": 987, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 992, "end": 1028, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ministry of Finance and National Planning ( 2009 ) Financial Report for the Year Ended 31 < sup > st < / sup > December 2008 , Republic of Zambia : Lusaka Ministry of Finance and National Planning ( 2008 ) Financial Report for the Year Ended 31 < sup > st < / sup > December 2007 , Republic of Zambia : Lusaka Ministry of Finance and National Planning ( 2007 ) Financial Report for the Year Ended 31 < sup > st < / sup > December 2006 , Republic of Zambia : Lusaka Ministry of Health ( 2009 ) Annual Health Statistical Bulletin 2008 , Republic of Zambia : Lusaka . Ministry of Health ( 2001 ) National Strategic Plan 2001-2005 , Republic of Zambia : Lusaka Sahn , D . and S . Younger ( 2000 ) Expenditure Incidence in Africa : Microeconomic Evidence . Fiscal Studies , vol . 21 , no . 3 , pp . 329 – 347 . Fiszbein , A . and N . Schady ( 2009 ) Conditional Cash Transfers : Reducing Present and Future Poverty . World Bank . Washington DC . Republic of Zambia ( 2011 ) Sixth national development plan 2011 – 2015 : Sustained Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction , Available at : siteresources . worldbank . org / INTZAMBIA / Resources / SNDP_Final_Draft__20_01_2011 . pdf . van de Walle , D . 1998 . \" Assessing the Welfare Impacts of Public Spending . \" _ < u > World Development < / u > _ 26 ( 3 ) : 365 – 79 . World Bank , 2012a , Social Protection Databases . Available at : < u > http : / / web . worldbank . org / WBSITE / EXTERNAL / TOPICS / EXTSOCIALPROTECTION / EXTSAFET YNETSANDTRANSFERS / 0 , , contentMDK : 22986320 ~ menuPK : 8117027 ~ pagePK : 210058 ~ piPK : 21 0062 ~ theSitePK : 282761 , 00 . html < / u > World Bank , 2012b , Data Indicators . Available at : http : / / data . worldbank . org / World Bank . 2011 , \" Zambia : Country Economic Memorandum . \" Policies for Growth and Diversification . 2004 . Report No . 28069-ZM . World", "spans": [{"start": 1335, "end": 1362, "text": "Social Protection Databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "applied . < sup > 1 < / sup > We then complement this analysis at the micro level using data from 100 villages across five districts to assess respondents ‟ awareness of TASAF II and their likelihood of benefitting from it . Because we have data on every household in these program villages , we are able to examine the relative roles of eligibility , access to information , and political connectedness in exceptional detail . At both the national and local levels , our data paint a remarkably consistent picture . At the national level , the application process is regressive with project applications significantly more likely to come from richer districts . This pattern is strongly correlated with variation in access to media and information and with political participation across districts , such as voter registration and turnout . The subsequent project approval process is pro-poor , due largely to the pre-determined funding allocations made from the center to the districts . The progressive selection of projects from an initially skewed pool of applications reproduces the familiar finding of mildly pro-poor final funding allocations in the literature that precedes us . Similarly , at the local level , awareness of TASAF II ( which is necessary to apply ) is positively correlated with education , ownership of a radio or phone , attending village meetings , and being related to village elites . Among those who heard of TASAF II , program beneficiaries are poorer , but also still more likely to be politically active and live close to the village center . Again , while the eligibility criteria imposed by the center ensures that the program is pro-poor , we find little evidence of pro-poor selection of beneficiaries within villages conditional on eligibility . These results point to the importance of political involvement and access to information in determining who is able even to be considered by TASAF II for potential support . Communities must mobilize to agree on and file applications , and households must typically participate proactively in order to claim assistance for which they are eligible . Being marginalized or poorly educated is likely to make program awareness less likely and navigating the application process more difficult . Several empirical papers have similarly attempted to measure the", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 132, "text": "data from 100 villages across five districts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 241, "end": 290, "text": "data on every household in these program villages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "federal seven vehicles IDA / 63120 Project Management and Reporting Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 12 , 250 . 00 13 , 628 . 27 Completed 2019-10-06 2019-07-23 2019-11-06 2019-07-31 2019-12-06 2019-08-12 < br > ET-MOALR-85715-GO-RFB / < br > Woreda information center establishment materials ( com IDA / 63120 Investing in Institutions and Information for Resilience Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 250 , 000 . 00 192 , 759 . 68 Completed 2019-02-05 2019-10-03 2019-02-10 2019-10-10 2019-03-12 2019-10-24 2019-03-26 2019-11-25 2019-04-19 2019-12-16 2019-07-18 2020-04-03 < br > puters , network cables and o < br > ther related equipment < br > ET-MOALR-85717-GO-RFB / P < br > rocurement of equipment for < br > National Rural Land Administration Information System ( N IDA / 63120 Rural Land Administration and Use Post Request for Bids Open - National Single Stage - One Envelope 125 , 700 . 00 262 , 399 . 80 Completed 2019-01-31 2020-01-01 2019-02-05 2020-01-22 2019-03-07 2020-01-28 2019-03-28 2020-03-13 2019-05-02 2020-04-06 2019-07-31 2020-08-21 < br > RLAIS ) for all RLLP woredas ( < br > Network Cables , Rawters , fis < br > her and related materials ) < br > ET-MOALR-86952-GO-RFB / < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "instance , due to lack of knowledge , unsafe to travel to services , discriminatory treatment at services . - Creation of parallel child protection services or systems - for instance Standard Operating Procedures that do not outline relevant national laws , procedures or services . - Insufficient investment in strengthening national child protection systems ; lack of time and expertise to engage and advocate with government and national civil society for the refugee response among humanitarian partners . - Difficulties to balance building longer term capacity with responding and providing immediate child protection services given limited time and funding . * * Knowledge and Data * * • National child protection data monitoring , where they exist , often do not allow disaggregated data on refugees . # # # * * 1 . 3 Opportunities and Recommendations * * As noted above , the Syrian response has provided opportunities for strengthening the national child protection systems and a range of good / promising practices are described above to do this . Key recommendations to further strengthen national systems include 8", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 735, "text": "National child protection data monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 4 . Refugee population and changes by origin , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * # # # # # * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatr < mark > iation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Incr | eases durin | g2006 | | | | De | creases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettle | ment | | | | | | | | Origin | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ <", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1040, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * _Not Applicable_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "V � � ∑ � � � � V � , � ( 2 ) # * * 2 . 2 . Flood Hazards and Impact on WWTPs * * Flood hazards and their impact on China ’ s WWTP are done in the context of climate change . Firstly , we apply and downscale the CaMa ‐ Flood model for 21 < sup > st < / sup > century China for RCP 4 . 5 and RCP8 . 5 at return periods greater than 30 , 50 and 100 respectively . Based on these results , we then compute how the probability of flooding may change for specified geographical locations in China and superimpose the wastewater assets we collected onto the changing flood hazard maps . This way we are able to pinpoint the exact infrastructures that face increasing , decreasing or non ‐ changing flooding probabilities due to climate change . # * * 2 . 2 . 1 . Changing Flood Hazards * * We drive a global river routing model – Catchment ‐ Based Macro ‐ scale Floodplain ( CaMa ‐ Flood ) – using the daily runoff of the Atmospheric and Oceanic General Circulation Models ( AOGCMs ) at a spatial resolution of 1 ° x 1 ° 1 ( Hu _et al_ . , 2017 ) . The CaMa ‐ Flood model routes the runoff input simulated by a land surface model into the oceans or lakes along a prescribed river network ( Yamazaki et al . , 2011 ) . It calculates river channel storage , floodplain storage , river discharge , river water depth , and inundated area for each grid cell at a spatial resolution of 0 . 25 ° x 0 . 25 ° . A recently developed Global Width Database for Large Rivers ( GWD ‐ LR ) is also incorporated into it ( Yamazaki _et al_ . , 2011 ) . For the AOGCMs , we adopt a historic ( 1970 – 2005 ) and future period ( 2006 – 2100 < sup > 2 < / sup > ) at representative concentration pathways ( RCP ) 4 . 5 and 8 . 5 ( Stocker _et al . _ , 2013 ) . RCPs 4 . 5 and 8 .", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 578, "text": "changing flood hazard maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1417, "end": 1455, "text": "Global Width Database for Large Rivers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Board published the < br > Media Sustainability Index , which was substantally revised < br > into the Vibrant Informaton Barometer in 2020 . We use data < br > from the Media SustainabilityIndex between 2000 and 2019 . | | OBI | Internatonal < br > Budget < br > Partnership | Open Budget < br > Survey | 125 countries covering < br > a global sample . | Every two years . < br > Used in WGI < br > since 2005 . | Expert / NGO | Expert assessment scored by locally recruited expert < br > respondents with expertse in budget processes . Scoring < br > follows adetailed questonnairesubject to centralized review . | 41", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 53, "text": "Media Sustainability Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Country Profiles < / u > * * # # * * 1 . * * * * < u > Burundi : < / u > * * # # < u > IDP Situation : < / u > In this country of seven million , hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced from their homes since the early 1990s to escape fighting between the government and Hutu rebel groups . Many others , predominantly Hutus , were forcibly displaced into camps by the government in the second half of the 1990s . The number of IDPs peaked in 1999 , with over 800 , 000 displaced people ( 12 % of total population ) , and then decreased in 2003 when the ceasefire was signed . From mid-2003 to mid-2005 , over 165 , 000 IDPs returned to their areas of origin . At the same time , however , more people were displaced in Bujumbura Rural Province , the area around the capital , as the National Liberation Forces rebel group refused to make peace with the government . The total number of IDPs in camps as of mid-2005 was estimated at 117 , 000 ; in addition , an unknown number of IDPs reside with host families . The highest number of IDPs is in Gitega Province but internal displacement have also taken place between 1993 and 2005 in the following provinces : Bubanza , Bujumbura , Bururi , Cankuzo , Cibitoke , Karuzi , Kayanza , Kirundo , Makamba , Marie , Muramvya , Muyinga , Mwaro , Ngozi , Rutana , Rural and Ruyigi . The majority of IDPs have been displaced in communes of origin . < sup > 21 < / sup > A Global IDP Project Survey in 2005 found that 20 % of the households surveyed in all of Burundi had a least one member displaced in the last two years and that there are more women in", "spans": [{"start": 1458, "end": 1483, "text": "Global IDP Project Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "contractors shall have clear SOPs , closure dates and competent action parties . Continuous monitoring shall be carried out throughout the project life cycle including but not limited to anomaly sighting campaigns amongst staff , periodic audits , inspections , and / or spot checks of project locations or work sites and / or of labor management records and reports compiled by third parties . While contractors shall have independent agreements or contracts signed with employees and sub-contractors , NITA-U shall ensure that all contractors and employees are employed as per National Legislation , Best industry practice and in compliance to the labor management procedures . The contractor is obliged to provide all copies of contracts or agreements from all employees and subcontractors or any other contract entered into as part of the project delivery to NITA-U . 32", "spans": [{"start": 330, "end": 366, "text": "labor management records and reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ ) . A powerful data center has been established and equipped and is fully operational . For the moment , Government information technology ( IT ) systems are duplicative , costly , and not interconnected . Thus , the goal for the authorities is to bring government systems under one integrated platform to reduce maintenance and operating costs , enhance systems security , and ensure the development of e-services . Data from government departments and institutions will be stored in a public cloud through the national data center , thereby reducing the need for the constant purchase of servers and operating licenses across the government . However , before any of these system changes can take place , the Government must provide the appropriate enabling environment , including : ( a ) establishing a legal framework for digital transformation and access to services ; ( b ) reviewing and updating the e-government strategy ; ( c ) improving institutional and technical capacities ; and ( d ) focusing on program management , communications , and change management to include a process reengineering of systems and services to maximize the benefits of ICT investments and improve operational efficiency and effectiveness . 17 . * * In response to petitions about improving public services formulated by citizens to the President , authorities have initiated a reform program centered on Citizens Service Standards * * ( _Declaration de Services aux Citoyens_ ) . Ministries are required to declare and provide information to citizens about available services , including costs , delivery times , required procedures and forms , and so on . So far , 9 out of 22 ministries have completed their declarations . Yet , few improvements in terms of reduced time and knowledge about available services have been registered . Deep-seated impediments for access to services remain . Hence , the Project will support significant public administration modernization efforts with regard to conducting business process reengineering , setting up an interoperable digital platform , developing e - > 10 _GSMA Report_ . The Middle East and North Africa region for GSMA and World Bank include different countries and estimates for Middle East and North Africa broadband coverage", "spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 468, "text": "Data from government departments and institutions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significance of PPE they need to wear before entering the site and emergency protocols . Visitors induction records will be maintained . . _Toolbox Talks : _ Tool box talk is a 5-10 minutes communication between working crews and site supervisor / site engineer related to job specific safety issues , roles responsibilities on daily basis and as and when required . Contractors will ensure that the tool box talk document is available with safety department . During the meeting the site engineer will always ensure all the work force is aware of their duties , Dos and Don ’ ts and risk involved . The site engineer / supervisor shall also monitor / verify the fitness of the personnel for work . Toolbox talks should consider as well lessons learned from incident and accident investigation , audits , workplace inspections etc . The Site Engineers / Supervisor shall conduct regular toolbox meeting on different topics by selecting small groups of people ( maximum 15 ) . Page 316", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 115, "text": "Visitors induction records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the minimum maintenance requirements of the country ' s road network . In the absence of reliable technical data , overall funding requirement for maintenance can not be estimated at present with any degree of accuracy . However , a realistic ( within budget and technical constraints ) minimum maintenance program is roughly estimated at K Sh 2 , 600 million in 1994 / 95 prices , of which about K Sh 600 million would be needed for urban road maintenance during FY95 . Over the long term , in 1994 / 95 prices , as much as K Sh 8 , 000 million could be used annually by the year 2000 for reasonable level of maintenance of the road network ( of which about K Sh 1 , 500 million - K Sh 2 , 000 million could be used for the public roads under the MLG ) . These are best estimates currently determinable which will require fiurther analysis and refinement . 2 . 12 The government recognizes that the immediate yield of the RMLF alone is not going to be adequate to make a credible start at addressing the issue of deferred road maintenance . It is currently reviewing various options to increase the initial funding base for road maintenance financing . GOK has indicated that given the significance of this issue , despite current tight budgetary situation , it will start supplementing the RMLF resources for road maintenance through budgetary allocations . Even with this , it is likely that overall maintenance funding will be at levels below the full funding requirement to start with . Therefore , GOK has agreed to gradually increase maintenance funding levels to match the growth in maintenance capacity of the agencies concerned with the road sector as a whole . Through both budgetary allocation and annual adjustment of the level of the RMLF levy , GOK expects to gradually increase the overall resources for maintenance , such that , over a period of 5-6 years , sufficient funds would be available to maintain all roads in Kenya . The eventual size of the RMLF , supplemented by budgetary allocations , required for full maintenance funding of the system , will need", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 112, "text": "technical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ An example of residential house made of An example of thatched house bn TT32 & TT33 wooden wall and CIS roof , bn Tower no . 35 & 36 Grain grinding mill house bn Tower no . 35 & 36 Mosque located bn Tower no . 27 & 28 Photo 8 : Examples of residential houses and Mosque located within the TL RoW # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 . 4 Impacts on Eucalyptus and Indigenous Trees * * Implementation of the subproject will affect plenty of Eucalyptus trees of different sizes that belong to smallholder individuals . In particular there are dense plots of Eucalyptus plantation along the TL corridor between Tower no . 1 and no . 3 along a seasonal river and within a seasonal wetland . In addition , the subproject will affect several indigenous trees that are located within the TL RoW and the new substation site . Based on the Property Survey conducted by the ESIA Consultant , a total of about 14 , 450 Eucalyptus trees will be affected by the subproject . These belong to 17 households found in all subproject affected Kebeles . In addition , about 1 , 010 indigenous trees including Acacias , fig trees and others will be affected from the TL RoW and substation . Of these , about 45 indigenous trees are found at the substation and all of which are expected to be removed during construction of the SS . The trees need to be cut off from the TL RoW mainly for vertical clearance purpose , but also for securing free space for construction of tower pads . Loss of trees is very likely to occur and its consequences are predicted to be Medium . Thus , the overall risk rating of this impact is assessed to be Substantial . However , implementation of the proposed mitigation measures will reduce the risk rating to Moderate", "spans": [{"start": 1018, "end": 1033, "text": "Property Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 2022 ; Heger & Neumayer , 2019 ; Miranda Montero et al . , 2017 ) and , more specifically , floods ( Kocornik-Mina et al . , 2020 ) _ . _ Most analyses using nightlight data usually demonstrate a negative impact of disaster and climate shocks on nightlights but with effects resorbing within the year following the event ( Bertinelli & Strobl , 2013 ; Elliott et al . , 2015 ; Gillespie et al . , 2014 ) . Schippers & Botzen ( 2023 ) find that for a severe disaster such as Hurricane Katrina , the effect can be longer lasting . However , there is a debate about the accuracy of nightlights as a proxy for economic activity . Critics argue that nightlight intensity may not capture economic activity accurately in all contexts , such as highly rural areas , where changes in lighting efficiency could affect the amount of light observed without necessarily reflecting changes in economic activity . Possibly other cultural and social factors or government policies on lighting could also influence the amount of nightlight observed . 2", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 175, "text": "nightlight data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 . The Global Distribution of Endemism responsibilities for species that are heavily concentrated within their borders . Endemic status is traditionally assigned to a species if its range lies entirely within one country . However , a country ’ s stewardship could remain critical for a species that resides almost entirely within its borders . To explore the implications , we overlay the World Bank ’ s country map with our GBIF species occurrence maps and classed as endemic if the conventional 100 % criterion is applied . When the criterion is changed to 95 % and 90 % , species classified as endemic increase to 317 , 815 ( 52 % ) and 339 , 656 ( 55 . 6 % ) , respectively . As and the maximum to 62 . 1 % . In this paper , we will employ the traditional 100 % criterion for subsequent analyses . However , the results in Table 2 are cautionary because they show that countries assume stewardship responsibilities for about 339 , 656 species if the criterion is reduced to 90 % . major role in raw counts , so we standardize by total country species to highlight the relative importance New Zealand , Madagascar , Japan and Costa Rica . Even for the top 30 among 297 entities tabulated ,", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 455, "text": "GBIF species occurrence maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . Data and Methodology * * # * * a . Census and Survey Data * * The primary source of data on labor market outcomes is the 2020 Census of Population and Housing , carried out in March 2020 by the Mexican National Institute of Statistics , Geography , and Informatics ( INEGI ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > The census was collected the month before the COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread shutdowns . INEGI publishes census statistics publicly at different geographic levels , with the lowest level being the Área Geoestadistica Básica ( AGEB ) . INEGI publishes aggregate statistics only for urban AGEBs . We use these to generate municipality statistics that are weighted by the population of urban AGEBs . Because only urban AGEBs are included in the analysis , the results in this paper pertain to urban state and municipality-level rates . Urban AGEBs total to around 96 . 4 million people , or more than 75 % of Mexico ’ s estimated 127 . 6 million people . We are primarily interested in examining the feasibility and effectiveness of combining geospatial data with survey data to improve municipal estimates of labor force participation rates and unemployment rates , separately for women and men . We also examine the ability of the procedure to improve state-level estimates of these four labor market outcomes . We restrict the analysis to urban AGEBs in order to utilize the census data as a credible benchmark against which to assess the performance of the small area estimates . From the available urban census data , we construct a data set with six different variables : the total number of women in the labor force , the total number of women employed , the total number of women 12 years or older , plus the same three variables for men . < sup > 4 < / sup > Since this is census data , we take these values to be the true values for each AGEB . We then randomly sample AGEBs from the full set of urban AGEBs to form a pseudo survey . We select AGEBs with probability proportional to size within states , which serve as the strata . We then choose", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 168, "text": "2020 Census of Population and Housing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1052, "end": 1067, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1073, "end": 1084, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1387, "end": 1398, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1512, "end": 1529, "text": "urban census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have been impregnated in Masaka district during the COVID-19-induced school holiday as reported in the Police Report between March and November 2020 , the period of the first phase of the lockdown . Besides the pregnancies , the report also indicates that a total of 688 other forms of human rights abuses against children were reported in the same period . These included cases of child labour , neglect , and torture , and domestic violence that directly caused harm to children , among other offences . All these concerns need to be carefully considered and subjected to the mitigation hierarchy in managing the GBV risks . As with the majority of the districts in Uganda , most women in the project area are unaware of their rights to work and to own property and , therefore , they continue to suffer injustices . Only about 5 % of women have control over resources like land . This renders them vulnerable to social problems of poverty and dependence . The districts resolved that increasing focus on training women with knowledge and skills is vital if comprehensive development is to be achieved and sustained . The Project will involve women in activities such as sensitization meetings so that they can reap the benefits of electricity through setting up small businesses that need electricity . Such businesses will include bars , diary shops , phone charging stations , to mention a few . # # # * * 4 . 3 . 4 Local Economy * * < mark > The GDP of Uganda in 2021 was USD 40 . 53 billion . For the year in which GDP data are available for the metropolitan area of Kampala ( 2015 ) , which includes some of the project-affected districts ( i . e . , Wakiso , Mityana , Mpigi and Luwero ) the GDP was USD 32 . 39 billion < / mark > < sup > 22 < / sup > < mark > . The districts of Masaka , Lwengo , Mpigi , Butambala , Wakiso , Gomba , Bukomansimbi , Mityana , Naka", "spans": [{"start": 1522, "end": 1530, "text": "GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Quantifying the trade and income effects of the China-U . S . trade agreement * * In this section , we quantify the impact of import targets in the China-U . S . trade agreement on the trade and income of these two countries as well as on third countries under different scenarios . < sup > 13 < / sup > The simulations are based on a global dynamic computable general equilibrium model , Linkage , which uses the GTAP database ( Freund , Ferrantino , Maliszewska , and Ruta , 2018 ) . The model tracks historical GDP growth , trade balances and investment up to 2019 and then projects the developments in the global economy up to 2025 . The commitments of China to buy more U . S . goods and services as per the text of the agreement are aggregated to the CGE model sectors ( Figure 3 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > * * Figure 3 * * : Chinese imports of goods from the United States ( $ billion ) in 2017-2019 and assumed targets under the China-U . S . agreement in 2020-2021 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Chinese imports of goods from US ( $ billion ) < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > - < br > Agriculture Natural Food Textiles , Chemicals Metals Transport Electronic Machinery Other < br > resources wearing equip . equip . manuf . < br > apparel < br > 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : WITS and authors ’ assumptions based on China-U . S . trade agreement . Note : 2019 has been estimated based on Jan-Nov 2019 data . 13 The import targets in 2020 may be less feasible in light of the negative demand shock from the Coronavirus . As the focus of the note is on the trade agreement and the extent and duration of the Coronavirus shock is uncertain , the scenarios assume demand in 2020 is not affected by", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 437, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1491, "end": 1508, "text": "Jan-Nov 2019 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 4 % ( 0 . 1-2 . 5 ) | | * * Kamwenge ( n = 287 ) * * | 3 . 1 % ( 1 . 6-5 . 9 ) | 3 . 1 % ( 1 . 6-5 . 9 ) | 0 % ( 0-0 ) | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 45 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "af"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Table 14 . Stateless persons * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * , 2006 * * * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > Stateless refugees are included in Table 3 and stateless asylum-seekers in Table 8 . Data is not complete and includes estimates . Countries for which UNHCR has information about stateless persons but no reliable data have been included in the table with an asterisk ( * ) . * * | | | Pop . sta | rt-2006 | Pop . end - | 2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country < br > of < br > residence | Description / origin | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ < br > _assisted_ | | Slovenia | Citizens of former Yugoslavia | 445 | 445 | 4 , 090 | - | | Spain | Stateless | 16 | - | 20 | - | | Sri Lanka < sup > 23 < / sup > | Stateless | * | - | * | - | | Sweden | Stateless | 5 , 299 | | 5 , 571 | | | Switzerland | Stateless | 129 | | 153 | | | Syrian Arab Rep . < sup > 24 < / sup > | Stateless | 300 , 000 | - | 300 , 000 | - | | Tajikistan | Stateless | - | - | 184 | - | | TfYR Macedonia | _De facto_stateless | 2 , 200 | - | 1", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 111, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ mark > ECD Economic Outlook , Interim Report September 2021 : Keeping the Recovery on Trac_ _ < mark > k < / mark > _ < mark > , OECD Publishing , Paris . < / mark > - < mark > Roberts , M . ( 2021 ) . Tracking Economic Activity in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis Using Nighttime Lights . < / mark > - < mark > Sampi , J . , and Jooste , C . ( 2020 ) . N < / mark > owcasting Economic Activity in Times of COVID-19 : An Approximation from the Google Community Mobility Report . Policy Research Working Paper No . 9247 . < mark > World Bank , Washington , DC < / mark > 15", "spans": [{"start": 445, "end": 477, "text": "Google Community Mobility Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "privredas and a Canadian Power Expert Group . Cost estimates for the generation , transmission , distribution and general plant components were defined based on detailed damage assessments , rehabilitation studies , and engineering designs carried out by EPBiH , EPM , EPRS , the coal mine companies , their local consultants , Mott Ewbank Preece of the UK , and Verbundplan of Austria . The cost estimates reflect end - 1997 prices and are based on the latest international tendering information available for similar works , which are realistic . Physical contingencies of 10 % are used for both foreign costs and local costs . The price escalation for costs expressed in terms of foreign exchange is calculated according to anticipated international price increases of 2 . 2 percent per annum on average for 1997-2000 . The price escalation for local costs is calculated according to the projected annual inflation rates of 5 percent for the Federation and 10 percent for RS during the same period . The allowances for physical contingencies and price increases during implementation are deemed to be adequate . # # # # _5 . Institutional : _ _Executing agencies : _ The Elektroprivredas ' and Coal Mine Companies ' ability to implement the project has been demonstrated by the satisfactory preparation and execution of the IDA-financed Emergency Recovery Project and Emergency Electric Power Reconstruction Project and the satisfactory preparation of the power component of the Reconstruction Assistance Project . The project has been designed and would be implemented according to internationally accepted technical criteria and standards . The technologies involved are proven . The executing agencies have the technical and managerial capabilities to successfully carry out the project . _Project management : _ To strengthen project management capabilities , EPBiH is already being assisted by a Norwegian Power Expert Group . EPM and EPRS would be assisted by a Canadian Power Expert Group . The Consultants would assist in reviewing the design of the project components , preparing the bid documents , procurement , coordination and project implementation . Training and transfer of knowledge would be included .", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 496, "text": "international tendering information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2020 ) . This underscores the need for more carefully designed , streamlined and communicated economic assistance programs . * * Figure 7 : SMEs rely significantly more on government grants and equity * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent of firms using equity finance as the main source < br > Percent of firms using government grants as the main source < br > Percent of firms using loans from commercial banks as the < br > main source < br > Percent of firms delaying payments to suppliers or workers < br > - 15 - 10 - 5 0 5 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # Source : World Bank Enterprise Follow-Up Surveys Note : Chart illustrates the average difference between SMEs and large firms within a country-sector pair with their standard errors . Country-sector fixed effects are included . Stratification weights adjusted for the followup enterprise surveys according to median eligibility were used to produce the estimates . The weights account for non-response , assuming that businesses that could not be re-contacted ( unobtainable ) have exited the market Finally , SMEs resort to payment delays to suppliers or workers as much as other competitors in the same location and sector . < sup > 21 < / sup > This is despite their low bargaining power and a greater need for SMEs to retain their existing relationships with suppliers and workers . Likely reasons for this include the knock-on effects of late payments from large and other businesses and a lack of penalty , which could incentivize SMEs to delay payments from a practical standpoint . The former remains a long-standing issue for many SMEs . In Europe , for instance , about a third of SMEs in Poland , Italy and Bosnia and Herzegovina claim that late payments threaten the survival of their business ( Intrum , 2020 ) . The COVID-19 crisis exacerbates this issue and the liquidity problems faced by SMEs . # 4 . DFIs are better positioned to help SMEs in the recovery rather than the crisis The COVID-19 crisis is expected to plunge many countries across the world into recession in 2020 . Notwithstanding unprecedented", "spans": [{"start": 597, "end": 636, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Follow-Up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 856, "end": 883, "text": "followup enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "V , VAC , child labor , sexual abuse and exploitation once the < br > projects start * * ( ESS 1 , 2 & 3 ) * * < br > Conduct a baseline survey in the community to ensure the right persons are < br > targeted to avoid elite capture in the project . < br > Most land is owned by men and women may be marginalized on projects < br > that regard land use and ownership . | 88", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 143, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 1 . 6 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 91 . 9 < br > 134 . 5 | # # # # # of FY92 data based on tmaudtted financial satments btI ncludes capItal charge paid toGov .", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 77, "text": "FY92 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 87, "end": 115, "text": "tmaudtted financial satments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this methodology by displaying the trajectory of urban growth in Uganda ’ s capital city , Kampala . The figure displays five-year increments in built-up pixels , showing how Kampala ’ s urban extent gradually expanded within the specific grid cell where it is located . < sup > 6 < / sup > We first calculated the baseline > 6Note that our regression analyses use data that ends in 2014 due to the extent of availability of the drought measure that we use . Figures where we only display data based on the World Settlement Footprint database allow us to go beyond 2014 . 8", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 542, "text": "World Settlement Footprint database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 6 . POLICY FRAMEWORK , LEGAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 Uganda Mineral Policy * * Uganda ' s vision for the mineral sector is * * _ ' The new dawn in mining : to attract_ investrnent * * * * _in , build capacity for acquisition and utilisation of geodata and increase mineral production for social and economic development of Uganda \" _ * * and its goal is * * _ ' \" o develop the mineral sector for it to contribute significantly to sustainable national social and economic growth \" _ * * ( quoted in Environmental and Development Associates , 2003 ) The Uganda Mineral Policy was enacted in 2001 Its key objectives with important environmental and social ramifications are : - To ensure that mineral wealth supports national economic and social development , - To regularise and improve artisanal and small scale mining , - To minimise and mitigate the adverse social and environmental impacts of mineral exploitation ; and - To remove restrictive practices on women participabon in the minerals sector and protect children against mining hazards . # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 Institutional Framework for Mineral Development * * - * * 6 . 2 . 1 The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development * * - The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development implements national mineral Policy , with a mission to : Promote , develop , strategically manage and safeguard the rational and sustainable utilisation of energy and mineral resources for economic and social development . - * * 6 . 2 . 2 The Geological Survey and Mines Department * * The Department of Geological Survey and Mines ( DGSM ) of the Directorate of Energy and Mineral Development is responsible for administration of legislation and control of most aspects of mining # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 Institutional Structure for Environmental Management * * The National Environment Management Authority ( NEMA ) is the \" pnncipal agency in Uganda for the management of the environment with the", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 39 - period . As indicated in the financial projections ( para 5 . 05 ) , it is estimated that funds for onlending under the line of credit would be drawndown beginning in AFC fiscal year 1982 / 83 ( Project Year 2 ) , at which time it is considered that AFC will have completed its first Annual Plan exercise . If a satisfactory Annual Plan is submitted and approved earlier than expected , some credit funds could be drawndown during AFC FY1981 / 82 . The proposed line of credit would allow AFC ' s total portfolio ( Table 7 ) to grow at an annual rate of about 13 % in current terms , beginning in AFC fiscal year 1982 / 83 . While this rate appears modest in comparison with the historical average of about 18 % p . a . from 1975 to 1980 , the projected expansion under the Project is considered conservative and reasonable , viewed in the context of a number of factors . First , the current AFC loan portfolio is inflated with a number of irrecoverable loans and interest which continues to accrue on dubious loans . The value of the current portfolio also includes loans currently financed under special project arrangements , for which future credit demand is uncertain ( including the Bank Group financed Group Farms and Livestock Projects , paras . 2 . 42-2 . 43 ) . Second , rapid growth of the portfolio in recent years has clearly strained AFC ' s operational effectiveness in areas such as loan appraisal , loan supervision and collection , accounting and internal control systems . Third , the uneven quality of loan data available and the lack of a systematic cash flow analysis made more detailed projections of loan disbursements and reflows impossible , and clarification is essential before AFC undertakes new loan expansion . Fourth , the more efficient turnover of AFC ' s existing portfolio through loan collection improvement could provide scope for additional loan volume . Fifth , AFC needs to undertake a more systematic review of demand for credit , by loan type and branch , which would follow from the planning process , credit", "spans": [{"start": 1530, "end": 1539, "text": "loan data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the PAPs , their preferred post resettlement livelihood options and the various infrastructural needs that could best support PAPs livelihood restorative efforts . The community level infrastructure projects will be designed in a way that it will be beneficial to both the host and resettling PAP communities . Part of the RAP 1a PAP Household LRP data has been analyzed and indicates that the PAPs are preferring to continue with their farming activities and several others wanting to change their livelihood activities . The RAP IT has identified and started consultation with various National and County Level stakeholders who will support the PAPs in livelihoods restoration efforts . Refer to * * Annex 14 * * 32", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 352, "text": "RAP 1a PAP Household LRP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Arts , entertainment , and recreation | Arts , entertainment and recreation | | - - - | - - - | | Voluntary and representative organizations | Other services activities | | Household services | Activities of households as employers , undifferentiated < br > goods and services , producing activities of households for < br > own use | | Extraterritorial organizations | Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies | | Taxation and budget | Administration of the State and the economic and social < br > policy of the community | | Multisector laws | - | | Non-economic laws | - | # # * * 3 . 4 Methods for Exploring Legislative Predictability * * Once all the relevant indicators are calculated , both for legislative predictability and contextual variables like sectors , we carry out a range of explorative and descriptive analyses . Combining variables on modifications with contextual variables allows us to measure regulatory predictability and its underlying drivers . First , we explore legislative predictability across countries , comparing Jordan to a set of different countries . This offers crucial insights into cross-country variability and how different legislative systems operate . The analysis is based on the smoothed hazard risk of legislative modification . Such smooth hazard curves display how the risk of modification changes over time ( i . e . months ) . Second , we deep dive into Jordanian legislative data , by looking at trends to track legislative predictability over two decades . This in-depth descriptive analysis disaggregates the data by year , sector , and initiator . The in-depth analysis starts with the distribution of laws and regulations passed in a given year which takes the absolute yearly count of laws and regulations . Next , the analysis moves to modifications by displaying modifications as percentage of all laws and regulations passed in a given year , followed by modifications as percentage of all laws and regulations passed within 24 months . We further disaggregate modification within 24 months by the providing the percentage share of economic sectors as well as the policy initiator for all laws and regulations that were modified within 24 months . # 4 . LEGISLATIVE PREDICTABILITY IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Uncertainty in policy making is", "spans": [{"start": 1422, "end": 1448, "text": "Jordanian legislative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Least Cost Selecti < br > on | Open - National | | 20 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > < br > | Pending I < br > ntation | mple | me < br > 2019-12-31 | 2020-01-21 | 2020-03-05 | | 2020-04-02 | 2020-05-02 | | 2020-06-06 < br > | 2020-07-1 | 1 < br > 2 | 021-01-07 | | ORCU / OFLP / RFP / 01 / 2022 / C < br > onsultancy Services to Condu < br > ct livestock GHG inventory to < br > fill data gaps as per the data < br > improvement plan in Oromia | < br > < br > TF / A4442 | Enabling environment | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - Internationa < br > l | | 153 , 061 . 22 | 0 . 00 < br > < br > | Under Im < br > ation | plem | ent < br > 2022-02-28 < br > 2022-0 | 2-25 < br > 2022-03-21 < br > 2022 | - 03-23 < br > 2022-05-15 < br > 2022-06-13 | | 2022-07-14 < br > 2022-07-13 | 2022-08-13 < br > 202 | 2-08 - | 30 < br > 2022-09-17 < br > 2022-10-12 < br > | 2022-10-2 | 2 < br > 2 | 023-10-22 | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSU * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > | * * LTANTS * * < br > Loan / Credit N | |", "spans": [{"start": 344, "end": 367, "text": "livestock GHG inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report < ! - - Start of picture text - - > the residents of M26 , Surveying of plots , Validation of the settlement < br > details collected and more so , the vision that the settlement residents < br > had in regard the kind of development direction that they would like < br > M26 to approach . < br >  The forum was then opened for the plenary session for comments and < br > questions . < br > Min . 03 / 24 / 06 / 2019 : Plenary Session < br >  The members proceeded to seek clarification as follows SEC < br > Comments / questions Response < br > Consultant < br > On what would happen to structure Their details , i . e . their full names as < br > owners who were not in the country appears on the ID , the ID Number , the < br > and would want their details taken on KRA Pin , Names of their next of Kin , < br > the same . Phone number and a passport sized < br > photo , could be sent to the SEC via < br > WhatsApp or Email and then the < br > consultant would enter their details on < br > the List of Beneficiaries Database . . < br > On whether residents could continue The consultant urged them to wait < br > with ongoing construction until the project is complete . < br > One of the members asked for Salma , the consultant sociologist , < br > clarification on the components of the highlighted the 4 project components < br > KISIP Project again , for better understanding by the < br > SEC members . < br > Min . 04 / 24 / 06 / 2019 : Closing Remarks & A . O . B < br >  The meeting concluded with closing remarks by Salma from the SEC < br > Consultant team and the", "spans": [{"start": 1133, "end": 1163, "text": "List of Beneficiaries Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 . 1 * * | * * 56 . 8 * * | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 40 . 1 < br > 16 . 4 | 48 . 0 | | Croatia | 53 . 7 < br > 14 . 4 | 62 . 9 | | Macedonia , FYR | 40 . 4 < br > 31 . 9 | 59 . 8 | | Serbia and Montenegro b ) | 48 . 5 < br > 13 . 8 | 56 . 3 | | * * BRU * * | * * 67 . 9 * * < br > * * 9 . 6 * * | * * 72 . 6 * * | | Belarus | - < br > - | - | | Russia a ) | 75 . 8 < br > 8 . 0 | 82 . 5 | | Ukraine | 60 . 0 < br > 11 . 1 | 62 . 7 | | * * Other CIS * * | * * 56 . 9 * * < br > * * 11 . 0 * * | * * 63 . 7 * * | | Armenia | - < br > - | - | | Azerbaijan | - < br > - | - | | Georgia b ) | 56 . 8 < br > 12 . 3 | 65 | | Kazakhstan c ) | 63 . 6 < br > 9 . 3 | 70 . 1 | | Kyrgyzstan | - < br > 12 . 5 | - | | Moldova d ) | 50 . 4 < br > 9 . 8 | 56 . 0 | | Tajikistan | - < br > - | - | | Uzbekistan | - < br > - | - | | * * Memorandum * * | | | | OECD | 65 . 1 < br > 6 . 9 | 69 . 9 | | EU15 | 64 . 3 < br > 7 . 7 | 69 . 7 | - Data not available Note : Labor Force Survey data Definitions : Working-age population : 15-64 Labor force = employed plus unemployed ( aged 15", "spans": [{"start": 953, "end": 971, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "workers with secondary education and workers with primary education , which was stable during the 1990s and then narrowed after 2002 . Both panels of figure 10 plot the estimated variations in the returns to schooling for the 17 countries in Latin America , plus Russia , South Africa , Turkey , and the United States . In particular , the left panel shows the annual changes in the country-specific labor earnings premiums of workers with secondary education relative to workers with primary or less education , and the right panel shows the annual changes in the country-specific labor earnings premiums of college-educated workers relative to workers with primary or less education . The variations have been truncated at 20 percent in absolute terms to control for outliers . Figure 10 Annual growth rate of the education premium and labor income inequality , selected countries , 1990 – 2003 and 2003 – 10 _Sources : _ Seventeen Latin American countries : SEDLAC database ; Russia : the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey ; Post Apartheid Labor Market Series : South Africa ; Turkey : I2D2-LFS ; the United States : I2D2-IPUMS . See annexes A . 1 and A . 2 for details . _Note : _ The underlying data represent the change in wage inequality and the change in the earnings premiums for each country and circa period . The years selected for each country-circa combination may be different depending on survey availability and to assure , to the extent possible , within-country comparability for each period ; see annex B . 1 for details . In the case of the y-axis , the growth rate of the education premium is plotted . For the x-axis , the growth rate of the labor income Gini is plotted . The educational categories — college , high school , and primary education or less ( reference category ) — follow country-specific education systems ; see section 3 and equation 1 for details . The sample covers full time , wage , and self-employed workers 15 – 64 years of age . The values of the 1st and 100th percentiles of the earnings distribution were trimmed by each gender-education cell . The size of the bubbles represent the population of the country . Our results show that", "spans": [{"start": 961, "end": 976, "text": "SEDLAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 992, "end": 1029, "text": "Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1032, "end": 1066, "text": "Post Apartheid Labor Market Series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1093, "end": 1101, "text": "I2D2-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1124, "end": 1134, "text": "I2D2-IPUMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 : Philippine ’ s export and import shares pre and during the lockdown * * | * * Product * * | * * Exports ( % * * | * * shares ) * * | * * Imports ( % * * | * * shares ) * * | * * Dife * * | * * rence * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Pre-lockdown * * | * * Lockdown * * | * * Pre-lockdown * * | * * Lockdown * * | * * Exports * * | * * Imports * * | | Components / Devices | 41 . 80 | 44 . 40 | 8 . 12 | 10 . 75 | 2 . 60 | 2 . 63 | | Electronic Data Processing | 9 . 37 | 8 . 68 | 3 . 47 | 4 . 60 | - 0 . 69 | 1 . 12 | | Consumer Electronics | 1 . 19 | 1 . 37 | 1 . 14 | 1 . 01 | 0 . 18 | - 0 . 13 | | Ignition wiring | 3 . 30 | 2 . 94 | 0 . 07 | 0 . 07 | - 0 . 36 | 0 . 00 | | Machinery & Transport Equipment | 3 . 76 | 3 . 47 | 15 . 73 | 11 . 12 | - 0 . 29 | - 4 . 61 | | Other Products | 40 . 58 | 39 . 14 | 71 . 47 | 72 . 45 | - 1 . 44 | 0 . 98 | Note : Lockdown represents months trading partners of the Philippines imposed restrictions Source : Authors ’ compilation using PSA data import trade partners of the Philippines before and after the lockdown . Approximately 79 % of exports from the Philippines were to these countries before the lockdown . The share rose to 82 % after the lockdown . As for imports , these countries made up to 77 % and 80", "spans": [{"start": 1030, "end": 1038, "text": "PSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "eradicated from Tanzania , and the government reduced testing and monitoring efforts and ordered schools to reopen . < sup > 17 , 18 < / sup > Case counts , hospitalization , and mortality data were unavailable ; however , informal reports suggest that there were multiple waves of respiratory illness and deaths in the subsequent months . Despite this , the government did not endorse mask-wearing or vaccination . < sup > 18 < / sup > In March 2021 , President Magufuli died and was replaced by President Samia Suluhu Hassan , who announced plans to develop a coronavirus task force and urged the citizens of Tanzania to take preventive measures , including social distancing . < sup > 17 < / sup > The President warned of a third wave in June 2021 , though masks and vaccination efforts were not publicly endorsed . The Ministry of Health , Community Development , Gender , Elderly and Children ( MOHCDGEC ) then changed course , submitting a request to the global COVAX program , an initiative that is co-led between Gavi , the Vaccine Alliance , WHO , and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations to improve global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines . Government officials subsequently reported 176 incident cases and 29 deaths during the “ third wave ” , recommended mask use , precautionary measures , and began a vaccination campaign . < sup > 19 < / sup > By June 1 , 2022 , 33 , 928 cumulative cases and 803 deaths had been reported , < sup > 15 < / sup > likely a significant underestimation of the true toll . # * * Study population and design * * The _Rewarding STI Prevention and Control in Tanzania II_ ( “ RESPECT II ” ) study < sup > 20 < / sup > was conducted from May 2018 to January 2022 in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania , which has an estimated FSW population of 155 , 450 and an HIV prevalence of 26 % for FSW . < sup > 21 < / sup > The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a lottery intervention on combined HIV / STI incidence among FSW . In May 2018 ,", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 193, "text": "mortality data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aNNEx 2 : # * * GCR IndICatoR metadata * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "id"}
{"text": "we ended up with 321 strict green terms and 37 additional terms for the broad green list . Second , we use the South Africa-adjusted green dictionary and follow the method used by Vona ( 2019 ) to calculate the GTI scores for each occupation as per Equation 1 . Third , to merge the GTI scores to PALMS , we used crosswalks to transform the ISCO-08 occupation codes to the ISCO-88 codes used in the PALMS . Finally , we define an occupation – and the jobs within it – as green based on its calculated GTI . An occupation is defined as green if it has a GTI greater than zero . All the jobs corresponding to that occupation are assigned the same GTI and the same greenness status . We generate a list of strictly green occupations , which are those occupations with a GTI-strict value that is a positive number . The broadly green occupation list are those occupations with a GTI-broad value that is greater than zero . We primarily use the strictly green occupations for our analysis , as the list of GTI-strict terms more concisely identifies jobs with tasks that are currently engaged in the green economy . But we present and discuss the results for both strictly and broadly green occupations , understanding that the results emerging from the analysis of strictly green jobs can be taken as the lower bound of green employment and broadly green jobs taken as the upper bound of green employment . > 20 The OFO is DHET ’ s tool for identifying , reporting , and monitoring scarce and critical skills . This list cannot be easily mapped to household survey data because the structure of the occupation code differs from that of ISCO-88 ( DHET 2013 ) . For example , the OFO only has 8 one-digit ISCO occupations because major code 7 and 8 have been combined , making it hard to disentangle crafts and related trades and machine operators . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1543, "end": 1564, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "describes both the research design as well as key variables . Section 3 reports results and section 4 concludes with a discussion of the implications for policy and programming . # * * 2 . Data and Methods * * # # Research Design and Data Collection Strategy Gallup Pakistan was contracted by the World Bank to conduct a nationally representative survey . As pandemic health protocols precluded in-person interviews , interviews were conducted by telephone . Calls were made from December 2021 to February 2022 using random digit dialing ( RDD ) of mobile phones using all four telecom providers with active numbers across the country . 8", "spans": [{"start": 321, "end": 353, "text": "nationally representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 3 – Bank Accounts Register * * | * * Name of * * < br > * * Account * * < br > * * Central Bank * * | * * Branch * * < br > * * of Kenya * * | * * Type * * | * * Currency * * | * * Account No . * * | * * Balance as per * * < br > * * Bank Certifi - * * < br > * * cate ( Kshs . ) * * | * * Purpose * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rec-Control - < br > ler of Budget | Central < br > Bank of < br > Kenya-Head < br > Office | Recurrent | Kenya Shillings | 1000181338 | * * 12 , 166 , 884 . 85 * * | OCoB recur - < br > rent opera - < br > tional account | | Dep-Control - < br > ler of Budget | Central < br > Bank of < br > Kenya-Head < br > Office | Deposit | Kenya Shillings | 1000182369 | * * 4 , 939 , 543 . 65 * * | Holding < br > OCoB Third < br > Party amounts | | CBK-165 < br > Controller of < br > Budget | Central < br > Bank of < br > Kenya-Head | Cash | Kenya Shillings | 1000182628 | * * 0 * * | OCoB cash < br > operational < br > account | | | Office | | | | | | | * * Commercial B * * < br > i | * * anks * * < br > | | | | | | | Office of the < br > Controller < br > of Budget < br > - High", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 36, "text": "Bank Accounts Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 1 < / sup > . Over the last ten years , Uganda reduced the proportion of households living under US $ 1 . 90 per day faster than any other country in Sub-Saharan Africa . 3 . * * However , the decrease in poverty remains fragile . * * In 2013 , 43 percent of the population was considered vulnerably non-poor . This implies that though these households were above the official poverty line , there is a high risk of them falling back into poverty subject to economic , political , weather , or other shocks . Inequality , too , has increased due to the relatively lower consumption growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population . The Gini coefficient increased from 0 . 36 in 1993 to 0 . 40 in 2013 . In 2014 , Uganda ranked 163 out of the 188 countries on the Human Development Index < sup > 2 < / sup > . 4 . * * There are large and increasing regional inequalities with most of the poor concentrated in the North and the East of the country . * * In 2006 , approximately 60 percent of the poor lived in the northern and eastern parts of the country and by 2013 this proportion had increased to 84 percent . At the sub-regional level , most of the poor live in the Mid-North and the East , 20 . 7 percent and 22 percent respectively . The West Nile sub-region ( along with East Central and North East ) also has a double-digit percentage of poverty . Despite the growing urbanization , nearly 84 percent of the population and 90 percent of the poor lived in rural areas in 2013 . The rural poor mainly derive their income from agriculture and thus remain vulnerable to weather shocks . 5 . * * Uganda has one of the most rapidly growing populations in the world , which is creating pressure on public service delivery and infrastructure * * . The country ’ s average population growth rate , according to the 2014 census , was three percent per year", "spans": [{"start": 773, "end": 796, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1823, "end": 1834, "text": "2014 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "K . ENYA A \\ mNEX 1l & a ) GITARU - IYDROELECTRIC PROJECT # # # # # # TiE KENYA POIJER COMrAPNY LIMIlTED # # # # # # TAtJA RIVER DEVELOPMENT COMiPAt-Y LIMITED COl ; 3I . JED 3ALANCE SHEET AS OF DECEtMBER 31 , 1972-1980 | | | ACTUAL | | | | ESTIMAT | ED | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1076 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 198ia | | ASSFTS | | | | | | | | | | | PLANT < br > IN npFRATION < br > | 1 264 | 13965 | < br > ? 28949 | < br > 29618 | 29h4an | < br > 2964e | 77 ? 37 | * * _791177_ * * | 791477 | | LFSS : < br > DFPRECIATTON | 3473 | 3792 | 411 ' | 4755 | 59ial / | 607 / i | h7S4 | 83814 | 10091 | | NET PLANT | 9791 | 9773 | 24432 | ? 4963 | 24226 | 23966 | 70903i | _110HR_ | 6918k | | WORK < br > * * IN * * PRQGRFSS | 5662 | * * 11675 * * | 10 , 1 | l0278 | 251 ' 2 | G0343 | < br > 0 | n | < br > In | | R & E FUlND TNVEST", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where i is the log of the unit price of a food product in LGA _j_ at wave _t_ and D i is the share of people who live in the LGA covered by 3G / 4G for different lengths of time ( e . g . , one year or more ; 2 years or more ; 3 years or more ) . The key food products include the five most consumed products PP among the poor who live under the $ 1 . 90 poverty line : rice , palm oil , beef , white beans , and groundnut oil . i includes the same set of time-varying household control variables as included in Equation 1 but now aggregated to the LGA level . XX Another way in which mobile can drive improvements in individual and household welfare is by enabling access to financial services , especially mobile money . Studies have shown that mobile money reduces transaction costs for users and helps households to better manage their cash-flows more effectively , enabling them to smooth consumption , manage risk and build working capital . It can also provide for higher incomes through remittances . < sup > 23 < / sup > However , the adoption of mobile money in Nigeria was limited during the 2010-2016 period . Evidence from the World Bank Findex survey shows that the proportion of adults using mobile money in Nigeria was 2 % in 2014 and 5 % in 2017 . < sup > 24 < / sup > Given such low levels of usage , it is very unlikely that any impact of mobile broadband coverage on consumption or poverty was driven by mobile money access . In terms of the labor market and price mechanisms , we run each of our regressions on several subsamples to explore heterogeneous effects by : gender ; initial level of consumption of each household ; region ; age ; area ( urban / rural ) of residence ; education and literacy status of the household head or respondent , and the presence of children under the age of three in any of the three waves . # Pre-treatment trends By focusing on mobile broadband coverage and not mobile broadband usage ( which is a household choice )", "spans": [{"start": 1140, "end": 1164, "text": "World Bank Findex survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which contain an administrative < br > seat ; and communes < br > established as appropriate and without regard to size . < br > Economically active - all persons over 11 . Women ' s < br > participation < br > - < br > 65 percent versus 77 percent for men . | | _Av_ | This conception of the rural economic transformation < br > draws on a < br > wealth of antecedent views , most explicitly expressed by Johnston < br > and Kilby ( 1975 ) , but also drawing on Anderson and Leiserson < br > ( 1980 ) , Anthony et al . ( 1979 ) and Binswanger ( 1983 ) , Byerlee and < br > Eicher ( 1974 ) , Liedholm ( 1973 ) , and Vyas and Nathai ( 1978 ) . | | | African rural nonfarm entrepreneurs < br > commonly hire or apprentice 50 < br > to 70 percent of their workers from outside the family ( Aluko , < br > 1972 and 1973 ; Malawi , 1980 ; Milimo and Fisseha , 1986 ; Mozambique , < br > 1983 ; Rwanda , 1978 ; Tanzania , 1982 ; Wilcock and Chuta , 1982 ; < br > Williams and McClintock , 1981 ; all data reported in Haggblade , < br > Hazell and Brown , 1987 , Table 13 ) . In agriculture , nonfamily < br > labor usage averages closer to 15-20 percent of total farm < br > employment ( Eicher and Baker , 1982 ; Byerlee , 1980 ; Anthony et al . , < br > 1979 ; Cleave , 1974 ; Collier and Lal , 1986 ; Collier , Radwan and < br > Wargwe , 1986 ; Ghai and Radwan , 1983b ; Natlon et al . , 1979 ; Norman , < br > 1972 ; Norman , Pryor and Gibbs , 1979 ; Oates , 1984 ; Robertson and < br > Hughs , 1978 ; Spencer and Byerlee , 1976 ; and Weinrich , 1975 ) . < br > Combining these estimates with the labor force data in Table 1 , we < br > estimate that about 20 percent of Africa", "spans": [{"start": 994, "end": 1020, "text": "data reported in Haggblade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1595, "end": 1611, "text": "labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "public schools and in urban areas , the latter to reduce logistical complexity of parcel delivery — in the Lima region population is predominantly urban , whereas in Junín and Ancash approximately 2 out of 3 households are located in urban areas . Three types of schools were excluded from the sampling frame : ( a ) those located in districts in the top quintile of wealth ; ( b ) those that operated night-shifts only ; and , ( c ) those with fewer than 15 pupils in total . These restrictions resulted in a universe of 946 schools in the three regions . To maximize statistical power , it was decided to sample 800 from these 946 schools . In total , 400 of the 800 schools were randomly selected to receive the ‘ GYM package ’ . The study contains two equally powered samples : the _metropolitan_ samples with 398 schools from the Lima region , a densely populated area with over 12 million inhabitants , and the _regional_ sample which includes 402 urban and peri-urban schools in the regional towns of Ancash and Junín . To ensure balance in the experimental sample and maximize statistical power , treatment status was stratified across poverty quintiles and regional strata ( Bruhn and McKenzie , 2008 ) , making 12 strata in total . < sup > 15 < / sup > * * Table 1 * * provides an overview of treatment and control schools , across the pooled and individual experiments . Treatment schools were targeted to receive the ‘ GYM package ’ and to implement the Grow Your Mind session during regular tutorial hours in 2015 . In each institution that received the package , tutor teachers were asked to implement the session in every classroom for grades seven and eight . Control schools were not approached , and , thus , continued using the national curriculum in their tutorial sessions . The experiment was designed to assess the impact of the ‘ GYM package ’ using information from the students ’ census evaluation ( _Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes_ , ECE ) , administered a few months after the intervention for those in the eighth grade , and more than a year later for those in the seventh grade (", "spans": [{"start": 1895, "end": 1923, "text": "students ’ census evaluation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| World Bank | Mission visits to the project sites where | | - - - | - - - | | | resettlement activities are being implemented | | | to ensure that the project is adhering to the | | | ESSs and ESF | # # * * 13 . 2 . 2 Indicators to Determine Status of Affected People * * These indicators are most important with respect to the RPF policy on resettlement and compensation . They will be informed by the baseline survey and will provide the council and the World Bank data and trends for refocusing the project and for improving delivery as a whole . The following will be considered : - i ) Affected individuals , households , and communities are able to maintain or improve their pre project livelihood standards - ii ) standard of living , and even improve on it ; and iii ) The local communities remain supportive of the project . iv ) Specific indicators may include the following , which would indicate a change in : v ) quality of , and access to services , number of people employed vi ) number of people engaged in income-generating activities vii ) number of vulnerable people viii ) sources of income ix ) expenditure pattern . # # * * 13 . 2 . 3 Annual Audit * * The annual audit of RPF implementation , and as applicable RAP implementation in sub-project ( s ) , includes : - ( i ) a summary of RAP performance of each sub-project ; ( ii ) a compliance review of RAP implementation process ; and - ( iii ) a progress report on the quality of RAP implementation in terms of application of guidelines provided in this RPF . The audit will verify results of monitoring of RAP implementation indicators and assess whether the project achieved the resettlement objectives . A specific measure of whether livelihood and living standards have been restored or enhanced will be completed . The audit will also assess the efficiency , effectiveness , impact , and sustainability of RAP sub-project activities . The aim is to learn lessons for application to future sub-projects or", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 419, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 11068 # * * Abstract * * Using data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys from 2006 to 2023 , this paper studies the corporate ethical standards of technological digital oriented firms . The findings indicate that technology and digitalization positively impact the adoption of environmental and social standards . However , digital oriented technological firms show lower governance standards . These results are influenced by country culture , the burden of business regulation , and the perception of the courts as an obstacle to business activity . This underscores the importance of the broader society and the quality of the business environment in shaping how digital oriented technological firms adopt ethical standards . This paper is a product of the Global Indicators Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at dmare @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 104, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wind direction in a 10-year analysis for the region . In the second part of the paper , we explore the distributional implications of our findings . Using our methodology for analysis of spatial pollution displacement , we quantify NO2 pollution exposure for residents in the displacement path . To index relative vulnerability , we use WorldPop digital maps to estimate the number of children ( 0-5 years ) and elderly adults ( 65 + ) in poor households in each grid cell . We develop separate indicators for three measures of poverty incidence based on the global multi-dimensional poverty index ( MPI ) ; a poverty line of $ US 1 . 25 / day ; and a poverty line of $ US 2 . 00 / day . We combine our pollution exposure and pollution vulnerability measures to produce a composite pollution impact measure for each grid cell . We aggregate our measures for level-3 administrative divisions and map the results to assess the implications . We find three elements of primary significance . First , areas of the city have highly-varied “ environmental endowments ” driven by strongly-seasonal weather effects on the spatial distribution and intensity of NO2 pollution . Pollution exposure is worst for areas that are in the wind path from high-traffic areas in seasons when pollution is maximized by weather factors . The second critical element is the spatial juxtaposition of environmental endowments and vulnerability . Some highly-vulnerable areas have poor environmental endowments while others do not , with potentially-critical significance for pollution impact analysis . The third element relates to the definition of poverty . Vulnerability 20", "spans": [{"start": 337, "end": 358, "text": "WorldPop digital maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 559, "end": 597, "text": "global multi-dimensional poverty index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Table 3_ - Years of life lost related to dietary risks in Brazil | Diseases related to dietaryrisks | Years of life lost | | - - - | - - - | | Ischemic heart disease | 1 , 700 , 337 | | Intracerebral hemorrhage | 371 , 371 | | Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 358 , 077 | | Total cancers | 335 , 480 | | Ischemic stroke | 281 , 207 | | Colon and rectum cancer | 204 , 317 | | Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 148 , 322 | | Hypertensive heart disease | 60 , 017 | | Stomach cancer | 39 , 746 | | Esophageal cancer | 38 , 375 | | Breast cancer | 32 , 387 | | Tracheal , bronchus , and lungcancer | 20 , 656 | | Other cardiomyopathy | 19 , 691 | | Chronic kidneydisease due to hypertension | 11 , 773 | | Chronic kidneydisease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 | 11 , 361 | | Aortic aneurysm | 11 , 041 | | Chronic kidneydisease due to other and unspecified causes | 11 , 022 | | Chronic kidneydisease due toglomerulonephritis | 10 , 726 | | Other cardiovascular and circulatorydiseases | 9 , 911 | | Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 6 , 022 | | Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease | 3 , 035 | | Endocarditis | 2 , 909 | | Chronic kidneydisease due to diabetes mellitus type 1 | 2 , 733 | | Rheumatic heart disease | 2 , 209 | | Peripheral arterydisease | 1 , 389 | | Total | 3 , 694 , 114 | Source : Global Burden of Disease 2019 # 4 . 3 . Hospital Information System - SIH / SUS The average expenditures for the treatment of each disease are derived from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified National Health System ( SIH / SUS ) , which adheres to the International Classification of Diseases , 10th revision ( ICD-10 ) . It is important to note that these expenditures primarily reflect the public sector ( based on reimbursement rates ) . To establish the medical expenditures associated with each risk factor-related disease , we link them to the", "spans": [{"start": 1293, "end": 1322, "text": "Global Burden of Disease 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mechanisms , as these may provide effective substitutes for electoral control . To do so , the paper uses the Index of Executive Oversight , an interval indicator ( ranging from 0-9 ) constructed by Hamilton and Stapenhurst ( 2009 ) using data on the following factors to determine to what extent the non-elected elements of a polity are under the supervision of elected officials / voters at large : ( 1 ) the existence and powers of a parliamentary public finance committee ( 0-3 ) ; ( 2 ) the ability of elected officials to summon and scrutinize the actions of un-elected officials ( 0-2 ) ; ( 3 ) the ability of elected officials to censure and dismiss members of the executive ( 0-2 ) ; ( 4 ) the existence of an Ombudsperson ( 0-1 ) ; and ( 5 ) the existence of an Access to Information Law ( 0-1 ) . In addition to this measure , it is also possible to use the World Bank ’ s indicator for Government Effectiveness as a potential measure of the existence of oversight mechanisms faced by NEDDs . While , this measure is usually used as a measure of rent extraction ( e . g . Persson and Tabellini , 2003 ) , the index is in fact supposed to be measuring the extent to which non-elected policy-makers are independent of political control ( World Bank , 2010 ) . Therefore , while caution needs to be exercised in interpreting the results , it is possible to use this measure as a robustness check , to see whether the existence of an efficient non-electoral mechanism of oversight , associated with an independent non-elected public sector , is in fact associated with less perceived rent extraction . As Table 1 . 04 shows , controlling for the existence of non-electoral oversight mechanisms does not alter the basic results , which remain the same : the EDD / NEDD ratio exhibits a highly statistically significant and negative effect on rent extraction , especially in high-income democracies . Consistent with the large literature on the importance of oversight , both the Index of Oversight and the measure of Government Effectiveness are also associated with reduced rent extraction . These findings suggest that while non-electoral", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Development , Industry and Foreign Trade . These data include information on firm-level export status in each year over 2009-2012 , as well as the share of industry-level exports to each destination in 2008 . To construct industry-specific real exchange rate instruments , we have supplemented these data with information on the consumer price index from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank and bilateral nominal exchange rates from the International Financial Statistics of the International Monetary Fund . We further use detailed administrative records on training provision collected by the largest training provider in the manufacturing sector – _Servi ̧ co Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial_ ( SENAI ) , the training arm of the national confederation of industry . < sup > 3 < / sup > From these records , we extracted the set of workers trained in each year , worker-level information on demographics , occupation before starting the course , training category and course duration , as well as enrollment and completion dates . The data cover around 270 , 000 trainees per year . SENAI provides five categories of job training : ( 1 ) technical upgrading ; ( 2 ) apprenticeship ; ( 3 ) initiation ; ( 4 ) habilitation ; and ( 5 ) qualification courses . The various course types have different objectives . In particular , technical upgrading courses differs considerably from the other training categories . Technical upgrading courses are aimed at workers seeking to update , expand or complement the professional skills they have acquired in a specific occupation or field of work . Their duration varies between 40 and 120 hours . The curriculum is advanced and occupation-specific . They focus mainly on the skill needs resulting from technological innovations and new production and management processes . For instance , for industrial electricians , SENAI offers a course on electrical controls which lasts 80 hours . > 3SENAI is the national service for training in the Brazilian industrial sector . It consists of a network of professional schools established and maintained by _Confedera ̧ c ̃ ao Nacional da Ind ́ ustria_ ( CNI ) , the national confederation of industry . SENAI is part of _Sistema S_ which is a set of vocational training institutions managed by CNI", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 390, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 455, "end": 489, "text": "International Financial Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) * * 6 . The Program aims to address challenges that prevents Jordan ’ s health system to be more efficient and effective to provide people-centric quality services * * . According to the Global Digital Health Index ( 2018 ) , Jordan has developed a more mature digital health landscape ( with an overall score of 4 out of 5 ) , compared to other neighboring countries , such as Iraq and Kuwait . However , due to multiple electronic information systems designed and operated in silos , data systems have been fragmented with inconsistent data quality . Other assessments also highlight areas for improvement , such as governance ( for example , a lack of standards across different systems and enforcement ) , ICT infrastructure ( for example , limited coverage of ICT equipment and broadband coverage at health facilities ) , and institutional and workforce capacity . Accordingly , the Program aims to address critical gaps by supporting the expansion , interoperability , and effective use of digital health information systems in Jordan . With Jordan ’ s mature digital health landscape , expected results from the Program will enable Jordan to establish a conducive governance environment for more transparent and effective integration of innovative technologies in the health sector . In addition , the Program builds on the legacy that Jordan had invested in during the last 10 years . As such , it would help to transform health sector service delivery and produce more quality data for timely decision-making . The Program aims to address critical gaps by supporting the expansion , interoperability , and effective use of digital health information systems in Jordan . The Program includes Results Areas that foster a foundational environment , thus enabling digital transformation at scale via the HIE and appropriate oversight , governance , and management mechanisms . Building on the strong interoperability layer , the national EMR system will be expanded to all MOH facilities at the primary , secondary , and tertiary levels . Currently , the Electronic Medical Records do not track refugee status , making it difficult to determine whether", "spans": [{"start": 283, "end": 310, "text": "Global Digital Health Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * UG-Competive . & Enterprise . Dev . Project ( P130471 ) providing a sustainable and renewable energy source . For structures located within wildlife habitats , the project adopted environmentally sensitive construction practices to minimize ecological disruption . # # * * d . Other * * The ICR did not report any other impacts . | * * 11 . Ratings * * < br > * * Ratings * * | * * ICR * * | * * IEG * * | * * Reason for * * < br > * * Disagreements / Comment * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Outcome | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | | | Bank Performance | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | | | Quality of M & E | Substantial | Substantial | | | Quality of ICR | - - - | Modest | | # # * * 12 . Lessons * * The ICR identified several findings , recommendations and lessons discussed on pages 33-35 . This review has identified five lessons which are rephrased below . * * Benchmarking against international standards can contribute to calibrating reform ambition , incentivizing institutional performance , and credibly demonstrating results . * * The Project ' s success in reducing the time and cost of land registration illustrates this principle . According to the _Doing Business 2020_ report , registering property in Sub-Saharan Africa averaged 51 . 6 days and cost 7 . 2 % of the property value . By project close , Uganda had reduced transaction time to 11 days and costs to approximately 3 % of property value , as documented in the 2024 Results Framework . These achievements , enabled by digitized records , streamlined workflows , and enhanced transparency , underscore the strategic value of global benchmarking in shaping reform trajectories , sustaining momentum , and achieving results .", "spans": [{"start": 1266, "end": 1294, "text": "_Doing Business 2020_ report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more extreme poverty line . These results imply that poorer households benefitted most from mobile broadband coverage . The magnitude of our results can be compared with those shown by Beuermann et al . ( 2012 ) and Blumenstock et al . ( 2020 ) , with the difference that they estimate the effect of access to mobile coverage rather than mobile broadband coverage . Using data from rural Peru between 2004 and 2009 , Beuermann et al . ( 2012 ) find that mobile phone expansion increases real consumption by 11 percent and reduced the incidence of poverty by 8 percentage points and the incidence of extreme poverty by 5 . 4 percentage points . Using data from 14 rural and geographically isolated areas in the Philippines between 2016 and 2018 , Blumenstock et al . ( 2020 ) find that the introduction of a new phone tower led to an increase in household income of 17 percent , and increased household expenditures by 10 percent . # Channels of impact Turning to the different causal channels through which access to 3G / 4G translates into greater welfare , we examine if mobile broadband coverage affects labor and employment outcomes as well as prices . We find that individuals ( ages 15 to 64 ) from households that live in areas covered by 3G / 4G technologies are more likely to be in the labor force and to have wage / salaried employment . Table 8 shows a significant positive effect on labor force participation after at least two years of coverage . Similarly , those individuals who live in areas covered by 3G / 4G for three years or more are more likely to work in wage / salaried jobs , but not in self-employment jobs ( Table 9-11 ) . These results are almost identical for the specifications with and without control variables . The estimates for having coverage of any length and for having it for at least one year are very close to zero and statistically insignificant . However , having coverage for at least two years increases the proportion of individuals in the labor force by 2 . 6 percentage points , and for at least three years , this increases to 3 . 3 percentage points .", "spans": [{"start": 372, "end": 392, "text": "data from rural Peru", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 650, "end": 702, "text": "data from 14 rural and geographically isolated areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | | * * Countries With Fiscal Rule * * | 2 . 78 % | 1 . 01 % | | * * Countries Without Fiscal Rule * * | 3 . 41 % | 0 . 81 % | Source : Davoodi et al . ( 2022a ) and World Economic Outlook Database ( April 2022 Vintage ) Note ( s ) : Sample size of 41 middle and low-income countries . Perhaps the most notable development in fiscal rule usage recently has been the unprecedented spike in escape clause usage and fiscal rule suspension witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic . In 2020 and 2021 , 39 % and 36 % of low - and middle-income countries with fiscal rules , respectively , either temporarily suspended a rule or used an escape clause . < sup > 13 < / sup > The previous peak occurred in 2010 , when suspensions and escape clause usage stood at a 7 % rate , as only three countries abandoned their fiscal rules ( see Figure 2 ) . With the growing importance and relevance of fiscal rules in the years leading up to the pandemic , such a sudden breakdown in fiscal discipline raises the question of how long it will take for fiscal balances to return to their pre-pandemic trend , thus allowing > 13 See Appendix Table A1 for a list of all low - and middle-income countries that either enacted an escape clause or temporarily suspended a fiscal rule during 2020-2021 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 213, "text": "World Economic Outlook Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") developing a technical library for insurance supervision ; and ( d ) upgrading I T capability in the Insurance Supervision Department ; - Economic Research , Policy Formulation and Implementation function , which will focus , inter alia , on : ( a ) monetary policy and liquidity forecasting ; ( b ) financial market development ; ( c ) macroeconomic modeling and analysis ; ( d ) balance o f payments ( BOP ) analysis . Since these functions are closely linked to some o f the functions o f the Banking and Foreign Exchange Directorate , the project will include selective support in the areas o f improving reserve management , currency management and forex operations , and BOP and foreign trade statistics . - In addition , carehlly targeted support will be provided to NBE to strengthen the capacity o f its Internal Audit , Finance , Legal and IT Departments , and in the areas o f human resource management and bank modernization , to improve performance measurement and management , viewed as critical to the sustainability o f the capacity built through the project . _7_", "spans": [{"start": 679, "end": 711, "text": "BOP and foreign trade statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Several studies focused on the influence of migration on specific issues , such as fertility choice . Beine et al . ( 2013 ) found that < mark > a 1 percent change in the fertility norm to which migrants are exposed changes home country fertility by about 0 . 3 percent , an effect that was positive and significant . < / mark > For Egypt , Bertoli and Marchetta ( 2013 ) showed that return migration from the Middle Eastern countries had a positive and significant impact on pregnancy and childbearing . Finally , Diabate and Mespe-Somps ( 2019 ) showed a negative and significant impact of return migration from < mark > Côte d ’ Ivoire to Mali on female genital mutilation , which suggests a positive cultural influence . < / mark > In contrast to the strands of literature summarized above , only a few studies have examined the impact of return migration on changes in gender norms in the migrant countries of origin . For Morocco , deHaas and Fokkema ( 2010 ) < mark > highlighted the role of intra-household power inequalities and conflicts in migration decision-making , as well as the effects of migration decisions for intra-household power relations . < / mark > For Afghanistan , < mark > socioeconomic differences that existed before migration are reinforced by the migration experience , which results in strongly differentiated patterns of multidimensional embeddedness and transnational mobility ( V < / mark > an Houte et al . 2015 ) . For Pakistan , Khalid ( 2011 ) found that < mark > returning migrant men and women either take on new patterns of behavior or maintain the traditional ones regarding gender norms only when these are congruent with financial concerns of the family or can be integrated into living conditions upon return . < / mark > < mark > To our knowledge , only two studies considered the impact of migration experience on gendered norms . For Egypt , Samari ( 2021 ) examined h < / mark > ow gender norms and household gender dynamics were modified as a result of male return migration from other Arab countries using data from the 2006 and 2012 Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey . The study estimated treatment", "spans": [{"start": 2087, "end": 2121, "text": "Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 09 | - 0 . 01 | | | ( 0 . 12 ) | ( 0 . 12 ) | ( 0 . 12 ) | ( 0 . 15 ) | ( 0 . 12 ) | | Post-graduate degree | 2 . 07 | 2 . 55 | 3 . 25 | 5 . 35 | 2 . 14 | | | ( 3 . 71 ) | ( 3 . 69 ) | ( 3 . 85 ) | ( 4 . 41 ) | ( 3 . 67 ) | | Studying abroad | - 7 . 92 * * | - 8 . 10 * * | - 6 . 24 | - 5 . 49 | - 8 . 10 * * | | | ( 3 . 75 ) | ( 3 . 73 ) | ( 3 . 84 ) | ( 4 . 81 ) | ( 3 . 76 ) | | Experience in large business | 2 . 93 | 2 . 64 | 2 . 44 | 2 . 90 | 2 . 47 | | | ( 2 . 80 ) | ( 2 . 78 ) | ( 2 . 87 ) | ( 3 . 28 ) | ( 2 . 79 ) | | Management Z-score | 0 . 34 | 0 . 53 | 0 . 34 | - 1 . 47 | 0 . 53 | | | ( 1 . 86 ) | ( 1 . 87 ) | ( 1 . 92 ) | ( 2 . 26 ) | ( 1 . 87 ) | | Observations | 885 | 891 | 853 | 605 | 892 | | R-squared | 0 . 21 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 24 | 0 . 21 | Table B4 : Regressions of sales on digitalization and quantiles of tech sophistication . _ ∗ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 _ , ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 _ , ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 1 Robust standard errors in parentheses . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * On September 25 , 2015 , countries appropriated a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) to end poverty , secure the planet , and ensure prosperity for all ( World Bank 2018b ) . The SDGs are a call for action by all nations — poor , rich , and middle-income — to advance prosperity while protecting the planet ( World Bank 2018a ) . The idea is that ending poverty must run inseparably from efforts to boost economic growth and address a range of social needs , including education , health , social protection , and job opportunities , while being mindful of environmental change and ecological security . For the goals to be reached , all stakeholders — governments , the private sector , civil society , and individual citizens — must be actively engaged ( World Bank 2018ab ) . Concurrently , efforts by the international community to take action on climate change led to the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCC ) , which has held annual Conferences of the Parties ( COPs ) since 1995 . In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted and ratified by 178 countries , committing virtually all countries to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects . One of the key requirements of the climate agreement is energy transition to promote greater use of renewable energy . Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) is particularly vulnerable to climate change . Its suffers from energy poverty , < sup > 1 < / sup > as well as severe flooding , coastal erosion , prolonged droughts , strong winds , crop damage , and biodiversity loss . Many case studies ( IIASA 2014 ; UNEP 2016 ) present evidence of the direct link between energy access and socioeconomic benefits and rural poverty reduction in Africa . A regional study by the World Bank suggests that less than 43 percent of the population of SSA had access to electricity in 2016 , with almost two-thirds of the population ( more than 600 million people ) living without electricity ( 80 percent in rural areas ) ( World Bank 2018b ) . The investment required to", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "field training and extensive practice to guarantee fluent and correct implementation of the different skill measurements . The first round of the survey started January 20 < sup > th < / sup > 2014 – and took approximately 3 weeks . The retest survey was conducted in the following 3 weeks . A small household and farm survey was implemented in parallel and provides the agricultural outcome variables . All survey activities , including tracking of harder to reach respondents were finished by the end of March . Almost all surveys were conducted before the start of the main agricultural season . Additional surveys were implemented at the end of the following four agricultural seasons with information on production outcomes and practices , and are used to investigate which skills best predict these economic outcomes . 11", "spans": [{"start": 300, "end": 325, "text": "household and farm survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "some smallholder producers experienced a tripling in farmgate milk prices during the * * 1967-1973 * * period . On the other hand , cooperatives generally are an attractive marketing channel only when local demand is satisfied to the extent that it-is more profitable to sell to the society than to neighbors and local eating establishments . Smallholders engaging in local sales may have experienced an increase in farmgate prices below the * * _35 % _ * * suggested in the Economic Survey series , or even a reduction in milk prices , on the assumption that increases in local production have the effect of bringing local market prices into line with the farmgate cooperative price . Pricing policies relating to milk have no doubt contributed greatly to the course of the project * * - * * and market price changes and expectations relating to market prices have had an even greater impact . 4 . 6 These observations suggest that the project may have had a differential impact depending on the level of development of districts included in the project . * * Highly * * developed smallholder dairy districts probably have experienced the greatest increase in milk prices and would also have suffered generally lower cattle mortality rates . Less developed dairy districts would have experienced a smaller increase or even a decline in milk prices , while also being prone to higher mortality experience in view of the relatively innovative nature of dairying in these areas and the relatively lower level of infrastructure , such as extension facilities , cattle dips , and established relationships between farmers and services desigped to promote and support dairying , etc . 4 . 7 At the same time , the impact of the project on the less prosperous sections of rural society may have been greatest in the more * * highly * * developed dairy districts , where adoption was reaching the smaller and less wealthy farmers , supported * * by * * infrastructure created initially to serve the early adopters who had established themselves prior to the project . In the less well developed dairy districts , however , the project probably helped to", "spans": [{"start": 475, "end": 497, "text": "Economic Survey series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P174041 ) | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 119 , 883 . 00 < br > 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | | Date | 31-Aug-2021 < br > 31-Aug-2021 < br > 10-Nov-2022 < br > 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | 119 , 883 people in RHDs and refugee settlements had received the J & J COVID-19 vaccines procured < br > with Bank retroactive financing of US $ 10 . 5 million by July 19 , 2022 . The figure on total beneficiaries is < br > low because it is only counting vaccines ; however , the MoH has deployed teams to the field to collect data < br > at the health facility levels to update the number and disaggregated figures by RHDs and settlements . < br > Similarly the disaggregated data - - by RHDs and settlements - - will be updated in the next ISR given that the < br > available figures at the center are aggregates . The PIU has developed a tool for helping biostatisticians at < br > the center and district levels to disaggregate the data by RHDs and settlements . |  Total number of people in refugee settlements benefiting from key Project interventions ( Number , Custom Supplement ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value < br > | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | IN01171024 < br >", "spans": [{"start": 801, "end": 819, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "west by Itang special woreda . The land of Lare comprises of marshes and grasslands . The woreda annual average rainfall is ranging from 1 , 900 – 2 , 100 millimeters and its elevations range from 410 to 430 meters above sea level . Part of Gambella National Park is located in Lare woreda , which occupies part of the area south of the Baro River . Lare woreda has 24 kebeles and according to the 2017 CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia , the woreda has a total population of 43 , 671 of whom 22 , 555 are men and 21 , 116 are women . From the total population 31 , 235 ( 71 . 5 % ) are living in rural areas . The total area of the woreda covers 685 . 17 km < sup > 2 < / sup > . The major ethnic groups living in the woreda are the Nuer community and majority of the inhabitants ( 86 . 81 % ) are followers of protestant religion followed by traditional believers ( 7 . 48 % ) , Catholic ( 2 . 69 % ) and Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity ( 1 . 79 % ) . The main livelihood activities of the community are pastoralism and agro-pastoralism . Opportunities for petty trading such as selling grains and 44", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 440, "text": "2017 CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "including good leadership practice , in response to the specific good practice question . Other examples of good practice were also provided where ‘ fully ’ complied with was ticked . By way of illustration , the following examples have been pulled out from the responses to the good practice question . While some of these should be standard practice , they are often not . The examples given highlight pro-active action taken by individual Representatives / Country Offices and it is hoped that they will inspire others to follow suit . | * * Accountability * * < br > * * Target * * | * * Action 2008-2009 * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Age , Gender and * * < br > * * Diversity Mainstreaming * * | - Adapting the PA tool and systematization forms to allow for ongoing weekly < br > participatory assessment and feedback to persons of concern . This approach has not < br > led to raising of expectations , as some offices have experienced when doing a one off < br > PA exercise , but to greater partnership working , ongoing dialogue , addressing of < br > expectations as they arise and understanding by all concerned . < br > - Selection of a specific topic for focus group discussion ( SGBV ) further to reluctance to < br > speak on the topic by people of concern . < br > - MFT meeting 2x month and inclusion of person of concern directly when relevant < br > through field visits < br > - Design of community building projects targeting specific needs and skills of women < br > and young people with local population , person of concern and other partners , based on < br > findings of 10 participatory assessments in selected communities < br > - After compilation of PA findings , Representative called a meeting with refugee < br > committees , partners and the MFT to share the findings and discuss them . This led to < br > the prioritizing of a need expressed by", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 6 shows the results from two estimations : one using annual data and the other using twoyear averages . < sup > 7 < / sup > As noted earlier , the objective of using the two-year averages is to smooth out business cycle effects . Clearly , an even longer period would have been desirable from the perspective of purging business cycle effects , but limitations in terms of the number of available data points prevented us from doing so . The estimated coefficient in the multinomial regressions reflects the likelihood of being in one cluster relative to a reference cluster . As noted earlier , the reference group used is the lower growth and higher vulnerability ( V ) cluster , which is the worst of all possible outcomes . * * Table 6 . Multinomial Logit Estimations based on Growth and Vulnerability Clusters * * 1 / | | | | | * * VUL * * | * * NER * * | * * ABILITY * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | < br > | * * Annual * * < br > | * * Data * * < br > | | * * Two * * < br > | * * - Year * * < br > | * * Average * * < br > | * * s * * < br > | | | | * * Lowe * * | * * r * * | * * Highe * * | * * r * * | * * Lowe * * | * * r * * | * * High * * | * * er * * | | Trade openness ; exports plus imports ( % of GDP ) | | - 0 . 024 | * * * | | | - 0 . 022 | | | | | Export and import growth rates , difference in % | | - 0 . 017 | | |", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 70, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda : Roads and Bridges in the Refugee Hosting Districts Project ( P171339 ) while developing the ESMP . NFA provided guidance on the requirements to be implemented by the project during ESIA consultations , for the section of the road passing though the 3 CFRs . . Based on the ESIA baseline findings , the road generally runs on a ridge or catchment divide and therefore intercepts a few small seasonal streams , rivers , or swamps with its major water crossings being R . Kochi at Baringa , R . Newa and R . Ofua swamp . The streams are comprised of a few permanent and many seasonal types whose shores are largely used for communal grazing and small-scale cultivation of paddy rice and some vegetables , with very minimal aquatic biodiversity given their seasonal nature . The vegetation in the riverine ecosystems is typical of fire resistant type typified by short and shrubby trees of Acacia hockii , Comberum and Piliostigma thonningii and common grasses especially Hyparrhenia rufa , Bricharia brithazantha ( bread grass ) , Sporobolus pyradimidalis ( Giant Rat ' s Tail Grass ) and Hyperrhenia spp which are all not of key conservation concern . The impact of the road works on the main rivers is minimal since these already have new bridges recently constructed and shall not be replaced ; one on R . Koch chainage 62 + 000 and another on R . Newa Chainage 75 + 726 . The road traverses through savanna mosaic of bush lands and thickets graduating into extensive woodlands in Moyo . For much of the project area , human activities have induced changes in vegetation especially in Koboko and Yumbe where population densities appear to be moderate . The project road traverses through 3 Central Forest Reserves ( CFRs ) ; Lodonga CFR in Yumbe District and Eria and Lobajo CFRs in Moyo District . The 3 CFRs are modified habitats having been heavily degraded and", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 327, "text": "ESIA baseline findings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", including surveys among affected populations to assess aspects of satisfaction and community perception . This will supplement existing reporting on outputs achieved in Turkey and Lebanon with a deeper , more qualitative understanding of the impact of the work and how it improves the lives of vulnerable communities affected by the Syria crisis . * * * * Specifically , in Lebanon , a fully - fledged M & E system was developed during 2017 , which provides multi-year framework for measuring progress against six expected impacts associated with the four strategic objectives of the plan . In addition , the Public Institutions Support Tracking ( PIST ) initiative informs and supplements reporting against objectives within the LCRP . PIST reports compile key information , derived from the ActivityInfo reporting system and directly from partners , including amounts of funding channeled to public institutions , numbers of staff provided , and numbers of people reached with assistance . In addition , the reports describe results achieved through narrative reporting , illustrated by stories that demonstrate the impact of the support being provided from the perspective of individual public service users . * * While more complex to track and report back on , a small number of qualitative indicators would usefully complement the existing quantitative data . It would also provide an opportunity to work with local groups and communities to get their feedback on perceptions of the relevance and effectiveness of assistance and the way it is being provided . # # # # # * * Case study : Improving measures of joint outcomes * * * * 3RP partners in Turkey and Lebanon are in the process of defining joint desired results and outcomes of higher level strategic objectives to guide the overall response in 2018 and 2019 ( and * * # # # # # # * * The Resilience Lens * * There is little to no evidence of outputs and indicators that track how the assistance is provided and the involvement of national and local actors . The ‘ how ’ is addressed in part by the ‘ Resilience Lens ’ . The Resilience Lens was introduced as part of the planning process for 2016 and", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 46, "text": "surveys among affected populations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 795, "end": 824, "text": "ActivityInfo reporting system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1348, "end": 1365, "text": "quantitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Note : The sign + denotes that the difference between the average tariff faced by men and by women is significant ( based on a t-test ) . # * * 5 . 2 . 4 Formal vs informal workers * * The household surveys reporting the principal economic activity during the reference week also identified the type of enterprise individuals were employed in . From this information , each enterprise was classified as belonging either to the formal or to the informal sector . The survey ' s definition of the informal sector is an enterprise employing less than 10 workers . Unfortunately , only 54 % of respondents reported the number of employees in the enterprise in which they worked . Nonetheless , workers in informal sector enterprises face an average 9 . 8 % tariff , which is significantly higher than the 7 . 2 % for enterprises classified as in the formal sector . # * * 5 . 3 Globalization did not narrow the bias against the poor * * While global tariffs fell from 1996 to 2012 , the tariffs facing the poor , workers in rural areas and women remained higher than those facing the rich , workers in urban areas and men , respectively ( Table 5 ) . In fact , the reduction in tariffs was slower for workers in rural areas and for women , while the tariff gap between the highest and lowest income decile remained unchanged over the 16-year period . Table 5 : Average Tariff Reduction between 1996 and 2012 ( change in percentage points ) | Decile 1 ( lowest 10 % ) | 2 . 6 | | - - - | - - - | | Decile 10 ( highest 10 % ) | 2 . 5 | | Rural | 2 . 4 | | Urban | 3 . 3 | | Women | 2 . 5 | | Men | 2 . 7 | 13", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 206, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "POPULATION < br > BELOW ABSOLUTE | | | | | | | < br > < br > < br > POVERTY INCOME LEVEL ( PERCENT ) | | | | | | | URBAN < br > RURAL | . . | . . | 60 . 0 < br > 650 | 39 . 3 < br > 690 | | | | . . | . . | . | . | | | Not < br > available < br > Not < br > applicable . | | | | | | NOTES - / a The group averages for each indicator are population-weighted arithmetic means . Coverage of countries among the indicators depends on availability of data and is not uniform . - Ib Unless otherwise noted , data for 1960 refer to any year between 1959 and 1961 ; for 1970 , between 1969 and 1971 ; and for Most Recent Estimate , between 1978 and 1980 . - / c Recent population growth rate for 1975-80 is 2 . 5X ; / d FAO data differ somewhat from Ministry of Agriculture data , and may exaggerate the apparent decline ; / e 1977 ; / f 1976 ; IS 1975 ; / h Addis ababa only ; / i 1965 . - 1 / Estimates differ from those in the text of the Report since the latter reflect the findings of the latest economic mission which visited Ethiopia in March 1983 . - 2 / An appraisal mission has re-estimated this figure to be about US $ 190 in - 1981 . May 1982", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 719, "text": "FAO data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 741, "end": 769, "text": "Ministry of Agriculture data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "liberalizations in developing countries ( Goldberg and Pavcnik , 2004 ; 2007 ) and for Latin America in particular . < sup > 12 < / sup > The literature for the region indicates , in general , that trade liberalization had a significant but relatively small impact on skill premia , widening the wage skill gap and increasing inequality in the income distribution as a whole , although these effects typically explain only a relatively small fraction of the total increase in the skill premium . An important issue that needs to be established on a case by case basis is the factor of production that represents each country ’ s comparative advantage with respect to its trade partners , and will thus benefit from trade liberalization – either non-renewable resources or unskilled labor , for instance . < sup > 13 < / sup > Besides these direct effects of trade openness , trade can also be a factor in the incorporation of capital goods complementary to skilled labor and thus introduce skill biased technical change ( Acemoglu , 2003 ; Yeaple , 2005 ) , which is also compatible with the evidence on the relationship between wage skills gaps and imports of machinery and equipment in the region ( Acosta and Gasparini , 2007 ) , as well as with exports ( Brambilla _et al_ . , 2011 ) . Because of the relevance of direct and indirect effects of trade on the wage skill premium , an index of average tariff levels is included in the regressions . < sup > 14 < / sup > While trade reforms where important in the 1990s in Latin America , there were relatively less policy changes in this area during the decade of 2000s . But a more salient feature of the decade of 2000s in Latin America was the growing importance of exports in the midst of a boom in commodity prices ( Baffes and Haniotis , 2011 ) and in the context of the emergence of new trade partners for the countries in the region , most notably China ( De La Torre _et al_ . , 2011 ) . Changes in terms of trade , were not homogeneous across the region – while they increased on average during the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MR , Siegel JE , Russell LB , Weinstein MC . ( eds ) . 1996 . Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . - Haacker , M . , Hallett , T . B . , & Atun , R . 2019 . On discount rates for economic evaluations in global health . Health Policy and Planning , czz127 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / heapol / czz127 - Hall , G . , & Patrinos , H . A . ( Eds . ) . 2006 . Indigenous peoples , poverty , and human development in Latin America . Palgrave Macmillan . - Hernandez , D . J . 2011 . Double Jeopardy : How Third-Grade Reading Skills and Poverty Influence High School Graduation . Annie E . https : / / eric . ed . gov / ? id = ED518818 - Hodges , Charles , Stephanie Moore , Barb Lockee , Torrey Trust and Aaron Bond . 2020 . The Difference Between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning . Available online at < u > https : / / er . educause . edu / articles / 2020 / 3 / the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teachingand-online-learning % C2 % A0 % C2 % A0 < / u > - Jaume , D . and Willén , A . 2019 . The Long-Run Effects of Teacher Strikes : Evidence from Argentina , \" Journal of Labor Economics 37 , no . 4 : 1097-1139 . < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1086 / 703134 < / u > - Jerrim , John , Luis Alejandro Lopez-Agudo , Oscar D . Marcenaro-Gutierrez , and Nikki Shure . 2017 . \" What happens when econometrics and psychometrics collide ? An example using the PISA data , \" Economics of Education Review , Elsevier , vol . 61 , pages 51-58 . Jones , S . 2017 . Do schools in low income countries really produce so little learning ? - Kaffenberger , M . 2020 . Modeling the Long-Run Learning Impact of the Covid-19 Learning Shock : Actions to ( More Than ) Mitigate Loss . RISE Insight Series . 2020 / 017 . https", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1445, "text": "PISA data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Value < br > quantitative or < br > Qualitative ) | Nobaseline data < br > available . . | Target not < br > formally < br > establislied . < br > • | Weighted-average < br > Value-Cost Ratio at < br > the farm-level < br > based on SG-2000 < br > datais2 . 4 . < br > \" ' \" - | | . . . . . . . . < br > Date achieved | | . . . ~ - . . . . . - ~ . \" . . . . . . . . . . | . . __ . - . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . < br > 1212009 | | Comments < br > ( incl . % < br > ~ ~ hie ~ ~ ~ < br > . . ~ ! 1 ! t . _ . | ICR estimate basedonh < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | ousehold surveys , officialprice d < br > . . . . . < br > . . . . . _ . ~ . . . . . . . . < br > . . . . . . . . . . . . . | ata , and other sources . < br > . . . . . . . . . . . | | IDdic ~ t ~ ~ ~ ! J = - . | ___________ < br > . c : ; o ! ' ~ ~ i ~ ~ ! ! ' ? n_ ~ f ! ~ ! . ti ~ i . ~ ~ | _____ < br > _____ < br > s_toecon < ? . . ~ - ~ . . ~", "spans": [{"start": 592, "end": 608, "text": "ousehold surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Mangahas , M . ( 1995 ) : “ Self-rated poverty in the Philippines , 1981-1992 , ” _International Journal of Public Opinion Research_ , 7 , 40 – 55 . - Morawetz , D . , E . Atia , G . Bin-Nun , L . Felous , Y . Gariplerden , E . Harris , S . Soustiel , G . Tombros , and Y . Zarfaty ( 1977 ) : “ Income Distribution and SelfRated Happiness : Some Empirical Evidence , ” _The economic journal_ , 87 ( 347 ) , 511 – 522 . - Ravallion , M . , and M . Lokshin ( 2000 ) : “ Identifying welfare effects from subjective questions , ” _Economica_ , ( 68 ) , 335 – 357 . - Runciman , W . G . ( 1966 ) : _Relative Deprivation and Social Justice_ , Reports of the Institute of Community Studies . Routledge and Kegan Paul , London , Boston and Henley . - Sandvik , E . , E . Diener , and L . Seidlitz ( 1993 ) : “ Subjective well-being : The convergence and stability of self-report and non self-report measures , ” _Journal of Personality_ , 61 ( 3 ) , 317 – 342 . - Saris , W . E . , A . C . Scherpenzeel , R . Veenhoven , and B . Bunting ( 1996 ) : _A comparative study of satisfaction with life in Europe_ . Eotvos University Press . - Schwarze , J . , and M . Harpfer ( 2003 ) : “ Are People Inequality Averse , and Do They Prefer Redistribution by the State ? A Revised Version , ” _IZA Discussion Paper , No . 974_ . - Senik , C . ( 2004 ) : “ When information dominates comparison . Learning from Russian subjective panel data , ” _Journal of Public Economics_ , 88 , 2099 – 2133 . - Truglia , R . N . P . ( 2007 ) : “ Can a rise in income inequality improve welfare ? , ” _mimeo_ . - Veenhoven , R . ( 1993 ) : _Happiness in nations : Subjective appreciation of life in 56 nations 1946-1992_ . Rotterdam Erasmus University Press", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 15 . Others of concern to UNHCR , 2006 * * * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > This table does not include stateless persons . See Table 14 for an overview of stateless persons . * * | Country < br > of | | Pop . sta | rt-2006 < br > _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ | Pop . en | d-2006 < br > _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ | Chan | ge ( % ) < br > _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | residence | Description / origin | Total | _assisted_ | Total | _assisted_ | Total | _assisted_ | | Azerbaijan | Rejected Afghan asylum-seekers | 296 | 296 | 372 | 372 | 26 % | 26 % | | Azerbaijan | Rejected Iraqi asylum-seekers | 31 | 31 | 23 | 23 | - 26 % | - 26 % | | Belarus | Asylum-seekers of concern to UNHCR | 2 , 414 | 256 | 2 , 431 | 186 | 1 % | - 27 % | | Brazil | Colombians at the Brazilian border region | 4 , 000 | - | 17 , 000 | - | 325 % | . . | | Cambodia | Rejected Vietnamese asylum-seekers | 31 | 31 | 60 | 60 | 94 % | 94 % | | China | Various nationalities of concern to UNHCR | 3 | 3 | 19 | 19 | 533 % |", "spans": [{"start": 74, "end": 82, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 < / sup > > 2 See Yang ( 2011 ) for a recent survey on the impact of international remittances . > 3 See Beegle et al . ( 2011 ) and De Brauw et al . ( 2015 ) . > 4 For example , the Philippines recorded an almost equal number of domestic and international migrants in its 2010 census . But its labor policies are mainly focused on facilitating the employment of overseas Filipino workers ( OFWs ) . In contrast , China is the second largest recipient of international remittances after India , but its government is more intent on regulating urban-rural migration , paying less attention to promoting overseas jobs for Chinese citizens . > 5 Previous work includes Adams ( 1998 ) , who looked at the impact of external and internal remittances on the accumulation of assets in rural Pakistan , finding that only external remittances increased agriculture land holdings ; and Lokshin et al . ( 2010 ) , who found that domestic migration did more to reduce poverty in Nepal than overseas migration . 2", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 286, "text": "2010 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "~ ~ , robbed and taken to detention centres or private houses and farms , where they are subjected to fo ~ ~ r ~ ~ ced labour , rape , and other sexual violence . ” < sup > 15 < / sup > Around 6 % of those who arrived in Italy departed from Egypt . While over 4 , 000 Syrians crossed the sea from North Africa in the first half of 2015 , in 2016 the number of Syrians on this route was far lower with only 1 , 200 crossing the sea from North Africa to Italy . The number of deaths of refugees and migrants in the Mediterranean as they attempted to reach Europe in 2016 is the highest on record < sup > 16 < / sup > , primarily 15 < u > http : / / unsmil . unmissions . org / Portals / unsmil / Documents / Migrants % 20 report-EN . pdf < / u > 16 < u > http : / / www . unhcr . org / news / briefing / 2016 / 10 / 580f1d044 / mediterraneandeath-toll-soars-all-time-high . html < / u > MONTHLY SEA ARRIVALS IN ITALY 2013 - 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Read more : < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 30 , 000 < br > 27 , 384 < br > 25 , 000 23 , 552 < br > 22 , 371 21 , 294 < br > 19 , 925 < br > 20 , 000 < br > 16 , 975 < br > 15 , 000 13 , 581 < br > 9 , 676 9 , 149 8 , 428 < br > 10 , 000 < br > 5 , 273 < br > 5 , 000 3 , 828 < br > - < br > Jan Feb Mar Apr May", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 914, "text": "MONTHLY SEA ARRIVALS IN ITALY", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9479 Does Maternal Depression Undermine Childhood Cognitive Development ? Evidence from the Young Lives Survey in Peru _Magdalena Bendini Lelys Dinarte_ Education Global Practice & Development Research Group November 2020", "spans": [{"start": 122, "end": 140, "text": "Young Lives Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as non-sensitive and 3 , 750 are classified as sensitive products . The tariff preferences offered by the general arrangements differ according to the sensitivity of the products concerned : nonsensitive products enjoy duty free access to the EU market , while sensitive products benefit from a tariff reduction . These arrangements provide , as a rule , for a reduction of MFN _ad valorem_ duties by a flat rate of 3 . 5 percentage points . An important exception to this rule of a flat rate reduction is granted to the textiles and clothing sectors which enjoy a percentage reduction of 20 % . For specific duties a percentage reduction of 30 % is the general rule . Where duties include _ad valorem_ and specific duties , only the _ad valorem_ duties are reduced . A special arrangement under the Everything but Arms ( EBA ) initiative , which is incorporated into the GSP preference scheme , is provided for least developed countries ( LDCs ) . The EBA scheme provides duty-free access for all products covered and originating in the beneficiary country , with the exception of imports of fresh bananas , rice , and sugar . < sup > 10 < / sup > This scheme is more generous in terms of duty reduction than the Cotonou scheme ; however in some other aspects , such as cumulation rules , it is less generous . # * * Importance of preferences for ACP countries * * To examine the relationship between trade and preferential treatment we use information of EU member states ' imports eligible for preferences under the Cotonou agreement for the period 2001 from non-least developed ACP countries at the 8-digit level . This raw trade data was obtained from Eurostat and includes both total imports from ACP countries and imports requesting preferential treatment . Using information on tariffs and preferential quota applicable on each 8 - digit product for the year 2001 we then identified those products which were eligible for preferences and calculated the _ad valorem_ tariff rates . Figure 1 shows the developments of EU imports from non-least developed ACP countries during the last decade . < sup > 11 < / sup > While the value of the imports had been increasing during the period", "spans": [{"start": 1624, "end": 1665, "text": "raw trade data was obtained from Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR13574 The World Bank | Public Disclosure Copy | | - - - | | | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Comments | | | | | Sanitary landfills operational under the project | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 30 . 00 | | | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | | | Comments | | | | | Sewage treatment facility put into operation | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | | | Comments | | | | | Drainage systems constructed under the < br > | Kilometers | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 40 . 00 | | NaMSIP | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | | | Comments | | | | | Commuter rail stations for which surrounding | Number | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 10 . 00 | | public infrastructure has been built under the < br > roject | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | p | | Comments | | | | | Quantity of waste disposed at landfills | Tones / year | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 200000 . 00 | | constructed under the project | | Date | 09-Apr-2012 | 10-Feb-2014 | 30-Jun-2017 | | | | Comments | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_OFFICE OF THE_ * * _A_ * * _UDITOR-GENERAL Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , 2024_ Annex * * 5 - * * Staff Car Loan and Mortgage Scheme Balances | Description | Kshs . | | - - - | - - - | | OpeningBalance * * - * * 1stJuly , * * 2023 * * | * * 1 , 102 , 912 , 900 * * | | TransfersDuringFY * * 2022-2023 * * | * * 66 , 106 , 600 * * | | ClosingBalance * * - 30 * * June * * 2023 * * | * * 1 , 169 , 019 , 500 * * | | OpeningBalance * * - * * 1stJuly , * * 2023 * * | * * 1 , 169 , 019 , 500 * * | | TransfersDuringFY2023-2024 | * * 143 , 606 , 800 * * | | Closing Balance * * - 30 * * June2024 | * * 1 , 312 , 626 , 300 * * | Annex * * 6 - * * List of Projects Implemented * * by OAG * * Annex * * 7 - * * List of State Corporations , SAGAs and Public Funds Under * * OAG * * | MortgageSchemes | | - - - | Annex * * 8 - * * Contingent Liabilities Register | * * 1 * * < br > Employmentcause | Thehearing | dateisyettobe | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | determined | | * * 33 * *", "spans": [{"start": 871, "end": 902, "text": "Contingent Liabilities Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "As displacement crises are largely unpredictable , all the studies surveyed in this paper are evaluations conducted _ex-post_ . In theory , a few of the crises studied could have been predicted but it would not be possible to allocate individuals to treated and non-treated groups randomly given that , by the definition of forced displacement we provided , people are fleeing violence , persecution or high levels of insecurity or uncertainty . Consequently , none of the papers reviewed is based on a Randomized Controlled Trial ( RCT ) . Due to the randomness of the decision to leave ( because of conflict , violence , insecurity or major political events ) and / or the random allocation of displaced people in the country of destination ( by policy or by default ) , some authors argue that they are in the presence of natural experiments . All authors do , however , address the question of endogeneity and , if one searches for a common thread , these evaluations would be better described as _quasi-natural experiments_ . The basic model used by the literature is a model of the following form : # y � � α � βFD � � γFE � � ε � Where _i_ is the unit of observation , _y_ is one of the four outcomes described , _FD_ is the forced displacement shock and _FE_ are fixed effects . Most papers with few exceptions use standard OLS estimators or some of its variants ( Table 2 ) . Two papers use general equilibrium models ( Bodvarsson , Van den Berg , and Lewer 2008 ; Hercowitz and Yashiv 2002 ) and two papers simply compare means between treated and non-treated groups resulting in simple difference estimations ( Card , 1990 and Alix-Garcia and Bartlett , 2015 ) . # [ Table 2 ] The unit of observation varies depending on the data at hand . Most studies rely on household survey data where individuals or households are the unit of observations and most studies include some regional dimension ( more frequently administrative areas ) . Where longitudinal or panel data are available time is also included . Other choices for unit of observations include skills or education level , various types of population groups ( based", "spans": [{"start": 1772, "end": 1793, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1953, "end": 1979, "text": "longitudinal or panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mirroring the fall in revenue and leaving the fiscal balance largely unchanged relative to the pre-disaster forecast . < sup > 12 < / sup > * * Table 3 . D Cyclone Evan on Samoa ( December 2012 ) : Deviations of macro-fiscal outcomes from projections made immediately prior to the disaster ( percent of GDP ) * * | | * * Samoa * * | | * * Other * * < br > * * SIDS * * | * * Oceania * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 2013 | 2014 | 2013 | 2014 | | GDP growth | - 1 . 8 | - 1 . 6 | 0 . 2 | 1 . 0 | | < br > Govt Revenue | - 10 . 4 | - 6 . 3 | 2 . 5 | 3 . 3 | | Govt Expenditure | - 11 . 0 | - 4 . 9 | - 3 . 6 | 0 . 5 | | < br > Net Lending | 0 . 6 | - 1 . 3 | 6 . 2 | 2 . 8 | _The figures in the table show the difference between the outcome for each variable and the projection made just before the disaster . Net lending is equivalent to the overall fiscal balance . _ < u > Source : WEO database < / u > * * Table 3 . E Cyclone Pam on Vanuatu ( March 2015 ) : Deviations of macro-fiscal outcomes from projections made immediately prior to the disaster ( percent of GDP ) * * | | * * Vanuatu * * | | * * Other * * < br > * * SIDS * * | * * Oceania * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 2015 / 16 | 2016 / 17 | 2015 / 16 | 2016 / 17 | | GDP growth | - 2 . 6 | 1 . 2 | 1 . 4 | 1 . 4 | | Govt", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 914, "text": "WEO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Nigeria have tens of thousands of relay sites emitting in multiple frequencies that we overlaid to obtain the aggregated coverage . Figure 3 shows the aggregated 3G coverage in Nigeria in 2010 , 2012 , and 2015 . During this period , 3G coverage evolved from the main cities only to a large number of intermediate cities and rural areas . This represented an increase in population coverage from 21 % to 57 % . This variability is not observed for 2G , which for the same period increased from 83 % to 89 % . The main operators did not start rolling out 4G networks until 2016 , when it was limited to urban areas . By contrast , during the same period , penetration of fixed broadband internet in the country averaged around 2 % , reaching just over 5 % in 2016 . < sup > 14 < / sup > Mobile has therefore been the primary platform for users in Nigeria to access broadband internet services . # Linking coverage data to each household location Figure 4 presents the location of the enumeration areas that were surveyed in the GHS and shows which had access to 3G or 4G coverage in 2010 and 2016 . We consider a household to have mobile broadband coverage when it is covered by a medium or strong signal in 3G or 4G . The two data sets 10 P . L . Rice , A . G . Longley , “ Prediction of Tropospheric Radio Transmission Loss Over Irregular Terrain – A computer method 1968 , ” Essa Technical Report ERL 79-IT S67 . Available : < u > http : / / www . visuallmr . com / documentation / pathlossmodels / ntis . longleyrice . 676874 . pdf < / u > 11 - We used the SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Database created by NASA . See : https : / / cgiarcsi . community / data / srtm < u > 90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1 / < / u > 12 The vegetation profile used for Nigeria was Maritime Subtropical ( West coast of Africa ) . 13 These thresholds were chosen to fit industry standards . For reference see : BEREC , “ Common Position on information to consumers on mobile coverage", "spans": [{"start": 1030, "end": 1033, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1563, "end": 1598, "text": "SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 to assess how the contribution of vertical specialization to productivity growth has changed between the 1990s and the 2000s . In Constantinescu , Mattoo and Ruta ( 2016b ) , we estimate the impact of ( forward and backward ) vertical specialization on productivity growth at the country-sector level . Specifically , we use the following panel estimation with multiple sets of fixed effects : country / industry ( μci ) , country / year ( νct ) and industry / year ( τit ) :  ln LPcit =  + β  ln LKcit +   ln BVScit-1 +   ln FVScit-1 + μci + νct + τit + εcit , where c denotes country , i is industry , and t year . The left-hand side variable LP is the change in labor productivity , measured as value-added divided by employment . The key explanatory variables are the change in backward vertical specialization ( BVS ) , which is the foreign content in own exports , and the change in forward vertical specialization ( FVS ) , which is own value added re-exported by the direct importer . As standard , the analysis also controls for the capital stock per employee ( LK ) , which is capital divided by employment , where capital is derived by cumulating gross fixed capital formation . < sup > 7 < / sup > The key insight of this regression analysis is that backward linkages have a positive impact on productivity growth , although the effect is not large , while forward linkages do not appear to have a statistically significant impact . Specifically a one standard deviation increase in backward specialization increases productivity growth of the average sector by 0 . 06 percent . > 7 The sample in Constantinescu , Mattoo and Ruta ( 2016b ) consists of 1995-2009 annual data ( as 2010 and 2011 are excluded due to lack of capital data ) for 14 manufacuring sectors and 39 countries ( Russian Federation is excluded due to prevalence of commodity exports ) . Data come from the World Input-Output Database ( Timmer et al , 2015 ) , obtained by interacting Census data ( interpolated for years between Censuses ) with yearly trade data . Vertical specialization", "spans": [{"start": 1674, "end": 1695, "text": "1995-2009 annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1898, "end": 1925, "text": "World Input-Output Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1976, "end": 1987, "text": "Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2037, "end": 2054, "text": "yearly trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cross-market spillovers , the impact of program duration , and spillovers on other quality measures that were not part of the inspection process . The estimating equations and accompanying tables are detailed in Sections 7 and 9 of the Supplemental Material . * * Cross-Market Externalities * * : Cross-market externalities , whereby control health facilities in markets located near treatment facilities are affected by the treatment , may bias our estimates of the impact of the regulation . We identify cross-market externalities using exogenous variation in the local density of facilities induced by the stratified market-level randomization , following a method similar to Miguel & Kremer ( 2004 ) . We find no significant cross-market externalities in the JHIC score , patient load , OOP payments , exit and entry of new facilities ( Table S12 in the Supplemental Material ) . * * Program Duration * * : Next , we exploit variation in the timing of the inspections and the endline to examine the impact of program duration , which captures both the fact that facilities that were in the program longer will have been inspected more often ( 2 . 4 times versus 1 . 6 to 2 . 0 times for other groups ) and that program impacts can fade out over time . Our main identifying assumption , which we verify in Section 7 . 2 in the Supplemental Material , is that conditional on the controls , the variation in the date of first inspection and the date of the endline are not correlated with the JHIC score . In markets where the time elapsed from first ( last ) inspection to endline was 15 ( 10 ) months , the JHIC score increased by 7 percentage points ( 0 . 65 SD , p-value _ < _ 0 . 01 ) , compared to 4 percentage points for treated markets where the time from first ( last ) inspection to endline was 11 ( 7 ) months . This suggests little “ fade-out ” and potentially larger effects as the model scales up ( Figure S4 and Table S14 in the Supplemental Material ) . * * Impacts on non-incentivized outcomes * * : One concern with regulations on specific inputs is that they can reduce", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "green tasks used therein . < sup > 17 < / sup > This data set , while quite rich , faces three primary shortcomings in our context . First , it may not be applicable to countries outside the US , especially middleincome and developing nations since production methods and technology may differ across economies or the required task profiles to realize those occupations may differ . Second , the GEP data were collected before 2009 while green technologies have evolved rapidly in the past 14 years . Additionally , it only considers jobs in 12 industries . Third , researchers report significant measurement error ( Vona et al . 2019 ; Granata and Posadas 2024 ) when transforming 8-digit O * NET SOC codes to 4-digit ISCO codes . Other studies have developed a methodology using text analysis of occupational tasks data to identify green jobs . Janser ( 2018 ) applied text analysis to a German occupational tasks database ( BERUFENET ) to identify green jobs in Germany . Granata and Posadas ( 2024 ) applied this method to ISCO occupational descriptions to profile green jobs in Indonesia . Given that currently there is no occupational tasks database for South Africa , and the limitations of the O * NET GEP , we follow Granata and Posadas ( 2024 ) who apply a text analysis methodology to the ISCO-08 ( developed in 2008 ) to identify occupations that perform green tasks . Granata and Posadas ( 2024 ) create a dictionary of green terms that are used to build a green occupation database . The dictionary of green terms is basically a collection of terms ( words , roots , or expressions ) that are commonly found in environmental economics literature . To make their list as comprehensive as possible , they draw green terms from various databases . < sup > 18 < / sup > They reviewed more than 70 references to fine-tune the list . The final green terms dictionary includes 347 green terms , of which 308 are considered strict green because they are directly linked to the green economy . Another 39 terms are added to generate the broad green list of terms . These terms are not explicitly linked to environmental sustainability and climate change", "spans": [{"start": 396, "end": 404, "text": "GEP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 890, "end": 924, "text": "German occupational tasks database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 927, "end": 936, "text": "BERUFENET", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1027, "end": 1057, "text": "ISCO occupational descriptions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mediary Financing ( FIF ) description . _ < u > Implementation of Component 2 – De-risking lending to MSMEs < / u > _ * * 12 . The National Treasury maintains positive progress in the implementation of the existing National Treasury Credit Guarantee Scheme ( CGS ) and is on track to register the Credit Guarantee Company ( CGC ) by the 17 * * < sup > * * th * * < / sup > * * December 2025 . * * By 30th June 2025 , CGS had disbursed about KES . 6 . 6 billion to 4 , 315 MSMEs across 46 counties ( excluding Mandera counter ) and to a total of 12 sectors , according to Central Bank of Kenya reports . Of these , 68 % were new borrowers , highlighting improved access to credit for marginalized groups . Micro , small , and medium enterprises received 29 % , 57 % , and 14 % of disbursements respectively . Businesses owned by women , youth , and PWDs accounted for 20 % of guaranteed facilities . The program has supported at least 27 , 441 jobs and maintains an outstanding guarantee of KSh . 332 . 7 million . So far , 3 , 537 facilities worth KSh . 5 . 3 billion have been repaid , freeing up KSh . 1 . 3 billion for further lending . The leverage ratio stands at 2 . 4 , unlocking KSh . 2 . 4 in private sector credit for every shilling committed by the Government . * * 13 . The National Treasury is advancing the establishment of the Kenya Credit Guarantee Company ( KCGC ) . * * Through the SAFER project , the National Treasury has engaged a Transaction Adviser to support the transformation of the Credit Guarantee Scheme ( CGS ) into a limited liability company with minority government ownership , thereby promoting impact , sustainability , and continuity . This transition has received approval from both Cabinet and Parliament . The KCGC will be subject to oversight by the Central Bank in accordance with", "spans": [{"start": 571, "end": 600, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the Developing Economy : Impact on the Labor Market and the Role of Geography and Policy . < / mark > _ < mark > Available at SSRN 4786527 < / mark > _ < mark > . < / mark > * * Min , B . , O ’ Keeffe , Z . P . , Abidoye , B . , Gaba , K . M , Monroe , T . Stewart , B . P . , Baugh , K . , Sánchez-Andrade Nuño , B . * * 2024 . Lost in the dark : A survey of energy poverty from space , _Joule_ , Volume 8 , Issue 7 . * * Maslej , N . , Fattorini , L . , Perrault , R . , Parli , V . , Reuel , A . , Brynjolfsson , E . , Etchemendy , J . , Ligett , K . , Lyons , T . , Manyika , J . , Niebles , J . C . , Shoham , Y . , Wald , R . , and Clark * * , * * J . * * 2024 . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 10 : Correlates of Politicians ’ Integrity | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | All | Chaiperson | Contenders | Councillors | | Voter Attachment to National Party - 2011 | 0 . 304 | 2 . 720 * | - 1 . 341 | 0 . 290 | | | ( 0 . 498 ) | ( 1 . 468 ) | ( 1 . 218 ) | ( 0 . 584 ) | | Average Herfndahl index - Councilor | - 0 . 017 * * | - 0 . 047 * * | - 0 . 002 | - 0 . 014 * | | | ( 0 . 007 ) | ( 0 . 019 ) | ( 0 . 018 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | | Herfndahl index - Chairperson | - 0 . 003 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 004 | - 0 . 005 | | | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 005 ) | | Number of radios ( HQ ) | 0 . 008 | - 0 . 106 * | 0 . 076 * | - 0 . 007 | | | ( 0 . 020 ) | ( 0 . 056 ) | ( 0 . 041 ) | ( 0 . 025 ) | | Poverty rate 2013 | - 0 . 638 | - 1 . 047 | 0 . 112 | - 0 . 723 | | | ( 0 . 473 ) | ( 1 . 158 ) | ( 1 . 433 ) | ( 0 . 548 ) | | Log Total Population | - 0 . 016 | - 0 . 065 | - 0 . 054 | - 0 . 024 | | | ( 0 . 096 ) | ( 0 . 287 ) | ( 0 . 294 ) | ( 0 . 110 ) | | Urban population share | - 1 . 614 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2023 - | 12-14 < br > 2023-12-10 | | ET-MOWE-396527-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of Digital vernie < br > r caliper for ministry of water < br > and energy by MOWE | < br > IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > P | ost | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imite | d < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 8 , 928 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-12-18 | | | | 2024-02-12 | 2024-07-11 | | ET-MOWE-396533-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of # 2 monochr < br > ome A3 printer for ministry o < br > f Water and energy by MOWE | < br > IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br > P | ost | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imite | d < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 10 , 714 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2023-12-19 | | | | 2024-02-13 | 2024-07-12 | | ET-MOWE-396571-GO-RFQ / < br > procurement of fire extinguis < br > hing equipment including ala < br > rm with all accessories for hy < br > dro-logical data library by Mi < br > nistryof Water and Energy | IDA / 64450 | Institutional Strengthening a < br > nd Project Management < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1073, "text": "dro-logical data library", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PROTECTION BRIEF # 8 – MIXED AND ONWARD MOVEMENTS > * * BULGARIA * * # # Demographic profile # # # Protection Challenges Along the Route Among those interviewed , 13 % mentioned that they had previously been prevented from entering Bulgaria on at least one occasion , and 7 % of respondents experiencing some form of violence or mistreatment in the process . Of the 13 % prevented from entering Bulgaria without consideration of their international protection needs , 50 % experienced several pushbacks , with a maximum number of 12 attempts to enter Bulgaria . 35 % experienced prevention of movement in the previous country while attempting to enter Bulgaria . Based on the monitoring of borders and interviews with asylum seekers in detention , this included persons who were pushed back to Serbia from other EU Member States and then deported to Bulgaria . In many instances , denial of entry is carried out without legal and procedural safeguards and not following procedures aimed at identifying asylum-seekers and persons with specific needs . This is notable among populations with a higher likelihood of needing international protection ( see below ) . * * UNHCR Bulgaria / March 2025 * * 3", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 697, "text": "monitoring of borders", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wetland , 8 . 9 % is still intact while 4 . 1 % is degraded . Considering the cover at drainage basin level , wetland degradation was highest in Lake Kyoga and Edward basins ( 42 % and 34 % respectively ) and lowest in the Kidepo and Aswa basins ( 1 % each ) . Further analysis showed that Mbale district had the most degraded wetlands with 99 % of its wetlands are under threat while Ntoroko had the lowest percentage of degraded wetlands ( 2 % ) . The Kyoga basin degradation is mainly attributed to conversion of intact wetlands to subsistence cultivation of mainly rice , sugarcane and maize . In Victoria Nile and Albert Nile , wetland loss is mainly due conversion into built up areas and landfilling . Recovery chances are higher chance for areas converted to agriculture than for built-up areas , if wetland protection is enforced . In 2017 / 2018 , a total wetland area of 487 Ha was restored . This is compounded by pollution due to indiscriminate waste disposal . This has led to biodiversity and habitats destruction , deterioration of water quality , and have impeded natural drainage patterns leading frequent floods in most urban centres . To maintain wetlands for the future generations , key considerations should be to demarcate and gazette wetland reserves , restoration efforts should be increased and directly work with communities to conserve wetlands within a specific area . # # * * 1 . 12 Wildlife * * Although there was an overall increase in wildlife species in protected areas , species population on private land is steadily declining as a result of conversion of existing habitat for cultivation and grazing . Between 1995 and 2017 , Elephant populations increased from about 2000 to 5 , 808 , Buffaloes increased from about 18 , 000 to 37 , 054 , and Giraffe increased from 250 to 880 . The Kibale National Park Chimpanzee survey conducted in 2019 indicated a population increase from 921 in 2005 to 1001 in 2019 and the gorilla population census conducted in 2018 in the Bwindi-Sarambwe area estimated Gorilla population", "spans": [{"start": 1822, "end": 1860, "text": "Kibale National Park Chimpanzee survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1952, "end": 1977, "text": "gorilla population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "group by improving labor market prospects ( Autor , 2001 ; Hjort and Poulsen , 2019 ) . The overall extent to which the internet has enabled the international recruitment of jihadists is , therefore , theoretically ambiguous . This paper addresses this question empirically by using a unique dataset on Tunisians who joined Daesh in Syria and Iraq between early September 2013 and late 2014 . The data contain information on recruits ’ ages , education levels , and delegations ( district ) of residence before traveling abroad , allowing us to exploit variation in enrollment both between and _within_ geographical areas , and between age and education groups . < sup > 1 < / sup > These granular data are matched with equally granular socio-economic information obtained from the 2014 Tunisia Census of Population and Housing . Thus , for each delegation-education-age cell , we are able to associate > 1Tunisia ’ s smallest administrative units are the communes , which form the country ’ s 264 delegations , which in turn aggregate into 24 governorates . 1", "spans": [{"start": 782, "end": 827, "text": "2014 Tunisia Census of Population and Housing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) 33 . The Program RAs : The PEELP Program has three RAs in the PforR and one accompanying IPF component : 34 . * * RA 1 : Equalize learning opportunities : improve learning outcomes in target counties . * * This RA will focus on strengthening the school-level conditions for teaching and learning to narrow learning gaps between schools in high performing counties and those in low-performing counties . The Program aims to promote equity by targeting counties based on the share of students achieving high-order proficiency levels in numeracy and literacy at grades 3 based on the 2018 NASMLA . The targeted bottom 20 percent counties perform significantly worse than the top 10 , and display disparities beyond the observed in their NASMLA performance ; HCI components also confirm their overall underperformance [ Technical Annex < sup > 28 < / sup > ] . * * Figure 9 : Achievement of High-Order Proficiency Levels in Grades 3 and 7 , by county ( NASMLA 2018 Data ) * * > 28 A detailed background note on the targeted bottom 20 percent counties , is included in a stand-alone Technical Annex . Page 21 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 672, "text": "2018 NASMLA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1029, "end": 1045, "text": "NASMLA 2018 Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Tables A . 13 . Explaining conservative social norms , by gender * * Table 13 . 1 . Explaining Social Norms – Females only sample * * | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | PNB Index - < br > HH Roles | PNB Index - < br > Public Space | SNE Index - < br > HH Roles | SNE Index - < br > Public Space | Sanctions < br > Index | | Respondent ’ s age in years , < br > squared | 0 . 00 < br > ( 0 . 00 ) | - 0 . 00 < br > ( 0 . 00 ) | - 0 . 00 < br > ( 0 . 00 ) | - 0 . 00 * * * ( 0 . 00 ) | - 0 . 00 < br > ( 0 . 00 ) | | Years of education , derived from | - 0 . 01 * * | - 0 . 02 * * * | - 0 . 01 | - 0 . 02 * * * ( 0 . 01 ) | - 0 . 11 * * * | | education level | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | | ( 0 . 03 ) | | Indicator for respondent having | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 05 | - 0 . 02 | 0 . 23 | | childyounger than 5years | ( 0 . 02 ) | ( 0 . 03 ) | ( 0 . 03 ) | ( 0 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 17 ) | | Respondent lives in urban area | 0 . 01 < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | 0 . 04 < br > ( 0 . 15 ) | - 0 . 07 < br > ( 0 . 05 ) | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10221 Risks to Child Development and School Readiness among Children under Six in Pakistan Findings from a Nationally Representative Phone Survey _Elizabeth Hentschel Heather Tomlinson Amer Hasan Aisha Yousafzai Amna Ansari Mahreen Tahir-Chowdhry Mina Zamand_ Education Global Practice November 2022", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 175, "text": "Nationally Representative Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "TABLE 4 CREDIT MONTHS , MOSHAVIM ' S DEBT TO MISHORIM RELATIVE TO SALES | 1970 | 12 . 1 | 1974 | 5 . 9 | 1978 | 6 . 0 < br > : | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1971 | 9 . 9 | 1975 | 5 . 3 | 1979 | 9 . 0 | | 1972 | 7 . 5 | 1976 | 4 . 6 | 1980 - | 10 . 2 | | 1973 | 5 . 9 | 1977 | 5 . 7 | 1981 | 10 . 7 | Source : Kislev , Marvid ( 1988 ) . Note : Credit months = ( average annual debt of moshavim to Mishorim ) / ( annual moshavim ' s sales through Mishorim ) x12 . blunted = . As a result , heavy financial inter-reliance of first and second order cooperatives lead to moral hazard behavior on part of many of the borrowing associations and was one of the major factors that exacerbated the severity of the current crisis . The alarm signals were building up for a long time and are worth examining further . Evidence comes from the third regional organization we are studying . Data for Mishorim , a-supply cooperative with young moshavim similar to those of the Mountain Region , shovfthat not only across moshavim of different vintage , but over time for the same moshavim too - - financial exposure is affected strongly by economic performance of the members of the regional organization . Mishorim ' s credit months ratio ( Table 4 ) improved significantly in the mid 1970s with the expansion of export crops , in which the region specializes , but evidently the moshavim found it convenient not to cut back on their credit in the regional organization in 1979-1981 when agricultural terms of trade deteriorated with the weakening of the European currencies against the dollar and the region ' s production of exportables and products for the domestic market was reduced . Differences are also found between moshavim in the same region . In a sample of 13 moshavim , members of Mishorim , one", "spans": [{"start": 900, "end": 917, "text": "Data for Mishorim", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) Development Plan , 2023-2024 ) . The most densely populated Sub-County as per the 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census is Kisumu Central at 4 , 737 persons per square km while Muhoroni Sub-County is the least at 234 persons per square km . The town generally has poor road conditions with accessibility hampered due to the significantly high number of heavy equipment transporting sugar cane to sugar mills on a daily basis . Electricity and water supply is not adequate , and the high poverty levels have contributed to high insecurity levels within the sub-county . Just as in other informal settlements , the informal settlements in Kisumu are characterized by poor housing that does not comply with building or planning regulations , a lack of sufficient basic services , inadequate healthcare and other public amenities , and housing that offers no tenure security for inhabitants ( Weimann A . et al , 2019 ) . These environments pose an unequal threat to the health of the urban poor and contribute to the spread of infections due to poor sanitation ; a higher incidence of respiratory infections and conditions , including asthma ; injuries ; and the prevalence of mental disorders , including depression and stress , thereby increasing the burden of acute and chronic infectious and non-communicable conditions . * * 2 . 3 Project Location * * Kisumu County is located to the western part on Kenya adjacent to the Lake Victoria . * * Figure 2 . 1 : Map of Kisumu County indicating its constituencies . Source : County Government of Kisumu Annual Development Plan ( 2019 / 2020 ) * * 14", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 315, "text": "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Some of the rationales for the Turkish export boom of the 2000s are the abandonment of the currency peg after 2001 which allowed the Turkish lira to devaluate ( even though later in the 2000s the Turkish real exchanged rate appreciated ) , improved macroeconomic conditions more generally , improved ‘ competitiveness ’ of the Turkish economy captured in sustained increases in labor productivity while unit labor costs remained well below those of competitors , and the entry into force of the European Union-Turkey Customs Union which also brought strong competitive pressure domestically . < sup > 4 < / sup > In this paper we take the rationales for the episode of strong export growth as given and we provide stylized facts on the micro dynamics behind this growth . Using very disaggregated exporter-level customs data from Turkey for the period 2002-2011 we characterize the firm-level dynamics in the export sector and we decompose export growth at the aggregate , sectoral , and destination market levels to examine the role of firm turnover , destination turnover , and product turnover . < sup > 5 < / sup > Our key findings are as follows . First , short-run aggregate export growth in Turkey is dominated by growth in exports of continuing exporters , i . e . , the firm intensive margin . For these continuing exporters , short-run growth is dominated by exports to their continuing destinations , i . e . , the destination intensive margin , and for these continuing destinations , short-run growth is dominated by exports of continuing products , i . e . , the product intensive margin . However , the dynamics across firms , destinations , and products play an important role as very high degrees of firm entry and exit into export markets and of churning along destination and HS 6-digit and 12digit product dimensions from year to year characterize both the export boom period and the financial crisis and subsequent recovery period . Second , despite a dominance of the firm intensive margin in accounting for the Turkish long-run aggregate export growth over the whole 2002-2008 period , net exporter entry plays a more substantive role for long-run growth than it does for short-run growth . Similarly , the churning across destination", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 824, "text": "disaggregated exporter-level customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aligned to the theory of change , < sup > 37 < / sup > and the service delivery-related indicators were chosen from those in the national health information system for which the tools were already in place from the participating service providers and CBDs . This enabled ease of tracking of results . M & E arrangement and plan were well defined in the Operations Manual of the project , which spelled out how the results were to be tracked , reported , and verified and at what frequency and the roles and responsibilities . One indicator in the Results Framework may not have been the most appropriate given the investments under the project , namely the indicator on fresh stillbirth as a proxy measure for safe delivery service . Also , the indicator on referrals did not capture the full extent of referrals that the project achieved . Both of these indicators and the end targets could have been reviewed and adjusted during restructuring . These points are discussed earlier in section II . B . However , overall , the Results Framework included relevant indicators to measure the PDO . 60 . * * The project ’ s M & E capacity benefited from working with the same VMA of the previous projects . * * The URHVP further enhanced M & E capacity by including training of the service providers and the District Health Office in the M & E design . This was an important consideration to ensure that the project outputs were captured in the district records by ensuring that all participating service providers > 37 The choice of the indicator ‘ attendance of at least one ANC visit ’ rather than ‘ attendance of ANC of 4 or more visits ’ was guided by an earlier study that found that pregnant women attend ANC in different health facilities ( both voucher and nonvoucher facilities ) , which made tracking of ANC 4 through the voucher scheme unworkable . Page 24 of 55", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 163, "text": "national health information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1440, "end": 1456, "text": "district records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "started to lose this competitive edge as labor cost more than doubled or tripled along the Chinese coast . For some companies , production relocation , either to inland China or to other developing countries , became a must if their businesses were to survive . Africa , a remote and unfamiliar destination for most Chinese firms until recently , became increasingly noticeable as a place offering relatively abundant and cheap labor as well as low-cost land . Other studies support this finding . In the CCPIT survey , almost half of the surveyed firms said “ increased domestic labor costs ” were an important reason for them to seek relocation overseas . In addition , an internal study by Zhejiang Department of Commerce found that intensified labor shortages ( due to reduced supply of migrant workers ) and increased factory wages were pressing firms from that coastal province to venture out to other developing world including Africa . < sup > 16 < / sup > Wages in Ethiopia were particularly attractive , even by African standards . Companies interviewed reported monthly wages from $ 30-50 for a factory worker , to $ 50-80 for a > 16 “ Study on Zhejiang Outbound Direct Investment ” by Zhejiang Provincial Department of Commerce , 2012 19", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 517, "text": "CCPIT survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ screening ” interview conducted by a so-called “ eligibility team ” , composed of one staff person from ARRA and one from UNHCR . A specific and brief RSD questionnaire dictated the format of the interview , which primarily focused on ascertaining whether individuals were , in fact , Somali nationals who originated from southern or central Somalia and ostensibly , on identifying exclusion triggers . Informants indicated that the individuals who failed to surmount this hurdle were largely Ethiopians of Somali ethnicity . < sup > 45 < / sup > Interestingly , an internal review conducted in 2017 suggests that an individual approach to RSD has not been conducted in the history of the existence of the Dollo Ado camps . < sup > 46 < / sup > This finding arguably suggests that individuals from outside southern or central Somalia did not arrive in the camps , or if they did , they were also subject to the same procedures as the former group . Based on UNHCR ’ s data related to the Dollo Ado camps , during 2011 and 2012 , Somalis were recognized overwhelmingly pursuant to broader refugee criteria , as shown in Table 1 . In 2012 , it appears that Somali refugees were not recognized on the basis of Refugee Convention ’ s criteria . * * < mark > Table 1 : Legal Bases Recorded for Recognition of Somalis ( Dollo Ado Camps : 2011 and 2012 ) < / mark > * * < sup > 47 < / sup > | * * Legal Basis for Refugee Status * * | * * 2011 * * < sup > 48 < / sup > | * * 2012 * * < sup > 49 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Broader refugee criteria | 98 , 650 | 34 , 816 | | Refugee Convention criteria | 17 | 0 | | UNHCR mandate definitions | 35 | 12 | The following Table 2 shows the legal bases for recognition of Somalis", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 1005, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data related to the Dollo Ado camps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > of sample design and < br > estimation procedures for < br > improvement of price survey < br > and labor statistics < br > ET-CSA-156233-CS-QCBS / < br > consultancy service providing < br > firm for Household < br > Consumption and Expenditure < br > & WMS - Consultancy Serviceson Technical issues of sample IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 236 , 915 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > design , questionnaire < br > development , and testing and < br > estimation procedures for the < br > HCE and HIC < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 2", "spans": [{"start": 113, "end": 125, "text": "price survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "attributed to two or more GTAP categories . To calculate the correct sharing coefficients , input output tables of GTAP are used . In the household data , there are various categories that cannot be matched with those of GTAP . These consist mainly of transfers and negative savings , whose average income flow are assumed not to vary with the simulation . Another issue is that income is usually underreported in the household surveys , and total expenditures usually exceed total income . This factor , together with consumption smoothing issues prompted me to use total expenditure as a proxy for total income . Nevertheless , the income structure of the household data is still maintained . It is likely that different income categories have different degrees of underreporting . A final issue is that the income composition of the survey data is very different from the share of GTAP income categories . Because of the misreporting issues mentioned above , I relied on the GTAP endowment structure , nevertheless still maintaining the distribution of the endowments across households . 30", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 152, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 * * # * * Reasons Given in Caskey Survey for Why Households Do Not Have Deposit Accounts * * | * * Reason / reasons given for why households do not * * < br > * * have deposit accounts * * | * * Percentage * * < br > * * Giving this * * < br > * * Reason * * | | - - - | - - - | | Don ' t need account because I have no savings | 53 . 3 | | Bank account fees are too high or banks require too < br > much money to open or maintain an account | 45 . 2 | | I want to keep my financial records private | 21 . 6 | | Not comfortable dealing with banks | 17 . 6 | | Banks won ' t let us open an account | 9 . 5 | | No bank has convenient hours or location | 8 . 5 | Source : Caskey ( 1997 ) As discussed earlier , large percentages of lower-income urban residents see themselves as having severely limited access to credit or turn to non-bank lenders , such as finance companies or payday loan shops . Although the OCC survey did not examine why people lack access to bank credit , other data support the conclusion that the main reason that people are excluded from bank credit is that they have impaired credit histories or , in some cases , no credit histories . In addition , many households have reached the limit of the credit that banks are willing to extend them . A comparatively large percentage of lower-income and minority households report a history of failing to fulfill payment obligations on time , heavy debt-payment burdens , bankruptcy , or liens placed on their property . For example , Fair Isaac and Company Inc . , one of the largest U . S . credit scoring bureaus , reported that it examined loan application data from \" tens of thousands \" of individuals applying for installment loans between July 1992 and December 1994 ( Martell et al ) . Using its proprietary data base , Fair Isaac assigned scores for each", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 52, "text": "Caskey Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 921, "end": 931, "text": "OCC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1622, "end": 1643, "text": "loan application data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Some further words of explanation are in order . The information on household consumption spending comes from the socio-economic surveys that are undertaken on a continuing basis by the National Statistics Office . About 3 , 800 different households are surveyed every month using stratified cluster sampling , for which the weights are known : the strata are the country ’ s provinces , and clusters of households are surveyed in randomly-chosen villages or urban wards . When aggregated to annual or even quarterly levels , the data are nationally representative , but are somewhat less so at the monthly level . The socio-economic surveys do not collect price data , so in order to calculate real spending we had to match price data from the Bureau of Trade and Economic Indices ( 2012 ) with the survey data . More precisely , we matched the monthly price series for about 120 items of consumer spending , which are available for each of the five major regions of Thailand , with spending categories from the socio-economic surveys , region by region . This allowed us to construct real spending for each household . We did not deflate the value of goods produced by the household for its own consumption : a higher price for such goods would work on both the income and expenditure sides of the ledger , with no net effect on wellbeing ( assuming no behavioral response to price changes ) . Over the four years of interest to us ( 2007-2010 ) , prices in Thailand were highly variable , rising sharply in early 2008 , then falling just as quickly , before resuming a steady rise in early 2009 . This pattern shows up clearly in the top panel of Figure 5 , which tracks the official consumer price index . The bottom panel of Figure 5 shows price indexes that we constructed , normalized to 1 in 2007 , for households in the top and bottom deciles of expenditure per capita ( over the period 20072010 ) . Starting in early 2008 there is a clear divergence , with prices rising more rapidly for poor than for affluent households . This mainly reflects the relative rise in the price of food in early 2008 , which carries more", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 136, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 725, "end": 735, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "b Estimation by using the census data as benchmarks and link them with the adjusted unemployment data . See Xue & Zhong ( 2003 ) for details . Between 1996 and 2001 , the number of urban and township workers fell from 149 million to 108 million , a net reduction of 41 million or 28 % . 8 This includes a main drop of 52 . 5 million in state-owned and urban collectives and an increase of 12 million in the emerging formal private sector ( joint stock and shareholding companies and foreignfunded enterprises ) . Meanwhile , at the same time period , the employment in the urban informal private and self-employed sectors enjoyed a 13 . 3 million , or 57 % increase . The number of rural emigrants is also rapidly increasing . Current estimates of the number of migrant workers fluctuate between 40 and 80 million , which is about 6-10 percent of the total labor force . 9 According to the survey data from the National Statistics Bureau , from 1997-2000 , the share of rural migrant labor as a percentage of the total rural labor force increased from 18 . 1 % to 23 . 6 % , i . e . , from 83 . 2 million to 113 . 4 million , increasing 10 . 07 million or 10 . 8 % annually on average . With the “ revitalizing China with science and education ” policy , China has achieved great success in several new industries in the past five to seven years , particularly high technology and ICTs . China has also been successful in modernizing and restructuring the economic base of coastal cities through the “ special economic zone ” approach . However , these new industries are limited in terms of employment-generating capability . In the late 1990s employment in the 53 designated high-technology parks ( mostly in the coastal areas ) had reached only 2 . 2 million people , even though several parks have enjoyed rapid and sustained growth ( annual growth in sales of 50 % ) . 10 Electronics and telecommunications industries , despite considerable efforts toward their development , do not generate many new jobs . 11 Altogether these industries ’ share reached 8 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 37, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 890, "end": 937, "text": "survey data from the National Statistics Bureau", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The effect of the presence of schools_ The last relationship reported here is that between educational enrollment and the presence of schools within the community . The sample is restricted here to rural settings as identifying \" communities \" in urban settings for this purpose is very difficult . In addition , the number of countries for which this relationship can be estimated is much lower as community questionnaires were not carried out in the majority of the DHS ( the results are available for 21 surveys in 19 countries ) . The estimating equation given in ( 1 ) is augmented with a dummy variable equal to one if there is a primary school in the community , a dummy variable equal to one if there is a primary and a secondary school in the community , and interaction terms between these and the dummy for male gender . < sup > 2 4 < / sup > These school presence variables are constructed from the response by the community survey respondent to the questions \" is there a primary school in this community \" and \" is there a secondary school in this community \" . Although the children under analysis ( ages 6 to 14 ) are not likely to be attending secondary school , the access to secondary places may have an impact on primary schooling and the dummy variables for secondary school are therefore included in the multivariate analysis ( see Lavy , 1997 ) . In addition to these school facility variables , the equation includes a set of community infrastructure variables in order to ensure that a relationship with school presence is not simply reflecting the fact that communities with more infrastructure in general , including schools , may tend to have higher enrollment . While the exact list of variables varies from survey to survey , the typical list includes : a dummy variable equal to one if the nearest urban center is less than 10 kilometers away ; a set of dummy variables each equal to one if there is a post office , a local > * * 24 * * In addition a dumrny ( and interaction ) equal to one if there is a secondary school , but no primary school ,", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 472, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 928, "end": 944, "text": "community survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 12 : Mwavumbo GR Subdivision & Registration Data - Nov 2020 * *", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 58, "text": "Mwavumbo GR Subdivision & Registration Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Many could not achieve high enough temperatures ( > 800 < sup > o < / sup > C ) necessary to destroy potent pollutants in emissions . - ii ) * * _Improper location_ * * _ : _ very close to healthcare buildings affecting them due to chronic plume downwash . - iii ) * * _Poor operation by untrained_ staff * * . Effective destruction of some constituents in air emissions necessitate combustion at a specific temperature or a given residence time within combustion chambers . Homogenization of waste is crucial to ensure efficient and complete combustion during incineration to avoid generation of dioxins for instance when wet waste batches quench flames and lower combustion temperature below levels at which such pollutants are destroyed . - iv ) * * _Incineration units commonly not fenced off_ * * and , being close to communities , these sites easily trespassed by people ( posing a public health risk of secondary infection ) . A study on improvement of healthcare waste management in Uganda conducted in 2005 concluded that use of centralized complex incineration facilities ( “ complex ” in this case connoting ones with emissions treatment capability ) was unattainable within the next 10 > 1 “ National Healthcare Waste management Plan ( 2007 / 8-2009-2010 ) ” and “ Improvement of Healthcare Waste Management in Uganda ( July 2005 , Updated Mar 2009 ) by Carl Bro . > 2 “ Identification and Quantification of Dioxins and Furans in Uganda ” , Final UPOPs Inventory Report , December , 2007 . Study conducted for POPs Project Coordination Unit National Environment Management Authority ( NEMA ) NEMA House Plot 17 , 19 & 21 , Jinja Road , P . O . Box 22255 , Kampala . 3 “ National Healthcare Waste management Plan ( 2007 / 8-2009-2010 ) ” and “ Improvement of Healthcare Waste Management in Uganda ( July 2005 , Updated Mar 2009 ) by Carl Bro . page 8 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Implementation of the GRM ; and - Timely availability of an adequate of budget for implementation of the RP and LRP . # # # # # # * * _Project Impact on Households Monitoring_ * * Periodic socio-economic monitoring will be undertaken to measure the progress being made towards restoring or improving income levels and living standards for PAHs , and especially for vulnerable PAPs . This will be indirectly measured and monitored by the conduct of socio-economic questionnaire surveys , the main aim of which will be to : - Field check to verify that compensation payments have been received by PAHs and will confirm levels and timing of payments ; - Identify any socio-economic change in the PAHs - change before and after relocation ; - Number of PAPs that have been given employment in the subproject ; - Type and number of livelihood restoration measures implemented ; - Income and expenditure balance conditions ; - Status of and assistance provided to vulnerable households ; - Type and number of trainings given to assist PAPs restore their livelihood ; - Number of PAPs trained in skill development courses ; - Number of women participating in the skill and livelihood restoration training program ; - Verify the provision of resettlement and compensation entitlements is in accordance with the approved valuation report ; and - Feedback from PAPs on satisfaction , emotions and reactions to implementation of RP and LRP . If there are no improvements following compensation and livelihood restoration programs , new measures will be introduced to improve the negative changes . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 3 Monitoring Indicators , Data Sources and Information * * IPM applies to all components and activities and will last throughout the period of the RP implementation . Key parameters to monitor include : - Land acquisition against targets and vis-à-vis construction activities ; - Disbur", "spans": [{"start": 603, "end": 639, "text": "socio-economic questionnaire surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Not Applicable_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not _Applicable_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 19 - * * 4 . 24 Thus , in spite * * of * * the farmers ' eagerness to acquire grade cattle , the enterprise appears frequently to have been one involving low yields and incomes per producing cow . The enterprise has also been affected thus far * * by * * unusually high physical risks . Deficiencies in husbandry and difficulties in relating technical and veterinary servic3s to smallholder production are the root of the problem , as predicted at appraisal and never adequately corrected . The appraisal report made its projections assuming technical control that never materialized : the mortality factor illustrates the point well . Despite some misgivings , the appraisers assumed a * * 5 % * * accidental mature stock mortality rate and a * * 10 % * * calf mortality rate . * * AFC * * management soon established an informal 20 % mature stock mortality expectation . * * A * * large non-random sample survey conducted * * by * * the Kenya National Insemination Service in Kiambu indicates that * * 18 % * * of heifer calves born on sample farms between * * 1966 * * and * * 1969 * * died before reaching inseminating age . This sample survey contains a progressive farmer bias having been selected from farmers who on their own initiative approached insemination staff for information or assistance . Worse , the * * 18 * * borrowers interviewed for the compilation of the completion report reported a * * 25 % * * mortality rate among AFC1 inanced animals . On the * * 19 * * farms included in the Murang ' a case studies-assembled for the Bank ' s African Rural Development Study , 12 accidental cow deaths and * * 5 * * accidental heifer calf deaths were reported for the four and one half years beginning in * * 1969 . * * Bull calf \" accidental \" mortality rates of between 20 % and 44 % were reported on these farms between * * 1970 * * and June * * 1973 . * * It may", "spans": [{"start": 887, "end": 917, "text": "large non-random sample survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( JMP ) . 2010 . ― Zimbabwe Estimates for the Use of Improved Drinking-Water Sources . ‖ www . wssinfo . org / resources / documents . html . - — — — . 2010 . ― Zimbabwe Estimates for the Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities . ‖ www . wssinfo . org / resources / documents . html . World Bank . 2009a . _Zimbabwe WSS Sector Budget Review_ . Draft October 30 , 2009 . # Other IMF ( International Monetary Fund ) . 2009 . Zimbabwe : 2009 Article IV Consultation — Staff Report ; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion ; and Statement by the Executive Director for Zimbabwe . Report No . 09 / 139 , May 2009 . - International Energy Association . 2010 . ― World Energy Outlook : The Electricity Access Database . ‖ www . worldenergyoutlook . org / database_electricity10 / electricity_database_web_2010 . htm . - — — — . 2011 . ― Electricity / Heat Data for Zimbabwe . ‖ www . iea . org / stats / electricitydata . asp ? COUNTRY_CODE = ZW . 54", "spans": [{"start": 702, "end": 729, "text": "Electricity Access Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 849, "end": 885, "text": "Electricity / Heat Data for Zimbabwe", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure A . 5 Regional Level Improved Sanitation Deprivation a ) b ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Urban Improved Sanitation Deprivation - Rural Improved Sanitation Deprivation - Geopolitical < br > Geopolitical Zone - GHS Zone - GHS < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > Wave 1_NC Wave 2_NC Wave 3_NC Wave 4_NC < br > Wave 1_NC Wave 2_NC Wave 3_NC Wave 4_NC < br > Wave 1_NE Wave 2_NE Wave 3_NE Wave 4_NE < br > Wave 1_NE Wave 2_NE Wave 3_NE Wave 4_NE < br > Wave 1_NW Wave 2_NW Wave 3_NW Wave 4_NW < br > Wave 1_NW Wave 2_NW Wave 3_NW Wave 4_NW < br > Wave 1_SE Wave 2_SE Wave 3_SE Wave 4_SE Wave 1_SE Wave 2_SE Wave 3_SE Wave 4_SE < br > Wave 1_SS Wave 2_SS Wave 3_SS Wave 4_SS Wave 1_SS Wave 2_SS Wave 3_SS Wave 4_SS < br > Wave 1_SW Wave 2_SW Wave 3_SW Wave 4_SW Wave 1_SW Wave 2_SW Wave 3_SW Wave 4_SW < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-4 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Estimations are based in children aged 0-17 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure A . 6 : State Level Improved Sanitation Deprivation by Region < br > a ) b ) c ) < br > Improved Sanitation Deprivation - Improved Sanitation Deprivation - Improved Sanitation Deprivation - < br > by State in North Central - MICS by State in North East - MICS by State in North West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br", "spans": [{"start": 1012, "end": 1024, "text": "GHS Wave 1-4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as a measure of absolute mobility of these disadvantaged children . < sup > 31 < / sup > We report evidence consistent with the parallel trends assumption for the linear mobility model in equation ( 2 ) . Event study graphs for the two parameters of interest _β_ 4 ( intercept e \u001b ect ) and _β_ 7 ( slope e \u001b ect ) are in Figure 1 ( sons ) and Figure 2 ( daughters ) . The event study graph for sons show that the placebo e \u001b ect of a ctitious school construction on the probability of primary completion of children at various years before the actual construction of schools is zero for both parameters of interest . In contrast , there is an appreciable shift in the estimated e \u001b ects for the post school construction years for the fully exposed birth cohorts ( 1968-1972 ) . The evidence is similar for girls . < sup > 32 < / sup > In the online appendix , we report the event study graphs including the partially exposed cohorts ( see Figures A . 1 ( sons ) and A . 2 ( daughters ) ) . # ( 4 . 2 ) Estimating Equation : Quadratic Model Many existing studies on intergenerational educational mobility , both in economics and sociology , rely on the linear model discussed above ( see , for example , Hertz et al . ( 2008 ) , Azam and Bhatt ( 2015 ) , Emran and Shilpi ( 2015 ) ) . For a survey , see Torche ( 2019 ) ) . However , recent theoretical and empirical analysis suggest that the linear model may be inadequate for understanding intergenerational educational mobility ( Becker et al . ( 2015 ) , Emran et al . ( 2021 ) ) . For recent contributions where the mobility curve is nonlinear , and relative mobility and the e \u001b ects of policy interventions vary across the distribution of father ' s education , see Card et al . ( 2022 ) , Asher et al . ( 2023 ) , Emran et al . ( 2021 ) , and Ahsan et al . ( 2021 ) . Many authors use the estimate of relative mobility", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "domestic marketing ; and * * ( b ) * * the private sector shall be represented , in a manner acceptable to the Association , in all committees to be established for the implementation and coordination of Pe Project . Section * * _3 . 05 . _ * * The Borrower shall cause NFIA to : ( a ) * * by * * December * * 31 , 1995 , * * establish a financial qianagement and accounting system , acceptable to the Association , for the implementation of the Project ; * * ( b ) * * immediately following the midterm review referred to in SectiA * * 3 . 08 . * * of this Agreement , finalize commercial arrangements , acceptable to the Association , for the sale of rhizobium packets to farmers ; ( c ) * * by * * the end of the third Project Year , start implementing cost recovery mechanisms , acceptable to the Association , for soil testing services ; and * * ( d ) * * not later than December * * 31 , 1996 , * * establish a system , acceptable to the Association , for the compilation and maintenance of a data base on the impact of fertilizer on the environment , including monitoring and testing activities at strategic locations for the purpose of environmental protection . Section * * 3 . 06 . * * The Borrower shall take all measures necessary on its part to facilitate the licensing of private clearing and forwarding agents at the ports through which fertilizers are imported . Section * * 3 . 07 . * * the Borrower shall cause * * AISCO * * to implement the action plan referred to in Section * * 6 . 01 * * ( a ) ( iii ) of this Agreement , with due diligence and efficiency .", "spans": [{"start": 999, "end": 1055, "text": "data base on the impact of fertilizer on the environment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Health Sustainable Development Goals Program-for-Results ( P123531 ) | Percent of Children 6-59 months receiving | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Vitamin A Supplements | 45 % | 45 % * | 53 % | * No updates will be verified by next DHS survey planned for 2021 Data sources : Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey ( EDHS ) 2016 report ; 2019 Mini-DHS ; Nutrition Data Verification Joint Review Mission Report , Dec 2018 ; 2012 HMIS Data Quality Assessment ( DQA ) Report ; 2014 HMIS DQA and current data from 2018 SARA report . 4 . With regard to the three IPF sub-components , the Program status is as follows : * * ( a ) * * * * _Sub-component I : Support for Civil Registration and Vital Statistics ( CRVS ) _ * * : The June 2021 implementation support mission noted significant progress in undertaking the comprehensive , national assessment and in developing the five-year CRVS System Improvement Strategy and Costed Action Plan ( 2022-2026 ) . Advocacy and CRVS awareness raising activities have been conducted at federal , regional , woreda and kebele levels to create public awareness on the importance of CRVS . The printing of blank birth and death certificates and registry books for regions is completed and all the printed registration materials have been delivered to regions . However , the printed materials at the central store have not yet been delivered to Tigray region due to the security situation and will be delivered once the situation improves . Trainings have been provided to the different stakeholders who actively work on the CRVS system . However , the national Immigration Nationality and Vital Events Agency ( INVEA ) is experiencing delays in getting timely data and reports on vital events registration from the Regional Vital Events Registration Agencies ( RVERAs ) . This is because the registration process is largely carried out", "spans": [{"start": 308, "end": 342, "text": "Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 366, "end": 379, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 456, "end": 484, "text": "HMIS Data Quality Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 502, "end": 515, "text": "2014 HMIS DQA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "26 economic liberalization ; high tax burden ; and macroeconomic instability ) . Consequently , countries like Georgia , Azerbaijan , and Ukraine exhibited very large unofficial economies by the 1990s , having experienced very rapid growth since the late 1 980s . # _Nature of the Data and Implications for Measurement_ By definition , any measurement of the unofficial economy is subject to substantial margins of error . Further , errors stemming from the methodological assumptions made in our approach ought not be ruled out . Hence , it is important to not leave the reader with any false sense of precision concerning the numbers . Instead of accurate point estimates of unofficial economy , figures should be regarded as orders of magnitude , and each estimated share should be viewed as falling within a range . It should be noted that we have tried to maintain a conservative approach to the estimates . And that support for the methodology and empirical estimates is found from independent microsurvey data . Further , sensitivity analysis regarding reasonable ranges for the assumed initial unofficial economy share and for the elasticity of electricity consumption suggests that the margins of error are unlikely to be large enough to question the overall orders of magnitude and broad trends reported here . The sheer orders of magnitude and variance in these unofficial economy estimates point to the need for furthering a country-specific understanding of the unofficial economies in the region . The lack of official recognition of these activities in most analyses implies that an implicit estimate of zero ( or close to it ) for the unofficial economy was chosen by default ( or when analyzing trends , the \" default \" assumption is that the growth rates of the official and unofficial economies have moved in tandem - - which is a fallacy in the FSU and CEE region ) . Hence , however imperfect the unofficial economy estimates may be initially , attempts at measuring and understanding the unofficial economy are bound to significantly improve measurement and understanding of the dynamics of the overall economy . # _Implications for Policy_ Incorporating more fully the evolution of the unofficial economy into our understanding of the dynamics of the overall economy leads to some differences in approach to", "spans": [{"start": 988, "end": 1016, "text": "independent microsurvey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "etc . ) . However , the model assumption of proportional hazard is not satisfied . The main issue at this stage is that CDT data population presents discrete variability patterns that are hardly modeled by parametric or semi-parametric methods . Stratification can be used for a better fit of parametric or semi-parametric models . Moreover , other treatments ( e . g . using time dependent covariate ( Collett 2003 ) ) can be applied . # * * Parametric fit using discrete models : Logistic regression * * Continuous models being unsuccessful in modeling CDT data , discrete analysis of CDT is attempted . The objective is to identify which are the most significant determinants of very long and abnormal CDT in the list of variables identified in earlier sections . We transform first the CDT into three discrete levels ( categories ) ; ( 1 ) CDT less than or equal to 30 days , ( 2 ) CDT between 31 and 90 days , and ( 3 ) CDT greater than 90 days . An ( Ordinal / Multinomial ) Logistic regression model is then fitted with the CDT as categorical dependent variable ( see Annex for details ) . # * * Interpretation of modeling results * * Container type is significant in both sub-models ( level 2 vs . level 1 and level 3 vs . level 1 ) . This demonstrates that “ last-trip ” containers , i . e . those containers that are purchased with cargo at a negotiated rate with shipping line ( about $ 2 , 000 for a twenty feet container ) are expected to stay longer in the port with a significant confidence level . Last ports of call are also significant in both models . Cargos originating from Dubai for example are likely to stay longer as compared with other ports with a justification that needs to be further investigated . Fiscal regime is also significant : Containers with finished goods and semi-finished goods are expected to have longer dwell time as compared to other categories of goods , which is probably to be linked to the high cost of customs duties that need to be paid as compared to lower fiscal pressure for raw materials for example . Containers", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 563, "text": "CDT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the individual consulting services . Their results show that both approaches lead to improvements in management practices of a similar magnitude ( 8-10 percentage points ) , so that the new group-based approach dominates on a cost-benefit basis . < sup > 7 < / sup > This points to the potential of group-based approaches as a pathway to scaling up management improvements . _Finally_ , given that management can be improved , our analysis of the survey data already points to some of the shortcomings in the incentive system for firms that inhibit adoption of structured management practices . For example , results suggest that management practices are negatively correlated with firm age , and especially so in lowtech manufacturing and non-knowledge intensive services . Moreover , the magnitude of this negative association is larger in Slavonia . This finding is surprising when compared with the United States or Mexico , where firms tend to improve their management practices as they age . The hypothesis is that , as firms grow , their production processes become more complex and , in order to stay in the market , they have to upgrade their management capabilities . However , in Croatia , firms continue to survive without the need to do so . This indicates the possibility that in Croatia learning and market selection are not operating perhaps due to the lack of pro-competitive forces . < sup > 8 < / sup > Likewise , the finding that exporting firms are better managed confirms that the selection and learning mechanism actually works in Croatia , if firms compete in international markets . More precisely , the management score of a manufacturing exporter in Croatia is likely to be higher by 8 percent than for an average firm . The fact that this result is mainly driven by high-tech manufacturing exporters in the other regions of Croatia , where the management score is likely > 7 Their results suggest that group-based intervention led to increases in firm size over the next 1 . 5 years , including a statistically significant increase in employment , while the impacts on firm outcomes are smaller and statistically insignificant for the individual consulting . > 8 In the United States , it is well-known that “ up-or-out", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 461, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 0 . 30 * | - 0 . 04 | 0 . 31 * | - 0 . 27 * | - 0 . 20 * | 0 . 42 * | | PES | - 0 . 04 | - 0 . 07 | - 0 . 40 * | 0 . 28 * | 0 . 37 * | - 0 . 38 * | 0 . 29 * | 0 . 41 * | | Vacancy database | - 0 . 09 | 0 . 03 | - 0 . 20 * | 0 . 11 | 0 . 19 * | - 0 . 28 * | 0 . 03 | 0 . 22 * | | Job placement | - 0 . 10 | 0 . 01 | - 0 . 18 * | 0 . 11 | 0 . 16 * | - 0 . 22 * | 0 . 11 | 0 . 27 * | | Counseling | - 0 . 03 | - 0 . 08 | - 0 . 12 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 13 | - 0 . 21 * | 0 . 17 * | 0 . 27 * | | Training | - 0 . 15 * | - 0 . 02 | - 0 . 14 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 11 | - 0 . 20 * | 0 . 14 | 0 . 21 * | | Mobility support | - 0 . 07 | - 0 . 11 | - 0 . 19 * | 0 . 20 * | 0 . 14 | - 0 . 28 * | 0 . 25 * | 0 . 30 * | | Internship / apprenticeship | 0 . 16 * | - 0 . 07 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 07 | - 0 . 10 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 28 * | 0 . 00 | | National skills fund | - 0 . 06 | 0 . 04 | - 0 . 24 * | 0 . 06 | 0 . 27 * | - 0 . 17 * | 0 . 04 | 0 . 21 * | | Training incentives | - 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ # # # # # * * 6 . Enhanced resilience for POCs and support to host communities * * _Vision : POCs are empowered to address their own protection needs . _ # # # # # # * * Key challenges * * UNHCR Participatory Assessments indicate high unemployment among the refugee population with majority relying on humanitarian assistance . With just 1 per cent of refugees able to afford the local food basket , livelihood access gaps compound food insecurity for refugee communities across Sudan . Syrian and Yemeni refugees are slightly better off due to their relatively easy access to work permits . However , the majority of South Sudanese , Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees rely on informal labour opportunities . Refugees also lack productive assets , and many do not have sufficient technical and entrepreneurial skills . Inter-agency partner assessments indicate significant unmet livelihood needs for both South Sudanese refugees and their host communities ’ who have livestock assets and lack market access , particularly in East and South Darfur and South Kordofan States where communities rely on livestock-based livelihoods . Furthermore , the majority of refugees in Sudan are aged 15-30 years , and in the absence of livelihood opportunities face increased likelihood of onward movement and associated protection risks . A lack of livelihoods opportunities or access to basic income also limits the Operation ’ s capacity to avoid or dismantle parallel service systems because refugees are unable to pay user fees for access to national service systems . At the same time , detailed analysis of refugees ’ capacity-to-pay is hindered by a lack of household socioeconomic data . While the Government of Sudan does not implement its encampment policy in relation to South Sudanese refugees , the government will likely continue to refuse to liberalize access to work permits for all refugee populations . There is a need for awareness raising for - and sharing of data and evidence with the Government on the potential economic gains of facilitating refugees ’ access to livelihoods more broadly , especially as it", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 296, "text": "UNHCR Participatory Assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1726, "end": 1754, "text": "household socioeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have been granted . Re-contracting of loans in favor of longer maturities or lower interest rates has also been common . The hope is that because the health crisis is temporary , so too will be the financial distress of firms and households . However , > Reinhart ( 1999 ) , Bordo , Eichengreen , Kliengbiel , and Martinez-Peria ( 2001 ) , Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2008 , 2009 ) , Schularick and Taylor ( 2012 ) , Laeven and Valencia ( 2013 ) , Bordo and Meissner ( 2016 ) . > 5 See World Bank ( 2020b ) for a cross-country database on these policies . 5", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 529, "text": "cross-country database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _Not Applicable . _ # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Not Applicable . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_28_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Unfunded Govemrnment Benefit Obligations < br > under the Civil Service Retirement Plan < br > ( % of concurrent GDP ) < br > 40 < br > 30 . 1 < br > 20 19 . 5 < br > 10 . 6 < br > 1 D 0 < br > 0 < br > PLnsion Post Total < br > Retirenrent < br > Health Care < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Government pension liabilities are 77 . 5 percent of total estimated obligations . Sources : Data provided by Taspen and staff calculations . _Obligations to be Paid out of_ * * _the Pension_ * * _Assets_ In principle , workers ' contributions , and the attendant investment income , are used to pay for all of the THT benefits and 22 . 5 percent of the pension . The pension assets are managed by Pt . Taspen . In practice , however , these assets fall considerably short of the corresponding actuarial liabilities . The shortfall may be attributable to : # ( a ) incompatibility of contributions and benefits ; # ( b ) low returns on investment ; and high administrative costs . Under the THT program , the assets available were about Rph . 2 . 7 trillion as of year-end 1994 , while the accrued liabilities are estimated to be Rph . 6 . 2 trillion , implying an unfunded amount of Rph . 3 . 5 trillion . Under the pension plan , the assets amounted to Rph . 6 . 3 trillion , while the accrued liabilities were Rph . 21 . 4 trillion ( equal to 22 . 5 percent of total pension obligations ) , leaving unfunded liabilities of Rph . 15 . 1 trillion , as shown in the chart below .", "spans": [{"start": 442, "end": 488, "text": "Data provided by Taspen and staff calculations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Descriptive and Experimental Findings * * We divide this section into three parts . First , we document differences between perceived decile ( where individuals believe their household stands on the income distribution ) , and objective decile ( the household ’ s position on the income distribution based on income data from 2019-20 ) . Next , we explore descriptive trends in support for reducing inequality in India , and explore the extent to which perceived and objective income deciles are correlated with support for reducing inequality . Finally , we test if information on the household ’ s objective decile has any causal effect on support for reducing inequality . # * * 3 . 1 . Perceptions of household position in the income distribution * * In Table 1 , we list the average difference between perceived decile and objective decile in Column ( 4 ) , the proportion of households whose perceived decile exceeded their objective decile in Column ( 5 ) , and the proportion whose perceived decile was lower their objective decile in Column ( 7 ) . In other words , Column ( 5 ) refers to people who perceived their households as richer than they were based on income , whereas Column ( 7 ) refers to people who perceived their households as poorer . Strikingly , over 70 % of the sample perceived themselves to be poorer than their incomes would suggest . This is much higher compared to what other studies have found . For instance , Hoy and Mager ( 2020 ) found that less than 10 % of their online sample from India underestimated their position . A household survey in Buenos Aires found that 55 % of the sample underestimated their position ( Cruces , Perez-Truglia , and Tetaz 2013 ) . Surveys from highincome countries have found that most people think they are around the middle of the national income distribution , with households below the median typically overestimating their position ( Gimpelson and Treisman 2018 ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 330, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1572, "end": 1604, "text": "household survey in Buenos Aires", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1711, "end": 1744, "text": "Surveys from highincome countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "then rely on their general beliefs about their contextual circumstances in their search for answers to survey questions ( Beegle et al . 2012 ) . In the setting of sub-Saharan Africa , if the work of girls at the farm is more variable and has a less predictable pattern , we would expect to find that selfand proxy-reporting of child labor would be particularly prone to discrepancies . On the other hand , if farm work for boys is typically more frequent and regular , it would be easier for both proxy and boy respondents to rely on recall-and-count strategies , and thus we would expect to find less self / proxy reporting discrepancies for boys . The seasonality of coffee production in the agricultural calendar not only affects the share of children who are working but it could also affect the extent of self / proxy reporting discrepancies . If a particular agricultural season involves child work activity with routinely steps and predictable timing , or involve the complementarity of child / adult work due to the physical strength requirements of farm activities , we would expect to observe smaller discrepancies in self / proxy reporting of child labor relative to other agricultural seasons where salient work activities do not require physical strength and , thus , can be done by children in their own . Likewise , when the labor demand is at its highest ( so that the heads of households are actively busy ) , or at its lowest ( so that the heads of households have to allocate time to outside off-farm activities to supplement income ) , we would expect to observe higher self / proxy discrepancies in child labor statistics as monitoring of child activities becomes more costly . We find statistically significant gender variation in self / proxy discrepancies in child labor statistics in rural Ethiopia regardless of the age of the child or whether one uses 30-day or 7-day recall interviews . Girls report higher farm labor participation relative to proxy respondents within and across agricultural seasons . For boys , on the other hand , we do not find self / proxy information gaps across all seasons . These discrepancies in child labor statistics show variation across seasons 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "terminology [ common data dictionary ] , facilities , health < br > professionals , product catalogue ) and four core standards ( content , terminology , transport , and security ) < br > are established . < br > - DLR 6 . 3 : Health information systems < sup > 25 < / sup > upgraded to share minimum datasets within the national HIE < br > framework while utilizingcommon registries . | | Data source / Agency | Reports from the Ministryof Health . | | Verification Entity | KACE . | | Procedure | DLR 6 . 1 : The Terms of Reference ( TOR ) will be verified to confirm that the membership includes multi - < br > sectoral , technical stakeholders . The TOR needs to clearly articulate responsibilities with assigned < br > institutions to take the following actions : establish health data governance , define health data standards , < br > enhance interoperability , and utilize data . The meeting minutes will be used to verify the decisions made by < br > the committee . < br > DLR 6 . 2 : Established registries and standards will be verified to confirm whether the registries use unique < br > and standardized IDs assigned and if health-related standards are based on international standards , such as < br > the International Patient Summary ( IPS ) , the international Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) , and Health Level < br > 7 ( HL7 ) . The IVA will confirm the availability of published national data standards , guidelines , and / or < br > interface specifications by the MOH . < br > DLR 6 . 3 : The IVA will conduct system checks for the implementation of shared registries and < br > interoperability across health information systems . A minimum dataset utilizes standardized registry data < br > such as : a unique facility ID , a unique patient ID , a unique provider ID , a unique product ID , an appropriate < br > or common clinical code , and / or a", "spans": [{"start": 1685, "end": 1711, "text": "standardized registry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Value for Money analysis have noted the underutilization of CBA , CEA and other efficiency analyses in the published impact evaluation literature ( McEwan 2012 ; Dhaliwal et . al . 2013 ) . However , no analysis to date has determined the percentage of published impact evaluations that incorporates efficiency analysis , and there has been little systematic investigation of the observed decline in VFM application . A 2008 review found that inconsistent use of language ; lack of common measures ; lack of quality data on social impacts , outcomes , outputs and program cost ; lack of incentives for transparency ; and the expense of cost measurement all contribute to low levels of Cost reporting in the social sector ( Tuan 2008 ) . Veteran CBA observers note that the low application of VFM analysis in impact evaluation studies and their often-dubious quality has occurred within the context of waning interest in CBA and Cost-efficiency methods more generally . This downward trend is mirrored in the quality of economic analyses in the World Bank ’ s project appraisal documents . In 2007 and 2008 just over half of the included economic analyses were of “ acceptable ” or “ good > 3 Data are from 3ie ’ s Impact Evaluation Repository . The repository includes published impact evaluations of development interventions carried out in low - and middle-income countries that use experimental or quasi-experimental estimation strategies with a credible counterfactual . 3ie developed the repository using systematic search of over 31 “ academic databases in health , economics , public policy and the social sciences provided by platforms such as Ovid , EbscoHost and ProQuest , and libraries and websites from select research organisations and academic institutions . ” More than 84 , 000 potential studies published between 1981 and 2015 were identified and screened , with more than 4 , 200 ( from over 120 countries ) selected for inclusion in the repository . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1206, "end": 1242, "text": "3ie ’ s Impact Evaluation Repository", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Risks to Child Development and School Readiness among Children under Six in Pakistan : Findings from a Nationally Representative Phone Survey * * Elizabeth Hentschel , Heather Tomlinson , Amer Hasan , Aisha Yousafzai , Amna Ansari , Mahreen Tahir-Chowdhry and Mina Zamand # * * JEL Classification : * * J13 , J24 , I31 * * Keywords : * * Early Childhood Development , School Readiness , Risk Factors , Pakistan , Children under 6", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 145, "text": "Nationally Representative Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ls in civil service * * | | Description | Number of senior officials and applicants tojobs in the civil service with digital skills certified as a result of training . | | Frequency | Once , byProgram closure . | | Data source | Roster of digitallyskilled trained and certified senior officials and applicants . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | SPAC annual report on civil service and / or IPA / MODEE annual report on training in digital competencies . | | Responsibility for Data | SPAC / MODEE / IPA | | Collection | . | | * * Result Area 3 on transp * * | * * arency and accountability through digitalization * * | | * * Strengthened legal enfo * * | * * rcementprovisions and regulatory mechanisms on access to information * * | | Description | Improved Jordan ratingunder the Right to Information Index . | | Frequency | Once , byProgram closure . | | Data source | Right to Information Index ( RTI ) of the Centre for Law and Democracy . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | The RTI assesses both the overall strength of the legal framework and the strengths and weaknesses of the legal < br > framework across seven dimensions : Right of Access , Scope , Requesting Procedures , Exceptions and Refusals , Appeals , < br > Sanctions and Protections , and Promotional Measures . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Centre for Law and Democracy . | | * * Improved scoring on op * * | * * en data * * | | Description | Jordan ratingunder the Open data openness sub-indicator of the Open Data InventoryIndex ( ODIN ) . | | Frequency | Everytwoyears . | | Data source | Open Data Watch website . | | | Openness of data are measured based on the five following elements that measure how well a country ’ s data offerings < br >", "spans": [{"start": 357, "end": 392, "text": "SPAC annual report on civil service", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 884, "end": 910, "text": "Right to Information Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1604, "end": 1627, "text": "Open Data Watch website", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "family planning , and maternal and child health . The more recent surveys did record data on school enrollment ( for household members aged 6 to 25 ) and educational attainment ( for household members aged 6 and above ) as reportecl by a chosen respondent . # _Data on education outcomes_ The education variables analyzed here are based on the answers to three questions about those aged 6 and above : whether they had ever been to school ; if they had ever been to school , what was the highest level of schooling attended ; and what was the highest grade attained at that level . Those aged 6 to 25 were asked , in addition . , whether they were still \" in school \" ( if they report ever attending ) . In the rest of this paper , children who report being \" in school \" are referred to as being enrolled . The countries have been grouped into eight regions for the analytical purposes of this paper . These are , ranked roughly from lowest to highest enrollment of girls aged 6 to 14 from the poorest households : Western and Central Africa , North Africa , South Asia , Eastern and Southern Africa , Central America and the Caribbean , East Asia and the Pacific , South America , and Middle East and Central Asia . . # _Measuring wealth using DHS data_ The DHS do not ask about household income or consumption expenditures , the variables usually used to rank households according to their standard of living . The surveys carried out since 1990 do however include two sets of questions related to the socio-economic status of the household . < sup > 3 < / sup > First , households are asked to report about ownership of various assets , such as whether any member owns a radio , television , refr-igerator , bicycle , motorcycle , or car . Second , DHS III are those that have been carried out since 1994 This analysis is limited to datasets with the requisite education and asset information . 3This section relies heavily on information contained in Filmer and Pritchett ( 1998 and 1999a ) . 6", "spans": [{"start": 1753, "end": 1760, "text": "DHS III", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Completed | | | | 2025-04-24 < br > 2025-06-05 | | | | | 2025-05-22 < br > 202 | 5-08-01 | 2025-06 - | 05 < br > 2 | 025-11-10 | | ET-MOA-502779-GO-RFQ / S < br > afety field materials for NPCU < br > staff ( First aid kit , Raincoat , s < br > afety shoes , sleeping bag , et < br > c . ) < br > TF / B8450 | Project Management and Re < br > porting | Post < br > R < br > ti | equest for Quota < br > ons | Limited - | National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 7 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Completed | | | | 2025-07-26 < br > 2025-07-23 | | | | | 2025-08-23 < br > 202 | 5-08-01 | 2025-09 - | 13 < br > 2 | 025-08-05 | | ET-MOA-516267-GO-RFQ / Pr < br > ocurement of 150 tablets for < br > 47 RLLP-II woredas data colle < br > ction purpose based on the a < br > pproved AWBP component 2 . < br > TF / B5341 | Investing in Institutions and I < br > nformation for Resilience | Post < br > R < br > ti | equest for Quota < br > ons | Limited - | National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 95 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | | | 2025-12", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "any of the first five rounds of the phone survey preceding Round 6 , and 0 otherwise . # * * _ ( ii ) Contact with Their Teacher_ * * To define the contact between students and their teacher , we use the question asking whether children or else in the household were in touch with their teacher - a anyone question that was asked only in Round 1 , Round 2 , and Round 5 of the Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS . We generate a binary variable equal to 1 for an individual residing in a household who answered \" Yes \" to this question in any of the survey Rounds for which the question was asked , and 0 otherwise . Table 1 shows that 52 % of students have been in contact with teachers during the period of protracted schools ’ closure . # * * 2 . 2 . 7 COVID-19 and the Opportunity Cost of Schooling * * Central to this study is the hypothesis that lockdown measures induced by the outbreak of COVID-19 undermine children ’ s school resilience . Nigeria offers an excellent context for testing this hypothesis because according to UNICEF ’ s 2013 estimates , in absolute value , one in every five of the world ’ s out-of-school children lives in Nigeria . Moreover , various factors inherent to the country ’ s socioeconomic fabric drive education deprivation , including geography , poverty and socio-cultural norms and practices that discourage attendance in formal education , especially for girls . < sup > 17 < / sup > This multiplicity of potential factors raises the challenge of identifying the impact of COVID-19 on school resilience . Descriptive statistics presented in Table 8 show the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on proxies / determinants of the opportunity cost of schooling to parents . We built this table using survey respondents ’ answers to various questions about household socioeconomic conditions contained in the 2020 COVID-19 NLPS phone surveys . For example , in the COVID-19 NLPS round 4 conducted in August 2020 , households were asked to compare their current income from various sources to their income in August 2019 , and to indicate whether these incomes had increased , decreased , or remained the same .", "spans": [{"start": 377, "end": 398, "text": "Nigeria COVID-19 NLPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1834, "end": 1866, "text": "2020 COVID-19 NLPS phone surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1890, "end": 1911, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS round 4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Jones , Benjamin F . “ The Human Capital Stock : A Generalized Approach . ” _American Economic Review_ 104 , no . 11 ( 2014 ) : 3752-77 . - Jones , Benjamin F . “ The Human Capital Stock : A Generalized Approach : Reply . ” _American Economic Review_ 109 , no . 3 ( 2019 ) : 1175-95 . - Klenow , Peter J . , and Andres Rodriquez-Clare . _The neoclassical revival in growth economics : has it gone too far ? _ ” NBER Macroeconomics Annual , MIT Press , Cambridge , MA ( 1997 ) : 83 – 103 . - Kolen , Michael J . , and Robert L . Brennan . _Nonequivalent groups : Linear methods . Test equating , scaling , and linking_ . ( 2014 ) : 103-142 . - Kraay , Aart . “ The World Bank Human Capital Index : A Guide . ” _The World Bank Research Observer_ 34 , no . 1 ( 2019 ) : 1-33 - Mankiw , N . Gregory , David Romer and David N . Weil . “ A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth . ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 107 , no . 2 ( 1992 ) : 407-437 . - Mislevy , Robert J . , Albert E . Beaton , Bruce Kaplan and Kathleen M . Sheehan . “ Estimating Population Characteristics from Sparse Matrix Samples of Item Responses . ” _Journal of Educational Measurement_ 29 , no . 2 ( 1992 ) : 133-161 . OECD . _PISA 2015 Technical Report . _ OECD Publishing , 2015 . - Patrinos , Harry Anthony , and Noam Angrist . _Global Dataset on Education Quality : A Review and Update ( 2000 – 2017 ) _ . The World Bank , 2018 . - Psacharopoulos , George , and Harry Anthony Patrinos . “ Returns to investment in education : a further update . ” _Education Economics_ 12 , no . 2 ( 2004 ) : 111-134 . - Reardon , Sean F . , Demetra Kalogrides , and Andrew D . Ho . 2019 . “ Validation methods for aggregatelevel test scale linking : A case study mapping school district test score distributions to a common scale .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Environmental and Social Systems Assessment < u > ( ESSA ) Addendum < / u > Additional Financing-I Ethiopia Electrification < u > Program ( AF-ELEAP ) < / u > _ < u > Note < / u > _ - In the above EEU ESHS structure , all the positions are filled and maintained except for currently vacant EHS Manager position at Harari region under the EHSS Directorate and one expert position at Somali region under the Project Portfolio Management Directorate . Based on the established ESMS , it is expected that EEU shall maintain 1 E & S Specialist / Expert and 1 H & S Specialist / Expert at both corporate and regional levels . As it can be seen from the above organization chart , EEU maintained at least 2 ESHS staff at both corporate and regional levels . As a result , the ESHS structure is fully maintained . 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Based on the 2021 EU-SILC , a household living below the relative poverty line has , on average , 2 . 51 household members . This allows us to get to the cost of the food basket for a family of this average size or how much is needed to afford a food basket for a typical poor household . Then , we calculate the amount of this household income that needs to come from labor income , given that about 82 percent of overall household income comes from labor income in these families ( our estimate based on EU-SILC data ) . To get the wage per worker estimate , we estimate the number of full-time equivalent workers in these households . These families have , on average , one member working full-time and 0 . 13 members working part-time ( our estimate is based on EU-SILC data ) and convert > 18 These statistics are for households living below the relative poverty line whose labor income is strictly positive , and therefore , are affected by changes in wages via their labor income channel . These exclude households with solo pensioners , or other households that receive other sources of income but not earnings . 67 % of poor single-person households are households with pensioners , and 42 % of poor households are single-person households . 18", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 27, "text": "2021 EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 508, "end": 520, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Jamasb , T . , Nepal , R . , & Timilsina , G . R . ( 2015 ) . _A Quarter Century Effort Yet to Come of_ _Age : A Survey of Power Sector Reforms in Developing Countries . _ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 7330 . Lamb , W . F . , & Minx , J . C . ( 2020 ) . The political economy of national climate policy : Architectures of constraint and a typology of countries . _Energy Research and Social Science_ , _64_ . Macquarie , R . , Naran , B . , Rosane , P . , Solomon , M . , Wetherbee , C . , Buchner , B . , Choi , J . , Davila , E . , Dreyer , C . , & Falconer , A . ( 2019 ) . _Updated view on the Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019_ . Mallawaarachchi , T . , Nepal , R . , & Ross , H . ( 2021 ) . Meeting environmental objectives through energy sector reforms in Asia and the Pacific . _https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1080 / 14486563 . 2021 . 1989009_ , _28_ ( 4 ) , 305 – 313 . Moner-Girona , M . , Bender , A . , Becker , W . , Bódis , K . , Szabó , S . , Kararach , A . G . , & Anadón , L . D . ( 2021 ) . A multidimensional high-resolution assessment approach to boost decentralised energy investments in Sub-Saharan Africa . _Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews_ , _148_ , 111282 . Murray , M . P . ( 2006 ) . Avoiding Invalid Instruments and Coping with Weak Instruments . _The Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , _20_ ( 4 ) , 111 – 132 . Nagayama , H . ( 2009 ) . Electric power sector reform liberalization models and electric power prices in developing countries : An empirical analysis using international panel data . _Energy Economics_ , _31_ ( 3 ) , 463 – 472 . Peñasco , C . , Anadón , L . D . , & Verdolini , E . ( 2021 ) . Systematic", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to encourage women ’ s labor , if these measures are determined by women themselves . The project will also track the differential impacts of its activities on men and women . Results will be disaggregated by gender whenever feasible and reporting will look at whether gender gaps narrow throughout project implementation . During the midterm review , gender gaps within the project will be analyzed and activities to further address gender issues will be put in place . Data on women ’ s participation and benefits from this project will be widely shared so that information can be used by other donors and agencies supporting the transport sector or otherwise aiming to promote gender equality in Lebanon . # # # * * F . Environment ( including Safeguards ) * * 86 . * * A SAP was prepared in accordance with the Bank policy ( paragraph 12 , OP10 . 00 ) . * * The project is classified as environmental category “ B ” , in accordance with OP 4 . 01 . Recognizing the need for providing urgent assistance , while at the same time ensuring due diligence in managing potential environmental and social risks , the SAP is based on the following principles ( see annex 4 ) : 1 . The proposed operation will support multiple components , all within the transport sector , the detailed designs of which were not known at the stage of combined preparation and appraisal mission . 2 . To ensure effective application of the World Bank ’ s safeguard policies , the SAP provides guidance on the approach to be taken during project implementation for the selection and Page 41 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 502, "text": "Data on women ’ s participation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Additional Financing Ethiopia Electrification Program ( P178895 ) | | | | not implemented . * * Not * * < br > * * Done * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Accountability , integrity , and oversight : * * | | | | | | | Provide facilities for procurement staff and secured space for < br > procurement record . | Continuous | EEU | Facilities are provided . | Completed | Carried over | | EEU shall prepare standard bidding document for each procurement < br > category encompassing the complaint handling procedures and < br > other necessary amendments that reflect the procurement < br > categories . The bidding document shall also include a guidance note < br > to bidders to report any procurement related fraud and corruption < br > cases whenever they experience during procurement process to < br > FEAC , Federal Policy and Auditor General , so that these three entities < br > will investigate and take the necessaryactions . | Year 1 | | | Pending | Carried over | | EEU shall revise its procurement policy and procedures manual to < br > accommodate the responsible body to approve evaluation reports < br > and contract award recommendations . The body responsible for < br > review and approval of the same shall be EEU ’ s procurement < br > endorsing committee in line with the federal public procurement < br > directives PEC duties and responsibilities . | Year 1 | | EEU established bid < br > endorsing committees < br > who are responsible to < br > review and endorse the < br > evaluation and selection < br > process , but practically < br > evaluation and contract < br > awards approval are done < br > by EEU senior < br > management", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 364, "text": "procurement record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Industries / National Sample Survey ( Manufacturing only ) . The relationship between the size of informal sector and development in Figure 1 is downward sloping . This is the stylized cross-section relaionship , established many times in the literature , which informs the mindset that predicts a decline in informality with development . But notice first of all that there is a 6", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 38, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is a weighted average based on the data from the Midline evaluation ( 75 % Highlands / 25 % < br > Lowlands ) . < br > 39 . 5 % of PSNP Household reported 12 months of food security in the highlands ; 59 . 1 % of PSNP < br > Households in the Lowlands ; < br > The endline to assess this indicator was scheduled to take place between March-May 2020 , however due < br > to the COVID-19 crisis , the endline data collection has been suspended until further notice . < br > ed that has a value of at least 15 kgs of cereals and 4 kgs of pulses or its cash equivalent ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | Baseline < br > Actual ( Previous ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 01-Jul-2015 < br > 31-May-2021 < br > 20-Dec-2021 | 31-Dec-2021 | | Comments * * : * * | Data source : Dec . 2019 Consumer Price Index data from CSA < br > In EFY 2012 the wage rate was increased by 16 % on average < br > Data source : June 2020 Consumer Price Index data from CSA < br > In EFY 2012 the wage rate was increased by 16 % on average < br > Based on analysis of CPI data from CSA , despite the wage rate adjustments , n < br > purchase a full 15kg of cereals with the existing wage rate . The existing wage < br > about 9 . 4 kg of cereals . | one of the transfers can < br > can purchase in average | # < u > < mark > IN01086867 < / mark > < / u > ►", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 67, "text": "data from the Midline evaluation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 867, "end": 912, "text": "Dec . 2019 Consumer Price Index data from CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1000, "end": 1044, "text": "June 2020 Consumer Price Index data from CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1139, "end": 1156, "text": "CPI data from CSA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bangladesh refugee camps showed that a multifaceted psycho-social intervention not only had positive impacts on the mental health of mothers but also on their children and improved child development outcomes more generally ( Hussam et al . , 2021 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > An examination of educational outcomes using descriptive statistics ( Mejia-Mantilla et al . , 2019 ; Pape et al . , 2018 ; Pape and Sharma , 2019 ) and studies controlling for observables ( Wharton and Oyelere , 2011 ) shows that refugee and IDP children in low and middle-income > 7This is corroborated by a larger literature on the intergenerational transmission of mental health ( Gon ̧ calves et al . , 2016 ; Johnston et al . , 2013 ) and the ability of interventions to reduce this transmission ( Eyal and Burns , 2019 ) . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- off date could also be the date the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated , and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delineation to prevent further population influx . 50", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 87, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Covariate shocks and deaths are not significantly associated with the likelihood of reporting depressive symptoms . Next , we evaluate how large the effect of each type of event is on depression in monetary terms by comparing their effects alongside the coefficient of consumption expenditures ( Table A1 ) . < sup > 16 < / sup > Using our regression specification , we can simulate how much extra consumption a respondent would need ( the percentage point change in the depressive measure from consumption over the percentage change from each adverse event ) in order to compensate for the effects of each incident on depression . We find that the effects of idiosyncratic shocks and conflicts on depressive symptoms are equivalent to the loss of 3 , 852 and 7 , 914 naira , respectively . In other words , the experience of conflicts would need to be compensated with 7 , 914 naira ( worth around US $ 52 . 27 ) to cancel out its impact on mental health . # Additional correlates of depression We also examined the correlation of some of individual characteristics with the likelihood of showing depressive symptoms . Our data set is novel in part due to the inclusion of consumption data along with that of mental health and adverse events , and as such , we can control for this . Lower lagged consumption per capita is , as expected , significantly correlated with lower levels of depressive symptomatology . This points to the persistence of well-being and its effect on mental health . Another finding on significant covariates is notable : Married individuals are less likely to score over the CES-D cutoff than those who are single by about eight percentage points ; the coefficient is similar for individuals who are married polygamously . # Impacts of priming on reported depression In addition to our analysis of the correlates of our depressive measure , we also look at the impacts of the survey experiment . The point estimate for the respondent priming indicator ( i . e . respondents who answered questions about their adverse events before answering questions about their depressive symptoms ) provides us with the causal impact of this priming . By itself , priming people by asking about their histories", "spans": [{"start": 1174, "end": 1190, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ sup > * * 2008 * * * | * * ster * * < br > * * 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * 2008 * * * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Europe | 99 , 300 | 111 , 400 | 111 , 500 | 122 , 300 | 112 , 800 | 120 , 000 | | - EU-total | 89 , 800 | 99 , 500 | 99 , 700 | 108 , 200 | 96 , 300 | 103 , 500 | | - EU-old | 81 , 000 | 88 , 600 | 90 , 200 | 92 , 300 | 86 , 700 | 93 , 900 | | - EU-new | 8 , 700 | 11 , 000 | 9 , 500 | 15 , 900 | 9 , 700 | 9 , 700 | | USA / Canada | 36 , 300 | 38 , 500 | 38 , 400 | 39 , 500 | 42 , 200 | 42 , 200 | | Japan / Rep . of < br > Korea | 620 | 610 | 690 | 840 | 840 | 840 | | Australia / New < br > Zealand | 1 , 900 | 1 , 900 | 2 , 100 | 2 , 200 | 2 , 100 | 2 , 100 | | Total | 138 , 120 | 152 , 410 | 152 , 690 | 164 , 840 | 157 , 940 | 165 , 140 | _ * All figures exclude Italy . * * All figures include Italy . _ See notes in Table 1 for list of countries included . months of 2008 . Excluding Italy , where no pre-2008 monthly data is available , the EU-26 recorded more than 96 , 300 new claims during the first semester of 2008 , 11 per cent less than during the second half of 2007 , and 3 per cent", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 995, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services Project ( P179040 ) # # * * Monitoring & Evaluation Plan : Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * | * * Building institutions and trust * * | | | - - - | - - - | | * * ID institution is established ( Yes / N * * | * * o ) * * | | Description | The regulation establishing an institution to implement the powers and responsibilities of the < br > Digital Identification System stipulated in the Proclamation 1284 / 2023 is adopted . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Federal Negarit Gazette | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Projectprogress report | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Proportion ofpopulation satisfied * * | * * with Fayda services ( Percentage ) ( Percentage ) * * | | | The percentage of people who rated the different Fayda services they have received as ‘ satisfied | | Description | < br > and ‘ very satisfied ’ out of a sample of the population that has registered to Fayda in a given < br > month oryear | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Surveyvia Fayda GRM system | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Projectprogress report | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Proportion of complaints resolved * * | * * successfully ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | The percentage of complaints submitted in the GRM that have been satisfactorily resolved out of < br > the total complaints received | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Fayda GRM system | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Projectprogress report | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Establishing scalable and secure Fa * * | * * yda ICT infrastructure * * | | * * Proportion of", "spans": [{"start": 1076, "end": 1102, "text": "Surveyvia Fayda GRM system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 6 Page 3 of 6 * * the coordination of the Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation ( ITFC ) and UNP . Emphasis will be placed on establishing baseline data and monitoring ecological , socio-economic and anthropological trends , and on adaptive research aimed at assisting park management . No direct negative environmental or social impacts are anticipated from research activities ; rather , research may play an important role in identifying and mitigating possible negative impacts associated with other activities . # # # RESETTLEMENT 10 . When the BINP was gazetted in 1991 , it incorporated a 10 km < sup > 2 < / sup > area ( the Mbwa River Tract ) which was not previously part of the Forest Reserve , although the Forest Department had long intended to add this tract to the Reserve . The area was allocated to a locally powerful individual in 1990 , after which some of it was settled by relatives of this individual and other parts cultivated by people who have residences elsewhere . As GOU policy does not permit people to reside or cultivate inside a national park , these people are required to vacate this area . Furthermore , it is believed that mountain gorillas once inhabiting this area are likely to return if the natural vegetation is allowed to regenerate , and its accessibility makes it potentially very important as a gorilla tourism site . While this resettlement is not the direct result of the GEF project , it represents an integral part of the BINP management which the project aims to support . Therefore , it has been agreed that the resettlement must be consistent with Bank policies . 11 . The project working paper on socio-cultural issues provides details on the background of the situation and the approach to be followed , including an outline which . was followed by UNP in preparing a resettlement plan for this area . Because of the small number of people involved , and because all but one of the residents and cultivators reportedly have other lands and homes to which they can return , Bank requirements are satisfied by providing cash", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 166, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "formal labor regulations . # 3 . 3 . Descriptive statistics Table 1 reports summary statistics from the EIS data on the composition and characteristics in the population of registered firms in Turkey . Microenterprises and small firms represent the large majority of formal firms in Turkey . Half of all formal firms are microenterprises with no more than 2 formal employees each ; 72 percent of formal firms have no more than 5 employees , and 84 percent have no more than 10 employees . These statistics highlight the importance of having data that cover firms of all sizes with no minimum-employment threshold when assessing the impact of the minimum wage on firms in developing economies . 10", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 112, "text": "EIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 6052 # * * Abstract * * This paper analyzes the distributional effect of public spending in Zambia using the most recent data from the 2010 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey . The analysis focuses on both the “ traditional ” social sectors , such as education and public healthcare , as well as other spending areas less thoroughly studied , such as agricultural support programs . Ultimately , this benefit incidence analysis addresses the extent to which spending is pro-poor and progressive ; that is , it primarily benefits the poor and does so at an increasing rate as welfare levels decrease . The results indicate that overall public education spending in Zambia is neither pro-poor nor progressive , but while this is true for the system as a whole it is not true for all of its parts . The net unitary benefits of primary and secondary education are clearly both propoor and progressive . However , their progressivity is ultimately outweighed by the extreme concentration of tertiary education benefits among the wealthiest members of Zambian society . Health spending is also regressive and not pro-poor . Although unitary net benefits are slightly progressive , unequal access remains the key constraint . In contrast , the benefits of agricultural-input subsidy programs follow a somewhat progressive pattern ( for each beneficiary in the top quintile there are almost two beneficiaries in the poorest quintile ) but clearly suffer from targeting problems . Consequently , without better-designed and more conscientiously implemented targeting mechanisms , public spending on health , education , and fertilizers will not be able to further the government ’ s larger objectives for pro-poor and progressive development policy . This paper is a product of the Poverty Reduction and Equity Unit , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at jcuesta @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 205, "text": "2010 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "December 2013 , continued through May 2015 , and payouts were made to SSP clients in June 2015 . < sup > 9 < / sup > # # * * 2 . 3 Data * * Our analysis combines administrative data from NVRB with six waves of survey data . The administrative data contain information on all transactions posted to respondents ’ NVRB accounts from the time of account opening to one year after the end of the intervention ( 32 months after baseline ) . The baseline took place before SSP was introduced . The first three follow-ups took place – while SSP was ongoing during program months 6 , 10 , and 14 . The objective of these rounds was to collect data on savings and debt during the commitment period , and assess how commitment impacted expenditure . The last two follow-ups took place 3 and 5 months after the SSP payout . These surveys were designed to assess how respondents ’ financial lives had changed after the commitment amount was released . < sup > 10 < / sup > In total , 91 percent of study participants participated in all survey rounds and 98 percent of study participants participated in at least one follow-up survey round . Appendix Table A2 that attrition is uncorrelated with treatment status . # * * 3 Main Results * * # # * * 3 . 1 Take Up * * Seventy-two percent of individuals in the treatment group signed up for SSP . The median monthly contribution was GHS 30 , while the average contribution was GHS 42 . Completion rates were also high , with just 13 percent of respondents who signed up for SSP dropping out before the savings cycle was over . Appendix Table A3 studies correlates of take-up ( in the treatment group ) and dropout ( among those in the treatment group who signed up ) . The first two columns study pairwise correlations between take-up / dropout and baseline characteristics , while the last two columns present results of regressions where all baseline > 9All study participants – in both the treatment and the control group – who did not have a savings account with NVRB were given the opportunity to open one in May", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 191, "text": "administrative data from NVRB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 210, "end": 221, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * II . FINDINGS OF THE PANEL * * 9 . Management accepts the findings of the Inspection Panel as expressed in paragraphs 4 . 7 , 5 . 5 , 6 . 6 , 7 . 2 , ' and 8 . 4 of the Panel ' s report . The Inspection Panel concludes that the pilot failed to achieve its objective of producing the required data for an environmental assessment of the chopping technology . Management concurs with this finding , since the baseline data to allow a full evaluation of the impact were not collected , and the water sampling during ) the pilot was inadequate for purposes of the study . The Panel further concludes that \" Management is in compliance with OD 4 . 01 ( Environmental Assessment ) wwith respect to categorization of the Project , OD 4 . 15 ( Poverty Alleviation ) and OP 1 ; 0 . 04 ( Economic Evaluation of Investment Operations ) . It further concludes that Management is not in full compliance with OD 4 . 01 with respect to meeting the overall purpose and nature of the OD including , as acknowledged by Management , adequate consultations with affected groups and NGOs . Nor is it in compliance with paragraph 42 of OD 13 . 05 on Bank Supervision . \" ( Executive Summary , paragraph 86 ) . Finally , the Panel recommends continued monitoring and vigilance with regard to the spread of water hyacinth . # * * III . RECOMMENDED ACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO THE PANEL ' S FINDINGS * * 10 . Management recommends six actions : ( i ) continued monitoring ; ( ii ) vigilant surveillance ; ( iii ) heightened community participation ; ( iv ) cross country participation in supervision missions ; ( v ) renewed activity of the Panel of Scientists ; and ( vi ) possible repeat of the pilot . The recommended actions will be undertaken by the Bank and the Borrower in the context of implementation of the project , and will be funded through the Credit and the Grant . Many actions have already been initiated . Progress on the actions will be monitored during project", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 426, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Overall Efficacy Rating * * Substantial # # * * 5 . Efficiency * * * * Implementation efficiency was affected by several unforeseen challenges * * . Government spending and investment suffered from declining revenues and pressures on social services increased . Border closures , quarantines , and market , supply chain and trade disruptions likely impacted food security further . The pandemic resulted in delays to several key activities under the RPSNP , notably testing and MIS deployment , data collection for the social registry and the endline impact evaluation . The COVID-19 pandemic overlapped with a locus plague , which impacted livelihoods and food security in more than 156 woredas across six regions . An increase in conflict and civil unrest led to internal displacement , rising food insecurity and reduced incomes for affected households . Given the severity of the crisis in Tigray , a blanket distribution of food was provided to all households in PSNP woredas to address the critical food security situation and the significant disruption to normal sources of income . The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 affected implementation and contributed to project Page 12 of 23", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 538, "text": "social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Tumurchudur , and Shirotori ( 2009 ) therefore compute revealed factor intensities , using methodology introduced by Hausmann , Hwang , and Rodrik ( 2007 ) . Building upon the concept of revealed comparative advantage developed by Balassa ( 1965 ) , the idea is that a product exported mostly by countries well-endowed with a certain production factor is “ revealed ” to be intensive in that factor . Online Appendix A3 provides more detail . # * * 3 . 3 Other variables * * We use export data from the UN Comtrade database . The data is reported at the level of 4 or 5 digits of the SITC product classification and comprises 1 , 299 different product categories . We construct a survival database focusing on the information about the starting and ending year of a trade relationship . To correct for left-censored observations ( i . e . , export spells that are already in place at the beginning of the sample ) and to match the survival database with the period covering the stock market liberalization events , we drop all export spells that started before 1980 and after 1997 . We also construct several spell characteristics using the original export data : the number of suppliers ( i . e . , exporting countries ) of a given product to the world market ( measured at the producttime level ) , initial export value of a given product ( country-product-time level ) , total value of country ’ s exports to the rest of the world ( country-time level ) , and number of export spells during the sample period for a given country-product pair ( country-product level ) . The physical and human capital intensities at the level of ISIC 3-digits industrial sectors are taken from Braun ( 2003 ) . The data identifying products as homogeneous , differentiated or price-referenced in trade publications ( an intermediate category ) is from Rauch ( 1999 ) . The annual data for GDP per capita in the purchasing power parity terms ( GDP pc in PPP terms ) is taken from the World Development Indicator Report 2006 , and is reported in constant 2000 US dollars . The data for real exchange rate is also taken from the World", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 523, "text": "UN Comtrade database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 680, "end": 697, "text": "survival database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1150, "end": 1161, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1859, "end": 1889, "text": "annual data for GDP per capita", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1969, "end": 2008, "text": "World Development Indicator Report 2006", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We obtained household listings by GN from the Department of Census and Statistics ( DCS ) . The DCS maintains the Pre ‐ Listing forms ( also called F1 forms ) for the 2001 Census of Population and Housing . These selected households constituted our survey sample and were contacted by our enumerators by using their names and addresses . We devised a geographical replacement rule for situations in which it was impossible to interview the selected household after repeat attempts . In addition to this rule , each enumerator was given a guideline document providing additional suggestions for using judgment to maintain the random sampling process . Each survey was conducted as an in ‐ person interview that lasted approximately 50 minutes . At the end of each field day , field coordinators checked the returned questionnaires for completeness and accuracy according to a quality checklist . During the field work , field directors periodically monitored interviews for quality purposes , ensured targeting of the appropriate population , discussed complications regarding the survey instrument with enumerators , recorded enumerator opinions regarding the quality of the interviews , maintained a list of sample household addresses for follow ‐ up surveys and maintained a log of sample returned surveys . The survey process was completed in approximately 1 , 800 households over the course of 2 months . Data recorded on the paper questionnaires were transferred into a statistical data set by an MS Excel program , which employed range , intra ‐ record , and inter ‐ record checks to ensure quality control . The identification of anomalies and outliers through the computation of descriptive statistics provided an additional quality control check . # * * _Sample Description_ * * Table 1 shows that the average family size is 4 . 8 members , with 1 . 3 children under 18 years of age . The typical ( i . e . , median ) household head has 10 years of education . Over 90 percent of 13", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 204, "text": "2001 Census of Population and Housing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1475, "end": 1495, "text": "statistical data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "get it in a timely manner . The rationing rate will depend in part on how effective the scheme ‘ s implementation is at quickly responding to demand . How can we measure the true demand for work and hence the rationing rate ? The administrative data indicate virtually no un-met demand for work on MGNREGS . According to the administrative data , 52 . 865 million households in India demanded work in 2009 / 10 , and 99 . 4 % ( 52 . 53 million ) were provided work . < sup > 8 < / sup > However , this is deceptive . What is called ― demand for work ‖ in the administrative data is unlikely to reflect the true demand . Several studies have found that the work application process and the system for recording demand for work is not yet in place . < sup > 9 < / sup > Further , state and local governments have an incentive not to report un-met demand given that this implies they should pay unemployment allowances . Also , some people will undoubtedly be deterred from formally obtaining job-cards , demanding work from the officials , or do not even know that they have the right to make such demands . < sup > 10 < / sup > A better measure of demand for work is obtained by asking people directly in their homes and independently of the scheme . The data we use here comes from the 66 < sup > th < / sup > Round of the NSS for 2009 / 10 which included questions on participation and demand for work in MGNREGS that allow us to estimate demand and rationing rates across states . The survey was conducted between July 2009 and June 2010 in all states . The Employment-Unemployment Survey ( ― Schedule 10 . 0 ‖ ) included three questions on the program : ( i ) whether the household has a job card ; ( ii ) whether it got work on the scheme during the last 365 days , for which responses were coded under three options : got work , sought but did not get work , and did not seek work in MGNREGS ; and ( iii ) if", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 344, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1323, "end": 1326, "text": "NSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1560, "end": 1590, "text": "Employment-Unemployment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In addition to the size of the forests , the diversity of tree species is also worth mentioning , since five of the ten countries with the most tree species are in the B-rated category ( FAO and UNEP , 2020 ) . The FAO ( 2014 ) discusses the importance of forest genetic resources in developing economies and economies in transition in the context of their “ actual or potential economic , environmental , Given the direct productive capabilities of forests and their indirect socioeconomic benefits , investing into this renewable resource is an economically worthwhile decision . We see support for this in the underlying data . Figure 7a shows the average annual percentage increase in planted forest areas between 2009 and 2020 . A planted forest is a \" [ f ] orest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and / or deliberate seeding \" ( FAO , 2020 ) and is to be distinguished from natural regrowth . The fact that countries , where agriculture , forestry and fishing constitute a larger share of GDP value-added largely coincide with the countries with the most planted forest expansion , renders luxury investment explanation unlikely . This is further supported by Table 5 , Appendix , which decomposes the negative coefficient by rating category . The same investment into forests lowers yields significantly more in B-rated countries . Table 6 , Appendix , shows disaggregated results where forest capital is divided into timber and non-timber forests . Interestingly , the latter type mainly drives the yield lowering effect of forests . Identifying whether this reflects tourism revenues based on non-timber forest capital or in fact captures the hard-to-quantify benefits of its external effects is left for future studies . # * * 4 . 5 Agriculture * * The agricultural sector in the broad sense is the largest employer in the world and faces a monumental task : Feeding 10 billion people in 2050 ( FAO , 2018 ) . Ensuring that agricultural land does not become a non-renewable resource due to land degradation is of paramount importance to the economy of a nation and the world . This wealth category is divided into cropland , which represents the value of primary crops of cereals , fruits , vegetables for human", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 628, "text": "underlying data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "design or fieldwork protocols include Beegle et al . ( 2012 ) , Browning , Crossley and Winter ( 2014 ) , Engle-Stone et al . ( 2017 ) , Jolliffe ( 2001 ) , Pradhan ( 2009 ) , Schündeln ( 2018 ) , and Winter ( 2003 ) . Most of these papers find a downward bias in estimated mean consumption compared to a benchmark . Consumption by logic ( and instrument / questionnaire design ) has a lower positive , nonzero bound , but has no symmetric upper bound . In part for this reason , measurement error in consumption , whether downward biased or mean preserving , tends to reduce the positive skewness in the distribution . Korinek et al . ( 2006 ) find higher non-response rates among the rich . Similarly , Banerjee and Piketty ( 2005 ) find that a substantial part of the HHS - NAS gap in India can be attributed to missing top incomes from surveys . Farfán et al . ( 2017 ) find significant underreporting of food-away-from home which would have the effect of compressing the positive tail of the distribution . Gibson et al . ( 2015 ) find that reporting error is negatively correlated with true consumption ( accounting for which would require changing the distribution ) . The weight of the evidence is that measurement error in surveys is not distribution neutral and typically biases downward both mean consumption and the density of the upper tail of the distribution . Within the limited literature of reconciling household surveys and national accounts there is sometimes a presumption that national accounts are the benchmark for comparison ( i . e . they are free of measurement error ) . This inclination towards national accounts estimates over household surveys has been somewhat heightened recently by the assertion of Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin ( 2016 ) that GDP per capita is better correlated than survey data with data on nighttime lights and non-monetary development outcomes , such as schooling and health status . Yet since the founding of national accounts in the 1940s , there has been an acknowledgement of measurement error in national accounts by those working in this field . As one of the seminal papers on this , Stone et al", "spans": [{"start": 1421, "end": 1438, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1817, "end": 1828, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "social and cultural status were below Level 2 on Reading in PISA ( considered the minimum of adequate performance ) , 72 percent of children from families from the lowest quintile of the PISA index were below level 2 . Foundational learning ( literacy and numeracy ) in early grades paves the way for future learning , and differences in educational attainment become magnified through youth and adult life in the acquisition of human capital . Without any claims regarding causation , it is useful to look at labor earnings , which are more closely related to human capital than earnings from other assets . OECD figures show that 32 percent of 25 – 64-year-olds in Costa Rica with low levels of educational attainment ( below upper-secondary education ) earned less than half of the median earnings for the country and were thus at risk of poverty , if not already poor . < sup > 10 < / sup > # # * * Employability * * 6 . * * In addition to foundational learning , Costa Rica ’ s education system requires a renewed emphasis on competencies for employability , including cognitive , technical and digital skills , socioemotional competencies , and English language skills . * * Costa Rica ’ s economy diversified from agricultural commodity exports in the 2000s to an economy centered on high-tech manufacturing and services . Costa Rica contributes to at least 5 major high-tech global value chains : electronics , medical devices , automotive , aeronautic / aerospace , and film / broadcasting devices . However , the education system has not been highly effective in keeping up to the changes by providing graduates with the competencies relevant to the job market . A recent study showed that 7 out of 10 firms in Costa Rica report difficulties filling vacancies . < sup > 11 < / sup > Despite an increasing demand for specialist technicians , only 25 percent of the short cycle tertiary Technical and Vocational Education and Training ( TVET ) course graduates from the National Vocational Training Agency ( _Instituto Nacional de Aprendi", "spans": [{"start": 609, "end": 621, "text": "OECD figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project - Additional Financing 1 ( P181168 ) # * * The World Bank * * This component will allow , on an as-needed basis , a reallocation or replenishment of the project resources to Woreda - and region-level implementing agencies to address elements of an emergency response . The outline , the predefined framework of activities , and associated triggers that would redirect resources to support emergency efforts will be incorporated into the POM . A CERC manual will be formally adopted by the GoE and incorporated as an Annex to the POM that will guide any CERC activities in the event of an emergency . # # # * * D . Environmental and Social Overview * * # # # * * D . 1 Overview of Environmental and Social Project Settings * * Like the Project , the AF has a national geographic scope . It will be implemented in the same regions as the Project namely Afar , Amhara , Benishangul-Gumuz , Oromia , and Tigray . The AF activity will target GBV survivors as well as vulnerable persons of any gender / gender orientation among IDP and host communities that are already targets under Component 2 of the Project . There are no additional activities or new regions targeted with the AF . For AF implementation , same criteria will be employed to select project intervention woredas within the regions that are articulated in the Project Operations Manual ( POM ) . These include ( i ) the number of IDPs , ( ii ) the existing available services and infrastructure and the severity of damages to basic infrastructure ( based on damage and climate assessments ) , ( iii ) the complementarity with other donor-funded activities ( aiming to avoid duplications ) , ( iv ) security and accessibility , and ( v ) the potential for conflict mitigation ( for example , those areas along border areas with increasing tensions ) . Selected Woredas will be categorized as either Woredas with a high risk of", "spans": [{"start": 1606, "end": 1636, "text": "damage and climate assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "150 , 000 < br > NCB | MoWE | post < br > post < br > Plan < br > Actual | 22 / 12 / 10 < br > NA < br > 29 / 12 / 10 < br > 29 / 12 / 10 < br > 28 / 01 / 11 18 / 02 / 11 < br > NA | Actual < br > Actual | 28 / 02 / 11 | 9 / 03 / 11 | NA < br > 24 / 06 / 11 | | 8 . Environmental information & Monitoring Equipment | MoWE / G-09 / 10 | | 200 , 000 < br > NCB | BoWR | post < br > post < br > Plan < br > Actual | 10 / 01 / 11 < br > NA < br > 17 / 01 / 11 < br > 17 / 01 / 11 < br > 16 / 02 / 11 24 / 02 / 11 < br > NA | Plan < br > Actual | 2 / 03 / 11 | 9 / 03 / 11 | NA < br > 28 / 05 / 11 | | 9 . Laboratory Equipment | MoWE / G-10 / 10 | | 80 , 000 < br > NCB | MoWE | post < br > post < br > Plan < br > Actual | 11 / 01 / 11 < br > NA < br > 18 / 01 / 11 < br > 18 / 01 / 11 < br > 18 / 02 / 11 28 / 02 / 11 < br > NA | Plan < br > Actual | 17 / 03 / 11 | 24 / 03 / 11 | NA < br > 15 / 06 / 11 | | 10 . Specialized Lake monitoring & emergency response Boats ( < br > Water Resources Information System | MoWE / G-11 / 10 | | 80 , 000 < br > NCB | MoWE | post < br > post < br > Plan | 22 / 12 / 10 < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resilience have been < br > used . < br > _Note : Kenya guidelines_ < br > _mandatory , other_ < br > _guidelines recommended_ | Evidence : < br > Design report details the application of relevant < br > design codes and guidelines have been applied . < br > Design report details the application of the below , < br > where relevant . Relevant to buildings and < br > structures across sectors : < br > • < br > Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures - Part < br > 1-4 : General actions - Wind actions < br > ( existing wind map is valid , climate < br > change had limited impact ) < br > • < br > Eurocode 8 : Design of structures for < br > earthquake resilience ( existing seismic < br > map is valid , climate change had no < br > impact ) | | 8 | Mandatory | Demonstrated no third - < br > party flood risk . | The ultimate discharge point of all < br > roof / site / road / storm drainage must be to an < br > existing watercourse or drain . This should be < br > identified in the Project Report and in the Project < br > Design to ensure there are no increased local < br > flood risks to any third-party property . Surface < br > water drainage is potentially relevant for all < br > sectors . | 57 / 61", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 525, "text": "wind map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be performed using the majority of computers available to users . On the other hand , the Monte Carlo simulation requires the use of the census data . Census data , depending on the country , can range from anywhere between roughly 30 , 000 observations to almost half a billion . Depending on a user ’ s computer setup , a couple million observations can really slow down the computer to a crawl . Assuming variables in double type precision , a 5 million observation dataset with 30 variables will require roughly 1 . 1 GB of memory . Therefore , in order to speed up the second stage operation and to be able to operate with larger datasets , a couple of modifications are implemented . The first modification concerns importing the census data and formatting it in a more memory friendly way . Along with the main command we supply a sub-command that allows the user to import the census data for the second stage , ` sae data import ` . The data is imported one vector at a time and saved into a Mata format file which is used for the processing of each regressor at a time for each simulation to obtain the predicted welfare . Proceeding in this manner , the maximum number of observations that can be used in the simulation stage is increased . As shown in the examples section , this setup requires preparing the target dataset beforehand . Due to this setup , the Monte Carlo simulations are executed one vector at a time . For smaller datasets it is likely that performing all simulations in one go results in quicker execution times , < sup > 27 < / sup > once we move on to larger census data this method provides faster execution times and allows for more efficient memory management . The second modification , is a plugin for processing the simulations and producing the required indicators . This is only used / necessary for processing indicators . The processing is also done one simulation at a time , just like the Monte Carlo simulations . The plugin speeds up the process considerably , especially when requesting Gini coefficients . < sup > 28 < / sup > # *", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 747, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bustion power plants , common in the region and more likely to be air-cooled and less affected by droughts , lead to considerable increases in excess PM2 _ . _ 5 . Overall , our findings complement the U . S . literature by highlighting that the threat to air quality posed by hydrological droughts is more significant for developing economies . More broadly , our paper speaks to the literature that aims to quantify the economic damage of climate change ( see Auffhammer , 2018 , and references therein ) by providing region-wide estimates for LAC of the societal cost that hydrological droughts impose by altering electricity generation , and by projecting these losses under several climate change scenarios . We also contribute to the literature on environmental inequalities ( see Banzhaf et al . , 2019 , and references therein ) by documenting that excess PM2 _ . _ 5 falls disproportionately among those with lower socioeconomic status . We thereby highlight a novel channel through which droughts reinforce socioeconomic inequalities . The paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the data . Section 3 presents the identification strategy and the results . Section 4 provides counterfactual calculations of the losses created by excess PM2 _ . _ 5 . Section 5 presents projections of losses based on our results and climate models . Section 6 presents robustness checks . Section 7 concludes . # * * 2 Description of the data * * We construct a power plant-level panel dataset to study whether hydrological droughts impact PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations by shifting electricity production towards combustion power plants . This unique dataset combines market-level measures of the level of distress by hydropower plants , derived from a granular watershedlevel measure of hydrological drought , with information on PM2 _ . _ 5 concentrations within 50 km of each power plant . This monthly dataset covers all Latin American and Caribbean countries between 2000 and 2020 . The starting point for our panel dataset is the Global Power Plant Database detailed in Byers et al . ( 2018 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > This database provides detailed information on the geolocation , capacity , fuel type , and commissioning year for all power", "spans": [{"start": 1466, "end": 1497, "text": "power plant-level panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2037, "end": 2064, "text": "Global Power Plant Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "access for Chile is sufficient to make entry into NAFTA desirable . Their conclusions regarding the effects of entry in to MERCOSUR ( with improved market access to partner countries ) were mixed , with gains arising under some elasticity assumptions but not under others . ' # III . Conclusions This paper has presented an index for aggregating tariff data to use in the analysis of preferential trading arrangements , and illustrated how the index can be combined with a general equilibrium model of the domestic economy that can be run on an EXCEL spreadsheet . The calculations for the case of Chile suggest that the index is simple to calculate due to its recursive structure , which allows large amounts of detailed tariff line data to be aggregated to be used with domestic production data which is only available at a much more aggregated level . It was also found that results using the tariff aggregators may differ substantially from those obtained using simple averages of tariff reductions . For example , the reductions in import prices using the index were ranged from 10-30 % larger than those calculated using a simple average of tariffs , depending on the assumptions made regarding elasticity of substitution between source countries . Furthermore , there were substantial differences between the uniform tariff rate equivalent of the import price reduction and the uniform tariff rate equivalent of the average tariff rate for industries . This means that ignoring the information available in tariff line data could result in a substantial overestimate of the average tariff rate on imports when a preferential reduction is made . The use of this tariff index data in the spreadsheet model for Chile indicated that it is possible to set up a general equilibrium model using 9 domestic sectors with a CES specification of technology and preferences that can be solved easily on an EXCEL spreadsheet . The spreadsheet model produced plausible results concerning the effects of trade liberalization on domestic goods prices and factor returns , and indicated that the welfare effects of the proposed trade agreements would have aggregate welfare consequences . In particular , the direction of welfare change depends on elasticities 24", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 357, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 722, "end": 738, "text": "tariff line data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 772, "end": 796, "text": "domestic production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 2 : Framework for Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan * * In compliance of the Bank ’ s Operational Policy 4 . 12 , in case of less than 200 Project Affected People ( PAPs ) , the following abbreviated Resettlement Framework shall be followed in order to restore housing and issue economic compensation for loss of land and livelihood through a consultative and mutually agreeable process . # # * * Principles * * 1 . All land should be surveyed and mapped and agreement reached with government on explicit eligibility cut-off date . 2 . Where land is disputed or land ownership is not clear , the land will be surveyed and a map hereof issued to the affected families . In case of land disputes , attempts should be made to settle disputes prior to project start . 3 . Customary and collective rights , e . g . to grazing land and commons , should be verified and documented through community-level consultations and local authorities . Customary and collective rights are also subject to compensation . 4 . Compensation for land , housing and assets are based on principles of replacement cost and mutually agreeable solutions based on consultative approach with PAPs . 5 . where affected land provide income , the equivalent to the value of the crop lost will be given in compensation , based on the value of the harvests lost until the replacement crop ( e . g . fruit tress ) come into full production . 6 . if land forms basis for other income , the value of the income hereof will be subject to third party assessment 7 . If PAPs are squatters / informal settlers on the land , they will receive economic / material compensation to re-establish themselves elsewhere ( e . g . on government land ) without suffering damage to their livelihood or living standard . 8 . Compensation will be paid before commencement of works # # * * Process * * 1 . Survey of land and assets & census of Project Affected Peoples , including squatters and informal settlers : - a . The surveyed land", "spans": [{"start": 1864, "end": 1889, "text": "Survey of land and assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1892, "end": 1926, "text": "census of Project Affected Peoples", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reports that land prices begin to rise sharply as soon as there is a credible announcement that construction has been sanctioned are commonplace . The subject came up almost always in Bell ’ s ( 2009a ) discussions with villagers in Assam , Himachal Pradesh and Orissa , in which quite startling claims , often of many-fold increases , were usually followed by remarks to the effect that there had been very few , if any , actual sales . Quite some time must elapse after construction before settled valuations based on transactions displace speculative guessing . One hopes that enough panel surveys will be carried out to reveal how things actually develop over the whole course of events , from _before_ any announcement to full maturity many years afterwards . For such evidence would provide an invaluable check on the estimates derived from the approach pursued in this paper . # * * 8 Conclusions * * The three big questions posed in the Introduction are addressed _seriatim_ . _Preserving and enhancing current benefits_ The benefits generated by past investments will continue undiminished only if the PMGSY roads are properly maintained . The associated outlays will be very modest in comparison , and the consequences of neglecting to make them can be readily experienced by taking a ride at random on the district and state highways to which the PMGSY roads are connected . The technical capacity to keep this extension of the network up to scratch appears to be adequate , but the outlook for actually financing the work is poor . Although the five-year provision in the contracts is helpful , it is seen to be just a stop-gap measure when viewed against the roads ’ economic lifetime . Many engineers claimed that the funds allocated to the maintenance of the P . W . D . network are but a fraction of the – amount needed to keep it in good order one-third at best , often a quarter or less . The villagers in Assam , H . P . and Orissa with whom I spoke on my field-trip had not only a firm opinion of where the responsibility lies , but also a blithely optimistic assessment of the states ’ finances . In fact , each link is", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 600, "text": "panel surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 We can test this assumption for 2018 , when the last population census took place in Colombia . Figures 2 * * B . * * and 2 * * D . * * show the municipal distribution of , respectively , the observed number of the Venezuelans and the predicted cumulative figure for 2018 ( the predicted 2018 inflow is reported in Figure 2 * * C . * * ) . Reassuringly , not only the distribution looks very similar , but also their correlation is 0 . 67 . We are thus confident that our predicted migration shock has predictive power . < sup > 11 < / sup > Secondly , the 1993-based predicted inflow measure needs not to be correlated with contemporaneous schooling outcomes through any channel different than actual Venezuelan migration . Regarding this assumption , it is worth noting that , because our estimates include fixed effects by municipality as well as by department _ × _ year , they are confounded neither by time-invariant differences across municipalities nor by annual aggregate department-level shocks . < sup > 12 < / sup > This is , however , not enough to achieve identification . It may well be the case that pre-shock migrants disproportionally settle in places with characteristics that explain future educational outcomes . Indeed , as noted by Goldsmith-Pinkham et al . ( 2019 ) , identification in the Bartik / Shift-Share-type instruments comes mainly from the cross-sectional ( “ share ” ) variation , so it is important to check the extent to which the initial shares ( of migrants ) are correlated with potential confounders prior to the current migration wave . To this end , following Belloni et al . ( 2014 ) , we use machine learning to select the most robust determinants of Venezuelan settlements according to the 1993 census and include in our main specification the interaction between each of these and the year fixed effects . By doing so , we flexibly control for municipal-specific trends , parametrized by a large set of pre-determined characteristics that predict early settlements . < sup > 13 < / sup > > 11In other words if we were to rely on a 2SLS strategy , the first stage would most", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 73, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1739, "end": 1750, "text": "1993 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 156 | 118 | 191 | | Midwife Nurses | 250 | 862 | 1509 | | OtherNurses | 2 , 864 | 11 , 976 | 17 , 299 | | PharmacyTechnicians | - | 793 | 1428 | | LaboratoryTechnicians | 621 | 1 , 695 | 2 , 837 | | Radiographers | 139 | 247 | 491 | | Sanitarians | 657 | 971 | 1 , 312 | | Health Assistants ( HA ) | 10 , 625 | 8 , 149 | 6 , 363 | | FrontLineHealthWorkers ( FLHW ) | - | 10 , 050 | 11 , 200 | | Health ExtensionWorkers ( HEW ) | - | - | 2 , 737 | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 16 , 782 * * | * * 37 , 233 * * | * * 45 , 859 * * | Source : Health and Health Related Indicators ( HHRI ) 20 . In any event , the available numbers of professionals remain insufficient to serve a population as large as the population of Ethiopia . The health professionals to population ratios are among the lowest in the world . The limitations in human resource deployment , management and retention have resulted in uneven distribution of the available resources . Most health care professionals are clustered in major urban areas , which are the better endowed with health infrastructure . In rural areas , health facilities remain un-staffed or under-staffed for considerable period of time after their construction . For some cadres , such as surgeons and midwives , the shortages are alarmingly high . The shortage of midwives is exacerbated by the fact that about half are male and in certain regions there is even a male predominance ; women might refrain from using health facilities staffed only by male professionals . Furthermore , there is an acute shortage of emergency obstetric skills among General Practitioners . 21 . The private sector – that is rapidly expanding - has increasingly attracted higher skilled professionals . The proportion of medical doctors", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 569, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 Ranking of 36 SIDS in the ND-GAIN sub-index of Exposure to Climate Change * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 250 < br > 200 180 182 185 186 187 188 189 190 192 < br > 169 173 < br > 158 < br > 152 < br > 150 120 125 126 129 131 136 139 143 < br > 105 107 < br > 100 90 94 < br > 85 < br > 79 79 < br > 73 < br > 66 66 < br > 60 < br > 50 53 54 < br > 50 46 < br > 0 < br > Dominica Grenada Cape Verde Saint Lucia Barbados Guyana Trinidad & Tobago St Vincent & Grenadines Bahrain Suriname Bahamas Saint Kitts and Nevis Haiti Dominican Republic Jamaica Fiji Comoros Antigua and Barbuda Sao Tome & Principe Samoa Mauritius Vanuatu Papua New Guinea Cuba Guinea-Bissau Timor-Leste Palau Tonga Solomon Islands Nauru Marshall Islands Seychelles Micronesia Kiribati Tuvalu Maldives < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _ < u > Note : There are a total of 192 countries ranked in this sub-index . Exposure captures the physical factors < / u > external to the system that contribute to vulnerability . It is a component of vulnerability independent of the socio-economic context . A higher ranking denotes greater exposure . _ _ < u > Source : ND-GAIN < / u > _ Although SIDS are a heterogeneous group of countries , many of them share common factors which expose them to the hazards of climate change . Most are located geographically in tropical cyclone regions . Many also have extensive low-lying coastlines . Most also have small undiversified economies heavily dependent on a single export sector , such as tourism . Small islands are unique in that almost all of their territory is exposed to a natural hazard and their small land area means that a single disaster can have a systemic impact . The main type of climate-related natural disasters < sup > 3 < / sup > which affect most SIDS — both in terms of incidence and especially in terms of the economic damage caused", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 86, "text": "ND-GAIN sub-index of Exposure to Climate Change", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Melinda Gates Foundation , n . d . ; OHCHR , n . d . ; Plan International , n . d . ; UNICEF , n . d . ; Woodon et al . , 2018 ) and in Nigeria ( see UNICEF , 2017 ; UNGEI , 2008 ; World Bank , 2018 ) , education deprivation shares do not display noteworthy differences across gender neither in the rural nor urban areas , nor when comparing north to south , when solely considering national or regional figures , as displayed in Figure 6 d ) to i ) and Figure A . 2 in the Appendix . < sup > 22 < / sup > One exception is the higher share of rural girls aged 15-17 that has never been to school in the NW compared to boys , 20 % versus 11 % in wave 4 . For the North East , the graph however displays the opposite . As severe education deprivation however does not inform about the length of education and early dropout rates of those not deprived , estimates for the share of children not in school while of school going age are presented in Figures 11 to 15 . Apart from a rural – urban education deprivation divide , there is an even more extreme north-south divide , with children living in the North-East and North-West regions facing the highest though over time decreasing severe education deprivation rates , as displayed in Figure 7 . Nevertheless , still even in the fourth GHS wave , close to 30 percent of children in the oldest rural age group in these regions compared to less than 1 percent of the children of this age group in the South-South have never received any education . While the pattern of the GHS and MICS estimates across regions is generally consistent , the GHS data suggests higher education deprivation rates for the rural North-West , whereas the MICS data suggests even higher rates in the rural North-East . This discrepancy may be related to differential access to conflict affected areas of the rural North-East by the survey teams of the GHS and the MICS survey , which may suggest that the temporarily inaccessible areas display notably higher education deprivation rates than", "spans": [{"start": 1593, "end": 1601, "text": "GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1685, "end": 1694, "text": "MICS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1893, "end": 1904, "text": "MICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- For Standard operating services , were asked to access these on the internet - On the environment side , they noted that the contractor should be in position to replant trees after the project and nurse them until after growth . - Contractors in the area usually sign contracts to commit their cord of conduct and this is what is expected of this upcoming project - Compensation rates for Yumbe area are available but for Koboko as well as Moyo are not yet available , the CAO Moyo district has not yet got back to OPM . - Cadastral data is being worked on and we are getting it tomorrow 24 < sup > th < / sup > October , 2019 . # # * * ESIA and RAP team Preliminary report for Koboko district technical and political leaders / stakeholders meeting * * The ESIA and RAP teams presented by Pamela Tashobya ( Social Development Specialist ) noted that , we met Koboko district leadership with presence of both the technical and political teams . The RDC expressed gratitude about our visit . Some of the issues , concerns and expectations pointed out that may impact the community included ; - Presence of land wrangles - Land is customarily owned - Recommended that the RAP and ESIA teams should get in touch with clan leaders as well - Most women do not own land 66", "spans": [{"start": 525, "end": 539, "text": "Cadastral data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * SUMMARY * * Fiscal rules have become an important subject of policy debate in the Western Balkans . The rise in public debt during the global financial crisis focused attention on strategies for restoring sound public finances , while plans to join the European Union ( EU ) mean that the countries will need to be in a position to adopt and comply with the EU ’ s fiscal rules . This paper aims to help the countries make decisions about fiscal rules in the period before they join the EU . Fiscal rules are long-term quantitative constraints on the government ’ s spending , deficit , debt , or other fiscal aggregate . A few decades ago , only a handful of countries had fiscal rules ; now more than 90 do , including , of course , the member states of the EU . All the countries of the Western Balkans apart from North Macedonia have established fiscal rules . Fiscal rules are designed to limit the government ’ s discretion over fiscal policy and thereby to limit the fiscal deficit and the growth of public debt . There is evidence that strong fiscal rules ( e . g . , those entrenched in the constitution and those for which compliance is monitored by an independent agency ) foster fiscal discipline , at least in countries with a tradition of large deficits . But fiscal rules , especially self-imposed rules , cannot always be rigorously enforced : a government that can establish a fiscal rule may be able to abolish , circumvent , or ignore it . Thus , the mere enactment of fiscal rules may not achieve much . Yet if fiscal rules enjoy widespread support , and compliance with them is politically important , they may guide fiscal policy even if they are difficult to enforce . This paper ’ s assessment of the fiscal rules in the Western Balkans has five main findings : - A rough estimate suggests that the debt and overall-deficit rules have been complied with a little more than half the time . This is not out of line with the experience of other regions and is consistent with the difficulty of enforcing national fiscal rules . - An online survey conducted", "spans": [{"start": 2060, "end": 2073, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2020 ) . All summary statistics were taken over March 2020 , except for land cover , which pertains to the period between January and December 2019 . From Open StreetMap , indicators were obtained representing the total length and number of highways in each AGEB . Two measures of road length were calculated : The first is the total length of the portions of highways contained within the AGEB , and the second is the total length of all highways that intersect the AGEB , including the portions of the road outside the AGEBs . In addition , the total counts of open StreetMap amenities and points of interest , such as hospitals , offices , schools , churches , and so on , were calculated for each AGEB . A final auxiliary variable , besides the Open StreetMap indicators , is the total area of the AGEB of the AGEB in sq km , which was calculated directly from the AGEB level shapefile provided publicly by INEGI . For each auxiliary variable , municipal variables were constructed by taking either population-weighted averages or simple sums ( for counts and area ) of the AGEB values . # * * c . Model selection * * Variables for prediction were selected using the LASSO ( Least Absolute Selection and Shrinkage Operator ) , with the penalty chosen to minimize the Bayesian Information Criteria ( BIC ) ( Zhang et 7", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 577, "text": "open StreetMap", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 749, "end": 774, "text": "Open StreetMap indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 869, "end": 889, "text": "AGEB level shapefile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "accrus de VBG dans des abris surpeuplés . Les structures de santé détruites et endommagées , ont limité l ’ accès aux soins . < sup > iii < / sup > * * Echelle de Sévérité 1-5 * * * * 6 591 violations des droits humains * * ont été enregistrées * * au 1 * * < sup > * * er * * < / sup > * * trimestre 2025 * * contre * * 7 580 violations * * au cours du dernier trimestre 2024 ( - 13 % ) . Cette tendance à la baisse pourrait être due à l ’ accroissement des opérations militaires durant ces 2 derniers trimestres . La levée des blocus de Léré ( Tombouctou ) le 4 mars et celui de Boni ( Douentza ) le 27 mars 2025 pourrait aussi être signe d ’ amélioration progressive de la situation sécuritaire et de protection au Mali . De plus , l ’ analyse de la perception des communautés sur leur environnement corrobore cette réduction des violations rapportées . En effet , au 1er trimestre 2024 , 50 % des ménages enquêtés indiquaient vivre avec un sentiment d ’ insécurité dans leur communauté contre 43 % à la même période en 2025 . Cependant , si le nombre global de violations des droits humains a diminué au 1er trimestre 2025 , le nombre de violations des droits des enfants a lui augmenté de 97 % par rapport au dernier trimestre 2024 et 28 % par rapport au 1er trimestre 2024 selon le monitoring de protection . Au regard de ces situations", "spans": [{"start": 1288, "end": 1312, "text": "monitoring de protection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "Jurado Nacional de Elecciones , the body which supervises elections in Peru , keeps records on electoral outcomes for elections held since 1990 . Some of these data have also been compiled and published ( Tuesta 1994 , Jurado Nacional de Elecciones ) . Results are generally available for all provinces in the country , and for all districts in Metropolitan Lima . The level of aggregation used for the analysis in this paper was dictated by theoretical considerations and the availability of data . Section 4 uses national aggregates of FONCODES expenditures to analyze the relationship between the timing of expenditures and the electoral calendar . Sources of funding and the administration of the community-based and special projects are different , so the analysis is broken down by project type . FONCODES has assigned resources to individual provinces since 1993 , and to individual districts since 1996 . Section 5 uses a province-level data set to analyze the > 5 Note , however , that even without political interference actual expenditures in a given province would rarely be equal to allocations because of the demand-drive * * n * * ature of the program . 5", "spans": [{"start": 930, "end": 953, "text": "province-level data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "holds from which individuals were matched < sup > 17 < / sup > with the official demobilization registers ( _Di_ < sup > _FNL_2 < / sup > and _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + 2 < / sup > ) . The third definition is based on self-reported data , and includes anyone who declared to be demobilized , that is , to have received the cash ( _Di_ < sup > _FNL_3 < / sup > and _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > + 3 < / sup > ) . The last definition is more likely to contain measurement errors as it is based on self-reports ; its associated coefficients will presumably be biased towards zero ( Hausman , 2001 ) . The three different indicators will be compared in the empirical analysis . < sup > 18 < / sup > Table 2 : Construction of ex-rebel household variables | | CNDD + | FNL | Total | Variable o | f interest | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | CNDD + | FNL | | * * Member declared having ties with the factions * * | | | | | | | but did not receive anything | 8 | 10 | 18 | | | | and to be GdP / MC / AA | 6 | 4 | 10 | | | | * * Demobilized ex-combatant member * * | | | | | | | Member declared to be demobilized | 14 | 9 | 23 | _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ + 3 < / sup > < br > _i_ | _D_ < sup > _FNL_3 < / sup > < br > _i_ | | And not recorded in ofcial registers | 8 | 5 | 13 | | | | And recorded in ofcial registers | 6 | 4 | 10 | _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ + 1 < / sup > < br > _i_ | _D_ < sup > _FNL_1 < / sup > < br >", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 252, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the 1920s “ were men who led some armed band with which they conquered some territory and who then appointed themselves lords of that territory . They taxed the population heavily and pocketed much of the proceeds . The warlord Feng Yu-hsiang was noted for the exceptional extent to which he used his army for suppressing bandits and for his defeat of the relatively substantial army of the roving bandit , White Wolf . ” The specific case of roving bandits cited by Olson occurred in central China ’ s Henan province features a vast plain . The lack of ruggedness on the border made the area difficult to defend . In fact , in the post-1916 period , warlords in Henan had an average length of control of just one year and 8 months . Olson explained the malign policies in Henan by the short-term nature of their reign . Such shorttermism might have stemmed from geographical factors . We calculate terrain ruggedness along the border using the method in Nunn and Pugua ( 2012 ) . For each prefecture , we calculate the ruggedness of the area within 10 kilometers of the border ( See Appendix Figure A1 for details ) . As an illustration , ruggedness with value over two indicates that the benefits of cultivation fall below necessary costs ( Food and Agriculture Organization 1993 ) . In the Henan province , only 8 . 3 % of borderlines fall into this category . For agriculture production , lack of ruggedness makes disaster relief easier . # * * 3 . 2 . Famines * * Data on famines come from The Chronicles of Famines in China ’ s Modern History ( “ The Chronicles ” hereafter ) , the most comprehensive and reliable source about modern China ’ s famines . It covers all famines that had occurred in modern China before the collapse of the Republic of China in 1949 . Our main sample covers the period between 1912 , the beginning of modern China , and 1926 , when the coalition between the Nationalist Party and the Communists Party started to unify China by conquering most warlords through military campaigns . The Chronicles record 167 famines in 126 prefectures during this period . The vast majority of", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1520, "text": "Chronicles of Famines", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Credit Cards : More Than Plastic * * Credit cards are often viewed merely as plastic rectangles in our wallets , but their true power lies in the financial flexibility they offer . These little cards can be your ticket to building a credit history , which , in turn , opens doors to favorable interest rates and larger financial opportunities .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 . 3 : Effect of Exports on Unemployment Rate * * ( Response of the unemployment rate after a 1 % growth in exposure to exports , in percentage points ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 < br > - . 02 < br > - . 04 < br > - . 06 < br > - . 08 < br > Confidence interval < br > Coefficient < br > - . 1 < br > - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 < br > Years after foreign demand shock < br > Estimated Coefficient < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 5 . 4 shows the relative effect on district populations after a foreign demand shock . The effect is either zero or modest , likely smaller than percentage responses in employment and labor force . This differs from one of the assumptions in your theoretical model , that assumes free migration across regions . Any observed effect could be due to internal migration or to other drivers of population growth . For instance , we cannot distinguish whether changes in a district population are driven by relative changes in fertility rates or cross-district migration . < sup > 5 < / sup > We could only do so with individual level data . Estimating the effect of trade shocks on population changes ( or lack thereof ) in a developing country like Indonesia with longitudinal data of individuals would be a fruitful avenue for future research . > 5 In general , the Bartik shift-share coefficient will differ from the aggregate coefficient in the presence of spillovers or heterogeneous treatment effects and cannot be extrapolated to the aggregate effect unless under very strong assumptions of no spillovers . The effect on population suggests at least cross-region spillovers . How can we interpret the stable unit treatment values assumption ( SUTVA ) violations in our setting ? Since migration is in the same direction of the employment treatment effect , if migrants take up some of the employment , we should interpret the effect as an upper bound to the ( aggregate ) effect without migration . Intuitively ,", "spans": [{"start": 1073, "end": 1094, "text": "individual level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1221, "end": 1253, "text": "longitudinal data of individuals", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this effect is not statistically different from zero . Likewise , we find no evidence of a RD effect on QAT takers in QAT 7 . In QAT 8 , we find a significant , negative RD effect on the number of QAT takers — the finding is however not robust to setting the bandwidth to twice the optimal bandwidth for the estimation . < sup > 17 < / sup > The evidence collectively suggests that , despite their size , group-based teacher bonuses do not provide sufficiently strong incentives for marginal nonqualifiers to raise either QAT performance or participation in order to increase their chances for qualifying for bonuses in the next award round . It is plausible that given that PEF has revised the bonus eligibility criteria for every award round ( without communicating the revisions well in advance ) , it may have generated uncertainty on the applicable criteria for the next award round , discouraging the effort of marginal disqualifiers to raise learning and test participation . Independent of this conjecture , it is plausible that gains in learning and test participation by marginal qualifiers may have been masked by gains in the corresponding measures among marginal nonqualifiers . Estimation issues may also be relevant : the inability to detect any effects at the composite score cutoff could be due to inadequate statistical power . # * * 8 . Conclusion * * Low student learning is a consistent finding in much of the developing world and the search for solutions is an active research and public policy agenda . This paper uses a relatively unique dataset of five semiannual rounds of standardized test data to characterize and explain the shortterm evolution of student learning in primary and secondary schools . The data are collected as part of the quality assurance system for a public-private partnership program which offers public subsidies conditional on minimum learning levels to low-cost private schools in Pakistan . Apart from a large positive distributional shift in learning between the first two test rounds , the learning distributions over test rounds show little progressive movement . School-level panel regressions essentially show that pre-program learning levels and the level of the school are associated with the level and evolution of conditional mean learning . Variance component", "spans": [{"start": 1599, "end": 1621, "text": "standardized test data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fertilizer project was originally approved for 18 months . Following a one-month extension , it closed on July 30 , 2010 . 19 . The task team was backed with generous resources for preparation ( see Annex 4 ) , resulting in strong staff and consultant support . The lending instrument was considered appropriate because ( i ) ~ alytical work undertaken during preparation confirmed thatthe extreme shortage of foreign exchange · and the downside production . risks of severe constraints to fertilizer access were significant and constituted : an emergency situation , ( ii ) it was eligible under the Global Food Crisis Response Program , and ( iii ) it was approved by senior management . Because of several complex aspects ( specifically regarding risks , the significant lending amount , and soundness of the macroeconomic rationale ) , the project was reviewed more than three times , discussed in internal meetings at the regional Vice-President level , and cleared by the Bank ' s Operations Committee . 20 . Given the unusual circumstances leading to the emergency project , the preparation team conducted no detailed analytical work , background studies , or in-depth consultation with stakeholders . Earlier studies of the agricultural and rural sector ( World Bank 2006 ; Byerlee and others 2007 ) , along with a thorough internal review process , helped to partially compensate for analytical gaps . Projects monitoring and evaluation effort was intended to increase · knowledge of the agricultural input market . The team also took into account the fertilizer demand forecasts from the miIustry ' s Agricultural Marketing Department , but w ~ aware of their liinitations . 21 . Because . of the project ' s urgency and associated visibility in the midst of the crisis , project preparation was quite rapid , highly coordinated , and focused on the most immediate needs . Due to the high relevance for the country . and associated visibility , the core task team was committed and strongly supported by other units . 22 . During project preparation , the Bank and Government of Ethiopia agreed on a transparent procurement and international bidding process , allowing fur competition , including", "spans": [{"start": 1561, "end": 1588, "text": "fertilizer demand forecasts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Min07 / Nov / 17 : Reactions / Respon * * | * * ses * * < br > Opening < br > Prayer | | - - - | - - - | | Will I receive electricity if I am on < br > the other side of the line ? | Yes because each pole serves a radius of 35m . However in the < br > trading centre , electricity lines will be on either side of the road . < br > Remarks < br > from < br > community < br > | | How much money will you < br > compensate us ? | There is no standard amount to be given to those affected < br > therefore this will depend on nature of property affected and the < br > age . In addition it will depend on the district rates that will be < br > used during the valuation exercise . In case your trees are < br > mature , you will be compensated accordingly . It was stressed < br > that only property captured during the valuation exercise would < br > be considered . Developments thereafter would not be < br > compensated for because these will not have been captured < br > during the RAP exercise . Members were advised not to plant < br > high rising trees in the wayleave corridor . Only short crops like < br > maize and cassava among others could be grown . < br > leaders < br > Introduction < br > of stake the < br > Team < br > Purpose of < br > the meeting < br > Questions / a < br > nswers < br > Closure | | I lost my old forms , what can I do ? < br > What should I do in case I lost my < br > national Id ? | Records kept by surveyors shall be followed < br > Advised to start on process of getting another one since there ’ s < br > still time . | | What about", "spans": [{"start": 1430, "end": 1455, "text": "Records kept by surveyors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 percent for the next five years on the public debt-to-GDP ratio is simulated using the IMF ’ s _World Economic Outlook_ ( WEO ) data for G7 countries . Compared to them , we use updated WEO data and expand sample countries . We also take account of the debt rollover ratio more explicitly and examine the effects of a temporary inflation shock as well as a persistent shock . Hilscher et al . ( 2017 ) and Equiza-Goñi ( 2016 ) also simulate the effects of inflation on public debt-to-GDP ratio based on the debt dynamics equation , but they use more detailed government bonds data ( the former also uses option price data to estimate the distribution of inflation risks ) focusing on the US and a few euro area countries , respectively . Aizenman and Marion ( 2011 ) simply use the US debt maturity in 2009 to approximate the effects of persistently higher inflation . End et al . ( 2015 ) uses a model of fiscal account dynamics for the euro area to simulate the effects of persistent inflation / disinflation shocks . Krause and Moyen ( 2016 ) uses a New Keynesian dynamic general equilibrium model with an imperfectly observed inflation target and simulate the effects of shocks to the inflation target . While our simulation approach is different > 3 In some countries ( most notably Japan but also euro area and the U . S . ) , central banks hold substantial amount of long-term government debt , and thus the debt-reducing effect of an inflation shock is partially offset by the loss of central banks . We assume that the loss of central banks caused by an inflation shock in our analysis is not so substantial to affect their credibility and monetary policy frameworks . 3", "spans": [{"start": 180, "end": 196, "text": "updated WEO data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 561, "end": 582, "text": "government bonds data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 606, "end": 623, "text": "option price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Description * * * | * * Package * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Lot * * < br > * * Number * * | * * Qty * * | * * Unit price in USD * * < br > * * ( 000 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * I . Computer & accessories * * | * * Har / G / 01 / 10 * * | | * * 82 * * | | | 1 . DesktopComputer | | Lot1 | 82 | 0 . 83 | | * * Sub total * * | | | | | * * Note : in the year 2001 EFY we procured 160 desktop computer with an amount of Br . 1 , 653 , 608 . 00 but we paid on the fund an amount of Br . 813 , 608 . 00 the * * * * remaining has not yet paid which is showen in the Goods procurment of the * * * * yr . 2001 . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Quintile 1 | 0 . 52 * * * | 0 . 48 * * * | 0 . 70 * * * | 0 . 46 * * * | 0 . 41 * * * | 0 . 63 * * * | | Unconditionalaverage | 37 . 9 | 43 . 0 | 17 . 8 | | [ 39 . 0 ] | [ 33 . 0 ] | [ 21 . 6 ] | [ 32 . 3 ] | [ 26 . 3 ] | [ 18 . 7 ] | | | | | | Quintile2 | 0 . 11 * * * | = 0 . 10 * * * | 0 . 14 * * * | 0 . 09 * * * | 0 . 09 * * * | 0 . 12 * * * | | Individualandhouseholdcharacte | ristics | | | | [ 16 . 9 ] | < br > [ 14 . 6 ] | [ 8 . 8 ] | [ 13 . 8 ] | [ 11 . 7 ] | [ 7 . 4 ] | | | | | | Quintile 4 | - 0 . 06 * * * | - 0 . 06 * * * | - 0 . 04 * * * | - 0 . 04 * * * | - 0 . 05 * * * | - 0 . 03 * * * | | Householdincome | | | | | [ - 17 . 3 ] | _ [ - 17 . 0 ] | [ - 4 . 2 ] | [ - 12 . 7 ] | [ - 12 . 6 ] | [ - 3 . 1 ] | | Quintile 1 | 58 . 5 | 63 . 4 | 37 . 0 | Quintile5 | - 0 . 12 * * * | - 0 . 12 * * * | - 0 . 09 * * * | - 0 . 09 * * * | - 0 . 10 * * * | - 0 . 07 * * * | | Quintile2 < br > | 47 . 0 < br > | 53 . 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "propensity score matching estimators to control for a variety of observed characteristics measured at the municipality , barangay < sup > 2 < / sup > , household and child levels and unobserved fixed characteristics . We examine intent-to-treat impacts by child age , and because program implementation was not instantaneous , we also consider the length of exposure to the program . Our results indicate that the program has had important positive impacts on children ’ s cognitive , motor , language and social development and short-run nutritional status , with some suggestion that duration of exposure increases the program impacts . The effects are particularly important for younger children ( below four-years-old at the time of the evaluation ) . # * * Evaluations of ECD programs * * There have been few systematic evaluations of ECD programs in developing countries that also use longitudinal data to control for the behavioral aspects of investments in preschool human capital ; three are discussed later below . However , several programs in the United States that have been evaluated provide important lessons . The High / Scope Perry Preschool Study ( Michigan ) is a study of the effects of a high-quality preschool program for children born in poverty . It randomly assigned 123 children to program or noprogram control groups , and followed these children with respect to a variety of outcome measures from age 3 to age 41 . From October through May each program year , program teachers conducted daily 21 ⁄ 2-hour classes for children on weekday mornings and made weekly 11 ⁄ 2-hour home visits to each mother and child on weekday afternoons . Program evaluations have found gains in children ’ s readiness for school and their subsequent educational success , economic success in early adulthood ( even home ownership ) , and reduced number of criminal arrests throughout their lives ( Schweinhart and Weikart 1998 ; Belfield and others 2006 ) . In addition to direct benefits to participants , the general public gains also in terms of higher tax revenues , lower criminal justice system expenditures , and lower welfare payments , repaying $ 12 . 90 for every $ 1 invested , easily outweighing program costs . In contrast to the Perry program , the", "spans": [{"start": 891, "end": 908, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "engagement activities will be documented through stakeholder consultation reports , attendance registers , meeting minutes , photographs , grievance registers , field visit reports , supervision reports , monitoring and evaluation reports , stakeholder feedback forms , quarterly progress reports , and project implementation reports prepared by MEMD , UEDCL , UECCC , contractors , and consultants . Documentation will capture stakeholder concerns raised , responses provided , commitments made , follow-up actions , and status of grievance resolution to support transparency , accountability , and continuous improvement of stakeholder engagement processes throughout project implementation . # # # 6 . GRIEVANCE MECHANISM The objective of the grievance mechanism is to resolve and remedy complaints that may result from direct and indirect consequences of the ASCENT activities . They will leverage existing Local Grievance Redress Mechanisms , which included Local Chairman 1 ( LC1 ) and relevant stakeholders . * * _Table 10 : Grievance Redress Mechanism by Component_ * * 39", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 158, "text": "grievance registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sustainability if efficiency is not improved enough . Specifically , BRI investment is assumed to be fully realized during the period 2019-2023 . For each BRI-recipient country , the annual level of BRI investment , assumed constant in U . S . dollar , is used to estimate annual levels of additional growth . The country specific estimates of additional growth from BRI investment are reported in Annex IV . # _Empirical estimates_ In addition to model-based growth projections , this paper also estimates growth based on an empirical production function approach . BRI investment is expected to significantly increase the infrastructure stock of BRI-recipient countries . Following Calderon ( 2009 ) , we built an unbalanced panel for a subset of 31 countries , created an index of different infrastructure assets and dealt with endogeneity and reverse causality issues of the infrastructure stock noted in the literature . < sup > 28 , 29 < / sup > We also depart from Calderon ( 2009 ) as we use annual data and not 5-year averages , as we are interested in medium-term effects of installed capital on growth . < sup > 30 < / sup > To measure the quantity of physical capital we built indices of infrastructure using Principal Components Analysis ( PCA ) . This technique allows to avoid multicollinearity problems and measurement errors associated with single-infrastructure indicators . Using weights generated by PCA , we aggregate individual physical measures of infrastructure in telecommunications , electricity , and roads to compute an index of infrastructure stocks . Annex VII describes in more details the PCA analysis and data sources . We run a regression of growth in real output per capita on a standard set of growth determinants , and on aggregate indices of infrastructure stock . Our estimation methodology is the generalized method of moments ( GMM ) for dynamic models of panel data ( Arellano and Bond , 1991 ; Arellano and Bover 1995 ; Blundell and Bond , 1998 ) , which is suited for dynamic panel data and accounts for some endogeneity in the explanatory variables through instrumentation . Our set of control variables comprises information on the level of trade openness , human capital ( as proxied by the human capital indicator of Penn World", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 survey reports each year on a range of variables that form the basic data set . Questions are asked on subjects pertaining to the household and to individuals within the household . Information is recorded on the geographic location of the household ; characteristics of the dwelling ; household size ; relationships between individuals in the household ; activities of individuals ; income from labor , transfers and other sources ( such as land rents and capital ) ; occupation and other labor characteristics ; age ; gender ; education ; ethnicity and literacy . The definition of income throughout the main analysis is gross monthly household income per capita and the population is all individuals in the population . < sup > 7 < / sup > Monetary amounts are all measured in 2004 Brazilian Reais , with a dollar exchange rate of BR $ / US $ = 2 . 89 . < sup > 8 < / sup > The Brazilian _INPC_ official consumer price index , which is listed in Appendix 1 , is used to convert current incomes into real incomes . For a more detailed description of the data set and methodology see Litchfield ( 2001 ) . 1 _n y_ Entropy ( E ) class of measures , _E_ ( 0 ) = ∑ log , also known as the mean log deviation or _n i_ = 1 < sup > _y_ < / sup > _i_ Generalised Entropy class of measures is chosen because its members satisfy all of the desired axioms of inequality measures < sup > 9 < / sup > . Whilst the Gini will only satisfy one of these principles under certain conditions , it is included in the analysis to allow some degree of comparability with other > 7 In this paper , we do not deflate the raw PNAD incomes by a regional price index , nor do we impute rents for owner-occupied housing , since the assumptions required about the stability of certain estimated relationships over 23 years were deemed too strong . The consumption surveys which could be used to generate nationwide regional price indices , for instance , are so far apart ( 1975 and 1996 ) , as to make sensible comparisons of regionally deflated", "spans": [{"start": 1827, "end": 1846, "text": "consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 1993 1996 1999 2000 2003 2006 2007 1994 1997 1999 2002 2004 2007 < br > 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2007 2008 1994 1996 1999 2001 2004 2006 < br > 1994 1995 1997 1998 2001 2002 2004 2005 2008 1993 1995 1996 1998 2000 2001 2003 2005 2006 2008 < br > 1993 1994 1995 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1993 1995 1997 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations based on World Bank and IMF data ( 2011 ) . Notes : Unweighted averages . The data is not presented if there is at least one missing country observation within a group . The resumption of positive growth rates by the late 1990s was associated once again with a significant deterioration of current account positions and unprecedented inflows of private foreign savings . But was this the result of a substitution between national and foreign savings or the consequence of the existence of high investment opportunities ? The evidence seems to suggest that in emerging Europe this second phase of increased dependence on foreign savings was not , for the most part , a case of savings substitution ( Figure 2 ) . On the contrary , it appears to have been targeted at exploiting attractive investment opportunities in a rapidly improving business environment . Indeed , investment in many cases adopted an upward trend and domestic savings either increased or remained stable . More precisely , classifying emerging Europe into the three political groups related to the European Union ( EU10 , EU candidate , and EU neighborhood countries ) reveals quite a unique international financial integration experience . The EU10 and the EU candidates , on average , were by the late 1990s importing capital on a larger scale ( Figure 2 , second and third chart ) compared to the varying reliance on external finance in the case of the EU neighborhood ( Figure 2 , fourth chart ) . Yet , the process does appear to have reached its limit in many countries during 2007-08 . Indeed , it is then that investment appears to have adopted a 5", "spans": [{"start": 428, "end": 451, "text": "World Bank and IMF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", one may be concerned , as Acemoglu et al . ( 2005 ) were about their own study , that the presence of socialist countries in our sample may largely a ¤ ect the estimation results . Indeed , most socialist countries had high levels of education in the 1980s and did not experience any particularly increase in educational attainments during or immediately after the transition . In addition , prior to the transition , legal emigration was strongly restricted , while after the transition most socialist countries > 20In unreported regressions , we also introduce as control variables , the mediam age of the population , and urbanization rate . While human capital loses its signi . . . cance , probably because of multicollinearity , the total emigration rate remains signi . . . cant when considering these additional control variables as exogenous . If they are considered as pre-determined , then the emigration rate also loses its signi . . . cance too , which may be due either to collinearity or instruments proliferation . 21To further assess the robustness of our results , in unreported regressions we considered the total emigration rate divided by a coverage measure in the Defoort ( 2008 ) dataset . Recall that the Defoort . . . gures are based on the six major destination countries ( USA , Canada , Australia , Germany , UK and France ) . Comparing the emigration stocks in 2000 in the Defoort data set with those in the Docquier and Marfouk ( 2006 ) data set ( which is based to 30 OECD destination countries ) yields a variable indicating the percentage of coverage of the Defoort data set . Dividing the total emigration rate by this coverage measure does not a ¤ ect the quality of the results . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1188, "end": 1212, "text": "Defoort ( 2008 ) dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1439, "end": 1477, "text": "Docquier and Marfouk ( 2006 ) data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1593, "end": 1609, "text": "Defoort data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Average annual cash income in agricultural livelihood zone of the Subproject area is ETB 127 , 150 . - In agricultural dominant livelihood , off-farming economic activities is very limited . Very few Subproject-affected households reported to engage in some kind of offfarming economic activities . - Although they are often hidden in the background , informal land leasing markets are active and common in subproject impact Woreda and Kebele . # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 1 . 2 Overview of Subproject Impacts * * Following the completion of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) in 2023 , a complete census enumeration of PAPs and registration of property affected by the Subproject was conducted in December 2024 . According to the census and socio-economic sample survey results , the Subproject implementation would affect lives and livelihoods of about 26 HHs . Adverse social and economic impacts of the Subproject is confined in a single Kebele in Woliso Woreda in Oromia Regional States ( See Table below ) . | * * Region * * | * * Zone * * | * * Woreda * * | * * No . of Kebeles * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Oromia | SouthwestShewa administrative zone | Woliso | 1 | Subproject affected families are largely agriculturalists ( crop farming ) . Affected property include , farmland ( cereal crops such as _teff_ & onion ) , crop residue , eucalyptus trees and indigenous trees . # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 1 . 3 Inadequacies of the Compensation Principle * * EEP possesses not only the experience and expertise but also financial means and commitment necessary to handle compensation payments to PAH", "spans": [{"start": 758, "end": 784, "text": "census enumeration of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 891, "end": 938, "text": "census and socio-economic sample survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Non-Technical Summary * * In this paper we analyze the effects of preferential trade agreements ( PTAs ) on multilateral trade liberalization . First , we develop a model that captures key aspects of the current multilateral trading system and different types of PTAs . Next , we structurally estimate the main predictions obtained from our model using product level tariff data for the European Union ( EU ) spanning the Tokyo and Uruguay trade rounds . We show that the EU reduced its multilateral tariffs by only about half the amount in the goods imported duty-free under a PTA as compared with similar non-PTA goods , hence the EU ’ s PTAs held back its multilateral liberalization . The results are economically significant and robust to potential endogeneity problems . If its PTAs had not been present , the EU would have reduced its multilateral tariffs on the PTA products by 1 . 6 percentage points more with an average price effect of 50-60 % . The EU ' s multilateral tariff reductions were largest for products exported by countries that provided greater increases in market access , providing evidence of reciprocity . Our model also incorporates domestic political economy motives for tariff determination and we find that tariff levels are inversely related to import penetration and import demand elasticity due to the extra weight governments place on producer surplus . Furthermore , these industry weights increase in regional concentration and employment shares .", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 384, "text": "product level tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households # # * * Rationale * * The project ’ s theory of change linked the provision of cash benefits to OVC households with increasing social safety net access for the extremely poor . Furthermore , the project linked support for financial management and procurement , the development of a single registry and a harmonized targeting tool , and conducting of an impact evaluation and beneficiary surveys with strengthened governance and capacity for program management , ultimately enhancing access for beneficiaries . # # # * * Outputs : * * - 350 , 000 OVC beneficiary households were covered by the CT-OVC program in 2018 , surpassing the original target of 50 , 000 and almost meeting the revised target of 365 , 000 . This represents about 17 percent of all OVCs in Kenya . - 82 , 530 children were immunized , surpassing the target of 18 , 000 children . - The households of 177 , 507 OVC aged 0-17 received free basic external support in caring for the child . Regular awareness sessions for beneficiaries on immunization , nutrition , and HIV / AIDS prevention were conducted . Page 5 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 364, "end": 405, "text": "impact evaluation and beneficiary surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wealth . For these reasons the most comprehensive population-scale study < sup > 17 < / sup > outside the U . S . and Europe , a population-scale study in China , finds a strong _positive_ relationship between pollution and income . More broadly , for countries where anthropogenic sources of pollution dominate , there is a long recognized potential trade-off between urban-based development and environmental quality . A primary reason that the few existing studies in LMICs have been mostly limited to urban areas is that data on air pollution and income or wealth are disproportionately available for cities . To overcome this challenge across a broad geographic scale we leverage recently released spatially resolved estimates of wealth for 103 LMICs . < sup > 25 < / sup > These relative wealth indices ( RWI ) represent the most comprehensive micro-level wealth estimates to-date . They were derived from machine learning models trained on survey based measures of wealth . We combine these relative wealth estimates with global monthly spatially resolved estimates of ambient PM2 _ . _ 5 for 2015-2020 that are derived from a combination of satellite observations and modeled output . < sup > 29 < / sup > Together , the data allow us to estimate the correlation between relative wealth and average ambient PM2 _ . _ 5 levels across grid cells in more than 100 LMICs at increasingly fine scales : across the full sample , separately within each country , and within cities . For the pooled sample we regress average PM2 _ . _ 5 on relative wealth at the grid-cell-level and include separate intercepts for each country ( Equation 1 ) . The intercepts ( fixed effects ) account for baseline differences in wealth and pollution across countries and for the fact that wealth measures are normalized at the country level . The estimated coefficient on relative wealth in this specification provides a measure of average within-country correlation between wealth and pollution . Next , we estimate separate regressions for each country again regressing cell-level average PM2 _ . _ 5 on cell-level relative wealth ( Methods ) . This exercise provides us with countrylevel estimates for the within-country correlation between wealth and pollution and allows us to assess which factors contribute", "spans": [{"start": 703, "end": 755, "text": "spatially resolved estimates of wealth for 103 LMICs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 947, "end": 978, "text": "survey based measures of wealth", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * # * * | * * Type * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Loss / Impact * * | * * Category of Affected * * < br > * * Person * * | * * Description of Entitlements * * | * * Eligibility * * | * * Livelihood * * < br > * * Restorative * * < br > * * Entitlement * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Taxes and fees , and registration costs < br > for Registration of property to be added < br > to the valuation and paid for directly . | | | | 16 . | Shrines | Family and community < br > members | Complete relocation of shrines in < br > designated area around the project area < br > Cash compensation at a rate / shrine that < br > is determined by NLC in consultation < br > with the Kaya Elders and project staff . < br > This cash is meant to assist the affected < br > communities to conduct customary < br > ceremonies during the relocation of < br > shrines . < br > Taxes and fees , and registration costs < br > for Registration of property to be added < br > to the valuationand paidfordirectly . | Shrines identified during < br > asset < br > surveys < br > and / or < br > confirmed < br > through < br > the < br > Cultural Heritage survey . < br > Cultural < br > Heritage < br > Management Plan to be < br > adhered to . | None | | 17 . | All < br > Actual < br > transitional losses | All | In-kind < br > assistance , < br > subsistence < br > allowances , lost income", "spans": [{"start": 1154, "end": 1178, "text": "Cultural Heritage survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Malawi Longitudinal School Survey , 2021 . Malawi Longitudinal School Survey Endline data . Unpublished . Ministry of Education , Science and Technology ( 2018 ) . _Primary Teacher Management Strategy . _ Lilongwe : Government of Malawi . Ministry of Education ( 2021a ) . Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) data , 2019 / 20 . Unpublished . Ministry of Education ( 2021b ) . _Malawi Education Statistics 2019 / 20_ . Mimeo . Ministry of Education ( 2022 ) . Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) data , 2020 / 21 . Unpublished . Malawi Longitudinal School Survey ( 2021 ) . Unpublished endline data . Mulkeen , A . , 2010 . Teachers in Anglophone Africa : Issues in Teacher Supply , Training , and Management . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Publications . Muralidharan , K . ; Sundararaman , V . 2013 . “ Contract Teachers : Experimental Evidence from India . ” NBER Working Paper No . 19440 . Pugatch , T and Schroeder , E . 2014 . “ Incentives for teacher relocation : Evidence from the Gambian hardship allowance . ” _Economics of Education Review_ 41 , 120-136 . Ramachandran , Vimala , Tara Béteille , Toby Linden , Sangeeta Dey , Sangeeta Goyal , and Prerna Goel Chatterjee . 2018 . _Getting the Right Teachers into the Right Schools : Managing India ’ s Teacher Workforce . _ World Bank Studies . Washington , D . C . : World Bank Publications . Walter , T . F . 2018 . “ Misallocation of State Capacity ? ” PhD Thesis . London School of Economics and Political Science , London . Available at : http : / / etheses . lse . ac . uk / 3852 / 1 / Walter < u > misallocation-ofstate-capacity . pdf [ 9 . 1 . 22 ] < / u > 24", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 89, "text": "Malawi Longitudinal School Survey Endline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 273, "end": 326, "text": "Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "businesses only modestly ( e . g . , Chetty , Friedman , Hendren , and Stepner , 2020 ; Hubbard and Strain , 2020 ) , another concludes that PPP may have boosted employment on the order of about 3 . 5 percent at eligible firms ( Autor , Cho , Crane , Goldar , Lutz , Montes , Peterman , Ratner , Villar , and Yildirmaz ( 2020 ) , and a third suggests that PPP firms were nine percentage points less likely to reduce employment ( Humphries , Neilson , and Ulyssea , 2020 ) . Turning to the community level , a number of studies link PPP with reduced unemployment ( Barraza _ , _ Rossi . Yeager , 2020 ; Bartik , Cullen , Glaeser , Luca , Stanton , and Sunderam , 2020 ; Granja , Makridis , Yannelis , and Zwick , 2020 ; Duchin and Hackney , forthcoming ; Li and Strahan , forthcoming ) . One study also suggests that subprime consumer debt declined in local markets in which banks made more PPP loans ( Berger , Epouhe , and Roman , 2021 ) . < sup > 28 < / sup > A key issue is whether PPP funds serve as substitutes versus complements for conventional loans from banks and other financial institutions . In theory , the PPP funds might have essentially substituted for credit from banks and other financial institutions , in which case other loans from these institutions would decline as a result of the program , with relatively little net total increase in small business funding . Alternatively , PPP funds may have made the recipient firms more creditworthy , and allowed them to borrow more conventional credit , resulting in a “ multiplier effect ” ( Karakaplan , 2021 ) . In addition , any subsidies to the banks from the fee income and rescues of their relationship borrowers may allow the banks to supply more credit to other borrowers . Distinguishing between these different potential outcomes is important for determining the extent to which the PPP program actually increased access to funds for small businesses and by how much . Four studies using bank Call Report data find very strong multiplier effects supporting > 28 This same study", "spans": [{"start": 1964, "end": 1985, "text": "bank Call Report data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Using data from Columbia , Mexico and Morocco from the 1980s and early 1990s , Clerides ( 1998 ) conclude that the evidence supports the self-selection hypothesis , while providing little support for the learning by exporting hypothesis . Bernard and Jensen ( 1999 ) and Liu _et al . _ ( 1999 ) find similar results for the United States and Taiwan , China . Aw _et al_ . ( 2000 ) , using data from the 1980s and early 1990s , find some evidence to support the learning-byexporting hypothesis for some industries in Taiwan , China but no evidence to support it for Korea . Other studies , however , do find evidence consistent with learning by exporting . Kraay ( 1999 ) and Fajnzylber ( 2004 ) finds evidence or learning among Chinese and Brazilian enterprises respectively . Finally , using data from Indonesia , the Philippines , Thailand , Malaysia and Korea , Hallward-Driemeier _et al . _ ( 2002 ) find that exporters take concrete steps to improve productivity before they enter export markets ( e . g . , training employees and using foreign technology ) . They interpret this as suggesting that firms try to pass the threshold to enter such markets . > 4 Bigsten _et al_ . ( 2004 ) also find evidence consistent with the self-selectivity hypothesis . 3", "spans": [{"start": 6, "end": 45, "text": "data from Columbia , Mexico and Morocco", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 389, "end": 424, "text": "data from the 1980s and early 1990s", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 793, "end": 812, "text": "data from Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scenarios for demographic change and development in the SACU economies are considered following the approach of Ahmed et al . ( 2016 ) where a global dynamic simulation model is applied in tandem with a microsimulation model based on harmonized household and labor force survey data . Demographic changes in the different economies are considered against the backdrops of different policy outcomes in the areas of educational improvement , mobilizing savings , and improving employment rates . When considering the scenarios of individual interventions , Lesotho and Swaziland benefited the most from improvements in educational attainment rates by achieving higher economic growth and lower poverty rates . For other economies , interventions that had greater impacts were those that focused on improving employment ratios , through higher labor force participation , reducing unemployment , or eliminating gender gaps in the labor market . The paper thus provides a comparative analysis across several policies highlighted by the literature ( e . g . as in Bloom , 2", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 282, "text": "harmonized household and labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 . Occupational Health and Safety ( OHS ) Specialists ( 2 ) 4 . Gender and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA / SH ) Specialist ( 1 ) In terms of personnel , the implementation of various components of this SEP ( information disclosure , consultation , participation , grievance management , documentation , and monitoring ) will be implemented by the E & S experts , when necessary , the E & S experts can invite other experts . Budget for implementation of engagement activities will be included in the financial plan of the Project . According to the component activity , the budget is intended to be allocated annually based on the specific engagement activities planned to be conducted in the year . * * 6 . * * The stakeholder engagement activities will fulfill part of the commitments laid out in the PRIME-1 Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ( ESCP ) . EEP and EEU shall allocate the necessary human resource and adequate budget for the stakeholder engagement and disclosure activities including , but not limited to , regular stakeholder consultations to maintain good relationships & provide update on the project progress , communication campaigns , training and workshops , monitoring community attitudes , functioning of the GRM , beneficiary satisfaction surveys , material production and distributions , etc . The project will ensure the respective EEP and EEU management are committed to the planned SEP activities and ESCP commitments . * * Grievance Redress * * # * * Mechanism ( GRM ) * * Prior to commencing the works of PRIME-1 activities , EEP & EEU has to complete identifying and addressing key social and environmental issues that may arise as a result of realization of this Project . At the Project level , particularly during implementation , very often , there will be grievances of one sort or another . Hence , the need for a mechanism to address community grievances will always exist . Thus , EEP & EEU are required to establish a grievance management and reporting mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of the affected communities ’ concerns and complaints about", "spans": [{"start": 1253, "end": 1285, "text": "beneficiary satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "do , STEM related work , Own account worker , Quintile 2 , and Remittances from family within the country , Knowing someone in the community that has your dream job , and Urban area . Results for these variables were either not statistically significant or not discussed in the analysis . Full results are available under request . # * * 5 . 2 . Limitations of this study * * There are several limitations to our study . Firstly , aspirations are subjective measures and may be subject to bias . Individuals may have limited capacity to predict how their aspirations might change in response to success or failure . The process of revising aspirations can be slow , especially when social expectations and norms impede the flow of information and the revision of expectations ( Favara , 2017 ) . Furthermore , as discussed , measurement issues can pose challenges in comprehending youth aspirations , potentially affecting the quality of the collected data and subsequent policy recommendations . Different sets of questions and tools may yield different results . Lastly , we must acknowledge that youth aspirations are subject to change over time . This means that cross-sectional data cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships . Aspirations are endogenous , meaning they evolve as youths either achieve or fail to attain their goals , leading to the setting of new objectives . # * * 6 . Policy implications and conclusions * * This paper investigates the factors that influence the educational , career , and migration aspirations of young individuals in Ethiopia , Nigeria , and Malawi . We have used data from dedicated surveys designed to capture youth aspirations , along with information on their educational and employment backgrounds . Drawing from our findings , we present policy recommendations aimed at aligning youth ’ s educational and career aspirations with concrete strategies to mitigate youth unemployment and underemployment . * * Firs of all , we find that aspirations are context dependent * * . Our study highlights that both career and academic aspirations are significantly shaped by interactions within the social environment , and the constraints and opportunities within the family context . Additionally , cultural values and social expectations play a crucial role in influencing youth ’ s aspirations", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1187, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "producing regular monthly or quarterly statistics from their administrative data system ; and these statistics are increasingly being used by policy-makers in the public sector . Thus , the team believes that the project ’ s development objectives are achievable within a period of about 18 months after the current closing date . Key fiduciary elements are in place to make it increasingly financially sustainable within the next 18 months provided that the closing date is extended . 4 . Therefore , the closing date for The Development of the National Statistical System ( STATCAP ) Project _ , _ Project ID _P085414 , _ Credit No . 42760-KE will be extended from December 31 , 2010 until June 30 , 2012 , as requested by Government of Kenya in the request for extension letter dated 17 < sup > th < / sup > of August 2010 . This will be the first extension of the project . 5 . The proposed extension of the project closing date meets the requirements of OP 13 . 30 , paragraph 3 , on the Extension of the Closing Date . The requirements consist of : ( a ) the project objectives continue to be achievable ; ( b ) performance of the borrower and other project implementing agencies is satisfactory ; and ( c ) the borrower has prepared a specific action plan acceptable to the Bank to complete the project . There are no outstanding Interim Financial Reports and audits . Financial management issues previously identified , such as stock control and financial management information system issues have been addressed by reorganization and training within KNBS . As a result , disbursements have improved over the last 12 months , and the financial management rating is satisfactory , while the financial management risk rating is moderate . 10", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 87, "text": "administrative data system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ESSA – Financing Locally-Led Climate Action Program ( FLLCA ) 193 . Upon approval , NLC shall publish a notice of intention to acquire the land in the _Kenya Gazette and County Gazette . _ < sup > 11 < / sup > It will then serve a copy of the notice to every person interested in the land and deposit the same copy to the Registrar . The courts have strictly interpreted this provision , requiring that the notice include the description of the land , indicate the public purpose for which the land is being acquired and state the name of the acquiring public body . NLC will , therefore , be required to make a comprehensive notice that includes a description of the land , public purpose for which the land is acquired , and the acquiring public body . The Land Registrar shall then make an entry in the master register on the intention to acquire as the office responsible for survey , at both national and County level , geo-references the land intended for acquisition . # # # * * _Serve the Notice of Inquiry_ * * 194 . Thirty days after the publication of the Notice of Intention to Acquire , the NLC then schedules a hearing for a public inquiry . NLC must publish notice of this hearing in the _Kenya Gazette and County gazette 15 days before the inquiry meeting_ and serve the notice on every person interested in the land to be acquired . Such notice must instruct those interested in the land to deliver to the NLC , no later than the date of the inquiry , a written claim for compensation . # # # * * _Holding of a Public Hearing_ * * 195 . The NLC convenes a public hearing not earlier than 30 days after publication of the Notice of Intention to Acquire . On the date of the hearing , the NLC must conduct a full inquiry to determine the number of individuals who have legitimate claims on the land , the land value , and the amount of compensation payable to each legitimate claimant . 196 . Besides , at", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 821, "text": "master register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as inelastic in supply ; services ( electricity / water , construction , trade , transport / communications , private services and public administration ) are modeled as elastic in supply . # * * 6 . Results : Province-level Tourism Spending , Growth Linkages and Poverty * * The aggregate economic impact of the tourism sector on the Panamanian economy is very significant — according to the data from the national accounts , expenditures by foreign tourists reached around 7 percent of the GDP in 2006 . Arrivals of foreign tourists in Panama exceeded 2 million visitors in 2006 , of which over 1 million were in direct transit ; and total expenditures by foreign tourists totaled US $ 960 million ( Table 3 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > > 14 Tourists in direct transit are defined as visitors that stay in the airport less than 10 hours , do not leave the airport area and proceed to other destinations . 10", "spans": [{"start": 393, "end": 424, "text": "data from the national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conducted in 2019 served as the frame for the Malawi HFPS . The sixth round of the Uganda National Panel Survey ( UNPS ) fielded in 2019 / 20 served as the frame for the Uganda HFPS . Lastly , the fourth round of the General Household Survey – Panel ( GHS-Panel ) in 2018 / 19 served as the frame for the Nigeria HFPS . The four LSMS-ISA surveys that served as the frames for the HFPS are panel surveys that follow the same households over time . To facilitate recontact and tracking in the subsequent wave of the survey , interviewers collected phone numbers of up to 4 household members and 2 non-household member reference persons . It is this contact information that enabled seamless implementation of the HFPS surveys in each country . However , the availability of contact details varies between the countries , largely due to much higher mobile phone penetration in Nigeria than in Ethiopia , Malawi , and Uganda . Figure 3 . 1 summarizes the LSMS-ISA samples , contact information availability , and selection process for the HFPS in each country . The share of LSMS-ISA households with phone numbers ( i . e . the coverage rate in Figure 3 . 1 ) ranges from 73 percent in Malawi and Uganda up to 99 percent in Nigeria . This at least partially reflects the much higher mobile phone penetration in Nigeria compared with the other three countries . < sup > 7 < / sup > Figure 3 . 2 presents estimates of phone ownership in the four countries . Nigeria has the highest share of households who own a mobile phone at 76 percent , followed by Uganda ( 69 percent ) , Malawi ( 59 percent ) , and Ethiopia ( 48 percent ) . In all four countries , the LSMS-ISA sample households with contact information ( row B in Figure 3 . 1 ) served as the frame for the HFPS . * * Figure 3 . 1 Survey sample and selection process for HFPS * * | Survey Sample and < br > Selection Processs | Ethiopia | Malawi | Nigeria | Uganda | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 83, "end": 111, "text": "Uganda National Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 217, "end": 249, "text": "General Household Survey – Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1653, "end": 1679, "text": "LSMS-ISA sample households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The objective is to calculate , for household interviewed in round 2 , the change in log income between the two survey rounds : ii ( 2 ) where and are respectively the first and second round log per capita incomes of household ii ii2 ii1 ΔΔyy = yy − yy surveyed in round 2 . Therefore , the log per capita household income in round 1 for household is ii1 ii2 yy yy ii unknown and must be estimated . These changes would be easily calculated with panel data since all ii households are interviewed in both rounds ( i . e . , is observed for every household interviewed in both rounds and does not require to be estimated ) . Given panel data is costly and scarce in most countries in ii ΔΔyy ii the region , synthetic panels allow for predicting the first round of “ unobserved ” incomes of households surveyed in the second . As noted above , to avoid making assumptions about the behavior of the residuals , in this approach the unobserved log income is not obtained directly from an econometric prediction , but through statistical matching between household heads from the two surveys . Thus , the predicted income from model ( 1 ) is one of the variables on which the closeness between observations is measured . More specifically , and are predicted using LASSO regression as follows : ii1 ii2 i yy L L yy L L i ( 3 ) TT LLjj LLjj 2 yy � = αα � + ββ ̂ XX jj = 1 , 2 where ( L L L L ) = argmin ) � ∑ i i � � 1 � , is the penalization TT NNjj TT parameter chosen through cross-validation , and αα � LLjj , ββ ̂ LLjj ( ααjj , ββjj ii = 1 � yy � − αα1 is the ii − ββlii1XX norm of the coefficient vector + λλ � ββii λλ . ii ii This method estimates the portion of log income that is assumed to be time-invariant , at least when � ββ ββ using cross-sectional surveys close in time . Although this assumption does not always hold , there are several reasons why it may be reasonable to", "spans": [{"start": 630, "end": 640, "text": "panel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1743, "end": 1766, "text": "cross-sectional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "National Treasury Guidelines issued in 2016 . Risk-based audits on OCoB functions were undertaken , and reports were issued to the Audit and Risk Committee and a copy to the CoB . Follow-up action was taken to ensure that all audit recommendations have been implemented . # # # # # * * ii . Public Relations & Communication * * The OCoB has ensured that the public can access understandable , credible , and timely information on budget implementation . Some achievements include undertaking a customer satisfaction survey to get feedback from stakeholders on OCoB services , developing a Customer Service Charter , and media engagement through robust media relations initiatives and planned meetings . | * * No . * * | * * Key Achievements * * | * * Emerging Issues * * | * * Implementation Challenges * * | * * Recommendations / Way * * < br > * * forward * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 * * | Conducted a Media < br > engagement forum | Leveraging the growth of social < br > media platforms and using < br > them as official channels of < br > communication | Insufficient Budget | Solicit for grants , donor funding < br > and sponsorships besides GoK < br > funding . | | * * 2 * * | Conducted a Public < br > participation forum | The use of social media influ - < br > encers to push / promote OCoB | Lack of adequate working < br > tools such as laptops , desk - < br > tops , digital cameras and < br > lighting , and smart Tv sets . | Advocate for amendment of < br > procurement law so that the of - < br > fice can purchase some of these < br > tools online since it is cheaper < br > and faster to do so", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 522, "text": "customer satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Fareed M . A . Hassan , ECSPE_ 14 # * * 3 . 2 . A More Progressive , Three-Bracket System Can Raise Even More Revenue * * The main arguments made in favor of a simple system with fewer tax brackets and flat rate ( s ) is simplicity , revenue potential and other potential supply side incentives related to saving and investment < sup > 6 < / sup > . Its biggest disadvantage is the lack of progressiveness . Besides the acknowledged need to generate revenue , personal income tax is also often expected to perform a redistributive function . The significant excess of the income of the rich above mean income suggests that - - on the basis of the principle of ability to pay - - it is desirable to collect substantial tax revenues from the rich 7 . To explore the revenue implications of alternative , but more progressive income tax than the previously discussed flat-rate tax . , I have constructed an alternative tax structures with broad , yet realistic , tax brackets derived from the 1992 income distribution . Panel c of Table 3 shows an altemative system with four brackets ( including the lowest tax-free bracket , as in the flat-rate system ) and four marginal rates of zero , 20 percent , 30 percent , and 40 percent . This system has the potential to raise an average 6 / The analysis does not attempt to assess longer-term effects of tax policy through changes in the level of capital formation and growth . Lower flat rates have the obvious advantage of reducing disincentives to a wide range of economic activities , includiing work effort and saving and investment . Nevertheless , it is difficult to quantify these effects although there is often no question about their direction . For instance , Marsden ' s ( 1986 ) study uses evidence from 20 countries , spanning almost the entire spectrum of world economies , to show that those with lower taxes experienced faster economic growth and higher employment and productivity . Hall and Rabushka ( 1985 ) estimate the potential gains from their proposed simple flat wage and business tax as a 6 percent increase in output from increased total work in the US", "spans": [{"start": 991, "end": 1015, "text": "1992 income distribution", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2 ) Measuring the effect of inequality on poverty is slightly more complex because inequality can change in infinite ways . Although intuitively progressive distributional change is likely to reduce poverty < sup > 3 < / sup > , this result cannot be generalized without additional assumptions . For example , consider the ( possibly unlikely ) case of a transfer from the extremely rich to the very ( but not extremely ) rich . This would improve inequality levels but would not affect poverty . To make the problem of the impact of inequality changes on poverty tractable , one possibility is to assume that income follows a log-normal distribution . < sup > 4 < / sup > Lopez and Serven ( 2004 ) compare the theoretical quintile shares according to a log-normal distribution with their empirical counterparts using data from 794 household surveys and conclude that the log normal approximation fits the empirical data extremely well . In turn , under this assumption it is possible to express the inequality elasticity of poverty φ as the elasticity of poverty with respect to the Gini index _G : _ With these elements in mind , a change in poverty due to a change in policy X can be expressed as : or using ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) above Equation ( 5 ) indicates that the impact that a change in policy X will have on poverty will depend on : ( i ) the impact that the policy has on growth ; ( ii ) how growth is translated into poverty reduction ; ( iii ) the simultaneous impact that the policy has on inequality ( as measured by the Gini coefficient ) , and finally ( iv ) how inequality changes are translated into poverty reduction . In principle , γ and φ could be considered to be independent of the policy in question and depend on the particular income distribution , the initial level of per capita income _Y_ , the poverty line , and the initial level of inequality _G_ . < sup > 5 < / sup > Table 1 presents the theoretical elasticities of headcount poverty to growth and headcount poverty to inequality computed under the assumption that income follows a log", "spans": [{"start": 820, "end": 851, "text": "data from 794 household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- iii - vii . Project incremental sugar production wouldl be about 42 , 000 t in Year 4 and 109 , 000 t annually after full development in Year 8 . Valued at projected import parity and expressed in constant 1978 prices , 109 , 000 t of sugar would provide revenues of KShs . 448 million ( US $ 56 million ) after 1986 , and thus represent significant foreign exchange savings . Net annual foreign exchange savings , including debt service , would be about KShs . 250 million ( US $ 31 million ) in Year 8 and would continue to increase thereafter . The Project would provide wage employment for about 1 , 000 persons . In addition , about 10 , 800 smallholder families would benefit through increased incomes averaging some KShs . 3 , 560 ( US $ 445 ) annually per family without previous cane cultivation experience , and KShs . 1 , 000 ( US $ 125 ) per family already established in cane growing ; these increases would be 190 % and 25 % above present income levels , respectively . viii . The economic rate of return of the Project is estimated to be 33 % . The major risks facing Project production include problems in companysmallholder relations leading to shortfalls in cane production , possible weather and soils-related declines in cane yields , and disruptions in the supply of cane harvest labor . However , the sensitivity analysis indicates that even with an output 20 % below expectations , the economic rate of return would still be 24 % . Alternatively , if one or two new factories were built before 1981 , sugar production could exceed consumption by 150 , 000-200 , 000 tons per annum from 1985 to 1989 . According to World Bank price projections , Kenya could export at a slight profit from 1985 to 1989 , but there is a risk that prices could be lower . In this case the Government may be forced to lower sugar cane prices to discourage production . This action would have a negative effect on the Project .", "spans": [{"start": 1639, "end": 1667, "text": "World Bank price projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 60 * * - amounting to * * US $ 5 * * million or more would be procured through international competitive bidding ; however , no disbursement applications were submitted for such purchases . The first tranche of * * $ 80 * * million was disbursed during the period September-December * * 1982 . * * The second tranche of * * $ 50 * * million disbursed in January 1984 . * * E . * * Impact of the Program on the Economy 45 . The tables below display the main features of the national accounts and balance of payments projections contained in the * * SAL * * II President ' s Report , and current Bank staff projections . The differences between the two sets of projections are greatest in the area of the external sector . * * In * * the President ' s Report projection , export receipts and import payments were expected to increase steadily . In the actual event , export receipts fell moderately and import payments fell sharply during * * 198L-83 , * * although both are expected to increase over the medium term . Thus , external adjustment has been accomplished through reduced imports rather than increased exports . * * As * * a result of the sharp decrease in import payments , the current account deficit went down , instead of up ( in nominal terms ) as had been expected . Net capital inflow was less than expected , because * * of * * less than expected loan disbursements . Because approximately the same level of debt service is being supported * * by * * lower export receipts , the debt service ratio is higher . The national accounts data indicate that , in the area of domestic expenditure , the burden of adjustment is being borv - * * by * * investment rather than consumption , and that industry is a relatively lagging sector . 46 . The differences described above are readily explicable , in terms of actual developments in the world economy and in Kenya Government policies . With regard to the world economy , the unexpected appreciation of the * *", "spans": [{"start": 1536, "end": 1558, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 developed in MENA yet . Therefore , while many SME units seem to be developing more sophisticated lending techniques , in most cases they are still conducting relationship lending , although in a more effective way . We also look at how the quality of financial infrastructure in a country affects SME lending . _Cover_ is a variable that represents the volume of credit information provided to lenders by public credit registries or private credit bureaus . This variable is based on information from the World Bank ‟ s Doing Business Database and is defined by the highest coverage ratio of either the public registry or the private bureau . < sup > 11 < / sup > The _Legal_ variable measures the quality of the legal and contractual framework , and is represented by several alternative legal indicators from the World Bank ‟ s Doing Business database . We use : ( i ) the legal rights index that measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of lenders , ( ii ) the time to register a property , ( iii ) the time to enforce a contract and ( iv ) the time to close a business . All these indicators capture the strength of creditor rights and the risks of SME lending . Finally , we look at the impact of a particular type of government intervention – partial credit guarantee schemes ( PCGs ) . These schemes have become a popular tool to stimulate SME lending in many countries , and 10 MENA countries have already introduced such schemes . < sup > 12 < / sup > _Guar_ is a variable that measures the size of PCGs through the ratio of outstanding guarantees to GDP . Table 7 provides information on the stock of outstanding guarantees ( in % of GDP ) of MENA PCGs . Some schemes are still very young and have not yet accumulated a significant volume of guarantees . Our analysis includes all the countries listed in Table 1 except for Libya ( where we could not verify the data ) . Most banks reported information for at least two years in the 2007-2009 period , allowing us to build a panel of about 240 observations . The appendix", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 857, "text": "Doing Business database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( 0 . 003 ) | | ( 0 . 010 ) | | ( 0 . 016 ) | | R2 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | | N | 558 , 222 | 558 , 222 | 538 , 130 | 538 , 130 | 468 , 366 | 468 , 366 | | Average outcome among Greek natives | 0 . 984 | 0 . 984 | 0 . 718 | 0 . 718 | 0 . 192 | 0 . 192 | | Age andgender FE | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | * * Notes * * The table presents regression estimates measuring the educational gap between Albanian immigrants and Greek natives . The sample consists of 16-60 individuals in the 2001 Greek census who are either native-born or born in Albania ( 26 , 681 ) . Albanian immigrants who arrived when adults are 19 , 879 individuals who report to have migrated when they were older than 20 . There are 4 , 188 and 2 , 614 Albanian immigrants who arrived at an age between 6 and 12 and below 5 . The sample is further resstricted to migrants who have eat least spend 5 years in Greece . The outcome tertiatry educaion is only defined for indivdiuals older than 25 . All regressions estimates include both gender and age fixed-effects Notes : * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; standard errors are robust to heteroskedasticity . Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the 2001 Greek census . 35", "spans": [{"start": 512, "end": 529, "text": "2001 Greek census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reflecting their different economic structures , stages of development , and business environments . For example , in Côte d ’ Ivoire , Croatia , Ecuador , and Türkiye , studies find rising misallocation of resources — that is , less productive firms not being outcompeted by more productive ones — to be the main drag on productivity growth ( World Bank 2021a , World Bank 2022a , Patiño Peña and Ferro Forthcoming , World Bank 2019a ) . By contrast , in Kosovo , the data suggest that falling productivity of incumbent firms is the main driver of overall productivity declines ( World Bank 2021b ) . # 3 . Data The empirical analyses in this paper leverage two databases from the Zambia Revenue Authority . One draws information from Corporate Income Tax ( CIT ) returns , while the other draws information from Pay As You Earn ( PAYE ) Tax returns . The CIT database covers over 5 , 000 firms that paid corporate income tax in Zambia for the 2014-2021 period . In Zambia , firms that have annual turnover ( sales ) exceeding ZMK 800 , 000 or engage in specified business activities are liable for CIT . < sup > 4 < / sup > The standard income tax rate is 30 percent . However , certain industries have special rates that apply to them . For firms with annual profits below K250 , 000 , the tax rate is 30 percent . For industries with annual profits exceeding K250 , 000 , the rate is 40 percent . For those in farming and agro-processing , the rate is 10 percent , while certain manufacturing industries have a rate of 15 percent . If a firm ’ s turnover is below the CIT filing threshold , the firm is liable for the Turnover Tax at 4 percent monthly across all sectors . < sup > 5 < / sup > With variables drawn from firms ’ returns , the CIT database contains panel data on firms ’ registration location , sales , cost of sales , and wage bills . It is thus the primary source of firm-level variables for output , capital , labor , and inputs used for productivity estimation ( see below discussion on specific", "spans": [{"start": 736, "end": 772, "text": "Corporate Income Tax ( CIT ) returns", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 869, "text": "CIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1767, "end": 1777, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Che et al . , 2020 ; Hayakawa and Mukunoki , 2021a ) . We contribute to two sets of literature . The first covers studies on how firms ’ participation in GVCs played a role in the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic . A growing body of literature has analyzed the effects that the pandemic had on different firms ( Ayres and Raveendranathan , 2021 ; Cirera et al . , 2021 ; Bruhn et al . , 2021 ; Bricongne et al . , 2012 ; Brucal et al . , 2021 ; de Lucio et al . , 2022 ) and the role of GVCs as a potential transmitter of the Covid-19 induced consequences ( Bonadio et al . , 2021 ; Egger and Zhu , 2022 ; Baqaee and Farhi , 2020 ; Gerschel et al . , 2020 ; Heise et al . , 2020 ; Chakrabati et al . , 2021 ; Lafrogne-Joussier et al . , 2022 ; Rose et al . , 2021 ; Arenas et al . , 2022 ) . Most scholars agree that the initial impact was stronger on international firms ( Constantinescu et al . , 2022 ; Pimenta et al . , 2021 ; Borino et al . , 2021 ) and characteristics like high imports or connections to China made firms worse off ( Lafrogne-Joussier et al . , 2022 ; Meier et al . , 2020 ) . However , authors also argue that internationally trading firms were more resilient and recovered faster ( Constantinescu et al . , 2022 ; Borino et al . , 2021 ; Hyun et al . , 2020 ; de Lucio et al . , 2022 ) . Our paper contributes to this literature by providing novel evidence of various performance indicators of GVC firms compared to non-GVC firms following Covid-19 up to a year and a half into the pandemic , especially since GVC data is usually available with a lag . Second , we contribute to the literature on the role of trade policy when such a shock takes place , particularly non-tariff measures . Until now , only a few studies have focused on Covid-19 and trade policy , mainly looking at the trade policy responses to the pandemic (", "spans": [{"start": 1534, "end": 1542, "text": "GVC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "each case . The insights from our surveys advance our understanding of the behavioral consequences of displacement in a number of ways . The overwhelming majority of existing research on the political and social ramifications of displacement focuses on refugees in the global North , < sup > 5 < / sup > despite the fact that 85 % of refugees were hosted in developing countries ( UNHRC 2019 ) . Out of 79 . 5 million total forcibly displaced persons in the world in 2019 , 45 . 7 million were IDPs ( UNHCR 2019 ) . We bring to bear original survey evidence from countries and subnational regions with especially large and consequential clusters of IDPs . In doing so , we have amassed an usually large and diverse body > 3We define social cohesion , in line with De Berry & Roberts ( 2018 ) , as “ the set of relationships between and individuals and groups in a particular environment and between those individuals and groups and the institutions that govern them in a particular environment ” ( 28 ) . > 4Additionally , we discuss a survey we conducted in Colombia in supplemental material that is not included here due to differences in the survey design and content that limit comparison , but nevertheless provide additional insights into our research question . > 5For a discussion on the imbalance between displacement loads and the geographic focus of research on the consequences of displacement , see Alrababa ’ h , Dillon , Williamson , Hainmueller , Hangartner & Weinstein ( 2021 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1036, "end": 1067, "text": "survey we conducted in Colombia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aya 4 4 7 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ABAAD , ACF , AJEM Lebanon , AMEL , Arab Puppet Theatre , AVSI , Beyond , CARE , CLMC Lebanon , DRC , EPL , FAO , HabitatForHumanity , HI , Himaya , Humedica , HWA , IA , IMC , Intersos , IOCC Lebanon , IOM , IQRAA , IR Lebanon , IRC , IRW , ISAD , KAFA , Lebanese Red Cross , MAP-UK , MDM , MEDAIR , Medical Teams International , Mercy Corps , MoSA , MS Lebanon , MSL Lebanon , NRC , OXFAM , RI , SCI , SFCG , UNDP , UNFPA , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNRWA , URDA , Welfare Association , WHO , WVI Key contacts * * UNHCR * * Maeve Murphy , murphym @ unhcr . org * * UNDP * * George Akl , george . akl @ undp . org * * Ministery of Social Affairs ( MoSA ) * * Hussein Salemm , hussein . salemm @ hotmail . com * * Bekaa Governor * * Mr . Antoine Sleiman * * Disclaimer : * * The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations . * * Data Source : * * Lebanese Population - Central Administration of Statistics ( CAS ) year 2002 dataset , Poverty data : CAS , UNDP and MoSA Living Conditions and Household Budget Survey 2004-5 , Syrian Refugee Population - UNHCR as of 30 / 06 / 2015 , Humanitarian Intervention Data - Activity Info as of 30 / 06 / 2015 , Palestinian Refugee Population - UNRWA , Lebanese Returnees data IOM as of 30 / 06 / 2015", "spans": [{"start": 1091, "end": 1136, "text": "Living Conditions and Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1203, "end": 1233, "text": "Humanitarian Intervention Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1314, "end": 1341, "text": "Lebanese Returnees data IOM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Honduras | 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , < br > 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 | Encuesta Permanente de < br > Hogares Propósitos < br > Múltiples < br > Encuesta Nacional de | 7 | LM | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Mexico | 2016 , 2018 , 2020 | Ingresos y Gastos de < br > Hogares | 1 | UM | | Panama | 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , < br > 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 | Encuesta de Hogares | 8 | H | | Paraguay | 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , < br > 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 | Encuesta Permanente de < br > Hogares | 7 | UM | | Peru | 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , < br > 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 | Encuesta Nacional de < br > Hogares | 8 | UM | | Uruguay | 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , < br > 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 | Encuesta Continua de < br > Hogares | 7 | H | Note : LM : Lower-Middle Income , UM : Upper-Middle Income , and H : High Income Source : SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) for country classification : < u > https : / / datahelpdesk . worldbank . org / knowledgebase / articles / 906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups < / u > The proposed approach estimates a model of household-level income using a set of time-invariant and deterministic harmonized variables as controls to provide estimates of welfare dynamics . The harmonization procedure requires cleaning and processing each cross-section to ensure that all definitions and variables are identical in each country and year . The full list of available covariates for each country ’ s data is shown in Table 2 . Table 2 : Harmonized variables for LASSO-PMM | Variable | Definition | | - - - | - - - | | Welfare aggregate |", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 176, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 397, "end": 416, "text": "Encuesta de Hogares", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 652, "end": 687, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de < br > Hogares", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report Second Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project ( P504218 ) # * * The World Bank * * | interventions and / or < br > food emergency < br > programs – Youth < br > ( Number of people ) < br > CRI | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 3 | Jun / 2025 | 0 | 12-Sep-2025 | 7 | 31-Mar-2026 | 8 | Dec / 2030 | | Stakeholders utilizing data in < br > the ESR ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targ | < br > ets | 7 programs < br > agreements < br > 1 . Kenya Red < br > 2 . UNICEF < br > 3 . NDMA < br > 4 . Save the C < br > 5 . State Dep < br > 6 . UNHCR < br > 7 . Kuza Jami | are actively using < br > are in place . The < br > Cross < br > hildren < br > artment for Hous < br > i through CHASP | / have used ESR to < br > se programs are : < br > ing | target their be | neficiaries and | data sharing | | CCTP beneficiaries that < br > undergo recertification . < br > ( Percentage ) | 0 % | Jun / 2025 | 0 | 12-Sep-2025 | 0 | 31-Mar-2026 | 80 % | Dec / 2030 | | ASAL counties to which HSNP < br > climate-related shock < br > response mechanism is < br > expanded . ( Number ) | 0 | Jun / 2025 | 0 | 12-Sep-2025 | 0 | 31 -", "spans": [{"start": 447, "end": 450, "text": "ESR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _Weaker prospects for commodity demand . _ To transform recent resource discoveries in LICs into strong , sustained economic growth will require continued robust commodity demand growth , as well as strong governance and institutions to manage the associated revenue windfalls ( Addison and Roe 2018 ) . < sup > 13 < / sup > However , long-term prospects for commodity demand are weakening as growth in China — the largest source of commodity demand — slows and shifts towards less resource-intensive sectors ( World Bank 2018a ) . - _Debt vulnerabilities on the rise . _ While government debt ratios in most of today ’ s LICs are significantly lower than in 2001 — helped largely by debt relief initiatives — their general rise since 2013 has contributed to increased vulnerabilities ( World Bank 2019a ) . The interest burden brought about by greater indebtedness could constrain poverty-reducing expenditures , particularly on health and education . * * Figure 7 . Challenges LICs face in reducing poverty * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Projections of global extreme poverty B . LIC growth < br > Percent Historical growth Percent LICs Poverty-weighted LICs < br > 2 x historical growth 7 < br > 15 < br > 8 percent growth < br > 12 3 percent target < br > 6 < br > 9 < br > 6 < br > 5 < br > 3 < br > 0 < br > 4 < br > 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027 2030 2000-07 2010-18 2019-21 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank , World Bank ( 2018b ) . A . Data based on global real per capita growth . 8 percent growth assumes average annual growth in per capita incomes of 6 percent for all countries , but that incomes of the bottom 40 percent of the distribution grow at 8 percent , while those in the top 60 percent grow at 4 . 7 percent . B . Bars represent GDP-weighted aggregates . Diamonds represent GDP aggregates weighted according to each country ’ s share in total poverty . # * * 5 . Conclusion *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * What is the relationship between international trade and business cycle synchronization ? Do Global Value Chains ( GVCs ) have a specific impact on the correlation of GDP and if so , does it vary by income group ? Since the seminal paper by Frankel and Rose ( 1998 ) , a very large empirical literature has studied the determinant of cross countries ’ GDP synchronization , showing that bilateral trade is an important and robust determinant of GDP correlation . < sup > 1 < / sup > The goal of this paper is to assess the link between trade proximity and GDP comovement on a large sample of * * 150 * * countries from * * 1962 to 2011 * * , including middle and low income countries . We estimate the _trade comovement_ slope ( TC-slope ) using constructed panel data and controlling for both country-pair and time-window fixed effects , aiming to control for unobserved heterogeneity between countries ( e . g distance , common borders , common language ) and over time ( e . g change in world trade conditions and / or policy ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > Finally , we provide various robustness checks , including controls related to trade unions , sectoral composition as well as to financial interconnection of the banking sector and foreign direct investment . Broadly speaking , our results are _robust_ to a wide range of specifications and trade indexes and highlight _important disparities_ among country groups . Our main findings can be classified as follows : - * * Trade proximity * * , defined for each country-pair as total trade over total GDP , is correlated with more GDP comovement for the whole sample of countries * * and * * most of this correlation is explained by * * trade in intermediate inputs * * as opposed to trade in final goods . While the association between international trade and business cycle synchronization is not a new fact , the specific role of input trade points toward a dinstinctive role for Global Value Chains . < sup > 3 < / sup > - * * Trade network * * , defined as proximity in", "spans": [{"start": 771, "end": 793, "text": "constructed panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _TRANSFORMING HEALTH SYSTEMS FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2020_ * * # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ( Continued ) * * # # # # # * * * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statenents . # # # # # * * * Acquisition of fixed * * assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # c ) * * In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # # # * * d ) * * Cash * * and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with", "spans": [{"start": 960, "end": 980, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 40 < br > 8 < br > 20 < br > 4 0 < br > 0 < br > World AEs EMDEs World AEs EMDEs < br > 2003-07 2013-17 2003-07 2013-17 2003-07 2013-17 < br > 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 1998-2002 1998-2002 1998-2002 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Sources : Penn World Tables , World Bank . A . Investment-weighted averages . For a sample of 37 advanced economies and 145 EMDEs . B . Share of 139 countries in which investment growth is below the longer-term average ( 1998-2017 ) . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 27 . 00 | 33 . 00 | 33 . 00 | 51 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Data source : Nutritio | n Data Verification Joint Review | Mission , December 2018 . | | ► DLI 16 Percent of Woredas in emerging Regions transitioning from EOS to Community Health Days - CHD ( NewDLI - 12b ) ( Process , 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 26 . 00 | 26 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Data source : Nutritio | n Data Verification Joint Review | Mission , December 2018 . | | ► DLI 17 Percent of PHC Facilities having all drug from the MOH list of drug available ( New - DLI DLI-13 ( 1 ) ) ( Process , 7 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 42 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 47 . 00 | | Date | -", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 362, "text": "Nutritio", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 829, "end": 837, "text": "Nutritio", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "farmers and be more focused on the learning approaches o f pilots in other African countries . Scheduling , o f travel destinations and participation would be decided during initial ETF meetings in consultation with the K S _Formulation of the_ * * _NAEP_ * * The KAPP secretariat will assist the ETF to review the existing national extension policy and formulate a new extension policy . The NAEP policy and framework document will form the starting point for the consultations . The ETF will develop the corresponding institutional and implementation framework for the new policy and support its enactment in parliament , The consultative process leading to the formulation o f a revised extension policy will draw on a diagnosis o f the inventory and assessment o f extension service providers , the information gathered during the study tours and above all , the lessons from the piloting activities ( see subcomponent 2 . 2 ) . The expected output i s a broader and reoriented policy document whose vision is more consistent with a demand driven , pluralistic , market oriented extension service for all Kenyan farmers . The secretariat will avail the ETF the necessary legal advice . The policy document will be forwarded to the National Farmers Forum for endorsement before it i s sent to parliament for discussion and legitimization . The new policy will be formulated over the first year o f the project and should be enacted by 2006 . The implementation framework for the policy would need to include amongst others the following aspects : # # # # # # _Regulatory andJinancial_ * * 35 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where _X1_ is the indicator for the period of birth occurrence , _X2_ is the indicator for exposure to the voucher program , and _Xi_ is the vector of the control variables in the model for birth _i_ from village _j_ in parish _k_ . The parameter _α0_ represents the likelihood of the outcome for nonexposed individuals at baseline , _α1_ is the difference in the outcomes for nonexposed individuals over time , _α2_ is the difference in outcomes between exposed and nonexposed individuals at baseline , _α3_ is the difference in the changes in outcomes between exposed and nonexposed individuals over time ( i . e . , the difference-in-differences estimate ) ; _βi_ is the vector of parameters for the control variables in the model , and  _jk_ are the unobserved characteristics of individuals from the same village and parish that might be correlated with the outcome . A key assumption of the difference-in-differences estimation is that preexisting trends between intervention and comparison groups are similar . Table 1 presents trends in the distribution of facility-based births occurring two years before the voucher program began among multiparous voucher and nonvoucher respondents who were interviewed in the 2010 – 11 survey . The results show no significant baseline differences between the two groups of respondents in the proportion of births delivered in public or private facilities in the two years preceding the voucher program launch . Table 1 Trends in Facility-Based Births among Multiparous Voucher and Nonvoucher Respondents for Births Occurring Two Years before the Voucher Program , 2010 – 11 | | Public | health facility | | Privat | e health facility | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Year of < br > birth | Voucher < br > respondents | Nonvoucher < br > respondents | _P_ < br > value | Voucher < br > respondents | Nonvoucher < br > respondents | _P_ < br > value | | 2006 | 50 . 0 % | 51 . 7 % | 0 . 83 | < br > 20 . 0 % | 12 . 8 % | 0 . 20", "spans": [{"start": 1222, "end": 1238, "text": "2010 – 11 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * Table 1 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR by country / territory of asylum , end-2006 * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . | Country < sup > 1 < / sup > | Refugees < sup > 2 < / sup > | _Of whom_ < br > _assisted by_ < br > _UNHCR_ | Asylum - < br > seekers < br > ( pending < br > cases ) < sup > 3 < / sup > | Returned < br > refugees < sup > 4 < / sup > | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted by < br > UNHCR < sup > 5 < / sup > | Returned < br > IDPs < sup > 6 < / sup > | Stateless < br > persons < sup > 7 < / sup > | Various < sup > 8 < / sup > | Total < br > population of < br > concern | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Slovenia | 254 | - | 180 | - | - | - | 4 , 090 | - | 4 , 524 | | Somalia | 669 | 669 | 1 , 221 | 1 , 845 | 400 , 000 | - | - | - | 403 , 735 | | South Africa | 35 , 086 | 5 , 906 | 131 , 107 | 4 | - | - | - | -", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 242, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as well as a decline in the use of facilities among the poor . Uniquely among these theories , Ronnen ( 1991 ) is the only one who suggests that even well performing facilities may see quality improvements in response to the regulation as they increase investments in order to maintain market power . In order to establish the plausibility of each of these channels , we establish that ( a ) facilities invested in improvements that were ( far ) more costly than what was required under the regulation and were not optimizing decisions to meet compliance thresholds ; ( b ) there was no difference in treatment outcomes between the inspection only ( T1 ) and the inspection + information ( T2 ) arms ; and ( c ) quantile treatment effects by market density show that impacts were highest at the _top-end_ of the distribution of patient safety , where facilities were least affected by regulatory requirements , as well as in markets with greater competition from public facilities . Therefore , in addition to a direct regulatory channel , we conclude that the data are consistent with market power as a source of inefficiency ; nevertheless , we caution that the experiment was not designed to test a specific mechanism and we consider several alternate explanations in our discussion . < sup > 4 < / sup > > 4Our results on the mechanism are speculative because most facilities could have been sanctioned under the regulation and , therefore , beliefs over how the regulation functions and what other facilities , in turn , believe will determine facility investments . While previous work uses rational expectations to model beliefs regarding inspections ( Duflo et al . , 2018 ) , in the case of a new system like the one we evaluate , such an assumption is harder to sustain . 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_4_ * * INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION * * CERTIFICATE * * I * * hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the original in the archives of the International Development Association . In witness whereof * * I * * have signed this Certificate and affixed the Seal of the * * A * * sociation thereunto the day of * * 1983 . * * FOR SECRETARY", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Final_ * * _TG Consultancy PLC_ The SHS Installation activities utilizes GRM for workers to address workplace grievances and / GBVs / SHs / SEA so as to ensure the workers right . The MoWE ADELE Project subcomponent 3 . 1 office , Regional Focal Person , Woreda ESMS focal persons and Kebele Administration / community representative establish an accessible GR system for workers , in line with Labor Proclamation No . 1156 / 2019 . The grievant must apply for compliance with the company / cooperative GRM committee , seek redress from Kebele administration , Woreda ESMS Unit , Regional ESMS focal person , MoWE ADELE Project subcomponent 3 . 1 office , and , if unsatisfied , seek formal legal system . Besides , anyone who has an issue / complaint related to project activities can raise the concern to the WB grievances redress system . # # # # * * 7 . 2 . 3 Steps of Grievance Resolution Process * * The grievance resolution process involves the following main steps : 1 . Receipt of grievances : anyone from the affected communities / workers or believing they are affected by the Sub-component activities can submit a grievance ( written , verbal , telephone , etc . as appropriate for the complainant ) . 2 . Registering the complaint : the focal point who received the complaint will register it in the GRM logbook . 3 . Referral and examination of complaints : a GRM Committee shall be established at each project implementation site who will examine the complaint , resolve it , that refer . 4 . Notifying the complainant : the decision / solution / action by the grievance committee shall be communicated to the complainant as per the stipulated timeline . 5 . Closing the complaint : where the decision / solution of complaint is accepted by the complainant , or complaint that is not related to the project or any of its components . The summary of the GRM steps and responsibilities including time frame is presented in Table 7 GRM Steps", "spans": [{"start": 1318, "end": 1329, "text": "GRM logbook", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a bank . The dependent variable corresponds to the provision rates of working capital loans . _Earmarkfbt_ is an indicator variable that equals one for all consecutive periods after a firm receives its first earmarked loan from a bank , and zero otherwise . _Riskft_ is an indicator variable that equals one for firms with credit risk at the start of the earmarked relationship above the median and zero otherwise . Credit risk is measured using the rating of the first earmarked loan issued to firm _f_ . _MPft_ is an indicator variable that equals one if the market power in period _t_ of banks operating in firm _f_ ' s zip code ( measured by the Herfindahl Index ) is above the median and zero otherwise . Other controls include the length of the relationship duration of each firm-bank pair and loan characteristics at the time of issuance ( maturity , volume and a dummy variable indicating if the loan was collateralized ) . All regressions include fixed effects for the ten loan rating categories established by regulators , as well as fixed effects for the type of loan ( whether the loan has a fixed rate or a rate indexed by Brazil ' s CDI ) . Standard errors are doubled clustered at the bank and time level . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * MINUTES OF MEETING HELD AT MWASHANGA MAKUTANO GROUNDS * * # # # # # # * * DATE : 03 / 04 / 2019 | TIME : 11 : 00AM * * * * < u > ATTENDANTS < / u > * * ( See the attached attendance list ) 1 . His Excellency The Governor for Kwale - Hon Salim Mvurya 2 . CEC Lands County Government of Kwale - Madam Saumu Beja 3 . CEC Water County Government of Kwale - 4 . Irene Muchoki-KWSCRP 5 . Millicent Dzombo – KWSCRP 6 . Mkalla Mwero – KWSCRP 7 . Eng . Wainaina ( CDA ) 8 . Peter Obiero - Tech Training & Research Limited 9 . Paul Ayieko - Tech Training & Research Limited AGENDA : - New census on Mwavumbo Group Ranch The meeting began with a word of prayer from Mr . Ndolo Chizama . The master of ceremony Mr . Joho who is also the area chief welcomed the guests and villagers . He took the opportunity to urge the locals to desist from politics that was taking center stage and instead support the project . Mr . John cautioned those who had taken advantage of the project to impose themselves as the PAPs representatives and yet they are not PAPs themselves . He explained that the government was looking at these individuals with a very keen eye and will not hesitate to take action on such members of the society . The are Chief then introduced Madam Irene Muchoki ( KWSCRP ) who took time to explain to the gathering the reason as to why it was important that a new census be carried out . She said that this process was necessitated by the fact that the Consultant had submitted a report / map that had spaces that therefore needed to be filled since each parcel within the project area had been allocated to members of the ranch . She", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 625, "text": "New census on Mwavumbo Group Ranch", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", page 27 ) . - The statement in the Beneficiary Survey ( ICR , p . 50 ) that “ participation in the NAADS program seems to have lowered the probability to demand soil fertility and agro - forestry practices , suggesting low capacity of farmers to demand these technologies and / or weakness of NAADS to provide them . ” - The statement in the Borrower ’ s Comments to the effect that the “ low investment that NAADS may be putting in soil fertility management practices … raises concern on the sustainability of NAADS ’ strategy since it leads to soil fertility mining and could lead to lower productivity in the long run . ” - The project team subsequently explained to IEG that the focus of the project was geared mainly to increasing productivity and income . - A number of sources ( MAAIF Task Force Reports , March and April 2010 ; ITAD , March 2008 ; IFPRI , March 2010 ; and the DFID-funded Accountability Working Group paper , January - February 2010 ) provide qualitative evidence of instances of misuse and waste of resources , misdirected inputs , depressed farmer morale , and the weakening of FGs and farmer fora since the suspension and re - starting of the project in 2007 . # # # * * 5 . Efficiency ( not applicable to DPLs ) : * * The PAD ( p . 42 ) estimated that , based on certain assumptions related to annual increases in farm income attributable to the program , NAADS would result in a 19 % ERR and a NPV of US $ 10 . 21 million . The result was sensitive to variations in the crop area adopted for improved practices . The ICR stated that the requisite information for repeating the PAD ’ s analysis at closure was unavailable . It therefore attempts to identify the benefits to farm households attributable to the project . Compared to the control groups , and prior to disruption of the project in 2007 , the analysis shows that ( thanks to factors such as greater access to support (", "spans": [{"start": 37, "end": 55, "text": "Beneficiary Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and IT services . The data follow a complex survey design , with stratification defined by firm size , < sup > 18 < / sup > sector , and location ; the surveys carry sampling weights and , so , they are nationally representative of a substantial portion of the private sector economy . < sup > 19 < / sup > The surveys use a standardized instrument and are conducted on an economy-by-economy basis , though they are frequently implemented in multi-economy roll-outs . We include all data from the most recent implementation of the surveys , conducted from 2018 through early 2020 . Importantly , the surveys all include common variables that provide clear measures of interactions with public officials and a number of firm-level characteristics , including experiences of the broader business environment . Full details on the various means of political access ( items ) and other variables of interest are included below . # * * 3 . 1 Items : The Political Interactions of Firms * * # # _ < u > Political connections < / u > _ As noted above , we place specific importance on direct political connections . While a broad literature in both economics and political science has considered political connections directly , the definition of these connections varies substantially . One direct definition is if a politician holds a managerial or decisionmaking position in a firm ( e . g . Faccio ( 2006 ) ; Khwaja and Mian ( 2005 ) ) . This direct definition can also be extended to include corporate Boards of Directors as well ( Goldman et al . , 2013 ) . Still , others have extended the definition of political connections to close relationships that require specific context . Gomez et al . ( 1999 ) , followed by Johnson and Mitton ( 2003 ) , rely on a listing of firms with friendships and close ties to a handful of top leaders in Malaysia . Fisman ( 2001 ) uses a ‘ Suharto Dependency Index ’ in Indonesia . Rijkers et al . ( 2017 ) leverage a data set connecting firms to the holdings of the Ben Ali family in Tunisia . Likewise such connections can be extended to school networks", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 3 . 6 Existing Road Operational Impacts * * # # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 0 Siltation and pollution * * Soil erosion is serious in some sections < sup > leadingt ) siltationof streamsand rivtrs . So < / sup > far , no major road related pollution < sup > has beendocimented . < / sup > # # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 1 Induced development * * Of the developments , which < sup > have beeninduci ! dbytheexistingroad , th : most < / sup > noticeable has been the rapidly < sup > growingurihancentersatlocationsst : has < / sup > Chesenendet and Kedowa along < sup > the road . < / sup > # # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 2 Noise and atmospheric * * < sup > * * pollution * * < / sup > Some evidence of atmospheric < sup > pollutionisshcingonavenuetreesonthfroad < / sup > section through Kericho town . < sup > Sofar , littlenc seandatmosphericpollutioihave < / sup > been reported for other sections . # # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 3 Health * * No major health problems , < sup > directlyconnectedwiththeexistingroad , havy ' < / sup > been reported so far , except in the < sup > areas whereroadiccidents occur . < / sup > # # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 4 Accident Statistics along * * < sup > * * the Project Road . * * < / sup > Table 2 shows reported accidents , < sup > basedonpolicestations", "spans": [{"start": 1137, "end": 1156, "text": "Accident Statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "poor are likely to suffer disproportionately , poverty rates can be expected to increase as a result ( Hallegatte et al . , 2020 ) . This is particularly important to consider in the context of the current global pandemic which is affecting urban populations disproportionately . These are important issues which need to be addressed in combination . # * * 3 Data and methodology * * # # * * 3 . 1 The surveys * * The analysis relies on integrated and harmonized data from four surveys , covering the four cities of Accra , Antananarivo , Dar Es Salaam , and Addis Ababa . For Accra , Dar Es Salaam and Addis Ababa the Disaster-poverty survey data is used , which contain information on how households experience floods , their perceived risk of future floods , and characteristics of household members , housing conditions and public services , and proxy for household expenditure , rent and housing costs . For Antananarivo , a Living Standards Measurement Survey ( LSMS ) is used , which covers similar variables and was therefore added to the study . The surveys were conducted in 2016 ( Antananarivo ) , 2017 ( Accra , Dar es Salaam , Addis Ababa ) , and 2018 ( follow-up in Dar es Salaam ) . To define flood exposure , self-reported information from the surveys is used . The Accra and Antananarivo surveys capture information on specific disasters ( severe flooding in 2015 in Accra , and Cyclone Chedza in 2015 in Antananarivo ) . In the other two cities , the surveys focused on frequent flood exposure rather than a specific disaster . < sup > 2 < / sup > Households were asked also about their perceived risk of future flood 2However , in Dar es Salaam , a follow up phone survey was conducted in 2018 to capture information on the flood experienced in that year . 6", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 647, "text": "Disaster-poverty survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 930, "end": 965, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1668, "end": 1690, "text": "follow up phone survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", form 74 % of the network compared to 16 % primary and 10 % trunk roads . About one-third of the paved road network is in poor or critical condition . In addition , many earth and gravel roads have not been maintained to adequate standards , and are in need of improvement . MOW started a road inventory in 1971 ; 62 % of the classified network was covered by 1976 , but work was discontinued thereafter because of lack of funds and vehicles . Updated information is consequently needed on the length of the network ( by road class and type ) as well as on the condition of the improved road network . To provide this information , MOW would re-establish the road inventory by June 30 , 1980 and subsequently maintain it ( draft Loan Agreement , Schedule 2 , Part D ( 3 ) ) . # # Traffic Growth and Characteristics 33 . The vehicle fleet has increased at an annual rate of 7 % since 1965 , to a total of 215 , 734 vehicles in 1976 , when vehicle density was 16 per thousand population . Traffic volumes on the classified road network also increased by an average of 6 % per year , and provisional figures show that 1977 increases in traffic levels and the size of the vehicle fleet were well above the average growth rate for the preceding decade . 34 . MOW ' s Road Research Unit , which regularly . surveys vehicle weights on most main roads , has found that the maximum 8 ton single axle load permitted under present legislation has been generally disregarded ; the average axle load of medium and heavy trucks is 13 tons on the Mombasa-Ugandan border road", "spans": [{"start": 290, "end": 304, "text": "road inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") ; ( ii ) high repetition rate ( 15 percent ) ; ( iii ) inadequate school-level supervision ; and ( iv ) inadequate involvement of other stakeholders , such as communities . In addition , the FY2008 PER in education revealed high inefficiencies and wastage of public finances , particularly through high teacher absenteeism ; inequitable teacher deployment , insufficient spread of instructional materials , and weak governance structures at the school levels that hinder the quality of service delivery . While a number of ideas to improve teacher absenteeism were discussed during PRSC 7 preparation ( e . g . punitive pay for absent teachers , differential pay for teachers who are consistently present ) , these were not implemented at the time . The intensive dialogue with Government under the PRSCs also led to the enactment of the 2008 Education ( pre-primary , primary and post-primary ) Act , to give full effect to Government ’ s education policy and delivery structures . 22", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 216, "text": "FY2008 PER in education", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) require medium to high-level of digital skills – from leveraging large databases for analysis to creating digital contents ( e . g . software developers ) . _Figure 10 : Occupations and digital skill level_ _Source_ : Muro M . ; Liu S . ; Whiton J . ; Kulkarni S . ( 2017 ) . _Digitalization and the American Workforce_ . “ Brookings ” Metropolitan Policy Program Page 101 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 160, "text": "large databases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5829 # * * Abstract * * This paper takes a bibliometric tour of the past 40 years of health economics using bibliographic “ metadata ” from EconLit supplemented by citation data from Google Scholar and the authors ’ topical classifications . The authors report the growth of health economics ( 33 , 000 publications since 1969 — 12 , 000 more than in the economics of education ) and list the 300 mostcited publications broken down by topic . They report the changing topical and geographic focus of health economics ( the topics ‘ Determinants of health and illhealth ’ and ‘ Health statistics and econometrics ’ both show an upward trend , and the field has expanded appreciably into the developing world ) . They also compare authors , countries , institutions , and journals in terms of the volume of publications and their influence as measured through various citation-based indices ( Grossman , the US , Harvard and the JHE emerge close to or at the top on a variety of measures ) . This paper is a product of the Human Development and Public Services Team , Development Research Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at awagstaff @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research", "spans": [{"start": 194, "end": 227, "text": "citation data from Google Scholar", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of GDP in private investment for infrastructure ; but a number of other African peers have done even better , capturing two to three times as much in proportional terms . Nevertheless , the largest funding gaps in transport and water may be less amenable to private finance . One option would be for Sudan to draw increasingly on its Chinese and Arab partners to support transport and water investments , and allow the private sector to play a larger role in the power sector , where it has not been active to date . Nevertheless , the funding gap remains substantial relative to the Sudanese economy . # The continental perspective The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic ( AICD ) has gathered and analyzed extensive data on infrastructure in more than 40 Sub-Saharan countries , including Sudan . The results have been presented in reports covering different areas of infrastructure — ICT , irrigation , power , transport , and water and sanitation — and different policy areas , including investment needs , fiscal costs , and sector performance . This report presents the key AICD findings for Sudan , allowing the country ’ s infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers . Sudan is a relatively well-off low-income state richly endowed with oil ; therefore , both low-income and resource-rich benchmarks will be used to evaluate its performance . Detailed comparisons will also be made with immediate regional neighbors in the East African Community ( EAC ) and with countries in North Africa in some cases . Several methodological issues should be borne in mind . First , because of the cross-country nature of data collection , a time lag is inevitable . The period covered by the AICD runs from 2001 to 2006 . Most technical data presented are for 2006 – 07 ( or the most recent year available ) , while financial data are > < sup > 2 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1760, "end": 1774, "text": "technical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1849, "end": 1863, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "thus not be perfectly consistent with other data sources for any specific variable ( e . g . 2001 exports of a specific commodity between a pair of countries , measured at the tariff-line from COMTRADE ) . However , they provide the global consistency necessary for analytical modeling . Also , given that official African trade data are of varying quality and may not account for informal trade flows ( RATIN , 2009 ) , the GTAP Database has the advantage of being a globally consistent and balanced database . Additionally , the analysis in this paper focuses on the sensitivity of this ‘ representative ’ Tanzanian economy < sup > 9 < / sup > to a very specific set of stressors , where the comparability of the effects of the different realizations of the stressors ( i . e . the climate shocks ) will be maintained as long as the same benchmark representative dataset is used in every realization . We retain the empirically robust assumptions of constant returns to scale and perfect competition , and introduce factor market segmentation , following the methodology of Keeney and Hertel ( 2005 ) . This segmentation is particularly important in countries where poverty occurs in rural areas . Farm and non-farm mobility of factors are restricted by specifying a constant elasticity of transformation function which allows “ transformation ” of farm employed labor and capital into nonfarm uses and vice-versa . This allows for persistent wage differences between the farm and non-farm sectors , and is the foundation of the inter-sectoral distributional analysis . In order to parameterize these factor mobility functions we draw on the OECD ’ s ( 2001 ) survey of agricultural factor markets – the best available database of the necessary elasticities with the widest country coverage . However , given the uncertainty about the appropriate values of these parameters for Tanzania , we conduct a systematic sensitivity analysis with respect to these parameters . We assume a constant aggregate level of land , labor , and capital employment reflecting the belief that the aggregate employment of factors is unaffected by the climate shocks that are affecting grain production . The model is adjusted to distinguish between land classes with different biophysical characteristics , following the approach of", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 201, "text": "COMTRADE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 315, "end": 333, "text": "African trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 425, "end": 438, "text": "GTAP Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 840, "end": 872, "text": "benchmark representative dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1662, "end": 1699, "text": "survey of agricultural factor markets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 Discussion * * Using large-scale spatially resolved wealth and pollution data we find that ambient air pollution is , on average , positively correlated with wealth in LMICs around the world . This appears to be driven by urbanization , which is highly positively correlated with both wealth and ambient air pollution in most LMICs . However , there is substantial heterogeneity in this result which appears driven partly by the the weaker correlation between urbanization and ambient air pollution in countries where the primary source of ambient air pollution is non-anthropogenic . Within cities the theoretically anticipated relationship between pollution and wealth is ambiguous . It will be driven by patterns of residential sorting that are likely influenced by cultural , geographic , and historic differences . As a result , one would expect city-level results to vary widely across different cities in different countries . We find this to be the case . Sorting across different terrains , particularly elevation , appears to be important in places where cities are built on varied geographies . Concentration of economic activity also appears to explain some of the relationship between wealth and pollution levels . Cities with more economic concentration have a stronger and more positive relationships between wealth and pollution . This may be due to the relatively wealthy wishing to live closer to areas of concentrated economic opportunity – which may also be the most polluted areas . This is analogous to the mechanism that appears to drive the correlations between pollution and wealth at a country level – living in close proximity to economic opportunity can come at the cost of living closer to emissions sources . There are several limitations to our results . First , we do not account for indoor air pollution , which is negatively correlated with urbanization < sup > 32 < / sup > because rural households are more likely to cook with pollution-generating fuels . Relatively higher concentrations of indoor air pollution in rural areas suggests that the total burden of air pollution may be less positively correlated with wealth than the ambient concentrations examined here . In the extreme case , sufficiently high levels of indoor concentrations in rural areas could completely offset the positive correlation of ambient concentrations", "spans": [{"start": 29, "end": 85, "text": "large-scale spatially resolved wealth and pollution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than their male employed peers ( * * Figure 3 * * ) . Similarly , female students aged 19-25 also demonstrate higher career aspirations than their male peers in Malawi ( * * Figure 4 * * ) . * * Figure 3 . Share of youths aged 15-18 who would like to work in STEM-related jobs , by sex and current activity . * * * * Figure 4 . Share of youths aged 19-25 who would like to work in STEM-related jobs , by sex and current activity . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 100 % Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Average Ethiopia Malawi Nigeria Average < br > 90 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 37 % 40 % < br > 30 % 26 % 30 % < br > 20 % 18 % 16 % 15 % 11 % 20 % 21 % 15 % < br > 11 % 11 % 10 % < br > 10 % 8 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Male Female Male Female Male Female 0 % < br > Male Female Male Female Male Female < br > NEETs Currently at school Working < br > NEETs Currently at school Working < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . Sampling weights used . T-tests of equality of means were conducted across men and women within each country . Only average shares are reported for the sake of clarity . Source : Own calculations based on Source : Own calculations based on Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey ( 2020-2023 ) ; Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey 2020-2024 ; Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey 2020-2021 . Datasets downloaded from https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / hfps / ? page = 1 & ps = 15 & repo = hfps on January 2 , 2024 11", "spans": [{"start": 1258, "end": 1296, "text": "Ethiopia - High Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1313, "end": 1349, "text": "Malawi - High-Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1362, "end": 1413, "text": "Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and entrepreneurship , _ < br > _create jobs , boost urban revenues , _ | tourism , community tourism , local business hubs ) < br > 3 . Urban green and climate-smart resource centres | | _increase incomes and improve_ < br > _livelihoods . _ | 4 . Slaughterhouses / slaughter slabs ( hygienic and climate smart ) < br > 5 . Smart City Initiatives ( leveraging technology and data < br > analytics ) . | | NON-ELIGIBLE | INVESTMENTS AND EXPENDITURE | The following category of investments will be * * excluded * * from the UCMID Program : 1 . Activities that are high risk , including : ( i ) road widening or similar infrastructure investments that trigger significant land acquisition and require RAP costs beyond the financing capacity of participating Urban Local Governments < sup > 1 < / sup > ; ( ii ) sub-projects that would cause displacement where implementing entities cannot finance compensation or adequately mitigate associated risks ; ( iii ) Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) ; ( iv ) Large Solid Waste Management ( SWM ) infrastructure and landfills ( including collection points and transfer stations ) , and ( vii ) slum upgrading . 2 . Investments that are for private use , e . g . private markets , private workspaces , and private car / taxi parks . 3 . The following types of public investments ( vehicles , new office buildings , any investments that do not fall under the five pillars of the investment menu ) . # # * * 1 . 5 * * * * < mark > Disbursement Linked Indicators of the PforR Program < / mark > * * * * UCMID is structured around two components * * : a PforR component ( Component 1 ) and an IPF component ( Component 2 ) . * * Component 1 - PforR . * * The PforR component focuses on national and sub", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and polio ■ neonatal and childhood illnesses ( IMNCI ) campaigns ( previously procured by UNHCR protocols including routine immunization ; through UNICEF ) are now being provided by the complicated cases will be referred for Department of Health ; specialized care through community based ■ ■ Afghan refugee students are being enrolled in a ■ referral systems ; and women will continue 2-year training for health technicians recognized by to receive reproductive health services Governments of both Afghanistan and Pakistan . for pregnancy and delivery care . Basic medicines will be available at the refugee village service delivery point through a local vendor or the community pharmacy . Communities in many refugee villages in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are planning to start community pharmacies in 2017 . - ■ ■ The tuberculosis control programme has been ■ successfully transitioned to the Department of Health ; - ■ ■ Vaccines for routine immunization and polio ■ campaigns ( previously procured by UNHCR through UNICEF ) are now being provided by the Department of Health ; - ■ ■ Afghan refugee students are being enrolled in a ■ 2-year training for health technicians recognized by Governments of both Afghanistan and Pakistan . To diminish the need for UNHCR interventions and maximize efficiency and sustainability of investments already made , the future operational priorities will include : continued community mobilization , modelling and piloting of cost recovery mechanisms , development of selfreliant models in perinatal care , establishment of community managed pharmacies , and mainstreaming of vaccination services . # # # # # # * * 3 . 3 . 4 Livelihoods * * The Population Profiling , Verification and Response ( PPVR ) survey conducted in 2011 revealed that around 83 % of the Afghan workforce in Pakistan is involved in elementary occupations , sales , services and craft and related trades . The vast majority are either self-employed or daily wage labourers . 39 U N H C R", "spans": [{"start": 1693, "end": 1741, "text": "Population Profiling , Verification and Response", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "million establishments . The samples are nationally representative for establishments with 5 or more workers . For each country , the sampling frame is based on the most comprehensive and up-to-date establishment-level census data available from the respective National Statistical Office ( NSOs ) or similar authority . The survey is stratified on three dimensions - sector , firm size , and region - so that we can construct representative measures of technology for aggregates along these dimensions . Sampling weights are based on the inverse probability of selecting establishments within each stratum . < sup > 8 < / sup > > 8Table A . 15 provides information about the distribution of firms by country , sector , and size groups within the universe covered by the FAT survey . For the state of Ceará in Brazil and the Indian states of Tamil Nadu , Uttar Pradesh , Gujarat , and Maharashtra , it is representative at the state level . Section A of the Appendix provides more details on the sampling frame , survey implementation and data collection , and sampling weight . 11", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 230, "text": "establishment-level census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "~ ~ Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ~ ~ * * ~ ~ Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . ~ ~ _ ~ ~ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with HEIS . Otherwise delete ] ~ ~ _ # # # # # * * ~ ~ Other Relevant Procurement Information . ~ ~ * * _ ~ ~ Provide any other relevant procurement information such as procedures for CDD components , Procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints etc . ~ ~ _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expected feedback from the government does not work to boost support for the authorities . On the contrary , as the case of San Diego reveals , if roads are bad , the incumbent is punished . Furthermore , our findings show that each pothole complaint increases the number of votes for the incumbent by a considerably larger amount than one vote ( specifically , the boost is anywhere between 29-44 votes ) , thereby implying that the causal mechanism is driven by something other than the impact on the individual who has engaged with the government . We were able to further clarify this issue by using the available data . We have already noted earlier the efficiency of road maintenance systems in Moscow in terms of the time allocated for fixing the revealed problems . An additional test of the importance of > 21 - < u > https : / / bftcom . com / expert bft / 8964 / [ last accessed : September 2020 ] . < / u > 24", "spans": [{"start": 608, "end": 622, "text": "available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > MBARARA MUNICIPALITY < / u > * * Mbarara Municipal Council is one of the 15 Municipalities in Uganda and the third largest town after Jinja Municipality and Kampala capital city . It is located 266 kilometers from Kampala city on KampalaKabale road in the south-western Region of Uganda . Socio-economic and environmental characteristics of the municipality are described in sections below . # # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * During the 2002 Uganda National Census , Mbarara Municipality had a population of 69 , 363 people , 35 , 149of which are females and 34 , 214 males . The population in 2011 was estimated to be 103 , 078 . In this population , females are 50 , 156 while males are 52 , 923 . The population growth rate is estimated at 4 . 5 % per annum which is above the national average . The majority of the people in Mbarara get their livelihood from employment income at 54 . 3 % . Business / industry is the second dominant component of the economy at 26 % followed by subsistence farming at 7 . 1 % , Property 1 . 6 % and other incomes at 10 . 9 % . Commerce is the dominant component of the economy followed by the service sector , industry , construction and agriculture . There is great potential for exploiting the resources in these sectors of the Municipality ’ s economy . Commerce is carried out in the form of wholesale and retail trade and is mainly conducted by private individuals . # # # # * * b ) Land use * * The Municipality boundary encloses a total land area of about 51 . 47 sq . kilometres that is 5 , 147 hectares . Land use types in Mbarara Municipality may be classified as follows ; - Agricultural based activities ( both subsistence and commercial ) 60", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 479, "text": "2002 Uganda National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 51 . 9 | 7 . 7 | 10 . 6 | 14 . 4 | | United States | 35 . 4 | 40 . 9 | 46 . 5 | 46 . 7 | 49 . 7 | 53 . 4 | 41 . 4 | 48 . 4 | 54 . 7 | | Average | 24 . 2 | 28 . 2 | 32 . 1 | 35 . 7 | 38 . 4 | 41 . 3 | 18 . 5 | 22 . 8 | 28 . 1 | Note : Global output growth factor , global interest rate factor , and global inflation factor are extracted from detrended national industrial production growth rates , short-term interest rates ( 1 < sup > st < / sup > differenced ) , and inflation rates in G7 countries , respectively , using a dynamic factor model . 52", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\" . , icy * * RFSEARCH WORKING PAPER * * 2072 # Sumumary * * findings * * Most empirical work on how growth affects poverty and incquality has been based on international panel data sets . Panels can also be used within a country , if the analysis is carried out at the regional level . Wodon does this for Bangladesh , where regional panel estsmates indicate that growth reduces poverty in both urban and rural areas . Growth is associated with rising inequality only in urban areas . Simulations based on these estimates * * indi * * Cate how much poverty reduction could increase in tlhe next 10 years if growth were prormoted in rural aels rather than urban areas . T his paper-a product of the Poverty Reduction and EconomicManagementSector Unit , South Asia Region - was written as part of background work for the Bangladesh poverty assessment . Copies of the paper are available free frmo the World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Please contactJillian Badami , room MC10-336 , telephone 202-4580425 , fax 202-522-2428 , Internet address jbadami @ worldbank . org . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / , / wwwv . worldbank . org / html / dec / Publicarions / Workpapers , / home . html . The author roay lb contacted at qwodon @ worldbank . org . March 1999 . ( 40 pages ) _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage thre exchange o_ * * _f_ * * _ ; a ' s about developmest issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fullv ; ( . / S , i The papers canry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclsl , ns eic this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Execative D . . : , , Ds or the countries they represent . _ Produced by the Policy Research Dissemination Center", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 186, "text": "international panel data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nickell , L , S . ( 1996 ) . Competition and Corporate Performance . _Journal of Political Economy_ , 104 : 724 – 46 . Otrachshenko , V . , C . A . Hartwell , and O . Popova ( 2023 ) . Energy Efficiency , Market Competition , and Quality Certification : Lessons from Central Asia . _Energy Policy_ 177 : 113539 . Ozler , S . ( 2000 ) . Export Orientation and Female Share of Employment : Evidence from Turkey . _World Development_ 28 ( 7 ) : 1239-1248 . Paunov , C . ( 2016 ) . Corruption ’ s Asymmetric Impacts on Firm Innovation . _Journal of Development Economics_ 118 ( January ) : 216 – 231 . Pekovic , S . ( 2010 ) . The Determinants of ISO 9000 Certification : A Comparison of the Manufacturing and Service Sectors . _Journal of Economic Issues_ 44 ( 4 ) : pp . 895-914 . Pietrovito , F . ( 2020 ) . The Impact of Credit Constraints on International Quality and Environmental Certifications : Evidence from Survey Data . _Journal of Risk and Financial Management_ 13 ( 12 ) : p . 322 . Potoski , M . and A . Prakash ( 2009 ) . Information Asymmetries as Trade Barriers : ISO 9000 Increases International Commerce . _Journal of Policy Analysis and Management_ 28 : 221 – 238 . Rajan , R . G . , and L . Zingales ( 1998 ) . Financial Dependence and Growth . _American Economic Review_ 88 ( 3 ) : 559-586 . Riillo , C . A . , I . Mijatovic , and H . J . de Vries ( 2022 ) . Certification to Compensate Gender Prejudice – Analysis on Impact of Management System Certification on Export . _Applied Economics_ 54 ( 33 ) : 3777-3794 . Romano , P . ( 2000 ) . ISO 9000 : What is its Impact on Performance ? _Quality Management Journal_ 7 : 38 – 56 . Rothenberg , A . D . , A . Gaduh , N . E . Burger , C . Chazali , I . Tjandraningsih , R . Radikun , C . Sutera , and S . Weilant ( 2016 ) . Rethinking", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 each percentile of Brazil ‟ s income distribution . The net effect is computed as the sum of three components : an “ expenditure effect ” ; a “ market income effect ” ; and a “ transfer income effect ” . The expenditure effect is estimated as each household ‟ s compensating variation , in the standard way : the difference between the expenditure functions at the new and old price vectors . Estimation of the market income effect takes advantage of the detailed information available in the Brazilian household survey on the specific agricultural activity ( by crop ) where each person works , and relies on different scenarios for the pass-through from food prices to the wages of workers engaged in the production of specific agricultural commodities . Finally , the transfer income effect accounts for the fact that the Brazilian government increased the transfer amounts for two important social assistance benefits ( at least in part ) in response to the „ food crisis ‟ : Bolsa Família and the Benefício de Prestação Continuada ( BPC ) . Using pre-crisis data on transfer recipients , we impute the expected effect of the rising transfers . Our main findings are that , despite living in one of the world ‟ s largest food exporters , most – but not all – of Brazil ‟ s population experienced a decline in welfare as a result of the price shock in 2007-2008 . The expenditure effect is large and regressive , with an average compensating variation of 7 % of baseline expenditure , and a range from 11 % at the lowest percentiles to just under 2 % at the top of the distribution . On the other hand , both market and transfer income effects are progressive , with larger gains at the bottom of the distribution . These effects are small in large urban areas , but can be substantial in rural areas : If agricultural wages rose in the same proportion as food prices , this would lead to falling poverty in Brazil ‟ s rural areas . For the country as a whole , the net effect is U - shaped , with small welfare gains for the bottom ventile of the population , and the largest losses", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 521, "text": "Brazilian household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1054, "end": 1092, "text": "pre-crisis data on transfer recipients", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 2 . Outputs by Component * * _Note : the IDA Credit for HSDP became effective in March 1999 and closed in June 2006 . It corresponded to the Government first five-year Health Sector Development Program ( HSDP I , which ran from 1997 / 8 to 2001 / 02 ) and the follow-up three-year program ( HSDP II , which ran from 2002 / 03 to 2004 / 05 ) . Throughout this ICR , “ HSDP ” followed by a numeral denotes Government ’ s sector program / s ; HSDP without a numeral refers to the IDA Credit . _ 1 . The Ethiopian Health Sector Development Program ( HSDP ) is a comprehensive national health program that covers all aspects ( policy , planning , implementation , management and monitoring ) of the provision of health care to Ethiopia ’ s 73 million inhabitants . The evaluation of such a vast and comprehensive program carried out over a little more than 7 years in 9 Regions , 2 city states and the Federal level itself , is a challenging and complex exercise . 2 . The ICR assessment of outputs by component is based on the Annual Review Meetings ( ARM ) and the joint evaluations carried out by Government and Donors for HSDP I and HSDP II ( and to some extent HSDP III ) , the Ethiopia Country Status Report on Health and Poverty of July 2005 , the Project Appraisal Document of May 2006 for the Protection of Basic Services Project , and the Health JBARs . It makes an extensive use of the data included in the annual booklets on Health and Health Related Indicators ( HHRI ) published by FMOH , as well as the 2000 and 2005 DHS . Rather than discussing the outputs component by component , the ICR ’ s assessment is structured around the four main thematic areas ( Service Delivery and Quality of Care , Support Systems , Finance and Governance ) as was done for the joint evaluation of HSDP II , and it includes a section on procurement", "spans": [{"start": 1356, "end": 1368, "text": "Health JBARs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1444, "end": 1480, "text": "Health and Health Related Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1539, "end": 1542, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Percentage of regular HSNP cash transfers financed by the GoK in the original four HSNP counties ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 64 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2018 | 27-Oct-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | The financing stood at 100 < br > the program financing by h < br > through the supplementary | % up till December 2020 . In < br > alf that led to interruption in < br > 2 for FY 20 / 21 , this indicat | the first supplementary bu < br > payment of cash transfers . < br > or will not be achieved . | dget the GoK slashed < br > Unless this is rectified | | IN00988489 < br > ► IRI 9 : HSNP registrat | ion exercise in original and expansion < br > Baseline | counties completed ( Text , < br > Actual ( Previous ) | Custom ) < br > Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | HSNP re-registration in < br > four original counties has < br > commenced | 90 percent of HSNP re - < br > registration finalized . | Registration of < br > households is delayed < br > due to Covid-19 < br > restriction measures . | HSNP registry < br > updated and linked < br > with enhanced SR < br > according to design < br > and operating < br > procedures | | Date | 31-Dec-2018 | 27-Oct-2020 | 15-Apr-2021 | 31-Dec-2024", "spans": [{"start": 1195, "end": 1208, "text": "HSNP registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * There has been a renewed interest in intergenerational economic mobility over the last few decades , with heightened concerns about widening inequality despite significant growth and poverty reduction in many developed and developing countries ( World Development Report ( 2006 ) , The Economist ( 2012 ) ) . Notwithstanding the recent interest , intergenerational economic persistence in developing countries remains an under-researched area , primarily due to data limitations . < sup > 2 < / sup > A major issue that has stunted progress in this research agenda is that the standard household surveys suffer from truncation , because coresidency is used as a criterion to define household membership ( Bardhan ( 2014 ) , Behrman ( 1999 ) , Deaton ( 1997 ) ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > A standard household survey such as the Living Standards Measurement Survey ( LSMS ) done by the World Bank , or the Household Income and Expenditure Survey ( HIES ) done by national statistical agencies usually includes only the coresident parents and children . < sup > 4 < / sup > Since the pattern of coresidence is not random , most of the studies suffer from potentially serious sample selection bias when estimating intergenerational persistence in economic status . This has discouraged research on intergenerational economic mobility in developing countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > Although potential biases from the coresidency restriction have been a major stumbling block , to the best of our knowledge , there is no evidence on the direction and magnitude of the coresidency bias in the standard measures of intergenerational persistence in developing countries . Are the estimates from the coresident sample biased to such an extent that they > 2The literature on intergenerational mobility in developed countries is rich with a distinguished pedigree . For excellent surveys of the literature , see Solon ( 1999 ) , Black and Devereux ( 2011 ) , Bjorklund and Salvanes ( 2011 ) , and Corak ( 2013 ) . A partial list of the contributions includes Bowles ( 1972 ) , Becker and Tomes ( 1979 ) , Atkinson et al . ( 1983 ) , Solon ( 1992 ) ,", "spans": [{"start": 613, "end": 630, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 850, "end": 885, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 927, "end": 966, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * ( P181545 ) the project has prepared , consulted by , disclosed , one RAP ( with a total of 2 , 193 PAHHs ) for E-WWTP and Sewer Line under AAWSA and under implementation . Two RAPs ( with a total of 532 PAHHs ) and 4 ARAPs ( total 117PAHHs ) for the constuction of FSTPs under respective utilities have been initiated and some are reviewed and commented by the Bank team . During the AF , 12 more ARAPs are expected to be developed for the rest of the utilitites based on the ESIAs report . . Overall , no large scale , significant and / or irreversible resettlement impacts are expected due to the Parent Project / AF works . Under the remaining implementation period , attention will be given to increasing awareness of the community sanitation through information provision and education . Moreover , the project ensures carrying out of meaningful consultations with the affected and interested communities and other stakeholders in the project area , aimed at gaining broad community support for the project . < mark > 2 . Describe any potential indirect and / or long term impacts due to anticipated future activities in the project area : < / mark > The project is not expected to cause negative indirect and / or long term impacts due to anticipated future activities in the project areas . < mark > 3 . Describe any project alternatives ( if relevant ) considered to help avoid or minimize adverse impacts . < / mark > Project alternatives covering site and design alternatives and selection of the most cost-efficient technologies are considered as part of the sub-projects ' planning and design phase . Various location alternatives have been considered before deciding FSTP locations for each beneficiary town . 4 . Describe measures taken by the borrower to address safeguard policy issues . Provide an assessment of borrower capacity to plan and implement the measures described . During the Parent Project preparation , MoWE prepared an Environmental and Social Management Framework (", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 512, "text": "ESIAs report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Decoupling and recoupling * * TIC data collect cross-border holdings of securities measured at market value through security-level surveys ( that is , information is reported separately for each security ) that conflate data from custodians , issuers , and investors . As the data is collected by the US Treasury , it comprises transactions between U . S . residents and counterparties located outside the United States involving six types of securities , including four domestic ( U . S . Treasury bonds and notes , bonds of U . S . government corporations and federally-sponsored agencies , U . S . corporate and other bonds , and U . S . corporate and other stocks ) and two foreign ( foreign bonds and foreign stocks ) . We compute liability flows coming from the US as the difference between gross purchases and gross sales of foreign securities by US residents . In turn , EPFR data report the fund net flow to individual emerging economies , as well as the assets under management ( AUM ) by country . There are differences between TIC and EPFR data . On the one hand , unlike annual TIC data , EPFR data is available at monthly ( and , for a subset of funds , weekly ) frequency . More importantly , the simple within-country correlation between both flow measures is rather low ( * * Table 8 * * ) , reflecting the distinct behavioral pattern between both sources : as we stated above , global funds tend to keep close to their benchmark , inducing correlation ( as a result of global swings in risk appetite and exposure ) and possibly exacerbating financial contagion , while the average TIC respondent would tend to trace less and to exhibit a more selective sensitivity to relative price changes . A degree of complexity in the measurement of de facto FG is introduced by the normalization . On the one hand , normalization by the ( US dollar ) GDP looks natural for issues related with the country ́ s wealth diversification away from domestic shocks ( and exposure to external shocks ) . On the other hand , normalization by local market capitalization seems to be more appropriate when assessing cross-border flows", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 42, "text": "TIC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 883, "end": 892, "text": "EPFR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Second Informal Settlements Improvement_ * * < sup > * * _Project_ * * < / sup > * * _Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , _ * * _2022_ # # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies * * < sup > * * ( Continued ) * * < / sup > # # # * * iii ) Interest on borrowing * * Borrowing costs that include interest < sup > arerecognizedaspayment intheperiodinwhichthey incurred < / sup > and paid for . # # # # * * iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal * * < sup > * * amount ) * * < / sup > The repayment of principal amount < sup > of borrowingisrecognizedaspaymentin theperiodinwhichthe < / sup > repayment is made . The < sup > stockofdebtisdisclosedasan annexuretothe consolidatedfinancial < / sup > statements . * * v ) Acquisition of fixed assets * * The payment on acquisition of < sup > property plantandequipmentitemsisnotcapitalized . Thecostof < / sup > acquisition and proceeds from < sup > disposaloftheseitemsaretreatedaspaymentsandreceiptsitems < / sup > respectively . Where an asset < sup > isacquiredin anon-exchangetransactionfor nilor nominalconsideration < / sup > and the fair value of the asset can < sup > be reliably established , a contra transactionisrecordedasreceipt and < / sup > as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained < sup > * * by * * eachpublicentityandasummaryprovidedforpurposesof < / sup > consolidation . This summary is disclosed < sup > asan annexureto theconsolidatedfinancialstatements . < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1287, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "programs . 10 . * * This DPO is designed as a standalone operation . * * It provides immediate financial support to the new government at the time of pressing financing need in the context of unfavorable market conditions . At the same time , this operation will lay the foundations for a possible programmatic series in the future , as the new government develops its longer-term reform agenda . At the same time , the implementation of legislative reforms in this operation will be supported through P4Rs currently under preparation . Although fiscal consolidation is on track , the issuance of international bonds in FY22 / 23 was canceled due to the high cost of borrowing . The authorities are also cognizant of the crowding-out effects of excessive domestic borrowing that could undermine the recovery momentum led by the private sector . Thus , budget support from the World Bank , combined with the ongoing program by the International Monetary Fund , will allow the government to reduce commercial borrowing needs from both external and domestic sources and will also send a strong positive signal to the market paving the way for future market borrowing under more favorable terms . 11 . * * The challenge of achieving inclusive and resilient growth is further amplified by Kenya ’ s elevated vulnerability to climate change . * * < sup > 3 < / sup > According to ND-GAIN ranking Kenya is the 39th most vulnerable country and has an overall high vulnerability score that considers the gaps in readiness . < sup > 4 < / sup > Annual mean temperatures have risen by 1 . 0 degree Celsius since the 1960s and are projected to continue rising by 1 . 7 degree Celsius by 2050 . Though overall precipitation will increase , it is expected to remain highly variable and uncertain , leading to excessive rain , droughts and floods , and heatwaves . This already causes crop - > 3 Kenya Climate Risk Country Profile ( 2020 ) ; Kenya Country Climate and Development Report ( forthcoming 2023 ) > 4 Worldwide ranking by ND-GAIN Index , https :", "spans": [{"start": 1374, "end": 1389, "text": "ND-GAIN ranking", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| AFRICAFREEDOMOF < sup > INFORMATION < / sup > < sup > * * CE * * < / sup > < br > AnnualFinancialStatements < sup > fortheyear < / sup > | < sup > * * NTRE ( AFIC ) * * < / sup > < br > < sup > ended31st December < / sup > < sup > * * 2017 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | | * * GENERAL * * INFORMATION | | | CountryofIncorporationand < sup > Domicile < / sup > | Uganda | | Natureofbusiness | NonGovernmaental Organisation | | RegisteredOffice | Plot436 / 437Mawanda Road < br > SuiteA4 , Corner House < br > P . O . Box * * 35643 , * * Kampala . Uganda < br > Tell * * + 256 * * 414533554 | | Bankers | Standard CharteredBank * * ( U ) * * < sup > Ltd < / sup > < br > * * DFCU * * BankLimited | | Auditors | * * Osillo & Co * * < br > Certified PublicAccountants < br > Plot * * 3120 , * * KamuliRoad < br > MuyudayaHouse < br > P . O . Box4660 < br > Kampala , Uganda | | ExecutiveDirector | SendugwaGilbert < br > Plot436 / 437MawandaRoad < br > SuiteA4 , Corner House < br > P . O . Box * * 35643 , * * Kampala , Uganda < br > Tel : * * + 256 * * 414533554 | 2", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 109, "text": "AnnualFinancialStatements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Citizens in developing countries often distrust state institutions and their ability to provide public services . When citizens distrust public institutions , they may fail to cooperate with – the state unless the state coerces them to cooperate ( Besley , 2020a ; Levi , 1988 ) . For example , distrustful citizens might avoid paying taxes for public goods or settling disputes – through the judicial system actions that entail individual , immediate costs in exchange for public , long-term benefits . Increasing public trust becomes ever more critical in times of crises such as pandemics or wars when states must act swiftly and rely on its citizens to cooperate with potentially costly state measures . The Covid-19 pandemic provides a rare opportunity to study the linkages between citizen cooperation , perceptions of state capacity , and trust in the state as a crisis unfolds . Containing the outbreak depends crucially on whether citizens voluntarily comply with government directives that limit civil liberties and thus on whether citizens trust the government and the state . While it is too early to judge whether the Covid-19 pandemic will become a pivotal moment on the scale of a war , Besley ( 2020b ) argues that events similar to the pandemic led to substantial social and economic changes in the past . Importantly , the pandemic underscores trust in state institutions as a key outcome at stake . Governments ’ management of the crisis will likely carry a lasting impact on this dimension of trust . < sup > 1 < / sup > Communication offers an important link between public trust in the state and governments ’ pandemic response . In this paper , we provide evidence on the extent to which communication designed to _ ( i ) _ encourage support for government policy and _ ( ii ) _ improve perceptions of state capacity can redress deep-rooted mistrust in elected governments and state institutions . Estimating the causal link between such communication and attitudes towards the state from observational data poses challenges as governments strategically adjust their communication in response to public opinion . To address our research questions , we leverage randomly assigned informational treatments shared with Pakistani citizens through a phone survey .", "spans": [{"start": 2037, "end": 2055, "text": "observational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "thedistrictsinplanningforuseofland < / sup > adjacent to the PAs . Data collected during < sup > stakeholder consultations iscurrentlybeing < / sup > analyzed and drafting of the land-Use < sup > Planswillfollowthereafter . < / sup > < sup > * * A * * pictorialofthe < / sup > consultations in session is highlighted < sup > inthepicturebelow . < / sup > * * 9 * *", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 122, "text": "Data collected during < sup > stakeholder consultations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 . Poverty Has Slightly Declined Nationally and in the Indigenous Areas . * * | | * * Po * * < br > ( perce | * * verty * * < br > nt of popul | ation ) | * * Extrem * * < br > ( percen | * * e Pover * * < br > t of popu | * * ty * * < br > lation ) | * * Ineq * * < br > ( Gini co | * * uality * * < br > efficient ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 1997 | 2003 | 2008 | 1997 | 2003 | 2008 | 1997 | 2003 | | National | 37 . 3 | 36 . 8 | 32 . 7 | 18 . 8 | 16 . 6 | 14 . 4 | 48 . 5 | 46 . 9 | | Urban | 15 . 3 | 20 . 0 | 17 . 7 | 3 . 1 | 4 . 4 | 3 . 2 | 41 . 4 | 42 . 1 | | Rural ( non - < br > indigenous ) | 58 . 7 | 54 . 0 | 50 . 7 | 27 . 4 | 22 . 0 | 22 . 2 | 41 . 3 | 39 . 0 | | Indigenous | 95 . 4 | 98 . 4 | 96 . 3 | 86 . 3 | 90 . 0 | 84 . 8 | 40 . 2 | 34 . 9 | _Source : _ 1997 and 2003 ENV data , reported by World Bank ( 2007 ) . The 2008 ENV estimates are cited from Panama ’ s _Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo_ data ( 2008 ) and from World Bank ( 2010 ) . 6 The Ngobe-Bugle are the largest group ( 175 , 000 people ) , living mainly in the Bocas del Toro ( bordering Costa Rica ) and Chiriqui provinces ; the Kuna on the Caribbean", "spans": [{"start": 828, "end": 850, "text": "1997 and 2003 ENV data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Washington , D . C . Mattoo , Aaditya ( 2005 ) , Services in a Development Round : Three Goals and Three Proposals , Journal of World Trade , vol . 39 , 1223-1238 . Mattoo , Aaditya , and Deepak Mishra ( 2009 ) , Foreign Professionals in the United States : Regulatory Impediments to Trade , with Deepak Mishra , Journal of International Economic Law , vol . 12 , 435-456 . Mattoo , Aaditya , and Joshua P . Meltzer ( 2018 ) , International Data Flows and Privacy : The Conflict and Its Resolution , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8431 . NASSCOM ‐ DSCI ( National Association of Software and Services Companies ‐ Data Security Council of India ) ( 2013 . ) , Survey of the Impact of EU Privacy Regulation on India ’ s Services Exporters . 30", "spans": [{"start": 669, "end": 714, "text": "Survey of the Impact of EU Privacy Regulation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 IPM Approach and Methodology * * # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 . 1 Monitoring Approach and Methodology * * The general approach for IPM include : - Maintain and regularly update a database with socio-economic baseline , displacement , and restoration data for PAPs as well as a stakeholder engagement log ; - Maintain and regularly update a database of all subproject grievances , including date of grievance , name of aggrieved , nature of the grievance , and how and when the grievance was addressed at each level of the grievance mechanism ; - Monitor the development , delivery and impact of the livelihood programmes ; and - Recommend to the PIO leadership appropriate adjustment to improve resettlement and livelihood restoration initiatives . All data will be disaggregated by age and gender . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 . 2 Monitoring Programme * * To measure the outcomes and effects of the RP on PAPs , monitoring different aspects of the subproject will involve : # # # # # # * * _Day-to-day process / Activity-level monitoring_ * * This internal monitoring will be conducted by the RIT and focus on the physical progress of the RP and LRP implementation against the schedule in the approved plan . It will monitor : - Baseline survey completion ; - Progress of verification of losses ; - Preparation and disclosure of updated resettlement and livelihood restoration plans and approvals ; - Compensation payment against allocated funds ; - Implementation of the GRM ; and - Timely availability of an adequate of budget for implementation of the RP and LRP . # # # # # # * * _Subproject Impact on Households Monitoring_ * * Periodic socio-economic monitoring will be undertaken to measure the progress being made towards restoring or improving income", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 543, "text": "database of all subproject grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "467 , 411 | 565 , 189 | 8 , 714 | 573 , 903 | 4 . 27 | _ < mark > Source : National Population and Housing Census Revised November 2014 Provisional Result < / mark > _ # # # * * Population of Hoima per Affected Sub-county * * * * Table 2 : Population of Hoima per Affected Sub-county * * | * * Sub-county * * | * * No . of HH * * | * * Average Size * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Bugambe | 6 , 822 | 4 . 4 | 15 , 284 | 14 , 831 | 30 , 115 | Page 2", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 113, "text": "National Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 goods accounts for much of the total non-transfer payment increase in U . S . public expenditures . 12 In summary , the OECD data suggest the following : ( 1 ) Governmernt spending varies considerably across OECD nations . In 1982 total government expenditure shares out of GDP ranged from 30 . 0 % - 67 . 3 % . ( 2 ) The substantial share of government expenditures out of national income is a relatively recent occurrence dating , in . most countries , to the period following World War II ; ( 3 ) Transfer payments are a major source of recent increases in total government expenditures while government investment has represented a declining share . Gc ciasticities , measured in current prices , also are above 1 in all OECD nations , and thus account for a sha : : e if the growth in total expenditures ; ( 4 ) While government expenditur * * e * * lasticities with respect to GDP in value terms are greater than unity , relative price increases in the production of public goods may indicate , in real terms , government spending elasticities of a different magnitude . In the U . S . real expenditur * * e * * lasticities appear close to or below unity for much of the post-war period . # C . DEVELOPING NATION EXPERIENCE Information on the size and growth of government expenditures in developing economies is far less available than it is for OECD countries . The", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 132, "text": "OECD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the scope of the current paper , being cognizant of the potential impact of using the unit context model on small area estimates is important . First , the bias that has been reported in the literature is relative to an assumed gold-standard unit ( household ) level model and the availability of up-to-date household-level census microdata . It is our view that if recent census data are available , the census-EBP method should be preferred . We argue , however , that in the absence of recent census data , the use of geospatial covariates may constitute a valid alternative for providing up-to-date small area estimates until data from the next census becomes available . Second , we have observed that the extent of bias in the unit context model depends on the method used to account for sample weights . In this paper , weights are incorporated following Guadarrama et al . ( 2018 ) . This weighting procedure was implemented in a way that adjusts the estimates of the regression coefficients and random effects to account for sample weights but does not account for weights when estimating the variance components . < sup > 6 < / sup > As shown below , this can cause significant differences in small area estimates which are larger for models with lower predictive power , which is typically the case with unit context models . In Section 4 we explore both weighted and unweighted versions of the unit context model to assess how this impacts the estimates . Third , noting that aggregation is unavoidable due to the way geospatial data are processed , it is worth mentioning that the geographic level at which geospatial covariates are processed and linked to survey data ( grid size ) impacts the estimation . Because of this and because geospatial covariates can only act as proxies for the kind of variables typically used to model income ( or consumption ) , it is reasonable to assume that the unit context model may show lower levels of predictive power and higher uncertainty than the unit ( household ) level model . However , because the estimators of interest are aggregations of individual-level predictions , it is not obvious that the lower predictive power and higher uncertainty will substantially", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 507, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1530, "end": 1545, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1670, "end": 1681, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Teaching through the use ofInformation and Communication < br > Technology ( ICT ) < br > Curriculum , Textbooks , < br > Assessment , Examinations and < br > Inspection < br > Teacher Development Program < br > MOE / GEQIP-2 / SH / G-126 / 16 / Selection of consulting firm forpreparation of TV ProgramsProduction and Placement formedia-1 IDA / 53150 School Improvement PlanProgram Coordination , Monitoring and Evaluation , andCommunicationManagement and CapacityBuilding , including EMIS Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 286 , 900 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2017-05-24 2017-06-14 2017-07-28 2017-08-27 2017-10-01 2018-03-30 < br > Improving the Quality of Learning < br > and Teaching through the use ofInformation and Communication < br > Technology ( ICT ) < br > Curriculum , Textbooks , < br > Assessment , Examinations and < br > Inspection < br > Teacher Development Program < br > MOE / GEQIP-2 / QCBS / C-99 / 16 / School Improvement Plan < br > Procurement of consultancy firmto upgrade the teacher andeducational leaders LicensingInformation System ( LIS ) database IDA / 53150 Program Coordination , Monitoring and Evaluation , andCommunicationManagement and CapacityBuilding , including EMIS Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 22 , 035 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2017-06-23 2017-07-07 2017-07-14 2017-08-27 2017-09-24 2017-10-24 2017-11-28 2018-01-02 2019-01-02 < br > Improving the Quality of Learning < br > and Teaching through the use ofInformation and Communication < br > Technology ( ICT ) < br > Curriculum , Textbooks ,", "spans": [{"start": 1066, "end": 1110, "text": "LicensingInformation System ( LIS ) database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "opportunities but also high risk countries . UNDP China et al ( 2017 ) suggests that the initiative can help BRI countries achieve industrial diversification and economic growth and discussed the conditions for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals . # 3 . Data and Stylized Facts In this section , we describe the main data sources of FDI and related economic characteristics and an array of stylized facts emerging from the data . # 3 . 1 Foreign Investment in BRI : Data and Patterns The main sources of FDI data used are UNCTAD ’ s bilateral FDI flow database and China Global Investment Tracker . In addition , we have also collected FDI statistics from individual countries ’ official agencies as supplementary data . < sup > 7 < / sup > > 7 Generally , four types of FDI data have been used for economic analysis in the literature , including ( i ) aggregate FDI data from international agencies such as UNCTAD and OECD which tend to provide a relatively comprehensive country coverage ; ( ii ) MNC activity data from national agencies , which offer national coverages but usually impose strict nationality and other restrictions on access and are not available systematically across countries ; ( iii ) proprietary firm ownership or mergers and acquisitions ( M & A ) data sets provided by publishers such as Dun & Bradstreet , Bureau van Dijk , 10", "spans": [{"start": 542, "end": 569, "text": "bilateral FDI flow database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 574, "end": 605, "text": "China Global Investment Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 645, "end": 705, "text": "FDI statistics from individual countries ’ official agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 780, "end": 788, "text": "FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 862, "end": 908, "text": "aggregate FDI data from international agencies", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1008, "end": 1048, "text": "MNC activity data from national agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and / or country groups . The application to Chile considered in this section provides an example of how the aggregation can be carried out . The trade volume data from Chile consist of 1011 tariff lines at the 4-digit ( CCCN ) level for the year 1986 . This trade data had to be aggregated to 41 different product categories , which represented the industries for which import usage data were 4", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 174, "text": "trade volume data from Chile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 371, "end": 388, "text": "import usage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 | participation < br > of < br > VMGs < br > and < br > mitigation measures | screening Number of sub < br > projects implemented | Groups < br > Organiz | < br > ations | Implementing < br > agencies reports | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Capacity Building | Types < br > of < br > training < br > Number < br > of < br > Trainings < br > Attendance by VMGs | KISIP , < br > and < br > Groups < br > Organiz | Vulnerable < br > Marginalized < br > < br > ations | Training reports | | Equitable < br > representation < br > of < br > VMG < br > in < br > decision < br > making organs | Number < br > of < br > meetings < br > attended < br > by < br > VMG < br > representatives Number < br > and < br > types of VMGs < br > issues articulated | KISIP , < br > and < br > Groups < br > Organiz | Vulnerable < br > Marginalized < br > < br > ations | VMGO reports | | Participatory < br > M & E < br > with VMGs | Internal M & E External < br > M & E | KISIP , < br > and < br > Groups < br > Organiz | Vulnerable < br > Marginalized < br > < br > ations | | # # # * * 10 . 2 Monitoring and Evaluation Benchmarks * * Monitoring Indicators : several key indicators and", "spans": [{"start": 991, "end": 1003, "text": "VMGO reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". One is wave 2 of the CFUWBES . The second is labor force survey data collected at around the same time as this wave . In the first instance , we predict job losses using the model estimated using CFUWBES1 ( Section 4 ) using the data on the influence variables from wave 2 to predict cumulative job losses for wave 2 . We then compare these to the results we obtain when , instead of the model , we utilize a direct computation of average sectorfirm-size job losses from CFUWBES2 . < sup > 38 < / sup > If the wave 1 coefficients were no longer valid by wave 2 , one would see an important divergence in the results from these two approaches . < sup > 39 < / sup > We do not see such a divergence . Nonetheless , this provides only an imperfect check on the ability of our estimated model to predict near-term future job losses in wave 2 . This is because the job losses directly tabulated using CFUWBES2 themselves may not be a perfect measure of the “ truth . ” Certain sectors may be under-represented in the survey , and it may 35 We use the highest order polynomial for which the highest order term is statistically significant . 36 We compared estimates with and without this adjustment only for Jordan . 37 For Jordan , we apply the net job losses from CFUWBES1 to the employment structure in 2016 . We attempted to reweight observations to match the composition by age , gender , and industry in the MENA Monitor Survey , which has a smaller sample and does not include all nationalities . We found that this does not change our results appreciably , so we prefer the simpler approach of using the sampling weights in the LMPS . 38 This approach can provide a short cut for assigning job losses to workers for situations in which such data are available and the objective is not to understand the drivers of job loss and risk or predict out of sample job losses . 39 This could be due to the well-known Lucas critique . In particular , dynamic effects may alter causal coefficients over time . 25", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 30, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 47, "end": 70, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 198, "end": 206, "text": "CFUWBES1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 473, "end": 481, "text": "CFUWBES2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1410, "end": 1429, "text": "MENA Monitor Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1632, "end": 1636, "text": "LMPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", ECRP-II will scale up to include refugees in the two refugee-hosting counties that were already targeted under ECRP-I < sup > 49 < / sup > and two new flood-prone vulnerable counties to support Subcomponent 1 . 2 activities , leading to a total of 12 counties . Five counties have been shortlisted for the flood risk reduction subcomponent based on predetermined selection criteria ( see subcomponent 1 . 2 ) . Based on budgetary availability , additional counties may be included based on consultation with the Government . Alternatively , some may be replaced should security or accessibility become an issue during implementation . It was confirmed that the project will use the administrative division of 10 states , 79 counties , and 2 , 008 _payams_ just as under ECRP-I in the absence of more recent official boundaries _ . _ < sup > 50 < / sup > Any discrepancies on the ground will be resolved in consultation with the Government . > 48 The 10 counties were originally selected based on a composite vulnerability index that the World Bank team developed and which the Government agreed to . The index included ( a ) concentration of returnees , ( b ) access to basic services , ( c ) food insecurity , ( d ) incidents of violence , ( e ) remoteness , and ( f ) exposure to natural disasters . The long list of the most vulnerable counties was short-listed based on security and accessibility . > 49 As refugees are exclusively in refugee camps , ECRP-I only targeted host communities and not the refugees . Under ECRP-II , the project will target both refugees and host communities in the two refugee-hosting counties of Maban and Pariang . > 50 Such practice is in line with how the national budget is being allocated and how other development partners are operating . Page 20 of 73", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assessment or IRT-linking methodology while demonstrating consistent estimates where there is overlap . We contribute to the literature in several ways . This is the most current and expansive cross-country dataset on education quality , including the most developing countries . We include , for the first time , the Early Grade Reading Assessment ( EGRA ) in addition to TIMSS , PISA , PIRLS , SACMEQ , LLECE , PASEC and MLA . This enables us to extend our database substantially , including 48 countries with recent data in the last ten years , all of which are developing economies . This methodological update paves the way to include a series of assessments that are increasingly common in developing countries that are often excluded from large international assessments . We introduce a series of methodological updates , including measures of uncertainty , fixed conversion factors for greater comparability over time , and year-by-year data . All data are derived directly from test score data . In contrast to black-box and complex imputation , this enables methodological transparency . Moreover , it produces a clear policy lever : when countries perform better on RSATs and ISATs they can be certain the HLO will improve . 21", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 950, "text": "year-by-year data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 988, "end": 1003, "text": "test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * ANNEX 5 MINUTES AND LIST OF ATTENDANCE TO CONSULTATIVE MEETINGS * * # # # * * < u > MINUTES OF PLANNING MEETINGS < / u > * * * * Annex 1 : VALIDATION AND VISIONING MEETING HELD ON 5 * * < sup > * * TH * * < / sup > * * SEPTEMBER , 2017 AT P . A . G CHURCH , KISUMU NDOGO WITH COMMUNITY MEMBERS FROM 11 : 48 AM * * # # # # * * Members present ( attendance list attached ) * * - Kisumu Ndogo S . E . C and Grievance Committee - Kisumu Ndogo structure owners - Consultant ’ s team - KISIP team - County government team # # # # * * AGENDA * * - Introductions and opening remarks - Presentations of the socioeconomic findings - Visioning exercise - Base map validation - Question and answer session - Way forward # # # # * * MIN 1 / 4-09-17 : INTRODUCTIONS AND OPENING REMARKS * * All members in attendance introduced themselves after a word of prayer from one member . The SEC chairman officially opened the meeting and the heads of each team introduced their team members . # # # # * * MIN 2 / 4-09-17 : SOCIOECONOMIC FINDINGS PRESENTATION * * The community members followed keenly as the findings of the socioeconomic enumeration exercise was presented to them . The community expressed their agreement with the findings and was ready to move on to the visioning exercise . # # # # * * MIN 3 / 4-09-2017 : VISIONING EXERCISE * * Community members were asked to highlight their settlement ’ s needs , which they would like addressed after achieving security of tenure . Responses received are as follows : - * * 1 * * < sup > * * st * * < / sup > * * person : * * Roads", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "investments that will be < br > conducted under the project . | Will be determined at MTR < br > from project M & E system | | | | Infrastructure ( for agricultural water ) used 1 < br > | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | | 80 . 00 | | | year after the investment is completed . | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | | Comments | Baseline is zero as this refers < br > to investments that will be < br > conducted under the project . | Will be determined at MTR | | | | Area under irrigation ( percent of cultivated | Percentage | Value | 2 . 31 | | 6 . 10 | | | land ) | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | | Comments | This result is from the < br > baseline survey conducted on < br > June 2011 | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | | | Increase in areas treated under sustainable | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | | 45 . 00 | | | land management ( in hectares ) . | | Date | 31-Mar-2010 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | sure Copy | | | Comments | | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | | sclo | Decrease in time for farmers to travel to | Percentage | Value | 14 . 67 | | 49 . 00 | | Di | nearest market center . | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | Public | |", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 122, "text": "project M & E system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 691, "end": 706, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 and 2 show , there are significant fluctuations around this expected relationship . Given levels of development , there are some countries that are over-performing in expected discovery activity , and others that are under-performing . To further study the pattern of discoveries across countries and regions , we utilize a more flexible functional form . To this point , we have used GDP per capita in order to analyze the relationship between discovery and development , and specifically to determine the income level at which the discovery curve peaks . However , we would expect that country size would affect the number of economic discoveries . That is , a country of 300 million has a larger number of entrepreneurs and businesses that could discover new products for export when compared to a country of 300 thousand . When considering the absolute number of discoveries in an economy , population should be accounted for separately from the effect of the scale of each national economy . Therefore , we add population to the model , which enters as statistically significant and positive using the HS 4 - and 6-digit well as SITC 3-digit data ( see estimation results in Appendix III ) . In order to allow for flexibility in the effects of population and wealth , we switch from GDP per capita and GDP per capita squared to total GDP and total GDP squared when population is included in the model . We will refer to ( 11 ) as the basic model of discovery : We estimate this equation using a negative binomial regression ( see Appendix III for estimation results ) , calculate the residuals , and then scale them by dividing each by the standard deviation of the residuals . These standardized residuals are measures of over - or under24", "spans": [{"start": 1136, "end": 1153, "text": "SITC 3-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of formal dependent employment creation , tends to flow into unemployment , self-employment ( often informal ) , or informality , which has been observed in Brazil during the last crises ( Firpo and de Pieri , 2018 ; World Bank , 2020 ) . * * Multiplier effect caused by BF coverage * * The second methodological challenge relates to potential reverse causality , namely that the changes in coverage of BF cash transfers might affect levels of local employment through a local multipliers effect ( Gerard _et al . _ , 2021 ) . At the national level , the number of beneficiary families remained more or less stable in our observation period ( in December 2012 , 13 . 9 million families were registered in BF compared to 13 . 2 million families in December 2019 ) ; however , we do observe variation at the local level , which might cause biases in our results ( Ministerio da Cidadania , 2022 ) . * * Shift-share instrument * * For both challenges , we propose to use a shift-share instrument after Bartik ( 1991 ) . In particular , we instrument local employment growth using national employment growth across more than 600 industries , interacted with the local share of each respective industry in the previous period . The instrument is plausibly exogenous , as national employment growth at the industry level is unlikely to be correlated with local economic shocks or unobserved local factors , affecting local employment growth only through the area ’ s industry composition . The Bartik instrument can be expressed as : where _zλτt − _ 1 is the share of private sector employment in industry _λ_ in municipality _τ_ in _t − _ 1 and _gλ_ is the national growth rate of private sector employment in industry _λ_ at time t . < sup > 25 , 26 < / sup > We compile different variations of the shift-share instrument . We start by using annual growth rates . However , since we have monthly information on exits , we switch to semester growth rates . In an additional step , we exclude the growth rate of the municipality for which the industry is calculated . In other words , if we calculate the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "empirical evidence and international experiences , this working paper explores the potential role of investment incentives in advancing goals around gender equality , specifically , increasing female labor force participation , growing the number of women in leadership roles , and encouraging female entrepreneurship . This paper is organized along three key sections . This opening section continues with the identification of supply ‐ and demand ‐ side barriers that can impede progress toward gender equality in the workplace , and then introduces incentive instruments that may be considered to address these barriers . Section two elaborates on when and how different incentive instruments can help promote gender equality , discussing their respective advantages and disadvantages , and providing design considerations for implementation . Finally , the paper concludes with a summary of key findings and suggestions on areas for further research . # * * 1 . 2 Identifying key barriers to gender equality in the workplace * * To understand which types of investment incentives can be effective in supporting gender equality goals , a first step involves discussing the barriers they aim to address . These can be categorized as “ demand ‐ side ” barriers , which are barriers inhibiting firms and investors from hiring or investing in women ‐ led > 7 World Bank Group , Enterprise Surveys , Latest available year . > 8 Elborgh ‐ Woytek et al . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1377, "end": 1395, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "half of the respondents were asked about their experiences with conflicts , deaths , and shocks before the questions on depression , while the other half were asked about their experiences with these adverse events _after_ the questions on depression . Even though previous studies find a clear relationship between adverse events and depression , it is hard to identify whether depression is caused primarily by shocks or lower income . Lund et al . ( 2010 ) conduct a meta-analysis on the relationship between poverty and depression in low and middle income countries , and find a positive association between poverty and depression in many studies . < mark > Distinguishing whether poverty or adverse events affect mental health and economic activities has important policy implications . If the primary causal link is that low incomes leads to deteriorating mental health , then interventions such as cash transfers and access to credit are likely to be effective . O < / mark > n the other hand , if depression is caused solely by experiencing shocks , interventions that focus on treating depression can be more effective . Although the linkages between poverty , adverse events and depression are difficult to disentagle , this study will examine these linkages and attempt to provide some insights on their relative magnitudes . Through the analysis , we can provide prelimiary guidance on the most effective policy interventions to combat the negative effects . Furthermore , poverty , adverse events and depression have the potential to be endogenous . For example , people may have fallen into poverty as a result of adverse events or depression . In addition , people may be more strongly impacted by negative shocks because they were already poor or had mental health problems . Although the endogeneity between poverty , adverse events and depression cannot be fully controlled , this study attempts to address the problem by investigating the effects of lagged consumption expenditures from the previous wave of the survey ( 2012-13 ) and the experience of adverse events after lagged consumption was observed ( between the second and third waves of the survey ) on the current level of depression . As GHS-Panel is a panel survey , consumption expenditure information is available from three waves of the", "spans": [{"start": 2218, "end": 2227, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "institution ’ s loss of control of the electricity tariff-setting process in Argentina in 2001 . This regulation was kept outside the control of the regulator to adjust for short-term social concerns rather than efficiency . Similarly , the use of energy tariff-setting processes by the Aznar administration in the 1990s to control inflation kept the regulator at a distance from of one of its main responsibilities . > 54 Guasch ( 2004 ) shows a strong correlation between contract renegotiation and lack of a regulatory body in Latin America . However , a large share of the contract renegotiations occurred in countries where an independent regulator was in place . For instance , in Argentina , new contracts have been directly negotiated between the executive and private companies — even if this was the legal role of the regulator . > 55 There has been great pressure for more transparency and publicity of political actions over the last decade , expressed in Internet web sites that publish laws and decrees , facts about government procurement and comparison of prices , more comprehensive government statistics , and hence , more information about governance performance . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1100, "end": 1121, "text": "government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( PSN ) to partners with specialist expertise , or government agencies , who provide life-saving assistance ; - Child friendly spaces and transit facility for overnight accommodation . UNHCR will continue to collaborate with the Government of Afghanistan and humanitarian and development actors to share and disseminate information on the situation in areas of return , including security and new conflict-induced displacement , in coordination with UNHCR ’ s offices in the Islamic Republics of Pakistan and Iran . This includes an online , publicly-available Afghanistan Data Portal as a new and valuable tool of information management for UNHCR , government counterparts , and partners , and which also makes information available to refugees to enable them to make informed decisions about return . < sup > * * 11 * * < / sup > For those who decide to repatriate voluntarily , UNHCR will provide up-to-date information to assist them to prepare for their return , such as explaining the need to obtain consular certification of education documents for children to continue their education in Afghanistan . # # # # # # * * 3 . 1 . 3 Support to Persons with Specific Needs ( PSN ) * * Among returnees and IDPs , UNHCR prioritises those in life-threatening situations , and those who are not able to effectively integrate in host communities without external support owing to physical , psychological , and social vulnerabilities and institutional barriers . Persons > * * 11 * * See : https : / / data2 . unhcr . org / en / country / afg . 23 U N H C R", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 584, "text": "Afghanistan Data Portal", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project ( P169943 ) - ( b ) * * Beneficiary registration . * * A combined administrative and camp-specific registration committee initially rolled out a paper-based registration and then gradually shifted to a tablet-based registration . - ( c ) * * Payment system . * * The already established project payroll system ( UPASS < sup > 3 < / sup > ) was used to prepare the monthly payments and the payments were made through the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia ( CBE ) . - ( d ) * * M & E . * * Third-party monitoring conducted M & E activities for the project . The results showed that beneficiaries successfully received their cash transfers and verified that they had been displaced . - ( e ) * * Grievance redress mechanisms ( GRM * * ) . Grievances were addressed on time , including locating IDPs , duplicating beneficiary records , and organizing beneficiary data . Further improvements were awareness of GRM pathways among beneficiaries in emergency situations . 9 . * * The CERC was activated in July 2022 , to support IDPs affected by conflict , particularly in Northern Ethiopia , and returnees from the KSA * * . All the allocated US $ 100 million has been disbursed . As of June 2023 , around 757 , 570 IDPs have received 5 months of cash transfers and 87 , 382 households have received recovery grants after the activation of CERC . 51 , 932 returnees were able to receive their cash transfers with 26 , 280 household receiving the livelihood grant . # # * * II . DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED CHANGES * * 10 . * * The major proposed change is folding the US $ 100 million CERC activation into component 1 . 4 , raising this component ’ s budget from US $ 6 million to US $ 106 million . * * The first PDO indicator has been revised to include mention of IDPs and returnees which", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 925, "text": "beneficiary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "progress towards the project objectives , as well as the wider national AIDS response . Development of the Health Management Information System ( HMIS ) , the Manual for Project Monitoring and Evaluation , and the FHAPCO database and website were recognized as important steps towards the ― one national M & E system ‖ . Completion of the BPR process guided efforts to strengthen FHAPCO ' s HR capacity for M & E , and staff were in post at federal , regional and woreda levels . # # * * 2 . 4 Safeguard and Fiduciary Compliance * * 29 . _Environment_ . The project did not trigger any major concerns related to the Bank ’ s safeguards policy . It was noted that health facilities had provision for disposal of medical waste , and no significant negative impacts were anticipated . ISRs consistently rated the project satisfactory for overall safeguards compliance and in respect of operational policy OP4 . 01 ( Environmental Assessment ) . 30 . _Financial management and procurement_ . There was ongoing concern over the financial management of the project for the first two years of implementation , and it was consistently scored Moderately Unsatisfactory . The main issues were recurrent delays in the submission of Interim Financial Reports ( IFRs ) , audit reports and Statements of Expenses ( SoEs ) . The issue of perennially late audits was recognized to be a government-wide issue , well beyond the remit of this particular project . The audit for the fiscal year ending July 2007 was qualified due to the substantial amount of unjustified expenditure . The situation 7", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 229, "text": "FHAPCO database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Panel B : Survey mean vs GDP mean_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 1 - . 5 0 . 5 1 < br > Gap < br > All surveys Income surveys Consumption surveys < br > 5 < br > 250 < br > 4 < br > 200 < br > 3 < br > 150 < br > Density < br > Frequency 2 < br > 100 < br > 50 1 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > All surveys Income surveys Consumption surveys < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Note : * * The charts show the distribution of the estimated gap between household survey mean and national accounts means . The gap is estimated as the proportional difference ( per cent ) of survey means with respect to national accounts means . It is estimated as the ratio of per capita survey mean over the per capita national accounts mean , minus one . A negative ( positive ) gap estimate indicates that surveys is ( larger ) than national account means . The histograms are unweighted ; the density functions are weighted to give each country equal weight , using the same approach as in Table 1 . Outlier observations above 1 are excluded ( one observation for GDP and three observations for HFCE ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# B . Where do the unbanked get financial services ? Individuals who do not use banks still need to obtain financial services . If they have any financial savings , they need a means to safeguard their savings . Even if they receive income in the form of a check , they need a means to convert the check into cash . Finally , they many need to borrow periodically . This subsection draws on the OCC survey data to examine where and how the unbanked obtain these financial services . Table 3 presents data on the forms in which the unbanked keep financial savings and contrasts this with the banked . As noted in Table 2 above , 86 percent of the unbanked said that they had no formal sector financial savings . The OCC survey also asked about the use of informal means of financial savings , such as holding cash , money orders , uncashed checks , jewelry that can be sold , etc . As shown in Table 3 , 21 percent of the unbanked respondents said that they use such means and 16 percent of the banked did . Allowing for both formal and informal means of financial savings , 69 percent of the unbanked had no financial savings and 22 percent of the banked had none . * * Table 3 Use of informal savings methods * * | | * * Percentage * * < br > * * among the * * < br > * * banked * * | * * Percentage * * < br > * * among the * * < br > * * unbanked * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kept savings in money orders , uncashed < br > checks , cash , jewelry , loans to others , by < br > participatingina savings circle , etc | 16 . 3 | 20 . 5 | | Had neither informal financial savings < br > nor formalsector financialsavings | 21 . 9 | 68 . 6 | Table 4 examines how people receive their incomes and convert that income into cash . Among banked individuals , 38 percent received an electronic deposit to their account", "spans": [{"start": 395, "end": 410, "text": "OCC survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > financed < br > Sub-component 1 . 1 : Improvement of infrastructure and equipment for the < br > management of forest protected areas < br > and < br > Subcomponent 2 . 1 : < br > Investments in tourism | | Gender < br > Relations | • < br > Gender strategies ; It was expressed at the workshop that gender should be < br > mainstreamed in the REDD + strategy < br > • < br > Land tenure and governance ; Support governments in developing land tenure < br > frameworks that officially recognize women ’ s rights to forest products and < br > carbon from forests . < br > • < br > Gender-sensitive REDD + programming ; A gender analysis should inform < br > the design of REDD + projects and strategies to ensure the design is < br > responsive to the different needs and roles of men and women . Gender - < br > sensitive monitoring and evaluation tools should be used for REDD + < br > projects , requiring collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data and < br > social indicators that measure changes in status and levels of inequality . | Gender Assessment and Action Plan was prepared for the Project , and < br > aspects of gender have been incorporated in the project in all components < br > and will be mainstreamed into all project activities < br > Gender specific indicators are included in the Results Framework , data < br > disaggregated by sex will be collected and monitored | | The issues of < br > Forest < br > Dependent < br > Communities | • < br > Batwa should be made aware of a mechanism through which REDD + < br > benefits could be delivered from the – national level ( reference was made to < br > tourism revenue sharing ) . However , they proposed a parallel system < br > whereby REDD + benefits could directly flow to the community level . < br > • < br > Limited", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 962, "text": "sex-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Abbreviations and Acronyms * * | AfDB | African Development Bank | | - - - | - - - | | AGP | Agricultural Growth Project | | ANC | Antenatal Care | | BoFED | Bureau of Finance & Economic Development | | CDP | Community Development Program | | COPCO | Channel One Programs Coordination Office | | CSA | Central Statistical Agency | | CSO | Civil Society Organization | | DA | Development Agent | | DAC | Development Assistance Committee | | DAG | Development Assistance Group | | DfID | Department of International Development ( UK ) | | DP | Development Partner | | DQA | Data Quality Assessment | | EDHS | Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey | | EDQAF | Ethiopia Data Quality Assessment Framework | | EFY | Ethiopian Financial Year | | EIO | Ethiopian Institute of Ombudsman | | EMIS | Education Management Information System | | EQ | Evaluation Question | | ERA | Ethiopian Roads Authority | | ESAP | Ethiopia Social Accountability Program | | ESDP | Education Sector Development Program | | ESPES | Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services | | ETB | Ethiopian Birr | | EU | European Union | | FBG | Federal Block Grant | | FEACC | Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission | | FGD | Focus Group Discussion | | FPPPAA | Federal Public Procurement and Property Administration Agency | | FTA | Financial Transparency and Accountability | | GBS | General Budget Support | | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | | GEQIP | General Education Quality Improvement Program | | GER | Gross Enrolment Ratio | | GoE | Government of Ethiopia | | GPI | Gender Parity Index | | GRM | Grievance Redress Mechanism |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enabled by improved rules for allocation , can lead to improvements in student learning . Adopting repetition as a proxy for learning , we find that schools which gained additional teachers and brought PqTRs below 90 achieved significant improvements in lower primary repetition rates in comparison to schools with PqTR above 90 which did not gain additional teachers . The findings mirror others from Israel , the United States and India ( Angrist and Lavy , 1999 ; Kreuger , 1999 ; Muralidharan & Sundararaman , 2013 ) which suggest that improvements in PTR are associated with improved learning outcomes , and demonstrate that similar dynamics persist in low-income countries . However , we do not observe impacts on dropout rates . The descriptive analysis also reveals the extent to which rules-based approaches to teacher allocations may face challenges in implementation on the ground . Despite the clarification of allocation rules and provision of software tools to support allocations , the adherence to guidance for allocation of new teachers appears to have been weak and highly variable . At the national level , the allocation of new teachers to districts was not fully aligned with the guidance , with the share of districts ’ need for new teachers met through allocations varying from a low of 32 percent to a high of 224 percent across three years . At the district level , too , the quality of allocations was highly variable , with the most successful deploying 75 percent of teachers in accordance to the rules and the least successful just 22 percent . Had the teachers deployed during this period all been allocated according to the guidance , it is likely that the number of schools achieving reduction in PqTR to below 90 would have been larger , > 12 The comparison of staffing to identify treatment and control schools remains non-lagged , e . g . comparing EMIS data from 2016 and 2017 . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1884, "end": 1893, "text": "EMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government policy and public finances . Consistent with this , about three-quarters of respondents expressed concern about the fiscal situation in their country , and most people who answered the question “ Have you ever read the report of the fiscal rules monitoring body in your country ? ” ( 90 respondents skipped the question ) said “ yes . ” Of those who said they had not read the report , only 21 percent said the reason was a lack of interest . * * Figure 2 . Respondents to Survey on Fiscal Rules in the Western Balkans * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Affiliation Country of residence < br > Media , 21 Albania , 19 < br > Other , 40 Bosnia and < br > Herzegovina , < br > 46 < br > Kosovo , 26 < br > Academia , 28 < br > Private sector , Montenegro , < br > 40 31 < br > Serbia , 40 < br > Public sector , < br > 68 < br > Macedonia , < br > FYR , 35 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * Most respondents said they understood the fiscal rules in place in their country , though the * * * * answers also suggest some misunderstandings * * . Many respondents knew what a fiscal rule was and were able to identify some or all of the fiscal rules in place in their countries . In Albania , the debt-reduction rule was sufficiently well-known to be identified by two-thirds of the respondents , and in Kosovo a small majority were aware of both the debt rule and the deficit rule . But several respondents did not distinguish fiscal rules from annual budget limits or medium-term fiscal targets ( Figure 3 ) . Consistent with this , most North Macedonian respondents thought their country did have a fiscal rule , whereas by the definition used in this paper it does not . And in many countries , the fiscal rules did not seem to be very well understood even among the presumably relatively well-informed respondents . In Serbia , most respondents ( incorrectly ) thought", "spans": [{"start": 484, "end": 506, "text": "Survey on Fiscal Rules", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the off-grid sector at the < br > enterprise , employee and cu < br > stomer level . < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE-012 / < br > Procurement of consultancy < br > service ( Component 4 ) < br > - to Conduct a market survey of existing private sectorsolar contractors , identify jobopportunities along the solar IDA / 68570 4 . Standalone solar systemsfor health and education facilities Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Review 2022-01-24 2023-01-23 2022-02-14 2023-02-06 2022-03-30 2023-07-12 2022-04-27 2023-09-05 2022-05-27 2024-03-18 2022-07-01 2022-08-05 2024-02-01 < br > value chain , and a sustainabi < br > lity plan < br > - to conduct survey of site < br > selection < br > EEU-PPMO-OGU / ADELE / ICB-0 < br > 01 / Procurement of consulta < br > ncy service ( ADELE Compone < br > nt 2 ) - - for the preparation of EP IDA / 68570 2 . Solar-hybrid mini grids forrural economic development Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2022-01-17 2022-08-03 2022-02-07 2022-08-12 2022-03-23 2023-05-31 2022-04-20 2023-09-14 2022-05-20 2024-02-14 2022-06-24 2022-07-29 2024-01-25 < br > C bidding documents , bids ev < br > aluation and contract negotia < br > tion , <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "its limitations . A critical observation here is that the Poverty Space , in its current iteration , does not fully emulate spillover networks in the strictest “ causal ” sense . Proper modeling of these networks demands longitudinal data , which is rarely available in developing economies and often inconsistent across regions . The Poverty Space navigates around this limitation by projecting a structure that can help to predict potential spillovers , but with the understanding that it might not precisely mirror the actual dynamics of these interplays in all settings . While imperfect , this approach offers a new way to begin answering critical policy questions . This paper offered a first look at how these methods can enrich our understanding of multidimensional poverty , and points toward fresh avenues for deeper exploration . In particular , looking at dimensions that are relevant in specific contexts or regions ( without the limitations of cross-country comparability ) may allow more granularity in terms of variation over time and across space is a key area where future research could help to advance our understanding of the interconnected and dynamic structure of multidimensional poverty . If the world is to get back on track in its efforts to eradicate poverty , efforts to accelerate progress will be necessary . Acupuncture-like approaches , based on the complex interactions among poverty dimensions , considering the underlying structural interdependencies between deprivations , appear promising as one innovative means for amplifying development impact . # * * References * * Alkire , S . _et al . _ ( 2021 ) ‘ Global multidimensional poverty and COVID-19 : A decade of progress at risk ? ’ , _Social Science & Medicine_ , 291 , p . 114457 . Alkire , S . and Ballon , P . ( 2012 ) ‘ Understanding association across deprivation indicators in multidimensional poverty ’ , in _Research Workshop on ‘ Dynamic Comparison between Multidimensional Poverty and Monetary Poverty ’ . OPHI , University of Oxford_ . Alkire , S . and Foster , J . ( 2011 ) ‘ Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement ’ , _Journal of public economics_ , 95 ( 7 – 8 ) , pp . 476 – 487 . Athey , S . ( 2017 ) ‘ Beyond", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 238, "text": "longitudinal data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "construct two indexes on the import side and the export side , such that : where _im_ ( _i_ , _k_ ) defines total import flows from country _i_ to country _k_ and _IM_ ( _i_ ) the total import flows in country _i_ . With this index , country-pairs with very similar trade partners have an index close to 1 . We proceed similarly for the export index . Using data for 150 countries over the period 1962-2011 , we construct a panel data including the above average indexes for each country-pairs and over time windows of 10 years each . Due to missing data , the sample including FDI and BIS indexes are only available for a sub-sample of periods and countries . Table 1 summarizes the number of observations in our sample : * * Table . 1 . * * Number of observations ( country-pairs ) in each sample per time window . | Time window | corr GDP + _TP_ | corr GDP + _TP_ + _FI_ | corr GDP + _TP_ + _FP_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1962-1971 | 983 | - | - | | 1972-1981 | 1586 | - | - | | 1982-1991 | 2241 | 153 | 858 | | 1992-2001 | 4957 | 276 | 1293 | | 2002-2011 | 6060 | 633 | 1572 | | Total | 15827 | 1062 | 3723 | Throughout this report , we follow the literature assessing the empirical relationship between trade proximity and GDP comovement . First , we test this relationship using total trade proximity and GDP correlation , transformed using logged and filters ( HP-filter , BK-filter and first difference ( FD ) ) . Using different measures of trade and a variety of controls presented in the next sections , we estimate the following equations : Second , we focus on the specific role of Global Value Chains as opposed to “ traditional trade flows ” in the strong association between trade and GDP comovement . More precisely , we empirically test the relationship using dis-aggregated trade data and separate trade flows 8", "spans": [{"start": 358, "end": 380, "text": "data for 150 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 424, "end": 434, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1790, "end": 1815, "text": "dis-aggregated trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > . Lodi * I - - - - - EI ~ < br > < ' 0 ~ . 8-b . 1 Md . * G . b . y . < br > . E . , , . 1-IGIJA / < br > LarndCOVer Type < br > ch Croplersd < br > I Fo tand < br > Ir a k Buit-up . , ar < br > k - rneland < br > and . Vklr * bod \" i < br > Arst Zone Ifmn ~ < br > Base Map Informaton < br > Y * reU capOtal < br > Othertowr < br > e 1I ownM lag . < br > stam < br > N31C # P Goo . 3e 31 , 333 , p ( alc 0 . L On tat 44ET Es hi AffadedKe3bele < br > 11ierv431i01 claywan . . oep res aro rea 011 , c m OndnistalivBouindary < br > F ading Sunaon < br > I xwsotuaon Arsi Robe 132KV Power Transmission Project < br > 0oer Transmision use LANDCOVER MAP D , 2 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Different soil types were mapped and observed in the Subproject area during the field visit . As shown from Table 4 . 3 and Figure 4 . 5 below , the TL Corridor landscape constituted two major soil groups with two extensions for each type which occur at different areas and these are briefly presented below . | Eutriccambisols | 4 . 46 | * * 7 . 56 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Verticcambisols | * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recipients . Thresholds for eligibility in 2022 varied from 1330 / person per month in Shanghai ( equivalent to USD 10 / day in 2017 PPP ) to 402 / person per month in rural Guizhou ( equivalent to USD3 . 7 / day in 2017 PPP ) . The _Tekun_ assistance program is aimed at helping the elderly , the disabled , and those aged below 16 without any supporter nor source of income and who are unable to work . The Tekun beneficiaries receive basic living arrangements , tendance , medical treatment , and proper burial . In 2018 , 5 . 28 million individuals benefited from the Tekun assistance program , with average annual benefits of 10 , 650 yuan for urban recipients and 6 , 745 yuan for rural recipients . The Dibao and Tekun programs are mutually exclusive so that an individual cannot be a beneficiary of both programs simultaneously . Dibao and Tekun are also considered as the entry to other social assistance programs , such as housing , medical and education supports . Once eligibility for these cash programs is established , a package of services is also provided , according to specific household composition and needs , # Data and Methodology # # * * Data * * We exploit several data sources , including a micro-level household survey dataset and aggregate-level statistics from administrative data . The main household survey data used is the 2018 China Family Panel Study ( CFPS ) , which is a biennial longitudinal study with a 2010 baseline . This is a nationally representative survey that collects community , household , and individual sociodemographic characteristics of contemporary China . The estimated geographical distribution of the population using the CFPS is comparable to reports based on official data . For all estimations , we use CFPS individual weights to account for differences in the probability of selection of each group and ensure that the total weighted number of people matches with the population in the country , as reported by the National Bureau of Statistics . < sup > 9 < / sup > The information collected is suitable for carrying out fiscal incidence analysis as it includes individual labor income , household agricultural and business operation income , household rental", "spans": [{"start": 1217, "end": 1253, "text": "micro-level household survey dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1258, "end": 1309, "text": "aggregate-level statistics from administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1355, "end": 1384, "text": "2018 China Family Panel Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "week in which s / he was planning to work and the reason for missing work was injury / illness . Sample includes respondents employed at baseline . Usual earnings and usual hours of work taken from reports in baseline survey . All specifications include individual fixed effects . Column 1 is estimated by OLS and columns 2 and 3 are estimated using least squares with trimming to account for censoring of the dependent variable ( Honore , 1992 ) . Regressions include week ‐ of ‐ interview dummies interacted with gender , week ‐ of interview dummies interacted with city , and controls for the number of household members planning to work in that round interacted with gender . Standard errors in brackets , clustered at the household level : * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . _", "spans": [{"start": 209, "end": 224, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the appendix . There are three types of votes : popular initiative ( a proposal to change the constitution , which can be initiated by a group of citizens with 100 ’ 000 signatures ) , mandatory referendum ( the parliament proposes to change a constitutional article or an international treaty , which has to be approved by popular vote ) and optional referendum ( a law voted by the parliament is challenged by a group of citizens with 50 ’ 000 signatures ) . All these different types of votes have in common that the outcome of the popular vote is binding , since they result in a change in the constitution or the legal framework . > 18 . We use 64 as the upper age bound given that in Switzerland the ordinary retirement age for women is 64 years . 19 . Data for natives are only available after 2010 . When we carry out comparisons between natives and refugees ( and natives and migrants ) in section 5 . 1 , we limit the sample to the period 2010 – 2018 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 775, "text": "Data for natives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 200 < br > 180 < br > 160 < br > 140 < br > 120 < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 0 50 100 150 200 < br > Price subsidy ( % Revenues ) < br > ( % Revenues ) < br > Operational Inefficiencies < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . # * * Overall , how would we rate Sub-Saharan African power tariffs ? * * A scorecard combining four of the key goals in the design of power tariffs — cost recovery , efficiency , equity and affordability — illustrates the challenges of simultaneously achieving these sometimes conflicting objectives . For each of these objectives a quantitative indicator is used based on the foregoing analysis . Cost recovery is measured as the ratio of the current average effective tariff to the average historic cost of power production . Efficiency is measured as the ratio of the current average effective tariff to the Long Run Marginal Cost of power production . Affordability is measured as the percentage of households that are able to purchase a subsistence level of consumption of 50 kWh / month at the prevailing average effective tariff without spending more than 5 percent of their household budgets . Equity is measured as the share of the subsidy captured by households living under the poverty line divided by the percentage of households in the population that live under the poverty line . The analysis shows that the average scores for the sample are 78 percent for cost recovery , 82 percent for efficiency , and 87 percent for affordability . And for equity the average score is 0 . 29 indicating a highly regressive distributional incidence , relative to a score of 1 . 00 for a tariff that is neutral in distributional terms ( table 10 ) . 36", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 375, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "road . Hence , denoting by _M_ < sup > _c_ < / sup > the monetary value the household places on having the road ’ s services , where _M_ < sup > _c_ < / sup > is just the corresponding equivalent variation . A full analysis of the household ’ s decision problem is to be found in Bell ( 2009b ) , in which it is argued that if the reductions in unit transport costs are sufficiently small relative to the ruling prices * * p * * , then the interval defined by these upper and lower bounds will also be small . Illustrative calculations with commonly employed functional forms and a range of broadly plausible parameter values indicate that , when unit transport costs are halved , the – lower bound is about 3 3 . 5 percent lower than the EV and the upper bound is about – 6 . 5 7 percent higher , which point to the relevant compensated demand and supply schedules being convex . At all events , this finding suggests that a very simple formula using suitable , one-shot survey data covering villages with and without all-weather roads will yield a defensible and rather precise estimate of the benefit accruing to a sampled household as a result of reductions in the costs of transporting the goods making up ( * * y * * _ , _ * * x * * ) . An alternative is to make no particular assumptions about how land and other nonlabor resources are supplied , nor about the extent of market integration , but to leave open the possibility that labor is under-employed . With the usual convention that the elements of * * y * * that are inputs take a negative sign , the household ’ s income from production is * * q * * < sup > _k_ < / sup > * * y * * < sup > _k_ < / sup > _ , k_ = 1 _ , _ 2 . To any improvement therein must be added the benefit arising from changes in the prices of the goods consumed , viz . those in * * x * * , which is analogous to that appearing", "spans": [{"start": 963, "end": 983, "text": "one-shot survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "More can be found on schools and education and dangers in injuries in the sections on “ where injuries occur ” , DRR , Mine risk education , safety messaging and risk mapping . # # # # # * * Education and Seismic Safety * * Since the 2000 , there have been at least 34 , 000 fatalities of children in schools across 16 major disasters caused by natural hazards alone , and many more near misses because schools were closed at the time of the event . No other hazard presents quite the same level of risk to schoolchildren as an earthquake during school hours . In the 2005 , the Kashmir Pakistan earthquake killed 17 , 900 children and injured 50 , 000 in the 10 , 000 schools that were destroyed . During the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , approximately 10 , 000 students were crushed in their classrooms in more than 7 , 000 schoolrooms that collapsed . Some research estimates there are more than 100 million school-aged children exposed to significant seismic risk throughout the world . A global baseline report on school safety identified several relevant and consistent threats to safe school facilities : - Failure to assure every new school is a safe school ; - Multi-hazard awareness is often lacking ; - Opportunity for construction and retrofit as an educational experience is untapped ; - The impact of construction on education and family life not well understood ; - Lifeline infrastructure failures in roads , bridges , and transportation systems threaten school attendance ; - Failure to prioritise school re-opening jeopardises community recovery . Arguments for greater school safety in relation to seismic activity centre around three core principles 1 ) Children have a right to life and an education ; 2 ) It is more cost-effective to invest in building seismic safe schools in terms of the upfront cost versus the rebuilding costs after an earthquake , on top of the public health and social costs that can be avoided for generations to come ; 3 ) Schools play an essential role in communities and can have multiple functions after emergency , if they are still standing this can be a vital life", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1028, "text": "global baseline report on school safety", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 40 - See Adayemo , 1985 ; Aluko et . al . , 1972 and 1973 ; Child , 1977 ; Liedholm and Chuta , 1976 ; Olufokunbi , 1981 ; Schadler , 1968 and Thomi and Yankson , 1985 . Their data are reproduced in Haggblade , Hazell and Brown , 1987 . 1 / See Haggblade , Hazell and Brown ' s ( 1987 ) analysis of data from Zambia , ( Milimo and Fisseha , 1986 ) and Sierra Leone ( Liedholm and Chuta , 1976 ) . Kilby ( 1987 ) has also begun looking at time series data on nonfarm employment in Kenya . However , his analysis is not readily comparable with the others cited here , because his data track only \" informal sector \" firms , essentially those employing between one and nine workers . While important on employment and equity grounds , trends in informal nonfarm activity may not be representative of the entire rural nonfarm economy given that the \" informal sector \" accounts for only about 20 percent of nonfarm activity ( Ndua and Ng ' ethe , 1984 ) . 2 / Vanvali ' s data are reproduced in Haggblade , Hazell and Brown ( 1987 ) . IQ / Table 1 indicates that between 7 and 30 percent of the African rural labor force engages in nonfarm activity as a secondary source of employment , with agriculture presumably their primary occupation . Farm management data indicate this secondary employment may be even higher . The data cited earlier ( Section III . A ) indicate that 15 to 65 percent of farmers engage in nonfarm activities at certain seasons of the year . Given that farm employment typically accounts for 85 percent of rural employment , this leads to an estimated 13 ( 15 x . 85 ) to 42 percent ( 65 x . 85 ) of the rural labor force with secondary nonfarm employment . We must add to that the flip side of the coin , the primarily nonfarm workers who work seasonally in agriculture , to arrive at the total share of the rural labor force moving seasonally between farm and nonfarm activities . Given that as much as 75 percent of rural nonfarm workers may", "spans": [{"start": 301, "end": 317, "text": "data from Zambia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 440, "end": 487, "text": "time series data on nonfarm employment in Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 958, "end": 974, "text": "Vanvali ' s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1240, "end": 1260, "text": "Farm management data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 . 6 Projected Job Losses by Educational Attainment For both Jordan and Georgia , our methodology produces a pronounced educational gradient , with projected job loss rates declining in the level of education . # * * 5 . 6 . 1 Jordan * * For Jordan , the educational gradient of job losses is similarly steep as that observed in the CMMHH . Job losses for “ PFPS ” workers with at most a basic education were on the order of 30 percent , whereas for those with higher | higher < br > education < br > they were < br > around 17 - < br > 19 percent < br > ( Table | _Table 5-21 Jordan : Distributio_ < br > _Attainment_ < br > By education | _n of PFPS Job Losse_ < br > CFUWBES1 < br > Modeled | _s ( Percentage o_ < br > CFUWBES2 < br > Model - < br > predicted | _f Jobs Lost ) by E_ < br > CFUWBES2 < br > Survey < br > Measured | _ducational_ < br > CMMHH < br > Survey < br > Measured | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 5-21 ) , < br > | Less than basic | 19 . 3 | 29 . 9 | 28 . 0 | 33 . 9 | | relative to | Basic Education | 16 . 2 | 28 . 3 | 25 . 0 | 29 . 9 | | our | Secondary Education < br > | 15 . 1 | 24 . 9 | 25 . 8 | 21 . 4 | | model ’ s | Higher education < br > | 13 . 3 | 17 . 4 | 24 . 2 | 19 . 4 | | < br > | Total | 15 . 8 | 25 . 2 | 25 . 5 | 23 . 3 | | prediction | Sources : CFUWBES1 , LMPS 2016 , | and CMMHH Jordan 202 | 1 . | | | | of 29 . 9 | | | | | | and 17", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 339, "text": "CMMHH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 671, "end": 679, "text": "CFUWBES1", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 794, "end": 802, "text": "CFUWBES2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 - ( f ) A legal framework reviewing the fit between borrower laws and regulations and Bank policy requirements and measures proposed to bridge any gaps between them ; - ( g ) Methods of valuing affected assets ; - ( h ) organizational procedures for delivery of entitlements , including , for projects involving private sector intermediaries , the responsibilities of the financial intermediary , the government , and the private developer ; - ( i ) A description of the implementation process , linking resettlement implementation to civil works ; - ( j ) A description of grievance redress mechanisms ; - ( k ) A description of the arrangements for funding resettlement , including the preparation and review of cost estimates , the flow of funds , and contingency arrangements ; - ( l ) A description of mechanisms for consultations with , and participation of , displaced persons in planning , implementation , and monitoring ; and - ( m ) Arrangements for monitoring by the implementing agency and , if required , by independent monitors . 25 . When a resettlement policy framework is the only document that needs to be submitted as a condition of the loan , the resettlement plan to be submitted as a condition of subproject financing need not include the policy principles , entitlements , and eligibility criteria , organizational arrangements , arrangements for monitoring and evaluation , the framework for participation , and mechanisms for grievance redress set forth in the resettlement policy framework . The subproject-specific resettlement plan needs to include baseline census and socioeconomic survey information ; specific compensation rates and standards ; policy entitlements related to any additional impacts identified through the census or survey ; description of resettlement sites and programs for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living ; implementation schedule for resettlement activities ; and detailed cost estimate . # # # * * Process Framework * * 26 . A process framework is prepared when Bank-supported projects may cause restrictions in access to natural resources in legally designated parks and protected areas . The purpose of the process framework is to establish a process by which members of", "spans": [{"start": 1640, "end": 1683, "text": "census and socioeconomic survey information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 000 . An event ends when the stock falls below 25 , 000 , or 10 years after initiation if the destination is an OECD country , whichever comes first . < sup > 2 < / sup > Capping the termination date of the event also puts earlier and later years in the sample on a more equal footing , as stocks in later years contain earlier vintages of refugees . An added benefit of restricting the sample to large refugee events is that this procedure also removes source countries with small numbers of refugees , who fled not > 2For OECD countries , UNHCR does not include most individuals who have been in the country for more than 10 years in their published refugee statistics . 5", "spans": [{"start": 654, "end": 672, "text": "refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "200 , 000 . 00 | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2025-11-03 | 2025-11-10 | | 2025-12-23 | | 2026-02-25 | 2026-03-18 | 2026-10-14 | | ET-MOWE-520337-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Mobile devic < br > e and application software an < br > d installation for mobiles use < br > d for hydrological data collec < br > tions < br > IDA / E1240 | Component 2 : Accelerating f < br > lood risk management < br > Po | st < br > | Request for Bids < br > | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 70 , 000 . 00 | | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2025-11-11 | 2025-11-18 | | 2025-12-18 | | 2025-12-28 | 2026-01-16 | 2026-02-15 | | * * NON CONSULTING SERVICES * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Activity Reference No . / < br > Description < br > Loan / Credit N < br > o . | < br > Component | Review Type | Method < br > | Market Approac < br > h | Procurement Pro < br > cess < br > Prequalif < br > ( Y / N | ication < br > ) < br > Estimated Am < br > ount ( US $ ) < br > A | ctual A < br > ( US | mount < br > $ ) < br > Process St < br > atus < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT commercial contracts that go beyond project disbursements . These patterns show that KIEP not only financed support directly but also catalyzed additional private resources . # # * * _ < u > POVERTY REDUCTION AND SHARED PROSPERITY < / u > _ * * * * KIEP contributed to poverty reduction and shared prosperity primarily through employment outcomes . * * KIEP ’ s PIU reported the creation of 1 , 061 jobs , combining KIEP 250 + ’ s document-verified FTE jobs with employment , internship , and selfemployment results reported under SKIES and related activities . Within KIEP 250 + , jobs were counted only where SMEs provided supporting documentation ( such as contracts , payroll records , or pay slips ) , anchoring attribution in PIP linked upgrades ; SKIES intermediaries and universities similarly tracked placements and new roles for graduates and supported startups through program registers and follow-up reporting . Taken together , these employment results indicate that KIEP ’ s support to firms , skills , and intermediaries translated into tangible labor market gains alongside the innovation , ecosystem , and productivity effects captured in the RF , with additional job impacts likely to materialize as late cycle firm investments and training cohorts fully play out beyond closure . # # * * _ < u > OTHER UNINTENDED OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS < / u > _ * * * * Demonstration effects were also significant , with visibility and linkages crowding in participation well beyond results reflected in the results framework . * * KIEP created public goods and visible market signals that other actors began to adopt . The PAD explicitly anticipated ecosystem-wide demonstration effects that would outlast implementation , and the closure record shows these materialized through communications , convenings , and shared tools that influenced non-beneficiaries . KIEP ’ s communications program built a unified brand and messaging framework and supported cross-component launches and stakeholder forums ( e", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 981, "text": "program registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report # * * The World Bank * * Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children ( P111545 )  Proportion of OVC living in beneficiary households 0-17 years holding birth certificates ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 19 % | 40 % | - - | 30 % | | Date | 31-Mar-2009 | 30-Jan-2015 | 29-Mar-2016 | 31-Dec-2016 | # # Comments Baseline value seems higher than expected , but there is need to confirm the figure with the IE firm and revise baseline and targets accordingly . The mid-line survey was cancelled but the end-line survey is scheduled for September , 2016 .  Proportion of OVC in beneficiary households aged 1-5 years fully immunized ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 66 % | 47 % | - - | 70 % | | Date | 31-Mar-2009 | 30-Jan-2015 | 29-Mar-2016 | 31-Dec-2016 | # # Comments The mid-line survey was cancelled so no data can be reported yet . The baseline however seems lower than expected , but there is need to confirm the figure with the IE firm and revise baseline and targets accordingly .  Percent of NSNP beneficiaries for whom payments are made electronically through payment services providers using two factor authentication ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 658, "text": "mid-line survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1060, "end": 1075, "text": "mid-line survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey ( 2012-13 ) and the experience of adverse events after lagged consumption was observed ( between the second and third waves of the survey ) on the current level of depression . As GHS-Panel is a panel survey , consumption expenditure information is available from three waves of the survey ( 2011-12 , 2012-13 , 2015-16 ) for the same set of interviewed households . The results of our analysis suggest that experiencing conflict or idiosyncratic shocks has a significant impact on self-reported level of depression ( higher CES-D scores ) , as well as an increased probability of having depressive symptoms . These results remain consistent when controlling for covariates such as past consumption expenditures . Experience of conflicts in the past two years has the largest and strongest impact on the respondent ’ s depressive symptomology , as it is associated with a 15 . 3 percentage point increase in the probability of reporting depression . After establishing the potential causes of depression , we further examine how depression affects household decision making and well-being . Our results indiciate that individual depression is associated with lower labor force participation and child educational investment . Persons with depressive symptoms have a lower likelihood of engaging in any work , particularly in agricultural work ( for men ) and non-farm work ( for women ) . Finally , parental depression is correlated with a lower likelihood that the family spends any money on education for their children . We also go a step further to examine measurement and reporting of depression in household surveys . We conducted a survey experiment testing priming effects on depression reporting by randomizing the order in which respondents were asked about negative events and depressive 3", "spans": [{"start": 187, "end": 196, "text": "GHS-Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1611, "end": 1628, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Road Sector Support Project ( P131118 ) With 87km paved on Lot 2 , some pro-rata VOC savings are being realized by road users , calculated at 5 Comments * * : * * percent out of 15 percent target reduction . < u > < mark > IN01252015 < / mark > < / u > # ► Percentage of the federal road network in good and fair condition ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 55 . 00 | 55 . 00 | 55 . 00 | 75 . 00 | | Date | 06-Jan-2022 | 18-Jul-2022 | 13-Feb-2023 | 07-Jan-2024 | | Comments * * : * * < br > | Road condition data is up < br > Development Program : 20 | dated as part of project rest < br > Years Assessment , ERA | ructuring in January 2022 | from Road Sector | | IN01252016 < br > ► Direct project benefi | ciaries ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 80 , 000 . 00 | 80 , 000 . 00 | 600 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 31-Dec-2015 | 18-Jul-2022 | 13-Feb-2023 | 07-Jan-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | Beneficiaries indicator is < br > review in March 2021 . | updated as part of project re | structuring in January 20 | 22 following a mid-term | | IN01252017 < br >  Female beneficiari | es", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 686, "text": "Road condition data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sources . The final sample used in the analysis includes 313 external sovereign debt restructurings in 91 countries between 1815 and 2015 . < sup > 24 < / sup > This number represents a lower bound , since we summarize multiple restructurings into a single event if they resulted from the same default event ( for example , when the negotiation process of a given default results in separate restructurings for different creditor groups or bond currencies , such as restructurings of USD vs . GBP bonds ; see Meyer [ 2021 ] ) . More specifically , we combine a total of 358 individual restructurings into the final event sample of 313 cases , so that each default receives just one haircut estimate . We use restructuring amounts in USD as weights when combining cases . Appendix C provides more details and a breakdown by country . Figure 1 shows the yearly distribution over 200 years for the entire 358 case sample , while in the remainder of the analysis we use the final sample of 313 restructuring cases ( with combined restructurings ) . > 24 For 68 of the 91 defaulters , we could also construct monthly bond price series . For the remaining 23 countries , we estimated haircuts but have no price data . In addition , we collected price data for another 23 countries that never defaulted on their external debt obligations ( see Section 4 ) , bringing the total pricing sample to 91 countries . 10", "spans": [{"start": 1199, "end": 1209, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "scho IDA / D7010 Expansion of Lower Secondary Education Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-05-11 2023-06-01 2023-07-15 2023-08-12 2023-09-11 2023-10-16 2023-11-20 2024-11-19 < br > ols under Lot 4 in 93 schools < br > located in 11 Districts in Wes < br > t Nile sub region < br > UG-MOES-359658-CS-CQS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Children ( VAC ) survey and variousactivities to deliver safe scho IDA / D7010 Expansion of Lower Secondary Education Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-05-11 2023-05-25 2023-06-24 2023-07-29 2024-01-25 < br > ols in 7 schools in 5 Districts i < br > n Karamoja sub region < br > UG-MOES-360180-CS-CQS / Procurement of a firm to prepare a background paper onthe Private Education and Tr IDA / D7010 Improving Teachers Supportand Strategy DevelopmentNationally Post Consultant Qualification Selection Limited 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2023-05-12 2023-05-26 2023-06-25 2023-07-30 2024-01-26 < br > aining Policy < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 2", "spans": [{"start": 410, "end": 450, "text": "Violence Against Children ( VAC ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves ( COFER ) database , both compiled by the IMF . < sup > 1 < / sup > Our data sets on bilateral investment positions capture most of the aggregate IIP at the country level as commonly used in the literature ( e . g . , Lane and Milesi-Ferretti 2018 ) . In particular , aggregating our bilateral positions across all country pairs yields values close to those obtained by aggregating countrylevel data across all countries . The main findings of the paper document the rise of the South in global finance . First , the South has increased its participation in global finance across all investment types , as a share of world gross domestic product ( GDP ) and as a share of global investment . The sum of North-to-South , South-to-North , and South-to-South investments as a share of the global total increased by roughly 10 percentage points ( p . p . ) between 2001 and 2018 for international loans and deposits , portfolio investment , and FDI . The pace of financial integration within the South was particularly fast . Although South-to-South investment remained the smallest block in terms of value throughout , it increased the fastest over this period . For FDI and loans and deposits , the share of South-to-South investment in the global total doubled between 2001 and 2018 , from about 6 to 13 percent . For portfolio investment and international reserves , growth within the South was even more marked , albeit from lower levels : each type of investment increased from roughly 0 . 9 to 3 . 7 percent of the global total . The expansion of the South in global aggregates is also observed at the country-to-country level , indicating that these trends are not driven by a few large countries in the South . Second , the rise of the South has proceeded along the intensive and extensive margins . South countries invested increasing amounts in countries with whom they were already connected at the beginning of the sample . The value of investment in the North-to-South , South-to-North , and Southto-South blocks combined represented about 4 percent of world GDP for portfolio investment and > 1 The data on international reserves", "spans": [{"start": 24, "end": 68, "text": "Foreign Exchange Reserves ( COFER ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 122, "end": 165, "text": "data sets on bilateral investment positions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 432, "end": 449, "text": "countrylevel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2160, "end": 2190, "text": "data on international reserves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Core * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Data Source / Methodology * * | * * Responsibility for * * < br > * * Data Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Name : * * Number of e-ID cards < br > issued | | Number < br > ( Thousand ) | 0 . 00 | 200 . 00 | Annual | DGP in the Ministry of < br > Interior will be in charge of < br > providing e-ID and will keep < br > track of data pertaining to < br > this indicator . ANSIE will a < br > be another source of < br > data since each e-ID card < br > will reference to the < br > aggregated and integrated < br > e-ID database that will be < br > created and managed by < br > ANSIE . | DGF / Ministry of < br > Interior and < br > ANSIE / PCU | | Number of e-ID cards < br > issued to women | | Number < br > ( Thousand ) | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | | | Description : Physical e-ID cards that will be requested and issued to adult citizens . This intermediate indicator is linked to the percent of population with unique ID outcome indicator . A total of 200 , 000 e-ID cards are expected to by issued at the end of the project . As the new e", "spans": [{"start": 840, "end": 853, "text": "e-ID database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Health MDG Support Operation ( P123531 ) | ► Devise and implement a mechanism for documenting consultations ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | 27-Jun-2017 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724973 ~ ~ | Checklist / devised me < br > land is used for cons < br > devised mechanism | chanism was submitted for doc < br > truction of health facilities by M < br > is yet to be verified . | umenting the consultations < br > OH , December 2018 . Howe | when the communal / private < br > ver , the checklist / the | ► Development and implementation of health sector community score card ( Yes / No , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | No | No | Yes | | Date | 27-Jun-2016 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2020 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724974 ~ ~ | Community Score C < br > submitted any docu | ard pilot has been developed a < br > mentation as evidence for achie | nd is being implemented bu < br > ving the result . | t the MOH has not yet | # # # # ► Health Centers reporting HMIS data in time ( Percentage , Custom", "spans": [{"start": 1344, "end": 1353, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The last two decades have witnessed rising administrative protection via antidumping ( AD ) measures . When countries negotiate lower tariffs in trade agreements , domestic industries that desire protection against imports can employ several methods to gain temporary protection . The most popular of these methods is to claim that the trade partner is dumping or selling below the “ fair value . ” This claim is often made and often generates temporary protection , even if it is not true ( Konings and Vandenbussche 2008 ; Aggarwal 2007 ) . AD is an effective loophole that has been exploited by both developed and developing countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > According to the records of the Global Antidumping Database of the World Bank ( Bown 2010 ) , roughly 4 , 500 AD petitions have been filed in the last 20 years by more than 40 countries . This study empirically examines the pricing effect of AD duties using highly disaggregated firm-level Brazilian export data . First , we examine the effect of AD duties that are imposed on Brazilian exporters on the export prices that they charge in their trading partners ’ markets . Second , we investigate the effect of potential ( retaliatory ) AD measures on the export prices of products that Brazilian firms export to markets that may file AD petitions against the firms . When an AD petition is filed by domestic industries and exporters ’ flexibility to price discriminate between the home and target countries is restrained because of the threat of retaliation , we expect the exporting firms to respond by increasing the prices of their shipments to the target country to reduce the dumping margin and avoid that threat . In other words , potential AD duties can have price-increasing effects similar to imposed duties because of retaliatory incentives . Our findings clearly demonstrate such an impact . In addition to the proliferation of AD duties , several studies have analyzed their pricing and trading effects . For instance , Prusa ( 2001 ) and Ganguli ( 2008 ) estimate the effect of AD duties on the products being imported and show that these duties have a dramatic impact on 2", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 719, "text": "Global Antidumping Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 939, "end": 971, "text": "firm-level Brazilian export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 | Narrative Summary | * * Targets / Key Verifiable Indicators * * | * * Means of Verification * * | * * Important Assumptions * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * B . Outreach , Extension and * * < br > * * Technology Dissemination * * < br > Strengthened research-extension-farmers < br > linrages | * < br > Eight ARDCs are operational at end of < br > project ; % of funds allocated for district < br > activities by local governments increase . | * < br > ARDC annual progress < br > reports < br > * < br > Field surveys ; third party < br > farmers ' satisfaction surveys | * < br > NARO management provides < br > close supervision and timely < br > interventions . < br > * < br > Adequate funds are provided in a | | Established eight ARDCs < br > Supported in-service training of < br > extension staff . | * < br > 70 % ARDC activities implemented < br > jointly by researchers , extension workers < br > and farmers by end of project ; 50 % < br > farmers involved in activities are < br > satisfied ; high level of awareness of < br > NARO technologies by fanners and local < br > officials by mid-term project . < br > * < br > 25 % of extension staff participated in in - < br > service training ; 60 % of trained staff < br > have been applying new skills | * < br > Periodic planning evaluation < br > reports ; third party farmers ' < br > satisfaction surveys < br > * < br > Project progress reports ; < br > training reports ; training < br > evaluation report | timely manner . < br > * < br", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 589, "text": "farmers ' satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ( a ) Appoint an independent investigator ( Safeguards | | - - - | - - - | | | Experts , Professional outside the Implementing institution ) < br > who is a neutral investigator with no stake in the outcome < br > of the investigation < br > ( b ) Collect basic information ( reports , interviews with < br > other stakeholders while ensuring triangulation of < br > information , photos , videos ) < br > ( c ) Collect and preserve evidence < br > ( b ) Analyze to establish facts and compile a report < br > ` o ` * * Grievance action plan * * < br > ( a ) Based on the findings determine the next steps and < br > make recommendations : ( i ) direct comprehensive response < br > and details of redress action ; ( ii ) referral to the appropriate < br > institution to handle the grievance , where the SEQIP has < br > no jurisdiction ( Commission or Independent statutory < br > bodies ) < br > ( g ) undertake mutually agreed follow-actions < br > ` o ` Update of complainant and SEQIP implementing teams < br > ( i ) Provide users with a grievance redress status update and < br > outcome at each stage of redress , ( iii ) update SEQIP < br > implementing team on grievance redress across the GRM < br > value chain . | | 1 . 2 . 3 Monitoring and evaluation | • The project will undertake the following monitoring < br > actions : < br > ( a ) develop indictors for monitoring the 6 steps of GRM < br > value chain ; < br > ( b ) track grievances and assess the extent to which < br > progress is being made to resolve them ; < br > ( c ) conduct a stakeholder ’ s satisfaction survey for the < br > GRM services < br > ( d ) under an analysis from the raw data on the following :", "spans": [{"start": 1560, "end": 1595, "text": "stakeholder ’ s satisfaction survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1664, "end": 1672, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR15057 The World Bank | | | Sub Type | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | 31-Oct-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Breakdown | Comments | | | | | y < br > Direct project beneficiaries | | Number | Value | 1500 . 00 | 120000 . 00 | 200000 . 00 | | op | | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 30-Jun-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | Disclosure C | | | Comments | based on Phase I figures | The number represent < br > farmers receiving grants only < br > and does not include other < br > beneficiaries . Male 57 % , < br > Female 47 % | The number includes farmers < br > receiving grants , those trained < br > and participating in < br > agribusiness activities | | Public | | Kilometers < br > Sub Type < br > Supplemental | Value | | | | | % increase in earnings smallholder | | Percentage | Value | 78760 . 00 | 75 . 00 | 60 . 00 | | beneficiaries | | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 30-Jun-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | | Comments | Men 130 , 207 < br > Female 43 , 194 | over 75 % increase across < br > board ( subject to < br > confirmation ) | | | * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | | | | | | | | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | A harmonized agricultural sector development | | Text | Value | Draft ASDS | | Implemented | | strategy ( ASDS ) and its implementation < br", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 412, "text": "Phase I figures", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in parentheses ; < sup > * * * < / sup > p < 0 . 01 , < sup > * * < / sup > p < 0 . 05 , < sup > * < / sup > p < 0 . 1 ; avg_radBuff05 ranges from 0 . 14 to 16 . 64 . # Limitation and Discussion Assessing the quantitative impact of disasters on populations and economies is particularly challenging in poor and conflict-affected regions , where reliable socio-economic data may be lacking . Our analysis of descriptive statistics has indicated a tendency towards lower nightlight density in rural areas , which could potentially lead to an underestimation of economic activity due to the limitations in spatial resolution . Nightlight radiance in rural settings is typically less intense than in urban centers , and a higher incidence of such readings could result in a skewed sample . Furthermore , sectors like agriculture , which are less dependent on electricity , might not be fully represented by nightlight data . This is particularly true for poorer households in rural areas that may not have access to electricity , rendering them invisible in satellite-based observations . Consequently , vital aspects of a developing economy might be missed when relying exclusively on nightlight data for analysis . Nonetheless , and despite these limitations , access to advanced earth observation technologies , including regularly updated satellite imagery , presents new avenues for analysis using quasiexperimental approaches . Nightlight satellite data can provide valuable insights into economic activity , primarily enabling the assessment of immediate to short-term impacts . Our case studies highlight the exacerbated effects of floods on nightlight in conflict-affected regions . For instance , we observed a decrease in nightlight radiance following the July 2022 floods in Nigeria , with conflict28", "spans": [{"start": 354, "end": 373, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 903, "end": 918, "text": "nightlight data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1430, "end": 1455, "text": "Nightlight satellite data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * MATE * * | * * RIAL MEASURES AND ACTIONS * * | * * TIMEFRAME * * | * * RESPONSIBLE ENTITY * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * MONIT * * | * * ORING AND REPORTING * * | | | | A | * * REGULAR REPORTING * * : Prepare and submit to the Association regular monitoring < br > reports on the environmental , social , health and safety ( ESHS ) performance of the < br > Project , including but not limited to , stakeholder engagement activities and < br > grievances log . | Quarterly throughout the Project implementation < br > period | Ministry of Health | | B | * * International Alignment * * . MoH will review the Project ’ s implementation , monitoring , < br > and reporting on environmental and social matters under the Project in line with < br > updatedWHO updated guidance onCOVID-19 . | Reporting quarterly throughout the Project < br > implementation period . | Ministry of Health | | * * ESS 1 : * * | * * ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS * * | * * AND IMPACTS * * | | | 1 . 1 | * * ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE * * : MoH shall maintain a Project Implementation < br > Unit ( PIU ) with qualified staff and resources to support management of ESHS risks < br > and impacts of the Project including qualified environmental ( at least one ) and social < br > ( at least one ) risk management specialists . | Full PIU established within 30 days after the Effective < br > Date of the Financing Agreement and maintained < br > throughout Project implementation . | Ministry of Health | 2 | P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 465, "end": 479, "text": "grievances log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 in the longer version of this paper ) . Overall , the model projects similar levels of job loss to the surveymeasured projections approach , although there is a large disparity between them in three sectors : _Chemicals_ , _Hotel , restaurant , and transportation ; _ and _Wholesale , retail , and other services_ . _Table 5-12 Georgia : Percentage of Permanent Formal Private Sector Jobs Lost by Sector , Model Predicted and Survey Measured Projections , CFUWBES2 ( Winter 2020 ) _ | | Econometric Model < br > Projections | Survey < br > Measured | No . Of < br > observations | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Chemicals | 6 . 2 | - 0 . 2 | 10 | | 2 . Food , drink , and tobacco | - 2 . 3 | 6 . 9 | 107 | | 3 . Garments | 22 . 4 | 44 . 3 | 8 | | 4 . Hotel , restaurants , and transportation | 17 . 7 | 21 . 7 | 110 | | 5 . Machinery , electronics , and construction | 6 . 1 | 8 . 0 | 56 | | 6 . Metals and non-metallic minerals ; Plastic and | | | | | rubber | - 1 . 5 | 7 . 3 | 47 | | 7 . Wholesale , retail , and other services | 2 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 188 | | 8 . Wood , paper , publishing , andprinting | 0 . 6 | 3 . 0 | 13 | | Total | 5 . 9 | 7 . 8 | 539 | Sources : LFS 2019 , CFUWBES2 , WBES 2013 and 2019 . Notes : See notes to Table 5-11 . _Table 5-13 Georgia : Labor Market Impacts , Private Sector Workers , By Sector , Percentage of Pre-COVID Jobs_ | | Lost job because of < br > job or business losses < br > due to COVID-19 | Stopped < br > working to avoid < br > exposure to the < br > virus | Reduced income < br > because of", "spans": [{"start": 458, "end": 466, "text": "CFUWBES2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1177, "end": 1185, "text": "LFS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1199, "end": 1203, "text": "WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". وسيتم دفعها عند اإلنجاز وليس على أساس سنوي بحد ذاته للتوسع ائ ج المرتبطة بالصرف قابلةتقدير المدفوعات السنوية بالنظر إلى أن العديد من النت * تم # # # * * ة بالصرف ات المرتبط المؤشر من جدول بروتوكول التحقق * * | * * بالصرف والتحقق من / البيانات * * < br > * * جائ نت ال * * | * * قييم إنجاز المؤشرات المرتبطة * * | * * ال بروتوكوللت * * | * * قابلية توسع * * | * * تعريف / وصف اإلنجاز * * | * * المؤشر المرتبط * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * اإل * * < br > * * جراء * * < br > * * ات * * | * * هيئة التحقق * * | * * مصدر / وكالة البيانات * * | * * الم * * < br > * * صروفات * * | | * * بالصرف * * | | * * إ * * < br > | | < br > | < br > * * / ( نعم * * < br > * * ك ) لا * * < br > * * ا * * | | | | لم", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "with an extreme “ efficient bargaining ” model . Both Saba Arbache ( 2002 ) and MenezesFilho et al ( 2002 ) find wage effects , and the latter work finds positive employment effects of unions as well . Menezes also finds a concave relationships where some union concentration raises both wages and salaries , consistent with efficient bargaining , but after a point leads to deleterious employment effects . In Uruguay , Cassoni , Labadie and Fachola ( 2002 ) also find that unionization promotes both higher wages and higher levels of employment . < sup > 34 < / sup > Though suggesting that unions may increase employment in their host firm , the firm level analyses cannot capture economy wide effects . Some labor codes , for instance , dictate that negotiated contracts cover all firms regardless of size , and are widely seen as imposing inflexibility and hardship on smaller firms . * * _More importantly , unions may pose a barrier to technological adoption although the empirical work to date is only suggestive . _ * * The theoretical literature does not unambiguous conclude how unions impact innovation . Hjalmaarson ( 1990 ) suggests that Swedish unions understand the link between technological upgrading and wages increases and aggressively encourage firms to adopt new techniques . Parente and Prescott ( 2000 ) argue that more commonly unions focus on the short term goal of protecting jobs at a great cost in foregone productivity gains . US studies find consistently negative impacts of unions on R & D but this is not so clear for European countries , which seem to bargain more on employment rather than wages . To date , there is little evidence for Latin America on which to report . One of the few examples is Reis and Crespo ( 2004 ) who , using information for 1600 firms in Brazil , find evidence that labor legislations restrict firms to hire relatively more skilled workers which may , in fact , push toward more technological adoption . On the other hand , a case study of the aviation sector by Garcia Verdu ( 2004 ) suggests negative impact of > 33 See Background paper by Bosch and Siga 2004 > 34 They argue , somewhat counter-intuitively ,", "spans": [{"start": 1771, "end": 1807, "text": "information for 1600 firms in Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "across all sectors of the economy . The second is a diagonal matrix with elements equal to the compensation of employees ’ shares of the sector ’ s total output . Using these two intermediate matrixes as multipliers of a diagonal matrix with elements equal to either the sector ’ s domestic production or exports , one can obtain the compensation of employees ’ shares of final outputs or exports . Appendix 1 provides more details and formalizes these calculations . Using the same method , we can isolate the jobs content of exports by replacing the underlying labor value added share in production with the number of jobs contained in production , which can be derived from ILO employment data or country-specific data sources . ILO employment statistics contain data for a number of countries , including South Africa , for 11 macro sectors . In order to get a more refined sectoral disaggregation , we also match the GTAP data with employment statistics from South Africa ’ s labor force surveys . This allows the examination of a different type of disaggregation across 16 sectors . With this methodology , we can split the _total_ contribution of labor ( either the labor value added or the number of jobs ) to final output and exports into its _direct_ and _indirect_ components based on the linkages with the rest of the economy . The direct component measures the wages paid or number of jobs a sector uses to produce its own output or exports directly . The indirect component measures the wages paid or number of jobs a sector contributes to other sectors ’ output or exports — if measured by forward linkages — or the wages paid or number of jobs a sector uses from other sectors to produce its output or exports — if measured by backward linkages . _Forward linkages_ are the indirect contribution of a sector when considering the contribution of that particular sector as an input to other sectors ’ domestic production or exports . This treats the particular sector as an upstream activity , and measures how much labor a particular sector is used by all other sectors . _Backward linkages_ are the indirect contribution of a sector when considering the contribution of all other sectors to", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 696, "text": "ILO employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 732, "end": 757, "text": "ILO employment statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 922, "end": 931, "text": "GTAP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 981, "end": 1000, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", bringing it to the same level as the CDIS data . For 2009 – 12 , when the CDIS and UNCTAD data are available , we use the CDIS data when the value for a given bilateral link for a given year is positive or when the CDIS value is zero and the > 27 As a robustness check , we analyzed alternative methodologies : using only the data on assets , using primarily the data on assets and filling in the missing values with the data on liabilities if available , and using primarily data on assets and filling in the missing values by assuming that those assets in missing years grew at the same rate as liabilities ( when this growth rate was available ) . The regression estimates using these alternative criteria were quantitatively similar to the ones we report using the maximum between assets and liabilities . > 28 To calculate the ratio , we need the IMF and UNCTAD data for at least one year during 2009 – 12 for each country pair in the databases . If this is unavailable , the UNCTAD data are not leveled up and the FDI values not covered by the CDIS data are coded as missing observations . 35", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 48, "text": "CDIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 328, "end": 342, "text": "data on assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 854, "end": 873, "text": "IMF and UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 12 - domestic production , it is important for the development of Kenya ' s marginal areas , where farm families have few cash crop alternatives , to the operation of the textile and garment industries , and to the foreign trade balance . Cotton is cultivated exclusively by smallholders and the purchase , transport , and ginning of the cotton crop are carried out by CLSMB , cooperative unions and societies , and private ginnery owners . CLSMB handles the marketing of lint and cotton seed to domestic and foreign firms . Local cotton production supplies the Kenyan textile industry , although some fiber is still imported . High grade cotton fiber is exported . # # B . Cotton Production 2 . 02 Cotton was introduced to Kenya , in the Kisumu area , just after 1900 . Despite official support , production rarely exceeded 15 , 000 t during the colonial period due to the inability to control pests , climatic and market variability , and farmer need to ensure a good food ( maize ) crop before devoting time and energy to cotton production . As these conditions remained largely unchanged after independence , cotton production continued at the 15 , 000-16 , 000 t plateau throughout the 1960s and early 1970s . Promotion campaigns undertaken by MOA extension agents were largely unsuccessful as a result of poor organization and weak input distribution systems . In an effort to respond to the chronic stagnation problems of the cotton sub-sector and increase production , the Government launched the CDP ( paras . 1 . 01 , 2 . 24 ) in 1975 . The cumulative impact of CDP price and promotional measures has been a doubling of seed cotton production between 1975 and 1979 , from 15 , 000 t per year to more than 30 , 000 t . The decline in production in 1980 is explained by poor weather conditions and by farmer discouragement resulting from failure to pay for their cotton . Cotton production in Kenya for the past 10 years is summarized below : | Crop Year | Seed Cotton | Lint | | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 1882, "end": 1908, "text": "Cotton production in Kenya", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "requires merging multiple data sources , proper methods for statistical matching must also be assessed , given the data availability and the country context ; data fusion techniques receive increasing interest from researchers and statistical agencies ( Donatiello et al . , 2016a ; Lamarche et al . , 2020 ) . * * When common identifiers are available , research can apply the record linkage . For example , Lopez-Luzuriaga ( 2023 ) recently applied record linkage to match data on consumption from the electronic billing system with income tax data in Ecuador and investigate the frequency of envelope payments in the country . When common identifiers are unavailable , researchers rely on statistical matching ( Yam & King , 2020 ; Lewa et al . , 2021 ) . Statistical matching allows for the synthetic data source to be derived based on data from various sources that do not contain the same unit or common identifier . The matching relies on common characteristics available in both data # 5 Gross labor income . 6 According to the EU-SILC the share of self-employed in the economically active population is approximately 16 % . The vast majority of self-employed are farmers . The vast majority of self-employed do not employ workers . > 7 Compensation of employees : htps : / / ec . europa . eu / eurostat / databrowser / view / tec00013 / default / table ? lang = en 14", "spans": [{"start": 535, "end": 550, "text": "income tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "effect of MDA is different from the effect that might expected , given deworming ’ s effects on those known to be infected . The hypothesis of a common zero effect of multiple-dose MDA deworming on child weight at longest follow-up is rejected at the 10 % level using the TMSDG dataset , and with a p value < 0 . 001 using the updated sample . In the full sample , including studies in settings where prevalence is low enough that the WHO does not recommend deworming , the average effect on child weight is 0 . 134 kg ( 95 % CI : 0 . 031 , 0 . 236 , random effects ) . In environments with greater than 20 % prevalence , where the WHO recommends mass treatment , the average effect on child weight is 0 . 148 kg ( 95 % CI : 0 . 039 , 0 . 258 ) . The implied average effect of MDA on infected children in the full sample is 0 . 301 kg . At 0 . 22 kg per U . S . dollar , the estimated average weight gain per dollar is more than 35 times that from school feeding programs as estimated in RCTs . Under-powered meta-analyses are common in health research , and this methodological issue will be increasingly important as growing numbers of economists and other social scientists conduct meta-analysis . # # # JEL classifications : I10 , I15 , I38 , H43 . Keywords : deworming , nutrition , meta-analysis , cost-effectiveness * * Acknowledgments * * : We are grateful to the Campbell Collaboration deworming team , especially Vivian Welch , for generously sharing data and information on their work . We thank Harold Alderman , Shally Awasthi , Don Bundy , Serene Joseph , Chengfang Liu , Scott Rozelle , and Walter Willett for help interpreting their studies , searching for original data , or supplying us with additional results . We thank Egor Abramov , Kamran Jamil , Spencer Ma , Cole Scanlon , Wen Wang , and Kevin Xie for research assistance . We thank Amrita Ahuja , Harold Alderman , Sarah Baird , Matthew Basilico , Peter Hotez , Rachael Meager , Antonio Montresor , and Dina Pomeranz for", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 285, "text": "TMSDG dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 1 ( cont . ) Household Surveys | Country | Year | Obs | Survey | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Armenia | 2014 | 5124 | Integrated Living Conditions Survey | | Bangladesh | 2010 | 12117 | Household Income and Expenditure Survey | | Bhutan | 2012 | 8879 | Living Standards Survey | | Cambodia | 2013 | 3801 | Socio-Economic Survey | | Indonesia | 2007 | 12876 | Indonesian Family Life Survey | | Iraq | 2012 | 24895 | Household Socio-Economic Survey | | Jordan | 2010 | 11110 | Household Expenditure and Income Survey | | Kyrgyz Republic | 2012 | 4962 | Intergrated Sample Household Budget and Labor Survey | | Mongolia | 2011 | 11089 | Household Socio-Economic Survey | | Nepal | 2010-2011 | 5929 | Living Standards Survey | | Pakistan | 2010-2011 | 16178 | Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey | | Papua New Guinea | 2009 | 3776 | Household Income and Expenditure Survey | | Sri Lanka | 2012-2013 | 20335 | Household Income and Expenditure Survey | | Tajikistan | 2009 | 1488 | Tajikistan Panel Survey | | Uzbekistan | 2003 | 9419 | Household Budget Survey | | Vietnam | 2012 | 9306 | Household Living Standard Survey | | Yemen , Republic of | 2005-2006 | 12998 | Household Budget Survey | | Azerbaijan | 2005 | 4797 | Household Budget Survey | | Georgia | 2014 | 10959 | Household Integrated Survey | | Moldova | 2014 | 4836 | Household Budget Survey | | Ukraine | 2012 | 10394 | Sampling Survey of the Conditions of Life of Ukraine ’ s Households | | Bolivia | 2008 | 3900 | Encuesta de Hogares | | Ecuador | 2013-2014 | 28680 | Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida | | Guatemala | 2014 | 11420 | Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida | | Nicaragua | 2009 | 6450 | Nicaragua - Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Medici ́ on de Niveles de Vida | Notes : List of Household Surveys in the HIT database . 28", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 166, "text": "Integrated Living Conditions Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 266, "end": 289, "text": "Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 319, "end": 340, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 372, "end": 401, "text": "Indonesian Family Life Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 428, "end": 459, "text": "Household Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 488, "end": 527, "text": "Household Expenditure and Income Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 564, "end": 616, "text": "Intergrated Sample Household Budget and Labor Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 769, "end": 815, "text": "Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 853, "end": 892, "text": "Household Income and Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1000, "end": 1023, "text": "Tajikistan Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1107, "end": 1139, "text": "Household Living Standard Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1241, "end": 1264, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1294, "end": 1321, "text": "Household Integrated Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1499, "end": 1518, "text": "Encuesta de Hogares", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1553, "end": 1584, "text": "Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1616, "end": 1656, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1699, "end": 1727, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Hogares", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1808, "end": 1820, "text": "HIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * More Than You Can Handle * * * * Decentralization and Spending Ability of Peruvian Municipalities * * < sup > 1 < / sup > Norman V . Loayza Jamele Rigolini The World Bank Oscar Calvo-González JEL Codes : H7 , H83 , O11 , O23 Keywords : Decentralization , Spending , Capacity , Governance 1 Tomoko Wada provided excellent research assistance , for which we are immensely grateful . For insightful discussions and comments , we kindly thank Carlos Prieto , Gloria León , Miguel Angel Ostos , Ricardo Goni , Gilman Farfán , César Tapia , Zoila Navarro , César Calvo , Oswaldo Molina , Waldo Mendoza , Eduardo Morón , José Luis Echevarría , Nancy Hidalgo , Javier Illescas , Ximena Del Carpio , Aart Kraay , Claudio Raddatz , Luis Servén , Juan Miguel Cayo , Hernán Vallejo , Andrés Fernández , Fabio Sánchez , Tim Smith , Raquel Bernal , Guillermo Perry , and seminar participants at the World Bank and Universidad de los Andes . We are especially indebted to Gloria León for data on municipal expenditures and to José Luis Echevarría and David Herrera for data on local electoral outcomes . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors , They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 979, "end": 1009, "text": "data on municipal expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1060, "end": 1092, "text": "data on local electoral outcomes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "volatility characteristics of commodity prices have attracted less attention . In this paper , we therefore address the following question : has commodity price volatility increased ? We do this by exploiting a newly compiled unbalanced panel dataset on 45 individual commodity prices spanning the 1784-2009 period at a monthly frequency . # * * 2 . Literature Review * * Ever since Prebisch ( 1950 ) and Singer ( 1950 ) , a vast literature has grown around the issue of identifying a secular trend in commodity prices . This research has been mainly concerned that commodity prices tend to decline relative to the price of manufactures with obvious implications for the primary producers . < sup > 5 < / sup > In contrast , the literature on the volatility of commodity prices and its public policy implications is relatively small . This research is mainly focused on understanding how commodity price volatility affects income volatility , especially in poor countries ( Koren and Tenreyro ( 2007 ) ) , among others ) . Other authors have been concerned with how commodity price volatility generates instability in international markets ( Blanford ( 1983 ) , Heifner and Kinoshita ( 1994 ) among others ) . While mainly concerned with identifying price cycles – booms and slumps – Cashin and McDermott ( 2002 ) also test to see if variability in prices is higher or lower across cycles . Using The Economist ’ s index of industrial commodity prices over the period 1862 – 1999 , they find evidence of a ratcheting up in the variability of commodity price movements around 1899 and then again in the early 1970s . < sup > 6 < / sup > The finding of higher variability in commodity prices after the end of the Bretton Woods era is in line with hypotheses of a link between nominal ( and real ) exchange rates and the volatility of dollar denominated commodity prices Chu and Morrison ( 1984 ) , Reinhart and Wickham ( 1994 ) , Cuddington and Liang ( 1999 ) . Comparing three different datasets < sup > 7 < / sup > > 5 Interest about a possible negative long-term trend in commodity prices has occupied development economic literature since the late 1940s .", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 284, "text": "unbalanced panel dataset on 45 individual commodity prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1401, "end": 1451, "text": "Economist ’ s index of industrial commodity prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : * * Transitions among young ( 18-21 years old ) between work statuses | | No work | Informal work | Formal work | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No work | 78_ . _93 | 15_ . _43 | 5_ . _64 | 100 | | Informal work | 26_ . _37 | 63_ . _07 | 10_ . _56 | 100 | | Formal work | 15 | 14_ . _92 | 70_ . _07 | 100 | | Total | 53_ . _06 | 29_ . _09 | 17_ . _85 | 100 | _Notes : _ Author ’ s calculations using panel data from 2018 and 2019 ENOE surveys . Table presents the average probability of maintaining or changing work status from one period to the next . The rows reflect the initial status , and the columns reflect the final status . Youth are followed for four quarters ( 3 month periods ) between 2018 and 2019 in staggered cohorts . the probability of transitioning to formal work from non-employment ( 5 . 6 % ) it is small in magnitude and less than the likelihood of transitioning from formal to informal employment ( 14 . 9 % ) . In sum , the data suggest that , similar to many other LMICs , including Argentina and Brazil ( ILO , 2015 ) , informal work is not a stepping stone to formal work for youth , and that the informally employed are prone to greater employment instability . These findings are also in line with recent evidence by Donovan et al . ( 2020 ) who show that across developing countries transitions between jobs are more common and are less likely to lead to wage gains than in developed economies . Overall , these results suggest that , similar to evidence from other settings , early career choices matter and have long-lasting effects on employment prospects ( Oreopoulos et al . ( 2012 ) ) . # * * 2 . 2 Formal vs . informal sector wage growth * * In addition to job stability , choices over different types of employment also", "spans": [{"start": 435, "end": 445, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 465, "end": 477, "text": "ENOE surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 6 : Separate Effects of Round 1 and 2 Support on Round 3 Performance * * | | Percentage < br > change in sales | Percentage < br > change in < br > employment | Decreased < br > employment | Anticipate < br > falling into < br > arrears | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Received in Round 1 only dummy | 8 . 415 * * | 4 . 972 | - 1 . 915 | 3 . 757 | | | ( 3 . 821 ) | ( 3 . 445 ) | ( 3 . 197 ) | ( 5 . 190 ) | | Received in Rounds 1 and 2 dummy | 0 . 655 | - 4 . 233 | 8 . 670 * * | 3 . 017 | | | ( 4 . 475 ) | ( 3 . 947 ) | ( 3 . 605 ) | ( 3 . 009 ) | | Received in Round 2 only dummy | - 0 . 849 | - 1 . 776 | - 0 . 192 | - 0 . 599 | | | ( 7 . 075 ) | ( 4 . 657 ) | ( 4 . 313 ) | ( 4 . 826 ) | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 055 | 0 . 104 | 0 . 065 | 0 . 230 | | Number of observations | 3 , 507 | 3 , 546 | 3 , 546 | 3 , 247 | _Sources_ : Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys and Enterprise Surveys . _Notes_ : All regressions are ordinary least squares and include sector and country fixed effects , as well as the control variables listed in Table 5 . Standard errors are clustered at the country level . * * * _p_ < 0 . 01 , * * _p_ < 0 . 05 , * _p_ < 0 . 1 . 18", "spans": [{"start": 882, "end": 908, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 913, "end": 931, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Farming | 67 . 1 | 62 . 8 | 67 . 6 | 59 . 6 | 64 . 2 | | Livestock Production | 0 . 8 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 5 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 7 | | Business | 2 . 1 | 7 . 4 | 2 . 5 | 2 . 4 | 2 . 7 | | Employment | 0 . 5 | 0 . 7 | 1 . 2 | 2 . 5 | 1 . 5 | | DailyLabor | 0 . 8 | 0 . 0 | 1 . 5 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 7 | | Unemployed | 4 . 8 | 8 . 1 | 10 . 4 | 22 . 8 | 13 . 5 | | Student | 24 . 0 | 20 . 9 | 15 . 2 | 12 . 7 | 16 . 9 | | * * Total * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | _Source : Census enumeration January-March 2025_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 3 Health Status and HH Heads and HH Population * * As far as the health status of Subproject affected HH heads is concerned , 84 . 9 % of the household heads reported that they were healthy , while the health status of 1 . 1 % and 1 . 0 % of the HH heads were chronically ill and physically disabled respectively . On the other hand , elderly people who normally suspectable to various health issues constituted 11 . 6 % of Subproject affected HH heads . When questioned about the health status of the HH Page 85", "spans": [{"start": 564, "end": 582, "text": "Census enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Introduction The Russian Federation is a major producer and exporter of natural gas and crude oil . A number of authors ( see Oomes and Kalcheva , 2007 and World Bank , 2005 among others ) argued that – following the more than 300 percent increase in the oil price ( from about 25 USD to 110 USD per barrel ) between 2002 and 2008 – the economy had been showing symptoms of the Dutch disease . Increased revenues from oil exports pushed up the real exchange rate and hurt the competitiveness of the tradable sectors ; manufacturing and other exportables shrunk , while services and non ‐ tradables expanded . < sup > 2 < / sup > More recently the Russian economy has been facing the opposite situation ; between July and December 2014 the oil price halved from around 110 USD to less than 60 USD per barrel ( World Bank , 2015 ) . The consensus is that the oil price will stabilize at the current lower levels ( the average price in 2015 was 50 USD per barrel , and 42 USD in 2016 ) reflecting structural changes in the global oil markets rather than cyclical and short term adjustments . The main objective of this paper is to assess the distributional impact of this terms of trade shock . Recent macroeconomic data suggest that a reverse Dutch Disease may be at work . In 2015 , the exchange rate depreciated by more than 30 % and terms of trade losses were large , equivalent to about 7 % of GDP . Assuming that these income losses will be putting pressure on prices of non ‐ traded goods and services and will require related adjustments in the labor markets , this paper tries to identify who are the winners and losers , and to estimate the changes in income distribution and poverty . Two difficulties arise in the estimation of the distributive impact . The first is that a household survey for the period after the shock is not yet available . However , and this is even more important , even if survey data were available , they may not provide an adequate counterfactual given that , simultaneously to the oil price drop , the Russian economy", "spans": [{"start": 1201, "end": 1219, "text": "macroeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1785, "end": 1801, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1908, "end": 1919, "text": "survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # # # * * Figure 10 : Category of Project Affected Persons by Encroachment on Public land * * | | Residential Ten | ant < br > Property Owner < br > Categor | Business tenant < br > yof PAP | Total ( C | ount ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Yes : PAP is an encroacher | 3 | 185 | 416 | 60 | 4 | | No : PAP is not an encroacher | 0 | 29 | 4 | 33 | | | Total ( Count ) | 3 | 214 | 420 | 63 | 7 | | * * Note : Case Processing Summ * * | * * ary * * | | | | | | | * | | Cases | | | | Category of Project Affected < br > | erson vs < br > | Valid | Missing | Tot | al | | The Project Affected Person i < br > Ehd Ld | s located on | N < br > Percent | N < br > Percent | N | Percent | | ncroace an | | 637 < br > 99 . 5 % | 3 < br > . 5 % | 640 | 100 . 0 % | Source : Field Survey * * Table 8 : Trend of Rates Paid Per Month to Operate From Business Space * * | * * Classification of * * | * * Average Rent paid per * * | * * Category of * * | * * PAP of this par * * | * * cel of land * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Rent Paid Per *", "spans": [{"start": 931, "end": 943, "text": "Field Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Somalia | High < br > Frequency < br > Survey < br > ( 2017 ) | Multi-stage < br > stratified random < br > sample | Somalia ( within secure < br > areas ) | IDPs and host < br > communities | 27 , 287 < br > ( 82 . 3 % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sudan | IDP < br > Profiling < br > Survey < br > ( 2018 ) | Stratified < br > cluster < br > sampling | Abu Shouk and El < br > Salam < br > camps , < br > and < br > neighboring and non - < br > neighboring Al-Fashir | IDPs and host < br > communities | 17 , 645 < br > ( 95 . 2 % ) | | South < br > Sudan | High < br > Frequency < br > Survey < br > Wave < br > 4 < br > ( 2017 ) | Stratified < br > two - < br > stage < br > cluster < br > design | Urban areas of seven of < br > the ten pre-war states < br > ( Western < br > Equatoria , < br > Central < br > Equatoria , < br > Eastern < br > Equatoria , < br > Northern < br > Bahr-El - < br > Ghazl , Western Bahr - < br > El-Ghazal , < br > Warrap , < br > and Lakes state ) . | IDPs and host < br > communities | 4 , 554 < br > ( 92 . 8 ) | Data were available for all selected MPI indicators in every country , except for access to a bank account in South Sudan , where the remaining indicators in the financial security dimension are re-weighted accordingly . # * * _4 . 2 Description of the data_ * * The relative sizes of different comparator groups – displaced and non-displaced populations , adults and children , and displacement status groups by gender –", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Digital ID for Inclusion and Services ( P179040 ) * * Figure 1 * * : * * Implementation Arrangements * * # # * * B . Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements * * 27 . * * The PMU housed at NIDP will be responsible for monitoring Project implementation , budget utilization , tracking results ( against the results framework ) , and identifying and mitigating challenges . * * This includes organizing regular consultations and disclosing relevant Project information to stakeholders , as part of the Project ’ s ESF commitment . The Project , particularly through component 5 , will support NIDP to carry out surveys ( e . g . , satisfaction surveys among people and relying parties ) and develop M & E systems ( e . g . , dashboards ) . The PMU will compile regular progress reports , which will be shared during implementation support missions ( occurring at least twice a year ) , as well as formal Project annual and midterm reports . * * Note to Task Team : * * The following sections are system generated and changes must be made in Data Sheet ( s ) . * * _Delete this note when finalizing the document . _ * * < mark > @ # & OPS ~ Doctype ~ OPS ^ dynamics @ contactpoint # doctemplate < / mark > * * CONTACT POINT World Bank * * Luda Bujoreanu Senior Digital Development Specialist Jonathan Daniel Marskell Senior Program Officer * * Borrower / Client / Recipient * * Page 12 of 13 Dec 12 , 2023", "spans": [{"start": 667, "end": 687, "text": "satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2008 ( figure 22 ) . This is largely attributable to significant reduction in network losses , which were as high as 35 percent in 2003 but were reduced to 22 percent by 2008 . While tariffs have risen slightly , they have not kept pace with the rising costs of production Nevertheless , a 60 percent expansion of power production all sold at a loss , has inflated absolute hidden costs from $ 306 million in 2003 to $ 484 million in 2008 Expressed in terms of the size of the economy , these hidden costs shaved off 2 . 2 percent of GDP in 2003 , falling to 1 . 5 percent of GDP in 2008 . * * Figure 22 . Large hidden costs at the NEC due to underpricing and unaccounted losses * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 200 < br > 180 < br > 160 < br > 140 < br > 120 < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 < br > Unaccounted Losses UnderPricing Collection Inefficiencies < br > ( % ) < br > Hidden costs as a share of revenue < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Derived from Briceño-Garmendia , Smits , and Foster ( 2009 ) using data from World Bank ( 2007 ) and Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics handbooks . The NEC ’ s hidden costs look high when compared to that of other African utilities ( figure 23 ) . They represent about 100 percent of the NEC ’ s revenues and are double that of the top-performing countries such as Senegal , Côte d ’ Ivoire , and Benin . Nevertheless , they are far from being the worst in Africa . > < sup > 32 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 1099, "end": 1128, "text": "data from World Bank ( 2007 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * 85 * * | * * 8 . 7 * * | * * 12 . 5 * * | * * 119 . 3 * * | | Population ( million ) | 192 | 1 , 324 | 1 , 140 | 277 | 2 , 934 | | Outward FDI ( USD billion ) | 11 . 5 | 68 | 14 . 6 | 2 . 7 | 96 . 8 | Source : ILO , Penn World Tables and UNCTAD , 2011 The employment of labor intensive jobs in low wage countries currently is also large but pales in comparison to the numbers in either China or the emerging market countries ( Brazil , China and India ) collectively . As an example , in 2009 , all developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa collectively had a labor force of 338 million . Most of it was employed in subsistence agriculture that fetches below poverty level wages . Assuming that about 3 percent are in manufacturing suggests that the sector employs about 10 million African workers . To achieve employment in manufacturing equivalent to about 20 percent of total employment implies that Sub-Saharan Africa needs a total of about 70 million jobs . In most industrial countries , the share of 47", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 243, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have generally failed to fulfill their mandates . In AGP2 , greater emphasis will be provided on local level agricultural planning to embed the project further in local agricultural plans , ensure the principle of community consultation is not lost , and take a more strategic approach to the allocation of project funds , including greater alignment with natural resource availability , access to markets and selection of commodities Gender : As with the current AGP , the second phase will support the government ’ s policy to mainstream the participation of women ( both female headed households and women in male headed households ) and youth into the agricultural sector . This would include both targeted interventions ( including support to women groups for appropriate enterprises ) and ensuring inclusion in all project activities , backed up with an M & E system with disaggregated data . Nutrition : although improved nutrition is not an explicit or measurable outcome of the proposed project , there would be many activities that would support aspects of the National Nutrition Program , notable increasing the nutrition value and diversity of available foodstuffs . For example , the support to irrigation will be coupled with extension support to enable households to move to a greater variety of crops including for fodder , fruits and vegetables . Capacity building : The design of AGP2 would include capacity building for a range of organizations and through a number of approaches , including training . Under AGP , the effectiveness of training was found to be relatively weak . A more focused and structured approach to capacity building would be developed for AGP2 , drawing upon both good experience in Ethiopia ( such as under the", "spans": [{"start": 878, "end": 896, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "it is difficult to locate registered properties for tax administration because there is no proper address system and the tax database is not geocoded . The addresses provided at the time of registration are often vague ( e . g . , “ 18th Street ” or “ Catholic Hospital community ” ) . As a result , officials from the LRA typically rely on information from community members to identify buildings from the tax database , especially in cases where there is no readily available photograph of the property . < sup > 9 < / sup > Because of the lack of addresses , tax bills are not routinely delivered to property owners ; instead , they are required to visit the LRA to request their bills . Besides the challenges in identifying properties , the LRA faces legal , political , and logistical constraints to implementing the penalties for noncompliance . The most common consequence for noncompliance is that penalties ( up to 25 percent of the tax liability per year ) and interest ( an average of 15 percent per year ) are added to the tax liability . Although the revenue code allows for the closure and seizure of delinquent properties , these actions require a court ruling , which implies significant time and administrative costs . As a result , in practice , enforcement consists of repeated written notices and in-person visits to property owners and , at most , the posting of a delinquent notice on the property for 72 hours . Furthermore , given the limited staff and resources of the LRA , these enforcement actions are focused on select properties that have the highest revenue potential , leaving the majority of the tax base essentially free from enforcement . An additional key feature of real estate tax in this context is the tax rate . It is 1 . 5 percent of the property value per annum for commercial properties and 0 . 25 percent for residential properties . < sup > 10 < / sup > Given the relative illiquidity of the real estate market and the lack of transaction data , it is challenging to determine property values . To facilitate extensive margin compliance , property owners are allowed to self-declare their property", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 133, "text": "tax database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1974, "end": 1990, "text": "transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to sign an MoU rather than < br > contracts with SPs , by maintaining < br > essential terms and conditions for < br > quality implementation of the project < br > ( iii ) hire the contract management < br > specialist ASAP < br > * * ii i * * | MoWSA / FPCU / MoF < br > * * ii i * * | Continuous < br > * * ii i * * | Ongoing < br > * * ii i * * | Continuous | | | * * Component 4 : Institutio i * * < br > fi | * * iinal Strengthening , Project Management an i * * < br > fi | * * ii d Monitoring an i * * | * * ii d Evaluation * * | | | * * 21 * * | Staffing | PCU to share data on staffing | PCU | | | | | i | * * Financial Management * * | | | | | * * 22 * * | Lack < br > of < br > beneficiary < br > payment < br > reconciliation | Conduct < br > a < br > workshop < br > with < br > the < br > participation of CBE officials , CBE experts < br > from branches , project accountants , and < br > all other stakeholders to discuss the < br > challenges and agree on a way forward . | MoF , MUI | August - < br > September - < br > 2024 | On progress | 42", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 594, "text": "data on staffing", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 , 647 | 0 . 50 | 3 , 647 | 0 . 55 | | Cash transfer | | | 3 , 633 | 0 . 17 | 3 , 637 | 0 . 22 | | Payment deferrals | | | 3 , 636 | 0 . 09 | 3 , 635 | 0 . 12 | | New Credit | | | 3 , 636 | 0 . 07 | 3 , 635 | 0 . 08 | | Fiscal relief | | | 3 , 631 | 0 . 09 | 3 , 635 | 0 . 12 | | Wage subsidies | | | 3 , 638 | 0 . 40 | 3 , 640 | 0 . 44 | _Source_ : Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys . _Notes_ : Includes the 3 , 647 firms that reported whether they received government support in Rounds 1 , 2 , and 3 . Some firms did not specify the type of support , which is why the number of observations varies . * * < mark > Table 2 : Number of Government Support Rounds Received < / mark > * * | * * No . of Rounds * * | * * Rounds * * | * * Obs * * | * * Mean * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Considering all 3 Rounds_ * * | | | | | 3 | All 3 Rounds | 3 , 647 | 0 . 09 | | 2 | Rounds 1 and 2 | 3 , 647 | 0 . 07 | | 2 | Rounds 1 and 3 | 3 , 647 | 0 . 07 | | 2 | Rounds 2 and 3 | 3 , 647 | 0 . 05 | | 1 | Round 1 only | 3 , 647 | 0 . 20 | | 1 | Round 2 only | 3 , 647 | 0 . 03 | | 1 | Round 3 only | 3 , 647 | 0 . 05 | | 0 | No Rounds | 3 , 647 | 0 . 45 | | * * _Considering Rounds 1", "spans": [{"start": 372, "end": 398, "text": "COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Moreover , the region exhibits the world ’ s highest loan concentration ratio , reflecting a bias towards lending to large firms and excluding young and small firms ( World Bank , 2011 ) . Thirtyseven percent of MENA firms report that access to finance is a major constraint to doing business , higher than all regions except for Sub-Saharan Africa ( Figure 1 ) . Stimulating trade in the MENA region is not only an economic challenge , but also a governance challenge . Many empirical works find a strong relationship between poor governance and stunted growth in MENA . < sup > 10 < / sup > World Governance Indicator ( WGI ) scores for countries in the MENA region are much lower relative to other countries , and along certain dimensions of governance , MENA scores are lower than even lower-middle-income economies . Firms in MENA report being significantly more constrained along regulatory factors than in any other region . For example , 25 . 9 percent of MENA firms reported that business licensing and permits are a major constraint to their business operations , which is nearly double the rate in any other region ( Figure 1 ) . In addition to low governance ratings , political issues impede the movement of goods in the region . For example , Jordan neighbors the West Bank , which is largely excluded from the global market . Figure 1 . Share of Firms Identifying Business Enviroment Factor to be a Major Constraint < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 < br > 43 . 0 < br > 40 36 . 6 < br > 33 . 4 < br > 30 . 8 < br > 30 26 . 6 25 . 9 < br > 22 . 3 < br > 20 19 . 7 17 . 8 17 . 1 19 . 1 15 . 9 15 . 1 18 . 3 < br > 11 . 8 < br > 8 . 4 7 . 6 9 . 2 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Customs and Trade Regulations Access to Finance Business Licensing and Permits < br > East Asia & Pacific Eastern Europe & Central Asia", "spans": [{"start": 593, "end": 619, "text": "World Governance Indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 103 - Annex 14 Page 8 of 14 # # # UGANDA RAILWAYS CORPORATION1 # # # Terms of Reference for Accounts Verifications 3 . Bank Reconciliation 3 . 01 There are 11 bank accounts operatid , viz : Kampala Lira Jinja Gulu Kasese Masindi Tororo Dar es Salaam Mbale Nairobi Soroti - 3 . 02 Verify bank balance from bank statement - 3 . 03 Verify cash book balance from cash book and balance sheet - 3 . 04 Verify cheque payments with cash book and ledgars - 3 . 05 Verify outstanding uncashed cheques with cash book - 3 . 06 Write back into ledgers any cheques over six months old . 3 . 07 Examine discrepancies and write off to a suspense account all those which cannot be resolved quickly . It will be the task of the Uganda Railways internal auditor to investigate further these discrepancies , and he should be requested to submit quarterly reports on his progress . 3 . 08 Discuss with Uganda Comiercial Bank whether it could issue more prompt and relevant information to the railways accountant , e . g . , - a ) Weekly bank statements within one week of period concerned ( at present monthly sLatements are received with a delay of two to three months ) ; - b ) Full supporting debit or credit notes for every item on the bank statement .", "spans": [{"start": 1011, "end": 1033, "text": "Weekly bank statements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on better capturing labor outcome indicators in the country . Consequently the information content differs across surveys in terms of scope and content . This has meant that the methodology used to compute variables on the measurement of labor market outcomes - levels and trends – changed over time as well , posing challenges for analysis . Table 2 below summarizes how the five Uganda UNHS surveys since 1992 have measured ( i ) labor force participation rate , ( ii ) unemployment , and ( iii ) characteristics of _all_ economic activities undertaken , including earnings . It shows where key measurement recommendations for these indicators in low-income countries discussed in the previous section - such as screening questions and long recall periods to ensure that all economic activities are captured , careful measurement of unemployment , and use of both individual and household level modules to collect complete information on hours worked and income of the venture ( farm or non-farm ) - were and were not used . > 12 The guidelines for LSMS surveys can be found in Grosh and Glewwe , and online at www . web . worldbank . org ( go to LSMS website ) . > 13 UNHS questionnaires , documentation , and manuals are available at www . ubos . org . 11", "spans": [{"start": 381, "end": 400, "text": "Uganda UNHS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while simulations in this paper suggest that the poor earn a far greater share of the total increase in incomes from tourism . These findings strongly suggest that the tourism sector must be seen as an important sector in the efforts of Panamanian authorities to reduce poverty in this highly dual economy . But as suggested by the global experience , poverty benefits from the tourism sector are not automatic , and whether or not they receive a significant share of the benefits depends on the way the supply chains are structured and the way tourists spend their money . Given the importance of the tourism sector and its potential to result in large benefits for the poor , devising a set of indicators and effective monitoring schemes is of paramount importance . These indicators fall into three categories : ( 1 ) accurately measuring the flows of tourist expenditures to provinces and to the indigenous areas _comarcas_ , which was so far not possible with the available data ; ( 2 ) measuring the impact of tourism on local employment and wage levels at hotels , restaurants and other tourism-related enterprises ; ( 3 ) measuring the extent to which tourism establishments affect local food and beverage production and devising complementary projects to enhance agricultural productivity and improve access of local , particularly smallholder and poor farmers , to the supply chains ; ( 4 ) stimulating production and availability of quality handicrafts and artisan products in areas with high potential for these industries and measuring impacts of tourism on these sub-sectors ; ( 5 ) measuring availability of infrastructure availability and services to assess the degree of connectivity to markets , and the ease of travel within the country ’ s more peripheral areas . The household level data and data from tourism surveys ( Satellite Tourism Accounts ) that are needed for monitoring local impacts of tourism growth are already available in Panama . This paper has identified the data needs in order to carry out a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of local impacts of aggregate growth in tourism expenditures — survey data at the level of tourism destinations . No data are available to help determine which specific types of employment and specific subsectors of the economy the incremental", "spans": [{"start": 1823, "end": 1838, "text": "tourism surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1841, "end": 1867, "text": "Satellite Tourism Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2138, "end": 2149, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "community support of the project ; a grievance redress mechanism ; addressing adverse impacts and / or providing benefit-sharing ; establishing monitoring , evaluation , and reporting during implementation relating to the communities , have all been included in the project as social risk mitigation measures and benefits . The * * SA * * for Kenya focused on the pastoralist communities , the Turkanas and Pokots , and assessed the expectations and benefits of the project to the local people . The * * SA * * is prepared based on the ToRs for Social Assessment for Kenya have been disclosed in-country and at the InfoShop on November * * 26 , 2013 . * * The * * SA * * was approved * * by * * the Bank and disclosed locally and in the Infoshop in March 5th and 6th * * 2015 . * * Targeting Citizen Engagement in the Project : The project recognizes the importance of community participation , and will carry out Social Monitoring and Evaluation Survey before and after the implementation of the contracts for the upgrading of the Nadapal * * - * * Lockichar section and selected trade and development facilitation interventions , including the design of the OSBP , pastoralist road side markets , export processing zones , and fiber optic installation , in order to gauge how road users and communities view the performance of KeNHA in project delivery , and provide data that capture citizen feedbacks and social outcomes . The survey will use gender disaggregated data to measure and explain how these roads are changing women ' s lives , particularly in access to schools , health facilities , markets , and enhancing social capital ; and the findings will serve as a tool to define road network social issues , and recommendations for further improvements in the sector . To promote accountability and enhance transparency , the project will partner with CSOs to ensure due diligence , particularly attend monthly site meetings and during bid opening ( as observers ) to strengthen the process in a participatory manner . The project will also place emphasis on formal", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 953, "text": "Social Monitoring and Evaluation Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1447, "end": 1472, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impact close to 0 . 4 and a surprisingly large long-run effect . Tax multipliers , on the other hand , are statistically insignificant . Yadav et al . ( 2012 ) estimate the impact of fiscal shocks on the Indian economy using quarterly data from 1997 Q1 to 2009 Q2 . They argue that unexpected changes in tax revenue have a much larger effect on GDP on impact than unexpected changes in government spending . Jain and Kumar ( 2013 ) estimate the size of the expenditure multiplier in India at the center and the state level using annual data for the period from 1980 to 2011 . The size of the multiplier for all categories of expenditure by state governments is estimated to be larger than that of the central government . Furthermore , capital spending has a higher multiplier than current spending . Depending on the model specification , the aggregate tax multiplier is found to be between 0 . 1 to 0 . 5 , which is lower than the expenditure multiplier . Finally , Bose and Bhanumurthy ( 2015 ) present a structural macroeconomic model for the estimation of fiscal multipliers in India . Based on annual data from 1991 to 2012 , they find a large capital expenditure multiplier of 2 . 5 , a transfer payment and current spending multiplier of 1 , and a tax multiplier of - 1 . # * * 3 . Data * * The dataset constructed for the analyses in this paper comprises annual data from 1987 to 2017 for the following six South Asian countries : Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . We rely mostly on the World Development Indicators ( WDI ) from the World Bank . This is the case for real GDP values in US dollars for all the countries and for the tax revenue measured as percent of GDP for Bhutan , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . The WDI tax series for Bhutan and Pakistan have some missing values . Since the correlation for overlapping years of the WDI and Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) series is 4", "spans": [{"start": 529, "end": 540, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1100, "end": 1129, "text": "annual data from 1991 to 2012", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1364, "end": 1393, "text": "annual data from 1987 to 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1527, "end": 1563, "text": "World Development Indicators ( WDI )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1754, "end": 1768, "text": "WDI tax series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "project ) | 11 . 00 | 100 % | | * * Total amount * * | 18 . 00 | | # * * _Financial Reporting_ * * 16 . The government will prepare a consolidated report based on the IFRs submitted by WFP and FAO using the agreed reporting format and content on a quarterly basis . The consolidated 37", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 171, "text": "IFRs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * COVID-19 Economic Crisis and Recovery Development Policy Financing ( P173906 ) Memoranda of Understanding have been signed between relevant core Ministries and Agencies < sup > 33 < / sup > to establish the national single registry for beneficiaries of safety net programs . 56 . * * _Expected results : _ * * According to World Bank estimates , the rapid and time-bound expansion of LIPW is expected to reach roughly 500 , 000 beneficiaries and estimated to cost US $ 35 million , which is already budgeted under the Road Fund . < sup > 34 < / sup > The ultimate reach of LIPW will depend , among others , on the demand for public works given beneficiaries ’ opportunity costs . This income would support them with compensating at least part of the loss of income due to COVID-19 containment measures and help minimize harmful coping strategies ( such as eating fewer meals or selling productive assets ) . This is critical to mitigate irreversible long-term damage and minimize the erosion of gains made in terms of human capital accumulation . The Government ’ s goal of seeking to target women ( 50 percent of beneficiaries ) will support gender balance in the implementation of this program . The expansion in the senior citizens ’ grant will protect the elderly and is expected to reach some 200 , 000 beneficiaries , who will also receive a lumpsum payment for the period January to June , which will amount to a total of US $ 8 million . MGLSD will report on progress in September 2020 and again in July 2021 . Finally , the national single registry for beneficiaries of safety net programs is assessed to have 1 , 090 , 880 registered beneficiaries , which will enable a more rapid social protection response in future crises . # # * * Pillar 2 . Supporting faster economic recovery and debt transparency * * 57 . * * The large-scale economic shock and loss of employment , for those in the formal sector as well", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 295, "text": "national single registry for beneficiaries of safety net programs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1556, "end": 1621, "text": "national single registry for beneficiaries of safety net programs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNHCR Lebanon , the International Medical Corps , Makhzoumi Foundation , Caritas Lebanese Migrant Centre , GlobMed and other < br > local and international actors for providing services and / or data . Analysis of data and preparation of information sheets was carried out by < br > Adjusted average cost < br > UNHCR Public Health Section , Geneva . UNHCR and its partners will continually update and , where necessary , modify the data and analysis < br > estimate for Taanayel < br > provided , in order to ensure that the most current and accurate view is available to key stakeholders and the public . < br > hospital < br > Registered Syrian refugee population < br > Number of referrals per 100 refugees per month < br > Annualized estimated per capita hospital costs , USD < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 630, "end": 666, "text": "Registered Syrian refugee population", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services for the Detailed Design of the VKE Intemational ( Ply ) Ltd Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nimule Road Resettlement Action Plan Contract No . RDPIHW / S018 July 2009 # # # # # 6 . 13 . ~ Properties not covered under the above rates Section . 78 allows the Valuer , using skills and methods available to him as a professional in the field to estimate the market value or replacement cost value ( as the case may be ) of such properties for compensation purposes . # # # # # 6 . 14 Compensation Approach # # # # # 6 . 14 . 1 Strip Maps Strip maps have been prepared to show areas where people are affected on the project road sections . All land areas shall be obtained through measurements and computations carried out by the Land Survey Teams . These maps are also intended to show the road reserve , which should be secured and protected from claims made by encroachers after compensation . # # # # # 6 . 15 Determination of Compensation Awards # # # # # 6 . 15 . 1 Road Reserve and Existing Road Width For purposes of this study , the road reserve width was assumed to be 30m when assessing properties of PAPs in the following road sections : - i ) Gulu Bypass from the main Kampala-Gulu road to the Commercial Corner Roundabout ( 4 . 0 km ) - ii ) Commercial Corner Roundabout-Atiak-Nimule ( 104 km ) - iii ) Commercial Corner Roundabout-Kaunda grounds / Prisons junction ( Lagony road ) . 20 - 24 metres for the following road sections : - iv ) Kaunda grounds / Prisons junction - Christ Church section ( Atwal road ) and Kaunda grounds / Prisons junction-Airfield road . # # # # # 6 . 15 . 2 Existing Road Width Basing on the topographic survey , design drawings and measurements have been taken to determine the existing carriage way width . Generally", "spans": [{"start": 1659, "end": 1677, "text": "topographic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Inclusive Growth and Fiscal DPO ( P168204 ) on implementation each rated < u > Satisfactory . < / u > Relevance of Results - - Moderately Satisfactory Indicators Quality of ICR - - Substantial # # * * 12 . Lessons * * There a number of lessons which may be derived from this ICR Review , which include , most notably : 1 . Estimates of the anticipated reduction of tax exemptions of the Income Tax Bill 2019 should have been assessed to justify its relevance in supporting the achievement of the overarching objective of creating fiscal space . 2 . Evidence should have been provided on how the adoption of an electronic debt registry supported the achievement of the overarching objective of creating fiscal space compared to the manual debt registry which was relied upon until then . 3 . The adoption of a strategy , such as the second National Broadband Strategy covering the 2018-2023 period , does not sufficiently move the reform process along the results chain , and must have been complemented by reform measures . 4 . RIs should be carefully selected carefully in order to ensure that they are clear , well defined and can measure achievement of the target of the RI toward the overarching objective along the result chain . In this DPO series , the relevance of many RIs were rated as Unsatisfactory or Moderately Unsatisfactory , which limited the assessment of the achievement of the overarching objectives . Further , the achievement of Objective 2 was not even fully assessed through the RIs which had been identified . # # * * 13 . Project Performance Assessment Report ( PPAR ) Recommended ? * * Yes Please explain Given the large size of the DPO series , and its complexity , this may warrant a more in-depth look through a PPAR . Page 26 of 26", "spans": [{"start": 703, "end": 727, "text": "electronic debt registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 824, "end": 844, "text": "manual debt registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Good Practice Registration of Refugees at Osire Refugee Camp – Namibia * * Cross-References : * * _Protection Monitoring / Registration_ * * Goal : * * Conduct a comprehensive , continuous registration of all refugees in the Osire refugee camp and create a database with all information . * * Partners : * * UNHCR , Government of Namibia , AFRICARE , AHA , JRS # # # # # # * * Objectives : * * - 1 . Obtain more reliable statistics on the refugee population in the camp to improve protection . Program planning , and the distribution of humanitarian assistance . - 2 . Enhance the quality of the data collected , including a photo database . - 3 . More effectively identify individuals and groups with specific needs , including protection cases . - 4 . Register refugees as a tool for voluntary repatriation and documentation . - 5 . Gather data on intentions and places of return of Angolan and Rwandan refugees . - 6 . Gather more accurate information on non-Angolan refugees for refugee status determination and possible durable solutions . # # # # # # * * Implementation Strategy : * * A one-time registration of the refugee caseload was completed . The data obtained is kept in a database that includes a text and a photo database . Registration is an ongoing daily activity , capturing changes in the refugee population such as births , deaths , new arrivals , and departures . # # # # # # * * Challenges in Implementation : * * - Some refugees , although registered in the camp , do not physically reside at the camp . However , they still wish to receive humanitarian assistance . - The refugee urban caseload was not included . - UNHCR Namibia had to identify and train a database manager . - In the context of voluntary repatriation , electronic transfer of the data is sometimes difficult due to limited communication facilities in the camp . # # # # # # * * Results to Date : * * - UNHCR Namibia has accurate", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 639, "text": "photo database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1222, "end": 1236, "text": "photo database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been received . # # # i ) Transfers from the Exchequer Transfer from Exchequer is recognized in the books of accounts when cash is received . Cash is considered as received when payment instruction is issued to the bank and notified to the receiving entity . * * 5 * *", "spans": [{"start": 100, "end": 117, "text": "books of accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 # 5 . Remittances and Poverty Now that per capita household expenditures have been predicted in the two situations – excluding and including remittances – for the three groups of households , it is possible to examine the impact of these financial transfers on poverty in Ghana . This is done in Table 6 . Table 6 is based on a poverty line of 684 , 401 cedis / person / year , which is equivalent to the poverty headcount index of 39 . 5 percent that is cited as the 1998 / 99 poverty line for Ghana ( Ghana Statistical Service , 2000 : Table 2 ) . < sup > 21 < / sup > Using this poverty line , Table 6 reports three different poverty measures . The first measure - - the poverty headcount - - shows the percent of the population living beneath the poverty line . However , this headcount index ignores the “ depth of poverty , ” that is , the amount by which the average expenditure of the poor fall short of the poverty line . The table therefore also reports a second measure , the poverty gap index . This index measures in percentage terms how far the average expenditures of the poor fall short of the national poverty line . The third poverty measure - - the squared poverty gap index – shows the “ severity of poverty . ” The squared poverty gap index possesses useful analytical properties , because it is sensitive to changes in distribution among the poor . In other words , while a transfer of expenditures from a poor person to a poorer person will not change the headcount index or the poverty gap index , it will decrease the squared poverty gap index . Columns ( 1-4 ) of Table 6 report the results for the different poverty measures . With only one exception , all of the measures show that that the inclusion of remittances – either internal or international – in household expenditure reduces the level , depth and severity of poverty in Ghana . < sup > 22 < / sup > However , the size of the poverty reduction depends very", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY Quantitative data sets were analyzed using excel data sheets . Upon completion of the data entry transcriptions , the study team leader carried out qualitative and quantitative data analysis , which included a search for patterns and for concepts that helped to explain the patterns .  * * Phase 5 : Preparation of ARAP Report * * This phase involved detailed analysis of the census data and synthesizing the results of consultations , socio-economic survey work and draft Local Physical Development Plan . This was in order to prepare proposals and strategies for compensation packages to be included in the ARAP . socio-economic survey work and draft Local Physical Development Plan . This was in order to prepare proposals and strategies for compensation packages to be included in the ARAP . 4-4", "spans": [{"start": 122, "end": 144, "text": "Quantitative data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 499, "end": 510, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1999 , community-led WASH programs have been implemented in at least 60 countries , and 15 countries have incorporated them into national policy [ 11 , 12 ] . Despite this broad adoption , the health effects of community-led WASH interventions – and of many WASH interventions in general – remain poorly understood . The accumulation of evidence has accelerated in recent years , but the length of the causal chain from the intervention to the outcome , and the vast design space for WASH interventions ( which can incorporate behavior change campaigns , infrastructure , institutions , and / or new technologies ) , means that many fundamental questions remain unanswered . A meta-analysis of 13 randomized WASH trials found no effect on child length-for-age , but a meta-analysis of 124 WASH studies ( randomized and observational ) found a protective effect against diarrhea [ 11 , 13 – 24 ] . There is a great deal of heterogeneity in effect size across studies , likely due to variation in intervention components and intensity , and to the influence of contextual factors such as baseline exposure to fecal matter . To our knowledge , this is the first trial of an intervention that combines the creation of new institutions , funding for new or improved infrastructure , and a behavior change campaign , all within a locally-led process of targeting and implementation . We study this complex intervention as it is implemented at scale , providing a realistic estimate of effectiveness for policy makers in similar contexts . Our follow-up period is unusually long ( 3 . 6 years ) , enabling us to address the question of sustainability . We also provide evidence in a conflict-affected setting , where WASH interventions have rarely been evaluated using experimental designs .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * development of schools or community centers can contribute to providing better access to education for children in the informal settlement . * * SDG 6 : Clean Water and Sanitation : * * The project can provide access to clean and safe water sources , as well as upgraded sanitation facilities , thereby improving hygiene and reducing waterborne diseases . * * SDG 8 : Decent Work and Economic Growth : * * The project can create jobs and economic opportunities within the informal settlement , supporting sustainable economic growth and reducing unemployment . * * SDG 11 : Sustainable Cities and Communities : * * By improving infrastructure and housing , the project can contribute to the development of more sustainable and resilient communities within the informal settlement . * * SDG 12 : Responsible Consumption and Production : * * Implementing sustainable construction practices , such as using recycled materials and minimizing waste , can promote responsible consumption and production . * * SDG 13 : Climate Action : * * The construction project can incorporate climate-resilient design elements and technologies that mitigate the impact of climate change on the informal settlement . * * SDG 16 : Peace , Justice , and Strong Institutions : * * The project can contribute to the improvement of living conditions , social cohesion , and access to justice within the informal settlement . * * SDG 17 : Partnerships for the Goals : * * Collaborating with local communities , NGOs , and governmental organizations can help ensure the project ' s success and alignment with the broader development goals . Other several international conventions and treaties emphasize the importance of environmental and social impact assessment ( ESIA ) to ensure that development projects take into account their potential", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "covariate shocks . For example , 80 percent of Argentines would turn to family , neighbors or friends if they became unemployed but only 40 percent would turn to this group in periods of wide-spread unemployment ( World Bank 2001 ) . < sup > 24 < / sup > The large fraction of workers delinked from formal institutions and the relative frequency of large covariate shocks has led the region to experiment with three mechanisms which vary in goals and which depend to differing degrees on existing institutions for targeting and the quality of administrative capacity . < sup > 25 < / sup > Workfare programs such as _Trabajar_ in Argentina self target by putting wages below market thereby being attractive only to those without other options . The program was less successful in Colombia where legal barriers proscribe subminimum wages payments ; instead greater effort was put into conditional transfer programs that relied on well established targeting systems and training programs . These tend to benefit the young and informal sector workers . Conditional cash transfer programs tweaked with counter cyclical triggering devices can help families smooth crises while defusing somewhat concerns about _asitencialismo_ , but they require existing household poverty mappings for targeting which can be administratively complex and are less well suited to target those affected by employment shocks . Training programs for , particularly youth , combine cash infusion with human capital accumulation . # * * Future Work * * < sup > * * 26 * * < / sup > - * * < u > Nature of unemployment shocks . < / u > * * A mapping of the probability , duration , and - demographic distribution of employment shocks is , in theory , necessary to know whether systems should emphasize self insurance , as LAC has done , versus pooling risk through true UI as ECA has done . - * * < u > Quantification of effects on labor supply and remuneration . < / u > * * As a complement , more - research is needed on the magnitude of the moral hazard issues in terms of reduced search and hence higher unemployment . The most common areas of UI research in the US and European literature is", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1276, "text": "household poverty mappings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "application ‘ _Nash Gorod_ ’ and register with the mobile phone number . They can then send complaints , selecting a problem they encounter , and accompanying the message with a photo . All complaints are accumulated in the portal ’ s ‘ editing office , ’ where thirty moderators assign the complaints to authorities responsible for the specific road under question . These decisions are made within 24 hours . The portal claims that most problems are resolved on average in five days . On the issue of road maintenance , the portal adheres to the city Resolution 762-PP , < sup > 8 < / sup > which requires the ongoing road repairs in response to public complaints to be completed within eight business days from the time of the complaint . Because of its simplicity of use and effectiveness with public service delivery , the portal has since become the largest aggregator of complaints about potholes along with complaints in other spheres of life in Moscow , such as public transportation , various municipal services , illegal businesses , abandoned vehicles , street advertisement issues , etc . Currently , the site reports over 1 . 5 million portal users and over 3 . 9 million resolved complaints since 2011 . # Data and Empirical Model Our analysis employs data at the municipal level of the city of Moscow over the period between the two most recent mayoral election rounds , 2013 and 2018 . We scrape the electoral data ( votes for the registered candidates and the turnout ) from the Central Electoral Commission of the Russian Federation website . < sup > 9 < / sup > We scrape the data about pothole complaints from the two online platforms described in the section above : _Rosyama_ ( 7 , 709 total complaints ) and _Nash Gorod_ ( 205 , 935 total complaints ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > As we explain above , while having considerably fewer records , the former platform was important in the early years of our data sample . Both online platforms provide information about the location of the pothole ( at the municipal level ) , the date the complaint was registered , the unique user id who has registered", "spans": [{"start": 1417, "end": 1431, "text": "electoral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Local consultative meetings with < br > PAPs ( site specific ) , one-on-one < br > interviews , HH survey , site visits , < br > FGDs particularly with VDGs & < br > HUCs . Stakeholder meetings with < br > gov . bodies & partners . Written < br > Project Information papers & < br > documents . Community / < br > stakeholder awareness training / < br > sensitization events & workshops . < br > Monitoring reports & Community < br > Perception Surveys / Studies . Use < br > of social media , posters , notice < br > boards , telephone ( esp . for GRM < br > uptake ) & EEU / EEP websites , < br > email communications . GRM < br > Logbooks . _PRIME-1 Project_ < br > _Implementation Support Missions_ . | EEU , EEP PIUs , E & S < br > staff , E & S focal < br > persons , contractors , < br > GRCs , WB & relevant < br > gov . bodies & < br > interested parties . | At least monthly & as < br > more frequently as < br > deemed necessary , < br > and then quarterly , six < br > monthly & annually < br > ( PRIME-1 Key Project < br > Milestones ) . | | * * Project Operation Phase : * * < br > Maintain < br > constructive < br > relationships with stakeholders < br > and maintain awareness of < br > E & S < br > and < br > health < br > & < br > safety < br > practices < br > in < br > the < br > local < br > communities . | Stakeholder of all < br > levels , < br > including < br > PAPs , VDGs , HUCs", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 105, "text": "HH survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 434, "end": 452, "text": "Perception Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) placed to benefit from a demographic dividend as fertility continues to decline and more educated . Yet , continued investments in foundational and higher order skills will be critical for Kenya to achieve its vision of an inclusive UMIC . * * Figure 2 : Kenya Compared to UMIC Aspirational Peers * * _Source : _ World Economic Forum , Global Competitiveness Index 2017-2018 4 . * * Disparities and inequities in HCI pose a big challenge that needs to be addressed . * * Before the pandemic , Kenya suffered from pronounced inequality of opportunity , which manifests in several areas of human development and is associated with limited access to essential services . For instance , prevailing inequities in access to quality primary education schooling have resulted in significant subnational variations in HCI and Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling ( LAYS ) indicators ( Figure 3 ) . The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to exacerbate inequalities in human development unless urgent and concentrated efforts are made to counter its adverse effects . Special attention should be paid to the most vulnerable populations including those in lower wealth and income quintiles , women , refugees and their host communities , the populations of North and North Eastern < sup > 1 < / sup > counties , as well as the inhabitants of the numerous informal settlements across the country . * * Figure 3 : Subnational Human Capital and LAYS Index Distribution by County * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > HCI Learning-Adjusted Years of School < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ World Bank Calculations based on KIHBS 2015 / 16 and NASMLA 2019 for Grade 7 1 Ten North and Northeastern counties : Garissa , Isiolo , Lamu , Mandera , Marsabit , Samburu , Tana River , Turkana , Wajir , and West Pokot", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 444, "text": "Global Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1701, "end": 1706, "text": "KIHBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1721, "end": 1732, "text": "NASMLA 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gille 18 * * Table 6 . * * Coefficient of Proportionality | * * Group * * | * * ( 1 ) * * | * * ( 2 ) * * | * * ( 3 ) * * | * * ( 4 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * No excluded variable * * | | | | | | Caste | 1 . 34 | 1 . 27 | 0 . 92 | 0 . 79 | | Caste & occup | 0 . 84 | 0 . 83 | 0 . 81 | 0 . 71 | | Jati & occup | 0 . 82 | 0 . 79 | 0 . 89 | 0 . 74 | | Caste & occup , WHEAT | 7 . 76 | 7 . 47 | 2 . 27 | 2 . 88 | | * * Excluded var : Head educ and Othe * * | * * r group mean educ * * | | | | | Caste | 2 . 05 | 1 . 93 | 1 . 35 | 1 . 14 | | Caste & occup | 3 . 07 | 3 . 00 | 2 . 90 | 2 . 39 | | Jati & occup | 1 . 87 | 1 . 80 | 2 . 04 | 1 . 65 | | Caste & occup , WHEAT | 17 . 93 | 16 . 64 | 3 . 34 | 4 . 36 | | Household controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Agr . controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Group controls | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Controls for other group | No | No | Yes | Yes | | Add . controls | No | No | No | Yes | _Source_ : Author ’ s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research . _Note_ : This table reports coefficients of", "spans": [{"start": 1094, "end": 1103, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * KNBS * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 and compiling other development Indexes including Human Development Indexes . He is the Director in charge of Production Statistics Directorate whose mandate involves collection , analysis , generation and dissemination of statistics in the areas of Labour , Prices , Industrial , Agriculture and Livestock , Environment and Nutrition statistics . He is also a qualified quality management system internal auditor and currently heads a team of champions , implementing the ISO * * 9001 : 2015 * * Quality Management System in the Bureau . Macdonald George Obudho has worked in Kenya National Bureau of Statistics since * * 1995 * * to date . He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics and Computer Science ( Second class honours * * - * * Upper Division ) from Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology and a Master of Science degree in Statistics from the same university . He has vast experience in conducting population and housing censuses , designing and carrying out sample surveys and * * Mr Macdonald * * compilation of official statistics . From the statistical * * George Obudho , * * background , he has experience in cartographic work , * * MBS * * designing different types of statistical household sampling frames and maintenance of the same . He has been in * * Dir . , Population & * * management for * * 13 * * years that brings about both * * Social Statistics * * administrative and technical experience . He has coordinated the writing of very many reports like census monographs , demographic and health surveys and Multiple Cluster Surveys . He has a number of certificates under his name that arise from short courses , workshops and seminars attended both locally and internationally . Some of them are on censuses , post census enumeration surveys , statistical Designs and Development , Sampling and weighting of data , Strategic Leadership Development Programme , Risk Management , Quality Management System , among many others Ms . Ann Mburu holds a Master of Science Degree", "spans": [{"start": 1070, "end": 1101, "text": "population and housing censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1660, "end": 1690, "text": "demographic and health surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1695, "end": 1719, "text": "Multiple Cluster Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "compensation < br > within 30 ( thirty ) days of notice ( Article < br > ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ) . < br > According < br > to < br > Council < br > of < br > Ministers < br > Regulations No . 472 / 2019 , a written notice < br > shall be sent to all concerned landholders < br > and proof of receipt by such landholders < br > shall be provided . | As regards to eligibility of PAPs who have < br > no recognizable legal right or claim to the < br > land for compensation , national laws are < br > in < br > a < br > clear < br > contradiction < br > with < br > the < br > requirements of the WB ’ s ESS 5 . For < br > example , national legislations do not only < br > deny the rights of informal landholders , < br > but they also require them to evacuate < br > such land without claiming compensation < br > when expropriated for public purposes . | It is recommended that < br > the < br > WB ’ s < br > ESS < br > 5 < br > requirements are applied < br > to the proposed project . | | Cut-off date | ESS 5 requires that in conjunction with the < br > census , a cutoff date for eligibility shall be < br > established . Information regarding the cut - < br > offdate shallbewelldocumented andwill | Both the Constitution and Proclamation < br > No . 1161 / 2019 imply ( e . g . declaration of < br > public purpose , written notification [ one < br > year in advance ] to landholders whose | The national legislation require the < br > expropriation order / notification to be < br > issued prior to the expropriation . The < br > WB ’ sESS 5 alsorequiresinformation | The < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1049, "end": 1055, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # # # * * < u > Definition of Terms < / u > * * * * Compensation * * means payments made in cash or in kind in recognition of loss of assets and Livelihoods resulting from impacts caused by planning and surveying . * * “ Involuntary Displacement ” * * means the involuntary acquisition of land resulting in direct or indirect economic and social impacts caused by : Loss of benefits from use of such land ; relocation or loss of shelter ; loss of assets or access to assets ; or loss of income sources or means of livelihood , whether the Displaced Persons has moved to another location or not . However , under this RAP land acquisition was not triggered as the water pipelines will be laid within the existing road reserve . * * Cut-off date * * is the date of beginning of the socio-economic survey / census and asset inventory of PAPs . Persons entering and / or occupying land in the project area after this date and not included in the inventory of PAPs will not be considered eligible for compensation . Similarly , fixed assets such as structures , established after the cut-off date will not be compensated . * * Grievance : * * is any dissatisfaction or sense of injustice or unfairness felt by a person in this respect a PAP or his / her representative in connection with his / her compensation entitlements , the RAP implementation process , the project and other scenarios related to project implementation . * * Market rate : * * The selling price of a commodity in the open competitive market . * * Project Affected Person ( s ) ( PAPs ) * * are persons , < mark > households , enterprises , and public or", "spans": [{"start": 1036, "end": 1094, "text": "socio-economic survey / census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1198, "end": 1215, "text": "inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia PFM Project ( P150922 ) Implementation Status & Results Report  Target agencies progressively increase number of contracts awarded within agreed benchmark of 180 days for works contrcts > US $ 5million & Goods > US $ 500 , 000 ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 10 . 00 | 10 . 00 | 74 . 50 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 30-Dec-2015 | 16-Jun-2017 | 25-May-2018 | 08-Apr-2020 | # # Comments MOFEC provided the following explanations : In 2009 EFY ( FY17 ) out 39 ERA projects 29 of them are awarded with less than 180 days , Ministry of Agriculture awarded one of its projects with 132 days . PPDS awarded out of 19 projects 11 of them are awarded less than 100 days . In general , out of 51 projects 38 of them are awarded less than 180 days . Therefore , it was calculated as 38 / 51 * 100 = 74 . 5 The 2010 data will be consolidated are the end of the fiscal year . # # # #  Increase in the percentage of audits conforming to International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | TBC | - - | Baseline assessment in < br > progress | TBC | | Date | 30-Dec-2015 | 06-Dec-2017 | 25-May-2018 | 31-Dec-2020 | # # Comments MOFEC provided the following explanations : * * 1 . AFR", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 971, "text": "2010 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "there is < br > enough information < br > ` o ` < br > Improve use of alternative tariff structure options < br > ` o ` < br > Introduce subsidy and guarantee budgets ( better control ) < br > ` o ` < br > Rely more effectively on tax ‐ related data or consumption surveys < br > to reduce the risk of omissions or undesired inclusion in subsidies < br > ( improve information for targeting ) < br > ` o ` < br > Introduce ordeal mechanisms as eligibilitycriteria for subsidies | * * ‐ * * < br > * * ‐ * * < br > * * ‐ * * < br > * * ? * * < br > * * ‐ * * | * * ‐ * * < br > * * ‐ * * < br > * * ‐ * * < br > * * ? * * < br > * * ‐ * * | * * ? * * < br > * * ? * * < br > * * ‐ * * < br > * * ? * * < br > * * ‐ * * | * * ‐ * * < br > * * ‐ * * < br > * * ‐ * * < br > * * ‐ * * < br > * * ‐ * * | | * * Oversight * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * regulation * * | ` o ` < br > Create a truly independent regulator ( separation of powers ) < br > ` o ` < br > Ensure transparent recruitment of regulators < br > ` o ` < br > Limit future employment opportunities in the sector for ex ‐ < br > regulators < br > ` o ` < br > Ensure independent financing of regulatory agencies < br > ` o ` < br > Adopt competitive wages for regulators and their staff < br > ` o ` < br > Match regulatory institutions to the general institutional capacity < br > ` o `", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 272, "text": "tax ‐ related data or consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transactions o f the project . The audited accounts o f NBE will be submitted to the World Bank six months after the end o f each fiscal year . 52 . The bulk o f procurement under this project i s services , rather than goods . * * A * * procurement plan for the first 18 months has been agreed with the authorities ( see Annex 8 ) . # # # # # # * * 4 . Social * * 53 . N o specific social safeguard issues have been identified at present . # # # # # * * 5 . Environment * * 54 . The project i s designated in ‘ Category C ’ for environmental screening where the responsibility for ( potential future ) safeguard review and clearance has been transferred to the Sector Manager . # # # # # * * 6 . Safeguard policies * * # # # # # * * 7 . Policy Exceptions and Readiness * * * * 55 . * * The project does not require any exception from Bank procedures . Assessments and preparation of fiduciary arrangements , staff and consultant selection , monitoring and evaluation systems , and implementation and procurement plans meet the regional criteria for readiness o f implementation . 16", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 59, "text": "audited accounts o f NBE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * ( MoLS ) * * | Oversight , implementation and M & E < br > Coordinate and facilitate , support in < br > identifying potential businesses for < br > apprenticeship , business associations | Project design , implementation report | | * * _8 . _ * * | * * Refugee and Returnee * * < br > * * Services ( RRS ) * * | RRS is an implementing partner in the < br > Bikat youth employment component , < br > whose role is to co-ordinate Bikat with < br > the rest of refugee policy and to < br > provide protection to refugees , per its < br > institutional mandate . | Project implementation updates and reports , < br > data and information on target beneficiaries , < br > issues and concerns raised by beneficiaries < br > focusing on sub component 2 . 1 | | | _Component 3_ | | | | * * _9 . _ * * | < br > * * MoWSA * * | Implementation and coordination of < br > component < br > 3 , < br > contribute < br > to < br > development of guidelines , manuals < br > and < br > environmental < br > and < br > social < br > documents , responsible for their < br > implementation under component 3 . | Data and information on beneficiaries , < br > Reporting from implementing partners , < br > monitoring on quality of services and < br > implementation challenges | | * * _C_ * * | Regional Level Bureaus < br > _Component 1_ | | | 23", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 673, "text": "data and information on target beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Redistribution : Evidence from the Life in Transition Survey . European Journal of Political Economy , 34 : 300-314 . - Cruces , G . , R . Perez-Truglia , and M . Tetaz ( 2013 ) . Biased Perceptions of Income Distribution and Preferences for Redistribution : Evidence from a Survey Experiment . Journal of Public Economics , 98 : 100-112 . - Diermeier M , H . Goecke , J . Niehues J , and T . Thomas , 2017 . Impact of inequality-related media coverage on the concerns of the citizens , DICE Discussion Paper 258 . 39", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 60, "text": "Life in Transition Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Supplementary Material * * # * * A1 Data Preparation * * # # * * A1 . 1 World Bank Enterprise Surveys * * We compile our data set from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( World Bank , 2020a ) , a firm-level survey of a representative sample of an economy ’ s private sector , including both manufacturing and services firms . We used the 2019 surveys , which were conducted in 31 countries in Europe , the Middle East and North Africa , and the Russian Federation and Central Asia . In each country , firms responded to either the Manufacturing survey or the Services survey based on their self-identified sectors . The survey includes productive inputs , performance measures , business indicators , management practice scores , and a green economy module . This module covers energy and environmental impacts as well as energyand climate-related management practices . We use the energy practices in the green economy module to compute the energy management score . This score is designed to capture the extent to which a firm has implemented structured practices aimed at reducing or raising the efficiency of energy use . The green economy module also covers the physical quantities of various forms of energy consumption such as electricity , petroleum , coal , and natural gas . We use these energy data to compute energy intensity in physical terms . To the best of our knowledge , this paper is the first to analyze the impact of general and energy management practices on physical and value measures of energy intensity . Observations of services firms are generally missing capital stock and share of high-skilled labor . Using the World Bank classification ( World Bank Data , 2020 ) , only one country is classified as low-income ( Tajikistan ) ; we therefore group countries into three income categories : high , upper middle , and lower middle . # # * * A1 . 2 Merging * * We merge the firm-level responses from all the 31 countries into a combined dataset . For categorical variables such as region that are country-specific and thus inconsistent across surveys , we tagged the possible responses by country throughout the merge to ensure that the responses remained", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 107, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1304, "end": 1315, "text": "energy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1676, "end": 1691, "text": "World Bank Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the review . Almost all studies are described as _natural experiments_ by the authors but face major measurement and identification challenges . Availability of micro data is one of the challenges and the first explanation of why these types of studies have emerged only very recently . < sup > 7 < / sup > All studies have been undertaken _ex-post_ , after the displacement crisis has taken place . The unexpected nature of the crisis and the randomness of the allocation of displaced persons are two elements used to defend the natural experiment assumption . However , all papers address the central question of endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity . How random is the decision to leave , the choice of destination or the type of people who flee ? What other > 7 National household surveys do not normally cover displaced populations and humanitarian agencies in charge of displaced populations do not normally cover host populations in their surveys . These latter surveys also rarely contain socio-economic information of sufficient quality to be used in econometric studies , not least because issues such as sampling and questionnaire design are extremely difficult with mobile populations such as refugees and IDPs . Registration data do not always capture the whole displaced population , might be outdated and focus on the displaced rather than host communities . Displaced people are usually hosted in marginal areas where data are scarce or of poor quality . 4", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 171, "text": "micro data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 770, "end": 796, "text": "National household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1229, "end": 1246, "text": "Registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "address this gap . Under the 100 Percent Transition Policy , the transition rate from primary to secondary levels increased to 83 percent in 2019 . 8 . * * Access related outcomes for refugee learners are considerably below the national averages * * . While there have been gains in primary school education over the last decade , primary school attendance in refugee > 2 Formerly Refugee Affairs Secretariat ( RAS ) within the Ministry of the Interior . > 3 UNHCR , ( December 2021 ) : https : / / www . unhcr . org / ke / wp-content / uploads / sites / 2 / 2022 / 01 / Kenya-Infographics-31-December2021 . pdf > 4 World Bank ( 2021 ) _Socioeconomic Impacts of COVID-19 in Kenya on Households Rapid Response Phone Survey , Rounds 1-3 . _ Page 8 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 721, "text": "Households Rapid Response Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The results for the Index outcome data are shown in figure 9 for both 2019 and 2020 for the policymaker priors These figures show that the majority of the firms have ITEs centered at zero , with limited potential for heterogeneous effects in both 2019 and 2020 . There is a reasonably high probability that at least some firms experienced positive effects , but the same is true of negative effects , and most firms have ITEs estimated to be almost exactly zero . Both the spread of effects and the uncertainty in these tails is more pronounced in 2020 relative to 2019 . Overall however it seems the majority of the firms in the sample were unlikely to have seen any results from the intervention , and while some are likely to have benefited , others are likely to have experienced negative effects . This is most likely a result of combining the data with a prior positive correlation on the potential outcomes ( so firms who did well in treatment would also have done well in control , and vice versa ) . We obtain similar results with the academics ’ priors , shown in the additional results Appendix F , figure A9 . Given the somewhat negative effects on average in 2020 , it may be surprising that there is still some potential for positive tail effects for other firms . This result may be an artefact of the likelihood model chosen : the Gaussian enforces symmetric tails in the outcomes , which propagates to a Gaussian and thus symmetric distribution of individual treatment effects . The Gaussian may be a particularly constraining assumption in our case especially because the outcome data is not symmetric – it has a large discrete spike at zero and then a positive continuous mass situated away from zero . While we could build a likelihood model to accommodate this , in our case the priors on treatment effects will have a oneto-many mapping to priors on parameters of such a model ( because a treatment effect could be achieved by moving firms out of the spike , or from changing the distribution of outcomes for firms already out of the spike in the control state ) . Indeed , this is a general issue for", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) ESMF All Regions ( 2017 ) , the total population of the Afar region is 1 , 812 , 002 out of which 991 , 000 are male and 821 , 002 female . The same data source reveals that 346 , 000 ( 189 , 000 male and 157 , 000 female ) of the total population are urban residents in comparison to 1 , 466 , 000 ( 802 , 000 male and 664 , 000 female ) rural residents . In terms of economic activity , < u > over 90 % of the Afar people are pastoral . Out of the total pastoral communities in Ethiopia , the Afar comprise 29 % making it the second largest next to the Somali region . The afar pastoral communities are highly dependent on extensive livestock production ; other employment opportunities are limited . The mobile lifestyles of the Afar pastoral communities are associated with increasing environmental degradation and vulnerability to drought and flooding , exacerbated by climate change , and interacting with other factors to cause disease outbreaks , pressure , and conflicts over resources such as water and grazing land . < / u > As per the 2016 EDHS , of all the project target regions , access to water is the least in Afar — 49 . 5 % of the households have no access to improved sources of drinking water . In terms of education , the Net Enrolment ratio ( NER ) for Afar is only 11 . 5 % making it the least region in Ethiopia . Access to health services in the region is not different either . For instance , about half ( 48 . 4 % ) of the women do not receive ANC , the vast majority ( 85 . 1 % ) of women deliver at home without any medical facilities supported by skilled assistance , 93 . 4 % of women do not receive PNC , and 85 % of children miss all basic vaccination . # # # # # # * * 3 . 3 Benishangul-Gumuz Region * * <", "spans": [{"start": 1129, "end": 1138, "text": "2016 EDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the cost of international travel ( Appendix Table A6 ) . Total expenditures for foreign tourists from the survey data are allocated to each province using the information on the share of time ( the number of days ) each tourist spent at each destination . < sup > 15 < / sup > For domestic tourists — or Panamanian residents that travel within > 15 Database on foreign tourists ’ expenditures includes expenditures for all destinations and information on which destinations tourists visited on the same trip , but no information on expenditures by destination . The estimation of expenditures by province is done here using two methods . First , total expenditures are disaggregated by province in the same proportion as the share of time ( the number of days ) all tourists in the sample spend in each province . An adjustment is made for a slightly higher level of average spending by tourists that visit only Panama and Colon . This is the lower bound on the estimate of total expenditures by province reported in Table 4 . Thus , this approach takes the total aggregate expenditures by all tourists in the sample and allocates them to each province in the same proportion as the share of time spent in each 11", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 117, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 349, "end": 392, "text": "Database on foreign tourists ’ expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that gap , exploring two questions related to household income composition and welfare outcomes in this new and unprecedented context . We take advantage of rich survey data to assess trends in income composition over time and to understand the relationship between livelihood diversification and household welfare outcomes , in particular , food security . As our data include a pre-outbreak baseline , we are able to observe households ’ status prior to the pandemic and then track them through and beyond the first year of the pandemic . This panel data , along with our empirical strategies , allows us to identify causal relationships between a household ’ s choice of livelihood activities , income sources , and their level of food insecurity during the pandemic . In terms of how household livelihood diversification has changed since the onset of the pandemic , we do not observe substantial or systematic changes in household income composition . Small differences exist in Ethiopia and Malawi , where households became more specialized during the pandemic than before . Conversely , in Nigeria diversification increased slightly after the start of the pandemic . From these trends we conclude that households made limited use of livelihood diversification as a coping strategy during the pandemic . In terms of how household income composition impacts food insecurity , our regressions provide little evidence to support the idea that livelihood diversification improved food insecurity during the pandemic . The preponderance of evidence , across countries , estimation methods , and measures of diversification is that there is no significant relationship between livelihood diversification and food insecurity . We provide a number of robustness checks and evidence that we believe demonstrates that the null results are true nulls . Though income diversification may serve as an effective _ex ante_ or _ex post_ coping mechanism for many shocks , in particular small transitory shocks , we find that for a disaster on the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic , this strategy does not appear to be effective . An optimistic interpretation of the evidence in this paper would be that the extreme socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic appear to necessitate alternative adaptation strategies . A pessimistic interpretation is that a pandemic is too disastrous and omnipresent to prepare for or adequately adapt to", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 173, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 546, "end": 556, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\" dominance \" is generally defined as at least a 35 % market share . In its initial years , the GAK classified thousands of firms as dominant at the federal and regional levels , and regulated these firms ' prices , profits and output . The approach has been heavily criticized both inside Russia and by international experts because of its questionable economic rationale and unwieldy procedures , including its tenuous method for defining geographic and product market boundaries and justifiable costs . In 1997 the federal section of the GAK dominant firm registry included about 500 industrial enterprises , accounting for roughly 20 % of all industrial output . At present , MAPSE oversight of prices and profits of dominant firms is less one of direct regulation and more of preventing anti-competitive pricing - - both the charging of prices above competitively determined levels and of predatory and entry-deterring prices . However , the problems of a poorly clarified economic rationale and unwieldy procedures remain largely intact . With regard to mergers , prior approval of the MAPSE is required for acquisitions of more than 20 % of the shares of a company , or acquisition of shares in any firm included in the register of dominant firms . Current rules specify two tiers of dominance : proposed mergers that result in 65 % market share are _per se_ \" undoubtedly dominant \" ; for proposed mergers that result in market share between 35 % and 65 % , the MAPSE bears the burden of proof that the merger would result in a \" dominant \" firm . Surveys suggest that the MAPSE generally has been reluctant to enforce the law in clear cases of market abuse . In the WB-RAS survey , more than 30 % of the respondent General Directors indicated that producers colluding to fix prices are not subject to sanctions under the anti-monopoly law . Political economy constraints and excessive use of discretionary - - as opposed to rules-based - - authority seem to be a major factor in preventing effective enforcement . The decline in industrial output during Russia ' s transition has made it difficult to take actions against important industrial enterprises . Case evidence reveals that regional MAPSE branches have had a tendency to protect", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 567, "text": "GAK dominant firm registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1675, "end": 1688, "text": "WB-RAS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the category of supply-side energy efficiency projects . Geothermal and hydro-electricity projects are the largest and second largest among the renewable resource based electricity generation projects . In particular , electricity generation projects that have the capacity of generating more than one million CERs per year are in hydro , biogas , landfill gas , coal bed / mine methane capture , cement , fugitive , and energy efficiency supply-side and own generation sub-categories . The UNEP Risoe Center reports initial capital investments in 4 , 418 of the projects in the pipeline . Annual operation and maintenance cost data for 122 projects are obtained from the PDDs with the help of Climate Solutions ( 2008 ) . See Annex I for details on how operation and maintenance costs are 12", "spans": [{"start": 590, "end": 632, "text": "Annual operation and maintenance cost data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 672, "end": 676, "text": "PDDs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * INTRODUCTION * * Africa ’ s ports are vital to the continent ’ s domestic economies . Maritime trade accounts for more than 90 percent of the continent ’ s imports and exports and ports therefore play a fundamental role in facilitating Africa ’ s integration to international trade . However both importers and exporters face high costs for sea transport and substantial inefficiencies in port clearance operations . UNCTAD reports that the average freight rate for imports for example is 47 percent higher than in other developing countries and twice the rate in developed countries , estimated at 5 . 21 percent ( UNCTAD , 2003 ) . For containerized imports , cargo dwell time - defined as the time between vessel arrival and container exit from the port facilities - exceeds 20 days in average for most ports in the continent which makes African ports the most time-inefficient ports in the world . This is an added burden on business as compared to other regions in the world , as businesses relying on just in time shipment are less likely to develop in such environment , and local importers need to integrate higher storage and inventory costs . This paper aims at understanding the long cargo dwell time issue in Sub-Saharan African ports . It focuses on containerized imports through the port of Doula in Cameroon and leans upon extensive customs and port data collected locally . It also seeks to provide some theoretical background and methodological tools to address a crucial obstacle to Africa ’ s international trade . The choice of Douala as a case study builds on its critical position as the gateway to several Central African countries and as one of the largest ports in Western and Central Africa . Thanks to a longstanding partnership between Cameroon ( and especially the Cameroon Customs , the Facilitation Committee and the Single Window for External trade ) , World Customs Organization ( WCO ) and the World Bank , the port platform performance including cargo dwell time has been long monitored ( tracking of delays within the logistics chain in Douala have been thoroughly monitored by several sources since the end of the 1990 ’ s , first as part of adjustment and debt reduction initiatives and", "spans": [{"start": 1354, "end": 1375, "text": "customs and port data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2021-12-21 2023-12-11 < br > assessment < br > KE-MOTI-238027-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR < br > MAPPING AND DEVELOPMENTOF A NATIONAL GEODATABASE OF SLUMS AND IDA / 67590 Institutional capacitydevelopment for slumupgrading Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2021-06-11 2021-07-02 2021-08-15 2021-09-12 2021-10-12 2021-11-16 2021-12-21 2022-04-20 < br > INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN < br > KENYA < br > KE-MOTI-245281-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy Services for < br > Development of Settlement < br > Level Community < br > Development Plans , Sub-Action Plans on Socio-Economic Inclusion , IDA / 67590 Socio-economic inclusionplanning Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 500 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2021-07-27 2021-08-17 2021-09-30 2021-10-28 2021-11-27 2022-01-01 2022-02-05 2023-07-30 < br > Investment Selection , Crime & < br > Violence Prevention , Disaster < br > Management & Solid Waste < br > Management in Kilifi County < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 2", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 168, "text": "NATIONAL GEODATABASE OF SLUMS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "once the final check survey is completed and before the commencement of project works . On the other hand , appropriate mitigation measures will be devised through the GBV / SEA / SH Prevention and Response Action Plan to address issues such as Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ( SEA ) / Sexual Harassment ( SH ) ; for labor-related risks , the Labor Management Procedures ( LMP ) , ESMF to be prepared jointly by EEU & EEP at Appraisal as well as successive C-ESMPs to be developed by Contractors consistent with the requirements of the World Bank ’ s ESSs and national laws will be targeted as part of the ESRM instruments . Project sites should be selected in a manner to avoid adverse impacts on historically underserved and vulnerable communities and will be as per the directive on disadvantaged groups . Communities in Afar , Somali , Gambella , Benishangul Gumuz , and pastoralists found in Oromia and the SNNPR Regional States fulfill the criteria of ESS7 . Historically Underserved and pastoral communities may be particularly vulnerable if their lands and resources are transformed . The Project implementing entities ( EEP and EEU ) shall prepare and implement various Environmental and Social Risk Management ( ESRM ) instruments including Environmental and Social Management Framework and other site-specific instruments . An Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) , which will be used as the basis for the identification and management of risks associated with Page 8 of 16 Aug 15 , 2023", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 27, "text": "final check survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for tenure security for women ; the finalization of the Environment and Natural Resources Strategy and Investment Plan ; a Livestock Census ( completed in 2009 ) , the Agricultural Census ( to be completed in 2010 ) , and completion of the Agricultural PER , all of which are important to policy making . By PRSC 7 it was decided to focus on some lagging areas - - improved resource utilization , and irrigation and 15", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 139, "text": "Livestock Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 168, "end": 187, "text": "Agricultural Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") availability of good baseline data and evidence of commitment and capacity to monitor . In the event of a repeat of the pilot , Management would ensure that all the requirements set forth in relevant policies and procedures are complied with . Funds are available within the existing project envelope to cover the cost of a repeat of the pilot , should the country wish to undertake this .", "spans": [{"start": 23, "end": 36, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "gains come from a reduction in informal work ( Panel A and B , Col . 7 ) . One potential concern with the analysis of informal employment is that we rely on self-reported data from our endline survey . To test the reliability of this data , we take advantage of the fact that 21", "spans": [{"start": 157, "end": 175, "text": "self-reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 185, "end": 199, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "made efforts to clear expenditure arrears , such as use of pre-payments for utilities , a commitment control system now embedded in the IFMS , as well as additional budget provisions to clear the stock of arrears . Nevertheless , arears continue to grow and are a high percentage of expenditure , indicating the need for greater control of contractual commitments . Good information on budget execution is readily available to decision makers , and the external audit is an area of significant strength . However , external scrutiny of audit reports by the Public Accounts Committee is not up to date , implying the accountability cycle remains incomplete with some Treasury Memoranda unissued . In sum , compared to the previous PEFA assessment undertaken in 2012 : the credibility of revenue estimates has improved ; the orderliness and participation in the budget process is better ; debt recording and reporting has improved , as well as payroll functions ; while the main backsliding is in arrears , tax audits and reconciliation of assets , and continuous weaknesses in fiscal risk reporting as contingent liabilities are not properly captured in financial reports , and public investment management is weak across all performance indicators . There are some initiatives underway to improve public investment management in the country . 88 . * * The Ministry of Finance publishes detailed budget information on a dedicated budget website * * . The websites budget . go . ug and the Online Transfer Information Management System ( OTIMS ) have been developed as tools to assist in the development and transparent management of the budget , including allocations and transfers / releases to LGs . OTIMS and budget . go . ug are frequently used by other stakeholders for budget information . The Ministry also publishes monthly fiscal statistics on its website ( within four-to-six weeks after the reporting period ) for the central government budget . Budget execution is reported through the Semi-Annual Budget Performance Report that is published with a lag of around one quarter and contains detailed information on financial and nonfinancial performance at sector and vote levels . Quarterly budget execution data are also", "spans": [{"start": 1823, "end": 1848, "text": "monthly fiscal statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2190, "end": 2221, "text": "Quarterly budget execution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Core Indicators for Determinants and Performance of Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries_ * * and that vulnerable income groups are protected . This type of question can be addressed through case studies involving cost-benefit analysis and distributional impacts . The main core indicators with reference to the components of our reform model are price and consumption data for income groups ( Table IX ) , changes in access and quality of service ( Table V ) , regulatory framework ( Table IV ) , and where possible environmental impacts of reforms ( Table X ) . # * * 5 . 3 Electricity sectors indicators * * # * * I . Sector endowments and characteristics * * | * * Focus area * * | * * Indicator * * | * * Data Source * * < br > * * ( UK as example ) * * | * * Reference * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _ ? Resource mix_ | * * ? Electricity generation mix : * * < br > * * ( i ) net generation capacity ( MW ) * * < br > * * ( ii ) energy supplied ( MWh ) * * < br > ? Primary energy supply mix ( MTOE ) | IEA and OECD | | | _ ? Energy security and_ < br > _resource independence_ < br > _ ? Reserve generation_ < br > _capacity_ | * * ? Electricity consumption , domestic * * < br > * * production , import , export ( MWh ) * * < br > ? Energy consumption , domestic production , < br > import , exports ( MTOE ) . < br > * * ? Self-sufficiency in electricity – domestic * * < br > * * production GWh / domestic production + net * * < br > * * imports ( % ) * * < br > ? Energy self-sufficiency – domestic / total ( % ) < br > ? Reserve capacity – at maximum demand < br > ( MW , and as % of total installed capacity ) | |", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 391, "text": "price and consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COVID-19 is already disrupting incomes and livelihoods , with the poorest wealth quintiles most adversely affected * * . * * Since the COVID-19 outbreak , 91 percent of households have reported reduced income ( or losses ) from at least one of their sources of livelihood . Service , transport , and commerce are the sectors most affected by the COVID-19 restrictions , having lost the highest share of workers . On average , 30 percent of people remain out of work , even with COVID-19 restrictions being relaxed < sup > 5 < / sup > . Socio-economically depressed districts , such as those hosting refugees are expected to be particularly negatively impacted . The poorest quintiles and vulnerable communities , including refugees , are already showing significant income reductions and increased food insecurity . # # * * 4 . 3 . 11 Commercial Banking and Microfinance * * As of April 2018 , Uganda had 26 licensed commercial banks , with about 544 branches and 5 . 5 million accounts . The commercial banks hold about 80 percent of the total assets of the financial system and the National Social Security Fund ( NSSF ) holds the remaining 20 % SACCOs and MFIs are still experiencing weaknesses in regard to their sustainability , due to the low mobilization of savings from the public , over dependence on Government through the Uganda Micro Finance Support Centre , lack of regulation and also the fraudulent activities that are a vice to the people ’ s savings . Combined with the high costs of financial transactions in Uganda , real interest rates charged by the banks are very high . It is quite common for commercial banks to charge interest rates in the range of 19 to 23 percent for investment projects . # # * * 4 . 3 . 12 Access to Credit * * Uganda Census of Agricultural survey data shows that at national level , only 11 . 3 percent of total 3 . 9 million agricultural household ’ s accessed credit . Of these , 61 % accessed credit through informal , 29 % semi", "spans": [{"start": 1757, "end": 1798, "text": "Uganda Census of Agricultural survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "up > 11 < / sup > Despite an increasing demand for specialist technicians , only 25 percent of the short cycle tertiary Technical and Vocational Education and Training ( TVET ) course graduates from the National Vocational Training Agency ( _Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje , _ INA ) , and 44 percent from the TVET programs delivered under the aegis of the Ministry of Public Education ( _Ministerio de Educación Pública , _ MEP ) are hired in their field of study , pointing to skills mismatches . < sup > 12 < / sup > Only 22 percent of students from lower secondary to short-cycle tertiary enroll in vocational education and training , compared to 32 percent > 9 < u > https : / / thedocs . worldbank . org / en / doc / 64e578cbeaa522631f08f0cafba8960e-0140062023 / related / HCI-AM23-CRI . pdf < / u > > 10 OECD Education at A Glance , 2023 , Table A4 . 2 . The correlation ( not causation ) between socio-economic conditions , academic achievement and labor market outcomes is a global phenomenon . For the OECD countries as a whole in 2018 , the percentage of below Level 2 performers from the top quintile of the PISA index for economic , social and cultural status , was 8 % ; while for the bottom quintile , the figure was 49 % . For the labor market figures quoted in the text , 30 % of 25-64 year olds for the OECD countries correspond to the 32 % mentioned in the text for Costa Rica . > 11 Encuesta de expectativas de empleo , Q1 2024 , ManpowerGroup : https : / / go . manpowergroupcca . com / meos-cr . > 12 OECD Economic Surveys - Costa Rica , February 2023 . Page 2", "spans": [{"start": 1405, "end": 1439, "text": "Encuesta de expectativas de empleo", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1525, "end": 1546, "text": "OECD Economic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE and TiVA data , covering 48 countries ( see Appendix 2 ) and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018 . Note : Trade-employment ( trade-income , resp . ) elasticities at the country-sector level have been estimated using employment ( in natural logs ) as dependent variable and the instrumented trade variables ( in levels and natural logs ) as independent variable . For more information on the instruments , see Appendix 1 . The panel data regressions control for country-sector , country-time , and sector-time fixed effects . Only results significant at the 10 % level and above the critical value for the Kleibergen-Paap test statistic are reported . While some low - and medium-tech manufacturing sectors create many jobs when exports rise , capitalintensive sectors show workforce contractions . Some low - and medium-tech manufacturing sectors , in particular exports of paper products as well as rubber and plastics , create many jobs . Surprisingly , we do not find a positive link with employment in the textiles and apparel sector , but only with labor incomes ( Figure 3 ) . Possible explanations include the strong reduction of apparel jobs in China , India and other emerging countries ( as discussed further in section 3 ) . Other sectors have negative export-employment elasticities , most notably machinery , food and beverages , fishing and aquaculture and mining which tend to be capital-intensive , explaining the decline in the number of jobs . This finding could also be partially explained by the country sample excluding low-income countries for which exports in sectors like fishing or small-scale and artisanal mining create job opportunities . < sup > 15 < / sup > > 14 Evidence for Greece during the second half of the 1990s found that high technology and capital-intensive manufacturing sectors contributed most strongly to net employment growth ( Voulgaris , Papadogonas , Agiomirgianakis 2005 ) . > 15 - - Globally , around 40 million people are estimated to work in small-scale mining ( https : / / www . reuters . com / article / us < u > mining asm / more-than-40-million-people-work-in-artisanal-mining-report-idUSKCN1S025C ) , while almost 60 million people work", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 89, "text": "OECD TiE and TiVA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project levels increases will be unavoidable . To minimize these levels , the contractor will use water to control dust , and traffic speed will be held to appropriate levels . Disturbed areas will be revegetated or otherwise covered as soon as possible following disturbance . # * * Noise Impacts * * Local noise levels will be affected temporarily by decommissioning activities ( such as equipment movement ) , but for the remote nature of the sites no impacts are anticipated to residences or businesses . Impacts during decommissioning are expected to be limited to workers on-site . It is recommended that all decommissioning will take place during daylight hours . Through communications with the local communities , EEP and the contractor will be kept informed of any dust or noise complaints . If significant dust or noise complaints are received , dust and noise measurements will be taken along the project boundary or near the complaint sources to ascertain the true dust or noise levels . # * * Fire and Oil Spill Prevention * * Fire will be prevented during decommissioning by ensuring that there is adequate availability of fire extinguishers onsite . The personnel undertaking the removal of the equipment will have to be trained on fire fighting and if possible , reasonable fire grills will have to be done to enhance awareness and safety . In case of oil spills , all the equipment and machines that will have the potential of spilling or leaking oil will be checked regularly . If oil spills / leaks are discovered , then capping or any other necessary actions will be taken immediately to prevent the spill / leak from dropping onto the ground . However , careful handling will be done to avoid spilling at all times . The contractor should also arrange the temporary containment structure mounted on the vehicle used for during decommission activities . # * * Impact on Crops * * Project decommissioning activities would be similar to project construction activities , and would primarily involve the dismantling and removal of the transmission line .", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 1005, "text": "dust and noise measurements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 4 < br > | 6 . 6 < br > | 67 . 6 | | Bank Credit < br > to * * Private * * < br > * * Sector * * | 34 . 1 | 34 . 5 | 4 . 7 | 12 . 9 | - 10 . 4 | * * Note : * * All conversions to dollars In this table * * are at * * the * * average * * exchange * * rate * * during the period covered . All FiScal Years * * are * * from July 8 to July 7 . 1 / Provislonal Data for 1983 .", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 370, "text": "Provislonal Data for 1983", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The analysis uses a sample of 6 , 345 firms from the World Bank ’ s Enterprises Surveys in Colombia , Greece , Italy , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Morocco , Peru , Portugal , the Russian Federation , Turkey , and Ukraine . All surveys were conducted within the last three years and have wide scope , covering a representative sample of at least 600 firms in each country . < sup > 2 < / sup > The share of firms responding to the financial questions , however , varies . > 2 We use this sample from an overall sample of 75 economies with recent data , as it is broadly representative of Southern Europe and upper middle-income emerging markets . We intentionally shy away from lower middle-income 2", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 89, "text": "Enterprises Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9174 Falling Short A Global Survey of Electricity Tariff Design _Vivien Foster Samantha Witte_ Infrastructure Practice Group Office of the Chief Economist March 2020", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 93, "text": "Global Survey of Electricity Tariff Design", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "times as high as in Slovenia , and in Croatia the rate is 2 . 5 times as high as in Slovenia . Figure 8 illustrates this huge dispersion in unemployment rates in ECA . # * * Figure 8 Unemployment rates vary strongly across transition economies * * # # * * Unemployment rate , 2002 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 < br > 30 < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > Source : ILO LABORSTA database ( LFS data ) < br > Macedonia , FYR _SEEPolandSlovakiaBulgaria BIHCroatiaSerbia and MontenegroLithuania Georgia Latvia _CEEEstoniaUkraineRussiaRomaniaCzech Republic_EU15 _OECDMoldovaSloveniaHungary < br > percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 21", "spans": [{"start": 408, "end": 429, "text": "ILO LABORSTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX II Page 74 of 6 lines , and for an adecquate and reliable long distance network with subscriber trunk dialing facilities between the five principal cities . Overall progress has been reasonably on target . However , installation of Live microwave routes has been delayed about one year . This is due to the long delay in obtaining suitable consultants to work on the survey of three routes and the need to review the capacity , feasibility and other requirements of the other two routes to conform to the PanAfrican Regional Telecornrmications Recommendations , the study of which was not , available unt-J-1 late 1972 . Cr No . 196 Wolaro AI-ultaure Development oectjUS $ 3 . 5 F nillion Credit ot i ' DritoS r 16 , 1969e Cl . os : Daer June 30 1976 A cred-it to assist in financing , ( i ) an integrated agricultural prograrn comrwlslg . rural r-oais , markets , water supplies and agricultural credit for 6 , - DCO _fa-rm_ : familias in the sovthern highlands ( the WJolamo subprovince ) , and ( ii ) resettlerient of 1 . 750 farm famirlies in the Savanna zone of the subprovince Overall progress is good and the project is in advance of the schecdule projected in the appraisal report . Cr No . 188 IHunera A ricult-are Proaect : US $ 3 . 1 nillion Credit of May i9R ; Closing Date : Lecembef ' 31 1973 . 1he project _te assist_ the first phase development of Humera area consisting of _320 , _ 000 : na . Project would consist of infrastructure developmrent , constz . Yct7io : t af bridges and fords and all-weatner surfacing or road ( 120 _Ian ) _ intt", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Global Findex data is particularly well-suited to measure the gender gap in access to finance as the definition of account penetration includes only individual or joint accounts and not the use of someone else ’ s account . The use of savings and credit refers to individual behavior as well . This is in contrast to other demand-side data on financial behavior that measure account penetration , savings behavior and credit use at the household level . < sup > 8 < / sup > In contrast , individual-level indicators allow us to directly measure women ’ s control over their assets , an important component of economic empowerment . # * * _2 . 2 Descriptive Statistics_ * * We start our analysis by documenting ownership and use of financial services around the world by gender . In particular , we provide descriptive statistics on three key dimensions of financial services : account ownership ( and barriers to account ownership ) , savings and credit . All reported country , regional , and income-group statistics are weighted using individual weights provided by Gallup < sup > 9 < / sup > and by country-level adult population . # < u > 2 . 2 . 1 Accounts < / u > According to the Global Findex data approximately half of adults worldwide report having an account at a bank , credit union , cooperative , post office or microfinance institution ( MFI ) . Not surprisingly , there is enormous variation in the use of financial services between high income and developing economies : account penetration is close to universal ( 90 percent ) in high - > 8 For instance , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) _Life in Transition Survey ( LITS ) _ includes the question : “ Do you or anyone in your household own : A Bank Account . ” > _9_ All country-level averages use individual weights that are provided by Gallup to ensure a nationally representative sample . First , base sampling weights are constructed to account for oversamples and household size . Second , poststratification population statistics are used to weight the data by gender , age , and , where reliable data are available , education or socioeconomic status", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 22, "text": "Findex data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1191, "end": 1209, "text": "Global Findex data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Conclusion * * This analysis makes possible an evidence-based discussion of labor markets and jobs in Haiti . Using three harmonized household surveys from 2001 to 2012 , the paper provides insights into the evolution of labor markets in a particularly turbulent decade for Haiti marked by the political crisis of 2004 and the earthquake of 2010 . The focus is the determinants of labor income , providing a household-level perspective on the larger dynamics of labor markets . The main message of the analysis is that in spite of the shocks of the period , labor markets in Haiti presented more continuity than change . Self-employment in low-productivity sectors remains the norm outside of the farm sector , a cause for worry . While the share of workers in non-primary informal activities has decreased , this has not translated into an expansion of the formal private sector , but into the swelling of the public sector and NGOs . This puts in question the sustainability of poverty reduction in urban areas , especially in the Metropolitan area , in an environment of decreasing aid . Furthermore , the significant rise in employment rates in recent years was driven mainly by young people taking unpaid work in family businesses . The analysis of the determinants of labor income in urban areas further echoes those results , showing no signs of sustained structural transformations in the endowments of the labor force or the quality of jobs . Additional analysis details the role of the public and NGO sectors in the wage increase observed , particularly for the lower end of the wage distribution . The analysis also found a stable premium on education and an overall reduction of the wage gap , except in low-productivity sectors where this gap increased over the period to 60 percent . Generating more and better jobs largely depends on macro-economic factors that are largely outside of households ’ control . But the analysis points to persisting structural challenges weighing down the returns workers get from their labor . For that reason , the obvious role that the private sector will have to play in generating growth and employment will need important help from the Haitian state in helping households improve their assets and use them in", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 156, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Direct | 0 . 471 | 0 . 623 | 0 . 363 | 0 . 324 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | AGEB-level model | 0 . 541 | 0 . 750 | 0 . 497 | 0 . 264 | | Transformed Area-level model | 0 . 444 | 0 . 652 | 0 . 294 | 0 . 373 | | * * Estimated Pearson correlation * * | | | | | | Direct | 0 . 493 | 0 . 659 | 0 . 418 | 0 . 385 | | AGEB-level model | 0 . 553 | 0 . 770 | 0 . 415 | 0 . 614 | | Transformed Area-level model | 0 . 405 | 0 . 619 | 0 . 209 | 0 . 384 | Table A4 in the appendix also presents a comparison of an area-level model using the transformed target variable and an area-level model using a linear ( untransformed ) model . The transformed model generally performs better than the linear model , with the possible exception of some female LFP statistics ( coverage rates , absolute deviation , and correlations ) . However , the AGEB-level model remains the best choice in this context . # * * 5 . Conclusion * * This paper considers the extent to which combining simulated sample data with publicly available geospatial data improves state and municipal estimates of male and female labor force participation and unemployment rates . Results are compared against the full 2020 census . The small area estimation procedure greatly improves the accuracy and precision of state level estimates for all four indicators , as well as municipal estimates of male and female labor force participation . This method can therefore be used to obtain more granular information on municipalities with low LFP , which can lead to a better understanding of the causes of low female LFP and potential policies to address it . The method does not work nearly as well for estimating urban unemployment , because the values for unemployment rates are very low and zero for many clusters in the sample . In this setting , linear", "spans": [{"start": 1189, "end": 1200, "text": "2020 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Large numbers of households in many less developed countries ( LDCs ) continue to cope without good quality water and sanitation services ( WSS ) . As is true for many other services , the poor are more likely than the non-poor to receive poor quality WSS services . Bosch et al . ( 2000 ) find that fewer poor households are connected to water networks and many poor households have access to lower-quality services than non-poor households . Poor households bear a higher burden , as measured through time , health and energy , than non-poor households . WSS service provision in Sri Lanka is subject to similar problems . As discussed below and in more detail in Pattanayak et al . ( 2005a ) , contrasted with the rich , the poor consume less water per capita , and they are less likely to use safe water sources or engage in preventative measures such as treating their water or purchasing storage tanks . As a result , the poor are more likely to suffer from water-related diseases . In the early 2000s , Sri Lanka , like many other LDCs at the time , was considering the possibility of inviting the private sector to operate WSS services , specifically around three coastal towns : Negombo , Kalutara and Galle . There were during the preparation process for these public-private partnerships concerns that such arrangements in WSS services may exacerbate the existing inequalities in WSS between poor and non-poor households . In 2004 , the government abandoned its plan for setting up such a public-private partnership . In this paper , we describe the results of a stated preference conjoint survey administered in Sri Lanka to assess demand for WSS services not just with respect to price , but with respect to important WSS service features . Our analysis contrasts the responses of the poor < sup > 1 < / sup > and non-poor , providing valuable information for those who seek to improve WSS services in a cost effective manner . Without a detailed understanding of why and how people desire WSS services , it difficult to increase coverage of these services and achieve the resulting social , health and economic benefits as", "spans": [{"start": 1601, "end": 1634, "text": "stated preference conjoint survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development Project ( P163980 ) | | | updated register of fishers and vessels , with at least 75 % of fishers having lic < br > members of BMU monitoring , control and surveillance ( MCS ) sub-committee < br > at least one patrol , in at least 6 out of 12 months ; 5 ) at least 40 % of annual re < br > is received in revenue for the previous calendar year ; and 6 ) BMU has collect < br > submitted at least 50 % of the target number of catch records for catch monit < br > 10 out of 12 months . Cumulative targets . | enses ; 4 ) < br > participate in < br > quired budget < br > ed and < br > oring in at least | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 . 00 < br > Mar / 2020 | 12 . 00 < br > 08-Dec-2023 < br > 20 . 00 | Mar / 2025 | | Operational surveillance < br > activities in Kenyan marine < br > fisheries ( Number ) | Comments on < br > achieving targets | Number of fisheries surveillance activities undertaken per annum as a measur < br > functionality of the MCS strategy including : 1 ) air patrols ; 2 ) offshore sea patro < br > sea patrols ; 4 ) VMS system reporting ; 5 ) joint MCS operations with the navy , c < br > or regional ; and , 6 ) no . of vessels inspected under port state measures ( PSM ) . < br > the number of MCS activites per year reflects the cohesion of the MCS system < br > integration of the MCS strategy elements Cumulative targets . < br > The project has carried out the following MCS activities : ( i ) observer deploym < br >", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 175, "text": "register of fishers and vessels", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– < u > Figure 7 Demand for redistribution and Gini index , 2009 < / u > Source : own elaboration based on ISSP Social Inequality data set ; Gini indices from Bussolo et al . ( 2018 ) and Milanovic ( 2018 ) Note : Net demand for redistribution is equal to the percentage of people strongly agreeing with the statement “ it is the responsibility of the government to reduce income differences between people with high incomes and those with low incomes ” minus the percentage strongly disagreeing with that statement . National weights used . Gini index estimated on per capita household income . While demand for redistribution seems to be uncorrelated to objective inequality , when comparing it to perceptions of equality the situation is completely different . As shown in Figure 8 , the correlation between demand for redistribution and perceptions of equality is striking . The more individuals perceive their society to be equal , the less they express agreement with redistribution being a government responsibility . This evidence suggests that demand for redistribution is tightly linked to how individuals _perceive_ their society to be , rather than what their society actually _is_ , at least when using a common , crosscountry consistent measure , i . e . , the Gini index . 20", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 138, "text": "ISSP Social Inequality data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a set of pre-selected questions . As such , the emphasis of the standard PMT approach is accuracy , rather than on cost reduction . The focus of this paper is on modelling , but note that targeting survey design and eligibility determination are also impacted by modelling choices : the targeting survey consists primarily of variables selected , and the predictive model is used to score eligibility . The key statistical challenge in PMT design is model selection , particularly to limit the number of independent variables without sacrificing accuracy . The number of possible variable combinations is enormous in most settings due to the wide extent of the sample population survey . It is computationally infeasible to try out any but a fraction of these combinations within a chosen predictive model , and PMT manages this challenge with the following algorithm . 8", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 685, "text": "sample population survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 078 | - | | Agriculture value added share | - 0 . 157 * * | - | - 0 . 093 | - | | GDPc | - 0 . 085 | - | - 0 . 195 * * * | - | | Log labor force | - | - 30 . 421 * * * | - | - 27 . 100 * * * | | Log gross fixed capital formation | - | 0 . 548 | - | 4 . 939 * | | Log exports of goods and services | - | 9 . 189 * * * | - | 5 . 571 * * | | Log REER | - | 4 . 338 * | - | 3 . 613 | | World oil price index | - | 0 . 084 * * * | - | 0 . 088 * * * | | World metal price index | - | 0 . 027 | - | 0 . 011 | | Gini index | - | 1 . 337 * * | - | 1 . 096 * | | Observations | 580 | 580 | 580 | 580 | | R2 | 0 . 162 | 0 . 229 | 0 . 903 | 0 . 835 | Note : * * * and * * * denote significance at the 10 % 5 % and 1 % levels , respectively . The subsample analysis appears to confirm the robustness of the full-sample results . Restricting the analysis to resource-rich countries also supports the conclusion that the impact of resource dependence on income inequality and economic growth is determined by country-level characteristics that affect the management of natural resources . The overall conclusions of the analysis are presented in the following section . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* _Domestic Preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations : * * Goods : * * Domestic Preference is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Works : * * Domestic Preference is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . G . Other Relevant Procurement Information : * * Prior Review Threshold * * : The thresholds of procurement methods and the requirements for the Bank ’ s prior review are shown in Table1 . * * Table1 . Thresholds for Procurement Methods and Prior Review * * | * * Expenditure * * | * * Contract Value * * | * * Procurement * * | * * Prior Review * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Category * * | * * Threshold ( US $ ) * * | * * Method * * | * * Threshold ( US $ ) * * | | 1 . Civil works | ≥ 40 , 000 , 000 | International Open < br > Competitive | All contracts |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "savings at NVRB . Column 3 also shows that the treatment effect on net deposits dropped to zero during the follow-up , post-commitment period . This is not surprising , since many participants withdrew their SSP savings during this period . Interestingly , in the post-survey , post-commitment period the treatment effect on net deposits ( GHS 32 . 5 ) exceeds the commitment period treatment effect . This suggests that SSP had persistent effects on savings behavior at NVRB , subject to the caveat that the point estimate is not significantly different from zero . Finally , column 4 shows that SSP generated a significant and highly persistent increase in NVRB balances : the average daily balance during the commitment period increased by GHS 244 , and remained GHS 140-141 higher during the two post-commitment periods . These treatment effects are large relative to control groups means ranging from GHS 90-111 across the three focal time periods . # * * 3 . 3 Overall Effects : Results from Survey Data * * We now turn to the survey data to assess whether impacts on NVRB balances reflect new savings or crowd out . We use a regression specification that mirrors equation 1 , except _t_ now references survey round , the interaction between treatment and the post-commitment , post-survey period is dropped , and _yi_ 0 references values measured at the baseline survey . The first two columns of Table 3 present treatment effects on NVRB savings . The first column uses the same administrative data used in the earlier section , but focuses on NVRB savings on the day of the relevant survey . In order to make the measure comparable with survey reports , negative NVRB account balances are coded as zero NVRB savings . The second column studies savings based on respondent self-reports . Both variables paint a similar picture : SSP more than doubled NVRB savings during the commitment period . The administrative data also show a marginally significant impact on NVRB savings in the post-commitment period , while the point estimate for the survey data is smaller and not significantly different from zero . Columns 3 and 4 show that SSP had no significant impact on other formal or informal savings . Individuals may also offset commitments", "spans": [{"start": 1033, "end": 1044, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1907, "end": 1926, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Cost-benefit estimates * * We use a subsample of 97 , 050 workers aged 15-65 years who had positive earnings from dependent employment . Annual earnings were converted to $ US using the 2017 exchange rate in June , which was equal to 3 . 52 TL . Table 4 gives their mean earnings by level of education . | * * Table 4 : Mean Ann * * | * * ual Earnings by Educ * * | * * ational Level * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Educational level | Mean annual < br > earnings ( $ US ) | Number of < br > observations | | None | 3 , 714 | 1 , 528 | | Primary | 5 , 278 | 24 , 850 | | Secondary | 5 , 974 | 38 , 567 | | Higher | 10 , 756 | 32 , 105 | | All | 7342 | 97 , 050 | Source : 2017 HLFS We observe a sharp rise in mean annual earnings for those with higher education . This is consistent with the very high demand for university education as well as the restriction on the university admissions by the highly competitive university entrance examination . There is very high demand for university education for several reasons . First , in addition to high income , the university degree confers a prestigious position in Turkish society . Secondly , men with university education serve in the army with a higher rank . These factors are behind the high demand for higher education . The age-earnings profiles by level of education show a very sharp earnings premium for higher education graduates . * * Figure 1 : Age-earnings profiles by level of education * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 18000 < br > 16000 < br > 14000 < br > 12000 < br > 10000 < br > 8000 < br > 6000 < br > 4000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 < br > 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project ( P504218 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # # * * 7 . DATA ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE * * # # * * 7 . 1 Cumulative Disbursements * * # # * * 7 . 2 Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Original < br > | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undis | bursed < br > Historical < br > Disbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | IDA-78450 | Effective | 127 . 50 | 132 . 47 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 132 . 47 < br > 0 . 00 | 0 % | | * * 7 . 3 Key Dates ( * * | * * by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval | < br > | Signing | Effectiv | eness | Orig . Closing | Rev . Closing | | IDA-78450 | Effective | 17-Jun-202 | 5 < br > | 24-Sep-2025 | 27-Feb - | 2026 | 31-Dec-2030 | 31-Dec-2030 | # # * * 8 . KEY DATES * * Official Use Only Apr 15 , 2026 Page 10 of 11", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 166, "text": "DATA ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "F-statistic | 265 . 5 | 231 . 3 | 265 . 5 | 231 . 3 | 265 . 5 | 231 . 3 | 265 . 5 | 231 . 3 | 265 . 5 | 231 . 3 | | Mean Y ( Control ) | - 0 . 059 | - 0 . 059 | - 0 . 034 | - 0 . 034 | - 0 . 062 | - 0 . 062 | - 0 . 084 | - 0 . 084 | 0 . 106 | 0 . 106 | | SD Y ( Control ) | 0 . 582 | 0 . 582 | 0 . 785 | 0 . 785 | 0 . 660 | 0 . 660 | 0 . 991 | 0 . 991 | 0 . 904 | 0 . 904 | Notes : Heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors in parentheses . The Global index is composed by indexes for individuals ’ knowledge , gender norms / roles and VAW attitudes ; excluding individuals beliefs on others ’ attitudes . Higher values of the indexes in ( 1 ) to ( 8 ) stand for more progressive stances . The index \" Beliefs on others ’ attitudes \" reported in ( 9 ) and ( 10 ) takes higher values when the respondents believe that a larger share ( out of 10 ) of their closest Facebook friends have progressive attitudes . Controls include : Baseline Stance Index , age , gender , education , education of household head , religion , caste , occupation , relationship status , self-assessment of the English language , frequency of watching videos online , indicators for being a student , having sisters , having male friends beating partner or female friends beaten , and city-of-residence fixed effects . All controls are measured at baseline . In Panel B , independent variables Play Drama and Play Documentary take value 1 if the respondent has played half or more of the assigned video clips , as objectively recorded by the bot . These variables are instrumented using the random assignment indicators to the treatment groups . The first-stage Wald F-statistic is reported . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "updated VMGP ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 | | Table 8 . Stakeholders ’ roles and responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 | | Figures | | - - - | | Figure 1 . Map of four PAs with adjacent Batwa communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 | | Figure 2 . Map of BINP with Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "967 | 1 . 000 | Note : The starting point was our database of 33 , 000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code . Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible ( 80 percent ) in June 2011 . Each listed author was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication . An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times . The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn ( 1 ) . The measure _I_ < sup > 3 < / sup > is defined in eqn ( 2 ) . All authors were included in calculating these ( rank ) correlations however few publications in health economics they had to their name .", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 148, "text": "Google Scholar citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "based water pumping < br > have already been identified in Arua , Yumbe , Moyo , < br > Adjumani , Lamwo , and Kiryandongo | Provide digital enabling environment for < br > remove water monitoring and strengthen < br > efficiencies and effectiveness of water < br > management systems . | | * * Gender Based Violence * * < br > * * and Violence Against * * < br > * * Children Prevention and * * < br > * * Response Services in * * < br > * * Uganda ’ s Refugee - * * < br > * * Hosting Districts Report * * | Total < br > 0 . 5 < br > RSW / < br > WHR < br > N / A | To mitigate GBV and prevent violence against children < br > through engagement in productive activities in 4 < br > RHDs . | Increased < br > access < br > to < br > more < br > affordable < br > connectivity will also increase likelihood of GB < br > online risks . Project will support the project < br > objective indirectly by including awareness < br > and mitigation measures in digital skills < br > training . | | _Status : Analysis_ < br > _completed , _ | | | Digital connectivity will strengthen case < br > management for GBV and violence against | Page 64 of 76", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "conducted its own study on reintegration ( Rema Ministries , 2012 ) . Rema Ministeries utilized a semi-structured interview approach and completed over 200 interviews in areas of high return . They found that returnees still experience challenges of discrimination , language barriers , employment barriers , and land issues . In addition , Rema Ministeries argues that the situation of the Rural Integrated Villages ( VRIs ) , which will be discussed in more detail below , must be further assessed . < sup > 5 < / sup > The third study on return migration to Burundi was part of a multi-country research project entitled Migration and Development : A World in Motion . This research project , which was conducted by Maastricht Graduate School of Governance and financed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( IS Academy ) involved a nationally representative household survey in Burundi and an urban household survey that took place in Bujumbura . The results mirror those of NRC and Terra Group that returnees have the same livelihood conditions as stayees . No differences were found , for example , in terms of access to land and housing . None of these studies focussed however in-depth on the 1972 returnees , which are recognized to face the greatest challenges in Burundi . For this group there is still a question as to how successful reintegration has been in Burundi . This study has therefore focused on the reintegration experiences of the 1972 cohort . To assess the success of reintegration , however , it is important to first define the concept of reintegration . What is reintegration ? And when is reintegration successful ? The following section describes the views on reintegration of the > 4 Information based on interview with NRC representative in October 2011 . > 5 Information based on interview with Rema Ministries representative in October 2011 10", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 892, "text": "nationally representative household survey in Burundi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 900, "end": 922, "text": "urban household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fredrik Sjoholm , and Susan Zhu , 2010 \" Globalizaton and Imperfect Labor Market Sorting \" University of Nottingham Research Paper 2010 / 30 . - Dix-Carneiro , Rafael 2010 “ Trade Liberalization and Labor Market Dynamics ” , mimeo , Princeton University . - Eaton , Jonathan , Sam Kortum , Brent Neiman , and John Romalis . 2009 “ Trade and the Global Recession . ” Unpublished working paper . - Ebenstein , Avraham , Ann Harrison , Margaret McMillan , and Shannon Phillips . 2009 “ Estimating the Effect of Trade and Offshoring on American Workers Using the Current Population Surveys . ” NBER Working Paper No . 15107 , Cambridge , MA . - Feenstra , Robert and Gordon H . Hanson . 1997 “ Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages : Evidence from Mexico ’ s Maquiladoras ” _Journal of International Economics_ 42 : 371393 . - Feenstra , R . C . , 2010 . Offshoring in the Global Economy : Microeconomic Structure and Macroeconomic Implications , MIT Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts . - Felbermayr , Gabriel , Julien Prat , Hans-Jörg Schmerer , 2011 “ Globalization and Labor Market Outcomes : Wage Bargaining , Search Frictions , and Firm Heterogeneity ” _Journal of Economic Theory_ , 146 ( 1 ) ( January ) : 39-73 . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Over the past decades , many countries in Central and Eastern Europe ( CEE ) and the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) have undergone tremendous structural and policy changes . Large collectives and state farms , the building blocks of socialist agriculture , were transformed into more market-oriented structures but the process and result of doing so varied widely across countries . In a massive , quick , and equitable process of distributing plots to private households , Albania implemented what is arguably the region ‟ s most radical program in this respect . While the reform is acknowledged to have been critical to averting a food crisis in the early 1990s , it is also widely believed to have saddled the rural sector with three disadvantages . First , dismantling of communal infrastructure is seen to have led to neglect and deterioration of key public assets such as irrigation systems . Second , high levels of out-migration made the rural economy dependent on transfers and remittances but rarely translated into productive investment , given the lack of attractiveness of the agricultural sector , which is often viewed as a refuge for the sick , old , and poor ( Miluka et al , 2010 ) . Third , the notion of Albania ‟ s land ownership structure being too fragmented to allow realization of the country ‟ s full productive potential led experts to recommend government-sponsored programs to consolidate holdings . < sup > 1 < / sup > An alternative perspective on the second and third issues is that these problems may be due to inadequacies in the land tenure arrangements . This paper uses information from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Survey ( LSMS ) to explore the impact of fragmentation on productivity of land use and , in doing so , help advance the debate and derive policy-relevant conclusions . We focus on three issues that could be associated with fragmentation : First , cultivating many fragmented plots may reduce efficiency on land currently cultivated through , for example , higher transport - and setup-cost , or the inability to use machinery . To explore whether this is relevant in practice , we estimate a stochastic production frontier that includes", "spans": [{"start": 1668, "end": 1704, "text": "2005 Albania Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * to the national electricity grid in the vicinity . As a result , the only available energy source for the site is solar power . # # # * * 5 . 1 . 4 Nyamahasa * * This site is situated at coordinates of UTM 36N : 409425 , 226801 , approximately 150 meters from the main road that is Kampala - Gulu highway . It ’ s in Nyamahasa A village , Nyamasa Sub County in Kiryadongo district . The site is 300m from Nyamaswa swamp and 300m to the nearby community . The language spoken is Palo , Kyope and Acholi . The main economic activity is crop growing : - maize and beans . There are 7 huts in this site for demolition . The nearest community is about 300m from the site . The site will be powered by solar energy . # # # * * 5 . 1 . 5 Wangwar gate * * This site is located at a UTM 36N : 368652 , 273240 . It ’ s in Lagagi village , prongo town council in Nwoya District . The site is 1km from the park boundary . Nearest water source is Lagayi well at 500m and poor access road . Nearest HC is at para HC11 at 5km . The site is within the national electricity grid # # # * * 5 . 2 General Biological Baseline * * Biodiversity surveys were conducted within five sites i . e . , for the proposed development of , Waisoke falls junior , Nyamahasa junior , Bugungu junior , Tangara junior and Wangwar gate . # # # * * 5 . 2 . 1 Flora * * Murchison Falls National Park houses a combination of grasslands , wooded savannah , riverine forests and wetlands . The park terrain is dominated by rolling savannah and tall grassland with increasingly thick bush and woodlands in the higher and wetter areas to", "spans": [{"start": 1162, "end": 1182, "text": "Biodiversity surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 6 : Robustness : alternative measure of TFPR | A . Dep . variable : log TFPR ( ACF ) | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Post _ × _ Exports share ( log ) | 0 . 041 * * < br > ( 0 . 018 ) | | | | | | | | Post _ × _ Output share ( log ) | | 0 . 022 < br > ( 0 . 025 ) | | | | | | | Post _ × _ initial capital stock ( log ) | | | 0 . 022 < br > ( 0 . 020 ) | | | | | | Post _ × _ initial capital per worker ( log ) | | | | 0 . 024 < br > ( 0 . 054 ) | | | | | Post _ × _ initial average wages ( log ) | | | | | 0 . 041 * * < br > ( 0 . 019 ) | | | | Post _ × _ RCA relative to Poland | | | | | | 0 . 080 * < br > ( 0 . 040 ) | | | Post _ × _ RCA relative to the world | | | | | | | 0 . 116 * * < br > ( 0 . 051 ) | | Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | N ( obs . ) | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | 134174 | | N ( frms ) | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | 18355 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1121, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The spleen rates reported in Rustomjee ( 1944 ) show the e ¤ ect of altitude clearly ; the average spleen rate for 1938-41 was 2 . 5 percent for areas above 3000 feet and the corresponding . . . gure for the areas below 1500 feet was 43 . 7 percent . The water body , especially stagnant water , on the other hand is very suitable breeding ground for anopheles mosquitos . We interact district level malaria estimate ( Gabaldon ’ s “ endemicity index ” based on the enlarged spleen rates from Table 4 , page 34 in Newman ( 1965 ) ) with the elevation and inland water to create instruments for the proportion of LDO land in a DSD . < sup > 20 < / sup > Since the e ¤ ect of higher elevation > 19 Note that even though the partial correlation between the district level malaria and LDO incidence seems strong , it is not enough for identi . . . cation . Because , to achieve identi . . . cations , what is important is the power of malaria variations across districts in explaining DSD level LDO incidence after controlling for all other regressors including the district . . . xed e ¤ ects . > 20 Gabaldon ’ s endemicity index is the lowest spleen rate recorded in the previous . . . ve years , divided by 5 . Gabaldon ( 1949 ) suggests that an endemic index of over 10 indicates highly severe malaria , and an index of less than 3 very low endemicity . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "negative and statistically significant . This runs directly contrary to the coordination-cost hypothesis . Not surprisingly , the coefficient on the count of item-days with a purchase is positive and statistically significant . In columns 3 and 4 we repeat the analysis using percentage losses ( _L_ < sup > ̃ < / sup > _h_ ) as the dependent variable . The signs and pattern of statistical significance are the same as for _Lh_ . These findings do not support the hypothesis that coordination costs are responsible for the forgone bulk discounts in the SHWALITA data . 32", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 567, "text": "SHWALITA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 in 2013 . Since then , shortages of food and basic necessities became common , and looting began to occur systematically throughout the country ( Revista Semana , 2017 ) . Moreover , insecurity became endemic , repression of the opposition became common , and systematic human rights violations by public authorities were repeatedly reported by the international media ( see El Nuevo Herald , 2014 ; BBC News , 2017 ; BBC , 2016 ) . External factors such as plummeting oil prices since 2014 and international sanctions on Venezuela , have exacerbated the crisis . < sup > 5 < / sup > This situation triggered large waves of out-migration by Venezuelans , who most often moved to neighboring Colombia . According to the official statistics , since that start of the humanitarian crisis caused by Chavez ’ and Maduro ’ s regimes , about 7 . 7 million Venezuelans have left their country . Of these , about 2 . 5 million have settled in Colombia . Initially , Venezuelan migrants consisted mainly of wealthy Venezuelans and entrepreneurs who came to invest in Colombia and fled to save their capital from expropriations and from high inflation ( Revista Semana , 2017 ; Crasto and Alvarez < sup > ́ < / sup > , 2017 ) . As the crisis intensified , however , the core of Venezuelan migration shifted to the less educated population , who report fleeing to escape violent crime , political repression , and to look for basic necessities for survival ( NPR , 2018 ) . Indeed , according to recent characterizations of Venezuelan migrants based on the Colombian household surveys of 2015 and 2016 , over 80 % of registered migrants have not completed a high school education , at least half are 25 years old or less , and they are balanced in terms of gender ( see OLR , 2017 ) . > 5Following the repression of protests by the Maduro administration , several countries led by the U . S . and the European Union established in 2017 sanctions to individuals associated with Maduro , including politicians , military personnel and private citizens . The sanctions were soon extended to include private companies and , in 2019 , entire industries associated", "spans": [{"start": 1547, "end": 1574, "text": "Colombian household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 21 < br > 2024-03-03 | 2024-04-02 | 2024-05-07 | 2024-11-03 | | UG-NITA-U-418636-CS-CQS / < br > E-Waste Management - Stud < br > y to explore O & M business m < br > odels for sustainability < br > IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectivi < br > ty in selected areas < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Open - National | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation | 2024-04-14 < br > 2024-06-07 < br > 2024-05-05 < br > 2024 - | 06-12 < br > 2024-06-18 | 2024-07-18 | 2024-08-22 | 2025-02-18 | | UG-NITA-U-418640-CS-CQS / < br > Study for the development of < br > a National ICT Spatial Data In < br > frastructure Store < br > IDA / 68980 | Expanding Digital Connectivi < br > ty in selected areas < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Open - National | 150 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation | 2024-04-15 < br > 2024-04-22 < br > 2024-05-06 | 2024-06-19 | 2024-07-19 | 2024-08-23 | 2025-02-19 | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSU * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > | * * LTANTS * * < br > Loan / Credit N | | | | Market Approac | Contract Type | Estim", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "202 | 0 . 076 | * * * | 1 . 538 | 0 . 035 | * * * | | Sample size | | 1750 | | | 7786 | | _Source : _ Author ' s calculations based on VLSS and VHLSS data . # _Returns to skill and gender_ Another interesting method for extending our model is to consider the differences in the labor market earnings between the male and female workers . Confirming the previous findings by Liu ( 2004 ) , we have seen that in the 1990s , women were paid more favorably in the public than in the private sector . After controlling for the workers ' characteristics , the gender gap was not significant in the public sector in the 2000s ( table 4 ) . We use the model described by equation ( 3 ) , replacing Di with the gender dummy Gi = 0 for men and Gi = 1 for women . As before , the estimated returns to the comparative advantage in the public sector are about half of those in the private sector in the 1990s and are not significantly different from each other in the 2000s ( see table 8 ) . We find that in the 2000s , the returns to the comparative advantage are much higher for women , with γ being a positive and significant coefficient , whereas the public premium 32", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 139, "text": "VLSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 144, "end": 154, "text": "VHLSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * GRAVE VIOLATIONS OF CHILDREN ’ S RIGHTS * * © Rocco N / UNHCR # # # < u > Attacks on & military use of schools < / u > * * 3 , 983 * * affected children # # # Recruitment and use of < u > children < / u > * * 314 * * affected children Killing * * 34 * * affected children # # # Injuring * * 22 * * affected children # # # Abduction * * 20 * * affected children Sexual violence * * 12 * * affected children were documented in Upper Nile during offensives carried out in late January and early February . Children were also killed or maimed in 12 incidents involving unexploded remnants of war , including when they have been left behind in schools that were used by armed forces or armed groups . During the reporting period , 252 incidents of grave violations affecting an estimated 4 , 385 children were documented through the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism ( MRM ) . The UN verifi ed 201 incidents affecting 2 , 005 children . Forty-fi ve percent of all documented incidents were of denial of humanitarian access , and 27 per cent were incidents of recruitment and use . Over half of all incidents , 52 per cent , were documented in the Upper Nile region followed by the Equatorias region , where 31 per cent of all incidents were documented . The increase in documented incidents in the Upper Nile region from the previous quarter is due to fi ghting in the region that erupted in late January and the ongoing recruitment and use of children in Unity . Recruitment and use of children continued to be documented throughout South Sudan , particularly in the Upper Nile region . Children , humanitarian workers , and teachers were reported to have been forcibly conscripted , and children , some as young as 11 years , were also observed by the UN carrying weapons , wearing military uniforms , and being used as escorts to elements of armed forces and armed groups . The UN also documented incidents of", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 870, "text": "Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Formal Employment Creation Project ( P171766 ) * * Table 4 . 4 . Effect of Access to Finance on Employment Growth , Using Objective Measure of Credit Constraint * * * * Status * * | Dependent variable : Growth in employment | Po | oled cross secti | ons : 2008 , 20 | 13-14 and 201 | 5-16 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Firm size : | | | | | | All firms | Less than < br > 5 < br > employees | Firm size : < br > 5-49 < br > employees | Firm size : < br > 50-249 < br > employees | Firm size : < br > 250 + < br > employees | | Partially Credit Constrained ( PCC ) | 0 . 0865 | 0 . 0199 | 0 . 1157 * * | 0 . 0703 | 5 . 9283 | | | ( 0 . 134 ) | ( 0 . 018 ) | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 073 ) | ( 4 . 044 ) | | Likely Credit Constrained ( LCC ) | 0 . 0816 | 0 . 0639 * * * | 0 . 0866 * | 0 . 2174 * * * | 3 . 4668 | | | ( 0 . 130 ) | ( 0 . 018 ) | ( 0 . 045 ) | ( 0 . 045 ) | ( 2 . 869 ) | | Not Credit Constrained ( NCC ) | 0 . 1264 | 0 . 0226 * | 0 . 0963 * * * | 0 . 0645 | 0 . 0900 | | | ( 0 . 097 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 042 ) | ( 2 . 441 ) | | Constant", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * INDIRECT PROTECTION IMPLICATIONS - HOUSEHOLDS EXPERIENCING RESTRICTED ACCESS * * * * 30 , 265 557 , 412 459 , 653 * * households facing restricted households facing restricted households facing restricted access to : access to : access to : Transport , telecommunication , Health , education , � rst Water facilities , aid , food media , fuel , governmental responders , worship buildings , recreation , electricity Number of Number of Number of Incidents Incidents Incidents * * 10 4 21 * * The Civilian Impact Monitoring Project is a monitoring mechanism for the collection , analysis and dissemination of open source data on the civilian impact from armed violence in Yemen , in order to inform and complement protection programming . For further information , please contact us at contact @ civilianimpact . org or visit our website : civilianimpactmonitoring . org * * 8 * *", "spans": [{"start": 614, "end": 630, "text": "open source data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | information from official sources , which shows that < br > the annual number of health center beneficiaries is 9 < br > times the number of hospital beneficiaries . | method 1 we keep expenditure – per-beneficiary < br > constant according to the official data , where each < br > health-facility visit is recorded as a separate < br > beneficiary . In method 2 , we hold official annual < br > expenditure constant and divide it by the number of < br > beneficiaries ( not visits ) reported in the survey . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 5 | Some individuals reported being injured during the < br > survey period , but did not report any further < br > information about their condition . < br > ( 1 . 71 % of surveyed individuals ) | Since respondents did not report any additional < br > information about their condition or any treatment they < br > may have received , we consider these cases as < br > misreported and treat them as if no injuryoccurred . | | 6 | A small number of respondents received medicines < br > from public facilities but did not report an official < br > patient visit . < br > ( 1 % of those who received medicines from public < br > facilities ) | The proportion of respondents reporting treatment < br > without a visit is very small and we disregard the < br > discrepancy . We consider only the expenditure of those < br > who received treatment as a patient . | | 7 | The survey does not differentiate between facility < br > levels , and we cannot determine the number of patient < br > visits to third-tier hospitals . | We add public expenditures on third-tier hospitals to the < br > other two tiers and divide by the total number of patients . < br > We then assign the resultingexpenditure to eachpatient . | | 8 | The LCMS records information about health posts and < br > clinics separately , but the official public spending data < br > does", "spans": [{"start": 1860, "end": 1880, "text": "public spending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Caregivers : Examining the Global Relationship between Gender Norms and Economic Behavior . \" _World Bank Policy Research Working Paper_ 10692 ( 2024 ) . Hainmueller , Jens , Dominik Hangartner , and Teppei Yamamoto . \" Validating vignette and conjoint survey experiments against real-world behavior . \" _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_ 112 . 8 pp . 2395-2400 ( 2015 ) . Halim , D , E Perova , and S Reynolds . “ Childcare and mothers ’ labor market outcomes in lower-and middle - income countries , ” _The World Bank Research Observer_ , 38 : 73 – 114 . ( 2023a ) . Halim , Daniel , Michael B . O ’ Sullivan , and Abhilasha Sahay . \" Increasing Female Labor Force Participation . \" _World Bank Group Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series ; Evidence and Practice Note_ ( 2023b ) . Harper , Caroline ; Nicola Jones , Anita Ghimire , Rachel Marcus , and Grace Kyomuhendo Bantebya ( Eds . ) “ Empowering Adolescent Girls in Developing Countries : Gender Justice and Norm Change ( 1st ed . ) . ” _Routledge_ ( 2018 ) . Holland , Jeremy ; Rishal Poonam . “ Measuring Social Norm Change Through Storytelling . Baseline Report . ” _UN Women_ ( 2023 ) . International Monetary Fund . 2020 . Nepal Select Issues : April . _IMF Country Report No . 20 / 97_ . Jayachandran , Seema . \" Social norms as a barrier to women ’ s employment in developing countries . \" _IMF Economic Review_ 69 , no . 3 ( 2021 ) : 576 595 . Klasen , Stephan . \" What explains uneven female labor force participation levels and trends in developing countries ? \" _The World Bank Research Observer_ 34 , no . 2 ( 2019 ) : 161-197 . Lokshin , Michael , and Elena Glinskaya . \" The effect of male migration on employment patterns of women in Nepal . \" _The World Bank Economic Review_ 23 , no . 3 ( 2009 ) : 481-507 . Ministry of Health and Population [ Nepal ] , New ERA , and ICF . “ Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 . ” ( 2017 ) . Ministry of Health and Population [", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSM , CT , and PT subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2022 < / mark > # # REFERENCES Annika Jaansoo , AEBR ( 2019 ) . Methodology for stakeholder engagement : Within the project , Inter Ventures . Gronau / Enschede . - Central Statistics Authority of Ethiopia , Population and Housing Census ( 2007 ) - Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) [ Ethiopia ] and ICF ( 2016 ) Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 . CSA and ICF , Addis Ababa , Rockville . - Chaisar , M . and Garg , S . K ( 2022 ) , Selection of Sewage Treatment Technology using Analytic Hierarchy Process , Materials Today : Proceedings , 56 ( 6 ) , pp 3433-3440 . - Development Conservation and Utilization of Wildlife Proclamation No . 541 / 2007 - Ethiopian Environment , Health , and Safety Guidelines , 2007 - FDRE EPA , Guideline for reviewing environmental impact study reports ( 2003 ) , final drafts , - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( FDRE ) Constitution ; Proclamation No . 1 / 1995 . - Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline , Addis Ababa , EPA / MEDAC ( April 1996 ) ; - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia HIV / AIDS Policy ( 1998 ) - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , Environmental policy 1997 . - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , Public health proclamation ( Proc . No . 200 / 2000 ) - < mark > Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , Water Resources Management Policy ( 2001 ) < / mark > - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia : Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation . Proclamation No 299 / 2002 . - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia : Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation . Proclamation No 300 / 2002 . - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ; National Policy on Women , 1993 - Federal Environmental Protection Authority , Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines ( 2000 ) . - Haddis , A . , De Geyter , A . , Smets ,", "spans": [{"start": 297, "end": 326, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _Otherwise state “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _ [ Include this sentence only if the Bank has formally agreed to provide the Borrower with HEIS . Otherwise delete ] _ * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . [ Provide any other relevant procurement information such as procedures for procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance , or Capacity Constraints etc . ] _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The paper is organized as follows . * * Section II assesses the adequacy of the minimum wage in Romania and checks whether the statutory minimum wage is high enough so the working poor < sup > 11 < / sup > can afford a basic consumption basket for their families . Section III describes the data and identification of minimum wage workers in the administrative tax database and presents estimates of the share of minimum wage earners among employees and their profiles . Section IV simulates the ex-ante impact of the hypothetical minimum wage increase on the labor market . Lastly , Section V concludes . # * * II . Assessing the Gap between the Statutory Minimum Wage and Living Wages in Romania * * * * Setting adequate wages is crucial for ensuring a decent living standard for workers and their families , while also maintaining the viability of the firms that employ them . * * To be meaningful , minimum wages have to be set at a level that covers the needs of workers and their families * * . * * However , wage setting should balance both the needs of workers and economic considerations taken into account for the potential impact of the labor market and other economic indicators . If wages are set solely based on workers and families ' needs , they may exceed what many businesses can afford , potentially leading to job losses , increased informality and non-compliance ( especially in countries with high informality levels ) , reduced investment , and diminished export competitiveness . On the other hand , focusing only on economic factors like export competitiveness could result in wages that are too low , leading to high levels of working poverty , stagnant wages , weak aggregate demand and limited ability to protect workers and their families against low pay or poverty ( ILO 2016 , ILO 2024 ) . Levels should also be adjusted with inflation to maintain real purchasing power . Yearly adjustments allow for predictability and smooth adjustments , but more frequent adjustments may be required in countries with hyperinflation or accelerating inflation in specific periods . Some countries ( e . g . , France ) allow automatic adjustments when inflation accelerates above", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 377, "text": "administrative tax database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Limiting the samples to only children , defined in the previous section as individuals below 18 years of age , leads to sample sizes of about 13 , 000 children in the GHS surveys and 89 , 033 in the MICS survey . Table 1 provides an overview of the exact sample sizes for each wave and poverty measure . Sample sizes vary following the definition of the various deprivations , data availability only for a limited age group and response rate . In the case of the GHS , the survey limits itself to individuals of households with consumption data . As the table below shows , the non-response rates are particularly high for the severe health and food deprivations and hence , results of these deprivations should be treated with caution . Moreover , these large non-response rates or responses falling beyond the biologically possible in terms of weight and length or height for the food deprivation measurement , urges for more emphasis on quality data collection . Another , more general regional limitation relates to the ongoing conflicts in the country . Any results based on the data sources used here in particular from the North-East and to a certain extent the South-South regions need to be treated with caution , as both the GHS and MICS data collection were limited to only the accessible areas . Even though ( Azad et al . 2018 ) did not find a correlation between conflict and poverty status , as conflict seems to be affecting also non-poor households , there is a concern that conflict increases deprivations , such as educational deprivation suggested in work by Bertoni et al . ( 2018 ) and that excluding highly conflict affected areas may underestimate results . While conflict is a concern in three regions of Nigeria , the North East ( Boko Haram insurgency ) , North Central ( farmer – herder conflict over land access ) and South-South ( militant and pirate groups targeting in particular the oil sector ) , it is only in the North East and to some , but much lesser extent , in the South-South that enumeration areas were declared not accessible for data collection , due to security concerns . This limits in especially the representativeness of the", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 178, "text": "GHS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 199, "end": 210, "text": "MICS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1235, "end": 1238, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1243, "end": 1263, "text": "MICS data collection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "export data . Nevertheless , the type of exchange rate choice does not impact significantly the size of the pass-through coefficients . As it is visible in Table 3 , a decline in international food prices does not transmit into domestic food markets and virtually in all MENA countries prices are highly downward-sticky . < sup > 16 < / sup > Commodity price volatility is thus having an asymmetric effect on domestic prices : only price increases are transmitted , whereas consumers do not benefit from a decline in food prices . These results are consistent with the findings > 16 The UAE and Yemen are the only exceptions . - 19 -", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 11, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "presents a challenge since it is not possible to estimate the differential from the individual survey data available and there does not exist much evidence on it . Of the scarce literature , Bishop and Mane ( 2004 ) indicate that the increase in earnings is about 12 percent ( or more ) for students in the US who , in high school , entered a technical program with computer courses during 61 Although there is an existing course in computer literacy and skills , the curriculum is considered obsolete . Page 85 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 106, "text": "individual survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT _A staff from UNHCR ' s NGO partner organization , NMO , records feedback from a displaced woman at a non-food items distribution site in Aden . © UNHCR / NMO , Amer Abdulkareem , July 2020_ # Introduction Community engagement and two-way communication with affected populations are critical to understanding refugees and internally displaced persons ' needs and how they want UNHCR and its partners to address them . It also allows UNHCR to inform displaced communities and individuals about how to access services . It supports communities to strengthen pre-existing capacity and their own resilience to shock , such as conflict , natural disaster or epidemy , notably COVID-19 . Listening and talking to the communities it serves is inherent in UNHCR humanitarian response and an integral to UNHCR community-based protection approach . < sup > 1 < / sup > In Yemen , community engagement has been an essential part of UNHCR ' s response to the crisis . UNHCR and its partners engage and communicate with communities using both physical and virtual modalities , including face to face meetings , posters , leaflets , hotlines , text messages , and social media . It is essential for emergency responders to understand different groups and individuals ' information needs , their preferred channels , and trusted sources . Any engagement with communities must also take into consideration socio-cultural norms and traditional practices that may impact specifics groups ' – such as women , children , elderly persons , and persons with disabilities – access to information and opportunities to impart information to other members of the community or humanitarian partners . In June 2020 , UNHCR conducted a survey to assess the quality and impact of its engagement with communities and identify areas for improvement . This abstract presents the key findings of the study and recommendations to address the gaps identified and better support effective two-way communication between UNHCR and its partners and the communities they serve in Yemen . 1 https : / / www . refworld . org / pdfid / 5209f0", "spans": [{"start": 1742, "end": 1748, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Porto and Rijkers ( 2019 ) . We start by plotting the developing world distribution of the gains from trade to show how HIT data can be used to analyze global implications of trade with a specific focus on farm households . < sup > 8 < / sup > The variability in the gains from trade across countries is sizable ; the average standard deviation of the income gains across the income distribution is 1 . 01 % across countries . In Ukraine , the country with the lowest variance in the gains from trade , the standard deviation is 0 . 19 percentage points while in Burundi , the country with the highest variability , the standard deviation is 2 . 68 percentage points . It is interesting to note that the variability > 8Artuc , Porto and Rijkers ( 2019 ) investigate the trade-off between the income gains and the inequality costs of liberalization for countries separately using raw data . Here , we show how related policy problems can be tackled at the global level using conveniently organized HIT data . 9", "spans": [{"start": 122, "end": 130, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ducatifs dans les régions en crise . En se concentrant sur les obstacles à la participation équitable des femmes , des filles et des élèves handicapés au niveau local . En oeuvrant en faveur de l ’ objectif de partage prévisible et équitable de la charge et des responsabilités énoncé dans le Pacte mondial sur les réfugiés . Des mesures efficaces pourraient notamment consister à : - amplifier et étendre les programmes existants de sensibilisation au développement fondés sur des données factuelles aux écoles et aux districts accueillant des réfugiés . Il s ’ agit notamment d ’ investir dans des systèmes éducatifs inclusifs dans les écoles et les districts accueillant des réfugiés , afin d ’ améliorer la scolarisation des filles , des jeunes femmes , des enfants et des jeunes handicapés et des autres groupes menacés d ’ exclusion au sein des communautés de réfugiés et d ’ accueil ; - investir dans le suivi et l ’ évaluation des programmes en tenant compte non seulement des résultats du programme , mais aussi des résultats en matière de protection et d ’ opportunités ; - confier à des spécialistes locaux et internationaux des études d ’ évaluation par les pairs qui contribuent à l ’ intégration de données probantes dans les programmes et les politiques qui contribuent à une inclusion significative des populations de réfugiés dans des contextes spécifiques ; - plaider en faveur de l ’ inclusion systé", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Estimation Results and Discussion * * # * * 4 . 1 . TA-Level Aid Distribution * * Table 2 presents results for a random effects models using weather variables mentioned in aid distribution documents in the first column and the flood and weather shock dummies from the crop production analysis in the second column . < sup > 19 < / sup > In the first specification , both low and high rainfall deviations increased aid distribution , while higher estimated maize yield differences and higher December-January SPI values decrease aid distribution . The explanatory power is reasonably high at . 46 R < sup > 2 < / sup > - overall and . 58 R < sup > 2 < / sup > - between . However , looking at column 2 , we see that neither drought nor flood shocks have a significant impact on aid distribution . On the other hand , as shown in Online Appendix 1 , both drought and flood shocks have significant negative impacts on maize yields . Additionally , the high rainfall difference has a significant positive impact on maize yields _and_ aid distribution , while December-January SPI has a negative impact on both maize yields _and_ aid distribution . The results thus suggest that the reliance by MVAC on certain rainfall variables provides a source of exogenous variation in aid distribution through geographic targeting discrepancies that are captured in the descriptive statistics . > 19 Full results are found in Online Appendix 3 . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 . 1 : Per capita income trends in a multi-polar world - emergence * * * * < u > of Brazil , China and India < / u > * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > $ 35 , 000 < br > $ 30 , 000 < br > $ 25 , 000 < br > $ 20 , 000 < br > $ 15 , 000 < br > $ 10 , 000 < br > $ 5 , 000 < br > $ 0 < br > 1950 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 < br > South Korea Brazil China < br > India United States Japan < br > Singapore Taiwan SSA-Madagascar < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Angus Maddison Data Base ( http : / / www . ggdc . net / maddison / ) _ Among the set of developing countries , most raced to close the income gap with the developed countries under the leadership of their respective governments and support of international development agencies in the second half of the twentieth century but only a handful were successful in transforming their aspirations into reality . Among them were Japan and the East Asian Tigers ( Hong Kong SAR , China ; the Republic of Korea ; Singapore ; and Taiwan , China ) ( Figure 1 . 1 ) . The growth poles in the past were all high-income countries such as England , US , Japan and Germany . In the last quarter of the twentieth century this changed and for the first time , large developing countries such as China , India , and Brazil become growth poles . If the new growth poles continue to maintain their dynamic growth trends , their industries will upgrade to more capital intensive ones and leave a large space of labor-intensive industries for other low-income countries to enter . This paper tries to explore the implication of this new phenomenon for other developing countries , which still face the daunting challenges of achieving dynamic growth to reduce poverty . # * * _Multi-polarity and its potential dividends_ * * Since the", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 539, "text": "Angus Maddison Data Base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 1 , 265 , 955 . 00 | 1 , 265 , 955 . 00 | 2 , 245 , 500 . 00 | | Date < br > | 15-Dec-2015 | 15-Apr-2020 | 10-Dec-2020 | 30-Jun-2021 | | IN00936122 < br >  Female benefici | aries participating in LIPW sub-pro | jects ( Number , Custom Breakd | own ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 689 , 410 . 00 | 870 , 225 . 00 | 747 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 15-Dec-2015 | 15-Apr-2020 | 10-Dec-2020 | 30-Jun-2021 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P149965 | IDA-56450 | Effective | USD | 130 . 00 | 130 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 131 . 84 | 0 . 01 | | 100 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 9 . 0 MONITORING AND REPORTING * * 90 . The Project will track stakeholder engagement activities per component using the matrix shown in Table 2 . The matrix will be completed by the Component Leads on a monthly basis ( the first week of every month ) . The Social Safeguards Team will collate and submit the information to the PM on a monthly basis . 91 . Quarterly summaries and internal reports on public grievances , enquiries and related incidents , together with the status of implementation of associated corrective / preventative actions will be collated by responsible staff and referred to the senior management of the project . 92 . The quarterly summaries will provide a mechanism for assessing both the number and the nature of complaints and requests for information , along with the project ’ s ability to address those in a timely and effective manner . Information on public engagement activities undertaken by the project during the year may be conveyed to the stakeholders in two possible ways : - ( i ) Publication of annual report on the project including project ’ s interaction with the stakeholders ; and - ( ii ) A number of Key Performance Indicators ( KPIs ) will also be monitored by the project on a regular basis . 93 . The project team will conduct surveys on World Bank supported components at midpoint and three-quarter point . The results from these surveys will be used to inform the World Bank on the necessary steps to take towards meeting the project goals . In addition , the World Bank supported GEMS tool will be used by county health focal points ( all county focal points have been trained and are currently using the tool ) to provide feedback on the project and the situation of particular groups . The County focal points will encourage the CHWs to feed in concerns , if necessary anonymously , in case communities may be reluctant to do so . 94 . The SEP will be periodically revised and updated as necessary in order to ensure that the information and the methods of engagement remain appropriate and effective in relation to the project context", "spans": [{"start": 1286, "end": 1328, "text": "surveys on World Bank supported components", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| IRP | Ghana Center < br > for Democratc < br > Development | African Electoral < br > Integrity Index | 54 economies in Africa . | Every two years . < br > Used in WGI < br > since 2000 . | Expert / NGO | Expert assessment measuring various dimensions of electoral < br > integrity . Scored by network of respondents convened by < br > GCDD following a structure methodology subject to centralized < br > review . This data source is commissioned by theMo Ibrahim < br > Foundatonas an input to theIbrahim Index of African < br > Governance . Data and methodology are publicly available < br > here . | | LBO | Latnobarometro | Latnobarometro | 17 countries in Latn < br > America . | Every one to < br > three years . < br > Used in WGI < br > since 1996 . | Survey / HH | Household survey of households in countries in Latn America < br > conducted by Latnobarometro . Full access to the record-level < br > data , questonnaires , and survey methodology are available < br > here . | | MSI | Internatonal < br > Research and < br > Exchanges Board | Vibrant < br > Informaton < br > Barometer | 18 countries in Europe < br > and Central Asia | Annual . Used in < br > WGI since 2000 . | Expert / NGO | Expert assessment scored by local panels of experts convened < br > by the Internatonal Research and Exchanges Board in each < br > country . Scoring follows a structured methodology and is < br > subject to centralized review . Data are publicly availablehere . < br > Details on the methodology are available in the annual report < br > availablehere . Note : Between 2000 and 2019 , the < br > Internatonal Research and Exchanges Board published the < br > Media Sustainability Index , which was substantally revised < br > into the Vibrant Informaton Barometer in 2020 . We use data < br > from the Media SustainabilityIndex between 2000 and 2019 . | | OBI | Internatonal < br > Budget <", "spans": [{"start": 1666, "end": 1692, "text": "Media Sustainability Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "treatment effect heterogeneity can be effectively leveraged to fine-tune optimal policy targeting . Several caveats are in order regarding the limitations of this work . < mark > The most important one is the use of a broad definition of migration for our migration outcome variable , which is driven by limitations in the existing data , as discussed in Section 3 . To overcome this constraint , we stress the need for longitudinal household surveys to collect more comprehensive migration data . This includes details about the nature and duration of migration episodes , as well as the characteristics , history , and purposes of migrant individuals . Achieving this goal requires equipping household surveys with improved migrant tracking tools and protocols . Ideally , efforts to enhance the design of longitudinal surveys should be also harmonized and standardized across countries to ensure comparability of migration data and enable researchers to study potential differences in countryspecific relationships . < / mark > At the same time , for half of the migrant-sending households , we observe more than one household member migrating across waves , so even if it were possible to distinguish different types of migration , accounting for intra-household heterogeneity in the estimation approach would not be straightforward . A complementary strategy to investigate resourceconstrained immobility would be to look at the dynamics of migration intentions and aspirations rather than actual migration , but the available information on these variables is limited to crosssectional surveys ( e . g . , Gallup World Poll ) which come with their related econometric challenges . Regarding internal versus international migration , while our results apply predominantly to internal migration , we suspect that external validity with respect to international migration is high , as the key finding regarding the importance of endowments and liquidity constraints should hold even truer when it comes to costlier cross-border movements . Secondly , it must be emphasized that conducting this type of research is not possible without leveraging panel surveys that are multi-topic and interoperable in nature . Unfortunately , such surveys remain uncommon in many developing contexts , which hinders the possibility of studying climate migration dynamics in those regions . Relatedly , even in countries where panel data are available , these are often of", "spans": [{"start": 420, "end": 450, "text": "longitudinal household surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 481, "end": 495, "text": "migration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1577, "end": 1599, "text": "crosssectional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1612, "end": 1629, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2149, "end": 2162, "text": "panel surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the procurement unit only or sometimes mixed with members from other user departments . In most of the cases , the committee consist an ad-hoc members / representative from audit and sectors / user departments during bid opening . The committee is mainly responsible for the opening and evaluation of bids in all woredas . Majority of the entities keep bid opening minutes and in most of the woredas the opening is recorded in the registration book . However , at some regions and woredas they do not have tender endorsing committee rather the review and approval of the bid evaluation report is done by the head of the public body or head of the procurement department as per stated threshold . 34 . * * _Evaluation_ * * _ : _ Bid Evaluation is conducted by the evaluation committee comprising the procurement staff and representatives from the user departments . After the bid submission and during the period of the evaluation , information on the examination , clarification and evaluation of bids / proposals is not disclosed to participants or to other parties not officially involved in the evaluation process , as regulated in the legal framework . The procuring entities follow different steps for evaluating bids using preliminary evaluation , and financial evaluation . The technical evaluation is not done in most woredas , because of lack of clear technical evaluation criterion in the bidding document . The common practice during evaluation is that the least price is considered after eligibility criteria and the arithmetic errors are checked . 35 . Key weaknesses include lack of clear requirements and specification ; lack of qualification requirements for some procurement contracts at regional and woreda levels ; bidders are not notified the procurement outcomes ; sometimes merit point system of bid evaluation is used while conformance criteria evaluation system is stated in the standard bidding document . In addition , regions and Woredas do not have a standard Bid evaluation template for bid evaluation report . 36 . * * Contract management : * * Contracts are prepared in an abridged form without containing the essential provisions that clarify and share responsibilities between the supplier and public body . In most cases ,", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 448, "text": "registration book", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electronics industries . There are no innovative firms in the automobile industry in Nepal , and a small proportion of firms are innovative in Pakistan . Figure 2 . Technological and Non-Technological Innovations in Key Sectors < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Technological and Non Technological Innovation Rates by Specific Sectors < br > Bangladesh ( % All Firms ) India ( % All Firms ) < br > Food Apparel Electronics Automobiles Food Apparel Electronics Automobiles < br > Nepal ( % All Firms ) Pakistan ( % All Firms ) < br > Food Apparel Electronics Automobiles Food Apparel Electronics Automobiles < br > Product & Process Organizational Product & Process Organizational < br > 1 1 < br > . 75 . 75 < br > . 5 . 5 < br > . 25 . 25 < br > 0 0 < br > 1 1 < br > . 75 . 75 < br > . 5 . 5 < br > . 25 . 25 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s elaboration from Enterprise Survey ( 2014 ) # 5 . 4 Degree of Innovativeness or Novelty Although innovation rates are relatively large for some countries in the region , this does not necessarily mean that the degree of innovativeness is high . Indeed , one pattern found for several developing countries is that a limited number of firms engage in disruptive innovative activities such as introducing new products to the country or even better new products to the world , while the majority of them conduct incremental innovations or pure imitation - either by upgrading the quality of existing goods or introducing new products to the firm ( Cirera and Sabetti , 2019 ) . When firms decide among alternative innovation choices , several factors affect this decision . The market structure is one important determinant . When product market differentiation is low and the degree of competition is high , the entrance of new firms in a market reduces incumbents ’ market shares by much more than in the case where products are imperfect substitutes like in the case of monopolistic or oligopolistic", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 919, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey were used to classify each household in the panel data set as having no migrants , having one or more members who migrated overseas , or having one or more members who migrated to another Indian state between 1998 and 2003 . < sup > 18 < / sup > As noted earlier , only a small fraction of sending households ( less than 3 percent ) saw members migrating both domestically and internationally for work between survey rounds . I dropped 12 such observations to reach a working sample of 4 , 783 households . < sup > 19 < / sup > Table 1 displays summary statistics of selected variables . I determined migration status ( shown in columns 2 and 3 ) from the 2003 KMS reports of household members who migrated for work between the 1998 and 2003 survey rounds . In addition , questions in the 2003 KMS enable one to determine the length of time a given household member spent abroad or in another Indian state between survey rounds . I used this variable to measure the duration of a household ’ s exposure to either form of migration . Within the three migration categories , I used the 2003 KMS data set to obtain individual-level characteristics for household members between the ages of 19 and 60 who were in the labor force as of 2003 ( shown in Table 1 , rows 1 to 4 ) . The majority of migrants departing for jobs outside Kerala after 1998 were between 19 and 40 years old . Individuals who migrated for work after 1998 tended to be 5 to 9 years younger than non-migrants . Of these , international migrants were on average 4 years older than domestic migrants . About three-quarters of the adult labor force in Kerala consisted of males ; the gender breakout of domestic migrants shows a similar male-female ratio . International migrants were almost all male — close to 90 percent . In terms of educational level , domestic migrants tended to be more educated than international migrants , who in turn had more schooling than non-migrants . The share of domestic migrants , international migrants , and non-migrants who had completed at least secondary schooling was 68 > 18 Neither the", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 65, "text": "panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 679, "text": "2003 KMS reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 796, "end": 804, "text": "2003 KMS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1091, "end": 1108, "text": "2003 KMS data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "actual panels . < sup > 5 < / sup > On average , the predicted poverty rates using LASSO-PMM were one percentage point away from the observed rates , when using data from the four validation countries . To build the synthetic panels required to define the new vulnerability and middle-class lines , this paper follows Lucchetti et al . ( 2020 ) as a starting point . and introduces several improvements in its methodology . First , matching is performed only between subsets ( donation classes ) of individuals with the same time-invariant features . These constrained donation classes are built based on gender , birth year , and educational attainment . Second , sampling weights are used to harmonize the joint distributions of identified common variables across the two surveys ( Renssen , 1998 ) . This method ( known as Renssen ’ s procedure ) consists of a series of calibration steps of the survey weights ( in both the donor and receiver surveys < sup > 6 < / sup > ) implemented to achieve consistency between some aggregate estimates , e . g . : income , gender or age distributions . Third , when several donors are equidistant in terms of the predicted income , one of them is randomly chosen according to their sampling weights . The fourth improvement is a direct consequence of the two previous ones : this method allows to preserve the marginal distribution of income from the donor survey , which is essential not to alter welfare dynamics . In addition , although synthetic panels have their own set of limitations , they represent a significant improvement over using cross-sectional data to estimate the probability of falling into poverty . Without actual panels available , this would have been the case . Starting from two available rounds ( i . e . , = rounds 1 and 2 ) of cross-sectional microdata . Let i be the per capita household income for household i , ( i . e . , ) , in survey round with sample size , jj yy and i be a vector of household head characteristics observed for household i in survey round j . These ii = 1 , . . . , NN jj NN", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 200, "text": "data from the four validation countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1588, "end": 1608, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1798, "end": 1823, "text": "cross-sectional microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is a dummy variable indicating recorded natural disasters in The Chronicles in DDFFPPFFPprefectureFFDDii , tt _i_ in year _t_ , which includes droughts , flooding , locusts , and earthquakes . P P and are defined as before . represents the prefecture fixed effects ; , year fixed effectstt . In columns 1 and 2 of Panel A in Table 3 , neither XXii μμii P P nor P θθPtt × R R P is tt tt ii significant , suggesting that natural conditions did not deteriorate in the warlord period , and that FFRRF prefectural border ruggedness was not associated with obvious changes in local natural conditions . We also conduct three other robustness checks in Table 3 . First , a small number of prefectures ( i . e . , six ) did not directly neighbor with prefectures controlled by other warlords — then their border ruggedness could have little military implication for them . In general , given the frequent changes of territories during that era , our prior is that even inner prefectures ’ border ruggedness matters since they could become outer prefectures some months or years later . This is why in the base scenario we include the border ruggedness of all prefectures . After excluding all six of such prefectures in column 3 , we obtain similar results as in our baseline regression . Second , wars could interrupt agricultural and business activities and lead to famines . To exclude the impact of wars , we delete the observations with wars happening in the observation prefecture-year . The coefficient of P P × R R P is - 0 . 096 , similar as before . When tt ii the prefectures were surrounded by less rugged borders , warlords , war or not , still did less to FFRRF prevent famines or provide famine relief for their subjects . Third , we consider the sensitivity of our results when taking into account famine severity . In our baseline regressions we consider famine incidence . But famines differ in severity , and more severe famines might reflect more serious governance failure . Do our key results still hold if famine severity is considered ? Because the data set does not provide a precise scale of famines , we", "spans": [{"start": 2065, "end": 2073, "text": "data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 is not relevant to PRIME-1 < sup > 9 < / sup > 9 . PRIME-1 is rated with overall High environmental and social ( E & S ) risk with the social risk High and environmental Substantial , as per ESS1 definition . PRIME-1 also applies the World Bank Group ( WBG ) General Environmental , Health and Safety ( EHS ) guidelines < sup > 10 < / sup > 10 , as well as the Electric Power Transmission and Distribution ( 2007 ) < sup > 11 < / sup > 11 . Mid-Day International ( MDI ) Consulting Engineers of Ethiopia was charged with the responsibility of carrying out this ESIA study . # # # # * * 1 . 2 Objectives of the ESIA Study * * The consultancy service is required to prepare ESIA for Hawassa – Shashemene 230kV TL and substation subproject . The main objectives of the consultancy for the ESIA include : - To address all E & S issues that are likely to arise during the pre-construction , construction , operation , and decommissioning phases while taking into account national laws and regulations as well as the World Bank ’ s ESF , the relevant ESSs and gap analysis between Ethiopian laws and ESF to close the gap . - Identify baseline data on the physical and biological environment , as well as the social , gender issues , cultural including if there are any Archaeological Sites ( AS ) , demographic , and economic characteristics of the population in and around the transmission line corridor and substation area . - Identify and analyse potential environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with the proposed transmission line and substation during preconstruction , construction , operation , and decommissioning phases and to make sure these impacts do not outweigh the expected positive socio-environmental > 9 ESS1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ; ESS2 Labor and Working Conditions ; ESS3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management ; ESS4 Community Health", "spans": [{"start": 1130, "end": 1143, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of Occupations . ” _Social Science Research_ 25 , no . 3 ( 1996 ) : 201-239 . * * Hsieh , Chang-Tai , Erik Hurst , Charles I . Jones , and Peter J . Klenow . * * “ The allocation of talent and US economic growth . ” _Econometrica_ 87 , no . 5 ( 2019 ) : 1439-1474 . * * International Labor Organization . * * “ International standard classification of occupations : Structure , group definitions and correspondence tables . ” _International Labor Office , Geneva_ ( 2012 ) . * * National Institute of Statistics and Censuses . * * “ Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples . ” San Jose , Costa Rica ( 2009 ) . * * National Institute of Statistics and Censuses . * * “ Encuesta Nacional de Hogares . ” San Jose , Costa Rica ( 2020 ) . 48", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "waves 2 and 3 , as the GHS only asks in wave 1 about the mother ’ s education of all individuals , but in the later waves only for new household members . As the GHS data is unfortunately not an individual level panel , it is not possible to merge information from wave 1 to the respective individuals in wave 2 and 3 . Controls including the proxy information are marked with an * . # 6 Conclusions and Policy Implications Motivated by the lack of evidence on the poverty situation specifically of children in Nigeria , this child poverty analysis aims at providing a broad overview on the extent of severe monetary and multidimensional child poverty , its recent trends and its overlap which could potentially serve as a base for more targeted policy making . The analysis is based on the past four waves of the General Household Surveys ( GHS-1 2010 / 11 , GHS-2 2012 / 13 , GHS-3 2015 / 16 and GHS-4 2018 / 19 ) and the latest wave of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS 2016 / 17 ) . Using the GHS surveys has the advantage that it allows the calculation of the overlap between monetary and multi-dimensional poverty estimates . The MICS data on the other hand only allows the estimation of multi-dimensional poverty measures , but provides external validity to the 56", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 170, "text": "GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 943, "end": 976, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1008, "end": 1019, "text": "GHS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1147, "end": 1156, "text": "MICS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] # # # # * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * | * * Activity * * | * * Associated * * < br > * * Impacts * * | < br > * * Impact * * < br > * * Levels * * | < br > * * Management Actions * * | < br > * * Target * * < br > * * Areas & * * < br > * * Responsibil * * < br > * * ities * * | y < br > * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicator * * | * * Budget * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Personnel / * * < br > * * Entity * * < br > * * in * * < br > * * charge * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Activity * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | sure < br > channels ; < br > contamination < br > by other pollutants ) ; < br >  < br > Sand / silt traps should be < br > used so as to prevent silt < br > and any other sediments < br > from getting into storm < br > water channels < br >  < br > Site < br > compounds < br > and < br > stockpiles will be located < br > away from shallow wells < br > and storm", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * NATIONAL URBAN TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2017 * * # # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ( Continued ) * * * * * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure < sup > tothe < / sup > consolidated financial statements . * * * Acquisition of fixed * * assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and < sup > equipmentitemsisnotcapitalized . < / sup > The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items < sup > aretreatedas < / sup > payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can < sup > be < / sup > reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided < sup > for < / sup > purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # # c ) * * In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form < sup > of actual < / sup > goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These < sup > donationsmayinclude < / sup > vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received < sup > for in - < / sup > kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such < sup > valueinthe < / sup > statement of receipts", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1016, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 65 - ANNEX II Page 12 of 15 to draw down the material loans . Therefore , it will be necessary to extend the closing date of the loan by one year . Disbursements are 87 % of the revised appraisal estimates , reflecting overall implementation delay of about two years . Maintenance of infrastructure work and refuse collection is unsatisfactory and remains a city-wide problem . Housing consolidation on the whole is good . Enforcement on valuations of underdeveloped plots and plots in arrears is taking place . However , the total amount of arrears is rising , and the City Council has been asked to take even more vigorous action on debtors . Loan No . 1550-KE / Credit No . 791-KE - Second Urban Project : US $ 25 . 0 million Loan and US $ 25 . 0 million Credit of May 75 , 1978 ; Effective Date : October 3 , 1978 ; Closing Date : December 31 , 1983 The project is over two years behind schedule and this is reflected in slow disbursements . However , most of the civil works contracts have now been tendered or will be tendered in the next couple of months , so it is expected that the disbursement performance will improve substantially over the next year . Shortage of technical staff remains a problem which does not appear to have any easy solution . The financial position of the Nairobi City Council remains a serious problem . Mombasa Municipal Council has successfully introduced its new valuation roll , and the Commissioner of Lands has promised to provide assistance during 1982 to Kisumu in revising its evaluation role . # # WILDLIFE AND TOURISM Loan No . 1304-T-KE - Wildlife and Tourism Project : US $ 17 . 0 million Loan of July 9 , 1976 ; Effective Date : November 10 , 1976 ; Closing Date : June 30 1982 After initial delays , project implementation is accelerating . Officers for the Project Management Unit have been appointed , and six key Wildlife Planning Unit positions have been filled . All physical components of the project are under construction and nearing completion", "spans": [{"start": 1403, "end": 1417, "text": "valuation roll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ Figure 4 . 2 : Monthly Rainfall Pattern at Hawassa Meteorological Station The temperature recorded at Hawassa Meteorological Station shows that the mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 25oC in July to 30oC in March , with mean maximum temperature of 27 . 65oC . The mean monthly minimum temperature varies from 11oC to 15 . 4oC , with mean minimum of 14oC . The annual minimum and maximum temperatures are observed in the month of December and March respectively . Figure 4 . 3 below show the monthly temperature variation at Hawassa Meteorological Station . Figure 4 . 3 : Monthly Minimum and Maximum Temperature Variation at Hawassa Meteorological Station Page 72", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 331, "text": "temperature recorded at Hawassa Meteorological Station", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "es * * | | | | | | | | * * Ministry * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Foreign * * < br > * * Affairs * * | - | - | 1 | - | - | * * 1 * * | | * * Representation Office in São Paulo * * | | | | | | | | * * Total * * | * * 1 , 387 * * | * * 6 , 296 * * | * * 10 , 188 * * | * * 17 , 507 * * | * * 12 , 983 * * | * * 48 , 361 * * | > 63 By the end of 2017 , IOM had received over 42 , 000 applications ( email correspondence on file with author ) . For more information on IOM activities , see https : / / haiti . iom . int / bvac / , accessed : September 2018 . > 64 See p . 26 . Available at : https : / / laemiceppac . files . wordpress . com / 2017 / 12 / livro_v3_sumario_atualizado . pdf , > accessed : September 2018 . 178", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 439, "text": "email correspondence on file with author", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", using long-term and aggregated data in order to provide sensible results . In calculating the cost of extension provision in ATP 1 , we use actual data available for technical assistance programs in INTA ( Estrada-Rizo and Garcia , 1997 ) . These estimates are presented in Table 8 . It appears from Table 8 that the annual average cost per extensionist in the technical assistance programs ( ATPb and ATP 1 ) is $ 3612 . Figure 6 suggests that about 70 % of these costs", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 197, "text": "actual data available for technical assistance programs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 4 : Financial management Staff data * * | | structure | Actual | Vacant | Qualification | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Federal - EIAR Head Office * * | | | | | | Budget | 3 | 3 | - | ALL BA | | Account | 14 | 14 | - | 10BA , 4 Diploma | | Internal audit | 10 | 8 | 2 | ALL BA | | Property mgt . | 5 | 5 | - | 1BA , 4Diploma | | * * Federal – EIAR Centers * * < br > * * ( 17centers ) * * | | | | | | Budget | 15 | 15 | | | | Account | 107 | 107 | | | | Internalaudit | 21 | 21 | | | | Property mgt . | 65 | 65 | | | | * * SNNPR , BoA & LAU * * | | | | | | Budget | 10 | 10 | | ALL BA | | Account | 11 | 11 | | 9 BA , 2 Diploma | | Internalaudit | 6 | 6 | | ALL BA | | Property mgt . | 7 | 7 | | 6 BA , 1Diploma | | * * SNNPR – RIAR Head Office * * | | | | | | Budget | 5 | 5 | | ALL BA | | Account | 9 | 9 | | 1MA , 6BA , 2Diploma | | Internal audit | 5 | 4 | 1 | ALL BA | | Property mgt . | 2 | 2 | | BA | | < br > * * SNNPR – RIAR Centers ( 6 ) * * | | | | | | Budget | 6 | 6 | | ALL BA | | Account | 34 | 34 | | 29 BA , 5 Diploma | | Internal audit | 6 | 5 |", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 45, "text": "Financial management Staff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> valued in the IFMIS FA and < br > monitored according to the < br > guidelines ; and < br > ( ii ) BPR for asset < br > management system and | | ( DLR 9 . 2 total < br > allocated 3 , 500 , 000 ) < br > ( i ) 2 , 000 , 000 | |", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 24, "text": "IFMIS FA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project ( P169943 ) | * * Indicator Name * * < br > * * P * * | * * BC * * < br > * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Proportion of women among Permanent Direct Support < br > program beneficiaries ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | PDS beneficiaries enrolled in free community-based health < br > insurance ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | * * Institutional strengthening , Project Management and M & E * * | | | | Cities providing regular quarterly progress reports ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Establishment of a functioning MIS at the federal and city levels < br > ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | | PW and PDS beneficiaries included in the beneficiary registry < br > with full PMT data ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Complaints to GRM committees satisfactorily addressed within < br > three months of initial complaint being recorded ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | 90 . 00 | | Availability of Report on Occupational Health and Safety ( OHS ) < br > measures ( Yes / No ) | No | Yes | | Women in complaint and appeal committees ( Percentage ) | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | * * Contingent Emergency Response Component * * * * _ ( Action : This Compone_ * * | * * _nt is New ) _ * * | | | IDPs that benefited from unconditional temporary cash transfers < br > ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | 733 , 200 . 00 | | * * _Action : This indicator is New_ * * | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 795, "text": "PMT data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The fourth grouping is made up of multilateral donors , which include the World Bank and regional development banks . The World Bank has adopted a dual track approach , by creating the Multi-Country HIV / AIDS Programme ( MAP ) for Africa and the Caribbean , and by developing regional collaboration plans , such as the Great Lakes Initiative on AIDS ( GLIA ) . The World Bank is the largest long-term investor in prevention and migration of HIV / AIDS in developing countries . Its most recent report on the epidemic shows how over the last 15 years , it has substantially increased its assistance to HIV / AIDS programmes ; the cumulative total of commitments made exceed now US $ 2 . 5 billion . MAP was the first to fund African HIV programmes on a billion-dollar scale , and today 29 countries and 4 regional projects are underway . Consequently , funding for HIV / AIDS programmes in Africa have increased rapidly , from an average of US $ 10 million annually 10 years ago to $ 250-300 million annually in each of the last four years . The World Bank expects to launch more MAP programmes in Ghana and Ethiopia , and preparations are also underway in Kenya and Eritrea . < sup > 6 < / sup > The three largest funding efforts are those of PEFPAR , GFATM and the World Bank . For this reason , we have chosen to assess their approved HIV proposals to the 8 countries . However , future research should explore and evaluate the proposals of the other major donors to better determine funding for HIV / AIDS activities for IDPs . # # * * Methodology * * # # < u > Data collection : < / u > IDP population estimates come from the Global IDP Project < sup > 12 < / sup > and the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants . < sup > 13 < / sup > Any range in IDP numbers for a particular country exemplifies uncertainty and potential discord regarding the number of people affected by conflict . A search for IDP", "spans": [{"start": 1592, "end": 1616, "text": "IDP population estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1631, "end": 1649, "text": "Global IDP Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Kenya Development Corporation and the Project Coordinator further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements and the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Director General for the Kenya Development Corporation and the Project Coordinator confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants and that Project funds received during the financial year under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . * * XX * *", "spans": [{"start": 102, "end": 120, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 5 < br > - 2 . 0 < br > - 2 . 5 < br > 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 < br > GDP Poverty Inequality < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) and World Development Indicators . 24", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 313, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- MEMD-7437-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of a Double cabin | IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 40 , 000 . 00 | 51 , 874 . 23 < br > Signed | 2016-12-30 | 2017-01-04 | 2017-02-15 < br > 2017 - | 07-14 < br > 2017-03-17 < br > 201 | 7-07-14 < br > 2017-04-21 < br > 2017 | - 08-01 < br > 2017-10-18 | | UG-REA-14924-GO-RFQ / < br > Supply of Inspector ' s < br > Measurement Equipment | IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 10 , 765 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | | 2017-08-07 | | | 2017-10-18 | 2019-01-16 | | UG-MEMD-15330-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 50 Tablets for th < br > ERT III Baseline Survey | e < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Energy poverty incidence rate ( absolute ) | 2 , 952 | 0 . 106 | 0 . 308 | 0 | 1 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Energy poverty ( > 10 percent ) | 2 , 952 | 0 . 530 | 0 . 499 | 0 | 1 | | Electricity ( share ) | 2 , 952 | 0 . 0762 | 0 . 0792 | 0 | 3 . 063 | | Natural gas and town gas ( share ) | 2 , 952 | 0 . 00132 | 0 . 00942 | 0 | 0 . 170 | | Liquefied hydrocarbons / butane / propane ( share ) | 2 , 952 | 0 . 00111 | 0 . 00428 | 0 | 0 . 0630 | | Liquid fuels ( share ) | 2 , 952 | 3 . 00e-05 | 0 . 00104 | 0 | 0 . 0519 | | Coal ( share ) | 2 , 952 | 0 . 00329 | 0 . 0352 | 0 | 1 . 625 | | Other solid fuels ( share ) | 2 , 952 | 0 . 0374 | 0 . 0790 | 0 | 1 . 075 | | Heat energy ( share ) | 2 , 952 | 0 . 0118 | 0 . 0292 | 0 | 0 . 243 | _Notes : The indicators in this table are at the household level ( N = 2 , 952 ) . We weigh each observation by household survey weights . The energy poverty incidence rate ( share ) is the 2M energy poverty indicator . The energy poverty incidence rate ( absolute ) is the M / 2 energy poverty indicator . All variables are reported as shares . _ _Source : Own estimates based on HBS ( 2019 ) . _ # * * Lower welfare quintiles report higher energy expenditure shares and higher energy poverty rates . * * Figure 1 demonstrates that those households that report the lowest average income spend a higher share of their overall household expenditure on energy ( 18 . 1 percent", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1150, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 138 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited Bujagali Hydropower Project Social * * and Environmental * * Assessment - * * Main Report * * December , * * 2006 # # # # # * * 3 . 7 . 4 . 4 Fisheries * * # # # # * * Importance of Fisheries in Uganda * * Fisheries are very important in Uganda ' s national economy and are based on the extensive and varied aquatic system that covers about 20 percent of the country ' s surface area . This system comprises five major lakes ( Victoria , Albert , Kyoga , Edward and George ) and 160 small lakes in addition to rivers and swamps . Fish is still the cheapest source of high quality animal protein in Uganda and provides over 50 percent of animal protein consumption . Fish is a major source of income especially for the rural poor , and this industry contributes greatly to poverty eradication . Fish is an important export commodity : it is estimated that in 1996 USD 45 million were earned from fish exports , putting it next to coffee in export earnings ( GoU statistics , 1998 ) . The Ugandan fish export industry took a severe blow when importation by the EU countries was banned in March 1999 ( on the grounds of hygiene , sanitation and the presence of pesticides in fishing waters ) . However , the EU resumed importation in August 2000 . The main entry points in Europe are Holland , Germany and Belgium in the north , and Greece in the south . Along with Spain , these countries represent the main EU consumer markets . Virtually all fish produced in Uganda is from natural water bodies . The quantity of fish harvested in Ugandan waters increased from about 175 , 000 tonnes in 1985 to 276 , 000 tonnes in 1993 , before declining to 213 , 000 tonnes in 1994 and remaining at about this level since then . The initial increase is attributed to increased catches of Nile perch following its establishment in Lake Victoria . A breakdown of fish catch by water body is provided in Table 3 .", "spans": [{"start": 997, "end": 1011, "text": "GoU statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1100 hectares ( 40 % of the Municipality ) is currently undeveloped and available for future new development . A further 42 % is presently developed , while the remaining 18 % can be classified as un-developable for reasons of environmental protection . Over 133 hectares of land are reserved for new industrial development . There are also substantial industrial premises , which are lying dormant and could be rejuvenated into functional industries . # # # # * * c ) Education and literacy * * The National Household Survey indicates that 84 . 5 % of the population aged 10 years and above is literate and mentions that literacy has continued to rise over the years . This is attributed to the national policy of Universal Primary Education and Functional Adult Literacy ( 2002 Population and Housing Census Analytical Report , 2007 ) . # # # # * * d ) Infrastructure and services * * * * _Roads and transport_ * * Jinja Municipal Council has a tarmac road network of 85 kilometers of and 30 kilometers of murram . Over 40 % of tarmac road length ( 35 kilometers ) is in very poor state and JMC is working on plan to rehabilitate them . # # # # * * _Water supply_ * * The main water source for JMC is NWSC piped water with coverage of 100 % . In rural areas of Jinja District , access to clean water has increased from 8 % in 1990 to 52 % in 2001 and 56 % in 2004 . Jinja relies on Lake Victoria and Nile waters for both industrial and domestic uses . # # # # * * _Health_ * * Although there are a number of private health outlets in terms of clinics , drug centres or dispensaries ; access to government health services is still difficult . The concept of a health sub-district has firmly taken route in the Municipality . There are two functional health sub-districts with a theatre and doctors ’ house . > 31 Jinja municipality profile , 2012 65", "spans": [{"start": 500, "end": 525, "text": "National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 775, "end": 809, "text": "2002 Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Muslim population has largely remained stable when compared to previous censuses conducted decades ago . Sunnis form the majority of Muslims with non-denominational Muslims being the second largest group of Muslims , and the Shia are a minority . # # 2 . 7 Literacy The literacy rate has increased in recent years : according to the 1994 census , the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 23 . 4 % . In 2007 it was estimated to be 39 % ( male 49 . 1 % and female 28 . 9 % ) . A report by UNDP in 2011 showed that the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 46 . 7 % . The same report also indicated that the female literacy rate had increased from 27 to 39 per cent from 2004 to 2011 , and the male literacy rate had increased from 49 to 59 per cent over the same period for persons 10 years and older . By 2015 , the literacy rate had further increased , to 49 . 1 % ( 57 . 2 % male and 41 . 1 % female ) . Access to education in Ethiopia has improved significantly . Approximately three million people were in primary school in 1994 – 95 but by 2008 – 09 , primary enrolment had risen to 15 . 5 million – an increase of over 500 % . In 2013 – 14 , Ethiopia had witnessed a significant boost in gross enrolment across all regions . The national GER was 104 . 8 % for boys , 97 . 8 % for girls and 101 . 3 % across both sexes . # # 2 . 8 Culture The culture of Ethiopia is diverse , consisting of the local population , an interaction of Semitic , Cushitic and less populous Nilo-Saharan speaking people , which is evolved from first millennium BC . The dominant Semitic-speaking groups such as Tigrayans , Amharas and Gurage , are distinguished by their feudal tradition , hierarchical structure and agrarian life . This is rooted partly from South Arabia as a result of back migration , while the southern Cushitic ( Oromo and Somali ) are strong adherents", "spans": [{"start": 333, "end": 344, "text": "1994 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "— believed that the program targeted grade 3 and 4 teachers . At midline 91 percent of teachers in the in-kind arm believed that the award had an in-kind component , and 62 percent of teachers in the recognition arm believed that the program included a certificate . Teachers were also relatively well-informed about the inputs to the award function . # * * 2 . 2 Sample and Experimental Design * * The evaluation sample consists of 420 randomly selected primary schools , stratifying by regions and zones ( rural-urban ) , from the population of public French ( non-Arabic ) speaking schools found in the Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) database and using the number of teachers in targeted grades to define the selection probability of a given school . < sup > 9 < / sup > > 9The sampling frame was limited to public schools because they are the schools under direct authority of the MEPU-EC . 6", "spans": [{"start": 606, "end": 663, "text": "Education Management Information System ( EMIS ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Upon requisition , the funds are transferred to Kshs account at Central Bank of Kenya . Initial Withdrawal shall be based on cash forecast while subsequent replenishment requests shall be through filing of withdrawal applications through the Bank secure client connection . Replenishment and reimbursement of withdrawal applications will be accompanied by Statements of Expenditures ( SOEs ) . Program funds deposited in Designated accounts are disbursed to only finance eligible program activities . The assessment notes that there are appropriate designated signatories to the program accounts . 9 . Funds are transferred to the MoE and TSC county offices local bank accounts at the duly approved bank based on approved AIEs / approved activities . Drawing of the funds is strictly for the purpose as detailed in instructions . On spending , the support documents are sent to MoE / TSC headquarters where they reviewed and posted in the IFMIS . _10 . _ * * _Key potential risk and action : _ * * _a ) Financial processes in MoE / TSC county offices are manual and therefore the potential risk of manipulation b ) ineffective monitoring of financial spending at the county level . There is need to strengthen the financial reporting and monitoring at the county level by automating operations . _ # # * * 6 . 3 Accounting * * 11 . At MoE , JKF and TSC there are well established accounting and financial systems with adequate staffing to ensure adequate program financial records are maintained . Standard Chart of Accounts has been developed and in use . Also accounting standards and templates have been developed through the Public Sector Accounting Standard Board ( PSASB ) . MoE and TSC financial transactions are captured in the IFMIS through budget classification codes . JKF uses an integrated system ( Syspro 8 ) that allows for proper recording of transactions and allocation of expenditures to respective components or cost centers and sources of funds . The accounting arrangements including maintaining of financial records and practices are captured through finance and accounting manuals . At MoE , the government wide accounting policy and procedures manual has not been", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 944, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1736, "end": 1741, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "significant human and natural resources and good potential for development , poverty is widespread and often directly linked to environmental and natural resource degradation . Agriculture accounts for 40-45 % of the GDP , most of the exports , and perhaps about 85 of the employment , primarily in the form of subsistence small-holder ( generally less than half a hectare ) cultivation ( 95 % of the agricultural output ) , mostly under rainfed conditions ( 10mha , often in degraded watersheds ) , with very little area currently irrigated ( around 0 . 25 mha ) . Ethiopia has Africa ’ s largest livestock population ( 80m , primarily cattle , sheep , and goats ) . Climate risks are significant , with frequent droughts and floods taking a toll on the economy , resulting in tragic loss of life and livelihoods , and inducing risk-averse disincentives to much-needed investment . The Ethiopian economy has done well in recent years , with GDP growing by 11 . 4 % last year ( buoyed by good agricultural performance recovering from the 2002 drought ) , poverty headcounts reducing from 44 % in 1999 / 00 to 39 % in the last 2004 / 05 survey . There have been important recent gains , especially on human development indicators , transport , the investment climate , small town development , and the fight against food insecurity . Pro-poor spending as a share of the budget has risen from 41 % in 1997 / 98 to 62 % in 2005 / 06 . The Country Economic Memorandum 2006 ( CEM ) on Growth and Governance finds that important progress has been achieved in the past decade , largely driven by improved institutions , including at the regional and local levels , which have been able to deliver a scaling-up of services and infrastructure . However , significant challenges remain to meet the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) , especially in halving poverty by 2015 , particularly considering that the recent progress is from a very low base and the Ethiopian economy remains highly vulnerable to climate shocks . While access", "spans": [{"start": 1126, "end": 1142, "text": "2004 / 05 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 | 9 , 226 | 1 . 6 | 26 , 662 | 3 . 8 | | SkinDiseases | 11 , 719 | 3 . 9 | 16 , 814 | 2 . 9 | 28 , 533 | 3 . 3 | | Anaemia | 11 , 142 | 1 . 9 | 12 , 185 | 2 . 1 | 23 , 327 | 2 . 7 | | EyeDiseases | 5 , 606 | 1 . 7 | 17 , 466 | 3 . 0 | 23 , 086 | 2 . 7 | | Trauma ( Injuriesand < br > Wounds ) | 4 , 899 | 1 . 68 | 6 , 102 | 1 . 1 | 11 , 001 | 1 . 3 | | EarDiseases | 4 , 787 | 1 . 6 | 8 , 925 | 1 . 5 | 13 , 712 | 1 . 6 | Source : Directorate of Health Jinja District * * Table 3 . 16 : Outpatients Diagnoses for Mukono District July 2005 - June 2006 * * | * * Diagnoses * * | * * Underfive * * < br > | * * yearsold * * < br > | * * Fiveye * * < br > * * abo * * < br > | * * arsand * * < br > * * ve * * | * * Alla * * | * * ges * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Number * * | * * % ofall * * | * * Number * * | * * % ofall * * | * * Number * * | * * % ofall * * | | Malaria | 90 , 831 | 39 | 143 , 957 | 61 | 234 , 788 | 53 . 2 | | ARI-Not Pneumonia < br > |", "spans": [{"start": 489, "end": 530, "text": "Outpatients Diagnoses for Mukono District", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as part of < br > the connection package | 31 , 683 | 457 , 142 CFLs will be < br > distributed to those customers < br > to promote energy < br > conservation and reduce their < br > electrici | | | | | Date | 29-May-2009 | 29-Nov-2012 | 29-Jun-2012 | | | | | Comments | | 12 , 742 ( certified during the < br > first verification ) < br > + 18 , 941 ( certified at second < br > verification | | | * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | Monitoring and Verification Agency hired and < br > operational | | Text | Value | No M & V in place , No TOR | IVA completed the second < br > verification of connections . < br > The certification of thee billing < br > cycles for about 21 , 000 is < br > ongoing | TOR , procurement of firm , < br > operational and able to attest < br > first batch ofconnections | | | | | Date | 29-May-2009 | 29-Nov-2012 | 30-Nov-2009 | | | | | Comments | | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 29-Feb-2012 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project < br > Ln / Cr / Tf < br > Status < br > Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date < br > Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Self-employed | 22 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 < br > 0 | | | Not salaried | 4 | | 4 | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 < br > 0 | | | Unemployed | 8 | | 9 | | 9 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 13 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 0 < br > 0 | | * * Household * * | Average hh size | 5 | | 4 | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 0 < br > 0 | | * * characteristics and * * | Access to electricity ( % ) | 99 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 0 < br > 0 | | * * access to services * * | Accessto improved water ( % ) | 96 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 0 < br > 0 | Source : SEDLAC ( World Bank and CEDLAS ) . Note : Note : Since the numbers presented here are based on SEDLAC , a regional data harmonization effort that increases cross-country comparability , they may differ from official statistics reported by governments and national statistical offices . The LAC aggregate is based on 18 countries in the region for which microdata are available . In cases where data are unavailable for", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 789, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "study since trade in North America is also land-based trade . McCallum 1995 and Helliwell 1998 find the elasticity of trade to distance on Canada-U . S . data is between - 1 . 23 and - 1 . 62 . Helliwell finds the elasticity on OECD trade to be between - 0 . 87 and - 1 . 02 in 1992 . 11", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 158, "text": "Canada-U . S . data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in 2004 . Under full trade and subsidy liberalization , global cotton markets would change dramatically : the value of production would fall by one-third or more than $ 5 billion per year in high-income countries ( mostly in the US ) , and the value of their exports would fall by $ 3 . 6 billion . The world totals would hardly change though , as developing country output and exports of cotton would expand by about the same amounts , with Sub-Saharan Africa enjoying more of that gain than any other region ( Table 14 ) . Indeed cotton is so important in Sub-Saharan Africa minus South Africa that it contributes one-quarter of that region ’ s net gain in agricultural value added from full liberalization . < sup > 8 < / sup > The bottom line , therefore , is that if all current distortions to world trade in merchandise were phased out over the rest of this decade then , according to the latest GTAP database and the Linkage model , by 2015 developing country agricultural production , employment and real net income would be greater than without such reform . And it would be greater in most regions within the developing country group , the exceptions being South Asia and Eastern Europe where import tariffs are higher for agricultural than non-agricultural goods . This does not _necessarily_ mean that if each individual developing country were to unilaterally liberalize we would find farmers benefiting in all cases except in South Asia and Eastern Europe ; but if we were to run those many individual model simulations we may well get that result also , since , as is apparent from Table 3 , terms of trade effects of reforms by others are usually dominated by efficiency gains from own reforms except for the least-distorted economies . > 8 If full cotton liberalization was included in the Doha package , it would nearly double both the net welfare gain and the boost in net farm income in the SSA region . Furthermore , the share of all developing countries in global cotton exports would be 85 percent instead of 56 percent in 2015 – all of which vindicates the efforts to ensure cotton receives specific and substantial attention in the", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 915, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Entrepreneurship is essential for the continued dynamism of the modern market economy and a robust entry rate of new businesses can foster competition and economic growth ( Klapper et al . , 2006 ; Djankov et al . , 2002 ) . Entrepreneurial activity can also contribute to employment generation . For instance , in the United States and Canada , young firms have been shown to be an important source of net job creation , relative to incumbent firms ( Brander et al . , 1998 ; Haltiwanger et al . , 2009 ) . In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis , a better understanding of new firm creation , and its relationship with macroeconomic indicators and the local business environment , can help policymakers working toward economic recovery . This paper uses a panel dataset for 95 countries on the number of newly registered limited liability firms to study the dynamics of entrepreneurial activity . We use a unique methodology for collecting comparable , international data on new business creation . Data are collected directly from the Registrar of Companies , which is the entry point for entrepreneurs joining or transitioning to the formal sector . We use the data to study the relationship between the regulatory environment , institutional quality , and entrepreneurship . We find that the ease of starting a business , country-level governance and the corporate tax rate are significant indicators of new firm registrations , even after controlling for the overall level of economic development . These results are consistent with prior work on the efficient allocation of inputs and other resources to entrepreneurial activities ( Jovanovic , 1982 ) and the impact of regulatory reform and institutional quality ( Mullainathan and Schnabl , 2009 ; Demirguc-Kunt , Love , Maksimovic , 2006 ) . The main contribution of our paper is in studying the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis on new firm creation . We find that with the onset of the financial crisis , new business creation slowed down , first in developed countries and then in the rest of the world , paralleling 2", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 817, "text": "panel dataset for 95 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DC . © World Bank . https : / / openknowledge . worldbank . org / handle / 10986 / 28498 License : CC BY 3 . 0 IGO . - Frankel , Jeffrey , A . , and David H . Romer . 1999 . \" Does Trade Cause Growth ? \" American Economic Review , 89 ( 3 ) : 379-399 . - Goutam , Prodyumna , Italo A . Gutierrez , Krishna B . Kumar , and Shanthi Nataraj , Does Informal Employment Respond to Growth Opportunities ? Trade-Based Evidence from Bangladesh . Santa Monica , CA : RAND Corporation , 2017 . - Hakobyan , Shushanik , and John McLaren . 2016 . “ Looking for Local Labor Market Effects of NAFTA . ” Review of Economics and Statistics 98 ( 4 ) : 728 – 41 . - Hanson , Gordon H . 2012 . \" The Rise of Middle Kingdoms : Emerging Economies in Global Trade . \" Journal of Economic Perspectives , 26 ( 2 ) : 41-64 . Harrison , Ann 2007 . “ Globalization and Poverty , ” NBER Books , National Bureau of Economic Research . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 04 , - . 011 and - . 061 ( significant ) for the former , and 0 . 04 , - 0 . 02 percent and - 0 . 07 ( none of them being significant ) for the latter . In fact , the De Loecker estimates will be generally small and insignificant throughout the exercise , supporting the point that productivity gains are unlikely to be large . Only for Chile , our highest income country , does the elasticity enter positively and significantly at . 03 suggesting some productivity gains from agglomeration . As detailed in Annex table C . 1 , the pattern of results remains largely robust to alternative estimation techniques and function forms . Consistent with these findings , prices and marginal costs also rise with agglomeration and increasingly so in poorer countries . < sup > 13 < / sup > In Indonesia , the output price elasticity is . 033 , the mark-up elasticity - . 016 and the marginal cost elasticity is . 047 . In Ethiopia , the output price elasticity is slightly higher at . 038 , but the marginal costs elasticity is much higher at . 11 , driven by a negative mark-up elasticity of - . 07 . Colombia follows roughly the > 13 This result is in line with that of Handbury and Weinstein ( 2015 ) , who use detailed barcode data and find a positive elasticity of price with respect to population . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1232, "text": "barcode data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "impacts on poverty and inequality . < sup > 5 < / sup > To simulate price shocks as a result of COVID-19 , we use the published consumer price index ( by INS ) by product categories . We then apply new prices on household consumption and simulate the decline in real disposable income / consumption . We also assume that this trend of change in prices will continue during the rest of the year . < sup > 6 < / sup > Note that we account for heterogeneity of consumption patterns across households , in particular between poor and non-poor households , by using information on consumption of products collected in the household survey . These impacts are assessed under two scenarios : ( 1 ) _The first ( optimistic ) _ uses World Bank recent estimates with - 8 . 8 % real GDP growth , at constant factor prices . < sup > 7 < / sup > ( 2 ) _The second ( pessimistic ) _ simulates a growth of - 11 . 9 % , i . e . the economy achieves the same growth as that achieved during the first half of the year . Below we provide a detailed methodology of how these impacts are estimated . _Estimation of loss of income_ Suppose that the economy is partitioned into sectors ( , the level of activity is observed before the pandemic period 0 and after the pandemic period 1 . SS ss = 1 , . . . SS ) Let be the sectoral growth rate during the pandemic period , and the growth rate of the economy . Let be the total employment in the economy and the employment in sector . ss gg gg The growth elasticity of employment is given by . ss EE EE ss _We first estimate the sectoral growth of the economy . _ ss Our starting point is the sectoral projection of εε _We first estimate the sectoral growth of the economy . _ Our starting point is the sectoral projection of growth ( carried out by the WB projections according to several scenarios of the evolution of the pandemic . ss gg ss = 1 , . . . SS ) This is followed by _estimating the", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 148, "text": "consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 617, "end": 633, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "needs . While this is obvious , even when there is a genuine intention to improve the availability of FDP statistics , the absence of a specific mandate on forced displacement affects the ability of agencies to collaborate in this area . The following points illustrate this case . Interviews with international agency personnel indicated that : - Disaggregation by FDPs was not found to be part of the mandate of custodian agencies other than those directly working with specific groups of FDPs , and as such , they do not see it as their responsibility . This produces a patchwork of coverage and representativity of the indicators available . Even when there are overlaps with issues related to forced displacement , as in the case of IOM , their mandate is for migrants , which entails a different definition and focus for data disaggregation . This is one of the reasons why 23 DATA DISAGGREGATION OF SDG INDICATORS BY FORCED DISPLACEMENT", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the distribution of \" true \" incomes with the distribution of \" reported \" incomes . * * Still , several challenges arise , and selecting and matching the appropriate datasets is necessary . Following the literature , we assume that true income is revealed in income or labor surveys such as the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions ( EU-SILC ) , the Household Budget Survey ( HBS ) , the Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) , while \" reported income \" is the income reported to the tax authority . However , the main challenge with this approach is that there is no single data set that includes both the true and the reported income of individuals . Official tax return data only capture reported income and do not provide undeclared or tax-exempt income information , meaning it cannot accurately measure \" true \" income . Conversely , survey data does not provide reliable information on reported income to tax authorities . Therefore , it is necessary to match datasets to obtain a 7", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 343, "text": "European Survey on Income and Living Conditions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 362, "end": 385, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 400, "end": 418, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 678, "text": "tax return data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 841, "end": 852, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P174041 ) The actual targets achieved and modified will be updated through the ongoing restructuring . # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * # Component 1 : Case Detection , Confirmation , Contact Tracing , Recording and Reporting # < u > < mark > IN01353856 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of laboratory tests done for suspected COVID-19 cases using approved testing technologies ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 194 , 872 . 00 | 3 , 459 , 092 . 00 | 3 , 459 , 092 . 00 | 6 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 15-Apr-2020 | 15-May-2023 | 15-May-2023 | 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN01353861 < br >  Number of laborato | Very marginal chan < br > COVID-19 . Also diff < br > settlements impact < br > ry tests done for COVID-19 sus | ge since November 2022 ( last < br > iculties associated with collecti < br > overall accuracy or tally of this < br > pected cases in RHDs ( Numbe | ISR ) because of declining in < br > ng disaggregated data on R < br > composite indicator . < br > r , Custom Supplement ) | cidence and prevalence of < br > HDs and refugee | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 95 , 000 . 00 | 49 , 627 . 00 | 49 , 627 . 00 | 420 , 000 .", "spans": [{"start": 1179, "end": 1197, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | < br > * * Percentage of * * < br > * * Expenditures to be * * < br > * * Financed ( inclusive of * * < br > * * Taxes ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( 20 ) DLI # 19 : Implement < br > electronic government < br > procurement ( e-GP ) system A < br > EPSA ( yes / no ) | t < br > DLR # 19 : Implemented < br > electronic government < br > procurement system – < br > yes / no . | 3 , 800 , 000 | 0 | 0 | DLR # 19 : < br > FY2023 : SDR 1 , 140 , 000 < br > upon EPSA procurement < br > planning done through e-GP < br > for at least 25 % of annual < br > procurement value and < br > procurement process < br > commenced through e-GP ; < br > yes < br > FY2024 : SDR 1 , 140 , 000 < br > upon baseline e-GP key < br > performance indicators < br > ( KPI ) data generated and < br > reported ; yes < br > FY2025 : SDR 760 , 000 < br > upon procurement < br > performance reported based < br > on e-GP KPI data ; < br > FY2026 : SDR 760 , 000 < br > upon procurement < br > performance reported based < br > on e-GP KPI data . | < br > < br > < br > N / A |", "spans": [{"start": 935, "end": 948, "text": "e-GP KPI data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Japan Case Studies # # 1 . 9 . Case 1 : Construction of Bypass Road in a Flood-Prone Area The first case project for testing the calculation of resilience indicators is a proposed construction of a new bypass road intended to save travel time and to develop an alternative route for the existing route , which is located in a flood-prone area ( see Figure 7 ) . The existing route of National Highway No . 312 experienced a major flood of the Maruyama River when Typhoon No . 18 hit in October 2004 . This road section is a major highway connecting two local cities in the northern Hyogo prefecture , Toyooka City and Asago City . Toyooka City is a regional base in the North Tajima region wherein a first-aid station hospital , Toyooka Hospital , is located . Some residents in the flooded area are isolated and lose access to the first-aid station hospital . Moreover , the increase in travel time between the two cities due to necessary detouring is not negligible . The proposed bypass route passes through a mountainous area with some tunnels and , hence , is not exposed to flood risk . # # # Indicator Data Table 1 shows a list of necessary data for the calculation of resilience indicators for each dimension . The historical record of flooding in 2004 is set as an expected scenario for the disrupted state of the existing route . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > Returning to the rights-based definition of protection provided earlier , as Syria , Jordan and Lebanon are often unable to meet their legal obligations concerning the above mentioned Iraqi refugee protection needs ( or rights to be realized ) , UNHCR steps in to assist these states and engages in protection as an _activity_ . To do so it relies on the protection space , which it essentially created in these countries through signing Memoranda of Understanding , in the case of Syria , informal understandings with relevant authorities . These MOUs and other agreements formalize the conditions under which UNHCR is to operate in Jordan and Lebanon . The MOUs allow UNHCR to conduct interviews to assess protection needs and to issue documentation . Within this protection space , UNHCR often in collaboration with Iraqi refugees and along with its partners ; local and international NGOs and / or government ministries and organizations in Jordan , Syria and Lebanon , engages in a series of responsive , remedial and capacity-building protection activities . Though I refer to other activities , for the purposes of this paper I have chosen to focus on six main responsive / remedial > 119 International Organization for Migration , ‘ Assessment of Psychosocial Needs of Iraqis Displaced in Jordan and Lebanon ’ ( February 2008 ) , 11 . Accessible at : > < < http : / / www . iom . int / jahia / webdav / shared / shared / mainsite / published_docs / brochures_and_info_sheet s / report_psy_assessment . pdf > > ( accessed 4 September 2008 ) . > 120 ‘ Failed Responsibility ’ , 5 ; and IPSOS Survey , 5 . > 121 ‘ Assessment of Psychosocial Needs of Iraqis Displaced in Jordan and Lebanon ’ , 10 . > 122 ‘ Rhetoric and Reality ’ , 20 . > 123 UNHCR , ‘ Humanitarian Needs of Persons Displaced within Iraq and Across the Country ’ s Borders : An International Response ’ , Paper prepared for the International Conference addressing the humanitarian needs of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Eastern Africa_ * * < sup > * * _RegionalTransport , Tradeand DevelopmentFacilitationProject_ * * < / sup > * * _ ( EAR TTDFP ) Annual Report_ * * < sup > * * _andFinancial Statements for thefinancial yearendedJune30 , 2023_ * * < / sup > # # # Significant < sup > Accounting Policies ( continued ) < / sup > * * v ) * * Acquisition < sup > of fixed assets < / sup > The payment < sup > onacquisitionofpropertyplantandequipmentitemsisnot < / sup > capitalized . < sup > Thecostof acquisitionandproceedsfromdisposaloftheseitems < / sup > are treated < sup > aspaymentsandreceipts itemsrespectively . Whereanassetis < / sup > acquired < sup > inanon-exchangetransactionfornitor nominalconsiderationandthe < / sup > fair value < sup > oftheasset canbereliablyestablished , acontratransactionis < / sup > recorded as receipt < sup > andasapayment . < / sup > < sup > * * A * * fixedassetregisterismaintained < / sup > < sup > * * by * * < / sup > each public < sup > entityandasummaryprovidedforpurposesofconsolidation . This < / sup > summary is < sup > disclosedasanannexureto theconsolidatedfinancialstatements . < / sup > # # # * * f ) * * In-kind donations In-kind contributions < sup > aredonationsthataremadetotheProject intheformof < / sup > actual goods < sup > and / orservicesratherthaninmoneyorcashterms . These < /", "spans": [{"start": 878, "end": 908, "text": "fixedassetregisterismaintained", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Plan for the < br > CELARS < br > KE-KENHA-201831-CS-QCBS < br > / ( UoN ) HORN OF AFRICA < br > GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT < br > PROJECT ( HoAGDP ) : UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI ( UoN ) : Consultancy ServicesUndertake an Analysis of the IDA / 67680 Component D : InstitutionalStrengthening of SelectedTransport and RelatedInstitutions Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-11-30 2020-12-30 2021-02-28 2021-03-30 2021-04-29 2021-06-28 2021-08-27 2022-08-27 < br > Resettlement Action Plan < br > Process with KeNHA and the < br > NLC < br > KE-KENHA-219576-CS-QCBS < br > / Consultancy services for < br > Community Outreach andSocial Communication , Security Perception Survey , Implementation of the ProjectGRM , Mitigation Against GBV IDA / 67680 Component D : InstitutionalStrengthening of SelectedTransport and RelatedInstitutions Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2021-03-21 2021-02-22 2021-04-20 2021-06-10 2021-07-08 2021-08-07 2021-09-11 2021-10-25 2022-10-25 < br > and Prevention of SEA-Lot 2 : < br > Wajir County < br > KE-KENHA-219596-CS-QCBS < br > / Consultancy services for < br > Community Outreach andSocial Communication , Security Perception Survey , Implementation of the ProjectGRM , Mitigation Against GBV IDA / 67680 Component D : InstitutionalStrengthening of SelectedTransport and RelatedInstitutions Post Quality And Cost", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to beneficiaries to whom the project has made resources available to build their capacity to economically sustain < br > themselves . Projects should maintain records of distributions to the same individuals / beneficiaries / community groups at different times throughout the < br > support period . This will enable accurate annual and unique counts without duplication . Livelihood support activities include providing funding for groups , < br > establishment of groups ; strengthen income generating groups , providing capacity building , linkage to market , traditional livelihood , non-traditional < br > livelihood activities , and irrigation schemes beneficiaries , etc . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name | * * Host community beneficiaries ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | Number of host communities targeted for livelihoods support under theproject . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | Page 42", "spans": [{"start": 725, "end": 749, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "team . The surveys would be organized to operate through the regular fisheries field and research institutions . The Commissioner would be responsible for arranging for the use oa the Uganda Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization facilities by the scaff working on the fish stock assessment survey . B . Procurement Management and Distribution 5 . 07 The executive secretary would receive requests and estimates for procurement under the project from MAE and MAIF Implementation Units . Under ARP a number of items in warehouses have been difficult to sell because of incorrect specifications . Specifications for all items to be procured under the project would be approved by the Procurement Manager before preparation of tender documents and lists submitted to IDA / IFAD for approval before inviting bids . Following bid evaluation , procurement would be approved by the Interministerial ( Coordinating ) Committee and by the Central Tender Board in accordance with GOU regulations . 5 . U8 Counterpart staff recruited under ARP would continue to receive in-service training from the consultants . Management of warehouses and accounts would be gradually transferred to Ugandan staff so that they would be completely responsible for these activities at the end of the second project year . Up to the present , only inexperienced junior staff can be attracted to warehouse management . These are unlikely to be able to resist pressures from influential and powerful members of the community for preferential access to warehouse goods . It is therefore unlikely that transfer of responsibility could occur earlier in the project period .", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 301, "text": "fish stock assessment survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ERT III Baseline Survey | e < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 30 , 000 . 00 | 26 , 914 . 05 < br > Signed | | 2017-06-06 < br > 2017-07-14 | | | 2017-07-29 < br > 2017 | - 07-17 < br > 2017-09-10 | | UG-REA-14619-GO-RFB / < br > Supply of ( 02 ) Double Cabin Pick < br > ups and ( 01 ) Station Wagon for < br > REA and ( 01 ) Double Cabin Pick < br > up for UNBS | < br > - < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Prior | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 244 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-09-11 | 2017-10-16 | 2017-11-15 | 2017-11-29 | 2018-01-10 | 2018-03-26 | | UG-REA-8728-GO-RFB / Suppl < br > of a Double Cabin Pick-up for < br > UNBS | y < br > IDA / 56530 | On-grid Energy Access < br > Contingency < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > |", "spans": [{"start": 5, "end": 28, "text": "ERT III Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "589 | - 1 . 326 | - 1 . 365 | - 0 . 692 | | suvy y | 2016 | ( S . E . ) | ( 0 . 663 ) | ( 0 . 844 ) | ( 0 . 683 ) | ( 0 . 722 ) | ( 0 . 767 ) | | | | Comp . mean | 10 . 24 | 9 . 008 | 11 . 16 | 10 . 06 | 10 . 43 | | | | Obs . | 2 , 894 | 1 , 289 | 1 , 605 | 1 , 834 | 1 , 060 | p < 0 . 001 * * * ; p < 0 . 01 * * ; p < 0 . 05 * Note : Each cell-block is the result of a separate regression . Standard errors clustered at the village level are in parentheses . “ Comp . mean ” refers to the comparison group mean for the outcome variable . Column ( 1 ) regressions control for child characteristics ( age , household size , household wealth asset index , parenting practices , mother ' s education and gender ) and baseline child development measures ( BMI , cognitive , fine motor , gross motor , and language ) . Columns ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) regressions use the same controls as column ( 1 ) except they exclude household wealth . Columns ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) regressions use the same controls as column ( 1 ) except they exclude parenting practices . Next , we turn to results on child development outcomes . Table 3 presents the impact estimates on the EDI at age 5 ( 2013 ) and age 8 ( 2016 ) . Overall , we find a few positive impacts of the project on children ’ s developmental outcomes at age 5 but no positive impacts at age 8 . At age 5 , we estimate a 0 . 208 S . D . increase in scores on the physical health and well-being domain and a 0 . 115 S . D . increase in scores on the emotional maturity domain for the overall sample . However , these effects", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 5 . 2 This section provides examples of instances where cooperation between UNHCR and faith-based actors has yielded ‘ protection dividends ’ for forcibly displaced persons . The nature of this cooperation can vary depending upon whether faith actors are UNHCR ‘ implementing partners ’ , ‘ operational partners ’ or ‘ informal partners ’ in protection networks or for the purposes of advocacy . The examples are drawn from a survey conducted by UNHCR and a coalition of faith-based organizations . The Survey identified examples of good practices and shed light on the breadth of existing – and potential – partnerships between faith-based organizations and UNHCR at all stages of the refugee and forced displacement cycle . A number are summarized here , by way of example . - 5 . 3 A total of 23 examples were submitted by UNHCR staff , and 32 examples by faith-based organizations and local faith communities . < sup > 4 < / sup > ( See * * Annex A * * for the complete list of contributors to the Survey on good practice examples . ) The following section gives examples drawn from UNHCR responses . < sup > 5 < / sup > > 4 A preliminary overview of these examples , including from faith-based organizations , is contained in two publications entitled “ Overview of the Survey on Good Practices Examples ” < u > ( http : / / goo . gl / nLdEeN ) and “ Analysis of the Survey on Good < / u > Practices Examples ” ( http : / / goo . gl / YsFnFM ) . # # * * PHYSICAL PROTECTION AND HUMANITARIAN ACCESS * * # # * * UNHCR Abidjan * * - _ “ In the aftermath of the presidential elections in 2011 in Côte d ’ Ivoire , UNHCR and its humanitarian partners faced an emergency situation marked by massive population displacement [ … ] . It is believed that over 500 , 000 people became internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) and more than", "spans": [{"start": 428, "end": 453, "text": "survey conducted by UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1004, "end": 1036, "text": "Survey on good practice examples", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1277, "end": 1310, "text": "Survey on Good Practices Examples", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where investors evaluated startups as normal . After analyzing 87 startups – resulting in 1 , 341 judgestartup investment decisions on continuing diligence – treated investors sought consistent information across startups while control investors asked more risk-focused questions to startups with a female founder . This reduced gender disparities in evaluation , compared to the control group . In the second stage , we leveraged a unique facet of Vilcap ’ s investment thesis – it trains local investors to invest $ 320 , 000 into 16 startups over three months . We tested the effect of an additional treatment to systematically inquire about startups ’ progress , added to the first treatment . We assessed this treatment ’ s effect on investment outcomes of Vilcap ’ s actual investment capital . Our analysis of a panel dataset of 1 , 530 decisions ( from 510 investor-startup dyads over three time periods ) suggests that treated investors assessed startups in a dynamic fashion rather than static – this changed how they evaluated startup competence and its future potential . These small changes in evaluation templates produced changes in investors ' processes of inquiry , which spurred differences in evaluation that eliminated , even reversed , the gender gap in investment outcomes . Rather than focus on how to prepare startups for evaluation , our research explores a more systemic question : what is the effect of organizations ’ evaluation practices on investments ? We contribute to a growing literature in entrepreneurship that considers how to level the playing field for female entrepreneurs . This research highlights a novel mechanism to reduce gender disparities in investment outcomes : organizations can change evaluation templates to structure investor inquiry . This can affect which startups continue in due diligence , or receive investment . We extend prior research on designing organizational evaluation practices to reduce gender disparities in outcomes , to contexts where performance data is limited , and inquiry is a core part of evaluation . More broadly , we theorize how processes of inquiry can sustain or reduce status-based inequities in society . 5", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 853, "text": "panel dataset of 1 , 530 decisions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2008, "end": 2024, "text": "performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > On the brighter side , with support from the World Banak and other partners , the country is working to create a < / mark > comprehensive , integrated , and effective SSN and with sufficient fiscal space the dedicated social protection could include the welfare and recovery of IDPs and returnees . Plans to explore how to integrate the MPCA targeting models used by the humanitarian agencies ( CLCIPMT ) and the SSN targeting model used by the Government of Iraq ( MOLSA-PMT ) started in 2018 through a Social Protection workshop convened by FCDO ( formally DFID , with the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs ( MoLSA ) , the World Bank ( WB ) , the Cash and Livelihoods Consortium for Iraq ( CLCI ) , the CWG and key UN agencies in attendance . The workshop aimed to develop a roadmap document for the transition from MPCA to state-led SSN . Technically , it involves ways to identify beneficiaries of the MPCA caseloads eligible for assistance under the SSN . One of the initial outputs from the eligibility analysis exercise is the PPMT developed by the World Bank . PPMT is a probabilistic model that predicts the likelihood that a household eligible for MPCA would also be eligible for SSN . The PPMT results could assist the government in prioritization , either by ranking the most vulnerable households receiving humanitarian cash transfers and / or by identifying the conflict-affected areas where a larger number of IDPs receiving humanitarian cash transfers would likely be eligible for SSN assistance . The procedure and result of applying the PPMT on two caseloads of the humanitarian data sets - the CLCI Legacy caseload and the new MPCA caseload are available in the associated desk review paper ( Phadera , et al . , 2022 ) . Results from applying the PPMT models to these data sets suggest potential for both significant referral numbers and a sequenced referral strategy . To allow for budget flexibility , the desk analysis focused on the level of expansion ( e . g . targeting the poorest 15 , 20 , etc . percent nationally ) and the degree of confidence of a successful referral . However , given the small number of overlapping proxies", "spans": [{"start": 1625, "end": 1645, "text": "CLCI Legacy caseload", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * PROTECTION LANDSCAPE IN SYRIA BRIEF ANALYSIS – MARCH 2025 * * < mark > In this context the recruitment and use of children also remains a serious protection concern , particularly in areas < / mark > of instability and displacement . The UN Secretary-General ’ s Annual Report on Children and Armed Conflict documented 1 , 073 children — some as young as 12 — recruited by armed groups for combat and support roles , 475 children killed or maimed , and 52 schools affected during the reporting period . Despite the renewed focus on returns , some 7 million Syrians remain in a situation of internal displacement , particularly in northwest and northeastern Syria , often in a protracted situation . Currently , 2 . 2 million internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) live in 1 , 736 camps in northwest Syria and northeast Syria ( CCCM cluster , 2025 ) . Many of these IDPs face movement restrictions , while access to basic services and adequate shelter has remained an ongoing concern . Northeastern Syria has also seen newly arriving IDPs since late November 2024 , mainly from Aleppo following shifts in territorial control . More than 20 , 000 were displaced due to intensified clashes near Tishreen Dam . Many of those displaced to NES are hosted in emergency collective centres ( mainly in Raqqa ) . IDPs here face severe challenges . As of December 2024 , approximately 25 , 800 IDPs resided in 193 ECCs , with 38 schools repurposed as shelters , disrupting education and straining resources . The dire conditions in these centers necessitate continued humanitarian assistance , including protection , GBV and CP services , to prevent further exacerbation and are facing overcrowded conditions , with limited access to essential services such as food , water , and healthcare . The lack of privacy and adequate sanitation facilities in these sites has heightened protection risks , particularly for women and children . Movement restrictions , denial of access to basic services , lack of access to higly impacted areas by humanitarian actors continue to hinder the protection of civilians . * * 9 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 585 | 561 . 073 | - | 112 . 309 | 4 . 039 . 250 | | Rep . Dominicana | 349 | - | 349 | _18_ | 1 . 148 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 . 497 | | Rep . Popular < br > Democrática de Corea | 1 . 282 | - | 1 . 282 | _58_ | 240 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 . 522 | | Ruanda < sup > * * 15 * * < / sup > < br > Rí | 79 . 411 < br > | - | 79 . 411 < br > | _38 . 349_ < br > | 10 . 012 < br > | 5 . 787 | - | - | - | 4 . 864 < br > | 100 . 074 < br > | | umana < br > Sáhara Occidental < sup > * * 21 * * < / sup > | 1 . 921 < br > 90 . 482 | - < br > 26 . 000 | 1 . 921 < br > 116 . 482 | _7_ < br > _90 . 120_ | 1 . 021 < br > 1 . 177 | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | - < br > - | 4 < br > - | 2 . 946 < br > 117 . 659 | * * . . . ⁄ . . . * * ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014 * * 51 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "pt"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy # * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) |  Number of clients se | rviced via the SMS platform ( Nu | mber , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 100000 . 00 | 386522 . 00 | | Date | 27-Jan-2014 | 03-Mar-2015 | 23-Sep-2015 | 31-Dec-2019 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * | * * Disburse * * | * * ments ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | P133590 | IDA-53840 | Effective | XDR | 113 . 70 | 113 . 70 | 0 . 00 | 7 . 10 | 106 . 60 | 6 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | < br > Signin | g Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | | P133590 | IDA-53840 | Effective | 20-Mar-2014 | 16 -", "spans": [{"start": 512, "end": 541, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 20544 | 20544 | | Firms | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | 5226 | | frm and year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | log employment | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | industry-specifc trends | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | frm-specifc trends | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | imported inputs | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NOTES : IV-FE regressions of ( log ) employment on export intensity ( exports / sales ) and the average per capita GDP of a firm ’ export destination . Columns ( 1 ) : estimates of export intensity ; column ( 2 ) : estimates of average per capita GDP ; column ( 3 ) : estimates of an export dummy ; column ( 4 ) : estimates of a high-income export dummy . All regression include firm fixed-effects and year fixed-effects , log total employment ( firm size ) , firm-specific trends , and the share of imported inputs . Data are from the Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual ( National Annual Industrial Survey ) , Chile 2001-2005 . 23", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 856, "text": "Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 859, "end": 892, "text": "National Annual Industrial Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SEASN ) Cash Forecast for the Next Six Month < / mark > * * # # * * < u > < mark > For The Quarter Ended - - - - - - < / mark > < / u > * * | * * Description * * | * * Quarter 1 * * | * * Quarter 2 * * | * * Quarter 1 * * | * * Quarter 2 * * | * * To * * | * * tal * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Expenditures for the Next Six * * < br > * * Months * * | * * ETB * * | * * ETB * * | * * USD * * | * * USD * * | * * ETB * * | * * USD * * | | * * Expenditures * * | | | | | | | | * * Component 1 : Adaptive * * < br > * * Productive Safety Net * * | | | | | | | | 1 . 1 Public works | | | | | | | | 1 . 2 Mother and Child Package | | | | | | | | 1 . 3 Safety Net Transfers | | | | | | | | 1 . 4 Complementary Livelihood < br > services | | | | | | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "either to pay for or to justify having bank accounts declined as income levels increased . While 75 % among the lowest 20 % of income distribution pointed to the cost of banking , or to their lack of resources , this is only an issue for 50 % of the wealthiest 20 % . The higher income groups point , instead , to not needing an account ( 24 % ) and to high management costs ( 13 % ) . While banking services are considered to be costly by persons at all income levels , lower income groups in particular believe that their incomes are too low to justify using banking services . This confirms the finding of the supply side cost analysis ( see Chapter 2 ) that the costs of banking services in Colombia are too high for low income people to afford , in particular those who earn less than one minimum wage per month . * * Figure 3 . 16 Main reason for not having a bank account * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12 % < br > Q5 13 % 24 % < br > 51 % < br > 7 % < br > Q4 11 % 17 % < br > 65 % < br > 6 % < br > Q3 9 % 15 % < br > 71 % < br > 6 % < br > Q2 7 % 14 % < br > 73 % < br > 8 % < br > Q1 6 % 10 % < br > 76 % < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % < br > % < br > Lack of Resources Does not need an account High Costs Other < br > Population quintiles by income level < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003_ # * * 3 . 7 ARE THE UNBANKED BANKABLE ? * * 31 . Given their different socio-economic characteristics , the question has been raised whether the unbanked have “ bankable characteristics ” . Home ownership rates by", "spans": [{"start": 1347, "end": 1377, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) ICR DOCUMENT for newly created administrative units . This points to significant progress from Program inception in 2017 , when only 61 percent of sub-counties with populations above 15 , 000 had a government secondary school . UgIFT completed 216 of 259 planned seed secondary schools in sub-counties that previously lacked a government secondary school , enrolling 78 , 929 students , up from 27 , 967 in 2022 . < sup > 5 < / sup > Of the 216 schools completed , 199 were fully operational as of December 2025 , and over 50 schools had more than 600 learners , reflecting high utilization . The enrollment figures tell part of the story . Of the 78 , 929 students currently enrolled , 652 are learners with special needs . The number of students sitting Ordinary Level examinations from the new schools grew from 1 , 995 in 2019 to 7 , 708 in 2024 ( nearly a fourfold increase ) reflecting both the expansion of school infrastructure and the gradual maturation of the first cohorts to complete their secondary cycle in these new institutions . 37 . * * Beyond the numbers , a qualitative evaluation captures what these schools mean for communities that never had access to a government secondary school * * . The Resident District Commissioner of Lira described the change : \" For once we have seen the school look like a school with all that ' s required , thanks to support from UgIFT . . . we used to see things in laboratories during exams we had never seen before but now our laboratories are stocked so the children can succeed . \" < sup > 6 < / sup > Students in these communities are now exposed to and utilizing laboratory equipment during lessons rather than for the first time during national examinations , a shift with direct implications for learning outcomes . 38 . * * The program also invested in education quality systems alongside infrastructure * * . The Teacher Effectiveness and Learner Achievement ( TELA ) system", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The business environment has not helped Brazil weather stronger competition in global markets . The logistics infrastructure , which is widely recognized as inefficient and costly to Brazilian exports , as well as many other factors , such as a very complex and costly tax system , have taken a toll on Brazilian firms . This diagnostic reinforces the importance of resuming the agenda of microeconomic reforms , increasing the investment-to-GDP ratio , and advancing toward a better-skilled human capital base . Promoting and rewarding productivity gains in a competitive economy , including the service sector , are the only options to accelerate growth and overcome possible middle-income growth traps ( Agenor and Canuto 2012 ) . # * * References * * - Agenor , P . - R . , and O . Canuto . 2012 . “ Middle-Income Traps . ” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6210 , Washington , DC . - Bernard , A . B . , and J . B . Jensen . 1999 . “ Exporting and Productivity . ” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7135 . - Besedes , T . , and T . Prusa . 2006 . “ Ins , Outs and the Duration of Trade . ” _Canadian Journal of Economics_ . 39 ( 1 ) : 266 – 95 . - Bonelli , R . , and A . C . Pinheiro . 2012 . “ Competitividade e Desempenho Industrial : Mais Que só Câmbio . ” XXIV Fórum Nacional Rumo ao Brasil Desenvolvido . - Cebeci , T . , A . M . Fernandes , C . Freund , and M . D . Pierola . 2012 . “ Exporter Dynamics Database . ” Banco Mundial , 22 de maio , preliminar . - Clerides , S . , S . Lach , and J . Tybout . 1998 . “ Is Learning by Exporting Important ? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia , Mexico and Morocco . ” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 113 ( 3 ) : 903 – 47 . - Corden , W . , and P . Neary . 1982 . “ Booming Sector and De-Industrialization in a Small Open Economy . ” _Economic Journal_ 92 ( December ) : 825 – 48 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", going from 18 . 17 % for high-risk firms to 2 . 05 % for low-risk firms ( Panel A , Column 4 ) . < sup > 27 < / sup > We then calculate a measure of total credit risk ( i . e . , expected loss ) for each bin size by multiplying the dollar value of program loans by the predicted default probability . As a proportion of GDP , the total credit risk corresponds to an expected credit loss of 0 . 27 % ( Panel A , Column 8 ) . The contribution to expected loss is similar across risk categories because the larger amounts granted to low-risk firms and their smaller default probability compensate across buckets . When considering all guaranteed loans to formal firms and natural persons , the expected credit loss is 0 . 44 % of GDP ( Panel B , Column 8 ) , which corresponds to a 9 . 56 % default probability of the guaranteed credit ( 0 . 44 % / 4 . 6 % = 9 . 56 % ) ( Panel B , Column 4 ) . This estimate of expected loss seems large relative to the credit granted because it is 27A negligible fraction of firms do not have sales data and therefore cannot be classified by size . Likewise , a small fraction of firms do not have data to be classified in a risk category . To be conservative , we assume that firms with no sales or risk data ( including naturals persons ) have the default probability of the riskiest group of 23", "spans": [{"start": 1027, "end": 1037, "text": "sales data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "; - ( a ) Completion of development and operationalization of a Road Accident Database Management System disaggregated * * by * * gender , refugee , and host community , and - * * ( b ) * * Training and awareness campaigns to school children , motorbike drivers , truck drivers , and refugee and host population in the Project area differentiated * * by * * refugee and host community audiences . The procurement activities associated with this component have been completed and the contract is under implementation . # # * * _2 . 3 . 4_ Part 4 - Contingent Emergency Response Component ( CERC ) ( Total : US $ 0 * * * * _million ) _ * * This component will support MOWT in accessing resources for eligible expenditures to provide an immediate and effective response in case of an eligible emergency for the benefit of refugees and host communities . Upon a formal request from the Government of Uganda , it will use the IDA Immediate Response Mechanism . The CERC manual is in place .", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 104, "text": "Road Accident Database Management System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Final Disposal Primary waste collection , transportation and final disposal < br > Fee Payment < br > JSC-H & B < br > JSC-H JSC-B < br > Municipalities of Hebron Municipalities of Bethlehem < br > governorate ( 13 M / VCs ) governorate ( 16 M / VCs ) < br > • Waste Generation of localities under • Waste Generation of localities under < br > JSC-H for primary waste collection / JSC-B for primary waste collection / < br > transportation : 139 TPD transportation : 100 TPD < br > • Urban : 118 TPD • Urban : 91 TPD < br > • Rural : 7 TPD • Rural : 5 TPD < br > • Refugee Camps : 14 TPD • Refugee Camps : 4 TPD < br > • Population served : 181 , 063 ( 2011 ) • Population served : 97 , 303 ( 2011 ) < br > Other M / VCs < br > Hebron : ( not under JSCs ) Bethlehem : < br > 17 M / VCs 16 M / VCs < br > • Waste Generation : 63 TPD < br > • Waste Generation : 349 TPD < br > • Urban : 45TPD < br > • Urban : 344 TPD < br > • Rural : 8TPD < br > • Rural : 4 . 8 TPD < br > • Refugee Camps : 10 TPD < br > • Population served : 416 , 187 ( 2011 ) < br > • Population served : 92 , 687 ( 2011 ) < br > Source : Preparatory Study for a Proposed Global Partnership on Output-Based-Aid ( GPOBA ) Pilot Solid Waste Management < br > Project in the Southern West Bank , Report on Baseline DATA , SENES Consultants Ltd & ARIJ , November 2012 < br > Hebron governorate < br > ( serviced & non serviced areas ) < br > Bethlehem governorate < br > ( serviced & non", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | an option to resume tenancy at the completion of < br > reconstruction / repairs . < br > ▪ A onetime shifting allowance of ksh 5000 to cover for < br > transport costs and labour costs during moving < br > ▪ If the rented premises are used for business , a loss of < br > livelihood equivalent to five days of loss of profit will be < br > provided . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Structure < br > owner who < br > occupies < br > the < br > structure | ▪ 2 month ’ s rent to look for alternative accommodation < br > during repairs or reconstruction of the affected structure . | | Loss of < br > Livelihood / | Structure < br > owner | ▪ Subsistence allowance equivalent 2month rent to < br > compensate for loss of income . | | Income | Business < br > owner / < br > trader | ▪ Cash grant equivalent 5days daily income to compensate < br > for the loss of business < br > ▪ A lump sum allowance of Kshs . 5 , 000 . 00 to cover for < br > transport and labor duringmovement . | | | Vulnerable < br > groups | ▪ Additional livelihood support of Ksh 5000 for all < br > vulnerable PAPs < br > ▪ Additional assistance to be considered on case by case < br > basis and may include business support ( training and < br > capital ) | # # # # # # * * < mark > 6 . 3 Conditions of eligibility for compensation < / mark > * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 Cut-off date * * The practical Cut-off Date for implementation of the RAP will be deemed to be the date at which the census of affected people and affected assets commenced that is * * 23 * * < sup", "spans": [{"start": 1472, "end": 1517, "text": "census of affected people and affected assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15-25 Days | Environmental < br > ( Social ) < br > Officer / Safeguard < br > Specialist at County < br > level < br > ( CPCT ) / < br > Grievance Officer | | 5 | Court of law | If < br > 2nd < br > and < br > third < br > level < br > settlement does not address < br > dispute , < br > complainant < br > can < br > resort to court of law | Unknown | Safeguard < br > Specialist < br > under KISIP 2 at the < br > National level ( NPCT ) | | 6 | Monitoring < br > and < br > evaluation , < br > and < br > reporting | Grievance < br > Redress < br > Mechanism < br > Process < br > is < br > documented and monitored | | Safeguard < br > Specialist < br > under KISIP 2 at the < br > National level ( NPCT ) | The Grievance Officers at County and National level will establish a register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes . The receipt of complaints will include its logging and registration as this will help with monitoring the status of the grievances and ease reporting on them . The existence and conditions of access to this register ( where , when , how ) will be widely disseminated within the project community / town as part of the consultation undertaken for the project in general . The person designated to receive complaints shall receive all complaints and shall officially register these complaints using the first section of the proposed complaint registration and resolution form provided in Appendix 9 . 30", "spans": [{"start": 782, "end": 853, "text": "register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Indicator for Mexico is calculated as the sum of three , equally weighted components : ( 1 ) absorptive capacity , ( 2 ) adaptive capacity , and ( 3 ) transformative capacity . Absorptive capacity measures the ability to prepare for , mitigate or recover from the impacts of negative events using predetermined coping responses ( e . g . early warning systems ) . Adaptive capacity measures the ability to adjust to better respond to future shocks ( e . g . adjusted planting behavior ) . Transformative capacity measures the ability to fundamentally change when existing conditions become untenable ( e . g . livelihood transformation ) . The report on climate resilience indicators can be viewed < u > online . < / u > < sup > 17 < / sup > * * IDB – Disaster Indicators . * * The Inter ‐ American Development Bank has developed several indicators , including the ( 1 ) Disaster Deficit Index ( DDI ) , ( 2 ) Local Disaster Index ( LDI ) , ( 3 ) Prevalent Vulnerability Index ( PVI ) , ( 4 ) Risk Management Index ( RMI ) , and the ( 5 ) Index of Governance and Public Policy for DRM ( iGOPP ) . The ( 1 ) DDI measures the economic loss a country could suffer when a catastrophic event takes place , and implications in terms of resources needed to address the situation . It is calculated by dividing the losses from a _maximum considered event_ by the _economic resilience_ of a government ( that is , the availability of internal and external funds ) . The ( 2 ) LDI measures the propensity of a country to experience small ‐ scale disasters and their cumulative impact on local development . It is calculated as the sum of three local sub indicators on the number of deaths , people affected , and economic losses , with associated weights . The ( 3 ) PVI measures vulnerability conditions by measuring exposure in prone areas , socioeconomic fragility and lack of social resilience . It is calculated as the average of three types of composite indicators – on exposure , fragility , and resilience , with associated weights . The ( 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The Participating Financial Institution should have the capacity to hedge against foreign exchange ( FX ) risk . - Every Financial Institution to demonstrate that the product is available at concessional rates . - They are required to disclose how this facilitates the provision of new loans to specific businesses . # * * 22 . Examples of triggers that are used by the facility : * * A good trigger for business operations should be data-driven , tailored to the specific needs of the business , and supported by reliable data sources . It should also be clear , objective , and relevant to the business ' s operations . A good trigger for initiating an operation should align with the following criteria : - Selected triggers must be clearly defined and based on quantifiable metrics that can be objectively measured and verified . - Triggers should directly relate to the specific parts of the operations of the business . They should address critical factors that impact the business ' s performance , such as financial stability , market conditions , or resource availability . - While simplicity is important , to reflect the business ’ nature , triggers should be customized for each business , considering the unique nature and requirements of that enterprise . Different businesses may have varying trigger options . - The source of data for triggers should be predetermined and reliable . It could include specific reports , satellite datasets , or reputable data repositories . Examples of triggers could include NDVI threshold value that indicates the vegetation in a specific location , a drought index for regions prone to drought or a price index for businesses affected by market price fluctuations . These are just examples , and a specific trigger or set of triggers will be developed once pipeline MSMEs and their risk exposures have been identified . i National Treasury ( 2021 ) . Sovereign green bond framework . National Treasury , Climate Policy Initiative ( 2021 ) . The landscape < u > of climate finance in Kenya . National Treasury ( 2016 ) . National policy on climate finance . < / u > 13", "spans": [{"start": 1437, "end": 1455, "text": "satellite datasets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1604, "end": 1617, "text": "drought index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which has a resultant effect on runoff , groundwater recharge and dry season flows , increasing drought risks . # # # * * 3 . 2 . Biological Environment * * # # # * * _Fauna_ * * According to Andrew J . Plumtree ( 2007 ) the Albertine region is one of the most important regions for biodiversity conservation in Africa . It has a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species than any other region on the continent and therefore contains many high global conservation priority sites harboring a variety of mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and butterfly ’ s species . Some of the globally threatened mammals in the region include eastern gorilla ( Gorilla beringei ) , golden monkey and Rwenzori otter shrew Based on Bird - Life International ( Stattersfield et al . , 1998 ) , Conservation Inter - national ( CI ) and WWF , this region is defined as a ‘ Global-200 ’ priority ecoregion and part of the Eastern Afromontane Hotspot in the second global analysis . However , there is a spread of invasive and alien species in the landscape ’ s protected areas in the region like Queen Elizabeth NP . This contribute to the decline in biodiversity rising due to wildlife movement in search for food causing more frequent and dangerous encounters with communities and hence increasing human wildlife conflict . The West Nile region has Mt Kei forest conservation area which used to be known as Mt . Kei White Rhino sanctuary , but has been redesigned ( the Mt . Kei wildlife sanctuary ) . The White Rhinos have become extinct from this sanctuary . The West Nile once supported a significant population of white rhinos , elephants and buffalo with few numbers of Derby eland . Today , the region still supports a small population of Klipspringer ( on Mt . Kei ) , reed bucks , bush pigs , baboons . A survey of Mt . Kei indicated the importance of protected areas for the wildlife species found in wetlands , forests , along river banks like Sitatunga ,", "spans": [{"start": 1805, "end": 1823, "text": "survey of Mt . Kei", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", prices of December 2016 are used . In 2016 , 56 percent of subsistence farmers cultivated an average of 0 . 84 hectare , and 25 percent farmers cultivated about 1 . 47 hectare , < sup > 25 < / sup > thus an average of 1 ha / beneficiary is assumed . The analysis assumes that the investment leads to cropping on 22 , 500 ha ( 55 percent sorghum ; 45 percent maize ) . Table A3 . 1 presents the annual gross margins for sorghum and maize . > 20 Sulaiman , S . ( 2011 ) : Incentive and crowding out effects of food assistance : Evidence from randomized evaluation of a food ‐ for ‐ training project in South Sudan . http : / / www . africaneconomicconference . org / 2012 / Documents / Papers / AEC2012 ‐ 017 . pdf > 21 Torero , M ( 2014 ) : Food security brings economic growth – not the other way around . IFPRI BLOG . > 22 European Parliament . Background Document . The social and economic consequences of malnutrition in ACP countries . http : / / www . europarl . europa . eu / meetdocs / 2009_2014 / documents / acp / dv / background_ / background_en . pdf > 23 The models have been established in the course of the project P147900 Southern Sudan EFCRP . > 24 Crop and Livestock Market Information System South Sudan ( December 2016 ) : Juba Bi ‐ Weekly Price Watch – December 2016 , Week 4 . http : / / www . climis ‐ southsudan . org / uploads / publications / 2016_Dec_Week4_Juba_Bi ‐ Weekly_Bulletin . pdf . > 25 WFP / FAO / UNICEF / Government of South Sudan ( 2016 ) : South Sudan Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring Bulletin . March 2017 . Page 62 of 80", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1223, "text": "Crop and Livestock Market Information System South Sudan", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1244, "end": 1272, "text": "Juba Bi ‐ Weekly Price Watch", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 12 Access to Credit * * Uganda Census of Agricultural survey data shows that at national level , only 11 . 3 percent of total 3 . 9 million agricultural household ’ s accessed credit . Of these , 61 % accessed credit through informal , 29 % semi-informal and 10 % formal financial institutions . Access to agricultural credit by smallholder farmers remain low . This is because of supply factors include weak institutional framework , policy inconsistencies on agricultural financing , high interest rates , and limited financial literacy . And demand side factors such as lack of collateral , lack of bankable projects and high risk of agricultural credit to farmers . Regional data shows that , Western Uganda had the highest proportion of households reporting access to financial institutions at about 16 % Eastern 11 % , Central , 9 % and Northern 7 % . Informal sources of credit dominated . > 5Uganda Bureau of Statistics and World Bank ( July 2020 ) . > Source : Uganda Investment Authority ( UIA ) Database , July2019 47", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 67, "text": "Uganda Census of Agricultural survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 672, "end": 685, "text": "Regional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 972, "end": 1016, "text": "Uganda Investment Authority ( UIA ) Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10598 # * * Abstract * * This paper introduces a new disaggregated and harmonized dataset on public procurement and budget execution by Brazilian subnational entities , which currently covers half of Brazilian municipalities and spans the years 2003 – 21 . This dataset provides key information that was previously unavailable from aggregate data , such as the identities of suppliers , details on purchases of goods and services , and granular information on the life cycle of each expenditure action . It then uses these data to provide new stylized facts about local public finance . First , it shows that about one-quarter of government purchases are locally procured and discusses implications for efficiency . Second , it demonstrates that close to 15 percent of payments exceed the 30-day threshold and that payment timeliness is systematically correlated with the income level of the municipality . This paper is a product of the Development Impact Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at tscot @ worldbank . org . @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 376, "text": "aggregate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ - Engage with affected people and stakeholders and provides opportunities for affected people to express their concerns , preferences , and views regarding the resettlement process . The study ensures that consultations are conducted in an inclusive and culturally appropriate manner , allowing affected people to contribute to decision-making processes . - Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the implementation framework to track the implementation of the resettlement measures . It establishes indicators , targets , and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement process . - Identify clear institutional arrangements and responsibilities for the implementation of the resettlement measures including the livelihood restoration measures . It defines the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders at national regional , Woreda and Kebele levels . - Ensure the establishment of a functional grievance mechanism for the subproject affected persons to address concerns raised by displaced persons or other stakeholders regarding compensation , relocation , or livelihood restoration measures . # # # # # # * * 2 . 2 Scope of the RP * * The scope of this consultancy service basically includes overall detailed study of RPs in the target project areas . Therefore , the resettlement plan involves conducting census of the affected persons and assessing socioeconomic conditions , identifying the vulnerable groups including special assistance they require , examining the legal framework , evaluating impact on land and natural resources ( both private and public ) , assess the scope of displacement ( economic and physical ) and involuntary resettlement , conducting stakeholder analysis , conducting community consultations , developing livelihood restoration measures , establishing a functional grievance redress mechanism , and designing a monitoring and evaluation framework . # # # # # # * * Detailed Tasks of Resettlement Plan * * As part of the RP studies , the following important tasks were undertaken : - Engage and consulted the affected communities , communities ’ leaders and vulnerable groups , as well as relevant stakeholders such as government sectors , civil society organizations , and non-governmental", "spans": [{"start": 1503, "end": 1533, "text": "census of the affected persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* 86 , 297 , 807 * * | - Staff debtors represent outstanding imprests , medical expenses recoverable and salary advances as at end of June * * 2016 . * * - Census imprests were amounts advanced to the various District Census Committees , to facilitate various activities in the * * 2009 * * Population and Housing Census exercise , but still remains unsurrendered . The Bureau is still following up with the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government . - The ERP development debtor ' s amount relates to payments made to Mareba Computers , the subject of a court case per Note 22 ( IV ) . - Prepayments represent the proportion of various insurance and service contracts paid in * * 2015 / 2016 , * * a proportion of which was for the period beginning * * 01 . 07 . 2016 . * * - Interest income represents the accrued interest earnings on the amounts held in FDRs with KCB . For purposes of the Cash Flow , Interest Income has been dealt with under Note * * 3 . * * - Deposits are refundable amounts paid against staff parking fees with Kenya Railways , and rent deposit with Kenya Re for the * * KNBS * * Kisumu office . * * 47 * *", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 320, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the selected disciplines are also the most frequent WTO-X areas included in PTAs . # b . Investments Reliable investment data are not as readily available as trade data . When available the data usually come from surveys conducted by Central Banks or Statistical Offices and are used to comply with reporting obligations such as balance of payments or international investment position statistics . The data reporting often lacks uniformity 9", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 125, "text": "investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 158, "end": 168, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Fajgelbaum et al . , 2020 ; 2021 update cited in Fajgelbaum and Khandelwal , 2022 ) shows that the latter actions essentially fully undid the former . 4 . 1 . 3 The Tension between Trade Policy and Fiscal Policy Space Classical trade policy reforms typically do not involve large real resource costs : lowering tariffs or liberalizing services policies does not require financial investments of comparable scale to infrastructure upgrades or fiscal transfers . But many of the policies examined in this paper , or subsumed under the heading of reducing trade costs , do not fall into that framework . Implementing active labor market policies or improving infrastructure and connectivity , as well as many other people - , sector - , and place-oriented policies , involve significant real resource costs . As such , they require the government to have sufficient fiscal space to contemplate responsibly financing the chosen policy measures . This issue is all the more salient at the present time , when necessary fiscal support measures , as well as activity-based reductions in tax takes , due to the COVID-19 pandemic , have reduced fiscal space for countries at all income levels . In high income countries , and some middle-income countries , the question of financing public spending has little if any connection to trade policy , because trade taxes are not a significant source of government revenue . < sup > 6 < / sup > In terms of averages , the proportion is 6 . 4 % in lower-middle income countries , 3 % in upper middle-income countries , and 0 % for high income countries ( unavailable as an average for low-income countries ) . There are many countries , however , where the connection is much tighter . Although data availability is only partial , the World Development Indicators record eight low and middle-income countries where the proportion of trade taxes in government revenue is 20 % or higher , and 35 where it is 10 % or higher . The largest proportion is 37 % , in Somalia . So for a significant number of countries , there can be a tension between liberalizing trade by lowering effective tax rates — which tends in turn to lower tax revenues —", "spans": [{"start": 1771, "end": 1799, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10952 # * * Abstract * * This paper provides an overview of the data sources and aggregation methodology for the Worldwide Governance Indicators ( WGI ) . The WGI report six aggregate governance indicators measuring Voice and Accountability , Political Stability and Absence of Violence / Terrorism , Government Effectiveness , Regulatory Quality , Rule of Law , and Control of Corruption in a sample of 214 economies over the period 1996 – 2023 . The aggregate indicators combine information from 35 different existing data sources , capturing subjective perceptions of the quality of various dimensions of governance reported by experts and survey respondents worldwide . The paper briefly discusses how to use reported margins of error when interpreting cross-country and over-time differences in the aggregate indicators . The paper also updates and extends earlier analysis on three key issues relating to the WGI methodology : ( a ) the effect of correlated perception errors , ( b ) the robustness of the aggregate indicators to alternative weighting schemes , and ( c ) the existence on trends in global averages of governance . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Prosperity Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at akraay @ worldbank . org . A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > TRANSPARENT < br > ANALYSIS < br > G < br > R E < br > N < br > S < br > I P < br > Y E < br > K A < br > C A < br > R P < br > LI R < br > O E < br > O C < br > W R < br > H <", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 174, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 5 . The Robustness Check * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008 to 2017 . This table presents estimates from OLS regressions of investment on Titling Firm dummy variable . For columns ( 1 ) - ( 5 ) , cross-sectional OLS regressions are implemented . The independent variable is the averaged investment rate ( capital expenditure divided by PP & E ) between 2013 and 2017 net of various benchmark levels . In Column ( 1 ) , only firms headquartered in Shenzhen are included in the regression sample . In Column ( 2 ) , only firms headquartered in Beijing , Shanghai , Shenzhen and Guangzhou , four metropolitans are included . In Column ( 3 ) , city dummies are included . In Column ( 4 ) , the propensity score matching method is implemented . Four characteristics , size , age , leverage and ownership are used to find the most similar firms in the universe of the control firms . In Column ( 5 ) , the size of the takeover is controlled . The relative size of the takeover is calculated by the size of firms acquired by the listed firm normalized by the size of the listed firm . In Column ( 6 ) , the panel data regression ( regression 2 ) is implemented . For each firm , observations from 2008 to 2017 are included . The dependent variable for Column ( 6 ) is the annual investment normalized by PP & E . _Post_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the year is after 2012 and 0 if not . In Column ( 7 ) , the pre-trend test is implemented . For each year between 2008 and 2017 , its interaction with the Titling Firm dummy is added in the panel data regression 2 . All variables are winsorized at the upper and lower 1-percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification .", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 115, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * 5 RAP METHODOLOGY * * The RAP was prepared in three stages . The first stage included literature review of relevant project design reports and maps and structured consultation with the Group Ranch Management Committee . KWSCRP , NLC , Kwale County Government , National Government engaged with the Ranch Management Committee and the affected members of the Group Ranch and reached an amicable resolution that compensation for the affected assets will be paid directly to the affected members / PAPs . During RAP 1b preparation period , affected assets within Mwavumbo Group Ranch were identified and inventoried , valued and have been include in the Asset Register ( Refer to * * Annex 2 * * ) . The members of the Group Ranch had resolved that it be dissolved , subdivided into individual land parcels , adjudicated , registered and title deeds issued to individual members . However , since the process of dissolving the ranch is ongoing or may not be completed when NLC carry out due diligence processes prior to compensation , NLC will inspect and assign land and development to the affected members according to the current ownership of the affected land parcels . This will ensure that compensation will be paid directly to the individual group members / PAPs . This will result to compensation being paid directly to the individual Group members / PAPs as the persons whose interest or claims will have been determined by NLC as provided in the Land Act . The consultation meetings also served to introduce the project to the project-affected persons ( PAPs ) and affected communities in public consultation meetings and personalized discussions with individual PAHs . During these meeting the PAPs elicited their views and concerns about the project . The project documents that were reviewed included : a ) Feasibility Study and Detailed Design Reports for Mwache Dam - b ) Mwache Dam Resettlement Action Plan prepared in 2014 - c ) Mwache Dam Vulnerable and Marginalized Group Plan 2014 - d ) Relevant Kenyan legal documents including ; - Constitution of Kenya , - Land Act , -", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 680, "text": "Asset Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# TABLE V # HUMAN CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT – COMPARING MEASURES | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Human Capital - Learning | 0 . 065 * * * | | | | 0 . 047 * * | 0 . 049 * * | 0 . 055 * * | 0 . 050 * * | | | ( 0 . 019 ) | | | | ( 0 . 023 ) | ( 0 . 022 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | ( 0 . 023 ) | | Human Capital - Penn World Tables | | 0 . 033 * * * | | | 0 . 019 | | | 0 . 021 | | | | ( 0 . 011 ) | | | ( 0 . 012 ) | | | ( 0 . 036 ) | | Human Capital - Schooling | | | 0 . 016 * * * | | | 0 . 009 | | 0 . 012 | | | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | | ( 0 . 020 ) | | Human Capital - HDI Education Index | | | | 0 . 020 * * < br > ( 0 . 008 ) | | | 0 . 008 < br > ( 0 . 009 ) | - 0 . 022 < br > ( 0 . 022 ) | | Observations | 107 | 107 | 107 | 107 | 107 | 107 | 107 | 107 | | R-squared | 0 . 275 | 0 . 261 | 0 . 255 | 0 . 240 | 0 . 291 | 0 . 290 | 0 . 281 | 0 . 298 | _Notes : _ Dependent variable : annual growth rates averaged across 2000-2010 . Human Capital -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "results , as officially targeted in government policy documents ( including budget documents ) ; ( 2 ) they are underpinned by a substantial program of expenditure in the government budget ; ( 3 ) they mobilize government digital systems that are already operational ; and ( 4 ) they often target specific social groups ( including women , elders , and refugees ) for the sake of social inclusion . Among a range of options meeting those criteria , they have been selected based on their readiness for achievement , and their measurability and verifiability , as well as the likelihood that they can be achieved during the Program ’ s timeline considering the institutional capacity of implementing agencies . The > 11 Centre for Strategic Studies-University of Jordan . 2022 . Public Opinion Poll : Tawjihi , Universities and the Unified Admission < u > System . https : / / view . officeapps . live . com / op / view . aspx ? src = https % 3A % 2F % 2Fjcss . org % 2Fwp - < / u > content % 2Fuploads % 2F2022 % 2F10 % 2FThe-pulse-of-the-Jordanian-street31English . docx & wdOrigin = BROWSELINK . Page | 12", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 797, "text": "Public Opinion Poll", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # # * * d ) Loss of Revenue and Proposed Mitigation Measures * * As illustrated under “ c ” above , the field survey established that structures for commercial use will be affected toward effective implementation of the Project . These are significant in number . The types of businesses practiced within these structures for commercial use are as presented in Table 13 . Observable , the bulk of business type is in selling of vegetables and / or fruits . * * Figure 11 : A Water Kiosk That Would Be Affected in Kariobangi Informal Settlement * * Documented from the field survey , as Tables 11 and 14 to 16 illustrate , all the affected businesses are micro-enterprises : - i . ) Nine-nine Percent ( 99 . 00 % ) are not registered , i . e . they have not regularised their operations beyond the licensing requirements of the Municipal Council of Machakos ; - ii . ) Majority operate from temporary structures ; - iii . ) Nearly two-thirds operate from an area averaging 4 . 95m < sup > 2 < / sup > in size ; - iv . ) The number of employees per business range from one ( 1 ) to eight ( 8 ) , majority of the business ( ≈ 67 . 9 % ) having only one employee ; and , - v . ) An estimated 65 . 2 % of the businesses , according to the owners , earn a profit of not more than Ksh . 1000 per day . On the mitigation measures the Project could take with respect to the affected businesses , please refer to Table 17 ( _Table 17 : This RAP Report ’ s Proposal of How Project Affected Person Is to be Compensated / Mitigated_ ) . The proposals are shaped by a combination of the guidelines provided by the Project ’ s RPF , and suggestions from the PAPs . * *", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 260, "text": "field survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 | | 1 . 4 | i < br > . 2 . < br > Social Infrastructure Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 | | 1 . 4 | < br > . 3 . < br > Secondary Socio-Economic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 | | 1 . 4 | < br > . 4 . < br > Document Review ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "describe these literatures , compare some measures of port efficiency , and discuss the links between port efficiencies and transportation costs . # * * 4 . 4 . 1 Production Function Measures and Cost Analysis * * This operations research study approach is based on the production function estimation and involves several linear-programming applications . It focuses on ( i ) identifying an _efficiency frontier_ based on observed inputs and outputs ; and then ( ii ) calculating the distance between a productive-unit ( read : port ) efficiency and the efficiency frontier . A popular linear-programming application includes the Data Envelopment Analysis ( DEA ) , a non-parametric and deterministic approach sensitive to variable selection and measurement errors . The competing production function estimation approach is represented by the Stochastic Frontier Analysis ( SFA ) — a parametric and stochastic approach that requires careful decisions over the functional form of the production function . Blonigen and Wilson ( 2008 ) provide an informative literature review of this approach . The main advantage of estimating the port efficiency as the production function is in pinpointing the marginal capacity gained from investing in any particular part of the port infrastructure . This analysis then allows identifying the bottlenecks for any given port and performing an informed cost-benefit analysis when evaluating various investments in ports . However , this type of analysis tends to omit the demand side and thus by itself is not providing a direct link with the transportation costs associated with utilizing the ports . Recent work by Herrera Dappe and Suárez-Alemán ( 2016 ) linked this approach to transportation cost . < sup > 36 < / sup > This estimated individual the DEA for paper first ports efficiency using methodology each year < sup > 37 < / sup > and then merged the average DEA-methodology annual port efficiencies with the OECD Maritime Transport Cost dataset and UN Commtrade US exports from 2000-2007 . Next , building on > 36This paper leverages the data on nearly fifty ( 50 ) ports across East Asia , the Middle East , Southeast Asia , and Southern / Eastern Africa . Herrera Dappe et al . ( 2017 ) further focused on countries and ports around the Indian Ocean . > 37It also", "spans": [{"start": 1954, "end": 1990, "text": "OECD Maritime Transport Cost dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1995, "end": 2018, "text": "UN Commtrade US exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2084, "end": 2117, "text": "data on nearly fifty ( 50 ) ports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 35 : State Level Water Deprivation Shelter Deprivation - by State - MICS 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Estimates are for children aged 0 - 17 . Figure 36 : State Level Shelter Deprivation a ) b ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a ) b ) c ) < br > Shelter Deprivation - by State in Shelter Deprivation - by State in Shelter Deprivation - by State in < br > North Central - MICS North East - MICS North West - MICS < br > 80 % < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > 0 % Children 0-17 Children 0-17 < br > Children 0-17 < br > Adamawa Bauchi Borno Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina < br > Benue FCT Abuja Kogi Gombe Taraba Yobe Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara < br > Kwara Nasarawa Niger < br > d ) e ) f ) < br > Shelter Deprivation - by State in Shelter Deprivation - by State in Shelter Deprivation - by State in < br > South East - MICS South South MICS South West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0", "spans": [{"start": 162, "end": 166, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "During the verification exercise , the verifiers were unable to locate 98 women ( and 27 households ) . This leaves us with a sample of 2 , 637 women and 991 households . We were able to verify all 727 confidants . Attrition of women was unrelated to treatment assignment ( see Appendix Table A3 ) , although we note that T2 households are more likely to attrit . Since the overall household attrition rate is very low ( 2 . 6 percent ) , this is not a source of concern . In addition , 158 women claimed to have cast a vote but did not have the requisite ink mark . To be conservative , we treat these women as not having voted , although the results do not change if we consider them as voters . Verification was followed by a post-election survey of the same 2 , 637 women in March 2008 . We ensured that the team of enumerators that visited a given household at follow-up was different from the one that had delivered the awareness campaign . The survey collected information on household demographics , recall of the door-to-door visits , access to and use of various media , and knowledge of the balloting process and political candidates , among other issues . Finally , we collected the official electoral results by gender , candidate and political party for each of the 21 polling stations which served our sample villages . < sup > 20 < / sup > Average turnout among women in our sample is 59 percent , while female turnout in the 21 polling stations is 47 . 3 percent . At the constituency level , total turnout was 39 . 2 percent in Khairpur and 48 . 6 percent in Sukkur . The corresponding turnout rate ( including both males and females ) in the sample polling stations was 41 . 7 percent and 43 percent , respectively . While there is significant variation in contestation at the polling station level , the share of PPPP at the constituency level was a large 70 percent in Khairpur and 73 percent in Sukkur . Table 2 reports the difference in means of household and woman characteristics across different samples . See Appendix Table A1", "spans": [{"start": 729, "end": 749, "text": "post-election survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "órico de este estudio : 1 . La dimensión de la identidad laboral ( del yo ) 2 . La dimensión intersubjetiva ( de los vínculos cara a cara ) 3 . La dimensión sociopolítica ( de la interpretación del país y sus instituciones ) Por último , quisiéramos destacar que la identificación de las tres dimensiones de análisis que exponemos devino de un ejercicio abductivo , o si se quiere de una intuición controlada ( Durand ) que contempla la presunción de la vivencia de la crisis en los venezolanos , que toman la decisión de migrar cruzando la frontera del país hacia Colombia . La selección migratoria ( Petersen ) válida para establecer diferencias entre la población que emigra y la que no lo hace , apunta al mismo principio que operaría para “ la selección de retorno ” . Diríamos que quienes retornan poseen diferencias subjetivas en contraste con quienes no lo hacen , y antes han emigrado . En fin , el conocimiento de la crisis y de las condiciones de vida del venezolano , comprobado por la ENCOVI nos ha llevado a concluir que las esferas laborales , familiares y políticas se conjugan y toman forma de dimensiones al interior de la identidad del sujeto . Estas dimensiones se construyeron con el objetivo de acceder a la “ vida tras la vida ” del venezolano que ha viajado de vuelta al país para orientar el ejercicio de deconstrucción ( Derrida ) trascendiendo la literalidad del text", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1004, "text": "ENCOVI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "in the labor force . This is further confirmed by the low expected sanctions and lack of association between women ’ s work and expected sanctions , as shown in * * < u > Table A . 10 , Annex A < / u > * * < u > . These findings are consistent with < / u > the descriptive results that show unanimous high acceptance among respondents for women ’ s mobility and being in the public space , and less so for norms that challenge the status quo related to traditional gender roles . However , these results also show that when considering all elements of social norms together , the relative strength of the relationship between these elements and women ’ s work outcomes can vary . We further contextualize findings in Table 5 by unpacking the two key items within the gender roles within the household index ( * * Table 6 * * ) . For the female caregiver norm , women ’ s conservative beliefs are negatively associated with their own employment outcomes , but not men ’ s beliefs on this issue . On the other hand , for the male breadwinner norm , men ’ s conservative beliefs negatively correlate with women ’ s work outcomes . In addition , women ’ s beliefs that their reference group holds conservative views on this issue also negatively correlate with their work outcomes . * * < u > Tables A . 12 , Annex A < / u > * * include these results for each norm within the public space index . When looking at the full sample , we find no association of beliefs and social expectations about each norm that forms the public space index with the outcome variable – women ’ s paid work outside , which in line with results of Table 5 . * * Table 5 . Individual-level regressions of social norms indices predicting women ’ s work outcomes * * | | | * * Full samp * * | * * le * * | | * * Females o * * | * * nly * * | | * * Males on * * | * * ly * * | | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": UR : : OF . 5 - # # # # # # Kenya National Bureau of Statistics The report is used widely * * by * * the government , researchers , academicians , development partners , non-governmental organisations and the media among other users for planning , analysis , budgeting , monitoring and evaluation purposes . * * Quarterly National Accounts ( QNA ) * * The Bureau produced four Quarterly National Accounts reports which provided a snapshot of performance of the economy in the four quarters of * * 2015 / 16 * * financial year , including Balance of Payment . These reports facilitated the work of data users within and outside the National statistical system . * * Fin Access Household Survey ; * * The bureau , jointly with Central Bank of Kenya ( CBK ) and Financial Sector Deepening Kenya * * ( FSD * * Kenya ) , successfully conducted the Fin Access Household Survey between August and October , * * 2015 . * * * * The Informal Cross Border Trade ( ICBT ) * * * * _survey ; _ * * The Bureau implemented two cycles of ICBT in November , * * 2015 * * and in June * * 2016 . * * The main objective of ICBT * * 2015 / 16 * * survey was to collect data and information on , the magnitude and direction of unrecorded trade , and to provide insights on the economic interdependence . # # # # # * * Inbound / Outbound Tourism Expenditure survey ; * * The Bureau implemented two cycles of Inbound / Outbound Tourism Expenditure survey undertaken in December , * * 2015 * * and 20th June , * * 2016 . * * The objective of the Survey was to collect data to inform the development of the Tourism Satellite Account . * * National Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) survey ; * * The Bureau , in collaboration with The Communications Authority of Kenya * * ( CA ) * * successfully conducted the ICT Survey between February-April * * 2016 . * *", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 341, "text": "Quarterly National Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 379, "end": 406, "text": "Quarterly National Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 667, "end": 694, "text": "Fin Access Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 845, "end": 872, "text": "Fin Access Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 925, "end": 952, "text": "Informal Cross Border Trade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1297, "end": 1342, "text": "Inbound / Outbound Tourism Expenditure survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1386, "end": 1431, "text": "Inbound / Outbound Tourism Expenditure survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1614, "end": 1678, "text": "National Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1800, "end": 1810, "text": "ICT Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during the fi rst two weeks of April . > 22 The UNMISS fi gure reported is based on Biometric Registration conducted by IOM in Bor ( March 2017 ) , Malakal ( February 2017 ) , Melut ( March 2017 ) , UN House ( October 2016 ) , Wau PoC 1 and Wau AA ( March 2017 ) , and the headcounts conducted in Bentiu ( March 2017 ) . Information for ne infl ux of over 17 , 000 to Wau is not included . > 23 See previous Trends Report describing restrictions on freedom of movement , pg 2 . 24 See Acted report , from January - February 2017 , 1 , 635 departed the Juba POCs ( about 1 / 3 for Jonglei ) and 1 , 810 entered ( the majority from Leer and Mayendit ) . Information for March and April has not been published .", "spans": [{"start": 84, "end": 123, "text": "Biometric Registration conducted by IOM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 273, "end": 303, "text": "headcounts conducted in Bentiu", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s positive and negative impacts , and design a series of measures to ensure that stakeholders participate extensively and benefit from the sub-project , and the benefits of the sub-project are maximized . * * Scope of the SA : * * This social assessment intends to investigate the following issues : - * * _Demographic factors : _ * * number of people , their location , population density , age , and so on . - * * _Socioeconomic determinants : _ * * factors affecting incomes and productivity , such as risk aversion of the poorest groups , land tenure , access to productive inputs and markets , family composition , kinship reciprocity , and access to wage opportunities and labor migration . - * * _Social organization : _ * * organization and capacity at the household and community levels affecting participation in local-level institutions as well as access to services and information . - * * _Sociopolitical context : _ * * implementing agencies ' development goals , priorities , commitment to project objectives , control over resources , experience , and relationship with other stakeholder groups . - * * Needs and values : * * stakeholder attitudes and values determining whether development interventions are needed and wanted , appropriate incentives for change , and capacity of stakeholders to manage the process of change . * * Methodology : * * During the preparation of the framework , primary data was collected in the field using qualitative approaches while secondary data was gathered through document review . This helped ix", "spans": [{"start": 1410, "end": 1422, "text": "primary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1485, "end": 1499, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on incidents reported . The system has established a network with the county governments where the central data base has contacts of environmental officers in each county . The most common reported cases in the urban areas include ; illegal discharges of untreated sewer , impacts associated with construction in build-up areas , dumping of solid waste and noise pollution from existing facilities . NEMA as a regulator , has a separate system to handle their grievance from NECC which has its defined mandate . The NEMA incident management unit is the first responder to complaints . On issues not resolved , they are 63", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 116, "text": "central data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "some countries to close to 40 percent in Mongolia . FDI might affect female entrepreneurship via several channels . Via FDI , there can be social norms transmitted from investing countries to host countries . There can be knowledge spillover , both across and within industries , spurred by the new knowledge stock brought by FDI firms ( Acs _et al_ . , 2009 , 2011 ) . There can be crowding out effects on female entrepreneurship due to women ’ s lack of access to key resources to compete with FDI firms within FDI-intensive industries . It is thus an empirical question as to whether and how FDI affects female entrepreneurship . With a data set of firms in around 130 3", "spans": [{"start": 640, "end": 657, "text": "data set of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to carry out an inventory of loss of assets as a component used to determine compensation for those among them who would be involuntarily displaced . The women were requested to give their candid views in order to ensure their interests would put under consideration . They were reminded that together with the children , they are considered vulnerable hence this was a major chance for them to influence decisionmaking . Since they were the ones who did most of the household duties in matters to do with water , they stood to benefit in several areas including time saving from meeting house hold water demands . This would give them time to look at other opportunities for income generation as well as socializing etc . # # # # # # * * Discussions * * The consultative discussion saw a number of comments and views raised by the women present a summary of which is tabled below ; | • < br > Among us , there are women who | The consultants and proponent officials | | - - - | - - - | | depend on the river as a sourceof | assured them that with the completionof | | livelihood , we harvest sand from | the project more favourable and less | | the river and also use the river | strenuous opportunities would arise . | | water to < br > food < br > . Wewill | | 85", "spans": [{"start": 16, "end": 43, "text": "inventory of loss of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "plan and make sure it has a protocol on how to carry out referrals of GBV to response services . Besides , it may be helpful to recognize and refer grievances related to GBV to respective service providers based on the demands of survivors and without forgetting confidentiality . In this respect , GBV related grievances could be better handled by the Woreda Women and Children Affairs Office or female GBV focal points who have the knowledge and skill to provide basic referrals . Furthermore , it may be useful to establish GBV sensitive channels for reporting and making certain the availability of an effective GRM involving multiple channels at federal , regional and woreda levels . In relation to capacity building , in rural road construction , orientation and training was provided to contactors and workers on how to prevent GBV related activities . Similarly , the gender department of Oromia Bureau of Education has organized and provided trainings and awareness raising programs on GBV for teachers and students , mainly through girls ’ clubs . In Somali region , concerning GBV , one stop center having representatives from BOWCY , justice office , police , sheria , woreda administration , kebele , health office , social worker was established to enable victims get the required holistic support . In addition , the Somali region BOLSA organized training and orientation forums aimed at protecting GBV in the workplace . Similarly , in Arbamich , SNNP , one stop center was established and provided service through which victims get support such as psychological , physical and cash in one place from different organizations . # * * 4 . 4 . Social Conflicts * * > 3 Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) , 2016 , Central Statistical Agency , Addis Ababa 31", "spans": [{"start": 1683, "end": 1712, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # # # * * Decision making profile * * # # # # # * * Who decides how to spend money in the household ? * * Men 50 % Women 17 % A significant challenge in assistance distribution is the suitability of the package to address the specific protection needs of the beneficiary populations that have been targeted . Results from the quantitative survey shed light on the landscape of protection issues and critical vulnerabilities for households in Kabul city . Of those interviewed : - z * * Infants : * * Almost 40 % have at least one dependant in the household that is under five years of age . - z * * Elderly : * * A significant proportion of households ( 19 % ) live with elderly dependents ( over 60 years of age ) - z * * Chronically ill : * * A relatively high numbers of vulnerable households have members who are chronically ill ( 12 % ) . Despite the presence of these acute vulnerabilities , all six of the interventions surveyed provided only standardised packages of support for vulnerable populations affected by human-induced or natural disasters and , with the exception of female-headed households in the Sharak etefaq neighbourhood of district 13 , none of the modalities investigated in Kabul city targeted the extremely vulnerable . More needs to be done to meet the specific protection needs of the most vulnerable within these populations , such as the elderly , disabled or households headed by women and children . Programming specifically tailored to infants , elderly and chronically ill , is needed . This is an approach adopted by HelpAge International in Africa with a new programming strategy focusing on the elderly . It allows for specialisation among organizations on specific demographic groups . # # # # # * * Households with extremely vulnerable member who is : * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Under 5 38 % < br > Elderly 19 %", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 441, "text": "quantitative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are “ persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence , in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict , situations of generalized violence , violations of human rights , or natural or human-made disasters , and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border . ” This notion of an IDP is based on two components : 1 ) that the movement is coerced or involuntary ( to distinguish from economic and other voluntary migrants ) , and 2 ) that the movement stays within internationally recognized state borders ( to distinguish from refugees ) . These concepts and classifications are translated into core standard questions that can enable the identification of refugee , refugee-related populations , and internally displaced persons in data sources , in a way that is both practical and cost effective , in the IRRS and IRIS developed by EGRIS . > * * 11 * * https : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 3be01b964 . html > * * 12 * * https : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 3ae6b3ae4 . html > * * 13 * * E / CN . 4 / 1998 / 53 / Add . 2 , 11 February 1998 , UN Commission on Human Rights , Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General , Mr . Francis M . Deng , submitted pursuant to Commission resolution 1997 / 39 . Addendum : Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement , available at : https : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 3d4f95e11 . html 8 DATA DISAGGREGATION OF SDG INDICATORS BY FORCED DISPLACEMENT", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 3 . Lack of a Fixed Asset Register * * As was reported in the previous year , the statement of receipts and payments for the year ended * * 30 * * June , * * 2018 * * reflected a cumulative expenditure on acquisition of non-financial assets of Kshs . 1 , 710 , 120 , 609 . It was however , noted that the Project did not maintain a fixed assets register making it difficult to verify the physical existence of assets or confirm the value , location , ownership and security of the assets acquired under the project over the years . Also , the project financial statement did not include a summary of the fixed assets register as is required under the reporting template issued * * by * * the Public Sector Accounting Standards Board . No explanation was given for failure to maintain a fixed asset register . The audit was conducted in accordance with * * ISSAI 2315 * * and * * ISSAI 2330 . * * The standards require that * * I * * plan and perform the audit so as to obtain assurance as to whether effective processes and systems of internal control , risk management and overall governance was maintained in all material respects . * * I * * believe that the audit evidence * * I * * have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my conclusion . REPORT * * ON * * OTHER * * LEGAL AND * * REGULATORY * * REQUIREMENTS * * As required * * by * * International Development Association , except for the effects of the matters described in the Basis of my qualified opinion , Basis for lawfulness and use of Public Resources and Basis for effectiveness of internal controls , risk management and governance , * * I * * report based on my audit , that : - i . * * I * * have obtained all the information and explanations which , to the best of my knowledge and belief , were necessary for the purpose of the audit ; -", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 367, "text": "fixed assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increased capital intensity of mining , with the arrival of new labor-saving machines , technology and tools reducing the need for labor directly in the mining sector . < sup > 20 < / sup > For business and other services exports and especially agricultural exports , the direct employment creation is much larger than the indirect job creation . Direct job creation represented 88 percent of jobs linked to agricultural exports , because linkages to supplying sectors in agriculture are restricted to few inputs such as fertilizers , other chemicals , seeds , and planting materials . However , the share of indirect jobs linked to agricultural exports has doubled since 1995 ( not shown ) . Similarly , business and particularly other services exports create jobs mainly directly within the export sectors , with the indirect contribution representing one-third in business services and one-fifth in other services . * * Figure 15 : Direct and indirect employment in exports , by broad sector and income level , 2018 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 80 % < br > 60 % < br > 40 % < br > 20 % < br > 0 % < br > Agriculture & Mining Total Manufacturing Total Business Services Other Services < br > Fishing < br > direct indirect reimported < br > High Upper - middle Lower - middle High Upper - middle Lower - middle High Upper - middle Lower - middle High Upper - middle Lower - middle High Upper - middle Lower - middle < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own computations . Data : OECD TiE . The country sample covers 38 OECD countries plus 13 non-OECD countries . Note : Employment in exports can be decomposed into its ( 1 ) direct contribution in the exporting sector , ( 2 ) indirect contribution in sectors supplying to the export sector , and ( 3 ) contribution of reimported inputs . The analysis highlights different upgrading patterns along countries ’ income levels for broad sectors . In business and other services , the indirect job creation loses importance for upper-middle and highincome countries ( Figure 15", "spans": [{"start": 1518, "end": 1526, "text": "OECD TiE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regulations will allow foreign banks to open 100 % capitalized wholly-owned subsidiaries in India . Foreign banks have typically focused their operations in the top 25 cities in the country , likely due in part to restrictions on branch expansion . < sup > 15 < / sup > The foreign banks generally use more modern equipment , pay higher salaries , and attract better-trained employees ( IndiaMart 2004 ) . Private banks are primarily de novo entrants that were granted banking licenses during the financial liberalization in the early 1990s . A total of 25 de novo private banks began operations between 1994 and 2000 . There are also a small number of incumbent private banks that existed before 1990 and some state-owned institutions that have been successfully privatized . An example of the latter is ICICI , which was formed in 1955 as a state-owned institution at the initiative of the Government of India and the World Bank to create a development financial institution for providing medium - and long-term project financing to Indian businesses . During the 1990s , ICICI was privatized and evolved into a private , fullservice bank and is now India ’ s second largest bank offering a wide range of services to retail and corporate customers . As shown in Table 1 , the foreign banks are most numerous , but they have relatively few branches and accounts and also have fewer deposits and assets than the other types . Nationalized banks are the largest type as measured by number of branches , accounts , deposits , and assets . The state-owned banks combined – SBI plus the nationalized banks – dominate the banking sector with about 80 % of deposits and assets . # * * 4 . Data and Summary Statistics * * We match data from nonfinancial firms , the banks with which they have relationships , and information on their local market . The firm data are from _Prowess_ , an electronic database produced by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy ( CMIE ) . This database includes firms that are required to file annual accounting reports and have submitted reports for at least three years . This comprises : ( i ) firms that are listed on a national exchange ( National", "spans": [{"start": 1724, "end": 1752, "text": "data from nonfinancial firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by region , health care center , type , and beneficiary ; ( vi ) a list of payments by hospital , type , and beneficiary ; and ( vi ) Statement of Fixed Assets . 74 . * * The Project Financial Statements ( PFSs ) , prepared in accordance with IPSAS - Cash Basis - should contain the same information as the quarterly interim financial reports ( IFRs ) but cover an annual period . * * The audited PFSs would be submitted to the Bank no later than six months after the end of each fiscal year ( see External Audit Arrangements below ) . 75 . * * Flow of funds and cash management . * * The project funds will be channeled from the World Bank to the MoF Treasury account for “ Loans ” and then transferred to the Designated Account opened for the project at the Central Bank of Lebanon in US dollars . Deposits into and payments from the Designated Account will be made in accordance with the provisions set out in both the Loan Agreement and disbursement letters and as outlined in the WB ’ s “ Disbursement Guidelines for Projects ’ ’ . For the purposes of the Loan , transfer of funds between different budget lines will be carried out and approved by both the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Public Health . The Borrower shall , through MoF , open an account for the Loan in its Chart of Accounts to record all disbursement amounts that are channeled to the Designated Account mentioned in paragraph 1 of the Loan Agreement . The said account shall be settled periodically based on expenditures statements in the loan currency signed by the Minister of Public Health and provided to MoF before end of each fiscal year for expenditures incurred up to October 31 of said Fiscal Year , and before end of January 31 of the following year for expenditures incurred in November and December for the previous fiscal year . 76 . * * External auditing . * * The PFSs will be audited by an independent private external auditor acceptable to the WB . The audit will cover", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1536, "text": "expenditures statements in the loan currency", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A third difference is that while PCRs may compel regulated institutions to supply data , they rarely seem to include data supplied voluntarily from other sources . Of the 57 PCRs surveyed worldwide , only three ( France , Slovenia and Taiwan ) indicated they received any data on a voluntary basis and in the case of Slovenia , the voluntary data were information received from another government agency . It appears that firms and businesses do not wish to report sometimes sensitive financial data to the government on a voluntary basis in most countries . Important sources of credit data , typically beyond the scope of PCRs , include retail credit , trade credit , microfinance and information from other non-regulated financial institutions such as leasing firms and finance companies or independent credit card issuers . < sup > 14 < / sup > Private credit registries not only seek to expand their access to information from a variety of lenders , but they also dedicate significant resources to obtaining data from other sources , such as court records and diverse public databases , which may not otherwise be readily available . Another important difference between public credit registries and private credit reporting firms is the distribution ( or degree of transparency ) of the data . PCRs frequently provide access to data only to those regulated financial institutions that are also compelled to report their data . This practice , known as reciprocity , is followed by 49 of the 57 PCRs in the survey . As a result , not only are non-reporting financial institutions denied any access to the data but also small businesses , non-financial businesses that provide credit and insurance firms , among others , do not typically have access to the data . < sup > 15 < / sup > Limiting access to the data to these groups , which have may have justifiable business reasons for requesting the data including even the data subject ’ s consent reduces the overall impact of the data and limits the role they can play in contributing to transparency in an economy . In only a handful of countries do PCRs share their data with private credit bureaus ; this also restricts the development of the credit information industry", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1060, "text": "court records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1073, "end": 1089, "text": "public databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Issues to be addressed by the Social Impact Assessment ( SIA ) will include : demography ; land tenure ; socioeconomic structures , consultations with local authorities and with the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) . A key task to be conducted under this process is a household survey describing the extent of the social impacts . The social survey should contain general house hold data such as : family size , gender and age information ; education ; occupation ; land ownership , tenure arrangements and so forth . Resettlement plans should be based on recent information about the scale and impact of resettlement on the displaced population , In addition to describing standard household characteristics , socio-economic surveys should describe - ( a ) The magnitude of displacement ; - ( b ) Information on the full resource base of the affected community ; - ( c ) The extent to which the groups will experience total or partial loss of assets ; - ( d ) Public infrastructure and social services that will be affected ; - ( e ) Formal and informal institutions ( such as community organizations , ritual groups etc . ) that can assist with designing and implementing the resettlement programs ; and - ( f ) Attitudes on resettlement options . Socio-economic surveys , recording the names of affected families , should be conducted as early as possible to curtail inflows of populations ineligible for compensation . The survey would estimate the extent to which the affected families will experience loss of assets , including control over resources , as well as infrastructure and social services available . The survey should further describe local organizations and institutions , village councils , religious groups etc . , which could later participate in planning and implementation of the resettlement options . Expected changes in demography and health impacts should also be addressed . At this stage , all PAPs will be listed in order to avoid an influx of people trying to take advantage of the compensation and rehabilitation . A cut off date will also be proclaimed . That means , a date from which eligibility for compensation will be terminated . New inhabitants coming to the project affected areas", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 285, "text": "household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 712, "end": 734, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1251, "end": 1273, "text": "Socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ln ( TFPR ) ( BKR ) | 22 , 061 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 44 | - 1 . 14 | 2 . 31 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ln ( Age ) | 35 , 723 | 2 . 72 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 00 | 5 . 61 | | ln ( Employment ) | 35 , 730 | 4 . 02 | 1 . 18 | 2 . 30 | 9 . 61 | | Foreign owned ? | 35 , 730 | 0 . 002 | 0 . 04 | 0 | 1 | | * * _Vietnam_ * * | | | | | | | ln ( TFPQ ) | 142 , 630 | 5 . 18 | 1 . 82 | 0 . 04 | 9 . 2 | | ln ( TFPR ) ( HK ) | 106 , 413 | 0 . 71 | 0 . 96 | - 2 . 99 | 3 . 41 | | ln ( TFPR ) ( BKR ) | 106 , 413 | 0 . 56 | 0 . 85 | - 2 . 99 | 3 . 72 | | ln ( Age ) | 106 , 967 | 1 . 98 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 23 | | ln ( Employment ) | 142 , 630 | 3 . 93 | 1 . 30 | 2 . 30 | 11 . 35 | | Foreign owned ? | 142 , 630 | 0 . 18 | 0 . 38 | 0 | 1 | | SOE ? | 142 , 630 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 15 | 0 | 1 | Source : Country data as detailed in Table 1 and authors ’ calculation . # * * 4 . Results * * # * * 4 . 1 Baseline results * * The descriptive statistics in Table 2 suggest a few discrepancies between TFPR obtained using HK or BKR . A more nuanced picture emerges from inspecting the full distributions of TFPR for each country", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 815, "text": "Country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10781 # * * Abstract * * Economic zone programs are generally pursued to improve firms ’ performance within discrete areas by removing the constraints firms face . Whether or not they succeed in doing so is an empirical question . This paper capitalizes on a unique survey of firms within and outside zones in South Asia to assess the effects of zone programs on firms ’ performance in exports , investment , employment , and productivity . Adopting a propensity score matching approach and district-level fixed effects , the paper explores four questions : whether zones support firm performance ; whether the type of zone makes a difference , which kinds of public support services matter more , and whether firms inside zones grow faster . The results show that ( i ) being inside a zone positively affects foreign direct investment and employment , ( ii ) the effects across zone types are mixed , ( iii ) infrastructure and trade facilitation play a greater role in firm performance than fiscal incentives and governance facilities , and ( iv ) firms inside zones grow faster . This paper is a product of the Finance , Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at rgalal @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or", "spans": [{"start": 296, "end": 311, "text": "survey of firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the sample households were requested if one or more member of their households engaged in business activities or not . Accordingly , very limited number 31 or 17 . 1 % of the sample households reported to engage in some kind of business activity . Out of the 31 HHs more than half ( 16 HHs ) are from Haromaya SC , while 12 HHs from Meta Woreda , the remaining 3 HHs are from Kersa Woreda . Regarding business the types , 17 of the households involved Chat trade , 8 HHs in Livestock trade and 6 HHs reported to engage in commodities trade or sale . On the other hand , none of the sample households reported to participate in other off-farming activities including handcraft . This indicate that the households in subproject influence area have limited opportunity to involve in off-farming activities . The census survey result also confirmed the low level of off-farming economic activities among Subproject affected households . For example , only 1 . 9 % of Subproject affected HHs Page 88", "spans": [{"start": 809, "end": 822, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "magnetic field ( EMF ) are often raised when a new transmission line is proposed . Based on a recent in-depth review of extensive scientific literature ( World Health Organisation ’ s International EMF Project ) , the WHO has concluded that “ despite extensive research , to date there is no evidence to conclude that exposure to low level electromagnetic fields is harmful to human health ” ( WHO 2007 , WHO 2002 ) . # # # # # # * * Impact assessment * * With the adoption of adequate mitigation measures , the intensity the impact on community health and security during the operation phase is considered low . The extent of the impact is considered limited as the impact with regards to risk of electrocution is mainly limited to substations and health concerns over exposure to EMF relate to areas close to the line and substations . The impact duration is long as it will be felt continuously for the lifetime of the transmission line . The importance of the impact on community health and security during the operation phase is thus considered minor . The probability of the occurrence of this impact is medium because potential impacts listed above might occur without any certainty . IMPACT ON COMMUNITY AND HEALTH SECURITY DURING THE OPERATION PHASE | Intensity : < br > Low | Importance : * * Minor * * | | - - - | - - - | | Extent : < br > Limited | | | Duration : < br > Long | | Probability of occurrence : Medium", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project Reports and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2023_ * * # # # # * * Significant Accounting Policies ( continued ) * * # # # # * * e ) Recognition of payments * * The Project recognises all payments when the event occurs , and the related cash has been paid out * * by * * the Project . * * i ) Compensation to employees * * Salaries and Wages , Allowances , Statutory Contribution for employees are recognized in the period when the compensation is paid . * * ii ) Use of goods and services * * Goods and services are recognized as payments in the period when the goods / services are consumed and paid for . If not paid for during the period where goods / services are consumed , they shall be disclosed as pending bills . * * iii ) Interest on borrowing * * Borrowing costs that include interest are recognized as payment in the period in which they incur and paid for . * * iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # * * v ) Acquisition of fixed assets * * The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . * * _9_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 1694, "end": 1714, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | 2019-03-05 | 2 | 019-03-26 | | KE-SIAYA COUNTY-137529 - < br > NC-RFQ / Hire of truck to < br > collect Health care waste for < br > incineration quarterly per sub < br > county for all the six sub < br > counties | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post < br > < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 6 , 780 . 00 | 5 , 962 . 19 < br > Completed | | | | | 2019-11-16 < br > 2020-06-19 | | | | | 2019-12-06 < br > 2020-06 - | 29 < br > 2 | 020-05-04 < br > 2020-11-12 | | KE-SIAYA COUNTY-137664 - < br > NC-RFQ / Procurement of < br > services for Printing services < br > for 3080 no . internal audit < br > reports | IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post < br > < br > | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 308 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | | | 2019-11-16 | | | | | 2019-12-04 | 2 | 019-12-24 | | KE-SIAYA COUNTY-137724 - < br > NC-RFQ / Procurement of < br > printing services for 125 < br > family planning registers , 125 < br > Antenatal register , 125 < br > Maternity registers , 125 < br > Postnatal", "spans": [{"start": 1088, "end": 1113, "text": "family planning registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1127, "end": 1145, "text": "Antenatal register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1159, "end": 1178, "text": "Maternity registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For Egypt , Samari ( 2021 ) examined h < / mark > ow gender norms and household gender dynamics were modified as a result of male return migration from other Arab countries using data from the 2006 and 2012 Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey . The study estimated treatment effects for 7 , 314 married couples in 2006 and 8 , 992 married couples in 2012 , using regression models of gender norms and household decisionmaking and return migration . Egyptian women with spouses who migrated to an Arab country and returned , valued more traditional gender norms . Women in households with a spouse who returned also made fewer household decisions compared to women in non-migrant households . Women with spouses who had migrated multiple times also made fewer household decisions compared to women who had a spouse 9", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 241, "text": "Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from the natio < br > , Mbale , Masaka , Mbarara , Na < br > IU is working with the Uganda < br > of a basket of 41 commodities | nal database and covers a < br > kasero and UBTS ) . This w < br > Blood Transfusion Service < br > in the previous quarter ( Pe | ll Regional Blood Banks < br > as not funded by the project ; < br > to identify the gap for more < br > rcentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 46 . 00 | 46 . 00 | 46 . 00 | 57 . 00 | | Date < br > 31-Aug-2021 | 31-Aug-2021 | 10-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | 11 / 18 / 2022 Page 9 of 11", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 142, "text": "nal database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 38 * * * < br > ( 2 . 89 ) | - 2 . 63 * * * < br > ( - 4 . 50 ) | - 4 . 05 * * * < br > ( - 7 . 93 ) | | Political stability | 0 . 0605 * * * | 0 . 467 * * * | 0 . 414 * * * | | ( 0 to 100 ) | ( 4 . 60 ) | ( 20 . 77 ) | ( 17 . 66 ) | | n | 1 , 378 | 1 , 392 | 1 , 378 | | R-squared | 0 . 143 | 0 . 299 | 0 . 224 | | RMSE | 4 . 72 | 8 . 04 | 8 . 02 | _Note_ : Figures in parentheses are robust t-statistics . * , * * , * * * : significant at 10 , 5 , and 1 percent respectively . Annual data from 1996-2013 for low - and middle-income countries . RMSE = root mean square error , or sample standard deviation . 18", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 492, "text": "Annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "” card that does not permit the account holder to overdraw the account . The account holder pays bills by purchasing money orders or by making electronic transfers from the account . There is no data yet on the success of these accounts , but they do appear to be well designed to meet the needs of many of the unbanked who wish to open starter accounts . Banks are also making efforts to create cost-effective means for LMI individuals to obtain emergency loans ranging from $ 200 to $ 500 . Traditionally banks do not make such small loans except through credit card advances or some other prearranged line of credit , which excludes people unable to pass a traditional credit-risk screening procedure . Many credit unions and banks offer deposit-secured credit cards to customers unable to meet traditional credit risk standards . In addition , many credit unions will make deposit-secured small-value loans . For example , if a depositor has $ 500 in his account , he can borrow $ 500 rather than withdraw the money . The deposit balance serves as the collateral . Many customers apparently prefer to borrow the money rather than withdraw it because they like the budget discipline that repaying the loan imposes upon them . Some credit unions have also begun to offer rapidly-disbursing unsecured small-value loans to customers who might not meet traditional credit risk standards . Typically they require that the recipient has used direct deposit for several months and the loans are repaid out of future direct deposits . Early reports from credit unions offering this service indicate that it is popular and profitable for the credit unions ( Richter and Tan , 2002 ) . The development and marketing of automated “ payroll cards ” is another recent privatesector innovation that could benefit the unbanked . < sup > 14 < / sup > Until recently employers had to pay their > 14A recent report on payroll cards issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency provides a nice overview of the type of cards on the market and their features ( Frumkim et al , 2003 ) . 35", "spans": [{"start": 1893, "end": 1916, "text": "report on payroll cards", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "46 . Jordan has been investing in improving the quality of education in the past decade . This investment has been having a noticeable impact on student learning since the early 1990s . In the 1991 International Assessment of Educational Progress ( IEA ) , out of 20 participating countries , Jordan finished ahead of only Brazil and Mozambique in the mathematics and science tests for 13-year-olds . By the late 1990s , there was a marked change as seen in the 1999 Third International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) , where out of 38 countries , Jordan finished ahead of six ( Iran , Indonesia , Chile , Philippines , Morocco and South Africa ) in mathematics and ahead of eight ( Iran , Indonesia , Turkey , Tunisia , Chile , Philippines , Morocco and South Africa ) in science ( bearing in mind that TIMSS is not strictly comparable to IEA ) . However , the progress does not stop there . In 2003 , Jordan improved its TIMSS science score to 475 from 450 in 1999 , an increase of 25 points , or 0 . 25 standard deviations , which is a significant increase , equivalent to about a whole year of learning . In 2007 , Jordan continued to improve , surpassing several countries which had a similar or slightly higher performance in 1999 . In fact , between 1999 and 2007 , no other country improved as much in science as did Jordan . 47 . ERfKE I began a reform process that is paying dividends , and ERfKE II will continue to support improvements in the quality of education over a sustained period of time . ERfKE II has a very significant and clear focus on quality , thus promoting access and attainment in a quality school system , with increased non-personnel recurrent spending particularly in professional , curricular and pedagogical development ; committing to using assessments of cognitive skills development as the primary outcomes and indicators of success ; investing in early childhood development , improving the under-performing vocational secondary track ; and a school-based management strategy designed to empower and", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 246, "text": "International Assessment of Educational Progress", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 462, "end": 516, "text": "1999 Third International Mathematics and Science Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned | Evaluation < br > Draft Neg < br > Contract < br > Actual | Signed Contract < br > Contra < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > Plann | ct Completion < br > d < br > Actual | | KE-SDSP-555515-CS-INDV / < br > Selection of a Consulting Fir < br > m to Conduct a Baseline Ben < br > eficiary Satisfaction Survey | IDA / 78450 | | Post < br > Q < br > B | uality And Cost - < br > ased Selection | Open - National | | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > P < br > nt | endin < br > ation | g Impleme < br > < br > 2026-07-06 | 2026-07 - | 27 < br > 2026-09-09 | 2026-10-07 | | 2026-11-06 < br > 2026-12-11 | | 2027-01-15 < br > 2028-01 | - 15 | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSU * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | * * LTANTS * * < br > Loan / Credit N < br > o . | Component | Review Type | Method | Market Approa < br > h | c < br > Contract Type < br > | Estimated Amo < br > unt ( US $ ) < br > | Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > P | roce | ss Status < br > Terms of Referenc < br > Pld < br > At | e < br > Invitati < br > d / Select < br > l < br > Pl | on to Identifie < br", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 346, "text": "eficiary Satisfaction Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA : Second Agricultural Sector Adjustment Operation ( ASAO 11 ) Appendix A : Mission ' s Aide-Memoire 18 . ASAO II financed useful studies on the impact of the policy changes on vulnerable groups . It is proposed to carry out a follow-up survey to again examine the effect of policy changes on vulnerable groups as part of the National Welfare Monitoring Survey undertaken by the Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) . The project also financed the development of a Food Security Action Plan and a Drought Contingency Action Plan , which remain relevant to development of appropriate strategies in both areas . Studies and training proposed in land policy and administration have not so far been implemented . 19 . The performance of the Borrower , Government of Kenya ( GOK ) has to be judged bearing in mind the highly sensitive political nature of the maize market , the difficulties of moving from a public sector monopoly to a free market situation , the pressure exerted by individuals and sections of the population and the destabilizing effect of sharp fluctuations in production as a result of changing weather conditions . Ultimately GOK did have the political strength of will to carry through its policy of liberalization . However , the reintroduction of controls in late 1992 , undoubtedly had a negative effect in undermining the confidence of private sector maize dealers and millers that GOK was serious in its liberalization policy \" . Similarly , the poorly coordinated and uncontrolled imports of maize in 1994 depressed domestic prices and damaged farmers ' confidence in maize as a profitable crop . The subsequent entry of NCPB into the market , buying at well above the market price , but with inadequate finance to redeem its pledges for the 1994 season crop , created further difficulties . The institution of an NCPB Performance Contract with the Ministry was supported by the project and appears to have been useful in clarifying NCPB responsibilities and the Ministry ' s expectations . Direct Government instructions to NCPB by-passed the contract and provisions for adequate financing for NCPB were also not observed . Provision of audited", "spans": [{"start": 331, "end": 365, "text": "National Welfare Monitoring Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "share per household ( denoted as C ) , in the HBS . < sup > 8 < / sup > We then follow Rubin ( 1986 ) and concatenate the HBS and the EU-SILC . < sup > 9 < / sup > To this end , we take advantage of overlapping variables X , which we harmonize previously and describe later in this paper . We decided to impute energy spending shares into the EUSILC , as the EU-SILC is the richer dataset and contains many variables we are ultimately interested in to describe the energy-poor population in Bulgaria . _Table 1 : Conceptualization of data fusion application in this paper ( EU-SILC and HBS in Bulgaria ) _ | EU-SILC | * * Variables , which form part * * | * * EU-SILC with information * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( Imputation for expenditure | * * of EU-SILC and HBS * * | * * on I * * | | C ) | | | | * * HBS with information on C * * | Socio-economic information < br > ( X ) | HBS < br > ( Imputation for income I ) | _Source : Own elaboration based on Bacher and Prander ( 2018 ) _ * * Before applying multiple imputation techniques to the missing information on energy spending shares in the concatenated dataset , we address the conditional independence assumption . * * As we do not dispose of an auxiliary dataset or auxiliary information on the relationship between I and C , we follow Donatiello et al . ( 2016b ) and identify matching variables that are highly correlated with our variables of interest , the energy expenditure share , later in this paper . We identify one highly 8 While we could also impute income data into the HBS ( the approach in Column 3 ) , we decide to do the reverse as the EUSILC gathers more extensive information on individual characteristics , household wellbeing , and social protection programs . EU-SILC data contains a richer set of information and is therefore more attractive as a recipient dataset . Nevertheless , the European Commission ( 2014 ) recommends", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 141, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 812, "end": 815, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1618, "end": 1624, "text": "EUSILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1747, "end": 1759, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "capita in Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP - which adjusts for differences in the cost of living across countries ) , income inequality as measured by the Gini index , income growth as measured by the GNP per capita growth rate , and public spending on primary education per student . All these variables are from the World Bank ' s World Development Indicators ( World Bank , 1999 ) and are averaged over the period since 1990 ( Annex Figure 3a shows the same figures for the male / female ratio ) . ' < sup > 8 < / sup > The story that emerges from these graphs is not one of a systematic relationship between the variables and the magnitude of the gender gap . The only correlate with a significant relationship at the ten percent level is a country ' s income inequality as measured by the Gini index ( correlation coefficient equal to - . 38 , pvalue = . 07 , N = 23 ) . Other than the Gini index , income level is negatively but insignificantly related to the male female gap , and GNP per capita growth and public spending per student on primary education have close to zero and insignificant correlations . Of course this exploration is limited by its very narrow bivariate approach . As an indication though , the results do suggest that the few variables analyzed do not give a strong lead on this and more work needs to be done to explore the international correlates and determinants of gender gaps in education ( for more discussion and a further exploration of this see Dollar and Gatti , 1999 , Filmer , King , and Pritchett 1998 ) . > 18 The annex is available from the author at dfilmer ( a . worldbank . org or directly from http : / / www . worldbank . org / research / projects / edattainl / edattain . htm 21", "spans": [{"start": 330, "end": 358, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Tax Reform in Transition_ 3 raising the income threshold at which a positive tax payment must be made . In each case the objective is to obtain better or at least revenues equal to those that would be obtained under the 1992 system . Furthermore , the distributional consequences of the proposed tax reform are examined , taking into account the existing income distribution as reflected in the 1992 household budget survey . The type of analysis and principles enunciated are potentially of wider interest to other EMEs for two reasons . First , the striking similarities in the pattern of income distribution in these economies recently reported by Milanovic ( 1995 ) and Hassan and Peters ( 1996 ) . Second , a comparison of the income tax systems in these economies - as shown in section 2 - reveals that these systems suffer from similar deficiencies as Bulgaria ' s system , notably , low exemption level for the poor , large number of tax brackets , and high rates . So the analysis is potentially capable of providing useful direction for improving the design of personal income tax not only in Bulgaria , but also in other Eastern European countries contemplating tax reform . The remainder of the paper comprises three sections . Section 2 reviews the 1992 personal income tax structure and potential and actual revenue performance , utilizing the 1992 income distribution data . This section also compares Bulgaria ' s personal income tax system with those in other economies , notably transitional economies . Section 3 presents and discusses the counterfactual analysis of alternative tax structures with equal or better revenue raising potential and re-distributional impact . The analysis also takes into account the existing high tax evasion level . Conclusions and thoughts on broader implications of the analysis for tax reform in other EMEs are given in the final section . # * * _2 . The_ Need * * * * _For Revenue_ * * The evolution of Bulgaria ' s tax revenues and fiscal balance relative to GDP since 1991 are shown in Table 1 . The table shows that the country experienced a decline of tax revenue / GDP - - from nearly 38 percent of GDP in 1991 to 28 percent of GDP", "spans": [{"start": 396, "end": 424, "text": "1992 household budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1359, "end": 1388, "text": "1992 income distribution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "knowledge of PAPs through intensive and extensive consultations . # # # * * Cultural Property Under Consideration * * The cultural property under consideration includes four major categories : - a ) Graves or graveyards , - b ) Shrines with physical man-made structures , - c ) Shrines with natural physical symbolic elements like trees and rocks , - d ) Places of worship . These will be established during the asset inventory and socioeconomic survey . * * 538 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 452, "text": "asset inventory and socioeconomic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 S . 2001 . Uganda * * A * * S ~ o ~ ~ ~ s s i o ~ en ’ s crisis centre . 2005 . “ rt on the Activities o f en ’ s crisis Centre , 2004 - January 2005 . ” Kampala ~ January . a soc man Afric 994a . “ S t a ~ ~ Appraisal R epublic o f Uganda , Sexua fections Project , Eastem umm Resources Operations “ Staff Appraisal eport , Repub ~ ic o f Uganda Project . ” East Afric vision . Washin ~ on , World Bank . 1997 . “ Uganda - ~ r for Allev ~ ation o ~ _of_ Poverty ~ and Social Cost t Project , Project Performance Assessment ent . Report No . 17055 . W a s h i n ~ o . 2003a . “ ’ Sexually Trans itted Infections Proj ec entation Completion R World lementation Co egion , June 30 , 2004 . > World . 2005 . World evelopment Indicators", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". _ 4 % in a bachelor ’ s program ( \" BP students \" ) . Further , 3 _ . _ 6 % and 14 _ . _ 8 % of high school graduates obtained a SC degree and bachelor ’ s degree , respectively , and half ( 49 _ . _ 3 % ) participated in the formal labor market in 2013 . Table 1 compares SC , BP , and NE students . Among the three student groups , NE students come from the most disadvantaged backgrounds and have the lowest _Saber 11_ average performance . Relative to BP students , on average SC students are less likely to be female . They are also slightly older ; belong to larger , lower-income households ; have less educated mothers ; and perform worse in _Saber 11_ . The share of students who complete any degree is higher among BP than SC students by almost 10 percentage points , while the share of BP students transferring out of their initial enrollment choice is lower than that of SC students ( 1 _ . _ 2 % and 16 _ . _ 2 % , respectively ) . Moreover , less than half of SC students who transfer to a bachelor ’ s program earn a bachelor ’ s degree . This is consistent with the fact that SC programs in Colombia are usually viewed as terminal degrees and rarely offer a pathway towards a bachelor ’ s degree . In terms of labor market outcomes , SC and BP students participate in the formal market at similar rates ( 51 _ . _ 7 % > 8These students do not match to SPADIES ( the dataset of higher education enrollment ) or OLE ( the dataset of labor market earnings ) . SPADIES does not contain information on SENA students ; therefore , we classify them as NE . Since they account for a negligible share of higher education enrollment in 2005 , this does not pose a problem for our analysis . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1428, "end": 1431, "text": "OLE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1438, "end": 1470, "text": "dataset of labor market earnings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1475, "end": 1482, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _None . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Eldoret | 197 , 449 | 289 , 380 | 47 % | 3 . 9 % | | Malindi | 118 , 428 | 207 , 253 | 75 % | 5 . 8 % | | Naivasha | 158 , 678 | 181 , 966 | 15 % | 1 . 4 % | | Kitui | 106 , 873 | 155 , 896 | 46 % | 3 . 8 % | | Machakos | 143 , 274 | 150 , 041 | 5 % | 0 . 5 % | | Thika | 106 , 707 | 139 , 853 | 31 % | 2 . 7 % | | Nyeri | 101 , 238 | 125 , 357 | 24 % | 2 . 2 % | | Garissa | 69 , 203 | 119 , 696 | 73 % | 5 . 6 % | | Kericho | 93 , 213 | 103 , 911 | 11 % | 1 . 1 % | | Kakamega | 74 , 115 | 91 , 768 | 24 % | 2 . 2 % | | Embu | 52 , 446 | 60 , 673 | 16 % | 1 . 5 % | | * * Total * * | * * 4 , 583 , 892 * * | * * 6 , 420 , 212 * * | * * 40 % * * | 3 . 4 % | _Source : _ Population and Housing Censuses , 1999 and 2009 , National Bureau of Statistics ( formerly , Central Bureau of Statistics ) . * Peri-urban is defined , by the National Bureau of Statistics , as areas within urban boundaries that lack public services . 48", "spans": [{"start": 671, "end": 702, "text": "Population and Housing Censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "set . < sup > 16 < / sup > Information about gross fixed capital formation was provided directly by the Economic Research Department of the Banco de Guatemala . The data is compiled using the somewhat dated 1953 UN System of National Accounts , which is currently under revision . < sup > 17 < / sup > In line with other studies for Latin America , such as Loayza et al . ( 2002 ) and Morales ( 1998 ) , the overall depreciation rate is assumed at 5 percent . This is still a rather high estimate when compared with more commonly used thumb values . However , regarding the armed conflict , which has lasted for 36 years , and several periods of high violence in Guatemala , it was found useful to adopt a high depreciation rate in order to account for both capital _destruction_ and _distraction_ from productive use . For example , the latter may have resulted in unprofitable military spending , several forms of non-productive investments , or temporary spare capital because of infrastructure deficiencies . As to be shown in the following section , the results of the regression analyses are not sensitive to moderate adjustments in the depreciation rate . In terms of data availability over a long time period , and given the robustness to alternative assumptions about depreciation , the capital stock series with aggregated investment data is adopted in the later regression analyses . # * * _Estimate with Disaggregated Investment Data_ * * Based on the PIM , Morán and Valle ( 2002 ) present a second approach for Guatemala . In their model the capital stock is estimated for eight broad asset groups for 19712000 . However , presumably because of too high depreciation rates for public and private construction , they seem to underestimate the genuine level of the capital stock . < sup > 18 < / sup > Following their methodology but applying different depreciation rates and taking into account the initial benchmark estimate from Nehru and Dareshwar ( 1993 ) , a second capital stock series has been calculated with disaggregated investment data for the period 1970-2002 . The initial values are obtained from a pre-estimate starting in 1950 . The data gaps for the", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 242, "text": "UN System of National Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1322, "end": 1348, "text": "aggregated investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2030, "end": 2059, "text": "disaggregated investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "advise on scientific matters related to design of activities supported by the projects and on publication of findings that emerge . Management will recommend to the countries that the Panel of Scientists should play a key advisory role if the pilot is repeated ( see paragraph 16 below ) . Management will also suggest that the Panel of Scientists serve as a review body to screen publications prepared from work of the projects to assure that the work is of high quality . 16 . * * _Possible repeat of the pilot : _ * * Management agrees that this is indeed the only way in which the data for an adequate environmental impact assessment of the chopping methodology can be collected . The countries may wish to have an additional method of water hyacinth removal to supplement biological control , and may , after consultation with stakeholders , conclude that they would like to proceed with such a repeat of the pilot , especially in a situation where rapid removal of water hyacinth would have a direct benefit to the local communities . Forthcoming supervision missions will discuss this possibility with the countries involved . If the pilot were to be repeated , it could be financed from the IDA Credits and GEF Grants . If this were to be done in Kenya , it would be overseen by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources , and resources would be available under the present project . Management will remain open to consideration of a repeat of the chopping pilot in the event of : ( i ) recurrence of weed infestation of sufficient area and density to warrant chopping ; ( ii ) a request from one of the countries to undertake the pilot ; ( iii ) adequate prior consultation with potentially affected communities ; ( iv ) involvement of the international scientific advisory panel in the design and execution of the pilot ; and ( v ) availability of good baseline data and evidence of commitment and capacity to monitor . In the event of a repeat of the pilot , Management would ensure that all the requirements set forth in relevant policies and procedures are complied with . Funds are available within the existing project", "spans": [{"start": 1871, "end": 1884, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Enrolment rates of Syrian refugee children and adolescents , by level , 2015_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 52 . 3 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 31 . 3 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 9 . 8 < br > 10 6 . 6 < br > 0 < br > Pre-primary Primary Lower Upper < br > ( Grades 1 – 4 ) secondary secondary < br > ( Grades 5 – 8 ) ( Grades 9 – 12 ) < br > Source : Turkey Ministry of Education , 2016 . < br > Enrolment rates ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # # Internal displacement severely undermines education The number of internally displaced people ( IDPs ) , like the number of refugees , has been growing . At the end of 2014 , 38 million IDPs were estimated to live in 60 countries , an increase of 15 % since 2013 . The Democratic Republic of Congo , Iraq , Nigeria , South Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic account for 60 % of IDPs ( IDMC , 2015 ) . Internal displacement is predominantly urban , with IDPs often having fled from conflict-affected areas to the relative safety of towns and cities , as in Colombia and in Northern Uganda . Reliable data on the educational needs of IDPs , especially those not in camps , is even more limited than for refugees . Despite IDPs being nationals of their country and hence coming under the responsibility of their government , data on IDPs is seldom included in educational management information systems and is left to international players to collect . Therefore , they tend to remain a relatively invisible group , even though they constitute the largest group of all forcibly displaced populations . But available evidence indicates that , in many conflict-affected countries , internal displacement has put huge strains on already inadequate educational infrastructure . In Nigeria , for instance", "spans": [{"start": 1296, "end": 1308, "text": "data on IDPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Table 2 column 5 ) , a one percent increase in the rate of internet access by Tunisian men increases the total number of recruits in the sample by an estimated 2 . 6 individuals , which , with a sample size of 468 recruits , yields a . 56 elasticity . Our quantitative results thus complement qualitative accounts on the importance of the internet for Daesh recruitment of foreign fighters . # * * 5 Conclusion * * By allowing new forms of social interaction and acquisition of information the internet has fundamentally reshaped society . While it is often a force for development , this paper presents evidence that it has also been accompanied by the rise of violent extremist groups such as Daesh , the epitome of tech-savvy terrorism . After combining administrative data from the international jihadist organization with census data from Tunisia , we document quantitatively that the internet has been , on net , a potent facilitator of international terrorist recruitment . Our analysis suggest a 0 . 56 elasticity of Daesh recruitment with respect to internet access , attesting to the proclivity of transnational terror organizations to ( ab ) use cutting-edge information and communication technologies . # * * References * * - * * Abadie , Alberto * * , “ Poverty , Political Freedom , and the Roots of Terrorism , ” _American Economic Review_ , May 2006 , _96_ ( 2 ) , 50 – 56 . - * * Andersen , Thomas Barnebeck , Jeanet Bentzen , Carl-Johan Dalgaard , and Pablo Selaya * * , “ Does the Internet Reduce Corruption ? Evidence from US States and Across Countries , ” _The World Bank Economic Review_ , 2011 , _25_ ( 3 ) , 387 – 417 . - * * , , , and * * , “ Lightning , IT Diffusion , and Economic Growth Across US States , ” _Review of Economics and Statistics_ , 2012 , _94_ ( 4 ) , 903 – 924 . - * * Autor , David * * , “ Wiring the Labor Market , ” _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , March 2001 , _15_ ( 1 ) , 25 – 40 . 17", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 823, "text": "administrative data from the international jihadist organization", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 829, "end": 853, "text": "census data from Tunisia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Budget Vs Actual expenditure < br > 700 < br > 600 < br > 500 < br > 400 < br > 300 < br > 200 < br > 100 < br > 0 < br > 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Budget ( 25 % ) Actual exp Budget ( 17 % ) Actual exp Budget Actual exp ( 28 % ) Budget ( 42 % ) Actual exp Budget ( 41 % ) Actual exp < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source – Financial reports of the SDG PF from MoH 24 . * * _Fiscal transparency : - _ * * In previous years , a remarkable achievement has been registered on the Financial Transparency and Accountability ( FTA ) activities though the support of the Bank across the government . Directive 51 / 2010 has been enacted to enhance fiscal transparency both at the federal and regional levels . The directive enforces publication of budget of all sources , quarterly execution reports , audit reports , procurement processes among others . Although evidence is still being collected on the data that is available to the public , the audit report , the budget and performance reports for the SDG PF is not disclosed . To enhance the fiscal transparency of the SDG PF , the MoH should disclose the budget , quarterly performance as well as audited financial statements as required by the government directive . 26 . * * _Procurement planning_ – * * Under EPSA , the Forecasting Directorate is responsible for compiling health commodity demands from various health centers and regions and to develop lists of items ( essential drugs ) to be procured using RDF . The Forecasting Directorate has established forecasting and capacity-building officers at every EPSA hub throughout the country , which collect data on inventory status and demand from facilities . Based on items provided from the Forecasting Directorate , the Procurement Directorate initiates and implements the procurement process . 27 . The Procurement Planning practice at EPSA has shown improvement over the years . EPS", "spans": [{"start": 1662, "end": 1697, "text": "data on inventory status and demand", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 29 - * * contributed to the almost cQmplete failure of the promotion of farm planning as a management tool among borrowers . * * AFC * * tacitly recognized this failure when it revised its loan application form late in 1974 to exclude the bulk of farm planning data previously requiredincluding the detachable center page , although not preventing the Ministry from going through the exercise for the benefit of the farmer . 4 . 62 It may be argued that the scale on which farm budgeting was undertaken was excessive from the training point of view , that * * 90 % * * fewer , more carefully assembled and scrutinized budgets could have had a greater training impact within the extension service . 4 . 6-3 In summary , it appears that the project was successful in establishing the concept of farm planning in the Ministry as a basis for credit decision-making , as a tool for augmenting agricultural productivity , and as a focus for farmer-extension officer interaction . However , the method * * by * * which these achievements were secured appears to have involved inefficiencies and lack of control . And the project failed to establish among farmers the same awe for farm planning that it generated within the Ministry .", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 269, "text": "farm planning data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 4 . Refugee population and changes by origin , 2006 ( Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . ) * * # # # # # * * < u > N . B . < / u > * * For many industrialized countries , UNHCR has estimated the refugee population ( see Table 1 , footnote 1 ) . The columns \" Other \" ( increases and decreases ) include population changes resulting from administrative corrections , adjustments as a result of registration , new estimates as well as births and deaths . In some cases , the population at the end of 2006 does not equal the population at the start of the year plus increases and minus decreases . This discrepancy is due to the fact that the voluntary repatr < mark > iation figures include estimates from countries of return . In addition , the full details of the changes in the refugee population in industrialized countries are often not known . < / mark > Voluntary repatriation * shows a best estimate , based on country of asylum and country of origin reports . | | Population s | tart-2006 | | Incr | eases durin | g2006 | | | | De | creases d | uring200 | 6 | | | Population | end-2006 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Spont . | arrivals | | | | Voluntaryre | patriation * | Resettl | ement | | | | | | | | Origin | Total | _of which : _ < br > _UNHCR-_ <", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 89, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 993, "end": 1040, "text": "country of asylum and country of origin reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10787 # * * Abstract * * Small Island Developing States ( SIDS ) are a group of 39 United Nations ( UN ) member states and 18 dependent territories mostly located in the Caribbean and Oceania . They are among the most vulnerable countries to losses and damages from climate change globally , and they are especially exposed to tropical cyclones and sea level rise . This paper evaluates the climate change-related vulnerabilities of the SIDS . It uses data from the International Disaster Database ( EM-DAT ) , to examine the magnitude of damages incurred over the last three decades and conducts an event study analysis to examine the fiscal impacts of large tropical cyclone disasters in the last decade . SIDS need to invest substantial resources over the long term for climate change adaption . The paper reviews the limited studies that have been conducted so far , on the potential long-term costs of effective adaptation investment programs . Using the most recent Debt Sustainability Analyses of SIDS , the paper discusses the challenges countries with high public debt levels face and whether a general program of debt relief might be a feasible way to fund the adaptation investment requirements of SIDS . Finally , the paper discusses the type of assistance that SIDS need to strengthen their resilience to climate change in a cost-effective manner , and the role development partners can play in supporting climate-resilient development . This paper is a product of the Climate Change Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at scanagarajah @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 527, "text": "International Disaster Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . INTRODUCTION * * Cognitive and noncognitive skills are often considered key to understand economic decisionmaking . Empirical work with data from the US and Europe has made important advances in understanding both the causes and the consequences of skill formation ( Heckman , 2007 ) . Increasingly , cognitive , noncognitive and technical skills have also become the focus of analysis in development economics , with recent work on the determinants of skill formation ( Attanasio et al , 2015 ) , and the importance of skills for later life outcomes ( Gertler et al , 2014 ) . Development economists have also long worried about the role of many hard-to-observe skills as potential confounders in empirical analyses . The low level of skills among farmers in developing countries is thought to be one of the main drivers of productivity differences between the agricultural and other sectors in the economy ( Lagakos and Waugh , 2013 ) . Young ( 2013 ) argues that sorting on skills explains the urban-rural productivity gaps observed in most developing countries and Gollin , Lagakos , and Waugh ( 2014 ) show that productivity differences become smaller when accounting for observed human capital differences . Understanding such potential selection at the micro-level arguably requires measures that go beyond years of schooling attained or literacy and more complex measures of skills or abilities are sometimes included in household surveys in developing countries . Yet the measurement of skills in developing country field conditions poses substantial challenges , and the related measurement error and its potential implications for empirical work have received little attention . This paper contributes with the results of a skill measurement experiment among farmers in rural Kenya , to document the measurement challenges and discuss potential solutions and implications . We designed and implemented a relatively large survey focused on measuring different types of skills , and use the data to shed light on the reliability and validity of a wide set of commonly used skill measures and on the predictive power of the measured skills . We refer to cognitive skills as those that capture hard skills such as abstract reasoning power , language and math skills ; noncognitive skills capture soft or socio-emotional skills , including a wide set", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 173, "text": "data from the US and Europe", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1439, "end": 1456, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Review of Economics and Statistics_ , 88 ( 4 ) : 641 – 658 . - Shingal , A . 2015 . “ Econometric Analyses of Home Bias in Government Procurement , ” _Review of International Economics_ , 23 : 188 – 219 . - Shingal , A . and V . Ereshchenko . 2020 . Public procurement , in A . Mattoo , N . Rocha and M . Ruta ( eds . ) , _Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements_ . Washington , DC : World Bank . - UNCITRAL . 2014 . _Model Law on Public Procurement_ . Vienna : UNCITRAL Secretariat . - Vecchi , V . , N . Cusumano and E . Boyer . 2020 . Medical Supply Acquisition in Italy and the United States in the Era of COVID-19 : The Case for Strategic Procurement and Public – Private Partnerships , _American Review of Public Administration . _ At : < u > < mark > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1177 / 0275074020942061 < / mark > < / u > - World Bank . 2017 . _Benchmarking Public Procurement : Assessing Public Procurement Regulatory Systems in 180 Economies_ . Washington , DC : World Bank . - World Bank . 2020 . Doing Business Database , Contracting with the Government Data . Washington , DC : World Bank . < u > https : / / www . doingbusiness . org / en / data / exploretopics / contracting-with-the-government < / u > 18", "spans": [{"start": 1002, "end": 1025, "text": "Doing Business Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SIP investm < br > ainly supplied by either water service pr < br > overnment . Piped water is in some cases un < br > irectly also have untreated water . At the hous < br > uard . The residents however indicated that < br > ircumstances , they sought other sources such < br > umber of respondents indicating that they dr < br > re on the periphery of Kisumu town . Shauri < br > * * able 5 . 5 : Sources of Water in the KISIP Sites * * < br > * * Name of Site * * < br > * * Tap * * < br > * * Borehole * * < br > * * Manyatta A * * < br > 70 < br > * * Manyatta B * * < br > 62 < br > * * Nyawita * * < br > 94 < br > 3 < br > * * Shauri Yako * * < br > 73 < br > * * Shauri Moyo ( Koru ) * * < br > * * Bondeni * * < br > Almost 00 % < br > * * ource : KISIP Social Economic Survey , 2017 * * | ure < br > ents , a significant < br > oviders or by C < br > treated while tho < br > ehold level , some < br > water was not reli < br > as vendors , rivers < br > aw water from ta < br > Moyo almost relie < br > * * / well * * < br > * * Vendors * * < br > 10 < br > 16 | Co < br > part of the population uses tap < br > BOs working in collaboration < br > se drawing from the rivers and < br > of the residents treat water with < br > able in most of the cases and in < br >", "spans": [{"start": 757, "end": 785, "text": "KISIP Social Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . Robustness checks * * # * * A . Design-based simulations * * The results in the previous section use just a single sample to compare results from two estimators : a direct estimator , using just survey results , and a small area estimator , which uses auxiliary information to improve the accuracy and precision of the survey results . However , it is difficult to come to a firm conclusion when using just a single sample . Therefore , we simulate the small area estimates 100 times , using 100 different samples and calculating 100 different point estimates for direct and small area estimates . We do not calculate MSE on each simulation due to computing limitations . Table 8 - Simulation results for municipal estimates | | ( 1 ) < br > Male LFP | ( 2 ) < br > Female LFP | ( 3 ) < br > Male < br > Unemp | ( 4 ) < br > Female < br > Unemp | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | mean < br > ( median ) | mean < br > ( median ) | mean < br > ( median ) | mean < br > ( median ) | | * * Simulated relative bias * * | | | | | | Direct | 0 . 186 | - 0 . 222 | 0 . 128 | 1 . 451 | | | ( 0 . 534 ) | ( - 0 . 302 ) | ( - 58 . 406 ) | ( - 100 . 000 ) | | SAE | - 0 . 274 | 1 . 755 | 35 . 627 | 71 . 286 | | | ( - 0 . 656 ) | ( - 0 . 561 ) | ( 11 . 734 ) | ( 24 . 950 ) | | * * Simulated mean absolute * * | | | | | | * * error * * | | | | | | Direct | 0 . 060 | 0 . 070 | 0 . 023 | 0 . 015", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 219, "text": "survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In terms of salient administration features , the testing is school-based , with students tested in their school during normal school hours . The test papers are written , formatted , sorted , counted , and sealed in envelopes by ADU . PEF also administered the tests at program schools in QAT 1 − QAT 3 . Starting from QAT 4 , the administration of the test was competitively outsourced to independent testing agencies , namely the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education ( BISE ) , Bahawalpur and the Punjab University Education Testing Service , Lahore . < sup > 11 < / sup > The testing agencies are expected to strictly follow the test administration guidelines prepared by PEF and are responsible for the administration steps starting from securely transporting the test materials to the schools and ending with hand-scoring the test following the provided scoring guides and the delivery of the student - and subject-wise test score database and filled-in and unused question papers , as well as brief test administration reports and test administration checklists for each school , to ADU . PEF is not completely divorced from test administration however — it sends a PEF staff member to be present at each test to monitor test agency compliance with the guidelines ; if any problems arise , the staff member is authorized to take corrective steps . The staff member is expected to fill in and submit a monitoring report ( accompanied by photographs and video footage [ see Figure 2 for examples ] ) for each program school covered . Although the QAT is a pre-announced test , it attempts to control for test pool selection by the school at the grade level . Prior to administering the QAT , PEF sends an intimation letter to the school some two-three weeks in advance of the planned test date , with key test planning information . The testing agency also communicates the same information to the school a few days before the planned test date , either by letter or personal visit . Importantly , schools are notified that 100 % attendance is required on the test date , with attendance numbers checked against the grade-wise enrollment statement submitted to PEF for the latest subsidy benefit payment . Consistent", "spans": [{"start": 935, "end": 954, "text": "test score database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", this association between prices and the JHIC score does not identify the structural hedonic parameter in the presence of patient sorting . While we cannot address patient sorting fully , we can assess the sensitivity of our estimates to select features of the patient population in each facility , as shown in Column 2 , Table 2 . Here , in addition to the machine-selected controls from Column 1 , we also include patient wealth , education , self-reported health status and distance traveled to the health facility , all characteristics that are likely correlated with the demand for higher quality care . Although these variables are positively associated with OOP payments , there is virtually no change in the price premium for higher quality as measured by the JHIC score , which retains its strong statistical significance . Vertical differentiation requires a positive price-quality correlation in the private sector ( which we find ) but not necessarily a quantity-quality correlation as some facilities could be niche highend facilities . Nevertheless , we do find a positive , but insignificant correlation between market share and the JHIC score in the private sector . We can also ask whether the positive valuation of quality extends to patients visiting public sector clinics . Since prices in the public sector are administratively determined and therefore uncorrelated with the JHIC score , a positive valuation of quality should show up in demand and we indeed find a strong quantity response with a 1 SD increase in the JHIC score associated with a 3 . 1 percentage points increase in outpatients among public facilities . These results strongly suggest that ( a ) consumers placed a premium on safety as measured by > 19Throughout the paper , unlicensed refers to facilities that do not have a license or have an expired license . 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * ANNEX 1 : * * RESEARCH ON COMMUNICATION AND MIGRATION PATTERNS AMONG AFGHAN REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS # # # # * * RESEARCH METHODOLOGY * * The findings in the following document were gleaned from five focus group discussions held in four European countries and a few one-on-one interviews as well as findings from monitoring social media in Pashto and Dari . The level of saturation was reached after the fourth meeting . ( In qualitative research , this is the point in time when additional interviews do not produce new information but become repetitive . ) # # # # * * PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH * * Focus group discussions were held in Marseille , Brussels , Berlin , Vienna and Antwerp with Pashto and Dari speaking communities between 31 March and 26 April 2016 . Four were with men and ( few ) women , one was held for females only to balance the gender to some extent . In total , there were 122 participants ( 13 female and 109 male ) . The men were aged between 18 and 40 years , the age range of women was between 18 and 70 years . The participants originated from the provinces of Kabul , Kandahar , Wardak , Ghazni , Baghlan , Samangan , Paktia , Laghman , Nangarhar , Herat , Uruzgan , Balkh , Kapisa , Bamyan , ( Parachinar of Pakistan ) , Logar and Kunar and had been in Europe between three days and eight years . The discussions were moderated following a set of themes which included : - Communication patterns ; - Trusted sources of information ; - Interaction with smugglers ; - Levels of information pre-departure , during the journey and upon arrival ; - Comparison between expectations and reality ; To date , numerous information campaigns have been carried out on Afghanistan by governments of various destination countries , mostly attempting to deter people from moving to Europe . They were not successful for several reasons :", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Global Health Estimates ( GHE ) raw data : Deaths by age , sex and cause . Available from ‘ Global Summary Estimates ’ http : / / www . who . int / healthinfo / global_burden_disease / estimates / en / index1 . html > 12 IBID > 13 WHO , 2011 , Disaster Risk Management for Health Fact Sheet : Disaster Risk Management for Health - Child Health > 14 M Peden et al , 2008 , WHO & UNICEF , World Report on Child Injury Prevention : An Overview Presentation . Available from > http : / / www . who . int / violence_injury_prevention / child / injury / world_report / report / en / > 15M Peden , K Oyegbite , J Ozanne-Smith , A A Hyder , C Branche , AKM Fazlur Rahman , F Rivara and K Bartolomeos ( 2008 ) World report on child injury prevention , Geneva , WHO and UNICEF > 16 Taken from WHO , 2012 , Global Health Estimates ( GHE ) raw data : Deaths by age , sex and cause . Available from ‘ Global Summary > Estimates ’ http : / / www . who . int / healthinfo / global_burden_disease / estimates / en / index1 . html > 17 Whilst injury death rates have declined in high income countries due to proven effective preventive strategies . LMIC have seen increases for example in < mark > road traffic crashes , where economic development has seen an increase in the number of vehicles on the road , with insufficient legislation and enforcement to ensure safety , there has been an associated rise in related crashes , injuries and deaths . < / mark > > 18 WHO , 2014 , Injuries and Violence : The Facts > 19 M Peden et al , 2008 , WHO & UNICEF , World Report on Child Injury Prevention : An Overview Presentation . Available from > http : / / www . who . int / violence_injury_", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 25, "text": "Global Health Estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Total | Intl | High-Tech | Total | Intl | High-Tech | | U . S . | 0 . 147 * * * | 0 . 057 * * * | 0 . 130 * * * | 0 . 472 * * * | 0 . 129 * * * | 0 . 428 * * * | | | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 010 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 021 ) | ( 0 . 028 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | | Euro + | 0 . 102 * * * | 0 . 082 * * * | 0 . 068 * * * | 0 . 087 * | 0 . 121 * * * | 0 . 138 * * * | | | ( 0 . 026 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 046 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | | Adv . Asia | 0 . 143 * * * | 0 . 074 * * * | 0 . 123 * * * | 0 . 239 * * * | 0 . 111 * * * | 0 . 208 * * * | | | ( 0 . 028 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 013 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | | other | 0 . 110 | 0 . 054 | 0 . 092 | 0 . 402 * * * | 0 . 332 * * * | 0 . 346 * * * | | | ( 0 . 127 ) | ( 0 . 130 ) | ( 0 . 135 ) | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 031 ) | ( 0 . 059 ) | | No . Obs . | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | 5 , 317 | | R-Squared | 0 . 687 | 0 . 652 | 0 . 706", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ Thinning aims at increasing the stand volume of the individual trees to efficiently produce logs for timber production . The best performing trees are left with sufficient crown space to grow and achieve the desired diameter dimension as quickly as possible . The first thinning will be done at the age 6 years . About 30 % of the trees will be removed leaving the stocking at 700-800 trees per ha . The second thinning will be done at the age 10 years leaving the stocking at 500 to 600 trees per hectare with an average yield of 21 m3 per ha . The third and last thinning will be done at the age 14 years leaving the stocking at 350 to 450 trees per hectare which will generate commercial volume estimated at 34m < sup > 3 < / sup > per hectare ( Refer to table 1-yield table for _Pinus caribaea_ in Uganda ) . This will help recover some of the costs that go into establishment and protection . _Pinus caribaea_ has small conical crowns and therefore 400 to 500 trees / ha will be removed during the second thinning leaving about 300 to 400 trees per hectare . The thinning regime will have no deleterious effect on height or diameter growth on the final crop for harvesting at 25 years . The thinning schedule will be as shown in table 11 . * * Table 11 : Thinning Schedule for Conifers * * | * * ACTIVITY * * | * * AGE * * < br > * * ( YEARS ) * * | * * NUMBER * * < br > * * REMOVED * * | * * NUMBER * * < br > * * LEFT * * < br > * * STANDING * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | First Thinning | 6 | 250 | 700-800 | | Second Thinning | 10 |", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 821, "text": "table 1-yield table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > and sectoral < br > spatial < br > planning < br > needs . < br > Resultant < br > output is < br > integrated < br > spatial < br > development < br > plan | 1 < br > provincial , 2 < br > district , 8 < br > action plans | 1 coast region , < br > 2 county , 8 < br > ward level < br > plans | Bi-Annually | Reconnaissance < br > Surveys , GIS < br > progress reports , < br > GIS data base | Physical Planning < br > Department | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Intermediate Result indicator_ < br > _Two_ : < br > Number of officers from lead < br > agencies trained on EIA / EA review | R | Number | 0 | Number of < br > officers from < br > lead agencies < br > trained on ICZM < br > & EIA ( including < br > EIA certification ) | Same < br > indicator , but < br > improved < br > clarity of < br > formulation < br > and better < br > link with | 85 | 85 | Bi-Annually | Training reports , < br > NEMA reports | NEMA | 26", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 396, "text": "GIS data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 971, "end": 983, "text": "NEMA reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "commencement of project civil works as detailed in the project RAP < sup > 18 < / sup > . The project is expected to lead to positive opportunities for PAPs and communities , with no indirect and / or long-term negative impact in these areas of operation . Wherever relevant and feasible , the project will also track implementation progress and impacts with gender disaggregated data . # * * Environmental Aspects * * 47 . The proposed LGNA 132 kV transmission line will include the following activities : ( a ) construction of a transmission line ( approximately 314 km ) from Lira substation to the proposed new substations in Gulu , Nebbi and Arua ; ( b ) extension of the existing Lira substation ; ( c ) construction of access roads ; and ( d ) construction of workers camps and storages facilities as necessary . The project may also affect some natural habitats such as wetlands and forests , and in addition affect an area broader than the sites subject to physical works with regard to workers camps / equipment storage yard , construction of access roads , as well as associated health and safety aspects . 48 . Based on the ESIA , the transmission line will , in a limited manner , traverse parts of swamps / wetlands , forests , and river Nile , no major ecosystems and protected / conservation areas would be adversely affected by the proposed transmission line . Given the presence of Crested Crane Birds at the River Nile crossing , it has been recommended the use of bird diverters and to be included in the final engineering design to mitigate bird-collision with overhead line conductors . The project is categorized as Environmental Assessment Category “ B ” . Therefore , the project has triggered the following Environmental Safeguards Policies as summarized in the table below . * * Table 3 . 8 . Environmental Safeguards Policies * * | * * Safeguard Policy * * | * * Triggered ? * * | * * Explanation ( Optional ) * * | | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 384, "text": "gender disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "004 | 0 . 007 | 0 . 996 | 0 . 993 | 0 . 994 | 0 . 986 | | 30 ‐ 34 | 0 . 0010 | 0 . 0019 | 30 | 0 . 005 | 0 . 009 | 0 . 995 | 0 . 991 | 0 . 990 | 0 . 979 | | 35 ‐ 39 | 0 . 0012 | 0 . 0023 | 35 | 0 . 006 | 0 . 012 | 0 . 994 | 0 . 988 | 0 . 985 | 0 . 970 | | 40 ‐ 44 | 0 . 0021 | 0 . 0039 | 40 | 0 . 011 | 0 . 020 | 0 . 989 | 0 . 980 | 0 . 979 | 0 . 958 | | 45 ‐ 49 | 0 . 0030 | 0 . 0059 | 45 | 0 . 015 | 0 . 029 | 0 . 985 | 0 . 971 | 0 . 969 | 0 . 939 | | 50 ‐ 54 | 0 . 0058 | 0 . 0109 | 50 | 0 . 029 | 0 . 055 | 0 . 971 | 0 . 945 | 0 . 954 | 0 . 909 | | 55 ‐ 59 | 0 . 0081 | 0 . 0170 | 55 | 0 . 040 | 0 . 085 | 0 . 960 | 0 . 915 | 0 . 924 | 0 . 855 | | 60 ‐ 64 | 0 . 0171 | 0 . 0304 | 60 | 0 . 086 | 0 . 152 | 0 . 914 | 0 . 848 | 0 . 884 | 0 . 770 | Source : Own calculations based on the Population and Housing Census 2015 and following the methodology provided in United Nations ( 2002 ) . _Estimation of expected economic costs_ 6 . Estimating the expected economic costs basically entails predicting the direct and indirect cost of schooling at each education ‐ completion level . These costs include : ( i ) the household ’ s school ‐ related expenses ; ( ii )", "spans": [{"start": 788, "end": 822, "text": "Population and Housing Census 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". _The_ * * _Principal Secretary State_ * * _Department for Crops Development , Ministry of Agriculture and_ * * _Livestock Development and the National Project Coordinator for NA VCDP project_ * * are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2023 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . _The_ * * _Principal Secretary State Department for Crops Development , _ * * _Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development and the_ * * _National Project Coordinator for NA VCDP project_ * * further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . _The_ * * _Principal Secretary State Department for Crops Development , Ministry of Agriculture and_ * * _Livestock Development and the National Project Coordinator for_ * * _NA_ * * _VCDP_ * * _project_ * * confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . xvi", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 698, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were covered in the government basic urban health-care insurance scheme , which does not cover migrant workers ( Hu et al . , 2008 ) . Furthermore , migrant workers tend to underuse health services in their destination cities , as almost two-thirds of migrant workers who report illness do not visit a doctor ( Gong et al . , 2012 ) . Another type of public spending — social protection spending — provides similar evidence . < sup > 28 < / sup > In the 15 cities of our estimation sample , the correlation between social protection spending and public education spending shocks is almost 0 ( i . e . , - 0 . 06 ) . < sup > 29 < / sup > Nevertheless , we employ two different strategies to provide additional layers of robustness checks on the exclusion restriction . First , we employ different model specifications that control for a number of variables in estimating equations ( 7 ) and ( 8 ) . These include the migrant worker ’ s ( household head ’ s ) demographics , employment , and dummy variables indicating his work industry , province of origin , and whether he migrates within the same province . If somehow there is a reason to believe that the city-level shocks to public education spending can have differential effects on different occupations and migrant workers coming from different locations , these variables can help net out such effects . Furthermore , we explicitly control for social protection spending in a robustness check . If the estimated coefficient on school fees does not lose its statistical significance ( or change significantly ) when social protection spending is included , this would provide supportive evidence for the validity of the exclusion restriction . Second , we apply a bounding method recently developed by Chernozhukov , Lee , and Rosen ( 2013 ) that does not require the exclusion restriction . This second strategy , in fact , generally allows for the violation of the exclusion restriction to occur > 28 Social protection spending is defined in the China City Statistical Yearbooks as being composed of social security benefits , employment subsidies , and unemployment grants . 29 This result is consistent with the fact that", "spans": [{"start": 2005, "end": 2037, "text": "China City Statistical Yearbooks", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 0 ) | | Net revenue from addi - < br > tional oil trafficj / | - | - | - | - | - | 2 , 016 | 2 , 141 | 2 , 238 | 2 , 333 | 2 , 435 | | E . Net income ( loss ) | ( 800 ) | ( 3 , 700 ) | < br > ( 3 , 700 ) | < br > ( 950 ) | < br > 300 | ( 1 , 534 ) | < br > ( 909 ) | ( 512 ) | ( 262 ) | < br > 135 | 1 / See Tables 14 and 15 Source : Fission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 353, "text": "Fission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the city or the country . This point notwithstanding , the informal surveys we use have been used extensively in the literature to study the sector ( see Amin and Islam 2015 , Islam 2019 , La Porta and Shleifer 2014 ) . > 5 Details of the methodology can be accessed through the following link : http : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / methodology > 6 The difficulty in accounting for time periods is one of the limitations of cross-sectional data sets . 9", "spans": [{"start": 59, "end": 75, "text": "informal surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 430, "end": 455, "text": "cross-sectional data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "36 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 92 | 39 | 24 | 35 | 59 | 133 % | - 21 % | 84 % | 49 % | | other | | 569 | 715 | 647 | 807 | 686 | 654 | 1 , 028 | 778 | 721 | 787 | 4 % | 13 % | 17 % | - 17 % | | | * * total * * | * * 4 , \u0003 364 * * | * * 5 , \u0003 445 * * | * * 5 , \u0003 390 * * | * * 4 , \u0003 807 * * | * * 4 , \u0003 282 * * | * * 3 , \u0003 743 * * | * * 4 , \u0003 702 * * | * * 4 , \u0003 131 * * | * * 3 , \u0003 789 * * | * * 4 , \u0003 227 * * | * * - 18 % * * | * * 0 % * * | * * - 18 % * * | * * - 9 % * * | # # # # # # < mark > TABLE 10 < / mark > * * Applications submitted by country of asylum and origin * * | First quarter 2014 Top-20 ranking of countries based on applications lodged during the first quarter . An asterisk ( * ) denotes a value between 1 and 4 . | Origin | Albania | Australia | Austria | Belgium | Bosnia and < br > Herzegovina | Bulgaria | Canada | Croatia | Cyprus | Czech < br > Rep . | Denmark < br > | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Syrian Arab Rep . | - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assets procured are categorized into two . The first category being those that are bought to be used by the beneficiaries and later handed over to them to keep . The second are those that are intended to be used both in the field and office . For the second group , a schedule is maintained and an inventory done regularly for control . Note 7 . 0 consists of a list of the assets held by the project as at the reporting date . Page | 19", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 400, "text": "list of the assets held by the project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "local wind speeds at any particular locality where a tropical typhoon directly passes over or nearby . The estimated wind speeds from past typhoons were merged to contemporaneous household surveys ( FIES ) at the barangay level and consumption expenditures were then regressed against windspeed ( or a related damage index ) and socioeconomic household characteristics . The estimates revealed that exposure of a barangay to a typhoon in the 6 months before the month of interview is associated with a statistically significant decline in total per capita expenditures and in specifically food and protein per capita expenditures . Expenditures on fruits and vegetables , cereals , education , medical services and nonfood items appear to be unaffected . These results are found to be robust to changes in the measure of the shock or to controlling for potential lagged effects , and unobserved household heterogeneity . The estimated coefficients from the regression model were also used to estimate ex-ante household vulnerability to poverty ( i . e . the likelihood of household consumption falling below the poverty line ) in the event of future natural disasters of different intensities . It is important to bear in mind that the methodological framework employed in this paper for typhoons can also be employed with fairly minor modifications to identify the households vulnerable to poverty from a variety of other natural hazards . Models analogous to the wind field model for typhoons based on freely accessible remotely sensed data can be used for the estimation of the intensity of other natural hazards such as floods , earthquakes and even tsunamis ( e . g . , Skoufias , Strobl and Tveit , 2017 ) . Thus , ex-ante estimates of the households vulnerable to poverty from floods and earthquakes can also be derived . Machine learning methods can also be used to improve the out-of-sample predictive ability of the regression models applied to retrospective data to estimate the relation between disaster intensity , welfare impacts , and household socio-economic characteristics . Finally , if the interest is on identifying the vulnerable to all kinds of covariate and idiosyncratic shocks , and not just to a specific shock as in this paper , it would be useful to explore and contrast the estimates of vulnerability to poverty", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 196, "text": "contemporaneous household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1522, "end": 1542, "text": "remotely sensed data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1955, "end": 1973, "text": "retrospective data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as reflected in the farm planning input for each of the 12 , 000 applications received * * by AFC * * under the project , little effort was devoted to monitoring farm performance . No systematic evaluation procedure was developed , and only following project completion have Ministry economists and field staff reached the level of achieving some encouraging but not entirely useful results with pilot exercises aimed at keeping records on the farm with the assistance of Ministry field staff . It should be noted that the situation with respect to monitoring farm performance applies throughout Kenya and is not peculiar to the project . 4 . 19 Annex * * 1 * * of the PCR contains a comparison of appraisal projections with performance estimates assembled from * * AFC * * data to March * * 31 , * * * * _1973 . _ * * The most striking aspects are the estimated * * 19 , 000 * * grade animals financed as opposed to 2 , 000 projected . Over * * 13 , 000 * * acres were estimated to have been fenced , against * * 3 , 000 * * projected . The expansion of the livestock component is the mirror image of the reduction in crop estimates . While * * 77 , 050 * * acres were projected for deep plowing , only * * 1 , 700 * * were actually plowed ; and instead of * * 27 , 600 * * acres only * * 6 , 500 * * were cleared . But at this point the data base developed within the project stops . Practically no record was made of project progress on the individual farms . The PCR attempted to obtain a measure of development and its author conducted a survey of * * 18 * * project farms precisely to secure some quantitative information on impact for the PCR . From the PCR research and a few independent studies , fragmentary field data is available on the performance of grade cattle enterprises . 4 . 20 The PCR suggests that milk yields of * * 250-350 * * imperial gallons per animal are normal and that gross cash returns per grade cow", "spans": [{"start": 1718, "end": 1728, "text": "field data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the crisis and non-crisis countries . In the former they range from a low of 14 percent in the Philippines to a high of 19 percent in Thailand . In all of the non-crisis countries the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans is roughly 4 percent . Using these default rates 31", "spans": [{"start": 264, "end": 277, "text": "default rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 respectively . In regard to accessibility , it was ascertained that 65 and 80 % of the preferred water sources in Kiruhura and Mbarara were in a distance of less than a kilometer from the affected household . Only 11 households in Kiruhura said their water source was over 4km from the household . During project implementation care should be exercised to ensure that water sources are not affected . In case a water source is affected by the project then relocation should be considered . # # # # * * 4 Type of sanitary facility * * According to the social economic survey results , a big majority of the affected households use pit latrine as a sanitary facility ( 97 . 7 % ) . Very few of the households use the bush or hole in the ground . An insignificant percentage uses the VIP as a sanitary facility . # # # # * * Public infrastructure and social services that will be affected * * There will be no negative impact on the social structures along the project lines . However , 18 worship centers were identified along the proposed power lines belonging to different Christian sects and a total of 25 primary and 4 secondary schools were recorded . All these will have access to power if the proposed project is implementation . # # # # * * Disability * * The household survey revealed that 12 % and 20 % households in Kiruhura and Mbarara respectively have a member with disability . The disabilities ranged from physical , to sight and hearing impairment . Physical disability was the highest representing 79 % of all cases recorded . # # # # * * Transport * * The largest proportion of respondents said that they commonly used boda-boda as a means of transport to their destinations 55 % in Kiruhura and 60 % in Mbarara alluded to this . The second largest proportion said they walked to their", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 728, "text": "social economic survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1413, "end": 1429, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 1 . 37 % * * | * * 1 . 30 * * | * * 2 . 19 * * | Source : our elaborations of the EBCNV 2015 . During the first planning phases of the new EBCNV 2021 , the INS initially took into account the same three aspects for determining the sample size : i ) the information of the population at that time ; ii ) the _explicit stratification_ of the PSU in the design , and iii ) the expected maximum error of 10 % at the governorate level . These would have resulted in a sample size of about 29 , 000 households and a total cost of about 6 . 9 million dinars . Given the comparative benchmark of 6 . 9 million dinars and the benchmark of expected maximum error of 10 % at the governorate level , the aim of the new sampling design has been to reduce both costs and maximum errors . Table 5 reports results from three scenarios , with different survey designs in terms of design effect and sample sizes needed to reach specified maximum percentage errors ( left column ) . The three scenarios are as follows : - a ) < u > Explicit stratification only : PSUs are stratified in the 24 governorates , and < / u > then selected with simple random sampling ; this is an unrealistic scenario nowadays , even in household surveys in Africa . However , the expected standard errors are usually calculated hypothesizing this scenario so that the implemented sample sizes are overestimated for the purposes of the survey with very high costs . - b ) < u > Serpentine : PSUs are first stratified in the 24 governorates , and then < / u > further stratified ( implicitly ) with systematic sampling by ordering the lists 17", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 100, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 147, "end": 157, "text": "EBCNV 2021", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1204, "end": 1221, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "response efforts and a rapid recovery ( that is , the countercyclical role of fiscal policy for economic resilience ) , but fiscal policy is also crucial in pre-disaster planning , as it can incentivize investments in long-term resilience , transfer risks , and provide the fiscal space for debt-financed crisis response . Next , we highlight the link between climate risks and fiscal policy empirically , aiming to quantify the impact of climate shocks on output given existing fiscal policies . Using data from the EM-DAT database for the number of people killed or affected by natural disasters , our analysis indicates that economies with constrained fiscal space , proxied by high government debt , procyclical policies , and running persistent deficits , experience more pronounced negative effects from natural disasters , indicating a reduced ability to respond effectively . We then use the World Bank ' s macro-fiscal model ( MFMod ) to study the effects of natural disasters on economic resilience and fiscal resilience . MFMod is one of the World Bank ’ s main forecasting tools and provides the basis for tailored country analysis . Its primary purpose is to generate countryspecific forecasts of the main macroeconomic and fiscal variables and to assess the potential effects of policy changes . Importantly , the MFMod framework permits the evaluation of policy ( and climate-related disaster ) impacts alongside traditional economic indicators like economic growth , fiscal sustainability , price inflation , and stability of the external account . Hallegatte , Jooste , and McIsaac ( 2024 ) use MFMod to study macroeconomic consequence of natural disasters with a focus on monetary policy . Harnessing the detailed representation of the national accounts in MFMod , we focus on the fiscal aspects of natural disasters . Thus , we are combining macroeconomic modeling with the “ financing gap ” analysis of disaster research ( Mechler et al . 2006 ) . We model the impact of a climate shock on a small open economy with strong reliance on tourism and vulnerability to climate events . We simulate the effect of a 5 and 10 percent destruction shock to the country ’ s existing capital stock , emulating the effects of a natural disaster . We explore several ways of funding reconstruction efforts (", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 532, "text": "EM-DAT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity ( P163050 ) and capacity building of teachers and staff , benefiting 148 , 528 students . Over 20 million textbooks and teachers ' guides aligned with the new curriculum have been successfully procured and distributed to secondary schools . 4 , 790 tablets for implementation of continuous classroom assessment have been delivered to schools , with some regional experts and teachers already using tablets and Telegram for reporting , team building , and networking . Additionally , more than 1 , 000 motorbikes and 52 vehicles have been procured and distributed to all regions and city administrations , significantly enhancing monitoring , support , and accessibility across districts and schools . Support for refugee integration and harmonization continues , with four additional refugee secondary schools ( six total ) transferred to REBs . The World Bank is working closely with the government to ensure all activities can be completed with quality in the remaining five months of implementation . # # * * 4 . DATA ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE * * # # * * 4 . 1 Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | TF-A8352 | Closed | 149 . 63 | 149 . 63 | 0 . 00 | 149 . 63 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 < br > % | | TF-B5501 | Closed | 4 . 90 | 4 . 90 | 0 . 00 | 4 . 90 | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 < br > % | | IDA-D8080 | Closed | 55 . 00 | 50 . 98 | 0 . 00 | 38 . 29 | 12 . 73 | 75 . 05 %", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_World Development_ , _53_ , 2 – 13 . 5 - Fergusson , L . , Molina , C . A . , & Robinson , J . ( 2020 ) . The Weak State Trap . SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3651454 , Social Science Research Network , Rochester , NY . 1 , 4 - Ferraz , C . , Finan , F . , & Martinez-Bravo , M . ( 2020 ) . Political Power , Elite Control , and LongRun Development : Evidence from Brazil . Tech . Rep . w27456 , National Bureau of Economic Research , Cambridge , MA . 6 - Fukuyama , F . ( 2004 ) . The Imperative of State-Building . _Journal of Democracy_ , _15_ , 17 – 31 . 6 , 28 - Gennaioli , N . , & Rainer , I . ( 2007 ) . The Modern Impact of Precolonial Centralization in Africa . _Journal of Economic Growth_ , _12_ ( 3 ) , 185 – 234 . Publisher : Springer . 1 , 5 - Gibson , J . , Olivia , S . , Boe-Gibson , G . , & Li , C . ( 2021 ) . Which night lights data should we use in economics , and where ? _Journal of Development Economics_ , _149_ , 102602 . 19 - Government of the United Republic of Tanzania ( 2013 ) . A Study on Local Government Authorities ’ Own Source Revenues . 12 - Hanson , J . K . , & Sigman , R . ( 2019 ) . State Capacity and World Bank Project Success . _unpublished working paper_ . 1 31", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 90 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2017-04-01 2017-04-22 2017-06-05 2017-07-05 2017-08-09 2018-02-05 < br > KE-JRK-7100-CS-CQS / Technical assistance to enhancewebsite interaction with mobilephones and to all other devices IDA / 51810 Court Administration and CaseManagement : Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 50 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2017-02-13 2017-03-01 2017-02-27 2017-03-28 2017-03-27 2017-03-28 2017-04-26 2017-05-31 2017-08-29 < br > KE-JRK-7087-CS-LCS / < br > Technical assistance to reviewand refine the current database / existing platforms ( County IDA / 51810 Court Administration and CaseManagement : Post Least Cost Selection Open - National 100 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2017-02-13 2017-03-09 2017-03-06 2017-04-19 2017-03-15 2017-05-17 2017-06-16 2017-07-21 2017-08-25 2018-02-21 < br > Legislative Database ) < br > KE-JRK-10592-CS-QCBS / < br > Technical assistance to reviewand refine the current database / existing platforms ( County IDA / 51810 Court Administration and CaseManagement : Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 100 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2017-03-21 2017-04-04 2017-05-02 2017-05-30 2017-06-13 2017-07-11 2017-08-08 2018-08-08 < br > Leg", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We next look at returns at the country level . Table 6 reports yearly real average returns for all countries for which we have more than 10 years of bond price data . Countries are ranked by average real returns . We also show the standard deviation of returns , average excess returns ( above UK / US bonds ) , as well as the number of sovereign default events and the share of years in default . The country comparison is complicated by the fact that some countries , including most advanced countries , no longer issue government bonds in London or New York . Moreover , some countries only entered international capital markets recently and , for individual countries , there are years or even decades without pricing data , resulting in an unbalanced sample . Appendix B1 provides details on data coverage . The results in Table 6 are consistent with our findings so far . Sovereign bonds of countries with a history of serial default tend to show higher returns , but also higher volatility . < sup > 43 < / sup > The returns look surprisingly high even for countries that have defaulted multiple times and over long periods , such as Argentina , Brazil , Ecuador , Greece , Mexico , Ukraine , or Venezuela . These countries feature long-run excess returns between 4 % and 12 % . It is also remarkable that not a single country in Table 6 shows a negative arithmetic return , on average , and only two countries have negative excess returns ( Bolivia and China ) . Figure 8 : Sovereign risk-return profiles : Returns and standard deviations , 1815-2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 15 CIV ECU < br > CHE PAK < br > EST < br > NGA < br > IRQ UKR < br > FIN MEX < br > 10 CRSR IB PO DEUL < br > VEN < br > FRA CZK < br > PHL < br > LBN ZMAWEPAN R NIC HC TUB IURY BRPR CHLJPNTURATARGITA CO GRC G SLVLTM DOMPRY < br > 5 MYSNLDUS bondsHRVVNMEGYIDNSWEBELDNK ESPPERHUNAUTHND RUSBGR < br > ZAFIRLTHANOR ROU < br > AUS < br > NZL < br > CANUK", "spans": [{"start": 149, "end": 164, "text": "bond price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Parameter * * | * * Data * * | * * Unit * * | * * Source of information * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | • Wood-energy < br > plantations | 10 000 | seedlings / ha | | | • Agroforestry | 1 100 | seedlings / ha | | | Woodyields ( drymatter ) | | | | | • Forest rehabilitation | 2 . 63 | | Kityo ( 2004 ) ; Gerald ( 2012 ) | | • Wood-energy < br > plantations | 30 | tonnes / ha / < br > year | | | • Agroforestry | 6 . 10 | | Nyadzi ( 2004 ) ; Kimaro_et al . _ ( 2008 ) | | Average wood basic < br > density | 0 . 625 | tonnes / m < sup > 3 < / sup > | Holmes ( 1995 ) ; United Republic of < br > Tanzania ( 2015 ) | | Year 0 | 1 . 19 | | | | Year 1 | 1 . 19 | | | | Year 2 | 1 . 55 | | | | Year 3 | 0 | tonnes / ha | | | Year 4 | 1 . 55 | | | | Year 5 | 1 . 55 | Relative to < br > | Baseline maize yield in Kigoma < br > ( Amin_et al_2017 ) | | Year 6 | 0 | baseline < br > i | _ . _ , | | Year 7 | 1 . 55 | continuous < br > cropping | | | Year 8 | 1 . 55 | | | | Year 9 | 0 | | | | Year 10 | 1 . 55 | | | * * 29 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 23 * * Masindi , the ' chief town ' of the district is located approximately 214 kilometers by road , west of Uganda ' s capital Kampala . The district population according to the 2002 census was approximately 405 , 000 ( 50 . 1 % males and 49 . 9 % females ) , with an annual growth rate of 5 . 1 % . It is estimated that in 2009 , the population of the district is approximately 573 , 700 . Masindi District has a diverse ethnic composition of 55 tribes , with the dominant tribes , the Banyoro and the Bagungu , constituting about 59 . 9 % of the population . The Alur , the Jonam and the Aringa form 5 . 3 % and Baruli form 4 . 5 % . People from Rwanda , Kenya , Southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo have also settled permanently in the district . The average household size is about 4 . 86 persons , lower than the regional average of 5 . 2 . The population is predominantly rural , with only 5 . 43 % of residents living in urban areas < sup > 1 < / sup > . With major rivers and lakes ( e . g . Lake Albert ) Masindi is renowned for fishing and health impacts associated with fishing . The District is home to Murchison Falls National Park and tourism is an important socio-economic activity . Over 73 % of the district population is engaged in smallholder agricultural and Masindi is a leading producer of maize in Uganda . Recently Masindi district has increasingly experienced influx of in-migrants due to oil exploration activities in neighboring Bulisa District which was carved from it . # # # * * 2 . 1 . 3 . 2 Onsite observations at Masindi Hospital * * - a ) Space for maternity ward is small handling about 28 patients per day . - b ) Most hospital equipment is in poor state . - c ) Mains water supply available but no storage reservoir .", "spans": [{"start": 194, "end": 205, "text": "2002 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a flexible solution during times of physical school closures or disruptions . Even in the absence of extreme events , digital learning platforms will enhance student learning and enable educators to teach better and would function as a mitigation measure . Educational institutions can integrate climate change and sustainability into their instruction , encouraging students to work with their local community on projects that will enhance their collaborative and communication abilities ; Science Technology , Art and Mathematics ( STEAM ) skills ; and awareness of the environmental issues , energy efficiency , and eco-friendly innovation for their immediate community and the nation . By aligning education with the requirements of a low-carbon economy , Costa Rica > 13 OECD ( 2021 ) , Education at a Glance 2021 : OECD Indicators , OECD Publishing , Paris , < u > https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1787 / b35a14e5-en . < / u > > 14 MEP Data > 15 Annex 1 reproduces a graphic showing the 67 modules across Pre-School to 12 grades of education that comprises the PNFT curriculum . Page 3", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 942, "text": "MEP Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "institutions through established channels . Financial support will be provided through matching grants depending on the seed and breed actors . Guidelines for matching grants will be developed as part of the Project Implementation Manual ( PIM ) . # _1 . 2 . 1 . 3_ _ < u > SUB-COMPONENT 1 . 3 . STRENGTHENING AGRO-CLIMATE MONITORING AND < / u > _ _ < u > INFORMATION SYSTEMS ( US $ 12 . 6 MILLION-IDA ) . < / u > _ The sub-component will finance the production , transmission and timely delivery of accurate weather data and information . It will support the strengthening of agro-weather forecasting and its dissemination tools through : ( a ) improving agro-meteorological forecasting and monitoring ; ( b ) using big data to develop a climate-smart , agro-weather information system and advisories ; and ( c ) building the technical capacity for agro-meteorological observation and forecasting , and real time delivery of weather information and advisories to target farmers including refugees and host communities . The sub-component will finance : ( i ~ ~ I ) ~ ~ establishment of functional automated weather stations in locations where gaps have been identified ; ( ii ) partnerships with local and international institutions to support climate information development using global data sources such as satellite data ; ( iii ) developing agroclimatic and climate smart digital tools to facilitate access to early warning , agroclimatic , and pest and disease surveillance information ; ( i ~ ~ vii ) ~ ~ establishment of soil organic carbon monitoring reporting and verification of Greenhouse Gas Removals including lab analysis for tracking application , adoption and impact of TIMPs ; and ( v ) enhancement of UNMA ’ s capacity in agro-met data collection , management , analysis and dissemination . - _1 . 2 . 1 . 4_ SUB _-COMPONENT_ _ < u > 1 . 4 . STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR DEVELOPMENT AND DISSE", "spans": [{"start": 509, "end": 521, "text": "weather data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1311, "end": 1325, "text": "satellite data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1742, "end": 1755, "text": "agro-met data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the PRIME-1 Main Subproject is considered to be at least * * 50 * * years . Therefore , as and where appropriate , the assessment considers the development of pertinent aspects of the baseline throughout the life of the Subproject and assesses the extent to which Subprojected changes and trends influence impacts . The overarching objective of the current assignment is to prepare an * * ESIA * * for Arsi Robe * * 132kV * * Transmission Line Subproject under the auspices of the main Prime-1 Subproject , The specific objectives of the * * ESIA * * assignment are as follows : - * * 1 ) * * Identify and address all * * E & S * * issues ( risks and impacts ) that are likely to arise during the pre-construction , construction , operation , and decommissioning phases . As a governing rule , identification , analysis and evaluation of the Subproject related * * E & S * * risks and impacts will be consistent with applicable national laws and regulations as well as the World Bank ' s * * E & S * * Framework * * ( ESF ) * * and the relevant * * E & S * * Standards ( ESSs ) . The * * ESIA * * study will also include analysis of gaps , if any , between Ethiopian legislation and international * * E & S ( E & S ) * * safeguard policies and standards . Where gaps between the two frameworks exist , recommendations are put forward to close the gaps . - 2 ) Identify , collect and analyze baseline data on the physical and biological environment , as well as the social , gender , cultural issues including if there are any Archaeological Sites * * ( AS ) , * * demographic , and economic characteristics of the population in and around the transmission line corridor and substation area , < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 / / 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 1391, "end": 1404, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the unique school identifiers . There were no issues in the linking process : when a school in a given QAT was expected to be also found in another QAT , it was . Program schools in the QAT 4 database were however only identified by school name ( at times augmented by location markers inserted into the school name field ) . Thus , schools in QAT 4 were linked to the schools in QAT 5 by visually matching on school names . There were 674 program schools that took QAT 4 ; 658 of them were expected to be found in QAT 5 . Matching on school names yielded 625 linked schools ( a success rate of 95 % ) . Table 3 presents the number of phase-3 and phase-4 program schools that took each of the QATs . It also presents the number of phase-3 and phase-4 schools that qualified for entry and 14", "spans": [{"start": 186, "end": 200, "text": "QAT 4 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * Static poverty measures fail to distinguish between an individual who has been in poverty all her life , and another who happens to have had a small misfortune for the year the measurement was carried out . But these distinctions matter . The forces that conspire to condemn some individuals to remain stuck in poverty for years are generally somewhat different from those that randomly drag them down for a brief period . The latter group may need only some temporary relief — perhaps only some short-term employment insurance till they secure the next decentpaying job — while the former would also need longer-term interventions aimed at breaking the persistence of poverty . Indeed , the longer people spend in poverty , the lesser tends to be their chance of exiting it . As living standards in Africa continue to rise , has its poverty remained mainly chronic , or has it become more transient ? Researchers interested in understanding welfare dynamics in Africa now have access to an emerging collection of nationally representative panel surveys , which represents a vast improvement over the situation just a decade ago . < sup > 1 < / sup > However , data coverage remains low — data are available for only seven countries — and the time periods spanned by these panel surveys are mostly limited to short periods of three years or less . We attempt to overcome these obstacles by applying recently developed statistical methods to construct synthetic panels from cross sectional surveys ( Dang et al . , 2014 ; Dang and Lanjouw , 2013 ) , which are far more widely available . We construct these synthetic panels for 21 countries with at least two comparable cross sectional surveys accounting for two-thirds of the Sub-Sahara African population and spanning on average six years . Thus by covering the largest number of countries and the longest time periods for Sub - > 1 See , for example , the Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture ( LSMS-ISA ) that are financed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , but implemented by the World Bank and member countries . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1080, "text": "nationally representative panel surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1696, "end": 1719, "text": "cross sectional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we should see higher teachers ' wages in such villages . Conversely , if the GSS e \u001b ect works through the supply channel , we should observe lower wages . Therefore , one should test for di \u001b erences in skilled women ' s wages in villages with and without a GSS . < sup > 15 < / sup > However , the challenge in doing so is a data issue : The only available village-level data that captures skilled women ' s wages is the private school census , which records average teacher wages in all private schools . < sup > 16 < / sup > Since we do not observe wages in villages without private schools , a simple correlation of wages and GSS may be biased , with the bias depending both on how GSS were placed and on the truncation of the wage distribution due to missing wages in villages without private schools . We follow two approaches to address the selection problem . We use a Heckman selection model , where the selection stage is the probability of observing a positive wage , which corresponds to having a private school in the village . Another alternative is to use the \u0010 control-function \u0011 approach , where we condition on the predicted probability of observing a non-missing value of the wage-bill in the wage equation ( Angrist 1995 ) . Details of both approaches are in Appendix I . We should caution that we cannot structurally estimate the size of the supply-side e \u001b ects . For instance , simultaneous changes in the demand for schooling due to GSS construction imply that the supply-side impact of GSS construction on ( decreasing ) the wage-bill represents a lower bound . Therefore , our strategy indicates the presence of a supply-side impact but has less to say about its size . > 15If there is a preference to teach in private schools , increased demand could drop wages as teachers may be willing to accept lower wages in new private schools . However , instead there is a strong preference for public schools ( better pay and easier job ) . In addition , the labor market for public and private schools is quite di \u001b erent , with", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 444, "text": "private school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to alleviating food insecurity ( Smith et al . , 2017a ; 2017b ) and the role of local decentralized governance structures . # * * 4 . Conclusion * * Trust in institutions is crucial during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic since a lack of trust can impede governments ’ responses and slow emergency and recovery efforts ( OECD , 2013 ; Bavel et al . , 2020 ; Siegrist and Bearth , 2021 ) . Interpersonal trust is a public good ( Ostrom , 1997 ) based on people ’ s willingness to follow norms and follow institutional health guidelines to prevent pandemics ( Johnson et al . , 2020 ) . Trust in friends and family is essential for risk-sharing and social networks that protect against shocks , especially in developing countries ( Townsend , 1994 ; Ambrus et al . , 2014 ; Barrett et al . , 2022 ) . Crime , corruption ( Clausen et al . , 2011 ) , and inequality are well-studied trust factors , but food insecurity is not . We fill this gap in the literature using data from the 2014 – 2017 Gallup World Poll Survey . In a global sample of 387 , 385 adults from 134 countries , food insecurity is negatively associated with both vertical ( trust in national institutions ) and horizontal ( trust in friends and family ) measures of trust . The probability of trusting in national institutions is 2 . 7 percentagepoints lower among the food insecure . The probability of trusting in friends and family is 11 . 7 percentage-points lower among the food insecure . The magnitude of the association of food insecurity with trust in friends and family is larger than any other explanatory variable . These relationships also vary significantly by GNI per capita country rankings . As a robustness check , we employ an entropy matching strategy to control for the possible endogeneity of food insecurity . Results remain robust and sensitivity analyses using other measures of trust support our results . Several limitations are worth mentioning . Since the data are cross-sectional , we are unable to control for unobserved individual heterogeneity and thus some hidden bias may remain . While a robustness check confirms that food insecurity is", "spans": [{"start": 993, "end": 1017, "text": "Gallup World Poll Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the short-term . The suspension rate increased sharply from 25 percent in 2019 to over 40 percent in 2020 . The large difference between exit and suspension rates warrants the need to empirically explore the causal impact of the pandemic and government lockdowns separately on permanent closures and temporary suspensions among HBs . We do so in the next section . Table A . 1 provides detailed summary statistics of the main HBTC analysis sample ( commune-month level ) ( Panel A ) . There were , on average , 6 . 7 temporary business suspension filings and 0 . 5 permanent closure filings in a commune per month during January 2018-January 2020 ( pre-COVID-19 period ) . For the statistics related to suspension filings , note that here we count all filings observed in the data , which captures both singular and multiple filings per firm-year , instead of the annual aggregation of the number of firms filed for suspension at least once a year reported in Table 1 . By extension , the average dormancy duration of firms that filed for suspension was 2 . 8 months in 2018 and 2 . 5 months in 2019 , respectively . Compared with the average number of regular annual filings per commune of 92 . 5 in January 2019 ( s . d . is 169 . 45 ) , the business suspension rate equates over 7 percent of all HBs each month , while the closure rate is over half a percent , as confirmed in Table 1 . There are strong heterogeneities in both business closure and suspension rates across sectors and firm size . On average , HBs exiting from the wholesale and retails industry accounts for more than half of the total business suspension and closure filings . The data also suggest a decline in the suspension rate as operating revenue grows ( the smallest firms by revenue are most likely to file for business suspension ) . But the largest firms by the revenue quartile ( above 75th percentile ) are the most likely to file for business closure . # * * 2 . 3 The Labor Force Survey * * The Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) is a nationally representative survey that is conducted on", "spans": [{"start": 1956, "end": 1974, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The individual NTB effects for each RTA are summarized in Figure 3 , Panel ( a ) . On the x - axis , the 258 RTAs that entered into force between 2000 and 2015 are displayed and ordered by the size of the NTB effect , the y-axis shows the corresponding estimated NTB effects . For the significant agreements , 95 % confidence intervals are included . As a robustness check , we estimate Equation ( 6 ) using the data starting in 1989 ( only manufacturing and agriculture ) . Panel ( b ) plots the two sets of NTB coefficients against each other . If all of them were identical , they would perfectly align on the 45-degree line . Eyeballing already tells us that the two estimates are very similar . In fact , the correlation between the two distributions of the NTBcoefficients is 0 . 85 indicating that the results are robust to extending the period of observation . The comparison between the two sets of coefficients provides an additional interesting insight as it highlights the role of services trade : The NTB effects of the short panel , which includes services trade , are more often larger than the NTB effects of the long panel ( only agriculture and manufacturing ) . # * * 5 . 2 Predicting NTB Effects Using the Lasso Method * * Next , we ask whether we can find persistent patterns in the content of TAs that help predict the NTB effects — positive as well as negative ones . We would like to answer the question of whether there is a systematic difference in the content of the TAs that generate high NTB effects compared to those that have no or even a negative NTB effect . To do so , we need detailed information on the content of TAs . The World Bank has put together a new dataset that analyzes in detail 18 key policy areas for roughly 200 RTAs ( Mattoo , Rocha , et al . 2020 ) . For each agreement and policy area , the database provides granular information on the specific provisions covering stated objectives and substantive commitments , as well as aspects relating to transparency , procedures , and enforcement . < sup", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 433, "text": "data starting in 1989", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1690, "end": 1701, "text": "new dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Additional controls : Ethno-linguistic fragmentation , income inequality , ( log ) population , size of extractive industries , democratization ( current ) , demographic dummy variables , economic openness ( current ) , religious make-up variables , regional dummies ( see Appendix A for details ) . * Significant at the 10 % level , * * significant at the 5 % level , * * * significant at the 1 % level . CPI score divided by 10 to aid interpretation . OLS results are - 0 . 009 ( 0 . 0055 ) ; 0 . 19 * * * ( 0 . 06 ) ; 0 . 14 * ( 0 . 081 ) , for the interaction term-for models ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) respectively . See Appendix A for details of variable descriptions . _Source : The Author_ Overall , the finding of the regression analysis suggests that in a high-income democracy context , consistent with the model , in which retrospective evaluation of incumbents is most likely to be feasible , a higher EDD / NEDD ratio is associated with less rent extraction , as the model introduced above and its antecedent > 36 As membership of the EU is confined to high-income democracies in this dataset ( Persson and Tabellini ’ s dataset and measures were developed before the 2004 enlargement of the EU ) the non-EU component cannot be used , as no non-highincome democracy is a member and , therefore , there is no variation in this variable . 27", "spans": [{"start": 1108, "end": 1141, "text": "Persson and Tabellini ’ s dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent of the shock will be adjusted in the first period . Figure 4 : Distribution of estimated pass-through of shocks in Juba ’ s prices ( all regions , all markets ) Figure 5 : Distribution of estimated speed of adjustment to equilibrium after a shock to prices ( all regions , all markets ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Pass-through Coefficient - Juba / All Products Speed of Adjustment Juba / All Products < br > 0 . 5 1 1 . 5 2 - 1 . 5 - 1 - . 5 0 < br > Pass through Speed of Adjustment < br > Source : Authors ’ calculations based on WFP data . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on WFP data . < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > Density . 5 Density < br > . 5 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * 3 . 5 . Determinants of Price Differences * * As documented above , price differences for narrowly defined products are heterogeneous across the country , as well as the degree of integration of relevant regional markets . This stresses the importance of understanding the drivers of these differences . Understanding whether price differences , for example , are driven by distance , poor infrastructure , fuel costs , or other factors 14", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 557, "text": "WFP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For students who remained with the same teacher , there is a large and signi fi cant effect of negative shocks to the teacher on learning . This result is robust across speci fi cations . It is also robust to a number of identi fi cation problems common to estimating the impact of school inputs on learning , which we discuss below . However , the results obtained on the sample of students who remained with the same teacher do not extend to those who switched teachers during the two years of the study . We suggest two reasons for this fi nding . The fi rst is selective matching of students and teachers , and the second is higher precautionary educational spending among households whose children switched teachers . Although we are able to show that the differential impact among the movers and non-movers did not arise from differences in the sample of students , we are unable to distinguish between these two suggested channels . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 reviews the literature . Section 3 outlines the theory . Section 4 presents the empirical speci fi cation and econometric concerns . Section 5 discusses the data used and section 6 presents the results and robustness tests for the sample of children who stayed with the same teacher . Section 7 focuses on the sample of children who switched teachers and section 8 concludes with some caveats and a discussion of the policy implications . # 2 Literature Review Interest in teacher attributes on student learning has recently emerged in the educational production function literature . Papers using analysis of variance techniques have shown that the variation in test scores explained by teachers is substantial . Hanushek , Kain and Rivkin ( 1998 ) , using data from Tennessee schools , fi nd evidence of signi fi cant teacher effects . Park and Hannum ( 2002 ) , using student-teacher matched data from China , fi nd that variation due to teacher effects explains about 25 percent of variation in test scores . More traditional regression-based studies also validate this fi nding . Rockoff ( 2004 ) using a 12-year panel of teacher-student data from two school districts in New Jersey fi nds signi", "spans": [{"start": 1761, "end": 1788, "text": "data from Tennessee schools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1874, "end": 1913, "text": "student-teacher matched data from China", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2130, "end": 2150, "text": "teacher-student data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this plan ( RP and LRP ) can be gauged against initial benchmarks ( ESIA , RP ) , but their overall effectiveness ( in restoring livelihoods and improving incomes ) can only be measured over time . This is so , because it takes time to implement the proposed LR strategies for PAHs , to evaluate whether the income-generating activities are effective , sustainable , and to compare the level of livelihood and overall standards of living with the baseline data . In other words , while implementation of all or at least , most of the strategies proposed in this LRP can be completed within a year , it takes several years for the strategies to bear fruits and bring about the desired outcomes – restoring PAH ’ s livelihood . Therefore , as far as the current LRP is concerned , it is easier to monitor progress and track performance of the project ( in real-time ) than to evaluate its impact , effectiveness and sustainability ( over time , end of project ) in achieving project objectives – restoring PAHs ’ livelihood . Page 197", "spans": [{"start": 447, "end": 460, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of operations has had a gradually increasing beneficial effect on AFC-s profitability . After experiencing a net loss of K Sh 3 . 4 million in fiscal 1975 , AFC reported net income increases for five consecutive years from a modest level of K Sh 0 . 3 million in 1976 to K Sh 14 . 0 million in 1980 ( Table 8 ) . The gradual increase of net return on total assets to 2 . 5 % over the same period reflects a gradual improvement in profitability ( Table 9 ) . Two factors explain this trend : administrative expenses have grown at a lower rate than the loan portfolio and AFC ' s net interest margin increased from about 4 % in fiscal 1976 to about 6 % in fiscal 1980 ( Table 9 ) . 2 . 47 Collections . The ultimate performance test of a financial institution must be conducted on the basis of cash transactions . A conclusive cashflow analysis , however , has not been possible for two reasons : AFC lacks detailed historical collection data on its portfolio ; and furthermore , AFC accrues interest on virtually all loans without regard to quality . AFC ' s new accounting system ( para . 2 . 21 ) is expected to fill the information gap beginning April 1st , 1980 , while discussions are underway between AFC ' s management and auditors to revise this as well as other accounting policies ( para . 3 . 35 ) . There is some evidence that actual interest collections in the past five years have averaged about 80 % of interest accrued . This would imply that AFC almost broke even on a cash basis , excluding loan disbursements and repayments . This would be a minimum acceptable standard , but there is also some evidence to suggest a negative trend in interest collection rates , down", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 940, "text": "historical collection data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "International , 2011 ) . It ranks countries by the perceived levels of public sector corruption , as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys . < sup > 6 < / sup > In particular , the CPI is a composite index based on a combination of surveys and assessments from 13 different sources , with each individual indicator of corruption standardized to have the same weight in the aggregate score . < sup > 7 < / sup > As the CPI measures only public sector corruption , two additional subjective > 5Besides ICRG , other objective measures of corruption exploit variations in conviction rates ( Fiorino et al . 2012 , Hill 2003 ) or press reports ( Rehren 1996 ) . However , these methods remain mostly unsystematic , thus leading to validity and reliability problems ( Morris 2008 , p . 390 ) . > 6As mentioned by Eurostat : “ As there is no meaningful way to assess absolute levels of corruption in countries or territories on the basis of hard empirical data , capturing perceptions of corruption of those in a position to offer assessments of public sector corruption is so far the most reliable method of comparing relative corruption levels across countries . ” > 7The main weakness of this measure is that the number of sources used to construct it varies over time , especially pre-2012 . However , because the CPI uses sources from the last three years preceding each publication of the index , it is still possible to use the CPI year average to make comparisons over short periods of time ( Persson and Tabellini 2003 ) . There is a very strong significant correlation between the CPI and other proxies for corruption : black market activity and an overabundance of regulation ( Wilhelm 2002 ) , 4", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 153, "text": "expert assessments and opinion surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The main objective of this paper is to assess the educational effects of the conflict in Timor Leste . First , we analyze the short-term consequences of the last wave of violence in 1999 on school attendance and on grade deficit rates observed in 2001 among children who were of primary school age in 1999 . Second , we examine the medium term consequences of the conflict on school attainment of the same cohort observed again in 2007 . Third , we investigate the long term consequences of the most intense early years of the conflict between Timor Leste and Indonesia on school attainment outcomes of exposed individuals observed in 2007 . Finally , we assess the average effect of the conflict on primary education outcomes in the longer term by looking at the average effect of exposure to the conflict as a whole . We focus on primary schooling because most individuals in Timor Leste ( 65 percent ) have at most only primary school education ( TLSS 2007b ) . The empirical study is based on two cross-sectional household surveys : the Timor Leste Living Standard Measurement Surveys ( TLSS ) , conducted in 2001 and 2007 , jointly by the National Statistics Directorate in Timor Leste and the World Bank . They are both nationally representative household surveys , and include a broad range of individual and household level indicators . The TLSS 2001 surveyed 1800 households from 100 Sucos ( villages ) ( covering nearly 1 % of the population ) . The survey was conducted between August and November 2001 . Interestingly , this survey includes very detailed information on the exposure of individuals and households to the wave of violence in 1999 . Respondents were asked whether they were displaced and whether their house was destroyed due to the violent events that followed the withdrawal of Indonesian forces in 1999 . We make use of this valuable information to get insights on the characteristics of individuals and households affected by the violent events in 1999 . The TLSS 2007 covered a sample of 4 , 477 households from all the 498 Sucos that form Timor Leste . The TLSS 2007 was undertaken over a period of 12 months between December 2007 and January 2008 . The survey was", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1034, "text": "cross-sectional household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1041, "end": 1088, "text": "Timor Leste Living Standard Measurement Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1989, "end": 1998, "text": "TLSS 2007", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "missing or inaccurate , with sometimes the stated plants locations being kilometers away from their actual locations as seen by satellite imagery . As such , we were able to locate 1 , 346 WWTPs , out of the orginial number 2 , 743 . It is noted that the assets are represented as points in the centroid of the WWTPs , as opposed to the locations of control rooms or elsewhere . In addition , we only focus on complete facilities rather than individual assets within the plants and do not consider exposure differences in treatment stages within a plant nor do we taken into account of the type / quality of outlets which may affect the extent to which WWPTs are impacted post ‐ disasters . Further , WWTPs not in current operation are not considered . Using the known WWTPs in the supplied dataset , we further estimate the population dependent on the _w_ < sup > th < / sup > plant , _Cw_ , as : where V � , � is the daily volume treated in 10 , 000 m < sup > 3 < / sup > for waste treatment plant _w_ in county _b_ ; _Vb_ is the total waste water treated for county _b_ ; and P � is the population of county _b_ . In some cases , we do not have population data for counties therefore our user sample of WWTPs is reduced to 891 . _Vb_ is calculated by equation ( 2 ) as shown below , where we aggregate all the waste water treated in any county _b_ : 5", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1163, "text": "population data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) 63 . Other risks relate to the rapidly deteriorating macroeconomic situation in South Sudan coupled with the significant depreciation of the local currency relative to the US $ , which could further present a risk of misapplication of project resources . These risks are effectively mitigated by the involvement of UN agencies in supplying key goods and services to the implementation . The UN agencies have adequate technical and fiduciary capacity to implement similar types of emergency operations . Each of the UN agencies will sign a contract with MAFS as a basis for the engagement . During the course of implementation , the agencies will each submit quarterly funds utilization reports ( depicting both physical progress and financial information ) , which will be validated by the PIU in line with the existing contract , before sharing with the Bank . The quarterly utilization reports will be submitted to the Bank within 45 days after the end of the quarter . Further , the UN has got adequate machinery to access insecure locations and project sites . 64 . Funds disbursed into the Designated Account ( DA ) for the implementation of component 3 will be ring ‐ fenced from ministry ‐ wide fiduciary risks by ensuring segregated project accounts ( DA ) , cashbooks and financial statements , operated , maintained and prepared by the PIU . The PIU will maintain an up to date contract register as well as an assets register . Similarly , the financial management team will prepare monthly bank reconciliation statements to ascertain the accuracy of the cash balances in the DA . Fiduciary oversight will be effected by the IAD , the NAC and other private audit firms working with the two Government institutions . Under the EFNSP , IAD in collaboration with a contracted private audit firm , will conduct in ‐ year risk ‐ based audit of project activities in order to strengthen internal controls . The in ‐ year internal audit reviews will be conducted at least once a year and the audit reports will be shared with MAFS , Ministry", "spans": [{"start": 1481, "end": 1498, "text": "contract register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1513, "end": 1528, "text": "assets register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "000 remained in the country , of which 58 % are women and girls . Risks of GBV , including trafficking and SEA , are present in Ukraine , during displacement and after arrival in Moldova . According to > 6 < u > OSCE-led Survey on Violence Against Women : Moldova - Results Report , July 2019 < / u > > 7 < u > Women ' s Law Centre . Summary of the Report on the analysis of cases examined by the Commission for Monitoring and Analysis of Domestic Violence Cases Resulting in Death or Serious Bodily Harm , 2023 < / u > > 8 < u > Ukraine Situation - Moldova . GBV Sub-Working Group GBV Safety Audit Report , 2022 < / u > > 9 < u > Ukraine Situation - Moldova . GBV Sub-Working Group GBV Safety Audit Report , 2024 < / u > 15", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 253, "text": "OSCE-led Survey on Violence Against Women", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "national borders ; altitude , mean annual precipitation and temperature , and crop suitability of the municipality . The sample excludes outliers , defined as the top and bottom 2 . 5 % of municipalities in terms of population growth between 1907 / 1913 and 1920 . . Data sources : The 1928 population census of the Kingdom of Greece . 43", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 333, "text": "1928 population census of the Kingdom of Greece", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Sample Size Calculations for the Cross Sectional Anthropometric Survey – October 2017 * * | * * Name of * * < br > * * Settlement * * | * * Total * * < br > * * populati * * < br > * * on * * | * * Total * * < br > * * househol * * < br > * * ds * * | * * Average * * < br > * * househol * * < br > * * d size * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * prevalence * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * malnutritio * * < br > * * n % * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Unde * * < br > * * r 5 * * < br > * * yrs * * | * * ± * * < br > * * desired * * < br > * * precisio * * < br > * * n % * * | * * % * * < br > * * childre * * < br > * * n * * < br > * * under * * < br > * * 5 yrs * * | * * 6-59 * * < br > * * months * * < br > * * old * * < br > * * children * * < br > * * / * * < br > * * househol * * < br > * * d * * | * * % of non - * * < br > * * response * * < br > * * househol * * < br > * * ds * * | * * Childre * * < br > * * n to be * * < br > * * sample * * < br > * * d *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Institute ) . The Freedom House measures political rights ( PR ) and civil liberties ( CL ) using , respectively , an index which ranges from 1 to 7 , with a higher score indicating more freedom . The ratings are determined by a list of questions . For the political rights index , for example , the questions are grouped into three sub-categories : electoral processes ; political pluralism and participation ; and functioning of the government . The civil liberties questions are grouped into four subcategories : freedom of expression and belief ; association and organization rights ; rule of law and personal autonomy ; and individual rights . The sum of each country ’ s sub-category scores translates to a rating from 1 to 7 . Following Acemoglu et al . ( 2005 ) we transform the indexes so that they lie between 0 and 1 , with 1 corresponding to the most-democratic set of institutions . Another measure of democracy from the POLITY IV data set is considered . Indicators of democracy measure the general openness of political institutions and combines several aspects such as : the presence of institutions and procedures through which citizens can express e ¤ ective preferences about alternative policies and leaders ; the existence of institutionalized constraints on the exercise of power by the executive power ; and the guarantee of civil liberties to all citizens in their daily lives and in acts of political participation . In our data set we consider a composite index ( Polity2 ) , that ranges from - 10 to + 10 . This index is also normalized from 0 to 1 , with 1 corresponding to the most democratic set of institutions . Finally , we also consider Economic Freedom of the World ( EFW ) , an index which measures the degree to which countries ’ policies and institutions support economic freedom . Five broad areas are distinguished : ( 1 ) size of government ; ( 2 ) legal structure and security of property rights ; ( 3 ) access to sound money ; ( 4 ) freedom to trade internationally ; and ( 5 ) regulation of credit , labor and business . This index is also normalized between 0-1 . # Migration For", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 952, "text": "POLITY IV data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1671, "end": 1700, "text": "Economic Freedom of the World", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Primary Education Equity in Learning Program ( P176867 ) | | recruited . | | | reports on teacher < br > recruitment in the < br > approved SIPs . < br > Independent Third Party < br > conducts verification | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | New teachers deployed to primary < br > schools in refugee host communities < br > with the highest teacher shortage | TSC deploys teachers to < br > primary schools with the < br > highest teacher shortage . < br > Camp based refugee < br > schools recruit contract < br > teachers through the < br > school grants . | Annual | TSC , TSC < br > county offices < br > Independent < br > Verification < br > Reports | TSC county offices will < br > collect data from schools < br > for submission to the < br > TSC for compilation of < br > annual reports on < br > teacher deployment < br > Independent Third Party < br > conducts verification | TSC | | New teachers deployed to primary < br > schools in non-refugee / host < br > communities primary schools with the < br > highest teacher shortage | TSC deploys teachers to < br > primary schools with the < br > highest teacher shortage . < br > Camp based refugee < br > schools recruit contract < br > teachers through the < br > school grants . | Annual | TSC , TSC < br > county offices < br > Independent < br > Verification < br > Reports | TSC county offices will < br > collect data from schools < br > for submission to the < br > TSC for compilation of < br > annual reports on < br > teacher deployment < br > Independent Third Party < br > conducts verification | TSC | | Number of Vulnerable Learners selected | 20 , 000 poor and vulnerable", "spans": [{"start": 742, "end": 759, "text": "data from schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1425, "end": 1442, "text": "data from schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Liechtenstei | n Dec 81 | < br > 26 F | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 | | | | Luxeatourg | Mar 81 | 365J | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | Eurostat 1987 | Eurostat 1987 | | Macao | Mar 81 | 242J | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | | Madagascar | 74-75 | 7604 F | Bank projection < br > from census | Bank assessment of | Bank assessment of | | | | | and 1980 budget survey | 1980 survey | 1980 and 1984 surveys | | malaii | Sep 87 | 7983 F | Bank projection from census , < br > after excluding < br > refugees | Based on 1977 census < br > Analytical < br > Report | U . N . 1988 revision ( pretim . ) | | laysia | Jun 80 | 13183 F | Official < br > est . | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | | Idives | Mar 85 | < br > 181 F | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | Bank est . | Bank est . | | Ii | Dec 76 | 6395 J | Bank projection from census | Bank assessment of 1960-61 < br > survey and age data from < br > 1976 census | Bank assessment of 1960-61 < br > survey and age datafrom < br > 1976 census | | tta | Nov 67 | 316 F | Bank projection from < br > official < br > 1982 est . | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | rtinique | Mar 82 | < br > 327 J | UNPVSR < br > 7 / 86 ( official < br > est . ) | 1980-85 . < br > U . N .", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 453, "text": "and 1980 budget survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 456, "end": 467, "text": "1980 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 470, "end": 491, "text": "1980 and 1984 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 603, "end": 614, "text": "1977 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1018, "end": 1037, "text": "survey and age data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1129, "end": 1140, "text": "1976 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pplicants out of 12 , 171 | # < u > < mark > IN01073402 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of beneficiary youth satisfied with the start-up grants and the business development services ( Percentage , Custom ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 81 . 70 | 81 . 70 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 | 26-May-2021 | 29-Nov-2021 | 30-Dec-2022 | | | 29-Apr-2016 | 26-May-2021 | | 15-Oct-2021 < br > 31-De | | | This percentage co < br > results are used . Re < br > from a sample of 80 | mes from the cycle 1 tracer study . < br > sults of cycle 2 and 3 tracer are e < br > 17 youth who trained between cy | For consistency of r < br > xpected in January / < br > cles 1 and 4 . | esults between Training & Internship and G < br > February 2022 . SMS results , however , show | Comments * * : * * # < u > < mark > IN01073404 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of youth who participate in the awareness sessions on government opportunities ( AGPO and government funding ) ) ( Number , Custom ) ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 6 , 700 . 00 | 16 , 323 . 00 | 188", "spans": [{"start": 612, "end": 632, "text": "cycle 1 tracer study", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "picture text - - > _Source : _ Haver Analytics ; Institute of International Finance ; J . P . Morgan ; World Bank . _Note : _ Purchasing Managers ’ Index ( PMI ) readings above ( below ) 50 indicate expansion ( contraction ) in economic activity . Last observation is August 2020 . Portfolio flows aggregates calculated using 2019 nominal U . S . dollar GDP . Last observation is September 18 , 2020 . EMBI refers to the J . P . Morgan Emerging Market Bond Index . Last observation is September 18 , 2020 . Announced central bank asset purchase programs , expressed relative to nominal local-currency GDP in 2019 . The ultimate size of asset purchase programs in Hungary , Poland , Romania , and Turkey will depend on market conditions ; data for these countries reflect total assets purchased up to August 13 , 2020 . * * In addition to generating financial stress throughout ECA , in the longer term the pandemic could also have devastating implications for the outlook for EMDEs in the region . * * In 2020 COVID-19 is thought to be shrinking per capita income enough to tip many millions back into poverty , including residents in ECA EMDEs . Even before the COVID-19 pandemic , growth of labor productivity in ECA had fallen from 5 . 3 percent in 2003 – 08 ( World Bank 2020 ) to an average of 1 . 7 percent in 2013 – 18 , the period following the global financial crisis . The slowdown was particularly dramatic in the Western Balkans , where growth in total factor productivity decelerated considerably due to lack of investment and binding constraints on the private sector , such as corporate overindebtedness and market concentration ( EBRD 2018 ; Rovo 2020 ) . > 9 . REsILIENCE LIEs IN BUILDING sTRONGER FUNDAMENTALs ThROUGh sUsTAINED REFORM | 43", "spans": [{"start": 126, "end": 153, "text": "Purchasing Managers ’ Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 421, "end": 462, "text": "J . P . Morgan Emerging Market Bond Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 738, "end": 762, "text": "data for these countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 60 10 < br > 40 < br > 5 < br > 20 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Graph 1 – Container imports traffic and dwell time in the Port of Douala ( 2005-2009 ) * * Source : Port Autonome de Douala Most recent DIT statistics indicate an average dwell time of 19 . 3 days for the first semester of 2010 while means of 18 days and 20 days respectively have been observed in July and August < sup > 10 < / sup > . This value has been quite stable in the last few years despite strong and consistent growth in traffic . > 9 Source : Annual statistics , _Port Autonome de Douala_ > 10 Source : DIT 8", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 246, "text": "DIT statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the population , while 29 . 26 % of the population followed the Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , and 3 . 83 % are Protestant . Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2007 , this Woreda has an estimated area of 2 , 210 . 16 square kilometers . The Woreda has a population density of 31 . 04 people per square kilometer . The five largest ethnic groups living in Bambassi woreda respectively are the Amhara , the Berta , the Oromo , Fadashi , the Tigray and the Mao . Amharic is spoken as a first language next to Berta , Fadashi , Oromiffa and Tigrigna as well as a few numbers speak Mao languages . # # # # * * Homosha woreda * * Homosha woreda is geographically located at and physically bordered at North West with Assosa woreda , with Menge at South East , Sherkole at North West and kurmuk at West . In general the topography of the woreda is mountain with an altitude ranging from 1272 to 1572 masl . The climatic condition of the woreda is semi desert with the average annual rain fall of 900-2 , 500 mm with the mean annual temperature between 29 and 41 < sup > o < / sup > C . 39", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 180, "text": "figures from the Central Statistical Agency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > above 30yrs 2 % < br > 21-30yrs 13 % < br > 11-20yrs 21 % < br > 5-10yrs 16 % < br > 1-4years 48 % < br > Figure 4-6 : Duration lived in Lake View < br > Housing Infrastructure < br > Due to rapid urbanization and failure of the formal sector to supply adequate houses < br > especially for the low-income segment of the society , there has been proliferation of informal < br > settlements to meet the housing gap . This is manifested by the slums and squatter settlements < br > and other form of shanty developments . The main roofing material is iron sheets at 53 % and < br > for the floors the major types of floors are those that are cemented at ( 53 % ) . The figure below < br > illustrates the building materials for walls , used in creating structures in the informal < br > settlements . Bricks at 27 % , concrete at 13 % , wooden at 42 % and stone at 18 % . < br > Stone 18 % < br > Disclosure Copy Wooden 42 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # * * 4 . 4 . 6 . Housing Infrastructure * * Due to rapid urbanization and failure of the formal sector to supply adequate houses especially for the low-income segment of the society , there has been proliferation of informal settlements to meet the housing gap . This is manifested by the slums and squatter settlements and other form of shanty", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have liked more days of work and still had fewer than the 100 days stipulated by the Act . We have no choice but to ignore this aspect of the scheme ‘ s performance since the National Sample Survey ( NSS ) did not ask how many more days of work the household wanted ; all we know is whether the household wanted work on the scheme . Table 1 gives the participation rate , the demand rate and the rationing rate across states , as well as the rural headcount index ( _H_ ) — the proportion of the population living below our updated versions of the Planning Commission ‘ s latest poverty lines . ( The table also gives the female share of employment , to which we return later . ) ― Demand ‖ is defined as either getting work on the scheme or seeking work but not getting it . For India as a whole , 45 % of rural households wanted work on the scheme . Of these , 56 % got work — a national rationing rate of 44 % . The rationing rate varied from 15 % in Rajasthan to 84 % in the Punjab . Only three states have rationing rates under 20 % . There is clearly a large excess demand for work . A striking observation about the data in Table 1 is that participation rates are only weakly correlated with the rural headcount index across states , as can be seen in Figure 1 . If MGNREGS worked the way the Act intended then this weak correlation would be surprising , as one would expect the scheme to be more attractive to poor people , and hence have higher take up in poorer states . The same point holds for public spending on MGNREGS . Table 2 gives summary statistics on spending per capita for 2009 / 10 and 2010 / 11 . The correlation between MGNREGS spending per capita and the poverty rate is - 0 . 02 using spending in 2009 / 10 and 0 . 04 for 2010 / 11 . Why is MGNREGS not more active in poorer states ? We postulate that being a poor state has two opposing effects on participation . First , there is an", "spans": [{"start": 175, "end": 197, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Although this figure amounts to only a small proportion of total health spending in the US , the savings are nevertheless impressive for three reasons . First , the savings pertain to only fifteen treatments drawn out of a large universe . Given that patients from the US and UK are traveling to India for major procedures such as cardiac surgery ( see e . g . , Srinivasan , 2005 ) , the list of tradable procedures is arguably much wider . Identifying the universe of tradable treatments would be a useful exercise but is beyond the scope of this paper . Second , our estimate of cost savings is understated to the extent that we have used Medicare payment rates to calculate US prices , which are lower than those paid by private insurers and the uninsured , as noted above . Third , patient volume data was not available for all procedure categories , and a fuller accounting would certainly magnify the estimate of savings . # * * 6 . Are there good reasons to deny coverage for treatment abroad ? * * Given that there are large gains from trade in health care , it is a puzzle that insurers in countries with expensive health care deny coverage for non-emergency treatment obtained abroad rather than encourage patients to seek care overseas . We consider possible reasons that have emerged from discussions with insurers . _Insurer concerns about quality of overseas providers and malpractice law_ Insurers may care about the quality of the providers because of a potential negative spillover effect in the consumption of health care . A consumer ’ s decision to receive care from low-cost overseas providers may prove expensive to the insurer if the treatment worsens health problems and the insurer is obliged to cover the costs of subsequent treatment . The insurer may also be concerned that malpractice may occur in a foreign jurisdiction where the legal regime makes it difficult to sue care providers . It would make sense to deny the consumer the _option_ of receiving cheaper treatment abroad for these reasons if two conditions hold true . First , the insurer cares more about potential future cost implications of poor provider quality than consumers care about the impact of provider quality on", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 806, "text": "patient volume data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to field a single visit and collect information either specific to an agricultural season or with a 12month recall . In turn , there is worry that the existing survey methods may elicit unreliable and incomplete information on harvests cutting across seasons , taking place over extended periods , and varying by crop variety . This paper presents the results of a household survey experiment that was implemented in top cassava-producing districts in Malawi and that randomly assigned sampled households to one of four approaches to cassava production measurement over 12 months , namely ( 1 ) daily diarykeeping at the household-level for 12-months , with semi-weekly in-person supervision visits ( D1 ) – the traditional gold standard ; ( 2 ) daily diary-keeping at the household-level for 12 months , with semi-weekly supervisory mobile phone calls ( D2 ) ; ( 3 ) a two-visit recall-based data collection at the plot-level for a 6-month reference period , carried out in two visits 6 months apart during a 12 - > 34 The MoAIWD APES-based cassava statistics are taken at face value most recently by Kanyamuka et al . ( 2018 ) who study the cassava value chain in Malawi and provide recommendations for its improvement . However , the concerns regarding the gross overestimation in cassava production and yields reported by the MoAIWD were in fact raised nearly two decades ago by Russel Freeman in a report that was prepared in 2000 for the International Monetary Fund . 35 Similar discrepancies between crop cutting and FAOSTAT-based estimates are noted by Gourlay et al . ( 2017 ) in the case of maize in Uganda . 19", "spans": [{"start": 1024, "end": 1060, "text": "MoAIWD APES-based cassava statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this method has yielded predictions that are highly correlated with up-to-date census-based estimates in Mexico , Sri Lanka , and Tanzania ( Masaki et al . , 2022 ; Newhouse et al . , 2022 ) . The methodology we use in this paper deviates from the official approach endorsed by the World Bank ’ s Poverty Global Practice , as described in Corral et al . ( 2022 ) , which is based on the EBP under a unit ( household ) level mixed model , and census micro-data as covariates ( referred to as census-EBP ) . The main difference , besides the use of geospatial ( instead of population census ) covariates , is that our modeling approach utilizes only grid cell covariates , but the outcome is still modeled at the unit ( household ) level . This is why sometimes this latter model is referred to as the unit context model . We explore the use of the unit context model in Chad , Guinea , Mali and Niger , which lack recent census data . We further leverage the availability of recent census data for a fifth country in West Africa , Burkina Faso , to conduct an evaluation exercise . The evaluation exercise compares estimates of headcount poverty rates obtained with a unit-level model and the empirical best predictor using census covariates , with poverty rates obtained using the empirical best predictor under the unit context model with geospatial covariates . As noted above , an alternative approach to small area estimation using geospatial covariates is to use an area-level model ( Fay-Herriot , 1979 ) , case in which both the direct estimates of poverty rates and the geospatial covariates are aggregated at the target area level . Hence , in the evaluation exercise presented in Section 4 we also produce estimates under a Fay-Herriot model as a way of providing additional evidence about the validity of the estimates produced under the unit context model . Using geospatial data instead of census data in SAE and the unit context model has been criticized in recent literature ( for example , Corral et al . , 2021 ) . This is due to the possible introduction of omitted variable bias ( relative to the unit-level model )", "spans": [{"start": 1876, "end": 1891, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "affected areas experiencing up to 1 . 2 % greater negative impacts than non-conflict areas . Similar patterns were observed in Mozambique , where cyclones led to a 1 . 39 % reduction in economic activities in conflict-affected populations compared to their non-conflict-affected counterparts . As a potential next step , a long-term difference in difference regression analysis , as well as the use of observational data that could be more nuanced and contextual , could explore , in addition to the short-term impact identified here , the long-term impact of disasters dynamics in conflict settings . To fully comprehend these dynamics , it is essential to conduct further research to pinpoint the causal factors that exacerbate vulnerability in conflict-stricken settings . Our findings , however , emphasize the critical need for investment in disaster risk reduction and the prioritization of recovery initiatives in conflict-affected regions . Inhabitants of these areas suffer more significant impacts and face extended recovery periods in the aftermath of disasters , underscoring the necessity for focused interventions to reduce their vulnerabilities and bolster their resilience . # Conclusion has been given to understanding how conflicts influence disaster impacts and recovery . By employing a difference-in-difference method alongside geospatial and satellite imagery datasets , this paper seeks to address this literature gap by estimating the impacts of a disaster in conflict settings and contrasting them with impacts in non-conflict settings . This study represents one of the initial attempts to quantitatively compare the diverging impacts of a disaster between conflict and non-conflict affected regions . Our findings suggest that in the aftermath of the floods of interest , conflict-affected areas in Nigeria and Mozambique experienced the most severe negative impacts following the flood event , up to 1 . 2 % and 1 . 39 % , respectively . These results indicate that conflict-affected areas bore a heavier burden of the floods compared to non-conflict areas . Additionally , the negative impacts in conflict settings continued to be larger than in non-conflict affected regions for the six months following the event , which gives an indication that these floods prolonged the recovery period for conflict-affected populations . In conclusion , despite existing methodological constraints , our study demonstrates that the impacts of disasters are significantly more pronounced in conflict settings", "spans": [{"start": 402, "end": 420, "text": "observational data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1349, "end": 1390, "text": "geospatial and satellite imagery datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "team used the Household Food Insecurity Access Index . > 14 Input packages contained planting material for OFSP and other nutrient-rich crops , such as iron-rich beans , tomatoes , carrots , pumpkins , eggplants , and groundnuts . Technical assistance on improved farming practices ( making and utilizing organic fertilizer , minimizing post-harvest losses , etc . ) continued throughout the three-year project duration through community fora . > 15 Road side shops , where OFSP and other project-supported products would be sold , were to be established in each of the four BRAC branches . ICRR team reviews identified only one road side shop ( pilot ) that was set up in Kabale village ( Lukaya branch ) operated by a vine producer in May 2017 . BRAC Uganda , MTR , June 2015 . > 16 BRAC Uganda , Quarterly Progress Report , April – June 2018 . > 17 Dietary diversity was calculated on the basis of a diversity score . A higher dietary diversity score meant that the person was consuming food from five or more groups that included dark green leafy vegetables , Vitamin A rich food , other fruits , milk and dairy products , legumes , nuts , meat , fish etc . ( BRAC Endline Impact Evaluation Report ) . > 18 Msefula D . How can growth monitoring and special care of underweight children be improved in Zambia . Trop Doct . 1993 ; 23 : 107 – 12 . ; Nabarro D , Chinnock P . Growth monitoring – inappropriate promotion of an appropriate technology . Soc Sci Med . 1988 ; 26 : 941 – 8 . > 19 Health workers from those facilities were provided initial and refresher training to build their capacity to address cases of severe acute malnutrition . They were also given inputs such as stethoscope , fetoscope , BP machine , MUAC tape , as well as height boards . BRAC Page 12 of 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "government data centers , and the supply and installation of government cloud services . This was designed to simplify and improve the implementation of sector specific e-Services by a variety of MDAs . In the past few 46 Activities partially supported by RCIP-5 47 National Broadband Policy for Uganda , September 2018 . 48 Gap Analysis , Recommendations and Consultancy Report . Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization . January 2019 . 49 Critical infrastructures refer to physical , non-physical , and cyber resources or assets and systems that are essential for maintaining government operations and the minimum functioning of the economy and society , for example in security , transportation , energy and finance . > 50 The UN eGovernment Development Index ( EGDI ) ranges from 0 to 1 . It is a composite measure of the following 3 dimensions of e - government : provision of online services , telecommunication connectivity , and human capacity . < u > https : / / publicadministration . un . org / egovkb / en-us / Data / Country-Information / id / 179-Uganda / dataYear / 2018 < / u > Page 7 of 28 Jul 22 , 2019", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> DLI 3 . 3 : IVA will check the ministerial decree that adopts the Digital skills curriculum for all grades < br > DLI 3 . 4 : IVA to check the training records of the G7-12 teachers and confirm the percentage of teachers trained on the < br > delivery of the digital skills curriculum . Training delivery records will be verified through spot checks ( virtual or field based ) < br > on a sample basis . < br > DLI 3 . 5 : IVA will verify that 50 % of students in grades 7-10 are enrolled in new digital skills courses . Verification will include < br > review of records and spot checks . | | * * DLI 4 * * | Support digital transformation of service delivery to citizens and businesses | | * * Description * * | DLIs : DLI 4 . 1 MoDEE issues a ministerial decree for the adoption of the Government Digital Transformation Strategy and < br > change management action plan DLI 4 . 2 Number of new transactional e-services being made available to citizens and < br > businesses through respective government agencies ’ e-portals DLI 4 . 3 Responsible government agencies adopt < br > recommendations of the public value assessment for at least 20 transactional e-services DLI 4 . 4 MoDEE launches a new < br > citizen feedback system for transactional e-services DLI 4 . 5 MoDEE launches e-service performance dashboard for e-services < br > Disbursement Formula Details DLI 4 . 1 : $ 5 , 000 , 000 by CY 1 DLI 4 . 2 : $ 50 , 000 , 000 by Closing Date Formula : from the baseline < br > of 0 , $ 500 , 000 for each new transactional e-service being made available to citizens and businesses , up to $ 50 , 000 , 000 DLI < br > 4 . 3 : $ 14 , 000 , 000 byClosingDate Fom", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 183, "text": "training records of the G7-12 teachers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by * * * * provision * * < br > * * of * * * * technical * * * * support * * * * for * * * * grantees * * * * ( capacity * * < br > * * building * * * * and * * * * facilitation ) * * | 2 , 800 | | 2 , 800 | 1 , 982 | * * - * * | 1 , 982 | 1 , 982 | | * * Grantsto NGOs , CBOs private sector * * | | | | 37 , 522 | | | | | * * based on CFPs * * | | 53 , 000 | 53 , 000 | | - | 37 , 522 | 29 , 752 | | Support to mainstreaming in public sector < br > institutions | | 8 , 000 | 8 , 000 | 5 , 664 | - | 5 , 664 | 4 , 664 | | * * Operating costs * * | * * 9 , 533 * * | * * - * * | * * 9 , 533 * * | * * 8 , 415 * * | * * - * * | * * 8 , 415 * * | * * 7 , 561 * * | | CACCs Operational Costs | 5 , 129 | | 5 , 129 | 3 , 756 | - | 3 , 756 | 3 , 329 | | DTCs Operational Costs | 1 , 622 | | 1 , 622 | 1 , 273 | - | 1 , 273 | 846 | | FO Operational Costs | 282 | | 282 | 200 | - | 200 | 200 | | Monitoring and evaluation | 1 , 500 | | 1 , 500 | 2 , 478 | - | 2 , 478 | 2 , 478 | | Operational research | 1 , 000 | | 1 , 000 | 708 | - | 708 | 708 | | * * Unallocated * * | | | * * 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "clustered at the firm level to allow for potential autocorrelation in the choice of export destination at the level . As a second step , we explore whether the third-country effect of RTAs is stronger for deep trade agreements by estimating the following equation : where _Exp Other Depthij , t − _ 1 = max _k_ = _j { Exporting Dummyik , t − _ 1 _ × Depthjk , t } _ captures the depth of the deepest RTA that country _j_ has with a country to which firm _i_ exported in _t_ - 1 . We exploit the richness in the content of RTAs to construct measures of depth and investigate different aspects of third-country RTAs that generate stronger spillover effects for firms that already exported to one of the member countries . The first indicator is the aggregate depth , measured as the additive number of provisions that are strictly legally enforceable . This aggregate depth measure is normalized between 0 and 1 so that ( _β_ 1 + _β_ 2 ) captures the impact of prior export experience of firm _i_ to a country , to which firm _i_ exported in _t_ - 1 and has the deepest RTA with country _j_ , on its export participation and entry to country _j_ . Going beyond the aggregate depth measure , we further investigate whether certain provisions are particularly important in driving the spillover effect of RTAs . Specifically , we separately estimate the effects of RTA depth based on provisions that are nondiscriminatory ( or most favored nation-MFN ) and preferential . This distinction is interesting and important for our analysis , since we focus on third-country effects of RTAs . This means that _Depth_ in equation ( 3 ) becomes a vector of MFN-depth and preferential-depth , measured as the additive number of MFN and preferential provisions respectively , again normalized between 0 and 1 . < sup > 20 < / sup > As above , the interaction variables are constructed such that they capture the maximum MFN and preferential depth of country _j_ ’ s RTAs among the set of countries that firm _i_ exported to in _t_ - 1 . We expect RTAs that are “ deep ” in MFN-provisions to generate larger spillovers to", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials ( SIDC ) and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association by electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection . with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation . _ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of SIDC \" ) , the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide by those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ________ _ [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ________ _ [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : ________ _ Yours truly , / signed /", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "material respects . * * I * * believe that the audit evidence * * I * * have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my conclusion . REPORT * * ON * * OTHER * * LEGAL AND * * REGULATORY * * REQUIREMENTS * * As required * * by * * the Agreement in the signed * * by * * the International < sup > Development Association < / sup > and the Republic of Kenya for Kenya Primary Education Equity in Learning Program , < sup > * * I * * < / sup > report based on my audit , that : - i . * * I * * have obtained all the information and explanations which , to the best of my knowledge and belief , were necessary for the purpose of the audit ; - * * ii . * * In my opinion , adequate accounting records have been kept * * by * * the Program Management , so far as appears from the examination of those records ; and , - * * iii . * * The Program ' s financial statements are in agreement with the accounting records # # # * * Responsibilities of Management and those Charged with Governance * * Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation < sup > of thesefinancial < / sup > statements in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( Cash Basis ) and for maintaining effective internal control as Management < sup > determinesis < / sup > necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are < sup > freefrom material < / sup > misstatement , whether due to fraud or error and for its assessment of < sup > theeffectiveness < / sup > of internal controls , risk management and overall governance . In preparing the financial statements , Management is responsible for < sup > assessingthe < / sup > Program ' s ability to continue to sustain its services , disclosing , as applicable , <", "spans": [{"start": 698, "end": 716, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-MOTI-70305-CS-QCBS / RE < br > SURVEY OF LOT 4 - GARRISA < br > IDA / 48730 | Component 2 : Enhancing < br > Tenure Security . | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - National | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2018-07-25 | 2018-08-15 | 2018-09-28 | 2018-10-26 | 2018-11-25 | 2018-12-30 | 2019-02-03 | 2020-02-03 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-MOTI-70298-CS-QCBS / < br > COMPLETION OF LOT 2 < br > PLANNING AND SURVEY < br > IDA / 48730 | Component 2 : Enhancing < br > Tenure Security . | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - National | 2 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2018-07-25 | 2018-08-15 | 2018-09-28 | 2018-10-26 | 2018-11-25 | 2018-12-30 | 2019-02-03 | 2020-02-03 | | * * INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | | | Ctt | T < br > Etitd < br > | Atl At | | Invitation to | Dft Ntit", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "employment information for all household members and find that phone surveys overstate employment rates for the full population even once sampling weights are used . Encouragingly , their analysis suggests that phone surveys do reasonably well at tracking disparities and changes across gender , education , and urban / rural groups . However , for age group comparisons the bias was greater . < sup > 8 < / sup > We use household sampling weights for all our analysis . Household sampling weights are used even for respondent level employment indicators , so these should be interpreted as the share of households with a respondent having that employment outcome , rather than the share of individuals . < sup > 9 < / sup > Countries are weighted equally such that summary statistics are > 7Surveys in Democratic Republic of Congo , Central African Republic and Mozambique were conducted only in urban areas or the capital city and are not representative of the rural population . > 8This paper does not make comparisons across age groups . > 9Individual level sampling weights are only available in some countries with RDD surveys , and it would be 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * ESAP2 * * Audit Report and Financial Statements For the period ended * * 15 * * March * * 2019 * * # * * Appendix III - Summary of the World Bank Designated account by category * * The summary below presents status of the designated account at the World < sup > Bank ( TF < / sup > < sup > * * A5193 ) , * * extractedfrom < / sup > the ' Client Connection ' system . The analysis provides the disbursed < sup > amountwhichtallieswiththeamount < / sup > received * * by * * that MA presented in Appendix V . | * * 1 * * | Goods | * * 137 , 648 . 00 * * | * * 105 , 920 . 79 * * | * * 31 , 727 . 21 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2 | ConsultantServices | * * 379 , 547 . 00 * * | * * 219 , 675 . 43 * * | * * 159 , 871 . 57 * * | | * * 3 * * | ManagementandCoordinationFees | * * 1 , 118 , 158 . 00 * * | * * 982 , 379 . 65 * * | * * 135 , 778 . 35 * * | | 4 | TrainingandWorkshops ( Inc . media ) | * * 251 , 621 . 00 * * | * * 46 , 222 . 87 * * | * * 205 , 398 . 13 * * | | * * 5 * * | GrantsforSub-projects | * * 1 , 058 , 983 . 00 * * | * * 939 , 649 . 07 * * | * * 119 , 333 . 93 * * | | * * DA-A * * | DesignatedAccount | * * 0 . 00 * * |", "spans": [{"start": 342, "end": 359, "text": "Client Connection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Additional Financing to Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P177273 ) | services at | | - - - | | ICUs / HDU / Isolati | | on units : ( IOI9b ) | | ` o ` 2 RRHs | | ` o ` 3 < br > general | | hospitals | | ` o ` 1 HC IV | * * < mark > ME PDO Table SPACE < / mark > * * | | * * Monitoring & Evaluatio * * < br > | * * n Plan : Inter * * | * * mediate Results I * * | * * ndicators Mapped * * < br > * * Methodology for Data * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Indicator Name * * < br > Number of laboratory tests done for < br > suspected COVID-19 cases using approved < br > testing technologies | * * Definition / Description * * < br > Cumulative number of < br > COVID-19 laboratory tests < br > conducted using PCR , < br > GeneXpert and approved < br > RDTs combined | * * Frequency * * < br > Biannually | * * Datasource * * < br > Administrative < br > data and < br > verification < br > reports – < br > Laboratory < br > Registers , < br > RDS , SITREPs . | < br > * * Collection * * < br > Periodic data collection < br > using structured < br > checklists and review of < br > administrative data and < br > verification reports | < br > * * Collection * * <", "spans": [{"start": 1069, "end": 1076, "text": "SITREPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1202, "end": 1221, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic well-being of the affected households is considered and addressed throughout the implementation of the Subproject . # # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 Household Annual Income * * The results of the ESIA survey reveal that the total income earned by all surveyed households in the 12 months preceding the assessment amounts to ETB 52 , 341 , 996 . This translates to an average annual income of ETB 193 , 859 per household , which is approximately 4 USD per day . This average household income is high by Ethiopian standards where 27 % of the population live below the international poverty line of 1 . 9 USD per day . This discrepancy highlights the relatively better economic conditions of the surveyed households compared to the national average . These findings are crucial for understanding the economic context of the affected households . Table 6 . 5 : Average Annual Income of HHs by All Source of Income and Woreda | * * Source of Cash * * < br > * * Income * * | * * Arsi Robe * * | * * Diksis * * | * * Hetosa * * | * * Lode * * < br > * * Hetosa * * | * * Sude * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Annual Crop | 4 , 655 , 550 | 5 , 038 , 900 | 7 , 302 , 750 | 7 , 311 , 803 | 3 , 253 , 020 | 27 , 562 , 023 | | Perennial Crop | 168 , 000 | 95 , 500 | - | 157 , 600 | 53 , 000 | 474 , 100 | | Vegetable & Fruits | - | - | 625 , 000 | 1 , 579 , 400 | - | 2 , 204 , 400 | | Land Rent | 168 , 000 | 18 , 000 |", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 209, "text": "ESIA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * _Impacts Properties Belonging to Public Institutions_ * * Based on the inventory taken during the fieldwork for this study , the proposed power Subproject will also affect farmland , eucalyptus and indigenous trees belonging to different Mosques along the TL . Accordingly , 0 . 0072 ha of farmland which belongs two mosques , 3 , 716 eucalyptus and 12 , 640 indigenous trees of varied sizes located within a burial site and a mosque compound as well as a toilet inside a mosque compound will also be impacted by the proposed subproject components . Page 6", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 123, "text": "inventory taken during the fieldwork", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "I1 # # # * * 2 . Project Design and Organization * * 2 . 1 The project was prepared by the Uganda Electricity Board ( UEB ) and the Ministry of Power Posts and Telecommunications ( MPPT ) with the assistance of international consultants , IDA and ODA . It was designed to support the Government of Uganda ' s rehabilitation strategy . The ESMAP energy sector review , carried out in 1982 , concluded that the rehabilitation of the existing generating , transmission and distribution facilities was a top priority for the development of Uganda ' s power sub-sector . ' This study provided much of the underpinning for the project , while detailed design was based on the ODA-financed feasibility and engineering study by international consultants . 2 2 . 2 The project also included several components to address UEB ' s financial and institutional problems . A new computer would make billings more timely and accurate , the additional transport would improve the effectiveness of the meter reading , bill delivery and collection efforts , and availability of connection materials would improve UEB ' s responsiveness to customer demand and decrease illegal connections . To address UEB ' s organizational and training needs , the project included studies of the organizational , manpower , and training requirements . 2 . 3 The ESMAP study recommended that an inventory of wood sources and a study on wood consumption be carried out . Both activities were included in the Project . The identified energy conservation options were not picked up by the Project , as further ESMAP work in this area was planned . Another ESMAP study entitled : \" Institutional Strengthening in the Energy Sector \" was the basis for the TA to strengthen the Energy Department of the MPPT , which during project implementation was reorganized and energy matters were brought under the Ministry of Natural Resources ( MNR ) . 2 . 4 It was realized at the early implementation stage that project costs were underestimated , and that inadequate provision had been made for the rehabilitation of the Kampala network . The project scope was therefore modified to effectively", "spans": [{"start": 1361, "end": 1386, "text": "inventory of wood sources", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for the program . Experience shows these MoUs are nor effective without the involvement of MoF and BoFs . As such these two entities should be co signatories on the MoU so that they can monitor and ensure accountability . 45 . * * Disbursement of program funds from IDA to MoH will be made only upon achievement of the disbursement linked indicators ( DLI ) . * * Upon achievement of the indicators , the MoF will inform the World Bank and provide evidence as per the verification protocols , as justification that results for the DLI have been met . Disbursement requests will be submitted to the Bank using the Bank ’ s standard disbursement forms signed by an authorized signatory . The program will have advances ( which will be defined per DLI ) and prior results . Details of the key disbursement issues will be spelt out in the Disbursement and Financial Information Letter . It is important to note that although PforR operations do not link disbursements to individual expenditure transactions , the aggregate disbursements under such operations should not exceed the total expenditures by the borrower under the Program over its implementation period . As resources flow to the government based on achievement of results , it is important for the government to closely follow and deliver its expected results . 46 . * * Based on the assessment made above , the fiduciary risks over treasury management and fund flow are classified as “ substantial ” . * * Preparation of disbursement plan along with the annual work plan , signing of MoU with major implementers and compliance with the JFA with regards to minimal implementing entities are proposed as mitigating measures for the risk . Furthermore , setting minimum conditions for transferring additional resource to regions / woredas ; establishing a clear timetable to monitor expected delivery of tasks and control further release ; presenting the status of Semi-annual report of long outstanding advances MoF and BoF could enhance the timely settlement . MoH should also consider taking action on outstanding balances which couldn ’ t be", "spans": [{"start": 1922, "end": 1969, "text": "Semi-annual report of long outstanding advances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Empirical Model The literature discussed above implies that any schooling decision would be influenced by a host of factors , ranging from the person ' s learning ability , to wages in the labor market , to school availability and school inputs . Without data on cognitive ability or on aggregate wages for types of labor or school availability at the time of schooling , which is sometimes decades ago , we can only specify a partial model of educational attainment . Given these constraints , we estimate the following relationship : _ - - _ * * a ' X + * * _c_ ( 1 ) where E is the number of years of schooling at the time of the survey i / ; X is a vector of explanatory variables ; and , el is a random disturbance term . We estimate this relationship separately for males and females to allow the a coefficients to vary between sexes . The specific measures for these sets of factors are discussed later in section V . Equation ( 1 ) is estimated using the full sample , that is , all individuals who attended school as well as those who never attended . For the former group , we are able to estimate a second schooling attainment regression in order to examine the effects of school characteristics . Data on school 91 Number of years of schooling does not include the number of grades repeated . A student who completed five years of schooling but repeated one grade would have spent six years in school . For this person , the dependent variable E would equal 5 , not * * 6 . * * 16", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 282, "text": "data on cognitive ability", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Final_ * * _TG Consultancy PLC_ The RBF grant is paid per system installed , regardless of the method of payment , such as cash sale , loan , PAYG , or operating lease . The payment is based on IVA verification , and data on transactions and beneficiaries is collected through various channels , allowing MoWE to track its impact and adjust design as needed ( with no objection from the World Bank ) . The RBF procedure for the RBF follows three steps : initially , with the support of FAS , MoWE will sign an agreement with the eligible OGS companies / cooperatives whereby the incentivization is contingent on the achievement of measurable and predefined results considering E & S issues . It is important to note that the incentivization varies with results achieved in accessing the deeper rural areas . In the second step , the IVA verifies the extent to which results have been achieved . It verifies various issues including ; ( i ) operational SHS and accessed beneficiaries , ( ii ) determination of final OGS company / cooperatives E & S risk classification ( Annex 5 ) ; ( iii ) approval of all ESMS required OGS company / cooperatives documents , such as approved OGS company / cooperatives ESMS , E & S contract clause ( Annex 6 ) , E & S Due Diligence ( Annex 10 ) , the LMP ( section 3 . 3 and Annex 31 ) and the ESMP ( Table 5 ) and availability of the required E & S staffs in the OGS company ; ( iv ) compliance with ES terms and conditions for financing as per the conditions laid out in the RBF agreement ( Annex 29 ) and any OGS company specification for financing document . Finally , MoWE pays the incentivizes to the OGS company / cooperative upon the verification of the achieved results by IVA . Annex 29 Figure 3 indicates the financing decision process . 46", "spans": [{"start": 222, "end": 260, "text": "data on transactions and beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "there is no WTP study available for either country and inadequate survey data on the consumption levels of alternate energy sources for its estimation , we use the average end-user tariffs for both countries as a proxy . It should be noted that electricity tariffs only provide a lower-bound estimate of WTP threshold , and thus lead to a conservative estimate of a Project ’ s economic benefits . Table 4 . 1 presents a summary of the key assumptions utilized to value economic benefits . In addition to these direct benefits , the Project presents some indirect ones which are difficult to value , predict and quantify with the available information . These include the impact of the Project on economic activity , improved network stability in Chad , and improved service delivery on the part of SNE as a result of technical assistance also financed under Component 3 . These benefits are not included in the evaluation of the Project ’ s economic returns . * * Table 4 . 1 : Evaluation of Economic Benefits * * | * * Economic Benefit * * | * * Valuation * * | | - - - | - - - | | Marginal Cost of Generation in RIN | 0 . 25 US centsper kWH | | WTP in RIN | 0 . 16USper kWH | | Marginal Cost of Generation in Chad | 0 . 24 | | WTP in Chad | 0 . 25 | 7 . * * _Costs . _ * * Economic costs were estimated based on the preparatory studies undertaken for the Project and adjusted to remove duties and taxes . The capital cost of the investment component is assumed to be disbursed over a six-year period across the different project components . The main costs considered in the economic analysis are : ( a ) the CAPEX ; ( b ) the OPEX ; ( c ) the generation costs associated with the new demand enabled by the Project in Cameroon and Chad ; ( d ) resettlement compensation costs ; ( e ) project management costs ; and", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 77, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- check these figures against the EMIS or other portal , in consultation < br > with MoE . The VA will also sample a reasonable and representative number of all pre-primary education enrolments listed in each report , via field visits – to < br > ensure the figure reported in the EMIS portal for the selected period corresponds to what is seen from the school registers . The allocated amount available for < br > disbursement is scalable for each 1 % incremental increase over the baseline value , and the achievements are not time-bound ( i . e . , this DLR can be partially or < br > fully paid before the year in which it appears ) . < br > For the AF DLR , verification procedure will include enrollment data from newly integrated refugee schools and a sample from the host community schools . This < br > will be reflected in the methodologyfor third-partyverification of the disbursement-linked results . | | DLI Indicator Name | * * REVISED * * * * 5 : * * * * Students with special needs enrolled in Inclusive Education Resource Centers and satellite schools that meet GEQIP-E standards for staffing * * < br > * * and equipment ( Number ) * * | | Formula | * * DLR 5 . 1 : Target * * : Increase in number of students with special needs enrolled in Inclusive Education Resource Centers and satellite schools from a baseline of < br > 157 , 000 up to a maximum of 244 , 000 . * * Formula * * : Scalable - $ 1m for each 2 , 749 enrolments increase above baseline < br > * * For AF DLRs : * * | Page 52", "spans": [{"start": 699, "end": 752, "text": "enrollment data from newly integrated refugee schools", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 06 | | | ( 0 . 023 ) | ( 0 . 026 ) | [ 0 . 800 ] | | Observations | 1 , 105 | 1 , 110 | | | Percent of incorrect answers | - 0 . 057 * * * | - 0 . 050 * * * | 0 . 17 | | | ( 0 . 014 ) | ( 0 . 015 ) | [ 0 . 680 ] | | Observations | 1 , 105 | 1 , 110 | | | Percent of omitted answers | - 0 . 053 * * | - 0 . 079 * * * | 1 . 62 | | | ( 0 . 020 ) | ( 0 . 020 ) | [ 0 . 203 ] | | Observations | 1 , 105 | 1 , 110 | | _Note : _ * * significant at 5 percent ; * * * significant at 1 percent . Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered at school level . The _p_ - values are in brackets in the third column . Controls : ( a ) students ’ characteristics ( gender , age , nationality , parent ’ s education , if the student missed , at most , one class per month , if the student has internet in his / her home ) , ( b ) teacher characteristics ( gender , age , years of experience , if she / he has postgraduate certificates ) , and ( c ) school characteristics ( school size , seventh grade size , seventh repetition rate , FEPBA score in Language , school district , or location ) . All the regressions exclude the classrooms where the Human Body unit was not taught . _Source_ : Authors analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . * * Table 7 . Results on Science learning according to teacher experience * * | _Independent variable_ | ( 1 ) < br > ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | 3", "spans": [{"start": 1207, "end": 1224, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "production at the plot-level , as in the case of Malawi IHS , but for the past 6 months . The R1 households received their first visit in February 2016 to collect plot-level cassava production information for the period of August 2015 – January 2016 . The R1 households were visited for a second time in July / August 2016 to collect the comparable harvest information for the period of February 2016-July 2016 . The fourth group of households ( R2 ) were visited once , at the end of the 12-month fieldwork in each EA ( i . e . in July / August 2016 ) , and were asked to report fresh cassava production at the plotlevel for the past 12 months , in line with the prevailing approach to household and farm surveys collecting information on production of tree and root crops , as in the case of the Malawi IHS . Similar to the cash / airtime incentives provided to the diary households , each R1 and R2 household was provided a cash incentive of approximately US $ 7 . Half of the cash incentive was paid at the end of the first visit , while the remaining half was paid in the final visit to the recall households . # * * 3 . 2 . Crop Cutting * * Although a well-implemented diary is the gold standard for _household-level production_ measurement , crop cutting has been recognized as the gold standard for _plot-level yield_ measurement for seasonal crops since the 1950s by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . Besides the cost - and supervision-intensive nature of the exercise , several concerns have been raised regarding the accuracy of the method . Even if one places only one random crop cutting sub-plot within the sampled plot , the resulting yield estimate may carry a sampling error if the yields exhibit within-plot heterogeneity . Further , Fermont and Benson ( 2011 ) mention the following additional possible sources of error : ( 1 ) More thorough-harvesting of crop cut sub-plots vis-à-vis the typical farmer harvesting practices , ( 2 ) possible rounding of crop cut production estimates obtained through scales ; ( 3 ) using faulty or inappropriate scales ; ( 4 )", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 59, "text": "Malawi IHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_t + 2_ while the TTB is in effect . While expected , this result is important as it confirms that the HS-06 import data is sufficiently disaggregated for this context so as to capture the trade-impacts of the antidumping policy which itself is sometimes applied at an even more disaggregated level . Our main results begin by comparing what happens to annual exports once the TTB is _removed_ in year _T_ . In specification ( 1 ) , average exports to both high-income markets and emerging markets > 12 First , we transform the data by adding 1 to real exports so we do not lose observations when taking logs . Application of antidumping could result in product-level exports going to zero , thus dropping observations for which trade flows disappeared would introduce sample bias . Second , we take logs because the distribution of export data is bounded below by zero but includes a handful of outliers at the high end that severely distort the mean , relative to the median . In light of these two issues , Appendix Table A2 presents summary statistics which confirm the basic pattern of results when focusing on medians as opposed to means . Third , we use the US consumer price index to deflate the product-level bilateral trade flows from UN Comtrade reported in current US dollars . Table 4 ( discussed below ) addresses this potential limitation by reporting estimates from changes in product-level export market shares for which no price deflators are required . 13", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 120, "text": "HS-06 import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 833, "end": 844, "text": "export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1165, "end": 1188, "text": "US consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 # * * RÉSUMÉ * * La crise sécuritaire que le Mali a connu en 2012 a provoqué d ’ importants déplacements de populations tant à l ’ intérieur du territoire que vers les pays limitrophes . Afin d ’ orienter la réponse humanitaire et de faciliter le retour et la réintégration des personnes déplacées internes ( PDIs ) et des réfugiés , la Direction Nationale du Développement Social ( DNDS ) , fournit depuis décembre 2014 des informations à l ’ ensemble de la communauté humanitaire et aux pouvoirs publics afin de répondre aux besoins des populations déplacées , retournées et rapatriées au Mali . Le transfert du programme de matrice de suivi des déplacements , ( Displacement Tracking Matrix – DTM ) , au gouvernement par l ’ Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations ( OIM ) , à travers la signature d ’ un protocole en novembre 2014 et d ’ un accord de partenariat entre le gouvernement et l ’ UNHCR pour l ’ enregistrement des rapatriés , en avril 2015 , ont permis à la DNDS une centralisation et une meilleure harmonisation des données sur les mouvements de populations et de l ’ évaluation des besoins des populations déplacées et retournées . La méthodologie et les outils utilisés par la DTM ont été élaborés par la Commission Mouvements de Populations ( CMP ) , groupe de travail du cluster protection . Pour l ’ enregistrement des rapatriés , une Procédure Opérationnelle Standard ( POS ) est é", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 718, "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "sup > their < / sup > RAP ' s subproject application to the _District Education Board_ for appraisal , and subsequently to the for _District Commissionerfor the Ministry of Lands and Settlement . _ Detailed guidelines for preparing a RAP and an abbreviated RAP are available one the World Bank ' s website and in the World Bank ' s _Resettlement and Rehabilitation Guidebook . _ As has been discussed , it is anticipated that the impacts < sup > of < / sup > the KESSP will be minimal , and an abbreviated RAP is more likely to be used . The basic elements of an abbreviated RAP , as outlined in the OP < sup > 4 . 12 , are < / sup > provided in _Box 4 . 1 . _ ( 1 ) * * _Box 4 . 1_ * * # # # * * _Minimum requirements of an abbreviated RAP_ * * - _A census survey of displaced persons and valuation of assets_ - _o A description of compensation and other resettlement assistance to_ < sup > _be_ < / sup > _provided o Consultations with displaced people about acceptable alternatives o Institutional responsibilityfor implementation and proceduresfor grievance_ < sup > _redress_ < / sup > _o Arrangements for monitoring and implementation o Timetable and budget_ ( 1 ) Detailed guidelines to preparation of a Socio-economic Baseline Survey and < sup > ResettlementAction Plan ( RAP ) are available on < / sup > the World Bank website , * * hto : ! * * / essd . worldbank . org / sdv / euidebook / generic / gindex . htm < sup > and inthe World Bank ' s < / sup > Resettlement and Rehabilitation Guidebook , 2002 . MoEST , KENYA ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 14", "spans": [{"start": 751, "end": 785, "text": "census survey of displaced persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1211, "end": 1241, "text": "Socio-economic Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 1 . 2 Project Context * * The Wobulenzi-Masaka-Mutukula interconnecton project will be constructed in two main segments : 1 . Wobulenzi to Masaka TL segment ( with the proposed Wobulenzi Substation ) ; and 2 . Masaka to Mutukula TL segment ( with the proposed Masaka Substation at Kakunyu ) ; and 2 . Masaka to Mutukula TL segment . This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) addresses the first segment between Wobulenzi and Masaka . A separate ESIA has been prepared for the second segment between Masaka and Mutukula . Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited ( UETCL ) plans to construct the ~ 166 km 400 kV TL on steel lattice towers from the proposed Wobunenzi Substation to the proposed Masaka Substation at Kakunyu . The length of the TL may be modified based on final TL route verification . This ESIA study was carried out to fulfil the requirements of the NEA Cap 181 and the World Bank ESF that makes it mandatory for an ESIA to be undertaken for a high risk / high impact project by a developer , in this case by UETCL , in consultation with concerned authorities . The ESIA report is the first step towards voluntary compliance by the developer as required under the precautionary principle . # # # * * 1 . 3 Electricity Demand * * The proposed TL will evacuate power from the proposed extended Wobulenzi Substation to the proposed Masaka Substation site at Kakunyu in Lwengo District to the national grid with the anticipation of exporting power to Mwanza Tanzania . Under the regional tripartite arrangement under East African Community ( EAC ) , this will reinforce electricity supply to the south western region of Uganda and meet the Regions ’ electricity demand . Electricity demand projections for the whole country from 2015-2018 are shown in * * Table 4 * * . * * Table 4 : Electricity Demand Projection", "spans": [{"start": 1715, "end": 1745, "text": "Electricity demand projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - 1980 ( part of a long-term decline evident since the early 1970s ) and a deterioration in the terms of trade by 55 % from 1978 to 1981 , Capital flight , though unquantifiable , was probably substantial and imports may also have been under-recorded . The severity of the present balance of payments constraint highlights both the difficulty and critical importance of foreign exchange management , in particular the need to scrutinize carefully the Government ' s own import requirements . The Government is taking ste-s to improve its procedures for foreign exchange allocation * * 9 . * * Uganda ' s external debt was inadequately monitored and controlled during the 1970s , and it is therefore difficult to present clear data . The World Bank ' s estimates , based on data from the Uganda Treasury and the Bank of Uganda , show total external debt outstanding of US $ 920 million at the end of 1981 , of which US $ 620 million was disbursed . IBRD ' s share of tla½s was 4 . 2 % while 9J9 % was due to IDA . Official development loans accounz lor less than two-thirds of outstanding debt , The balance is fro - . private sources or war-related commitments to Tanzania and Zambia . A large part of the debt is in arrears : some US $ 84 million of debt outstanding at the end of 1981 was principal arrears . ( Total arrears , including short-term debt and current payments are estimated at US $ 150 million at the end of 1981 ) The debt service ratio was moderately high for a low-income country at 17 . 5 % at the end of 1980 , but rose sharply to more than 50 % in 1981 . Furthermore , more than one-third of debt outstanding and disbursed at the end of 1981 was to have fallen due over the next two years . Successive meetings of the Paris Club in November 1981 and December 1982 rescheduled obligations of US $ 12 million falling due in 1981 / 82 and", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 806, "text": "data from the Uganda Treasury", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * 6 . 0 ELIGIBILITY : * * Consent was sought from Households who have formal legal rights on land and those who do not have legal rights over land but have a claim on assets including perennial crops and trees that are likely to be affected during the construction of the distribution line . A list of names of persons who granted free access to their land is attached hereto as Annex 2 . # # # * * 7 . 0 CUT OFF DATES ; * * The cut-off date will be considered for this project after the census for the enumeration of assets and crops likely to be destroyed during project implementation is conducted . The Community members may continue to grow their crops and conduct other activities as the project impacts are likely to be negligible . i . e . a few plants and trees will be damaged since the lines will cover short distances . During construction , the REA team will ensure that the contractors will only damage parts of trees to avoid total destruction of the trees . There will not be mass destruction of the wayleave in order to reduce damage to crops . Destruction of property ( trees and crops ) will only be where it is absolutely necessary and compensation measures will be instituted as per approved District Land Board rates and in line with the REA Resettlement Framework . * * 10 | * * P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 502, "text": "census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2025 < br > Account No . 1000600802 < br > Depository Bank CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA . < br > Address CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA . < br > Related Loan EQUITY MOE GRANT 0991 KE < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency EUR < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2024 < br > as per C , B . K . Ledger Account _45 , 154 . 50 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank 463 , 68100 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn 508 , 835 . 50 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2025 0 . 00 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE DATE 2 < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > F < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * NOTE * * The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2025 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached * * ; I * * * * _Cuk_ * * _rf4c , a ( _", "spans": [{"start": 1091, "end": 1127, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "positive and negative information , we now turn to the more general issue : the value of sharing information . Using data from the Argentine PCR we estimate the following equation for individual financial institutions : # Pr . ( Deafult ) _i_ = αINDIVIDUAL _i_ + βSHARED _i_ + e _i_ information could not be used for defining dependent variable . It was used for designing explanatory variables . 10", "spans": [{"start": 117, "end": 144, "text": "data from the Argentine PCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on one of three primary identification strategies . The first are VAR ‐ based identification schemes , of which Blanchard and Perotti ( 2002 ) is a leading example . These studies rely on the availability of quarterly data , together with the assumption that discretionary changes in fiscal policy take sufficiently long to implement that they cannot react to contemporaneous economic activity within a quarter . < sup > 1 < / sup > > 1 This identification strategy is infeasible in the majority of developing countries , and especially in the poorest low ‐ income countries that are the focus of this paper , as most do not report fiscal or macro data on a quarterly basis . For a sample of 27 middle ‐ income countries , Ilzetzki and Végh ( 2008 ) and Ilzetzki , Mendoza and Végh ( 2010 ) are able to assemble quarterly data in order to analyze the cyclical effects of fiscal policy in these countries using standard VAR ‐ based identification strategies that have been applied to industrial countries . However , there is no overlap between their sample of emerging market economies with available quarterly data and my sample of low ‐ income aid ‐ dependent countries . 2", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 222, "text": "quarterly data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "demand for inputs , formally under Sub-component 1 . 3 ; sector studies ; pest and diseases surveillance data ; and any other sector data will be undertaken under the leadership of ASU . The Bank ’ s Development Impact Evaluation ( DIME ) team will provide necessary capacity building support for ASU . * * Subcomponent 3 . 4 . Management of Fall Army Worm . * * This is also a new sub-component responding to the emerging sector priorities . To date , Fall Army Worm ( FAW ) infestation has been confirmed to cover over 90 percent of Uganda . The pest is known to attack many species of plants , including the five priority commodities supported by ACDP . It is estimated that 450 , 000 metric tons ( valued at US $ 192 million ) of maize were lost in 2017 . GoU has made the FAW management one of its top priorities . Therefore , support under this sub-component will include continued surveillance and mapping of FAW infestation , research on Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) of FAW ( including the search for natural enemies for biological control purpose ) , testing of various agro-chemicals for controlling FAW , and purchase and distribution of chemicals to combat FAW during outbreaks .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * No * * | * * Goods * * < br > * * Description * * | * * Status * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * Contract * * < br > * * sum USD * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * method * * | * * Review * * < br > * * by Bank * * < br > * * ( Prior * * < br > * * / Post ) * * | * * Bid * * < br > * * submission * * < br > * * & Opening * * | * * Remarks * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Office and < br > Municipalities | | | | | | | | | Procurement of < br > additional | Planned | 400 , 000 | Shopping | Post | 1-Dec-13 | | | * * G010 * * | Office < br > Equipment for < br > KISIP National < br > Office and < br > Municipalities | Actual | | | | | | | | Supply and < br > Delivery of | Planned | 25 , 000 | Shopping | Post | 15-Dec-13 | | | * * G011 * * | < br > 1No . Generator < br > for KISIP < br > National Office | Actual | | | | | | | | Procurement of < br > Maps for | Planned | 40 , 000 | Direct < br > Procurement | Prior | 16-May-13 | | | * * G012 * * | selected < br > informal < br > settlements < br > from Survey of < br > Kenya | Actual | 7", "spans": [{"start": 1064, "end": 1086, "text": "Survey of < br > Kenya", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule which shows the flow of funds that were voted in the year . These funds have been reported as loans / grants received in the year under the Statement of Receipts and Payments . # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | - _202_1 / _221 | | 2020 / 21 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _______USD___o ' | * * L * * | * * U2SDl ' ooo ' * * | | CentralBankofKenya - * * A / C * * No * * 1000243775 * * | | | | Openingbalance | * * 19 , 565 * * | 160 , 174 | | Totalamountdepositedin theaccount | * * 813 , 904 * * | * * 311 , 013 * * | | Totalamountwithdrawn ( asperStatementofReceipts * * & * * < br > Payments ) | * * 833 , 469 * * | 451 , 622 | | * * Closingbalance ( asperSDAbankaccount * * < br > * * reconciliationattached ) * * | o | * * 19 , 565 * * | * * 17 * *", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 347, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WTP surveys can certainly be used to generate a measure of the average households ’ economic value for the proposed improvements in WSS and to examine the factors that affect these values . However , we show that beyond a general measure of economic benefits , WTP surveys often produce two other important pieces of operational information . First , they can be used to obtain a demand curve that maps the relationship between charge and the number of households who will take up the service at that particular charge . Second , they can make productive use of often collected information on various characteristics of households and their communities – e . g . , income , assets , education , attitudes , location , and amenities . We show how regression modeling can be an important first step for incorporating this additional information into demand analysis . Field implementation in and around three towns of Southwestern Sri Lanka shows that urban households value improved water services . The median WTP is at least twice the amount that the typical household is currently paying and three times higher than the implied monthly water charge . There are important cautions and conclusions regarding use of WTP data . First , in the design of tariffs , WTP data should be complemented by supply ‐ side information on costs and service area and by projected use levels ( volumetric consumption and numbers of consumers ) . Second , they can be complemented by similar methods , such as conjoint analysis , to examine important dimensions of consumer preferences for service improvements other than price such as quantity , safety , and regularity ( see Yang et al . , 2005 ) . Third , CV data are perhaps best viewed as a rough index of “ genuine need ” that can facilitate the design of subsidy policy . Fourth , the WTP data must be combined with a variety of socio ‐ economic characteristics to develop a defensible and complete picture of need and affordability . Multivariate regression modeling shows that a complex reality of factors drive household demand for network connections as expressed in their demand for service improvements . While poverty and costs are undoubtedly key determinants of demand , we find that", "spans": [{"start": 1261, "end": 1269, "text": "WTP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1692, "end": 1699, "text": "CV data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well as improved representation of hazards . Investment in research and technology in the field has been driven by the inadequacies of the historical record , mainly insurance claims data , for extreme events , and specifically by the inability of these data to robustly capture the statistics of catastrophic loss on insured portfolios . Unlike automotive or health claims , which are numerous and lend themselves to more reliable curve fitting for frequency and severity distributions , the small number of records of low-frequency and high-severity loss-making events do not provide sufficient evidence for such actuarial analysis . . While EP curves can be constructed from 20 years of observed historical loss data , they are limited to low-return-period estimation , are highly erratic and sensitive to data addition , and almost certainly underestimate loss levels , especially when considering average annual loss ( Verisk 2013 ) . Such records are rarely representative , especially in the extreme tail of the EP curve , which has few if any points to define it and is of primary importance to insurers and reinsurers . That is , history is not a good predictor of all possible future events . Moreover , in low-income regions of the world , there is often acute data scarcity around historical evidence of natural hazards . The resulting short time series of hazards hampers the estimation of the EP curve . The increasing availability of remotely sensed weather information from satellites has helped provide global coverage for hazardrelated data sets that now range from 10 years to 40 years in length . The range of variables inferred from satellite data has also expanded to include new ones such as soil moisture , as new sensors come online and provide reliable training and validation data . A key component of catastrophe modeling is developing statistical and physics-based methodologies , which vary by hazard type , to extend limited historical catalogs of events to many thousands of years of probabilistic events in order to adequately capture frequency , extreme severities , and full geographical location . This process is computationally intensive , and great care must be taken to ensure that resultant event sets are constrained by observed physical processes ; for example , definition of hazard parameter distributions of climatological", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 187, "text": "insurance claims data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1540, "end": 1563, "text": "hazardrelated data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1654, "end": 1668, "text": "satellite data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "rated Substantial and efficacy rated as Substantial ; therefore , the overall outcome Satisfactory , with only minor shortcomings in its relevance and achievement of objectives . * * # # * * D . OTHER OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS * * # # * * Gender * * 55 . * * ESPES had a targeted and positive impact on girls and women . * * In keeping with the country ’ s own goals for equitable access to services , several PDO indicators and DLI / DLRs had a specific gender focus . Grade 8 completion rates for girls in bottom 20 percent of woredas , the share of births attended by a skilled birth attendant , the proportion of female development agents , and the number of women receiving agricultural extension services all prioritized women ’ s outcomes . The promotion of gender awareness and women ' s empowerment was added explicitly in service outcomes in AF2 because gender-based violence and separation of children from their families and related psychosocial problems are noted manifestations of conflict and displacement . The accountability strengthening activities also recognized the importance of explicitly incorporating women into local accountability structures and activities . Citizens ’ engagement had explicit goals for women ’ s inclusion , for example in local Social Accountability Committees and in pre-budget discussions . Acknowledging barriers to accessing formal structures , in the case of grievance redress mechanisms , attention was given in some regions like Somali to dedicating a directorate to the complaints of women , children and people with disabilities . # # * * Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity * * 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", Percentage of Pre-COVID Jobs_ | | Lost job because of < br > job or business losses < br > due to COVID-19 | Stopped < br > working to avoid < br > exposure to the < br > virus | Reduced income < br > because of job or < br > business losses to < br > COVID-19 | Reduced income < br > due to reduced < br > workinghours | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Industry / Manufacturing | 16 . 3 | 0 . 0 | 60 . 7 | 11 . 8 | | Construction | 10 . 1 | 0 . 0 | 53 . 6 | 27 . 3 | | Wholesale and Retail ( Commerce ) | 35 . 6 | 7 . 2 | 67 . 5 | 22 . 2 | | Transport Services ( Taxi , Bus , Truck ) | 19 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 55 . 6 | 25 . 2 | | Communications | 14 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 41 . 2 | 22 . 5 | | Restaurants , Hotels , Bars , Cafes | 55 . 8 | 1 . 5 | 81 . 7 | 11 . 6 | Source : GHFPS . Notes : “ Individuals who lost jobs because of job or business losses due to COVID-19 ” : Those who had a job in March 2020 but don ’ t have a job in December 2020 and answered that they stopped working because they lost jobs or no business because of COVID 19 . “ Individuals who stopped working to avoid exposure to the virus ” : Those who had a job in March 2020 but didn ’ t have a job in December 2020 and answered that they stopped working because they don ’ t want to be exposed to the virus . ” Individuals who reduced income because of job or business losses to COVID-19 ” Those who answered they decreased income due to job loss or closure of business . “ Individuals who reduced income due to reduced working hours : ” Those who answered", "spans": [{"start": 774, "end": 779, "text": "GHFPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provisions has been made on the basis of 279 RTAs included in the World Bank ’ s database . < sup > 4 < / sup > Among them , 100 RTAs include some visa-related provisions . < sup > 5 < / sup > On such a sub-sample of RTAs , a set of 30 binary-choice questions ( i . e . categorical variables ) have been used to code the specific type of visa-prevision included . < sup > 6 < / sup > The ’ Visa ’ dummy used in our econometric analysis is therefore equal to one if a trade agreement contains at least one visa related provision , and zero otherwise . Based on the 30 binary-choice questions , we also test the effect of specific types of visa provisions ( see next section ) . > 4 Database available at : ` https : / / datacatalog . worldbank . org / dataset / content-deep-trade-agreements ` . > 5Among the 279 RTAs covered by the DTA database , there might be some agreements , other than the 100 DTAs identified for visa-specific mapping , that contain visa-related provisions . However _ \" ( a ) those that contained irrelevant key term hits ; ( b ) PTAs no longer in force ( such as the US-Canada PTA , superseded by NAFTA ) ; and , to ensure consistency with other chapters of this Handbook , ( c ) PTAs that did not appear in the World Bank ’ s Deep Integration database_ \" are not included in the list of 100 RTAs coded for visa-provisions . > 6Additional details of the coding methodology , as well as the questionnaire are available at : ` https : / / pubdocs . worldbank . org / en / 229401607632831170 / Chapter-8-Visa-and-Asylum . pdf ` . 3", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 89, "text": "World Bank ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * _Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities ; _ * * - * * _Application of Standstill period and Publication of contract award information ; _ * * - * * _Maintenance of records of the procurement process ; and_ * * - * * _The Bank has the right to review procurement documentation and activities . _ * * When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ * * of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * “ * * * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ * * of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ _ * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Domestic preference as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ * * of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan ; Works : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . None * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "problems across countries in terms of the survey instruments used . The Estonia and Poland data sets document in great detail the employment dynamics experienced by these countries between 1989 and 1995 , using both official government data and information collected through a labor force survey . # * * Responses to Crises and Institutional Changes * * Following the transition from a planned to a market economy , Eastern European and fonner Soviet countries experienced a larger-than-expected decline in aggregate activities . Recent important studies have looked for causes of this output collapse . _Ex ante , _ researchers agreed that output may initially decline before resuming its growth as the market reallocated resources from less to more productive uses . Borensztein and Ostry ( 1995 ) hypothesize that the sharp fall was mainly the result of a supply side shock : as prices were liberalized , state owned enterprises were unable to pay for inputs . Commander and Coricelli ( 1992 ) , and Borensztein , et al . ( 1993 ) emphasize a demand shock : the increase in prices reduced the domestic demand for final goods . Berg ( 1994 ) , Atkeson and Kehoe ( 1996 ) , and Shimer ( 1995 ) argue that structural adjustments related to the transition itself were the main cause of the initial decline . Finally , Murphy , et al ( 1992 ) and Shleifer and Vishny ( 1993 ) focuse on the political economy of the transition process and emphasized the perverse effects of a partial price liberalization reform and government corruption . ) < sup > 3 < / sup > The World Bank coverage of output behavior in transition economies is somewhat limited and unsystematic across countries , hampering cross-country analysis . I ] n addition , the country-specific analyses are based on firm surveys designed to test specific hypotheses , preventing researchers from evaluating competing hypotheses even within the same country . Nonetheless , existing surveys have provided us with great insights into the effects of transition on output . > 13 Estrin , Schaffer and Singh ( 1993 ) offer new insights on the structural restructuring process that naturally accompanies a change in regime for some Eastern European countries by integrating their industry-level analysis with firm-level data", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 100, "text": "Estonia and Poland data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 277, "end": 295, "text": "labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1777, "end": 1789, "text": "firm surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report National Youth Opportunities Towards Advancement Project ( P179414 ) | | | The followi < br > Local job o < br > Regional la < br > Labour mig < br > 2025 key e < br > 2024 job tr < br > Key emplo < br > Global labo < br > Survey of T < br > Global labo | ng reports are ava < br > pportunity outlook < br > bour market dema < br > ration indicators < br > mployability skills < br > ends and opportu < br > yability skills in Agr < br > ur demand ( Canad < br > raining in Local Ins < br > r demand outlook | ilable on KLMIS : < br > < br > nd < br > nities outlook < br > iculture , Manuf < br > a and Germany < br > titutions in Ken < br > 2025 | < br > acturing , and con < br > ) < br > ya 2025 | struction secto | rs | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 . 00 < br > Jan / 2024 | 0 . 00 | 05-Dec-2025 | 3 , 727 | 12-Jun-2026 | 40 , 000 . 00 | Dec / 2028 | | Youth beneficiaries obtaining < br > skill certification ( Number ) < br > * * Expanding Employment Oppo * * | Comments on < br > achieving targets < br > * * rtunities * * | This indicat < br > under com < br > National In < br > 3 , 727 yout < br > to be reach | or measures yout < br > ponent 1 or under < br", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 587, "text": "KLMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "oeriod of two years under the proposed project , and rented at commercial rates to private traders for the transport of project inputs . If demand for their services is not sufficient to ensure self-financing operation , they would be handed over to GOU in accordance with the original AKP project agreement . Assurances to this effect were obtained from GOU during negotiations . Sales would be monitored continuously during project implementation , by MEU , operating through the DuA field staff and using methodology designed by the monitoring and evaluation consultant ( para 3 . 58 ) . An assurance was obtained at negotiations that a report on the distribution system , including recommendations for any actions needed for improvement , would be submitted by MEU to IDA / IFAD for review and approval every six months . The f ' irst to be provided before December _31 , _ 1985 . # # # # # B . Agricultural , Livestock and Fisheries Production and Marketing b . U3 Historic data for production trends in the project area are not available . National production trends are given in Annex 1 , table 1 . Estimates of agricultural production in the project area for 1984 are given in table 6 . Except for cotton , which is sold through the marketing cooperatives , marketing of agricultural production is in private hands and there are no GOU restrictions on trade . Most agricultural production is", "spans": [{"start": 970, "end": 983, "text": "Historic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy service on whatshould be the content of the IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 74 , 956 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-10-24 2020-11-08 2020-12-03 2020-12-31 2021-01-30 2021-02-21 2021-03-15 2021-06-13 < br > statistical calendar , its < br > revision and feedback < br > procedure both from the < br > producers and users . < br > ET-CSA-156239-CS-QCBS / < br > Employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Agricultural Census < br > Methodology Improvement - Technical issues ofenumeration planning , tool IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 199 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-06-17 2020-07-15 2020-08-14 2020-09-18 2020-10-11 2021-10-11 < br > development , enumeration < br > manual and control forms , < br > sample design and estimation < br > procedures < br > ET-CSA-156236-CS-QCBS / < br > Employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Construction Price Index - Technical issues of estimation IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 175 , 723 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > and analytical procedures for < br > the compilation of < br > Construction Price Index < br > ET-CSA-155", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 500, "text": "Agricultural Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "125 * | 0 . 108 | 0 . 143 * | 0 . 067 | 0 . 182 * | | Mth d b SD | ( S . E . ) | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 083 ) | ( 0 . 067 ) | ( 0 . 068 ) | ( 0 . 073 ) | | a - orer numers ( ) | Comp . mean | - 0 . 0828 | - 0 . 214 | 0 . 0143 | - 0 . 0905 | - 0 . 0745 | | | Obs . | 2 , 862 | 1 , 274 | 1 , 588 | 1 , 814 | 1 , 048 | | | Coeff . | - 0 . 022 | - 0 . 012 | - 0 . 032 | - 0 . 020 | - 0 . 023 | | Abtt i SD | ( S . E . ) | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 064 ) | ( 0 . 056 ) | ( 0 . 058 ) | ( 0 . 059 ) | | srac reasonng ( ) | Comp . mean | 0 . 0310 | - 0 . 102 | 0 . 130 | - 0 . 0317 | 0 . 0977 | | | Obs . | 2 , 862 | 1 , 274 | 1 , 588 | 1 , 814 | 1 , 048 | p < 0 . 001 * * * ; p < 0 . 01 * * ; p < 0 . 05 * Note : Each cell-block is the result of a separate regression . Standard errors clustered at the village level are in parentheses . “ Comp . mean ” refers to the comparison group mean for the outcome variable . Column ( 1 ) regressions control for child characteristics ( age , household size , household wealth asset index , parenting practices , mother ' s education and gender ) and baseline child development measures ( BMI , cognitive , fine motor , gross motor , and language ) . Columns ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) regressions use the same controls as column ( 1 )", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "initial and last year and multiplied by 100 to convert to percentage terms . The figures are a partial scatter plot of the residuals of employment growth rate ( Y axis ) plotted against the residuals of informal competition ( X-axis ) . The residuals are obtained by regressing the employment and informal competition ( separately ) on industry fixed effects , year fixed effects , initial level of employment ( logs ) and ( log of ) GDP per capita . Informal competition variable equals the proportion of firms in the country ( excluding own firm ) that report competing against informal firms . 3 ) Group averages ( mean values ) of the residuals are shown . Close to the median value of the informal competition residuals is used to categorize the two groups in Figure 1A . The cut-off value used for the two groups in Figure 1B is close to the 75 < sup > th < / sup > percentile value of informal competition residuals . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Pending < br > Implementation | 2018-01-16 | 2018-02-06 | 2018-03-22 | 2018-04-19 | 2018-05-18 | 2018-06-22 | 2018-07-27 | 2019-07-27 | | ET-MANR-40314-CS-QCBS / < br > Public work baseline survey | IDA / 55400 | Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - < br > International | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review | 2018-01-10 | 2018-01-31 | 2018-03-16 | 2018-04-13 | 2018-05-13 | 2018-06-17 | 2018-07-22 | 2019-07-22 | | ET-MOANRD-56121-CS-LCS < br > / Commodity Audit EFY < br > 2010 | IDA / 55400 | Post | Least Cost < br > Selection | Open - National | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementation | 2018-04-30 | 2018-05-14 | 2018-06-11 | 2018-07-09 | 2018-07-23 | 2018-08-13 | 2018-09-17 | 2018-12-16 | | ET-MOANRD-53827-CS - < br > QCBS / Assessment study < br > on the need of permanent < br > direct support clients | IDA / 55400 | Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection | Open - National | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2018-03-21 | 2018-04-11 | 2018-05-25 | 2018-06-22 | 2018-07-22 | 2018-08-26 | 2018-09-30 | 2018-12", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * A . 3 Sampling Frame * * The sampling frames were based on the most comprehensive and latest establishment census available from national statistical agencies or administrative business register . Table A . 14 provides the main data sources used in the sample frame for each country . Table A . 14 : Sampling frame by country | Country | Source | Sampling frame | Year | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Bangladesh | Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics . | Est . census , 2013 | 2019 | | Brazil | Ministry of Labor | Employer census , RAIS , 2018 | 2019 | | Burkina Faso | Business Registry | Business Registry | 2021 | | Cambodia | Tax Registry | Tax Registry | 2022 | | Chile | Business Registry | Census on Establishments | 2022 | | Croatia | Financial Agency ( FINA ) | FINA Data | 2023 | | Ethiopia | Ministry of Trade and Industry ( MoTI ) | Business Registry | 2022 | | Georgia | National Statistics Ofce of Georgia | Est . census , 2021 | 2022 | | Ghana | Ghana Statistical Service | Est . census , 2013 – 18 | 2021 | | India | Central Statistics Ofce of India | Est . census , 2013 – 17 | 2020 / 23 * | | Kenya | Kenya National Bureau of Statistics | Est . census , 2017 | 2020 | | Korea , Rep . | Statistics Korea | Est . census , 2018 | 2021 | | Poland | Statistics Poland | Est . census , 2020 | 2021 | | Senegal | National Agency for Statistics ( ANSD ) | Est . census , 2016 | 2019 | | Vietnam | General Statistics Ofce of Vietnam | Est . census , 2018 | 2019 | * Note : The states of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh were surveyed in Wave 1 in 2020 . The states of Gujarat and Maharashtra were surveyed in 2023 . The universe of study includes establishment with 5 or more employees in agriculture , manufacturing and services . The sector classification is based on the International Standard Industrial", "spans": [{"start": 779, "end": 788, "text": "FINA Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "External M & E will be undertaken by the NCHRD on the basis of a plan that is currently under development . Building on lessons learned in ERfKE I , the program also provides for the further institutional development of the NCHRD , primarily through a partnership with a recognized international organization . The partnership and related institutional capacity-building and quality assurance will be supported through parallel financing provided by USAID . The MoE EMIS system is now fully populated with data and functional , and this will provide core data on 32 key performance indicators determined by the MoE as critical to system development . The MoE will continue to update and refine the EMIS system . The M & E Framework will include provision for the stakeholder surveys that provide a basis for many of the key results areas , and these will be financed through donor support provided to the M & E component . The program provides for support for capacitybuilding both within the MoE , in the unit responsible for policy and strategic planning , and for the NCHRD , which will provide the external M & E . 30", "spans": [{"start": 763, "end": 782, "text": "stakeholder surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( such as Saudi Arabia or Singapore ) and recent OECD members ( such as Israel , Mexico , and Slovenia ) . By keeping these countries in a first step , we are able to capture more variability in our results and eventually to remove them in a second step for robustness checks . Applying these three criteria leaves us with a sample of 116 developing countries ( the Syrian Arab Republic is removed due to the war ) over the period 1960-2016 . To maximize the number of countries displayed in our descriptive statistics , we focus mainly on the sub-period 2000-2016 . < sup > 22 < / sup > > 20 More details on the variables in Table A . 5 . We consider the general government primary expenditures , instead of central government , total expenditure and net lending ( GCENL series ) used by Frankel et al . ( 2013 ) as the last one is not available since WEO archives 2009 . Accounting for the general government coverage enables us to have comparable spending figures between unitary states and federal states ( such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigeria ) . Accounting for primary spending enables us to account for current performance of administrations , irrespective to the debt service burden . > 21 To capture the population size , we use the “ Population , total ” series from the WDI data set ( updated February 1 , 2017 ) , and removed all observations with a blank in the series . We keep Taiwan , China , which in no longer covered in WDI data set , as the population size is over the threshold of one million inhabitants for the whole period . > 22 For example , we do not have data on general government primary expenditures available before 2000 for Nigeria . To avoid confusion , we do not attempt to apply the criteria # 2 , on the sub-period 2000-2016 ; as recalled by Alesina et al . > ( 2008 ) , in general , the larger the cutoff for inclusion is – relative to the time horizon we have - , the stronger the results are . 27", "spans": [{"start": 853, "end": 865, "text": "WEO archives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1297, "end": 1309, "text": "WDI data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1599, "end": 1646, "text": "data on general government primary expenditures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 a more rational budget . The analysts were also interested in the possibility of using some of these unit cost and other data for the formulation of block grants to districts . Initial results indicated that block grants could be allocated on the basis of district annual workplans tailored to conform to GoK annual budgetary codes , audit , and monitoring requirements . Five cost categories ( collapsed from the existing 43-odd budget items ) were proposed : - Personnel Costs category – subcategories for personnel emoluments , allowances , special allowances ; - Drugs and Supplies category – subcategories for drugs and vaccines , medical supplies , nonmedical supplies , patients ’ food ; - Transport Costs category – subcategories for fuel , spares and maintenance , other transport costs ; - Other Costs category – subcategories for maintenance of equipment , maintenance of buildings , general charges ; and - Capital Costs category – subcategories for medical equipment , nonmedical equipment , transport , buildings . 17 . For fiscal discipline , the study proposed the following rules : ( a ) District managers will have flexibility to reallocate within categories but not between categories . ( b ) Within subcategories , up to 100 percent allocations could be reallocated to one deserving service . ( c ) Intra-subcategory reallocations could be allowed up to a ceiling of 40 percent depending on stated urgency for spending to be made in one subcategory over another . ( d ) Use of standard reporting formats for periodic monitoring . The analysis provided critical information and useful guidelines for the MTEF but by May 1999 , it has not been completed and it is not clear to what extent the results will be used to inform the MTEF process , which has been stalled . 18 . The Health Status Analysis study , funded by Sida , was commissioned to AMREF with the objectives of conducting a comprehensive assessment of the Kenya ’ s demographic and health indicators ; identifying priority health needs and assist GoK and donors reorient their efforts ; and providing recommendations for the establishment of Kenyan capacity for assessing progress in the", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 127, "text": "unit cost and other data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "positively or negatively by the project ? - iii . Economic : population / demographic statics of the VMGs in each site ; education levels of the VMGs ; the VMGs livelihood strategies ? Whether their livelihoods are dependent on land and or other natural resources , and if so , which ones ? Whether their livelihoods are changing , and if so , how ? Are they moving from rural areas to urban areas ? Are they economically vulnerable ? What are the practical implications of their vulnerability ? Formal and informal employment sectors for the VMGs ; Opportunities for improved sustainable livelihoods ? ) - iv . Institutional : What kind of institutions do the VMGs have that are distinct from those of the government ? Do they have rights to govern certain institutions , such as a local council , school , hospital , economic development entity ? Do they have special control of natural resources , such as forests , fisheries , water or land areas ? How is the government / VMGs relations ? 3 . Based on items 1 and 2 above , identifying key project stakeholders and analyzing their interests and roles in the project , in particular , those stakeholders who speak for and represent the VMGs . 4 . Identifying the potential positive and adverse effects of each of the project ’ s components on VMGs . Critical to the determination of potential adverse impacts is an analysis of the relative vulnerability of , and risks to the affected VMGs , given their distinct circumstances and close ties to land and natural resources , as well as their lack of access to opportunities relative to other social groups in the communities , in which they live . 49", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 93, "text": "population / demographic statics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "does the reforms independently of the others ( independent policies ) , a second scenario in which all Western Balkan economies coordinate and implement the reforms at the same time ( cross-economy coordination ) , and a third scenario in which economies also gain EU accession ( cross-economy coordination + Full EU accession ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > According to the Trading across Borders indicators , measured by The World Bank as part of the Doing Business Report , the time in hours to import goods and fulfill the border and documentary compliance is three hours ( 28 % ) higher in the six Western Balkan economies than in the high-income OECD countries . Therefore , on the counterfactual , we assume that an economy that implements the package of trade facilitation reforms mentioned above will be able to reduce by three hours the waiting time at the border . As shown by the model estimates , this intervention would be similar to lowering tariffs by around 2 % . Figure 4 plots the aggregate effects of reducing border-crossing times . On average , welfare ( real income ) increases between 1 . 5 % - 3 . 0 % in the Western Balkans in the long run . The most significant result is that if there is coordination among them , welfare increases by 8 % more relative to the counterfactual in which each economy implements the reforms independently . Similarly , if economies are part of the EU , the gains are amplified by an additional 6 % . Thus , the simulation reveals three important key messages . Firstly , the impact of these trade facilitation reforms on welfare is positive and significant in all Western Balkan economies . Second , if economies adopt a coordinated approach to the trade facilitation reforms , the benefits are 8 % larger . Additionally , if the Western Balkan economies become EU members , and assuming that this leads to a reduction in trade costs of 4 % and of migration costs of 3 % as suggested by Caliendo et al . ( 2021 ) , the gains associated with the reduction of waiting times at the border are even greater , leading to welfare gains approximately 6 %", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 401, "text": "Trading across Borders indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respondents , this approach may be better suited for more focused agricultural surveys conducted on a rotating basis , that could then be compared with standard employment survey data . # Counting women ’ s off-farm employment : The role of informality Aside from own-farming , rural women are also heavily involved in informal jobs that are more difficult to pick up in surveys . Casual wage labor on farms , for example , is increasingly common amid a growing share of landless households ( Mueller and Chan , 2015 ) . Figure 2 , for example , shows that poor individuals in the Malawi 2016-17 LSMS-ISA , and particularly women , reported nearly all wage work in _ganyu_ ( or short-term , temporary labor ) . As this work is highly seasonal and typically with little pay , and has traditional nomenclature , it can often go unreported if not explicitly asked in surveys ( Beegle et al , 2017 ) . Valenzuela ( 2003 ) also discusses other contexts where day labor can be underreported for similar reasons — In Japan , for example , “ laborer ” is closely associated with the word _romusha_ , which implies low-skilled , menial labor , and many respondents in this work may not self-identify in these roles . The second panel of Figure 2 also shows that among wage earners , the gender discrepancy in _ganyu_ labor widens with age ; older women wage laborers are as likely as younger women to continue working in _ganyu_ , while the share of men in this work declines rapidly with age . Close attention is needed in surveys to local labor arrangements that the poor engage in — and which might get missed with standard questions on wage and self-employment , particularly for women who are often highly engaged in these seasonal forms of work , and even among more vulnerable / older groups . # # Figure 2 . Malawi LSMS-ISA , 2016-17 : share of men and women in ganyu ( short-term , temporary ) labor Share of men and women ( total sample ) that have worked in _ganyu_ and other wage labor , by poor / non-poor households and reference period Among poor men and women wage earners , share in _ganyu_", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 183, "text": "employment survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 596, "end": 604, "text": "LSMS-ISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1807, "end": 1822, "text": "Malawi LSMS-ISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "limitations - - standard deviation weighing _changes_ in M2 / GDP too heavily , the coefficient of variation weighing M2 / GDP _levels_ too heavily - - the qualitative results of the regression analysis are insensitive to the measure selected . The regression analysis in Table 6 has a number of policy implications . One way to interpret the results is to apportion the decision to adopt explicit deposit insurance across the decision components . Thus , if a government ' s desire to adopt explicit deposit insurance is due to present financial instability , one might expect that decision to meet with a reduction in financial depth ( other things equal ) . Decreased financial depth , moreover , will likely be associated with lower real growth . In those cases where governments adopted explicit insurance when the standard deviation of M2 / GDP was greater than 2 % , subsequent economic growth was , on average , . 3 % lower than it had been in the three years prior ( Table 7 ) . Table 7 : * * Real Growth Rates for Countries that Adopted Explicit Deposit Insurance * * | Volatility in Three | Real Growth Rate in | Real Growth Rate in | Observations | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Years Prior to Adoption < br > of Explicit Insurance | Three Years Prior to < br > Adoption of Explicit < br > Insurance | Three Years After the < br > Adoption of Explicit < br > Insurance | | | Stan Dev M2 / GDP > 2 % | 0 . 4 % | 0 . 1 % | 10 | | Stan Dev M2 / GDP < 2 % | 2 . 2 % | 3 . 2 % | 14 | Notes : Growth rates from Summers-Heston . By contrast , if volatility is low , and the motivation for adopting explicit insurance stems from a past crisis or is part of a general improvement in legal institutions , one might expect increased financial depth accompanied by a higher real growth rate . Indeed , in those cases where governments adopted explicit insurance when the standard deviation in M2 /", "spans": [{"start": 1523, "end": 1537, "text": "Summers-Heston", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . Conducted by the Department of Labour ( DOL ) at the Ministry of Labour , Immigration and Population ( MOLIP ) , this unique countrywide survey collected detailed information on the population aged 5 years and above on the topics labor force participation , child work and school-towork transition . < sup > 9 < / sup > The objective of the survey was to provide information on the national labor market to be used in the development , management and evaluation of labor market policies and programs . A twostage sampling design was used with enumeration areas and households serving as the primary and ultimate sampling units , respectively . Estimates derived from the survey are reliable at national , rural - > 9 The data used here are from 2015 and do not fully capture the socioeconomic improvements Myanmar experienced until the early 2020s before being hit by multiple crises . 6", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 681, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Interviewer Design Effects in Household Surveys : Evidence from Sudan * * Alvin Etang , Habtamu Fuje , and Christopher Root < sup > 1 < / sup > * * Keywords * * : Survey interviewer , Interviewer effects , Measurement error , Mixed effects regression * * JEL Classification * * : C10 , C81 , C83 , C89 > 1 Alvin Etang is a Senior Economist in the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank . Habtamu Fuje is an Economist with the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank . Christopher Root is an Agricultural Economist who works an independent consultant . The authors would like to thank staff at the Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics who worked on the pilot Agricultural Production Survey project . The authors are grateful to Kristen Himelein ( Senior Economist , EEAPV ) and Gbemisola Oseni ( Senior Economist , DECPM ) for peer reviewer feedback and suggestions on an earlier draft , and to Eiman Osman ( Consultant , EAEPV ) for her support with the study . < mark > The findings , interpretations , and conclusions of this paper are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank or < / mark > its Executive Directors . The authors may be contacted at christopher . n . root @ gmail . com ; hfuje @ worldbank . org ; aetangndip @ worldbank . org .", "spans": [{"start": 689, "end": 719, "text": "Agricultural Production Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Ethiopia Program for Results ( Hybrid ) for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services . ( P175167 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | Technical | NA | MOH | Due Date | 30-Jun-2023 | Completed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Completion < br > Measurement | Guidelines | and implementation plan | prepared | | | | Comments | • Guidelin < br > • Impleme < br > • Training | e prepared and endorsed < br > ntation plan prepared fo < br > has been conducted and | 2024 / 2016EFY < br > r EFY2017 < br > national network w | as established | | | Action Description | MOH to co < br > address the | nduct comprehensive dat < br > weakness identified and | a quality assurance < br > improve thequalit | and prepare an actio < br > yof the DHIS2 | n plan to | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | Technical | NA | MOH / RHB | Recurrent | Yearly | In Progress | | Completion < br > Measurement < br > Comments | 2023 RDQA < br > Hence , the < br > Routine Da < br > prepared ; r < br > plan . | data collection was initia < br > RDQA report hasyet to b < br > ta Quality Assessment ( R < br > eport disseminated and P | ted but not yet fina < br > eprepared . < br > DQA ) report for EFY < br > lan of Action devel | lized due to the secu < br > 2015 and EFY2016 ha < br >", "spans": [{"start": 824, "end": 829, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 - e ) Are aware of the GRM and - f ) Provide broad community support Sub project activities selected should ensure that the VMGs do not : Face further physical and economic displacements from land and other natural resources traditionally utilized by them as source of livelihood and basis for their cultural and social system . # # # * * 5 . 3 . 8 Strategies for inclusion of women and youth * * While it is important to acknowledge the role of elders and other traditional community leaders , it should not automatically be assumed that those who occupy formal leadership positions , whether they be traditional or government appointed , represent all interests in the community . In particular , the KISIP need to be sensitive to those sections of the community who are frequently excluded from the decision-making process , such as women and young people . During the Social Assessment , where it is determined that traditional decision-making structures exclude women and younger people , it may be necessary to obtain input from these groups by less direct means ( for example , and where possible , via community needs surveys and baseline studies , or through informal discussions with small groups ) . Overall KISIP and executing agencies will have to consider and apply the following strategies in order to avoid many of these problems associated with VMGs : - Confer with the VMGs at the outset on how they wish to be engaged - Understand and respect local entry protocols as they relate to permission to enter a community and access traditional lands - Commit to open and transparent communication and engagement from the beginning and have a considered approach in place - Ensure that all representatives of the KISIP staff carrying out the specific sub project investment including third party subcontractors and agents are well briefed on local customs , history and legal status , and understand the need for cultural sensitivity - Regularly monitor performance in engagement - Enlist the services of reputable advisers with", "spans": [{"start": 1234, "end": 1257, "text": "community needs surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 19 . 5 * * | 10 . 9 | | Firms ’ value lost due to power outages | % sales | 7 . 0 | * * 3 . 7 * * | 1 . 6 | | Access to electricity | % population | 46 . 1 | * * 20 . 1 * * | 59 . 9 | | Urban access to electricity | % population | 79 . 4 | * * 50 . 0 * * | 85 . 2 | | Rural access to electricity | % population | 28 . 0 | * * 3 . 5 * * | 31 . 8 | | Growth access to electricity | % population / year | 2 . 4 | * * 0 . 3 * * | 1 . 5 | | Revenue collection | % billings | 81 . 1 | * * 96 . 5 * * | 100 . 0 | | Distribution losses | % production | 25 . 8 | * * 12 . 0 * * | 10 . 1 | | Cost recovery | % total cost | 53 . 9 | * * 39 . 1 * * | 100 . 0 | | Total hidden costs as % of revenue | % | 168 . 3 | * * 93 . 3 * * | 0 . 1 | | U . S . cents | * * Zambia * * | Predominantly < br > generatio | hydro < br > n < br > Oth | er developing regions | | Power tariff ( residential at 75 kWh ) | * * 2 . 9 * * | 10 . 3 | | 5 . 0 – 10 . 0 | | Power tariff ( commercial at 900 kWh ) | * * 4 . 4 * * | 11 . 7 | | | | Power tariff ( industrial at 50 , 000 kWh ) | * * 2 . 9 * * | 11 . 4 | | | _Source : _ Eberhard and others , 2008 Derived from data downloadable at AICD on-line power utilities database http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools", "spans": [{"start": 1160, "end": 1197, "text": "AICD on-line power utilities database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Fifth , misclassification of goods may create huge revenue losses . Low-tax headings should therefore be closely monitored . Against this backdrop , a new multipronged strategy is being implemented in Madagascar , with the aim not only of curtailing fraud , but also of facilitating legal trade . A reform strategy for the 2015 – 2018 period was adopted in September 2014 . Several significant reform measures have recently been adopted or are in the process of being adopted : - A system has been instituted whereby the performance of each customs office will be monitored based on monthly indicators . This should enable better scrutiny of the Customs Authority and make monitoring more effective , thus facilitating trade . - The post-clearance audit unit has been reinforced with the recruitment of additional auditors , and several major importers have since been audited and have been found to have committed fraud . - A new circular has been signed by the Minister of Finance revising the criteria under which companies are eligible for fast-track customs clearance . - Moreover , in the context of the “ quick results ” approach adopted , the Customs Authority is making every effort to scale back physical inspections , given their negligible impact . - Finally , the risk analysis and statistics departments have been reinforced to provide more targeted monitoring . # * * VII . Concluding Remarks * * This paper proposes a simple methodology aiming to identify some risky import operations . The mirror analysis first helps to identify and target products or sectors with the greatest risk . Analysis of declaration patterns ( that is , mining of customs data ) is then performed to identify and target the most high-risk companies . In the specific case of Madagascar , and within the current context of customs reform , this paper suggests that there was sizeable fraud in the areas of customs valuation and tariff classification in 2014 . Recent studies ( Yang ( 2008 ) , Carrillo et al . ( 2014 ) ) have highlighted that many tax evaders respond to the implementation of corrective measures ( such as increased monitoring , establishment of cross-checking systems , etc . ) not by changing their behavior , but by changing their tax", "spans": [{"start": 1658, "end": 1670, "text": "customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Positive or Negative ) * * * * Increased revenue generation * * . Although revenue generation was not an explicit project objective , the Uganda National Land Information System ( UgNLIS ) generated over US $ 75 million from land transactions between 2019 and 2024 . This achievement fully offset upgrade costs and demonstrated financial sustainability . The Uganda Registration Services Bureau ( URSB ) increased its annual income from US $ 2 million to US $ 15 million , resulting in a cumulative increase of US $ 570 million between 2012 and 2020 . Similarly , annual land-related revenue grew from US $ 13 million to US $ 30 million , with a cumulative increase of US $ 230 million over the same period . These gains highlight the strong financial impact of institutional reforms and improved service delivery . * * Climate Co-Benefits : * * The project fostered greater environmental awareness and conservation . Local communities engaged in eco-tourism activities began adopting sustainable practices to protect natural surroundings , benefiting biodiversity and strengthening ecosystems . These efforts demonstrate how tourism development can align with environmental stewardship . The project also integrated climateconscious measures into its design , delivering tangible environmental benefits . Key interventions included rainwater harvesting systems in all constructed buildings , enabling rooftop water collection and storage in underground or above-ground tanks to reduce reliance on traditional water sources and promote conservation . Additionally , solar lighting systems were installed , lowering the carbon footprint while Page 23 of 26", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 177, "text": "Uganda National Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Text message to a dedicated number given to the Council of Elders ( publicized on the BID and presented at every meeting ) - Phone call to a PIUs dedicated number ( publicized on the BID and presented at every meeting ) - Email to a dedicated address ( publicized on the BID and presented at every meeting ) - Verbal statement ( signature or signed and dated ) to translator , PIU , or other third party scribe - Written statement delivered to project office ( provided form optional ) - Written statement deposited in a dedicated drop box in a designated location ( s ) ( provided form optional ) - Due to high level of illiteracy among Duruma , especially women who also traditionally they are not very present in the community affairs , to accommodate their access and filing of complaints if they have any during compensation , once a week , the Duruma Council of Elders will reside in an affected village together with the Grievance Committee to collect verbal complaints if any Received complaints will be registered daily in the grievance register , an electronic spreadsheet database . For each complaint registered , a case number will be assigned and a grievance form will be completed if the complainant has not already done so . Grievance forms will be scanned and electronically filed , and a hard copy given to the complainant . # # # # # # 8 . 1 . 3 . 4 Assess and assign Upon registration , the Duruma Council of Elders will conduct a rapid assessment of the nature and severity of the grievance . Simple complaints that can be easily resolved will be fast tracked for response and resolution within several days . # # # # # # 8 . 1 . 3 . 5 Acknowledge Within 24 hours of registration , complainants should be informed that their complaint has been received and their case registered . Acknowledgement is done by the PIU Staff and Duruma Council of Elders , and should be communicated via text or phone call , followed up with a hard copy of the grievance form . In the case of anonymous complaints , acknowledgement will be", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1056, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1062, "end": 1093, "text": "electronic spreadsheet database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Signed | 2019-01-12 < br > 2018-11-19 | | 2019-03-09 < br > 2018-12-06 < br > 2019-04-30 | | KE-NAKURU COUNTY-850 < br > GO-RFQ / Purchase of 13 < br > Laptops for uploading < br > RMNCAH data and reports < br > submission | 61 - < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 16 , 900 . 00 | 15 , 590 . 40 < br > Signed | 2019-01-12 < br > 2018-11-09 | | 2019-03-09 < br > 2019-07-05 < br > 2019-04-30 | | KE-NAKURU COUNTY - < br > 136777-GO-RFQ / Procure < br > 5284 Mama Packs ( Masaai < br > Shuka , towel , sanitary pads < br > basin , Baby soap & lesso ) . | < br > , < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving Primary Health < br > Care Results | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limi | ted | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | | 63 , 408 . 00 | 89 , 942 . 50 < br > Signed | 2019-11-17 < br > 2019-12-03 | | 2019-12-29 < br > 2019-12-06 < br > 2020-01-28 | | KE-NAKURU COUNTY - < br > 137002-GO-RFQ / Procure < br > number core i7 Laptops . | 8 < br > IDA / 58360 | Improving", "spans": [{"start": 188, "end": 199, "text": "RMNCAH data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in non-electrified areas . For non-electrified households , the survey found the current consumption of substitutes ( P1 and Q1 on the demand curve ) to be approximately 3 . 7 kWh / month at an average cost of US $ 1 . 75 per kWh . Again based on the IREMP survey , the maximum level of affordable consumption ( once the market had matured ) was estimated to be in the range of 22 kWh per month . This was used as Q2 on the demand curve , with the current tariff of 17 . 5 US cents / kWh as P2 ) . The relatively low level of mature consumption suggests > 21 IT Power , ‗ Social Survey Summary Report , Annex 1 , October 2005 . 54", "spans": [{"start": 251, "end": 263, "text": "IREMP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the poor policies that adjustment lending targeted were both inefficient and biased against poor people . Nevertheless , the lack of specific attention to poverty issues led to progress involving damage to poor people and understandably attracted heavy criticism . Although conditionality can support policy changes , it cannot persuade reluctant reformers . The number and frequency of conditions attached to adjustment loans and > 51 William Easterly 2005 > 52 See Adjustment Lending Retrospective , June 15 , 2001 ; Review of World Bank Conditionality , September 2005 ; Conditionality in Development Policy Lending , November 15 , 2007 , and 2009 Development Policy Lending Retrospective , October 27 , 2009 38", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Water * * & * * Environment / Integrated Water management and Development Project received it . * * ( e ) Expenditures * * Expenditures incurred * * by * * the MWE for implementation of the Integrated Water management and Development project are / were recognized in the receipts and payments statement in the period they are / were spent . * * ( f ) * * Inventory The fixed assets are / were * * fully * * expensed in the year of purchase and a Fixed Assets Register is maintained . * * ( g ) * * Un spent Balances 18", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 467, "text": "Fixed Assets Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than same-aged Afghans who did not move , particularly for older returning Afghans . # # # # * * Figure 10 Afghans ’ literacy rate , by age and country of birth * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > n Iran n Pakistan n Afghanistan < br > 90 < br > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > [ 0 – 4 ] [ 5 – 19 ] [ 10 – 14 ] [ 15 – 19 ] [ 20 – 24 ] [ 25 – 29 ] [ 30 – 34 ] [ 35 – 39 ] [ 40 – 44 ] [ 45 – 49 ] [ 50 – 54 ] [ 55 – 59 ] [ 60 – 64 ] [ 65 + ] < br > Sources : Authors ’ calculation based on ALCS 2013 – 14 < br > PERCENT < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * On the other hand , internal displacement has a negative impact on children ’ s human capital accumulation . * * In particular , regression analysis shows that children aged six to 15 in IDP households are 8 . 5 percent less likely to be enrolled in school , and that such disadvantage is particularly severe for the first two years of residence in a new destination < sup > 16 < / sup > . Such result is in line with findings of previous analysis < sup > 17 < / sup > showing that poorest and most vulnerable households in Afghanistan are more likely to adopt harmful coping strategies , such as selling their productive assets or taking children out of school , when hit by a shock . In this sense , displaced households might be more vulnerable to the risk of engaging in harmful coping strategies in the years immediately following displacement while adjusting their livelihoods to the new destination . Internal displacement has a negative impact on children ’ s human capital", "spans": [{"start": 549, "end": 553, "text": "ALCS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "With the SITC time-series data , we correct for inflation to make discoveries comparable across time periods ( using US producer PPP data from the US Federal Reserve ) , and use a moving window that defines a discovery for a particular year as a category for which exports were never more than $ 1 , 000 , 000 ( 1985 US dollars ) before that year , crossed the $ 1 , 000 , 000 mark that year , and subsequently were exported for more than $ 10 , 000 , 000 ten , eleven and twelve years later . The dollar amounts used by this filter obviously have to be higher than with the 1990s HS data because the time series data are highly aggregated . This moving window identifies discoveries in each year from 1973 to 1990 . In addition , any good that was not exported for more than $ 1 , 000 , 000 before 1991 , but by the end of the 1990s was exported for more than $ 10 , 000 , 000 ( specifically in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 ) is recorded as a discovery in the 1990s . The countries that reported data in the requisite years and are included in the sample are listed in Appendix II . We will now discuss some stylized facts based on the discoveries identified using this methodology . # _Stylized Facts_ Using these filters to search for discovery events in the UN COMTRADE export data , we identify 332 instances of discovery in the HS 4-digit data , and 1710 instances in the more disaggregated HS 6-digit data . Discoveries by industry are shown in Table 1 . 15", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 30, "text": "SITC time-series data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 117, "end": 137, "text": "US producer PPP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 575, "end": 588, "text": "1990s HS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1254, "end": 1277, "text": "UN COMTRADE export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1326, "end": 1341, "text": "HS 4-digit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 | Source : Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey ( LMPS ) 2016 and Georgia Labor Force Survey ( GLFS ) 2019 . Notes : GLFS 2019 does not distinguish between owner-operation of or unpaid family work on an on-farm versus an off-farm business Since GLFS 2019 does not include questions on regular / irregular workers , only temporary / permanent classification is reported in the table . For Georgia , permanent workers are defined as those reporting that they are permanent workers . For Jordan , permanent workers are defined as individuals who either report they are permanent workers or who work full-time as regular employees . overwhelmingly regular or permanent , and temporary work represented a very small share of private sector jobs ( Table 3-2 ) . Informal employment constituted an important component of jobs in both countries . Beyond selfemployment and employment by the family , much of which may be informal , informal wage employment represented 31 . 3 percent of jobs in Jordan and 13 . 1 percent of them in Georgia ( Table 3-2 ) . 3 . 3 Response to the Pandemic # * * 3 . 3 . 1 Jordan * * Beginning on March 21 of 2020 , the Government of Jordan put in place rigorous measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 , including the closure of businesses and work stoppages for all but essential economic activities , as well as non-essential movement restrictions . In an effort to stem job losses , Defense Order # 6 ( DF6 ) , also issued in the spring of 2020 , prohibited layoffs by registered private firms , unless they were “ frozen ” or permanently closed . Because many workers still experienced significant wage reductions and others suffered from the cessation of their employers ’ operations , Jordan also launched subsidy schemes — the most important of which started in January of 2021 . According to the CFUWBES data , despite DF6 , even firms 10", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 47, "text": "Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 66, "end": 92, "text": "Georgia Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1830, "end": 1842, "text": "CFUWBES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "supply point source systems and 15 years for urban and rural piped systems from the first year o f the project in 2005 . - * * _0_ * * - The opportunity cost o f capital i s assumed to be 10 % - * * _0_ * * Population growth i s assumed to be 2 % for rural communities and 4 . 5 % for towns . _Source : World Bank , SIMA database , percent annual rural population growth in 2000 . _ - * * _0_ * * The average household size i s assumed to be * * 5 * * persons . _Source : Ethiopia Central Statistical Author & Report on the 1999 / 2000 Household Income , Consumption and Expenditures Survey . _ 72", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 329, "text": "SIMA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 536, "end": 590, "text": "Household Income , Consumption and Expenditures Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- provide guidance to relevant authorities ( police , military , security , judiciary ) on international refugee protection , as well as on modalities for prosecution and / or extradition , in line with international law , of persons suspected of engaging in criminal activity ( including smuggling and trafficking ) ; - facilitate community-oriented approaches to identify and address potential security threats affecting refugees and host communities , including frameworks for community policing and community watch systems ; - identify and separate fighters and combatants at border entry points or as early as possible after arrival ; and - develop and implement programmes for protection and assistance to children formerly associated with armed forces and groups . # # # # # * * _1 . 4 Registration and documentation_ * * < mark > 40 . Registration of refugees and asylum-seekers is key for States to know who has arrived , ensures integrity of protection systems , facilitates access to basic assistance , allows identification of those with specific needs , and provides information crucial to finding appropriate durable solutions . < / mark > 41 . UNHCR , in conjunction with interested States and relevant stakeholders , < sup > 22 < / sup > will support host States to : - develop digital systems for individual registration , documentation , and biometrics ( including for women and girls ) , with standard operating procedures for national-level deployment ; - collect quality registration data , disaggregated by age , sex , specific needs , and location ; and - establish protocols for the sharing of personal and biometric data , in line with data protection and privacy principles . # # # # # * * _1 . 5 Addressing specific needs_ * * 42 . In managing large movements , the capacity to address specific needs is a particular challenge , requiring resources and targeted assistance . In support of efforts by host countries , relevant stakeholders will mobilize resources and technical assistance to identify and address specific needs , including through the establishment of multi-stakeholder response teams . 43 . Support could be provided for : - “ safe spaces ” in arrival ,", "spans": [{"start": 1492, "end": 1509, "text": "registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a commonly-used proxy for income , Nighttime Lights ( NTL ) per capita . < sup > 5 < / sup > We process DMSP-OLS data for three years ( 1992 , 2000 , and 2012 ) for the areas matching with the GHS-UCDB urban areas used in the rest of the paper . Column ( 5 ) reports the results using Nighttime Lights per capita instead of the previous income measure . Our preferred specification is given by the between and within estimator in Column ( 2 ) . Estimates are similar when using instrumental variables and Nighttime Lights as a proxy for income . Income and population elasticities can be inferred from the results of the regression . < sup > 6 < / sup > As a city ’ s population doubles , its built-up surface increases by 34 . 7 % when keeping income constant and controlling for unobserved city and year characteristics . This number is lower than previous estimates reported in the literature ( Angel , et al . , 2016 ) and shows that cities have not extended their built-up as much as their population growth would have suggested . As a city ’ s income doubles , the built-up surface increases by 10 . 4 % when keeping population constant and controlling for unobserved city and year characteristics . As a final robustness check , we run the same regression as in Table 4 using population , income and builtup from the Functional Urban Area ( FUA ) database developed by the OECD and the European Commission . The spatial entities represent the commuting areas of the urban centers in 2015 , which are geographically larger than our urban extents as they often contain multiple urban centers . Annex 2 presents a similar table as in Table 4 . The new coefficients are similar to the ones estimated using our urban centers . * * Table 5 : Determinants of built-up surface across income groups * * | * * Dependent variable : * * < br > * * built-up * * | * * All * * < br > * * countries * * | * * Low income * * | * * Lower * * < br > * * middle", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 117, "text": "DMSP-OLS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 193, "end": 201, "text": "GHS-UCDB", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1324, "end": 1362, "text": "Functional Urban Area ( FUA ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > PIs by MoA and EIAR . | n of the revised ma | nual and the simplified direc | tive ; annual reporting on | | * * Comments * * | The mission ag | reed that MoF will submit a s | tatus update on the | se procurement actions by t | he end of May 2020 . | | * * Action Description * * | F2 : Improve int < br > ( ii ) establishing < br > for Assessing P | ernal control system through < br > mechanism to monitor & rep < br > rocurement System . | i ) improving proper < br > ort on receivable a | ty management recording a < br > nd payable balances ( iii ) imp | nd reporting < br > lementing Methodology | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | | MoA , BoAs , EIAR , < br > MF PPA | Recurrent | Continuous | Delayed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | ( i ) All entities m < br > MAPS II report | o , < br > eet requirements by end Yr < br > finalized . | 1 ; ( ii ) from Yr . 2 no | outstanding balances aged | more than a year ; ( iii ) | | * * Comments * * | MoF will submi | t a status update on these ac | tions by the end of | May 2020 . | | 1 / 20 / 2023 Page 4 of 12", "spans": [{"start": 885, "end": 899, "text": "MAPS II report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 billing procedures , UEB failed to improve its revenue collection performance largely because greater emphasis was placed on the installation of the computer system than on ensuring that appropriate measures to improve customer management were in place . Moreover , the important issue of the quality and accuracy of UEB ' s customer data base was not adequately tackled . Based on the recommendations of the Accounting Study , UEB computerized parts of its accounting and reorganized its Finance Department . Even though UEB currently is able to produce more reliable financial data than before , the lack of highly qualified accountants hampered the full implementation of the recommendations of the Accounting Study . 7 . 6 In addition , much of the underpinning for the ongoing Third Power Project results from the studies under the project . For instance , the feasibility and detailed design for the 102 MW Owen Falls Extension , currently being constructed , was financed under the project . 7 . 7 * * Technical Assistance to the Ministry of Natural Resources . * * The project contributed to the establishment of the Energy Department which has come to play a more prominent role in Uganda ' s energy scene , especially through its household and renewable energy projects . A major disappointment was that the Household Energy Planning Program did not produce results that could have been implemented to develop a household energy development plan as envisaged . Currently , the Third Power Project is providing follow-up financing for the senior energy adviser and for the biogas promotion project . Continued support will depend on the ongoing review of past achievements . There is also a need to strengthen the Department ' s activities in new areas , and the ongoing Third Power Project is providing TA to assist the Department to review legal aspects of private sector participation in the power sub-sector . An additional area where the Department would need strengthening is the monitoring of the recently liberalized petroleum products prices to ensure least-cost supplies to consumers . 7 . 8 UEB ' s * * Financial and Operational Performance . * * The project did not achieve its objective to improve U", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 346, "text": "customer data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 1 * * * * Key Performance Indicators Outcome / Impact Indicators : * * | Adopting farm families | 392 , 000 | 80 , 000 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No . of adopting women and young farmers | 60 , 000 | NA | | % of readopting families | 90 % | NA | | % of adopting families practicing agro-forestry | 15 % | NA | | % of families practicing agro-pastoral systems | 25 % | NA | | Average % increase in yields from baseline | | | | crops | 50 % | NA | | livestock | 35 % | NA | | no . of fishponds established | 2 , 000 | 3683 ( 2860 stocked ) | | Average increase in family income ( current US $ ) | 10 | 30 | * Latest estimates provided by the project were considered inflated and therefore have not been listed . The only estimates given are based on comparison and assessment of various AEP surveys and other related studies . NA indicates that reliable data were available neither from the implementing agency . # # # # * * Output Indicators : * * | Vehicles procured < br > __________ | 100 % | | - - - | - - - | | Counties covered < br > 6787 | | | Fanning families contacted < br > 710____ < br > 000_ | 200 , 000 | | * * Improvement in Skills of Extensionists and Farmers * * | | | Rehabilitation of Bukalasa College % completed | 0 % | | Lecturers trained | 18 | | Retraining of FEWs < br > _ | 510 | | No . of SMSs trained < br > 15 | 55 | | Person days spent on training by researchers < br > _256_ < br > < br >", "spans": [{"start": 798, "end": 809, "text": "AEP surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2004 ) . “ Characterization of Training in Colombia Household and Firms surveys ” , Background study for a World Bank study “ Colombia Lifelong Learning ” , Bogota , Colombia . - Batra , G . ( 2001 ) . “ Skills Upgrading and Competitiveness in Developing Countries . ” Labor Market Policies Course , April 23 - May 4 . Washington DC : The World Bank . - Behrman , J . , N . Birdsall and M . Székely . ( 2003 ) . “ Aid policies and Growth \" in Latin America . Center for Global Development . Working Paper ( U . S . ) ; No . 29 . - Bentolila , S . and A . Ichino . ( 2000 ) “ Are Job Losses less painful near the Mediterranean ? ” CEPR discussion paper 2539 . Oxford university . - Blanchard , O . ( 1998 ) . \" Thinking about Unemployment \" Manuscript . Department of Economics , MIT . - Blanchard , O . and A . Landier . ( 2001 ) . \" The Perverse Effects of Partial Labor Market Reform : Fixed Duration Contracts in France . \" NBER Working Paper 8219 . NBER , Cambridge , MA - Blau , F . and M . Ferber . ( 1992 ) . _The Economics of Women , Men , and Work_ , Second edition PrenticeHall , New Jersey . - Blau , F . ( 1998 ) . “ Trends in the Well-Being of American Women , 1970-1995 ” _Journal of Economic Literature_ ( 23 : 1 ) , 112-165 . - Bosch , M . and W . Maloney . ( 2004 ) . \" Comparative Labor Markets Analysis Using Continuous Time Markov Processes . \" Work in progress . World Bank , Washington , D . C . - Bosch , M . and L . Siga . ( 2004 ) . \" Surveying the Effects of Unions in Latin America \" Work in progress . Workd Bank , Washington , D . C . 27", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 81, "text": "Colombia Household and Firms surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the focus of the Mexican antitrust agency on absolute monopolistic practice cases , though does not indicate it should give up on relative monopolistic practices entirely . Though some have advocated for greater enforcement against relative monopolistic practices ( Khan , 2017 ) actions in the United States have been rare since the 1970s ( Areeda , Kaplow , Edlin and Hemphill , 2021 ) . As a result , economics research on price discrimination and vertical control ( e . g . , Mortimer , 2007 , 2008 ) does not observe them in the context of an enforcement action , as could become more common . To the best of our knowledge , this is the first paper to systematically compare the quantitative effects of antitrust enforcement actions across these different types of conduct . Finally , our paper contributes to the literature focused on competition authorities themselves and their decision-making . This literature has focused primarily on merger control , and so we complement it by providing evidence on enforcement related to illegal conduct . Kwoka ( 2014 ) conducts a meta-analysis of all available merger retrospectives in the United States , concluding that enforcement has been too lenient and that more mergers should be blocked on the margin . Our result that the Commission has made Type II errors is similar in spirit , suggesting that there are gains from more sanctions on the margin . Affeldt , Duso and Sz ̈ ucs ( 2021 ) use a comprehensive database of European merger reviews to document how the approach to merger control in Europe has changed over time . Similarly , our analysis of closed cases describes the characteristics of industries that are targeted for investigation by the Commission . The paper unfolds as follows . Section 2 provides background on the Commission and the data . Section 3 describes our approach to estimating difference-in-differences outcome changes after each case , the triple difference approach to identifying the effects of sanctions , and three case examples . Section 4 reports the results , including the triple difference analysis of the effects of sanctions on sales , wages , employment , and profit margins , as well as the heterogeneity by cases of absolute and relative monopolistic practices . Section 5", "spans": [{"start": 1448, "end": 1497, "text": "comprehensive database of European merger reviews", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "balances , as at the end of the quarter ended July 7 , 2024 , have increased to ETB 1 , 628 . 60 million and ETB 298 . 73 million respectively from previous quarter advance ETB 1 , 503 . 84 million and liability balance of ETB 252 . 18 million . The level of advance is concerning . As per the age analysis , about 42 % ( ETB 680 . 79 million ) of advances were aged below 6 months , and 44 % ( ETB 713 . 91 million ) were aged between 6 months and one year , while the remaining advances ( ETB 233 . 90 million ) had age of above one year . As regards liabilities , 68 % ( ETB 204 . 27 million ) of payables were aged below 6 months , 16 % ( ETB 47 . 58 million ) were aged between six and 12 months while the remaining ( ETB 46 . 88 million ) had age of above one year . It is indicated that MoF has given instruction to the implementing entities to settle outstanding advances as fast as possible . The mission also agreed with MoF and MoWE to prepare and submit settlement plan of advances and payables and to submit them no later than end October 2024 . As such the MoF is collecting data from implementing entities . Such follow up of advances and liabilities _Page 2_ _August 2024_", "spans": [{"start": 1089, "end": 1120, "text": "data from implementing entities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Table 1 Descriptive statistics on income and poverty per Household Income Survey ( HIS ) round ( selected years ) _ | | | * * 2004 * * | | | * * 2009 * * | | | * * 2016 * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Mean income ( 2016 MYR ) | 974 | | | 1 , 103 | | | 1 , 690 | | | | Median income ( 2016 MYR ) | 654 | | | 750 | | | 1 , 256 | | | | Poverty headcount ratio | 0 . 400 | | | 0 . 338 | | | 0 . 105 | | | | _N_ | 36 , 483 | | | 43 , 026 | | | 78 , 297 | | | | Poverty headcount ( age 25 – 55 ) | 0 . 409 | | | 0 . 340 | | | 0 . 107 | | | | N ( age 25 – 55 ) | 25 , 893 | | | 30 , 774 | | | 54 , 993 | | | | * * _Poverty figures subgroups_ * * | Pop . share | Pov . ratio | Pov . share | Pop . share | Pov . ratio | Pov . share | Pop . share | Pov . ratio | Pov . share | | Bumiputera | 0 . 663 | 0 . 491 | 0 . 814 | 0 . 685 | 0 . 405 | 0 . 821 | 0 . 681 | 0 . 131 | 0 . 853 | | Chinese Malaysian | 0 . 248 | 0 . 177 | 0 . 110 | 0 . 233 | 0 . 149 | 0 . 103 | 0 . 218 | 0 . 024 | 0 . 050 | | Indian Malaysian | 0 . 084 | 0 . 334 | 0 . 070 | 0 . 077 | 0 . 305 | 0 . 070", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 81, "text": "Household Income Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR by country / territory of asylum , end-2006 * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . | Country < sup > 1 < / sup > < br > | Refugees < sup > 2 < / sup > < br > | _Of whom_ < br > _assisted by_ < br > _UNHCR_ < br > | Asylum - < br > seekers < br > ( pending < br > cases ) < sup > 3 < / sup > < br > | Returned < br > refugees < sup > 4 < / sup > | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted by < br > UNHCR < sup > 5 < / sup > | Returned < br > IDPs < sup > 6 < / sup > | Stateless < br > persons < sup > 7 < / sup > | Various < sup > 8 < / sup > < br > | Total < br > population of < br > concern < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indonesia < br > Iraq | 301 < br > 44 , 406 | 301 < br > 44 , 406 | 265 < br > 2 , 180 | - < br > 20 , 235 | - < br > 1 , 834 , 368 | - < br > 150 , 000 | - < br > 130 , 000 | - < br > -", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 232, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 : Contemporaneous secondary schools and births ( percent change ) by age < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 10 < br > 8 < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > - 6 < br > - 8 < br > - 10 < br > 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 < br > Age at conception < br > Percent change in municiple births < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : This figure plots the coefficients from a regression of the number of live births for each age group on contemporanious secondary schools . The solid line plots these coefficients divided agegroup specific means for the outcome ( × 100 ) . Dashed lines show the corresponding 95 % confidence interval . All regressions condition on lagged primary school enrolment , preschool classrooms , male and female age-specific population size , municipality expenditures , municipality and year fixed effects . Source : School data come from the 1997 – 2009 waves of the Brazilian School Census ; official population estimates from the Brazilian Census Bureau ; births by age of conception from Brazilian Vital Statistics . 30", "spans": [{"start": 946, "end": 969, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1070, "end": 1096, "text": "Brazilian Vital Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". The volume of procurement in the Ministry of Agriculture is the largest amounting to two third of the aggregate procurement carried out in all the visited IA . In terms of category , the procurement of Goods assumes the largest share amounting to 73 % and 77 % in 2016 / 17 and 2017 / 18 budget years respectively followed by works procurement which is close to only 7 % of the procurement expenditure * * . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Procurement Expenditure against < br > Procurement Expenditure at federal , < br > total expenditure ( USD ) in federal < br > Regional and Woreda level entities < br > 50 , 000 , 000 IAs < br > 20 , 059 , 127 < br > 18 , 627 , 009 < br > 40 , 000 , 000 < br > 30 , 000 , 000 < br > 20 , 000 , 000 < br > 10 , 000 , 000 < br > 22284532310196 370235313989 < br > 0 < br > Ministry of EARI AVERAGE FEDERAL AVERAGE AVERAGE WOFED < br > 2016 / 17 Total ExpenditureAgriculture IAS SUBNATIONAL < br > 2016 / 17 Procurement Expenditure < br > 2017 / 18 Total Expenditure 2016 / 17 2017 / 18 < br > 2017 / 18 Procurement Expenditure < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 26 . Figure 2 shows the average procurement expenditure at Federal , Regional and Woreda level based on procurement data from MoA and EIAR at Federal level , Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resource , Bureau of ` Rural Land Administration and Regional Research Institute from Oromia , SNNPR and BG regions and WoFs . The chart shows that the largest share of the procurement in the last 2 years was carried 15", "spans": [{"start": 1220, "end": 1254, "text": "procurement data from MoA and EIAR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the district . Civilians across the district have continued to be impacted by significant levels of protection and security incidents . According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data ( ACLED 2023 ) , 147 fatalities have been reported because of battle or explosion / remote violence related incidents . Page * * 2 * *", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 189, "text": "Armed Conflict Location & Event Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations : * * _Not Applicable_ * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : not applicable , no works contracts .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 of the ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys ) , as well as support received later ( during the second half of 2020 or early 2021 , as reported in Round 2 of the surveys ) . While initial support may be effective , if it continues over an extended period , it can also distort markets and firms ’ incentives ( Pop and Amador 2020 ; World Bank 2021 ) . Thus , the effects of initial support may differ from the effects of subsequent support . We analyze data for 15 emerging markets and developing countries in Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) , to focus on a homogeneous environment . First , we document that 42 percent of firms received government support by Round 1 of the survey , and 23 percent received support between Rounds 1 and 2 , giving a cumulative 50 percent of firms receiving support . The support measure reaching by far the largest share of firms was wage subsidies , with 8 out of 10 firms that received any type of support receiving such subsides . The second most wide-reaching measure was cash transfers ( less than 4 out of 10 firms ) , followed by fiscal relief , payment deferrals , and new credit ( less than 2 out of 10 firms each ) . Then , we ask how receiving government support by Round 1 and Round 2 of the ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys affected firm performance in Round 3 of the survey . Here , we examine the relationship between Round 3 performance and support in Rounds 1 and 2 to minimize reverse causality . To reduce omitted variable bias , we control for a host of firm characteristics that may have affected both the probability of receiving support and firm performance . We find that firms that received government support in Round 1 performed better in terms of Round 3 sales compared to firms that did not receive any support , but only if they did not have continued 1 https : / / dataviz . worldbank . org / authoring / SME-COVID19 / Overview 2", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 38, "text": "ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 271 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * It is again noted that the previous project sponsor had undertaken resettlement activities . The resettled villagers were identified stakeholders in this consultation process as well . The following presents a summary of the socio-economic conditions of the PAPs as presented in the APRAP : - Along the sides of the river there exists numerous small settlements that are connected by tracks / roads ; - Most of the inhabitants along the river bank could be described as small plot peasant farmers that may supplement their income through cash crops and other income generating activities ( e . g . fishing , trade , bicycle taxi driving , etc . ) ; - Housing is constructed mainly in family compounds . Buildings are either ' temporary ' ( built with traditional materials ) , ' semi-permanent ' ( with traditional walls and corrugated iron roofs ) or ' permanent ' ( with brick or concrete walls ) . The majority of housing is owner-occupied ; - Water is obtained from the river and from boreholes , wells and springs . Sanitation is normally via traditionally built pit latrines ; - According to 2001 agricultural statistics from the Jinja District Agricultural Office , the average sustainable land holding in the District is 0 . 8 ha per compound / household ; - The average annual household income from fishing , according to the AESNP baseline survey is UGX 527 , 400 ( USD 350 ) ; - Average income per household from business activities or formal sector employment , according to the baseline survey , is UGX 3 . 481 m ( USD 2 , 700 ) ; - Agriculture is practiced as a labour intensive , intercropping system with both cash crops and subsistence crops . Women are responsible for food supply and other household duties whereas men are responsible for cash income including cash crops . In addition , women generally do not own family land but", "spans": [{"start": 1256, "end": 1284, "text": "2001 agricultural statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1493, "end": 1514, "text": "AESNP baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1649, "end": 1664, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Hanushek , Eric A . , and Ludger Woessmann . “ Do Better Schools Lead to More Growth ? Cognitive Skills , Economic Outcomes , and Causation . ” _Journal of Economic Growth_ 17 , no . 4 ( 2012a ) : 267-321 . - Jones , Benjamin F . “ The Human Capital Stock : A Generalized Approach . ” _American Economic Review_ 104 , no . 11 ( 2014 ) : 3752-77 . - Jones , Benjamin F . “ The Human Capital Stock : A Generalized Approach : Reply . ” _American Economic Review_ 109 , no . 3 ( 2019 ) : 1175-95 . - Kim , Jim Yong . “ The Human Capital Gap : Getting Governments to Invest in People . ” _Foreign Affairs_ 97 ( 2018 ) : 92 - Kolen , Michael J . , and Robert L . Brennan . _Nonequivalent groups : Linear methods . Test equating , scaling , and linking_ . ( 2014 ) : 103-142 . - Kraay , Aart . “ The World Bank Human Capital Index : A Guide . ” _The World Bank Research Observer_ 34 , no . 1 ( 2019 ) : 1-33 - Krueger , Alan B . and Mikael Lindahl . “ Education for Growth : Why and For Whom ? ” _Journal of Economic Literature_ 39 , no . 4 ( 2001 ) : 1101-1136 . - Lange , Glenn-Marie , Quentin Wodon and Kevin Carey . _The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018 : Building a Sustainable Future . _ The World Bank , 2018 . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is not applicable ] ; Works : [ is not applicable ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * : Not Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_This chapter is a living document and will be updated in response to the evolving context . _ harmonized across platforms to reduce confusion , combat rumours , misinformation , and uphold informed decision-making . Community engagement and communication with affected populations activities aim to invest in a successful , sustainable and permanent return . Support for community initiatives for return will also be assessed and supported , wherever possible within the unified framework and in line with international principles . * * 3 . Return counselling and processing * * represent the core operational step in facilitating repatriation in an expediting manner . Before returning , displaced Syrians are contacted to undergo detailed , family-level counselling sessions . These sessions verify the family composition , assess vulnerabilities , and examine access to key documentation such as civil records and academic transcripts . Families are then referred for specialized support , such as legal assistance and educational documentation and school registration procedures . The Education sector will advocate for expedited access to academic transcripts - particularly for higher-grade students — and certification for out-of-school children in formal education . Coordination with the Whole of Syria ( WoS ) Education Sector and MEHE will support returning children ’ s access to Lebanese academic certificates and ensure continuity of learning . Efforts will also focus on addressing administrative and academic barriers to facilitate reintegration into the Syrian education system . In collaboration with WoS partners , children will be referred to available programs , including remedial and Arabic language support . Community awareness will be raised on school enrolment procedures in Syria through targeted outreach and communication channels . Those cleared for return attend in-person appointments at one of six designated Return Centres , located in Beirut , Mount Lebanon , Zahle , Baalbek , Minieh and Akkar . At these centers , each adult family member is interviewed separately to ensure the decision to return is informed and an individual choice . While cross border disease surveillance and coordination between the Health sector in Lebanon and Syria Health cluster continue , families receive pre-departure health screening , including vaccinations for children and nutrition", "spans": [{"start": 900, "end": 913, "text": "civil records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 918, "end": 938, "text": "academic transcripts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1145, "end": 1165, "text": "academic transcripts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2024 < br > Account No . 1000243791 < br > Depository Bank CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA . < br > Address CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA . < br > Related Loan ICTA - A / C ' D ' < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency USD < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2023 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account 1 , 514 , 685 . 84 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank 4 , 290 , 837 . 19 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn 5 , 805 , 523 . 03 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2024 0 . 00 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA 12 ' t < br > DATE . . . - - - - < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : v , 1 a < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DT < br > DATE & - a < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank * * of * * Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2024 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 402, "end": 428, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Trends in Libya : Changing Dynamics and Protection Challenges , July 2017 . Organisation of the African Union , Organisation of African Union Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa , 1969 . 4 . The laws Law No . 2 / 2004 and Law No . 19 / 2010 criminalised all irregular entries , notwithstanding the individual ’ s status as refugee or asylum seeker ; previous regular entries were irregularised , subjecting individuals to penalties of fines and prison sentences ; individuals who were in the country in 2017 with regular papers reported difficulties in renewing these ( see IMPACT / Altai Consulting ) . 5 . UN OHCHR , Abuse behind bars : arbitrary and unlawful detention in Libya , April 2018 . 6 . For an overview please consult : ICMPD , What are the protection concerns for migrants and refugees in Libya ? , November 2017 . 7 . UNHCR , Mediterranean Situation Dashboard , accessed 20 April 2018 . 8 . ASGI , Italy-Libya agreement : The Memorandum text , February 2017 ; EU External Action , Factsheet on the relations between Libya < u > and the European Union , January 2018 ; Return operations herein mentioned include the EU-supported Voluntary Humanitarian Return programme of IOM , the humanitarian evacuations and resettlement programme by UNHCR . < / u > 9 . UNHCR , Mediterranean Situation Dashboard , accessed 20 April 2018 . 10 . Report available here ; Mixed migration trends dashboard available here . 11 . For an overview of main routes into Libya used in 2016 see IMPACT , Mixed Migration in Libya in 2016 interactive dashboard here ; for 2013 see Altai Consulting , Mixed Migration : Libya at the crossroads , November 2013 . 12 . 4Mi , Trend Report : Niger Route , January 2018 . 13 . O Saley , Niger ’ s migrant smuggling hub empties after EU crackdown , Reuters , 31 January 2017 . 14 . IMPACT / Altai Consulting , Mixed Migration Trends in Libya : Changing Dynamics and Protection Challenges , July 2017 . 15 . For an overview see Micallef , Reitano ,", "spans": [{"start": 877, "end": 910, "text": "Mediterranean Situation Dashboard", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1437, "text": "Mixed migration trends dashboard", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the attainment of the project ’ s goal to increase agricultural productivity and food and nutrition security for rural households in selected areas nationwide . # # # _I . Program Cost and Outreach_ 6 . Project Costs and Financing . The project was designed with a total cost of US $ 581 . 8 million , which included a financing gap of US $ 216 . 3 million , which also included parallel financing and beneficiary contribution . The project was financed through IDA credit of US $ 350 million , IDA grant of US $ 80 million , Ethiopia Second Agricultural Growth Project Multi-Donor Trust of US $ 73 . 6 million , and two tranches from GAFSP in the amount of US $ 27 million and US $ 5 million . The reported actual total project cost was US $ 535 . 6 million . 7 . The actual allocations for the five components were distributed accordingly : Agricultural Public Support Services ( US $ 129 million ) , Agricultural Research ( US $ 51 . 4 million ) , Small Scale Irrigation ( US $ 279 . 43 million ) , Agriculture Marketing and Value Chains ( US $ 135 . 07 million ) , and Project Management , Capacity Building , and Monitoring and Evaluation ( US $ 71 . 09 million ) . 8 . Project outreach . According to the M & E database , almost all of the main physical targets of the project were overachieved . The project benefited 1 , 636 , 674 beneficiaries , surpassing the target of 1 , 530 , 000 individuals . The main physical achievements used in the analysis are provided in table 5 . 1 . * * Table 5 . 1 . Project Actual Outreach * * | * * Physical indicator / Activity * * | * * Unit * * | * * Target * * | * * Actual * * | * * % * * < br > * * Achieved * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Farmers adopted bestpractices", "spans": [{"start": 1211, "end": 1225, "text": "M & E database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 | | | * * Enfant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * A * * | * * dulte ( 18 - 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( > 5 * * | * * 9 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Regions-Cercles - * * < br > * * Communes * * | * * Menages * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Adulte * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Personne * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Individus * * | | BAYE | 113 | 125 | 112 | 237 | 108 | 53 | 161 | 9 | 7 | 16 | 242 | 172 | 414 | | DIALLASSAGOU | 80 | 95 | 73 | 168 | 69 | 35 | 104 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 167 | 112 | 279 | | DIMBAL HABBE | 274 | 269 | 259 | 528 | 245 | 111 |", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "the math test score autocorrelation is 0 . 47 for the treatment group and 0 . 55 for the control group . Therefore in these samples this assumption seems reasonable . Table 2 provides autocorrelations from other data sets for a range of different economic outcomes . The purpose of this is twofold . First , it demonstrates that for many economic outcomes , the autocorrelations are typically lower than 0 . 5 , with many around 0 . 3 . An exception is test scores , which have higher autocorrelations . Second , it provides some parameters that researchers can use when conducting their own power calculations , since it is rare to have > 6 The Sri Lankan microenterprise surveys only measured household expenditure annually , which is why household expenditure is not shown for this sample . 11", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 680, "text": "Sri Lankan microenterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _C2 . Wage premiums and relative supplies : evolution and scatter plots by country_ * * # # * * Figure C1 * * * * Skilled-unskilled wage skill premium and relative supply over time Deviations from each country ’ s mean * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ARG BOL BRA CHL < br > COL CRI ECU HND < br > MEX NIC PAN PER < br > PRY SLV URY VEN < br > 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 < br > Wage Premium Relative Supply < br > . 4 . 4 . 4 . 2 < br > . 2 . 2 . 2 . 1 < br > 0 0 < br > - . 2 0 0 - . 1 < br > - . 4 - . 2 - . 2 - . 2 < br > . 4 . 2 . 4 < br > . 2 < br > . 2 . 1 . 2 < br > 0 < br > 0 0 0 < br > - . 2 - . 2 - . 1 - . 2 < br > - . 4 - . 4 - . 2 - . 4 < br > . 2 . 4 . 2 . 2 < br > . 2 . 1 < br > 0 0 0 0 < br > Skilled-Unskilled - . 2 - . 2 - . 1 < br > - . 2 < br > - . 4 - . 4 - . 2 < br > . 4 . 2 . 1 . 4 < br > . 2 0 0 . 2 < br > 0 - . 1 0 < br > - . 2 < br > - . 2 - . 2 - . 2 < br > - . 4 - . 4 - . 3 - . 4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) . 46", "spans": [{"start": 1075, "end": 1081, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "activity in conflict settings . The main innovation of the paper comes from the reliance on non-traditional sources of data with a high degree of spatial granularity . Thus , nighttime light intensity is used to measure economic activity at the aggregate level , mobile phone traffic from registered firms for the formal sector , and the land surface devoted to poppy cultivation for illicit activities . The results suggest that the main impact of conflict is not as much on aggregate economic activity as it is on its composition . Conflict escalation is associated with a major drop in formal sector activity , an increase in its informal sector counterpart , and a surge in illicit activities . Therefore , assessments that focus on indicators giving a disproportionate weight to the formal sector tend to overestimate the impact of conflict on economic activity . 19", "spans": [{"start": 263, "end": 283, "text": "mobile phone traffic", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such regimes the availability of substantial resources is more likely to be channeled in ways that deter rebellion ( the military and rents ) , plausibly countering the grievances generates by natural resources and rebels ’ viewing of such resources as a prize for taking over the state . Following the theoretical discussion we derive two hypotheses : _H1 : Presence of natural resources increases the risk of civil war for semi-democratic and_ _unstable regimes and states where leaders appeal to ethnicity in order to govern . _ _H2 : While coup risk increases the risk of rebellion , natural resource rents allow high coup d ’ état risk regimes to lower the risk of civil war . _ # * * 3 . Data and research design * * We use two alternative definitions for civil war onset , based on widely used measures in the literature : Fearon and Laitin ( 2003 ) and the Prio / Uppsala data ( Gleditsch et al . 2002 ) for years 1946-2003 . The Fearon and Laitin definition captures the onset of large scale civil wars , coded using a threshold of 1000 battle deaths over the course of conflict with a yearly average of at least 100 deaths . This data is updated to 2003 using Fearon ( 2011 ) . The Prio / Uppsala measure captures the onset of smaller scale conflict , earlier onsets for the large scale conflicts and flareups of violence in a dormant conflict . This definition uses a lower threshold of 25 battle deaths per year and we use the Lujala ( 2010 ) as a data source . The dependent variable is coded 1 for country years with a civil war onset and 0 in all other cases , and we do not eliminate the observations with an ongoing civil war . We attempt to measure state weakness in ways that capture the theoretical account . To capture mixed regimes we use the same indicator variable for anocracy as Fearon and Laitin ( 2003 ) based on Polity IV scores . Anocracies have Polity IV scores between - 5 and 5 . Also similar to Fearon and Laitin ( 2003 ) , institutional instability is coded 1 if a country has 15", "spans": [{"start": 865, "end": 884, "text": "Prio / Uppsala data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1439, "end": 1454, "text": "Lujala ( 2010 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s ) , enabling commercial lenders and private investors to benefit from moving more of their capital into productive assets . Component 2 is expected to contribute to the PDO through increasing the value of private investment in manufacturing sectors , increase the number of new loans issued to firms in manufacturing sector , and increasing the number of refugees accessing income generating opportunities i . e . , wage employment , self-employment , microenterprise ( see PDO Indicators ) . - * * Component 3 * * develops firm capabilities among three firm segments – exporters , suppliers , and MSMEs – to expand access to market opportunities , and enhance firm revenue potential . Capacity building programs under Component 3 are expected to engage over 30 , 000 firms . Components 2 and 3 are expected to support the targeted 140 , 000 firms , including more than 55 , 000 in RHDs . The institutional benefits of component 3 have not been quantified and included in the economic analysis . The combination of all project components is expected to contribute to additional revenue to firms of approximately US $ 491 . 1 million < sup > 50 < / sup > , providing firms with the opportunity to retain earnings and earn a rate of return on reinvested capital . Component 3 is expected to contribute to the PDO through increasing the number of firms benefiting from private sector initiatives , increasing the number of formally employed in the manufacturing sectors , and increasing the number of firms in RHDs benefiting . 84 . Indirect economic benefits of the project , while not included in the calculation of project benefits , are substantial . The combination of project interventions will have a significant multiplier effect on employment . Component 1 provides liquidity to microenterprises and SMEs , which employ a substantial portion of the workforce in Uganda and is expected to contribute to the safeguarding of over 530 , 000 jobs in the crisis response phase of COVID-19 . Component 2 facilitates new investments in productive and transformative assets and is expected to generate direct and indirect employment for more than 200 , 000 workers .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "borrower ’ s credit rating , other institutions will be asked to follow suit < sup > 22 < / sup > they may be reluctant to change ratings to accurately reflect a borrower ’ s situation . This is especially true if their exposure to the client is significant and they don ’ t want other banks to shut off credit . Small banks may also be tempted to just follow the lead of large institutions in assigning borrowers ratings and limit or forego independent risk analysis which both detracts from competition in the market and also introduces additional risk if these smaller institutions are not performing due diligence on their own lending portfolios . # * * _4_ * * _ . _ * * _Banking regulation_ * * Credit registry information can also assist in the determination or refinement of the regulatory rules themselves . Many public credit registries are intimately tied to provisioning rules . PCR information can be used to analyze if current provisioning is adequate . In some cases , the very design of the PCR reflects the provisioning rules in place so there is an important feedback between rules , the information that is generated and the subsequent refinement of those rules . However , PCR information can be used more widely . In particular it may be employed to assess , not only provisioning , but also capital and also complementary regulations on concentration and related lending . In short , a PCR can be a valuable tool to understand the portfolio credit risks of either individual institutions or the whole financial system and assess the overall level of reserving ( capital and provisioning ) in relation to those risks . In relation to regulations regarding capital adequacy , a common view is that forward-looking provisions should reflect expected losses and capital should reflect unexpected losses . These are simply two statistics from the same probability of loss distribution curve and hence if PCR data is useful for considering expected loss it is surely useful to analyze unexpected loss as well . The sum of expected and unexpected loss ( up to some statistical confidence limit ) is normally referred to as the Value at Risk . As reviewed in a companion paper in this project", "spans": [{"start": 701, "end": 728, "text": "Credit registry information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 891, "end": 906, "text": "PCR information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1921, "end": 1929, "text": "PCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > Abia Anambra Ebonyi Enugu Imo Akwa Ibom Bayelsa Cross River Delta Edo Rivers Ekiti Lagos Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo < br > Urban Boy 5-17 Urban Girl 5-17 Rural Boy 5-17 Rural Girl 5-17 Urban Boy 5-17 Urban Girl 5-17 Rural Boy 5-17 Rural Girl 5-17 Urban Boy 5-17 Urban Girl 5-17 Rural Boy 5-17 Rural Girl 5-17 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 data Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . For Ebonyi the shares for urban boys and girls are excluded because of too limited sample size . The threshold for exclusion is set at less than 30 observations per demographic group . 29", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 542, "text": "MICS 2016 / 17 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "business-to-business payments ; and ( d ) institutional payments , including government-to-person payments such as salary payments , government social payments , government fees and tax collection , and microlending solutions ( in partnership with the NCBA Bank ) . < sup > 36 < / sup > > 34 NT invited applications from 39 banks across all tiers and it received applications from 14 commercial banks . Only seven banks ( consisting of only tier 1 and tier 3 banks ) met the criteria . It is expected that more banks will join in the future . > 35 World Bank . 2019 . Kenya Digital Economy Assessment : Background Paper Series – Digital Financial Services . > 36 NCBA Bank in partnership with Safaricom offering savings and short-term unsecured loan service , namely “ M-Shwari ” . The credit assessment is based on a credit-scoring algorithm , which leverages alternative data such as airtime usage and M-Pesa transactions . Loans are generally advanced to the M-Pesa account in under a minute . In 2016 , a little over three years after its launch , M-Shwari had disbursed nearly US $ 1 billion in loans to 14 million customers . 16", "spans": [{"start": 861, "end": 877, "text": "alternative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 886, "end": 899, "text": "airtime usage", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 904, "end": 923, "text": "M-Pesa transactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 4 : Average treatment effects using alternative measures of foreign ownership , excluding exits | Dep . var . : | ( 1 ) < br > Employment ( log ) | | ( 2 ) < br > Employment ( log ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Post * German ownership ( binary ) | 0 . 156 * * * < br > ( 0 . 041 ) | Post * German shareholders ( num ) | 0 . 088 * * * < br > ( 0 . 020 ) | | Post * French ownership ( Binary ) | 0 . 154 * * < br > ( 0 . 066 ) | Post * French shareholders ( num ) | 0 . 080 * * < br > ( 0 . 037 ) | | Post * British ownership ( binary ) | 0 . 098 < br > ( 0 . 064 ) | Post * British shareholders ( nun ) | 0 . 083 < br > ( 0 . 056 ) | | Year FE | Yes | | Yes | | Firm FE | Yes | | Yes | | Observations | 270919 | | 270919 | | Firms | 61073 | | 61073 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on Orbis data . These regressions exclude firms that exit after accession . Each cell is obtained from a different specification where the number of employees is regressed on a time-varying indicator of foreign ownership indicated on the row . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . Coefficients show the average treatment effects of foreign ownership . Results refer to firms that were observed both before and after accession . Data exclude the year 1999 due to anomalies in the data . Foreign ownership in column ( 1 ) is measured by a binary indicator taking value one when a firm had a foreign shareholder . Column ( 2 ) uses the number of foreign shareholders as an alternative measure of foreign ownership . Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at 2-digit industry level . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level", "spans": [{"start": 809, "end": 819, "text": "Orbis data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of implementation , and will require a high degree of flexibility to be able to adapt to rapidly changing circumstances . Implementation progress will be formally evaluated approximately six months after effectiveness , when the project implementation should be well advanced . The Bank ' s Resident Mission in Tirana will be closely involved during project preparation and implementation to speed all decisions and prevent and mitigate delay factors . E . * * Summary Project Analysis * * ( Detailed assessments are in the project file , see Annex 8 ) 1 . * * Economic ( supported by Annex 4 ) : * * * Cost benefit NPV = US $ million ; ERR = for each component , at least 10 % O Cost effectiveness O Other ( specify ) The draft economic analysis for the project components has been carried out based on the additional information collected in Albania in July ( Annex 4 ) . * * 2 . Financial ( see Annex 5 ) : * * NPV = US $ million ; FRR = % In the past the water sector in Albania has made significant progress by : ( i ) removing the cap of tariffs in 1998 and transferring the responsibility for tariff settings from the Government to the districts and the water companies / departmrents ; and ( ii ) the Water Regulatory Commnission was established to monitor and regulate water tariffs of both private and public water works companies . However , due to the emergency nature of the project , the Issues of cost recovery and tariff policies will only be addressed in the following Municipal Water and Wastewater Project , which will include a plan to achieve cost recovery gradually by all project participating mtunicipalities . The Water Supply Urgent Rehabilitation Project will only assess an appropriate paynment mechanism for the villages near the Durres transmission main by carrying out a pilot project ( see section E , 5 ) . Fiscal Impact : The fiscal impact has been calculated as part of the economic analysis and is attached in Annex 4 . * * 3 . Technical : * * The emergency", "spans": [{"start": 808, "end": 859, "text": "additional information collected in Albania in July", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to 31 , 200 refugees / returnees who receive support for 12 months following their return . Safety nets are notoriously difficult to initiate in crisis situations , and given its current operations in Chad , WFP is well placed to scale up an existing safety net that provides both vouchers ( for people to purchase food ) and direct food transfers ( consisting of basic food items as well as specialized foods for children ) . Targeted food assistance will improve the food security of refugees and returnees and help them reestablish livelihoods by preventing them from having to sell their remaining productive assets . Vouchers will be provided for eight months of the year ; in the other four months ( the lean season ) , beneficiaries will receive direct transfers of food . The vouchers cover the cost of a local standard food basket ( currently about US $ 0 . 30 per day ) . 8 . Lists of individuals who will receive food assistance will be drawn up based on data on refugees and returnees provided by agencies such as IOM , which facilitate the movement of people from CAR to Chad . Informal returnees are identified locally and verified by WFP staff as 25", "spans": [{"start": 966, "end": 996, "text": "data on refugees and returnees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2014 | Boyd < br > and < br > Curtis | United States | 2006 to 2007 | energy < br > expenditure < br > over gross output in < br > percentage | merging survey of frm < br > management < br > practices < br > with US Census data < br > on manufacturing | Better managed frms pro - < br > duce more output and are < br > larger . < br > At best , fndings < br > show a modest relation - < br > ship between management < br > and energy efciency , but < br > standard errors are large . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2019 | Grover , < br > Ia - < br > covone , < br > and < br > Chakraborty | Croatia | 2017 | sales < br > per < br > employee , < br > proft | survey on frm capabil - < br > ities in Croatia , includ - < br > ing a module for cap - < br > turing management ca - < br > pabilities | Manufacturing frms are < br > better managed than ser - < br > vice frms . Better manage - < br > ment is consistently and < br > strongly associated with < br > better performance . | | 2019 | Bloom , Bryn - < br > jolfsson , Fos - < br > ter , < br > Jarmin , < br > Patnaik , < br > Saporta - < br > Eksten , < br > Van < br > Reenen | United States | 2010 to 2015 | total factor productiv - < br > ity | survey < br > of < br > structured < br > management < br > practices < br > in 35 , 000 manufactur - < br > ing plants | The study fnds large dif - < br > ferences < br > in < br > productivity < br > associated with", "spans": [{"start": 215, "end": 229, "text": "US Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 # # # # # * * Table 2 . Monitoring and Evaluation of Instruments of the PSNP * * | * * Types of * * < br > * * Reports * * | * * Information Provided * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Examples of Indicators * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Monitoring < br > Reports | - Regular collection of information at output and activity level , including < br > regular financial reports ( IFRs ) . | - Monthly from_woreda_to < br > region ; < br > - Quarterlyto Federal level | - Number of public works < br > completed < br > - Volume of transfers delivered | | Information < br > Center Reports | - Information collection from a sample of_woreda_s largely focused on < br > timeliness of transfers , but also includes price data . | - Every two weeks | - Date and amount of transfers to < br > _woreda_s and beneficiaries < br > - Maizeprices | | Rapid < br > Response < br > Mechanism < br > Report | - Regular assessments of implementation at kebele , _woreda_and regional < br > levels to address critical implementation problems as they occur . This < br > includes transfers to beneficiaries , public works , capacity issues and others . | - Every two months from < br > Federal level ( regularly < br > from regional and below ) | - Number of households targeted < br > - Beneficiary satisfaction with < br > PSNP | | Annual < br > Assessments | _ - Purchasing power study_to inform the setting of an appropriate wage rate < br > for the PSNP < br > _ - PW Review_ ( planning ) to assess the adequacy of PSNP public works < br > plans < br > _ - PW Review", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 729, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 48 | 0 . 10 | | | 1980 | - | 1 . 13 | 3 . 68 | 0 . 24 | | | 1990 | - | 1 . 2 | 3 . 23 | 0 . 36 | | | 1997 | - | 4 . 12 | 0 . 54 | - | | | 1998 | - | 3 . 21 | 8 . 25 | 1 . 05 | | Sri Lanka | 1975 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 64 | 12 . 02 | - | | | 1980 | 0 . 12 | 1 . 24 | 2 . 63 | - | | | 1990 | 1 . 18 | 1 . 64 | 2 . 81 | - | | | 1995 | 0 . 39 | 1 . 98 | - | - | | | 1998 | 0 . 97 | 2 . 65 | 4 . 12 | - | | Nepal | 1998 | | 1 . 28 | | 1 . 75 | | South Asia | | 1 . 3 | MERCOSUR | | 28 . 6 | | European Com | munity | 53 . 4 | Canada-USA | FTA | 64 . 3 | | NAFTA | | 56 . 3 | LAFTA | | 22 . 3 | | Andean Pact | | 7 . 4 | | | | Notes : Data are presented column-wise ( i . e . Figures show trade complementarily of country listed in column 1 with each country listed in row 1 ) . Sources : Calculated from the WITS Database , World Bank . Each country index is derived by computing the complete schedule of exports at SITC 4-digit level . The complementarity Index for other regions EU , NAFTA , Mercosur , LAFTA , and Andean Pact is obtained from Yeats ( 1998 ) . The measures for the Andean Pact were an exception among these groups . They were low enough to suggest that imports and exports between the member countries were largely similar and may have contributed to its failure ( Yeats , 1998 ) . The weighted average of the complementarity index for South Asia does not compare well even", "spans": [{"start": 797, "end": 810, "text": "WITS Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "our sample households were private connections to the piped water network , private wells , and water from neighbors . Households indicated that their dwellings are close to the piped water network . A typical household can access at least three sources , with approximately 54 percent of households claiming that they could get their water from a private piped connection if they wanted . Typically , a household uses just one source of water . Only about 4 percent of the sample relies exclusively on a combination of community sources — including neighbors , public taps , and public wells . > 7 Our consumption survey module focused on major items and not all the micro details covered in the HIES . We made three adjustments to our consumption data — calibrated our food expenditure , imputed our housing expenditure and adjusted our ‘ other expenditure ’ category — allowing us to define poverty in a manner that was comparable to the Sri Lankan government ’ s official statistics . 12", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 753, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the end of the interview . In our data of 1 , 417 respondents , 46 enumerators classified 1 , 071 respondents ( 75 . 51 % ) as “ very truthful ” , 341 ( 24 . 06 % ) “ somewhat truthful ” and 6 “ somewhat untruthful ” ( 0 . 42 % ) . On the surface , these subjective evaluations provide us the ability to identify potentially untruthful respondents . Unfortunately , this strategy is subjective to measurement error . In our data , we find that that the vast majority of cases of “ somewhat truthful ” or “ somewhat untruthful ” are concentrated in one region , Chittagong . While this region contains an important port city which could lead to higher levels of corruption , we find that across the region and across industries within Chittagong , firms are much more likely to be rated as less than very truthful . This stark regional pattern could lead researchers to infer that the region , or the type of firms in the region , are more prone to false response . Our survey , like many firm level surveys , is organized by region . Thus teams of enumerators , supervised by a single individual , are assigned to survey firms within a single region . Chittagong ’ s team surveyed 264 firms , where each of the six enumerators individually surveyed between 33-52 firms . While the other five teams evaluated 75 % 100 % of firms as “ very truthful ” the Chittagong team only evaluated 17 . 80 % as very truthful , and 81 . 06 % as “ somewhat truthful ” and the remaining 1 . 14 % as “ somewhat untruthful . ” Given the lack of theoretical reasons to suspect such high levels of systematic lying in this one region we suspect that this subjective perception suffers from serious anchoring problems . The Chittagong team is likely to evaluate firms as “ somewhat truthful ” while the other teams are more likely to evaluate firms “ very truthful . ” Thus the 16", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 61, "text": "data of 1 , 417 respondents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 988, "end": 1006, "text": "firm level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 | | Diarrhoea | 182 | 4 . 9 | 552 | 6 . 6 | 734 | 6 . 1 | | IntestinalWorms | 192 | 5 . 2 | 588 | 7 . 0 | 780 | 6 . 5 | | ARI-Pneumonia | 301 | 8 . 2 | 144 | 1 . 7 | 445 | 3 . 7 | | SkinDiseases | 132 | 3 . 6 | 204 | 2 . 4 | 336 | 2 . 8 | | EyeDiseases | 120 | 3 . 3 | 143 | 1 . 7 | 263 | 2 . 2 | | Trauma ( Injuriesand < br > Wounds ) | 216 | 5 . 9 | 84 | 1 . 0 | 300 | 2 . 5 | | EarDiseases | 22 | 0 . 6 | 93 | 1 . 1 | 115 | 1 . 0 | | Gastrointestinal < br > disease | 281 | 7 . 6 | 96 | 1 . 1 | 377 | 3 . 1 | | * * Totals * * | 3 , 366 | 91 . 3 | 6 , 068 | 72 . 2 | 9 , 434 | 78 . 3 | Source : Directorate of Health Jinja District # # # # * * 3 . 7 . 3 . 3 HIVIAIDS - Background * * A health facility inventory in the Ministry of health revealed that HIV / AIDs related diseases occupied 55 percent of hospital beds . HIV / AIDs related illnesses were said to account for over 50 percent of all hospital admissions . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * I-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 690, "end": 715, "text": "health facility inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 : * * Effects of AIA on total investment and cloud : robustness to continuous measure | Regressions | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Dependent variable | Total investment | Cloud | | AIA available allowance | 4 . 260 * * * | - 2 . 663 * * * | | ( continuous measure ) | ( 1 . 043 ) | ( 0 . 678 ) | | Observations | 23 , 711 | 2 , 200 | Note : Time Period : Investment regressions use annual data for the years 2007 to 2013 . Cloud regressions use data for 2007 and 2013 . The AIA allowance is calculated taking the average investment values for firms in 2005 / 06 and calculating how far this lagged investment average is above or below the AIA threshold in any given year . This is expressed in millions of pounds . All regressions are estimated using the approach of Gardner ( 2022 ) . All regressions include year and firm fixed effects , as well as firm controls of lagged employment , a multi-plant dummy , foreign owned dummy and log age , not reported for brevity . Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the firm level . * * * , * * and * indicate significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level , respectively . of investment . This removes around 110 observations from column 1 and a little under 220 from column 2 . We also test whether the results for cloud adoption are driven by the use of firms that make very little investment in capital , including IT capital . In columns 3 and 4 we also exclude the smallest 5 and 10 percent of firms . The results for cloud adoption are robust to this sample restriction , with the effect of the AIA being negative throughout . Importantly the coefficient estimate remains broadly stable across these regressions . In a second robustness test , we exclude firms that were eligible for other policies during our sample period which may have influenced investment and cloud adoption behaviors . Until 2008", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 420, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis , we compare data from the 2011 WBES with the earlier 2004 WBES . For the firm-level innovation analysis , we compare findings from the latest WBES with a representative sample of enterprises collected as part of the Sri Lanka Longitudinal Survey of Enterprises by de Mel et al . ( 2009 ) . These analyses provide complementary windows into key levers with which policymakers may improve the efficiency and novel use of resources already available in the economy . < mark > Section II provides a context for the ensuing analyses by reviewing the importance of productivity and innovation as key drivers of sustainable high growth rates . Section III summarizes historic trends pertaining to reallocation of resources across broad sectors of the Sri Lankan economy . Section IV presents our main business environment-related hypotheses . Section V presents the data , methodology and analysis of cluster-level productivity . Section VI and VII then present the data , methodology and analyses of firm-level TFP and innovation . Section VIII concludes . Our empirical findings highlight the importance of connectivity to global knowledge ( reflected by one or more of export participation , directly imported inputs , foreign ownership , and access to the internet ) , availability of skills , and access to finance as key correlates of cluster-level productivity and firm-level TFP and innovation . We also present evidence , under the assumption that the samples are statistically representative , that both allocative and average technical efficiency have improved , with allocative efficiency increasing roughly four-fold between 2003 and 2010 , and accounting for the overwhelming share of the aggregate TFP increase over this time period . Most of the improvement in allocative efficiency has occurred among larger firms , and in large rather than small cities . < / mark > # * * II . The Growth Benefits of Endogenous Productivity Improvements * * Compared to advanced economies , productivity in developing economies is low because the average firm is less productive and because there are much larger differences in productivity across firms , both across sectors and within sectors , with less efficient firms having disproportionately large market shares . There is a growing body of empirical work documenting large gaps in productivity across firms in developed and", "spans": [{"start": 36, "end": 45, "text": "2011 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 63, "end": 72, "text": "2004 WBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 226, "end": 270, "text": "Sri Lanka Longitudinal Survey of Enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > sexual relations offenses < br > among < br > contractors ' < br > workers are promptly < br > reported to the police . < br >  Employ workers who < br > are 18 years and above , < br > and with a valid national < br > ID at the time of hire . < br >  Implement and monitor < br > the employment register < br > regularly . < br >  Comply < br > with < br > the < br > national labor laws and < br > labour < br > management < br > practices . < br >  Put visible signage on < br > site < br > “ No < br > Jobs < br > for < br > children . ” < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > * * ase * * | osure < br >  Records < br > of < br > Child < br > protection cases reported < br > in the project . < br >  Develop < br > a < br > child < br > protection < br > Code < br > of < br > Conduct . < br >  Number of Inductions < br > sessions < br > on < br > Child < br > protection < br > Code < br > of < br > Conducts . < br >  Number < br > of < br > refresher < br > awareness training on < br > Child protection Code of < br > Conducts . < br >  Number of staff who < br > have signed Code of < br > Conduct . | Co < br >  Minutes < br > of < br > meetings < br > conducted . < br >  List < br > of < br > attendance and < br > pictures of the < br > stakeholder < br > engagements . < br >  List < br", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 313, "text": "employment register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "second is the relative higher weight of processed foods consumption , as was observed in Table _2_ , albeit the lower ultra-processed foods consumption . _Table 8_ - Changes in medical expenditure | | * * Processed and ultra-process * * < br > < br > | * * ed foods * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Low < br > Medium | Upper | | * * 1 * * | 6 . 55 % < br > 6 . 56 % | 6 . 58 % | | * * 2 * * | 3 . 17 % < br > 3 . 17 % | 3 . 18 % | | * * 3 * * | 2 . 01 % < br > 2 . 02 % | 2 . 02 % | | * * 4 * * | 1 . 45 % < br > 1 . 45 % | 1 . 46 % | | * * 5 * * | 0 . 99 % < br > 1 . 00 % | 1 . 00 % | | * * 6 * * | 0 . 70 % < br > 0 . 71 % | 0 . 71 % | | * * 7 * * | 0 . 48 % < br > 0 . 48 % | 0 . 48 % | | * * 8 * * | 0 . 31 % < br > 0 . 31 % | 0 . 31 % | | * * 9 * * | 0 . 19 % < br > 0 . 19 % | 0 . 19 % | | * * 10 * * | 0 . 06 % < br > 0 . 06 % | 0 . 06 % | Source : Estimates based on POF 2017 / 2018 ; Global Burden of Disease 2019 ; and SIH / SUS . Estimates assume a price shock of 20 % . Figure 5 depicts the progressive pattern of the long-term estimated medical expenditure changes after implementing a taxation on processed and ultra-processed foods . The lowest consumption decile presents the highest gains , with", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 949, "text": "SIH / SUS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * ( Perceptions of ) Inequality , Demand for Redistribution , and Group-Specific Public * * * * Goods : A Survey Experiment in India * * Maurizio Bussolo < sup > 1 < / sup > Akshay Dixit < sup > 2 < / sup > JEL Classification : D31 , D63 , H24 , H41 , I30 , Z13 Keywords : Community ; Public goods ; Inequality ; Distribution ; Biased Perceptions . * * Acknowledgments : * * We thank Ravi Kanbur for encouraging us to write this paper , participants at the Comparative Politics workshop at Harvard University for helpful comments , and Nayantara Sarma for her active contributions to the research . We are grateful to Mahesh Vyas and Kaushik Krishnan for fielding questions on inequality and redistribution as a part of the Consumer Pyramids Household Survey ( CPHS ) in July-August 2021 , and to the India Country Management Unit for their useful comments . > 1 The World Bank , mbussolo @ worldbak . org > 2 Harvard University , < u > akshay_dixit @ g . harvard . edu < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 762, "text": "Consumer Pyramids Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "agreement is ratified , its content is not expected to change unless there is an enlargement in the future . The variable takes a value of zero before an agreement is signed and then turns on to the above sum after the signature and remains the same until the end of the sample period . Therefore , the identification of the impact of depth comes from time variation within each pair of countries . Another way to measure depth is to separate the disciplines between those that fall under the current mandate of the WTO ( such as _tariffs_ , _customs_ and _anti-dumping_ ) and those that go beyond this mandate and are not subject to any kind of WTO agreements ( examples are agreements on _investment_ , _competition policy_ , _labor market laws_ , or _environmental regulations_ ) . Following ( Horn , Mavroidis , & Sapir , 2010 ) we call the former measure of depth WTO-plus and the latter WTO-X and define them as : i = ∑ 14 i and i = ∑ 38 i , where i pp xx pp are 14 WTO + disciplines and WWTTWWT WWDD ii pp = 1 TTD DD ii i are 38 WTO-X disciplines included in an WWTTWWTTWWTTWWTT ii xx = 1 TTD DD ii TTD DD ii xx agreement between countries and in year ii . TTD DD DD jj TT In the second stage of our analysis , we use dummy variables to identify the commitment towards individual disciplines in PTAs . While including these dummies sequentially , we also make sure that we control for the rest of the PTA content by including a variable of the “ remaining ” depth as the sum of disciplines except the one singled out in the specification . We sequentially tested all core disciplines mapped in the database with clear economic content , to eventually restrict ourselves only to those having a significant impact on FDI . As shown in Figure 2 , the selected disciplines are also the most frequent WTO-X areas included in PTAs . # b . Investments Reliable investment data are not as readily available as trade data . When available the data usually come from surveys conducted by Central Banks or Statistical Offices and are used to comply", "spans": [{"start": 1861, "end": 1876, "text": "investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1909, "end": 1919, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "world price of maize was 38 % above trend < sup > 8 < / sup > . However , there was an export ban in place which limited the country ’ s ability to capitalize on this market development . This was finally lifted at the end of 1996 , allowing Tanzania to export at greater-than-trend world maize prices till 1998 , after which maize prices dropped below trend again . All of this suggests the need to systematically investigate the role of Tanzanian trade policy in the context of volatile grains production nationally , regionally and globally . > 6 1972-1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1981-1986 , 1994-1996 > 7 Please see Anderson and Valenzuela ( 2008 ) , Chapoto and Jayne ( 2010 ) , Morrissey and Leyaro ( 2007 ) , and World Bank ( 2009 ) for detailed reviews . > 8 World maize prices are obtained from the World Bank ’ s Development Prospect Group ’ s GEM database . The price series for maize is in constant 2000 USD / MT . The time series is de-trended with maize prices explained by a quadratic function of time . The world price percent deviations from trend are then estimated from the ratio of the estimated residuals to the predicted prices . The world maize price time series and the percent deviations from trend are available in Appendix A . 9", "spans": [{"start": 847, "end": 859, "text": "GEM database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1149, "end": 1178, "text": "world maize price time series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 1 continued Attainment profiles for ages 15 to 19 , by economic group : Eastern and Southern Africa continued < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Zambia 1996-97 Zimbabwe 1994 < br > 084 < > 0 . 8 N i < br > O 0 , 6 < br > t 04 a 404 < br > 02 - 02 < br > 0 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 < br > Grade Grade < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Attainment profiles for ages 15 to 19 , by economic group : East Asia and Pacific < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Indonesia 1991 I Indonesia 1994 Philippines 1993 < br > 08 - 0 . 8 08 . < br > 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 6 < br > a . , 04 c_ 0 . 4 a . 0 . 4 < br > 02 0 . 2 _ 0 . 2 < br > 0 0 I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 67 89 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 < br > Grade Grade Grade < br > * Poorest * Middle & Richest < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Constant | ( 0 . 097 ) < br > 0 . 298 * * * | ( 0 . 158 ) < br > 0 . 330 | ( 0 . 470 ) < br > - 2 . 032 * * * | ( 0 . 550 ) < br > - 2 . 791 * * * | ( 0 . 622 ) < br > - 2 . 144 * * * | ( 0 . 718 ) < br > - 1 . 588 * * * | ( 0 . 646 ) < br > - 3 . 303 * * * | ( 0 . 639 ) < br > - 3 . 341 * * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 0 . 098 ) | ( 0 . 241 ) | ( 0 . 494 ) | ( 0 . 463 ) | ( 0 . 352 ) | ( 0 . 384 ) | ( 0 . 484 ) | ( 0 . 538 ) | | Number of observations | 618 | 468 | 629 | 472 | 678 | 521 | 553 | 426 | | r2_w | 0 . 293 | 0 . 420 | | | | | | | | r2_b | 0 . 079 | 0 . 069 | | | | | | | | r2_o | 0 . 072 | 0 . 064 | | | | | | | | rho | 0 . 678 | 0 . 718 | | | | | | | Notes : This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the Georgia COV-ES data . Size information used as the interaction terms is taken from the total number of full-time equivalent workers in the baseline ES . Columns 3 through 8 report coefficients from logistic regressions . Sampling weights from the ES are used . Standard errors are shown in parenthesis . All standard errors are clustered at survey strata , and * , * * , * *", "spans": [{"start": 815, "end": 834, "text": "Georgia COV-ES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _KeTJny PetroleI , 1 Techinicall_ * * _Assivnjljce_ * * _Projec , Reports an ( 1 Financia_ * * _Stateinenlts_ * * _For the finn , cial yiear en1lei june 30 , 2018_ * * # # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ( Continutj ) * * • * * Repaynlit of borrowing ( principalamount ) * * * * The * * repayment of rincipa ! amount of borrmång is rcoi , , ni / eci as paynjent in the period in which the repaynient is made . The stock * * of * * degni * * dislos * * as an annex to he consolidatsed financial statementss > • Acquisition of * * fixed assets * * The panenit on acquOsiton * * Of Koperly * * pjant and eguipinent hems is not capitalized . he * * cost * * or aeceisitin and proceds fron disposal * * of * * these iteis are treated as paynments and receilyts hems r \" etxey Where an asset * * is * * acquired in a non-exchangc transaction fär * * nil * * or nominal consideration and the ar value of the asset can * * be * * reliablv established , a contra transaetion is recorded as receipt * * ane * * as a * * pa * * asent , c a * * A fixed * * asset register is mainlained * * by * * cach public * * ently * * and a sumnmry provied for purposes of consolidation . This suimmay is disceose * * aS * * an annex", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1075, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| - - - | - - - | - - - | | Table 2 | Means of Central Budget Infrastructure Expenditure Data . . . . < br > . . . . . . . | 15 | | Table 3 | Means of Consolidated Budget Infrastructure Expenditure Data . . . < br > . . . . . | 16 | | Table 4 | Central Budget Regressions : Number of Observations by Country . . . . . . | 18 | | Table 5 | Consolidated Budget Regressions : Number of Observations by Country . . | 19 | | Table 6 | Central Budget Base Infrastructure Regressions . . . . . . . < br > . . . . . . . . . . | 21 | | Table 7 | Central Budget Infrastructure Regressions With Time Dummies . < br > . 23 | | | Table 8 | Central Budget Infrastructure Expenditures Summary Overall Results < br > . . . . | 34 | | Table 9 | Consolidated Budget Base Infrastructure Regressions < br > . < br > . 40 | | | Table 10 | Consolidated Buget Base Infrastructure Regressions With Time Dummies . | 43 | | Table 11 | Consolidated Budget Infrastructure Expenditures Summary Overall Results . | 54 |", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 93, "text": "Central Budget Infrastructure Expenditure Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 151, "end": 202, "text": "Consolidated Budget Infrastructure Expenditure Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * References * * < mark > Amin , M . ( 2024 ) . H < / mark > ow Does Competition from Informal Firms Impact Research and Development by Formal Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises in the Developing and Emerging Economies ? Forthcoming _Kyklos_ . < mark > Amin , M . ( 2023 ) . Does Competition from Informal Firms Hurt Job Creation by Formal Manufacturing SMEs in Developing and Emerging Countries ? Evidence Using Firm-level Survey Data . < / mark > _ < mark > Small Business Economics < / mark > _ < mark > 60 : 1659 – 1681 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1007 / s11187-022-00672-z < / mark > Amin , M . and Y . C . Soh ( 2021 ) . Does Greater Regulatory Burden Lead to Higher Corruption : Evidence Using Firm-level Survey Data for Developing Countries . _World Bank Economic Review_ 35 ( 3 ) : 812-828 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 1093 / wber / lhaa007 Anderson , S . , J . Daly , and M . Johnson ( 1999 ) . Why Firms Seek ISO 9000 Certification : Regulatory Compliance or Competitive Advantage ? _Production and Operations Management_ 8 : 28 – 43 . Aterido , R . , M . Hallward-Driemeier , and C . Pages ( 2011 ) . Big Constraints to Small Firms ’ Growth ? Business Environment and Employment Growth Across Firms . _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ 59 ( 3 ) : 609-647 . < mark > Avenyo , E . K . , M . Konte , and P . Mohnen ( 2021 ) . Product Innovation and Informal Market Competition in Sub-Saharan Africa . < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Evolutionary Economics < / mark > _ < mark > 31 : 605 – 637 . < / mark > Backus , Matthew ( 2020 ) . Why Is Productivity Correlated with Competition ? _Econometrica_ 88 ( 6 ) : 2415-2444 . Bayati , A . , and A . Taghavi ( 2007 ) . The Impacts of Acquiring ISO 9000 Certification on the Performance of SMEs in Tehran . _The TQM Magazine_", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Table 16 . Major mass inflows , 2006 * * * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . < / u > This table includes mass ( prima facie ) arrivals per origin and country of asylum of 50 refugees and more . * * * * This table excludes Iraqi prima facie arrivals in Egypt , Lebanon , Jordan , Syria due to lack of data . * * | * * Origin * * * < br > ( FROM ) | * * Country of asylum * * < br > ( TO ) | New < br > refugee < br > arrivals | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Burundi | United Rep . of Tanzania | 1 , 070 | | Burundi | Zambia | 70 | | Central African Rep . | Cameroon | 20 , 420 | | Central African Rep . | Chad | 10 , 610 | | Chad | Sudan | 20 , 000 | | Côte d ' Ivoire | Israel | 70 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Burundi | 2 , 130 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Rwanda | 2 , 490 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | Uganda | 7 , 660 | | Dem . Rep . of the Congo | United Rep . of Tanzania | 310 | | Ethiopia | Sudan | 100 | | Liberia | Guinea | 160 | | Russian Federation | Azerbaijan | 350 | | Senegal | Gambia | 6 , 400 | | Somalia | Eritrea | 130 | | Somalia | Yemen | 13 , 490 | | Sri Lanka | India | 16 , 660 | | Sudan | Chad | 11 , 610 | | Sudan | Dem . Rep .", "spans": [{"start": 66, "end": 74, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "orientation and digital orientation defines digital-tech companies ( _ “ digital-tech orientation ” _ ) . We also consider various factors that could impact the relationship between the adoption of ethical practices and digital-tech-oriented firms , such as the firm size ( “ _large_ ” ) , the presence of a line of credit or loan from a financial institution ( “ _fin_ins_ ” ) , the real annual sales growth in percent ( “ _sal_gro_ ” ) , the logarithm of GDP per capita ( “ _log ( GDPpercapita ) _ ” ) < sup > 7 < / sup > and the “ age ” of the firm , given by the difference between the year of the survey and the year in which a firm began operations ( “ _age_ ” ) . We obtained data for cultural dimensions from Geert Hofstede ’ s website , which includes six dimensions : long-term orientation , individualism , power distance , uncertainty avoidance , masculinity , and indulgence . We focus on five dimensions to explore their influence on the relationship between technology and ethical practices . Specifically , we examine whether : ( i ) long-term orientation and individualism affect the relationship between digital-tech-oriented firms and emissions monitoring ; ( ii ) power distance and uncertainty avoidance modify the relationship between digitaltech-oriented firms and training ; and ( iii ) masculinity and long-term orientation influence the relationship between digital-tech-oriented firms and the presence of female top managers . While indulgence may be related to environmental issues ( Gallego-Álvarez and Ortas , 2017 ) , we believe that long-term orientation ( “ _ltowvs_ ” ) and individualism ( “ _idv_ ” ) are more appropriate to influence the relationship between digitally oriented > 7 For GDP per capita , we used the following data adjustments : for Bhutan , we input the data for 2022 as a proxy for 2023 ; for Djibouti , we complemented the data for 2012 with data for 2023 ; and for Kosovo , we replaced the unavailable data for 2007 with the value from 2008 . These adjustments concerned a total of 667 observations . 8", "spans": [{"start": 683, "end": 711, "text": "data for cultural dimensions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1806, "end": 1839, "text": "data for 2022 as a proxy for 2023", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> collisions | | | - data monitoring of bird and bat mortality ( in partnership < br > with local communities ) ; < br > - rewiew of mitigation measures efficiency . | < br > 2 times / year in first 5 years < br > of operation . < br > Once every 5 years later on . | | | Data to be included : monitoring of bird and bat < br > mortality ( in partnership with local communities ) / < br > Number of dead specimens ( species involved ) < br > related to period and location | | | x | | | Develop specific mitigation measures for species that a < br > involved in bird mortality . | re < br > Troughout < br > the < br > operation < br > phase | UETCL | 15 000 $ | Mitigation measures developed and implemented if < br > required . < br > Mitigation measures Implementation budget to be < br > developed if MM are required . | | Land Use | Land use restriction in < br > the ROW < br > X | | X | Allow grazing in the ROW and other agricultural activiti < br > wayleave , provided that plantations do not exceed 4 m < br > height . If UETCL permits it , the ROW in urban area can < br > used for a number of purposes that will increase quality < br > life in neighborhoods crossed by the wayleave , e . < br > gardening , playgrounds , walking paths . | es < br > in < br > be < br > of < br > g . < br > Troughout < br > the < br > operation < br > phase | UETCL | n / a < br > ( UETCL < br > operating budget ) | Line-safe land uses by public allowed in ROW and < br > wayleave where infrastructures allow it . | | | Land use disputes (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 Estimation Strategy * * Here we proceed in two stages . First , we describe the methodology to assess the relationship between services sector reform and performance , and second , that used to assess the link between services sector reform and manufacturing productivity . # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 . Reform and Perception-Based Performance * * For reforms in the services sector to have an effect on manufacturing productivity , a preliminary condition is that these reforms affect somehow the performance of the services sector , either by affecting the quality , availability or price of the services provided in the economy . Unfortunately , data on services performance in Indonesia are scarce . For this reason , here we use a perception based indicator of services performance . To construct them , we combined data on perceptions from the World Bank Enterprise Survey and on input-output data from BPS , and proceeded in the following steps : 1 . We looked at firms ’ responses to questions on whether electricity , transport or communications were ‘ no obstacle ’ to doing business , a minor obstacle , a moderate obstacle , a major obstacle or a very severe obstacle in 2003 and in 2009 . Across all three sectors , the proportion of firms reporting ‘ no obstacle ’ increased significantly ( electricity : 22 . 3 % , telecommunications : 20 . 8 % , transport : 17 . 8 % ) between 2003 and 2009 . This suggests improved service sector performance . 2 . We looked at how the degree of restrictiveness on FDI evolved over this period , relying on the OECD restrictiveness indicator . We found moderate increases in openness in the transport and electricity sectors , while restrictiveness increased after 2007 for the telecommunications sector . 3 . Using data from input-output tables we constructed for each manufacturing sub-sector an index of performance of the services sub-sectors from which they sourced inputs , and an index of restrictiveness toward FDI in those same service sub-sectors ( see Figure 9 , a formal description of the way in which the index is calculated is presented below ) . 4 . We then explored the link between these", "spans": [{"start": 852, "end": 880, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 888, "end": 914, "text": "input-output data from BPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1563, "end": 1593, "text": "OECD restrictiveness indicator", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1768, "end": 1797, "text": "data from input-output tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "uptake ; numbers of woredas supporting PLWHA groups and OVCs ; establishment of an information and M & E system ) were measured regularly . Good baseline data was available for the other three measures ( relating to knowledge of HIV transmission , and condom use ) required population based surveys . # # * * M & E Implementation and Utilization * * 26 . It was recognized that considerable inputs would be needed to support the national M & E system : integration of the HAPCO and health management information systems ; system decentralization to enable regions and woredas to monitor performance ; capacity building ; and Community Information System ( CIS ) development to address the needs of vulnerable communities . The project design underestimated the level of inputs and time which would be needed to have an effectively functioning and fully integrated system . The system could not generate data for 8 out of the 16 indicators until the mid-point of the project . 27 . FHAPCO was expected to develop , pilot test and implement a system to collect community-based and program monitoring information . A CIS manual and format to capture non - health indicators was designed and pilot tested but was not fully implemented . 28 . The project planned to support and develop national and regional M & E centers of excellence ( to provide capacity building and collect data for FHAPCO ) but this was not fully implemented , limiting the capacity of the M & E system to generate essential monitoring data . Donors had different M & E requirements and approaches to capacity building , and lack of harmonization created difficulties for FHAPCO . However , by the time of the Mid-Term Review it was noted that FHAPCO had made progress in capacity strengthening and development of systems to monitor and evaluate progress towards the project objectives , as well as the wider national AIDS response . Development of the Health Management Information System ( HMIS ) , the Manual for Project Monitoring and Evaluation , and the FHAPCO database and website were recognized as important steps towards the", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 298, "text": "population based surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2028, "end": 2043, "text": "FHAPCO database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the time of < br > final asset surveys . NLC < br > will require to confirm the < br > bona fide person ( s ) who < br > have determined interest on < br > the affected land and issue < br > awards to them as provided < br > in the Land Act | Financial < br > training < br > for < br > the < br > sustainable and prudent use of cash < br > compensation < br > Household < br > level < br > livelihood < br > restoration plan as a condition of < br > compensation payment . < br > Agriculture < br > and < br > livestock < br > development projects and support < br > programs targeting the PAHs and < br > host communities | 62", "spans": [{"start": 19, "end": 38, "text": "final asset surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", with some turnaround in the first quarter of 2012 * * . Driven by more prudent risk management practices , European banks have been tightening lending standards since fall 2011 ( figure 11 ) . The ECB ‘ s lending surveys ( ECB 2012a , 2012b ) show that credit conditions worsened sharply across the Euro Area in the fourth quarter of 2011 , but , while remaining tight , the net tightening of credit standards fell substantially in the first quarter of 2012 , both for loans to nonfinancial corporations and to households . Key drivers of tightening conditions in 2011 were a deteriorating economic outlook , limited access to market financing , and tight liquidity conditions . The easing of tighter lending conditions in 2012 : Q1 mainly reflects milder pressures from cost of funds and balance sheet constraints , in particular regarding banks ‘ access to funding and their liquidity position . Banks report a sizeable fall in net demand for loans to corporations in 2012 : Q1 , but expect higher demand in 2012 : Q2 and a further decline in the tightening of credit conditions .", "spans": [{"start": 199, "end": 222, "text": "ECB ‘ s lending surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private bank , and 10 % a foreign bank . Panel C shows the local market characteristics used to account for differences in the local economy and supply of banking services , using the Indian state as the local market . CMIE provides information on each firm ’ s “ headquarters district , ” the main location of firm operations . Sample firms are located in 25 different states . We also use information on the total number of banks in the market from the RBI Branch Banking Statistics ( 2002 ) . We find that the average local market has 61 banks , ranging from a minimum of 6 for one very small state to a maximum of 68 ( _Number of Banks_ ) . In the model for main bank ownership type below , we include a dummy for the presence of at least one foreign bank in the state to control for whether the firm has a convenient choice of a foreign main bank * * . * * At least one foreign bank operates in 16 out of the 25 states of India represented in our sample . However , because most firms are in those 16 states , the mean for this variable ( _At least 1 foreign bank present_ ) is 0 . 97 . In the regressions where we estimate the likelihood that firms will diversify across bank ownership types , we control for the degree of concentration in the bank ownership types operating in the local market . _Bank ownership concentration_ is defined as the sum of squared shares of the number of banks of our four ownership types . The mean for this variable is 0 . 3 . We use Census India 2001 to collect population density to proxy for rural versus urban areas ( _Population Density_ ) . The average population density per square kilometer is 1 , 441 people , with a wide range from 109 to 9 , 294 people . All data are for 2001 . # * * 5 . Empirical Methodology * * _Determinants of main bank ownership type_ Our first model tests the effects of firm and local market characteristics in determining the ownership type of the firm ’ s main bank : _Main bank ownership type", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 484, "text": "RBI Branch Banking Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1472, "end": 1489, "text": "Census India 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", telling the people in surrounding villages to come to the main town so they can drive out insurgents . Persons who do not move to towns are considered associated with the IO and targeted . < sup > 9 < / sup > Similarly , armed groups have attacked civilian vehicles along the main roads in the region particularly targeting ethnic Dinkas , causing further fear and displacement . # # # # * * DELIBERATE DESTRUCTION OF CIVILIAN PROPERTY AND ASSETS * * Throughout the nearly three years of the South Sudan crisis , armed groups ( including government forces ) have repeatedly targeted civilian homes , crops , and assets such as cattle which serve as both a source of food and as a de facto currency . During a Protection Cluster assessment conducted in Leer in April 2016 , interviewees reported that in addition to stealing cattle , destroying tools and crops , and permanently damaging civilian infrastructure , attackers also systematically cut down or burned mango trees to remove any natural source of food or livelihood . Protection actors have also observed what appear to be “ depopulation ” tactics in other locations around the country . During the attacks on the surrounding villages of Yei from July and still ongoing in some remote areas , IDPs in Yei and Wau towns reported the SPLA forced civilians to fl ee into the town and the bush , burning homes , infl icting heavy damage on civilian structures , and looting of farm and food stocks and animals . < sup > 10 < / sup > Similar reports from IDPs in Wau were also documented . < sup > 11 < / sup > During a recent interagency assessment in Torit County , Eastern Equatoria , protection actors observed villages that had been burned . Most of Eastern and Central Equatoria had been spared during the fi rst two years of the confl ict , but now it appears poised for further deterioration . # # # # * * ATTACKS CAUSING HARM TO CIVILIANS", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 forced Ivanic and Martin ( 2008 ) to ignore changes in a large number of food prices , both on the consumption and production sides . A good example is the fact that welfare impacts in Nicaragua are estimated without taking changes in the price of coffee ( an important export ) into account , because coffee was not among the seven staples whose prices are followed in the study . < sup > 5 < / sup > Labor market and substitution effects are also absent from the analysis in Son and Kakwani ( 2009 ) – another study closely related to ours . These authors use the first-order approximation to the welfare effect of a price change to derive the elasticity of the Foster , Greer and Thorbecke ( 1984 ) class of poverty indices with respect to prices . They calculate these elasticities for various categories of goods in the large urban areas of Brazil , between 1999 and 2006 , using two of the three data sets we use in this paper : the Household Budget Survey ( POF ) and the Consumer Price Index ( INPC ) microdata . In this paper , we seek to contribute to this literature in four ways . First , we use a time-series of domestic consumer prices , captured monthly in eleven urban areas covering all five macro-regions of Brazil . We observe changes in the prices of 156 individual food items , which are then grouped into 16 food categories . These categories account on average for 97 percent of food consumption ( and 22 percent of household consumption expenditure on all goods ) recorded in the Household Budget Survey . This is a more finely disaggregated set of prices than has generally been used in the analysis of the 2007-2008 crisis . Second , we use occupational data that maps individual agricultural workers to the production of specific food groups , to compute estimates of income gains that might accrue to them under two different assumptions about the pass-through from food prices to agricultural wages . Third , we attempt to shed light on the magnitude and effectiveness of the social policy response of the Brazilian government , in terms of the extent to which it helped mitigate the", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 964, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 981, "end": 1001, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1112, "end": 1151, "text": "time-series of domestic consumer prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1669, "end": 1686, "text": "occupational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > Russia South Africa < br > percent percent < br > 20 3 < br > 18 < br > 16 2 . 5 < br > 14 2 < br > 12 < br > 10 1 . 5 < br > 8 < br > 6 1 < br > 4 0 . 5 < br > 2 < br > 0 0 < br > 1995 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 1995 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > percent Turkey < br > 7 < br > 6 Exports to all economies subject to TTBs in effect < br > 5 < br > 4 Exports to G20 High Income economies subject to TTBs in effect < br > 3 Exports to G20 Emerging economies subject to TTBs in effect < br > 2 < br > 1 Exports to all other economies subject to TTBs in effect < br > 0 < br > 1995 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Shares of nonoil exports , constructed by the author with policy data from Bown ( 2012 ) and trade-weighting with HS-06 import data from UN Comtrade via WITS , following Appendix equation ( A2 ) . 23", "spans": [{"start": 822, "end": 843, "text": "policy data from Bown", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 4 . 0 STATEMENT OF MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 2020 * * The Development Credit Agreement * * ( DCA ) * * signed obligates the Government of Uganda to submit certified copies of annual audited financial statements within six months after the end of each fiscal year . Management of Grid Expansion and Reinforcement Project * * - * * Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development is therefore required to prepare accounts for each fiscal year , which shows a true and fair view of the state of the affairs of the project at the end of each financial year and of its operating results for the year . It also requires management to ensure that the project keeps proper accounting records , which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time , the financial position of the project . Management is also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the project . Management accepts responsibility of the annual accounts which have been prepared using appropriate accounting policies supported * * by * * reasonable and prudent judgment and estimates , in conformity with generally accepted accounting practices and in manner required * * by * * the Development Credit Agreement and Government of Uganda . Management further accepts responsibility for the maintenance of accounting records , which may be relied upon in the preparation of the accounts , as well as adequate systems of internal control . Management is of the opinion that the accounts give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the project and of its operating results . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Projec r ( GERP ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Proje & un nt ( GERP ) * * Date * * Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . * * * * 7 * *", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 713, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "size . Third , the entrepreneur could set fees 33 percent higher than the current levels . Using data from Pakistan , Carnero et al . ( 2010 ) structurally estimate the elasticity of private school market shares to fees and nd that a 1 percent increase in prices reduces the market share per private school by 1 . 2 percent . Given this high price elasticity , private schools would therefore not be able to increase pro ts by raising fees , ruling out this arbitrage opportunity , as well . 28", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 115, "text": "data from Pakistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Kenya agricultural productivity and Sustainable Land Management Project ( K4PSLMP ) Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2017_ * * # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ( Continued ) * * # # # # # * * b ) Recognition of payments ( continued ) * * # # # # # * * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . * * * Acquisition of fixed assets * * The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # * * c ) In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for inkind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . * * d ) * * Cash * * and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on", "spans": [{"start": 1038, "end": 1058, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "above the age of 64 years . Overall , 10 percent of the population lives in an inter-generational household . Nevertheless , this type of household is disproportionately represented among the poor , ranging from 14 to 17 percent in the three poorest deciles . This type of household is also more prevalent in the South-East region , followed by the North-West and South-West regions . # * * 3 . Methodology * * Using a methodology similar to that employed by Ajwad , Aran , Azam and Hentschel ( 2013 ) , this paper employs a hybrid approach that combines the results of macroeconomic projections of a sectoral slowdown over the whole year of 2020 of the Tunisian economy with micro-simulation techniques . Combining information on GDP growth projections by sector and employment elasticity of growth of each sector ( to capture how elastic employment is to changes in sectoral GDP ) , we estimate the loss of employment in each sector . Using household survey data , we then identify individuals who are likely to lose their jobs based on regression analysis and simulate the impact on consumption under various assumptions . With this , we can identify a new distribution of post-pandemic consumption and assess 10", "spans": [{"start": 731, "end": 753, "text": "GDP growth projections", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 943, "end": 964, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 1152 | | | | Panel | 11 | 17 | 12 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 68 | | 2 . | Moderately < br > Vulnerable | random sampled | 104 | 71 | 90 | 81 | 107 | 148 | 601 | | | | Total | | | | | | | 669 | | | | Panel | 13 | 29 | 71 | 11 | 17 | 33 | 174 | | 3 . | Least < br > Vulnerable | random sampled | 74 | 49 | 60 | 54 | 73 | 94 | 405 | | | | Total | | | | | | | 579 | | | | Panel | 222 | 279 | 250 | 265 | 220 | 158 | 1394 | | | | random sampled | 178 | 121 | 150 | 135 | 180 | 242 | 1006 | | | | Total | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 2400 | Thanks to the joint efforts of the enumeration team and field colleagues , the assessment achieved a total number of 2 , 438 complete household surveys following the sampling strategy . The distribution of the sampled households by camp and eligibility group is as below . * * Table 2 : Sampled \\ surveyed households of the 2 * * < sup > * * nd * * < / sup > * * JPDM * * | * * Total HHs * * | Kigeme | Gihembe | Kiziba | Mahama | Mugombwa | Nyabiheke | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Eligibility Status * * | | | | | | | | | * * Full ration * * | 265 | 308 | 262 | 89 | 217 | 259 | * * 1400 * *", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 683, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "antitrust investigations * * Our analysis begins with the universe of 261 investigations into suspected monopolistic practices as of the end of 2018 , since the founding of the Commission in 1993 . The Commission ’ s website provides a list of all cases and access to the disclosures of each investigation and final resolutions . Unlike in other jurisdictions including the United States , the Commission discloses the relevant market for each investigation , not just those that go to trial . A task in antitrust investigation is the definition of the relevant market , or the set of products and geography in which the agent or agents under investigation compete ( see Davis and Garc ́ es , 2009 ) . To analyze outcomes in investigated markets , we map the relevant market for each investigation to economic activities classified in the Economic Census . In doing so , we address two challenges highlighted by Shapiro ( 2018 ) and Benkard , Yurikoglu and Zhang ( 2021 ) that arise when mapping relevant markets in antitrust investigations to industrial 11", "spans": [{"start": 839, "end": 854, "text": "Economic Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "092 ) | | Engagement | - 0 . 026 | - 0 . 017 | - 0 . 018 | - 0 . 026 | 0 . 144 | - 0 . 018 | | | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 037 ) | ( 0 . 037 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 120 ) | ( 0 . 041 ) | | Discipline | 0 . 437 * * * | 0 . 436 * * * | 0 . 416 * * * | 0 . 423 * * * | 0 . 516 * * * | 0 . 414 * * * | | | ( 0 . 063 ) | ( 0 . 065 ) | ( 0 . 062 ) | ( 0 . 062 ) | ( 0 . 103 ) | ( 0 . 066 ) | | Child FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Age | 3 + | 3 + | 3 + | 3 + | 3-6 | 6 + | | R2 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 30 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 33 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 35 | | N | 4715 | 4715 | 4715 | 4715 | 857 | 3858 | _Significance levels : _ * p < 0 . 1 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01 . Standard errors ( svy ) in parentheses . Child fixed effects . Data from waves 4 and 5 . Control variables : public , poor , childhunger , urban , powergrid , internet , no . children ( log ) , anxious due to outbreak . # 6 . Conclusion The past couple of years brought unprecedented difficulties to billions of people across the world . Children – particularly in developing countries – have had to deal with a heavy load . In Kenya , home to over 20 million children aged 14 and younger , the virus outbreak and the nine-month-long period of school closures have led to disruptions in education and child development that have potentially longlasting implications . When", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 742, "text": "Data from waves 4 and 5", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "growth , all but China were G7 ‘ s industrial countries . By 2009 , all except the United States were emerging economies — with China as the top contributor ( Figure 1 . 2 ) . The replacement of G7 by the G20 as the prime economic forum in the world since the eruption of the global crisis in 2008 has underscored the emergence of a multipolar world . The sheer size of the large emerging economies combined with dynamic and sustained growth has elevated Brazil , Russia , India , and China ( BRIC ) to the largest contributors to economic growth in the world ( Figure 1 . 2 ) . In 2006-10 , almost 45 percent of global GDP was generated in the BRIC . The era of a multi-polar world is firmly established . * * < u > Figure 1 . 2 : The 21st . Century is marked with the emergence of a multipolar world < / u > * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 120 % Contribution to World GDP growth < br > 100 % < br > 80 % < br > 60 % < br > 40 % < br > 20 % < br > 0 % < br > 1981 – 85 1986 – 90 1991 – 95 1996 – 2000 2001 – 05 2006 – 10 < br > - 20 % < br > HICs DCs ex-BRICs Brazil Russia India China < br > Source : World Development Indicators , 2012 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * _Catch-up made the world less poor but not in the poorest countries_ * * The narrowing of the huge income gap with the developed countries conferred on China dividends in the form of absolute poverty reduction ( Figure 1 . 3 ) . In the early 1980s , many African countries were more prosperous than China and India . In 1981 for instance , over 835 million Chinese were below the poverty line of less than $ 1 a day . In comparison , there were just over 212 million poor in Sub-Saharan Africa . Twenty-five years later , China had turned the income-poverty", "spans": [{"start": 1111, "end": 1139, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | | * * Data source / Agency * * | Training Records and Social Security Database | | * * Verification Entity * * < br > * * Procedure * * | DLI 2 . 1 and DLI 2 . 2 : IVA ( consultant , firm ) < br > DLI 2 . 1 : IVA will verify the number of graduates : receive records from training programs established to provide digital skills < br > development activities and verify through sample-based phone , SMS interviews or site visits . < br > DLI 2 . 2 : IVA will check the number of graduates with full-time employment that will be defined as having held employment < br > for more than 4 months . IVA will receive records from TSPs and verify through social security database . | | * * DLI 3 * * | Enhancing digital skills competencies for public school students | | * * Description * * | DLIs : DLI 3 . 1 Ministry of Education carries out readiness assessment for grades 7-12 to assess classrooms ’ readiness for a < br > new digital skills curriculum DLI 3 . 2 Ministry of Education develops and adopts , through a ministerial decree , an action plan < br > for designing and rolling out digital curriculum for grades 7-12 . DLI 3 . 3 Ministry of Education develops and adopts a digital < br > skills learning curriculum content for grades 7-12 DLI 3 . 4 Ministry of Education completes teacher training on new digital < br > skills courses for 70 % of ICT grade 7-12 teachers DLI 3 . 5 Number of public schools enrolled into digital skills classes for < br > grades 7-12 DLI 3 . 6 At least 60 % of students enrolled in digital skills classes in public schools pass assessment in CY 5 < br > Disbursement Formula Details : DLI 3 . 1 : $ 5 , 000", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 94, "text": "Training Records and Social Security Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 626, "end": 643, "text": "records from TSPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 663, "end": 687, "text": "social security database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Recommendations * * - _ “ _ * * _A deliberate affirmative attempt could be to empower women financially through very viable livelihoods as well as to work towards changing the mindset of men . You see a positive change in the gender dynamics when you engage men in the community-based programme to create balance in a very equitable manner ( Key Informant , International Non-Government Organisation ) . _ * * Drawing on findings from this research , applicable existing reports and 2020 JRP , < sup > 19 < / sup > the following recommendations are put forward for rights-based , age , gender and diversity responsive and evidence-influenced programming for refugees and as appropriate for host communities . - Strengthen measures , such as outreach SGBV services , increase documentation and safe and ethical reporting of SGBV cases . Provide training to the most vulnerable 50 % of the camp population and host community on how to report SGBV safely . - Using SADDD to increase outreach services for people living with disabilities . - Design customised program for men and boys to develop positive masculinity . - Concerned Sectors , such as Food Security and Protection , should ensure that Intimate Partner Violence ( IPV ) survivors continue receiving food and non-food item support through referrals even after they have left the households . - Economic empowerment and livelihood programme are considered based on different skills , capacities , interests of different groups , marketing options as well as necessary support for women such as childcare . 17", "spans": [{"start": 483, "end": 491, "text": "2020 JRP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "monkey ( _Cercopithecus Ascanius_ ) and vervet monkey ( _Chlorocebus pygerythrus_ ) once frequent within the project area , are now very rare in areas converted to farland . Modification of habitats has made the area suitable for only smaller mammals , such as Chiroptera ( Bats ) , Soricomopha ( Shrews , moles ) and Rodentia ( Rodents ) . # # # * * ES 4 . 2 . 4 Ecosystem services * * The wetlands in and around the project area serve a series of sensitive ecological functions , primarily water and waste filtration , and as carbon sinks . # # * * ES 4 . 3 Socio-Economic Environment Baseline * * * * ES 4 . 3 . 1 Political Boundaries and Governance Structure * * The local governance structure is subdivided from the largest governance units , Districts , down through counties , sub-counties to parishes and finally , the smallest unit , villages . The TL route passes through eleven districts of Central Region in Uganda ( Lwengo , Masaka , Bukomasimbi , Kalungu , Gomba , Butambala , Mpigi , Mityana , Wakiso , Nakaseke , and Luwero ) . A total of 40 villages will be affected by the Project . # # # * * ES 4 . 3 . 2 Demographics * * The most recent population census was conducted in 2014 . The population make-up of the projectaffected districts is discussed below . # # # * * _ES 4 . 3 . 2 . 1 Population , Gender and Age Profile_ * * As of the most recent census ( 2014 ) , the population across the eleven project-affected districts was 4 , 398 , 621 people , of which 2 , 183 , 260 ( 49 . 6 % ) were males and 2 , 215 , 361 ( 50 . 4 % ) were females . Of the total population , the majority (", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1174, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an increase in international integration with e . g . , exports growing much faster than income , making it interesting to analyze the link between international activities and the demand for skilled labor . Our analysis draws on survey data recently collected by the World Bank from manufacturing establishments in Brazil and China under the Investment Climate Assessment initiative . < sup > 19 < / sup > The surveys applied a ( mostly ) common questionnaire covering a variety of topics ( e . g . , infrastructure , fi nance , etc . ) to random samples of establishments and were implemented in China in 2001 in partnership with a local statistical institute and in Brazil in 2003 in partnership with a local consulting fi rm . < sup > 20 < / sup > The random samples were drawn from a sampling frame of manufacturing establishments in each country . The sample design varied by country : ( i ) in Brazil , strati fi ed samples based on industry-state-size were drawn for thirteen states and all the regressions estimated in the paper are weighted accordingly and ( ii ) in China , the sample was randomly chosen for each of ve cities . < sup > 21 < / sup > Both surveys cover different industries and regions and the entire range of plant sizes , but the exact composition of the samples differs across countries . In Table 2 , we show the distribution of plants across industries ( Panel A ) and across size groups ( Panel B ) for each country . < sup > 22 < / sup > The apparel , auto-parts and electronics industries are covered in both countries . Large plants represent about a half of the sample for Brazil whereas for China the majority of plants in the sample are small . > 19More information on the initiative can be found at http : / / www . worldbank . org / privatesector / ic / . > 20The survey questionnaires also included some country speci fi c questions . For our purposes , the relevant survey questions relate to the workforce , technology and innovation , production and costs , ownership structure , trade and manager characteristics . > 21In", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 241, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Aide Memoire , Women Entrepreneurship Development Project , October 29 – Nov 8 , 2013 # # * * Accounting * * * * _Staffing : _ * * The Project management team at FEMSEDA is currently staffed with a financial management specialist and an accountant . The financial management specialist is well qualified with good years of experience . The PMT at DBE is staffed with 4 project accountants who handle WEDP as well as other Bank financed project in the Energy sector . The accountants are well qualified and are expected to perform up to the required standard . * * _Accounting record – _ * * DBE has not started disbursements and hence no accounting records are maintained yet except for the initial forecast requests submitted by the Micro finance institutions . FEMSEDA project accounts were maintained in accordance with the accounting procedures stipulated in the financial management manual of the project . The project has financial procedural manual . The Financial Management Specialists and accountants of the project are familiar with the manual and have maintained a copy of the manual . Complete accounting records of the project are maintained at FEMSEDA . The accounts of the project are updated . * * _Accounting software - _ * * The computerized ‘ Peachtree ’ accounting system is being used at the FEMSEDA . The software is in use to record transactions and to generate reports . To meet the project ’ s reporting requirements , the project ’ s reports submitted to the Bank are generated from Excel spreadsheets as they cannot be generated directly from the Peachtree accounting software . # # * * Internal Controls * * The project has adequate internal control procedures as documented in the project financial management manual . These procedures are adequate to ensure authorization , recording and custody controls . There is an internal audit unit within FEMSEDA and look into the project accounts although further training and awareness creation needs to be provided to the internal auditors so that their work can add value to the project . # # * * Fund Flows * * *", "spans": [{"start": 1107, "end": 1140, "text": "accounting records of the project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 km resolution . < sup > 4 < / sup > We compute population at 25 km resolution by aggregating data from CIESIN ( 2021 ) at 5 km resolution . Monthly estimates are interpolated from data provided for 2010 , 2015 , and 2020 . We use two sources to construct our georeferenced measure of income per capita . From the G-Econ database ( Nordhaus et al . 2006 ) , we obtain GDP per capita in 2005 purchasing power parity for a global grid with 100 km resolution . Each grid cell is assigned to its geographically dominant country by G-Econ . For each cell in a country , we compute the ratio of cell GDP per capita to the national mean for all cells . We merge the results with annual UN estimates of GDP per capita in constant $ US 2015 ( UN 2021 ) , and use the cell ratios to estimate annual GDP per capita for each cell . We resample these cells to 25 km for compatibility with the rest of our database . We draw our subway data from two sources . The first is a global subway survey by Turner and Gonzalez-Navarro ( 2018 ) , which includes 137 systems installed prior to 2011 . < sup > 5 < / sup > The survey includes digital subway maps at five-year intervals from 1930 to 2010 . The second source is our own survey of 55 subway systems installed since 2010 . We have constructed digital maps for these systems using > 3 CO2 measurement during the full daily activity cycle will improve as systems like OCO-3 observe each area at more widely varying times . > 4 Mistry ’ s data terminate in December 2019 . We extend the domain for regression analysis by computing monthly means for each 25 km cell using the data for 2014 – 19 . > 5 Gendron-Carrier et al . ( 2020 ) provide the following definition : “ These data define a ‘ subway ’ as an electric powered urban rail system isolated from interactions with automobile traffic and pedestrians . This excludes most streetcars because they interact with vehicle and pedestrian traffic at stoplights and crossings , but underground streetcar segments are counted as subways", "spans": [{"start": 96, "end": 112, "text": "data from CIESIN", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 316, "end": 331, "text": "G-Econ database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 674, "end": 711, "text": "annual UN estimates of GDP per capita", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 963, "end": 983, "text": "global subway survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1211, "end": 1259, "text": "survey of 55 subway systems installed since 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1611, "end": 1629, "text": "data for 2014 – 19", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "income group * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Sector : Mobile telecom < br > L LM UM H < br > STRI 2008-11 STRI 2016 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > STRI 2008-11 , 2016 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > > 19 In Colombia the number of licenses was fixed in the 1993 bidding process . In 2016 , the quantitative restrictions were removed . For India , the maximum number of firms or suppliers in the sector was four in 2008 . This restriction has been lifted and no quantitative limit is applied anymore . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * SENA : A Threat to Identification ? * * We have not included SENA students in our analysis because SENA captured a negligible share of higher education enrollment in the early 2000s , and SENA students are not included in the student-level higher education dataset , SPADIES . Students in SENA , therefore , have been classified as \" not enrolled \" for our estimation . In principle , this could affect the interpretation of our findings . Figure A3 presents the evolution of higher education enrollment in Colombia by program type . Panel ( a ) excludes SENA enrollment and leads to the conclusion that higher education enrollment has grown mainly through bachelor ’ s programs . This is consistent with SC programs having a small expansion margin . However , the story changes when we include SENA enrollment , which expands dramatically between 2005 and 2015 ( panel b ) . Further , the distribution of SC students across cities changes over time and when SENA enrollment is included . The left side of Figure A4 shows that , before 2005 , most SC enrollment outside SENA was concentrated in large cities ; only later – and very slowly – did it rise in medium and small cities . SENA , however , was particularly aggressive in those markets ( right side ) . A similar picture emerges when looking at number of SC programs rather than enrollment ( Figure A5 ) . The fact that most SC programs were offered in large cities in the early 2000s helps explain our small expansion effects . Since those cities already had HEIs offering bachelor ’ s programs , those students might not have been persuaded to enter higher education just because of the opening of an SC HEI . In contrast , in smaller cities without other HEIs , such openings might have induced higher education entry . Data from later years ( including more SC HEIs in smaller cities ) , especially if including SENA students , might have uncovered a larger expansion margin . Our results , therefore , illustrate what might happen when SC programs expand in markets in which other , more widely preferred higher education options are already available . * * Fully saturated model .", "spans": [{"start": 271, "end": 278, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "e | 55 | 0 | 0 | | * * Total * * | * * 361 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 1 . 1 * * | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ The proposed subproject will affect a total of 530 fruit trees and perennial crops of various sizes and species . All the affected fruit trees and perennial crops belong to only 4 HHs in the Lode Hetosa Woreda . Other affected Woredas will experience no impact in this regard . Table 7 . 7 : Number of Affected Fruit Trees and Perennial Crops by Size | * * Type of Fruit * * | * * Num * * | * * ber of Fruit T * * | * * rees / Perenn * * | * * ial Crops * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > * * Trees / Perennial * * | | * * Affect * * | * * ed by level * * | | * * Total * * | * * Percent * * | | * * Crops * * | * * Big * * | * * Medium * * | * * Small * * | * * Seedling * * | | | | Coffee / ቡና | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | * * 1 . 1 * * | | Chat / ጫት | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 | * * 56 . 6 * * | | Avocado / አቦካዶ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | * * 0 . 8 * * | Page 90 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 87, "end": 134, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ed C < br > nned | ontract < br > Actual | Contract Completion < br > Planned < br > Actual | | * * CONSULTING FIRMS * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > Description | < br > Loan / Credit No . | Component | Review Type < br > Method | Market Approach | < br > Contract Type | Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) | Process Status | Terms of Re | ference < br > Expression < br > Notic | of Interest < br > e | R | Short Li < br > equest f | st an < br > or Pr | d Draft < br > oposals < br > R | equest for Proposals < br > as Issued < br > Opening o < br > Proposal | f Technical < br > s / Minutes < br > Evaluation < br > Prop | of Technical < br > osal | Combi < br > Rep < br > Negot | ned Eval < br > ort and D < br > iated Co | uation < br > raft < br > ntract | | Signed C | ontr | act | Contrac | t Completion | | | | | | | | | | Planned | Actual < br > Planned | Actual | | Planned | | Actual < br > | Planned < br > Actual < br > Planned | Actual < br > Planned | Actual | Planne | d < br > A | ctual | Pla | nned | Ac | tual | Planned | Actual | | KE-MOWI-7909-CS-CQS / < br > Consulting services to Conduct < br > Baseline Survey for Impact < br > Evaluation for Lower Nzoia < br > Irrigation Project - Phase 1 | IDA / 52680 < br > < br > |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Program for Results ( Hybrid ) for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services . ( P175167 ) | and improve the < br > quality of the DHIS2 | | | | | report has yet to be < br > prepared . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MOH to conduct < br > annual analysis of < br > DHIS-2 data on still < br > births with action < br > points | Technical | MOH | Recurrent | Yearly | MOH annual report | No change | | Devise and < br > implement a < br > matching fund < br > mechanism between < br > Ministry of Health < br > and Regional Health < br > Bureaus < br > ( RHBs ) / Regional < br > states ( DRM ) | Technical | MOH / RHB | Recurrent | Yearly | MOH annual Report | No change | | Set up a resources < br > dashboard to < br > monitor channels 1 , < br > 2 and 3 resources < br > with respect to HSTP < br > II | Technical | MOH | Recurrent | Yearly | MOH annual Report | No change | | ( i ) conduct budget < br > re-planning session < br > at mid-year . Annual | Fiduciary < br > Systems | MOH | Recurrent | Semi-Annually | Re-planning sessions < br > conducted and < br > budget utilization | No change | | plan to be | | | | | becomes consistent | | Page 17", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 173, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 335, "end": 346, "text": "DHIS-2 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > * * Methodology * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Transmission lines < br > constructed under the < br > project | A < br > transmission < br > line < br > constructed < br > to < br > interconnect Lira , Gulu , Nebbi and Arua . | < br > Annual | UETCL monthly report | UETCL | 26", "spans": [{"start": 330, "end": 350, "text": "UETCL monthly report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| densely-populated Indonesia . In ourview , the more likely explanation isthatthe areas populated by many < br > 3 . 4 The Global Distribution of Ants < br > In 2002 , Clarkand May identified a severetaxonomic bias in conservation research . Vertebrates accounted < br > and techniques ( including alphahull , the algorithm we employ ) to estimate range maps . < br > In our GBIF < br > occurrence maps database , we identify 5 , 445 ant species that are also mapped by Kass . We rasterize both < br > sets of maps using a global grid with 0 . 05 degree ( 5 km ) resolution and compute species densities by < br > cellwise addition across 5 , 445 rasters for each set . < br > are notable . Both maps identify a large high-ranking region in the Western Hemisphere , but it is further < br > north for GBIF than for Kass . Both maps identify a band of relatively high ranks across West and northern < br > drawn from the Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics ( GABI ) database in July 2020 . < br > In contrast , our records < br > estimated map regions are significantly more conservative . < br > For example , our maps exclude bounded < br > in methodology . < br > Kass joins us in making plentiful use of alphahull estimation , but our approach is more < br > conservative . We exclude species with fewer than 3 unique occurrences , but Kass includes 5 , 168 ant < br > species with fewer than 3 unique occurrences . < br > Since alphahulls cannot be estimated for these species , < br > Kass estimates their ranges by drawing 30 km buffer zones around the occurrence locations . < br > Given this < br > difference , comparingfulldatabaseresultsforGBIFandKasswouldeffectivelybecomparingapplesand | | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 974, "text": "Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics ( GABI ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | _Bangladesh_ | cyclical components | 0 . 33 * | 28 | - 0 . 25 | 24 | - 0 . 07 | 28 | | | growth rates | 0 . 31 | 27 | - 0 . 09 | 23 | 0 . 06 | 27 | | _Bhutan_ | cyclical components | 0 . 36 * | 28 | - 0 . 33 * | 28 | 0 . 19 | 28 | | | growth rates | 0 . 36 * | 27 | - 0 . 13 | 27 | 0 . 06 | 27 | | _India_ | cyclical components < br > | - 0 . 28 | 28 | 0 . 04 | 28 | 0 . 66 * * * | 28 | | | growth rates | 0 . 02 | 27 | 0 . 05 | 27 | 0 . 65 * * * | 27 | | _Nepal_ | cyclical components | 0 . 40 * * | 28 | - 0 . 44 * * | 28 | 0 . 48 * * | 28 | | | growth rates | 0 . 33 * | 27 | - 0 . 33 * | 27 | 0 . 43 * * | 27 | | _Pakistan_ | cyclical components | 0 . 37 * * | 28 | 0 . 16 | 28 | 0 . 20 | 28 | | | growth rates | 0 . 37 * | 27 | 0 . 16 | 27 | 0 . 25 | 27 | | _Sri Lanka_ | cyclical components | 0 . 05 | 28 | 0 . 11 | 27 | 0 . 27 | 28 | | | growth rates | 0 . 12 | 27 | 0 . 01 | 27 | 0 . 12 | 27 | * * Note : * * Based on annual data from 1990 to 2017 . Cyclical components are calculated as the deviation of the actual data from a trend computed using the Hedrick-Prescott filter with the standard smoothing parameter for annual data ( 6 . 25 ) . *", "spans": [{"start": 964, "end": 993, "text": "annual data from 1990 to 2017", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "company is a popular employment destination for University graduates and professionals . The company offers performance-based bonus plans , yearly salary increments , and employee stock schemes rewards . Umeme ’ s staff comprise a diversity of professions , including engineering , operations , finance , IT , HR , research and development , corporate affairs , law , communications , sales , customer care and other cross-cutting disciplines . Recruitment into the company is conducted in one of three ways : internships for university students in their second or third years ; graduate recruitment , which involves an intensive rotation training program to provide a holistic understanding of the business ; and professional recruitment of experienced individuals normally through adverts in national newspapers , radios and online . The company has employed the latest IT solutions to improve its quality of service . > 15 For the detailed corporate governance index , see the annex . > 16 For the detailed utility management index , see the annex . 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "living in the same place of their upbringing . < sup > 8 < / sup > For each subgroup _d_ of children ( 0-15 years old ) — classified according to their gender , urban / rural zone , and subnational region of residence — we calculate the share of the population with access to each opportunity in the 1980s using census data and compare it to the corresponding level of household income in the most recent household survey . The following quadratic form summarizes the estimation : 2 ( 1 ) dd dd , jj dd , jj YY = αα + ΚSS + ΡSS In this case , is the share of the population in subgroup _d_ with access to opportunity _j_ in to dd , jj the oldest census available for each country . For most countries in Latin America , the oldest census SS available is from the decade of the 1980s . , in contrast , is the mean income of subgroup _d_ in the dd most recent household survey available . Finally , YY Κ and Ρ are the estimators of the regression . Given that household surveys are not designed to provide estimates for such levels of demographic and geographical disaggregation , it is necessary to borrow strength from large auxiliary data — like censuses — and take advantage of their level of precision . This information is then combined with data from the household surveys to implement an econometric model that yields reliable small area estimates ( Rao and Molina , 2015 ) . The small area estimation 8 The assumption of no migration is in fact conservative for the purpose of this paper . In most of the cases , people moved to a better place than the current one . If that is the case , people who were born in places with low access to opportunities would move , in general , to places with better access to such services , so that their final current level of income is similar to the level of income of those who were born in the better-off places . 19", "spans": [{"start": 312, "end": 323, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 405, "end": 421, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1260, "end": 1277, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "due to armed conflict but for more idiosyncratic reasons . We check robustness of this approach in two ways : ( i ) using all of the refugee stock observations available in the data set , and ( ii ) computing refugee flows as the positive time differences in refugee stocks from year to year ( setting negative time differences to zero ) . The results are robust to these two alternatives . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 < br > Year < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > Number of refugees ( million ) < br > 5 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 1 : Global refugee population , 1987-2017 Note : This figure plots the global stock of refugees . The data on bilateral distance and contiguity come from CEPII . The distance variable refers to the great circle distance between the most populated cities of each country in the pair . The contiguity indicator is equal to one if the two countries share a land border . Figure 1 charts the global refugee population over time . The sharp increase in the number of refugees over the past decade is evident . Such refugee movements can have significant impacts on the destination countries . Table 1 reports the top 10 destination and top 10 source countries in the most recent available year and illustrates that the 6", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 159, "text": "refugee stock observations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 701, "end": 742, "text": "data on bilateral distance and contiguity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") updated sector guidelines by incorporating guidance on a ) achievement of basic sector service delivery standards b ) updated environmental and social safeguards requirements , and c ) the integration of service delivery for refugees and their hosts , and ( ii ) communication and training strategy . Once finalized , it is expected that GoU disseminates such guidelines and strategies and provide necessary training to the local government officials . Further actions are also needed to strengthen technical work , fiduciary processes , and the implementation of environmental and social guidelines , and improve the reporting of the results framework . Planning to incorporate nongovernmental schools and hospitals providing services in refugeehosting districts into the government systems also needs to be expedited and the agreed integration plans implemented . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * 1 / 6 / 2021 Page 1 of 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SIERRA LEONE # # # # REHABILITATION OF < sup > BASICEDUCATION < / sup > # * * Project Appraisal Document * * Africa Regional Office AFTH2 | Date : January28 , 2003 < br > * * SectorManager : * * Alexandre < sup > V . Abrantes < / sup > < br > * * CountryDirector : * * MatsKarlsson < br > * * ProjectID : * * P074320 < br > * * LendingInstrument : * * Specific < sup > InvestmentLoan ( SIL ) < / sup > | TeamLeader : Adriana J < br > Sector ( s ) : Primaryeducat < br > ( 40 % ) , Centralgovernme < br > Theme ( s ) : Educationfor < br > post-conflict reconstructio | aramillo < br > ion < sup > ( 40 % ) , Secondary education < / sup > < br > nt < sup > administration ( 20 % ) < / sup > < br > < sup > all ( P ) , Conflictpreventionand < / sup > < br > n < sup > ( P ) < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * ProjectFinancingData * * < br > < br > < br > < br > | < br > | | | 3 * * Loan * * < br > * * [ ] Credit * * < br > * * [ X ] Grant * * < br > * * [ IGuarant * * | * * ee * * < br > * * [ Other : * * | | | ForLoans / Credits / Others : < br > Amount ( US $ m ) : 20 . 0 < br > < br > |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "main _push_ factors highlighted in the literature ( Mayda , 2010 ) . Beyond the _push_ and _pull_ factors , country-pair specific characteristics may also affect bilateral migration settlement . In line with the gravity model for migration ( Anderson , 2011 ) , the geographic distance between countries has a strong negative effect on bilateral migration , while common culture traits ( common language , religion , past colonial links ) stimulate bilateral migration ( Gross and Schmitt , 2003 ; Berthélemy et al . , 2009 ) . Few papers have tested the role of administrative burden at the border on bilateral migration . An exception is Bertoli and Fernández-Huertas Moraga ( 2015 ) who show that visa requirements reduce direct bilateral migration flows by between 40 % and 47 % . We contribute to this literature by looking at how _changes_ in the administrative burden for international migration affect the international settlement of immigrants . < sup > 1 < / sup > Two papers have tested explicitly the effect of RTAs and visa provision on bilateral migration . Using IMD-OECD bilateral migration flows in the period 1998-2008 for 29 OECD destinations , Orefice ( 2015 ) finds a strong positive effect of RTAs and visa provisions on bilateral migration . Figueiredo et al . ( 2016 ) add a wider set of destination countries and longer time period to Orefice ( 2015 ) and confirm the positive effect of Visa provisions on bilateral migration stocks . < sup > 2 < / sup > This paper adds to Orefice ( 2015 ) and Figueiredo et al . ( 2016 ) in many ways . First , as in Figueiredo et al . ( 2016 ) we rely on bilateral migration _stocks_ to cover a wider set of destination and origin countries , but base our identification on the within variation of migration stocks and signature of RTAs with visa provisions . < sup > 3 < / sup > Second , we use information on the presence of visa-related provisions for a wider set of RTAs : while Orefice ( 2015 ) and Figueiredo et al . ( 2016 ) rely on a sample of 96 RTAs , the present paper benefits from recent World Bank data on the content", "spans": [{"start": 1078, "end": 1112, "text": "IMD-OECD bilateral migration flows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2062, "end": 2077, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Similarly , to investigate financial constraints , we need to know not only whether some types of firms ( by ownership , size , or the owner ' s gender ) had more difficulty obtaining external finance , but also the consequences of the lack of funds . Estimating production functions would allow us to learn whether , holding other characteristics constant , financially-constrained firms are indeed less productive . If such firns are not less productive , then there is less need to worry about financial constraints . * * 2 . Importance of panel data : * * Most Bank surveys are cross-sectional , leaving the need for panel data unfulfilled ( again , with some exceptions , notably , RPED and ICS ) . As a consequence , we have much less confidence in inferring whether productivity differences reflect unmeasured firm heterogeneity or the variable of interest . 3 . * * Need to address endogeneity : * * Surveys can be most effective when they deal explicitly with the endogeneity of policy interventions . Many researchers find that _ex post_ it is difficult to demonstrate any causal effects because they lack of good instrumental variablesthose variables uncorrelated with the error term but reasonably good predictors of the endogenous variables . It will likely be too late to derive instrumental variables at the data analysis stage . Instead , at the survey design stage researchers should consider the endogenous policy variables of interest and think about potential instruments to identify those variables . # III . IDEAL DATA VS . EXISTING DATA In each of the following subsections we give a brief overview of some questions that have yet to be empirically investigated in the context of developing countries , the data that would allow hypothesis testing , and an evaluation of whether existing World Bank survey have addressed these issues . In particular , we discuss research topics such as the firm itself , market structure , the business environment and its impact on firmn ' s performance , the role of the state , and analysis of the macro-economy through microeconomic data . 6", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 553, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 687, "end": 691, "text": "RPED", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 696, "end": 699, "text": "ICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1811, "end": 1828, "text": "World Bank survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2080, "end": 2098, "text": "microeconomic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * ENHANCING CONNECTIVITY AND RESILIENCE IN THE FAR NORTH OF CAMEROON FOR INCLUSIVENESS PROJECT ( P178207 ) 16 . * * Operational Costs . * * Operational costs financed by the project will include incremental expenses incurred by the PIUs based on the AWPBs as approved by the World Bank , for the purposes of project implementation , management , and M & E , including reasonable costs for : utilities and supplies ; bank charges ; communications ; vehicle operation , maintenance , and insurance ; building and equipment maintenance ; public awareness-related media expenses ; travel and supervision ; and salaries for support , contractual , and temporary staff ( but excluding salaries , fees , honoraria , and bonuses for members of the Recipient ’ s civil service ) . Such service needs will be procured using the procurement procedures specified in the PIM , and accepted and approved by the World Bank . 17 . * * Procurement Manual . * * Procurement arrangements , roles and responsibilities , methods , and requirements for carrying out procurement , as recommended in the PPSD , shall be elaborated in detail in the procurement manual , which will be a section of the PIM . The Recipient shall prepare the PIM , and agree on it with the World Bank before the effectiveness date . 18 . * * The thresholds for specific market approaches and procurement methods , * * and the World Bank ’ s prior review requirements are provided in Table A . 1 . 4 . * * Table A . 1 . 4 . Specific Market Approaches and Procurement Methods * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) Value * * < br > * * Threshold * * < sup > * * a * * < / sup > * * / ( US $ * * < br > * * equivalent ) * * | * * Procurement Method * * |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 5 : * * The effects of AIA on the adoption of big data and AI | Regressions | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Variables | Big Data | Big data | AI | | | 2007 / 15 | 2007 / 19 | 2007 / 19 | | AIA Dummy | - 0 . 185 * * * | - 0 . 182 * * * | - 0 . 027 * * * | | | ( 0 . 030 ) | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 011 ) | | Observations | 2 , 262 | 1 , 746 | 1 , 746 | Note : Regression 1 uses data for 2007 and 2015 ; regression 2 and 3 use data for 2007 and 2019 . The dependent variables big data and AI adoption are dummy variables . Treated firms are identified taking the average investment values for firms in 2005 / 06 and calculating if this lagged investment average is above or below the AIA threshold in any given year . All regressions use a binary AIA eligibility and are estimated via difference-in-differences . All regressions include year and firm fixed effects , as well as firm controls of lagged employment , a multi-plant dummy , foreign owned dummy and log age , not reported for brevity . Robust standard errors in parenthesis are clustered at the firm level . * * * , * * and * indicate significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level , respectively . analytics use of 7 percentage points and AI use by 1 percentage point . While seemingly small numbers , these should be considered in the context that only 3 % of UK firms used AI by 2019 < sup > 38 < / sup > . Moreover , big data analytics use would have been 14 % higher and AI 30 % higher in 2019 in the absence of the AIA policy . Or put another way , the policy slowed down big data analytics by 1 . 4 years and AI diffusion by", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nonrenewable resources , Income Inequality and per Capita GDP : An Empirical Analysis # 1 . Introduction and Literature Review A large body of literature has examined the relationship between natural resources , economic growth , and income inequality , revealing a set of complex and often ambiguous associations . The relationship between natural resources and economic growth is especially controversial . On the one hand , general economic theory suggests that a booming natural resource sector will boost economic growth , and that it will facilitate — though not necessarily cause — improvements in poverty and shared-prosperity indicators . Ideally , rising natural resource output would increase public revenues , enabling greater public investment in physical and human capital , while the private returns to resource production would encourage greater private investment ( both domestic and external ) , as well as higher rates of household savings . On the other hand , the substantial literature on the so-called “ Dutch disease ” finds that a resources boom can divert resources away from the non-resource tradable sectors ( especially manufacturing ) , distort the growth of nontradables ( especially services ) , and put upward pressure on the exchange rate . These effects erode the competitiveness of exports and give imports an advantage over domestic production , undermining long-term growth ( Sachs and Warner 1999 ) . The World Bank ( 2012 ) analyzed the impact of natural capital < sup > 4 < / sup > on income by examining the adjusted net savings of resource-rich countries . It found that the sustainable management of natural resources has a positive and significant correlation with economic resilience and welfare gains . The World Bank analysis underscored that the elements of natural capital cannot be managed in isolation , but require an integrated approach to “ regulating ” and “ provisioning ” natural resource exploitation in order to preserve the underlying stock of natural capital . Other studies have focused on the depletion of natural resources . Dasgupta ( 2010 ) concludes that GDP per capita and the Human Development Index ( HDI ) should not be regarded as comprehensive indicators of economic and social welfare , as they do not reflect the depletion of the natural capital stock , and that more sophisticated", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Tanga | Coastal | 5 . 05 | 0 . 385 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Shinyanga | Central | 5 . 70 | 0 . 364 | | Singida | Central | 6 . 27 | 0 . 432 | | Manyara | Central | 6 . 87 | 0 . 531 | | Tabora | Central | 8 . 37 | 0 . 754 | Source : Author ‟ s calculations using HBS 2007 data . An important route out of poverty for maize growers is the option of applying the available factors of production to an activity other than producing maize < sup > 21 < / sup > . With her land , labor , capital and knowledge , a maize grower may choose to grow an alternative high value crop such as sunflowers or other horticultural produce . The decision to do so would entail a shift for the household from producing their staple food to purchasing it . However , in the absence of a secure mechanism for purchasing food within the village , the risk of facing food insecurity may exceed the premium that could be attained from switching to higher value crops . The farmer is effectively locked in a cycle of food production for subsistence that prevents their entry into more profitable markets . # * * 6 . 0 Concluding remarks * * In the post reform period , farm-gate buying has emerged as the most prevalent mechanism for marketing maize in many regions of Tanzania . In this paper , we estimate the transaction costs associated with farm-gate buying , specifically search and information costs , using a measure of household remoteness ( distance to market ) as a proxy . We showed that the dispersion of maize producers and the farm-gate buying system make transaction costs such as search and village to town transport particularly widen the price gap , causing a downwards pressure on producer prices . We also showed that since non local buyers with limited information about the local market enter and search for maize more actively when maize is abundant , buyer search costs incurred are likely to be higher in the harvest", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 290, "text": "HBS 2007 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while delivering assistance , and 322 were located due to insecurity and incidents . _Figure 3 - South Sudan Access Snapshot OCHA , February 2022_ In February 2022 , 33 incidents related to humanitarian access constraints were reported , 13 involving violence against humanitarian > 34 “ [ . . . ] based on the $ 1 . 90 2011 purchasing power parity poverty line ” , World Bank , March 2022 35 HNO , 2022 13", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 124, "text": "South Sudan Access Snapshot", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "country-specific cases , given the wide variety of economic structures in Latin America in terms of the factor intensity and the weight of the industrial , commodities and non-tradable sectors . < sup > 16 < / sup > The regressions incorporating these additional covariates are presented in columns 4-10 of Tables 4 . 1 and 4 . 2 . < sup > 17 < / sup > The regressions in columns 7 and 8 also include a series of additional control variables to those described before , such as GDP per capita and the real exchange rate against the US dollar ( both from World Bank World Development Indicators ) . These variables are included as a specification robustness test only , since there is no clear theoretically basis to assess their impact on wage skill differentials . The main result shows that after considering these additional variables and specifications , the coefficient on the relative supply of skilled labor in Table 4 . 1 becomes statistically insignificant . For the case of high-school graduates vs . dropouts , the coefficient on relative supply of workers remains statistically significant ( except in column 10 ) , indicating that supply side factors are more relevant to explain the evolution of high-school wage premia rather than tertiary educated ( skill ) premia . Regarding the rest of covariates , aggregate unemployment rate has a positive relationship with the two wage differentials , although it is only significantly different from zero in just a few specifications of the skilled wage premium – that in column 8 , which incorporates a series of additional macro variables as controls , and that in column 10 , which restricts the sample to the nine countries with a long time series ( see the note in the respective tables for details ) . However , including separate rates for skilled and unskilled workers , as in column 6 in Table 4 . 1 , indicates that the unemployment level for unskilled workers does have a positive correlation with the wage skill premium , suggesting that a wage curve-type of effect might depress the remuneration levels of unskilled workers more than that of skilled workers . There is no significant effect for the separate high school and dropout unemployment rate in", "spans": [{"start": 554, "end": 593, "text": "World Bank World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "due to interruption of essential services because of COVID-19 containment measures can hinder access to care for other health needs of the population , especially maternal , child health and nutrition services . This could also lead to new outbreaks of preventable diseases , with their own related deaths , illnesses , and long-term costs . Simultaneous epidemics are overwhelming public health systems in countries that have few resources to > 27 According to official data from UBOS . > 28 World Bank ( 2020 ) . Uganda Systematic Country Diagnostic Update . > 29 https : / / data . worldbank . org / indicator / NY . GDP . PCAP . KD . ZG ? locations = UG . > 30 Ibid . > 31 UNDP ( 2020 ) . > 32 < mark > World Bank . 2021 . Monitoring Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Refugees in Uganda : Results from the HighFrequency Phone - Third Round . Washington , DC : World Bank . < / mark > 49", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 485, "text": "official data from UBOS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "annual basis , the figures were prepared on a desk-by-desk basis , and did not conform to a standard format . The Public Information Service published an annual refugee map and statistical table , but this simply contained a single figure for each host country in the world , without any explanatory notes or any indication as to the national origins of those refugees . When UNHCR ’ s evaluation unit undertook a detailed review of the statistical function in 1985 , the severity of the situation was revealed . Because the data at its disposal was so poor , the review concluded , UNHCR was losing control of its programmes and losing credibility in the eyes of donors . “ As confidence in the statistics provided starts to decline , ” the review stated , “ numerous ad hoc and costly re-enumerations have been embarked upon , but with little consideration of lessons learned in other countries and with little understanding of the limitations of the techniques . ” Looking further into the function , the review identified a range of other problems . First , the organization was in some situations “ totally dependent on host governments for the numbers on which assistance programmes are based . ” Second , its efforts lacked consistency and continuity . At headquarters , several different UNHCR units were producing their own statistics , but without making any real attempt to coordinate their activities . In the field , enumeration systems were being “ reinvented again and again by different staff of different levels of competence . ” “ In a few countries , ” the report observed , “ there is no way whatever to be certain about _any_ figure . ” Third , the report concluded , there was a general lack of seriousness in the way that statistics were handled . “ Refugee enumeration is generally recognized as the foundation of effective relief and assistance programmes , but it is almost inevitably given the lowest ranking in an emergency … In some situations , staff and officials may not merely neglect registration , but oppose it . ” < sup > 34 < / sup > Seven years", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 194, "text": "refugee map and statistical table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "communities given their distinct circumstances and close ties to land and natural resources , as well as their lack of access to opportunities relative to other social groups in the communities , regions , or national societies in which they live . - ( i ) The identification and evaluation , based on FPIC with the affected VMGs ’ communities , of measures necessary to avoid adverse effects , or if such measures are not feasible , the identification of measures to minimize , mitigate , or compensate for such effects , and to ensure that the VMGs receive culturally appropriate benefits under the project .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "new subway lines , and improved peripheral roads to divert traffic from congested areas . Extensive research has assessed the impact of mass transit measures on traffic and pollution ( Adler et al . 2016 ; Anderson 2014 ; Basagaña et al . 2018 ; Gendron-Carrier et al . 2018 ; Goel and Gupta 2015 ; Tabatabaiee and Rahman 2011 ; Yang et al . 2017 ) . Although magnitudes vary considerably , these studies all find significant traffic and / or pollution impacts . # * * 2 . 4 Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution in Dar es Salaam * * Limited research has documented the rapid growth of motor vehicle traffic in Dar es Salaam , and its consequences for traffic congestion . Kiunsi ( 2013 ) draws on Tanzania Revenue Authority records to report that a total of 1 , 010 , 732 cars registered between 2003 and 2011 , with Dar es Salaam accounting for 60 % to 70 % of the total . Similarly , Elinaza ( 2012 ) reports that Dar es Salaam absorbed most of the 245 , 180 motorcycles and 7 , 408 motorized tricycles registered in 2010 and 2011 . One major consequence of rapid growth in motor vehicle use has been severe traffic congestion . A 2007 JAICA study finds major slowdowns on primary traffic arteries under peak morning and evening conditions ( Kiunsi , 2013 ) . Congestion has in turn generated significant economic losses . Katala ( 2019 ) estimates a total loss of T Sh 655 billion per year from congestion-related delays and extra fuel use . Elinaza ( 2010 ) cites a Confederation of Tanzania Industries study which finds that traffic congestion reduces business profits by about 20 percent . Othman ( 2010 ) and Lupala ( 2010 ) identify congestion as a major source of air pollution in the city . Recent years have witnessed major investments to address these problems in Dar es Salaam , particularly an extensive bus rapid transit ( BRT ) system . Chengula and Kombe ( 2017 ) report that the BRT has provided significant benefits in time-saving , convenience and comfort . Nevertheless , serious congestion has persisted in Dar es Salaam as the number of motor vehicles has continued to grow .", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 731, "text": "Tanzania Revenue Authority records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We use mirror data for FDI in the same way as for bank loans and deposits . CDIS and UNCTAD report two values for FDI for a given country pair : ( i ) the value of FDI assets country _i_ holds in country _j_ , and ( ii ) the value of FDI liabilities country _j_ owes to country _i_ . Hence , FDI positions appear twice in each database whenever source and destination are both reporting countries ( as FDI assets of country _i_ in country _j_ and as liabilities of country _j_ with respect to country _i_ ) _ . _ To maximize data coverage , we use the mirror data for each database separately . Whenever the value of FDI assets ( liabilities ) of country _i_ vis-à-vis country _j_ is available but its mirror value obtained from liabilities ( assets ) data is not , we use the value of assets ( liabilities ) . Whenever both assets and liabilities are available and the corresponding values do not coincide , we use the maximum of the two . This methodology yields aggregate FDI assets , for the CDIS and the UNCTAD data , that are closer to the values reported in Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ( 2018 ) . < sup > 27 < / sup > Combining the two databases is not straightforward because each source can report different FDI values for the same bilateral connection , starting from different baseline values . We deal with these differences by adjusting the UNCTAD data so that they match the CDIS data when both are available . Specifically , we calculate the ratio of the CDIS ’ s FDI value to the UNCTAD ’ s FDI value for each country pair for 2009 – 12 ( for the earliest year with data on both data sets ) . < sup > 28 < / sup > We then use this ratio to multiply the UNCTAD data backward for 2001 – 08 , bringing it to the same level as the CDIS data . For 2009 – 12 , when the CDIS and UNCTAD data are available , we use the CDIS data when the value for a given bilateral link for a given year is positive or when the CDIS value", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1362, "text": "UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1740, "end": 1749, "text": "CDIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tes < br > reports < br > ts and < br > ials and < br > cover | | | PAP Census | • No of PAP households reached < br > • No of vulnerable PAP household < br > identified and reached < br > • No of Household survey tools < br > filled and handed over to data < br > management teams < br > • No of Enumerators recruited < br > and trained < br > • No of stakeholder concerns < br > recorded and responded to | • Census data s < br > • RAP reports < br > • Daily and < br > activity repor < br > • Appointment < br > for Enumerat | ets < br > monthly < br > ts < br > letters < br > ors | | | Engagement < br > over < br > strip < br > maps , < br > entitlement < br > matrix , < br > resettlement < br > alternatives < br > and < br > options , draft ESIS | • No < br > and < br > level < br > of < br > planned < br > meetings accomplished < br > • No of planned presentations < br > done < br > • No and type of disclosure < br > materials < br > developed < br > and < br > distributed / used < br > ( including < br > radio ads ) < br > • No of daily activity reports < br > submitted < br > • No and category of vulnerable < br > groups engaged < br > • No of stakeholder concerns < br > recorded and responded to | • Meeting < br > attendance re < br > • Meeting minu < br > • Daily debrief < br > • Daily and < br > activity repor < br > • Sample mate < br > tools used < br > • Feedback < br > primary < br > stakeholders ’", "spans": [{"start": 68, "end": 78, "text": "PAP Census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 411, "end": 422, "text": "Census data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( c ) Net FDI Inflows to Developing Countries , % of GDP < br > 4 < br > 3 . 5 < br > 3 < br > 2 . 5 < br > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 < br > 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 < br > Source : WDI < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > While large emerging markets grab the headlines of multi-polar growth , smaller and poorer economies have also experienced important changes in their position in the global economy . For example , in terms of accelerating growth and expanding trade and capital flows , the Sub-Saharan Africa region has also participated in the recent multi-polar growth decade . GDP growth in the region as a whole has accelerated sharply . There were 11 countries in the region - - among 29 countries in the world - - that averaged economic growth of 6 . 5 percent or more prior to the global financial crisis . < sup > 16 < / sup > Overall , the region ‘ s aggregate GDP has grown faster than the world economy , its export share of total world exports has increased , its share of exports going to fast growing emerging Asia destinations has increased , and FDI has been higher than most developing countries ( as a share of GDP ) ( Figures 13 ( a ) - ( d ) ) . As the earlier figures on Brazil showed ( Figure 10 ( b ) ) , Sub-Saharan Africa has increased its trade links with that country . In brief , Sub-Saharan Africa has become a beneficiary and contributor to the new multi-polar global economy – even if on a smaller scale than other developing regions . > 16 This is based on a simple average GDP growth rate over the 2000-2008 period using data from the World Development Indicators . 21", "spans": [{"start": 1699, "end": 1727, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ information be required to ensure effective implementation , updating or monitoring of the LRP measures . The following are some of the key responsibilities of the PIO : - Establish a RIT , provide all the necessary resources and capacity building measures to discharge its responsibilities effectively and oversee the activities of the unit ; - Maintain a register of affected livelihood assets , including compensation payments and investments in LRP initiatives ; - In cooperation with the Woreda Resettlement and Valuation Committee , conduct additional assessments and valuations of assets as required ; - Establish WRC comprising of key Woreda and Kebele public officials , staff of the PIO , representatives of PAPs , NGOs , and key line offices in the Woreda ; - Assign a CLO for ongoing consultation with the Subproject affected people and communities ; - Appoint a Women ’ s Liaison and Development Officer ( WLDO ) within the RIT to organise and facilitate women ’ s participation in the implementation and monitoring of the RP and LRP ; - Presence of female members on the RIT is crucial and she would be involved in all activities in a cross-cutting capacity ( e . g . , processing compensation claims of a female-headed PAH ) . The female members shall ensure better consideration of gender issues for grievance resolution . In addition , GBV issues will be reported to and resolved in active participation of this female member ; - In consultation with PAP and affected communities , establish and operate a system for receiving , recording , and resolving Subproject-related complaints and grievances ; - Establish systems , processes and resources for delivering various livelihood interventions and entitlements ; - Facilitate interactions and communications between various organisations involved in livelihoods restoration implementation ; and - Establish a transparent process for workers to express concerns and file grievances , including anonymous complaints . Page 181", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 548, "text": "register of affected livelihood assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2012 ) . Foreign workers engage in low value-added activities in general , including in the manufacturing and construction sectors ( Del Carpio et al , 2015 ) . * * _Figure 2 : Indonesians make up the majority of foreign workers in Malaysia , but Bangladeshi workers present a rising share ( share of foreign workers by nationality , 2019 ) _ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 < br > Indonesia Nepal Bangladesh < br > India Myanmar Pakistan < br > Philippines Vietnam China < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * _Figure 3 : The manufacturing sector remains the key employer , while the plantation sector ( construction ) saw a decreasing ( increasing ) share ( share of foreign workers by sector , 2019 ) _ * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 < br > Manufacturing Construction < br > Services Plantation < br > Agriculture Domestic Helper < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : MOHA 2019 . * * Selangor is the main host state , followed by Johor , Kuala Lumpur , and Pulau Pinang . * * Selangor hosts 30 percent of the total foreign worker population , consisting of 30 percent Indonesian , 25 percent Nepalese , and 18 percent Bangladeshi workers . As Table 1 shows , about 75 percent of foreign workers in Sabah work in the plantation and agriculture sectors , while most of them in Kuala Lumpur are in the services sector ( domestic help , construction and service sectors ) and two-thirds of foreign workers in Pulau Pinang are in manufacturing . 5", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Chad COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Project ( P173894 ) | * * Procurement Risks * * | * * Mitigation Measures * * | | - - - | - - - | | Managing fraud and corruption and < br > noncompliance . | _Ex ante_due diligence of firms being selected will be attempted using < br > databases available in country and externally . | | | Post review of contracts will be scheduled immediately on award of < br > contracts for all contracts that would have been usually prior < br > reviewed . | 83 . * * The procurement risk is Substantial and will be mitigated by the following measures : * * ( i ) the Recipient will utilize rapid disbursement procedures and simplified procurement processes in accordance with emergency operations norms ; ( ii ) the World Bank will provide BFP leveraging its comparative advantage as convener with the objective of facilitating borrowers ’ access to available supplies at competitive prices , as described in the procurement section of this document . BFP in identifying suppliers and facilitating contracting between them and borrowers may bring a perception that the World Bank is acting beyond its role as a financier with greater reputational and potentially litigation risks – these would relate to questions of transparency , equity in terms of which borrowers get access to what and when , issues with quality , timeliness of delivery , value for money , and any other issues of contractual non-performance by the suppliers identified by the World Bank . To partially mitigate these risks , the World Bank and the Recipient will clearly delineate the roles and responsibilities of the World Bank and the Recipients for whom the World Bank facilitates access to available supplies . Moreover , BFP is provided to mitigate the greater risk that the World Bank could be providing financing for medical supplies that may not be readily available to developing countries . This more proactive approach in assisting borrowers is justified as an effective way to complement other procurement options and help clients achieve COVID", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 355, "text": "databases available in country and externally", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Protection Trends South Sudan * * * * N * * < sup > * * o * * < / sup > * * 4 | January-March 2015 * * South Sudan Protection Cluster May 2015 i", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the * * Public Procurement and Disposal Act , 2003 * * Request for Quotation such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s AntiCorruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * VI . CHALLENGES AND DIFFICULTIES * * 1 . Lack of specialized services for adequate care of victims , such as the psychosocial component ; 2 . Inconsistency of some data collected in the monthly report card , complicating analysis and control of the actual SGBV trend among refugees ; 3 . The lack of specialized personnel for SGBV management ; 4 . The persistence of harmful traditional practices and non denunciation of SGBVs including FGM , child marriage , rape and sexual assault due to fear of reprisals , socio-cultural limitations , etc . ; 5 . The challenge of identifying and managing LGBTI . LGBTI people are subjected to daily silent violence ( psychological , emotional , physical , rape , etc . ) . This community social intolerance will be made worse by the new draft of the Chadian penal code submitted to the national assembly , which contains provisions criminalizing LGBTI people . UNHCR has currently no internal standard procedure for the management of refugee status determination under the mandate ; 6 . The lack of female personnel in the DPHR staff assigned to the camps ; 7 . Non prioritization of victims in income-generating programs ; 8 . The persistence of informal amicable resolutions of cases of rape , sexual assault and other SGBVs leading to impunity . ; 9 . Lack of financial resources to support legal fees in order to facilitate the enforcement of judgments rendered in favor of the victims in the camps . 27", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 217, "text": "monthly report card", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * : - Îmbunătățirea comunicării către toți refugiații , inclusiv către refugiații în vârstă , cu privire la drepturile și serviciile care sunt acoperite prin statutul de Protecție Temporară . Continuarea îmbunătățirii accesibilității și adaptării pentru persoanele cu mobilitate redusă . # # # # # # Pentru * * comunitatea umanitară * * : - Îmbunătățirea colectării și analizei datelor dezagregate pentru a direcționa mai bine sprijinul către grupurile vulnerabile , inclusiv persoanele în vârstă . - Continuarea promovării serviciilor de sprijin psihosocial pentru reducerea izolării și îmbunătățirea sănătății mintale . - Revizuirea criteriilor de plată în numerar a chiriilor pentru a include mai bine persoanele în vârstă și pentru a asigura fonduri care să răspundă vulnerabilităților specifice în materie de închiriere . - Extinderea accesului la produse asistive adaptate nevoilor specifice ale refugiaților în vârstă .", "spans": [{"start": 380, "end": 399, "text": "datelor dezagregate", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ro"}
{"text": "emerging Regions delivering Vitamin A Supplements to children through routine system – Health Facilities ( New - DLI-10b ) ( Process , 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 48 . 00 | 69 . 00 | 69 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Data source : Nutritio | n Data Verification Joint Review | Mission , December 2018 . | | ► DLI 14 Percent of Pregnant women taking Iron Folic Acid ( IFA ) tablets ( New - DLI - 11 ) ( Intermediate Outcome , 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | N / A | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 17 . 00 | 42 . 10 | 42 . 10 | 25 . 00 | | Date | - - | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Baseline data from 201 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 6 Ethiopia Demographic Healt | h Survey ( EDHS ) Report . Up | date to be provided by | ► DLI 15 Percent of Children 0 - 23 month participating in GMP ( New DLI-12a ) ( Process , 15 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) 6 / 28 / 2019 Page 15 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 896, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "column 2 , the stock market data also allow us to examine sectoral heterogeneity in both the prevalence and valuation of political connections , which helps shed light on the external validity of our 27 Specifically , we focus on six salient events . ( i ) On February 1 Wahid received his first parliamentary censure because of two financial scandals , “ Bulogate ” and “ Bruneigate ” . The “ Bulogate ” scandal involved the alleged theft of $ 2 million USD from state food company Bulog in the name of Wahid by his personal masseur . “ Bruneigate ” resulted from Wahid ’ s failure to make public a gift of 2 million USD from the Sultan of Brunei intended to provide assistance in Aceh . ( ii ) On February 13 parliament made its first call on Wahid to share power with Megawati Sukarnoputri . After several rounds of protests , ( iii ) on March 21 Wahid ’ s defense minister claimed that the president would be ready to step aside if there were constitutional reasons for doing so . ( iv ) Wahid received a second censure on May 1 , 2001 . While he rejected this censure , ( v ) on May 14 , 2001 Megawati announced that impeachment proceedings against Wahid were “ unstoppable ” . ( vi ) on May 30 , 2001 the parliament decided to start impeachment proceedings against Wahid . > 28 Note that we anticipate _NR JCI_ to be negative such that a positive coefficient on the interaction _NR JCI * POL_ implies bigger losses for firms that are characterized by higher political dependence . 43", "spans": [{"start": 15, "end": 32, "text": "stock market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We focus on the effect of government support on the following main aspects of firms ’ operations : workforce , hours of operations , and expectations . In particular , we use the following four outcome variables available in COV-ES : ( i ) percentage change of permanent full-time workers since December 2019 , and three binary outcome variables , ( ii ) whether the firm decreased its total number of temporary workers since the onset of the pandemic , ( iii ) whether the firm decreased its total hours of operation per week compared with the same month one year ago , and ( iv ) whether the respondent anticipates falling in arrears on outstanding liabilities within the next six months of the date of the COV-ES interview . To alleviate further concerns about selection bias and endogeneity , we use two methods , matching , and panel estimation . For matching estimation , we use a rich set of information about each firm from the baseline ES to match firms that received government support in COV-ES with the ones that did not . In this process , we take into account details of support measures of each country . For example , when matching firms in the Georgia data , we forced the matching algorithm to perform exact matching within the sectors of hotels and restaurants because the Government of Georgia provided a specific set of support to firms in these sectors . For panel estimation , we use both rounds of COV-ES in fixed effects regression analysis which addresses selection bias stemming from the time-invariant characteristics of firms . In these specifications , we also include a long list of controls from COV-ES to account for time-varying aspects . Panel regressions also enable us to use COV-ES questions that break down the government support that firms received into separate categories , such as cash transfers , fiscal relief , and wage subsidies ( with many firms receiving combinations of support types ) . We re-estimate models using a restricted sample as an additional check on selection bias . In particular , we try to exclude from the analysis the firms that were not eligible to receive the support and are likely not appropriate comparators to those that did . In forming", "spans": [{"start": 1161, "end": 1173, "text": "Georgia data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Nicolas Orgeira , Alpha Simpson , Joe Lelee Sloan , and Kairat Umargaliyev provided excellent field coordination and research assistance . This study was approved by the Harvard Institutional Review Board ( IRB14-1833 ) and Health Media Lab IRB ( 556WBG18 ) . It was registered in the AEA RCT registry ( AEARCTR-0004272 and AEARCTR-0011158 ) . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper , including any errors , are entirely mine and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank Group , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 285, "end": 301, "text": "AEA RCT registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # management plan . # # # # # e ) _Reporting and Notification : _ _Internal Reporting : _ Monthly reports must be generated and lodged with the contractor as part of Contractor ' s * * E & S * * Monitoring . The reports must summarise the data collected through the monitoring programme , identify any occasions where specific remediation was taken . The reports must also summarise any complaints received from the local communities , setting out the complaint , whether it was substantiated and any actions taken to alleviate the impact . _Community Complaints : _ Community complaints and concerns must be captured and addressed through regular community consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism . The procedure has been designed to provide a simple , fair and transparent process for all external parties to provide feedback and to raise grievances . _Community Reporting : _ * * A * * summary report suitable to a non-technical community audience must be developed and disclosed quarterly * * by EEP . * * This report shall focus upon graphical representation of information , and in particular outcomes of any community complaints and those actions taken to remedy significant impacts . This shall be undertaken in non-technical languages and in suitable local languages in a culturally appropriate manner . - f ) _Training and Capacity Building : _ Those responsible for the community management , particularly community health service implementers , and operation of any aspect of the Community Health , Safety and Security Management Plan shall be trained and awareness creation programs shall be done at all levels of the community . Therefore , the Contractor shall prepare specific training plan for the community and construction team . - * * _g ) _ * * _Roles and Responsibilities : _ The plan will identify and list roles and responsibilities for implementation of the plan . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Mid-Day . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > P34 < br > < !", "spans": [{"start": 247, "end": 294, "text": "data collected through the monitoring programme", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Domestic revenues in several African countries are scant and below the minimum level of 20 percent allowing them to achieve development goals ( UNDP , 2010 ) . In those countries , low domestic revenue limits the ability of governments to invest in development programs , improve economic efficiency , and reduce poverty ( Baunsgaard and Keen , 2010 ; Agénor et al . , 2008 ) . Although developing countries are the hardest hit by taxpayer non-compliance ( Fuest and Riedel , 2009 ) , little is known about the determinants of tax compliance and tax morale in those countries , especially in Africa ( D ’ Arcy , 2011 ; Fjeldstad and Semboja , 2001 ) . Tax morale is strongly associated with tax compliance , as highlighted by Luttmer and Singhal ( 2014 ) . The authors define tax morale as \" . . . an umbrella term capturing nonpecuniary motivations for tax compliance as well as factors that fall outside the standard expected utility framework \" . In addition to capturing citizens ’ intrinsic motivation to pay their taxes , tax morale also reflects , the feeling of being guilty or shame for failure to comply with tax obligations . This paper examines the role of trust in public institutions and the neighborhood on tax morale in four African countries : Algeria , Ghana , Morocco , and Nigeria . First , I discuss the theoretical foundations of the relationship between both dimensions of trust and tax morale based on the standard model of tax evasion from Allingham and Sandmo ( 1972 ) . Further , to isolate the effects of trust in public institutions and the neighborhood on tax morale , I use individual-level data from the sixth wave of the World Value Survey ( WVS ) covering the 2010-14 period . Lastly , I employ an empirical methodology that accounts for potential endogeneity . The identification strategy relies on the instrumental variables ( IV ) method and takes advantage of the historical data on slavery at the tribe level and the literature on the cultural heritage of trust . The slavery data are from Nunn ( 2008a ) and Nunn and Wantchecon ( 2011 ) who document the number of slaves", "spans": [{"start": 1661, "end": 1697, "text": "sixth wave of the World Value Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1927, "end": 1953, "text": "historical data on slavery", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2032, "end": 2044, "text": "slavery data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 27 - The inconsistent mix of government policies in 1993 triggered devaluation expectations , a domestic demand led boom , and worsened export performance and trade deficit . When the crisis erupted in the first quarter of 1994 , there was a massive outflow of capital , and the Turkish Lira clepreciated by almost half in nominal terms . Turkey managed to cut some of the expenditures and a sizeable primary surplus was achieved in 1994 . While in 1995 and 1996 the Government was able to maintain a primary surplus position as shown in chart 6 above , by 1997 these were largely eroded . Preliminary data suggests primary surplus will be around 4 percent of GNP in 1998 thanks to higher revenues due to a new tax law . While this is a welcome development as it is a key condition for fiscal sustainability , it is not clear how long it could be maintained . ' < sup > 0 < / sup > Structural reforms to maintain a sound fiscal 10 An important issue that needs to be mentioned here is the measurement of public sector deficits . The fiscal data discussed above refers to the consolidated budget which excludes quasi-fiscal operations of public banks . As shown by Atiyas et . al ( 1998 ) , consolidating these into public sector accounts and netting out intra-governmental debt change the primary balance situation significantly . This strongly suggests that policies for fiscal adjustment to ensure consistency between debt and inflation targets should be based on properly defined consolidated public sector accounts . continued", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1046, "text": "fiscal data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 : Density estimates of the log of labor productivity for female - and male-owned informal firms * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Kernel density estimate < br > - 5 0 5 10 15 < br > lnprod < br > Female Largest Owner Male Largest Owner < br > kernel = epanechnikov , bandwidth = 0 . 2324 < br > . 4 < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > Density < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s own calculations based on Informal Enterprise Surveys ( IES ) , World Bank . # _4 . 2 Differences in returns to drivers of labor productivity_ The mean differences between female and male-owned firms across several factors provide an indication of the differences in adoption or incidence of the factors . However , female-owned firms and male-owned firms could have the same endowments or factors ( inputs or technologies ) , but the returns to factors may differ between them . A difference in returns is indicative of discrimination that women face , but it could also be due to omitted variable bias if a factor is correlated with unobserved determinants of productivity , such as owner ’ s ability . < sup > 8 < / sup > Differences in returns can be uncovered using regression analysis to estimate how various factors affect labor productivity for the female-owned versus male-owned firms subsamples . These firm-level regressions are presented in table 2 . > 8 Another reason could be diminishing returns to a factor such as years of manager education when female-owned and male-owned firms have different levels of the factor . 16", "spans": [{"start": 462, "end": 489, "text": "Informal Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Dehejia , Rajeev and Arvind Panagariya , “ Services Growth in India : A Look Inside the Black Box , ” Columbia Program on Indian Economic Policies Working Paper 2010-4 ( 2010 ) . - Desmet , Klaus , Ejaz Ghani , Stephen O ’ Connell and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg , “ The Spatial Development of India , ” Working Paper ( 2011 ) . - Dinkelman , Taryn , “ The Effects of Rural Electrification on Employment : New Evidence from South Africa , ” _American Economic Review_ , 101 ( 7 ) , ( 2011 ) : 3078-3108 . - Duranton , Gilles , and Diego Puga , “ Nursery Cities : Urban Diversity , Process Innovation , and the Life Cycle of Products , ” _American Economic Review_ , 91 ( 5 ) , ( 2001 ) : 1454-1477 . - Eaton , Jonathan , and Zvi Eckstein , “ Cities and Growth : Theory and Evidence from France and Japan , ” _Regional Science and Urban Economics_ , 27 ( 4-5 ) , ( 1997 ) : 443-474 . - Fernandes , Ana , and Ariel Pakes , “ Factor Utilization in Indian Manufacturing : A Look at the World Bank Investment Climate Survey Data , ” NBER Working Paper 14178 ( 2008 ) . - Foster , Andrew and Mark Rosenzweig , “ Agricultural Productivity Growth , Rural Economic Diversity , and Economic Reforms : India , 1970-2000 , ” D . Gale Johnson Memorial Conference Paper ( 2003 ) . 21", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [{"start": 258, "end": 281, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "study of US import policy in the 20th century by Robert Baldwin ( 1983 ) suggests that the United States ’ use of Article XIX cycled with changes in US trade law . The US law regarding safeguards varied in the stringency of qualifying criteria over decades with the result that safeguards were never used under the 1962 US Trade Act but were far more common after reforms to the law in 1974 . > 73Data on Article XIX investigations between 1950-1959 was collected from the GATT digital archive at Stanford University and each verbal description of a product was matched to the modern HS06 product classification . 40", "spans": [{"start": 473, "end": 493, "text": "GATT digital archive", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "employers in the Tunisian labor market and to quantify its magnitude , we conducted a field experiment based on the correspondence method used by Bertrand and Mullainathan ( 2004 ) in their groundbreaking study . The experimental design consisted of sending fictitious and substantially identical male and female resumes in response to job advertisements . Any differences in callback rates could then be attributed to gender , and thus could be interpreted as gender discrimination . To the best of our knowledge , this is the first study of its kind conducted in the MENA region . > 9 In industries that may require a higher degree of physical endurance , male employment is indeed higher than female employment . For example , in construction and mining , the share of male employees is over 95 percent ( Tunisia Labor Market Panel Survey , 2014 ) . 17", "spans": [{"start": 808, "end": 841, "text": "Tunisia Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "value of that minimizes the mean squared error ( MSE ) in the validation sample and present the resulting estimates . We include information on 2019 GDP per capita , total population , and primary school enrollment rate as candidate covariates taken from the World λλ Development Indicators database . Third , we obtained more detailed quarterly GDP data for a subset of countries that mainly consists of the OECD members . < sup > 6 < / sup > In addition , since the quarterly data form a panel of countries , we employ group lasso to select features , grouping quarter fixed effects and country fixed effects . < sup > 7 < / sup > The quarterly GDP growth data primarily come from high-income states , whereas the cross-sectional data set consists of countries with varying income statuses . One might expect that the predictive power of lasso-selected covariates is different across the samples , so we focus on these differences throughout the results below . There are 39 countries with non-missing data for quarterly GDP and the candidate features ; a list is available in Table A2 of the appendix . Some candidate features are likely to be strongly collinear . We thus use factor analysis to group the data as follows : 1 . Two factors for food prices : apples , bananas , bread , cheese , eggs , lettuce , meat , chicken , onions , oranges , potatoes , milk , and rice ( all relative to January of 2020 ) > 5 https : / / www . worldpop . org / > 6 These GDP statistics come from the OECD ( 2021 ) . > 7 In other words , lasso will either select all quarterly dummies or none of them ( and the same for country dummies ) . We implement this using _gglasso_ in R . 6", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 299, "text": "World λλ Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 336, "end": 354, "text": "quarterly GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 637, "end": 662, "text": "quarterly GDP growth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 716, "end": 740, "text": "cross-sectional data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This data is gathered through surveys conducted with individuals from 27 states ( ’ departments ’ ) , covering aspects such as education , employment , income , and housing characteristics , among others . < sup > 10 < / sup > We primarily utilize this dataset to calculate the baseline poverty rate for each state , defined as the proportion of the population earning an income below half of the minimum wage . # * * 3 . 2 Convergence test * * Using the RAIS dataset , we compute labor productivity for each sector and subsector in each state as follows : where _i_ represents a state , _j_ a sector or an industry , and _t_ a time period . We use the following four sectors : agriculture , extractives , manufacturing , and services . Each industry in the CNAE classifications ( 2-digit ) is grouped into one of these sectors . < sup > 11 < / sup > We define labor productivity using the wage bill because data value-added are available only at the sector level . However , this will not be an issue given that the wage bill is a good proxy for labor productivity . Then , we test for the _β_ - convergence across states using the estimating equation : where _τ > _ 0 and _εi , j , t_ is an error term . We consider 8-year and 16-year windows . If data rejects the null hypothesis _β_ = 0 against the alternative _β < _ 0 , it shows evidence of unconditional regional convergence . Alternatively , we test for conditional convergence by controlling the state ( _si_ ) and industry ( _λj_ ) fixed effects , and for states ’ initial period poverty rate , indicators of human capital , per capita tax collection , and infrastructure access : We also run equations 3 and 4 regression at the aggregate levels ; that is , all the sectors combined . > 10 See the list of states in Appendix A . > 11 See the list of sectors and industries within the CNAE classification in Appendix A . 9", "spans": [{"start": 455, "end": 467, "text": "RAIS dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sector | 0 . 0272 < br > 0 . 0168 | 0 . 157 * * * | | | | [ 0 . 0233 ] < br > [ 0 . 0244 ] | [ 0 . 0272 ] | | | Num cars | - 0 . 0355 * < br > - 0 . 0567 * * * | - 0 . 0164 | | | | [ 0 . 0183 ] < br > [ 0 . 0193 ] | [ 0 . 0213 ] | | | Constant | 0 . 814 * * * < br > 0 . 791 * * * | 0 . 271 * * * | 0 . 876 * * * | | | [ 0 . 0658 ] < br > [ 0 . 0693 ] | [ 0 . 0756 ] | [ 0 . 129 ] | | Observations | 881 < br > 927 | 887 | 598 | | Adjusted R-squared | 0 . 241 < br > 0 . 147 | 0 . 062 | 0 . 132 | | Standard errors in brackets | * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 | | | * * Notes : * * Columns 1-3 represents personal beliefs of acceptability of working in the private sector , as well as preference for working in the private sector for both female and male respondents for both working and non-working respondents . Both of these of the dependent variables are re-scaled to between 0-1 for easier interpretation . Column 4 includes both male and female respondent responses on if non-working female ( respondent or female counterpart ) wants to work . “ Social Normative ” is a standardized variable of the single question of how many would speak badly of women working in the private sector , whereas “ Social Normative Index ” is a standardized aggregated variable including all the 4 questions asked about the private sector , including perceptions of risks and discrimination . The other perception variables should be in interpreted in a similar manner .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex * * 2 * * Page 1 of * * 2 # # * * Trust Funds as a Conservation Funding Mechanism * * 1 . The rationale for using the GEF grant to support conservation of the BINP and MGNP is that a trust fund can be an effective mechanism to provide a long-term financial commitment for conservation activities . The structure and definition of a conservation trust fund will vary depending on the individual legal , political and institutional circumstances of a particular country and the specific objectives . 2 . The long-term nature of a trust fund is particularly important when funding recurrent costs and establishing viable grant-making programs . Reliable funding can improve program stability , long-range-planning , training and recruitment of personnel , and the overall sustainability of the program . The net result can be more effective conservation and a visible link between the protected areas conservation and the economic benefits to relevant local communities . 3 . The Trustee , or frequently a Board of Trustees , has fiduciary responsibility to follow the terms of the trust . These terms are defined in a trust document or similar legal agreement which describes the intended beneficiaries and activities which can receive funds from the trust . Typically , the Board will select a financial institution to manage the trust fund ' s financial assets on its behalf . Thus , in effect , the trustee role is divided into two parts - a management board which approves projects and activities for funding and a financial trustee which invests the trust ' s capital and disburses money as instructed by the Board . The Board of Trustees will likely delegate certain powers to a small staff , technical committees and others as needed . However , the Board retains ultimate oversight and accountability for all of the trust ' s activities . 4 . Conservation trusts can finance many things : surveys of flora and fauna , local community projects , ecological monitoring , training for park rangers , administrative support to an NGO , or whatever falls within the Board ' s interpretation of the guidelines of the trust document", "spans": [{"start": 1905, "end": 1931, "text": "surveys of flora and fauna", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "household ; and , identifies allhouseholds byage , < br > sex , relationship to headof the household , education , occupation < br > and housing conditions . Data for affected structures included < br > construction type , use , area , ownership and location , as well as < br > the extent of loss ; and Business losses , by types , amounts and < br > duration of losses ( structures , income ) . | | Valuation of Assets | In general , the compensation for affected structures was < br > determined on the basis of the full replacement cost based on < br > definition provided in glossary . During the fieldwork the valuation < br > team conducted systematic surveys within the project area to < br > determine the prices of acquiring or reconstructing similar < br > structures . The prices were used to determine full replacement < br > value of the affected assets . | | Data Analysis | Quantitative data sets were analysed using excel data sheets , upon < br > completion of the data entry transcriptions , the study team leader < br > carried out qualitative and quantitative data analysis , which < br > included a search for patterns and for concepts that help explain < br > the patterns . | | RAP Report preparation | This phase involves detailed analysis of the census data and < br > synthesizing the results of community consultations . This was done < br > in order to prepare strategies for compensation packages to be < br > included in the RAP . | * * Figure 2 . 1 : RAP Preparation Approach and Methodology * * * * 2-1 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 890, "end": 912, "text": "Quantitative data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1272, "end": 1283, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 its peak over 7 . 7 million people were in need of food aid . Winile serious malnutrition , even in drought years , has been concentrated in the north . studies in the food surplus south have shown that malnutrition begins in the womb , as a consequence of undernourished mothers , often exacerbated by heavy agricultura * * l * * abor during pregnancy . Malnutrition-related deaths peak in the first 18 months of life , due to malnourished mothers ' inability to produce sufficient milk and to the late introduction of weaning foods . Micronutrient deficiencies are widespread , in particular goitre ( mean prevalence around 30 % ) . Vitamin A ( around 20 % of children ) and Vitamin C ( around 10 % of children ) . Iron deficiency anaemia is a serious problem in areas where malaria and hookworm are highly prevalent and where teff , an iron-rich staple , is not grown . The prevalence of goitre is 50-70 % among the primary school population in the highlands above 2 , 000 meters , where erosion has reduced the iodine content of soil , water and food . # # B . Population Policies and Activities 2 . 06 Populatior Policy . Ethiopia has not yet developed a policy aiming to reduce fertility . The Office of the National Committee for Central Planning ( ONCCP ) has however indicated that work is progressing in the preparation of a draft policy on population for development which should be completed by the end of the current three-year plan period ( 1987-1989 ) . The next five-year plum ( 1990-94 ) will include a chapter on population outlining policies and programs for the plan period . In addition , with UNFPA assistance , ONCCP has established a demographic planning unit and the Ethiopian Central Statistical Office plans to undertake a national fertility survey in 1988-89 which would examine the determinants of fertility and mortality . 2 . 07 Population Activities . It is Government policy that family planning for birth spacing purposes is an integral", "spans": [{"start": 1752, "end": 1777, "text": "national fertility survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the values of houses will be lower in the informal sector . Returns on investment , measured by the rent-to-value ratio , will thus be higher in the informal sector . This result relies only on investment side considerations and is independent of assumptions on the households ’ side . Thus it will hold even when there are mobility costs or when households have intrinsic preferences for living in the formal sector . We use a survey conducted by the World Bank in the city of Pune , India . Among > 9Owner-occupying households are seen both as investors and renters , insofar as they rent their dwellings to themselves . 4", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 464, "text": "survey conducted by the World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . < br > Description < br > KE-MOTI-6591-CS-QCBS / < br > Consultancy services for < br > Socio-Economic surveys , < br > Infrastructure upgrading < br > Plan and Engineering < br > designs of Infrastructure in < br > informal settlements < br > MLHUD / KISIP / CS / 004B / 2013 < br > - 2014 | * * S * * < br > / < br > Loan / Credit < br > No . < br > IDA / 48730 | Component < br > Review Type < br > Prior | Method < br > Market < br > Approach < br > Contract < br > Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - National | Type < br > Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > Process Statu < br > 1 , 543 , 825 . 75 < br > Signed | s < br > Terms of Refe < br > Planned < br > A < br > 2017-02-13 | rence < br > Expression of Inter < br > Notice < br > ctual < br > Planned < br > Actua < br > 2017-03-06 | est < br > Short List and Draft < br > Request for Proposals < br > R < br > l < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > < br > 2017-04-19 | equest for P < br > as Issue < br > Planned < br > | ropo < br > d < br > Actu | sals < br > Opening of Technical < br > Proposals / Minutes < br > al < br > Planned < br > Actual < br > 2017-05-17 | < br > Evaluation of < br > Technical", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 062 ) | ( 0 . 060 ) | ( 0 . 088 ) | | Observations < br > 58891 | 47707 | 11184 | | R-squared < br > 0 . 098 | 0 . 111 | 0 . 184 | | _F-test ( p-value ) : Impact on boys_ | | | | In-Kind < br > 0 . 065 | 0 . 074 | 0 . 478 | | Recognition < br > 0 . 389 | 0 . 102 | 0 . 614 | | _F-test ( p-value ) : In-Kind vs Recog_ | _nition_ | | | Girls < br > 0 . 635 | 0 . 812 | 0 . 391 | | Boys < br > 0 . 372 | 0 . 842 | 0 . 226 | _Notes . _ Each column represents a separate regression on the midline data , estimated using equation 2 . Data are restricted to same sample as columns ( 1 ) to ( 3 ) in Table 2 . The bottom four rows report the p-values of the ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ following respective F-tests : _α_ 1 + _α_ 3 = 0 ; _α_ 2 + _α_ 4 = 0 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ _α_ 1 = _α_ 2 ; _α_ 1 + _α_ 3 = _α_ 2 + _α_ 4 . Standard errors are in parentheses . . _ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 1 , _ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , _ ∗ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 19", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 502, "text": "midline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | This is DLR 9 . 7 : Procuremen < br > based on KPIs on three basi < br > 2010 . This is achieved . Verifie | t performance is reported < br > c sectors ( agriculture , hea < br > d and disbursed | by four regions ( Amhara , Or < br > lth , education ) pertaining to | omia , SNNPR , Tigray ) < br > analyzed data for EFY | | ► DLI 19 DLI # 9 . 8 : Over < br > 10 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | sight function of Regional Procure | ment regulatory bodies has | been improved ( Intermediate | Outcome , | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2020 | | Value | Procurement performance < br > monitoring guideline < br > developed and data < br > collection started EFY2009 | Data not yet available . | Data not yet available . | Procurement data < br > entry streamlined < br > and continue to be < br > collected based on < br > KPIs on the three < br > basic sectors < br > ( Agriculture , Health < br > and Education ) in < br > the nine regions | | Date | - - | 07-Dec-2018 | 31-Dec-2019 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Procurement data entry strea < br > ( agriculture , health , educatio | mlined and continued to be < br > n ) in the 9 regions . Due date | collected based on KPIs on t < br > for DLI is May 1 , 2020 . | he three basic sectors | | ► DLI 20 DLI # 9", "spans": [{"start": 820, "end": 836, "text": "Procurement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Pacific , 27 in Europe and Central Asia , 20 in Latin America and the Caribbean , 14 in the Middle East and North Africa , 6 in South Asia , 40 in Sub - Saharan Africa , and 23 in the high-income OECD countries . Among them , 37 OIC countries are covered . For practical purposes , most small islands and economies at war were not included . The sample covers more than 94 percent of the world ’ s population and nearly 98 percent of global GDP . Selected questions are presented in the first and second rows of the table . The row for OIC countries means the percentage of OIC countries that replied yes to the questions ( for Yes / No questions ) , or means the average value for OIC countries . The same calculation applied to the groups of developing countries , OIC-GCC , and low incoming countries . OIC-GCC means OIC countries excluding the GCC countries covered by the CGAP database . 51", "spans": [{"start": 881, "end": 894, "text": "CGAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR13259 The World Bank | | | | | submitted to the first < br > Parliamentary Council for < br > delivery to Cabinet | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Roads rehabilitated , Non-rural | Kilometers | Value | 0 . 00 | 36 . 00 | 160 . 00 | | | | Date | 31-Dec-2009 | 15-Oct-2013 | 31-Jan-2016 | | | | Comments | | three civil works contracts are < br > ongoing . | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 06-Dec-2013 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P092837 | IDA-46790 | Effective | 10-Dec-2009 | 03-Feb-2010 | 15-Jul-2010 | 30-Jun-2014 | 31-Jan-2016 | | P092837 | IDA-49490 | Effective | 16-Jun-2011 | 05-Jun-2012 | 22-Oct-2012 | 31-Jan-2016 | 31-Jan-2016 | | P092837 | TF-11094 | Effective | 27-Mar-2012 | 30-Mar-2012 | 30-Mar-2012 | 30-Jun-2014 | 30-Jun-2014 | # # # * * Disbursements ( in Millions ) * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights ; _ - _The rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities ; _ When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers , dated July 2016 ) # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 11 < / sup > Interestingly , reform chatter is not correlated with FDI inflows . This finding suggests that the support for the current reforms matters for FDI decisions . In other words , “ talk is not cheap ” . FDI inflows also correlate with the GCC ’ s GDP growth and trade openness in the same year . # V . Conclusion This paper finds that GCC reform efforts have intensified in recent years , as indicated by the rapidly rising number of passed laws and decrees . Nevertheless , the GCC countries tend to pass more laws and decrees in stronger policy areas . Using data from the social media platform Twitter , the paper discovers increasing engagement from the population . In addition , the number of economic reform tweets per engaged user has risen dramatically . Nevertheless , support for economic reforms from the population is declining , suggesting either growing discontent about the current economic situation or shrinking support for the current direction of economic reforms . Data from news media show that international media is more engaged but less positive about the GCC ’ s economic reforms than local media . These findings suggest a relative disengagement from economic reform discussions by local media ( and potentially domestic participants ) . The more negative tone from international media , which possibly reflects international stakeholders ’ views , is noteworthy . Sentiment in international media and social media matters because it is found to be correlated with FDI inflows into the GCC . > 11 The literature on the determinants of FDI inflows is very broad , covering different regions , time periods , data sets , and employing different methodologies . Some examples include Gammoudi and Cherif ( 2016 ) who study the MENA region , Hintosova et al . ( 2018 ) for the ‘ Visegrad ’ countries in Eastern Europe , and Asongu et al . ( 2018 ) on the BRICS and MINT countries . Our estimations follow the literature in including variables for GDP growth , inflation , trade openness , and institutional quality , in addition to the media-based variables . 16", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 622, "text": "data from the social media platform Twitter", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1004, "end": 1024, "text": "Data from news media", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "report that they are not employed , the annual census enumerates the reasons . , placed into several categories . These categories do not permit a clear distinction between people who are unemployed and looking for work and those who are not in the labor force . For this reason , the able-bodied people of working age who report that they are not employed will be referred to , awkwardly , as the \" not-employed . \" 17 . It is generally accepted in most transition countries that official unemployment registrations are not very good indicators of the actual level of unemployment , 3 and Mongolia is no different . Although someone who has recently lost a formal sector job would have incentive to register at the ERO , the incentive to remain registered declines rapidly as benefits expire < sup > 4 < / sup > Furthermore , those who haven ' t paid social insurance contributions for the requisite two years have even less incentive to register since they are not eligible for benefits . 18 . It is important to understand the processes that generated the statistics on the following pages . Each _duureg / soum_ questions each household about the characteristics of household members , including whether or not they have a job . If they are able-bodied , of working age , and report that they are not employed , the _duureg / soum_ then asks the reason , providing several categories of responses . The final category is \" other \" which ultimately gets reflected in the Annual Labor Force Balance as \" without any reason . \" Some of the other categories , such as \" watching a child , \" can be inferred to indicate people who are not in the labor force , and in Figure 1 below , these categories have been grouped together as \" clearly not in the labor force . \" # * * Trends in Employment in Ulaanbaatar ' s Informal Sector * * 19 . The number of the \" not-employed , \" as well as the \" reasons for being not-employed \" are instructive in the trends that they display . Recognizing that informnals often do not consider themselves \" employed , \" an expansion of the informal", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 . Private < u > Credit to GDP Ratio ( 1995-2009 ) , MENA vs Non-MENA < / u > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > MLT < br > ISR < br > JOR LBN < br > TUN KWT < br > BHR < br > MAR EGY < br > ARE < br > DJI OMNSAU QAT < br > IRN < br > LBY < br > YEM IRQ SYR DZA < br > 7 8 9 10 11 < br > Log GDP per capita ( 2005 , USD ) < br > Source : WDI < br > 200 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > privatecredit < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * 4 . 4 . SECTOR-LEVEL DEPENDENCIES * * Two measures of sector-level dependencies are used : external finance dependence , and asset tangibility . Measures of an industry ’ s need for external finance are taken from Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) . External finance dependence is calculated as the fraction of capital expenditures not financed with cash flow from the firm ’ s own operations , using data from U . S . firms in the 1980s . The United States is a good example to isolate industrial financing needs since markets are relatively frictionless especially among large companies . For example , industries requiring a lot of R & D such as drugs and pharmaceuticals require a lot more financing than say pottery . By treating external finance dependence as similar across all countries , one also avoids the problem of entangling country financial sector effects into industry-specific measure . An industry ’ s level of asset tangibility is derived in Braun ( 2003 ) using U . S . Compustat data from 1986-1995 . The most tangible industries include metals and chemicals , less tangible industries include apparel and chinaware . Figure 5 illustrates the average external finance dependency and asset tangibility by country averaged over the period 1995-2009 . The two sector dependency indicators are trade weighted by sector using BACI export values from this same time period . Figure", "spans": [{"start": 866, "end": 889, "text": "data from U . S . firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1448, "end": 1470, "text": "U . S . Compustat data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | China | 2009 | 2 , 206 | 6 , 200 | 43 | 17 . 7 | 85 | | Japan | 1960 | 5 , 493 | 6 , 976 | 35 | 20 . 0 | 9 . 7 | | Korea , Rep . | 1982 | 3 , 709 | 6 , 123 | 25 | 14 . 6 | 2 . 3 | Sources : World Bank , World Development Indicators database ; International Labour Organization , LABORSTA ; China , National Bureau of Statistics ( 2010 ) . In the absence of detailed data on manufacturing employment in all African countries , one can only conjecture about the size of the potential gains for the region . Still , even back-of-theenvelope calculations suggest that the benefits would be enormous . In 2009 alone , China exported $ 107 billion of apparel to the world , compared with Sub-Saharan Africa ‘ s total apparel exports of $ 2 billion ( 2 percent of Chinese apparel exports ) . Let ‘ s assume that as a result of rising wages , 1 percent of China ‘ s production of apparel is shifted to lower-wage African countries . All things equal , that alone would boost African production and exports of apparel by 47 percent . A 5 percent shift of Chinese export-related investments in the industry could translate into $ 5 . 4 billion in additional exports — a 233 percent increase . Even rough employment estimates suggest the potential gains in manufacturing jobs . Africa ‘ s population ( north and south of the Sahara ) is 1 billion , slightly less than India ‘ s 1 . 15 billion . In 2009 manufacturing value added was 16 percent of GDP in India , 13 percent in Sub-Saharan African countries , and 16 percent in North African countries such as Egypt , Morocco , and Tunisia . < sup > 24 < / sup > India ‘ s employment in manufacturing was 8 . 7 million in 2009 . So it is reasonable to assume that", "spans": [{"start": 267, "end": 304, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to any group or sector of society ( such as women , people with disability or the elderly ) that is at higher risk in periods of economic hardships . In order to prioritize selected of vulnerable applicants , the Project will leverage the database of NAF . More detailed selection processes will be described in the POM , including possible quota for each gender group and by targeted regions . Syrian refugees benefit under the project will be implemented in accordance with Jordanian laws and regulations . * * 5 . Information , and Communication Technology ( ICT ) * * refers to all technologies ( software , hardware , data , transactions , internet access , etc . ) that enables people and firms to interact in a digital world . Digital technology falls under the ICT umbrella and therefore “ digital work ” refers to jobs that leverage digital technology tools . The proposed project categorizes two types of tech-related jobs : ( i ) _ICTdependent jobs_ : defined as jobs that cannot be performed without the use of technology , including digital ; and ( ii ) _ICT-enabled jobs_ : defined as jobs that uses technology as a tool to improve efficiency and effectiveness , although it could be performed without it . Both category of jobs would however require different levels of digital skills . * * 6 . * * To simplify , the Project will categorize the * * “ * * * * _ICT-enabled jobs ” _ * * as jobs that would require basic level of digital skills which are essentially generic skills required to safely use technology , including digital , to improve productivity on the job . Those types of jobs will be accessible to Syrian Refugees beneficiaries , whereas the ICT-dependent jobs will be accessible to Jordanians only . For example , a farmer could become ICT-enabled with basic digital skills , if his capacity is built to leverage his phone to access clients and markets via online platforms or applications ( e . g . WhatsApp ) that would require sharing information in a digital form . A waiter in a restaurant could leverage", "spans": [{"start": 239, "end": 254, "text": "database of NAF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". They will also prepare quarterly and annual KISIP progress reports , based on the information from the municipal-level M & E specialists and on information from the project ‘ s coordinator , and specialists in procurement , financial management , environmental and social safeguards , social and community development , engineering , and others . They will also lead the government ‘ s participation in a midterm review scheduled for early 2013 . 59 . * * Data generation * * . The data to track many of the key performance indicators will come from central and municipal sources and from project-specific surveys . For example , information on the tenure status of settlements will come from MoL offices at municipalities . The number of households benefiting from strengthened tenure security will come from the settlement censuses carried out under KISIP and other projects that have conducted social economic surveys prior to working in settlements ( such as WaSSIP ) . The information on creation of project-financed infrastructure will come from reports of the independent supervision consultants . Data on improvements in overall living conditions will come from socio-economic surveys to be carried out twice in each beneficiary settlement , once prior to the start of works and again a year or so after the completion of the intervention ( whether tenure security or infrastructure ) . These socio-economic surveys will collect genderdisaggregated data to enable the team to understand the impact of the project ‘ s interventions on both women and men . Socio-economic surveys will also be carried out in settlements that do not receive any interventions to allow researchers in the future to assess the impact of the project on settlement residents and on urban development . 22", "spans": [{"start": 816, "end": 835, "text": "settlement censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1172, "end": 1194, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1403, "end": 1425, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1565, "end": 1587, "text": "Socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 | | < br > 1 . 7 | < br > Approach followed for Update of the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . 9 | | < br > 1 . 7 . 1 | < br > Document Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 | | < br > 1 . 7 . 2 | < br > PAPs Verification Census and Socio-economic Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 | | < br > 1 . 7 . 3 | < br > Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 565, "end": 615, "text": "PAPs Verification Census and Socio-economic Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "142 866 932 863 862 1 , 032 1 , 079 945 588 < br > Land 2016 483 275 253 446 339 334 317 599 656 851 531 848 < br > Sea 2015 264 44 280 243 512 414 380 417 621 1 , 059 557 492 < br > Sea 2016 492 222 351 451 575 715 458 934 1248 1 , 110 854 752 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Arrival figures for Spain are provided by Spanish Ministry of Interior and Spanish Police . Figures are subject to future adjustment and should not be considered final . # # # CONCLUSION People in need of international protection will continue to need to seek safety in Europe in 2017 and beyond , regardless of the restrictions , including push-backs and other abuses at borders , imposed to reduce their numbers . In order to prevent further loss of life and reduce the risks to those who are seeking safety in Europe , some of whom have spouses or other family members already in Europe , European States need to expand opportunities for safe path ways . These include the use of resettlement , effective family reunification arrangements , private sponsorship , work and study visas and other complementary pathways to access protection . < sup > 23 < / sup > In addition , it is important to strengthen the use of re - location for those who have arrived in Greece and Italy . For those who have arrived in an EU Member State , UNHCR calls for prioritization of family reunion for those with family members elsewhere in the EU , accelerated and simplified asylum determination procedures , a common approach to UASC , and increased integration support to reduce the incentive for irregular onward movement . Finally , UNHCR calls for EU Member States and other European States along primary transit routes to halt border practices that are not in accordance with international and European law , including pushbacks , denial of access to asylum procedures , and use of violence by authorities , and ensure instead that those in need of protection are identified and assisted", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 311, "text": "Arrival figures for Spain", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Industry and Entrepreneurship ( P161317 ) ICR DOCUMENT administrative inefficiencies — including protracted procurement and documentation clean-up , slow contract mobilization , and the need to overhaul funds-flow and fiduciary arrangements mid-implementation , further delayed execution and generated material transaction costs . Although restructuring and funds-flow reforms ultimately improved allocative efficiency and fiduciary control , the scale of the administrative effort required to restore compliance reduced overall implementation efficiency . While the PAD ’ s projected Economic Rate of Return ( ERR ) could not be replicated at closing – because some multi-year outcome data ( earnings , revenues , cost savings ) necessary for the ERR was not collected – a costeffectiveness assessment broadly corroborates these dynamics . It primarily concludes that : ( i ) at delivery level , several instruments were more cost-effective than envisaged – particularly KIEP 250 + ( with higher-than-required co-financing and pay-on-delivery reimbursement tied to verified milestones ) and ecosystem instruments such as Startup Savanna , which used virtual and leveraged models to reach large numbers of firms at low marginal cost ; ( ii ) once indirect costs were fully allocated , per-SME costs for intensive upgrading were significantly higher than PAD expectations due to reduced scale and the need to spread overheads over fewer participating firms , whereas extensive ecosystem activities remained relatively low-cost . Overall , the project exhibited “ micro-efficiency under macro-constraints ” : strong direct cost-effectiveness where delivery models functioned as designed , but administrative frictions ( layered on top of time overruns , reduced scale , and systemreengineering demands ) keeping fully loaded portfolio-level efficiency within a balanced _Modest_ rating . # # * * D . JUSTIFICATION OF OVERALL OUTCOME RATING * * 31 . The * * overall outcome rating * * is considered * * _ < u > Moderately Unsatisfactory < / u > _ * * _ <", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 719, "text": "multi-year outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Consultancy Services for the Detailed Design of the Upgrading to Paved Standard of Gulu - Nimule Road Contract No . ROPIHWIS018 VKE International ( Ply ) ltd Resettlement Action Plan July 2009 - requirements of Uganda Law and are consistent with the relevant polices of UNRA and the World Bank ; and - To determine a process for the successful and timely implementation of resettlement , compensation and land acquisition , consistent with the project objectives . # # # # 1 . 5 Approach and Methodology of Social Assessment Introduction This Section describes the methods used in consulting the communities and their respective leadership . In order to bring in focus the requirements of RAP , the methods of data collection included a series of quantitative ( survey ) methods as well as qualitative methods in which the affected persons participated in the identification of their needs which are associated with the road project . Resettlement planning is affected whenever displacement / relocation of project affected persons is influenced by project activities . Before the actual implementation of the resettlement activities , baseline data is collected and potential direct and indirect impacts to the affected persons are identified and analysed . Mitigation measures are then put in place to address negative impacts and compulsory plans are designed and recommended . For this report , relevant documents on resettlement plans and guiding reports on the legal framework in respect to the situation for Ugandans were reviewed . In addition , field surveys , field data collection , formal and informal interviews were carried out with project affected persons , local council officials , and representatives of NGOs and peoples organizations in the area . Interviews were carried out to ascertain the disinterested views of the Project Affected Persons ( PAP ) about the relocation process . In addition , the survey and the valuation of properties , trees and crops have also been carried out . # # # # 1 . 5 . 1 Literature Review This involved reviewing the relevant legal provisions and the population census reports of 2002 by UBOS , historical and current studies , social economic status , Development Action Plans for Gulu", "spans": [{"start": 1136, "end": 1149, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2106, "end": 2139, "text": "population census reports of 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "banking assets , with the remainder being the share o f the two public sector commercial banks . However , recent months have seen an increased role for private banks . Private banks ’ credit to the private sector grew by 36 % from June 2004 to June 2005 . Over this period , the share o f private bank credit in total bank credit extended to the private sector increased from 46 % to 55 % . The share o f private bank credit in total banking sector credit increased from 38 % to 42 % , over the same period . 10 Commercial banks as a group appear to be adequately capitalized , based on reported data . As o f June 2004 , the reported average capital adequacy ratio ( CAR ) was 12 . 3 % for all commercial banks , 11 . 7 % for the public sector banks , and 13 . 7 % for the private banks , well above the Basle norm o f 8 % . The predominance o f a relatively stable base o f core deposits i s a positive feature o f the Ethiopian banking sector . At June 2004 , deposits accounted for 80 % o f commercial banks ’ liabilities . Savings and fixed-term deposits accounted for 41 % o f total liabilities for all commercial banks , 36 % for public sector banks and 60 % for private banks , Deposits recorded a 21 % growth during the year ending June 2004 , signaling the start o f an economic recovery process and possibly renewed confidence in the banking system ; the private sector banks recorded a much higher deposit growth rate ( 49 % ) than the public sector banks ( 14 % ) . Commercial banks , and particularly public sector banks , have tended to deploy a substantial share o f their resources in safer assets , such as T-bills , or in reserves at NBE . In June 2004 , net loans and advances accounted for a relatively small proportion ( 24 % ) o f the total assets o f public sector banks , in contrast to the private banks ( 58 % ) . The loan to", "spans": [{"start": 588, "end": 601, "text": "reported data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 # # # # * * ANNEX 6 ; THREE POINT RANK ORDER SYSTEM FOR VMGPS ( SAMPLE ) To be filled by KISIP / PIU Team and World Bank as part of review and monitoring * * | * * Criterion * * | * * Points * * | * * Explanation * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Screening * * | | | | < br > 1 . Have all IP groups in project area | 0 | Not stated | | < br > been identified ( is screening adequate ) ? | 0 . 5 | The names of some groups have been < br > mentioned ; baseline survey has been < br > proposed ; < br > Aggregates all < br > groups < br > together | | | 1 | Detailed description of all indigenous < br > groups isgiven | | * * Social Assessment * * | | | | 2 . Has a social assessment been done ( Is | 0 | Not stated | | baseline data given ) ? | 0 . 5 | Proposed to collect all relevant data - < br > no specifics ; data briefly stated ; or not < br > updated , data not disaggregated | | | 1 | Disaggregated population data of IP ; < br > relevant socio-economic indicators < br > have been stated ; data that needs to be < br > collected are listed ; | | 3 . Has legal framework been described ? | 0 | Not stated | | | 0 . 5 | Brief mentionof frameworkgiven | | | 1 | Constitutional provisions , legal statutes < br > and government programs in relevant < br > sectors related to indigenous peoples < br > stated | | Have benefits / adverse impacts to IP | 0 | Not Discussed", "spans": [{"start": 579, "end": 594, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1022, "end": 1057, "text": "Disaggregated population data of IP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "visit Debrief for day one ( Koboko and Arua ESIA & RAP teams ) * * ESIA and RAP teams split into two with one team comprising the Surveyor , Valuer and the project coordinator staying in Arua to interact with stakeholders from OPM and UNHCR office . While the rest of the team proceeded to Koboko where they successfully held stakeholder meetings with both the technical and political leadership of Koboko district local government in the morning and later in the afternoon , had a another successful meeting with both the local and subcounty leadership of two sub counties through which the road project passes , these include Midia and Abuku sub counties . The key emerging issues from the two teams included ; * * Arua Team * * comprising of Aisha Zawedde ( Environmental Specialist ) together with the Surveyor and the Valuer presented the following preliminary findings . - Arua team met a desk assistant from Office of the Prime Minister ( OPM ) and briefed them about our ( JBN ) visit . We told them we wanted to understand the settlements and they told us that Bidibidi refugee camp is the nearest to the road . - OPM also pointed out that their role is to take care of refugees under their jurisdiction / protection but not those outside the designated camp sites . - For more information , records and number of refugees , OPM referred us to check with the UNHCR data base . - OPM also gave a list of some Civil Society Organizations ( CSO ’ s ) and implementing partners working with refugees along the Koboko , Yumbe , Moyo road and these included among 65", "spans": [{"start": 1368, "end": 1383, "text": "UNHCR data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Therefore , it is unlikely that changes in foreign demand are correlated with the _distribution of unobserved factors_ that _differentially_ drive changes in local labor markets . As shown in the bin-scatter below , a visual representation of the first-stage regression , changes in exposure to exports growth strongly correlate with changes in exposure to foreign demand shocks . The F-statistic is 1 , 545 , so the instrument is extremely relevant . If the instrumentation strategy is valid , then the instrument satisfies the exclusion restriction . In that case , we can interpret the results in this section as the causal dynamic effect of exports on local labor markets in Indonesia . * * Figure 4 . 1 : Indonesian Districts ’ Labor Market Exposure to Merchandise Exports * * ( binscatter that partitions the support of the x-axis into 100 bins ; x-axis : regional exposure to foreign demand growth , in pct change ; y-axis : regional exposure to export growth , in pct change ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > . 2 < br > 0 < br > - . 2 < br > - . 4 - . 2 0 . 2 . 4 < br > Regional Exposure to Foreign Demand Growth , pct change < br > The underlying regression has n = 8 , 558 , with unconditional ß = 0 . 697 and t-stat = 39 . 31 < br > Regional Exposure to Export Growth , pct change < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ calculations with data from Sakernas and UNCOMTRADE . # * * 5 . Main results * * The results in this section should be interpreted in * * relative terms , * * as in a difference-in-differences estimator * * . * * Below we plot the results of a given region being relatively more exposed to exports growth ( as instrumented by foreign demand shocks ) over time , in other words , the causal dynamic treatment effect of exports on those outcome variables . In each Figure we present here , the red line shows the coefficients βh", "spans": [{"start": 1397, "end": 1430, "text": "data from Sakernas and UNCOMTRADE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hpa-An Environmental Scoping Report | | NEAT + | | October 2019 | 12 20 countries in the “ climate-conflict nexus ” by UN OCHA < sup > 6 < / sup > , meaning that the combination of severe environmental vulnerability along with pre-existing social fragility and weak institutions can create stressors which lead to increased risk of violence and conflict . Climate change will increasingly act as a driver in forced displacement and resource scarcity in Myanmar . Hpa An _Figure 4 : The estimated flood mortality risk in Hpa An . _ Township experiences high exposure to risk caused by natural hazards including flooding , landslides due to precipitation and tropical cyclones ( e . g . Figure 4 displays the estimated flood mortality risk in Hpa An ) , expected to exacerbate existing issues regarding climate vulnerability and displacement . While Myanmar is particularly vulnerable to natural hazards and the increasing impacts of climate change , there are biophysical features within Myanmar that can act as buffers to those natural hazards . Healthy ecosystems such as mangroves , wetlands , and forests can reduce physical exposure to many hazards and sustain local livelihoods by providing important ecosystem services such as food and building materials . Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction ( Eco-DRR ) programs can help increase community resilience to disasters by identifying opportunities for restoration and protection of key ecosystems . Some examples of the ongoing Eco-DRR work globally is the “ Opportunity Mapping for Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk < u > Reduction ( Eco-DRR ) ” by UNEP and GRID-Geneva which is identifying areas of high restoration < / u > and / or protection potential to reduce risk from certain natural hazards ( see Figure 4 ) . The spatial data for this project is developed on a global level and can be accessed through a MapX data < u > project . On a national level ACTED , a French NGO , is implementing a project in Rakhine state < / u > which involves planting and conserving mangrove forests . >", "spans": [{"start": 1776, "end": 1788, "text": "spatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1867, "end": 1876, "text": "MapX data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "115580607 * * | | - - - | - - - | | | TadesseBiruOdda < br > Environment , Health * * & * * SafetyDirector < br > Phone : * * + 251116676393 * * < br > Mobile : * * + 251911771230 * * < br > Mailto : tadesse . odda @ gmail . com | | Date97 | | | Signature < br > * * , C07 * * | | * * All * * grievances will be acknowledged within * * 3 * * days . * * If * * immediate corrective action is available it will be taken within * * 3 * * days . * * If * * no immediate corrective action is available , a response will be provided within * * 7 * * days unless there are exceptional circumstances . The following steps shall be performed in a timely manner to avoid delaying resolution of a grievance : - Obtain as much information as possible from the person who received the complaint , as well as from the complainant to gain a first-hand understanding of the grievance . - Undertake a site visit , if required , to clarify the parties and issues involved . Gather the views of other stakeholders including Subproject employees . * * If * * necessary , identify initial options for settlement that parties have considered . - Determine whether the grievance is eligible . Eligible grievances include all those that are directly or indirectly related to the Subproject . - Ineligible Complaints may include those that are clearly not related to the Subproject or its contractors ' activities , whose issues fall outside the scope of the GRP or where other community procedures would be more appropriate to address the grievance . - * * If * * the grievance is deemed ineligible it can be rejected . However , a full explanation as to the reasons for this must be given to the complainant and recorded in the Grievance Database . - * * If * * the grievance is", "spans": [{"start": 1705, "end": 1723, "text": "Grievance Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Poverty rate ( % ) ve < br > [ _ ] 0 - 10 Asa < br > [ _j = aa10 - : = 20 a \\ < br > Hm 50-60 oe < br > HM 40 - 50 y < br > Hm 60-70 aA . < br > HiHl 8070-80 - 90 ho ' ? z < br > Hm 90 - 100 es ; < br > conte i » < br > 2 ae < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > L | nationalLower thanpoverty level < br > | | National poverty level < br > ‘ | Higher than i < br > national poverty level < br > sia ! < br > : he < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "h . an effective complaints mechanism ; and i . maintenance of records of the Procurement Process . _cable_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Not Applicable_ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Since the project is an emergency response project the provisions of Procurement in Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance shall apply . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provided by FINCA DRC agents could therefore be viewed as a better fit for the urban poor than for other groups . We derive similar results when we replace the cash-in variables with the cashout variables on the left-hand-side of our sub-sample regressions , and so we do not report those results in the paper . # * * _6b . Monitoring of FINCA Agents_ * * FINCA agents receive unannounced visits from agent network officers to assess how well they are following FINCA protocols and to suggest areas for performance improvement . Agents are supposed to be visited on a monthly basis , though the monitoring reports that we have indicate that visits are less frequent than that for a large number of them . Agents are rated in four broad categories : liquidity management , client service , transactions performance , and branding . Within each category , agents receive scores in multiple sub-categories . < sup > 32 < / sup > For example , for liquidity management agents receive a score for the management of “ e-float , ” that is , money in the agent ’ s account that can be transferred to a client ’ s account in exchange for cash , and “ cash float ” ( which can be exchanged for e-float ) . For client service , agents receive scores for state of shop , connectivity / service availability , and operator availability . For branding , scores are given for agent visibility , posting of FINCA images , and the quality of FINCA signage outside the shop . We sum the scores from the sub-categories to derive a score in each of the four broad categories , which we include in Table 7 in the regressions that we presented earlier . < sup > 33 < / sup > Although we lose a large number of observations because most agents did not receive visits in all months for which we have transactions data , the total number of observations in the regressions still > 32 It should be noted that this assessment of the agent is not in any way linked to the agent ’ s performance in terms of number of transactions or volumes transacted . These assessments are carried out in the", "spans": [{"start": 1776, "end": 1793, "text": "transactions data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that are dampening firms ' multinational production as trade costs increase , such as imperfect transmission of technology between parents and affiliates either because of imperfect codifiability as discussed in Keller and Yeaple ( 2013 ) or because of higher frictions in the match between firms and workers . Addressing the long-standing issue that FDI data are not systematically available across countries and over time , Ramondo , Rodriguez-Clare and Tintelnot ( 2015 ) present a comprehensive data set on the bilateral activity of multinational firms using UNCTAD data and an extrapolation procedure , with focus on two variables : affiliate revenues and the number of affiliates across country pairs . Among the various stylized facts , the analysis shows that the effects of distance on multinational production shares are similar to the ones found for trade shares ( close to - 1 ) and the extensive margin of multinational production is much more elastic to distance than the intensive margin . While most empirical studies have examined FDI as bilateral relationships , an emerging literature accounts for the multi-country spatial interdependence of FDI flows predicted in Yeaple ( 2003b ) and Ekholm , Forslid and Markusen ( 2007 ) as most multinational firms today employ complex integration strategies and operate multilateral production networks . Head and Mayer ( 2004 ) examine hypotheses of export-platform FDI and show that a country ' s market potential , measured by the distance-weighted sum of domestic and export market size , plays a significant role in countries ' ability to attract multinational firms . The results show that Japanese multinationals are more likely to locate in regions proximate to large markets , suggesting that geographic proximity between host and third countries could also influence the investment decisions of multinational firms , especially those seeking to engage in export-platform FDI . Spatial interdependence across FDI flows is also shown in Baltagi , Egger and Pfaffermayr ( 2007 ) , Blonigen et al . ( 2007 , 2008 ) , and Chen ( 2011 ) . Baltagi , Egger and Pfaffermayr ( 2007 ) estimate a 5", "spans": [{"start": 351, "end": 359, "text": "FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 563, "end": 574, "text": "UNCTAD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Country / Organisation : * * < br > * * Project / Programme : * * | Uganda < br > MSI | | | | | | * * Procurem * * | * * ent Plan-Non - * * | * * Consulting Se * * | * * rvices * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Loan # : * * | | * * BAS * * | * * IC DATA * * | | | * * Plan vs . * * | * * C * * | * * ontract Finalizati * * | * * on * * | * * Con * * | * * tract Implement * * | * * ation * * | | * * Description * * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Reference # * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * Amount * * < br > * * in US $ ’ 000 * * | * * Procurement * * < br > * * Method * * | * * Pre-or Post * * < br > * * Qualification * * < br > | * * Prior or Post * * < br > * * Review * * | * * Actual * * | * * Contract * * < br > * * Amount in * * < br > * * US $ 000 * * | * * Date * * < br > * * Contract * * < br > * * Award * * | * * Date * * < br > * * Contract * * < br > * * Signature * * | *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two aspects deepen the inefficiency across sectors as some incur very high abatement costs to reduce carbon emissions while others do not abate even when their abatement costs are significantly low . On the contrary , with a uniform carbon price endogenously determined by the model , all profitmaximizing firms will reduce emissions up to the point where marginal abatement costs are equal to the carbon tax rate ensuring that the required level of emissions reduction is achieved at least cost . Finally , as shown in Bohringer et al . 2008 and 2016 , overlapping regulation can determine efficiency losses as the use of multiple policy instruments to curb greenhouse gas emissions as it is in the presence of a comprehensive emission pricing and energy taxes can cause what is defined as “ excess cost ” . Thus , the cut of energy taxes could reduce this additional cost due to the overlapping regulation . _Table 3 : Macroeconomic results in 2030 ( % change wrt Baseline ) _ | * * Scenarios * * | * * consumption * * | * * gov . * * < br > * * Expend . * * | * * investment * * | * * public * * < br > * * investment * * | * * export * * | * * import * * | * * gdp * * | * * Gini index * * < br > _ ( Average_ < br > _2022-2030 ) _ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | f55 | - 0 . 9 | - 0 . 5 | 0 . 4 | - 0 . 5 | - 1 . 0 | - 1 . 3 | - 0 . 5 | 0 . 009 | | f55 & wage tax | - 0 . 6 | - 0 . 4 | 0 . 1 | - 0 . 4 | - 0 . 9 | - 1 . 2 | - 0 . 4 | 0 . 004 | | f55 & CIT | -", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from 1000mm to 1600mm per annum . . The average temperature of Lira Municipality ranges from 22 < sup > 0 < / sup > and 26 < sup > 0 < / sup > C but the diurnal temperature range is high in the dry season and may reach 40 < sup > 0 < / sup > C . The relief of Lira Municipality is generally flat but gently undulating in some areas . The altitude is between 1075 and 1100 meters above sea level . The Municipality is generally well-drained except for some peripheral areas which have swamps . Other socio-environmental characteristics of the municipality are described below . # # # # * * a ) Demography and Economy * * Lira Municipality is located in Northern Uganda , slightly over 370 km from Kampala City . The Municipality covers a land area of 7745 hectares . According to the 2002 census results ( UBOS 2002 ) , Lira Municipality had a population of up to 80 , 879 , with 16 , 833 households and an urban population growth rate of 10 . 1 % . The main source of livelihood for the Municipal council population is employment , trading , and other sources . The Municipal council is a centre for economic and industrial activities , with better social services and this has attracted a large population . The industries are mainly medium size dealing in manufacturing , small-scale agro-processing , informal small sector ranging from metal fabrication to commercial shops . Subsistence farming is characterized by the immediate neighborhood . # # # # * * b ) Education and literacy * * The Municipal council has government and privately run institutions , attracting students from the immediate catchments within the region considering that the area has been relatively stable during the 20year insurgency in northern Uganda . The private sector plays a significant role in providing education infrastructure for the Municipal council community . Lira Municipality has : - A health training institute - Uganda Technical College 67", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 802, "text": "2002 census results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 805, "end": 814, "text": "UBOS 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "community and newly integrated refugee school < br > teachers ) receiving practice-based training / CPD to the total number of pre-primary and grade 1-6 reading and mathematics teachers . Results will be < br > disaggregated bylevel of education , pre-primary , andprimary . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | EMIS , Teachers trainingreport | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Calculate the percentage by dividing the number of pre-primary teachers and primary level Reading and Mathematics teachers trained by the total number < br > of teachers requiringthe training ( pre-primaryand Grade 1-6 Readingand Mathematics teachers ) . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Ministry of Education ( MoE ) , Regional Education Bureaus ( REBs ) | | Indicator Name | * * NEW Share of teachers ( Pre-Primary and Primary ) in refugee schools who successfully complete practice-based training ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | Measures the proportion of pre-primary and grade 1-6 teachers in refugee schools receiving practice-based CPD on inclusive and multilingual pedagogy < br > ( using contextualized CPD module ) to the total number of pre-primary and grade 1-6 teachers in refugee schools . Results will be disaggregated by level of < br > education , pre-primary , andprimary . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | REBs and MoE , Trainingreport | Page 41", "spans": [{"start": 316, "end": 346, "text": "EMIS , Teachers trainingreport", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Mongolia . The MVTP follows key aspects of the so-called demand-driven training approach which is designed to align prospective employees ’ skills with the real needs of local employers ( Betcherman et al . , 2007 ) . The rationale for demand-driven training programs is twofold . First , private institutions can offer relevant , up-to-date training that decentralizes the traditional supply of vocational training by public institutions . Established training providers therefore usually bid to offer training in trades with high labor demand . Second , by combining traditional classroom education with on-the-job training in the form of internships , MVTP can provide training in trades that the market demands . < sup > 4 < / sup > The Employment Promotion Service Center ( hereafter , EPSC ) and the Metropolitan Employment Department ( hereafter , MED ) , both within the Mongolian Ministry of Labor , oversaw the implementation of this training program . The MVTP is financed by the State Employment Promotion Fund and , according to administrative data from the Ministry of Labor , the total number of participants was 8 , 000 by 2011 and total program expenditure was approximately 3 . 5 billion MNT ( USD $ 2 . 1 million ) . The EPSC selects training institutions through a competitive bidding process . The selection criteria for training institutions include evidence of ability to provide adequate training , legal registration , curriculum quality , teaching quality , adequacy of training sites , and , importantly , the ability to place trainees in internship positions with registered private employers . Although the MVTP began in 2003 , its effectiveness has never been assessed . This paper focuses on the 2013 call that purposely used an RCT to identify and measure MVTP impacts . In that year , the EPSC selected forty-seven training institutions in Ulaanbaatar that offered 141 courses in six family vocational skills , including construction , hairdressing , cooking , and heavy-machinery operation . The length of training varied from twenty to forty - > 4 The MVTP is different from “ technical vocational training education , ” which is considered a form of formal secondary education and last for years . This type of technical education has led to gains in employment and", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1091, "text": "administrative data from the Ministry of Labor", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", by using the relative literacy rate of adult females ( ages 15 and above ) , divided by the sum of literacy rates of adult males and females – which can be viewed as a measure of the relative human capital of women . As noted earlier , this corresponds to the main determinant of bargaining power . < sup > 22 < / sup > Using WDI data for 2009 , this gives κ = 90  2  ( 90  2 + 89  8 ) = 0  501 . By this measure , therefore , there is not much evidence of gender bias in the family in Brazil , although some other measures ( based , in particular , on control of household assets ) would suggest otherwise . Expression ( 38 ) can therefore be solved ̄ ̄ backward for the parameter κ , thereby giving κ = 0  395 . Survival probabilities  < sup >  < / sup > and  < sup >  < / sup > are calibrated as follows . In 2010 life expectancy at birth in Brazil was 69  7 for men and 76  7 years for women , with an average of 73  1 years . < sup > 23 < / sup > This gives an annual death rate of 1  69  7 = 0  014 for men and 1  76  7 = 0  013 > 22See the references provided earlier . > 23In principle , the adult survival probability in the model should be calculated on the basis of life expectancy at middle age . However , no such data are available . 20", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 336, "text": "WDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1198, "end": 1213, "text": "life expectancy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "home to many endemic plant and animal species , including the Ethiopian wolf , gelada baboon , and the Walia ibex , which are found nowhere else in the world . Forests , woodlands , grasslands , and a range of wetland and aquatic habitats support a high level of biodiversity , while the lowland regions are characterized by savannas and dry shrublands that host different flora and fauna . Ethiopia ’ s unique ecosystems are recognized as important centers of biodiversity , but they face pressures from agricultural expansion , deforestation , overgrazing , and climate change , which threaten the integrity and sustainability of these valuable natural resources . # # 2 . 5 Administrative Division Ethiopia is administratively divided into four levels : regions , zones , districts ( _woredas_ ) and wards ( _kebele_ ) . The country comprises 12 regions and two city administrations . The two federal-level city administrations are Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa # # 2 . 6 Population Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world . Its total population has grown substantially in recent decades , rising from 38 . 1 million in 1983 to 135 million in 2025 . The 2050 Ethiopia population forecast is 225 million . According to UN estimations in 2013 , life expectancy had improved substantially over time , with male life expectancy reported to be 56 years and for women 60 years . Ethiopia ' s population is highly diverse , containing over 80 different ethnic groups , the four largest of which are the Oromo , Amhara , Somali and Tigrayans . According to the Ethiopian national census of 2007 , the Oromo are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia , at 34 . 4 % of the nation ' s population . The Amhara represent 27 . 0 % of the country ' s inhabitants , while Somalis and Tigrayans represent 6 . 2 % and 6 . 1 % of the population respectively . According to the 2007 National Census , Christians make up 62 . 8 % of the country ' s population , Muslims 33 .", "spans": [{"start": 1574, "end": 1599, "text": "Ethiopian national census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1877, "end": 1897, "text": "2007 National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To empirically apply these methods , we utilize data and definitions from the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative ( OPHI ) with the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . The Global MPI is a robust measure that evaluates multidimensional poverty , using 10 different poverty indicators across three dimensions ( health , education , and living standards ) . The 10 indicators include nutrition , child mortality , years of schooling , school attendance , cooking fuel , sanitation , drinking water , electricity , housing , and assets . A household is considered deprived in an indicator if it falls below a defined threshold ( see Table A1 . 1 in Appendix 1 for the deprivation criteria used for each indicator ) . The underlying survey data for the indicators draws primarily from the Demographic Health Survey ( DHS ) program and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys ( MICS ) . The Global MPI was chosen for its comprehensive coverage and consistency in measuring poverty indicators . However , this paper makes an important deviation from the standard Global MPI measure . While the OPHI / UNDP MPI assigns different weights to each of the ten indicators , < sup > 6 < / sup > this paper weighs all of the indicators equally . The reason for this departure lies in the nature of our research question . By assigning equal weight to each indicator , we ensure that no single dimension is prioritized over another , allowing us to investigate the complex relationships in an agnostic manner . It is important to note that this weighting scheme may not necessarily reflect the relative importance of different dimensions of poverty in real-world scenarios , but it is a methodological choice that allows us to delve deeper into the structural relationships among these dimensions . Throughout the analysis , we assume that a household is multidimensionally poor if it is deprived in at least one of the 10 indicators used by the MPI . This means that any household that is deprived is automatically considered multidimensionally poor . To test the robustness of the results , we also replicate the analysis under different thresholds for multidimensional poverty . In Appendix", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 115, "text": "Global Multidimensional Poverty Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 896, "text": "Demographic Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2026 | 80 | Dec / 2031 | | Project-supported < br > institutions that access < br > formal finance ( Number ) | 0 | Sep / 2025 | 0 | 19-Aug-2025 | 0 | 24-Feb-2026 | 100 | Dec / 2031 | | Project-supported groups still < br > operational one year after < br > project support < br > ( Percentage ) | 0 | Sep / 2025 | 0 | 19-Aug-2025 | 0 | 24-Feb-2026 | 75 | Dec / 2031 | | * * Project Management , Account * * | * * ability Systems * * | * * and Coordinatio * * | * * n * * | | | | | | | | Bas | eline | Actual ( | Previous ) | Actual ( | Current ) | Closin | gPeriod | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | Actions identified in < br > CommunityScore Cards that | 0 | Sep / 2025 | 0 | 19-Aug-2025 | 0 | 24-Feb-2026 | 80 | Dec / 2031 | Page 6 of 9 Mar 02 , 2026", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 716, "text": "CommunityScore Cards", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "appear to be competing options for households , with one almost always being chosen over the other . Only infrequently does a single household send family members both overseas and to another Indian state . In 1998 , approximately 6 . 5 percent of migrant households had both domestic and overseas migrant members . This share had fallen in 2014 , with less than 3 . 5 percent of migrant households having members both working abroad and within India . > 9 Planning Commission , Government of India , data tables as of August 12 , 2014 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 501, "end": 512, "text": "data tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "almost all of the countries ( the kernel distribution is completely to the left of the thresholds , except for CL in a balanced sample ) . < sup > 27 < / sup > However , when we calculate 90 percent con . . . dence intervals ( dashed lines ) for the vertical lines at values of < sup > < u > � 2 < / u > eachofthe4indicators ( bothinthebalancedand < / sup > � 1 < sup > for < / sup > unbalanced samples < sup > 28 < / sup > ) , < sup > 29 < / sup > this result turns out to be not signi . . . cant since the bulk of the kernel distribution lies between the upper and lower bounds of the con . . . dence interval . > 25For the simulations , we consider the unbalanced sample of 91 countries as in column ( 3 ) of tables 1 and 2 . Data considered refer to year 2000 from Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) and Defoort ( 2008 ) . When Barro and Lee ( 2001 ) data on human capital are missing for year 2000 , the human capital data from Defoort ( 2008 ) are considered ( this happens for 11 countries ) . > 26 They are available from the authors upon request . > 27The few \" losers \" ( negative marginal e ¤ ect ) are all with extremely high brain drain rates . > 28For EFW indicator , we consider only the unbalanced sample as in the balanced sample both � 1 ; � 2 are not signi . . . cant and there are too few observations . > 29 < u > 2 < / u > Con . . . dence intervals of < sup > < u > � < / u > computedusingtheStatacommandnlcom . Calculationsfollows < / sup > � 1 < sup > are < / sup > the delta method , a method based on Taylor series expansions used for deriving variance approximations and con . . . dence intervals for transformed variables . 25", "spans": [{"start": 897, "end": 937, "text": "human capital data from Defoort ( 2008 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Arsi-Robe | * * 327 . 9 * * | * * 180 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 507 . 9 * * | * * 31 . 1 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Deksis | * * 52 * * | * * 66 , 7 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 118 . 7 * * | * * 7 . 3 * * | | Hetosa | * * 439 . 7 * * | * * 209 * * | * * 23 . 2 * * | * * 671 . 9 * * | 41 . 1 | | Sude | * * 1916 * * | * * 16 . 25 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 207 . 85 * * | * * 12 . 7 * * | | LudeHetosa | * * 118 . 6 * * | * * 8 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 126 . 6 * * | * * 7 . 8 * * | | Total | * * 1129 . 8 * * | 480 . 0 | * * 23 . 2 * * | * * 1633 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | Percent | * * 69 . 2 * * | 29 . 4 | 1 . 4 | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Compiled from Socio-economic profile of Respective Subproject Woredas_ In terms of transportation most of the rural areas are not served * * by * * reliable means of transport and the locals are forced to trek long distances on foot , whereas , woreda administrative towns and urban areas in the woreda have public transportation service . * * All * * the Subproject woredas have access telecommincation service", "spans": [{"start": 681, "end": 737, "text": "Socio-economic profile of Respective Subproject Woredas_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "possibility that the census figures comprise only refugees who applied for and received residence permits , through a post-recognition administrative process . < / mark > < sup > 225 < / sup > < mark > Following the 2010 earthquake , a new flow of Haitians arrived in Mexico . < / mark > < sup > 226 < / sup > < mark > During each of 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 , between 2 , 300 and 2 , 400 Haitians arrived in Mexico by air alone , < / mark > < sup > 227 < / sup > < mark > whereas in each of the previous three years , Haitian arrivals by air had < / mark > > 220 See Annex on Mexico for a more detailed discussion of Mexico ’ s response , including the legal landscape , as well as information on informants . Interviews were carried out in Mexico City between 5 and 8 March 2018 . In general , information gathered through informant interviews informs the proceeding discussion . > 221 For more background on Mexico ’ s response to Haitian movements in the aftermath of the earthquake , see e . g . Fagen , supra note 165 . > 222 Cháves and Cobo , “ Extranjeros Residentes en México : Una Aproximación Cuantitativa con Base en los Registros Administrativos del INM ” , INM , 2012 , available at : > < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Poblacion_Extranjera / Extranjero sResMex . pdf , accessed : September 2018 , pp . 8 and 35 . < / u > > 223 Ibid . , p . 39 . 224 UNHCR , supra note 81 . > 225 For more background on refugees in Mexico , see e . g . Cobo and Fuerte , “ Refugiados en México", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 35, "text": "census figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1131, "end": 1164, "text": "Registros Administrativos del INM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mentioned . Another important mechanism related to proper functioning and sustainability is handing over of projects and transfer of ownership to communities and concerned authorities with a handover agreement signed . All these steps have produced encouruaging results and as per our field visit observations , beneficiary communities have serious concerns and are doing what they can towards protecting , operating and maintaining facilities . From the Post Completion Monitoring ( PCM ) conducted in the regions , we can see that most ESRDF financed projects are operational . However , the rate of malfunction or non-functionality is higher for water supply projects , which have critical operation and maintenance problems : For example in Gambela and Harari 50 % of the water suppply schemes are not working . While in Amhara , where ESRDF financed about 40 % of RWSS projects , the rate of functionality is 84 % . # # # * * 10 . CONCLUSION , LESSONS LEARNED * * During the past nine years , ESRDF ' s operation was facing different challanges and bottlenecks . Some of them were surmounted through coordinated efforts and gradually in time . Others , however , persisted affecting its pace and success . ESRDF ' s experience has enabled generate several lessons in community-based and participatory development . Some of them are quite relevant for others in the design and implementatioon of future iinterventions . Attempts have been made by the ESRDF , through website , review workshops , books and reports to transfer its experience and lessons learned . Among others the following are considered very relevant : - Projects initiated by the community and addressing priority demand have advantages such as : are implemented quickly and at less cost , communitities participate actively and willinngly and high contribution ( up-front ) . If given the chance , proper guidance and assisted technically , even those with weak capacity can perform well and do a lot of things . Interventions that truly empower both the community and local administration ( ex . WDF ) are instrumental to expand basic", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | * * ongovernment bondyields * * | | | | | | This study | - 11 . 8 to - 8 . 2 | IMF , OECD , EC , EIU | 11 AEs and 14 EMs | Foreign Private | | This study | - 17 . 9 to - 14 . 5 | IMF , OECD , EC , EIU | 11 AEs and 14 EMs | Foreign Offcial | | Arslanalp and Poghosyan ( 2016 ) | - 11 . 5 to - 6 . 9 | IMF | 22 AEs | Foreign Private | | Arslanalp and Poghosyan ( 2016 ) | - 6 . 9 to - 5 . 5 | IMF | 22 AEs | Foreign Offcial | | Ebeke and Lu ( 2015 ) | - 10 . 6 to - 6 . 5 | Actual data | 13 EMs | Foreign | | * * ( 3 ) Estimated tipping points * * | Threshold value of debt | Forecast data | Countries | Investor type | | * * for the impact of the increase in * * | to GDP ratio | | | | | * * foreign investors * * | | | | | | This study ( Baseline ) | 59 percent ( Expected gross public debt ) < br > when the share of foreign investors is 30 percent < br > 91 percent ( Expected gross public debt ) | IMF , OECD , EC , EIU < br > IMF , OECD , EC , EIU | 11 AEs and 14 EMs < br > 11 AEs and 14 EMs | Foreign Private < br > Foreign Private | | | when the share of foreign investors is 15 percent | | | | | Ebeke and Lu ( 2015 ) | 90 percent ( Lagged external debt ) | Actual data | 13 EMs | Foreign | | Ebeke and Lu ( 2015 ) | 21 . 5percent ( Lagged short-term debt ) | Actual data | 13 EMs | Foreign | | Notes : AEs = advanced economies < br > and EMs = emerging markets . | | | | |", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 487, "text": "Actual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) signing new loan applications etc . ; and enable linkages with other identification and information providers . For example , a bank providing information on address records , Tax authority on annual income etc . in the form of a federated architecture . The following chart describes the project components and allocated budget : _Figure 7 : Project components_ # # * * Component 3 : * * * * < mark > Project Management and Implementation Support ( US $ 5 million ) < / mark > * * * * 45 . * * The PMU at the MODEE will be responsible for the implementation of project activities , including project oversight , monitoring and evaluation , regular reporting , consultations with public and private sector stakeholders , design and implementation of a gender-sensitive communication campaign and outreach , ensuring all activities implemented are gender-sensitive and does not only target but also addresses the constraints faced by women to actively participate and benefit from the training and employment opportunities generated by the project , etc . Page 82 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 253, "text": "address records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 local inequality may lead to increased property violence ( Demombynes and Özler , 2005 ) . But there is much less evidence that inequality is indeed so much greater in metropolitan areas than in smaller towns . Although this is a popular notion , it is one for which very limited statistical backing exists – in large part for previously mentioned reasons : household surveys are not representative at the level of smaller towns , and so we know very little about local inequality in them . It may be that the accumulation of anecdotal evidence of large inequalities in developing country metropolises is itself simply another reflection of metropolitan bias : Journalists and photographers , like most economists and policy analysts , prefer to visit Casablanca than Figuig < sup > 16 < / sup > , and Rio de Janeiro than Bertolínia . < sup > 17 < / sup > To shed some additional light on this matter , we now turn to some evidence from Morocco . Table 5 presents FGT ( 0 ) and three inequality measures ( the Gini coefficient and the two Theil indices ) for each of the five largest cities in the country , as well as the aggregate inequality for three city size categories . Overall intra-city inequality does not appear to be positively correlated with city size in this small sample , but this is not the main point . Taking advantage of the fine spatial disaggregation made possible by a poverty map , we calculated inequality measures for various individual neighborhoods within each of these cities . We further classified these neighborhoods into slums and nonslums < sup > 18 < / sup > . We then decomposed the two Theil indices of inequality < sup > 19 < / sup > for each of the five cities , into a component due to inequality _within_ each of the two groups of neighborhoods , and a component _between_ the two . For the argument that within-city inequality is egregiously large in metropolitan areas and large cities to hold ( in Morocco ) , it would be necessary ( but not sufficient ) for the between-group shares reported in the last two columns of Table 5 to be substantial . In the", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 378, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "correlated with project outcomes . Curiously , they also find that measures of World Bank project task manager quality matter significantly for the ultimate outcome of projects . Knowledge products of a variety of forms have long been part of the Bank ‘ s ― arsenal ‖ for promoting economic development ; country-based economic analysis dates back to the 1950s . Some of these analyses have been conducted on broad economic issues ( e . g . , Country Economic Memorandum ) , as well as sectoral issues ( e . g . , Water Resource Management in Country X ) . Bank-wide sector strategies are also produced , as are regional ― flagship ‖ reports on selected topics . Research reports are also produced as a means of consolidating existing global knowledge on a selected topic . Policy Research Reports and the World Development Report are two examples — the former produced from time-to-time , and the latter on an annual cycle . Last , but certainly not least , the Bank is a central figure in the collection / collation / processing / documentation and presentation of data on developing countries . The publicly available World Development Indicators are the primary vehicle in this realm , but there are other databases – including those compiled by researchers - - that are available to the public as well . The Research function < sup > 67 < / sup > at the Bank itself has been led by the research department under the direction of the Chief Economist and leadership of the Research Department Director . Both in the past and in the present , these leaders have been leading thinkers in development economics . In addition , the Bank ‘ s researchers themselves have strong publication records . < sup > 68 < / sup > That said , it would probably be an overstatement to say that the Bank has been the guiding force in development thinking . Instead , there has been a symbiotic relationship between the Bank ‘ s research department and the research community outside the Bank . Measuring the impact of these activities on development is notoriously difficult . The Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) of the World Bank attempted an evaluation of country level studies", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1149, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fraction of students from every quintile is concentrated in the middle tiers . Because of this “ thick middle , ” cumulative performance varies little , on average , across abilities . A similar picture holds for year 5 ( panel b ) , although by then all the performance distributions are more concentrated in the top three tiers . Further , the performance distribution for low-ability students is more dispersed than that of high-ability students in both years . * * Figure 6 : Tiers of Cumulative Classes Completed , by Ability . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 60 < br > 50 50 < br > 40 40 < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > 10 10 < br > 0 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 < br > Ability quintile Ability quintile < br > Tier 1 Tier 2 & 3 Tier 4 Tier 1 Tier 2 & 3 Tier 4 < br > Percent Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Year 1 b . Year 5 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Calculations based on SPADIES for students from the 2006 entry cohort ( first semester ) . _Notes_ : For students of a given ability who start year 1 , panel a shows their classification into tiers of cumulative classes completed by the end of year 1 . Panel b does the same for students beginning year 5 . # _Fact 6 : Higher-ability students attempt a higher number of classes . _ Although a student cannot fully control her performance , she can control the number of classes she attempts ( registers for ) in a given year . While she may not pass all the classes attempted , the number of attempts is informative of her intended effort . As Figure 8 shows , on average students attempt fewer than the 20 required classes . In addition , on average high-ability students attempt more classes than low-ability students . We will", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 983, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 Land Acquisition , Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement ( ESS5 ) * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 . 1 Background * * The Construction and installation work for the Hawassa-Shashemene 230kV Subproject ( TL and SS ) will affect land which is currently under various uses . Based on the socioeconomic baseline study , the land requirements are briefly presented below : - _Right-of-Way ( RoW ) : _ RoW is required to ensure the safe construction , maintenance , and operation of the power line . According to EEP ’ s directives of overhead electric line clearance , 30m wide ROW is required for 230kV line . Therefore , an estimated 60 . 0ha of land ( i . e . , 20 . 0km length x 30m corridor ) will be required for the RoW . - _Transmission Tower : _ 61 transmission towers will be erected and an estimated 3 , 904m < sup > 2 < / sup > ( 0 . 39ha ) of land will be permanently occupied by tower pads / foundation ( total land requires for installing a typical 230kV Tower is 8m x 8m ) . - _Substations : _ 9 . 0ha ha of land will be required for the construction of the new Shashemene-II substation . # # # # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 . 2 Expropriation of Privately Owned Farmlands * * * * Impact due to Construction of the Transmission Towers : * * Construction of 61 transmission towers foundation located within farmlands will require expropriation of 3 , 010m < sup > 2 < /", "spans": [{"start": 523, "end": 551, "text": "socioeconomic baseline study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more strongly , usually on small systems at lower per Wp prices as a strategy to offer affordable product formats . These are the most common modules in Kenya . ' The main trend factors driving sales growth are : - continued low rates of rural electrification extension ; - rural income growth ; - increasing demand to power for cell phones , computers and Internet connections in remote areas ; - * increasing decentralization and official / donor focus on rural development increases the demand for solar PV in remote areas where grid connection is not available for offices and housing ; and - steady or falling PV prices due to intemational trends and , recently , entry of lower cost suppliers . International interest in Uganda ' s PV market is increasing . Two Uganda companies recently entered into discussions with international companies on the formation of joint ventures , in response to the information provided during preparation of the ERT project . One large panel manufacturer has been conducting market investigations to identify entry strategies . In 2000 , Indonesian and Chinese balance of system components appeared for the first time , as a result of supplier data provided during project preparation . # # # # # # * * Potential Market and Key Barriers * * SHS * * private domestic market segment . * * Sales have grown strongly in recent years , starting from a low base . However , the estimated 400 units sold per year to private buyers are only a small fraction of the potential market . The immediate potential SHS market comprises dispersed households and shops who : ( i ) are not going to be reached in the near term by the main grid or an independent grid ; and ( ii ) have high ability and willingness to pay , as often indicated by the current use of an automotive battery for TV / radio along with kerosene for lighting . About 2 million households are located beyond the reach of foreseeable national grid or independent grid de : velopments . Based on their current expenditures on energy services and products the potential market is about 20 % of these households , i . e .", "spans": [{"start": 1174, "end": 1187, "text": "supplier data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Upon requisition , the funds are transferred to Kshs account at Central Bank of Kenya . Initial Withdrawal shall be based on cash forecast while subsequent replenishment requests shall be through filing of withdrawal applications through the Bank secure client connection . Replenishment and reimbursement of withdrawal applications will be accompanied by Statements of Expenditures ( SOEs ) . Program funds deposited in Designated accounts are disbursed to only finance eligible program activities . The assessment notes that there are appropriate designated signatories to the program accounts . 9 . Funds are transferred to the MoE and TSC county offices local bank accounts at the duly approved bank based on approved AIEs / approved activities . Drawing of the funds is strictly for the purpose as detailed in instructions . On spending , the support documents are sent to MoE / TSC headquarters where they reviewed and posted in the IFMIS . _10 . _ * * _Key potential risk and action : _ * * _a ) Financial processes in MoE / TSC county offices are manual and therefore the potential risk of manipulation b ) ineffective monitoring of financial spending at the county level . There is need to strengthen the financial reporting and monitoring at the county level by automating operations . _ # # * * 6 . 3 Accounting * * 11 . At MoE , JKF and TSC there are well established accounting and financial systems with adequate staffing to ensure adequate program financial records are maintained . Standard Chart of Accounts has been developed and in use . Also accounting standards and templates have been developed through the Public Sector Accounting Standard Board ( PSASB ) . MoE and TSC financial transactions are captured in the IFMIS through budget classification codes . JKF uses an integrated system ( Syspro 8 ) that allows for proper recording of transactions and allocation of expenditures to respective components or cost centers and sources of funds . The accounting arrangements including maintaining of financial records and practices are captured through finance and accounting manuals . At MoE , the government wide accounting policy and procedures manual has not been", "spans": [{"start": 939, "end": 944, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1736, "end": 1741, "text": "IFMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8749 # * * Abstract * * This paper studies the effects of a large increase in the minimum wage on the destruction of formal firms , and the associated impacts on employment , wages , and informality in a developing economy . It examines the ramifications of a 33 percent nominal increase in the minimum wage that took effect in Turkey in 2016 . It utilizes an exceptionally rich , employer-employee-linked dataset that shows the wage distribution within firms , which enables to measure the degree of firms ’ minimum-wage exposure , and to estimate causal effects using a difference-in-differences approach . The paper shows that raising the minimum wage substantially increased the destruction of formal firms , leading to a fall in the number of formal firms in the economy . Effects are concentrated among small firms with low levels of productivity ; highly productive firms are unaffected . The minimum-wage increase had negative effects on formal employment that largely originated through firm destruction , rather than through cuts in formal employment within surviving firms . Among workers who lost jobs in firms that ultimately exited , only a minority had obtained new employment a year later . The minimum-wage increase was accompanied by a rise in inactivity and unemployment , rather than growth of informal employment , suggesting that workers who lost formal employment mostly failed to find new jobs one year after the minimum wage hike , even informally . While the higher minimum wage had large , positive effects on the wages of formally employed workers , limited effects on the wages of informal workers are reported . This paper is a product of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at lbossavie @ worldbank . org ; mmakovec @ eorldbank . org ; or aacar @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 443, "text": "employer-employee-linked dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 2011 PPP ) , percent of population ( 2011 PPP ) , percent of population < br > Government expenditure on < br > education ( PPP $ millions ) in logs < br > Public health expenditure per capita ( PPP current international $ ) in logs < br > ages 15 and above < br > Physicians , per 1 , 000 people < br > Illiteracy rate , percent of people < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Authors ’ calculation based on data from World Bank . _Note_ : Data are for latest observation available including 142 countries from the World Bank ’ s POVCALNET database . Poverty headcount ratio uses the poverty measure of $ 3 . 20 per day in 2011 purchasing power parity ( PPP ) terms . 30", "spans": [{"start": 425, "end": 445, "text": "data from World Bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 547, "end": 565, "text": "POVCALNET database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . “ Distributions in Motion ” . In _Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty_ . - < mark > Ferreira , I . A . , Salvucci , V . , & Tarp , F . ( 2022 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > Poverty , inequality , and growth : trends , policies , and controversies < / mark > _ < mark > ( No . wp-2022-43 ) . World Institute for Development Economic Research ( UNU-WIDER ) . < / mark > - < mark > Forbes , K . J . ( 2000 ) . A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth . < / mark > _ < mark > American Economic Review < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 90 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 4 ) , 869-887 . < / mark > - Foster , J . , Greer , J . , & Thorbecke , E . ( 1984 ) . A class of decomposable poverty measures . _Econometrica_ , 52 ( 3 ) : 761-766 . - Fujii , T . ( 2018 ) . Has the development gap between the ethnic minority and majority groups narrowed in Vietnam ? : Evidence from household surveys . _World Economy_ , 41 ( 8 ) , 2067-2101 . - Glewwe , P . , & Dang , H . A . H . ( 2011 ) . Was Vietnam ’ s economic growth in the 1990s pro-poor ? An analysis of panel data from Vietnam . _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ , 59 ( 3 ) , 583-608 . - < mark > Gradín , C . ( 2021 ) . < / mark > _ < mark > Trends in global inequality using a new integrated dataset < / mark > _ < mark > ( No . 2021 / 61 ) . WIDER Working Paper . < / mark > - Holtz-Eakin , D . , Newey , W . , & Rosen , H . S . ( 1988 ) . Estimating vector autoregressions with panel data . _Econometrica_ , 1371-1395 . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > # # # # Water , Sanitation and Hygiene Children ’ s contact with water and sanitation activities have led to the death and injury in many instances documented in * * Physical risks that accompany WASH * * this review . A recent scoping study by Save the Children - • Facilities designed for adults are often ‘ Emergency WASH for Children ’ - calls for Water , Sanitation unsuitable or dangerous for children and Hygiene ( WASH ) actors to give greater prominence to • Drowning in open water or pits of dangers and injuries in their emergency responses . In water / latrines ; addition , a survey conducted as part of the study found that • Being involved in traffic collisions with although most respondents had been involved with childWASH vehicles ; focused hygiene promotion activities , only 29 % said they • Indoor pollution from stoves ; had provided child-friendly toilets in schools , 16 % had done • Unfenced rubbish tips and construction so in the community , and only 24 % said they were working site ; with children from 12-18 years old . No further examples • Open wells ; were given on making the broad spectrum of WASH • Poisoning from insecticides and chemicals activities safe for children . The study concludes the key used to treat household water issues which prevents safer practice for children include : • Suffocation from plastic bags used to responding to competing demands ; a lack of readily distribute NFIs . available resources ; and a lack of skilled and confident WASH practitioners with knowledge and experience of working Figure 16 Source : Save the Children ( 2014 ) Emergency wash for children Scoping Study , Save the Children with children . It also emphases that CPMS # 7 Dangers and Injuries does not mention risks during the construction of WASH facilities , which were cited as the reason for the death of a Syrian child in an Iraqi refugee camp who drowned in a pit of water that had been dug during latrine construction . It recommends greater attention to # # # # # * * Physical risks that", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 632, "text": "survey conducted as part of the study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- [ 18 ] Maheshwari , S . R . [ 1977 ] , President ' s Rule in India , Delhi : Macmillan . - [ 19 ] Manor , J . [ 1995 ] , \" India ' s Chief Ministers and the Problem of Governability \" , in P . Oldenburg [ ed . ] , India Briefing : Staying the Course , M . E . Shaxpe , London . - [ 20 ] McCallum , B . [ 1978 ] , \" The Political Business Cycle : An Empirical Test \" , Southern Economic Journal , 44 , 504-515 . - [ 21 ] Mundle , S . and Rao , M . G . [ 1992 ] , \" Issues in Fiscal Policy , \" in B . Jalan [ ed . ] , The Indian Economy : Problems and Prospects , Penguin Books . - [ 22 ] Nordhaus , W . D . [ 1975 ] , \" The Political Business Cycle \" , Review of Economic Studies , 42 , 169-190 . - [ 23 ] Ozler , B . , Datt , G . and Ravallion , M . [ 1996 ] , \" A Database on Poverty and Growth in India \" , Mimeo , Policy Research Department , The World Bank . - [ 24 ] Persson , T . and Tabellini , G . [ 1990 ] , Macroeconomic Policy , Credibility , and Politics , Chur , Switzerland : Harwood Academic Publishers - [ 25 ] Reserve Bank of India Bulletin , Reserve Bank of India , 1960-1995 . - [ 26 ] Rogoff , K . [ 1990 ] , \" Equilibrium Political Budget Cycles \" , The American Economic Review , 80 [ 1 ] , 21-36 . - [ 27 ] Rogoff , K . and Sibert , A . [ 1988 ] , \" Elections and Macroeconomic Policy Cycles \" , Review of Economic Studies , 55 , 1-16 . - [ 28 ] Tirole , J . [ 1994 ] , \" The Internal Organization of Government , \" Oxford Economic Papers , 46 , 1-29 . - [ 29 ] Tufte , E . R . [ 1978 ] , Political Control of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 67 - ANNEX V Table 15 IGSNDA AGRICtLTURAL DUELREJNT PROJECT Project Components by Year | | To | tals Incl < br > ( U . | uding C < br > Sh . Hilli | ontingen < br > on ) | cies | To | tls Incl < br > ( | uding C < br > USS ' 00 | ontinge < br > 0 ) | ncies | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 85 / 86 | 86 / 87 | 07 / 88 | 88 / 89 | Total | 85 / 06 | 86 / 8 ? | 87788 | 88 / B ? | Total | | A . InputSUpply | | | | | | | | | | | | Agricultural Inruts | 1 , 504 . 9 | 1 . 141 . 1 | 1471 . | 6 < br > 1908 . | 869026 . 5 | 4r299 | . 6 < br > 3 , 260 . 4 | 49204 . 7 | 5 , 453 . 9 | 17 , 218 . 5 | | < br > Veterinary Inruts | < br > 223 . 9 | < br > < br > 193 . 8 | < br > 253 . 5 | 251 . 7 | < br > 922 . 9 | < br > 639 . 7 | < br > 553 . 8 | < br > < br > 724 . 2 | < br > 719 . 1 | < br > 29636 . 8 | | Fishing Inputs | 5 . 1 | 77 . 2 | < br > 80 . 3 | < br > 79 . 1 | < br > 241 . 7 | < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a su grupo de referencia , que es su familia nuclear . En varias oportunidades manifiesta su autodescripción como sufriente , sobre todo cuando está relatando momentos de conversación o encuentros con otros . El sujeto narra contar con cédula de identidad < sup > 26 < / sup > . La dimensión intersubjetiva está dominada por una versión no reciproca de las relaciones familiares parentales y extendidas de forma tal que los miembros familiares “ colaboran ” con él en la medida en que le brindan cobijo , protección , alimentación o recursos para trasladarse . Las locaciones de a dónde ir en Colombia al principio y en > 25 El número de cédula que espontáneamente dijo constituyó un punto llamativo en la entrevista . Además , había mencionado cierto conocimiento sobre el mecanismo y costo de obtención de cédulas falsas en Colombia . Consultando el registro público en línea del CNE se concluyó que el número de cédula no coincidía con el nombre que el sujeto voluntariamente informó como propio . Podría tratarse de un caso de portador de cédula falsa . Cabe también la posibilidad de que se haya equivocado en algún dato o que el registro de la grabación haya fallado . > 26 Volvemos sobre este punto . El número de cédula que espontáneamente dijo constituyó un punto llamativo en la entrevista . Además , había mencionado cierto conocimiento sobre el mecanismo y cost", "spans": [{"start": 852, "end": 885, "text": "registro público en línea del CNE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "August ( which corresponds to the agricultural season for most crops grown in Nigeria ) in 2019 and 2020 . We then merge these data with the anonymized GPS coordinates with a random offset of the Enumeration Areas ( EAs ) where individuals reside , as provided in the public use GHS-Panel 2018 / 19 datasets . < sup > 15 < / sup > Thus , following Vicente-Serrano et al . ( 2010 ) , individuals are affected by drought when they reside in an EAs whose SPEI is less than ́ 1 . Finally , we used the reports by IFRC to define flood disaster . Specifically , our flood measure takes the value 1 when the individual resides in the states affected by # * * 2 . 2 . 5 Summary Statistics * * Table 1 displays summary statistics of the sample we use for the main analysis . This ́ sample includes children aged 5 18 years , and we exclude the respondents for whom the schools are still closed at the time of the survey in October 2020 , those who are still on leave or refuse to go to school because they are afraid of contracting the coronavirus and those who are waiting for admission . This table indicates that 90 % of children attended school before the schools ’ closure compared to 82 % , who are attending school during COVID-19 , i . e . after the schools reopen in 2020 . In 2019 , the average age of respondents in the sample is 9 . 92 , and they are mostly the children of the household head ( 83 % ) . Among the household heads , 41 % have never been to school . The average household size is approximately 9 . Slightly less than half of the individuals in the sample are girls ( 48 % ) , and it is observed that 74 % of the respondents live in rural areas . More than half ( 52 % ) of the individuals have been in contact with their teachers during the school closure period . Individuals were more affected by drought in 2019 than in 2020 . Specifically , 56 % of respondents were affected by the drought in 2019 ,", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 307, "text": "GHS-Panel 2018 / 19 datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ASTRAL SURVEY A < br > ND DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC < br > AL SURVEY OF 8 SELECTED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN < br > MOMBASA AND KWALE COUN < br > TIES - LOT VI CLUSTER 1 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2022-09-08 < br > 2 | 022-10-1 | 8 < br > 2022-09-29 < br > 2023 - | 02-14 < br > 2022-11-12 < br > 2023-06-15 | 2022-12-10 < br > 2023-0 | 7-25 < br > 2023-01-09 < br > 20 | 23-0 | 9-18 < br > 2023-02-13 < br > 20 | 23-10-31 | 2023-03-20 | 2023-1 | 1-27 < br > 2024-09-10 | | KE-MOTI-312110-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES TO < br > UNDERTAKE PHYSICAL PLAN < br > NING , CADASTRAL SURVEY A < br > ND DETAILED TOPOGRAPHIC < br > AL SURVEY OF 9 SELECTED I < br > NFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN B < br > ARINGO AND NANDI - LOT VI < br > CLUSTER 2 < br > IDA / 67590 | Integrated settlement upgra < br > ding < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 3 : Event study : relationship between pre-determined measure of German comparative advantage and the acquisition of Polish firms . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . 01 < br > . 005 < br > 0 < br > Coefficient < br > - . 005 < br > - . 01 < br > 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculation based on the Orbis database . The plot is created by regressing a dummy variable indicating German ownership on a full set of event time indicators interacted with the pre-determined measure of German comparative advantage and controlling for firm and year fixed effects ( equation ( 3 ) ) . The omitted baseline is the last pre-treatment year , 2003 . The vertical bars indicates 95 % confidence interval . Results include only firms established before 2004 . Germany ’ s comparative advantages are measured by average sector-level export shares over the period 1994-2004 . Overall difference in differences results are shown in Table A . 5 . Figure 4 : Event study : the effects of Germany ’ s specialization over time on productivity < ! - - Start of picture text - - > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > 0 < br > Coefficient < br > - . 1 < br > - . 2 < br > 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . The plots are created by regressing firm-level TFPR on a full set of time indicators interacted with Germany ’ s initial export share and controlling for firm and year fixed effects ( equation ( 5 ) ) . The omitted baseline is the last pre-treatment year , 2003 . Estimates are based on the sample of firms with more than 50 employees . TFPR is estimated using the method", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 445, "text": "Orbis database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1443, "end": 1454, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * < mark > 2 . 1 Introduction < / mark > * * The RAP study team applied a participatory process in which the community and key stakeholders were involved . The approached used included literature review , a socioeconomic survey and census of PAPs , an inventory of assets and public consultations . The Consultant ensured that there was gender parity among those who attended public consultations and that such consultations included a cross-section of age groups , tenants , landlords , business people and stakeholder institutions . # # # # # # * * < mark > 2 . 2 Literature Review < / mark > * * Documents relevant to the resettlement of PAPs were reviewed . These included national policies , statutes , regulations , and World Bank guidelines . The objective of this desk review was to identify the literature and issues related to the study objectives . # # # # # # * * < mark > 2 . 3 Socio-Economic Survey < / mark > * * A socio-economic survey was conducted to gather socioeconomic information on the PAPs . The tool used for this purpose , attached as Annex 4 , focused on a range of household-related variables : gender , age , household size , sources of livelihood , landlord or tenant , and property rights . # # # # # # * * < mark > 2 . 4 Census and inventory < / mark > * * A census was conducted of all PAPs and an inventory prepared of the impacts of the proposed infrastructure investments . The census enumerated all the households that will be affected by the project . The information assembled has enabled the identification of all PAPs as well as a determination of the loss of affected assets and other impacts within the target settlements . Data collection was led by the socio-scientist and was facilitated by the SEC in respective settlements . A registered valuer determined the value of the affected assets , in the presence of the PAP and witnesses drawn mostly from the SEC . Annex 5 sets out", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 260, "text": "socioeconomic survey and census of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 266, "end": 285, "text": "inventory of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 905, "end": 926, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 944, "end": 965, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 10 . CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION PROCESSES * * Relocating or compensating people implies communication or dialogue with the stakeholders . After completion of the design or the design review , PAPs will be consulted individually and in groups , depending on the context . The consultation and participation process will include four phases : i ) data collection ; ii ) preparation and planning of operations ; iii ) implementation of operations ; and iv ) monitoring and evaluation . The EMT Experts of EEPCo are responsible for coordinating the public participation and consultation process . # # # * * 10 . 1 . Data Collection Phase * * In the data collection phase , the following organizations and groups are identified as the major actors for its implementation . - EEPCo ’ s EMT Experts ( monitoring ) - The project office ( compensation / rehabilitation ) , - Agriculture and Rural Development Offices located at Woreda level ( for agricultural data ) , - Municipalities ( housing data ) , - Kebele Administration ( household data ) , and - PAPs ( provision of other relevant data ) The above actors will constitute the main task force in the data collection phase . This process will include consultations with PAPs and other relevant stakeholders . The data collected will serve as an instrument for the monitoring of the social mitigation measures to be implemented . PAPs , including woreda administration and sector offices ( Agriculture desk , municipality , the police , and other relevant Offices ) will be consulted through individual and group meetings to share information about the project . For example , owners of properties in the right-of-way will be informed about actions to be taken and the rehabilitation or the resettlement measures anticipated in order to prepare them for the possible changes . In such meetings , PAPs will be involved and shall participate in the data collection phase by providing socio-economic information about their livelihoods . Their inputs will be integrated into the project implementation process , from", "spans": [{"start": 1005, "end": 1022, "text": "agricultural data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1046, "end": 1058, "text": "housing data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1089, "end": 1103, "text": "household data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "crop marketing services up to $ 700 , 000 equivalent . ` ` ` ` 8 . ( a ) In order to provide agricultural inputs to small farmers in the Project Area in a timely and accessible fashion , PMU shall encourage free market participation by all entities engaged in wholesale and retail trade in such inputs . Agricultural inputs procured under the Project shall be sold on a cash basis at wholesale market prices to : ` ` ` - ` ( i ) traders , cooperative unions and societies licensed to operate in the four districts of the Project Area ; and ` - ` ( ii ) farmer groups from the Project Area . ` ` ` ` The Inputs Supply Manager and his team within PMU shall , by not later than September 30 , 1988 , prepare and submit to the Association , for its review and comments , a proposal , satisfactory to the Association , on the management of the sale of inputs by PMU . Alternatives presented under this proposal shall include , inter alia : ` ` ` - ` ( i ) the sale of inputs at market wholesale prices set by PMU after a survey of similar prices in the Project area and taking into consideration the purchase price evaluated at the market exchange rate and cost of handling and transport ; and ` - ` ( ii ) the sale of selected inputs through a pilot auction system . The proposal shall , for each alternative , also cover , inter alia , the minimum and maximum amounts to be sold to a given purchaser , the periodicity of price review , the methodology for `", "spans": [{"start": 1016, "end": 1040, "text": "survey of similar prices", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "An example of a regression equation is shown in Table 1 ; this one covers the entire sample of 176 , 141 households . The estimated coefficients are sensible : they show , for instance , that expenditure per capita is higher in Bangkok , and for better-educated households , and for households that include professionals , managers , or government employees . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 12000 < br > Bangkok < br > Center < br > 10000 South < br > North < br > Northeast < br > 8000 < br > 6000 < br > 4000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 < br > 2007m1 2007m7 2008m1 2008m7 2009m1 2009m7 2010m1 < br > Real expenditure / capita , baht / month < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 6 . 1 . Real per capita expenditure by region , Thailand , 2007 : M1 – 2010 : M6 * * Source : Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . Shaded area marks period of recession . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 16000 < br > 14000 < br > 12000 < br > 10000 < br > 8000 < br > Top decile < br > 6000 < br > Decile 5 < br > Bottom decile < br > 4000 < br > 2000 < br > 0 < br > 2007m1 2007m7 2008m1 2008m7 2009m1 2009m7 2010m1 < br > Real expenditure / capita , baht / month < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 13", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 818, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the project under emergency procedures while deferring exact projects / roads selection and associated safeguards to implementation ; 2 . Agree on the first ‐ year road works program to speed up implementation ; 3 . Include the purchase of necessary equipment which can be implemented quickly ; and 4 . Introduce retroactive financing to support timely project implementation and initiate procurement activities and required studies . - * * Deliver good quality infrastructure and asset management practices : * * 1 . Prepare procurement strategy and packages to ensure a wider participation of local contractors ( hence , broader benefits in different areas / communities ) while maintaining well qualified contractors to guarantee proper rehabilitation works in accordance with existing Lebanon ’ s high road rehabilitation design standards ; 2 . Introduce proper and objective road prioritization measures through the visual survey of the network ’ s condition and safety , which will also later inform the creation of a new and integrated road asset management system for Lebanon ; 3 . Introduce road safety and climate resilient improvements to improve existing road design and construction standards and practices in Lebanon ; and 4 . Introduce routine maintenance contracts as an important and efficient asset preservation measure ( including possibly the piloting of performance ‐ based contracts ) . - * * Create significant number of short ‐ term jobs for Lebanese and Syrians : * * - Select road sections with required civil works such as drainage and slope stabilization structures to increase the labor content of contracts ; Page 22 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 934, "text": "visual survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "find that these results are driven by the impact of policies implemented in upper-middle-income and high-income countries < sup > 25 < / sup > which is where the implementation of various forms of wage subsidy policies was more frequent . Assessing rigorously the impact of policies is complex based on our cross-sectional data and the fact that a firm has access to policy support cannot be considered exogenous . Given our available information , it is not easy to identify an instrument that would work for different types of policies . For this reason , we present here some descriptive evidence based on simple OLS regressions but try to compare firms that are as comparable as possible . Specifically , we compare firms that applied and received policy support with those that also applied but did not receive it . Additionally , we always control for country , sector , size and time fixed effects , to make sure that we are narrowing our comparison to firms that are as similar as possible . We take these results as indicative evidence about the possible effect of policies while realizing we are not identifying precisely their causal impact as our results may still be affected by a selection bias . We focus on four firm-level outcomes of interest , some are outcomes that we expect could be directly affected by the policies ( i . e . likelihood of laying off workers , expected future sales growth , likelihood of falling into arrears ) , while the remaining one could be at the same time affected by policy but also operate as a mechanism that in turn influences future firm-level outcomes ( i . e . probability of investing in digital technology and solutions ) . The results are presented in Table 3 where we separate our analysis for different groups of policies ( each policy is separately analyzed in different columns ) . We observe that certain groups of policies appear to be more effective than others . Specifically , monetary transfers and access to credit which may be relaxing short-term credit-constraints and liquidity problems are correlated with higher future expected sales growth , as well as with higher probability of investing in digital solutions . Wage subsidies , in line with our", "spans": [{"start": 307, "end": 327, "text": "cross-sectional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Conflict and the Composition of Economic Activity in Afghanistan < sup > 1 < / sup > Virgilio Galdo , Gladys Lopez-Acevedo and Martin Rama < sup > 2 < / sup > * * Keywords : * * Afghanistan , Conflict , Economic Activity . * * JEL : * * D74 , E21 , F35 , I32 , O17 - 1 The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . - 2 All authors are with the World Bank . They are grateful to Tarek Ghani and Ethan Kapstein for providing access to an aggregated version of their dataset of detailed call records from Afghanistan . They are also grateful to Claudia Nassif and Tobias Haque for insightful comments on a previous version of the paper , and to Rucheta Singh for excellent research support .", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 808, "text": "dataset of detailed call records from Afghanistan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 1 . INTRODUCTION * * The aim of this paper is to clarify the correct interpretation of Article 31 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ( the 1951 Refugee Convention ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > The interpretation proposed is based on the binding international precepts relating to treaty interpretation , as reflected in Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties ( VCLT ) , as discussed in the next section . < sup > 2 < / sup > This paper draws on the contemporary practice around Article 31 by States parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and / or its 1967 Protocol , < sup > 3 < / sup > clarifying where those interpretations are correct , and where State practice appears to depart from the obligations in Article 31 . The aim of the paper is ultimately to inform UNHCR when developing guidelines on Article 31 . In terms of identifying pertinent State practice , particular attention is given to higher court rulings of national courts interpreting Article 31 . The role of national courts in international refugee law is crucial , given the absence of a centralized adjudicatory body for international refugee law . < sup > 4 < / sup > In that endeavor , an attempt has been made to survey jurisprudence and other State practices extensively . < sup > 5 < / sup > UNHCR offices were asked to provide information on the law and practice pertaining to Article 31 globally . We received responses pertaining to the law and practice of 23 States , and also conducted independent surveys of case law and legislation . In total , this paper highlights the law and practice in 41 States . This study also draws on various UNHCR statements and interventions relating to Article 31 . Formal UNHCR interpretative guidance , while not binding , draws its authority from the 1951 Refugee Convention , in particular UNHCR ’ s supervisory role over the Convention enshrined in Article 35 thereof . < sup > 6 < / sup > In addition , it is informed", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 059 ) | ( 0 . 043 ) | ( 0 . 044 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 038 ) | ( 0 . 020 ) | | Sub Saharan Africa | - 0 . 096 * * | 0 . 060 | - 0 . 008 | 0 . 047 | - 0 . 086 * | - 0 . 055 * * | | | ( 0 . 042 ) | ( 0 . 056 ) | ( 0 . 050 ) | ( 0 . 047 ) | ( 0 . 049 ) | ( 0 . 025 ) | | Observations | 4 , 454 | 7 , 427 | 7 , 427 | 7 , 427 | 7 , 427 | 5 , 952 | | Pseudo-R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 1301 | 0 . 0576 | 0 . 1919 | 0 . 1432 | 0 . 0549 | 0 . 0953 | Note : * * * 1 % , * * 5 % , and * 10 % level of significance . 15", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Fig . 2b : Spatial mismatch by sectors < br > 0 . 35 < br > 0 . 30 < br > Unorganized Plants < br > 0 . 25 < br > Unorganized Employment < br > 0 . 20 < br > 0 . 15 < br > Organized Employment < br > 0 . 10 < br > 0 . 05 Organized Plants < br > 0 . 00 < br > 1989 1994 2000 2005 < br > Urban spatial mismatch index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s socio-economic survey as well as the visioning exercise of the settlement . * * Comment : * * Mr . Ngombo commented the proposed commercial area is on private land . In the previous meeting , it was proposed that the consultant was to go back to the settlement , meet with the owner of the plot and discuss the proposal with him / her . Mr . Akatch added that for the sake of balance , the proposed commercial area can be proposed as a mixed-use zone so as to give the plot owner more development options , as opposed to restricting it to commercial use only . 92", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 23, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prices are significantly smaller than earlier estimates based on different stylization of complete or partial liberalization The results in scenarios I and II are based on the assumption that restraints on domestic support will be ineffective . In contrast , scenario IV ( column 5 ) assumes that domestic support restraints will be effective . The benchmark simulation used 1989 / 93 protection levels for the period 1994 / 2002 . Where protection is negative ( in the case of import subsidies or export tax ) , no changes in protection rates were assumed . As expected , the price impacts from scenario IV show larger prices increases than in Scenario I and II . The last column are from the FAO study ( 1995 ) based on a partial equilibrium model and excludes the impact of manufacturing liberalization . The analysis is based on the detailed data on agreed bound tariffs rather on stylized reductions used in other studies . However , the FAO study does not consider the extent of \" slippage \" due to the excessive tariffication and ineffective disciplines in domestic support . That is , the FAO study measures liberalization by the reduction in the bound tariff rate . Overall , the price changes from several simulations shown in Table 2 suggest that world agricultural prices relative to the price of OECD manufacturing exports are unlikely to rise significantly as a result of the actual outcome of the Round . The estimates are significantly smaller compared with the price boom in food prices in 1995 following the completion of the Round . In utilizing these results , it is important to keep in mind the inherent difficulty in defining the true counterfactual rate of protection . Since protection rates are measured based on world prices , there is a question of establishing the representative world market prices at the end of the implementation period . Further , as shown by Anderson and Hayami ( 1986 ) , protection rates in agriculture are determined by economic variables and influenced by the level of development of a country . If the empirical evidence of the upward trend in protection in some countries ( e . g . East Asia and EU ) are true and assumed to continue in the future", "spans": [{"start": 837, "end": 874, "text": "detailed data on agreed bound tariffs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "settlements might be much higher relative to imputed rents for individuals in rural settlements , pushing all urban dwellers above the poverty line . This , in turn , could suggest a need for a re-allocation of anti-poverty funds from urban to rural areas . Again , assessing the distributional impact of imputed rents on socio-economic characteristics of poor individuals is hard to define a priori , and it remains an empirical question . # * * 3 . Data and Approaches to Rent-Imputation * * This section describes first the data sources used in the analysis and second introduces the empirical strategy adopted for assessing the distributional impact of imputing rent on inequality , poverty , and shared prosperity . Two different rent-imputation models , namely , a log-linear econometric model and self-assessment method will be used in the empirical analysis . # # * * 3 . 1 . Data and the Preliminary Evidence * * The analysis makes use of data from nationally representative household budget surveys that are used for the computation of official poverty figures in Albania , Bangladesh , Iraq and Peru . The countries were selected following three criteria : ( i ) completeness of information , ( ii ) broadness of regional coverage , ( iii ) heterogeneity in terms of development stage . The analysis requires detailed information on dwelling characteristics , tenancy status , self-assessed rental price for owners and non-market tenants , and the official methodology followed to compile the consumption aggregate used in the official distributional analysis . Further , the four countries belong to different regions and represent different stages of development , maximizing as much as possible the generalizability of the results . < sup > 7 < / sup > The analysis for Albania is based on the 2008 and 2012 waves of the Living Standard Measurement Survey ( LSMS ) . The two surveys are representative at urban and rural level as well as at region and prefecture level . Official poverty figures are consumption-based , and the official consumption aggregate does not include rent or imputed rent . It is important to note that we were not able to access to the methodology for determining the official poverty line . Therefore , in the following , Albania", "spans": [{"start": 958, "end": 1008, "text": "nationally representative household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1835, "end": 1869, "text": "Living Standard Measurement Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 Annexe II : Situation des PDIs retournées par régions , cercles et communes à la date du 31 Décembre 2020 | | | * * Enf * * | * * ant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle-Commune * * | * * Ménage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans ) * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | * * _Kayes_ * * | * * _41_ * * | * * _69_ * * | * * _55_ * * | * * _124_ * * | * * _52_ * * | * * _48_ * * | * * _100_ * * | * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | 2018-07-07 | | | | | 2018-09-01 | 2019-02-28 | | KE-MOE-66657-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of sampling < br > bombs for use in LPG < br > testing equipment for ERC | IDA / 55260 | | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | | 2018-07-09 | | | | | 2018-09-03 | 2019-03-02 | | KE-MOE-77079-GO-RFB / < br > Purchase of laptops for PMU < br > and geophysical data < br > processing & interpretation < br > hardware for MoPM and < br > NOCK | < br > TF / A3418 | | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-06 | | 2018-11-17 | | 2018-12-17 | 2019-01-21 | 2019-07-20 | | KE-MOE-8270-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Hardware to < br > support Regulatory < br > Management Information < br > Sytem for the Energy < br > Regulatory Commision < br > * * NON CONSULTING * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | IDA / 55260 < br", "spans": [{"start": 567, "end": 583, "text": "geophysical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will ensure that each complaint has an individual reference number , and is appropriately tracked and recorded actions are completed . The log also contains a record of the person responsible for an individual complaint , and records dates for the following events : - Date the complaint was reported ; - Date the grievance log was uploaded onto the project database ; - Date information on proposed corrective action sent to complainant ( if appropriate ) ; - The date the complaint was closed out ; and - Date response was sent to complainant . # # # * * 8 . 7 Responding to Complaints * * Once parties agree on a path forward – such as an apology , compensation or an adjustment to operations – an action plan should be formalized and implemented . Depending on the issue , responses may vary from a single task to a program of work that involves different parts of the operation . Effective responses will also include engagement with parties involved to ensure that the response continues to be appropriate and understood . Communities should also be advised of the closeout of the issue and what has been done to achieve it . This feedback provides an opportunity for the PIU to demonstrate that it has addressed the issue as well as confirming that the community considers the response satisfactory and the matter closed . # # # * * 8 . 8 Monitoring Complaints * * It is important to collect data on community interactions – from low-level concerns and complaints to ongoing disputes and higher-order grievances – so that patterns can be identified and project management alerted to high-risk issues . Effective monitoring may also help to prevent the escalation of lower-level disputes into more serious conflicts . 49", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 366, "text": "project database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1399, "end": 1429, "text": "data on community interactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "these two effects . In contrast , demographics contributed to only 35 percent of Namibia ’ s poverty reduction . * * Figure 6 : South Africa will maintain the highest share of people 65 + in SACU till 2050 * * Population share of people 65 + ( percent ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 11 < br > Botswana < br > Lesotho < br > 10 Namibia < br > South Africa < br > 9 Swaziland < br > Sub-Saharan Africa < br > 8 < br > 7 < br > 6 < br > 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1950 60 70 80 90 2000 10 20 30 40 50 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates Note : Data from UN ( 2015 ) . The value for Sub-Saharan Africa is a weighted average . * * Figure 7 : Demographic change and realizing the demographic dividend can account for 35 to 75 percent of poverty reduction in SACU economies by 2050 * * Poverty headcount rate , 2012 ( percent ) Change in poverty headcount rate , 2012-50 ( percentage points ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > South < br > 60 < br > Botswana Lesotho Namibia Africa Swaziland < br > 0 < br > 50 < br > - 10 < br > 40 ( 11 . 6 ) ( 13 . 4 ) < br > - 20 ( 16 . 9 ) < br > 30 < br > - 30 ( 26 . 6 ) < br > 20 < br > - 40 ( 37 . 9 ) < br > 10 - 50 Realizing demographic dividends < br > Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Swaziland Shifts in household distribution < br > Africa < br > No demographic effects < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Panel A is from PovcalNet ( 2016 ) . Panel B is from authors ’ simulation results . Note : The poverty headcount rate is based on $ 1", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 603, "text": "Data from UN", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> Polky anning , and Resarch ! EnryStrategy , Mabnagement , and A \" essen This paper presents guidelines for admin ; stering houisehold energy surveys . Typically , country energy balances , national budget surveys , and microstudies have been the source of information about residential energy consrmption . A dedicated nationwide household energy survey will generate more relevant data for planners , policymakers , and evaluators - but may overturn assumptions in the process . The subsidized promotion of liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) as a charcoal substitute in Senegal , for example , was based on the assumption that subsidies alone would lead to widespread adoption of butane fuel and that as the use of butane increased , the use of charcoal would decline . But a 1987 survey indicated that although 65 percent of the households in Dakar have LPG stoves , only 2 percent use the fuel exclusively . And in the households that use both LPG and charcoal , consumption of charcoal has not changed . In Niger , wealthy residents , because of their lifestyle and income , were considered the logical market for modem fuels . But a 1986 study indicated that they used a lot of wood because they could afford to buy it in bulk ( which made it the cheapest fuel ) and they suffered none of the health or other disadvantages of wood fires because their servants did all the cooking . This paper , a product of . ' e Household Energy Unit , Energy Strategy , Management and Assessment Division , Industry and Energy Department , has also appeared as an Industry and Energy Department Working Paper . Copies are available free from the World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Washington DC 20433 . Please contact Janine Littlzford , room S2-274 , extension 33627 . The PPR WoPking Paper Series disseminates the fr dings of work under way in the Bank ' s Policy Plamning , and Research Complex . An obiective of the series is to get these findings out quickly . even if presentations are less than fuilly polished . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions in these papeTs do not necessarily , - epresent of ficial policy of the Bank . Produced at", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 188, "text": "country energy balances", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 191, "end": 214, "text": "national budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 321, "end": 355, "text": "nationwide household energy survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 43 million ( 2011 HMIS data ) , or 47 people per square kilometre . 16 % of Kayin ’ s population lives in urban areas . < sup > 2 < / sup > Kayin has 5 , 600 displaced people in the state , < sup > 3 < / sup > mostly as a result of armed conflict but also from the environmental impact of riverbank erosion from neighbouring Mon State . The two villages assessed as part of this scoping had internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) from past conflict in Kayin State or due to river bank erosion in Mon State . Most were displaced between 8 and 20 years ago . Both originally displaced residents and local residents were broadly similar in environmental practices and there were no major discernible differences between the two groups . Owning land is the characteristic that determined the level of income in households and there was a substantial difference in living standards between land and non-land owners . Another factor influencing income levels is remittances from Thailand or Malaysia , which are common in Kayin State with households that can afford to send family members to work overseas . The impact of remittances was seen clearly on the income levels of families in Saint Chaung village in particular , where houses were generally constructed from good-quality purchased timber , among other more obvious signs of improved standard of living . Sensitivities in Myanmar around citizenship have politicised the issue of displacement and this was evident in both villages where communities did not want to identify as “ displaced ” and focus > 2 < u > https : / / themimu . info / states_regions / kayin < / u > > 3 < u > https : / / www . unocha . org / myanmar / about-ocha-myanmar < / u > 10", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 29, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Source : ECVH ( 2001 ) , EEEI ( 2007 ) and ECVMAS ( 2012 ) – authors ’ calculations . Note : The graph presents the marginal changes ( point estimate and 95 percent confidence interval ) in underemployment in 2012 , using 2007 as a baseline , on a probit model . Regression also controls for age ( quadratic form ) and household size . Ultimately , and in spite of the cataclysmic shock experienced in 2010 , the analysis of the evolution of labor markets in Haiti finds few changes . Those changes are primarily due to the dynamics of the post-earthquake reconstruction , such as a temporary expansion of the labor demand in the construction and NGO sectors . Overall , Haitian labor markets are characterized by long-term stagnation . Acute challenges continue to impede Haitian labor markets ’ ability to improve the welfare of the country ’ s people . With labor income a key vector of poverty reduction , the next section investigates its determinants in urban settings . # * * II . Shining Light on the Determinants of Labor Income in Urban Areas ( 2007-2012 ) * * While the definition of urban areas can be hard to reconcile , there is little denying that Haiti is rapidly urbanizing . < sup > 10 < / sup > The World Bank ’ s World Development Indicators ( WDI ) for Haiti , show an urbanization rate of over 57 percent by 2014 ( World Bank , 2015 ) and the UN demographic forecasts that Haiti ’ s urbanization rate will expand to 76 percent by 2050 , when cities will host nearly 11 of the 14 . 3 million inhabitants ( United Nations , 2014 ) . While rural areas continue to remain important – especially for poverty reduction – urban areas are sure to play a critical role in Haiti ’ s future and its capacity to cash in on its demographic dividend given that almost 70 percent of Haiti population is less than 30 years old . The following section focuses on the labor income determinants in urban areas in 2007 and 2012 ; data limitations prevent the extension of the analysis to 2001 . < sup > 11 < / sup > -", "spans": [{"start": 1233, "end": 1261, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * * | | | ( 0 . 0129 ) | ( 0 . 0129 ) | ( 0 . 0128 ) | ( 0 . 0126 ) | ( 0 . 0128 ) | | Observations | 16 , 880 | 16 , 880 | 16 , 880 | 16 , 880 | 16 , 880 | | R-squared | 0 . 772 | 0 . 772 | 0 . 775 | 0 . 764 | 0 . 759 | | Treatment Obs | 9684 | 9684 | 9684 | 9684 | 9684 | | Control Obs | 7196 | 7196 | 7196 | 7196 | 7196 | Notes : Robust standard errors in parentheses ; < sup > * * * < / sup > p < 0 . 01 , < sup > * * < / sup > p < 0 . 05 , < sup > * < / sup > p < 0 . 1 ; avg_radBuff05 ranges from 1 < sup > st < / sup > to 99 < sup > th < / sup > percentile ( 0 . 02 to 2 . 7 nanoWatts / sr / cm < sup > 2 < / sup > ) # # According to EM-DAT & CRED / UCLouvain ( 2023 ) , Nigeria suffered flooding during the period of July 1 , 2022 to October 31 , 2022 . The first row of Figure 9 presents the flooded pixel during each month and over the whole period , The second row shows flooded pixel during each month but not flooded during the other months . During the first couple of months of the flooding season , most flooded pixels are located in the south . During the second part of the period , the floods mainly occur along the Benue and Niger Rivers in the center part of the country . Given the length of the flooding period and the potential for adaptation and population displacement after the first flooding events , we focus on the ‘ unexpected ’ first floods . Therefore , we select the pixels that were flooded in July but not in August , September or October . 18", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 649, "text": "EM-DAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Specifically , the study will review all engineering designs for the above items , prepare the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ( ESIA ) , Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) , repackage tender documents as per stakeholder agreements within the budgets , advise client on value for money ( feasibility ) for each works item and prepare design review reports . In the site validation surveys ( site case analysis ) the study team through discipline-based In the site validation surveys ( site case analysis ) the study team through discipline-based coordination conducted confirmatory studies to evaluate the design report contents . This was done for the entire investment menu . The socio - economic studies , feasibility studies , and the conceptual designs have been completed under the same consultancy . This Report therefore presents findings of Environmental and Social Assessment undertaken for the Proposed Projects , the report presents potential environment and social risks that are likely to be triggered by the Project , appropriate mitigation measures have also been provided in this assessment . * * Page 1-1 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 52 - during the 1950s * * and * * 1960s , demand estimates generally were more accurate . A survey of 75 Bank loans to 37 countries In the 19506 and 19606 found that , on average , sales forecasts were only 2 % more than actual sales , but that with certain loban there was a large discrepancy between the forecast and actual amounts . For projects approved In the 1950s and 19608 , the standard deviation of actual energy sales from that forecast was 38 % , which Is the same as was found In a similar study by OED . On a Regional basis , sales for East Asia utilities were almost the same as forecast during the 1970s and for East Africa were only 6 % below that forecast . LAC actually exceeded the forecast level of sales by 5 % , but has since had considerable overestimates . Other regions showed significant overoptimism by as much as 23 % In South Asia , 18 % In EMENA , and 17 % In West Africa . # 2 . 7 Financial Performance of Power Prolects and the Sector An Integral part of any Bank-financed project Is to ensure the financial health and stability of the Borrower . The eventual aim Is to make the utility financially Independent so that It Is able to fund a substantial portion of its Investment program from Internal sources and Is sufficiently credit-worthy to ralse the remaining funds from commerclal sources ( both local and forelgn ) . The fundamental flnancial soundness of a utility can be measured by five key ratios - ( I ) rate of return on assets , ( II ) operating ratio , ( Ill ) self-financing ratio , ( lv ) debt service ratio and ( v ) days receivables . The debt / equity ratio Is also an Indicator of financial performance where the debt Is not owed to government . However , many utilities In developing countries borrow heavily from govemment , but when In flnancial straits this debt Is often waived , Interest payments rescheduled , or the debt converted to equity . Given the problems of definition of debt , revaluation and conversion of debt , and revaluation of assets , It was", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 117, "text": "survey of 75 Bank loans", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "18 ( 15 ) Ln _Y_ = 5 . 805 + 0 . 351 _S_ , R < sup > 2 < / sup > = 0 . 62 , N = 128 ( _t_ = 14 . 4 ) Variants of the above Mincer-macro function using per capita income as the dependent variable in cross-country data have been fitted by Krueger and Lindahl ( 2001 ) , Heckman and Klenow ( 1997 ) and Hanushek and Woessmann ( 2008 ) . Our estimate of a 35 percent ― return ‖ to one additional year of schooling is nearly identical to theirs . After fitting such a function , Heckman and Klenow ( 1997 ) concluded that : _ “ each additional year of schooling attainment in a country is associated with about 30 % higher GDP per capita , whether one looks at 1990 , 1985 or 1960 . . . . . The macro-Mincer coefficients . . . . are consistent with large positive external productivity gains to economy-wide schooling attainment . ” _ Barro and Lee ( 2010 ) , among many others , have fitted the same function using output per worker ( rather than per capita income ) as the dependent variable and adding a measure of physical capital stock as an independent variable . Since their estimate of the _b_ coefficient is about one-half of ours , we adopted a 50 percent reduction of our estimated welfare loss as a lower bound . Table 7 and Figure 8 present estimates the welfare loss in terms of potentially higher per capita income had Pakistan a higher level of educational attainment as indicated in Col . 2 , Table 7 . * * Table 7 . Pakistan : Welfare loss * * * * < u > as percent of per capita income < / u > * * | Year < br > ( 1 ) | Enhanced < br > years of < br > schooling < br > ( 2 ) | Per capit < br > ( constan < br > Actual < br > ( 3 ) | a income < br > t 1990 $ ) < br > Simulated < br > ( 4 ) | Welfa < br > ( < br", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 216, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * UG Teacher and School Effectiveness Project ( P133780 ) The Uganda Teacher and School Effectiveness Project ( UTSEP ) was approved on August 15 , 2014 and became effective on March 24 , 2015 . Since early 2017 , the project has been progressing well . The current project closing date is June 30 , 2019 . The project has realized a significant development impact to date . Out of the four PDO-level indicators , three have already met the end-project targets , and one is on track to achieve it . On IRI indicators , eight of the eleven IRIs have achieved or exceeded their end of project targets ; the remaining three are on track . Project ratings have been Moderately Satisfactory for both Development Objectives and Implementation Progress . On disbursement , 73 % of total funds have been disbursed . The projected disbursement for Q4 of FY19 is $ 15 million , which would bring the total disbursement to 88 % . Component 1 is to strengthen the effectiveness of early grade instruction at the classroom level . Most of the activities under this component have been completed ; the remaining and scaling-up activities are in progress and expected to be completed between June and September 2019 . Under component 1 , a total of 24 , 353 teacher were trained in early grade reading in local languages and in English , which exceeded the end of project target of 24 , 100 . Three rounds of Early Grade Reading Assessment ( EGRA ) were conducted and the reports were disseminated to stakeholders at both central and district levels , and the end of project target was met . In addition , the ratio of the number-ofpupils - per-textbook in English and Math for pupils in grades P1-P7 has been improved from the baseline of 14 students per textbook to 2 students per textbook , which exceeds the end of project target of 10 . These activities have either been completed or are on track . Component 2 is to enhance school leadership , management and accountability", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June_ * * _30 , 2021_ * * ii ) Physical progress based * * on * * outputs , outcomes and impacts since project commencemer The period 2020-2021 was a year of enhanced actualization of various infrastructure investment menu and tenure regularization interventions targeted under KISIP . Eleven * * ( 11 ) * * urban areas * * - * * Mombasa , Nairobi , Machakos Naluru / Naivasha , Eldoret Phase * * I * * and * * II , * * Kitui , Embu , Malindi ( Kilifi ) , Kisumu , Kericho benefitting from infrastructure and the remaining four ( 4 ) , Garissa , Nyeri , Kiambu and Kakamega benefitting from planning and survey . Socio-economic surveys for Kakamega and Kisumu phase * * 11 * * were completed and prioritized for infrastructure under KISIP Phase II . Contracts for civil works and consultancies for tenure regularization which commenced in 2014 continued to realize the fruits in 2020-2021 financial year with 5 , 400 titles prepared and delivered to Nyeri , Mombasa , Kilifi , Nakuru , Kisumu and Uasin Gishu Counties , * * 7 , 600 * * leases were prepared for Garrisa and will * * be * * issued during the FY 2021-2022 . * * 80 * * informal settlements were planned and surveyed in this component . 25 , 440 beneficiaries are expected ; * * 80 * * socioeconomic reports , * * 80 * * LPDPs were prepared and approved while * * 78 * * RIMs successfully amended cumulatively . Infrastructure projects are complete in most of the urban areas , while others like Kisumu , Naivasha , Machakos and Kericho are under Defects Liability Period . The scope consists of settlement access roads and footpaths ; drainage canals , water and sanitation projects ; and high mast floodlighting projects . Completed infrastructure projects include", "spans": [{"start": 722, "end": 774, "text": "Socio-economic surveys for Kakamega and Kisumu phase", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 # 1 . * * Microstates and per capita income levels * * In this paper , we consider a large cross section of 157 countries for which at least 10 years of annual data on per capita GDP adjusted for differences in purchasing power parity is available . Of these , 33 are microstates defined as having an average population over the period 1960-1995 of less than one million . These countries are listed in Table 1 , and range in size from tiny St . Kitts and Nevis with population of 42 , 000 to Mauritius with 912 , 000 . The income range is similarly wide , from very poor African countries such as Guineau-Bissau and Comoros with real PPP-adjusted per capita GDPs around $ 600 to wealthy oil-exporting countries such as Qatar with per capita GDP of over $ 18 , 000 . If microstates suffer from the disadvantages of smallness , they should be poorer on average than larger states . What do we actually find ? Not controlling for any other characteristic , microstates have the same range of per capita incomes as the rest of the samnple ( Figure 1 ) . However , if we control for the location by continent of all countries , whether they are oil producers , and whether they belong to the OECD , then microstates are actually significantly _richer_ than other states ( Regression 1 ) . Microstates are 50 percent ( = - exp ( . 4025 ) - 1 ) richer than other states , controlling for location . We note that this result does not reflect the obvious outliers in the sample , since the oil exporting countries Qatar and Bahrain are picked up by the OIL dummy , and Luxembourg and Iceland are picked up by the OECD member dummy . Even if we exclude two other particularly wealthy microstates ( Bermuda and Bahamas ) , we still find that microstates are nearly 40 percent richer than other states . Figure 2 shows the income residual by quintile of population , and we see the very strong income effect in the microstate bottom quintile of population . We also note that the favourable performance of small states carries over to other quality of life indicators", "spans": [{"start": 155, "end": 184, "text": "annual data on per capita GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Here , the question of whether commodity price volatility has increased over time is addressed with analytical rigor and at a disaggregated level . We use a unique , newly compiled dataset of 45 individual commodity prices and five commodity price indices at a monthly frequency . Two econometric tests are applied for identifying structural breaks in GARCH-type processes in order to provide a robustness check and these are described below . # * * 3 . Data * * For this paper we use a newly compiled dataset which covers 45 individual commodities and 5 commodity price indexes . We use a monthly unbalanced panel of observations from Global Financial Data ( GFD ) covering the period 1784 – 2009 . We take a pragmatic approach as to what constitutes a “ commodity ” and take all “ commodities ” included in the GFD dataset as our subject of study . We use data from GFD as it is the most comprehensive source , verifying that the price data is consistent with that from alternative sources ( World Bank , IMF , and UNCTAD ) for any overlapping commodity and time period . The details of the dataset can be found in Table 1 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 636, "end": 657, "text": "Global Financial Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 813, "end": 824, "text": "GFD dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 858, "end": 871, "text": "data from GFD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 932, "end": 942, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SCAs . The brochure will be prepared by the ADF ' s Veterinary Unit , which has experience in developing simple and effective agricultural extension leaflets . # # # _7 . Participatory approach : _ The existing rural and urban microcredit programs were developed using participatory approaches , which have been a key factor in their success . In rural areas in particular , villagers were involved in the design and management of VCFs , and there was a continuous dialogue between the ADF ' s Rural Credit Department and the village credit committees to discuss the evolution of the credit system , particularly through periodic seminars at the district and national level . The urban microcredit program was designed by testing various credit delivery mechanisms and types of guarantees , and by soliciting feedback from borrowers through \" focus group \" meetings . A former microcredit borrower was represented on the loan committee . Participatory methodologies will continue to play an important role under the Microcredit Projeet . Village SCA members will become shareholders in their own financial institutions , as well as the future SCA Union . SCA members will thereby help to design the new savings and loan products , and will participate in annual general meetings to elect Union officials . Under the Urban Microcredit Component , a microentrepreneur will be represented on the Besa Foundation Board of Directors , and microentrepreneurs will be represented on loan committees . Under the Project , beneficiary assessments and client surveys will be carried out regularly for both the SCA system and Besa Foundation borrowers for market research and to assure adequate feedback for continued improvement of credit delivery methodologies . # # # F : Sustainability * * and Risks * * # # # _1 . Sustainability : _ Although improved access to financial services supported by the Project will have immediate short-term benefits , the Project ' s focus will be placed on achieving concrete progress towards full financial sustainability of the SCA system and Besa Foundation-i . e . , in the medium to long term , covering all operating and financial costs with revenues from interest", "spans": [{"start": 1514, "end": 1556, "text": "beneficiary assessments and client surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 | Coumtry , < br > Last m ils < br > economy , < br > or < br > P < br > territory < br > Date | hed censu < br > opulati < br > ( 1000 ) * | s < br > on < br > Source < br > for population < br > ( mid-1985 ) | Source < br > for fertility < br > ( 1985-90 , < br > unlessIndicated ) | Source < br > for mortality < br > ( 1985-90 , < br > unlessindicated ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Yeen , People ' sKay73 < br > Dem . Rep . of | 1590 F | U . N . 1988revision < br > ( prelim . ) | < br > Basedon U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | Yugoslavi < br > Mar 81 < br > Zaire < br > Jut 84 < br > Zambia < br > Sep 80 | 22425 J < br > 29671F < br > * * 5680 * * F | WIPVSR 7 / 86 ( officiat < br > est . ) < br > U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) < br > Bank projection from census | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 < br > U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) < br > 1980-85 , Bank sector report ; < br > 1985-90 , Bank projection | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 < br > U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) < br > 1975-80 , Bank sector report ; < br > 1985-90 , Bank projection | | Zimbabwe < br > Aug 82 | 7550 F | Bank projection < br > from < br > census | Bank est . < br > based < br > on officiat < br > contraceptive prevalence < br > rate < br > of 26X | U . N", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 849, "text": "UNPVSR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be more frequent and cause greater damage ( Hopkins 2002 ) . Household crime studies are also unable to account for the financial costs incurred by the victim due to the criminal activity , as most of the surveys are unable to account for the value of property loss . Furthermore , even though household-level crime measures are more accurate than police reports , there is still the difficulty of drawing general policy inferences based on household data , as they tend to be country - or cityspecific . To elucidate this point , the issue with household surveys is that they tend to be undertaken using different sampling methodologies across different countries , and thus the derived crime rates are not comparable between countries . Thus , crime statistics from household crime surveys in different countries cannot just simply be pooled together . Finally , these household surveys typically collect data for one period of time and thus studies based on these data face the issue of time invariant omitted variables . Our approach in this paper is to exploit cross-country heterogeneity in levels of police size to explain differences in the losses due to crime experienced by firms . Our framework uses firm-level characteristics and several macro-economic factors as explanatory variables for crime experienced by firms . The empirical strategy is based on combining firm-level survey data that are collected using a similar sampling methodology with country-specific police data from the United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems . Concerns about simultaneity bias are alleviated in our use of aggregate police variables because crime experienced at the firm level should not affect country-level variables such as our measure of police size . However , endogeneity may arise because the mean country-level crime experienced by firms may affect our police measure , and thus we lag our police variable . We find that an increase in police per 100 , 000 of population by 1 percent is associated with a 0 . 43 percent reduction in the losses due to crime . The results are strengthened for estimations using firm-level fixed effects for a subset 5", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 455, "text": "household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 768, "end": 791, "text": "household crime surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 871, "end": 888, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1376, "end": 1398, "text": "firm-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1460, "end": 1488, "text": "country-specific police data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1498, "end": 1535, "text": "United Nations Survey on Crime Trends", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "us on the level of satisfact | ected digital public services < br > ion with convenience and | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * Project Loan / Credit / TF Status Currency Original Revised Cancelled Disbursed Undisbursed % Disbursed 5 / 10 / 2022 Page 7 of 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Framework ( VMGF ) _ V . 5 . 2023 - b ) Collation of baseline data on the Vulnerable and Marginalized Communities in Kenya including lifestyle , livelihood , history ; - a ) Identification of positive and negative impacts of the proposed sub projects on the VMGs ; Formulation of monitoring and evaluation plan . - b ) Stakeholder consultations . 20", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 156, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ة والعدل ووزارة الداخلية لتطوير نظ م المعلومات الخاصة الوطنية إلى الخدمات اإللكترونية . وصوال لمواطنين بهم وتحسين الوكالة الوطنية وضمان تقديم الخدماتوالدعم التقني الالزمين لتحسين هيكلية سوف يجلب المشروع الخبرة . 70 يتمالتي . و سيتم التعامل مع القدرات المؤسسية والموظفين في المؤسساتاإللكترونية والوصول إلى المواطنين هيكلة والرقمنة . خدمات فيها إلعادة ال اختيار * * اإلدارة المالية * * ج . سيتم تنفيذ المشروع المقترح بما يتماشى مع سياسات البنك الدولي القياسية لتنفيذ المشاريع . والوكالة الوطنية لنظام . 71 ة عن إدارة المشروع ، بما فيكون مسؤولتس . وهي مؤسسة عامة إدارية مستقلة ذات صلة بالرئاسة معلومات الدولة باعتبارها أحد خالل تقييم ، مخاطر اإلدارة المالية ي أجري ذ الاإلدارة الماليةتقييمصنفوالمحاسبة . واإلدار", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "1 ) . * * One-year firms * * : The number of firms and employees in those firms that were present in the register for only one year . These firms were those observed as ( out , in , out ) the register in time ( t – 1 , t , t + 1 ) . * * Continuing firms * * : The number of firms and employees that were in the register in a given year , as well as in the previous and subsequent year . These firms were observed as ( in , in , in ) the register in time ( t – 1 , t , t + 1 ) . The above indicators were split into 8 firm-size classes including the class of firms without employees . < sup > 7 < / sup > The data thus allow detailed comparisons of firm-size distributions between industries and countries . * * Firm survival : * * available data allow to track entering firms over time , This allows to calculate survival probabilities over the initial life of firms and to assess their changes in employment over time . * * Decomposition of productivity growth : * * The database includes different types of productivity decomposition for manufacturing industries and some service industries . Depending on the availability of output and input measures , productivity data are available in the database with reference to labor productivity , multifactor productivity using either gross output or value added as the indicator of output ( see Bartelsman et al . 2004 for more details ) . In this paper , the analysis is limited to labor productivity , generally defined as deflated gross output per worker . Firm level nominal values of output are deflated at the industry level 6 . See www . oecd . org / data / stan . htm > 7 . For the OECD countries there are only 6 groups , with the groups between 1 and 20 combined and the groups between 100 and 500 combined . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1156, "end": 1173, "text": "productivity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are weighed OO ii equally in our analysis , each observation ( i . e . , household ) is weighted by the inverse of the ηη district sample size in the CPHS . This guards against the possibility that our estimates are driven by districts with a larger sample . Note that expenditure data is missing for 16 , 268 households in the June-August 2021 round of the CPHS . These missing values are spread evenly across income deciles as shown in Table S6 , distributed across all states , religions and 14", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 285, "text": "expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rubber is particularly important , as Côte d ’ Ivoire is Africa ’ s top rubber exporter , though productivity is dampened by the old age of current plantations and the use of non-improved seedling varieties . Gender is a fundamental determinant of an individual ’ s opportunities and constraints in the country . Research has found that household allocation of crop income is gender-specific in Côte d ’ Ivoire ( Duflo and Udry 2003 ) and that income from cash crops is usually controlled by men ( Maertens and Swinnen 2010 ) ; occupational segregation is a key driver of gender gaps in the country ( Donald , Lawin and Rouanet 2020 ) . Rubber is no exception , with women making up only a small share of rubber producers nationally . Working together with the Ivorian rubber professional association APROMAC , we innovated on their standard agricultural extension training to address the twin problems of low agricultural productivity and low participation of women in rubber production . The training was developed in the context of an intervention delivering improved planting material to eligible farmers through the Côte d ’ Ivoire Agricultural Support Program ( PSAC ) , financed by the World Bank , which mandated the 3-day agricultural training before receiving inputs from the program . The setting for this study spans four regions in the south ( Gboklé , Grand Ponts , La Mé and Sud-Comoé ) and four regions in the center of Côte d ’ Ivoire ( Haut-Sassandra , Iffou , Moronou and N ’ Zi ) . To be eligible , farmers needed to have less than two hectares of rubber cultivated pre-program and be willing to increase cultivation . # * * 2 . 1 Experimental Design and Implementation * * Our sampling frame is the APROMAC database of farmers who applied to receive high-yield variety rubber seedlings from the program . While a small number of female producers also applied to receive rubber seedlings , here we focus on the male producers only . < sup > 2 < / sup > We randomly assigned these male farmers to two variants of the agricultural extension training . The randomization was done at the village-level to ease training implementation and minimize non-compliance with treatment status . Once", "spans": [{"start": 1720, "end": 1736, "text": "APROMAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) * * _Fig . 5 . 3_ : Percentage of marital status * * * * _Fig . 5 . 3_ : Percentage of marital status Level of Education * * College / University level of education is the highest achieved among the PAPs . As per Figure * * _Fig . 5 . 4_ : Distribution of HHH Education Level Sources of livelihoods * * According to the HH Survey , the primary source of livelihood for the respondents in the project area is Trade at 48 % , with 17 % in employment . The information is displayed in the below . # # # * * 5 . 3 . 4 Level of Education * * College / University level of education is the highest achieved among the PAPs . As per Figure 5 . 4 . # # # * * 5 . 3 . 5 Sources of livelihoods * * According to the HH Survey , the primary source of livelihood for the respondents in the project area is Trade at 48 % , with 17 % in employment . The information is displayed in the below . * * _Fig . 5 . 5_ : Sources of livelihood in the project area * * 33", "spans": [{"start": 480, "end": 489, "text": "HH Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and services . For Finland , the high turnover in manufacturing is likely the result of major restructuring , which took place in the aftermath of the deep recession of the early 1990s . The lower turnover rate in the French service sector compared with that in manufacturing is likely to depend on the existence of a size threshold in the French data , which tends to be more binding in the service sector than in manufacturing . As an indication , the French data also suggest a higher average size of firms in the service sector than in manufacturing , in contrast with all other countries . 19", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 465, "text": "French data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7552 # * * Abstract * * Fiscal indicators for resource-rich and resource-poor lowand middle-income countries are compared using annual data from 1996 to 2012 . Resource richness is defined by export composition : fuel greater than a 25 percent share and / or ores and metals greater than a 10 percent share . Fuel exporters have a significantly better general government fiscal balance than the rest of the sample , and higher revenues and expenditures , which are approximately evenly split between extra consumption expenditure and extra capital expenditure . Only about a quarter of their extra revenue goes into extra consumption expenditure , and this proportion has been lower since 2005 . Fuel exporters ’ expenditure reacts with a lag to oil price fluctuations . There are no significant differences between ores and metals exporters and resource-poor countries , or between new and old resource exporters , in aggregate expenditures and revenues . Ores and metals exporters spend more on investment and less on government consumption . Some individual country cases are briefly discussed . This paper is a product of the Governance Global Practice Group . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The authors may be contacted at hhalland @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 158, "end": 169, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * the impact of resettlement for a reasonable period after all resettlement and related development activities have been completed ; using the results of resettlement monitoring to guide subsequent implementation . # # * * Appendix 6 : Enhancing Community Participation in RAP Process * * The RAP team shall develop a community engagement plan as a first step towards informing the community about the project , its impacts and entitlement framework . It should include a description of the implementation mechanism to be set in place for delivery of the entitlement packages . The plan shall accord with the requirements of this Policy and good industry practices . The community engagement plan shall be an ongoing process in order to engage stakeholders in meaningful consultations about the project and shall continue throughout all stages of the project . Their concerns and aspirations should be fed back into the development of the RAP . The good principles for RAP process as provided as follows : - a ) All stakeholders must be consulted and be effectively involved in a two-way communication with the project sponsors . Special efforts should be made to consult with women youth and vulnerable communities . - b ) The RAP should include an explicit public information strategy , including the use of mass media , possibly through radio and television , to advise the dates and times of public meetings , availability of documents , selection criteria , cut-off dates , and compensation measures depending on the needs and scale of each project . - c ) Consultations should be preceded by provision of relevant and accurate information . - d ) Following disclosure of all relevant information , the proponents should consult with and facilitate informed participation of affected persons and communities , including host communities , in decision-making processes related to resettlement . Consultation will continue during the implementation , monitoring , and evaluation of compensation payment and resettlement to achieve outcomes that are consistent with the objectives of this Framework . - e ) Supply of information and consultation with different stakeholders should be through a language and medium they are comfortable with . In certain", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 239, "text": "resettlement monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 - ( ii ) standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labor , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; - ( iii ) the magnitude of the expected loss — total or partial — of assets , and the extent of displacement , physical or economic ; - ( iv ) information on vulnerable groups or persons as provided for in OP 4 . 12 , para . 8 , for whom special provisions may have to be made ; and - ( v ) provisions to update information on the displaced people ' s livelihoods and standards of living at regular intervals so that the latest information is available at the time of their displacement . - ( b ) Other studies describing the following : - ( i ) land tenure and transfer systems , including an inventory of common property natural resources from which people derive their livelihoods and sustenance , non-title-based usufruct systems ( including fishing , grazing , or use of forest areas ) governed by local recognized land allocation mechanisms , and any issues raised by different tenure systems in the project area ; - ( ii ) the patterns of social interaction in the affected communities , including social networks and social support systems , and how they will be affected by the project ; - ( iii ) public infrastructure and social services that will be affected ; and - ( iv ) social and cultural characteristics of displaced communities , including a description of formal and informal institutions ( e . g . , community organizations , ritual groups , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) ) that may be relevant to the consultation strategy and to designing and implementing the resettlement activities . 7 . _Legal framework_ . The findings of an analysis of the legal framework , covering : - ( a ) the scope of the power of eminent domain and", "spans": [{"start": 1031, "end": 1077, "text": "inventory of common property natural resources", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "national seminar to review technical and managerial matters with the organizations involved in extension forestry . FD Road Units personneL would be trained at the Ministry of Transport facilities , mainly on technical matters related to road construction and maintenance as well as in plant and equipment maintenance . All training activities would be incorporated in the Annual Work Programs and Budgets ( para 4 . 13 ) and therefore subject to review and approval by the Bank . Assurances to this effect were obtained at negotiations . # # C . Reporting , Monitoring and Evaluation 4 . 15 FD would obtain detailed information for monitoring and evaluating Project implementation through the MIS ( para 4 . 04 ) . This information would be incorporated into semi-annual reports , summarizing Project progress and performance , which would be submitted to the Swiss and Italian Governments for information and to the Bank for review . The format and contents of these reports would be discussed in detail during the first Bank supervision mission . Assurances to the above effect were obtained at negotiations . FD would also prepare a completion report summarizing Project performance and evaluating its", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 697, "text": "MIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9410 # * * Abstract * * Agricultural labor accounts for the largest share of child labor worldwide . Yet , measurement of farm labor statistics is challenging due to its inherent seasonality , variable and irregular work schedules , and the varying saliences of individuals ’ work activities . The problem is further complicated by the presence of widespread gender stratification of work and social lives . This study reports the findings of three randomized survey design interventions over the agricultural coffee calendar in rural Ethiopia to address whether response by proxy rather than self-report has effects on the measurement of child labor statistics within and across seasons . While the estimates do not report differences for boys across all seasons , the analysis shows sizable self / proxy discrepancies in child labor statistics for girls . Overall , the results highlight concerns on the use of survey proxy respondents in agricultural labor , particularly for girls . The main findings have important implications for policymakers about data collection in rural areas in developing countries . This paper is a product of the Knowledge and Strategy Team , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at galdo @ carleton . ca , ana_dammert @ carleton . ca , and degnet06 @ yahoo . com . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : COVID-19 Education Response Project ( P174206 ) | Date | 01-May-2020 < br > 30-Jun-2021 < br > 30-Jun-2021 < br > 31-Dec-2021 | | - - - | - - - | | Comments * * : * * | Number of people aged 6-18 who are able to access emergency COVID-19 related distance / homebased < br > learning activities provided by the project / total number of people aged 6-18 * 100 , disaggregated by < br > gender and also by level of education , age , disabilities , and region ( Cumulative ) . Updated from World < br > Bank High Frequency Phone Survey . | | Support accelerated le < br > IN01154456 < br > ► 2 . School age childr < br > percentage , broken do | arning after the closure of schools < br > en previously enrolled in grant-sup < br > wn by gender ) ( Percentage , Custo < br > | ported schools who return to < br > m ) < br > | school once the school sys < br > | tem is reopened < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 92 . 00 | 92 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 01-May-2020 | 01-Jul-2021 | 01-Jul-2021 | 30-Sep-2022 | | Comments * * : * * | Number of people age < br > are re-enrolled in scho < br > previously enrolled in < br > also by level of educa | d 6-18 previously enrolled in < br > ol after the school", "spans": [{"start": 573, "end": 605, "text": "Bank High Frequency Phone Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Calibrating the Model to Thai Data_ According to the Bank of Thailand , total government domestic debt not held by the central bank at the end of December 1996 , was roughly 41 . 7 billion baht or 0 . 9 percent of GDP . We set bo = 0 . 009 . 17 The Bank of Thailand estimated that the foreign debt of the public sector in December 1996 was roughly equal to 430 . 2 billion baht . According to the IFS , net foreign assets of the Thai central bank equaled 988 . 6 billion baht in December 1996 . This suggests that the level of net foreign assets of the consolidated public sector was equal to 558 . 4 billion baht or _-_ 12 . 1 percent of 1996 GDP . Thus , we set bo fo = - 0 . 112 . Using data from the Bank of Thailand we estimate that net foreign debt of the private sector at the end of 1996 was roughly 38 . 4 percent of GDP , so we set do = - 0 . 384 . ' 1 In Section 6 we argue that a rough estimate of the fiscal cost of the banking bailout to be 30 percent of GDP , so we set 0 = 0 . 3 . The parameter I was chosen to match the decline in consolidated government assets that occurred in the period leading up to the Thai crisis in July 1997 . We estimate that during this period ( until the end of June 1997 ) , net assets of the consolidated public sector fell to 7 . 5 percent of GDP . We set 1 = - 0 . 075 . According to the IMF World Economic Outlook , the ratio of government revenue to GDP in Thailand was 18 . 9 percent in 1996 . As in the Korean case , we subtracted an additional 26 . 5 percent from output to ensure that the consumption to output ratio in the model equaled the 1996 value of that ratio in the data , roughly 0 . 5 . \" < sup > 7 < / sup > Bank of Thailand data was obtained from their World Wide Web site at http :", "spans": [{"start": 693, "end": 723, "text": "data from the Bank of Thailand", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1677, "end": 1698, "text": "Bank of Thailand data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 86 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 2 . 3 Mammals * * A survey of the mammal species inhabiting the project area was undertaken by MUIENR in March 2006 . Survey methods included observations , trapping around the proposed dam site , setting mist nets for bats and interviews with local people . Results of the mammal survey are included in Appendix C . 3 . A total of six groups of mammals were recorded in the area of which small mammals ( mainly rodents ) comprised the largest proportion . Larger mammals , such as elephants , antelopes etc , are absent from the area . Northern Savanna multi-mammate rats _ ( Mastomys hildebrandtii ) , _ Eastern brush furred rats _ ( Lophuromysflavopanctatus ) _ and Common brush furred rats _ ( Lophuromys sikapusi ) _ were the most commonly trapped small mammals in the river bank areas . Although not identified in the 2006 survey , Straw coloured fruit bats _ ( Eidolon helvum ) _ have previously inhabited the Bujagali Islands . Their presence on the islands is limited due to the lack of large tree habitat . Although not specifically surveyed , other animals were reported by local people as being within the project area and included : the Red-tailed Monkey _ ( Cercopithecus ascanius ) ; _ the Mole-rat _ ( Tachyoryctes ruddi ) ; _ and the Monitor lizard _ ( Veranus niloticus ) . _ None of these species have been listed as sensitive in East Africa . Faunal observations were also augmented through conversations with a number of local farmers who commented that the Red-tailed Monkey and the Mole-rat are pests , the latter being especially troublesome in root", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 207, "text": "survey of the mammal species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 433, "end": 446, "text": "mammal survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 983, "end": 994, "text": "2006 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2009 data and the 2009 forecast that is the unpredicted piece of new import protection that one could associate as being related to the crisis . Furthermore , according to column ( 6 ) , Argentina actually experienced a smaller increase in imports covered by TTBs in 2009 than the model predicts based on a time trend alone – i . e . , not controlling for any of the sizable macroeconomic factors during the recession which would make conditions even more likely for an increase in TTBs . And Turkey ’ s _value_ measure actually fell slightly ( ‐ 9 . 25 % ) in 2009 compared to 2007 according to column ( 4 ) , despite the model predicting a slight increase from the 2007 realized value . < sup > 22 < / sup > Thus while there was an increase in import protection during the crisis – at least as measured by the stock of imported products subject to TTBs in 2009 being higher in 2007 – my interpretation of the preliminary evidence is that it is difficult to support a claim that the increase was _caused by_ the crisis , given underlying , pre ‐ crisis trends already apparent in the data . # * * 4 . Exporters and Foreign Use of Antidumping * * Thus far I have addressed the question of TTB use from the perspective of the policy ‐ imposing economies and the scope of their imported products likely to be affected by use of such policies over time . In this section I switch my focus to the _incidence_ of such policies , and I ultimately take the perspective of the exporters directly and negatively impacted by imposed TTBs . Furthermore , in this section I restrict my attention to the antidumping policy instrument . I structure this section in two parts . < sup > 23 < / sup > In the first subsection , I examine the use of antidumping from the perspective of each G20 policy ‐ imposing economy to identify trends and potential heterogeneity in the application of the policy across different categories of foreign export targets . In the second subsection , I re ‐ orient the analysis to the perspective of the exporters themselves . This allows >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "National Statistic Institute ( INE ) provides calculations different from those of the Ministry of Work , both of which date back to 1980 . Based on census and survey data , estimates for selected years have also been provided by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) for Guatemala . The labor force is usually defined as the working and job-seeking population , but the different calculations do not always reveal what underlies the specific assumptions and age definitions used for calculations . To develop a consistent time series of the economically active population , the International Labor Organisation ( ILO ) has used information on age specific labor force participation rates and population statistics . Unfortunately , for the reasons clarified below , these estimates are unreliable . _ ( 1 ) Data discrepancies . _ First , there is no agreement either on the level or on the growth rates of the labor force . Virtually all data is different from each other . For example , UNDP ( 2003a ) reports a total labor force estimate of about 2 . 84 million for 1989 , as compared to 2 . 54 million from INE or 2 . 95 million from ILO . Second , as typical for estimates in other countries , labor force data should show some cyclical fluctuations as labor responds to higher output growth . Official estimates for Guatemala , however , are remarkably free of _any_ fluctuations and follow a - 21 -", "spans": [{"start": 1211, "end": 1227, "text": "labor force data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DP | | * * Number of whom are refugees ( N * * | * * umber ) * * | | Description | Number of individuals registered in Fayda ID recognized as refugees byUNHCR / RRS | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | Fayda registration data and data from UNHCR | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | API shared between Fayda data analyticsplatform and reportingfrom UNHCR / RRS | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Number of whom registered in re * * | * * mote and hard to reach areas ( Number ) * * | | | Number of people registered in areas classified by NIDP as \" remote and difficult to reach \" in their registration | | Description | strategy . These areas are characterized by a combination of limited infrastructure , geographical location , < br > population density , weather conditions , and restrictions due to conflicts or social conditions . | | Frequency | Bi-annual | | Data source | Fayda registration data and reportingfrom registrationpartners | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | | Responsibility for Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Service delivery for registeredper * * | * * sons in Ethiopia is improved . * * | | * * Number of successful digital ID au * * | * * thentications by Fayda ID holders to accesspublic andprivate sector services ( Number ) * * | | Description | Number of successful authentications by individuals using their Fayda ID to access either public or private < br > services . | | Frequency | Biannual | | Data source | Fayda services usage data - number of authentication requests received bythe system | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | Page 29 of 39", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 251, "text": "Fayda registration data and data from UNHCR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1500, "end": 1525, "text": "Fayda services usage data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "seekers or refugees happened to have been rounded up as well . In such cases , the CNE , with the support of UNHCR , intervened with the relevant authorities , leading , in most cases , to the release of the individuals involved . Niger ’ s Code of Criminal Procedure continues to provide for the right to defense , with the judge assigning ex officio a lawyer to refugees on par with nationals . Additionally , the National Agency for Legal and Judicial Assistance ( ANAJJ ) under < u > Law No . 2011-42 < / u > continues to oversee the legal and judiciary assistance for beneficiaries as per the rules established in the same law . As of 31 December 2022 , detention monitoring reported 184 refugees and asylum-seekers ( including 8 children ) held in 10 detention centers , mainly on criminal charges rather than administrative issues related to 8 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > * * N I G E R * *", "spans": [{"start": 659, "end": 679, "text": "detention monitoring", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- bidders / proposers shall be required to confirm acceptance at the bidding stage itself , that Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines including Bank ’ s inspection , audit and sanction rights , shall apply in the resulting contracts - appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities in the contracts ; - publication of contract award ; - rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities regardless of the review type ; - an effective complaints mechanism ; - maintenance of procurement records according to National requirements and in the Bank ’ s STEP system - There shall be no mandatory requirements for inclusion of local experts and firms for the consulting assignments ; - Use of reservation and preference schemes based on thresholds prescribed in the PPDA Act and its Regulation , BUBU Policy and any other policy that prohibits eligible bidders from bidding is not acceptable ; - Negotiations with the lowest evaluated bidder to reduce price in the case of goods , works and non-consulting services where competitive methods have been used shall not be allowed ; - The fixed budget method shall not be used for goods , works and non-consulting services ; - Established and approved procurement standards by the government may be used , provided that they are not restrictive When * * < u > other national procurement arrangements < / u > * * other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 4 ( c ) and 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals / request for quotations document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals / quotations present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 535, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as < mark > tools , gunny bags , seeds , < / mark > IT < mark > equipment and accessories , vehicles , etc . ] and works [ very small value labor contracts for Development < / mark > of < mark > Nurseries [ 52 nos . ] < / mark > in < mark > 26 clusters < / mark > in < mark > 10 Districts covering 428 GPs . The total value < / mark > of < mark > this spend < / mark > is < mark > approximately 1 . 2 < / mark > % of < mark > the Bank loan . Payment made by PMU / HPFD for these contracts following World Bank procurement procedures during the 12 months prior < / mark > to < mark > the tentative Loan signing date shall be eligible for retroactive financing < / mark > . * * Record Keeping * * . All records pertaining to award of tenders / selection of consultants , including tender notification / advertisement , register pertaining to sale and receipt of bids , bid / proposal opening minutes , bid / technical and financial evaluation reports , comparative statements , Goods , Receipt Note [ GRN ] and all correspondence pertaining to bid evaluation , communication sent to / with the Bank in the process , bid securities , and approval of invitation / evaluation of bids / proposals would be maintained by the PMU and at DPO / GP level . * * Contract Management . * * The PMU , HPFD will be responsible for overall procurement and contract management under the project . At the Centre , procurement staff will be responsible for contract monitoring and supervision of contracts awarded by PMU . At DPO level , contract monitoring and supervision will be done by technical staff at DPOs / APOs level [ Agriculture , Animal Husbandry / Engineering staff of technical wing of DPO level and Forest Extension and Social Extension staff at APO level ] to ensure timely delivery of quality outputs from the procurement contracts in the project areas . All payments will be made", "spans": [{"start": 817, "end": 864, "text": "register pertaining to sale and receipt of bids", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A Knowledge , Attitude , Practice and Behaviour ( KAPB ) survey in June 2004 conducted by the United Nations Children Fund showed that 67 % of men and 57 % of women had heard about HIV and that 80 % of men and 71 % of women knew about AIDS . There are , however , misconceptions about the ways HIV is transmitted . < sup > 63 < / sup > Stigmatization and discrimination against people living with HIV / AIDS is also a problem ; health workers are likely to discharge them from hospitals , and women are more likely to be divorced and separated from their children . Social exclusion , victimization and blame are also burdens to be shouldered by HIV / AIDS infected people . < sup > 61 < / sup > There are no HIV seroprevalence data for the IDP population . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > The NSP 2005-06 mentions IDPs but does not state specific activities for them . < sup > 64 < / sup > The World Bank ’ s MAP has no HIV proposal approved for Somalia . The GFATM round 4 approved proposal with an HIV component for 2005-06 both mentions IDPs and has HIV activities for them . < sup > 65 < / sup > No data exist on the HIV prevalence among IDPs . In a qualitative HIV survey among IDPs in Somalia in 2004 , 73 % stated that HIV was not a problem and none claimed to have ever seen anyone with AIDS . < sup > 61 < / sup > In the same study , no HIV interventions were reported in the IDP camps surveyed ; however , civil society representatives in the towns of Bossaso and Hargeisa reported HIV awareness raising campaigns . < sup > 61 < / sup > # # * * 7 . * * * * < u > Sudan : < / u > * * # # < u > IDP Situation :", "spans": [{"start": 2, "end": 47, "text": "Knowledge , Attitude , Practice and Behaviour", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 709, "end": 732, "text": "HIV seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1172, "end": 1216, "text": "qualitative HIV survey among IDPs in Somalia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Private < br > facility | 26 | 52 | 18 | 28 | 16 | 2 . 2 * * < br > ( 1 . 3 – < br > 3 . 8 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Public < br > facility | 44 | 30 | 43 | 41 | 12 | 0 . 5 * < br > ( 0 . 3 – < br > 0 . 9 ) | | Public or | 70 | 82 | 61 | 69 | 4 | 1 . 6 | | private | | | | | | ( 0 . 9 – | | facility | | | | | | 2 . 8 ) | | PNC services | 60 | 67 | 45 | 53 | − 1 | 1 . 1 | | | ( _N_ = | ( _N_ = | ( _N_ = | ( _N_ = | | ( 0 . 7 – | | | 183 ) | 459 ) | 779 ) | 1281 ) | | 1 . 8 ) | _Source : _ Population Council , Endline Household Survey 2011 a Based on differences in changes in proportions using health services : negative sign means the change was greater in the comparison group . b Based on multilevel logit models with interaction terms ; 95 percent confidence intervals are in parentheses ( * _P_ < 0 . 05 ; * * _P_ < 0 . 01 ) . # * * < < B > > * * Service , Program , and Out-of-Pocket Costs In terms of service costs , the average reimbursement for a normal delivery rose from $ 14 in the 2008 – 09 financial year to $ 15 in 2009 – 11 and $ 19 in 2010 – 11 ( figure 2 ; Mazzilli 2011 ) . The corresponding figures for a complicated delivery were $ 61 , $ 80 , and $ 88 , respectively . The transition from an individually negotiated reimbursement fee to a program-wide fee schedule partly contributed to the rise in the", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 577, "text": "Endline Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 6 weeks in the year 2000 to 3 . 5 weeks in 2009 . “ The analysis is based on a survey by ILRI of [ District Steering Group ] members in 10 study districts to find mean response times for users and non-users . The [ District Steering Group ] comprises all relevant actors ( international organizations , line Ministries , NGOs , community - based organizations and donors , with the [ Project Coordination Unit ] acting as secretariat ) that influence or are directly involved with emergencies at district level ” ( ICR , pg . 22 ) . The ICR goes on to say that 78 % of all relevant organizations used the bulletins in 2009 , up from 32 % in 2000 . It is unclear where the 2000 baseline data come from . There is also no comparison with control groups which did not use the monthly bulletins . - The ICR reports that at three stakeholder workshops organized by ILRI , a high percentage of participants stated that response times had improved . The ICR team observes that , although the project had closed at the end of 2010 , “ the EWS system of data collection and preparation of the regular monthly bulletins was still taking place and playing a critically useful role in supporting the response by the [ Kenya Food Security Steering Group ] and partners to the severe drought in 2010 / 11 ” ( ICR , pg . 34 ) . - Conflict resolution , especially concerning the use of scarce resources , is an important dimension of reducing livelihood vulnerability to drought . There were no indicators of the outcomes of the project ’ s extensive conflict resolution activities . However , the ICR team received “ consistently positive feedback from donors , beneficiaries and other stakeholders on the effectiveness of [ the project ’ s ] conflict resolution efforts ” ( ICR , pp . 27-28 ) . The ICR acknowledges that a reduction in tension and violence in the arid and semi - arid lands cannot be inferred from this since there are , as yet , insufficient long - term", "spans": [{"start": 81, "end": 95, "text": "survey by ILRI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 674, "end": 692, "text": "2000 baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Program ( P160250 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | Completion < br > Measurement | LG and The | matic PIPs implemented as | measured in DLI3 | . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Comments | Done : PIPs < br > PIPs for the < br > done by the | for the least performing LG < br > least performing indicator < br > respective MDAs | s were conducted < br > s in Health , Educat | in March and May 2 < br > ion , Water and Agri | 024 Thematic < br > culture were | | Action Description | Updatingan | d dissemination Budget an | d Grantguideline | s . | | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | Technical | NA | MoLG , MoES , < br > MoH , MoWE , < br > MAAIF , MoWT , < br > MOFPED | Recurrent | Yearly | Completed | | Completion < br > Measurement < br > Comments | Updated gu < br > Disseminati < br > for FY2024 / | idelines disseminated < br > on of Grant and Budget Gu < br > 25 was also issued in Febru | idelines for FY202 < br > ary 2024 | 4 / 25 was done in M | ay 2024 . BCC2 | | Action Description | Technical s < br > and follow < br > recommend | upport teams contracted to < br > up with LGs on implementa < br > ations ofjoint monitoring | support the Natio < br > tion Performance < br > visits . | nal Resource Pool i < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Fiscal Sustainability and Inclusive Green Growth Development Policy Operation ( P180339 ) 70 . * * Expected results * * . The regulation will result in improved transparency and accountability of government ’ s climate actions , including allocation of climate funds to priority actions , monitoring of progress on reducing GHG emissions , and prioritization of actions in national climate change action plan . Progress will be measured through the share of government climate actions that have been informed by public / enterprise provision of inputs because of this regulation ( R9 ) . * * Prior Action 10 : * * The Recipient , through the National Treasury and Economic Planning , issued the Public Finance Management ( Financial Inclusion Fund ) Regulations ( 2022 ) , to create the Financial Inclusion Fund , which enhances financial inclusion of the under-served segment of the population and small and micro-enterprises in a sustainable manner leveraging market-based mechanisms . 71 . * * Rationale . * * Although Kenya has a relatively high level of financial inclusion , with about 83 percent of Kenyans having at least one form of a transaction account ( mostly on mobile money ) , access to finance remains a key constraint to many poor households and other vulnerable groups as well as to MSME . According to the 2021 FinAccess Household Survey , the lowest quintile of households had the highest level of exclusion ( 22 . 1 percent ) and use informal channels ( 15 . 1 percent ) , compared to 3 . 6 percent and 1 . 3 percent for the highest quintile . Additionally , only 12 . 7 percent of the poorest households had access to banks . Commercial banks are risk-averse to these vulnerable groups and the alternative sources of finance to smoothen their consumption and business needs ( e . g . , through their mobile money loan products ) are exorbitantly priced . This has created a vicious cycle of non-repayments , further reducing the ability of these segments of the population to access finance . The government of Kenya sees a", "spans": [{"start": 1349, "end": 1380, "text": "2021 FinAccess Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reached by Japan in the 1960s and Hong Kong SAR , China ; Korea ; Singapore ; and Taiwan , China , in the 1980s . To continue growing dynamically against the background of declining wage competitiveness , China will have to follow the path of the earlier Asian ― geese ‖ and start to relocate its labor-intensive industries to low-income countries . < sup > 23 < / sup > Indeed , this is already happening . A large share of China ‘ s outward foreign direct investment in Africa , which had reached $ 9 . 33 billion by the end of 2009 , has gone to manufacturing ( 22 percent ) , second only to the share in mining ( 29 percent ) . And China is building six economic > 22 < mark > Data from Oxford Analytica , March 28 , 2011 . < / mark > > 23 Based on the estimation by Maddison ( 2010 ) , China ‘ s per capita income ( measured in purchasing power parity ) was 6 , 725 international dollars in 2008 , the same level as in Japan in 1966 , Korea in 1986 , and Taiwan , China , in 1983 . These economies started to relocate their labor-intensive manufacturing industries at that income level , Japan to the East Asian Tigers and Korea and Taiwan , China , to mainland China .", "spans": [{"start": 681, "end": 707, "text": "Data from Oxford Analytica", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Inequality , Economic Growth and Nonrenewable Resources countries , in which an increase in resource dependence is associated with higher rates of income inequality and lower GDP per capita . Table 12 : Estimated Results from the Non-Recursive Model Specification ( resource-rich subsample ) | | * * IV Fixe * * < br > | * * d Effect * * < br > | * * 3S * * < br > | * * LS * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Gini index * * | * * GDPc * * | * * Gini index * * | * * GDP * * | | Nonrenewable resource dependence | - 0 . 175 * * * | 0 . 385 * * | - 0 . 194 * * * | 0 . 355 * * | | Lower income | dropped | dropped | - 12 . 765 * * * | 51 . 841 * * * | | Lower income * nonrenewable resource | 0 . 121 * * | - 0 . 960 * * * | 0 . 167 * * * | - 0 . 925 * * * | | dependence | | | | | | High-low education ratio | 0 . 337 | - | 1 . 754 * * * | - | | High-low education ratio square | - 0 . 001 | - | - 0 . 030 * * * | - | | Consumer price index ( 2005 ) | - 0 . 001 | - | - 0 . 009 | - | | Services value added share | 0 . 114 * * | - | 0 . 132 * * * | - | | Manufacturing value added share | 0 . 002 | - | - 0 . 078 | - | | Agriculture value added share | - 0 . 157 * * | - | - 0 . 093 | - | | GDPc | - 0 . 085 | - | - 0 . 195 * * * | - | | Log labor", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * FORM NO . 1121 ( 5-76 ) * * T E C H N I C A L DA TA | * * PROJECT : * * < br > * * COUNTRY : * * | NarokAgriculturalDevelopment < br > Kenya < br > < sup > • < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | | TOTALCOST : | $ 18 . 8mi11ion < br > | | * * iDA . * * < br > * * FINANCING : * * | $ 13million , repayablein50years , with10years < br > ofgrace , nointerest , except3 / 4of1 % foradministrative < br > expenses . | OTHER FINANCING : Canadian International Development Agency , $ 1 . 4 million ; Gove rnmer ' ! t of Kenya , $ 3 . 4 mi 11 ion ; Farmers , $ 1 million . IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATION : Land and Farm Management Division Ministry of Agriculture P . O . BOX 30028 Na i rob i , Kenya CABLE : MINAG , NAIROBI PROJECT DESCRIPTION : It will be the first stage of a long-term program for development of mixed farming in the Mau Division of the Nqrok District and will include : dev ~ 1opment of improved extension services for crops , livestock , and farmer training ; improved credit services for mixed farming ; * * seasonal * * credit for wheat and rapeseed inputs and medium-term . credit for farm deve - . lopment ; development , upgrading , and maintenance of access and feeder roads ; soil conservatfon measures and development of tree nurseries ; a wildlife control program . to lfmit damage to crops by wild animal · ; ; studies to esta ~ lish baseline data on the district , monitoring , and evaluation of project progress , · · ~ . md studies and field trails", "spans": [{"start": 1350, "end": 1363, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 4 : Summary Statistics derived from classroom observation instruments ( Level 1 variables ) * * | | | Al | l | | | Ru | ral | | Ur | ban and | Semi-Urb | an | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Mean | SD | 25 ptile | 75 ptile | Mean | SD | 25 ptile | 75 ptile | Mean | SD | 25 ptile | 75 ptile | | * * SDI * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Share of time teaching | 0 . 85 | ( 0 . 25 ) | 0 . 81 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 8378 | ( 0 . 25 ) | 0 . 79 | 1 . 00 | 0 . 90 | ( 0 . 20 ) | 0 . 91 | 0 . 99 | | Share of time teaching and learnin | 0 . 75 | ( 0 . 28 ) | 0 . 61 | 0 . 98 | 0 . 74 | ( 0 . 28 ) | 0 . 60 | 0 . 98 | 0 . 78 | ( 0 . 28 ) | 0 . 62 | 0 . 98 | | Good teacher demeanor | 0 . 67 | ( 0 . 23 ) | 0 . 57 | 0 . 86 | 0 . 68 | ( 0 . 23 ) | 0 . 57 | 0 . 86 | 0 . 63 | ( 0 . 20 ) | 0 . 57 | 0 . 75 | | Good pedagogical practice | 0 . 56 | ( 0 . 18 ) | 0 . 49 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 56 | ( 0 . 17 ) | 0 . 49 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 55 | ( 0 . 19 ) | 0 . 48 | 0 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ - Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation No . 1324 / 2024 * * World Bank ’ s Environmental and Social Framework * * The World Bank ’ s Environmental and Social Framework ( ESF ) , the relevant Environmental and Social Standards ( ESSs ) to review include : - ESS1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks / Impacts - ESS5 Land Acquisition , Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement - ESS8 Cultural Heritage - ESS10 Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure Therefore , this RP has been prepared to comply with the Ethiopian and WB ’ s ESS requirements . # # # # # # * * 0 . 3 Main Findings of Census and Socio-Economic Surveys * * Key findings of the baseline , census surveys and public consultation meetings conducted in the Subproject site inform the preparation of this RP as well as feed into the LRP . The socioeconomic section of this report presents the results from the 703 PAHs . However , the impact chapter is dealing with the total 713 PAHs ( both 703 interviewed and 10 missing / absentee PAHs ) . Absentee PAHs will be compensated . The registration of affected assets proceeded with the participation of the ad-hoc committee members and neighbors of the absentee PAHs . It is common to encounter Missing PAHs . They were absent during the census survey . Otherwise , it is confirmed by the Kebele leaders and the neighbors that they actively use the land . Therefore , at the time of implementation the Implementation Team will find them Key demographic characteristics have been identified as follows : * * _Households , Population and Headship Pattern : _ * * There are a total of 713 Subproject affected households residing in 21 Kebeles affected by the Subproject . Based on census enumeration survey out of the total 713 PAHs about 635 of", "spans": [{"start": 799, "end": 832, "text": "Census and Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 882, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1461, "end": 1474, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1901, "end": 1926, "text": "census enumeration survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# REFERENCES Ahmed , Sarah . \" Women left behind : Migration , agency , and the Pakistani woman . \" _Gender & Society_ 34 , no . 4 ( 2020 ) : 597619 . Bicchieri , Cristina , Jan W . Lindemans , and Ting Jiang . \" A structured approach to a diagnostic of collective practices . \" _Frontiers in psychology_ 5 ( 2014 ) : 1418 . Bicchieri , Christina . “ Norms in the wild : How to diagnose , measure , and change social norms . ” Oxford University Press ( 2017 ) . Bernhardt , Arielle , Erica Field , Rohini Pande , Natalia Rigol , Simone Schaner , and Charity Troyer-Moore , “ Male Social Status and Women ’ s Work . ” AEA Papers and Proceedings , ( 2018 ) , 108 , 363 – 67 Bursztyn , Leonardo , Alessandra L . González , and David Yanagizawa-Drott . \" Misperceived social norms : Women working outside the home in Saudi Arabia . \" _American economic review_ 110 , no . 10 ( 2020 ) : 2997-3029 . Bushell , Brenda . \" Women entrepreneurs in Nepal : what prevents them from leading the sector ? \" _Gender & Development_ 16 , no . 3 ( 2008 ) : 549-564 . Buchmann , Nina , Carl Meyer , and Colin D . Sullivan . _Paternalistic discrimination_ . Working Paper , 2023 . Bussolo , Maurizio , Jessy Amarachi Ezebuihe , Ana Maria Muñoz Boudet , Stavros Poupakis , Tasmia Rahman , and Nayantara Sarma . \" Social Norms and Gender Disparities with a Focus on Female Labor Force Participation in South Asia . \" _The World Bank Research Observer_ 39 , no . 1 ( 2024 ) : 124-158 . Bussolo , Maurizio , Ana Maria Munoz Boudet , Chinmaya Holla , Thomas de Hoop , Tasmia Rahman , Garima Siwach , Nele Warrinnier . “ Measuring Gender Norms in the Field ” . The World Bank ( 2024 , Forthcoming ) . Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) . \" Report on the Nepal labour force survey 2017 / 18 . \" ( 2019 ) . Chakravarty , Shubha , Mattias Lundberg , Plamen Nikolov , and Juliane Zenker . \" Vocational training programs", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_-25 . 8_ | | General Education | 3 , 392 | 92 , 578 | 1 , 308 | 14 | 1 . 1 | | Universities | 25 | 2 , 000 | 76 | 37 | - 19 . 1 | Source : UNDP Human Development Report , 1997 .", "spans": [{"start": 140, "end": 169, "text": "UNDP Human Development Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "future profitability ; and ( ii ) the cost of switching . But that does not allow us to separate out the future relative profitability from the responsiveness . Having , then , a panel of such ‘ pull ’ estimates and the costs , we can put them together in Stage 2 with wages to see how much the ‘ pull ’ is affected by changes in wage differentials . This allows us to separate out the ‘ responsiveness ’ factor < sup > _ < u > β < / u > _ < / sup > _ν_ < sup > andcompletetheestimation . Essentially , ifgrossflowsdonot < / sup > respond very much to future wage differentials , a low value of < sup > _ < u > β < / u > _ < / sup > _ν_ < sup > willbeindicated , otherwise < / sup > a high value . A qualification that should be noted is that in principle equation ( 5 ) can be used to estimate _β_ as well as _ν_ , but in practice it turns out to be difficult to do so . The reason is that significant changes in _β_ induce only small changes in equilibrium aggregates . As a result , we impose a value of _β_ that seems reasonable based on the literature , and examine how robust results are to changes in its value . # * * 2 Data and Regression Analysis * * # # * * 2 . 1 Sector and Occupation Categories . * * We use the March Current Population Surveys ( CPS ) from 1975 to 2000 of the US Census to estimate the model . Dimensionality issues force us to aggregate sectors and occupations , with the result that we consider 4 sectors and 5 occupations . The sectors are : 1 . Agriculture and Construction ; 2 . Manufacturing ; 3 . Non-traded Service ; and 4 . Traded Service . < sup > 3 < / sup > Similarly , we need to aggregate occupations . We follow the Census categories to do this , with one small exception . The occupations we use are : 1 . _White collar_ ( the Census category of “ Managerial and Professional Specialty", "spans": [{"start": 1225, "end": 1257, "text": "March Current Population Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * CHAPTER 3 : USERS OF FINANCIAL SERVICES AND PROFILE OF THE UNBANKED * * 1 . This chapter presents the demand side perspective of financial exclusion in Bogotá . To this end , the chapter draws on data from several sources . The introductory part is drawn from the results of a nationwide survey by the Colombian Association of Media Investigation ( ACIM ) . The presentation of the socio-economic characteristics of the unbanked is the result of a joint household survey by the Colombian government ’ s department of statistical studies , DANE , the World Bank and Universidad de los Andes . 2 . ACIM carried out a household consumer survey ( the General Media Survey or EGM , acronym in Spanish ) through the National Consulting Center in 2000 . A section of the survey centers on the possession of financial services . The survey was applied to 12 , 218 households in 16 of Colombia ’ s most important cities : Bogotá , Barranquilla , Cartagena , Medellín , Pereira , Manizales , Cali , Popayán , Ibagué , Bucaramanga , Neiva , Cúcuta , Villaviciencio , Santa Marta , Armenia and Tunja . This sample is representative for a population of 11 , 850 , 560 inhabitants and was extrapolated to the total population . The survey tabulated use of : savings and checking accounts , credit and debit cards , certificates of deposit ( CDT ) , mortgages , personal credit , banking services by telephone , savings account with special awards , stocks and bonds . 3 . Financial services , whether provided by banks , by cooperatives or by micro-finance institutions , reach a very limited percentage of Colombia ’ s urban population . The ACIM survey , which covered 16 Colombian cities , suggests that the percentage of unbanked increases outside of Bogotá . Figure 3 . 2 shows the percentages of households using different types of financial services . Considering the unbanked to be households without access to savings accounts , the ACIM survey suggests that the unbanked in urban Colombia reach close to 70 % . A similar survey by the same company , in Mexico , reported findings of unbanked households at 85 % . 4 . The DANE", "spans": [{"start": 454, "end": 476, "text": "joint household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 653, "end": 673, "text": "General Media Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1635, "end": 1646, "text": "ACIM survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper consists of six sections . We describe the data in the next section and the country background and COVID-19 situation in Section 3 . We discuss the analytical framework in Section 4 , the estimation results in Section 5 , and conclude in Section 6 . # * * 2 . Data * * Our main source of data for this study is the Islamic Republic of Iran ’ s Labor Force Surveys ( LFS ) , which are available in unit records since 2005 . Each survey round contains information on about 120 , 000 households and 700 , 000 individuals . We analyze eight rounds of the repeated crosssections covering 2015-2022 . The large sample sizes of the LFSs allow us to control for province and year-quarter fixed effects in the econometric analysis . To avoid issues related to adult decisions regarding going to school and retirement , we focus on prime age workers ( ages 25-54 ) . The summary statistics for this age group are presented in Table 1 . Conducted annually by the Statistical Center of Iran since 2005 , the Islamic Republic of Iran ’ s LFS is a nationally representative survey that provides annual and quarterly assessments of the country ’ s labor markets . The survey follows a two-stage stratification with cluster sampling design , with stratification by rural and urban residence and at the province level and clusters and blocks chosen to yield a random nationally representative sample . The new survey replaced the old Employment and Unemployment Survey and conforms more closely to the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) guidelines for labor force surveys . The survey covers the country ’ s non-nomadic households ( about 98 % of the total population ) . Each household is on a quarterly rotation in which each household is interviewed for two consecutive quarters in one year ( i . e . , a household leaves the survey for two quarters and is interviewed again in the same two quarters a year later ) . By allowing for quarterly rotation , the survey provide estimates of the level as well as 6", "spans": [{"start": 355, "end": 374, "text": "Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1036, "end": 1039, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1428, "end": 1462, "text": "Employment and Unemployment Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) benefits there are 𝛿 dollars generated that represent the value of the job to the broader society ; 𝛿 is assumed to be . 2 ( 20 cents of social externality per dollar ) < sup > 56 < / sup > unless otherwise specified . * * 5 . * * The adjustments necessary to component 1 . 1 are the need to differentiate between males , female , and Syrian refugee workers . The labor force survey data shows stark contrast in the wages and employment rates . We also attached a higher social multiplier , of . 35 ( compared to . 20 used elsewhere ) for refugees . Given there are different skill level courses , a different wage rate is applied to basic and mid and advanced skill graduates . * * 6 . Business expansion subsidies and support : * * Activities to support the expansion of firms are done through subsidies , in the form of matching grants or subsidized business development services . Subsidies used in this way help correct a market failure caused by the existence of _jobs-linked externalities ( JLEs ) _ by inducing the creation of a socially optimal number of jobs . The fact that subsidies are being used to correct a market failure justifies public sector allocation of resources . The JLEs stem from having firm profit maximizing decisions that , presumably , do not account for benefits received by the workers , although those benefits are determined by the firm ’ s choices . The disconnect between worker benefits and the benefits that the firm is able to appropriate results in underinvestment in job creating expansions . Hence , subsidies < sup > 57 < / sup > are meant to induce expansions that may have great value to society but , due to the inability of firm owners to appropriate the full benefit of the expansion , may not be profitable enough to motivate them to cover the costs . < sup > 58 < / sup > * * 7 .", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 467, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Introduction * * It is almost impossible to think or write about refugee-related issues without some reference to statistics . < sup > 1 < / sup > When studying complex emergencies , for example , the analyst is immediately prompted to ask : how many people have been displaced ; what proportion of that number have remained within the borders of their own country ; how many have sought asylum elsewhere ; and to which destinations have they gone ? In more stable refugee situations , numbers play an equally important part in any analytical endeavour . The scholar , like the practitioner , will want to know : how many refugees live in camps and how many have settled elsewhere ; what is the ratio between refugees and local residents ; how many of the refugees have become self-sufficient ; how many continue to receive assistance from the UNHCR and other humanitarian agencies ; and what is the demographic structure of the refugee population ? When it comes to examining the resolution of refugee problems , statistical issues continue to feature prominently . How many refugees have repatriated to their country of origin ? At what rate are they returning ? How many have been accepted for resettlement in third countries ? And how many have become integrated in their country of asylum ? Finally , in the context of the industrialized states , statistics constitute a necessary foundation for the examination of many key refugee issues . How many asylum applications have been submitted in a given state or region ? How have those numbers varied on a year-by-year basis ? From which countries do the asylum seekers originate ? And what proportion have been successful in their requests for refugee status ? Without addressing questions such as these , and without having access to the figures needed to answer them , it is impossible to do any meaningful analysis of refugee policies in North America and Western Europe . Despite the centrality of statistics to the field of refugee studies , scholars working in this area have been remarkably inattentive to the issue of quantitative data . While all of the standard works on refugees are", "spans": [{"start": 2088, "end": 2105, "text": "quantitative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Appendix A ‐ Stylized summary of risk management practices in four countries * * | * * Process / * * < br > * * country * * | * * Colombia * * | * * Sweden * * | * * Turkey * * | * * Indonesia * * < sup > * * 51 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Context and * * < br > * * defining * * < br > * * characteristics * * |  USD 700 m . exposure < br > managed by DGCPTN < br >  SOEs and sub-nationals < br > potential beneficiaries < br >  3 staff in credit risk team |  USD 4 bn . exposure < br > managed by Guarantee < br > and Lending unit at SNDO < br >  Beneficiaries mostly < br > SOEs , no sub-nationals < br >  11 staff |  USD 11 . 2 bn . exposure < br > managed by credit risk < br > team at Treasury < br >  Beneficiaries SOEs , banks , < br > municipalities < br >  5 staff |  USD 16 . 7 bn . exposure < br > managed by CL team at < br > DGFRM < br >  Beneficiaries SOEs and < br > infrastructure fund < br >  8 staff | | * * Credit risk * * < br > * * analysis * * |  No internal risk < br > assessment ; public credit < br > rating used |  Credit rating models < br > favored , simulation < br > models , and structural < br > models ; < br >  Industry-specific score < br > cards using rating < br > agencies ’ methodologies |  Statistical regression < br > model for each type of < br > beneficiary < br >  Model calibrated using < br > historic data of < br > beneficiaries performance < br > vis-à-vis Treasury |  Industry-specific", "spans": [{"start": 1401, "end": 1414, "text": "historic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . DATA * * # * * 4 . 1 . EXPORT DATA * * The principal trade data source is the BACI World trade database developed by CEPII , created using COMTRADE . BACI data from 1995 to 2009 are used for this exercise . In total , 20 MENA countries and 136 countries from other regions are covered ( see Table 6 for a list of MENA countries ) . One advantage of the BACI to the COMTRADE is that exporter and importer declarations have been checked for gross inconsistencies . The version used is aggregated at the country-sector level , where sectors are defined by the ISIC 2-digit level . It is important to be clear that there is no information on exporter characteristics in this database such as age , legal status , ownership , share of exports over total sales , or employment levels . Moreover , this study cannot answer why some firms export and others do not , or what are the determinants of becoming an exporter . The World Bank ’ s Export Dynamics Database ( EDD ) is also used as a second source of customs data . The EDD includes exporting data from 1997-2011 , but analysis is limited to 2005-2010 since data are available for the majority of countries during this period only . All agricultural and extractive industries are excluded . The EDD ’ s country coverage is narrower than BACI ’ s , however EDD comprises additional information in terms of mean and median export value per exporter , which allows consideration of the intensive margin of trade . The full EDD data set comprises 43 countries , 7 of which are in the MENA region . Kuwait is the only high-income MENA country in the EDD . Egypt , Morocco , and Yemen are lower-middle-income , and Iran , Jordan , and Lebanon are upper-middle-income . Depending on our level of analysis and availability of control or business climate variables , MENA coverage ranges from three countries to seven countries . # * * 4 . 2 . DEPENDENT VARIABLES * * The share of total exports in a given sector is calculated per industry for every country and every sector using the BACI . Trade", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 113, "text": "BACI World trade database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 149, "end": 157, "text": "COMTRADE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 160, "end": 169, "text": "BACI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 942, "end": 966, "text": "Export Dynamics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the equity and long-term viability of many operational reforms , including privatization ; the design of auction and procurement rules in a sector where in competitive markets low-balling by bidders with limited implementation skills or in much less competitive markets high bids with bidders with strong ex-post negotiation skills ; and the coordination between the institutions created or restructured as part of reforms . Effective regulation , procurement rules and institutions are needed to increase transparency and accountability and minimize the effects of corruption on the level , quality , and price of public services being delivered , often by public and private monopolies , to the world ’ s poorest people . < sup > 34 < / sup > Much more is known from quantitative research on the infrastructure needs of the investment climate and long-term growth than on the needs of residential users , particularly the poor users and on the costs to the public sector of meeting the needs of all users . Ensuring a fair balance in the monitoring of the winners and losers of reforms ( or lack of reforms ) will require much better coordination between donors . Indeed , the economic literature surveyed and donors ’ policy statements point to a wide diversity of concerns and approaches in the infrastructure agenda for developing countries with little joint accountability for outcomes . While every donor is sovereign in its strategies , the incidence of coordination failures is on the countries , not on the agencies . Just as in the case of the MDGs , some basic quantitative agreement > 32 The original baseline poverty estimates used for the MDGs were based on income and consumption distribution surveys for 44 countries containing 71 percent of the population in 1990 ( Ghaiha 2003 ) . These countries accounted for about a quarter of those considered to be developing . Ghaiha also documents the many sources of data and their inconsistencies . > 33 These data and instruments can also be used to assess the regressivity of the use of infrastructure sectors as tax handles which seems to also be an emerging problem from the literature surveyed here . > 34 At the same time , it must be recognized that in the context of privatization , when pushed", "spans": [{"start": 1673, "end": 1716, "text": "income and consumption distribution surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# I . * * CONTEXTE STRATÉGIQUE * * # * * A . Contexte du pays * * 1 . * * Le Niger est un vaste pays enclavé dont les trois quarts du territoire sont constitué de désert * * . Le Niger est situé dans le centre-ouest du continent africain , entre le Mali , l ’ Algérie , la Libye , le Tchad , le Nigeria , le Bénin et le Burkina Faso . Le pays a une population d ’ environ 17 , 2 millions d ’ habitants , qui croît rapidement au rythme de 3 , 9 % par an ( 2012 ) . La mortalité infantile au Niger a commencé à diminuer , mais le taux de fécondité reste très élevé . La majorité de la population est concentrée sur un tiers du territoire , principalement dans les régions du sud et de l ’ ouest du pays . La majorité de la population vit dans les zones rurales ( 82 % ) et la moitié de la population est âgée de moins de 15 ans . La population jeune et la forte croissance démographique devrait exercer une pression considérable sur le système éducatif nigérien d ’ ici 2020 . 2 . * * Le Niger est un pays pauvre doté d ’ une base limitée de ressources naturelles et humaines * * . Il se classe au 186 < sup > e < / sup > rang sur 187 pays dans l ’ indice 2012 du développement humain du PNUD , avec un produit intérieur brut ( PIB ) par habitant de 769 dollars en parité du pouvoir d ’ achat ( PPA )", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1190, "text": "indice 2012 du développement humain du PNUD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "_34 Why Infrastructure Financing Facilities Often Fall Short of Their Objectives_ the executive body to issue political risk insurance . The GAU was backstopped by a World Bank loan facility to enhance the credibility of the risk coverage . The withdrawal authority for the World Bank loan was delegated to an international bank ( ING Bank of the Netherlands ) . ING was to issue a letter of credit to each individual guarantee holder . < sup > 65 < / sup > The World Bank loan facility that backstopped the GAU amounted to about US $ 30 million . It was expected that this credit line would backstop guarantees of up to a total of US $ 150 million . < sup > 66 < / sup > 90 . _Activities . _ There was little demand for political risk insurance after the PEGF was established in October 1995 . To assess future demand , a demand survey was conducted in March 1997 . The survey indicated that demand would remain very sluggish in the future and consequently the facility was canceled in May 1997 . 91 . With hindsight , there are mainly four reasons why the facility generated little demand . First , the PGF faced demand from the Moldovan Government unconditional ( broader ) and heavily subsidized guarantees in the areas expected to be its principle market , namely foreign supply of agricultural inputs in return for part of the following season ' s supply ; and machinery and equipment sales to the agro processing industry . The situation was compounded by the fact that structural reforms slowed down , especially in the agrosector the sector that the instrument primarily targeted . < sup > 6 7 < / sup > 92 . Secondly , there was very little borrowing activity from commercial sources by private Moldovan enterprises as most of the financing was provided by multilateral agencies ineligible for accessing political risk coverage . Thirdly , the pricing of the instruments appears to have been too high to generate demand because the reference price that was used to determine the price of the guarantee was based on risk premia for longterm projects and thus provided an inadequate point of comparison . < sup > 6 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 836, "text": "demand survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "9 often on Ge from the IMF ' s Government Finance Statistics Yearbook ( GFSY ) ) , care must be taken in making any comparisons across studies . # B . OECD EXPERIENCE The sizeable increase in the share of government expenditure out national income is a relatively recent phenomenon in OECD countries . Data for the United States illustrate this point ( Table 1 ) . While no one series runs from 1800 through the present , the general trend is clear . Federal government expenditures , measured in current dollars , account for a minimal share of nationai income until World War I . A significant dip characterizes the inter-war period , but thereafter the ratio of U . S . Government expenditures to GNP steadily marches on rising more than sevenfold between 1929 and 1984 . Peacock and Wiseman ( 1961 ) report a similar overall trend for the United Kingdom . 10 In fact , the same historical trend applies to OECD nations as a group . Employing the narrower Gc definition of government spending , Kuznets ( 1966 ) ( Table 2 ) shows that the share of Gc out of GNP in both Europe and the United States did not reach double digits until the 1940 ' s , and often not until the 1950 ' s . Extending the OECD record into the contemporary period , Saunders and Klau ( 1985 ) employ comprehensive Ge data for 23 nations ( Table 3 ) , and report that government spending has , on average , increased from 26 . 3 % to 47 . 0 % of GNP in the years 1960 to 1982 . ( Tanzi ( 1986 ) provides similar information but for more years : 1960 , 1971 , 1975 and 1983 . ( Table 4 ) ) Saunders and Klau ( 1985 )", "spans": [{"start": 302, "end": 328, "text": "Data for the United States", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1291, "end": 1298, "text": "Ge data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "losses in each country by workers we designate as “ fixed input ” ( non-production ) employees and “ variable input ” ( production ) employees using the country-specific pooled ( 2013 and 2019 ) WBES data . We estimate a set of sector-specific polynomials relating the number of production to non-production workers for each aggregated sector ( See Appendix 2 in the longer version of this paper for details ) and then compute the ratio of losses by each group within the appropriate ranges for each sector . < sup > 35 < / sup > Using these estimated polynomials , we find that the estimated ratio between production and non-production workers varies substantially over the range of employment levels and by industry . Utilizing these empirical relationships therefore in principle makes our prediction more accurate than one that implicitly assumes that losses occur in equal measure across tasks and levels of total employment . In practice , without this adjustment to occupational category , we find that we are less able to replicate the demographic distribution of realized job losses , especially by level of education and wage quintile . < sup > 36 < / sup > After assigning the resulting mean percentage job losses to PFPS workers represented in the baseline labor force survey by sector and occupational level , we compute , using LMPS survey weights , the percentage of PFPS workers projected to lose their job . In addition to the total rate of job loss , we compute the approximate percentage of PFPS job losses by sector of employment ( relative to baseline ) , by gender , age , educational attainment , wage level and nationality . < sup > 37 < / sup > 5 . 2 Validity Checks Having thus estimated PFPS job losses , we next assess the predictive accuracy of the magnitude and allocation by demographic groups of our modeled estimates . To do so , we use two bases for comparison . One is wave 2 of the CFUWBES . The second is labor force survey data collected at around the same time as this wave . In the first instance , we predict job losses using the model estimated using CFUWBES1 ( Section 4 ) using the data on the", "spans": [{"start": 195, "end": 204, "text": "WBES data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1260, "end": 1287, "text": "baseline labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1342, "end": 1353, "text": "LMPS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1918, "end": 1925, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1942, "end": 1965, "text": "labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2093, "end": 2101, "text": "CFUWBES1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Estimates of rural electrification ’ s benefits are highly subject to the reliability of electricity supply . If supply is constrained due to a host of factors , the effects will be sub-optimal , meaning that beneficiaries would not reap the maximum benefits possible from household electrification . The 2005 IHDS data show that lack of reliable electricity service is pervasive in rural areas of India , which may have kept electricity access and consumption low . The effects of service quality on electricity access and consumption , discussed previously ( Table 3 ) , clearly demonstrate the substantial consumption gains that can accrue from small improvements in reliability . Similarly , villages without power outages have an electrification rate of 81 percent , while those with more than 20 hours of power outages per day have an access rate of only about 38 percent , which affects their electricity consumption ( Table 9 ) . Households without power outages consume up to 69 kWh per month , compared to only about 46 kWh per month for those that experience severe outages . Clearly , the amount of electricity consumed depends not only on whether service is available but also on how long service is available , and the extent of impacts depends on the level of consumption . With improved reliability , electricity may play a stronger role in improving income and productivity , as ensuring only access is not enough . In short , electricity access , in conjunction with service reliability , is what matters in improving household welfare in rural India . # * * 9 . Conclusion * * The analysis in this paper unpacks the causal chain from provision of electricity to the various benefits it is claimed to bring and quantifies these benefits . The estimation results indicate that electrification has significant positive effects on time allocation for fuel collection , as well as income , expenditure , and poverty incidence . It also has a positive impact on children ’ s schooling , which can increase future income ; thus , electricity not only alleviates poverty in the near term but also holds 20", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 319, "text": "IHDS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * ANNEXES * * Annex 1-Consultation Minutes and Lists of Attendance Annex 2 : RAP 1b Asset Register Annex 3 : RAP 1b Cadastral Map Annex 4 : Template of Census and Socio-Economic Survey Tools Annex 5 : Sample of Grievance Recording and Resolution Forms Annex 6 : ToR for Legal Services for Mwache Dam Project Annex 7 : ToR for Implementation of Mwache Dam RAP and VMG Report Annex 8 : Mwavumbo Group Ranch Official Documents Annex 9 : Photographic Plates Annex 10 : RAP 1 Implementation Schedule Annex 11 : VMGP Report Annex 12 : Mwavumbo GR Subdivision & Registration Data - Nov 2020 Annex 13 : Minutes & Attendance Registers for MGR related meetings held in 2020 Annex 14 : Analysis of Sources of Livelihoods for PAHs in Priority Area 1 - Draft Feb 2021 vii", "spans": [{"start": 543, "end": 586, "text": "Mwavumbo GR Subdivision & Registration Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor market . Available evidence suggests that the education and skills levels of refugees are low , for example , with around 15 percent having at most a high school degree among Syrian ESSN beneficiaries , and the majority of these degrees are from Syria . < sup > 6 < / sup > Additionally , among ESSN beneficiaries , 14 percent have no formal education and 39 percent have only attended primary school . < sup > 7 < / sup > The eligibility criteria for the ESSN also disincentivize refugees from pursuing and accepting formal employment , as they would risk losing their social assistance support . On the demand side , employers may find it relatively more difficult to verify the skill levels , and therefore expected productivity , of refugees . < sup > 8 < / sup > This is especially true in the case of SuTPs who could not bring their degrees or certifications with them to Turkey . As a result , employers may not be willing to pay as high as the official minimum wage and the premiums and taxes associated with formally registering workers . 10 . * * The inflow of refugees may have affected the access of Turkish citizens to jobs in the informal sector , resulting in growing social tension among refugees and host communities . * * Recent assessments indicate that the inflow of refugees has led to the displacement of Turkish citizens from the informal labor market . < sup > 9 < / sup > In certain sectors , Turkish workers displaced from informal jobs have moved to formal jobs , but these tend to be host community workers with higher education levels . These disruptions have disproportionately affected certain segments of the population including women and low-skilled men . Such displacement of Turkish citizens from the labor markets presents a threat to social cohesion , with > 5 TRC Livelihood Survey 2018 ; International Crisis Group . 2018 . _Turkey ’ s Syrian Refugees : Defusing Metropolitan Tensions_ . Europe Report No . 248 . > 6 TRC Livelihood Survey 2018 . > 7 Turkish Red", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 13 - * * * * ANNEX 1 * * # # PRINCIPAL * * RECOMMENDATIONS * * OF THE * * MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT * * - The creation of a new self-contained Road Maintenance Department responsible for planning and execution of all maintenance ; - that the Road Maintenance Department control and maintain all plant and equipment necessary for maintenance work ; - the creation of a new post of Mechanical Engineer ( Plant ) responsible to the Regional Engineer ; - that the Regional Engineers report to the Senior Road Maintenance Engineer at headquarters ; - that the plant and equipment be renewed and improved ; - the strengthening of administrative support functions particularly accounting and maintenance costing , and that an inventory of roads be carried out as a matter of urgency ; - the division of the country into more appropriate working units for maintenance purposes : a region , division , area , sub-area and locality structure was suggested ; - the hiring of the necessary staff to fill the new positions ; and - the improvement of middle-management training and the establishment of facilities to train supervisory grades , plant operators , mechanics and artisans .", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 737, "text": "inventory of roads", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of drainage ; < br > water pollution | Keep drainage channels free < br > from waste ; < br > ensure no waste enters water < br > systems ; monitor runoff areas | Drainage systems clean < br > and functional ; no < br > blockage observed | Inspection ; < br > maintenance logs | Routine < br > inspection | Contractors ; Site < br > Supervisors | | * * Signage and * * < br > * * Awareness * * | Unsafe disposal due to < br > lack of awareness ; < br > accidental exposure to < br > hazardous waste | Install clear signage for waste < br > types and hazards ; < br > display prohibition signs ( no < br > burning , no dumping ) ; < br > ensure worker awareness | Signage visible and < br > maintained ; workers < br > aware of waste practices | Site inspection ; < br > worker interviews | Periodic < br > supervision | Contractors ; PIU | 70", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 276, "text": "maintenance logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Center-West regions are currently not available . < sup > 17 < / sup > We provide further details on the geographical and temporal coverage of the dataset in Table 1 . Starting with geographical coverage , our budget execution tables ( commitment , verification , and payment ) are available for all seven states . The procurement data are less comprehensive : the dataset currently includes no procurement data for SP , and the data for PB and PE include information on tenders and participants , but not on the more disaggregated level of items . In terms of temporal coverage , most of our budget execution data starts in the earlyto mid-2000s , with the exception of PE ( 2012 ) , PR ( 2013 ) , and MG ( 2014 ) , and currently runs until 2021 . Once again , data on procurement is less comprehensive and , with the exception of CE ( 2009-2021 ) , starts in the mid-2010s . In Table 2 and Table 3 , we provide simple descriptive statistics from our public procurement and budget execution datasets , respectively . For procurement , across the six states covered , we observe over 2 . 4 million unique tenders and almost 800 , 000 unique suppliers . Since we observe microdata on each tender and often items , we are able to compute statistics such as the share of tenders that are deserted and / or unsuccessful ( e . g . , no bidders in a competitive tender ) and the average number of items listed in a tender . We can also document , for example , that across states approximately 30 % - 40 % of tenders are not competitive auctions – meaning they are directly awarded to suppliers by means other than an auction – but in terms of total purchase value these non-competitive tenders always represent less than 20 % of total amounts . This is consistent with the fact that , similar to other countries , Brazilian law allows small purchases to be performed without competitive auctions ( Fazio , 2022 ) . We can also compute measures of competitiveness in tenders , such as the number of participants per tender - the average fluctuates between two and four across", "spans": [{"start": 319, "end": 335, "text": "procurement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 593, "end": 614, "text": "budget execution data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and existing mining activities ; ( iii ) preparation of environmental baseline studies in areas considered likely to attract potential investors for exploration and mineral development , including initial assessments of natural , social and mineral sector background data , and delineation of possible physical and socio-economic impacts of existing and prospective mineral activities , on the environment and on the communities , including indigenous populations ; ( iv ) identification of areas , which are protected and / or contain high value biodiversity , that restricts them from mining activities ; ( v ) preparation of pilot socio-economic baseline surveys and studies aimed mainly at , but not limited to , delineating the formulation and implementation of participatory consultation processes , training programs based on well established requirements and objectives , impromptu institutional strengthening to provide the responsive and pragmatic flexibility needed to address unforeseen issues , and alternatives for revenue sharing with local communities . 10 . * * List of factual technical documents : * * * * 11 . Contact Point : * * * * Task Manager * * Leo Maraboli * * The World Bank 1818 H Street , NW Washington D . C . 20433 * *", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 271, "text": "natural , social and mineral sector background data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10689 # * * Abstract * * Air pollution is a major threat to health , and the dangers are particularly acute in low - and middle-income countries . However , little is known about how the burden of pollution is spread across the wealth distribution in these countries . This paper uses new data providing high-resolution wealth estimates for more than 100 low - and middle-income countries , combined with equally high-resolution estimates of air pollution , to estimate how wealth is correlated with ambient air pollution around the world . The findings show that on average air pollution is positively correlated with wealth , but the relationship is highly heterogeneous across countries . The fact that air pollution and wealth are both disproportionately high in urban areas , where economic activity is largely concentrated , appears to drive this relationship . When the analysis is limited to anthropogenic sources of pollution , the relationship becomes less heterogeneous and more systematically positive . The paper also examines the relationship between pollution exposure and wealth within large cities around the world . Again , the findings show substantial heterogeneity across cities . The paper explores several hypotheses for this heterogeneity but does not find a single explanation . Economic concentration within cities appears to explain some of the relationship . Cities with more concentrated economic opportunity tend to have more positive correlations between pollution and wealth . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at abehrer @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 366, "text": "high-resolution wealth estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "an engine of growth with a strong emphasis on the need for greater inclusiveness of the sector to improve the socio-economic conditions in the country . Implementation of the proposed activities is very important for the sustainability of the reform agenda in the sector and for economic growth in general . The Government ’ s commitment was highly visible in the MDSP . < / mark > 89 . < mark > The activities provided for under the project will improve resilience of land and mineral sector management , including at the local level , consolidate Burkina Faso ‘ s image and attractiveness to investors , potentially diversify mined commodities , and enhance shared prosperity from the mining operations . In addition , the local content activities are part of commitments and will be driven by the Chamber of Commerce – an entity with established financial and institutional capacities to support SMEs . At the community level , sustainability will be supported by enhancing conflict resolution and participation in registration activities , positive changes fostered by supporting women ’ s participation in the mining and land sector and benefit from it , and women and youth in community activities in mining regions . By supporting the efforts of the Government to improve ASM formalization , the project is expected to contribute to the promotion of sustainable livelihoods . < / mark > # * * IV . PROJECT APPRAISAL SUMMARY * * # # * * A . Technical , Economic and Financial Analysis * * 90 . * * < mark > Technical analysis . < / mark > * * < mark > The project design reflects good international practices , while considering the context of the country regarding the need for capacity building and adaptation of technology . The project will leverage the newest and most appropriate technologies for the national context at both central and municipal levels . The proposed mining activities are in line with established practices of World Bank technical assistance projects and mostly not new to Burkina Faso . The emphasis or scope have been tailored to current circumstances and needs , especially regarding ASM and local content which will address drivers of conflict in the country . Advisory services", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The remainder of this paper is organized as follows . In Section 2 we discuss how we can use data from field experiments such as WTP surveys to estimate uptake of piped water connections . Section 3 provides a brief overview of the data collection in Southwest Sri Lanka and a profile of our sample . Section 4 presents the quantitative findings from regression models of WTP . We then use the model to evaluate uptake of piped water ( house ) connections under various scenarios . Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 . Gauging Demand for Improved Piped Water Service * * # # * * _General Framework for Demand Assessment_ * * WTP surveys can be used to gauge household demand for improved network water and sanitation services by presenting consumers with a contingent scenario in which they can obtain the described service . It is a technique originally and most widely used in the area of environmental economics to estimate the public ’ s WTP for improvements in environmental quality ( Cummings , Brookshire , and Shulze , 1986 ; Mitchell and Carson , 1989 ) . Over the last decade , Contingent Valuation ( CV ) has been used increasingly in developing countries for improvements in WSS services . However , applying CV in developing countries requires careful adaptation of the method to account for local conditions and cultural differences ( Whittington , 1998 ) . Households can be asked to consider attributes of the service , including monthly user ‐ charges and one ‐ time connection costs , and to choose between scenarios that present different combinations of service levels , charges , and costs . WTP data from CV surveys measure the amount of monthly income that the household could give up after obtaining the improved network service and be just as well off as in a situation without an improvement in water supply or sanitation . Thus , it is a measure of the households ’ economic value . Maximum WTP and the survey response data define household values , underlie their demand for service improvements , and , therefore , inform tariff design . Because of these features , WTP surveys represent a type of field experiment where the analyst balances control and relevance", "spans": [{"start": 1608, "end": 1632, "text": "WTP data from CV surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1925, "end": 1945, "text": "survey response data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "institutional data that we have used up to this point , because the surveys were conducted by an independent firm . To the extent that data coming from the program itself may contain accounting irregularities ( ghost projects , efforts to cover up the misuse of funds , etc . ) , our own data collection allows us to independently verify the nature of targeting performance under this component of TASAF II . > 13 Vulnerable Groups projects provide grants of 6-10 thousand dollars to groups of roughly 10 individuals from vulnerable households in order to finance an entrepreneurial activity . Typical activities for these groups are animal husbandry , beekeeping , tailoring , or the operation of milling machines . These projects thus generate an unusually private form of benefit relative to typical CDD programs . 15", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 18, "text": "institutional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "102 - Annex 14 Page 7 of 14 # # # UGANDA RAILWAYS CORPORATION # # # Terms of Reference for Accounts Verification 2 . Balance Sheet - 2 . 01 Produce trial balance of all ledger accounts as at 31112 / 87 : - Brief description of each account - Code number or ledger number - Extend individual accounts under appropriate balance sheet headings ( 1987 Accounts : 1982 / 83184 / 85 / 86 Accounts ) - 2 . 02 Sundry debtors : get breakdown and verify - 2 . 03 Cash on hand and at bank : - Check with bank statements - Get certificates of balances form banks - Check with cash book balances - Examine discrepancies - 2 . 0S Stockss - Check against stores - Analyze by category and age - Check for obsolescence - 2 . 05 Fixed assets : check against asset register for : original cost cumulative depreciation , WDV . - 2 . 06 Creditors and accrued chargers : get breakdown and examine . - 2 . 07 IDA loans : examine and verify as appropriate with government department . - 2 . 08 Uganda Government liability - Check against assets received - Check with Ministry of Finance records - 2 . 09 General reserve : check make-up - 2 . 10 Trade investments , other investments , insurance , loan redemp ion account : check and verify .", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 754, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1043, "end": 1070, "text": "Ministry of Finance records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 _Chart 14 : Who paid for the work permit_ 11", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "population living within various impact zones of the project based on distance ; - ( ii ) extent of land required , and number of land owners affected ; - ( iii ) all persons likely to be affected by the project including land owners , non-title holders , tenants , squatters , and vendors . - ( iv ) impacts on poor and vulnerable groups including needs and priority for social and economic betterment ; - ( v ) potential damage / loss of common community structures such as recreational areas , water tank including pipelines , religious cultural monuments / sites , and so on - ( vi ) adequacy and sustainability of the proposed / available mitigation measures for the identified adverse impacts and risks . Social screening reports are crucial to decide whether a particular subproject should be 2", "spans": [{"start": 711, "end": 735, "text": "Social screening reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "program impacts . Behrman , Parker , Todd , ( 2009 , 2011 ) find that extended time participating in the program leads to significant improvements in grades completed , about 1 full grade for children who participate in the program for 6 years beginning at ages 9 to 12 , compared to nonparticipating children . Studies based on structural estimation also find program effects of a similar magnitude ( Todd and Wolpin , 2006 ; Attanasio , Meghir and Santiago , 2012 ) . Parker and Vogl ( 2018 ) , using nationally representative Census data from 2010 , find that long-term impacts on total schooling attainment for children who grow up in a household with PROSPERA benefits are 1 . 4 grades both for men and women , compared with those in households not offered the program during childhood . Overall , these diverse studies provide consistent evidence that the program significantly increases schooling levels . The evidence from the medium - and longer-term evaluations currently suggests program impacts of increasing final levels of schooling attainment by between 15 % and 20 % . However , these previous studies are all based on self-reported information on school enrollment and attendance obtained from a household survey , raising concerns about whether there could be some reporting biases that are systematically related to program participation . For instance , beneficiary households , knowing that benefits are conditional on their children attending school might over-report their children ’ s enrollment and attendance . Our study avoids 7", "spans": [{"start": 503, "end": 550, "text": "nationally representative Census data from 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1213, "end": 1229, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) _ Rev . 2023 implementation , settlements that are in close proximity to core trunk infrastructure ( such as roads and trunk lines for water , sewage or electricity ) will receive priority . Community readiness to participate : Participation by a community is voluntary , and will depend on its willingness to follow a participatory process to identify priority activities . To qualify , communities will have to ( a ) mobilize and form settlement committees , and ( b ) approve a community resolution . Once a settlement has been identified as eligible using the other criteria , community leaders will be consulted regarding the interest of the community in participating . The community will then need to appoint a CPMC that will spearhead development of a vision for the settlement and preparing settlement upgrading plans to realize it . Ecological considerations : The settlement should not be located in an ecologically fragile area or contaminated sites that are not fit for human settlements . KISIP II cannot be used to regularize settlements in hazardous areas nor provide infrastructure in such areas . # # # # # 7 . 4 Choice Between Conflicting Needs Harmony with local planning priorities : Counties are charged with directing and shaping development within areas of jurisdiction in line with the Physical Planning Act and the County Government Act . Thus , based on the PDPs , Counties prioritise interventions based on the perceived development needs e . g . the need to provide roads to open up areas for residential development , or to attract higher quality housing development , etc . Need to address community felt needs : In the case of KISIP , identification of investments was also a reflection of the community felt needs whereby s election of investments was guided by given principles namely : - - The service should be selected from the agreed investment menu . - The investment should be a priority specified in the physical upgrading plan developed by the residents of the informal settlement through a participatory process . - The chosen infrastructure investments should be economically justifiable - Arrangements for operations and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the 54th month , than with the actual wealth distribution . The effect on sales over the course of the adoption process , on the other hand , is rather small . With an equal asset distribution , simulated sales never exceed predicted actual ones by more than 7 percent . Moreover , when we focus on differences between simulated and predicted actual sales of more than 3 % , simulated sales never lead predicted actual ones by more than five months . According to Figure 6 , a similar picture emerges for the dynamics of inequality . While the inverted U contracts by about 20 % toward the origin , the change in the general pattern of inequality as measured by the Gini can hardly be judged economically significant . A second set of simulations investigates two extreme scenarios . The first one assumes that each household in the sample holds only the smallest observed wealth , that is each house is assumed to be worth Rs . 20 , 000 . The second one , in contrast , assumes that each household in the sample holds the highest observed wealth , that is each house is assumed to be worth Rs . 500 , 000 . The results for this set of simulations together with the predicted actual values are set out in Figures 7 and 8 . We thus consider situations in which all households are either tightly credit-constrained or virtually do not face a credit constraint at all . The mean income and inequality paths for the first simulation very closely follow the respective paths generated from the actual asset data , which suggests that the observed income pattern accompanying the introduction of the new technology closely resembles a situation in which all households are substantially credit-constrained . The results for the second simulation , where the credit constraint is released for the entire sample , are more striking . The dotted lines in Figures 7 and 8 suggest that with uniform asset wealth the adoption process is completed in just five months . As a consequence , the village enjoys a substantially higher mean income for about two years by which adoptions in the simulated data lead predicted actual ones . This result suggests that a community in", "spans": [{"start": 1499, "end": 1509, "text": "asset data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2079, "end": 2093, "text": "simulated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 7 . 3 . 3 Impact on Farmlands due to Construction of Access Road * * An access road connecting the new substation to the nearby existing road will be constructed as part of the subproject . The survey results revealed that due to the proximity of the existing road to the two substation sites , only 0 . 0695ha of farmland will be expropriated for the construction of the access road . The access road to the Haromaya substation will affect 0 . 025ha of land and to the Chelenko Substation 0 . 045ha of farmland . The farmland belongs to 2 households these are already affected by the land expropriated for the construction of the 2 substations . # # # # # # * * 7 . 4 Impact on Residential Houses and Related Structures * * # # # # # # * * Impact on Residential Houses and Related Structures * * The results of the property surveys along the Subproject route will affect 155 residential houses and related structures by tower pads , RoW and Substations . These housing structures belong to 127 households . 93 . 7 % of the PAHs will be affected by tower pads and RoW and the remaining 6 . 3 % houses and related structures by the construction of the new Chelenko and Haromaya Substations ( see Table 7 . 4 ) . Table 7 . 4 : Number of PAPs by impact on residential houses & related structures by Woreda | * * Type of Housing * * < br > * * Stt Afftd * * | * * PAHs Aff * * < br > * * Tower Pad * * | * * ected by * * < br > * * s & ROW * * | * * PAHs Af * * < br", "spans": [{"start": 985, "end": 1001, "text": "property surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "wind , < br > ` o ` Install BFDs at spacing intervals of 5 to 10 m < br > depending on species risk and habitat < br > sensitivity . | # # # 6 . 4 . 1 Impacts to Wetlands Wetlands in the project area are dominated by Papyrus reeds , which is a resilient plant able to recover rapidly following disturbance . Impacts will be temporary if appropriate restoration is applied . Waterbirds are highly mobile and many have a seasonal presence , and impacts can be minimized through careful timing of construction activities . Construction through the wetlands should target the period from June to August . Figure 14 presents bar charts showing the seasonal presence of the four waterbird species using eBird data for Western Uganda . Shoebill and Gray Crowned Crane are the highest priority waterbirds for reducing impacts and show a year-round presence , but with reduced abundance from mid-May to September . Malagasy Pond Herons are erratic visitors and not present during their breeding season , while White-backed Night Herons have a reduced abundance ( note that Figure 14 does not show the relative abundance between species ) . 34", "spans": [{"start": 697, "end": 707, "text": "eBird data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "constrain their policy choices ( Carreri and Martinez , 2022 ) . Matched with personnel data , the detailed procurement data we provide could generate new evidence on how the personal traits of state bureaucrats , such as experience and educational attainment , correlate with measures of value-for-money ( Best et al . , 2023 ; Fenizia , 2022 ) . More broadly , we expect _MiDES_ to allow researchers to engage with these and many other questions on subnational public finances . 17", "spans": [{"start": 78, "end": 92, "text": "personnel data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 108, "end": 124, "text": "procurement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", the four largest items are value-added tax ( VAT ) , corporate income tax , personal income tax and consumption tax . Contributions to social insurance amount to 30 percent of total revenue , the majority of which are collected through the employee ’ s social insurance system and only 4 percent is collected through the resident ’ s system . The employee ’ s system is legally required for any type of formal employment while the resident ’ s system covers those not covered by the employee ’ s system . < sup > 4 < / sup > > 4 Non-tax revenue accounts for the remaining 10 % of total revenue , and includes special program receipts , charge of administrative and institutional units , penalty receipts , operation income from government capital , income from use of state-owned assets / resources and other non-tax revenue . Source : Statistical Yearbook of China 2019 , National Bureau of Statistics , 2019 . 4", "spans": [{"start": 838, "end": 872, "text": "Statistical Yearbook of China 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and prioritized assistance ; - Informing on the targeting effectiveness , the choice of eligibility criteria , and guide potential adjustments in the targeting approach . # * * METHODOLOGY * * & LIMITATIONS # # # # # * * Sampling Method * * The findings of Rwanda ´ s second JPDM are based on primary data collected in the six refugee camps across the country using a structure household questionnaire < sup > 2 < / sup > . The data collection took place from 7th to 20th September 2021 , five months after targeted and prioritized assistance was first implemented . To ensure the analytical validity , the survey design and sampling methodology followed the same technical principles as those of the first JPDM . The unit of analysis is the household , defined as a group of people that live under the same roof , share the same expenses and eat from the same pot , as defined in per standard survey methodology . The respondent to the survey is the household head or the person who acts as the main decision maker of household social and economic affairs . The UNHCR ´ s proGres database of August 2021 was used as the sample frame . UNHCR proGres cases / groups were treated as the proxy unit for households and the total number of proGres cases / groups as the proxy total number of households to determine the sample size using 95 percent of Confidence Level , 4 percent of marginal error and factoring in 10 percent non-response rate . The overall JPDM results ( the combination of randomly selected and panel households ) provide statistically representative results for the refugee population overall , as well as by camp and eligibility group ( households receiving a full food ration , households receiving a half food ration and household not receiving food assistance ) . The households whose eligibility group at the time of survey design was the same as the eligibility group from the first JPDM results were selected as panel households for the second JPDM . This is to ensure group homogeneity over", "spans": [{"start": 1073, "end": 1089, "text": "proGres database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that refugees bring to an area . Kibreab notes that the assumption that refugees are a burden on host communities is not based on empirical data but abstract preconceptions ( 1991 : 59 ) . He argues regarding the contention that refugees are a burden , “ buried under such seemingly straightforward assertions are a myriad of theoretical assumptions , all of which must be tested for the case to stand ” ( 1991 : 60 ) . Indeed , a number of studies ( Whitaker , 2002 ; Rutinwa , 2003 ; Landau , 2001 ) have shown that the impact on differing sectors of the host population and spheres of government , as well as differing elements of this impact – for example , on security , the environment or infrastructure – precludes any generalisation regarding the ‘ burden ’ or ‘ benefit ’ of refugee-hosting on local communities and host states . In fact , in some spheres , refugee influx can create opportunities and broader social , political and economic development in the area . Contrary to popular readings of refugee situations , the potential for refugees to present a ‘ burden ’ is often due to host government restrictions on livelihood opportunities . The binary polarisation between ‘ burden ’ and ‘ benefit ’ can and should be broken down to better understand the obstacles and opportunities of refugee-presence for developing host countries , yet this sharp distinction is actually perpetuated through the RAD literature . It is assumed that the RAD approach itself will transform this , ‘ empowering ’ refugees to act as a ‘ benefit ’ rather than a ‘ burden ’ , despite a lack of engagement or analysis of the conditions that determine refugees ’ presence as a burden . As will be seen , the SRS is built on vague notions of transforming the 12", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 144, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * LOT 4 * * < br > Facilities / equipm < br > ent for < br > decentralization < br > of the MIS and < br > the Single < br > Registry e . g . ( 1 ) < br > 50 Computers - 10 < br > counties , ( 2 ) 30 < br > Desk top printers < br > ( 3 ) 28 Scanners < br > ( 4 ) Software for < br > the equipment < br > ( 5 ) ICT material < br > Laptops 40 , < br > Ipads 20 1 server < br > ( 6 ) External data < br > back ups ( 27 ) 15 < br > laptops e . t . c , 24 < br > Heavy duty < br > colour printer < br > and photocopier , < br > One Additional < br > Server for Single | August 30 , < br > 2015 | For NSNP ( SPS , HSNP , < br > CT OVC and DSD ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Registry | | | | * * LOT 5 * * < br > Point to Point < br > connection < br > between NSNP < br > Data Centre and < br > DCS Data Centre , < br > Point to Point < br > connection < br > between NSNP < br > Data Centre and < br > DSD Data Centre , < br > Point to Point < br > connection < br > between NSNP < br > Data Centre and < br > HSNP Data | October 15 , < br > 2015 | For SPS | | Centre . | | | | * * LOT 6 * * < br > HSNP / NSNP < br > Server Network < br > firewall , < br > Enterprise < br > antivirus with | August 2 , 2015 | For HSNP |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "residents in informal units have characteristics very similar to those of households living in formal neighborhoods . < sup > 4 < / sup > In such cases , the main difference between a formal and informal dwelling is that the informal dwelling has been built outside administrative procedures , be it at the titling level ( no title for the land parcel requested or obtained from the titling authority ) or at the construction level ( no building permit requested or obtained from the urban planning authority ) , and thus faces a risk of destruction . This in turn may have implications for supply of basic infrastructure ( roads ) and utilities ( electricity , water ) . These elements show that in many countries construction of informal dwellings , rather than being an exception , is considered by households and firms as a viable alternative to constructing in the formal sector . Therefore , in equilibrium , both forms of investment coexist , and policy actions on either sector have an influence on the other sector . Hence , in order to devise efficient housing policies in those countries , one has to understand how the two alternatives compare and what drives their relative attractiveness . < sup > 5 < / sup > Our model formalizes this observation . Formal and informal housing investment are distinguished in terms of costs and risks . Theoretically , we show that the premium for the formal sector should be higher for prices than for rents , because the difference between the two premiums is a direct measure of the risk associated with investment in the informal sector . Using household data from Pune , India , we estimate that the perceived risk on housing investment in the informal sector is equivalent to an annual destruction rate ranging between 1 and 2 percent . We use our approach to estimate investors ’ risk in the informal sector for other countries from results in previous papers . Studies on informal housing have primarily focused on two issues . The first is the estimation of price or rent differentials between squatting and non-squatting areas ( Jimenez , 1984 , Jimenez , Friedman and Mayo , 1988 ) . In these two papers , the focus is", "spans": [{"start": 1597, "end": 1629, "text": "household data from Pune , India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | | 0 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | | 27-Apr-2017 | 30-Jun-2022 | # # PDO Indicator 4 : Consolidated Staff Data # # # # ► MDAs whose payroll data has been uploaded to GHRIS and are up to date ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | | 27-Apr-2018 | 30-Jun-2022 | # # PDO Indicator 5 : Timely and Quality Financial Statements and Audit ► ( a ) % of MDAs whose financial statement audits have been completed within 4 months after OAG receipt ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | - - | | 27-Apr-2018 | 30-Jun-2022 | 6 / 16 / 2018 Page 6 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 211, "end": 223, "text": "payroll data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "‐ _e pri_ , _e pub_ denote the average real annual expenditure per student of the household ( private ) and the Government ( public ) for a child aged _a_ . Expenditure per student is assumed to be identical for all population given the data availability . Per student expenditure in 2017 is taken from Government statistics . ‐  _gka_ denotes the probability that a child aged _a , _ from population group _g , _ works in _k_ type of employment . These probabilities are calculated for children 10 + , given the available data . ‐ _ygka_ denotes the average real annual earnings of a child aged _a , _ from population group _g , _ working in _k_ type of employment . As earnings for unpaid workers are unavailable , these earnings are calculated by decreasing 50 percent the age ‐ earnings profile of self ‐ employed child workers . ‐ < sup > _d_ < / sup > _k_ < sup > denotes the annualized growth rate of real annual earnings in < / sup > < sup > _k_type of employment . The rate is < / sup > estimated over the 2005 ‐ 2011 period and is assumed to be identical for all population groups and education levels . The predicted growth rate for self ‐ employment is applied to the constructed earnings of unpaid employment . _The expected impact of the Program_ 8 . As investment in human capital is at the heart of the National Development Strategy , the Program would support the Government in implementing key priority policies and activities in the four Results Areas of results described above . 9 . The implementation of these policies and strategies , and the results that would be achieved in each area are expected to have a direct impact on the quality of education that in the medium to long term would improve labor market outcomes at the individual level . We expect to see this impact through two channels in the life ‐ earnings profiles : (", "spans": [{"start": 303, "end": 324, "text": "Government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "countries < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database . # * * e . Are there any other kinds of hidden subsidies ? * * Besides tariffs , there are also other less explicit mechanisms by which policy makers subsidize consumption . For instance , when policy makers overlook , tolerate , or even promote certain operational inefficiencies , they are in practice transferring resources from one sector of the economy to another , from the producer to the consumer , from future taxpayers to current customers , and so on . Tolerance of nonpayment is an implicit tax on utilities ( and / or a transfer to consumer ) . Tolerance of pilferage — one of the main causes of transmission and distribution losses — is an implicit subsidy to customers and an implicit burden on future taxpayers . Acceptance and promotion of over-employment represents an untargeted transfer of resources from the utility to the society . These inefficiencies can be empirically quantified and prove to be substantial relative to GDP ( Briceño-Garmendia , Foster , and Smits 2008 ) . For most countries , over-manning as well as collection inefficiencies amount to less than 0 . 2 percent of GDP , whereas transmission and distribution losses tend to be much larger in value amounting to around 0 . 2-0 . 6 percent of GDP ( figure 24a ) . These operational inefficiencies also look very large in 34", "spans": [{"start": 63, "end": 125, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# f . RBLs by interest rates and fees We could only identify information on the interest rate for 17 of the 30 cases surveyed . 7 of these have fixed rates , while 10 have floating interest rates . To the extent that interest rate information was available , Chinese policy banks offered fixed interest rates as low as 0 . 25 percent on RBLs , as in the case of a 2009 loan made by China Eximbank to the Republic of Congo [ # 18 ] . Interest rates were as high as 2 percent in Niger and Zimbabwe . Among the RBLs reviewed , all fixed interest rate RBLs made by Chinese lenders were made by China Eximbank . Floating interest rates generally use the London Inter-bank Offered Rate ( LIBOR ) as the reference rate , with rates ranging from Libor + 1 . 0 percent [ # 9 ] to Libor + 2 . 95 percent [ # 14 ] . The Korean loan to the DRC has the lowest weighted interest rate in our data set with 0 . 01 % [ # 10 ] . We only have interest rate data for commodity trader loans in the case of the two Glencore loans to Chad which had an interest rate initially set at Libor + 6 . 6 % and Libor + 6 . 625 % [ # 7 ] & [ # 8 ] . These loans were first renegotiated in 2015 , when they were combined , their maturities were extended and their interest rate was adjusted to Libor + 6 . 75 % . The second renegotiation happened in 2018 , when the base interest spread was set at 2 % until 2021 , and 3 % thereafter ( + additional 2 % of deferred interest payments ) . 24 We have little information on fees . Ghana ’ s 2018 RBL from Sinohydro [ # 15 ] reveals that on top of an annual interest of LIBOR + 2 . 8 percent , there is also a requirement to pay a flat management fee of 0 . 7 percent , a commitment fee of 0 . 5 percent per annum and a one-time China Export and Credit Insurance Corporation ( Sinosure ) premium", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 942, "text": "interest rate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participatory M & E team is therefore very important in implementing an effective impact monitoring ( See guide on 4-Step Stakeholder Analysis Templates ) . Once an agreement on the objectives of PIM is reached among the stakeholders ( development partners , implementing agency , target groups etc ) , their expectations and fears regarding project impact are identified , e . g . in brainstorming sessions . The more participatory the activities have been planned the more these views will overlap each other . Having examined already existing M & E data regarding the selected impacts , the task is to develop indicator sheets ( Shown below ) which contain all important information for impact measurement : definitions of terms , indicators and their rationale , survey units and respondents , instructions for data collection , statements on limitations of the methods used . Users and the key questions for which the indicator is intended ( if appropriate comment on area affected , villages affected , seriousness scale , impacts on humans , environment etc . , recognizing that one indicator may fill several roles in this respect ) . # # * * _Indicator Fact Sheets Sample Suggested Contents / Format_ * * - Indicator Name : - Use and interpretation : Meaning and potential causes of upward or downward trends - Implications for of the indicator to IPM * * Units * * in which it is expressed ( e . g . km < sup > 2 < / sup > , number of individuals , % change ) * * Description * * of * * source data : * * ( origins , dates , units , sample size and extent ) * * Calculation * * procedure ( including appropriate methods and constraints for aggregation ) * * : * * * * Most * * effective * * forms of presentation * * ( graph types , maps , narratives , etc . – give examples where possible ) : * * Limits to * * usefulness * * and accuracy * * : ( e . g . rates of change – increase / decrease , poor quality data , limited scope", "spans": [{"start": 546, "end": 556, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 2 . 5 Livestock Ownership and Production * * In the subproject affected Woredas livestock plays a significant role to the livelihood of farmers . Since crop production is prevalent in the Woredas , crop residue is utilized by farmers as a major feed for their animals together with grass . This favourable condition created a conducive ground for the subproject affected households to own livestock and during the survey and stakeholder engagements the PAPs attested a high level of interest in animal fattening and dairy production . This is because of the utilization of crop residue , which is an inexpensive and readily available source of feed , availability of grazing land and the high level of market demand for livestock . Livestock production in the subproject affected Woredas is not just a subsistence activity but can also be an avenue for economic growth . The PAHs ' interest in animal fattening and milk production indicates an appreciation of the economic benefits and viability of the market . With the use of available resources and a favourable environment , the PAPs can significantly enhance their livelihood through enhanced livestock production . Animal fattening and milk production being desired by PAPs , determines the areas as having potential for sustainable and remunerative livestock activities . Based on the finding of the socioeconomic baseline survey , great majority of the surveyed households in the subproject affected areas own livestock . Out of the 270 surveyed sample households , 237 households , or 87 . 8 % , reported owning at least one or more livestock . This data highlights the importance of livestock ownership in the livelihoods of the affected communities . The study also noted variations in livestock ownership across different Woredas . Sude Woreda reported the highest proportion of livestock ownership , with all surveyed households owning livestock . Lude Hetosa Woreda followed closely , with 98 . 3 % of", "spans": [{"start": 1528, "end": 1557, "text": "socioeconomic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "additional schools < br > under AF is expected to result in < br > a significant increased enrollment < br > of children . an indirect < br > environmental impact , may lead < br > to an increase in the consumption < br > of biomass fuel wood for cooking < br > at the schools . This could < br > subsequently lead to an increase < br > in deforestation . | substantial | support LGs through planting of wood lots < br > on at least 2 acres , utilize cleaner burning < br > biomass-fueled cook stoves that have the < br > potential to lower exposure to air pollution as < br > well as reduce fuelwood demand and / or < br > construction of a biogas digester ( where < br > possible ) . This however , should be included < br > in the planning and design of the school < br > infrastructure under AF . | | | | * * Climate change related risks * * : < br > The combination of high < br > vulnerability to climate change < br > ( 14 < sup > th < / sup > most vulnerable country ) < br > and low readiness to improve < br > resilience ( 48th least ready < br > country ) < sup > 4 < / sup > | moderate | * * a . * * Under * * micro irrigation : * * the matching < br > grant will support farmers ’ capacity , by < br > funding them to acquire pro-climate < br > irrigation equipment so as to enable them < br > cope with climate risks and reduce their < br > vulnerability to floods and droughts ; | Climate change to be integrated into < br > the ESHS screening forms , and in < br > planning and design of the UgIFT - < br > AF Infrastructure | DLI 4 & 5 | 4 The ND-GAIN Country Index summarizes a country ' s vulnerability to", "spans": [{"start": 1561, "end": 1582, "text": "ND-GAIN Country Index", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * IV . Methodology * * The macroeconomic impacts of the financial crisis are transmitted to households through the following : ( a ) financial markets via reduced access to credit , eroding savings and asset values ; ( b ) labor markets via reduced employment , wages and remittances ; ( c ) product markets via lower growth and production , and relative prices changes ; and ( d ) government and non-governmental services such as public and private education , health and social protection services . < sup > 6 < / sup > For Latvia , the dominant short-run crisis impact was expected to come from labor markets through reduced wages and employment . To measure the distributional impact of the financial crisis , aggregate shocks to employment and GDP must be linked to individual households , which can be done by combining aggregate information with household survey data . Our base simulation assumed that workers were employed in the formal sector , or the informal ( grey ) sector . The expectation was that the formal sector would cut _both_ the size of the workforce and wage rates , but the informal sector would cut _only_ wage rates . < sup > 7 < / sup > Our simulations used projected employment reductions , but wage reductions were computed such that the total sector GDP growth rates were as predicted above . An implicit assumption was that wage growth rates correspond exactly to GDP growth rates . Abundant literature exists on the characteristics of workers most likely to be laid off when a sector contracts . In this note , we considered four layoff models . First , we postulated the determinants of employment , based on a range of observable worker-specific characteristics such as gender , education level , age ( a proxy for experience ) , location of residence , and so forth . Then , for each worker we computed a propensity score  the likelihood that an individual with those observable characteristics would be employed . Next , the model assumed that the first workers to be laid off would be those with the least probability of being employed . The second and third models of layoffs were based on worker age ; older", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 878, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ learning materials as well as training for their Grades 1 and 2 teachers and other concerned personnel . In addition , EGM materials ( textbooks and teacher guides ) will be made available to all 23 , 000 public primary schools , benefiting their students , teachers , and head teachers . Specifically , the overall goal being to help teachers improve students ' ability to master basic numeracy skills , the component will finance the implementation of a comprehensive program ( the EGMA package ) to increase teacher competency , provide adequate instructional materials , and strengthen classroom pedagogical support . Specific activities include : ( i ) training of a core group of 60 master trainers ( EGM champions ) , teachers and head teachers in EGM instructional techniques ; ( ii ) training of TAC tutors to undertake enhanced pedagogical supervision of teachers and monitor student learning ; ( iii ) procurement of textbooks and teacher guides developed under the PRIMR for distribution to all participating Grade 1 and 2 students and teachers ; ( iv ) provision of > 4 Randomized , controlled trials in the Gambia ( D . Evans , et al , World Bank , 2011 ) and Uganda ( A . Zeitlin , et al , Oxford University , 2011 ) show statistically significant impacts of school-based management ( school management committees , school grant program , capacity building ) on reducing student and teacher absenteeism . Evidence from 22 impact evaluations in developing countries ( \" Making Schools Work \" , B . Bruns , H . Patrinos , D . Filmer , World Bank , 2011 ) indicate that three key strategies to strengthen accountability relationships in school systems - information for accountability , school-based management , and teacher incentives - can affect school enrolment , completion , and student learning . * * Page | 16ESMF KENYA GPE PRIMARY EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "25 - ANNEX I - Page 1 | | E | THIOPIA - < br > | SOCIAL INDICATO | RS DATA SHEET | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ARE ( THOUSAND SQ KMO ) | * * E * * | * * THIOPIA * * | | REFERENCE * * GROUPS * * ( WE < br > MOST RECE | IGHTED * * AVERGES * * < br > T ESTIMATE | | . < br > < br > | | | | - < br > < br > | = < br > | | AGRICULTURAL < br > 591 . 8 | 1960 < br > / b | < br > < br > 1970 / b | MOST RECENT < br > < br > ESTIMATE / b < br > | LOW INCOME < br > AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA | MIDDLE * * INCCHE * * < br > AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA | | GNF PER CAPITA ( US $ ) < br > | 40 . 0 | 70 . 0 | 140 . 0 | 250 . 8 | 1053 . 2 | | ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA < br > ( KILOGRAMS OF COAL EQUIVALENT ) < br > | 8 . 7 | 29 . 1 | 19 . 6 | 66 . 5 | 610 . 1 | | POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS < br > POPULATION , MID-YEAR ( THOUSANDS ) 2 < br > URBAN POPULATION ( PERCENT OF TOTA | 0093 . 0 < br > L ) 6 . 4 | 25450 . 0 < br > 9 . 7 | 31065 . 0 < br > 13 . 6 | 17 . 8 | 28 . 3 | |", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 80, "text": "RS DATA SHEET", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "performance indicators ( see OM for < br > definition ) . [ Similar to KNASP < br > 4 . 4 . 3 ] . | N / A | 60 % | 70 % | 80 % | 90 % | Annual | Compiled from < br > COBPAR , FMA , < br > finance and Technical < br > Division . | NACC . | | Annual audit report for NACC < br > demonstrating transparent and < br > accountable financial management . < br > [ KNASP 4 . 3 . 5 ] . | Unqualified | Unqualified | Unqualified | Unqualified | Unqualified | Annual | Independent audit < br > report | NACC . | | Proportion of funds received by the < br > NACC that are expended annually . < br > [ KNASP 4 . 3 . 6 ] . | About 80 % < br > ( last year of < br > KHADREP ) | 80 % | 85 % | 85 % | 90 % | Annual | Annual financial < br > report | NACC . | | The proportion of KNASP M & E < br > indicators included in the annual < br > M & E report , disseminated and < br > available on time for the JAPR < br > [ KNASP 4 . 1 . 7 and 4 . 5 . 7 ] . | 57 / 106 ( 53 % ) | 75 % | 80 % | 85 % | 95 % | Annual | Annual M & E report | NACC . | | Number and proportion of < br > proposals received by the CACCs , < br > DTCs and the NACC that are rated < br > as meeting CfP criteria for approval < br > each year . [ Not in KNASP - - - < br > TOWA-specific ] . | N / A | 70 % | 80 % | 80 % | 80", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be used as dependent variables in the descriptive regression analysis to explore the heterogeneity of the impact of price changes by household 9 This diversity index is calculated by the formula : where , sjk referes to the share in the total expenditures of the whole population of the expenditures of individual _j_ on K N good _k_ , and sj . = ∑ k = 1 sjk and s . k = ∑ j = 1 sjk , N is the total number of individuals and K is the total number of expenditure categories . This index can be interpreted as one minus the ratio of the probability that two currency units drawn randomly from the expenditures of an individual are spent on different expenditure categories to the probability that two currency units drawn from the expenditures of the whole population are spent on two different expenditure categories . > 10 Microdata from the 2020 Household Budget Surveys in EU and EEA countries has not yet been released . > 11 These are the standard assumptions for calculating the CPIs in most countries ( Kints and Breunig 2021 ) . 11", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 872, "text": "2020 Household Budget Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Section 6 computes expected emissions values and deviations from those values for a large number of urban areas . Section 7 summarizes and concludes the paper . The Appendix describes the World Bank ’ s development of an online platform to support future work . # * * 2 . The CO2 Emissions Model * * # * * 2 . 1 Model Specification * * An extensive body of empirical literature has explored the determinants of growth in CO2 emissions . Attention has focused primarily on the drivers of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production ( e . g . , Raupach et al . 2007 ; Jotzo et al . 2012 ) . Recent research has also estimated more precisely the CO2 emissions from fires associated with agriculture and land-use change ( Gasser et al . 2020 ; Winkler et al . 2021 ) . However , emissions drivers in this sector have received less attention than work on industrial determinants ( Sanchez and Stern 2016 ) . For the industrial sectors , most of the available estimates are inferred from survey-based activity measures that may be incomplete , particularly for developing countries . This study takes a completely different approach , employing direct CO2 observations from satellites . The dependent variable in our model is the atmospheric CO2 concentration above a cell in a global grid with 25 km resolution . We employ 25-km grid cells defined by Van der Werf et al . ( 2017 ) , who provide the data on CO2 emissions from fires for this analysis . The dominant component of the atmospheric concentration is the global stock of CO2 molecules that have accumulated since the Industrial Revolution . The second component is seasonal CO2 , reflecting differential absorption and release by vegetation over the annual cycle . The seasonal CO2 component is latitudinal , differing by hemisphere because the Northern Hemisphere has more plant life than the Southern Hemisphere . The third component is local CO2 emissions , reflecting the time lag between local emissions of CO2 molecules and their full dispersion into the global mix . We follow convention by terming this the “ concentration anomaly ” since it measures the local deviation from the global background CO2 concentration . In our global", "spans": [{"start": 1002, "end": 1032, "text": "survey-based activity measures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1414, "end": 1446, "text": "data on CO2 emissions from fires", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Safety < br > awareness < br > through training workers and < br > host community members , < br > displaying < br > traffic < br > safety < br > campaign posters < br >  Training traffic marshals who < br > aid in guiding traffic | < br > affected temporarily < br > provided < br > with < br > alternative sites ; < br >  Road < br > signage < br > to < br > control < br > traffic < br > in < br > place ; < br >  Alternative < br > routes < br > provided ; < br >  Contractor adhering < br > to < br > site < br > specific < br > settlement physical < br > development plans / < br > ESMP | Cop < br > measures are in < br > place ; < br >  Review of plans vis < br > a vis what the < br > contractor < br > was < br > doing ; < br >  Grievance records < br > on < br > traffic < br > management | y | t ; < br > Monthly < br > for Training < br > and < br > awareness < br > campaigns | | | * * Driving * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * operation * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * other equipment * * | < br >  Road < br > traffic < br > accidents < br >  Worker health < br > and < br > safety < br > hazards such as < br > crushed < br > by < br > equipment , < br > entrapment etc < br >  Increased dust < br > emission . < br >  Damage < br > to < br > community < br > assets | Disclo < br >  Ensure only qualified and < br > experienced plant operators <", "spans": [{"start": 750, "end": 767, "text": "Grievance records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2 | Mbarara | Kashare | 26 . 5 | 67 . 6 | 5 . 9 | 0 . 0 | | | | Rubaya | 11 . 8 | 88 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 0 . 0 | | * * Total * * | | | * * 41 . 2 * * | * * 56 . 2 * * | * * 2 . 2 * * | * * 0 . 2 * * | * * Source : 2014 social economic Data . * * This means that for the sub counties of Rubaya , Kitura and Kashare , crop compensation in very important as crops constitute a significant proportion of their income and therefore the expectations of most household heads is for fair and timely compensation . # # # # * * b ) Constraints to Crop Production * * Many problems are experienced during crop production . However , the PAPs across the five project sub-counties noted that the major problem encountered is drought ( 38 . 6 % ) , followed by lack of enough land for production ( 24 . 6 % ) and lack of the required tools . Lack of market and access to the market was also reported especially in Kazo , Kitura and sub-counties and Kiruhura town council . * * < u > Table 9 : Constraints to Crop Production < / u > * * | * * S / N * * | * * District * * | * * Sub * * < br > * * counties * * | * * Droug * * < br > * * ht * * | * * Lack of * * < br > * * sufficie * * < br > * * nt land * * | * * Lack of * * < br > * * tools * * | * * Lack of * * < br > * * market * * | * * Lack of * * < br > * * good *", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 235, "text": "2014 social economic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". * * 5 . Women-owned businesses * * < sup > * * 11 * * < / sup > * * are a vibrant part of Kenya ’ s MSME landscape but face specific challenges to productivity , growth , and profitability . * * Women form 61 percent of unlicensed MSMEs and 31 percent of licensed MSMEs in Kenya . < sup > 12 < / sup > However , enterprises owned or run by female achieve much lower profits compared to those owned or run by their male counterparts . Specifically , average profits of male-run household enterprises are roughly two times higher than profits of female-owned enterprises . < sup > 13 < / sup > Female-owned businesses rely more heavily on microfinance ( 24 percent ) and Savings and credit cooperative societies ( Saccos ) < sup > 14 < / sup > ( 14 percent ) than male-owned businesses ( 15 and 10 percent respectively ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > Gender inequalities in Kenya present significant constraints to women ’ s economic opportunities and productivity , with women : ( a ) spending more time on unpaid care in the household ; ( b ) being much less likely than men to own property ; ( c ) scoring lower on various indicators of financial inclusion ; and ( d ) scoring lower in the usage of mobile internet and M-Pesa . < sup > 16 < / sup > Additional key barriers faced > 8 Working hours have reduced , with average hours decreasing from 45 to 30 hours per week . > 9 Around two-thirds of firms also stated a decrease in demand . The decline of sales for example was heterogeneous – larger firms fared better than smaller firms , with no drop in sales reported at the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile of large firms , while sales declined by 90 percent for the bottom 10percent of firms . > 10 According to the KIHBS 2015 /", "spans": [{"start": 1718, "end": 1723, "text": "KIHBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Gulf of Guinea Multidimensional Monitoring and Early Warning Tool Benin – Côte d ’ Ivoire – Ghana – Togo As of 31 July 2022 * * _The document ’ s content contains an analysis of the available data . It does not reflect the opinion of GRANIT member agencies , organisations , partners and actors . _ # * * Information on indicators * * | * * Indicator * * < sup > * * § * * < / sup > | * * Topic * * | * * Sector * * | * * Source * * | * * Countries * * < br > * * for which * * < br > * * data is * * < br > * * available * * | * * Variables * * | * * Equivalent * * < br > * * indicator * * < sup > * * † * * < / sup > | * * Equivalent * * < br > * * indicator code * * < sup > ‡ < / sup > | * * Comments * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | # Social unrest . | 2 . Security incidents | Protection | ACLED | Côte d ’ Ivoire ; < br > Benin ; Togo ; < br > Ghana | Arrests ; Excessive force against < br > protesters ; Mob violence ; < br > Demonstration with law enforcement < br > intervention ; Violent demonstration . < br > | < br > N / A | | Internal social tensions and violence | | # Violent episodes . | 2 . Security incidents | Protection | ACLED | Côte d ’ Ivoire ; < br > Benin ; Togo ; < br > Ghana | Abduction / forced disappearance ; Air / < br > drone strike ;", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 69, "text": "Gulf of Guinea Multidimensional Monitoring and Early Warning Tool", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > FSTP subproject for Semera-Logia Town ESIA < / mark > < mark > May 2023 < / mark > # # # # 4 . 3 . 1 Administrative Context The project area consists of two sub-towns Semera and Logia . Semera is divided into 4 Kebeles ( the smallest administrative boundary ) which is about 2 , 448 . 5 hectares . Similarly , Logia has 4 Kebeles in 718 hectares . * * _Figure 5 : Topographic map of Semera sub-town ( left ) and Logia Sub town ( right ) _ * * _Source : Final feasibility study and preliminary Design report ( May 2022 ) _ # # # # 4 . 3 . 2 Demographic Profile < mark > According to the National Population and Housing Census of 2007 conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia ( CSA ) , the population of Semera and Logia was registered to be 2 , 625 and 14 , 038 respectively and , the religion of majority of the inhabitants of the two town is reported to be Islam . < / mark > As of July 2022 , the CSA projects that Semera will have a population of 6 , 444 people ( 3 , 303 men and 3 , 135 women ) , while Logia ' s population is estimated to be 34 , 494 people ( 18 , 549 men and 15 , 945 women ) . Agewise , 5 . 2 % of the towns ' population is 60 years or older , 65 . 9 % are between the ages of 15 and 59 , and 28 . 9 % are under the age of 15 . The age distribution reveals that youth and middle-aged people , who are regarded as contributing members of society , predominate in the towns . ESIA Report 43", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 633, "text": "National Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cases the low score reflects the ready < br > availability of domestically developed technology rather than low business sophistication . < br > Source : World Bank staff calculations based on Enterprise Survey data and the Investment Climate Assessment 2 . 0 toolkit < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Zambian firms also face skills and capability constraints at the worker level . Zambia ’ s Human Capital Index ( HCI ) — a measure of health and education ’ s contribution to worker productivity — is well below most aspirational and structural peer countries ( Figure 39 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > Zambian firms are unable to overcome these challenges after onboarding workers . Although a high portion of formal Zambian firms report offering formal training , they offer it to a low share of workers ( Figure 40 ) . > 14 The HCI calculates the contributions of health and education to worker productivity . The final index score ranges from zero to one and measures the productivity as a future worker of child born today relative to the benchmark of full health and complete education . 22", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 215, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "m < br > Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > < br > a | Under Implement < br > tion | 2018-03-12 < br > | 2018-04-10 | 2018-03-22 < br > 2018-04-24 | | | 2018-05-26 | 2018-11-22 | | | UG-MLHUD-235327-CS-CDS / < br > Conducting an Environmenta < br > l and Social Impact Assessme < br > nt of the planned constructio < br > n works under MLHUD ( arch < br > ival center and one floor on < br > NLIC ) < br > IDA / 65380 < br > Land | Administration Refor | m < br > Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > < br > a | Under Implement < br > tion | 2021-07-08 < br > | 2021-09-30 | 2021-07-18 < br > 2022-09-05 | | | 2021-09-21 | 2022-03-20 | | | UG-MLHUD-235533-CS-CDS / < br > SLAAC Data Capture and Pro < br > cessing Software upgrade an < br > d Maintenance . The function < br > alities of the software to be u < br > pgraded should allow for mas < br > sive parcel geometry data ca < br > pture and titles certification . < br > IDA / 65380 < br > Land | Administration Refor | m < br > Post | Direct Selection | Direct | 0 . 00 < br > < br > a | Under Implement < br > tion | 2021-07-08 < br > | 2021-08-17 | 2021-07-18 | | | 2021-09-21 | 2022-03-20 | | | UG", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 903, "text": "parcel geometry data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "guerrilla groups , as well as the Colombian armed forces . Security measures have not improved , and conflict is not only prompting intra-urban displacements , but is also spilling over international borders . Displacement has taken place in the North-Eastern departments of North of Santender , Magdalena , and Bolívar ( 2005 ) , as well as in the regions of Medio Atrato and Urabá ( 2005 ) , the department of Cundinamarca ( 2004 ) and in the South-Western departments of Putumayo , Nariño and Valle del Cauca ( 2005 ) . < sup > 32 < / sup > # # < u > HIV / AIDS Situation : < / u > Colombia ’ s adult HIV prevalence at the end of 2003 was 0 . 7 % , with a low estimate of 0 . 4 % and a high estimate of 1 . 2 % . < sup > 33 < / sup > Knowledge of the existence of HIV / AIDS is almost universal ( 99 % ) but few IDPs know about the modes of transmission . < sup > 32 < / sup > There are no HIV seroprevalence data for the IDP population . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > Colombia ’ s adult HIV prevalence at the end of 2003 was 0 . 7 % , with a low estimate of 0 . 4 % and a high estimate of 1 . 2 % . < sup > 33 < / sup > Knowledge of the existence of HIV / AIDS is almost universal ( 99 % ) but few IDPs know about the modes of transmission . < sup > 32 < / sup > There are no HIV seroprevalence data for the IDP population . In the last 10 years the predominant pattern of sexual transmission has changed , with a progressive increase in heterosexual transmission , since the ratio of male to female cases has fallen from 8 : 1 between 1990 and 1994", "spans": [{"start": 893, "end": 916, "text": "HIV seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1299, "end": 1322, "text": "HIV seroprevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "instability present in a large number of countries , a growing recognition of injuries as a significant public health concern , and increased attention on Disaster Risk Reduction ( DRR ) . This review , commissioned by the global Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action ( previously known as the Child protection Working Group ) aims to strengthen the knowledge base around this standard , share best practice and highlight lessons learned . Eventually , it is hoped that this review will contribute to improving humanitarian action in this area of work , save lives and prevent disability in children . While it is believed child protection actors are partially addressing the problem in their wider responses to Child Protection in Emergencies , there was an identified need to support the implementation of this minimum standard with further knowledge . It should also be noted that the issue of physical dangers and injuries in emergencies is highly cross-sectoral , requiring the commitment of a number of sectors and services , primarily health , camp management , education , water and sanitation , and protection . With a clear focus on protecting the lives and wellbeing of girls and boys , child protection actors have a central role to play alongside others . # # # Methodology The review involved the examination and synthesis of published and grey literature , an online survey , and telephone interviews with key field and headquarters-based practitioners . A comprehensive * * document search and review * * took place including relevant research and programmatic reports from NGOs , UN agencies , interagency groups , and academic institutions , particularly those known to Alliance members , injury specialists , and previous reviews carried out under other CPMS ; emergency needs assessments , particularly child protection , protection and education ; online press releases and news reports . An internet-based search was undertaken , including key document centres of major NGOs and UN agencies , WHO Health Statistics and Information System , registers of academic journals such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information , Sage Journals online , The British Medical Journal , Research Gate , and The Lancet . In total 179 documents formed the basis of this review", "spans": [{"start": 2030, "end": 2074, "text": "WHO Health Statistics and Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Public Financial Management Reforms Secretariat Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2024_ * * - * * b ) * * Debt management was partially automated . The operationalization of the Meridian System was and enhanced efficiency , accuracy , transparency and risk management of debt . - c ) Exchequer automation _was_ partially done . - * * d ) * * Realistic debt calendar enabled the National Treasury to adequately prepare to borrow when other sources of revenues were poorly performing and when the deficit was significantly high and vice versa . - * * iv . Value for money in procurement and contract * * management : The reforms achieved tinder the result area were : - - a ) The PPIP was upgraded and Procuring Entities trained . - * * b ) * * Gazettement of the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Regulations , 2020 operationalized the PPAD Act * * 2015 . * * - c ) The end-to-end e-GP system will be rolled out on 1st July 2024 . Notably , supplier registration , Procuring Entities registration , Annual procurement and disposal planning and template library functionalities were piloted in twelve * * ( 12 ) * * MCDAs . - * * d ) * * Operationalization of KISEB helped in curricula , syllabus development and conducting of professional supply chain exams which equipped supply chain management professionals . - * * v . Value for money , performance & accountability in staffing for service delivery : The * * achieved reforms were : - e ) HR Data warehouse was functional , and was able to manage wage bill , and generation of * * p9 * * forms - * * f ) * * MCDAs payroll and HR data was partially uploaded and updated in enhanced * * GHRIS . * * - * * g ) * * Uniform norms and standards in public service management were entrenched , for effective performance and productivity of the Public Service . - * * vi . Education Institutions , Health", "spans": [{"start": 1614, "end": 1639, "text": "MCDAs payroll and HR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1691, "end": 1696, "text": "GHRIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * Recommendations * * | | - - - | - - - | * * Data gaps in understanding the reality of refugee education , especially beyond access * * ( UNESCO-UIS / UNHCR 2022 ) . While there have been significant efforts by the Expert Group on Refugee , Internally Displaced Persons , and Statelessness Statistics ( EGRISS ) to standardise profiling , the implementation of these in national education systems is a work in progress . There is a lack of up-to date , granular data in many refugee-hosting contexts on : enrolment , retention , drop-out and progression of refugee learners through different levels of education systems . Further , learning outcomes on diverse refugee groups and systems are rarely discussed in the literature ( for an overview of the existing evidence , see UNHCR et al . 2022 ) . * * Strengthen inclusion of refugees in national education management information systems ( EMIS ) and harmonize data standards * * , keeping in mind any protection concerns related to disaggregation . There is a need to harmonize and utilise all existing data sources ( e . g . , multi-sector needs assessments , household surveys , learning assessments ) to ensure that the unique needs of refugees are captured . The current practice of disaggregating by nationality in EMIS in some countries is helpful , however it is not necessarily scalable to contexts where there have been long-term migrant flows between countries . Further , increased participation of refugee learners in national assessment and certification systems should facilitate a more accurate understanding of refugee students ’ learning outcomes and any specific barriers they face . * * A lack of impact evaluations and in-depth analytical reports , particularly of system-wide / large-scale initiatives to strengthen refugee inclusion . * * There are very few impact evaluations targeting the effectiveness of policies and initiatives . Further , policy reports and studies tend to be descriptive , with little analysis of the factors that have underpinned decisions and adoption of different approaches", "spans": [{"start": 1087, "end": 1117, "text": "multi-sector needs assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1120, "end": 1137, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1140, "end": 1160, "text": "learning assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 4 ) . By the third year , overall profits have grown 2 , 554 KSH per week ( 9 . 2 % of the control mean , not statistically significant ) , overall sales in the market by 15 , 353 KSH per week ( 13 . 7 % of the control mean , significant at the 5 percent level ) , and the total number of customers in the market per week by 318 ( 16 . 7 % of the control mean ) . These results are consistent with the overall market growing , at least over the longer-term . In rounds 2 and 4 we also conducted a market census to determine whether there were new entrants to the market since the time of training , and whether these new entrants along with existing firms that did not pass our eligibility filters had cut back on profits due to some firms being trained . Columns 3 through 6 show positive and insignificant impacts on the numbers of new entrants in these markets , the total number of firms not in our survey , and the weekly profits of these firms . The success of those trained therefore also does not come from crowding out new entrants . # * * 6 . Why do these impacts arise ? Causal Chain and Mechanisms * * 16", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 512, "text": "market census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) since EFY 2014 . However FSCD has not submitted yet the evidence on payments made to confirm the expansion . However , the financial reports show that payments are being made in 77 new woredas . Enhance Service Delivery < u > < mark > IN01255537 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of payments made to core beneficiary households according to the program ' s performance standards for timeliness ( Percentage , Custom , PBC ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 55 . 00 | 59 . 00 | 81 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2020 | 14-Oct-2022 | 27-Feb-2023 | 30-Jun-2025 | | Comments * * : * * | Transfers made to c < br > Ethiopian calendar m < br > includs only PDS tra | ore beneficiaries within agreed < br > onth for both cash and food re < br > nsfers as during this period the | standard for timeliness ( 30 < br > cipients ) for the period July < br > re are no PW transfers . | days after the end of the < br > to December 2022 . This | < u > < mark > IN01255539 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of shock responsive transfers made to shock response beneficiaries according to the program ' s 45 days performance standards for timeliness ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value", "spans": [{"start": 241, "end": 258, "text": "financial reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of services and costs of telecenter operation ; ( v ) obtain direct feedback from users during telecenter operation , and allow user-initiated modification of the centers ' service structure ; ( vi ) develop links with existing initiatives , such as the Palestinian Development Gateway ; and ( vii ) train telecenter staff in the creation and mobilization of locally relevant information . # # # # 4 . * * Indications of borrower commitment and ownership : * * Even under the severe hardship of the second intifada , the implementing agencies continue to implement projects under CDP II . Furthermore , the PA has canvassed donors for assistance in small , community-based , labor-intensive projects , which are effective instruments to reach the poor and marginalized in the present environmnent . The PA fornally asked the IDA in April 2000 , for a follow-up project to CDP II and reiterated its request to the Sector Director of MNSRE in February 2001 , and later to the World Bank President . Preparatory meetings on the ICDP concept were held among the CDP II implementing agencies ( MOLG , PECDAR and DORA ) and were attended by the Ministries of Agriculture , Tourism , Health and Education , as well as the team implementing the Palestinian Development Gateway , and some local government officials . The participants endorsed the approach of the ICDP , including the proposed ICT component . Furthermore , the recent social and participatory assessments found considerable support among beneficiaries for the proposed project . # # # 5 . * * Value added of Bank support in this project : * * The Midterm Review of CDP II and the BIAs conducted during CDPs I and II concluded that it is possible through the CDP model to reach villages and small municipalities where donor financing - 13 -", "spans": [{"start": 1426, "end": 1462, "text": "social and participatory assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to 80 percent of the explained variation in measurement error . Asymmetric rounding of selfreported plot areas at half-acre increments accounts for the second major source of measurement error , accounting for 18 percent of the explained variation . Further , focal point bunching around simple rounded values is highly asymmetric , with farmers more likely to round up than down , especially at smaller plot sizes . Perhaps most strikingly , NCME persists within the treatment group in follow-up ( postharvest ) interviews conducted three to four months after the information treatment during the postplanting period . Even though plot size is directly observable and farmer subjects witnessed GPS measurement and were directly provided the true plot area and were informed of the error in their prior self-report of that variable , updating was far from complete . Further , farmers ' updates of their self-reports are asymmetric . Upward corrections are more common than downward ones . The magnitude of updating in self-reported plot areas also varies by true plot area as well as with the magnitude and direction of the pre-treatment error in self-reported information . Finally , receiving information on true plot area and the extent of measurement error in self-reports affects subsequent farmer reporting on plot-level fertilizer and labor inputs , indicating that the effects of measurement error and updating spill over across variables and that survey data on non-land agricultural inputs may likewise contain significant NCME that correlates with the measurement error in plot area , with direct implications on the estimates of marginal returns to these inputs and a range of behavioral and policy parameters of interest . We cannot identify the causal mechanisms behind these observations , which clearly merit further investigation . The absence of quick correction of demonstrably mistaken beliefs seems surprising given that rural households in Malawi depend heavily on land to generate income . Farmers have strong motives to know the true size of their plots . The fact that NCME is so widespread in such a readily observable , important input and that farmers learn and correct their errors incompletely and asymmetrically strongly signals likely behavioral anomalies that matter for ( a ) the design and implementation of information-based interventions that aim to ameliorate mistaken beliefs / persistent learning failures and", "spans": [{"start": 1457, "end": 1468, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with 175 for China , 18 for the US , and only 5 for Brazil . Frischtak claims that these levels of expenditures in R & D and patent results are in stark contrast with the diversity , scale and potential of natural assets available in Brazil . What is needed , according to Frischtak , is a national consensus around the establishment of a clear strategy and work program that finances and creates broader science and technological and regulatory capabilities in Brazil aimed at better stimulating R & D and frontier innovation towards a pattern of growth driven by the sustainable productive use of these green assets . The detailed breakdown of green R & D expenditures data is an essential input into the debate towards achieving such a national consensus . Source : Frischtak ( 2011 ) , and an average 2010 exchange rate of 1 . 76 Reals to the US dollar ( IFS , IMF ) . In contrast to the supply-push of government R & D funding , * * patents * * were initially devised as a decentralized demand-pull self-selection mechanism , allowing those who believe they are the most likely to succeed to risk their own resources for the ̳ prize ‘ of a period of exclusivity during which they can set product prices , with the quid pro quo of full disclosure of the knowledge to other researchers . In practice , significant public funding of R & D , both to public and private entities , typically accompanies the own19", "spans": [{"start": 646, "end": 675, "text": "green R & D expenditures data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 IPM Approach and Methodology * * # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 . 1 Monitoring Approach and Methodology * * The general approach for IPM include : - Maintain and regularly update a database with socio-economic baseline , displacement , and restoration data for PAPs as well as a stakeholder engagement log ; - Maintain and regularly update a database of all Subproject grievances , including date of grievance , name of aggrieved , nature of the grievance , and how and when the grievance was addressed at each level of the grievance mechanism ; - Monitor the development , delivery and impact of the livelihood programmes ; and - Recommend to the PIO leadership appropriate adjustment to improve resettlement and livelihood restoration initiatives . All data will be disaggregated by age and gender . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 2 . 2 Monitoring Programme * * To measure the outcomes and effects of the RP on PAPs , monitoring different aspects of the Subproject will involve : # # # # # # * * _Day-to-day process / Activity-level monitoring_ * * This internal monitoring will be conducted by the RIT and focus on the physical progress of the RP and LRP implementation against the schedule in the approved plan . It will monitor : - Baseline survey completion ; - Progress of verification of losses ; - Preparation and disclosure of updated resettlement and livelihood restoration plans and approvals ; - Compensation payment against allocated funds ; - Implementation of the GRM ; and - Timely availability of an adequate of budget for implementation of the RP and LRP . # # # # # # * * _Subproject Impact on Households Monitoring_ * * Periodic socio-economic monitoring will be undertaken to measure the progress being made towards", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 553, "text": "database of all Subproject grievances", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "financial statements , the figures for FY14 are USh 16 billion < sup > 13 < / sup > ( US $ 4 . 9 million < sup > 14 < / sup > ) , and for FY13 USh 25 billion ( US $ 9 . 9 million ) . Furthermore , in FY14 , UETCL was able to capitalize debt for USh 331 billion ( US $ 98 million ) helping to rebalance equity and debt positions . Given the return to profits and the capitalization of the debt shown in 2013 and 2014 , UETCL had the ability to meet the financial covenants ( related to DSCR and EBITDA margin ) under the Bank-funded ESDP , as presented in the table below . # # # * * Table * * * * < u > 3 – UETCL Financial Covenants < / u > * * | Covenant | | FY13 | FY14 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | DSCR | Target | 1 . 0 | 1 . 0 | | | Observed | 1 . 14 | 28 . 5 | | EBITDA ratio | Target | 1 . 5 | 2 . 0 | | | Observed | 3 . 0 | 7 . 7 | _Source : _ World Bank based on UETCL data # * * B . Technical * * 74 . The proposed project includes works and equipment related to : ( a ) construction of the LGNA transmission line , including construction of short 33 kV interconnectors to the existing distribution networks ( to enhance distribution network performance and electrification ) ; and ( b ) project implementation support and technical assistance . The project does not present any unusual design , construction , and operational challenges . The technologies , standards , and guidelines to be used are well known and proven in Uganda . 75 . * * Project selection criteria . * * This is a priority project for UETCL", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 890, "text": "UETCL data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the objective o f assessing progress and , if necessary , to re-direct the project by integrating additional lessons learned and ground realities . # # # # # 3 . * * Monitoring and evaluation of outcomes / results * * 44 . Progress on project outcomes , activities and inputs will be monitored through regular reviews , including the mid-term review ( in October _2007 ) . _ These reviews will require dialogue at a number o f different levels . NBE will lead and co-ordinate this dialogue from the Government ’ s side . NBE ’ s regular reports will be a key element o f the M & E system for this project . While based on existing systems , the formats o f reports will be enhanced . Moroever , to ensure enhanced independence , M & E under the project will also draw on other sources , including surveys implemented under the project to gather data in relevant areas , financial statements o f financial institutions , etc . NBE will furnish the World Bank with audited financial statements for all financial institutions within nine months o f the end o f each financial year . 45 . Progress on each component will be monitored , and results evaluated , against several criteria . The project will put in place systems to monitor on-going progress and to evaluate the longer-term impact o f activities under each component , as set out in the Results Framework and Monitoring ( see Annex 3 ) . - Progress on Component 1 will be monitored , and results evaluated , against the following criteria : ( i ) improved prudential regulatory standards and rules o f market conduct in alignment with international standards and best practices ; ( ii ) improved monitoring and enforcement o f rules through better off-site surveillance and on-site inspections ; ( iii ) improved compilation and monitoring o f foreign exchange statistics ; ( iv ) regular and accurate liquidity forecasting ; ( v ) improved balance o f payments statistics and analysis . Data collection and reporting to monitor and evaluate progress against these criteria", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 839, "text": "surveys implemented under the project", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 875, "end": 922, "text": "financial statements o f financial institutions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1807, "end": 1834, "text": "foreign exchange statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "place ( l ) , suggesting the notation px , l , t . Because we lack specific information about this vector , we use a triplet of dummies ( x , l , t ) to proxy the missing input prices . < sup > 9 < / sup > Separate from differences in costs and expectations explained by start-dates of the projects , the duration of the projects may also matter . Booth ( 1991 ) points out that projects can exhibit ‘ economies of time ’ , such that projects with longer duration are associated with lower cost per unit costs . On the other hand , CDM projects with longer duration are likely riskier than the projects of same size and type with shorter duration . In order to take account of such time relationships , project duration ( in years ) is also used as a continuous explanatory variable . In the methodology outlined above , we use electricity prices to account for expected revenue from electricity sales when calculating abatement costs . Still , because the electricity pricing regimes are sometimes complex and subject to direct and indirect subsidies , using average reported prices to disentangle abatement and power revenue streams can introduce its own set of problems and errors . To account for this , we include estimates based on an alternative approach ; we calculate the present value of the total project cost without adjustment and , to account for this omission , include the volume of the generated power as a state variable in the cost function . This also allows for the fact that there may be joint-production effects that the baseline methodologies ignore . In this case , Cin equations ( 7 ) and ( 8 ) represents the present value of the project costs and the vector of control variables _q_ includes electricity output . # * * 3 Data Description * * Available information about CDM projects sent to the CDM Executive Board ( EB ) for consideration through December 2010 is obtained from the CDM / JI Pipeline Analysis and Database of the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) Risoe Center . The dataset includes information about individual CDM project , including the project name , type , registration", "spans": [{"start": 1911, "end": 1950, "text": "CDM / JI Pipeline Analysis and Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9395 Recruitment , Effort , and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools _Clare Leaver Owen Ozier Pieter Serneels Andrew Zeitlin_ Development Economics Development Research Group September 2020 A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http : / / reproducibility . worldbank . org , click * * here * * for direct access .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 60 | < br > 40 | | < br > 66 . 7 % < br > did < br > not < br > disclose ownership . | | < br > * * Shauri Moyo * * | < br > 38 % | < br > 64 | < br > 9 | | | < br > * * Kibuye * * | < br > 9 . 5 | < br > 90 . 5 | | | | < br > * * Bondeni * * | | | | < br > Most < br > own < br > land < br > elsewhere | | * * Chemilil * * | 5 | 95 ( have rented < br > houses ) | | | * * Table 5 . 15 : Land Tenure in the KISIP Sites * * * * Source : KISIP Social economic survey report , 2017 * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 15 Transport Infrastructure * * The KISIP sites are largely served by earthen roads that make transportation very difficult especially during the rainy season . One thing that attracts people to these sites is the nearness to the places where 114", "spans": [{"start": 441, "end": 476, "text": "KISIP Social economic survey report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 5 : Unweighted model-based estimates vs weighted model-based estimates ( under the unit context model with weighting following Guadarrama et al . , 2018 ) at target area level < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Burkina Faso Chad Guinea < br > 1 < br > . 75 < br > . 5 < br > . 25 < br > 0 < br > 0 . 25 . 5 . 75 1 0 . 25 . 5 . 75 1 0 . 25 . 5 . 75 1 < br > Mali Niger < br > 1 < br > . 75 < br > . 5 < br > . 25 < br > 0 < br > 0 . 25 . 5 . 75 1 0 . 25 . 5 . 75 1 < br > Unweighted model estimates < br > Weighted model estimates < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Table 4 presents the median , over target areas , of the coefficient of variation estimated for the model-based versus the direct estimates . Our preferred measure of uncertainty for the direct estimates is based on the Horvitz-Thompson approximation , calculated using the R SAE package , with the sum of the sample weights for each area used to approximate the domain size . Table 4 : Median cve for direct and model-based estimates . | Country < br > | Burkina < br > Faso < br > | Chad < br > D < br > | Guinea < br > irect survey es < br > | Mali < br > timates < br > | Niger < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sampled < br > areas | 0 . 435 | 0 . 271 < br > M | 0 . 370 < br > odel-based es | 0 . 415 < br > timates | 0 . 425 | | Sampled < br > areas | 0 . 167 | 0 . 115 | 0 . 121 | 0 . 164 | 0 . 155 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 and 2004-2011 . < sup > 5 < / sup > Sample countries include 29 high-income economies and 11 emerging countries . The data for trade in value added come from the World Input-Output Database ( Timmer et al , 2015 ) and are processed based on the methodology described by Wang , Wei , Zhu ( 2015 ) , using an algorithm developed in Quast and Kummritz ( 2015 ) . We present the regression results in a synthetic way , reporting in the table below the average of the country-specific elasticities for high-income economies and for developing economies . The first two rows in Table 2 report the ( average ) elasticity of exports to global demand ( ex ) , where exports are measured in gross terms and in value-added terms , respectively . The upshot is that this elasticity has decreased over time for both the average high-income economy and the average developing economy when trade is measured in gross terms . For instance , a 1 percent increase in world GDP was associated with a 2 . 5 ( 2 . 7 ) percent increase in gross exports for the average high-income ( developing ) economy in the 1990s and with a 1 . 9 percent increase in the 2000s . The elasticity of value added exports to gross trade , however , has remained fairly stable across the two periods for both high-income and developing economies . > 5 Note that , with an abuse of notation , we refer to the two periods in the analysis as the 1990s and the 2000s , even though as just discussed the actual coverage for gross and value-added export data is in part different .", "spans": [{"start": 121, "end": 150, "text": "data for trade in value added", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 165, "end": 192, "text": "World Input-Output Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 . Nevertheless , analysis of recent PISA results ( World Bank , 2008 ) < sup > 6 < / sup > indicate that given its endowments ( such as school , student , and household characteristics ) , Jordan should likely be performing even better in terms of cognitive skill development . By Jordan ’ s own internal assessment systems , there is significant need for quality enhancing reforms . Pass rates on the general secondary certificate GSC ( essentially the secondary school exit exam also known as the Tawjihi ) are quite low ( about 55 percent of regular track students and under 35 percent of students from “ irregular ” tracks ) , as are results on Jordan ’ s own national achievement tests which indicate the majority of 8 < sup > th < / sup > and 10 < sup > th < / sup > grade students are not proficient in any of the subjects ( Science , Math , English , and Arabic . ) In addition , the Tawjihi , like many exams of its kind , does not measure the same kinds of cognitive skills as does PISA , and therefore it creates a strong incentive against education quality . ERfKE II directly addresses this need to transform the exams , and it is not insignificant that increasing scores on school , national , and international assessments is the first ERfKE II project development objective and key indicator , before completion rates and enrolment rates . In addition , the MoE is well aware of the challenges , having commissioned some comprehensive analyses of the assessments ( Tognolini , 2006 ) , and Tawjihi reform is explicitly referred to in the results framework . 8 . But understanding the importance of educational quality and understanding how to foster education quality in a specific country context are quite different . How can education reforms effect changes that are likely to improve education quality ? This is a fundamental question and one for which the research on the relationship between education quality and economic growth ( and other economic research ) yields only suggestive , even somewhat", "spans": [{"start": 38, "end": 50, "text": "PISA results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and 35 . < / u > > 223 Ibid . , p . 39 . 224 UNHCR , supra note 81 . > 225 For more background on refugees in Mexico , see e . g . Cobo and Fuerte , “ Refugiados en México : Perfiles Sociodemográficos e Integración Social ” , 2012 , available at : > < u > http : / / www . acnur . org / fileadmin / Documentos / Publicaciones / 2013 / 9167 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > 226 Statistics provided by the Mexican government are available from : < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / es_mx / SEGOB / Boletines_Estadisticos , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > 227 In 2010 , there were 2 , 316 Haitian arrivals by air to Mexico , in 2011 , 2 , 312 and in 2012 , 2 , 386 . See < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2010 / Bole tinEst2010 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 , p . 57 ; http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2011 / Bole < / u > 76", "spans": [{"start": 388, "end": 433, "text": "Statistics provided by the Mexican government", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8783 # * * Abstract * * An expanding body of literature has shown that better management practices can offer significant boosts to firms ’ productivity ; this research illustrates that firms in South America are no exception . Using recent Enterprise Survey data from seven countries in South America ( Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador , Paraguay , Peru , and Uruguay ) , the paper explores the various dimensions and drivers of management practices and analyzes how they are related to productivity . This is an important topic to investigate , given the lagging levels of productivity growth in the region . If management practices can boost firms ’ productivity , this may be a cost-effective way to accelerate economic growth . The results show that improved management practices are associated with higher levels of productivity in all countries , and it is the impact of improved management specifically in larger firms that is driving the overall results . Indeed , in some countries , specifically Argentina , Paraguay , and Peru , it is only among larger firms that there is a positive link between management practices and productivity . This paper is a product of the Global Indicators Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at mhyland @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 292, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Degree in ecology or any other relevant degree from a recognized University - 5 years ’ experience assignment of similar nature - Experience of at least two projects of similar scope and nature # # # # * * _8 . 2 . 4 . Socioeconomist_ * * Each Socioeconomist will work on three transmission lines . Each will have the following minimum qualifications : - MSc / MA Degree in Sociology / Community Development or any social science discipline - 5 years ’ experience in census surveys - Experience of at least two projects of similar scope and nature # # # # * * _8 . 2 . 5 . GIS Expert / Surveyor_ * * Each GIS Expert will work on three transmission lines . Each will have the following minimum qualifications : - B . SC Degree Survey - At least 5 years ’ experience in survey works / mapping exercises . - Registration and / or membership of professional field and valid annual operating licence will be an added advantage # # # # * * _8 . 2 . 6 . Archaeologist_ * * The Consultant will deploy one archaeologist , with the following minimum qualifications : - Masters degree in Archaeology or any other relevant degree from a recognized University - 5 years ’ experience assignment of similar nature - Experience of at least two projects of similar scope and nature # # # * * 8 . 3 . Resettlement and VMGP Studies * * # # # # * * _8 . 3 . 1 . RAP , SA and VMGP Team Leader_ * * Each RAP , SA and VMGP Team Leader shall possess the following qualifications : - A masters ’ degree in sociology / anthropology / social sciences or any related field from a recognized university - 10 years ‘ experience in similar assignment with specific focus on RAP and SA preparation - 10 years in inter-disciplinary team management - participation in an RAP , SA and VMGP preparation for a power line that met the requirements of an International Financial Institution , such as the World Bank , IFC or an", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 483, "text": "census surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 10 : Fertilizer data | | Problems | Solutions / Assumptions | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | The survey asks if a household received inputs < br > from the government or a cooperative , but it < br > does not ask if they were received through the < br > FISP or FSP program , or if the household < br > participated in these programs . | * * Main Assumption : * * A household is considered a < br > participant of the FISP or FSP in the period 2008 / 2009 if < br > it did all of the following : < br >  < br > Grew maize . < br >  < br > Used fertilizer and / or purchased seeds . < br >  < br > Obtained seeds and fertilizer from the < br > government or from a cooperative . | | 2 | Related to the previous problem , we cannot < br > differentiate households that received benefits < br > from FSP from those that benefitted from FISP . | * * Main Assumption * * : Given that households which < br > benefitted from FSP received a smaller package than < br > FISP participants , and that FSP is targeted to household < br > that grow on smaller areas , scenario 2 described below , < br > partiallyaccounts for thisproblem . | | 3 | The survey does not allow respondents to record < br > more than one source of fertilizer and seeds . | * * Main Assumption : * * We assume that the household only < br > received fertilizer and seeds from the government if it < br > reported doing so . All expenditures associated to these < br > inputs were recorded aspaid to thegovernment . | | 4 | The survey does not specify the amount of < br > fertilizer and / or seeds that households received < br > from the government or cooperatives . | * * Main assumption for Scenario 1 : * * All households < br > received one full FISP package of seeds and", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 26, "text": "Fertilizer data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Language fluency is a strong predictor of the type of jobs in which migrant workers are employed and the associated level of vulnerability that surfaces in the multinomial logit regression ( Column 5 , tables 1-33-5 ) . Compared to workers for whom the language used in their place of residence is also their mother tongue , those with beginner or intermediate levels of language fluency are about 10 percentage points more likely to be employed in a safe job ( Column 3 , Table 3 ) . This effect is very large , given that less than half of the employed population has jobs with neither income nor health risks . Moreover , language ability explains a significant gap in the share of “ safe jobs ” for several migrant groups . For example , the gap between migrants from NMS13 countries and natives ’ likelihood of having held a “ safe ” job during the pandemic falls from 16 percentage points to 9 percentage points when language skills are taken into account ; the gap falls from 19 percentage points to 13 percentage points for migrants from other European countries , from 13 percentage points to 7 percentage points for Asians , from 10 percentage points to 6 percentage points for those from Sub-Saharan Africa , and from 9 percentage points to 3 percentage points for those from MENA countries . Barriers to recognition of foreign credentials are also significantly correlated with the exposure to the labor-market risks of the pandemic . Migrants who report a lack of recognition of their credentials as a main barrier to integrate in the host-country labor market are 16 percentage points less likely to be employed in “ safe jobs ” compared to similar migrants who did not face difficulties validating their degrees ( Column 6 , Table 1 ) . Although skill validation is an important factor , it does not explain a large part of the overall higher vulnerability of migrants in the labor market ; as captured in the EU-LFS , it represents a main barrier for only 6 percent of working-age migrants . Moreover , when we compare the coefficients for different world regions ( tables 1-3 , columns 5 - 6 ) , we do not see much of a change", "spans": [{"start": 1925, "end": 1931, "text": "EU-LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 10 . Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements * * * * _Actors_ * * : PCU Municipality and local administration ( monitoring and evaluation ) PAPs and NGO ’ s or private consultants as required ( evaluation ) Since resettlements could become by-products of project operations , the principal of the resettlement / rehabilitation operations will be the PCU , in close co-ordination and cooperation with local authorities . However , in the case of large scale resettlement / rehabilitation operations , the PCU may conduct the monitoring through an NGO or with the consultant who might have established the Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) . The PCU monitoring and evaluation officer will continuously take stock of all expropriation compensation reports and discuss them on regular basis with various stakeholders . The frequency of monitoring may vary , depending on the magnitude and complexity of resettlement / rehabilitation . Field visits ( supervision missions ) by the PCU will be effected at least once a month . The _woreda_ local administration will conduct its own monitoring , but when possible , this will be done in conjunction with the PCU . After completion of resettlement / rehabilitation operations , it is expected that PAPs should be better off than prior to resettlement / rehabilitation . Therefore , resettlement / rehabilitation operations will be monitored as regard to performance and compliance with established policies and objectives . # # # # # * * 10 . 1 Monitoring Principles * * For project operations with adverse social impacts , a monitoring and an evaluation plan with appropriate mitigation measures will be established . The scope of the plan will take into account the size of the social impacts to be mitigated . The plans will describe : - Internal monitoring processes ; - Key monitoring indicators ( provide a list of monitoring indicators , which would be used for internal monitoring ) ; - Institutional ( including financial ) arrangements ; - Frequency of reporting and content for internal monitoring , process for integrating feedback from internal monitoring into implementation ; - Financial arrangements for external monitoring and evaluation", "spans": [{"start": 728, "end": 762, "text": "expropriation compensation reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Jun-2015 | | nervenon areas . | | Comments | This is a revised indicator to < br > separate children under 5 and < br > pregnant women | < br > Update data on the indicator < br > to be availed in the < br > subsequent quarter | | | Proportion of the most vulnerable community | Percentage | Value | 5 . 00 | 16 . 00 | 15 . 00 | | members participating in implementation of the < br > t | | Date | 31-May-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | 30-Jun-2015 | | projec | | Comments | This is a new indicator and < br > this baseline come from the < br > review conducted on May 31 , < br > 2012 | Over delivery on this target . | | | Percent of SLD projects that have included | Percentage | Value | 5 . 00 | 68 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | CDDCs / communities in planning , < br > | | Date | 31-May-2012 | 31-Dec-2012 | 30-Jun-2015 | | implementation and monitoring | | Comments | This is a new indicator on < br > quarterly Assessment | | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 16-Jan-2013 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P074106 | IDA-42780 | Effective | 27-Mar-2007 | 07-May-2007 | 06-Aug-2007 | 30-Jun-2015 | 30 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "have been employed under the old regime , is currently without work . Apparently , this is a large decline in the utilization of labor . However , despite this big decline , the employment ratio in most transition economies is still within the OECD range . # * * Figure 1 Transition has been associated with a substantial fall in the employment-topopulation ratio * * # # # * * Employment / Population Ratio , 2002 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Geo Aze Kaz Cze Slv Rus Est BRU Bel Lat Ukr LitOECDCIS-7 + K CEEEU15 Mol Uzb Kyr Rom Hun Bul Pol Slk Cro Arm Taj Alb SEE Mac SAM < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : UNICEF TRansMONEE database ; OECD Employment Outlook , 2003 4", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 749, "text": "UNICEF TRansMONEE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "FARM-NONFARM LINKAGES ; N RURAL SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA l / # STEVE HAGGBLADE _Syracuse University_ # and # PETER HAZELL AND JAMES * * BROWN * * _The World Bank , Washington , DC_ # I . INTRODUCTION Based largely on evidence from Asia , Johnaton and Kilby ( 1975 ) , Mellor ( 1976 ) , and Mellor and Johnston ( 1984 ) argue that a development strategy focused on small ferms will generate rapid , equitable and geographically dispersed growth because of labor initensive linkages with the rural nonfarm economy . Using examples from India , Pakistan , and Taiwan , Jchnston and Kilby ( 1975 ) highlight the potential importance of production linkages . They point to small farmer demand for fertilizer , construction inputs , and equipment and repair services provided by rural blacksmiths . But farmers also purchase consumer goods . Mellor ( 1976 ) , dellor and Lele ( 1973 ) and Hazell and Roell ( 1983 ) , in particular , have called attention to the potential power of agricultural consumption linkages . They conclude that middle-sized peasant farmers - - to a much greater extent than their large scale and urban counterparts - - spend incremental income on labor-intensive rurally produced goods , thereby generating important second-round demand multipliers . Hirschman ' s ( 1958 ) early indictment of agriculture as a low-linkage , underpowered engine of growth erred , according to Mellor ( 1976 ) , because it ignored these important agricultural consumptiun linkages . Several empirical studies have documented the power of farm-nonfarm linkages in Asia . Based on data from India , Rangarajan ( 1982 ) founld that a one percent addition to the agricultural growth rate stimulated a 0 . 5 percent addition to the growth rate of industrial output , and < sup > a 0 . 7 < / sup > percent addition to the growth rate of national income . Bell , Hazell and", "spans": [{"start": 1574, "end": 1589, "text": "data from India", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 7871 # * * Abstract * * The Cultural Trade Index aims to shed light on cultural trade and stimulate interest in how this little-known area can contribute to economic diversification , boost shared prosperity , and reduce extreme poverty . As the first index of its kind , the Cultural Trade Index would gather cultural trade data scattered across different sources , place them in one place , and show how countries are performing . The key objective is to help inform decision making to advance cultural trade for development . Since culture is not restricted to monetary gain , a Cultural Exchange Index could also be created to complement the Cultural Trade Index . The Cultural Exchange Index would rank countries according to their participation in international cultural exchanges . Comprehensive research efforts would be needed for these ideas to make meaningful contributions to cultural trade and development policy . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Development Economics Vice Presidency . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at pkabanda @ musikaba . net . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 359, "text": "cultural trade data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * - i ) A schedule shall be prepared and disseminated in appropriate places within the footprint of the project detailing the time , place for consultation and contact details of the lead person . The RAP will require that an implementation mechanism be set in place for the delivery of the entitlement package , as well as to meet the objective of the RAP . The strategy of implementation includes the delineation of roles and responsibilities of organizations / institutions , as well community groups , the procedures to be followed along with the support facilities available and a timeframe for implementation of each of the activities . These are as follows : - Community Engagement - Issuance of Eligibility Notice - Land Survey - Asset Inventory - Census survey of the PAPs - RAP Stakeholder Consultation - Land Acquisition , Payment of Compensation and Land Purchase - Moving assistance and Land clearance - Rehabilitation and Income Restoration - Community Development ( if deemed appropriate or necessary ) - Monitoring and Evaluation # # * * Eligibility Notice * * A project eligibility notice will be posted both in the local media and at appropriate locations within the footprint of the project . In accordance with the above good practices and the community engagement plan a notice must be published informing communities and PAPs of the cut-off date for compensation eligibility . # # * * Pre-project Consultations * * Any pre project consultations by any group should be considered and shall form or be part of initial review documents in the preparation of the Project Consultations . This will be important for the following : - Stakeholder Identification ; - Establishment of interests of each stakeholder ; - Determination of initial scope of consultation ; and - Determination of approaches and tools for consultations . # # * * Formation of Advisory Committees * * Advisory committees are formed based on certain considerations . For example if the Survey identifies that there is a croup of key stakeholders whose major undertaking is Commercial Shop keeping , the formation of a * * Shopkeepers Compensation Committee *", "spans": [{"start": 818, "end": 843, "text": "Census survey of the PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assess quantitative performance and impact , and the effectiveness of alternative extension systems were not undertaken , and were a major constraint in assessing the project performance and providing a basis for adjustments . This led to concerns as to the reliability of survey data and findings . # # # _7 . 7 Overall Borrower Performance : _ Taking into account the weaknesses in project preparation , delayed and inadequate government funding , and poor implementation of the project , overall borrower performance is rated unsatisfactory . # * * 8 . * * LESSONS LEARNED # # # * * Market Linkages * * Liberalizing input and output markets , together with public sector financing of technology development and dissemination , are on their own insufficient conditions for rapid and widespread adoption of technologies . Other interventions in support of market linkage development are required : road network improvements ; development of farmer organizations to help increase farmers ' bargaining power and reduce transaction costs for suppliers and buyers ; development of savings and credit associations and linkages with financing institutions ; supporting rural stockists / buying agents by facilitating links to wholesalers and access to credit and by providing training in stock management and input use . Working with farmers to help them to become more capable and effective in dealing with these issues should be a more central part of the job description for extensionists in their work with farmers . # # # * * Project Management and Capacity Building * * Priority should be given to the establishment of sound financial management , internal auditing and progress monitoring systems at all levels , and to closely monitor and backstop operation of the systems throughout the project period . Greater efforts are required to ensure reporting is more objective and that it provides management with the information required to make adjustments necessary to improve performance and cost-effectiveness . Potential conflict of interest in impact assessments could be reduced by outsourcing to local organizations but with supervision and critical review provided by independent external consultants . Provision for training should ensure a proper balance between theory and practical skills and should be more demand-driven . Systematic assessment of training needs", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 284, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Box 2 provides more examples of the strong and unmet demand for Islamic microfinance in selected OIC countries . # * * Box 2 – Strong demand for Islamic microfinance in different countries * * - In the West Bank and Gaza , more than 60 % of low-income survey respondents prefer Islamic products to conventional products , and more than half of them still do if the Islamic products come at a higher price . ( PlaNet Finance 2007 ) - In Jordan , 24 . 9 % and 32 % , respectively , of those interviewed cite religious reasons for not obtaining conventional loans . 18 . 6 % of those interviewed rank religious reasons as the single most important factor in obtaining a loan . ( IFC and FINCA 2006 ) - In Algeria , a 2006 study by Bankakademie International revealed that 20 . 7 % of micro enterprise owners do not apply for a loan primarily due to religious reasons . ( Bankakademie International 2006 ) - In Yemen , it is estimated that 40 % of the poor demand Islamic financial services , regardless of a higher price . ( source : Phone interview with Executive director of the National Microfinance Foundation , Yemen ) - In Syria , an IFC survey revealed that 43 % of respondents considered religious reasons to be the largest obstacle to obtaining a microcredit . In addition , 46 % of respondents who had never applied for a loan stated that religious reasons were the primary reason they had never applied . Nearly 5 % of current borrowers said they would not apply for another loan for religious reasons . ( IFC / The World Bank 2007 ) - In Indonesia , according to a 2000 Bank Indonesia report , 49 % of the rural population of East Java considers interest prohibited and would prefer to bank with Sharia-compliant financial institutions . - In Lebanon , the success in outreach of Islamic programs relative to conventional _-_ - MFIs strongly suggests that large numbers of poor people prefer Sharia compliant finance . < sup > 1 < / sup > In addition , microfinance practitioners report that many of the Lebanese poor refuse financial services unless they are Sharia-compliant . ( Hamze", "spans": [{"start": 1137, "end": 1147, "text": "IFC survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "penetration ( _MPj_ ) is computed using bilateral distance data from CEPII ( Head et al . 2010 ) ; and government effectiveness ( _GEj_ ) is sourced from the Worldwide Governance Indicators ( Kaufmann et al . 2011 ) . Trade data to construct the import share and RCA variables are from UN Comtrade . Import tariffs are from UNCTAD TRAINS / WITS . Data on COVID-19 cases are from the WHO < u > < mark > ( https : / / covid19 . who . int / table ) < / mark > < / u > . Appendix Table 2 reports summary statistics for all variables used in the analysis . Apart from COVID-19 cases and deaths that pertain to the third week of July 2020 , all control variables are the average for the years 2017 and 2018 . # * * 6 . Results * * Table 1 reports the results from PPML estimation of equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) separately for liberalizing and restrictive measures imposed on medical goods , with standard errors clustered by country in each case . Results reported in Table 2 replicate the analysis in Table 1 but distinguish between measures that were imposed and subsequently removed within the sample period and those that remained in effect as of mid-July 2020 . Table 3 reports the results from the PPML estimation of equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) applied to specific types of trade measures , i . e . , restriction or liberalization of exports or imports , respectively . Finally , based on the dates of implementation and removal , Table 4 reports the results from estimating equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) using as dependent variable the duration of the respective measure and not the total number of measures . > 15 Jurisdictions imposing measures include the Eurasian Economic Union , the EU , and the South African Customs Union ( SACU ) . Measures imposed by these blocs are allocated to their member states for the purpose of analysis . 16 Shingal and Ereshchenko ( 2020 ) measure the “ depth ” of procurement provisions in PTAs on the basis of seven broad attributes : non-discrimination ; coverage in terms of goods", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 74, "text": "bilateral distance data from CEPII", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 158, "end": 189, "text": "Worldwide Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 347, "end": 369, "text": "Data on COVID-19 cases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the unknown joint distribution c yield better well-being comparisons than those of H < sup > ˆ < / sup > M ( or those of H < sup > ˆ < / sup > OD ) . The most discussed question in this area asks which particular imputation method yields most reliable results given the particular data constraints ( Dang , 2021 ; Dang et al . , 2023 ) . Another question , which perhaps deserves more prominence given our purpose , is whether the use of an imputation method with limited reliability is better than no imputation at all . In the case of multidimensional well-being , an imputation method that is only semi-reliable could improve well-being comparisons by allowing to draw information from both a monetary and a non-monetary survey . It would be interesting to study the reliability of well-being comparisons yielded by indicators constructed on a “ comprehensive ” database obtained by imputing the monetary dimension into a non-monetary survey ( DHS or MICS ) . Studying this reliability requires at least two contexts for which the joint distribution between monetary and non-monetary outcomes is observed . The more dissimilar these two contexts , the more conservative the assessment . The imputation model is trained on one context and then tested on the second context . Let uˆ and P < sup > ˆ < / sup > denote the well-being indicators we would like to > 51For instance , one could use the PX identification method described in Section 3 . 2 . 28", "spans": [{"start": 714, "end": 733, "text": "non-monetary survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Uganda Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate-Smart Development ( P170466 ) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMMITMENT PLAN ( ESCP ) January 2020 * * * * Uganda Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate-Smart Development ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMMITMENT PLAN 30 January , 2020 * * | * * _Summary of the M_ * * < br > * * _Environmental and_ * * | * * _aterial Measures and Actions to Mitigate the Project ’ s Potential_ * * < br > * * _Social Risks and Impacts_ * * | * * _Timeframe_ * * | * * _Responsibility / _ * * < br > * * _Authority and_ * * < br > * * _Resources / Funding_ * * < br > * * _Committed_ * * | * * _Date of Completion_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 7 . 1 | * * INDIGENOUS PEOPLES PRESENT OR * * < br > * * COLLECTIVELY ATTACHED TO PROJECT AREA : * * < br > Prepare a Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups < br > Framework ( for Batwa ) - it should be based on < br > consultations with the Batwa to date ( records from < br > REDD + and Forest Investment Program ( FIP ) < br > consultations , consultations on the Forest Management < br > Plan for Echuya CFR and General Management Plans for < br > the UWA sites ) . < br > Prepared a preliminary draft VGMF by end of project < br > appraisal . | Prior to presentation of the < br > financing for the Project for < br > approval by the Board of < br > Executive Directors of the < br > Association", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 5 - * * million . In fact the project took more than eight years to complete . It would appear that the Bank was trying to push too far , too fast . # # # III . EVALUATION 12 . The objective of the project may be accepted to have been as stated in paragraph * * 5 . 01 * * of the Appraisal Report , namely \" to ensure that economic development is not hindered * * by * * the deterioration of the road network and rising transport costs \" , from which it follows that with better maintenance , the condition of the roads would improve and \" the road network would play its role in Kenya ' s economic development \" ( para . * * 7 . 01 * * of the PCR ) . At the time the project was prepared , the Ministry had a \" road sufficiency rating system , \" a system of measuring the condition of roads and consequently also the quality of maintenance . This system however , was abandoned shortly after the project commenced and was not replaced * * by * * any other method of objectively assessing whether improvements were occurring as the project progressed . The rolling road inventory suggested * * by * * the consultant , which the Ministry initially tried to implement , was likewise abandoned ( PCR para . * * 3 . 26 ) * * because of lack of funds and vehicles and the impossibility of forming the required number of surveying teams . In short , there is now no objective means of measuring project results . The abandonment of the old system and the lack of implementation of the new monitoring system must be viewed today as an important shortcoming , because it now effectively prevents an objective and direct evaluation of project impact but more importantly because the Government is unable to keep informed of its maintenance needs . * * 13 . * * There is evidence however , that the project fell significantly short of reasonable expectations . The Highway Sector Project ( Loan 1684-KE ) approved * * by * * the Bank in * * 1979", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1083, "text": "rolling road inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia PFM Project ( P150922 ) Implementation Status & Results Report | Stakeholders |  Moderate |  Moderate |  Moderate | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Other |  - - |  - - |  - - | | Overall |  Moderate |  Substantial |  Substantial | # * * Results * * # # * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * # # # #  Reduced cash float for the Federal and Regional Governments ( in percent of the annual federal budget ) ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 22 . 00 | 22 . 00 | 22 . 00 | 18 . 70 | | Date | 30-Dec-2015 | 06-Dec-2017 | 25-May-2018 | 08-Apr-2020 | # # Comments MOFEC could only calculate cash float for the federal level since the regions annual report was not accessible due to the network interruption . This indicator will be updated when the regional data is available . For FY18 the indicator is not yet due . # # # #  Timely disclosure of key fiscal / budget documents ( Months , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 24 . 00 | 3 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 9 . 00 | | Date | 30-Dec-2015 | 06-Dec-2017 | 25-May-2018 | 08-Apr-2020 | # # Comments MOFEC provided the following explanations : Timely disclosure of key fiscal /", "spans": [{"start": 934, "end": 947, "text": "regional data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9648 Using Poverty Maps to Improve the Design of Household Surveys The Evidence from Tunisia _Gianni Betti Vasco Molini Dan Pavelesku_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice May 2021", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 96, "text": "Household Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 20 + 95 . 3 % < br > 0 . 5 5 + 23 . 4 % 10 < br > 0 . 0 0 0 < br > 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 < br > US $ trillion , constant 2018 US $ < br > US $ trillion , constant 2018 US $ < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 2014 from the World Bank ’ s Open Data platform ( Lange et al . , 2018 ) . See Figure 3 for a visual depiction of how individual wealth components evolved since 1995 . 7 We then linearly interpolate the annual values to obtain monthly figures . Given the slow-moving and persistent process behind wealth , the linear interpolation is reasonable . Throughout this paper , wealth variables are transformed with the base-10 logarithm . # * * 2 . 2 Bond data * * Sovereign bonds of developing markets and middle income countries are sometimes issued in both foreign and local currencies . This study focuses on local currency bonds . This choice is primarily motivated by the larger size of sovereign bond markets in local versus foreign currencies . According to the debt securities statistics of the Bank for International Settlements , the average amount outstanding between 2009 – 2018 for central government debt is US $ 19 . 7 trillion for domestic currencies and US $ 78 . 3 billion for foreign currencies . If we exclude the United States and Eurozone countries , the numbers reduce to US $ 6 . 6 trillion for domestic and US $ 49 . 0 billion for foreign currencies . This is also reflected by the broader bond data coverage across countries and time for local currencies . One concern for this choice might be the “ original sin ” ( Eichengreen et al . , 1999 ; Eichengreen et al . , 2002 ) , describing the inability of developing countries to adequately borrow domestically or internationally when issuing debt in their own currency . Instead , countries issue debt denominated in USD or EUR , which insulates the creditor from domestic inflation , liquidity or solvency concerns of the", "spans": [{"start": 715, "end": 724, "text": "Bond data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1034, "end": 1060, "text": "debt securities statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1480, "end": 1489, "text": "bond data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– have had to deal with a heavy load . In Kenya , home to over 20 million children aged 14 and younger , the virus outbreak and the nine-month-long period of school closures have led to disruptions in education and child development that have potentially longlasting implications . When schools shut their gates in March 2020 , few children could resume their education – even if imperfectly – with remote learning , likely increasing pre-existing inequalities , as children from poor and less educated households fell further behind . < sup > 47 < / sup > In particular , girls living in poor households , who were less likely to adopt remote learning when needed and to go back to school after the restrictions were lifted , seem to be particularly at risk . These early signs of increasing inequality are , to some extent , also reflected in the latest data from the Kenya Continuous Household Survey ( KCHS ) . While school attendance rates remained largely unchanged between 2019 and 2020 for children who live in households with college-educated heads , they fell by almost two percentage points for those living with families whose head is less educated . Over the same period , a similar contrast is observed in terms of place of residence : rates significantly dropped in rural areas , but not in urban centers . Moreover , although we observe a significant reduction > 46 Table A8 in the appendix reports results of probit regressions of changes in behavior on the first differences of in-person , remote and alternative education ( in addition to the same control variables ) , indicating that these findings are robust to nonlinear specifications . We opt for first differences instead of fixed-effects models to avoid the problem of incidental parameters ( Neyman and Scott 1948 ) . > 47 As mentioned previously , recent evidence indicates that , even if children do have access to virtual and hybrid education , these alternatives are still less effective than face-to-face learning ( Halloran et al . 2021 ) . The heterogeneity in terms of quality may be even larger for remote and alternative education , and this is something that we cannot account for in our analysis . 18", "spans": [{"start": 870, "end": 903, "text": "Kenya Continuous Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of bankruptcy without access to finance . In this paper , we examine how access to organizational resources and the pandemic control policy affects the underlying mechanisms behind firm performance , and the explanatory power of the mechanisms for firm performance during the pandemic . We ask , what resources , such as size , ownership , or CEO ’ s tenure , help firms survive and grow ? What strategies did a firm choose that affect its survival and growth around the world ? Is it the choice of stabilizing demand ? Is it securing input supply ? Or is it the effort to reduce uncertainties in finance ? We also examine how the impact of the pandemic differs as the pandemic moves along , as captured by two different postpandemic surveys for the same set of firms . We also pay attention to how economic development level and COVID-19-related policies affect firm performance . < mark > The rest of the paper is organized as follows . We develop our hypotheses in Section 2 . Section 3 introduces the data and variables in the study . Section 4 presents our empirical results . We discuss our findings and conclude in Section 5 . < / mark > # 2 . Hypotheses # # 2 . 1 . Strategic Choices and Performance during COVID-19 The existential threat of the pandemic has resulted in unprecedented uncertainties for firms . The strategies that firms would adopt to confront such challenges become matters of life and death . The drop in income and the rise in unemployment during the pandemic drastically reduce demand . Firms then have to utilize whatever resources are at their disposal to stabilize the demand for their products . The pandemic also drastically disrupts the supply of inputs . Various policies have been adopted to restrict domestic and international mobility , and financial access has also become more difficult . The factors would surely disrupt both imports and domestic supplies , and firms have to use their resources to restore and stabilize their input supplies . The pandemic also severely hampers the working of critical market-supporting institutions such as banks and other financial intermediaries , which play critical roles in maintaining economic prosperity ( Levine 1997 ) , especially at the time", "spans": [{"start": 721, "end": 741, "text": "postpandemic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kerosene use and its shares of nonfood and total spending by electricity access status and by income group are summarized in Table 2 . On average , households without electricity access , use about 3 liters of kerosene per month for lighting while those with grid-electricity access use 2 liters , and with SHS use only 1 liter . The higher kerosene use among grid-connected households compared with households with SHS is likely due to the need to use kerosene for lighting backup as a result of frequent outages of the grid-electricity . The survey data also show that kerosene use accounts for a large proportion of household nonfood expenditure , in particular among poor households . The average kerosene expenditure accounts for about 9 % of total non-food budget among the bottom two deciles , in comparison to 3 % for the top two income groups . Clearly , the financial benefits from a reduction in kerosene spending due to SHS installation would be larger for poor households . These benefits are in addition to other benefits , including better quality lighting and reduced health risks ( indoor pollution ) associated with kerosene lamps . # 5 . * * Carbon benefit , affordability and distributional impact of SHS programs * * # * * 5 . 1 Quantifying the carbon benefit of SHS * * The carbon benefits of SHS dissemination in rural areas come mainly from the fuel displacement , including kerosene , dry cell batteries , and diesel used for battery charging . In the analysis , we focus mainly on kerosene displacement due to data limitation on other fuel use . The current fuel use for lighting among households without access to grid-electricity is used as the energy baseline . This is consistent with the UNFCCC simplified procedures for small-scale clean development mechanism ( CDM ) , which defines the energy baseline as the fuel consumption of the technology / device in use or would have been used in the absence of project activity . # 5 . 1 . 1 Methodology Quantifying the CO2 impact from SHS installation involves the estimation of fuel displacement as a result of SHS installation . Two alternative methods are used to estimate the effect of SHS installation on kerosene : the regression", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 555, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_and Vulnerable Children Mid-term Review_ _Aide_ access to the complaints module in the MIS , trained in its use and begins loading existing complaints records into the MIS from April 30 , 2012 . The Mission further agreed that future complaints data from both the external and internal systems are regularly collected and uploaded into the MIS . To further strengthen the complaints function , it was agreed that there would be systematic follow-up with DCOs to establish progress with the distribution of the citizen service charters . 31 . * * Co-responsibilities pilot . * * The Mission recalled that during the last JRIS Mission , revised co-responsibilities pilot guidelines had been reviewed and approved . The Secretariat was tasked with refining these guidelines and developing a roll-out plan , which has now been completed . A firm to support the data collection and management , recruitment of enumerators and training of Secretariat personnel was hired . The firm has submitted an inception report , which the Mission agreed should be reviewed by the Technical Working Group and discussed by April 5 , 2012 . Given that this firm is in place , the new PSP is beginning payments , and the 2nd impact evaluation baseline survey is scheduled for April-May 2012 , the Mission agreed that subject to approval of the revised design concept by the CT-OVC Technical Working Group the proposal for the firm to deploy to the field in early April to establish systems and structures and recruit enumerators was appropriate . Concurrently , the Secretariat will begin training of DCOs , health and education workers on the co-responsibilities pilot and undertake awareness raising sessions among communities . The \" family booklet with conditions \" will be an important component of the community and beneficiary awareness-raising campaigns . The M & E team indicated that they intend to edit these guidelines and forward them to the communications team by March 30 , so that printing and distribution will take place in April 2012 .", "spans": [{"start": 235, "end": 250, "text": "complaints data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1201, "end": 1238, "text": "2nd impact evaluation baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis with data from the Household , Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia ( HILDA ) survey over the past two decades ( 2001 – 2019 ) . # * * 3 . Empirical strategy * * To investigate the relationship between refugee mental illness and their labor market outcomes , we estimate the following regression where Yit are labor market outcomes of refugee _i_ who was interviewed in wave _t_ . We focus on two main outcome variables : employment status and weekly labor income ( real income in $ 1 , 000 Australian dollars ) . But we also examine other outcomes such as refugees ’ LFP , employment type , employment skills levels and sector , life satisfaction and their partners ’ and children ’ s outcomes ( including their partners ’ employment status and life satisfaction and their children ’ s mental health and school performance ) . The coefficient of interest in Equation ( 1 ) is β , which measures the impacts of mental illness ( MIit ) on labor market outcomes . We also control for a range of ( potentially ) timevarying refugee characteristics in vector Xit including age groups , marital status , household size , language skills ( listening , speaking , reading , and writing ) , home ownership , and residence areas ( i . e . , living in major cities versus remote areas ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > These are important determinants of economic integration of refugees that have been examined in the literature ( e . g . , Lochmann et al . , 2019 ; LoPalo , 2019 ) . We include the individual fixed effects ( μi ) to control for unobserved time-invariant characteristics at the individual level and the survey wave fixed effects ( τt ) to absorb the effects of unobservable time-varying characteristics that can commonly affect all refugees in each time period . εit is the error term . For continuous outcome variables , we estimate Equation ( 1 ) with > 6 We follow previous studies and use a set of dummies for the age variable to account for its nonlinear relationship with employment ( e . g . , Staubli and Zweimüller , 2013 ; Laun ,", "spans": [{"start": 28, "end": 79, "text": "Household , Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | selected urban areas . | | g Agencies | | | | | This indicator measures the | | Progress | | | | | percentage of beneficiaries | | report from | | | | | who feel they are prepared | Baseline , | the MoWE | il | | | IR Indicator 2 . 5 Increase in beneficiaries < br > who feel they are better prepared to < br > respond to floods | to respond to floods < br > through participatory < br > planning and | mid-term , < br > and end < br > evaluation | PMU with < br > inputs from < br > relevant | User survey jonty < br > conducted by MoWE , < br > EMI , and EDRMC | EMI , MoWE , and EDRMC | | | implementation of flood | | Implementin | | | | | preparedness initiatives , < br > supported byoutreach , | | g Agencies | | | Page 63 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 516, "text": "User survey jonty", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OECD countries within the same region ( Africa ; East Asia and Pacific ; Europe and Central Asia ; Latin America and the Caribbean ; Middle East and North Africa ; South Asia ) . Moreover , to ensure consistency with available classifications , input-output tables and the WBES product classification have been aggregated into 15 sectors . To avoid possible endogeneity related to sector reliance potentially driven by conflict exposure , we set the input-output table to reflect data before the beginning of our sample period ( year 2000 ) . 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _COVID-19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJECT GRANT / CREDIT NO 6598-KE - MINISTRY OF HEALTH_ * * * * _Annual Report and Financial Statements for the financial year ended June 30 , 2022_ * * | * * Projectinformationandoverallperformance ( continued ) * * | | - - - | - * * ii . * * Assessment of counties and health facilities supported * * by * * the project across the Country . - iii . Training-of-focaLperson in select counties on Grievance Redress Mechanisms and social safeguards for the project . - iv . Procurement of laptops , mobile phones and office equipment for the project management team - Component * * 8 : * * Improving Quality and Capacity for Gender Based Violence Response * * i . * * Printing and distribution of * * 900 * * Gender Based Violence ( GBV ) response training manuals . - * * ii . * * Training of * * 325 * * health care workers on GBV in 45 counties and * * 95 * * trainers of trainers on quality assurance across * * 19 * * counties . - * * iii . * * Procurement and distribution of * * 1890 * * post rape care kits , iv . Printing and distribution of 2000 GBV registers , summary tools , post rape care booklets and quality assurance tools - * * v . * * Undertaking of a GBV knowledge sharing / scientific forum * * ( 8 \" ' * * to * * 1 0 t ' * * June 2022 ) . - The project has impacted positively to the lives of many Kenyan and as a result the covid * * 19 * * infection has significantly dropped . - _iii ) Value for money achievement_ The project has had a positive impact to the society * * by * * providing adequate measure on compacting effect of Covid * * 19 * * pandemic _iv ) absorption rate for each year since the commencement of the", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1108, "text": "GBV registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prior to school entry : Results from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care . _American Educational Research Journal_ , _39_ ( 1 ) , 133 – 164 . - Oreopoulos , P . , Page , M . E . , & Stevens , A . H . ( 2006 ) . The intergenerational effects of compulsory schooling . _Journal of Labor Economics_ , _24_ ( 4 ) , 729 – 760 . - Paterson , G . , & Sanson , A . ( 1999 ) . The association of behavioural adjustment to temperament , parenting and family characteristics among 5-year-old children . _Social Development_ , _8_ ( 3 ) , 293 – 309 . - Pettit , G . S . , & Bates , J . E . ( 1989 ) . Family interaction patterns and children ’ s behavior problems from infancy to 4 years . _Developmental Psychology_ , _25_ ( 3 ) , 413 . - Pradhan , M . , Brinkman , S . A . , Beatty , A . , Maika , A . , Satriawan , E . , de Ree , J . , & Hasan , A . ( 2013 ) . Evaluating a community-based early childhood education and development program in Indonesia : Study protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial with supplementary matched control group . _Trials_ , _14_ ( 1 ) , 259 . - Putnick , D . L . , Bornstein , M . H . , Lansford , J . E . , Chang , L . , Deater-Deckard , K . , Di Giunta , L . , . . . others ( 2012 ) . Agreement in mother and father acceptance-rejection , warmth , and hostility / rejection / neglect of children across nine countries . _Cross-Cultural Research_ , _46_ ( 3 ) , 191 – 223 . - Schady , N . , Galiani , S . , & Souza , A . P . ( 2006 ) . Early childhood development in Latin America and the Caribbean . _Econom ́ ıa_ , _6_ ( 2 ) , 185 – 225 . - Smith , M . ( 2011 ) . Measures for assessing parenting in research and practice . _Child and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children ( P111545 ) The government has made important progress in increasing coverage of the CT-OVC program ( and NSNP as a whole ) and improving capacity to implement the NSNP . Since the previous mission in June , 2015 , three additional results have been achieved ( and funds disbursed under the PforR accordingly ) : ( i ) increase in the number of households enrolled in the NSNP according to agreed Expansion Plan ; ( ii ) the Single Registry is fully operational ; and ( iii ) NSNP payments are made electronically using two-factor authentication . As a result , 47 percent of funds have been disbursed under the PforR NSNP . Despite this positive progress it is however worth mentioning a few key areas where challenges are being faced as follows : # # # * * 1 . Financial Management * * * * CT-OVC Special Audit * * : Based on inconsistencies of previous audit findings for the program it was agreed in October last year that a comprehensive and independent audit should be undertaken . KENAO ( the supreme audit authority in Kenya ) has been tasked to undertake the special audit and the work commenced beginning of February . The main objective of the audit is “ _to ascertain whether the project funds have been utilized efficiently and economically towards the achievement of the project development objective . The audit will be planned and performed with a view to identifying weaknesses in the system and recommending practical ways of resolving them in a sustainable manner_ . ” The audit will cover the life of the project and the Ministry is currently working closely with KENAO who has committed to finalize the special audit by April 30 , 2016 . * * External Audit * * : The government submitted two external audit reports ( for 2014 / 15 ) undertaken by KENAO for the CT-OVC project ( one covering the two IDA credits and another one", "spans": [{"start": 566, "end": 581, "text": "Single Registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < br > * * Collection * * | * * Comments * * | | 1 . Percentage increase of < br > agricultural output in the project < br > area < sup > 16 < / sup > , disaggregated by male < br > andfemaleheadedhouseholds < sup > 17 < / sup > | | % | ETB 150 < br > million | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | Baseline , < br > mid-term < br > and final | Impact < br > evaluation < br > survey | NPCO < br > ( hiring firm ) | In addition : < br >  Annual monitoring of < br > a small sample of < br > farmers will be done < br > | | 2 . Percentage increase in value < br > added < sup > 18 < / sup > per hectare for < br > participating households | | % | ETB < br > 3 , 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | Baseline , < br > mid-term < br > and final | Impact < br > evaluation < br > survey | NPCO < br > ( hiring firm ) | by the Management < br > contractor < br >  Agricultural statistics < br > will be used | | * * Beneficiaries * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Project beneficiaries , | | Number | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 , 000 | 16 , 000 | Annually | Management < br > contractor < br > records | Management < br > contractor | The indicator will be < br > based on the register of < br > water users of the two | | Of which female ( beneficiaries ) | | Number | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 , 000 | 2 , 000 | Annually | Management < br >", "spans": [{"start": 841, "end": 864, "text": "Agricultural statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "surveys of companies included in a recently completed preCOVID World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) to measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the private sector . We analyze only the loss of a “ permanent ” job , because a firm ’ s workforce level is the only jobrelated outcome that is effectively captured in the CFUWBES , and a job loss represents a more costly outcome for workers than other effects , such as reduced hours , wages , or temporary furloughs . In addition to firms ’ permanent workforce adjustments , the CFUWBES questionnaire includes variables capturing the operations of the business , sales , liquidity and insolvency , firms ’ technological adaptations , their expectations and uncertainty about the future , and public support received during the crisis . The WBES sampling approach is from the population of all registered establishments with five or more employees in manufacturing , retail , and other services sectors , designed to represent core productive sectors typically owned and operated privately . It does not include financial services , real estate and rental activities , or public service providers . Therefore , while it represents a major portion of the formal private sector , it does not capture all formal private sector employers . For Jordan , the baseline ES contains a total of 601 firms conducted from December 2018 to November 2019 . The CFUWBES wave 1 ( henceforth CFUWBES1 ) was conducted from July to August 2020 , and the CFUWBES wave 2 ( CFUWBES2 ) data was collected from November 2020 to January 2021 . Both rounds of CFUWBES use the same sample as the most recent WBES to construct a panel . For Georgia , the baseline WBES contains a total of 701 firms interviewed between March 2019 and January 2020 . The same firms were re-contacted in June 2020 for Wave 1 and in October / November 2020 for Wave 2 . In addition , we use recent labor force surveys to link firm data and predict potential effects on workers . For Jordan , we use the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey ( LMPS ) 2016 , which collects labor market information 7", "spans": [{"start": 1401, "end": 1415, "text": "CFUWBES wave 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1489, "end": 1503, "text": "CFUWBES wave 2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1904, "end": 1923, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2009, "end": 2041, "text": "Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Liberia , Rwanda , Sierra Leone - population displacements and humanitarian assistance have both become key variables in the political and military strategies of the warring parties . As well as being a product of armed conflict , refugee camps and emergency relief programmes have become an arena of conflict themselves . As John Telford rightly points out , such circumstances have inevitable consequences for the registration and enumeration of refugees : “ Good communication with and among all those involved in an assistance programme is a _sine qua non_ for the reliable collection , analysis and processing of information on individuals , groups or populations . In turn , trust , based on an absence of real of perceived threats to interests , is essential for good communication … Increasingly in humanitarian operations , a mutually trusting environment does not seem to exist . This may reflect as much the politics into which humanitarian assistance delivery is becoming drawn , as the poor management of some of its programmes . ” < sup > 33 < / sup > # # * * _Practical steps and improvements_ * * To return to the principal theme of this final section , some useful lessons might be learned from the practical measures which UNHCR has taken in recent years to improve its performance in the area of refugee statistics . As a staff member of the agency , the author is poorly placed to offer an impartial evaluation of such initiatives . The following paragraphs will thus be primarily descriptive in nature . Prior to the 1990s , UNHCR ’ s capacity and commitment in the area of refugee statistics was by any standard weak . Statistics were collected at the country level , but this function was undertaken in an unsystematic manner and with little supervision from headquarters . While statistics had to be presented to the organization ’ s Executive Committee on an annual basis , the figures were prepared on a desk-by-desk basis , and did not conform to a standard format . The Public Information Service published an annual refugee map and statistical table , but this simply contained a single figure for each host country in", "spans": [{"start": 2045, "end": 2078, "text": "refugee map and statistical table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "maintenance resulting from limited state capacity and local presence undermining the value of titles for third party transactions . We also find that the pace of land acquisition peaked in the 5-year period just after the entry into force of the new land law in 1995 rather than in response to the 2007 / 08 global commodity price boom ; that large farms rarely engage in land transfers and own on average 20 ha of which they cultivate less than half ; and that there is high unmet demand and willingness to pay for title . Farm survey data allow examining the impact of title on land and financial market participation , investment , and productivity . Instrumental-variable ( IV ) regressions , with possession of title instrumented by parcels ’ tenure at acquisition and length of tenure suggest that , if anything , title reduces land market participation and has no significant impact on credit access , land-attached investment , and productivity of land use . While title seems associated with higher levels of perceived transferability and land values , this may point towards speculative land acquisition and rationing in title access , two factors that may , e . g . , by impeding long-term rental of land acquired as an investment , hinder rather than help structural transformation . In terms of policy , improving record quality and coverage while lowering cost of service delivery through elimination of rents are key to improve land markets ( Arruñada 2012 ) . By leveraging traditional authorities ’ informational advantages ( Basurto _et al . _ 2020 ) and trust ( Baldwin 2018 ) , decentralization can possibly help to achieve this objective . Increased use of urban land taxes in Africa ( Deininger _et al . _ 2020 ) with positive effects ( Weigel 2020 ) also suggests that a land tax on state land < sup > 4 < / sup > could increase incentives for efficient land use and - if tax payment provides evidence of use and non-payment to be used to cancel legacy titles which would otherwise threaten to undermine tenure security - also clarify records over time and , if all or part of revenues are shared , generate resources for local authorities in an incentive compatible way", "spans": [{"start": 524, "end": 540, "text": "Farm survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Strengthening Lebanon ’ s Covid-19 Response ( P178587 ) - * * C . Learning Agenda * * 14 . * * The project will support adaptive learning throughout implementation , as well as from international organizations including the WHO , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) , United Nations Children ' s Fund ( UNICEF ) , and others . * * It will adjust to emerging technical , social , and economic evidence , as applicable , and incorporate lessons learned from ongoing global vaccine rollout and COVID-19-related service delivery . In Lebanon , this learning agenda involves a continuation of on-going World Bank technical assistance ( TA ) , including : - * * Technical : * * Monitoring of vaccine deployment readiness assessments and technical support to regular updates of the NDVP - * * Social behaviors * * : The following data collection initiatives will be undertaken to improve knowledge and understanding of perceptions and attitudes towards vaccination as well as performance of the vaccination initiative * * : * * - a . Facebook Surveys to assess beliefs and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination and identify causes of hesitancy - b . Testing of communication messages to improve uptake of vaccines - c . Iterative Beneficiary Monitoring ( IBM ) : an iterative feedback loop that collects information directly from beneficiaries and identifies challenges at the local level - d . Third-party monitoring of vaccine deployment : Performance score cards to monitor performance by vaccination sites and identify challenges in vaccination deployment - * * Digital vaccination registry : * * An innovative approach for data transparency based on the digitalization of vaccination data has significantly enhanced public trust in the COVID-19 vaccination program . This approach utilizes the digital platform pioneered by the Inter-ministerial and Municipal Platform for Assessment Coordination and Tracking ( IMPACT ) , hosted by the oversight body Central Inspection Bureau ( CIB ) . # # * * < mark > II . CONTEXT AND RELEVANCE <", "spans": [{"start": 1088, "end": 1104, "text": "Facebook Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1621, "end": 1649, "text": "Digital vaccination registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by 10 percent by 2045 . < sup > 6 < / sup > It is important to build resilience to frequent climate shocks through diversifying job sources and skills for adaptation and climate change mitigation . 4 . * * The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the extent of the country ’ s vulnerability , particularly among poor and urban populations * * . Employment rates plunged in the early days of the pandemic , particularly in urban areas , with changes noted more prominently in female-headed households . Estimates suggest that the rate of poverty has increased by 33 . 2 > 1 World Bank . Macro Poverty Outlook for Ethiopia : April 2023 ( English ) . Macro Poverty Outlook ( MPO ) Washington , D . C . : World Bank Group . > 2 International Organization for Migration . Ethiopia – National Displacement Report 16 ( November 2022 – June 2023 ) . August 21 , 2023 . > 3 The World Bank . Climate Change Knowledge Portal > 4 World Food Programme . Ethiopia Annual Country Report 2022 . > 5 Ethiopia Country Climate Development Report , 2023 , draft World Bank > 6 World Bank . Climate Risk Profile – Ethiopia 2020 . Page 6 of 48", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "previous decade . Although the government responded to deterioration in the education pro fi le with an investment program at the primary and “ basic ” level in 2000 , a continuing problem has been the inability of the government to hire and retain teachers in schools . An exacerbating factor is the HIV / AIDS epidemic . A recent report ( Grassly and others 2003 ) calculates that the number of teachers lost to HIV / AIDS has increased from 2 per day in 1996 to 4 or more a day in 1998 , representing two-thirds of each year ’ s output of newly trained teachers . Not surprisingly , teacher attrition has received a lot of attention , both in the popular press and in institutional reports ( our data and that from the census of schools in 2002 corroborates the high rates of attrition ( Das and others 2004b ) ) . Further , absenteeism rates are high , primarily due to illness and funerals . Grassly and others ( 2003 ) for instance , fi nd that absenteeism arising from illness-related reasons will lead to the loss of 12 , 450 teacher-years over the next decade . The resulting teacher-shortage has led to class sizes above the 40 children per teacher norm ( particularly in rural areas ) , teachers teaching double shifts , and limited possibilities for substitutions when teachers are absent . In 2002 we surveyed 182 schools in four provinces of the country . < sup > 9 < / sup > The choice of schools was based on a probability-proportional-to-size sampling scheme , where each of 35 districts in the four provinces was surveyed and schools were randomly chosen within districts with probability weights determined by grade 5 enrollment in the school year 2001 . Thus , every enrolled student in grade 5 in the district had an equal probability of being in a school that participated in the survey . As part of the survey , questionnaires were administered to teachers and head-teachers with information on a host of topics including their demographics , personal characteristics , absenteeism , outside options and classroom conditions . In addition , we also collected information at the level of the school including fi nancing and the receipts of", "spans": [{"start": 722, "end": 739, "text": "census of schools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "on the < br > enforcement of 2007 Access to Information law . < br > DLR 8 . 2 : Public dashboard and semi-annual reports of the PMDU . < br > DLR 8 . 3 & 4 : Annual report on the implementation of access to information from the Information < br > Commission . | | Verification Entity | KACE . | | Procedure < br > * * DLI 9on expandin * * | DLR 8 . 1 : Verification of official notification documenting the submission by the GoJ to Parliament of < br > amendments to the 2007 Access to Information Law that they include the following provisions : ( 1 ) opening < br > of the Information Council , which oversees the enforcement of the law to Civil Society Organizations < br > ( CSOs ) , strengthening its oversight responsibility ; ( 2 ) specifying that exceptions do not include information < br > related to human rights violations , war crimes , and crimes against humanity ; ( 3 ) mandating proactive < br > information disclosure and the appointment of information officers in all departments ; and ( 4 ) shortening < br > delays to respond to requests for information . < br > DLR 8 . 2 : Verification of the availability of information on the PMDU dashboard every semester . < br > DLR 8 . 3 & 4 : Verification of annual reports to be submitted by the Information Council regarding the < br > enforcement of the Access to Information Law based on spot checks by the IVA in government entities . < br > * * g access to user-friendly and interactive statistical data . * * < br > | | Formula | * * Scalable . * * The DLI disburses against the strengthening of the statistical legal framework ; progress toward < br > the integration of data from various government entities ; the public disclosure of key indicators , as well as < br > their underlying micro-data , subject to an established protocol", "spans": [{"start": 1457, "end": 1473, "text": "statistical data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Finally , the average household-level crop cutting-based annual cassava yield estimate stands at 8 , 958 kg / ha across all sample households ( Panel C ) , while the comparable D1 , D2 , R1 and R2 estimates are 5 , 208 ; 6 , 218 ; 5 , 798 ; and 4 , 671 , respectively ( Panel B ) . The estimation of Equation 3 , as reported in Panel C of Table 6 , implies that the diary and recall survey treatments , on average , underestimate cassava yield compared to crop cutting , as expected given the reasoning provided in section 3 . 4 . The extent of foreknown underestimation , as a percentage of the crop cutting based yield , stands at 25 percent under D2 , 40 percent under D1 , 33 percent under R1 and 47 percent under R2 . The inter-relationships between the 4 core treatment arms are the same as those reported in Panel B . Nevertheless , the average crop cutting-based yield estimate , which should be understood as the _upper-bound_ for the cassava yield realized on the farm during the 12 months of interest , is still significantly lower than the FAOSTAT estimates shown in Figure 1 , and the MoAIWD APESbased 2015 / 16 national cassava yield estimate of 17 , 564 kgs / ha . < sup > 34 < / sup > The latest ( 2014 ) FAOSTAT estimate of national cassava yield in fact stands at 24 , 800 kgs / ha – nearly three times the size of the CVIP crop cutting-based yield estimate , and four times the size of the D2-based counterpart . F < sup > 35 < / sup > # * * 6 . Conclusions * * In household and farm surveys across the low - and middle-income countries , the prevailing ( and most cost-effective ) approach to data collection on the production of root , tuber and tree crops is to field a single visit and collect information either specific to an agricultural season or with a 12month recall . In turn , there is worry that the existing survey methods may elicit unreliable and incomplete information on harvests cutting across seasons , taking place over extended periods , and", "spans": [{"start": 1484, "end": 1510, "text": "household and farm surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "27 . Consultants for services meeting the requirements of Section V of the Consultant Guidelines will be selected under the provisions for the Selection of Individual Consultants , through comparison of qualifications among candidates expressing interest in the assignment or approached directly . # * * _Institutional Arrangements for Procurement and Capacity Assessment , Including Risk Mitigation Measures_ * * 28 . The EAPSP will prepare and manage contracts signed with two UN agencies , namely WFP and FAO , and the Government of Chad . In the implementation of Components A and B of the proposed project , WFP and FAO procurement procedures will be applicable in place of the Bank Procurement and Consultant Guidelines . # * * _Risks Identified and Proposed Mitigation Measures_ * * 29 . The procurement risk rating is deemed * * moderate , * * given that the rules and regulations of the two qualified UN agencies that will manage activities under the two components of the project , WFP and FAO , are acceptable to the Bank . # * * _Procurement Plan_ * * 30 . A first draft of a Simplified Procurement Plan for project implementation , providing the basis for the procurement methods , has been developed . This Plan , covering the first 18 months of project implementation , was reviewed , discussed , and agreed upon by the Borrower and the project team at negotiations . It will be available in the project ’ s database , and a summary will be disclosed on the Bank ’ s external website once the project is approved by the Board . The Procurement Plan will be updated in agreement with the Project Team annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvement in institutional capacity . # * * _Publication of Results and Debriefing_ * * 31 . Publication of results of the bidding process is required for all ICBs , Limited International Biddings , and Direct Contracting . Publication should take place as soon as the noobjection is received , except for Direct Contracting , which may be done on quarterly basis and in a simplified format .", "spans": [{"start": 1411, "end": 1431, "text": "project ’ s database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR10286 The World Bank | | | | | initiate the pilot sub-projects < br > have been developed . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Performance monitoring reports ( with progress < br > | Yes / No | Value | No | Yes | Yes | | on agreed indicators ) produced on time and < br > with satisfactor ualit | | Date | 01-Jun-2011 | 31-May-2013 | 29-Oct-2016 | | y qy | | Comments | | | | | Communication strategy in place | Yes / No | Value | No | No | Yes | | | | Date | 01-Jun-2011 | | 29-Oct-2016 | | | | Comments | | Project web site has been set < br > up . A Draft communication < br > strategy is in place and a < br > communication specialist is < br > being recruited . | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 06-Jun-2013 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | < br > Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P094692 | IDA-48010 | Effective | 27-Jul-2010 | 17-Nov-2010 | 30-Jun-2011 | 29-Oct-2016 | 29-Oct-2016 | | P108845 | TF-97578 | Effective | 17-Nov-2010 | 17-Nov-2010 | 30-Jun-2011 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "will < br > start right away . When requested by the project members if he could call < br > for a members ’ AGM to discuss the compensation sharing arrangement < br > for money due to be paid for sections of the Ranch affected by the < br > Mwache Dam , he stated they will not call for AGMs when their members < br > already know the by-laws and since the Ranch Management committee < br > has since been dissolved and they are only allowed to coordinate the < br > survey activities on the ground . < br > Mr . Mutavi reminded the committee members that that the NLC had < br > been brought to them by the RAP IT to explain the process of Land < br > Acquisition and compensation and hence their message and information < br > they had provided to the committee should not be dismissed as NLC is < br > following the laid down laws of Kenya ( Land Act ) . He confirmed that < br > NLC is working with a list obtained on from the RAP census and NLC < br > inspection on the ground , which involved working with the Ranch < br > Management Committee and the PAPs and not from any other survey . < br > He then added that the aim of the day was to go over the procedure and < br > process of land acquisition and eventual payment of compensation by < br > NLC . < br > The chairman concluded by saying that they all had work to do and that < br > they are working towards allowing Mwavumbo Group Ranch Members < br > to get their rightful dues . | | | Meeting ended with a word of prayer from Mr . Chibuga at 2 : 06pm . | * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 932, "end": 942, "text": "RAP census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The following steps will be used to manage all grievances : # # * * Step 1 : Receipt and Registration of complaint * * - Complaints can be submitted through various channels : - In person to designated personnel of the Contractor and / or MOH . - Complaint register form . - Telephone to MOH ( + 251-11 551 7011 ) . - Email to moh @ moh . gov . et . - Online application for the World Bank . - The GRM focal person will receive the complaint and record it in a complaints log , including the date , action taken , and information provided to the complainant . - The log will indicate grievances , the date lodged , action taken to address the complaint or reasons the grievance was not acted on ; information provided to the complainant and date the grievance was closed . - The complaint shall be recorded , read back to the complainant to confirm accuracy , and signed by the complainant . - Contact information for the GRM focal person will be widely disseminated through the project website , public meetings , and project brochures . # # * * Step 2 : Eligibility and Assessment * * - The focal point will establish the eligibility of the complaint based on the following criteria : - The complainant is identifiable and has provided contact details . - The complainant is affected by the project . - The complaint has a direct relationship to the project . - The issues raised fall within the GRM ' s mandate . - If the complaint is ineligible , the complainant will be informed with reasons . - If eligible , the seriousness of the complaint will be assessed ( high , medium , or low ) based on : - Severity of the problem . - Potential impact on the well-being of an individual or group . - Potential impact on the project . - Public profile of the issue . - Assessment may involve field visits , discussions with complainants and relevant parties , and information verification . 264", "spans": [{"start": 461, "end": 475, "text": "complaints log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > * * working hours * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Lower Secondary | 50 . 9 | 0 . 0 | 50 . 9 | 49 . 1 | | Secondary | 30 . 5 | 3 . 2 | 69 . 5 | 19 . 9 | | University | 32 . 5 | 0 . 0 | 55 . 0 | 15 . 0 | | Post-Graduate | 22 . 1 | 2 . 1 | 54 . 2 | 22 . 0 | | Source : GHFPS . | | | | | 41", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 296, "text": "GHFPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure 13 : Vulnerability threshold and the official and moderate poverty lines , current prices BYN_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 350 < br > 300 < br > 250 < br > Vulnerability threshold < br > 200 Official poverty line < br > Moderate poverty line < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 2014q1 2014q2 2014q3 2014q4 2015q1 2015q2 2015q3 2015q4 2016q1 2016q2 2016q3 2016q4 2017q1 2017q2 2017q3 2017q4 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note . Vulnerability threshold is estimated as an average predicted income for the probability of being poor in the interval between 0 . 09 and 0 . 11 . Official poverty line varies with the individual ’ s age , the figure represents the average for the HBS quarterly samples . Source : Authors ’ calculations based on quarterly HBS 2014q1 ‐ 2017q4 There is some , but not complete overlap between vulnerable and moderately poor groups . We find that 6 . 7 percent of the population are both vulnerable and moderately poor ; these people reside predominantly in rural areas ; have low education and typically live in households with children . At the same time , 8 percent of the population are vulnerable but not moderately poor ; these are mostly the people with low socio ‐ economic standing ( rural area residents ; low ‐ educated ; partially employed or non ‐ employed ) and relatively high incomes ( most of them come from the 4 < sup > th < / sup > ‐ 7 < sup > th < / sup > disposable income deciles ) . Also , 12 . 6 percent of the population are moderately poor , but not vulnerable ; these are mostly employed , working ‐ age people from large cities , who are not predicted to be vulnerable based on their socio ‐ economic characteristics , but fall into moderate poverty due to low wages . # 4 . Main Reasons for Well ‐ Being Deterioration and Coping Strategies Reported by Households # # 4 . 1 . Change in the well ‐ being of households and reasons for its deterioration Households are asked on an annual", "spans": [{"start": 759, "end": 772, "text": "quarterly HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) From the HHH Survey , the respondents had varied income level ranges . Those who earned below KSH 5000-10000 a month were at 26 % , while those who earned 30000-50000 Kenya shillings were 31 % . The information is shown in the pie-chart below . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percentage of level of income < br > 0-3000 < br > 9 % 3000-5000 < br > 0 % < br > 30000-50000 < br > 31 % 5000-10000 < br > 26 % < br > 25000-30000 < br > 10000 - < br > 0 % < br > 15000 < br > 20000-25000 < br > 17 % < br > 13 % < br > 15000-20000 < br > 4 % < br > Fig . 5 . 6 : Level of Income < br > Housing < br > 78 % of the PAPs own properties / structures to be affected , while 22 % are tenants . Of the 78 % < br > Owning the properties , 17 % acquired the properties through inheritance . This has been < br > Figure 5 . 7 and Figure 5 . 8 Below . < br > Fig . 5 . 7 : Percentage property ownership < br > Disclosure Copy < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # # * * 5 . 3 . 6 Housing * * 78 % of the PAPs own properties / structures to be affected , while 22 % are tenants . Of the 78 % Owning the properties , 17 % acquired the properties through inheritance . This has been illustrated in * * Figure 5 . 7 * * and * * Figure 5 . 8 * * Below . * * _Fig . 5 . 7_ : Percentage", "spans": [{"start": 169, "end": 179, "text": "HHH Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 017 ) | ( 0 . 017 ) | ( 0 . 068 ) | | Participattion in civic organisation | 0 . 107 | 0 . 154 | 0 . 047 | 0 . 060 * | 0 . 193 * | | | ( 0 . 012 ) | ( 0 . 036 ) | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 034 ) | ( 0 . 111 ) | | N | 1 , 652 | 264 | 1 , 916 | 1 , 916 | 1 , 916 | * * Notes * * This table shows the average attitudes and behaviors of second-generation refugees and Greek natives . In the fourth column , the table reports regression estimates of the refugee-native gap after controlling for age and gender dummies . The fifth column reports the same coefficient using the standardized outcome ( Z-score ) instead . Standard errors in parentheses . * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * _p < _ 0 . 1 ; Source : Author ’ s elaboration on the European Social Survey ( ESS ) . 30", "spans": [{"start": 741, "end": 763, "text": "European Social Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Chart 2 : Price of Water by Type of Service Provider * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > $ 11 . 00 < br > $ 10 . 00 < br > Public Privat e < br > $ 8 . 00 < br > Piped Unit ized < br > $ 6 . 32 < br > $ 6 . 00 < br > $ 4 . 00 < br > $ 3 . 60 < br > Based on data from 47 countries < br > Average < br > and 93 locations based on the < br > literature review < br > St d . Deviat ion < br > $ 2 . 00 < br > $ 0 . 79 $ 0 . 86 $ 0 . 76 < br > $ 0 . 34 $ 0 . 45 < br > $ 0 . 00 $ 0 . 02 $ 0 . 17 < br > Public Utilities Private Netw orks Point-source Vendors Tanker Trucks Carters < br > Mobile Distributors < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Chart 2 above indicates that price of water increases as economies of scale in production and sales decrease . Likewise , as unit size or volume of sales decrease , prices go up . Carters , which have the smallest sales volume , charge the highest unit price per m < sup > 3 < / sup > of water — as much as $ 11 . 00 / m < sup > 3 < / sup > or more . Thus , the ability of the service provider to amortize capital costs as well as operating inefficiencies ( such as fuel , bribes and salaries ) over larger volumes is the key to improving affordability . On average , water from piped network operators ( PNO ) costs 1 . 5 times more than that from a formal utility , whereas , water from a point source ( PS ) costs , on average , up to 4 . 5 times the utility and , finally , water from the mobile distributors ( MD ) can costs up to 12 times more than the", "spans": [{"start": 266, "end": 288, "text": "data from 47 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by | | ► Pregnant women re | ceiving at least four antenatal | care visits ( Percentage , C | ustom ) ( Percentage , Cu | stom ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 32 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 32 . 00 | 38 . 00 | | Date | 31-Oct-2016 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724905 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 20 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 16 Ethiopia Demographic He | alth Survey ( EDHS ) Report . | Update to be provided by | | ► Percent of children | 6-59 month receiving Vitamin | A supplements ( Percenta | ge , Custom ) | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 45 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 45 . 00 | 53 . 00 | | Date | 31-Oct-2016 | 24-Apr-2019 | 24-Apr-2019 | 30-Jun-2021 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00724956 ~ ~ | Baseline data from 20 < br > 2019 Mini-DHS . | 16 Ethiopia Demographic He | alth Survey ( EDHS ) Report . | Update to be provided by | | ► Deliveries attended | by skilled birth providers ( Per | centage , Custom ) | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 10 . 00 | 26 . 00 | 26 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 6 / 28 / 2019 Page 7 of 17", "spans": [{"start": 427, "end": 440, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 889, "end": 902, "text": "2019 Mini-DHS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "suggests that the unbanked are far from a homogeneous group . While they tend to be poorer and less educated as a group than the banked , the unbanked of Bogotá also include individuals from high income groups . # * * 3 . 2 PAYMENT SERVICES FOR THE UNBANKED * * 13 . * * The majority of the unbanked receives their salary in cash * * , while the banked are more likely to receive paychecks or have their salaries deposited directly into savings accounts ( see Figure 3 . 7 ) . Handling cash payments makes the unbanked more susceptible to loss and robbery than the banked . Unlike in Brazil , where the majority of respondents prefers to be paid in cash , over 90 % of the banked individuals in Colombia who receive payments by check and direct deposits responded to the question how they would like to be paid that they prefer the existing system . * * Figure 3 . 7 Payment of salaries to the banked and unbanked * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 3 % < br > Other < br > 0 . 1 % < br > Deposit in checking 0 . 5 % < br > account 4 . 4 % < br > 5 . 0 % < br > Check < br > 9 . 4 % < br > Deposit in savings 5 . 0 % < br > account 52 . 4 % < br > 89 . 2 % < br > Cash < br > 33 . 8 % < br > 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 % < br > Population by income level < br > Banked Unbanked < br > Source : DANE household study of Bogotá , 2003 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 14 . * * Cashing checks is costly for the unbanked . * * One third of the people paid by check are unbanked , corresponding to 5 % of the unbanked . The unbanked cash their checks in banks in 83 % of the", "spans": [{"start": 1328, "end": 1358, "text": "DANE household study of Bogotá", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s . However , the impact section discuss all the total project affected PAHs i . e . 613 . # # # # # * * 6 . 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Households * * This section presents the demographic characteristics of the surveyed household heads and family members affected by the subproject . This analysis encompasses a range of factors , including sex , age structure , family size , marital status , ethnic composition , religious affiliation , primary and secondary occupations , education levels , and health status . Based on the census survey result 88 . 1 % of subproject affected households are headed by male , while 10 . 4 % of subproject affected households are headed by FHH and the remaining 1 . 5 % of the households are absentee or missing PAHs . Table 6 . 1 : Distribution of affected Households by Sex and Woreda | * * Woreda * * | * * Female * * < br > * * Headed * * | * * Male * * < br > * * Headed * * | * * Missing * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Jima town | 7 | 27 | 2 | 36 | | Kersa | 2 | 7 | 0 | 9 | | Mana | 19 | 223 | 0 | 242 | | Limu Kosa | 34 | 247 | 4 | 285 | | Limu Seqa | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | | Limu Genet | 1 | 26 | 3 | 30 | | * * Total All Woredas * * | * * 63 * * | * * 541 * * | * * 9 * * | * * 613 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 10 . 3 * * | * * 88 . 2 * * | * * 1 . 5 * * | * * 100 .", "spans": [{"start": 538, "end": 558, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Dan Gibson | WB | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MaryBitekerezo | WB | | | Ben Oyen | AWE | d . oyen @ awe-engineers . com | * * Documents requested * * : - list of 13 district offices planned , - Land Acquisition Manual , - Land Information System ( MoLHUD website ) , - Principles and Guidelines for the T-Lines . # # # # * * 4 . Ministry of Gender , Labour and Social Development , Wednesday 2nd March * * * * < u > Attending : < / u > * * | Katula Yusuf M | Principal < br > Safety < br > Inspector , < br > Department < br > of < br > Occupational < br > Health and Safety ( DOHS ) | | - - - | - - - | | Kapsabi Eva | Senior < br > Specialised < br > Safety < br > Inspector ( Construction ) | | Mary Bitekerezo | WB | | Sarah Prinsloo | WB | # # # # * * 5 . Entebbe Municipal Council , March 29 , 2012 * * # # # # * * < u > Attending : < / u > * * | Kawesi DanielChristopher | TownClerk | | - - - | - - - | | Frederic Kaweesi Mutagubya | Chief Finance Officer | | Naakandi Sophie | Senior < br > Assistant < br > Town < br > Clerk / Gender Coordinator | | MuklibiJoseph Kiwanuka | Principle Executive Engineer | | Ssemombwe Joseph | Senior Economist / Planner | | Kobusingye Pamela Baguma | ProcurementOfficer | | Tom Walton | WB | | Stu Solomon | WB | 79", "spans": [{"start": 226, "end": 249, "text": "Land Information System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 26 - - ( f ) Government would agree to establish and maintain a training program for group farm managers ( para 4 . 05 ) ; - ( g ) Government would negotiate with import suppliers in order to set prices for fertilizer and bags sufficiently in advance of the planting season so as to ensure the timely supply of these inputs ( para 5 . 01 ) ; and - ( h ) the prices of major farm crops would be published by the end of December each year for the following year ' s cropping season and that these prices would be reviewed annually and adjusted as necessary to reflect rising input costs ( para 5 . 03 ) . - 7 . 02 Conditions of Loan / Credit effectiveness would be : - ( a ) appointment of a Project Manager with qualifications and experience acceptable to IDA ( para 4 . 03 ) ; and - ( b ) signing of an agreement , or agreements acceptable to IDA , between Government and one or more coffee management companies confirming the latter ' s commitment to provide management , accounting and other services and possibly working capital for about 27 coffee estates ( para 4 . 06 ) . 7 . 03 The proposed Project would be suitable for an IDA credit of US $ 7 . 5 million on the usual terms and a Bank loan of US $ 7 . 5 million with a 25-year maturity and a grace period of five years . The borrower would be the Government of Kenya . # # February 10 , 1975", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * < u > SECTION II : HIVAIDS and IDP Country Profiles < / u > * * # # * * < u > Executive Summary < / u > * * The 8 country profiles in this section contextualise the HIV / AIDS and IDP situations for each country and provide data , if any , about HIV / AIDS among the IDP population . HIV data for the general population came from the 2004 epidemiological update of the UNAIDS and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , with the exception of Somalia where data was provided by a recent population-based survey led by WHO . < sup > 18 < / sup > The HIV prevalence among the 8 countries with an IDP population estimated from 11 . 1 to 14 . 7 million persons ranges from 0 . 3 % to 12 . 4 % with a median of 3 . 2 % ; however , there are few data focusing on IDP prevalence . Numerous articles made strong declarations on the effects of HIV among IDPs but most provided little data . Reports claiming twice the HIV prevalence among IDPs in Northern Uganda to the overall population did not examine trends that showed a decrease from 27 . 0 % in 1993 to 11 . 9 % in 2002 . We could only find HIV prevalence data for IDPs in Sudan < sup > 19 < / sup > ( 2002 ) and DRC < sup > 20 < / sup > ( 2002 ) . In all other countries , data collected in IDP affected areas were not disaggregated according to displaced and non-displaced persons . Recent population-based behavioural surveillance surveys ( BSS ) and / or sentinel surveillance surveys from Burundi , Colombia , DRC , Somalia and Sudan were used to better convey the situation for IDPs in the respective countries . There were very little data on HIV and IDPs for Liberia and Nepal . In conclusion , there are insufficient data to conclude how conflict and internal displacement affect HIV prevalence . Statements that conflict increases HIV transmission among", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 528, "text": "population-based survey led by WHO", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1096, "end": 1115, "text": "HIV prevalence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1347, "end": 1396, "text": "population-based behavioural surveillance surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1414, "end": 1443, "text": "sentinel surveillance surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "present , teachers are devoting significant amounts of time to non-teaching and learning activities , such as classroom management ( Abadzi 2009 ; Bruns and Luque 2015 ) . The cumulative result is that students are receiving only a fraction of the scheduled teaching time as actual learning time : across 7 Sub-Saharan African countries , whereas scheduled teaching time was on average 5 hours and 27 minutes per school day — actual teaching time was on average 2 hours and 46 minutes ( Bold et al . 2017 ) . In order to shed light on the measurement of these issues and their implications , we administered four different classroom observation instruments — from the Service Delivery Indicators , the Stallings Observation System , the Classroom Assessment Scoring System , and the recently developed _Teach_ classroom observation instrument — in about 100 schools across four regions of Tanzania . The research design is such that various combinations of tools were administered to various combinations of teachers so these data can be used to explore the commonalities and differences in the behaviors and practices captured by each tool , the internal properties of the tools ( for example how stable they are across enumerators , or how various indicators relate to one-another ) , and how variables collected by the various tools compare to each other . In addition to insights on the tools themselves , we leverage measures of teacher and student 2", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Strengthen Ethiopia ’ s Adaptive Safety Net ( P172479 ) # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Di | sbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P172479 | IDA-67980 | Effective | USD | 200 . 00 | 200 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 49 . 08 | 139 . 70 | | 26 % | | P172479 | IDA-D7450 | Effective | USD | 312 . 50 | 312 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 312 . 92 | 0 . 00 | | 100 % | | P172479 | IDA-D9030 | Effective | USD | 37 . 50 | 37 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 36 . 60 | 0 . 16 | | 100 % | | P172479 | IDA-E1230 | Effective | USD | 350 . 00 | 350 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 168 . 39 | 186 . 13 | | 47 % | | P172479 | TF-B8187 | Effective | USD | 113 . 78 | 113 . 78 | 0 . 00 | 112 . 86 | 0 . 92 | | 99 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . |", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 153, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enterprise budgets and farm household returns based on regional farming system models , which incorporate the improved technologies and practices extended by AEP . These estimates are indicative , as in the absence of quantitative data from the project , secondary data sources have been used . # # # * * 3 . Project Impact and Effectiveness * * # # # * * 3 . 1 Extension System Delivery * * The Government of Uganda AEP ICR ( 1998 ) indicated that farmer group meetings , technical workshops and farmer retraining were less frequent than planned in the AEP design , and that management and supervision of project field extension worker ( FEW ) activities occurred at a lower level than planned . The project surveys indicated that over the period of the project there was an increase in the FEW / farmer group contact ( refer Table 1 ) , though the level of contact was less than planned . The surveys did differ in their findings on the level of systematic contact , with sampling procedures in some of the surveys resulting in the risk of an over-estimation bias . Factors which reduced the FEW contact levels were : the reduction in FEW numbers ; the lack of operating budgets ; travelling distance ; late payments of allowances and a lower level of supervision than planned . An independent survey undertaken for the govemment by the World Bank Economic Development Institute and CIET International ( A Report Based on the Findings of the Baseline Service Delivery Survey , 1 995 ) indicated lower levels of FEW contact with farm households , with 11 per cent of households having contact with FEWs . This ranged from 15 to 21 per cent in three districts and was less than lO per cent in the other six surveyed districts . A number of the districts were AEP districts and in these districts group visits were less likely 53 per cent versus 70 per cent in non AEP districts , and households in AEP districts were less likely to be visited . The mean for FEW farmer visits in districts with AEP was 10 per cent", "spans": [{"start": 701, "end": 716, "text": "project surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1444, "end": 1476, "text": "Baseline Service Delivery Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "under Component 1 , public consultations will be held to incorporate the views of the citizens in the documents . For the flood risk reduction physical investments under Sub-component 2 . 1 , a series of consultations will take place to engage citizens in the planning and design stages to incorporate their views . For example , the citizens ’ views need to be reflected in the location and design of small water intake facilities , so that they are used effectively by the local communities . In addition , residents from the locality will be recruited , as appropriate , for unskilled work during the construction of the flood risk reduction infrastructure . Coherent and seamless risk communication with vulnerable communities throughout Component 2 is important . Participatory capacity-building activities will take place ( including hazard mapping , evacuation planning and drills , among others ) to raise the awareness of residual flood risks after physical investments in flood risk reduction under Sub-component 2 . 1 , improve the last-mile connectivity of the FEWS under Subcomponent 2 . 2 , and strengthen the preparedness of communities against floods under Sub-component 2 . 3 . An indicator on “ Beneficiaries who feel they are better prepared to respond to floods after participating in outreach , training and advocacy activities ” is included in the Results Framework to monitor citizen engagement under the project . A baseline survey will be conducted to identify the needs and challenges ( including those specific to women , physically disabled , and vulnerable groups ) and assess the risk perception of the beneficiaries , as well as to inform the design of activities under Component 2 . # # # * * V . GRIEVANCE REDRESS SERVICES * * 99 . * * Grievance Redress . * * Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a project supported by the World Bank may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance mechanisms or the Bank ’ s Grievance Redress Service ( GRS ) . The GRS ensures that complaints received are Page 45 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 1440, "end": 1455, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "five of the six countries had made a major change in the design of the module collecting consumption data in their surveys . < sup > 3 < / sup > Only South Africa had not changed the consumption survey design across the two years in the database , although they did in 2005 . As we will show in this paper , these design changes can result in large changes in both mean consumption and distributional measures . Our findings come from a study specifically intended to provide more comprehensive evidence on the sensitivity of consumption estimates to varying survey designs . We developed eight alternative consumption questionnaires that were randomly distributed across 4 , 000 households surveyed in Tanzania . These eight designs all represent common approaches to consumption measurement that have been implemented in numerous settings . We consider the various strengths and weaknesses of each approach to survey-based consumption measurement , including the types of errors that are likely to be more prominent . While in this experiment there are no validation data available for the study households , one resource intensive variant – a personal consumption diary with intensive and frequent supervision – is believed the most accurate and in many ways represents a “ gold standard ” for field based consumption measurement in survey format . We investigate how alternative survey designs compare with our benchmark , with a focus on the patterns of over or under-reporting of consumption expenditure with respect to household characteristics , and poverty and inequality measures . The paper is organized as follows . A review of related literature is presented in Section 2 . Section 3 describes the experiment , the Survey of Household Welfare and Labour in Tanzania , and construction of the consumption aggregates . Section 4 discusses the results . We compare estimates of total and component consumption for each of the modules , explore how household characteristics affect reporting , and consider the impact of alternative survey designs on inequality and poverty measures . Section 5 discusses the resource requirements for each survey design . The final section reviews the lessons learned herein . > 3 The variation in the type of consumption survey for these countries included : bounded recall and usual consumption ( 5 surveys Côte", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 105, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1728, "end": 1778, "text": "Survey of Household Welfare and Labour in Tanzania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# At a glance # * * Health access and utilization survey among Syrian refugees in Lebanon * * _UNHCR , September 2016_ * * Photo credit : UNHCR * * _We are grateful to the Syrian refugees who participated in this survey . We are also grateful to the Ministry of Public Health , and other local and international partners who have continuously provided healthcare services for refugees . The survey was conducted by UNHCR Public Health team in Lebanon with support from UNHCR Public Health Section in Geneva . _ 1", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 89, "text": "Health access and utilization survey among Syrian refugees in Lebanon", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "still twice as large as the coefficient on own family background . This means that raising the average background of the peers has twice the effect on a student ’ s test score as increasing his own socioeconomic background . School fixed effects , however , cannot address all sources of bias . Apparent peer effects may still be driven by differences in the quality of instruction or school management across classes , whenever these differences are correlated with the peer variables . This concern would arise if , for instance , richer parents are able to exert pressure on the school for a better teacher or if the school tracks children according to their performance . In other words , there is the concern of _selection of students into classes_ . In terms of the previous equation , the problem stems from the correlation between _bcs_ and peer characteristics _Ycs_ ( _ − i_ ) . To address these concerns , I exploit random variation in peer-groups between sixth-grade classrooms within schools . Two-thirds of the pupils in Argentina attend schools that have more than one class in each grade . The assignation of pupils to a class is determined at the beginning of primary school ( at six to seven years of age ) and remains unchanged throughout the whole seven years of education . Also , unlike the United States or the United Kingdom , in Argentina children are not streamed on the basis of their performance year by year . Instead , the initial allocation of classes is done randomly and it remains fixed for the entirety of primary education . In other words , _bcs_ and peer characteristics are not systematically related . Combined with school fixed effects , the effect of the peers on a student ’ s performance is identified by the existence of variations in class composition across classes within a given school . The strategy of combining school fixed effects when there is a random assignment of students across classes has been used in a number of papers . Ammermueller and Pischke ( 2009 ) follow a similar approach for estimating peer effects using PIRLS data of primary school children across six European countries . McEwan ( 2003 ) also bases his estimates of peer", "spans": [{"start": 2077, "end": 2087, "text": "PIRLS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 42 - # 4 . The Data Table A . 1 provides a full print-out of most of the data used in this study . The data on coups is as follows . Countries with one coug in 1965-73 : Mali , Congo , Somalia , Sudan , Ethiopia , Madagascar , Burkina Faso , Rwanda , Zaire , Benin , Lesotho ; one coup in 1974-82 : Burundi , Ethiopia , Liberia , Congo , Nigeria ; two coups in 1965-73 : Burundi , Nigeria , Ghana , Sierra Leone ; two coups in 1974-82 : Chad , Burkina Faso , Mauritania ; three coups in 1974-82 : Ghana . Additional information is available from the author .", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 118, "text": "data on coups", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _EIA project report for the Proposed St . Marys Mon Sec . School Borehole-Marakwet East July 2014_ * * The results from properly conducted tests are the most important tool in groundwater investigations . Measurements of water levels after the pump is stopped ( recovery ) are extremely valuable in verifying the aquifer coefficients calculated during the pumping phase of the test . - The pumping test should be conducted for a continuous period of 24 to 72 hours , depending on the type of aquifer . The accuracy of a draw down data taken during a pumping test depends on the following : - Maintaining a constant yield during the test . Measuring the draw down carefully in the pumping well and in one or two properly placed observation wells . - Taking draw down readings at appropriate time intervals . - Determining changes in barometric pressures ; stream levels affect the draw down data . - Comparing recovery data with draw down data taken during the pumping portion of the test . - Continuing the test for 24hours for a confined aquifer and 72 hours for an unconfined aquifer during constant rate tests level for the borehole must be recorded as well as the intake and the pumping water , levels of the pump during water abstraction . # # # # * * 4 . 9 Material Input * * The materials to be used fall into two categories : temporary and permanent . Temporary Materials - materials will include the materials , which will be used to facilitate the drilling work . # # # # * * 4 . 9 . 1 Temporary materials * * # # # # * * 4 . 9 . 1 . 1 Water * * Drilling water should not come from wetlands or seasonal swamps in the environs of the proposed borehole site . This is because these water supplies is likely to harbor pathogenic and iron bacteria and their subsequent growth in the borehole can cause serve problems both on human health and installed equipment in the hole . Water for drilling activities should be clean and of good quality . # # # # * * 4", "spans": [{"start": 524, "end": 538, "text": "draw down data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 913, "end": 926, "text": "recovery data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "resources ; and ( b ) the need to change the blanket recommendation of fertilizers types < sup > andrates < / sup > through soil test data , and make them location specific ( ii ) Fertilizer rate trials had been initiated in five regions ( 27 locations ) with the objective to establish yield responses to N and P fertilizers on major soils and crops in different areas and also < sup > to assess < / sup > the impact of different land husbandry practices . Data are being collected from trials to assist in developing precise fertilizer use recommendations . ( iii ) The NFSP has also been engaged in promoting Integrated Plant Nutrition System ( IPNS ) Trials , using both organic and inorganic nutrient sources . This is a longer term path breaking < sup > initiativeand < / sup > work is in progress . # # * * 4 . 0 Net Present Value / Economic Rate of Return * * Relevant data to compute the Project NPV at its completion are available only for the period 1996 to 2000 , even so they are not complete . However , based on reasonable assumptions and considering the various price variables , the NPV of the Project is Birr 2 , 425 million compared to Birr 2 , 362 million , using foreign exchange rate of one dollar is equal to Birr 8 . 56 . ERR could not be calculated for lack of data . # # * * 4 . 1 Financial Rate of Return * * Value Cost Ratios ( VCR ) have been computed by the recently carried out NFIA study on Fertilizer Marketing and Credit . The comparison with similar calculations by the SAR for a few zones shows that the profitability of some crops like teff has declined while that of wheat and barley improved markedly during the life of the project . This could be because of relatively lower teff response to fertilizer application . # # # * * 5 . 0 Institutional Development Impact * * _The project had a strong institutional impact . _ Strengthening of N", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 138, "text": "soil test data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * < u > Step 3 : Meeting with the Complainant < / u > * * The proposed corrective action and the time frame in which it is to be implemented will be discussed with the complainant within 30 days of receipt of the grievance . If no agreement is achieved , Step 2 will be revisited . # # # # # # * * < u > Step 4 : Implementation of Corrective Action < / u > * * Agreed corrective actions will be undertaken by the project developer or its Contractors within the agreed time frame . The date of the completed action will be recorded in the grievance database . # # # # # # * * < u > Step 5 : Verification of Corrective Action < / u > * * To verify satisfaction , the aggrieved person will be approached by the GO and SGRC to verify that the corrective action has been implemented . A signature of the complainant will be obtained and recorded in the log and / or on the consent form ( see Step 1 ) . If the complainant is not satisfied with the outcome of the corrective action , additional steps may be undertaken to reach agreement between the parties . If additional corrective action is not possible alternative avenues maybe pursued . # # # # # # * * < u > Step 6 : Action by Grievance and Resettlement Committee < / u > * * If the complainant remains dissatisfied and a satisfactory resolution cannot be reached , the complaint will be handled by the Mediation Committee . * * 8-2 * * * * MIBP * *", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 570, "text": "grievance database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and in Somali 11 . 8 percent . The EDHS also revealed that the prevalence of female genital mutilation / FGM / C / with women age 15-19 at country level is 65 percent , in Somali 99 percent , in Afar 91 percent , in Beneshangul 63 percent , Amhara 62 percent , Gambella 34 percent and Tigray 24 percent . DRDIP Phase One Social Assessment revealed ( 2016 ) that women and women-headed households were also categorized as the vulnerable groups . In all areas , women are subordinate to their husbands and do all the domestic chores , child rearing , many of the farming activities , house construction ( in pastoral areas of Afar and Somali ) , etc . . . Women and girls are more vulnerable to group fighting , rape , and other forms of GBV , which makes it difficult for female students and women to actively participate in development activities in the project ' s intervention areas . The social cohesion workshops in Beneshangul-Gumuz and Gambella regions in DRDIP-I indicated that the perpetrators of Sexual violence / harassment and the victims are from both , refugee and host communities . For instance , in Gambella Woreda the Women Affairs Office head reported that four rape cases happened in their woreda committed by host community members . The victims were supported medically and provided psychological treatment at the women and girls ’ shelter and the perpetrators were accused and jailed - ( confirmed by a field visit conducted in February 2021 ) , According to the Ethiopia National Refugee Strategy for Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender-Based Violence 2017-2019 , among the refugees hosted in Ethiopia , 50 percent are women and girls . They constitute the majority affected by different types of GBV , including intimate partner violence , socio-economic , emotional and sexual violence , as well as harmful traditional practices , mainly female genital mutilation and child marriages . In order to minimize GBV , DRDIP I in collaboration with implementing sectors and", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 39, "text": "EDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 305, "end": 338, "text": "DRDIP Phase One Social Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Other Sources * * Wind-borne dust emissions depend upon wind speed and turbulence , the physical condition of the surface and the size range of the dust present . If the latter factors are constant , then there will be a threshold wind speed at which dust begins to be removed from the surface and entrained in the airflow . For example , threshold wind speeds are 3 to 6 m / s for disturbed soils of less than 50 percent clay and low pebble cover , 6 to 10 m / s for bare clay soils and 20 to 30 m / s for undisturbed sandy soils having a crust or fine gravel cover . The meteorological data reported in Chapter 3 has shown that wind speed rarely exceeds 5 . 6 m / s and is never above 8 . 2 m / s . Thus , wind erosion is unlikely to be a significant source of dust at the site . Mechanical handling of construction materials such as unloading , loading and the formation of stockpiles or overburden storage mounds provides the energy required to suspend in the atmosphere a proportion of the material having an appropriate particle size range . Aggregate crushing and grading has a high potential for dust emissions unless the plant is suitably enclosed . Blasting operations release dust emissions , but these are not likely to be significant in the context of emissions from the materials handling processes . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 573, "end": 592, "text": "meteorological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ As per the Bank policy , the eligibility and entitlement matrix shall consider : - ( i ) all categories of affected people ; - ( ii ) all types of loss associated with each category ; and - ( iii ) All options for the types of compensation and resettlement assistance to which each category is entitled . The subproject entitlement matrix was developed based on the FDRE ’ s standards and as per the WB ’ s ESS 5 requirements . The compensation will be paid according to the regulations as presented in Table 9 . 1 . Prior to the finalization of the RP , the entitlements matrix shall be disclosed to the affected community and consulted on . Where relevant , changes shall be made to the entitlements matrix to reflect the articulated views and concerns of the affected community , expressed during the entitlements matrix disclosure and consultation process . # # # # # * * 9 . 4 Cut-Off Date * * The cut-off date is the time when the PAHs and their properties are assessed . No person will be eligible for houses built and crops sown in the subproject area after the census and inventory of assets . The establishment of a cut-off date is required to prevent opportunistic invasions / rush migration into the chosen land areas thereby posing a risk . Therefore , establishment of a cut-off date is of critical importance . This RP has applied a cut-off-date procedure in line with international standards , which is defined as the date of completion of census and asset inventory of PAPs . For this subproject , different cut-off dates are adopted and these are presented below : Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on December 21 , 2024 and therefore this date is the cut-off date for all subproject components ( the new substation , TL tower pad and RoW ) . All PAPs", "spans": [{"start": 1211, "end": 1241, "text": "census and inventory of assets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1597, "end": 1631, "text": "census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1768, "end": 1783, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 900 , 000 45 < br > 800 , 000 40 < br > 700 , 000 35 < br > 600 , 000 30 < br > 500 , 000 25 < br > 400 , 000 20 < br > 300 , 000 15 < br > 200 , 000 10 < br > 100 , 000 5 < br > 0 0 < br > 2001 2004 2007 2001 2004 2007 < br > Total < br > International < br > Total International Intercontinental Domestic < br > Intercontinental excluding flights between NA and SSA < br > Number of seats < br > Number of city pairs - < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # Source : Bofinger 2009 . Derived from AICD national database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data Note : As reported to international reservation systems Like many other African countries , Mali continues to face significant safety and security issues in air transport . Mali failed the FAA / IASA Audit , and none of its carriers have passed the IATA / IOSA audit . 18", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 528, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "giving the relationship in Figure 1 , whereby poorer states have no higher participation in MGNREGS , despite the greater demand for work on the scheme . To better understand this strong rationing effect of poverty , in Dutta et al . ( 2012 ) we study more closely the performance of the state of India with the highest poverty rate , Bihar . Drawing on various ( qualitative and quantitative ) data sources , including our own specialpurpose surveys , we argue that low administrative capacity for implementing the scheme and weak empowerment of poor people are at work in Bihar . Furthermore , we argue that changing one alone will not assure that MGNREGS will reach its potential in India ‘ s poorest areas . Effective action on both fronts will be necessary , # * * 3 . Is rationing undermining the self-targeting mechanism ? * * By insisting that participants do physically demanding manual work at a low wage rate , workfare schemes such as MGNREGS aim to be self-targeted , in that non-poor people will not want to participate . The substantial rationing that we have demonstrated above raises the question of how well this self-targeting mechanism works in practice . The fact that there is rationing does not mean that targeting will not be pro-poor . For one thing , the manual work requirement at a low wage rate will still discourage non-poor people from wanting to participate . For another , the local authorities doing the rationing may well favor the poor . The local officials who are deciding who gets work could either enhance or diminish the scheme ‘ s targeting performance . There has been no comprehensive national assessment of targeting performance . The quantitative studies that have been done so far have been based on selected samples and the tests used have often been problematic . < sup > 12 < / sup > What does the evidence from the NSS survey for 2009 / 10 suggest ? > 12 Jha et al . ( 2009 ) report evidence that households with larger landholdings were more likely to participate in the scheme in Andhra Pradesh ( AP ) , though they find evidence of better targeting in Rajasthan . They conclude that the scheme", "spans": [{"start": 428, "end": 450, "text": "specialpurpose surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1866, "end": 1876, "text": "NSS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex IV . Are Gross Revenues from Rice a Good Proxy for Rural Income ? * * This policy note assumes that farmers with smaller plots or lower gross revenues from rice are worse off . This is because there are limited alternative activities ( off-farm or beyond rice ) that would compensate for small land size or low rice revenues . Although this is clearly an over-simplification , the evidence suggests that the assumption holds when looking at asset variables ( e . g . quality of housing ) in the survey and farmers with smaller plots of land or lower gross income from rice are worse off . In the absence of an income variable from both surveys , the approach to determine if gross revenues from rice are a good proxy for wealth is two-fold : ( i ) use asset variables in the 2003 and 2007 surveys ( the building materials of the farmers ’ houses , the quality of the walls and flooring ) , and ( ii ) draw a subsample in 2003 that is limited to those respondents where rice accounts for a larger share of their income ( 50 percent or more ) and look at assets in this sub-sample only . In both cases , there is evidence showing that farmers with small paddy fields and lower gross revenues are less well-off . < sup > 20 < / sup > The findings from both 2003 and 2007 surveys suggest gross revenue from rice is a good proxy for rural income . Farmers in the poorer quintiles 1 and 2 report having houses of inferior quality materials , with soil floors and bamboo walls , as opposed to the higher quintiles 4 and 5 , having non-soil floors and wooden walls . In both 2003 and 2007 surveys , half of those farmers with soil-floor houses belong to quintiles 1 and 2 ( respectively , 27 percent and 24 percent in 2003 and 2007 , see Tables IV . 1-6 ) . Likewise , 33 percent and 37 percent of the farmers in quintile 1 had bamboo walled housing , while 48 percent and 45 percent of the farmers having wood-walled houses belong to higher revenue quintiles 4 and 5 . #", "spans": [{"start": 1266, "end": 1287, "text": "2003 and 2007 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # Injury surveillance Injury surveillance has been successfully linked to Mine Risk Education in a small number of countries , using hospital-based information it can lead to a better understanding of the scale of the problem , and can be integrated into existing health information systems to monitor changes resulting from mine / UXO use and preventative interventions . The data generated is able to guide national policy on injury prevention , help with identification of contaminated areas , victim assistance and creating an evidence base for advocacy and public education . Figure 25 highlights the case of Eritrea where UNICEF has worked with the government to integrate landmines and UXO into a national injury surveillance system . Reference to the Eritrean case study can provide you with more insight on how UNICEF successfully institutionalized the ISS model . More information can be found at the following website : http : / / www . who . int / violence_injury_prevention / publications / surveillance / landmines / en / # # # # Safety messaging and risk educat i on Where MRE has traditionally covered a specific set of activities focused on landmines and UXO and is guided by the International Mine Action Standards ( the standards in force for all UN mine action operations and international law ) . Syria - o < mark > ne of the most dangerous places on earth to be a child < / mark > - has created a situation where children face life-threatening risks every day and from all angles . Out of this huge need for physical safety have come a number of interventions to address broader risk education . # # # # # # * * Safety Messaging in Northern Syria 2013 * * Safety messages for risk education were developed by Save the Children in 2013 in response to a broad range of dangers that children were facing in active conflict . The messages took the form of ICE ( In Case of Emergency ) messages for children , parents and caregivers on different topics , such as how to behave if caught in shelling , and other physical hazards such as landmines , gunfire", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 165, "text": "hospital-based information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > host communities ; emerging risks ( e . g . , < br > SEA / SH ) . | Questionnaires , < br > monitoring checklists , < br > and interviews . < br > Periodic joint < br > monitoring with < br > RRS / UNHCR ; rapid < br > feedback surveys ; < br > disaggregated < br > reporting < br > ( refugee / host , sex , < br > disability ) . | Implementors of the < br > project , regulatory body , < br > consultants , and donors , < br > Beneficiary households ; < br > school communities . | ETOL E & S < br > safeguard experts , < br > WEOs . < br > MoE ETOL M & E < br > and E & S teams , < br > REOs / WEOs , RRS . | 9 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 224, "end": 240, "text": "feedback surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "11 this single-year increase in 1986 , and of the corresponding 40 % proportional poverty decline reported in Table 2 , are _not_ credible . Since there were no methodological changes to the survey , the explanation for this discrepancy – which is unique in the Brazilian time series , as an inspection of Tables 1 and 2 will attest – is unlikely to be found in statistical problems like those which have recently featured in the literature on poverty in India . More likely , it reflects the disconnect between monetary incomes and welfare that resulted from the widespread rationing that became prevalent throughout the Brazilian economy in late 1986 . Rationing arose in most consumer-goods sectors as continued monetary growth made the price freezes , on which the failed Cruzado stabilization plan hinged , unsustainable . Under widespread rationing , of course , real monetary incomes ( calculated with respect to the prevailing frozen prices ) are no longer a reliable guide to welfare , or to poverty , since goods are not necessarily available to meet demand . As the price freeze became unsustainable , and black markets proliferated , the Cruzado Plan was abandoned , and an upsurge in inflation in 1987 restored equilibrium prices . The results can be seen in the “ return to normalcy ” of median , mean and poverty indicators for 1987 , in Tables 1 and 2 . Crucially , during September 1986 – the reference month for the PNAD survey – the price freeze ( which was decreed on February 28 < sup > th < / sup > , 1986 , and effectively abandoned with the “ Cruzado II ” announcement of November 21 < sup > st < / sup > of the same year ) was still firmly in place , but rationing and black markets were already commonplace . < sup > 18 < / sup > In sum , while we are confident that the time-series for poverty and inequality presented in Tables 1 and 2 are reasonably accurate for all other years , they clearly overstate mean incomes and understate poverty for 1986 . Since there is no obvious reason why rationing should be distributionally neutral , the inequality numbers for 1986 must also be treated with", "spans": [{"start": 1434, "end": 1445, "text": "PNAD survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Estimating Poverty Using Cell Phone Data : Evidence from Guatemala * * By MARCO HERNANDEZ , LINGZI HONG , VANESSA FRIAS-MARTINEZ , ANDREW WHITBY , and ENRIQUE FRIAS-MARTINEZ < sup > 1 < / sup > _JEL Classification : O12 , I32 , B41 , C80 . Keywords : Big data , cell phone call detail records , poverty measurement , Guatemala . _ 1 M . Hernandez : The World Bank , Washington , D . C . ( email : marcohernandez @ worldbank . org ) ; L . Hong : University of Maryland , College Park , MD . ( email : lzhong @ umd . edu ) ; V . Frias-Martinez : University of Maryland , College Park , MD . ( email : vfrias @ umd . edu ) ; A . Whitby : The World Bank , Washington , D . C . ( email : awhitby @ worldbank . org ) ; E . Frias-Martinez : Telefonica Research , Madrid , Spain ( email : enrique . friasmartinez @ telefonica . com ) . We are grateful to the Guatemalan authorities for their support to this project , in particular the Ministry of Public Finance and the National Statistics Institute . We thank Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez , Manuela Francisco , Humberto Lopez , Pablo Saavedra , Kinnon Scott , and participants of the World Bank Group ’ s Innovation Challenge for helpful comments . Maryam AliLothrop and Sean Lothrop provided excellent research and editorial assistance . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the governments they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 268, "end": 298, "text": "cell phone call detail records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 2 . Refugees , asylum-seekers , internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) , returnees ( refugees and IDPs ) , stateless persons , and others of concern to UNHCR by origin , end-2006 * * Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . | Origin < sup > 1 < / sup > | Refugees < sup > 2 < / sup > | _Of whom_ < br > _assisted by_ < br > _UNHCR_ | Asylum - < br > seekers < br > ( pending < br > cases ) < sup > 3 < / sup > | Returned < br > refugees < sup > 4 < / sup > | IDPs < br > protected / < br > assisted by < br > UNHCR < sup > 5 < / sup > | Returned < br > IDPs < sup > 6 < / sup > | Stateless < br > persons < sup > 7 < / sup > | Various < sup > 8 < / sup > < br > | Total < br > population of < br > concern | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Afghanistan < sup > ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ < / sup > | 2 , 107 , 519 | _1 , 973 , 948_ | 14 , 354 | 387 , 917 | 129 , 310 | 10 , 443 | - | 100 , 372 | 2 , 749 , 915 | | Albania | 14 , 080 | _21_ | 2 , 258 | 10 | - | - | - | - | 16 , 348 | | Al", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 209, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expected to be less productive ( e . g . , La Porta & Shleifer 2008 ) , the actual dispersion is likely several times higher . < sup > 1 < / sup > In this context , understanding mechanisms of expanding within productivity growth can be critical for Mozambique ’ s economic development , and a strategy that can complement well the continuation of policies to promote investment and economic transformation . Specifically , for policy , learning about the role firm capabilities can have in raising within sector productivity is important to potentially identify new drivers of growth for Mozambique . Early studies showed that Mozambique scores low in measures of firm capabilities . It is ranked 137 out of 138 in the World Economic Forum ’ s Global Competitiveness Index ( GCI ) , mostly due to low scores on weak higher education and training and limited business sophistication , and is ranked 148 out of 157 in the World Bank ’ s Human Capital Index , which measures the relative productivity of today ’ s generation based on their educational and health attainments . In an international comparison of management practices across 34 countries , firms in Mozambique reported the lowest adoption of business practices ( Lemos & Scur 2014 ) . This paper uses new firm-level data on management and organizational practices , and firm-level skills , that was collected in 2018 as part of the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Survey to better understand the relationship between firm capabilities and firm performance in Mozambique . It expands from an early study about management practices ( Lemos & Scur 2014 ) by covering also skills and training , and a wide range of sectors and locations in the country , in the context where Mozambique is facing a more difficult economic environment than in the high-growth period of 2000-2015 . It also explores the importance of competition , contract enforcement and transaction costs in explaining differences in firm capabilities . Finally , it studies for the first time the relationship between firm capabilities and performance in Mozambique . We find that larger firms , male-owned , with relationship with international markets ( exporters , buying inputs from outside , with licensed technology ) , and those using internet", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 773, "text": "Global Competitiveness Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 936, "end": 955, "text": "Human Capital Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1267, "end": 1282, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1409, "end": 1426, "text": "Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The use of randomized control trials ( RCTs ) in the social sciences has greatly expanded over the past two decades , from economics and political science to public health and education . < sup > 1 < / sup > In parallel , journals , funders , policy organizations , and organizations promoting open science have emphasized that original research data be publicly accessible for others to analyze and use . As a result of this concerted push , hundreds of original RCT datasets from a wide variety of contexts and populations are already published and in principle accessible to researchers , with the potential to benefit numerous areas of research . However , there remain to date significant barriers to the discovery and use of existing RCT data . Published datasets are scattered across data repositories , journal and university websites , and researcher homepages . In many data repositories , filter options and documentation fields are broad , often consisting of free form text fields , and data quality and provenance are hard to assess . RCT data are often published with a focus on replicating the analysis in a specific paper , and the properties specific to RCTs and features of the data have to be pieced together from inspecting datasets , data appendices , and readme files . Combining datasets across studies is hindered by a lack of harmonization and documentation . Any work in this regard by individual researchers is lost to the next person who wants to conduct a similar study . In this paper , we propose a metadata schema that can serve as the basis for a catalog of RCT data ( or , more broadly , any social science experimental data ) . The metadata schema defines a set of fields with encoding schemes that can be used to describe datasets associated with social science experiments . The encoding scheme defines the acceptable formats and values to complete the field , such as free text entry , dates , numeric values , or controlled vocabularies ( multiple choice options ) . < sup > 2 < / sup > The proposal organizes fields into thematic modules and includes whether a field should be optional or mandatory .", "spans": [{"start": 1617, "end": 1625, "text": "RCT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) _ Rev . 2023 integrated into the final project design to facilitate their successful project implementation . The Consultants should also recognize that due care and diligence planned during the inception stage helps in improving the timing and quality of the EA reports . During the inception period the Consultants shall : ( a ) study the project information to appreciate the context within which the EA has to be carried-out ; ( b ) identify the sources of secondary information on the project , on similar projects and on the project area ; ( c ) carry out a reconnaissance survey and ( d ) undertake preliminary consultations with selected stakeholders . Following the site visits and stakeholder consultations , as well as a review of the conditions of contract with the Client , the consultant shall analyse the adequacy of the allocated manpower , time and budget and shall clearly bring out deviations , if any . The Consultant shall study the various available surveys , techniques , models and software in order to determine what would be the most appropriate in the context of this project . The Consultant shall interact with the engineering and social consultants to determine how the EA work fits into the over-all project preparation cycle ; how overlapping areas are to be jointly addressed ; and to appropriately plan the timing of the deliverables of the EA process . These shall be succinctly documented in the Inception Report . # # # # # # * * < mark > Environmental Screening < / mark > * * Consultants shall summarise the known sub-project / s into different categories that relate to the magnitude potential environmental impacts . During such categorisation , consideration shall be paid to : ( i ) location of sub-project with respect to environmentally sensitive areas ; and ( ii ) volume , nature and technology of construction . The screening parameters should be such that their identification and measurement is easy , and does not involve detailed studies . The screening criteria shall also contain exclusion criteria , for subprojects , which should not be", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9083 # * * Abstract * * Using World Bank Enterprise Survey data around the world , this paper examines how foreign direct investment is associated with female entrepreneurship ( that is , a firm being managed and at least partly owned by women ) , along with other factors such as business environment and female empowerment , and their interactions with foreign direct investment . Female entrepreneurship rises with foreign direct investment inflow , lower entry barriers for women , women ’ s better access to finance , higher female labor force participation , and women ’ s better education . The positive association of foreign direct investment inflow and female entrepreneurship is stronger for firms in the service sectors and small firms . The horizontal competition effects of intra-industry foreign direct investment for female entrepreneurship are reduced when women face lower entry barriers for starting a business and have a higher labor force participation rate , and the effects do not depend on women ’ s access to finance or their level of education . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at lxu1 @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 60, "end": 93, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "presented in Table 1 and based on responses to a phone follow-up survey carried out in December 2018 . In the survey we only ask adoptionrelated questions to farmers who say at least one of their plots had a Fall Armyworm infection during the current season ; for this reason , the analysis in Table 1 focuses on practices included in the training module and only applicable once a plot is infected . Before getting to the discussion of results , the reader should have an important caveat in > 15An alternative way to investigate the relationship between training and adoption is to use the random price assigned by the _price_ lottery to the decision maker as an instrument for training . When I implement this IV specification ( not reported ) I find that coefficient magnitudes are quite similar to those obtained estimating Eq . 10 but , predictably , noisier . > 16The OLS estimator _β_ 1 in this case is a weighted estimator , where weights are given by the conditional variance of the treatment variable . The conditional variance of _Trainingv_ ( conditional on each possible value of _wDz , v_ ) is highest when , within a bin of _wDz , v_ , the share of treated and untreated is equal . So bins of _wDz , v_ in which everyone is treated or everyone is not treated are going to receive lower weights than bins in which treated and non-treated have similar shares , and hence higher conditional variance ( see Chapter 3 in Angrist and Pischke ( 2009 ) ) . In the data , bins such that _wDz , v ∈ _ [ 6 _ , _ 000 _ , _ 12 _ , _ 000 ] are the ones with the most similar treatment shares and hence are weighted more ; if _wDz , v < _ 6 _ , _ 000 most or all villages are untreated ; if _wDz , v > _ 12 _ , _ 000 most or all villages are treated . 16", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 71, "text": "phone follow-up survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "schools ( Text ) | Comments on < br > achieving targe | ts | End target exceeded . < br > Source : NLA 2021 / 22 | | | | | # # * * 7 . 2 Intermediate Results Indicators by Results Areas * * | * * Improved internal efficiency * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseli | ne | Actual ( Cu | rrent ) | Closing | Period | | Indicator Name | Value | Month / Year | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | | | 175 . 80 | Jul / 2016 | 135 . 80 | 04-Apr-2025 | 140 . 00 | Jul / 2023 | | IR Indicator 1 . 1 : Gross intake ratio < br > ( GIR ) at Grade 1 ( Percentage ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | Target achieved . < br > Results by gender : < br > Source : 2022 / 23 ES | M = 143 . 3 , F = 128 . < br > AA | 2 | | | IR Indicator 1 . 2 : Number of schools | 0 | Jul / 2016 | 18 , 318 | 04-Apr-2025 | 18 , 000 | Jun / 2024 | | with quality-enhanced O-Classes < br > ( Text ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | Target achieved | | | | | IR Indicator 1 . 3 : % of O-Classes in | 0 . 00 | Jul / 2016 | 68 . 9 % | 04-Apr-2025 | 70 . 00 | Jul / 2023 | | Phase 1 schools upgraded through < br > the QEAP ( Text ) | Comments on achi | eving targets | Target almost fully < br > 409 schools in 2013 | achieved . < br", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 112, "text": "NLA 2021 / 22", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DITC / TAB / 2017 / 2 . - Dhingra , Swati , Rebecca Freeman , and Hanwei Huang ( 2021 ) , “ The impact of non-tariff barriers on trade and welfare . ” 17 . - Dür , Andreas , Leonardo Baccini , and Manfred Elsig ( 2014 ) , “ The Design of International Trade Agreements : Introducing a New Dataset . ” _Review of International Organizations_ 93 , 353 – 375 . - Ederington , Josh and Michele Ruta ( 2016 ) , “ Nontariff Measures and the World Trading System . ” _Handbook of Commercial Policy 1b_ . Ed . by Kyle Bagwell and Robert W . Staiger . 1st ed . Vol . 1A . Elsevier B . V . , 211 – 277 . url : http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1016 / bs . hescop . 2016 . 04 . 010 . - Egger , Peter H . and Mario Larch ( 2008 ) , “ Interdependent Preferential Trade Agreement Memberships : An Empirical Analysis . ” _Journal of International Economics_ 762 , 384 – 399 . url : http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1016 / j . jinteco . 2008 . 08 . 003 . - Egger , Peter H . , Mario Larch , and Yoto V . Yotov ( 2022 ) , “ Gravity Estimations with Interval Data : Revisiting the Impact of Free Trade Agreements . ” _Economica_ 89353 , 44 – 61 . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Figure 8 . Foreign Equity Inflows and Ownership * * This figure shows the evolution of foreign equity inflows and ownership in China . Panel A shows annual foreign equity portfolio inflows into China and annual procceds from domestic equity issuances ( excluding initial public offerings ) . Values are expressed in billions of 2011 U . S . dollars ( USD ) . Foreign inflows correspond to net changes in foreign portfolio equity positions in China ( stocks , participations , depositary receipts , private equity of unlisted firms , mutual funds , and investment trusts ) . Panel B shows the average foreign ownership ratio across domestic listed firms each year . The foreign ownership ratio is the value of shares held by investors outside mainland China over the total value of shares outstanding per firm . Sources : Balance of Payments data from the IMF and Refinitiv . # # * * A . Foreign Equity Inflows versus Domestic Equity Issuance * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Foreign Equity Inflows to China < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 851, "text": "Balance of Payments data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * E-Commerce Participation and Household Income Growth in Taobao Villages * * Xubei Luo and Chiyu Niu < sup > ∗ < / sup > JEL codes : L8 , O15 , P25 , L16 Key words : E-commerce , income growth , rural economy , industrial clustering > ∗ The authors thank Shaohua Chen , Samuel Freije-Rodriguez , John Giles , Bert Hofman , Deepak Mishra , Ambar Narayan , Hoon Sahib Soh , Xuejiao Xu , and Salman Zaidi for valuable comments and discussion ; Zhengwei Jiang , Zhenzhong Sheng , Ruidong Zhang from Alibaba Group for suggestions and for sharing the Alibaba online data for the research ; Ramiro Flores Cruz , Hua Ding , Tao Kong , Qiang Li , Juan Munoz , Jinjie Wang , Yunbo Zhou , the entire team of the Institute of Social Science Survey of Peking University , China , and all survey interviewers for collaboration in the Taobao Village Survey ; and all participants in the Taobao Village Survey for sharing their information and experience . The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not reflect those of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 550, "end": 569, "text": "Alibaba online data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 825, "end": 846, "text": "Taobao Village Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UETCL ’ s financial statements < sup > 19 < / sup > , the figures for FY14 are USh 16 billion < sup > 20 < / sup > ( US $ 4 . 9 million < sup > 21 < / sup > ) , and for FY13 USh 25 billion ( US $ 9 . 9 million ) . Furthermore , in FY14 , UETCL was able to capitalize debt for USh 331 billion ( US $ 98 million ) helping to rebalance equity and debt positions . Given the return to profits and the capitalization of the debt shown in 2013 and 2014 , UETCL had the ability to meet the financial covenants ( related to DSCR and EBITDA margin ) under the Bank-funded ESDP , as presented in the table below . * * Table 5 . 4 . – UETCL Financial Covenants * * | * * Covenant * * | | * * FY13 * * | * * FY14 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | DSCR | Target | 1 . 0 | 1 . 0 | | | Observed | 1 . 14 | 28 . 5 | | EBITDA ratio | Target | 1 . 5 | 2 . 0 | | | Observed | 3 . 0 | 7 . 7 | _Source : _ World Bank based on UETCL data . 22 . Further to the calculation of the financial covenants , the analysis also evaluated other financial ratios . The output of the study shows that UETCL has sensibly reduced its rate of return , measured as the Return on Assets ( ROA ) < sup > 22 < / sup > . 23 . A low ROA value can be caused by new investments not producing revenues yet ( that is , increases in work in progress account ) or by low profit level . In the case of UETCL , it seems", "spans": [{"start": 913, "end": 923, "text": "UETCL data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 301 < br > 63 < br > 436 | 313 < br > 65 < br > _85 | < br > 338 < br > 66 < br > - 08 | | | 549 | 596 | 679 | 765 | < br > 863 | 900 | 944 | 1 , 023 | 1 , 086 | 1 , 166 | 1 , 230 | | B . Other white oil products | 12 | < br > 14 | 14 | 16 | 19 | - | 22 | 24 | < br > 26 | < br > 28 | < br > 29 | | C . Black oil productsl / | 436 | 476 | 516 | 5 | 508 | - | 487 | < br > 480 | < br > 499 | 519 | < br > _53_ | | Total | 997 | 1 , 086 | 1 , 209 | 1 , 298 | 1 , 390 1 | , 420 | 1 , 453 | 1 , 527 | < sup > 1 , 611 < / sup > | < sup > 1 , 713 < / sup > | < sup > 1 , 812 < / sup > | A . White oil products - 1 / Decline from 1972 to 1976 partly due to substitution < sup > of heavy fuel oils with diesel oil , < / sup > principally by EARC . Source : Oil company and Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 754, "end": 787, "text": "Oil company and Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Rural Poor – Chriqui | 105 . 6 | 3 . 5 % | 132 | 1 . 1 % | 1 , 250 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rural Non-Poor Chiriqui | 120 . 0 | 3 . 9 % | 359 | 3 . 1 % | 2 , 993 | | Rural Poor – Other Panama | 513 . 9 | 16 . 8 % | 520 | 4 . 5 % | 1 , 012 | | Rural Non-Poor Other Panama | 236 . 8 | 7 . 7 % | 584 | 5 . 1 % | 2 , 468 | | Urban Poor | 370 . 9 | 12 . 1 % | 575 | 5 . 0 % | 1 , 550 | | Urban Non-Poor | 1 , 483 . 9 | 48 . 5 % | 8 , 941 | 77 . 5 % | 6 , 025 | | Rural Poor | 757 . 5 | 24 . 8 % | 800 | 6 . 9 % | 1 , 055 | | Rural Non-Poor | 447 . 3 | 14 . 6 % | 1 , 220 | 10 . 6 % | 2 , 728 | | * * All Panama * * | * * 3 , 059 . 6 * * | * * 100 . 0 % * * | * * 11 , 536 * * | * * 100 . 0 % * * | * * 3 , 770 * * | _Source : _ Authors ’ calculations from 2003 Panama SAM . Table 6 shows the effects of a 1 dollar exogenous increase in value added from the various tradable goods sectors . For example , on average , a US $ 1 increase in the output of goods and services from the Zone Colon leads to an additional US $ 0 . 42 increase in value added from non-traded goods and services ( national economy simulation ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > This gain is due mainly to consumer spending effects as incomes earned in various activities", "spans": [{"start": 787, "end": 797, "text": "Panama SAM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "plan and proposal for < br > financial funding for < br > equipment and infrastructure | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-01 < br > 2018-03-30 < br > 2018-10-22 < br > 2018-03-30 < br > 2018-12-05 < br > 2019-01-04 | 2019-02-08 | 2019-08-07 | | ET-MOST-69291-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of consulting < br > firm for standards need < br > assessment survey | IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - International | 100 , 000 . 00 | 97 , 904 . 57 < br > Completed | 2018-07-19 < br > 2018-08-15 < br > 2018-08-09 < br > 2018-08-21 < br > 2018-09-22 < br > 2019-03-01 < br > 2018-10-22 < br > 2019 - | 04-01 < br > 2018-11-26 < br > 2019 | - 04-01 < br > 2019-05-25 < br > 2019-10-09 | | ET-MOST-37071-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service for the < br > development and installation < br > of software for online < br > accreditation application and < br > accreditation solution of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "total movie trade is divided by X ’ s GDP or population , the two methods might render totally different results . GDP ’ s great merit is that since trade-offs are measured by market prices , we know the terms at hand . That noted , the immediate purpose of this index is to achieve the following objectives : - 1 ) To shed light on patterns of cultural trade effectively . The index would assemble cultural trade data in one place where they can easily be studied . And as a database , it could function as a public good ( for anyone who wishes to learn about patterns of international cultural trade ) . - 2 ) Policy action : To pursue policy action that may help promote effective cultural trade policies for development . Ranks and comparisons are not often golden gates to truth . But , in our context , if country X is number one in attracting global cultural tourism , that rank might serve as a proxy for country X to stay competitive in this sector . This is not new . And indeed policy makers elsewhere could consider what allows X to succeed while others , with more or less similar features , have not . - 3 ) Improve research on cultural data : Anyone who has done research on the cultural or creative economy perhaps faces the same challenge that inspired the creation of this index : the paucity of data . This can be a major challenge in convincing skeptics and policy makers to allocate scarce resources to promote the creative sector — although , of course , data availability does not automatically lead to policy priority ; nor does availability necessarily lead to access , better > 4 Panitchpakdi and Kemal Derviş 2008 , pp . iii-iv . 5 Ibid . , p . iii . > 6 See Kabanda 2014 .", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 418, "text": "cultural trade data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_PoLtcy_ RESiK-k1Rc i WORkUNG PAPR I 1927 # Summary * * findings * * Using a household budget survey for 1992 , Hassanshows the poor revenue performance and distribuLional impact of BuLgaria ' s personal income tax system . He explores the implications for revenue and income distribution of two alternative tax systens - a flat . tax and a progressive but simpler three-brackets tax system . He demonstrates that simpler tax structures with lower tax rates could achieve at least equal revenue and distributional objectives and are superior in terms of efficiency anid equity . ( The findings are robust when Bulgaria ' s significant tax evasion is included . ) But tax changes since 1992 have , if anything , moved Bulgaria even further from a simple income tax system : the number of rates and brackets increased from 7 to 10 , and * * the * * levels of exemption remain unchanged . ( Complex , higher rates complicate administration and enforcement and provide inicentives for tax evasion . And in the alternative systems Hassan explores , the poor are protected with higher exemnptions . ) Fortunately , the country ' s personal income tax structure began to move toward less nominal progressivity after Bulgaria ' s 1997 tax reform program . The tax rate in the top income bracket was reduced from 52 percent to 40 percent , the number of tax brackets was halved , and the exemption level was increased 20 percent ( reducing tax burdens on the poor ) . - - This paper a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector , Europe and Central Asia Region is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the social and revenue dimensions of tax reforms in transition economies . Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Please contact Alison Panton , room Hl 1-033 , telephone 202-458-5433 , fax 202-477-0816 , Internet address apanton @ ecworldbank . org . The author may be contacted at fhassan @ worldbank . org . June 1998 . _ ( 25_ pages ) _The Policy , Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findinigs of work in progress to encourage the exchange", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 109, "text": "household budget survey for 1992", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "N . 1984 assessment ( published in 1986 ) , Eurostat ( 1987 ) , the U . S . Bureau of the Census ( 1985 ) , and Celade ( 1987 ) . The specific source for each country is listed in the Appendix . The 1985 population of each country was distributed by age and sex using a percentage distribution from either the latest census , adjusted for errors in age reporting , or the U . N . 1984 assessment ( the 1988 revision was not yet available for this purpose ) . # Mortality level and trend The base-period mortality levels in the projections are represented by life expectancies obtained , sometimes indirectly , from a variety of sources . Most commonly , figures are based on official or other estimates appearing in PoRulation and Vital Statistics ReRort or government publications . Other figures are taken from the U . N . 1988 revision or the", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 52, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Table 12 . The Short - and Long-Term Stock Market Reactions * * The sample consists of all nonfinancial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008 to 2017 . This table presents the result of the regression analysis of the stock market reaction in the short and long run . The cumulative abnormal returns in the next two trading days are used to measure the short-term stock market reaction . The increase of Tobin ’ s Q in the next 5 years after the event net of its 2 years growth before the event was used to measure the long-term stock market reaction . _Titling Firm_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm has allocated land before the land title scheme starting from 2012 and 0 if otherwise . _SOE_ is a dummy variable that is 1 if the firm is affiliated to the government and 0 if otherwise . All variables are winsorised at the upper and lower 1-percentile . Industry FE denotes whether the industry of the listed firms ( categorized according to industry categorization from CSMAR database ) is considered in the specification . Exchange FE denotes whether the effect of exchange ( Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange ) in which the firms are listed is considered in the specification . The _t-statistics_ are computed using standard errors that are White-corrected . The * , * * , * * * indicates significance at the 1 % , 5 % and 10 % level respectively . | | | Stock Market Re < br > | action [ 0 , 2 ] < br > | | | Δ Tobin ' s Q < br > | [ - 2 Year , 5 Yea < br > | r ] < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | ( 4 ) | ( 5 ) | ( 6 ) | ( 7 ) | ( 8 ) | | Titling Firm | 0 . 076 * * *", "spans": [{"start": 130, "end": 144, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "majority of PAHs is based mainly on small-scale cash crop ( coffee , khat , fruit crops , timber ) production supplemented by cereal crops and livestock production – the later mainly for sustenance purposes . Following this and as briefly mentioned in the preceding section , agriculture-based livelihood restoration strategy , horticulture , cereal ( sorghum , maize , wheat , etc . ) crop production , and livestock ( cattle ) production improvement applies to all eligible PAHs regardless of categories indicated above . Agriculture-based livelihood restoration strategy will have three main components namely : - ( a ) Crops Production Improvement Component , - ( b ) Livestock Production and Improvement Component , and - ( c ) Seedling Nurseries Development Each component in turn has sub-components . Detailed discussion on the design , planning approaches , constituent packages , external inputs or resources required for the implementation , and potential implementing partners for each component and subcomponents thereof is presented in the proceeding section . # # # # # # * * 11 . 4 . 1 . 1 Crop Production Improvement Sub-Component * * Despite the acute farmland shortage ( about 0 . 8 ha per household ) , agricultural production potential of smallholder farmers in the Subproject area is considerable . Although production of various perennial crops – including coffee , khat , fruits , and vegetables - is dominant , cereal crop production is also substantial inside the proposed Subproject ’ s AoI . Major annual crops grown in the Subproject area include maize , sorghum and wheat . In line with the cropping pattern and corroborating evidence from surveys and community consultations , Cereal Crop Production Improvement is proposed as one of the key LR strategies that should be supported by the Subproject and implemented by PAHs in partnership with local implementation agencies , respective Woreda Agriculture Offices in particular . Discussion of key inputs required , types of crops to be considered , anticipated purpose , and implementation arrangements for Cereal Crops Production Improvement subcomponents are outlined below . Page 160", "spans": [{"start": 1669, "end": 1704, "text": "surveys and community consultations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 2 Results * * Table 3 , columns ( 1 ) to ( 7 ) reports baseline least-squares estimates of equation ( 3 ) for the whole sample as well as for separate regions and countries . < sup > 24 < / sup > All specifications control for firm _ × _ product _ × _ destination and origin _ × _ year fixed effects ( equation ( 3 ) ) . We also replicate Table 3 replacing the latter set of fixed effects with firm _ × _ product _ × _ year fixed effects ( equation ( 4 ) ) . To conserve space the results are reported in Table A . 6 in the online appendix Section C . 1 . On the whole sample the elasticity of the exporter price to the log of the bilateral RER is positive and significant and implies that the average firm in our sample raises its price by 1 . 4 percent ( respectively 0 . 9 percent ) following a 10 percent depreciation of its home currency in column ( 1 ) , Table 3 ( resp . Table A . 6 ) . This elasticity is quantitatively close to the estimates reported in the literature on industrial and emerging countries , which typically lie between 0 . 05 and 0 . 2 . < sup > 25 < / sup > Thus , although our elasticities are estimated on a sample of developing countries , we find a degree of exchange rate pass-through which is very much consistent with those found for industrial countries . Moreover , like those found in the existing literature , our estimates also reflect limited PTM on average and very high levels of pass-through into export price ( 86 percent in column 1 , Table 3 ) . The estimated elasticities might be low due to measurement error arising from using annual data ( Fosse , 2012 ) . An alternative explanation is that these firm-level estimates hide a great deal of heterogeneity . If large firms adjust more to exchange rate variations at the price margin pass-through may be lower on aggregate . Table 3 : Pricing-to-market : Baseline | | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | (", "spans": [{"start": 1586, "end": 1597, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > UG-MLHUD-59754-CS-QCBS < br > / Consultancy Services to < br > Prepare Environmental and < br > Social Impact AssessmentReports & ResettlementAction Plans for Selected IDA / 54060 Local Access , Planning andDevelopment Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - International 400 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2018-05-11 2018-05-16 2018-06-01 2018-05-23 2018-07-15 2019-04-30 2018-08-12 2018-09-11 2018-10-16 2018-11-20 2019-11-20 < br > Roads in Bullisa and Hoima < br > Districts and Renovation of < br > Bullisa Town Council Offices < br > UG-MLHUD-191613-CS-CQS < br > / Consultancy Services forConducting BeneficiarySatisfaction Survey forComponent 2 : Local Access , IDA / 54060 Local Access , Planning andDevelopment Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 93 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-09-03 2020-09-08 2020-09-29 2020-10-16 2020-10-31 2021-01-29 < br > Planning and Development < br > UG-MLHUD-191614-CS-CQS / Consultancy Services toUndertake End of ProjectEvaluation IDA / 54060 Local Access , Planning andDevelopment Post ConsultantQualificationSelection Open - National 200 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-09-03 2020-09-08 2020-09-29 2020-10-16 2020-10-31 2021-01-29 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Financial Sector Strengthening Project ( FSSP ) ( P171627 ) | | capital . Compliance byall banks will be evidenced bycopies of Basel II reports submitted to NBE . | | - - - | - - - | | Frequency | One time | | Data source | Verificationprotocol for PBC | | Methodology for data < br > collection | Verification protocol for PBC 2 | | Responsibility for data | NBE | | collection | | | * * Climate related financial r * * | * * iskguideline issued E * * < sup > * * PBC * * < / sup > | | Description | This indicator is aligned with PBC 3 which requires the issuance of guidelines on governance , risk management , and < br > disclosure of climate-related financial risk to banks by NBE . This is evidenced by the publication of guidelines on the < br > NBE website . | | Frequency | One time | | Data source | Verificationprotocol for PBC | | Methodology for data < br > collection | Verification protocol for PBC 3 | | Responsibility for data | NBE | | collection | | | * * Number of financial instit * * | * * utions monitoring and collecting sex-disaggregated financial sector data ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator will monitor the implementation of a system to collect sex-disaggregated data across the financial < br > sector . | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | NBE | | Methodology for data < br > collection | Reporting by the NBE | | Responsibility for data | NBE | | collection | | | * * Component 2 : Reform , Re * * | * * structuring , and Recapitalization of the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia ( CBE ) * * | | * * A new", "spans": [{"start": 1068, "end": 1107, "text": "sex-disaggregated financial sector data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Uganda COVID-19 Response and Emergency Preparedness Project ( P174041 ) | The vaccination rates in refugee settlements and RHDs has been updated in this ISR . This is < br > because the earlier ( higher ) estimates counted other sources other thank Bank financing . < br > Following a comprehensive review of all subnational data , this has now been reduced to only < br > what was funded by UCREP . Breakdown is provided below . | | - - - | | For vaccination of refugees ( 18 , 890 ) : | | - By Dec 31 , 2022 , 17 , 411 had been vaccinated using the single-dose J & J and Sinopharm double - < br > dose COVID-19vaccine procured with Bank funds ; | | - 1 , 479 dosesere administered following the WB ’ s funding of a Mass Covid-19 Vaccination < br > Campaign in Sept . 2022 | | For vaccination in RHDs ( 119 , 170 ) : | | - By Dec 31 , 2022 , 110 , 087 had been vaccinated using the single-dose J & J and Sinopharm < br > double-dose COVID-19vaccine procured with Bank funds ; | | - 9 , 083 doses were administered following the WB ’ s funding of a Mass Covid-9 Vaccination < br > Campaign in Sept . 2022 | Page 11 of 15", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 391, "text": "subnational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * E / CN . 3 / 2020 / 15 * * programmes . < sup > 6 < / sup > The purpose of the Group was to establish a unified United Nations position with regard to the life cycle approach to legal identity by promoting the holistic model of civil registration , vital statistics and identity management , both at the normative level and on the ground . 4 . In the process , and working closely with the World Bank , the United Nations Legal Identity Expert Group developed the operational United Nations definition of legal identity . Legal identity is defined as the basic characteristics of an individual ’ s identity , for example , name , sex , and place and date of birth , conferred through registration and the issuance of a certificate by an authorized civil registration authority following the occurrence of birth . In the absence of birth registration , legal identity may be conferred by a legally-recognized identification authority ; this system should be linked to the civil registration system to ensure a holistic approach to legal identity from birth to death . Legal identity is retired by the issuance of a death certificate by the civil registration authority upon registration of death . 5 . On the basis of this definition , the United Nations Legal Identity Expert Group developed and introduced the United Nations Legal Identity Agenda , which consists of the holistic approach to ensure complete civil registration and universal registration of all vital events , the production of regular , comprehensive and accurate vital statistics , and the establishment and maintenance of population registers and identity management apparatus from birth to death . There should be full interoperability between these functions in a simultaneous manner , in accordance with international standards and recommendations . < sup > 7 < / sup > 6 . The United Nations Legal Identity Agenda builds on the existing methodological framework for civil registration and vital statistics as developed under the auspices of the International Programme for Accelerating the Improvement of Vital Statistics and Civil Registration Systems and expands it to ensure a holistic and interoperable approach between civil registration , vital statistics production and identity management . As", "spans": [{"start": 1596, "end": 1616, "text": "population registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report Second Ethiopia Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project ( P156433 ) # * * The World Bank * * | Secondary Cities < br > ( Number ) | 0 . 00 | Mar / 2017 | 0 . 00 | 01-Feb-2024 | 0 . 00 | 30-Apr-2025 | 22 . 00 | Jun / 2024 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Collection Efficiency of | 81 . 00 | Mar / 2017 | 86 . 35 | 01-Feb-2024 | 91 . 44 | 30-Apr-2025 | 95 . 00 | Jun / 2024 | | participating utilities < br > ( Percentage ) | Commen < br > achieving | ts on < br > targets | Based on th | e compiled baselin | e data for SCs | as of EFY 2010 | | | | Addis Ababa < br > ( Percentage ) | 87 . 00 | Mar / 2017 | 94 . 00 | 01-Feb-2024 | 95 . 00 | 30-Apr-2025 | 95 . 00 | Jun / 2024 | | Secondary Cities < br > ( Percentage ) | 81 . 00 | Mar / 2017 | 78 . 70 | 01-Feb-2024 | 87 . 89 | 30-Apr-2025 | 95 . 00 | Jun / 2024 | | | 0 . 00 | Mar / 2017 | 5 . 00 | 01-Feb-2024 | 20 | 30-Apr-2025 | 23 . 00 | Jun / 2024 | | Number of participating < br > utilities with updated < br > business plan ( Number ) | Commen < br > achieving | ts on < br > targets | Based on th < br > Adama , Ass < br > needs upda", "spans": [{"start": 595, "end": 609, "text": "e data for SCs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) # # * * ANNEX 1 : DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION * * # # * * COUNTRY : South Sudan * * # # * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project * * # # * * Context * * 1 . South Sudan is facing an unprecedented level of humanitarian crisis since independence . The food security and nutrition situation in South Sudan has deteriorated significantly as a result of the combined effects of drought , conflicts and economic decline . Results from the newly released IPC indicate that between February and April 2017 an estimated 4 . 9 million people ( 42 percent of the population ) will be severely food insecure and this number is projected to increase to 5 . 5 million at the height of the lean season in July . The IPC declared that South Sudan is experiencing localized famine ( IPC Phase 5 ) in two counties ( Leer and Mayendit ) of Unity state while a third county ( Koch ) is facing an elevated risk of famine . Currently , about 100 , 000 people in Leer and Mayendit are facing famine conditions , and the IPC warns that the situation could quickly expand to other Phase 4 ( emergency ) areas unless humanitarian assistance is significantly improved in the coming months . 2 . Acute malnutrition remains prevalent in many parts of South Sudan . Out of 23 counties with recent data , 14 have GAM rates at or above the 15 percent emergency threshold , while GAM above 30 percent is observed in Unity ( Leer , Mayendit , and Panyijar ) . Similarly , a worsening nutrition situation unusual in a harvest season is observed in the Greater Equatoria region – particularly in Central Equatoria – a deterioration associated with widespread insecurity , lack of humanitarian access , disruption of the 2016 agricultural season and the economic crisis . Also , some areas in the Greater Bahr el Ghazal region show higher than usual levels of acute malnutrition indicating a worsening situation", "spans": [{"start": 563, "end": 566, "text": "IPC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this paper , we develop and compare two versions of the CO2 tracking template . The first tracks changes in residuals after fitting the econometric model to satellite-based observations , while the second version simply tracks changes in the observations themselves . Using data from thousands of urban areas , we find an extremely close correspondence between results for the two versions . We opt for simplicity and select the second version for template development . We also introduce a technique for identifying city-level changes that are distinct from regional changes induced by broader atmospheric circulation patterns . We provide several illustrative applications for urban areas , while noting that the same approach could be used for any other areas of interest . In an additional exercise , we use our regression model results to compute expected emissions from urban areas . The regression residuals identify the directions and relative magnitudes of departures from expected values for individual areas . We convert the residuals to their emissions equivalents using high-resolution gridded information from the EDGAR global database ( Crippa et al . 2020 ) . For 1 , 306 urban areas with populations greater than 500 , 000 , we find a rough balance between cities whose emissions are higher and lower than their expected values . Converting deviations to percentages of expected values , we find that percent deviations are typically greater in absolute value for cities with lower-than-expected emissions . The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 motivates the comparison of tracking models by reviewing the econometric model and supporting data from Dasgupta , Lall and Wheeler ( 2022 ) . Section 3 develops the candidate tracking models and Section 4 compares their results for a large sample of urban areas . Section 5 applies the selected model to illustrative urban cases , while 2", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 308, "text": "data from thousands of urban areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1149, "text": "EDGAR global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 29 | 0 . 22 | | | Post-harvest round | | | | | | | | Only / mainly intended for sale < sup > ( a ) < / sup > | 0 . 41 | 0 . 34 | 0 . 07 * * | 0 . 48 | 0 . 39 | 0 . 09 * * * | | | [ 0 . 49 ] | [ 0 . 47 ] | | [ 0 . 50 ] | [ 0 . 49 ] | | | Mainly intended for HH | 0 . 40 | 0 . 44 | - 0 . 04 * * | 0 . 36 | 0 . 40 | - 0 . 04 * | | use / consumption , some for sale | [ 0 . 49 ] | [ 0 . 49 ] | | [ 0 . 48 ] | [ 0 . 48 ] | | | Only for HH use / consumption | 0 . 19 | 0 . 22 | - 0 . 03 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 21 | - 0 . 04 * * | | | [ 0 . 40 ] | [ 0 . 42 ] | | [ 0 . 37 ] | [ 0 . 41 ] | | | Number of individuals in own-farm work | 1157 | 474 | | 796 | 692 | | | Share of total own-reporting sample | 0 . 53 | 0 . 28 | | 0 . 34 | 0 . 27 | | Notes : Standard deviations in brackets . T-tests of equality of means were conducted across men and women within each set of columns ; * * * p < 0 . 01 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 1 . Sampling weights used . ( a ) Mainly intended for sale = either all , or at least half of output intended to be sold ( b ) In Malawi , households were compared above and below the poverty line . In the Nigeria data , the poverty line variable was not available , so households in the bottom two quintiles of consumption expenditure", "spans": [{"start": 1122, "end": 1134, "text": "Nigeria data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s . The Project results framework tracks percentage of VMGs reached in their indigenous language . This report documents proceedings of regional meetings that have reached 44 VMG communities out of the 52 VMG communities identified by the The Transforming Health Systems for Universal Care Project ( THS UCP ) Social Assessment Report in 2018 and by the THS Project in the course of implementation . # * * Objectives * * The Project held the consultation and feedback sessions with VMG community leaders and representatives between December 2020 and February 2021 < sup > 17 < / sup > ( see Table 1 for list of communities reached ) earmarked for reach in the course of the quarter . Plans are underway to reach to representatives of the remaining eight ( 8 ) VMG communities . The activity was put on hold due to the current COVID-19 restrictions that have limited physical movements and will be done as soon as the restrictions are lifted . This activity was done in conjunction with THS UCP disclosure activities with VMGs . The objectives with regard to CHERP were to : - Raise awareness about the Project including grievance redress mechanisms ; and > 16Ministry of Health , COVID-19 Health Emergency Response Project Stakeholder Engagement Plan , May 2020 > 17 The Project will continue to identify any additional VMG / hard to reach communities that were not identified during the THS UCP Social Assessment with support of the VMGFPs and during consultation with VMG community representatives . 41", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1413, "text": "THS UCP Social Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "de origen . Por di � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ción electrónica de los antecedentes penales de Venezuela y de su apostillado ( indispensable para su validez en otro país ) . Estas demoras , no imputables a quienes iniciaban el trámite de regularización , no solo dejaban en situación migratoria irregular a varios miles de personas que no podían reunir los requisi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � de gestores que ofrecían “ agilizar ” el acceso a la documentación faltante . Ante el incremento de estas situaciones , en febrero de 2018 la Dirección Nacional de Migraciones aprobó una norma autorizando el arbitrio de _ “ medidas operativas y administrativas , previa evaluación y consideración de cada caso en particular , que permitan dar continuidad a los trámites migratorios de residencia iniciados por nacionales venezolanos cuando razones ajenas a su voluntad impidan o difi culten la obtención o el cumplimiento de presentación de recaudos documentales exigibles para la adquisición de la radicación , en la medida en que ello no redunde en un riesgo a la seguridad pública ” . _ < sup > _21_ < / sup > > 21 Disposición 594 / 2018 , art . 1 y considerandos . 76 77", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Born rural lives rural Born rural lives urban Born urban lives urban < br > . 8 < br > . 7 < br > . 6 < br > . 5 < br > . 4 < br > Predicted probability < br > . 3 < br > . 2 < br > . 1 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : World Bank Staff estimates based on data from Perceptions of Poverty , Prosperity and Economic Mobility in Nepal , 2014 # * * 3 . Mobility within Generations * * While the idea of lack of correlation between parental income , education or occupation and the outcomes of their children is the fundamental benchmark of a society with high intergenerational mobility , it is unclear whether the same principle would carry over in the analysis of mobility within a generation . A society where a person ’ s income or living standards 10 years ago , for example , had no bearing on their income today would be a society with a significantly large amount of inter-temporal variation in these outcomes . The lack of serial correlation would imply a lot of random churning in living standards and would not necessarily be desirable . So how can mobility within generations be measured and analyzed ? One possibility is to consider directional income / living standards movement for the same individual or household over a lifetime . A mobile society would be one in which poorer and socially marginalized households can climb up the economic ladder and attain higher living standards . This would require the income of this group to grow faster than the income growth realized by the average households . So in a way the key statistic to measure intra-generational mobility then is simply the growth rate of income of the household between two points in time . But a pre-condition to being able to measure this is the existence of nationally representative data that allow us to observe the same household at two points in time . Unfortunately for Nepal , the panel data that have been collected with the three rounds of the living standards survey", "spans": [{"start": 1797, "end": 1827, "text": "nationally representative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1926, "end": 1936, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1991, "end": 2014, "text": "living standards survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 . Model Fit ( Predicted Correctly in Percent of Original Cluster Analysis Classification ) * * | | Low < br > vulnerability | High < br > vulnerability | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Low growth | * * 52 * * | * * 74 * * | | es : IMF ’ s World < br > ti Th hdd < br > High growth | Economic Outlook < br > ll i th 22 t < br > * * 56 * * | database and authors ’ < br > i flt th f < br > * * 72 * * | Sources : IMF ’ s World Economic Outlook database and authors ’ calculations . The shaded cell in the 2x2 matrix reflects the reference cluster , which is also been defined as the worst of all possible outcomes ; that is , lower growth and higher vulnerability . Second , the results indicate that increased financial openness is associated with increased vulnerability . While capital inflows can bring many benefits , including financing for productive investments and allowing diversification of investment risks , they can also complicate macroeconomic management and heighten vulnerabilities . In particular , they can lead to upward pressures on the exchange rate and contribute to overheating , with widening current account deficits and rapid credit growth . Moreover , often , when the flows are intermediated through the banking sector , the banking sector can play an important role in amplifying the macroeconomic challenges . Furthermore , Inflows into the banking sector that are extended as credit to the private sector can lead to the validation of demand that would otherwise be liquidity constrained and can fuel asset prices increases . In turn , the 14", "spans": [{"start": 418, "end": 449, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the following activities which form a subset of the * * ESDP * * V ( Education Sector Development Program ) and the successor thereto : - ( a ) Developing capacity for improved management in General Education * * by : * * - i ) Developing a relevant management structure in MoE , with a clear distribution of mandates and responsibilities at all levels and specifically , in managing the implementation of cross-cutting programs ; - ii ) Regular gathering , processing and sharing information to inform decision making , especially , education performance data and financial data ; and < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ccAtl ep & < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 563, "text": "education performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 568, "end": 582, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "If underdeclaration does not respond at all to changes in tax rates , then revenues would rise or fall based entirely on the change in the tax rate ; that is , a given percent change in the tax rate would give rise to a proportional change in stamp duty revenues . We examined historical data to test whether this hypothesis holds . Annex II provides a time series of historical stamp tax rates covering FY1980-1981 to FY2003-2004 , collated for the purpose of this paper . Ideally , regression analysis could be used to test such a hypothesis . However , as perusal of Annex II shows , stamp duty rates , with the exception of West Bengal , have not changed often enough to get reliable estimates of regression coefficients for individual States . < sup > 44 < / sup > Our analysis compared changes in stamp duty rates to revenue changes over the period in eleven major Indian States where duty rates have changed , as shown in Figures 1 to 11 . Recall that Figures 1 to 11 show the trend analysis on a State by State basis . The pattern that emerges is quite clear : reductions in rates rarely result in a proportional decline in revenues . Indeed in several cases , revenues actually increase in response to a rate change . Likewise , rate increases ( except in Kerala ) tend to result in less than proportional revenue improvement , again indicating that underdeclaration tends to rise with rate increases . Figure 12 assembles all the instances of rate changes and associated revenue changes . All other factors held equal , if underdeclaration does not respond to tax rate changes , then we would expect these observations to be close to a 45-degree line , as a given percentage change in the tax rate feeds into a similar increase in taxes . However , the fitted line shows a slightly negative relationship between rate changes and revenue changes , although clearly there is a good deal of variability that is not explained by the rate changes alone . In statistical terms , the slope of the line is not significantly different from zero ( the confidence level is about 65 percent ) . ( See Annex", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 292, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 353, "end": 394, "text": "time series of historical stamp tax rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS , PROTECTION RISKS AND NEEDS OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE Regional Protection Analysis # 2 Hungary , Poland , Republic of Moldova , Romania and Slovakia APRIL 2023 * * UNHCR * * Regional Bureau for Europe rbeext @ unhcr . org < u > www . unhcr . org / europe < / u > For further information visit the UNHCR Operational Data Portal for Ukraine : < u > https : / / data . unhcr . org / en / situations / ukraine < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 364, "text": "UNHCR Operational Data Portal for Ukraine", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preferred to asking questions about earned income . Wealthier households tend to underreport earned income ( Carletto et al . , 2022 ) . In this study , however , we examine specifically the sources of income , and so a consumption approach would provide no information on the sources from which a household earns its livelihood . Second , diversification as a coping strategy is not about how many different sources of income one has but about spreading the risk by diversifying to income sources with different risk profiles . To that end , one would want to have information on crop choice and the sectoral composition of wages . Unfortunately , the data , particularly the HFPS data , does not capture this information . Third , the way in which we have measured diversification cannot distinguish between voluntary and involuntary changes in diversification . For example , a person may be separated from a job , which would appear to be a decrease in diversification , though an involuntary one , not a deliberate coping strategy . Ideally , we could differentiate between involuntary and voluntary diversification actions , but we can only observe the level of diversification and the subsequently related associated food insecurity . Finally , as job searches , crop production , and starting a new business typically extend over several months , one would want to have data over a long enough time frame to adequately allow for inter-household adjustments to livelihood sources . While our data span a time period of more than two years , we acknowledge that this time relates to food insecurity . 8", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 686, "text": "HFPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 6 < br > Years around default < br > Start of holding period : 2 years before default < br > Cumulative total return index < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note : _ This figure shows total cumulative returns on sovereign external bonds around default events , using real , monthly return data and taking into account losses due to missed coupons and haircuts . The total return series are normalized to one in year two ( 24 months ) prior to the default . The bold black line shows the average across all defaulted bonds , while the dotted grey lines show upper and lower quartiles . We include all 92 default episodes for which we have sufficient pricing data before and after the default . Figure 11 shows a time series of total returns around all the sovereign bond default events in our sample for which we have sufficient bond price data , in the run-up and the aftermath of default . These are 92 cases of a total of 161 sovereign bond defaults in the sample . ( This exercise does not include the many defaults on bank loans for which no prices exist ; see Figure 1 . ) The total cumulative return series is 35", "spans": [{"start": 277, "end": 303, "text": "real , monthly return data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 838, "end": 853, "text": "bond price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "which focuses on changing mindsets ( that is , < mark > developing positive outlook and resilience , and improving decision ‐ making abilities ) , may be incremental over time . It also implies t < / mark > hat the impact of psychosocial interventions , in general , on mental health and well ‐ being may take a while to manifest , and impact evaluations need to factor that in . Since this is one of the first studies looking at the impact of such an intervention on a non ‐ clinical population , a proper benchmark for comparison does not yet exist . For instance , it was not possible to answer how a reduced odds ratio of 0 . 46 of encountering depression and anxiety compares to other interventions for entrepreneurs . However , consultations with clinical psychologists in Pakistan and at the University of Liverpool who have conducted PM + RCTs suggest that a reduction of this magnitude in the prevalence and intensity of depression and anxiety symptoms is meaningful for a non ‐ clinical population such as entrepreneurs . That the PM + E curriculum was able to move people across categories of depression and anxiety is also a test of clinical meaningfulness . Given the challenging implementation environment , attrition levels were higher than anticipated which reduced the power to detect statistically significant impact with greater confidence . At the same time , with the existing sample size , the results show ( clinically ) meaningful and directionally expected results . Three months after the intervention , based on analysis of pooled data across two follow ‐ up rounds , entrepreneurs in the treatment group experienced statistically significant reduction in the intensity and prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and higher levels of well ‐ being compared with the control group . This implies that with a larger sample in future studies , these effects could be determined with greater confidence . # 7 . Conclusion The project demonstrates that empirical research , including RCTs , can be conducted in challenging , FCV settings through appropriate rapid training of local researchers and NSPs . The ERKF project provided a unique setting for researchers to test the hypothesis that financial assistance , coupled with the 5 ‐ week", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- reach MSME market segments . According to the World Bank Enterprise Survey , access to finance was a challenge prior to the COVID-19 pandemic with the proportion of small firms that identified access to finance as a major constraint jumping from 15 . 1 percent in 2013 to 32 . 3 percent in 2018 . The Project will target existing and new viable MSMEs that need liquidity support to tide over the downturn caused by the pandemic . In addition , the Project will use big data analytics to target these viable firms and to minimize the chances of funding zombie firms . 3 . * * Supply-side assessment of the liquidity problem * * : Aggregate liquidity data in the commercial banking sector and interbank rates masks liquidity concentration and distribution challenges ( Figure 5 . 1 83", "spans": [{"start": 48, "end": 76, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 631, "end": 655, "text": "Aggregate liquidity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Source : own computations based on SEDLAC ( CEDLAS and World Bank ) and WDI ( World Bank ) . Notes : Robust standard errors in brackets , clustered at the country level for models 3-10 . * significant at 10 % ; * * significant at 5 % ; * * * significant at 1 % . The additional control variables include the log of GDP per capita , the log of the real exchange rate against the US Dollar ( both from WDI ) , and the log of a tariff index . Column 8 includes the log of a minimum wage index compiled by ILO ( available only for 1995-2009 ) . The regressions in column 10 only include the nine countries for which there is a relatively long , continuous and homogeneous data source : Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Costa Rica , Mexico , Panama , El Salvador , Uruguay and Venezuela . 33", "spans": [{"start": 77, "end": 83, "text": "SEDLAC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 114, "end": 117, "text": "WDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ ▪ Timely availability of an adequate of budget for implementation of the RP and LRP . # # # # # # * * _Project Impact on Households Monitoring_ * * Periodic socio-economic monitoring will be undertaken to measure the progress being made towards restoring or improving income levels and living standards for PAHs , and especially for vulnerable PAPs . This will be indirectly measured and monitored by the conduct of socio-economic questionnaire surveys , the main aim of which will be to : - Field check to verify that compensation payments have been received by PAHs and will confirm levels and timing of payments ; - Identify any socio-economic change in the PAHs - change before and after relocation ; - Number of PAPs that have been given employment in the subproject ; - Type and number of livelihood restoration measures implemented ; - Income and expenditure balance conditions ; - Status of and assistance provided to vulnerable households ; - Type and number of trainings given to assist PAPs restore their livelihood ; - Number of PAPs trained in skill development courses ; - Number of women participating in the skill and livelihood restoration training program ; - Verify the provision of resettlement and compensation entitlements is in accordance with the approved valuation report ; and - Feedback from PAPs on satisfaction , emotions and reactions to implementation of RP and LRP . If there are no improvements following compensation and livelihood restoration programs , new measures will be introduced to improve the negative changes . # # # # # # * * 17 . 2 . 3 Monitoring Indicators , Data Sources and Information * * IPM applies to all components and activities and will last throughout the period of the RP implementation . Key parameters to monitor include : - Land acquisition against targets and vis-à-vis construction activities ; - Disbursement of compensation for different types", "spans": [{"start": 570, "end": 606, "text": "socio-economic questionnaire surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project ( P168185 ) # # * * ANNEX 6 : Climate Co-benefits * * * * COUNTRY : Africa Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project * * # # * * Adaptation Deficit Countries * * 1 . Chad , which is < mark > the most vulnerable country in the world to climate change according to the 2016 Climate Change Vulnerability Index < / mark > < sup > 75 < / sup > < mark > , and < / mark > Cameroon have significant “ adaptation deficits ” with respect to addressing the multiple climate change risks < mark > . At the same time , both countries lack institutional and community capacities to adapt to climate change impacts . < / mark > 2 . Cameroon and Chad both face significant climate change-related risks due to flooding ( river , urban and coastal ) and extreme heat and water security that jeopardize infrastructure and living conditions of the population , especially poor and marginalized communities . Chad , in particular , is very vulnerable to extreme heat and the average expected temperature increase over the next fifty years is expected to be above the worldwide average . < sup > 76 < / sup > Heat stress , from prolonged exposure to extremely high temperatures , as well as water scarcity as a result of drought , are expected to occur at least once in the next five years and have an impact on the health and livelihood of millions of vulnerable people in this already stressed country . Persistent drought has caused the acceleration of desertification in the northern part of the country . As a result , agro-pastoral areas have declined and livestock grazing areas has shifted further south . Climatic forecasts by NASA have indicated that Lake Chad could disappear in 20 years at the current rate of water use and increased silting of upstream rivers . Endemic diseases such as malaria are highly prevalent , and the country routinely suffers from epidemics of cholera , measles , and meningitis . 3 . Climate risks ,", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 379, "text": "2016 Climate Change Vulnerability Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from Pakistan and 537 , 710 from the Islamic Republic of Iran , IOM Weekly Situation Report , 9-15 September 2018 . According to UNHCR , the number of registered refugees assisted to return under the voluntary repatriation programme as of 31 October 2017 is over 55 , 000 individuals ( 98 % from Pakistan ) . > * * 6 * * OCHA ( 2018 ) : “ Afghanistan : Conflict Induced Displacement ” and “ Afghanistan : Overview of Natural Disasters ” . See : https : / / www . humanitarianresponse . info / en / operations / afghanistan 5 U N H C R", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 91, "text": "IOM Weekly Situation Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "analysis of NTMs , the statistics were done only on total NTMs without breakdown by type of NTM . # * * 4 . 3 Defining the “ poor ” or “ excluded ” * * In this study , economic “ poverty ” is measured as a relative phenomenon based on the analysis of income / consumption for the entire distribution by decile group . Consumption expenditure is widely accepted as a proxy for income owing to the difficulty of getting reliable quantitative data on household income through direct enquiries in household surveys . Additional variables in the data enabled us to also look at groups traditionally excluded from the process of economic growth – women , those working in rural areas and those employed in the informal sector . # * * 5 . Results * * # * * 5 . 1 Tariffs faced in the export market are inversely related to income * * Using household level data , the average income ( using consumption as proxy ) and tariff faced in export markets for each income decile were calculated ( Table 1 ) . Households in the poorest decile have an average weekly consumption of only 511 rupees ( $ 9 . 60 ) , while households in the richest decile consume ten times that amount . Table 1 : Average tariff faced by income decile based on household weekly consumption . | Income < br > Decile | Household W < br > | eekly Income < br > | Average Tariff < br > Faced ( % ) < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Rupees | US $ | Simple * | | 1 | 511 | 9 . 6 | 24 . 4 a | | 2 | 783 | 14 . 8 | 22 . 9 b | | 3 | 962 | 18 . 2 | 22 . 4 b | | 4 | 1130 | 21 . 3 | 21 . 5 c | | 5 | 1305 | 24 . 6 | 20 . 3 d | | 6 | 1504 | 28 . 4 | 19 . 2 e | | 7 | 1761", "spans": [{"start": 493, "end": 510, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 833, "end": 853, "text": "household level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "– 15 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > At each point in time , the survey is a random sample of the corresponding census sample frame . < sup > 6 < / sup > This allows strict comparability of the distributions of a given variable between both data sources . Even in pairings where gaps exist , that is , 1990 – 92 and 2014 – 15 , it is possible to identify common sets of covariates _Xhm_ that satisfy the equality criterion , mainly because > 4These exercises were conducted by CONEVAL by simulating income in the population censuses of 2000 and 2005 . Though new rounds of census data were available in 2010 and 2015 , the estimates of poverty followed a multidimensional approach based on a different methodology . Thus , a longer series of comparable income-based poverty data across municipalities is not officially available . > 5The census data correspond to the general census of population and housing for the years ending in zero ; for 2005 , the data are taken from the population and housing count ; and , for 2015 , they are taken from the intercensal survey . Unless otherwise stated , from here onward , the term census refers indistinguishably to these three data sources . > 6In 2014 – 15 , both the ENIGH and the intercensal survey represented random samples of the 2010 general census sample frame . 8", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 524, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 745, "end": 770, "text": "income-based poverty data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 830, "end": 841, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 971, "end": 999, "text": "population and housing count", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1043, "end": 1061, "text": "intercensal survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 7 < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 5 FD < br > FIA < br > 0 . 4 < br > FID < br > 0 . 3 < br > FIE < br > 0 . 2 < br > FII < br > 0 . 1 < br > 0 < br > Financial development indexes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # _Source_ : Data from IMF ( 2017 ) . _Note_ : FD : Financial Development Index ; FIA : Financial Institutions Access Index ; FID : Financial Institutions Depth Index ; FIE : Financial Institutions Efficiency Index ; FII : Financial Institutions Index . 9", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 244, "text": "Data from IMF", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) 7 . * * Ethiopia aims to become ‘ Africa ’ s Beacon of Prosperity ’ by improving income levels , raising the standard of living , and upholding social dignity and freedom according to its 10-Year Development Plan ( 2021 – 2030 ) . * * The 10Year Development Plan ( 2021 - 2030 ) , based on the 2019 Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda ( which will be followed by the Second Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda ) , aims to sustain the remarkable growth achieved under the previous Growth and Transformation plans ( GTP I and II ) < sup > 8 . < / sup > The 10-Year Development Plan places strong emphasis on economic and infrastructure sectors , targeting agriculture , construction , trade , manufacturing , transport , energy , and technology innovation industries . For energy development , the main objectives presented include significantly increasing the electricity customer base by quadrupling it , expanding the coverage of grid-based electricity from around 35 percent to 96 percent , and reducing electricity losses by half . The overall focus of the energy development strategy is to expand high quality energy infrastructure and provide electricity access that is equitable , affordable , and reliable . 8 . * * Integrating climate resilience into development planning is imperative for Ethiopia , which remains highly vulnerable to river and urban flood , landslide , volcano , extreme heat , and wildfires * * . < sup > * * 9 * * < / sup > According to data from the International Organization of Migration from December 2022 , there are 2 . 73 million internally displaced people ( IDPs ) in Ethiopia . < sup > 10 < / sup > Climate-induced displacement has become increasingly prominent in Ethiopia . The cyclic nature of drought conditions in Ethiopia has contributed to a dearth of water resources , deepening food insecurity in the country and in the wider Horn of Africa region . Ethiopia has suffered the", "spans": [{"start": 1568, "end": 1621, "text": "data from the International Organization of Migration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * # * * | * * Issues * * | * * Questions * * < br > * * raised * * < br > * * by the PAPs * * | * * Response / Feedback * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 16 . | Compensation for < br > PAPs without title < br > deeds | Would < br > PAPs < br > without title deeds < br > be compensated ? | The Ministry of Water through the Ministry of < br > Land will ensure that the affected PAPs have the < br > required land documents for them to be < br > compensated by NLC . For those who don ’ t have < br > titles , because the areas are still adjudication < br > sections , the project will get the adjudication < br > documents from County Lands Office , and < br > facilitate payment of the PAPs with the documents . < br > For those who have misplaced their title deeds , the < br > project will facilitate processing of green cards and < br > searches to facilitate payments by NLC . | | 17 . | Compensation for < br > beneficiary < br > PAPs < br > on land belonging < br > to their parents | Will < br > beneficiary < br > PAPs < br > be < br > compensated < br > for < br > developments < br > on < br > land belonging to < br > their parents ? | During the assets inventory process , those who < br > have developments on the affected land would be < br > recorded separately as claimants having interests < br > on land belonging to their parents . The law < br > provided for separate compensation for owners of < br > developments on other persons land as they have < br > rightful claim to developments such affected land", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a benchmarking tool to measure the regulatory environment for the digital economy . The objective is to encourage competition among countries as they move toward more efficient , more transparent , and easier-to-implement regulations for the thriving digital economy . In 2018 the Digital Business Indicators project collected information on the existence and quality of the regulatory environment in broadband connectivity , digital payment , data privacy and security , as well as logistics , in 21 pilot countries ( see list of countries in annex A ) . Data were collected through standard questionnaires sent to experts in the private sector , public sector ministries , and authorities , as well as law firms in each country . This study presents findings from the Digital Business Indicators initiative , and it extends the discussion to a wider range of regulatory issues associated with digital businesses . It first probes the characteristics of digital platform firms , as well as their impacts on traditional firms . It then zeroes in on a few key regulatory and policy areas , including competition , taxation , data privacy , and infrastructure . Data from the World Bank ’ s Digital Business Indicators project are used to analyze data privacy and infrastructure issues . When empirical data are missing in areas such as competition and taxation , this study takes stock of the ongoing policy discussions . It aims to advocate a research agenda that will develop the best regulatory and policy practices for governments seeking to promote the digital economy . # The changing business landscape In 1937 Ronald Coase established a clear boundary between firms and markets in his influential article “ The Nature of the Firm . ” According to Coase , firms exist because of inefficiencies in the marketplace . < sup > 4 < / sup > Where the costs of transaction and coordination between market players are high , large hierarchies in the form of firms predominate , and they manage to achieve economies of scale in production and distribution internally . The emergence of large industrial corporations that conduct the full range of production activities in-house demonstrates the validity of Coase ’ s theory . For example , in early 1900s U . S . Steel Corporation controlled all stages", "spans": [{"start": 1189, "end": 1224, "text": "Digital Business Indicators project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards . The Principal Secretary for State Department for Social Protection and Senior Citizen Affairs and the Project Coordinator for Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , * * 2024 , and of the Project ' s Financial position as at that date . The Principal Secretary for State Department for Social Protection and Senior Citizen Affairs and the Project Coordinator for Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . xxii", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 713, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "entered into the MIS . This database will help support operations through feedback loops as it can track who is accessing which services in real time . The MIS will also be important in being able to establish a sample of study participants to draw on for an impact evaluation or other learning activities . 61 . The project will also support MGLSD ’ s capacity to lead and oversight social risk management . At the national level , this will support capacity building of unit staff , public fora , SRM experts , etc . At the district level , GROW will provide technical assistance on specific areas ( Stakeholder engagement , grievance management , management of workers ) to government officers based in the districts and relevant government entities ( MGLSD , NEMA - Social unit , CDOs , Labour , Gender , Occupational Health and Safety ( OHS ) , and all other government departments that manage social risk in the country ) , and sub-county staff . Key focus will also be given to building capacity of MGLSD , PSFU and other relevant government institutions , including academia on social risk mitigation . 62 . * * Subcomponent 4B : Policy innovation and evidence generation . * * This subcomponent will finance data collection efforts beyond the information gathered through the MIS and digital delivery platforms ) , analysis and publication of data from project and non-project datasets on female entrepreneurship , climate resilience and WEE , establishment of a data portal , and research workshops and policy forums on female entrepreneurship and WEE . In addition , the learning agenda could also include the design and implementation of innovative pilot activities within the project to test what works to address the key constraints faced by beneficiaries , including refugees and women living in RHDs . This work will be designed and conducted in collaboration with the World Bank ’ s Africa Gender Innovation Lab as well as other local research institutes and development partners . A research workshop will be held to explore the possibility of including a rigorous impact evaluation of a program component or", "spans": [{"start": 17, "end": 20, "text": "MIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1362, "end": 1394, "text": "project and non-project datasets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observations useful in this respect to the appraisal mission and to those responsible for project preparation . 4 . 27 Thus it appears that considerable experience was already accumulated * * by * * the time preparation and appraisal were underway . There would have been some difficulties in interpretation of this experience , however . In addition , ambiguities would have arisen : for example , the Kenya National Insemination Service data from a progressive farmer sample in Kiambu , a * * highly * * advanced smallholder district , indicates a * * 3 % * * \" accidental \" mortality rate for heifer calves up to six months old and * * 5 % * * rate for bulls up to the same age * * - * * figures less onerous than those quoted above . ( Although this data is from a period following the start of the project , it does illustrate the range of performance found in Kenya and the resulting difficulties in interpretation facing project appraisal . ) 4 . 28 Two factors could well have contributed to the appraisal mission ' s opting for relatively optimistic projections of grade cattle mortality . The first is that the technical assistance envisaged under the project and similar activities supported * * by * * or being planned * * by * * bilateral donors at the time the project was being prepared and appraised provided a basis for projecting a lower mortality rate than that experienced previously among smallhplders in Kenya . The second is the assumption in project design that only * * 15 % * * of resources would be devoted to dairying . This small share of the project implies considerable basis for selectivity in financing dairying , providing support for this relatively sophisticated enterprise only to a small number of farmers judged fully capable of providing the management", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 443, "text": "Kenya National Insemination Service data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education preventing communities to recover and regain resilience , thus perpetuating the cycle of poverty . < sup > xxi < / sup > According to protection surveys conducted by protection partners in Luuq , physical violence ( 15 . 1 percent ) emerged as a primary risk , followed by theft , extortion and / or destruction of property ( 13 . 5 percent ) . While civilians suffer from in security and risk of attacks , women and girls experience the impact differently and are often more affected , facing increased vulnerability to violence , including gender-based violence . Minority groups and marginalized communities , including IDPs , are disproportionately impacted by attacks and exposed to recurrent displacement . < sup > xxii < / sup > They also experience economic hardship , loss and disruption of community facilities . Minority clans in Luuq , are excluded from accessing customary justice systems such as _xeer_ , limiting their ability to resolve disputes and seek protection . This exclusion contributes to a culture of impunity , where perpetrators of rights violations act without fear of accountability . The limited government presence in hard-to-reach areas controlled by clan militias and Al-Shabaab significantly hinders the State ' s ability to fulfill its primary protection mandate , leaving residents without access to security and safety . Weak community protection mechanisms , insecurity , and inadequate justice systems allow perpetrators to act with impunity . Historical claims of land ownership , political factors , and revenge motivations contribute to attacks on civilians . The presence of clan militias without proper oversight of State security forces and lack of appropriate measures for civilian protection exacerbates vulnerabilities . Additionally , the presence of non-state armed groups and easy access to small arms and light weapons are significant triggers of conflict . < sup > xxiii < / sup > Other consequences include multiple displacements , family separation , destruction of facilities and livelihood assets , while forced eviction due to lack of proper land tenure agreements further displaces vulnerable populations . The humanitarian crisis continues to worsen as mistrust grows among", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 162, "text": "protection surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improves on existing data from UNCTAD-ERIA through more frequent updates , a wider variety of sources , and intensive forward and backward tracing that enables the creation of panel data . The data is hand collected through extensive regulatory checks , careful coding processes using the UNCTAD 3-digit MAST classification , and updated annually , making it one of the most up-to-date data on NTMs that exist , and ensuring only active regulations remain and inactive regulations are timely identified . As trade policy changes take place within the year , with over 13 government institutions issuing regulations and over 600 regulations in the data , this database allows for a timely assessment of policies , and changes to those policies , and more relevant in this paper , is sufficiently up to date for the analysis . While the data spans from January 2008 to December 2021 , we use the 2019-2021 time span for the analysis to match with the trade data . Figure 2 shows the monthly variation of incidences of NTMs in Indonesia both for products ( a ) and trade value ( b ) for all NTMs . While this gives some indication that there is some variation on a monthly basis and that the incidence has increased in 2021 , it is too broad to draw meaningful interpretations . Most NTMs are designed to achieve public policy objectives , however , some NTMs can potentially affect trade . Even when this is not their main objective , such NTMs can hurt domestic producers by making imports more expensive , increasing business costs , and reducing productivity , > 1Available at https : / / datacatalog . worldbank . org / search / dataset / 0063543 / indonesia_ nontariff_measures 5", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 42, "text": "UNCTAD-ERIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 949, "end": 959, "text": "trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 032 | . 022 | | Most difficult questions , average ICC | . 097 | . 207 | . 186 | . 174 | # _Design effects_ We use these ICCs to calculate interviewer design effects using an average interviewer workload of 46 . 5 interviews . To calculate interviewer design effects , we use the ICC results from Specification II . Using the design effect formula from Section 1 , we find a mean design effect of 7 . 2 . In other words , clustering of responses by interviewers results in survey data with average variances that are 7 . 2 times higher that they would be without interviewer effects . Design effects range from 1 . 6 for number of people in the household to 16 . 2 for hours per day worked in primary occupation by the household head . By comparison , there were 10 interviews per area cluster which together with the mean ICC of 0 . 099 results in a mean design effect of 1 . 9 . The design effects found here are high compared to O ’ Muircheartaigh and Campanelli ( 1998 ) who found a mean interviewer design effect of 1 . 8 with a high of 5 . However , this was based on a smaller survey cluster size of around 24 respondents per interviewer and the highest ICC > 7 Calculated as the arithmetic mean of the ten ICCs . 9", "spans": [{"start": 475, "end": 486, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 2000 | 2007 | 2014 | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | A . Males | | | | | | % less than mean in 2000 | 0 . 5088 | 0 . 5375 | 0 . 6655 | | | | | 2000-2007 | 2007-2014 | 2000-2014 | | Difference | | - 0 . 0286 | - 0 . 1279 | - 0 . 1567 | | | | [ 0 . 003 ] | [ 0 . 004 ] | [ 0 . 004 ] | | Growth Effect | | - 0 . 022 | - 0 . 136 | - 0 . 1486 | | | | [ 0 . 002 ] | [ 0 . 003 ] | [ 0 . 003 ] | | Redistribution | | - 0 . 0065 | 0 . 008 | - 0 . 008 | | | | [ 0 . 002 ] | [ 0 . 002 ] | [ 0 . 002 ] | | B . Females | | | | | | % less than mean in 2000 | 0 . 5115 | 0 . 5049 | 0 . 6094 | | | | | 2000-2007 | 2007-2014 | 2000-2014 | | Difference | | 0 . 0066 | - 0 . 1045 | - 0 . 0979 | | | | [ 0 . 005 ] | [ 0 . 005 ] | [ 0 . 005 ] | | Growth Effect | | 0 . 02 | - 0 . 116 | - 0 . 1073 | | | | [ 0 . 003 ] | [ 0 . 003 ] | [ 0 . 003 ] | | Redistribution | | - 0 . 014 | 0 . 012 | - 0 . 009 | | | | [ 0 . 003 ] | [ 0 . 003 ] | [ 0 . 003 ] | Notes : Authors ’ calculations using quarterly Labor Force Surveys . Each year uses information from all available quarters : 2000 uses quarters 2-4 , 2007 uses quarters 1-4 , 2014 uses quarters 1-2 . Sample restricted to", "spans": [{"start": 984, "end": 1013, "text": "quarterly Labor Force Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "living with disabilities to access services . - Register gender diverse populations , _Hijras_ , on the list of humanitarian assistance . - Initiate approaches responsive to gender and gender diverse populations to distribution management sites , and portable skills and other capacity-building skills to continue supporting most marginalised groups , such as female and child or youth headed households , people with disabilities and elderly . Increased access to food to at-risk families to help address resorting to negative coping mechanisms , such as child marriage , child labor , trafficking and survival sex . - Increase awareness-raising through community-based programmes to strengthen inclusive complaints and feedback mechanisms responsive to age , gender and diversity . - Shelter and Non-Food Items Sector should promote secure , dignified and gender-responsive and disabilitysensitive shelter to ensure enough privacy and security for women and girls . - Using the AGD lens , conduct Knowledge , Attitudes and Practices ( KAP ) survey to inform inclusive Sectoral programming . Along with male-headed households and construction volunteers , training initiatives should include women , girls and boys and people living with disabilities and _Hijras_ . - In coordination with Site Management and Site Development , Health Sector should address physical access barriers to health services . With Protection and other Sectors to improve dignified and safe access to multi-sector services , including outreach services for hard-to-reach groups , such as people with disabilities and _Hijras , _ and age-friendly health services and rehabilitation programmes . - Health Sector should ensure specific programmes engaging men in their decision-making role in the household and community to address gendered access barriers to a number of health services , including family planning and facility-based services . Health committees comprised of women , men , girls , boys , people living with disabilities and _Hijras_ are formed and functional across the camps to provide a mechanism for two-way feedback to address specific needs of different groups . - Education Sector in coordination with other concerned", "spans": [{"start": 999, "end": 1049, "text": "Knowledge , Attitudes and Practices ( KAP ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the remaining sections of this paper , we will empirically test our hypotheses . This requires a measure of search costs from the perspective of the buyer for each transaction . As adeptly summarized in the quote above , this information is often missing , as is the case for our case study . To get around this constraint , the approach we adopt is to use a proxy , namely the distance of maize sellers to the marketplace . The further away a seller is from a market point where buyers and sellers congregate , the more difficult he or she is to find , causing buyers to incur higher search costs in transacting with them . Hence , the more remote a maize growing household is , the higher the search costs associated with their transactions and the lower the prices they receive for their maize . The use of proxies to estimate search costs is common in the literature on this topic . In their study of small-scale farming households in South Africa Randela , Alemu & Groenewald ( 2008 ) use distance to markets as a proxy for search costs ( amongst other variables ) to identify factors that determine the extent of commercialization or market participation . Kuksov ( 2002 ) considers online marketplaces and the share of online sales as proxies for buyer and seller search costs and Benjamin & Lusht ( 1993 ) proxy the search costs associated with finding a rental apartment using the characteristics of the managing agent ( e . g . whether they have a well-located rental office ) . Most studies ( including this one ) use proxies because of the dearth of data measuring specific transaction costs . Household budget surveys and agricultural censuses in particular do not tend to include a module directly measuring transaction costs , possibly because the large amount of detail that this would entail could make the survey unwieldy . Given such data constraints , we have selected distance to market as a proxy for search cost because of its relevance to the marketing structure of Tanzania ‟ s maize market . The procurement of maize is a largely physical exercise that requires buyers to travel around villages visiting households , literally knocking on doors", "spans": [{"start": 1609, "end": 1633, "text": "Household budget surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1638, "end": 1659, "text": "agricultural censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "182 countries using real-time Google search data . They find that the crisis led to a 63 percent reduction in demand for hotels and a comparable rate of increase in demand for ICT services . Firms have responded to reduced cash flow and high uncertainty by adjusting their investment ( Boone , 2020 ) as well as their production and delivery technologies . Due to the disruption of supply chains , inventories have also been run down ( Boone , 2020 ; Guan et al . , 2020 ; Bonadio et al . , 2020 ; Inoue & Todo , 2020 ) . Trade has also been affected , possibly permanently ( Baldwin & Weder di Mauro , 2020 ) . Given these shocks , the ability to 6", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 48, "text": "real-time Google search data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Savings Account w ith special aw ards 3 . 0 < br > Personal Credit 3 . 8 < br > Use of telephone for banking services 3 . 8 < br > Current Account 7 . 2 < br > Credit Card 8 . 0 < br > Debit Card 17 . 9 < br > 31 . 7 < br > Savings Account < br > 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 < br > % of population that use each product < br > Type of product < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : Colombian Association of Media Investigation ACIM , General Media Survey EGM for the year 2000_ 46", "spans": [{"start": 443, "end": 467, "text": "General Media Survey EGM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s rating , based on World Bank implementation support ratings during this period are as follows : < / mark > | * * Project Ratings * * | * * Previous * * | * * Current * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ProjectDevelopment Objective ( PDO ) | S | MS | | Implementation Progress | MS | MS | | Component1 : AdaptiveProductive Safety Net | MS | MS | | Component 2 : | S | S | | Improve Shock Responsiveness of the Rural Safety Net | | | | Component 3 : Systems , Capacity Development , and | MS | MS | | Program Management Support | | | | Financial Management | MS | MS | | ProjectManagement | MS | MS | | Counterpart Financing | MS | MS | | Procurement | MU | MU | | Environmentaland Social | MS | MS | | Monitoring and Evaluation | MS | MS | # * * III . PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES * * # * * Strategic issue 1 : Delay in Food Procurement * * < mark > 9 . The mission noted that food procurement remains a persistent challenge . The planned international food procurement was reduced from 150 , 000 MT to 117 , 592 MT due to changing the payment modality from food to cash in some woredas . Of the remaining 117 , 592 MT , the bidding document for 80 , 000 MT was cleared in November 2023 . However , this procurement was cancelled due to challenges outside the scope of the program . The Food Security Coordinating Office ( FSCO ) of the Ministry of Agriculture ( MoA ) has been following up with the Ministry of Finance ( MoF ) to get approval in shifting the food transfer to cash transfer . An additional 123 , 000 MT local procurement contract was signed with the Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation ( ETBC ) on March 6 , 2023 . However , only 68 , 000 MT has been delivered to date", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 61, "text": "World Bank implementation support ratings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A bureau with five full-time employees has been tasked with gathering this information and verifying it . This unit also has a mobile capability to facilitate registering beneficiaries . Another five-person office is responsible for registering the biometric data and printing the social security cards . So far , they have issued 78 , 408 biometric cards and have a registry of 281 , 317 beneficiaries . These beneficiaries include the children of primary beneficiaries . This card is actively used to authenticate people when seeking services in hospitals and clinics . In this context , card readers at hospitals and clinics are installed to confirm eligibility to access services . The CNSS has also built a sophisticated business intelligence capability based on these IDs . They are able to generate real-time statistics on their production capability , as well as utilization of services based on these IDs . - In the past year , the Safety Net Program at the Ministry of Social Affairs has started an initiative to register poor people using biometric information of beneficiaries , which includes pictures and fingerprints of 10 fingers . The ID printed is a simple card with biographic information and a picture . A total of 33 , 000 beneficiaries have been enrolled and 7 , 000 families have been registered . Key program challenges include ( a ) the availability of the whole family to be able to enroll them ; ( b ) difficulties in taking fingerprints for labor workers due to extended hand usage ; and ( c ) difficulties in taking superior quality pictures during rural enrollment , as the environment is very dusty . At present , biometric information is not used except for the picture for authentication because it is difficult to use biometrics in a rural setting where communication and card readers are not available . 14 . The support for the development of the foundation e-ID system is a major priority for the Government , which has to deal with a large inflow of migrants fleeing conflict situations and social unrest Page 47 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 249, "end": 263, "text": "biometric data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1050, "end": 1088, "text": "biometric information of beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 1 . 7 . 2 Items considered to be the most important to be included in winter kits : Percentage of reporting sub-districts * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Winter clothes ( i . e . jackets for all family members ) Sweaters < br > Underwear Boots for all family members < br > 15 . 5 % 15 . 0 % 14 . 3 % Waterproof floor cover ( additional plastic sheets ) Full winterization kit < br > Raincoat Jackets for all family members < br > Rain rubber boots Hats < br > Plastic boots for snow Socks < br > 10 . 5 % Heaters Scarf < br > 9 . 6 % Quilts Sleeping bags < br > 8 . 5 % Shoes for all family members Gloves < br > Pajamas Thermal cotton clothes < br > Wooden heaters Plastic sheets < br > Newborn baby kit High thermal blankets < br > 3 . 6 % < br > 3 . 1 % 2 . 9 % 2 . 9 % < br > 2 . 0 % 2 . 0 % 2 . 0 % < br > 1 . 6 % 1 . 3 % 1 . 1 % 1 . 1 % 0 . 9 % < br > 0 . 4 % 0 . 4 % 0 . 2 % 0 . 2 % 0 . 2 % 0 . 2 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 1 . 8 Replenishment of basic household items * * People were asked how often they need to replenish NFIs . This question covered both durable and consumable goods . The options given were : * Less than a month * After one month * After six months * After one year Data sources : Syria hub , Multi-sectoral partners through OCHA , NPM and Urban Community Profile 133 sub-districts reporting # # # # * * 1 . 8 . 1 Replenishment of NFIs : Percentage of reporting", "spans": [{"start": 1312, "end": 1335, "text": "Urban Community Profile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 7 * * # # # * * Component 3 : Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation * * This component s to support Project management and monitoring and evaluation through , inter alia , financing of Operating Costs , consultants ' services , goods and technical assistance . # # # # # * * 2 . ACCOUNTING POLICIES * * * * NQlDP * * follows the government ' s accounting policy of modified cash basis of accounting system . Where , the cash basis of accounting applies except for : - - Revenue and expenditure recognition when aid in kind is received . - Expenditure is recognised : - - When payroll is processed - When goods are received or services are rendered and if payments were effected in advance for the goods or services rendered . - Salary related transactions withholdings , VAT and profit tax withholding from suppliers are recognised in the absence of actual cash transaction . - Advance payments are recorded as receivable and charged to expenditure account against valid supporting documents which show the receipt of goods or services or accomplishments of the purpose of the advance . - Accounting for direct payments will be charged to expenditure . - * * All * * other revenues and expenditures are recognized as per cash basis of accounting i . e - revenues and expenditures are recognized , when cash is received and paid respectively . - Fixed Asset purchases are charged to expenses up on purchase & recorded on the Fixed - Asset Register Book . National Quality Infrastructure * * ( NQI ) * * uses a computerized accounting system which is Peachtree accounting software . The project uses Government of Ethiopia budget calendar for planning , budgeting . and reporting purposes i . e . from * * 8 th July * * to 7 th * * July * * of a given year . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ri . 7 V , q < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . 3 . Welfare data The main welfare measures examined are constructed from household consumption surveys . To provide a comparable measure of welfare across countries , the aggregate that is used for national poverty measures and that forms the basis for global poverty measurement is used . Consumption aggregates are converted into 2011 purchasing power parities ( PPPs ) for this analysis . < sup > 11 < / sup > We selected nine countries representing geographic variation in SSA for the analysis of the relationship between droughts and monetary welfare ( consumption ) . They include Ethiopia in Eastern Africa ; Mauritania , Niger , and Nigeria in Western Africa ; and Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Zambia , and Zimbabwe in Southern Africa . For five of these countries data are available for multiple years . The countries , years , and outcome measures used in analysis are listed in Table 3 . 3 . To allow for ease of matching rainfall patterns to consumption in the first analysis , the selected countries are all from parts of the continent where there is a clear main season of production . Selection was also designed to include countries that had multiple survey rounds that could be pooled for analysis and that would provide sufficient numbers for analysis across livelihood zones . The empirical analysis is carried out by livelihood zone , which entails pooling these countries and estimating like areas of production within them . The zones used are those defined in Dixon et al . ( 2019 ) . They allow for the required level of analysis . The authors provide gridded data for the livelihood zones estimated for 2015 , which is within our analysis period . We further aggregated the zones estimated for 2015 into five zones . Table 3 . 4 indicates how the countries included match to the livelihood zones used in the analysis . Table 3 . 5 reports descriptive statistics for the variables used in the analysis by country and survey year . * * Table 3 . 3 . Household surveys and welfare measures included in the analysis * * | * * Country ( years ) * * | * * Welfare measure * * | | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 108, "text": "household consumption surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "due to the lack of political will , accountability , or the fact that the government may be a party to the conflict itself . Also , how data is shared in these situations could have important protection issues for affected persons . Important ideas at the preparedness stage : - Collection of data on persons with disabilities in “ peace time ” , before the crisis hits , is a good investment - Especially in conflict settings pre-crisis data can be contentious and protection issues exist # # # # * * Needs Assessment and Planning * * Data on people with disabilities have the potential to improve programming . How much disability data to collect during the needs assessment and planning stage depends a great deal on context . What data Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 8", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 326, "text": "data on persons with disabilities", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 622, "end": 637, "text": "disability data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kamitonda and Kushimoto using the bypass is 49 minutes . The traffic volume between Kamitonda and Kushimoto is assumed to be the design traffic volume in the ordinary state , whereas the volume in the disrupted state is assumed to be zero , based on expert opinion . The expected time for recovery in the case of a disruption of the existing route is 255 hours ( 10 . 625 days ) , based on the road clearance plan for a tsunami disaster prepared by MLIT . | Table 2 . C < br > Indicators | ase 2 Resilience Indicator Data | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | of LoF | Relevant Data | Data source | Content | | | Traffic volume per min under theordinarystate ( x � ) | Design traffic < br > Volume | 5 . 14 pcu / min < br > ( 7 , 400 pcu / day ) | | | Traffic volume per minwithoutthe project under thedisruptedstate ( x � ) | | 0 pcu / min | | Ei | Travel time between representative OD ( Kamitonda – Kushimoto ) without < br > the project under theordinarystate ( t < sup > � � � � � < / sup > ) | Route search < br > system | 60 mins | | conomc < br > Loss | Travel time between representative OD ( Kamitonda – Kushimoto ) withthe < br > project under theordinarystate ( t < sup > � � � � < / sup > ) | Route search < br > system | 49 mins | | | Travel time between representative OD ( Kamitonda – Kushimoto ) without < br > the project under thedisruptedstate ( t < sup > � � � � � < / sup > ) | Route search < br > system | 119 mins | | | Travel time between representative OD ( Kamitonda – Kushimoto ) withthe < br > project under thedisruptedstate ( t < sup > � � � � < / sup > ) | Route search < br > system | 49 mins | | | Population of coverage area", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < sup > 29 < / sup > # # – Table 8 about here – All in all , the results in Tables 7 and 8 confirm the intuition that visa provisions in RTAs are beneficial for international migration subject to more binding administrative regulations ( i . e . unskilled workers ) . To strengthen this intuition , in Table A4 we approximate the restrictiveness of administrative regulation on emigration with a dummy for the existence of exit permit requirement to emigrate from origin country _i_ , and interact it with our visa provision dummy . In line with our reasoning , visa provision is more effective in origin countries where an exit permit is needed to emigrate . In particular , for origins that require ana exit permit to emigrate , the presence of visa provision in RTA increases bilateral migration by 22 % . > 28 Available here : ` https : / / www . oecd . org / els / mig / dioc . htm ` . OECD DIOC data are available only for the period 2000-2015 . > 29It should be noted that point estimates in Tables 7 and 8 cannot be directly compared to baseline results because the OECD DIOC database covers only a sub-set of countries while our baseline regressions use a wider set of country-pairs . 13", "spans": [{"start": 893, "end": 907, "text": "OECD DIOC data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1076, "end": 1094, "text": "OECD DIOC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for example through an additional offtake contract offering to supply resources which are then deployed as collateral for repayment of the sovereign ’ s loan ) . Only 15 of the 30 loans analyzed could be identified on the World Bank ’ s Debtor Reporting System . Of these 15 , 11 loans could be clearly matched and 4 could be partially matched with the reporting provided in the DRS . 35 There are several possible reasons for why these debts were missing from the system . Reporting coverages and definitions vary by country , and as discussed above , loans borrowed by SOEs ( or joint ventures that involve state participation ) may not be centralized and reported to DRS . In addition , some types of financing may have not been treated by the reporting country as a debt instrument , but rather as an advance payment to a supplier . The absence of information on collateral features in the DRS may have also led to misreconciliation , if there were discrepancies in reporting across sources . Among the loans not found in the DRS , many could be directly verified in government reporting . For example , DRC ’ s public debt report provides details of Sicomines loan under the heading of external loans with government guarantees . South Sudan and Republic of Congo report intermittently on the debt that they have outstanding with commodities traders . Angola ’ s 2018 sovereign bond prospectus provides details of Sonangol ’ s CDB loans . 36 The Sicomines loan stands out as the sole RBL transaction for which the loan contract is publicly available . The lack of transparency on RBLs has a number of implications . First , these deals are often highly complex and are therefore susceptible to receiving a poor evaluation of the risks that they entail . Second , given limited competition in providing such loans > 31 https : / / eiti . org / chad > 32 https : / / eiti . org / news / republic-of-congo-from-disclosure-to-diagnostics > 33 IMF Country Report No . 19 / 286 , statement here : < u > https : / / www . africanews . com / 2018 / 11 / 28 / gecamines-publishes-a-comprehensivereport-in-response-to-outrageous-and-systematic-allegations-of-certain-ngos / < / u >", "spans": [{"start": 237, "end": 260, "text": "Debtor Reporting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Latin American countries : Global Wage Report , International Labour Organization . Seventeen Latin American countries : SEDLAC database . See annex A . 3 for details about the underlying data and Annex B for circa periods . _Note : _ The data have been multiplied by 100 . For SEDLAC countries , the sample covers full-time , wage , and self-employed workers 15 – 64 years of age . The values of the 1st and 100th percentiles of the earnings distribution were trimmed by each gender-education cell . The Global Wage Report data are not strictly comparable with SEDLAC data . In some countries , different types of surveys were used , and the sample and trimming criteria are different . The size of the bubbles represent the population of the country . The most pronounced drop in earnings inequality since 2003 was observed in República Bolivariana de Venezuela , although the relevant data are not strictly comparable because they are provided through a harmonization process that differs relative to the process in the rest of Latin America ( an International Labour Organization method instead of the SEDLAC method ) . República Bolivariana de Venezuela is followed by Uruguay ( urban ) , Nicaragua , Peru , Ecuador , and Argentina ( urban ) . The sharp contrast among the trends in labor income inequality in Argentina , Nicaragua , and Peru , which experienced large increases in labor income inequality over the 1990s , are of particular interest . In contrast , Costa Rica was the only country in Latin America on which data are available that experienced a widening in labor income inequality in the 2000s and , thus , across two consecutive decades . The trend reversal in labor inequality can be illustrated through a graphic on the growth of real hourly earnings in Latin America . Thus , figure 6 shows that average earnings in Latin America rose at the bottom , the middle , and the top of the labor income distribution over 2002 – 13 , after experiencing no change or even a slight reductions between the 1990s and early 2000s . The largest increase occurred among workers at the bottom of the earnings distribution , who experienced a rise of more 50 percent in real earnings", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 45, "text": "Global Wage Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 121, "end": 136, "text": "SEDLAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 505, "end": 528, "text": "Global Wage Report data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reforms to help it achieve the National Medium Term Revenue Strategy ( NMRTS ) . * * The component will leverage digital technology to address the need to strengthen voluntary compliance by improving the quality and availability of taxpayer services , as well as to use data analytics to help close tax gaps and improve tax administrative efficiency . This component will work with the Ministry of Revenue and MoF ’ s Tax Policy Directorate , at both central and branch officelevels . * * _Subcomponent 2 . 1_ * * _ : Leveraging Technology and Data Analytics to Support Risk-Based Tax Administration : The_ Project will support the GoE to leverage data analytics and technology to help close tax gaps . The Project will support : ( a ) the articulation of functional requirements and detailed specifications for new digital solutions and / or enhancements to existing digital solutions to improve their interoperability and functionality ; ( b ) the development of an e-invoicing system ; ( c ) a comprehensive Tax Data Warehouse ; ( d ) the digitization of excise administrative processes and establishing a modern excise tax administration ; ( e ) improved data sharing , and ( f ) the development of a system for automated selection of cases for audit . S * * everal administrative measures will be supported that will work to improve compliance . * * Compliance measures could include an approach to encourage consumers to ask for VAT receipts , provide SMEs better advice and support to comply and implement a stronger , risk-based approach to VAT controls . Datadriven , risk-based audits are critical to ensure that enforcement activities , including audits and other control measures , are effective and help reduce compliance gaps by detecting and penalizing tax underpayment to create an atmosphere of deterrence . * * _Subcomponent 2 . 2 : _ * * _Improving the Quality and Availability of Taxpayer Services : _ the sub-component will support improved voluntary compliance by improving the quality and availability of taxpayer services . This sub-component will improve the coverage and utilization of e", "spans": [{"start": 1011, "end": 1029, "text": "Tax Data Warehouse", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Pseudo R-squared | 0 . 99 | 0 . 99 | 0 . 99 | 0 . 99 | Note : Dependent variable is the stock of immigrants in country _j_ originating from _i_ . Data on bilateral stock of migrants by macro-occupation are from the OECD DIOC dataset ` https : / / www . oecd . org / els / mig / dioc . htm ` . Skilled immigrants are those in ISCO occupation 1 , 2 and 3 . Robust standard errors in parentheses . * * * , * * , * significantly different from 0 at the 1 % , 5 % , and 10 % levels respectively .", "spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 236, "text": "OECD DIOC dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to pay ; the right to free care is determined by peasant and urban dwellers ' associations on the basis of their knowledge of individuals ' means . PDRE is actively exploring the options for additional sources of health finance . 2 . 17 Total MOH expenditures have remained at about four percent of total government expenditures for the past six years ; this is low , but in line with other low-income African countries with similarly low levels of service coverage . The recurrent health budget has averaged substantial real increases of 7 - 8 percent per year since the revolution , but the ratio of salary to non-salary operating costs within that budget has worsened from 55 : 45 in 1982 / 3 to 69 : 31 in 1985 / 6 , threatening the quality of care . The rate of construction of new health facilities has been relatively modest ; the main cause of deterioration of the ratio has been the influx of new paramedical staff into existing facilities ( see para . 2 . 13 ) . inflating salary costs and squeezing MOH ' s capacity to provide the staff with the materials and supplies they need to make them productive . A recent survey of a sample of health facilities in two regions of the country indicated that health stations needed an increase in non-salary operating budget of about 582 and health centers of about 78 % if they were to provide a reasonable level of service . 2 . 18 Donor Activities . At about US $ 10 million per annum , donor contributions to the long-term development of the health sector ( as opposed to the recent short-term relief efforts ) are modest , and reflect the low overall level of external assistance going to Ethiopia ( US $ 6 per head as against the US $ 20 avc ' - age for sub-Saharan Africa ) . The main foreign donors", "spans": [{"start": 1125, "end": 1164, "text": "survey of a sample of health facilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ ( Cramer _et al . _ , 2006 ; Dijkstra , 2002 ) , the model has spread to other development agencies like DFID and UNDP . # * * 7 . Moving Beyond Failure : Evidence and Explanations * * I turn now to the evidence of failure which I touched on at the start of the paper . Since I will rely on World Bank project evaluation reports , we should recognize that World Bank projects are a skewed 14", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 330, "text": "World Bank project evaluation reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "policies in the past decade are Ecuador , Uruguay , Indonesia , Tunisia , Thailand , Colombia , Costa Rica and Pakistan ( decrease by at least 5 points on average ) . Underlying these patterns of overall liberalization across economies are differences in the sectoral pattern of liberalization which are discussed in greater detail below . * * Figure 7 Changes in STRI 2008-11 / 2016 and level of income , 55 economies * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IND PANPAN < br > IDN < br > THA < br > IND IDN < br > CHN < br > PHLPHL MYSMYS < br > TUN THA < br > EGY < br > BGD LKALKAEGY CHN GRC FRA FINBEL DNK < br > VNM TUN CRI URYARGARG PRT OMN < br > KENKENBGD PAKPAKVNMNGANGA UKRUKR COLCOLZAFZAFDOMDOM BRABRACRI MEXMEXURY TURTURCHLCHLKAZKAZ POLPOLRUSRUSHUNHUNLTULTUPRTGRCCZEKORKORESPESPNZLNZLITAITAFRAGBRGBRFINBELCANCANOMNDEUDEUAUTAUTSWESWEDNKNLD USAUSAIRLIRL < br > PERPER CZE JPN AUSAUS NLD < br > ECU JPN < br > ECU < br > 8 9 10 11 < br > Avg income per capita ( 2008-16 ) < br > Note : STRI 2008-11 in blue , STRI 2016 in orange . < br > 70 < br > 60 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > STRI 2008-11 , 2016 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The broad trend towards liberalization described above is also evident when considering changes in the STRI by sector and income group ( Table 2 ) . Green shaded cells highlight a reduction in the level of restrictiveness , with dark green pointing to bigger reductions . Grey cells point to insignificant changes in STRI levels . * * Table 2 : * * Change in STRI by sector and income group : | Sector | Low | Lower Mid < br > Income | Upper Mid < br > Group | High | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Distribution | - 1 . 69 | - 4 . 45 | 0 . 24 | - 2 . 78 | | Financial |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * M . Regulatory substance - quality of supply index for Vietnam and comparators , 2015 * * | | * * Colombia * * | * * Peru * * | * * Philippines * * | * * Vietnam * * | < sup > * * International * * < / sup > < br > * * benchmark * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Quality Regulation * * | 100 % | 100 % | 92 % | 71 % | 75 % | | * * Quality of Service Standards * * | 100 % | 100 % | 100 % | 75 % | 82 % | | Requirement to meet quality of service standards | | | | | 100 % | | Specific quality of service standards are formally < br > written and publicly available for - quality of the < br > product , quality of the service and customer < br > service | | | | | 97 % | | Performance on quality of service standards is < br > public | | | | | 71 % | | Fines for failing to meet quality of service < br > standards | | | | | 59 % | | * * Quality of Service Enforcement * * | 100 % | 100 % | 83 % | 67 % | 68 % | | Requirement to report technical data on a < br > periodic basis | | | | | 100 % | | Regulator specifies how to collect technical < br > performance data | | | | | 71 % | | Regulator reviews or validates technical < br > performance data | | | | | 47 % | | Automated information management systems < br > are required to measure the quality or reliability < br > of the power supply | | | | | 71 % | | Measurements of the quality or reliability of < br > power supply are made public | | | | | 65 % | | Financial incentives to", "spans": [{"start": 1083, "end": 1099, "text": "performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "World Bank has increasingly focused on firmn-level surveys to help build a data foundation in developing countries and transition economies . The most extensive firn surveys implemented by the World Bank include the Regional Program on Enterprise Development ( RPED ) survey in 8 African countries , the Industrial Competitiveness Study ( ICS ) in East Asia , a series of surveys in transition countries , and many surveys on small and medium enterprise ( SME ) issues in South Asia and South America ( see Table 1 for a partial list of World Bank firm-level surveys ) . This paper takes stock of recent World Bank firm surveys , discussing what we have learned from them and how we could more consistently and efficiently gather data for policy analysis . 2", "spans": [{"start": 216, "end": 258, "text": "Regional Program on Enterprise Development", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 304, "end": 336, "text": "Industrial Competitiveness Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 372, "end": 403, "text": "surveys in transition countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 415, "end": 453, "text": "surveys on small and medium enterprise", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 537, "end": 566, "text": "World Bank firm-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a country . This exchange rate is available from the Penn World Tables from the series that measures the price level of GDP . < sup > 14 < / sup > In columns [ 5 ] and [ 10 ] , we use this measure of China ’ s real exchange rate . > 13 Note that in this case , the exchange rate varies across time and the index varies across importer , exporter , and product so that the interaction term exploits the variation across all four dimensions . > 14 A higher price level is associated with a higher price of non-tradables and hence signifies an appreciation of the real exchange rate ( see Rogoff , 1996 ) . This exchange rate variable , like the IMF ’ s nominal and effective exchange rate series , is a multilateral variable , and hence varies only by time and not across importers . 17", "spans": [{"start": 53, "end": 70, "text": "Penn World Tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pumilio_ ) | NT | EN | OoR | OoR | | Chapin ’ s Flycatcher ( _Muscicapa lendu_ ) | VU | EN | OoR | OoR | | Denham ' s Bustard ( _Neotis denhami_ ) | NT | CR | OoR | Both | | Fox ’ s Weaver ( _Ploceus spekeoides_ ) | NT | EN | OoR | OoR | | Great Crested Grebe ( _Podiceps cristatus_ ) | LC | CR | OoR | OoR | | African Green Broadbill ( _Pseudocalyptomenagraueri_ ) | VU | EN | OoR | OoR | | Secretarybird ( _Sagittarius serpentarius_ ) | EN | VU | Unlikely ( eBird , U . Red List ) | OoR | | Pel ’ s FishingOwl ( _Scotopeliapeli_ ) | LC | EN | OoR | OoR | | Common Ostrich ( _Struthio camelus_ ) | LC | EN | OoR | OoR | | Hemprich ’ s Hornbill ( _Tockus hemprichii_ ) | LC | EN | OoR | OoR | | Black-rumped Buttonquail ( _Turnix nanus_ ) | LC | EN | U . Red List | Both | | * * Reptiles * * | | | | | | Western Forest Stiletto-snake ( _Atractaspis aterrima_ ) | - | EN | OoR ( U . Red List ) | OoR | | West African crocodile ( _Crocodylus suchus_ ) | - | CR | OoR ( U . Red List ) | OoR", "spans": [{"start": 460, "end": 465, "text": "eBird", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * 796 , 072 * * | _Source : ( i ) Population Projection ( CSA , 2023 , July ) ; ( ii ) Woreda Administration Offices ( 2023 , November ) _ # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 3 . 4 Ethnicity , Religion and Language * * The five largest ethnic groups reported in Hawassa were Sidama ( 67 . 47 % ) , Oromo ( 10 . 17 % ) , Amhara ( 8 . 86 % ) , Welayta ( 6 . 91 % ) , and Kambaata ( 2 . 03 % ) ; all other ethnic groups made up 4 . 56 % of the population . Sidamo is spoken as a first language by 47 . 97 % of the inhabitants , 31 . 01 % speak Amharic , 9 . 58 % speak Welayta , 2 . 53 % Oromiffa , 1 . 98 % Gurage , and 1 . 82 % Kambatta ; the remaining 5 . 09 % spoke all other primary languages reported . 52 . 71 % of the population said they were Protestants , 39 . 99 % practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , 7 . 30 % were Muslim and 3 . 78 % embraced Catholicism . According to the discussions made with local authorities and local people , the majority of the local population in the corridor of the first about 3 . 5km section of the TL speak Sidamo Page 95", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 61, "text": "Population Projection", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 1 ) , we have estimated regressions that exclude either industrial emissions sources or income . When we exclude the income terms , we find a very small effect ( median change of 3 % ) on parameter estimates for power plants , steel mills , cement plants and refineries . When we exclude the industrial facilities , we find that the income parameters change slightly . For case ( 2 ) , we have estimated regressions that exclude all righthand variables except income , time trend and seasonal controls ( by hemisphere ) . As expected , with all collinear variables dropped , we find an increase in the significance and size of the EKC parameters . Figure 8 displays the estimated EKC with industrial emissions sources , without them ( case 1 ) , and without any righthand variables except the EKC terms ( and the trend and seasonal controls ) ( case 2 ) . With industrial sources excluded , the EKC peaks sooner and declines more sharply at higher incomes . At present , we cannot say how much of this change reflects estimation bias and how much reflects the collinearity-related upward bias that would accompany exclusion of properlyinstrumented facility variables . In any case , all three estimates carry the same basic message : The EKC reaches a peak in the range [ $ 40 , 000 - $ 50 , 000 ] which is above the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile internationally . Case ( 3 ) warrants more detailed attention because of potential simultaneity bias in the relationship between income and CO2 emissions . A substantial literature has used inventory-based emissions estimates to study this relationship at the country level ( e . g . , Apergis and Payne 2014 ) . Results have differed substantially by country and time period ( Ben Youssef et al . 2016 ) . The research presented in this paper is different from previous work in at least three relevant ways . First , it uses direct , satellite-based observations of CO2 rather than estimated emissions inventories . Previous studies have risked introducing some technical element of simultaneity _by construction_ , because their emissions inventories derive entirely from measures of activities that provide components of", "spans": [{"start": 2085, "end": 2106, "text": "emissions inventories", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Annex * * 1 : * * List of Documents Collected and Reviewed ARCCH ( 2000 ) : The Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Proclamation ( Proc , No No . * * 209 / 2000 ) * * Barnes , * * J . L . , * * Hardwick , L . , Chan , * * C . , * * April 2010 . * * A * * review of the project scope and environmental assessment scope for energy and mining projects across Canada . in : Proceedings , Annual conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment , Geneva , Switzerland , * * pp . 6-11 . * * * * CSA ( 2007 ) : * * Population Size * * by * * Sex , Area and Density * * by * * Region , Zone and Woreda , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia * * CSA ( 2013 ) : * * Population Projection of Ethiopia for * * All * * Regions at Woreda Level from 2014 * * - 17 CSE - * * Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia * * ( 1997 ) . * * The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia * * ( CSE ) . * * The Resource base , its utilization and planning for sustainability . Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , Environmental Protection Authority , Addis Ababa . Council of Ministers ( 2020 ) : The Expropriation and Valuation , Compensation and Resettlement Council of Ministers Regulation ( Reg . No . 472 / 2020 ) * * CSA * * ( 2014 ) : Yearly Population projection , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia EAPP ( 2016 ) . \" The Eastern Africa Power Pool ( EAPP ) \" . Addis Ababa : Eastern Africa Power Pool ( EAPP ) . Environmental Protection Authority * * ( EPA ) ( 1996 ) , * * Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Environmental Protection Authority * * ( EPA ) ( 1997 ) , * * Environmental Policy of Ethiopia : Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Environmental Protection Authority * * ( EPA ) * * ( 2000 ) , Guideline Document : Environmental Assessment and", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 703, "text": "Population Projection of Ethiopia", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1222, "end": 1250, "text": "Yearly Population projection", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Screen out candidates under the age of eighteen . 4 . On recruitment , ensure a contract of employment is signed voluntarily , for both contracted workers and community workers . 5 . Before commencement of work , the contractor will ensure the employee is inducted into the essential work-related issues , which include the following . - Key Job Specifications - Terms and Conditions of Employment - Special Codes of Conduct - Disciplinary Procedures - Workers ’ Grievance Redress Mechanism - Freedom to join and participate fully in Workers Association activities , Employment Council or Trade Union - Key E & S aspects of the Project and its ESMP and other E & S instruments - Emergency Preparedness 6 . Maintain all such employment records available for review by the respective PIU , the World Bank , or Regulatory Authority . # # # * * Workers ’ Grievance Mechanism * * According to Ethiopian Labor Proclamation No . 1156 / 2019 , Workers ' GRM for addressing and managing workers and employment-related conflicts or a complaint as well as Gender-Based Violence ( GBV ) is mandatory . Labor Proclamation No . 1156 / 2019 , Chapter 3 , Article 141 , has also introduced that employers and workers or their respective associations may use social dialogue to prevent and resolve labor disputes amicably . The objective of Workers ’ GM is to settle the grievance between an employer and employee or between employees bilaterally before recourse to formal dispute resolution . Workers will be informed of this grievance mechanism at the time of recruitment and the measures put in place to protect them from any reprisal for its use . The project will put in place measures to make the worker grievance mechanism easily accessible to all project workers as described below . 1 . The PIU will only engage contractors who sign an undertaking to comply with the relevant provisions for contracted workers and contractors who will comply with community meetings resolutions on applicable rules in the case of community workers . 2 . PIU and the implementing agencies conduct induction training for the employees on the applicable workers ’ GM to make them", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 744, "text": "employment records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "distribution , contrary to its own national fertilizer policy . This program expanded greatly in later project years , at the same time that the number of private retailers dropped sharply . Institutional innovations taken outside the purview of the project thus undercut one of the central objectives of the project ; i . e . , the development of a resilient and private trade in fertilizer . # # * * 4 . Achievement of Objective and Outputs * * # # # _4 . 1 Outcome / achievement of objective : _ The project supported many positive interventions that contributed to agricultural growth and improved management of the fertilizer sector . In the present formal review of project performnance , however , it must be judged literally according to the stated objectives included in the project documents and development credit agreement . Judged in this light , the project did not achieve its objectives , since the institutional developments that would have underpinned sustainable growth in more intensive agriculture , and specifically the creation of a viable private fertilizer sector , cannot be judged to have taken place . For this reason the achievement of objectives of the project must be judged to have been unsatisfactory , despite the positive accomplishments . Annual fertilizer use increased ( from 247 , 000 tons in 1995 to 298 , 000 in 2000 ) and this increase contributed to increased food production , particularly in moisture-reliable areas of the country . According to Government statistics , fertilized area increased by 1 million hectares between 1995 and 2000 . The incremental yield estimate of 0 . 60 tons / hectare on fertilized land was more than double the conservative 0 . 32 tons / hectare appraisal projection . Consequently , _cumulative_ incremental grain production reached 3 . 0 million tons , over and above the appraisal projection of 2 . 6 million tons . Although the increment is positive and laudable , not all can be attributed to the interventions of the project , and the sustainability of this gain is not yet assured . Government figures suggest that the proportion of the population experiencing food poverty declined from - 4 -", "spans": [{"start": 1491, "end": 1512, "text": "Government statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * II . LITERATURE REVIEW * * The central research question proposed above sits at the intersection of a wide range of theoretical and empirical literature relevant to modern public-sector management and international development . In particular , this research touches on previous work related to the delineation of “ Big Data , ” of which “ Open Data ” and “ Open Government Data ” are extensions . Taken further , OGD as a concept can be viewed as a more specific element of a larger issue area related to government transparency and accountability initiatives ( TAIs ) , which may take a myriad of manifestations including , among others , open budgeting , asset disclosure , and declassification initiatives , as well as freedom of information ( FOI ) and access to information ( A2I ) legislation . For its part , the literature on transparency is often tightly linked with literature on government accountability , including key theoretical concepts such as democratic accountability , social accountability , and social capital as well as those related to citizen voice , participation , and engagement . Underpinning these conceptions of accountability is a large body of literature on public management and administration , including that related to new public management , public choice theory , and welfare economics , which provides a theoretical foundation for analyzing the public provision of social services . Given the diversity of themes surveyed , the literature review that follows is presented in two parts . The first element is a theoretical section , which provides an overview of the key concepts , including Open Government Data , transparency , accountability , and service delivery . Given that there is significant conjecture among authors on the exact meaning of these terms , this first section seeks to provide a plurality of perspectives , as well as to specify the definitions that will be used throughout this analysis , including the conceptual framework put forth in the following section . The second part of the literature review presents the available qualitative and quantitative empirical literature , which highlights the current understanding of the relationships between OGD , transparency , accountability , and service delivery . # * * _Theoretical Perspectives , Definitions , and Differentiations_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APATRIDIE ET NATIONALITE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE DE L ’ AFRQUE DE L ’ EST Cette communauté n ’ est pas reconnue en tant que kenyane et ses membres sont confrontés à de graves difficultés en raison du défaut de cartes d ’ identité pour les adultes . Même si leurs enfants sont admis dans les écoles primaires et secondaires , sans actes de naissance ni cartes d ’ identité , ils ne peuvent accéder à l ’ éducation supérieure , ni au marché du travail formel ou au financement pour leurs propres entreprises ( beaucoup d ’ entre eux sont des menuisiers indépendants , qui travaillent à leur compte ) . En 2009 , ils ont approché le Ministre de l ’ Immigration et de l ’ enregistrement des personnes dans l ’ espoir d ’ une régularisation de leur situation , en donnant des listes des noms des personnes affectées . On ne leur a pas donné d ’ indication sur le moyen d ’ obtenir la nationalité kenyane , alors qu ’ en principe , ils remplissaient les conditions pour être naturalisés . La Haute Commission zimbabwéenne au Kenya a également refusé les demandes de papiers zimbabwéens des descendants de la deuxième génération des migrants initiaux : en vertu des lois de la Rhodésie du Sud puis du Zimbabwe , la nationalité ne se transmettait pas à la deuxième génération née en dehors du pays . < sup > 195 < / sup > Quoi qu ’ il en soit , ceux qui vivent", "spans": [{"start": 766, "end": 805, "text": "listes des noms des personnes affectées", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "consumption section , which asks female respondents about consumption of 91 food items belonging to nine food groups consumed over the previous week . The broad coverage of foods , including seasonal varieties , allows for better calculation of calorie and nutrient intake than surveys with fewer items . Another key component of the NRVA is the district market price survey ; data were collected on the prevailing prices of all food items included in the consumption section , domestic and imported grains , and fuel . Given Afghanistan ’ s mountainous terrain and poor infrastructure , transportation costs most likely vary greatly across the country , and in particular in remote and insecure areas ; therefore in order to identify correctly the impact of the price increases at the household level , it is necessary to obtain data on actual prices that households face in their local markets . As previously noted , the NRVA household survey combined with the matching market-level price survey reveals a 40 % increase in a weighted food price index from August 2007 to September 2008 ( the duration of the survey fieldwork ) . Basic descriptive statistics indicate that this increase coincided with sharp declines in household wellbeing . Average monthly real food expenditure dropped from 1 , 200 Afghani in fall 2007 to 798 Afghani in summer 2008 , while the percentage of households consuming less than 2 , 100 calories per person per day rose from 24 % to 34 % . # _3 . 2 Empirical specification_ To assess the impact of rising price of staple foods on the welfare of Afghan households , we estimate the relationship between several measures of household wellbeing and the price of domestic wheat flour . To isolate the price effect from other potentially confounding correlates , our basic specification is as follows : # # � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � where _x_ is a measure of household wellbeing for household _h_ . Prices denotes a vector of commodity prices , averaged by area _a_ ( urban or rural ) , province _p_ , and quarter _q", "spans": [{"start": 346, "end": 374, "text": "district market price survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 924, "end": 945, "text": "NRVA household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 998, "text": "market-level price survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Provide proper drainage and sewerage system . < br >  < br > Equip workshops , stores , offices , and other buildings with septic < br > tank / wastewater treatment system . < br >  < br > Remove and dispose wastes from septic tanks at appropriate interval < br > and at designated sites to avoid overflow and prevent contamination of < br > the ground or surface drainage . < br >  < br > Collect and treat storm water runoff from open workshop servicing and < br > repairs and other areas in bunded storage areas before discharging into < br > receiving drainage and waterways . < br >  < br > All waste storage areas shall be clearly identified and marked as < br > hazardous waste storage areas . < br >  < br > All hazardous wastes shall have adequate labelling and secured . < br >  < br > e-waste shall be stored separately with follow-up action of reuse or < br > recycling of parts . < br >  < br > Maintain records of e-wastegenerated . | During operation and < br > maintenance phase | EEP | EEP ’ s ESAO | Included in < br > EEP ’ s O & M < br > budget | | Impact on avifauna < br > < br > < br > |  < br > Undertake monitoring of the birds and their flyway on regular basis . < br >  < br > Conduct monitoring of impact on birds due to electrocution and collision . < br >  < br > Keeprecord of bird mortalities through collision and electrocution . | During operation and < br > maintenance phase | EEP | EEP ’ s ESAO | Included in < br > EEP ’ s O & M < br > budget | | * * _Resource Efficiency and Poll_ * * | * * _ution Prevention ( ESS3 ) _ * * | | | | | | |  < br", "spans": [{"start": 929, "end": 956, "text": "records of e-wastegenerated", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Goals ( SDGs ) . 8 . * * Well-designed and universally accessible foundational ID systems can promote reconciliation and a sense of national unity and identity . * * Qualitative research by the World Bank ’ s Identification for Development ( ID4D ) initiative in Côte d ' Ivoire , Rwanda , the Philippines , and Timor-Leste , which has engaged vulnerable citizens and residents , has shown that one of the key benefits of ID systems is the sense of belonging that is attached to having an ID issued by the State that has their identity displayed on it . There is the notable case of Peru , which the Centre for Global Development ( CGD ) described as , _ “ … a remarkable example of a country that established civil identification as a national priority in response to the need to re-integrate the state after a serious insurgency . ” _ < sup > 5 < / sup > ID agents in the field are often one of , if not the most , > 1 World Economic Forum . 2022 . Global Gender Gap Report , published July 2022 . URL : https : / / www3 . weforum . org / docs / WEF_GGGR_2022 . pdf > 2 The 2022 Global Findex Survey results for Ethiopia are expected by April 2023 . > 3 UNHCR , August 2023 ( https : / / data . unhcr . org / en / country / eth ) > 4 Foundational ID systems are those primarily created to manage identity information for the general population and provide credentials that serve as proof of > identity for a wide variety of public and private sector transactions and services . Common types of foundational ID systems include civil registries , national ID systems , and population registers . > 5 CGD . 2017 . Identification as a National Priority : The Unique Case of Peru - Working Paper 454 , published on 9 May 2017 . URL : Page 4 of 13 Dec 12 , 2023", "spans": [{"start": 1076, "end": 1101, "text": "2022 Global Findex Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1573, "end": 1593, "text": "population registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ FDRE 1995 . The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia . Addis Ababa Ethiopian Electric Power ( 2023 ) , Shashemene-II 230kV Power Supply Feasibility Study Report Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( 2002 ) , Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation . Proclamation No . 299 / 2002 . Addis Ababa , 2002 . Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia . ( 1995 ) , Proclamation for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Authority . Proclamation No . 09 / 1995 . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia . ( 2002 ) , Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation . Proclamation No . 300 / 2002 , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Federal Negarit Gazeta , ( 2005 ) Regulation No . 163 / 2008 . Wildlife Development , Conservation and Regulation , Council of Ministers , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Federal Negarit Gazeta , ( 2008 ) Proclamation No . 575 , Ethiopian Wildlife Development and Conservation Authority Establishment Proclamation . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . Federal Negarit Gazta , ( 2007 ) Proclamation No . 541 / 2007 , Development , Conservation and Utilization of Wildlife . Federal Negarit Gazta , ( 2018 ) Proclamation No . 1065 / 2018 , on Forest Development , Conservation and Utilisation . Green Climate Fund ( GCF ) , 2019 , Gender Policy and Gender Action Plan 2020 - 2023 , IBC-Institute of Biodiversity Conservation ( 2005 ) . Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan . Addis Ababa , Ethiopia . < mark > IUCN 2023 . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2022-2 . < https : / / www . iucnredlist . org > . Downloaded in November 2023 . < / mark > Mefekir Woldegebrie and Birhanu Girma ( 2023 ) Effects of Rapid Urban Expansion on the Peri-Urban Livelihood of Surrounding", "spans": [{"start": 1674, "end": 1709, "text": "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _as specified under paragraphs 3 . 10 and 3 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ # # # # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8840 # * * Abstract * * Rural economies are in transition around the world ; in many countries , improved technology and linkages across sectors have expanded access to markets and accelerated production for some farmers . At the same time , rural areas globally are facing a growing base of landless and smallholder farmers , out-migration to urban areas , and persistence of low-skilled , informal , and seasonal jobs where women are often heavily concentrated . Recent global initiatives are examining programs that can effectively raise rural incomes , including how addressing shortfalls in women ’ s hours worked and earnings can raise rural productivity and growth . But well-designed policies to address these issues require improved counting of individuals ’ employment , accounting for the complexity of measuring rural women ’ s labor force participation , as well as data on social , economic , and institutional constraints that women face in seeking better economic opportunities . Using recent rounds of the Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria , and Uganda Living Standards and Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture , as well as findings from recent country pilots conducted by the International Labour Organization , this paper discusses best practices and issues to consider when examining rural women ’ s employment in socioeconomic surveys , as well as a survey research agenda to improve measurement . This paper is a product of the Development Data Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The author may be contacted at koolwalg @ gmail . com . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are", "spans": [{"start": 1094, "end": 1151, "text": "Living Standards and Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "only positive and significant coefficient . Further , the previous pattern on prices and marginal cost showing Chile with the only significant and negative result continues to hold . Agglomeration continues to put downward pressure on mark-ups . Cities may also attract a better quality of labor and the availability of local literacy data from Colombia and Indonesia offers a proxy for level of local human capital to potentially control for compositional effects ( Table 2 , panel d ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > In Indonesia , the wage and TFPR elasticity estimates are lower , falling from . 056 to . 04 and . 022 to . 016 respectively , while the TFPQ elasticity using Foster et al . ( 2008 ) falls from - . 011 to - . 021 , in both cases still insignificantly so . Price , mark-ups and marginal costs change marginally . By contrast , in Colombia , the wage elasticity increases slightly from . 038 to . 04 while TFPR rises from . 003 to a now significant . 005 suggesting that human capital in poor , traditional economies is highly heterogeneous ( Chauvin et al 2017 ) . Point estimates for the TFPQ elasticity fall from - . 004 to - 006 , but in both cases insignificant . > 15 In Chile and Ethiopia , we did not have access to local human capital by our spatial identifiers . 11", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 339, "text": "local literacy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OPTIMAL SIMPLE FISCAL RULES 16 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Welfare Loss Consumption of the Ricardain HH < br > 6 0 . 3 < br > BBR < br > 5 SSR 0 . 25 < br > 4 0 . 2 < br > 3 0 . 15 < br > 2 0 . 1 < br > 1 0 . 05 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 . 45 0 . 9 0 . 45 0 . 95 < br > annual persistence of oil-price shock < br > annual persistence of oil-price shock < br > 0 . 3 Consumption of the Hand-to-Mouth HH 4 Public Assets < br > 0 . 25 < br > 3 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 . 15 2 < br > 0 . 1 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 05 < br > 0 0 < br > 0 . 45 0 . 9 0 . 95 0 . 45 0 . 95 < br > annual persistence of oil-price shock annual persistence of oil-price shock < br > annual std deviation < br > % of steady state consumption < br > annual std deviation annual std deviation < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 2 . * * Welfare loss and shock persistence with BBR and SSR : * * baseline calibration and constant variance of commodity price shocks . * * Countercyclical Transfers * * Kumhof and Laxton ( 2013 ) find that countercyclical fiscal policy — — where a fall in output leads to an increase in transfers leads to a substantial increase in welfare . Here we add counter-cyclical transfers to both BBR and SSR in Column 4 and 5 of Table 2 , and find only a small improvement in welfare ( by 0 . 03-0 . 05 ) . < sup > 19 < / sup > The reason is that shocks to non-resource GDP are relatively small and not very persistent , and so even with a sub-optimal policy they generate little welfare loss . Countercyclical transfers are optimal because the temporary nature of the non-resource shocks means that", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", _export taxes_ and _anti-dumping_ and _countervailing measures_ , _trade related intellectual property ( TRIPs ) and trade related investment measures ( TRIMs ) _ , _movement of capital , state owned enterprises_ , _state aid_ , _competition policies_ , _intellectual property rights ( IPR ) _ , _investment_ , _public procurement_ and _services_ . 5 Service activities tend not to be adversely affected by labor and environmental disciplines , likely because of the high-skill intensity and intangibility of such activities . 6 Using sectoral data on value added trade , ( Laget , Osnago , Rocha , & Ruta , 2018 ) find that deep PTAs matter more for GVC trade in services and have a larger impact for trade in intermediates between developed and developing countries . 4", "spans": [{"start": 537, "end": 571, "text": "sectoral data on value added trade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "deviate from the 10 percent ownership threshold , ii ) not use uniform industrial classification , or iii ) not report all types of investment properly ( short-term intra-company loans , re-invested earnings are often missing ) . 11 The data does not cover merge and acquisition or other equity and non-equity investments . Typically , projects are captured at the announcement stage for capital-intensive projects and at the opening stage of services operations with limited capital investment required . Capital-intensive projects take on average 2 years to become operational . 12 Recent academic research using fDi Markets data includes : ( Crescenzi , Pietrobelli and Rabellotti 2013 ) , Paniagua and Sapena 2014 ) , ( Amoroso , Dosso and Moncada-Paternò-Castello 2015 ) , and ( Antonietti , Bronzini and Cainelli 2015 ) . 10", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 631, "text": "fDi Markets data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 10 , 000 , 000 . 00 | - - | | Date | - - | 31-Jul-2020 | 15-Feb-2021 | - - | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > IN00956561 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > ► PBC 3 The Borrower has provided additional Tier 2 Capital to the Project Implementing Entity ( Amount ( USD ) , Outcome , 30 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 . 00 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | February 2022 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | - - | | Date | - - | 31-Jul-2020 | 15-Feb-2021 | - - | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * 3 / 4 / 2021 Page 5 of 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ANNEX 5 # # # ETHIOPIA # # # # HUMERA AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT # # # # PRE-INVESTMENT STUDIES Besides aerial photographs and photo mosaics of the project area a series of pre-investment studies are required to < sup > enable prepara - < / sup > tion of a feasibility study for further development < sup > of mechanized rainfed < / sup > agriculture in the northwest lowlands of Ethiopia . The Government would retain a consulting firm to review all studies made of the project area ( and where appropriate areas < sup > with similar < / sup > soil and climatic conditions ) , its agriculture , and the < sup > processing and < / sup > marketing of agricultural products ; and taking the < sup > findings of these into < / sup > account to : - A . Carry out a reconnaissance soil survey of about ! 400 , 000 ha of agricultural land in the northwestern lowlands in the borrowers Awrajas ( sub provinces ) of Gash-Setit , Wegera , Gondar and Chilga . - B . Examine agricultural , economic and social conditions < sup > of < / sup > mechanized farmers in the Humera area . - C . Review present marketing , crop processing and credit facilities in the Humera area ; giving priority to the possible need for the early establishment of a cotton ginnery . - D . Review improvements needed in communications for future development of the area south of Humera . - E . Prepare , in the light of conclusions drawn in carrying out A . B , C and D above , a feasibility study and investment proposal for a project for the further development of the north-western lowlands in Ethiopia . - A . SOIL SURVEY AND LAND USE CLASSIFICATION To identify areas in the north-western lowlands , suitable for the development of mechanized rainfed agriculture , a soil survey and land", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 793, "text": "reconnaissance soil survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 13 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * # * * OBJECTIVES * * # * * BOX 2 : EFFECTIVENESS OF TARGETING APPROACH * * The effectiveness of the targeting approach is defined by the objectives it is meant to achieve . As agreed in the Joint Targeting Strategy ( May 2021 : , the targeting approach is to : - Identify vulnerable refugee households in need of humanitarian assistance and less vulnerable refugees with higher livelihood resilience who would benefit from livelihoods support ; - Ensure the greatest protection outcomes through strong community participation , communications with refugee communities and risk analysis to inform the approach . Based on data drawn from a group of panel households , the effectiveness of the targeting approach is being assessed ( see Section 2 ) . Following the introduction of targeted and prioritized food assistance packages based on eligibility grouping as described above in May 2021 , a second JPDM was conducted as a follow-up monitoring exercise to assess the overall impact of targeted assistance , explore the effectiveness of the targeting approach and identify recommendations for further refinements . Focus was placed on key corporate indicators , including food consumption , coping strategies , food and non-food expenditure levels , as well as refugees ´ perception of the targeting approach and its eligibility criteria , among others . - Specifically , the second JPDM aimed at : - Ensuring corporate continuity in monitoring refugees ’ food security and basic needs , income and livelihoods , economic capacity outcomes as well as the impact of Covid-19 on households receiving the full ration , half ration and those not receiving any assistance ; - Gaining more robust insights into changing patterns and dynamics at the household level before and after assistance was targeted and prioritized ; - Comparing key outcomes before and after the introduction of targeted and prioritized assistance ; - Informing on the targeting effectiveness , the choice of eligibility criteria , and guide potential adjustments in the targeting approach . # * * METHODOLOGY * * & LIMITATIONS # # # # # * * Sampling Method * *", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 718, "text": "data drawn from a group of panel households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Rural Non-Poor | 17 . 7 % | 18 . 5 % | 32 . 7 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total | 100 . 0 % | 100 . 0 % | 100 . 0 % | | Poor | 19 . 6 % | 42 . 8 % | 19 . 4 % | | Non-Poor | 80 . 4 % | 57 . 2 % | 80 . 6 % | | Urban | 67 . 9 % | 50 . 8 % | 54 . 1 % | | Rural | 32 . 1 % | 49 . 2 % | 45 . 9 % | _Source : _ Panama Semi-Input-Output model simulations . Because of data uncertainties and simplifying assumptions used , the above analysis of the effects of increases in agricultural output on incomes in the Panama economy illustrates only the broad order of magnitude of the effects . Nonetheless , the broad structure of production , and the structure of household incomes and demand are reflected in the analysis . It is important to note , however , that the simulations imply an even distribution of the gains to returns to labor and capital across all owners of these factors . This assumption is valid if labor markets function well so that increases in labor demand are reflected in general rises in wage rates that benefit all workers . Yet , location of activities matters a lot for local labor markets and especially for returns to capital and backward linkages to agriculture . The implication is that including much of the rural poor ( and minorities ) in the benefits of growth in tourism will require that these households are well integrated in product and factor markets where the investments take place . Some of the assumptions underlying this model cannot be verified without destination level data . For example , it is necessary to ascertain such underlying basic facts as whether certain household groups tend to be precluded from employment in all-inclusive resorts ; whether local agricultural products are deemed as suitable for purchase by hotels and restaurants ; or whether any obstacles exist to development of handicrafts and local", "spans": [{"start": 1504, "end": 1526, "text": "destination level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "been made to the M & E system for Phase II . The results framework has been updated , adding new indicators on social cohesion , environmental management , climate benefits and citizen engagement . Project impacts on socio-economic welfare will be tracked through a multi-dimensional welfare indicator , using the Survey of Well-Being via Instant and Frequent Tracking ( SWIFT ) tool during baseline , midterm and end line . Monitoring . Given the likelihood that COVID-19 and local conflicts will continue to restrict fieldbased monitoring for the foreseeable future , remote data collection , supervision , and monitoring approaches will be an important part of the M & E approach . A third party monitoring agent ( TPMA ) will also be recruited to cover areas inaccessible due to insecurity . To evaluate impacts , 8", "spans": [{"start": 314, "end": 334, "text": "Survey of Well-Being", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". _UNDP ’ s Multidimensional Poverty Index : 2014 Specifications_ . New York : Human Development Report Office . - UNHCR . ( 2020 ) . Ethiopia country refugee response . Retrieved from https : / / reliefweb . int / report / ethiopia / ethiopia-country-refugee-response-plan2020-2021 . - Ura , K . , Alkire , S . , Zangmo , T . and Wangdi , K . ( 2012 ) . _An Extensive Analysis of the Gross National Happiness Index_ . Thimphu : Centre of Bhutan Studies . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Food Security and Nutrition Assessment in Host Community Final Report * * * * South West : Isingiro , Kamwenge , and Kyegwegwa Midwest : Hoima and Kiryandongo West Nile : Adjumani , Arua , Moyo , Yumbe , Lamwo and Koboko * * * * Data Collected : October 2017 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > GoU < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > UNHCR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > UNICEF < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > WFP < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 1 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fines reduces tax evasion . The last two predictions are exactly the same as in Allingham and Sandmo ( 1972 ) model . # * * 3 Empirical Approach * * This section estimates the impact of trust on tax morale using equation ( 7 ) . From the theoretical model to the empirical approach , I assimilate tax evasion to tax morale due to data constraints . Unlike tax evasion data that are scant at the individual level , information on tax morale are relatively available , extensively used as a proxy of attitude toward taxes < sup > 6 < / sup > and cover a couple of African countries . Moreover , experimental evidence and results from crosscountry surveys suggest that tax morale is an important predictor of tax evasion ( Cummings et al . , 2009 ) . The authors highlight , for instance , that individuals that perceive tax avoidance to be moral are more likely actually to evade their taxes . The next sections present the empirical specification , the data , and the econometric issues before discussing the findings . # # * * 3 . 1 Empirical specification * * The econometric specification is based on the linearized form of the latent tax morale from equation ( 7 ) : where , _i_ , _l_ and _c_ are respectively individual , location ( city ) and country indexes . _θilc_ denotes tax morale , _V Tilc_ trust in public institutions , _HTilc_ trust in the neighbourhood . _Kic_ refers to individual taxpayer characteristics and _ηc_ the country fixed effects which allow controlling for important omitted variables at the country such as the deterrence probability , the culture , norms about tax morale , and formal institutions . In the WVS , < sup > 7 < / sup > respondents are asked to > 6See for instance Ali et al . ( 2014 ) , Frey and Torgler ( 2007 ) , Torgler ( 2006 ) and Torgler ( 2005 ) . > 7The Afrobarometer data contain similar questions on tax morale and trust in public institutions . However , to the best of my knowledge the survey does not collect information on trust in the neighborhood and in civil service . 10", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 372, "text": "tax evasion data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 632, "end": 652, "text": "crosscountry surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1638, "end": 1641, "text": "WVS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1807, "end": 1825, "text": "Afrobarometer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of a rural household . Failing to adjust by cost-of-living differences would over-estimate poverty in rural areas , and under-estimate them in urban areas . International poverty rates in the region in most cases are based on welfare aggregates that are not spatially deflated . While all South Asian countries carry out spatial deflation when calculating their national poverty estimates , the World Bank currently only spatially deflates the welfare measures in Nepal and Bhutan when calculating international extreme poverty rates . Bhutan uses a survey-based price index ( S-SPI ) to deflate prices . In this case , the spatial price indices are derived using information derived from the survey . Similarly , Bangladesh and Nepal use the Implicit Spatial Price Index ( I-SPI ) to deflate prices . The implicit spatial price index is constructed using regional specific poverty lines to determine the cost-of-living differences ( Deaton and Muellbauer , 1980 ) . < sup > 14 < / sup > Table 7 shows the international poverty rates using the nominal and spatially deflated national consumption aggregates . Overall , the absence of spatial deflation in calculating the international extreme poverty rates seems might have a minor effect on the estimation of country-level international poverty rates , but it can have substantial impacts on international poverty measurement across regions within countries . In most countries , except for Nepal , the impact of spatial deflation is non-trivial . Without spatial deflation , urban areas have less poverty , and rural areas have more poverty * * _ . _ * * For example , in Nepal , if the consumption aggregates were not spatially deflated , then urban international extreme poverty rate would be 4 . 3 percentage points higher and rural poverty would be 7 . 1 percentage points lower . If Bangladesh spatially deflated its consumption aggregates , then it would see urban international extreme poverty rate 3 . 3 percentage points higher and rural extreme international poverty rate 4 . 7 percentage points lower . * * Table 7 . International extreme poverty rate in urban and rural areas , * * * * < u > with and without spatial deflation < / u > * * | | * * Inter * * < br > *", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in living conditions and lack of access to basic social services , health services , in-person education , and lack of socialization with their peers have often damaging physical , social and psychological consequences . * * These consequences risk having profound effects on their well-being and development both short and long term . Crises often also impact the well-being of caregivers ’ , which can * * _Figure 4 : _ * * _Child Protection Severity of Needs and PiN by Raion , October 2023_ affect the ability to be a main source of protection , support and stability for their children , risking leaving children without entrusted adults to provide support and care . A representative survey revealed that 35 % of Ukrainian respondents are experiencing poor well-being and quality of life < sup > xliv < / sup > , while UNICEF and Word Vision estimate 1 . 5 million children are at risk of", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 696, "text": "representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * EA Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project ( Second Phase of Program ) ( P148853 ) # # * * Economic Indicators * * 17 . The analysis is based on actual costs since most road sections have either been completed or are nearing completion , and on actual traffic counts carried out in April / May 2021 . Table 1 . 10 shows the results of the Economic Analysis including Net Present Value ( NPV ) and Economic Internal Rate of Return ( EIRR ) at Appraisal Stage ( in 2015 ) and at Restructuring ( in 2021 ) . * * Table 1 . 10 : HDM-4 Analysis Results at Appraisal ( 2015 ) and Restructuring * * * * < u > ( 2021 ) < / u > * * | * * Road Section * * | * * Length * * < br > * * ( km ) * * | * * Initial Contract * * < br > * * Sum ( US $ ) * * | * * Revised * * < br > * * Contract Sum * * | * * Appraisal Sta * * | * * ge ( 2015 ) * * | * * Project Restr * * < br > * * ( 2021 ) * * | * * ucturing * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | * * ( US $ ) * * | * * NPV ( USD $ * * < br > * * million ) * * | * * EIRR ( % ) * * | * * NPV ( USD $ * * < br > * * million ) * * | * * EIRR ( % ) * * | | Lokichar - < br > Loichangamatak | 40 | 68 , 265 , 480 | 68 , 265 , 480 | 196", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 313, "text": "actual traffic counts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ": HS6 | | 3973 | | sd : HS6 ( Intercept ) | | 0 . 32145 | | < br > sd : HS6_ × _log ( seadistance ) | | 0 . 01625 | | Included Fixed Effects : | Year , District | Year , District , Country | | Distance ElasticityCV : | 0 . 466 | 0 . 079 | > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 . 01 ; _ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 . 05 ; _ ∗ p < _ 0 . 1 , sd - standard deviation Table 2 : Heterogeneity of Distance Elasticity ( based on US imports ) maritime transport ) for 223 importers and 23 partners annually for 2006 and 2007 . # * * 4 . 4 Port Infrastructure * * Ports infrastructure is vital to the integration of countries in the global economy via international trade . Consequently , there is an ongoing discussion of port reform and challenges associated with it ( Haralambides , 2017 ) . This discussion requires careful estimation of port efficiency , its sources , and its effect on transportation costs . Blonigen and Wilson ( 2008 ) classify the literature on evaluating port efficiency into three major groups : ( i ) Production function approaches , ( ii ) Surveys of port efficiencies , and ( iii ) Estimating port efficiencies from international trade data . In what follows , we will 36", "spans": [{"start": 1101, "end": 1125, "text": "international trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a considerably higher incidence of 74 . 1 % . The chosen solution only uses an average of 3 . 9 questions per household , allowing 94 . 6 % of the population to be sampled to achieve an incidence of 78 . 3 % . Further average length reductions yield little benefit in terms of respondent numbers , and decrease accuracy so much that the overall effect on incidence is negative . This case study suggests that TrESt has significant potential for raising incidence in a suitable setting . The case study relies on limited information and should be interpreted as a stylized example rather than as a fully calibrated use case . Nevertheless , it provides an illustration of the relationship between targeting survey coverage and household-level accuracy , and that it can be beneficial for desired policy outcomes to prioritize the former over the latter . Another caveat is that the low travel time between households in the urban setting under consideration here is a key environmental factor that promotes a close link between questionnaire length and incidence . Whether similar benefits would accrue where population density is lower could be assessed with enumeration meta-data for rural and peri-urban localities . Even when the number of questions is similar , the simulation suggests that the TrESt approach has a considerable advantage over a standard PMT , likely due to a more efficient orientation of survey resources to households with more uncertain eligibility status , and due to the greater predictive power of the non-linear , national-level machine learning model . # * * 6 Discussion * * We proposed a selection of practically feasible methods that expose a tradeoff between accuracy and survey length , all based on variable sequences that order questions in order of predictive power . One simply truncates questionnaires to a certain length for all surveyed households , another deploys prediction intervals to generate a household-level early stopping criterion . For the most effective variable sequence – generated by stepwise selection – both approaches produce remarkably similar results in a simulation of a 40 % programme coverage simulation with data from Indonesia , despite relying on different mechanisms . Compared with a policy baseline PMT that requires 22 . 8 questions to achieve an EER of 26", "spans": [{"start": 1159, "end": 1180, "text": "enumeration meta-data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2175, "end": 2194, "text": "data from Indonesia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Readiness ” are two important lagging policy areas that have relatively few numbers of laws and decrees . In contrast , “ Diversification ” , also a lagging policy area , has received more laws and decrees . We test this hypothesis formally in Appendix A2 with different econometric specifications and confirm the robustness of this finding . One possible explanation for the finding is that countries enter a ' virtuous cycle ' whereby they have more capacity to implement reforms in areas of pre-existing strength . Another argument is related to the sequencing of reforms . The ‘ right ’ reforms are not necessarily on weak policy areas but the most logical next step ( Edwards , 2009 ; < mark > Feltenstein and Nsouli , 2003 < / mark > ) . More studies and thoughtful debates are needed to understand the countries ’ current reform efforts . They will likely help policy makers boost the engagement and support for economic reforms , which we will discuss in the next section . * * Figure II . 2 : Number of Laws and Decrees Passed and Lagged of Distance to Policy Frontier * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Bahrain Kuwait Oman < br > Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE < br > 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 < br > Distance to Frontier , Lagged ( 100 : farthest away from the frontier ) < br > Diversification Financial Market Development Goods Market Efficiency Health and Primary Education < br > Higher Education and Training Infrastructure Innovation Institutions < br > Labor Market Efficiency Macroeconomic Environment Technological Readiness < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > Number of Laws and Decrees Passed < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Note_ : A higher ‘ Distance to Policy Frontier ’ implies being farther away from policy best practices . GCI data are from 2007 to 2017 due to data constraints from WEF ’ s GCI database ( the GCI scores are only methodically", "spans": [{"start": 1828, "end": 1836, "text": "GCI data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1896, "end": 1908, "text": "GCI database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 7 . Summary and Conclusions * * This paper has extended recent research on satellite-based CO2 measurement to an easily-updated template for tracking changes in CO2 concentration anomalies at local and regional scales . Using observations from NASA ’ s OCO-2 platform , we develop the template from the data filtering techniques and econometric analysis employed by Dasgupta , Lall and Wheeler ( 2022 ) . For a large sample of urban areas , we compare alternative trend estimation models and conclude that the template can be constructed from a simple model that estimates trends directly from OCO-2 data that are prefiltered to isolate local concentration anomalies . We also investigate the impact of regional atmospheric circulation on local changes and develop a methodology for identifying urban areas whose changes are independent of regional circulation effects . We present illustrative applications for a long-period trend model and a short-period model that focuses on changes in the most recent year . In both cases we find striking patterns of variation , across regions , within regions , and over time . We also use our estimation results to compute expected emissions for a large number of urban areas . Then we convert the regression residuals to emissions deviations using information from the EDGAR global database of estimated CO2 emissions . This enables us to quantify the extent to which urban emissions are greater or less than their expected values . Among 1 , 306 urban areas with populations greater than 500 , 000 , we find a rough balance between cities with positive and negative emissions deviations . In the distribution of percent deviations , we find typically-higher deviations among cities whose emissions are below their expected values . We conclude with an acknowledgment that even “ simple ” trend tracking and emissions estimation require software and hardware that are beyond the means of many interested stakeholders . For this reason , the World Bank ’ s Development Economics Vice Presidency ( DEC ) has established an open web facility , the XCO2 database , < sup > 19 < / sup > that pre-filters the OCO-2 data and publishes monthly mean concentration anomalies for all terrestrial cells of a 25 km global grid ( G25 ) . The website will also", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 273, "text": "OCO-2 platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 600, "end": 610, "text": "OCO-2 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1317, "end": 1338, "text": "EDGAR global database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2093, "end": 2106, "text": "XCO2 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9992 # The World Bank The PBS program was launched in 2006 , and as the third phase of the program , PBS 3 will benefit from six years of program implementation . In the uncertain environment following a contested general election in Ethiopia in 2005 , Development Partners recognized the imperative to continue supporting the Government ' s significant progress towards achieving the MDGs through strengthened decentralized basic services . With close collaboration , the Government , IDA and other DPs created the nationwide PBS program , which brings together the Government and multiple donors to support and improve basic service sectors through sub-national levels of government . Overall , across the basic service sectors , there has been important progress in Ethiopia over the period of the PBS program ' s first two phases . Since the launch of PBS 1 , the overall structure of the program has remained similar . Through phases 1 and 2 , and continuing in the third phase , PBS has provided extensive support for decentralized basic services through block grants , and through woreda-focused capacity building . Building on the gains from PBS 1 and 2 PBS 3 also strengthens the focus on accountability , with continution of social accountability and financial transparency and accountability activities , and support for a Grievance Redress Mechanism and strengthened capacity for environmental and social assessment at woreda level . PBS 3 was approved by the Board on 25 September 2012 , with a total financing of USD 600 million of IDA financing . IDA also manages a multi donor trust fund for the program of more than USD 700 million . Adoption of project operational manual , which is the condition of effectiveness , has been fulfilled and the project became effective as of 20 December 2012 . The governance structure for PBS 3 is developed and agreed upon by development partners . Based on the expenditure forecast for sub-program A , an advance of USD 181 . 3 Million ( USD 93 million from IDA and USD 83 . 3 million from the TF ) has been disbursed . The annual action plan and expenditure forecast for sub -", "spans": [{"start": 1929, "end": 1967, "text": "expenditure forecast for sub-program A", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ < br > Planned | Invitation < br > s Is < br > Actual < br > Planned | sued < br > Opening < br > Actual < br > Planned | / Minutes < br > < br > for A < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > ward < br > g < br > Actual < br > Planned | < br > p < br > Actual < br > Planned < br > Actual | | ET-CSC-472910-NC-DIR / En < br > gage central statistical servic < br > e for national census of gove < br > rnment employees < br > * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / < br > | IDA / 76190 < br > * * S * * < br > Loan / Credit N | | Prior < br > < br > | Direct Selection < br > | Direct - National < br > Market Approac | Contract Type | Estimated Amo | 5 , 840 , 000 . 00 < br > Actual Amount < br > | | 0 . 0 < br > | 0 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation < br > < br > | < br > Expression | of Interest < br > Short List a | 2025-03-16 < br > 2025 < br > nd Draft R < br > Req | - 11-1 < br > uest | 1 < br > 2025-04-07 < br > for Proposals | 2025-12-10 < br > < br > Opening of Technical | Evaluation of Technic | Combined Evaluation < br > | 2025-06-04 < br > | 2026-03-02 < br > | | Description | o . | Component | Review Type | Method | h | | unt ( US $ ) | ( US $", "spans": [{"start": 371, "end": 394, "text": "national census of gove", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > En octobre 2016 , suite à une discussion au sein du cabinet et à une décision prise sur ce rapport , qui a coïncidé avec une marche de protestation de quatre jours devant l ’ inaction concernant leur cas , des zones d ’ implantation des Makondés près de Mombasa jusqu ’ à Nairobi , le Président Uhuru Kenyatta a finalement promis l ’ enregistrement de cette communauté en tant que citoyens kenyans . < sup > 185 < / sup > Les dispositions provisoires d ’ enregistrement pour les apatrides et les résidents de longue durée qui venaient d ’ expirer venaient aussi d ’ être prolongées pour une période supplémentaire de trois ans . < sup > 186 < / sup > Un avis a été spécialement publié pour exempter les Makondés du paiement des frais d ’ enregistrement , < sup > 187 < / sup > autorisé par un amendement général des règlementations sur la nationalité . < sup > 188 < / sup > L ’ enregistrement individuel des Makondés a commencé en novembre . < sup > 189 < / sup > Au final , 1 . 492 personnes ( adultes et enfants ) ont reçu des certificats de nationalité , dont 1 . 176 adultes ont eu des cartes d ’ identité nationale kenyane . < sup > 190 < / sup > Les personnes exclues de l ’ enregistrement étaient notamment les personnes qui avaient des documents d ’ enregistrement d ’ électeurs mozambicains ; au cours de ce processus , un certain", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "COVID-19 lockdown measures disproportionately impacted the school attendance probabilities of children based on gender . Results of these estimations are reported in Table 3 reports the results of this estimation . First , when we consider the entire sample of children ( Table 3 , Panel A ) , we find that neither gender was spared by the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measures . These measures reduce the school attendance of and this more probabilities boys girls . Although negative impact appears slightly substantial in magnitude for boys than for girls , the resulting gender difference , however , is not statistically significant . This implies that over the whole sample , COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measures have no statistically significant effect on the gender gap in school attendance . When we partition our sample by gender and by age group , we find that the above conclusion holds for all age groups , including the age groups 5 ́ 11 corresponding to ́ primary school age ( Panel B ) , 12 18 corresponding to secondary school or higher ( Panel C ) , and children aged 15 ́ 18 — whose schooling is no longer compulsory in Nigeria — ( Panel D ) . This result suggests that COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measures have no statistically significant effect on gender inequality in school attendance in Nigeria . We further explore the joint heterogeneity of gender and geopolitical zones . Given the non-representativeness of the COVID-19 NLPS data at the zonal level , we explore the gender effect by interacting COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measures with the child ’ s gender and her geopolitical zone . We find that COVID-19 shock significantly increases gender inequalities in school attendance in the North-West and South-West zones ( Table 4 , Panel A ) . Surprisingly , in South-West Nigeria , we find that COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measures reduce the gender gap in school attendance by roughly 4 . 32 percentage points . Specifically , the COVID-19 ’ s lockdown measure reduces school attendance for girls living in the South West zone by 3 . 28 percentage points , while the reduction is 7 . 61 percentage points for boys living in the same zone . In contrast , in North-West Nigeria", "spans": [{"start": 1445, "end": 1463, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not only the efficient economic cost but also the costs arising from the inefficiencies of the service provider . The _efficient economic cost_ , meanwhile , covers all the economic resources required for efficient service delivery . These include operation and maintenance expenses and also all capital costs such as depreciation and return on capital . Estimating cost-reflective tariffs is a data-intensive endeavor . For our purposes , cost-reflective tariffs are taken from a novel data set provided by Andres et al . ( 2019 ) . The alternative approach followed by Andres et al . , despite its assumptions and simplifications , improves on the existing estimates . In a nutshell , this approach entails answering the following question : “ What is the long-run incremental cost of providing water and sanitation services for a given company ? ” It is based on a simple , utility-wide , bottom-up model , drawing > 4 See , for instance , Abramovsky and Phillips ( 2015 ) for a description of different microsimulation models for taxes and benefits using household survey data . 4", "spans": [{"start": 481, "end": 495, "text": "novel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1059, "end": 1080, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12 Only about half of the 85 % of projects that included an IEC component made provision for systematic feedback from clients about its effectiveness . Where this occurred , this was most commonly ( 44 % of projects ) through surveys or studies aimed at establishing changes in awareness and practice . In a minority of projects ( about 8 % ) , an effort was made to obtain feedback from service providers on a regular basis about the effectiveness of IEC . A particularly thorough effort to obtain feedback about the appropriateness of IEC messages was made in the Indonesia Nutrition and Community Health Proje . ' t ( 1977 , Case 6 ) . This represents the Bank ' s only systematic attempt co date to apply social marketing techniques in the PHN sectors . Give . . the differentiated nature and distance of client populations and corresponding uncertainty about what IEC strategies and messages are appropriate , the fact that systematic qualitative feedback about IEC is not more widespread is cause for concern . The same applies to feedback about the appropriateness of service delivery strategies , where only 36 % of the projects had made provision for systematic qualitative feedba-k . This was accomplished in 23 % of the projects through one-off surveys of client demand for , utilization of , and attitudes to services . Only 19 % of the projects planned to do this through the development of regular feedback from clients , principally through the formation of local health committees to liaise with local service providers as for example in India Population 4 ( 1985 ) and the Guinea project ( 1987 ) . Bank thinking about the development of qualitative feedback from clients in the PHN sectors appears to have lagged behind that in the agriculture sector . Feedback from clients is the driving force of the training and visit system of agricultural extension ( Case 7 ) , now being implemented in more than 40 countries . By far the most important form of learning in the Bank ' s PHN projects has been through the development of management information systems for the collection , analysis and use of routine quantitative performance data . No less than 79 % of the projects in the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "when my children have some education and skills and can make a better life for themselves than I could , ” said Abdinoor ( 49 ) . Abdi ( 25 ) dreamt of a future Somalia : “ In the future I would like to open a tourist hotel and restaurant on Kismayo beach . Tourists could come and swim , sunbathe , eat and stay at my hotel . ” _De facto , gradual integration in Dadaab_ Kibreab ( 1989 : 469 ) defines integration as the “ economic , social , and cultural process by which the refugees become members of the host society on a permanent basis . ” al-Sharmani ( 2003 : 4 ) refers to Frechette ( 1994 ) and stresses the importance of viewing integration as “ a continuum , as a process of varying degrees and forms of ‘ acceptance , participation , and change ’ in which both the refugees and host society are involved . ” Some refugees have been living in Dadaab for 20 years . The camps have become a bustling business centre . With formal economic opportunities so limited , many engage in informal trade . The localisation of the refugee camps in Dadaab is not without importance . The North Eastern Province is ethnically Somali , it is arid to semi-arid and has historically been marginalised . Interviewees from the host community emphasised that the relationship between the two groups was good , including inter-marriage . While complaining of loss of grazing land , increasing environmental degradation and that refugees were getting more attention and assistance than them , the interviewees also admitted that the camps had benefits . A socioeconomic survey in 2010 confirms that , while there are some negative environmental impacts in the immediate vicinity of the camps , the total economic benefits are some 14 million USD annually , around 25 per cent of the average per capita income in the province ( Enghoff , M . et al . , 2010 ) . 12", "spans": [{"start": 1547, "end": 1567, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from citizens by reducing the uncertainty of their returns to monitoring ( Devarajan et al . , 2011 ) . While this channel remains a possibility , it is difficult to rule out a countervailing mechanism , wherein dividends serve to acquiesce citizens and consequently reduce their oversight of government spending . Ultimately , the validity of this channel remains an empirical issue . The second channel through which DDTs could improve governance is if a portion is subsequently taxed back by the government in order to fund public expenditure . This represents an explicit construction of the fiscal contract , and is more likely to result in keen citizen oversight of revenue management . Indeed , Devarajan et al . ( 2011 ) and Devarajan and Giugale ( 2012 ) even discuss the possibility that this mechanism could result in more public goods than the equivalent expenditure on direct public investments , as increased scrutiny may improve efficiency throughout the chain from public outlays to the end-point delivery of public goods . Conversely , direct expenditure on public investments would remain prone to leakage , a feature common in many institutionally weak African states ( Reinikka and Svensson 2004 ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > Of the four broad options discussed above , only a combination of direct dividends and subsequent taxation is likely to mitigate rentier behavior , as no other option makes explicit demands of citizens to contribute to public revenues . Moreover , accountability mechanisms aside , there is good reason to believe that the DDT option may be the least exposed to political rent extraction , in part due to relative directness of the distribution channel . As Sandbu and Humphreys ( 2007 ) note , sovereign funds are prone to premature embezzlement unless accompanied by rigorous regulations . Government lending in poorly governed countries is also subject to corruption , ( Khwaja and Mian 2005 ) . To illustrate the case for DDTs , Moss ( 2011 ) observes that , in Ghana , Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys ( PETS ) found that between 50 % and 80 % of public spending was leaked through the system ; by comparison , one million fraudulent recipients of direct transfers would represent the equivalent of only", "spans": [{"start": 2014, "end": 2049, "text": "Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recession was well targeted , and of an appropriate magnitude . This work also fits within the growing body of research on how households cope in times of recession ; UNESC ( 2009 ) presents a recent example . An important reason for focusing on Thailand is the availability of excellent and timely household survey data . The National Statistics Office conducts its Socio-Economic Survey on an on-going basis , interviewing about 3 , 800 households nationwide every month , and collecting detailed information on consumption as well as many other variables . In principle this allows one to track the actual effects of global recession on different groups in Thailand , with a lag ( to allow for data cleaning and processing ) of just a month or two . We are also interested in Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 4", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 320, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 367, "end": 388, "text": "Socio-Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "this magnitude , the dramatic reduction in poverty would be understandable . Given the increase in poverty in urban areas , and return migration from the urban areas to the countryside , the labor constraints may slacken and real wages fall over the next few years . However , one should be careful in interpreting the results of the socioeconomic breakdown in the survey data , as we do not know what percentage of household income is made up of wage labor , and whether wage incomes increased in the households classified as wage laborers . Moreover , given the various categories of hired labor that exist , it is not clear that the surveys do an adequate job of identifying all the various forms of hired labor and coding them correctly . So it is entirely possible that the observed decline in poverty in this group of households may have little or nothing to do with labor earnings per se . There was a substantial increase in poverty among public sector employees , as expected given that real public sector wage bill declined in real terms . Following the devaluation in January 1994 , the government granted a 10 percent increase in wages and salaries across the board , although fringe benefits remained unchanged . Thus , the overall increase in personnel remuneration amounted to about 8 percent . The number of employees remained essentially unchanged . The rate of inflation between the two surveys was 48 percent for Abidjan ( the pre-devaluation survey was conducted April-May 1992 ) and 43 percent for the rest of the country ( the pre-devaluation survey was conducted between JuneNovember 1993 ) . Thus remuneration of Abidjan civil servants fell by 27 percent in real terms , while remuneration of civil servants outside Abidjan fell by 24 percent . The survey data show that household expenditure per capita of Abidjan public employee households fell by 15 percent , while expenditure per capita of public sector employee households in Other Cities fell by 24 percent . Thus , it seems that public sector employee households in Abidjan were better placed to draw on other sources of income or savings to mitigate the decline in their public sector salaries than public sector employees outside Abidjan . Tlhe outcome for", "spans": [{"start": 365, "end": 376, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1446, "end": 1468, "text": "pre-devaluation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "lose momentum after Board approval . Funds available under a PHRD grant are being used to sensitize representatives of public sector and civil society organizations , to establish program coordination and implementation mechanisms and to train community development agents . A PPF was requested by Govemment and approved by IDA in April 2002 . - * Importance of partnerships : some MAPs have been prepared very fast and other development partners were not involved enough . In Guinea the MAP worked through the UNAIDS group which was extended to other non-UN partners . - The tendency for some National AIDS Commission to become bureaucracies : this was taken into account in Guinea by limiting the CNLS to six professionals , and by not creating decentralized Units . - * Importance of monitoring and evaluation . The design of the monitoring and evaluation system should focus on who will use the indicators and how they will influence the decision-making process . Baseline data are essential for proper monitoring . # # # # # * * 4 . Indications of recipient commitment and ownership * * The Recipient ' s previous strategy to fight IIV / AIDS was revised using a multi-sectoral approach , which the Recipient recognizes as the only viable approach . Some important initiatives have already been taken both by various ministries and by development partners , civil society , NGOs , and within the private sector . Government created the National Committee for the Fight against IV / AIDS in March 2002 , and selected the Executive Secretary of its Secretariat in May 2002 . Concrete evidence of Recipient commitment will be manifested by the rate at which implementation will take place and by the adequate monitoring of the situation at the highest government levels . - 15 -", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 981, "text": "Baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in Annex 8 . Following the finalization o f the Country Procurement Assessment Report in 2004 , the reform o f the procurement system in the country started with the drafting o f the Procurement Code , which has recently been approved by the Cabinet and i s now in Parliament . Once it has been passed and has become effective , other reform measures will have to follow . A reliance on an acceptable national system in Bank-assisted projects will have to wait till the 135", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The transition process did not simply lead to demand and supply shocks . It also led to a deep institutional restructuring . It is plausible that the transition process , by removing the existing coordinating mechanisms , led to an increase in search costs , and in turn to a decline in aggregate activities . Some Bank surveys-for example , Ickes and Ryterman ( 1994 ) , Qimiao Fan ( 1994 ) , De Melo ( 1 997 ) - have attempted to measure these changes . The data collected however suffer of the limitations emphasized above , focusing mainly on few of the aspects of the transition process . Another dimension of particular interest to policy-makers is firn responses to macro shocks . Since this type of analysis has a less defined set of theoretical hypotheses and may be more specific in scope , it is difficult to evaluate the coverage of the World Bank surveys . Instead , we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of recent surveys undertaken in response to macro-economic crises . Research on transition economies mentioned above is a natural starting point since they provide some information on how firns react to shocks or changes in the environment in which they operate . Earle , Estrin and Leshchenko ( 1996 ) , for example , focus on the privatization process and its impact on firm performance . Using survey data collected in Russia in 1994 , the authors analyze the effects of different ownership structures on firm behavior . Their findings suggest that outsider-owned and state-owned firms differ significantly in terms of perforrnance and but less in terms of restructuring behavior . The latter result may be partly a function of the timing of the survey ( it was conducted only two years into the transition process ) and , consequently , the restructuring process had made only limited progress . ' < sup > 4 < / sup > Recanatini and Ryterman ( 1999a and 1999b ) study the reaction of firns to the institutional vacuum left by the removal of government institutions . Their analysis suggests that , because of the sudden loss of information and the underdeveloped legal system , firms reacted by by an underdeveloped banking system , initially postponed the inevitable restructuring process .", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 867, "text": "World Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1321, "end": 1360, "text": "survey data collected in Russia in 1994", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * EA Regional Transport , Trade and Development Facilitation Project ( Second Phase of Program ) ( P148853 ) # # * * Study Methodology * * 4 . The approach used to achieve the study aims is presented in Table 1 . 3 5 . * * Assumptions : * * The analysis has been undertaken at 12 percent discount rate , and a residual project value of 20 percent of the initial capital investment assumed and credited as a benefit to the whole project in the final year of evaluation . The calibrated and configured HDM-4 workspace for Kenya has been used to compute the economic benefits for the “ with ” and “ without ” project scenarios . Accident cost savings , which are benefits resulting from the road improvement , have not been taken into account as the profile and frequency of accidents could not be determined from the available data . * * Table 1 . 3 : Summary of the Study Approach * * | * * Task * * | * * Description * * | * * Methodology * * | * * Outputs * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Compiling information < br > about road conditions < br > before the upgrade | Review of Final Design < br > Reports and the PAD | Physical attributes of the road sections , < br > including inventory and condition data , < br > geometric features , etc . | | 2 | Collecting data on the < br > latest project status | Review of the latest Monthly < br > Progress Reports | Project implementation progress , actual < br > project costs , pavement design , road < br > condition , etc . | | 3 | Reviewing the latest traffic < br > studies data | Review of traffic data < br > collected byKeNHA in 2021 | Traffic volumes in terms of AADT by vehicle < br > type , composition , trafficgrowth rates , etc . | |", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 850, "text": "available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1215, "end": 1243, "text": "inventory and condition data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1578, "end": 1590, "text": "traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Component * * 3 * * Key result Progress Strengthening capacity for * * NESSP * * report finalised , Education sector analysis report finalised , evidence-based policy development * * NHIF * * and * * SFDE * * utilising NEMIS data for capitation , Capacity at national level , building of Education officers on * * NEMIS , MLA * * studies undertaken for pupils in class * * 3 * * and * * _7 . _ * * | Component4 | | | - - - | - - - | | Keyresult | Progress | | ProjectCoordination , < br > Communication , Monitoringand < br > Evaluation | Weundertook capacitybuildingofRDE , CDEs , bothMOEand * * TSC * * < br > andCPCs , Hostedthe * * GPE * * annualmeeting , Implementation Support < br > Mission inmarch , InternalFinancialaudit , Preparationofvirtual < br > ImplementationMission | # # # # * * 1 . 9 * * Summary of Project Compliance : i ) The project has complied fully with the financing agreement with < sup > the < / sup > < sup > * * IDA * * intermsof < / sup > utilization of donor funds . ix", "spans": [{"start": 221, "end": 231, "text": "NEMIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") . # * * _2 . 1 . 2 Precipitation Shocks_ * * To measure precipitation shocks , we use re-analysis data from the European Copernicus program . This is the Earth Observation component of the European Union ’ s space program . Through the ERA5-Land data platform they make data on precipitation available at the hourly level on a 0 . 1 ◦ × 0 . 1 ◦ grid for the planet from 6", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 141, "text": "re-analysis data from the European Copernicus program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 238, "end": 261, "text": "ERA5-Land data platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "measures a country ‘ s jump from a low _PRODY_ product to a high _PRODY_ product ( that is the share of high _PRODY_ good in the export basket increased ) . However , in the case of _Service EXPY_ we will use what we call _dynamic PRODY_ s , i . e . the _PRODY_ values of a certain service export may vary year to year . Hence , an increase i _n dynamic EXPY_ can be due to ( i ) an increase in the _PRODY_ of a service and / or ( ii ) an increase in the share of high _PRODY_ products in the export basket . This is important for two reasons . First , it gives us an opportunity to capture the effect of changes in PRODY on EXPY . We do not only want to measure the fact that countries are getting more and more engaged in higher value service export , but also that the service exports themselves are increasing in sophistication due to improvements in ICT and 3T ‘ s . In fact many richer and high-skilled countries are engaged in service exports boosting the _PRODY_ s of some service export categories . < sup > 7 < / sup > Secondly , since the data is much less disaggregated for services , using _static PRODY_ fails to capture the movements to higher _PRODY_ service exports that are only sub-categories of the broader categories captured by the Balance of Payments data . A second characteristic , and just mentioned , is that service export data are not collected in the same detailed manner as goods export data . This means we will end up with only ten broad categories of service exports . They are different enough to make the analysis interesting , but it of course limits the extent to which we can understand the mechanisms in play . For example , if a country – within the same service export category - move from a sub-category of services with presumed low _PRODY_ , to a sub-category of services with presumed high _PRODY_ that would not show up at all in the _static EXPY_ . As mentioned , the _dynamic EXPY_ would however capture this as it allows for the _PRODY_ s to change", "spans": [{"start": 1254, "end": 1278, "text": "Balance of Payments data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1336, "end": 1355, "text": "service export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1422, "text": "goods export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", which is sometimes measured as > 3 Shared prosperity is an indicator of shared growth developed by the World Bank , measuring the income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the distribution in each country . It is often compared to the average growth of the country . > 4 The definition of HFCE is broader than what is typically included in household surveys , encompassing items like spending of non-profit entities such as religious groups , NGOs and foundations . Previous literature ( e . g . Ravallion , 2003 , and Deaton , 2005 ) has referred to HFCE as private consumption expenditure ( PCE ) , defined under earlier systems of national accounts . > 5 Anand and Segal ( 2008 ) , Ravallion ( 2003 ) , Deaton ( 2005 ) use HFCE ( or the older measure , PCE ) to compare with consumption from surveys . 5", "spans": [{"start": 342, "end": 359, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "younger girl in HH enrolled in secondary school * program | | | 0 . 08 < br > ( 0 . 06 ) | | | | | 34 ] | | N | 4 , 718 | 4 , 718 | 4 , 718 | | R-squared | 0 . 12 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 14 | | programspillovereffect ( oldergirlinHH ) | | 0 . 04 | = — - 0 . 10 * * * | | | | ( 0 . 04 ) | ( 0 . 04 ) | | | | [ 64 ] | [ . 00 ] | | programspillovereffect ( youngergirlinHH ) | | 0 . 02 | 0 . 10 | | | | ( 0 . 03 ) | ( 0 . 06 ) | | | | [ 42 ] | [ . 13 ] | | meanoutcome | 0 . 60 | 0 . 60 | 0 . 60 | Sample is boys of secondary school age ( 13-18 ) , Regions 2-6 , Gambia Integrated Household Survey 1992 / 1998 / 2003 / 2010 . “ Older ” girls include those of same age as boy . Program spillover effect is sum of program and program ’ girl in HH coefficients . Standard errors in parenthesis , clustered by region . p-values in brackets , calculated from 200 iterations of wild-t cluster bootstrap of Cameron et al ( 2008 ) with Webb ( 2013 ) 6-point distribution of weights . Starred significance levels are based on these p-values . * significant at 10 % ; * * significant at 5 % ; * * * significant at 1 % .", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 585, "text": "Gambia Integrated Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "35 * * Table 6 : Regression on private sector attitudes , and wanting to work * * | | ( 1 ) < br > Okay to work in < br > private | ( 2 ) < br > Okay to work in < br > private | ( 3 ) < br > Prefer Private | ( 4 ) < br > Want to work | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Social empirical | 0 . 0262 * * | | 0 . 00389 | 0 . 0574 * * * | | | [ 0 . 0104 ] | | [ 0 . 0121 ] | [ 0 . 0199 ] | | Social normative | 0 . 0517 * * * | | 0 . 00649 | 0 . 0188 | | | [ 0 . 0106 ] | | [ 0 . 0123 ] | [ 0 . 0196 ] | | Personal Belief | | | | 0 . 0526 * * | | | | | | [ 0 . 0224 ] | | Expectation of counterpart | 0 . 132 * * * | | 0 . 0280 * * | 0 . 0383 * | | | [ 0 . 0107 ] | | [ 0 . 0125 ] | [ 0 . 0210 ] | | Social empirical index | | 0 . 0397 * * * | | | | | | [ 0 . 0109 ] | | | | Social normative index | | 0 . 0298 * * | | | | | | [ 0 . 0133 ] | | | | Expectation of counterpart | | | | | | index | | 0 . 0918 * * * | | | | | | [ 0 . 0134 ] | | | | Female | 0 . 104 * * * | 0 . 104 * * * | - 0 . 00715 | 0 . 0908 * * | | | [ 0 . 0209 ] | [ 0 . 0219 ] | [ 0 . 0243 ] | [ 0 . 0412 ] | | Age |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . 0 Introduction * * Due to the sheer magnitude of the crisis and a population of over 2 million refugees from Syria throughout the region , the humanitarian community is compelled to target protection services and assistance based on emergency life-saving needs of the most vulnerable refugees . The main objective of this initiative is to improve aid effectiveness , by ensuring a needs-based and principled approach to a humanitarian response and appropriate targeting of beneficiaries to ensure equitable access based on prioritized need , especially for the most vulnerable . Based on this the current work has focussed on : - Defining common vulnerability criteria for the Health Sector and cash assistance programmes , this includes the potential to identify vulnerabilities beyond the immediate categorization of risks , such as disability , Serious medical condition etc . . - Defining / adapting a common tool that enables agreed vulnerability data to be collected . During the Aid Effectiveness project it became evident that building vulnerability criteria for Health and Cash Assistance could not be done without considering a wider perspective of vulnerability analysis . This is important because : - both the Health and Cash Assistance programming consider risk factors that relate to protection and other sectors such as WASH - the need to ensure that vulnerability criteria and analysis in health and cash assistance is placed within a wider vulnerability analysis system of UNHCR This document describes a potential conceptual framework to vulnerability analysis and places both the Health and Cash vulnerability criteria within this wider framework . The paper addresses the need for spatial understanding of vulnerability as well as addressing the need for clearer vulnerability criteria at individual and household level . There are differences between the refugee population in Zaatari camp and that settled in urban areas , however the conceptual framework is applicable to both the camp and urban refugee populations . # * * 2 . 0 Objective * * The overall objective of the document is to describe a conceptual framework for vulnerability analysis among the Syrian Refugees in Jordan . # * * 3 . 0 Conceptual Framework for Vulnerability Analysis * * It is understood that vulnerability is : - multi -", "spans": [{"start": 948, "end": 966, "text": "vulnerability data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9367 # * * Abstract * * This paper explores heterogeneity in soil quality , lack of knowledge , and autonomy as explanations for the low adoption of improved agricultural practices . The paper uses data from a randomized field experiment that combined localized soil analyses , tailored input recommendations , extension services , and an in-kind grant . The analysis finds that while neither the degree of recommendation specificity ( plot versus cluster level ) nor the extent of autonomy ( defined as the freedom of choice in spending the in-kind grant ) had any effect on adoption during the intervention , farmers with autonomy had substantially higher adoption of improved practices two years after the intervention ended . This paper is a product of the Development Research Group , Development Economics . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at xgine @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 228, "end": 267, "text": "data from a randomized field experiment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project ( P163559 ) # # * * ANNEX 4 : ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ACTION PLAN * * # # * * COUNTRY : South Sudan * * # # * * South Sudan Emergency Food and Nutrition Security Project * * _The following section outlines the requirements of the Environmental and Social Safeguards Action Plan that has been prepared to ensure compliance with safeguards in line with the World Bank ’ s Operational Policy OP 10 . 00 paragraph 12 . _ # # * * Background * * The proposed South Sudan EFNSP is prepared and implemented according to Paragraph 12 of the World Bank ’ s Operational Policy 10 . 00 , which allows for certain exceptions to the requirements of the IPF policy , including deferral of safeguards requirements , if the Bank deems the client to be in urgent need of assistance . * * Almost twelve years after gaining autonomy and then subsequent independence in 2011 , South Sudan still struggles to break out of the conflict trap . * * Conflict resumed in December 2013 and , despite a brief period of optimism following the Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict signed in August 2015 , still continues . The conflict started in Juba and then was focused on the Greater Upper Nile Region ; however recently there has been organized violence in previously peaceful areas such as Central and Eastern Equatoria . The hostilities and unrest have led to massive displacement ( both because of the fighting itself as well as fear of the violence ) . Available statistics indicate that over 2 million persons are now internally displaced including over 200 , 000 civilians who have sought protection in the UN PoC sites across the country . Further , some 1 . 4 million persons have sought refuge in neighboring countries . * * Conflict has resulted into a near collapse of the economy . * * Currently , the country exhibits all the signs of macroeconomic collapse . There have been sharp declines in output , and a spike in the parallel exchange market premium . The", "spans": [{"start": 1526, "end": 1546, "text": "Available statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Only 45 . 7 percent of students from our entry cohort graduate — 15 . 1 percent graduates on time ( in five years ) and 30 . 6 percent graduates late ( in 6-8 years ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > Dropout rates are far from uniform over time . As Figure 2 shows , over a quarter of college students ( half of all dropouts ) leave in the first year , and the first two years account for about 70 percent of all dropouts . Similar to enrollment rates , dropout rates vary widely across student types ( Table 2 ) . Conditional on income , higher ability students have lower dropout rates ; on average , the dropout rate gap between the highest and lowest ability quintiles is equal to 25 pp . In contrast , dropout rates do not vary much by income — suggesting that free college might affect enrollment more than dropout decisions . Final college outcomes vary substantially by ability . High-ability students are more likely to graduate , whether on time or late ( Figure 3 ) , whereas low-ability students are more likely to drop out , particularly in year 1 . After year 1 , dropout rates vary little across abilities . * * Figure 2 : Dropout Timing . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 < br > % relative to entry cohort < br > % relative to all dropouts < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 < br > College year < br > Percent < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Calculations based on SPADIES , for students from the 2006 entry cohort ( first semester ) . _Notes_ : The blue line shows percent of students who drop out in a given college year . The red line shows , among all dropouts , percent of those who drop out in a given college year . * * Figure 3 : College Outcomes by Ability . * * <", "spans": [{"start": 1446, "end": 1453, "text": "SPADIES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > KE-NYAMIRA COUNTY - < br > 137373-GO-RFQ / Purchase < br > of 29 , 000 Number Auto < br > Disable BCG vaccination < br > syringes AD soloshots of0 . 05ml and 1 , 000 NumberAuto Disable BCG vaccination IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 4 , 350 . 00 0 . 00 UnderImplementation 2019-12-07 2020-02-01 2020-05-31 < br > syringes AD soloshots of < br > 0 . 1ml for Immunisation to < br > 101 number of health < br > facilities . < br > KE-NYAMIRA COUNTY - < br > 137435-GO-RFQ / Procure < br > 110 No , Antenal Care Register < br > and 101 No , each of Child < br > Welfare Clinic Register , Maternity Register , PostnatalCare Register , Family Planning IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 14 , 560 . 00 12 , 792 . 53 Completed 2019-12-04 2020-04-14 2020-01-29 2020-05-29 2020-05-28 2020-06-26 < br > Register , Immunization < br > Permanent register and < br > Immunization Tally Sheet . . for < br > 101 health facilites < br > KE-NYAMIRA COUNTY - < br > 169150-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of medical drugsand Haemo-cuvettes 201 forhemoglobin used by only IDA / 58360 Improving Primary HealthCare Results Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 5 , 346 . 00 4 , 915 . 86 Completed", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 631, "text": "Antenal Care Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 673, "end": 696, "text": "Welfare Clinic Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 699, "end": 717, "text": "Maternity Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 720, "end": 742, "text": "PostnatalCare Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1044, "end": 1068, "text": "Immunization Tally Sheet", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", ( US $ 0 . 150 million ) - iv . Developing a city asset management policy , strategy and registry , including the provision of relevant hardware , equipment and software ( US $ 1 . 75 million ) - v . Supporting KCCA Traffic and Transport Planning Unit , including staffing ( US $ 1 . 70 million ) - b . * * _Support to the Directorate of Physical Planning ( US $ 2 . 8 million ) _ * * - Under KIIDP1 the Geographic Information System ( GIS ) department in the Physical Planning Directorate was upgraded with hardware . The basic Arc View software required upgrading as part of KIIDP2 to increase its capability to address expanded KCCA data needs including the development of an urban land use database at plot , village and parish levels , linking urban services management with revenue functions more effectively . The Arc GIS address model would enable KCCA to monitor infrastructure investments on the ground and support local revenue mobilization . In addition , the GIS was also expected to support the planned comprehensive city address system and cadaster , and to support the updating of valuation roles for property taxation . The Physical Planning Directorate would provide support and services to the Directorates of Engineering and Technical Services and Revenue , including OSR enhancement . Support to this Directorate would include : - i . Updating the cadaster maps – ( US $ 2 . 40 million ) - ii . Street mapping , naming and plot addressing – ( US $ 0 . 20 million ) - iii . Upgrading the Arc GIS to server enterprise standard – ( US $ 0 . 10 million ) - iv . Fully licensed Arc GIS for server enterprise standard – ( US $ 0 . 10 million ) - c . * * _Support to Directorate of Revenue ( US $ 3 . 2 million ) _ – * * While resources for investment in infrastructure ( roads , drainage , junctions etc . ) were to be funded under Component 1 , it was anticipated that sustainable maintenance of this infrastructure would be financed", "spans": [{"start": 681, "end": 704, "text": "urban land use database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * One WASH — Consolidated Water Supply , Sanitation , and Hygiene Account Project ( One WASH — CWA ) ( P167794 ) < mark > Other Decision ( as needed ) < / mark > # # * * B . Introduction and Context * * # # Country Context 1 . Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa with 123 million people . Currently , 80 percent of Ethiopia ’ s population lives in rural areas . However , the rapid urbanization impacts the overall development in the country . Even though Ethiopia witnessed remarkable economic growth during 2004-2019 , it remains one of the poorest countries in the world . The rapid growth was driven by the expansion of government-funded large scale infrastructure development , which depended on foreign debt and aid . This approach had also left a legacy of growing macroeconomic imbalances and limited job creation . Recognizing the limitations of this state-led economic model , the new administration launched the Homegrown Economic Reform ( HGER ) plan in 2019 with the aims of sustaining rapid growth , maintaining stable macroeconomic environment , and creating adequate and sustainable job opportunities . 2 . In addition to economic challenges , Ethiopia also faces climactic challenges . The country is vulnerable to disaster and climate events . Projections suggest that rising temperatures and increasing rainfall variability exacerbate the risks of drought and flood events . Ethiopia has 122 billion M < sup > 3 < / sup > ( BMC ) renewable water resources and 2 . 6 BMC of ground water potential . The spatial distribution of water resources across human settlements in the country and quality issues are major challenges in extending water supply access to the country ’ s population . In 2015 , Ethiopia ranked 174th out of 188 on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) . < sup > 1 < / sup > Maternal and child mortality rates remain high . About 38 percent of children under five are stunted , 24 percent are underweight , and 10 percent are wasted . < sup > 2 <", "spans": [{"start": 1795, "end": 1818, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 the availability of bank loans over those reporting an improvement rose to 20 percent from 14 percent in the previous survey , which covered the first half of 2011 ( figure 12b ) . While the deterioration was linked largely to the general economic outlook , companies also complained about the increased unwillingness of banks to provide loans , as well as increased borrowing costs and collateral requirements ( figure 12c ) . * * Figure 11 . European Bank Lending Conditions and Drivers * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Net Percentage of Banks Reporting Tight b . Factors Affecting Credit Standards < br > Conditions < br > 80 200 < br > Weighted Net Percentage , Jan 2003 - Apr 2012 Weighted Net Percentage , Jan 2003 - Apr 2012 < br > 60 < br > 150 < br > 40 < br > 100 < br > 20 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > 0 < br > - 20 < br > - 50 < br > - 40 < br > Firms Household Mortgages Economic Outlook Liquidity position < br > Other Household Credit Access to Market Financing Capital Positions < br > Jan 03 Jun 03 Nov 03 Apr 04 Sep 04 Feb 05 Jul 05 Dec 05 May 06 Oct 06 Mar 07 Aug 07 Jan 08 Jun 08 Nov 08 Apr 09 Sep 09 Feb 10 Jul 10 Dec 10 May 11 Oct 11 Mar 12 Jan 03 Jun 03 Nov 03 Apr 04 Sep 04 Feb 05 Jul 05 Dec 05 May 06 Oct 06 Mar 07 Aug 07 Jan 08 Jun 08 Nov 08 Apr 09 Sep 09 Feb 10 Jul 10 Dec 10 May 11 Oct 11 Mar 12 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : ECB Lending Survey . # * * 18 . Available information suggests that certain areas of banking have been hit harder than others . * * - Less profitable , capital-intensive projects are disproportionately affected , including infrastructure finance and loans to SMEs . As discussed , the most recent ECB SME lending survey suggests that SMEs are experiencing difficulties in accessing", "spans": [{"start": 1385, "end": 1403, "text": "ECB Lending Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1682, "end": 1704, "text": "ECB SME lending survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 4 also underscores the importance of examining these relationships by income and age — among poor households , younger women and men are equally likely to want to work additional paid hours . This diverges substantially , however , among groups aged 35 and older , likely due to women ’ s greater responsibilities within the home , including care of children . Also , some women may want to work more but are time constrained , so may consider themselves as neither available nor willing to work given their circumstances . As discussed further in Section V , asking additional contextual questions on reasons for wanting / not wanting to work more , including factors related to the quality of available economic opportunities as well as time constraints , can help in better understanding the trends in Figure 4 . Figure 4 . Uganda National Panel Survey , 2013-14 : relationship between age and desire to work more ( own-reporting sample ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Households below the poverty line Households above the poverty line < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Finally , to complement statistics on unemployment , the 19 < sup > th < / sup > ICLS also introduced the concept of the potential labor force to provide additional data on those out of the labor force , but who could be responsive to employment policy . This includes ( a ) unavailable jobseekers , who are seeking employment but not available ; ( b ) available potential jobseekers , who are available but not seeking ; and ( c ) willing potential jobseekers , who are neither seeking nor available for employment , but who want employment . A question on desire to work , in particular , is critical for capturing ( c ) – and with important implications for women , who may be out of the labor force and not actively seeking work < sup > 5 < / sup > because of unpaid work burdens , lack of suitable economic opportunities , not being allowed to work / other barriers to seeking work , or other social / cultural norms affecting their time allocation ( see Section V", "spans": [{"start": 834, "end": 862, "text": "Uganda National Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to problems of population density and land shortage . According to the 2011 Human Development Index , Burundi is the third lowest rated country in the world ( UNDP , 2011 ) . Return to conditions of such poverty creates many reintegration challenges for reintegration . The scarcity of resources and direness of the situation is what fuels the land disputes and conflicts . The sharing of land has also increased poverty . One stayee stated : People faced many challenges ; hunger , disease , and it is not easy to get money to pay for health care . Before a person could sell the crops and get money but now it is no longer possible . The poverty is very serious . The further difficulty is that there are no viable alternatives to agriculture in Burundi . Unemployment rates are high and it is difficult for educated individuals to receive employment . Returnees are frustrated that there are no jobs for those who have completed their education . Both returnees and stayees stressed that there needs to be further opportunities for employment and livelihoods in Burundi . 17", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 99, "text": "2011 Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "continue to have lower wages than in other sectors , real wages remained stable over this period and actually increased in the last year of the study period . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 31 . Cumulative change in log real wage , Figure 32 . Real wage by overall sector , < br > 2014-2022 ( base year : 2010 ) 2014-2022 ( thousand 2010 ZMK ) < br > 0 . 2 160 . 0 < br > 0 . 1 140 . 0 < br > 0 120 . 0 < br > - 0 . 1 100 . 0 < br > - 0 . 2 80 . 0 < br > - 0 . 3 60 . 0 < br > - 0 . 4 40 . 0 < br > - 0 . 5 20 . 0 < br > - 0 . 6 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 - < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Structural transformation < br > Entry * Exit * Total Agriculture , forestry , and fishing Mining and quarrying < br > Rest of industry Non-industrial services < br > Note : Wages are deflated by Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) . < br > Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on PAYE database < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Net formal job creation has generally been in lower paying subsectors . * * At the ISIC 1-digit level , the largest net formal job creators have been agriculture , forestry and fishing ( about 28 , 000 net new jobs between 2014 and 2022 ) , retail trade ( 28 , 000 ) , manufacturing ( 21 , 000 ) , and other service activities ( 23 , 000 ) , < sup > 12 < / sup > all relatively low-wage sectors . By contrast , there has been limited new formal job creation in financial services ( 5 , 000 new jobs ) , the highest-wage subsector , and there has been net formal job destruction in mining (", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 888, "text": "Consumer Price Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 962, "end": 975, "text": "PAYE database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "firm-level exports during the pandemic . In the second step , we compare the impact of the pandemic on firms that participated in GVCs with those that did not . GVC firms are defined as firms that both imported and exported in the Covid-19 pre-period ( February 2019-November 2019 ) . All other firms are categorized as nonGVC firms . Since in GVCs , tariffs and non-tariff barriers are effectively a tax on exports ( because imports are essential for exports ) , to further understand the effect of import policies , we differentiate between GVC firms that faced non-tariff measures ( NTMs ) versus those that did not . To assess the level of NTMs faced by a firm , we rely on data from the World Bank Jakarta NTM database . This data improves on other NTM data by UNCTAD-ERIA , as it is at a higher frequency ( monthly ) , more updated ( up to December 2021 ) , and has a time dimension ( panel ) . This makes it appropriate for the purposes of this analysis because we can capture changes in NTMs real-time during the pandemic as opposed to annual data . Indonesia makes an interesting case for multiple reasons . High levels of raw material exports have led to high forward participation in GVCs , but this has been on a downward trend in recent years ( Figure 1 ) . The backward participation is still in its infancy , with low level of foreign value 2", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 723, "text": "World Bank Jakarta NTM database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 766, "end": 777, "text": "UNCTAD-ERIA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increase as _caused by_ the crisis , given the measured increase is consistent with pre ‐ crisis trends and one not far from forecasts of what may have taken in place even in the absence of the crisis . < sup > 5 < / sup > My second main contribution of the paper is to provide a thorough measurement of the exporter incidence of the growing use of antidumping and its implications for discriminatory patterns of import protection across the trading system . Section 4 provides evidence of substantial heterogeneity ; this time across affected exporting economies . Over time , the main impact of the foreign use of antidumping is increasingly on developing economy exporters . First , China ’ s exported products face the largest stocks of foreign ‐ imposed antidumping barriers , at nearly four times the amount of the second most ‐ targeted economies – South Korea ; EU ; Taiwan , China – more developed economies whose stocks of exports affected by foreign antidumping have remained relatively stagnant over recent history . Overall , in 2009 , 2 . 6 % of China ’ s exported products to developing economies were subject to antidumping and 1 . 6 % of its products to developed economies were subject to antidumping , percentages that have accelerated since its 2001 WTO accession ( Messerlin 2004 , Bown , 2010c ) . I illustrate additional data that shows this feature of antidumping as increasingly a “ South ‐ South ” phenomenon is not unique to China ’ s exports . A number of other developing countries face trends similar to China in that the share of their products exported to other developing economies that is targeted by foreign antidumping is higher than the share of their products exported to high income economies . In addition to these two main empirical contributions , my approach allows us to address a number of other important questions raised by the data . For example , while focusing on annual stock measures of TTBs is an important and previously underemphasized area for research , my approach also allows for construction of other measures of TTB policy activity , including more precise “ flow ” measures based on product coverage . Capturing more information on the rate", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ET-CSA-156237-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Household Surveys and Price < br > Statistics - ConsultancyServices on Technical issues IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 27 , 448 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > of sample design and < br > estimation procedures for < br > improvement of price survey < br > and labor statistics < br > ET-CSA-156233-CS-QCBS / < br > consultancy service providing < br > firm for Household < br > Consumption and < br > Expenditure & WMS - Consultancy Services onTechnical issues of sample IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 236 , 915 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > design , questionnaire < br > development , and testing < br > and estimation procedures < br > for the HCE and HIC < br > ET-CSA-155438-CS-QCBS / < br > Selection & employment of < br > consultancy service providing < br > firm for Operational Cost for < br > Revision of Standarddocument - Consultancyservice on what should be IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 81 , 383 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-03 2020-03-24 2020-04-22", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 2 . 2 . 2 Costs The most obvious cost associated with formal definition of property rights in land is the expenditure needed to physically demarcate and delineate plots , to establish and maintain accurate records of land ownership , and to enforce these rights and resolve whatever disputes might arise . 1 < sup > 6 < / sup > These costs are borne by individual land owners in situations , for example frontier settlement , where public enforcement of property rights is absent and individuals make defensive investments such as guards , fences , and other demarcation devices to demonstrate the legitimacy of their claims to property and to defend such rights against possible intruders ( Muller , 1997 ) . It has been shown that the privately \" optimal \" amount of spending by individuals on means of protection will be inefficient from a social point of view ( Feder and Feeny ; de Meza and Gould 1992 ) . Furthermore , the defensive activities undertaken often have little social value and may generate negative externalities , an issue that has been emphasized with respect to the Brazilian Amazon where the need to demonstrate \" productive \" land use to establish ownership claims has been linked to increased deforestation ( Binswanger 1988 , Southgate et al . 1991 ) . Even where they are not associated with externalities , defensive activities that are often undertaken in speculative attempts to secure \" ownership \" of large tracts of land , can lead to complete dissipation of the rents to be had ( Allen 1991 ) . 17 Given the undesirable impacts of private rights enforcement , public provision - in the form of land records , police , and a judiciary - would therefore be preferable in all situations except ones characterized by very low levels of population density ( Malik and Schwab , 1992 ) . This is indeed observed throughout human history . The specific form in which land records are established will still depend on the relative costs and benefits from such an activity - something that depends partially on the technology and infrastructure available for record keeping . 1 < sup > 8 < / sup > At initial stages of human development assignments of property rights", "spans": [{"start": 1630, "end": 1642, "text": "land records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "kilogramme , stove costs , lifespans , O & M costs and so on , the LCOE ( based on locally confirmed prices where possible ) was calculated for each solution . Then , applying the percentage distribution of cooking solutions , a weighted average cost was calculated . This amount ( KES 19 ) was taken as the Scenario 1 base case . 4 . * * The Scenario 1 weighted average cost of energy produced was then compared with the income and expenditure survey data to confirm that it was accessible to all camp users . * * The calculated cost was found to be very similar to the reported energy expenditure within the camp . However , it should be noted that this calculated cost needs to be compared to monitored income / expenditure data for further verification , as provision of monetary data is a sensitive topic and users may not accurately report on this . Based on the estimated weighted average cost of cooking energy for Scenario 1 , the value of KES 19 per day was taken to be the maximum price cap ( P ) that companies could charge for their cooking solution under the proposed concession . This value implies reaching the greatest number of users possible while aiming to support a market-based approach in which users contribute towards the cost of implementation . It should be noted that this approach has a number of limitations , including the following : - Households verbally reported the amount of fuel they used – no measurements of actual fuel usage were taken . It should also be noted that in many cases fuel is not sold by kilogramme , but per bundle in the case of firewood or per _debe_ ( Kiswahili for ‘ tin ’ ) in the case of charcoal . Hence there may be some inaccuracy in the amounts of fuel that people reported using . - The calculation was based on what people were reported to be using , which is not to say that 9 . 05 MJ per day is adequate for households to meet all their cooking and nutritional 43 movingenergy . earth", "spans": [{"start": 422, "end": 456, "text": "income and expenditure survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 696, "end": 731, "text": "monitored income / expenditure data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in 2012 . Between 2010 and 2013 , detonation of improvised explosive devices and suicide attacks in civilian areas increased in the province , including the well-publicised targeting of Kabul Bank in Jalalabad in 2012 . < sup > 36 < / sup > Anti-Government elements are present and undertake activities including the occupation of schools , in the districts of Khogyani , PachirWaAgam , Chaparhar and to some extent in the Sherzad District . An increase in attacks on education facilities across the region has included 71 direct attacks including the burning of school buildings and facilities , and the intimidation , injury and killing of teachers and students . < sup > 37 < / sup > Between 2010 and 2014 , cross-border shelling from counterinsurgency operations carried out by the Pakistan authorities have caused civilian casualties and displacement and destroyed homes and livestock . < sup > 38 < / sup > > 29 CSO , NRVA 2007 / 2008 . > 30 Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development : National Area Based Development Programme , _Bamyan Provincial Profile . _ > 31 Bowley , Graham “ Taliban Hit Region Seen as ‘ Safest ’ for Afghans , _The New York Times_ , 30 October 2012 , Retrieved January 2014 from < http : / / goo . gl / tzQVoF > . > 32 Central Statistics Organization , _Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2011-2012_ > 33 UNHCR , “ Volrep and Border Monitoring Monthly Update ” , March 2014 , Retrieved 10 August 2014 from < http : / / www . refworld . org / docid / 534d43ac4 . html > > 34 UNAMA , _Afghanistan Annual Report 2010 : Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict_ ” ; UNAMA , _Afghanistan Annual Report 2012 Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict_ , Kabul , UNAMA , 2013 . > 35 UNAMA , _Afghanistan Annual Report 2011 : Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict", "spans": [{"start": 1352, "end": 1395, "text": "Volrep and Border Monitoring Monthly Update", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "methods was developed . It was based on unit costs agreed during the mission . Packaging of the activities was based on the information gathered on the private sector structure and absorption capacity . For coordination purposes and consistency , each agency will maintain its own Procurement Plan , with the DCU providing the procurement plans to the World Bank for approval . During appraisal , these plans were agreed between the Borrower and the Project Team . The procurement plan will also be available in the project ’ s database and in the Bank ’ s external website . The procurement plan will be updated in agreement with the Project Team annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvements in institutional capacity . # # # * * D . Frequency of Procurement Supervision * * 14 . In addition to the prior review supervision to be carried out from Bank offices , the capacity assessment of the Implementing Agency has recommended a supervision mission once every 6 months and a yearly visit to the field to carry out a post-review of procurement actions . # # # * * E . Details of the Procurement Arrangements Involving International Competition * * 15 . As a consequence of the assessed project procurement risk , and on the basis of good procurement processing during ERfKE I , and in line with Bank policies , the prior review thresholds have been increased . By negotiations , the Bank will review the first bidding documents for national competitive bidding on Goods and Civil Works ; and for Shopping contracts . If found satisfactory , they will be 71", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 536, "text": "project ’ s database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 | | Kenya | Aug 79 | 15327 F | Bank projection from census , < br > adjusted for SX undercount | 1980-85 , based on various < br > national surveys ; 1985-90 , < br > Bank projection | 1980-85 , U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) ; < br > 1985-90 , Bank < br > projection | | ribati | May 85 | 64 F | UNPVSR < br > 1 / 88 ( officiat < br > est . ) | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | Based on USBOC < br > 1985 | | Korea , People ' s | May 44 | a F | U . N . 1984 assessment | Based on U . N . 1984 | Based on U . N . 1984 | | Dem . Rep . of | | | | assessment | assessment | | Korea , Rep . of | Nov 85 | 40432 F | Official < br > est . , Economic | Based on U . N . 1984 | Based on U . N . 1984 | | | | | Planning Board | assessmmnt | assessment | | Kuwait | Apr 85 | 1697 F | U . N . 1988 revision ( prelim . ) | Based on UNPVSR < br > 1 / 88 | Based on U . N . 1984 | | | | | | | assessment |", "spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 260, "text": "national surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "p < 0 . 1 . We report standard errors in parenthesis . Variables which enter the propensity score include : age , number of siblings , household size , lives with mother , lives with father , health problems , whether currently working , household ownership of DVD , television , MP3 player , cellular , phone , computer , calculator , student teacher ratio , whether the school has a computer , whether the school has rooms with more than one grade , average teacher education levels and marginality index components . Community level variables include the margination index , proportion illiterate , proportion of households without piped water , proportion without electricity and proportion without drainage . In summary , the results for sixth grade children enrolled in schools in medium to very high marginalized areas show significant increases in enrollment , effects which persist through high school . With respect to secondary schools attended the results indicate that the program overall increases the probability of attending a tele-secondary school and reduces the probability of attending a technical school . At the high school level , the program increases the probability of attending a general high school and reduces the probability of attending a technical high school . There is no effect of the program on enrollment in private schools . With respect to effects on achievement , the results are generally small and variable according to the estimator used . On balance , the results are statistically significant but not large in magnitude , although , due to selection in enrollment , the estimates are susceptible to downward bias . Results for indigenous children show similar trends , but somewhat larger . Enrollment effects are on the order of 10 to 12 percentage points increases in the probability of attending secondary school and on the order of 8 percentage points for high school . Effects on achievement were larger in Spanish at about 0 . 1 standard deviation but generally not significant in the area of mathematics . Effects of 0 . 1 standard deviation however compare favorably to a recent survey of impacts of educational interventions around the world ( see < u > https : / / www . povertyactionlab . org / research-resources / cost-effectiveness ) .", "spans": [{"start": 2132, "end": 2178, "text": "survey of impacts of educational interventions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Monthly inflation expectations for the next year | Central < br > Bank < br > of < br > the < br > Russian Federation | | TUR | Monthly survey of expectations for future output , inflation , < br > interest rates , and FX rates , | Central Reserve Bank of < br > Turkey | | THA | Professional forecasts on future inflation and output | Consensus Economics | | ZAF | Bureau of Economic Research Inflation expectations for current < br > and next years < br > South African Chamber of Commerce and Industry Business < br > Confidence Index | Bureau < br > of < br > Economic < br > Research , < br > South African Chamber of < br > Commerce and Industry | | KOR | Monthly consumer survey index of inflation expectations | Bank of Korea | | SWE | Monthly consumer trend survey of the general economic < br > situation and inflation | National < br > Institute < br > of < br > Economic Research | 41", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 48, "text": "Monthly inflation expectations for the next year", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 662, "end": 717, "text": "Monthly consumer survey index of inflation expectations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 744, "end": 773, "text": "Monthly consumer trend survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project State_ * * _Departmentfor_ * * _Social Protection and Senior Citizei_ * * _Affairs_ * * _Annmal Repoma and Fianicial Statemeids foir thefinancialypea - ended Jume_ * * _30 , _ * * _2024_ # # # # # * * 3 . Statement of Performance against Project ' s Predetermined Objectives Initroduction * * The objective of the KSEIP is \" to strengthen delivery systems for enhanced access to social and , economic inclusion services and shock-responsive safety nets for poor and vulnerable households \" . The Project supports the GoK to build upon the achievements made under the National Safety Net Program * * ( NSNP ) * * through putting in place credible delivery systems for social protection * * ( SP ) * * services . More specifically , the Project supports results in three areas : ( i ) enhancing institutional capacity and further strengthening of * * SP * * delivery systems , particularly the coverage and functionality of the existing single registry as * * well * * as to continue improving the efficiency of the payment and grievance management system ; ( ii ) investing in scale-up of existing nutrition-sensitive safety net and testing of customized economic inclusion models as a complement to the sensitive safety net and testing of customized economic inclusion models as a complement to the regular cash transfers to improve human capital and self-sufficiency of the poor and vulnerable households ; and ( iii ) improving shock responsiveness of the safety net system expanding its coverage as well as strengthening financing arrangements for timely support to the affected households to improve their resilience and coping with recurrent climate-induced droughts . Progress * * on * * attainment of strategic development objectives For purposes of implementing and cascading the above development objectives to specific sectors , all the development objectives were made specific , measurable , achievable , realistic and time-bound ( SMART ) and converted into development outcomes . Attendant", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 995, "text": "single registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 CRW woredas and one small town ) . The revised number of beneficiaries is estimated to be 238 , 910 out of which rural water stands at 23 , 396 and sanitation 107 , 987 while the urban water 8 , 188 and 17 , 000 urban sanitation beneficiaries . 39 institutions ( 18 health facilities and 21 schools ) are expected to get full access to WaSH facilities . The regional budget allocation following the allocation of the difference in exchange rate is ETB 547 million out of which 71 . 35 million matching funds . The financial data is not well compiled but generally the region has shortage of budget to complete already started small town project that need careful review and follow up . 4 . * * Implementation progress and Turnaround plan : * * The region has shown progress since the last mission by completing one CRW with a beneficiary size of 12 , 476 and progressing the rate for the other CRW from 68 % to 74 % . In terms of implementation of agreed actions both for procurement and safeguard the region has made good progress . Accordingly , ( i ) required key staffs are mobilized ( ii ) retrospective preparation of E & S instruments for institutional WaSH activities have been progressing well though not yet completed and ( iii ) with respect to the preparation of excel table for small procurement with less than 10 , 000 USD and greater than USD 10 , 000 have been completed . The remaining activity is uploading of documents for three woredas that is also progressing . 5 . * * Program Management : * * * * _Governance_ * * : The regional OWNP structure is fully in place and functional . The RWSCO chaired by the Water and Energy Bureau head is functional . However , due to different emerging issues either the RWSCO or the RWTT are not meeting regularly . The team noted that there is no change in this respect from the last mission . * * _Staffing : _ * * Overall , the region has recruited all key", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 530, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 1 * * # # 1 Introduction # # # * * 1 . 1 Health Situation in Uganda and Project Background * * In 2010 , projected population of Uganda is about 32 million people , over 87 % being rural and nearly 13 % urban < sup > 1 < / sup > . The gender ratio is 95 . 3 men per 100 women < sup > 2 < / sup > and life expectancy at birth is 49 years for men and 51 years for women . Infant mortality rate is 134 per 1000 live births . Thirty-eight percent of the population is living below the poverty line and poverty is the main underlying cause of poor health in Uganda . Other factors are low literacy levels ( 69 % ) , high prevalence of communicable diseases , emergence of diseases due to lifestyle , inadequate distribution of social service amenities and dilapidated healthcare infrastructure < sup > 3 < / sup > . The population of Uganda is grossly underserved with health workers and has one of the lowest doctor-patient rations in the world . The doctor-patient ratio is 18 , 600 to 1 and the nursepatient ratio is 7700 : 1 < sup > 4 < / sup > . HIV / AIDs impresses a huge burden on healthcare services In Uganda and disease burden of the general population . The current HIV prevalence is estimated at 5 . 4 % among adults and according to the Uganda HIV and AIDS sero-behavioural survey , the number of people living with HIV is higher in urban areas ( 10 . 1 % prevalence ) than rural areas ( 5 . 7 % ) ; it is also higher among women ( 7 . 5 % ) than men ( 5 . 0 % ) < sup > 5 < / sup > . Table 1 : Uganda ’ s health statistics | Gross national income per capita ( PPP international $ ) : | 880 | | - - - | - - - | | Life expectancy at birth", "spans": [{"start": 1260, "end": 1303, "text": "Uganda HIV and AIDS sero-behavioural survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * According to UNHCR ( 2020 ) , 85 % of the displaced population worldwide live in developing countries , where economic shocks are frequent , and a global crisis can damage more than the developed world ( Gourinchas & Obstfeld , 2012 ) . Previous studies suggest that migrants are disproportionately hit by economic downturns , and they might be used as a cyclical buffer to alleviate the consequences of recession ( Dustmann et al . , 2010 ) . The unequal effect of economic shocks can be more severe for refugees as their employment relationships are commonly informal and in poorly regulated activities . Turbulent economic times may also escalate tensions between host and displaced communities by increasing competition over scarce resources . The primary focus of forced displacement literature has been on the consequences of forced migration – for either receiving , sending , or displaced populations – and the disproportionate impact of economic shocks in the host country on indigenous and displaced communities is an understudied field of inquiry . This paper will contribute to the forced displacement literature by exploring the unequal impact of economic fluctuations in Iran on Afghan refugees and host communities . Using representative household-level surveys , we study how the economic shocks due to Iran ’ s conflict with the United States in the 2010s affected inequality and social cohesion between Afghan refugees and Iranians . We examine how these shocks affect inter-community and intra-community inequalities and whether bad and good shocks have asymmetric effects on welfare and social cohesion . To measure social cohesion between the two communities , we utilize information on aid received by refugees from other households . For estimation , Afghan refugees are compared once with all Iranians and once with the matched sample of Iranians with similar characteristics . We find that during turbulent times in Iran , Afghan refugees exit the country more often , spend less for consumption , and disproportionately receive less aid from other households than similar Iranians . The last evidence suggests that economic shock weakens trust as a dimension of social cohesion between refugees and host communities . Our findings show that the effects of bad and good shocks are not symmetric , and the economic", "spans": [{"start": 1265, "end": 1303, "text": "representative household-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of picture text - - > Source : Online survey conducted with 3RP partners between 22 < br > October and 10 November 2017 . < br > Understanding and complying with anitarian principles Technical skills and standards Organisational capacity eg proposal and reports writing Gender mainstreaming Social cohesion Other < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Capacity building or development is not always needed . In many cases , levels of national and local capacity are already high and the focus of collaboration between international and national actors is on providing immediate , stop gap measures to allow national counterparts the time and space to adjust their approaches and systems to respond to rapidly changing needs . In Turkey , for example , where government capacity is strong , international organisations have provided emergency # # # # # * * Case study : Capacity sharing * * In Iraq , UNHCR partnered with statistics departments in KR-I , and the Joint IDP Profiling Service ( JIPS ) , based in Geneva , to conduct profiling exercises in urban areas within three KR-I governates . The results of the exercise – the profiles - were intended to produce evidence of the impact of displacement on different population groups ( IDPs , refugees , and host communities ) and provide a shared understanding to improve the targeting of humanitarian and resilience-oriented programming by KR-G authorities and the humanitarian and development community ( JIPS , 2016 ) . All of the various actors involved played an important role during the profiling exercise in terms of sharing their knowledge and skills . As such , it has been described more appropriately as ‘ capacity sharing ’ rather than ‘ capacity building ’ . JIPs supported the process by designing methodologies for quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis and providing technical guidance and training ; the KR-I Statistics Office and local statistics offices mobilised their considerable workforce and used existing skills and local knowledge to conduct the data collection and preliminary analysis ; and UNHCR together with other UN organisations supported the exercise throughout with financial and technical inputs", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 72, "text": "Online survey conducted with 3RP partners", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "values ( as opposed to physical units ) and are estimated assuming a worldwide common production technology for each 2 ‐ digit industry . < sup > 2 < / sup > The resulting TFP estimates represent the portion of output that is not explained by the amount of inputs utilized and , thus , unlike labor productivity results , TFP estimates are not expressed in monetary terms . TFP may be considered a better measure of efficiency than labor productivity , as it captures the level of efficiency at which all factors of production are utilized to produce output . However , due to the data requirements for the estimation of TFP , it can only be computed for establishments in the manufacturing sector ( hence the lower “ N ” for TFP in Table 2 ) . Because average productivity figures can be strongly influenced by outliers in the sample , Table 2 below presents both the average and the median values for labor and total factor productivity . Of the seven countries covered , sales per worker are highest in Uruguay , as reflected in both the mean and median > 2 For an explanation of the TFP estimation using the worldwide Enterprise Survey database see EBRD , EIB , World Bank ( 2016 ) ; page 16 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 1112, "end": 1148, "text": "worldwide Enterprise Survey database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "From the early 1990s until July 2014 , UNHCR was responsible for conducting RSD in Kenya pursuant to its mandate . UNHCR ’ s data suggest that fewer than 100 Somalis in Dadaab were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria in each of 2011 and 2012 . In Ethiopia , refugees were recognized under a domestic law that incorporated the definitions in the Refugee Convention and the OAU Convention . UNHCR ’ s data suggest that in 2011 , 17 Somalis in the Dollo Ado camps were recognized pursuant to the criteria in the Refugee Convention , but none in 2012 . As noted earlier , between 2010 and 2015 , Brazil did not recognize any Haitian refugees . Data on Mexico ’ s recognition of Haitians between 2010 and 2012 could not be obtained . Informants noted that assessing claims under the Refugee Convention definition was difficult as Haitians were suffering from serious trauma and psychosocial harms , and struggled to articulate coherent claims . # # # # * * Implications : * * - The Refugee Convention will continue to be relevant for responses to cross-border movements in the context of nexus dynamics , but its relevance may vary based on the particular characteristics of the nexus dynamics . - The occurrence of a disaster does not detract from the possibility that pre-existing conditions in the country of origin , including conditions that relate to conflict or violence , may continue to underpin claims pursuant to the Refugee Convention . Marginalized groups who were persecuted prior to a disaster may continue to face pre-existing forms of persecution . Some individuals or groups may be differentially treated in the aftermath of a disaster . Indeed , the impacts of a disaster may create conditions that reinforce or bolster claims for refugee status under the Refugee Convention - Guidance on the types of claims that may satisfy the Refugee Convention ’ s criteria may facilitate recognition of refugees on this basis . Guidance may be especially important in situations where the most prominent or proximate trigger prompting flight is a disaster . In situations where pre-existing conflict exacerbates the", "spans": [{"start": 115, "end": 129, "text": "UNHCR ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 667, "end": 709, "text": "Data on Mexico ’ s recognition of Haitians", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Two of the SIDS — Suriname and Antigua and Barbuda — are assessed as having unsustainable public debt . Both countries have accumulated substantial external debt arrears ( they are in default ) . Restoration of debt sustainability requires agreements with creditors to restructure the debt and reduce the debt burden ; Suriname is currently negotiating with its creditors to do this . For these two countries , therefore , some form of substantial debt alleviation is imperative . All other SIDS are assessed as having sustainable public debt . Two countries , São Tomé and Príncipe and Grenada , are assessed as being in debt distress because they have unresolved debt arrears to external creditors . However , these arrears are unresolved for legal and technical reasons rather than a lack of fiscal resources to repay them , and the current debt metrics of both countries are not markedly worse than those of many SIDS which are not in debt distress . The baseline projections of public debt trajectories in the DSAs for both countries indicate that the key sustainability metrics decline over the medium to long term and can be brought back below the applicable sustainability thresholds . Hence it is possible that both countries can resolve their public debt problems without debt relief . Fourteen SIDS are assessed as being at high risk of debt distress . These countries differ very widely in respect of their current public debt metrics . Some have high levels of public debt , some moderate levels , and some low levels . Out of the 12 , for which present value data are available in the DSA , only five currently breach the applicable sustainability threshold for the Public and Publicly Guaranteed ( PPG ) debt-to-GDP and only two breach the sustainability threshold for external PPG debt to GDP . There are three main reasons given in the DSAs for these countries to be assessed as at high risk of debt distress ( for some countries more than one reason is cited ) : - i ) For three countries , current high levels of public debt do not decline fast enough in the baseline projections leading to prolonged breaches of debt sustainability thresholds ; - ii ) For four countries , public debt ratios", "spans": [{"start": 1015, "end": 1019, "text": "DSAs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "among the humanitarian community , local authorities and service providers to advocate for measures aiming at improving safety and living conditions in the sites and equal access to services for the affected population . # # # * * 2 . METHODOLOGY * * The Safety Audit assessment was conducted using the Safety Audit Checklist tool developed with support of the GBV integration guidelines . The checklist was filled through a mix of observations , site walks and key informant interviews with female community members . Separate checklists were filled in for every site and respective results were entered in a data analysis matrix which is attached to this report . Data disaggregated by sites , were analyzed to identify GBV risks , vulnerabilities and produced specific recommendations to reduce GBV threats / risks in the sites . Focus Group Discussions were held where the participants were IDP women and girls who shared their views and protection concerns . The FGD generated in-depth and rich discussion on some of the key issues surrounding the specific vulnerabilities and challenges facing IDP women and girls . During the discussion , valuable pieces of information and insights that emerged from the discussion were collected and possible ways of mitigating the identified threats and risks were established . | * * List of sites assessed in H * * | * * argeisa , Somaliland * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 1 . Ayax ! * * < br > * * 2 . Nasahablood A * * < br > * * 3 . Nasahablood B * * < br > * * 4 . 200 Road * * < br > * * 5 . Malawle * * < br > * * 6 . Ayax 4 * * | * * 7 . Dami A * * < br > * * 8 . Daami B * * < br > * * 9 . Mooge A * * < br > * * 10 . Mooge B * * < br > * * 11 . Jimcale *", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 693, "text": "Data disaggregated by sites", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Appendix Table A 1 shows the actual post-lasso model coefficients for the random sample results . In general , areas that are more urban on average are associated with higher female LFP , as mean vegetation intensity is negatively associated with participation , while the correlation is positive for the number of residential roads and street crossings . Consistent with this , areas that have been urbanized more recently , as indicated by the mean year of switching to impervious surfaces , have lower participation rates all else equal . Furthermore , smaller municipalities ( by area ) , many of which are in Southern Mexico , are correlated with lower female labor force participation all else equal . The relationship between other indicators of urban density and female labor force participation is more complex , however . Areas that are more heterogeneous in terms of vegetation intensity , such as the suburbs , are other things equal associated with higher labor force participation . The relationship between night-time lights and female LFP is another example . The median value of nighttime lights is positively associated with female LFP while the mean value is negatively associated , although the latter is not statistically significant . This nonetheless suggesting that AGEBs with a large number of very bright pixels , perhaps due to the presence of highways , have lower female labor force participation rates . Some of the infrastructure variables are more easily interpretable , as well , but these are rarely significant . The number of schools is significantly positively correlated with higher male LFP but does not show up for any of the other three indicators . Appendix Table A2 decomposes model R < sup > 2 < / sup > across different categories of variables . The latter shows that the determinants of male and female LFP differ significantly . For example , the geographic size of the AGEB and municipality , nighttime light luminosity , the mean of the vegetation index , the number of different points of interest recorded in Open StreetMap , and the year that pixels changed to being an impervious surface are important predictors of female LFP . Municipal area is positively associated with female LFP , which makes sense in the Mexican context because many", "spans": [{"start": 2060, "end": 2074, "text": "Open StreetMap", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Share of sectoral exports in total merchandise exports : several generations of flying geese * * * * Figures 2 . 6a Shares of Textile exports in total merchandise exports : Five generations : Japan , Korea , * * * * < u > China , Indonesia and Vietnam . < / u > * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 . 05 < br > Korea China < br > 0 . 04 China < br > Hkong < br > 0 . 03 < br > Japan Indonesia Indonesia < br > 0 . 02 < br > Vietnam Japan < br > 0 . 01 Thailand < br > 0 Korea < br > Singapore < br > Figure2 . 6b Share of Clothing exports in total merchandise exports , two generations < br > 0 . 4 < br > cloth_export_chn < br > 0 . 3 Turkey cloth_export_hkg < br > 0 . 2 cloth_export_ind < br > cloth_export_idn < br > 0 . 1 < br > cloth_export_tha < br > 0 < br > cloth_export_tur < br > cloth_export_kor < br > Figure 2 . 6c Shares of Footwear exports in total merchandise exports , three generations < br > 0 . 08 < br > footwear_export_chn < br > 0 . 06 Korea < br > footwear_export_hkg < br > China < br > 0 . 04 < br > footwear_export_idn < br > IDN < br > 0 . 02 < br > HongKong footwear_export_jpn < br > 0 footwear_export_tha < br > footwear_export_kor < br > Figure 2 . 6d Shares of toys exports in total merchandise exports , two generations < br > 0 . 08 < br > HongKong toy_export_hkg < br > 0 . 06 < br > toy_export_idn < br > 0 . 04 < br > toy_export_jpn < br > China < br > 0 . 02 toy_export_tha < br > Japan < br > 0 toy_export_kor < br > toy_export_sgp < br > Source : calculated based on COMTRADE data , SITC Rev 1 , 3-4 digits , extracted from WITS . < br > 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1533, "text": "COMTRADE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * STRENTHENING PROTECTION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN FORCED DISPLACEMENT * * * * < u > The situation of refugees and internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) with disabilities in Ukraine < / u > * * * * April 2016 * * _UNHCR / A . Ormonova_ # # * * 1 . INTRODUCTION * * The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimates that 15 percent of any population are persons with disabilities < sup > 1 < / sup > , with potentially higher proportions in communities that have fled conflict or natural disasters . Hence it can be estimated that there may be approximately 126 , 716 persons with disabilities among the population of refugees , asylum seekers , IDPs and stateless persons in Ukraine < sup > 2 < / sup > . In situations of forced displacement , persons with disabilities may be at heightened risk of exploitation and violence ; and often face numerous barriers to accessing humanitarian assistance . In addition , persons with disabilities are often excluded from participation in decision - making processes and opportunities to use their capacities to benefit their families and communities . UNHCR ’ s Age , Gender and Diversity ( AGD ) Policy details the organization ’ s wider commitment to a rights-based approach and highlights that effective protection will only be achieved by ensuring equal consideration is given to the needs and capacities of different age , gender and diversity groups within displaced communities . UNHCR is thus committed to ensuring that the rights of refugees , asylum seekers and IDPs with disabilities are met without discrimination . > 1 World Health Organization , World Report on Disability ( Geneva : WHO , 2011 ) > 2 Based on a figure of 844 , 777 people , including IDPs ( using UNHCR / OCHA triangulated figure for Government controlled areas ) , stateless persons , refugees and asylum seekers 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > MURCHISON FALLS NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # # * * 4 . 2 Biodiversity Survey Methods * * The first step in the study was a desk review of available literature on the flora , fauna and their conservation status in the proposed project area . This review , which was carried out before the field visit , aimed to identify priority species , sensitive habitats and provide an overview of the vegetation and habitats present within the study area . To achieve this , previous vegetation classifications were reviewed , and relevant literature sources such as Kalema ( 2005 ) , LangdaleBrown et al ( 1964 ) , IUCN ( 2021 ) , and Kalema & Beentje ( 2012 ) and MFNP General Management Plan ( 2012-2022 ) were reviewed . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 1 Flora * * Floristic surveys were conducted using a combination of field observations , specimen collection , and identification . This involved moving randomly within a radius of 200m from the proposed site and recording all the plant species encountered . Taxonomic keys such as “ Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda ” ( Katende , Birnie , & Tengnäs , 2000 ) and “ Field Guide to the Forest Trees of Uganda ” ( James & Hamilton , 2020 ) and expert verification were used to identify the plant specimens to species level . For species that could not be identified in the field , voucher specimens were carefully collected , pressed , and dried , and then transported to the Makerere University Herbarium for identification . Site specific vegetation descriptions to determine habitat types were based on species dominance and floral features such as herbs , shrubs and trees along the proposed site . Plants were also categorized as Native and / or Invasive . The IUCN Red list of threatened species was used to assess the plants ' conservation status . The tree layers ranged from 3m + high . The Shrub layers ranged from 1 - 3 m , whereas the herb layer was", "spans": [{"start": 1707, "end": 1742, "text": "IUCN Red list of threatened species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | 14 . Woredas where PBS Social < br > Accountability < br > Implementing Partners < br > facilitate the use of Social < br > Accountability tools | | Number | na | na < sup > 14 < / sup > | 86 | 172 | Annual | Reports from < br > MA and SC | MA | More output and < br > outcome < br > indicators are < br > annexed in the SA < br > implementation < br > document . | | 15 . Basic service units that have < br > developed joint action plans < br > for service quality < br > improvement based on < br > interface meetings between < br > service users and providers | | Number | na | na < sup > 5 < / sup > | 172 | 344 | Annual | Reports from < br > MA and SC | MA | Joint action plans < br > are expected to be < br > prepared in at least < br > 2 service units of < br > each of the < br > woredas that < br > implement the SA < br > tools . | 14 Baseline surveys on Social Accountability will be conducted in the first half of 2011 22", "spans": [{"start": 850, "end": 891, "text": "Baseline surveys on Social Accountability", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Types of Protected Area * * | * * Wobulenzi - * * < br > * * Masaka Route * * | * * Masaka-Mutukula * * < br > * * Route * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Important Bird Area ( IBA ) | 3 | 3 | | Alliance for Zero Extinction ( AZE ) Site | 1 | 1 | | * * Total * * | * * 139 * * | * * 54 * * | # # 5 . 1 Legally Protected Areas Figure 6 to Figure 8 illustrate the layouts of legally protected areas based on IBAT generated maps , with many of the important protected areas labelled . The TL route is able to avoid all legally protected areas , with the exception of the following two forest reserves , based on data from the World Database of Protected Areas ( WDPA ) provided by IBAT : - The Wobulenzi-Masaka route cuts through the southern tip of the Luwawa Forest Reserve near Gobero , 34 . 6 km south of the Wobulenzi substation . Google Earth imagery reveals the forest cover within this reserve is depleted with numerous agricultural plots and extensive loss of tree cover . The portion of the forest reserve intersected by the TL is entirely dominated by cultivated land and devoid of tree cover ( Figure 9 ) . Ground truthing revealed the forest cover represents Eucalyptus plantation and this area is not ecologically sensitive . - Wabinyomo Forest Reserve – the Wobulenzi-Masaka route cuts through the southern tip of this area , located 77 . 6 km south of the Wobulenzi substation . This reserve is similarly encroached by cultivation and no forest cover is directly affected by the proposed route , so is also not ecologically sensitive . This analysis of WDPA data suggests that the conservation of legally protected areas will not be directly impacted by development of the UETCL TL . 20", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 431, "text": "IBAT generated maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 629, "end": 662, "text": "World Database of Protected Areas", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1572, "end": 1581, "text": "WDPA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2013 ) * | Household | Tanzania | Migration | Road quality improvements decrease the probability of migration by 7 % , and < br > even more so in well-connected communities . | | Jedwab and < br > Storeygard < br > ( 2022 ) * + | Location | Sub-Saharan < br > Africa | Migration | Greater market access increases city population on average ; particularly for < br > smaller and more isolated cities and for domestic markets . | | Storeygard < br > ( 2016 ) * | Pixel | Sub-Saharan < br > Africa | Income | An oil price hike induces the income of cities near that port to increase by 7 % < br > relative to otherwise identical cities 500 km farther away . | Source : Compiled by the authors . Note : Findings column is based on the main finding of the paper . An asterisk identifies peer-reviewed papers . Plus identifies papers following the instrumental variable approach . Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest degree of isolation , scoring just 30 percent on the Rural Access Index , for the percentage of the population living within two kilometers of an all-season road . Nevertheless , South Asia and Latin America , with Rural Access Index scores of 58 29", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 996, "text": "Rural Access Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Zambian regulations do not prohibit refugees in settlements to engage in farming and pastoral activities nor do they restrict Zambian nationals to freely move in and out of settlements to trade with refugees . Such interactions play an important role in refugees ’ livelihood activities . As illustrated in Figure 4 . 1 , when asked who the most important customer is for their business , 18 . 2 percent of the refugee survey respondents in Meheba and Mayukwayukwa identified Zambian nationals as their largest buyers . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A heavy truck < br > carrying goods out < br > of the settlement , < br > parks on the road < br > in Sector 53 , < br > Mayukwayukwa < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Some Zambians agricultural commodities traders regard the two refugees ’ settlement areas as good business opportunities . Some Zambian agri-business persons we interviewed anecdotally made reference to the high yields of good-quality agricultural produce in both Mayukwayukwa and Meheba . A Ministry of Agriculture official at Meheba observed that _ “ Burundian and Rwandese rice growing skills have transformed Meheba into a major rice producing area and created the “ Meheba rice ” brand ” . _ The two settlements are situated in rural areas with relatively fertile soil that can support maize , soya beans , cassava , and sweet potatoes . Surpluses of these agricultural crops attract Zambian agri-business middlemen and crop traders into the settlement markets . The refugees ’ regulations permit refugees to engage in agricultural activities as a safety net to ensure that such refugees are not perpetually dependent on hand-outs nor vulnerable to external shocks that might arise from assistance fluctuations . In that case , refugees with prior farming experience have the option to engage in such farming activities . The Zambian agri-business dealers and traders take the maize and other agro-produce to national and regional markets in Manyama , Mongu ,", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 425, "text": "refugee survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Impacts * * | * * Mitigation Measures * * | * * Responsibi * * | * * lity * * | * * Time * * | * * Frame * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | * * ST * * | * * MT * * | * * LT * * | | * * Physical Env * * | * * ironment * * | | | | | | | * * Erosion * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * interference * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * cultural heritage / * * < br > * * archaeological * * < br > * * interest / existing * * < br > * * ecologically * * < br > * * sensitive areas * * |  Carrying out re-construction surveys to < br > identify and document cultural heritage < br > resources < br > and < br > existing < br > ecologically < br > sensitive . < br >  Implementation < br > of < br > a < br > chance < br > find < br > procedure and reporting system by < br > contractors upon encountering a cultural < br > heritage feature or ecologically sensitive < br > item / issue . < br >  Delineation and gazettement of ESA & < br > heritage sites < br >  Awareness creation < br >  Archeological < br > assessment < br > and < br > documentation < br >  Comply with Heritage Act < br >  | Beneficiary < br > members , < br > Gender < br > Service , < br > Environmen < br > Services , < br > Ministry o < br > livestock < br >", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 562, "text": "re-construction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DIALOGIC READING AND STORYBOOK EVALUATION IN KENYA 20 study ( Fernald , Prado , Kariger , & Raikes , 2017 ) . To minimize the testing burden , we extensively pretested all items and ordered them by difficulty using item response theory , with a final assessment of 27 Luo items ( Cronbach ’ s alpha : _ � _ = 0 . 78 , Cohen ’ s Kappa for IRR : _ � _ = 1 ) , 32 Swahili items ( _ � _ = 0 . 76 , _ � _ = 0 . 89 ) , and 34 English items ( _ � _ = 0 . 57 , _ � _ = 0 . 95 ) that demonstrated variability among children in our study area and age range ( author manuscript , under review ) . While this adaptation decreased the comparability of our vocabulary scores to other studies or populations , we were primarily concerned with developing measures that would be appropriate for the multilingual study environment . In collaboration with local artists , we also developed a locally-appropriate measure of expressive vocabulary after pre-testing suggested that the stimulus words and pictures in existing measures of expressive language were not appropriate to our context ( author manuscript , under review ) . The measure was based on words from the BPVS , ordered by difficulty . This 30-item measure of expressive vocabulary was administered by having the assessor show a picture and ask the respondent to name the object or concept the illustration depicted . Each item was scored as 0 or 1 , with credit received for responding in English , Luo , or Swahili ( _ � _ = 0 . 66 , _ � _ = 0 . 95 ) . To assess children ’ s knowledge of the vocabulary words embedded in the storybooks , we added seven expressive vocabulary items from the project storybooks ( crayon , goose , kite , nest , rabbit , toothbrush , and umbrella ) . For all vocabulary outcomes , age-normalized z-scores were constructed by estimating the relationship between age and the outcome variable nonparametrically ( Fan , 1993 ) . Child characteristics measured at baseline included age ( in months ) , sex , and height", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "find that , while public school teachers tend to be better paid and have higher levels of education , training , and teaching experience than their private school counterparts , the teacher absenteeism rate in public schools is almost double that in private schools ( 15 % vs . 8 % ) . They also find that , while private school teacher salaries are increasing in teacher _and_ student test scores and decreasing in teacher absenteeism , public school teacher salaries are largely unresponsive to these variables and are mainly a function of teacher credentials ( education , training , and experience ) . The greater accountability in the private sector is likely due to market competitive forces which the public sector is not subject to , at least directly . Three : in the wake of the public sector failure to adequately address these issues , the private sector has emerged as a major alternate provider of education , growing dramatically in size and reach . In particular , the rapid growth of a private sector that offers schooling opportunities to low-income households has created a major policy opportunity . Using data from 2000 , Andrabi et al . ( 2006 ) find that there was an exponential increase in the number of private schools over the 1990s , with over 50 % of existing private schools established on or after 1996 . They also find that the birth rate of private schools in the recent period is higher in rural areas . These changes in the patterns of growth in private schools are also reflected in changes in the patterns of participation growth among students . Data from 2004 / 05 show that 18 . 7 % of children ages 6 – 15 years were enrolled in private schools in Punjab , a 36 % increase from 1998 / 99 , with this increase largely attributable to private school participation increases among children from rural and poor households . The demand for private schooling is likely driven by the fact that fees in private schools tend to be low , accounting for a small percentage of mean annual household expenditure ( Andrabi et al . 2008 ) . It is also likely driven by the perceived higher quality of private schooling —", "spans": [{"start": 1126, "end": 1140, "text": "data from 2000", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1584, "end": 1603, "text": "Data from 2004 / 05", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 1993 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > percent Turkey < br > 25 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 < br > All trading partners ' exports under any TTB in effect < br > China ' s exports under any TTB in effect < br > Other emerging economies ' ( non-China ) exports under any TTB in effect < br > High income countries ' exports under any TTB in effect < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Notes : Shares of nonoil imports , constructed by the author with policy data from Bown ( 2012 ) and trade-weighting with HS-06 import data from UN Comtrade via WITS , following Appendix equation ( A2 ) . 20", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 602, "text": "policy data from Bown", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 637, "end": 654, "text": "HS-06 import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Environmental and social impact assessments and audits . 11 . * * Component 5 . Community Discussions and Information Outreach : * * Advocacy , communication and social mobilization is an integral component of strengthening surveillance and response to health emergencies . The First and Second AF will enhance support towards : ( i ) risk and behavior change communication ; ( ii ) community engagement for vulnerable and marginalized groups ( VMGs ) and other disadvantaged groups ; ( iii ) training of community and opinion leaders ; and ( iv ) periodic knowledge , attitude and practice ( KAP ) surveys . Communication , social mobilization outreach and citizen engagement strategies to generate confidence , trust and demand for a COVID-19 vaccine will also be supported . 12 . This component will ensure there is a two - way communication between the GoK and the citizenry . Regular communication is essential in building trust and increasing community support and engagement on the response to enable compliance with public health recommendations . Supported activities include : - a . Rapid community behavior assessment to gather information about different groups knowledge , attitudes , beliefs , and challenges related COVID-19 response ; - b . Continuous behavior assessment and community sensitization through mobile feedback ( text messages , social media platforms ) , public health address systems and dedicated radio call-in shows using both mainstream and indigenous languages to engender preventative community and individual health and hygiene practices in line with national public health containment recommendations ; - c . Design , production and distribution of Information Education and Communication ( IEC ) materials ( posters , brochures , roll-up banners and fact sheets ) ; 4", "spans": [{"start": 559, "end": 608, "text": "knowledge , attitude and practice ( KAP ) surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 5 . 2 . 11 Livelihoods * * According to the socio-economic studies done most of the resident interviewed reported of their main source of livelihood being from trade and employment across all settlement identified for upgrade . Manyatta B settlement recorded a high number of populations involved in Trade as a source of livelihood . The businesses done in the settlements are small scales businesses . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > MUHORONI BANDANI KIBUYE MANYATTA A MANYATTA B NYAWITA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 5 . 7 : Sources of Livelihoods * * * * Source : KISIP socio-economic survey March 2023 . * * # # # # # # * * 5 . 2 . 12 Income Levels * * Incomes for all the sites are relatively low and mostly ranging from less than Kshs . 3000 – 9000 per month . Muhoroni settlements has the highest number of people earning less than 3000 shillings a month while Bandani has the lowest number earning less than 3000 Kenya shillings . There are some people who depend on family relations for sustenance . Since the average monthly household income is relatively low , household expenditure is highly constrained . Nyawita records highest number of expenditures at 45 % . 111", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 727, "text": "KISIP socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as measured by test scores at a point in time ( Todd and Wolpin , 2003 ) . Let _Ait_ be student _i_ ’ s academic achievement ( or test scores ) , and * * S * * _it_ and * * X * * _it_ denote vectors of school-supplied inputs ( e . g . student _i_ ’ s class size , school infrastructure , quality of teachers , etc ) and family-supplied inputs at time _t_ , respectively . Allowing for the idiosyncratic error , which includes all omitted inputs ( observed and unobserved ) and measurement error , _εit_ , and inherited ability , _ai_ 0 , the general achievement production function is given as : In this framework , a student ’ s performance at the university level is influenced not only by her current individual and household characteristics , but also by current and previous school / universitysupplied inputs . Because skill begets skill , the influence of past school-supplied inputs is partly reflected in the child ’ s performance in JC and COSC / LGCSE examinations . # * * 4 Data and Descriptive Statistics * * This paper uses the National University of Lesotho ’ s students ’ administrative records data for years 2010 up to 2014 . It makes use of first-year and second-year students ’ data . As the largest and oldest undergraduate degree-awarding university in Lesotho , the NUL admits the largest share of all students who achieve the minimum score for university entry in the senior high school exit examinations . It therefore admits the largest proportion of students who have gone through the FPE system . Given that the first cohort that has gone through the FPE program first entered university level in 2012 , the second-year students are a control group , while the first years are a treatment group . I discuss this group categorization in detail in Section 5 . The data contains information on each student ’ s gender , date of birth , academic year , the senior high school exit ( or Cambridge Overseas School Certificate ( COSC ) ) examination pass grade , the NUL Admission Point System ( APS ) score < sup > 7 < / sup > for each student ,", "spans": [{"start": 1077, "end": 1115, "text": "students ’ administrative records data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-MOALF-192047-NC-RFQ / < br > Interim Subscription of Weat < br > her Data Package for KAOP ( < br > KALRO ) < br > IDA / 59450 | Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > ro-weather , Market , Climate , < br > and Advisory Services ( US $ 3 < br > 2 . 9 million equivalent , of whi < br > ch IDA US $ 30 . 0 million equi < br > valent ) < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | Limited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 20 , 000 . 00 | 45 , 600 . 00 < br > Completed | | 2020-09-13 < br > 2020-09-11 | 2020-11-08 < br > 2020-1 | 0-16 < br > 2020-11-15 < br > 2021-01-16 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-MOALF-192049-NC-RFB / < br > Subscription of Weather Data < br > Package for Kenya Agricultur < br > al Observatory Platform - KA < br > OP ( KALRO ) < br > IDA / 59450 | Component 3 : Supporting Ag < br > ro-weather , Market , Climate , < br > and Advisory Services ( US $ 3 < br > 2 . 9 million equivalent , of whi < br > ch IDA US $ 30 . 0 million equi < br > valent ) < br > Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 352 , 941 . 18 | 300 , 000", "spans": [{"start": 722, "end": 734, "text": "Weather Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the 2010 Census consisting of parents and children between 19 and 24 years old , where all members of the household are Native or non-Native . This excludes families whose children do not reside with them . This selection is smaller than in other countries , as children in Argentina tend to remain in the household of their parents for years after reaching adulthood : in 2010 , 60 percent of all people between 19 and 24 years old still resided with their parents . < sup > 9 < / sup > We focus on households in which all members are Native or non-Native for simplicity . < sup > 10 < / sup > For each household , we calculate the average years of education of the parents , in case more than one is present , and the average years of education of the children . Figure 3 shows the distribution of years of education of the parents disaggregated by ancestry ( Natives and non-Natives ) . While there is great overlap in the distribution , nonnative parents have on average 1 . 20 more years of education than native parents . For the next generation , the difference in education between Natives and non-Natives is smaller ( 0 . 85 years ) but still large . Figure 3 : Education by Generation and Ancestry < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Parents Children < br > Average Education Average Education < br > Natives : 8 . 05 Natives : 10 . 50 < br > Non-natives : 9 . 24 Non-natives : 11 . 35 < br > 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 < br > Years of Education Years of Education < br > Natives Non-Natives Natives Non-Natives < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > Percent Percent < br > 10 10 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Notes : _ Households with children between 19 and 24 years", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 18, "text": "2010 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "services . The findings are based on a new and purpose-specific set of detailed enterprise-level surveys of both upstream logistics service providers and downstream intensive users of these business services , designed to allow econometric analysis of upstream-downstream linkage issues . In particular , the empirical analysis explores a particular but significant element of the debate of whether infrastructure services have a strong impact on economic development : what is the impact of innovative road freight services on downstream business users . The analysis then explores the extent to which the beneficial provision of innovative road freight services is associated with competition-related pressure . The paper ’ s main findings are : ( 1 ) there are substantial downstream benefits from innovations in road freight services , both dampening cost increases and raising sales revenues of business users , and ( 2 ) increased intensity of competition in road freight services is significantly associated with the provision of innovative road freight services . Direct feedback from user enterprise managers indicates that costs for the median user were lowered by between 5 and 10 % as a result of road freight logistics and sales were increased by between 10 and 15 % . Regression results support the thrust of these direct survey responses by managers : there is a statistically significant negative association in the data between the use of logistics consultant services and cost increases , and a significant positive association between the use of JIT logistics services and sales revenue increases . Finally , there is a statistically significant positive association between increased competition in road freight services and the provision of innovative JIT logistics services . The paper ’ s findings support both the claim that infrastructure services have a strong positive effect on economic development , and the policy claim that easing any remaining barriers to competition in upstream business services should be a priority . The paper ’ s findings , coupled with further research results along similar lines emphasizing linkages between infrastructure provision and downstream business users , would provide a strong case 18", "spans": [{"start": 80, "end": 104, "text": "enterprise-level surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 : COVID-19 demand shock : comparison with supply shock and uneven impact by region of birth Panel a . Supply and demand by occupation Panel b . Expected demand shock given occupation profile < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ( by ISCO 3-digit ) ( CBO 2006 , Rio-Chanona et al 2020 ) < br > Waiter / bartender Building frame worker 0 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > - 6 < br > Shop salesperson - 8 < br > - 10 < br > - 12 < br > - 14 < br > - 16 < br > - 18 < br > Administrative secretary < br > Heavy truck / bus driver Transport / storage woEngineSoftware & aCl er akeri n er / helg technician p p developererPersonal care worker < br > - 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 < br > Demand shock ( % ) < br > 1 < br > . 8 < br > . 6 < br > . 4 < br > Demand shock ( % ) < br > Share of income-risk jobs < br > . 2 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : EU-LFS 2018 database , following estimates of Rio-Chanona et al ( 2020 ) and CBO ( 2006 ) . Note : The sectoral demand estimates by the US Congressional Budget Office ( 2006 ) are based on Hong Kong ’ s experience with the past influenza pandemic “ SARS ” between 2002 and 2004 . The CBO provides two scenarios and , following Rio Chanona et al . ( 2020 ) , we use the severe scenario which describes a pandemic that is similar in size to the 1918-1919 Spanish flu outbreak . The CBO lists demand side estimates for broad industry categories , which we mapped to the NACE sectors . 35", "spans": [{"start": 869, "end": 889, "text": "EU-LFS 2018 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the sample of high-income countries . From this observation , we conclude that , among all the real-time indicators considered in our analysis , Google mobility data and staple food prices are the most robust predictors of GDP growth and that their explanatory power is highly comparable across the two samples of countries available to us . The latter conclusion speaks to the promise of the ability of the two sets of real-time indicators in question to track different crises irrespectively of the country ’ s income status . # 5 . Conclusion In this paper , we examined the capability of a set of real-time indicators to track the economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis around the world . Of five different categories of real-time indicators , Google mobility , Google search trends , and food prices seem to have the strongest potential to track the onset of the pandemic . Google mobility data showed a steep reduction in mobility trends across all six categories of places , with a steady recovery that followed a gradual relief of stringency measures worldwide . The ability of Google search terms to track the COVID19 crisis appeared to be income - and region-specific . Except for high-income countries , religious search terms lined up with the onset of the pandemic , returning to the pre-crisis level in the second half of 2020 . However , the generalizability of these terms to other crises remains uncertain . Furthermore , searches for food banks , assistance programs , and online education are highly dependent on the location and level of income . Food prices also painted an informative picture of the COVID-19 crisis state throughout 2020 . The data showed that prices for basic food categories dropped sharply in most countries , rising to their pre-pandemic values only at the end of 2020 . While NO2 and nighttime lights do not appear to follow the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis everywhere , both indicators show recovery starting from the third quarter of 2020 . A more rigorous investigation would require longer time series of real-time indicators and a higher geographic resolution of the analysis . For example , utilizing an extended temporal coverage , future 13", "spans": [{"start": 1571, "end": 1582, "text": "Food prices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2061, "end": 2081, "text": "real-time indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , at 78-9 . The report did not indicate whether any particular individuals were blamed or harmed as a result . > 226 UN News Service . _UN Refugee Agency Says Witchcraft Allegations Plague Camps in South , _ Africa News ( Oct . 26 , 2007 ) . > 227 U . S . Committee for Refugees and Immigrants . _Chad Country Report , _ World Refugee Survey ( 2008 ) , _available at_ http : / / www . refugees . org / countryreports . aspx ? id = 2126 ( last visited Dec . 15 , 2008 ) . > 228 UN News Service , _supra_ note 228 . > 229 UNHCR . Chad Situation Report ( Sept . 22 , 2007 ) , at 5 . > 230 UNHCR . CHAD Situation Report ( Nov . 21 , 2007 ) , at 6 . > 231 UNHCR . CHAD Situation Report ( Mar . 19 , 2007 ) , at 7 . > 232 UNHCR . CHAD Situation Report ( Aug . 18 , 2007 ) , at 5 . > 233 UNHCR Nov . 2007 , _supra_ note 232 , at 6 . > 234 UNHCR . Chad Situation Report ( Feb . 12 , 2007 ) , at 7 . 25", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 343, "text": "World Refugee Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . Creditor losses in historical perspective * * This section shows that creditor losses due to default and restructuring events occur fairly often in external sovereign debt markets . However , the losses are almost always partial . Debt repudiations ( unilateral debt cancelations ) are rare , and defaults typically end in a negotiated settlement with haircuts well below 100 % . As explained in the introduction , we follow the international macro literature and use the term “ haircut ” to describe the size of creditor losses suffered in a sovereign default and debt restructuring . Finance scholars and practitioners also refer to “ loss given default ” ( LGD ) , or one minus the “ recovery rate ” of a bond , which is exactly what our haircut estimates aim to capture for sovereign defaults . There is no consensus on the exact measurement of corporate bond recovery rates , however ( see the survey by Altman 2011 ) . Most but not all contributions use bond prices to approximate creditor losses in a corporate default , but the dating to choose the relevant bond price differs . Some contributions choose an ( arbitrary ) date at the start of default , for example , the bond price 90 days post-default ( Moody ’ s 2011a ; Jankowitsch , Nagler , and Subrahmanyam 2014 ) , while others focus on bond prices at the exit from default ( e . g . , Moody ’ s 2007 ) . The latter approach is sometimes called “ ultimate recovery rates ” and is conceptually close to ours since we compute haircuts at the restructuring date ( default exit ) . Moreover , in Appendix C2 . 3 we show that our haircut estimates have a high correlation with bond prices at the start of default ( for 94 cases for which prices were available ) . < sup > 23 < / sup > In sum , our haircut estimates can be regarded as a valid measure of sovereign LGDs in the vein of existing corporate LGD databases . # 3 . 1 . Sovereign debt restructurings , 1815 – 2016 To estimate haircuts requires moving well beyond identifying the incidence of debt crises , as in", "spans": [{"start": 1863, "end": 1886, "text": "corporate LGD databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recommended in the previous report , more frequent and > 12 OHCHR , Update on the Human Rights Situation in South Sudan , July 2016 > 13 Ibid > 14 UNOCHA reported , information obtained from released youth . > 15 UNHCR monitoring report , 13 July 2016 > 16 Protection Cluster Yei Situation and surrounding area Update , 7 October 2016 > 17 UNHCR focus group discussions in the POC site and see MSF Internal Review of February Attack on POC site , June 2016 > 18 To emphasize , it is the government responsibility to provide security of their civilian population . > 19 This strategy focuses on training and delivery of humanitarian assistance in vulnerable communities to enable them to remain in their places of origin where they can access established community support mechanisms .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of minimum wage for the employees in the construction sector is 7 , 441 EUR ) . However , the imputed tax income data spike is significantly higher than that observed in EU-SILC data . The spike in the value of minimum wage may be seen as evidence that the minimum wage is effective in providing a floor constraining the value of wages . Without the minimum wage , the underreporting of income will probably be higher ( minimum wage establishes a minimum value of 12 After applying censoring at income equal to € 29 , 678 , the mean survey income becomes € 10 , 863 and the mean imputed tax income ( tax data imputed into the survey ) is € 10 , 191 . 13 The value of income at P90 in tax data is 19 % higher than in the survey , and at P95 , the income reported in tax data is 28 % higher . At P99 , income in tax data is nearly twice as high as in survey data ( see Table 3 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 117, "text": "imputed tax income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 765, "end": 773, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * C + * * | * * C + * * | * * B * * | * * B + * * | * * B + * * | * * A * * | | PI-21 . 1 | Consolidation of cash < br > balances | C | C | C | C | C | C | A | | PI-21 . 2 | Cash forecasting and < br > monitoring | B | B | B | D | B | B | A | | PI-21 . 3 | Information on commitment < br > ceilings | B | B | C | A | A | A | A | | PI-21 . 4 | Significance of in-year < br > budget adjustments | C | C | C | A | A | A | A | | * * PI-22 * * | * * Expenditure arrears * * | * * C + * * | * * C * * | * * D + * * | * * C + * * | * * C + * * | * * A * * | * * B + * * | | PI-22 . 1 | Stock of expenditure arrears | A | C | D | A | A | A | A | | PI-22 . 2 | Expenditure arrears < br > monitoring | C | C | A | C | C | A | B | | * * PI-23 * * | * * Payroll controls * * < br > | * * C + * * | * * D + * * | * * C + * * | * * B + * * | * * B + * * | * * C + * * | * * C + * * | | PI-23 . 1 | Integration of payroll and < br > personnel records | B | B | B | B | B", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 941, "text": "personnel records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 71 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-03-04 < br > 2022-04-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-15 / Contratac < br > ión de 4 Operadores Cartogr < br > áficos de Enlistamiento para < br > el operativo de campo de la < br > Encuesta Nacional de Desnut < br > rición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 13 , 224 . 96 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-03-04 < br > 2022-04-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-16 / Contratac < br > ión de 44 Revisores de contr < br > ol de calidad ENDI para el op < br > erativo de campo de la Encu < br > esta Nacional de Desnutrició < br > n Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 67 , 020 . 80 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2022-05-04 < br > 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-15 | | C2-MIES-INEC-17 / Contra", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) | | Component 2 | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | CGS Company Established | This indicator will receive a < br > ‘ Yes ’ once the company is < br > established | Annual | National < br > Treasury and < br > Planning | Project reports < br > produced by PIU and < br > partners | Implementing Agency | | Number of PFIs participating in the credit < br > guarantee scheme | This indicator measures the < br > total number of eligible PFIs < br > participating in the CGS | Annual | National < br > Treasury and < br > Planning | Project reports < br > produced by PIU and < br > partners | Implementing Agency | | Private Capital Mobilized | This indicator measures < br > total private sector finance < br > mobilized as part of equity < br > in the CGS under < br > Component 2 of theproject . | Annual | NT | Project reports < br > produced by PIU and < br > partners | Implementing Agency | | Number of partial credit guarantees < br > provided to PFIs under the Project | This indicator measures the < br > number of partial credit < br > guarantees provided to < br > eligible PFIs with Project < br > funds under Component 2 | Annual | National < br > Treasury and < br > Planning | Analysis of PFIs ' < br > portfolio data | Implementing Agency | | | Apex institution reports PFIs < br > using the institutional < br > development plans ( IDPs ) to | | | | | | | improve internal | | | Project reports |", "spans": [{"start": 1348, "end": 1362, "text": "portfolio data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * but the domestic tariffs increased , especially the local calls . International traffic has in general been increasing and domestic traffic will be carefully analysed * * by UPTC * * in * * 1996 . * * # # # # # # 14 . Accounts and Audits : Prior to implementation of this project , * * UPTC * * used to be late in finalising its accounts and audit and the delays were in the range of 12 months behind schedule . This was due to lack of qualified manpower and a completely manual accounting system * * by * * then . The manpower position has greatly improved and now * * UPTC * * has 20 staff with accounting qualifications as compared to * * 6 * * at the beginning of the project . The FY93 draft financial statements were submitted to the Auditor General in October * * 1993 * * though the * * UPTC * * Act and Agreement require * * UPTC * * accounts to be audited within six months of the financial year end . The FY93", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "due to informal markets and poor infrastructure , especially in rainy seasons . Refugees face limited mobility and unfair pricing , often getting less than fair market value . Heavy traffic from aid and long-distance vehicles worsens roads , increasing costs and shortening lifespan , while the lack of safe rest stops leads to driver fatigue and accidents on the KYM corridor . WHR financing focuses on road improvements , helping refugees shift from emergency support to development , integrating them into national systems . Enhanced physical access to jobs and services supports refugees ' self-reliance by allowing work , freedom of movement , and public service access . # # * * II . PROJECT DESCRIPTION * * 20 . The proposed project will finance previously identified activities from the * * Uganda North-Eastern Road Corridor Asset Management Project ( NERAMP ) ( P125590 ) * * which closed on December 31 , 2025 , and will complement the ongoing * * Uganda : Roads and Bridges in the Refugee Hosting Districts / Koboko-Yumbe-Moyo Road Corridor Project ( P171339 ) . * * 21 . The NERAMP parent project PDO was ‘ _to reduce transport cost , enhance road safety , and improve and preserve the road assets sustainably by applying cost effective Performance Based Asset management contracts , along the TororoKamdini road corridor ’ _ — one of Uganda ’ s most critical regional trade routes linking the Port of Mombasa to South Sudan and the DRC . The project was structured into two sections : Lot 1 ( Tororo-Mbale-Soroti , 150 . 8 km ) and Lot 2 ( Soroti-LiraKamdini , 189 . 4 km ) . During the conceptual design for the project in 2013 , traffic studies were conducted , and formed the basis for the planned project scope , which was included in the bidding documents at the time . The planned intervention in the form of a conceptual design was periodic maintenance involving an Asphalt concrete overlay with limited reconstruction (", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "46 * * ANNEX A * * # # # # # # * * Mission Data * * | | * * _Date_ * * < br > * * _ ( month / _ * * < br > * * _Year ) _ * * | * * _No * Of_ * * < br > * * _persons_ * * | * * _Specializations represented_ * * | * * _Perform_ * * < br > * * _Implementati_ * * < br > * * _onProgress_ * * | * * _ance rating_ * * < br > * * _Development_ * * < br > * * _Objective_ * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Identification1 * * | 12 / 01 | 1 | Team Leader | | | | * * Preparation * * | | 3 | Public Sector Specialist | | | | | | 1 < br > 1 | Telecommunications Specialist < br > Land Specialist | | | | | | 2 | Economists | | | | | | 1 < br > 1 | Communications Specialist < br > Research Analyst | | | | * * Appraisal / * * < br > * * Negotiation * * | 03 / 02 | 1 < br > 1 < br > 1 < br > 1 | Team Leader < br > Public Sector Specialist < br > Public Expenditure Specialist < br > Telecommunications Specialist | | | | | | 2 | Economists | | | | | | 3 | Consultant | | | | * * Supervision * * | d a | | | | | | * * Completion * * | 07 / 03 | 1 < br > 1 < br > 1 | Team Leader < br > Public", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for each funded phase which recognizes all cash receipts , cash payments and cash balances controlled by the entity ; and separately identifies payments by third parties on behalf o f the entity . - The * * Accounting Policies Adopted and Explanatory Notes . * * The explanatory notes should be presented in a systematic manner with items on the Statement o f Cash Receipts and Payments being cross referenced to any related information in the notes for each funded phase . Examples o f this information include a summary o f fixed assets by category o f assets , and a summary o f SOE Withdrawal Schedule , listing individual withdrawal applications ; and * * 57 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework MWUD Draft 7B # # * * Annex D : Resettlement Action PlaN * * 1 . The scope and level of detail of the resettlement action plan vary with the magnitude and complexity of resettlement . The plan is based on up-to-date and reliable information about ( a ) the proposed resettlement and its impacts on the displaced persons and other adversely affected groups , and ( b ) the legal issues involved in resettlement . The resettlement plan covers the elements below , as relevant . When any element is not relevant to project circumstances , it should be noted in the resettlement plan . 2 . _Description of the project_ . General description of the project and identification of the project area . 3 . _Potential impacts_ . Identification of - ( a ) The project component or activities that give rise to resettlement ; - ( b ) The zone of impact of such component or activities ; - ( c ) The alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement ; and - ( d ) The mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . 4 . _Objectives_ . The main objectives of the resettlement plan . 5 . _Socioeconomic studies_ . The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including ( a ) The results of a census survey covering - i . Current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; - ii . Standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labour , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; - iii . The magnitude of the expected loss — total or partial — of assets , and the", "spans": [{"start": 1385, "end": 1398, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "section IV , we set the structural price of oil to US $ 50 / barrel , which is the estimated unconditional mean of oil prices from 1960 to 2020 . The actual path of commodity prices can be set to any value . Again , in section IV , we analyze the consequences of an increase in oil prices from US $ 50 to US $ 80 / barrel . The default data source for commodity prices is the World Bank ’ s Commodities Prices Dataset ( WB-CPD – _The Pink Sheet_ ) , although other sources are available ( e . g . , USGS and BP-Energy ) . Also , the structural production of resources is usually assumed to follow N-year moving average of actual production . Discoveries of natural resources are calibrated using data on annual production and reserves of the resource good , taken from the BP-Energy ( for energy industries ) and the USGS ( for mining ) . The time series of discoveries of good in ii period is computed as the change in reserves from period to plus ii production in period ( as in equation ( 3 ) ) . In the baseline , the trajectory of tt tt − 1 tt discoveries of good from 2020 to 2050 can be set to match the historical average tt over the past 20 years . Naturally , predicting future discoveries of natural resources ii is no trivial task and using historical averages can be misleading . In this case , country-specific data based on experts ’ knowledge should be used when available . The LTGM-NR requires paths for future TFP growth in each sector and industry . TFP data at the industry level is usually unavailable for most developing countries . A simple approach is to assume that TFP growth is homogenous across sectors . In this case , we can set TFP growth in each sector / industry equal to the average aggregate TFP growth over 2000-2019 , from PWT 10 . When available , the user should use information on sectoral TFP growth . < sup > 35 < / sup > In the Default submodel , private - and public-sector investment data are taken from IMF-FAD , which decomposes total investment into private", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 417, "text": "Commodities Prices Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1308, "end": 1329, "text": "country-specific data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1470, "end": 1478, "text": "TFP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1950, "end": 1957, "text": "IMF-FAD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "from the short Tertiary sections . 25 . Both the Calub and the Adigrat sands in the Tenneco Calub-1 well yielded production of rather lean gas with a minor amount of 51 degrees API gravity condensate . There is no available gas analysis . Proven reserves in the Calub structure are reported to be higher than I TSCF . The Calub well flows 34 . 5 MMCFD with a 1 \" choke . 26 . Other interesting oil shows were the minor amount of 39 degrees API oil recovered from El Kuran-1 , and 31 degrees API oil from oolitic layers of the Hamanlei in the Magan-1 well . 27 . In summary , gas can be expected in the Calub-Adigrat reservoirs , particularly in block-faulted areas where the sequence has been preserved . Oil can be expected in structural and stratigraphic traps in post-Karroo potential reservoirs over most of the basin . Structural and Other Prospects 28 . As a result of limited seismic coverage of the Ogaden and the rather poor quality of seismic data dating from 1970 and earlier , only a few structures have been mapped and tested . Numerous structures , particularly in depth , could be expected to be discovered as a result of renewed exploration activity . The size of the Calub field indicates that 2 TSCF to 3 TSCF of gas", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 957, "text": "seismic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "p < 0 . 01 ; * * * p < 0 . 001 # _Estimates for individual countries_ Under some assumptions , we can identify the learning loss for the EU student population as a whole . We take into account differences between countries that are stable over time using country fixed effects . We also control for time-variant effects of changes in the student sampling , namely for changes in individual student age and grade and country-average student age . We estimate the linear trend in student achievement , separately for each country . Assuming that these are valid controls for time variant and time invariant country characteristics , we identify the average departure from the achievement trend for the population of students in EU or ECA + countries participating in PIRLS 2021 . This departure can be interpreted as the learning loss caused by the COVID-19 pandemic as the pandemic was the only factor affecting achievement results in all countries . To separate the overall negative impact of the pandemic from the learning disruption caused by school closures , we also provide comparisons between schools and countries affected by shorter or longer closures . Providing similar estimates for individual countries is possible with the model presented in the section discussing our empirical strategy . However , in this case , it is not possible to interpret achievement change in 2021 as a measure of learning loss as for individual countries other factors could change between 2016 and 2021 affecting student scores . Anyhow , we provide these results to allow comparisons between countries that are adjusted for the overall time trends and changes in the sampling ( age and grade ) . Table A1 in the annex compares results for ECA + countries , using separate data for each country . The first three columns provide results for 2016 , 2021 , and the difference . These unadjusted results should not be interpreted as measures of the learning loss as they could reflect long-term trends in student achievement . Column 4 compares 2021 results to the 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by three reference households ( consisting of children and people of working age , in good health , without disabilities , and living in Bucharest < sup > 16 < / sup > ) . The basket includes a food budget and kitchen equipment required to prepare , serve , consume , and preserve this food . Furthermore , it considers the necessary budget for physical activity and other food functions , such as its social function . The food basket has been developed per nutritionist recommendations and national dietary guidelines , considering the cultural specificities of Romanian eating habits . The feasibility and acceptability of the basket have been verified through focus group discussions involving citizens with different socio-economic backgrounds . Estimates show that in 2015 , the monthly budget required for a healthy diet in Romania was EUR 128 for a single person and EUR 499 for a family of two adults and two children . If the budget needed for physical activity and other food functions ( eating out , holidays , etc . ) is also considered , the total monthly food budget amounted to EUR 156 for a single person and EUR 578 for a family of two adults and two children . < sup > 17 < / sup > When converted to 2020 Euros using official food CPIs , these monthly food expenditures correspond to 181 EUR for a single person ( able or unable to work ) and EUR 670 for a family of two adults and two children . These estimates suggest that the average monthly per capita food basket cost in 2020 euros is approximately 126 EUR and 180 EUR when considering non-food components / other functions . This is equivalent to 4 . 1 EUR per capita per day and 5 . 9 EUR ( considering other functions ) . Table 1 presents these estimates . * * Table 1 . Estimates of Food Basket based on European Commission ( 2015 ) , 2015 and 2020 euros . * * * * Panel a . By Household composition ( 2015 euros ) * * | | * * In 2015 * * < br > * * Euros * * | | - - - | - - - | | Single Person", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1254, "text": "food CPIs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * ANNEX 5 FIELD STUDY ON USMID MUNICIPALITIES * * This report provides environment and social characteristics of the 14 Municipalities under this assignment ( Figure 2 ) . The information has been compiled from interviews , secondary sources of information including the five year development plans and municipal statistical abstracts , by AWE Civil Engineering and Environmental Consultants . _Figure 2 : Location of municipalities under this project_ # # # # * * < u > ENTEBBE MUNICIPALITY < / u > * * Entebbe Municipality lies at 0 ˚ . 04N , 32 ˚ . 28E , which is 37 kilometers South of Kampala , the Capital City of Uganda . Situated in Wakiso district , the municipality is located on a peninsular into Lake Victoria covering an area of approximately 56 . 2 Sq km . Socio-environmental conditions in Entebbe Municipality are described below . 56", "spans": [{"start": 313, "end": 344, "text": "municipal statistical abstracts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > to < br > manufacturer specifications to ensure optimal < br > performance and minimize noise generation . < br > • < br > Provide training and awareness creation sessions < br > for construction workers on noise reduction < br > techniques and best practices for minimizing noise < br > generation . < br > • < br > Provide appropriate PPE for workers exposed to < br > high noise levels such as earplugs or earmuffs , and < br > the mandatoryuse of PPE will be strictlyenforced . | ( Restricted < br > to < br > essential / emergency < br > work only ) < br > Availability of Vehicles < br > maintenance record < br > Availability of training < br > attendance < br > of < br > noise < br > reduction < br > and < br > prevention . < br > Availability < br > of < br > noise < br > protection < br > PPE < br > distribution list . | Environmental and < br > social Safeguards < br > Specialist | | | 179", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 619, "text": "maintenance record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "procedure used to estimate how much of a given expenditure ( or taxation ) category is received ( imposed ) by ( on ) a particular socioeconomic group or geographical area . Incidence analysis aims not only at identifying how much people in the lowest income groups receive or pay ( that is , how ― pro-poor ‖ spending or revenue collection is ) , but also how ― progressively ‖ it does so — that is , how the cost or benefit correlates with a given welfare measure , such as income , consumption or wealth . Incidence analysis consists of several steps ( see van de Walle [ 1998 ] , ) : - ( i ) Approximate the value to consumers of a public service — typically by equating it to the cost of providing the service ; - ( ii ) Identify all beneficiaries of the service ; - ( iii ) Obtain _gross_ unitary benefits by dividing total benefits ( from step i ) among total beneficiaries ( from step ii ) ; - ( iv ) Rank the identified beneficiaries in the household dataset according to some agreed measure of welfare ( such as , for example , deciles or quintiles of household per capita consumption ) ; and - ( v ) Assign the gross unitary benefit ( as obtained in step iii ) across the distribution of beneficiaries identified in the household dataset and compute the shares of the services that are allocated to different portions of the population . The unit of analysis is , typically , the representative household by quintile or decile of the income or consumption distribution on a per capita basis . In order to calculate _net_ benefits two additional steps are needed : - ( i ) Calculate the out-of-pocket household per capita spending from the household dataset ; and - ( ii ) Subtract the out-of-pocket household per capita spending to the expenditure assigned as the benefit . The resulting figure is the net unitary benefit per individual or household after receiving a public service . . As for data requirements , the first three steps rely on information about public spending in the relevant sectors and the beneficiaries or users of those services , which is typically available", "spans": [{"start": 950, "end": 967, "text": "household dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) Project account bank statement with the account book balance . Reconciliations should be prepared by the Financial Officers and verified by the project Managers . All reconciling items ( if any ) should be listed , explained and followed upon . Copies of the reconciliation together with the account bank statement should be kept in the Project files and should be attached to the IFRs . * * 10 . Controls over Payroll : * * Payroll is administrated by the payroll department at the Directorate of Employees Affairs ( HR ) in each line ministries . The payroll systems in place have a good degree of integration and reconciliation between the position controls , personnel records , and payroll registers . The payroll system in Jordan follows the Civil Service Bureau instructions and is in line with the national financial law and internal controls regulation , in addition to instructions issued by the MoF . The Directorate of HR is responsible for receiving the information for the appointed employee for entry into the automated HR database system . The HR department ensures the completeness of information and the data entry of related salary entitlements through an automated system and record archival both in the system and in paper files . HR input in the system is subject to both automated and human checks . A payroll schedule is prepared on a monthly basis and subject to several layers of approvals ( payroll officer , head of payroll unit , the department manager [ budget holder ] , Internal Control Department , MoF financial controller , and the financial management manager ) . Salaries are transferred to employees and teachers ’ personal bank accounts . Monthly reconciliations are prepared in the system and shared with the internal control unit and MoF representative . Daily time attendance sheets based on an automated attendance register are maintained by the attendance supervisor , who reports absences to the HR and responsible departments . All payroll records are kept in a secure , centralized computerized payroll data base that is updated daily from paper-based reports from the", "spans": [{"start": 1105, "end": 1133, "text": "automated HR database system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1917, "end": 1946, "text": "automated attendance register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2109, "end": 2139, "text": "computerized payroll data base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * A11 * * | * * A12 * * | * * A13 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * MUAC ( 15-49 yrs * * | * * WEIGHT ( 15-49 * * | * * HEIGHT ( 15-49 * * | * * Hb * * | | * * even if * * | * * yrs ONLY if * * | * * yrs ONLY if * * | | | * * mother / caregiver * * | * * mother / caregiver * * | * * mother / caregiver * * | * * ( g / L or g / dL ) * * | | * * is breastfeeding * * < br > * * orpregnant ) * * | * * is NOT * * < br > * * pregnant ) * * | * * is NOT pregnant * * | | * * SECTION 3 : WATER , SANITATION AND HYGIENE * * - * * B1 . How many people live in this household and slept here last night ? _____________ * * - * * B2 . What is the main source of drinking water for members of your household ? ( Please adapt to context ) * * 01 = Piped water ; * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 110 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sensitive employment outcome variables are to the design and implementation of a questionnaire . For example , if an analyst chooses to use a 7-day recall period employment variable for analysis , erroneous conclusions can be drawn with respect to key outcomes for specific types of individuals and households . There is also the possibility that different analysts , using variables constructed in different ways , could easily come to different conclusions on level indictors using the same data . Trends over time are even more difficult to compute and interpret . We show that measurement bias can affect economic analysis relating these employment outcomes to other key variables at the household , sectoral or macro level . By implication , these results also apply to country comparisons when different countries use different instruments . Inadequate questionnaires mean that analysis of labor force participation and employment outcomes is not a simple prospect in low-income countries . In Uganda , older surveys used questionnaires which clearly led to an underestimation of LFP at the household and aggregate level . Many countries still use these formats today . This complicates even the simplest aggregate trend analyses , such as whether the share of the labor force in agriculture is going up or down . Even data from the most recent Ugandan surveys , which include formats specifically designed to measure LFPR more accurately , have to be used carefully owing to multiple economic activities . Although the 7-day recall period is an international standard , and has worked just fine for OECD countries employment statistics , using it in a low-income setting will underestimate , and possibly distort , analyses of individual outcomes such as underemployment and household livelihoods . Some have argued that the concepts of labor force participation and employment embedded within the SNA are not suited to a low-income setting . For example , it has been suggested that economic activities which produce output included in the SNA ( such as growing food for home use ) should not be considered employment as no income is earned . < sup > 20 < / sup > The problem with this argument is that it goes against decades of revisions of the SNA , all designed to include more economic activities , not less", "spans": [{"start": 1351, "end": 1366, "text": "Ugandan surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level . Existing research either focuses on detailed evidence from individual countries ( Tiepolo & Galligari , 2021 ) or select world regions ( Henderson _et al . _ , 2017 ) or it links climate change to urbanization statistics aggregated at the country level ( Castells-Quintana _et al . _ , 2021 ; Maurel & Tuccio , 2016 ) . Invaluable as the insights from existing studies are , they struggle to simultaneously account for subnational variation in both climate and urbanization and establish larger regional and global patterns that are likely at play . In this paper , we assess the nexus between climate change and growing cities at a global level , exploiting a novel panel dataset that covers every country in the world between 1985 and 2014 . We operationalize our variables utilizing the PRIO-GRID v2 . 0 cell structure that divides the entire globe into 0 . 5 ° _ × _ 0 . 5 ° cells ( Tollefsen _et al . _ , 2012 ) . Our independent variable is the proportion of months out of 12 months that are part of the longest streak of consecutive months ending in a given year that experienced drought . Our main dependent variable is the annual increment in built-up pixels within each PRIO-GRID cell as captured by the World Settlement Footprint database ( Marconcini _et al . _ , 2020 ) . This remotely sensed and fine-grained data allows us to understand exactly where cities are growing rather than defaulting to aggregate urbanization statistics . We examine the link between drought and built-up area using multiple spatially and temporally lagged versions of our independent variable , more accurately modeling the processes by which unpropitious climatic conditions impact growing cities . Our models control for numerous potential confounders of the relationship between climatic conditions and migration , such as distance to international borders and the area covered by land in each grid cell . We find a robust positive relationship between drought and urban expansion . Our results indicate that if an entire year were spent under drought conditions , nearby cities would experience a 27 percent increase in _newly_ built-up area . In other words , drought in regions that surround urban centers accelerates the rate at which cities expand", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 688, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1222, "end": 1257, "text": "World Settlement Footprint database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 areas are found in the largest cities , while 29 % are in towns with less than 15 , 000 inhabitants . Similarly , 27 % of underweight urban children reside in the largest cities , but 30 % reside in the smallest towns . In a final robustness check , we ask whether our observed gradient between poverty and city-size is somehow an artifact of the focus , in this paper , on small area estimates of poverty for each city rather than direct measures of poverty for such localities . < sup > 21 < / sup > We have already noted that direct measures of poverty for individual towns and cities are not generally available in developing country settings . The household surveys that underpin poverty analysis in these countries do not generally cover sufficiently large samples to permit poverty measurement at this detailed level . As was described in Section 2 , the small area estimation procedure applied in the present paper combines household survey with unit-record population census data in an effort to circumvent this small sample problem . The approach takes advantage of the full population coverage of the population census and then applies statistical techniques to insert into the census an indicator of per capita expenditure or income for each household . This is necessary because in most developing ( and developed ) countries , the population census fails to collect detailed income or expenditure data . India offers an opportunity to probe the contention that our findings are merely an artifact of the methods we have employed . The Indian National Sample Survey Organization ( NSSO ) fields a very large sample survey every five years with a sample size that is sufficiently large to permit a breakdown of urban areas into city-size categories . < sup > 22 < / sup > Table 9 draws on a World Bank study ( World Bank 2010 ) to illustrate that at the national level for the years 1983 , 1993 and 2004 / 5 , National Sample Survey data show a clear gradient in poverty by city size . This gradient holds both at the national > 21 Tarozzi and Deaton ( 2007 ) have recently expressed a concern that the small area estimation procedure employed", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 673, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 969, "end": 991, "text": "population census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1115, "end": 1132, "text": "population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1925, "end": 1952, "text": "National Sample Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "months . We further disaggregate modification within 24 months by the providing the percentage share of economic sectors as well as the policy initiator for all laws and regulations that were modified within 24 months . # 4 . LEGISLATIVE PREDICTABILITY IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Uncertainty in policy making is a global issue and legislative predictability concern should not be seen in isolation . Figure 3 provides a set of global comparators with data drawn from six diverse countries , covering both low - and high-income countries , as well different political systems . < sup > 4 < / sup > The purpose of this section is to situate the overall pattern of legislative predictability in the Kingdom of Jordan in a > 4 The figures are calculated based on the LEGDAT dataset ( mid-2023 version ) . More information on the data and country scope can be found www . globalcorruptionpbservatory . com . 10", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 778, "text": "LEGDAT dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 1 Page 4 of 6 * * BINP , but there has been considerable exploitation of other products , particularly bamboo which is a much more predominant part of the vegetation in this area . The greatest ecological impact has been the clearing and cultivation ( with terracing ) and introduction of exotic trees such as Eucalyptus and Acacia ( Black Wattle ) in what is now Zone 2 , where park management will focus on restoring the natural vegetation . # # USE OF FOREST RESOURCES 10 . As Forest Reserves , the BINP and MGNP areas represented important sources of many highly valued timber and non-timber forest products for local communities , as well as cash income from labor ( pitsawing , board carrying ) , although only a small portion of total revenues from logging benefited the local economy or even , apparently , the national economy , as Forest Department estimates indicate that as much as 90 % of the valuable hardwood timber from the Bwindi forest was reportedly smuggled out of the country over the past few decades . The traditional importance of forest products to local communities , particularly the Batwa ( former forest dwellers ) is discussed in Annex 6 and the project working paper on socio-cultural issues . The economic importance and ecological impacts of exploitation of minor forest products are discussed in detail by Cunningham ( 1992 ) and Cunningham et al . ( 1993 ) . These studies were commissioned as a first step toward initiating sustainable use of selected forest products in proposed multiple use zones in the BINP and MGNP , respectively . A summary and analysis of data concerning the \" Total Economic Value \" of the Bwindi Forest to local communities , Uganda and the world at large is provided in Chapter 2 of the MUIENR Baseline Study ( 1993 ) undertaken as part of project preparation . The authors attempted to quantify ( where possible ) and compare the consumptive and non-consumptive use value , environmental services value , option value and existence value of the area if maintained as a conservation", "spans": [{"start": 1760, "end": 1781, "text": "MUIENR Baseline Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "eight countries , both in absolute numbers and as a share of the total . The sample includes a wide variety of countries , from the relatively small ( e . g . Albania ) to the relatively large ( e . g . Brazil ) , and from the predominantly rural ( e . g . Sri Lanka ) to the highly urbanized ( e . g . Brazil ) . The table also indicates which household survey was used for the estimation of the household expenditure model , including year and sample size . The year of the", "spans": [{"start": 345, "end": 361, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "did it take them ? Do they outsource , and if so , to whom ? Are they satisfied with their service ? What is their budget ? What does it include ? Be sure to analyze the marginal cost of your IPM program when compared to the costs of your current pest control effort . It may be less than you think . # # * * How will you know if IPM is succeeding ? * * The advantages of IPM — efficacy , cost and safety — are laudable but probably won ’ t do you much good when it comes to asking for budget if you don ’ t have a system in place to measure the program ’ s achievements . Build measurable objectives for each of those goals into your program plan from the beginning . * * Efficacy * * : Since IPM is better at controlling pests , you should see a measurable reduction in pest sightings , client complaints and monitoring station counts over time . But if you ’ re planning to measure against these or similar metrics later , you ’ ll need benchmark data on them now . Consider how you will obtain and compile that data before the switch to IPM . Once you ’ ve implemented your IPM program , you ’ ll want to allow the program sufficient time — at least six months — to make a real difference before you measure . Remember , IPM ’ s not an overnight event but a process . * * Cost * * : Do you expect to see cost reductions over time as IPM gains momentum ? When ? Set specific dollar-figure parameters for your IPM costs so you can measure against them later . * * Safety * * : IPM ’ s ability to create a safer environment is predicated in large part on reducing pesticide use . If you ’ re already outsourcing to a professional , ask them if records are available as to the volume of pesticides applied in the facility for the previous year ( or more if available ) . If you ’ re just starting a", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 954, "text": "benchmark data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "currency breakdown in the survey did not include all South currencies . We match these survey allocations more precisely when allocating “ other currencies ” entirely to the South ( yielding allocations to South currencies of 4 . 7 and 4 . 4 percent in 2013 and 2014 , respectively ) > 34 The COFER data identify the following currencies from North countries : Canadian dollar ( from 2012 ) , euro , Japanese yen , pound sterling , Swiss franc , and U . S . dollar . From South countries , the data only distinguish Australian dollars ( from 2012 onward ) and Chinese renminbi ( from 2016 onward ) . 38", "spans": [{"start": 293, "end": 303, "text": "COFER data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) # # # * * 3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION * * # # # * * 3 . 1 Introduction * * Public participation refers to the active participation of stakeholders in collective issues . World Bank OP 4 . 12 and KISIP2 Stakeholder Engagement Framework ( SEF ) requires that affected persons be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in the design and implementation of the project , as well as resettlement programs . Further , displaced persons are informed about their rights pertaining to resettlement and consulted on , offered choices among , and provided with technically and economically feasible resettlement alternatives . In addition , public participation is a legal requirement under the Constitution and legal framework , which requires a commitment towards citizen involvement and consultation in the planning and delivery of projects and services . and consultation in the planning and delivery of projects and services . The aim of stakeholder consultations was to identify the interests of the different stakeholders and draw consensus . The objectives of the stakeholder consultations were : To sensitize the community about the project and potential impacts on people and Provide a platform for the community to air views and concerns which are relevant to the Involve them in key processes of census and the undertaking of the affected asset inventory , Provide an opportunity for the community to propose the most appropriate mitigation To seek support from the community and other all relevant stakeholders in the preparation To discuss the ARAP report and its recommendations . * * Consultation Method and Approach in ARAP Development * * # # # * * 3 . 2 Objectives of Stakeholder Consultations * * The aim of stakeholder consultations was to identify the interests of the different stakeholders and draw consensus . The objectives of the stakeholder consultations were : - To sensitize the community about the project and potential impacts on people and livelihoods . - Provide a platform for the community to air views and concerns which are relevant to the ARAP ,", "spans": [{"start": 1531, "end": 1555, "text": "affected asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "parameters in the physical , biological and socio-economic environment within the vicinity of the project site . Aspects observed included climate data , geological data and soils , hydrology , air and noise quality , among others , as detailed in section 3 of the report . This information was key in assessing impact identification and analysis of the proposed project on the existing environment . Comprehensive stakeholder engagement was carried out , and views of key stakeholders such as rangers , other UWA staff , the local leaders at different levels and district officials were obtained , and the details of these engagements are shown in appendix 3 . All proposed sites are located xii | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA QENP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 139, "end": 151, "text": "climate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 154, "end": 169, "text": "geological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Bujagali Energy Limited * * * * 87 * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 also kill otters , wrongly believing them to represent a threat to their fish stocks , as otters only take small fish and are not very numerous anyway 3 Although faced with such a diversity of threats , this species is however still widespread in many of Uganda ' s large fresh water bodies of which the Victoria Nile only happens to be a small part . It is not likely either that damming the Nile will result in significant negative impacts on its survival . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 3 Aquatic Ecology * * Data on phytoplankton , macrophytes , invertebrates and fish in the River Nile near the project site were originally collected in four quarterly surveys carried out during 2000 ( FIRRI 2000a to 2000d ) . A further survey was carried out in April 2006 , to assess whether there had been any significant changes in baseline conditions since 2000 ( NAFIRRI , 2006 ) . These surveys examined four sites : 6 km upstream and 1 , 24 and 65 km downstream of Dumbbell Island . Refer to Figure 3 . 6 for location of the survey sites . The summary below refers principally to the results of the 2000 survey . Where the 2006 survey identified significant changes since 2000 , these are identified and discussed below . # # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 3 . 1 Phytoplankton * * The Cyanophyceae ( blue-green algae / cyanobacteria ) were the dominant and most diverse class in all quarters at all transects . The key indicative species were _Microcystis , Anabaena , Cylindrospermopsis_ and _Planktolyngbya . _ The degree of Cyanophyte dominance in the investigated area ranged from 49 to 78 percent of cell counts with the highest counts being registered during the wet seasons ( second and fourth quarters ) . Chlorophyceae (", "spans": [{"start": 776, "end": 793, "text": "quarterly surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1225, "end": 1236, "text": "2000 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ economic value . Maximum WTP and the survey response data define household values , underlie their demand for service improvements , and , therefore , inform tariff design . Because of these features , WTP surveys represent a type of field experiment where the analyst balances control and relevance . The deliberate decisions employed in the framing of the survey 6", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 59, "text": "survey response data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "point occurs at 58 percent of urbanization . Finally , higher diesel prices is associated with lower per capita carbon emissions . The coefficients associated with gasoline prices are of the expected sign but are not statistically significant . Because gasoline prices are highly correlated with diesel prices , including the diesel price in the regression could absorb most of the explanatory power . In the above analysis , we do not control for the existence of transportation policies aimed at reducing transport-related emissions . As a robustness check , we collect data from IEA transportation policy database and control for the existence of various transportation policies in the estimation . We use the principal component analysis method to create one comprehensive transport decarbonization policy variable that summarizes several transportation policies : fuel efficiency standards , tailpipe emissions regulations , driving restrictions , promotion of electric vehicles , promotion of biofuels , R & D and vehicle emission standards . Including transportation policy variable in the regression reduces the sample size by half due to limited data availability for many developing countries . The results are reported in Table 3 . The existence of transportation policies has a strong impact , sharply decreasing per capita emissions . The coefficients of the other variables have the expected sign , but the statistical significance reduces due to the smaller sample . # * * 6 . Conclusions * * Emissions from the transportation sector – which includes travel of people and goods by road , rail , aircraft , and marine vessels ; and the pipeline transportation of many fuels – represented more than 24 percent of global CO2 emissions in 2018 . Worldwide , emissions from transportation are increasing faster than those from any other sector . Decarbonization of the transport sector therefore plays a crucial role in achieving the Paris Agreement target of limiting global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius – and preferably to below 1 . 5 degree Celsius – compared to pre-industrial levels . This paper examines the status of the decoupling of transport-generated carbon emissions and economic growth of 145 countries . In addition , it studies the patterns and drivers of transport-related CO2 emissions of 145 countries during the period from 1990 to 2018 . We observe considerable differences", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 616, "text": "IEA transportation policy database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project ( P154784 ) # * * The World Bank * * |  Satisfactory quarterly proje < br > ( Percentage , Custom ) | ct interim financial and mo | nitoring reports submitted wi | thin 45 days of end of th | e previous period | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 31-Oct-2016 | - - | 22-May-2017 | 31-Jan-2022 | |  Grievances register | ed related to delivery of project be | nefits addressed ( % ) ( Perce | ntage , Custom ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 100 . 00 | | Date | 31-Oct-2016 | - - | 22-May-2017 | 31-Jan-2022 | # # Overall Comments The intermediate indicators have not changed since the physical project implementation has not started . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * | * * Disburse * * | * * ments ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Dis", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1025, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 : * * Ten most urbanized of the sample countries | * * Countries * * | % of the Country ’ s | Total Population | Estimated number of urban | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Population Urbanized | of Country | refugees & asylum seekers | | * * Lebanon * * | 87 % | 4 , 259400 | 10 , 726 | | * * Jordan * * | 79 % | 6 , 330 , 200 | 455 , 984 | | * * Mexico * * | 78 % | 114 , 793 , 300 | 1 , 567 | | * * Malaysia * * | 73 % | 28 , 859 , 200 | 92 , 854 | | * * Iran * * | 71 % | 74 , 798 , 600 | 854 , 715 | | * * Turkey * * | 70 % | 73 , 639 , 600 | 22 , 000 | | * * Ecuador * * | 68 % | 14 , 666 , 100 | 61 , 000 | | * * Costa Rica * * | 65 % | 4 , 726 , 600 | 20 , 057 | | * * South Africa * * | 62 % | 50 , 460 , 000 | 277 , 267 | | * * Macedonia * * | 59 % | 2 , 063 , 900 | 2 , 673 | A Global Survey – 2012 11", "spans": [{"start": 805, "end": 820, "text": "A Global Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "time periods , in this paper , we primarily focus on the weekly sub-sample in order to identify severe illness shocks that lead to an entire week of missed work . Note also that the daily data we collected allow us to confirm that week-long illness shocks are more empirically relevant for labor supply than shorter illness shocks . Indeed , table A1 shows that there is no evidence of labor supply responses to another worker ’ s absence from work in a given day . When we examine the time path of response to a daily illness shock using an event study framework in figure A1 , we find some evidence of lagged responses among men , but these responses ( a greater probability of working the day after illness , but a lower probability two days later ) still lead to a net zero response during the period surrounding a daily illness shock . Participants interviewed by phone were given a phone at the beginning of the survey to avoid the possibility of selection into the survey based on phone ownership . Respondents were paid 3 cedis ( $ 1 . 36 US ) for each completed phone survey . Together with the fact that surveys were quite short ( 4 minutes on average ) , 89 percent of scheduled weekly phone surveys and 94 percent of weekly in-person interviews were successfully conducted . The illness shocks we can detect in this high-frequency data occur when a working-age adult did not work in a particular week , but had planned to work . These respondents were then asked to give the reason for missing work . In coding these free responses , we consider as an illness shock any response that mentioned the illness or injury of the respondent or another person . ( See the online appendix for a list of the exact responses included as illness shocks . < sup > 5 < / sup > ) That is , we do not separately examine the effects of absence due to own illness and caretaking both for reasons of power and because we suspect that the modal response of “ I was sick ” – given in 74 percent of the instances of illness shocks that we categorize as illness", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 192, "text": "daily data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1328, "end": 1347, "text": "high-frequency data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 0076 ) | ( 0 . 0053 ) | ( 0 . 0020 ) | ( 0 . 0012 ) | | Constant | 0 . 153 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 201 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 210 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 186 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | 0 . 137 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > | | | ( 0 . 0069 ) | ( 0 . 0447 ) | ( 0 . 0353 ) | ( 0 . 0124 ) | ( 0 . 0073 ) | | Industry FEs | No | No | No | No | No | | State FEs | No | No | No | No | No | | Obs . | 2 , 266 | 81 | 112 | 625 | 1 , 448 | | R < sup > 2 < / sup > | 0 . 294 | 0 . 228 | 0 . 291 | 0 . 440 | 0 . 255 | * * * Source : World Bank staff using RAIS . Note : Robust standard errors in parentheses . _p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 , * * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 , * _p < _ 0 _ . _ 1 . # * * 4 . 2 Conditional convergence * * A multiplicity of factors influences the pace of regional convergence in productivity . Some are geographic ( e . g . , resource endowment , sea access ) , institutional ( e . g . , regulatory capacity , market distortions ) , and policy . To this end , the regional convergence regressions are now estimated after controlling for industry fixed effects ( the levels and productivity growth rates inherently differ due to differences in production and market structure ) and state fixed effects ( to capture the effect of mostly geographic factors on regional development ) . In addition , these regression account for states ’ initial level of", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 584, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", if the attendant rise in inequality ends up stifling prospects for economic betterment at the bottom of the distribution , then this will also be associated with disenchantment with the overall process . # * * _4 . 2 . Analysis of Perceptions of Mobility_ * * Now , using data from the survey carried out in 2014 , we examine mobility experienced by households based on their self-assessed position in the “ economic ladder ” relative to where they were five years ago . If the respondent placed the household at a higher rung relative to where they considered themselves to be five years ago , we interpret that rank improvement as upward mobility . Similarly , if the household is placed at a lower rung of the ladder than where it was five years ago , we regard that as downward mobility . The household is deemed to have experienced no mobility if the rank is reported unchanged . The survey also asked about expected position in the same ladder five years from the time of interview and we use responses to that question relative to the current position to define expected upward , downward or no mobility . The results are presented in Figure 9 and show that 62 percent of Nepalis have experienced upward mobility , 6 percent have experienced downward mobility and 32 percent remained unchanged . Considering expected mobility , an overwhelming 86 percent of Nepalis expected to do better in the future with only a small fraction , 1 percent , expecting to do worse . * * Figure 9 : The Proportion of Nepalis Moving Up , Down or remaining the Same in the Economic Ladder * * 15", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 294, "text": "data from the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( Ancey , 1974 ; Anderson and Leiserson , 1980 ; Chernicovsky * t al . , 1985 ; Delgado , 1979 ; ILO , 1985b ; Liedhola and Chuta , 1976 ; Hatlon at al . , 1979 ; Mueller and Zevering , 1970 ; Norman , Simmons and Hays , 1982 ; Okafor , 1983 ; Thomi and Yankson , 1983 ) . Focusing exclusively on agricultural households , farm management surveys in numerous ; : tcan countLies have found 15 to 65 percent of farmers with secondary employment in nonfarm enterpr . ses , and time allocation studies of farm households have found 15 to 40 percent of total family working hours devoted to income generating nonfarm activities ( Anthony et al . , 1979 ; Cleave , 1974 ; Hill , 1977 ; ILO , 1985b and 1985c ; Luning , 1967 ; Norman , 1972 ; Okafor , 1983 ) . B . Income Africa ' s rural inhabitants typically derive between 25 and 30 percent of their income from nonfarm sources ( Table 2 ) . And because nonfarm activities are monetized to a much larger extent than is agricultural production , nonfarm earnings constitute an even larger share of cash income . Panel B of Table 2 indicates that nonagricultural income regularly accounts for 30 to 50 percent of rural cash incomes . C . Income Distribution Available data on African rural nonfarm earnings do not show the clear pattern of equity enhancement that analysts have regularly reported in Asian studies ( e . g . , Bell , Hazell and Slade , 1982 ; Kilby and Liedholm , 1986 ) . Researchers in Northern Nigeria ( Matlon , 1979 ) and Lesotho ( Van der Weil , cited in ILO 1982h ) have found that high-income rural dwellers derive a greater share of their earnings from nonfarm sources than do the poor . Less detailed evidence from rural Tanzania ( Collier , Radwan and Wangwe , 1986 ) and from farm families in Zambia ( Ghai and Radwan , 1984 ) , Uganda ( ILO , 1985d ) and Zimbabwe ( Weinrich , 1975 ) suggest similarly inequitable trends . But support for the equity enhancing view of rural nonfarm incomes does emerge from some studies", "spans": [{"start": 323, "end": 346, "text": "farm management surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 474, "end": 516, "text": "time allocation studies of farm households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1212, "end": 1250, "text": "data on African rural nonfarm earnings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 9 - * * > 7This confirms that the Recipient is authorizing such persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials * * ( SIDC ) * * and to deliver the Applications and supporting documents to the Association * * by * * electronic means . In full recognition that the Association shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use of Secure Identification Credentials in connection with Use of Electronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the Association records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , / signed * * / * * [ Position ] * * 7 * * Instruction to the Recipient : * * Add * * this paragraph if the Recipient wishes to authorize the listed persons to accept Secure Identification Credentials and to deliver Applications * * by * * electronic means ; if this is not applicable , please delete the paragraph . _Please delete this footnote in final letter that is sent to the Association . _", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 875, "text": "Association records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", for which small groups ( if permitted ) and virtual consultations will be organized and ( potential ) beneficiary firms invited at least twice a year to provide opportunities for beneficiaries to voice their needs and priorities regarding the loan program and enable feedback on its functionality ( ease of access , transparency , quality ) . The dialogue will help better understand the firms ' needs and obstacles regarding financing and will inform the planning and implementation of the project . Moreover , potential beneficiaries will be able to receive information on the loan program and if necessary , join working groups to improve the program . A mid-term beneficiary feedback survey will be followed by ( face to face / virtual ) focus group discussions with beneficiary firms to obtain feedback on the effectiveness of the loan program and to discuss the survey results to inform implementation and a GRM will be established to address inquiries or concerns , mitigate potential risks and address received grievances . The Project will enable different channels for grievances such as email , direct , telephone , and social networks to ensure easy access to the service . The two beneficiary feedback indicators used for the project are : ( i ) a CE indicator at mid-term review to capture the percentage of beneficiaries ( with gender disaggregation ) reporting project financing reflected their needs ( including ease of access , quality , process , disclosure , responsiveness of needs , etc . ) and ( ii ) a report analyzing and assessing the results of the CE survey , which will contain actionable recommendations for project adjustments informed by citizen feedback . The result of these indicators will help the Project effectively close any feedback loops with beneficiaries with the aim of serving them better . Quarterly reporting will include information about the number of grievances received and resolved and will flag major concerns raised . The POM will detail the design and implementation processes / procedures of all CE mechanisms , including the staffing and budget to implement them . 41", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 696, "text": "mid-term beneficiary feedback survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1578, "end": 1587, "text": "CE survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "potential internal instruments . The use of too many instruments produces more statistically significant results , but increases the risk of ― over fitting ‖ the model . This trade-off is addressed by restricting the number of instruments as proposed by Roodman ( 2006 ) ; i . e . , one instrument is created for each variable and lag distance rather than for each time period , variable , and lag distance . Lastly , the time series depth does not provide a sensible number of observations for conducting panel unit root tests ( Baltagi , 2005 ) . Nevertheless , the system GMM estimation performs well even in the presence of near random walk processes ( Stata Press , 2007 ) . In line with the elaborated analytical framework , the baseline growth equation takes the following dynamic specification : 1 + 2 _-_ + 1 ln + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 * + 8 + _t_ + ( 1 ) where _i_ denotes the countries under investigation for which data is available during the observed period ( _i_ = 1 , . . . , 90 ) , _t_ stands for the four-year non-overlapping intervals ( _t_ = 9 and refers to the non-overlapping intervals : 1973-1976 ; 1977-1980 ; . . . ; 2005-2008 ; however , as was already noted , transition countries are covered only in the 1997-2008 period ) , _gri , t_ is the average growth of real GDP per capita ( measured in purchasing power parity terms in the Penn world tables 6 . 3 ) , _fci , t_ represents alternative measures of a country ’ s reliance on foreign capital , and the _CG dummy_ represents an indicator variable for membership into three different EU-related groups ( EU10 , EU candidates and EU neighborhood ) . Also , _α1_ is the common intercept , _α2_ is the coefficient on the lagged dependent variable , _βi_ denotes the slope coefficients of the vector of explanatory variables ( Table 1 ) , _t_ stands for the period-specific effects ( time dummies ) , and _vi , t_ is the stochastic disturbance term , assumed to be independently and identically distributed . The inclusion of the period effects is", "spans": [{"start": 1359, "end": 1376, "text": "Penn world tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Charges * * | | | | | | | | Container handling ( $ per TEU ) | 150 | 67 . 5 | 275 | 110 – 243 | 100 – 320 | 80 – 150 | | General-cargo handling ( $ per tonne ) | 10 | 6 . 5 | 13 . 5 | 11 – 15 | 8 – 15 | 7 – 9 | | Container handling ( $ per TEU ) | - 130 | - 54 . 5 | - 248 | 110 – 244 | 100 – 321 | 80 – 151 | _Source : _ AICD ports database . _Note : _ TEU = 20-foot equivalent unit . A steady increase in containers handled at Port Sudan has created serious port congestion problems , adding significant delays to the movement of freight . Several of the region ’ s ports are beginning to experience serious capacity constraints ( figure 10 ) due to burgeoning demand associated with increases in container traffic and dry-bulk cargo . Port Sudan in particular is already operating at 80 percent capacity at least , a level of intensity that creates problems in terms of congestion . There is some scope for easing capacity constraints by improving the efficiency of port performance , although ultimately new investments will be needed ( see figure 10 ) . Labor requirements at the port lead to overstaffing , poor productivity , and higher costs . In the North Port , the equivalent of a dock labor board exists and there is a legal requirement to use labor from a pool of 25 , 000 workers . In the container terminal , the SPC provides the labor and acknowledges that it is overstaffed by 7 , 300 workers ( World Bank 2008 ) . > < sup > 18 < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 322, "end": 341, "text": "AICD ports database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Judicial Performance Improvement Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2019_ * * # # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | | * * 2018 / 19 * * | * * 2017 / 18 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * ( i ) * * < br > * * A / CName [ A / cNo : 0810260887491 * * | * * KShs * * | * * KShs * * | | Openingbalance < br > Totalamountdepositedintheaccount < br > Totalamountwithdrawn ( asperStatementofReceipts * * & * * Payments ) | * * 4 , 327 , 621 * * < br > * * _7 , 845 , 589_ * * < br > * * 12 , 170 , 664 * * | * * 3 , 207 , 771 * * < br > * * 15 , 470 , 977 * * < br > * * 14 , 351 , 126 * * | | * * Closingbalance * * * * _ ( asperSDAbankaccountreconciliationattached ) _ * * | * * _2 , 47_ * * | * * 4327622 * * | The Special Deposit Account ( s ) reconciliation statement ( s ) has ( have ) been attached as _Appendix ii_ support these closing balances . # # # # # * * 8 . 8 . OUTSTANDING IMPRESTS AND ADVANCES * * | * * DATE * * < br > | * * PAYEE * * < br > | * * IMP * * | * * AMT * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 15-Oct < br > | < br > JusticeKaniKimondoc / o", "spans": [{"start": 142, "end": 184, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To answer these questions requires extending the time series of estimates of distortions in the Krueger / Schiff / Valdes sample and extending the sample to a wider range of countries . That is the focus of a new research project getting under way at the World Bank . But in the meantime it is possible to answer the question in the title of the present paper using a new database for 2001 . Specifically , here we address the question : What would be the consequences for agricultural markets and farm incomes if all countries were to reduce their trade distortions simultaneously ( as in an ambitious WTO round ) , as distinct from just reducing their own distortions ? < sup > 1 < / sup > That is , the aim of this paper is to make use of a new database and a global general equilibrium model to assess how agricultural markets and value added in agriculture would change if , over the next decade , the world were to remove all merchandise trade barriers and agricultural subsidies . While no-one anticipates such a radical reform , the analysis serves as a benchmark to suggest what is at stake in the WTO ’ s current round of multilateral trade negotiations – as well as in further unilateral reforms . It can also give a better indication of agricultural comparative advantages around the world than is available by looking at indicators in the current distortion-ridden situation . Specifically , we make use of the World Bank ’ s recursive dynamic model of the global economy known as LINKAGE ( van der Mensbrugghe 2004 ) , which has formed the basis for the World Bank ’ s standard decade-long projections of the global economy and of its earlier trade analysis ( e . g . , World Bank 2002 , 2004 ) . The distinction is made in our welfare results between > 1 The Krueger , Schiff and Valdes ( 1988 ) and Jensen , Robinson and Tarp ( 2002 ) studies focused on effects of just own-country policies , the first using partial equilibrium and the second using national general equilibrium models . On the relationship between those two methodologies , see Bautista , Robinson , Wobst and Tarp (", "spans": [{"start": 368, "end": 389, "text": "new database for 2001", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in the gains from trade across households is negatively correlated with the log of per capita GDP ( Figure 9 ) . This is because , in the HIT data , poorer countries tend to have more heterogeneous income and consumption household portfolios . < sup > 9 < / sup > Pooling all countries in our database , we plot the household-level gains from agricultural trade against the initial level of per capita household expenditure using a kernel non-parametric regression . Figure 10 shows the result of this exercise . In line with the stylized facts above , we find that the kernel slope is positive and steeps upward until the top percentiles of the developing world distribution of income and then becomes negative . Still , richer households tend to gain more from liberalization than poorer households . But it is the upper-middle class that stands to gain the most from agricultural tariff liberalization . To quantify the extent to which the effects of trade vary for the poor vis - ` a-vis the rich , we calculate the pro-poor bias in agricultural trade policy . This is the difference between the average welfare effect for the poor ( defined as the bottom 20 % of the income distribution ) and the average welfare effect for the rich ( the top 20 % ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > On aggregate , agricultural tariff liberalization would be slightly pro-rich , with the richest households gaining 2 . 64 percent and the poor 2 . 20 percent ( see columns 4-6 in Table 2 ) . There are 29 of the 54 countries in which tariff liberalization would have a pro-rich bias . Using data from six countries which are also included in HIT data set , Nicita , Olarreaga and Porto ( 2014 ) show that tariff protection is pro-poor . In this study , however , we find that their results do not generalize to all developing countries . In 24 countries in the HIT data set tariff protection is pro-rich ( and liberalization , pro-poor ) . One simple way to assess how much we can gain by exploiting the heterogeneity in the household surveys is to compute the gains from trade using aggregate price changes", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 146, "text": "HIT data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1568, "end": 1591, "text": "data from six countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1838, "end": 1850, "text": "HIT data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2002, "end": 2019, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s du Cameroun et du Tchad , Electrification Rurale ; Hatch-Artelia ; May 2017 . _ - 50 This is the last year for which the AfdB reports historic demand for the rural settlements in Northern Cameroon . - 51 Average population growth rate for the next 15 years reported in Cameroon ’ s PDSE . Page 95", "spans": [{"start": 284, "end": 288, "text": "PDSE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 142 * * # # # # # * * 2 . Sociologist * * The sociologist should have a basic degree in Sociology , Social works and Social administration , Arts or any other relevant qualification . He / she should have not less than 5yrs experience in the assessment of social impacts , carrying out of socioeconomic surveys , studies and other relevant expertise . He / she must have experience with Bank safeguards Policies especially O . P . 4 . 12 Involuntary Resettlement . # # # # # * * 3 . Environmental / Sanitary Engineer * * The Environmental Engineer should have not less than 5yrs experience in undertaking environmental assessments related to their field . Particular experience in the assessment of incinerators will be an added advantage . 4 . Any other relevant expertise such as Environmental specialist , social worker etc . He / she should have at least 5yrs of relevant experience in their field of expertise . All the experts shall be highly skilled and experienced in environmental assessments in their respective fields of expertise . # # # # # * * 8 . 0 Data , Services , Personnel and facilities to be provided by the Client * * The Client shall provide the Consultant with the following pertinent information available to the Client and relevant to the assignment . - i ) Health sector Strategic Plan II - ii ) Health Facilities Inventory , 2006 and 2008 draft . - iii ) National Health Policy - iv ) Hospital Policy - v ) Staffing Norms of Health facilities in Uganda ( Health Centre II to General Hospital , 2002 ) - vi ) Standard Designs for Health facilities , 2002 - vii ) Incinerator designs / Models for the different levels of facilities including specifications for the incinerators viii ) Construction drawings for the building where the incinerator will be installed if applicable . - ix ) Draft National Health care Waste Management Plan - v ) Standards for injection safety and healthcare waste management practices - vi ) National Policy on injection safety and healthcare waste management practices . - vii )", "spans": [{"start": 1337, "end": 1364, "text": "Health Facilities Inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_nil_ percent ) . Again , these differences are statistically significant at the 1 percent level . In general , the picture that emerges from Table 2 is that in Bhutan wages , jobs and workers all differ considerably between the public and the private sector . Fringe benefits that are paid in addition to the base salary are an important aspect of overall worker compensation for which the BLFS 2014 contains relatively detailed information . According to Bhutan ’ s Labor and Employment Act , the majority of workers should _de jure_ be entitled to the following eight distinct fringe benefits : gratuity ( not in the sense of tips but as an additional retirement benefit after a certain length of service ) , provident fund payments ( another retirement benefit ) , overtime payments , paid annual leave , paid sick leave , paid casual leave , paid maternity / paternity leave > 8 Administrative data from the MoLHR and the World Bank ’ s Bhutan Enterprise Survey 2015 document much higher proportions of non-Bhutanese workers than the BLFS 2014 . This hints at a general under-reporting of nonBhutanese individuals in the BLFS 2014 . - 16 -", "spans": [{"start": 942, "end": 971, "text": "Bhutan Enterprise Survey 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "highest levels of gender parity according to this index , followed by the richest country in our sample Indonesia , which is predominantly Muslim . Ethiopia , the poorest country in our sample , where Orthodox Christianity is the most common religion , ranks third , while Bangladesh has the lowest levels of gender parity . UNDP ’ s Gender Inequality Index , which is not available for Ethiopia , exhibits a similar pattern ( see Table B1 in the appendix ) . Yet , these aggregate indices hide substantial heterogeneity across different dimension of gender parity . For example , in terms of gender equality in educational outcomes , Bangladesh outperforms Ethiopia , where gender education and literacy gaps are very large . In addition , consistent with a U-shaped relationship between female labor market participation and development ( Mammen and Paxson , 2000 ) gender gaps in labor participation are lowest in the two poorest countries , Ethiopia and Bangladesh , which nonetheless score lower on the aggregate gender parity indexes . A potential explanation for these participation patterns is that in poor countries women cannot afford not to work . Differences in economic prosperity , geography and culture are also reflected in the nature of rural non-farm entrepreneurship . In Ethiopia , where the rural economy is highly fragmented and labor markets are very thin , self-employment in rural non-farm enterprises is predominantly a means to supplement farm earnings , as well as an important source of income for those lacking alternative options ( Loening , Rijkers and Soderbom , 2008 ) . By contrast , in Indonesia , where rural labor markets are well-developed and population density is high , movements out of poverty are strongly correlated with non-farm entrepreneurship ( McCulloch , Weisbrod and Timmer , 2007 , Priebe et al . , 2009 ) . Sri Lanka and Bangladesh ’ s rural non-farm sectors fall in between these two starkly dissimilar cases ( Headey , Bezemer and Hazell , 2010 ) . 7", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 357, "text": "UNDP ’ s Gender Inequality Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and development : * * To address high absenteeism of teachers and their ineffectiveness in the classroom due to inadequate mastery of subject content knowledge and pedagogic skills , a number of critical reforms were undertaken . These included : ( i ) performance contracting for head teachers , ( ii ) teacher performance , appraisal , and development ( TPAD ) , and ( iii ) signing of CBA with the Teacher ’ s Union to mitigate teacher ’ s strikes and institutionalize Teacher Professional Development ( TPD ) , which is linked to the TPAD initiative . The Government also strengthened TPD through the newly established School-Based Teacher Support ( SBTS < sup > 6 < / sup > ) initiative ; instituted classroom observations by curriculum support officers and quality and assurance standards officers ; and rolled out structured teacher guides , aligned to textbooks , to help teachers execute lessons . - * * ( iii ) Improved school input : * * Reforms in procurement and distribution of core textbooks ensured that each learner in grades one to 12 has access to essential learning material . - * * ( iv ) Strengthened school management structures : * * The Ministry of Education ( MoE ) and the Teachers Service Commission ( TSC ) gradually decentralized key functions to their county and subcounty education offices to strengthen school-level management and accountability and improve teacher management . - * * ( v ) Invested substantively in technology education ( Edutech ) at the basic education level . * * The Digital Literacy Program ( DLP ) deployed over one million tablets to lower grade students , provided digital content and trained teachers . The DLP was aimed at supporting the CBC through an infusion of digital skills in the curriculum . > 5 In the refugee camp-based schools , the primary GER is 81 percent while the NER stands at 45 percent . UNHCR , ( 2021 ) , Kenya Education Data-October 2021 . > 6 https : / / www . education . go . ke / index . php / downloads / file /", "spans": [{"start": 1887, "end": 1915, "text": "Kenya Education Data-October", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "discusses these issues in more detail . The data on relative factor endowments and factor intensities is taken from Cadot , Tumurchudur , and Shirotori ( 2009 ) . While finding proxies for factor endowments at the country level is relatively straightforward ( physical capital constructed according to the perpetual inventory method , years of schooling , hectares of arable land , number of workers ) , factor intensities at the product level are not easily observable . Cadot , > 12 The resulting metrics _distanceck_ is time-varying as countries ’ relative factor endowments evolve over time , with the time subscript in Equation 1 omitted for simplicity . 9", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 101, "text": "data on relative factor endowments and factor intensities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 3 . Management practices by area ( Manufacturing ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Management score < br > 1 . 50 2 . 00 2 . 50 3 . 00 3 . 50 4 . 00 < br > 2 . 02 < br > 1 . 54 < br > Mozambique 2 . 00 < br > 2 . 01 < br > 2 . 20 < br > 2 . 22 < br > 2 . 24 < br > Ethiopia 2 . 40 < br > 2 . 25 < br > 2 . 05 < br > 2 . 23 < br > 2 . 05 < br > Ghana 2 . 24 < br > 2 . 11 < br > 2 . 37 < br > 2 . 54 < br > 2 . 45 < br > Kenya 2 . 66 < br > 2 . 43 < br > 2 . 57 < br > 2 . 49 < br > 2 . 23 < br > Nigeria 2 . 50 < br > 2 . 39 < br > 2 . 64 < br > 2 . 25 < br > 1 . 93 < br > Tanzania 2 . 34 < br > 2 . 10 < br > 2 . 41 < br > 2 . 32 < br > 2 . 12 < br > Zambia 2 . 39 < br > 2 . 21 < br > 2 . 41 < br > 3 . 28 < br > 3 . 25 < br > United States 3 . 52 < br > 3 . 19 < br > 3 . 18 < br > Management ( overall ) Operations Monitoring Target-setting People-management < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Management Survey . Adapted from Lemos & Scur ( 2014 ) . The weaker management practices implemented by Mozambique ’ s firms include lack of lean manufacturing , limited development of a talent mindset , lack of planning and targeting , and the limited use of documentation to capture lessons . The variability in relation to the mean in", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 956, "text": "World Management Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project ( P168185 ) * * ANNEX 5 : Gender Gap Analysis * * * * COUNTRY : Africa Cameroon - Chad Power Interconnection Project * * # # * * Rationale : Why a focus on gender in energy matters ? * * 1 . Access to reliable household energy , clean and efficient cookstoves , and public lighting can reduce energy poverty , time spent on drudgery and give women and men additional income-earning opportunities . Economic opportunities and social dynamics affect which of the above can have the highest impact and are realistic to be achieved . Specifically , in Chad , some key elements to consider are presented below . 2 . * * Distribution of household heads : * * 22 . 1 percent of households in Chad are headed by females . The share is slightly higher in urban areas in general ( 23 . 6 percent ) ; however , it is lower in N ' Djamena ( 19 . 3 percent ) , ( see table below ) . * * Table 5 . 1 : Households by sex of head and location * * | * * Location * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Nationwide | 78 . 0 % | 22 . 1 % | | Urban | 76 . 5 % | 23 . 6 % | | Rural | 78 . 4 % | 21 . 6 % | | N ' Djamena | 80 . 7 % | 19 . 3 % | _Source : Chad DHS ( 2015 ) and author ' s calculations_ 3 . * * Income and productive asset ownership : * * Women see their productive activities constrained due to high fertility and limited agency and access to resources . Chad has one of the highest fertility rates in the world ( 5 . 8 births per women ) which severely affects women ’ s capacity to participate in the labor market", "spans": [{"start": 1228, "end": 1236, "text": "Chad DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "good set the stage for Haiti ' s evolution as an independent but deeply divided society . \" White and Smucker describe social capital as \" truncated \" , rich at the local level but weak at regional and national levels . Peasant social groupings are local , stable , autonomous , self-governed and based on reciprocity . These social groups feel insecure , fear and actively avoid the state , and establish ' furtive ' agricultural units on the margins of society . In the presence of an oppressive state and the absence of state provided services , these informal social relations become substitutes and serve as the primary social safety nets for the poor . The Haitian state , despite recent changes , is marked by political intolerance , patronage , extraction of wealth and lack of protection for the majority of its citizens . Mauricio Rubio ( 1997 ) shows how in Colombia the existence of a large and growing illegal and underground economy run by powerful criminal organizations has resulted in parallel institutional environments that reward and favor opportunistic and criminal behaviors . Rubio shows how high levels of social capital within ' criminal ' organizations are directed to extra-legal activities , rent seeking and high returns exclusively for those involved in such activities . The organizations that run in parallel with government institutions actually provide higher returns to those who participate than a regular career would offer . He estimates that between 1980 and 1993 , the average remuneration for minor criminal activities , excluding drug trafficking and kidnapping , tripled in real terms , while returns for formal work remained stagnant . Currently , the annual income of a petty criminal in Colombia is around $ 20 , 000 per year , about 10 times the per capita GDP . Two surveys , National Survey of Quality of Life , and Quality of Life in Bogota provide some sobering statistics . In addition to the staggering statistics on homicides in Colombia , 54 percent of the barrios reported problems with conflict , drugs , gangs or prostitution ( Knaul and Patrinos , 1998 ) . Based on a study of persistent inter-communal violence in India in particular cities , Varshney ( I 998 ) argues that there is", "spans": [{"start": 1824, "end": 1858, "text": "National Survey of Quality of Life", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1865, "end": 1890, "text": "Quality of Life in Bogota", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1956, "end": 1991, "text": "statistics on homicides in Colombia", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "census data . The presence of a recent census in Burkina Faso provides a valuable opportunity for evaluating this method . As with every SAE application , the performance of different methods will depend on the country context and the characteristics of the available survey and auxiliary data they are applied to . Evaluations of the estimates therefore remains of paramount importance . The paper is organized as follows . Section 2 describes the data sources and the process of integrating geospatial and survey data . Section 3 presents the core of the small area methodology , model selection and assessment , small area estimation , mean squared error estimation and measures to assess the small area estimates for all countries of focus in this paper . Section 4 presents an evaluation exercise using recent census and survey data in Burkina Faso . This allows us to compare small area estimates produced with geospatial covariates to small area estimates produced using covariate information from census microdata . The results of the evaluation exercise add new insights to the body of literature on the use of geospatial data in small area estimation and motivate the use of the unit context model with geospatial data in the four remaining countries that lack up-to-date census data . Section 5 presents experimental point and uncertainty estimates for all countries using the unit context model . The paper concludes with a summary of the main findings and areas for further research . # * * 2 . Data sources and geospatial data integration * * In this paper , we use geospatial covariates because , as shown in Table 1 , the most recent censuses in the four focus countries were conducted in 2014 in Guinea , 2012 in Niger , and in 2009 in Chad and Mali . If more recent census data existed , using these data would be the preferred option . For example , several variables routinely collected in censuses such as household size , education , and sector of employment have been shown to be highly predictive of household welfare . Estimates based on recent census data are expected to be more accurate and precise than estimates based on geospatial data , which is often only available at an aggregated level ( see for", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 11, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 815, "end": 837, "text": "census and survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1005, "end": 1021, "text": "census microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2151, "end": 2166, "text": "geospatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "First , the absence of long-run positive effects associated with the subtler reintegration benefits could be due to the low predictive power given the small number of officially demobilized soldiers . Our analysis of spillover effects does not suffer from this caveat , as the combination of household panel data and the variation in the number of demobilized combatants across collines allowed us to quantify these effects both in the short and the longer run . Second , our analysis focused on an area in north-western Burundi in which ex-combatant density was above the country average , and it should not be seen as representative of the country . The theoretical framework highlighted that the impact of cash and in-kind transfers may vary according to the context and the way the program is implemented . More research is needed to assess the external validity of our findings . Finally , our interpretation of the evolution of the impact of the DDR program on CNDD + demobilized combatants relies on the indirect observations of a short-run positive impact identified in the literature ( Ndayiziga et al , 2008 ; Verwimp and Bundervoet , 2009 ; Willems et al , 2010 ) . More research is needed to test the relevance of our interpretation and , more generally , to assess how impacts of demobilization programs evolve over time . In spite of its limitations , we believe that our study sheds light on some important effects of the DDR program on both ex-combatants and civilians . We hope that our study , together with other analyses of the effects of the DDR program , can pave the way towards innovative designs for evaluating the impact of such important programs . # * * References * * - Ajayi , O . ( 2006 ) Experiences in the application of the core welfare indicator questionnaire ( cwiq ) survey technology in africa : the journey so far . _The African Statistical Journal_ 3 , 189 – 210 . - Alderman , H . , Behrman , J . , Kohler , H . - P . , Maluccio , J . , Watkins , S . ( 2001 ) Attrition in Longitudinal Household Survey Data . _Demographic Research_ 5 ( 4 ) , 79 – 124", "spans": [{"start": 292, "end": 312, "text": "household panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 2011 ) . One of the benefits of decentralized decisionmaking and localized participatory development is to take advantage of idiosyncratic information at the local level ( e . g . Alderman , 2002 ) . Other goals include improving accountability , democratization of local politics by giving voice to previously marginalized groups , increasing social capital , and improving governance ( Mansuri and Rao , forthcoming ) . These are broader goals that may well lead to a substantially improved allocation of social assistance funds in the > 16 Ravallion ( 2000 ) finds that the improvement in the targeting performance of Trabajar II was in part due to the incentives provided by the center to the provinces for reaching poor areas . Baker and Grosh ( 1994 ) and Elbers et al . ( 2007 ) both find that targeting smaller administrative units , by using “ poverty maps ” or similar data , would produce large gains in poverty reduction . 21", "spans": [{"start": 855, "end": 867, "text": "poverty maps", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tions to resume operations . While calibrated to an annual unemployment rate of 4 % in the steady state , which implies not so severe frictions , the mass of temporarily laid off workers congests the labor market when the shutdown is lifted , leading to a higher wage in the hiring market and a lengthy rehiring process . The capital stock dynamics in the bottom right panel accompanies the persistently high unemployment . Consumption , in turn , overshoots the quarter after the lockdown in reflection of the rise in wages and the fall in investment . In short , incorporating rest unemployment is important for the model to match the quick dissipation of recall unemployment in the US data in Hall and Kudlyak ( 2020 ) . Lastly , we discuss the role of debt-financed unemployment insurance and costless firing of workers . As a reminder , non-essential entrepreneurs in our baseline can lay off their workers during the lockdown without any severance payment or firing cost . The government issues new debt to provide full wage replacement to the unemployed . The “ no wage subsidy ” case in Figure 14 is the case in which non-essential businesses have to pay their wage bills while in lockdown . This keeps the unemployment rate low during the lockdown , since idled workers are still employed , the unemployment rate goes up by 1 percentage point when the lockdown ends and remains persistently higher than in the benchmark . The GDP also recovers more slowly . The reason for the excess unemployment lies in the interaction between the balance sheet effect exacerbated by the wage bill payment during the lockdown and the capital rental constraint . Unlike in the benchmark , the additional financial wealth that must be devoted to wage payments during the lockdown ( and no-revenue ) period deteriorates the non-essential firms ’ balance sheet more significantly , leading to a smaller labor demand after the lockdown and to a rise in unemployment . # * * 5 Complementary Impulse : Reallocation Shock * * Previous sections considered three plausible channels through which cross-country differences in the recovery from a lockdown may emerge : difference in lockdown size , duration , and policies supporting firms and workers . Here , we", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 692, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Costa Rica Results in Education ( CORE ) ( P181174 ) # # * * Monitoring & Evaluation Plan : PDO Indicators by PDO Outcomes * * | * * Enhancing MEP Efficienc * * | * * y * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * PDO 1 . Reduction inpro * * | * * cessing times for selected administrative and managementprocesses within MEP * * | | Description | This indicator measures the reduction inprocessingtimes for selectedprocesses within MEP . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Consultant firm hired by PIU will carry out a study to provide a report regarding completion times for various processes < br > at baseline and in subsequent timeperiods . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Methodology will be specified in the firm contract - it will be based on a reliable sample survey of MEP processes . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | Firm contracted by PIU | | * * Improving foundational * * | * * learning , digital competencies and employability skills * * | | * * PDO 2 . Percentage of Gr * * | * * ade 3 students who surpass Basic level in National Assessments for Reading and Mathematics * * | | Description | Results from standardized national assessments . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | National Student Assessment | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Standardized assessment using Item Response Theory | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MEP Department responsible for student assessment | | * * PDO 3 . Percentage of stu * * | * * dents who have met the Intermediate achievement level of digital instruction corresponding to their Grade * * | | Description | The indicators measures the learningoutcome of PNFT . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | PNFT LearningPlatform | | Method", "spans": [{"start": 1240, "end": 1267, "text": "National Student Assessment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8990 # * * Abstract * * Policy toward fiscal rules is an important issue in the countries of the Western Balkans ( Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Montenegro , North Macedonia , and Serbia ) . According to a rough estimate , the countries with rules ( all but North Macedonia ) have complied with their debt and overall-deficit rules a little more than half the time . An online survey , conducted for this paper , suggests that public understanding of the rules is limited , which may reduce the political pressure for compliance . To get debt down to prudent levels , Albania and Montenegro will need a strong commitment to complying with their fiscal rules and will often have to do more than their deficit rules require . The following principles should guide future policy toward fiscal rules : more emphasis should be given to ensuring that fiscal rules are widely understood and enjoy the support of a broad range of stakeholders ; policy toward the rules should be consistent with accession to the European Union , but the rules should be simpler than the European Union ’ s and the debt limits lower ; limits in rules should not be mistaken for targets ; and public financial management should be improved to support the implementation of rules . This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics , Trade and Investment Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at ekikoni @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those", "spans": [{"start": 414, "end": 427, "text": "online survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "destruction of formal firms due to the rise in the minimum wage was accompanied by an increase in both inactivity and unemployment – rather than a rise in informal employment . We also use the HLFS data to investigate whether the minimum-wage increase impacted the wages of workers who are informally employed using the HLFS data . In contrast to the EIS registry data , the HLFS data also collect information on the wages of informal workers . While informal workers are by nature not covered by official labor regulations including the minimum wage , prior literature suggests that minimum-wage increases for formal workers can have positive spillovers on workers who are informally employed . < sup > 30 < / sup > The existence of such spillovers has important welfare implications because it implies that workers ’ wages benefit from the minimum wage even for those whose employment is outside the formal sector . Columns ( 6 ) to ( 8 ) of Table 10 report the difference-in-difference estimates of the minimum-wage increase on wages using the HLFS data . We find a large , positive , and statistically significant effect of the minimum wage on the wages of formal workers ( Column 7 ) . We do find a positive effect of the minimum wage on the wages of informal workers , but the magnitude of the estimate is about three times smaller , and it is not statistically significant ( Column 8 ) . Thus , the spillover effects of the minimum wage on the informal sector appear to be limited ; this finding contrasts with findings of some studies in other contexts , particularly for some Latin American countries . < sup > 31 < / sup > However , this result is compatible with the lack of impact of the minimum-wage increase on informal employment that we have also found . This lack of a pronounced spillover effect could be explained by the high degree of segmentation between formal and informal employment in Turkey , compared to greater integration between the two types of employment in other developing economies . # * * 6 . Conclusion * * This paper examines the impacts of a large increase in the minimum wage on firms and workers in Turkey . We", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 329, "text": "HLFS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 351, "end": 368, "text": "EIS registry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "52 - ANNEX 2 Page 5 of 6 The 9 class 82 locomotives are being rehabilitated with a French loan and technical assistance and the 6 class 36 locomotives are to be reengined . The remaining small shunting locomotives have been retained together in Kampala . The shunting requirements at Kasese , Tororo and Jinja are provided by small line locomotives . In addition to dealing more effectively with the shunting and transfer work from factory sidings etc , these locomotives will give some cover for the main line locomotives in case of breakdowns . Small line locomotives have also been allocated to the departmental trains . In the new situation practically all of the mainline duties will be taken over by the 33 ( includipg the 13 new locomotives ) Class 73 locomotives . It has been assumed that by 1993 URC will not be providing any locomotives to Tanzania to deal with Uganda traffic routed to Dar-es-Salaam via Mwanza and Tabora . # # # B . Wagons and Wagon Requirements FLEET PER 1ST JULY , 1988 | TYPE | BOGIE | 2-AXLE | TOTAL | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Covered | 884 | 167 | 1051 | | High Open | 57 | 29 | 86 | | Low Open | 153 | 62 | 215 | | Tank | 120 | 10 | 130 | | Livestock | 20 | - | 20 | | | 12-34 | 268 | 1502 | Statistical data on wagon turnaround between loads is not available . However . it has been possible from available data to make some deductions about wagon utilization . The average load per loaded wagon has improved from 26 . 4 tons in 1985 to 32 . 3 tons in . 987 . It is assumed that this level of loading will be maintained . Based on available data for loaded wagons forwarded and assuming that wagon availability currently at 72Z has been constant over the last few years the", "spans": [{"start": 1239, "end": 1255, "text": "Statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1589, "end": 1621, "text": "data for loaded wagons forwarded", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of what we know about job losses in other segments of the labor market . Section 6 concludes with a discussion of the methodology , policy implications and directions for future research . # * * 2 . Related Literature * * Our work contributes to the rapidly expanding literature aiming to understand the impacts of COVID-19 on labor markets . Early in the crisis , most of the empirical studies focused on high-income countries given that real time data is more available for them . Many studies highlighted the heterogeneous effects of the pandemic on different segments of workers and traced these in part to the differential ability to work remotely ( Adams-Prassl et al . , 2020 ) , but also to issues such as infection risk , labor market attachment or tenure , and policy support measures ( Lee et al . , 2021 ; Chetty et al . , 2020 ; Montenovo et al . , 2020 ; Dang , Huynh & Nguyen , 2020 ) . Prassl et al . ( 2020 ) , for example , find that job losses differed substantially even across rich countries . They were much lower in the initial phase of the crisis in Germany , at 5 percent , than in the U . S . ( 18 % ) and the U . K ( 15 % ) . They also find that the pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities across workers within countries . Chetty et al . ( 2020 ) use real-time data from private companies for the United States and show that low-wage workers are more likely to experience job losses that lasted several months compared to high-wage workers . Lee et al . ( 2021 ) also find that the negative impact on employment was larger for women , minorities , the less educated , and young people in the United States , and Albanesi & Kim ( 2021 ) find similar gendered effects on the US labor < mark > market . In addition , del Rio - < / mark > Chanona et al . ( 2020 ) estimate supply and demand shocks in the U . S . in the earlier stage of the pandemic using pre - and postCOVID datasets . In Australia ,", "spans": [{"start": 439, "end": 453, "text": "real time data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1286, "end": 1323, "text": "real-time data from private companies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Annex 3 : SEQIP GRM value chain * * | * * Steps * * | * * Details * * | | - - - | - - - | | Uptake | • The project will setup grievance uptake points , which < br > include : ( a ) multiple barrier-free uptake locations ( village , < br > school , sub-county , county , and national ) ; and ( b ) multiple < br > barrier-free uptake channels ( mail , e-mail , telephone , < br > website , project staff , text messaging / SMS , complaints < br > boxes ) < br > • SEQIP will maintain a grievance log that record < br > ( i ) # complaints received , < br > ( ii ) Receipt / acknowledgement details < br > ( ii ) Describe the issues < br > ( iv ) Location of each complaint < br > ( v ) # complaints resolved < br > ( vi ) # complaints that have gone to mediation < br > • The number of grievance uptake locations and channels < br > will be determined by available and affordable technology , < br > funding and capacity constraints < br > • The uptake point will be strategically established at < br > multiple uptake locations and channels and operated as per < br > allowable budget allocations while not compromising < br > access by all beneficiaries and other relevant stakeholders . < br > • The project will share and discuss with the World Bank < br > the raw or summarized grievances data to receive support < br > and helpin responding quicklyand effectively | | Sorting and processing | • The project will : ( a ) sort received grievance into the < br > categories and determine the most competent and effective < br > level for redress and the most effective grievance redress < br > approach ; ( b ) prioritize , based on risk rating , the < br > responsive action for each category in a fair ,", "spans": [{"start": 1285, "end": 1300, "text": "grievances data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * ( a ) . Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : Table : Thresholds * , Procurement Arrangements , and Prior Review ( The table below depicts the Thresholds and Procurement Methods to be used under the IWMDP ) : # * * Thresholds for Procurement Methods * * | * * No * * | * * Expenditure * * < br > * * Category * * | * * Contract ( C ) * * < br > * * Value * * < br > * * Threshold * [ eq . * * < br > * * USD ] * * | * * Procurement Method * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | C ≥ 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 1 | Works | 200 , 000 < C < < br > 10 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition National Market < br > Approach | | | | C ≤ 200 , 000 | RfQ | | | Goods , IT and < br > | C ≥ 2 , 000 , 000 | Open Competition International < br > Market Approach | | 2 | non - < br > consulting < br > services | 100 , 000 < C < < br > 2 , 000 , 000", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * In the mid-1980s , Indonesia shifted its development strategy focus from import substitution to export orientation . This transition was accompanied by deregulation aimed to better link Indonesia with the global economy ( Saryahadi , 2001 ) . During the 1990s , the country ’ s employment and trade patterns evolved , with agricultural employment decreasing in relative importance and trade partners such as China and India emerging as important destinations . In this paper , we assess the degree to which changes in exports affect labor markets in Indonesia . We estimate how exports affect a range of local labor outcomes , including wages , employment , informality , and labor force participation . Up to six years after an initial shock , we calculate Impulse Response Functions ( IRFs ) that capture the evolving short - and long-run impacts of export exposure on labor outcomes . The primary analysis is based on a dataset that combines the Indonesian labor force survey ( Sakernas ) and industry exports ( UN Comtrade ) spanning from 1993 to 2014 . < sup > 2 < / sup > To address the potential endogeneity of exports ( the fact that exports are potentially correlated with unobserved characteristics of firms / regions ) , we isolate the exogenous part of exports using foreign demand shocks of Indonesian trade partners . Intuitively , this strategy leverages the fact that each local market in Indonesia is a small open economy ; that is , they are engaged in international trade but are small relative to the world market and must take prices and global demand as given rather than trying to influence them strategically . Therefore , each region is exposed to global demand shocks , which are likely uncorrelated with the distribution of unobserved characteristics across the Indonesian districts . The findings suggest that employment increases , the labor force expands , and unemployment declines in districts that experience an increase in exposure to foreign demand . More specifically , on average , the elasticity of employment with respect to exports is 0 . 1 over the short run and 0 . 3 over the long run . The long-run elasticity of the labor force with respect to foreign demand", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 1005, "text": "Indonesian labor force survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1023, "end": 1039, "text": "industry exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1042, "end": 1053, "text": "UN Comtrade", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation support missions , and contribute to the ISRs and Implementation Completion and Results Report . 5 . M & E . The World Bank will review the Results Framework submitted quarterly by the PMU as part of implementation support . The World Bank team will discuss the progress and deviations with the PMU to identify any areas where additional help from the World Bank is needed . The PMU and the World Bank will also use results data to build awareness of project results among key beneficiaries and counterparts . Beneficiary feedback will also feed into regular monitoring . 6 . The tables below detail the key areas of focus of the implementation support activities for the first 24 months of the project ’ s implementation . These have been determined based on discussions with the client and an understanding of the priority activities to be implemented during the first two years of the project . Future updates will be based on progress on project activities , timing of major new activities or large procurement packages , and the expertise required to address any issues that arise , among other things . Page 64 of 106", "spans": [{"start": 431, "end": 443, "text": "results data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > wo < br > 2 < br > S 78 Herne Keren gee . < br > 7878 TT 76 76 16 76 75 75 : 74 eee cern ee < br > in . 72 mam 72 71 < br > Te < br > + < br > Cc < br > Lo < br > ae < br > = < br > Qa < br > ow < br > as < br > iy < br > GS < br > HS < br > w @ © - © 9-9 < br > NS @ 28 28 28 97 97 97 & & & - © - @ - @ — e ¢ < br > ‘ 126 25 26 26 25 95 25 25 25 4 ee22 22 < br > wo < br > = rsssSs < br > 2001 2003 2005 2007 = « 2009 + = 2011 2013 2015 2017 < br > Year < br > x Men @ Women < br > Source : HCP Enquete Nationele de Emploi , 2001-2018 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 528, "end": 559, "text": "HCP Enquete Nationele de Emploi", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Supporting Access to Finance and Enterprise Recovery ( SAFER ) Project ( P175017 ) * * 22 . Kenya is possibly the only country in Africa where there is widespread merchant acceptance for mobile money payments for purchase of goods and services . * * There are now an estimated 109 , 000 shops across Kenya that accept ‘ Lipa na M-Pesa ’ . < sup > 37 < / sup > In-store purchases by mobile money were used by nearly one million customers per day in 2018 . < sup > 38 < / sup > Consequently , ‘ Lipa na M-Pesa ’ sales have grown by 50 percent yearon-year . Most banks support transfers between bank accounts and mobile wallets , and there is a widespread usage of ‘ bank-to-wallet ’ transfers to facilitate mobile money transactions or as a route to cash out , given the larger number of mobile money agents than ATMs . Scaling partnerships between players such as MNOs and financial institutions , who can leverage the rich data available on MNO platforms could spur innovation and increase access to finance , especially for micro and small businesses . Discussions with MNOs identify that MNO platforms have access to both informal sector MSME financial data ( on payments , savings , and loans ) , and alternative data ( such as call histories , social networks , and trend analysis of financial behavior over time ) . Collaborations between MNOs and financial institutions can leverage on big data analytics to target informal MSMEs better by developing alternative scoring models that enable evidence-based support to viable MSMEs in sectors that were hard-hit by the COVID pandemic . Data analytic processes would adhere to the Data Protection Act 2019 that outlines safeguards relating to maintaining anonymity of data subjects and processing of personal data . * * 23 . * * * * < mark > While structural market failures in the financial system existed prior to COVID-19 , the", "spans": [{"start": 1147, "end": 1182, "text": "informal sector MSME financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> | 0 . 91 | 0 . 91 | 0 . 93 | 0 . 92 | 0 . 93 | 0 . 92 | | * * _ADF_ * * | - 6 . 03 * * * | - 6 . 21 * * * | - 7 . 17 * * * | - 7 . 00 * * * | - 7 . 34 * * * | - 6 . 86 * * * | * * Source : * * Author ’ s estimates based on World Bank price data . * * Notes * * _ : _ The dependent variable is the logarithm of cotton price . The numbers in parentheses denote absolute _t-values_ while asterisks denote parameter estimates significant at 10 percent ( * ) , 5 percent ( * * ) and 1 percent ( * * * ) levels , respectively . ADF is the Augmented Dickey-Fuller ( Dickey and Fuller 1979 ) statistic for unit root and corresponds to the MacKinnon one-sided _p-value_ . The lag length of the corresponding ADF equations was determined by minimizing the Schwarz-loss function . The standard errors and covariance matrix have been estimated in a heteroskedasticityconsistent manner using White ’ s method . 17", "spans": [{"start": 225, "end": 246, "text": "World Bank price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure B . 9 : Number of municipalities : payment < ! - - Start of picture text - - > CE MG < br > 180 < br > 840 < br > 170 < br > 820 < br > 160 < br > 800 < br > 150 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > PB PR < br > 400 < br > 220 375 < br > 350 < br > 215 < br > 325 < br > 210 300 < br > 275 < br > 205 < br > 250 < br > 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 < br > RS SP < br > 500 < br > 640 < br > 400 < br > 630 < br > 300 < br > 620 < br > 200 < br > 610 < br > 100 < br > 600 < br > 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 < br > Year Year < br > Municipalities from our data Municipalities from Siconfi < br > Municipalities < br > Municipalities < br > Municipalities < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Notes : * * This figure compares the number of municipalities in our dataset and the total of municipalities in SICONFI in payment data . 56", "spans": [{"start": 943, "end": 955, "text": "payment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 . * * Support for program management and implementation . * * Component 1 will finance the management activities associated with program implementation . This includes establishing and operating a monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) system . It also involves carrying out socioeconomic surveys of slum settlements at the beginning and end of the project , with the aim of understanding how the project ‘ s interventions are changing living conditions in these settlements and the impact these changes are having on residents . 8 . * * Component 2 : Enhancing tenure security * * _ ( IDA US $ 8 . 0 million ) _ . This component will directly support implementation of the new national land policy in urban informal settlements through refinement , systematization , and scale-up of ongoing efforts to strengthen tenure security in slums . - Preparation of guidelines for implementation in informal settlements of the 2009 Land Policy . - Establishment of a database on the land tenure status of slums . - Establishment or upgrading of the GIS labs at the MoL . - Community organization and mobilization . - Preparation of part development plans , including determination of settlement boundaries . - Detailed mapping of existing slum settlements . - Identification and verification of beneficiaries based on agreed eligibility criteria . - Preparation of local physical development plans . - Issuance of letters of allotment / offer to individual households or groups . - Surveying of individual plots and preparation of registry index maps . - Preparation , registration , and issuance of titles to individual households or to groups . 9 . * * Settlements are at different stages of tenure regularization . * * The MoL has been working on planning and tenure regularization of unplanned and poor settlements in various urban areas in the country . The project will support MoL in scaling up the process , and will assist with any of the steps to regularization , from community mobilization , to preparation of a part development plan , to surveying , to the registration and issuance of titles to individuals or groups . To the extent feasible , settlements benefiting from enhancements in", "spans": [{"start": 274, "end": 315, "text": "socioeconomic surveys of slum settlements", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 958, "end": 1001, "text": "database on the land tenure status of slums", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | Divergence of Exports - Regional exports < br > that match exports to the ROW as a < br > share ofthelatter * | * * India * * < br > 18 % | * * Pakistan * * < br > 22 % | * * Bangladesh * * < br > 1 % | * * Sri Lanka * * < br > 10 % | * * Nepal * * < br > 0 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | 19 The products ranked on growth levels are chosen as they better reflect the dynamic products than mere trade values . The cut-off point of 75 percent was chosen to exclude marginal products that may not be reported regularly . The SITC 4 - digit product classification is the highest level of disaggregation for which the comparisons can be carried out because consistent reporting of data is inaccessible at further disaggregated levels , such as the SITC or Harmonized 6 to 8-digit level . 25", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Basins Development Of < br > fices ( BDOs ) | IDA / E1240 | Component 2 : Accelerating f < br > lood risk management < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - Internationa < br > l | Single Stage - Two E < br > nvelope | | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | 2026-05-2 | 9 | | 2026-06-08 | | 2026-07-23 | 2026-09-30 | 2026-10-29 | 2027-04-27 | | ET-MOWE-520337-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Mobile devic < br > e and application software an < br > d installation for mobiles use < br > d for hydrological data collec < br > tions | IDA / E1240 | Component 2 : Accelerating f < br > lood risk management < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | | 70 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | | 2026-04-2 | 7 | | 2026-05-04 | | 2026-06-03 | 2026-06-13 | 2026-07-02 | 2026-08-01 | | ET-MOWE-551828-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of hydrological i < br > nstruments for hydrological < br > | IDA / E1240 | Component 2 : Accelerating f < br > lood risk management < br > P | ost | Request for Bids | Open - Internationa < br > l | Single Stage - Two E <", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 523, "text": "hydrological data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "vulnerability of native workers in the same geographic areas . Our empirical analysis is motivated by a general equilibrium model of comparative advantages in task performance between immigrant and native workers ( Peri and Sparber , 2009 ) . In the model , native workers reallocate to other occupations in response to an influx of immigrant workers . We use a Bartik-type of instrument to account for the endogeneity of migrants ’ location choices that respond to local job opportunities . We focus on destination countries in Western Europe , including the 15 countries that were the initial members of the European Union ( prior to the 2004 enlargement ) , Norway , and Switzerland . This region is the destination for an estimated 60 million of some 272 million immigrants worldwide . The analysis is based on a harmonized labor force dataset that contains detailed information on personal characteristics ( such as age , education , occupation and sector ) of native workers and labor migrants in hundreds of local labor markets in subregions within European countries . < sup > 2 < / sup > We find that native-born workers in European subregions that have a higher share of immigrants are significantly less likely to be exposed to various dimensions of occupational vulnerability associated with COVID-19 . We show that the relationship is causal , and results get stronger once the endogeneity of immigrants ’ location choices is taken into account . We also find heterogeneous effects depending on characteristics of native workers . The effects of immigration on job safety are stronger for highly ( tertiary ) educated native workers , who benefit from the presence of both high-skilled and low-skilled migrants . By contrast , the effects are smaller and statistically insignificant for less ( non-tertiary ) educated native workers . We also assess whether these compositional effects on employment of certain types of native workers are accompanied by effects on their total employment and wages . We find no evidence of wage or employment impacts among native workers , suggesting that the increase in job safety among native workers is driven by their reallocation from vulnerable jobs to safer jobs . In short , we show that immigration to Western Europe reduced the economic exposure of native-born workers to", "spans": [{"start": 817, "end": 847, "text": "harmonized labor force dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< mark > methodologies . In the first method , using the eligibility thresholds presented in Phadera et al . ( 2022 ) as hard cutoffs , inclusion errors of the PPMT models corresponding to the SEVAT and Legacy-VA models would be 15 and 21 percent , respectively , under the high confidence level . While these errors are well below the levels observed in practice , PPMT exclusion errors would be extremely high at 95 percent for both the models . This translates into referring only 2 percent of the extremely vulnerable humanitarian beneficiaries to the government program . However , exclusion errors under the second ( ranking ) approach , which is likely to overcome the differences arising from survey design and other data related disparities ( further discussed in analytical strategy section 3 . 2 ) , would be within the acceptable level of 30 and 15 percent for the PPMT corresponding to the SEVAT and Legacy-VA models . Both models would refer about 36 percent of the extremely vulnerable households to the MoLSA program . < / mark > < mark > The choice between electing the PPMT models and collecting new data will depend on < / mark > capacity , budget , and appetite for the uncertainty of eligibility but the choice comes with important trade-offs . < mark > Besides identifying the cross-eligibility with certainty , collecting new data may elicit greater insight into the possible transition . For instance , the field-test data showed that a smaller but a meaningful share of households ( 3 and 16 percent for SEVAT and Lgacy-VA models respectively ) that are deemed nonvulnerable and , hence , ineligible for any humanitarian assistance , in fact , would be eligible for the MoLSA program when applying the full-PMT . This group , otherwise , will not even be considered for the crosseligibly assessment when relying purely on the PPMT models and the existing humanitarian database . Moreover , perceived ISIS affiliation and fear of persecution may mean some households do not want to be referred to the formal government system . One-third of the h < / mark > ouseholds that are eligible for the humanitarian assistance in the field-test data are unwilling to be referred to the government support .", "spans": [{"start": 1880, "end": 1901, "text": "humanitarian database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 058 ) | | ( 0 . 181 ) | | Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | N ( obs . ) | 63981 | 63981 | 63981 | 63981 | 63981 | 63981 | 63981 | 63981 | 63981 | 63981 | | N ( frms ) | 13245 | 13245 | 13245 | 13245 | 13245 | 13245 | 13245 | 13245 | 13245 | 13245 | | R-squared | 0 . 109 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 107 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 108 | 0 . 113 | 0 . 108 | 0 . 113 | 0 . 109 | 0 . 11 | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on survey data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland . All regressions include firm and year fixed effects . Export shares are measured in the period 1994-2004 . TFPR is estimated using the method in Levinsohn and Petrin ( 2003 ) . Results using TFPR based on ACF method are shown in Table A . 9 . Standard errors in parentheses clustered at 2-digit industry level . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level , and * * * 1 % level . 23", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 527, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to a length of the Victoria Nile , which is at least 60 km long . Two further fish species found in the Victoria Nile are listed as Endangered . These are the ' Victoria Robber ' _Brycinus ( = Alestes ) jacksonii , _ known locally as Nsoga , and the ' Victoria Stonebasher ' _Marcusenius ( = Gnathonemus ) victoriae , _ which is known locally as Kisoma or Bobo . Both species are found throughout the Lake Victoria basin , in Kenya , Tanzania , Rwanda and Burundi as well as Uganda , with their principal habitat being bays around the edges of Lake Victoria and other , smaller , lakes . The main threats to these species are competition and predation from introduced species ( principally Nile Perch ) , water pollution , habitat loss and ( in the case of _M . victoriae ) _ fisheries exploitation . # # # # * * 3 . 6 . 5 Tropical Disease Vectors * * This section pertains solely to observances of tropical disease vectors within the Nile in the area of the proposed impoundment . Tropical disease statistics and control mechanisms are discussed in Sections 3 . 43 and 7 . 3 . 1 . 3 , respectively . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * I-A * * 10045", "spans": [{"start": 982, "end": 1009, "text": "Tropical disease statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15 _Figure 5 . Annual Investment per Thousand Connection_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 < br > 60 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - / < br > 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 < br > Source : Author ' s Calculations based on data from SEDAPAL Arnual Reports < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * IV . THE EFFECTS OF THE REFORM ON PERFORMANCE AND WELFARE * * This section shows the impact of the reforms described in the previous section on several performance measures and then compares their welfare effects with those that might have been achieved under the concession . _i . The Effects of the Reform on Performance . _ Additional funding from the World Bank project and higher water tariffs enabled SEDAPAL to add close to 200 , 000 additional water connections between 1989 and 1996 ( figure 6 ) . This growth in connections only allowed the company to keep pace with Lima ' s rising population , however , and the coverage ratio of 70 percent barely changed ( figure 7 ) . Moreover , the quality of service does not seem to have improved . For example , field interviews suggest that some districts of Lima received no water service for more than two months in 1997 .", "spans": [{"start": 311, "end": 343, "text": "data from SEDAPAL Arnual Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The remainder of the paper is organized as follows . In section 2 , we provide a detailed description of the data employed and provide summary statistics . In section 3 , we present our identification strategy for examining the impacts of exporting on the share of workers trained , and present the corresponding results . In section 4 , we use the worker-firm information to examine whether technical upgrading is associated with higher labor earnings for the corresponding workers within exporting firms . Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 Data * * # # * * 2 . 1 Data description * * The analysis in this paper links and examines three main sets of administrative data for the Brazilian manufacturing sector in the period 2009-2012 . _Rela ̧ c ̃ ao Anual de Informa ̧ c ̃ oes Sociais_ ( RAIS ) is a longitudinal census gathering administrative social security records for employees and employers . It is collected by the Ministry of Labor in a compulsory survey of all firms and their registered workers , and covers a total of around 230 thousand formally registered firms and over 3 . 5 million workers each year in the manufacturing sector . RAIS provides information on workers ’ demographics ( age , gender , schooling , race ) , job characteristics ( occupation , wage , hours worked ) , as well as hiring and termination dates . It also includes information on a number of firm-level characteristics , notably number of employees , geographical location and industry code . Unique identifiers for workers and firms make it possible to follow them over time . We have performed extensive checks to guarantee the accuracy of the worker data using information on gender , date of birth , and maximum schooling level achieved . Only full-time wage earners with complete information on demographics and job attributes were kept for the analysis . < sup > 2 < / sup > Using the unique firm identifiers , we have merged these data with customs records on export transactions collected by _Secretaria do Com ́ ercio Externo_ ( SECEX ) of the Ministry see Greenaway and Nelson ( 2000 ) , Bastos and Silva ( 2009 ) , Falvey , Greenaway and Silva (", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 789, "text": "RAIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1934, "end": 1972, "text": "customs records on export transactions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "transfer on price survey . < br > ET-CSA-198494-CS-QCBS / < br > Individual Consultant < br > Selection for Household < br > Consumption and Expenditure Individual < br > & WMS - Technical support on IDA / D2290 Prior Consultant Open 201 , 000 . 00 0 . 00 Under Review 2020-11-11 2020-12-30 2021-01-20 2021-02-24 2021-08-23 < br > data processing and analysis , Selection < br > report writing , estimation < br > procedures and skill transfer < br > for the HCE and WMS experts < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Page 4", "spans": [{"start": 12, "end": 24, "text": "price survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report UG Teacher and School Effectiveness Project ( P133780 ) |  Evaluation of the EC | D-Community Child Care Progra | m completed ( Yes / No , Custo | m ) | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | N | N | N | Y | | Date | 01-Dec-2017 | 01-Dec-2017 | 16-Mar-2018 | 28-Jun-2019 | |  Percentage of teachers ( P1-P7 ) present in EGR scho | ols ( Percentage , Custom ) | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 73 . 00 | 73 . 00 | 73 . 00 | 77 . 00 | | Date < br > 01-Sep-2017 | 01-Dec-2017 | 16-Mar-2018 | 28-Jun-2019 | # # Overall Comments # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P133780 | TF-17702 | Effective | USD | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 66 . 20 | 33 . 80 | 66 % |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement policy Framework January , 2014 - Disagreement on plot boundaries , either between the affected person and the expropriation agency or between two neighbors , - Disputed ownership of a given asset ( two or more affected people claim that the affected asset is theirs ) , - Disagreement on plot / asset valuation , - Successions , divorces , and other family issues resulting in disputed ownership or disputed shares between inheritors or family members , - Where affected people opt for a resettlement-based option , disagreement on the resettlement package ( the location of the resettlement site does not suit them , proposed housing or resettlement plot characteristics / agricultural potential are not adequate in their view ) , - Disputed ownership of businesses and business related assets ( quite usually , the owner and the operator of a business may be distinct individuals , which give rise to disputes in the event of compensation ) . # # # * * Proposed Grievance Management Mechanism * * # # # * * Registration of Grievances * * As long as one of the sub-programs entails resettlement and / or compensation , the implementation agencies will establish a register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes . The existence and conditions of access to this register ( where , when , how ) shall be widely disseminated within the interested area of the town as part of the consultation undertaken for the sub-program in general . Any grievance that may arise from the Compensation / resettlement action plan will be filed at first instance to the implementation agency of the sub-program , and will be registered by the agency for further action using the above mentioned registered . # # # * * First Instance – Amicable Settlement * * While there are courts of law for handling grievances , local communities may often be reluctant to expose family members to courts of law , which could trigger the separation of families or worsen conflicts between neighbors . Also , courts of law may be viewed as slow and involving somewhat complicated procedures . People may prefer such", "spans": [{"start": 1187, "end": 1258, "text": "register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "there are still ( relatively skilled ) labor requirements at the local level in organizing projects and workers . < sup > 7 < / sup > This burden may well be higher in poor areas , making it harder to afford and implement such a complex scheme . This paper examines the performance thus far of MGNREGS in meeting the demand for work across states . We examine the evidence for India as a whole using the household-level data from the National Sample Survey for 2009 / 10 . We also use these data to understand who gets rationed and how this affects the scheme ‘ s ability to reach India ‘ s rural poor and other identitybased groups , notably backward castes , tribes and women . We also discuss the role played by wage setting on the scheme , and how rationing might be influencing labor market responses . Finally , we take a closer look at women ‘ s participation and how this is influenced by the rationing of work under MGNREGS . # * * 2 . Performance in meeting the demand for work across states * * The participation rate ( _P_ ) in MGNREGS can be defined as the proportion of rural households who obtain work on the scheme . This can be thought of as the product of the ― demand rate ‖ ( _D_ ) — defined as the proportion of rural households who want work on the scheme — and one minus the ― rationing rate ‖ ( _R_ ) — defined as the proportion amongst those who wanted work who did not get it . Thus for state _i_ we have the following identity : Notice that the share of households who are rationed is the product of the rationing rate and the demand rate . We shall call this the excess demand ( _EDi_  _Ri Di_  _Di_  _Pi_ ) . As noted , if MGNREGS worked in practice the way it is designed there would be no unmet demand for work . This is , of course , an exacting standard . In practice there may be frictions in implementation leading to some unmet demand , such that those wanting work do not > unemployment allowances from their own", "spans": [{"start": 434, "end": 456, "text": "National Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * Despite its potential to lift incomes and increase welfare , intra-regional trade in Sub-Saharan Africa remains low relative to other regions . Intra-African trade accounted for 17 percent of the region ’ s total exports in 2017 , compared to 10 percent in 1995 . By contrast , in Asia and Europe , the corresponding shares are 59 and 69 percent , respectively ( Songwe , 2019 ) . Yet the lack of regional integration likely masks a deeper level of informal trade which is not typically captured with official customs data ( Brenton and Isik , 2012 ) . While measurement issues around the volume of cross-border trade flows abound ( Mitaritonna and Traor ́ e , 2017 ) , concerted efforts to measure them hint at the scale of these informal flows . For example , a recent national survey at 171 unofficial border crossings in Benin found that informal trade made up a very large share of flows with its neighboring countries , with the ratio of informal to formal trade flows at 5 . 1 to 1 with Nigeria and 2 to 1 with Togo ( Bensassi et al . , 2018 ) . Similarly , a comprehensive 2006 survey of Uganda ’ s informal cross-border trade flows into the Democratic Republic of Congo and four other neighboring countries found informal export levels that were 86 percent that of official export flows ( Lesser and Mois ́ e-Leeman , 2009 ) . Supporting informal cross-border trade is consequently an important element of the regional trade integration agenda . Cross-border trade can enhance welfare through increased income for producers and traders , reduced price dispersion , and cheaper food in areas where production is scarce ( Brenton and Isik , 2012 ; Golub , 2015 ) . Yet small-scale traders in the Great Lakes region of Africa , most of whom are women , face many obstacles to doing business , including harassment and requests for bribes at border crossings . The fragile institutional setting also constrains their ability to get their goods to market , as traders confront a maze of shifting formal and informal rules and procedures . In this experimental study , we draw on the insights of Hirschman ( 1970", "spans": [{"start": 526, "end": 547, "text": "official customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 796, "end": 846, "text": "national survey at 171 unofficial border crossings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Sources of Impact * * - Presence of lines , substations and access road - ROW management - Waste and Hazardous Materials Management # # # # # # * * Mitigation measures * * Mitigation measures identified for reducing impacts on soils , water resources ambient air quality and noise levels , as well as those relating to the protection of terrestrial habitats and associated flora ( protection of vegetation cover and species diversity ) , will also help mitigating impacts on aquatic habitats and associated fauna . Moreover , the following specific mitigation measures should be applied : - Implement a bat mortality monitoring program , including data monitoring of bat mortality ( in - partnership with local communities ) . - Develop specific mitigation measures for species that are involved in mortality . # # # # # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * During the operational phase , vegetation clearing and maintenance on the ROW will lead to a loss of habitats for some terrestrial fauna species and the presence of flora species of earlier stages of development . It could lead to a local adaptation of wildlife communities with higher representation of common species . Vegetation clearing will be minimized to limit habitat destruction . Vegetation maintenance activities could favor the spread of invasive species which can reduce the suitability of the habitats for some fauna species . Proper cleaning of equipment and monitoring should be implemented to reduce the risks of spread and associated impacts on wildlife . Power lines are susceptible to impact bat population during operational phase because there is a risk of collision and electrocution with flying mammals . Electrocution is only possible when bats get in contact with two live wires at the same time . Considering the powerline is designed with single conductors , the electrocution risk is considered nil . There is still a risk of collision but it involves only frugivorous species . A monitoring program should be implemented in order to follow up the number of mortality and species involved . Species specific mitigation measures should be proposed on the basis of monitoring results . # # # # # #", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the case of utilities expenditures , the situation is reversed . Population groups with a low vulnerability to poverty cut the consumption of utility services the most . Residents of Minsk , well ‐ paid employees with high education , and households without children spend more on utilities than the population on average , so they have more room for optimizing the use of utility services . They are also better off , on average , and can afford investments in energy , heating and water saving technologies . Residents of rural areas and small cities also registered a significant reduction in utilities expenditures , which could be due to their greater ability to adjust consumption of utilities in individual houses , relative to apartment blocks in large cities . Households with two or more children were among those who adjusted their consumption of utility services to a smaller extent than the average household ( Figure 25 ) . _Figure 25 : Real change in utilities consumption during crisis ( 2014 ‐ 2017 ) for major socio ‐ economic groups depending on initial level of food consumption , % _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 expenditure on utilities per capita in 2014 , in BYN in prices of 2014 < br > 0 hh_3more_kids < br > 10 15 20 25 30 35 < br > - 2 < br > - 4 < br > hh_single_parent < br > - 6 < br > - 8 < br > hh_2kids < br > child < br > - 10 nonemployed < br > minsk < br > - 12 average < br > large_cities < br > other_edu retiree < br > - 14 hh_1child working_age employed hh_no_kids < br > - 16 rural sec_specialized_edu < br > small_cities < br > - 18 partly_employed high_edu < br > - 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors ’ estimates based on HSS data . Among the relatively well ‐ off population groups , another line of expenditures that underwent adjustments during the crisis was communication services , as well as culture , sports and recreation services , as in these households the consumption of", "spans": [{"start": 1704, "end": 1712, "text": "HSS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Technical Support Contract < br > for EEAA to support the < br > refinement of existing air | 0 . 5 M | Post | Open / < br > International | RFP | Sep 20 | Jan < br > 21 | | Consulting < br > Services | | 3 | * * Establishing an * * < br > * * SLCP / GHG monitoring * * < br > * * network for Greater * * < br > * * Cairo : * * Technical support < br > contract for EEAA to provide < br > recommendations on the < br > deployment , operation < br > and maintenance of < br > proposed network . | 1 . 5 M | Post | Open / < br > International | RFB | Sep 20 | Jan < br > 21 | | Consulting < br > Services | | 4 | AQ Skills Training and U . < br > Curriculum Development | 0 . 7 M | Post | Open / < br > International | RFP | Jun 21 | Dec < br > 21 | | Consulting < br > Services | | 5 | Economic / BCA Analysis | 0 . 6 M | Post | Open / < br > International | RFP | Jun 21 | Dec < br > 21 | | Consulting < br > Services | | 6 | Equipment for Improving Air < br > QualityForecasting | 0 . 4 M | Post | Open / < br > International | RFB | Jan 21 | Jul < br > 21 | | Goods | | 7 | Integrating and analyzing the < br > airqualityforecasting data | 0 . 1 M | Post | Open / < br > International | RFP | Aug 21 | Feb < br > 22 | | Consulting < br > Services |", "spans": [{"start": 1120, "end": 1146, "text": "airqualityforecasting data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Reproductive Health Voucher Project ( P144102 ) 64 . * * The project data also informed the MTR undertaken jointly by the MoH and the World Bank in April 2017 . * * Documents and results matrix were used to assess and review ( a ) implementation progress against original benchmarks and targets , ( b ) appropriateness / relevance of the project design and implementation arrangements in light of implementation experience , ( c ) fiduciary and procurement arrangements , ( d ) environmental and social safeguards , ( e ) key implementation bottlenecks and appropriate remedial measures , and ( f ) valuable lessons to inform the OBA practice . Field visits were undertaken , and consultations were held between government ( central and local ) , the VMA , the IVEA and selected health service providers and the World Bank . The review and the findings < sup > 41 < / sup > informed restructuring of the project , where a few adjustments were made to the Results Framework and the targets for the project objective on the total number of deliveries assisted under the project along with those for a number of intermediate results indicators to account for the extension of the project ( explained in detail under section II . B ) . Adjustments to the targets pertaining to ( a ) number of women testing positive for HIV and ( b ) number of fresh stillbirths were not made during restructuring ; these indicators did not achieve the targets . Adjustments were not made at the time as the achievements seemed to be progressing toward the targets initially set . # # * * Justification of Overall Rating of Quality of M & E * * 65 . Given the achievements described , the capacity and systems that improved data consistencies and reporting , and the enhanced culture of data use during the project implementation period , the overall quality of M & E is rated Substantial . # # * * B . ENVIRONMENTAL , SOCIAL , AND FIDUCIARY COMPLIANCE * * 66 . * * Social . * *", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 103, "text": "project data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "J | UNPVSR < br > 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | - - | - - | | Mongolia | Jan 79 | < br > 1595 F | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | < br > Based on U . N . 1984 < br > assessment | Based on U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( preLim . ) | | Montserrat | May 80 | < br > 12 F | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . ) | < br > Bank est . | Bank est . | | Morocco | Sep 82 | 20420 F | U . N . 1984 assessment | 1987DHS | Bank est . | | Mozambique | < br > Aug 80 | 11674 F | Bank projection from census , < br > adjusted for4Xurdercount | Bank est . | Based on official < br > CDR | | Namibia | May 70 | < br > 762 F | Bank projection < br > from < br > unpublished 5 / 81 census | U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( prelim . | ) U . N . 1988 revision < br > ( pretim . ) | | Nauru | Jan 77 | < br > 7 F | UNPVSR 4 / 87 ( official < br > est . ) | | | | Nepal | Jun81 | 15023J | U . N . 1984 assessment | Based on 1986-87 | Based on 1986-87 | | | | | | Demographic Sample Survey | Demographic Sample Survey |", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 689, "text": "unpublished 5 / 81 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 987, "end": 1012, "text": "Demographic Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and the East Asia and the Pacific region experienced widening income inequality over the past decade , while data on the Sub-Saharan Africa region and the South Asia region show almost no change in inequality over the same period . Data on the Middle East and North Africa region reveal a modest decline during the 2000s , but the sample in this region only includes five countries , and data collection there is rather infrequent . The authors conclude , then , that the narrowing in income inequality in Latin America in the 2000s has been remarkable . To analyze regional trends in several parts of this study , we use unweighted averages of the countryspecific trends for which data are available ( unless otherwise indicated ) . This means that each analysis presented will be the average of the same indicator at the country level . Since not all the countries have information for all the years , a simple linear interpolation is conducted to have balanced panel data . If data are missing at the beginning or at the end of each country series , they are replaced by the value of the nearest year on which information is available . However , excluding these interpolations and extrapolations does not change qualitatively the results of the long-term trends . Our analysis of the Latin America region ( figure 2 ) , which is based on comprehensive harmonized household survey data ( the SEDLAC database ) , reaches a conclusion similar to the conclusions of previous studies , showing that the total income Gini coefficient in the region rose moderately during the 1990s ( Londoño and Székely 2000 ) , dropped significantly during the 2000s ( Gasparini et al . 2009 ; López-Calva and Lustig 2010 ) , and experienced a slowdown and possible stagnation during the early 2010s ( Cord et al . 2016 ; Gasparini et al . 2016 ) . Although it may still be too early to claim with any certainty that stagnation has occurred in the regional trends in income inequality , both regional aggregates in figure 2 represent evidence of a slower pace in inequality reduction since 2010 , more marked in the case of the weighted average because of the upward inequality in Mexico and the", "spans": [{"start": 1342, "end": 1388, "text": "comprehensive harmonized household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1395, "end": 1410, "text": "SEDLAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 9 . The long-run impact of indexing minimum wage by inflation ( Scenario 1 ) across sectors of the economy . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 6 < br > 45 < br > 5 < br > 40 < br > 35 < br > 4 < br > 30 < br > 25 3 < br > 20 < br > 2 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > 1 < br > 5 < br > 0 0 < br > Impacted ( % ) Job losses ( % ) Wage increase ( % ) < br > Impacted ( % ) < br > Job Losses and Wage Increase ( % ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own estimates based on administrative tax data and microsimulation model Note : Sample is restricted to wage earners , assuming all dismissed workers move to unemployment or inactivity . 45", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 522, "text": "administrative tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dangerous < br > zones ; < br >  Implement < br > all < br > the < br > requirements of OSHA < br > ( provision of workers < br > with PPE and ensuring < br > that < br > they < br > use < br > it , < br > sensitization < br > of < br > all < br > workers about potential < br > hazards and how to < br > mitigate them ; < br >  Employing < br > trained < br > workers ; < br >  Provision of workers < br > with appropriate PPES < br > and ensuring they use < br > them ; < br >  Ensuring < br > machinery < br > and handled by qualified < br > and < br > experienced < br > | osure < br >  No . incidents of workers < br > who have been affected ; < br > Workers sensitized and < br > using < br > PPE < br > always ; < br > Qualifications of workers < br > engaged ; < br >  Ensuring all workers and < br > those < br > present < br > at < br > workplace use PPE ; < br >  Proper behavior within < br > the workplace ; < br >  Appropriate use of tools < br > to intended activities ; | Co < br > Incidence < br > records ( OSHA ) ; < br > Staff < br > records ; < br > Site visits ; | py < br > Contractor | Monthly ; < br > Daily to the < br > end of the < br > demolition < br > works | 800 , 000 | | | | < br > personnel ; | | | | | | | * * Labour Influx * * | < br > Local < br > Employment | Dis < br > < br >  Prioritize hire of locals < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1023, "end": 1039, "text": "records ( OSHA )", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data comparisons over time suggests that business exits were much less severe than were expected early in the crisis , likely due to swiftly enacted government policies ( Crane , Decker , Flaaen , Hamins-Puertolas , and Kurz , 2021 ) . Thus , we argue that the swift , widespread , and relatively quickly acknowledged turnarounds in GDP growth and unemployment rates and employment , as well as the improvements in personal incomes , poverty rates , credit scores , consumer debt , and business exits clearly describe a favorable “ economic surprise . ” To be sure , the U . S . economy may not be completely out of the woods as of this writing in mid-2021 . Supply bottlenecks , the withdrawal of economic and monetary stimuli , and most importantly the spread of the very infectious Delta variant could still lead to a deceleration and undermine recovery . However , we argue that the ultra-fast economic recovery to date qualifies as the “ economic surprise ” of this crisis . # * * 4 . The U . S . Banking “ Surprise ” during the COVID-19 Crisis * * The very steep slide in the U . S . and global economies during COVID-19 might have been expected to result rapidly in banking crises due to large credit losses and uncertainty about future prospects . However , more than a year later , we are surprisingly unaware of banking crises to date anywhere in the world , although there are areas of significant concern ( e . g . , OECD , 2021 ) . In this section , we dig deeper to explore the impact on the U . S . banking system primarily using raw data from regulatory Call Reports from 2019 : Q4 to 2020 : Q4 , as well as other information . What we see supports our claim of a favorable “ financial surprise ” for the U . S . banking system during the COVID-19 crisis . Not only was there no banking crisis , but the banks performed very well and did not suffer any noticeable financial distress . This is not an econometric analysis , but a rough look at how the industry performed during some very volatile economic circumstances", "spans": [{"start": 1545, "end": 1582, "text": "raw data from regulatory Call Reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> employees access to the < br > substations log ; progress < br > on construction of the < br > perimeter wall ; warning < br > signs posted ; < br > sensitization workshops < br > held | Occasionally < br > throughout < br > energizationperiod | To ensure < br > compliance < br > Regulation / standard | Contractor < br > ( HSE ) and < br > RE / ESI / ESAO | 175 , 000 | | | | | Perceived danger of < br > Electrostatic and < br > Magnetic force | Report on training and < br > awareness campaign < br > held | | | | 75 , 000 | | 13 | Fire Hazard | Equipment < br > fuelling and < br > maintenance < br > areas , camps < br > Workshop and < br > garage | Visual inspection | Presence of fire fighting < br > equipment | Monthly | To ensure < br > compliance with < br > relevant regulations | Contractor < br > ( HSE ) and < br > RE / ESI / ESAO | 250 , 000 | | 14 | Conflict < br > between < br > Local and < br > Migrant < br > Workers | At construction < br > sites / TL < br > Corridor | Observation and < br > inspection | Number of complaints | Occasionally < br > throughout < br > construction period < br > ( alternating locations ) | To ensure < br > compliance < br > Regulation / standard | Contractor / < br > ESI / ESAO and < br > Woreda Social < br > Office | No cost | | 15 | Child Labour | At construction < br > sites | Observation , record < br > keeping & reporting | A contracted worker < br > deployed as chile labour < br > ( Yes / No ) ; Target : _", "spans": [{"start": 33, "end": 48, "text": "substations log", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "g . power lines and electrical equipment ) . Electric fields are produced by voltage and increase in strength as the voltage increases . Magnetic fields pass through most materials and are difficult to shield . Although there is public and scientific concern over the potential health effects associated with exposure to EMF ( not only high voltage power lines and substations , but also from everyday household uses of electricity ) , there is no empirical data demonstrating adverse health effects from exposure to typical levels from power transmissions lines and equipment . However , while the evidence of adverse health risks is weak , it is still sufficient to warrant limited concern . * * Hazardous Materials : * * Hazardous materials in this case include mainly insulating oils / gases such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls ( PCB ) , sulphur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) , and fuels , in addition to chemicals or products for wood preservation for poles and associated wood construction material . # # # # # # * * b ) Occupational Health and Safety : * * * * Live Power Lines : * * There is a possibility that workers may be exposed to occupational hazards from contact with live power lines during construction , maintenance , and operation activities on transmission lines . * * Working at Height ( on poles and structure ) : * * Like in the case of live power lines , workers may be exposed to occupational hazards when working at elevation during construction , maintenance , and operation activities on transmission lines . * * Electric and Magnetic Fields ( EMF ) : * * Due to the nature of the Project , electric utility workers typically have a higher exposure to EMF than the public due to working in proximity to electric power lines . * * Exposure to Chemicals : * * Occupational exposures to chemicals include handling of pesticides ( herbicides ) used for right – of-way maintenance , etc . Page 65", "spans": [{"start": 448, "end": 462, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 2 Context : The Indonesian Crisis * * The East Asian crisis struck after an extended period of industrialization and economic growth , which was in part driven by expansion of labor-intensive exports ( Dwor-Frecault et al . , 1999 ) . After a reduction in FDI flows in response to the depreciation of the Thai Baht , the Rupiah depreciated dramatically , precipitating a sharp increase in inflation rates . Interest rates were raised to defend the currency , which exacerbated the decline in demand . GDP growth contracted severely in 1997 , and fell in absolute terms by over 13 % in 1998 . Manufacturing was one of the first and hardest hit sectors due to its greater reliance on imported inputs , exposure to changes in foreign demand ( particularly given the importance of intra-regional trade ) and greater reliance on external financing , often in foreign currency , which became an enormous burden post-devaluation . The drop in manufacturing output both preceded and exceeded the drop in aggregate GDP . In fact , the census data suggest that manufacturing suffered its largest decline in 1997 already . The crisis also led to the end of the Suharto regime , which exposed firms with ownership connections to Suharto to greater competitive pressure ( Fisman , 2001 ; Mobarak & Purbasari , 2008 ) . To the extent that such firms had been able to generate high profits ( and consequently record high productivity ) during the Suharto era by virtue of such connections , the removal of Suharto might attenuate the relationship between observed productivity and firm survival , even though the likely concomitant reduction of cronyism associated with connectedness is efficiencyenhancing rather than scarring . By virtue of having detailed information on political connectedness with the Suharto regime at the firm-level compiled by Mobaraq and Purbasari ( 2008 ) we are able to explore this issue . The fall of Suharto also sparked pro-labor pressures and precipitated the introduction of more stringent labor market regulation . During the New Order government minimum wages had been low and enforcement was fairly lax . In real terms , they collapsed during the crisis , yet they 7", "spans": [{"start": 1036, "end": 1047, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participate . We attempt to overcome the potential identification issues that may arise from non-random assignment and voluntary participation with two different quasiexperiments , each of which are explained below in more detail . # * * _Matching Analysis_ * * The first research strategy builds on the design of the first short-term impact evaluation of the program . This evaluation was based on a non-experimental design that compares eligible households from municipalities covered by the program with potentially eligible households ( also classified as _Sisben_ level 1 ) from selected comparable areas not targeted by the program . < sup > 19 < / sup > We follow different cohorts of children in treatment and control municipalities who were interviewed as part of the baseline survey carried out in 2002 and that could have finished high school during the period 2003-2009 . Hence , the location , age and grade of the children at baseline determine their treatment status and length of exposure to the program for the treated . Given that 2003 is the first year in which the program was broadly implemented in the samples for the matching analysis , the pool of treated individuals includes children with program exposure that ranges roughly from one to seven years . < sup > 20 < / sup > A limitation of this research strategy is the lack of baseline measures of the outcome variables , making it difficult to test for differences between groups at the pre-program time . Given that high school graduation and test scores are in reality observed only once for the same child , program > 19 Municipalities were grouped based on the number of eligible families that reside in each of them to form 639 Primary Sampling Units ( PSU ) . Twenty-five strata were then defined based on geographic location , level of urbanization , number of eligible families , and indexes of quality of life and availability of school and health facilities in the municipality . Fifty PSUs ( two within each stratum ) corresponding to 57 municipalities targeted by the program were selected and then matched to 50 ― control ‖ PSUs ( equivalent to 63 municipalities ) that were relatively similar to ― treatment ‖ PSUs . Matching was done within each stratum", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 792, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exception : while Uruguayan banks may have ultimately felt the adverse effect of bank failures in Argentina , they did benefit from the deposit run across the border at earlier stages of the crisis , as indicated by the positive and significant impact of the decline in deposits in the neighboring country ( see the negative and significant coefficient in column 9 of Tables 4 and 5 ) . < sup > 15 < / sup > # * * 3 . 2 Dynamic Estimates * * While the systemic variables used in the previous section explained reasonably well the evolution of deposit and interest rates at a monthly frequency , it is well known that during a crisis financial variables tend to display extreme high frequency volatility that is the result of sudden changes in risk perception , either directly reflected in the systemic risk variables used in the previous tests or associated with specific events or news that are taken as indicators of new developments in the unraveling of the crisis . At any rate , unlike bank-specific fundamentals , the incidence of systemic factors is likely to be apparent also ( and perhaps even more so ) at high frequencies . In this section , we use daily data to examine the incidence of systemic factors from this different perspective . Specifically , we look at depositor reactions to daily events by estimating the following vector autoregressive regression ( VAR ) model , where _yt_ is a vector including daily system-wide deposits or interest rates ( the latter , due to data availability , only in the case of Argentina ) along with measures of country risk , exchange rate risk ( again , due to data availability , only in the case of Argentina ) , and a dummy capturing > 15 Similar results were obtained using Argentina ’ s sovereign risk . However , given the strong trade links between the countries , Argentina ’ s sovereign risk may have affected Uruguayan banks both ( positively ) through its incidence on the neighbor ’ s financial sector and ( negatively ) through its adverse real impact on the local economy . In this sense , the decline of deposits lends itself to a clearer interpretation as a substitution effect", "spans": [{"start": 1161, "end": 1171, "text": "daily data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ealth Systems to Deliver RM < br > NCAH Services < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Limited | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation < br > 2021-09-30 < br > 2021-11-10 | 2021-10-14 < br > 2021-11-19 < br > 2021-11-13 | 2022-02-01 < br > 2021-12-18 | 2022-06-16 | | UG-MOH-259789-CS-CQS / P < br > rovision of Consultancy Servi < br > ces to Conduct the Civil Regi < br > stration & Vital Statistics ( CR < br > VS ) Data Analytical Survey < br > I | DA / 58970 | Component Three : Strength < br > en Capacity to Scale-up Deli < br > very of Births and Deaths Re < br > gistration Services < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > | Limited | 0 . 00 < br > Under Implement < br > ation < br > 2021-10-29 < br > 2021-11-18 | 2021-11-12 < br > 2022-01-18 < br > 2021-12-12 | 2022-01-16 | 2022-07-15 | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > INDIVIDUAL CONSULTANTS < br > Activity Reference No . / Description Loan / Credit No . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Teams of Reference dInvitation to Identifie / Selected Consultant Draft Negotiated Contract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > UG-MOH-18066-CS-INDV / Recruitment of Reproductive Health Advisor IDA / 58970 Component", "spans": [{"start": 457, "end": 479, "text": "Data Analytical Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DAs ) , to be opened at the Central Bank of Jordan , will be used to receive loan and GCFF grant proceeds . US $ 125 million of the funding will flow to Designated Account A ( DA-A ) and US $ 75 million will flow to Designated Account B ( DA-B ) . Subject to the FM assessment confirming that the NSC-ICT has in place acceptable FM systems , a sub-account from DA-B in JD will be opened for the NSC-ICT . This sub-account will be used to receive funds to finance the training activities entrusted to the NSC-ICT . Out of two designated accounts , DA-B captures procurable expenditures that do not appear in the GoJ ’ s budget and DA-A includes recurrent and procurable expenditures that appear in line ministry budget lines but either have had insufficient allocation or will increase due to project support . By disbursing to the central treasury , the project will provide a behavioral nudge to facilitate dialogue between MoF and line ministries and ensure greater financial sustainability beyond the project lifecycle . As per the Eligible Expenditure Program ( EEP ) table , the details are below : - DA-A : US $ 125 million : ` o ` US $ 63 million for Component 1 ( recurrent expenditures , IPF with DLI ) ` o ` US $ 62 million for Component 2 ( procurable expenditures , IPF with DLI ) - DA-B : US $ 75 million : ` o ` US $ 5 million for Sub-component 1 . 3 ( expenditure-based ) ` o ` US $ 34 million for Component 1 ( IPF linked to DLIs ) ` o ` US $ 21 million for Sub-component 2 . 1 and 2 . 3 ( expenditure-based ) ` o ` US $ 10 million for Sub-component 2 . 2 ( IPF linked to DLIs ) - US $ 5 million for Component 3 ( expenditure -", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1077, "text": "Eligible Expenditure Program ( EEP ) table", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is * * 15 % * * compared to the appraisal estimate of * * 33 % . * * VIII . The Role of the Association * * 8 . 01 * * The project as appraised was adequate as a first attempt at solving the maintenance problem facing Kenya in * * 1970 , * * especially in < sup > theinstitution - < / sup > building aspects dealing with the maintenance of the then existing < sup > road < / sup > network . However , the present organization is not able to cope with < sup > the < / sup > increased road network which has grown from 41 , 000 km in * * 1970 * * to * * 51 , 000 * * < sup > kmin < / sup > * * 1978 . * * Although the number of provinces has been increased < sup > from < / sup > < sup > * * 5 * * to < / sup > < sup > * * 6 , * * three < / sup > of those provinces are still responsible for maintenance of 12 , 000 to * * 13 , 000 * * km of roads . Therefore , making local authorities responsible for < sup > minor roads < / sup > may be more suitable since two road engineers cannot handle < sup > thepresent < / sup > workload efficiently . * * 8 . 02 * * The Association adequately supervised the project at the beginning of implementation , particularly the training component . < sup > However , fromthe < / sup > end of 1974 to the beginning of * * 1977 , * * important aspects < sup > * * of * * theproject , suchas < / sup > the implementation of new management procedures at headquarters , the < sup > cost < / sup > accounting system , road inventory , allocation of recurrent funds , equipment availability rates , and the annual maintenance output ,", "spans": [{"start": 1446, "end": 1460, "text": "road inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "➢ The total market size for the community was an estimated $ 56 million , with the camp contributing 29 % ( KES 1 . 7 billion , or $ 16 . 5 million ) . There is room to grow the market as there is high demand for access to finance and respondents are willing to pay for improved energy , housing and sanitation services . Mobile phone penetration is high in the camp ( 69 % ) and in town ( 85 % ) , making it potentially attractive for mobile banking . - ➢ This report indicates opportunities to invest in new or existing businesses in Kakuma , but the path to private sector success could be limited by a comparatively unskilled local labour force , low financial literacy , and limited access to markets due to poor road connections and not having commercial airports . # # * * Pandemic emergency response ( COVID-19 ) * * - * * High-frequency Objectives / research questions surveys * * ➢ Use high-frequency phone surveys to assess the impacts of < u > Kenya Rapid Response < / u > COVID-19 on refugee and host populations and inform policy < u > Survey ( KRRPS ) < / u > response in Kenya . < u > Dashboard < / u > 2", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 924, "text": "high-frequency phone surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1050, "end": 1066, "text": "Survey ( KRRPS )", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * National Agricultural and Rural Inclusive Growth Project ( P153349 ) ICR DOCUMENT assumed to be competitive and efficient , so that they can absorb surpluses produced by households without disturbing local market prices . Home consumption is valued at market price . The exchange rate is KES 128 . 75 for 1 US $ ( 2 September 2024 ) . * * The value of capacity building among direct beneficiaries is captured in the financial models * * . Project-funded capacity building and institutional development at all levels ( lead farmers , FPOs , Community Driven Development Committees ( CDDC ) , community groups , county staff , water user associations , etc . . ) have direct value as they increase the skill level in public sector institutions , beneficiaries of TIMPS and cooperatives , and enable them to work more efficiently using Project support and in providing essential and enhanced public or collective good services . Capacity building was provided by Subcomponent 1 . 1 ( Strengthening community-level institutions ) , Sub-component 2 . 1 ( Capacity building of producer organisations ) , and Sub-component 3 . 1 ( Capacity building of counties ) . These institutional benefits are not quantified in the analysis but are critical to ensure that the economic and other benefits can be realized when it comes to increasing crop and livestock production and productivity with access to extension services , and improved inputs . This will also lead to spill-over effects to subsequent work and projects undertaken by the strengthened institutions . * * Outreach of the Analysis * * . The outreach of the Project , which is the basis for the aggregation of the economic analysis , is mainly derived from the PDO indicators in the Results Framework . At design stage , 360 , 000 persons were expected to benefit from the Project ’ s investments , of which at least 50 percent would be female . At completion , the target was exceeded by 47 percent with 528 , 945 beneficiaries , of which 60 percent women , being reached with assets and services .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of only improvements that may be destroyed during line construction including trees and annual crops along the corridor . Survey largely involved offsetting the proposed reserve for the distribution line of 10 meters from the centre of the corridor ( 5 meters on either side ) to define the extent of the land of interest . Because all the resultant data were in the National Control system , the points at which the boundary lines were traversed by the proposed reserve line were pegged using the same GPS equipment in a set-out mode and simultaneously a strip map showing the effect , plot and size was generated for the Valuer to use in referencing and computing compensation packages to the different interests . The basis of valuation for compensation primarily lay in the constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995 and the Land Act 1998 . Due to lack of Area Compensation Rates for the districts of Ibanda and Kiruhura , the consultant applied / used the current Area Compensation Rates of Mbarara the mother district to arrive at the compensation awards to the PAPs . The valuation was ii", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 1 Agriculture Based Strategies * * The main livelihood activity for nearly the entire PAHs is based mainly on small scale cereal crop production with livestock production largely in the farming system at large . Following this and as briefly mentioned in the preceding section , agriculture-based livelihood restoration strategy , cereal crop ( Teff , Wheat , Onion , etc . ) production apply to all PAPs whose land affected and regardless of categories of PAPs indicated above . - a ) Cereal Crops Production Improvement Component and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructures for Horticulture Production , and - b ) Livestock Production and Improvement Component Each component in turn has sub-components . Detailed discussion on the design , planning approaches , constituent packages , external inputs or resources required for the implementation and potential implementing partners for each component and subcomponents thereof is presented in the proceeding section . # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 1 . 1 Cereal Crop and Horticulture Production Improvement Component * * Despite acute farmland shortage , agricultural production potential of smallholders in the Subproject area is considerable . Major annual crops grown in the subproject area include _teff_ and wheat . In line with the cropping pattern and corroborating evidence from surveys and community consultations , cereal crop production improvement is proposed as one of the key LR strategies that shall be supported by the Subproject and implemented by PAHs in partnership with local implementation agencies , respective Woreda Agriculture Offices in Particular . Cereal Crops Production Improvement as a livelihood restoration strategy is proposed irrespective of severity of impact for all 15 PAHs whose farmland is affected . Bearing in mind that one of the key impoverishment risks to PAHs is food insecurity . Therefore , the main purpose of the cereal crops production component is primarily for household subsistence and as such this component is aimed at ensuring", "spans": [{"start": 1505, "end": 1540, "text": "surveys and community consultations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hpa-An Environmental Scoping Report | | NEAT + | | October 2019 | 46 collect their own project-specific data . Due to the need for small-scale , accurate GPS data , global datasets are generally not useful for environmental actors . The last nationwide assessment performed by WWF was the WWF Natural Capital Analysis . The issue of data sensitivity was also raised by the representative from the Myanmar Information Management Unit ( MIMU ) , as environmental data in Myanmar can often be sensitive due to the connection to land tenure , and therefore cannot be shared widely . However , MIMU does provide open access to government administrative data on the MIMU website . There is no formal mechanism for organizations to share their data with MIMU , and also no incentive ( beyond the 3W completed quarterly ) to do so . Thus data sharing between organizations is quite limited . The Red Cross participant mentioned that the GIS community in Myanmar is still small . Although there is a desire for geospatial data and analysis in the work being performed across the country , the capacity is low . Barriers include : low bandwidth to process heavy imagery and data , lack of training available , and costly software . Easy and accessible tools and training are necessary to enhance the ability for organizations to integrate and draw insights from spatial data in their planning and programming . # # # * * Presentations * * - NEAT + presentation : - < u > https : / / docs . google . com / presentation / d / 1StrddJAOBiTOWF2wwrbsxT0IKQwDjpvGLJ4 0ffsek58 / edit ? usp = sharing < / u > - MapX story Map presentation : https : / / app . mapx . org ? project = MX-A2L-WO8-3WX-5LL - < u > CYB & views = MX-YIDSJ-YO5FG-4D", "spans": [{"start": 289, "end": 317, "text": "WWF Natural Capital Analysis", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 622, "end": 652, "text": "government administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1352, "end": 1364, "text": "spatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 14 . Assessment Recommended ? * * Yes No * * 15 . Comments on Quality of ICR : * * The quality of the ICR is satisfactory . The ICR provides a detailed and thorough discussion of project ' s outputs and outcomes . It covers all pertinent issues and provides information and analysis required to assess the project . The ICR overall was concisely written and consistent with guidelines . However , there is insufficient evidence on compliance with the resettlement safeguard and the Bank ' s procurement policies . Given the significant number of project affected persons , the ICR should have provided more detailed information on the basis of readily available information from the RAP completion reports , and provided a fuller explanation of how pending compensation cases would be resolved . * * a . Quality of ICR Rating : * * Satisfactory", "spans": [{"start": 687, "end": 709, "text": "RAP completion reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "protection in Uganda in 2011 and 2012 , respectively . A refugee eligibility committee established under Section 11 of the domestic act undertook decisions on status through an individual approach . UNHCR had an observer role within the committee and provided guidance on country-of-origin information and RSD assessments . In 2011 , approximately 3 , 173 Somalis were recognized as refugees , and another 1 , 902 in 2012 . < sup > 147 < / sup > The government database does not disaggregate by reasons for recognition . However , the questionnaire response indicates that the OPM confirmed most refugees were recognized based on Section 4 ( c ) of the domestic refugee act ( which reflects the broader refugee criteria in the OAU Convention ) for reasons related to violence and insecurity attributed to Al-Shabaab . # # # # * * 3 . 2 Responses to Haitian Cross-Border Movements * * # # # # _3 . 2 . 1 . Background Context in Haiti_ Haiti has been marked by frequent disasters and is particularly vulnerable to hazards and the risks of climate change . < sup > 148 < / sup > In addition to hydro-meteorological threats , Haiti is in a seismically active zone . < sup > 149 < / sup > On 12 January 2010 , Haiti experienced its strongest earthquake in 200 years , with its epicentre located near the densely populated capital of Port-au-Prince . The impacts were devastating . Over 220 , 000 people are estimated to have died , with more than 300 , 000 injured . < sup > 150 < / sup > In the aftermath of the earthquake , about 600 , 000 people 147 A further 3 , 000 Somalis were recognized in 2013 . Between 2012 and 2013 , four asylum claims were rejected because they failed to satisfy the applicable definitions . Data on rejections for 2011 were unavailable . > 148 See e . g . Singh and Barton-Dock , “ Toward a New Narrative ” , The World Bank , 2015 ,", "spans": [{"start": 450, "end": 469, "text": "government database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1717, "end": 1744, "text": "Data on rejections for 2011", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "provide lower bound estimates of the true impacts of school fees , this offers evidence that the negative effects of the economic crisis dominate the positive effects coming from a reduction in school fees . Furthermore , even though our IV is severely weakened for the crisis year ( as discussed in section 4 . 2 ) and thus could only offer statistically significant estimates in two specifications ( columns 1 and 4 ) , the IV estimates have the expected negative sign and are two to three times larger than those of the non-IV estimates . These results concur with those for Table 2 . < sup > 43 < / sup > # * * 6 . Further Analysis of Related Outcomes * * # * * 6 . 1 . Health Outcomes for Migrant Children * * Our theoretical model predicts that children brought along by migrant households may have better health outcomes ( Corollary 1 . 1 ) . This result is strongly supported by most , if not all , of the recent studies on China as discussed earlier . We re-examine this result with the RUMiC data , and investigate whether moving with parents impacts children ' s height , their body mass index ( BMI ) and the underweight / overweight status . < sup > 44 < / sup > We regress these child health outcomes on a dummy variable indicating whether the child is living in the city with the migrant household , controlling for children ’ s and the household heads ’ characteristics . The endogenous variable here is the child migration dummy variable and the IV is the public education spending shocks ( the first-stage regression in this case is the reduced form regression ) . Unlike the previous regressions that were run at the household level , we run these regressions at the individual level for all the school-age children in the sample . Estimation results ( Table 8 ) > 43 Since we do not have data on migrants ’ province of original residence for 2009 , we do not control for these dummy variables . An alternative modeling option is to pool the 2008 and 2009 rounds of the RUMiC for analysis . While this option allows us to employ", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1006, "text": "RUMiC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR6227 The World Bank | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Savings and credit beneficiaries whose HH | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 40 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | income has increased ( Comp 1b . ) | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 20-Jun-2011 | 31-Dec-2013 | | | | Comments | | Out of the 1006 credit < br > beneficiary HHs , 407 HHs < br > have increased thier income . | | | Early warning monthly and quarterly reports < br > | Percentage | Value | 10 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | produced and disseminated ( national and < br > il C 2 | | Date | 30-Jan-2009 | 20-Jun-2011 | 31-Dec-2013 | | regona ) ( omp a . ) | | Comments | | The project has been < br > successful in this area . | | | Pastoral and agro-pastoral Project prepare and < br > review DPCPs ( Comp 2a . ) | Percentage | Value < br > Date | 18 . 00 < br > 30-Jan-2009 | 0 . 00 < br > 20-Jun-2011 | 70 . 00 < br > 31-Dec-2012 | | | | Comments | | Since this would be part of the < br > Woreda Vulnerability Profiling < br > work , the information will be < br > available during the third < br > quarter of 2012 . | | | DER Grants-financed early response activities | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 93 . 00 | 80 . 00 | |", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 517, "text": "Early warning monthly and quarterly reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ban , etc . ) . A unique feature of the project is that it includes information on the date of announcement , implementation , and removal ( if applicable ) of each reported measure . < sup > 10 < / sup > As of mid-July 2020 , the data set documented 414 trade policy measures taken by over 100 distinct jurisdictions . The measures include 209 measures liberalizing imports of protective equipment , medical supplies and medicines implemented in 106 jurisdictions and 191 export controls imposed by 91 countries for the same set of products . The most common liberalizing measures were reduction in import tariffs , while export bans were the most common restrictive measure across countries . Data on trade policy measures are available for 133 countries . We focus on the first seven months of 2020 because this is the period in which most trade policy measures were imposed . Our research question is whether attributes of prevailing PP regimes are associated with the imposition of trade measures . While the supply of essential goods was largely fixed in the initial period of the crisis , over time , as supply responds to increased demand , this will attenuate the perceived need for exports controls and import liberalization , confounding inferences regarding the possible relationship between PP regulation and use of trade policy in the initial period of a public emergency which is what we are interested in . The GTA data set shows that some governments began to roll back trade measures starting in June 2020 , a pattern that strengthened in the summer and fall of 2020 ( see Evenett et al . 2020 ) . < sup > 11 < / sup > A weekly evolution of trade restrictive measures on imports and exports of medical products according to the date of implementation of the measures , shows that the number of restrictive measures on medical products increased exponentially as of the end of March ( Figure 1 ) . This coincides with the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and the growing demand for medical products worldwide . There were a limited number of liberalizing measures implemented for medical products during the first two months of the year . However , the trend changed drastically as", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 724, "text": "Data on trade policy measures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1427, "end": 1439, "text": "GTA data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53 | | Table4-18 : WaterUseinPCA < br > Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54 | | Table4-19 : Toptencausesofmorbidity , Fogera and Libo Kemkem Woredas in2008-2009 < br > ( Ethiopian years July 2000 - June 2001 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-56 | | Table4-20 : Malaria statistics , Fogera Woreda , July 2008-June 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-57 | | Table4-21 : Health Facilities in and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The audit was conducted in accordance with < sup > ISSAls < / sup > < sup > * * 2315 * * and < / sup > < sup > * * 2330 . * * Thestandards < / sup > require that * * I * * plan and perform the < sup > audittoobtainassuranceaboutwhethereffective < / sup > processes and systems of internal controls , < sup > riskManagementandoverallgovernance < / sup > were operating effectively in all material respects . < sup > * * I * * < / sup > believe < sup > that the audit evidence < / sup > < sup > * * I * * have < / sup > obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide < sup > a < / sup > basis < sup > for my conclusion . < / sup > REPORT * * ON * * OTHER * * LEGAL AND * * REGULATORY * * REQUIREMENTS * * As required * * by * * Financing Agreement Financing Agreement < sup > GrantNo . < / sup > < sup > * * TFOAO761A * * and < / sup > Credit _No . 5268 / 5674-KE , _ dated * * 7 * * September , * * 2015 * * between International Development Association * * ( IDA ) * * and the Republic of Kenya , < sup > * * I * * < / sup > report < sup > basedonmy audit , that : < / sup > - i . * * I * * have obtained all the information and explanations which , to the best of my knowledge and belief , were necessary for the purpose of the audit ; - * * ii . * * In my opinion , adequate accounting records have < sup > beenkept < / s", "spans": [{"start": 1280, "end": 1298, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Social and economic equity : * * In addition , redirecting resources from expensive hospital care to basic primary healthcare and targeting the absolute poor would increase the efficiency of the system not just because the impact of the increase can be larger , but because it would reduce spending on higher levels of care which benefit few . This will also significantly contribute to the health equity situation in Lebanon in reducing poorest families ’ out-of-pocket spending , diminishing burden of catastrophic expenditure and ensuring that all the population of the country ( not just the rich and middle income ) have equitable access to a basic package of health services while preventing further impoverishment of the most vulnerable population impacted by the Syrian crisis ; and - c ) * * Positive externalities : * * preventing ill health and supporting a healthy population positively impacts the economy through increased ( i ) productivity , labor supply , and human capital ; < sup > 19 < / sup > ( ii ) consumption of or production of goods and services that would otherwise not have been consumed or produced ; and ( iii ) contributing to poverty reduction through increased household earnings . > 16 See Global Burden of Disease ( 2010 ) estimations from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . 17 Graham et al . ( 2006 ) and Jamison et al . ( 2008 ) review low-cost interventions to reduce communicable and noncommunicable diseases , estimating impacts as measured by averted DALYs ranging from 50 % ( access to routine maternity care and increased primary-level coverage averted 50 % maternal-related DALYs in South Asia and SubSaharan Africa ) to 66 % ( use of aspirin , a statin and an antihypertensive drug could reduce the annual risk of major recurrence by two-thirds in developing countries ) . > 18 GDP per capita in Lebanon is US $ 9 , 928 for 2014 , according to World Bank estimations . > 19 D . Stuckler , S . Basu . M . McKee ( 2010 ) , Budget Crisis , Health and Social Welfare Programmes ;", "spans": [{"start": 1226, "end": 1250, "text": "Global Burden of Disease", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> _ll ! ' banpoor | CSAAnnual < br > Agricultural Sample < br > Survey < br > ICRestimates ; DSA < br > ( 2010 ) < br > Alem and SOderbom < br > ( 2010 ) ; Loening and < br > Oseni ( 2007 ) | | - 23 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi county Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report # # * * CHAPTER 7 : SOCIO - ECONOMIC PROFILE OF AFFECTED PERSONS * * # # * * 7 . 1 Socio Economic Survey Context * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A household socio economic survey was conducted at 100 % census of the 24 PAP ’ s detailed < br > in chapter 6 of this report . Summary of socio economic findings of PAPs is presented in sub < br > chapters below . < br > 7 . 2 Demography of Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) < br > 7 . 2 . 1 Ages of PAPs < br > Age is an important aspect in ARAP assessments especially during determination of < br > vulnerability of PAPs . PAPs under the age of 18 years are normally considered as minors . < br > The survey identified that , majority of the PAPs were aged between 26-35 years at 30 % . < br > The age bracket of 19-25 years was 12 . 5 % while those above 55years represented 16 . 3 % . < br > This is illustrated in Figure 7-1 below : < br > Age of PAPs < br > 30 . 0 % < br > 21 . 3 % < br > 20 . 0 % < br > 16 . 3 % < br > 12 . 5 % < br > 19-25yrs 26-35yrs 36-45yrs 46-55yrs above 55yrs < br > DISCLOSURE COPY < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Age is an important aspect in ARAP assessments especially during determination of vulnerability of PAPs . PAPs under the age of 18 years are normally considered as minors . The survey identified that , majority of the PAPs were aged between 26-35 years", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 317, "text": "household socio economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "per capita . Furthermore , as explained above , the used of a single inflation rate to deflate the expenditures of poor and non-poor households may also bias the results slightly towards an adverse redistribution pattern . Another partial explanation may relate to the housing variable . The estimating equation for housing cost yields large negative dummies for the 1995 regional dummies . Since housing as a share of expenditure declines as expenditure increases , the use of a single dummy would result in a larger decrease , relative to total expenditure , of total per capita expenditure among poorer households . All other things being equal , this would tend to yield an adverse redistribution effect . # _Conclusion_ In the short run , the devaluation accompanied by the increased in export taxation did not appear to alter the pattern of poverty that took shape prior to the devaluation , assuming that the results of the 1993 and 1995 surveys are roughly accurate , about which there is considerable cause for doubt . Abidjan experienced the largest increase in poverty between 1993 and 1995 . Food crop farmers in rural areas got absolutely poorer . And depending on whether or not one accepts the 1995 West Forest results , export crop farmers got slightly worse off or remained about the same . The increase in poverty among food crop farmers is likely linked to the downward trend in real food crop prices evident in the pre-devaluation period 1987-1993 , which continued after the devaluation . As producers of nontradables , it would be expected that food crop farmer would not have benefited from the devaluation in the short term unless a substantial part of their income comes from wage labor or off-farm sources . Unfortunately we know very little about the sources of income of food crop farmers . The failure of export crop farmers to show a more important decline in poverty is due to several things : first the survey took place relatively soon after the devaluation , so that coffee and cocoa farmers had little time to respond to higher crop prices . A second reason , particularly relevant for cocoa , is that the government taxed away much of the benefit of the devaluation and the price increase .", "spans": [{"start": 931, "end": 952, "text": "1993 and 1995 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unequal income distributions experience slower growth . This finding is even stronger for initial unequal distribution of land in developing countries ( Deininger and Squire , 1997 ) . Birdsall and Sabot ( 1994 ) come to similar conclusions in comparing high inequality and low growth in Latin America and low inequality and high growth in East Asia , but they turn to political economy considerations to explain the different strategies in the two regions . In Latin America , the political elite has little incentive to invest in the well-being of the poor , but in East Asia the threat of communist insurgency led to government investment in the rural poor , in education and health and in rural infrastructure . Larrain and Vergara ( 1997 ) , using data for 45 developed and developing countries , conclude that distributive inequalities give rise to social pressures and conflict , and these in turn generate greater instability in economic policies and lower investment . Rodrik ( 1997 ) also concludes on the basis of cross-country regressions that severe income 24", "spans": [{"start": 753, "end": 799, "text": "data for 45 developed and developing countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "industry structures might be subject to similar general trends . The equivalence is achieved by including exposure-weighted averages as controls in model ( 3 ) . < sup > 32 < / sup > Nevertheless , in our setting , similar industry structures which are affected in similar ways , are not necessarily worrisome as mentioned in Section 4 . < sup > 33 < / sup > Column ( 1 ) in Table A . 6 shows the results at the municipality level and using robust standard errors at the municipality level . Column ( 2 ) redoes the analysis at the industry level and uses robust standard errors at the exposure level . While our first stage F-Statistic stays significant , the significant level of our coefficient decreases ; however , is still significant at the 10 % level . We acknowledge the fact that our coefficients differ slightly , however , we suspect that the difference arises due to the use of fixed effects in the panel data setting . Overall , we conclude that our instrument is still relevant at the industry level ; however , the second-stage results have a lower significance level . # * * 5 . 3 Heterogeneities * * We next conduct heterogeneity analyses to examine how differences in municipal and individual characteristics shape families ’ exit dynamics in response to “ rising tides ” . * * Positive versus negative shifters * * First , we are interested in the question of whether the positive or negative shifters drive our results . Panel A of Table 6 shows the results of splitting the data in those families that live in a municipality that experienced on average positive employment growth and those that experienced on average negative employment growth . Results are driven by positive shifters , causing an increase in the probability of leaving BF . While those results display an interesting heterogeneity , they also increase the credibility of our main question – if employment growth ( instead of decrease ) causes an increase in the likelihood of leaving the program . * * Informality * * Second , we aim to disentangle the effect for areas with historically high informality rates and areas with historically low informality rates . We classify municipalities", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "38 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 202 | 0 . 147 | ( 0 . 243 ) | | Physical punishment is effective ( % ) | 265 | 0 . 37 | 0 . 48 | 0 | 1 | 0 . 341 | 0 . 390 | ( 0 . 413 ) | _Notes : _ This table shows summary statistics of the main outcomes used in this paper . Panel A shows statistics of main outcomes , which were constructed as described in table A8 in the Appendix . Panel B presents statistics on measures of sensitive information using different sources ( knowledge incorporation surveys , baseline , and follow up data ) . Construction of these sensitive items and data details are presented in table A9 in the Appendix . Differences in number of observations to estimate the consistence measures are due to availability of data in each survey . For example , 305 participants completed the midline survey and 358 has baseline information in our sample . However , to estimate consistence , we only have information in both samples for 207 respondents . 30", "spans": [{"start": 446, "end": 477, "text": "knowledge incorporation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 782, "end": 796, "text": "midline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * parency and * * | * * Accountabili * * | * * ty through Di * * | . < br > g g p . < br > * * gitalization * * | | DLI8 on enhancing e - < br > information | 30 . 00 | - | 30 . 00 | a . < br > Weak enforcement of the 2007 Access to Information Law on proactive < br > disclosure of information and response to requests for information . < br > b . < br > Opportunity to enhance government reporting to the public online about < br > progress achieved towards economic andpublic sector modernization . | | DLI9 on interactive < br > statistical < br > | 30 . 00 | - | 30 . 00 | Important gaps in open data coverage and openness to be mitigated by < br > establishing a national data repository with an interactive interface and < br > | | information | | | | protocols to allow access to the data forpolicyanalysis and researchpurposes . | | DLI10 on | 8 | 18 . 00 | 26 . 00 | a . < br > Weak health data management . | | institutionalizing < br > effective health data | | | | < br > b . < br > Need to institutionalize the data quality assurance mechanism in place , < br > establishing data quality standards and conducting routine assessments . | | use | | | | c . < br > Opportunity to better utilize quality data for more effective and timely | | | | | | decision-making . | | Front-end Fees | 0 . 8025 | TBD | | d . | | < br > * * Total * * | < br > * * 350 * * | < br > * * 54 . 34 * * | * * 404 . 34 * * | | Page | 13", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 699, "text": "national data repository", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| _Share who are 35 and older_ | 59 . 3 | 65 . 8 | 48 . 8 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | ( 1 . 4 ) | ( 0 . 7 ) | | | _Share who have less than secondary_ | 4 . 1 | 54 . 4 | 55 . 1 | | _education_ | ( 0 . 6 ) | ( 1 . 0 ) | | | _Share who report working in past week_ | 59 . 7 | 37 . 0 | 31 . 9 | | | ( 1 . 5 ) | ( 0 . 7 ) | | | _Share who are refugees_ | 46 . 5 | 42 . 1 | 42 . 2 | | | ( 1 . 4 ) | ( 2 . 0 ) | | Notes : All survey sample shares are of individuals aged 18 and older . Clustered standard errors are reported in parentheses for survey estimates . Population shares by region , gender , and age are derived from population projections provided by PCBS in early 2022 and refer to individuals aged 18 and older . Population shares by educational attainment are based on population projections published by PCBS for 2021 and refer to individuals aged 15 and older . Population shares by labor force status originate in the 2021 Palestinian Labor Force Survey and refer to individuals aged 15 and older ; the share reported here is of employed individuals . Population shares by refugee status come from 2017 estimates published by PCBS and refer to all individuals . # Precision-comparability tradeoffs in calibrating the Facebook weights to population proportions The initial weighting strategy for the Facebook survey imposed a substantial set of calibration constraints to try to maximize comparability with the PPCS and correct for a skewed achieved sample . PPCS weights were calibrated to population proportions using two sets of constraints based on population projections based on the most recent census : ( 1 ) the number of households by governorate and urban / rural / camps , and ( 2 ) the number of adults by region , five-year age groups , and gender .", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 672, "text": "population projections provided by PCBS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 789, "end": 838, "text": "population projections published by PCBS for 2021", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 941, "end": 976, "text": "2021 Palestinian Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9591 # * * Abstract * * The U-shape theory argues that at early stages of development , countries experience a reduction in the female labor force participation , eventually followed by a recovery . In Morocco , female labor force participation is now lower than it was two decades ago due to several factors that are discussed in the paper . There is also a persistent 50-percentage-points gender gap in labor force participation rates , despite improvements typically related to development and female inclusion — such as a higher gross domestic product per capita , lower fertility rates , and better access to education . At the same time , urban job creation has not been able to offset rural job destruction nor the increase in the working age population for both genders . Using data from the Moroccan Labor Force Survey , the World Values Survey , and the Arab Barometer , probit models and a multinomial logit are estimated to explore the challenges affecting female insertion into the labor market . The findings show that higher educational attainment increases the probability of female participation , but this relationship has decreased over time , not being enough to offset other obstacles caused by other individual and household characteristics . Being married and the presence of other inactive women are found to decrease female participation . The educational level of the head of household ( typically men ) increases female inactivity , suggesting that potentially gender roles may drive women out of the labor market and slow the recovery in women ’ s participation . This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at gacevedo @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly ,", "spans": [{"start": 830, "end": 857, "text": "Moroccan Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 864, "end": 883, "text": "World Values Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 894, "end": 908, "text": "Arab Barometer", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 Improved Quality of Care and Supervision of the District Health Teams * * # # # * * Maternal and Peri Natal Death Surveillance and Review ( MPDSR ) * * The MPDSR Report for FY2018 / 19 was finalized , printed and disseminated to stakeholders . The report shows that in FY 2018 / 2019 , a total 1 , 166 , 638 live births were reported to the Ministry of health through the HMIS and DHIS2 with 1 , 176 maternal death notified . This translated into a national average Institutional Maternal Mortality Ratio ( IMMR ) of 101 / 100 , 000 live births compared to 104 / 100 , 000 live births in FY 2017 / 18 . Maternal and perinatal death audits are at 51 . 06 % of all deaths reported between July 2018 and June 2019 an increase from 48 % in FY 2017 / 18 . Key issues identified include delayed referral of patients from lower to higher facilities , poor reporting and documentation which arises from inadequate materials like MPDSR tools and referral forms , limited support to MPDSR committees by health facility leadership and district MPDSR committees in owning recommendations and taking action . * * _Figure 10 : Maternal Deaths Reported vs Notified for the period Jan-Dec 2019_ * * 21 Year 4 of the Project", "spans": [{"start": 374, "end": 378, "text": "HMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 383, "end": 388, "text": "DHIS2", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 605, "end": 640, "text": "Maternal and perinatal death audits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN Education Reform Support Program ‐ for ‐ Results * * # * * I . STRATEGIC CONTEXT * * # * * A . Country Context * * 1 . * * Despite strong economic and social progress in previous decades , Jordan continues to face challenges that have been amplified by the Syrian refugee crisis . * * Economic growth has slowed down in 2016 for the second year in a row — to an estimated 2 percent from 2 . 4 percent in 2015 . Indicators of human development and living standards have stagnated since 2009 , after strong improvements from 1990 to 2008 . The Human Development Index ( HDI ) , which measures long ‐ term progress in three basic dimensions of human development ( a long and healthy life , access to knowledge , and a decent standard of living ) , has remained at 0 . 742 since 2008 , placing Jordan in the 86 < sup > th < / sup > position of 188 in the HDI ranking . < sup > 1 < / sup > This situation is explained by various factors , including the effects of the Syrian refugee crisis and the fallout from the 2007 – 2008 global financial crisis . 2 . * * Jordan faces a significant demographic challenge with the influx of large numbers of Syrian refugees . * * The Syrian refugee crisis adds to the fiscal stress and puts serious strains on the government ’ s ability to provide public services , including health and education . As of August 2017 , Jordan hosts 660 , 582 < sup > 2 < / sup > registered Syrian refugees , of which 232 , 868 < sup > 3 < / sup > are school ‐ aged children requiring the provision of education services . Eighty percent of refugees live in host communities , representing 10 percent of Jordan ’ s population , while the rest live in dedicated refugee camps . Per the recent 2016 government census , the total number of Syrians in Jordan reached an estimated 1 . 265 million , representing 13 .", "spans": [{"start": 1739, "end": 1761, "text": "2016 government census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "adjustments . Although some expansion of the width of the confidence intervals can be observed , in all cases the difference is minor or imperceptible . Therefore , it appears the bias corrections implemented in the four countries has not come at the cost of substantially larger standard errors . Overall , the results from this analysis have demonstrated the effectiveness of the weight adjustment techniques employed in the Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria , and Uganda HFPS for reducing bias in the interviewed samples . Absent these adjustments , the phone survey samples would suffer from substantial bias that would compromise the representativeness of the results obtained from the phone survey sample . The reduction in the bias from these methods highlights the distinct advantage of phone surveys taken from representative F2F household survey samples . Although difficult to effectively simulate here , the adjustments possible for RDD and telecom list-based phone surveys would likely be less effective at reducing bias than adjustments made using the rich information from the F2F representative surveys used in these four countries . Therefore , it might be expected that effectiveness of bias adjustments in RDD and telecom list-based surveys to fall between the unadjusted and adjusted corrections considered here . The effectiveness of adjustments under these other phone survey sample approaches will vary depending on the availability of external information on demographic and economic characteristics of the general population and the extent to which corresponding information can be captured in the phone survey itself . 33", "spans": [{"start": 1086, "end": 1112, "text": "F2F representative surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | 245 | 282 | 292 | 288 | 252 | 250 | 259 | 277 | 294 | 311 | 327 | | B . | Other0witeoilproducts | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | - | _3_ | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | | C ~ B | lack ~ ~ ~ 8 | 42 | i | 60 | 72 | 66 | - | 68 | 72 | | 7 | J < br > 80 | | | Total | 290 | 343 | 356 | 363 | 321 | 310 | 330 | 352 | 372 | 392 | 411 | Source : Oil company and Mission estimates May 1975", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 417, "text": "Oil company and Mission estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 35 - increases . But the Information currently available suggests that URC ' s operating surpluses in 1982 and subsequent years are apparent rather than real , and would probably disappear if conventional accounting methods , including appropriate depreciation and interest charges were applied . The correct assessment of URC ' s capital and reserves will be possible only after the accounts have been brought up to date , and thc financing obligations associated with earlier transferred assets have been clarified . Analysis of URC ' s financial performance over time Is further complicated by the steep inflation and frequent devaluation of the Uganda shilling . 4 . 03 Payroll . Based on provisional accounts , the share of wage payments in total recurrent expenditure is 30 percent , which Is much lower than in some other African railways . This share has also dropped over time ; this could be due to the sharp erosion of wages in the public sector in general , where staff have been only partially compensated for high inflation . Total railways expenditure increased more or less in line with the frequent and large devaluations . Further analysis of actual expenditure would be necessary to assess the remuneration component before definitive proposals can be formulated for streamlining the establishment . ( see also pars 2 . 19 ) 4 . 04 Tariffs . Originally , EARC tariffs were based on the actual cost of carrying certain traffic . After URC started calculating its own tariffs , the tariff setting practice over time became simply to calculate , given a projected transport volume , the tariff increase sufficient to cover cash recurrent expenditures . The structure of the tariff is reasonably simple . There are six scales of charges for goods traffic depending on commodity , tonnage and etstance . There is an assumed cross-subsidy between the higher and the lower scales , but the Information is insufficient to permit an analysis of this cross-subsidy . 4 . 05 In recent years , URC frequently proposed tariff increases and these were usually granted by Government without major delays . In 1988 , an increase was granted in", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 715, "text": "provisional accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 4 . Data , classification , and descriptive statistics # # 4 . 1 . Brazil Consumer Expenditure Survey Our research relies on the comprehensive Consumer Expenditure Survey ( Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar , POF ) released in 2020 , encompassing consumption data collected during 2017-18 . The POF is a comprehensive survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) that collects data on the purchasing habits and dietary intake of households across the country . It classifies food items into different groups based on their primary purpose and intended use , such as staple foods , beverages , dairy products , meats , and processed foods . Notably , the POF dataset offers extensive disaggregated data on a wide array of products , including over 8 , 000 food items , facilitating our identification of food groups based on the NOVA classification . In addition , this survey collects information on various aspects of household living standards , including consumption patterns , non-food expenditures , income , and socioeconomic variables . To extract consumption data , we employed two distinct questionnaires from the POF . The first one is the \" _Caderneta coletiva_ \" questionnaire , which captures shared household consumption and provides information on total expenditure and quantities consumed . The second one is the \" _Despesa Individual_ \" database , which focuses on individual consumption , provides data on total expenditure for a limited number of items and does not include information on quantity . Food consumption is only included in the former . However , as we are also interested in the total consumption , we merge the two databases to obtain total household consumption , adding the shared component with the individual consumption of each household member . To present the profile of the individuals in the database , Table 1 presents demographic statistics by consumption decile . These variables are important for the analysis , as they are included as controls in the estimation of price elasticity , described in section 5 . 1 . The demographic statistics of POF are aligned with other household surveys , such as the Continuous National Household Sample Survey ( _PNAD Contínua_ ) , showing that the higher the consumption decile , the higher the incidence", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 172, "text": "comprehensive Consumer Expenditure Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 175, "end": 205, "text": "Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 246, "end": 262, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 689, "end": 700, "text": "POF dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2185, "end": 2228, "text": "Continuous National Household Sample Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2021 . Limiting the sample timeframe to 2000-2019 , we identify fourteen instances of such events in the dataset , which we refer to as budget balance rule modification events and are reported out in the appendix , in Table A14 . Following Davoodi et al . ( 2022b ) , we measure a country ’ s fiscal balance using the country ’ s specified budget balance target , which can differ across countries . For example , Chile ’ s budget balance rule pertains to its structural balance , whereas Israel ’ s budget balance rule pertains to its overall balance , and Uruguay ’ s rule pertains to its primary balance . Each of these variables are identifiable in the IMF ’ s Fiscal Rules and World Economic Outlook ( WEO ) datasets . A country ’ s baseline ( pre-suspension / revision ) fiscal balance is calculated as the three-year average target balance prior to the suspension or revision of a fiscal rule . Our summary statistics ( reported in Table A15 ) show that following a budget balance rule modification event , the median duration for a country to return to its baseline fiscal balance is 3 . 5 years . The median deviation of a country ’ s fiscal balance from its baseline following a modification is 4 . 4 % of GDP . In the sample analyzed , two countries , Argentina and Russia , which both suspended their budget balance rules in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis , never returned to their presuspension baseline in the years following the suspensions , and ultimately abolished their rules . < sup > 20 < / sup > While the sample of countries that have previously suspended , revised , and / or enacted an escape clause for budget balance rules is not large , we employ an event study analysis as an initial step to empirically answer the question of how long a country should be expected to take to return to compliance . After controlling for year and country fixed effects , our estimates indicate that following a budget balance rule modification , a country is expected to take approximately three years to return to its baseline fiscal balance . This implies that for", "spans": [{"start": 665, "end": 704, "text": "Fiscal Rules and World Economic Outlook", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and medium size firms , thereby allowing us to study the issue of collateralized borrowing across countries and firm characteristics . We restrict our analyses to 22 , 263 firms across 131 countries between 2008 and 2017 ( the list of countries is given in Table A1 ) . These 22 , 263 firms are those that were currently borrowing , and the loan was issued within three years before the survey . For example , if the firm is surveyed in 2009 and the loan was issued earlier than 2006 , then , we drop the firm . In the data , some existing loans were granted as far back as 1930s . Loans that were granted more than three years from the time of the survey were dropped because they were too far back to be determined by firms ’ current characteristics . Effectively , the loan and collateral data are from 2005 to 2017 , although the survey years are from 2008 to 2017 . The dataset is effectively cross-sectional since the firms do not repeat , i . e . each firm only appears once in the dataset . The dataset includes countries from six regions of the world : Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) , East Asia and Pacific ( EAP ) , Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) , Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) , Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) , South Asia ( SAR ) . The summary statistics of all the variables are presented in Table A3 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 772, "end": 796, "text": "loan and collateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Consolidate , coordinate , support and improve the efforts and activities of all DRDIP II staffs & Woreda GBV focal persons - relevant stakeholders in the prevention of and response to GBV , - Liaise with relevant government , NGOs , and other relevant bodies to ensure that GBV / SEA / SH issues are integrated into all project activities . - Map and update relevant GBV prevention and response actors in focus areas ( who , what , where ) . - Assist in providing and creating tools for the collection and analysis of age , sex , disaggregated GBV / SEA / SH data - Coordinate GBV activities in the field and act as advisory body - Ensure that international and domestic standards are equally applied for Survivors - Establish / update Standard Operating Procedures ( SOPs ) on GBV / SEA / SH - Ensure the provision of multi sectoral provision for SEA / SH survivors - Organize skill capacity trainings and technical support for service providers - Facilitate and support awareness-raising initiatives for the prevention of GBV / SEA / SH . - Strengthen the capacity of governmental bodies , NGOs , local CBOs and humanitarian staff to prevent and respond to GBV / SEA / SH by coordinating trainings , providing technical support and tapping into existing training / capacity development opportunities . 64", "spans": [{"start": 547, "end": 566, "text": "GBV / SEA / SH data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "how they can serve as a tool for field experiments and source of valuable empirical data . We emphasize the design and logistical challenges associated with applying the conjoint method in the field . In Section 3 we use data from our recent conjoint survey conducted in Sri Lanka to evaluate WSS preferences for poor and non-poor households . Through the conjoint survey data , we can determine what service attributes affect WSS demand and whether these attributes vary across poor and non-poor households . We find that households care about service quality ( not just price ) and the households have diverse preferences in terms of 3", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 376, "text": "conjoint survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . 13 . Sensitivity Analysis In this section , we test the results of the analysis by varying some of the underlying assumptions to ensure that results are not highly sensitive to minor variations . To do so , the saving lives indicators were re-estimated . The assumption underpinning the calculations changed , from the percentage of the population that can access a major hospital within 30 minutes ( as in the original calculation ) , to the percentage that can access emergency care within 60 minutes . Table 5 : Assessing ∆ ALFwl changing assumption of access to lifesaving services within 60 minutes | Dimension - Saving Lives ( 60 mins ) | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | The percentage of population who can access major hospitals < br > in 60 minuteswithoutthe project under theordinarystate | 90 . 20 % | 99 . 50 % | 90 . 20 % | | The percentage of population who can access major hospitals < br > in 60 minuteswiththe project under theordinarystate | 93 . 60 % | 99 . 50 % | 90 . 20 % | | The percentage of population who can access major hospitals < br > in 60 minuteswithoutthe project under thedisruptedstate | 79 . 80 % | 74 . 10 % | 90 . 20 % | | The percentage of population who can access major hospitals < br > in 60 minuteswiththe project under thedisruptedstate | 89 . 00 % | 74 . 10 % | 90 . 20 % | | ∆ ALFl < br > w | 77 . 9 % < br > ( 9 , 143 . 23 ) | 50 % < br > ( 33 , 2035 . 62 ) | - | Comparing the results in Tables 4 and 5 , we find that there is a negligible variation in the results even when the time assumption is doubled . This suggests that the results of the analysis are sufficiently robust for project comparison . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "76 kg CO2 per year in the context of rural Bangladesh . The study by Posorski et al ( 2002 ) , using different method , shows that about 9 tons of CO2 equivalent GHG emissions are avoided ( which is equivalent to about 450 kg CO2 per year ) within a 20-year period of use of one SHS of 50 Wp compared with the baseline case . The reported CO2 emissions avoided from SHS from other countries , including the Bangladesh study , are summarized in Table 4 . The estimate from the Bangladesh survey is significantly smaller than that reported in other studies ( Ybema et al , 2000 ) < sup > 6 < / sup > , possibly due to two factors . First , the estimates from this study is based on a large scale household survey that allows the control for household socio-economic characteristics and location effects while other studies do not control confounding factors that may affect the kerosene use . Second , the Bangladesh study focuses only on kerosene displacement due to data limitation , but some studies reported in the table include multiple fuels ( kerosene , dry cell batteries , and diesel used for battery charging ) . While displacing kerosene use for lighting and diesel use for battery charging are the most direct carbon benefit , SHS dissemination can also avoid GHG emissions from new connection to grid - > 6 The estimated reduction is 3 . 9 liter / month from a smaller scale household survey ( 441 households ) conducted by Grameen Shakti in 2009 . Chaurey and Kandpal ( 2009 ) provide an estimate of 9 . 6 liter / month for rural households in India and the World Bank project report finds 19 . 6 liter / month displacement for rural households in Indonesia . 8", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 493, "text": "Bangladesh survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 682, "end": 710, "text": "large scale household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1372, "end": 1402, "text": "smaller scale household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the southwest and the Democratic Republic of the Congo across Lake Albert to the west . Hoima , the location of the district headquarters , is located approximately 230 kilometres ( 140 mi ) , by road , northwest of Kampala , the capital of Uganda and the largest city in that country . The coordinates of the district are : 01 24N , 31 18E . Hoima District , Buliisa District , Kibaale , Kiryandongo and Masindi District , constitute Bunyoro Sub-Region , which is coterminous with the Kingdom of Bunyoro . The palace of the Omukama of Bunyoro is located in Hoima . < / mark > # # # * * 1 . 2 . 2 . Population * * The 2014 Population Census preliminary results indicate the population standing at 573 , 903up from 548 , 800 in 2012 with an annual growth rate of 4 . 27 % . Just like the National trend there are more female than male with more people living in rural areas than urban therefore extending power to these rural areas will enhance urbanization in Hoima District . Further analysis of the population trends by Sub-county affected still shows that there are more female than male in the project areas with an average household size of 4 . 5 . * * Table 1 : Population of Hoima District * * Hoima District Population statistics | Male | Female | Urban | Rural | No . HH | Non . HH | Total | Growth rate | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 286 , 705 | 287 , 198 | 106 , 492 | 467 , 411 | 565 , 189 | 8 , 714 | 573 , 903 | 4 . 27 | _ < mark > Source : National Population and Housing Census Revised November 2014 Provisional Result < / mark > _ # # # * * Population of Hoima", "spans": [{"start": 621, "end": 643, "text": "2014 Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1497, "end": 1535, "text": "National Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Governance Modernization to Enable Efficient Service Delivery Project ( P178808 ) # # 4 . * * Potential Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts and Standard Mitigation Measures * * The Environmental and Social risk classification of the project is substantial . The environmental risk rating is moderate , while the social risk as substantial . The potential EHS risks and impacts are mainly associated with Supporting Civil Service Efficiency ( Comp . 1 ) , Improving Domestic Revenue Mobilization ( Comp 2 ) and improving PFM systems and functions as well as enabling more responsive governance ( Comp . 3 ) , all of which will require digital solutions , including the procurement and use of ICT infrastructure such as hardware and software programs and operating systems . Component 2 will also finance development of a Tax Data Warehouse at the MoR within the compound of the Ministry . Accordingly , the main EHS risks and impacts linked with digital solutions could include e-waste issues and associated pollution of soil , water and air linked with the procurement and use of ICT infrastructure . There are also moderate EHS risks and impacts including vibration , pollution due to generation of noise , dusts , solid and liquid wastes , and associated disposal issues which could result in air , soil and water pollution ) , associated with the development of a Tax Data Warehouse , and overhaul / development of ICSMIS , IHRPS and IFMIS . The proposed project social risk rating is substantial due to the technical assistance to the civil service reform , financial management & procurement modernization , & improved revenue collection ( property tax ) , e-government services . Implementing such reforms will cause some level of retrenchment of workers . Component 1 has Sub-component 1 . 1 . Developing an Evidence-based and Data-Informed Approach to Human Resource Management , Sub-component 1 . 2 . Competency-based Human Resource Management , and Sub-component 1 . 3 . Institutionalizing Training , Capacity Building , and Change Management . The reform shall include packages of capacity building for civil service workers to enable them meet", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * Detailed Impact Description * * The presence of electric power lines constitutes potential risks and safety for the population living nearby , where people sometimes try to make illegal connections . Theft of conductor wire is also a potential problem . Theft of steel tower / pylon components can also pose significant safety risks in the event of tower collapses . However , towers will be designed according to best practice and applicable norms and standards , and will include security measures to prevent access to the tower structures . Land use restrictions within the wayleave will prevent accidental contacts with the energized conductors and minimize risks to public safety in the event of tower collapses . Risks associated with steel theft are also limited by the fact that much of the TL is located near public roads and , therefore , visible to the travelling public who will be able to report any incidences of attempted damage to the TL . This will guarantee reliable and safe operation of the TL while ensuring safety for the communities neighbouring it . Health concerns over exposure to EMF are often raised when a new TL is proposed . Based on a recent in-depth review of extensive scientific literature ( World Health Organisation ’ s International EMF Project ) , the WHO has concluded that “ despite extensive research , to date there is no evidence to conclude that exposure to low level electromagnetic fields is harmful to human health ” ( WHO 2007 , WHO 2002 ) . EMF outside the RoW meet the criteria of low level . # # # # * * Mitigation Measures * * - Proper communication with and awareness of local populations during the planning and implementation phases of the proposed project ; - Educate local populations on safe behaviour around high voltage power lines and on EMF risk ; - Warning signs and anti-climbing devices installed near substations and TL towers / pylons ; - Use of safety locks and bolts to minimize steel theft risks ; - Ensure the development of local and regional emergency plans in case of infrastructure breakdowns , especially near roads or residential areas", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE IDA TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA ORA * * HEALTH REMABILITfATION PROJC * * 1 . * * I submit for your approval the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Kenya for SDR * * 21 . 6 * * million , the equivalent of * * US $ 31 . 0 * * million , an standard * * IDA * * terms with a maturity of 40 years to help finance a Health Rehabilitation Project . 2 . Country * * and * * Sector Background . Over the past _ ^ 3_ years , Kenya has made substantial progress in improving the overall health of its population . Health indicators have progressed steadily and are considerably better than those of most countries at similar levels of development , in large part due to the expansion of government services during the 1960s and 1970s . * * By * * the 1980s , however , rising demand from the rapidly growing population and the macroeconomic need for fiscal restraint meant that government was able neither to finance the expansion of the health system into underserved areas nor to maintain the quality of existing services . This * * led * * the government to embark on a program to reform both the mobilization and the allocation of resources in the sector . Financing is increasingly to come not only from general revenues but also from cost sharing through user charges , introduced in December * * 1989 , * * and the National Hospital Insurance Fund , reformed with effect from July * * 1990 . * * Expenditure from general revenues is to be concentrated more on preventive and primary health services , which have higher returns than curativa services . User charges will contribute not only to the mobilization of resources for the sector but also to the allocation of demand , as they are graduated with higher rates at hospitals than at health centers , encouraging patients first to seek treatment at cheaper lower", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 4 : The impact of the crisis by region , gender , education and age group * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Poverty by region Poverty by Gender < br > Rîga Pierîga Vidzeme Kurzeme Zemgale Latgale Female Male < br > Pre-crisis Pov . Sim . Pov Pre-crisis Pov . Sim . Pov < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > 20 < br > 15 < br > 10 < br > poverty rate < br > 5 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Poverty by Education ( people aged more than 24 ) Poverty by age group < br > Unskilled Rest Children Rest < br > Pre-crisis Pov . Sim . Pov Pre-crisis Pov . Sim . Pov < br > 20 40 < br > 15 30 < br > 10 20 < br > poverty rate < br > 5 10 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors calculations based on 2006 EU-SILC . * * Figure 5 : Growth incidence curve for Latvia : Percentage increase in per capita household income between 2008 and 2009 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 20 40 60 80 100 < br > Percentile < br > Densely populated area Thinly populated area < br > All < br > 0 < br > - 10 < br > - 20 < br > - 30 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Authors calculations based on 2006 EU-SILC . 11", "spans": [{"start": 1213, "end": 1225, "text": "2006 EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR10398 The World Bank | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage increase in agricultural yield | Percentage | Value | 9 . 93 | | 11 . 50 | | ( basket crops and livestock products ) . | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | | | Comments | This result is from the < br > baseline survey conducted on < br > June 2011 | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | | Percentage increase in total real value of < br > | Number | Value | 578979 . 00 | | 8731 . 00 | | marketed agricultural products ( including < br > lik hhld i ETB | | Date | 30-Jun-2011 | 08-May-2013 | 30-Sep-2015 | | vestoc ) per ouseo ( n ) . | | Comments | This result is from the < br > baseline survey conducted on < br > June 2011 | The result will be updated < br > from the Mid-Term Review < br > which will be conducted on < br > September 2013 . | | # # # * * < mark > Global Environmental Objective Indicators < / mark > * * # # # * * No GEO Indicators have been entered for the project . * * | * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline |", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 419, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 867, "end": 882, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "plans is short . It is not realistic to expect meaningful change in terms of resilience-building and localisation within one to two year timeframes . Overarching objectives , outputs and indicators , projected over a longer period – perhaps between five to ten years – could be developed to measure progress in these areas ( recognising that this is sensitive and challenging in contexts where governments are reluctant to discuss and plan for longer-term assistance to refugee populations ) . Where considered politically acceptable and feasible , this would also allow for a more sophisticated and ambitious approach to monitoring and reporting – focused not only on quantitative measuring of outputs , but also on the longer-term impact of the 3RP , direct and indirect , as well as the impact of collaborative ways of working . # # # # # # * * Measuring and tracking gender dimensions of a localised approach within the 3RP * * There is no specific mention of gender within guidance on setting objectives , outputs and indicators for sector response plans , other than including sex disaggregated data for reporting against indicators and including specific targets for the number of women reached e . g . # of targeted job seekers supported by employment service centers and / or skills training who access employment ( at least 30 % women ) ( from the Livelihoods sector response plan , Lebanon ) . Nor does the Resilience Lens specify any particular gender dimensions of a resilience-orientated or localised approach . The IASC Gender Marker is used to code overall sector plans within each country strategy of the 3RP . A note on how to apply the gender marker is included in overall planning guidance for 3RP partners . However , no clear link between the Resilience Lens and the Gender Marker is articulated within the guidance . Connecting the various monitoring and scoring processes used within the 3RP with the IASC Gender Marker could promote a more gender-transformative approach to resilience-building and working effectively with national and local actors . * * 34 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1083, "end": 1105, "text": "sex disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", MCD charge penalty from the vendors for setting up illegal markets . Thus , vendors are exploited by both , Mafias and MCD . ” < sup > 1 < / sup > Along with lower levels of income , lower levels of productivity among enterprises in the informal sector are well documented ( Jutting and de Laglesia , 2009 ) . Most recently , careful work by Busso , Fazio and Levy ( 2012 ) for Mexico argues that Total Factor Productivity ( TFP ) is much higher in the formal sector than in the informal sector — so much so that “ one peso of capital and labor allocated to formal and legal firms is worth 28 % more than if allocated to illegal and informal firms , and 50 % more than if allocated to legal and informal firms . ” . However , other studies have pointed out strong evidence for manufacturing convergence . In a cross-country study of 100 countries , using industry data for formal sectors , Rodrik ( 2012 ) finds that industries that start at lower levels of labor productivity grow faster . Figure 5a , plots labor productivity levels in the unorganized industry at the district level in India . Each dot in the scatter plot reflects labor productivity in the unorganized industry in a district . The horizontal axis is the initial labor productivity in 1989 . The vertical axis shows the growth of labor productivity in unorganized industry for that district for the period 1989-2205 . A downward sloping line suggests that districts that started with a lower level of labor productivity in the initial period experienced a faster productivity growth rate in subsequent periods . But there is a lot of dispersion . No doubt , the pace of convergence will accelerate with better infrastructure , improved policies , and stronger institutions , as discussed earlier . The convergence in the unorganized manufacturing sector can have a huge impact on aggregate manufacturing convergence , given that more than 80 % of manufacturing employment in India is in the unorganized sector . The impact of formal manufacturing on aggregate manufacturing convergence is reduced by its small share of employment . > 1 SEWA Newsletter No . 39 , http : / /", "spans": [{"start": 857, "end": 870, "text": "industry data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", investment , domestic credit , formal sector employment , and the like . Such data was last captured for industrial and developing countries for the period 1978-91 in the World Bank ’ s Bureaucrats in Business Report ( 1995 ) . Since then the 2000 World Development Indicators updated a few measures for a few selected countries , covering the period 1990-97 . But spotty and relatively old data continue to make a systematic analysis difficult . 27 . Nevertheless , anecdotal information shows that while privatization activity has grown , it appears at the aggregate level to be still small relative to the stock of state enterprises . Since 1990 , the average number of transactions per country per year has been only five , compared to three in the earlier time period from 1980 to 1993 ( World Bank 1995 ) , and compared to a much larger number of enterprises that could have been divested in almost all countries . Moreover , most countries in fact fell short of the average given the concentration of transactions in a few countries . This suggests that after more than 20 years of privatization , government ownership is still prevalent in many developing regions and in certain sectors more or less across all regions of the world .", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 278, "text": "2000 World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "targeting ability of cash transfer programs . Similarly , reduced VAT rates are unlikely to be a well-targeted way to encourage consumption of merit goods , in part due to their _ad valorem_ nature . Meanwhile , efficiency arguments , with the restricted exception of some substitutes for home production , favor the adoption of a single-rate VAT structure , which would also bring significant administrative benefits . These findings have significant implications for tax reform in both developed and developing economies . In particular , where countries have the administrative capacity to effectively implement targeted cash transfer programs , they should use these programs to support poorer households instead of using reduced VAT rates . In more limited capacity environments , a simpler universal cash transfer could even be adopted – as this would still better target support to poorer households than reduced VAT rates . Only where there is no administrative capacity to effectively implement a cash transfer program should reduced VAT rates be considered as a tool to target support to poorer households . Even then , the potential impact of informality on the ability to target poorer households should be considered . Countries should also consider removing reduced VAT rates aimed at non-distributional goals where a more effective instrument is available to achieve the particular policy goal . At a minimum , the merits of these reduced VAT rates should be reassessed in light of their negative distributional impact . Finally , countries that currently do not employ reduced rates in their VAT system should be very cautious > 1 VAT revenue comprises almost 33 % of total tax revenue , on average , in low-income countries , as compared to around 21 % , on average , in OECD countries . ( 3-year average 2019-2021 ; Government Finance Statistics Database , 2023 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 1834, "end": 1872, "text": "Government Finance Statistics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "list of the 230 most commonly performed procedures in US community hospitals , published by the Agency for Health care Research and Quality , we selected 15 procedures for price comparison purposes . These procedures are listed in Appendix 1 along with data on patient volume , and summary statistics such as mean charges , mean length of hospital stay , and surgical mortality rates . # _US prices_ Hospital mean and median “ billed charges ” were available for each procedure in the Health care Cost and Utilization Project ( H-CUP , hereafter ) Nationwide Inpatient Sample > 21 The five radiologists working for Wipro Ltd . , and based in India , who interpret 30 CT scans a day for Massachusetts General Hospital , are an example of such cross-border trade in health services that does not require movement of the patient to the foreign country . > 22 The criteria were developed after consultations with Drs Grizzard & Sorock at the World Bank Health Services Department . 16", "spans": [{"start": 485, "end": 525, "text": "Health care Cost and Utilization Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "19 . 2 < br > 18 . 3 < br > 10 . 9 | 29 . 0 < br > 27 . 9 < br > 17 . 4 | 41 . 3 < br > 40 . 0 < br > 26 . 6 | 54 . 7 < br > 53 . 4 < br > 38 . 5 | 67 . 5 < br > 66 . 4 < br > 51 . 8 | 78 . 2 < br > 77 . 2 < br > 64 . 9 | 86 . 0 < br > 85 . 4 < br > 76 . 1 | 91 . 4 < br > 91 . 0 < br > 84 . 6 | 94 . 8 < br > 94 . 5 < br > 90 . 4 | 96 . 9 < br > 96 . 8 < br > 94 . 2 | According to this estimate ( probably more robust than the previous one using raw headcounts ) , only half of those whose highest level of education is the last grade of primary schooling will become literate adults . Gender and geographic location do play a significant role since the average figure of 50 percent hides a variation spanning from 39 percent for females residing in rural areas to 69 percent for males residing in cities . It is only with I 1 years of schooling that it can be said that all individuals are to retain literacy in adult life , and that gender and geographic disparities really vanish . - 118 -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is disclosed as an annexure 1 to the financial statements . _ # # # # # # iv ) * * Acquisition of Assets - Financial ( Domestic Lending and On Lending ) * * The office received exchequer amounting to Kshs . 29 , 918 , 500 to cater for staff mortgage scheme . This was transferred to the fund administrator ( Housing Finance Corporation ) . This is reported separately in the OCoB Staff Mortgage Report and Financial Statement . # # # # # # * * b ) Cash and Cash Equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less , which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value . The office Bank accounts recurrent and deposit balances are held at the Central Bank of Kenya while the Staff Mortgage Scheme account is held at Housing Finance Corporation ( HFCK ) . In addition , the office opened a bank account at Kenya Commercial Bank for the purposes of providing the Staff Mortgage and car loan funds . A bank account register is maintained , and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation ( _Annex 2_ ) # # # # # # * * Restriction on Cash * * Restricted cash represents amounts that are limited / restricted from being used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period . This cash is limited for direct use as required by stipulation . Amounts maintained in deposit bank accounts are restricted for use in refunding third party deposits and retentions . As of 30th June 2024 , this amounted to * * Kshs . 118 , 762 * * compared to * * Kshs . 4 , 331 , 238 * * in prior period as indicated on _note 11_ . There were no other restrictions on cash during the year . ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED JUNE", "spans": [{"start": 1098, "end": 1119, "text": "bank account register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "utilize the refugee label in the interpretative frame of ‘ compassionism . ’ By doing this , they appeal to the well-established connection between being a refugee and suffering . They expect that suffering will evoke the compassion of the persons encountered , which should be followed by receiving a pittance from them . While these different utilizations of being a ‘ refugee ’ are encountered in many situations in daily camp life , there are also inhabitants who , in their self-definitions , do not relate to this institutional label offered by the international refugee regime . In one perspective , the situation of encampment in a refugee settlement is seen as being a guest , which allows for a temporary acceptance of limitations . In another interpretation , some inhabitants eventually cease to define themselves as ‘ refugees ’ and the camp as a temporary refuge , even though the legal categorization , as well as the accordant administrative activities , might continue . This part of the camp population sees its living space in the country of refuge as their permanent home ; the ‘ refugee ’ label takes a back seat , apart from specific situations where it becomes administratively relevant . These four modes of interpretation can all be found frequently among camp refugees . However , on the basis of the research material at hand , it is not possible to link each interpretational frame to specific categories of refugees which are distinguished by structural properties or positions . Even for the last perspective described , a longer period of time spent in the camp seems to be a necessary , but not a sufficient condition for regarding it as home . As likely as not , the different interpretational frames are employed due to specific contexts , with specific persons using different perspectives in different situations . The question of what conditions this choice has to remain open at this point , even though the compassionist and the legalistic frames are apparently more prominent in interactions with the administration than in internal discourses , while the interpretations of being a guest or being at home become more prominent among camp inhabitants themselves . The different", "spans": [{"start": 1327, "end": 1344, "text": "research material", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s World Economic Outlook database and authors ’ calculations . Notes : Only the observations in the estimation sample for annual data are included in this table . - < u > Policy variables . This category is self-explanatory and is the main area of focus of this paper . For < / u > fiscal policy a measure of counter-cyclicality is used ; namely , the difference between the fiscal balance and the cyclically-adjusted fiscal balance . An increase thus represents a tighter fiscal stance . Monetary policy enters through the change in money velocity ; thus , an increase represents monetary tightening . The degree of exchange rate flexibility is measured by the index created by Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2004 ) . This index ranges from 1 to 5 and a larger number represents greater exchange rate flexibility . The extent to which the country relies on capital controls is also part of the estimation through a de jure index that was created by Chinn and Ito ( 2008 ) using the IMF ’ s AREAER report . A larger index implies more openness ( i . e . , liberalization ) of the capital account . - < u > Global conditions . This is captured by the degree of global risk aversion as measured by the S & P < / u > volatility index . It is the only regressor that enters contemporaneously in the estimated regressions . All other regressors are lagged to limit endogeneity concerns with growth / vulnerability outcomes . 8", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 35, "text": "World Economic Outlook database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 124, "end": 135, "text": "annual data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Judicial Performance Improvement Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June_ * * _30 , _ * * _2020_ # # # # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | | | * * 2019 / 20 * * | * * 20 * * | * * 18 / 19 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | KShs | | KShs | | ( i ) < br > * * A / C * * Name [ A / cNo : 081026088749 ] | | | | | | Openingbalance | | 2 , 547 | * * 4 , 32 * * | * * 7 , 621 * * | | Totalamountdepositedintheaccount | | * * 7 , 312 , 840 * * | * * 7 , 84 * * | * * 5 , 589 * * | | Totalamountwithdrawn ( asperStatementofRec < br > Payments ) | eipts | * * 9 , 348 , 239 * * | * * 12 , 17 * * | * * 0 , 664 * * | | Closing * * balance * * _ ( asper_ * * _SDA_ * * _bankaccountreconc_ < br > _attached ) _ < br > he SpecialDepositAccount ( s ) reconciliationstate < br > _Appendixii ) _supportthese closingbalances . | _iliation_ < br > ment ( s ) has ( ha | * * 2 , 037 , 945 * * < br > ve ) beenattach | edas | 2 , 547 | | * * . 8 . OUTSTANDINGIMPRESTSANDADVANCES ( A * * < br > StaffImprests | * * ppendixiii ) * * < br > * * 201 *", "spans": [{"start": 149, "end": 191, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decade . We investigate the hypothesis that skill-biased technological change did in fact arrive in India in the 1990s , examining Indian registered manufacturing using the Annual Survey of Industry ( ASI ) . We look for symptoms familiar from the manufacturing sectors of other industrialized and developing countries . We use the ASI for 1984-1998 , aggregated by 3 digit industry for each of the twenty one Indian states and union territories . Our analysis of these data show that the mid - to late 1980s were indeed a period of falling demand for skilled labor in manufacturing , as reported in the cruder data used in Berman-Machin ( 2000 ) . This is true to a varying degree in most Indian States . However , following major economic reforms in the late eighties and early nineties , the demand for skilled labor in manufacturing increased throughout the subsequent period , fairly consistently over time , though not consistently across states . The pattern of changes in the demand for skill in Indian manufacturing is different from that observed for other countries in two important respects . First , though we do find some evidence of increased capital-skill complementarity , the best predictor of skill-upgrading is increased output . Second , previous studies find skill upgrading in manufacturing tends to be concentrated in the same industries across countries . Indian manufacturing did _not_ undergo disproportional skill upgrading in those typical industries , indicating an increased demand for skill in manufacturing qualitatively different from that experienced by other OECD and middleincome countries . 3", "spans": [{"start": 173, "end": 198, "text": "Annual Survey of Industry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 14 - plantations to the north-east of Addis Ababa consists of a series of hills and ridges which presently are used for grazing . The new plantation site to the west of Bahir Dar is a plateau already designated as forest land . Precise Information on the sites will be available following the completion of aerial and soclo-economic surveys . IDA has approved a project preparation facility ( PPF ) advance which would finance these surveys . The surveys would be completed and results analyzed and submitted to IDA for revi . w before June 30 , 1987 . This would be well in advance of the first planting program in March 1988 . Sufficient data is available to permit project activities to begin Immediately in parts of the project area . A relocation plan would be submitted to IDA by December 31 , 1987 , to ensure that families affected by plantation activities would be residing in the vicinity of the plantations and experiencing similar If not enhanced economic opportunities and llving standards . This would site villages on the potentially more productive areas within the vicinity of the forest plantations . In establishing these villages , the Government wlll follow procedures similar to those already employed for the implementation of the on-going Addls Ababa Fuelwood Plantation project financed by the African Development Fund . # # # Project Description 47 . State Forestry Plantation Program . As part of the Government ' s program for expanding its state forests , the project would provide the support and infrastructure necessary to develop 11 , 000 ha of new plantations and rehabilitate 13 , 000 ha of existing plantations . As part of this process , the project includes provision for schools , clinics , water supply and houses for about 4 , 200 families residing in the project area . 48 . Community Forestry Program . The Government ' s new community forestry program , designed to foster a participatory approach to forestry development , involves the active cooperation of about 190 Peasant and Urban Dwellers Associations . The two main elements of the program to be supported under the project are : ( a )", "spans": [{"start": 309, "end": 342, "text": "aerial and soclo-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than among male workers . > 15 Trends in the IHDS panel are similar to the NSS with one prominent exception . In the IHDS panel , female workforce participation rates increase from 66 % to 69 % between 2005 and 2012 . This is in marked contrast to the NSS which suggests a 12-13 percentage point decline in labor force participation ( LFP ) rates over the same period . We can only speculate that the difference arises because of the ways in which work , particularly subsidiary / part-time work that is particularly common amongst women is captured in the two surveys . Chatterjee et al . ( 2015 ) also note differences between the NSS and the Census which shows no decline in female LFP between 2001 and 2011 . > 16 Interestingly , there is almost no decline in the share of farming and animal care in total workers , for men and women alike , when the definition of workers is unrestricted ; i . e . , also includes those who worked for less than 240 hours during the past year ( not shown , but available upon request to the authors ) . This suggests that self-employed agricultural activities tend to occupy a large number of workers for short durations , possibly to supplement other incomes or generate self-consumption , rather than be a main source of income . Also , the importance of agriculture as an important source of income has fallen between 2005 and 2012 . 12", "spans": [{"start": 45, "end": 55, "text": "IHDS panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 75, "end": 78, "text": "NSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 633, "end": 651, "text": "NSS and the Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in developing countries . This insight is essential for understanding the victimization of vulnerable populations and for > 6Comino et al . ( 2020 ) examines the effects of the 1986 migratory amnesty , J ́ acome ( 2022 ) the effects of the 2015 Priority Enforcement Program , and Pearson ( 2024 ) the effects of the 2012 Deferred Action for Early Childhood Arrivals . Another close contribution is Xie and Baumer ( 2021 ) , who offer a descriptive study using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey . 6", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 509, "text": "National Crime Victimization Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reliance . Skills accrued through livelihoods trainings provide a foundation for self-reliance , onto which micro-finance programmes and job placement can potentially be linked . These organisational efforts to create refugee self-reliance are also responses to needs cited by refugees , and attempts to utilize refugees ’ agency . Explaining the aims of livelihoods training , the UNHCR Senior Protection Officer stated that it is to , ‘ Let them [ gain the skills to ] compete fairly in the market . ’ Although this statement is laudable , it is also crucial that the skills refugees gain are _desired_ and _demanded_ by the markets they are situated within . An important finding of this research is that the majority of refugees interviewed entered certain sectors _due to the trainings that organisations offered . _ This finding highlights the responsibility that organisations have when offering livelihoods trainings , for these trainings drive refugees into sectors that may or may not lead to viable incomes . As will be further discussed , very little market research on Kampala exists , which leads to the creation of trainings uninformed by demand . However , the 2015 UNHCR guidelines on livelihoods programming clearly state the necessity of market assessments , and will hopefully lead to market assessments in Kampala and further research in this area . Another main research finding is that livelihoods trainings alone rarely lead directly to employment . Lack of employment after training was cited by 78 % of refugee informants , with a slightly more optimistic view presented by organisations . However , little comprehensive data exists on the impact of training on refugee livelihoods . An exception was estimates from a FRC monitoring study on posttraining livelihoods success , which provided fairly positive figures . The study showed that 69 % of 62 Interview , InterAid , 17 / 6 / 2015 . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1744, "end": 1764, "text": "FRC monitoring study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br >  Grievances from the < br > host community < br >  Impact on nearby < br > structures | sclo < br >  A < br > regular < br > proper < br > maintenance of machinery < br > including generators ; < br >  Sensitization of machine < br > operators to shut off plants < br > not in use and ensuring no < br > unnecessary idling ; < br >  Provision < br > of < br > ear < br > mufflers to those most < br > exposed , < br > especially < br > that < br > operating heavy machinery / < br > equipment ; < br >  Adhering to the Noise and < br > Vibrations regulations | sure < br >  Noise and vibrations < br > within < br > allowable < br > limits under EMCA < br > especially < br > near < br > residential areas and < br > other < br > sources < br > of < br > noise ; < br >  Maintenance < br > and < br > servicing records for < br > the machinery ; < br >  Noise and vibrations < br > analysis records ; < br >  Qualified < br > plant / < br > machinery < br > operators ; | < br >  Sample visits ; < br >  Vehicle < br > and < br > equipment < br > monitoring < br > schedule < br > and < br > reports < br > Contractor | Routine | Considered < br > in < br > works < br > contract | | * * General * * < br > * * construction * * < br > * * activities * * | D < br > Loss < br > of < br > Aesthetic < br > Value < br > Health < br > and < br > safety < br > concerns or incidents < br > Public < br >", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 912, "text": "analysis records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Schultz , T . W . 1975 . \" The Value of the Ability to Deal with Disequilibria . \" Journal of Economic Literature , 13 ( 3 ) M 827-846 . Shrestha , G . , et . al . 1983 . Determinants of Educational Participation in Rural Nepal . Khatmandus Tribhuvan University , Research Center for Educational Innovation and Development . - Stelcner , H . , A-M . Arriagada , and P . Moock . 1987 . Wage Determinants and School Attainment Among Men in Peru . Living Standards Measurement Survey , 138 . Washington , D . C . : World Bank . UNESCO . 1987 . Statistical Yearbook . ParissUNESCO . Willis , R . and S . Rosen . 1979 . ' Education and Self-Selection . \" Journal of Political Economy , 87 ( ! , II ) : S7-S36 . World Bank . 1973 . Appraisal of First Education Project . - World Bank . 1981 . Peru Basic Education Subsector Memorandum . # 3484-PE . World Bank . 1983 . Sector Strategy Paper . World Bank . 1988 . Educational and Social Indicators Data Bases . < sup > 2 < / sup > 1 / 21 / Education data in the World Bank data bases are supplied by UNESCO . 49", "spans": [{"start": 907, "end": 951, "text": "Educational and Social Indicators Data Bases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 983, "end": 1026, "text": "Education data in the World Bank data bases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLI ) * * | * * Period * * | | * * Period Definition * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Period 1 < br > 2020 | | | | | Period 2 < br > 2022 | | | | | | Baseline | Period 1 | Period 2 | | * * 1 : DLI 1 Per capita increase in federal block grants transfer * * < br > * * to regions , excluding Addis Ababa ( Number ( Thousand ) ) * * | Achievement Level : Achieved | | | | Original / Revised Value | 1 , 240 | 1 , 696 | 0 | | Allocated Amount | 0 . 00 | 90 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Actual Value | | 1 , 711 | | | Actual Amount | | 180 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | * * 2 : DLI 2 Increases proportion of qualified female agricultural * * < br > * * development agents ( Percentage ) * * | Achievement Level : Achieved | | | | Original / Revised Value | 20 . 00 | 26 . 00 | | | Allocated Amount | 0 . 00 | 40 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Actual Value | | 27 | | | Actual Amount | | 70 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | | * * 3 : DLI 3 Health extension workers who have graduated with * * < br > * * a Level 4qualification ( Number ( Thousand ) ) * * | Achievement Level : Achieved | | | | Original / Revised Value | 11 , 118 . 00 | 18 , 351 . 00 | | | Allocated Amount | 0 . 00 | 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "education ratio | - 0 . 639 * * * | - | - 0 . 203 | - | | High-low education ratio square | 0 . 021 * * * | - | 0 . 010 * * | - | | Consumer price index ( 2005 ) | - 0 . 001 | - | 0 . 002 | - | | Services value added share | 0 . 078 * | - | 0 . 071 | - | | Manufacturing value added share | - 0 . 047 | - | 0 . 069 | - | | Agriculture value added share | - 0 . 091 * | - | - 0 . 112 * * | - | | Log labor force | - | - 7 . 916 * * * | - | - 17 . 991 * * * | | Log gross fixed capital formation | - | 3 . 802 * * * | - | 7 . 472 * * * | | Log exports of goods and services | - | 2 . 422 * * | - | 3 . 422 * * * | | Log REER | - | 5 . 082 * * * | - | 1 . 353 | | World oil price index | - | 0 . 067 * * * | - | 0 . 067 * * * | | WorldMetalpriceindex | - | 0 . 013 | - | 0 . 006 | | Observations | 1015 | 1034 | 873 | 873 | | R2 | 0 . 058 | 0 . 383 | 0 . 910 | 0 . 858 | Note : * * * and * * * denote significance at the 10 % 5 % and 1 % levels , respectively . Table 7 shows the results of the non-recursive baseline model specification estimation — that is , the results obtained once the endogeneity related to the feedback effect of including the Gini in the GDP equation , and vice versa , has been accounted for . The estimation results confirm the previous findings from the recursive model , though the > 15 Based on an IMF definition of ‘ resource ‐ rich ’", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") and the UN Resident Coordinator / Humanitarian Coordinator , and sector interventions are led by relevant line ministries with support from designated lead international organisations . Each of the ten sectors contributes to both humanitarian and stabilisation dimensions of the response . Information management is organised using ActivityInfo only , which is adapted to the specific sector breakdown within the LCRP . * * 28 * *", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 346, "text": "ActivityInfo", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the analysis * * 5 . The results are driven mainly by the size of the target population and the project effectiveness in increasing the key outcome indicator , namely the rate of condom use per sexual episode including both the general population and the sex workers groups targeted by interventions . Evidence from the ICR suggests the project was highly successful in increasing the rate of condom use in the general population , with a 76 % increase observed between the baseline and project completion . > 16 Vandepitte et al ( 2006 ) Estimates of the number of female sex workers in different regions of the world , _Sex Transm Infect . _ 82 ( Suppl 3 ) : iii18 – iii25 . > 17 UNAIDS ( 2010 ) . Report on progress towards implementation of the UN Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS 26", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 323, "text": "ICR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 6 . Concluding Remarks * * Following the end of the Cold War , multidimensional peacekeeping operations have been implemented to facilitate the transition from war to peace in Africa . Disarmament , demobilization , and reintegration programs have been an essential component of this process . These programs aim at “ disarming combatants , removing them from military structures , and socially and economically integrating them into society ” ( World Bank 2009 ) . Burundi is recovering from a civil war that lasted more than a decade . The armed conflict ended in 2009 with the voluntary demobilization of the last Hutu rebel group , the PalipehutuFNL . In exchange for laying down their arms , ex-combatants received reinsertion allowances equivalent to an 18-month salary in the army . Four years before , another Hutu rebel group , the CNDD-FDD , benefited from the same allocations , and additionally received in-kind payments . In this paper , we assessed the impact of this disarmament , demobilization , and reintegration program by analyzing a panel dataset collected in 2006 and 2010 in three rural provinces heavily affected by the conflict . Our objectives were to assess the short - and long-run impacts of the demobilization program on ex-combatants economic outcomes but also to capture the spillovers to civilian households . Our empirical analysis highlighted the positive and significant impact of the demobilization program on ex-combatant households in the short run . The large amounts of money that were introduced in the local economy through the demobilization program generated an economic boom in the short run . As a result , households that did not participate actively in the conflict also indirectly gained from the demobilization program . In the long run , however , the positive impact of the DDR on beneficiaries and the positive externalities on nonbeneficiaries seem to have vanished as the money received by demobilized ex-combatants ran low . The conclusions of our empirical analysis should be considered by policymakers while implementing DDR processes in other regions . In the short run , the positive direct effect of the DDR program shows that the program indeed provides a safety net to ex-combatants . The positive spillovers further show that the program does not only benefit beneficiaries but", "spans": [{"start": 1060, "end": 1100, "text": "panel dataset collected in 2006 and 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 511 | | Imagine to pick 10 of your closest Facebook friends . According to you , how many of them < br > think that a husband is justifed in hitting or beating his wife if she goes out without telling < br > him ? < br > 0 . 501 | Notes : The _Global Index_ ( Cronbach ’ s alpha = 0 . 71 ) is created using all variables reported above with the exception of those contained in the _Beliefs on others_ index . All variables were re-oriented so that the impact of treatments on each component of the index should be positive . The column on the right reports the loading factors used for the construction of the indexes with principal component . 44", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement located on land that is inappropriate for habitation ; and , ( g ) residents are within the bracket of low income earners , with limited * * Figure 2 : An Informal Settlement in Nairobi * * resources . These residents are mainly occupied in low skilled occupations either as employed or self-employed . The employed are either in casual or permanent labour : in occupations such as security guards , domestic servants , construction workers , factory production and office support workers . The self-employed residents are of two types : those engaging in non-farm activities and those in farming . Their level of operation is largely micro in * * Mathare 4B Informal Settlement : * * It is on public ( Government of Kenya ) land scale , and oriented to serving the resident community . The non-farm activities are more on retailing of goods and services . The farming activities are undertaken by few residents , and include activities such as pig , cow , chicken , rabbit and some vegetable farming < sup > 18 < / sup > . Also characteristic of the informal settlements in Kenya is discrimination , particularly along ethnic lines . The result is that most ethnic groups in these settlements live in ( sub ) communities of their own ethnic background < sup > 19 < / sup > . In Nairobi County , to which Machakos County is adjacent to the southeast , the 2009 census results estimated it had over 200 informal settlements scattered across it . Collectively these settlements were resident to approximately 44 % of the City ’ s population ; and , they occupy about 2 % of the City ’ s land . The challenges of inadequate housing in Nairobi County are spilling over into Machakos County as the Nairobi Metropolis takes shape . The situation is expected to deteriorate in the absence of proper planning , especially with the implementation of Konza Techno City . Konza Techno City is a Kenya Vision 2030 flagship", "spans": [{"start": 1496, "end": 1515, "text": "2009 census results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and cassava migration and the respondent died in 2 1-member households . There was no other loss of sampled households due to refusal and all diary households kept their diaries for as long as they had cassava standing on their plots during the fieldwork period . 13 The experiment used 15 enumerators , and each enumerator covered 3 EAs . EAs were divided among the staff in such a way that enumerators could reside within one of their EAs or a nearby district center , and bicycle to their assigned households . > 14 A garden ( _munda_ ) is defined as a continuous piece of land that is not split by a river or a path wide enough to fit an ox-cart or vehicle . A garden can be made up of one or more plots . A plot is continuous piece of land on which a unique crop or a mixture of crops is grown , under a uniform , consistent crop management system . It must be a continuous piece of land and must not be split by a path of more than one meter in width . Plot boundaries are defined based on the crops grown and the operator . 15 After walking the perimeter of a given plot with the plot manager to identify the boundaries , the enumerators repaced the perimiter and measured the area with the GPS unit . 16 The allowable units for self-reported plot areas were square meters , acres and hectares . The majority of respondents reported in acres , with approximately 5 percent reporting in hectares or square meters . 17 Further , the enumerator obtained a leaf sample from each sub-plot for objective variety identification based on DNA fingerprinting . Each leaf sample was associated with a barcode that was scanned by the Survey Solutions CAPI platform to enable the linkage between the lab results and the household survey data . The assessment of the relative accuracy of farmer-reported variety names and attributes , in comparison to DNA fingerprinting-based cassava variety identification , is the subject of a separate research study . 18 Given the within-EA proximity of CVIP households to one another , it is possible that the enumerators and the respondents may have seen one another on a more frequent", "spans": [{"start": 1714, "end": 1735, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to choose a point of economic significance . To do so , we use data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics , IBGE ( _Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica_ ) on the registration of selected locations , which offers georeferenced data on cities . A location is considered a city if it has a city hall . It consists of the urban area of the headquarters district and is bounded by the urban perimeter by municipal law . This dataset contains a total of 5 , 565 cities . If a microregion has several cities , we choose the one with the largest population based on the IBGE Census data . If a microregion has no urban areas , we likewise select the rural center with the largest population . Figure 4a shows a zoomed-in view of a specific section of the observed network with the locations of the centroids . Figure 4b shows the discretized network with shifted centroids for the same section . < sup > 14 < / sup > > mates in Couture et al . ( 2018 ) imply _γ_ = 0 . 1 , which is the one used by Fajgelbaum and Schaal ( 2020 ) . We choose _γ_ = 0 . 47 , which is in the middle of the interval [ 0 . 1 , 0 . 84 ] . > 14To compute to which region each centroid belongs to , we use the function ` inpoly2 ` that substantially reduces computation times ( Engwirda , 2021 ) . 19", "spans": [{"start": 193, "end": 227, "text": "registration of selected locations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 593, "end": 609, "text": "IBGE Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . 35 * * | | * * Annex * * | * * IIA : Stamp Duty Rates for States and Union Territories FY81-FY2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 * * | | * * Annex * * | * * IIB : Stamp Duty Rates for States and Union Territories FY81-FY2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 * * | | * * Annex * * | * * IIC : Stamp Duty Rates for States and Union Territories FY81-FY2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 * * | | * * Annex * * | * * IID : Stamp Duty Rates for States and Union Territories FY81-FY2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 * * | | * * Annex * * | * * III : Time Series Analysis of Stamp Duty Revenues in West Bengal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 * * | | * * Annex * * | * * IV . Actual vs . Predicted Growth of Stamp Tax Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 * * | | * * Annex * * | * * V : Stamp Tax Revenue Data Across States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 * * | i", "spans": [{"start": 898, "end": 920, "text": "Stamp Tax Revenue Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "key driver of globalization since the 1960s as it allows for ( i ) faster transportation , loading , and unloading , ( ii ) reduced cargo damage and theft , and ( iii ) refrigeration or temperature-controlled environments for perishable goods ( Hummels , 2007 ; Levinson , 2008 ; Bernhofen et al . , 2016 ) . Moreover , the of container has the of world trade and availability shipping changed geography global supply chains ( Notteboom and Rodrigue , 2007 ) . These days , 95 % of trade in manufactured goods is transported by containerships . To get a better understanding of the trade trends , we leveraged Clarksons Shipping Intelligence Network ( SIN ) < sup > 3 < / sup > to calculate maritime containerized trade and trade imbalances for years 2002-2020 for eight regions : Africa , Europe , Far East ( including South East Asia ) , Indian Sub-Continent , Latin America , Middle East , North America , and Oceania . < sup > 4 < / sup > The imports and exports trends are presented in Figure 1 with imports and exports for each region normalized to 100 in the year 2002 . We summarize it as follows . * * Stylized Fact 1 . * * _Between 2002 and 2020 , Far East , Indian Sub-Continent , and Middle East faced the most pronounced export and import growth — up to 300 % . Africa , Indian Sub-Continent , and Oceania faced much faster imports than exports growth . _ > 3See section 3 . 3 for details on Clarksons SIN database . 4Naturally , even within the same region , the country-specific trade and trade imbalances may differ in terms of magnitudes and even directions . Furthermore , the dry-bulk trade imbalances are different from the containerized trade imbalances . 4", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 649, "text": "Clarksons Shipping Intelligence Network", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1427, "text": "Clarksons SIN database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 40 Egypt Ethiopia < br > Turkey < br > 30 < br > 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 < br > % of Population Below Poverty ( $ 1 . 25 / day , PPP ) < br > Source : OECD , 2009 . World Development Indicators , 2010 . ILO KILM . < br > Note : 48 countries with available data shown . Chart uses latest available data on informal share of employment < br > ( 1995-99 or 2000-07 ) . < br > employment < br > informal employment share of non-agricultural < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Certain caveats are in order . The links between working informally and being poor are not always simple . Recent empirical work ( Chen 2006 ) has emphasized heterogeneity within the informal sector . On the one hand , not all jobs in the informal economy yield paltry incomes . Many in the informal economy , especially some self-employed , in fact earn more than unskilled or low-skilled workers in the formal economy . There is much innovation and many dynamic growth-oriented segments in the informal economy , some of which require considerable knowledge and skills . One of these is the fast-growing information and communications technology ( ICT ) sector in the large cities of India . There is also some evidence that 16", "spans": [{"start": 172, "end": 200, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". | 10 additional public < br > entities whose key < br > administrative indicators < br > are integrated into the < br > interface and validated | 0 | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 10 , 000 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | DLI allocation | | 18 , 000 , 000 . 00 | As a % of Total Financing Am | ount | 4 . 0 % | | ➢ 9 . 2 : Access to selecte | d anonymized micro-data for se | lected policy analysis and rese | archers , in line with the statist | ical law and government policy | ( Number ) | | No digital interface | 0 | 0 | 3 core micro-data sets < br > made available via an < br > onlineportal to users in | 5 core micro-data sets < br > made available via an < br > onlineportal to users in | 0 | Page | XXXV", "spans": [{"start": 553, "end": 573, "text": "core micro-data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 639, "end": 659, "text": "core micro-data sets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "connections are neither significantly less prevalent nor significantly less valuable in the manufacturing sector than in other sectors . # * * 6 Conclusion * * Using Indonesian manufacturing plant-level survey data spanning Indonesia ’ s democratic transition , we have shown that Suharto ’ s resignation substantially eroded the premium on being connected to him . His fall also had a modest but significant pro-competitive impact on industries in which his family had extensive business interests relative to industries that did not . Democratization thus improved competition . The contrast between the erosion of the firm-level premium on being connected and weak procompetitive impacts at the industry level is plausibly in part due to the nature of privileges having been targeted to specific firms rather than entire industries . Second , connected firms remained large ; the capacity , capital , know-how , and relationships they had accumulated during the Suharto era enabled many previously connected firms to remain competitive even after the privileges that propelled their initial growth had been removed . More fundamentally , the nature of state – business relationships did not alter dramatically . Notwithstanding the persistence of cronyism , our results point toward the potential of democratic institutions to promote competition and curb state capture . Yet Indonesia ’ s experience simultaneously serves as a reminder that democratization alone does not suffice to sustain competitive markets . 24", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 214, "text": "Indonesian manufacturing plant-level survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that should not be affected by the program ( sex and age of head of the household ) . This clearly invalidates the underlying assumption necessary to perform a regression discontinuity design given that individuals would be different in some observables around the threshold . Summary statistics for the final matched dataset ( electoral census + SIFA + SISBEN ) are reported in Table 1 . Panel A reports statistics for the sample at the individual level , which is used for the analysis on registration to vote . Approximately 46 % of the individuals in the sample are eligible to benefit from FA but around 42 % of the eligible ( 19 . 6 % ) actually participate in the program . < sup > 10 < / sup > 93 . 2 % of individuals are registered to vote in the elections , which is similar to the rate calculated using a political survey done in Colombia , _LAPOP_ , 90 % . 28 . 3 % people in our sample registered to vote after the onset of FA on the municipality . The average person is 38 years old and has seven years of education at the moment they were interviewed for the _SISBEN_ ; more than half ( 58 . 8 % ) of individuals in the sample are women . Panel B , reports individual level statistics but restricting the data to females due to the fact that mothers are the direct recipients of the transfer . In total we have over 2 million women , with 25 . 5 % eligible for FA and 95 . 5 % registered to vote . Overall , the characteristics of this group are similar to those reported in Panel A for the complete sample . Panel C of Table 1 in turn presents descriptive statistics for the booth-level sample used to estimate the effects of FA on voter turnout and choice . People registered to vote in urban centers were assigned to 103 , 367 voting booths , each of them with an average of 420 individuals . Turnout rates at the booth level for both Presidential elections ( first round and runoff ) were close to 60 percent . < sup > 11 < / sup > Finally , the", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 344, "text": "electoral census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 347, "end": 351, "text": "SIFA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 354, "end": 360, "text": "SISBEN", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and < br > Management System < br > ( US $ 3 , 200 , 000 ) DLR 2 . 7 : < br > EEU increases network < br > mapped to enterprise < br > geospatial information < br > system from 0 < br > kilometers to 200 , 000 < br > kilometers by year 5 | Page 15 of 17 Oct 29 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 157, "text": "geospatial information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "included an embrace of markets and an unusually high degree of trade openness ( Subramanian , 2011 ) . The problem , however , is the strong political perception that China ‘ s export success has been achieved , and continues to be sustained , in part by an undervalued exchange rate . It seems unlikely and politically unrealistic to expect China ‘ s trading partners to open further their markets to China when China is perceived as de facto ( via the undervalued exchange rate ) imposing an import tariff and export subsidy not just in selected manufacturing sectors but across the board . The evidence on the existence and extent of undervaluation continues to be debated . On the one hand , in a survey of studies on renminbi misalignment conducted by Cline and Williamson ( 2008 ) , 17 of the 18 studies concluded that the renminbi is undervalued ; the average > 4 While highlighting the difficulties for Doha posed by Chinese dominance , we do not exclude the possibility that there are other reasons for the Doha stalemate . For instance , the United States is perceived to have progressively raised the bar – perhaps to politically impossible levels - in terms of what it seeks by way of trade concessions from other countries . 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > © Rocco N / UNHCR < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > GBV Reported Cases : Case Context April - Septemebr 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Intimate partner < br > violence , 48 % < br > 1 , 516 < br > total incidents < br > reported Possible sexual exploitation , 1 % < br > Harmful traditional Possible sexual < br > practices , 10 % slavery , 3 % < br > Early marriage , 5 % < br > Child sexual abuse , 9 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > GBV Reported Cases : Age of the Survivor April - Septemebr 2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > < 18 years , 1 , 163 < br > 1 , 516 < br > total GBV < br > survivors < br > > 11 years , 54 < br > 12-17 years , 299 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The needs for response and prevention of Gender-based violence ( GBV ) as part of the Protection of Civilians mandate have increased since the last protection trends report . Gender-based violence in the context of the humanitarian emergency in South Sudan is widespread . The reported forms of GBV continue to be egregious . They include gang rapes , mass rape , demands for sex for food and safe passage for survival , sexual slavery , widow inheritance and early and forced marriage , forced recruitment and abuse of children and high prevalence of intimate partner violence . Gender-based violence is occurring in IDP areas , POC sites , refugee hosting areas and in urban displacement and confl ict areas across the country . All parties to confl ict allegedly committed acts of GBV , including sexual violence", "spans": [{"start": 940, "end": 964, "text": "protection trends report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "SUDAN ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE # # * * Figure 12 . Evolution of seats and city pairs in Sudan * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . Seats b . City pairs < br > 4 , 000 , 000 60 < br > 3 , 500 , 000 < br > 50 < br > 3 , 000 , 000 < br > 40 < br > 2 , 500 , 000 < br > 2 , 000 , 000 30 < br > 1 , 500 , 000 < br > 20 < br > 1 , 000 , 000 < br > 10 < br > 500 , 000 < br > - 0 < br > 2 , 001 2 , 004 2 , 007 2009 ( Est ) < br > 2 , 001 2 , 004 2 , 007 2009 ( Est ) < br > Total Total International < br > International < br > Intercontinental excluding flights between NA and SSA < br > Between North and South Intercontinental Between North and South < br > Domestic < br > City pairs < br > Number of seats < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Bofinger 2009 . Derived from AICD national database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . _Note : _ As reported to international reservation systems . NA = North Africa ; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa . # Water supply and sanitation # # * * Challenges * * Around 85 percent of Sudan ’ s populace lacks access to safe sources of water ( figure 13 ) . Over 25 percent of the population relies on surface water and almost 60 percent relies on wells and boreholes . Sudan ’ s reliance on wells and boreholes for water supply is higher than for any other country in its peer groups and is becoming a challenge for the country . Fewer than half the wells and boreholes in Africa provide safe water ( table 10 ) . Sanitation access in Sudan is bimodal . On the one hand , 40 percent of the population has", "spans": [{"start": 816, "end": 838, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Haiti , a new group of Haitians arrived in Mexico . < / mark > < sup > 7 < / sup > < mark > During each of 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , between 2 , 300 and 2 , 400 Haitians arrived in Mexico by air alone , < / mark > < sup > 8 < / sup > < mark > whereas in each of the previous three years , < / mark > 1 For more background on Mexico ’ s response to Haitian movements in the aftermath of the earthquake , see e . g . Fagen , “ Receiving Haitian Migrants in the Context of the 2010 Earthquake ” , Nansen Initiative Discussion Paper , 2013 , available at : < u > https : / / www2 . nanseninitiative . org / wpcontent / uploads / 2015 / 03 / DP_Receiving_Haitian_Migrants_in_the_Context_of_the_2010_earthquake . pdf , accessed : < / u > September 2018 . 2 Cháves and Cobo , “ Extranjeros Residentes en México : Una Aproximación Cuantitativa con Base en los Registros Administrativos del INM ” , INM , 2012 , available at : < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Poblacion_Extranjera / Extranjero sResMex . pdf , accessed : September 2018 , pp . 8 and 35 . < / u > 3 Ibid . , p . 39 . 4 Ibid . 5 UNHCR , “ UNHCR Population Statistics Database ” , available at : http : / / popstats . unhcr . org / en / persons_of_concern , accessed between February and September 2018 . 6 For more background on refugees in Mexico , see e . g .", "spans": [{"start": 849, "end": 882, "text": "Registros Administrativos del INM", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1164, "end": 1200, "text": "UNHCR Population Statistics Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "National Bureau of Statistics . Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey ( COVID-19 NLPS ) 2020-2021 , Phase 1 . Dataset downloaded from < / mark > < u > https : / / microdata . worldbank . org / index . php / catalog / 3712 < / u > < mark > on January 2 , 2024 . < / mark > 6", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 83, "text": "Nigeria COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ | * * Objective * * | * * Output * * | * * Activity ( s ) * * | * * Inputs * * | * * Time * * < br > * * frame * * | * * Objectively verifiable * * < br > * * indicators * * | * * Target * * | * * Means of Verifica - * * < br > * * tion * * | * * Assump - * * < br > * * tions / Risks * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | ( xv ) Assessment < br > of quanti - < br > ties and < br > products < br > extracted | | 1-25 years | vv ) < br > Type of products < br > and quantities extracted < br > by local people on sus - < br > tainable basis | Field reports | | | | | | | | | ww ) < br > Number of forest < br > conservation sessions < br > conducted | xx ) | yy ) | | | | * * 11 - * * Non < br > destructive < br > activities < br > carried out < br > by local < br > communi - < br > ties | ( xvi ) Low impact gra < br > goats and she < br > above 5 years | zing of < br > ep in crop < br > | 1-25 years | zz ) < br > Impact of trees < br > and other vegetation < br > cover | Number of goats , < br > sheep per ha | | | | * * 3 . Manage the * * < br > * * CFRs for protec - * *", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 648, "text": "Field reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | total < br > credit , < br > % of gnp < br > - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | credit to < br > agriculture , < br > 7 . of agricul - < br > tural product | credit to < br > agriculture < br > % of net | credit to < br > industry < br > capital < br > __ - - | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1969 | 31 | 48 | 19 | 52 | | 1974 | 48 | 76 | 35 | 69 | | 1979 | 57 | 101 | 48 | 75 | | 1984 | 57 | 177 | 67 | 70 | | 1986 | 67 | 182 | 79 | 64 | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Source : Credit balances from Annual Bank Statistics , various issues . GNP and agricultural product from Statistical Abstract , various issues . Capital stock data from Buch ( 1984 ) and privately communicated updates # TABLE 8 SHARE OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT HELD BY MOSHAVIM AND SUPPLY COOPERATIVES ( Selected years , end of year data , current values ) r | Year | moshavim < br > percent | supply < br > cooperatives < br > percent | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - | |", "spans": [{"start": 743, "end": 763, "text": "Statistical Abstract", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expand access to both knowledge and input and output markets , via indicators of whether the firm established a new foreign joint venture and whether it entered into a new technology licensing agreement in the past three years . < sup > 17 < / sup > The vector includes variables indicating the firm ‘ s ownership ( foreign , government ) , level of organization / legal status ( whether the firm is incorporated ) , size class and age group . < sup > 18 < / sup > The vector contains a measure of the progressivity of the firm ‘ s sub-sector in terms of the US R & D intensity of that sub-sector , as calculated in Sharma et al . ( 2010 ) . The vector is comprised of country fixed effects . The second equations are enterprise product and process innovation equations , estimated using a probit estimator : Here , indicates whether the firm introduced a new product or process innovation in the last three years . The vector now includes a broader set of variables describing the firm ‘ s relationships to its business environment including the firm ‘ s R & D intensity as a correlate of its ability to innovate , < sup > 19 < / sup > access to capital , access to implementation skills ( proxied by whether the firm has a formal training program ) , access to ideas ( use of the internet and whether the firm is part of a business association ) , as well as opportunities for expansion if the innovation is successful . The vector contains the firm-level controls as in specification ( 1 ) , contains a vector of two-digit industry fixed effects , and is the same as in specification ( 1 ) . The third equation seeks to explain variation among levels of the enterprises ‘ TFP < sup > 20 < / sup > , and is estimated via OLS : 17 As summarized in Table 1c , these indicators are constructed based on responses to the following questions asked in the Enterprise Surveys : ― Has your company undertaken any of the following initiative in the last three years : Agreed to a new joint venture with foreign partner ?", "spans": [{"start": 1852, "end": 1870, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Before continuing this analysis , the rest of this chapter examines the refugee-hosting context in Uganda , and also provides the definition of refugees used throughout this paper . _Refugees in Uganda_ Crisp argues that one of the two “ principal sub-regions of displacement ” in Africa is “ the vast area of central Africa which … encompass [ es ] the Democratic Republic of Congo [ DRC ] , Congo Brazzaville , Burundi , Ethiopia , Kenya , Rwanda , Somalia , Sudan , Tanzania , Uganda and Zambia ” ( 2002 : 2 ) . Uganda is at the centre of this subregion of displacement , both in terms of being a place of asylum for refugees from neighbouring conflict zones ( primarily South Sudan , DRC and Rwanda < sup > 4 < / sup > ) and in terms of being a producer of refugees and zone of displacement itself . < sup > 5 < / sup > The First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Refugees , Moses Ali , stated that Uganda ’ s position in the region has substantially shaped the refugee-hosting context , arguing “ our geographical position has had some effect on us . You see , we are more or less in the centre of the continent , and I don ’ t think there will be a time when we will be without refugees ” ( Interview , 18 / 7 / 05 ) . Refugee statistics are notoriously unreliable ( Crisp , 1999 ) , but according to UNHCR ’ s figures of official , registered refugees in Uganda , there were 228 , 700 Sudanese refugees , 25 , 000 Congolese refugees and 16 , 000 Rwandese refugees as of January 2006 ( UNHCR , 2006a : 161 ) . Most of the Sudanese refugees have been in Uganda since 1992 or 1993 . < sup > 6 < / sup > There are also up to 30 , 000 unregistered refugees who are selfsettled , in towns or with local communities ( cf . Okello et al . , 2005 )", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1248, "text": "Refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "payments are triggered by recorded weather data rather than expensive claims-handling of crop damage in multiple small farms ) ; ( ii ) no moral hazard ( as payouts are independent of farmers ‘ practices ) ; ( iii ) no adverse selection or over-representation of high-risk insured in the pool ( as there is a balance of information about the weather on part of insurer and insured ) . A pilot scheme during the 2005-06 season that bundled bank loans with the insurance ( so that farmers could pay for both the premium and high-yield seeds ) demonstrated that the scheme could operate without ongoing subsidies ( after the mechanism was set in place and start-up expenses were covered by the government ) . The scheme decreased crop losses by offering incentives to change cultivation practices to become more resistant to drought . And it decreased vulnerability by increasing productivity in good seasons : with a doubling of their cash crop in good seasons , famers were able to save , both raising and smoothing their income over time . The experience highlights the importance of absorptive capacity at the individual level . A survey revealed that only 55 % of farmers reported understanding the scheme before joining it , highlighting the need to substantially improve communication and education . The survey also revealed a lack of trust among farmers in the weather station measurements , highlighting the importance of institutional trust as a challenge in scaling up operations . Source : Kunreuther and Michel-Kerman ( 2011 ) and Suarez and Linnerooth-Bayer ( 2010 ) . Finally , three issues are particularly relevant for developing countries . First , as global green technologies improve , the * * falling costs of adoption * * relative to existing non-green technologies facilitate their adoption by firms . They also lower the costs of adopting the relevant environmental regulation by governments . In their study of the adoption of regulations limiting emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NOX ) and sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) at coal-fired plants across 39 developed and developing countries , Lovely and Popp ( 2011 ) show that countries adopting these regulations at later dates do so at lower levels of per capita income than adopters who enacted similar regulations earlier .", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 47, "text": "recorded weather data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", this means that people usually considered in Uganda as “ squatters ” will be entitled to Project assistance as long as they are present on site at the cut-off date . In other words the absence of a legal title to land or other assets is not , in itself a bar to compensation for lost assets or to other resettlement assistance . This is also in line with the Land Act ( Uganda ) which recognises such rights such as sharecroppers and squatters provided they have been in place for twelve years prior to the promulgation of the Land Act . Under the OP 4 . 12 , squatters are also entitled to resettlement assistance provided they occupied the land before the established cut-off date . These PAPs under the third category , to be able to qualify for resettlement assistance , however must comply with the cut-off date as established by the management committees in close consultation with stakeholders following a socio economic study of the project area . None who has occupied the project area after the cut-off date will qualify for compensation . # # # * * 5 . 1 . Consideration under the Project * * Entitlements for compensation were based on the eligibility criteria and the various categories of losses identified in the field surveys and field consultations . Unless otherwise indicated , payment of compensation and other entitlements and the extension of assistance will be made to PAP households and individuals as the case may be . Strip maps have been prepared to show areas where people are affected on the project distribution power lines . The strip maps are also intended to show the 33 kV power line corridors for the Page 58", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1243, "text": "field surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table B . 1 : * * Integrity of the Assignment Variable * * – Audit of Electronic Land Records The table reports summary statistics for the sample of 2 , 064 audited electronic land records by treatment status . The first column reports number and percentages ( in brackets ) for accounts with audited landholdings greater than the land reported in bank lists . The second column reports on cases where land holdings reported in bank beneficiary lists are lower than the land reported in the household ’ s electronic land record . | | Electronic land record | | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | _ ≤ _bank record ( N = 1 , 942 ) | _ > _bank record ( N = 122 ) | | | Treatment | 1 , 112 | 82 | 1 , 194 | | % | [ . 93 ] | [ . 07 ] | . 58 | | Control | 830 | 40 | 870 | | % | [ . 95 ] | [ . 05 ] | . 42 | | Total | 1 , 942 | 122 | | | | [ . 94 ] | [ . 06 ] | 2 , 064 | land . In these cases , the bank-reported landholding is greater than the total land held by the farmers . This also is considered legitimate and does not violate the fundamental identification assumption . Third , rounding and conversion errors were common , as landholding can be recorded ina variety of complex and region-specific units of measurement . Since official land documents almost never reported landholding in the same units as banks , there were nearly always opportunities for rounding and conversion errors . In assessing whether an official landholding record matches the corresponding bank report , we therefore allow for a _ ± _ 5 % margin for error . In addition , since landholding documents sometimes report distinct plots of land , we allow for either total-land or partial-land matches : if any combination of listed plots adds up to the size reported by the bank , within _ ± _ 5 % , we consider this", "spans": [{"start": 70, "end": 93, "text": "Electronic Land Records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _Household fixed effect models_ * * The base econometric specification does not fully exploit the panel nature of these data . Accordingly , Equation ( 1 ) is re ‐ estimated , replacing the time ‐ invariant variables ( e . g . distances to markets and banks ) with household fixed effects : where D � � � is a vector of _time ‐ varying_ household characteristics and F � � is the price index observed for the community at time _t_ . The term μ � represent household fixed effects . Table 5 presents the results when specification ( 2 ) is estimated . The coefficient on the price index is nearly identical what was obtained in Table 4 and thus not sensitive to the inclusion of household fixed effects . # * * _Food payments as commitment devices_ * * Some households might prefer food payments rather than cash because – absent the sale of the transfer – food pre ‐ commits the households ’ consumption of the transfer . < sup > 16 < / sup > Although the data in the 2006 ‐ 2014 household panel survey do not allow this to be tested formally , the 16 Speaking about the debate regarding replacing India ’ s food transfer system ( the Public Distribution System , PDS ) with cash payments , Dreze notes that one of the concerns raised by PDS participants is that “ They are worried that cash can be more easily misused than food , because food can only be consumed in small quantities over time while cash is easily spent in one go ” . http : / / www . ideasforindia . in / topics / miscellany / ashok ‐ kotwal ‐ speaks ‐ with ‐ jean ‐ dreze . html . Accessed July 24 , 2018 . 21", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 1008, "text": "2006 ‐ 2014 household panel survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the * * Public Procurement and Disposal Act , 2003 * * Request for Quotation such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s AntiCorruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "October 2013 . Field trips were made to Jaipur , as well as to districts where the RRLP program was being actively scaled up during the months of our study : Dausa , Tonk , Alwar and Dungarpur . < sup > 18 < / sup > A series of in-depth individual interviews were conducted with various stakeholders including the facilitators from four organizations , facilitators who were working for the RRLP under direct contracts , women participating in SHGs , and RRLP project staff who were involved in all aspects of the program ’ s design . At RRLP headquarters , we interviewed the project director , the deputy director , the monitoring and evaluation specialist , the Resource Block coordinator and the Intensive Block coordinator . Within the Intensive Blocks , we interviewed the senior staff of the NGOs who were present in the district offices . Within the Resource Blocks , we interviewed the most senior project officer in the state of Rajasthan , who was in charge of coordinating SERP activities along with the government . < sup > 19 < / sup > Three facilitators at each NGO were randomly selected from project rosters to be privately interviewed . All interviews were conducted in a secluded area , respondents were assured that all information would remain confidential , and they had the opportunity to terminate the interview at any time . The open-ended interviews were subsequently recorded ( in audio files ) , then transcribed and translated . The insights achieved during the qualitative analysis were then used to design a quantitative survey of facilitators . < sup > 20 < / sup > In May 2014 , we interviewed 349 RRLP facilitators from the same four districts studied in the qualitative phase . Within the blocks we aimed to interview _all_ active PRPs in the month of our survey . Interviews were conducted by the Indian Marketing Research Bureau ( IMRB ) at the RRLP field offices . The study was intentionally designed as a comparison of CRPs from SERP versus local NGOs , ( PRADAN , PEDO and federations of SHGs ) . In Dungarpur , we interviewed 120 CRPs from PEDO . In the three districts of Dausa , Alwar and Dholpur , we interviewed CRPs", "spans": [{"start": 1539, "end": 1574, "text": "quantitative survey of facilitators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and STI patients in Yei and soldiers in both towns . # # < u > HIV / AIDS and IDP Situation : < / u > The NSP 2003-07 mentions IDPs but has no activities for them . < sup > 71 < / sup > The World Bank MAP has no HIV approved proposal for Sudan . The GFATM round 3 approved proposal with an HIV component for 2005-06 < sup > 72 < / sup > does not mention IDPs . By contrast , the GFATM round 4 proposal for 2005-07 < sup > 73 < / sup > mentions IDPs and has listed specific programmes for them . As mentioned above , the 2002 SNAP report estimates 1 % of HIV prevalence among IDPs . < sup > 19 < / sup > 31", "spans": [{"start": 520, "end": 536, "text": "2002 SNAP report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the strength of the different factors on trends in learning outcomes . # _Benchmarks for Annual Progress_ As we have data for only two time periods , we compare the learning trend observed from 2019 to 2021 for students in Uzbekistan to the average expected rate of learning per year . The World Bank ’ s simulations of COVID-19-induced learning loss assume a progress rate of 0 . 40 SD per year ( Azevedo et al . , 2021 ) based on student outcomes data in the Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) . In the United States , Hill et al . ( 2008 ) report annual gains for the age range of 8-11 years based on nationally normed tests in math and reading . Their reported annual gains in math are from 0 . 89 SD at age 8 to 0 . 41 SD at age 11 . Analysis of growth trajectories of reading and math achievement drawing upon multiple sources of national assessment data in the United States shows annual gains of 0 . 40 standard deviation in math for grades 5 to 8 during the past two decades ( Lee 2010 ) . Similarly , in low-middle-income settings in Pakistan , Bau et al . ( 2021 ) estimate that when controlling for students appearing in consecutive assessments and for family characteristics , the value of annual learning gains is approximately 0 . 39 SD . Based on this review , we use the benchmark average annual learning gain of 0 . 40 SD to compare the learning trend observed for students in Uzbekistan . 4", "spans": [{"start": 432, "end": 453, "text": "student outcomes data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 461, "end": 507, "text": "Programme for International Student Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 881, "text": "national assessment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preferential partner . We estimate the model ’ s structural equation for the equilibrium trade policy using detailed product level data for the EU . There are several compelling reasons for focusing on the EU to analyze whether there is a clash of liberalizations . First , a key concern with PTAs is their potential to harm nonmembers . Given that the EU is the world ’ s largest trader , its trade policy surely affects non-members . Second , as we discuss below , the EU ’ s preferential agreements are quite diverse , which allows us to theoretically derive and test a rich set of predictions . Finally , although the EU accounts for a fi fth of world trade , there is hardly any empirical evidence on the formation of the EU ’ s trade policy in general and none that analyzes how its PTAs affect its MTL . < sup > 5 < / sup > > 4 Bagwell and Staiger ( 1998 ) analyze two opposing effects of PTAs on the equilibrium multilateral tariff level in a self-enforcing model . They show that PTAs are a stumbling block if countries are very patient and a building block otherwise . Winters ( 1999 ) surveys this literature and Panagariya ( 2000 ) the broader issue of regionalism . Another approach to the PTA vs . MTL issue is due to Krugman ( 1991 ) who analyzes the welfare path for exogenously expanding trading blocs . > 5 Constantopoulos ( 1974 ) and Riedel ( 1977 ) examine determinants of industry level protection of individual members before accession to the EU . Tavares ( 2001 ) is an exception in that she analyzes the determinants of the EU ’ s common external tariff , also at the industry level . We are not aware of any paper that either estimates the determinants of 2", "spans": [{"start": 108, "end": 146, "text": "detailed product level data for the EU", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Niehaus et al . [ 2013 ] in South Asia find evidence of manipulation on the survey administration side . Tohari et al . [ 2019 ] made a case for considering the full set of programmes with socio-economic criteria when conducting targeting simulations via their extensive linking of Indonesian survey data . A growing literature considers PMT from a predictive modelling perspective . McBride and Nichols ( 2018 ) highlighted the importance of using out-of-sample validation data in model selection , which has been adopted in Indonesia . A simplified scorecard approach supported by machine learning prediction was suggested by Kshirsagar et al . [ 2017 ] , who showed impressive results with very limited data collection needs for Zambian data . A systematic evaluation of machine learning methods for construction of the predictive model in PMT was carried out by Areias and Wai-Poi [ 2022 ] with data from 12 African countries , but it found that accuracy gains tend to be limited and context specific ; no clear machine learning works best across the board . A similar conclusion emerged from a study of Indonesia ’ s PMT model [ Ohlenburg , 2020 ] . The model presented here has a household-specific stopping criterion as its adaptive component . Adaptive methods link to extensive literatures on the design of experiments , adaptive algorithms and active learning . As an example of the latter , Saar-Tsechansky et al . [ 2009 ] studied active feature acquisition when data collection is costly and variables differ in their information value . They proposed a framework that aims to maximize the expected utility of each data item and tailors the sequence and length of data acquisition to each instance , achieving a cost reduction for a given level of accuracy . A line of research that focuses on the aspect of fairness in targeting emerged in the work of Noriega-Campero et al . [ 2020 ] . It puts an emphasis on achieving equitable accuracy rates across subgroups of the population , thereby avoiding systematic disadvantages in programme eligibility for specific groups . In contrast to the evidence of limited accuracy improvements mentioned in the machine learning for targeting literature mentioned above , this work also suggests scope for meaningful improvements in targeting accuracy", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 308, "text": "Indonesian survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 903, "end": 933, "text": "data from 12 African countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Any cropland or livestock that coincides with the projected urban expansion area is considered part of the estimated overlap . These steps are replicated for each SSP scenario to arrive at estimated crop and livestock future overlap . However , it is important to note that this projection exercise assumes that the relevant food sectors will remain stagnant in terms of their technologies and productivity . While this allows us to estimate the overlap of urban expansion on crop and livestock production , it is important to recognize that actual overlap may differ if there are technological advances or changes in the economic or sociopolitical landscape affecting food production . To determine current crop and livestock production , which are used as baseline values , we sum all crop and livestock production that that are _not_ located in urban areas in 2015 . Note that the most recent crop and livestock global data are from 2010 , instead of 2015 . Moreover , since the crop and livestock data come from two independent sources with two different methodologies , it is possible for a certain area to have both cropland and livestock . After generating the baseline values , we compare them with the absolute values of projected overlap to calculate the percentages for potential food losses . This method is then repeated for each of the seven regions to derive the regional results , and for select cities . Due to the above limitations and model uncertainty of climate projections on land use , we caution against over-interpreting precise quantitative results , but rather one should focus on broad magnitudes and directions . # * * 2 . 5 Summary statistics * * # # _In_ Table 2 we present grid-level summary statistics at baseline of urban extent ( in 2015 ) and of crop and livestock production ( in 2010 ) for the eight crop groups and the eight types of livestock , respectively . In Table 3 we present baseline total values for food crops and livestock globally and for each of the seven regions . For simplicity of the regional breakdowns , we aggregate the seven crop groups into four ( fruits and vegetables , cereals and roots , sugars and oils , and pulses ) and the eight livestock", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 926, "text": "crop and livestock global data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 982, "end": 1005, "text": "crop and livestock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 5 Conclusion * * Quantifying who benefits and who loses from trade reform and by how much is of crucial policy interest , but often challenging because of a lack of suitable data . The Household Impacts of Tariffs ( HIT ) data introduced in this paper are a publicly available household survey based data set covering 54 developing countries that enables researchers to analyze the distributional impacts of tariffs . It contains granular data for each percentile of the income distribution on both the income derived from and consumption of 53 agricultural products . In addition , it keeps track of spending on five different types of manufacturing goods and services , as well as transfers , and wage income disaggregated by 1-digit sector , 10 different types of non-farm household enterprise sales and various types of transfers . Using a stylized agricultural model and a first-order effects approach we have illustrated potential applications of the data and shown that the prevailing structure of agricultural tariffs represses household incomes by 2 . 50 % percentage points across countries . However , the costs of protectionism vary enormously across countries and across households within countries , because households in different parts of the income distribution tend to have very different income and consumption portfolios ; the average standard deviation of the gains from trade within a country is 1 . 01 percentage points . We also show that using disaggregated data is important , because using more aggregated data yields biased estimates of the average gains from trade . While we have focused on the elimination of agricultural tariffs , the HIT data set has a much wider set of potential applications and can accommodate richer and more sophisticated modeling assumptions . Examples of potential applications include assessing how EU and U . S . agricultural tariffs or regional trade-agreements , such as AGOA , impact households in low-income countries . < sup > 13 < / sup > An analysis of poverty and inequality impacts of food price shocks is also possible . Moreover , the data can be used to study issues that are not related to trade reform , such as food subsidies or value-added tax reforms . > 13In the online Appendix we analyze the impact of", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 232, "text": "Household Impacts of Tariffs ( HIT ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 283, "end": 314, "text": "household survey based data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1475, "end": 1493, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1673, "end": 1685, "text": "HIT data set", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\" also includes , wherever the context requires , the guarantor or the project implementing agency . 2 . See OP 4 . 12 , _Involuntary Resettlement . _ 3 . Unit or department in the Region responsible for resettlement issues . 4 . The Bank satisfies itself that the borrower has explored all viable alternative project designs to avoid involuntary resettlement and , when it is not feasible to avoid such resettlement , to minimize the scale and impacts of resettlement ( for example , realignment of roads or reduction in dam height may reduce resettlement needs ) . Such alternative designs should be consistent with other Bank policies . 5 . Such actions may include , for example , developing procedures for establishing eligibility for resettlement assistance ; conducting socioeconomic surveys and legal analyses ; carrying out public consultation ; identifying resettlement sites ; evaluating options for improvement or restoration of livelihoods and standards of living ; or , in the case of highly risky or contentious projects , engaging a panel of independent , internationally recognized resettlement specialists . 6 . See BP 17 . 50 , _Disclosure of Operational Information_ ( forthcoming ) for detailed disclosure procedures . 7 . For projects with impacts covered under para . 3 ( b ) of OP 4 . 12 , the analysis referred to in ( b ) and ( d ) above is carried out when the plan of action is furnished to the Bank ( see para . 15 of this BP ) . 8 . In case of resettlement policy framework , the borrower ’ s obligation also includes preparing a resettlement plan in accordance with the framework , for each sub-project giving rise to displacement , and furnishing it to be the Bank for approval prior to implementation of the sub-project . 9 . See OP / BP 13 . 05 , _Project Supervision_ . – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –", "spans": [{"start": 777, "end": 798, "text": "socioeconomic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# < u > Oversight Tools and Income Level < / u > In the 2002 World Development Indicators published by the World Bank countries are divided in three groups : high-income economies , in which the gross national income ( GNI ) per capita was $ 9 , 266 or more ; middle-income economies , which have a GNI per capita of between $ 755 to 9 , 265 ; and low-income economies , in which the GNI per capita is below $ 755 . We transformed this information into a quantitative variable , by assigning value 1 to countries in the low-income group , value 2 to countries in the middle-income group and value 3 to countries that belong to the high-income group . Having created this variable , we then investigate whether there is a relationship ( and if so , what type of relationship ) between income levels and oversight . By crosstabulating our Income variable with the number of oversight tools that are available to a country ’ s parliament , we find that there is a clear , and strong linear relationship between the income level and the number of oversight tools . The number of oversight tools in the countries that have provided information in this respect varies from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 7 . Parliaments in low-income countries have an average of 5 . 5 oversight tools at their disposal , parliaments in middle-income countries have an average of 6 . 25 oversight tools while parliaments in high-income countries have an average of 6 . 27 oversight tools . Further details are presented in Table 6 . 13", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 89, "text": "2002 World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "deciles . Across regions , average share of food expenditure is highest for North West at 39 percent and Centre West at 37 percent . * * Figure 6 : Share of food expenditure * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > a . By decile b . By region < br > p < br > 39 38 36 36 39 37 < br > 35 34 34 32 35 33 35 34 < br > 30 31 < br > 27 < br > poorest 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 richest Grand Tunis Nord Est Nord Ouest Centre Est Centre Ouest Sud Est Sud Ouest < br > mean of foodshare mean of foodshare < br > 40 40 < br > 30 30 < br > 20 20 < br > % total expenditure pc % total expenditure pc < br > 10 10 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Author ’ s calculations based on EBCNV 2015 Several demographic or living characteristics of the Tunisian population also make the poor more vulnerable to get affected by COVID-19 . First , overcrowded living conditions and low access to health insurance put the Tunisian poor at a higher susceptibility to get infected or to not be able to seek health care in the event that they contract COVID-19 . Not surprisingly , poor households tend to live in denser environments , ranging from 7 to 28 percent in the three poorest deciles , in contrast to 1 percent or less in the three richest deciles . Second , living in an inter-generational household is linked to higher susceptibility to COVID-19 , as elder members are more likely to be in closer contact with the younger household members . Inter-generational households are defined as those that include at least one member below the age of 18 years and one member above the age of 64 years . Overall , 10 percent of the population lives in an inter-generational household . Nevertheless , this type of household is disproportionately represented among the poor , ranging from 14 to 17 percent in the three poorest deciles . This type of household is", "spans": [{"start": 685, "end": 695, "text": "EBCNV 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Reviewed and Updated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) | * * Project * * < br > * * Activities * * | * * Environmental * * < br > * * / Social Impact * * | * * Proposed * * < br > * * Mitigation * * < br > * * Measures * * | * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Indicators * * | * * Means * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Verification * * | * * Responsib * * < br > * * le party * * | * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Frequency * * | * * Estimated * * < br > * * Cost * * < br > * * ( Kshs ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | < br >  Implement and monitor the < br > employment register regularly . < br >  Comply with the national labour < br > laws and labour management < br > practices . < br >  Put visible signage on site “ No < br > Jobs for children . ” | < br > Child protection Code < br > of Conducts . < br >  Number of staff who < br > have signed Code of < br > Conduct . | py | | | | | * * Labour * * < br > * * Management * * | < br >  GBV / SEA / SH | Disclos < br > < br >  Develop and implement a plan to < br > manage the risk of SEA / SH . < br >  Map the GBV referral pathways < br >", "spans": [{"start": 740, "end": 759, "text": "employment register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "For the purposes of the evaluation exercise , we treat the census-based EBP estimates as the gold standard . The census-based estimates are compared to : ( a ) small area estimates under both survey weighted and unweighted versions of model ( 1 ) with the outcome defined at household level and the geospatial covariates defined at grid cell level ; ( b ) small area estimates under an area level ( Fay-Herriot ) model , with geospatial covariates aggregated at the target area level ; and ( c ) small area estimates under a grid cell-level model where both the outcome and the geospatial covariates are defined at grid cell level . It is important to note that the survey data was collected from the same harmonized WAEMU survey instrument as the survey data for the other four countries we consider in this paper . Figure 3 and Table 3 summarize the results of these comparisons . Across all Communes in Burkina Faso , we find a high correlation equal to 0 . 799 between the estimates under the household-level model with geospatial covariates and those derived under the household-level model with census covariates . However , there is a large difference in this correlation between in-sample and out-of-sample Communes . For the 234 Communes included in the sample , which comprise 84 percent of the population of Burkina Faso according to WorldPop estimates , the correlation between the survey and census-based estimates is 0 . 879 . In contrast , the correlation for the 117 non-sampled Communes is 0 . 457 . The in-sample correlation is also remarkably similar to findings from other contexts ( Masaki et al . , 2022 ; Newhouse et al . , 2022 ; Van der Weide et al . , 2022 ) . The correlation for out-of - sample areas meanwhile , is significantly lower than the out-of-sample correlation of 0 . 7 reported between geospatial and census-based estimates in Mexico ( Newhouse et al . , 2022 ) . This may be explained by differences in the nature of the geospatial covariates used in Mexico , which could lead to better out-of-sample predictions , as well as differences in the country context . Perhaps , the lower out-of-sample correlations in this case could be explained", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 677, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 717, "end": 729, "text": "WAEMU survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1345, "end": 1363, "text": "WorldPop estimates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 09-20 < br > 2024-11-19 | | UG-MOES-359675-CS-QCBS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Child < br > ren ( VAC ) survey and various < br > activities to deliver safe scho < br > ols under Lot 4 in 93 schools < br > located in 11 Districts in Wes < br > t Nile sub region < br > | IDA / D7010 | Expansion of Lower Seconda < br > ry Education < br > Post | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > < br > l | Open - Internationa < br > | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2023-05-11 < br > 2023-05-31 | 2023-06-01 < br > 2023-08 - | 25 < br > 2023-07-15 < br > 2023-11-28 | 2023-08-12 < br > 2 | 024-01-1 | 0 < br > 2023-09-11 < br > 2024 - | 03-26 < br > 2023-10-16 < br > 202 | 4-05-16 < br > 2023-11-20 < br > 2024 - | 09-20 < br > 2024-11-19 | | UG-MOES-359658-CS-CQS / < br > Procurement of NGOs to und < br > ertake Violence Against Child < br > ren ( VAC ) survey and various < br > activities to deliver safe scho < br > ols in 7 schools in 5 Districts i < br > n Karamoja sub region < br > | IDA / D7010 | Expansion of Lower Seconda < br > ry Education < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > |", "spans": [{"start": 137, "end": 151, "text": "( VAC ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "810 < br > | 120 < br > | 80 < br > | 60 < br > | 1 , 810 < br > | 1 , 100 < br > | 2 , 970 | | 1997 | _5c_ | 1 , 050 | 910 | 10 | 840 | 120 | 80 | 60 | 1 , 890 | 1 , 120 | 3 , 070 | 1 / Aviation fuel for propeller aircraft , liquified gas , etc . , whose volumes are too small for transportation by pipeline . 2 / Includes EARC ' s own needs of about 140 , 000 tons in 1978 , rising to about 200 , 000 tons by 1997 . 3 / White product volumes are included under Uganda . _i / _ Includes bitumen . Source : Mission estimates Ma , y 1975", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 524, "text": "Mission estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "its operations . # # # VIII . RECOMMENDATIONS 8 . 01 A Bank loan of US $ 20 . 0 million equivalent is recommended for IDB substantially on the same terms as Loans 946-KE and 1148-KE , with one change . It is recommended that the individual project free limit be raised from US $ 400 , 000 equivalent to US $ 600 , 000 equivalent to recognize the good quality of IDB ' s appraisals ; the aggregate free limit would be US $ 4 . 0 million . IDB ' s maximum debt-to-equity ratio should be raised from 3 : 1 to 4 : 1 . The loan would carry the standard Bank interest rate , and the amortization schedule would conform substantially to the aggregate of subloan repayments to IDB , with a maximum maturity of 15 years for any sub-loan . IDB would be expected to pass the full foreign exchange risk to its borrowers . IDB would continue to serve as an investor for Government ' s account at no risk to itself under the terms described in paras . 4 . 20 - 4 . 21 . The Bank will continue to serve as the Executing Agency for IDB ' s two UNDP-financed technical assistance posts . 8 . 02 Disbursement would be maintained at 100 % c . i . f . cost of direct imports , 65 % of the invoice price of good previously imported into Kenya , and 40 % of the costs of civil works . These percentages are based on a study carried out by IDB . As agreed for the second loan , the Bank would continue to finance the foreign component ( to be substantiated by IDB on a caseby-case basis ) of locally manufactured goods made in part from materials previously imported .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "small area estimates of poverty rates in Burkina Faso using the latest census in the country . These estimates are used as part of the sensitivity analysis in Section 4 . An alternative approach to small area estimation with geospatial covariates is modeling directly the poverty rates using an area-level model ( Fay and Herriot , 1979 ) . In this case , both the direct estimates of poverty rates , denoted by , and the geospatial covariates , denoted by r , are aggregated at the target area level . The FH model consists of two stages : the sampling model < sup > rr < / sup > rr < sup > d < / sup > and the linking model . The combination of both stages results in an area-level linear mixed pp ̂ XX model denoted by = r 1 2 , < sup > rr < / sup > where r represents the vector of unweighted averages of the geospatial variables selected for rr < sup > d < / sup > rr rr rr pp ̂ XX ββ + DD ββ + νν + εε the model at the target area level . represents a set of regional dummy variables , is a random effect specified at the target area level with XX ) and is the sampling error 2 rr 2 rr with ) . The sampling variance DD is estimated under the sampling design and is νν rr vv < sup > 2 < / sup > rr νν ~ NN ( 0 , σσ εε assumed to be known . The variance component of the random effect is estimated by maximum rr εεaa εεaa εε ~ NN ( 0 , σσ σσ likelihood methods ( e . g . , the adjusted maximum-likelihood of Li and Lahiri , 2010 ) to guarantee positive variance estimates . The MSE of the estimator under the FH model can be obtained by analytic solutions ( e . g . Prasad and Rao , 1990 ) or by bootstrap techniques ( Gonzalez-Manteiga et al . , 2007 ) . In this paper the FH model is estimated using the Fayherriot Command in Stata ( Halbmeier et al , 2019 ) with no transformation . The routine works similarly to", "spans": [{"start": 64, "end": 92, "text": "latest census in the country", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK * * # # * * 3 . 1 Models and data * * The magnitude of SACU ’ s future demographic dividend depends on a range of economic variables that are not easily captured without consideration of the range of possible influencing factors in the global economy , their impact on the economies and households . LINKAGE , the recursive dynamic CGE model is well suited for this task . < sup > 9 < / sup > It is supported by globally consistent data on production , consumption , investment , and trade from the GTAP Database V8 . 1 ( Narayanan et al . 2012 ) . LINKAGE is a multi-sectoral , multi-country and multi-agent dynamic recursive CGE model that assumes perfect competition , with equilibria in a given year being dependent on current year prices and quantities , and the previous year ’ s equilibria . Household demand behavior is modeled using the Constant Difference of Elasticities function , while production is assumed to be based on a multi-nested CES function . At the top of the multi-nested structure , an aggregate of intermediate inputs is combined with an aggregate value added under Leontief technology . Unskilled labor is substitutable for a skilled labor and capital composite , while skilled labor and capital are themselves complementary . Output is produced by different production streams — differentiated by capital vintage . Each production stream has an identical production structure based on a multi-nested Constant Elasticity of Substitution functional form , but with different technological parameters and substitution elasticities . At the top of the nest , a value-added bundle is combined with an intermediate inputs bundle under the Leontief technology assumption . The intermediate inputs bundle is combined with different inputs , with an Armington assumption applied to specific inputs . That is , for a given type of intermediate input , there is substitutability between domestic and imported inputs , and then again between imported inputs from different source countries . The value added bundle is made up of unskilled labor being slightly substitutable with a capital and skilled labor bundle . Skilled labor and capital are substitutable . LINKAGE also considers segmented labor markets in developing countries , i . e .", "spans": [{"start": 530, "end": 543, "text": "GTAP Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_UNHCR Sudan : Multi-year Protection & Solutions Strategy ( 2018 – 2020 ) _ # # # # # * * 2 . Child protection * * _Vision : Displaced children in Sudan are protected from violence , exploitation and abused , _ _ < u > and are supported to reach their full potential . < / u > _ # # # # # # * * Key challenges * * Children comprise over half of the total refugee population in Sudan , including an estimated 10 , 500 unaccompanied or separated children ( UASC ) . Refugee and asylum seeker children across all populations of concern in Sudan , especially UASC , are at heightened risk of harassment , exploitation , neglect and abuse , given the broader challenges refugees face to meet their basic needs in an increasingly difficult economic environment , with limited access to livelihoods , services and assistance . Child protection outreach capacity remains a challenge throughout Sudan ’ s refugee response . A lack of effective case management , prevalence of child labour , and early marriage are the main child protection risks identified through the 2017 Participatory Assessment . South Sudanese refugee children are also at high risk of involvement in armed elements before seeking asylum in Sudan . Youth comprise nearly 13 per cent of the total refugee population in Sudan . There is a pronounced lack of targeted programmes for refugee adolescents and youth . This includes limited recreational and social activities targeting refugee children , adolescents and youth , which has a serious negative impact on their development and psychosocial well-being . Moreover , refugee youth suffer from a lack of educational opportunities , especially secondary school , or vocational skills training , making it difficult for them to find livelihoods when they become adults . Some idle and disillusioned refugee youth are reported to seek onward movement toward Europe through irregular means , which exposes them to exploitation and abuse by human traffickers and smugglers . Eritrean UASC remain particularly vulnerable , with the majority thought to move onwards from Sudan shortly after their arrival . # # # # # # * * Response Strategy * * UNHCR will", "spans": [{"start": 1060, "end": 1089, "text": "2017 Participatory Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Agricultural Growth Project ( P148591 ) ICR DOCUMENT # # # * * M & E Implementation * * 48 . The Federal Project Coordination Unit ( FPCU ) was responsible for planning , collecting , verifying , and analyzing information , as well as providing periodic progress reports , including quarterly and annual updates , along with the borrower ’ s Implementation Completion Report . The project ’ s M & E activities were guided by a comprehensive plan , supported by regular capacity-building efforts to standardize planning , reporting , and processes across all levels . M & E was further strengthened by using Geo-Enabling Initiative for Monitoring and Supervision ( GEMS ) tools , such as Kobo Toolbox , Power BI , Google Earth , and Google Studio , focusing particularly on infrastructure works . Due to security concerns in conflict areas and during the COVID-19 pandemic , virtual field visits were conducted via Kobo Toolbox and Google Earth ; the World Bank project team shared these insights at the internal Brown Bag Lunches . The project conducted baseline , midterm , and endline surveys , which provided detailed analyses of project progress . Midterm survey findings were used to revise the PDO and intermediate indicators in the Results Framework . The endline survey , conducted post project completion , informed the ICR . The endline survey faced the issue of having a ‘ genuine ’ control group , which affected the effective assessment of the project ’ s impact ( see paragraph 23 ) . During implementation , the M & E system improved by integrating feedback and learnings , with the project also producing and sharing case studies , success stories , videos , and blogs . # # # * * M & E Utilization * * 49 . M & E data were effectively utilized to guide project implementation , management , and decision-making in a timely and appropriate manner . The project leveraged M & E data in several key areas : ( a ) disbursement and activity performance data were used to identify major", "spans": [{"start": 1754, "end": 1764, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1917, "end": 1927, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1957, "end": 1999, "text": "disbursement and activity performance data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br >  Strengthen grievance redress and other monitoring mechanisms to < br > ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and < br > assure them to access adequate response . | During construction < br > phase | Contractor | RE / ESI / ESAO | Included in < br > Contract with < br > Contractor cost | | |  Develop TOR and recruit a GBV specialist with SEA / SH monitoring tasks < br > inc . supervision of signing of Code of conduct , on adequate rollout of < br > SEA / SH sensitive GM mechanisms , on liaison / coordination with GBV < br > services providers . | | | | | | Impact on vulnerable < br > groups |  Provide cash support to vulnerable groups . < br >  Medical support ( for those who are sick and or physically impaired ) . < br >  Create subproject-related employment opportunities to vulnerable < br > groups . | During construction < br > phase | EEP | EEP / ESAO / < br > local < br > administration | Covered in the < br > RAP / LRP < br > budget | | Security risk |  Implement the Security Management Plan ( SMP ) prepared for PRIME-1 . < br >  Regular observation of subproject areas designated as high or < br > substantial for security risks . < br >  Areas where there have been incidents involving security in the course < br > of subproject implementation . < br >  Check records of grievances involving security or public unrest < br >  Ensure that the security profile of the subproject shall not change for the < br > worse . | During construction < br > phase | Contractor , < br > public security | Supervising < br > Engineer < br > ( RE / EI ) | Included in < br > Contract with < br > Contractor cost | Page 204", "spans": [{"start": 1327, "end": 1384, "text": "records of grievances involving security or public unrest", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , 2006 | * * Name * * | * * Representing * * | * * Role / Area Coveredon * * < br > * * Study * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ZbigniewR . Matus | MWHGlobal | HydropowerEngineering | | SteveGibbons | ErgonAssociates | Labour | * NEMA Registration for the specialists , who comprise the core SEA team , is provided as Appendix A . 2 . # # # # * * 1 . 6 External Advisors * * A Witness NGO , InterAid Uganda , was retained to provide independent advice to UETCL and BEL on the SEA process , focussing on the consultation activities and on the resettlement related activities . InterAid conducted the following tasks in their role as witness NGO : - Witnessed topographical surveys along the proposed transmission line route ; - Witnessed on a sample basis , identification of stakeholders , including co-owners as per Ugandan laws ( child land owners , spouses etc ) ; - Witnessed information meetings with the affected communities ; - Witnessed , on a sample basis , valuation of properties ; - Witnessed , on a sample basis socio-economic surveys ; and , - Developed and coordinated a grievance procedure , whereby PAPs had the ability to lodge a grievance related to the land acquisition and resettlement survey activities and process . InterAid completed event reports after each meeting and submitted monthly Assessment Reports to BEL / UETCL . A final report was provided to BEL / UETCL at the end of the Witness ' assignment related with the survey exercise . R . J . Burnside International Limited * * l-A 10045 * *", "spans": [{"start": 789, "end": 810, "text": "topographical surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1156, "end": 1178, "text": "socio-economic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "state sought to make society “ legible ” through the creation of permanent last names , the establishment of cadastral surveys and population registers , etc . Similarly , modern governments seeking to understand their potential tax base must increase coverage of foundational identification systems , business registries and property registries . Detection capacity is closely related to identification and builds on it . After the presence of a taxpayer or tax base is known to the state , it must then verify the income , assets , and > 1 Of the 61 Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment Tool ( TADAT ) assessments conducted in lower income countries from 2013 to 2020 , only 20 percent of tax authorities had a score of good or very good for knowledge of taxpayer database and 5 percent did so for accuracy of information in taxpayer registry . 2", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 126, "text": "cadastral surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 131, "end": 151, "text": "population registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 761, "end": 778, "text": "taxpayer database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "self-reliance and human capital , a context-relevant , market-based approach is critical . At the end of a humanitarian program , skills will remain but without a market , the ‘ livelihoods ’ will stop . There is a prejudice that the private sector is only interested in profit and that humanitarian actors risk their principles by engaging with them , and a fear that engaging with more actors will further complicate coordination , however , this does not have to be the case . Small , local businesses have lots of advantages compared to outsiders around market-based livelihoods , but these actors often have voice in the self-reliance conversation . We need to get better at engaging with them . To this end , the Humanitarian Private Sector Partnership Platform ( HPPP ) has been developed . The HPPP fosters different forms of collaboration at different levels . Collaboration with development actors is also helpful in understanding market needs and sustainable opportunities . We need to map and engage the most relevant actors ( including private and public sectors for specific initiatives ) ; build on existing technological capacities , and build new rights-based approaches with longer term commitments . We also need to work on building the evidence base ; there is currently minimal evidence that displaced people can be assets rather than burdens nor that self-reliant people are better placed to attain solutions . Most data on self-reliance does not contain a displacement component . To harvest the potential of the CRRF , we must become much better at humanitarian diplomacy . In many countries , the legal framework is unclear or non-existing , so advocacy on the lifting of legal barriers ( right to work , freedom of movement , etc . ) is important . If self-reliance is to expand beyond niche markets and homebased initiatives to larger scale economic activities with global reach , engaging governments and businesses is critical . As a humanitarian community we are not good at doing advocacy at the national level – national xenophobia is often much stronger than our advocacy . Within advocacy efforts ,", "spans": [{"start": 1438, "end": 1459, "text": "data on self-reliance", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "invest in knowledge inputs that can be transformed into innovation outputs according to an innovation function . At a later stage , these innovation results impact on firm-level productivity , contingent on the capacity of firms to transform innovation outputs into improvements in product quality and efficiency . As a result , the CDM model requires the estimation of three main components : ( i ) the knowledge function , which involves estimating the R & D and ICT functions , ( ii ) the innovation equation , and ( iii ) the productivity equation . When estimating these components , there are two critical choices to be made . The first is to define the scope of the knowledge inputs and innovation outputs to be included in the analysis . This is often related to the availability of data in the innovation surveys . In most of the CDM applications , data are restricted to the use of R & D for knowledge activities ; for innovation outputs , either product and process innovation dummies , or the number of patents and the revenue associated to new products are used . Regarding innovation outputs , we focus on technological innovations - either product or process innovations – and look at revenue originated from product innovations , since patenting activity in the South Asian countries is minimal . The second choice when examining these three innovation components relates to how the model is solved to produce economic estimates that can be interpreted in a causal way . A parameter of a model is causal , or structural , sometimes referred to as a deep parameter _ , _ when it untangles cause from effect , and is derived from a theoretical model where the directions governing the laws of motion are straight forward ( Heckman , 2000 ) . In contrast , in a reduced form setting , cause and effect are confounded in the presence of unobserved factors . Decisions regarding knowledge inputs and innovation outcomes can be made simultaneously and there can be feedback effects , especially between innovation outcomes and productivity in the sense that more productive firms may have an advantage to develop new products and / or processes ( such feedbacks would be accounted for by including lagged terms", "spans": [{"start": 803, "end": 821, "text": "innovation surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the least proportion of individuals classified as extreme poor identified as international extreme poor , followed by Bhutan , Maldives , Pakistan , Nepal , Bangladesh , and India . However , when we use the standardized consumption aggregates to do the same exercise , Bangladesh and India have virtually the same poverty rate , whereas the poverty rate is three percentage points higher in India when using the national aggregates . The international poverty rate for South Asia as a region also falls when using the standardized consumption aggregates , from 19 . 6 percent to 18 . 3 percent – a fall of 1 . 3 percentage points . Figure 1 shows how standardization affects the distribution of per capita consumption in each of the South Asian countries . For India , standardization has a significant impact on the distribution of the consumption aggregates , with the distribution shifting to the right and away from the $ 1 . 90 poverty line . On the other hand , it has more minor impacts on the distribution of consumption aggregates in Bangladesh and Pakistan , shifting them very slightly to the left . This reinforces the observed decline in India ’ s poverty rates when using the standardized aggregates , and the small increases in poverty rates for Bangladesh and Pakistan . Using the standardized national consumption aggregates significantly reduces the number of poor in India and the region . Table 12 presents the estimates of the number of international extreme poor in each country using the national consumption aggregates and the standardized consumption aggregates . * * Table 11 . International extreme poverty rate in South Asia * * * * < u > using the standardized and national consumption aggregates < / u > * * | | * * Year * * | * * Standardized * * < br > * * consumption * * < br > * * aggregates * * | * * National * * < br > * * consumption * * < br > * * aggregates * * | * * Difference * * < br > * * ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 2 . 2 . 1 Comparability of School Attendance before COVID-19 and during COVID-19 after School Reopening * * School attendance after school reopening was measured in October 2020 , when school participation is expected to be the highest in the school year . School attendance before school closure is defined based on attendance at any time during the academic year 20192020 . Therefore , we are fairly confident that school attendance before and after the outbreak of the pandemic is comparable . Nonetheless , because the reference period used to measure school attendance before and during COVID-19 is different , we explore further the comparability of our measure of school attendance between the two periods ( before and during COVID-19 ) . For example , during the agricultural period , households might withdraw their children from school to help with household farming . However , in mining the reasons for not attending school given by respondents in the COVID-19 NLPS round 6 , no respondent mentioned employment as a reason . Furthermore , respondents might not attend school because they are waiting for admission . Therefore , in robustness analyses , we assume that these respondents attended school when the schools reopened ( in October 2020 ) . These results are consistent with those from our main specification . # * * 2 . 2 . 3 Lockdown Indicators * * On March 19 , 2020 , a circular from the Federal Ministry of Education ratified the closure of all schools in Nigeria starting from March 23 , 2020 . At the same time , as described in Section 2 . 1 , the federal government implemented various social distancing and mobility restrictions , and decided for the closure of business operations and regional borders . We define the baseline COVID-19 lockdown measures ( labeled as _C19Shock_ in our specifications below ) as a binary variable taking value one for the period after the outbreak of the pandemic and the implementation of the above-mentioned restriction measures , zero otherwise . In addition to these interventions , the federal and state governments implemented additional lockdown measures and strict mobility restrictions in Abuja FCT , Lagos , Akwa Ibom , Borno , Osun , Rivers , Ogun , Kano ,", "spans": [{"start": 974, "end": 995, "text": "COVID-19 NLPS round 6", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "market activity , unpaid work burdens , informality , constraints to accessing markets , and inequalities in access to skills and productivity-enhancing technologies and inputs . Along with an overview of the policy and research landscape , this paper presents data from recent LSMS-ISA surveys ( Ethiopia , Malawi , Nigeria , and Uganda ) , as well as recent country pilots conducted by the ILO , to highlight priority areas on measuring rural women ’ s employment . The recommendations in this paper outlined at the end of each section can broadly be categorized into two areas : first , what we already know and should currently be incorporated in surveys ; and second , where survey methods still need to be explored through research and testing . Under the first set of recommendations , ensuring the accurate counting of rural women ’ s employment is important through boundary questions in agriculture , asking about different forms of casual labor , and framing / recovery questions to ensure key areas of self-employment are not underreported . Adding questions on desire to work can also be explored in the short term . On decision making , ensuring the same respondents are reporting across labor / non-farm enterprise modules is important ( or that both men and women are asked ) . A question on constraints to seeking better economic opportunities is also needed , across safety , market access , and time-related constraints . The second category of recommendations requires further research , including how unpaid work burdens can be better elicited in surveys , why proxy reporting tends to under-report time in paid and unpaid work , and how community data could complement individual data on hard-to-measure topics such as wages and access to child care . It also includes developing a survey research agenda around measuring work amid rural economic transition , including individual-level data on work-related migration across surveys , skills and access to technology . Overall , this paper provides an initial overview of specific issues that should be highlighted in surveys to ensure more accurate counting of rural women ’ s employment , and in turn improving links to the design of rural employment policies . When collected over time , additional data in these areas can also help", "spans": [{"start": 278, "end": 294, "text": "LSMS-ISA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1892, "end": 1939, "text": "individual-level data on work-related migration", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Annex 7 . Methodology , Results , and Conclusions of the Special KAP Survey Commissioned by HAPCO on HIV / AIDS . * * # # * * A . Background * * 1 . Due to unanticipated delays in conducting a demographic and health survey ( DHS ) , FHAPCO commissioned a special survey on ― The Status of Sexual Behavior , Knowledge about HIV / AIDS and Condom Utilization In Thirty-Five Woredas . ‖ This knowledge , attitudes and practices ( KAP ) survey was intended to obtain information on three outcome indicators of EMSAP-II project . FHAPCO commissioned a consulting firm , Babu General Trading PLC , to conduct this KAP survey . 2 . The general purpose of this survey was to assess the knowledge , attitude and practice of the target groups regarding HIV and AIDS . Specifically , the survey was to 1 ) assess the comprehensive knowledge of the target groups on HIV and AIDS ; 2 ) ascertain the target groups ’ knowledge on HIV prevention methods and HIV transmission modes ; 3 ) appraise the prevailing misconceptions of the target group about HIV and AIDS ; and 4 ) estimating the level of condom utilization among the target groups . # # * * B . Methodology * * # # # * * Primary data collection through structured surveys * * # # # * * _ < u > Survey coverage < / u > _ * * 3 . The assessment survey was designed and conducted to maximize its representativeness in terms of both respondents and variables . Maximum effort has been exerted to make its coverage and scope as much technically inclusive as was possible . Being so , it covered all the areas enumerated by the client . 4 . In determining the coverage and scope of the KAP survey , the geographic , demographic and sectoral diversities of the regions were the primary considerations . The survey covered localities that are within urban and pastoralist settings . Taking the lifespan of localities as a factor , it equally embraced sites that are relatively old", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 230, "text": "demographic and health survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1634, "end": 1644, "text": "KAP survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "E on the target classrooms constructed and completed . Classroom constructed completed | | * * Procedure * * | means a certificate of completion issues by the Ministry of Public Works . IVA will sample the data and conduct at least 50 % < br > of field visits to verifyconstruction of target new classrooms and their utilization . | | * * DLI_TBL_VERIFICATION * * < br > * * DLI 6 . 2 * * | Number of new classrooms constructed in existing schools in non refugee non host communities per the needs-based < br > school infrastructure investmentplan | | * * Description * * | Number of new classrooms constructed in non refugee non host communities existing schools as per the needs-based < br > school infrastructure investmentplan . | | * * Data source / Agency * * | MoE | | * * Verification Entity * * | IVA | | | IVA will obtain data from MoE on the target classrooms constructed and completed . Classroom constructed completed | | * * Procedure * * | means a certificate of completion issues by the Ministry of Public Works . IVA will sample the data and conduct at least 50 % < br > of field visits to verifyconstruction of target new classrooms and their utilization . | Page 102 of 117", "spans": [{"start": 832, "end": 845, "text": "data from MoE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Description of Incident : * * Where , when , what , how , who , operation in progress at the time ( only factual ) # # * * Immediate Action : * * Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation # # * * Signature ( Name , Title , Date ) : * * Contractor Representative Example Format : Detailed EHS Incident Report The Incident Notification should be follow-up by a Detailed EHS Incident Report Containing the following information where applicable 1 . * * Incident Summary * * # # * * 2 . Specific Details * * Date Time Place Weather / Visibility Road conditions # # * * 3 . Persons Involved * * Name / s Age / s Experience Date joined Company Last Medical Check Current Medical Treatment Evidence of Drugs / Alcohol Last Safety Meeting attended Infringements / Incidents record # # * * 4 . Equipment Involved * * 81", "spans": [{"start": 788, "end": 820, "text": "Infringements / Incidents record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "raise funds for the needs of particular groups within a population when there is detailed information available on the beneficiaries . ” < sup > 5 < / sup > # # * * Constraints on accuracy and consistency * * While statistics are central to the functions of the international refugee regime , it has long been recognized that the collection of accurate data on displaced populations is confronted with some formidable obstacles . Writing in 1985 , for example , Gaim Kibreab pointed out that “ there is a cloud of uncertainty and unreliability surrounding African refugee statistics . ” < sup > 6 < / sup > Six years later , a report issued by the US State Department ’ s Bureau for Refugee Programs noted that “ counting refugees is at best an approximate science . ” < sup > 7 < / sup > And a recently-published International Labour Office volume on the collection of international migration statistics observes that “ much of the information available on refugees and persons in need of protection is tentative at best . ” < sup > 8 < / sup > UNHCR has also acknowledged its own limitations in this area . In the words of the agency ’ s flagship publication , _The State of the World ’ s Refugees : _ “ the press and the media , NGOs and research bodies make constant demands on UNHCR for facts and figures , especially when major refugee movements or repatriation operations are taking place . All too often , however , UNHCR finds if difficult to answer such queries with any real degree of accuracy . Moreover , the figures collected by UNHCR frequently diverge from those reported by journalists , voluntary agencies , host governments and donor states . ” < sup > 9 < / sup > Why exactly is it so difficult for UNHCR and other elements of the international refugee regime to produce accurate and consistent figures in relation to displaced populations ? This section begins to answer that question by focusing on the definitional and operational obstacles to effective enumeration , while the following section looks", "spans": [{"start": 556, "end": 582, "text": "African refugee statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 870, "end": 904, "text": "international migration statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# < u > Benefit to Existing Customers in the Masaka Region < / u > _Cost of Unmet Demand – Existing Customers : _ 4 . Table 7 . 2 gives the estimated unconstrained breakdown of sales to existing customers in the area served by the existing Masaka substation . These customers would be most highly penalized by a continuation of the status quo since they have already invested in electricity consuming stock ( machinery and equipment , appliances , etc ) and in many instances have established business models based on the presumption of electricity supply . The frequent and prolonged interruptions in electricity supply caused by the limited capacity and poor condition of the existing line imposes high costs on these customers in terms of the need to provide back-up generation , to use other costly substitutes , to reduce the prices which they can charge for services ( e . g . in the case of hotels and guest houses ) , and in some instance to forego business opportunities . * * Table 7 . 2 Existing * * * * < u > Sales in the Masaka Region < / u > * * | * * Description * * | * * 2010 * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Residential ( incl unmet demand ) GWh | 83 . 1 | 30 . 5 % | | Commercial GWh | 30 . 2 | 11 . 1 % | | Industrial GWh | 159 . 5 | 58 . 5 % | | Total Local Sales in Area GWh | 272 . 8 | 100 . 0 % | 5 . The benefits of avoided outages were drawn from three main sources . First , a survey was carried out of industrial and commercial customers in the Masaka area regarding the nature and cost of the mitigation measures taken to deal with the frequent supply interruptions currently experienced . The resultant average coping cost ( which excluded any fixed costs of equipment ) was 30 . 2 US cents / kWh . Because fixed costs were not included , the survey results were", "spans": [{"start": 1407, "end": 1468, "text": "survey was carried out of industrial and commercial customers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Insufficient capacity to < br > meet SDDS criteria in all < br > real and external sector < br > data categories | Progress is on track < br > and the first < br > intermediate target < br > ( Foreign Investment < br > Survey ( FIS ) < br > conducted and report < br > produced and available < br > on-line ) has been < br > achieved . < br > The 2015 FIS report is < br > available for download < br > from the KNBS website < br > http : / / www . knbs . or . ke | Progress is on track and < br > the first intermediate < br > target ( Foreign < br > Investment Survey ( FIS ) < br > conducted and report < br > produced and available < br > on-line ) has been < br > achieved . < br > The 2015 FIS report is < br > available for download < br > from the KNBS website < br > http : / / www . knbs . or . ke | All five < br > intermediate < br > targets < br > achieved | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 09-Dec-2015 | 06-Jun-2016 | 30-Jun-2020 | # #  Improve access to official survey microdata * * ( * * Text * * , * * Custom * * ) * * | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - -", "spans": [{"start": 1227, "end": 1243, "text": "survey microdata", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", F . ( 1979 ) : \" Decomposable Income Inequality Measures \" , _Econometrica_ , * * 47 * * , pp . 90120 . - Bourguignon , F . , F . H . G . Ferreira and N . Lustig ( 2005 ) : _The Microeconomics of Income Distribution Dynamics in East Asia and Latin America_ ( Washington DC : The World Bank and Oxford University Press ) . Cardoso , E . ( 1992 ) : “ Inflation and Poverty ” , NBER Working Paper No . 4006 ( Cambridge , MA ) . Cardoso , E . , R . Paes de Barros and A . Urani ( 1995 ) : \" Inflation and Unemployment as Determinants of Inequality in Brazil : the 1980s \" , Chapter 5 in Dornbusch , R . and Edwards , S . ( eds ) : _Reform , Recovery and Growth : Latin America and the Middle-East_ ; ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press for the NBER ) . - Corseuil , C . H . L . and M . N . Foguel ( 2002 ) : “ Uma Sugestão de Deflatores para Rendas Obtidas a partir de Algumas Pesquisas Domiciliares do IBGE ” , IPEA Texto para Discussão # 897 , Rio de Janeiro . - Cowell , F . A . ( 1980 ) : \" On the Structure of Additive Inequality Measures \" , _Review of Economic Studies_ , * * 47 * * , pp . 521-31 .", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 909, "text": "Pesquisas Domiciliares do IBGE", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Population Statistics Database ” , available at : http : / / popstats . unhcr . org / en / persons_of_concern , accessed between February and September 2018 . 6 For more background on refugees in Mexico , see e . g . Cobo and Fuerte , “ Refugiados en México : Perfiles Sociodemográficos e Integración Social ” , 2012 , available at : < u > http : / / www . acnur . org / fileadmin / Documentos / Publicaciones / 2013 / 9167 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > 7 Statistics from the Mexican government are available at : < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / es_mx / SEGOB / Boletines_Estadisticos , accessed : September 2018 . < / u > 8 In 2010 , there were 2 , 316 Haitian arrivals to Mexico by air ; in 2011 , 2 , 312 ; and in 2012 , 2 , 386 . See < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2010 / Bole tinEst2010 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 , p . 57 ; < / u > < u > http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadisticos / 2011 / Bole tinEst2011 . pdf , accessed : September 2018 , p . 57 , and http : / / www . politicamigratoria . gob . mx / work / models / SEGOB / CEM / PDF / Estadisticas / Boletines_Estadistic", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 30, "text": "Population Statistics Database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 470, "end": 508, "text": "Statistics from the Mexican government", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "medium - and low-tech manufacturing sectors , the labor market gains through the income channel appear to be stronger ( bottom panel ) . Higher forward GVC participation in mining also shows a strongly positive association with labor incomes ( but not employment ) . Both forward and backward GVC participation show a negative correlation with employment ( but not labor incomes ) for agriculture / fishing and business services . Increases in agricultural or business services exports in MICs possibly go hand in hand with laborsaving skill-intensive machinery and technology , thus reducing the demand for workers . < sup > 16 < / sup > Additional analysis by region is shown in Appendix Figure 9 . 4 . # 2 . 4 How are trade-job linkages characterized in lower-income countries ? In LMICs , manufacturing exports – especially of low-tech manufactured goods – are associated with larger employment increases than exports within agriculture or mining . This section focuses on the sample of 37 LMICs in EAP , SA , LAC , MENA and SA from the ETD database , differentiating between commodity exporters and countries specialized in limited manufacturing ( see Appendix 2 ) . For commodity exporters , total goods exports show a positive association with within-sector employment , although it is very small ( coefficient of 0 . 03 percent ) . The link is insignificant in agriculture which is land-intensive , but positive in both mining and manufacturing , with a slightly larger coefficient for the latter ( Figure 6 ) . For countries specialized in limited manufacturing , exports show a negative relationship with employment in agriculture , possibly driven by more intensive use of agricultural machinery in such countries complementing the increase in land use . By contrast , there is a positive and larger export-employment link in low-tech manufacturing . However , the link between low-tech manufactured exports in lower-income countries and job creation is substantially smaller than for the full sample of HMICs , possibly driven by the stronger role of informality . A 10 percent increase in exports of low-tech manufactured goods in LMICs specialized in limited manufacturing is associated with a 1 . 3 percent rise in employment – both formal and informal – within sectors ( Figure 6 ) . Compared", "spans": [{"start": 1041, "end": 1053, "text": "ETD database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "17 - 2 . 19 URC ' s staff strength data are inaccurate and the Accountants and Personnel Departments ' muster rolls need reconciliation and a census check . Total staff , 5 , 687 in 1977 the year of the EARC break-up , rose to 8 , 632 in 1985 and fell to 7 , 280 in 1988 ( Annex 6 ) . For the 1987 level of traffic , the latter strength yields a staff productivity of 20 , 000 traffic units per employee . Even if the traffic were to double in the next five years , URC ' s productivity at this staffing level would be one third of the average of other African railways . As stated in para . 2 . 16 , the Personnel And Accounts Departments are weak performers and are also overstaffed and marnned with many underqualified personnel . The Traffic Department , although not one of the weakest performers , appears overstaffed as well . The Civil Engineering Department has made an effort to reduce its establishments in building maintenance lack of funds for materials has rendered idle nearly 1 , 000 staff . To build up its productivity URC needs to adopt a three point staff strategyt ( a ) a gradual Improvement of the wage structure coupled with some incentive schemes ; ( b ) more intensive and task-oriented supervision systems , underpinned by a set of quantitative performance targets ; and ( c ) continue the embargo on recruitment and limit the recruitment of apprentices , periodic review of sanctioned posts and abolition of non-essential unfilled posts and reduction of the remainder in the next few years in conformity with an acceptable attrition rate . Because of the relatively low percentage of personnel in the over 50 year age category , the rate of attrition is likely to be lower than the usual 3 percent experienced elsewhere . Schemes for assigning staff to other activities of a capital formation nature , such as the Track Renewal Unit in the Civil Engineering Department , may have to be extended to other areas , and could increase their productivity substantially ; this could eventually", "spans": [{"start": 20, "end": 39, "text": "staff strength data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". # * * 9 . MANAGEMENT LETTER * * In addition to the audit report , the auditor will prepare a management letter , in which the auditor will : - ( a ) Give comments and observations on the accounting records , systems and controls that were examined during the course of the audit ;", "spans": [{"start": 189, "end": 207, "text": "accounting records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- a . Impacts on log household consumption were multiplied by control mean household consumption ( or baseline household consumption when control mean household consumption was not reported ) - b . Impacts on per capita household consumption were multiplied by baseline mean household size ( or average household size from a representative survey from the same country when mean household size was not reported ) 2 . Impacts on household consumption were prioritized over impacts on non-durable household consumption 3 . When impacts of multiple distinct aggregations of treatment arms were reported , estimates with more disaggregated treatment arms were prioritized , and estimates with disaggregation by transfer size were prioritized 4 . Estimates from the authors ’ preferred specification were prioritized 5 . Impacts on household consumption were annualized if reported over a different reference period * * Intent-to-treat and treatment-on-the-treated * * Compliance for both UCT and TUP programs were almost always near universal , as the programs studied by papers in this analysis typically offered large transfers relative to household income and contamination was rare , but there is meaningful variation in compliance . To ensure appropriate comparison , in all cases we therefore use treatment-on-the-treated instead of intent-to-treat estimates , scaling intent-to-treat impacts on household consumption by the inverse of the impacts of assignment on participation . When transfer sizes and program costs were reported per household assigned to treatment ( instead of per beneficiary ) , transfer sizes and program costs also needed to be scaled . * * Standardization of monetary units * * As a final step , all monetary values were converted to 2010 USD PPP to facilitate comparison across contexts . In addition , this conversion was done before impacts on household consumption per unit of transfer or cost were constructed ; 11", "spans": [{"start": 325, "end": 346, "text": "representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ “ . . . The first piece is located in Bagua Industry Park . It is a three-floor factory with a construction area of 1 , 593 square meters . The tenure is from 1985 to 2015 . Currently it is leased out with an annual rent of 600 , 000 RMB . . . The second piece is controlled by our subsidiary Sege Baohua . It is in Huaqiangbei Industry Park . The total area is 2 , 213 square meters with a construction area of 10 , 509 square meters . The tenure is from 1982 to 2012 . Currently it is leased out with an annual rent of 25 million RMB . . . ” _ The assumption that titling for firms should always be associated with a sharp fluctuation in their share prices need not be satisfied : the market might lack relevant landholding information of these firms , or the impact of titling could be viewed as trivial . To ensure that we fully capture titling firms , we also used two other methods . First , we checked all post-2009 annual reports of listed companies that either were headquartered in Shenzhen or had branches located in Shenzhen , in search of any mentioning of constructions related to the land titling program . We further explore the name lists of listed firms whose construction applications on land titling were approved by the government . We find another 26 firms that mentioned their participation in the land titling program . The total number of treatment firms is thus 43 . As a comparison , the number of listed firms headquartered in Shenzhen when the titling program was officially carried out in 2012 was 70 . Our empirical analysis starts with all domestically listed companies except those in the financial industry in light of their difference in business nature . We obtain financial data , including stock prices and information from financial statements , from the China Securities Market and Accounting Research ( CSMAR ) database , the most comprehensive database of its type that contains all trading prices and financial statement data for listed firms trading on both the Shanghai and the Shenzhen exchanges . We also rely on land price in Shenzhen to estimate the value of titling", "spans": [{"start": 1703, "end": 1717, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2062, "end": 2084, "text": "land price in Shenzhen", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia - Expressway Development Support Project ( P148850 ) urged to update their procurement records in the Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement ( STEP ) system to reflect the status of all activities , including the transfer of the ITS activity - * * B . Rationale for Restructuring * * 11 . This restructuring proposes the cancellation of approximately US $ 9 . 31 million in uncommitted funds under the Additional Financing credit ( IDA-7900 ) . On February 3 , 2026 , the Ministry of Finance ( MoF ) requested the cancellation of US $ 12million , and with a follow-on discussion with MoF , it was agreed to use US $ 2 . 69 million from the uncommitted project fund to settle outstanding compensation claims for 326 PAPs in Lot 3 . A review of project budget utilization and available balances conducted during the Implementation Support Mission between December 3-17 , 2025 , identified these funds as unlikely to be utilized before the project ' s closing date of June 30 , 2026 . The uncommitted funds include allocations previously earmarked for the Lot 3 ITS installation , which has been agreed to be transferred to the Horn of Africa Initiative Regional Economic Integration Project ( P174485 ) , as well as other budget savings identified across project components . The Government will cover the outstanding compensation payment of US $ 0 . 22 million for 61 PAPs identified in Lot 4 . 12 . The project has made significant strides in implementation , and the proposed cancellation does not affect the project ' s ability to achieve its PDO . The civil works on Lot 3 have reached 99 % physical completion , with the full 57 . 4km asphalt concrete pavement layer and all major structures substantially finalized . Institutional development activities under Components 2 and 3 are progressing satisfactorily , and the project is expected to achieve its key PDO indicators by June 30 , 2026 . 13 . This is the fourth restructuring of the project . The first restructuring extended the closing date by eight months from December 31 ,", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 181, "text": "Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This paper addresses the information gap by developing and applying an algorithm that generates species maps directly from GBIF occurrence data . The algorithm can automatically update maps as new occurrence data become available . We generate maps for all species whose data currently satisfy our computational criteria ( over 600 , 000 ) . Overlaying these maps with a high-resolution grid provides a view of global biodiversity that broadens the traditional focus on vertebrate animals to include more representation for invertebrates , other animals , plants , fungi and other non-plant and non-animal species . We believe that the new maps are complements rather than substitutes for in-depth biodiversity assessments . Where more information is available , the policy process will undoubtedly benefit from incorporating it . At the same time , we believe that our approach can contribute in three ways . First , for currently-mapped species , fast updates using our algorithm can help identify cases where newly-reported occurrences suggest alteration of map boundaries . Second , for currently-unmapped species , our approach can provide useful new information for global biodiversity assessments . Third , our mapping exercise can yield new insights about the global distribution of endemic species and species that are particularly vulnerable to human encroachment . The remainder ofthe paper < sup > isorganizedasfollows . Section2describestheGBIFoccurrencedata < / sup > and < sup > the < / sup > application of our mapping algorithm . In Section 3 , we explore overall results for the 610 , 694 species maps generated by our exercise . Section 4 extends the results to a new view of global endemism , while Section 5 explores the distributions of small-occurrence region species that are particularly vulnerable to human encroachment . Section 6 summarizes and concludes the paper . The Global Biodiversity Information Facility provides a constantly-updated open-source repository of geolocated , date-stamped reports of species occurrences from many public institutions and NGOs . These In addition , the GBIF identified reporting locations . Species are traditionally identified as endemic if they are 100 % resident in one country . We also explore the implications of lowering the endemism condition to 95 % and 90 % . ~ ~ a a , ~ ~ respectively . Our mapping algorithm requires at least this", "spans": [{"start": 123, "end": 143, "text": "GBIF occurrence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Box 1 : The Intuition behind Synthetic Panels * * Analysis of economic mobility over time requires panel data . However , such data are not typically available in many settings . In Nepal , even though the NLSS surveys contained panel components , they suffer from heavy attrition and the resulting population is not representative for the population in any of the rounds . The synthetic panel methodology was introduced to address this key data limitation . Several efforts to validate the results of this methodology against actual panel data have been conducted and the general consensus that has emerged is that synthetic panels provide a promising way forward . We describe the key elements of how the method works using the example of two LSMS rounds in Nepal , let ’ s say the 2003 / 04 and 2010 / 11 rounds . The essential idea is to use an imputation methodology to predict the consumption of households interviewed in 2003 / 04 in 2010 / 11 . This prediction is done by first estimating a consumption model for 2010 / 11 . This entails a regression of household per capita consumption on a set of observable household characteristics such as household size , demographic composition , education or asset holdings , etc . The predicted 2010 / 11 consumption ( of households interviewed in 2003 / 04 ) is based on two components . The first component is obtained by applying the estimated coefficients on observable characteristics of households interviewed in 2003 / 04 . Implicitly , the question that is being asked is , what would the consumption of the 2003 / 04 households be if the “ returns to their characteristics ” were as observed in 2010 / 11 . But of course , in addition to the deterministic component , there is also an idiosyncratic element to household consumption , e . g . , shocks experienced by the households or other unobservable characteristics such as entrepreneurship , industry etc . In order to account for that , a second component has to be included in the predicted consumption . This component is estimated based on the correlation coefficient of the estimated error term obtained from the consumption model for the two years .", "spans": [{"start": 214, "end": 226, "text": "NLSS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 542, "end": 552, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | | Date | 22-Feb-2021 | 14-Jun-2022 | 13-Sep-2022 | 31-Dec-2025 | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * 9 / 16 / 2022 Page 8 of 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". e . the counterfactual ) . < br > Given the lack of satisfaction with how remote-sensing based indicators have performed in te past , largely as a < br > result of failing to control for external factors , the methodology establishing the ' counterfactual ' for comparison < br > will incorporate b | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 0 . 00 < br > May / 2021 | 0 . 00 < br > 19-Dec-2024 < br > 0 . 00 < br > 19-Dec-2024 < br > 50 . 00 < br > Apr / 2028 | | ReviseProject area showing an < br > increase in LSWI correcting for < br > climate effects ( Percentage ) | Comments on achieving targets | The Land Surface Water Index ( LSWI ) measures moisture content in soil and vegetation . Improved land < br > management practices leads to better water retention , less runoff during heavy rains and improves moisture < br > availability during dry seasons thereby supporting more vigorous and enduring plant growth during periods of < br > little or no rain . Soil and vegetation moisture content correlates with improvement in land productivity , < br > increased carbon storage , and greater resilience to climate change due to improved absorptive and adaptive < br > capacity ( as per the PDO ) . The LSWI is the normalized difference between the near-infrared and short wave < br > infrared spectral bands and ranges from - 1 to 1 . This indicator usefully complements NDVI and is meant to add < br > value when used in combination with other indicators , and provides a benchmark for physical achievement < br > under the operation and can be computed using remote-sensed satellite imagery data . Progress under this < br > indicator is tracked by computing , at the pixel-level ( using a spatial resolution of 30mx30m ) , the change in < br > annual average LSWI from baseline ,", "spans": [{"start": 1561, "end": 1597, "text": "remote-sensed satellite imagery data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the identification of indigenous peoples . These include the Batwa , Benet , Tepeth and the Ik . These people have historically suffered , and continue to suffer disempowerment and discrimination on economic , social and cultural grounds . Their livelihood is threatened mainly by the dwindling access to land and natural resources on which they depend either as pastoralists or as hunter-gatherers . It should be emphasized , however , that although the law in Uganda does not expressly recognize these , it makes provision for addressing some of the negative effects arising from ethnic vulnerability and imbalances . INVITE project will therefore devise measures for inclusion of the groups of people categorized as vulnerable or marginalized in its project activities and benefits . # # * * 4 . 3 . 7 Employment * * According to 2016 / 17 Uganda National Household Survey ( UNHS ) , Uganda ’ s working age population stood at 19 , 104 , 000 of which 78 . 8 % were working . The largest proportion of the population ( 65 % ) being employed in agriculture . The rest are engaged in trade , manufacturing , transport etc . Women made up 44 . 4 % of the working population ( Uganda National Household Survey , UNHS , 2017 ) . 43", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 875, "text": "Uganda National Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") higher than kids whose moms are literate . The corresponding numbers for internalizing and externalizing difficulties are 0 . 08 and - 0 . 02 s . d . , respectively . These scores were standardized using the age specific group within the full ECED sample . Appendix Table A5 , Panel B , reports the descriptive statistics . The second instrument we employ is the Early Development Instrument , a comprehensive mea - > 8As noted in Pradhan et al . ( 2013 ) , the SDQ is an informant-based assessment of a child used internationally . It has been translated to Indonesian by Wiguna and Hestyanti ( 2012 ) . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "threshold significantly divergent from one ' s initial conditions , aspirations cease to exhibit a meaningful correlation with enhanced outcomes . This phenomenon may be attributed to the onset of frustration or other complex factors at play ( Janzen , et al . , 2017 ; Ross , 2019 ; Bloem , 2021 ) . # * * 3 . Methods * * # * * 3 . 1 . Data and Survey Instruments * * Recent surveys targeting youth have incorporated questions aimed at understanding their career aspirations and life goals amid the backdrop of the COVID-19 crisis . The ‘ Youth Aspirations and Employment Module ’ was designed based on household surveys < sup > 2 < / sup > and implemented in World Bank ' s Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) High Frequency Phone Surveys ( HFPS ) in Ethiopia , Malawi and Nigeria < sup > 3 < / sup > to collect information about ( i ) education history , including the level of education already achieved ( note that in multi-topic household surveys , some of this information is partially captured within the Education Module ) , ( ii ) work history , such as the age at which respondents began working , their previous work experiences , and sources of income , ( iii ) future plans , which encompass intended activities following the completion of education or training programs , and ( iv ) career aspirations , covering desired occupations , role models , adherence to social norms , and interest in migration . Understanding youth aspirations can be complicated due to measurement issues . Firstly , all empirical measures of aspirations rely on self-reported survey questions . Secondly , the measures of aspirations may vary in the underlying concepts they capture . While most authors agree on aspirations being multidimensional , the specific survey questions used to capture them differ in formulation , potentially yielding diverse results and policy implications . A key distinction among survey questions is whether respondents are asked about their aspirations without any constraints or limitations ( Roy , et al . , 2018 ; Ross , 2019 ; Favara , M . , 2017 ) . This analysis examines three key dimensions ( i ) educational aspirations ,", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 710, "text": "Living Standards Measurement Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 720, "end": 748, "text": "High Frequency Phone Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 943, "end": 960, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "criteria used < br > • Percentage ( 100 % ) of project < br > pre-screening for risks on < br > natural habitats and PCRs < br > using maps and data at PPMD < br > level < br > • Percentage < br > ( 100 % ) < br > of < br > projects passing through ES < br > risk and impact screening and < br > E & S instruments prepared < br > based < br > on < br > screening < br > recommendations < br > and < br > approved < br > by < br > relevant < br > authority . < br > • Percentage < br > ( 100 % ) < br > of < br > projects < br > regularly / periodically < br > supervised and monitored < br > through field inspections < br > • A TPM system implemented | At all levels < br > ( federal , regional , < br > district , and < br > project levels ) | MoWE and < br > EEU | Overall action < br > item < br > performance - < br > during Program < br > implementatio < br > n < br > Focal < br > persons < br > assigned at EEU < br > districts < br > prior < br > program < br > implementatio < br > n < br > ESMSG and RSG < br > will be revised < br > prior < br > to < br > Program < br > effectiveness < br > Capacity < br > building < br > training and < br > monitoring < br > through a TPM < br > managed by < br > the PPMD will < br > be provided < br > prior projects < br > implementatio | Revised ESMSG < br > and RSG < br > Projects pre - < br > screened , < br > screened , < br > instruments < br > prepared , < br", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 156, "text": "maps and data at PPMD", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The calculations in Sections 4 - 5 indicate that providing roads to villages in the hilly states is probably not socially profitable at the discount rate of 10 percent . Yet the net returns in the other participating states easily make good these shortfalls , even without an appeal to ‘ growth effects ’ generated by the larger economy , or to the existence of net , positive external effects produced by rural roads on the larger economy . On balance , Section 6 suggests that there are such effects , but the magnitude of the net benefit is shrouded in uncertainty . The formal estimates of the benefits generated in the spheres of education and health are substantial in size , though the method used to arrive at them has its weaknesses . The respondents in the Orissa survey ranked these benefits roughly on a par with the commercial ones , as did many of the villagers with whom I spoke on my field-trip . When a passable road may well be decisive in life-and-death emergencies , people will indeed value it highly . At all events , it is reassuring that two such radically different 25", "spans": [{"start": 767, "end": 780, "text": "Orissa survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "labor - they are likely to be more engaged in - economic activities than remote learning ; and - Who have been victims of early and forced marriages and teenage pregnancies . - From minority clans and or indigenous groups ; - Orphans and vulnerable children from low-income families . 42 . Vulnerable groups within communities affected by the Program will be consulted through dedicated means , as appropriate . The KPEELP team will obtain gender-disaggregated data , where possible , for contextualization and enhancing participation in community decision making . Meetings will be conducted in accessible locations and within flexible hours of the day , to ensure their voice and opinions on Program implementation is heard and recommendations considered . 43 . Upon effectiveness , the KPEELP shall carry out an analysis of the inclusion of disability issues through an Environmental and Social Assessment ( ESA ) as guided by principles underlying the ESF : ( i ) the potential for increased vulnerability of persons with disabilities to be adversely affected by the project needs to be avoided and mitigated ; ( ii ) their ability to take advantage of project benefits , including employment where skill sets are appropriate and reasonable accommodation can be provided , and ( iii ) the need to include vulnerable and disadvantaged stakeholders in the information disclosure and consultation process in a > 5 Vulnerable status may emerge from an individual ’ s or group ’ s race , ethnic or social origin , national , color , gender , religion , language , political or other opinion , property , age , culture , sickness , literacy , physical or mental disability , poverty levels or economically disadvantaged , and dependence on unique natural resources . 13", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 465, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ( d ) The members of the PSGMC will meet within two days after the complaint is being received to resolve the case and let the person with the complaints know the decision within 24 hours . - ( e ) If agreement not reached , the PSGMC will submit the case to KGMC in the same day . - * * Step 2 : * * The KGMC will meet within 72 hours after receiving unresolved cases of complaints from the PSGMC for decision . The KGMC will let the PSGMC know the decision within the same day which in turn let know the person with complaints within one day . - * * Step 3 : * * Women or Community Grievance management Committee ( W / CGMC ) will sit for meeting to investigate the complaints received from the KGMC within a week time and decision will be made accordingly . - * * Step 4 : * * As members of the Regional Grievance management Committee / RGMC will meet every three weeks to investigate and make decision on the unresolved complaints received from the W / CGMC . As the RGMC mostly likely receive complex issues , the process of decision making will yet take another one-week time as appropriate . - * * Step 5 : * * In due process from step 1 to step 4 , the person with complaints will receive the decision made by the highest level of the GRM appealing system within one month time . If still not satisfied with the decision made by the RGMC , the person will be informed the right to appeal through the formal court system . A written record of all complaints will be maintained , having all the necessary information required for its management ( see SEP for details ) . The project will provide contact details for responsible personnel assigned for the GRM , during consultation and awareness raising sessions , MILLs websites as well as posted in places with full view of the public , as required , any written form exists or the steps of the GRM procedure will be translated into", "spans": [{"start": 1434, "end": 1466, "text": "written record of all complaints", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "East Asian issuers , including firms listed in stock exchanges and unlisted firms . To explore which investors purchased the issued securities , we analyze the portfolios of mutual , pension , and insurance funds using data at the security level . To examine how firms used the funds raised in domestic markets , we merge the transaction-level data with firm-level balance sheet and income statement data . The evidence shows that the most significant part of the expansion in bond issuance activity between 1990 and 2016 occurred in domestic bond markets , especially after 2008 , surpassing the activity in international markets . The annual amount raised in domestic ( international ) bonds increased by about 381 ( 58 ) percent between 1990-98 and 2008-16 . As a result , the share of bond financing obtained domestically increased over time , becoming firms ’ main source of bond financing since 2008 . Between 1990-98 and 2008-16 , the average share of domestic bonds relative to the total annual amount raised ( domestic plus international bonds ) increased from 21 to 69 percent . Most of the bonds raised since 2008 were denominated in domestic currencies . Moreover , this growth in domestic markets comprised the participation of more and smaller issuing firms . The annual number of issuing firms in domestic bond markets increased 125 percent and the size of the typical issuer of domestic bonds declined by 30 percent when comparing 1990-98 and 2008-16 . Instead , the number of issuing firms and the size of the typical issuer in international markets barely changed between these two periods . We then study whether the acceleration in domestic bond issuances in 2008-16 was more likely driven by an increased appetite for domestic bonds by investors ( supply-side expansion ) or by a higher demand of capital by firms ( demand-side expansion ) . If a supply-side expansion by investors seeking to buy bonds was the main force behind the acceleration in domestic bond financing , we could observe a decline in bond issuance yields , higher leverage growth for new ( smaller ) issuers relative to recurrent ( larger ) issuers , and an accumulation of issuance proceeds in cash as firms took advantage of favorable liquidity conditions to raise more debt than", "spans": [{"start": 326, "end": 348, "text": "transaction-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 354, "end": 404, "text": "firm-level balance sheet and income statement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to above ‐ mentioned registration procedures , the mediation committee will be established , and mediation meetings will be organized with interested parties . Minutes of meetings will be recorded . The existence of this first instance mechanism will be widely disseminated to the affected people as part of the consultation undertaken for the sub ‐ project in general . It is important that these mediation committees be set up as soon as RAP preparation starts . Disputes documented for example , through socio ‐ economic surveys should be dealt with by appropriate mediation mechanisms which must be available to cater for claims , disputes and grievances at this early stage . A template form for claims should be developed and these forms be collated on a quarterly basis into a database held at project level . # # # * * VIII . Verification * * 11 . The Mediation Meeting Minutes , including agreements of compensation and evidence of compensation made shall be provided to the Municipality / district , to the supervising engineers , who will maintain a record hereof , and to auditors and socio ‐ economic monitors when they undertake reviews and post ‐ project assessment . This process shall be specified in all relevant project documents , including details of the relevant authority for complaints at the municipal / district or implementing agency level . Page 80 of 90", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 531, "text": "socio ‐ economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 784, "end": 814, "text": "database held at project level", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mexico , which has been observed since the early 2000s . The fall in returns to college education may be the outcome of a process in a particular age group , for example , lower quality of tertiary education in younger workers — the “ degraded tertiary education effect ” . Another explanation is that older workers in recent cohorts receive lower wages than their counterparts in previous cohorts due to a skill mismatch with the demands of the economy or to a technical change that makes skilled-labor redundant — the “ skills-obsolescence effect ” . Using data from Mexican labor surveys for the period between 2000 and 2014 , we do not find evidence to support the hypothesis that the decline in the relative wages of skilled workers is explained by a degraded tertiary effect or a demand-supply mismatch among younger workers . If these effects have taken place , they have been more than offset by other forces . There is evidence , however , of a process that is taking a negative toll on workers ages 50 years and older . Rather than a continuously increasing concave wage function , these workers present a sharper decline in their wage . In addition , there is some support of an accelerated skills-obsolescence effect , which is suggested by the fact that the age at which the slope becomes negative occurs at younger ages with each cohort . Nevertheless , this finding must be interpreted with caution , as the year at which the wage becomes negative for the college-educated of every cohort ( 2008 ) is the same year in which the country entered into recession . 13", "spans": [{"start": 569, "end": 590, "text": "Mexican labor surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 | * * Land & * * < br > * * Assets * * | * * Types of Impact * * | * * Person ( s ) Affected * * | * * Compensation / Entitlement / Benefits * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting + < br > allowance ) < br > Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 2 months net income based < br > on tax records for previous year ( or tax < br > records from comparable business , or < br > estimates ) | | | | Business person is < br > lease holder | Opportunity cost compensation < br > equivalent to 2 months net income based < br > on tax records for previous year ( or tax < br > records from comparable business , or < br > estimates ) , or the relocation allowance , < br > whichever is higher . < br > Relocation assistance ( costs of shifting ) < br > Assistance in rental / lease of alternative < br > land / property ( for a maximum of 6 < br > months ) to reestablish the business . | | Residential < br > Land | Land used for < br > residence partially < br > affected , limited loss | Title holder | Cash compensation for affected land , < br > taking into account market values for the < br > land | | | Remaining land < br > viable for present use . | Rental / lease < br > holder | Cash compensation equivalent to 10 % of < br > lease / rental fee for the remaining period < br > of rental / lease agreement ( written or < br > verbal ) | | | Land and assets used | Title holder < br > Rental / lease | Land for land replacement or < br >", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 410, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 638, "end": 649, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - The Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes : Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholding ( Proclamation No . 1161 / 19 and the Amendment Proclamation No . 1336 / 2024 ) ; - The Council of Ministers Regulations on the Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes ( Council of Ministers Regulations No . 472 / 2020 ) ; and - The World Bank ’ s ESF and the relevant ESSs . * * _Compensation for Loss of Farmland , Houses , other Structures , Fruit Trees and Eucalyptus and Indigenous Trees . _ * * The following methodologies have been adopted for the affected assets as hereunder : _Valuation of Structures using Replacement Cost Approach : _ The valuation basis adopted for valuing the affected structures ( housing etc … ) is on the land taken for compensation is the current replacement cost with the objective to reinstate the owner to build similar structures on another site . In obtaining the unit cost for reinstatement , the cost of construction rates recommended by the affected Woreda Administration Offices was considered . _Valuation of Farmland : _ Since there is no vacant land , _Monetary_ compensation shall be provided 15 times the price of the average yield of crops or perennial crops obtained from the land and added up the cost spent for land improvement . The average yield and the price is obtained from Woreda Agriculture Offices . _Valuation of Perennial Crops : _ There is no replaced land therefore cash compensation shall be paid . Monetary compensation shall be provided fifteen times the price of the average yield of crops obtained from the land and added up the cost spend for land improvement . The crops which are on the affected land at the time of census survey have been valued based on the schedules prepared by the Woreda Office of Agriculture for various types of crops", "spans": [{"start": 1889, "end": 1902, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the project is rated as moderately satisfactory . 25 . Organization and Staffing : FeMSEDA has recruited a procurement staff for the project through an IC process . The recruited staff had previous experience with World Bank financed projects and has been facilitating the procurement activities of the project . However , because of a better offer the staff has now resigned from his position . FeMSEDA is in the process of recruiting a procurement staff and the evaluation of the CVs of potential candidates is under way , and the mission was assured that the Agency will have a replacement at the earliest . However , the Mission suggests that it analyze the reasons underlying the resignation of staff and rectify the problems for the constant issue of retention of the staff at NPMT . The Bank recommends that the NPMT provide a conducive working environment and a reasonable compensation and / or allowance in order to retain the staff and facilitate the procurement activities of the project . The mission brought this concern to the attention of the State Minister . 26 . Procurement Planning : The NPMT has prepared and submitted a detailed procurement plan for goods , works and services which is approved by the Bank . During the PPR mission it was noted that the procurement plan of the project has not been updated . The project has since then submitted a revised procurement plan of the project for approval by IDA . The Mission recommends that the procurement plan of the WEDP project should be updated regularly at least once a year . 27 . Procurement Documentation : During the PPR Mission of the project for FY 13 the procurement documentation system of the project was reviewed . According to the review the PCU maintains manual procurement records of the procurement activities carried out under the project . However , complete procurement documents are not maintained in a central place in an organized manner . It 8 | P a g e", "spans": [{"start": 1741, "end": 1767, "text": "manual procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "registration ( column 4 ) even while controlling for the interaction with financial development . The financial development interaction remains significant , despite a drop in the number of observations . That is , countries that have been more affected by the crisis ( as indicated by a lower index of turbulence ) have experienced sharper declines in their new business registrations . Finally , we run a specification in which we include log GDP per capita , financial development and turbulence with crisis ( model 5 ) and find the results to be unchanged . To summarize , we find that the current financial crisis has negatively affected new business creation and that this effect was larger in countries with more developed financial markets and countries that have experienced more economic and financial “ turbulence ” as a result of the crisis . The decline in new limited-liability registrations was more pronounced in 2009 than in 2008 and was more significant in higher income countries . # * * 5 . Conclusion * * We use panel data on the number of new firm registrations in 95 countries to study the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on new firm creation . The data show that dynamic business creation occurs in countries that provide entrepreneurs with reduced red tape and a stable investment climate . The data also show that nearly all countries experienced a sharp drop in business entry during the crisis , and that the degree to which the crisis impacted new firm creation is highly correlated with measures of crisis severity . We also find that the crisis had a more negative impact on new business creation in countries with higher levels of financial development . These results can help guide effective policymaking and deliver new capabilities for identifying the impact of reforms . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1033, "end": 1043, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> date and identified and < br > verified through final asset < br > inventory and valuation by < br > NLC . < br > PAP must provide proof of < br > business income generation < br > at the affected structure and < br > by the related business < br > carried out at the structure < br > through business records . < br > In the absence of business < br > records to proof business < br > income , the value of the < br > affected business will be < br > determined < br > through < br > observations < br > and < br > interviews among other < br > methodologies < br > done < br > by < br > NLC / Registered Valuers | County < br > Social < br > Development < br > Officers ( CSDO ) at County level . < br > This will be through counselling < br > and liaison to the existing welfare < br > support < br > programs < br > under < br > the < br > CSDO ’ s office ; | | | Renter / Tenants | Reimbursement for unexpired tenancy / < br > lease period or the amount of deposit or < br > advance paid by the tenant to the < br > landlord or the remaining amount at the < br > time of expropriation , or three months ’ < br > rent , whichever is greater . | Proof of a formal tenancy < br > agreement < br > for < br > the < br > occupancy of the affected < br > houses has to be provided . < br > In the absence of a formal < br > agreement , a month rent | Financial < br > training < br > for < br > the < br > sustainable and prudent use of cash < br > compensation < br > Business < br > skills < br > training < br > and < br > enlightenment < br >", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 311, "text": "business records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "physical capital that determine income . < sup > 6 < / sup > We have however included a categorical variable to indicate whether the household fell in the lowest income quintile . This is not intended as an income variable , rather it captures the special constraints faced by the poorest segments of the population in terms of access to credit and insurance . This lack of access prevents a poor household from relying on outside markets to reduce income risk and is a major reason why child labor is predominant among poor households ( Grootaert and Kanbur , 1995 ) . _Cost of schooling . _ Since schooling is the main competing time use for children , it stands to reason that the cost of schooling would be an important determinant of the likelihood of child work ( Siddiqi and Patrinos , 1995 ) . The CILSS contains information on household expenditures for education , but these cannot be included as explanatory variables in the model because they are endogenous to the child labor decision ( by definition , expenses on education are incurred only for children for whom the decision was made to enroll them in school ) . We have hence averaged , for each cluster in the survey , household expenditures on education per enrolled child . This average can be considered an independent measure of the cost of schooling in that cluster , and this variable has been included as a regressor in the model . We have also included the distance to the school ( also averaged by cluster ) as a partial measure for the opportunity cost of school attendance . Unfortunately , a direct measure of > _6_ The model we estimate below is a reduced form equation . In a structural model , it would be appropriate to have a separate equation to determine household income as a function of 30", "spans": [{"start": 806, "end": 811, "text": "CILSS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya Statistics Program for Results ( P149718 ) iv * * . * * KCHS survey poverty estimates produced and disseminated ( Target missed ) . Due to the prolonged electioneering period in 2017 , the start of the KCHS was delayed . Therefore , although KNBS collected poverty monitoring data , they delayed the production and dissemination of the KCHS poverty estimates until after the program ’ s closed . As a result , KNBS only disbursed 80 percent against the corresponding DLI . v * * . * * KNBS started fieldwork for KIHBS 2020 / 21 but moved the actual survey to after the end of the program ( target missed ) . vi * * . * * KNBS achieved only 3 of the five output targets . # # # OUTCOME i * * . * * Gaps filled in poverty and inequality data . ii * * . * * Production of regular poverty monitoring data and statistics . iii * * . * * KNBS ’ s capacity to implement the household survey program was strengthened . iv * * . * * Kenya ’ s Overall Statistical Capacity Score ( SCI ) improved from 54 in 2015 to 57 . 80 in 2020 . However , as the 2020 score did not include the updated score for the rebased CPI completed in 2020 , the final SCI score must be higher . # # # * * A2 . Filling National Accounts data gaps through an integrated program of economic surveys * * OUTPUT i * * . * * KNBS implemented a micro and small enterprises ( MSE ) survey and produced an online report ( target achieved ) . ii * * . * * KNBS implemented an establishment census and produced an online report ( target achieved ) . iii * * . * * KNBS implemented an integrated survey of services ( ISS ) and produced an online report ( target achieved ) . iv * * . * * KN", "spans": [{"start": 356, "end": 379, "text": "poverty monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 876, "end": 899, "text": "poverty monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1404, "end": 1446, "text": "micro and small enterprises ( MSE ) survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1532, "end": 1552, "text": "establishment census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1639, "end": 1668, "text": "integrated survey of services", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "47 - ANNEX 1 Table 1 # # # # # UGANDA # # # # # AGKICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT # # # # Agricultural Productlon Statistics for Uganda ( ' 000 metric tons ) | | Peak | ( Year ) | < br > 1980 | < br > 1981 | < br > 1982 | < br > 1983 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Export Agriculture < br > ( Offlcial < br > Purchases ) | | | | | | | | Coffee ( exports ) | 251 | ( 1969 ) | < br > 135 . 5 | < br > 97 . 5 | < br > 166 . 6 | < br > 172 . 0 | | Robusta | 233 | | 130 . 4 | < br > 93 . 0 | < br > 152 . 3 | < br > 157 . 4 | | Arabica | 18 | | 5 . 1 | < br > 4 . 5 | < br > 14 . 3 | < br > 14 . 6 | | Cotton Lint | 86 | ( 1970 ) | < br > 4 . 0 | < br > 3 . 8 | < br > 5 . 1 | < br > 10 . 2 | | Tea ( made ) | 23 | ( 1972 ) | < br > 1 . 5 | < br > 1 . 7 | < br > 2 . 5 | < br > 2 . 5 | | Tobacco | 5 | ( 1972 ) | < br > 0 . 4 | < br > 0 . 1 | < br > 0 . 6 | < br > 2 . 3 | | Sugar ( raw ) | 152 | ( 1968 ) | < br > 2 . 4 | < br > 3 . 8 | < br > 2 . 5 | < br > n . a", "spans": [{"start": 89, "end": 134, "text": "Agricultural Productlon Statistics for Uganda", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value < br > | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | 1 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | IN01171024 < br >  Total number of p | eople in RHDs benefiting from < br > Baseline | key Project inter < br > Actual | ventions ( Numb < br > ( Previous ) | er , Custom S < br > Actual | upplement ) < br > ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | 0 . 00 | | 2 , 000 , 000 . 00 | # * * Overall Comments PDO * * Some of the PDO indicators are not updated since the MoH is collecting disaggregated data to update information on sex , as well as RHDs / settlements . # * * Intermediate Results Indicators by Components * * # Component 1 : Case Detection , Confirmation , Contact Tracing , Recording and Reporting < u > < mark > IN01171028 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of laboratory tests done for suspected COVID-19 cases using approved testing technologies ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 194 , 872 . 00 | 1 , 400 , 000 . 00 | 3 , 282 , 354 . 00 | 6 , 000 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 15-Apr-2020 | 29-Oct-2021 | 10-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | To date the Bank has < br > kits . 6 PCR testing eq | contributed 23 , 000 COVID-19 P < br > uipment for the", "spans": [{"start": 499, "end": 517, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "POLICY PAPER 26 6 under UNHCR ’ s Home Visits Programme , interviews have been conducted with more than 170 , 000 Syrian refugee households in non-camp settings to examine their living conditions . In 2014 , only 53 % of school age children were enrolled in formal education , though this was an increase from 44 % in 2013 ( UNHCR , 2015e ) . The government painted a similar picture , indicating that 100 , 000 school age Syrian children missed formal education in 2014 , almost 50 % of those living outside camps ( Jordan Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation , 2015 ) . Another striking example comes from Turkey , host to almost 3 million registered Syrian refugees . As of late 2015 , almost 700 , 000 Syrian refugee children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 needed access to education ( 3RP , 2016a ) . Around 85 % were scattered outside camps in towns and cities . The percentage of refugee children enrolled in formal education was over 85 % in camp settings but only 30 % in urban areas . Overall , enrolment rates were 7 % in pre-primary education , 52 % in primary education , 31 % in lower secondary education , and 10 % in upper secondary education ( Figure 4 ) ( Turkey Ministry of Education , 2016 ) . A 2013 survey of 2 , 700 households conducted in the camps and out of the camps yielded similar results . In the 10 cities with the highest proportion of Syrian refugees , about 83 % of children in the camps were found to attend school compared with only 14 % of those living out of the camps ( Turkey AFAD , 2013 ) . # # # # # # * * FIGURE 4 : * * In Turkey , few Syrian refugee children receive pre-primary education _Enrolment rates of Syrian refugee children and adolescents , by level , 2015_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 52 . 3 < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 31 . 3 < br > 30", "spans": [{"start": 1228, "end": 1261, "text": "2013 survey of 2 , 700 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 length and weight of one of those children ( randomly selected ) . Salter scale ( Model 235 6S ) and wall-mounted measuring rods ( portable baby / child length / height measuring system ) were used . The WASH governance index combined questions about the presence of a water committee , frequency of committee meetings , WASH expenses ( excluding maintenance ) , presence of a maintenance plan , whether the committee tracks health conditions in the community , and whether it tracks hygiene and sanitation . Secondary outcomes were access to improved water and sanitation facilities , water quality at water points and in homes , hygiene knowledge and behaviors , observed handwashing , perceptions of WASH governance , children ’ s school absenteeism , child weight-for-age Z score , and child weight-for-height Z score . Structured observation of handwashing was done in four households per village . We first attempted to observe the four households that were interviewed at the five-month follow-up ; if any were unavailable or unwilling , we randomly selected from the six new households to replace them . A research assistant spent two hours in each of these households , recording if handwashing occurred at critical junctures such as before preparing food ( see S8 Table for full list of junctures ) . This took place before the interview , to minimize Hawthorne effects . Access to improved water and sanitation was self-reported , i . e . respondents reported whether their main water source is improved or not according to the Joint Monitoring Program standard definitions ( e . g . boreholes are considered improved , while unprotected springs or surface water sources are not ) . Cost paid by households for water and time spent collecting water were also self-reported . To measure water quality , we tested samples collected ( i ) at each of the water points used by members of each village , and ( ii ) at household water storage containers in six randomly selected households per village , on average . Testing was done concurrently with the household interviews . We used the Aquagenx Compartment Bag Test E . Coli + Total Coliform Most Probable Number ( MPN ) Kit . This measured the MPN of fecal indicator bacteria", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 15 - agricultural census . Nevertheless . they once again point to service , commerce and restaurants as the fastest growing nonfarm sectors . While overall manufacturing grew more slowly than services and commerce , the Rwanda data , like those from Sierra Leone , do point to woodworking , metal work and textiles as among most buoyant rural industrial activities . E . Correlates of Growth in the Rural Nonfarm EcJjw We hypothesize that several factors affect the growth of the rural nonfarm economy . 1 . DeveloDMent of rural towns . In part this may be due to the benefits of economies of scale as well as the prospects for centralized , cost-effective provision of key infrastructure and services . 2 . Leyel of infrastucture . Decreases ! n the cost of information and transport flows improve the efficiency with which rural labor and financial markets channel inputs into activities yielding the highest returns . Noreover , decreased transport costs open up rural resources and markets to viable exploitation , facilitating movement to a more specialized , productive rural economy . 3 . Per capita income . Engel ' s Law mandates this tandem movement for the overall economy , and if definitions of \" rural ' reoain liberal enough to encompass the nonfarm growth in rural towns , increases in income will lead to an increase in the nonfarm share of total rural income .", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 26, "text": "agricultural census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 234, "text": "Rwanda data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 * * _KENYA_ * * < sup > * * _MARINEFISHERIES AND SOCIO-ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPROJECT_ * * < / sup > * * _Annual_ * * < sup > * * _Reportand Financial Statements_ * * < / sup > * * _For the year ended 30 ' June , 2024_ * * Significant < sup > AccountingPolicies < / sup > < sup > * * ( Continued ) * * < / sup > n ) Exchange < sup > ratediffrenlcs < / sup > n ~ dxhag thee functionals crecy of the primary economic environment The accounting records are maintained < sup > inthfunctional < / sup > Curreni c c during the in which the Project operates , < sup > KenyaShillings . Transactionsinforeigncurrenciesling < / sup > i the year / period are converted < sup > intothefunctionalcurrencyusingthe exchangeratesprevailingat thedates < / sup > of the transactions . Any foreign < sup > exchangegainsandlossesresultingfromthesettlementofsuch < / sup > transactions and from the translation < sup > atperiod-end exchange < / sup > rates of monetary assets and < sup > liabilities < / sup > denominated in < sup > foreigncurrenciesare recognisedinthestatementsof receiptsandpayments . < / sup > * * o ) * * Comparative < sup > figures < / sup > Where < sup > necessarycomparativefiguresforthepreviousfinancialyear / periodhavebeenamendedor < / sup > reconfigured < sup > toconformto the requiredchangesin financialstatementpresentation . < / sup > * * p ) * *", "spans": [{"start": 429, "end": 447, "text": "accounting records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "teaching the student or having taught the student in the previous year . We collected information on the current teacher for 85 percent of the students and on the past teacher for 62 percent of these students since some teachers had left the school . < sup > 10 < / sup > Consequently our sample drops as we include present and past teacher controls . Moreover , this change is probably not random – particularly in the case of the present teacher , it is very likely that we lose information on those who are prone to high absenteeism . To assess learning achievement , a maximum of 20 students in grade 5 were randomly chosen from every school in 2001 and an achievement test was administered in Mathematics and English . < sup > 11 < / sup > The same tests were administered in 2002 to the same students leading to the construction of a two-year panel of test scores . Sampled children were also asked to complete a student questionnaire in every year with information on basic assets and demographic information for the household . Our source of variation for shocks to teacher inputs is variation in teacher absenteeism , where absence is de fi ned as a teacher being away from school during regular school hours . < sup > 12 < / sup > Unfortunately , schools in Zambia ( and in most other low-income countries ) do not maintain records of teacher ’ s time away from school . To the extent that such records are available , they tend to under-estimate absence by 5-10 percent ( Chaudhury and others 2004 ) . Our information on absences is instead based on three different measures that we collected as part of the school survey ; spot absence , selfreported absence during the last 30 days and the head-teacher ’ s report of teacher absence during the last 30 days . The most satisfactory measure is the head teacher ’ s report , whereby head teachers provided independent reports of teacher absence over the last 30 days for the entire matched teacher sample . As an indicator for teacher shocks , this is a noisy measure and as usual , measurement error implies that our estimates are likely to", "spans": [{"start": 840, "end": 869, "text": "two-year panel of test scores", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1619, "end": 1632, "text": "school survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "12-19 | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-05-07 | 2019-10-29 | | KE-MOE-61968-NC-DIR / < br > Subscription to the Wood < br > Mackenzie global economic < br > model ( GEM ) database | TF / A3418 | | Prior | Direct Selection | Direct | | 0 . 00 < br > Under < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2018-06-07 | 2018-06-12 | | | | | 2018-07-17 | 2019-01-13 | | KE-MOE-88662-NC-RFB / < br > Implementation of Public < br > Information & Awareness < br > Campaign recommendations | IDA / 55260 | | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementati < br > on | | 2019-01-04 | 2019-01-09 | | 2019-02-20 | | 2019-03-22 | 2019-04-26 | 2019-10-23 | | * * CONSULTING FIRM * * < br > Activity Reference No . / | * * S * * < br > < br > | | | | | < br > | | | < br > < br > | < br > | | < br > Co | mbined | Evaluation | | | | Description | Loan / Credit < br > No . < br > Co | mpone | nt < br > Review Type | Method | Market < br > Approach | Contract Type < br > Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > | Process Status < br > Terms of < br > Planned | Reference < br > Expression o < br > Notic < br", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 167, "text": "model ( GEM ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 0 . 45 | 0 . 36 | 0 . 36 | 0 . 35 | < br > 0 . 36 | < br > 0 . 52 | 0 . 52 | 0 . 51 | 0 . 52 | Outcome is dummy for student age above 20 . Sample is students taking grade 12 exit exam in Regions 2-6 , 1998-2012 . Interaction with male based on individual student . Distant is dummy for above national median distance from school to main road . All other interactions are district characteristics from 1998 household survey . Low enrollment = below national median secondary-age ( 13-18 ) enrollment rate . Rural is above national median proportion of 1998 district population living in rural area . Wealthy = at or above national median household assets , by first principal component . “ Treatment effect with interaction ” is sum of program coefficient and coefficient on interaction term . All regressions include school and year fixed effects . Regression with both male and female students in sample also includes female dummy . Sample sizes differ across regressions because not all districts surveyed in 1998 . Standard errors in parentheses , clustered by region . p-values in brackets , calculated from 200 iterations of wild-t cluster bootstrap of Cameron et al ( 2008 ) with Webb ( 2013 ) 6-point distribution of weights . Starred significance levels are based on these p-values . * significant at 10 % ; * * significant at 5 % ; * * * significant at 1 % .", "spans": [{"start": 406, "end": 427, "text": "1998 household survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "' s perspective , but efficient from the perspective of the entire economy . Surveyors need to think carefully about how to uncover the true costs of regulation , since estimates will be biased upwards by simply asking the firm whether a regulation is an obstacle . # * * State-Owned Enterprises ( SOEs ) * * Developing countries claim a higher share of SOEs in their economies than do industrialized countries ( Haggarty and Shirley , 1997 ) . While SOEs resemble private firms in many respects , surveys of SOEs must ask some different questions . These differences reflect the different objectives of SOE management and objectives . SOE principals are typically bureaucrats or 17", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 513, "text": "surveys of SOEs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is the lowest during the _Monga_ season . As for the individual sources , the pattern is more pronounced for microcredit and informal sources than for formal sources . < sup > 3 < / sup > As shown in Figure 3 , the > 2 While the panel surveys also include data from 1991 / 92 , we could not use them because they are not suitable for calculating season-specific income that would be consistent with incomes calculated from 1998 / 99 and 2010 / 11 data . So , the analysis of this paper is restricted to 1998 / 99 and 2010 / 11 survey data only . Nevertheless , using the 1991 / 92 along with the 1998 / 99 and 2010 / 11 panel surveys , our results on the seasonality of income and borrowing still hold . > 3 This is not surprising , given that formal financial institutions lend little but mobilize more from their rural branches . 7", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 242, "text": "panel surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 527, "end": 538, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 12 . Cost-recovery capabilities of residential effective tariffs at 100 kWh / month consumption < br > a . Total cost recovery b . Operational cost recovery < br > 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % < br > level of total cost recovery level of operational cost recovery < br > percentage of countries percentage of countries < br > cost cost < br > 0 % - 30 % 30 % - 50 % 50 % - 80 % 80 % - 99 % recovery 0 % - 30 % 30 % - 50 % 50 % - 80 % 80 % - 99 % recovery < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 13 . Household billing as a share of total power billing < br > a . Composition of annual billing per type of customer b . Residential share of billing and consumption < br > 80 < br > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % 60 < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % 40 < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 0 20 40 60 80 < br > High voltage industrial < br > Medium voltage commercial Share of residential bill < br > Low voltage residential < br > % of amount billed < br > Chad Mali Ghana Senegal Niger Tanzania Nigeria Kenya Ethiopia Rwanda < br > Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Congo , Rep . Congo DRC Cote d ' Ivoire Mozambique Zimbabwe South Africa Share", "spans": [{"start": 666, "end": 728, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * China ’ s integration into global financial markets is important both for China and the world economy ( Cerutti and Obstfeld , 2019 ) . Before China joined the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) in 2001 , international investors ’ access to Chinese stocks was severely restricted . < sup > 1 < / sup > After China became a WTO member , it established a Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor ( QFII ) program that partially allowed selected institutional investors to purchase shares issued in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets . In the post-2012 period , the internationalization process accelerated significantly as Chinese authorities steadily eased restrictions that prevented international institutional and retail investors from buying shares of Chinese firms listed in domestic markets ( the so-called A shares ) . In 2013 , the authorities relaxed restrictions on foreign institutional ownership of domestic firms . In 2014 and 2016 , the Stock Connect program gave international institutional and retail investors direct access to a subset of stocks listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen , respectively , through the Hong Kong Stock Exchange . Since 2018 , these connected stocks have been gradually incorporated into the Morgan Stanley Capital International ( MSCI ) Emerging Markets Index . This paper studies how opening mainland China ’ s stock markets to foreign investors has affected Chinese firms ’ equity financing and investment activities . We analyze the performance of firms between 2000 and 2020 , focusing on the post-2012 internationalization period , given the number and relevance of events in those years . We conduct difference-in-differences estimations to compare firms targeted by the internationalization events with non-targeted firms . We also analyze the role of domestic and international investors in financing Chinese firms . We construct a rich panel dataset of publicly listed firms residing and operating in mainland China , combining transaction-level equity issuances with balance sheet and income statement > 1 Foreigners could only buy specific shares denominated in foreign currency ( B shares ) issued by a very limited number of firms in the mainland stock markets or invest in Chinese stocks by buying shares in Hong Kong SAR , China ( H shares ) . 1", "spans": [{"start": 1912, "end": 1950, "text": "panel dataset of publicly listed firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 . 8 | 4 . 2 | 4 . 9 | 5 . 3 | 5 . 4 | 5 . 6 | 6 . 0 | | Rwanda | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | 14 . 6 | | Senegal | 23 . 8 | 23 . 8 | 23 . 8 | 23 . 8 | 24 . 2 | 24 . 8 | 25 . 1 | 25 . 2 | 25 . 3 | 25 . 7 | | South Africa | — | 2 . 4 | 3 . 6 | 4 . 8 | 5 . 4 | 6 . 0 | 6 . 3 | 6 . 4 | 6 . 5 | 6 . 8 | | Sudan | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Tanzania | 3 . 2 | 5 . 5 | 6 . 7 | 7 . 9 | 8 . 5 | 9 . 0 | 8 . 8 | 8 . 8 | 8 . 8 | 8 . 6 | | Uganda | 19 . 5 | 20 . 7 | 21 . 4 | 22 . 0 | 22 . 3 | 22 . 6 | 22 . 8 | 22 . 8 | 22 . 9 | 23 . 1 | | Zambia | 4 . 2 | 3 . 3 | 2 . 9 | 2 . 4 | 2 . 2 | 2 . 0 | 2 . 1 | 2 . 1 | 2 . 1 | 2 . 5 | # _Source : _ Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database _Notes : _ Average residential consumption level is highlighted in bold — Not available . 15", "spans": [{"start": 703, "end": 765, "text": "Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Power Tariff Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ensure that measures on occupational health and public safety are obeyed by including worker and public safety prevention clauses in civil works contracts and ensure provision of continuous safety briefing , training and awareness creation to workers ; provision of PPE and use of safety warning signs to prevent workers and community safety . # # # # * * 4 . Strengthening Stakeholder ’ s Engagement * * DRDIP-II will ensure stakeholder engagement throughout the project life cycle , from the earliest stages in the project development / preparations process to enable their meaningful consultations and participation . Disadvantaged or vulnerable groups may be disproportionately impacted or further disadvantaged by the project intervention as compared to other groups due to their vulnerability , and hence require special engagement efforts to ensure their equal representation in the consultation and decision-making process associated with the project . As part of the project preparation SEP has prepared and all stakeholder engagement requirements mentioned here will be mainly treated accordingly . # # # # * * 5 . Backfilling and Rehabilitation of Quarry Site and Dug Holes * * Communal well , water birka , community ponds , water supply , quarry sites , borrow pits etc should be refilled and rehabilitated otherwise fenced to avoid or reduce risks of peoples and animals . # # * * 7 . Grievance Redress Mechanisms * * # # # # * * 7 . 1 Proposed Grievance Redress Mechanisms * * A grievance redress mechanism will be strengthened for project participant woredas and kebeles that have already established under DRDIP-I while will be established for newly assigned woredas and kebeles to allow PAPs , project beneficiaries and stakeholders to complain / request about any decision of activities regarding inclusion in the census , eligibility and temporary or permanent loss of their land , assets or sources of income and their compensation . Potential grievances / disputes Grievance procedures are required to ensure that PAPs are able to present complaint or concerns , without cost , and with the assurance of a timely and satisfactory resolution of the issue . Grievance", "spans": [{"start": 1833, "end": 1839, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "55 . 00 | 93 . 00 | 93 . 00 | 70 . 00 | | Date | 29-Apr-2016 | 26-May-2021 | 29-Nov-2021 | 30-Dec-2022 | | Comments * * : * * | The percentage is a < br > results based on res < br > beneficiaries , where | weighted average of cycle 1 Tr < br > ponses from 7 , 721 respondents < br > the weight is the percentage of | acer results with preliminar < br > to a survey that targeted < br > participants in each cycle | y routine SMS survey < br > all cycles 2 and 3 < br > divided by the total number | 12 / 14 / 2021 Page 3 of 9", "spans": [{"start": 416, "end": 436, "text": "y routine SMS survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bonds of 1944 ( Plan B ) | < br > 252 ; 253 | Plan A : 1 ; < br > Plan B : 0 . 5 | 11 / 1943 | 10 / 1945 | | Chile | 4 . 5 % Bonds of 1887 | 316 | < br > 1 . 5-3 % Mixed Bonds of 1948 | 343 | 1 | 03 / 1948 | 03 / 1953 | | Chile | 5 % Loan of 1911 ( 1st < br > series ) | 322 | 1 . 5-3 % Mixed Bonds of 1948 | 343 | 1 | 03 / 1948 | 03 / 1953 | | Chile | < br > 6 % Loan of 1926 | 330 | 1 . 5-3 % Mixed Bonds of 1948 | 343 | 1 | 03 / 1948 | 03 / 1953 | | Chile | 6 % Bonds of 1926 | 348 | 1 . 5-3 % of 1948 | 349 | 1 | 03 / 1948 | 12 / 1948 | | Chile | 6 % Bonds of 1927 | 350 | 1 . 5-3 % of 1948 | 349 | 1 | 03 / 1948 | 12 / 1948 | A11", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The evaluation of the voucher program ’ s efficacy adopted a retrospective quasi-experimental design using the second of two rounds of data collection , which included respondents drawn from a group exposed to the voucher and a comparison group . The design was informed by the fact that the intervention sites were not randomly assigned . The original 2008 design incorporated a prospective cluster randomized study that called for the systematic placement of voucher distributors — with a random start at one cluster — in half of the 22 clusters of local administrative units ( parishes ) to ensure an even distribution of voucher - and nonvoucher-exposed communities . Each of the 22 clusters centered on a voucher-contracted facility . The target population , drawn from Bushenyi , Ibanda , Isingiro , Kiruhura , Kamwenge , and Mbarara districts , consisted of women who were between 15 and 49 years of age and had had a pregnancy during the previous 12 months . Respondents were selected from 22 clusters within five to ten kilometers of contracted facilities and three kilometers from a main road . It was assumed that individuals located within those ranges had similar levels of access to the contracted facilities . A two-stage design was used to identify potential study participants . The first stage was a simple random sample of villages within each cluster , and the second stage was a census of households with recent pregnancies within selected villages . The sampling frame used maps and population figures from the Ugandan Bureau of Statistics ( UBOS ) 2002 census . A sample of 2 , 627 women was to be selected from 84 villages in the 22 clusters . Using the national rate of 5 . 2 deliveries per 100 total populations per year , the average number of pregnant and recently delivered women in all villages within each cluster was estimated to be 28 women per village . Assuming a baseline proportion of 30 percent facility deliveries , it was estimated that 120 pregnant and recently delivered women would be needed in each cluster to detect a change of 2 percent in the proportion of facility-based births between the baseline and a one-year follow-up among the treatment groups for a two-sided T-test at 5 percent significance and 90", "spans": [{"start": 1400, "end": 1444, "text": "census of households with recent pregnancies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "represents measures of precipitation shocks . The main precipitation shock is a binary variable that takes the value of 1 if precipitation is 1 standard deviation below the long run average for a specific ADM2 unit . Average temperature is also accounted for in the estimations . We deploy a small set of firm-level controls ( X ) in the estimation - whether the firm is a multi-firm , age of firm ( in logs ) , size of firm ( in logs ) , exporter status , foreign ownership , and whether the firm has a checking or savings account . Sector ( ISIC 2 digit level ) and survey year fixed effects are also included in the specification . The identification strategy does face the challenges of omitted variable bias and selection . Simultaneity bias is less of a concern given that individual firms are unlikely to influence precipitation shocks . To address omitted variable bias concerns , we control for a variety of controls at the firm-level . We also account for time-invariant omitted variables at the ADM1 geographical level through ADM1 fixed effects . The estimations do face the issue of endogeneity due to firm location selection may be affected by precipitation shocks . The best way we account for is through controls that are determinants of firm productivity . The sample of firms in MENA are survivors , therefore our estimates may understate the true effects . Potential channels through which precipitation shocks may affect sales are explored in the study replacing the outcome variable in equation 1 with various variables identified in the literature as plausible channels . Finally , the more recent rounds of the MENA surveys ( around 2019 ) do have specific questions on green investments and adaptation . This allows us to explore the relationship between precipitation shocks and various green measures . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1634, "end": 1646, "text": "MENA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we are able to test baseline balance for other health outcomes for which we do have three rounds of data , such as the probability the child was sick during the past month , health clinic utilization , and illness duration , and all of these exhibit balance across randomized treatment and control groups in the baseline . 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PUBLIC | * * Components * * | * * Sub-components * * | * * Salient steps planned for * * < br > * * implementation * * | * * Status as of June 2014 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Other Impacts , < br > Governance , and < br > Safeguards | other impacts and Governance < br > and actual safeguards . < br > c . Assessing < br > data < br > sets < br > and < br > identifying gaps in data on < br > forestry resources . < br > d . Developing < br > mechanisms < br > for < br > institutional < br > collaboration < br > in < br > forest data acquisition , sharing < br > and management . < br > e . Drafting < br > and < br > negotiating < br > information systems linkage and < br > data sharing protocols . < br > f . Initiating design of a web-based < br > linkage mechanism for linking < br > all relevant information systems . < br > g . Assessing < br > capacities < br > for < br > developing < br > forest < br > monitoring < br > system < br > for < br > emissions < br > and < br > multiple benefits and safeguards . < br > h . Designing < br > capacity < br > building < br > programme in reference to the < br > assessment conducted under part < br > # g above . < br > i . < br > Convening < br > supervision < br > and < br > coordination forums . < br > j . < br > Monitoring < br > implementation < br > progress < br > and < br > reporting < br > on < br > performance . | to prioritise multiple benefits and", "spans": [{"start": 541, "end": 552, "text": "forest data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # SGBV against women Refugee women represent the most exposed group to the various SGBV risks . In 2016 , they constituted 76 . 5 % of all SGBV cases identified . This indicator demonstrates that the issue of protection of refugee women in Chad remains deficient and deserves prioritization to ensure that refugee women enjoy physical , mental , economic and health stability wherever they are , rural or urban . With at least 65 cases ( 26 % of SGBV cases among girls ) reported mainly among Sudanese and Central African refugees , child marriage is the first most reported violence among young girls . The problem is aggravated by poverty compounded in turn by other socio-cultural negative factors . Sexual exploitation is the second most widespread violence against refugee girls ( 16 % ) followed by physical assault ( 16 % ) . Physical aggression and psychological violence on refugee women remain the most reported and perpetrated violence , mostly perpetrated by their spouses . In addition , refugee women often face denial of resources from their loved ones ( spouse , family members ) as a compounding violence . # # # # # SGBV against girls Refugee girls are not spared sexual and gender-based violence and face daily the threat of SGBV . In 2016 , at least 20 . 1 % of identified SGBV victims were refugee girls . Rape affected 33 girls , or 13 % of SGBVs committed against refugee girls . Psychological violence was identified in 9 % of cases . All reported cases of female genital mutilation during the period under review have affected only girls , with a peak in Iriba during the month of March . The data collected on the SGBVs on refugee girls reinforce the need for UNHCR and partners , and the refugee community itself , to exert more effort in ensuring a more favorable protection environment for refugee girls . # # # # # * * SGBV against women * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Rape < br > Sexual Assault < br > Fgm < br", "spans": [{"start": 1626, "end": 1670, "text": "data collected on the SGBVs on refugee girls", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 1 ) كانون األول8102 تقرير تحليل حوادث العنف القائم على النوع اإلجتماعي ( تشرين الثاني - * * * * : المقدمة * * أعضاء من في شمال غرب سوريا من قبل9 8112يستند هذا التقرير إلى تحليل البيانات التي تم جمعها في تشرين الثاني وكانون األول لجتماعي الكتلة الفرعية للعنف القائم على . النوع * * ا * * تم جمع البيانات من قبل فريق أخصائيي الح لت في الكتلة الفرعية للعنف القائم على النوع اإلجتماعي وفرقهم الميدانية ومشاركتها مع * * ا * * . < sup > 2 < / sup > فريق تنسيق الكتلة الفرعية للعنف القائم على النوع اإلجتماعي بشكل شهري وباستخدام أداة تسجيل حوادث موحدة ومبسطة : * * تفاصيل النوع اإلجتماعي والعمر * * ٪ من الحوادث المبلغ عنها شملت ناجيات إناثا ً ؛ 82 ٪ 111 المتبقية ٪ ) ، في حين أن88 منهن كن من البالغات ( فوق12 . ) 18 - ( من الحوادث", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 189, "text": "البيانات", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "Lebanon , Morocco Tunisia , the West Bank and Gaza , and Yemen . Five countries in the sample have two waves of data ( 2013 and 2019 / 2020 ) , with the exception of Egypt and Yemen . Egypt that has three waves of data ( 2013 , 2016 and 2019 / 2020 ) . The two waves of data for Yemen are 2010 and 2013 . Summary statistics are provided in table A1 . Table A2 provides the survey and country composition of the sample . The ES methodology has the advantage of deploying the same definition of the universe of inference , standard sampling methodology , standardized survey instrument , and a uniform methodology of implementation . The selection of firms in each country is done by stratified random sampling with three levels of stratification : sector , size , and location within the country . Sampling weights are used to correct for unequal probability of selection as well as for ineligibility and non-response . The data are largely collected using Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing ( CAPI ) software . The CAPI software collects geo coordinates of the firm ’ s location that we use to match rainfall and temperature data with the firm-level data . To maintain anonymity of the respondents , the geo-codes are masked around a 2km radius . Implementation of the surveys is consistent across countries . Formal training sessions of supervisors and enumerators ensure best practices are employed . Quality control checks guarantee the quality of the data throughout the data collection process . Consistency checks are employed for 10 % and 50 % batches of the data during the survey . Enterprise Surveys ’ global methodology , sample design , and weights computation are available on the website http : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org . The data have been widely used in the literature ( Besley & Mueller , 2018 ; Chauvet & Ehrhar , 2018 ; Hjort & Poulsen , 2019 ) . # * * _2 . 1 . 2 Precipitation Shocks_ * * To measure precipitation shocks , we use re-analysis data from the European Copernicus program . This is the Earth Observation component of the European Union ’ s space program . Through the ERA5-Land data platform they", "spans": [{"start": 1105, "end": 1134, "text": "rainfall and temperature data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1964, "end": 2017, "text": "re-analysis data from the European Copernicus program", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2114, "end": 2137, "text": "ERA5-Land data platform", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 a * * | * * ns ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Femme * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Homme * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Communes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | | | | | | | | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | * * Total * * < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > * * ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | | | KOURY | 81 | 69 | 81 | 150 | 121 | 66 | 187 | 2 | 3 | 5", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "_Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits 5-7 : Implementation Completion and Results Report_ * * < u > Table 6 : Access to Health Care Service Delivery < / u > * * | Indicator | Baseline < br > FY07 / 08 | PEAP Target < br > FY08 / 09 | Actual < br > FY08 / 09 | % change over < br > base year | Target < br > achieved ? | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | No . of Districts with < br > village health teams < br > established and < br > operationalized | NA | 13 | 42 | NA | Yes | | % of health centers with no < br > stockouts | 82 % | 35 % | 26 % | - 2 % | No | | % of health facilities up to < br > HC III with PMTCT < br > services | 45 % | 50 % | 68 % | 23 % | Yes | | % of HC IVs with ART < br > services | 83 % | 90 % | 90 % | 7 % | Yes | | % of health centers with < br > approved posts filled with < br > trainedhealthworkers | 51 % | 55 % | 56 % | 5 % | Yes | | Annual supervision visits < br > toLGs | N / A | 2 visits per < br > district p . a . a | 2 visits per < br > district p . a . | NA | Yes | Source : Government Annual Performance Report , Financial Year 2008 / 09 , November 2009 . # # # * * PEAP Strategic Objective 5 . 3 — Improved Access to Safe Water and Sanitation Services * * There was good progress on access to safe water ( see Table 7 ) . For rural water supplies , the sector recorded 63 percent access in 2007 ( up from 55", "spans": [{"start": 1035, "end": 1071, "text": "Government Annual Performance Report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decisions for the family — for example , as the head of household — his or her departure may compel another member , such as the spouse or parents , to assume this responsibility . This , in turn , > 14 The 1998 KMS data show that 38 . 1 percent of households with international migrants had no member earning wages in Kerala , compared with 20 percent of households with domestic migrants . > 15 A confounding issue could be the _anticipation_ of declining remittances over time , as a domestic migrant establishes stronger roots in his or her new domicile . This may lead the recipient household to treat current remittances as temporary flows , therefore raising their propensity to invest it early on . 8", "spans": [{"start": 207, "end": 220, "text": "1998 KMS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and taking into account the initial benchmark estimate from Nehru and Dareshwar ( 1993 ) , a second capital stock series has been calculated with disaggregated investment data for the period 1970-2002 . The initial values are obtained from a pre-estimate starting in 1950 . The data gaps for the sectoral composition of the eight assets groups prior to 1970 are filled in by extrapolation techniques . These values , however , do _not_ enter in the later regression or growth accounting exercise . They only provide reasonable initial values for the > 16 The potential error of the estimate of initial capital stock diminishes over time due to depreciation . Based on international data , Nehru and Dhareshwar ( 1993 ) offer an estimate of the capital stock for Guatemala that was taken as a benchmark . > 17 UNDP ( 2002 ) provides a brief summary of the associated empirical consequences and causes that prevented an actualization of the Guatemalan National Accounts . > 18 In addition , the following results of the quality index for the physical capital stock differ . This may be due to the possibility of an oversight in the logarithmic transformation by Morán and Valle ( 2002 ) , as was pointed out in a personal communication with Estuardo Morán , Banco de Guatemala , October 15 , 2003 . - 24 -", "spans": [{"start": 146, "end": 175, "text": "disaggregated investment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 668, "end": 686, "text": "international data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Traffic growth has slowed down with the international crisis but it is expected to increase at a fast pace in the upcoming years together with the economy and containerization levels . According to customs data < sup > 11 < / sup > , the distribution of dwell times is indicated in graph 2 . < sup > 12 < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 % < br > 30 % < br > 25 % < br > 20 % < br > 15 % < br > 10 % < br > 5 % < br > 0 % < br > 0-5 days 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 > 90 < br > days days days days days days days days days days < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Graph 2 - Dwell time distribution in the Port of Douala in 2009 ( time between vessel discharge and gate exit ) * * Source : Cameroonian Customs data An important observation is that dwell time variance is quite significant , with a standard deviation equal to 160 % of the mean value . A sequential analysis of delays shows this variance is mainly the consequence of variance between vessel arrival and customs declaration lodging ( referred to as “ Arrival to Lodging ” delay ) . Delay between payment of customs dues and gate exit ( “ Payment to Gate ” ) does also largely vary according shipment . These two intermediary delays account for about 75 % of the total dwell time ( “ Arrival to gate ” ) in average . In contrast delay between lodging and payment of customs dues ( “ Lodging to payment ” ) is quite low and homogeneous in the whole sample . | | * * Arrival to gate * * | * * Arrival to lodging * * | * * Lodging to payment * * | * * Payment to gate * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Min * * | 1 | 1 | 1", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 761, "text": "Cameroonian Customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Indicator Name < sup > * * REVISED * * < / sup > | * * Refugee beneficiaries ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of refugees who benefit from access to improved and alternative energy sources through the project ( Component 1 < br > and 3 ) | | Frequency | Quarterly | | Data source | QuarterlyProgress Report | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | MIS | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | PCU | | Results Area | * * Livelihoods Program * * | | Indicator Name < sup > * * NEW * * < / sup > | * * Local Economic Development ( LED ) strategies and work plans adopted by participating woredas ( districts ) ( Number ) * * | | Description | This indicator measures the number of LED strategies and work plans that are prepared and then formally adopted by participating woredas under sub - < br > component 3 ( d ) , which was introduced through the 2026 Additional Financingand Restructuring . | | Frequency | Annual | Page 41", "spans": [{"start": 21, "end": 45, "text": "QuarterlyProgress Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "participants , data analysis of data collected by agencies should be systematic . - Reviewing all past assessments on food security and nutrition before starting a new assessment should be systematic . - Establishing a list of key definitions to use across the sector ( e . g : number of warm / cooked meals and number of meals consumed ) should be envisaged . 45", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 58, "text": "data collected by agencies", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * _Figure 1 : Map of informal settlements surveyed in Kabul City_ # # # * * 2 . 3 Tools deployed * * # # # # * * Quantitative survey : 839 respondents * * A total of 839 households were interviewed for the quantitative survey using mobile phones carried by field enumerators for data collection – which was uploaded at the end of each day so that data could be reviewed for quality . On average , each team completed 80 quantitative surveys per day , with the respondent breakdown was as follows : - z 426 surveys in target group 1 - z 205 surveys in control group 2 - z 208 surveys in control group 3 . # # # # * * Focus group discussions ( 8 ) and field key informant interviews ( KIIs ) ( 5 ) : 48 respondents * * In addition to the survey , eight focus group discussions ( FGDs ) were conducted to provide anecdotal evidence , which was used to underline trends observed in the quantitative data collected . Each of the following FGDs had five participants : - z 3 FGDs involving men ( 1 for each target group ) - z 3 FGDs involving women ( 1 for each target group ) - z 2 FGD involving community leaders from Kabul ’ s Informal Settlements ( KIS ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 224, "text": "Quantitative survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s inhabitants , while Somalis and Tigrayans represent 6 . 2 % and 6 . 1 % of the population respectively . According to the 2007 National Census , Christians make up 62 . 8 % of the country ' s population , Muslims 33 . 9 % , practitioners of traditional faiths 2 . 6 % , and other religions 0 . 6 % . < sup > [ 6 ] < / sup > The ratio of the Christian to 10", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 144, "text": "2007 National Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "summarizes the vulnerable population estimates for each category of malaria intensity by presenting the top-10 malaria cases based on total exposed population . # * * [ Insert Figure 1 ] * * > 15 Due to the spatial reference of the data and the number of observations in the combined data , the use of Geographic Information Systems functions from ESRI ArcGIS ( v 9 . 3 . 1 ) were used and automated in the python ( v 2 . 5 ) language . > 16 This product was made utilizing the LandScan ( 2005 ) TM High Resolution global Population Data Set copyrighted by UT-Battelle , LLC , operator of Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Contract No . DEAC05-00OR22725 with the United States Department of Energy . 9", "spans": [{"start": 478, "end": 486, "text": "LandScan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to exert either a negative or an insignificant effect on the productivity of Chinese domestic firms . One of the potential explanations for the limited horizontal spillover is that domestic producers also face crowding out effects in product and factor markets when foreign competitors enter the market . Such crowding out effects tend to be nonexistent or relatively small for firms that are vertically linked to foreign firms ( i . e . suppliers or customers of the foreign firms ) . Other explanations suggested in the literature include , in particular , mediating factors that are discussed below . While the evidence is ambiguous about the existence of positive and significant horizontal spillover , most studies find positive and significant productivity spillover through backward linkages . A leading study in this literature , Javorcik ( 2004 ) , finds that a one-standarddeviation increase of foreign presence in the sourcing sectors is associated with 15 percent rise in domestic firms ’ output in supplying industries in Lithuania . Blalock and Gertler ( 2008 ) use firm level panel data from 1988-1996 and similarly find evidence of positive spillover through backward linkage in Indonesia . In Hungary , Halpern and Murakzy ( 2007 ) find evidence of positive horizontal spillover but only for firms that are geographically close to foreign-owned firms . Javorcik and Spatareanu ( 2009 ) find evidence of backward linkage spillover in the Czech Republic . Kee ( 2015 ) explores a new channel of productivity spillover and finds firms sharing the same suppliers with foreign firms in Bangladesh to experience productivity improvement . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1101, "text": "firm level panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction SARS-CoV-2 , the virus that causes COVID-19 , has reached nearly every corner of the world , resulting in millions of deaths ( Dong et al . , 2020 ) . To decrease the spread of the virus , governments around the world have implemented lockdowns and mobility restrictions . These restrictions are apparent in Figure 1 , which visualizes the Oxford Stringency Index , broken down by regions . Governments introduced peak stringency immediately following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first quarter of 2020 , after which there was a mild decline in stringency . These restrictions led to massive economic disruption , as the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a reversal of a decade-long declining global poverty trend , pushing upwards of 100 million people into extreme poverty in 2020 ( World Bank , 2020 ) . In response to the growing demand for accurate statistics of the economic cost of the pandemic and resulting policies , scholars have adopted three general approaches designed to shed light on the impact of measures like mobility restrictions and lockdowns . One strand of literature used past data to forecast the state of the world ' s economic well-being during the pandemic . In April 2020 , during the peak stringency adopted in most countries , the IMF projected a 3 percent contraction of world economic output , much larger than during the 2008 global financial crisis ( IMF , 2020a ) . The 2021 growth rate was projected to be 6 . 5 percentage points below the pre-pandemic forecast made in January 2020 ( IMF , 2020b ) . Following the onset of the COVID-19 crisis , other work has used real-time forecasting . Combining pre-pandemic household surveys with the growth projections predicted that nearly 49 million people would fall below the $ 1 . 90 poverty threshold in 2020 real terms ( Mahler et al . , 2020a ) . An updated set of estimates published in June 2020 painted a gloomier picture , predicting that the number of newly poor individuals would range from 71 million to 100 million by the end of 2020 ( Mahler et al . , 2020b ) . The second strand of literature uses interviews of representative parts of the", "spans": [{"start": 359, "end": 382, "text": "Oxford Stringency Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1137, "text": "past data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1669, "end": 1699, "text": "pre-pandemic household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * - In case of physical displacement and depending on tenure category , PAPs will be provided transition assistance such as moving allowances , subsistence allowances and alternative plot or house where possible . - PAPs will be provided with development assistance in addition to compensation / facilitation measures such as land preparation , credit facilities , training , or job opportunities , where available . - In cases where in-kind replacement is not the preferred option of the PAPs , then the cash compensation / facilitation will be based on the replacement cost . For the purposes of this RPF , the use of replacement value , or market value , will mean the higher value of two options . - Vulnerable groups will need to be identified and provided with extra support according to their vulnerability . # # * * Grievance Redress Mechanism * * The project will develop a robust grievance redress system from the community to national level building on the lessons learnt in KISIP I . The Grievance Officers at County and National level will establish a register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes . This RPF recommends a four-tier grievance mechanism - at the community , County , national and resolution through courts of law . It is desirable to resolve all the grievances at the community level to the greatest extent possible . To achieve the community or settlement level grievance mechanism must be credible and generally acceptable . The grievance redress mechanisms will aim to solve disputes at the earliest possible time in the interest of all parties concerned . # # * * Funding Implementation of this RPF * * Generally , it is not possible to predict the nature , scope and fiscal implications of displacement likely from the activities of the project . Indeed , realistic working budgets will only be available once individual RAPs for sub-projects have been completed ; but going by the expressed policy of minimising displacement and adoption of in-kind compensation , the monetary implication of displacement is greatly mitigated . The", "spans": [{"start": 1127, "end": 1198, "text": "register of resettlement / compensation related grievances and disputes", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9309 The World Bank # # # No Location data has been entered | * * Results * * < br > * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * < br > | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator Name | Core < br > Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | UMEME concession privatised . | Text | Value | At approval of this component < br > the public distribution < br > company was in negotiations < br > with investors on privatisation < br > concession . | UMEME Ltd . is privatized and < br > performs | UMEME Ltd . privatized and < br > continues to perform < br > efficiently . | | | | Date | 18-Nov-2004 | 12-Feb-2013 | 15-Feb-2015 | | | | Comments | | UMEME currently remains < br > under private ownership and < br > makes progress in reducing < br > losses , one of its main < br > efficiency measures . | | | Electricity Losses per year in the project area | Percentage | Value | 38 . 00 | 26 . 00 | 28 . 00 | | | | Date | 18-Nov-2004 | 12-Feb-2013 | 15-Feb-2015 | | | | Comments | | UMEME continues to improve < br > losses which stood on < br > average at 26 % during this < br > supervision cycle which is a < br > reduction from 27 . 7 % as < br > recorded in mid-2012 . Current < br > project targets have been < br > exceeded . | The original concession < br > agreements required UMEME < br > to reduce losses to 28 % in the < br > first seven years", "spans": [{"start": 44, "end": 57, "text": "Location data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< sup > 58 < / sup > The advantage of such switch would be to allow accounting for the unequal individual outcomes observed in the data . One disadvantage with such switch in unit of analysis is the risk of misinterpretation . Individual-level well-being indices obtained in this way may lead to improper interpersonal comparisons . To give a concrete example , DHS surveys provide information on underweight women but often do not provide information on underweight men . Taking advantage of this information on underweight women makes sense , but the resulting individual well-being indices cannot be compared across men and women . < sup > 59 < / sup > However , they can certainly improve the inter-personal well-being comparisons across women . Impor - > 56This literature relies on methods that are complex , even though some simplified methods have recently been proposed by Lechene et al . ( 2022 ) with limited additional data requirements . These methods are certainly worth further exploring . > 57This need not be the case of children multidimensional poverty measures , where the unit of analysis is sometimes the individual child ( Dirksen and Alkire , 2021 ; Alkire and Haq , 2023 ) . 58Observe that such assumptions are already implicitly made when the unit of analysis is at household level . Indeed , a person living in a household identified as multidimensionally poor is herself considered to be multidimensionally poor . > 59Observe that , similarly , interpersonal comparisons across men and women cannot be made using the World Bank ’ s MPM or the global MPI , at least not without the qualifier “ living in multidimensionally poor household ” . 31", "spans": [{"start": 362, "end": 373, "text": "DHS surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 8 : Average Outcomes by Group < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Health insurance Number of disabilities < br > Teen pregnancy [ 14-19 ] Average of standardized outcomes < br > . 8 < br > . 4 < br > . 6 < br > . 3 < br > . 4 . 2 < br > . 2 . 1 < br > 0 0 < br > Querandí Rankulche Sanavirón Comechingón Charrúa Tehuelche Ona Pampa Maimará Diaguita-Calchaquí Mapuche Huarpe Atacama Guaraní Otros Omaguaca Lule Kolla Quechua Tupí Guaraní Toba-Qom Mocoví Chané Ava Guaraní Aymara Tapiete Tonocoté Vilela Chorote Wichí Mbyá Guaraní Pilagá Chulupí Omaguaca Maimará Chorote Kolla Tapiete Wichí Pilagá Diaguita-Calchaquí Lule Chulupí Tupí Guaraní Vilela Ava Guaraní Mapuche Tonocoté Tehuelche Guaraní Toba-Qom Atacama Huarpe Charrúa Ona Quechua Mocoví Querandí Sanavirón Comechingón Rankulche Pampa Aymara Chané Mbyá Guaraní Otros < br > . 5 . 2 < br > . 4 0 < br > . 3 - . 2 < br > . 2 < br > - . 4 < br > . 1 < br > - . 6 < br > 0 < br > Mbyá Guaraní Wichí Vilela Pilagá Chulupí Chorote Tonocoté Toba-Qom Lule Tupí Guaraní Ona Ava Guaraní Mocoví Otros Tapiete Kolla Querandí Mapuche Omaguaca Atacama Rankulche Guaraní Chané Quechua Sanavirón Aymara Diaguita-Calchaquí Tehuelche Maimará Comechingón Huarpe Charrúa Pampa Querandí Comechingón Charrúa Rankulche Pampa Sanavirón Tehuelche Otros Ona Huarpe Maimará Diaguita-Calchaquí Mapuche Guaraní Atacama Quechua Tupí Guaraní Aymara Kolla Omaguaca Lule Chané Mocoví Toba-Qom Tapiete Ava Guaraní Chulupí Vilela Tonocoté Wichí Chorote Mbyá Guaraní Pilagá < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Sources : _ REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 ( Instituto Nacional de Estad ́ ıstica y Censos , 2010 ) . _Notes : _ Solid horizontal lines show average for Natives , dashed horizontal lines show the average for non-Natives , and the dotted horizontal lines show the first and ninth decile by department .", "spans": [{"start": 1565, "end": 1592, "text": "INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "one for the PBC-linked activities and another for the non-PBC linked activities ) . CBE and DBE will also open two segregated bank account each denominated in US dollars to receive their share of the project ’ s funds from NBE . A local currency account denominated in birr can be opened for each implementing agency as needed . These accounts will finance all eligible expenditures as per the Financing Agreement . 14 . * * Disbursement for PBC-linked activities * * . Advance and reimbursement methods of disbursement are available for the PBC-linked activities . Following achievement and verification of PBCs , an advance amount equivalent to the achieved PBCs will be provided to allow recapitalization of CBE and DBE . NBE will transfer the full amount of advance to CBE and DBE in US dollars to their respective segregated accounts . The advance ceiling will be set based on the PBCs expected to be achieved in the first two quarters of credit effectiveness . Such advances will be documented / settled through submission of Statement of Expenditure and upon delivery of evidence of recapitalization of CBE and DBE using the World Bank funds . Recapitalization will be evidenced by transaction recordings , i . e . , copies of CBE and DBE entity books of Page 40", "spans": [{"start": 1189, "end": 1211, "text": "transaction recordings", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | * * ( $ iion ) * * | * * ( miim * * < br > * * o % ) * * | | | * * Europe * * | 121 | 88 . 5 | 10 , 707 | 10 , 707 | 100 | | CIS | 64 | 76 . 8 | 4 , 937 | 2 , 855 | 58 | | * * Domestic * * | 301 | 47 | 11 , 536 | 1 , 730 | 15 | | * * T tal * * | t < br > * * 4860 * * 0 | | * * 20T067 , 1 * * < br > n | * * 80 * * < br > * * 15 , 292 * * | * * 56 * * | _Source : _ Company data , Customs Committee , Brunswick Warburg , Morgan-Stanley Dean Witter Research , staff calculations From the table , one can calculate that even though domestic shipments exceeded 60 percent of total gas deliveries in 1997 , they accounted for only 42 percent of sales , and a mere 11 percent of total cash receipts . Table 7 shows that the average annual implicit subsidy passed on by Gazprom to domestic customers as a result of unrecoverable arrears and inflated NCS prices was about 1 . 5 percent of GDP per year over 1993-1997 , a cumulative total of $ 26 . 2 billion . < sup > 24 < / sup > Electric power utilities account for approximately 50 percent of Gazprom ' s overdue receivables , followed by chemical industry - 7 percent , and ferrous metallurgy - 5 percent . > 23 We do not include tax offsets as these do not have a direct debt impact ( only through pre-emptive tax arrears ) , although they constitute a subsidy and adversely affect the quality of public spending . > 24 Pinto , Drebentsov and Morozov ( 2000 ) . Note that with regulated gas and electricity prices , the energy monopolies cannot in turn inflate their prices for in-kind settlements . Note further that gas prices in Russia are a fraction of those in central Europe , where western prices", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 382, "text": "Company data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _Infrastructure Finance Public Private Partnership ( IFPPP_ * * _ - AF ) _ * * _The National Treastry Annual Report_ * * _and_ * * _Financial Statenents for tiefinancial year ended June_ * * _30 , 2025_ * * # # * * 10 . * * Special Deposit Accounts The balances in the Project ' s Special Deposit Account ( s ) as of 30th June * * 2025 * * are not included in the Statement of Financial Assets since the line items are yet to be drawn into the Exchequer Account as a voted provision . Below is the Special Deposit Account * * ( SDA ) * * movement schedule , which shows the flow of funds voted in the year . These funds have been reported as loans / grants received in the year under the Statement of Receipts and Payments . # # # * * Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule * * | * * Description * * | * * FY2024 / 2025 * * | * * 1 \" July2024 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Euros | Euros | | * * ( i ) * * < br > * * InfrastructureFinance-PPPDA-BEEP * * [ A / cNo < br > 1000374427 ] | | | | Opening balance < br > On * * b7 , 999 , 995 . 00 * * < br > * * 7 , 999 , 995 . 00 * * | | | | Totalamount depositedintheaccount | * * 4 , 869 , 990 . 00 * * | | | Totalamount withdrawn | 12 . 869 , 985 . 00 | | | * * Closingbalance * * ( as * * perSDAbankaccount * * < br > * * reconciliationattached ) * * | | * * 7 , 999 , 995 , 00 * * | | * * ( i ) * * <", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 779, "text": "Special Deposit Accounts Movement Schedule", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 8 - - ( a ) aerial photography and photomosaics ; - ( b ) soil survey and land use classification ; - ( c ) agro-economic survey ; - ( d ) credit , marketing and processing study ; - ( e ) road engineering of 200 km of new feeder roads ; and - ( f ) preparation of a master plan for the agricultural development of the northwest lowlands . # # # B . Detailed Features # # # Improvement of Communications 5 . 02 The existing dry season track from Tessenei to Humera , see Map , would be upgraded to gravel standards and be continued a further 17 km south of Humera to the Royan river . An additional 10 km of road would provide access to , and a main internal road for the project farm . The road has been designed to carry truck and trailer units with a gross loaded weight of about 32 tons and a maximum axle load of 11 tons . In the relatively flat terrain traversed , design speeds of 100 km . p . h . can be adopted without increasing cost . The overall width of the road , including shoulders , would be 6 . 0 m ; the pavement structure would be graded sub-soil capped with gravel 6 . 0 m wide and 20 cm thick , and appropriate to carry expected traffic loads and volume . In areas of black cotton soil the top 15 cm would be stabilized with river sand , and fords or culverts would be built at minor stream and river crossings . These standards are considered adequate for the traffic envisaged on the proposed road . Assurances were obtained during negotiations that the road would be constructed to these standards and would be maintained thereafter by IRA and that appropriate measures for weight control of the vehicles would be taken . 5 . 03 The proposed road would cross four main rivers which would be bridged . Bailey bridges suitably reinforced to provide a load capacity of 37 tons , would be built over the Saubumaye , Geludji and Royan", "spans": [{"start": 110, "end": 130, "text": "agro-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Section 1 : Why Do Management Capabilities Matter ? * * The persistence in productivity differences between firms , within the same industry , is striking and puzzling . For example , labor productivity for plants in the 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentile , within narrowly defined four-digit US manufacturing industries , is four times as high as plants in the 10 < sup > th < / sup > percentile . Likewise , the difference in Total Factor Productivity ( TFP ) is twice as high , when controlling for other factors ( Syverson , 2011 ) . These differences persist over time and are robust to controlling for plant-specific prices in homogeneous goods industries . Such TFP heterogeneity is not an artifact of the US data ; it is also evident in several other countries . It is well-known that variations in productivity trump any other source of heterogeneity in firm performance : in the United States , firms in the 90th percentile of the productivity distribution produce twice as much with the same set of inputs as firms in the 10th percentile , whereas in China and India this gap is 5 : 1 ( Hsieh and Klenow 2009 ) . Often such within-industry productivity differentials are attributed to “ hard ” technological innovations , as embodied in patents or in adoption of advanced equipment . Bloom et al . ( 2016a ) provide an alternative explanation , which is also the focus of this paper , that is , productivity differences reflect variations in management practices . Bloom et al . ( 2016a ) propose that some forms of management practices are like “ technology ” , in the sense that they raise firm productivity . Bloom and co-authors have significantly advanced the empirical foundations for measuring management practices across firms and countries , which has allowed core theories in many fields such as international trade , labor economics , industrial organization and macroeconomics to incorporate firm heterogeneity as a central component . While a frontier topic globally , there exists little evidence on managerial practices of firms in Croatia and the relationship between management and productivity . Nevertheless , there is some evidence on management in countries from the Europe and", "spans": [{"start": 719, "end": 726, "text": "US data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We study performance on the EHEECE , the exam that directly determines eligibility for college or university . In recent years , Ethiopia has embarked on a rapid expansion of access to education across all tiers through construction of primary and secondary schools as well as universities . The Ministry of Education reports that from 2000 to 2021-22 , the number of primary schools increased from 11 , 780 to 36 , 492 and secondary schools from 424 to 3 , 636 . < sup > 5 < / sup > These expansions have also led to a gradual increase in the education access rate of female students from 20 % in 2003 / 04 to 34 % in 2017 / 18 . The scale up of tertiary education is equally impressive , with the number of public universities increasing from 2 to 42 in the last two decades . Besides expanding access , the construction of new schools is also aimed at rectifying regional inequities in access to higher education institutions . Despite these efforts to expand access to education by building new schools , little attention is paid to equipping existing and new schools with air conditioning ( AC ) systems to regulate classroom temperatures . Fewer than 8 % schools have any kind of climate control ( World Bank Group , > 4Many U . S . colleges , for example , require applicants from Ethiopia to submit scores on the EHEECE as part of their application . 5 > We refer to reports ESAA 2014 EC ( 2021-22 G . C ) Final and ESSA 2003 EC retrieved from : https : / / moe . gov . et / EduStat . 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > selection etc . ) < br >  Number of Locals < br > employed based on < br > gender , vulnerability , < br > Ethnic group , clan < br > etc . < br >  Type of employment < br > ( skilled , semi-skilled < br > and unskilled ) . | Cop < br >  Policy document ; < br >  Interviews records ; < br >  Record of incidents < br > of < br > GBV reported ; < br >  Labour < br > management < br > records | y < br > Contrac < br > SEC < br > CPCT | tor < br > Continuously | No additional < br > cost | 191", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 293, "text": "Interviews records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 305, "end": 324, "text": "Record of incidents", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as a liability of the guarantor sovereign . For example , the IMM lists guaranteed bonds in the section of the guaranteeing nation , for example , Great Britain . - Finally , we exclude three sets of bonds : 10 bonds with erratic and infrequent price quotes ( this includes a bond issued by the Confederate States of America in London ) < sup > 1 < / sup > ; 11 exotic bonds such as land warrant bonds or bonds issued by the Khedive of Egypt , but not by Egypt itself ; and 37 bonds for which we did not find basic details on coupon , amount issued , or currency . Our cleaned , < u > final historical dataset after these adjustments covers 209 , 890 monthly prices of 911 < / u > sovereign external bonds issued in US dollar and British pound . # * * Modern bond period , 1990-2016 * * For the modern period , we use pricing data provided by JP Morgan , which is available from 1989 onwards , albeit initially for less than five countries that issued bonds in their Brady debt restructurings . More details are provided in the draft . In total the EMBI data cover 56 , 244 monthly price quotations of 6411 sovereign external bonds issued in US dollar ( none is issued in British pound ) . > 1 The so-called Confederate cotton bond was a 20-year security with a 7 % coupon payable in British sterling and issued in London . The bonds were illiquid and appear only in our pricing database for a few months . A6", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 609, "text": "final historical dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 818, "end": 852, "text": "pricing data provided by JP Morgan", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1049, "end": 1058, "text": "EMBI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1371, "end": 1387, "text": "pricing database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ household energy source for lighting purpose electricity is the primary source of lighting for majority of households in subproject influence woredas / Kebeles , followed by solar lantern . The penetration of electricity is also fairly high , there are more than 28 , 000 electricity meters installed for example , in Shashemene . Electricity was first introduced in Shashemene in 1954 . The city has about 22-megawatt capacity at the substation ; the current use level is about 52 % of the available capacity . Shashemene has over 100 , 000 registered electricity meters the city , indicating that many households have access to electricity . The electricity supply has frequent interruptions and back-up power is often used . Today Shashemene including small towns such as Kuyera , Ethiopian Adventist College , “ Tikur Weha ” and other urban areas like Sole and Jigessa have electric supplied by the Hydroelectric power station from “ Melka-Wakena ” and Koka stations . However , the power supply and the electricity grid are not meeting the increase in demand and there are frequent ( almost daily ) power cuts . # # # # # # * * 4 . 4 . 5 . 5 Road Network and Transportation in the Subproject Affected Cities * * Hawassa City : The city is among the fast-growing towns in Ethiopia with its rapid urbanization process and growth population as well . Thus , Hawassa needs a large number of roads network with high standard , quality and safety conditions to cover the road demands of the city . Hawassa ’ s current total road network with 7m width is 605 . 84Km of which 93 . 10km is asphalt ; cobble stone ( 124 . 11km ) ; Red Ash ( 242 . 67 ) and Earthen", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "34 The overall financial management responsibility of the program which includes the release of resources , the consolidation of reporting and auditing of the program will lie with the MoF . Each implementing entity will be responsible for the budget monitoring , accounting , internal audit and reporting on their own activities . At the regional government level , Bureaus of Finances ( BoFs ) will have similar responsibilities as MoF in terms of financial management . Funds will not flow beyond regional level . The MoF is responsible for engaging external auditor acceptable to the World Bank to audit the project . An annual audit will be conducted in line with the fiscal year of the GoE ( from July 8 to July 7 ) . Initial audit will commence from effectiveness of the project to the upcoming year end date . Final audit will be up to the last disbursement deadline date . # * * 2 . OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT AUDIT * * The objective of the audit of the Project Financial Statements ( PFSs ) is to enable the auditor to express a professional opinion ( s ) on the financial position of the project at the end of each fiscal year , and on funds received and expenditures incurred for the relevant accounting period . The project books of accounts provide the basis for preparation of the PFSs by the project implementing agency and are established to reflect the financial transactions in respect of the project . The implementing agency maintains adequate internal controls and supporting documentation for transactions . # * * 3 . PREPARATION OF ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS * * The responsibility for the preparation of financial statements including adequate disclosure is that of the implementing agency . The agency is also responsible for the selection and", "spans": [{"start": 1227, "end": 1252, "text": "project books of accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| KE-MOTI-238027-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R MAPPING AND DEVELOPME < br > NT OF A NATIONAL GEO DAT < br > ABASE OF SLUMS AND INFOR < br > MAL SETTLEMENTS IN KENYA < br > IDA / 67590 | Institutional capacity develo < br > pment for slum upgrading < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br > l | 1 , 600 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-06-11 < br > 2022 - | 07-29 < br > 2021-07-02 < br > 2022 - | 10-15 < br > 2021-08-15 | 2021-09-12 | 2021-10-12 | 2021-11-16 | 2021-12-21 | 2022-04-20 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | KE-MOTI-382313-CS-QCBS / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FO < br > R AN OPERATOR / CONSORTIU < br > M TO IMPLEMENT SETTLEME < br > NT LEVEL COMMUNITY DEVEL < br > OPMENT PLANS ( PHASE 1 ) IN < br > 8 SELECTED INFORMAL SETT < br > LEMENTS IN NAIROBI AND KI < br > LIFI COUNTIES < br > IDA / 67590 | Socio-economic inclusion pla < br > nning < br > Prior | Quality And Cost - < br > Based Selection < br > Open - Internationa < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To be followed up by FMT Capacity Building | Specialist | | | | * * Action Description * * | Program funds need to be transferred in the | agreed time to cities | | | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | MoF and BOFED | Recurrent | Yearly | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Funds transfer data reported on IFRs | | | | | * * Comments * * | Funds transfer is reported in IFRs | | | | | * * Action Description * * | Ensure correct recording of budget figures i < br > budget utilization | n accounts / IBEX . Close | follow up is required by sta | keholders on low | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | MoFEC and MUDCo | Recurrent | Yearly | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Reported on APA and IFRs | | | | | * * Comments * * | Reflected in APA and IFRs | | | | | * * Action Description * * | Transparency - MUDCo should disclose on it < br > program financial and VfM external audit rep < br > executions , and external audits | s website the program a < br > orts . Cities should also | nnual budget , in year budg < br > disclose annual budget , in | et executions , and < br", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 433, "text": "Funds transfer data reported on IFRs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in all 28 districts . - Conflict flash points were identified and District Peace Committees established in all 28 districts ; 214 conflict management meetings and 219 conflict resolution events were held . # # # < u > Outcomes < / u > - Drought-related vulnerability was measured by changes in beneficiary households ' needs for free food aid , and in the time required for food assistance to arrive when still needed . - With regard to the former , a Long Rains Needs Assessment , carried out by the Kenya Food Security Group , indicated a reduction in the proportion of people needing food aid in the ASAL districts from 51 % in 2000 / 2001 to 28 % in 2008 / 2009 . However , this result is undermined by three factors : there are some differences in geographic coverage in the base years and final years , drought severity is not normalized , and it is not possible to determine attribution . - The ICR reports ( pg . 20 ) that , to address these issues , two further analyses were undertaken . First , an Impact Evaluation carried out in 2009 by the International Livestock Research Institute ( ILRI ) analyzed data from 10 randomly selected project districts and from one reference district not benefiting from the project for the period from 2004 / 2005 to 2008 / 2009 . The 2004 / 2005 baseline data were taken from a statistical survey performed for the project by Kenya ’ s Central Bureau of Statistics in 21 ASAL districts covering 4 , 000 randomly selected households . The Impact Evaluation found that there was “ a decrease in food aid needs in most districts compared with the reference district ” ( ICR , page 21 ) . However , the statistical extent of the decrease is not indicated , nor are there any details about the reference district ( for example , how or why it was chosen ) . In order to establish attribution , cumulative project expenditures in the districts were correlated with the percentage of people needing food aid . The negative correlation was found to be statistically significant in the arid districts covered (", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 479, "text": "Long Rains Needs Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1115, "end": 1163, "text": "data from 10 randomly selected project districts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1325, "end": 1343, "text": "statistical survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Page 44 # # # # * * BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA SECOND ELECTRIC POWER RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT ELEKTROPRIVREDA BiH Balance Sheets * * # # # # ( US $ million ) | * * ASSETS * * | * * 1995 * * | * * 1996 * * | * * 1997 * * | * * 1998 * * | * * 1999 * * | * * 2000 * * | * * 2001 * * | * * 2002 * * | < br > * * 2003 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | cash and securities < br > | 0 . 2 < br > | 0 . 4 < br > | 1 . 7 < br > < br > | 2 . 5 < br > | 9 . 5 < br > | 22 . 0 < br > | < br > 78 . 2 < br > | 114 . 1 < br > | 145 . 4 < br > | | accounts receivable < br > | 66 . 2 < br > | 64 . 0 < br > < br > | < br > 86 . 8 < br > < br > | 104 . 8 < br > | 129 . 6 < br > < br > | 140 . 7 < br > | 130 . 5 < br > < br > | 109 . 2 < br > < br > | 112 . 4 < br > < br > | | inventories < br > | 16 . 0 < br > | < br > 20 . 6 < br > | < br > 24 . 9 < br > < br > | 29 . 9 < br > | < br > 33 . 0 < br > < br > | 29 . 9 < br > |", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 122, "text": "ELEKTROPRIVREDA BiH Balance Sheets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Experience_ * * : More experienced entrepreneurs obtain higher returns . Every additional year of experience ( proxy by age ) increases the probability of the firm being in the top performance distribution . * * _Skills_ * * : Educational attainment of the entrepreneur is the single most important characteristic for revenue and profit maximization . Returns to education are high and increase with each additional level . Completing the basic level is associated with 40 percent higher revenues , while completing the highest level is linked to 67 percent higher revenues per worker . * * _Inputs_ * * : Availability of electricity and , to a lesser extent , water is important for better firm performance . Access to power is associated with higher revenues per capita of about 27 percent , and a higher chance of being among the top performers . * * _Finance_ * * : In the absence of information on access to finance or credit by firms , the analysis uses access to domestic and foreign private transfers as a proxy . There is no clear or significant association between revenues or profits with being the recipient of private transfers . * * _Gender_ * * : Although the self-employed are mostly women , firms run by men perform better in terms of revenues and profits per worker . The correlation remains when controlling for type of firm , being household head , and sector of focus . Men attain 40 percent higher revenues and are 13 percent more likely to make it to the top 30 performing businesses . The authors also note that the dominance of survival entrepreneurs puts a limit on the analysis of growth entrepreneurs . < sup > 17 < / sup > > 17 Another challenge to the analysis is the presence of outliers among the “ growth entrepreneurs . ” Given the small sample of this category of highly performing entrepreneurs , their exclusion ( the option elected by the team ) further reduces the sample while their inclusion leads to results highly biased by those few outliers . This issue further speaks to the difficulty of labor surveys capturing the full spectrum of employers in settings such as Haiti . 22", "spans": [{"start": 2040, "end": 2053, "text": "labor surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 52 * * of * * 73 * * # # # # * * Annex 3 ; Generic RAP Terms of Reference * * # # # # * * 1 . Introduction * * - 1 . 1 Introduce the task . # # # # * * 2 . Objectives of the RAP * * - 2 . 1 The main objective of the RAP study is to review , assess , plan and design projects for the resettlement project . The specific objectives are the following : - To review and assess the situation in Lalibela Town so as to determine activities which will likely result in relocation , - To make detailed census of persons to be relocated , and inventory assets of persons who will be relocated , - To conduct property valuation using appropriate method / s - To design methods for disbursement of entitlements - To prepare LDP and Neighbourhood plan for the selected resettlement area - To prepare detailed design for infrastructure-road , water supply , and electric power supply - To prepare detailed cost estimate of the project - To prepare implementation , monitoring and evaluation strategy - 2 . 2 The RAP details the procedures and activities that are required to ensure that the affected people are not worse off as a result of the project and that their livelihoods are restored and improved . # # # # # * * Scope of Work * * - 3 . 1 In developing the RAP , the consultants will carry out the following tasks : - ( i ) A brief description of the project and components for which land acquisition and resettlement may be needed , and an explanation as to why a resettlement plan cannot be prepared before appraisal . - ( ii ) Principles and objectives governing resettlement preparation and implementation . - ( iii ) A description of the process for preparing and approving resettlement plans , including an outline of the contents of such a plan . - ( iv ) Estimated population displacement and likely categories of displaced persons , and vulnerable household categories to the extent feasible , drawing upon the socioeconomic analysis in the", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 566, "text": "census of persons to be relocated", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Through the literature review for this paper , it can also be generalised that many health actors do not place adequate emphasis on preventing and treating injuries in emergencies , including rehabilitation services for those who have been seriously injured or disabled . Health surveillance systems in emergencies do not often reflect injuries , or the information is not acted upon for prevention purposes . These deficits in humanitarian health provision impress upon us the important role that child protection actors can have in ensuring the issue is considered , data collection is improved , and responses are tailored to children ’ s needs . Female Community Health Volunteers and Mothers Groups in Nepal A small pilot project which holds particular relevance for DRR and response considering the 2015 earthquake , was initiated 2014 in 9 wards of one Village Development Committee to address the prevention and treatment of childhood injuries through the recognised system of Female Community Health Volunteers ( FCHV ) ; and a community-led crèche for young children . There are 50 , 000 FCHV in Nepal who have had considerable success in supporting immunisation programmes , reducing and treating diarrhoea , and improving outcomes in pregnancy and family planning , as well as referrals to other health facilities . In this project FCHV were also trained in child injury awareness and basic first aid , and given basic first aid kits . FCHV would then conduct monthly mothers ’ meetings and mass awareness session ( as has been done with other public health issues ) to raise awareness and generate discussion . Over 10 % of the participants in mass meetings were children from child or adolescent ' s clubs . Although no formal evaluation has been conducted yet , it was reported that in addition to increased knowledge and awareness about child injuries , communities were able to initiate environmental changes to improve safety , and mother ’ s groups have taken on an advocacy role to prevent injuries within their communities . The crèche component was also reported to improve children ’ s development and skills . The project was not located in areas of Nepal that were affected by the earthquake , so it is difficult to tell whether this", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 299, "text": "Health surveillance systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "has frequently experienced extreme climate events like droughts and floods , rainfall variability and increasing temperature among others , * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > * * which have adversely impacted livelihoods . * * < sup > * * 3 * * < / sup > In 2022 , almost 12 million people needed food assistance from five consecutive failed rainy seasons , and floods displaced more than half a million Ethiopians . < sup > 4 < / sup > Communities , especially in climate hot spots of Afar , Somali , and Oromia regions , which are often hit by severe droughts and floods , < sup > 5 < / sup > do not have access to digital connectivity and e-services , hampering the Government ’ s response to climate-related and other emergencies . 4 . * * Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025 and to reduce poverty to 7 percent by 2030 . * * The latest 10-Year Development Plan aims to sustain growth while shifting toward a more private sector-driven economy . It also aims at fostering efficiency and competition in key growth-enabling sectors ( for example , telecommunications ) , improving business climate , and addressing macroeconomic imbalances . The Government is also devoting a high share of its budget to pro-poor programs and investments , notably to the Productive Safety Net Program ( PSNP ) launched in 2005 . 5 . * * Gender disparities in Ethiopia , including in access to economic opportunities for women , are profound . * * The 2022 Global Gender Gap report ranked Ethiopia 74 out of 146 countries and 15 in Africa . The rank drops to 112 for economic participation and opportunities and to 133 for educational attainment . < sup > 6 < / sup > The 2022 Global Findex Survey < sup > 7 < / sup > found > 1 International Monetary Fund , 2023 . Website , accessed November 14th : imf . org / en / Countries", "spans": [{"start": 1455, "end": 1484, "text": "2022 Global Gender Gap report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1675, "end": 1700, "text": "2022 Global Findex Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 7 Air Quality * * Considering the rural setting of the subproject area and absence of major industries as well as low population density along the transmission line corridor and the substation site , it is reasonable to assume that the ambient air quality is generally good . However , elevated dust levels along access roads and the express road under construction as well as aggregate production by stone crusher plant of the express road project are expected to cause air pollution at local levels . In addition , exhaust gases emissions from asphalt mixing plants and vehicular traffic of the road project as well as the normal traffic on the Shashemene-Hawassa and Shashemene-Alaba roads are likely to cause certain air pollution at local levels . Online live air quality report and air quality forecast was referred for Hawassa and Shashemene towns which are the nearest cities to the TL and substation sites . According to the EPA air quality index ( AQI ) the current ( December 2023 ) air quality conditions in Hawassa based on the levels of the main pollutants ( PM2 . 5 , PM10 , O3 , CO , NO2 & SO2 ) , AQI of 45 was reported . Based on this figure air quality is good and air pollution poses little or no risk . Similarly , according to World Air Map annual average ( Dec . 2022 – Dec . 2023 ) AQI of 46 was reported for Shashemene city . This is categorized as _Fair_ that designates the air is moderately polluted and is greater than the maximum limit established by WHO . A long-term exposure constitutes a health risk . # # # # # # * * 4 . 2 . 8 Ambient Noise * * The baseline environment", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1178, "text": "EPA air quality index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1472, "end": 1485, "text": "World Air Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 32 - | * * Category * * < br > * * ( including * * < br > * * Disbursement * * < br > * * Linked * * < br > * * Indicator as * * < br > * * applicable ) * * | * * Disbursement Linked * * < br > * * Result ( as applicable ) * * * | * * Amount of * * < br > * * the Financing * * < br > * * Allocated * * < br > * * ( expressed in * * < br > * * USD ) * * | * * Formula and * * < br > * * Amount of the * * < br > * * Financing * * < br > * * Allocated * * < br > * * ( expressed in USD ) * * | * * Percentage of * * < br > * * Expenditures * * < br > * * to be * * < br > * * Financed * * < br > * * ( inclusive of * * < br > * * Taxes ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | processes conducted by the < br > Accountant General ' s < br > office . | | ( ii ) 1 , 500 , 000 | | | | DLR 9 . 3 ( Year 3 ) : < br > ( i ) At least 25 % of < br > registered central < br > government assets are < br > valuedin the IFMIS FA and < br > monitored according to the < br > guidelines ; and < br > ( ii ) Business Requirements < br > approved and specifications < br > for design of the asset < br > management system < br > developed ( AGO ) . | | ( DLR 9 . 3 total", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 933, "text": "IFMIS FA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ofcertificates < br > underhisnamethatarisefromshortcourses , workshops < br > andseminarsattendedbothlocallyandinternationally . Some < br > ofthemareoncensuses , postcensusenumerationsurveys , < br > Statistical < br > Designs < br > and < br > Development , < br > Sampling < br > and < br > weightingofdata , Strategic < br > Leadership < br > Development < br > Programme , < br > Risk < br > Management , < br > Quality < br > Management < br > System , among manyothers | 12", "spans": [{"start": 164, "end": 192, "text": "postcensusenumerationsurveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Real exchange rate growth ( t-1 ) ( % ) | 11 , 677 | 5 . 17 | 10 . 73 | - 20 . 65 | 31 . 42 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Trade openness ( t-1 ) ( % GDP ) | 13 , 025 | 43 . 62 | 13 . 19 | 15 . 32 | 79 . 46 | | * * _Covariates_ * * | | | | | | | Small-sized firms ( labor < 20 ) | 13 , 025 | 0 . 54 | 0 . 50 | 0 | 1 | | Medium-sized firms ( 20 < labor < 99 ) | 13 , 025 | 0 . 31 | 0 . 46 | 0 | 1 | | Large-sized firms ( labor > 99 ) | 13 , 025 | 0 . 15 | 0 . 35 | 0 | 1 | | Generator use ( dummy , 0-1 ) | 12 , 818 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 50 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 00 | | Electricity losses ( t-1 ) ( % total power < br > production ) | 8 , 574 | 17 . 07 | 9 . 61 | 5 . 37 | 71 . 03 | | GDP per capita ( t-1 ) ( US $ ) | 11 , 617 | 1693 . 08 | 1478 . 72 | 319 . 40 | 6938 . 85 | | GDP growth ( t-1 ) ( % ) | 11 , 617 | 5 . 58 | 4 . 11 | - 20 . 60 | 15 . 17 | | Rule of lawgrowth ( t-1 ) ( % ) | 8 , 204 | - 3 . 59 | 26 . 51 | - 82 . 63 | 91 . 82 | Source : WBES , WDI , KOF data , PWT . # 4 . Empirical strategy Using a firm-level treatment variable , we carry out an impact assessment method to understand how access to electricity leads manufacturing firms to become more export-oriented . We consider", "spans": [{"start": 978, "end": 986, "text": "KOF data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sectors . While there are large gaps in average productivity , allocative efficiency requires a convergence in marginal productivity across sectors . Assuming Cobb ‐ Douglas production technologies at sector level together with perfect competition in factor markets , the measurement of marginal productivity reduces to adjusting the average products of a sector with the sector ‐ specific labor share of income . The table below shows the marginal productivity in industry and services relative to agriculture for Bangladesh which have been computed using labor shares of income at sector level from the GTAP database . | | * * Margin * * < br > | * * al Productivity of La * * < br > | * * bor Relative to Agr * * < br > | * * iculture * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * 2000 * * | * * 2005 * * | * * 2010 * * | * * 2015 * * | | Industry | 4 . 38 | 4 . 41 | 4 . 19 | 4 . 32 | | Services | 7 . 93 | 9 . 68 | 11 . 20 | 11 . 56 | > 8 Please see appendix A . 2 for a brief discussion on factors that are important in driving TFP growth . This discussion is a summary of the survey on productivity by Syverson ( 2011 ) . The interested reader should read the paper as the discussion here highlights only some of the important factors that can lead to productivity growth and is in no way provides a comprehensive listing of such factors . 23", "spans": [{"start": 605, "end": 618, "text": "GTAP database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Labor Supply Responses to Health Shocks : Evidence from High-Frequency Labor Market Data from Urban Ghana * * Rachel Heath , Ghazala Mansuri , Bob Rijkers < sup > * < / sup > JEL Codes : J22 , O12 , I15 Keywords : labor supply , health shocks , Ghana , urban labor market * Rachel Heath : the University of Washington and BREAD ; rmheath @ uw . edu ; Ghazala Mansuri : the World Bank ; < u > gmansuri @ worldbank . org ; Bob Rijkers : the World Bank ; brijkers @ worldbank . org . Postal address : Box 353330 ; < / u > Seattle WA 98195 . We thank Tyler McCormick and attendees of the 2017 Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting and the 2017 Northeast University Development Consortium Conference for helpful comments , and Paolo Falco , Mary Hallward-Driemeier , Will Seitz and Dhiraj Sharma for their invaluable help collecting the high frequency labor market data . The research was supported by funding from the World Bank ’ s Research Support Budget . The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors ; they do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent .", "spans": [{"start": 62, "end": 111, "text": "High-Frequency Labor Market Data from Urban Ghana", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 843, "end": 875, "text": "high frequency labor market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * * - * * _The request for bids / Proposal documents shall require that bidders / proposers submitting Bids / Proposal present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of and compliance with the Bank ’ s AntiCorruption Guidelines , including without limitation the bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit right ; _ * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 14, "text": "tables in STEP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits 5-7 : Implementation Completion and Results Report_ increasing corruption at all levels . < sup > 18 < / sup > The key achievements in fighting corruption supported by the PRSC series included the implementation of the National Anti-Corruption Strategy ( NACS ) , which covered cross-cutting public service reforms ; the above discussed reforms in PFM and procurement ; development of the Whistleblower Protection Act and revision of the Leadership Code Act ; implementation of the National Integrity Survey ( NIS ) by the Inspector General of Government ( IGG ) ; establishment of a Special Anti-Corruption Division of the High Court ( opened December 2008 ) . In addition , a joint Government / DP task force was set up to develop mechanisms to reduce corruption and the governance-related case backlog in the IGG ’ s office and judiciary . < sup > 19 < / sup > The Bank was upfront and direct in identifying the need to address corruption , and broadened the PRSC dialogue to tackle corruption through a multi-pronged approach of enhancing accountability ( PFM and procurement ) , programming for better value for money ( sector reviews ) , and facilitating enforcement ( case backlog management , special anti-corruption court ) . This focus sought to reorient the anti-corruption agenda by linking it to practical measures such as improved PFM , procurement and management of payroll , as well as by strengthening the hands of the IGG and anti-corruption part of the Judiciary . These measures were designed to deter , rather than absolutely eliminate corruption . Overall however , there has been little progress with regard to reducing corruption as indicated in the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index , < sup > 20 < / sup > the National Integrity Survey III [ 2008 ] ; the slow and limited Government response to grand corruption cases , and frequent reports of corruption in the service sectors which continues to threaten public service delivery in health and education ( discussed further below ) . The demand", "spans": [{"start": 518, "end": 543, "text": "National Integrity Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1710, "end": 1764, "text": "Transparency International Corruption Perception Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1792, "end": 1821, "text": "National Integrity Survey III", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "\" Do gender dynamics in intrahousehold decision making shift with male migration ? Evidence from rice-farming households in Eastern India . \" _Gender , Technology and Development_ 27 , no . 2 ( 2023 ) : 157-183 . Ruppert Bulmer , Elizabeth , Ami Shrestha , and Michelle Marshalian . \" Nepal Jobs Diagnostic . \" _World Bank Group_ ( 2020 ) . Ruppert Bulmer , Elizabeth . “ Job Quality in Nepal is Improving , but Women Lag Behind . ” _World Bank Jobs and Development Blog_ ( 2020 ) . https : / / blogs . worldbank . org / jobs / job-quality-nepal-improving - women-lag-behind Samman , E . “ Quantitative measurement of gendered social norms . ” _London : ALiGN_ ( 2019 ) . Kathmandu University , School of Arts ; Interdisciplinary Analysts , and The Asia Foundation . “ A Survey of the Nepali People in 2018 . ” ( 2019 ) . School of Arts , Kathmandu University , Interdisciplinary Analysts , and The Asia Foundation . “ A Survey of the Nepali People in 2020 . ” ( 2020 ) . 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the MDGs : the infant mortality rate , child mortality rate , and prevalence of malnutrition . Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) , the authors go beyond the traditional cross-country regressions of new growth theory — exploiting the variability in outcomes and explanatory variables observed between asset quintiles within countries . They show that apart from traditional variables ( income , assets , education , direct health interventions ) , better access to basic infrastructure services plays an important role in improving child health outcomes . Their analysis of interaction effects between interventions also suggests the importance of combining interventions to achieve the MDGs . Jayasuriya and Wodon ( 2003 ) complement those findings by demonstrating the inefficiency of policies implemented by the international community and countries themselves in trying to reach the MDGs . These concerns are increasingly being voiced by key actors in international organizations : Manning ( 2004 ) for the OECD in a speech at the World Institute for Development Economics Research , Sachs and his colleagues at Colombia University for the UN in MDG papers posted on an earmarked Website , and Bourguignon and his team at the World Bank , who are currently working on better modeling of these interactions ( this is still work in progress , with no public documents yet available ) . > 3 This is in close coordination with the implementation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers ( PRSP ) , which drive resource allocations within many developing countries . For an interesting overview of the issues raised by PRSPs , see Booth ( 2003 ) in his introduction to a special volume of the _Development Policy Review_ on PRSPs . 4 There is clear recognition of these interactions at the sector level . See , for instance , Ballar and others ( 2000 ) and Wang ( 2002 ) , who examine this issue in the context of the health sector . 5 The World Bank is generating equivalent snapshots for Africa and a number of Asian countries . But data problems have been so severe that publication of the report keeps being postponed .", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 144, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is reported on a cross-country basis is the time taken to complete procurement processes . The World Bank Doing Business Contracting with the Government indicator measures the time < mark > of awarding a specific public contract to a domestically-owned medium-sized limited liability company based on the indicator ’ s assumptions . < / mark > Countries where PP takes more time may be at a disadvantage in procuring supplies even if standard processes are not applied in a crisis . For example , insofar as a nation ’ s PP “ type ” is common knowledge and suppliers prefer to sell products in short supply to buyers that can credibly offer rapid contracting and processing of payments . Another attribute of prevailing PP regimes is membership of the WTO GPA and PTAs that encompass government procurement . We expect that members of such PP-liberalizing trade agreements will make less use of trade restrictions in a crisis than other countries . To the best of our knowledge these are issues that have not been investigated in the extant literature on procurement and trade , which has focused on home bias in the allocation of public contracts and associated impacts on costs and productivity . < sup > 9 < / sup > # * * 3 . Trade policy measures during COVID-19 * * The source of trade policy data used in the analysis is a European University Institute ( EUI ) , Global Trade Alert ( GTA ) and World Bank project that tracks changes in trade policies for medical products starting on January 1 , 2020 . The exercise classifies measures as restrictive or liberalizing and differentiates between type of instrument ( tariff , quota , licensing requirement , > 8 For example , cross-country data on the extent to which jurisdictions include “ buy national ” provisions or PP processes include preferences for specific types of domestic bidders , such as SMEs , are not available . See e . g . , Hoekman and Tas ( 2020 ) . > 9 See e . g . , Shingal ( 2015 ) , Kutlina-Dimitrova and Lakatos ( 2016 ) , Hoekman and Sanfilippo ( 2020 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 1285, "end": 1302, "text": "trade policy data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1680, "end": 1698, "text": "cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_A lack of advocacy_ Asked further why certain groups had received particular attention in the recast proposals but disability had been given less consideration , the Commission official defended the legislators by pointing to the structural constraints they faced : I think we are very traditional in this respect . I don ' t think there have been many studies on the specific issue of disability . I don ' t think UNHCR has pronounced itself very often on this issue . As far as I know the EXCOM Conclusions are being negotiated now . The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is also recent . So traditionally , in the context of asylum law , refugee law , the main focus has been on gender and age . ( Commission official B . , Interview , 29 / 04 / 2010 ) The lack of advocacy on behalf of persons with disabilities has resulted in difficulties with substantiating certain provisions that were initially foreseen by the Commission . Consider again the example mentioned above , the exemption of applicants with mental disabilities from accelerated procedures . When asked why the provision was not included in the final text , the interviewee explained : Our analysis is very much based on what is available … Not all the proposals initially foreseen have been included in the final document for very simple reasons : We lacked justification and empirical data . ( Commission official B . , Interview , 29 / 04 / 2010 ) I have outlined that one explanation of general vagueness in the recast Directives is the reluctance of member states to allow for further specifications of the rights of persons with disabilities . The interviewee ' s comments point to the second explanation that may be advanced : the lack of human rights advocacy on disability as a counterbalance to member states ' sovereign interests . Indeed , in the process of this research few examples of disabled people ' s organisations addressing the issues facing asylum seekers were found . No mainstream disability organisation had participated in the policy process of drafting the European Directives and few submissions to the Green Paper explicitly proposed safeguards for persons with disabilities ( Car", "spans": [{"start": 1367, "end": 1381, "text": "empirical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "339620-GO-RFQ / P < br > rocurement of five Office Cha < br > irs and five Office Desks for t < br > he Field Monitoring Officers < br > IDA / D5960 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 6 , 078 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-02-15 | 2023-04-12 | 2023-07-11 | | UG-MWE-340135-GO-RFQ / P < br > rinting of 500 copies of the G < br > RM \" Complaints Log Books \" u < br > nder IFPA-CD Project < br > IDA / 65920 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 11 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impl < br > ementation | 2023-02-24 | 2023-04-21 | 2023-05-21 | | UG-MWE-340157-GO-RFQ / S < br > upply of 5 sets of Tonners for < br > the Heavy Duty Printer and < br > 1 desk printer for the Kitagw < br > enda DLG officer under IFPA - < br > CD Project < br > IDA / 65920 | Component 4 . Project Manag < br > ement and Monitoring < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions < br > L | imited | Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Aide Memoire Kenya Cash Transfer Programme for Orphans and Vulnerable Children_ Mid ~ ! ! ! ! ! ! . ! ! e_vl_ · ew_ ' ________ learned from the initial enrolment and carding processes . In early July , a second forum reviewing the payment and reconciliation processes will be held . A number of districts where the co ­ responsibilities pilot is being implemented have not been included in the initial 19 districts , covering 53 , 216 beneficiaries , to be transitioned to the new PSP . This is because of the need to have baseline data collected at the same time as the initial payments are being made . In order to avoid jeopardising the quality of the impact evaluation baseline , these co-responsibilities districts would be initially paid through PCK . 28 . * * Beneficiary welfare committees . * * The Programme has , to date , established BWCs in 20 districts . The Programme intends to establish BWCs in 25 and 23 districts in the second and third phases , respectively . The Mission noted that some DCOs are experiencing challenges related to implementing this new structure , including a lack of cooperation from some LOC members and the extensive time it takes to establish BWCs in large districts where the DCOs have to travel long distances between locations . Because training of BWC members was not factored into the current FY budget , the BWCs will not be trained until FY _2012 / 2013 . _ This means that , while a number of committees have been established , they will not be functioning effectively until they are equipped to do so through a programme of training that will only start in the next FY . It was agreed that a Training Plan for the BWCs would be developed and agreed by the Technical Working Group ( TWG ) prior to the start of the next FY . The Mission noted that some components of the approved BWC TOR", "spans": [{"start": 524, "end": 537, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are rounded to the nearest Kenya Shilling . * * 10 . 4 Recognition of receipts * * C-HERP recognizes all receipts from the various sources when the event occurs , and the related cash has actually been-received . * * i ) Transfers from the Exchequer * * Tiansfer from Exchequer is recognized in the books of accounts when cash is received . Cash is considered as received when payment instruction is issued to the bank and notified to , the receiving entity . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 7 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 316, "text": "books of accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ < br > which were not presented to the team . The Committee chairman < br > confirmed that this was done for commercial land transactions within the < br > Ranch and which they insisted should also apply to compulsory land < br > acquisition . < br > Evah explained that NLC is mandated by law to do compulsory land < br > acquisition of any land and asset that is needed by a public entity for < br > public interest and that Mwache dam was one such project identified by < br > the MoWSI to serve public good and interest . She went on to state that < br > NLC got a request from MoWSI to acquire land for Mwache dam in < br > accordance to the Land Act and MoWSI presented to NLC the RAP , EIA < br > reports and the schedule of PAPs identified in the RAP that included a < br > list of the people affected and their parcel acreages . NLC Commissioners < br > and Valuers had already carried out a reconnaissance visit to the project < br > area . NLC had published an intention to acquire gazette notice in 2018 < br > with the corrigenda , addendum gazette notice and inquiry gazette notice < br > with inquiry date was being prepared and would be published when < br > ready . | | - - - | - - - | The law requires when published , the NLC serve the people with the gazette notices and this was done in 2018 and they would similarly do the same when additional notices are published . Sensitization meetings were held to familiarize the PAPs on the Land Acquisition process ; however , NLC was unable to inspect the affected assets immediately since the RAP has not been approved but after RAP approval , NLC inspected P1 areas and completed in February 2020 including parts of Mwavumbo covered under the approved RAP 1a . The inspection was done with the assistance of the Mwavumbo committee members . When the addendum and inquiry", "spans": [{"start": 722, "end": 760, "text": "schedule of PAPs identified in the RAP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Municipal Program ( P066488 ) Implementation Status & Results Report  Non-motorized transport links constructed or rehabilitated under the KMP ( Kilometers , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 149 . 09 | 202 . 20 | 137 . 00 | | Date | 28-Sep-2009 | 31-May-2016 | 25-Nov-2016 | 31-May-2017 | # # Overall Comments A total of 47 . 525km of storm water drains have been completed altogether covering Mombasa , Embu , Machakos and Garissa . Works still ongoing in Machakos and Garissa . A total of 202 . 2 km of Non-Motorized Transport ( NMT ) have been completed in project towns . # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Dis | bursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P066488 | IDA-47140 | Effective | USD | 100 . 00 | 100 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 95 . 53 | 0 . 44 | | 96 % | | P066488 | TF-17423 | Effective | USD | 11 . 96 | 11 . 96 | 0 . 00 | 11 . 00 | 0 . 96 | | 92 % | | * * Key Date * *", "spans": [{"start": 737, "end": 766, "text": "Data on Financial Performance", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | D . EstablishmentofEMIS | | | | | 1 . EMISSpecialist | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | 2 . Statistician | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | 3 . AnnualSchoolSurvey | 50 | 50 | 0 | | 4 . InformationneedsAssessment & systemdesign | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | * * 5 . * * Publicationand dissemination ofEMISdata | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | 6 . TrainingInEMIS | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | 7 . Equlpment / Software | | | | | Desktop + UPS | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 4x4Shortwheel-base vehicle | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | | Laptops | 0 | 0 | 0 | | LaserPnnter | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Scanner | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Photocopier | 0 | 0 | 0 | | LocalAreanetworking | * * O * * | * * O * * | * * O * * | | Offtheshelfsoftware | 0 | 0 | 0 | | E . Unallocatedforvarioustrainingandstudies | * * 0 * * | 100 | * * 0 * * | | F . EquipmentforDirectorates | | | | | * * 1 . * * Desktop + UPS | 0 | 100 | 0 | | 2 . LaserPnnters | 0 | 100 | 0 | | 11 . RecurrentCosts", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "de África | 2 . 556 . 600 | 74 . 000 | 2 . 630 . 600 | 2 . 898 . 500 | 65 . 400 | 2 . 963 . 900 | 333 . 300 | 12 , 7 % | | * * Total * * | * * 10 . 998 . 700 * * | * * 699 . 000 * * | * * 11 . 697 . 700 * * | * * 13 . 685 . 400 * * | * * 694 . 400 * * | * * 14 . 379 . 800 * * | * * 2 . 682 . 100 * * | * * 22 , 9 % * * | * * * * * No incluye Norte de África * * 10 * * ACNUR Tendencias Globales 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "| Diploma | 1 . 1 % | 2 . 0 % | | University | 2 . 0 % | 0 . 0 % | | * * Family Size of HH ( Number of People Eating Together ) * * | * * Male * * | * * Female * * | | 1 | 3 . 3 % | 2 . 8 % | | 2 | 8 . 5 % | 9 . 2 % | | 3 | 18 . 0 % | 14 . 8 % | | 4 | 17 . 7 % | 16 . 4 % | | 5 | 15 . 5 % | 12 . 0 % | | 6 | 10 . 5 % | 13 . 6 % | | 7 | 10 . 4 % | 8 . 4 % | | 8 | 7 . 0 % | 7 . 6 % | | 9 + | 9 . 1 % | 15 . 2 % | The total household surveyed was 2 , 788 across the districts hosting refugees , this corresponded to about 9 , 666 population that was interviewed . The children under 5 years that the survey reached was 3 , 405 and average family size for all districts was 5 . 3 people in each household interviewed . Yumbe district had the highest family size ( 7 . 8 ) as compared to the rest of the districts . From the actual surveyed population , the average proportion of under 5 years across the surveyed districts * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 42 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ Table 7 . 16 : Number of Temporarily Impacted Perennial Crops by Types and Size | * * Types of perennial * * < br > * * crops * * | * * Big * * | * * Medium * * | * * Small * * | * * Seedling * * | * * Total * * | * * Percent * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Chat | 14 , 999 | 8 , 127 | 3 , 371 | 4 | 26 , 501 | * * 98 . 2 * * | | Coffee | 154 | 193 | - | - | 347 | * * 1 . 3 * * | | Banana | 112 | 16 | - | - | 128 | * * 0 . 5 * * | | * * Total * * | * * 15 , 265 * * | * * 8 , 336 * * | * * 3 , 371 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 26 , 976 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | * * Percent * * | * * 56 . 6 * * | * * 30 . 9 * * | * * 12 . 5 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December 2024 – January 2025 ) _ Page 104", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 57, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "each center at the same time . Both raters were present in the room with the class they were observing for three hours and followed this group if they left the room for outdoor play . Raters did not interact with staff or students during their observation . The two raters scored each center on a seven-point Likert scale , which ranged from inadequate ( 1 ) , minimal ( 3 ) , good ( 5 ) to excellent ( 7 ) . For each center , rater one and rater two ’ s scores are averaged to construct a mean ECERS-R score . < sup > 13 < / sup > We then computed village level averages of this ECERS-R score . In the analysis we divide the 310 villages in our sample in terciles – based on their average ECERS-R score . These are reported in Table 1 and show that girls and boys are equally likely to be found in villages with low , medium and high quality preschool centers . # _Parenting practices_ The primary caregivers of the children in our sample ( usually mothers ) were asked to answer a series of questions about their parenting practices . These practices were measured using 24 items describing parent-child relationships adapted from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children ( LSAC ) ( Zubrick et al . 2008 ) . The questions covered a range of possible practices that reflect three domains : parental warmth , consistency , and hostility . Caregivers were asked how often they used each of a number of different parenting practices . A total positive parenting score was given to each child ’ s caregiver by adding together scores for each of the three parenting dimensions ( with the negative items reversed ) . The higher the score , the more likely it is that parents have high levels of warmth and consistency , and low levels of hostility toward their children . These are reported in Table 1 . On average , girls have a slightly higher total parenting practices score than boys but the magnitude of this difference is very small ( 0 . 91 points ) . In our analysis , we normalized this total parenting practices score to have a mean of 0", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent in 2005 to 36 . 1 percent in 2015 , and further to 33 . 6 percent in 2019 . A further 11 . 8 percent of the population was not poor but had a consumption level within 20 percent of the poverty line in 2019 , making them economically vulnerable to falling into poverty in the event of an adverse economic shock . Poverty in Kenya is spatial in nature , with counties in the North and Northeast having higher , and stagnant , poverty rates . Similarly , while inequality has decreased since 2005 , the pace of decline has slowed in recent years and the Gini coefficient < sup > 60 < / sup > has slightly increased from 39 . 1 in 2015 to 40 . 7 in 2019 . < sup > 61 < / sup > > 56 There are large differences in enrolment numbers , even across government sources ( Census versus Economic Survey , notably ) . For simplicity we use Census data from 2019 whenever possible as it covers more variables than other sources . > 57 < mark > World Bank , World Development Indicators database . Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization , ILOSTAT at https : / / ilostat . ilo . org / data / . < / mark > > 58 World Bank World Development Indicators database . > 59 < mark > World Bank 2018 . Kenya Poverty and Gender Assessment 2016 / 16 - A Decade of Progress and the Challenges Ahead . Washington DC : World Bank . < / mark > > 60 The Gini coefficient ( Gini index or Gini ratio ) is a statistical measure of economic inequality in a population . The coefficient measures the dispersion of income or distribution of wealth among the members of a population . 61 KJET PAD 24", "spans": [{"start": 836, "end": 857, "text": "Census data from 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 952, "end": 989, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1151, "end": 1188, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "score on teaching practices rose from 54 to 70 . 3 percent , marginally exceeding the target of 70 percent . The share of primary schools in the lowest inspection category ( Level 1 ) fell from 26 . 4 to 12 . 6 percent ( target : 15 percent ) , and secondary schools from 15 . 7 to 7 . 1 percent ( target : 8 percent ) . Actual teaching time as a share of scheduled instructional time increased from 88 . 9 to 94 percent , meeting the target . External data from the World Bank ' s 2025 Global Education Policy Dashboard corroborate broader systemic gains : teacher absenteeism declined from 17 to 9 percent , in-service training coverage reached 21 percent of all teachers , principal training coverage rose from 35 to 60 percent , and teacher content knowledge doubled from 7 . 1 to 15 . 8 percent — though from a very low base . MELQO assessments showed improvement in O-Class children ' s performance across pre-literacy , pre-numeracy , executive function , and fine motor skills , with mean scores rising from 48 . 9 to 52 . 4 percent between 2022 and 2024 , surpassing the target of 49 percent . # # # * * IPF Component * * The IPF component supported a range of system-strengthening and service delivery outputs . These included the establishment of e-cloud infrastructure in 300 secondary schools and 10 universities , rollout of an e - learning system , and development of ICT content . The component also financed improvements in ICT facilities through the activation of a US $ 5 million Contingency Emergency Response Component ( CERC ) . Support was provided for EMIS development and piloting , including technical assistance and the distribution of tablets , as well as for piloting of EdTech innovations that included the provision of 4 , 790 tablets to support continuous classroom assessment , enabling teachers , key teachers , and supervisors to digitize classroom observation , data collection , and reporting . Additional outputs included the development of an online textbook tracking system , support for a new general", "spans": [{"start": 482, "end": 520, "text": "2025 Global Education Policy Dashboard", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exactly clear of what purpose the DIR as an instrument was meant to achieve ( diagnostic or forensic ) . The World Bank has since made progress as exemplified by the DIR in India . As explained above , the DIR process in Kenya played a catalysts role in getting the Ministry of Health to initiate actions to address governance challenges affecting the sector . Overall , the project implementation is rated * * unsatisfactory * * . # # * * 2 . 3 Monitoring and Evaluation ( M & E ) Design , Implementation and Utilization * * M & E design , implementation and utilization are rated * * modest * * . M & E design was * * modest : * * Although the PAD had a comprehensive list of indicators to monitor the performance of the project , little attention was given during the design phase of the project to the weak M & E capacity in the Ministry of Health . No particular initiative was taken to build capacity of the Ministry of Health or to support the implementation of the baseline survey . As a result , the main method of monitoring the progress of project implementation was the DHS 2003 , which reported on the main outcome indicators . The process and output indicators in the performance framework could not be tracked with the existing data , making it hard to monitor progress on implementation and establish causal links between the poor DHS outcome data and the project ’ s implementation . M & E implementation was * * negligible * * : With the exception of the 2003 DHS , no systematic monitoring of the project indicators took place . While the need to strengthen monitoring and evaluation was acknowledged , different health programs operated their separate and fragmented monitoring and evaluation systems . In 2003 a monitoring and evaluation theme group was introduced to support the integration of the fragmented data flow into one national framework . 8", "spans": [{"start": 1082, "end": 1090, "text": "DHS 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1347, "end": 1363, "text": "DHS outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1473, "end": 1481, "text": "2003 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and services , in the case of Ethiopia , while representativeness is captured only at the two digit level in Ghana and Kenya . Adequate sectoral representativeness is important for our calculation because aggregate sufficient statistics of misallocation and the aggregate counterfactual gains in productivity are all constructed based on 4-digit weighted averages . Thus , ensuring that an industry is properly represented in the aggregate is essential for the validity of the results . To illustrate the importance of the adequate weighting of sectors , we perform two versions of our calculations . In the first one we weight 4-digit industries according to the value added shares implied by the firms sampled in the surveys . In the second one we adopt the value added shares from the Census . Under the assumption that Census-based weights are closer to the true ones , the experiments allow us to assess the quantitative significance of the weak sectoral representativeness of the enterprise surveys . A second challenge that we face , which is related to the same limitations in the construction of the ES that we highlighted above , is that some 4-digit industries may receive no coverage at all in the surveys . To gain comparability in face of this difficulty , we restrict the sample of firms in the Census to those belonging to industries that are covered both in the Census and the ES , re-weighting valued added shares accordingly . > 20Obviously , we do not expect the sample to resemble our census due to the structure of the sampling procedure . Large establishments are in typically oversampled in the ES relative to the random sampling of firms in each country . To further explore the comparability of the two datasets , we compare the size distribution in our census data with the sampling frames used to draw samples in the ES . We find that the sampling frame significantly underestimates small firms in Ethiopia and Ghana . > 21Note that Cˆote d ’ Ivoire and Ethiopia are excluded in this exercise due to the large number of missing values of capital in the ES . 24", "spans": [{"start": 986, "end": 1004, "text": "enterprise surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1780, "end": 1791, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 1 . Share of migration in an average village and a Taobao Village * * | * * Percentage * * | * * of migrants * * | * * in all rural vil * * | * * lages * * < br > | * * Percentage of * * | * * migrants in T * * | * * aobao Villages * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * All * * < br > * * migrants * * | * * Different * * < br > * * village * * < br > * * same * * < br > * * county * * | * * Different * * < br > * * county same * * < br > * * province * * | * * Different * * < br > * * province * * | * * All migrants * * | * * Different * * < br > * * village same * * < br > * * county * * | * * Different * * < br > * * county same * * < br > * * province * * | * * Different * * < br > * * province * * | | 5 . 3 % | 1 . 7 % | 1 . 4 % | 2 . 2 % | 29 . 0 % | 4 . 7 % | 4 . 7 % | 19 . 6 % | Note : Social registration ( _hukou_ ) information for all rural villages is derived from module 1-1c and 1-4c of China Population Census in 2010 . Migrants are defined as individuals who live in this village but are registered outside of the village . # * * _2 . 3 Characteristics of e-households and non-e-households in Taobao Villages_ * * E-commerce participation is not random . E-households and non-e-households differ in many dimensions . Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics for these two household types in the Taobao", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 985, "text": "China Population Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", C . , & Tatem , A . J . ( 2015 ) . Disaggregating census data for population mapping using random forests with remotely sensed and ancillary data . _PLOS ONE_ , _10_ ( 2 ) , e0107042 . - Uchida , H . , & Nelson , A . ( 2009 ) . _Agglomeration index : Towards a new measure of urban concentration_ . Washington , D . C . : World Bank . - World Bank . ( 1990 ) . _World development report : Poverty_ . Oxford Press . - World Bank . ( 2009 ) . _World Development Report 2009 : Reshaping Economic Geography_ , Washington , D . C . : World Bank . - World Bank . ( 2022 ) . _Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022 : Correcting Course_ , Washington , D . C . : World Bank . - Zhang , Q . , & Seto , K . C . ( 2011 ) . Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal DMSP / OLS nighttime light data . _Remote Sensing of Environment_ , _115_ ( 9 ) , 2320 – 2329 . - Zhou , N . , Hubacek , K . , & Roberts , M . ( 2015 ) . Analysis of spatial patterns of urban growth across South Asia using DMSP-OLS nighttime lights data . _Applied Geography_ , _63_ , 292 – 303 . 27", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Dropout * * Table 5 . 5 and 5 . 6 show DiD results for dropout rates . * * Table 5 . 5 * * focuses on overall dropout across grades ; * * Table 5 . 6 * * focuses on lower primary dropout rates . In both cases , we do not observe significant impacts in schools treated in either 2017 or 2018 . * * Table 5 . 5 . Impact of PqTR reduction on dropout rates * * | | * * 2017-18 * * | * * 2018-19 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Control | 0 . 031 * * * | 0 . 040 * * * | | | ( 0 . 004 ) | ( 0 . 003 ) | | Time | 0 . 001 | - 0 . 003 | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 004 ) | | Treatment | 0 . 020 * * * | 0 . 003 | | | ( 0 . 006 ) | ( 0 . 006 ) | | DiD ( Treatment and Time ) | - 0 . 006 | 0 . 005 | | | ( 0 . 008 ) | ( 0 . 008 ) | | Control ( N ) | 118 | 292 | | Treatment ( N ) | 379 | 134 | _Data Source : EMIS 2016-2019_ _Note : Robust standard errors in parentheses . * p < 0 . 10 , * * p < 0 . 05 , * * * p < 0 . 01_ _2017 / 18 compares dropout rates at end 2016 / 17 and end 2017 / 18 . Treated schools are those where PqTR brought below 90 in 2017 . _ _2018 / 19 compares dropout rates at end 2017 / 18 and end 2018 / 19 . Treated schools are those where PqTR brought below 90 in 2018 . _ * * Table 5 . 6 . Impact of PqTR reduction on dropout rates in lower primary * * | | * * 2017-18 * * | * * 2018-19 * * | | - - - | -", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 806, "text": "EMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ absorb hidden , intangible E & S costs of infrastructure development projects , but also to adopt a wider community development approach in the implementation of involuntary resettlement initiatives . The Federal GoE , Regional , and local governments are already committing considerable resources for a wider development of infrastructure and social service facilities in and around the Subproject area . Therefore , what would be required for the implementation of this LRP is to own and incorporate it into the ongoing national , regional , and local development programs and projects and effectively coordinate , follow up , and monitor its implementation . # # # # # # * * 11 . 1 . 3 Methodology * * The main source of data and information used in the preparation of this LRP is the census enumeration of PAHs and registration of their affected assets and property . In addition to undertaking an inventory and valuation of assets affected by the project , the census survey collected a wide range of useful demographic ( age , gender , family size ) and socio-economic ( ethnicity , health , religion , education , education , occupation , income sources , farmland size , cropping patterns , livelihood assets , productive capacity , preferred compensation methods , and livelihood restoration needs , preferences , opportunities and constraints ) information . The census and inventory of assets and affected property were undertaken working jointly with PAHs and representatives of local ( Woreda and Kebele ) authorities . Thus , the census survey forms the basis for developing the livelihood restoration activities presented in this LRP . It provides the baseline against which to measure the change in PAHs ’ livelihoods and standards of living . Based on the census survey data , this livelihood restoration plan is designed to ensure that households adversely affected by the proposed subproject receive benefits and have their livelihoods , standards of living , and living conditions improved - or at least restored - in", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 967, "text": "census enumeration of PAHs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1119, "end": 1132, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1697, "end": 1710, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1926, "end": 1944, "text": "census survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of public debt , differentiating between SIDS with higher and lower debt-to-GDP ratios . Section five discusses what type of external assistance most SIDS need to help them strengthen their resilience to climate change , and whether debt relief measures offer feasible and optimal instruments to deliver this objective . Section six provides a conclusion and main messages . # * * 2 . Vulnerability to climate related natural disasters * * This section examines the vulnerability of SIDS to climate change-related hazards , which is likely to increase over the long term , as the planet ’ s climate becomes warmer . SIDS are among the most highly exposed countries in the world to hazards from climate change ( Hallegatte et al , 2018 ) . This is illustrated by their ranking in the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index ( NDGAIN ) . One of the sub-indices of the overall ND-GAIN Index is exposure to climate change , which captures the physical factors external to the system that contribute to vulnerability — it is a component of vulnerability independent of the socio-economic context . Of the 192 countries ranked in this sub-index , 10 of the 19 countries in the most exposed decile are SIDS . Figure 1 shows the ranking of all of 36 EMDE SIDS which are ranked in the ND-GAIN sub-index of exposure to climate change . 3", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 817, "text": "Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ eviction and demolition of their dwellings without any compensation payment and or replacement land . Findings of the census further indicated that 18 % of PAHs ( 109 out of 604 PAHs ) do not possess land ownership certificate in two other Subproject Woredas , i . e . , Limu Kosa 22 % , and Mana nine percent . The respective local administrations may have their own reasons for not issuing land ownership certificates so far . However , with rapid urban expansion coupled with increasing vulnerabilities of such families due to infrastructure development Subprojects such as the Jima II – Limu Genet TLP , it is high time for local public officials to act upon and protect their citizens from impending shocks and loss of livelihoods . Administrative measures and support required from local public officials include the following , among others : # # # # # # * * a ) Informally Settled PAHs in Afurtema Village , Jiren Kebele * * There are at least half a dozen households whose residential houses and related structures will be affected by the proposed Subproject . Houses constructed and owned by these families may not have followed the formal procedures of the town administration and hence do not possess official documentation such as construction permits and above all title deeds for the houses . Regardless of these and any other formalities that the town administration would normally require , it is recommended that the local urban administration take a bold political decision and provide replacement land for housing construction to those PAHs whose houses will be demolished for purposes of the Subproject . # # # # # # * * b ) PAHs without Farmland Ownership Certificate * * As indicated in the previous paragraph , 18 % of PAHs in three Subproject Woredas ( Jima town , Limu Kosa , and Mana ) do not own farmland ownership certificates", "spans": [{"start": 272, "end": 278, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # * * 2 Methodology * * # # # * * 2 . 1 Targeting strategy * * In order to assess the most significant effects of CBIs on key protection issues in Afghanistan a representative survey based on a purposive-then-random sampling was carried out on vulnerable populations in the city of Kabul across three groups – including IDPs and non-IDPs as a basis for comparison : - z * * Target group : * * households of IDPs who have received CBIs - z * * Control group 1 : * * IDP households in or near the same communities who have not received CBI support , but may have received in-kind assistance - z * * Control group 2 : * * Host community members who have not received CBI , or in-kind support . # # # * * 2 . 2 Fieldwork locations * * The following locations were visited based on recent interventions highlighted through key informant interviews with members of the Cash Voucher Working Group ( CVWG ) . _Table 1 : Research locations including CBI modality and number of households surveyed_ | Dist | rict / | CBI modality | Organisation ( and | < br > No | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | neig | hbourhood | | year deployed ) | Surveys | | 13 | Sharak abdula ansari < br > and Sharak etefaq | Conditional cash for shelter targeting < br > female head of households | NRC ( 2015 ) | 109 | | 12 | Arzan Qaimat | Cash for food and cash for non-food < br > items | DRC ( 2015 ) | 48 | | 1 | Chandawool and < br > Sangtrashi | Mobile money for food | UN", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 278, "text": "representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "externalities and informational asymmetries that prevent credit reallocation leading to self ‐ fulfilling equilibria ( Bebchuk and Goldstein ( 2009 ) , Dagher et al , 2016 ) . Banks ’ lending practices are influenced by their expectations of overall banking behavior . For example , if large banks expect overall lending to be lower because of deteriorated financial conditions in > 61 In Spain , for example , overall credit was still declining ( IMF , 2015c ) in 2014 , but the pace has slowed and new credit is being extended outside real estate and construction . > 62 Didier et al ( 2015 ) , show that in the median country , only about 20 listed firms per year issue securities in either their domestic capital market or in an international financial center . Moreover , the median equity issuing firm is twice as large as the median non ‐ equity issuing firm and the median bond issuing firm is more than 36 times as large as the median non issuing firm . Of the few debt and equity issuers , the top 5 firms receive 66 % of the funds raised through bonds and over 77 % of the funds raised through equity . > 63 For example , SMEs in Spain ( for loans below 1 million euros ) since end 2013 . > 64 IMF ( 2015g ) . > 65 The NPL data are reported on a consolidated basis for banking groups and include the value of collateral ; the NPE data use locational data on impaired loan exposures and are weighted by total assets . > 66 This is also true for some other EU countries , but the ratio in Greece is a multiple of these other countries ’ ratios . > 67 9 more banks were assessed at end ‐ 2015 . 29", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1238, "text": "NPL data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1337, "end": 1345, "text": "NPE data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1350, "end": 1392, "text": "locational data on impaired loan exposures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Capture of Decentralization : Vote Buying through Grants to Local Jurisdictions . In _Is Decentralization Good for Development ? Perspectives from Academics and Policy Makers_ . Oxford University Press . 5 - Khemani , S . ( 2019 ) . What Is State Capacity ? Tech . Rep . 8734 , The World Bank . Publication Title : Policy Research Working Paper Series . 5 , 6 , 13 , 28 - Khemani , S . ( 2020 ) . Legitimacy and Trust in the Times of COVID-19 . Tech . Rep . Research & Policy brief No . 32 , World Bank , Washington DC . 6 - Knack , S . ( 2001 ) . Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance : Cross-Country Empirical Tests . _Southern Economic Journal_ , _68_ ( 2 ) , 310 – 329 . Publisher : Southern Economic Association . 5 - La Ferrara , E . ( 2016 ) . Media as a tool for institutional change in development . 28 - Legovini , A . , & Jones , M . R . ( 2020 ) . Administrative data in research at the World Bank : The case of Development Impact Evaluation ( DIME ) . In _Handbook on Using Administrative Data for Research and Evidence-based Policy_ . https : / / admindatahandbook . mit . edu / . 28 - Levy , B . , & Kpundeh , S . ( 2004 ) . Building state capacity in Africa : New approaches , emerging lessons . 7 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of standard controls including experience ( and experience-squared ) , marital status , _i_ gender , industry , and occupation . Finally ,  _jk_ is the error term at the individual level , which is correlated between individuals in the same cohort . We adjust standard errors by accounting for cluster effects within cohorts . < sup > 8 < / sup > We use two main data sources : the 2006 Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) and the nationally representative migration survey undertaken in 2006 by CBS-AXA ( 2006 ) . The CBSAXA survey collects detailed demographic and socio-economic information on every member of the household , including information on whether there are members of the households who are currently abroad , their labor market and remittance activities , etc . We construct education-experience emigration cohort using CBS-AXA data . The rest of the individual-level data are from the LFS . The analysis includes only the working-age , wage-employed individuals , following standard practice . We also use supplemental summary information from the Annual Survey of Enterprises to report relevant labor demand trends and discuss the implications of the main results . The descriptive statistics are in Appendix Table 1 . Wages are top-coded and we address this in our robustness tests . We define as emigrants those who are of working age who are currently abroad and who may or may not have existing ties to households in Moldova . < sup > 9 < / sup > The inclusion of emigrants who are considered ex-members of households in Moldova is an improvement over the existing literature , which has tended to discuss Moldovan emigration only with respect to those with existing ties to Moldovan households . Nonetheless , our measure of emigration may still be subject to measurement error due to sampling error and because households whose members have all left Moldova will not be captured in the survey . > 8 This was done using the _cluster_ option in Stata . We also ran our baseline model correcting for cluster effects due to the multi-stage stratified design of the LFS and found similar results . > 9 Other studies ( e . g . , International Organization of Migration , 2007 ) restrict their analyses to those emigrants", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 406, "text": "2006 Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 511, "end": 524, "text": "CBSAXA survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 828, "end": 840, "text": "CBS-AXA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 894, "end": 897, "text": "LFS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1057, "end": 1085, "text": "Annual Survey of Enterprises", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS3450 # * * Discovery and Development : An Empirical Exploration of ‘ New ’ Products * * * Bailey Klinger Daniel Lederman Office of the Chief Economist Latin America and the Caribbean World Bank * * Abstract * * : _This paper uses disaggregated export data to explore the relationship between economic discovery and economic development . We find that discoveries , or episodes when countries begin exporting a new product , are not limited to so-called ’ dynamic ’ industries , rather they also occur in traditional sectors such as agriculture . In addition , the data suggest discovery is a component of the stages of productive diversification that occur with development , following a consistent pattern : discovery activity peaks at the lower-middle income level and then declines . Based on this pattern , we show that discovery in the 1990s occurred with a higher than expected frequency in Eastern Europe and Central Asia , and lower than expected frequency in Sub-Saharan Africa . Discovery is not found to be a product of structural transformation based on changing factor endowments across income levels . Beyond export growth , population , and development , there are no significant and positive relationships between the expected drivers of entrepreneurship and the frequency of discovery . Combined with the finding that higher absorptive capacity and lower barriers to entry are associated with a reduction in discovery , this suggests that market failures arising from imitation and free-riding may be inhibiting the emergence of new export products in developing countries . _ # # World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3450 , November 2004 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank , its Executive Directors , or the countries they represent . Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http : / /", "spans": [{"start": 233, "end": 258, "text": "disaggregated export data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "086 | - 0 . 091 | 0 . 047 | 0 . 057 | 0 . 010 | | Between-district component | 0 . 030 | 0 . 029 | - 0 . 001 | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 009 | - 0 . 001 | 0 . 024 | 0 . 014 | - 0 . 016 | | Covariance term | - 0 . 033 | - 0 . 032 | - 0 . 011 | 0 . 015 | - 0 . 005 | - 0 . 014 | - 0 . 030 | - 0 . 025 | 0 . 030 | | Total | 0 . 042 | 0 . 019 | - 0 . 087 | - 0 . 093 | - 0 . 100 | - 0 . 106 | 0 . 041 | 0 . 045 | 0 . 024 | | C . Decomposition : Griliches and R | ejev ( 1995 ) | | | | | | | | | | Within-district component | 0 . 029 | 0 . 006 | - 0 . 080 | - 0 . 087 | - 0 . 089 | - 0 . 098 | 0 . 032 | 0 . 044 | 0 . 025 | | Between-district component | 0 . 013 | 0 . 013 | - 0 . 007 | - 0 . 006 | - 0 . 012 | - 0 . 008 | 0 . 009 | 0 . 001 | - 0 . 001 | | Total | 0 . 042 | 0 . 019 | - 0 . 087 | - 0 . 093 | - 0 . 100 | - 0 . 106 | 0 . 041 | 0 . 045 | 0 . 024 | Notes : Table decomposes changes in urban shares . Column headers indicate metrics and time periods . Panel A presents the urbanization change using a balanced panel of districts employed in the decomposition . Decomposition technique follows Foster et al . ( 2001 ) , Baily et al . ( 1992 ) , and Griliches and Regev ( 1995 ) . For the Bailey et al . ( 1992 ) technique , the within component represents", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "une enquête de perception menée par UNICEF et PREMISE au premier trimestre 2025 avec 45 % des répondants indiquant le mariage et 45 % indiquant les abus sexuels comme risques majeurs pour les filles . Le travail des enfants est considéré à 31 % un risque majeur pour les filles et 44 % comme un risque majeur pour les garçons . Par ailleurs , la MSNA Mali 2024 , indique que 45 % des ménages enquêtés identifient comme principale raison de la séparation familiale le mariage et / ou la grossesse et 43 % le travail des enfants . Les * * garçons et les hommes * * sont aussi affectés par différents types de VBG , toutefois la majorité préfère garder ces abus sous silence par peur et honte du regard de la communauté et par manque de service adapté . Au 1 < sup > er < / sup > trimestre 2025 , seuls 2 % des cas rapportés concernent des hommes et des garçons , dont 1 % de garçons de moins de 18 ans , ce qui ne reflète qu ’ une infime partie des violences réellement subies par cette catégorie . La persistance et la recrudescence des VBG au Mali s ’ expliquent par * * une combinaison de facteurs structurels , socioculturels et conjoncturels * * profondément enracinés , qui se renforcent mutuellement et limitent les capacités de prévention et de réponse . Le prolongement de la crise dans les régions du nord et du centre a créé un environnement d ’", "spans": [{"start": 4, "end": 25, "text": "enquête de perception", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "300 , 000 | 39 | 19 . 31 | 06 | 9 . 09 | | 300000-500 , 000 | 38 | 18 . 81 | 04 | 6 . 06 | | 500000-800 , 000 | 33 | 16 . 34 | 08 | 12 . 12 | | 800000-1 , 500 , 000 | 58 | 27 | 45 | 68 . 18 | | Over 2 , 000 , 000 | 24 | 11 . 88 | 02 | 3 . 03 | | * * Total * * | * * 203 * * | * * 100 * * | * * 66 * * | * * 100 * * | Source : * * _Field Data from social economic survey in October 2017_ * * # # # # * * Source of food for household * * The supplies of food for households was reported to be grown in own garden followed by those who bought from the nearby shops and local markets . Particularly a negligible number bought food as most of the respondents depended on own gardens for food supplies . On inquiry about the method of purchasing food / goods in the two districts , it was discovered that majority of the respondents in Kiruhura district used cash to purchase and this stood at 59 % . A negligible 1 % was reported to sell labour as means of obtaining money for food . In Mbarara it was reported that only 22 % of the respondents used cash as a means of purchase . Other means of purchase other than cash were an indicator that the districts suffered some level of food insecurity . # # # # * * Household welfare * * Based on basic indicators such as ownership of bicycles and motor cycles , phones , radio sofa set chairs and own residence by family members it can be concluded that the welfare of most PAPs was good because more than half of the population owned such . It was also determined that 83 % and 98 % of all 31", "spans": [{"start": 347, "end": 369, "text": "social economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the spread of the crisis . We also find that more developed countries as well as countries that were more severely affected by the crisis have experienced sharper declines in new business registrations during the crisis . Finally , we find that countries with more developed financial markets have experienced larger contractions in new firm creation , most likely because of the credit crunch that has characterized this crisis . This finding is consistent with Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) sector-level work on the relationship between financial dependence and growth . Existing cross-country measures of entrepreneurial activity are limited , but what does exist demonstrates that much can be learned about the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth through the development of longitudinal data sets ( Wennekers et al . , 2005 ) . Cross-country data have been used to demonstrate a U-shaped relationship between new firm creation and levels of economic development ( Stel , Carree , and Thurik , 2005 ) . Furthermore , from an evolutionary economics perspective , research suggests that disparities in economic growth between advanced and less developed countries can narrow owing precisely to the growth of entrepreneurial activity ( Galor and Stelios , 2006 ) . On a country-level , Haltwinger , et al ( 2009 ) use U . S . Census data to demonstrate that young firms , not small firms as is commonly believed , are the principal force behind both gross and net job creation . We are not aware of any other longitudinal , cross-country studies that examine the impact of the 2008-2009 financial crisis on entrepreneurial activity . The paper proceeds as follows : Section 2 discusses the survey methodology ; Section 3 summarizes the data ; Section 4 discusses our empirical results ; and Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 . Survey Methodology * * # * * _2 . 1 Defining Entrepreneurship_ * * 3", "spans": [{"start": 798, "end": 820, "text": "longitudinal data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 852, "end": 870, "text": "Cross-country data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1338, "end": 1357, "text": "U . S . Census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries , First Half 2008 * * individuals ) is available for applications submitted to the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) . UNHCR has therefore multiplied the total number of asylum cases by a factor of 1 . 4 to estimate the number of individuals , as historical data suggest that , on average , one case equals 1 . 4 individuals . Applications submitted to the Executive Office of Immigration Review ( EOIR ) , however , are recorded as individuals . Owing to the large variation in family size by nationality , the analysis by country of origin in the United States of America is based on a combination of the number of cases ( DHS ) and the number of individuals ( EOIR ) . In the case of Belgium , accompanying dependents are not included in the figures . # # * * II . Overview of regional trends * * < sup > 4 < / sup > Monthly asylum statistics for Italy are available only from January 2008 . This poses difficulties when analysing trends in the 44 industrialized countries over time . As a consequence , all asylum trends provided in this section exclude Italy . The latter is , however , included when data for 2008 only is referred to . The number of asylum claims submitted in industrialized countries in 2007 rose by 9 per cent compared to 2006 . This upward trend has continued during the first half of 2008 with data showing an increase of 3 per cent compared to the first half of 2007 . Overall , an estimated 165 , 100 asylum claims were submitted in the 44 industrialized countries during the first half of 2008 . An analysis of semester trends of monthly asylum data available to UNHCR ( 1999-2008 ) shows a relatively clear seasonal pattern . Every year , with the exception of 2004 , the number of asylum applications submitted during the first semester was lower than during the second semester . Assuming that current patterns remain unchanged , it may be expected that the number of asylum claims lodged in the 44 industrialized countries during the whole", "spans": [{"start": 310, "end": 325, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 883, "end": 918, "text": "Monthly asylum statistics for Italy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1623, "end": 1642, "text": "monthly asylum data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Alamata-Kombolcha II-Legetafo 230 kV Transmission Line Reinforcement Project Species that are common in many parts of the country like Spotted Hyenas , Hare , Fox , Jackal , Baboons etc . are seen in the area . According to consultation with Tarmaber Woreda office , Debre Sina forest is rich in fauna such as Gelada Baboon , Cheetah , Bushbuck , Duikers , Colobus monkey , and different species of birds . Diversity of fauna in many routes is very low because of the decline of their natural habitat due to deforestation and wildlife hunting . Important habitat for avifauna in the section is Cheffa wetland , which is rich in bird species like White-faced whistling duck ( _Dendro cygnaviduata ) _ and cattle egret ( _Bubulcus ibis ) . _ # * * Socioeconomic Environment * * The socio-economic environment of six Zones of the proposed project i . e . , Amhara North Shewa Zone , South Wello Zone , Oromiya special Zone ( Amhara Region ) , North Wello Zone , Oromiya North Shewa and Finfine Zuriya special Zone and their respective Woredas along the project site are discussed . According to the 2007 census of Central Statistical Agency ( CSA ) and projected for 2015 , almost all zones have 1 : 1 sex ratio of male to female population . Amharic and Oromifa are predominantly spoken languages . Tigrigna and some other languages like , Argoba Languages are also spoken in one or more zones . In most of these Zones , Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion having significant numbers of worshipers , followed by Muslim , Protestant and other religions . # * * Project Alternatives * * During phase one of the project study , from the proposed options , double circuit of 230 kV lines ( additional one circuit ) to be implemented in the future was taken as", "spans": [{"start": 1148, "end": 1189, "text": "2007 census of Central Statistical Agency", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and economic context matters . At this juncture , the experimentation continues . However , valuable lessons can be drawn from past and current experience of countries under different power market design options . This paper undertakes a comprehensive stock-take of the evolution of the power market structure in every economy in the world between 1989 and 2024 . We rely on a new unique database , the “ Global Power Market Structures Database < sup > 1 < / sup > ” developed by one of the co-authors of this paper . The database examines all 230 global economies , documenting the changes in the power market structure for every year between 1989 and 2024 . The database ’ s objective is to present different designs pursued by countries globally in structuring their power markets . To the best of our knowledge this is the first such database and this is the first paper to analyze power markets in such a comprehensive global manner . The paper is structured as follows : Section 2 provides a global overview of each power market structure ; we also delve into the different design options adopted by countries globally within each structure . Section 3 presents the global experience of countries transitioning between different market structures , highlighting both enablers and challenges countries faced during these transformations . Section 4 discusses the experience of countries that experimented with different designs within their respective power market structure . Section 5 contains our conclusions and distills the key policy recommendations for each power market structure based on 35 years of global experience . > 1 < u > Global Power Market Structures Database < / u > ( Akcura 2024 ) . 2", "spans": [{"start": 405, "end": 444, "text": "Global Power Market Structures Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Support to Land and Mining Management Strengthening Project ( P169267 ) < mark > targeted towards female students , dedicated training modules and micro-grants to support women ’ s entrepreneurial initiatives are needed for the mining sector in Burkina Faso and will be supported by the project . These interventions together with the activities aimed at ensuring registration of land in the name of women ( as measured by PDO indicator on titles and certificates of occupancy issued disaggregated by sex ) align the project with the World Bank Gender Strategy and addresses the Pillar 3 ( Removing Barriers to Women ’ s Ownership and Control of Asset ) . < / mark > # # * * C . Relevance to Higher Level Objectives * * 24 . * * < mark > The proposed project is fully consistent with the 2017 Systematic Country Diagnostic ( SCD ) , the CPF FY2018-2023 ( Report No . 123712-BF < / mark > * * < mark > ) < / mark > * * < mark > and the 2020 Risks and Resilience Assessment for the Sahel ( RRA ) < / mark > * * < mark > . The SCD identified three top priorities necessary to end extreme poverty and increase shared prosperity in Burkina Faso : ( a ) improving natural resource management ; ( b ) promoting skills development ; and ( c ) reducing gender bias against women . The CPF proposes three Focus Areas : ( a ) accelerate sustainable private - sector led growth for job creation ; ( b ) invest in human capital and social protection systems ; and ( c ) strengthen governance and support citizen engagement ( CE ) . The project addresses all three priorities of the CPF . It will strengthen the management of land and mining , support related skills development , enhance transparency and citizens participation and benefits from both sectors . The project is aligned with the PRA , which identifies competition over natural resources , poor land management , and the development of artisanal gold mining , all exacerbated by climate change , as significant conflict drivers", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decision to treat capital remunerations as exogenous and hence losing some of the macromicro consistency conforms to the limitation of household surveys to capture incomes deriving from capital ( see Szekely and Hilgert , 1999 ) . A structuralist feature introduced in the model is the assumption of labor market segmentation . Some degree of labor segmentation is allowed between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors and , within urban areas , between formal and informal activities . The labor market segmentation assumption gives rise to wage differentials across labor market segments . < sup > 12 < / sup > At the micro level workers are reallocated among agriculture , nonagriculture informal , and formal activities by means of a probit model where the probability of switching sectors is estimated as a function of several personal and household characteristics ( see Annex 3 for the complete list of variables used in the model and its results ) . Workers are allowed to switch between the different labor market segments until the CGE-predicted labor allocation is achieved . For those workers who switch , a labor income is imputed on the bases of worker ‘ s observable characteristics and the return of them prevailing in the receiving labor market segment . The top-down approach used here takes into account important sources of household heterogeneity such as the structure of income by labor segment and the composition of consumption by commodity — the various θ ‘ s in the above equation . In other words , although there are only a handful of variables linking the macro and the micro , these shocks will have a different welfare impact across households . Additionally , allowing for full heterogeneity means that in the new , _simulated_ , distribution , households , as well as individuals , can be identified according to the complete set of socio-economic characteristics recorded in the survey . It is thus easier to identify a specific characteristic – such as region of residence , employment status , gender , education , age , etc . – that may strongly correlate with larger than average losses from the Canal expansion and then use this information in targeting compensatory measures . # * * 4 . What If Panama Expands Its Canal ? Macroeconomic and Distributional", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 152, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Japan < br > 0 toy_export_kor < br > toy_export_sgp < br > Source : calculated based on COMTRADE data , SITC Rev 1 , 3-4 digits , extracted from WITS . < br > 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2010 2010 < br > 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 < br > 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 < br > 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 26", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 108, "text": "COMTRADE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "underreporting is thus 9 . 3 % , close to the estimate of Bendek & Lelkes ( 2011 ) for Hungary ( 9 % - 13 % ) , an estimate of Kiełczewska et al . ( 2021 ) for Poland ( 6 % ) , and the estimate of Paulus ( 2015 ) for Estonia ( 12 % ) . Thus , Romania is not an outlier in the regional context . * * We use the ratio of median imputed tax income ( \" reported income \" ) to median survey income ( \" true income \" ) to measure tax ( non ) compliance . * * < sup > * * 15 * * < / sup > The more significant the difference between the median incomes , the higher the non-compliance with tax laws . This approach assumes that the survey income represents the \" true \" income earned , while the imputed tax income represents the income that individuals or companies report to the tax authorities . Using this ratio to measure tax compliance / noncompliance has several advantages . First , it provides a straightforward and easy-tocalculate measure that can be used to compare tax compliance across different groups or regions . Second , it is less affected by outliers or extreme values than other measures of income , such as the mean or total income . However , this approach also has some limitations . For example , it assumes that the survey data accurately captures the \" true \" income earned , which may not always be true . Additionally , the ratio may not capture all non-compliance with tax laws , such as underreporting deductions . We do not use the ratio between mean imputed tax income and mean survey income as the measure of tax ( non ) compliance because , as discussed above , the mean value of income in imputed data is driven upwards by top incomes not represented in the survey data . * * ( measured at median income ) seen in transport ( 32 % gap ) , construction ( 26 % gap ) , and accommodation and food services ( 18 % gap ) * * . We report the tax ( non ) compliance across the", "spans": [{"start": 1234, "end": 1245, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "construction et de réhabilitation des écoles , et le recrutement d ’ enseignants . Cependant , malgré cette énorme amélioration , les taux de scolarisation sont encore très faibles par rapport à d ’ autres pays de la région , du fait d ’ une conjugaison du faible niveau d ’ accès initial pour les populations vulnérables ( qui trahit d ’ importantes inégalités dans le système ) et d ’ un faible niveau de rétention en général . 11 . * * L ’ accès à l ’ école est encore très inéquitable au Niger et est symptomatique des contraintes pesant tant sur la demande que sur l ’ offre * * . La scolarisation des enfants issus de ménages pauvres dans l ’ enseignement primaire a augmenté rapidement au cours de la dernière décennie , mais les disparités restent encore très prononcées dans le primaire . La scolarisation dans le primaire est en général plus faible dans les zones rurales qu ’ en milieu urbain , et une analyse basée sur des enquêtes menées auprès des ménages < sup > 1 < / sup > montre que la distance du ménage par rapport à l ’ école la plus proche a un impact négatif majeur sur l ’ accès des enfants à l ’ école en milieu rural . Cette constatation donne à penser que l ’ offre ( pas assez d ’ écoles ) peut expliquer en partie le manque de scolarisation dans les zones rurales . Toutefois , l ’ analyse souligne également qu ’ une explication", "spans": [{"start": 935, "end": 969, "text": "enquêtes menées auprès des ménages", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "coincided with lifting of movement restrictions previously imposed on native populations . # * * 3 Data and Empirical Strategy * * To investigate how adverse climatic conditions affect urban extent over the long term , we build a novel panel dataset that covers the entire globe between 1985 and 2014 . < sup > 1 < / sup > We rely on the PRIO-GRID v2 . 0 data structure ( Tollefsen _et al . _ , 2012 ) that divides the Earth ’ s surface into 0 . 5 ° cells ( corresponding to about 55 _ × _ 55 km per cell ) . These cells serve as our 1The time period under investigation was determined based on data availability at the time of writing . 6", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 249, "text": "panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Cooking in Displacement Settings : Engaging the Private Sector in Non-wood-based Fuel Supply # # # 2 . 2 Cooking in Kakuma Several of the challenges noted above apply to Kakuma , in particular the constraints on refugee movement , dependence on overstretched humanitarian agency budgets , and lack of access to modern stoves and fuels . According to a survey of 231 households conducted by the MEI in the Kakuma I camp in 2016 , roughly a quarter of residents cook on what are known as ‘ three-stone fires ’ ( i . e . placing a pot on top of three stones over an open fire ) , while two-thirds cook on rudimentary wood or charcoal stoves . There is an established market for cookstoves , but most are basic wood and charcoal stoves that are polluting , hazardous to health and inefficient in their fuel consumption . A popular model of stove is the Mandeleo improved cookstove ( ICS ) , which is produced inside the camp and distributed free to new arrivals . Around 77 per cent of households list wood as their primary cooking fuel , with the other 23 per cent primarily using charcoal . LPG and alternative fuel briquettes are available in the area but are used by a small percentage of households , and only as a secondary fuel , due to high prices and lack of availability . Fuel stacking < sup > 9 < / sup > is common , depending on the type of meal being cooked and the cash available to refugees at a given moment . There is no grid connection to the camp complex or surrounding community – although a diesel-powered mini-grid is available in Kakuma town . < sup > 10 < / sup > Women are responsible for cooking , which consumes a substantial part of their day . Primary stoves are lit for an average of nine hours daily . More than half of the families cook indoors , usually in a separate building with insufficient ventilation . This causes eye and respiratory illness for women and children", "spans": [{"start": 352, "end": 376, "text": "survey of 231 households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the impact evaluation in footnote 6 . 21In Amaral et al . ( 2021 ) , we use participants ’ responses about the use and knowledge of different stressmanagement and positive-parenting techniques and concepts to assess their assimilation of the content provided in the parenting intervention . In addition to this midline survey , we conducted three other surveys with different samples of individuals . Each survey asked about techniques taught in the previous two to three weeks . > 22Following information protection protocols , data collected from all the other surveys was stored on a private server of the survey firm . Only the project staff and researchers had access to this . 23To collect baseline data , we sent a text message to caregivers inviting them to self-complete the baseline survey by clicking on a link included in the message . > 24See Table A8 for further details on the description and data used to estimate the main outcomes of this survey-mode experiment . 11", "spans": [{"start": 696, "end": 709, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "elements discussed above , and has limitations relating to interpretation , measurement and endogeneity . # * * III . Measurement Challenges and Estimation Methodology * * # Data Table 1 details the sources of data for the four countries used . Each is an annual manufacturing survey containing the standard input and performance variables for plants of over 10 workers or , in the case of Indonesia , 20 . In addition , the included countries meet four criteria which sharply reduce the universe of possible candidates . _First_ , they need to have data on geographical location of plants , and to be linkable to other data sets that tabulate population density , as well as variables such as precipitation , temperature , elevation , terrain ruggedness and slope needed for instruments _Second_ , though we treat the data in a panel context , identification is largely driven by cross sectional variation in population density and hence we need large countries with many heterogeneous subnational units . Three of the four have between 200 and 300 > 5 For example , the cost elasticities with respect to city size in France and Colombia are comparable in magnitude to that of agglomeration ( Combes , Duranton , and Gobillon 2019 ; Duranton 2016 ) . Burger , Ianchovichina and Akbar ( 2022 ) also estimate the “ pure ” firm productivity gains of density , net of negative externalities associated with limited mobility , crime , and pollution and suggest that the benefits of agglomeration are lost through both limited uncongested mobility and congestion . 5", "spans": [{"start": 256, "end": 283, "text": "annual manufacturing survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * * The Government of Uganda is set to receive financing from the World Bank towards the cost of the Energy for Rural Transformation ( ERT ) Project Phase II under Additional Financing project restructuring and intends to apply part of the loan proceeds for Consultancy Services to undertake Project specific Resettlement Action Plans for the proposed 33kV Distribution lines and associated Low Voltage networks for Kiziranfumbi-Kidoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale ( App . 50km of MV and 21km of LV ) , The project area is located in , Mid-western Uganda-Hoima district . # # # * * Scope of Project Activities * * The construction of the electricity distribution lines will be associated with the following key activities : 1 . Erection of medium voltage line support structures , accessories and conductors ; 2 . Clearing of the Right-of-Ways for medium voltage and low voltage lines ; 3 . Erection of the low voltage reticulation lines to bring supply points close to potential consumers . # # # * * Objectives * * * * _ : _ * * Specifically this Resettlement Action Plan has been prepared to ; - a ) consult relevant stakeholders , including potentially affected persons to identify and address people ’ s concerns well before the project is implemented ; - b ) identify , assess and recommend mitigations to socio-economic impacts created by implementation of the project ; - c ) peg the different areas to be acquired for the distribution line i . e . fix the distribution line on the ground ; - d ) identify people and property that will be affected by the construction of the 33 kV power lines ; and - e ) determine appropriate valuation and / or resettlement packages for the affected persons . # # # * * Approach and Methodology * * Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were applied to identify the project impact and compensation assessments based on the current verifiable socio-economic and demographic information . Below is a", "spans": [{"start": 1919, "end": 1961, "text": "socio-economic and demographic information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 gives an overview of data collection activities and timing of the preschool construction . Our analysis is based on three main waves of data collection : a baseline data collection in May — July 2016 , a midline survey in April — June 2017 , and an endline survey in May — July 2018 . < sup > 16 < / sup > With 82 % of CPS completed for the first school entry in October 2016 < sup > 17 < / sup > and 91 % of CPS constructed at endline , Table 2 confirms the construction rolled out as planned . Nevertheless , and despite our effort to ensure that the baseline survey preceded CPS construction , a completed CPS building was already available at baseline in 17 % of the treatment group villages . It is challenging to conduct an experiment like this with school construction . On the one hand , fielding the baseline too early ( well before any construction ) would have increased the risk ( in case of construction delay ) that our baseline sampled children would have been too old to attend the newly built preschools . < sup > 18 < / sup > On the other hand , fielding the baseline too late would have resulted in baseline measures that were arguably already affected by the program . We discuss the implications of the slight overlap between baseline survey and construction below . During baseline data-collection in 2016 , we sampled up to 26 eligible households per village , using an adapted version of the EPI walk , < sup > 19 < / sup > which guarantees representativity of households with children of preschool age . < sup > 20 < / sup > Eligible households include at least one child between 24 and 59 months old at baseline . Children were therefore between three and five years old at midline and between four and six years old at endline . We identified 7053 eligible households at baseline . Using the same sampling method , we added extra households at midline in villages where the number of eligible households at baseline was below 10 ( 53 were added in total ) . # * * 3 . 2 Data *", "spans": [{"start": 257, "end": 271, "text": "endline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1255, "end": 1270, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- ( o ) Technology Selection : The project takes the lead in selecting a panel of industry experts in priority value chains , carefully chosen to align with the specific value chains in focus . - ( p ) Finally , project support will also build connections between banks and co-investees that successfully complete co-investment contracts to tap further market-based financing options . # * * Selection and support processes and arrangements * * * * 12 . The selection of beneficiary clusters for Subcomponent 2 . 2 will follow a standard application and approval process . * * The specific steps and responsibilities will be further detailed in the Project Implementation Manual ( PIM ) . Based on similar prior and ongoing projects , the specific process ( to be further refined with GoK and WBG global experts and outlined in the POM ) could entail the following : - ( a ) MSEA officials conduct outreach and circulate call for proposals . < sup > 1 < / sup > - ( b ) MSEA validates applications and approves eligible applicants for BDS via provider from the registry ( BDS provider ’ s TOR to have beneficiary business plan as output ) . - ( c ) BDS providers ( independent private sector experts + MSEA ) visit / diagnose beneficiary , provide consulting based on business needs ( including refining business plan and referring to other project-contracted experts as relevant ) and co-develops proposal for co-investment in equipment / machinery under the project for a subset of beneficiaries as it deems relevant . - ( d ) Technical panel ( bankers or entrepreneurs paid honorariums for participation ) review proposals and make recommendations for project co-investment ( invest , do not invest , or request for additional information / refinement ) . - ( e ) MSEA signs contract with selected beneficiaries and works with Ministry / NT to process payments and contracts . - ( i ) To ensure market orientation , co-investment will be one time per beneficiary and require beneficiaries to match project", "spans": [{"start": 1061, "end": 1069, "text": "registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Bank Living Standards Measurement Study ( LSMS ) team , conducted the third wave of the General Household Survey Panel ( GHS-Panel ) with over 4 , 500 nationally-representative households . Data were collected on consumption , behavioral preferences , depressive symptoms , history of conflicts ( 5 years ) , deaths of family members ( 2 years ) , and economic shocks ( 2 years ) , among others . We analyze data for the 4 , 579 households for which we have complete data sets of consumption expenditures , < sup > 6 < / sup > depression scores , economic activities , educational investment and other variables . Our primary unit of analysis is individuals who responded to the included module on depression ( only one individual per household ) . Table 1 presents the summary statistics of each variable . Seventy-four percent of respondents to the depression module are household heads ( with 21 percent of all households being femaleheaded ) . Thirty-seven percent of respondents are female , with the average age of the respondents being slightly over 50 < sup > 7 < / sup > and the average household size being between five and six . About 74 percent of respondents are married , of which 57 percent are monogamously married , and 17 percent are polygamously married . Some 43 percent are Muslim , while the rest are Christian ( with 2 percent having unknown or no religion ) . On average , 41 percent of the sample lives in an urban > 6 The methodology implemented when calculating consumption expenditures is included in the survey documentation , available on the World Bank ’ s Micro Data Catalogue . > 7 Note that six of the respondents are under the age of 15 . In addition , the average age of the household head is 53 . 7", "spans": [{"start": 88, "end": 118, "text": "General Household Survey Panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1588, "end": 1608, "text": "Micro Data Catalogue", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> US $ 1 , 000 to a few million dollars . For larger < br > investments , commercial lenders ’ loan terms are often < br > difficult to meet : monthly interest rates can range from < br > 1 percent to 3 percent , for a period of a year to two < br > years . Non-commercial lenders may charge 5 percent < br > per month interest rates . < br > • < br > Financing instruments include : co-financing grants , < br > output-based subsidies , soft loans , guarantees for debt < br > financing , subsidies , and equity contributions from < br > different sources ( beneficiaries , investors , etc ) . For < br > user-based systems , contributions to capital investment < br > may also be made in the form of cash , labor or local < br > materials . | # * * 4 . 6 Pricing , Sales and Earnings * * Data on pricing , sales and earnings was not provided consistently and information was generally limited to prices of goods ( e . g . solar panels ) and water and electricity services ( see Table 10 ) . More information on prices was available for water supply than for electricity ( water data from 93 points of reference in 47 countries was collected and analyzed , as presented in Chart 2 below ) Data on profits was scarce , and the reliability of this , particularly for informal SPSPs , was difficult to ascertain . The most accurate information on sales was available from tankers and kiosks as it was easier to track sales for these over a given period through observation . 24", "spans": [{"start": 1074, "end": 1084, "text": "water data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | titling < br > | | | Plan < br > Validation < br > and < br > Approval | • A community < br > led validation < br > of plan < br > ensured < br > community < br > vision is < br > represented < br > • Community < br > endorsed and < br > approved Plan < br > • Plan approved < br > by county and < br > Director of < br > Physical < br > planning < br > | Communit < br > y < br > SEC < br > * * L * * | KISIP < br > County < br > Government < br > * * OSU * * | • Community < br > approval of < br > plan < br > • County and < br > Director of < br > Physical < br > Planning < br > approval of < br > Plan step < br > towards < br > tenure < br > regularization < br > and issuance < br > of titles < br > * * RE * * | Undertaken < br > | | * * Surveying sta * * | * * ge * * < br > | | | | | | Surveying < br > and < br > beaconing < br > of plots | • Physical Survey < br > of Plots < br > • Women asked < br > to be present < br > during exercise < br > and shown < br > boundaries of < br > new plot < br > where beacons < br > * * DIS * * | Communit < br > y < br > SEC < br > | KISIP < br > County < br > Government < br > | • Women < br > aware of plot < br > boundaries . < br > • Impacts and < br > PAPs < br > documented < br > | Undertaken", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Summary * * # # # # * * Objective * * - This cross sectional survey was conducted among Syrian refugees living in Lebanon , to monitor access to and utilization of key health services . Refugees in Lebanon are predominantly living in urban areas and informal settlements and there are no refugee camps . # # # # * * Methods * * - 10 surveyors underwent two days of training . - The survey was carried out over a period of ten days from 15 < sup > th < / sup > - 26 < sup > th < / sup > August 2016 . - Survey households were selected using stratified systematic sampling , from a list of refugee households who had a listed telephone number . - The head of household , or an adult ( aged 18 or over ) who could respond on his or her behalf , was interviewed by telephone . - Data were entered using mobile tablets and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2011 . # # # # * * Key findings * * # # # # * * Baseline characteristics of population and sample * * - At the time of the survey the population of UNHCR registered Syrian refugees numbered 1 , 033 , 513 individuals in 247 , 736 households . - 44 % of the selected 685 households did not respond to the survey . Among these , 5 % refused to participate in the study and the rest could not be reached . - 386 households with 2 , 206 residents were surveyed . - On average , each household had 5 . 7 members . - 52 % of household members were female and 17 % were under 5 years of age . # # # # * * Knowledge about health care access and childhood vaccination * * - 57 % of respondents knew that refugees should pay between 3 , 000 and 5 , 000 LBP for consultation at a primary health care centre ( PHC ) compared to 75 % in 2015 and 54 % in 2014 . A lower proportion ( 49 % ) knew that medication for acute illnesses", "spans": [{"start": 55, "end": 77, "text": "cross sectional survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "them audited by auditors appointed by the Bank . We agree to preserve all accounts , records , and other documents ( whether in hard copy or electronic format ) related to the procurement and execution of the contract . Name of the Bidder / Consultant : Name of the person duly authorized to sign the Bid / Proposal on behalf of the Bidder / Consultant : > 2 For the avoidance of doubt , a sanctioned party ’ s ineligibility to be awarded a contract shall include , without limitation , ( i ) applying for pre-qualification , expressing interest in a consultancy , and bidding , either directly or as a nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider , in respect of such contract , and ( ii ) entering into an addendum or amendment introducing a material modification to any existing contract . > 3 A nominated sub-contractor , nominated consultant , nominated manufacturer or supplier , or nominated service provider ( different names are used depending on the particular bidding document ) is one which has been : ( i ) included by the bidder in its pre-qualification application or bid because it brings specific and critical experience and know-how that allow the bidder to meet the qualification requirements for the particular bid ; or ( ii ) appointed by the Borrower . > 4 Inspections in this context are usually investigative ( i . e . , forensic ) in nature : they involve fact-finding activities undertaken by the Bank or persons appointed by the Bank to address specific matters related to investigations / audits , such as evaluating the veracity of an allegation of possible Fraud and Corruption , through the appropriate mechanisms . Such activity includes but is not limited to accessing and examining a firm ' s or individual ' s financial records and information , and making copies thereof as relevant ; accessing and examining any other documents , data , and information ( whether in hard copy or electronic format ) deemed relevant for the investigation / audit , and making copies thereof as relevant ; interviewing staff", "spans": [{"start": 1817, "end": 1850, "text": "financial records and information", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Convention . Explanation of disproportionate impacts on marginalized groups may also be important . # # # # * * 4 . 5 . Recognition under Regional Refugee Definitions * * * * When refugee law frameworks were used , and regional refugee definitions were applicable , status was recognized largely pursuant to broader refugee criteria . * * In Kenya and Ethiopia , the vast majority of Somali asylum-seekers who arrived in 2011 and 2012 were recognized based on broader refugee criteria . In Kenya , UNHCR was responsible for recognition of refugee status pursuant to its mandate . UNHCR ’ s database recorded the legal basis for recognition as the OAU Convention ’ s regional refugee definition . In Ethiopia , refugees were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria in Ethiopia ’ s domestic refugee law . Brazil ’ s domestic refugee law incorporates one of the five objective situations contemplated in the Cartagena Declaration ( severe and generalized violations of human rights ) , which in practice has only grounded claims in situations of conflict and violence . In Mexico , the regional refugee definition has formed part of the domestic legal architecture since 1990 and was used to recognize Haitian claimants prior to the 2010 earthquake . Afterwards , some Haitians affected by the earthquake were also recognized pursuant to the regional refugee definition , on the basis of disturbances to public order . Informants also suggested that COMAR sought to determine how to apply the regional refugee definition to Haitian claimants . # # # # * * Implications : * * - Where regional refugee definitions are applicable at the domestic level , they may facilitate recognition of refugee status in the context of nexus dynamics . - Guidance on the applicability of broader refugee criteria and their relevance to claims in the context of nexus dynamics may be necessary to enhance understanding and robust , regionally-coherent implementation of regional refugee instruments . In situations where pre-existing conflict exacerbates the impacts of disaster , which become a prominent or proximate trigger for flight , it may be important to counter any perceptions that claimants are _solely_ victims of disaster . This", "spans": [{"start": 580, "end": 598, "text": "UNHCR ’ s database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT II ( KISIP II ) | 8 NO . SETTLEMENTS THE COUNTIES OF NAIROBI AND NAKURU [ CONTRACT . NO . : KE-MOTI-214833-CS-QCBS ] * * LAKEVIEW SETTLEMENT ESIA REPORT ( NAKURU COUNTY ) * * # # * * 4 . 2 . 3 . Soils and Geology * * The soil pattern in the area presents a complex distribution with three main classifications that have been influenced by climatic conditions , volcanic activities and underlying rock type . These main soil classifications include : * * _ < u > Latosolic soils < / u > _ * * < u > ; are the well-drained red volcanic soils and imperfectly drained loam with < / u > dark brown subsoil covers with fertility ranging from moderate to high . The main crops supported by these soils are wheat , Maize , pyrethrum , sunflower , finger millet potatoes , pigeon peas , vegetables and beans and peas . supported by these soils are wheat , Maize , pyrethrum , sunflower , finger millet potatoes , pigeon peas , vegetables and beans and peas . * * _ < u > Planosolic Soils < / u > _ * * * * < u > ; < / u > * * these comprises of poorly drained dark brown clay soils with highly developed textured top soils as well as well drained humic lawns with dark brown sub soils . These soils are classified as fertile . The main agriculture activities in these areas include sheep rearing , dairy farming , wheat , barley , potatoes , pyrethrum and vegetables farming . * * _ < u > Alluvial and Lacustrine Deposits < / u > _ * * < u > ; these are shallow soils resulting from volcanic ash these are shallow soils resulting from volcanic ash < / u > sediments as well as other sources . Their fertility ranges from low to moderate", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Share of implemented < br > subprojects that < br > correspond to the priorities < br > identified by unions of < br > municipalities | | % | 0 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | Annual | Records of < br > consultations and < br > union lists , and < br > service delivery < br > records of CDR . | Unions and < br > CDR | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Beneficiaries reporting < br > improved level of sanitary < br > and / or mobility conditions , < br > of which women < sup > 8 < / sup > | | % | 0 | N / A | N / A | 50 < br > ( 50 ) | 50 < br > ( 50 ) | One time | Surveys | World Bank , < br > CDR | | Beneficiaries of mid-size < br > rehabilitated / constructed < br > infrastructure , of which < br > women < sup > 9 < / sup > | | Number | 0 | N / A | N / A | TBD | TBD | One time | Service delivery < br > records of CDR . | CDR | | * * Intermediate Results Indic * * | * * ators * * | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C | umulative Tar | get Valu | es | Frequency | Data < br > Source / Methodology | < br > Responsibility < br > for Data < br > Collection | | Indicator Name | Core | Unit of < br > Measure | Baselin < br > e < br > 2014 | 2015 < br > ( Year", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 283, "text": "records of CDR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 864, "end": 878, "text": "records of CDR", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ # # # * * < mark > 3 . ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS < / mark > * * # # # # * * 3 . 1 . Conservation of Biological Diversity * * The biodiversity status of North Rwenzori has never been assessed . It is not known if there are rare , endemic or restricted species in the area . However , the reserve shares the same biodiversity characteristics with Rwenzori and Semliki National Parks whose biological diversity is documented in the National Biodiversity Assessment Report Series of 1996 . In this plan , it is expected that due effort will be accorded to ensure that vegetation within valleys ( natural belts ) are conserved to maximise conservation of some of the critical biodiversity existing in the area . North Rwenzori used to be a biodiversity corridor connecting other conservation areas . However , human pressure and grazing threatened the animals , so much so that these animals are now a rare occurrence in the area . In addition , this area now isolated from the other protected areas by human settlements . # # # # * * 3 . 3 . Ecological function ( watershed , carbon sequestration ) * * North Rwenzori serves an important watershed role . It is the source of streams Ngisi , Nyabisikoma , Itojo , Sempaya and Nyakabale . These streams then form part of the watershed for Lake Albert . The reserve also acts as a carbon sink through its colonising riverine forests and presents potential for carbon sequestration through afforestation of grassland areas . # # # # * * 3 . 4 . Potential markets for environmental services * * To meet the growing demand of wood resources in the country ( hardly any mature timber plantations remain in Uganda ) and to reduce the pressure on the remaining natural forests in the region , Uganda has to substantially expand its wood resources . To do this , establishment of commercial plantations in the proposed Forest Management Pan area ( with", "spans": [{"start": 476, "end": 522, "text": "National Biodiversity Assessment Report Series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 . Evolution of Potential Growth A . Potential growth < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent < br > 8 Potential growth < br > Actual growth < br > 6 < br > 1998-2017 potential growth < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > World AEs EMDEs < br > C . Contribution of potential growth and < br > business cycle to actual growth < br > Percent < br > 8 Growth Potential Cycle < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > World EMDE < br > E . Per capita potential growth < br > Percent < br > 8 Potential growth < br > 6 Actual growth < br > 1998-2017 potential growth < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > - 2 < br > World AEs EMDEs < br > 1998-2002 2003-07 2008-12 2013-17 2018-27 1998-2002 2003-07 2008-12 2013-17 2018-27 1998-2002 2003-07 2008-12 2013-17 2018-27 < br > 2003-07 Contribution 2013-17 2003-07 Contribution 2013-17 < br > 1998-2002 2003-07 2008-12 2013-17 2018-27 1998-2002 2003-07 2008-12 2013-17 2018-27 1998-2002 2003-07 2008-12 2013-17 2018-27 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > B . Potential growth < br > Percent Potential growth < br > 10 Actual growth < br > 1998-2017 potential growth < br > 8 < br > 6 < br > 4 < br > 2 < br > 0 < br > G7 EM7 LICs < br > D . Share of economies and GDP with potential < br > growth below 1998-2017 average < br > Percent < br > Share of countries < br > 100 < br > Share of GDP < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > World AEs EMDEs < br > F . Per capita potential growth < br > Percent < br > 8 Potential growth < br > Actual growth < br > 6 1998-2017 potential growth < br > 4", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "larger impact for longer periods , but the economy still rebounds quickly after the lockdown ends . Rigid labor markets policies without balance sheet support result in more protracted recoveries . < sup > 2 < / sup > It is possible that the temporary shutdown shock can lead to lasting changes in people ’ s and firms ’ preferences and behaviors . The idea is that the pandemic renders some goods and services less appealing ( e . g . , cruises ) and others more appealing ( e . g . , teleconferencing and online shopping , including food and grocery delivery ) to consumers in a permanent way , and some firms adapt better to new practices . We model this as a permanent reallocation shock that reshuffles productivity across firms without affecting their average productivity . < sup > 3 < / sup > We > 1Nonessential contact-intensive industries represent 25 % of final demand and 35 % of employment in the US ( Leibovici et al . , 2020 ) . GDP in these industries fell by 40 % to 54 % between the end of 2019 and the second quarter of 2020 . Consumption of transportation services , recreation services , and food services and accommodations fell by 41 , 54 , and 40 percent , respectively , between 2019Q4 and 2020Q2 . > 2This result extends to small open economies with tighter financial frictions . > 3Barrero et al . ( 2020 ) report evidence of expected reallocation shocks using data of expected sales and 1", "spans": [{"start": 1388, "end": 1410, "text": "data of expected sales", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Implement the developed < br > Labour < br > Management < br > Procedures ( LMP ) . < br >  < br > Ensure Project GRM are < br > accessible . < br >  < br > Introduce < br > transparent < br > procedures for hiring and < br > advertise job opportunities < br > widely . < br >  < br > Provide workers ’ GRM . | | X | X |  < br > # of workers grievances < br > filed < br >  < br > # of available GRM for < br > workers | | X | | Implementer : < br > Contractor / Investees < br > Monitoring : PIU | Monitorin < br > g costs : < br > Included in < br > staff time . | | Risk of Child < br > and < br > Forced < br > labor . |  < br > Comply with minimum age < br > set for all types of work ( in < br > compliance with national < br > laws < br > and < br > ESS2 ) < br > and < br > document age of workers < br > upon hiring . < br >  < br > Have proper records of < br > labor force on site . Verify < br > age < br > of < br > workers < br > with | | X | X |  < br > # of workers violations < br > ( child , forced labor ) < br >  < br > # < br > of < br > existence / maintenance < br > of a labor registry of all < br > contracted < br >  < br > % of workers with age < br > verification < br >  < br > # < br > of < br > awareness < br > campaigns | | X | | Implementer", "spans": [{"start": 1109, "end": 1123, "text": "labor registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _5 . 1 . 4 ICT ( Information and Communication Technology ) constraints_ Encouraging progress has been made in expanding coverage in the area of information and communication technology due to revolutionary technical change as well as the increased role of the private sector . However , Africa is still far behind other regions of the world in terms of access to ICT . A key inhibiting factor to the development of broadband connectivity in the region has been the lack of sufficiently-developed ICT backbone networks . While the mobile infrastructure has witnessed considerable expansion in recent years , there are still very significant gaps in the regional ICT backbone infrastructure . Several recent studies suggest that the economic impacts of broadband are substantial and robust . Broadband can play a significant role in transforming a country ’ s economy and improving its regional or global integration and competitiveness . In the context of an increasingly information-based economy , weakly developed broadband inhibits connectivity and integration in a very fundamental way ( Gillwald and Stork , 2009 ) . . # _5 . 1 . 5 Transit and border procedures_ Intra-regional trade in Eastern Africa is inhibited not only by the poor quality of physical infrastructure , but also by regulatory and administrative hurdles that inflate the costs of , and cause long delays for , freight movements along the region ’ s transport corridors . Indeed , a key reason for East Africa ’ s poor competitiveness and trade performance is the high cost of trade incurred in transporting and moving goods across borders . Customs inefficiency , corruption , roadblocks and weighbridges are often being cited as key barriers to business development in the region ( Mwijagye , 2009 ) . Trucks are forced to go through weighbridges , either mobile or grounded , to ensure their compliance with regional axle load and gross vehicle weight standards . The lack of proper equipment and design problems in weighbridges causes congestion and delays . Most often , trucks are stuck in long lines . Weighbridges should normally require 3 minutes for transit . According to the East African Business Council survey , however , trucks on average spend 92 minutes and some weighbridges actually require up to five hours . There are", "spans": [{"start": 2163, "end": 2199, "text": "East African Business Council survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Figure 5 . Household budget shares for electricity , 2005 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 2 < br > 1 . 5 < br > 1 < br > 0 . 5 < br > 0 < br > Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 < br > quintile < br > national urban semi-urban rural < br > electricity as % of budget < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : IMF 2009 . # Information and communication technology # # * * Achievements * * Competition has increased in the Republic of Congo ’ s mobile market in recent years . As a result , about 70 percent of the country ’ s population is covered by a GSM signal , compared with 48 percent for resource-rich African countries ( table 3 ) . Mobile telephony penetration is also higher in the Republic of Congo — 35 percent compared with the 24 percent resource-rich benchmark . Furthermore , the subscriber base grew by 8 . 2 percent of the population from 2006 – 08 compared with 1 . 7 percent in the typical African country . In 2003 there were 330 , 000 subscribers , and by the end of 2007 , this had risen to an estimated 760 , 000 served by three key mobile operators : Zain , MTN , and Warid Telecom ( box 1 ) . The three main existing operators ( Zain Bharti Airtel , MTN Congo and Warid ) entered the market between 1997 and 2007 . A fourth operator entered the market in 2010 . The progression of the HerfindahlHirschman Index ( HHI Index ) during the last decade reflects the market structure ’ s dynamism ( figure 6 ) . The Republic of Congo has committed to undertaking several transformational ICT projects . First , the _projet couverture nationale_ is intended to extend broadband access to remote areas and get closer to broadband universal access . The country also intends to connect to the West Africa fiber op * * t * * ic cable system through the Project West Africa System Cable ( WACS ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "year primary classes at year . < sup > 22 < / sup > i is a vector of municipal controls including the number of pre-schools , total male to female sex ratio , total and per-recipient Bolsa Família transfers , and — tt − 5 XX both in logs and four-year log-differences — municipal GDP and public spending ( welfare , education , < sup > 23 < / sup > health , transportation , and housing ) . Unobservable heterogeneity is captured by a year trend , , a municipal fixed effect , , and a time-varying ss ii ii ii municipal component , yyf yy , a state × year specific shock , δδi . ηη The resulting estimate , εε , reflects the intention-to-treat effect of a one unit increase in secondary school density on teenage birthrates . Municipal differences of the within-variation in αα � the secondary school expansion between the years 1997 and 2005 identify this coefficient . < sup > 24 < / sup > For an unbiased estimate of we assume strict exogeneity between the error term and school introductions . This assumption is supported by the analysis in Section 4 . We subject this αα assumption to further tests and specifications in sections 5 and 6 . The remarkable stability of our results across specifications indicate to us that this assumption is plausible . * * 5 . Results * * Estimates for Equation ( 3 ) are presented in Table 3 . The coefficient of interest , , is reported in the first row [ _Secondary school density ( t-4 ) _ ] ; estimates for selected control variables in αα i and P XX ii , ii − 5 < sup > are reported in the remaining rows . All regressions include a year trend and municipality < / sup > > 22 The first observation for P 23 This largely captures municipal spending on pre-primary and primary education , rather than on secondary education ii , ii − 5 < sup > ( at tt = 2001 ) is constructed from the 1996 wave of the Brazilian School Census . < / sup > ( which is the responsibility of the states ) . Excluding education expenditure leaves the estimates virtually unchanged", "spans": [{"start": 1846, "end": 1869, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not publicly reported . < sup > 10 < / sup > By implication , our estimates of 1 , 211 unprotected species for India and 2 , 156 for China must be significantly higher than the actual numbers . Nevertheless , we believe that analyses for the two countries are worthwhile because our methodology can provide comparative templates that may be useful for colleagues in India and China whose information is more complete than ours . In particular , the inclusion of many new species in our GBIF database may provide new insights about priority areas for protection in the two countries . # * * India * * Our Indian case methodology goes through 175 iterations to identify candidate areas for protecting all of the 1 , 211 species that are not covered by publicly-reported protected areas . Table 6 displays results for the first 40 iterations , which account for 958 ( 79 . 1 % ) of the unprotected species . The distribution is very skewed , with the first 3 areas accounting for nearly 25 % of unprotected species and 11 areas accounting for 50 % . Within the new protected areas , the diversity of species representation is striking . Representation varies from 0 to 87 . 5 % for plants , 0 to 82 . 9 % for vertebrates , 0 to 100 % for arthropods and 0 to 100 % for other species . > 10 Citation : Protected Planet ( 2024 ) . “ China chooses to restrict some data on its protected areas . As a result , data on 2 , 960 protected areas is not publicly-available and cannot be viewed or downloaded on this page . While these sites are included in the coverage statistics presented here , all other statistics ( e . g . number of protected areas ; breakdown by governance type etc . ) on this page are based upon the publiclyavailable data only . ” < u > htps : / / www . protectedplanet . net / country / CHN < / u > 36", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 499, "text": "GBIF database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1402, "end": 1433, "text": "data on 2 , 960 protected areas", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1713, "end": 1735, "text": "publiclyavailable data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform , Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) 57 . * * Geothermal investments . * * The project has identified two sites for development based on site selection exercise in the draft geothermal strategy prepared by EEP . The proposed sites are Tendaho-Alalobad and Aluto-Adonshe as well as two additional wells in Aluto-Bobessa , subject to the success of the ongoing drilling through the GSDP . < sup > 15 < / sup > Drilling activities at Aluto-Langano and Aluto-Bobessa have resulted in more than 20 MW of available energy at well heads . For Tendaho , site surface exploration and drilling reports suggest that the site has high resource potential . Hence , supporting further development in Aluto and Tendaho is a logical progression in the development of Ethiopia ’ s geothermal sector . # # * * Economic and Financial Analysis * * 58 . * * Economic analysis . * * A cost-benefit analysis was conducted to assess the economic viability of Components 1 and 2 . Both components fulfill an integral purpose of power delivery to 72 towns . Given their interdependence in achieving the project ’ s goals , the economic analysis evaluates both components as a unified effort . The analysis estimates net economic benefits and costs on an incremental basis , comparing scenarios with and without the project , over a project lifespan of 30 years at a social discount rate of 10 percent . 59 . Economic costs comprise all capital expenses and ongoing O & M costs associated with capital investments . All economic costs are valued at 2024 prices and are calculated at the official exchange rate of ETB 55 to US $ 1 , as well as an alternative exchange rate of ETB 95 to US $ 1 to better simulate the market conditions , including foreign exchange constraints and the existence of a parallel market . A simplified conversion factor of 0 . 90 was used to", "spans": [{"start": 619, "end": 664, "text": "site surface exploration and drilling reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "portfolio equity assets , _EQYA_ - _EQYL_ , and the net position in non-equity related assets ( _i . e . _ ' ' loan assets ' ' ) . In turn , the net position in non-equity related assets consists of international reserves , _RA_ , and the net loan position , _LA_ - _LL_ . For _productivity differentials_ we use labor productivity differentials weighted by trade patterns . Then , we develop the data on labor productivity of traded and non8", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 423, "text": "data on labor productivity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2775 | | 6 | Urban recarpeted < br > ( periodic maintenance ) < br > Kms ) | 40 | 100 | 170 | 200 | 230 | 320 | 370 | 400 | | 7 | Urban roads rehabilitated < br > Kms ) | 10 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 240 | 300 | 350 | 400 | | 8 | Capacity improvements in < br > ( cumulative Kms ) | 0 | 0 < br > I | 5 < br > | 15 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 75 | Estimated 3 months of implementation during FY1996 - 2 MPR is an aggregate indicator derived on the basis of quantitative output of maintenance works , the quality of works completed and the appropriateness ofthe works relative to the established priorities . The MPR for a particular local authority will be determined based on periodic maintenance performance audits under the project .", "spans": [{"start": 661, "end": 700, "text": "periodic maintenance performance audits", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "production . This data is organized by industry according to the Vietnamese Standard Industrial Classification ( VSIC ) < sup > 11 < / sup > . Data on exports from Vietnam comes from the Vietnam Trade Database . This data was also organized according to the VSIC . > 11 The Vietnamese equivalent of ISIC is the Vietnamese Standards Industrial Classification ( VSIC ) which is identical to ISIC Rev . 3 . ISIC – refers to the International Standard Industrial Classification . It has 16", "spans": [{"start": 143, "end": 171, "text": "Data on exports from Vietnam", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 187, "end": 209, "text": "Vietnam Trade Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 131 * * # # # # # # * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali * * Hydropower Project * * Social * * and * * Environmental * * Assessment - * * Main * * Report * * December , * * 2006 * * staff includes screening houses against mosquitoes and closing windows before dark . More recently , long-lasting bed nets have been developed with longevity reported up to 5 years before re-treatment . The Centre for Disease Control is currently testing long lasting ITNs in Kenya and Atlanta < sup > 4 < / sup > . # # # # # * * Onchocerciasis ( River Blindness ) * * River blindness is common in sixteen districts in western Uganda and in Mbale in south-eastern Uganda . The National Onchocerciasis Control Programme was set up by the Ministry of Health ( MoH ) in 1996 who formulated a national plan for the control of the infection within 15-20 years ( Mutabazi & Duke , 1998 ) . The drug ivermectin ( Mectizang Merck & Co . , Inc . ) is being distributed through the community to ' at risk ' populations . Surveys of the local population in 1991 revealed only two or three cases of river blindness , all imported from other areas , and none of which were in young people . Surveys conducted by the Senior Entomologist , Vector Control Division , MoH and the Divisional Vector Control Officer , Mukono found no _Simulium damnosum_ flies . Furthermore , no tourists visiting the area reported bites ( bites are painful and easily noticed ) . It was therefore concluded that _Simulium damnosum_ is no longer present in the area , that onchocerciasis is no longer being transmitted , and that it is unlikely the disease will re-establish itself in the area . ( Ndyomugyenyi , 1998 ; and pers . Comm .", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1032, "text": "Surveys of the local population", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * PROTECTION ANALYSIS UPDATE – Q1 2022 * * < mark > In this regard , rapid assessments conducted by UNHCR covering various population groups between October – December 2021 showed , major challenges with 67 % of households indicating an inability to work and cover needs and thereby having to resort to various harmful copies strategies , including selling assets ( 85 % ) , additional members of the household having to work ( 75 % ) , requiring children to work ( 64 % ) and accruing debt to cover basic needs ( 93 % ) . 4 The findings from the rapid assessment , when comparing male and female-headed households amongst IDP and IDP returnee families , are mostly similar although the situation is marginally worse for female-headed households and more pronounced for IDP returnee households that are headed by females . On average , 72 percent of male-headed IDP households indicated not being able to work and cover daily expenses while amongst female-headed households the number leaped to 81 percent . Similarly , amongst IDP returnee households , the rates are 68 % < / mark > for MHHs and 76 % for FHHs , respectively . < mark > Among respondents who indicated that the security situation had worsened , contributing factors indicated at the HH level included increased criminality ( 52 % ) , competition for resources ( 34 % ) , and increased protests / civil demonstrations ( 11 % ) . This shows that the contributing factors cited for a worsened security situation have changed from the first and second halves of 2021 , which were increased criminality ( 32 % - 20 % lower in 2021 than now expressed ) , increased conflict between government and AGEs ( 28 % ) , increased targeted attacks ( 19 % ) , fighting for resources ( 10 % ) and increased protests / civil demonstrations ( 9 % ) . The findings are consistent with the facts of a decrease in conflict and a switch to a degradation in the general security environment owing to the devastating economic crisis , leading to an increase in criminality and", "spans": [{"start": 71, "end": 107, "text": "rapid assessments conducted by UNHCR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | ( 1 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | ( 2 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | ( 3 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | ( 4 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | ( 5 ) < br > Average < br > change < br > in sales < br > ( % ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Increased use of digital platforms | 7 . 56 * * * < br > ( 3 . 03 ) | | | | | | New investment in digital solutions | | 17 . 63 * * * < br > ( 5 . 85 ) | | | | | More work from home | | | 4 . 05 < br > ( 8 . 84 ) | | | | More online sales | | | | 4 . 39 | | | | | | | ( 7 . 68 ) | | | Increased use of digital tech | | | | | 7 . 62 * * * < br > ( 2 . 82 ) | | Country-sector fxed effects | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | Basic characteristics | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | Management | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | Observations | 837 | 882 | 643 | 603 | 889 | Table B5 : Effects of digitalization on sales , propensity score matched sample . _ ∗ ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 01 _ , ∗ ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 05 _ , ∗ p < _ 0 _ . _ 1 Robust standard errors in parentheses . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < mark > Table 2 : Legal Bases Recorded for Recognition of Somalis ( Dollo Ado Camps : 2011 and 2012 ) < / mark > * * < sup > 135 < / sup > | * * Legal Basis for Refugee Status * * | * * 2011 * * < sup > 136 < / sup > | * * 2012 * * < sup > 137 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Broader refugee criteria | 98 , 650 | 34 , 816 | | Refugee Convention criteria | 17 | 0 | | UNHCR mandate criteria | 35 | 12 | Exactly when the geographical distinction was introduced into practice is unclear . Some have noted that it was in play well ( possibly years ) before the 2011 movements . As at April 2018 , this policy and practice remains unchanged . At no point in the intervening period has the policy been revised or revoked . Importantly , the declaration of famine in parts of Somalia in July 2011 does not appear to have been a key marker with regard to the recognition of Somalis . In terms of implementation , in 2011 , Somali asylum-seekers were ( and still are ) subject to a three-step process on their path to recognition . The first step , and a key hurdle , involved pre-registration at border posts , carried out solely by ARRA . Statistics and reasons concerning those who failed to pass this step were not shared with UNHCR . Although the process was a mechanism to obtain biographic and family composition data and unearth Ethiopian Somalis , some informants referred to this hurdle as a “ security screening ” in which asylum-seekers who were suspected as posing security threats were identified for further scrutiny . The second step involved UNHCR registration , which drew heavily on the pre-registration information provided by ARRA . The third step , immediately following UNHCR registration , and often on the same day , was a", "spans": [{"start": 1291, "end": 1329, "text": "biographic and family composition data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) < mark > Collection < / mark > # # # * * Intermediate Result Indicators * * | * * Result Area 1 on improv * * | * * ed service delivery through digitalization * * | | - - - | - - - | | * * Increasing the inclusive * * | * * adoption ofpeople-centric digital identity * * | | Description | Individuals adopting people-centric digital identity [ Number ] . | | Frequency | Annually . | | Data source | Annual reports on digital ID implementation byMODEE . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indicator values will be collected from MODEE ’ s administrative data on digital ID activations and cross-checked by the < br > IVA through spot surveys . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MODEE . | | Description | All DPIplatforms supportingdigitalized service deliveryare fullyaccessible to non-citizens , includingrefugees [ Yes / No ] . | | Frequency | Annually . | | Data source | Annual reports on DPI implementation byMODEE . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indicator values will be collected from MODEE ’ s administrative data on DPI registrations and usage , and cross-checked < br > bythe IVA through spot surveys . | | Responsibility for Data < br > Collection | MODEE . | | Description | Service providers integrating trusted , people-centric DPI in their service design and workflow to facilitate service < br > delivery , including private-sector serviceproviders [ Number ] . | | Frequency | Annually . | | Data source | Annual reports on DPI implementation byMODEE andpublic - andprivate-sector relying parties . | | Methodology for Data < br > Collection | Indicator values will be", "spans": [{"start": 496, "end": 539, "text": "Annual reports on digital ID implementation", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 635, "end": 690, "text": "MODEE ’ s administrative data on digital ID activations", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # < u > Spending on Health Services < / u > 9 . According to Ethiopia ’ s Third National Health Accounts ( NHA ) , the national health expenditure has reached 4 . 5 billion Birr ( US $ 522 million * * ) * * in 1997 EFY ( 2004 / 05 ) from its level of 2 . 9 billion Birr ( US $ 356 million ) in 1992 EFY ( 1999 / 00 ) . During the same period , per capita health expenditure has increased to US $ 7 . 1 in 2004 / 05 from its level of US $ 5 . 6 in 1999 / 2000 . 10 . Table 2 below shows the increases in per capita expenditures on health over the last 10 years : from US $ 4 . 1 in 1995 / 1996 to US $ 5 . 6 in 1990 / 2000 ( + 37 % ) , and from US $ 5 . 6 in 1999 / 2000 to US $ 7 . 1 in 2004 / 2005 ( + 27 % ) . * * Table 2 : National Health Accounts - - Evolution of Total , Public and Private Spending 1995 / 1996 to 2004 / 2005 * * | | * * NHA 1 : * * < br > * * 1995-1996 * * < br > * * 1988 EC * * | * * NHA 2 : * * < br > * * 1999-2000 * * < br > * * 1992 EC * * | * * NHA 3 : * * < br > * * 2004-2005 * * < br > * * 1997 EC * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Totalspending as a share ofGDP | 4 . 1 % | 5 . 5 % | 5 . 6 % | | TotalspendinginUS $ percapita | 4 . 1 | 5 . 6 | 7 . 1 | | Public spending as a share ofGDP | 1 . 7 % | 2 . 7 %", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 106, "text": "National Health Accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9117 # * * Abstract * * This paper estimates private and social returns to investment in education in Azerbaijan , using the 2015 Azerbaijan Monitoring Survey for Social Welfare . The private rate of return to education is 6 percent ; this is the first estimate of returns to schooling in Azerbaijan since 1995 . The returns to schooling are 6 percent for men and 8 percent for women , even controlling for selection . In addition , the paper estimates the returns for higher education ; for this level , the rate of return is 9 percent . Finally , using the full discount method , the private rate of return to tertiary education is 9 percent , and the social rate of return is 8 percent . One policy implication is to re-examine the funding of higher education and for its expansion . This paper is a product of the Education Global Practice . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at hpatrinos @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 160, "end": 188, "text": "Azerbaijan Monitoring Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "we supplement data gathered from Refinitiv with other sources including bond prospectuses , company press releases , available investor relations materials , and second-party opinion reports . Annex A lists the SLB features on which data is collected and their definitions . * * Figure 2 : Sustainability-linked bond issuance ( US $ Billions ) * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 35 . 00 < br > 30 . 00 < br > 25 . 00 < br > 20 . 00 < br > 15 . 00 < br > 10 . 00 < br > 5 . 00 < br > - < br > Q3-2019 Q4-2019 Q1-2020 Q2-2020 Q3-2020 Q4-2020 Q1-2021 Q2-2021 Q3-2021 Q4-2021 < br > Year < br > East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean < br > Middle East and North Africa North America South Asia < br > Sub-Saharan Africa < br > Amount issued ( US $ billions ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > In addition to the bond level data , we extract firm level financial data from Refinitiv for each issuer for the calendar year of the year of bond issuance , to be used as issuer-level control variables in the regression analysis . These include total issuer assets ( in US $ billions ) to proxy for issuer size , firm leverage ( defined as total outstanding debt as a fraction of total reported assets ) and an indicator for public listing status . These controls are intended to capture variation in monitoring or disclosure across issuers . Previous studies show that public shareholders and creditors may engage in greater monitoring of firms and demand more disclosure around its activities ( Fung , 2014 ; Tagesson , Blank , Broberg , and Collin , 2009 ; Villiers & Staden , 2010 ) . Likewise , larger firms may also be subject to greater scrutiny ( Gamble et al . , 1996 ; Neu et al . , 1998 ; Hasseldine , Salama , and Toms , 2005 ; Villiers , Low , and Samkin , 2014 ) . # * * 4 . 2 . Descriptive Statistics * * This section", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 871, "text": "bond level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 885, "end": 925, "text": "firm level financial data from Refinitiv", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Dakhlet Nouadhibou < br > Adrar < br > Trarza < br > Brakna < br > Gorgol < br > Assaba < br > Hodh Gharbi < br > Hodh Charghi < br > 0 . 00 500 . 00 1000 . 00 1500 . 00 2000 . 00 2500 . 00 3000 . 00 < br > 2017 2018 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : WB calculation based on GoM statistical data . _ Page 63 of 76", "spans": [{"start": 299, "end": 319, "text": "GoM statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Social and Economic Inclusion Project ( P164654 ) # * * < mark > BASIC INFORMATION < / mark > * * # * * < mark > A . Basic Project Data OPS TABLE < / mark > * * | Country | Project ID | Parent Project ID ( if any ) | Project Name | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Kenya | P164654 | | Kenya Social and < br > Economic Inclusion < br > Project ( P164654 ) | | Region | Estimated Appraisal Date | Estimated Board Date | Practice Area ( Lead ) | | AFRICA | Jul 09 , 2018 | Dec 19 , 2018 | Social Protection & < br > Labor | | FinancingInstrument | Borrower ( s ) | Implementing Agency | | | Investment Project Financing | Republic of Kenya | Ministry of East African < br > Community , Labour and < br > Social Protection | | # * * < mark > Proposed Development Objective ( s ) < / mark > * * < mark > To enhance access of poor and vulnerable to integrated social and economic inclusion as well as shock-responsive social protection . < / mark > * * < mark > Financing ( in USD Million ) < / mark > * * | FIN_SUMM_PUB_TBL < br > * * SUMMARY * * | | | - - - | - - - | | * * Total Project Cost * * | 250 . 00 | | * * Total Financing * * | 250 . 00 | | * * Financing Gap * * | 0 . 00 | * * DETAILS-NewFin3 * * | * * Total World Bank Group Financing * * | | 250 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | World Bank Lending | | 250", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < / mark > - < mark > Many protection activities , including community-based protection monitoring , and identification of PSN and those who need GBV and MHPSS services were impacted by the restrictions on work placed on female staff . The limitations in working remotely do not ensure sufficient space and privacy to guarantee the full protection of female clients . < / mark > - < mark > Serious concerns exist about keeping data safe and its protection generally in the country . Data on GBV incidents is a particular concern capable of putting both service providers and clients at risk . For this reason , recording and keeping GBV-related data remains postponed until its collection can be ensured in a safe and feasible manner in accordance with GBViE Minimum Standards and global standards for data protection . < / mark > # # # # * * < mark > Population Reached and Funding Data < / mark > * * < mark > From January to Mars 2022 , Protection Cluster partners reached around < / mark > * * < mark > 1 . 6M individuals < / mark > * * < mark > out of the total target of < / mark > * * < mark > 4 . 5M ( 35 % achieved < / mark > * * < mark > ) . In the first quarter of 2022 , protection partners received around < / mark > * * < mark > $ 29 million ( 21 % ) < / mark > * * < mark > out of the total funding required for 2022 HRP of $ 137 . < / mark > million . - < mark > Operational challenges for organizations have also been a reality , as some interventions had to be put on hold , shifted , or repackaged while the enormity of < / mark > 9", "spans": [{"start": 635, "end": 651, "text": "GBV-related data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "size , and population density , as well as a variety of other characteristics ( Appendix A ) . Municipality-level data therefore offer a relatively fine level of geographic aggregation . Data on population and population density are taken from official sources . Since DRC lacks most common socio-economic and demographic statistics , data on income , commercial development , and financial development at the municipal level had to be created by a local consulting firm . Specifically , in order to measure these municipality characteristics , we consulted Experts SARL , a market research firm with over 15 years of experience working in the DRC . Given their focus on the city of Kinshasa and their extensive experience with fieldwork across all municipalities of the capital city , we asked them to indicate the level of urban , commercial and financial development of each municipality , as well as their average income levels on a scale of low-medium-high . We also asked them to identify the predominant type of financial services provider in each municipality ( banks , microfinance institutions , or providers of mobile banking services ) . While Experts SARL has an extensive network of enumerators , the core team in Kinshasa is composed of 9-10 enumerators . Each person on the core team is assigned a subset of municipalities , on which they have in depth knowledge and therefore have become the go-to experts in the team . The input of the enumerators was taken into account when determining the municipality characteristics used in our analysis . Their assessment was based on prior knowledge accumulated during a variety of market research projects in Kinshasa , as well as direct observation of area characteristics completed under the first phase of a scoping mission to identify potential locations for future rollout of FINCA agents . The ultimate questions that motivate our research are whether and why some clients would prefer to do their banking transactions with an agent rather than at a formal branch , and what types 10", "spans": [{"start": 95, "end": 118, "text": "Municipality-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "active people who reported domestic work but resides in agricultural households where similarly aged people of their gender report agriculture work , and detailed adjustment makes adjustments using information from other questions and modules of the questionnaire ( secondary activities , and time use and household enterprise module ) . _ When the information content differs across surveys , a trade-off between comparability and adequately capturing the concept of economic participation is implicitly involved . As an example , the UNHS 2005 / 06 and UNHS 2009 / 10 both have screening questions that form a better base for measuring economic participation ( LFPR ) , but indicators constructed from these will not be comparable with previous surveys . If the trend is to stretch back to 1992 / 93 , it will be even more difficult to create comparable indicators , even if we use both primary and secondary employment status responses for all three years . The suggestions above are simply ways to approach data comparability and minimize non-sampling bias , but obviously user discretion is advised where questionnaires are simply too different . # * * 5 . Conclusions : A framework for capturing activities , not dreams * * While much has been made of the poor quality of national accounts or poverty data in Sub-Saharan Africa , less has been written on the quality of labor force and employment outcome data . Yet the shortcomings in employment data are at least as important , not only because they inform the national accounts data . The main problem has been the use of poorly worded questionnaires . These questionnaires – the “ bed ” in the title of the paper – are applied without first clarifying the reality they seek to measure . So they end up measuring what is in people ’ s heads as they hear the words of the interviewer - their “ dreams ” . This makes the data difficult to interpret or to use in cross-country or trend analysis . The analysis in this paper showed the sensitivity of labor outcome estimates to type of questions , their framing , recall periods and computation methods . Using multiple Ugandan cross section household survey data sets and exploiting the variations across surveys , and sometimes within", "spans": [{"start": 555, "end": 569, "text": "UNHS 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1442, "end": 1457, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1519, "end": 1541, "text": "national accounts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2125, "end": 2173, "text": "Ugandan cross section household survey data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ordinate < br > the RHISN with the rest of refugee < br > policy and to provide protection to < br > refugees , per its institutional mandate . | Project implementation updates and reports , < br > data and information on target beneficiaries , < br > issues and concerns raised by beneficiaries < br > focusing on sub component 1 . 3 | | * * _4_ * * | * * National Disaster Risk * * < br > * * Management Commission * * < br > * * ( NDRMC ) * * | DRMC is a stakeholder in the IDPs , < br > whose role in register , co-ordinate the < br > IDPs as per its institutional mandate . | Project implementation updates and reports , < br > data and information on target beneficiaries | | | _Component 2_ | | | | * * _5 . _ * * | * * MUI * * | Implementation , < br > coordination < br > and < br > support , information sharing and < br > monitoring | Regular < br > and < br > feedback < br > from < br > private < br > businesses and training institutions , timely < br > information on job posts , | | * * _6 . _ * * | * * Chamber of Commerce and * * < br > * * business associations * * | Participate in apprenticeship , follow < br > up and reporting , information on job < br > vacancies and skills requirements | How the program works and roles and < br > responsibilities , incentives , | | * * _7 . _ * * | * * Ministry of Labour and Skill * * < br > * * ( MoLS ) * * | Oversight , implementation and M & E < br > Coordinate and facilitate , support in < br > identifying potential businesses for < br > apprenticeship , business associations | Project design", "spans": [{"start": 633, "end": 677, "text": "data and information on target beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 shared address appears only once in the EconLit record , and we count the article only once for that institution . Where an author has multiple affiliations , these appear on the same line in the EconLit record , we retained only the first-listed address — the first-listed institution gets all the credit . Adopting these rules , we inevitably end up with more records than publications : we have over 37 , 000 ― publications ‖ just for the sub-period 1981-2010 . We then aggregated these ― publications ‖ by address , and then by institution . Sometimes , an author ‘ s address was the institution itself , and the aggregation involved simply checking for variations in spelling or format and deciding on a common one . So , for example , the US Department of Agriculture sometimes appeared as ― USDA ‖ and sometimes as ― US Department of Agriculture ‖ ; we renamed the former ― US Department of Agriculture ‖ and the two sets of records were aggregated . Other examples include the World Health Organization ( which appeared also as WHO ) and the International Food Policy Research Institute ( which also appeared as IFRPI ) . Sometimes , the author address was not an institution but rather a unit within an institution . For example , authors affiliated to the University of York ‘ s Centre for Health Economics ( CHE ) often listed their address as CHE not the University of York . Other authors at York listed their address as the Department of Economics and Related Studies . Often these and other addresses appeared in multiple forms , with , for example , abbreviations . In such cases , we aggregated records up to the institution level — the University of York in the example above . The same rule was applied to records relating to the colleges of the universities of Cambridge and Oxford , but was not applied to constituent colleges of state universities in the US or the universities of London and Wales . < sup > 15 < / sup > So , Berkeley stayed as University of California Berkeley , and the London School of Economics and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ( both part of", "spans": [{"start": 43, "end": 57, "text": "EconLit record", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 . 053 ] | | EU-10 country dummy times CAB | | - 0 . 262 | | | - 0 . 245 | | | | [ 0 . 094 ] | * * * | | [ 0 . 101 ] * * | | EU candidates country dummy times CAB | | | - 0 . 133 | | - 0 . 124 | | | | | [ 0 . 055 ] * * | | [ 0 . 062 ] * * | | EU neighborhood country dummy times CAB | | | | 0 . 476 | 0 . 485 | | | | | | [ 0 . 127 ] | * * * < br > [ 0 . 135 ] * * * | | Common intercept | 20 . 640 | 20 . 456 | 21 . 139 | 20 . 272 | 20 . 159 | | | [ 3 . 654 ] | * * * < br > [ 3 . 608 ] | * * * < br > [ 3 . 731 ] * * * | [ 3 . 648 ] | * * * < br > [ 3 . 627 ] * * * | | Number of observations | 584 | 584 | 584 | 584 | 584 | | Number of countries | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | | Number of instruments | 30 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 45 | | Hansen test for over-identifying restrictions | 0 . 064 < sup > [ B ] < / sup > | 0 . 153 | 0 . 059 < sup > [ B ] < / sup > | 0 . 164 | 0 . 204 | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 1 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | 0 . 000 | | Arellano-Bond AR ( 2 ) test ( p-value ) | 0 . 812 | 0 . 790 | 0 . 847 | 0 . 749 | 0 . 769 | Notes : < sup > [ A ] < / sup > GDP data are adjusted", "spans": [{"start": 1095, "end": 1103, "text": "GDP data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Establish a camp site clinic with basic medical equipment and qualified health personnel ( e . g . , trained first aide / medical attendants ) , throughout the construction phase for the use of workers where required including functional First Aid equipment , including a fully equipped First Aid kit , back-board , stretcher , oxygen bottle , etc . , at each work site ; The contractor will identify and have an MoU in place with a medical service provider for referral cases . The Contractor shall have an onsite Ambulance for transportation of casualties and patients for medical care . - Ensure reasonable working hours , wages and other benefits ; - Provide suitable and safe accommodation and sanitation facilities , including potable drinking water and improved latrines . This includes providing suitable washing facilities and sanitary arrangements at site offices , workshops and construction sites , and additional construction separate sites that may be established for fabricating the larger concrete structures required , i . e . bridges and culverts ; - Sewage treatment facilities for the site camps will comprise either prefabricated septic tanks or stand-alone bucket-systems ; - Provide and ensure the use of PPE to suit the job tasks being undertaken ; - Establish a ‘ grievance redress mechanism ’ for workers and local residents ; - Have in place procedures for notification and reporting on incidents / accidents in line with the WB ’ s E & S incident response tool kit ; and - Provide appropriate health and safety signage on work sites and maintain accidents / incident registers at the work sites ( see * * Annex 16 * * – Incident Tracking Form ) . - The Contractor shall display “ No smoking ” signs in offices , construction camps as well as high risk areas prone to fire hazards , e . g . , near fuel tanks ; - Conduct routine Health and Safety Inspections to identify risks associated with various activities and mitigate the risks as soon as they are identified ; and Additional mitigation measures that will contribute to worker health and safety include : - Stockpiles for concrete materials will comprise side-re", "spans": [{"start": 1576, "end": 1606, "text": "accidents / incident registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Ministry of Water and Energy_ _Page 4 · 4_ One-hour rainfall intensity according to the Ethiopian Road Authority ' s drainage design manual ( ERA 2002 ) is given in Table 4-1 . _Table_ 4-1 : _1-hour Rainfall Intensity for Different Return Periods , Ribb Area_ | * * ReturnPeriod ( Years ) * * | * * RainfallAmount ( mm / 60mins ) * * | | - - - | - - - | | 5 | 35 | | 10 | 40 | | 25 | 47 | | 50 | 55 | | 100 | 62 | _Source : ERA_ 24-hour rainfall intensity for Wereta , Addis Zemen and Debre Tabor is given in Table 4-2 . _Table_ 4-2 : _24-hour Rainfall IntenSity , Ribb Area_ | * * ReturnPeriod * * < br > * * ( Years ) * * | * * 24 * * < br > * * Wereta * * < br > * * ( 24yearsdata ) * * | * * - hourRainfallDepth ( m * * < br > * * AddisZemen * * < br > * * ( 28yearsdata ) * * | * * m ) * * < br > * * DebreTabor * * < br > * * ( 42yearsdata ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 5 | 72 < br > I | 66 | 68 | | 10 < br > | 83 < br > J | 76 | 75 | | 25 | 96 | 88 | 84 | | 5 | ) 06 | 98 | ~ | | 100 | 116 | 106 < br > ~ - \" - ~ | 95 | _Source : RIDP FS ( Tahal-CECE 2010 ) _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "piece of land with details such as the location , size , and borders of the land , as well as the name of the owner and any other pertinent information regarding the property . It ’ s a very important document , especially in time of land acquisition like the proposed transmission line and substation Subprojects to facilitate compensation for the land affected by the Subproject components . According to the census survey result , about 75 . 1 % of the affected households reported to have official land ownership certificate for their land while 24 . 9 % of the PAHs do not have official land ownership certificate . Across Haromaya SC more than 54 . 0 % of the PAHs reported not to have any legal document for the land they own and use . In contrast , the highest number of PAHs with landownership certificate is found in Adele Sub city with 87 . 6 % . Figure 6 . 5 : Proportion of HHs by Land Ownership Certificate and Woreda Page 87", "spans": [{"start": 411, "end": 431, "text": "census survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is equal to the difference between the average comparative advantage of the switchers to private and the switchers to public : � E � yit + 1 | Hi = 10 � − E � yit | Hi = 01 � � − � E � yit + 1 | Hi = 00 � − E � yit | Hi = 00 � � = m10 − m01 . Finally , it is important to note that our model allows for the free sorting of workers into employment sectors as long as the sorting is driven by their comparative advantage . For example , the probability of working in the public sector could be an increasing function of θi : workers with a low ( high ) level of comparative advantage would always work in the private ( public ) sector whereas the sector switchers would be found at the intermediate levels of θi . However , we do not allow the past idiosyncratic shocks ( i . e . , the lagged values of uit ) to influence the sectoral choice . The reason that we need this assumption is straightforward : we want to use data on the workers who switch sectors between the two surveys to disentangle the effect of the workers ' fixed characteristics and the effect of the sector-specific wage settings . However , the sector switchers ’ earnings are informative about the entire workforce if and only if , at any given date , they are paid the same as the nonswitchers who are working in the same sector with the same level of comparative advantage ( the same θi ) . # _Estimation_ Drawing on the identification results presented in the previous section , we can now estimate the model described in equation ( 1 ) even though the index of the workers ' productive characteristics θi is not observed . We regress the log earnings on a set of dummies for the public and private workers and for the four groups of workers with different employment histories . The estimation yields the model parameters and the four 14", "spans": [{"start": 918, "end": 956, "text": "data on the workers who switch sectors", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 3 . 1 Tax Administrative Data * * Administrative data from the TRA was utilized to analyze the impact of the intervention on taxpayers ’ behavior . This data comprised of payment records for presumptive taxpayers ( those with a turnover below 100 million ) from January 2022 to March 2024 . The data was reshaped from long to wide format , aggregating payments by the same individual within the same period to ensure a single sum per unique ID . < sup > 1 < / sup > The reshaped data comprised 408 , 106 businesses . Since randomization was implemented at the ward level , a taxpayer mapping exercise was necessary to estimate treatment effects , as the administrative data did not include ward information . However , the data contained other geographic identifiers such as street locations , regions , and tax districts . These identifiers allowed for matching each unique street location in the administrative data to its corresponding ward . The mapping process began by obtaining data from the National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS ) , one for each region of mainland Tanzania . This data contained all location names within each region , from the highest to the lowest subnational division ( containing columns for Region , Ward , Street , Village , and Neighborhood ) . Next , the street locations in the TRA data were cleaned by removing non-alphanumeric characters , punctuation , and special symbols , inserting spaces to separate strings , and converting all text to a common case . The matching process aimed to find the closest match between street locations from the administrative data and the Ward , Street , Village , and Neighborhood information from the NBS data , as unique street locations in the administrative data could signify not only a street but also a ward , village , or neighborhood . Using the Jaro-Winkler distance measure , matches with a similarity score below 0 . 3 were retained , and matching was restricted to the same region . This process identified the ward name corresponding to each street location in the TRA data , producing an output called the bridge , which linked street locations from the administration data with their corresponding wards as specified", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 72, "text": "Administrative data from the TRA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 177, "end": 218, "text": "payment records for presumptive taxpayers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1316, "end": 1324, "text": "TRA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1585, "end": 1604, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2144, "end": 2163, "text": "administration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through recruitment or assignment of qualified personnel is mandatory which otherwise lead to non-compliance of the project * * Capacity building * * : Though it was planned and agreed to provide training for the utilities ’ safeguard personnel since long time , it was not yet moved in to action . Currently , the WDC has completed the required arrangement to provide the training in the 1 < sup > st < / sup > and 2 < sup > nd < / sup > week of March , 2021 in two rounds . The training needs to be provided in protocol to COVID-19 prevention . * * Screening and ESIAs Preparation * * : the ongoing ESIAs studies for Mekele and Adama has got clarence from the WB , while the three towns ESIA studies namely for Dire Dawa , Bahir Dar and Hawasa are under review . Since the process took long time , the team urges to complete the study and move to next action . The team is also noted that Expression of Interest ( EoI ) was prepared for cluster ( Assosa , Gambela , Semera-Logia , Harar and Adigrat ) . However , the report did not say anything for the other cluster . As per the ESIA studies ’ indicative result in all five towns , there will be land and asset loss particularly the Hawasa proposed project will displace about 130 PAHHs which is very large number . Thus , the preparation of RAP needs to be started early to have sufficient time for proper and detail study . In regard to the public and communal toilet construction ( both in Addis and other cities ) the report mentions that majority of the land is obtained from public . However , the team is concerned on the generalization of this statement , as there could be issues overlooked . For example , during the discussion made with some of the utilities the team noted that there are", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of unemployed | 2 , 952 | 0 . 167 | 0 . 482 | 7 , 313 | 0 . 151 | 0 . 447 | | No . of household members | 2 , 952 | 2 . 165 | 1 . 216 | 7 , 313 | 2 . 375 | 1 . 463 | | Adult equivalent | 2 , 952 | 1 . 832 | 0 . 961 | 7 , 313 | 1 . 624 | 0 . 639 | | Northern and Eastern Bulgaria | 2 , 952 | 0 . 499 | 0 . 500 | 7 , 313 | 0 . 502 | 0 . 500 | | South-West and South-Central Bulgaria | 2 , 952 | 0 . 501 | 0 . 500 | 7 , 313 | 0 . 498 | 0 . 500 | _Notes : The indicators in this table are at the household level . We weigh each observation by household survey weights . _ _Source : Own estimates based on HBS ( 2019 ) and EU-SILC ( 2020 ) . _ 22", "spans": [{"start": 601, "end": 613, "text": "HBS ( 2019 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 618, "end": 634, "text": "EU-SILC ( 2020 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "IATION SINCE JANUARY < br > 3 , 874 3 , 113 Eswatini < br > 2 , 471 < br > 1 , 335 < br > 366 557 254 267 < br > South Lesotho < br > Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Africa PoCs * Repatriated < br > X # of PoCs repatriated < br > ANNUAL REPATRIATION SINCE 2019 < br > Repatriated in Southern Africa Region < br > 15 , 149 < br > 12 , 237 < br > 8 , 816 Repatriated outside Southern Africa Region < br > 4 , 964 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 15 , 149 < br > 12 , 237 < br > 8 , 816 < br > 4 , 964 < br > 2019 2020 2021 2022 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations * VolRep = Voluntary Repatriation PoCs = Persons of Concern Source : UNHCR PRIMES Author : DIMA / RBSA Data sources : UNHCR PRIMES . For more information or to contribute , please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA ( rsarbdima @ unhcr . org )", "spans": [{"start": 819, "end": 831, "text": "UNHCR PRIMES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 880, "text": "UNHCR PRIMES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the AF PAD . | | | ► DLI 22 DLI 10 ( b ) 4 : Strengthened capacity of Woreda Council finance and budget standing committee members to provide effective oversight , transparency and accountability for budgets ( Intermediate Outcome , 5 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2022 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Training manual developed , < br > 10 % of Woredas received < br > and reviewed audit report < br > findings and followed up < br > recommendation through < br > their Budget and Finance < br > Standing Committee . | Under verification | Completed | - - | | Date | - - | 31-Aug-2021 | 15-Feb-2023 | - - | | * * Comments * * | Under verification | | | | ► DLI 23 DLI 10 ( c ) 1 : Strengthened capacity of Woredas to effectively respond to F & C complaints including disaggregation of Data and decision on cases ( Intermediate Outcome , 10 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2022 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | Record keeping is not IT - < br > based and decision on < br > cases are not regularly < br > followed up | Completed | Completed | - - | | Date | - - | 01-Sep-2020 | 01-Sep-2020 | - - | | * * Comments * * | | | | | 2 / 28 / 2023 Page 27 of 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * IMPLEMENTING CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR EGP AND BUILDING CAPACITY FOR PPDA AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS ( P150166 ) # # * * I . PROJECT CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES * * # # * * Context * * Public sector management remains weak in Uganda in some aspects of the policy , legal and regulatory frameworks and in the execution and implementation of these policy frameworks , which constrain the efficiency of the Government operations and their ability to support economic growth . Indeed , the NDPII identifies these weaknesses as some of the key continuing constraints to sustained economic growth in Uganda . In light of this , Uganda continues to undertake reforms to improve on the effectiveness of the management of the public sector . As part of these reforms , procurement reforms were started in the late 1990s , resulting into among other things the shift from complex centralized procurement to decentralized procurement at the MDA level . The Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Authority ( PPDA ) was also put in place as a regulator to monitor and regulate public procurements . To improve the efficiency , transparency and accountability in the use of public resources , the Government seeks to continue strengthening the Public Financial Management ( PFM ) systems . As part of this effort , the Government has adopted electronic-Government Procurement ( e-GP ) to provide a platform for : ( i ) increasing transparency and accountability in procurement procedures and practices ; ( ii ) improving efficiency in the procurement process by minimizing the procurement cycle timelines ( iii ) maximizing value for money by leveling the playing flied for bidders and increasing competition ; ( iv ) improving confidentiality , integrity and authenticity of transactions between the procurement entities and the suppliers ; and ( v ) developing a common database and electronic trail of procurements , which is a component of the e-GP ) to facilitate proper monitoring , reporting and planning of public procurements . These high-level benefits will have resultant downstream effects that will result", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Improvements to Land | | | | Other Assets | 10 | . . . | _Source : _ Based on OECD ( 2001b ) and expert consultation . # * * 4 . 4 Quality Indices of Capital and Labor * * Based on the previous calculations , quality indices can be elaborated . The quality index of the labor force will only be used in the later growth accounting exercise since it already reflects improvements in human capital . However , the estimate for the quality of capital enters into the regressions . The following paragraphs are concerned with the construction of the indices for the quality of capital and labor , respectively , and a brief comparison over both indices for 1970-2002 . The capital and labor quality indices yield interesting outcomes . # * * _Quality of Capital_ * * One can calculate a quality index of capital by using the disaggregated capital stock data . The estimate follows the methodology advocated by Laurits et al . ( 1980 ) and - 25 -", "spans": [{"start": 823, "end": 855, "text": "disaggregated capital stock data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "72 . 15 % | 85 . 38 % | | Undercoverage | 59 . 59 % | 26 . 33 % | 14 . 13 % | 60 . 79 % | 27 . 85 % | 14 . 62 % | | Leakage | 6 . 26 % | 18 . 76 % | 27 . 15 % | 6 . 47 % | 18 . 65 % | 28 . 19 % | | _Notes : _The logistic model is estimated < br > poverty line . For comparisons purpos < br > National Post-LASSO OLS model . Both < br > out-of-sample prediction on a random | using observe < br > es , the PMT cut < br > models includ < br > sample of 25 | d poverty statu < br > off was selecte < br > e the same vari < br > % of household | s in the NHBPS < br > d to identify a < br > ables presente < br > s . | 2014 / 2015 ba < br > similar share o < br > d in Table 3 . T | sed on the na < br > f households < br > he results are | tional < br > as the < br > based on | Table 9 presents the results of the Sudan national PMT with the inclusion of a complete set of state and rural and urban indicator variables . The inclusion of state and area indicator variables improves model accuracy by less than 2 % with the largest gains observed when targeting the bottom of the consumption distribution . Similarly , poverty accuracy , undercoverage , and leakage all show modest improvements with > 19 The regression results are available upon request . 19", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 556, "text": "NHBPS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s conducted | | | | | * * Comments * * | • < br > MoF to prepare TOR | | | | | * * Action Description * * | Prepare detailed annual training report and submi < br > year for past year trainings ) | t to the WB on the condu | ct of the FM trainings noted a | bove ( By August 30 of each | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | MUDCo | Recurrent | Yearly | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Training report submitted | | | | | * * Comments * * | To be followed up by FMT Capacity Building Sp | ecialist | | | | * * Action Description * * | Program funds need to be transferred in the agree | d time to cities | | | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * < br > * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | MoF and BOFED | Recurrent | Yearly | Completed | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Funds transfer data reported on IFRs | | | | | * * Comments * * < br > * * Action Description * * | Funds transfer is reported in IFRs < br > Ensure correct recording of budget figures in acco | unts / IBEX . Close follow | up is required by stakeholders | on low budget utilization | 12 / 10 / 2019 Page 5 of 20", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 998, "text": "Funds transfer data reported on IFRs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Preparation of Detailed Designs , Preliminary ESIA / RAP and Tender Documents for Water Distribution Works for Mombasa and 3WSPs * * RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( RAP ) REPORT FOR PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION SHORT TERM / IMMEDIATE WORKS FOR MAWASCO * * # # # # # * * < u > ASSET INSPECTION SHEET < / u > * * Household No / unique Identifier … … … … … … … … … < u > General details of Affected Asset or Livelihood < / u > | Village / Cluster | Location | | Sub County | County | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Plot Number | PAP categ | ory < sup > 10 < / sup > | Ownership / Rented | GPS coo < br > Photo N | rdinates / < br > umber | | * * mographic Data of PAP * * < br > Name of the owner ( HH ) | | ID | Telephone | Gender | Age | | Spouse Details | | ID | Telephone | Gender | Age | | Family Size | | | | | | | Household size < br > Education Level < br > Livelihood | | | | | | # # # # # # * * < u > Demographic Data of PAP < / u > * * # # # # # # * * < u > Vulnerability ( Marginalized and Vulnerable Groups ( VMG ) ) < / u > * * | No | Vulnerable Parameter | Answer | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Is the HH headed by child under 18yrs | | | | Is the HH headed by a disabled Person | | | | Is the HH headed a chronic illperson | | | | Is the HH headed by elderly over 65yrs | | |", "spans": [{"start": 660, "end": 681, "text": "mographic Data of PAP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 925, "end": 948, "text": "Demographic Data of PAP", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "payment ( check or bank transfer ) to be signed by the project coordinator and the Director General . - The funds are then transferred from the Designated Account to the PHCC ’ s bank account ( which is a segregated bank account opened exclusively for the project ) . Payments are made on a periodic installment basis . - Once the payment request is sent to the MoPH , the PHCC cannot modify or alter any data from the system . - All the data entered at the PHCC level are available at the MoPH . In addition , the PHCCs submit semi-annual bank reconciliation statements to MoPH . - These activities are checked by the reviewing unit at the MoPH , which regularly visits a sample of centers to audit and check the accuracy of what is fed into the system . The findings of the review have been satisfactory ; no material misstatements have been found in what relates to the EPHRP . 71 . * * For Component 2 , which will finance patient bills exceeding the ceiling set under the MoPH budget , * * as well as other emergency admissions expenses that are not covered by the MoPH ( defined criteria will be set to ensure eligibility ) , the Bank loan will finance the eligible expenditures incurred , starting from project effectiveness . Retroactive financing up to an aggregate amount of US $ 3 , 600 , 000 may be made for eligible expenditure under Component 2 , for payments made prior to signing of the Loan Agreement but on or after September 1 , 2016 . Under the control system in place at the MoPH , the expenditures incurred during the project implementation period will be reviewed prior to payment by a TPA contracted to conduct this technical service for the MoPH for a fixed annual fee . The MoPH medical audit team will also review a sample of admissions and audit these expenditures to ensure compliance and accuracy . In addition , to gain even greater assurance about the use of Bank funds under this project , the PMU will negotiate an increased scope of", "spans": [{"start": 438, "end": 468, "text": "data entered at the PHCC level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of traffic and pollution employ engineering models calibrated for developing-country cities with plentiful information about the spatial distributions of vehicle traffic , emissions , and atmospheric conditions ( Jerrett et al . 2005 ) . For urban researchers and planners in developing countries who use these imported models , the scarcity of supporting information often requires extensive spatial and temporal interpolation to cover gaps in local data . In the second category , local measurements of traffic and air pollution along road corridors are used to estimate vehicular emissions intensities , the local effects of meteorological variables , and the attenuation of pollution with distance from roads ( Brauer et al . 2003 ; Gualtieri et al . 1998 ; Walker et al . 1999 ) . These studies provide useful information for local zoning in developed countries . In developing-country cities , where regulatory enforcement is often difficult , they have played a useful role in promoting awareness of vehicle-based air pollution as a serious health hazard for young children and elderly adults . However , the limited scope of road corridor studies makes it difficult to extrapolate their empirical results to metropolitan scale . The third research category has grown rapidly with the development of Geographic Information System ( GIS ) technology . It uses georeferenced data to assess relationships between the spatial distributions of vehicle traffic and air pollution ( Briggs et al . 2010 ) . Until recently , the spatial coverage and resolution of these studies have been greater for developed-country cities with more plentiful spatial information on vehicle traffic and air pollution . Recently , however , higher3", "spans": [{"start": 1366, "end": 1384, "text": "georeferenced data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * Stakeholder Engagement Plan Monitoring and Reporting Plan * * The UPSNJP shall use a comprehensive and systematic M & E system to effectively monitor the implementation of the SEP and measure the impacts under each component . It shall be undertaken alongside with other monitoring and evaluation exercises of the project implementation using copies of registry that the GRM committees at each level keeps and maintains . This approach will assist to establish the levels of effective functionality of established SEP grievance handling procedures and identify areas for future improvements to achieve optimum efficiency of the GRM system . # # 1 . 18 . Monitoring Plan The SEP monitoring process shall be done by both the Woreda / Kebele officers and the federal and city level MoUI / PCO focal persons and officers . At Woreda level , the Woreda Monitoring and Evaluation Committee ( WMEC ) , headed by the Monitoring Officer , will be in-charge of SEP implementation monitoring . They will be supported by the woreda focal persons and WGRCs , and the woreda and community social support committees . The Woreda level monitoring and evaluation unit will be linked to Main project Monitoring and evaluation unit that will be based within the MoUI and PCO as indicated earlier on , this unit will also lead the monitoring and reporting of the SEP . # # 1 . 19 . Key Performance Monitoring Indicators Key Citizen Engagement performance indicators to be periodically collected , reported and analyzed include - - Number of citizens provided information about the UPSNJP project - Number of women participated in formal or public meetings - Citizen knowledge about project service ( availability , eligibility and transparency ) - Number of active project complaints and appeals in each city - Number and type of formal and informal complaints and suggestions received - Percentage of grievance redressed claims settled within three months of application - Percentage of unresolved complaints or disputes during the monitoring period - Percentage of clients ( staff ) who assess the complaints procedure as satisfactory or highly satisfactory . - Comments received by", "spans": [{"start": 353, "end": 371, "text": "copies of registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 7 . 9 % annually ) . Minerals exports , which propelled export growth as well as wage growth , are not job intensive and as a result supported far less job growth . Our data also show that exports in South Africa have become less labor intensive , where the quantity of jobs and the labor value added per unit of exports has diminished overall , and more capital intensive . The composition of exports also matters for the impact of trade on jobs and wages in South Africa . While minerals have increasingly become an enclave sector with few backward linkages to the domestic economy , the labor impact of manufacturing exports in South Africa is increasingly felt in input-providing sectors , particularly services sectors , which had distributional implications by skill . Studies that only consider the jobs and wages to directly produce exports will underestimate the impact of trade on labor . Our analysis is enabled by a newly developed World Bank database — The Labor Content of Exports ( LACEX ) ( Calì et al . 2016 ) — that measures the contribution of labor to a given country ’ s domestic production and exports , measured as employees ’ compensation ( wages ) or the number of jobs . Using inputoutput tables , exports and production data from the Global Trade Analysis Project ( GTAP ) and employment data from the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , the LACEX database represents a methodological innovation for developing countries . We consider aggregate exports as well as sectoral exports for South Africa and compare them to other emerging and middle-income countries and the other BRIC ( Brazil , the Russian Federation , India and China ) in particular . We also consider how exports contribute to labor market outcomes separately through their direct and indirect linkages ( including both forward and backward linkages ) , and distinguish between skilled and unskilled labor . By considering the fuller labor implications of exports for the economy , our data allow us to evaluate the extent to which traditional versus nontraditional exports indeed support incomes and jobs . The paper has three key findings . First , the sectoral composition as well as the labor intensity of exports in South Africa", "spans": [{"start": 968, "end": 996, "text": "The Labor Content of Exports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1205, "end": 1253, "text": "inputoutput tables , exports and production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1306, "end": 1321, "text": "employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1379, "end": 1393, "text": "LACEX database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in transport , where the reported income was 32 % lower than the true income . Similar low compliance rates were seen in construction ( 26 % gap ) and accommodation and food services ( 18 % gap ) , which is unsurprising since these sectors are known for having a high degree of informal employment . To reduce the informality in the construction sector , the government has introduced a differentiated / higher minimum wage as of 2019 and , at the same time , had granted very generous fiscal facilities ( PIT break ) exception from the 10 % health insurance contribution , and suspension of the transfer to the second pension pillar ( 3 . 75 % ) , while for employers the contribution for work insurance was reduced from 2 . 25 % to 0 . 33 % . However , the public administration sector showed relatively low compliance ( 18 % gap ) . The public administration sector is typically associated with formal employment and compliance with tax regulations ; this finding of relatively low compliance in this sector is puzzling . This could be due to the relatively small sample size of employment in this sector in the EU-SILC data , or the performance of the imputation among subgroups , which may affect the reliability of the estimates . It is also possible that specific factors unique to the public administration sector , such as complex tax rules or administrative difficulties , could make it challenging for public servants to recall the exact amount earned , as in the public sector , several bonuses / allowances are granted depending on the number of days worked in a month ( which represents approximately 20 % of the total income earned ) . In 2020 , due to the pandemic , a large part of public servants worked remotely , reducing their wages , as these bonuses were contingent on physical presence . 25", "spans": [{"start": 1115, "end": 1127, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") respondents felt relatively safe in Adre and Tine , though basic needs were high : food ( 85 % ) , shelter ( 83 % ) , medical assistance ( 68 % ) , and water ( 66 % ) were the greatest needs in Adre and Tine . - Most respondents plan to remain in Eastern Chad , over the short ( 93 % ) and longer-term > 1 UNHCR ( 21 October 2024 ) . < u > Sudan Situation < / u > > 2 UNHCR , _op . cit . _ MMC-UNHCR Joint Snapshot – November 2024 # * * Sudanese arrivals in Eastern Chad : Protection experiences , needs and onward movement intentions * * ( 73 % ) , highlighting an overall lack of onward movement intentions . This may stem from the fact that this group has recently arrived in Chad , is largely comprised of women and children , and is highly vulnerable with high basic needs like food and water , suggesting low capabilities to engage in onward movement . # # * * Data and profiles * * This snapshot draws upon 611 4Mi surveys conducted in July 2024 in Eastern Chad with people who fled Sudan after the outbreak of conflict . Some 336 interviews were conducted in Adre ( 55 % of respondents ) and 275 in Tine ( 45 % ) . Almost all respondents ( 99 % ) were Sudanese nationals , and most were women between the ages of 35-80 years old from Central Darfur ( Figure 1 ) . While MMC carries out non-probability sampling and , hence , the data are not representative , the key demographic characteristics of sampled respondents aligns with estimates of the overall population of arrivals in Eastern Chad . < sup > 5 < / sup > Respondents in Tine and Adre followed similar socio-demographic tendencies . # # # * * Figure 1 . Overview of sample by age and sex * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 24 % < br > 18-24 20", "spans": [{"start": 916, "end": 931, "text": "611 4Mi surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR9440 The World Bank | Comments | Baseline data | Base-Line assessment < br > complete . 4 year monitoring < br > phase commencing and the < br > 2013 survey report is due by < br > end of October 2013 . | | - - - | - - - | - - - | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 24-Apr-2013 ) * * | * * Financial Agre * * | * * ement ( s ) Key Dates * * | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | Revised Closing Date | | P106872 | IDA-45610 | Effective | 02-Jun-2009 | 05-Jun-2009 | 14-Sep-2009 | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-Jun-2016 | | * * Disbursements * * | * * ( in Millions ) * * | | | | | | | | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Currency | Original < br > Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed < br > Undisb | ursed < br > % Disbursed | | P106872 | IDA-45610 | Effective | XDR | 166 . 00 < br > | 166 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 | 51 . 56 | 114 . 44 < br > 31 . 00 | # # * * Disbursement Graph * * # # * * Key Decisions Regarding Implementation * * 1 . Progress on all 5 Works contracts is delayed when compared to the original planned progress . With 56 % of the contract time", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 1 . Average NRA and the timing of political reforms . * * . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 10 - 5 0 5 10 < br > Years relative to democratisation < br > NRA 3-year moving average < br > average predemocratisation average postdemocratisation < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > Nominal rate of assistance < br > - 10 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Own calculations based on data from the World Bank ’ s agricultural distortions database and the Polity IV database * * Figure 2 . Average RRA and the timing of political reforms . * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > - 10 - 5 0 5 10 < br > Years relative to democratisation < br > RRA 3-year moving average < br > average predemocratisation average postdemocratisation < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > - 10 < br > Relative rate of assistance < br > - 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Own calculations based on data from the World Bank ’ s agricultural distortions database and the Polity IV database . 6", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 485, "text": "agricultural distortions database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 494, "end": 512, "text": "Polity IV database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 8 . Results on Science test-scores in higher-order items according to teacher experience * * | _Independent variable_ | ( 1 ) | ( 2 ) | ( 3 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Sequence vs . Control | 0 . 434 * * * | | | | | ( 0 . 130 ) | | | | Low experience | - 0 . 240 | - 0 . 034 | - 0 . 618 * * * | | | ( 0 . 188 ) | ( 0 . 223 ) | ( 0 . 155 ) | | ( Sequence vs . Control ) * Low < br > experience | - 0 . 253 < br > ( 0 . 253 ) | | | | Coaches vs . Control | | 0 . 537 * * * < br > ( 0 . 167 ) | | | ( Coaches vs . Control ) * Low experience | | 0 . 317 < br > ( 0 . 299 ) | | | Coaches vs . Sequence | | | - 0 . 051 < br > ( 0 . 142 ) | | ( Coaches vs . Sequence ) * Low < br > experience | | | 0 . 752 * * < br > ( 0 . 301 ) | | Observations | 1042 | 1072 | 1102 | _Source : _ Author ' s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study . _Note : _ * * significant at 5 percent ; * * * significant at 1 percent . Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered at school level . Controls : ( a ) students ’ characteristics ( gender , age , nationality , parent ’ s education , if the student missed , at most , one class per month , if the student has internet in his / her home ) , ( ii ) teacher characteristics ( gender , age , general teaching experience [ in years ] , if she / he has postgraduate certificates ) , and ( iii ) school characteristics ( school size , seventh grade size", "spans": [{"start": 826, "end": 843, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Tableau 1 VAN du projet en fonction des taux de réussite et des salaires ( millions de dollars - prix de 2012 ) * * | | Taux d ’ | actualisatio | n de 5 % | Taux d ’ ac | tualisation | de 8 % | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Taux de réussite < br > Scénarios salariaux | Réel | + 5 % | + 10 % | Résultat | + 5 % | + 10 % | | Baisse des salaires < br > de 5 % | 177 , 7 | 192 , 4 | 207 , 2 | 46 , 8 | 53 , 6 | 60 , 4 | | Réel | 193 , 2 | 208 , 7 | 224 , 3 | 54 , 0 | 61 , 1 | 68 , 2 | | Augmentation des < br > salaires de 5 % | 208 , 7 | 225 , 0 | 241 , 4 | 61 , 1 | 68 , 6 | 76 , 0 | Remarque : Réel renvoie aux paramètres basés sur les données les plus récentes , qui sont utilisées dans le scénario de base . Source : Calculs de l ’ auteur . 92 . S ’ il est très difficile de quantifier les gains globaux du projet liés à l ’ amélioration des résultats de l ’ apprentissage , notamment en raison des différents groupes cibles , de légères améliorations supplémentaires , de l ’ ordre de 5 à 10 % , des taux de réussite et par la suite de la productivité et des revenus ont été", "spans": [{"start": 671, "end": 696, "text": "données les plus récentes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "AICD rail operator database ( www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data ) . _Note : _ * With 2 . 5 passenger-km equivalent to 1 traffic unit , 1 tonne-km equivalent to 1 traffic unit . — = Not available . Zimbabwe ‘ s railways are interconnected with other national networks along the North – South Corridor , allowing for through traffic across Zambia , Zimbabwe , Tanzania , and South Africa . But while the rails are physically connected and of compatible gauge , there is a lack of reciprocal access rights between operators that would allow through train service due to the lack of arrangements for servicing other operators ‘ locomotives that may experience technical difficulties . This means that locomotives need 34", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 27, "text": "AICD rail operator database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The experimental groups were compared to a control group where respondents were first shown the statement : “ There are many popular search engines in the world . Search engines are used every day by over 1 billion people worldwide . ” and then were asked “ Many people say they are annoyed by all the advertising on search engines . Does this apply to you ? ” with the answer options of yes and no available . < sup > 1 < / sup > These treatments allow us to compare the effectiveness of a standard descriptive norms treatment where the reference group is relevant to the citizen , with treatments of the descriptive behavior of salient outgroups . In this study we are interested in two outcomes related to tax morale : 1 ) a survey measure of tax morale “ If a taxpayer does not report all of his income in order to pay less income taxes do you feel it is : Not wrong , A bit wrong , Wrong , and Seriously wrong ” and 2 ) a survey measure of how much respondents would fine tax cheats : “ If a taxpayer does not report all of their income in order to pay less income taxes , what percentage of their income should they pay as a penalty ? None ( 0 % ) , 1-10 % , 11-20 % , More than 20 % . ” # Riwi survey platform We conducted the survey using the Riwi survey platform between 2017-06-21 and 2017-06-29 . Riwi recruits respondents by presenting the survey to people who accidentally type an incorrect URL into their browser . Normally these websites will display advertisements to people but Riwi buys temporary space on these pages to display the survey instead . Respondents are first asked their age and gender ( with respondents below the age threshold removed from the survey ) and their location is determined based on their IP address . Because Riwi respondents are not expecting to take a survey , Riwi surveys have high attrition rates as the survey goes on . As a result , we take care to check for differential attrition and covariate imbalance ( see appendix ) . We found no evidence of either problem in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "domestic aggregate demand to be limited . To investigate this issue further , I match up the project ‐ level data on disbursements with contract ‐ level data on individual procurement contracts awarded on World Bank projects . The World Bank ’ s procurement records include information on the country of origin of the supplier to which each procurement contract was awarded , as well as , of course , the total value of the contract . I aggregate these individual contracts up to the project level , and construct the share of total procurement contract value associated with a project which is tendered to suppliers situated in the country where the project is located . This is only an imperfect indicator of where disbursements on World Bank loans are spent , for at least three reasons . First , this information is available only as an aggregate for the entire project , and not for the individual year ‐ over ‐ year disbursements . Absent better information , I make the 20", "spans": [{"start": 93, "end": 130, "text": "project ‐ level data on disbursements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 136, "end": 193, "text": "contract ‐ level data on individual procurement contracts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 246, "end": 265, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 2 . Score Card for District Level Vulnerability Analysis * * | * * Dimension / Question * * | * * Low * * | | * * Vulnerability Score * * < br > | | * * High * * | * * Score * * | * * Data Source * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Access to safe water : * * Does the district always | * * 1 * * | * * 2 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 4 * * | * * 5 * * | | Secondary Data or | | have access to enough safe water ? | Always < br > > 15 litres / per / day < br > Less than 30 minutes < br > waiting time at water < br > point < br > And water point < 500 < br > from households | Very often < br > > 15 litres / per / day < br > Less than 30 minutes < br > waiting time at water < br > point < br > And water point < 500 < br > from households | Often < br > > 15 litres / per / day < br > Less than 30 minutes < br > waiting time at water < br > point < br > And water point < 500 < br > from households | Seldom < br > > 15 litres / per / day < br > Less than 30 minutes < br > waiting time at water < br > point < br > And water point < 500 < br > from households | Never < br > > 15 litres / per / day < br > Less than 30 minutes < br > waiting time at water < br > point < br > And water point < 500 < br > from households | | Focus Group | | * * Access to", "spans": [{"start": 402, "end": 416, "text": "Secondary Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Allegations : * * In line with the PforR ACGs , the government , the FEACC in collaboration with the Federal Attorney General , will consolidate and share information with the Bank and participating Donor Partners on all allegations and investigations of fraud and corruption received from the general public including on procurement and actions taken on the Program , specifically from activities conducted by the PFSA . 106 . * * At FEACC level : * * In line with the PforR ACGs , the Government , the FEACC in collaboration with the Federal Attorney General , will consolidate and share information with the Bank and participating Donor Partners on all allegations and investigations of fraud and corruption received from the general public including on procurement and actions taken on the Program , specifically from activities conducted by the PFSA . The FEACC in collaboration with the Federal Attorney General has agreed to share information on corruption allegations with the Bank immediately while at the same time conducting own internal investigations . The FEACC with the office of Attorney General will collect biannual report on _Fraud and Corruption_ from FMOH . It also receives monthly reports from the REACCs , compile and share information on fraud and corruption with the Bank every six months . The details of the reporting include the types of allegations and the status of actions taken . 107 . * * At REACCs : * * Information on fraud and corruption and complaints regarding the Program will be collected at the Regional level by REACCs and shared with the FEACC which will in turn be shared with the Bank . The structure of collecting and sharing information on fraud and corruption including procurement offences on the program goes beyond the Federal Government and would involve the concerned regional , zone and local level institutions as well . Consequently , information on fraud and corruption and complaints regarding the Program will be collected at the Regional level by REACCs and shared with the FEACC which will in turn will be shared with the Bank . The FEACC collects monthly reports from the", "spans": [{"start": 1196, "end": 1227, "text": "monthly reports from the REACCs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 commodities , and calibrated in line with a recent set of price and income elasticities from a cross-country study ( Seale , Regmi and Bernstein 2003 ) . < sup > 7 < / sup > In the simulations that follow , we use the standard GTAP closure . This assumes that the levels of each region ’ s employment of each of the productive factors is fixed in aggregate , and that the regional balance of trade is determined by the relationship of regional investment and savings , where international capital mobility is determined by equalizing rates of return across regions . To keep the sizes of the table of results reasonable , we aggregate the GTAP 6 database to 27 regions and 29 sectors , bearing in mind the need to provide some detail in the agri-food sectors . These regions and sectors are listed in Appendix Tables A1 and A2 , respectively . # * * Effects of removing distortive goods and services policies globally * * The estimated effects of full global trade liberalization as of 2001 on each of the four sectors ’ value added are summarized for the key developing country regions in Table 3 and are shown with more country detail for just agricultural value added in Table 4 . Beginning with the top right-hand numbers of Table 3 , these results suggest real farm incomes in developing countries are still harmed by the existing pattern of global trade distortions , and more so than any of the other goods sectors ( non - > 7 While one of the benefits of using a global general equilibrium framework is the modeling of all economic agents ’ behaviors , and in this case also the depiction of some specifics of agricultural markets in the GTAP-AGR model , the results necessarily depend on the parameters chosen . A natural validation of the model is to see how well the model is able to replicate historical records . Support for the use of the GTAP-AGR model is provided by Valenzuela ( 2006 ) who shows that the model replicates reasonably well historical wheat price variability in world markets .", "spans": [{"start": 642, "end": 657, "text": "GTAP 6 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ly-powered steam generators . 85 . The principal risks from the promotion project are that , despite revised and additional geophysical data and a well-conceived promotional effort , foreign oil companies may not express further interest in exploration in the country . This is particularly true in the current environment of unsettled oil prices and correspondingly lessened oil exploration programs . However , given the present and projected cost of Ethiopia ' s oil imports , the level of interest expressed by oil companies in the past in Ethiopia , and the favorable characteristics of the country ' s geology , this risk is considered acceptable in relation to the large potential benefits of hydrocarbon discoveries . With respect to the geothermal work , feasible sites may not be established , but this risk is small in view of the number of sites being studied and the breadth of the reconnaissance program . The training components of the project will be of ongoing value . # PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 86 . The draft Development Credit Agreement between Ethiopia and the Association , and the Recommendation of the Committee provided for in Article V , Section 1 ( d ) of the Articles , are being distributed to the Executive Directors separately .", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 140, "text": "geophysical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "translation of approaches to low-income regions through use of underlying global data sets . This paper ’ s analysis focuses on past and current weather patterns and does not include an estimation of future changes due to global warming . # 3 . Data on Hazards and Welfare # # 3 . 1 . Hazard data For the analysis described in this paper , we constructed a database of historical hazard data for all SSA using remotely sensed satellite data and indices that were reputable and publicly available and that had high levels of spatial and historical coverage . The considered hazard variables include rainfall , vegetation cover , evapotranspiration , soil moisture , and the WRSI . Given there is no single definition of drought , these hazard data were used to develop different measures of climatic conditions as a proxy for drought . These measures range from simple ones based on the amount and timing of precipitation during the growing season in a defined area , to more complex composite measures combining precipitation with other information capturing the impact of increased temperatures on water availability and agricultural stress at a location . Appendix B provides more details on all the drought measures considered and the sources of the data . < sup > 10 < / sup > Table 3 . 1 provides a brief overview of the measures used in the analysis . These measures by and large focus on the first three months of the growing season . * * Table 3 . 1 . Summary of range of hazard measures derived from remotely sensed data * * | * * Data type * * | * * Source * * | * * Hazard measures * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Rainfall | CHIRPS global rainfall data set from US < br > Geological Survey ( NASA ) | Standardized anomaly of cumulative < br > rainfall ( based on the first three months of < br > thegrowingseason ) | | Vegetation < br > ( greenness ) | NDVI product of MODIS vegetation < br > indices | NDVI standardized anomaly ( based on the < br > average over the first three months of the", "spans": [{"start": 74, "end": 90, "text": "global data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 369, "end": 391, "text": "historical hazard data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 410, "end": 452, "text": "remotely sensed satellite data and indices", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 735, "end": 746, "text": "hazard data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1509, "end": 1529, "text": "remotely sensed data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1638, "end": 1669, "text": "CHIRPS global rainfall data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - | - - - | | 1 | Overall Capacity ( m < sup > 3 < / sup > / d ) | 21 . 4 | | 2 | No . of streams | 1 | | 3 | Capacityof each stream ( m < sup > 3 < / sup > / day ) | 21 . 4 | | 4 | Surface Loadingλv ( kg / ha / day ) 350 * ( 1 . 107 - 0 . 002T ) T-25 | 265 . 3 | | 5 | Influent BOD ( g / m3 ) | 1000 . 00 | | 6 | Pond Surface Area ( m < sup > 2 < / sup > ) | 1893 | | 7 | Water Depth ( m ) | 1 . 5 | ESIA Report 56", "spans": [{"start": 403, "end": 417, "text": "ESIA Report 56", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2018-12-15 | 2019-01-19 | 2019-07-18 | | ET-MOST-43014-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service for the < br > Establishment of < br > internationally recognized or < br > accredited , environmental , < br > management system < br > certification for textile and < br > leather sector . < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Po | st | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - < br > International | 70 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-09-11 | 2018-10-02 | 2018-11-15 | 2018-12-15 | 2019-01-19 | 2019-07-18 | | ET-MOST-43022-CS-CQS / < br > Consultancy service to < br > develop a long-term business < br > plan and proposal for < br > financial funding for < br > equipment and infrastructure < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 1 : Strengthening < br > Institutional Capacity for < br > National Quality < br > Infrastructure Development < br > Po | st | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection | Open - < br > International | 50 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-22 | 2018-12-05 | 2019-01-04 | 2019-02-08 | 2019-08-07 | | ET-MOST-69291-CS-CQS / < br > Recruitment of consulting < br > firm for standards need < br > assessment survey < br > IDA / 59830 | Component 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Annex 2 . Outputs by Component _Note : _ Updated results matrix for fertilizer component , only item # J applies to the monitoring and evaluation component . | OutcomeIndicators | Baseline < br > · ( 2008-09 ) | Target < br > ( 2009-10 ) | Actua ' Result ~ I < br > ( 2009c-IO ) | ' < br > Source . < br > , < br > . | Remarks < br > ~ < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | < br > Hieber-levelOb | < br > jective : 2009remain | . < br > sonorneartheerow | thtrendofrecentyears | | | A . Cereal , oilseed , and pulse < br > production ( in million tons ) . | < br > 16 . 1 | < br > 17 . 9 | 18 . 1 | < br > CSA Agricultural < br > Sample Survey | Significant discrepanciesincrop < br > production and estimated yield | | B . Yieldofcereals , oilseeds , and < br > pulses ( in tons per hectare ) . | 1 . 47 | 1 . 50 | 1 . 57 | < br > CSA Agricultural < br > Sample Survey | < br > information from CSA surveys , F AO < br > and WFP ( 2010 ) , and DSA ( 2010 ) . < br > Nonetheless crop production and < br > cereals yields have been above a < br > five-year trend . | | | PDO : Availabil | ityofadequatesuppli | esoffertilizerforth | e2009-2010cropseason | | | C . Fertilizer procured and < br > distributed / sold ( in tons ) . | < br > 442", "spans": [{"start": 925, "end": 936, "text": "CSA surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collect price data on the firm ' s main products , inputs , and investment goods . In addition , the survey becomes more valuable when it contains enough information to estimate production functions , including value added , number of employees , capital stock , and material inputs . This information would help to isolate the contribution to productivity changes of various production , technological , and institutional factors . < sup > 5 < / sup > Only a few surveys , such as RPED and ICS , include consistent productivity measures . 5Consider the Bank ' s general interest in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises ( SMEs ) . To understand if SMEs are as efficient as other firms , we must hold constant capital and labor and then compare productivity to that of different types of firms . 5", "spans": [{"start": 8, "end": 18, "text": "price data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 491, "end": 494, "text": "ICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "highly variable from species to species . A proper bird mortality monitoring program should then be developed and implemented in order to identify areas and species that are more impacted . Collisions are thought to be more common during migratory movements ( Morkill and Anderson 1991 ) , which suggests that a better understanding of impacts during migration as well as other critical periods is needed . On the basis of monitoring program , specific mitigation measures should be proposed . Collision mitigation may need to vary substantially for different collision prone species , taking species specific behaviours , habitat and foraging preferences into account , since an effective allpurpose marking device is probably not realistic if some birds do not see the obstacle at all ( Martin and Shaw , 2010 ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_ , _ and to carry out a mapping of the location of major remaining hyacinth mats along the entire shoreline . At that time , Management advocated exploring the use of satellite images taken at regular intervals , supplemented by information derived from local communities drawn together through the active Fisheries Extension network . By the time of the supervision mission in Kenya in June 2000 , it", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 184, "text": "satellite images", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_The Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project II Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF ) _ Rev . 2023 # # # # # List of Abbreviations | AfD | Agence Francaise de Developpment ( French Agency for Development ) | | - - - | - - - | | AIDS | Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome | | CPTED | Crime Prevention through Environmental Design | | EMCA | Environmental Management and Coordination Act | | EIA | Environmental Impact Assessment | | ESIA | Environmental and Social Impact Assessment | | ESMF | Environmental and Social Management Framework | | ESMP | Environmental and Social Management Plan | | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | | GoK | Government of Kenya | | HIV | Human Immuno Deficiency Virus | | IDA | International Development Association | | KeNHA | Kenya National Highways Authority | | KeRRA | Kenya Rural Roads Authority | | KIHBS | Kenya Integrated Housing and Budget Survey | | KISIP | Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project | | KURA | Kenya Urban Roads Authority | | NEAP | National Environment Action Plan | | NEMA | National Environment Management Authority | | NGEC | National Gender and Equality Commission | | OP | Operational Policies | | RMLF | Roads Maintenance Levy Fund | | RPF | Resettlement Policy Framework | | SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals | | SEC | Settlement Executive Committee | | USD | United States Dollars | 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 6 - medium-term and for gradually improving the living standards of the population provided the Government makes a concerted effort to increase investment and to pursue policies which foster growth and development . External Assistance 16 . Unlike many other African countries , Ethiopia has no major traditional source of technical and financial assistance . The Bank Group , , as for some years the largest source of loans and credits , but in recent years the European Economic Community , the African Development Bank , the Soviet Union , the German Democratic Republic , and Czechoslovakia have expanded their support , while development assistance is continuing from Sweden , the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy . The level of concessionary aid to Ethiopia has been very low ( para . 7 ) . Ethiopia , however , is in need of substantial resource transfers to support investments that will enable a reasonable rate of growth to be achieved , particularly in view of the country ' s poverty , low level of savings and weak balance of payments position . Within the limits imposed by Its perceived security needs over the past few years , the Government has directed available resources towards economic and social development ; it has restrained salaries , squeezed the import of non-essentials , and Increased taxes significantly . 17 . According to debt information provided by the Government to the Bank ' s Debt Reporting System , the total debt outstanding and disbursed was about US $ 1 . 1 billion as of June 30 , 1983 . The ratio of Ethiopia ' s debt service to export earnings remained low ( para 8 ) because of the relatively low level of external loan commitments , and the tendency of some donors to shift to support on grant terms . In addition , Italy , Finland , Sweden and Japan have concluded debt forgiveness arrangements with Ethiopia . The U . S . Exim-bank made a loan in 1979 for aircraft purchases . The IMF has provided Trust Fund loans and assistance under the Compensatory Financing Facility ( CFF ) . By July 1982 , Ethiopia ' s net borrowings under the Trust Fund stood", "spans": [{"start": 1423, "end": 1444, "text": "Debt Reporting System", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Power Sector Reform , Investment and Modernization in Ethiopia ( PRIME-1 ) ( P176731 ) # # * * Economic Benefits of Component 2 : Transmission Network Strengthening and Modernization * * - _Expanded transmission capacity to meet the unmet demand . _ This is the primary benefit of any transmission infrastructure investment that expands the system ’ s carrying capacity . Load flow studies estimated that the project investment in the extension and augmentation of transformer capacities at the 14 substations will allow the system to support the aforementioned unmet demand , conservatively valued at US $ 0 . 15 per kWh . - _Reduction in planned ( brownouts ) and unplanned ( blackouts ) load loss_ . Load loss occurs in overloaded power systems . Under ordinary conditions , the percentage of demand at risk of being unserved during peak load can be estimated based on the regional load curve . With proper planning , load loss under this condition can be avoided by sourcing from captive power units . Due to the severe system overload , blackouts happen daily , every few hours . Businesses and industries usually have diesel-based standby power supply whereas households usually use kerosene lamps as an alternative lighting source . The value of lost load under this condition is the difference between the WTP for the alternative power sources and the cost of grid-based power supply at approximately US $ 0 . 045 per kWh . Here , the economic benefit of energy conserved due to planned and unplanned load loss is similarly conservatively valued at US $ 0 . 18 per kWh . 4 . Based on the above assumptions , the project investment in Components 1 and 2 will yield an estimated EIRR of 41 . 2 percent when costs are calculated using the official exchange rate , and 29 . 4 percent when costs are calculated at the alternative exchange rate , both above the social discount rate . Therefore , the project is economically justified . 5 . * * Sensitivity analysis * * was conducted to assess the robustness of the economic", "spans": [{"start": 899, "end": 918, "text": "regional load curve", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) # Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) AFRICA | Ethiopia | Social Protection & Labor Global Practice | IBRD / IDA | Program-for-Results | FY 2016 | Seq No : 4 | ARCHIVED on 11-Apr-2017 | ISR27511 | Implementing Agencies : # * * Program Development Objectives * * Program Development Objective ( from Program-for-Results Appraisal Document ) The objective ESPES program is to improve equitable access to basic services and strengthen accountability systems at the decentralized level . The program aims to improve service delivery for the whole population of Ethiopia by improving results in health , education and agriculture services in the most poorly performing woredas and strengthening the overall decentralized service delivery system . Building on almost 10 years of support for basic services delivery , the ESPES focuses on leveraging the government ’ s broad program of service delivery support to promote equity , enhance quality of and access to services , and institutionalize critical systems for service delivery , especially at the woreda level . # * * Overall Ratings * * | Name | Previous Rating | Current Rating | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Progress towards achievement of PDO |  Satisfactory |  Satisfactory | | Overall Implementation Progress ( IP ) |  Satisfactory |  Satisfactory | | Overall Risk Rating |  Substantial |  Substantial | # * * Implementation Status and Key Decisions * * The Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( ESPES ) program has been operational since 2015 . ESPES is a USD 600 million IDA credit to the GoE over a three-year period and is expected to run until May 2019 . The current disbursement rate is 43 % and is based on successful achievement of the Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLIs ) due until now . The GoE has shown", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of 33kV Grid Extension Ruhumba - Kashwa with tee-off Rwebishuri , Mbarara and Kirihura District 2017 * * Figure 7 : Some of the Commercial Trees ( Eucalyptus ) in Kashongi Sub County that are likely to be affected by 33kV Line * * # # # # ii ) _Animal keeping_ Throughout the project area animal rearing was undertaken which greatly supplements crop farming ; the principle source of income . Animal keeping was observed mainly along the Mbarara stretch which was characterised by large farms . According to the survey findings animals commonly reared were cows , followed by chicken . Other animals like pigs , sheep , goats , ducks and turkeys were also noted . Livestock usually serves as security for obtaining loans and solving urgent issues like school fees . Given that land take is not expected in this exercise , the impact on livestock farming is not significant since most animals will continue grazing as they are doing currently . However during construction the power distribution lines , open pits should be covered to avoid accidents / death to livestock . # # # # * * 2 Formal Employment * * As noted from the household survey that formal employment was another source of income for livelihood in the project area was obtained through employment . However it was evident that few of the household heads in both districts were involved in gainful employment or civil Service and as such their contribution was generally low compared to subsistence crop farming . # # # # * * 3 Business * * Business was identified as an important source of income among PAPs in the two districts . The contribution of business stood at 56 and 31 % for Kiruhura and Mbarara respectively . Based on the findings , respondents in Kiruhura showed that affected Persons traded in agriculture produce , cattle trade and retail trade . # # # # * * a ) Food production for the Market * * The survey inquired where affected households sell their crops especially those involved in commercial", "spans": [{"start": 1173, "end": 1189, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the timely implementation of activities , the achievement of intended results , and positive and negative unintended effects . - i . * * HIS * * will form the basis for a well-functioning monitoring system and will comprise : ( i ) design of a program database ; ( ii ) development of registers and forms to gather data ( enrollment registers , provider data collection forms ) ; ( iii ) development of the claims processing system , which will feed data into the HIS ; ( iv ) collection and analysis of program indicators ; ( v ) design of wider monitoring and verification activities ( such as spot checks of providers , user satisfaction surveys through sampling of beneficiaries at the household level ) which will provide data with which to counter-check the HIS data ; and ( vi ) capacity building of MoPH in monitoring of the EHCP program . - ii . * * Sources of Data : * * ( i ) the routine data collected through the claims processing system ; ( ii ) data routinely collected at health facility level ; ( iii ) additional data collected by MoPH such as from enrollment registers , spot checks and ad-hoc surveys ; ( iv ) information collected during the verification processes ; and ( v ) data from the MoPH rapid facility assessment . 54", "spans": [{"start": 764, "end": 772, "text": "HIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 891, "end": 950, "text": "routine data collected through the claims processing system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 960, "end": 1009, "text": "data routinely collected at health facility level", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1020, "end": 1053, "text": "additional data collected by MoPH", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1067, "end": 1087, "text": "enrollment registers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1198, "end": 1242, "text": "data from the MoPH rapid facility assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Employment Partnership , a multi-institutional collaboration > 1 In this paper , paid work entails time spent on an income earning activity ( even if explicit wages or salary are not given to the person ) ; this also includes work in non-subsistence farming , nonfarm household enterprises , and as an employee . > 2 Specifically , SDG Target 2 . 3 looks at doubling agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale farmers , with a particular focus on women and poorer / marginalized groups . The 50 x 2030 initiative is a global partnership to conduct regular surveys of small-scale farmers across 50 countries , and make these data available to countries for policy making . 2", "spans": [{"start": 562, "end": 600, "text": "regular surveys of small-scale farmers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "approach for producing interim model-based estimates because the alternative of using old census data carries risks especially if the distribution of census variables has changed over the intercensal period . The presence of a recent census in Burkina Faso provided a valuable opportunity to evaluate the results of different models against ‘ gold standard ’ census-based estimates . In sampled areas , the estimates produced by the unit context model track the census-based estimates well and have lower MSEs than direct estimates . Across all areas , the correlation between the geospatial-based estimates and the census-based estimates is high , but this correlation was much higher in sampled areas than non-sampled areas . Models specified at the household level generated estimates that were moderately more accurate than those specified at the grid cell level , because the greater variation in per capita consumption allowed for the automated selection of a richer model . Both sets of estimates had lower MSEs than estimates under a model specified at the area level , which we think is due to the use of more granular auxiliary data . Overall , the estimates for the countries without census data show large improvements in MSE reduction compared to direct estimates . In particular , the median cve in sampled areas is reduced between approximately 59 % and 68 % . The five countries that are the focus of this paper are neighbors and share many economic and social characteristics . Furthermore , all of them implemented highly harmonized surveys concurrently , and the set of geospatial variables available for model selection is identical . However , one cannot be certain that the results for Burkina Faso generalize to the other four West African countries as there are important differences to take into account . Burkina Faso is facing a significant internally displaced people crisis , affecting about 10 % of the population , but hosts far fewer refugees than Niger or Chad . Burkina Faso and Guinea lack the large areas of mainly uninhabited desert that characterize Mali , Niger , and Chad . Nonetheless , the relatively low correlation between the geospatial estimates and the census estimates in non-sampled areas observed in Burkina Faso raises the prospect that the estimates for these areas could significantly change when upcoming", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 101, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Aide Memoire_ _and VUlr . leralJle Children Mid-term Review_ assurance . The results of the baseline study are expected in June 2012 . Two follow-up evaluations will be undertaken 12 months and 24 months following the baseline survey . VIII . FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND PROCUREMENT 41 . Internal Audit . The first Internal Audit report for the Programme was received on October 14 , 2011 , covering the period July 1 , 2009 , to March 31 , 2011 . The report noted a number of control weaknesses that need to be addressed by the Programme < sup > 3 < / sup > • The internal audit highlighted weaknesses relating to , among others ( i ) lack of consistency with payment to the LOCs ( ii ) weaknesses in the MIS and payroll preparation , ( iii ) delays in disbursement of GoK funds , ( iv ) lack of a complaints and grievance process , ( iv ) lack of effective programme communication leading to uncollected funds , ( v ) the overall programme governance structure , and ( vi ) quality control on consultancy outputs . 42 . The action plan for addressing the detailed issues raised in the Internal Audit report was reviewed and discussed during the Mission . The Government noted that progress has been made in a number of areas . The Mission emphasised the importance of comprehensively implementing the action plan within the timelines indicated . Furthermore , the Mission suggested the importance of continually reviewing agreed plans given that a number of issues that have been raised in various reviews had not been fully addressed to date . To this effect , it was agreed that the Consolidated Fiduciary Risk Register will be updated by the DCS by April 30 , 2012 . The Mission agreed that this register will be reviewed during subsequent JRIS , Audit and FM reviews . 43 . Fixed Asset Management . The Government confirmed that deVelopment of a fixed asset management register for all Programme assets , both those procured by development partners and by the Government , was at an advanced stage .", "spans": [{"start": 1585, "end": 1621, "text": "Consolidated Fiduciary Risk Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- _b ) Supervise sub-contractors ’ implementation of labor management procedures and OHS requirements . _ - _c ) Provide routine occupational health and safety training to all workers involved in works and maintains records of such trainings . _ - _d ) Maintain records of recruitment and employment of contracted workers as provided in their contracts . _ - _e ) Ensure that workers understand and sign the code of conduct , prior to commencement of works . _ - _f ) Provide workers with the necessary PPE wear and enforce PPE usage . _ - _g ) Ensure availability of first-aid kits , readily accessible by workers in case of injury . _ - _h ) Ensure availability of food and adequate potable drinking water for all project teams_ - _i ) Documentation and reporting of occupational accidents / incidents , maintain accident / incident logs . Major accidents / incidents such as fatalities etc . , shall be reported to NITA-U and World Bank immediately and investigative action undertaken to determine root causes . Minor incidents shall be recorded in the monthly monitoring reports including corrective actions undertaken to prevent recurrence . As part of OHS requirements , develop and implement emergency preparedness and response measures to effectively respond to emergency situations . _ * * _Contractor EHSS personnel : _ * * _Responsible for project compliance in line with workers ’ rights and obligations and advising management on proper systems of work . These carry out daily and routine monitoring of activities to ensure compliance with specified safety measures and records of any incidents . _ * * _District focal persons : _ * * _these include the Chief Administrative Officers , Local Leadership and Labor Officers and Community Development Officers . They ensure that all grievances provided to them are directed to the client and appropriately closed out or forwarded to the next tier as and when situations demand . _ * * _Local Council Chairpersons : _ * * _They also responsible for providing names of potential casual laborers from their communities . _ 30", "spans": [{"start": 815, "end": 839, "text": "accident / incident logs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "exports per firm is highly skewed - as is the case in most countries as shown by Freund and Pierola ( 2012 ) - since the median exporter in Turkey exports just 50 , 000 USD in 2002 , 100 , 000 USD in 2007 , and 125 , 000 USD in 2011 . The figures for the share of the top 1 % or the top 5 % of exporters are indicative of a high degree of concentration across exporters - in any given year between 2002 and 2011 , just the top 1 % of exporters ( i . e . , the largest 1 % of exporters according to their export values ) account for close to 60 % of total exports while just the top 5 % account for close to 80 % of total exports . However this degree of concentration of the export sector is not particularly high from a cross-country perspective : data from the Exporter Dynamics Database described in Cebeci , Fernandes , Freund , and Pierola ( 2012 ) for year 2007 shows that concentration is much higher in Mexico , New Zealand , South Africa , or Spain . < sup > 14 < / sup > Regarding diversification at the firm-level , the average number of HS 12-digit products exported per firm increased strongly and steadily from 9 . 2 in 2002 to 11 . 8 in 2011 while the average number of HS 6-digit products exported per firm increased strongly and steadily from 7 . 9 in 2002 to 10 . 4 in 2011 . The average number of export destinations served per firm also increased continuously from 3 . 4 in 2002 to 4 . 4 in 2011 . < sup > 15 < / sup > Figure 1 shows Turkey ’ s aggregate exports in nominal terms and in real terms based on the exporter dataset . Turkey experienced very strong export growth , with aggregate exports in nominal terms quadrupling over the 2002-2008 period . Aggregate exports declined importantly with the global financial crisis in 2009 , but then recovered strongly in 2010-2011 . The average annual growth rate of aggregate nominal exports during the 2002-2011 period was 16 % . Focusing on growth in aggregate real exports -", "spans": [{"start": 763, "end": 789, "text": "Exporter Dynamics Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1531, "end": 1547, "text": "exporter dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Au cours du premier trimestre 2024 , un total de 1279 incidents ont été recensés . Les violations les plus fréquentes comprennent les atteintes à l ' intégrité physique / psychique avec 376 incidents , suivies des mouvements de populations représentant 374 incidents documentés . Ces incidents sont en hausse par rapport au même trimestre de l ' année 2023 . Entre 2021 et 2023 , la région de Ségou , plus spécifiquement , a constaté une hausse significative du nombre d ' incidents impliquant des engins explosifs , dont près de la moitié des victimes étaient des civils . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Incidents de protection 2024 < br > 374 376 < br > 235 < br > 136 149 < br > 9 < br > Atteintes à l ' acces Atteinte à la liberte Atteinte au droit et à Atteinte àl ' integrite Mouvement de Atteinte au droit à la < br > aux services de base et à la securite des la vie pyshique / psychique population propriete < br > personnes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Il est important de souligner que dans la région de Ségou , les incidents continuent d ' augmenter , notamment dans les cercles de Macina , Dioro et de Niono , où l ' on observe des cas d ’ enlèvements et d ’ incidents liés à la pose d ’ engins explosifs le long des axes routiers : _iIncidents du 1er février : enlèvement de 04 agriculteurs dans le village de Touba", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 638, "text": "Incidents de protection 2024", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": ". ” _Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics_ 44 , no . 4 ( 2012 ) : 517-531 . * * Funkhouser , Edward . * * “ Mobility and labor market segmentation : The urban labor market in El Salvador . ” _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ 46 , no . 1 ( 1997 ) : 123-153 . * * Gaddis , Isis , and Janneke Pieters . * * “ The gendered labor market impacts of trade liberalization evidence from Brazil . ” _Journal of Human Resources_ 52 , no . 2 ( 2017 ) : 457-490 . * * Gindling , Thomas H . * * “ Women ' s wages and economic crisis in Costa Rica . ” _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ 41 , no . 2 ( 1993 ) : 277-297 . * * Gollin , Douglas . * * \" Getting income shares right . \" _Journal of Political Economy_ 110 , no . 2 ( 2002 ) : 458-474 . * * Guerriero , Marta . * * “ The labor share of income around the world : Evidence from a panel dataset . ” _ADBI Working Paper 920_ , Asian Development Bank Institute , Tokyo ( 2019 ) . * * Hsieh , Chang-Tai , Erik Hurst , Charles I . Jones , and Peter J . Klenow . * * “ The allocation of talent and US economic growth . ” _Econometrica_ 87 , no . 5 ( 2019 ) : 1439-1474 . * * International Labor Organization . * * “ International standard classification of occupations : Structure , group definitions and correspondence tables . ” _International Labor Office , Geneva_ ( 2012 ) . * * Juhn , Chinhui , Gergely Ujhelyi , and Carolina Villegas-Sanchez . * * “ Men , women , and machines : How trade impacts gender inequality . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 106 ( 2014 ) : 179-193 . * * Kalsi , Priti . * * “ The impact of US deportation of criminals on gang development and education in El Salvador . ” _Journal of Development Economics_ 135 ( 2018 ) : 433-448 . * * Kasy , Maximilian , and Alvaro Ramos-Chaves . * * “ The Impact of Changing Family Structures on", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "water and piped water supply . The provision and supply of piped water in Masaka municipality is under a specialized parastatal body , the National Water and Sewerage Corporation ( NWSC ) . NWSC is responsible for provision of piped water and sewerage services in the major urban centers in Uganda . # # # # * * _Energy_ * * The 2002 Census indicated that a big proportion of the population ( 51 . 6 % ) in the municipality uses electricity while ( 46 . 9 % ) used paraffin in conventional lanterns and locally fabricated small lanterns locally called “ Tadooba ” . 0 . 2 % used petroleum gas , while 1 . 1 per cent used candle wax and 0 . 2 % used firewood for lighting . On the contrary , charcoal and firewood are the most popular sources of energy for domestic and institutional cooking . The 2002 Census results indicated that charcoal and firewood account for 54 . 4 per cent and 30 . 2 per cent respectively of energy for cooking in most households . Electricity , gas , paraffin accounted for just 11 . 9 per cent of the households . # # # # * * e ) Health * * Health facilities in Masaka Municipality are categorized between public health units and private ones . Public health units are those owned by the central and municipal local government . They include one regional referral hospital , one health sub-district and seven health centers of a second level of health units ( Health centre 2 ) as categorized in the Uganda health delivery system . Like most cities in the tropical zone , malaria is the leading disease in Masaka , accounting for over 70 per cent of all outpatient attendances in municipal health units . Other common illnesses include diarrhea ( especially in prisons ) upper respiratory tract infections , sexually transmitted diseases , HIV and tuberculosis . The rate of infection with the HIV virus remarkably reduced from around 30 % in 1992 to about 12 . 4 % in 2003 . This has been due to the efforts of the various partners in the HIV", "spans": [{"start": 329, "end": 340, "text": "2002 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy * * The World Bank * * Uganda Energy for Rural Transformation III ( P133312 ) Implementation Status & Results Report # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency < br > | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | Dis | bursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P133312 | IDA-56530 | Effective | USD | 135 . 00 | 135 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 3 . 92 | 130 . 50 | | 3 % | | P146876 | TF-A0294 | Effective | USD | 8 . 20 | 8 . 20 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 15 | 7 . 05 | | 14 % | | * * Key Date * * | * * s ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness | Date < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing D | ate | | P133312 | IDA-56530 | Effective | 05-Jun-2015 | 16-De | c-2015 | 31-Mar-2016 | 31-De | c-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | | P146876 | TF-A0294 | Effective | 05-Jun-2015 | 16-De | c-2015 | 31-Mar-2016 | 31-De | c-2020 | 31-Dec-2020 | | # # * * Cumulative Disbur", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # * * ( b ) Socio-economic Monitoring * * This will focus on the following changes to income levels , livelihood changes and standards of living of the Batwa . For areas in the vicinity of MGNP , there is already baseline socio-economic information included in this VMGP and the area management plans . As part of the VMGP implementation , the project implementers will use this detailed baseline information , to monitor the planned activities and changes over time . Follow-up assessments will update the data for the purpose of monitoring and evaluation of the implementation and impacts of MGNP management plan , community wildlife management and revenue sharing agreements and other project specific Action Plans . The specific monitoring indicators have been outlined in the Action Plan and log frame in Table 5 . # # # * * 3 . 9 Administrative Reporting * * Under this , the standard record of activities undertaken in each reporting period , along with financial information , will be provided . This will cover routine project activities reporting , equipment needs , and other administrative concerns ( e . g . , additional studies needed ) . For this VMGP , quarterly and annual project progress reports will include a section that details , for instance , the number and type of local meetings held , the number and types of grievances registered and their resolution , and the nature of measures implemented , as well as the findings on the socio-economic monitoring . This will be benefiting from routine collection of data from activity reports . # # # * * 4 . 0 Logical Framework for VMGP activities in MGNP * * The table below presents a sequence of activities , targets , assumptions etc . proposed in line with consultations with t 24 < sup > th < / sup > September 2022 , at MGNP in Kisoro district . * * _Table 5 . Logical Framework for MGNP VMGP_ * * | * * Output and Targets * * | * * Specific activities for Batwa * * < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1537, "end": 1563, "text": "data from activity reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> | - 0 . 06 < br > | | ama < br > Zimbabwe | - 0 . 91 < br > 1 . 87 | - 0 . 57 < br > 15 . 55 | - 0 . 03 < br > 0 . 06 | - 0 . 02 < br > 0 . 47 | I / Based on price changes in Scenario II by Goldin , et * * al . * * ( 1995 ) . 2 / Based on * * pnice * * changes in scenario IV by Goldin , et al . _ ( 1995 ) . _ Source of basic data : FAO Comxmdity Balance Database . 27", "spans": [{"start": 336, "end": 366, "text": "FAO Comxmdity Balance Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The birds identified in * * CITES * * Appendix * * 11 * * are mainly raptors and we found only four out of 43 species in the Subproject area in small number . These species are not in danger as they are not in hunting programme for trade in Ethiopia . Migratory soaring birds are a group of birds that rely on soaring flight to cover long distances during their annual migrations . These birds include species such as eagles , vultures , storks , and some species of hawks and falcons . They are * * highly * * dependent on thermals and updrafts to travel long distances with minimal energy expenditure . Ethiopia is an important country for migratory soaring birds , as it lies along the Rift Valley and hosts a significant portion of the global populations of several species . The country is also a key stopover and wintering site for many migratory soaring birds that breed in Europe and Asia and migrate to Africa during the winter months ( https : / / datazone . birdlife . crq ) . The sensitivity assessment of Ethiopia in relation to migratory soaring birds involves evaluating the potential impacts of human activities and environmental changes on these birds and their habitats . This assessment helps identify areas and activities that may pose a risk to migratory soaring birds and provides recommendations for their conservation and sustainable management . The Rift Valley Bird Flyway is important route for migratory soaring Palearctic birds . However , the analysis of Migratory Soaring Birds Sensitivity search for the area indicates that , when the Subproject area location map is super-imposed on the Migratory Soaring Birds Sensitivity Map ( Figure * * 5 . 1 ) , * * part of the flyway site overlap with the location map of the Subproject area . However , there are reports that the Subproject area is not used * * by * * many migratory soaring bird species , rather encompassed in the buffer area of nighbouring bird flyway route . During the survey , out of the different migratory soaring birds species mainly raptors", "spans": [{"start": 1567, "end": 1595, "text": "Subproject area location map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1620, "end": 1659, "text": "Migratory Soaring Birds Sensitivity Map", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( iv ) Finally , the NFSP organized a total of 162 local training programs in a variety of subjects from 1996 / 97 to 2001 in which 6 , 368 persons from the regions participated . ( v ) As part of the NFSP , NFIA has established a system for the collection of data related to fertilizer demand , imports , prices , credit and cash sales , etc . It has been decided to further upgrade the system to get more detailed grassroots information from woredas and local levels and to establish a Local Area Network ( LAN ) to operate a new computerized MIS system # # # Fertilizer Demand and SuDPlY Management At the time of designing NFSP ( 1995 / 96 ) , fertilizer use was concentrated in a few regions , and within these regions a few zones and woredas . Of the 22 zones in the Oromia and Amhara regions , eight of them had a share of about 85 % of the fertilizer use . . Further , the intensity of fertilizer use was very low , about 7 . 0 kg . of nutrients / ha against 48 kg / ha in Kenya and 60 kg / ha in Zimbabwe . Therefore , the Project successfully implemented several activities to promote fertilizer use and to improve fertilizer availability . For instance : _ ( i ) The amount and timing of fertilizers supply remarkably improved during the Project period . _ According to a consultant study ( KUAWAB and DSA , 1994 ) fertilizer shortages was one of the most important problems both in high and low consuming areas . The recent Fertilizer Marketing and Credit Study ( DSA , 2001 ) , reported that the extent of shortage was minimal . ( ii ) The project enforced _rigorous monitoring of the process of fertilizer import to ensure adequate and timely supply to users , _ set up institutional arrangement to provide all importers equal access to foreign exchange , and ensure efficient and cost effective inland transportation of fertilizers with the help of a ' Fertilizer Logistics Committee ' . ( iii ) Strengthened extension", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1473, "text": "Fertilizer Marketing and Credit Study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "fire watch , and maintaining the fire watch < br > for up to one hour after welding or hot cutting has terminated . < br > Special procedures are required for hotwork on tanks or vessels that < br > have contained flammable materials . < br > * * Ergonomics , Repetitive Motion , Manual Handling * * < br > - < br > Facility and workstation design with 5th to 95th percentile < br > operational and maintenance workers in mind < br > - < br > Use of mechanical assists to eliminate or reduce exertions < br > required to lift materials , hold tools and work objects , and requiring < br > multi-person lifts if weights exceed thresholds < br > - < br > Selecting and designing tools that reduce force < br > requirements and holding times , and improve postures | Availability < br > of < br > risk < br > assessment report , < br > Availability < br > of < br > OHS < br > training attendance . < br > Availability of signed < br > code of conduct on work < br > site safety practices . < br > Availability < br > of < br > road < br > signage , speed signs , and < br > other warning signs at < br > construction site < br > Availability of adequate < br > PPE . < br > Availability < br > of < br > PPE < br > distribution < br > records . < br > Availability < br > of < br > work < br > permit records . < br > Availability of guardrails < br > for works above 2m . | | | | 186", "spans": [{"start": 1292, "end": 1306, "text": "permit records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the exception of Vanuatu , which publishes a purposeful disaggregation of the census results by island on PopGIS , the data cannot be manipulated to present results at the island-level . # # Geospatial data The geospatial data we used were from several different sources . The PopGIS platform provides ‘ shape files ’ ( the geo-coded outlines for specific regions ) for each country , corresponding to the geographical disaggregation of the data . The locations of cities and towns of interest were pinpointed using OpenStreetMap and Google Maps ; some coordinates were automatically generated using the name of the town , others were manually identified . Distances were calculated using QGIS software . 28", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 206, "text": "Geospatial data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "municipalities to provide a far more disaggregated look at convergence over a longer period , while also addressing distributional concerns . The data set includes variables on income , poverty , and inequality , spans 22 years ( five waves of data over 1992 – 2014 ) , and covers 2 , 361 municipalities . To the best of our knowledge , this is the first study that implements Ravallion ’ s ( 2012 ) method using municipal-level data . The rest of the paper is organized as follows . Section 2 reviews the relevant empirical and theoretical literature on convergence , highlighting the scarcity of work exploring within-country poverty convergence at a high level of geographical disaggregation . Section 3 presents the methodology used to construct the dataset , which is a novel exercise applying small area estimation techniques to household surveys and population censuses to compute comparable measures of mean household per capita income , poverty headcount ratios , and the extent of inequality at the municipality level . Sections 4 and 5 , respectively , test for convergence in mean per capita incomes and poverty headcount ratios across municipalities . The analysis emphasizes comparisons among subgroups of municipalities that exhibit sizable disparities ( for example , urban versus rural , and municipalities located in states along the U . S . border versus the rest ) as well as across subperiods to contextualize the various changes Mexico has experienced over the years ( that is , economic crises , ups and downs in overall poverty rates , and the expansion of public expenditure ) . Both analyses explore the role of redistributive programs , such as targeted cash transfers to the poor and fiscal redistribution to subnational governments , in driving these changes . Section 6 digs deeper to explore the role of the initial distribution of poverty and inequality in determining the speed of convergence and decomposes the estimated magnitude of poverty convergence . Section 7 brings together the main messages of each section to conclude . Taken together , the findings suggest that income and poverty convergence have taken place at the municipality level in Mexico during 1992 – 2014 and that redistribution has played an important role . # * * 2 Literature review and past evidence in", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 433, "text": "municipal-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 835, "end": 852, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 857, "end": 876, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : COVID-19 Education Response Project ( P174206 ) * * ME PDO Table SPACE * * | | * * Monitoring & Evaluatio * * | * * n Plan : Interm * * | * * ediate Results * * | * * Indicators * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | * * Methodolo for Data * * | * * Resonsibilit for Data * * | | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Definition / Description * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Datasource * * | * * gy * * < br > * * Collection * * | * * py * * < br > * * Collection * * | | | Number of people aged 6 - < br > 18 who are able to access < br > programs and sensitization < br > campaigns that aim at | | | | | | 1 . 1 % of children provided access to < br > | minimizing the negative < br > impacts of school closure | | | MoE will collect data < br > from REBs , with | | | programs and sensitization campaigns < br > that aim at minimizing the negative < br > impacts of school closure like < br > psychological impacts and gender-based < br > violence | like psychological impacts , < br > gender-based violence , and < br > issues related to unequal < br > social norms / total number < br > of people aged 6-18 * 100 , < br > disaggregated by gender , < br > level of education , age , < br > disabilities , and region < br > ( Cumulative ) | Every six < br > months | MoE | validation via < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by MUI and Co-Chaired by MoWSA . Delivery of each of the project components and project implementations are coordinated MUI and PCU . The Ministry of Women and Social Affairs ( MoWSA ) and relevant bureaus , departments and agencies at regional and city levels will manage unconditional cash transfer and other social assistance services case management component of the project . < / mark > At regional and city level , regional bureaus of Urban Development and Infrastructure , Women and Social Affair , Labour and Skill and Finance & Economic Development will coordinate the management and implementation of components 1 , 2 and 3 of the UPSNJP including citizen engagement activities by allocating the necessary personnel , equipment and financial resources . The city level Women and Social Affairs offices oversee activities related to component 3 - social support and linkage and case management services for addressing the social , economic and educational reintegration of homeless people including street children through the recruitment of NGOs . At Woreda / Kebele level , the Woreda / Keble administrations and the urban development focal person will be responsible for the implementation of * * components 1 and 2 * * as per the project implementation guidelines . There will be a focal person ( coordinator ) responsible for coordinating implementation of the project . The focal person in collaboration with sector offices and community-based organizations , collect data and information from households , coordinates and facilitates the project targeting , stakeholder engagement and participation as well as monitor 8", "spans": [{"start": 1483, "end": 1519, "text": "data and information from households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "though earlier attention to the DLI 4 verification design would have materially improved disbursement performance . # # * * M & E Implementation * * 60 . * * M & E data were collected and analyzed in a robust manner , while an effective verification protocol ( strengthened via restructuring ) ensured that DLIs successfully channeled the necessary funds to sustain implementation momentum . * * Data collection was underpinned by 31 PDO-level indicators and 34 IRIs and supported by durable digital platforms that have extended beyond the Program ’ s life including TELA ( education ) , WEMIS ( water and environment ) , the IrriTrack App ( micro-scale irrigation ) , and the Online Performance Assessment Management System ( OPAMS ) reporting . < sup > 12 < / sup > the annual LG performance assessments grew progressively more sophisticated , with the 2025 round covering all 176 LG Votes and placing greater weight on service delivery results over process measures . Several data quality limitations should nonetheless be noted . A gap between LG self-reported scores and IVA-verified scores , with approximately 13 percent of LG Votes falling outside the 10 percent deviation band , indicates that self-assessment capacity and incentives remained imperfect throughout implementation . The RBF facility assessment sample , while sufficient for DLI verification , was not fully representative of performance variation across all 176 LG Votes , introducing uncertainty into aggregate health facility data for some districts . WEMIS was deployed only at Program closing , so water sector monitoring relied on administrative reporting for most of implementation , with less robust verification . These limitations did not prevent the Program from tracking progress against PDO indicators , but they introduced uncertainty around some opening-period values , particularly for LGMSD scores and the water coverage indicator . # # * * M & E Utilization * * 61 . * * M & E data was actively used for Program management throughout implementation . * * IVA verification findings directly triggered or withheld disbursements in every Program year , and LGMSD performance", "spans": [{"start": 1476, "end": 1506, "text": "aggregate health facility data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assume that as women ’ s education level increases they are likely to have more decision-making power . I compare women ’ s decision-making power θw with years of education share and find a high correlation between years of education share and θw . Figure 1 illustrates the relationship of these two measures in the household consumption sample . The relationship using the child sample shows a similar pattern , and the results are available upon 9", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "care remains unclear , even after additional efforts were undertaken to increase health funding and provide for a more efficient distribution of drugs and other medical supplies . In order to address public health priorities in a cost-effective and equitable manner , a substantial share of resources should be allocated to the lowest level of the healthcare system , i . e . first-tier institutions . However , in practice just over a third of health expenditures are allocated to primary healthcare ( see Table 4 ) . Expenditure data show that total public health spending is estimated at 2 percent of GDP , well below the expenditure share of many other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa . < sup > 9 < / sup > Between 2006 and 2009 , > 9 Shares of public health care spending over GDP in the region are 9 . 3 % in Sierra Leone , 3 . 9 % in Namibia , 3 . 8 % in Chad , 3 . 6 % in Malawi , 3 . 5 % in Niger , 3 . 4 % in South Africa , 3 . 2 % in Senegal . Nigeria and Ethiopia , at 2 . 1 % , have similar shares than Zambia . Kenya , at 1 . 4 % , has a lower rate . See World Bank , Data Indicators , 2012b . 11", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 535, "text": "Expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > portfolio data | Implementing Agency | | | Apex institution reports PFIs < br > using the institutional < br > development plans ( IDPs ) to | | | | | | | improve internal | | | Project reports | | | PFIs develop institutional maturity ( IM ) | governance systems , credit < br > allocation systems , risk < br > management , responsible < br > market conduct ( use of APR , < br > disclosure standards , < br > grievance redress , etc . ) | Annual | NT | produced by PIU and < br > partners | Implementing Agency | | Number of PFIs that implemented | This indicator measures the | Annual | National | Analysis of PFIs ' | Implementing Agency | | institutional developmentplans | total number of eligible PFIs | | Treasuryand | portfolio data | | 57", "spans": [{"start": 5, "end": 19, "text": "portfolio data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * B Integrity of the Assignment Variable * * The identification strategy relies on the assumption that there was no manipulation of the assignment variable ( land pledged as collateral at the time of loan origination ) , which would make selection to either side of the discontinuity non-random . This appendix presents several tests verifying the integrity of the assignement variable . As a first test , Figure B . 1 , Panel ( a ) plots the density of the forcing variable according to bank records for all surveyed households within a band of _ ± _ 1 hectares of the program eligibility threshold in bins of 0 . 1 hectares . The plots indicate that both for the entire sample frame and the sample of surveyed households , there is notable bunching at the cutoff but also , to a lesser extent , around 1 . 5 and 2 . 5 hectares . When the distribution is plotted separately for commercial and cooperative banks in Figure B . 1 , Panel ( b ) , we see that this pattern is almost entirely due to the subsample of cooperative bank accounts . McCrary ’ s ( 2008 ) test for discontinuity in the forcing variable correspondingly fails to reject the presence of a discontinuity with p _ < _ 0 . 01 . It is worth noting that the McCrary test also fails to reject discontinuities at 4 and 6 acres , suggesting that bunching at whole numbers is likely to be an important part of the explanation . In order to gauge the extent of potential manipulation , and to provide for the possibility of a robustness check using a manipulation-free sub-sample , we audited the official land records of surveyed households , taking advantage of the state of Gujarat ’ s electronic repository of land records . In the state of Gujarat , all official landholdings are recorded in the centralized electronic _e-Dhara_ system . Manipulation of _e-Dhara_ records is considered highly unlikely for several reasons : electronic land records are centrally administered by an authority separate from the institutions keeping land records at the village level . There are several additional checks against manipulation and any changes in landholding status have to be cleared and verified", "spans": [{"start": 492, "end": 504, "text": "bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1560, "end": 1604, "text": "official land records of surveyed households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1652, "end": 1689, "text": "electronic repository of land records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1892, "end": 1915, "text": "electronic land records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | | | | | | | | Plan | 7 . 12 . 09 < br > 14 . 12 . 09 < br > 17 . 12 . 09 < br > 28 . 1 . 10 | 11 . 2 . 10 < br > 18 . 2 . 10 | 25 . 2 . 10 < br > 4 . 3 . 10 | n / a < br > 3 . 5 . 10 < br > 15 . 5 . 10 | | * * 30 * * < br > * * MOE / GEQIP / N * * < br > * * CB / G-06 / 09 * * | * * Federal & Regional IT Infrastructure for EMIS * * | * * 1 * * | | * * $ 481 , 680 * * | * * MOE * * | * * NCB * * | * * Prior * * | * * 2002 Q3 * * | Actual | 8 . 1 . 10 < br > 9 . 4 . 10 < br > 4 . 5 . 10 < br > 21 / 6 / 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Plan | 1 . 7 . 09 < br > 5 . 7 . 09 < br > 8 . 7 . 09 < br > 15 . 7 . 09 | 22 . 7 . 09 < br > 25 . 7 . 09 | 28 . 7 . 09 < br > 31 . 7 . 09 | n / a < br > 30 . 8 . 09 < br > 14 . 9 . 09 | | * * MOE / GEQIP / S / * * < br > * * G-13 / 09 * * < br > * * 31 * * | * * Copy / Print Annual Education Statistics * * < br > * * Abstract * * | * * 1 * * | * * 10 , 000 * * | * * $ 6 , 316 * *", "spans": [{"start": 820, "end": 847, "text": "Annual Education Statistics", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 1998 : _Development Report , 1998 : Infrastructure , A Foundation for Development , _ Development Bank of Southern Africa , Midrand . Duflo , Ester 1999 , Child Health and Household Resources in South Africa : Evidence from the Old Age Pension Program , MIT , Cambridge , MA , mimeo 20", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of the interview dates , it was impossible for the survey team to reach all of the events with enough time to conduct the baseline survey . > 30 If these characteristics also determine the quality of the training , this non-random sampling of events may bias our estimates upward and overstate the true impact of the program . One mitigating factor is that in every cohort our sample includes a high fraction of the T & E providers contracted by EF . > 31 More details about the characteristics of the study population are found in a separate baseline report , available upon request from the authors . > 32 For reference , the 2001 census indicated that Janajatis made up 37 % and Dalits made up 13 % of the total Nepali population . 9", "spans": [{"start": 628, "end": 639, "text": "2001 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "INTERNATIONAL * * DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION * * CERTIFICATE * * I * * hereby _certify_ that the foregoing is a true copy of the original in the archives of the International Development Association . FOR SECRETARY", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "% 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Micro ( 1-10 employees ) Small ( 11-50 employees ) Micro ( 1-10 employees ) Small ( 11-50 employees ) Micro ( 1-10 employees ) Small ( 11-50 employees ) < br > Medium ( 51-100 employees ) Large ( > 100 employees ) Medium ( 51-100 employees ) Large ( > 100 employees ) Medium ( 51-100 employees ) Large ( > 100 employees ) < br > Figure 7 . Share of formal firms by Figure 8 . Share of real value Figure 9 . Share of labor of formal < br > overall sector added of formal firms by overall firms by overall sector < br > sector ( constant 2010 prices ) < br > 100 % 100 % 100 % < br > 90 % 90 % 90 % < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Agriculture , forestry , and fishing Mining and quarrying Agriculture , forestry , and fishing Mining and quarrying Agriculture , forestry , and fishing Mining and quarrying < br > Rest of industry Non-industrial services Rest of industry Non-industrial services Rest of industry Non-industrial services < br > Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database <", "spans": [{"start": 1541, "end": 1553, "text": "CIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "APPENDIX # * * Online Appendix to “ Sovereign Bonds since Waterloo ” * * Meyer , Reinhart , Trebesch ( QJE ) # # * * Overview : * * Appendix A : Financial and macroeconomic data Appendix B : Bond prices and investor returns ( starting on page A4 ) Appendix C : Debt restructurings and haircuts ( starting on page A42 ) # Appendix A : Financial and macroeconomic data This Appendix lists the data sources on financial and macroeconomic variables used in the paper . # # # < u > Three-month UK bills , monthly , since 1815 < / u > The 3-month UK bill return index in the 19 < sup > th < / sup > century builds on data by GFD and includes observations from commercial bills ( open market rates of discount ) . For the years 1815-1823 the data comes from Homer ( 1967 ) . For 1824-1857 , the series is retrieved from the NBER Macrohistory database that draws on the open market rates reported in the UK “ Parliamentary papers ” . For 1857-1899 the bills data comes from The Economist and the Investor ’ s Monthly Manual . For 1900-1913 , the series comes from the NBER Microhistory database and for 1914-1923 from Morgan ( 1952 ) . The data since 1924 is retrieved from the Central Statistical Office of the British government . # # # < u > Three-month US bills , monthly , since 1835 < / u > The 3-month US bills return series draws on various sources . From 1835-1918 , we use the approximated series by GFD , which is based on the minimum rate of the coupon on US Government bonds and commercial bills . For the years 1835-1862 , that data was retrieved from Homer ( 1967 ) , Martin ( 1886 ) , The Economist ( 1854-1861 ) and the periodical Hunt ’ s Merchants Magazine ( 1843-1853 ) . From 18621918 , data comes from The Financial Review . From 1919 onwards , data is retrieved from the Federal Reserve Bank using 90-day Treasury bills . From 1920 until 1942 , the data comes from the Federal Reserve Bank , National Monetary Statistics . From 1942 onwards , we retrieve", "spans": [{"start": 611, "end": 622, "text": "data by GFD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 817, "end": 843, "text": "NBER Macrohistory database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1060, "end": 1086, "text": "NBER Microhistory database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNHCR offi ces | 0 < br > 5 < br > 10 < br > 15 < br > 20 < br > 25 | * * All offi ces report that they provide specifi c services to people who are seriously ill ( HIV and TB ) and for those with other diseases requiring specialized care . * * As noted in Graph 17 above , almost all offi ces ( 23 ) provide specifi c services to people with physical disabilities ; unaccompanied children and victims of trauma , torture and SGBV ( 22 ) ; separated children and elderly people ( 21 ) ; people with mental illness and single parent families ( 19 ) ; pregnant and lactating women ( 18 ) ; and just over half of the offi ces ( 13 ) to families with children under age fi ve . A Global Survey – 2012 39", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 689, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ninth deciles . In terms of standard deviations , the disadvantage faced by Natives is greater in the US than in Argentina in all outcomes but precarious housing . And relative to the difference across counties , the magnitude of the disadvantage of Natives is greater in the US than in Argentina for all outcomes in which Natives face a disadvantage . While a comparison of the disadvantages faced by Natives across Latin American countries falls beyond the scope of this paper , we can compare the disadvantages we document in Argentina with the disadvantages regarding labor force participation , unemployment and use of computers documented for other countries by Freire et al . ( 2015 ) . Freire et al . ( 2015 ) document small unemployment gaps between Natives and non-Natives based on census data from urban areas in seven Latin American countries . In some of these countries , Natives have a lower unemployment rate , while in others they have a higher unemployment rate ( the differences are 2 percentage points or less ) . As shown in Table 3 , Natives experience 1 . 2 percentage points higher unemployment in Argentina ( without distinguishing between rural and urban areas ) . For urban areas this gap is 1 . 3 9", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 803, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 24 - | * * Category * * < br > * * ( including * * < br > * * Disbursement * * < br > * * Linked * * < br > * * Indicator as * * < br > * * applicable ) * * | * * Disbursement Linked * * < br > * * Result ( as applicable ) * * * | * * Amount of * * < br > * * the Financing * * < br > * * Allocated * * < br > * * ( expressed in * * < br > * * USD ) * * | * * Formula and * * < br > * * Amount of the * * < br > * * Financing * * < br > * * Allocated * * < br > * * ( expressed in USD ) * * | * * Percentage of * * < br > * * Expenditures * * < br > * * to be * * < br > * * Financed * * < br > * * ( inclusive of * * < br > * * Taxes ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | DLR 5 . 5 ( Year 5-6 ) : < br > NEMA in consultations < br > with MoGLSD and other < br > lead agencies will review at < br > least 85 % ESA reports and < br > make a decision within the < br > statutory time . | | 250 , 000 | | | ( 6 ) < br > DLI < br > 6 : < br > Percentage < br > of < br > medium < br > and < br > high-value < br > contracts < br > in < br > selected < br > programmes < br > that < br > are < br >", "spans": [{"start": 828, "end": 839, "text": "ESA reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". g . the Reer Hammar and the Reer Brawa ) “ clergy ” clans ( like the Shekhal and the Ashraf ) or low-caste occupational groups performing culturally “ impure ” jobs ( Gaboye / Mitgan , Tumal and Yiber < sup > 6 < / sup > ) and some clans of Bantu practising fishery and agriculture along the river banks . Most of these groups , without a warrior tradition and without a militia of its own have to rely on the “ protection ” of a pastoral clan , but can become their victims in case of conflict . # # * * Conflict and progress in North West Somalia * * In March 1978 Somalia conceded defeat at the hands of the Ethiopian army , supported by Cuba and the USSR , in the Ogaden War . This defeat ended the \" pansomali \" dream , that is the hope to unify all ethnic Somali areas in Ethiopia , Kenya and Djibouti , with Somalia proper , which itself used to be divided between British Somaliland and Italian Somalia ( Trusteeships under UN mandate in the 1950s ) that became independent and merged in 1960 . Another consequence of the Ogaden War was that Siyad Barre ' s regime , which had by and large enjoyed popular support up to then , started running into political troubles > other _Dir_ . This would seem to confirm Lewis ’ contention that while Somali genealogies - being rather univocal among different informers - are less “ fictitious ” than those in other African societies , they acquire more of a mythical character at the top of the genealogical tree where direct descent from an Arab sheikh confers politico-religious legitimacy and prestige . > 6 See further paragraph 4 . 3 below on these low-caste clans . 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such as when developing global poverty scenarios for 2030 ( see Jolliffe et al . , 2014 for details ) . The results indicate a stronger correlation between growth in surveys and national accounts for longer and more comparable growth spells . For consumption means in surveys , we observe that most coefficients are significantly less than one , suggesting a lower pass through of growth from national accounts to surveys , than for income means in surveys where the coefficients are larger and the difference from unity mostly statistically insignificant . The Middle East and North Africa region stands out as a region with particularly poor correlation between national accounts and survey growth rates . We find a much stronger relationship in Eastern Europe and Central Asia than Ravallion ’ s ( 2003 ) assessment , which mainly used data from the transition period of the early 1990s , when both national accounts and survey data were particularly poor and periods of high inflation gave large measurement errors . The sample of comparable growth spells available in the Global Database of Shared Prosperity , which is designed to assess growth in comparable household surveys over spells of 3 to 7 years , shows clearly how large the difference in annualized growth rates can be even for modest spells length with high quality and comparable survey data . For the most recent version of the database covering spells from approximately 2013 to 2018 , the gaps between annualized real growth rate in survey mean and HFCE mean range from - 8 . 9 to 6 . 7 percentage points , with mean gap of - 0 . 27 percentage points , but not statistically significantly different from zero at 95 % - confidence level . When using the no-constant regression approach to assess the gaps with the Shared Prosperity Database , the regression coefficient is 0 . 86 for GDP ( not statistically significantly different from 1 ) and 0 . 81 for HFCE ( statistically significantly different from 1 ) . # * * 4 . Implications for Global Measures of Poverty and Inequality * * With the existing literature on why the gaps exist and the empirical evidence on the size of the gaps in mind , we consider two approaches for", "spans": [{"start": 924, "end": 935, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1077, "end": 1113, "text": "Global Database of Shared Prosperity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1785, "end": 1811, "text": "Shared Prosperity Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Many SIDS are highly exposed to tropical cyclones , because of their geographical position , and are highly vulnerable because of the small size of their landmass and lack of economic diversification . The EM-DAT records 185 incidences of tropical cyclone disasters in the 16 Caribbean SIDS during the 28-year period between 1995 and 2022 . It also recorded 74 incidences in the 12 SIDS in Oceania during this period . < sup > 5 < / sup > The EM-DAT records total estimated damages , comprising all damages and economic losses related to the disaster , but these data pertain to less than half of the recorded tropical cyclone disasters . Table 1 shows the total damages caused by tropical cyclones and recorded in EM-DAT in the Caribbean and Oceanian SIDS from 1995 to 2022 , by country and region , estimated in 2022 US dollar prices . These data must be underestimates of the actual damage caused by tropical cyclones , given the absence of data on total damages for more than half of the tropical cyclone disasters recorded by EM-DAT . It is likely that some SIDS provide more comprehensive data on damages than others ; for example , data from Cuba appears to be more comprehensive than that from Haiti . < sup > 6 < / sup > The data in disaster databases is unavoidably imperfect , and are subject to problems such as over or under reporting of certain hazard types and other forms of bias ( Gall , 2015 ) . * * Table 1 Total Recorded Damages caused by Tropical Cyclones in SIDS in the Caribbean and Oceania ; 1995-2022 ( US dollar millions , 2022 prices ) * * | * * Caribbean * * | * * Damages USD M . * * | * * Oceania * * | * * Damages USD M . * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Cuba | 18 , 374 | Fiji | 1 , 080 | | The Bahamas | 8 , 478 | Vanuatu | 557 | | Dominican Republic | 4 , 586 | Tonga | 253 | | Haiti | 3 , 241 | Samoa | 170 |", "spans": [{"start": 715, "end": 721, "text": "EM-DAT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SURVEY REPORT # # Methodology # # # # Who we spoke to ? UNHCR interviewed over 3 , 000 displaced Yemenis , refugees , asylum seekers , and host community members across the country . 70 % 30 % Displaced Yemenis and host communities Refugees and Asylum Seekers < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 , 000 < br > People interviewed < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 42 % < br > of IDPs respondents < br > were women and < br > girls < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 58 % 73 % 27 % < br > of IDPs respondents of refugees and asylum of refugees and asylum < br > were men and boys seekers respondents seekers respondents < br > were women and girls were men and boys < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > UNHCR / September 2020 3", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Type | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator | Primary | Secondary | | Green | 45 | 24 | | Orange | 23 | 16 | | Red | 11 | 7 | | Purple | 7 | 4 | | Source : Goog | le Traffic | | Figure 2 provides a composite summary of traffic data for the metro region . Since the database is formatted at grid scale , it could also produce the same display for each grid cell . Figure 2 displays regional hourly median and 1st-quartile traffic speeds on primary roads . Several features of the display are particularly evident . First , driving on primary roads is much faster on Sunday , the least congested day , and somewhat faster on Saturday Second , on weekdays traffic speed declines steadily from its midnight peak to around 8 AM ; remains roughly in the same range until midafternoon ; declines rapidly through 6-7 PM ; and then increases rapidly until midnight . Third , the path of Q1 shows that the worst traffic conditions display more volatility than median conditions . On weekdays , Q1 speed falls twice daily from about 43 km / hr near midnight to 25-30 km / hr during the morning and evening peak traffic hours . 7", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 232, "text": "traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > KIBALE NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # * * 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT COMPONENTS * * # # * * 3 . 1 Geographical location of Kibale National Park * * Kibale National Park is 24 km east of the Rwenzori Mountains foothills and 20 km southeast of Fort Portal town in Western Uganda . The park occupies approximately 795 km < sup > 2 < / sup > and lies within four district administrative boundaries namely ; Kabarole , Kyenjojo , Kamwenge and Kasese . The centroid geographical coordinates of the park are Latitude : 0 . 4862 ; Longitude : 30 . 3960 ) . * * _Table 7 : Coordinates for the Selected Sites in KNP_ * * | * * S / n * * | * * Proposed site * * | * * GPS Location WGS * * < br > * * ( UTM 36N ) * * | * * 84 * * < br > * * Elevation ( m ) * * | * * Area ( m * * < sup > * * 2 * * < / sup > * * ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 | Isunga Senior | 54529m N , 202882m E | 1398 | 207 | | 2 | Isunga Juior | 544459m N , 203059m E | 1391 | 207 | | 3 | Nyabituusi Junior | 25493m N , 210750m E | 1253 | 207 | | 4 | Kanyanchu Junior | 48215m N , 210014m E | 1247 | 207 | | 5 | Kanyanchu entry gate | 48332m N , 209892m E | 1216 | 187 | | 6 | Sebitoli Tourism Centre |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [{"start": 269, "end": 292, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 503, "end": 526, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "International , 2009 ) . The assessment is a short oral assessment conducted with a child one-on-one . EGRA is designed to be flexible and adapted across countries and contexts , while maintaining core modules and similarities . EGRA is a timed test , enabling uniformity in how it is conducted . The tests often represent the most common features of the local language and align with the expectations of the grade level . EGRA includes a series of sub-tasks that align with five phases of reading skills development : pre-alphabetic , partial alphabetic , alphabetic , consolidated-alphabetic and automatic . The subtasks in EGRA include : - Orientation to print - Letter name identification - Letter-sound identification * - Initial-sound identification - Segmentation ( phoneme or syllables ) - Familiar word reading - Non-word reading * - Oral reading fluency * - Reading comprehension * - Cloze - Listening comprehension * - Vocabulary - Diction Of these there is a sub-set of ‘ core ’ subtasks encouraged to be delivered across all countries and contexts marked with an asterisk above ( Dubeck and Gove , 2015 ) . In our analysis , we analyze two specific EGRA sub-tasks : oral reading fluency ( ORF ) and reading comprehension . Both are core sub-tasks and therefore found across nearly all EGRA assessments . Moreover , both are conceptually linkable indicators supported by the theoretical and empirical literature . The use of EGRA data hinges on using measures of comparable learning metrics , even if not perfectly equivalent . This approach is consistent with the approach taken by Dubeck and Gove ( 2015 ) . Comparable measures must have a conceptual link to other reading assessments used in ISATs and RSATs . Moreover , indicators should be relatively invariant and robust to a myriad of changes that might occur across contexts such as language , timing , and details of implementation . For example , phonics is likely to differ across languages and is not conceptually linkable to other assessments . For this reason , we do not use the ‘ letter-sound identification ’ sub-task even though it is a core EGRA sub-task . ORF scores have been used to make cross-country comparisons in the literature and have shown relatively high validity and reliability (", "spans": [{"start": 1437, "end": 1446, "text": "EGRA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> for all changes < br > made to < br > personnel < br > records each < br > month and < br > checked < br > against the < br > previous < br > month ' s < br > payroll data . < br > Staff hiring and < br > promotion is < br > controlled by a < br > list of < br > approved staff < br > positions . | | value of < br > procurement , < br > and who has < br > been awarded < br > contracts ; ( iii ) < br > Approved staff < br > lists , personnel < br > database , and < br > payroll are < br > directly linked < br > to ensure < br > budget < br > control , data < br > consistency , < br > and monthly < br > reconciliation . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Enhanced External Audit and O * * | Comments on < br > achieving targets < br > * * versight * * | On track | | | | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Curr | ent ) | Closing | Period | | Indicator Name | Value < br > Month / Year | Value < br > Date | Value | Date | Value | Month / Year | Page 8 of 21 Jun 23 , 2025", "spans": [{"start": 161, "end": 173, "text": "payroll data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PV que asisten a las jornadas tengan en cuenta en sus desplazamientos al terreno . * * Aspectos más destacados * * * * < mark > 3 < / mark > * * # # # # * * 3 . 1 . La actuación de un contexto de conflicto armado interno * * Un apoyo fundamental del ACNUR en la realización de las jornadas es el acceso a las zonas en que se desarrollan las campañas de documentación , donde el ACNUR tiene presencia permanente a través de sus oficinas de terreno y aporta con el conocimiento de la zona y contacto con las comunidades beneficiarias . Esta presencia del ACNUR ayuda a facilitar los censos y aclarar dudas frente a las comunidades . Así mismo el ACNUR ayuda en las negociaciones con las autoridades locales para que se involucren en las campañas y contribuyan a su realización ; de igual manera participa activamente en los comités locales interinstitucionales para la coordinación de las jornadas . En algunas ocasiones se logra que otros actores se sumen a las jornadas , brindando otros servicios a las comunidades . 22", "spans": [{"start": 581, "end": 587, "text": "censos", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) | Procedure | Indicator values will be collected from MODEE ’ s administrative data on digital ID activations and cross - < br > checked by the IVA through spot surveys . < br > People-centric digital identity is verified as follows : ( 1 ) it uniquely identifies users through strong identity < br > assurance against existing identity evidence ; ( 2 ) it allows the secure digital verification of users ’ identity < br > attributes and credentials by relying parties ; ( 3 ) it is optimized for use for both remote / online and in-person < br > transactions , according to the use case ; ( 4 ) it is equally usable , irrespective of whether the user initiates a < br > transaction from within the DPI environment or outside of it ; ( 5 ) it is equally accessible to Jordanian citizens < br > and eligible non-citizens , including refugees ; ( 6 ) it allows the integration of digital identity verification into < br > service workflows , including existing services and legacy systems , through standards-based protocols and < br > interfaces that are well documented and accessible to relying parties ; ( 7 ) it is equally accessible to relying < br > parties across the public and private sectors ; ( 8 ) it is usable by diverse populations including women , elders , < br > persons with disabilities , and rural populations , as assured through implementation of human-centered < br > design approaches . < br > A relying party is any public - or private-sector entity that relies on a digital identification or other trust service < br > for verification , or on an authoritative data source for shared data . | | - - - | - - - | | * * DLI 3 : Availability of t * * | * * rusted , people-centric data sharing * * | | | [ Yes /", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 179, "text": "MODEE ’ s administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "EEPCo , Resettlement Policy Framework January , 2014 # # # * * 11 . MONITORING AND EVALUATION ARRANGEMENTS * * Monitoring and evaluation will be a continuous process . EEPCo will continuously take stock of all expropriation compensation reports and discuss it on regular basis . After completion of the resettlement / rehabilitation operations , it is expected that PAPs will have a better or improved way of life compared to their prior resettlement situation . Therefore , resettlement / rehabilitation operations need to be monitored with regard to performance and compliance with the above objective . The Actors in the monitoring and evaluation process include : - The EMT of EEPCo ( for planning , coordination and monitoring ) - Municipality and woreda administration ( for monitoring and evaluation ) - PAPs and NGO ’ s or private consultants as required ( for evaluation ) Regional / Federal EPA and other concerned agencies Since resettlement / rehabilitation is the byproduct of construction activities , the principal actor of the resettlement / rehabilitation operations will be EEPCo , in close co-ordination and co-operation with municipality and woreda authorities . However , in the case of largescale resettlement projects , EEPCo may conduct the monitoring through a consultant or an NGO who might have experience in the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) . The frequency of monitoring may vary , depending on the magnitude and complexity of the operations . Field visits by EEPCo will be conducted at least once a month . Municipalities and woreda administrations will conduct their own monitoring , but when possible , this will be done together with EEPCo . MoME will be the responsible body to review the results of the monitoring and evaluation . # # # * * 11 . 1 . Monitoring Principles * * For each project with adverse social impacts , a monitoring and an evaluation plan of the mitigation measures will be established . The scope of the plan will , however , take into account the size of the social impacts to be mitigated while respecting the", "spans": [{"start": 210, "end": 244, "text": "expropriation compensation reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Core * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Data Source / Methodology * * | * * Responsibility for * * < br > * * Data Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ( percentage ) . Based on the asse < br > is calculated as apercentage . | ssment a | nd definition o | f direct projec | t beneficiaries , s | pecify what proportio | n of the direct project beneficiaries are | female . This indicator | | * * Name : * * Reduction of average < br > travel time on five priority < br > road sections | | Percentage | 0 . 00 | 15 . 00 | Annual | Based on vehicles ’ speed < br > measures . | CDR | Description : This is one important measure of transport connectivity . It compares travel time on select road sections before and after the project . | * * Name : * * Number of labor days < br > | Number | 0 . 00 | 1500 . 00 | Annual | Contractors ’ reports | CDR | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | of short term jobs created | ( Thousand ) | | | | compiled by CDR & | | | for Lebanese and Syrians | | | | | supervision consultants and < br > verified by World Bank & < br > ILO missions and surveys . | | Description : This", "spans": [{"start": 1304, "end": 1328, "text": "ILO missions and surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> - GDP | | Imports of goods and services | 8 . 5 | 8 . 6 | 36 . 1 | 39 . 6 | < br > < br > | | lllh | 1984-94 1 | 994-04 | 2003 | 2004 | | | ( average annuagrocj < br > Agriculture | 2 . 7 | 1 . 6 | - Q . 6 | 18 . 9 | | | < br > Industr | - 35 | 45 | 43 | 71 | | | y < br > Manufacturing | . < br > - 4 . 2 | . < br > 4 . 0 | . < br > 2 . 9 | . < br > 6 . 7 | | | Services < br > | 16 | 7 . 0 | 2 . 4 | 6 . 5 | ” ” * ” | | Household final consumption expenditure | 2 . 3 | 2 . 7 | - 4 . 1 | 8 . 2 | | | General gov ’ t final consumption expenditure < br > | - 3 . 1 < br > 13 | P . 2 < br > 71 | - 6 . 2 < br > 24 | - 2 . 0 < br > 221 | | | Gross capital formation < br > Imports ofgoodsand services | - < br > - 0 . 1 | . < br > 9 . 6 | . < br > 0_ . O_ | . < br > 34 . 8 | | Note : 2004 data are preliminaryestimates . ‘ Thediamonds showfourkeyindicators inthecOUntry ( in boIdJcomparedwith its income-groupaverage . If dataare missing , thediamondwill be incomplete . 74", "spans": [{"start": 785, "end": 794, "text": "2004 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "during project preparations indicates that two thirds of firms in Kenya experienced decreases in demand , cashflow and available finance with large variability in cash availability and access to credit amongst MSMEs and FIs . The lack of mechanisms to distribute and pool liquidity in the interbank money market has led to liquidity management problems for both commercial banks and Saccos . This challenge is further revealed in high and uneven spreads across different tiers of FIs across the board and high borrowing costs for MSMEs and informal sector borrowers . 2 . * * Demand-side assessment of the liquidity problem : * * According to World Bank Business Pulse Survey ( 2020 ) , the COVID-19 pandemic has affected firms through a range of transmission channels . Around two-thirds of MSMEs experienced decreases in demand , cash flow and available finance , while 62 percent of firms lament a decrease in hours worked and 54 percent of firms noted a decrease in the availability of inputs . The different transmission channels are affecting different types of firms in similar proportions , however medium-sized firms are the least often affected by any of the shock transmission channels . The survey also found that , on average a firm in Kenya can remain open for 18 weeks while the median firm can remain open for 20 weeks , indicating little variation between firms . Larger firms reported that they could remain open longer , given their larger reserves and better access to credit , which has made them more resistant than smaller firms . While Kenyan MSMEs can continue to cover costs for 47 days on average , the median MSME can cover costs only for 30 days . The large difference suggests a large variability in cash availability . This outturn places at risk livelihoods and wealth of households of ordinary Kenyans in hard-to-reach MSME market segments . According to the World Bank Enterprise Survey , access to finance was a challenge prior to the COVID-19 pandemic with the proportion of small firms that identified access to finance as a major constraint jumping from 15 . 1 percent in", "spans": [{"start": 643, "end": 675, "text": "World Bank Business Pulse Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1892, "end": 1920, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 3 . 1 Pay as you go-time series Perhaps the most famous study in all the literature is Feldstein ( 1974 ) . His contribution was to extend the consumption function popularized by Ando and Modigliani ( 1963 ) to include pension wealth as one of the key determinants ( the other determinants were permanent income and wealth ) . The estimates shown in the paper are based on aggregate annual U . S . data and a sample of almost 40 observations . Feldstein ( 1996 ) ran the same regressions of the original paper adding 20 observations . After coping with some autocorrelation issues , he obtained the following results ( standard errors in parenthesis ) : where C denotes the value of real per capita consumption , Y D real per capita disposable income , W real per capita personal wealth . The level of disposable income in the previous year is included in an attempt to approximate permanent income . The last variable is social security wealth , SSW , that is de . . . ned as the present value of retirement bene . . . ts . < sup > 12 < / sup > What are the implications of these estimates ? In 1992 , SSW was equal to $ 14 , 246 billion . The fall in personal saving that could be accounted by pension wealth is : 028 � $ 14 ; 246 < sup > � < / sup > = $ 400 billion . Moreover , in 1992 , pension taxes were equal to $ 279 billion . Then , the fall in personal saving that could be accounted by a 12The original paper also included a measure of corporate retained earning as one of the determinants . Feldstein ( 1996 ) shows that the results remain almost invariant when this variable is included . 15", "spans": [{"start": 375, "end": 404, "text": "aggregate annual U . S . data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not identify significant changes in the bio-physical environment . However changes in the socio-economic data was identified given the increase in population . These included increase in the number of businesses , vehicles , structures . This was updated in order to give policy makers more information into the environmental conditions of the area to help in the identification and prioritization or project components . xxvii", "spans": [{"start": 90, "end": 109, "text": "socio-economic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Haromaya - Chelenko 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ affected HH heads reported that they are affiliated with Muslim religion , followed by Orthodox Christianity ( 16 . 0 % of HH Heads ) . Household heads affiliated with other religions and absentee constituted the remaining 2 . 3 % , while 0 . 5 % of the HH population reported to follow protestant religion . # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 1 Education level of Household Heads and Population * * The finding of the census survey result indicate 42 . 1 % of the household heads and 27 . 7 % of the HH population reported to be illiterate or had no formal education at all , whereas 3 . 9 % of the heads and 1 . 8 % of the HH population can only read and write . On the other hand , 38 . 0 % and 55 . 3 % of the HH heads and population had an elementary education respectively . About ( 11 . 9 % ) of HH heads and 12 . 1 % of HH population claimed to have secondary school education ( Grade 9 to 12 ) . With regard to tertiary education , the proportion of HH heads as well as HH population having tertiary education is very low and only 2 . 7 % of the HH heads and 2 . 8 % of the HH population are reported to have some kind of tertiary education and obtained ( college / university certificate , diploma and degree ) ( See Figure 6 . 3 ) . Figure 6 . 3 : Proportions of HH Heads by Educational Attainment and Woreda # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 . 2 Occupational Status of HH Heads and HH Population * * The census survey has also made an inquiry into what the subproject affected household heads , and their family members do for a living . As expected , the primary occupation of 93 . 7 % of the household heads are farming . The proportion", "spans": [{"start": 561, "end": 574, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1546, "end": 1559, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Utility details . A 100 % social Economic survey of the PAPs was carried out to ascertain baseline information of the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) . To achieve the socioeconomic aspects captured , the consultant developed a structured questionnaire to capture the PAPs current socio-economic status and the views and concerns of the identified PAPs . Generally , the objective of the social-economic survey is : - To ascertain the total population of the Project Affected Persons to enable the development of an accurate asset register . - To inform appropriate compensation measures to restore their lives or improve as per the RPF Policy and OP 4 . 12 provisions . - To provide baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of the ARAP . - To ensure that vulnerable PAPs are identified . - To ascertain the facilitation choices of PAPs regarding various options available to them in the RPF policy . # # # * * 5 . 2 Summary of structures affected . * * The total number of PAPs is 26 and 1 structure owned by the County Government of KisumuWard Admins office . The total number of structures affected by the proposed development is 30 . The table below summarises structures loss and livelihoods that may be affected by the proposed interventions . * * _Table 5 . 1_ : Summary of structures and PAPs per settlement . * * | Settlement | No . < br > of | Livelihood | Tenants | Male | Female | * * Public * * | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | structures | | | | | * * Institution * * | PAPS | | Manyatta A | * * 7 * * | * * 2 * * | 1 | 4 | 2 | * * - * * | * * 6 * * | | Manyatta B | * * 15 * * | * * 4", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 60, "text": "social Economic survey of the PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 389, "end": 411, "text": "social-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * * - * * _The procurement is open to eligible firms from any country ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "These predicted consumption figures are then used to calculate poverty and inequality measures for every ward in the country . The poverty mapping data are missing for the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba , and so we restrict our analysis to mainland Tanzania . Poverty maps are typically used by policy makers to distribute funding across large administrative units , such as districts or provinces , but not smaller ones , such as wards , because the standard errors for the poverty and inequality estimates become unacceptably large as the population size of the units decline . However , in this study , we are only using these estimates at the ward level to estimate the relationship between poverty and the likelihood of applying for and receiving TASAF II funds . In this sense , the larger standard errors at the ward level should only cause attenuation bias , which would drive the effects presented in Sections 5 and 6 to zero and therefore decrease our ability to draw inferences with confidence . # _3 . 3 . Electoral Data_ The final data used in the national analysis are from the 2005 presidential , parliamentary , and ward councilor elections . All data are available online at the website of the National Electoral Commission of Tanzania . < sup > 7 < / sup > The presidential and parliamentary results are at the constituency level < sup > 8 < / sup > , the councilor elections are at the ward level , and the electoral data is merged with the TASAF II institutional data and the poverty maps by ward . The elections took place prior to the announcement of the awards of TASAF II projects , and hence we take political outcomes as predetermined , and seek to understand how voter registration and turnout , as well as voting patterns , relate to application , approval , and funding patterns . We calculate _voter turnout_ and _voter registration ; _ the former given by the ratio of valid votes to registered voters in a ward , and the latter by the ratio of registered voters to population in a ward . Both of these variables are intended to measure the political activism of a ward , a feature which may make a", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 151, "text": "poverty mapping data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1459, "end": 1486, "text": "TASAF II institutional data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strong understanding of the key themes . Where possible , we attempted to separate data regarding registered , awaiting registration , and unregistered Syrian refugees . However , because most data was collected at the household level , even surveys targeting Syria refugees registered and awaiting registration include unregistered refugees , and therefore cannot be separated . Even though the data is presented for overall Syrian refugees regardless of registration status , we should assume there are differences between these groups . > 8 Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon , WFP-UNHCR-UNICEF , 2013 9", "spans": [{"start": 242, "end": 274, "text": "surveys targeting Syria refugees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sound and would require corrective measures and proper maintenance and pose a major risk . * * a . Risk to Development Outcome Rating : * * High # # * * 8 . Assessment of Bank Performance : * * Overall Bank performance is rated satisfactory . The Bank has acquiesced to GOE ' s wish on various project quality filters . Compromising Bank quality control measures may establish wrong precedence and send undesirable signals to borrowers . The Project could not be judged ready when it was declared effective in February 2005 . The potential problems were averted due to the intensive Bank supervision and the support of other development partners . The cost of Bank supervision in 2006 was over $ 400 , 000 , an amount current Bank budgets would be hard pressed to support . The ICR also notes that , \" The sustainability of the infrastructure created is at risk . \" To mitigate this risk , the Bank plans to finance the required maintenance under the APL II which was approved in January 2007 . This is not a good practice in development financing . How could the Bank justify using scarce IDA resources to finance the maintenance of assets created under the APL I ? The Bank once again should have ensured that the infrastructure created are properly designed , implemented and maintained . This was one of the weak areas of the bank performance . * * a . Ensuring Quality - at-Entry : * * Moderately Satisfactory * * b . Quality of Supervision : * * Satisfactory * * c . Overall Bank Performance : * * Satisfactory # # * * 9 . Assessment of Borrower Performance : * * The GOE has rightly shifted from relying on annual food aid appeals to introducing the use of conditional cash transfers . However , the GOE insisted to adopt the new strategy to lift 5 million people from chronic food insecurity in the face of weak Woreda implementation capacity . Even data on the number of chronically food insecure was still being reviewed and was revised upward by about 40 per cent in 2006 . The new date for lifting the target population of", "spans": [{"start": 1858, "end": 1905, "text": "data on the number of chronically food insecure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that the citation data capture scholarly influence across a wide range of publication types , not just a narrow range of academic journals . As a source of citation data , Google Scholar does , however , have its disadvantages . Titles are also sometimes incorrect , incomplete , ambiguous , or appear in multiple versions . The tool we used to ― harvest ‖ citation data went through multiple versions before we could be sure it could cope with mispunctuation and misspellings . Even then we found mistakes , and had to correct manually or drop records that were flagged as outliers and / or which erroneously appeared highly ranked in the tables below . One defect of Google Scholar we have not corrected is the scattering of citations across multiple documents . Some publications appear with somewhat different titles in draft form or in working paper form , and will appear as different publications in Google 16 For details of Google Scholar coverage , see http : / / scholar . google . com / intl / en / scholar / inclusion . html .", "spans": [{"start": 156, "end": 169, "text": "citation data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The estimated current population of the target area is 4 , 550 people with an annual growth rate of about 3 . 0 % as per the District Development Plan ( 2008 to 2012 ) . The current population of the schools is 4 , 250 . There is one dispensary in the area and has plans for expansion in the future . The occupancy will therefore increase . Human population estimates and projections are based on 2009 House hold and population census . 52", "spans": [{"start": 397, "end": 434, "text": "2009 House hold and population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Governments around the world provided unprecedented support to firms when the COVID-19 pandemic started . For example , the World Bank ’ s SME-Support Measure Dashboard tracked 1 , 500 government measures to support small and medium-size enterprises ( SMEs ) in 132 countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > According to policy makers , these initial support measures aimed to prevent mass insolvency of viable firms and related knock-on effects for the financial sector , to preserve jobs and firm-specific intangible capital , and to reduce the friction costs of firms temporarily exiting the market ( World Bank 2021 ) . Evidence from several countries suggests that government support measures were successful in helping firms weather the crisis and preserving jobs in the short run ( see Chen et al . 2022 , on China ; GuerreroAmezaga et al . 2022 , on Latin America , and Turkson et al . 2021 , on Italy ) , although at a high cost ( Autor et al . 2022 , on the US ) . However , longer-run effects of COVID-19 support to firms are uncertain ( Staples and Krumel 2023 ) , in part since these measures may simply have delayed insolvency for some firms ( Dörr , Licht , and Murmann 2022 ) . We contribute to the literature by assessing the medium-run effects of government support to firms during the COVID-19 crisis . We use data from three rounds of the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys ( ES ) COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys , allowing us to look at firm performance in mid-2021 , over a year after support measures were first enacted . Another contribution of our paper is that we test whether the effectiveness of government support varied with its timing . The data allow us to examine support received at the onset of the crisis ( during the first half of 2020 , as reported in Round 1 of the ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys ) , as well as support received later ( during the second half of 2020 or early 2021 , as reported in Round 2 of the surveys ) . While initial support may be effective , if it continues over an extended period", "spans": [{"start": 166, "end": 195, "text": "SME-Support Measure Dashboard", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1391, "end": 1409, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1816, "end": 1845, "text": "ES COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mozambican households are fairly well insulated from a variation in market prices because of the large part of food consumption that is home produced , poor households living in Maputo city will suffer the most , because consumption of own-produced food is non-existent . Arndt et al . ( 2008 ) predict that the poorest households in Maputo lose the most while middle-income groups in the rural north and center gain the most . While a rural / urban HIV prevalence breakdown is unavailable for Mozambique , data from other African countries show that most people living with HIV / AIDS in Africa live in urban areas > 2 The NBR does not allow for behavioral changes on the part of producers or consumers and measures only first order impacts . As households and firms modify the structure of their consumption and production , second order adjustments should dampen any negative first-order impacts . 3", "spans": [{"start": 507, "end": 540, "text": "data from other African countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3 . 5 The Global Distribution of Vascular Plants < br > Borgelt et al . ( 2022 — henceforth Borgelt ) have recently developed spatial density maps for vascular plants < br > they identify “ native regions ” from a web-scraping exercise using the Plants of the World Online ( POWO ) < br > database , with regional identification standardized from the World Geographical Scheme for Recording < br > Plant Distributions ( WGSRPD ) . Typically , the resulting “ native regions ” are the boundaries of small < br > countries or provinces ( GADM level-1 administrative units ) in large countries . < br > Borgelt estimates the models using GBIF occurrence data with restrictive prior conditions . The data are < br > confined to the period 2000-2020 to preserve compatibility with the environmental variables used for < br > Maxent estimation . For each species , georeferenced occurrence reports are pruned to exclude all < br > observations outside of pre-identified “ native regions ” . Maxent-estimated species distributions are also < br > confined to native regions . This approach has the advantage of guaranteeing the exclusion of spurious < br > observations from entities like botanical gardens and private collections in other regions . However , it also < br > incurs the cost of excluding potentially-large numbers of occurrence observations that lie outside pre - < br > identified native regions that are arbitrarily defined by national or provincial boundaries . < br > Our exercise draws on a longer time period ( 1970-2023 ) because we are not constrained by the need for < br > compatibility with environmental modeling variables . In addition , we impose no prior geographic < br > restrictions on the data . As we explained previously , our methodologies estimate occurrence map < br > boundaries after removing spurious single outliers and small isolated occurrence clusters . < br > We have identified 32 , 339 vascular plant species that are in both databases . As before , we rasterize our < br > occurrence maps and compute cell counts at 5 km resolution . Borgelt provides species maps in a raster < br >", "spans": [{"start": 282, "end": 308, "text": "Plants of the World Online", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 671, "end": 691, "text": "GBIF occurrence data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "continue . Secondly , in the absence of pollution intensity data from Vietnam , we have used pollution measures from the U . S . as proxies ( as suggested by previous IPPS studies ) . Should pollution intensity data from Vietnam become available , it would be useful to re-examine the issue using Indian measures of pollution intensities . Despite these caveats , this study has highlighted important gaps in the environmental policy implementation in Vietnam and enables us to make useful recommendations . In order to make specific policy recommendations on future steps , we need to identify the manufacturing sectors that have resulted in greatest increase in water pollution intensive output and toxic pollution intensive exports . Annex 3 shows the important water pollution intensive sectors as : iron and steel , non-ferrous metals , industrial chemicals , rubber and leather products . These sectors are also considered significant contributors for toxic pollution ( in addition to ceramics ) and consistently rank high based on the Linear Acute Human Toxic Intensity ( LAHTI ) < sup > 13 < / sup > . Analyses of Vietnamese exports shows that the sectors have shown highest increase in exports are : textile ( 91 percent ) , leather ( 49 percent ) , and rubber products ( 26 percent ) < sup > 14 < / sup > . Of these the textile industry is also large consumer for industrial chemicals . Therefore , increased textiles exports seems to have also fueled a simultaneous increase in industrial chemicals . Similarly , export revenues from craft villages have increased significantly in recent years to the tune of almost half a billion US dollars a year . These are again a major sources of toxic and water pollution . It is thus not surprising to note that Vietnam ’ s exports are getting dirtier over time since its export specialization has moved away from more tradition oil and other primary commodities towards manufacturing especially leather and textile industries . The results also suggest that foreign direct investment in Vietnam reflects a similar trend with toxic intensive heavy and light industries attracting most FDI . These findings suggest that while trade liberalization measures have been pursued to promote economic growth in Vietnam , they have led", "spans": [{"start": 191, "end": 228, "text": "pollution intensity data from Vietnam", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while for those above 5 years it was 41 . 6 percent and 2 for all ages 38 . 8 percent . This is in agreement with the health unit OPD findings . Mortality attributed to malaria in inpatients was 42 . 9 percent in the under 5-year-old and 25 . 1 percent in those 5 years and above . The case fatality rate in children under 5 was 4 . 05 percent and 2 . 18 percent for those above 5 years . The proportion of fever / uncomplicated malaria correctly managed at health facilities in all age groups was 27 . 6 percent . Among those admitted with severe malaria aged less than 5 years , 38 . 9 percent were correctly managed . Insecticide treated nets were available in 17 . 6 percent of the households surveyed but only 9 . 8 percent were appropriately treated with insecticide . The percentage of children under 5 years whose caretaker sought treatment within 24 hours is low at 7 . 3 percent , and when they did so the first action in 47 . 6 percent was self-medication , while 24 . 6 percent went to a health facility . The Crude Death Rate in the under 5 years was 78 . 04 per 1000 live births . This is comparable to the preliminary findings of the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey ( UDHS ) in 2006 . In the one epidemic-prone district included in the baseline survey , epidemics were detected more than 2 weeks after onset but were appropriately managed . One study in Hoima in the late 1990s showed that 62 . 1 percent of pregnant women had _Plasmodiumfalciparum_ parasitaemia . Pregnant women in Uganda are at high risk of contracting malaria with complications that include maternal anaemia and , in severe cases , maternal death , abortion , stillbirths , premature delivery , perinatal anaemia and low birth weight children . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 1149, "end": 1185, "text": "Uganda Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "characteristics that influence project investment decisions . Our results suggest these factors are consequential and explain why the current pool of project investments differs from ex ante predictions . < sup > 6 < / sup > While previous studies provide useful estimates of abatement costs of various pollutants , a majority of those are based on secondary data or approximated coefficients in the abatement functions . In this paper we take advantage of available data on CDM projects to answer several questions that are important for the future of CDM policy design but have not been addressed earlier . The project-level data distinguishes among various types of projects , methodologies for calculating emissions reductions , the countries hosting the projects , and sequence of new project investments for the period 2003-2010 . Thus , our dataset allows us to draw distinction among projects across types ( technologies ) , methodologies , locations , and time . These features of the data allow us to examine the relative role of mitigation and project costs in explaining the pool of observed investments . It also allows us to test two hypotheses important for policy : ( 1 ) whether CDM projects exhibit economies of scale in emission abatement , and ( 2 ) whether the marginal cost ( as well as the average cost ) of abatement of CDM projects has decreased over time , presumably due to accumulated experience . The remainder of the paper is organized in the following way . After selectively reviewing the relevant literature , the following section describes the conceptual model and empirical framework for estimating mitigation cost of CDM projects . Section three describes the CDM project-specific data . Section four delineates the estimation procedures and results . Finally , the last section concludes and discusses the policy implications . # * * 2 Estimating Emissions Abatement Cost of the CDM * * One of the early studies on pollution abatement cost was undertaken by Rossi , Young , and Epp ( 1979 ) . They estimated a cost function in which abatement cost is a function of the volume and quality of both effluent and influent streams and factor prices ( i . e . , prices of land , labor , capital , and materials )", "spans": [{"start": 467, "end": 487, "text": "data on CDM projects", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1697, "end": 1722, "text": "CDM project-specific data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 5 . 5 | GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ( GRM ) | 219 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 5 . 5 . 1 | INTRODUCTION | 219 | | 5 . 5 . 2 | PRINCIPLES , GOALS AND OBJECTIVES | 220 | | 5 . 5 . 3 | GRIEVANCE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES ( GMCS ) | 220 | | 5 . 5 . 4 | GRIEVANCE HANDLING STEPS | 222 | | 5 . 5 . 5 | FILING GRIEVANCES | 222 | | 5 . 5 . 6 | GRM DATABASE | 223 | | 5 . 5 . 7 | GBV / SEA / SH RELATED GRIEVANCES | 223 | | 5 . 5 . 8 | ENHANCED IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT AND MONITORY ( EISM ) | 223 | | 5 . 5 . 9 | WB ’ S GRIEVANCE REDRESS SERVICE | 223 | | 6 | ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES | 224 | | 6 . 1 | WITHOUT PROJECT ALTERNATIVE | 224 | | 6 . 2 | PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE / SUBSTATION ALTERNATIVES | 225 | | 6 . 2 . 1 | SELECTION OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE | 226 | | 6 . 2 . 2 | FINAL OPTIMAL LINE ROUTE | 234 | | 6 . 2 . 3 | SUBSTATION SITING ALTERNATIVES | 236 | | 6 . 3 | DESIGN ALTERNATIVES | 236 | | 6 . 3 . 1 | TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER SELECTION | 236 | | 6 . 3 . 2 | LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM | 238 | | 7 IM | PACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES | 239 | | 7 . 1 | METHOD FOR IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT | 239 | | 7 . 1 .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "arguing that firms were better able to adapt to the new regime in regions where regulations were more pro-industry . Harrison et al . ( 2011 ) find that market-share reallocations played an important role in aggregate productivity gains immediately following the start of India ‟ s trade reforms in 1991 . However , aggregate productivity gains during the overall 20-year period from 1985 to 2004 were driven largely by improvements in average productivity , which can be attributed to India ‟ s trade liberalization and FDI reforms . Goldberg et al . ( 2011b ) investigate the impact of liberalization on Indian firms ‟ product choice and find little evidence of “ creative destruction ” in the 1990s , i . e . Indian firms infrequently discontinued product lines even during a period of trade and structural reform . They argue that remnants of industrial licensing and rigid labor market regulation in the Indian economy prevented firms from adjusting fully to reforms . The emphasis on attributing changes in manufacturing performance to changes in trade , investment and labor market policies in goods characterizes much of the existing empirical work on liberalization in developing countries . For instance , Pavcnik ( 2002 ) uses plant level data from Chile to find that trade liberalization forces exit of the least productive firms while increasing productivity of the remaining firms in the import competing sectors . Amiti and Konings ( 2007 ) delve deeper into the channels through which liberalization affects productivity by separately identifying the impact on Indonesian manufacturing of input and output tariff reductions , and find that the positive effect from increased availability of inputs to production is twice as strong as the effect from import competition . Halpern et al . ( 2009 ) estimate a structural model of importers using product-level data for all Hungarian manufacturing firms and reach a similar conclusion . Empirical research on liberalization of foreign direct investment has produced mixed results . Aitken and Harrison ( 1999 ) find what they term „ the market stealing effect ‟ of foreign direct investment which swamps the positive effect of technology transfer on firm productivity in Venezuela . Javorcik ( 2004 ) explicitly distinguishes between intra - and inter-industry effects of foreign direct investment using firm level data", "spans": [{"start": 1238, "end": 1265, "text": "plant level data from Chile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1859, "end": 1915, "text": "product-level data for all Hungarian manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * _The Impact of Reform_ * * The elimination of barriers to entry in services provoked a dramatic response from foreign and domestic providers ( Gordon and Gupta , 2004 ) . FDI inflows into services following liberalization by far exceeded those into other sectors . Ten percent of FDI inflows during 1990-2005 went into the transport sector , 9 . 6 percent of the inflows were into the telecommunications sector , and 9 . 6 percent of the inflows were into the financial and other services sector ( Ministry of Commerce and Industry , 2008 ) . At the same time , the services sector grew by an average of 11 percent per year , with the more liberalized sectors generally growing at relatively faster rates ( Chart 1 , and Eichengreen and Gupta , 2010 ) . The share of services in overall value added rose from 39 percent in 1993 to 50 percent in 2004 ( National Accounts Statistics , 2005 , constant 1993 Rs ) . Growth has been particularly strong in the services sectors on which we focus in this paper : communication services displayed average annual growth rates of 13 . 6 percent in the 1990s , while banking grew by 12 . 7 percent on average , transport grew at an average rate of 6 . 9 percent and insurance grew at a rate of 6 . 7 percent ( Gordon and Gupta , 2004 ) . Output per worker in the services sectors in India has increased by over 7 . 5 percent per year during the 1990s , clearly outpacing the agricultural or industrial sectors ( Bosworth and Collins , 2008 , p . 56 ) . Other evidence suggests that strong total factor productivity growth was at the root of this remarkable performance , not capital deepening or higher markups ( Bosworth , Collins , and Virmani , 2006 ; Gordon and Gupta , 2004 ) . Indeed , services prices decreased relative to manufacturing prices , as indicated by a slower pace of growth in the services deflator than the overall GDP deflator . The reforms produced striking improvements in sectoral performance . In 1990 , the average turn-around time for a container at major ports in India was 8 days", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 886, "text": "National Accounts Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "primary activity of the head of household ( Ravallion and Huppi , 1991 ) , or in the very common consumption regression analyses , if the 7 day recall variable is used , measurement errors are introduced which will result in biased or inconsistent estimates on the role of household economic activities in poverty status . * * Table 8 : Comparison of primary employment status in 2009 / 10 : 7 day vs 12 months recall period , UNHS , individual * * | | * * Same primary activity * * < br > | * * in 12 month recall ? * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Primary activity - last 7 days_ * * | * * _No_ * * | * * _Yes_ * * | | Private wage - non agriculture | 8 . 6 | 91 . 36 | | Private wage – agriculture | 10 . 3 | 89 . 71 | | Government wage | 4 . 5 | 95 . 54 | | Own account - non agriculture | 8 . 1 | 91 . 06 | | Own account – agriculture | 5 . 8 | 94 . 23 | | Family worker - non agriculture | 8 . 3 | 91 . 72 | | Family worker – agriculture | 5 . 3 | 94 . 68 | | Total | 100 . 0 | | _Source : Authors calculations from the UNHS 2009 / 10 . Note : Table based on a direct question asking the main 12 month activity which has 3 responses , i ) the same as the 7 day main activity , 2 ) 7 day secondary activity and 3 ) other activity . _ # * * 3 . 4 The recall period in the measurement of multiple economic activities * * The measurement of multiple activities of individuals and households is influenced by the recall period . Evidence from the various surveys shows that the difference between the short ( 7-day ) and long ( 12 month ) recall period in the number of economic activities measured is significant , with the shorter recall period consistently understating reports of", "spans": [{"start": 1039, "end": 1053, "text": "UNHS 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 46 | | Statistical Table 4 Indicator of overall institutional environment and components ( Ea < br > Caribbean ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | st < br > 47 | | Statistical Table 5 Results focus indicator and components ( East Caribbean ) < br > . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . < br > 54 | | Statistical Table 6 Accountability indicator and components ( East Caribbean ) . . . . . . . . . . | . . 54 | | Statistical Table 7 Employee morale indicator and components ( East Caribbean ) . . . . . . . | . 54 | | Statistical Table 8 Overall performance indicator and components ( East Caribbean ) | . . . _55_ | | Statistical Table 9 Calculating the IRRs ( Bolivia ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 63 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "public services are often far away and refugees must pay for the cost of transport and travel documents in addition to the services themselves . * * Quality and capacity of services available is a challenge in several countries . * * UNHCR Offi ces in Yemen and Sudan note that the limited quality and availability of service providers poses a challenge . In Ecuador , services , especially education and health , are weak even for the host population in the areas where refugees live . In Mexico , the ineffi cient national welfare system is a broad constraint . In Lebanon , emergency services have been denied to refugees on the basis of to the lack of bed capacity . In India , refugees have been reluctant to send their children to public schools , due to concerns about quality . In some countries , corruption within public services is an issue for refugees and nationals alike , but refugees may be particularly vulnerable given their irregular documents and limited social connections . A Global Survey – 2012 41", "spans": [{"start": 998, "end": 1011, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | | Gov . affairs | 4 % | 3 % | | | Other | 2 % | 4 % | Statista attributes the large expenditure in banking to the high risk posed by their data processing activities as a bank data breach runs the risk of handing over the financial information and resources of data subjects , therefore requiring heavier investments in cybersecurity . < sup > 81 < / sup > * * Total Compliance Cost for FTSE 100 in Millions of U . S . Dollars * * | * * Research Entity * * | * * Industry * * | * * Cost * * < br > * * of * * < br > * * Compliance * * | * * GDPR * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Banks | $ 93 . 8M | | | * * Statista , 2018 * * | Technology & Telecoms | $ 28 . 5M | | | | Energy & Utilities | $ 27 . 3M | | | | Retail | $ 21 . 4M | | | | Health care | $ 15 . 4M | | | | Travel & Leisure | $ 14 . 2M | | | | Financial Services | $ 11 . 3M | | > 81 Johnson , _supra_ note 61 . > 80 _Id . _ at 28 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "’ s capacity to quickly close the backlog and sustain individual biometric registration services upon entry for new arrivals in key locations . There is also limited UNHCR oversight and monitoring of RSD procedures . COR ’ s RSD capacity is low and this is compounded by a lack of UNHCR RSD staff . This places asylum-seekers vulnerable to protection risks in the absence of timely , fair , transparent and accurate RSD decisions and procedures . # # # # # # * * Response Strategy * * In 2018 , a key priority will be to expand coverage of biometric registration services for South Sudanese refugees living in out-of-camp locations , including in urban areas . UNHCR will also work towards implementing continuous registration and verification systems in key locations , with a focus on verification in all refugee camps in White Nile and East Darfur States . UNHCR will work closely with WFP and other partners to ensure that timely , detailed registration data is available to all partners to support their planning , targeting and fundraising efforts . By the end of 2020 , individual biometric registration processes will be installed across all South Sudanese refugee operations . This will require the roll-out of Bio-metrics Identity Management System ( BIMS ) nationwide and improved server connectivity to establish links to proGres across the response to allow for better management and tracking of persons of concern . Plans are also underway to introduce proGres v4 in 2018 and 2019 . 17", "spans": [{"start": 945, "end": 962, "text": "registration data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > Protection monitoring < / u > can be both formal and informal and needs to include both quantitative and qualitative data . Methodologies for monitoring include : - the regular checking of individuals at-risk , marginalized groups , and individuals and groups with specific needs - questionnaires - direct observation - spot checks - surveys - measurement of performance indicators - semi-structured refugee interviews < sup > 60 < / sup > - informal conversations with refugees - complaints mechanism / established Ombudsman function - camp management meetings - camp walkabouts - focus group discussions - community meetings - home visits - observing various refugee committee meetings - reviewing police or camp security incident logs - structured dialogues with refugee leaders in which the Heads of Offices , Sector Specialists , Implementing Partners , and Operational Partners are present < sup > 61 < / sup > - regular meetings with implementing and operational partners - monitoring of service provision as per UNHCR ’ s standards and indicators to assess which have been met and which require further work - review and analysis of others reports and documentation ( for example , situation reports , protection reports , sub-agreement monitoring reports , and press reports ) To support a community-based approach to operations UNHCR has developed a tool for participatory assessment which incorporates some of the methods highlighted above . < sup > 62 < / sup > It provides for the systematization of the protection risks identified , their causes , as well as the capacities in the communities to address them identified by the different members of the community . The findings from the participatory assessment are then analyzed to define which rights are being violated and protection objectives can be formulated to address the problems . These objectives then form the basis for programming . Used regularly , the UNHCR tool for participatory assessment can enhance protection monitoring and strengthen the multi-functional team approach . Protection monitoring requires physical presence . In 2002 , Human Rights Watch concluded that the very presence of UNHCR reduced the _refoulement_ of Liberian refugees . < sup", "spans": [{"start": 706, "end": 743, "text": "police or camp security incident logs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * CENTRAL * * BANK OF KENYA * * - RECONCILIATION * * * * STATEMENT AS AT : 30 . 06 . 2020 G . L A / C NO : 1000175621 OFF-SHORE A / C NO : 810260885749 EQUITY-JUD . * * PERFORM . IMPROV . PRJ * * DETAILS * * CURRENCY * * AMOUNTS * * REMARKS * * ACTION TAKEN 1 . BALANCE AS * * PER OFFSHORE * * STATEMENT : USD 2 , 037 , 945 . 53 2 . ADD DEBITS NOT IN * * NRB * * 3 . LESS * * CREDITS * * NOT * * IN NR8 4 . ADD DEBITS * * NOT IN * * OFFSHORE * * 5LESS * * CREDITS * * NOT IN * * OFFSHORE * * 6 . BALANCE AS * * PER CBK LEDGER * * ( 2 , 037 , 945 . 53 ) 2 , 037 , 945 . 53 * * Prepared * * By : * * Muthuri K . E Checked * * by : * * < _Approved B Date : - 03 , 07 . 2020 Date : - \\ V2-2 Date : _A_", "spans": [{"start": 517, "end": 527, "text": "CBK LEDGER", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "maintain workers depends on firms ’ ability to sustain their liquidity and solvency . Using World Bank Enterprise Survey data , Bosio et al . ( 2020 ) find that firms have suffered liquidity shortages regardless of their age , size , and productivity levels . Alfaro et al . ( 2020 ) model the impact of the direct supply shock caused by lockdowns as well as demand shocks through consumer demand , supply chain disruption , and the overall aggregate demand effects on the Colombian labor market . They predicted that the crisis would result in 24 percent of jobs being lost and total wage income losses of 17 percent . They showed that 56 percent of jobs are at risk , with 67 percent at risk as the crisis deepens due to cumulative liquidity effects on firms ( with losses relative to the 2019 baseline ) . A forthcoming paper ( Buba et al . , 2021 ) analyzes cross country differences in jobs outcomes at formal firms using firm survey data and establishes that at least in the short term , countries with more highly regulated labor markets retained more formal jobs , that countries with more stringent lockdowns had greater job losses , and that on average countries with supportive policies have been more able to preserve these jobs . Despite this rich literature on the labor market impacts of the pandemic , there have been limited studies that seek to empirically identify the factors that matter most in determining the level and distribution of jobs lost . This paper contributes to filling this gap . # * * 3 . Context , Data and Methodology * * - 3 . 1 Data We use linked firm-level and labor force survey data to empirically analyze job loss in formal private firms for both Jordan and Georgia . Firm data are provided by the COVID-19 Follow Up World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( CFUWBES ) for these two countries . These are surveys of companies included in a recently completed preCOVID World Bank Enterprise Surveys ( WBES ) to measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the private sector . We analyze only the loss of a “ permanent ” job , because a firm ’ s workforce level is the", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 125, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 927, "end": 943, "text": "firm survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1580, "end": 1625, "text": "linked firm-level and labor force survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1761, "end": 1790, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1793, "end": 1800, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY # # * * CHAPTER 5 : PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION * * # # # # # * * 5 . 1 Public Participation overview * * Public consultations were realized through individual meetings organized various planning stages which included socio-economic baseline survey stage , preparation of settlement base map , community visioning stage , preparation of settlement LPDP , verification of beneficiaries and during RAP preparation . The LPDP presentation meeting was held on 10 < sup > th < / sup > January 2018 in the settlement , in this meeting , the cutoff date of 7 < sup > th < / sup > February 2018 was discussed and adopted by the community members . After enumeration of PAPs , specific PAP meetings were organized on 13 < sup > th < / sup > March 2018 and 4 < sup > th < / sup > May 2018 , in these meetings issues such as RAP Impacts , Category of PAPs and entitlements and mitigation measures provided by the RAP were discussed with the PAPs . * * 5 . 2 Objectives of Stakeholder Consultations * * The aim of public consultations was to identify the interests of the different stakeholders and draw consensus . Public participation is also a constitutional requirement . The objectives of the stakeholder consultations were : • To sensitize the community about the project and potential impacts on people and livelihoods . • Provide a platform for the community to air views and concerns which are relevant to the ARAP and which must be resolved . • Involve them in key processes of census and the undertaking of the affected asset inventory , • Provide an opportunity for the community to themselves propose the most appropriate mitigation measures for asset and livelihood losses . • To seek support from the community and other all relevant stakeholders in the preparation and implementation of the ARAP .", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 380, "text": "socio-economic baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1642, "end": 1666, "text": "affected asset inventory", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 43 % | < br > 45 % | 43 % | 43 % | < br > 40 % | | Togo | 30 % | < br > 26 % | < br > 23 % | 33 % | < br > 27 % | < br > 30 % | 54 % | 49 % | < br > 43 % | | Guinea | 26 % | < br > 29 % | < br > 25 % | 27 % | < br > 25 % | < br > 23 % | 45 % | 44 % | < br > 37 % | | Benin | 36 % | < br > 31 % | < br > 27 % | 45 % | < br > 36 % | < br > 37 % | 60 % | 59 % | < br > 59 % | | Kyrgyz Republic | 25 % | 30 % | 31 % | 45 % | 45 % | 48 % | 54 % | 62 % | 66 % | We eventually chose WorldPop for our population layer . The computational process underlying the WorldPop data is fully transparent ( Stevens et al . , 2015 ) , and the model is considered to be the most accurate and robust among the currently available data sets ( World Bank , 2016 ) . In addition , to maintain global comparability and methodological simplicity , we rely on the GRUMP ( Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project ) data set for urban-rural delimitation , as in ( World Bank , 2016 ) . Note that WorldPop uses roads as a factor to model population distribution , so there is an endogeneity in our analysis which could lead to an overestimation of rural accessibility . However , WorldPop is still the data set with the lowest concentration of population in rural areas and thus the one that gives the lowest rural accessibility in most countries ( Table 1 ) . These caveats call for high caution in the interpretation of the results presented here , and for further 3", "spans": [{"start": 843, "end": 848, "text": "GRUMP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 851, "end": 885, "text": "Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > ✓ Review the personal records of the contracted workers and inspect for engagement < br > of child labor and minimum age . < br > ✓ Periodic audits , inspections , and / or spot checks of project locations or work sites < br > and / or of labor-management records and reports compiled by the Contractor < br > ✓ Regular inspection of records of workplace incidents and implementation of < br > corrective OHS measures . < br > ✓ Records of training provided for contracted workers to explain labor and working < br > conditions and OHS for the project . < br > ✓ Periodic audits and inspections relating torecords of grievances raised by contracted < br > workers and their resolution . < br > • Monitor the Primary Suppliers ’ performance of labor-management procedures with the < br > primary supplier workers including the above listed for the Contractors . | | Contractors | • Engagement and management of the contracted workers , exercise control over the work , < br > working conditions , and treatment of the contracted workers . < br > • Provide training for the contracted workers to explain labor and working conditions and < br > OHS for the project . < br > • Inform the contracted workersabout the project grievance mechanisms and how they < br > work . < br > • Addressing grievances raised by the contracted workers . | | Primary Suppliers | • Engagement and management of the primary supply workers , exercise control for the < br > work , working conditions , and treatment of the primary supply workers . < br > • The Primary Supplier employer shall take the necessary measures to safeguard < br > adequately the health and safety of the primary supply workers in compliance with the < br > OHS requirements provided in the project LMP . | # # # # # # * * 6 . POLICIES AND PROCEDURES * * 90", "spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 280, "text": "labor-management records and reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 339, "end": 369, "text": "records of workplace incidents", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "security contributions . Source : OECD Economic Surveys : Greece . August , 2011 . Where high tax rates in GPS are resulting in a relatively low share of revenues in taxes , improving collection , reducing exemptions , or increasing the base would help . Table 7 shows a measure of efficiency in tax collection , comparing tax revenues that would be obtained from application of statutory tax rates and actual collection rates . The most “ efficient ” is Ireland , followed by Portugal and Spain . With relatively lower statutory income tax rates , Ireland has higher corporate income taxes relative to GDP than either Spain or Greece . While tax rates have risen , tax revenues in real terms have not risen relative to 2007 in any country , being 78 % , 88 % , 96 % and 80 % of their 2007 levels respectively in GIPS . Only in 2014 is an upward movement visible , save in Greece . Figure 10 shows the relative importance of social security taxes , corporate taxes and VAT for GIPS . _ < u > Composition affects “ success ” in the long term . < / u > _ A line of research related to the longer run impact of fiscal consolidation asks if the composition of the adjustment package ( Giavazzi and Pagano , 1990 , Alesina and Ardegna 1998 ) stabilizes or reduces the debt ratio . Alesina and Perotti ( 1995 ) and Alesina et al ( 1998 ) find that fiscal consolidations are more likely to stabilize the debt / GDP ratio when the budget improvement occurs through cuts in public wages and transfers . They explain that cutting these items affects expectations : government ’ s efforts become more credible , signaling a regime shift . Large spending > investors and the availability of generous mortgage tax relief all further influenced an increase in demand and hence prices . ( Drudy and Collins , 2011 ) . > 37 Note that the tax wedge on labor stands at over 40 % for GPS compared to 28 % for Ireland . > 38 Total taxes less cash benefits at the average wage , no child . IPS are much lower for married couples with children .", "spans": [{"start": 34, "end": 55, "text": "OECD Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "summarizes the results ; details can be found in the Appendix . In all cases , the main conclusions remain . Crucially , they imply that increasing the degree of segregation of children on economic grounds will harm worse off students test scores while increase the attainment of richer pupils . In other words , the gap in performance would deteriorate . As mentioned before , the effect on the average test score is unclear . For this , I now turn to simulations . > 16The original variable is expressed in terms of levels attained . I impute years of education using data from the Permanent Household Survey ( October 2000 ) . For incomplete level categories , I impute using the median value of the category , by province and gender . 25", "spans": [{"start": 584, "end": 610, "text": "Permanent Household Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "implementation , and the closure record shows these materialized through communications , convenings , and shared tools that influenced non-beneficiaries . KIEP ’ s communications program built a unified brand and messaging framework and supported cross-component launches and stakeholder forums ( e . g . , SKIES Track 1 & 2 unveiling , ASSEK policy roundtables , iTATU pitch day ) , which amplified visibility across radio / Television / online channels and created reusable content and playbooks for ecosystem partners . The ASSEK stream reinforced these spillovers by convening national Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) and policy dialogues , producing ecosystem guides and an ESO portal , and formalizing working groups — steps that helped standardize practice and enable coordination for organizations well beyond the immediate grantee set . Startup Savanna complemented this effect by positioning itself as a platform for global exposure — co-hosting cross-component events , sharing opportunities across partner databases , and aligning social-media campaigns — thereby projecting Kenyan startups to international audiences beyond KIEP cohorts . * * Late-cycle firm upgrades also indicate that the endline Results Framework results constitute a floor — especially relating to productivity — and that further impacts are likely to materialize post-closure . * * An extended implementation lull meant many SME PIPs were completed close to closing , leaving limited observation time for realized productivity effects before the project closure date . As the contractor ’ s consolidated dataset shows PIP completion and verification continuing into the second quarter of 2025 , additional gains would reasonably register in firm accounts . At the same time , parastatal and association capacities — from KIRDI ’ s certification and prototyping pipeline to KIE ’ s industrial database and ASSEK ’ s ecosystem standards and policy voice — are expected to support subsequent adoption , quality upgrading , and market access beyond what the results framework could record at closing . Page 30 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1562, "end": 1597, "text": "contractor ’ s consolidated dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1859, "end": 1886, "text": "KIE ’ s industrial database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey data . * * ( measured at median income ) seen in transport ( 32 % gap ) , construction ( 26 % gap ) , and accommodation and food services ( 18 % gap ) * * . We report the tax ( non ) compliance across the sectors of the economy in Table 5 . Because the EU-SILC sample size imposes a constraint on the analysis and estimates for smaller sectors of the economy may not be reliable , we discuss only outcomes for branches employing at least 5 % of employees in the EUSILC data . Our results show that tax compliance is lower than 100 % in all sectors of the economy , and the median imputed tax income is lower than the median survey income , indicating underreporting of income . The lowest tax compliance was observed > 15 The ratio is expressed as : imputed tax income / survey income . 24", "spans": [{"start": 469, "end": 480, "text": "EUSILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * ET-Promoting Basic Services Phase III ( P128891 ) supervision , quarterly reviews of interim financial reports , procurement reviews , and annual audit reports as well as participation in the multi-donor semi-annual JRIS missions . Fiduciary aspects of the project were rated as satisfactory or moderately satisfactory throughout the implementation of PBS 3 . Issues identified during implementation largely centered on strengthening needed in internal audit procedures and procurement delays . # # * * c . Unintended impacts ( Positive or Negative ) * * None noted . # # * * d . Other * * < u > Gender . PBS 3 had significant impacts on women and girls in several areas . < / u > Improvements in the gender parity index for grades 5-8 reflect expanded education achievement for girls . Pregnant women receiving antenatal care rose from 34 percent in 2011 to 62 percent in 2016 . PBS 3 developed better gender-disaggregated data , including expanding gender tracking on service delivery and project outputs . PBS 3 supported the publication \" Gender-Disaggregated Development Data \" by the Central Statistical Agency in 2015 . Citizens ' engagement activities sought to bring women into the development process . Women ’ s participation in social accountability meetings varied from a high of 47 percent to an endof-project level of 34 percent . Surveys found that the proportion of female respondents who had information about budget , strategic plan , agenda , and decisions made by their council was 56 percent , 43 percent , 39 percent , and 41 percent respectively . Access to woreda budget information by men and women was found to be relatively equal , with data showing that 63 percent of male respondents received information on the source of woreda budget versus 60 percent of women . < u > Institutional strengthening . The institutional impact of the project was extensive , including improvements in < / u > fiduciary management with a decentralized financial transfer system and related training ;", "spans": [{"start": 996, "end": 1021, "text": "gender-disaggregated data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1136, "end": 1173, "text": "Gender-Disaggregated Development Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "survey or earlier . < br > b ) If a patient visited a health facility other than < br > the reported visit to a hospital < br > c ) The number of visits to hospitals or health < br > posts during the 15 days before the survey . | * * Assumptions for Method 1 : * * < br >  < br > We assume that all reported visits occurred < br > during the 15 days before the survey . < br >  < br > If a respondent reported going to a hospital , we < br > assume he / she went to the hospital during the 15 < br > days before the survey and assign the official < br > per-beneficiary hospital expenditure to that < br > respondent . We then aggregate that information < br > to determine total healthcare expenditures per < br > quintile . < br > * * Assumptions for Method 2 : * * < br >  < br > We assume that annual government < br > expenditures on healthcare facilities are < br > distributed homogeneously across the year . < br > Therefore we divide the official information b | | 3 | All information on public spending and number of < br > beneficiaries ( i . e . patient visits ) is annual . | y < br > 24 to pro-rate for a 15-day period . < br >  < br > We use the household survey data to determine < br > the composition of beneficiaries by income < br > quintile . < br >  < br > We use these proportions to assign to each < br > quintile a share of the 15-day government < br > expenditure . < br > * * Assumptions for both methods : * * | | 4 | The number of survey participants who reported < br > visiting a hospital during the previous 15 days is < br > almost equal to the number who reported visiting a < br > clinic . But this does not correspond with the |  < br > Households ‘ out-of-pocket expenditure is the same < br", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1186, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "positions where neither the source nor destination report data . If both sides report , we use the two observations for validation purposes , as explained in the appendix . The final data sets for the four investment types cover up to 239 countries and jurisdictions for the period 2001 – 18 . Appendix table 1 lists every country by region and indicates for each one whether it appears as source and / or destination for the different investment types . < sup > 3 < / sup > The data on loans and deposits cover 210 source countries and 210 destination countries . The data on portfolio equity and debt cover 92 source countries and 238 destination countries . The data on FDI cover 123 source countries and 239 destination countries . The country-to-region data on international reserves cover 182 source countries . To show that our bilateral data provide good coverage of cross-border investment overall , we compare Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ’ s ( 2001 , 2007 ) global IIP aggregates ( summing across all countries ) with our aggregated bilateral data ( summing across all country pairs ) on a yearly basis ( figure 1 ) . For portfolio investment , FDI , and international reserves , our data closely match Lane and MilesiFerretti ’ s aggregates . For loans and deposits , our data also match Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ’ s aggregates until 2007 , and display the same trend thereafter , although our values are smaller . Part of the gap could be due to the fact that “ other investment ” in the IIP , which we use as a proxy for bank loans and deposits , covers more than just the loans and deposits included in our bilateral data . < sup > 4 < / sup > Moreover , a greater number of South countries started to report aggregate IIP data than bilateral loans and deposits to the BIS over time . Thus , the larger aggregates in Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ’ s data might point to even greater financial integration of the South . > 3 In appendix table 1 , we consider a country to be a source ( destination ) of international investment if there are nonmissing data for at least one year", "spans": [{"start": 479, "end": 505, "text": "data on loans and deposits", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 569, "end": 602, "text": "data on portfolio equity and debt", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 665, "end": 676, "text": "data on FDI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 740, "end": 788, "text": "country-to-region data on international reserves", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 965, "end": 986, "text": "global IIP aggregates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1029, "end": 1054, "text": "aggregated bilateral data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1720, "end": 1738, "text": "aggregate IIP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1828, "end": 1861, "text": "Lane and Milesi-Ferretti ’ s data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "COVID-19 pandemic , and Uganda will likely be adversely impacted by this . < sup > 10 < / sup > . # # * * C . Proposed Development Objective ( s ) * * Development Objective ( s ) ( From PAD ) To mitigate the effect of COVID-19 on private sector investment and employment and to support new economic opportunities including in refugee and hosting communities . # # Key Results The project will measure the mitigation of the COVID-19 impact by tracking a ) the number of all firms benefiting from private sector initiatives ; b ) the percentage of jobs saved that would otherwise have been permanently lost due to COVID-19 < sup > 11 < / sup > . The project will measure new ecnomic opportunities created by the project by tracking a ) the value of private investment in manufacturing sectors ; and b ) the number of new loans issued to firms in manufacturing sectors ; and c ) the number of formally employed in manufacturing sectors . The project will measure the impact in refugee and hosting communities by tracking a ) the number of firms in refugee and host community districts benefiting from private sector initiatives ; b ) the number of refugees accessing income-earning opportunities ( i . e . wage employment , self-employment , micro enterprise ) resulting from project interventions . > 7 The financial sector in Uganda is divided into four tiers . Tier 1-3 are regulated and supervised by Bank of Uganda and tier 4 is regulated by Uganda Microfinance Regulatory Authority . > 8 See Uganda - Policy , Regulator , Supervisory response to COVID-19 responses for Micro Finance , CGAP . > 9 See Uganda - Policy , Regulator , Supervisory response to COVID-19 responses for Micro Finance , CGAP . > 10 Uganda remittances were US $ 1 . 3 billion in 2019 , US $ 1 . 425 billion in 2018 and US $ 1 . 2 billion in 2017 , World Bank 20172019 data . > 11 The Economic Policy Research Centre", "spans": [{"start": 1823, "end": 1847, "text": "World Bank 20172019 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 6 . Governance context . * * Despite this improved capacity , serious governance challenges persisted at PRSC8-10 appraisal . The Program Document ( PD ) cited deficiencies in the way public servants were recruited , deployed and rewarded , which led to high vacancy and absenteeism rates in public institutions . Weak accountability was evident from the lack of consequences for inadequate performance * * by * * public officials with only * * 38 * * percent of cases of abuse of public office being investigated . The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability * * ( PEFA ) * * indicators showed weaknesses in transparency and accountability in the use of public resources . These governance challenges were made more difficult * * by * * the creation of new districts which stretched scarce human capacity while burdening local authorities with additional administrative overhead at the expense of public service delivery . * * 7 . Rationale for PRSC 8 , 9 and 10 . * * The PRSC * * 8-10 * * series was a core component of the Country Assistance Strategy * * ( CAS ) * * FY2011-2015 that was discussed * * by * * the Board in May 2010 . The series aimed at * * CAS * * objectives 2 . enhance public infrastructure ; * * 3 . * * promote human capital development ; and 4 . support good governance and accountability . The PRSC series was intended to complement a range of investment projects , including a health sector operation to improve national capacity to deliver the Uganda National Minimum Health Care Package , with special emphasis on maternal and newborn care . Higher level objectives to which the operation contributed included support to the Government ' s National Development Program * * ( NDP ) . * * * * 8 . * * The PRSC series was prepared within the Joint Budget Support Framework * * ( JBSF ) . * * The overall objective of the * * JBSF * * was to enhance service delivery and to contribute to poverty reduction in Uganda through support to the implementation", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A further bias and potential underestimate stems from the exclusion of Nigeria ’ s nomadic population , estimated to amount to 9 . 4 million < sup > 18 < / sup > , and households living in IDP camps , due to the non-permanent nature of the settlement and challenge to trace households across visits and waves . This represents a sizable share of Nigeria ’ s population considering that about 2 . 1 million < sup > 19 < / sup > Nigerians are estimated to be internally displaced and likely more deprived . Despite their limitations , these are the best currently available data sets , and the results presented in this study hence the best estimates currently available , though likely underestimates . # 5 . Results # # 5 . 1 Descriptive Results # # _5 . 1 . 1 Monetary Child Poverty in Nigeria_ Figures 1 and 2 present the headcount poverty rates based on Nigeria ’ s national poverty line for different age groups as an aggregate and differentiating by urban and rural sector respectively . Figures 3 and 4 present the same statistics but instead using the USD 1 . 90 $ a day international poverty line . Irrespective of the poverty line four points stand out : ( 1 ) poverty increases the younger the children ( 2 ) aggregate child poverty has been increasing over the three waves of the GHS survey < sup > 20 < / sup > ( 3 ) aggregate child poverty rates are driven by up to almost three times higher and rising poverty rates for children in rural areas and ( 4 ) the child poverty gap between those living in the northern versus the southern regions is comparable to the rural urban gap . For children aged 0-4 the rural poverty rate according to the national poverty line is 62 % whereas in urban areas it is 19 % . Poverty rates according to the international poverty line are slightly higher but show the same gap . > 18 Figures based on National Commission for Nomadic Education estimates retrieved 29 < sup > th < / sup > May 2019 : - < u > http : / / www . ncne . gov . ng /", "spans": [{"start": 1291, "end": 1301, "text": "GHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1846, "end": 1897, "text": "National Commission for Nomadic Education estimates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 < sup > th < / sup > repetition rate , FEPBA score in Language , school district – or location ) . The number of observations for regression for the sub-sample of students with low skills ( high skills ) in column ( 1 ) is 544 ( 561 ) , in column 2 is 545 ( 565 ) , and in column ( 3 ) is 543 ( 584 ) . All the regressions exclude the classrooms where the Human Body Unit was not taught . Author ’ s analysis based on experimental data generated for this study * * . * * 26", "spans": [{"start": 420, "end": 437, "text": "experimental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and Woessman ( 2012 ) however base their analysis on a cross-section of data only , while this research estimates the parameters of a fully specified dynamic value-added model . The data we use are unique for the developing world . Subject-matter test score data of all ( around 45 , 000 ) students of a near representative sample of 240 primary schools are tracked across three rounds of measurement , November 2009 , May 2011 and May 2012 . Figure ( 1 ) presents a map of the 20 districts that were randomly selected to take part in the study . < sup > 4 < / sup > The student level test score data can be linked to survey and subject-matter test score data of their respective teacher ( s ) . A feature of this data is that both students and teachers are tested on the same three subjects – math , science and Indonesian language – in each of the three rounds of measurement . The data therefore allows for estimating value-added models on variation within each student-teacher pair , across the three subjects . At the same time , the data permits to account for biases due to measurement error in test scores ( under standard assumptions on the nature of the measurement error ) . * * Figure 1 : * * Map of Indonesia , with the 20 selected districts highlighted Kingdon and Teal ( 2010 ) , and Chu , Loyalka , Chu , Qu , Shi , and Li ( 2015 ) . > 4The data was collected in support of a randomized controlled experiment designed to evaluate the effects of Indonesia ’ s teacher certification program ( De Ree , Muralidharan , Pradhan , and Rogers ( 2015 ) ) . The data is nearly geographically representative for the majority public primary schools in Indonesia . ( The data on 120 Junior Secondary schools is not used in this paper . ) Indonesia spans across 1 , 700 more or less inhabited islands and is the world ’ s fourth most populous country , and the distance from the most western school in the sample , on mainland Sumatra , to the most eastern , on one of the remote islands of the South", "spans": [{"start": 232, "end": 262, "text": "Subject-matter test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 571, "end": 600, "text": "student level test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 629, "end": 659, "text": "subject-matter test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1675, "end": 1711, "text": "data on 120 Junior Secondary schools", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reduced-form fixed-effect regression specification for exporting firm _i_ in year _t_ is expressed as : where the dependent variable in this specification is the firm-level DVAR estimate from Section 3 , and the key variable of interest is the Connectivity Index ( CI ) , which captures the share of domestic suppliers linked to exporting firms through HSR , reflecting the influence of HSR on firms ’ DVAR through their supplier network . 15 Control variables include firm-specific measures such as importweighted input tariffs and exchange rate appreciation , along with city-specific metrics such as income levels , FDI , telecommunications infrastructure , internet connectivity , passenger and goods transport , internal city transportation , industrial composition , and population density . * * Potential Domestic Suppliers and Connectivity Index * * To construct the CI , we first need to identify each exporting firm ’ s domestic suppliers . Since data on actual domestic suppliers is unavailable — and even if it were , using such data could introduce selection bias and endogeneity issues , potentially distorting the regression analysis — we avoid these problems by constructing the CI based on each firm ’ s _potential domestic suppliers_ instead . This approach mitigates bias while still capturing the influence of HSR on firm DVAR through supply chain connections . 16 For each exporting firm , potential domestic suppliers are identified as firms that export products with the same HS 6-digit codes as the firm ’ s imported inputs . For instance , if customs transaction data show that an apparel firm exports men ’ s shirts and imports cotton fabric under HS code “ 520819 , ” all textile firms exporting cotton fabric with the same code are considered potential domestic suppliers . The term _ “ potential ” _ indicates that no direct transaction is observed between the textile and apparel firms , but the fabric produced by the textile firm could theoretically be used as an input for the apparel firm . This approach assumes that products with the same HS 6-digit code are substitutes . An advantage of this approach — matching upstream and downstream firms based on product codes — is that it eliminates the need for firm-level matching by names or reliance on industry IO tables , which", "spans": [{"start": 1568, "end": 1592, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2284, "end": 2302, "text": "industry IO tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Internet penetrated group ) . In the settlements , DRC refugees have the highest Internet penetration rates , followed by Burundians ( in Meheba ) and Angolan former refugees were the least . The Internet penetration rates among refugees , when compared to ITU and Internet World Stats figures , shows much higher penetration rates among refugees than the Zambian national average . It follows that refugees are pathfinders when it comes to integration of ICTs in households and primary livelihood activities . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Table 6 . 2 : Use of Internet Technology by members of refugee households and primary livelihoods < br > activities < br > Lusaka Urban Mayukwayukwa Meheba < br > Household Livelihood Household Livelihood Household Livelihood < br > n % n % N % n % n % n % < br > Total 71 46 . 4 39 25 . 5 32 26 . 9 1 0 . 8 85 38 . 8 26 11 . 8 < br > Angola - - - - 16 27 . 6 0 0 27 34 . 2 7 8 . 8 < br > Burundi 13 52 . 0 6 24 . 0 - - - - 29 42 . 6 5 7 . 4 < br > DRC 9 15 . 0 6 10 . 0 16 26 . 2 1 1 . 7 29 42 . 0 14 20 . 3 < br > Rwanda 21 75 . 0 15 53 . 6 - - - - 0 0 0 0 < br > Somali 28 70 . 0 12 30 . 0 - - - - - - - - < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > On account of the lack of a national fibre optic Internet backbone , the most common route to accessing the Internet is through the use of the most expensive mobile phone services ( table 6 . 3 ) . In Lusaka , 43 . 1 and 23 . 5 percent reported using their mobile phones to access Internet for their social ( household ) and", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 285, "text": "Internet World Stats", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "15-Aug-2018 < br > 15-Jun-2022 | 25-Nov-2022 < br > 31-Dec-2024 | | Comments * * : * * | A midline student learning assessment was condu < br > April / May 2022 . Immense effort is required through < br > this indicator . Effective utilization of the learning a < br > gaps . | cted in November 2021 . The report was finalized in < br > the school based teacher support initiative to improve < br > ssessment data is critical-to inform specific learning |  PDO sub-indicator 2 . 1 : Average female student test score in mathematics at Form 2 at public schools in targeted sub-counties ( Number , Custom Breakdown ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 17 . 50 | 17 . 50 | 17 . 50 | 26 . 90 | | Date | 15-Aug-2018 | 15-Jun-2022 | 25-Nov-2022 | 31-Dec-2024 | Improve transition from primary to secondary in targeted areas < u > < mark > IN01207730 < / mark > < / u > ► PDO indicator 3 : Transition rate from primary to secondary education in targeted sub-counties ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 77 . 20 | 85 . 30 | 86 . 00 | 86 . 00 | | Date | 07-Sep-2017 | 15-Jun-2022 | 25-Nov-2022 | 30-Nov-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | Some learners , particular <", "spans": [{"start": 399, "end": 413, "text": "ssessment data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were reported throughout the life of the project , although a number of minor issues were raised by auditors from the Auditor General ’ s office in their management letters . In general , the auditor ’ s opinions were mostly related to omissions rather than impropriety by KCDP implementing agencies , which did not result in any loss or misuse of project funds . The project experienced one case of ineligible expenditure , an amount of KES 2 , 736 , 470 ( US $ 28 , 000 equivalent ) incurred by KWS , however , the funds were promptly refunded to the Bank by the GoK . There were no outstanding audit issues at project closure . Implementing agencies promptly responded to and addressed any FM issues flagged during WB FM supervision reviews and the GoK internal and external audit reports . For example , in 2016 , inaccurate FM data and delays in preparing cashflow projections slowed down the finalization of the annual work program and budget approval . However , the PMU , together with the implementing agencies and support from the WB , promptly addressed the issues to ensure continued project implementation . 61 . Disbursement of project funds was consistent with the slow implementation progress experienced initially , and remained below financial projections until the MTR . However , due to the managerial and institutional improvements introduced by the second project restructuring ( as well as the cancellation of US $ 4 . 59 million from IDA ) , total disbursements accelerated and at project closing ( including the grace period ) represented over 99 percent of both the IDA credit and the GEF grant . Specifically , at the end of the grace period , the Project had disbursed US $ 29 . 26 million ( 99 percent ) and US $ 5 million ( 100 percent ) , of the IDA credit and GEF grant , respectively . # # # * * C . BANK PERFORMANCE * * # # # * * Quality at Entry * * 62 . Quality at entry was a determining factor in the overall implementation , performance and outcome of the project . Regardless of the substantial relevance", "spans": [{"start": 829, "end": 836, "text": "FM data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and mitigation . * * The overall procurement risk remains substantial . Key risks include the large number of small packages , weaknesses in contract management , security constraints in some regions , and delays updating STEP . The mitigation measures applied so far will be maintained and strengthened under the AF , including : ( a ) bundling similar small works and goods , where feasible , to reduce transaction costs ; ( b ) recruiting or assigning a dedicated federallevel contract management specialist and using systematic tools ( milestone trackers , key performance indicators , early warning flags ) to strengthen oversight ; ( c ) ensuring routine STEP discipline , with regular updates and reconciliation of physical progress against STEP data to improve data integrity and portfolio visibility ; and ( d ) completing the independent procurement audit and implementing its recommendations in a timely manner . Standard Procurement Documents modified for SSI works contracts will be applied across all relevant _woredas_ to ensure consistency and quality in works procurement . Page 14", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 757, "text": "STEP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "finance officers to develop their capacities and one officer will be allocated to be the focal person for the project . # # # * * Internal Control and Internal Auditing * * 12 . For the purposes of ensuring that resources are adequately allocated , efficiently , effectively and economically utilized , procedures and policies are adhered to , and safeguard of assets , management is tasked to put controls in place to enable them control and achieve their set objectives . Dire Dawa to a great extent has functional internal control systems in place . These include segregation of duties , physical control of assets ( maintaining a fixed assets register ) , proper authorization and approval channels , clear lines of communication , integrity and performance of staff at all levels , cash management ( cash counts are randomly done ) and supervision . The grey area for the enterprise is the lack of a manual which documents these processes and application . We noted also that bank reconciliations are prepared on a monthly basis , although these are not approved and signed by management , and the assets registers are incomplete and not updated . # # # * * _Internal Audit_ * * 13 . Dire Dawa has an internal audit department with only one staff . The internal auditor reports to the General Manager . He is guided by the Ministry of Finance Internal Audit Manual . An annual plan is prepared for the year . The areas of focus are the financials and stock , subsidiary and control ledgers , bank statements and billing activities ( cash collection ) . The internal auditor reports on a monthly basis to the General Manager . The internal auditor is a BA holder with 2 years of experience as an internal auditor . He requires comprehensive training to develop his capacity , risk based internal audit is a weak area and requires further guidance from MoFED , and an additional staff should be recruited to ensure continuity and share the workload . 33", "spans": [{"start": 634, "end": 655, "text": "fixed assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1103, "end": 1119, "text": "assets registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ impacts on physical , biodiversity , or social environment . The indirect impacts area of influence includes areas close to the TL corridor and the substation which will be affected during subproject construction and operation . The indirect impacts area of influence includes the contiguous areas along the TL corridor where impacts on physical and biological environment is felt ( typically , a corridor as wide as 5km is considered , particularly to account for ecological and biodiversity impacts ) , the administrative areas where the subproject is located ( Shashemene city and Hawassa city ) ; more specifically Chefe Koti Jebesa Kebele / Hawela Tula SC of Hawassa city , and Tog Weransa , Meja Dema and Bulchana Woredas of Shashemene city ) , and the nearby Shashemene town and Hawassa city . These areas have been the principal areas of focus for fieldwork and data collection . * * _Collection and review of Available Information : _ * * The available Feasibility Study and E & S Screening Reports for Hawassa – Shashemene 230kV TL and SS works have been reviewed with the objective to identify potential sources of impact of the subproject on the environment . The consultant collected and reviewed published relevant documents , regulations , and Central Statistical Agency ’ s ( CSA ) census reports . Information on existing environmental conditions , necessary to provide the background for impact identification and assessment has been obtained from these published sources . The legislative framework applicable to the proposed subproject is governed by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ( FDRE ) . The national legislative and institutional framework , policies , procedures , guidelines etc . have also been reviewed ( See References ) . The World Bank ’ s ESF and ESSs were also reviewed . The following PRIME-1 E &", "spans": [{"start": 1497, "end": 1511, "text": "census reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "KENYA # # # # # # GROUP FARMS REhABILITATION PROJECT # # # # # # Mixed * * YArmi Mdel : Piuicai Data * * | Teshnical < br > Coefficients < br > Livea . tek : | Before < br > Development | * * It * * < br > Year < br > * * I * * | Year < br > 2 | Year < br > 3 | Year < br > 4 | Year < br > 5 | Year < br > 6 | * * Year * * < br > 7 | * * Year * * < br > 8 | * * Year * * < br > 9 | * * Year * * < br > * * 10 * * | * * Thereafter * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Calving < br > . | 60 | 65 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | | Calving < br > Interval < br > ( aontha ) | * * 18 * * | 18 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | | < br > < br > < br > Calves < br > weaned < br > * * % 2 / * * | < br > 55 | < br > * * 55 * * | < br > 70 | < br > 80 | < br > 80 | < br > 80 | < br > 80 | < br > 80 | < br > 80 | < br > 80 | < br > 80 | 80 | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "74 | 3 . 05 | n | | * * Sierra Leone * * | 2003 | 2 . 72 | 71 . 3 | 1 . 94 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 28 | 16 . 10 | n | | * * Suriname * * | 1999 | 2 . 02 | 15 . 9 | 0 . 32 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 00 | 11 . 25 | 0 . 29 | 0 . 61 | n | | * * Syrian Arab * * | 2004 | 70 . 02 | 92 . 2 | 64 . 56 | 0 . 97 | 0 . 86 | 20 . 20 | 1 . 39 | 0 . 02 | y | | * * Tajikistan * * | 2004 | 8 . 77 | 84 . 1 | 7 . 38 | 0 . 13 | 0 . 25 | 0 . 61 | 1 . 51 | 1 . 70 | n | | * * Togo * * | 2006 | 4 . 96 | 12 . 2 | 0 . 61 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 23 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 22 | 6 . 42 | n | | * * Turkey * * | 2005 | 781 . 24 | 98 | 765 . 62 | 14 . 55 | 0 . 89 | 16 . 49 | 1 . 86 | 0 . 04 | y | | * * Uganda * * | 2009 | 39 . 81 | 12 . 1 | 4 . 82 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 75 | 12 . 52 | 0 . 22 | 3 . 10 | n | | * * Yemen * * | 2005 | 46 . 13 | 99 . 1 | 45 . 71 | 0 . 82 | 1 . 28 | 0 . 00 | 1 . 78 | 0 . 87 | y | Source : World Bank Databank # * * _Qard-al-Hasan_ as a tool for financial inclusion * * Qard-al-Hasan ( QH henceforth ) is defined in _Shariah_ as an interest free loan .", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 887, "text": "World Bank Databank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > SPECIAL ACCOUNT STATEMENT < br > For period ending 30th JUNE , 2020 < br > Account No . 1000308621 < br > Depository Bank CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA . < br > Address CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA . < br > Related Loan TRANSFOR . H . SYTEMS-GR A TFOA2561 < br > Credit Agreement < br > Currency USD < br > Part A - Account Activity < br > Beginning balance of 1st July , 2019 < br > as per C . B . K . Ledger Account 111 , 230 . 49 < br > Add : < br > Total Amount deposited by World Bank ______ 31 , 148 , 193 . 73 < br > Total Interest earnings if deposited in account < br > Total amount refunded to cover ineligible < br > expenditure < br > Deduct : < br > Total amount withdrawn 26 , 946 , 991 . 57 < br > Total service charges if not included above in < br > amount withdrawn < br > Ending balance on 30th June , 2020 _____ 4 , 312 , 432 . 65 < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE : < br > CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA < br > AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE < br > EXTERNAL RESOURCES SIGNATURE : < br > DEPARTMENT-TREASURY < br > DATE i - - - - - < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > NOTE : The ending balance as per Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account and the off-shore Special Account as at 30th June , 2020 have been reconciled and a copy of the supporting Reconciliation Statement is attached .", "spans": [{"start": 412, "end": 438, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1142, "end": 1178, "text": "Central Bank of Kenya Ledger Account", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > variables | 9 . 36 | 0 . 0000 | 226 . 8 | 0 . 0000 | Notes : This table reports the results of a regression of two variables reflecting the school expansion . Column 1 reports a linear probability regression in which the outcome is a binary indicator equal to one if a new school was introduced to a municipality in the period 1998 – 2009 , and 0 otherwise . Column 2 reports an ordinal logit regression in which the outcome reflects the timing of a municipality ’ s first school new school ( number of years after 1997 ) . Only municipalities that received a new school during the period1998 – 2009 are including in the second regression . Both regressions include state dummy variables . Population size is based on the average total population between 1997 and 2009 . Robust standard errors are reported in parenthesis . * * * , * * , and * denote statistical significance at 1 % , 5 % and 10 % . Source : Authors ’ analysis based on school data from the 2002 wave of the Brazilian School Census ; official population estimates from the Brazilian Census Bureau ; births by age from Brazilian Vital Statistics . 32", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 1003, "text": "Brazilian School Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1090, "end": 1116, "text": "Brazilian Vital Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) and the Household Expenditure and Income Survey ( HEIS ) , with a suitable coverage of Afghan refugees . # * * 4 . Research design * * In this section , we first describe data sources and the matching strategy . Then we explain the key variables and how they are constructed . Finally , we elaborate our identification strategy to assess the unequal impact of macro shocks in Iran on Afghan refugees and the host communities . # # * * 4 . 1 . Data * * Our data is drawn from two surveys regularly conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran , the main governmental body to run sample surveys : the Labor Force Survey ( LFS ) and the Household Expenditure and Income Survey ( HEIS ) . They both have nationwide and provincial representative samples of rural and urban households , and the latest quinquennial population census is used as their framework . As there is no camp for Afghan refugees in Iran , they spread over specific regions of the country , and the national household surveys have good coverage of them . < sup > 4 < / sup > LFS has been conducted in the middle of each quarter since spring 2005 and is the primary source of employment statistics in Iran . The information available in LFS covers a wide range including household member ’ s demographic and employment status , such as education , migration , working hours , industry , occupation , and experience ( but not wage and income ) . Importantly for this research , the nationality of each household member is also inquired in this survey . The sampling of LFS is on a rotating panel basis in the sense that each household is sampled in two consecutive seasons of two consecutive years . This feature enables us to observe each individual ’ s change in employment status and compare it between two communities . Table 1 lists the LFS rounds with the available sample of Afghan refugees . HEIS has been conducted annually since 1963 , but its raw data is available from 1984 onwards . Its enumeration is uniformly spread over the year such that in each month , a representative", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 18, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 35, "end": 74, "text": "Household Expenditure and Income Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 822, "end": 852, "text": "quinquennial population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 991, "end": 1017, "text": "national household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | 3 . 1 < br > Detailed & In-depth Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 | | 3 . 2 < br > Interactive Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 | | 3 . 3 < br > Preparation of ESMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 | | * * 4 * * < br > * * BASELINE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "WPS8592 Policy Research Working Paper 8592 Background Paper to the 2019 World Development Report Global Dataset on Education Quality A Review and Update ( 2000 – 2017 ) _Harry Anthony Patrinos Noam Angrist_ Education Global Practice September 2018", "spans": [{"start": 97, "end": 132, "text": "Global Dataset on Education Quality", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Public Disclosure Copy Implementation Status & Results Report National Agricultural and Rural Inclusive Growth Project ( P153349 ) # * * The World Bank * * |  Direct project benef | iciaries ( Number , Custom ) | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 360 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 24-Mar-2016 | - - | 18-Dec-2017 | 30-Nov-2021 | |  Female beneficiaries ( Percentage , Custom Supplement ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual | ( Previous ) | Actual | ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | | 0 . 00 | | 50 . 00 | # # Overall Comments The physical implementation of the sub-projects and micro-projects has not started . Therefore , the actual values remain zero . The preparation for the baseline survey is underway . Thus , some of the baseline data are still mission or not confirmed . # # * * Intermediate Results Indicators * * |  Micro-projects implemented , disaggregated by windows ( SLM and VC , VMG , Livelihood , and Nutrition ) ( Number ) ( Number , < br > Custom ) | | - - - | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | - - | 0 . 00 | 12 , 000 . 00 | | Date | 23-Aug-2016 |", "spans": [{"start": 868, "end": 883, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 917, "end": 930, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "treatment and control households in the survey sample ( Rs 34 , 339 ) corresponds to approximately 77 % of India ’ s 2010 annual per capita income of Rs 44 , 345 ( US $ 1 , 002 ) . # * * 5 Data Description * * The analysis draws on data from two main sources . The first set of data consists of bank lists on all debt relief accounts in the sample districts . As a transparency measure , all banks and credit cooperatives were required to disclose details about all accounts qualifying for full or partial debt relief . This information was posted on public notice boards of local bank branches throughout the country , and several banks also published detailed beneficiary information on their websites . The second set of data comes from a detailed household survey of debt relief beneficiaries , conducted in late 2009 , approximately one 14", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 333, "text": "bank lists on all debt relief accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 742, "end": 796, "text": "detailed household survey of debt relief beneficiaries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MSCU , that will increase the sustainability of the reproductive health program , and ( iii ) facilitate decentralization and capacity-building at the level of health service delivery points . Future operations will need to target the reproductive health of adolescents , as this is the only group for which the 1998 KDHS shows fertility has not decreased . The fact that the obstetric experience of this group also significantly contributes to overall maternal mortality in Kenya further demonstrates a continued lack of access to reproductive health services by adolescents . The KDHS also shows that geographic disparities have not diminished ; therefore , future operations should also have a stronger focus on poverty . 39 . Given the experience of this project and other recent projects in the sector , IDA would be negligent to not attach the following preconditions to any future IDA support to Kenya ' s health sector : ( i ) the introduction of a streamlined payment procedure and increased accountability measures in the payment system ; ( ii ) the contracting of an independent procurement agent for all IDA-financed procurement ; and ( iii ) the enactment of measures to improve accounting and record-keeping . In addition , recent allegations of corruption surrounding the Ministry ' s procurement practices increase concerns that IDA and other donors are being asked to channel funds into a sector from which significant funds are being drained through corruption . Thus , prior to directing any future support to the health sector , IDA and donors should require the contracting of an independent procurement agent for _all_ Ministry procurement , particularly given that procurement is not a core function of the Ministry . 40 . The future role of NCPD is unclear ; and its viability in the absence of project support , uncertain . Thus , the GoK should be encouraged to clarify its plans for the future role of this agency . The GoK should also be strongly encouraged to complete at least those unfinished civil works under its direct control ( the VSCUs ) . Given that the GoK reaffirmed its commitment to these works twice in recent years - first in 1996", "spans": [{"start": 312, "end": 321, "text": "1998 KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 582, "end": 586, "text": "KDHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 For example , one could try to estimate the impact of past inequality ( at time t - 1 ) on how the poor may benefit from growth ( at time t ) ? As noted by Ravallion ( 1997 ) , one of the reasons why inequality may reduce the prospects of the poor of escaping poverty through growth is that the higher the initial inequality , the lower the share of the poor in the benefits of growth . Imagine that a single person has all the resources in an area . Then , whatever the growth , poverty will never be reduced through growth . More generally , the higher the inequality , the less elastic poverty will be to economic growth for a large class of poverty measures ( but in a recession , the poor will be less affected if the level of inequality is higher ) . To test this argument , Ravallion proposed the restricted form r = P ( l-IG ) g where r is the rate of poverty reduction for the area from t - 1 to t , IG is the initial Gini index at time t - 1 , g is the rate of growth between t - 1 and t , and f3 is a parameter to be estimated . Using a panel for 23 countries with 41 spells , Ravallion tested this specification against an ad hoc encompassing model , and accepted the restricted form . We replicated this estimation with our regional panel . The results proved highly sensitive to the specification of the encompassing model , and in most cases , we had to reject the Ravallion ' s hypothesis that what matters for poverty reduction is the rate of growth corrected for the extent of initial inequality . Another reason why initial inequality ( or poverty ) may matter for future poverty reduction is known as the induced-growth argument , according to which higher initial inequality ( or poverty ) may result in lower subsequent growth , and thereby in a smaller rate of poverty reduction . The negative impact of inequality ( or poverty ) on growth may result from various factors ( Persson and Tabellini , 1994 ; Alesina and Rodrik , 1994 , Clarke", "spans": [{"start": 1051, "end": 1088, "text": "panel for 23 countries with 41 spells", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1240, "end": 1254, "text": "regional panel", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Actor / Stakeh * * | * * older * * | * * Responsibilities * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * MoWSA * * < br > * * – * * < br > * * Protection * * < br > * * Coordination * * < br > * * Directorate , * * < br > * * Women ’ s * * < br > < br > * * Directorate * * | * * Social * * < br > * * MoH * * < br > * * Affairs * * | < br > < br > < br > • < br > Sign a tripartite MoU with MoA and MoH for joint coordination , < br > implementation and monitoring of linkages for the program ’ s social < br > services component < br > • < br > Monitoring of and reporting on issues related to OHS and child labor , and < br > as well as tracking labor-related issues reported to the program GRM < br > • < br > Collaborate with MoA-WAD on GBV issues and participate in federal < br > taskforce . | | * * MoH - MCHD * * | | • < br > Sign a tripartite MoU with MoA and MoWSA for joint coordination , < br > implementation and monitoring of linkages for the program ’ s social < br > services component . < br > • < br > Provide technical support on the implementation of health and nutrition < br > provisions of the program < br > • < br > Monitor and report on SBCC , health and nutrition status as part of the < br > national nutrition reporting system | | * * Third Par * * < br > * * Implementer ( * * | * * ty * * < br > * * TPI ) *", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1253, "text": "national nutrition reporting system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 5 - * * # # * * SCHEDULE 1 * * # # * * Project Description * * The objective of the Project is to improve water supply and sanitation services in select coastal and northeastern regions in the Recipient ' s territory . The Project consists of the following parts : - * * Part 1 : Rehabilitation and expansion of urban water * * supply * * and * * sanitation services * * in the coastal region * * # # ( a ) Support to Coastal Counties Carrying out a program of activities designed to improve water supply and sanitation services in urban areas , including : ( i ) construction and rehabilitation of water supply , sanitation and storm water infrastructure investments including construction or rehabilitation of offices for Water Services Providers ( \" WSPs \" ) ; and ( ii ) capacity building and institutional strengthening activities , including customer identification surveys , improving billing and collection systems , and non-revenue water , to support improved water and sanitation performance of the Participating County Governments ( \" PCGs \" ) and their WSPs . * * ( b ) * * Support to the Coast Bulk Water Services Provider Carrying out a program of activities designed to improve the interconnected coast water bulk system , including : ( i ) construction and rehabilitation of water mains and boreholes ; ( ii ) technical assistance to the Coast Water Service Board , including financing a management or service contract for the operation of the coast water bulk system ; and ( iii ) partial financing of on-going construction contracts of water transmission mains from Kakuyuni to Kilifi and from Kakuyuni to Gongoni for the Baricho Well Field . # * * Part * * 2 : * * Expansion of Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Underserved Northeastern Counties * * Carrying out a program of activities designed to improve water supply and sanitation services in the underserved Northeastern Counties such as Wajir town and Dadaab refugee camp host communities in Garissa County , such program to", "spans": [{"start": 854, "end": 885, "text": "customer identification surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series ( IPUMS-I , 2019 ) , comprising four waves of individual and household survey data from 1980-2010 . We complement these data with the information from Brazil ’ s national electricity regulatory authority , ANEEL ( _Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica_ ) , and from the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport of Brazil , DNIT ( _Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes_ ) . > 3There is a growing literature on the economic impact of road quality improvements . Gallen and Winston ( 2021 ) have a dynamic general equilibrium model where transportation is treated as capital funded by taxpayers . Morten and Oliveira ( 2023 ) use a general equilibrium trade model and rich spatial data to study how road infrastructure facilitates the movement of traded goods . Trew ( 2020 ) and Allen and Arkolakis ( 2022 ) study how transportation improvements arise in decentralized settings . Balboni ( 2019 ) develops a dynamic spatial model to analyze whether transportation improvements should concentrate in coastal areas under the risk of rising sea levels . Alder ( 2023 ) builds a spatial model to analyze whether connecting large economic centers or mediumsized cities is more optimal . Reduced-form studies include Gertler et al . ( 2022 ) , Asher and Novosad ( 2020 ) , Bird and Straub ( 2020 ) , and Jedwab and Storeygard ( 2021 ) . 4", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 38, "text": "Integrated Public Use Microdata Series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 85, "end": 121, "text": "individual and household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 727, "end": 739, "text": "spatial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Limited | 332 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review | 2021-10-29 < br > 2021-10-05 | 2021-11-06 | 2021-11-13 | 2021-11-30 | 2022-05-29 | | KE-MOH-268646-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to develo < br > p a national demand plannin < br > g , blood and blood products f < br > orecasting , quantification an < br > d stocking system for all tran < br > sfusing facilities in the public < br > sector < br > IDA / 65980 | Availability of safe blood and < br > blood products < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Limited | 270 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2021-12-21 | 2022-01-04 | 2022-02-03 | 2022-03-10 | 2022-09-06 | | KE-MOH-272316-CS-CQS / C < br > onsultancy services to condu < br > ct a nationwide survey to gui < br > de community engagement a < br > ctivities that will support com < br > munity resilience and recove < br > ryfrom COVID-19 in Kenya < br > IDA / 65980 | Community discussion and i < br > nformation outreach < br > Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Limited | 100 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending Impleme < br > ntation | 2022-01-12 | 2022-01-26 | 2022-02-25 | 2022-04-01 | 2022-09-28 | | KE-MOH-292391-CS-CQS", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to value added , employment and number of establishments . The various combinations of these strata generate the cells for each industrysizeregion . Notice the lack of 4-digit stratification , feature to which we shall return in the subsection below . As a first look at the data , we assess the comparability between the manufacturing censuses and ES using the Quantile-Quantile ( QQ ) plot . Figure 8 plots the quantiles of the size distribution of firms in the ES against the quantiles based on manufacturing census data . The size quantiles are given in a logarithm of employment . If the points in the plot more or less lie on the same line , then we expect the ES data to reflect the size distribution in the national censuses . Departures from this relationship indicate that the size distribution in the two datasets are < sup > 18 < / sup > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Cote d ’ Ivoire ES 2009 Ethiopia ES 2011 < br > 2 4 6 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 < br > Employment ( Census ) Employment ( Census ) < br > Ghana ES 2007 Ghana ES 2013 Kenya ES 2007 Kenya ES 2013 < br > 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 < br > Employment ( Census ) Employment ( Census ) Employment ( Census ) Employment ( Census ) < br > 10 10 < br > 8 8 < br > 6 6 < br > Employment ( ES 2009 ) 4 Employment ( ES 2011 ) 4 < br > 2 2 < br > 8 10 10 < br > 7 < br > 6 8 8 < br > 6 < br > 5 < br > 6 6 < br > 4 < br > 4 < br > Employment ( ES 2007 ) Employment ( ES 2013 ) Employment ( ES 2007 ) Employment ( ES 2013 ) < br > 4 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 2 2 2 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 8", "spans": [{"start": 498, "end": 523, "text": "manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 / 2023-24 / < br > Consultancy to Provide Struct < br > ured Capacity Building for Mi < br > cro , Small and Medium Enter < br > prises in Kenya | IDA / 70180 | Technical Assistance and Pro < br > ject Management | Prior < br > L < br > o | east Cost Selecti < br > n | Open - Internation < br > l | a | 1 , 500 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Cancele | d | 2023-10-27 | 2023-11-17 | 2023-12-31 | | 2024-01-28 | | 2024-02-27 < br > 2024-04-02 | | | 2024-05-07 < br > 2025-05-06 | | | SAFER / MSEA / C / 07 / 2023-202 < br > 4 / Consultancy to Conduct a < br > Baseline Survey of MSMEs in < br > Kenya | IDA / 70180 | Technical Assistance and Pro < br > ject Management | Prior < br > L < br > o | east Cost Selecti < br > n | Open - Internation < br > l | a | 1 , 200 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Cancele | d | 2023-11-17 | 2023-12-08 | 2024-01-21 | | 2024-02-18 | | 2024-03-19 < br > 2024-04-23 | | | 2024-05-28 < br > 2025-05-28 | | | SAFER / SASRA / C / 11 / 2023-24 < br > / Consultancy to Review ICT < br > Requirements & Co-Ordinate < br > Implementation for a SACCO < br > Shared Digital Services Platfo < br > rm for SACCO Societies Regu < br > lator", "spans": [{"start": 558, "end": 582, "text": "Baseline Survey of MSMEs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 Just under 11 percent ( 74 ) of the 694 publications allocated for topic assignment were not in the event assigned to a topical group . The most-cited items amongst these were textbooks ( led by Paul Feldstein ) which , by definition , paint on a much broader canvas . Others included the quite extensive reference made by economists to the literatures of demography and epidemiology written by scholars of those disciplines . The most frequently cited excluded source that was not a textbook was Scott and Meyer ‘ s book on organization theory and application ― Institutional environments and organizations : Structural complexity and individualism ‖ : a pioneering and hugely influential sociological work whose impact on economists is indicated by its being the 63rd most cited source . Some titles were found to be superficially misleading . For example , Kremer ‘ s excellent ― The Illusion of Sustainability ‖ ( Kremer and Miguel , 2007 ) may appear superficially to belong to category 5 ( Health and the economy ) but is in fact about the evaluation of public health options in Kenya ( category 12 , Economic evaluation ) . Some authors excel at the invention of intriguing but slightly baffling titles . Mark Kamstra ‘ s ― Losing Sleep at the Market : The Daylight Saving Anomaly ‖ ( Kamstra et al . , 2000 ) turned out to about equity returns in international capital markets in consequence of sleep disruption , and so was excluded . Contoyannis et al . on ― The Dynamics of Health in the British Household Panel Survey ‖ ( Contoyannis et al . , 2004 ) could on the face of it have been assigned either to category 1 ( Health and its value ) or 3 ( Determinants of health and ill-health ) but on closer inspection was assigned to category 3 given its concentration on the impact of health status in a previous period on the probability distribution of current health status , and on the impact of socio-economic determinants . Articles that were about both supply and demand were assigned according where the balance of emphasis seemed to lie or , where the balance was even , to category 11 ( Markets in health care ) . Siciliani", "spans": [{"start": 1502, "end": 1532, "text": "British Household Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "around the trend in earnings inequality in Latin America during the last two decades . To a lesser degree , it also seeks to contrast these trends with those of other middle - and high-income countries in the world . To analyze the trend in labor income inequality , we aim to document changes in the inequality of the earnings structure ( relative returns of different skills / attributes ) . We also analyze the context of these changes in terms of real earnings growth because different movements in real earnings could lead to the same change in relative returns to different attributes , but not to the same conclusions about the underlying causes . Finally , our paper presents a set of stylized facts on the variance in earnings across workers of observable different characteristics ( the earnings structure ) and the variance across workers with observable equal characteristics , which is defined in the literature as residual earnings inequality and corresponds to the variance that cannot be explained by the differences among workers in a set of observed characteristics . Unlike Azevedo et al . ( 2013 ) , we are not imposing any assumption about the dynamics of the residual distribution . By conducting our analysis at the regional level , we enhance the external validity of our results , while obtaining broad estimates of a common underlying trend in the distribution of labor market earnings in the region . In particular , we use data from the SEDLAC database on 17 countries in Latin America , which cover around 90 percent of the population . This allows us to identify underlying factors that are beyond specific country contexts ( political , institutional , or economic ) . In addition , analyzing data since the early 1990s allows us to define whether the factors considered important in the 2000s were also present during the previous decade , when labor market inequality showed a different trend . In other words , by taking a long-term perspective , we can test whether the reverse of previous trends in overall inequality implied a reverse in previous trends in other factors , or a surge in new forces that were previously absent . Our main finding is that , after a period of modest expansion", "spans": [{"start": 1465, "end": 1480, "text": "SEDLAC database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Table A1 Statistical Description The sample consists of all financial listed firms in the CSMAR database from 2008-2017 . | | N | Mean | St . Dev . | Min | Max | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ∆ ( Investment / Total Fixed Asset ) | 1250 | 0 . 03 | 0 . 43 | - . 832 | 1 . 25 | | Titling Firm dummy | 1250 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 19 | 0 | 1 | | ROA in 2012 | 1250 | 6 . 16 | 17 . 12 | - 13 . 29 | 40 . 18 | | Tobin Q in 2012 | 1250 | 2 . 04 | 8 . 69 | . 11 | 232 . 59 | | Δ Tobin ' s Q | 1250 | 0 . 83 | 6 . 71 | - 89 . 14 | 101 . 35 | | The relative size of the acquirees in the M & A deals | 1250 | 0 . 05 | 1 . 27 | 0 | 44 | | Shenzhen dummy | 1250 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 23 | 0 | 1 | | Tenure Unexpired | 1250 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 16 | 0 | 1 | | Rights Uncontended | 1250 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 15 | 0 | 1 | | SOE dummy | 1250 | 0 . 69 | 0 . 46 | 0 | 1 | | Historical Annual Stock Market Return | 1250 | - 0 . 36 | 0 . 12 | - 0 . 54 | - 0 . 07 | | Δ Historical Annual Stock Market Return | 1250 | - 0 . 01 | 0 . 19 | - 0 . 37 | 0 . 40 | | Dividend / Total sales | 1250 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 07 | 0 | 1 . 94 | | Incentive Package | 1250 | 2 . 53 | 8 . 48 | 0 | 78 . 04 | | Chairman-CEO duality dummy | 1250", "spans": [{"start": 92, "end": 106, "text": "CSMAR database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Report No : ISR14775 The World Bank | | | Date | 03-May-2007 | 09-Sep-2013 | 30-Jun-2015 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | e Copy | | Comments | | The system is in place and < br > final operational manual is < br > prepared and the System is < br > being enhanced to the < br > maximum efficiency | | | sur < br > Cost monitoring functioning | Yes / No | Value | No | No | Yes | | sclo | | Date | 03-May-2007 | 09-Sep-2013 | 30-Jun-2015 | | Public Di | | Comments | | The system is in place and < br > final operational manual is < br > prepared and the System is < br > being enhanced to the < br > maximum efficiency in the < br > future | | | DMO ' s fully commercialized | Yes / No | Value | No | Yes | Yes | | | | Date | 03-May-2007 | 09-Sep-2013 | 30-Jun-2015 | | | | Comments | | DMO ' s are now legally and < br > physically separate from ERA < br > as of July 2011 . | | # # * * Data on Financial Performance ( as of 04-Apr-2014 ) * * # # # * * Financial Agreement ( s ) Key Dates * * | Project | Ln / Cr / Tf | Status | Approval Date | Signing Date | Effectiveness Date | Original Closing Date | < br > Revised Closing Date | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P091077 | IDA-43150 | Effective", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of which has prior experience implementing a World Bank-financed project on water resource management and flood protection . < sup > 86 < / sup > MoWE has the mandates relevant to the flood risk management aspects of the project , including , inter alia : ( a ) undertake the policy studies , surveys , and research needed to create a conducive environment for the implementation of an integrated water resource management within basins ; ( b ) study and implement flood protection forecasting and early warning ; protect and save lives and properties in case of flood and drought , by implementing various flood protection and drought mitigation measures in coordination with relevant bodies ; and , ( c ) provide support to promote expansion of meteorological services , enhance risk forecasting capacity , and enhance the capacity to utilize data obtained from the sector . The EDRMC is a federal entity reporting to the prime minister and has the mandate to lead overall DRM coordination and mainstream DRM across sectors . The EDRMC has not yet implemented a World Bank-financed IPF , but has experience implementing an activity under SEASN PforR ( P172479 ) as well as other donor-funded technical assistance projects , such as the EU-financed Decentralization of Disaster Risk Management in Ethiopia program . The EMI , or former National Meteorology Agency , manages meteorological forecasting and related equipment and projects , and reports to MoWE . 3 . * * A Steering Committee will be responsible for overall guidance and strategic decision-making related to project implementation and management . * * The Steering Committee will be chaired by the head of MoWE ( or whomever s / he delegates to ) , which is responsible for implementing a major portion of the project amount through Component 2 , and co-chaired by the head of EDRMC ( or whomever s / he delegates to ) , which is responsible for leading various ministries and agencies and other stakeholders for 86 Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project ( P096323 ) . Page 66 of 82", "spans": [{"start": 845, "end": 874, "text": "data obtained from the sector", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Action Plan for Kizirafumbi-Kadoma-Kikoob-Kyapoloni-Kabaale Power line_ * * _Agricultural land_ * * - it is the pre-project or pre-displacement , whichever is higher , market value of land of equal productive potential or use located in the vicinity of the affected land , plus the cost of preparing the land to levels similar to those of the affected land , plus the cost of any registration and transfer taxes . * * _Land in urban areas_ * * - it is the pre-displacement market value of land of equal size and use , with similar or improved public infrastructure facilities and services and located in the vicinity of the affected land , plus the cost of any registration and transfer taxes . This is to ensure that the values obtained are adequate to secure in-kind alternative land or cash compensation at market value for the affected owners . * * _Loss of Income_ * * _-_ Generally , loss of income will be minimal . The Enumeration Approach will be adopted for the crops affected by the project . The Enumeration Approach involves taking census of the affected crops and applying flat realistic rate approved by the Land Valuation In addition to the compensation , disturbance allowances of 10 % of total compensation will be considered . Where domestic law does not meet the standard of compensation at full replacement cost , compensation under domestic law is supplemented by additional measures so as to meet the replacement cost standard . Such additional assistance is distinct from resettlement measures to be provided under other clauses in OP 4 . 12 , paragraph . 6 . The valuation of the assets will be done with the engagement and participation of the PAPs . All negotiations will be done in collaboration and in the presence of Grievance Redress Committee to ensure that the PAPs who do not have good negotiating skills are not left behind , and that they also get benefits commensurate with their losses in most cases . # #", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1087, "text": "census of the affected crops", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increased shift to cash and improved cash-food parity ( a new food basket with 15 kg of grain and 4 kg of pulses has been agreed ) ; further piloting of innovative transfer mechanisms such as electronic payments or vouchers ; enhanced role of transfers in helping households move towards sustainable graduation , including the provision of a lump-sum payment equal to 6 months of transfers upon graduation ; and increased number of months of support for direct support beneficiaries This sub-component will also support effective response mechanisms that provide appropriate and timely resources to transitorily food insecure households in response to shocks . In particular , this component will aim to support the development / improvement of a continuum of response that entails : 1 ) PSNP 4 covering the chronic caseload ( expanded to all rural areas ) , and 2 ) A contingency budget at three levels ( woreda , regional , federal ) to address transitory needs and take preventative action when needed . Outside the program , this will be complemented by a humanitarian response for rapid onset and large scale crisis beyond contingency budget . This will require access to adequate information as well as clear triggers and thresholds for intervention . The single registry can serve as a mechanism that provides the necessary household-level information to enable rapid scale-up using the contingency budget . Subcomponent 2b will support the development of community assets and improved livelihoods through public works and watershed planning . Continuing its successful participatory community planning process , the program will aim to improve public works , building on lessons from the current program as well as international good practices , through increased technical quality of public works , particularly for road and water subprojects , improved planning and M & E ; improved appropriateness of public works timing and subprojects in pastoral areas ; and more appropriate work norms for women . Financing for administrative costs and capital inputs will be allocated to woredas to provide the necessary complementary inputs as well as technical supervision and monitoring for public works activities . This sub-component will also introduce soft conditionalities to supplement", "spans": [{"start": 1262, "end": 1277, "text": "single registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "dates are adopted and these are presented below : Based on the Draft Feasibility design , the asset inventory was completed on April 1 , 2025 , and therefore this date is the cut-off date for all Subproject components ( the new substation , TL tower pad and RoW ) . All PAPs have been informed by their Woreda and Kebele leaders and the census survey team members that there will be no payment of compensation with respect to any construction or perennial crops planted or any improvement to land where such activity is done after PAHs ’ census and inventory of their assets . Page 138", "spans": [{"start": 94, "end": 109, "text": "asset inventory", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "components . Rubin and Tygesen ( 1996 ) , Beine and Hecq ( 1997 ) and Beine , Candelon and Hecq ( 2000 ) use a codependence framework . Filardo and Gordon ( 1994 ) , Beine , Candelon and Sekkat ( 1999 ) and Krolzig ( 2001 ) use a Markov Switching VAR model . This empirical work demonstrates that it is important to distinguish between short and long-run effects . Bayoumi and Eichengreen ( 1993 ) , Helg et al . ( 1995 ) and Rubin and Thygesen ( 1996 ) use differenced variables in the VAR representation . However , such a specification does not allow for long-run relationship between the variables . Beine and al . ( 2000 ) overcome this by investigating simultaneously common trends and common cycles , where evidence of a common European cycle is taken as evidence of perfect synchronization of shocks . Breitung and Candelon ( 2001 ) use a frequency domain common cycle test to analyze synchronization at different business cycle frequencies . We use annual data from 1965 to 2002 for real GDP and trade figures , and monthly data on industrial production and economic activity from 1995 to 2002 . GDP data is from IFS , data on industrial production are from Central Bank statistics . Trade data is from WITS and Direction of Trade Statistics . The key variable in our study is the degree of business cycle synchronization between countries _i_ and _j_ . To measure this variable , we follow Frankel and Rose ( 1998 ) and compute the correlation between the cyclical component of the output in countries _i_ and _j_ , where a higher correlation implies a higher degree of business cycle synchronization . The cyclical component of output is obtained using different de-trending methods . Given the lack of consensus on the optimal procedure and the sensitivity of the cycle to the de-trending method , this approach should provide a robustness check of our results . For annual data we use first-differencing and bandpass filtering ( Baxter and King , 1999 ) . Spectral analysis is used to assess business cycle synchronization with monthly data . # * * 2 . 1 . 1 Annual Data : 1965 – 2002 * * Band pass filtered data", "spans": [{"start": 958, "end": 987, "text": "annual data from 1965 to 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1025, "end": 1084, "text": "monthly data on industrial production and economic activity", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1193, "end": 1203, "text": "Trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1212, "end": 1250, "text": "WITS and Direction of Trade Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1879, "end": 1890, "text": "annual data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2041, "end": 2053, "text": "monthly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 | - | - | 77 | - | 9 | * | 7 | - | - | 7 | 327 | | georgia | - | - | 78 | 66 | - | - | 17 | - | * | 5 | 15 | * | * | 444 | 669 | | Bosnia and < br > herzegovina | - | - | * | 12 | - | - | * | * | - | - | * | - | - | 296 | 1 , 443 | … / … * * 26 * * Asylum Trends , First half 2014", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 . 11 . Probability of having a household member abroad was estimated using a Linear Probability model and ALCS 2013 – 14 data . Controls include a dummy indicating whether the household feels insecure in the district of residence ; the number of security incidents per thousand inhabitants in the district of residence ; composition and employment outcomes at the household level ; dummy variables identifying returnee households , IDP households and households migrating for economic reasons ; a dummy indicating urban residence and quintiles of a wealth index to proxy for household welfare . 11", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 128, "text": "ALCS 2013 – 14 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Other | 5 . 8 % | 0 . 395 M | Donation | Sinopharm | 0 . 79 M | Eligible | Received < br > in full | Sinopharm | 790 , 000 | | Other | 5 . 2 % | 0 . 353 M | Donation | Moderna | 0 . 707 M | Eligible | Received < br > in full | Moderna | 706 , 940 | | Other | 4 . 9 % | 0 . 336 M | Donation through < br > COVAX | Janssen | 336 , 000 | Eligible | Signed | Janssen | 336 , 000 | | * * National * * < br > * * Total * * | * * 83 . 4 % * * < sup > * * 7 * * < / sup > | * * 5 . 694 M * * | | | * * 11 . 053 M * * | | | | * * 8 . 203 M * * | > 7 The calculation of the population coverage with doses secured is based on the UN Lebanon population estimate of 6 . 8M and on two doses per person or one dose per person depending on the vaccine type as per the current definition of “ fully vaccinated ” . The calculation does not take into consideration the requirement of a third dose for adults who received their second dose 5 months prior , vaccine doses which were delivered but have already expired , dose sparing due to possible use of half dose of the Moderna vaccine as a booster , and instances where individuals will need an extended primary series or wastage during vaccine preparation . Page 17 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 621, "end": 651, "text": "UN Lebanon population estimate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table A . 24 : Comparison between FAT sample and RAIS data ( universe ) | | Number of < br > employees | Average < br > wage | Share < br > college | Share < br > low-skill | Share high < br > high-skill | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | FAT Average ( weighted ) | 28 . 55 | 1 , 311 . 89 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 42 | | RAIS Average ( universe ) | 23 . 85 | 1 , 349 . 29 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 17 | 0 . 39 | | Estimate ( RAIS - FAT ) | - 4 . 70 | 37 . 40 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | - 0 . 03 | | Standard Error | ( 3 . 08 ) | ( 29 . 77 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 01 ) | ( 0 . 02 ) | | T-Statistic | - 1 . 52 | 1 . 26 | 0 . 55 | 0 . 20 | - 1 . 64 | Note : * * * p _ < _ 0 . 01 , * * p _ < _ 0 . 05 , * p _ < _ 0 . 1 . Data from the 2017 _Relação Anual de Informações Sociais_ ( RAIS ) and the Firm-level Adoption Technology ( FAT ) survey in Brazil . The estimates from RAIS data are unweighted , and those from FAT surveys are weighted by the sampling weights . Robust standard errors in parenthesis . 112", "spans": [{"start": 49, "end": 58, "text": "RAIS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 791, "end": 836, "text": "Firm-level Adoption Technology ( FAT ) survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* Collection * * | * * Responsibility for Data * * < br > * * Collection * * | | Percentage of refugees pre-registered on < br > the national platform who are fully < br > vaccinated ( total and disaggregated by < br > sex ) | The indicator will track the < br > number of eligible Syrian < br > and Palestinian individuals < br > in areas with a high < br > concentration of displaced < br > population ( in coordination < br > with UNCHR ) , as many are < br > not issued a national ID < br > and are not reported as < br > refugees in the COVID-19 < br > vaccine registration < br > platform . This indicator will | 6 months | MOPH < br > reports , < br > National < br > Vaccine digital < br > platform < br > ( IMPACT ) | Administrative data | PMU / MOPH | Page 43 of 54", "spans": [{"start": 727, "end": 746, "text": "Administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The Arsi Robe * * 132kV * * Power Transmission Line subproject is technically feasible and economically attractive . * * If * * the benefit enhancement and mitigation measures recommended in this * * ESIA * * report are adopted and a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) is prepared and implemented , there are no * * E & S * * grounds for not proceeding with implementation of the subproject in the form in which it is presently envisaged . Such a worthwhile scheme , which will bring net benefits to the nation in general and the local communities in particular shall be implemented at the earliest possible date . However , it is recommended for * * EEP * * to implement the following : - * * 1 ) * * _Re , ettlement Action Pla n_ Results of the property surveys along the TL route revealed that privately owned farmland , residential houses and eucalyptus trees will be affected * * by * * the subproject . Therefore , a Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) and Livelihood Restoration Plan ( LRP ) shall be prepared and implemented to mitigate the land acquisition impact of the subproject as per the requirements of GoE ' s land expropriation laws and WB ' s * * ESS 5 - * * Land Acquisition , Restrictions on Land Use and voluntary Resettlement . Therefore , * * EEP * * who is the implementing Authority must prepare a RAP * * & * * LRP once the subproject is committed for construction . - _2 ) Subproject designs , specifications , and contract documents : _ It is recommended to ensure subproject designs and specifications incorporate appropriate measures to minimise negative impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts . - It is also recommended to ensure that the appropriate environmental protection clauses have been included in the contract documents to allow control of actions * * by * * the contractor , which are potentially damaging to the environment , the community and construction workers . - * * 3 ) * * _Rural Electrification : _ Local authorities and the nearby communities", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 761, "text": "property surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and fair view of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2025 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Commissioner General , Kenya Revenue Authority and Project Coordinator for Horn of Africa Gateway Development Project further confirm the completeness of the accounting records maintained for the Project , which have been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements as well as the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Commissioner General , Kenya Revenue Authority and Project Coordinator for Horn of Africa Gateway Development Project confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable Government Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , and that Project funds received during the financial year / period under audit were used for the eligible purposes for which they were intended and were properly accounted for . * * Approval of the Project financial statements * * The Project financial statements were approved * * by * * the Commissioner General , Kenya Revenue Authority and Project Coordinator for Horn of Africa Gateway Development Project and signed on * * . . . . * * Commissioner General Mr . Humphrey Wattafiga Project Coordinator Dr . Lilian Nyawanda * * xxvi * *", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 352, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the overall consistency and adequacy of government < sup > policy ( in the < / sup > Moldovan case : is there any other government program that offers < sup > guarantees < / sup > to this sector of the economy ? At what prices ? Is the success of the instrument contingent on the implementation of structural < sup > changes ? ) . < / sup > 95 . In Moldova , a demand survey would have revealed that < sup > most of the working < / sup > capital financing was being provided by multi-lateral institutions < sup > ( thus demand for < / sup > political risk insurance would be limited ) , that the facility < sup > would be crowded out by the < / sup > Government ' s own guarantee program if the government < sup > did not discontinue the < / sup > program , and that demand would be sluggish to begin with because < sup > the Government had < / sup > stalled on structural reforms . 96 . Finally , the Moldovan case study highlights the importance < sup > of an adequate pricing < / sup > policy for the facilities ' instruments . This is , however , not an < sup > easy undertaking especially < / sup > in the case of contingent instruments , the prices of which < sup > basically have to be derived < / sup > from complex option price models . If reference prices < sup > are used , the Moldovan case < / sup > illustrates that it is important to ensure that the employed < sup > reference price matches the < / sup > main features of the instruments offered in terms of maturity < sup > and types of risk covered . < / sup >", "spans": [{"start": 361, "end": 374, "text": "demand survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - Strengthen existing systems to collect and report data on eviction cases and their impacts to inform evidence-based advocacy and targeted interventions . - Improve data collection on eviction drivers from the landlords ’ perspective and overall country eviction trends that affect IDPs as a group of the population . # # # # # * * Awareness-raising campaigns * * - Conduct awareness-raising campaigns targeting both authorities and communities to promote an understanding of the importance of IDP housing rights and the negative impacts of forced evictions . # # # # # * * Coordination with Multipurpose Cash Assistance programmes * * - Closely coordinate and use referrals for Multipurpose Cash Assistance to address long-term socioeconomic needs and reduce coping mechanisms with potentially harmful consequences associated with evictions . # # # # # * * Advocacy * * - Work with NNGOs , INGOs , and civil society organisations to advocate the rights of those at risk of eviction and legal protection for tenants , including IDPs . - Collaborate with customary leaders in advocating housing rights for all without discrimination . - Advocate a displacement / protection-sensitive public policy for eviction . # # # # # * * Linkages with other strategic initiatives in the country * * - Work with development and durable solutions responders to reduce the risk of displacement and evictions , in line with the Centrality of Protection strategy for Yemen . # # # # # * * Community empowerment and mobilisation * * - Strengthen the capacity of local communities to understand their housing and land rights , including how to access legal systems and advocate their rights . - Encourage community-led initiatives to document land tenure and property ownership through culturally sensitive methods . - Provide livelihood assistance and social cohesion activities , as well as financial support for emergency cases , to help IDPs cover rent or find alternative housing solutions . - Support all efforts that bring an end to displacement and promote durable solutions for displaced people , e . g . returning to places of origin once the conditions conducive to", "spans": [{"start": 56, "end": 78, "text": "data on eviction cases", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recent violence . < sup > 34 < / sup > Lastly , as an implied mechanism in this specification is that violence exposure raises or lowers the relative opportunity cost certain types of work , we also divide our results into the full , pooled sample ( “ All ” ) as well as by “ Men ” and “ Women ” . In particular , reports of the conflict noted that women were at particular risk of attack , including sexual assault . < sup > 35 < / sup > Such a division also comports with other work , which has found differential labor responses for women versus men in the face of escalated violence ( Vel ́ asquez , 2020 ; Tsaneva _et al . _ , 2019 ) . # * * 3 . 4 Sample Attrition * * Endogenous sample attrition represents a further threat to credible identification . This could well be the case if prior violent events or unobserved shocks affect the likelihood that an individual remains in the panel sample . Indeed , in our study context this is a sizeable threat . There are 12 , 918 individuals in the GHS data who were first interviewed in the 2010 and who are also located in enumeration areas that were part of the coverage of all four rounds . Of these , 3 , 732 ( or 29 percent ) are observed all the way through wave 4 of the GHS , including those who moved and were tracked . This gives a back-of-the-envelope , cumulative attrition rate of approximately 16 percent for each period . While this is not worrisome for each individual period , it does present problems cumulatively . Although a relatively long household-level panel dataset provides the ability to track individuals and households over time and account for timeinvariant individual or household characteristics , they also inherently lead to a greater risk of attrition bias . To address non-ignorable attrition , we use the following probit estimation to estimate attritioncorrected sampling weights : Equation ( 5 ) includes the enumeration area herder-related violent events , a state-time fixed effect and the full list of time-interacted co-variates as described above . From equation ( 5 ) we calculate a predicted probability of", "spans": [{"start": 999, "end": 1007, "text": "GHS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1512, "end": 1541, "text": "household-level panel dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "quotation for the required work , and who has the experience and resources to complete the contract successfully . The first round o f works contracts for spring development , hand dug wells and small rural pipe systems below US $ 50 , 000 at remote locations where it i s not possible to conduct a competitive bid may also be awarded to local contractors based o n their qualifications and a priced bill o f quantities derived from the Unit Cost Data Base . In the second round o f contracts , when competition between dug well contractors i s possible , woredas will procure wells through quotations from qualified contractors . * * _Goods . _ * * To the extent possible , contracts for goods will be grouped into packages estimated to cost more than US $ 150 , 000 equivalent and be procured through ICB . Preference for domestically manufactured goods will apply . Contracts for goods estimated to cost from US $ 50 , 000 to US $ 150 , 000 equivalent will be procured through NCB . Contracts estimated to cost less than US $ 50 , 000 equivalent will be procured through shopping procedures by soliciting quotations from at least three qualified suppliers . * * _Selection of Consultants . _ * * All consulting services contracts costing more than US $ lOO , OOO equivalent for firms would be awarded through Quality and Cost Based Selection ( QCBS ) . Consulting service contracts estimated to cost less than US $ lOO , OOO equivalent for firms may be awarded through the Consultants ' Qualifications selection method . Individual consultants would be selected in accordance with provisions o f paragraphs 5 . 1 to 5 . 3 of the Guidelines . In exceptional cases , Single-Source selection may be used in accordance with provisions o f paragraphs 3 . 8 to 3 . 1 1 of the Guidelines . Shortlists for contracts costing less than US $ 200 , 000 equivalent may consist of national firms only in accordance with provision o f paragraph 2 . 7 o f the Guidelines provided that a sufficient number o f qualified f i r", "spans": [{"start": 437, "end": 456, "text": "Unit Cost Data Base", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * < mark > 3 . 1 Introduction < / mark > * * The data used to establish socio-economic baseline conditions was derived from field surveys conducted in the project areas specifically for this RAP , in Kibokoni , Sir Ali ( Maweni ) and Kwa Ndomo . There were two broad data objectives for the socio-economic baseline assessment : - a ) Establish a robust characterization of general pre-project socio-economic conditions against which future changes can be measured , and - b ) Enable the following key issues to be addressed during project implementation : - ✓ Physical and economic impacts on PAPs during and after the project implementation period - ✓ Effects from an influx of migrants to the area , anticipated as a public response to perceived economic opportunity , leading to a number of issues including the following : - Inflation and resulting social tension due to economic disparities - Increased social pathologies such as crime and prostitution - Decreased access to existing services and infrastructure # # # # # # * * < mark > 3 . 2 Baseline Data < / mark > * * The town of Malindi is in Kilifi County and is located about 120 kms northeast of Mombasa , at the mouth of the Sabaki River which flows into the Indian Ocean . It is the second largest tourist town along the coast of Kenya . The three settlements selected by the Client for this assignment are Kibokoni , Sir Ali ( Maweni ) and Kwa Ndomo . Malindi is the largest town in Kilifi County with a population of 207 , 253 people as of the 2009 census . It is a famous tourist destination with various attraction sites such as the Vasco da Gama Pillar , Gedi Ruins , Malindi Marine Park and the beautiful sandy beaches . The town has a high incidence of drug abuse and prostitution which is attributed to the low educational levels among the locals and the high number of tourists . Malaria , respiratory diseases and skin diseases are the most", "spans": [{"start": 138, "end": 151, "text": "field surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1525, "end": 1536, "text": "2009 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "observed income : Consider the OLS estimator of β based on equation ( 3 ) : where yi , t − 1 = Yi , t − 1 − ( 1 / N ) < sup > PN < / sup > i = 1 < sup > Yi , t − 1 . Onecanthenshowunderstandard < / sup > assumptions that as the number of observations in the cross-section , N , goes to infinity , The term θOLS is the asymptotic bias and shows that OLS will be inconsistent in general . This inconsistency arises due to the following terms : - i ) E ( ui , t , Yi , t − 1 ) , the covariance between the current period shock to earnings and last periods measured earnings . The standard concern here is the present of individual fixed effects in the error term ui , t , which will lead to this term being positive . This term will also not be zero if earnings shocks , ui , t are autocorrelated . - ii ) Cov ( εi , t , εi , t − 1 ) , the covariance between this period ’ s and last period ’ s measurement error terms will be non-zero if measurement errors are autocorrelated . Based on the U . S . validation studies , we would expect this term to be positive . - iii ) Cov ¡ Yi , t < sup > ∗ < / sup > − 1 < sup > , εi , t − 1 < / sup > ¢ , the covariance between the measurement error and true earnings . The results of Bound and Krueger ( 1991 ) suggest this term 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tax evasion , so it likely represents a lower bound . These findings provide policy makers with a much clearer picture of just how widespread tax evasion is by registered firms in Indonesia . To date , there have not been precise estimates of the underlying level of tax evasion as only limited audit data exists , and surveys asking directly about tax compliance and / or tax morale can have substantial issues . Further , while analyses based on tax administrative data can provide valuable insights about the tax-paying behavior of firms , they do not necessarily shed light on intentional tax evasion in the same way that a double list experiment can . Arguably , the findings we present , which are based on nationally representative data and are internally consistent , provide among the best estimates of the levels of tax evasion by firms in Indonesia . Existing studies using single-list experiments to estimate tax evasion have typically focused on individuals as opposed to firms , and in these instances , reported tax evasion has been lower than what we observe ( e . g . , see Genest-Gr ́ egoire et al . , 2022 and Iraman et al . , 2022 ) . At a minimum , our findings suggest substantial increases in tax revenue are feasible if the government could increase the compliance of registered firms . The double list experiment also provides unique insights for policymakers into the types of firms that are more likely to be non-compliant , < sup > 11 < / sup > by extensively exploring heterogeneity and identifying three key dimensions . Firstly , there are higher rates of tax evasion among firms that do not export . A potential explanation for this heterogeneity is that exporting firms are more likely to have a paper trail of their economic activity ( e . g . , from custom licenses ) , which means that the volumes of sales of these firms are easier to monitor . In contrast , firms that do not export may perceive that the revenue authority has less third-party information about their business activities . Consequently , they are more willing to evade taxes . Secondly , firms that find tax administration to be a major obstacle to", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 305, "text": "audit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 448, "end": 471, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 713, "end": 743, "text": "nationally representative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > i taeoot < br > ) < br > AFGHANISTAN ’ < br > > Gilgit < br > Swat Valley ee Approximate < br > \" — Lineof Control < br > KHYBER Fari | ae < br > * KABUL PAKHTUNKHWA i < br > Peshawar 1 3 < br > Peshawar o OF ISLA ‘ AMABAD * , < br > ISLAMABAD H : < br > CAPTAL we < br > TERRITORY Seyi , < br > PUNJAB < br > Lahore - < br > IBRD 44424 | MAY 2019 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- bidders / proposers shall be required to confirm acceptance at the bidding stage itself , that Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines including Bank ’ s inspection , audit and sanction rights , shall apply in the resulting contracts - appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks , and liabilities in the contracts ; - publication of contract award ; - rights for the Bank to review procurement documentation and activities regardless of the review type ; - an effective complaints mechanism ; - maintenance of procurement records according to National requirements and in the Bank ’ s STEP system - There shall be no mandatory requirements for inclusion of local experts and firms for the consulting assignments ; - Use of reservation and preference schemes based on thresholds prescribed in the PPDA Act and its Regulation , BUBU Policy and any other policy that prohibits eligible bidders from bidding is not acceptable ; - Negotiations with the lowest evaluated bidder to reduce price in the case of goods , works and non-consulting services where competitive methods have been used shall not be allowed ; - The fixed budget method shall not be used for goods , works and non-consulting services ; - Established and approved procurement standards by the government may be used , provided that they are not restrictive When * * < u > other national procurement arrangements < / u > * * other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _In accordance with paragraph 5 . 4 ( c ) and 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals / request for quotations document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals / quotations present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 535, "text": "procurement records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "nurses / midwives , the combined region ‐ and income group ‐ specific aggregate median density rate was applied to the most recent data year . In a number of countries where no empirical data for nurses / midwives was available but information on physicians was available , a global ratio of 2 . 517 nurse / midwives to physicians was applied to obtain the estimate for nurse / midwife density . The ratio multiplier for all other health workers was then similarly applied to obtain an estimate for all other health workers , and the estimates for all three types of health workers summed to obtain the total supply of health workers per country ( see Annex A for more details ) . We explored alternatively specifying Equations 2 and 3 as log ‐ linear models , which assumes an exponential functional form . The resulting projections from the exponential specification yielded estimates that were magnified compared to those from the linear specification , exaggerating both positive and negative trends . Coupled with the sparse number of data points for many lower income countries , resulting predicted values appeared to be less stable . Within ‐ sample specification tests were also not possible given the data constraints . We therefore adopted the more conservative linear specification . # _Data_ Country ‐ level data were collated from multiple sources . Historical data on physician and nurse / midwife densities ( 1990 ‐ 2013 ) were obtained from the WHO Global Observatory Health database ( WHO no date ) . Historical and projected total population and population aged 65 and over were obtained from the United Nations Population Division . We used the World Bank Development Indicator database to retrieve historical ( 1995 – 2013 ) GDP per capita ( in constant 2011 dollars , purchasing power parity ( PPP ) values ) , total health expenditures per capita ( in constant 2011 international dollars , PPP values ) , and the share of health spending OOP ( World Bank 2015 ) . Projected real GDP per capita through 2030 were obtained from the analysis carried out by Patrick Huang ‐ Vu Eozenou ( see Annex B for details ) . Historical data on OOP expenditures per capita ( 1995 ‐ 2013 ) were calculated", "spans": [{"start": 1462, "end": 1500, "text": "WHO Global Observatory Health database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1665, "end": 1706, "text": "World Bank Development Indicator database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia : National Quality Infrastructure Development Project ( P160279 ) # Component 1 : Strengthening Institutional Capacity for National Quality Infrastructure Development # < u > < mark > IN01229275 < / mark > < / u > ► Percentage of enterprises in targeted sectors satisfied with quality assurance services provided by NQI institutions ( Percentage , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 73 . 00 | 73 . 00 | 73 . 00 | 81 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2017 | 30-May-2022 | 24-Dec-2022 | 07-Aug-2023 | | | This indicator tracks | level of satisfaction of industrie | s operating in the selecte | d sector with the services of | | Comments * * : * * | ESA , ENAO , NMIE | and ECAE . The satisfaction will | be assessed by the annu | al survey . | | IN01229278 | | - - - | ► Number of NQI Forums held on quality assurance topics ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 1 . 00 | 2 . 00 | 3 . 00 | 7 . 00 | | Date | 30-Jun-2016 | 30-May-2022 | 24-Dec-2022 | 07-Aug-2023 | # Component 2 : Enhancing Private Sector Engagement # < u > < mark > IN01229276 < / mark > < / u > ► Number of personnel from the commercial sector ( both private and state-controlled enterprises ) who attended", "spans": [{"start": 879, "end": 895, "text": "annu | al survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Engage with affected people and stakeholders and provides opportunities for affected people to express their concerns , preferences , and views regarding the resettlement process . The study ensures that consultations are conducted in an inclusive and culturally appropriate manner , allowing affected people to contribute to decision-making processes . - Establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the implementation framework to track the implementation of the resettlement measures . It establishes indicators , targets , and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement process . - Identify clear institutional arrangements and responsibilities for the implementation of the resettlement measures including the livelihood restoration measures . It defines the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders at national regional , Woreda and Kebele levels . - Ensure the establishment of a functional grievance mechanism for the subproject affected persons to address concerns raised by displaced persons or other stakeholders regarding compensation , relocation , or livelihood restoration measures . - * * 2 . 2 Scope of the RP * * The scope of this consultancy service basically includes overall detail study of RPs in the target subproject areas . Therefore , the resettlement plan involves conducting census of the affected persons and assessing socioeconomic conditions , identifying the vulnerable groups including special assistance they require , examining the legal framework , evaluating impact on land and natural resources ( both private and public ) , assess the scope of displacement ( economic and physical ) and involuntary resettlement , conducting stakeholder analysis , conducting community consultations , developing livelihood restoration measures , establishing a functional grievance redress mechanism , and designing a monitoring and evaluation framework . # # # # # # * * Detailed Tasks of Resettlement Plan * * As part of RP studies , the following important tasks were undertaken : - Engage and consulted the affected communities , communities ’ leaders and vulnerable groups , as well as relevant stakeholders such as government sectors , civil society organizations , and non-governmental organizations . The aim is to ensure that these", "spans": [{"start": 1482, "end": 1512, "text": "census of the affected persons", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 12 by Dec 2027 ; 32 by Dec 2028 and 57 by Dec 2029 ) , on or before the annual cut-off date ( December 31 ) . Schools that have been verified and < br > paid for in the previous year shall not be re-counted or re-paid in subsequent years . < br > The Verification Agent ( VA ) will validate the reported results through a combination of desk review and field-based verification , including cross-checking data < br > from EMIS , financial and human resource management systems , school grant and TLM records , and administrative documentation from the MoE , Regional < br > Education Bureaus , and Woreda Education Offices . Where verification identifies discrepancies or cases of non-compliance with one or more integration criteria , < br > the VA shall apply a statistically sound downward adjustment to the total number of schools claimed and the VA shall clearly document the methodology , < br > assumptions , and results of any adjustments in its verification report . < br > Given that this operation is implemented under a PforR financing instrument , financial flows for integrated schools are expected to follow existing government < br > systems . In particular , school budgets and operational financing are expected to be channeled through woreda-level education and finance structures . < br > Accordingly , as part of the verification process , the VA will verify that the required budgetary resources linked to integration have been duly incorporated into < br > woreda plans and budgets , and that adequate funds are by the appropriate woreda education offices through the woreda finance bureaus . The verification will < br > also ensure that adequate systems are in place to ensure the timely and transparent flow of budget to the beneficiary schools to sustain their operation . The < br > VA will assess the functionalityof these systems through document review and , where relevant , field-level confirmation . | Page 57", "spans": [{"start": 424, "end": 428, "text": "EMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 431, "end": 478, "text": "financial and human resource management systems", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 481, "end": 509, "text": "school grant and TLM records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and assign it to observation surveyed in the second round ( ) ss1 - ss yy - 10 . Estimate movements in-out of poverty and other income dynamics mm1 ss1 - mm yy � = yy - 11 . Repeat 100 times all steps 3 to 10 This process allows for estimating standard errors for the statistics in interest . For every bootstrap sample of the data , a new LASSO is fit and the whole welfare vector is constructed via the improved LASSO PMM process described above . As a result , both point and interval estimates are calculated for every poverty dynamics indicator . # II . 2 Defining the middle-class thresholds The major challenge regarding the estimation of the LAC region ’ s vulnerable and middle-class groups is the identification of the lower and upper thresholds . These were defined initially by Lopez-Calva & OrtizJuarez ( 2014 ) and Ferreira et al . ( 2013 ) . These authors focus mainly on defining and computing the lower bound . An individual is defined as vulnerable if the probability of falling back into poverty over a five-year interval is greater than 10 percent . Both references use panel data from three different sets of countries . While Lopez-Calva & Ortiz-Juarez ( 2014 ) use Chile , Mexico , and Peru , Ferreira et al . ( 2013 ) use Argentina , 7", "spans": [{"start": 1092, "end": 1102, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; ( iii ) the magnitude of the expected loss - - total or partial - - of assets , and the extent of displacement , physical or economic ; ( iv ) information on vulnerable groups or persons for whom special provisions may have to be made ; and ( v ) provisions to update information on the displaced people ' s livelihoods and standards of living at regular intervals so that the latest information is available at the time of their displacement . _Institutional Framework . _ The findings of an analysis of the institutional framework covering - ( a ) the project component or activities that give rise to resettlement ; - ( b ) the zone of impact of such component or activities ; - ( c ) the alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement ; and - ( d ) the mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . _3 . Objectives_ . The main objectives of the resettlement program . 4 . _Census Survey_ . The findings of the census survey to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including - ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; - ( ii ) standard characteristics of displaced households , including a description of production systems , labor , and household organization ; and baseline information on livelihoods ( including , as relevant , production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities ) and standards of living ( including health status ) of the displaced population ; - ( iii ) the magnitude of the expected loss - - total or partial - - of assets , and the extent of displacement , physical or economic ; - ( iv ) information on vulnerable", "spans": [{"start": 1225, "end": 1238, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as % of revenue | % | 88 . 4 | | 131 | 113 | 140 . 6 | | Effective power tariffs ( US cents / kWh ) | * * Mali * * | Countries < br > predominantl < br > generati | with < br > y hydro < br > on | Countries w < br > predominantly t < br > generatio | ith < br > hermal < br > n < br > Othe | r developing < br > regions | | Residential at 100kWh / month | 21 . 0 | 10 . 7 | | 15 . 7 | | | | Commercial at 900kWh / month | 18 . 6 | 12 . 9 | | 19 . 0 | 5 | . 0 – 10 . 0 | | Industrial at 100 kVA | — | 9 . 3 | | 13 . 0 | | | Source : Eberhard and others 2009 . Derived from AICD electricity database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data Other source include : Access data coming from Demographic and Health Surveys 1996 and 2001 . Utility data from AICD electricity database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data * * . * * Data referring to outages is coming from the 2003 and 2007 Enterprise Surveys . 25", "spans": [{"start": 572, "end": 597, "text": "AICD electricity database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 729, "end": 759, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 973, "end": 991, "text": "Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reported increased exports , and bigger shares reported decreased exports . < sup > 18 < / sup > * * Figure 6 : SMEs cope with the crisis differently than large firms * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > If decreased workforce , number of workers laid off due to the < br > COVID-19 outbreak < br > Current proportion of workforce working remotely < br > Percent of firms adjusting or converting their production or < br > services < br > Percent of firms that started or increased remote work < br > Percent of firms that started or increased online business activity < br > Percent that started or increased delivery of goods , services or < br > carryout < br > - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 0 10 20 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank Enterprise Follow-Up Surveys Note : Chart illustrates the average difference between SMEs and large firms within a country-sector pair with their standard errors . Country-sector fixed effects are included . Stratification weights adjusted for the followup enterprise surveys according to median eligibility were used to produce the estimates . The weights account for non-response , assuming that businesses that could not be re-contacted ( unobtainable ) have exited the market - 16 The usage of messenger apps could be one key measure . 17 This is supported by the World Bank ’ s COVID-19 Business Pulse Surveys ( COV-BPS ) that capture firmlevel impacts , which found that digital solutions are more likely to be adopted by larger and formal firms . 18 This also likely depends on the sectoral composition of these firms . 12", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 785, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Follow-Up Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1340, "end": 1371, "text": "COVID-19 Business Pulse Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 29 < br > tool < br > KE-TURKANA COUNTY - < br > 84625-GO-RFQ / Procure 153packs of Family planningMedical Eligibility Criteriawheel ( WHO-MEC 2017 ) for all IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-12-01 2019-01-26 2019-07-25 < br > health facilities . < br > KE-WEST POKOT < br > COUNTY-84630-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of two utilityvehicles to be used by thehealth department for project IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2018-11-21 2019-01-16 2019-07-15 < br > activities accross the county < br > ( 4wd Double Cabin Pickup ) < br > KE-THARAKA NITHICOUNTY-84639-GO-RFQ / Printing of 938 Reportingtools IDA / 58360 Post Request forQuotations Limited Single Stage - OneEnvelope 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2019-01-28 2019-03-06 2019-06-04 < br > KE-WEST POKOT < br > COUNTY-84645-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of one cabinet Pending < br > drawer for storage of IDA / 58360 Post Direct Selection Direct 0 . 00 Implementati 2018-11-09 2018-11-14 2018-12-19 2019-06-17 < br > RMNCAH / THS-UC files at on < br > the kapenguria County < br > reffereral office < br > KE-EMBU COUNTY-84646 - < br > GO-RFQ / procure 1", "spans": [{"start": 1115, "end": 1136, "text": "RMNCAH / THS-UC files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | | Fiduciary Systems | | MUDCo | Recurrent | Continuous | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | Approved ToRs | | | | | | * * Comments * * | Done and reported | in APA | | | | | * * Action Description * * | The POM to state t < br > program effectivene | hat ICB contracts should < br > ss and continuous ) | also be published in th | e international media su | ch as UNDB online ( by | | * * Source * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Responsibility * * | * * Timing * * | * * Timing Value * * | * * Status * * | | Fiduciary Systems | | MUDCo | Recurrent | Continuous | In Progress | | * * Completion Measurement * * | POM | | | | | | * * Comments * * | Done | | | | | 4 / 7 / 2023 Page 6 of 19", "spans": [{"start": 382, "end": 393, "text": "UNDB online", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Urbanization_ ( New Delhi : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . - Sridhar , Kala Seetharam , “ Impact of Land Use Regulations : Evidence from India ' s Cities , ” _Urban Studies_ , 47 ( 7 ) , ( 2010 ) : 1541-1569 . - Srivastava , Vivek , Pooja Gupta and Arindam Datta , “ The Impact of India ’ s Economic Reforms on Industrial Productivity , Efficiency and Competitiveness : A Panel Study of Indian Companies , 1980-97 , ” National Council of Applied Economic Research Report ( 2001 ) . - United Nations , _World Urbanisation Prospects : The 1999 Revision_ ( New York : United Nations Population Division , 2001 ) . World Bank , “ Reshaping Economic Geography , ” World Development Report ( 2009 ) . - World Bank , “ World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy ” , Urban Development Unit ( 2011a ) . - World Bank , “ Perspectives on Poverty in India : Stylized Facts from Survey Data , ” Economic Policy and Poverty Sector ( 2011b ) . 24", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * OP 4 . 12 - - Annex A December 2001 * * _These policies were prepared for use by World Bank staff and are not necessarily a complete treatment of the subject . _ Involuntary Resettlement Instruments 1 . This annex describes the elements of a resettlement plan , an abbreviated resettlement plan , a resettlement policy framework , and a resettlement process framework , as discussed in OP 4 . 12 , paras . 17-31 . # # # * * Resettlement Plan * * 2 . The scope and level of detail of the resettlement plan vary with the magnitude and complexity of resettlement . The plan is based on up-to-date and reliable information about ( a ) the proposed resettlement and its impacts on the displaced persons and other adversely affected groups , and ( b ) the legal issues involved in resettlement . The resettlement plan covers the elements below , as relevant . When any element is not relevant to project circumstances , it should be noted in the resettlement plan . 3 . _Description of the project_ . General description of the project and identification of the project area . 4 . _Potential impacts_ . Identification of : - ( a ) The project component or activities that give rise to resettlement ; - ( b ) The zone of impact of such component or activities ; - ( c ) The alternatives considered to avoid or minimize resettlement ; and - ( d ) The mechanisms established to minimize resettlement , to the extent possible , during project implementation . 5 . _Objectives_ . The main objectives of the resettlement program . 6 . _Socioeconomic studies_ . The findings of socioeconomic studies to be conducted in the early stages of project preparation and with the involvement of potentially displaced people , including : - ( a ) the results of a census survey covering : - ( i ) current occupants of the affected area to establish a basis for the design of the resettlement program and to exclude subsequent inflows of people from eligibility for compensation and resettlement assistance ; 87", "spans": [{"start": 1746, "end": 1759, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "i < br > ructure | < br > and qualitativ < br > were covered < br > ated Resettle < br > interventions | The consultant employed the use of questionnaires to gather both quantitative and qualitative data to determine the socio-economic status of the PAPs . The following topics were covered in the report : The main objective of the assignment is to review and update the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) to identify displacement impacts of the infrastructure interventions and provide for mitigation measures as provided for in the KISIP 2 Resettlement Policy Framework ( RPF ) in compliance with the World Bank and Government of Kenya ( GoK ) requirements . The consultancy exercise covered but was not limited to the following activities : - Collecting socio-economic baseline information in the project affected area - Identifying the persons and livelihoods potentially affected by the project activities - Generating a list and profile of properties to be affected and conducting an assessment of the losses . - Reviewing the WB and national policies , legislation and guidelines related to ARAP - Propose mitigation measures for resettlement . - Generating an Asset and PAP register 8", "spans": [{"start": 1180, "end": 1202, "text": "Asset and PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - _Access to Potable Water Supply : _ According to community members , electricity can power pumps and equipment necessary for a more reliable and clean water supply . - _Communication : _ The community members who participated in the consultative meetings believe that access to electricity will facilitate better telecommunication networks , keeping the community connected . - _Enhancement of the Education Sector : _ The participants anticipate that with the provision of electricity service , schools can function more effectively . _Opportunity to diversify income sources_ * * : * * The PAPs believe that the cash compensation they will receive for their affected properties will help to diversify their income sources . With the compensation money , they plan to start businesses using the money as initial capital . According to the participants , the cash will provide them with the opportunity to explore new opportunities for generating income , rather than relying solely on their current sources of livelihood . _Opportunity for Improving Living Standards : _ The PAPs mentioned that if they receive a reasonable amount of compensation , it will help them improve their current living standards . Additionally , they believe that if the subproject developer and other concerned government institutions collaborate to electrify their Kebeles , their living conditions will be significantly improved . _Expansion of Investment and Industry : _ The participants in the consultative meetings and FGDs pointed out that power shortage was the main challenge hindering the expansion of investments in the subproject affected areas . They believe that the implementation of the proposed subproject will attract investors to invest in various sectors . Given the substantial cereal production in their areas , the participants anticipate an influx of investments in the food processing sector . _Creation of Job Opportunities : _ During discussions regarding the beneficial impacts of the proposed project , the creation of job opportunities was consistently mentioned by participants in all consultative meetings", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In 2006 , the female share of employment across different industries ranged anywhere from 1 % to 75 % . The most female-intensive industries are garments , social and cultural services , education , and banking and insurance . Importantly , industry contribution to export growth in the 2006-16 period is negatively correlated with initial female intensity . We plot these statistics in Figure 2 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 20 % < br > Manufacture of textiles and textile products 75 % < br > Social and cultural services 32 % < br > Mfc of Mechanical and Electrical Products 29 % 15 % < br > Agriculture , hunting , and fisheries 28 % < br > Manufacture of chemicals 22 % < br > Manufacture of food products 20 % 10 % < br > Banking and Insurance 17 % < br > Education and public administration 11 % < br > 5 % < br > Other manufacture 11 % < br > Public works and buildings 11 % < br > Production and distribution of water 10 % 0 % < br > Mining 9 % < br > Mfc of construction products , clay , and glass 8 % < br > Transportation 7 % - 5 % < br > Real estate and entrepreneurial services 5 % < br > Hotels and Restaurants 1 % < br > - 10 % < br > 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % < br > Female share in employment , 2006 Female share in employment , 2006 < br > Export growth contribution , 2006-16 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Figure 2 : * * Gender composition and contribution to export growth across industries * * . The left-hand side panel shows the distribution of female intensity across industries at the beginning of the period ( 2006 ) . The right-hand side panel shows that industries that contributed the most to aggregate export growth ( 2006-16 ) tended to be male-intensive in the base year ( 2006 ) . 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9431 # * * Abstract * * This paper investigates whether the relative self-esteem level of spouses can lead to within - household competition for inputs and affect economic gender inequality in the home . Using data on smallholder farmer couples in Côte d ’ Ivoire , the paper examines the relationship between spouses ’ self-esteem and income-earning in agriculture . Although the link between own self-esteem and crop income earning is positive , there is a “ battle of the sexes ” in which one spouse ’ s self-esteem is negatively related to the other ’ s income earning , particularly income earning in higher-value , export-oriented agriculture . Women ’ s outcomes are more sensitive to their own self-esteem ( positively ) and to their partners ’ ( negatively ) than men ’ s . This negative relationship is driven by individuals during middle age , when self-esteem is considered most stable . A key channel through which self-esteem appears to matter is by increasing control over household land , which is a scarce but crucial input to agricultural production . In addition to confirming the importance of noncognitive skills for poverty reduction in rural settings , the findings highlight the importance of their impact on intra - and inter-household inequality , especially in the presence of interlocking market failures constraining the supply of inputs to production . This paper is a product of the Gender Innovation Lab , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at adonald @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper", "spans": [{"start": 240, "end": 274, "text": "data on smallholder farmer couples", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "group thus include all enumeration areas located farther than 50 km radius from a mine ( be it active or inactive ) . As the individual data are identified by their enumeration areas or districts or Townsville , it is feasible to relate their responses to their residential location at the time of the survey . # * * 3 . 2 . Dependent Variables * * The dependent variables are _ ( a ) _ the residents ’ appraisal of public goods and services , and _ ( b ) _ their self-reported optimism about the future . The first set is operationalized from the following survey question . _ “ How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters , or haven ’ t you heard enough to say ? “ _ The different matters are : _ ( i ) _ improving living standards of the poor , _ ( ii ) _ creating jobs , _ ( iii ) _ improving basic health services , _ ( iv ) _ addressing educational needs , and _ ( v ) _ providing water and sanitation services . For each of these items , the possible answers are on a four-step Likert-scale and range from ‘ _very badly ’ _ to ‘ _very well ’ _ . For policy matter , it is created a binary variable that takes the value of 1 if the individual responded _ ‘ fairly well ’ _ or _ ‘ very well ’ _ to the question and 0 for the responses _ ‘ bad ’ _ or _ ‘ very bad ’ . _ Other responses such as ‘ _I don ’ t know_ ‘ or _ ‘ haven ’ t heard about it ’ , _ 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "8 Before surveying existing studies , a few dimensions of the available data are worth noting . The two major sources of government expenditure data are national income accounts and government buidgets , the former being more widely available and reported on in discussions of government size in developing countries . Standardized sources for national income accounts for developing nations tend to provide only government consumption ( Gc ) , which differs from total government expenditures ( Ge ) by excluding government transfer payments ( Gt ) and government gross capital formation ( Gi ) . By comparison , government budget data , widely available for OECD nations , tend to cover all components of Ge . Measures of Ge seem most appropriate for assessing the total resource cost of government activity . By comparison , Gc is a more limited index of the \" resource burden \" of government but may be a more precise measure of spending for public goods , per se . One of the most standardized and comprehensive sources on Gc , in terms both of number of nations and years of coverage , has been provided by Summers and Heston ( 1984 ) . This data set has been widely used by R . Ram , who has authored a number of recent empirical papers on the growth of government . 8 The Summers and Heston series employs , so-called , ' international prices ' in order to reflect truer purchasing power parity than is available by relying on official market exchange rates . These data are , therefore , deflated to a particular series of constant dollars . Given the differences between the Summers and Heston data and those employed by other researchers ( i . e . , most", "spans": [{"start": 182, "end": 201, "text": "government buidgets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 344, "end": 368, "text": "national income accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 614, "end": 636, "text": "government budget data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1585, "end": 1608, "text": "Summers and Heston data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data provides an opportunity to expand the use of the hedonic pricing approach to evaluate the benefits of urban resilience and infrastructure investment in countries that rely heavily on household survey data and where hazard risk and property value data may not be readily available . The household survey data are complemented by information on access to jobs . > 1See Beltr ́ an et al . ( 2018 ) for an extensive review of the effect on property prices of housing location in a flood plain . 3", "spans": [{"start": 188, "end": 209, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * The World Bank * * Second Additoinal Financing for Response - Recovery - Resilience for Conflict-Affected Communities in Ethiopia Project ( P177233 ) Country Context 2 . * * Conflict and displacement are significant features of Ethiopia ’ s landscape , hindering economic development and job creation in regions representing 68 . 5 percent of the national population . * * The Damage and Needs Assessment ( 2023 ) that the Government of Ethiopia ( GoE ) conducted estimated the damage and economic loss at US $ 28 . 8 billion with recovery and reconstruction needs around US $ 19 . 7 billion . While the number of Internally Displaced Persons ( IDPs ) has been in decline , an estimated 2 . 4 million people remain in displacement due to conflict and violence . < sup > 1 < / sup > Poor access to basic education and health services in fragile and conflict-affected areas adversely impacts human capital , while insecurity affects livelihoods and hinders private sector investment . These factors combined drastically hinder job creation , including for women and youth . 3 . * * Ethiopia is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change , which compound a high poverty rate and weak institutional structures ; conflict-affected communities are particularly vulnerable * * . Droughts , floods and the adverse impacts of rainfall variability are frequently experienced . Droughts , one of the greatest natural hazards in Ethiopia , have increased in magnitude and frequency since the 1970s . It is estimated that droughts will reduce Ethiopia ’ s Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) by up to 10 percent by 2045 . Recent droughts have already reduced the GDP by 1-4 percent and rain-induced soil erosion is expected to reduce an additional 1 percent from the GDP . This is particularly prevalent in project-supported regions of Afar and Oromia where the recurrence of drought is aggravating poverty and food insecurity , diminishing development gains . Droughts are one of the leading causes of climate related school disruptions in Ethiopia . Ethiopia ranks _extremely high", "spans": [{"start": 383, "end": 410, "text": "Damage and Needs Assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 10 : Education profile of Part-time employees . ( Mid-1990s / Mid-2010s ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Argentina Uruguay Brazil Chile Peru Bolivia Dominican Mexico El Salvador < br > Republic < br > Incomplete primary ( starting point ) Incomplete primary ( ending point ) < br > Primary ( starting point ) Primary ( ending point ) < br > Secondary ( starting point ) Secondary ( ending point ) < br > Tertiary ( starting point ) Tertiary ( ending point ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : Own calculations based on Household surveys On the other hand , in the case of temporary employment , the improvement of the educational profile is more evident and generalized than in part-time employment ( Figure 10 ) . In fact , in all the cases in which temporary employment was identified , taken together , the share of workers at the secondary or higher education increased in proportion in the last two decades . The countries in which the improvements in the education profile are less deep are Chile , where the participation of workers with secondary education decreased in the last two decades , even though this decrease is more than compensated by the greater proportion of tertiary workers , and El Salvador , where the share of workers with tertiary education remains almost constant . Page 15 of 51", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 658, "text": "Household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # Reported usual hours of work per week ( reports from baseline of high frequency survey ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Males Females < br > wage employed self employed wage employed self employed < br > ° ° < br > 0 50 100 0 50 100 0 50 100 150 O 50 100 150 < br > Hours Hours < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # Reported hours of work last week ( reports from 2013 GHUPS round ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Males Females < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > wage employed self employed wage employed self employed < br > e7 e < br > ° ° < br > 0 20 40 60 84 + O 20 40 60 84 + O 20 40 60 84 + O 20 40 60 84 + < br > Hours Hours < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 69, "end": 90, "text": "high frequency survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 378, "end": 394, "text": "2013 GHUPS round", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) Economic Empowerment Action Plan ( supported by the Mashreq Gender Facility ) . Furthermore , the Jordan National Commission for Women is developing a new National Women ’ s Strategy , encompassing the government ’ s vision of women ’ s empowerment and the national plans that address various pillars of gender equality . * * 4 . There is a dearth of economic opportunities among Syrian refugees in Jordan . * * There are 660 , 000 registered Syrian refugees in Jordan , according to UNHCR . Only 5 percent of registered Syrian refugee women work while half of registered Syrian refugee men work ( United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees - UNHCR , VAF2017 ) . Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey ( JLMPS ) 2016 data indicated that 91 percent of those who work do so informally . Registered Syrian refugees are concentrated in construction ( 27 percent ) , manufacturing ( 18 percent ) , and the wholesale and retail sectors ( 19 percent ) . # # * * B . Sectoral and Institutional Context * * * * 5 . By 2020 , one in five jobs in the Arab world will require digital skills that are not widely available today . * * The future of work for youth , women and refugees in Jordan will be determined by their ability to supply the skills demanded in emerging sectors driven by automation and innovation . Existing talents in the market are considered raw and unprepared for fast growing technologies , which may hinder Jordan ’ s ability to benefit from the opportunities offered by disruptive technologies . Of the 8 , 000 annual graduates of technology-related disciplines , only 1 , 700 ( 21 percent ) work in the field in which they have been trained . The Jordanian education system remains a credentialist system , in which value is derived from obtaining a particular credential or certificate rather than the demand for the skills and knowledge gained . Considering the changing nature of the future of work , it has become increasingly pressing to address the shortcomings of the", "spans": [{"start": 746, "end": 778, "text": "Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "et . al . 2003 ) . There is very little to do to overcome this limitation , except subdivide the sample into different groups . Probably a regional aggregation can be useful , but even at that level there may be extreme heterogeneity . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Correlation : Learning Scores and Net Secondary Enrollment Correlation : Learning Scores and Average Years of School < br > KOR SGP TWN KOR < br > HKG < br > SVK HUNCZESVN SV N HUNSVKCZE < br > MYS BGRLVA POL MYS BGRPOL < br > MEX MDATTO MKDROMCUB LTU THA MEX CUBTTO ROM < br > IDN TUR TUN BRAIRNALB ARG JOR BRAIDNTUNTURIRN J OR ARG < br > DOM PRY COLPER BOL CHL KWT HNDDOMCOLBOL PRYKWT CHLPER < br > VUT SYC < br > TZA MOZMDG KEN MARSWZ ZWE PHL BLZMUS MOZ TZA UGACMR KEN ZWE SWZMUS PHL < br > BWA BWA < br > BFA < br > ZAF ZAF < br > LSO NAM MLI SEN LSO ZMB < br > MWI < br > NE R NER < br > 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 < br > Net Secondary Enrollment Average Years of School < br > Data Source : World Bank WDI & Crouch and Fasih ( 2004 ) Data Source : World Bank WDI & Crouch and Fasih ( 2004 ) < br > 600 600 < br > 500 500 < br > 400 400 < br > Learning Scores Learning Scores < br > 300 300 < br > 200 200 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 6 . Correlation between Learnings Scores and Other Education Indicators * * Other four limitations of the analysis arising from the particular data sources are : First , the level of aggregation . The paper uses aggregate public spending on health and education , while using disaggregate measures of output , such as . primary enrollment or secondary enrollment . Ideally , the input should be use separately public spending in primary and secondary education . Similarly , health care spending could be disaggregated into primary care level care and", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) by snow resulting in large economic losses . 39 . This component is therefore aimed at improving the capacity of the MPWT to deal with road emergency works , especially those induced by snow and climate extremes . This component will finance the purchase of road vehicles and equipment , particularly those needed for snow removal and landslides repairs . This component will finance the purchase of 15 wheel loaders , 10 snow blowers , 5 salt spreaders , and 10 four wheel drive vehicles . This component will also assist in revising the existing emergency procedures of MPWT , and its capacity to plan for extreme weather event , including the timely and proper mobilization and dispatching of its equipment . Given its strong linkages to the climate change agenda , this component could also benefit at later stages from support from disaster risk management and climate adaptation funds . # # # * * Component 3 : Capacity Building and Implementation Support ( US $ 7 . 5 million ) * * 40 . This component is aimed at building the capacity of the Lebanese agencies in the planning and management of the road sector . It will also contribute to the training and capacity building of contractors and workers on new and improved road construction and maintenance techniques . This component will finance consultancy services and related software and IT equipment , to support the following subcomponents : 41 . * * Subcomponent 1 . * * Strengthen national road asset management ( US $ 2 million ) . This subcomponent will finance the creation of a road asset database for the trunk network in Lebanon , the collection of the basic information for the database ( such as road condition visual surveys , IRAP assessment of road safety , and traffic counts on select road sections ) , and the revision of design and maintenance standards to reflect changing climate conditions , particularly related to drainage and slope protection / stabilization . This subcomponent will also finance the preparation of bidding documents and training on performance ‐ based contracts for road maintenance . 42 .", "spans": [{"start": 1612, "end": 1631, "text": "road asset database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1734, "end": 1763, "text": "road condition visual surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1766, "end": 1796, "text": "IRAP assessment of road safety", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1803, "end": 1817, "text": "traffic counts", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We combine administrative data from the bank with six waves of detailed survey data – to study how commitment impacted respondents ’ financial behavior both at the partner bank and more broadly . First , we find robust demand for commitment . Seventy-two percent of individuals in the treatment group signed up for the product , and just 13 percent of those who signed up dropped out before the 18-month savings cycle ended . Second , the product more than doubled balances at the partner bank both during and after the commitment period . We also observe a marginally significant 6 percentage point ( 18 percent ) decline in overdrafts in the six months following the release of the commitment amount . In the longer run , however , treatment effects on overdrafts disappear . Our third main result underscores the importance of taking a broader view of consumers ’ finances when evaluating savings products . Although the commitment product did not crowd out other cash savings , we do observe a significant increase in the share of respondents who took on new debt during the commitment period . Point estimates on debt stocks are roughly equal to point estimates on total savings , and as a result our treatment estimates on net savings ( savings less debt ) are close to zero and not statistically significant . This interpretation changes dramatically when studying heterogeneity in treatment effects by baseline overdrafter status , however . “ Heavy overdrafters ” ( those with above median overdraft histories at baseline ) did save more at the partner bank during the commitment period , but this treatment effect disappears after the commitment amount is released . Moreover , the product significantly _decreased_ heavy overdrafters ’ other formal sector savings during the commitment period while increasing the rate of debt taking . These results are consistent with the hypothesis that heavy overdrafters are naïve hyperbolic discounters , who end up undoing their commitment by borrowing . “ Light overdrafters ” ( those with belowmedian histories ) exhibited a very different response : the commitment product significantly increased other formal sector savings both during and after the commitment period , with no significant impact on debt . This suggests that light overdrafters benefited from the savings product through a", "spans": [{"start": 11, "end": 30, "text": "administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 72, "end": 83, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "specifications that include an interaction term of whether an individual was also recently exposed to a prior violent event . These specifications , in turn , allow us to estimate the marginal effect of exposure to a violent event conditional on other , recent exposure . We find that labor allocation decisions of individuals respond to exposure to violence , and these effects seem to operate through a “ shadow of violence ” mechanism . Our main results show that both men and women exposed to herder-related violence ( i . e . , an event occurring within 10 km . within the previous month ) , and that have also been previously exposed to this violence ( i . e . , a previous event occurring within the previous six months ) , shift toward informal work in the post-planting season at both the extensive and intensive margins and shift away from informal work in the post-harvest season at the extensive margin . This shift toward informal work in the post-planting season seems to act as a substitute activity for agricultural work for men in households exposed to herder-related violence and that have also been previously exposed to this violence . Agricultural work does not decline for women ; instead , the total number of hours worked increases if women live within households exposed to herder-related violence and that have also been previously exposed . For these women , the increase in total hours worked is predominantly allocated to self-employment or household-enterprise work . To further explore the “ shadow of violence ” mechanism , we investigate heterogeneity across both time and space by exploiting the spike in violence just before the 2018-2019 GHS survey rounds and within Nigerian states implementing open-grazing bans , which have been attributed as a contributor to increased violence in the conflict . We find that the shift toward informal work and away from agricultural work is larger within ban states and during the 2018-2019 survey round , especially during the post-harvest season . Finally , to investigate possible welfare implications of the measured labor responses after exposure to herder-related violence , we also estimate additional “ knock-on ” or lagged effects that materialize during the post-harvest period of the 2018-2019 GHS survey and are associated with exposure", "spans": [{"start": 1674, "end": 1684, "text": "GHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "private sector and a higher level of liquidity in the banking system , as banks move their investments to safer asset classes . * * Growth of private sector credit decreased to 7 percent in August 2021 compared to 8 . 3 > 22 The 2016 MSME KNBS survey identified 1 . 6 million MSMEs , of which 92 percent were microenterprises ( employing about 14 . 1 million people or 81 percent of MSME employment ) and 8 percent were SMEs . MSMEs represent the backbone of the Kenyan economy , contribute 34 percent to GDP , and make up 75 percent of formal establishments in Kenya , creating 30 percent of jobs annually . > 23 The proportion of bank lending to MSMEs declined rapidly from 23 . 4 percent of banks ’ loan portfolios in 2013 to 15 . 8 percent in 2018 . > 24 Banks can leverage the existing moveable collateral registry to develop more innovative products for MSMEs . Some technical support to the industry and regulators to spur innovation will be needed . > 25 Financial Sector Regulators . 2019 . Kenya Financial Sector Stability Report 2018 . Issue No . 10 . > 26 During the period , both assets and deposits grew at a CAGR of 8 percent . As of December 2020 , the ratio of core and total regulatory capital to risk weighted assets stood at 16 . 8 percent and 19 percent respectively . 11", "spans": [{"start": 229, "end": 250, "text": "2016 MSME KNBS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ | * * Environmental and Social * * < br > * * Risks and Impacts * * | * * Main Management Measures * * | * * Time / Frequency of * * < br > * * Implementation * * | * * Implementing * * < br > * * Body * * | * * Monitoring * * < br > * * Body * * | * * Budget for * * < br > * * Implementing * * < br > * * ( in Birr ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | |  Signs and other obstructions should be removed from poles or < br > structures prior to undertaking work . < br >  An approved tool bag should be used for raising or lowering tools or < br > materials to workers on structures . < br > * * Lifting * * < br >  All lifting work whether heavy or light shall be inspected prior to job < br > execution . < br >  All the loose and fixed lifting tools , tackles and equipment shall be < br > inspected and shall be done in an if and when required basis . < br >  Weight of the sections to be lifted shall be pre-decided . < br >  Proper care shall be taken to avoid over loading or overturning of forklift < br > trucks . < br >  All lifting works shall be suspended during heavy wind or rain . < br > * * Electric and Magnetic Fields * * < br >  Identification of potential exposure levels in the workplace , including < br > surveys of exposure levels and the use of personal monitors during < br > working", "spans": [{"start": 1458, "end": 1484, "text": "surveys of exposure levels", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* the < br > AccountingOfficer . The < br > opening and evaluation < br > weredonethroughthe < br > systemasperthe < br > attachedprintoutsofthe < br > system . TheProfessional < br > Opinionwasthen < br > preparedand < br > recommendationfrom < br > theHeadofProcurement < br > functionsubmittedtothe < br > Accounting Officerfor < br > considerationand < br > approval . Moving < br > forward , the < br > Managementwillensure < br > thattheOpeningand < br > Evaluation Committee < br > membersareappointed < br > respectively * * by * * the < br > AccountingOfficersas < br > * * per * * Regulation * * 91 * * ( 2 ) of < br > thePublicProcurement < br > andAssets Disposal < br > Regulations 2020 , < br > Sections * * 39 , * * 46and * * 78 . * * < br > ( SeeAppendix * * I : * * Copies < br > of * * 1FMIS * * Printoutsand < br > signedProfessional < br > Opinions ) | Issueswereforthe < br > financial year < br > _2020 / 2021 , We_areyetto < br > appearatthe * * PACS * * thus < br > not resolved | 20", "spans": [{"start": 804, "end": 809, "text": "1FMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 7 - Average fixed capital per enterprise coomonly ranges between $ 500 and $ 4 , 000 in African rural nonfarm activities . Enterprises such * * as * * grain Dills , sawmills and wholesaling require on the order of $ 1 , 000 to $ 10 , 000 per enterprise ; while traditional crafts , personal services and repairs require capital in the range of only $ 50 to $ 600 ( see Haggblade , Hazell and Brown , 1987 ; Haggblade , 1982 ; Wilcock and Chuta , 1981 ; Freeman and Norcliffe , 1985 ; and Liedholm and Chuta , 1976 ) . B . Comnooltion Aggregate employment data for rural Africa remain in short supply because most studies have focused on limited portions of the rural economy , often on farm households ; others , although interested in the nonfarm economy , rarely include commercial and service establishments , concentrating instead on manufacturing and repair enterprises . Nonetheless some available data , coming mainly from population censuses do allow a comprehensive view of the rural economy ( Table 3 , Panel A ) . Amid wide vaviation , these data indicate that commercial establishments typically predominate , employing 30-40 percent of the rural nonfarm workforce . Services and manufacturing comprise about 25 percent each , with construction and mining accounting for the remainder . The data in Table 4 indicate that , within manufacturing , food preparation , tailoring , carpentry and metal working activities predominate . # C . Emloyment Density While a steady stream of micro research has greatly increased our understanding of the African rural nonfarm economy over the past 25 years , differences in survey coverage complicate cross-country comparisons . They make it difficult to meaningfully compare employment percentages across surveys , because activity shares are computed as percentages of different bases depending on the comprehensiveness of the survey coverage . One solution to this problem - - a solution adopted by Steel ( 1979 ) , Kilby ( 1987 )", "spans": [{"start": 536, "end": 561, "text": "Aggregate employment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 932, "end": 951, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that suggest directions for future investment in vocational education and training . Clearly , these cannot be taken as rigid prescriptions for investment design . Adjustments , sometimes significant ones , will inevitably be required in individual country circumstances . 6 . 06 The lessons , moreover , relate primarily to the design of VET systems and investments ; the scope ar_ data of the study permit only the most rudimentary conclusions regarding the econov ' z justification", "spans": [{"start": 379, "end": 387, "text": "ar_ data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "few lessons and provides useful insights into ways to go about it . # * * 8 . Bibliography * * < mark > Backiny-Yetna , P . , Steele , D . , and Djima , I . ( 2014 ) < / mark > _ < mark > . “ < / mark > _ < mark > The impact of household food consumption data collection methods on poverty and inequality measures in Niger ” . World Bank Group Policy Research Working Paper 7090 . < / mark > < mark > Bee , Adam , Bruce D . Meyer , and James X . Sullivan ( 2012 ) . “ The Validity of Consumption Data : Are the Consumer Expenditure Interview and Diary Surveys Informative ? ” No . w18308 . National Bureau of Economic Research . < / mark > < mark > Beegle , Kathleen , et al . ( 2012 ) . \" Methods of household consumption measurement through surveys : Experimental results from Tanzania . \" < / mark > _ < mark > Journal of Development Economics < / mark > _ < mark > 98 . 1 : 3-18 . < / mark > - < mark > Borlizzi , Andrea , Del Grossi , Mauro Eduardo , Carlo , Cafiero ( 2017 ) . “ National food security assessment through the analysis of food consumption data from household budget and expenditure surveys : the case of Brazil ’ s Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiares 2008 / 09 ” . < / mark > _ < mark > Food Policy . < / mark > _ 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Ethiopia Electrification Program ( ELEAP ) ( P160395 ) | Value < br > No | No | No | Yes | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Date < br > 01-Mar-2018 | 04-Dec-2018 | 17-May-2019 | 07-Jul-2023 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00713911 ~ ~ | | | | | ► Women in STEM : Percentage women ’ s employ | ment at EEU ( Percentage , C | ustom ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 20 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 30 . 00 | | Date < br > 01-Mar-2018 | 04-Dec-2018 | 17-May-2019 | 07-Jul-2023 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN00713913 ~ ~ | | | | | ► Number of EEU and MoWIE staff trained under | the Program ( Number , Cust | om ) | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value < br > 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 23 . 00 | 200 . 00 | | Date < br > 01-Mar-2018 | 04-Dec-2018 | 17-May-2019 | 07-Jul-2023 | | Comments | | | | # # # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * # # < u > DLI_IND_ < / u > ~ ~ < u > TABLE < / u > ~ ~ | ► DLI 1 Establish o | n-grid electricity connectio < br > Baseline | ns ( Output , 324 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 <", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "E & S due diligence , capacity building , and audits . Both ESMS and ESCP requirements , including the exclusion list , have been fully operationalized and are being effectively applied . At the PFI level , ESMS implementation is supported by loan conditions mandating the appointment of E & S / GRM / GBV focal persons ; integration of KDC ’ s exclusion list and national compliance obligations into ESMS , credit processes , and appraisal tools ; and the requirement for PFIs / MSMEs to prepare appropriate ESIA reports ( e . g . , ESMPs , Summary Project Reports , or Comprehensive Project Reports ) in accordance with national law and KDC ’ s ESMS before sub-loan agreements . All funded PFIs have submitted approved E & S policies and are considered substantially compliant at the policy level . KDC is up to date with E & S performance reporting , with no serious incidents reported during the review period . * * 24 . Stakeholder Engagement and Grievance Management has been assessed as adequate , though areas for improvement remain : * * Since the project ' s inception , no grievances have been recorded . The Bank has recommended that the PIU and KDC enhance communication of the grievance mechanism among SMEs and will provide additional training to PFIs on effective grievance management . Project teams are further encouraged to strengthen stakeholder engagement efforts , continue capacity building initiatives for PFIs , and improve SME awareness , especially concerning safety and GBV-SEA / SH issues . In addition , project progress reports should now incorporate data regarding SMEs owned by minority VMGs ( in line with ESS 7 ) and persons with disabilities ( PWDs ) , in addition to the existing gender and age disaggregation . # _ < u > Results Framework < / u > _ * * 25 . The SAFER Project Mid Term Evaluation ( MTE ) , conducted in September 2025 , aimed to assess the project ’ s relevance , effectiveness , efficiency , impact , and sustainability *", "spans": [{"start": 1582, "end": 1624, "text": "data regarding SMEs owned by minority VMGs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "emissions in LUC , and has the same dimensionality . The GHG emissions matrix associated to the LUC module ( MCT , 2015 ) , then , shows observed emissions on LUC transitions , by state and biome . This allows a detailed accounting of emissions on land use transitions , and the computation of sinks on forest restoration . 7", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< u > reports / digital-technologies-and-learning-outcomes-students-low-socio-economic - < / u > - < u > background analysis < / u > - Rogers , Halsey and Shwetlena Sabarwal . 2020 . The COVID-19 Pandemic : Shocks to Education and Policy Reponses . Washington , DC : World Bank . - Sacerdote , Bruce . 2012 . When the Saints Go Marching Out : Long-Term Outcomes for Student Evacuees from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita . American Economic Journal : Applied Economics . Vol 4 , No . 1 , January 2012 , 109-135 . Available online at : = - < u > https : / / www . aeaweb . org / articles ? id 10 . 1257 / app . 4 . 1 . 109 < / u > - Shores , Kenneth and Matthew Steinberg . 2017 . The Impact of the Great Recession on Student Achievement : Evidence from Population Data . Available online at < u > https : / / papers . ssrn . com / sol3 / papers . cfm ? abstract_id = 3026151 < / u > - Singh , A . 2019 . Learning More with Every Year : School Year Productivity and International Learning Divergence . Journal of the European Economic Association . 10 . 1093 / jeea / jvz033 . - < mark > Thamtanajit , K . , 2020 . The Impacts Of Natural Disaster On Student Achievement : Evidence From Severe Floods in Thailand . < / mark > _The Journal of Developing Areas_ , _54_ ( 4 ) . Available online at = - < u > https : / / muse . jhu . edu / article / 738666 / pdf ? casa_token 4v6n1GYw3g0AAAAA : DEmn7PE2uk < / u > - - < u > ZshqfHb6O vjXYQ2blC6q7_8v4cO88vwrJumd5sfSZtZ4Q2npFtZEjgMAymhaY_N4 < / u > - UNESCO . 2019a . Minimum proficiency levels ( MPLs ) : outcomes of the consensus building meeting . GAML5 / REF / 4 . 1 . 1-29 - UNESCO . 2019b . Global Education Monitoring : Migration , displacement and education : building bridges , not walls . - Yousafzai , Arshad . Low-cost private schools may not be able to survive COVID-19 crisis . Available online at < u > https : / / www . thenews", "spans": [{"start": 748, "end": 763, "text": "Population Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "30 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 40 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 50 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 60 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 70 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 80 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 90 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 0 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > We use these data to expand the numerator , by taking the ratio of internal to external financing of working capital as constant over the period of extreme economic distress . In reality , financing may dry up if banks are unwilling to lend . Alternatively , government-sponsored > 4 The data on the statutory corporate income tax rate are taken from the PWC ’ s _Worldwide Tax Summaries_ . 8", "spans": [{"start": 990, "end": 1037, "text": "data on the statutory corporate income tax rate", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 33 * * of * * 73 * * - Number of households using the same farm land for livelihood - The inventory of assets will be disclosed to the farmers prior to valuation exercise . - Once agreement on is reached on inventories , the valuation committee calculates the amount of compensation based on unit rates for the different category of assets . There are unit rates set by the regional bureau of works and urban development for built up structures and by the regional bureau of agriculture and rural development for farm lands . The VC then submits the valuation document to the Mayo or the Wereda administration for approval and disbursement . 10 . The valuation report for town residents and farmers is sent to the project implementation office for inclusion in rehabilitation projects where possible . # # # # # * * Method of delivery of entitlements * * The method of delivery of entitlements should logically involve town administrations , a bank and the tourism development project implementation office where this office pays for compensation or for rehabilitation projects . In the case of Lalibela the responsible institutions will be the LTA , CBE and LSTD-PIO . In principle compensation is paid before displacement ; but for the benefit of the displaced persons a modified form of delivery is adopted here . For compensation that relates to house , the money is better disbursed in instalments to ensure the use of the fund for house construction . Experiences elsewhere in Ethiopia show that displaced people spend compensation money on other expenditure items and end up not having a house to live in . The best procedure so far adopted is to disburse money earmarked for house construction based on stages of progress . The steps for receiving entitlements are listed below . 1 . The town administration provides an authorisation to a selected bank ( the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia , in the case of Lalibela and Axum ) to transfer the full amount of compensation money to the account of an entitled person . Partial withdrawal will be allowed based on a procedure that will be set by the town administration", "spans": [{"start": 129, "end": 148, "text": "inventory of assets", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ - Consulting with the interested parties ; - Investigating the grievance , including drawing on the census enumeration and property registration survey data , GPS locational data , and photographic evidence ; - Achieving resolution of received complaints and grievances , including agreementmaking ; - Reporting back to the complainant ; - Sign-off / closeout ; - Follow up and monitoring ; and - Reporting on the grievance system as part of the overall Subproject monitoring and reporting . Grievances during implementation of the RP / LRP will be categorized based on validity and risk level by EEP / ESAO and their Community Liaison Officer ( CLO ) . Where investigations are required , the subproject staff and outside authorities as appropriate , will assist with the process . The CLO will collaborate with EEP / ESAO / Contractor to review the issue raised and to decide whether it is subproject related or whether it is more appropriately addressed by a relevant authority outside the subproject . Any comments or concerns can be brought to the attention of the Subproject Office verbally or in writing or by filling in a grievance form . Amharic Version of the form is presented in Table 13 . 1 and _Oromiffa_ in Annex 8 . The grievance form will be available at all affected Woreda and Kebele Administration Offices , at EEP ’ s Head Office and subproject Offices . Page 178", "spans": [{"start": 254, "end": 310, "text": "census enumeration and property registration survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 313, "end": 332, "text": "GPS locational data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- MEMD-7437-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of a Double cabin | IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for Bids | Open - National | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 40 , 000 . 00 | 51 , 874 . 23 < br > Signed | 2016-12-30 | 2017-01-04 | 2017-02-15 < br > 2017 - | 07-14 < br > 2017-03-17 < br > 201 | 7-07-14 < br > 2017-04-21 < br > 2017 | - 08-01 < br > 2017-10-18 | | UG-REA-14924-GO-RFQ / < br > Supply of Inspector ' s < br > Measurement Equipment | IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br > | Post | Request for < br > Quotations | Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 10 , 765 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | | 2017-08-07 | | | 2017-10-18 | 2019-01-16 | | UG-MEMD-15330-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 50 Tablets for th < br > ERT III Baseline Survey | e < br > IDA / 56530 | Contingency < br > On-grid Energy Access < br > Off-grid Energy Access < br > Institutional Strengthening and < br > Impacts Monitoring < br", "spans": [{"start": 1014, "end": 1037, "text": "ERT III Baseline Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* # * * BANK BALANCES * * | | * * 2018 * * | * * 2017 * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Ethiopian Birr * * | * * Ethiopian Birr * * | | National BankofEthiopia - | | | | A / C NO . 0101181300058 ( 026151690000 ) | * * 368 . * * 7 * * 68 . 166 * * | * * 84 . 441 . 487 * * | 8 n", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "A | 0 | - | 70 | 80 | 90 | Annually | Management < br > contractor < br > records | Management < br > contractor | Not cumulative | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Percentage project area under < br > contract with a private operator for < br > O & M | % | N / A | 0 | 30 | 100 | 100 | 100 | Annually | Contracts data | NPCO | | | Percentage project area with < br > functional Irrigation Water Users < br > Associations | % | 0 < sup > 23 < / sup > | 0 | 0 | 25 | 60 | 90 | Annually | Management < br > contractor < br > records | Management < br > contractor | Functioning means < br > legally registered , with < br > elected board and with < br > voted budget | | Irrigation efficiency of main < br > supply system operation | % | N / A | - | - | 70 | 70 | 70 | Annually | Management < br > contractor < br > records | Management < br > contractor | Not cumulative < br > Detailed methodology in < br > management contract | > 22 According to capacity building assessment study : 29 % in Fogera _woreda_ , 46 % in Libokemkem and 28 % in Dembia . > 23 There are 7 water users associations in the three project _woredas_ with 718 members but they are not considered functional . New associations will be created for the entire project area . 18", "spans": [{"start": 371, "end": 385, "text": "Contracts data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1015, "end": 1049, "text": "capacity building assessment study", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the inputs upfront . The removal of what was essentially an interest-free loan on the cost of the inputs had some financial costs for farmers . Due to the relatively small real price increase in cocoa and cotton , one cannot necessarily conclude that all export crop farmers were better off as a result of the devaluation . Cocoa farmers whose incomes also depended heavily on domestically produced staple food crops or who consumed a higher than average share of imports could well have suffered a decline in real expenditures . On the food crop side , the real price of locally produced staple food crop prices declined . If one looks at the staple food component of the blue collar CPI , between December 1993 and December 1994 , the real price of staple foods actually decreased ( table 15 ) . Between 1994 and 1995 , the staple food index had essentially caught up to the overall price index . Breaking it down into the importable and nontradable foodstuffs , however , shows that most of the price increase was in the price of importables rather than nontradable foodstuffs . Between December 1993 and December 1995 , the price of imported staple foods ( essentially rice and wheat products ) increased by 67 percent , compared to a 29 percent increase in locally produced staple foods . Over the same period , the CPI increased by 44 percent , so there was actually a decrease in the real price of locally produced foodstuffs of about 11 percent ( table 15 ) . Our analysis of the staple food price data collected across ten markets in CMte d ' Ivoire shows that real staple food prices declined anywhere from 0 to 20 percent depending on the particular product between 1993 and 1995 ( table 11 ) . Only the real price of plantains remained stable , according to the market price data . In view of the decline in staple food crop prices , one would expect an increase in poverty among farners specializing in staple food crop production . Table 15 Index of Prices of Staple Foods , * * 1993-1995a ) * * | _Expenditure item_ | | _CPI price index_ | | | - - - | - - -", "spans": [{"start": 1488, "end": 1510, "text": "staple food price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1774, "end": 1791, "text": "market price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > ' Y < br > ýANN EX 11 < br > CO VID ~ 19 HEALTH EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROJE-CT ( KES ) J < br > WORLD BANIC PROJECT F . O 30 < br > REPUBLIC OF KENYA < br > BANK RECONCILIATION < br > AS AT 30tli JUNE , 2022 < br > Account Number : 1000446684 < br > KSHS . KSHS . KSHS-f ' < br > Balance as pe-r Bank certifiäýate 258 , 51-3 , 454 . 4 < br > Les7 < br > 1 . Payments in Cash Book not 197 , 231 , 977 . 65 < br > 2 . Recelpts in Bank Statement 261 , 000 . 00 197 , 492 , 977 . C < br > A dd : < br > 3 . Payments in Bank 1 , 342 , 064 . 75 < br > yet recordedin Bank - 71 , 250 . 00 1 , 413 , 314 . 7f < br > Balance as per Casli Book < br > 62 , 433 , 7975 ( < br > Sionature Desiunation Date < br > 1 . Payments in Cash Book nU yet recorded in the Bank Statement ( Unpresented Cheques ) . < br > Date Cheque No . Payee Amount < br > 70-Jun-20 SBM Bank 70 , 000 . 00 < br > 3-Sep-20 DTB < br > 75 , 000-00 < br > I O-Oct-20 iuÅ < br > 412 , 500 . 00 < br > i - - Nov-20 KRA 206 , 250 . 00 < br > 29-Apr-21 TNCOM - - TAX PAYEE 198 , 750 . 00 < br > 30-Jun-21 - ` VAT , - . : I . . . . - -", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 666, "text": "Casli Book", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "percent ) . National health spending has risen from 29 . 5 billion birr in 2009 to just over 40 billion birr in 2011 , with the number of health centers rising from 1362 to 2660 . These efforts are reflected in marked improvements in many HD indicators , particularly in health , such as reductions in the maternal mortality rate and the under-5 mortality rate . Infant mortality and neo-natal mortality have also fallen during this period , putting Ethiopia on track to meet the relevant MDG targets . Full immunization coverage has risen from approximately 68 percent to nearly 75 percent during the same period . Reflecting increased access to schools , the primary school net enrollment rate has risen from 79 percent to 85 . 3 percent . However , in recent months a high rate of inflation ( 40 percent during JRIS in October 2011 , 32 . 5 percent in March 2012 ) has become an increasingly serious concern which could hinder the effectiveness of PBS . There have been some positive developments here , such as promising steps by the Government towards improving the quality of dialog on the macro economy , and the Government outlining both fiscal and monetary measures against inflation . However , noting the absence of the IMF to provide a macroeconomic update during the review and acknowledging that they themselves do not have the necessary technical capacity or institutional mandate , the donors have stressed the need for a timely formal IMF evaluation which would authoritatively assure them of the adequacy of the anti-inflationary measures . # # # * * Locations * * No Location data has been entered # # * * < mark > Results < / mark > * * # # # * * < mark > Project Development Objective Indicators < / mark > * * | Indicator Name < br > Core | Unit of Measure | | Baseline | Current | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Farm Households receiving agricultural | Number | Value", "spans": [{"start": 1586, "end": 1599, "text": "Location data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Thus , it appears that a greater emphasis on supply-side policies may be more effective in stimulating more radical frontier innovation when local capabilities are in place , a greater emphasis on demand-side policies may be more effective in spurring firms to introduce incremental environmental innovations ( both frontier and catch-up ) . The available evidence does not contradict a judicious combination of supply-side and demand-side policies , appropriate to the local context . * * Figure 10 . Benefits of environmental innovations , 2006-08 * * ( _As a percentage of innovative firms ) _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Reduced energy use per unit of output ( producer benefits ) < br > % < br > 60 < br > Reduced energy use by end-user ( end-user benefits ) < br > 50 < br > 40 < br > 30 < br > 20 < br > 10 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Source : OECD , based on Eurostat ( CIS-2008 ) and national data sources , June 2011 . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # * * 3 . 3 Developing absorptive capacity * * At the level of the firm , the ability to ̳ learn ‘ is seen as essential for innovation . Firm learning or ̳ absorptive capacity ‘ refers to a firm ‘ s ability to understand , adapt and use technologies . According to Cohen and Levinthal ( 1989 ) , a firm ‘ s learning capacity is enhanced by its R & D activities , so that R & D has important roles in both frontier and catch-up innovation . Griffith , Redding , and Van Reenen ( 2004 ) find empirical support in a panel of industries across 12 OECD countries for these ― two faces of R & D ‖ , this notion that R & D , in addition to stimulating the generation of new frontier technologies , also improves the firm ‘ s ability to globally search for and adapt existing technologies , and allows firms to more easily", "spans": [{"start": 933, "end": 941, "text": "Eurostat", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 959, "end": 980, "text": "national data sources", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In the 19 data sets with an answer scale , having “ some difficulty ” is more common than “ at least a lot of difficulty ” . The prevalence of at least a lot of difficulty among adults ranges from under 1 % in Vanuatu to 6 % in Papua New Guinea and the median stands at about 2 % . The median prevalence for some difficulty is at about 9 % . There is more variation in prevalence when it is measured based on functional difficulty questions other than the WGSS compared to the WGSS . The data sets with other functional difficulty questions tend to be at the lower end of the distribution ( e . g . Philippines , Panama , Indonesia ) and also at the maximum ( Papua New Guinea ) . Prevalence estimates based on the WGSS range from 7 % in Nigeria to 19 % in Namibia . The bottom panel of Figure 3 . 1 gives the prevalence of any difficulty at the household level from the lowest to the highest . The median household level prevalence is at 23 % . It ranges from a low of 9 % in the Philippines to a high of 55 % in Papua New Guinea . Figure 3 . 2 : Distribution of functional difficulties across domains among adults 15 + with any difficulty ( % ) for datasets with the WGSS < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 100 % < br > 90 % < br > 80 % < br > 70 % < br > 60 % < br > 50 % < br > 40 % < br > 30 % < br > 20 % < br > 10 % < br > 0 % < br > Seeing Hearing Moving Cognitive Selfcare Communication < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > For countries with two datasets under study ( Rwanda ( Census and LFS ) , South Africa ( Census and GHS ) , Tanzania ( Census and LSMS ) ) , prevalence rates differ across datasets , perhaps due to different disability questions under use . For instance , in Rwanda , the prevalence rate is 9 % with", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Several researchers have argued that the effect of the legal system per se on property rights is limited , and that differences across countries in their enforcement depends on a broader range of cultural and social considerations . Thus , according to the * * _Culture view_ * * , differences in culture , defined as a system of beliefs , can help explain the differences in investor protection . Stulz and Williamson ( 2003 ) and LLSV ( 1999 ) both use religion as a proxy for culture . We use four categories of classification for the religion variable : Catholic , Protestant , Muslim and Other Religions . The data on religious composition is taken from LLSV ( 1999 ) to create four corresponding dummy variables , each of which takes the value 1 if the religion it represents is the dominant religious group ( highest percentage of practicing population ) in the country and 0 otherwise < sup > 5 < / sup > . Easterly and Levine ( 1997 ) show that ethnic diversity is also an important determinant of rent seeking and social polarization , affecting property rights and social institutions . < sup > 6 < / sup > We term this the * * _Ethnic Diversity view . _ * * Empirically , to capture these broader ethnic diversity effects we use a measure of ethnic fractionalization of the country compiled by Alesina et al ( 2003 ) . Unlike measures used in the earlier literature , this measure captures important aspects of ethnicity like racial origin and skin color . < sup > 7 < / sup > The explanatory power of the different variables may be affected due to nonlinearities arising from the way these variables are constructed . Unlike legal origin , the other theories posit determinants of property rights that cannot be directly observed . These determinants are accordingly proxied by variables that have been independently scaled for other purposes . Conventionally , these proxies are then entered linearly in an equation that predicts a variable of interest . However , there is no reason to believe that the scales are designed to detect material effects of the determinant on the variable of > America ’ s agriculture is conducive to small farms", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 644, "text": "data on religious composition", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". > 26 A range of other single-country microsimulation studies find similar results either for reduced VAT rates as a whole or for selected reduced rates such as on food ( e . g . , Davis and Kay , 1985 , for the United Kingdom ; Leahy et al . , 2011 , for Ireland ; Caspersen and Metcalf , 1994 , for the United States ; Creedy , 2001 , for Australia ; Ball et al . , 2016 , for New Zealand ; Cseres-Gergely et al . , 2017 , for Hungary ; and Gaarder , 2018 , for Norway ) . See Thomas ( 2020 ) for a detailed review of this literature . > 27 Warwick et al . ( 2022 ) assume a constant degree of informality across households in their base scenario . In sensitivity analysis for Senegal , they vary the degree of informality across households and products , based on place of purchase data ( as used by Bachas et al . , 2023 ) . This has only a small impact on their results , and their conclusions 12", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 790, "text": "place of purchase data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 0 . 24 | | | Sugar < br > 0 . 15 | 0 . 59 | _Source_ : World Bank for international commodity prices and 2010 GDP , IMF for international reserves and USDA for import demand . Dependency ratios give important insights into MENA ‟ s overall exposure to price shocks . It shows that , from a macroeconomic perspective , the impact of high international food prices on GDP and international reserves is sizable for most developing MENA countries , mainly because of the big role of grain imports for domestic consumption . This finding is consistent with MENA ‟ s high grain import dependency , the high grain import share , and the large increase in world grain prices compared with world meat prices . International prices of oils and sugar jumped , in some cases , by more than the prices of grains but their lower share in imports implies a smaller effect on the import bills . This analysis gives an idea about the relative importance of different food commodities on macroeconomic indicators such as aggregate imports , yet it ignores second-round effects and may heavily misrepresent the impact on consumer prices , - 11 -", "spans": [{"start": 107, "end": 115, "text": "2010 GDP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preparation of biannual and annual ESHS compliance monitoring reports . - j . Template for carrying out annual environmental and social audits - k . To avoid exacerbating social conflict , especially in fragile areas or areas subject to territorial dispute 10 . On land management : - a . Guidelines on preparation of Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans ( ARAPs ) that aligns with national regulatory provisions and PforR Core Principles outlining the potential risks and impacts which the affected persons may be subjected to ; descriptions of the socio-economic survey , consultations with the affected and host populations , livelihood-improvement options 80", "spans": [{"start": 551, "end": 572, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Decis | ions durin | g2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > nition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | territory < br > of | Pr | ocedure | | Applied < br > during | Positi < br > Recog - | ve < br > Other | | Otherw | | | rate < br > Ref | s | O / w . < br > closed | Change < br > pending | | Origin | asylum | T | < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | 2006 | nized | ( hum . ) < br > | Rejected | . < br > closed | Total | Total | . < br > status | Total |", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * < mark > 9 . 5 Methods of Data Collection < / mark > * * The M & E approach would be to select and identify a set of appropriate monitoring aspects and indicators and gathering information on them to assess the changes and the variations arising from implementation of the project . Participation of the stakeholders , especially the PAPs , women and vulnerable groups will be ensured in the M & E process . Monitoring and Evaluation would require both quantitative and qualitative data and information collected as follows : - Sample Household Survey : this is a baseline household survey of representative sample disaggregated by gender and vulnerability to obtain information on the key indicators of entitlement delivery , efficiency , effectiveness , impact and sustainability ; - Focused Group Discussions ( FGD ) : Consult with a range of stakeholders ( County Government , NGOs , Community leaders and PAPs including women and vulnerable groups ) ; - Key Informant Interviews : Consult individuals such as local leaders , or persons with special knowledge or experience about relocation activities and implementation ; - Community Public Meetings : Open Public meetings at project sites to elicit information about performance of various project activities ; - Structured Direct Observations : Field observations on status of RAP report implementation , plus individual or group interviews for cross-checking purposes ; and - Informal Survey and Interviews : Informal surveys of PAPs , project staff and implementing agency personnel using non-sampled methods . From the monitoring and evaluation process , the experts will prepare status reports to be forwarded for action to the KISIP personnel implementing the project . # # # # # # * * < mark > 9 . 6 Reporting < / mark > * * The quarterly evaluation report shall be compiled by the internal evaluation team . This report shall then be availed to the RAPIC coordinator and PAP representative . The same procedure shall be adopted by the external evaluation team . For this RAP the monitoring and evaluation reporting schedule will be as follows : - The end of monitoring and evaluation will be marked by completion", "spans": [{"start": 544, "end": 567, "text": "Sample Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "program , which seeks to assist the most food insecure households in the most affected localities and states , by providing unconditional cash transfers to beneficiary families in all 18 states of Sudan . Sudan has been experiencing multiple macroeconomic shocks , such as low growth , a wide trade deficit , and the emergence of multiple exchange rates since its separation from South Sudan in 2011 . The country has implemented an ambitious agenda of reforms , which included the removal of various subsidies , in an effort to reverse years of structural imbalances and high inflation . Parallel to such reforms was the introduction of a quasi-Universal Basic Income cash transfer program ( SFSP ) that sought to reach the bottom 80 % of the population . The SFSP program was eventually discontinued , as , with the onset of COVID19 , political discontent ultimately resulted in a military takeover and a renewed effort by the military-led government to achieve fiscal consolidation . More recently , the Russia-Ukraine crisis that started in March 2022 , has further exacerbated the country ’ s social and economic problems . In particular , Sudan is expected to face significant negative food security implications as food prices reach historic peaks due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine . All of the economic and social problems that have negatively impacted Sudan are expected to have increased the number of poor in the country . The worsening situation in Sudan has led to renewed efforts to develop a new social safety net program . To support the efforts of Sudan in the targeting of the Sudan Emergency Safety Nets Project ( SESNP ) to those most in need , we develop and propose a PMT for Sudan based on the latest household survey , the National Baseline Household Budget and Poverty Survey ( NHBPS ) 2014 / 2015 . We find that a PMT should be considered for targeting social protection programs in Sudan . The PMT would assist social programs to reach a higher share of the poor and vulnerable , while reducing expenditure going towards households that are less in need , improving both the poverty impact , as well as the sustainability of the program . We explore various specifications of the PMT and find", "spans": [{"start": 1752, "end": 1805, "text": "National Baseline Household Budget and Poverty Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "addition , the role of non-bank intermediaries such as microfinance institutions and credit cooperatives in the provision of basic financial services deserves a closer analysis . 61 . Follow-up work can also be conducted on the state of microcredit in Colombia , as existing work and World Bank operations have mainly focused on housing microfinance . 62 . Finally , the role of financial infrastructure can be further explored , including in this context the collection of information on low-income clients through credit information and registry systems . An investigation of this in the context of Colombia and other Latin American countries is already underway , financed by a FIRST initiative under the auspices of the World Bank . This could be expanded to include other aspects of financial infrastructure , such as secured credit transactions , and registries for collateral . Finally , small value payment systems could also be explored . Remittances are important for the Colombian economy . Their costs to the sender and recipients and alternative remittance models are an important topic for further analysis . 63 . On the demand side , a second survey would provide the opportunity to obtain additional information on vital areas which were not covered by the first survey , including preferred banking services by the unbanked , additional questions on the use of savings , the role of public versus private banks etc . 64 . Lastly , a study which would quantify the benefits of improved financial access for low-income people or , to the same extend , identify the costs of limited financial access could make a significant contribution to the political case for improving access to financial services for the unbanked in Colombia . 67", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 534, "text": "credit information", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 time-cost basis for certain services ( United Kingdom ) ; and ( g ) negotiated lump-sum per an agreed project-based activity by the extensionist ( Queensland , Australia ) . Most of the existing studies provide information on the structure and operation of the different paid-extension arrangements , and , in some cases also some anecdotal results on the costs and benefits associated with these operations . However , there is not enough evidence and analysis that can help the reader in reaching a conclusion on the degree of success of certain paid extension arrangements . The literature includes several studies that address the economic aspects of paid-extension . Hone ( 1991 ) , in a theoretical analysis attempts to estimate the implications of recent use of direct charges to finance various rural extension networks in Australia . Dinar ( 1996 ) applies an approach that determines how much to charge for extension services , using an illustrative example from Israel . Schwartz ( 1994 ) reviews several concepts ( amended by case study analysis ) , such as public vs . private goods , information transfer , and externalities , which are associated with paidextension . However , several questions still remain to be answered . For example , can one arrangement for paid-extension that was successfully experienced in one country be duplicated in another country ? How does one select the appropriate paid-extension arrangement for a given set of conditions ? These questions suggest that a methodology to compare between different paidextension arrangements , is desirable . ' This paper develops a framework for comparing the cost and several performance indicators of various paid-extension programs by using actual data from two types of paid-extension programs in Nicaragua , and assessing their performance . < sup > 2 < / sup > The analysis focuses on selected performance indicators and their application using available data from the experience in Nicaragua . The next section develops a framework for comparison between the two types of paid-extension . > The debate on public vs . private extension continues to rage among experts in the field . The debate includes issues such as should extension be publicly funded ? Who should pay and how much should be paid for extension services , and which segments", "spans": [{"start": 1934, "end": 1981, "text": "available data from the experience in Nicaragua", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or _tolas_ , and are very similar in caste composition . In Madhubani district , Brahmins and Bhumiars are a majority in both villages , and their tolas are located close to the main resources of the village — the temple , pond and school — while all the other tolas extend southwards in decreasing order of status in the > 2 We used 2001 census data because the treatment villages were from Phase I , which was initiated in 2006 by selecting poorer villages on the basis of that census . > 3 For the purpose of keeping their identities anonymous , we have re-named the villages and informants . 6", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 350, "text": "2001 census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan People-Centric Digital Government Program-for-Results ( P180291 ) | Verification Entity | KACE . | | - - - | - - - | | Procedure | * * _3 . 1 Privacy by design . _ * * Adherence to the applicable privacy-by-design principles by DPI ecosystem participants < br > is verified as follows : ( 1 ) the recommendations of regular Privacy Impact Assessments ( PIA ) are implemented < br > at the policy , process , and technology levels , including through the update of DPI ecosystem rules ; ( 2 ) relying < br > parties are compliant with relevant policies and DPI ecosystem rules , and such compliance is assured through < br > adequate supervision and oversight ; ( 3 ) DPI ecosystem participants adhere to the applicable data < br > minimization principles ; and ( 4 ) DPI is designed and implemented in compliance with national privacy laws < br > and international data protection standards . < br > * * _3 . 2 Data minimization . _ * * Adherence to the applicable data minimization principles by DPI ecosystem < br > participants is verified as follows : ( 1 ) data is requested only when there is a clear purpose ; for example , to < br > enable access to or eligibility for a service ; ( 2 ) no shared data is retained beyond its intended use , or used < br > for additional service provision unless further consent is gained from the person ; and ( 3 ) categorical data < br > sharing and selective attribute disclosure are available to be implemented by relying parties in cases where < br > sharing the actual data values is not required by the use case ( for example , requesting confirmation that a < br > person is in good health rather than requesting disclosure of the person ’ s full health record ) ; and ( 4 ) shared < br > data is used to directly enable a service delivery workflow on a need", "spans": [{"start": 1726, "end": 1739, "text": "health record", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services ( P151432 ) ► Completion of Agricultural Census with revised methodology ( Text , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | No | Methodology was < br > partially completed . Ag < br > Census planned to be < br > conducted in 2020 . | Methodology was < br > partially completed . Ag < br > Census planned to be < br > conducted in 2020 . | Yes | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 31-Aug-2022 | 08-Feb-2023 | 31-May-2024 | | Comments < br > ~ ~ IN01230845 ~ ~ | | | | | ► Implementation of DQA recommendations for different sectors ( Number , Custom ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Value | 0 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 5 . 00 | 3 . 00 | | Date | 16-Dec-2015 | 31-Aug-2022 | 08-Feb-2023 | 31-May-2024 | | Comments | | | | | # * * Disbursement Linked Indicators * * # < u > DLI_IND_ < / u > ~ ~ < u > TABLE < / u > ~ ~ ► DLI 1 DLI 1 Per capita increase in federal block grants transfer to regions , excluding Addis Ababa ( Process , 90 , 000 , 000 . 00 , 0 % ) | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | 2022 | | - - - |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has put a lot of pressure on already strained health care systems across the Latin America and the Caribbean ( LAC ) region ( World Bank , 2020 ) . Among others , the explosion of costs , such as prices paid for pharmaceuticals ( Chernew & May , 2011 ) , has contributed to failings in equitable and quality health care provision in the region . COVID-19 emergency states and the accompanying pressures to deliver critical goods and services fast have further contributed to price pressures in already fragmented markets . Responding to these policy challenges , this study aims to - document hitherto understudied variations in prices paid for pharmaceuticals , equipment and medical supplies within countries and markets ; and - identify effective procurement strategies for lowering prices within existing regulatory frameworks with the help of purchase-level explanatory models . These ambitions are made possible by the unique data set compiled from public sources enabling price analysis at the very detailed , purchase level ( i . e . within countries and markets over time ) . This represents a major departure from most prior studies which had to rely on market-level average prices across countries ( e . g . Danzon & Chao , 2000 ) . We make use of public procurement data as gathered by public authorities in 9 countries and territories across the LAC region through their electronic procurement systems . This data is uniquely detailed and complete , encompassing the minute detail of purchasing decisions and processes made across all regulated public entities in the study countries and territories . Our sample of 7 countries ( Ecuador , Brazil ( federal ) , Paraguay , Panama , Uruguay , Peru , and Costa Rica ) and 2 territories ( Amazonas ( Brazil ) and Santa Catarina ( Brazil ) ) is exceptional in its breadth ; still , it misses out on important countries in the region and hence may represent a skewed sample . Nevertheless , the wide country coverage of our sample allows for making cross-country claims in the region , by exploiting the variance in terms of institutional and regulatory set-up . We make use of traditional regression analysis as well as machine learning ( random", "spans": [{"start": 1300, "end": 1323, "text": "public procurement data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "forestry , and fishing Mining and quarrying Agriculture , forestry , and fishing Mining and quarrying < br > Rest of industry Non-industrial services Rest of industry Non-industrial services Rest of industry Non-industrial services < br > Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Across the same period , formal firms in mining and quarrying generally had the highest labor productivity , followed by formal firms in the rest of industry and services , then formal firms in agriculture . However , in more recent years , the labor productivity of formal firms in agriculture has exceeded that of formal firms in rest of industry , as will be discussed further ( see Figure 10 ) . 8 At the ISIC 1-digit level , the largest constituent sectors within rest of industry are manufacturing ( 12 percent of formal firms ’ labor in 2021 ) and construction ( 5 percent ) . The largest constituent sectors within services are retail trade ( 20 percent ) , wholesale trade ( 7 percent ) , administrative and support service activities ( 5 percent ) , financial and insurance activities ( 4 percent ) , and transportation ( 4 percent ) . For additional details , refer to Table 3 . 9", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 307, "text": "CIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "be < br > compensated < br > under < br > Kenyan Law where they < br > | stages of resettlement < br > Psycho-social support will be < br > provided in conjunction with the < br > County < br > Social < br > Development < br > Officers ( CSDO ) at County level . < br > This will be through counselling < br > and liaison to the existing welfare < br > support < br > programs < br > under < br > the < br > CSDO ’ s office ; < br > Assistance with transport for their < br > property and salvaged properties < br > during resettlement for all PAHs < br > who will be physically displaced | | | | | | areimpacted by the project . | | | 9 . | Permanent loss of < br > grazing land | Registered < br > owners < br > or < br > claimants of customary < br > held lands | Registered owners or claimants : < br > Cash compensation of the value of the < br > land at replacement cost . < br > Statutory Disturbance Allowance of < br > 15 % of compensation amount . < br > Provision of support registration cost < br > and required formalities to ensure < br > security of tenure . < br > Assistance < br > in < br > conveyancing < br > and < br > transferring title . | For cash compensation , < br > persons < br > must < br > prove < br > ownership < br > and < br > interest < br > ( either through formal or < br > traditional < br > verification < br > processes ) at the time of < br > final asset surveys . NLC < br > will require to confirm the < br > bona fide person ( s ) who < br > have determined interest on < br > the affected land and issue < br > awards to", "spans": [{"start": 1385, "end": 1404, "text": "final asset surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 09 | 0 . 09 | 0 . 10 | 0 . 11 | | Groundnuts | 0 . 13 | 0 . 12 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 14 | 0 . 11 | 0 . 15 | | Soybeans | 0 . 19 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 16 | 0 . 21 | 0 . 24 | 0 . 19 | | < br > Cotton | 0 . 04 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 05 | 0 . 06 | 0 . 04 | | Tobacco | 0 . 01 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 02 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | 0 . 01 | | Beans , sweet potato & others | 0 . 00 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 04 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 02 | | < br > No . of parcels ( cultivated ) | 2 , 314 | 821 | 453 | 379 | 444 | 217 | _Source : _ Own computation from 2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey 21", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 551, "text": "2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", FDI came primarily from Hong Kong , China ; Macau , China ; Singapore ; and Taipei , China . After 1990 , FDI increasingly flew in from Japan , the US , and other developed countries . FDI inflows fell in the mid-1990s , but resumed following the commencement of WTO accession talks . What explains the PRC ’ s FDI level ? Analyzing cross-country panel data of FDI inflows , Fan et al . ( 2009 ) find that the main factors that attracted FDI to the PRC were the PRC ’ s high expected growth rate , low volatility of growth , and low ratio of dependent population . < sup > 7 < / sup > What are the macroeconomic implications of the PRC ’ s growing openness before the WTO accession ? Branstetter and Lardy ( 2008 ) find that net exports contributed modestly to GDP growth compared to capital investment or private consumption , and thus FDI did not drive aggregate > 7Once controlling for the PRC ’ s good economic record , there is no evidence that the PRC is an exception . 17", "spans": [{"start": 335, "end": 374, "text": "cross-country panel data of FDI inflows", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Admission of Non-citizens to Institutions of Basic Education and Training in Kenya ” policy states that all children residing in Kenya are entitled to enrolment in Kenyan schools regardless of citizenship status . This policy , in conjunction with the Refugees Act , 2021 , establishes an important legal framework that allows schools to accept refugee and other non-citizen learners , though the Government ’ s encampment policy restricts refugees ’ movement and thereby limits access to such educational opportunities outside the camps . Other specialized education-related services , including examination and assessment and provision of curriculum materials , are governed by the Kenya National Examination Council Act , 2012 and the Kenya < u > Institute for Curriculum Development Act , 2013 . Refugee schools are able to access national exams and < / u > learning materials but have to pay for them . The Government of Kenya ’ s 2019 pledge at the GRF to systematically implement a policy of inclusion of refugees in the national education system includes their registration in NEMIS as a priority . Medium-term financing may include the adaptation of NEMIS to include the documentation issued to refugees and asylumseekers and options for disaggregation . # # * * 4 . 2 Health care * * Refugees and asylum-seekers residing in the Dadaab and Kakuma camps and Kalobeyei settlement , along with members of host communities residing in refugee-hosting areas , have full access to free primary health care in facilities funded primarily by UNHCR and its partners . Conditions that cannot be managed locally are referred to Garissa and Lodwar for specialist treatment , while patients with serious medical conditions with good prognoses are referred to public health facilities in Nairobi or Eldoret for specialist care . Although available , the referral facilities at country level generally lack capacity in human resources , infrastructure and equipment for the provision of quality health-care services . Facilities in camps and settlements are registered as public health facilities and receive support from the Government . This support ranges from commodities for TB treatment , HIV care , vaccines ,", "spans": [{"start": 1085, "end": 1090, "text": "NEMIS", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "According to an assessment of the whole of government citizen feedback platform , only 33 percent of citizens filing a grievance using the At Your Service online government grievance redress platform surveyed in 2022 had received any response . Opinion surveys reflect a pervasive perception of corruption in government and the private sector . According to a 2022 opinion survey by the Centre of Strategic Studies of the University of Jordan , < sup > 14 < / sup > 94 percent of Jordanians believe that the economy and administrative bodies are “ plagued by corruption , ” and 82 percent believe that the government is not serious or willing to fight corruption . ” * * 44 . The Program ’ s implementation arrangements are informed by the distribution of responsibility across selected implementing agencies for the implementation of the government program and an assessment of their institutional capacity and build on ongoing TA provided by the World Bank and other donors . * * The PMU under MOPIC benefits from substantial capacity building support from the Jordan Growth MDTF ( through the IPF Strengthening Reform Management in Jordan RETF ( P178480 ) ) . Implementing agencies , including MODEE , the PMO , and MOPIC ( DOS ) also receive extensive TA by both the World Bank and other donors ( through the WB YTJ investment loan , and the Jordan Growth MDTF ) , and additional donor-funded TA will be mobilized in support of Program implementation ( see Annex 6 on the Implementation Support Plan for details ) . * * 45 . The economic justification of the Program rests on its expected impact on the implementation of the EMV . * * It should strengthen the effectiveness of the government delivery mechanisms for economic modernization by professionalizing the civil service ; improving the output and outcome of public expenditures ; and enhancing access and quality of service in strategic areas targeted by the EMV under its pillar on welfare . By strengthening the governance framework and oversight of the EMV , it improves the probability of it being successfully implemented and achieving its objectives in terms of accelerating economic growth and improving living", "spans": [{"start": 245, "end": 260, "text": "Opinion surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 360, "end": 379, "text": "2022 opinion survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "values ( Go , 2015 ) . In Norway , altruism plays a role at the local government level but mostly by increasing support for education among the middle ‐ aged who have children , rather than through stronger support for old ‐ age care among the middle aged who have elderly parents ( Rattsø and Sørensen , 2010 ) . Our paper is closer in nature to a second strand of literature that focuses on subjective preferences for the allocation of public spending , rather than on actual outcomes . < sup > 5 < / sup > Busemeyer , Goerres and Weschle ( 2009 ) provide a thorough review of the literature and report mixed empirical findings on the effects of ageing on overall welfare spending , probably as a result of aggregation effects . The authors focus on OECD countries and contribute to the literature by analyzing different components of welfare spending and by focusing on the total population , rather than just the labor force . They find significant differences in preferences for redistribution across age groups , particularly for education and pensions , although the strength of these age ‐ related differences varies across countries . The literature also highlights the importance of cohort , in addition to time , effects . Fullerton and Dixon ( 2010 ) use data for the United States and look at three spending categories ( health care , education and social security ) over a long time span ( 1984 – 2008 ) . They find evidence in support of the “ grey peril ” hypothesis for education , although their results are mixed for pensions and health care . Our paper is closely related to Sorensen ( 2013 ) , who uses repeated cross ‐ sections for 22 countries and finds that when time and cohort effects are taken into account , elderly people prefer lower ( higher ) spending on education ( health care and pensions ) . These life ‐ cycle effects vary considerably across countries , but they are generally quite small . One limitation of the data used by Sorensen ( 2013 ) is that the alternatives available in the questionnaire for additional government expenditure are not mutually exclusive . In other words , individuals can choose to", "spans": [{"start": 1267, "end": 1293, "text": "data for the United States", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While academics and international organizations have adopted various methodologies to measure multidimensional poverty , as discussed earlier , this study follows the approach taken by UNICEF ( 2011 ) to measure severe deprivations of children . This approach is based on operational definitions developed by Gordon et al . ( 2003a ) and relies on the absolute poverty dimensions identified during the World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen . Given the data available , this analysis distinguishes between three severe deprivations in the areas of food , health and education with information available at the individual child level , and four severe deprivations concerning water , sanitation , shelter and information with only household level information available for each child . See Table 1 . While Gordon et al . ( 2003a ) suggest an eighth deprivation , considering the access to basic services , defined as distance to school and health care services > 20km , this study restricts itself to the beforementioned seven deprivations . Reasons for this being that there is no such information available from the MICS and GHS datasets , used in this analysis . The datasets only include distance to school at individual level , whereas distance to health care services is available at community level only . However , in both cases , it is defined in time used , rather than kilometers , thus requiring a conversion . Moreover , this deprivation has been criticized as access does not inform about quality of access . Besides the seven severe deprivations , this study however analyses a few additional , even stricter but milder deprivation definitions relating to education , water and sanitation . The milder educational deprivation counts every child of school going age who is not currently in school as schooling deprived . For water deprivation , the study further analyses protected water deprivation , counting additionally those with only access to unprotected wells / springs and unprotected tap water in any season as deprived . < sup > 5 < / sup > The improved sanitation deprivation definition additionally considers those deprived , who only have access to open pit latrines , latrines without slaps or toilets hanging over the water of any sort . The latter definitions for protected water and improved", "spans": [{"start": 1128, "end": 1132, "text": "MICS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1137, "end": 1149, "text": "GHS datasets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "collection in Pakistan . _ICTD Working Paper 33_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . ; Khan , A . , Khwaja , A . , & Olken , B . ( 2016 ) . Tax farming redux : Experimental evidence on performance pay for tax collectors . _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 131 ( 1 ) : 219-271 . > 118 This is a possible explanation , for example , for evidence that large firms pay lower effective tax rates than mid-sized firms in Ethiopia . Mascagni , G . , & Mengistu , A . ( 2016 ) . The corporate tax burden in Ethiopia : Evidence from anonymized tax returns . _ICT Working Paper 48_ . Brighton : International Centre for Tax and Development . > 119 Zucman , G . ( 2014 ) . Taxing across borders : Tracking personal wealth and corporate profits . _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ , 28 ( 4 ) : 121-148 . > 120 Klemm , A . ( 2009 ) . Causes , benefits and risks of business tax incentives . _IMF Working Paper WP / 09 / 21_ . Washington : International Monetary Fund . > 121 Prichard , W . , & Jibao , S . ( 2010 ) . Building a fair , transparent and inclusive tax system in Sierra Leone . Freetown : Christian Aid Sierra Leone . 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "includes alternative dispute < br > resolution , re-negotiation with < br > NLC and is backed by the < br > judicial system through < br > Environmental and Land Court < br > Kenyan legislation meets < br > OP4 . 12 requirements . < br > * * RE * * | Adopt both by < br > providing for < br > alternative < br > grievance < br > mechanism that < br > are project based . < br > Affected persons < br > also free to seek < br > legal redress if not < br > satisfied . < br > * * CO * * | | * * Eligibility Criteria * * < br > Defined as : < br > ( a ) those who have formal legal < br > rights to land ( including < br > customary and traditional rights < br > recognized under the laws of the < br > country ) ; < br > ( b ) those who do not have < br > formal legal rights to land at the < br > time the census begins but have < br > a claim to such land or assets — < br > provided that such claims are < br > recognized under the laws of the < br > country or become recognized < br > through a process identified in < br > the resettlement plan . < br > ( c ) Those who have no < br > recognizable legal right or claim < br > to the land they are occupying . < br > To determine eligibility : < br > Carry out resettlement census . < br > Cut-off date for eligibility is the < br > day when the census begins . < br > * * DISCLO * * | The Land Act 2012 provides < br > that written and unwritten < br > official or customary land < br > rights are recognized as valid < br > land right . The Law provides < br > that people eligible for < br", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1233, "text": "resettlement census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "advantages . First , it allows for cleaner econometric identi cation and interpretation of the results as our instrument utilizes public school construction guidelines that were applied for GSSs constructed after the 1980s . < sup > 9 < / sup > This also alleviates exclusion restriction concerns that arise if our instrument were to predict other public goods . Second , focusing on the shorter exposure ( to GSS ) periods is likely to better isolate supply-side e \u001b ects since GSS construction probably impacts a range of demand factors over a longer time span . It is nevertheless reassuring to note that all of our main results hold in the full sample of villages , both in terms of statistical and economic signi cance , and several of these results are in fact stronger ( Appendix Table II ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > Table I presents summary statistics for the nal sample . Two and a half percent , or 232 villages , in this sample received a GSS between 1981 and 2001 . < sup > 11 < / sup > Conditional on existence , > 9We are not aware of similar guidelines used in previous years . To the extent they were , we are reluctant to use the 1981 population ( the earliest available census data at the village-level ) to construct population rank for earlier years . Focusing on villages which did not receive secondary schools prior to 1981 also allows us to better control for village-level baseline data prior to the construction of a public school . For villages with pre-existing secondary schools , it is harder to discern whether di \u001b erences in the baseline data arise from selection into villages or the exposure to the secondary school . While we could have also excluded villages which received girls ' / boys ' primary schools prior to the 1980s , this is too severe a restriction and would eliminate most of our sample . Finally , we are also concerned with pre-existing secondary schools since we believe they are more likely to re ect village wealth , size , or in uence . We therefore also exclude villages whose neighbours ' have pre-existing secondary schools , since that could have spillover", "spans": [{"start": 1185, "end": 1196, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- year resource allocations are relatively predictable . There are strong payroll controls , and all government transactions take place through the Treasury Single Account . Bank reconciliation takes place daily , and most suspense accounts are reconciled and cleared without delay . The internal control framework in Jordan has continued to evolve and modernize . However , there is no evidence yet of benefits from the improvement in public investment planning . Also , comprehensive procurement statistics are lacking . Furthermore , the role of the National Assembly in holding the government to account seems to have been weakened . Many of the initiatives to improve PFM remain a work in progress , and continuing efforts will be needed to secure the benefits in terms of economy and efficiency , as well as better services for citizens . * * 49 . Major public procurement reforms are ongoing . * * The new Procurement Bylaw No . 8 of 2022 has made significant improvements to the legal and institutional framework , as well as the procedural aspects of public procurement . This bylaw applies to all government entities and units . Two independent committees were established under it : ( 1 ) a > 15 < u > IMF , 2024 , Request for an Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility and Cancellation of the Current Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility . < / u > Page | 19", "spans": [{"start": 486, "end": 508, "text": "procurement statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > . Justamente estos son los tres aspectos ( señalados en cursiva ) considerados para definir las dimensiones comprensivas que desarrollamos en el marco teórico y que veremos más adelante . > 3 Este capítulo se desprende de un documento más amplio : Sánchez , N . ( 2022 ) . Reflexiones teóricas sobre la migración venezolana para un estudio cualitativo del retornado . Serie Documento de Trabajo OVM . https : / / docs . google . com / document / d / 1sowBioEvYzGAs27StNLmPQM8rFy3YOMi / edit ? usp = share_link & ouid = 107160500075741311707 & rtpof = true & sd = true > 4 Los datos del DANE han sido tomados de Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística [ DANE ] ( 2021 ) . Encuesta Pulso de la Migración : Resultados para la Ronda 1 ( julio – agosto 2021 ) . Recuperado el 10 de abril de 2022 de : https : / / img . lalr . co / cms / 2021 / 10 / 14170420 / presentacion-ext-pulso-migracion-jul21-ago21-1 . pdf > 5 En un principio el migrante relata una clara determinación de instalación permanente en la nueva sociedad nacional en búsqueda de mejores oportunidades de realización de una biográfica satisfactoria", "spans": [{"start": 582, "end": 596, "text": "datos del DANE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 689, "end": 719, "text": "Encuesta Pulso de la Migración", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "| WAZ | Weight-for-Age z-score | | - - - | - - - | | WHZ | Weight-for-Height z-score | | WFP | World Food Programme | * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 9 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The remainder of the paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 describes our data . Section 3 presents our descriptive graphical findings , while Section 4 presents our empirical results . Section 5 concludes . # 2 . Data and Methodology # 2 . 1 Data We consider a variety of real-time indicators , including data on nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , nighttime lights , Google mobility indicators , Google search data , and food price data . NO2 is a pollutant produced by everyday human activity , such as burning fossil fuels . As such , it is attractive as a potential measure of the changes brought about by the COVID-19 crisis , as changes in patterns of human behavior can directly affect NO2 emissions . We use the TROPONOMI Level 2 Nitrogen Dioxide product obtained initially by the Sentinel-5 Precursor , an Earth observation satellite launched as a part of the Copernicus Programme in October 2017 . We obtained data from January 2019 to December 2020 , with the resulting series containing monthly concentrations of NO2 observed at the subnational level . We also collected information on monthly nighttime lights intensity from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite ( VIIRS ) sensor onboard the Soumi-NPP Earth observation satellite processed by Elvidge et al . ( 2017 ) . Nightlights have been found to correlate well with some measures of economic growth and development ( see , e . g . , Henderson et al . , 2012 ) and may therefore provide a window into possible changes in economic activity brought about by the COVID-19 crisis . We use the Annual VNL Version 1 product that corrects data influenced by stray lights , excludes observations impacted by cloud cover , and has greater spatial coverage ( especially in the northern part of the globe ; for additional information , see Mills et al . , 2013 ) . As in the case of the NO2 series , the resulting data set contains monthly time series on nighttime light intensity observed at the subnational level from January 2019 to December 2020 . To account for seasonal fluctuations in NO2 and nighttime lights series , we construct year-over-year deviations in 2020 relative to the same month in 2019 , expressed in percentage changes", "spans": [{"start": 305, "end": 337, "text": "data on nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 359, "end": 385, "text": "Google mobility indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 388, "end": 406, "text": "Google search data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 413, "end": 428, "text": "food price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1842, "end": 1852, "text": "NO2 series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_North Rwenzori CFR Forest Management Plan_ # # # * * < mark > 2 . DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING FOREST RESOURCES < / mark > * * # # # # * * 2 . 1 Ecological resource * * The nature of North Rwenzori and the inherent vegetation in the reserve makes the area one of the most important areas as a water catchment , protection of biodiversity , protection of river banks , lakeshores and stabilising of steep slopes . # # # # # * * 2 . 1 . 1 Natural Forest * * Riverine natural forests occur in the valleys . These forests are characterised by colonising species occurring in the riverine valleys and appear to be young probably less than 100 years old and most of them grow in a pattern that follows streams , rivers or water courses . Such species include _Bridelia sceroneurodes , Combretum guenzii , Cussonia arbarea , Erythrina abyscinica , Grewia mollis , Maytenus senegalensis , Pilostigma thorningii , Stereospermum kunthianum , Terminalia brownii , Vitex doniana , Acacia hockii , Annona chrysophlla , Acacia polycantha , Borassus sp and Gardenia jovis-tonantis . _ Some scattered stands exist within the grassland but rarely form canopies . # # # # # * * 2 . 1 . 2 Biodiversity * * The biodiversity status of North Rwenzori has never been assessed . It is not known if there are rare , endemic or restricted species in the area . However , the reserve shares the same biodiversity characteristics with Rwenzori and Semliki National Parks whose biological diversity was is documented in the National Biodiversity Assessment Report Series of 1996 . In this plan , it is expected that due effort will be carried out to ensure that vegetation within valleys ( natural belts ) are conserved to maximise conservation", "spans": [{"start": 1495, "end": 1541, "text": "National Biodiversity Assessment Report Series", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for < br > girls . | * * Teltele : * * Remote pastoralist community in Borena using < br > ABECs and supported by NGO partners < br > * * Yabelo : * * Remote pastoralist community in Borena where < br > formal education is available and efforts have been made to < br > promote female leadership in education . | | * * Afar : * * Afar was also not surveyed in the 2011 study . It has < br > the highest percentage of OOSC in Ethiopia and is pastoralist < br > dominated emerging region with high levels of ABECs and < br > mobile schools in relation to the rest of Ethiopia . | * * BureMedaytu : * * Remote pastoralist area ; mobile schools < br > operating within the Woreda . < br > * * AwashFentale * * : A peri-urban Woreda ; well established links < br > with pastoralist community groups and use of ICT already < br > piloted . Primary schools are closer to secondary schools than < br > is usual in the region . | | * * Somali was not surveyed this time because it participated * * < br > * * in the 2010 study . It has a large population of pastoralists * * < br > * * and agro-pastoralists and has significant disparities in * * < br > * * access to quality education between and pastoralist and * * < br > * * non-pastoralist communities with high levels of child * * < br > * * marriage and low educational attainment for girls . The * * < br > * * entire Social Assessment Study from 2011 and its Annexes * * < br > * * have already been publically disclosed and are available * * < br > * * at the Ethiopia Ministry of Education website at * * < br > * * http : / / info", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| • Bi-annual meeting and progress of agreed < br > action by environment and social oversight < br > bodies organized by EFCCC ; | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Strengthen the Social Accountability Unit in < br > COPCD with fulltime Environment and Social | 2 < sup > nd < / sup > AF Year 1 | COPCD / MOF | | Safeguards Specialists to oversee E & S < br > implementation | | | # * * 6 . Consultation * * The Addendum to ESSA consultation workshop aimed at reviewing federal , regional and woreda findings and enriching the draft report was held virtually via Zoom meeting on April 1 , 2021 . The draft report was prepared based on assessments in the four regions using telephone interviews and email exchanges , desk review of relevant documents and related studies and consultation with relevant federal and regional sector bureaus . The key findings and conclusions of the report were presented during the virtual workshop with a view to solicit comments and inputs from the participants . Twelve participants drawn from the Ministry of Finance , EFCCC , and the basic sectors ministries attended the virtual meeting . The following were some of the questions and comments reflected during the meeting : - How much is the system is functioning from the federal down the woreda levels ? - Do we have communications between the different levels from federal to woreda ? - How is the awareness of decision makers regarding environmental and social system ? - How can the inadequacy of human resource be tackled and how can this be supported with planning and budget ? - Do we have coordination between oversight bodies ? In response to the above questions and comments , the following explanations were made : - Most of the questions related to human resources , coordination , and budget are still challenges . The ESPES is supporting in building capacities through training and provision of equipment under the IPF component . EFCCC and MOF have to explore on how to strengthen the ESM at", "spans": [{"start": 634, "end": 665, "text": "assessments in the four regions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # * * 3 . * * Non-Current Assets # # # # # ( i ) Fixed Assets Register As previously reported , although the Bureau ' s plant and equipment were independently valued in November 2010 , a fixed asset register to record all assets transactions and accounting treatment for the Bureau has todate not been prepared and reconciled . # # # # # ( ii ) Lack of Title Deed The property , plant and equipment balance of Kshs . 254 , 477 , 977 as at * * 30 * * June * * 2016 * * included a parcel of land measuring 0 . 16ha with a building valued at Kshs . 8 , 494 , 071 situated in Embu Town . The Bureau does not have the original title document for this land . # # # # ( iii ) Intangible Assets Based on the accounting policy , the amortization for the year should have been Kshs . 4 , 249 , 100 and not the reported amount of Kshs . 4 , 202 , 948 and the maximum net book value of intangible assets should have been Kshs . 10 , 444 , 883 whereas the amount reported in the financial statements is Kshs . 10 , 456 , 921 . The variance of Kshs . 12 , 038 in amortization and net book value was not explained . Consequently the accuracy of the intangible assets balance of Kshs . 10 , 456 , 921 as at * * 30 * * June * * 2016 * * could not be confirmed . The situation above is indicative of significant impairment on some of the properties . Consequently , it is not possible to confirm whether the carrying values as stated in the financial statements reflect the fair values of the properties . # # # # # * * 4 . Reserves * * # # # # # * * ( i ) Revenue Reserve * * The revenue reserve balance of Kshs . 2 , 607 , 048 , 966 as at * * 30 * * June * * 2016 * * includes", "spans": [{"start": 57, "end": 78, "text": "Fixed Assets Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 195, "end": 215, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "bases include China , France , Italy , Japan , and the United States . > 2 Human Development Index 2016 > 3 Vision Djibouti 2035 targets a medium-term growth rate of 7 . 5 – 10 percent per year , tripling per capita income , and reducing unemployment . It includes five pillars : peace and national unity , good governance , economic diversification , human capital development , and regional integration . Page 9 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 75, "end": 103, "text": "Human Development Index 2016", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Especially with disability-aware administrative processes , more work piloting and action research is required to align tools like the Washington Group Short Set of questions into existing systems . # # # * * 5 . Prioritizing Recommendations * * Considering the different humanitarian contexts and disability data use at different phases of the humanitarian response a number of recommendations emerged , with some actions already planned or underway : # # # # # * * < mark > Recommendations < / mark > * * * * 1 . Emphasize the importance of incorporating the Washington Group data tools in survey processes such as Demographic Health Surveys , Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys as well as national censuses in high humanitarian risk countries , as well as identifying other entry points in humanitarian data collection processes where the use of this methodology is appropriate * * This is a critical preparedness step especially in high humanitarian risk settings . Work is already underway , for example with humanitarian MICS < u > applications . < / u > Washington Group tools might also be incorporated in humanitarian action at points where data collection from individuals takes place , such as in registration of individuals by UNHCR using the ProGres database , following mine action incidents where common < u > information management tools < / u > are used , or when other sample surveys are used < sup > 9 < / sup > . > 9 The use of sample surveys in humanitarian action is becoming more common both to improve accountability to affected populations as well as to improve program planning , monitoring and evaluation especially during the course of protracted crises , for example through profiling exercises for internally displaced populations . Collecting Data on Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Contexts 11", "spans": [{"start": 617, "end": 643, "text": "Demographic Health Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 646, "end": 680, "text": "Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 692, "end": 709, "text": "national censuses", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1255, "end": 1271, "text": "ProGres database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# _ ( b ) Food consumption score equation_ Tables 10 and 11 also show regression estimates for the impact of households ’ characteristics on food consumption score . Both types of assets appear to be positively correlated with food consumption score , whereas agricultural assets losses have a negative effect , adding or not other controls . Interestingly enough , asset losses no longer have a significant effect on food consumption score in the June survey , while it was significantly negative in the February survey . Households thus seem to have been able to cope with the shock , some with their own means and others with the help of assistance programs . Indeed , it is interesting to note that food assistance appears to have a positive effect on food consumption score in June , whereas it wasn ’ t significant in February . So it appears that five months after the disaster , assistance programs may have partially succeeded in responding to the shock , whereas the effects of food assistance on food security was not perceptible a few weeks after the seism . Beside this , aid from abroad , savings and bank accounts all have a strong positive effect on food consumption score , although they are likely capturing the effect of other unobserved variables . # _ ( c ) Joint estimates of both equations_ There is a strong possibility that emergency assistance is actually endogeneous to food consumption score . Therefore , we try to use instrumental variables to estimate the probability of receiving assistance . Housing damage , location variables ( i . e . , where people sleep ) and associations membership are potential instruments . However , when using multiple instruments in a single equation , it is not possible to reject the over-identification assumption with a standard Sargan test . Indeed , the instruments might be correlated with the error term in the food consumption score equation . Furthermore , it is not possible to reject the endogeneity of the assistance variable with a Hausman test when using any combination of instruments . So , this could also be an indication of the instrumental variables not being completely valid . # _ ( d ) Impact of displacements_ Focusing on households in", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ds in open areas to prevent crowding and assembling . The meetings took place on June 18 , 2021 , at MGNP Headquarters . A total of 16 participants , mostly Batwa leaders , attended the Focus group meetings and the KIIs . A draft of the VMGP was created as a result . However , the evaluation of this draft report revealed some limitations , mostly due to restrictions of the COVID-19 regulations that constrained the breadth and methodology employed in consultations . For instance , given the cultural context of the Batwa , the utilisation of techniques like telephone interviews was not highly appropriate . Due to the small number of Batwa who owned telephones , these tactics not only restricted how the Batwa expressed themselves but were also difficult . As a result , only a few chosen Batwa leaders had a chance to participate in the consultations . There was the need for more discussions to ( a ) involve more stakeholders and Batwa people in the project area , ( b ) reach more Batwa people , and ( c ) produce more baseline data that is site-specific . # # # * * 2 . 3 Phase II of consultations ( September 2022 ) * * A second round of consultations was organized once most COVID-19 related restrictions were lifted in Uganda . On September 24 < sup > th < / sup > , 2022 , a special consultation with the Batwa around MGNP was carried out , at the MGNP Headquarters . The meeting was attended by 67 people in total ( 30 men and 37 women ) , with representation from the frontline communities around MGNP . The goal of consulting the Batwa who reside around MGNP and depend on it for their livelihood was to learn about their concerns and preferences regarding the design and proposed implementation of the IFPA-CD project to give them equitable access to project benefits and minimize any unfavorable outcomes for the Batwa . Their opinions and the issues they presented have informed the finalization of this VM", "spans": [{"start": 1029, "end": 1042, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | | | * * Enfa * * | * * nt ( < 18 an * * | * * s ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * lte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Personn * * | * * e âgée ( > * * | * * 59 ans ) * * | * * Total * * < br > * * F * * | * * Total * * < br > * * H * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Régions-Cercles - * * < br > * * C * * | | | | | | | | | | | * * emme * * | * * omme * * | * * Total * * | | * * ommunes * * | * * Ménages * * | | | * * Ttl * * | | | | | | * * Ttl * * | | | * * Individus * * | | | | * * F * * | * * M * * < br > | * * oa * * < br > * * Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Adulte * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * oa * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans * * < br > *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "accounting - - all of them will have an important and long standing effect on the port and HTA operations . With one exception ( see Part III ) , there were no disputes between the borrower and contractors / consultants . L . Project Documentation and Data 23 . The PCR was prepared from data contained in the project files , information provided by MTA and the Government in general during IDA cupervision missions and from a brief paper on the project implementation prepared by MTA .", "spans": [{"start": 288, "end": 323, "text": "data contained in the project files", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the ECD intervention ( Behrman , Cheng and Todd 2004 , Gertler 2004 , and Frankenberg , Suriastini and Thomas 2005 are recent exceptions ) . In this paper , we estimate the impact of an important ECD initiative of the Philippine government . < sup > 1 < / sup > The overall aim of the program , initiated in the late 1990s , is to enable local governmental units ( LGUs or municipalities ) within three regions ( comprising 13 provinces ) to deliver a broader and better set of ECD-related services to pregnant women and children under age seven . Here we address the research question : Did this ECD program have a positive effect on children ’ s well-being in the form of better cognitive , social , motor , language development and health and nutrition ? We use longitudinal survey data collected in three rounds over three years on 6 , 693 children in randomly selected households . The surveys covered two “ treatment ” regions that received the ECD program and a “ control ” or comparison region that had not received the program . Program assignment was non-experimental and so we use difference-in-difference ________________ > 1 Although the program is being coordinated by the Department of Social Welfare and Development ( DSWD ) , this government program is an interdepartmental program that also involves the Department of Education and the Department of Health .", "spans": [{"start": 768, "end": 792, "text": "longitudinal survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 12 . No changes were made to the PDO during the life of the project . The outcome targets were changed during the first two restructurings ( see Table 1 ) due to the following reasons . - The number of direct beneficiaries were revised upwards twice to reflect renewed projections based on observations made once implementation commenced . The upward revision also reflected changes in the methodology to calculate beneficiaries of roads as explained below . - The target for “ people provided with access to \" improved sanitation facilities ” was initially reduced when it was noted that the financing had to be identified for the laterals ( the pipes between the sewerage plants and the households ) . The target was decreased also because of the change in methodology as per the guidelines of the newly introduced core indicator . It was revised upwards in the second restructuring to reflect positive changes in implementation pace . - The target for “ number of people in urban areas provided with access to all-season roads within a 500-meter range ” was increased to reflect a major investment in the Konza-Tala road ( 74 kilometers , 10 kilometers urban , 64 kilometers rural ) . At the same time , the methodology to calculate beneficiaries was also modified from applying average population density to using survey data and the target was upwardly revised to reflect this change . - The methodology to calculate the target “ people in the Nairobi Metropolitan region living within a one-kilometer radius of a location for a commuter rail station , benefitting from improved access to that location ” was downwardly revised when foreign exchange fluctuations caused losses in total project financing ( up to US $ 30 Page 9 of 44", "spans": [{"start": 1322, "end": 1333, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We employ six monthly macroeconomic and financial variables in the SVAR model , ordered as follows : logs of seasonally adjusted industrial production ( _Y_ , ' output ' hereafter ) , logs of seasonally adjusted consumer price index ( _P_ , ‘ price ’ ) , domestic policy interest rates ( _MP_ ) , overnight interest rates or 3-month or one-year government bond yields ( _Int_ ) , logs of the nominal exchange rate relative to the US dollar ( _FX_ ) , and the equity price index ( _S_ ) . < sup > 9 < / sup > We also include four exogenous variables to account for latent factors that can simultaneously affect endogenous variables : the international commodity price index ( _Cmdt_ ) , U . S . federal funds rates ( _FFR_ ) , the CBOE volatility index ( _VIX_ ) , and a deterministic trend component ( _Trend_ ) . < sup > 10 < / sup > These data are sourced from Haver Analytics , national central banks , or Federal Reserve Economic Data ( FRED ) . A novel aspect of this paper is the use of survey-based expectations for future inflation , output growth , FX rates , and interest rates . Consumer and business expectations are sourced from monthly surveys conducted by national central banks or statistical offices , while professional forecasters ’ expectations come from Consensus Economics surveys . < sup > 11 < / sup > The availability of expectations data varies across EMEs . As a baseline , we prioritize consumer or business expectations , which tend to show greater variability , and supplement with professional forecasters ’ surveys when national consumer and business surveys are unavailable or too short for some EMEs . In the SVAR model , we incorporate one-year-ahead expectations . < sup > 12 < / sup > # * * III . 2 Identification and estimation * * The baseline identification follows the standard recursive scheme using the Cholesky decomposition of the variance-covariance matrix , as in Christiano et al . ( 1999 ) and many others . The monetary policy instrument ( i . e . , policy interest rates ) is placed after the output and price variables , in line with the Taylor-rule", "spans": [{"start": 909, "end": 938, "text": "Federal Reserve Economic Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1275, "end": 1302, "text": "Consensus Economics surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consumption levels , we construct a measure capturing the distance in terms of consumption from the national poverty line . This distance , reported as a fraction of the consumption level and set to zero for households above the poverty threshold , is an indicator of the resources needed to bring an average poor household to the level of the poverty line . As it is unlikely that migration _per se_ is able to bring households out of poverty , the distance from the poverty line is meant to estimates the extent to which migration can improve the livelihood of those living below the poverty line . Our estimates , reported in Table 8 , indicate that overall migration reduces the gap by about 11 percentage points , with no economically significant differential impact by year of migration . The coefficients is also similar among migrant households from Coastal and Inland Ghana : on average it is about 18 percentage points among the first , and 16 percentage points among the latter . # 5 Concluding Remarks This paper investigates the impact of internal migration on household welfare in Ghana . We make use of the most recent nationally representative household survey conducted in 2012 / 13 and controlling for region of origin and adopting an inter-regional definition of migration , we identify the impact of migration on the consumption level of households that migrated relative to > 17 Results are available upon request . 16", "spans": [{"start": 1134, "end": 1176, "text": "nationally representative household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5 # * * Infrastructure ’ s interactions with the Millennium Development Goals * * A large share of foreign aid is now oriented toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > Among other things these targets — endorsed by 189 countries at the September 2000 UN Millennium Summit — aim to , by 2015 , halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty , dramatically improve education and health systems , and protect the environment in developing countries . Although there is considerable policy debate on whether the goals are likely to be achieved ( see Ravallion 2003 ) , the academic debate has so far mostly focused on measurement issues . Both the policy and the academic debates on MDGs have been a source of some frustration for infrastructure practitioners . Except for water and sanitation and to some extent telecommunications , there is a sense that the goals fail to recognize the relevance of transport and to a lesser extent energy ( since rural energy was recently added as a priority ) in the fight against poverty . < sup > 4 < / sup > This is partly because there is little knowledge about the basic relationship between infrastructure coverage and household income . Only two recent studies establish this relationship : Komives and others ( 2001 ) for 15 countries around the world and Estache and others ( 2002 ) for Latin American countries . < sup > 5 < / sup > The frustration among practitioners has not been met by academics . Indeed , while there has been a lot of talk about the MDGs in the development community and many publications on the health and education goals , there has been little academic work on the water and sanitation goals or the MDG gaps . Leipziger and others ( 2003 ) provide the first empirical analysis of the determinants of three child health outcomes related to the MDGs : the infant mortality rate , child mortality rate , and prevalence of malnutrition . Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys ( DHS ) , the authors go beyond the traditional cross-country regressions of new growth theory — exploiting the variability in outcomes and explanatory variables", "spans": [{"start": 1968, "end": 1998, "text": "Demographic and Health Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "On education and health outcomes , Branisa et al . ( 2013 ) report a positive association between women ’ s property rights and their educational attainment and fertility , using a data set of 124 countries . This is also confirmed by causal evidence from India , where Deininger et al . ( 2013 , 2018 ) and Roy ( 2015 ) estimate significant positive effects of legislating equal inheritance rights for women on their educational achievements . Mishra and Sam ( 2016 ) find that increase in women ’ s land ownership in Nepal boosted their empowerment through greater household decision-making in health care and household purchases . Similar causal findings have been obtained for Vietnam ( Menon et al . 2014 ) , India ( Mookerjee 2017 ) and Kenya ( Harari 2018 ) . Despite overall positive findings , Roy ( 2015 ) shows that legislation to provide equal inheritance rights to women in India resulted in some parents circumventing the law in order to disinherit their daughters from their rightful share . Bhalotra , Brule and Roy ( 2018 ) and Rosenblum ( 2015 ) find that the reform also increased female foeticide and female infant mortality , while Anderson and Genicot ( 2015 ) show that it increased marital conflict leading to greater suicides . These negative findings alert us to the possibility of unintended consequences of gender progressive legislation in developing economies , especially in the presence of multiple constraints that interact to perpetuate the status quo of gender inequality . For example , in the case of India , _patrilocality_ < sup > 7 < / sup > is a key social norm that perpetuates preference for sons over daughters , as it ensures provision of old-age care for parents in the absence of a viable social security system . Thus , focusing on alleviating one constraint ( access to property ) without addressing other related ones ( informal insurance ) might be counterproductive , and suggests that greater attention should be paid to tackling gender discrimination using a holistic approach . In terms of legal rights to administer marital property , unilateral divorce laws ( by affecting spouses ’ outside options ) have also been shown to impact labor market decisions of married women .", "spans": [{"start": 181, "end": 206, "text": "data set of 124 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "criteria used < br > • Percentage ( 100 % ) of project < br > pre-screening for risks on < br > natural habitats and PCRs < br > using maps and data at PPMD < br > level < br > • Percentage < br > ( 100 % ) < br > of < br > projects passing through ES < br > risk and impact screening and < br > E & S instruments prepared < br > based < br > on < br > screening < br > recommendations < br > and < br > approved < br > by < br > relevant < br > authority . < br > • Percentage < br > ( 100 % ) < br > of < br > projects < br > regularly / periodically < br > supervised and monitored < br > through field inspections < br > • A TPM system implemented | At all levels < br > ( federal , regional , < br > district , and < br > project levels ) | MoWE and < br > EEU | Overall action < br > item < br > performance - < br > during Program < br > implementatio < br > n < br > Focal < br > persons < br > assigned at EEU < br > districts < br > prior < br > program < br > implementatio < br > n < br > ESMSG and RSG < br > will be revised < br > prior < br > to < br > Program < br > effectiveness < br > Capacity < br > building < br > training and < br > monitoring < br > through a TPM < br > managed by < br > the PPMD will < br > be provided < br > prior projects < br > implementatio | Revised ESMSG < br > and RSG < br > Projects pre - < br > screened , < br > screened , < br > instruments < br > prepared , < br", "spans": [{"start": 135, "end": 156, "text": "maps and data at PPMD", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 20 . Cumulative change in weighted average < br > log labor productivity , 2014-2021 < br > ( transportation and storage , constant 2010 prices ) < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 8 < br > - 1 < br > - 1 . 2 < br > - 1 . 4 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Entry * Exit * Total < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Figure 21 . Cumulative change in weighted average < br > log labor productivity , 2014-2021 < br > ( financial services , constant 2010 prices ) < br > 0 . 6 < br > 0 . 4 < br > 0 . 2 < br > 0 < br > - 0 . 2 < br > - 0 . 4 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 8 < br > 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 < br > Within-firm Between-firm Entry * Exit * Total < br > Note : Averages are weighted by firms ’ share of labor . < br > Source : World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT < br > database < br > Log-changes < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The most notable exception to this overall trend is the accommodation and food service subsector , which has experienced overall productivity growth over the 2014-2021 . Further study is needed to assess the drivers of the sector ’ s strong labor productivity performance , but the broad trend may be related to recent high-profile foreign direct investment ( FDI ) in the sector , including", "spans": [{"start": 585, "end": 597, "text": "CIT database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ABBREVIATED RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ( ARAP ) ( 1 ) REPORT KWAHAKATSA INFORMAL SETTLEMENT WEST MAINLAND OF MOMBASA COUNTY - * * 9 . 4 Terms of Reference for the Grievance Redress Mechanism Committee * * - The Terms of Reference for the Grievance Redress Mechanism Committees will be as follows : • Address all forms of grievances relating to the implementation of this ARAP expeditiously and impartially . - • To consult with all the relevant parties involved in the disputes in the process of seeking solutions , and further to seek technical advice where necessary to reach a verdict - • Document the grievance handling process from the time a complaint is received to the final determination . To this end , the committee shall maintain a grievance register , minutes of all meetings held to address grievances , and correspondences - • To notify the concerned parties promptly once a verdict has been reached , and the next steps . - The grievance redress form in annex 5 includes components like name of the recorder ; definition of the grievance , information about the complainant and the details of grievance . * * 9 . 5 Effectiveness of the Grievance Redress Mechanism * * - The following measures are proposed to ensure the effectiveness of the Grievance Redress Mechanism : • The SGRC and the RIC will be trained on their roles and the process flow before the start of ARAP implementation , Training of the SGRC and RIC is to be undertaken by the KISIP social safeguards team , and where necessary with support from the World Bank . - • Necessary technical and financial support will be extended to the SGRC to enable them function effectively , - • The SGRC and the RIC will make monthly reports on the progress in addressing grievances e . g . grievances received and how they were handled , - • The committees will maintain records such as : grievance registers , minutes of meetings , and correspondences , for reference and inspection . - * * 9 . 6 Capacity-Building for", "spans": [{"start": 742, "end": 760, "text": "grievance register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Mixed migration routes and dynamics in Libya Libya | April 2018 * * # # # * * METHODOLOGY * * - This situation overview presents findings from an assessment on mixed migration routes and dynamics to and inside Libya , and the ways in which migration measures since early 2017 in the country impacted these , conducted in eight locations across the country between 21 March and 2nd April 2018 . Locations assessed were sampled on the basis of their relevance to migration within Libya ascertained on the basis of IOM DTM < sup > 23 < / sup > and other secondary data as either ( 1 ) important entry points in the South , such as Sebha and Alkufra ; ( 2 ) transit cities , including Misrata , Ejdabia , Tripoli and Bani Waleed and ( 3 ) exit points to Europe along the coast , including Garabolli and Azzawya . - In each location three to five in-depth semi-structured interviews with key informants were administered . Key informants were selected on the basis of their expertise on migration and included law enforcement officials , mukhtars , civil society representatives and activists , smugglers and humanitarian aid workers . In addition to a total of 32 key informant interviews , 75 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with refugees and migrants who were selected in five locations selected on the basis of accessibility , namely in the cities of Sebha , Alkufra , Misrata , Tripoli and Bani Waleed . Refugees and migrants were asked to speak about their everyday lives since early 2017 over time , their knowledge of migration measures in the country and decision making over migration . - Data collection was carried out by field teams ; all received tailored training on qualitative data collection and interview skills , as well as on ethical considerations around data collection with vulnerable groups . Longitudinal analysis was carried out on the basis of comparable information on routes and mobility collected through IMPACT ( of which REACH is an initiative ) with Altai Consulting in", "spans": [{"start": 516, "end": 523, "text": "IOM DTM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Pl Planning , and Rn_sch # Public Economics Can tax policies be designed to encourage economic growth in developing countries ? One view holds that by providing the govemment with a stable source of funding and reducing the current account deficit , tax revenues encourage long-term growth . In this view , the economic distortions aggravated by tax rates are slight in comparison to such institutional constraints as price controls , foreign exchange allocations , and trade quotas . The other view is that high marginal tax rates constrain long-temi economic development by discouraging business expansion , investment , and foreign trade . The contention is that the benefits of a carefully designed , moderate tax structure exceed the costs of budget deficits or spending cuts . This paper tests these v : . ews by measuring the effect of government spending and taxation on output growth . In theory , higher tax rates shift investment and employment to sectors with low - or even negative - tax rates , such as import-substitution or underground sectors . The lower returns to investment and labor in these sectors mean that the economy wiU generally record lower growth rates . Data from 31 African countries show the medium - and long-term effects of fiscal policies on growth during 1965-73 and 1974-82 . Govemment investments for the earlier period were sufficiently productive to justify the distortions imposed by the relatively high tax rates necessary to finance them . By 1974-82 , however , the return on govenmment investments had fallen to almost zero , suggesting that the burden of personal and corporate taxes led to a contraction in growth . Although taxes on imports did not affect out-ut directly , such taxes reduce investment and thereby indirectly curtail grwth . On balance , sales and excise taxes had the most moderate effects on growth and investment . In sum , a balanced increase in govenmment spending financed by sales and excise taxes , or by a shift from personal and corporate taxes to consumption taxes , can increase growth rates . This paper is a product of the Public Economics Division , Country Economics Department . Copies are available free from the World Bank , 1818 H Street NW , Washington , DC 20433 . Please", "spans": [{"start": 1187, "end": 1217, "text": "Data from 31 African countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sentiments . We still obtain a positive and significant relationship between famines and the Communist war > 14 The difference between the CCP and the Nationalist ideology is evident from the official statements that a new party member of each party has to declare joining . See < u > https : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath . < / u > The Nationalist party emphasizes that each member has to obey traditional Chinese values such as courage , filial duty , kindness , keeping promises , peace , courtesy , obedience to supervisors , frugality , tidiness , and helping others . The CCP joining statement , in contrast , focuses on obeying the _principles_ of the party , carrying out orders , accepting disciplines , being loyal to the party , and being willing to sacrifice one ’ s life for the party , and never be a traitor to the cause . > 15 The difference in the total numbers of martyrs between the CCP and the KMT largely reflects the CCP ’ s tradition in collecting the identity of their martyrs ( see Hung , 2008 ) . Another factor is that the KMT retreated to Taiwan , China , in 1949 and could no longer access detailed personnel data of its casualties on the mainland . 28", "spans": [{"start": 1171, "end": 1185, "text": "personnel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Kenyo Primary Education Development Project . Reports and Financial Statements For ! efinancial year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June 2022_ # # # # Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) iii ) Interest on borrowing Borrowing costs that include interest are recognized as payment < sup > in the periodin whichthey incurred < / sup > and paid for . iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized < sup > as paymentin the periodin whichthe < / sup > repayment is made . The stock of debt is < sup > disclosedasanannexuretotheconsolidatedfinancial < / sup > statements . * * V ) * * Acquisition of < sup > fixed assets < / sup > The payment on acquisition of property plant and < sup > equipmentitemsisnotcapitalized . Thecostof < / sup > acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these < sup > itemsaretreatedaspaymentsandreceiptsitems < / sup > respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange < sup > transactionfor nilor nominal consideration < / sup > and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , < sup > a contra transaction is recordedas receiptand < / sup > as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public < sup > entityandasummaryprovidedforpurposesof < / sup > consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an < sup > annexureto the consolidatedfinancial statements . < / sup > # # # * * 0 * * In-kind donations In-kind contributions are donations that are made < sup > totheProject intheformof actual goodsand / or < / sup > services rather than in money or cash < sup", "spans": [{"start": 1179, "end": 1199, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electrification through both grid-extension and renewable sources . The success , in particular in SHS dissemination in rural areas , had led to a request from the government for additional financing of $ 130 million in 2009 , with $ 100 million earmarked for scaling-up SHS installation and other renewable energy based mini-grids in rural areas . The implementation of SHS programs was carried through two different delivery models . The first model is implemented by the Rural Electrification Board ( REB ) , the state-owned utility responsible for grid-electrification in rural areas . It was tasked to disseminate SHS through the fee-for-service SHS program , whereby the system would be installed and owned by REB and households would pay a monthly fixed fee for using the systems . The second approach is through a private implementing agency , the Infrastructure Development Company Limited ( IDCOL ) , which sold the systems to households using a micro-finance scheme implemented by various private agencies , such as Grameen Shakti . While the REB was able to provide SHS for about 12 , 000 households , the IDCOL reached over 320 , 000 households over the same period . The success of the micro-credit scheme lies mainly in the fact that ownership approach is more acceptable to rural households than the fee-for-service approach . Moreover , these private delivery agencies have more practical knowledge in providing micro-finance and greater reach at the community level . In particular , Grameen Shakti has played an important role in the dissemination of SHS in rural Bangladesh and its credit program has reached many low-income households ( Asaduzzaman et al , 2008 ) . The key lesson from the Bangladesh experience is that while scaling-up the adoption of renewable energy technology depends critically on private sector participation , public support is critical at the initial stage , by means of financing , technical assistance and institution and human capacity building , until a critical mass is reached for scaling up SHS dissemination . Lessons from the Bangladesh case study can possibly be transferred to other countries while taking account of local conditions . # 4 . * * The 2005 Bangladeshi national survey * * A national household survey was conducted in 2005 for monitoring and impact evaluation of the", "spans": [{"start": 2207, "end": 2239, "text": "2005 Bangladeshi national survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2246, "end": 2271, "text": "national household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "should be such that all banks , including foreign banks , can compete on an arms-length bases and that foreign ownership of East Asian banks should be encouraged . Since it is impossible to separate efficiency improvements from excessive risk taking , we have assumed that efficiency is constant during 1992-96 in order to construct our measure of risk taking . Of course , bank efficiency is not constant over time , even for a relatively short period of _5_ years with no significant changes in bank management and bank regulation . However , the increases in estimated efficiency that we see for most banks in our sample are clearly overstated , since a lot of those banks entered financial distress or even bankruptcy after 1997 . It seems evident that on average the increase in calculated efficiency was mainly ( in most cases even completely ) due to excessive risk-taking instead of a true increase in efficiency / performance . Therefore , although we acknowledge that our risk measure is only a rough estimate of bank risk taking , we argue that on average our risk measure should give a good indication of the extent of risk taking across banks . Traditional bank efficiency measures do not only disregard the risk profile of a bank ' s business , but they also suffer from the limitation that they do not account for business mix , the quality of service , and exogenous shocks . Although we have made an attempt to take the risk profile of a bank ' s business into account by assessing a bank ' s risk-taking behaviour , our measure still suffers from not accounting for business mix and the quality of service . Accurate data on a sectoral breakdown of extended loans might be used to account for business mix , but further research is needed to develop methods that will enable us to assess the performance of a bank given its accounting data . 24", "spans": [{"start": 1645, "end": 1681, "text": "sectoral breakdown of extended loans", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1842, "end": 1857, "text": "accounting data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We assessed the external validity of our experiment and the representativeness of our sample by comparing them with the sample of the 2019 Household and Multipurposes Survey ( EHPM ) , a nationally representative survey in El Salvador that is conducted through face-to-face interviews . Of the approximately 75 , 000 individuals interviewed in the EHPM , 15 , 680 ( 21 percent ) meet our eligibility criteria ( See Table A2 in the Appendix ) . < sup > 17 < / sup > When we restrict the EHPM sample to individuals who meet our criteria , we find no meaningful differences in age , gender , and age of the oldest child with our sample ( See Table A3 in the Appendix ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > We also verify that the randomization of individuals in the Phone / WhatsApp intervention was not correlated with the characteristics and treatment assignment of the impact evaluation studied in Amaral et al . ( 2021 ) . Therefore , we show in Figure A2 that there is no correlation across gender , age or mobile phone usage . # * * 3 Data and Summary Statistics * * # # * * 3 . 1 Data Sources * * We use four sources of data to assess the relative convenience of the two survey modes : administrative records provided by the survey firm , responses to the enrollment survey , responses to the midline survey , and responses to the parenting intervention ’ s baseline and endline surveys . < sup > 19 < / sup > _Administrative records provided by the survey firm . _ This data includes information on whether the individuals completed or did not complete the midline survey , the reason for non-completion ( for those who did not complete it ) , and the number of reminder calls made to each person . _Enrollment survey . _ The enrollment survey included questions on respondent ’ s gender and age , mobile phone ownership status , whether they lived with and cared for a child eight years old or younger , and the > 17The eligibility criteria are described in footnote 12 . > 18We only find differences between the EHPM and the survey-mode experiment samples", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 173, "text": "2019 Household and Multipurposes Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1176, "end": 1198, "text": "administrative records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "migration to Colombia - had started under the rule of Hugo Chavez . Our results are however largely unchanged if we use the 2005 census to compute the predicted migration flow of each municipality . Indeed , the correlation of the 1993 and the 2005-based measures if 0 . 93 .", "spans": [{"start": 124, "end": 135, "text": "2005 census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9997 Firm Resources , Strategies , and Survival and Growth during COVID-19 Evidence from Two-Wave Global Surveys _Sheng Fang Chorching Goh Shaomin Li L . Colin Xu_ Development Economics Development Research Group April 2022", "spans": [{"start": 119, "end": 142, "text": "Two-Wave Global Surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 0 . 027 | | Fla | Unpaid agricultural family workers | 0 . 008 * * | - 0 . 007 | 0 . 008 * * | - 0 . 007 | | Lan | Log of cultivated area | - 0 . 487 * * * | - 0 . 008 | 0 . 185 * * * | - 0 . 011 | | Mec | Mechanization | 0 . 007 * * * | - 0 . 005 | 0 . 006 * * * | 0 . 001 | | HHh | Household head | 0 . 022 * * | 0 . 02 | 0 . 022 * * | 0 . 013 | | NFI | Share of nonfarm labor income | - 0 . 099 * * * | - 0 . 012 | - 0 . 098 * * * | - 0 . 011 | | NFn | Share of nonlabor income | 0 . 066 * * * | - 0 . 005 | 0 . 065 * * * | - 0 . 004 | | SID | Simpson Index of diversification | 0 . 032 * * * | 0 . 004 | 0 . 032 * * * | 0 . 000 | | Sub | Sum of Subsidy | - 0 . 039 * * * | - 0 . 08 | - 0 . 037 * * * | - 0 . 072 | | | Incidence of crop subsidy | - 0 . 154 * * * | - 0 . 063 | - 0 . 159 * * * | - 0 . 054 | | | Log of crop subsidy | 0 . 115 * * * | - 0 . 017 | 0 . 122 * * * | - 0 . 018 * | | XIN | Export Orientation Index | - 0 . 134 * * * | 0 . 03 | - 0 . 135 * * * | 0 . 029 | Source : Authors ’ estimation using HIES 2016 . Notes : * , * * , and * * * indicate that the coefficients are significant at the 10 , 5 and 1 % level ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "economic growth , though the specific component of inequality of opportunity – that inequality that correlates with circumstances at birth — does not show a robust effect by itself . One of the main contributions of that paper is the attempt to distinguish between income inequality and indicators of equity – in this case , inequality of opportunity . Along the same lines , Marrero and Rodriguez ( 2013 ) , using the PSID database for the U . S . in 1970 , 1980 and 1990 , find a robust support for a negative relationship between inequality of opportunity and growth , and a positive relationship between inequality of effort and growth . Thus , the indicator of inequality used in the empirical work – based on different notions of what is the inequality that “ matters ” — may lead to different results . On the other hand , equity indicators – such as access to basic services and access to markets — may have a more delayed effect on growth , as they affect the long-term productivity of the poor or previously excluded groups . _Revisiting equity-efficiency trade-offs_ As discussed in Kanbur ( 2013 ) , there is no shortage of theoretical models showing why equity is associated with growth . < sup > 4 < / sup > If the economy is “ distorted enough ” – producing within its full productive capacity , lifting constraints to productivity might actually improve both efficiency and equity . Political economy considerations might also lead to a situation where redistribution enhances efficiency ( Levy and Walton , 2005 ) . > 4 There are diverging views on the link between economic growth and equity . Aghion et al . ( 1999 ) present three arguments that support the view that wealth inequality should be growth-enhancing . The first argument is Kaldor ' s hypothesis that the marginal propensity to save of the rich is higher than that of the poor . Stiglitz ( 1969 ) and later Bourguignon ( 1981 ) formalized this argument and demonstrated that more unequal economies will grow faster . The second argument has to do with investment indivisibilities . In the absence of a well-functioning market for shares , wealth needs to be sufficiently concentrated in order for", "spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 432, "text": "PSID database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 134 * * * * Bujagali Energy Limited * * Bujagali Hydropower Project Social and Environmental Assessment - Main Report December , * * 2006 * * production of non-traditional commodities like simsim , oil , seeds , flowers , various types of vegetables and other horticultural products , both for domestic and export markets . Economic productivity is therefore increasing and inflation is low . # # # # # * * 3 . 7 . 4 . 2 Local Economy * * # # # # # * * Introduction * * Information on the operation of the local economy in the project area was obtained from two main sources : a baseline socio-economic survey of PAPs undertaken during 1999 by WS Atkins ; and , a report undertaken by ACDI-VOCA in April 2000 for AESNP . The information collected for the PAPs remains relevant as the baseline for the resettlement programme . Information about the region in general as taken from the ACDI-VOCA is considered relevant for the level of detail needed for this SEA . # # # # # * * Occupations * * The baseline survey indicated that 46 percent of households are primarily peasant farmers . While the vast majority of people in the area undertake some farming , a significant number of people are involved in other occupations . These include business / trade , fishing , and bicycle taxi driving . # # # # # # * * Incomes * * According to agricultural statistics from the Jinja District Agricultural Office , the average sustainable land holding in the District is 0 . 8 ha per compound / household , with a net annual income of UGX 3 . 7 million or USD 2 , 300 per compound / household . Based on an average of 8 . 4 persons per household in the project area ( WSAtkins , 1998 ) , the average annual agricultural income per individual is USD 270 . The baseline socio-economic survey indicated that the average annual income per hectare from farming is UGX 31 .", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 621, "text": "baseline socio-economic survey of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 888, "end": 897, "text": "ACDI-VOCA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1752, "end": 1782, "text": "baseline socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Agricultural | 530 , 514 | 961 | 8 | 32 . 1 | 65 . 1 | | Indigenous | 236 , 800 | 310 | 5 . 7 | 90 | 98 . 4 | | Total | 3 , 063 , 474 | 1851 | 23 . 9 | 16 . 6 | 36 . 8 | * Notes : The figures are computed using the ECV ( _Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida_ ) databases for years 1997 and 2003 . The unit of analysis is the household and the welfare measure is consumption per capita . The extreme and moderate poverty lines are equal to 533 Balboas and 953 Balboas , respectively , which correspond to the official poverty lines used by the government of Panama . Informality is defined as the employers and employees in firms with less than 6 workers that do not contribute to the social security system , non-professional self-employed , and household workers . A worker is classified as skilled when he / she completed at least one year of secondary school . Table 2 shows that the fastest-growing population group in Panama has been nonagricultural informal workers ( an increase of 20 percent ) , while the number of people earning their primary income from formal activities hardly changed . Since wages in informal activities are significantly below formal earnings ( Table 1 ) , it is perhaps not surprising that , as the proportion of non-farm informal population rose , the incidence of moderate poverty among non-agricultural workers increased from 15 . 3 percent to 20 percent during this period . Hence the period was characterized by what Ravallion , Chen and Sangraula ( 2007 ) call the _urbanization of poverty_ , with internal migration resulting in reductions in rural poverty , an increase in urban poverty , and little to no overall poverty effects . # * * _2 . 2 . The Canal expansion_ * * The expansion of the Canal appears to be a large ̳ shock ‘ for Panama , with the total cost of the investment project estimated to reach 5 , 250 million balboas ( approximately 40 percent of GDP in 2003 ) . < sup > 3 < / sup > However , the", "spans": [{"start": 219, "end": 222, "text": "ECV", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 . 6 . Administrative Data * * We received a list from JUCEMG of all firms which registered with the chamber of commerce in Belo Horizonte between October 25 , 2011 ( the day the communication treatment started ) and September 19 , 2012 . This list contained the official business name , fantasy name , street address , phone number , and CNPJ of the business , and also contained registrations for MEI status as well as SIMPLES . In addition , we obtained a list from PBH of all firms registering for an ALF license during this same period . We used a matching algorithm and manual checking to match this to the listing survey data , described in Appendix 4 . For each formalization measure , we define “ definite ” matches as cases where there are sufficient data in both data sources to make it almost certain we are matching the same firm , and “ definite or probable matches ” to also include cases where it seems very likely to be the same firm , but less data are available for confirming the match . We also construct an overall measure of whether a firm has formalized which measures whether they are a definite or probable match for at least one of these three forms of formalization ( MEI , SIMPLES , or ALF ) . We cross-checked the accuracy of this matching procedure with two subsamples of data . The first was reports from the inspectors , who recorded the CNPJ and ALF of firms which registered between the inspectors ’ first visit ( when they issued warnings to informal firms ) and their second visit ( where they came back to see whether firms had formalized or were taking steps towards doing so ) . Secondly , in November 2012 the survey firm attempted to re-contact firms that were in the follow-up survey and ask them for their CNPJ and ALF numbers and registration dates . < sup > 11 < / sup > Both these checks revealed the matching process to be accurate at matching firms which had formalized – it was only a handful of cases where individuals had registered at different addresses that we had not detected . # *", "spans": [{"start": 620, "end": 639, "text": "listing survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Tax Reform in Transition_ # * * Revenue-productive Income Tax Structures and Tax Reforms * * in * * Emerging Market Economies * * # * * Evidence from Bulgaria * * # # _1 . Introduction_ Almost all emerging market economies ( EMEs ) are contemplating fundamental reforms of their tax systems . These reforms are determined by country-specific combination of factors including the advice of external experts and international agencies ( Tanzi , 1991 , World Bank , 1988 and Harberger , 1993 ) , acute pressures from expenditure and revenue sides of the budget ( Bogetic and Hillman , 1994 ) , the increasing complexity of the administrative task ( Bird , 1989 and Tanzi , 1992 ) , and the internal political economy of public finance reforms ( Bogetic and Hillman , 1995 ) . Political economy factors , however , often clash with the recommendation of experts who emphasize simplicity and transparency in the tax systems . As a result , although tax reforms may start with good intentions and well-defined objectives of the reformers , the outcome is often different from what it was envisaged at the outset . For example , Shome and Escolano ( 1993 ) , in their survey of tax policy in the Former Soviet Union countries show that despite substantial effort on tax policy reform , the tax systems are often becoming more , not less complicated and transparent . Also , the Bulgarian authorities initiated far-reaching tax reforms with the objective of creating a tax system consistent with a market economy ( Chand and Lorie 1993 ) ; these include the replacement of the old turnover tax system by a modem , single-rate value added tax , and the reduction of the corporate income tax rates . But in other areas , notably personal income taxation , the tax reform has not resulted in a simpler tax structure which is compatible with the more demanding administrative task and powerful incentives for evasion that characterize EMEs . The amendment to the 1992 Personal Income", "spans": [{"start": 1162, "end": 1182, "text": "survey of tax policy", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 0 . 00933 ) ( 0 . 00934 ) We also looked for time ‐ series dynamics between real growth and financial markets subindexes . Our results indicated that on average , a one ‐ unit increase in the FMAI Index is associated with a 0 . 16 percent change in real growth . This result is a bit stronger than the result for the broader FMI Index . # * * ARDL for the FMAI Index : * * DLRGDPPC = + 0 . 72 + 0 . 249 * LRGDPPC_1 – 0 . 327 * LRGDPPC_2 + 0 . 157 * FMAI_2 ( SE ) ( 0 . 28 ) ( 0 . 151 ) ( 0 . 137 ) ( 0 . 0591 ) # * * 6 . Conclusion * * This paper investigates the association between financial development and economic growth in Egypt by analyzing trends between 1980 and 2016 , using the new data set on financial sector development indexes introduced by Svirydzenka ( 2016 ) . Modeling of bivariate regressions for real growth per capita with the measure for financial development that is broadly used in the literature ( M2 / GDP ) provides strong support for the association between real income growth and financial development . However , the regressions do not yield statistically significant results regarding the presence of time ‐ series dynamics between real income growth and indexes relating to financial institutions and banking or error correction . This finding can be attributed to the low credit growth to the private sector . The Financial Markets Index used in this paper shows a strong association with real economic growth . This index is an aggregate index of three subindexes , on financial market depth , efficiency , and access . Bivariate modeling for real growth confirms that the financial markets access index — which includes data on the percentage of market capitalization outside the top 10 largest companies and the total number of issuers of debt ( domestic and external , nonfinancial and financial corporations ) per 100 , 000 adults — is associated with real income growth . Capital market development yields statistically significant results for an association with economic growth . The main policy implications of the empirical results of this", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 743, "text": "data set on financial sector development indexes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Defining skilled workers as those with some college ( complete or incomplete ) and the unskilled as those without any college education , the corresponding skilled-unskilled wage premium is given by : where _βit_ is the coefficient associated to educational level _i_ in the Mincer equation at time _t_ , and γ _ik_ = _Ei_ / _Ek_ is the share of employment of the individuals with the educational level _i_ in the employment of input _k_ in a base period . < sup > 21 < / sup > Analogously , the high school-dropout wage premium or differential can be obtained as : To sum up , the remuneration for each type of work ( skilled and unskilled ) is obtained as a weighted average of the returns to education of each educational level , where the weights are given by the proportion of individuals with the corresponding educational level , and the wage premiums are obtained as the ratio of these remunerations ( in logs ) . These two variables are based on six educational levels included in the Mincer regression : complete college ( _c . coll_ ) , incomplete college ( _i . coll_ ) , complete secondary ( _c . sec_ ) , incomplete secondary ( _i . sec_ ) , complete primary ( _c . pri_ ) and incomplete primary , the excluded category . # * * _B3 . Construction of relative supplies_ * * The relative supplies are also computed from individual microdata from the sixteen countries in our sample . We use the working age population as a basis for the relative labor supplies , although the trends described in this paper are qualitatively the same if instead of using the population we construct our measures of relative supply , as in Manacorda et al . ( 2010 ) , based on the labor force , those in employment or hours of work . The relative supplies represent a weighted sum of individuals in each of the three skill categories defined above . Following Katz and Murphy ( 1992 ) and Goldin and Katz ( 2007 ) , we first compute _efficiency units_ for each country dividing the population into 24 groups ( cells ) according to their gender , educational level and potential experience .", "spans": [{"start": 1332, "end": 1352, "text": "individual microdata", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "THE IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMMES ON PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN AFGHANISTAN * * CONTENTS * * # # # * * Social representation and sources of physical insecurity * * This study indicates that IDPs generally enjoy a positive relationship with their community leaders , with 87 % of those interviewed across all three target groups feeling ‘ often ’ , or ‘ very much ’ represented . This positive relationship is also reflected in feelings of community integration , with 83 % of IDPs feeling often or very much part of their community . These findings are not unsurprising , as IDPs will aim to locate in settlements where they know friends or relatives , or where there is already a community from the same province or ethnic background on which they can draw initial support . IDPs also rely on support networks amongst themselves and will often move as a group . < sup > 28 < / sup > In this study ’ s sample - mainly secure areas - 76 % of respondents felt completely secure within their community . Those who felt some level of insecurity cited robbery , attacks from armed groups and the threat of forced eviction as their main concerns . Although sentiments of physical security in communities are good , with almost no incidents reported during interviews , respondents described an increasing ‘ feeling ’ of insecurity and unease resulting from mass unemployment and competition amongst households for food and other resources . In fact , unemployment was seen by many as a significant driver of conflict and insecurity within the communities surveyed . Many of those interviewed directly linked crime in their community to unemployment , with some going so far as saying they might resort to crime to meet their basic needs . These findings , although anecdotal , are supported by the quantitative survey . When asked how they perceived their general situation in the community changing over the next 12-months , almost equal numbers of respondents ’ felt that their situation would either improve a little ( 39 % ) , or become a little worse ( 31 % ) , reflecting growing feelings", "spans": [{"start": 1793, "end": 1812, "text": "quantitative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "well , moreover , with other developing region trade blocs , such as Mercosur . For example , prior to the formal launch of Mercosur in 1991 , its share of intra-regional trade stood at 14 percent . < sup > 10 < / sup > Similarly , in ASEAN , a relatively high level of regional trade among member countries at the launching of their regional trading arrangements — 16 percent — provided the necessary impetus for further regional integration . If SAFTA is launched from low level of intra-regional trade , lower than any successful regional grouping , such a low base may be evidence that the South Asian countries are not , in fact , “ natural trading partners . ” The failure to meet this key conceptual criterion for beneficial integration may adversely affect the realization of a successful FTA in the region . The above estimates of intra-regional trade are based on official trade data , which we know understates the extent of intra-regional trade . Could the above conclusion that the South Asian countries are not natural trading partners be altered if we take into account available “ guesstimates ” of informal trade in the region ? For example , if the reported one billion dollars ’ worth of informal trade between India and Pakistan cited by Taneja ( 1999 ) is incorporated , it would boost Pakistan ’ s share of intra-regional trade to around 14 percent of its total trade ( referring to 1998 survey results ) , although it would still fall below the level of trade it undertakes with the United States ( 19 percent ) and the European Union ( 22 percent ) in the corresponding year . While informal exports to India from Bangladesh , Nepal , and Sri Lanka are relatively high , they comprise a sizable share of third-country goods that originate beyond regional sources . However , these national guesstimates of informal trade based on a sample survey of key locations may have high error margins and , hence , may not be fully reliable . Even with a less conservative > 10 Mercosur ’ s initial members were Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay and Uruguay . Chile and Bolivia became members in 1996 in 1997 , respectively .", "spans": [{"start": 874, "end": 893, "text": "official trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1405, "end": 1424, "text": "1998 survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1856, "end": 1886, "text": "sample survey of key locations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "electronic means . In full recognition that the World Bank shall rely upon such representations and warranties , including without limitation , the representations and warranties contained in the _Terms and Conditions of Use ofSecure Identification Credentials in connection with Use ofElectronic Means to Process Applications and Supporting Documentation_ ( \" Terms and Conditions of Use of * * SIDC \" ) , * * the Recipient represents and warrants to the Association that it will cause such persons to abide * * by * * those terms and conditions . ] This Authorization replaces and supersedes any Authorization currently in the World Bank records with respect to this Agreement . [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : [ Name ] , [ position ] Specimen Signature : Yours truly , * * / * * signed * * / * * [ Position ] < sup > 6 < / sup > 6 The letter should be signed * * by * * the official designated as the Recipient ' s Representative * * in * * the Advance * * Agreement . * *", "spans": [{"start": 629, "end": 647, "text": "World Bank records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "no reliable proof of age was available , age was estimated in months using a local event calendar or by comparing the selected child with a sibling whose age was known , and recorded in months on the questionnaire . If the child ’ s age was not absolutely determined by using a local events calendar or by probing , the child ’ s length / height was used as criteria to include the child in the study ; children measured between 65 cm and 110 cm had their measurement assessed . Other documents were not used to determine the age of the children including the UNHCR manifest owing to the fact they does not reflect the correct birthdate . # # # * * Age of women 15-49 years * * Reported age was recorded in years . # # # * * Weight of children 6-59 months * * Measurements were taken to the closest 100 grams using an electronic scale ( SECA scale ) . Children were weighed nude and only very light underwear were allowed . In some instances , weight was taken inside the houses where the floor was much more levelled and allowed for privacy . The mother-baby option of weighing the young children was applied when young children were unable to stand on their own and unable to follow the instructions . # # # * * Height / Length of children 6-59 months * * Children ’ s height or length was measured to the closest millimetre using a wooden height board ( Shorr Productions ) . In situations where documents showing the age of the child were not available , height was used to include the child in the survey . Children less than 87cm were measured * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 31 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * IN USE * * OF * * PUBLIC * * # # REPORT * * ON LAWFULNESS AND EFFECTIVENESS RESOURCES * * # # Conclusion As required * * by * * Article * * 229 ( 6 ) * * of the Constitution , based on the audit procedures performed , except for the effects of the matter described in the Basis for Conclusion on Lawfulness and Effectiveness in the Use of Public Resources section of my report , * * I * * confirm that nothing else has come to my attention to cause me to believe that public resources have not been applied lawfully and in an effective way . # # Basis for Conclusion # # Variances Between the Approved Budget and the Work Plan Review of budget records revealed discrepancy between the approved budget and the approved work plan amounts of Kshs . 20 , 000 , 000 and Kshs . 53 , 763 , 200 respectively resulting in an unexplained variance of Kshs . 33 , 763 , 200 . Further , review of project records revealed inconsistencies between the annual budget and the annual work plan submitted for the financial year under review . The budgeted allocations were not fully aligned with the activities outlined in the approved work plan , leading to discrepancies between planned and funded activities . This was contrary to Part * * E ( b ) * * of the financing agreement which states that ; The Recipient shall furnish to the Association , as soon as available , but in any case , not later than February * * 28 * * of each year , the annual work plan and budget referred to in paragraph * * 1 * * above , for their review and approval ; except for the annual work plan and budget for the Project for the first year of Project implementation , which shall be furnished no later than one month after the effective date . In the circumstances , Management was in breach of the Financing Agreement . The audit was conducted in accordance with ISSAls * * 3000 * * and 4000 . The Standards require that * * I", "spans": [{"start": 641, "end": 655, "text": "budget records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 888, "end": 903, "text": "project records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reallocate scarce labor from cultivation to nonfarm enterprises , and reduced frictions in land rental markets drive up the rental price of land . We then analyze the impacts of the pilot Land Titling Program implemented in Ghana ’ s Central Region . We use a geographic regression discontinuity design ( RDD ) with three rounds of household survey data collected over a period of six years . We find that there are strong markers that the program was successful in registering land in the treatment group . However , land registration does not appear to translate into agricultural investments or increased borrowing . Instead , households decrease their amount of agricultural labor , accompanied by a small reduction of agricultural production and no changes to productivity , and appear to shift to non-farm economic activities . In particular , women ’ s profits from operating a business increase considerably . In line with this result , we observe that households decrease their land holdings amid a surge in land valuations . This evaluation contributes to the literature linking property rights more generally and land titles in particular to investment and access to credit as well as household decisions related to production and the allocation of resources . DeSoto ( 2000 ) argued that secure land tenure can allow households to collateralize loans and thus obtain financing for investments . Given the regulatory environment in some countries , real estate may in fact be the only largely acceptable form of collateral . The additional capital obtained this way can be used to drive both farm and non-farm investment and has been found to trigger labor productivity and income ( Field & Torero , 2005 ) . This link has become a key argument for the role of land security in promoting development ( Besley , 1995 ) . However , there is mixed evidence on the impact of land titling programs on access to formal credit ( Deininger & Chamorro , 2004 ; Galiani & Schargrodsky , 2010 ; Zegarra et al . , 2008 ) . In addition , those studies that have found empirical support for this relationship frequently qualify their findings in several ways . In particular , these evaluations of land titling programs highlight impact heterogeneity and the importance of", "spans": [{"start": 332, "end": 353, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# References : Aaberge , Rolf , Anders Björkland , Markus Jäntti , Marten Palme , Peder Pedersen , Nina Smith , and Tom Wennemo ( 2002 ) “ Income Inequality and Income Mobility in the Scandinavian Countries Compared to the United States ” , Review of Income and Wealth 48 ( 4 ) : 443-469 . Antman , Francisca and David J . McKenzie ( 2005 ) “ Poverty Traps and Nonlinear Income Dynamics with Measurement Error and Individual Heterogeneity ” , Mimeo . Stanford University . Arellano , Manuel ( 1989 ) “ A Note on the Anderson-Hsiao Estimator for Panel Data ” , Economics Letters 31 : 337-41 . Arellano , M . and S . Bond ( 1991 ) “ Some tests of specification for panel data : Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations ” , Review of Economic Studies 58 : 277-97 . Atkinson , A . B . , F . Bourguignon and C . Morrisson ( 1992 ) Empirical Studies of Earnings Mobility , Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics 52 , Harwood Academic Publishers : Philadelphia . Barro , Robert J . and Xavier Sala-i-Martin ( 1999 ) Economic Growth . The MIT Press : Cambridge , MA . Baulch , Bob and John Hoddinott ( 2000 ) “ Economic Mobility and Poverty Dynamics in Developing Countries ” , Journal of Development Studies 36 ( 6 ) : 1 - 24 . Collado , M . Dolores ( 1997 ) “ Estimating dynamic models from time series of independent cross-sections ” , Journal of Econometrics 82 ( 1 ) : 37-62 . Deaton , Angus ( 1985 ) “ Panel data from time series of cross-sections ” , Journal of Econometrics 30 : 109-126 . Fields , Gary S . , Paul L . Cichello , Samuel Freije , Marta Menéndez and David Newhouse ( 2003 ) “ For Richer or for Poorer ? Evidence from Indonesia , South Africa , Spain and Venezuela ” , Journal of Economic Inequality 1 : 67-99 . Glewwe , Paul and Phong Nguyen ( 2002 ) “ Economic Mobility in Vietnam in the 1990s ” , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No . 2838 . Gottschalk , Peter ( 1997 ) “ Inequality , Income", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "6 towards them in production . Such substitution behavior is likely to take place both between food and other goods , and among food commodities whose relative prices change . The substitution effects , which clearly depend on own - and cross-price elasticities both on the demand and on the supply-side , cause the total welfare impact of price changes to deviate from the first-order approximation . Attempts to estimate these deviations , through second-order Taylor expansions of the expenditure function , can be found , for example , in Friedman and Levinsohn ( 2002 ) and Robles and Torero ( 2010 ) . Friedman and Levinsohn ( 2002 ) investigate the welfare impact of large price increases during the Indonesian currency crisis of 1997 . Following Deaton ( 1988 , 1990 ) , they use spatial variation in quality-adjusted unit values within a single cross-section of the Indonesian SUSENAS household survey to estimate the matrix of cross-price elasticities for 21 food groups ( and one non-food category ) . They find overall welfare impacts that are generally large , but that differ considerably not only between urban and rural areas , but also across different provinces . Effects were generally more regressive in urban than in rural areas . Although allowing for substitution behavior made substantial level differences , the authors argue that “ the distributional consequences were the same whether we allowed households to substitute towards relatively cheaper goods or not ” ( Friedman and Levinsohn , 2002 , pp . 419-420 ) . Robles and Torero ( 2010 ) - probably the paper whose subject is closest to our own - investigate the effect of the 2007-2008 “ food crisis ” on four Latin American countries : Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua and Peru . Like Friedman and Levinsohn ( 2002 ) they too estimate a second-order Taylor expansion of the household net expenditure function around initial prices . They classify food commodities into six groups , and find much smaller welfare effects than Friedman and Levinsohn found for Indonesia . The average national compensating variations were of the order of 1 . 5 – 2 . 5 % of initial expenditure in Guatemala , Honduras and Peru , and 7 % in Nicaragua . In every country , the effects", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 910, "text": "Indonesian SUSENAS household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "payment , and sales ) to help them adjust to the ‘ new normal ’ and increase their growth opportunities in the recovery phase . < sup > 54 < / sup > The creation of networks for women entrepreneurs ( countrywide and in sub-groups ) will also be supported for exchange of information and communication , including on how to apply for loans . Project activities for capacity building targeting women would include : ( i ) coaching women on sector choices , which can be crucial to guide women who are crossing over to more > 54 Given the restrictions to face-to-face interactions due to COVID-19 more firms globally are turning to digital technologies . However , data from the COVID-19 Business Pulse survey shows that the share of Kenyan formal firms starting to use or increase the use of digital technologies for business purposes ( 23 percent ) is lower than the average for other countries where data is available ( around 34 percent ) . 30", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 706, "text": "COVID-19 Business Pulse survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 in the appendix . The first specification in table 2 is the baseline specification : It controls for State dummies in addition to the controls cited above . The mean level of education of members from the same caste in the same village is positive and significant : an additional year in the mean level of education of members from the same caste increases agricultural productivity by 4 . 4 to 6 . 1 percent . On the contrary , the education level of members from other castes in the village has no impact . Whatever the set of controls , the coefficient is close to zero and not significant . The education of the head of household does not seem to have any impact on agricultural production . However , there may be measurement error in the education of the head of household . It could be that the education of members from the same caste is a better measure of the education of the head of household than her / his own response . Specification 2 instruments the education level of the head of household , taken from the _survey_ , by the measure of the education level of the head of household in the _listing_ . Instrumenting by a measure of one variable by another measure of the same variable corrects for measurement error if the two measures have uncorrelated measurement errors ( Wooldridge 2010 ) . The household survey and the listing are two sets of data on the same households that are independently collected . The two measures of the education of the head of household are strongly but not perfectly correlated : the correlation between the two measures is 0 . 78 . The first stages are reported in table S1 . 2 in the supplementary appendix S1 . In the second stage the coefficients change very little compared to specification 1 . There is still a strong effect of the education level of members from the same caste but no cross-caste effects . Moreover , instrumenting the education level of the head of household only marginally changes its coefficient estimate . Specification 3 further checks if the correlation between the education level of members from the same caste and the agricultural productivity of the household is", "spans": [{"start": 1317, "end": 1333, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ The Resettlement Action Plan helps to define the resettlement and compensation necessary as a result of implementing the water supply project . This will be in accordance with the Laws of Kenya , taking into account the World Bank Policies . # # # * * 1 . 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RAP * * The overall objective of the RAP is to ensure that affected individuals , households are meaningfully consulted , have actively participated in the planning process and , are adequately compensated to the extent that at least their pre-displacement incomes or livelihoods have been restored or improved and , that the process is considered fair and transparent . The objective of the RAP is achieved through collections of key indicative information on the Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) pre-impact status so as to enable develop an entitlement matrix geared at restoring the livelihoods to the pre-impact status or making their livelihoods better . The Specific Objectives and activities of the RAP include : - Conduct public consultation with PAPs , county governments , and other stakeholders not only to ensure that their concerns and suggestions are taken in to account , but also to promote the participation of the stakeholders in the planning , implementation and evaluation of the RAP ; - Conducting census and socio-economic surveys of project affected areas and populations as a basis for identifying and measuring the types and magnitude of impact of the project , and the associated displacement and loss of household and community assets , in order to determine the required amounts of compensation and other resettlement measures and assistances for the restoration of income and livelihoods ; - Design mechanisms and procedures for the resolution of conflict and redress of grievances arising from the implementation of the RAP and the project ; - Design the organizational and institutional arrangements necessary for the implementation of the RAP , including detailed allocation of responsibilities and coordination issues ; - Formulate a system for the monitoring , review and evaluation of the process and outcome of the implementation of the RAP ; - Formulate criteria for eligibility and entitlement", "spans": [{"start": 1346, "end": 1379, "text": "census and socio-economic surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ # # # # # * * 6 . 3 Household Cash Income and Expenditure * * # # # # # * * 6 . 3 . 1 Household Annual Income * * The annual income profile of the household surveyed indicated that , an average income of the surveyed households is Etb 127 , 150 per household per year which is around 1 , 002 USD in current exchange rate . The income analysis also shows 60 . 4 % of annual income of the households derived from farming activities including income from sale of annual crops including 25 . 0 % from fruits and 22 . 2 % vegetables and 13 . 2 % perennial crops . The income data of the surveyed households further displays that 91 . 2 % of the households earned income from sale of annual crops in the past 12 months preceding the socio-economic survey . This means , households who earned income from the sale of annual crops got an on average ETB 34 , 871 per annum only from sale of crop products . Income from fruit and vegetables sales was the second most important source of household cash income and accounted for 22 . 2 % of the total annual cash income of the studied households . In addition to that , production and sale of fruits and vegetables bring money for 82 . 4 % of the households . Like annual crop production , perennial crops especially _chat_ , _enset_ and coffee are the three important sources of household cash income both in terms of proportion of earned cash by the households from sale of the crops ( 61 . 8 % ) as well as the overall stake of the perennial crops in the household which was about 13 . 2 % . Annual cash income from sale of livestock , salaried employment and petty trade was also significant contributors for annual cash income among the surveyed households combined . On the other hand , income from sale of firewood , charcoal and remittance", "spans": [{"start": 704, "end": 715, "text": "income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 868, "end": 889, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "US adult population from 2002 to 2013 : insights from the medical expenditure panel survey . JAMA Cardiol . 2017 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 56 – 65 . Samuelson , W . , & Zeckhauser , R . ( 1988 ) . Status quo bias in decision making . Journal of risk and uncertainty , 1 ( 1 ) , 7 - 59 . Saposnik , G . , Redelmeier , D . , Ruff , C . C . , & Tobler , P . N . ( 2016 ) . Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions : a systematic review . BMC medical informatics and decision making , 16 ( 1 ) , 1-14 . < mark > Schneider , P . , Popkin , B . , Shekar , M . , Eberwein , J . D . , Block , C . , & Okamura , K . S . ( 2020 ) . Health and economic impacts of overweight / obesity . < / mark > _ < mark > Health and Economic Consequences of an Impending Global Challenge < / mark > _ < mark > , 69 < / mark > Scott , I . A . , Soon , J . , Elshaug , A . G . , & Lindner , R . ( 2017 ) . Countering cognitive biases in minimising low value care . Medical Journal of Australia , 206 ( 9 ) , 407-411 . < mark > Serrano Fuentes , N . , Rogers , A . , & Portillo , M . C . ( 2019 ) . Social network influences and the adoption of obesityrelated behaviours in adults : a critical interpretative synthesis review . < / mark > _ < mark > BMC public health < / mark > _ < mark > , < / mark > _ < mark > 19 < / mark > _ < mark > ( 1 ) , 1-20 . < / mark > Skov , L . R . , Lourenco , S . , Hansen , G . L . , Mikkelsen , B . E . , & Schofield , C . ( 2013 ) . Choice architecture as a means to ‐ change eating behaviour", "spans": [{"start": 58, "end": 90, "text": "medical expenditure panel survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _a_ * * , age groups 4-11 and 12-17 * * _g_ * * _c , w_ , income shock projection of country _c_ , if and when available , the simulation can accommodate this parameter by welfare quintile ( w ) # * * _c_ * * , country For simplicity , in each scenario , the Global simulation assumes the same sc for all countries within a particular scenario , and mc and pc vary only by country income level . We assume a uniform income shock across welfare quintile at the global level , since there is no better number available . # _Simulation 2 : Effect on mean ( score ) _ This analysis builds on scenarios used to estimate the learning losses from simulation 1 and provides an estimate of how much learning will be lost during school closures necessitated by COVID-19 in terms of PISA scores . Estimates are based on ( i ) typical test score gains from one grade to the next , ( ii ) data on availability of alternative schooling modalities , ( iii ) assumptions on the effectiveness of these alternative modalities , and ( iv ) assumptions on duration of school closures . Results are provided by country and are disaggregated by socio-economic status . The PISA and PISA-D databases are used for these calculations , 2018 or the latest available PISA year . where , * * sc * * , school closure ( as a share of the school year ) for country _c_ * * mw * * , mitigation effectiveness by welfare quintile ( w ) * * pw * * , school productivity or learning gains by welfare quintile ( w ) * * w * * , welfare quintile proxied by Social Economic Status ( SES ) * * c * * , country Note : For simplicity , the basic simulation assumes that , within a country , children have the same school productivity regardless of socio-economic status . # _Simulation 3 : Effect on share of students below a minimum proficiency threshold_ This analysis builds on scenarios used to estimate the learning losses from simulation 2 , and provides an estimate of how the share of children performing below minimum proficiency (", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 936, "text": "data on availability of alternative schooling modalities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1155, "end": 1159, "text": "PISA", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1164, "end": 1180, "text": "PISA-D databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Sales_ ; growth rate of Annual Sales over the last 3 years ( annual , percentage ) ; labor productivity defined as ( log of ) total sales ( in 2009 USD ) during the last fiscal year divided by the number of workers at the end of the last fiscal year ; and exports as a proportion of firms ’ annual sales . Regression results are provided in table 8 for the incidence of petty corruption and in table 9 for the depth of petty corruption . We add the interaction terms to the final baseline specification separately or one-by-one . This is done with and without controlling for the interaction term between GDP per capita and the firm performance measure . Regression results in tables 8 and 9 reveal that all the interaction terms between corruption and firm-performance measures are positive ; they are statistically significant at the 5 percent level or less in most cases and at the 10 percent level in the remaining cases . Thus , corruption hurts better performing firms more in terms of obtaining finance . # * * 7 . Conclusion * * Corruption is a significant economic issue in emerging and developing economies that may undermine SMEs ’ development . Using nationally representative survey data for SMEs in mostly developing countries , we examined how corruption affects SME financial constraint . Our results show that overall , more corruption leads to a higher likelihood of an SME being financially constrained . The finding is robust to several controls and endogeneity checks . We also showed that the corruption-finance link is far from uniform . It varies depending on the quality of financial institutions , which can partly mitigate credit market imperfections arising due to asymmetric information between borrowers and lenders and problems due to uncertainty about returns to capital . The link also varies across firms , with firms that are traditionally known to enjoy better access to finance being more adversely affected . 27", "spans": [{"start": 1164, "end": 1210, "text": "nationally representative survey data for SMEs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cement < br > of the project | < br > 700 , 000 . 00 | | 7 < br > Impact on < br > Agricultural < br > land | - Planning crop season compatible < br > to construction time < br > - Minimize the impact of access < br > road by selecting routes not < br > covered by not dominated by < br > agricultural land | < br > Reviewing the < br > prepared crop < br > season for all < br > sites versus the < br > construction < br > time table < br > Field survey < br > for access road | < br > Crop yield < br > losses from the < br > ROW < br > Crop yield | Every quarter < br > year < br > Every quarter < br > year | Every quarter < br > year < br > Every quarter < br > year | 30 , 000 . 00 < br > 30 , 000 . 00 | 129", "spans": [{"start": 442, "end": 454, "text": "Field survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Regression Analysis and Results * * In this section , by using event study and differences in difference designs , we empirically investigate how Covid-19 affected export outcomes for a ) all importers and exporters , b ) firms that participate in GVCs compared to firms that do not participate in GVCs and c ) firms that face NTMs in the pre-period compared to firms that did not face NTMs in the pre-period . # # * * 4 . 1 All Importers and Exporters * * We do the following event study to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 shock on firm-level imports and exports . We also investigate whether the effects differ depending on whether firms participate in GVCs or not , that is , run equation 1 separately for GVC versus non-GVC firms in section 4 . 2 . _Yit , pc_ : outcome variable for firm _i_ selling HS-8 product _p_ to country _c_ at year-month _t_ . We use the inverse hyperbolic sign transformation of the dependent variable so that zero observations are not dropped out . We control for firm , HS-8 product , and partner country fixed effects . Standard errors are clustered at the 8-digit product level . The period of our analysis is February 2019-June 2021 and the frequency is monthly . The time period in our analysis is limited by the availability of high-frequency firm-level data from Panjiva . The omitted month is March 2020 , when the WHO characterized Covid-19 as a pandemic . We plot the _βt_ coefficients associated with the outcome variables for each month . # # # * * Fact 1 : Exports were more resilient to the Covid-19 shock than imports ( Figures 19 , 20 , * * # # # * * 21 ) . * * This is both on the intensive margin ( export volumes Figure 19 ) and extensive margin ( export transactions Figure 20 as well as the number of products exported Figure 21 ) . Even though we observe a decline in imports and exports in our results , the drop in imports for all three measures ( Figures 19b , 20b , 21b ) is more significant - both in terms of magnitude and duration -", "spans": [{"start": 1276, "end": 1319, "text": "high-frequency firm-level data from Panjiva", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and ethnicities . < sup > 12 < / sup > Immigrant networks are an important factor in the location choices of prospective migrants as networks can facilitate settling down , adaptation to a new geographical environment , job search process . If destination district � has historically hosted a large share of immigrants from origin district � , we expect individuals from district � who decided to migrate to move to district � because of the large share of immigrants coming from the same origin district already residing therein . Therefore , the historical immigration rates gives variation in the number of immigrants in destination districts that is presumably exogenous to current consumption levels . The identifying assumption is that the historical distribution of immigrants across districts is likely to be uncorrelated with consumption patterns of households in the same districts about 6 to 20 years later , depending on the time restrictions we impose on the stock of migrants that defines our immigration variable . < sup > 13 < / sup > Since the identification of the causal effect of migration and consumption relies on this assumption , we consider potential threats to its validity . One potential threat is that historical inequality and poverty levels that contributed to determine historical immigration rates also affect current levels of consumption due to the inter-generational transmission of poverty . In order to rule out this possibility , we control for a set of historical variables from the 1984 Census that are meant to proxy the historical inequality and poverty levels . The controls include the share of the population aged 6 and above with no schooling and the share of the employed population aged 10 and above engaged in agriculture . Another threat to the validity of our instrument is that the historically high immigration rates triggered a more rapid development process in high-immigration districts , and this in turn caused changes in the distribution of income and ultimately consumption that are still observed today . Given the lack of information about historical inequality indicators , we include the Gini index of years of schooling among the population aged 6 and above and the average number of years of schooling of the population aged 6 and above , where education aims at capturing", "spans": [{"start": 1523, "end": 1534, "text": "1984 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to home biases . On the other hand , foreign bank branches and subsidiaries of European banks that are funded in local markets might be able to better absorb loan deleveraging pressures . - Assets are 2 . 8 times RWAs . This figure is based on the median in a recent sample of internationally operating banks . - The relative regional credit distribution of some countries is equal to the distribution average of all other countries , given the lack of information on regional distributions of emerging market credit for some countries . * * 35 . In the short term , banks need to adjust their balance sheets to comply with EBA * * * * requirements . A worst-case scenario implies a € 245 billion reduction in EMDE credit * * . Banks that were identified as having a capital shortfall in EBA stress tests in 2011 have € 1 . 35 trillion outstanding in EMDE credit ( about 8 . 3 percent of their total loans ) . In a worst-case scenario ( Scenario 1 ) , if banks need to meet the full € 114 . 7 billion capital shortfall fully through deleveraging and if the deleveraging occurs fully through the loan book , the estimated decline in EMDE credit could be as much as € 245 billion , or 19 percent of the outstanding EMDE credit ( figure 22 ) . If banks are able to raise capital to cover half the shortfall ( Scenario 2 ) , the estimated short-term impact on EMDE credit would be lower , at € 131 billion ( 10 percent of their > 18 These figures are taken from IMF Financial Soundness Indicators . > 19 Given the simplifying assumptions used in the simulations ( box 3 ) , the results should be interpreted as suggestive .", "spans": [{"start": 1458, "end": 1492, "text": "IMF Financial Soundness Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and _ψ_ returning to its normal value thereafter . In terms of disciplining the choice of _ψt_ = 1 , we appeal to Bick and Blandin ( 2020 ) , who provide survey evidence on the rest unemployed ’ s expectations of being recalled by their former employer . Since the persistence parameter _ψ_ has a direct mapping to the fraction of firms that recall resting unemployed workers — see Equation ( 4 ) , this empirical moment is a useful calibration target . Following this strategy , we obtain 1 _ − ψt_ = 1 = 0 _ . _ 36 , which is larger than 1 _ − ψ_ = 0 _ . _ 03 . Before going into the results , two comments are in order . First , the reallocation shock has aggregate effects in our model only if there are financial or labor market frictions . In a perfect-credit benchmark with frictionless labor markets , a reshuffling of entrepreneurs , who re-draw idiosyncratic productivity from the same distribution , has no bearing on aggregate quantities . Second , as a result of the same model assumptions , while the reallocation shock lives for only one period , it carries persistent effects . This is because it takes time for the frictional labor market to reallocate workers and for firms that become suddenly productive to build up their internal funding and overcome the financial constraint . * * Fig . 15 : Lockdown , Demand , and Reallocation Shocks * * In figure 15 , the solid lines are the benchmark case with the lockdown and the demand shock , and the lines with circles are the result of adding the reallocation shock . By construction , there is no difference between the two cases on impact , because the reallocation shock 31", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 169, "text": "survey evidence", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 10 . Demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR , end-2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * * Indicates the proportion of the population of concern in the country for which the demographic data are available . If the coverage is low ( below 10-20 % ) , the percentages may not be representative for the total population of concern in the country . * * # # # # * * _ < u > Important note : < / u > _ * * * * The population for which demographic data is available does not necessarily equal the total pop . of concern in the country . * * | Region and | Population < br > for which | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Population | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | < br > country of | < br > demographic | | | | | | Dem | ographi | c indica | tors | | | | | | of concern | Cove | rage * | | asylum / < br > | data is < br > | | Share < br > | of age < br > | groupi < br > | n total < br > | | | P < br > | ercenta < br > | ge fema < br > | leper a < br > | gegrou < br > | p < br > | | to UNHCR < br > | Age / | Sex < br > | | residence < br > Greece", "spans": [{"start": 271, "end": 287, "text": "demographic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from page 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unknown , it is expected to potentially also play a major complicating role . Note that Ossa ( 2014 ) adopts a distinct approach that relies on quantitative modeling techniques to construct counterfactual estimates for the size of Nash ( noncooperative ) tariffs in a model featuring seven regions ( including the US , EU , Japan , China , India , Brazil , and rest of the world ) . He computes the median tariff to be 58 . 1 percent , which is somewhat higher than estimates of the pre-GATT levels of average applied tariffs described above . > 70The WTO ( 2007 ) provides an important survey of the first sixty years of the GATT / WTO system and includes additional , country-specific descriptions of tariff data over the decades for a number of countries not covered in depth here , such as Brazil , India , Senegal , Nigeria , Argentina and Korea ( pp . 211-219 ) . 39", "spans": [{"start": 703, "end": 714, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "stadiums , sport clubs , art galleries , theatres — were closed most of the time during COVID-19 before vaccination became available . We estimate excess deaths using a simple regression of the number of deaths in each province on dummy variables for province and time ( quarter of observation ) and the population size for four years ( 16 quarters in total ) before the arrival of the pandemic ( 2015-2019 ) . The linear regression with quarter and province fixed effects offers a good fit ( R < sup > 2 < / sup > = 0 . 99 ) , resulting in good estimates for the predicted number of deaths in each province for the remaining 12 post-pandemic quarters , 2020 through 2022 , had COVID-19 not arrived . The results are presented in Table 2 and Figure 7 . For the most part , excess death estimates confirm the timing and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic as reported in the news . Most provinces experienced unusually high death rates in 2020 and 2021 , but not in the same quarter ( see Figure 7 ) . For example , in the Gilan province , where the pandemic disrupted life early in the pandemic ( Salehi-Isfahani , 2020a ) , government vital registrations data report a one-third increase in the number of deaths winter 2020 ( the first quarter of the pandemic ) over winters 2019 and 2018 , one quarter ahead of other provinces . The variation in the arrival dates of the pandemic across provinces adds to the variation that we need to identify the causal impacts of the pandemic on women ’ s market work because other shocks , like sanctions , are unlikely to have impacted provinces in the same way . < sup > 6 < / sup > Excess deaths and official lockdowns are different indications of disruptions in normal life and the labor market that affect individual decision to participate in market work . Each has its advantages and drawbacks as markers of labor market shocks . While excess deaths are less precise than lockdowns as markers of labor market disruptions , they are considered the gold standard for > 6 Ghafari _et al . _ ( 2021 ) use excess deaths in the", "spans": [{"start": 1123, "end": 1158, "text": "government vital registrations data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a PMT model ( [ 62 . 8 % ] ) . Whether similar gains can be achieved in a less densely populated setting is an open question . Similarly , the assumptions of a uniform time per question and the ability to expand survey coverage to nearly the whole area population might prove overoptimistic in a real-world setting . Nevertheless , the urban case study highlights the potential benefit of expanding targeting survey coverage in some settings , even if it entails a moderate accuracy penalty . A census sweep of the whole population with an extensive questionnaire would provide the most comprehensive data for accurate targeting . But if budgets are constrained , surveying more households with a shorter questionnaire may yield the best results . Beyond maximizing incidence with limited resources , policymakers would also enjoy greater flexibility through the methods presented here . The resources needed to conduct regular reassessment constrain targeting surveys to be conducted with multi-year gaps in the case of survey waves , and potentially also increase the re-assessment intervals in on-demand systems . A reduction in survey cost could contribute to a more dynamically supportive social protection system by raising the frequency of assessment and re-assessment . It is also worth noting that TrESt ’ s efficient use of survey resources via household-level early stopping , a suitably truncated questionnaire , and a more effective predictive model appears to offer a clear accuracy improvement over the standard PMT for a given average questionnaire length . To generate transparent results , our simulations consider a single programme with a fixed population coverage rate . Countries with social registries , of which Indonesia ’ s DTKS is a well-documented example , usually target multiple programmes with differing population coverage rates that result in different eligibility thresholds . Prediction interval-based methods can be adjusted to this common scenario by using an eligibility interval instead of a threshold . The appropriate interval for each household can be identified according to characteristics queried in the core questionnaire . _Ceteris paribus_ , wider eligibility intervals will result in longer questionnaires on average . A related caveat is that the targeting accuracy of new programmes that leverage existing consumption estimates but which have different eligibility thresholds – widely adopted during the recent COVID-19", "spans": [{"start": 1750, "end": 1754, "text": "DTKS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # BOTSWANA # # # # # # BOTSWANA NATIONAL HIV / AIDS PREVENTION SUPPORT PROJECT # # # # # # PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT # # # # # # AFRICA # # # # # # AFTH1 Date : June 10 , 2008 Team Leader : Sheila Dutta Country Director : Dirk Reinermann Sectors : Health ( 100 % ) Sector ManagerDirector : Christopher J . Themes : HIV / AIDS ( P ) Thomas Project ID : P102299 Environmental screening category : Not Required Lending Instrument : Specific Investment Loan * * < mark > Project Financing Data < / mark > * * ~ [ XILoan [ ] Credit [ ] Grant [ ] Guarantee [ ] Other : For Loans / Credits / Others : Total Bank financing : US $ 50 . 00 million Proposed terms : VSL with a total repayment term ( including grace period ) o f 25 years ; level amortization pattern ; Borrower will pay front-end fee and cap / collar premium up-front from | InternationalBankfor Reconstructionand | 50 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Development | | | | | Bilateral Agencies | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | Total : | 50 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | # # # # # # * * Borrower : * * Ministry o f Finance and Development Planning Gaborone Botswana Tel : 01 1-267-395-0100 Fax : 01 1-267-395-6086 www . gov . bw * * Responsible Agency : * * National _A I D S_ Coordinating Agency", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ - ” OECD , 2020a , < u > Coronavirus ( COVID 19 ) : SME policy responses < / u > ( accessed on 27 July 2020 ) . OECD , 2020b , “ Statistical Insights : Small , Medium and Vulnerable ” ( accessed on 29 July 2020 ) . Osotimehin , Sophie , and Latchezar Popov . 2020 . Sectoral Impact of COVID-19 : Cascading Risks Sectoral Impact of Covid-19 : Cascading Risks . Oxford Business Group , 2020 , “ Is fintech the key to African SMEs ' Covid-19 recovery ? ” ( accessed on 29 July 2020 ) . Romei , Valentina , and Daniel Thomas . 2020 . “ Covid-19 Shuts down a Quarter of UK Businesses . ” Financial Times . https : / / www . ft . com / content / f9537538-d7a0-44e3-8e86-5cb9a984aae4 . U . S . SBA . 2020 . Paycheck Protection Program Report - Approvals through 12pm EST 4 / 16 / 2020 . World Bank Global Economic Prospects , June 2020Added : World Bank . 2020 . “ Enteprise Surveys Data . ” https : / / www . enterprisesurveys . org / en / survey-datasets . World Bank . 2020 . “ Map of SME-Support Measure in Response to COVID-19 . ” < u > https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / data / interactive / 2020 / 04 / 14 / map-of-sme-support-measures-inresponse-to-covid-19 . < / u > - World Bank . 2020 . Global Economic Prospects . https : / / www . worldbank . org / en / publication / global < u > economic-prospects . < / u > 25", "spans": [{"start": 860, "end": 882, "text": "Enteprise Surveys Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "level , the education gender gap widens in the late teen years . > 49 _https : / / www . knbs . or . ke / download / quarterly-labour-force-report-2021_quarter_1 / _ > 50 Bruhn , Miriam , et al . MSME finance gap : assessment of the shortfalls and opportunities in financing micro , small , and medium enterprises in emerging markets . No . 121264 . The World Bank , 2017 . > 51 KNBS ( 2016 ) > 52 Kenya Economic Update : Dec 2022 ( World Bank ) > 53 World Development Indicators > 54 World Bank 2023 . Kenya Gender Landscape . Data from 2016 . > 55 < mark > World Bank , World Development Indicators database . Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization , ILOSTAT at https : / / ilostat . ilo . org / data / . < / mark > 23", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 479, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 572, "end": 609, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our results certainly offer suggestive support for the view that large , directed public investments can make a significant contribution to low-carbon development . However , we cannot discount the potential role of endogeneity in this exercise . The implied relationship between mass transit investment and CO2 emissions has no explicit endogeneity , because reducing CO2 emissions has not been a goal of mass transit investments until very recently . However , traffic congestion has been a target , with local air pollution as a correlate . Some element of endogeneity may therefore be present , because CO2 emissions and local air pollutants have common sources in vehicle traffic , heavy industry , power generation , and residential heating . At the same time , the heterogeneity of global cities makes it unclear whether simultaneity is an important consideration in this case . Our database includes cities with and without subways in 138 countries , with some subway installations dating back more than a century , in political and economic regimes as varied as the former Soviet Union , other COMECON countries , social democratic regimes in Western Europe , military and populist authoritarian regimes in Latin America , relatively laissez-faire regimes in the United States and Australia , and regimes in Asia that range from authoritarian in the Democratic People ’ s Republic of Korea and mainland China to relatively laissez-faire in Thailand and Taiwan , China . In light of these multiple , disparate factors , we believe that the exploratory results in Table 5 and Figure 13 offer reasonably strong evidence in favor of the public investment hypothesis . In future research , we hope to revisit this question in an econometric exercise with an explicit treatment of potential simultaneity . # * * 7 . Future Research * * < sup > * * 10 * * < / sup > The advent of satellite-based CO2 data has opened many research lines that could not be explored until the requisite information became available . In this section , we summarize some of the topics that have been identified in the course of our own research . # * * 7 . 1 Quantifying CO2 Emissions * * Although satellite-based measures of CO2 concentration anomalies are extremely useful for comparative analyses", "spans": [{"start": 1882, "end": 1906, "text": "satellite-based CO2 data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "data collect | he progress in f < br > y the PIU throu < br > has been colle < br > t follow-up surv < br > or July 2026 , wi < br > ed as they are o | irm productivity < br > gh regular survey < br > cted for the initia < br > ey to measure th < br > th subsequent co < br > nboarded into th | through the inc < br > s . < br > l cohort of ben < br > e quantum of p < br > horts having ba < br > e project . | rease in average < br > eficiary clusters < br > ost-intervention < br > seline and | | | 0 < br > Oct / 2023 | 0 < br > 01-Dec-2025 | 0 | 15-Jun-2026 | 40 | Dec / 2028 | Official Use Only Jun 25 , 2026 Page 3 of 14", "spans": [{"start": 179, "end": 193, "text": "regular survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Policy Research Working Paper Series * * | * * Title * * | * * Author * * | * * Date * * | * * Contact * * < br > * * for paper * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | WPS2442 A Firms ' s-Eye View of Policy and < br > Fiscal Reforms in Cameroon | Bernard Gauthier < br > Isidro Soloaga < br > James Tybout | September 2000 | L . Tabada < br > 36896 | | WPS2443 The Politics of Economic Policy < br > Reform in Developing Countries | Richard H . Adams Jr . | September 2000 | M . Coleridge-Taylor < br > 33704 | | WPS2444Seize the State , Seize the Day : < br > State Capture , Corruption , and < br > Influence in Transition | Joel S . Hellman < br > Geraint Jones < br > Daniel Kaufmann | September 2000 | D . Billups < br > 35818 | | WPS2445 Subsidies in Chilean Public Utilities | Pablo Serra | September 2000 | G . Chenet-Smith < br > 36370 | | WPS2446 Forecasting the Demand for < br > Privatized Transport : What Economic < br > Regulators Should Know , and Why | Lourdes Trujillo < br > Emile Quinet < br > Antonio Estache | September 2000 | G . Chenet-Smith < br > 36370 | | WPS2447 Attrition in Longitudinal Household < br > Survey Data : Some Tests for Three < br > Developing-Country Samples | Harold Alderman < br > Jere R . Behrman < br > Hans-Peter Kohler < br > John A . Maluccio < br > Susan Cotts Watkins | September 2000 | P . Sader < br > 33902 | | WPS2448 On \" Good ' Politicians and * * \" Bad \" * * < br > Policies : Social Cohesion , < br > Institutions , and Growth | Jo Ritzen < br > William Easterly < br > Michael Woolcock | September 2000 | A . Kibutu < br > 34047 | | WPS2449 Pricing Irrigation Water : A Literature < br > Survey", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Our goal in this paper is not to provide a perfect measure of education quality . Rather , we provide a practical yet rigorous and globally comparable set of estimates with large and inclusive country coverage over time . We hope this dataset can be used to reveal important descriptive trends in human capital formation across developed and developing countries . We also hope to enable analysis of factors correlated with and that have plausible causal links to the formation of human capital and economic growth . Finally , we hope this dataset can be useful for monitoring and evaluation of important policy goals . Future iterations of this dataset will continue to expand coverage across countries and time as countries join existing assessments and by including additional assessments such as early grade reading and mathematics assessments . Moreover , we aim to build a dataset that enables over-time isolation of value-added learning by including variables which can account for various selection effects . This includes linking quality of education data to quantity of education data , as well as including measures of enrollment and retention across schooling levels . We also aim to enable further identification of the link between education quality and economic growth by including variables such as comparable estimates on the returns to education . We hope this dataset , and future iterations , will enable a deeper understanding of mechanisms driving human capital formation , the link to development , and useful policy applications . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1039, "end": 1064, "text": "quality of education data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1068, "end": 1094, "text": "quantity of education data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We explore this heterogeneity using the YL data by separating the sample in two groups : mothers with less than primary education and mothers with at least primary education completed . Our estimations are presented in Table VI . Unlike the existing literature , there are no apparent differences in the effect of maternal mental health for mothers who have completed or not primary education . However , when we combine the heterogeneity by household wealth and maternal education , we find out that our results are still in line with the existing literature for two reasons . First , the papers finding that lower maternal education exacerbates the negative effect of maternal mental health on early vocabulary argue that this low maternal education can be associated to sub-optimal childcare practices or to restricted access to quality material inputs and opportunities . Access to quality inputs that help to improve children ’ s vocabulary is restricted to less wealthy households as well . Second , there is extensive evidence of a strong correlation between mother ’ s education and socioeconomic status . In this sense , the expected differences in terms of lack of resources that allow to overcome the negative effects of maternal mental health on child language are captured not by maternal education but by household wealth in this particular context . In addition , we explore whether the effect of exposure to maternal mental health issues during a child ’ s young age varies depending on whether the mother has a partner , given that this factor may modulate the impact of depression . The literature suggests that the presence of other members in the household that provide support to the mother can buffer the effect of depression on children . Our results are presented in Table VII . Our estimates suggest that having a partner actually worsens the negative effects of maternal mental health issues on child vocabulary ( Columns 1-3 ) . To understand these unexpected results , we further explore the characteristics of the partner . First , we separate the sample of women living with a drinking ( columns 4-6 ) and heavilydrinking partner ( columns 7-9 ) . Our estimations indicate that Z-scores of children with mothers whose mental health was 1 sd worse at _t-1_", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 47, "text": "YL data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 19 , 619 . 60 | 21 , 912 . 80 < br > Signed | 2022-05-26 < br > 2022-06-17 < br > 2022-06-29 < br > 2022-0 | 7-23 < br > 2022-12-30 | | C2-MIES-INEC-21 / Servicio d < br > e impresión de material infor < br > mativo y de trabajo a ser dist < br > ribuido durante el levantamie < br > nto de la Encuesta Nacional < br > de Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single Stage - One E < br > nvelope | 7 , 506 . 29 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Imple < br > mentation | 2022-09-15 < br > 2022-10-24 < br > 2022-10-08 | 2022-11-08 | | C2-MIES-INEC-27 / Contratac < br > ión de 16 Supervisores de op < br > erativo de campo de Enlista < br > miento para el operativo de c < br > ampo de la Encuesta Nacion < br > al de Desnutrición Infantil < br > IBRD / 89460 | Component 2 : Technical Assi < br > stance for Capacity Building < br > & Monitoring and Evaluation < br > Post | Request for Quota < br > tions | < br > Open - National < br > Single", "spans": [{"start": 387, "end": 404, "text": "Encuesta Nacional", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 952, "end": 967, "text": "Encuesta Nacion", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "es"}
{"text": "newly established Lab < br > our Market Observatory Unit < br > KE-MEACLSS-165726-GO-RF < br > Q / The State Department forLabour intends to procure 2No . 4 drawer fireproof cabine IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 3 , 300 . 00 3 , 229 . 92 Completed 2020-04-04 2020-05-22 2020-05-30 2020-06-16 2020-11-26 2020-06-18 < br > t @ $ 1650 . 00 each to ensure < br > safe keeping of documents < br > KE-MEACLSS-165711-GO-RF < br > Q / The State Department needs to procure two LCD Projector , Electric Screen and mou IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 2 , 100 . 00 0 . 00 Under Implementation 2020-04-03 2020-06-02 2020-05-29 2020-11-25 < br > nters @ $ 1050 / = each < br > KE-MEACLSS-165720-GO-RF < br > Q / Procurement of 3No . MD < br > Bootstrap Angular software @ $ 300 . 00 each to be used i IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for Quotations Limited Single Stage - One Envelope 900 . 00 3 , 112 . 04 Signed 2020-04-03 2020-05-22 2020-05-29 2020-06-16 2020-11-25 < br > n the presentation of data for < br > the Kenya Labour Market Info < br > rmation System ( KLMIS ) < br > KE-MEACLSS-165731-GO-RF < br > Q / Procurement of 7No . of executive chairs for the PIU m IDA / 58120 Improving labor market information Post Request for", "spans": [{"start": 1191, "end": 1215, "text": "Kenya Labour Market Info", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "37 Children pushed back from neighbouring countries < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 42 % < br > 58 % < br > UASC Children with parental care < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Belgrade , < sup > 38 < / sup > mostly with smugglers from Afghanistan . However , in the border areas ( near Sombor , Loznica , Horgos etc . ) often local smugglers would take over the facilitation of the actual irregular border crossing . For example , in Sombor and Apatin area , as well as in Loznica , locals were the ones that were providing refugees and migrants with river boats for crossing into Croatia and Bosnia . According to HCIT and CRPC data , the majority of the pushed-back population were nationals of Afghanistan 46 % . They were followed by Pakistanis 31 % , Iranians 8 % and Iraqis 5 % . Other 10 % were nationals of Libya , Syria , Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Somalia , Bangladesh , etc . Also 407 UASC were reportedly pushed-back Gender structure of pushed-back persons , Belgrade Gender structure of pushed-back persons , border areas < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 8 % 3 % < br > 97 % < br > 92 % < br > Male Female Male Female < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > 38 Luka Celovic Park , which is colloquially know as Afghan Park between refugees and migrants . The name stayed after 2015 , when this park was used as a camping spot for great number of Afghans .", "spans": [{"start": 625, "end": 643, "text": "HCIT and CRPC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> ( 9 . 0-18 . 2 ) | 1 . 9 % < br > ( 0 . 7-5 . 0 ) | | * * Yumbe ( n = 247 ) * * | 30 . 0 % < br > ( 24 . 6-36 . 0 ) | 18 . 2 % < br > ( 13 . 9-23 . 5 ) | 10 . 1 % < br > ( 6 . 9-14 . 6 ) | 1 . 6 % < br > ( 0 . 6-4 . 2 ) | | * * Isingiro ( n = 209 ) * * | 27 . 8 % < br > ( 22 . 1-34 . 2 ) | 14 . 4 % < br > ( 10 . 2-19 . 8 ) | 9 . 6 % < br > ( 6 . 2-14 . 4 ) | 3 . 8 % < br > ( 1 . 9-7 . 5 ) | The haemoglobin concentration in non-pregnant women of reproductive age ( 15-49 years ) , ranged from 12 . 5g / dL in Lamwo district to 13 . 3 g / dL in Isingiro and Koboko districts . Lamwo district had the lowest standard deviation of 1 . 5 SD while Arua had 2 . 6 SD . The minimum level of haemoglobin concentration was 7 . 1 g / dL while the highest was around 16 . 9 g / dL this was widely distributed in the districts with an exception of Kyegegwa , Koboko , Hoima and Moyo districts where the minimum was different comared to the maximum value . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 59 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > _assistance . _ | ▪ Special < br > measures < br > for < br > effective < br > participation , < br > compensation , < br > assistance and livelihood < br > restoration as defined in < br > the RP . | | | | Additional assistance ( e . g . , < br > food < br > supply , < br > Cash < br > and < br > medical support , Relocation < br > and < br > house < br > construction < br > assistance < br > and < br > Project - < br > related < br > employment < br > opportunities ) | | _Source : RP Census Survey ( December 2024 - January 2025 ) _ Official Use Only Page 132", "spans": [{"start": 495, "end": 511, "text": "RP Census Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * Control and Intervening Variables : * * Based on the literature , and as highlighted in the conceptual framework above , it is evident that a number of control / intermediating variables should be included , which can affect the relationships between the key independent and dependent variables . While many additional factors can and should be considered , the statistical analysis will only operationalize the most obvious enabling factors , including the following : - * * Publicity Condition : * * This index relies on the IIAG sub-index for “ Rights ” which averages scores for freedom of expression , media freedom , media impartiality , censorship , freedom of association and assembly , trade unions , civil liberties , human rights , and the like . - * * Political Agency Condition : * * This index relies on the IIAG sub-index for “ Participation ” which averages scores for political participation , freedom of political parties , CSO / NGO participation , free and fair elections , election monitoring , legitimacy of the political process , and the like . - * * Public Management Condition : * * This index relies on the IIAG sub-index for “ Public Management ” which averages scores for public administration capacity , statistical capacity , budget management , fiscal policy , revenue collection , HR management , and the like . - * * Client Power Condition : * * This research proposes a customized index that relies on a variety of sub-indicators related to CSO / NGO freedom , IT literacy , mobile phone and internet penetration , media censorship , freedom of association and assembly , and access to information . - * * Log Per Capita GDP : * * In order to remove the income effects between countries , as well as to control for inflationary effects , this research uses log per capita GDP harmonized to 2011 . # * * V . STATISTICAL FINDINGS * * Using the multi-year data set created , each premise in the conceptual framework was tested in order to estimate associations between the principle independent variable ( OGD ) and the respective dependent variables ( accountability and service delivery ) . In addition to these aggregates , key relationships", "spans": [{"start": 1883, "end": 1902, "text": "multi-year data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "National Bank of Ethiopla Sudan Avn = P . O . BWW50 . * * TB + 251-11 * * 5517430 , _F9xc + 251-11_ * * 551 * * 4588 * * Dkw * * t * * i D ~ * * F Exh Montodng and Reserv . Manamet * * W ~ d Uneturl * * Ex \" hmrig Plint Data 08 . . k ~ - 2024 * * Prn Tkru I1 : 15 Um , id . * * IMBE4 # # # # # # STATEUENT OF ACCOMT < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ETHI . INVES . COMLa . ra ~ < br > ECO . OPPORT , PRO . H-d 0 ~ Brenmh Addie < br > REF . K ~ AA227 / 4 < br > Abon Nme < br > DD 242018 < br > 01020113002 < br > USD < br > Pettd 09 2024 - OA . MP2M4 < br > A nt m TOPIA I OTMENT COMMIS < br > EC MCOPPORTU < br > V-dm Treftm ~ < br > GebItj < USOe ui > Cr SmD ) > sn . . D ) < br > O a C43 . CR < br > 14 , Jwl , 2024 14 ~ n-2024 ETH COM 045 . 6Sa . a4 1 . ao , 220MIcl < br > 14-Ju2 ECO 1003VOSVF24Wowo < br > 1 , WO29 . 0CR < br > i Rmns Pynt IDiseS - < br > 1 . 00 , 22 . O0cR < br > 14-Ju-2024 Hand Of fiE Mih A", "spans": [{"start": 208, "end": 224, "text": "hmrig Plint Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "itation t < br > Identified / Sele < br > Consultant < br > Planned < br > Ac | o < br > cted < br > < br > Draft Ne < br > Con < br > tual < br > Planned | gotiated < br > tract < br > Actu | < br > Signed Contract < br > al < br > Planned < br > Actu | < br > Contract Completion < br > al < br > Planned < br > Actual | | UG-PSFU-7176-CS-INDV / < br > Consultancy services for cost < br > analysis of the business < br > licensing reforms and < br > conducting training on the < br > application of the standard < br > cost model | IDA / 52690 | Business Registration and < br > Business Licensing Reforms < br > | Prior | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 50 , 180 . 0 | 0 < br > Signed | 2017-02-20 | 2017-04-10 | 2017-05-01 | 2017-08 | - 07 < br > 2017-06-05 < br > 2017-0 | 9-14 < br > 2017-09-03 | | UG-PSFU-7998-CS-INDV / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR < br > CONDUCTING A BASELINE < br > SURVEY FOR UGANDA < br > REGISTRATION SERVICES < br > BUREAU ( URSB ) | IDA / 52690 | Business Registration and < br > Business Licensing Reforms < br > | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 0 . 0 | 0 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2016-09-08 | 2016-10-27 | 2016-11", "spans": [{"start": 920, "end": 937, "text": "SURVEY FOR UGANDA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "projects have either been cancelled or delayed ( Paulais 2009 ) . # * * Impact on Municipal Revenue * * The economic downturn has led to a decline in own revenues in cities around the globe . Municipal associations of European countries indicate that 61 % of respondents have experienced a drop in own revenues ( more exactly 61 % for taxes and 42 % for fees ) . In the USA , a survey of local governments shows an expected drop in revenues of 0 . 4 % in 2009 . Developing and transition countries — for example , Belarus , Burundi , Uganda , and Ukraine — expect decreases in their own revenues . Although own revenue decreases result from reduced economic activity and tax bases , other crisis impacts can affect revenues as well . Some countries also expect decreases from tax evasion and general difficulties with tax compliance ( e . g . , Australia , Ghana , New Zealand and Uganda ) . In some countries ( e . g . , Benin , Mali and Niger ) the lack of overall liquidity due to a drop in ( national and local ) revenue has resulted in the treasury system of these countries giving priority to national expenditures and the diversion of local revenues ( cash ) to finance them ( United Cities and Governments 2009 ) . Revenue declines from shared taxes are another source of fiscal stress . European municipal associations , for example , indicate that 36 % of respondents have experienced a drop in revenues from shared taxes . Significant reductions in revenue sharing from natural resources are reported by Bolivia ( 20 % ) and Peru ( 30 % ) . 8", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 405, "text": "survey of local governments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * KISIP II : Updated Resettlement Policy Framework , 2023 * * | | | |  < br > Cash compensation for affected assets verified as improvements to < br > the property by the tenant . < br >  < br > Assistance to help find alternative rental arrangements < br >  < br > Rehabilitation assistance if required ( assistance with job placement , < br > skills training ) < br >  < br > Assistance to access pre-primary and primary education for displaced < br > children | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | Squatters / informal < br > dwellers |  < br > Cash compensation for the affected structure at replacement cost < br >  < br > Right to salvage materials without deduction from compensation < br >  < br > Relocation assistance ( cost of shifting + allowance ) < br >  < br > Rehabilitation assistance if required ( assistance with job placement , < br > skills training ) < br >  < br > Assistance to access pre-primary and primary education for displaced < br > children < br >  | | | | Street < br > vendor < br > ( < br > informal without Title < br > or lease to the store or < br > shop ) |  < br > Opportunity cost compensation equivalent to 2 months ’ net income < br > based on tax records for previous year or tax records from < br > comparable business or estimates where such records do not exist . < br >  < br > Relocation assistance ( cost of shifting ) < br >  < br > Assistance to obtain alternative site to re-establish the business . | | Loss < br > of < br > income < br > sources | Wage earning | Employees |  < br > Monthly subsistence allowance equivalent to three ( 3 )", "spans": [{"start": 1208, "end": 1219, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1241, "end": 1252, "text": "tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Traffic , Air Pollution , and Distributional Impacts in Dar es Salaam : A Spatial Analysis with New Satellite Data * * * * Susmita Dasgupta * * < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > * * , Somik Lall and David Wheeler * * Key words : traffic congestion ; air pollution ; pollution exposure ; vulnerable population ; satellite monitoring ; Tanzania JEL classification : Q53 , R41 , R11 > 1 Authors ’ names are in alphabetical order . The authors are respectively Lead Environmental Economist , World Bank ; Lead Urban Economist , World Bank ; and Senior Fellow , World Resources Institute .", "spans": [{"start": 106, "end": 120, "text": "Satellite Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Kenya Coastal Development Project ( P094692 ) # # # * * ANNEX 4 . EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS * * * * _Background and limitations of Analysis . _ * * The analysis conducted at appraisal showed that the proposed interventions were economically and financially feasible . The potential benefits of the marine fisheries component had a Net Present Value ( NPV ) equivalent to US $ 1 . 3 million ( KES 98 . 7 million ) at a discount rate of 12 percent , and the Internal Rate of Return ( IRR ) was 31 percent . At project closure , < sup > 10 < / sup > using the same discount rate of 12 percent and the project revenue flows from the monitoring and evaluation report , < sup > 11 < / sup > the NPV was equivalent to US $ 2 . 8 million , and the IRR 47 percent . Further , an incremental cost analysis assessed the incremental costs that would be eligible for GEF financing ( US $ 5 million ) . GEF-funded activities towards sustainable management of fisheries resources and sound management of natural resources ( i . e . , components 1 and 2 ) , had an absorption rate of 88 percent at the end of the project . The borrower ’ s project evaluation report provides evidence that the project had significant benefits . The quantifiable benefit streams were estimated using project-based data , and as presented in the subsequent sections , the benefits outweighed the costs . The main limitation to this analysis was that there were several activities in each component whose benefit streams could not be quantified ex-ante ; hence non-quantifiable benefits of these components are also discussed . * * _Quantifiable benefits from the Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) and Fisheries Development . _ * * According to the PAD , the investments towards establishing a VMS and strengthening MCS were to improve the regime for monitoring fishing licenses in the Kenyan EEZ . The ‘ without project scenario ’ estimated that", "spans": [{"start": 1283, "end": 1301, "text": "project-based data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "due to Modest achievement of the first objective to improve early grade mathematics competencies , Substantial achievement of the second objective to strengthen management systems at the school level , and Substantial achievement of the objective to strengthen management systems at the national level . Efficiency is rated Substantial due to evidence of implementation efficiencies , although the cost-effectiveness analysis of part of the project indicated less favorable NPV / IRR at completion compared to original estimates . Overall outcome is rated Moderately Satisfactory due to the shortcoming in achieving the project objective to improve early grade mathematics competencies , as evidenced by significant shortfalls in achieving the key project indicator target to increase math scores of Grade 2 students ( as measured by an Early Grade Mathematics Assessment in the subtraction domain ) . - * * a . Outcome Rating * * Moderately Satisfactory Page 11 of 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . - Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – - Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : There shall be no works contracts under the project .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Second , the impact of these trade agreements on production sectors are somewhat more significant , and generally similar across agreements . Under either agreement , there is some flow of labor out of import-competing ( primarily textile and machinery ) and non-traded goods ( services and transportation ) and into exportable ( mining and food products ) sectors . The major difference between the two agreements seems to be that NAFTA has a more favorable impact on the agricultural sector , but a more unfavorable effect on the other manufacturing sector ( primarily chemicals ) . This reflects the differences in comparative advantage of the NAFTA and MERCOSUR countries . Third , the sectoral effects of either of these agreements is significantly smaller than the one that would result form a complete elimination of trade barriers . The negative impact on the textile and machinery sectors of free trade would be several times larger than that of either preferential agreement ( even under high assumptions regarding the degree of trade diversion ) , probably because of the presence of important suppliers in Europe and Asia that would not be part of either preferential arrangement . It should be emphasized that the results reported above do not include the gains to Chile generated by improvements in the terms of trade resulting from tariff cuts in partner countries . For the case of NAFTA , suppose we view the US domestic price as being the world price of exports . A reduction in the US tariff will allow Chile to sell its exports at the US domestic price , which result in a terms of trade improvement for Chile . Incorporation of this effect is likely to increase the attractiveness of NAFTA relative to MERCOSUR , given the greater size of the US market . Effects of this type could be incorporated by utilizing data on the tariffs faced by Chile in the partner market . In the NAFTA case , it would seem reasonable to model the terms of trade improvement for Chile as the amount of the reduction in the US tariff . For Mercosur , where Chile is likely to have a significant impact on prices in partner countries , it would be preferable to endogenize the prices in the partner countries", "spans": [{"start": 1832, "end": 1866, "text": "data on the tariffs faced by Chile", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "means from Eurostat ’ s 6 From World Development Indicators ( WDI ) , we use the following series for national accounts data : Household final consumption expenditure ( current LCU ) [ NE . CON . PRVT . CN ] ; Household final consumption expenditure ( constant LCU ) [ NE . CON . PRVT . KN ] ; Household final consumption expenditure ( constant 2010 US $ ) [ NE . CON . PRVT . KD ] ; GDP ( current LCU ) [ NY . GDP . MKTP . CN ] ; GDP ( constant LCU ) [ NY . GDP . MKTP . KN ] ; GDP ( constant 2010 US $ ) [ NY . GDP . MKTP . KD ] ; and we use Population , total [ SP . POP . TOTL ] to construct per capita measures where needed . In the levels analysis we make use of the current LCU data , while in analysis of growth rates we use the constant series . 6", "spans": [{"start": 31, "end": 59, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 681, "end": 689, "text": "LCU data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ Goods : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is not applicable / is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] * * Proposed Procedures for CDD Components * * ( as per paragraph . 6 . 52 and Annex III , paragraphs 6 . 9 and 6 . 10 of the World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers . “ Not Applicable ” ” * * Other Relevant Procurement Information * * _ . “ None ” . _", "spans": [{"start": 153, "end": 176, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 650, "end": 673, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Assessment of specific prpject objectives by component / activities_ Ferti , lizer procurement component . _Rating : satisfactory . _ Originally it was estimated that , under prevaiiing international prices , project funds were sufficient to enable Ethiopia to import 420 , 000 tons of fertilizer . A declinein ipternational fertilizer prices by the time the project was implement ~ d , combiI ) . ed with the newly introduced bulk procurement method , enabled Ethiopia to procure ~ 1 0 , 370 tons of fertilizer with project resources . Including impo $ financed by other sources and fertilizer stocks c ~ ed over from 2008 , 727 , 637 tons or ' fertilizer were available to farmers in time for the 2009-10 , crop season . Congestion at Djibouti Port and challenges associated with transporting fertilizer to central warehouses were significant concerns when imports began but were speedily resolved . Monitoring and evaluation component . _Rating : satisfoctory . _ As per World Bank consultant procurement guidelines , DSA was selected competitively to undertake an impact evaluation survey . The assignment was carried out according to the specifications in the contract and terms of reference . Reports ( inception , ' interim , draft , and final reports ) were submitted on time and amended to reflect reviewers ' comments if required . Overall , the survey was found to be of good quality , based on an intensive search for primary and secondary data , characterized by good analytical work , and presenting useful , recommendations . ' Environmental and social impact assessment . _Rating : moderately satisfactory . _ The ministry undertook the Environmental and Social Assessment , including an Environmental and Social Management Plan , through an individual consultant . The Environmental and Social Assessment and Management Plan were discussed , reviewed by relevant stakeholders , and dl ' sclosed once they were finalized . Most of the Environmental and Social Management Plan had already been implemented or was under implementation by the concerned bodies . The problem associated with this activity was that it was not completed within the agreed timeframe ( no later than two", "spans": [{"start": 1069, "end": 1093, "text": "impact evaluation survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 2024-07-29 | 2025-07-29 | | | | | ET-MOF-452194-CS-CDS / D < br > irect Contracting to underta < br > ke Second phase of Baselin < br > e Survey for 3R4CACE Proje < br > ct ! | < br > < br > IDA / E0100 | Adaptive Project Manageme < br > nt < br > Po | st | Direct Selection | Direct - National | 150 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Signed | 2024-10-02 < br > 2024-10-0 | 4 < br > 2024-10-08 < br > 2024-10-1 | 5 | 2024-10-26 < br > 2024-1 | 1-19 < br > 2025-01-24 | | | | Page 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tenure status ; ( f ) a number are > 16 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ( KNBS ) ; and , Society for International Development – East Africa ( SID ) . 2013 . National Report Exploring Kenya ’ s Inequality : Pulling Apart or Pooling Together ? . Nairobi , Kenya > 17 Government of Kenya . 2008 . Constituency Report on Well-Being in Kenya ( Based on the Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005 / 06 ) . Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . Nairobi , Kenya March 2014 7 * * CAS Consultants Consulting Engineers * *", "spans": [{"start": 357, "end": 401, "text": "Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005 / 06", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "repeated in all the M & E sites and some exercises year after year in the same sites . # # # # # # * * _Survey Instruments , Frames and Samples_ * * There will be four separate but related survey instruments : - 1 . The Energy for Rural Transformation Enterprise Survey ( ERTES ) instrument ; 2 . The Energy for Rural Transformation Household Survey ( ERTHS ) instrument ; 3 . The Energy for Rural Transformation Service Provider Survey ( ERTSPS ) instrument ; and 4 . The Energy for Rural Transformation Community Survey ( ERTCS ) instrument . Component 2 will focus on 3 ERT sites . For each : - the enumeration areas will be defined according to a common protocol and will extend beyond the grid areas ; - sampling frames for households , enterprises , service providers will be constructed with the help of local council officials during walk-abouts and updated before each survey round ; - random samples of 100-150 enterprises and 300 households will be drawn ; - all enterprises and 50-75 percent of households in the baseline will be tracked over time ; - there will be a census of all service providers in the enumeration areas every year . # # # # # # * * Interpretation Methods / Analytical Methodology * * Within the annual M & E reports many of the direct effects of the ERT projects will be documented in simple tables and cross-tabulations . These will track proportions of connectors , electricity consumption and cost per unit , and investment in electrically powered capital equipment over time . They will also compare various welfare and performance indicators between connectors and non-connectors , various aspects of electrification between different types of connectors , and various energy-related welfare indicators across sites with different characteristics . This quantitative analysis will be complemented by the findings of the participatory workshops . These more qualitative findings will also feed into the survey work through questionnaire and model design and during interpretation . Later participatory workshops may take the results of some of the econometric", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 269, "text": "Energy for Rural Transformation Enterprise Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 301, "end": 349, "text": "Energy for Rural Transformation Household Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 381, "end": 436, "text": "Energy for Rural Transformation Service Provider Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 473, "end": 521, "text": "Energy for Rural Transformation Community Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1080, "end": 1111, "text": "census of all service providers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in 353 < br > woredas . Source : Routine < br > reports , FMOH | | Percentage of CBN woredas providing monthly | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 54 . 50 | 50 . 00 | | nutrition data to federal level | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | | | Comments | FMOH Administration reports < br > ( new indicator ) | FMOH Administration reports | FMOH Administration reports | | Percentage of NNP operational research | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | studies completed and disseminated ( of a < br > | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | 07-Jan-2014 | | target of 10 ) | | Comments | FMOH Administration reports | FMOH Administration reports | | | Percentage of health personnel trained to < br > | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | masters level in nutrition ( of a target of 30 ) | | Date | 29-Apr-2008 | 03-Jan-2013 | | Page 3 of 5", "spans": [{"start": 165, "end": 196, "text": "nutrition data to federal level", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Prior < br > Plan ( 1st < br > Revision ) | 8 / 16 / 10 | 8 / 23 / 10 | 8 / 30 / 10 | 9 / 27 / 10 | 9 / 28 / 10 | 10 / 6 / 10 | 10 / 13 / 10 | 11 / 10 / 10 | | | | | | | Plan ( 2nd < br > revision ) | 8 / 12 / 11 | 8 / 19 / 11 | 8 / 26 / 11 | 9 / 30 / 11 | 10 / 3 / 11 | 10 / 10 / 11 | 10 / 17 / 11 | 11 / 18 / 11 | | | | | | | Plan ( 3rd < br > revision ) | 2 / 15 / 12 | 2 / 22 / 12 | 2 / 29 / 12 | 3 / 30 / 12 | 4 / 2 / 12 | 4 / 9 / 12 | 4 / 11 / 12 | 5 / 14 / 12 | | | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | Preparation of M & E Training manual for mininstry of < br > agriculture | COPCU - < br > D / C-4 / 11 | QCBS | LS | 100 P | ost < br > Plan ( 2nd < br > revision ) < br > | 8 / 31 / 11 | NA | 9 / 7 / 11 | 9 / 30 / 11 | NA | NA | 10 / 7 / 11 | 11 / 7 / 11 | | | | | | | Plan ( 3rd < br > revision ) | 2 / 15 / 12 | NA | 2 / 22 / 12 | 3 / 30 / 12 | NA | NA | 4 / 2 / 12 | 5 / 4 / 12 | | | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | Staff Tracking Survey for Development Agents | COPCU -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) increase on Kabuusu-Bunamwaya Road , and a 21 percent increase on Kulambiro Ring Road < sup > 6 < / sup > ) . However , these figures alone cannot shed light on whether this is due to overall traffic increases in the city due to increases in vehicle ownership during the extended implementation period , whether this traffic is redirected from other roads , or whether this increase represents “ induced ” ( latent ) demand for driving . Further analysis of the impact of the roadworks on traffic congestion ( on project and non-project roads ) , travel times , traffic safety , and other metrics is necessary to fully characterize the overall impact of these works on urban mobility in the city . 26 . * * The beneficiaries are satisfied with roads and junctions improved under the project . * * A survey following project closure < sup > 7 < / sup > found that 95 percent of surveyed residents were aware of the project interventions under KIIDP2 , including 100 percent awareness in three out of the five divisions . On average , over 85 percent of the respondents were satisfied overall with roads and junctions under the project . As of closure , when the drainage channels were not yet completed , satisfaction with the drainage works under the project was not as high as it was for roads ( Lubigi primary channel : 36 percent satisfied ; 52 percent neutral ; 13 percent dissatisfied ; Nakamiro secondary channel : 30 percent satisfied ; 52 percent neutral ; 17 percent dissatisfied ) . The beneficiaries were however satisfied overall with the new drainage channels when compared with their expectations for the completed drainage channels . About 63 percent of people who lived / worked within proximity of drainage systems believed that drainage services under KCCA in 2023 were better compared to 44 percent in 2017 . 27 . * * The lack of achievement of the target on ‘ increase in number of primary drainage", "spans": [{"start": 902, "end": 934, "text": "survey following project closure", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "index measures rules and practices affecting the coverage , < br > scope and accessibility of credit information available through either a public credit registry < br > or a private credit bureau . The public credit registry coverage indicator reports the number < br > of individuals and firms listed in a public credit registry with information on their < br > borrowing history from the past 5 years . | | ` o ` < br > The private credit bureau coverage indicator reports the number of individuals and firms < br > listed by a private credit bureau with information on their borrowing history from the past 5 < br > years . | |  < br > Enforcing contracts : the efficiency of the judicial system in resolving a commercial dispute . < br > ` o ` < br > The list of procedural steps compiled for each economy traces the chronology of a < br > commercial dispute before the relevant court . | | ` o ` < br > Time is recorded in calendar days , counted from the moment the plaintiff decides to file the < br > lawsuit in court until payment . | | ` o ` < br > Cost is recorded as a percentage of the claim , assumed to be equivalent to 200 % of income < br > per capita . | | Source : The World Bank , DoingBusiness | 32", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PMT irrespective of the approach we adopt – PPMT or Full PMT . 2 ) the CLCI-PMTs that are more highly correlated with the MOLSA-PMT will likely show higher cross-eligibility . _Figure 1 : Comparing the variables included in the targeting models for the Northern region . _ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 14 < br > 7 7 < br > 4 4 4 < br > 3 3 < br > 2 2 < br > 1 1 1 < br > 0 0 0 0 0 < br > Housing Vulnerability Household Employment Location Assets < br > charactersitics < br > MOLSA-PMT Legacy-PMT New-PMT < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The PPMT model was developed because of the incomplete overlap between the CLCI-PMTs and the MOLSA-PMT . The surveys from which the Legacy-PMT and SEVAT were produced do not have the complete set of MOLSA-PMT variables . The PPMT weights are calculated by running an ordinary least squares ( OLS ) regression of household per capita consumption per month on the common indicators of the humanitarian and government models . The referral accuracy of the PPMT is calculated using a probabilistic model . As with the MOLSA-PMT , the nationally representative SWIFT survey ( 2018 ) data was used to develop the PPMT and their referral cutoffs . Two sets of regional PPMT were formulated , one for the common variables between MOLSA-PMT and Legacy-PMT , and the other for the MOLSA-PMT and SEVAT . # 3 . 2 The Field-Test Survey The field test survey implemented a complete set of questions to construct full the three targeting models ( MOLSA-PMT , Legacy-VA , and SEVAT ) and , hence , the two PPMT models ( PPMT-Legacy-VA and PPMTSEVAT ) . The inclusion of the full set of variables helps to compare the PPMT performance with the original full PMT models . The CLCI conducted the field survey during the new round of MPCA vulnerability assessments in 2020 in areas of intervention in the Northern region of Iraq in Anbar , Diyala , Kirkuk , Ninewa , and Salah al-Din governorates . The sampling procedure mirrored the CLCI survey 10", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1122, "text": "SWIFT survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1969, "end": 1983, "text": "CLCI survey 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020 | | | * * Enf * * | * * ant ( < 18 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Ad * * | * * ulte ( 18 - 59 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Person * * | * * ne âgée ( * * | * * > 59 ans ) * * | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Région-Cercle-Commune * * | * * Ménage * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total Enfant * * < br > * * ( < 18 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( 18 - 59 ans ) * * | * * F * * | * * M * * | * * Total * * < br > * * ( > 59 ans ) * * | * * Femme * * | * * Homme * * | * * Individus * * | | Tessit | 988 | 1761 | 1350 | 3111 | 1350 | 1233 | 2583 | 118 | 58 | 176 | 3229 | 2641 | 5870 | | Tin Hama | 541 | 954 | 732 | 1686 | 732 | 668 | 1400 | 64 | 31 | 95 | 1750 | 1431 | 3181 | | * * Bourem * * | * * 6289 * * | * * 9945 * * | * * 75", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2020", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "the most claims ( 16 , 000 ) followed by Malaysia ( 15 , 700 claims ) Yemen ( 5 , 400 claims ) Egypt ( 5 , 200 claims ) and Jordan ( 4 , 600 claims ) . From “ A Year of Crises : UNHCR Global Trends 2011 ” ( www . unhcr . org ) The increasing volume of asylum seekers and refugees in these urban areas is stressing the capacity of UNHCR offi ces . Nine of the countries in this study were among the top ten countries globally in terms of number of new asylum claims lodged in 2011 . < sup > 9 < / sup > Table 2 below highlights the top ten countries among the sample in terms of number of registered refugees and the number of registered asylum seekers as of 2011 . * * Integrity of registration data * * is the biggest challenge for most offi ces . Inconsistency between UNHCR and government databases is a problem in many offi ces . The following are criticisms of host country data management systems expressed in the survey responses : - Statistics are not processed in time and the data shared often contains inconsistencies and basic gender , age or nationality breakdowns are not reliable . - The government registration process is too succinct and superfi cial and the Refugee Directorate does not enter special needs , family links or updated contact information . - The government doesn ’ t adequately capture individuals ’ specifi c needs . Also lack of Internet at the government registration centres and the absence of a data sharing agreement negatively affect communication . - 9 UNHCR Global Trends 2011 ( www . unhcr . org ) . The Implementation of UNHCR ’ s Policy on Refugee Protection and Solutions in Urban Areas 18", "spans": [{"start": 682, "end": 699, "text": "registration data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "#  # # # # # * * HOW IT WORKS * * # # # # # # THEMES - w Trust and leadership The Pulse Check is designed to prompt all UNICEF employees to anonymously respond to a small number of questions ( between 5 and 7 ) through an easy to use online system . The survey will be made available to all employees on a regular quarterly basis , asking the same questions covering seven different themes relating to workplace culture . It will provide the user with answer options on a 5-point scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree . While individuals will provide anonymous feedback , their business area and office will be identified to allow for the extraction of simple data relevant to each office or team and for inclusion in their respective Office Scorecard . This will facilitate the assessment of how workplace culture in each team is evolving , identify issues that need to be addressed , and trigger context specific actions required . - w Inclusion and belonging - w Appreciation and recognition - w Standards of conduct - w Empowerment - w Office efficiency - w Psychological safety - e . g . “ People of all cultures are respected in my office ” “ I understand what is expected of me in and the behaviours that represent the core values of UNICEF ” The questions used in the tool are based on the Gallop 12 questions to assess employee engagement . In addition , some relevant questions are extracted from UNICEF ’ s 2020 Global Staff Survey to allow for tracking progress over time using that survey as a baseline . The tool can be adaptable to context and situation and can be adjusted in order to respond to urgent organizational priorities that require staff perceptions to be captured quickly , particularly on the emergence of or shifts in focus on specific issues such as racism . To support offices in analyzing data and responding to emerging trends identified through the Pulse Check , a short guide with advice , good practices , and strategies is under development and will be made accessible organizationwide on UNICEF ’ s Organizational Culture Sharepoint site . This tool", "spans": [{"start": 1436, "end": 1460, "text": "2020 Global Staff Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PANEL A . URBAN BUILT-UP PROJECTION DATA < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ’ ' ' an < br > oe a e e Oe Oe < br > meena . = 2a < br > + ’ + ’ ‘ ° ’ i ' < br > \\ < br > PANEL B . CROP AND LIVESTOCK P < br > DATA < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > b , by < br > 1 ] < br > b , b , < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > PANEL C . OVERLAP AND CONVERSION OF PANELAG SB < ! - - Start of picture text - - > — — — a ' a i F < br > De | . Oyl - be bp Dae | < br > » ad © Na Isbell < br > Eee eee eh el ni < br > “ < br > A ee < br > 4 bs | oe Se < br > a ee ee ee < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > id conversionfactor = 6 , 023 « sees conversiondata losses PANEL D . FINAL INTEGRATEDDATA AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 40, "text": "URBAN BUILT-UP PROJECTION DATA", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "However , several obstacles and challenges remain to be overcome in order to combat malnutrition in Ethiopia and to reach the MDGs , as identified in the recently delivered ESW on malnutrition in Ethiopia ( World Bank , 2007 ) . - * * It is commonly believed , mistakenly , that the main reason for malnutrition is food insecurity and therefore addressing food insecurity would largely resolve malnutrition . In fact , a more coordinated multi-sectoral and multi-program response is needed . * * It has been well documented that food insecurity is just one factor behind malnutrition . Even in households with adequate food , nutritional status is low because of lack of micronutrients , lack of maternal knowledge about adequate child care , inadequate health services and an unsanitary health environment . Investing in programs that provide food or cash to purchase food is not enough . A multi-sectoral response is needed , including interventions related to health , water and sanitation , and improved knowledge regarding child card and hygiene practices . - * * There is currently a lack of localized tracking of nutritional indicators and other indicators affecting nutrition , and so it is difficult for the government and its development partners to know where to target programs . * * Synergies have been missed . Ideally , one would need a system that tracks these indicators locally and at frequent enough intervals , so that one knows where to target resources most effectively to combat malnutrition . Yet such a system does not exist at present . There is an Early Warning system that covers large parts of the country , but this is meant to identify areas where a food emergency situation is occurring , and this system does a poor job of tracking nutritional indicators especially on a long-term basis . Localized nutritional surveys are conducted in some areas of the country , but on a sporadic basis and only in areas where emergencies are occurring . It should be stressed that what is needed is proper localized tracking * * _not just of indicators of nutritional status , but also of indicators of variables that affect nutrition_ * * ,", "spans": [{"start": 1822, "end": 1851, "text": "Localized nutritional surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Treatment | 3_ . _559 * * * | 3_ . _080 * * * | 0_ . _298 | _ − _0_ . _046 | 0_ . _044 | 0_ . _182 * * | | | ( 0_ . _933 ) < br > [ 0_ . _000 ] | ( 0_ . _876 ) < br > [ 0_ . _001 ] | ( 0_ . _309 ) < br > [ 0_ . _335 ] | ( 0_ . _277 ) < br > [ 0_ . _869 ] | ( 0_ . _159 ) < br > [ 0_ . _782 ] | ( 0_ . _073 ) < br > [ 0_ . _013 ] | | Control Mean | _ − _0_ . _314 | _ − _0_ . _331 | 0_ . _047 | 0_ . _065 | _ − _0_ . _294 | 0_ . _200 | | Observations ( Markets ) | 252 | 252 | 252 | 252 | 252 | 252 | | Observations ( Facilities ) | 1303 | 1303 | 1303 | 1303 | 1303 | 1303 | _Notes_ . Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses and p-values are reported in brackets . * * * ( * * ) ( * ) denotes significance at 1 % ( 5 % ) ( 10 % ) level . Regressions include randomization strata controls ( by county and market size ) and control for the percentage of health facilities of each level in the market . # * * IV . 4 Cost * * The operational cost of this intervention during the pilot phase was USD 165 per visit , which includes inspections and visits for the enforcement of warnings and sanctions , as well as closures of facilities and / or departments within facilities . Multiple factors would allow us to reduce the costs in a scaled-up version to USD 95 per visit . With an average of 3 visits ( 2 inspections ) per > 22This analysis includes 92 % of the markets identified at randomization . We restrict the sample to markets that were active at both baseline and endline and exclude markets where missing data accounts for more than 30 % of the", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "about 427 , 000 tons . This level was still _5A_ percent higher than the level for 2008-09 ( 405 , 000 tons ) ( MoARD 2010a ) . 41 . Core KPls included : ( i ) the quantity of fertilizer imported and distributed to farmers ; ( ii ) the timeliness of distribution of fertilizer and complementary inputs ; ( iii ) effective fertilizer application as a share of total cultivated area ; and ( iv ) estimated costs and contribution of the fertilizer to production and economic welfare ( not measured ) . These KPIs were broadly met ( see Annex 2 for an overview ) , albeit with the following qualifications : - _Quantity of fertilizer imported and distributed . _ As discussed , the project ultimately financed purchases of fertilizer that surpassed the original procurement target by 27 . 5 percent . - _Timeliness and distribution of fertilizer and complementary inputs . _ Field evidence suggests that fertilizer distribution appears to have been timelier in the project year than in previous years , which can be attributed to ' early and efficient tendering supported by the project . About three-quarters of farmers reported timely delivery , although no quantitative benchmark is available . The supply of complementary inputs , such as improved hybrid seed , appears to have been below market demand ( World Bank 2009-2010 ; FAO / WFP 2010 ; DSA 2010 ) < - _Effective fertilizer application as share of total cultivated area . _ According to the Development Study Associates ( DSA ) impact evaluation study , the share of chemical fertilizer in relation to total cultivated land was 37 percent during 200910 . Taken at face value , this information suggests that the original target of equaling or surpassing the 49 percent coverage reported for 2008-09 was not achieved . The indicators are methodologically not directly comparable , however , because the impact evaluation captured only the application of chemical feliilizer in five regions . Official CSA data apply to an regions and include organic fertilizer . - _ \" Costs and contribution of fertilizer to production", "spans": [{"start": 1958, "end": 1966, "text": "CSA data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To ensure comparability between treatment and control groups , we conducted additional balance tests , calculating the standardized differences for both continuous and categorical variables . Standardized differences are increasingly favored over p-values in comparing groups in clinical trials and observational studies , with a threshold of 0 . 10 or less indicating balanced covariates between groups . Since no nationally representative survey produces reliable estimates at the ward level , we utilized Tanzania ’ s latest Census ( 2022 ) to compare household-level indicators across treatment and control wards . These indicators included demographics , educational attainment , labor market participation , housing characteristics , and access to public services . In all cases , the absolute standardized differences were below 0 . 1 ( see appendix 1 ) , demonstrating balance between the two groups . Similarly , we computed the standardized differences using survey data from the firms , and here too , the values did not exceed 0 . 1 , further confirming the comparability of treatment and control groups ( see appendix 2 ) . # * * 3 . 2 Estimation Strategy * * To analyze the impact of the presence of TRA officials on survey responses , the following equation was estimated : Where : - _Yiw_ : Outcome variable for business _i_ in ward _w_ . - _Tw_ : Treatment indicator , equal to 1 if the ward _w_ was in the treatment group ( TRA official present ) , and 0 otherwise . - * * X * * _iw_ : Vector of control variables capturing business characteristics ( e . g . , sector , size , turnover ) . - _α_ : Constant term . 14", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 995, "text": "survey data from the firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > • < br > Keeping the number of employees exposed , or likely to become < br > exposed , to a minimum < br > • < br > Communicating chemical hazards to workers through labeling and < br > marking according to national and internationally recognized < br > requirements and standards , including the International Chemical < br > Safety Cards ( ICSC ) , Materials Safety Data Sheets ( MSDS ) , or < br > equivalent . Any means of written communication should be in an < br > easily understood language and be readily available to exposed < br > workers and first-aid personnel < br > • < br > Training workers in the use of the available information ( such as < br > MSDSs ) , safe work practices , and appropriate use of PPE . | | * * Biological Hazards * * | | • < br > If the nature of the activity permits , use of any harmful biological < br > agents should be avoided and replaced with an agent that , under < br > normal conditions of use , is not dangerous or less dangerous to < br > workers . If use of harmful agents can not be avoided , precautions < br > should be taken to keep the risk of exposure as low as possible and < br > maintained below internationally established and recognized < br > exposure limits . < br > • < br > Work processes , engineering , and administrative controls should be < br > designed , maintained , and operated to avoid or minimize release of < br > biological agents into the workingenvironment . The number of | 142", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "keeping the RER undervalued and / or determine the size of the undervaluation . This will allow us to test whether the ― _mercantilist_ ‖ view of the exchange rate policy is empirically valid . To accomplish this task we gather an unbalanced panel dataset of 79 countries , of which 21 are > 1 Recent research on the ― mercantilist ‖ view of exchange rate policy suggests that the accumulation of international reserves by some countries such as China and Argentina are aimed at keeping the real exchange rate undervalued ; therefore , promote growth through rising exports ( Rodrik , 2008 ) . Others suggest that accumulating reserves may soften the blow of adverse financial and real shocks – that is , demand for reserve hoarding is precautionary ( Aizenman and Lee , 2007 ; Cheung et al . 2007 ) . 2In order to compute our theory-based measure of RER misalignment a long-run RER equation from a theoretical model that considers the equilibrium real exchange rate ( ERER ) as the relative price of tradable to non-tradable goods . The building blocks of the model will follow Balassa ( 1964 ) and Samuelson ( 1964 ) for equilibrium in the tradable and non-tradable goods market , and Mussa ( 1984 ) and Frenkel and Mussa ( 1985 ) for the inter-temporal BOP equilibrium . 4", "spans": [{"start": 231, "end": 271, "text": "unbalanced panel dataset of 79 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Henderson , and Tsui 2008 ) . Raw Herfindahl index scores for industries for Beijing and Tianjin fell between 1993 and 2001 , while normalized Herfindahl index scores increased , suggesting that industry structure in the PRC has become more specialized , and differentiated from the national average . However , even with the increasing concentration of economic activities in large cities , the PRC may still be underconcentrated and underurbanized . Evidence from the 2000 Census suggests that the PRC was underurbanized . The PRC ranked low in a worldwide comparison of developing and large countries with respect to the share of its population living in large cities . Its population Gini coefficient , which in this context means the area between the 45 degree line and the Lorenz curve as a measure of the aggregated population share of its cities , is remarkably low for a large country . Formal restrictions of the hukou system combined with limited access to housing , education , and health care for migrant labor has discouraged migration , while rural industrialization through the promotion of TVEs has retained labor in rural areas . Au and Henderson ( 2006 ) estimate the efficient sizes of cities in the PRC as a function of each city ’ s manufacturing over service ratio , as well as a variety of control factors . They find that the populations of 85 % of prefecture-level cities in the PRC are smaller than their efficient sizes , and 43 % of prefecture-level cities lie below the 95 % confidence intervals generated by their models . Both results suggest that cities in the PRC are significantly undersized . # * * B . Rural-Urban Integration * * The initial chasm between the rural and the urban in the PRC was deep and wide . After the 1949 Revolution in the PRC , the country ’ s leaders promoted the development of heavy industry and implemented a planned economic system that fixed prices and allocation of all inputs . Labor allocation was conducted by the Bureau of Labor and Personnel ( Cai , Park , and Zhao 2008 ) . Agriculture was collectivized in self-sufficient communes by 1957 , and any excess grains the commune produced were prohibited from being traded . In line", "spans": [{"start": 470, "end": 481, "text": "2000 Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "10 The Household Budget Survey ( POF ) is nationally representative and has extensive and detailed information on consumption , expenditure , and income . We use the 2002 / 2003 round , which is the only pre-shock detailed survey with the appropriate information for our analysis , and which surveyed 48 , 470 households throughout the country . The 2008 / 2009 round is post-crisis , and therefore unsuitable for the purpose of estimating the compensating variation of the 2007-2008 price change . The welfare measure is household per capita consumption expenditure , calculated excluding pensioners , household workers , and relatives of household workers . The unit of analysis is the individual . The concordance between food groups in the INPC and POF classifications works extremely well at the level of the 16 food groups , with 97 % of total household food consumption expenditures in the 2002-03 POF matched to these groups . Although the POF records some income information for household members as well , it does not include detailed data on two variables that are important for our estimation of the market and transfer income effects of rising food prices . The first variable is a disaggregation of the type of activity exerted by workers , with detailed information on the kind of crop or agricultural production performed by individuals reporting positive incomes from that sector . The second is information on the receipt of social assistance transfers . Both of those variables are therefore obtained from the National Household Income Survey ( PNAD ) , an annual , nationally representative survey of income , employment and living conditions . Since the 2007 survey , fielded in September , would already have been contaminated by rising food prices , we use the 2006 wave . The PNAD survey lacks a comprehensive measure of expenditure , but is thought to capture wage incomes comprehensively , and it contains information on whether households are beneficiaries of social programs , specifically Bolsa Família and BPC . The method used to combine information from these different , unmatched surveys is explained in the next section , which describes our analytical framework and empirical approach . # * * 4 . Analytical Framework and Empirical Approach * * The conventional starting point for an", "spans": [{"start": 7, "end": 30, "text": "Household Budget Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1529, "end": 1561, "text": "National Household Income Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1800, "end": 1811, "text": "PNAD survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Please provide an update on the status and progress of the actions as defined in the SEA / SH Action Plan . You may attach relevant monitoring reports . # # # * * ESS6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources * * * * Biodiversity Management * * Please report on the mitigation measures included in the ESMF and ESMPs # # # * * ESS8 Cultural Heritage * * Report if chance find procedures have been applied if not , please indicate Not Relevant . # # # * * ESS 10 Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure * * # # # * * Stakeholder Engagement , Public Consultation and Disclosure * * List any stakeholder engagement events , including public hearing , consultation and disclosure , liaison with non-governmental organizations , civil society , local communities on E & S . | * * Date Participant ( s ) * * | * * Formats * * < br > * * of * * | * * Issues * * | * * Response / Agreement * * | * * Actions * * | * * Taken * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Interaction * * | * * Discussed * * | * * reached ( attach minutes * * | * * ( if * * | * * any ) / * * | | | | | * * if any ) * * | * * Remarks * * | | # # # * * Grievance Mechanism and Court Cases * * Report the number and type of requests and / or grievances received from project affected people / local communities / local organizations . How many have been resolved and how many are pending ? ( Please attach a log of the grievance redress registry . Report the number and type of court cases on E & S grounds , if any ( Please attach a log of all court cases and", "spans": [{"start": 1458, "end": 1484, "text": "grievance redress registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Another method is * * propensity score adjustments * * , whereby the probability of response is modeled ( typically using a probit or logit model ) using the response status from the phone survey as well as observable household / individual characteristics for the entire sample ( both responders and nonresponders ) derived from the representative survey ( Little , 1986 ) . The probability of response for each sampled unit is then predicted using the model parameters and the inverse of the predicted response probability ( or propensity ) applied to the base weights . This approach could introduce extreme weight adjustments and thereby increase the variance of the weights ( and estimates obtained ) . However , the risk of this can be reduced by forming response classes based on the predicted probability ( e . g . probability deciles ) and the average predicted probability within the class used as the adjustment factor . The propensity modeling approach is particularly attractive for telephone surveys drawn from representative surveys that contain a diverse set of characteristics that can be incorporated into the propensity model . A further method that can be employed is through * * calibration of nonresponse * * < mark > ( Lundström & Särndal , 1999 ; Andersson & Särndal , 2016 ) < / mark > * * < mark > . < / mark > * * Calibration is a weight adjustment technique utilized in many surveys whereby weights are adjusted so that the weighted sample composition matches known characteristics of the underlying population . Typically , auxiliary data from population censuses are utilized for these calibrations . However , this approach can be extended to also include sample-based estimates from a representative survey used as a frame < mark > ( Andersson & Särndal , 2016 ) < / mark > . In this case , the weights for the interviewed sample will be calibrated across all considered characteristics such that the weighed profile of characteristics obtained from the interviewed sample closely match those from the full representative survey sample . Provided the characteristics included in the calibration are closely associated with nonresponse , the calibration will serve to counteract the nonresponse bias . There are many complex calibration models that could be used", "spans": [{"start": 334, "end": 355, "text": "representative survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1025, "end": 1047, "text": "representative surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1573, "end": 1592, "text": "population censuses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 1 . 1 ) , estimates of the growth rate of consumption using the > 17 Deaton ( 2005 ) argues that when rich households are less likely to cooperate with the survey than poor people , survey-based estimates of consumption will understate mean consumption . On the other hand , various differences with national accounts estimates can overstate the rate of growth of average consumption , both over time in poor countries , and in comparisons between poor and rich countries at a moment in time . This finding also concurs with the results from an earlier study by Ravallion ( 2003 ) . > 18 We provide a similar figure for some other countries , including Bangladesh , Indonesia , Nigeria , and Turkey ( Appendix 2 , Figure 2 . 1 ) . All these countries , except for Indonesia , saw their GDP per capita grow faster than the survey mean in the period under consideration . Moreover , for Nigeria , the growth rate of the survey mean is even negative while that of GDP per capita is positive . 18", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * Kenya GPE Primary Education Development ( P146797 ) - School-based teacher support systems are a critical ingredient for ensuring on-going quality improvements in schools . In the case of this project , ongoing support in content and pedagogical practices was provided by teacher advisory tutors / curriculum support officers . Teachers also received timely feedback on teaching approaches . Peer-to-peer collaboration also enabled teachers to work together , share experiences , and find solutions to challenges . Equally important was the feedback loop developed with the National Assessment Council to ensure teachers were familiar with learning gaps , particularly after the COVID-19 school closures . All of these were important for helping to motivate teachers and necessary for improving the quality of teaching . # # * * 13 . Assessment Recommended ? * * No # # * * 14 . Comments on Quality of ICR * * The ICR is notable for its clear and strong articulation of the theory of change . Along with the strong quality of evidence , the clear results chain allowed for a coherent analysis of project achievements . The narrative of project implementation experience reflected good practice in using evidence ( from monitoring data ) to assess project progress and make mid-course corrections , in order to achieve outcomes . Lessons were relevant and clearly derived from project experience . - * * a . Quality of ICR Rating * * Substantial Page 16 of 16", "spans": [{"start": 1312, "end": 1327, "text": "monitoring data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a self-administered questionnaire , which includes standard modules on household , parental and student socioeconomic characteristics , one question on education expectations ( ¿ What is the highest education level you expect to achieve ? ) and , in the ECE 2015 only , two Likert scales to measure students ’ perceptions about their ability to understand and complete different tasks related to math and reading comprehension ( respectively ) . We test the impact of the intervention on education expectations and students ’ self-perception of their own abilities in these two subjects to improve our understanding of the mechanisms . > 17 Two other ECE studies take place annually in Peru , a census assessment of students in Year 2 and a sample assessment for Year 4s . For our study , only data from the Year 8 ECE is relevant . 12", "spans": [{"start": 695, "end": 724, "text": "census assessment of students", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 794, "end": 818, "text": "data from the Year 8 ECE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * UG Enhancing Accountability & Performance of Social Service Contracts ( P150872 ) # # # # * * II . OUTCOMES * * # # # # # * * Assessment of Achievement of Each Objective / Outcome * * * * Key Expected Outcome 1 * * : Increased disclosure of contracting information in the targeted districts of Ntungamo , Nebbi , Mityana , Mubende and Nakaseke in the agriculture , education and health sectors . # # # # # * * This expected outcome was achieved beyond target as evidenced by the PDO indicator # 1 . * * 21 . * * There was a significant increase in government disclosure of contracting information in the five targeted districts of Ntungamo , Mubende , Mityana , Nakaseke and Nebbi in the sectors of agriculture , education and health * * . The indicator was exceeded as a total of 179 contracts were accessed throughout the project life which exceeded the target of 60 contracts . Of the contracts accessed , 98 contracts in education , 42 contracts in health and 33 contracts under the agriculture sector ( the rest of contracts were not specific to these sectors ) . 22 . * * Improvement in disclosure of contracting information was achieved through support to PPDA to improve the Government Procurement Portal ( GPP ) * * . The project had more impact on PPDA than on targeted sectors and this included : ( i ) enhanced capacity for open contracting , by developing contract monitoring tools and training in open contracting ; ( ii ) incorporation of an open contracting module in the Uganda Civil Service College training curriculum following AFIC recommendation ; ( iii ) strengthened macro-engagement with government officials particularly for PPDA , Ministry of Education and Sports ( MoES ) and Ministry of Health ( MoH ) and micro-engagement that was evident at district and community level ; ( iv ) fostering collaboration between GoU and CSO that resulted in integrating citizen contract monitoring into PPDA", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | DA-B : to - managed by the RCU-MoFPED | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * _Financial Institution - Name_ * * | Bank of Uganda | * * _Currency_ * * | USD | | * * _Frequency of Reporting_ * * | Same as IFR : Semi-annually | * * Amount * * | Forecast for two quarters as per IFRs | | * * _Minimum value of Application_ * * | For reimbursement , direct payment and special co | mmitment is US $ | 100 , 000 . | # * * D . Authorized Signatories * * * * _ < u > Withdrawal and Documentation Applications < / u > _ * * The form for Authorized Signatory Letter is provided in Attachment 1 of this letter . The ASL and all Withdrawal Applications with their supporting documentation will be submitted electronically via the Bank ’ s “ Client Connection ” # * * < u > < mark > E . Additional Instructions < / mark > < / u > * * 1 . Both NPA and RCU shall each open one ( 1 ) local currency account at BoU to facilitate local currency transactions . Transfer from their respective US < u > Designated Accounts shall be done as and when necessary to reduce / avoid foreign exchange losses . < / u > # * * < u > < mark > Other < / mark > < / u > * * * * Lapsed Loans : * * Pursuant to subsection 5 . 2 of the Disbursement Guidelines advancing financing proceeds into a Designated Account may not be permissible for all new IPF operations where there are lapsed loans in the portfolio . As such , given the current lapsed loan ( s ) in the portfolio with Credit numbers IDA 65380 and IDA 56110 , the use of Designated Account under the IPF", "spans": [{"start": 286, "end": 290, "text": "IFRs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "￿ # # * * The World Bank * * Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area Urban Development Program ( P175660 ) # # # * * Updated IDA - Disbursement Linked Indicators ( DLIs ) , Disbursement Linked Results ( DLRs ) and Allocated Amounts * * | * * DLI # * * | * * Baseline * * | | | * * DLRs * * | * * by fiscalyear ( S * * | * * DR ) * * | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | 2023 / 24 < br > ( APA1 ) | 2024 / 25 < br > ( APA2 ) | 2025 / 26 < br > ( APA3 ) | 2026 / 27 < br > ( APA4 ) | 2027 / 28 < br > ( APA5 ) | 2028 / 29 < br > ( APA6 ) | * * Total * * | | 1 . Number of GKMA Sub-nationals that have < br > met the ISG Minimum Conditions ( as scored < br > byAPA ) | 0 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | | | | Allocated amount ( expressed in SDR ) from < br > Credit / Grant | | 5 , 425 , 000 | 5 , 425 , 000 | 5 , 425 , 000 . 00 | 2 , 170 , 000 . 00 | 2 , 170 , 000 . 00 | 1 , 085 , 000 . 00 | * * 21 , 700 , 000 . 00 * * | Disbursement formula : ( Allocated Amount / 9 ) x Number of GKMA Sub-nationals that have met the ISG Minimum Conditions | 2 GKMA sub-nationals that have substantively < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "very high for these countries ( 0 . 99 and 0 . 96 respectively ) , we exploit the ADB tax data to extend the WDI series using the growth rates . This is the case for 2017 in Bhutan , as well as for years 1991-1996 and 2012-2017 in Pakistan . In the case of Bangladesh and Nepal , we rely on the full tax series from the ADB , which cover more years than the WDI . For India , we compute consolidated tax revenue from IMF and Reserve Bank of India data . Data on government total expenditure measured as a percentage of GDP is taken from the IMF for all countries , given that the WDI report only central government final consumption . Finally , values for the share of current and capital expenditure in total expenditure come from the ADB . Detailed sources and time coverage for countries are provided in Table A2 in the Appendix . # * * 4 . Cyclicality of fiscal policy * * The cyclicality of government spending is typically defined in terms of how spending moves relative to the output gap . If government spending decreases with a positive output gap , i . e . when output is above its potential , it is countercyclical . If the spending increases instead , it is procyclical . If public spending increases more than proportional with GDP , there is a so-called “ voracity ” effect ( Tornell and Lane 1999 ) . For taxes , it is important to differentiate between tax rates and tax revenue . Since the tax rate is an instrument rather than an outcome , the former is the correct variable to study instrument cyclicality . For many countries , including those in South Asia , systematic data on tax rates is not available , however . The inflation tax has been proposed as a viable alternative ( Phelps 1973 ; Chari and Kehoe 1999 ; Calvo and Végh 1999 ; Kaminsky , Reinhart and Végh 2004 ) . < sup > 5 < / sup > The response of the tax revenue to changes in GDP , on the other hand , is an outcome and depends on the tax buoyancy , which for clarity is referred to", "spans": [{"start": 82, "end": 94, "text": "ADB tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1580, "end": 1608, "text": "systematic data on tax rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project ( P133590 ) * * 5 . The construction and maintenance of drainage channels had positive NPV that were higher than US $ 3 million with IRR greater than 18 percent . * * Some of the benefits associated with proper drainage is reduction in floods , improvement of safety as the risk of drowning for people living the drainage channel are reduced . Floods are also associated with water borne diseases such as cholera and these are mitigated when proper drainage systems are installed . Some of the attributes that the citizens considered important for good drainage were constructed walls and a lined floor , this was scored by 80 . 1 percent of respondents as important , clean drains ( 79 . 9 percent ) and safety barriers ( 75 percent ) to protect people from falling into the channel . In fact , 84percent of respondents from the citizen and stakeholder satisfaction survey were satisfied with the drainage on the Bakuli-Nakulabye-Kasubi road , 73 percent for Bwaise Junction , Fairway Junction ( 84 percent ) , Kira Rd Police Junction up to Kabira ( 86 percent ) , Makerere Hill Road ( 88 percent ) and Mabule ( 65 percent ) . * * Table 6 : Results for economic analysis of infrastructure investments at appraisal and completion stage * * | * * Infrastructure * * | * * Net Pres * * < br > * * ( US $ * * | * * ent Value * * < br > * * Millions ) * * | * * Internal Ra * * < br > * * ( * * < br > per | * * te of Return * * < br > cent * * ) * * | * * BCR * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | Appraisal | Completion | Appraisal | Completion", "spans": [{"start": 921, "end": 964, "text": "citizen and stakeholder satisfaction survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "funds with them and enable them purchase land on their own . These interests are reflected in the asset register and will be compensated as noted above . The RAP notes that this is complicated by the NLC Act which compensates persons who produce title deeds in their names . This RAP requires that all PAHs including those who have not had land that they occupy formally transferred to them be entitled to full compensation i . e . land , crops , trees etc . This is reflected in the attached asset register . 45", "spans": [{"start": 98, "end": 112, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 493, "end": 507, "text": "asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "under normal circumstances , include most of the information needed to deploy the proposed stress testing approach at a reasonable level of granularity and with the necessary bank-by-bank information . For instance , based on prevailing accounting standards ( including the IFRS ) , audit reports normally have a classification of lending to individual borrowers , companies , other financial institutions , and the state and state owned enterprizes ( SOEs ) . This would make it possible to differentiate across the banks with regards to the structure of their credit exposures . In addition , the level of secured loans and collateral can be obtained and applied ( correspondingly or judgmentally ) to classify credit exposures by their level of security and their associated LGDs . Overall loan exposures or exposures in selected asset classes can be constructed from historical audit reports . The most recent credit growth period can be determined from aggregate historical data published by the central bank or the supervisor . Credit growth at the individual bank level in the period of interest and in selected asset classes can be determined based on the in credit in external year-to-year change exposures published audit reports , and then used to compute the individual PDs based on the scaling factor that is proposed in Section 4 . 6 . Indirect credit risks from FX exposures can also be estimated based on data from audit reports . If no data at the asset class level is available , this information should be available at least at the individual bank level and can be incorporated into the proposed framework as outlined in the paragraph following Equation ( 6 ) . General as well as specific provisions or loan loss reserves and Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital can also be obtained from the audit reports . Similarly , a bank level approximation of off-balance sheet exposures can be taken from the audit reports and added ( either proportionately or judgmentally ) to the individual onbalance sheet exposures . Lending concentration and residual maturity can be aggregated 66", "spans": [{"start": 958, "end": 983, "text": "aggregate historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1421, "end": 1444, "text": "data from audit reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits 5-7 : Implementation Completion and Results Report_ | | the public procurement system by January < br > 312007 . | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Satisfactory implementation of < br > undertakings agreed by the joint < br > government-development partners < br > review of the National Anti - < br > Corruption Action Plan . | , < br > Satisfactory implementation of the National < br > Anti-Corruption Action Plan as the < br > framework to assess progress in the fight < br > against corruption continues | * * Partially met . * * | | Tabling before Parliament amended < br > Leadership Code Act strengthening < br > the powers of IGG and its ability to < br > enforce Leadership Code Act . | The IGG commits to achieving the activities < br > as specified in the agreed results matrix . < br > These are aimed at : reducing the incidence < br > and experience of corruption measured by < br > the national integrity survey ; introducing < br > special anti-corruption courts to < br > expeditiously deal with cases of a corrupt < br > nature ; and clearing the backlog of cases < br > under IG . | * * Partially met . * * < br > Steady progress on TOR for consultancies to < br > support the process to establish the anti-corruption < br > court and to clear case backlog under IG has been < br > agreed . DfID has committed funding for these < br > consultancies . Recruitment of consultants < br > underway . | | Satisfactory progress in < br > implementing new phase of Public < br > Service Reform Program reflected by < br > accomplishment of the undertakings < br > agreed in the Joint Government and < br > Development Partners Review < br > | Satisfactory progress in implementing new", "spans": [{"start": 935, "end": 960, "text": "national integrity survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable ; Works : is not applicable", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 118 ( 530 ) : 983 – 1024 . Munich , D . , Svejnar , J . and Terrell , K . ( 2005 ) . “ Is women ’ s human capital valued more by markets than by planners ? ” _Journal of Comparative Economics_ , 33 ( 2 ) : 278-299 . - Pastore F ( 2010a ) “ The Gender Gap in Early Career in Mongolia , ” _International Journal of Manpower_ 31 ( 2 ) : 188 – 207 . - Pastore F ( 2010b ) “ Returns to Education of Young People in Mongolia , ” _Post-Communist Economies_ , 22 ( 2 ) : 247-265 . - Pastore F , Sattar S and Tiongson E ( 2013 ) “ Gender Differences in Earnings and Labor Supply in Early Career : evidence from Kosovo ’ s School-to-Work Transition Survey , ” _IZA Journal of Labor & Development_ 2 : 5 . Pastore , Francesco and Alina Verashchagina ( 2011 ) “ When Does Transition Increase the Gender Wage Gap ? An Application to Belarus ” _The Economics of Transition_ , 19 ( 2 ) : 333-369 . 23", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "more capacity to smooth expenditure or that cotton income is a smaller share of total income and therefore does not distort expenditure patterns as much as it does for poor cotton farmers . In contrast there is very little difference in the seasonality pattern for coffee / cocoa farmers , somewhat surprisingly . To de-seasonalize the 1993 and 1995 expenditure estimates , we subtracted the relevant dummy variables from the log of each household expenditure for each household in the 1993 and 1995 surveys . For the 1993 survey , we used the June-November time period dummies interacted with the region , crop , and home consumption dummies , whereas for the 1995 survey we used the April - May dummies interacted with the region , crop , and home consumption dummies . No seasonal correction was made to the Abidjan observations , since only 8 households with expenditures of 100 , 000 CFAF or less were interviewed in March-April in the 1985-1988 surveys . < sup > 25 < / sup > The poverty profile , corrected for the seasonal bias , is presented in table 25 . The only region in which there is a reversal of trend is in East Forest , where poverty falls instead of rises . However , neither the magnitude of the difference between the 1993 and 1995 original estimates nor the difference between the seasonally corrected estimates is large for East Forest , as well as for Savannah and Other Cities . The big increase in poverty in West Forest remnains even with the seasonal correction , and is investigated below . The reason that the poverty estimates change so little is that the relatively large changes for the cash-cropping households tend to be offset in part by the regional and home consumption dummies . Among the major socioeconomic groups in each region , the seasonally adjusted poverty figures show that poverty falls slightly among export crop farmers in East Forest , and drops more significantly among export crop farmers ( primarily cotton farmers ) in the Savannah ( table 26 ) . * * Table 25 Headcount Index of Poverty Corrected for Seasonal Variation * * _ ( Poverty line = 75 , 000 CFAF per year in 1985 CFAF ) _ | | _Seasonallv_", "spans": [{"start": 941, "end": 958, "text": "1985-1988 surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "It is critical that the communication strategies are adapted to take into account such groups and individuals and to ensure a full understanding of project activities and benefits , and protect them from the spread and consequences of the virus . 40 . The communication and community health teams coordinated a national KAP Survey in which VMG communities comprised approximately ten ( 10 ) percent of the total respondents drawn from 31 counties with VMGs . The survey was conducted from 6 < sup > th < / sup > to 16 < sup > th < / sup > April 2020 and the findings are expected to be ready in May , 2021 . The findings will be useful in identifying any additional communication gaps for possible interventions by the Project . Other planned activities include : Training of Trainers ( ToT ) on BCC with representatives from VMG communities and community dialogue sessions across the country . # * * 4 . 5 Other disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals and groups * * 41 . The vulnerability for individuals and groups may stem from a person ’ s origin , gender , age , health condition , economic status , disadvantaged status in the community ( e . g . older persons , PWDs ) , dependence on other individuals or natural resources , etc . Engagement with disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals and groups often requires the application of specific measures and assistance aimed at facilitating them to participate in the project-related decision making so that their awareness of and input into the overall processes are commensurate to those of the other stakeholders . Where applicable , the project will deploy various strategies including outreaches for COVID-19 awareness , testing and vaccination services to hard-toreach disadvantaged groups / communities to ensure inclusive service delivery . 42 . Within the Project sites , the disadvantaged and vulnerable groups may include but not limited to the following : - a . Older persons ; - b . People with compromised immune systems or related pre-existing conditions ; - c . Illiterate people ; - d . Persons with disabilities ( PWDs", "spans": [{"start": 320, "end": 330, "text": "KAP Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > hazards such < br > as crushed by < br > equipment , < br > entrapment < br > etc < br >  < br > Increased dust < br > emission . < br >  < br > Damage < br > to < br > alternative < br > routes used < br >  < br > Damage < br > to < br > community < br > assets | Disclos < br >  Ensure < br > only < br > qualified < br > and < br > experienced < br > plant < br > operators < br > handle machinery / equipment ; < br >  Maintain < br > machines < br > and < br > equipment < br > in < br > proper < br > working condition ; < br >  Control < br > access < br > around < br > construction sites ; < br >  Install all relevant traffic signs < br > and traffic safety awareness < br > posters < br >  Enforce and monitor a speed < br > limit of 20km / hr within the < br > construction < br > area , < br > at < br > the < br > campsite etc ; < br >  Training and awareness to < br > workers and community | ure C < br >  Record of licensed < br > and approved drivers < br > and < br > equipment < br > operator ; < br >  Access < br > control < br > barriers , management < br > system , signs ( danger < br > signs , hazard signs < br > etc ) < br >  Security < br > provided < br > around construction < br > sites and excavations < br > sites ; < br >  Training records < br > < br > | op < br >  Qualification < br > record < br > of < br > drivers < br > and < br > heavy < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1276, "end": 1292, "text": "Training records", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the Effect o < br > f Tax Regimes on the Growth < br > of Women-owned Businesses < br > in Uganda < br > IDA / E0920 | Program Management Supp < br > ort , Policy Innovation , and E < br > vidence Generation < br > Po | st | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Open - National | 135 , 617 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review | 2025-05-21 < br > 2025-06-2 | 0 < br > 2025-06-11 | 2025-07-25 | | | | 2025-08-24 | 2025-09-28 | 2026-03-27 | | UG-MOGLSD-494584-CS-CQ < br > S / Consulting Services to Co < br > nduct a Research on Integrat < br > ing Mental Health and Psych < br > osocial Support into Entrepre < br > neurial Programs , to Address < br > Work-Life Balance , Health an < br > d Wellbeing for National and < br > Refugee Women in Uganda < br > IDA / E0920 | Program Management Supp < br > ort , Policy Innovation , and E < br > vidence Generation < br > Po | st | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection < br > Open - National | 108 , 783 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Under Review | 2025-05-22 < br > 2025-06-2 | 0 < br > 2025-06-12 | 2025-07-26 | | | | 2025-08-25 | 2025-09-29 | 2026-03-28 | | UG-MOGLSD-499413-CS-CQ < br > S / Consulting Services to Co < br > nduct a National Survey on t < br >", "spans": [{"start": 1188, "end": 1208, "text": "National Survey on t", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "pillar of the CPF , which aims to improve the quality and equity of service delivery , particularly its objective 2 . 2 . “ Improved delivery of education services . ” The proposed operation will seek to help Jordan improve the delivery of education services and strengthen its resilience in response to the current Syrian refugee crisis . 24 . * * _Rationale for the use of PforR_ . * * The PforR instrument will enhance the impact of the World Bank ’ s financial and technical support and increase the overall results orientation of the government ’ s National Human Resources Development Strategy ( NHRDS ) . The decision to use this instrument was based on the following considerations : - * * Results orientation * * : The GOJ ’ s program as depicted by the NESP provides a comprehensive set of activities for making the education system more result ‐ oriented . The PforR will push forward the results orientation of the sector plan by rewarding the achievement of results with disbursements . - * * Upfront momentum * * : The PforR instrument will be used to generate momentum around key activities that are potential bottlenecks in the system . Disbursement ‐ linked indicators ( DLI ) will be a critical tool for shifting the policy dialogue toward results , especially in the initial years . - * * Stakeholder harmonization * * : The PforR will not only enhance the partnership between the government and the World Bank by using the government ’ s own systems , but also the harmonization of donor interventions in the sector targeting a common results framework . The NESP lays out a comprehensive results framework that has been developed in coordination with education partners . - * * Institutionalization of measurement * * : The use of the PforR instrument is an opportunity to leverage MOE ’ s investments in data systems , such as the OpenEMIS , and to strengthen and institutionalize a culture of measurement of results . 7", "spans": [{"start": 1853, "end": 1861, "text": "OpenEMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ household expenditures , accounting for 37 . 5 % of the annual budget . This is followed by expenditures on farm inputs , which account for 9 . 5 % of the annual expenditure . Clothing expenses take up 7 . 7 % of the annual expenditure making it the third-largest expense category . Interestingly , the survey reveals that households spend a significant proportion ( 6 . 4 % ) of their annual budget on recreation . This expenditure is higher than other important items such as the purchase of livestock ( 4 . 9 % ) , farm labor ( 2 . 2 % ) , education ( 1 . 6 % ) , and other miscellaneous expenses . Expenses related to house rent , tax payments , _Ikub_ and _Idir_ contributions , and water are among the smallest shares of the annual household expenditure . Figure 6 . 13 : Proportion of Household ’ s Annual Expenditure by Expenditure Items # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 Housing Ownership and Household Service and Facilities * * # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 1 Ownership of Residential House and Housing Condition * * The socioeconomic survey results show that 96 . 7 % of households surveyed currently reside in privately owned houses . This trend is consistent across all subproject Woredas , with 100 % of households in Lode Hetosa and Sude Woredas living in privately owned homes . On the other hand , 2 . 2 % of households reported living in rented and 1 . 1 % rent-free residential houses . The number of households residing in rented houses is higher in ArsiRobe Woreda . Page 81 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 1165, "end": 1185, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . 4 Aggregation over Items * * Our empirical analysis uses measurements computed by aggregating over a number of food items . The definitions above can be adjusted to allow for _I_ items : where _Yi_ < sup > _ ∗ _is usual consumption of item < / sup > < sup > _i_ = 1 < / sup > < sup > _ , . . . , I_ , < / sup > < sup > _Y ∗ ≡ _ � < / sup > _i_ < sup > _Y_ < / sup > _i_ < sup > _ ∗ _is ( total ) food consumption , and < / sup > < sup > _b ∗ _ < / sup > _i_ < sup > = < / sup > _Y_ < sup > _Y_ < / sup > _ < u > i < / u > _ < sup > _ < u > ∗ ∗ < / u > _ < / sup > is the budget share allocated to the item . Even after aggregation , acquisition from diaries remains an unbiased estimate of usual consumption _Y_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > . Specifically , a generalization of the frequency of purchase model to the case of a vector of items still yields equation ( 2 ) for total food acquisition _Y_ < sup > _d_ < / sup > , as we show in the Online Appendix . We also show there that , despite the aggregation across items , severely misleading conclusions about inequality from diary data are still possible . For example , assuming that acquisitions are independent across goods and occur at the same rates _Ni_ < sup > _ ∗ _ ’ sforallhouseholdsyields : < / sup > The lower bound can be significantly larger than one depending on assumptions about the correlation of consumption across items . For example , if consumption is independent across items and goods are acquired once a week ( _Ni_ < sup > _ ∗ _ = 1 ) , thevarianceof < / sup > < sup > _Yd_mustbeatleasttwiceaslargeasthevarianceof < / sup > < sup > _Y ∗ _ . < / sup > Equation (", "spans": [{"start": 1088, "end": 1098, "text": "diary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8943 # * * Abstract * * This paper documents novel evidence of positive assortative matching in African marriage markets along cognitive and socio-emotional skills , time and risk preferences , and education , using data from rural Mozambique , Côte d ’ Ivoire , and Malawi . This paper is a product of the Gender Innovation Lab , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at jmontalvao @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 246, "end": 272, "text": "data from rural Mozambique", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> 14 The input-output matrix includes 66 manufacturing sectors and 16 services sectors . The manufacturing sectors were aggregated to 38 sectors at which sector-specific price deflators were available . The services sectors include : construction , electricity , gas , water supply , railway transport services , other transport services , storage and warehousing , communication , trade , hotels and restaurants , banking , insurance , ownership of dwellings , education and research , medical and health , other services . Input shares are calculated relative to the total value of inputs sourced . Banking services constitute on average 5 % of all inputs , transport 4 . 4 % , telecommunications 1 . 6 % and insurance 1 . 4 % . An alternative normalization , by gross output , leads to the same conclusions . 16", "spans": [{"start": 9, "end": 28, "text": "input-output matrix", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# 1 . Introduction Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine has had far-reaching consequences through various social , economic , and other channels , creating global ripple effects . The economic impact of the invasion has been felt through multiple channels , including commodity and financial markets , trade and migration links , and business confidence and investor uncertainty . These effects have added to existing concerns about a potential global economic slowdown , increased inflationary pressures , rising levels of debt , and a surge in poverty rates . Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine ( the invasion ) has heightened economic uncertainties and underscored the need for careful analysis and response to mitigate its adverse effects on the global economy and local businesses alike . Central Asian ( CA ) countries also felt major consequences of the invasion through multiple channels , including the sanctions imposed on Russia and Russia ’ s recession . Closed trade and payment system links curbed trade , remittances , investment , and tourism , adversely affecting economic growth , inflation , and external and fiscal accounts shortly after the invasion . < sup > 1 < / sup > As a result , the growth of CA economies slowed to 4 . 1 percent in 2022 , from 5 . 3 percent in 2021 . Economic growth is set to remain mediocre in 2023 , with the real GDP of CA projected to grow by 4 . 0 percent ( World Bank , 2023a ) . And businesses in CA countries report that their imports from Russia or Ukraine have decreased or they have stopped sourcing from these countries altogether . They are responding to the resulting growth in production costs by raising their sales prices or coping with reduced profitability ( Iootty and Melecky , 2022 ) . A few papers use microeconomic data to examine the effects of Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine on business . For example , EBRD ( 2023 ) explores the compounding effects of the global pandemic and the invasion on businesses in EBRD countries , focusing on trade and finance transmission channels . The findings suggest that trade disruptions prompted firms to enhance their supply chain resilience by stoking up inputs and diversifying their supplier base . <", "spans": [{"start": 1762, "end": 1780, "text": "microeconomic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * < mark > This paper presents the methodology to generate experimental small area estimates ( SAE ) of poverty in four West African countries : Chad , Guinea , Mali , and Niger , as well as an evaluation exercise using data from another country in the region , Burkina Faso . SAE is a statistical method used to improve survey estimates by integrating survey data with geographically comprehensive auxiliary data ( covariates ) typically derived from census , administrative , remote sensing , or mobile phone data . Data integration is achieved with the use of statistical models to produce estimates at disaggregated geographic levels that are more accurate and precise than estimates that rely only on direct use of the survey data . More disaggregated estimates are key for a better understanding of how to target interventions for the poorest areas as well as for monitoring the impact of s < / mark > uch < mark > interventions . < / mark > < mark > Table 1 illustrates the issues with obtaining poverty estimates at disaggregated geographic levels solely from survey data in the countries under study in this paper . The coefficient of variation estimated ( cve ) is a common measure used to judge the statistical precision of an estimate . < / mark > < sup > 3 < / sup > < mark > Countries often adopt a maximum threshold for the mean or median cves of the estimates that can be reported , which in practice usually ranges from 0 . 15 to 0 . 3 . For the countries of focus in this paper , the most recent survey estimates of poverty can be obtained from the 2018 round of the Enquête Harmonisée sur le Conditions de Vie des Ménages ( EHCVM ) < / mark > < sup > 4 < / sup > < mark > which is available at the regional level for each country . The median cve of regional direct estimates produced by the Horvitz-Thompson estimator ranges from < / mark > 0 . 0 < mark > 7 to 0 . 12 , which is typically within the acceptable range for publication . However , when we examine direct estimates", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 389, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Tables and Figures * * * * Figure 1 : * * Number of RTAs by year , period 1958-2018 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 1960 1980 2000 2020 < br > RTA with Visa RTA without Visa < br > Cumulative number of RTA with Visa < br > 40 100 < br > 80 < br > 30 < br > 60 < br > 20 < br > 40 < br > 10 < br > 20 < br > 0 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Note : cumulated number of RTA with visa provision on the right axis . Source : World Bank Deep Trade Agreement database . 20", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 484, "text": "World Bank Deep Trade Agreement database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were dominated by hippo grass and water hyacinth , which together accounted for about 60 percent of the vegetation along the riverbanks . Terrestrial plant species ( e . g . the trees , shrubs , crops , climbers ) were also present along the riverbank . Water hyacinth _ ( Eichhornia crassipes ) , _ regardless of its apparent reduction and control by weevil introduction , remains a significant concern in the Victoria Nile . Although _E . crassipes_ had an average cover rating of \" Abundant \" , at the three upstream sites , the NAFIRRI team reported a general decline in the height and vigour of individual plants due to infestation of the weevil . The weed appeared healthy and free of weevil damage in the furthest downstream ( Namasagali / Bunyamira ) transect . The April 2000 survey revealed a total of 46 macrophyte species in comparison to 41 species during April 2006 . In 2000 , the three upstream transects had 24 , 21 and 26 macrophyte species in contrast to 6 , 15 and 13 species respectively during 2006 . However , Transect 4 had four times more species in 2006 than in 2000 survey ( 9 species ) . However , the dominance patterns , characterised by _Vossia cuspidata_ ( hippo grass ) and _Eichhornia crassipes_ ( Water hyacinth ) , were the same during the two surveys . R . J . Burnside International Limited I-A 10045", "spans": [{"start": 774, "end": 791, "text": "April 2000 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* | 21 . 2 | | Firms ’ value lost due to power outages | % sales | 7 . 0 | * * 2 . 9 * * | 6 . 5 | | Access to electricity ( from utility ) | % population | 46 . 1 | * * 0 . 0 * * | 15 . 0 | | Urban access to electricity | % population | 79 . 4 | * * 0 . 0 * * | 57 . 6 | | Rural access to electricity | % population | 28 . 0 | * * 0 . 0 * * | 3 . 9 | | Growth in access to electricity | % population / year | 2 . 4 | | 0 . 8 | | Revenue collection | % billings | 81 . 1 | * * 93 . 0 * * | 93 . 1 | | Distribution losses | % production | 25 . 8 | * * 24 . 8 * * | 23 . 7 | | Cost recovery | % total cost | 53 . 9 | * * 55 . 8 * * | 84 . 4 | | Total hidden costs | % of revenue | 168 . 3 | * * 158 . 0 * * | 68 . 8 | | U . S . cents | * * Liberia * * | | Predominantly thermal < br > generation | Other developing regions | | Power tariff ( residential at 75 kWh ) | * * 43 . 0 * * | | 14 . 5 | 5 – 10 | | Power tariff ( commercial at 900 kWh ) | * * 43 . 0 * * | | 18 . 8 | | | Power tariff ( industrial at 50 , 000 kWh ) | * * 43 . 0 * * | | 14 . 2 | 5 – 10 | Source : Eberhard and others 2009 . Derived from AICD electricity database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data # # * * Achievements * * Despite high tariffs , revenue collection ratios for Liberia ’ s power utility are", "spans": [{"start": 1110, "end": 1135, "text": "AICD electricity database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# Figure 39 : State Level Information Deprivation Information Deprivation - by State - MICS 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % # Source : Authors ’ estimates based on MICS 2016 / 17 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Estimates are based on children aged 5-17 . Figure 40 : State Level Information Deprivation a ) b ) c ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Information Deprivation - by State Information Deprivation - by Information Deprivation - by State < br > in North Central - MICS State in North East - MICS in North West - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > Children 5-17 Children 5-17 Children 5-17 < br > Benue FCT Abuja Kogi Kwara Adamawa Bauchi Borno Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina < br > Nasarawa Niger Plateau Gombe Taraba Yobe < br > d ) e ) f ) < br > Information Deprivation - by Information Deprivation - by < br > Information Deprivation - by < br > State in South South MICS State in South West - MICS < br > State in South East - MICS < br > 80 % 80 % 80 % < br > 70 % 70 % 70 % < br > 60 % 60 % 60 % < br > 50 % 50 % 50 % < br > 40 % 40 % 40 % < br > 30 % 30 % 30 % < br > 20 % 20 % 20 % < br > 10 % 10 % 10 % < br > 0 % 0 % 0 % < br > Children 5-17 Children 5-17 Children 5-17 < br > Abia Anambra Ebonyi Enugu", "spans": [{"start": 176, "end": 190, "text": "MICS 2016 / 17", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "barriers as signifi cant in inhibiting refugees in their efforts to establish sustainable livelihoods . * * Two-thirds or more of the offi ces cite legal barriers ( 19 ) ; socio-cultural barriers ( 17 ) ; and linguistic barriers ( 16 ) . The risk of arrest and detention also deters refugees from livelihood activities in countries such as Thailand , where they have no legal status , limited freedom of movement and no right to any type of gainful employment . # # # # # * * What does UNHCR do if urban refugees are legally denied the right to gain income ? * * * * Sixty-three percent of offi ces ( 15 ) advocate with the government and provide livelihoods training ; over half ( 13 ) provide support for unobtrusive livelihood activities ; and a quarter ( 6 ) advocate with municipal authorities . * * However , in Thailand , where the government has expressed its concern regarding the increasing number of urban refugees , the UNHCR operation has determined that it would be counter-productive to advocate for access to employment at this time . # # # # # * * What does UNHCR do to support livelihood activities for urban refugees ? * * Half of the operations have a Livelihoods Strategy in place and a quarter of the offi ces ( 6 ) are currently developing a strategy . A Global Survey – 2012 33", "spans": [{"start": 1278, "end": 1291, "text": "Global Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| that have been estimated from open-source data . < br > Our estimation algorithm < br > is designed to support < br > expansion of GBIF species maps with the continuing increase in occurrence reports . We test the maps < br > sets to compute species density counts for a high-resolution global grid and compare the resulting global < br > distributions . We find close similarity in the global comparisons for mammals , ants and vascular plants . < br > Where there are regional differences , we trace them to technical differences in estimation methods or < br > cases where the boundaries of existing expert maps could be revised to reflect species-level patterns in < br > We use our occurrence maps database to explore two important issues for priority-setting in the Global < br > Biodiversity Framework . < br > First , we estimate the incidence of endemism across broad species groups < br > because it identifies countries ’ stewardship responsibilities for species that reside entirely or almost < br > entirely within their boundaries . We find a heavy incidence of endemism for 610 , 694 species in our < br > ( 55 . 6 % ) for90 % habitat . We also find thatendemism varies widely by species group . In a high-resolution < br > spatial analysis , we identify candidate “ hotspot ” areas for protection within countries where endemic < br > Our second exploration focuses on species whose small habitat areas increase their extinction risk . Our < br > algorithm produces area estimates for all mapped species , offering a low-cost complement to traditional < br > risk indicators whose species coverage < br > is limited by their resource intensity . < br > Using a conservative < br > standard for minimum critical habitat size , we find 117 , 934 vulnerable species . Our global assessment < br > finds a highly-skewed spatial distribution that isonly modestly correlated with country size . We find many < br > skewed distributions within countries as well , with 90 % ofsmall-occurrence region species concentrated < br > in less than 10 % of WB level-2 administrative units for 50 of 167 entities analyzed . This creates", "spans": [{"start": 32, "end": 48, "text": "open-source data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 133, "end": 150, "text": "GBIF species maps", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 689, "end": 713, "text": "occurrence maps database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * The World Bank * * Program to Strengthen Governance for Enabling Service Delivery and Public Investment in Kenya ( GESDeK ) ( P161387 ) The DLI was partially achieved . The related DLRs were met except for _DLR3 . 6 : At least 5 MDAs piloted on the e-Procurement System on registration , procurement planning and contract management through invoicing_ . 12 MDAs were piloted . Other requirements under the DLR were partially implemented including information availability via the Procurement Information Portal . # # * * DLI 4 : * * DLI 4 : Consolidated Staff Data ( Number ) | | * * Baseline * * | * * By end FY * * < br > * * 2017 / 18 * * | * * By end FY * * < br > * * 2018 / 19 * * | * * By end FY * * < br > * * 2019 / 20 * * | * * By end FY * * < br > * * 2020 / 21 * * | * * By end FY * * < br > * * 2021 / 22 * * | * * By end FY * * < br > * * 2022 / 23 * * | * * By end FY * * < br > * * 2023 / 24 * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Original values * * | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | | | * * Actual values * * | | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 10 . 00 | 0 . 00 | |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "formal education system . # * * 4 Data and Empirical Strategy * * To estimate the impact of introducing preparatory school years in Romania on maternal employment we employ difference-in-difference ( DiD ) estimation techniques and estimate equation 1 ; we compare the employment rate of women with and without kids aged six years old , before and after 2012 : _P_ ( _Eist_ ) = _f_ ( _β_ 1 _Mom_ 6 _ist_ + _β_ 2 _Post_ 2012 _ist_ + _β_ 3 _Mom_ 6 _ist × Post_ 2012 _ist_ + _β_ 4 _Xist_ + _δs_ + _γt_ + _εist_ ) _ . _ ( 1 ) The variable _Eist_ is binary and denotes if a mother with a six-year-old child is employed . i identifies a mother at the individual level , s the respective state , and t the time period . _Mom_ 6 _ist_ determines if a woman is a mother of a six-year-old child , while _Post_ 2012 _ist_ indicates if a year is after the reform in 2012 . _Mom_ 6 _ist × Post_ 2012 _ist_ is the DiD effect of interest . We expect the effect of _β_ 2 to be positive given that the preparatory school year replaced childcare provided by mothers . _Xist_ are individual-level controls that vary at the individual , state , and year-level , _δs_ are state-fixed effects to control for time-invariant , state-specific characteristics and _γt_ are time-specific , state-invariant characteristics . _εist_ is an error term . We report average marginal effects from a logit specification throughout ( unless otherwise stated ) . Standard errors are clustered at the state level . We estimate equation 1 using data from the European Labor Force Survey ( EU-LFS ) from 2010 to 2019 . The treatment group consists of all mothers with the youngest child of age six . We consider two different control groups . First , we consider mothers with the youngest child of age three or four given that this group of women might be more similar to our treatment group on unobservable characteristics . We do not consider younger children because previous evidence shows that parents are less reluctant to put children below three 8", "spans": [{"start": 1520, "end": 1547, "text": "European Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| UG-MEMD-15330-GO-RFQ / < br > Procurement of 50 Tablets < br > for the ERT III Baseline < br > Survey < br > I | DA / 56530 | Post | Request for < br > Quotations < br > Limited | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 26 , 914 . 05 < br > Signed | | 2017-06-06 | | | 2017-07-29 | 2017-09-10 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | UG-MEMD-15112-GO-RFB / < br > Procurement of Satellite < br > Imagery Requirements for < br > ERT III < br > I | DA / 56530 | Prior | Request for Bids < br > Open - < br > International | Single Stage - One < br > Envelope | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | 2017-05-18 | 2017-05-31 | 2017-07-14 | 2017-08-04 | 2017-09-20 | 2017-12-20 | | UG-MEMD-48035-GO-DIR / < br > Supply , Installation & < br > training of geophysical data < br > processing software Geotools < br > ( Magnetotelluric and TDEM < br > Intepretation software ) < br > I | DA / 56530 | Post | Direct Selection < br > Direct | | 23 , 000 . 00 < br > Signed | 2018-02-21 | 2018-02-26 | | | 2018-04-02 | 2018-09-29 | | UG -", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Zamconsult Consulting Engineers_ _February 2017_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > No . ACTIVITY < br > MONTH 1 < br > ( December < br > 2016 ) MONTH 2 MONTH 3 MONTH 4 MONTH 5 MONTH 6 MONTH 7 MONTH 8 < br > D-1 Preparation of Draft and Final RAP Report < br > 1 Field Data Collection and Analysis < br > 2 Disclosure of RAP Report < br > 3 Audit of the RAP report to verify PAP and compensation details < br > 4 Signing of compensation and relocation assistance agreements < br > 5 Resolution of conflicts and Grievances < br > 6 Payment of compensation to PAPs and facilitation of relocation < br > 7 Issuance of notices for relocation < br > 8 Monitoring of the resettlement activities < br > 9 Site Confirmation Survey < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Consultant ' s Report Client ' s Approval and comments of preceeding report Duration for Review or Production of the Report * * _Figure 9-1 : Proposed Activity for RAP Implementation for the Project_ * * * * _Resettlement Action Plan Report for Mombasa Lot 2B Pipelines_ * * * * _9-2_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 700, "end": 724, "text": "Site Confirmation Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- After the last military operation in October 2014 , NADRA registered and verified 21 , 000 newly displaced families from Bara , making the total number of displaced families approximately 90 , 000 . - During a Return Task Force meeting held on 17 December 2014 at the FDMA office , the Government announced the de-notification of 5 tribal areas namely Aka Khel , Kamar Khel , Malik Din khel , Shalobar , Stori Khel of Bara Tehsil , Khyber Agency . - At the same time , the protection was tasked to conduct a return intention survey among IDPs from the 5 tribes . # # * * 2 . Methodology * * A target sample of 2751 registered families was chosen for this quantitative Return Intention Survey ( RIS ) which is approximately 5 % of the total displaced population of Aka Khel , Kamar Khel , Malik Din Khel , Shalobar and Stori Khel . Out of this sample , 2217 IDPs were reached through telephone interviews and key informants interviews . From 22 – 26 December 2014 , 2217 interviews were conducted with the Bara displaced population of Aka Khel , Kamar Khel , Malik Din Khel , Shalobar and Stori Khel , both in Jalozai camp ( 5 % of all interviews ) as well as in host families ( 95 % ) in various locations in Peshawar , Kohat , Nowshera , and Charsadda Districts . The below table shows the population per tribe and the number of respondents reached : TABLE 1 : OVERVIEW OF ASSESSED TRIBES AND NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS | * * I * * | * * ntended RIS S * * | * * AMPLE * * | | * * RIS S * * | * * AMPLE - RE * * | * * ACHED * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Tribe | Population | Percent", "spans": [{"start": 510, "end": 533, "text": "return intention survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 657, "end": 693, "text": "quantitative Return Intention Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [{"start": 163, "end": 186, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 422, "end": 445, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE REPORT * * Unless the context dictates otherwise , the following terms shall have the following meanings : - sub projects is any activity which will potentially be directly implemented by the county government , Civil Society Organisation ( CSOs ) or project beneficiaries to be funded by the World Bank under KDEAP . - census is a field survey carried out to identify and determine the number of Project Affected Persons ( PAP ) , their assets , and potential impacts , in accordance with the procedures , satisfactory to the relevant government authorities , and the World Bank Environment and Social Framework and Standards . The meaning of the word shall also embrace the criteria for eligibility for compensation , resettlement , and other measures , emanating from consultations with affected communities and the local leaders . - compensation is the payment in kind , cash or other assets given in exchange for the taking of land , or loss of other assets , income / profits including fixed assets thereon , in part or whole . - cut-off date is the date of commencement of the census of PAPs within the project area boundaries . This is the date on and beyond which any person whose land is occupied for project use , will not be eligible for compensation . - Project Affected Persons ( PAPs ) are persons who , for reasons of the involuntary taking or voluntary contribution of their land and other assets under the project , result in direct economic and or social adverse impacts , regardless of whether or not the said project affected persons physically relocates . These people may have their : ( i ) standard of living adversely affected , whether or not the Project Affected Person must move to another location ; ( ii ) right , title , interest in any house , land ( including premises , agricultural and grazing land ) or any other fixed or movable asset acquired or possessed , temporarily or permanently , adversely affected ; ( iii ) access to productive assets adversely affected , temporarily or permanently ; or ( iv ) business , occupation", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1138, "text": "census of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 2020 | RIC , PMU | | 2 . | Update on < br > registrations < br > sections – < br > Mazeras & < br > Chigato | • Mr . Njenga in conjunction with the Kwale < br > Land Registrar , Ministry of Lands and Physical < br > Planning ( MoLPP ) to write a letter to MoWSI < br > copying NLC , Kwale County Government & < br > Kwale County Commissioner submitting the < br > list of affected and authenticated land parcels < br > in Mazeras and Chigato Registration Sections < br > and their acreages . This letter is to be received | 31 < sup > st < / sup > August < br > 2020 | MoLPP | * * 1 * *", "spans": [{"start": 369, "end": 416, "text": "list of affected and authenticated land parcels", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * MABAN COUNTY COVID-19 RESPONSE MABAN RISK COMMUNICATION AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT WORKING GROUP * * MONITORING , EVALUATION , ACCOUNTABILITY , RESEARCH AND LEARNING UNIT Analysis of Monthly Inter-Agency Monitoring Data for COVID-19 RCCE Activities in Maban County * * Saturday 01 August 2020 – Monday 31 August 2020 * * Maban County Health Department * * Background : * * All humanitarian partners in South Sudan involved in COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement ( RCCE ) interventions are required to submit their monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) data to the national RCCE working group on a weekly basis . In Maban , humanitarian partners submit their data to the Maban RCCE working group , which consolidates the information and sends it to the national RCCE working group on a weekly basis . Partners use a harmonized M & E tool that was developed by the national RCCE working group . This report outlines RCCE data that was collected in Maban County over the month of August . * * Acknowledging partners who submitted RCCE data in August : * * 1 ) Humanitarian Development Consortium ( HDC ) , 2 ) Relief International ( RI ) , 3 ) Jesuit Refugee Service ( JRS ) , 4 ) Médecins San Frontières ( MSF ) , 5 ) Save the Children International ( SCI ) , 6 ) Danish Refugee Council ( DRC ) , 7 ) Lutheran World Federation ( LWF ) , 8 ) Samaritan ’ s Purse ( SP ) # * * Table of contents * * - 1 . 0 . Number of trainings conducted for community mobilisers / volunteers & Number of religious leaders / community influencers oriented on COVID-19 including teachers , traditional healers , women and youth leaders ( * * page 02 * * ) - 2 . 0 . Number of partner staff oriented on COVID-19 ( * * page 03 * * ) - 3 . 0", "spans": [{"start": 185, "end": 221, "text": "Monthly Inter-Agency Monitoring Data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 931, "end": 940, "text": "RCCE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1044, "end": 1053, "text": "RCCE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "study of a new curriculum to be introduced , a manpower survey and in-service training of school inspectors , are well underway . A Project Coordinator and local staff of the Project Management Office ( PMO ) are in post . Consultants in accountancy have been recruited . The PMO is functioning effectively and prospects for successful project implementation are good .", "spans": [{"start": 47, "end": 62, "text": "manpower survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regent ) . The council is a tripartite institution comprising members of government , labor unions , and employers . The members negotiate and set the standards of decent cost of living ( _Komponen Hidup Layak_ or KHL in Indonesian ) , which forms the basis of the minimum wage recommendation to the regency governor . This recommendation is a central element in the governor ’ s decision on the minimum wage level , along with political negotiations with employers and trade unions . > 42 While minimum wages are set at the provincial level every year , regencies are allowed to have different rate of minimum wage , as long as it is above the provincial minimum wage . The regency-wage data was kindly shared by Chris Manning and Nurina Merdikawati , who manually collected the data from individual Governors ’ decrees . The data is only available for Java and Bali , which however comprise the bulk of our sample . > 43 The inclusion of province / district-year effects purges the nominal values of the minimum wages from the impact of price growth . 28", "spans": [{"start": 675, "end": 692, "text": "regency-wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* _Domestic Preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations : * * Goods : * * Domestic Preference is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * Works : * * Domestic Preference is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . G . Other Relevant Procurement Information : * * Prior Review Threshold * * : The thresholds of procurement methods and the requirements for the Bank ’ s prior review are shown in Table1 . * * Table1 . Thresholds for Procurement Methods and Prior Review * * | * * Expenditure * * | * * Contract Value * * | * * Procurement * * | * * Prior Review * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Category * * | * * Threshold ( US $ ) * * | * * Method * * | * * Threshold ( US $ ) * * | | 1 . Civil works | ≥ 40 , 000 , 000 | International Open < br > Competitive | All contracts |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Plan * * As part of the RP studies , the following important tasks were undertaken : - Engage and consulted the affected communities , communities ’ leaders and vulnerable groups , as well as relevant stakeholders such as government sectors , civil society organizations , and non-governmental organizations . The aim is to ensure that these stakeholders are well-informed and actively involved in decisionmaking processes related to the RP , including the valuation and compensation approaches . This involvement was facilitated through a stakeholder engagement process described in the World Bank ' s ESS 10 ( and as per the SEP developed for PRIME 1 ) . The consultation process was designed to ensure that the perspectives and concerns of women and other vulnerable groups are captured in a fair and inclusive manner . It was important to gather their opinions and consider their interests at every stage of resettlement planning and implementation . - Conduct a complete census of affected households and their household members including their livelihood , income , age and sex , education background , landholding size , size of the household member , etc . - With the expression of the agreements reached from the negotiations with affected people , determined land and assets to be affected , and established eligibility for compensation and relocation assistance . Page 35", "spans": [{"start": 976, "end": 1005, "text": "census of affected households", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "where the right-hand side is the ratio between the standard deviation and expected value of college payoffs , calculated for the student ’ s optimal effort , _e_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _it_ < sup > , chosenunderscenario < / sup > < sup > _p_ . Given < / sup > _e_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _it_ < sup > , therandomnessin < / sup > < sup > _V_ ̃ < / sup > < sup > _coll_ ( < / sup > < sup > _ · _ ) comesfromtheperformanceanddropoutshocks , < / sup > < sup > _z_and < / sup > < sup > _ddrop_ < / sup > respectively , which are associated with cumulative classes completed and therefore effort . Note that anticipated risk varies across students and programs , and over time . Does effort lower anticipated risk ? To investigate this matter , in principle we might think of using our simulated baseline data to regress anticipated risk on ( optimal ) effort , controlling for cumulative past performance . However , this regression would suffer from endogeneity because optimal effort would appear in both sides of the regression . Since _e_ < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > _it_ < sup > isafunctionofthestate < / sup > variables , _t , hit − _ 1 _ , θi , _ and _yi_ , we instrument for effort using the state variables ( see Appendix Table F1 ) , and run the second-stage regression reported in Table 14 . This regression indicates that , in our baseline model , effort indeed lowers anticipated risk . The elasticity of anticipated risk with respect to effort is negative and large at - 2 . 34 . Student effort is therefore highly effective at mitigating performance and dropout risk . * * Table 14 : Anticipated Risk . * * | | Dependent variable < br > ln ( Anticipated risk ) | | - - - | - - - | | ln ( efort ) | _ − _2_ . _340 < sup > _ ∗ ∗ ∗ _ < / sup > < br > ( 0_ . _089 )", "spans": [{"start": 781, "end": 804, "text": "simulated baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the first having the strongest interpretation as capturing amenities . The correlation with wages for this measure is 0 . 37 , while the correlation with the INEGI ’ s welfare index is 0 . 77 . # * * Trade and Investment Variables * * < u > Foreign Direct Investment : This is aggregate per capita foreign direct investment from < / u > 1995-1999 reported to the government by the firms investing and was provided by the Central Bank of Mexico . The Federal District ( DF ) - Mexico City - shows vastly higher rates because much of the FDI destined for other states is registered at the headquarters of the firm in the DF . We include a dummy variable in the regressions to account for this measurement error . As figure 2 suggests , FDI is highly , although not exclusively concentrated along the northern border with the US . < u > Maquila Value Added : This variable may be seen purely as a proxy for FDI , but since the < / u > maquilas are primarily exporters , it can also be seen as a proxy for “ maquila exports per capita ” which brings it closer to being a trade variable . Since it is collected from industrial surveys , it does not suffer from the “ headquarters ” effect of the FDI variable . The two variables are moderately correlated ( . 64 ) and hence are it may be a serviceable proxy for FDI more generally . On the other hand , the government of Mexico tabulates 12 of the states in an “ other ” category and the loss of these state implies reduced information and potential selection bias . We run the regressions with the substantially reduced sample . < u > Exports : This variable is provided by the Ministry of Finance ( MOF ) . As with the FDI < / u > data , the exports reported by firm are assigned to the location of the headquarters , often in the DF , which may not be the actual location of production . The MOF therefore reassigns the firm ’ s aggregate exports proportionally using data on the location of plants and employees of each firm", "spans": [{"start": 1116, "end": 1134, "text": "industrial surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "age | Value | 43194 . 00 | 35 . 00 | 45 . 00 | | | Sub Type | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | 31-Oct-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | Breakdown | Comments | | | | | Public investment in the agricultural sector | Percentage | Value | 0 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 25 . 00 | | ( increase ) | | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | 30-Jun-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | | Comments | Pls . provide baseline data < br > ( present public investemnt in < br > agr sector ) as a starting point < br > if possible | | | | Participating men and women smallholders | Percentage | Value | 51 . 00 | 70 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | farmers who are satisfied with extension , < br > ii i | | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | 31-Oct-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | empowerment and agrbusness servces . | | Comments | Data based on a satisfaction < br > survey conducted by < br > KENFAP . Project area < br > specific date will be generated < br > within the first year of < br > effectiveness | | | | Male | Percentage | Value | 51 . 00 | 70 . 00 | 80 . 00 | | | Sub Type | Date | 11-Jun-2009 | 31-Oct-2013 | 31-Dec-2014 | | | Breakdown | Comments | | | | | Female | Percentage | Value | 51 . 00 | 70 . 00 | 80 . 00 | Page 3 of 7", "spans": [{"start": 342, "end": 355, "text": "baseline data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Public Administration Modernization Project ( P162904 ) # * * VII . RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING * * * * Results Framework COUNTRY : Djibouti Public Administration Modernization Project * * * * Project Development Objectives * * < mark > The PDO is to enable access to e-government and promote efficiency of selected revenue administration services . < / mark > * * Project Development Objective Indicators * * | * * Indicator Name * * | * * Core * * | * * Unit of * * < br > * * Measure * * | * * Baseline * * | * * End Target * * | * * Frequency * * | * * Data Source / Methodology * * | * * Responsibility for * * < br > * * Data Collection * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Name : * * Percentage of < br > population with unique ID | | Percentage | 0 . 00 | 50 . 00 | Quarterly | ANSIE / PCU will create and < br > maintain a e - < br > ID registry which will < br > initially be populated via a < br > mass enrollment campaign < br > and by leveraging the work < br > and data gathered by the < br > national social security fund < br > and the social registry . The < br > percentage of population < br > with unique ID is obtain by < br > dividing total recipients of < br > e-ID to total population . | ANSIE / PCU and the < br > General Directorate < br > of the Population at < br > the Ministry of < br > Interior . | Page 34 of 69", "spans": [{"start": 1121, "end": 1136, "text": "social registry", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 82 | 0 . 93 | | * * Less than container load * * < br > * * 2 Model estimates are not significant at 5 % level * * | Ref Cat | Ref Cat | Ref Cat | Ref Cat | * * Table 13 – Observed and estimated Odds ratio using logistic regression model * * Source : Cameroonian Customs data - statistical analysis using SAS Software # * * 5 . CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS * * The variety and thoroughness of databases and statistical elements made available in Cameroon both in customs and with terminal operators for this study is such that only a fraction of what can be analyzed has been summarized above . The main findings of the study comprise both elements related to the specific Douala situation and to the methodology used . Cargo dwell time in the port of Douala for containerized imports is very significant . An aggregate analysis shows that cargo dwell time exceeds 20 days for a significant proportion of traffic and average dwell time has been consistently about 20 days in the last 10 years . From a customs clearance standpoint , the two main contributors to long dwell times are time between ship arrival and lodging of declaration , and time between payment of customs dues and gate exit . The payment 27", "spans": [{"start": 255, "end": 279, "text": "Cameroonian Customs data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 10993 # * * Abstract * * This paper examines the medium-term effects of policydriven income shocks on human capital accumulation in low-income environments . Using administrative data on test scores of the universe of primary school students in Rwanda and the staggered rollout of coffee mills in the country , it shows a positive spillover effect of the coffee mills on students ’ performance . Early life exposure to coffee mills is associated with a 0 . 09 standard deviation ( 4 percent ) increase in student test scores . Improvements in household welfare , child health , and school attendance are likely operative channels of impact . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Africa Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at jmensah2 @ worldbank . org ; adabalen @ worldbank . org ; and aimable . nsabimana @ wider . unu . edu . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 194, "end": 228, "text": "administrative data on test scores", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( US $ 25 million ) , donor contribution through SPG ( US $ 63 million ) , and donor contribution through the scaled-up IPF component ( US $ 6 million ) . 32 . * * Results Framework , Monitoring and Evaluation . * * The Results Framework retains the parent operation ’ s PDO indicators , while adding disaggregation for refugee and host-community children and introducing targeted intermediate indicators for refugee education outcomes . Results will be tracked by integrating refugee schools into the national EMIS for routine enrollment and attendance data ( aligned with the annual school census ) and by including refugee learners in national and regional learning assessments to monitor learning progress . M & E and DLR verification procedures outlined under the parent Program remain , with expansion to cover refugee and host community schools supported under the AF . 33 . * * Economic and Financial Analysis * * . The AF design ensures value-for-money and long-term sustainability through rigorous costing benchmarked to national standards and a carefully phased integration approach informed by lessons learned . The REG is costed at US $ 50-60 per student per year , derived from the Government of Ethiopia ' s own national per-student expenditure data for primary education , ensuring that investments are grounded in local cost realities and are not creating an unsustainably high standard . Economic analysis confirms a strong rationale , with a projected NPV of US $ 575 million and an IRR of 32 . 8 percent under the moderate scenario , demonstrating positive returns that substantially exceed the investment . The AF addresses a critical financing gap — humanitarian funding for refugee education is volatile and inadequate , leaving 63 percent of refugee children out of school — and generates concrete benefits for its 374 , 000 beneficiaries , including 143 , 000 refugee and 231 , 000 host community students across 57 target schools . Improved learning environments are projected to raise retention rates and reduce repetition rates ( currently 8 – 12 percent in refugee schools versus a national average of 5 . 1 percent ) , generating fiscal savings", "spans": [{"start": 578, "end": 598, "text": "annual school census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1227, "end": 1264, "text": "national per-student expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 1 column 1 reports cross-region transfer multiplier estimates for permanent Social Security bene t increases . In general , I nd that a $ 1 increase in permanent Social Security transfers to the residents of a state increases that state ' s relative labor income by around $ 1 . 5 contemporaneously , though the size of the multiplier can vary from 0 . 9 \u0015 1 . 9 ( about one standard error ) across all speci cations in Table 1 . In the parsimonious speci cation ( row A1 ) , the relative permanent transfer multiplier is almost exactly 1 . 5 ( signi cant at the 1 % level ) . For the benchmark speci cation ( row A2 ) , the relative multiplier falls slightly to 1 . 3 ( also signi cant at 1 % ) . This re ects partially o \u001b setting e \u001b ects of the two controls ; if added individually , US GDP growth _ × _ state FEs tend to reduce the permanent transfer multiplier to around 1 . 14 ( row B1 , signi cant at the 1 % level ) , whereas population growth tends to increase the multiplier to 1 . 61 ( not reported , also signi cant at the 1 % level ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > Table 1 Columns 2 and 3 reports cross region transfer multiplier estimates for one-o \u001b stimulus transfers , using per capita labor income or GDP ( respectively ) as the income measure . Unlike the scatter plots in Figure 1 , the regressions control for state and time FEs , impose that the withdrawal of transfers reverses any earlier increase in income , and for labor income , pools across the 2001 and 2008 stimulus payments ( recall GDP data are only available from 2005 so excludes the 2001 transfer ) . In general , I nd that $ 1 one-o \u001b transfers to the residents of a state increases that state ' s relative labor income or GDP by around $ 1 / 3 contemporaneously , with multipliers around $ 0 . 4 for GDP ( range 0 . 35 \u0015 0 . 47 ) , and $ 0 . 25 for labor income", "spans": [{"start": 1514, "end": 1522, "text": "GDP data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Skill Use , Skill Deficits , and Firm Performance in Formal Sector Enterprises : Evidence from the Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey , 2015 * * By Hong Tan , Sajitha Bashir and Nobuyuki Tanaka < sup > * * 1 * * < / sup > JEL codes : I2 , J2 , L25 Keywords : skills , education , training , demand and supply of labor , firm performance > 1 The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by Yevgeniya Savchenko , Mariam Adil and Martin Moreno in analyzing the survey data , and of the DEC Enterprise Survey Team ( Jorge Luis Rodriguez Meza , Silvia Muzi , Gemechu A . Aga , and Arvind Jain ) in conducting the Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey , 2015 .", "spans": [{"start": 105, "end": 138, "text": "Tanzania Enterprise Skills Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 502, "end": 523, "text": "DEC Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "shelter , the vast majority ( 80 . 4 percent ) of surveyed households reported that they did not benefit from shelter programmes or aid when accessing housing ( * * Table 14 * * ) . This potentially suggests that most households rely on the existing ( informal ) rental market in order to access shelter . Only in Akkar and Minieh , programmes such as SSUs < sup > 14 < / sup > have had an impact on a sizeable percentage of refugee households ( 19 . 3 percent and 13 . 6 percent , respectively ) . Across all regions , when asked about the reason ( s ) for choosing their shelter ( * * Figure 26 * * ) , | | | | | * * District of residence * * | * * in Lebanon * * | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | * * Surveyed households ( average ) * * | * * Akkar * * | * * Minieh-Dennieh * * | * * Tripoli * * | * * Zahle * * | | * * Electricit * * | * * Accessible * * | 82 . 4 % | 92 . 3 % | 62 . 9 % | 74 . 2 % | 95 . 5 % | | * * y * * | * * Partially accessible * * | 17 . 1 % | 7 . 1 % | 36 . 7 % | 24 . 8 % | 4 . 0 % | | * * Water ( potable / * * | * * Accessible * * | 80 . 3 % | 88 . 7 % | 69 . 2 % | 78 . 2 % | 82 . 7 % | | * * es * * < br > * * domestic use ) * * | * * Partially accessible * * | 18 . 1 % | 9 . 6 %", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . - Not Applicable * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – - Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : There shall be no works contracts under the project .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< ! - - Start of picture text - - > Global Music Industry Turnover ( 1973-2009 ) < br > In Billions Source : RIAA year-end shipment statistics ; Bain analysis < br > $ 15 < br > $ 10 \\ Digital < br > \\ < br > co < br > $ 5 < br > LP / EP ; Tape < br > so1973 1977eS1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - >", "spans": [{"start": 109, "end": 142, "text": "RIAA year-end shipment statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "increase , but at a decreasing rate , with education . Further , earnings increase with potential experience ( age ) up until the age of 44 after which they decrease again . Males appear to earn 31 percent more than women , conditional on the other covariates . < sup > 18 < / sup > > 16In each round of the rotating panel , the questionnaire records absent members , adds any new members who have joined the household , and records any changes in schooling that have taken place . If none of the original group of household members is found to be living in the dwelling unit in the follow-up survey , the household is recorded as a new household . The interviewers do not track households that move , so they leave the panel . Rates of attrition are comparable to other developing countries ( See Antman and McKenzie , 2007 ) . > 17Since 2004 , the ENEU has been replaced by the Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacion y Empleo ( ENOE , Survey of Occupation and Employment ) in 2005 . Unfortunately , however , the ENOE instrument differs from ENEU in important ways that make it impossible to match the surveys with confidence . > 18For robustness we have also run alternate earnings specifications , allowing for both more and less 10", "spans": [{"start": 880, "end": 919, "text": "Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacion y Empleo", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "OPTIMAL SIMPLE FISCAL RULES 14 Algerian non-resource GDP and Trinidad & Tobago ’ s SWF is about 28 % non-resource GDP ( data from the SWF Institute ) , so we set _Ass_ = 0 _ . _ 3 as an intermediate value . We assume steady state transfers are set to pay out all steady state revenues . The persistence and volatility of non-resource GDP is taken from estimating an AR ( 1 ) process on HP-filtered log real per capita GDP ( from the World Development Indicators ) . While it is true that HP filtering removes much of the persistence in log GDP by constructtion , this is necessary given log GDP per capita is close to a random walk , and this is a standard procedure in the literature . # 4 . Main Numerical Results Table 2 summarizes the main results for optimal and classical rules . * * HtM Stabilization : smoothing vs insurance * * In the first column of Table 2 , the government follows a rule which provides full insurance for the HtM household against non-resource and commodity price shocks . As a result , HtM household consumption remains constant at its steady state level ( a welfare loss of zero for that HH ) , which is the same result we would get if the household had access to state-contingent Arrow-Debreu securities . Given the HtM HHs lack access to financial markets , one might think this policy is similar to government borrowing / saving on behalf of the HtM household as it “ fixes ” market incompleteness . However , from an aggregate perspective this rule is very inefficient because it concentrates risk with the Ricardian HH rather than sharing risk across households . In fact , the HtM household full stabilization rule has the worst aggregate welfare performance among the 7 rules considered in this section ( a 4 . 9 % of SS consumption welfare loss , _each period_ ) . The full HtM stabilization rule leads to a very large consumption variance for the Ricardian HH ( SD of 31 % annually ) . This — is the difference between smoothing vs insurance the Ricardian HH and government have the financial technology to _smooth_ out anticipated changes in the time", "spans": [{"start": 120, "end": 147, "text": "data from the SWF Institute", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 433, "end": 461, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > 21 . 3 < br > 12 . 9 < br > 19 . 4 | \\ < br > - - < br > 48 . 1 < br > 7 . 6 < br > * * o04 * * < br > 31 . 8 < br > 1 . 8 < br > 204 < br > 66 . 5 | * * * * * < br > * * * * * < br > * * * * * < br > 14 . 8 < br > - < br > 25 . 9 < br > 43 . 8 | | * * T6tal * * MAcbin Operating Cost < br > 814 . 8 | 403 . 1 | 176 . 3 | 84 . 5 | | Vans Overhead Costs < br > 8892 . 0 < br > | 2082 . 5 , | 1065 . 9 | 954 . 3 | | - ' ND TOTAL < br > 1 < br > 1 < sup > 4 < / sup > 456 . 0 | 3840 . 5 | 2104 . 7 | 1V89 . 7 | | - 6 < br > * The breakdown of these figutes coald not be obta < br > para 5 . 04b on data used in the an & lysis ) . | 0 £ < br > ined from | the State | ( se < br > Farms | ( see \\ \\ < \\ ' , N \\ \\ \\ . . , \\ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 627, "text": "data used in the an & lysis", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Generating Growth Opportunities and Productivity for Women Enterprises Uganda Project ( P176747 ) learning agenda . For further details see Annex 4 . The Results Framework also includes an indicator relating to the adoption of energy efficient and climate resilience infrastructure under Component 3 . 64 . * * Citizen engagement . * * The project will work on strengthening citizen engagement , and all beneficiaries , including refugees are key partners in its implementation . Specifically , the project will utilize the following citizen engagement mechanisms : ( a ) participatory decision-making and mobilization of women entrepreneurs through support to existing and new women platforms at the village , district , and refugee settlement levels ; ( b ) participatory planning in the design of infrastructure for women ; and ( c ) implementation of a grievance redress mechanism ( GRM ) . The GRM will ensure that queries or clarifications about the project are responded to in a timely manner , and that grievances are addressed efficiently and effectively . The proposed project will further solicit periodic feedback from beneficiaries through beneficiary satisfaction surveys as well as spot checks and includes a results indicator on the percentage of the project ’ s grievance redress systems that are addressed . # # * * C . Project Costs and Financing * * 65 . * * The total project costs are US $ 217 million , which is to be financed through an IDA grant including US $ 36 million from the IDA19 WHR for host communities and refugees matched with $ 4 million from Uganda ’ s PBA . * * See Table 4 for details . * * Table 4 : Project Costs by Component * * | * * Project Component * * | * * Cost ( US $ * * < br > * * millions ) * * | * * Of which WHR * * < br > * * ( US $ millions ) * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 1 . Support for Women Empowerment and Enterprise Development | 42 . 0 | 7 . 95", "spans": [{"start": 1176, "end": 1208, "text": "beneficiary satisfaction surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "categorized as Native and / or Invasive . The IUCN Red list of threatened species was used to assess the plants ' conservation status . The tree layers ranged from 3m + high . The Shrub layers ranged from 1 - 3 m , whereas the herb layer was from 0-1m . Any herb that was > 3m was recorded here as a tree and likewise , a tree seedling that was < 1m high was recorded in the herb layer ( Kent and Coker , 1992 ; Magurran , 1988 ) . # # # * * 4 . 2 . 2 Mammals * * The methods used for mammal survey in MFNP were visual encounter surveys from 14 . 04 . 202316 . 04 . 2023 , local consultations , and indirect methods involving identification of mammalian dung , calls , tracks , footprints , and asking of local informants on the presence of mammals . The surveys were focused mainly on small to medium-sized mammals , while direct sighting and species counts were used to count large and conspicuous mammals . Since several mammal species of conservation concern may be secretive and nocturnal , searching for mammal traits such as fecal 37 | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA MFNP Staff Accommodation and Entry gate_ * *", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 81, "text": "IUCN Red list of threatened species", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Price of an intra-Africa cal | l per minute | 0 . 29 – 0 . 33 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 57 | non applicable | Source : Mali 2005 data together with benchmarks are taken from the AICD Database . Mali 2007 / 8 is compiled from a variety of World Bank sources in order to give a sense of the progress made during the last four / five years ( including Information and Communications for Development database ) . Source : Ampah and others 2009 . Derived from AICD national database downloadable from http : / / www . infrastructureafrica . org / aicd / tools / data — = data not available . n . a . = not applicable . Numbers reported in the table as of 2007 . * * Table 14 . Mali ’ s skyrocketing mobile teledensity * * | Subscribers per 100 people | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Country | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | Average annual growth | | Benin | 14 . 10 | 19 . 20 | 23 . 7 | 27 . 7 | 25 . 50 | | Burkina Faso | 5 . 00 | 7 . 60 | 11 . 5 | 14 . 4 | 42 . 84 | | Ghana | 12 . 10 | 19 . 30 | 29 . 4 | 34 . 6 | 43 . 17 | | Mali | 6 . 70 | 12 . 90 | 21 . 1 | 35 . 4 | 74 . 63 | | Niger | 2 . 70 | 4 . 40 | 6 . 7 | 8 . 5 | 47 . 37 | | Nigeria | 14 . 40 | 24 . 40 | 34 . 7 | 44 . 2 | 46 . 35 | | Togo | 8 . 10 | 10 . 70 | 13 . 2 | 15 . 6 | 24 . 55 | Since 1992 , private flows to Mali ’ s ICT sector have increased from almost zero to $ 19 .", "spans": [{"start": 170, "end": 183, "text": "AICD Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 341, "end": 396, "text": "Information and Communications for Development database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 447, "end": 469, "text": "AICD national database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Uganda Clean Cooking Supply Chain Expansion Project ( ) The solar companies can function as both a distributor and consumer financier which are important functions in addressing the flexible payment methods for customers . 9 . _Component 2 . Public Sector Outreach and Demonstration of Institutional Stoves_ . In May , 2018 , it was agreed with the client that due to the modest amount originally allocated and lack of progress with implementation , MEMD would establish a more ambitious and comprehensive program that will look at the market and suitable technologies for both public and private institutions including schools , restaurants , hotels , and other businesses that can benefit from improvements in cooking technology . This strategy would then be integrated in the future , together with other clean cooking activities , currently being prepared under the Energy Access Scale-up Project ( P166685 ) . Hence , the original component “ Public Sector Outreach and Demonstration of Institutional Stoves ” with US $ 140 , 000 allocated was reallocated to fund the technical assistance activities including supporting the demand side activities of the Distribution Challenge Fund . 10 . _Component 3 . Quality Assurance & Technical Support . _ Based on the Behavioral Diagnostic report carried out in 2018 , the Private Sector Foundation of Uganda ( PSFU ) , as implementing agency of the project has contracted a firm to carry out the Awareness and Market Activation campaign . These activities have enhanced the marketing strategies of the distribution partners for the participating products . The umbrella brand name – Supa Sigiri – was launched in September 2018 to represent the eligible stoves participating in the project , which have gone through a quality verification and performance process and customer acceptance trials . The interim results from this campaign have been very encouraging also evident through the increased sales of the participating companies . The campaign has been ongoing since June 2019 and as of September 30 , 2019 , the selected marketing agency had carried out 162 market activations and reached over 20 , 000 people in and around Kampala . Over 500 stoves have been sold during", "spans": [{"start": 1288, "end": 1316, "text": "Behavioral Diagnostic report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions : * * In accordance with paragraph 5 . 3 of the Procurement Regulations , the request for bids / request for proposals document shall require that Bidders / Proposers submitting Bids / Proposals present a signed acceptance at the time of bidding , to be incorporated in any resulting contracts , confirming application of , and compliance with , the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines , including without limitation the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the school or teachers to try to alter the results . Once the test is completed , students are asked about their personal characteristics ( gender , age , educational history ) and a set of questions related to their family background . In particular , the questionnaire asks the maximum level of education that each parent attained , the possession of more than a dozen assets , and access to basic infrastructure services . Of these , I will base most of the analysis to a question on the number of books at home as a proxy of family socioeconomic status . Among the family background questions , this is the one with the best response rate . In addition , this variable is highly correlated with parental income and education , and reading skills in various international surveys ( Hanushek & Woessmann 2008 , Ammermueller & Pischke 2009 ) . While parental education is generally perceived to be a reasonable measure of overall family background , I chose to exclude it from the main analysis because more than a third of the students in the survey did not report it . This is not unusual in these sorts of surveys ; the proportion of missing values is similar to that in PIRLS ( Progress in International Reading Literacy Study , for developed countries plus others ) , and in SERCE ( Segundo Estudio Regional Comparativo y Explicativo , for seventeen Latin American countries ) . Still , the pupils who have missing values in parental education tend to come from relative less well-off families ( lower number of books at home , durable assets , and services ) and to perform worse than those who has completed information ( in terms of test scores and grade repetition ) . For robustness , I will replicate the analysis using parental education and an index of assets . Of the total number of schools surveyed , for the purpose of estimation I exclude schools with only one class per school year . This exclusion allow me to identify the peer-group effects in a convincing way . < sup > 7 < / sup > The resulting sample includes over 7 , 000 schools ( half of the schools in the country ) , 20", "spans": [{"start": 761, "end": 782, "text": "international surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1175, "end": 1180, "text": "PIRLS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1281, "end": 1286, "text": "SERCE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "respectively . < sup > 17 < / sup > These results are remarkably consistent with previous studies of registration reforms in two different OECD countries , as discussed in the introduction ( see Branstetter , et al . , 2010 , Bruhn , 2008 , Bruhn 2010 ) . < sup > 18 < / sup > We perform several robustness tests to ensure that our main results are not driven by omitted variables . First , previous research noted that the rate of new firm formation is related to industry structure ( e . g . Reynolds , et al . , 1994 and Baptista , 2008 ) . For example , an economy consisting of mainly self-employed microenterprises has a different structure than one where large-scale manufacturing enterprises account for a large share of employment . Clearly , our sample includes countries with very different industrial composition . However , all level differences between countries are already accounted for in our model with country-specific fixed effects . Nevertheless , we also verify that time-varying differences in industry composition are not affecting our results . In separate regressions ( available upon request ) we control for industry composition by including annual data on the value added of the manufacturing sector ( as a percentage of GDP ) and the service sector ( as a percentage of GDP ) ( World Development Indicators , 2012 ) . The results remain robust to these additional controls . < sup > 19 < / sup > Second , differences in the level of economic development have also been found to affect the rate of new firm entry ( eg . Wennekers , 2005 ) . To test whether the level of economic development is driving our results we add lagged GDP per capita to our model . We find our > 17 As an additional robustness check , we also evaluate the impact of “ negative ” reforms , which refers to instances in which starting a business measures _increase_ . Though the sample size for these reforms is very small ( generally less than 10 , even at 20 percent ) , we do observe a significant relationship between increases in procedures and decreases in entry density ( results available upon request ) .", "spans": [{"start": 1308, "end": 1336, "text": "World Development Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with each cohort . Again , a result that is not consistent with a presence of increasingly less skilled college educated workers . The paper is organized as follows . Section 2 introduces the data analyzed in this paper as well as some descriptive statistics . Section 3 presents the analysis of the evidence . Section 4 summarizes the results . Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 . Data * * We use the Labor Force Survey for each quarter starting in the second quarter of 2000 . The Mexican labor force surveys are very similar to the Current Population Survey applied in the United States or other labor force surveys around the world . From 2000 to 2004 the survey used is the “ _Encuesta Nacional de Empleo_ ” , and from 2005 to 2014 it is the “ _Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo_ ” . < sup > 5 < / sup > Even though the questionnaire is slightly different , most of the key labor questions are the same across surveys : earnings , hours of work , occupation , etc . , while the sampling is the same in both . The labor force surveys are representative at the national and state levels as well as by metropolitan area . In each quarter , approximately 120 , 000 households are interviewed . The > 5 Both surveys have the same sample design . Although it is not common to employ the two surveys , we use them to provide a complete picture of wages in Mexico since 2000 . Other studies that use both surveys are Campos , Hincapie and Rojas ( 2012 ) and Calderon ( 2014 ) . 3", "spans": [{"start": 398, "end": 416, "text": "Labor Force Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1020, "end": 1039, "text": "labor force surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "and power . The CNTB has struggled to complete it tasks in the field and currently faces a lack of credibility due to the courts overturning CNTB rulings . The fact that CNTB decisions can be overturned places 1972 returnees in a situation of risk if more locals decide to go to court to revert the CNTB land sharing arrangements . In a comprehensive review of Burundi ’ s land situation Bunte and Monnier ( 2011 ) stress that Burundi needs to establish a comprehensive land action plan that establishes a functioning and up-to-date land register , clearly defines an approach to the distribution of land titles and establishes fair processes for dispute resolution and appeals . The 1986 Land Act , which is currently under review , will probably be modified to clarify the 30-year law . From the perspective of this research the government should enforce the decisions of the CNTB irrespective of the 30-year land law to ensure that returnees can maintain the land they have received and are not at risk of being displaced again . A final key learning from Burundi is that an integrated approach is essential to create communities for returnees . However , the success of the VRIs must be questioned , as discussed previously in this paper . The pressing question at this time is to ask : what could have been done differently ? In a country with such scarce land , where else could people have been placed ? Currently UNHCR is grappling with this question as there remain 1972 returnees who have yet to find a home and there are 37 , 000 people in Tanzania to be returned . UNHCR does not 20", "spans": [{"start": 533, "end": 546, "text": "land register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 8 * * | * * 5 * * | 4 | * * 7 * * | _4_ | 28 | * * 10 . 8 * * | | 2 . 00-2 . 49 | * * 7 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 25 * * | * * 9 . 6 * * | | * * 2 . 50-2 . 99 * * | _4_ | 2 | * * 1 * * | * * 8 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 16 * * | * * 6 . 2 * * | | 3 . 00-3 . 49 | * * 0 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 1 * * | * * 5 * * | * * 1 . 9 * * | | * * 3 . 50-3 . 99 * * | * * 3 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 3 * * | 1 . 2 | | Above 4 . 00 | 2 | * * 1 * * | * * 0 * * | * * 0 * * | 2 | * * 5 * * | * * 1 . 9 * * | | * * All * * | * * 58 * * | * * 57 * * | * * 55 * * | * * 60 * * | * * 30 * * | * * 260 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | With regard to irrigation farmland size , as discussed above only three households residing in three Subproject woredas reported to have owned a total of 1 . 75ha of irrigation land . According to the survey result while one household from Arsi", "spans": [{"start": 893, "end": 906, "text": "survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues ofcustomized questionnaire IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 13 , 333 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > development , testing , sample < br > design and estimation < br > procedures for the National < br > Gender Asset Gap < br > ET-CSA-156241-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > User Satisfaction Survey - < br > Consultancy Services onsample design , tool IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 92 , 580 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > development , Data Collection , < br > field operation , quality < br > control and estimation < br > procedures < br > ET-CSA-156239-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Agricultural Census < br > Methodology Improvement - < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues of IDA / D2290 Prior Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 582 , 700 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-06-17 2020-07-15 2020-08-14 2020-09-18 2020-10-11 2021-10-11 < br > enumeration planning , tool < br > development , enumeration < br >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The second step was a four month _implementation_ phase given only to the treatment plants . In this phase , the consulting firm followed up on the diagnostic report to help introduce as many of the 38 key management practices as the firms could be persuaded to adopt . The consultant assigned to each plant worked with the plant management to put the procedures into place , fine-tune them , and stabilize them so that they could readily be carried out by employees . For example , one of the practices was daily meetings for management to review production and quality data . The consultant attended these meetings for the first few weeks to help the managers run them , provided feedback on how to run future meetings , and adjusted their design . This phase also involved about 15 days a month of consulting time per plant . The third phase was a _measurement_ phase which lasted until August 2010 . This phase involved only three consultants ( and a part-time manager ) who collected performance and management data from all treatment and control plants . In return for the firms ’ continuing to provide this data , the consultants provided some light consulting advice to both the treatment and control plants . This phase involved about 1 . 5 days a month of consulting time per plant . So , in summary , the control plants were provided with the diagnostic phase and then the measurement phase ( totaling 225 consultant hours on average ) , while the treatment plants were provided with the diagnostic , implementation and then measurement phases ( totaling 733 consultant hours on average ) . # * * _III . C . The experimental design_ * * We wanted to work with large firms because their complexity means management practices are likely to be important . However , providing consulting to large firms is expensive , which necessitated a number of trade-offs detailed below . < u > Cross-sectional sample size : We worked with 17 firms . We considered hiring cheaper < / u > local consultants and providing more limited consulting to a sample of several hundred plants in more locations . But two factors pushed against this . First , many large firms in", "spans": [{"start": 989, "end": 1020, "text": "performance and management data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "BMIS ) was < / sup > < br > launched . | - Component * * 7 : * * Project implementation and monitoring - * * i . * * Support supervisory , assessment * * & * * monitoring of surge < sup > capacitystaff recruitedunder < / sup > < sup > * * by * * < / sup > the-prfject . * * xii * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 4, "text": "BMIS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 2 - set in the Third Development Plan ( 1974-1978 ) . Performance of the major sectors of the economy in 1976 was generally better than in 1974-75 . Manufacturing and mining made a particularly strong comeback . Despite inadequate rains during 1976 , coffee production registered a substantial increase in volume in addition to a price increase of nearly 200 % . Nevertheless , growth in agriculture , both in the monetary and non-monetary segments , remained below the average annual rate over the period 1964-73 . # # Manpower Requirements 1 . 04 One of the main objectives of the Third Development Plan , ( 19741978 ) , is to provide employment for Kenya ' s labor force . Total employment growth was only 3 % ifor the period 1972-1976 . In 1976 paid employment in the private sector increased by 5 . 1 % and in the public sector by 4 . 1 % as shown in the foLlowing table : # # Persons Employed : Recorded Totals , 1973-1976 | | 1973 < br > … - - - - ____ - | 1974 < br > - … ( 000 ' s ) | 1975 | 1976 * < br > … | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Modern Establishments - - Urban and Rural Areas | | | | | | Wage Employees | 761 . 4 | 826 . 3 | 819 . 1 | < br > 857 . 2 | | Self-employed and unpaid family workers | 54 . 0 | 55 . 9 | 56 . 9 | < br > 57 . 5 | | Informal Establishments - - Urban Areas | 41 . 4 | 76 . 2 | 74 . 1 | < br > 94 . 9 | | Total | 856 . 8 | 958 . 4 | 950 . 0 | 1 , 009 . 6 | - Provisional Source : Economic Survey , 1977 , Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of", "spans": [{"start": 1440, "end": 1455, "text": "Economic Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of low-wage work in the economy , a crucial indicator of income inequality and poverty . Secondly , it can inform policy decisions regarding minimum wage setting and targeting social protection programs for low-income households . Additionally , understanding the characteristics of minimum wage earners , such as their age , gender , education level , and employment industry , can provide insights into the broader labor market dynamics and help identify vulnerable groups needing support . * * The proportion of minimum wage earners in Romania is notably high when estimated from tax data . Over a quarter of all employees are minimum wage earners , and in some sectors , this share exceeds * * 28", "spans": [{"start": 583, "end": 591, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "According to the GHFPH , the general pattern holds , but with higher overall job losses : for all private sector workers , the reported rate of job loss was 50 . 9 percent for those with less than secondary education , and this falls to , 32 . 5 percent for those with university and 22 . 1 percent for those with post-graduate degree lost jobs ( Table 5-24 ) . The rate at which lower secondary - educated workers reported reduced income due to reduced | _Table 5-23 Georgia : Distri_ | _bution of PFPS Job Los_ < br > * * Wave 1 * * | _ses ( Percentage of Jobs L_ < br > * * Wave 2 * * | _ost ) by Educational Attainment_ | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | CFUWBES2 | CFUWBES2 | | | CFUWBES1 < br > Modeled | Model-predicted | Survey Measured | | * * Primary or Lower * * | 25 . 6 | 13 . 4 | 13 . 2 | | * * Lower Secondary * * | 22 . 2 | 14 . 0 | 12 . 4 | | * * Secondary * * | 21 . 2 | 11 . 6 | 10 . 8 | | * * University * * | 14 . 9 | - 3 . 3 | 2 . 4 | | * * Post-Graduate * * | 16 . 2 | - 1 . 9 | 3 . 7 | | * * Total * * | 19 . 0 | 5 . 9 | 7 . 8 | | Sources : CFUWBES and L | FS 2019 . | | | working hours was nearly 50 percent , which was more than twice that of those with higher levels of education . 5 . 7 Projected Job Losses by Wage Level Many observers have predicted that the loss of jobs would be unequally shared , with the poor most greatly impacted by this crisis . Our method projects such unequal job losses in Jordan , but not in Georgia . # * * 5 . 7 . 1 Jordan * * Our method projects that", "spans": [{"start": 677, "end": 685, "text": "CFUWBES2", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1072, "end": 1079, "text": "CFUWBES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| AVERAGE A_NNUAL < br > RATE OF POPULATION < br > GR | OWTH ( PE | RCETIj | | | | | | | ANo Fertility < br > Decline | | 2 . 87 | 3 . 09 | 3 . 28 | 3 . 40 | 3 . 51 | < br > 3 . 63 | | B Gradual Fertility < br > Decline | | 2 . 87 | 2 . 94 | 2 . 84 | 2 . 66 | 2 . 43 | < br > 2 . 10 | | CAccelerated < br > Fertility < br > Decline | | 2 . 87 | 2 . 83 | 2 . 46 | 1 . 90 | 1 . 65 | < br > 1 . 40 | _ ; l_ Based on 1984 population census .", "spans": [{"start": 413, "end": 435, "text": "1984 population census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This was followed by a 2 . 2 % drop in the seventh month and later by a monthly average of - 3 . 8 % between the tenth and sixteenth months . In general , export prices decreased more due to domestic than external lockdowns in the first 12 months , going by the magnitude of the coefficient and starting period of the effect . Nonetheless , the effect of external lockdowns on export prices was long-lived as shown by the 4 % decline in the nineteenth month . The decrease in export prices due to external lockdowns may also signal that lower demand may have led to lower price setting by Indonesian exporters . # * * 5 Conclusion * * This study sought to analyze how Indonesia ’ s international trade was affected by its own lockdown policies ( domestic ) and those of its trading partners ( external ) in response to COVID-19 , differentiating between sea and airports as well as imports affected by non-tariff measures ( NTMs ) . We employed survival analysis and event-study approaches on monthlyproduct-country export and import data ranging from May 2018 to August 2021 . Results from the survival analysis show that the failure rate of exports and imports increased during both domestic and external lockdowns , but sea exports had higher survival than air exports , while air had higher import survival rates . Imports subject to NTMs also had lower survival rates during both domestic and external lockdowns , especially those subject to port of entry restrictions and import approvals . Event-study results show that overall , imports were more negatively affected by lockdown policies than exports , which recovered during the sample period , unlike imports . The decline in imports was mainly attributed to lockdown policies by Indonesia ’ s trade partners , which affected all imports . The impact of external lockdowns was more pronounced and persistent for imports entering Indonesia by air , while imports by sea recovered relatively faster . We find no impact of Indonesia ’ s lockdown policies on imports , except for negatively affecting intermediate imports subject to non-tariff measures . 31", "spans": [{"start": 993, "end": 1038, "text": "monthlyproduct-country export and import data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Near East ( UNRWA ) . Source : UNHCR , UNHCR Global Trends : Forced Displacement in 2017 , available at : http : / / www . unhcr . org / globaltrends2017 / - * * 2 * * UNHCR , UNHCR Global Trends : Forced Displacement in 2016 , available at : http : / / www . unhcr . org / globaltrends2016 / - * * 3 * * UNHCR , UNHCR Global Trends : Forced Displacement in 2017 , available at : http : / / www . unhcr . org / globaltrends2017 / 4 U N H C R", "spans": [{"start": 39, "end": 88, "text": "UNHCR Global Trends : Forced Displacement in 2017", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- The Nutrition Sector in coordination with Protection Sector and SGBV Sub-Sectors and others should train the nutrition front-line service providers on Child Protection principles , confidentiality , identification of signs of abuse and referral pathways , and provide disaggregated data on suspected cases of neglect , abuse and domestic violence as well as support referral for follow up specialised home visits . Furthermore , to ensure that women , girls , people living with disabilities and _Hijras_ receive appropriate information and message for improved access to nutrition services . In coordination with the Protection Sector and using the Washington Group Short Set of Questions and other applicable tools , the Nutrition Sector should also train the frontline service providers to identify children with disabilities and establish linkage with the Protection Sector referral pathway . Nutrition partners should ensure that pregnant and lactating women , adolescent girls and children avail nutrition facilities and identify those among them , who may in need of protection , SGBV or Child Protection Services . - In coordination with Prevention of Sexual abuse and Exploitation ( PESA ) network , GBV Sub-Sector , GIHA Working Group , Gender Hub and gender focal points , the Communication with Community ( CwC ) partners consult with specific groups , such as women and children and people with diverse identities , and organisations to identify issues concerning gender and diversity to undertake more targeted campaigns for specific audiences , strengthen referral pathways and follow up , and train information hub , CwC staff and Volunteers responsible for reporting and referral sensitive cases . - Protection Sector in coordination with other concerned Sectors and Community-Based Child Protection Mechanisms promote and strengthen quality Child Protection System , SGBV and protection case management , including psychosocial support , effective referral systems , and a multi-functional approach to delivering inclusive protection services . - The GBV Sub-Sector in coordination with concerned Ministries and other Sectors continues expanding comprehensive SGBV prevention and response program through case management and multi-sector referral systems for SGBV survivors . The three-fold", "spans": [{"start": 270, "end": 288, "text": "disaggregated data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are < br > outdated ( 2005 / 06 ) and < br > there is insufficient < br > capacity to monitor poverty < br > at least once every 3 years | Progress is on track < br > and the first < br > intermediate target < br > ( Kenya Integrated < br > Household Budget < br > Survey KIHBS 2015 / 16 < br > partly conducted and < br > progress report < br > produced and available < br > online ) has been < br > achieved . < br > The progress report is < br > available for download < br > from the KNBS website < br > http : / / www . knbs . or . ke | Progress is on track and < br > the first intermediate < br > target ( Kenya Integrated < br > Household Budget < br > Survey KIHBS 2015 / 16 < br > partly conducted and < br > progress report < br > produced and available < br > online ) has been < br > achieved . < br > The progress report is < br > available for download < br > from the KNBS website < br > http : / / www . knbs . or . ke | All five < br > intermediate < br > targets < br > achieved | | Date | 30-Jun-2014 | 09-Dec-2015 | 06-Jun-2016 | 30-Jun-2020 | |  Produce better real and external sector economic data * * ( * * Text * * , * * Custom * * ) * * | | - - - | 6 / 13 / 2016 Page 6 of 9 Public Disclosure Copy", "spans": [{"start": 265, "end": 287, "text": "Survey KIHBS 2015 / 16", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 661, "end": 683, "text": "Survey KIHBS 2015 / 16", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Figure 2 : Primary-to-Secondary education Transition rate , and Repetition rates , 1997-2016 < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Primary & Secondary education Transition and Repetition Rates < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > 1995 1997 2000 20052006 2010 2012 2015 2020 < br > Year < br > Primary − to − Secondary school Transition rate Primary school repetition Rate < br > Secondary school repetition rate < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source_ : Own representation using data from UN Institute of Statistics . As of 2013 , there were about 13 higher education institutions , 8 ( i . e . 62 percent ) of which are public institutions . The National University of Lesotho ( NUL ) is the main tertiary institution in Lesotho , and remained the only local bachelor ’ s and master ’ s degree-awarding institution until 2007 . The university admits about 44 percent < sup > 5 < / sup > and 89 percent of Lesotho ’ s undergraduate and postgraduate students ’ population , respectively ( Council on Higher Education , 2013 ) . # * * 2 . 2 Policy background * * Lesotho instituted the FPE program in 2000 in order to meet the Millennium Development Goal ( MDG ) of ensuring that primary education is free and available to all ( UNESCO , 2000 ) . As mentioned earlier , Lesotho ’ s implementation strategy was different from that followed by other African countries . School fees were eliminated sequentially on a grade-by-grade basis starting with grade one in 2000 such that by 2006 , all seven primary school grades were under FPE . The main reason for this implementation strategy was to cushion FPE ’ s financial impact on the public budget ( Urwick , 2011 ) . The FPE policy is an amalgamation of several program components that address both demandand supply-side constraints to schooling . On the demand-side , the policy involves elimination of some private schooling costs such as school fees , stationery and textbooks ’ costs . On the supply - > 5This is as a percent", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 542, "text": "data from UN Institute of Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Measures of the degree to which economic growth is inclusive are also affected by the assumption that at least some of the HHS-NAS gap originates from missing top incomes in survey data . In measuring the degree to which growth is inclusive , the World Bank ’ s twin goals and the UN Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) monitor growth in income and consumption of the bottom 40 percent in each country , relative to the growth for the overall population ( World Bank , 2016 ) . For a recent set of comparable spells used to monitor these goals , 56 out of 88 countries ( 64 percent ) that are available in the Shared Prosperity Database for 2013 to 2018 , reported a positive ‘ shared prosperity premium ’ : the growth of mean income or consumption among the bottom 40 percent exceeded that of the overall mean growth . Panel A of Figure 8 shows the growth of the bottom 40 percent on the vertical access , and of the overall mean on the horizontal axis . The majority of observations are above the 45-degree line , indicating that growth was inclusive , and inequality , by this measure , was falling . However , these estimates rely solely on survey data . If we assume that the gap between surveys and national accounts is partly due to missing top incomes in surveys , it may be justifiable to compare the growth of the bottom 40 percent from surveys with the mean of national accounts , assuming that this better reflects overall growth . Under such a comparison , only 40 countries ( 49 percent of the 81 countries for which we have HFCE data for the spells ) had a positive shared prosperity premium where the bottom 40 percent grew faster than the mean as measured by HFCE . Panel B of Figure 8 illustrates the relationship and differences between growth in the bottom 40 percent and growth in the mean with the adjusted distributions . The population-weighted average annualized shared prosperity premium for the period falls by 0 . 6 percentage points , from a positive 0 . 5 percent growth to - 0 . 1 percent , inverting the positive global picture of trends in inequality measured", "spans": [{"start": 174, "end": 185, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 613, "end": 639, "text": "Shared Prosperity Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1542, "end": 1551, "text": "HFCE data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1679, "end": 1683, "text": "HFCE", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * Summary of results * * This paper describes the methodology and findings for the extreme hazard exposure analysis of the Chinese wastewater sector to flooding and earthquakes hazards . This analysis is undertaken for changing flooding , under climate scenarios , and earthquake exposure of a spatially accurate wastewater treatment plants ( WWTP ) database for China , covering a total of 1 , 346 assets with additional attributes quantifying the treatment capacity and users dependent on each plant . For flooding , we apply a global river routing ( CaMa ‐ Flood ) model that quantifies the change degree of flood exposures from the present time ‐ period ( 1980 ‐ 2005 ) to the near future time ‐ period ( 2016 ‐ 2035 ) to a far future time period ( 2036 ‐ 2055 ) . These changes are evaluated for all floods exceeding 1 in 30 , 1 in 50 and 1 in 100 events as estimated through an ensemble of 11 climate models under RCP4 . 5 and RCP8 . 5 climate scenarios . For earthquakes , we use Peak Ground Acceleration ( PGA ) hazard maps for return periods of 250 ‐ , 475 ‐ , 950 ‐ , 1500 ‐ , and 2475 ‐ years , and group PGA into five discrete categories : Very High * * VH * * ( > 0 . 65g ) , High * * H * * ( 0 . 34g ‐ 0 . 65g ) , Medium * * M * * ( 0 . 18g ‐ 0 . 34g ) , Low * * L * * ( 0 . 092g – 0 . 18g ) , and Very Low * * VL * * ( < 0 . 092g ) . Similar categories are assumed for liquefaction susceptibility : VH , H , M , L , VL . These are based on a readily available dataset created for use at the global scale using a calibrated geospatial prediction model . # * * _Flood exposure results_ * * Our analysis shows that more numbers and users of WWTPs will witness an increase in extreme flooding exposures , in comparison to the numbers of WWTPs that will witness a decrease . - Under RCP4 .", "spans": [{"start": 317, "end": 362, "text": "wastewater treatment plants ( WWTP ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1461, "end": 1486, "text": "readily available dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "preferences . We do not test the median voter theory per se but are interested in knowing how preferences over government spending on health care , education , pensions and transfers to poor households , which together account for the bulk of provision in advanced economies , change across age groups while controlling for other individual characteristics . Indeed , race , demographics , socio ‐ economic characteristics and gender are important determinants of attitudes towards redistribution and government spending on social welfare ( Keely and Tan , 2008 ) . One of our main findings is that there is indeed a strong correlation between a person ’ s age and his or her preferences over policy , which is in turn reflected in how governments allocate scarce budgetary resources to competing programs . In particular , and in line with previous literature , we find that older individuals have stronger preference for allocating additional government spending to health care and pensions , whereas younger people tend to support additional spending on education . These findings are also fairly homogeneous among the countries covered in LITS II . Second , the effect of ageing on preferences over policy is shaped by participation in the political process . As before , we find that older people are less likely than their younger counterparts to support an increase in government spending on education . In addition , older people who do not vote are even less supportive of raising spending on education than older people who do vote . The same is true for pensions : the positive relationship between age and support for increasing spending on pensions is less pronounced among people who vote than among non ‐ voters . In other words , preferences over policy tend to be more nuanced among voters than among non ‐ voters of different age groups . Third , these findings are fairly homogeneous across countries and do not seem to be solely driven by cohort effects , a hypothesis that we tested using annual waves of Eurobarometer data between 2004 and 2011 . In other words , the fact that older people are more ( less ) likely to support increases in spending on pensions ( education ) is not driven by a generational change , but", "spans": [{"start": 2026, "end": 2044, "text": "Eurobarometer data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "At the same time , there is currently a significant gap in our understanding of the relative impacts of different types of interventions and programs in different sectors on nutrition and ECD outcomes , and this makes it difficult to know where to channel resources . _Knowledge Building_ is needed to address this situation . Analytical work will be done to better understand these relative impacts , drawing on the data collected through the improved nutritional information system to be implemented through SubComponent 2c . It is important to remember that the multi-sectoral nature of nutrition and ECD means that there are many programs affecting nutritional and ECD outcomes that are not explicitly included in the NNP ( as in Table 1 ) . Investments in water and sanitation , for example , would certainly improve malnutrition significantly . But at present , there is little knowledge as to the relative impact of such interventions on nutrition / ECD , relative to others . One aim of Component 2 would be to foster better understand of the relative impacts of different interventions , so that donors could make better choices as to where to channel funding . Increased funding for interventions that have a significant positive impact on nutritional and ECD outcomes are encouraged , even for interventions that are not explicitly included in the above table . # # * * 4 . Safeguard policies that might apply * * No safeguard policies will apply to the proposed operation . # * * 5 . Tentative financing * * | Source : | ( $ m . ) | | - - - | - - - | | BORROWER / RECIPIENT | 0 | | IDA Grant | 20 | | | Total < br > 20 | # * * 6 . Contact point * * Contact : Andrew Sunil Rajkumar Title : Economist Tel : ( 202 ) 458-1904 Fax : Email : Arajkumar @ worldbank . org", "spans": [{"start": 444, "end": 483, "text": "improved nutritional information system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "97 . 6 % ) , Arua ( 96 . 2 % ) and Hoima ( 90 . 6 % ) . Koboko district had the lowest exclusive breastfeeding rate which was recorded at 72 . 7 % . Exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of childhood illnesses , such as diarrhoea , gastrointestinal and respiratory infections . Breastfeeding is a natural method of family planning and also promotes sensory and cognitive development . Infants should be exclusively breastfed for 6 months to achieve optimal growth and development . Continued breastfeeding at 1 year was highest in Kyegegwa ( 94 . 1 % ) while continued breastfeeding at 2 years was the highest in Koboko ( 90 % ) . Introduction of solid , semi-solid or soft foods at age 6-8 months was Koboko ( 77 . 1 % ) and Isingiro ( 65 . 2 % ) . The consumption of Iron-rich or Iron-fortified foods was found high in Koboko ( 77 . 8 % ) , Isingiro ( 65 . 2 % ) and Kyegegwa ( 63 . 2 % ) . * * UNHCR SENS - Version 2 * * * * Page 53 of 126 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the conflict in Crimea , Donetsk and Lugansk on a monthly basis . As of March 2016 , 51 , 000 displaced children ( or 1 . 4 % of the total student population ) were enrolled in schools in other areas ( Ukraine Ministry of Education and Science , 2016 ) . Information systems have been often slow to respond to refugee situations . It is difficult to monitor refugee children ’ s enrolment , retention and learning in national systems where education data is not disaggregated to account for these vulnerable groups . These monitoring challenges are expected to increase with more refugees being included in national education systems and hence included in EMIS but without their legal status as refugees being registered . With this being the preferred approach in order to protect refugees and limit the risk of discrimination , a certain degree of parallel monitoring on refugee-specific vulnerability and protection aspects needs to be maintained . Some countries have taken steps to better monitor refugees ’ education status . Chad developed an integrated system to improve refugee education data management , with the aim of eventually integrating the data in the national EMIS . The system , developed as an offline spreadsheet tool , includes a set of data collection forms for 7", "spans": [{"start": 440, "end": 454, "text": "education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1079, "end": 1101, "text": "refugee education data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ShortTereCapitolTransactions | 6 | 15 | 29 | - 11 | | | | < br > | | | < br > CapitalTr , . anctlon - , < br > NEI | 24 | - | - | - | | outet | sodinRD | ec . 31 . < br > 1975 | | | < br > Change < br > IcReserves < br > | - 24 | - 20 | + 54 | - 19 | EXTERNAL DEBT ( DISBURSED ONLY ) | Amount | | Percen | t | | ( - increase ) 2 / < br > ForedEe < br > goReere | 202 | 233 | 193 | 174 | IRD | 106 . 0 < br > | | 20 . 4 < br > | | | < br > tEdofPerid3 / | | | | | Neck_Grop_ | 187 . 2 | | 36 . 0 < br > | | | | | | | | OtherMultilat-rel | 2 . 8 | | 0 . 5 | | | | | | | | Gt | 2777 | | 534 | | | GRANT AND LOAN COMMITMENTS | | | | | over , mees | . | | ; | | | | | | | | ofwhichCentrallyPlannedEconoies | - | | - | | | | | | | 1 | Sli | 105 | | 20 | | | OfficialGreets | . | . | 11 | 7 | uppers | . | | . | | | Totl < br > PublicMbLTer . < br > [ Loae | 97 | 101 | 161 | 369 | FinancialInetitutions | 18 . 3 | | 3 . 5 | | | < br > IBRD_ ( 0W ) _ | 29 | 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NVRB during the commitment period ( Table 2 ) . This could be for one of two reasons : either marginal debtors have access to cheaper forms of credit than overdrafts , or marginal debtors are already maxed out on overdrafts . While the effect of SSP on the debt stock is not significantly different from zero , the point estimate is economically meaningful and very close in magnitude to the treatment effect on savings . As a result , we find no evidence that SSP increased savings net of debt ( Table 3 , – – column 8 ) . One caveat here is that our survey-based estimates while close to zero are noisy . The 95 percent confidence interval for the impact of SSP on savings net debt easily includes the analogous point estimate on savings with NVRB . # * * 3 . 4 Heterogeneity by Baseline Overdrafting * * The main effects mask strikingly different treatment effects by baseline overdrafter status . This can be seen in Figure 1 , which graphs monthly treatment effects on the average daily balance at NVRB by overdrafter status . Here , the first vertical dashed line demarcates the payout month and the second vertical line demarcates the end of survey coverage . Panel B shows that the treatment effect for heavy overdrafters peaked roughly six months _before_ the SSP payout . This could reflect a combination of program dropout ( 19 percent of heavy overdrafters dropped out early , as compared to 7 percent of light overdrafters ) and drawdown of liquid , non-committed NVRB balances . In contrast , the treatment effect for light overdrafters peaked the month before the payout ( Panel A ) . Moreover , treatment effects for light overdrafters re-emerge in the post-endline period after dropping immediately after commitment amounts are released . These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that light overdrafters became accustomed to making smaller withdrawals from their NVRB accounts and continued with this behavior after the SSP program ended . < sup > 15 < / sup > These stark differences in treatment effects by baseline overdraft behavior are also apparent in the survey data . We examine heterogeneous treatment effects by augmenting equation 1 to include interactions between the different treatment effects and", "spans": [{"start": 2088, "end": 2099, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > Planne | d < br > Actual | | UG-MAAIF-144155-CS-CQS < br > / PROCUREMENT OF < br > ONSULTANCY SERVISES FOR < br > PROJECT ENDLINE SURVEY | TF / 18896 | Delivery of multisectoral < br > nutrition services at primary < br > school and community levels | Post | Consultant < br > Qualification < br > Selection < br > Open - National | | 250 , 000 . 0 | 0 < br > 0 . 00 < br > U < br > I | nder < br > mplementation < br > 2020-01-16 < br > 2019-11-11 < br > 2020-02-06 | 2020-03-21 < br > 2020-03-21 | | | 2020-04-20 < br > 2020-04-17 < br > 2 | 020-05-2 | 5 < br > 2020-11 | - 21 | Page 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > QUEEN ELIZABETH NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * # # # * * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * * With support from the World Bank , the Uganda Wildlife Authority Contracted _Infrastructure Development and Management Limited ( IDML ) _ to undertake preparation of a project brief for junior accommodation and an entry gate for Queen Elizabeth National Park to be constructed with financing under the _Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate Smart Development_ Project . The project activities involve the development of six ( 6 ) sites : five ( 5 ) for junior staff accommodation and one ( 1 ) for the park gate . The junior staff accommodation will be one block each at Kikorongo , Ishasha , Kisenyi , Kanyampara and Guruka outposts and the entry gate will be at Kasenyi . The proposed junior staff accommodation will have bedrooms , porches , stores , and a common toilet / bath / kitchen facility . The entry gate will have a gate facilities block , canopy and a gate house . It should be noted that one project brief has been prepared to cover the six sites , given that the environmental and social baseline conditions are similar across the park and the activities will be the same : i . e . construction of junior accommodation and the entry gate . To undertake the assessment , different approaches were used that included site reconnaissance , onsite assessment , literature review , review of the legal and regulatory framework relevant to the site , professional judgement , observations among others as described in section 5 . These were used in acquisition of secondary baseline data , primary data as well as map development to ensure a comprehensive report is prepared . A detailed assessment of the baseline environmental data was carried out to understand the existing parameters in the physical , biological and socio-economic environment within the vicinity of the project site . Aspects observed included climate data , geological data and soils , hydrology , air and noise quality , among others , as detailed in section 3 of the report . This", "spans": [{"start": 1573, "end": 1596, "text": "secondary baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1715, "end": 1742, "text": "baseline environmental data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1925, "end": 1937, "text": "climate data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1940, "end": 1955, "text": "geological data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to use a full time series of hazard data prior to regression analysis to generate a standardized anomaly . < sup > 14 < / sup > 13 Some hazard measures such as the WRSI cannot be expressed as a standardized anomaly because by construction they are top coded ( for example , the top value of WRSI is 100 percent ) . However , WRSI can be expressed as an anomaly ( i . e . , the ratio of current value with the mean or median ) . 14 Consider , for example , a cross-sectional household data set with three survey rounds and an identifier for the same districts ( or clusters , though that is less likely ) in each round . Using fixed effects for districts ( clusters ) transforms all the variables as deviations from the sample district ( cluster ) mean over all the household observations across the years in the same district ( cluster ) within the sample . With three survey rounds over the 20-year period analyzed , the district-specific sample mean of any given hazard measured is likely to differ significantly from the district mean estimated over a 20-year period . As a consequence , estimates of the welfare impacts of shocks are likely to differ significantly depending on whether the analysis uses the specification of the 15", "spans": [{"start": 458, "end": 492, "text": "cross-sectional household data set", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 28 ha vs . 0 . 76 by „ full land users ‟ ) < sup > 14 < / sup > and are less poor ( 12 % vs . 19 % ) . They enjoy better access to infrastructure and extension and - somewhat paradoxically given that a lack of resources is a key reason for leaving land idle - live in places with much better credit access . At the same time , they are smaller and have lower levels of agricultural assets . They rely on non-agricultural sources of income more heavily than the mean farmer ; in fact the share of their agricultural income is 10 points below the national average . Their level of productivity , in terms of total output or profit per ha , is half or less of the national average . Both the size of area affected - with the amount of idle land more than three times what is currently transferred through leases - and characteristics of households with fallow land thus suggest that land leasing could significantly improve productivity in rural areas . Exploring the reasons for the apparent failure of land rental markets on such a massive scale will thus be of great policy relevance . # * * 4 . 3 Descriptive evidence on land markets * * As a first step towards such analysis , table 5 displays descriptive statistics for households depending on whether they remained in autarky , demanded , or supplied land to rental ( col . 1-3 ) and sales ( col . 4-6 ) > 13 . We report figures for land left uncultivated because of lack of resources ( economic reason ) and inappropriate location ( structural reason ) . 14 . The fact that that households leaving land idle have slightly larger plots on average than those cultivating all of their land ( 0 . 31 vs . 0 . 28 ha ) casts doubt on potential of consolidation programs to effectively address the causes underlying abandonment of productive land . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1198, "end": 1235, "text": "descriptive statistics for households", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in partnership with the Private Sector Foundation Uganda ( PFSU ) , works with a limited pool of motivated local financial intermediaries that that see women entrepreneurs as core to their future client base . 17 . * * Lack of access to infrastructure — particularly infrastructure that accommodates women ’ s needs — is one of the biggest obstacles preventing women-owned MSMEs from growing their businesses . * * The Uganda Enterprise Survey for 2014 found that infrastructure was the most important constraint , with 33 . 4 percent of firms ranking it as the biggest obstacle . < sup > 26 < / sup > This includes poor road and transport infrastructure , poorly maintained markets and trading centers , and unreliable electricity and internet services , among others . A rapid assessment of common-user facilities for entrepreneurs recently supported by the State House and the Ministry of Local Government ( MLG ) found that that there was significant opportunity to improve the gender inclusiveness of these existing facilities and establish multi-purposes service and production facilities . Access to childcare infrastructure is a particularly critical constraint for women entrepreneurs . Studies indicate that only about 17 percent of women make use childcare services . < sup > 27 < / sup > The National Child Policy of the Ministry of Gender , Labor , and Social Development ( MGLSD ) estimates that the national average is less than 10 percent , and that refugee women do not benefit from what limited facilities exist . < sup > 28 < / sup > The challenges are quite distinct . In rural areas childcare infrastructure is limited . Whereas in urban areas services exist , but demand outstrips supply and prices are too high for women entrepreneurs with micro or small enterprises . 18 . * * Doubly excluded , refugee women face barriers to starting and growing businesses , compared to refugee men and to Ugandan nationals but also represent an underutilized source of economic resilience and entrepreneurship . * * Lack of local language proficiency ; unregulated informal labor environments ; limited access to arable land , inputs , and", "spans": [{"start": 419, "end": 443, "text": "Uganda Enterprise Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "W_ < / sup > _it_ � : From customs transaction data , we observe the total value of firms imports , _IMPit_ . Let ’ s define 0 _ ≤ κ ≤ _ 1 equals the share of imports that is used for exports , such that _p_ < sup > _W_ < / sup > _t_ < sup > _M W_ < / sup > _it_ < sup > = < / sup > < sup > _κIMPit_ . Then < / sup > ( 1 ) can be rewritten as Note that ( 2 ) is a structural relationship between the export value of a firm and the import value of a _κ_ . firm , which may allow for the estimation of the share of imports used for exports , As in Kee and Tang ( 2016 ) , we define the domestic value added ( DVA ) in export as the sum of export-specific profits , costs of labor , capital , and domestic materials used for export : 8", "spans": [{"start": 27, "end": 51, "text": "customs transaction data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "continue to work closely in collaboration with the authorities on addressing Ethiopia ’ s exchange rate and other market distortions in an orderly and sequenced way to minimize social and poverty effects . 65 . * * The economic and financial analysis performed for this project followed a standard Cost-Benefit Analysis ( CBA ) approach and revealed a positive net present value ( NPV ) of US $ 210 . 10 million and an internal rate of return ( IRR ) of 19 percent in the lower bound sensitivity analysis , and an NPV of US $ 194 . 81 million and an IRR of 18 % in the higher bound . * * The twofold approach ( that is , savings from digitization of service delivery and improved government efficiencies for all residents , including refugees , and revenue streams from e-KYC and authentication ) relied on the available secondary data from other countries and reasonable assumptions , as well as additional evidence sourced from the business cases developed by NIDP . The financial model was used to run a cash flow and financial analysis for three different scenarios ( optimistic , neutral , and pessimistic ) , plus an additional sensitivity analysis was performed based on alternate exchange rates for lower and higher bound NPV . As a result , the overall lower bound NPV for the project in the optimistic scenario was estimated at US $ 386 . 42 million and is expected to demonstrate an IRR of 27 percent over 10 years . In the neutral scenario , the NPV is expected to be US $ 210 . 06 million , and the IRR is expected to be 19 percent . In the pessimistic scenario , the NPV is expected to be US $ 27 . 17 million , and the IRR is expected to be 9 percent . The analysis for the higher bound NPV in the optimistic scenario is estimated at US $ 371 . 13 million and is expected to demonstrate an IRR of 26 percent over 10 years . In the neutral scenario , the NPV is expected to be US $ 194 . 81 million , and the IRR is expected", "spans": [{"start": 821, "end": 835, "text": "secondary data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". < / mark > < mark > Both the formal and informal economies have suffered dramatically due to disruption to markets , financial and trade mechanisms since the second half of 2021 , the freezing of central bank reserves and loans , and the sudden drop in direct international development assistance , which formerly accounted for 75 percent of public expenditures . < / mark > < mark > The deterioration in the situation has been particularly challenging for people living in poverty , recently displaced , those that rely on insecure employment in the informal sector , those in underserved locations , and those residing in informal settlements including IDPs throwing people into a critical need and resorting increasingly to harmful coping strategies as direct options in their efforts to survive . These harmful coping mechanisms create protection risks and drive the persistence of protection concerns . < / mark > < mark > In the first quarter of 2022 as during the previous year , the same coping strategies including borrowing money , sale of assets , child labor , selling child / exchanging child for debt relief , begging on the street , forced marriage , and child marriage , continue to be the most utilized coping strategies . < / mark > < mark > Children continue to bear the brunt of the conflict in Afghanistan , with child protection concerns frequently reported . In protection monitoring household surveys , 3 % of households are reported as child-headed households , 3 % as children at-risk headed households , and 1 % of households are headed by Unaccompanied and Separated Children ( UASC ) . 11 % of household respondents reported having children at risk within their households , whilst 1 % reported having UASC and 1 % reported having children engaged in Armed Conflict . < / mark > * * < mark > Child Labor : < / mark > * * < mark > During assessments , 31 % of respondents indicated that children are involved in child labour and the worst forms of child labor in accordance with the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention ( 1999 ) , No . 182 . Children face exploitation especially along", "spans": [{"start": 1387, "end": 1426, "text": "protection monitoring household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * shall apply for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Activities where Rated Criteria is applied * * _as specified under paragraphs 5 . 50_ of the Procurement Regulations is Applicable .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * - 6 - * * - ( x ) Conducting a comprehensive review of the legal , institutional and operational aspects of the Uganda Land Commission to identify gaps and making recommendations for improvement ; and - ( xi ) Provision of technical advisory services for carrying out an inventory of public land . * * ( b ) * * Undertaking systematic registration of communal and individually owned land , in particular : ( i ) establishing communal land associations ( \" CLAs \" ) in priority areas including the Northern and Eastern Regions ; ( ii ) demarcation and registration of communal lands in said priority areas and issuance of titles to said CLAs ; and ( iii ) demarcation and registration of individual lands in rural and peri-urban areas ( including issuance of titles to said individuals ) . - ( c ) Implementing a program of actions for strengthening institutions and mechanisms for land dispute resolution , in particular : ( i ) conducting a review of the Judiciary ' s rules and procedures for adjudication of land disputes to identify gaps and making recommendations for improvement ; ( ii ) strengthening the capacity of the Judiciary and other land agencies for implementing alternative dispute resolution and mediation programs ; ( iii ) compiling and disseminating material on land laws and related documents ; ( iv ) provision of training to the Judiciary and other land tribunals ; and ( v ) conducting a comprehensive review of the legal , institutional and operational framework of land tribunals to identify gaps and make recommendations for improvement . - * * ( d ) * * Implementing a program of actions for strengthening land administration and management institutions , in particular : ( i ) conducting a comprehensive review of the organizational structure and capacities of land administration and management institutions to identify gaps and making recommendations for improvement ; ( ii ) conducting an assessment of other public and private land sector institutions to identify skill gaps and implementing capacity development programs ; ( iii ) construction of a dormitory and multi-purpose hall for the institute of survey and land management and equipping said institute with instructional equipment ; ( iv ) developing", "spans": [{"start": 275, "end": 299, "text": "inventory of public land", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ Not Applicable ” _ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * _Procurement of Vehicles and Motor Cycles will be carried out by UNOPS considering the urgency that the vehicles and motor cycles are critically needed for project start up and the need to use UNOPS ’ s expertise on having long-term relationships with suppliers . _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 16 - discontinuing operations . Work in the Ogaden was interrupted by World War II but later pursued by several other companies , including Tenneco from 1969-77 . Tenneco drilled eight wells and encountered significant gas production at one ( Calub-1 ) . However , Tenneco concluded that developing the Calub gas discovery would be worthwhile only if total reserves exceeded by several times those estimated . Tenneco reli ' nquished all holdings in 1977 . 57 . Work in the Red Sea area also dates from the 1930s when AGIP drilled a number of holes in the Dahlak Archipelago , some of which had good oil shows . These operations ceased during and after World War II . In the early 1960s , Mobil acquired and explored blocks in the Red Sea . One of Mobil ' s wells drilled offshore in 1969 hit considerable quantities of gas , blew out and had to be abandoned . Before a relief well could be drilled , the well collapsed and sealed . Because Mobil was looking for oil , it relinquished this holding in 1970 . 58 . Mobil ' s efforts were followed by Gulf ( 1964-70 ) ; several smaller companies and Shell ( 1974-77 ) . These companies flew approximately 15 , 000 km of aerial magnetic surveys , collected 20 , 000 km of marine seismic data , and drilled five wells . While there were repeated oil and gas shows , there were no significant petroleum discoveries . 59 . After 1977 , when Tenneco surrendered its acreage in the Ogaden , all exploration activity in Ethiopia came to a halt for four years . At present , two exploration areas are leased out . The Calub area in the Ogaden region , covering about 10 , 000 km2 , is being explored by a Soviet geological team under a bilateral government agreement . A seismic survey has been carried out and a program of wells begun . The other area covers the Gambela Promontory close to the Sudan , which has been leased", "spans": [{"start": 1169, "end": 1192, "text": "aerial magnetic surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1220, "end": 1239, "text": "marine seismic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "consider two proxies for local resource constraints . The first is the amount of local taxes . We have data on prefectural business taxes _ ( Likin_ ) and land taxes , the two major sources of local fiscal income , in the year 1925 . The second proxy for resource constraints is total warlord resources , measured as the sum of fiscal revenue of all the > 13 An illustration might be useful here . Suppose a province had 5 prefectures , A , B , C , D , and E . Initially A , B , and C were under Warlord 1 , D and E were under Warlord 2 . Then in the middle of the warlord period , C changed hands to Warlord-2 . Then the set of unique warlord history regions are : A and B ; C ; D and E . 23", "spans": [{"start": 111, "end": 137, "text": "prefectural business taxes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 * * Self-employed workers being paid by the building owner is the prevailing situation for Syrian refugees working in construction in general * * , followed by those who work for contractors / private companies . Very few of the construction groups ( 1 , 3 , 4 ) work as a contractor or informally bringing on other workers . _Chart 7 : Current Work Arrangements in the Construction Sector by Group_ Given that Syrians were able to cross the borders to Jordan easily before the crisis ; 28 % started to work in Construction in Jordan before the start of the crisis . Those who have arrived during or after the crisis started to work in the construction sector at the same year of arrival or after in most of the cases . In other words ; those have started at year of arrival or after . | Year | Last entry to Jordan | Start of working in construction in Jordan | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | 2010 or before | 20 | 107 | | 2011 | 35 | 24 | | 2012 | 105 | 43 | | 2013 | 138 | 73 | | 2014 | 44 | 44 | | 2015 | 4 | 26 | | 2016 | 3 | 18 | | 2017 | 4 | 20 | | 2018 | 5 | 3 | 6", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "were also reported as the primary occupation of household heads . * * _Landholding : _ * * Out of a total 329 project affected households , a significant majority ( 98 . 8 % ) of them own farmland . Concerning the farmland holding size of project affected households , the survey results the average farmland holding size of PAHS is about 1 . 46 ha per household with slight difference across the Woredas affected by the proposed Subproject . * * _Agronomic Practices : _ * * The Arsi Zone in general and the subproject-affected Woredas in particular are renowned for their suitable arable land and high crop productivity including wheat , teff , barley , beans , and other crops . Many of these Woredas are among the top wheat and barley producers in the country . * * _Ownership of Livestock : _ * * Data on livestock ownership of the surveyed households revealed that majority ( 87 . 8 % ) of the households in project influence corridor owned livestock . Cattle , sheep and poultry are the main livestock types owned by the surveyed households . Official Use Only Page 4", "spans": [{"start": 802, "end": 829, "text": "Data on livestock ownership", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * No . * * | * * District * * | * * Popn . * * < br > * * 2002 * * | * * Popn . * * < br > * * 2014 * * | * * No . of * * < br > * * households * * | * * Growth * * < br > * * Rate * * < br > * * ( % ) * * | * * Pop . * * < br > * * Density * * < br > * * ( # / Per * * | * * Urbanization * * < br > * * level * * | * * Average # * * < br > * * Persons per * * < br > * * Household * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | | | * * 2002 to * * | * * Sq km ) * * | | | | | | | | | * * 2014 * * | | | | | 10 . | Nakaseke | 137 , 300 | 197 , 369 | 43 , 167 | 3 | 57 | 20 | 4 . 2 | | 11 . | Luwero | 341 , 300 | 456 , 958 | 105 , 346 | 2 . 4 | 206 | 20 . 9 | 4 . 2 | _Source : 2014 National Housing and Population Census Report_ Bukomasimbi has the lowest population growth rate of 0 . 7 % while Wakiso has the highest growth rate ( 6 . 6 % ) in the project area . Population growth impacts resource use as a rapidly increasing population will put pressure on resources and possibly lead to resource depletion / degradation . The implications of a growing population for sustainable economic development are many . Investment in social services ( education", "spans": [{"start": 723, "end": 774, "text": "2014 National Housing and Population Census Report_", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | Done | | * * 13 * * | Unable to use the UNHCR data to plan < br > the refugees Bikat implementation plan < br > in Addis Ababa : | • < br > Conduct < br > listing / registering < br > refugees before deciding on the < br > numbers < br > and < br > location < br > of < br > implementation . < br > • < br > keep the budget at the city level < br > ( request PCU to write a letter to < br > MoF ) | RRS / < br > MoLS / WB < br > MoLS / PCU | July 2024 < br > June , 2024 | Ongoing | | * * 14 * * | Youth sectorial preference - < br > The majority of youth are changing < br > sectors during placement : leading to a < br > lengthy interview process . | Validate the registered youth sectorial < br > preference data before conducting the < br > matching after the youth have completed < br > LS training . | MoLS | Oct - Nov , < br > 2024 | not started | | | Support on capacity building | MoLS PCU & WB | Nov 25 , 2023 , < br > Effective as of < br > rollout 2 | | Ongoing | 40", "spans": [{"start": 46, "end": 56, "text": "UNHCR data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "while over 70 were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention and fewer than 5 under UNHCR ' s mandate definitions . < sup > 111 < / sup > In the Dadaab camps , some Somalis also underwent an individual approach to RSD . The data suggest that approximately 129 Somalis who arrived in Dadaab in 2011 were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria , following an individual approach to status determination . Similarly , over 40 Somalis were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention and about 10 on the basis of UNHCR ' s mandate definitions . With respect to Somalis who arrived in 2012 in the Dadaab camps , approximately 10 were recognized on the basis of broader refugee criteria , through an individual approach , while over 20 were recognized on the basis of the Refugee Convention and about 6 under UNHCR ' s mandate definitions . This information is summarized in the table below . * * < mark > Table 1 : Legal Bases Recorded for Recognition of Somalis ( Arrived in Dadaab in 2011 and 2012 ) < / mark > * * | * * Legal Basis for Refugee Status * * | * * 2011 * * < sup > 112 < / sup > | * * 2012 * * < sup > 113 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Broader refugee criteria ( group-based ) | 121 , 345 | 18 , 621 | | Refugee Convention criteria ( group-based ) | 52 | 72 | | UNHCR mandate definitions ( group-based ) | 7 | 4 | | Broader refugee criteria ( individual ) | 129 | 10 | | Refugee Convention criteria ( individual ) | 42 | 23 | | UNHCR mandate definitions ( individual ) | 10 | 6 | Data collected by UNHCR during registration processes suggest that for 2011 , the four primary reasons recorded regarding reasons for flight of Somalis related to the", "spans": [{"start": 1528, "end": 1581, "text": "Data collected by UNHCR during registration processes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Also , by age group Figures 5a-c display notable differences across and within regions . Peak poverty rates of 85 percent for children aged 5-9 in rural areas in the North West in wave 3 stand in stark contrast to urban poverty rates for the 10-17-year old in the South West of below 10 percent . Even though rural poverty rates appear based on this data in wave 3 higher in the North West than in the North East , which currently receives a lot of attention from donor agencies , it needs to be kept in mind that the data from the North East is biased towards accessible areas . In the inaccessible rural conflict affected areas child poverty rates may likely be higher than the already high 70 % rural child poverty rates in wave 3 in the accessible areas . # _5 . 1 . 2 Multi-Dimensional Poverty in Nigeria_ As poverty goes beyond monetary poverty , this section presents poverty estimates based on different deprivations using the four waves of the GHS and the MICS 2016 / 2017 data set . The results of the individual level deprivations ( education , food and health ) are presented for different age groups , followed by the child deprivations ( water , sanitation , shelter , information ) measured at the household level over the complete child age range < sup > 21 < / sup > . For each deprivation , first national level figures are presented for each GHS wave and the MICS data , distinguishing by urban and rural sector . Subsequently , estimates by geopolitical zone are presented by survey and sector . Finally , state level estimates based on the MICS data are displayed , with a further breakdown by gender for severe education and food deprivation . # # Education Deprivation By reaching the age category 15-17 years , according to Figure 6a , around 1 in 10 children has never been to school and is not currently in school with little change over time . However , educational deprivation seems very much a rural phenomenon . Moreover , rural and northern do children start schooling later . Among the 5-9-year olds living in urban areas , around 10 percent has not yet been to school", "spans": [{"start": 953, "end": 956, "text": "GHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 965, "end": 990, "text": "MICS 2016 / 2017 data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1561, "end": 1570, "text": "MICS data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # # # * * Under the National Land Commission Act , the Commission shall : * * - On behalf of , and with the consent of the national and county governments , alienate public land ; - Monitor the registration of all rights and interests in land ; - Ensure that public land and land under the management of designated state agencies are sustainably managed for their intended purpose and for future generations ; - Develop and maintain an effective land information management system at national and county levels ; - Manage and administer all unregistered trust land and unregistered community land on behalf of the county government ; and - Develop and encourage alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in land dispute handling and management . - Implement Settlement Programmes on behalf of national and county governments as outlined in section 134 of the Land Act . - Administer the Land Settlement Fund in accordance with section 135 of The Land Act 2012 - Manage the Land Compensation Fund - Identify ecologically sensitive areas that are within public land and demarcate and take any other justified action on those areas and act to prevent environmental degradation and climate change in accordance with the Land Act . - Reserve public land for the establishment of approved settlement Programmes , and where public land is not available , purchase private land subject to the Public Procurement and Disposal Act , 2005 or any other law as provided for in section 134 ( 5 ) of the Land Act . - Set aside land for investment purposes in accordance with section 12 ( 3 ) of the Land Act . - Approve compulsory acquisitions , way leaves , easements and analogous rights . - Ensure that the investments , in land benefit local communities and their economies . - Make regulations prescribing the criteria for allocation of public land , such regulations to prescribe forms of ownership and access to land under all tenure systems . - The procedure and manner of setting aside land for investment should respect mechanisms of benefit sharing with local communities . # # # # # # * * < u > Relevance < / u > * * The NLC will be", "spans": [{"start": 452, "end": 486, "text": "land information management system", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Nairobi Metropolitan Services ( P107314 ) * * Quality of Supervision Rating * * Moderately Satisfactory # # * * Overall Bank Performance Rating * * Moderately Satisfactory # # * * 9 . M & E Design , Implementation , & Utilization * * # # * * a . M & E Design * * The M & E framework included following PDO indicators : ( i ) Direct project beneficiaries ( number ) , of which female ( percent ) ; ( ii ) People in the Nairobi metropolitan region with access to improved sanitation services ( sewerage ) ( number ) ; ( iii ) People in the Nairobi metropolitan region provided with access to regular solid waste collection ( number ) ; ( iv ) People in urban areas provided with access to all-season roads within a 500 meter range under the project ( number ) ; and ( iv ) People in the Nairobi metropolitan region living within a one kilometer radius of a location for a commuter rail station , benefitting from improved access to that location ( number ) . The first four indicators are “ core indicators ” for the World Bank . However , they were not adequate to measure the PDO “ strengthen urban services and infrastructure in the Nairobi metropolitan region ” . The indicators measured the achievement of the latter part of the PDO i . e . the access to infrastructure . The methodology for the indicators was not clearly spelled out in the PAD . The PAD ( para 47 ) noted that the data to track the number of people benefiting from the project would come from the national census . During implementation , the targets had to be revised with improved methodology and results on the ground . There were no PDO indicators to measure the “ strengthening service delivery ” through institutional strengthening and planning in the metropolitan region . In sum , the PDO indicators only covered number of beneficiaries . These were World Bank core indicators , and although they are relevant ,", "spans": [{"start": 1565, "end": 1580, "text": "national census", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Not Applicable * * Procurement of Second Hand Goods * * as specified under paragraph 5 . 11 of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : Not Applicable * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Other * * * * _Relevant Procurement Information . _ * * _None_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "This problem is not unique to Kenya ; other countries in the region also has difficulties properly sequencing the MTEF-supportive activities simply because they are being pushed by different initiatives . 26 . _Inadequate Comprehensive Understanding of MTEF Requirements and Implications : _ Because of the novelty and complexity of the MTEF exercise , both the MoF and MoH – and the World Bank itself – appear to have underestimated the time and effort needed to carry out the process , its technical and analytical requirements , as well as the political support needed to achieve top-level decisions especially with respect to the overall size of the Kenyan government and the civil service . 27 . Within the MoF , the rationale of MTEF is well understood , i . e . , “ focusing on GoK ’ s core functions based on available forecast of resources , and enhancing the allocation for operations and maintenance ” . However , MoF staff admitted that the technical requirements of this new expenditure planning requires new skills that they are > 4 The MoH recently compiled a directory of all health facilities , which is already a major step in the eradication of “ ghost facilities , ” a phenomenon that sometimes occurs in certain countries and which can provide a significant drain on budgetary resources .", "spans": [{"start": 1075, "end": 1109, "text": "directory of all health facilities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "13 # * * 5 . Estimating the challenge * * ― Growth with equity ‖ is a contemporary development goal espoused by governments and international organizations ( for example , World Bank 2005 ) . In theoretical terms one can assume that social welfare ( _SW_ ) consists of two components : efficiency ( _EF_ ) and equity ( _EQ_ ) , as in the following social welfare function : # ( 10 ) _SW = f ( EF , EQ ) _ This function could be specified as : # ( 11 ) _SW = ( Y / P ) _ < sup > _α_ < / sup > _ ( 1 - GINI ) _ < sup > _β_ < / sup > where ( _Y_ / _P_ ) is per capita income , _GINI_ is the common inequality index and α and β the value of the weights one puts at the efficiency and equity components . Assigning such weights implies a value judgment that is best left to voters and politicians . The education challenge in this framework is how particular education policies ( for example , greater coverage of primary education ) are conducive or not to changing the values of per capita income and income distribution in a way that promotes social welfare . < sup > 4 < / sup > # * * Data and sources * * The following data were used in our simulations : - Historical national accounts data from Maddison ( 2010 ) - Investment in education data from the World Bank on line indicators ( EdStats ) - Education data from Barro and Lee ( 2010 ) and World Bank indicators - Micro returns to education from Psacharopoulos and Patrinos ( 2004 ) - Gini coefficients from the Word Bank indicators Although all measures of education are used in this paper , our central education variable is the average years of schooling of the population aged 15-plus . This choice is dictated both by the availability of a solid comparable database spanning 60 years ( 1950-2010 ) , and the fact this measure is a summary of educational development encompassing all levels ( Barro and Lee 2010 ) . This measure of education also links to an extensive body of", "spans": [{"start": 1157, "end": 1204, "text": "Historical national accounts data from Maddison", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1254, "end": 1283, "text": "World Bank on line indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1345, "end": 1366, "text": "World Bank indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1467, "end": 1487, "text": "Word Bank indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "greater amount of evidence needs to be built , and ideally we would like to have the expected effectiveness of the alternative modalities offered through G . # Hence , _m = G * A * E_ In the context of our global simulations , the parameter _m_ is used as a single parameter which combines all three elements described above : - γ , families are losing income . The income loss is an exogenous parameter , as is determined by existing GDP projections , from the World Bank and IMF . - _d_ , countries have age group specific income elasticities to schooling < sup > 55 < / sup > , which will lead - some children to drop out . - Learning , measured in terms of Harmonized Learning Outcomes ( HLO ) ; PISA score ; and PISA Level . - Schooling , measured in Expected Years of Schooling ( EYS ) . - LAYS , Learning Adjusted Years of Schooling . _Simulation 1 : Effect on LAYS ( years ) _ This analysis examines the impacts of school closures on the stock of earning Adjusted Years of Schooling ( LAYS ) as well as on Harmonized Learning Outcomes across country income groups . Additionally , we combine data on the projected GDP per capita change provided by the MPO ( Macro Poverty Outlook , WBG ) with the Global Monitoring Database ( collection of globally harmonized household survey data , WBG ) to estimate how much dropout is likely to occur as a result of COVID-19 . The HCI 2017 database is used as the baseline for these calculations . ∆ _LAYSc = f ( _ ∆ _HLOc , _ ∆ _EYSc ) _ changes in the LAYS of country _c_ is a function of changes in both the HLO and EYS of country _c_ , where , * * HLO * * , Harmonized Learning Outcomes of country _c_ * * EYS * * , Expected Years of Schooling of country _c_ Hence , we simulate the impact of COVID-19 , both in terms of school closures and household income , on both the HLO and EYS as per the equations below : where , * * sc * * , school closure ( as a share", "spans": [{"start": 1205, "end": 1231, "text": "Global Monitoring Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1234, "end": 1289, "text": "collection of globally harmonized household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1376, "end": 1393, "text": "HCI 2017 database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "نهج المتبع في الشراء ، والذي يرتكاإليجابية ) . وسيساعد هذا ال لنتشار في األردن ( أو الحصول السماح للعديد من شركات األدوية العالمية والمنتجين العامين ب * * ا * * تقديم األدوية واللقاحات من خالل على وكالء ) . وينطوي التدبير الوحيد اإلضافي المقترح للحد ّ من الخطر على إبالغ مقدمي العروض العالميين المحتملين بالحزم والموقع اإللكتروني لدائرة الشراء الموحد ( النسخة UNDB online موقعمن خالل دوالر أميركي 500 , 000 التي تتجاوز . ) اإلنجليزية ) وما فوق 200 , 000 . للحد من عدد المعامالت والو ثائق الضرورية ، ست ُ عد ّ قائمة إيجابية للسلع ( العقود التي تكون كلفتها المقدرة35 لألدوية واللقاحات التي سيتم شراؤها على أن تحتوي على السلع التي توافق عليها المؤسسة العامة للغذاء والدواء . ولتسهيل السحب ) دليل على الشراء ( طلبii ( ، ) دليل على اإلعالنiمن", "spans": [{"start": 360, "end": 371, "text": "UNDB online", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "ar"}
{"text": "countries . I then drop 12 countries for which there are remaining gaps in the government spending data . This results in a final sample of 29 countries reported in Table 1 . Given that I am focusing on the most aid ‐ dependent countries in the world , it is not very surprising that the majority of countries in my sample are located in Sub ‐ Saharan Africa . The only four exceptions are Bolivia , Morocco , Tunisia , and Jordan . For these 29 countries , World Bank spending is large not only as a share of GDP , but also as a share of total government spending . The time ‐ averaged share of World Bank ‐ financed spending in total spending ranges from a low of 3 . 3 percent in Jordan to a high of 18 . 5 percent in Uganda , and averages 9 . 3 percent . Merely restricting attention to countries that are large recipients of World Bank loans on average is however not enough to ensure that fluctuations in disbursements on World Bank loans are large – it could for example be the case that countries receive a large but steady flow of project approvals , leading to a large but stable flow of disbursements . Fortunately for my purposes , this is not the case , as disbursements on World Bank loans fluctuate significantly over time . Table 2 documents summary statistics on the magnitude of fluctuations in the four measures of disbursements on World Bank projects , ∆ � � � , as well as total government spending , ∆ � � and output growth , ∆ � � , pooling all country ‐ year observations in my sample . Fluctuations in total disbursements are quite substantial , with a standard deviation of 1 . 4 percent of GDP , and of 1 . 1 percent of GDP for disbursements on previously ‐ approved projects . By way of comparison , the standard deviation of GDP growth rates is 3 . 9 percent in this sample , and the standard deviation of changes in total government spending is 2 . 9 percent . # * * 4 . Estimates of the Government Spending Multiplier * * # * * 4 . 1", "spans": [{"start": 79, "end": 103, "text": "government spending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 8 | 5 | 13 | | | | And recorded in ofcial registers | 6 | 4 | 10 | _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ + 1 < / sup > < br > _i_ | _D_ < sup > _FNL_1 < / sup > < br > _i_ | | Not declared but matched with registers | 1 | 7 | 8 | | | | Total matched with registers ( declared or not ) | 7 | 11 | 18 | _D_ < sup > _CNDD_ + 2 < / sup > < br > _i_ | _D_ < sup > _FNL_2 < / sup > < br > _i_ | | * * Totals * * | | | | | | | Households belonging to a faction ( without matches ) | 28 | 21 < sup > ∗ < / sup > | 49 | _R_ < sup > _CNDD_ + 1 < / sup > < br > _i_ | _R_ < sup > _FNL_1 < / sup > < br > _i_ | | Households belonging to a faction ( with matches ) | 29 | 28 | 57 | _R_ < sup > _CNDD_ + 2 < / sup > < br > _i_ | _R_ < sup > _FNL_2 < / sup > < br > _i_ | _Notes_ : Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . For two households , there were two persons reporting to have ties with the FNL . In one household , both declared to be demobilized in 2009 but none was officially recorded . In another household , there was one recorded ex-combatant , while his brother had not received anything . The related dummies take the value one for each case but the return variable is restricted to one for both cases . We argue that the second definition is the most appropriate for two reasons . First , the matching exercise with official demobilization registers should capture respondents who feared reporting that there is an ex-combatant in their family . Second , cross-checking self-reported demobilization status with official demobilization registers should exclude households who wrongly 17We undertook this matching exercise using generalized Levenshtein edit distance , which is the total number", "spans": [{"start": 778, "end": 804, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1327, "end": 1351, "text": "demobilization registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1513, "end": 1546, "text": "official demobilization registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "begun and disbursement of r funds to the Solar Service Providers and Clean Cooking Stove Service Providers has begun . Component * * 3 * * it is still at the preparatory stage . Activities in component 4 are underway and are facilitating components 1 , 2 and * * 3 . * * Measures are in place to ensure that value for money is achieved . This is through projects monitoring and evaluation strategy adopted * * by * * the Project Coordinating Unit * * ( PCU ) . * * # * * 1 . 8 . 4 Indicate the absorption rate for each year since the commencement of the project . * * The absorption rate for the year under review was * * 108 % * * against the allocated budget of Kshs . 2 , 200 , 000 , 000 . # # * * 1 . 8 . 5 List the implementation challenges and recommended way forward . * * - * * 1 ) * * Delay in land acquisition due to the travel and health restrictions arising from * * COVID 19 . * * Review of land acquisition methodology to include virtual meetings where possible . - 2 ) The multi-tier framework study which was commissioned * * by * * the Bank and also provides insights on the sector was not approved for release * * by * * the Bank and therefore did not provide insights on KOSAP counties as was envisaged in the * * PAD . * * This poses a challenge in gaining baseline information on the status of clean cooking and solar adoption , which forms a basis for tracking project progress . The Bank needs to be impressed upon to release this study , as it will give valuable information for implementing KOSAP . * * 3 ) * * Insecurity in some areas may affect the construction and installation phase of the project ; Project xii", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Long-term effects of the 1923 mass refugee inflow on social cohesion in Greece < sup > _ ∗ _ < / sup > # Elie Murard < sup > _ † _ < / sup > _University of Alicante , NOVA SBE , IZA , LEAP_ _JEL Classification Codes_ : O15 , J62 , N34 , N44 _Keywords_ : Refugees , social cohesion , integration , historical persistence , immigration > _ ∗ _ This paper was commissioned by the World Bank Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice as part of the activity “ Preventing Social Conflict and Promoting Social Cohesion in Forced Displacement Contexts . ” The activity is task managed by Audrey Sacks and Susan Wong with assistance from Stephen Winkler . This work is part of the program “ Building the Evidence on Protracted Forced Displacement : A Multi-Stakeholder Partnership ” . The program is funded by UK aid from the United Kingdom ’ s Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office ( FCDO ) , it is managed by the World Bank Group ( WBG ) and was established in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . The scope of the program is to expand the global knowledge on forced displacement by funding quality research and disseminating results for the use of practitioners and policy makers . This work does not necessarily reflect the views of FCDO , the WBG or UNHCR . > _ † _ I thank Sara Tonini for her very helpful suggestions and Chrysovalantis Vasilakis for sharing the crime data .", "spans": [{"start": 1421, "end": 1431, "text": "crime data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "with the results of the second-round survey to explore the dynamic of firm responses during COVID-19 . We further collect country-level data from various sources . GDP per capita is from the World Development Indicators database ( WDI ) . The stringency of government policy to contain COVID19 is from Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker ( OxCGRT ) database , which provides information on the government policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic across more 9", "spans": [{"start": 122, "end": 140, "text": "country-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 191, "end": 228, "text": "World Development Indicators database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 302, "end": 345, "text": "Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 9 . Asylum applications and refugee status determination by origin and country / territory of asylum , 2006 Source : 2006 ASR . Data are provisional and subject to change . Status as at 15 June 2007 . * * * * < u > N . B . The origin is included if the total number of applications submitted during 2006 was 100 or more . < / u > Values between 1 and 4 have been replaced with an asterisk ( * ) . See Table 7 regarding reporting of persons or cases . * * | | Country / | | | Pending < br > start-2006 | | | Deci | ions durin | 2006 | | Pending < br > end-2006 | Pr < br > Recog | otection < br > ition | indicat | ors < sup > 1 < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | territory | | | | Applied | Posit | < br > ive | | | | | rate | s | O / w . | Change | | Origin | of < br > asylum | Pr < br > T | ocedure < br > < sup > ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ < / sup > < br > L < sup > ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ < / sup > | Total | during < br > 2006 | Recog - < br > nized | Other < br > ( hum . ) | Rejected | Otherw . < br > closed | Total | Total | Ref . < br > status | Total | closed < br > rate | pending", "spans": [{"start": 127, "end": 135, "text": "2006 ASR", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "a substantial amount must come from forest land , whether gazetted or not ; the rest must come from scrubland , farmland , scattered trees and shrubs . Since annual consumption far outstrips wood regeneration , fuelwood consumptiDn is clearly leading to significant deforestation . The dimensions of the phenomenon , however , are only dimly known . MENR ' s 1979 / 80 survey found acute scarcity in Kitui , Turkana , Machakos , and parts of Kakamega Districts and in much of Nyanza province . Crop residues and manure are widely used in these areas to substitute for fuelwood ; richer families are able to afford kerosene . Rapid loss of forest cover was noted in areas peripheral to Nairobi , which furnish the capital with charcoal . # # Forest Industries 1 . 08 Sawmilling . Sawmilling is the most important forest industry in Kenya after charcoal-making . There are approximately 350 licensed sawmills , of which only about 20 % have five-year licenses and the rest one-year licenses . In addition there is an unknown number of unlicensed mills , which operate without any guaranteed supply . The unlicensed mills and most sf the licensed ones are very small , with a monthly output of well below 100 m . Due to anomalies in the allocation of cutting rights , most mills do not receive enough wood to operate at capacity , even though that wood is available . Figures of input and output are jot reliably known . According to FD-s Marketing Section , approximately 400 , 000 m sawlogs are being sold annually to sawmills ; yet the same Department 3estimates that total log input into the sawmills is not less than 550 , 000 m , of which exotic timbers probably make up ibout 90 % . The native forests are estimated to produce an average of 120 , 000 m of sawlogs", "spans": [{"start": 350, "end": 375, "text": "MENR ' s 1979 / 80 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We have constructed our own per capita consumption series , based on data reported by households in the Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 through 2010 , in the bottom panel of Figure 4 , and it paints a somewhat different picture : by this measure , real consumption spending was maintained until mid-2009 , and then fell briefly , before reverting to trend by the end of the year . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 3100 < br > 3000 < br > 2900 < br > 2800 < br > 2700 < br > y = 9 . 5766x + 2761 . 5 < br > R2 = 0 . 3424 < br > 2600 < br > 2500 < br > 2007q1 2008q1 2009q1 2010q1 < br > Figure 4 . 1 . Private consumption expenditure , 1988 prices < br > Source : Reported by Bank of Thailand . Shaded area marks period of recession . < br > 4600 < br > 4400 < br > 4200 < br > 4000 < br > 3800 < br > y = 30 . 481x + 3805 . 4 < br > R2 = 0 . 6463 < br > 3600 < br > 3400 < br > 3200 < br > 2007q1 2008q1 2009q1 2010q1 < br > Real expenditure / capita , baht / month < br > Real expenditure / capita , baht / month < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 4 . 1 . Private consumption expenditure , 1988 prices * * * * Figure 4 . 2 . Consumption expenditure per capita , 2007 prices . * * Source : Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 . Shaded area marks period of recession . Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 9", "spans": [{"start": 104, "end": 126, "text": "Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1209, "end": 1240, "text": "Thailand Socio-Economic Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Periodic Analysis of Syrian Workers September 2018 6 . Food and beverage ( restaurants and catering ) 7 . Accommodation 8 . Other 9 . Don ’ t know / refused to answer - b . No - i . Do you believe your employer would be willing to get a work permit for you ? 1 . Yes 2 . No ii . If your employer was willing to get a work permit for you , would you want a work permit ? 1 . Yes 2 . No 3 . What is the main reason ? - a . I am afraid of losing cash assistance ( Note : if this is the answer given , enumerator should record the answer but clarify UNHCR policy ) : “ ” If you been on cash assistance for an extended period of time , you may be replaced by other refugees from the waiting list by the end of this year ” - b . I am afraid of losing the opportunity to resettle outside of Jordan . ( Note : if this is the answer given , enumerator should record the answer but clarify UNHCR policy ) - c . I don ’ t want to be tied to one employer - d . I want to keep a low profile - e . Other # # # # # # * * Contacts : * * United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , Amman , Jordan , Tel : + 962 ( 6 ) 530 2000 , Fax + 962 ( 6 ) 551 6742 International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , Amman , Jordan , Tel : + 962 ( 6 ) 565 3991 , Fax + 962 ( 6 ) 565 3807 World Bank Group ( WBG ) , Amman , Jordan , Tel : + 962 ( 6 ) 563 3705 , Fax + 962 ( 6 ) 567 8040 14", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "NA | NA | NA | | 1979 | < br > 79 fr | | 84 | 24 | 11 | 19 | | 1984 | < br > 91 | 85 < br > | 91 | 34 | 36 | 45 | | 1986 | 100 | ite - | 100 | 27 | 24 | 39 | Source : Annual Bank Statistics , various issues . move , however , was costly to the borrowers : free credit carried extremely high real interest rates ( see below ) while linked credit was usually supplied at \" civilized \" rates . Restricted to export financing , directed short term credit was 100 percent linked in 1985 and 1986 . # 4 . Term Structure - It was repeatedly shown that agriculture relied on short term - credit to finance production assets ( Lowe 1955 ; Sadan and Kadishay 1967 ; Sarig Committee 1979 ) . It was also often claimed that the mismatch in the term structure of investment and its finance and the creation of the \" financing gap \" ~ ( between terms of credit and the productive life of assets ) was the result of government policy of 29", "spans": [{"start": 167, "end": 189, "text": "Annual Bank Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "/ develop standards and tolerance limits for fertilizer products and packaging materials and put in place enforcement mechanisms to regulate fertilizer quality and packaging standards and facilitate licensing of private clearing and forwarding agents ; ( d ) NFIA would furnish to IDA an annual work program for all project components , including procurement , technical assistance , training , biofertilizers and soil testing , two months prior to the beginning of each year starting from Project Year 2 ; ( e ) NFIA would hold a mid-term review jointly with IDA to comprehensively review project performance and agree on future course of actions - - such a review would also include plans for commercialization of biofertilizer programs and introduction of cost recovery for soil testing service ; ( f ) NFIA would organize a benchmark survey in Project Year-1 , and an annual impact assessment survey thereafter throughout the life of the project ; ( g ) NFIA would put in place a project financial management and accounting system by December 1995 ; and ( h ) NFIA would finalize with IDA details of arrangements to maintain a data base regarding the impact of fertilizer on the environment , and establish a monitoring and testing program for strategic locations by December 31 , 1996 . 21 . TGE has further agreed on the following * * conditions of credit effectiveness : * * ( a ) AISCO will submit to IDA ( i ) a phased action plan for complete privatization of its marketing centers by December 31 , 1997 ; ( ii ) a business plan for 1995 , acceptable to IDA , including guidelines on fertilizer pricing for distributors , wholesalers and retailers ; ( b ) NFIA will ( i ) furnish its annual work program for 1995-96 acceptable to IDA ; ( ii ) recruit a project implementation advisor and a specialist each in fertilizer MIS and marketing , with qualifications , experience and terms and conditions of employment satisfactory to IDA ; ( iii ) furnish evidence satisfactory to IDA that the Project Coordination and Monitoring Office has been made fully operational ; and ( c ) furnish evidence that", "spans": [{"start": 828, "end": 844, "text": "benchmark survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 872, "end": 903, "text": "annual impact assessment survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1131, "end": 1194, "text": "data base regarding the impact of fertilizer on the environment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Loan / CreditNo . Component Review Type Method Market Approach Contract Type Amount ( US $ ) Estimated Actual Amount ( US $ ) Process Status Terms of Reference Expression of InterestNotice Request for ProposalsShort List and Draft Request for Proposalsas Issued Opening of TechnicalProposals / Minutes Technical Proposal Evaluation of Combined EvaluationNeReport and Draftgotiated Contract Signed Contract Contract Completion < br > Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual < br > ET-CSA-156238-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > National Gender Survey - < br > Consultancy Services onTechnical issues ofcustomized questionnaire IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 13 , 333 . 00 0 . 00 PendingImplementation 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > development , testing , sample < br > design and estimation < br > procedures for the National < br > Gender Asset Gap < br > ET-CSA-156237-CS-QCBS / < br > employment of consultancy < br > service providing firm for < br > Household Surveys and Price < br > Statistics - ConsultancyServices on Technical issues IDA / D2290 Post Quality And Cost-Based Selection Open - National 27 , 448 . 00 0 . 00 Canceled 2020-03-10 2020-04-08 2020-05-12 2020-06-09 2020-07-09 2020-08-13 2020-08-27 2021-08-27 < br > of sample design and < br > estimation procedures for < br > improvement of price survey < br > and labor statistics < br > ET-CSA-156233", "spans": [{"start": 673, "end": 695, "text": "National Gender Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1555, "end": 1567, "text": "price survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * I . Introduction * * Studying the effects of exchange rates is a hardy perennial of international macroeconomics . But nearly all the empirical research is focused on the impact of exchange rate changes on the country experiencing or undertaking them . < sup > 1 < / sup > There is less evidence quantifying the effect of exchange rate movements on the exports of competitor countries , a classic case of spillover that in its adverse manifestation is dubbed the ― beggar-thy-neighbor ‖ effect . This paper examines the spillover effect of movements in China ’ s exchange rate on exports of other developing countries in third country markets . The Chinese currency provides a suitable opportunity to study the spillover dimension for three reasons . First , China , by virtue of being the world ’ s largest exporter of goods , is likely to have quantitatively more significant competitive consequences for other countries than nearly any other exporter . Second , China is also a highly diversified exporter so that it potentially competes with a broad range of countries and across the product spectrum . Finally , reflecting China ’ s dominant size and encompassing scope , its exchange rate policy has been one of the most controversial aspects of international macroeconomics during the 2000s . More recently , it has been in the spotlight because of the consequences of a possibly undervalued renminbi on demand and output in industrial countries experiencing high unemployment and excess capacity . The spillover effect is estimated with the help of highly disaggregated trade data which facilitates the use of a novel methodology to exploit the variation across exporters , importers , products , and time . We use disaggregated trade data at the 6-digit level spanning 124 developing country exporters and 57 large importers over the period 2000-2008 . Our empirical approach is motivated by an analytical framework that we develop based on Feenstra , Obstfeld , and Russ > 1 This is generally true of the older , voluminous literature on the trade consequences of exchange rates ( Goldstein and Khan ( 1985 ) provides a survey and other contributions include Hooper , Johnson and Marquez ( 2000 ) ; Thursby and Thursby ( 1987 ) ) . It is", "spans": [{"start": 1729, "end": 1753, "text": "disaggregated trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 . 3 Survey of fuel-efficient stoves coverage , status and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 | | - - - | | 3 . 4 Stove testing results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 | | 4 . 0 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 | | * * List of Tables * * | | Table 1 : Criteria for participants ’ selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 | | Table 2 : Average charcoal briquettes consumption by family size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "information , research data and credible records by other stakeholder to inform project needs and subsequently informed scale up of the project scope . In May 2020 , a toll-free GBV Rapid Response Center and toll free helpline recorded 3 , 201 cases , as compared to 1 , 649 cases recorded in April , constituting a 94 percent increase < sup > 9 < / sup > . In addition , there has been over 300 percent spike in the number of GBV cases reported between the months of March to May , 2020 and generally during the COVID-19 period , the high prevalence was occasioned by the closure of schools and the restricted movements . In response to this and public outcry , the project incorporated , as part of the financing for the first AF , an additional component 8 focused on improving the capacity and quality of GBV response services for survivors in targeted counties , with focus on health systems strengthening to be implemented initially in ten ( 10 ) counties . 55 . The Project will continue to consult , plan , execute and strive to make use of the input of stakeholders for improved project results . Project components will purpose to engage Stakeholders within their scope of activities and populate stakeholder engagement data using the following format . The Format may be adjusted based on the stakeholder information needs . The Social Safeguards Officers within the project will maintain an up to date repository of stakeholder engagement activities throughout the project period . Table 2 presents the reporting matrix being used by the team to document stakeholder engagement activities . * * < u > Table 2 : Stakeholder Engagement Reporting Format < / u > * * | * * Stakeholder * * | * * Stakeholder * * | * * Stakeholder * * | * * Object of * * | * * Stakeholder * * | * * Engagement * * | * * Date of * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - |", "spans": [{"start": 1207, "end": 1234, "text": "stakeholder engagement data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Strong , but recently more < br > restrictive ( Resigned from < br > Cartagena ) | Government | Gov . & UNHCR | Y | | Indonesia | N | No domestic legislation but < br > engaged in the Bali Process | UNHCR | UNHCR | N | | India | N | None | UNHCR | UNHCR | N | | Malaysia | N | None , refugees treated as < br > undocumented migrants | UNHCR | UNHCR | N | | Thailand | N | None , refugees treated as < br > illegal foreigners | UNHCR | UNHCR | N | | Iran ( Islamic < br > Republic of ) | Y | No specifi c refugee < br > legislation , refugee < br > protection addressed under < br > other legislation | Gov . & UNHCR | Gov . & UNHCR | N | | Macedonia | Y | Needs to be strengthened | Gov . & UNHCR | Government | Y | | Turkey | Reservations | Being developed | Gov . & UNHCR | Gov . & UNHCR | Y | | Ukraine | Y | Needs to be strengthened | Gov . & UNHCR | Gov . & UNHCR | Y | | Lebanon | N | None | UNHCR | Government | N | | Jordan | N | MoU | UNHCR | UNHCR | N | | Syrian Arab < br > Republic | N | None , | UNHCR | UNHCR | N | | Egypt | Reservations | Refugees treated as other < br > foreigners & presidential < br > authority | UNHCR | UNHCR | N | | Yemen | Y | None | UNHCR | UNHCR | Y | A Global Survey – 2012 27", "spans": [{"start": 1193, "end": 1215, "text": "A Global Survey – 2012", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "records of the Procurement Process . Other national procurement arrangements ( other than national open competitive procurement ) , that may be applied by the Borrower ( such as limited / restricted competitive bidding , request for quotations / shopping , direct contracting ) , shall be consistent with the Bank ’ s Core Procurement Principles and ensure that the Bank ’ s Anti-Corruption Guidelines and Sanctions Framework and contractual remedies set out in its Legal Agreement apply .", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 34, "text": "records of the Procurement Process", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Asela - Arsi Robe 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # # * * 6 . 4 . 2 Household Amenities * * The socioeconomic survey findings , as reported in the ESIA report , show that solar lanterns are the primary source of lighting for more than half of the surveyed households ( 51 . 7 % ) , followed by various forms of hand torches ( 35 . 7 % ) . Grid electricity is utilized by a quarter of the surveyed households ( 25 . 7 % ) , making it their primary source of lighting . In addition , 15 % of the homes use electricity as their primary source of illumination but they acquire it through unlicensed connections from neighbors who have direct meter connections . Kerosene lamps are utilized by about 9 . 0 % of the homes . Hetosa has the highest percentage of electricity users ( 88 . 3 % ) . In Diksis and Lode Hetosa Woredas , 31 . 7 % and 26 . 7 % respectively rely on electricity through hook-ups . Solar lanterns are the dominant lighting source in Sude ( 83 . 3 % ) and Arsi-Robe ( 71 . 7 % ) Woredas . The use of kerosene lamps is relatively higher in Arsi-Robe and Sude . For cooking , firewood is the universal primary fuel source across all surveyed households . Animal dung is the second most important cooking fuel , used by 83 . 0 % of households , while crop residue is used by 34 . 3 % . Charcoal and electricity are used by 14 . 0 % and 4 . 0 % of households respectively . In Lode Hetosa Woreda animal dung is as popular as firewood , with all households reporting its use . In Sude Woreda , no households use charcoal or electricity for cooking . Table 6 . 7 : Sources of HH Lighting and Cooking Energy by", "spans": [{"start": 205, "end": 225, "text": "socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "decisions . Hence , we now look at how important public infrastructure quality is for Brazil ’ s firms and whether the degree of spatial heterogeneity in quality shown in Figures 2 and 3 is a relevant factor for them . For this , we rely on the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Survey for Brazil in 2007 , which is the closest to our benchmark scenario of 2010 . Table 2 shows descriptive statistics for selected variables in the Enterprise Survey for Brazil by firm size . Overall , 45 . 6 % of firms experienced power outages over the fiscal year 2007 , and small , medium , and large firms experienced them in a similar proportion . When asked how much electricity is an obstacle , 45 . 9 % of firms identify it as a major or very severe one . For transport , this number equals 27 . 5 % , but still , 31 . 8 % find it a moderate obstacle . The survey also asks , if the establishment were to relocate , how much would roads and energy reliability be part of the decision ? 70 . 8 % and 76 . 0 % of the firms find roads and energy reliability to be at least important for this decision , respectively . Finally , we see no significant differences across firm sizes when asked about the number and duration of power interruptions . These numbers suggest that ( i ) the quality of infrastructure matters for the firm ’ s location decision and ( ii ) firm size alone is insufficient to avoid power outages or obstacles derived from transport . # * * 3 A Spatial Equilibrium Model with Endogenous Complementary Infrastructure Networks * * # # * * 3 . 1 Model Outline * * This section outlines a spatial multisector equilibrium model with endogenous electric power and road transportation infrastructure networks . The model builds on the quantitative spatial modeling literature ( Redding and Rossi-Hansberg , 2017 ) and is closely related to frameworks of Fajgelbaum and Schaal ( 2020 ) and Santamaria ( 2020 ) , where the government chooses the quality of infrastructure to maximize social welfare . Our model extends these earlier studies by incorporating an additional infrastructure", "spans": [{"start": 260, "end": 288, "text": "Enterprise Survey for Brazil", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mitigation measures ensuring that the unique needs and challenges of the affected communities are addressed properly and responsibly . The survey covered a total of twenty Kebele Administrations in the five Subproject Woredas found in Arsi Zone . The survey was conducted on 329 households that are directly affected by the construction of the proposed subproject . The Socioeconomic survey does not include the 32 absentee PAHs . # # # # # # * * 6 . 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Households * * This section presents the demographic characteristics of the surveyed household heads and family members affected by the subproject . This analysis encompasses a range of factors , including sex , age structure , family size , marital status , ethnic composition , religious affiliation , primary and secondary occupations , education levels , and health status . * * Household Headship Status : * * With respect to household headship patterns , out of 329 Subproject affected households , 73 . 6 % are led by male heads , while 26 . 4 % are headed by female heads of households . Table 6 . 1 : Distribution of affected Households by Sex and Woreda | * * Woreda * * | * * Male Headed * * | * * Female Headed * * | * * Total * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Arsi Robe | 35 | 20 | 55 | | Diksis | 42 | 15 | 57 | | Hetosa | 52 | 21 | 73 | | Lode Hetosa | 109 | 30 | 139 | | Sude | 4 | 1 | 5 | | All Woredas | 242 | 87 | 329 | | * * Percent * * | * * 73 . 6 * * | * * 26 . 4 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | Page 68 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 390, "text": "Socioeconomic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of sampled households in the EMOP data is 15 households . There are , however , two communes out of the 370 communes surveyed in 2019 with only one household interviewed in each village . These villages are Didieni in the Djidieni arrondissement in the Koulikoro region , and Niantaga in the M ’ pessoba arrondissement in Sikasso region . > 5We have tested aggregating the data to the arrondissement level and find similar effects as reported here , though they have less precision because our measures are necessarily less precise at a higher level of aggregation . The EMOP data we use show 46 % of the households as urban , which almost exactly matches national statistics on urbanization rates , suggesting that our data are broadly representative of both urban and rural areas . > 6This implies that our measure of IDP presence and population should be considered as a measure of formally recognized IDPs who are likely receiving services . To the extent that there might be large numbers of IDPs in communes who are not receiving services , our data do not measure them . The available evidence that we can glean from the EMOP survey suggests that the number of people who fit such a category is very small . 15", "spans": [{"start": 656, "end": 697, "text": "national statistics on urbanization rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1128, "end": 1139, "text": "EMOP survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "20 - # MonitorinR and Evaluation 71 . A system for monitoring and evaluation of projects was established in MOA under IADP I . The IADP Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator directs field operations working with a team of enumerators under a provincial supervisor . In mid-1978 , a Bank / IDA mission which reviewed the performance of the IADP Monitoring and Evaluation system concluded that it was generally well conceived but that some improvements were needed . Thus , under IADP II the ' pro-forma survey ' ( a set of questionnaires for participating agencies ) would be revised and simplified , relevant agencies would be added , and IADP management would receive the completed questionnaires every quarter as a step in each agency ' s participation in the work plan formulation . Coverage of the system would also be expanded , and the capability for providing quick feedback to management on particular implementation problems would be built into the system . Data collected by PMED would be provided to the Development Planning Division of MOA to enable them to carry out an independent evaluation of the socio-economic impact of the Project . # Benefits and Justification 72 . The principal economic benefits resulting directly from Project investments would be increased livestock and crop production . The value of annual incremental production is estimated at about US $ 67 . 0 million at full development in Project year 15 . The benefits to producers from Project livestock-development provisions would be multifold . Smallholders who adopt all provisions could be expected to triple their cash surplus from increased sales of milk and live animals during the Project period . All cattle owners in districts of the Project area would derive tangible benefits from reduced cattle loss as the result of disease control ; more calves would survive and thus more meat would be consumed on the farm or sold . Under the sheep and goat component , the farmer would have heavier live animals for consumption or sale , the weight increase coming from better feeding and improved genetic potential . The benefits to farmers adopting the crop packages and using improved extension , storage", "spans": [{"start": 967, "end": 989, "text": "Data collected by PMED", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "14 - 8 , 600 km of roads will be constructed in 23 districts . All necessary engineering is done in the field by construction unit engineers following guidelines agreed with the Bank under the Rural Access Roads Project . # Maintenance Program 54 . At the Bank ' s suggestion , MOW has drawn up a comprehensive five-year maintenance program , including both capital and recurrent expenditures , which would provide for maintenance of the entire network besides catching up with a backlog of resealing work on paved roads , and part of the backlog of gravelling work . The GCBP will handle roads needing substantial rehabilitation in addition to regravelling . The maintenance program is designed to improve MTD ' s performance through provision of additional workshops , workshop equipment and tools , as well as road maintenance vehicles and equipment . It will also enable MTD to establish an inventory of spare parts in order to set up its own stores and major spare parts holdings , thus eliminating lengthy delays in delivery of supplies from private dealers . Inadequate funds were provided for road maintenance in the past ; accordingly , annual targets for provision of recurrent funds for road maintenance during the years 1980-82 have been agreed with the Bank . Satisfactory progress in improving the efficiency of MTD would be a condition of approval of subprojects for Bank financing ( para . 69 ) . 55 . MTD hires out vehicles and equipment to a number of user agencies . To cover maintenance and renewal expenditures , MTD receives an allocation from the Ministry of Finance at the beginning of each fiscal year . The allocation is subsequently repaid to the Ministry of Finance during the course of the year as MTD collects hire ( or funding ) charges for the use of the vehicles and equipment . Although the funding system is basically sound , it does not operate efficiently . Nor is the exact number of vehicles and equipment that will need to be rehabilitated or replaced each year known . MTD has begun to carry out a limited inventory of maintenance equipment , and a complete inventory would be prepared by June 30 ,", "spans": [{"start": 2039, "end": 2081, "text": "limited inventory of maintenance equipment", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of < br > the < br > meetings held with < br > stakeholder < br > engaged . < br >  List of attendance < br > of < br > all < br > meetings < br > Conducted . | y < br > Contracto < br > Resident < br > Engineer < br > CPCT < br > GRC < br > SEC | r < br > Continuously | Stakeholder < br > engagement < br > costs | | * * Grievance * * < br > * * Redress * * < br > * * Mechanism * * | < br >  Ineffective < br > Grievance < br > Management | Dis < br >  Constitute a local Grievances < br > Committee in consultation < br > with all community segments < br > and incorporate the existing < br > local < br > dispute < br > resolution < br > mechanisms . < br >  Implement < br > a < br > worker ’ s < br > grievances mechanism . < br >  Create awareness on the < br > culturallyappropriate and < br > < br > | < br >  Local < br > Grievances < br > Committee in place , < br > composition < br > of < br > Committee . < br >  Number of nature of < br > cases received and < br > logged < br > ( Updated < br > grievance < br > Redress < br > logs / register . | < br >  Grievance Register . < br >  Hard copy of all < br > Grievance forms < br >  Hard copy of all < br > Grievance < br > Resolution forms . < br >  Minutes < br > of < br > meetings held with < br > community | < br > Contracto < br > Resident <", "spans": [{"start": 1080, "end": 1098, "text": "Grievance Register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "businesses , restricting movement , or imposing curfews ( Hirvonen et al . , 2022 ) . In Malawi , the President declared a state of disaster on 20 March 2020 , which included closing schools and limiting the size of public gatherings . A stay at home order was issued in April . However , this order faced legal challenges , which culminated in the High Court barring the regulation and preventing the stay-at-home order from going into effect , leaving daily economic activity largely intact ( Josephson et al . , 2021 ) . Nigeria ’ s response primarily occurred at the state level . Most Nigerian states closed schools and suspended large gatherings by 24 March 2020 and suspended inter-state travel on 23 April . While non-essential shops as well as restaurants were ordered to close , the government ’ s attempts to impose these closures along with curfews , social distancing , and self-quarantine , were largely ignored , meaning daily economic activity was relatively unchanged ( Jacobs and Okeke , 2022 ) . The government lifted the closure order less than a month later . Compared to lockdowns in China , Europe , and the United States , the closures of businesses and the restrictions to daily activities in Ethiopia , Malawi , and Nigeria were substantially less strict . This is important since it means that households in these countries were less constrained in pursuing livelihood opportunities than those in regions of the world with government imposed lockdowns . To account for the variation in COVID-19-related restrictions over time , we use _Our World in Data_ ’ s COVID-19 Government Stringency Index in some of our empirical specifications ( Mathieu et al . , 2020 ) . The index considers nine metrics to calculate daily scores for each country : school closures ; workplace closures ; cancellation of public events ; restrictions on public gatherings ; closures of public transport ; stay-at-home requirements ; public information campaigns ; restrictions on internal movements ; and international travel controls . The stringency index is calculated as the mean score of the nine metrics , each taking a value between 0 and 100 . A higher score indicates a stricter regulatory regime . To match these daily data to each round", "spans": [{"start": 1586, "end": 1622, "text": "COVID-19 Government Stringency Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "24 * * 30 . The impact of deleveraging could be particularly significant for those countries that lack well-developed capital markets and alternative sources of stable nonbank financing to substitute for bank credit . * * The CEE region , in particular , has been experiencing a tightening of credit standards and a sharp slowdown in loan growth , given strong ownership links with Euro Area banks , an overreliance on nondeposit funding to finance credit expansion ( figure 17f ) , and relatively shallow capital markets . Constrained credit could particularly affect SMEs because only the largest companies would likely be able to deflect some of the impact by relying on bond market financing . * * Figure 18 . Foreign Bank Ownership , 2010 * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > AS CEE MENA SSA WH AE OA < br > Source : BCL Survey < br > KORSGPPAK IDNMYSPHL IND THA BTN ESTSVK BIH HRVROM HUNBGRLTU YUGLVA ARM POLUKR MDA SVNBLR RUSTUR EGY LSOMOZ NAMUGASYC MUSSLEKEN ZAF SLV MEX PANURY PER PRYCHL CRIARGCOL BRAGTMDOM LUX MLT FIN IRL BEL CYPNORGRC DNKGBRITA AUT FRACHE DEUESPISR ISL AUS < br > 100 < br > 80 < br > 60 < br > 40 < br > 20 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : World Bank . AS : Asia ; CEE : Central and Eastern Europe ; MENA : Middle East and North Africa ; WH : Western hemisphere ; AE : Advanced economies ; OA : Other advanced economies . # * * V . IMPACT ON EMERGING MARKET CREDIT CONDITIONS * * * * 31 . Euro Area problems are already producing ripple effects around the globe . * * Recent lending surveys by the Institute of International Finance ( IIF ) suggest that emerging markets have also been facing tighter credit conditions since the third quarter of 2011 . Moreover , survey respondents explicitly stated that they had been adversely affected by the fallout of the euro debt crisis . Although less drastically than in the last quarter of 2011 , the deterioration in lending conditions has continued for the third consecutive quarter in 2012 : Q1 ( figures", "spans": [{"start": 825, "end": 835, "text": "BCL Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Septembre 2024 # # # * * PROFILS DES POPULATIONS * * # # # * * A . PERSONNES DÉPLACÉES INTERNES * * La matrice de suivi des déplacements a enregistré 378 363 personnes déplacées internes ( PDI ) à l ’ échelle nationale , 854 956 retournés internes . Parmi les ménages PDI estimés , 56 pour cent sont sur les sites et lieux de regroupement et 42 pour cent sont présents dans les communautés hôtes ou famille d ’ accueil . Environs 5 pour cent des PDI se sont déplacées à la suite des inondations enregistrées entre juin et septembre . Tableau 1 : Déplacés Internes au Mali par région | REGIONS | MENAGES | FEMMES | HOMMES | TOTAL INDIVIDUS | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | MENAKA | 18191 | 41897 | 32319 | 74 216 | | MOPTI | 20113 | 39168 | 26 072 | 65240 | | GAO | 14914 | 31878 | 22 143 | 54021 | | SEGOU | 14012 | 29 772 | 21689 | 51 461 | | BANDIAGARA | 14 438 | 29 623 | 21560 | 51 183 | | TOMBOUCTOU | 13185 | 24 193 | 18 592 | 42785 | | SAN | 5 703 | 11869 | 8278 | 20147 | | BAMAKO | 1959 | 3 775 | 2840 | 6 615 | | TAOUDENNI | 542 | 1591 | 1308 | 2899 | | SIKASSO | 486 | 1 220 | 956 | 2 176 | |", "spans": [{"start": 114, "end": 147, "text": "matrice de suivi des déplacements", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ] ; Works : [ is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ]", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "overall lending since then . In the case of the World bank Group , for example , trade finance operations and supply chain finance helped SMEs whose needs would not have been met < sup > 30 < / sup > ( IEG , 2012 ) . * * Equity : * * Venture capital plays a key role in financing innovative startups , which will particularly be needed during the recovery phase . A small proportion of SMEs have sufficiently strong growth prospects that they can afford to take on external equity . These SMEs have a disproportionate impact on job creation . DFIs provide venture capital with new fund managers in frontier markets lacking in fund management capacity . Providing equity is strongly complementary to government financial policies which expand the availability of debt capital . Without equity , SMEs will not be creditworthy borrowers , and excessive leverage can jeopardize their survival and resilience to future shocks . A major concern is that DFIs might not necessarily be in the countries where severe disruptions are underway . According to IFC data , for example , SME projects in 2018 were in place in 71 countries and COVID related commitments in the financial sector were only reported in 16 countries . Moreover in countries where DFIs are present , their commitments might not be commensurate to the impact facing the countries . To expand their reach and presence DFIs would need to invest in relationships with key market players and financial institutions in countries where the pandemic is having the greatest impact . Leveraging existing relationship to launch COVID-related support is one way to do this rapidly . IFC for example has non-COVID related commitments in 19 additional countries in FY2020 , indicating potential . Although outstanding SME related portfolios are present in about 70 > 30 IEG ( Independent Evaluation Group ) . 2012 . The World Bank Group ’ s Response to the Global Economic Crisis — Phase II . Washington , DC : Independent Evaluation Group , the World Bank Group . 22", "spans": [{"start": 1047, "end": 1055, "text": "IFC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | | Cash acceptance | 15 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | Source : World Bank COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database . Note : World Bank regional classification . High Inc . = High income ; EAP = East Asia Pacific ; ECA = Europe & Central Asia ; LAC = Latin America & Caribbean ; SAR = South Asia ; MENA = Middle East & North Africa ; and SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa . WBG regions exclude high income countries . # _2 . 3 Financial Policy Response Activity Index_ This section introduces the _Financial Policy Response Activity Index_ ( FPRAI ) , a simple , transparent proxy that can be used to compare financial sector policy activity across countries _ . _ FPRAI is computed by summing up all the policy measures implemented up to time ( _t_ ) in country ( _c_ ) across the four categories : _Banking Sector_ , _Financial Markets and NBFIs_ , _Liquidity and Funding_ , and _Payments Systems_ . < sup > 9 < / sup > As such , it is important to keep in mind that the FPRAI is silent on the _scale_ and _effectiveness_ of the financial policy response . Figure 2 displays the FPRAI and shows that most financial sector policy makers around the world have been active , although to a lesser extent in Sub-Saharan Africa ( see Table A3 in Appendix A for the descriptive statistics of FPRAI by country groupings ) . > 9 Alternative , less transparent approaches , such as min-max transformations and averaging across categories produce similar results . 13", "spans": [{"start": 101, "end": 151, "text": "COVID-19 Financial Sector Policy Response Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through acquiring new skill sets required , ( b ) review and strengthening of Environmental , Social , Health and Safety Management System and its piloting including annual system audits , ( c ) acquiring and use of in-situ pollution monitoring equipment , ( d ) analysis of mobility patterns and barriers disaggregated by gender for refuges and host population to inform mobility plans and the design potential pilots for refugees to benefit from road upgrading , ( e ) institutional capacity building for promoting women ’ s ( refugees and in host communities ) participation in cooperatives , and ( f ) strengthen the skills in handling climate change and natural disasters risks in refugee hosting areas , improve contingency planning and the climate resilience of local communities by enhancement of early warning systems and update of the Road Design Manuals and Specifications for civil works to account for climate change parameters . 3 . Component 3 : Road Safety : This component will support the UNRA in ( a ) completion of development and operationalization of a Road Accident Database Management System disaggregated by gender , refugee and host community , and ( b ) training and awareness campaigns to the school children , motorbike drivers , truck drivers , and refugee and host population in the Project area differentiated for refugee and host community audiences . The Road Accident Database Management System will collate all data associated with road accidents including data that can be attributed to climate change such as poor visibility , slippery surface , flooding , poor riding quality of pavement surface etc . 4 . Component 4 : Contingency Emergency Response Component : This component will support UNRA in accessing resources for eligible expenditures to provide immediate and effective response in case of an eligible emergency for the benefit of refugees and host communities upon a formal request from the Government of Uganda and will use IDA Immediate Response Mechanism . # # # * * D . Environmental and Social Overview * * D . 1 . Detailed project location ( s ) and salient physical characteristics relevant to the E & S assessment [ geographic , environmental , social ] Page 3 of 18 Jul 17 , 2020", "spans": [{"start": 1075, "end": 1115, "text": "Road Accident Database Management System", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "both returnees and locals that as soon as a land dispute arises all previous cordiality between community members evaporates . One local stated : The relations are good but the poverty is dividing us . Our plot of land can ’ t produce enough . When someone is hungry and another one is sufficiently eating , when someone has a good house and another not , when children have no food ? How can relationships be good between these people ? Furthermore locals expressed that they felt that returnees received preferentially treatment . Returnees were for example supported by UNHCR in the housing project to receive the materials to construct a new house . These houses are made of bricks and have windows and wood doors . This has led to resentment from stayees who have grass houses and cannot afford a brick house . One resident stated : They ’ ve received many items and other items are coming . Organizations say that they only support repatriates and tell others to wait . When they bring iron , it is received by repatriates and the vulnerable only . How do they identify vulnerable ? Persons who live for many years in a house coved by grasses are not vulnerable ? Although the returnees have a good house they are suffering from chronic hunger due to a lack of land . The fundamental issues hindering social cohesion are therefore land and poverty . In the communities the returnees and locals are crucially divided over the issue of who has rights to land . Even in cases where people have shared land , there is dissatisfaction amongst many who feel either unhappy with having been forced to share land , or who feel they are entitled to more land than they have been given . This fuels resentment between the groups . # # _Poverty and unemployment_ The issues of poverty and unemployment are linked to problems of population density and land shortage . According to the 2011 Human Development Index , Burundi is the third lowest rated country in the world ( UNDP , 2011 ) . Return to conditions of such poverty creates many reintegration challenges for reintegration . The scarcity of", "spans": [{"start": 1879, "end": 1907, "text": "2011 Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "access to opportunities relative to other social groups in the communities , in which they live . 2 . Gathering and analysing baseline information including social , cultural , economic and legal contexts of the subproject in relation to VMGs : - ( i ) Social : Are VMGs integrated into the larger society ? Are they separate ? If separate , is it voluntary or involuntary isolation ? How are they vulnerable or marginalized ? Do they have access to social services ? ) - ( ii ) Cultural : Do VMGs maintain own cultural practices ? Is there any conflict with the Government about cultural heritage / practices ? Is their culture / language at risk of dying out due to assimilation ? Is assimilation acceptable to them ? ) Do VMGs in the T-Line have any tangible and / or intangible cultural heritage ( structures , historical sites , sacred sites , artefacts , music , story-telling , poetry ) that may be affected ( positively or negatively by the subproject ? - ( iii ) Economic : population / demographic statics of the VMGs in each site ; education levels of the VMGs ; the VMGs livelihood strategies ? Whether their livelihoods are dependent on land and or other natural resources , and if so , which ones ? Whether their livelihoods are changing , and if so , how ? Are they moving from rural areas to urban areas ? Are they economically vulnerable ? What are the practical implications of their vulnerability ? Formal and informal employment sectors for the VMGs ; Opportunities for improved sustainable livelihoods ? ) - ( iv ) Legal : What are the international agreements that Kenya has signed and ratified that relate to VMGs ? What does the Constitution of Kenya , 2010 , say about VMGs ? What are the national laws and regulations that are applicable to VMGs , e . g . do they have any special rights or protections in law ? Are the natural resources on which they depend as well as their", "spans": [{"start": 983, "end": 1015, "text": "population / demographic statics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 . Introduction * * Sovereign spreads rose rapidly in emerging markets and developing economies ( EMDEs ) at the onset of the Covid19 pandemic , a period during which governments faced rising borrowing costs and fiscal expansion needs , albeit at varying degree across countries . We empirically investigate whether the existence of a fiscal rule was associated with lower or higher sovereign spreads in EMDEs during the recent Covid-19 pandemic shock . < sup > 1 < / sup > In theory , the relation between the existence of a fiscal rule and sovereign spreads during economic downturns is ambiguous . On the one hand , fiscal rules could signal fiscal responsibility and serve as a commitment device to reassure financial markets ’ confidence , lowering sovereign spreads . On the other hand , fiscal rules might exacerbate the negative shock by constraining the government ’ s flexibility to conduct countercyclical fiscal policy , rising even more sovereign spreads . < sup > 2 < / sup > We first document trends in fiscal rule adoption prior to and throughout the recent pandemic using the IMF Fiscal Rule Dataset ( IMF , 2022 ) . We then empirically investigate whether fiscal rules are associated with lower spreads and whether this relationship held through the pandemic . Next , we distinguish between rules that were continually enforced throughout the pandemic , rules that were temporarily abandoned due to escape clause usage , and rules that were suspended due to discretionary fiscal policy . In each of the empirical analyses described above , we use daily data of sovereign spreads from countries included in the J . P . Morgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Global ( EMBI Global ) . Our baseline sample includes 58 EMDEs and spans the period between January 2019 through the first five months of 2022 . < sup > 3 < / sup > Our tests include controls such as global , regional , and corporate factors , country-specific proxies of economic activity , and various policy-related variables . We document three novel findings regarding the relationship between fiscal rules and sovereign spreads . First , we show that countries with fiscal rules in place faced lower sovereign spreads relative to countries without rules before and", "spans": [{"start": 1100, "end": 1123, "text": "IMF Fiscal Rule Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1572, "end": 1603, "text": "daily data of sovereign spreads", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "We also consider a widely used measure of political institutions . Since 1972 , Freedom House has published an annual assessment of the state of freedom in all countries ( and select territories ) , now known as “ Freedom in the World . ” Individual countries are evaluated based on a checklist of questions on political rights and civil liberties that are derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Each country is assigned a rating for political rights and a rating for civil liberties based on a scale of 1 to 7 , with 1 representing the highest degree of freedom and 7 , the lowest level of freedom . The combined average of each country ’ s political rights and civil liberties ratings determines an overall political freedom measure on a scale of 1-3 , with 1 designating “ free , ” 2 “ partly free , ” and 3 “ not free . ” While it is useful to try to distinguish the influence of different types of institutions , there is also a tradeoff in that country coverage for each measure is not complete . Therefore , as a robustness check , we also use a single overall index of institutional quality from Kaufman , Kraay , and Zoido-Lobaton ( 1999 ) . This measure averages different institutional quality indexes and has very wide country coverage . Aside from institutional quality , we also include on the right-hand side the log of per capita GDP in 1990 ( from Heston et al . 2002 ) because very poor countries may have limited supporting resources to make development projects succeed . Third , we consider the effect of the overall level of aid relative to GDP on project success rate ( aid flows taken from OECD DAC 2003 ) . The influence of total aid could go either way : there could be “ increasing returns ” in the sense that a lot of aid may create a better environment of supporting services and resources ( e . g . , an education project may be more likely to meet its objectives if there are also projects in transport , rural development , etc . ) . On the other hand , one could as easily", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 3 , 050 , 000 | 4 , 000 , 000 | 0 | | ( 3 . 1 ) Pregnant < br > women receiving at < br > least four antenatal < br > care visits | ( a ) Increase up to a < br > maximum of 38 % from < br > baseline of 32 % < br >  US $ 2 . 5million from < br > GFF Grant ; thereafter < br > SDR 2 . 764 million from < br > AF Credit , for each 1 % < br > increase | 11 , 056 , 000 | 5 , 000 , 000 | 0 | | ( 4 . 1 ) Contraceptive < br > prevalence rate ( for < br > rural women only ) | ( a ) Increase in < br > contraceptive prevalence < br > rate in rural women up to < br > a maximum of 38 % from < br > baseline of 32 % < br > US $ 2 . 5 million from GFF < br > Grant ; thereafter SDR < br > 2 . 211 million from AF < br > Credit for each 1 % < br > increase | 8 , 844 , 000 | 5 , 000 , 000 | 0 | | ( 5 ) Health centers < br > reporting HMIS data < br > in time | ( a ) Increase up to a < br > maximum of 86 % from < br > baseline of 68 % < br >  US $ 0 . 9989 million < br > from GFF Grant ; < br > thereafter SDR 0 . 1844 < br > million from AF Credit , < br > for each 1 % increase | 2 , 950 , 000 | 2 , 000 , 000 | 0 | | ( 7 ) Development and < br > implementation of < br > Annual Rapid Facility < br > Assessment | ( c ) Upon undertaking < br > Rapid Facility < br > Assessment and < br > disclosing results with < br > actions to address", "spans": [{"start": 827, "end": 836, "text": "HMIS data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Verifcations_ * * | | | | | | | | | | Observations | 15 , 189 , 831 | 63 , 757 , 882 | 13 , 787 , 845 | 15 , 229 , 631 | 40 , 457 , 210 | 65 , 789 , 353 | 87 , 894 , 462 | 302 , 106 , 214 | | Distinct verifcations | - | 63 , 753 , 322 | - | - | 40 , 457 , 210 | 34 , 941 , 675 | 81 , 410 , 584 | 220 , 562 , 791 | | * * _Payments_ * * | | | | | | | | | | Observations payment | 13 , 930 , 424 | 64 , 127 , 137 | 22 , 113 , 067 | 21 , 449 , 922 | 52 , 545 , 469 | 74 , 023 , 098 | 83 , 436 , 799 | 331 , 625 , 916 | | Distinct payments | 13 , 243 , 955 | 64 , 127 , 137 | 22 , 109 , 079 | - | 52 , 545 , 469 | 72 , 428 , 292 | 69 , 293 , 735 | 293 , 747 , 667 | | Total amount of payments ( billion BRL ) | 132 . 2 | 514 . 9 | 155 . 4 | 196 . 5 | 407 . 4 | 501 . 7 | 1691 . 6 | 3 , 599 . 7 | | Number of distinct sellers | 548 , 503 | 1 , 710 , 005 | 1 , 326 , 612 | - | 758 , 735 | 1 , 541 , 115 | 3 , 141 , 460 | 9 , 026 , 430 | | Number of distinct municipalities | 182 | 853 | 223 | 184 | 399 | 497 | 644 | 2 , 798 | * * Notes * * : This table presents the descriptive statistics from the budget execution dataset . The variables “ Distinct commitments ” , “ Distinct verifications ” and “ Distinct payments ” are simply the count of the identifiers that uniquely identify each table - _empenho_ , _liquidacao_", "spans": [{"start": 1097, "end": 1121, "text": "budget execution dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "second stage , households from chosen census enumerations are sampled . Every quarter , 1 , 020 households are part of the survey each month . These 1 , 020 households are interviewed every quarter . Each household completes a diary that collects information on its respective expenditures twice a month . Interviewers visit each household twice a month to collect this information . They also gather additional data on a limited set of household characteristics and a broad measure of household income . The sample is generally representative at the national level and at the residence level ( urban-rural ) but not at lower levels of geographic disaggregation . * * Expenditure data in the HBS follows the classification of COICOP , developed by Eurostat , and allows us to identify energy-related spending components clearly . * * We refer to the variables detailed in Table 2 to measure energy spending . To distinguish between different types of energy expenditures , we rely on the 4-digit categories of spending components , which is the most disaggregated category detailed in the HBS codebooks . Table 2 indicates that we can identify spending on electricity , natural gas and town gas , liquefied hydrocarbons , butane , propane and similar , liquid fuels , coal , other solid fuels , and heat energy . * * We define energy spending shares , our target variable , as the ratio of energy spending over household income , as observed in the HBS . * * To calculate the energy expenditure share , we aggregate the different energy spending components at the household level and divide the resulting overall energy expenditure by household income . We do not scale energy spending or household income by the number of household members or the adult equivalent of household members , as they would cancel out in any case . The resulting indicator is the energy spending share in overall income at the household level . Table 2 reveals that the average energy spending share observed in the HBS 2019 in Bulgaria is 13 . 1 percent . The largest energy spending component is on electricity ( 59 . 3 percent of all energy expenditure ) , followed by other solid fuels ( 27 . 5 percent ) and heat", "spans": [{"start": 668, "end": 684, "text": "Expenditure data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1449, "end": 1452, "text": "HBS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1994, "end": 2002, "text": "HBS 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "after the SSP program ended . < sup > 15 < / sup > These stark differences in treatment effects by baseline overdraft behavior are also apparent in the survey data . We examine heterogeneous treatment effects by augmenting equation 1 to include interactions between the different treatment effects and either a “ heavy overdrafter ” ( above median overdraft score at baseline ) or “ light overdrafter ” ( below median overdraft score ) dummy . < sup > 16 < / sup > Table 4 shows that during the commitment period , light overdrafters saved more both with NVRB _and_ with other banks and credit unions – commitment crowded additional savings into the banking sector . While there is some crowd out of informal savings during the commitment period , the point estimate is small compared to treatment effects on formal savings . Consequently , we reject the null of no impact on total > 15In contrast , treatment effects on overdrafts are similar for the two groups – see Appendix Table A6 for detail . > 16We also include interactions between overdrafter status and time period . 10", "spans": [{"start": 152, "end": 163, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Annual Business Survey ( provided by the ONS ) . Finally , data on firm control variables , age , multi – establishment status and foreign ownership are sourced from the UK business registry the annual Business Structure Database . > 22The E-commerce survey defines big data and big data analytics as the following . Big data typically have characteristics such as : ( 1 ) vast amounts of data generated over time , ( 2 ) variety in terms of different formats of complex data , either structured or unstructured ( for example text , video , images , voice , docs , sensor data , activity logs , click streams , coordinates ) . ( 3 ) velocity in terms of the high speed at which data are generated , become available and change over time . Big data analysis refers to the use of techniques , technologies and software tools for analyzing big data from our own business or other data sources . > 23Given that half of workers do not spend any time on data tasks , see Table A2 , we use non-zero time use on data tasks to determine these groups 12", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 22, "text": "Annual Business Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 59, "end": 79, "text": "data on firm control", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 195, "end": 229, "text": "annual Business Structure Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in government-ownership while their balance sheets , internal governance and management are being reformed . The authorities have also decided to forgo the potential benefits o f allowing the entry o f foreign-owned ’ intermediaries , to minimize the perceived macroeconomic risks arising from a more open financial sector , preferring to seek the transfer o f foreign financial technology and know-how through advisory assistance . 8 . While the effectiveness and viability o f Ethiopian exchange controls will likely diminish over the longer run , the overall financial sector strategy adopted by the authorities seems sustainable for the present and likely to provide an adequate platform for the needed reforms . There may even be a partially compensating benefit in a reduced vulnerability to exchange rate and interest rate volatility that could otherwise result from some weather-related or other macro shocks . 9 . Within the overall strategic framework for the financial sector , the authorities ’ approach increasingly responds to market forces . Since the opening up o f the banking sector in 1994 to domestic private banks , their market share has gradually risen and they have played an increasingly important role in providing credit to the private sector . Private banks ’ . credit to the private sector grew by 36 % from June 2004 to June 2005 . Defined here to include : the Development Bank o f Ethiopia , two public sector commercial banks , six private commercial banks ( a seventh private bank was licensed earlier this year , but data for this bank are not yet available ) , nine insurance companies , and 23 microfinance institutions . The definition of commercial banks excludes DBE . 2", "spans": [{"start": 1552, "end": 1570, "text": "data for this bank", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strong negative relationship between absenteeism ( dropouts ) and students ’ performance ( Durden and Ellis , 1995 ; Bedi and Marshall , 1999 ; Chen and Lin , 2008 ) . # * * 7 Concluding Remarks * * This paper examines the effects of agro-industries on human capital accumulation by investigating the impact of coffee mills in Rwanda on the performance of primary school children who were exposed to these mills in early life . We also explore the potential mechanisms that explain our results . The study uses administrative data on test scores of the universe of primary school students sitting for a high-stakes national exam between 2012 and 2019 together with geocoded data on the location and timing of the establishment of coffee mills in Rwanda . Our identification strategy essentially exploits the staggered rollout of the coffee mills along with the timing of birth of the students to measure the medium-term effect of early life exposure to the coffee mills on test scores in a difference-in-difference design . We find evidence of a positive impact of exposure to the coffee mills on student performance . On average , test scores of students born within the catchment area of coffee mills are about 0 . 09 standard deviation ( 4 % ) higher relative to their counterparts in control villages . Our results suggest improvements in household welfare ( income ) , employment , child health , and school attendance as plausible channels . Overall , the findings of the paper underscore the spillover effects of agro-industrialization , such as the establishment of coffee mills in local communities . More importantly , the paper highlights the need for developing countries that rely on raw commodity exports to invest in value-addition ; this not only increases the value of their exports , but also has spillover effects on local economies . 19", "spans": [{"start": 511, "end": 545, "text": "administrative data on test scores", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 665, "end": 678, "text": "geocoded data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "smallholder farm families working on their own farms ) , food and beverage processing , and food and beverage services retail accounted for more than a quarter of all formal business employment in 2010 . < sup > 4 < / sup > # # * * 1 . 21 Household Income and Expenditure * * It is estimated that that 21 . 4 % of Ugandans ( representing 8 million persons ) are poor . The poor in the rural areas represent 25 % of the population compared to 10 % in the urban areas . Incidence of poverty by region highlights significant variations : the 2016 / 2017 national rankings show Eastern region ( 36 % ) with the highest incidence of poverty . Income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient stood at 0 . 42 in 2016 / 17 . Uganda ’ s average household monthly expenditure stood at UGX 325 , 800 in 2016 / 17 . Kampala and Northern regions realized increases in the monthly consumption expenditure . The increase in per capita consumption expenditure in northern Uganda was observed for both rural ( 8 % ) and urban ( 10 % ) residents . The share of food and non-alcoholic beverages in total household expenditure was the highest ( 46 % ) , followed by expenditure on housing , water , electricity , gas , and other fuels ( 16 % ) and there was an increase in the budget share of households was registered in education from five percent in 2012 / 13 to eight percent in 2016 / 1711 ( UBOS , 2016 ) . # # # * * Economic Activities in Refugee settlements * * > 3 Uganda Jobs Strategy for Inclusive Growth 2019 . > 4 Uganda Jobs Strategy for Inclusive Growth , 2019 , pages , 26 , 28 , and 22 . 45", "spans": [{"start": 539, "end": 568, "text": "2016 / 2017 national rankings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "as floods , droughts , landslides , forest fire etc . that can lead to direct loss of lives and severely affect livelihoods , a large proportion of Nepalis also face sharp variation in income simply as a result of variation in monsoon rainfall . Now if credit markets were to work well and if households were able to insure against these shocks , one would expect consumption and living standards to not be affected by much . But as shown recently by Tiwari et al . ( 2017 ) , households in rural Nepal in particular , are far from being shielded from such risks . In fact , by their estimates , the level of exposure is such that a monsoon rainfall that is 10 percent below the historical norm can lead to a 0 . 12 standard deviation decline in the height-for-age for children . Using the three rounds of the living standards data and applying the vulnerability of falling into poverty method developed by Lopez-Calva and Juarez-Ortiz ( 2011 ) , we define a “ vulnerability line ” as the level of consumption below which a particular household has larger than 10 percent probability of falling back into poverty . In other words , all households that are above the poverty line but below this vulnerability line are categorized as vulnerable . Why do we do this instead of anchoring the definition of vulnerability along a more absolute concept , such as say , a multiple of the poverty line as it is sometimes done ? We do it in order to align ourselves to Sen ’ s ( 1983 ) statement that “ poverty is absolute in the realm of capabilities but relative in the realm of _functionings_ ” . Extending that notion to vulnerability , this approach takes an absolute stance on what it means to be vulnerable ( when a household ’ s probability of falling into poverty is larger than 10 % ) but a “ relative ” position on how much income or consumption is required to achieve that capability . An additional benefit of the methodology we use is that it allows us to get at the notion of the middle class almost as an immediate byproduct . The vulnerability line thought of as", "spans": [{"start": 810, "end": 831, "text": "living standards data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "des N . Pagaran | IEGPS2 | | # # # * * 2 . Project Objectives and Components : * * # # # * * a . Objectives : * * According to the Financing Agreement ( p . 5 ) and Project Appraisal Document ( PAD , p . 5 ) , the project ’ s objectives were to “ improve child and maternal care behavior and to increase utilization of key micronutrients , in order to contribute to improving the nutritional status of vulnerable groups . ” At an April 2012 restructuring , one PDO-level indicator was added and one removed , but no key outcome targets were changed . Hence , no split rating will be undertaken . * * b . Were the project objectives / key associated outcome targets revised during implementation ? * * No # # # * * c . Components : * * The project contained two components ( the ICR does not provide total actual project costs by component ) : Supporting Nutrition Service Delivery ( appraisal , US $ 19 . 3 million , of which US $ 14 . 0 million from IDA and US $ 5 . 3 million from the Government ; actual Bank contribution , US $ 10 . 96 million ) . This component aimed to strengthen community-based nutrition ( CBN ) and wider health services under the Health Extension Program ’ s outreach services , through capacity enhancement of Health Extension Workers ( HEWs ) and their supervisors , as well as mobilization of Volunteer Community Health Workers ( VCHWs ) to support HEWs in nutrition-related outreach activities . It also planned to provide micronutrients to under-five children and pregnant and lactating women principally in food-insecure regions with high malnutrition rates . The CBN interventions were designed initially to target four diverse and highly food insecure regions ( Amhara , Oromia , Tigray , and the Southern Nations , Nationalities , and Peoples ’ Region ) . Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building ( appraisal , US $ 20 . 3 million , of which US", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", and proper recording and safeguarding of assets and resources ; - c ) existence of an accounting system that meet reporting requirements by GoU and DPs ; - d ) capability of the system to provide financial data that allow the measurement of performance that is linked to the output of the project ; and - e ) timely appointment of independent , qualified auditors that will review the project ’ s financial statements and internal controls . 42 . The table below shows the results of the risk assessment from the Risk Rating Summary . This identifies the key risks project management may face in achieving project objectives and provides a basis for determining how management should address these risks .", "spans": [{"start": 198, "end": 212, "text": "financial data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "finally broke the $ 350 / ton barrier . Limiting losses is reflected in U . S . Trade Adjustment Assistance program as well . For example , the extent of assistance provided to farmers is based on the difference between the current price and the average price of a given product over the last five years , i . e . the industry losses . This is rather different from the estimated cost of adjusting to a more competitive environment , which is the original motivation behind the program . In sum , the main forms of protection in use today are initiated by price declines and appear to be guided by a desire to maintain domestic prices above some reference > 19 See Tharakan ( 1996 ) for a survey of the evidence . 20 > About half of the more than 200 antidumping orders currently in force are on imported steel . 26", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "iso substation | * * Description * * | | | - - - | - - - | | No . of PAHs | 23 | | Affected Farmland ( in ha ) | 9 . 0 | _Source : Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties , ( December - January 2024 ) _ Page 79 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 131, "end": 178, "text": "Census Enumeration & Registration of Properties", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 4 . 4 Food Sources * * * * Summary of assessment findings : * * The available data identified several different food sources for Syrian refugees . However , much of the data is now outdated due to the rollout of targeted assistance in October 2013 , which led to the withdrawal of food assistance for around 35 % of the population . Food sources for Syrian refugees may have changed since then . At the time of the assessment , Handicap International found that the main source of food was assistance from UN agencies and INGOs . The VASyR found that that nearly all registered households reported that they had received food vouchers on a regular basis . PRS were generally identified by different assessments as not receiving as much food aid as Syrian refugees , which was resulting in a poorer overall food security situation for them . At the time of the MSNA process , there was no available data on food sources for vulnerable communities , Lebanese returnees or unregistered refugees . Food sources are largely dependent on income and access to markets . For more information on these topics , please refer to the Basic Needs chapter . _Table [ 6 ] : Assessment coverage by geographic area and target population_ | | * * Vulnerable Local * * < br > | * * Lebanese * * < br > | * * PRS * * < br > * * Syrian refug * * | * * ees * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Communities * * < br > * * ( Lebanese and PRL ) * * | * * Returnees * * | * * Registered * * | * * Unregistered * * | | * * National * * | | | | | | * * North / T + 5 * * | | | | | | * * Akkar * * | | | | | | * * Mt .", "spans": [{"start": 72, "end": 86, "text": "available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "steps agreed include : - Finalization of the shortlisting report and draft request for proposal ( RFP ) to share with the World Bank for review by January 31 , 2025 . - Finalize hiring process for Monitoring and Evaluation Firm before March 31 , 2025 . - Finalize the recruitment of the Procurement / Contract Specialist by February 24 , 2025 . - Discuss options for the next window with the PSC with launch of REoIs by end of March , 2025 . - Finalize GRM arrangements for component 2 , including a meeting with the World Bank E & S team by Friday January 31 , 2025 . # * * Component 3 : System Strengthening * * 12 . * * Subcomponent 3 . 1 . Information for decision-making . * * Activities to enhance access to quality labor market and tracer study data and harmonize information systems have been initiated , including : ( i ) a methodology and plan for verification of the accuracy and quality of the reported data from selected One Stop Service Centers ( OSSCs ) in Addis Ababa and all regions has been developed and a ToR for conducting the survey is ready ; ( ii ) manuals for labor market surveys and tracer studies to guide uniform and consistent data collection and analysis have been developed . However technical assistance is required to further strengthen these , pilot test them and train PTCs on their use ; ( iii ) ToR for compiling a statistical bulletin for the TVET sector to show trends and as a resource for decision-making . 13 . * * Subcomponent 3 . 2 . Strengthened system coordination . * * Significant progress has been made in establishing and operationalizing the Sector Skills Body ( SSB ) in the agro-processing sector . The following key groundwork steps have been accomplished : ( i ) guidelines and roadmap for the establishment and operation of SSBs ; ( ii ) the SSB board for the agro-processing sector has been formed ; ( iii ) procurement for an officer for the SSB Secretariat is underway .", "spans": [{"start": 739, "end": 756, "text": "tracer study data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of picture text - - > > 26 Law on Asylum and Temporary Protection ( Official Gazette RS , No . 24 / 2018 ) Article 2 , paragraph 14 and 15 27 UNHCR , Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme , February 2019 , https : / / reliefweb . int / sites / reliefweb . int / files / resources / 67961 . pdf", "spans": [{"start": 150, "end": 206, "text": "Quantitative Snapshot of the UNHCR Serbia 2018 Programme", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Employment of young persons under age 18 - Wages ( wage level , normal and overtime ) - Overtime - • Working hours • Flexible working / work-life balance - Grievance mechanism for workers - Health & safety # # # * * < mark > 7 . Occupational Health and Safety Data < / mark > * * | * * Please provide the * * < br > * * contact details for * * < br > * * and Safety manager : * * | * * name and * * < br > * * your Health * * < br > | | | | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Direct * * < br > * * employees * * | * * Contracted * * < br > * * workers * * | | * * Direct * * < br > * * employees * * | * * Contracted * * < br > * * workers * * | | Number of man - < br > hours worked this < br > reporting period : | | | Number < br > of < br > Fatalities < sup > 6 < / sup > : | | | | Budget spent on < br > OHS in this period < br > ( total amount and < br > currency ) : | | | Number of disabling < br > injuries : | | | | OHS < br > training < br > provided < br > in < br > this < br > period in person - < br > days : | | | Number < br > of < br > Lost < br > Time < br > Incidents < br > ( including < br > vehicular ) < sup > 7 < / sup > : | | | | Number < br > of < br > lost < br > workdays < sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "> . The workshop identified several weaknesses in the existing harmonisation system , such as lack of a common work plan ; different structures and performance of the existing TWGs ; and less scope for strategic dialogue and priority setting through JRIS / JBAR . The workshop also reached a number of broader agreements including , among others , the following : developing a common planning framework to reduce duplication of interventions , and identify areas of synergy ; reviewing and updating the tools of harmonization including JRIS and TWGs ; and increasing the engagement with regions and woreda > 89 World Bank , IEG Group ( Dec 2013 ) : _Project Performance Assessment Report ( PBS ) _ , Para 6 . 9 > 90 Aide Memoire , Nov 5-16 , 2012 , p 4-5 > 91 PBS Secretariat ( 2015 ) : _Supporting a new phase of decentralized basic service delivery – roadmap paper for a harmonized approach_ > 92 The evaluation team collected the SDS-ToR from the PBS secretariat . > 93 For details see Draft Report ( Version 2 , 28 Jan 2016 ) : _Services Delivery Harmonization Workshop_ 36 _Process Evaluation of PBS-3 , Final Report : Aid Effectiveness of the PBS Program_", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Another explanation of the difference in political cycles could arise from comparing national cycles to sub-national cycles . The literature thus far has focussed on the effect of presidential and national parliamentary elections , where it may be easier to manipulate fiscal and monetary policy to affect voter perceptions . However , at sub-national levels , voters may evaluate candidates on more micro indicators of performance , and a moral hazard model of government accountability may be more appropriate . Further research on the contrast of election strategies and voting behavior in national versus local elections would provide insights to the question of political accountability at different levels of government . # References - [ 1 ] Alesina , A . [ 1987 ] , \" Macroeconomic Policy in a Two-Party System as a Repeated Game \" , Quarterly Journal of Economics , 102 , 651-678 . - [ 2 ] Alesina , A . and Roubini , N . [ 19921 , \" Political Cycles in OECD Economies \" , Review of Economic Studies , 59 , 663-688 . - [ 3 ] Alesina , A . , Roubini , N . , and Cohen , G . D . [ 1997 ] , Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy , MIT Press . - [ 4 ] Basic Roads Statistics of India , Ministry of Surface Transport , Government of India , 1960-1995 . - [ 5 ] Bardhan , P . and Mookherjee , D . [ 1999 ] \" Relative Capture of Local and Central Governments \" , Working paper . - [ 6 ] Besley , T . and Case , A . [ 1995 ] , \" Does Electoral Accountability Affect Economic Policy Choices ? Evidence from Gubernatorial Term Limits \" , Quarterly Journal of Economics , 110 [ 3 ] , 769-798 . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "is information on the cost of subsidies as a share of GDP in 2007 and 2009 . During the period 2007 – 2009 , national food prices increased substantially , < sup > 10 < / sup > but food subsidies mostly declined or stagnated , except in Egypt where they increased . < sup > 11 < / sup > We illustrate this situation on Figure 2 assuming that a country is a price taker in international food markets and faces a perfectly elastic import supply curve . < sup > 12 < / sup > We assume also that the objective of the government is to keep domestic prices and imports of food as stable as possible via price subsidies on imported food . < sup > 13 < / sup > If there is a shock to the world food price , resulting in a jump in the world price from _P_ < sup > _W_ < / sup > up to _P_ < sup > _W ’ _ < / sup > , the government will have to double the subsidy paid per unit of imported food in order to keep imports at levels prevailing at the old international prices _P_ < sup > _W_ < / sup > . * * Figure 2 . Impact of Subsidies on Domestic Food Prices * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > P W ‟ < br > MS ‟ < br > P W s s < br > MS < br > s < br > P < br > MD < br > M ‟ M < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > As discussed above doubling of subsidies will be difficult in countries with limited fiscal space , implying that domestic prices _P_ might move up . In our example , > 10 Food CPI increased by 20 percent in Jordan , 44 percent in Egypt , 21 percent in Syria , and 8 percent in Morocco between 2007 and 2009 . > 11 According to World Bank data , during the period 2007 – 09 , food subsidies declined as a share of GDP from 1 . 8 percent to 0 . 8 percent in", "spans": [{"start": 1542, "end": 1557, "text": "World Bank data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "MALI ’ S INFRASTRUCTURE : A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE * * Table 21 . Funding gaps by sector * * < u > US $ millions per year < / u > | | ICT | Power | Transport | WSS | Total | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Needs | ( 178 ) | ( 302 ) | ( 236 ) | ( 311 ) | ( 1027 ) | | Spending traced to needs | 171 | 143 | 154 | 68 | 536 | | Within-sector reallocation | 2 | 12 | 5 | 0 | 19 | | Potential efficiency gains | 0 | 157 | 0 | 43 | 200 | | ( GAP ) or surplus | ( 6 ) | | ( 77 ) | ( 200 ) | ( 283 ) | Source : Derived from Foster and Briceño-Garmendia 2009 . Note : Potential overspending across sectors is not included in the calculation of the funding gap , because it cannot be assumed that it would be applied toward other infrastructure sectors . Inefficiency estimations based on operational performance data up to 2007 — = data not available . # What else can be done ? The most obvious way to address Mali ’ s funding gap is to raise additional finance . At the current level and pattern of spending even if all inefficiencies are corrected , Mali would need to increase its spending by 50 percent what have been seen in recent years . Additional finance might be hard to secure . Even if additional finance is not secured , Mali can reduce the infrastructure funding gap through its own policy choices , and in particular through the technology choices to meet its infrastructure targets . The largest measure that the country could take to reduce its infrastructure spending needs would be to integrate itself more closely within the West Africa Power Pool . If it were to do so , the country would become a net importer of power , importing up to 12 . 7 terawatt-hours of electricity by 2015 , which would reduce annual investment requirements by $ 124 million (", "spans": [{"start": 800, "end": 828, "text": "operational performance data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 : Municipality-level Summary Statistics , by Higher Education Choice | Variable | Short-Cycle < br > Program | Bachelors ’ < br > Program | Not Enrolled | All | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Total GDP ( billions COP ) | 27 . 379 | 25 . 114 | 18 . 853 | 21 . 493 | | Ratio of Urban / Rural Population | 1 . 403 | 1 . 364 | 1 . 030 | 1 . 163 | | Homicide rate ( per 1 , 000 inhabitants ) | 0 . 354 | 0 . 356 | 0 . 393 | 0 . 379 | | Total Population ( in millions ) | 2 . 279 | 2 . 085 | 1 . 597 | 1 . 805 | | Area ( per 10 , 000 squared km ) | 0 . 090 | 0 . 105 | 0 . 098 | 0 . 099 | | _Availability of Higher Ed_ | _ucation Instit_ | _utions ( HEI ) _ | | | | _Z_ : HEIs only ofer SC programs | 0 . 737 | 0 . 646 | 0 . 562 | 0 . 603 | | _H_ : Other type of HEIs | 0 . 844 | 0 . 842 | 0 . 732 | 0 . 775 | | N | 30 , 803 | 96 , 504 | 201 , 051 | 328 , 358 | Note : The sample corresponds to the universe of students who took the high school exit exam ( Saber 11 ) in 2005 . The information on local characteristics comes from the Municipal Panel from CEDE ( Center of Studies on Economic Development ) . The information on higher education programs and institutions is from SNIES ( National System of Information on Higher Education ) . 25", "spans": [{"start": 10, "end": 47, "text": "Municipality-level Summary Statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * SPCIALACCOUNT * * < sup > * * STATEMENT * * < / sup > | Forperiod < sup > ending < / sup > < br > Account < sup > No . < / sup > < br > Depository < sup > Bank < / sup > < br > Address < br > RelatedLoan < br > CreditAgreement < br > Currency | 30th * * JUNE , * * < sup > * * 2025 * * < / sup > < br > * * 1000600772 * * < br > * * CENTRAL * * < sup > BANK < / sup > < br > * * CENTRAL * * < sup > BANK < / sup > < br > PRIM . * * EDUCATIO * * < br > * * EUR * * | < sup > OFKENYA . < / sup > < br > < sup > OFKENYA . < / sup > < br > * * N * * < sup > * * EQUITY * * MOECR < / sup > < sup > * * 7067 * * < / sup > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Part * * A * * - Account < sup > Activity < / sup > | | | | Beginningbalanceof < sup > * * 1st * * July , 2024 < / sup > < br > asper C . B . K . Ledger < sup > Account < / sup > | | 137 < br > * * 105 - - * * < br > - - - | | * * Add : * * < br > Total Amount < sup > deposited < / sup > < sup > * * by *", "spans": [{"start": 792, "end": 810, "text": "C . B . K . Ledger", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "standards of living . Based on the census survey data , this livelihood restoration plan is designed to ensure that households adversely affected by the proposed subproject receive benefits and have their livelihoods , standards of living , and living conditions improved - or at least restored - in real terms . As part of the effort to triangulate the census data as well as gain deeper insights and understanding of issues in the resettlement planning and implementation ; and choices of livelihood restoration opportunities , needs , preferences , and constraints of displaced persons ; a series of consultative meetings were held with representatives of PAHs , local public officials as well as some NGOs actively operating in the Subproject area . The information gathered in connection with the census along with the socio-economic survey conducted as part of the ESIA will be the baseline , which will serve as a benchmark against which the results of livelihood restoration , income improvement , and other rehabilitation efforts will be measured and evaluated for their effectiveness at a later stage in the implementation of the resettlement plan . # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 Planning Approaches , Principles and Assumptions * * # # # # # # * * 11 . 2 . 1 Planning Approaches * * Construction and installation work of the proposed Haromaya - Chelenko TLP will affect lives and livelihoods of PAHs currently residing inside the area designated for substation and the 26-meter wide Right of Way ( RoW ) corridor extending for about 48 . 3km . Despite possible differences between groups of PAHs in terms of scope , duration , and severity , adverse impacts of the Subproject on PAHs ’ livelihoods are anticipated to be substantial in magnitude – in terms of both the number of PAHs and severity of impact on their livelihood . In other words , the proposed Subproject will create considerable physical and economic displacement of PAHs and hence involves involuntary resettlement . Therefore , as per the requirements of the national legislation ( Proclamation No . 1169 / 2019 and the WB", "spans": [{"start": 35, "end": 53, "text": "census survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 354, "end": 365, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 824, "end": 845, "text": "socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project : Machakos Region * * Resettlement Action Plan Report for Kariobangi Informal Settlement # # # # * * 2 . NATURE OF DISRUPTIONS AND LOSSES LIKELY TOWARD EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT , AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES * * From the census survey carried out on the Settlement between 19 < sup > th < / sup > and 31 < sup > st < / sup > October 2013 , the number of PAPs was estimated at 640 . Of these enumerated PAPs , majority were observed as informal businesses . Observed as well , an estimated 5 . 2 % ( count : 33 of 640 ) of the PAPs claimed to have legal rights to the land they occupy or use , of which majority ( count : 31 of 33 ) were determined as service providers . Respecting assets , findings of the survey indicate that which are expected to be affected , and in decreasing order of incidence , are : kiosk ( or _Kibanda_ ) , veranda , flood lights , fence , water tank , septic tank , sewer pipelines , toilet , church , bridge , and fruits trees . Other is electricity poles . Majority ( ≈ 97 . 37 % ) of the assets were observed to be of temporary construction material . Findings of the survey also indicate there is potential impact of adverse disruption of movement of pedestrians and vehicles to and from households , businesses , and neighbouring areas within and outside the settlement . This was of particular concern to : a ) business owners , whose worry was loss of or reduced revenues as well as loss of clientele ; and , b ) persons confined to wheel chairs and those using clutches , whose worry was movement through the construction zone . Other disruptions observed , which are likely on implementation of the Project , were interruption to electricity supply and , water and sanitation services . In connection to water and sanitation services , the disruption would be as a result", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 304, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", creating new jobs . For instance , in the taxicab market , the “ Uber technology ” has been linked to increased number of rides and the creation of over 30 , 000 jobs just from one startup ( Vergara-Cobos , 2020 ) . Our survey of the literature suggests that future research should focus on developing new online business models and work routines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Among other works , for example , Leonardi ( 2020 ) claims that the new work-model that COVID-19 enabled ( in other words , the “ work-from-home ” model ) has changed the work routine of companies ; consequently , such a work model will continue to drive institutional innovation for decades to come . _Table 4 : Main empirical findings from studies on ICT adoption and labor market outcomes_ | * * Labor market * * | * * Main conclusions * * | * * Sample * * | * * Time coverage * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Iacovone and Pereira - < br > López ( 2018 ) | ICT adoption in the manufacturing sector has increased < br > the demand for more high-skilled workers . | Mexico | 2008-2013 | | Czernich ( 2014 ) | The availability of broadband Internet does not reduce < br > unemployment . | Germany | 2006 | | Hjort and Poulsen < br > ( 2019 ) | The probability that an individual is employed increases < br > between 6 . 9 and 13 . 2 percent when fast Internet < br > becomes accessible . | 12 African < br > countries | 2006-2014 | | Klonner and Nolen < br > ( 2008 ) | Employment increases by 15 percentage points when a < br > region receives mobile coverage and that mobile < br > coverage is linked to poverty reduction . | South < br > Africa | 1995-2001 | 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Resettlement Policy Framework Page * * 72 * * of * * 73 * * xii If the residual of the asset being taken is not economically viable , compensation and other resettlement assistance are provided as if the entire asset had been taken . xiii The alternative assets are provided with adequate tenure arrangements . The cost of alternative residential housing , housing sites , business premises , and agricultural sites to be provided can be set off against all or part of the compensation payable for the corresponding asset lost . xiv > xv See OD 4 . 20 _Indigenous People_ > xvi See OP 4 . 04 _Natural Habitats_ xvii As a general principle , this applies if the land taken constitutes less than 20 % of the total productive area . xviii Paras . 13-l 5 do not apply to impacts covered under para . 3 ( b ) of this policy . The eligibility criteria for displaced persons under 3 ( b ) are covered under the process framework ( see paras . 7 and 30 ) . xix Such claims could be derived from adverse possession , from continued possession of public lands without government action for eviction ( that is , with the implicit leave of the government ) , or from customary and traditional law and usage , etc . l9b Resettlement assistance may consist of land . other assets , cash , emplovment etc . as appropriate . xx Normally , this cut-off date is the date the census begins . The cut-off date could also be the date the project area was delineated , prior to the census , provided that there has been an effective public dissemination of information on the area delineated , and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delineation to prevent further population influx . xxi For projects that are highly risky or contentious , or that involve significant and complex resettlement activities , the borrower should normally engage an advisory panel of independent , internationally recognized resettlement specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the resettlement activities .", "spans": [{"start": 1357, "end": 1363, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1460, "end": 1466, "text": "census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "53 - - g ) \" Agreed Minutes \" on annual consultations between Governments of Finland and Kenya regarding development cooperation . Nairobi , 30-31 October 1980 . - h ) contract between Metex Corporation and the Finnish Ministty of Foreign Affairs , 29 February 1980 , regarding supply of production sawmill to FITC Nakuru . - i ) USAID , Kenya . Renewable Energy Development Project . ( Project Paper 615-0205 ) . Washington : USAID , August 1980 . - j ) J . B . Smart . Report on a Forestry Consultancy in Kenya on Rtural Afforestation and Extension in the Embu , Meru and Isiolo Districts . Unpublished report for ODA , 1980 . - k ) Beijer Institute . Work-plan for an Analysis of the Fuelwoocl Cycle in Kenya and the Feasibility of Expanded Fuelwood Production . Stockholm : Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , 1980 , 2 vols . - 1 ) Japan International Cooperation Agency . Report of the Survey on the Modernization Plan of Wood Processing Industries in t : he Republic of Kenya . Tokyo , November 1978 . - III . Government Documents - a ) \" Seedlings Production for Rural Afforestation in Kenya \" . Government paper presented to Appraisal Mission November 1980 , pp . 19 and tables . - b ) A . G . Wanene & P . M . Wachiori . Forest Resources Inventory Report . Sawlog Availability . Kitale , Baringo , Londiani , Elburgon , Eldoret Forest Divisions . Nairobi : Forest Department , Forest Inventory Branch , August 1980 . - c ) B . G . Wamugunda & B . Solberg . An Economic / Structural Analysis of Kenya-s Sawmilling Sawlog . Nairobi : MENR , July 1975 . - d ) B . Solberg . A Comparison between Four Different Statistics Regarding Annual Sawlog Volume Cut in Central Government and County Council Owned Forests during the Calendar Years 1972 and 1973 , and Corresponding Best", "spans": [{"start": 1230, "end": 1263, "text": "Forest Resources Inventory Report", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * Internal control and internal audit * * _40 . _ * * _Internal controls : - _ * * The government internal control system continue to be used for the program . The government internal control procedures are incorporated in the regions ’ financial administration proclamation , procurement and property administration proclamation , directives , guidance notes and manuals . Though internal control procedures are well captured in various documents , there is a challenge in implementation mainly due to capacity problems . The quarterly continuous audit , being carried out for the program , raised recurring issues mainly in the areas of cash on hand control , monthly bank reconciliation , property management , timely settlements of advances and receivables . The 1 < sup > st < / sup > AF of ESPES incorporated selective indicators ( cash control and bank reconciliation ) to improve the control . The assessment has been completed and it was under verification by ORAG . A set back to improve the controls in the areas of property management and payroll is mainly due to absence of appropriate application software . Unlike IFMIS , the IBEX system has no property management and payroll models to control the movement of fixed asset and stock items and to integrate HR records with the payroll database . DLRs are proposed to address the property management weaknesses . The PFM strategy being implemented at regional level is required to address these during the 2 < sup > nd < / sup > AF of ESPES . 41 . * * _Internal audit_ * * : - The internal audit arrangement at the original and 1 < sup > st < / sup > AF will continue to be used for the program . The internal audit and inspection departments at regional BoFs are responsible for capacity building of internal auditors at regions and follow up and consolidate the quarterly internal audit reports of bureaus and woredas . Internal auditors at regional bureaus and woredas prepare annual audit plan and perform financial audit accordingly . Both submit monthly and quarter report to their office heads and to", "spans": [{"start": 1297, "end": 1313, "text": "payroll database", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "strengthening also occurred ( discussed further below ) . * * Overall rating * * : These operations were clearly highly relevant to the Government ’ s development priorities . Performance under PRSC 5 was satisfactory , but was somewhat less so under PRSC 6 and 7 . While there were select reform shortfalls and several outcome indicators had not been met , these operations achieved a number of important achievements as reflected in other outcome indicators as well as high-level indicators . On balance , the progress warrants a rating of _moderately satisfactory_ . # # # * * 3 . 4 Overarching Themes , Other Outcomes and Impacts * * _ ( if any , where not previously covered or to amplify discussion above ) _ # # # * * ( a ) Poverty Impacts , Gender Aspects , and Social Development * * The orientation toward service delivery in the PRSC series aimed to reduce poverty . Improvements in education and water and sanitation indicators show positive gains in terms of those aspects of poverty . Macroeconomic growth in Uganda has over the last decade been correlated with a decline in poverty , and GDP and per capita income growth continued to be strong under this series of operations . While it is probable that this growth also had a positive impact on poverty in general , there were no new poverty line data developed during this series of operations , and an evaluation cannot be made at this time on these operations impact on overall , or regional income-based poverty . In terms of gender impact , gender – and the gender-related issues of population growth , and infant and maternal mortality – were cross-cutting issues emphasized in the second PRSC series , 40", "spans": [{"start": 1300, "end": 1317, "text": "poverty line data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Final_ * * _TG Consultancy PLC_ beneficiary screening , ESMP , LMP and GRM , SE , GBV , monitoring and reporting . It has been observed that additional support is required . MoWE through the FAS in collaboration with WB will provide technical and financial assistance for the sub-component 3 . 1 ESMS implementation . With regard to professionals , at federal level , MoWE has Environmental and Social expertise that can manage the ESMS . There are two environmental sciences professionals with relevant degrees and experienced in environmental impact assessments and sustainable practices . There is also 1 Social Specialists , with relevant degree with knowledge of social impact assessments , community engagement , and stakeholder management . They are members of the MoWE ’ s ADELE Project subcomponent 3 . 1 office can manage the ESMS requirements . With regard to Logistics for Project Follow-up and Monitoring , transportation vehicles for field visits and on-site monitoring , Communication tools ( for real-time updates and reporting ) , monitoring equipment ( air and water quality testing equipment ) , Data Management Systems ( efficient system for storing and managing E & S data ) are available in the ministry . MoWE has a strong commitment to successfully achieve the ESMS and ensures the E & S requirements . The assessment identified an expertise gap at Woreda level , suggesting the inclusion of an Environmental and Social Specialist in MoWE ' s Woreda focal persons to support implementation and coordination . The Specialist will assist in ESMS implementation by preparing annual work programs and budgets , monitoring SHS installation progress , managing project information , and ensuring adequate support for implementing bodies to adhere to ESMS guidelines , thereby ensuring smooth SHS execution . The specialist should be assigned / hired by MoWE on a full-time basis and will report to the main bodies responsible for execution of the Project . 55", "spans": [{"start": 1188, "end": 1198, "text": "E & S data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 2 . 3 PMT algorithm * * PMT uses a ‘ greedy ’ approach to break the intractable variable selection problem down into a sequence of manageable tasks . At each step , it selects the best currently available option , until a stopping criterion is triggered . Such a myopic procedure can result in a selection that is very different to the optimal subset . However , the lack of theoretical guarantees is outweighed by its feasibility and results that tend to be credible , as evidenced by widespread policy adoption . A further benefit from the perspective of this paper is that a greedy algorithm produces a sequence of nested variable sets , which is a requirement for the adaptive approach laid out below . The original PMT algorithm , implicit in Grosh and Baker [ 1995 ] , uses stepwise regression as the basic algorithm . It consists of the following key components : - _Predictive model . _ Ordinary least squares ( OLS ) regression is the workhorse of PMT . Starting with an intercept , one OLS model is trained for each un-queried variable . - _Selection criterion . _ The convention in stepwise regression tends to be the use of the Bayesian or Akaike information criterion for in-sample model selection [ Friedman et al . , 2001 ] . In forward selection , each variable is considered in turn , and that which provides the largest increase in the information criterion is added to the current variable set . - _Stopping criterion . _ Variable selection continues until the best available model in the current step offers no improvement in the chosen information criterion . The PMT algorithm is described algorithm 1 below , where _X_ is a design matrix with partitions , _Xsel_ , _Xtmp_ , and _Xcand_ are column-wise partitions thereof , _y_ is the consumption level per household member that PMT estimates to determine eligibility , _f_ ( ) is an OLS predictive model , _AIC_ is the Akaike information criterion [ Akaike , 1998 ] . # * * 2 . 4 Data and background * * # # * * The Indonesia context * * Indonesia uses a social registry to implement its PMT for targeting multiple programmes . Much", "spans": [{"start": 2034, "end": 2049, "text": "social registry", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 7 : Comparison with other studies | * * ( 1 ) Marginal impact of * * < br > * * expected public debt on * * | basis point < br > per 1 percent | Forecast data | Countries / Group | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * government bondyields * * | | | | | | This study | 0 . 9-2 . 0 ( the share of foreign investors is 20 percent ) < br > 2 . 8-3 . 8 ( the share of foreign investors is 30 percent ) < br > 4 . 2-6 . 2 ( the share of foreign investors is 40 percent ) | IMF , OECD , EC , EIU | 11 AEs and 14 EMs | | | Engen and Hubbard ( 2005 ) | 2 . 8 | CBO | U . S | | | Laubach ( 2009 ) | 3 to 4 . 4 | CBO | U . S | | | Traum and Yang ( 2015 ) | 3 | DEGE implied data | U . S | | | Arslanalp and Poghosyan ( 2016 ) | 2 . 7 to 2 . 8 | IMF | 22 AEs | | | Gruber and Kamin ( 2012 ) | 0 . 4 to 1 . 3 | OECD | 19 OECD countries | | | Ichiue and Shimizu ( 2015 ) | 0 . 7 to 0 . 9 | OECD | 10 OECD countries | | | Jaramillo and Weber ( 2013 ) | 4 to 6 | EIU | 26 EMs | | | * * ( 2 ) Marginal impact of * * | basis point | Forecast data | Countries | Investor type | | * * the share of foreign investors * * | per 1 percent | | | | | * * ongovernment bondyields * * | | | | | | This study | - 11 . 8 to - 8 . 2 | IMF , OECD , EC , EIU | 11 AEs and 14 EMs | Foreign Private | | This study | - 17", "spans": [{"start": 151, "end": 164, "text": "Forecast data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 670, "end": 687, "text": "DEGE implied data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the baseline value was too high and subject to further investigation , and therefore did not adopt it . The high-end project result achieved ( relative to the baseline value retained ) was attributed to the intensive project activities over a relatively small project area . 29 . * * A total of 6 , 400 pregnant / lactating women , adolescent girls and / or children under age five were reached by basic nutrition services delivered mainly through monthly growth monitoring and promotion ( GMP ) sessions . * * Globally , the use of GMP has been established as one of the visible child health activities to prevent and address malnutrition . < sup > 18 < / sup > As an incentive to participate in GMP , a 0 . 5 kilograms pack of soya-maize flour was provided to the primary care-taker as supplementary food for the baby . 30 . * * Moreover , the project contributed to improved nutritional outcomes by using the project ’ s nutrition and health meetings , such as the GMP sessions , as an opportunity to also register and follow severe malnourished cases of children . * * A referral system for severely malnourished cases was established in order to receive in-patient therapeutic care in public health care facilities in order to promote linkages with the national health system . The project even procured ready-to-use-therapeutic food ( RUTF ) for outpatient management of acute malnutrition through supplementary feeding . The RUTF was distributed to severely acutely malnourished children as well as the moderately acutely malnourished to enable them to achieve catch up growth as well as maintain healthy weight . The distribution was supervised by health workers . < sup > 19 < / sup > This was not an activity originally foreseen by the project , so its > 13 The IE team used the Household Food Insecurity Access Index . > 14 Input packages contained planting material for OFSP and other nutrient-rich crops , such as iron-rich beans , tomatoes , carrots , pumpkins , eggplants , and groundnuts . Technical assistance on", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * NATIONAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA * * # # # Transaction Exchange Rates for Major Currencies # # # Appliable on _07 / 12024_ | Currency | | BuyingRate | SellingRate | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * US * * Dollar < br > PoundSterling | | * * 57 . 3701 * * < br > | * * 57 . 9436 * * | | < br > SwissFranc | | * * 73 . 1411 * * < br > | * * 73 . 8726 * * | | < br > SwedishKroner | | * * 63 . 7233 * * < br > | * * 64 . 3605 * * | | < br > Norweiankrone | | * * 5 . 4615 * * < br > | * * 5 . 5161 * * < br > | | g < br > DanishKroner | | 5 . 4329 < br > | * * 5 . 4872 * * | | < br > Dibti | | * * 8 . 3062 * * | * * 8 . 3893 * * | | jouFranc < br > IndianR | | * * 0 . 3213 * * | * * 0 . 3310 * * | | upee < br > KenanShillin | | * * 0 . 6869 * * | * * 0 . 6938 * * | | yg < br > JapaneseYen | | 0 . 4456 < br > | 0 . 4590 | | < br > CanadianDll | | * * 0 . 3560 * * | * * 0 . 3596 * * | | oar < br > AustralianDllr | | 42 . 1405 | 42 . 5619 | | oa < br > Saudi Ril | |", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 87, "text": "Transaction Exchange Rates for Major Currencies", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "McKenzie , David J . ( 2003 ) “ How do Households Cope with Aggregate Shocks ? Evidence from the Mexican Peso Crisis ” , World Development 31 ( 7 ) : 1179-99 . McKenzie , David J . ( 2004 ) “ Asymptotic theory for heterogeneous dynamic pseudo-panels ” , Journal of Econometrics 120 ( 2 ) : 235-262 . Moffitt , Robert ( 1993 ) “ Identification and estimation of dynamic models with a time series of repeated cross-sections ” , Journal of Econometrics 59 ( 1 ) : 99-124 . Piketty , Thomas ( 2000 ) “ Theories of Persistent Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility ” , Chapter 8 , pp . 429 - 476 in A . B . Atkinson and F . Bourguignon ( eds . ) Handbook of Income Distribution Volume 1 , North-Holland : Amsterdam Strauss , John , Kathleen Beegle , Agus Dwiyanto , Yulia Herawati , Daan Pattinasarany , Elan Satriawan , Bondan Sikoki , Sukamdi and Firman Witoelar ( 2004 ) Indonesian Living Standards before and after the financial crisis : Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey , RAND Corporation : Santa Monica . Thomas , Duncan , Elizabeth Frankenberg and James P . Smith ( 2001 ) “ Lost but not Forgotten : Attrition and Follow-up in the Indonesia Family Life Survey ” , Journal of Human Resources 36 ( 3 ) : 556-592 . Verbeek , Marno and Francis Vella ( forthcoming ) “ Estimating dynamic models from repeated cross-sections ” , Journal of Econometrics . 30", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "school ( Kazeem and Musalia , 2016 ) . Also studying the education dimension of poverty , Bertoni et al . ( 2018 ) measured the impact of Boko Haram violence on school enrollment and attendance rates in Nigeria ’ s Borno state and found a negative impact of violence . Likewise , Nwokolo ( 2019 ) and Rotondi and Rocca ( 2019 ) studied the effect of Boko Haram violence on nutrition and birth weight , and found that violence reduces birth weight . Popoola and Adetola ( 2016 ) studied five dimensions of multi-dimensional poverty ( safe drinking water , sanitation , housing , health , and nutrition ) based on the DHS survey of 2008 , but limit the analysis to children under 5 . Not distinguishing between adults and children , Ajakaiye et al . ( 2016a , b ) measured multi-dimensional poverty based on a slightly different set of dimensions ( including housing , water , sanitation , electricity and education ) over four waves of the DHS from 1999-2013 . All three studies , however , show irrespective of dimensions included that poverty is concentrated in the North and in rural areas . In a state level analysis , Ajakaiye et al . ( 2016a ) also showed that the most deprived states are , while concentrated , not solely in the North . To the best of the authors ’ knowledge , Adetola and Olufemi ( 2012 ) and the World Bank ’ s 2016 poverty assessment are the only available studies , which analyzed multi-dimensional poverty indicators in relation to monetary poverty with data from 2008 and reaching up until 2013 respectively , whereby latter does not have a specific focus on child poverty . This analysis hence aims at filling the gap in the literature by providing more up to date monetary and multi-dimensional child poverty estimates and insights on how these measures overlap . # 2 . 3 Children ’ s Rights in Nigeria The Federal Government of Nigeria adopted the Child ’ s Rights Act in 2003 in line with both the United Nation ’ s Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child to provide and protect the rights of Nigerian", "spans": [{"start": 616, "end": 626, "text": "DHS survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 939, "end": 942, "text": "DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "services from the Global Findex database with individual-level demographic characteristics from the Gallup World Poll . We also utilize country-level indicators on laws and gender norms that may discourage or hinder women ’ s use of financial services . Because the later country-level variables show no variation across high income economies , we focus our regression analysis on a sample of up to 98 developing countries . # * * _3 . 1 Individual-level Characteristics_ * * We control for several individual characteristics in our regressions , including dummy variables for gender , income quintiles , completed level of education , rural or urban residence , marital status , being head of household , and employment status . We also include a continuous variable for age and its squared term , and the household dependency ratio ( children under age 15 as a fraction of total household size ) . Table 1 shows univariate summary statistics for all individual characteristics ( disaggregated by gender ) for the sample of developing countries used in our regression analysis . As in the descriptive statistics discussed above , we find that women are less likely to be financially included : they are less likely to have an account , exhibit lower rates of informal and formal savings and informal and formal credit . We also find that women are more likely to be poor , possess lower levels of education , head a single adult household , be divorced , separated , or widowed and out of the workforce . At the same time , women are less likely to be self-employed , formal business owners or employed by an employer . T-tests indicate that these differences between men and women are statistically significant at the 1 percent confidence level . 14", "spans": [{"start": 25, "end": 40, "text": "Findex database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 100, "end": 117, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In a hypothetical scenario fashioned after the current pandemic period – where firms have no revenues due to a lockdown or collapsed demand – the median firm has retained earnings and other sources of financing to last 8 ( in retail ) to 19 weeks ( in other manufacturing ) , while the average firm does so within 12 ( in construction ) to 38 weeks ( in manufacturing of chemical , plastic and mineral products ) . Across countries , the median Ukrainian firm is the most liquidity constrained , while the median Peruvian firm has the most breathing space . The former has 7 weeks buffer in retained earnings and other sources of financing , the latter 16 weeks . The same is true when we turn to the analysis of means , the average Ukrainian firm has a 10-week buffer in retained earnings and other sources of financing , while the average Peruvian firm has 27 weeks . Our analysis does not support the Schumpeterian view that economic crises cleanse the private sector from inefficient firms . The evidence suggests that firms suffer untimely illiquidity regardless of age , size and productivity levels . In particular , survival times are not associated with higher firm productivity , with the exceptions of firms in Greece , Kenya and Peru . Larger firms have longer survival times only in Kazakhstan . Older firms are more resilient only in Jordan and Morocco . The results here complement recent work by Bachas and Brockmeyer ( 2020 ) , who use corporate tax records to show that even small revenue shocks push the majority of firms in developing economies into loss-making territory . Section II describes the data , section III outlines the methodology , section IV illustrates the base results , section V delineates the hypotheses used , section VI presents regression results and Section VII details initial policy measures . Section VIII concludes . # * * II . Data * * The calculations use data for 11 , 759 businesses from the World Bank ’ s Enterprise Surveys conducted in a dozen economies across Africa , Central Asia , Europe , Latin America , and the > and low-income economies where the informal sector constitutes a large share of economic activity . In", "spans": [{"start": 1453, "end": 1474, "text": "corporate tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "probability in each individual cluster following a change ( a one standard deviation shock ) in the indicator specified in the vertical axis . A positive value represents an increase in the probability of being in that cluster ; e . g . , greater exchange rate flexibility increases the probability of being in the higher growth and higher vulnerability ( H ) cluster . The opposite is the case for negative values ; e . g . , greater financial openness reduces the probability of being in the higher growth and lower vulnerability ( G ) cluster . The standard deviation shocks are derived from the data for the countries covered and that were observed during the period 2000-08 . The charts are based on the 2-year average estimation . As is the case with trade , financial openness also appears to increase vulnerability . However , it appears to do so in a similar magnitude in both the higher growth and higher vulnerability ( H ) cluster and the lower growth and higher vulnerability ( V ) cluster . Financial openness also appears to reduce quite significantly the probability of being in a higher growth and lower vulnerability ( G ) cluster , an effect that does not take place in trade openness . In other words , financial openness might deliver high growth , but might also lead to the worst of all possible outcomes ( cluster V ) . Thus , financial openness appears to act primarily at the level of the vulnerability dimension . Interestingly , the type of financial openness also matters . If FDI plays an important role , then countries are more likely to end in either cluster L or cluster G , suggesting that FDI type financing sources have stronger stability features than other financing sources . While these results are in many ways in line with our priors , they still serve to 12", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 629, "text": "data for the countries covered", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "assume that book values of net loans equal market values of gross loans . In most cases , however , there is a discrepancy between the market and book value of loans . A particular case is when loan data are distorted by inadequately reported nonperforming loans . Application of such distorted data to efficiency models might lead to incorrect conclusions , because banks with excessive loan growth will show high technical efficiency ( ceteris paribus ) , while they take on excessive risks . Inadequately reported nonperforming loans are most likely to be a large factor of data distortion in emerging markets with weak enforcement of banking regulation . In such countries a bank efficiency model might estimate a bank to be in better shape that they actually are . In fact , the most efficient banks of a banking system as measured by a bank efficiency model are not necessarily the least risky banks . In the case of East Asia it seems likely than inadequate loan loss provisions were a large factor of data distortion as well , because , until 1997 , loans were not classified as nonperforming loans until no payments were made for over one year , leading to underreporting of bad loans to regulators . The extremely high loan growths in the five East Asian countries during the period 199296 ( up to 151 % for the Philippines - see Appendix , Table 4 ) suggest excessive risk taking behaviour of the East Asian banks . Since the technical efficiency measure does not take into account that excessive loan growth can indicate excessive risk taking instead of increased bank performance , technical bank efficiency measures are not a perfect indicator for bank performance , but are merely an indicator for how well banks are in transforming their inputs into loans , both bad and good loans . Especially in countries where poor regulatory frameworks and weak enforcement of banking regulations enable banks to take excessive risks , technical efficiency measures will provide a misleading insight in the performance of banks . The earlier mentioned studies by Leightner and Lovell ( 1997 ) , Leightner ( 1997 ) , Gilbert and Wilson ( 1998 ) and Hao et al . ( 1999 ) on Thai and Korean banking", "spans": [{"start": 194, "end": 203, "text": "loan data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Hygiene and Environmental Health : _ * * Regarding hygiene and environmental health services to the population , access to toilet facilities has increased from 10 % to 17 % , for which the achievement was 29 % in 2003 / 04 . Access to safe water has also improved from 23 . 1 % in 1997 / 98 to 28 . 4 % in 2002 / 03 ; while access to sanitation increased from 12 . 5 % to 17 % * * _Drug Availability_ * * : The national availability of essential key drugs , based on a survey result published in 2003 , was 75 % , 85 % and 95 % for public health facilities , regional drug stores , and private retail drug outlets , respectively . On the other hand , the general average for presence of expired drugs by year 2003 was 8 % , 2 % and 3 % in health facilities , regional drug stores and private retail drug outlets , respectively . * * _Communicable disease : _ * * progress was made in the control of key communicable diseases such as Tuberculosis , malaria and HIV / AIDS . The National Adult HIV Prevalence estimated in 2003 is 4 . 4 % . There seems to be a genuine and significant reduction in the rate of new infection between EFY 1991 and EFY 1997 in urban areas and the rate of progression of the epidemic in the urban and rural areas in the last 5-7 and 3-5 years , respectively . TB / HIV collaborative activities were carried out in 280 sites . * * _Human resource : _ * * The number of graduating health human resource and availability of all categories of health professionals has also improved over the program period , the most remarkable improvement being in health officers and nurses . The number of health officers has increased from 30 in EFY 1989 to 683 in EFY 1996 . Similarly during the same period the number of nurses has increased from 3864 to 14 , 270 , and the number of all physicians from 1483 to 1996 .", "spans": [{"start": 474, "end": 505, "text": "survey result published in 2003", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( 3 . 43 ) | ( 3 . 88 ) | | Ave max ( in m ) | 10 . 52 | 13 . 26 | 25 . 12 | 31 . 78 | | | ( 6 . 65 ) | ( 12 . 26 ) | ( 23 . 58 ) | ( 16 . 83 ) | | Ave TFA ( in m2 ) | 78 . 65 | 140 . 75 | 354 . 58 | 707 . 37 | | | ( 111 . 24 ) | ( 325 . 67 ) | ( 1 , 118 . 25 ) | ( 1 , 209 . 62 ) | | Ave TFA / City Area | 0 . 79 | 0 . 78 | 1 . 19 | 1 . 11 | | | ( 0 . 18 ) | ( 0 . 26 ) | ( 0 . 44 ) | ( 0 . 38 ) | Source : Analysis based on DLR WSF 3D data set Note : These are average heights for 90m x 90 m blocks , further averaged across the city ’ s extent # 3 . Stylized facts In this section , we provide stylized facts on the magnitude and spatial distribution of built-up area growth and vertical layering in cities . As we have data on heights and can compute floor area , we provide a new measure of floor space adjusted density . # 3 . 1 The growth of urban built-up area is slower than has been thought Analysis of the satellite data show that between 1990 and 2015 the world ’ s total urban built-up area increased by 66 , 000 km < sup > 2 < / sup > , or the size of Sri Lanka . Urban built-up area increased from 226 , 768 km < sup > 2 < / sup > to 294 , 550 km < sup > 2 < / sup > , a growth of 30 percent . In developing countries , urban built-up area increased from 117 , 977 km < sup > 2 < / sup > to 166 , 231 km < sup > 2 < / sup > over the same time period . That is", "spans": [{"start": 426, "end": 445, "text": "DLR WSF 3D data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 917, "end": 931, "text": "satellite data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "expectations , soon disappointed most of them . Furthermore , the Bank all but ignored the final outcome of his project , the 1967 book , and especially disliked its first chapter , “ The principle of the hiding hand , ” which was widely circulated after appearing as a separate article in Daniel Bell ’ s and Irving Kristol ’ s journal _The Public Interest_ ( Hirschman 1967a and 1967b ) . In particular , Hirschman ’ s insistence on uncertainty as a structural element in the decision-making process did not fit in well with the operational drive of Bank economists and engineers . This paper is based mostly on previously undisclosed archival material from the World Bank Archives and the Albert Hirschman papers held at Princeton University . It will tell the story of the genesis , development , and conclusion of Hirschman ' s collaboration with the World Bank , and discuss its relevance for the postwar history of development . The study of these dynamics 3", "spans": [{"start": 664, "end": 683, "text": "World Bank Archives", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 692, "end": 715, "text": "Albert Hirschman papers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 8720 # * * Abstract * * An earlier paper titled “ Non-linear effects of tax changes on output : The role of the initial level of taxation , ” estimated tax multipliers using ( i ) a novel dataset on value-added taxes for 51 countries ( 21 industrial and 30 developing ) for the period 1970 – 2014 , and ( ii ) the so-called narrative approach developed by Romer and Romer ( 2010 ) to properly identify exogenous tax changes . The main finding is that , in line with existing theoretical distortionary and disincentive-based arguments , the effect of tax changes on output is highly non-linear . The tax multiplier is essentially zero under relatively low / moderate initial tax rate levels and more negative as the initial tax rate and the size of the change in the tax rate increase . This companion paper first shows that these findings have important policy implications , given that the initial level of taxes varies greatly across countries and thus so will the potential output effect of changing tax rates . The paper then turns to some specific policy applications . It focuses on the relevance of the arguments for revenue mobilization in countries with low levels of provision of public goods and social and infrastructure gaps , as well as in commodity-dependent countries . The paper then considers some practical implications for the standard debt sustainability analysis . Lastly , it evaluates the implications of the findings for the Laffer curve . This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist , Latin America and the Caribbean Region . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / research . The authors may be contacted at gvuletin @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are", "spans": [{"start": 212, "end": 246, "text": "novel dataset on value-added taxes", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report * * * * Manyatta A , Manyatta B , Nyawita and Kibuye settlements * * | * * Category * * | * * Kenya Legal framework * * | * * WB Policy * * | * * Recommendations * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Cut-off Date * * | < br > The Land Act , 2012 is not specific on the cut-off < br > date but proposes a final survey of land ( with regard < br > to < br > private < br > land ) < br > to < br > be < br > undertaken < br > before < br > compensation is paid . It does not cover public land . | Copy < br > O . P 4 . 12 describes that normally the cut-off date is < br > the date the census begins . It could also be the date < br > the project area was delineated , prior to the census , < br > provided that there has been an effective public < br > dissemination of information on the area delineated , < br > and systematic and continuous dissemination < br > subsequent to the delineation to prevent further < br > population influx . Persons and developments < br > established after this date and not included in the < br > inventory of PAPs will not be considered eligible for < br > facilitation or resettlement assistance . | < br > * * Adopt World Bank ( WB ) policy * * | | * * Consultation * * < br > * * and * * < br > * * disclosure * * | los < br > The Land Act outlines procedures for consultation < br > with affected population by the NLC . However , < br > where no land acquisition is foreseen , this is not < br > clear . IDP Act however requires", "spans": [{"start": 1086, "end": 1103, "text": "inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * < u > KIBALE NATIONAL PARK < / u > * * | KII | KeyInformant Interviews | | - - - | - - - | | KNP | Kibale National Park | | LC | Local Council | | LFMP | Labour Force Management Plan | | LTD | Limited | | MGLSD | Ministryof Gender Labour and Social Development | | mi | Mile | | mm | Millimeter | | MoWE | Ministryof Water and Environment | | NDP | National Development Plan | | NEA | National Environment Act | | NEMA | National Environment Management Authority | | NFA | National ForestryAuthority | | NGO | Non-Government Organization | | NGP | National Gender Policy | | NIP | National Implementation Plan | | No . | Number | | OSH | Occupational Health and Safety | | PC | Project Contractor | | PM | Project Manager | | Pm | Past Midnight | | POPs | Persistent Organic Pollutants | | PPEs | Personal Protective Equipment | | SEO | Social and Environmental Officer | | SGBV | Sexual and Gender-Based Violence | | SMP | Social Management Plan | | SP | Safeguard Policies | | SRH | Sexual and Reproductive Health | | STDs | SexuallyTransmitted Diseases | | ToR | Terms of Reference | | TSPs | Technical Service Providers | | UGP | Uganda Gender Policy | | VAC | Violence Against Children | | VAWG | Violence Against Women and Girls | | VES | Visual Encounter Surveys | | VOL | Volume | | VAC | Violence Against Children | | WB | World Bank | | WCS | World Conservation Status | | ZOI | Zone of Influence | xi | P a g e * * _Project Brief – UWA KNP Staff Accommodation , Entry gate and Tourism center_ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * 2004 * * | | Contributions ( % of GDP ) | 0 . 27 | 0 . 49 | 0 . 61 | 0 . 66 | 0 . 68 | < br > 0 . 87 | < br > 1 . 06 | | Contribution rate ( % ) | 6 . 0 | 6 . 0 | 6 . 0 | 6 . 0 | 7 . 0 | < br > 7 . 0 | < br > 8 . 0 | | Contribution base ( % of GDP ) | 4 . 6 | 8 . 1 | 10 . 1 | 11 . 0 | 11 . 4 | < br > 12 . 4 | < br > 13 . 2 | | Determinants of contribution base : | | | | | | | | | Membership ( thousands ) | 1 , 347 | 2 , 064 | 2 , 193 | 2 , 253 | 2 , 214 | 2 , 304 | 2 , 402 | | Contribution ceiling / Average covered wage | - | 2 . 0 | 1 . 9 | 1 . 8 | 1 . 6 | < br > - | < br > 2 . 5 | | Covered wage bill ( % of GDP ) | 22 . 1 | 22 . 4 | 22 . 2 | 23 . 5 | 23 . 9 | < br > 24 . 2 | < br > - | | Memo item : | | | | | | | | | Contribution base / Covered Wage Bill | 20 . 7 | 36 . 1 | 45 . 7 | 46 . 9 | 47 . 5 | < br > 52 . 4 | < br > - | Source : HFSA raw data . 21 . A recovery of the covered wage bill would also contribute to larger contributions and more rapid growth of the second pillar . As shown in Table 7 , the base of contributions to the second pillar has been growing in line with the increase in membership , and is now more than half of the covered wage bill . At the end of", "spans": [{"start": 856, "end": 869, "text": "HFSA raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "that there is not always a one-to-one relationship between ethnicity and native language ( see discussion below ) . # * * _3 . 1 . Intervention_ * * Once the participants were selected , they were randomly assigned to one of four groups to watch a 2 : 34 minutes-long 360-degree VR experience using an Oculus Go VR headset ( see Appendix A for still images from the VR experiences or follow the video links provided below for each treatment group ) . Immediately after watching the videos , each participant was asked to take a brief computer-assisted survey . The four 360-degree VR experiences in the experiment included : - i . < u > Control group : Video of a well-known public park ( Burns Garden ) in its natural state , with no < / u > modifications ; - ii . < u > Treatment-1 < / u > ( urban design ) : Video with 3D urban design elements added to the park ; - iii . < u > Treatment-2 < / u > ( diversity ) : Video with a diverse group of park users added to the park ; - iv . < u > Treatment-3 < / u > ( urban design + diversity ) : Video including both the additional 3D urban design elements and the diverse group of park users . The control group was shown a video of a well-known public park called Burns Garden in its natural state , while the three treatment videos were enhanced with additional content identified through primary and secondary research . An online survey was carried out on Facebook in Urdu to collect information on people ’ s perceptions about public parks in Karachi . < sup > 5 < / sup > The survey was complemented with an extensive review of the literature on barriers that hinder the use of parks ( see Appendix B ) . The Facebook survey indicated that public parks in Karachi were generally perceived as dull and unsafe places . When asked about the reasons for feeling unsafe , respondents mentioned lack of proper lighting at night , presence of drug users , fear of harassment ( especially among women ) , and parks often being deserted . Respondents", "spans": [{"start": 1662, "end": 1677, "text": "Facebook survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Jima II – Limu Genet 132kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ # # # # # * * 8 . 9 Summary of Concerns Raised by the Subproject-affected Community and Response by RP Team * * Table 8 . 6 : Summary of Concerns Raised by local Authorities and Community members and Response Given by RP Team | * * Question Raised by Participants * * | * * Question / * * < br > * * Concern / * * < br > * * Expectation * * | * * Response Given by the RP Team * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Will compensation payment will be effected < br > before Subproject implementation | Concern / < br > question | Under normal circumstance compensation will be paid to the PAHs before the Subproject < br > commencement but since the compensation process is time taking . It will be recommended < br > payment to be completed before the start of Subproject construction activities . However , < br > sometimes compensationpayment and Subproject construction activities may goparallel . | | How will PAHs appeal in case if there is < br > something wrong with compensation payment | Concern / < br > question | Grievance Redress Mechanism ( GRM ) will be established to hear and resolve all grievances < br > related to the Subproject activities including compensation issues . | | Most of the consulted PAHs wanted to know < br > the < br > planned < br > date < br > for < br > the < br > Subproject < br > commencement | Question | The commencement date for the Subproject is dependent on several factors including the < br > present census survey and RP document finding , budget issue and other related factors . | | | | ▪ < br > Project affected persons will be compensated for their losses", "spans": [{"start": 1600, "end": 1613, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "P a g e | * * 30 * * * * Plate 4h : * * ( Top-Bottom ) A community borehole and a war memorial near the health center # # # * * 2 . 1 . 5 Bulisa District * * # # # * * a ) Population * * According to national population census of 2002 , the total population of the District which comprises of Bulisa County is 63 , 363 persons : 31 , 022 males and 32 , 341 females . < sup > 1 < / sup > Bulisa District population is unevenly distributed among the sub-counties with Bulisa sub-county having the biggest population . Population density is 65 persons per square kilometer < sup > 2 < / sup > . > 1 UBOS , 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census , Masindi District Report , November 2005 , p . 11 . _2_ > _ibid_", "spans": [{"start": 200, "end": 234, "text": "national population census of 2002", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 603, "end": 644, "text": "2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "< br > sequestra - < br > tion | xxv ) < br > Prepare PDD < br > and register with < br > UNFCCC | | By 2013 | v ) < br > Generate and deli < br > to the IBRD or other buye < br > ri CFR | very 500 , 000 t-Co2e < br > rs in North Rwenzo - | Growth monitoring r < br > MAI of 20 m3 per yea | eports , CAI and < br > r | | | * * 9 - C * * lear < br > felled areas < br > replanted | xxvi ) < br > Ground < br > preparation , plant - < br > ing , maintenance | | Within 1 < br > year | w ) < br > Period within < br > which replanting is done | Not later than 1 < br > year after harvest | Field reports | - Required < br > funds are availa - < br > ble on time | 71", "spans": [{"start": 587, "end": 600, "text": "Field reports", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _ “ Not Applicable ” _", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "described in the Basis for Conclusion on the Effectiveness of Internal Controls , Risk Management and Governance section of my report , * * I * * confirm that nothing else has come to my attention to cause me to believe that internal controls , risk management and governance were not effective . Basis for Conclusion Lack of Assets Register During field verification , it was noted that the contractor had bought * * 25 * * motor vehicles of various makes , computers , office equipment ' s and other assets from the funds paid for * * by * * the project . However , the contractor did not maintain assets register showing the type of asset , date of purchase , the supplier , amount , LPO or Receipt number and serial number of the assets or chassis number of the vehicle . Without proper assets register , the existence of all the assets purchased could not be confirmed . Further , the assets that were found in the office were not tagged . It could not be established if they were actually assets of that office . In the circumstances , movement of the assets and handover after the end of project may not be confirmed . _Report of the Auditor-General on Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project ( Grant No . _ * * _TFOAO761A_ * * _and Credit No . _ * * _5268 / 5674 / 7423-KE ) _ * * _for the year ended_ * * _30_ * * _June , 2024_ * * _-_ * * _State Department for Irrigation_ * * 6 * *", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 615, "text": "assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 791, "end": 806, "text": "assets register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ") , arrestations arbitraires / détention illégale ( 27 cas ) . - S ’ agissant de la PNC , les violations commises seraient des arrestations arbitraires / détention illégale ( 19 cas ) , agressions sexuelles ( 2 ) , taxes illégales ( 1 ) . - Au cours de la période sous revue , plusieurs violations alléguées aux miliciens Mobondos sont rapportées dans les provinces de Maï-Ndombe et Kwilu . Il s ’ agit essentiellement de violations du droit à la propriété ( extorsions de biens ) , des violences basées sur le genre , des violations du droit à la vie et l ’ intégrité physique ( meurtres ) . Sur la RN17 , axe Masiambio-Bandundu ville , des pertes humaines et matérielles , et enlèvements ont été enregistrés à la suite d ’ attaques de véhicules / bus par des miliciens . Le regain d ’ insécurité observé pendant toute la période a conduit les autorités à suspendre la circulation des > 6 < u > Rapport mensuel de monitoring de protection Bandundu mois de décembre 2023 Kadima Foundation et UNHCR < / u > Si vous avez des commentaires , questions , ou données supplémentaires , veuillez contacter : Steve Ndikumwenayo ( ndikumwe @ unhcr . org < u > ) ou Lorraine de Limelette ( lorraine . delimelette @ nrc . no ) < / u > 12", "spans": [{"start": 896, "end": 948, "text": "Rapport mensuel de monitoring de protection Bandundu", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "risk ” as in the earlier literature on the subject , or broken down into different components as above ) is mainly borne by the owner of the dwelling , and relates to the certainty of present and future cash flows from the investment . On the other hand , renters with high moving costs may care about physical eviction risk . In this paper we clarify these issues . We show that appropriate data on rents and prices of dwelling units in the formal and informal sectors can be used to isolate two economic variables : the difference in rates of return on housing investment , which reflects the risks borne only by investors , and the premium on rents for the formal sector , which reflects conditions prevailing in rental markets . These two quantities have different economic meanings , and should therefore be analyzed separately . We consider a simple model of investment in the housing market , where investors can choose between two sectors : the formal sector , where physical investment faces no risk of destruction , and the informal sector , where investment , in each period , is subject to an exogenous risk of destruction . Construction costs differ between the two sectors . On the demand side , all households are renters . < sup > 9 < / sup > Renters shop for dwelling attributes and do not care about the sector ( formal or informal ) _per se_ . There is no moving cost , and renters can choose freely between the formal and informal sector ( no segregation in the housing market ) . The implications of this simple model are the following . Free mobility of renters implies that rents in the two sectors must be equal . On the supply side , the higher risk faced by investors in the informal sector must be reflected in a higher return on equity invested . Since rents are equal in the two sectors , the values of houses will be lower in the informal sector . Returns on investment , measured by the rent-to-value ratio , will thus be higher in the informal sector . This result relies only on investment side considerations and is independent of assumptions on the households ’ side", "spans": [{"start": 392, "end": 434, "text": "data on rents and prices of dwelling units", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "45 . 78 | 58 . 77 | 12 . 17 | 80 . 05 | | Per capita expenditures * * * | 31 . 18 | 28 . 97 | 24 . 25 | 13 . 59 | 41 . 71 | 0 | 191 . 83 | TWs is the \" poverty \" index used by FONCODES in 1996 . It is a weighted mean of 8 variables - - the rate of chronic malnutrition amongst schoolchildren , the rate of illiteracy , the proportion of children not in school , and the proportion of households who live in overcrowded housing , who have inadequate roofing , no access to running water , no sewerage , and no electricity , respectively . Higher values of the index are an indication of higher poverty . All values are normalized so that the province with the lowest amount of poverty has a value of the FONCODES index equal to 1 . * * Summary statistics for the pro-Fujimori vote in 1990 and 1993 are population-weighted . They do not correspond exactly to the actual fractions voting for Fujimori because of differences between total population and the population of eligible voters . Moreover , electoral data for the second round of the 1990 presidential election is only available for 205 out of 224 provinces which existed at the time . * * * This refers to per capita expenditures made by FONCODES on community-based projects between December 1991 and March 1995 , in 1992 soles . Figures 2 and 3 show scatter diagrams and non-parametric ( kernel ) regressions of the logarithm of per capita FONCODES expenditures as a function of the proportions voting for Fujimori in the 1990 presidential election and the 1993 referendum , respectively . \" < sup > 5 < / sup > Figure 2 shows a positive correlation between the 1990 Fujimori vote and expenditures in the December 1991 - - October 1993 period , while Figure 3 shows a negative correlation between the 1993 Fujimori vote and expenditures in the November 15 Non-parametric regression analysis can be thought of as a moving average . The expectation of Y ( in this case , the log of per capita FONCODES expenditures ) is estimated conditional on X ( the", "spans": [{"start": 997, "end": 1011, "text": "electoral data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Coastal Region Water Security and Climate Resilience Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended June 30 , 2018_ * * * * I I I * * # # # # # * * SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES ( Continued ) * * # # # # # * * Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . * * * Acquisition of fixed * * assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # # * * c ) In-kind donations * * In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for inkind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . # # # # # * * d ) * * Cash * * and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits on call and * * highly * * liquid investments with an", "spans": [{"start": 969, "end": 989, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Gallup World Poll 2020 . < sup > 17 < / sup > Overall , the correlation with our data is strong , assuring us that , at least in this vein , our sample is not unrepresentative . The WVS and Gallup World Poll have a lower coverage globally and include fewer countries in Sub-Saharan Africa than the Gender Equality at Home survey on Facebook . < sup > 18 < / sup > The WVS also does not include measures of community norms . However , the Gallup World Poll 2020 data captures both attitudes and norms . We consider attitudes that address the male breadwinner-female caregiver theme in the WVS and a broad norm using Gallup World Poll 2020 data . We compare the attitudes on the male breadwinner norm with the WVS statement : “ If a woman earns more money than her husband , it ’ s almost certain to cause problems ” and the female caregiver norm with the WVS statement : “ When a mother works for pay , the children suffer ” ; and whether women should be allowed to work outside of the home from the Gallup World Poll . In the comparison , we use attitudinal responses disaggregated by gender , and compute averages at the country-level . We standardize the averages and assign a rank to each country within our sample and split into quintiles ( i . e . from most progressive = 1 to least progressive = 5 ) . We compare how the countries differ in rank across the two surveys . For those countries where the difference in rank is positive this indicates that the Facebook sample in that country is potentially more conservative or stereotypical than a respondent in the WVS . Conversely , if the rank is negative this indicates that the sample in the Facebook population is more gender progressive or counter-stereotypical than the more representative WVS . In Appendix A , tables A4 and A5 , we show the country level differences in quintile rank . The results vary depending on the norm in question and gender . For example , in Spain ( ESP ) men are equally gender progressive in both the Gender Equality at Home survey and the WVS ( difference in", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 22, "text": "Gallup World Poll 2020", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 298, "end": 328, "text": "Gender Equality at Home survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 615, "end": 642, "text": "Gallup World Poll 2020 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 999, "end": 1016, "text": "Gallup World Poll", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2030, "end": 2033, "text": "WVS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "outcomes , it is inefficient to fully correct for baseline imbalances between treatment and control groups . Section 2 begins with a theoretical discussion of what power calculations tell us about the gain to be had from using more rounds of data , and provides examples for common types of economic data . Section 3 then derives implications for the choice of how many pre-treatment and post-treatment waves to use . The bottom line is that collecting multiple measurements posttreatment will make most sense when the data have low autocorrelation ; whereas baseline data is of most use when the autocorrelation is high ( although there are of course other important uses of baseline data apart from improving the power to estimate treatment effects , such as for examining treatment heterogeneity , and so one may still wish to do a baseline for these other reasons – something I discuss at the end of the paper ) . It would appear that for many economic outcomes , experiments with a fixed budget to conduct a total of K surveys would have greater power when dividing that K over multiple post-treatment rounds than having a baseline and single follow-up . Section 4 then discusses additional practical issues which are likely to arise when considering multiple measurements in economic experiments , many of which are not common concerns in clinical trials . Section 5 concludes . # * * 2 . What is the gain from more rounds ? * * Let _Yi , t_ be an outcome of interest for household or firm _i_ in survey round _t_ . Consider an intervention which assigns units to receive a binary treatment ( such as getting business training or not , or getting a conditional cash transfer or not ) . Suppose there are _m_ pretreatment survey rounds ( labeled – ( _m_ - 1 ) through 0 ) and _r_ post-treatment survey rounds ( labeled 1 through _r_ ) . A common method in economics for estimating the treatment effect < sup > 3 < / sup > of the intervention on the outcome of interest is via the following difference-in-differences specification : where _EVERTREATi_ is a dummy variable which takes value one if unit _i_ is assigned to the treatment group and zero if it", "spans": [{"start": 291, "end": 304, "text": "economic data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 559, "end": 572, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "promote their gradual integration . Achieving full legal integration is critical in this process and , to assist in this , many governments in recent years have begun introducing more flexible procedures that provide refugees access to national services . The panel of refugees only validated the need for such initiatives . Support to refugee organisations also surfaced as a necessary part of UNHCR ’ s work , to promote dignified outcomes for refugees . Cross-cultural programmes that promote refugee integration also lead to supporting the rebuilding of communities . Mapping and sound assessments , as always , surfaced as critical to activities in reaching refugees , engaging partners old and new , and effectively targeting programmes for refugees . The good practices in providing livelihoods support all pointed to the successes that come when organisations invest in scaled , multi-sectoral interventions that consider the cultural and psychosocial dimensions of finding work . Appealing to the private sector through their corporate social responsibility platforms also emerged as a useful entry point for partnerships . Similarly , the sensitisation , or educating and training on refugee issues , of relevant actors , including financial institutions such as banks and microfinance institutions , can facilitate refugees ’ access to capital and other financial services . Building Communities of Practice for Urban Refugees – UNHCR ’ s Policy Development and Evaluation Service * * 3 * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "than other surveys where respondents are tracked and re-interviewed irrespective of where they move within the sample area ( e . g . , as in the Indonesia Family Life Survey , see Thomas , Frankenberg and Smith 2001 ) . We include only the children who were successfully followed up _in the same barangays_ in Rounds 2 and 3 in the analysis because those who were in Round 1 but not in the two other rounds ( with the exception of the few refusals or incomplete interviews ) died or experienced changes in treatment status when they moved . Table 4 shows the sample sizes for children who remained in the same sample barangay for all three surveys and were not missing critical data in Round 3 . This group totals 6 , 693 children . The sample in non-program areas thus includes : 1 ) children living in barangays in regions 6 and 7 who did not receive the program by Round 3 and 2 ) all children who reside in region 8 . As can be seen from Table 4 , very few sample children residing in regions 6 and 7 were not living in program barangays by Round 3 . Thus , our measure of treatment is essentially ( though not identical to ) whether a child resides in regions 6 or 7 . * * Table 4 . Sample Sizes for Program and Non-Program Children by Region , Philippines ECD * * * * < u > Study < / u > * * | Region and Program or Non-program Areas | N | | - - - | - - - | | _Program Areas_ | | | Region 6 | 1 , 682 | | Region 7 | 2 , 458 | | Total | 4 , 140 | | _Non-Program Areas_ | | | Region 6 | 145 | | Region 7 | 49 | | _Total_ | 194 | | Region 8 | 2 , 359 | | Total | 6 , 693 | For the purposes of this evaluation , a central question is whether attrition is selective with respect to treatment status . Several studies on the U . S . and developing countries show that non-random attrition generally does not have a", "spans": [{"start": 145, "end": 173, "text": "Indonesia Family Life Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "welfare . At the same time , the need to finance transport infrastructure leads to higher taxes that reduce real consumption . The net welfare effect for each country results from the combination of the trade gains and the share of the costs of the common infrastructure . We then use this framework to estimate the trade , GDP and welfare effects of the transport infrastructure related to the Belt and Road Initiative for 55 participating countries and a total of 107 countries / regions in the world ( Figure 1 ) . We use a combination of geographical data and network algorithms to compute the reduction in shipping time and trade costs between all country pairs in the world . < sup > 5 < / sup > The computations are based on the Shortest Path Algorithm on both the current > 4 Hummels and Schaur ( 2013 ) estimate the “ value of time ” both at the sectoral level as well as for all goods together . When including all goods and controlling for product fixed effects , they find that a one-day delay in shipping time is equivalent to an ad-valorem tariff of 0 . 6 to 2 . 3 percent . Separating each HS2 in different regressions , the average across all products is around 5 percent . de Soyres et al ( 2018 ) use the rich heterogeneity of Hummels and Schaur ’ s ( 2013 ) estimates at the HS2 level in order to account for each sector ’ s specificity in their sensitivity to time barriers . 5 The infrastructure projects considered in this study are the ones currently being constructed , planned or proposed as part of the BRI ( see de Soyres et al . , 2018 , for the full list ) . We do not consider the question of 3", "spans": [{"start": 542, "end": 559, "text": "geographical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Component 2 has continued to progress , and has reached a total of 9 , 026 clients . Participation in business training courses has been markedly lower with the depletion and slowdown of the WEDP line of credit . Since October 2016 , 1 , 744 clients were trained , compared to a target of 3 , 600 . An acceleration of training activities is expected once new financing enters the project and loans resume at full scale . Satisfaction with WEDP business training – one proxy for training quality – remains high , with WEDP clients who participate in the training providing an average satisfaction rating of 4 . 5 out of 5 . Beyond reaching the targeted number of trainees , ensuring integration of WEDP into the government ’ s regular program is critical . A dialogue with senior officials is planned for strengthening the integration of WEDP training into the government system and to ensure ownership of the program . Diversification of WEDP skills development services has also become important to meet the demand of the clients . A priority in the coming period will be to initiate training follow up activities such as coaching , mentoring , and industrial extension services . 3 * * . * * Under Component 3 , notable progress has been made on M & E and on impact evaluation . The regular M & E system of the project is running smoothly , with project implementation information and data regularly generated through the centralized WEDP Management Information System ( http : / / 197 . 156 . 90 . 249 : 8100 / ) . The focus is now on ensuring that this granular , real-time data is being used by implementers to manage and inform project activities . On the evaluation side , data from the latest round of project evaluation has been collected and analyzed . A simple before-after comparison of 2 , 400 firms surveyed in 2013 and again in 2016 showed that enterprises that had participated in WEDP had increased employment levels in their firms by 55 % and had increased profits by 41 % , over the past three years . Enterprises that took WE", "spans": [{"start": 1680, "end": 1728, "text": "data from the latest round of project evaluation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9239 # * * Abstract * * This paper estimates the survival time of nearly 7 , 000 firms in a dozen high-income and middle-income countries in a scenario of extreme economic distress , using the World Bank ’ s Enterprises Surveys . Under the assumption that firms have no incoming revenues and cover only fixed costs , the median survival time across industries ranges within 8 to 19 weeks , while on average firms have liquidity to survive between 12 and 38 weeks . Schumpeter ’ s theory of creative destruction is not corroborated in the data , as potential exit is not predicated on the size of firms , their age , or their productivity . This paper is a product of the Global Indicators Group , Development Economics Vice-Presidency . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / www . worldbank . org / prwp . The authors may be contacted at rramalho @ ifc . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations , or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent . _ Produced by the Research Support Team", "spans": [{"start": 238, "end": 257, "text": "Enterprises Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . _NA_ * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _NA_ * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . _Specify for each_ Goods : is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables Works : is not applicable * * Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support ( HEIS ) * * _NA_ * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . NA * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* NEX 3 . PROJECT COST BY COMPONENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 * * | | * * AN * * | * * NEX 4 . EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 * * | | * * AN * * | * * NEX 5 . RESULTS OF PUBLIC SATISFACTION SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 * * | | * * AN * * | * * NEX 6 . BORROWER , CO-FINANCIER AND OTHER PARTNER / STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS . . . 48 * * | | * * AN * * | * * NEX 6 . SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS ( IF ANY ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 471, "end": 497, "text": "PUBLIC SATISFACTION SURVEY", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "de"}
{"text": "38 None of this means that poor consumers would not have been willing to pay more for a connection ; a SEDAPAL survey in 1993 found that the average property value of houses in the _pueblos j6venes_ quadrupled after being connected to piped water ( from US $ 1 , 542 to US $ 6 , 375 ) . Moreover , poor consumers already paid high prices for water from vendors ; a survey in December 1993 found that the average price was US $ 2 . 50 per M < sup > 3 < / sup > . The cost to the poor could have been made affordable through subsidies , by including the connection costs in the variable water tariff charged to all consumers , or by extending longer term , lower interest loans for connections . < sup > 31 < / sup > However , none of these arrangements were contemplated in the concession agreement , and would not have been easily added . Any efficient provider , public or private would have wanted to reduce the already large cross subsidies in Lima ' s tariffs . Industrial tariffs were 130 percent larger than residential . An efficient operator would have also wanted to raise metering and change per meter prices closer to marginal cost , not only to assure a reasonable return on investment , but also to keep the demand for water down so as to reduce the need for further costly expansion . It was therefore inevitable that poorer consumers would face substantially higher prices , as indeed occurred under public ownership later , reducing the political benefits of the concession . Not only would price increases reduce the net benefits from the concession for lower income consumers , the size of the projected benefits from investment was open to > 3 Loans were in fact offered to water companies and consumers to finance construction of primary networks and to cover investments in secondary networks and costs of connection through a government fund financed by a Social Tax , FONAVI . FONAVI channeled about US $ 1 , 000 million to the water sector at moderately favorable interest rates , out of which 75 % went to customers . However , customers failed to repay the loans", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 117, "text": "SEDAPAL survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * * * The World Bank * * Implementation Status & Results Report ETHIOPIA CLIMATE ACTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR RESULTS ( P170384 ) | Action Description < br > | F2 : Improve < br > and reporti < br > balances ( iii < br > | internal control system th < br > ng ( ii ) establishing mechan < br > ) implementingMethodol < br > | rough i ) improvin < br > ism to monitor & < br > ogyfor Assessing < br > | g property managem < br > report on receivable a < br > Procurement System . < br > | ent recording < br > nd payable < br > < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Source | DLI # | Responsibility | Timing | TimingValue | Status | | Fiduciary Systems | NA | MoA , BoAs , EIAR , < br > MoF , PPA | Recurrent | Continuous | Completed | | Completion < br > Measurement | ( i ) All entitie < br > more than a | s meet requirements by e < br > year ; ( iii ) MAPS II report f | nd Yr 1 ; ( ii ) from < br > inalized . | Yr . 2 no outstanding b | alances aged | | Comments | MoF will su | bmit a status update on th | ese actions byth | e end of May2020 . | | | Action Description < br > | F3 : Improve < br > and consult < br > Officers at < br > | staffing and capacity inclu < br > ation on FM , procurement < br > woreda level at least in Wo < br > | ding through (", "spans": [{"start": 917, "end": 924, "text": "MAPS II", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "response by June 30 , 2024 ; and ( ii ) If CBE ’ s response is negative , MoA and MoF will negotiate with CBE to cover a transition period until a new contract is in place . < / mark > # * * Strategic Issue 3 : Conflict-Sensitivity Response Mechanisms in Conflict-Affected Areas * * < mark > 14 . The mission noted that the program had made progress in adapting to conflict contexts by adjusting existing and introducing new monitoring tools such as the Traffic Light Assessment ( TLA ) , the Third-Party Implementation and monitoring , spot checks , a planned toll-free hotline and expanded grievance redress mechanism system and ensure that appropriate protocols are fully observed before resuming public works in post-conflict woredas . As access to conflict affected woredas has become increasingly difficult , particularly in Amhara and Oromia regions , the program needs to continue exploring the possibility for deploying innovative instruments providing real time data < / mark > 3", "spans": [{"start": 962, "end": 976, "text": "real time data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "are more than 200 while ARAP is prepared where project affected persons are less than 200 . * * Complete Displacement : * * means the displacement of a structure owner or institution PAP etc . from one parcel of land to a different parcel of land outside the settlement due to the planning and survey activities including demarcation of roads . * * Cut-off date * * is the start date of the socio-economic survey / census and asset inventory of PAPs . Persons entering and / or occupying land in the project area after this date and not included in the inventory of PAPs will not be considered eligible for facilitation . Similarly , fixed assets such as structures , established after the cut-off date will not be compensated / facilitated . * * Grievance : * * is any dissatisfaction or sense of injustice or unfairness felt by a person in this respect a PAP or his / her representative in connection with his / her compensation entitlements , the RAP implementation process , the project and other scenarios related to project implementation . * * Market rate : * * The selling price of a commodity in the open competitive market . * * Project Affected Person ( s ) ( PAPs ) * * are persons , < mark > households , enterprises , and public or private institutions < / mark > affected because they may lose , be denied , or be restricted access to economic assets ; lose shelter , income sources , or means of livelihood . These persons are affected whether or not they must move to another location . * * Public Participation * * is a facilitative process of strengthening the organizational and management capacities of people in such a way that they become self-reliant in solving their own problems . It connotes the organized action of the people towards the resolution of issues or acquisition of what they desire and what may benefit them . This , then , requires that people , as a group , must have proper ownership of actions and highly organized course of action . * * Re", "spans": [{"start": 391, "end": 449, "text": "socio-economic survey / census and asset inventory of PAPs", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 553, "end": 570, "text": "inventory of PAPs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "their own experiences and data from their jurisdiction . Such a strategy will empower local education authorities and contribute to decentralization of the education system . The tentative content of the management training will be : # # # # * * General Management Competence * * - Management responsibilities - The effects of various management styles applied in specific organizational cultures - Setting and implementing objectives - Decision making - Management Information systems - Budgeting and finance - Recruiting and deployment of human resources - Development and implementation of incentive systems # # # # * * Core competence fields in education - the management perspective * * - School laws and regulations - Curriculum", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 54, "text": "data from their jurisdiction", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", 2022 ) . This may be explained by differences in the nature of the geospatial covariates used in Mexico , which could lead to better out-of-sample predictions , as well as differences in the country context . Perhaps , the lower out-of-sample correlations in this case could be explained by the fact that non-sampled Communes are different from the sampled Communes , as they are more remote , and they are not covered by the survey . The household level , grid cell level , and area-level geospatial models all benefit from conditioning on the same household survey data that was used for producing the census-based estimates , making the census and geospatial estimates ( household and area level ) more consistent with each other in sampled areas . On the other hand , for out-of-sample areas prediction is purely based on grid cell aggregated covariates that may not be as predictive of poverty as household census covariates . 14", "spans": [{"start": 552, "end": 573, "text": "household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 4 Materials and Methods * * # # * * 4 . 1 Data * * * * Wealth data – * * Our wealth data comes from recently published estimates of relative wealth on a 2 . 4 _ × _ 2 . 4 km grid for populated areas in 103 countries around the world . < sup > 25 < / sup > These data use machine learning algorithms to combine satellite data , mobile phone data , and data from Facebook users to estimate relative wealth ( RWI ) within countries . The algorithms are trained on Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) collected measurements of wealth . The gridded wealth data provide estimates for each grid-cell of how wealthy that grid-cell is relative to others in the same country as well as an estimated error for that estimate . The relative wealth indicator ranges from - 2 . 5 to 2 . 5 over the full data in our sample , with smaller ranges within individual countries . As a robustness check we also re-estimate our model with the Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS ) derived wealth indices that the gridded wealth estimates were trained on . < sup > 36 < / sup > * * Pollution data – * * We use estimated pollution concentrations from the global dataset produced by the Van Donkelaar research group < sup > 29 < / sup > . This provides monthly average pollution estimates on a 0 . 01 _ × _ 0 . 01 decimal degree covering the entire planet . We use the average of estimates spanning 2015 to 2020 and for each wealth grid cell assign it the value of the nearest PM2 _ . _ 5 gridcell . To calculate the average we collapse the monthly pollution estimates in three different ways . In our primary analysis we calculate the average across all years and months from 2015 to 2020 . Secondly , we calculate the median across all months and years . Finally , we use the maximum monthly average level of particulates for each grid-cell for the month-of-year that had the highest average pollution from 2015 through 2020 . For example , Delhi is assigned the average December PM2 _", "spans": [{"start": 61, "end": 72, "text": "Wealth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 357, "end": 381, "text": "data from Facebook users", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 467, "end": 496, "text": "Demographic and Health Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 544, "end": 563, "text": "gridded wealth data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1138, "end": 1152, "text": "global dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > require < br > special < br > consideration . | Transitional < br > hardship < br > assistance < br > program appropriate to specific cases < br > and based on Project assessment , < br > including : - < br > Priority in physical mobilization and < br > transfer to resettlement plot ; < br > A preference for in-kind compensation | Identified < br > through < br > final < br > census survey based on < br > agreed < br > vulnerability < br > criteria relevant to Project . | Special assisted transit to new land ; < br > Additional moving , loading and < br > unloading assistance , if necessary ; < br > Other specific support related to < br > moving process ( e . g . medical < br > assistance ) identified by support < br > case workers . | 64", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 397, "text": "census survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "intervention ( Knauer , Kariger , Jakiela , Ozier and Fernald 2019b ) . We assessed children ’ s fine motor skills using a subset of items from the Malawi Developmental Assessment Test ( Gladstone et al . 2010 ) . Specifically , the survey included six questions from the MDAT fine motor sub-scale that showed high predictive power ( in terms of other development outcomes ) in a pilot study ( Knauer et al . 2019a ) . The items measure young children ’ s ability to build simple structures ( e . g . a tower ) with blocks and to use a pencil to make elementary drawings ( e . g . a circle ) . Both vocabulary and fine motor indices were converted into age-normalized z-scores . We then average the individual ( z-score ) components to construct an overall measure of child development . To understand the mechanisms through which sibling gender impacts child development , we collected data on early childhood stimulation using an expanded version of the Family Care Indicators ( FCI ) questionnaire ( Hamadani et al . 2010 , Kariger et al . 2012 ) . The FCI asks about six types of stimulating activities : for example , reading , singing , storytelling , and physical play . We expanded this set to include additional stimulating activities more appropriate for slightly older children : for instance , teaching a child letters or English words ( Knauer et al . 2019a ) . Based on extensive piloting , we also expanded the questionnaire to better capture the full range of family members who engage in early childhood stimulation . While the original instrument asks about stimulation by a child ’ s mother , father , and by other adults aged 15 and over , we also ask about stimulating activities by older sisters , older brothers , and grandparents . Summary statistics on who engages in early childhood stimulation are shown in Appendix Figure A1 . On average , older sisters engage in more stimulating activities with young children than any other household members . Though older sisters do the most , even older brothers play an important role : older brothers do more than fathers or grandparents . 19", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "our haircut estimates can be regarded as a valid measure of sovereign LGDs in the vein of existing corporate LGD databases . # 3 . 1 . Sovereign debt restructurings , 1815 – 2016 To estimate haircuts requires moving well beyond identifying the incidence of debt crises , as in Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) and others . We conduct a census of all distressed sovereign debt restructurings with foreign commercial creditors from 1815 to 1980 . We then combine this historical sample with the updated restructuring and haircut dataset of Cruces and Trebesch ( 2013 ) , which covers 1978 – 2013 , and with Fang , Schumacher , and Trebesch ( 2020 ) , to add events until 2016 . The result is a full sample of sovereign debt restructurings with foreign banks and bondholders for 1815 – 2016 . To select cases , we apply the same criteria as in Cruces and Trebesch ( 2013 ) and focus on : - ( i ) Distressed restructurings , defined as exchanges of debt at a loss ( as in Moody ’ s 2012 ) . - ( ii ) Restructurings of external sovereign debt , meaning bonds or loans by the central government and owed to private , foreign creditors , that is , international banks or bondholders . We do not include sub-sovereign bonds ( as these are a separate asset class ) , private-to-private debt > 23 One can use the bond prices in our database to compute any price-based recovery rates of choice . Figure C . 3 in the Appendix does so , using sovereign bond prices at the _start_ of default ( 90 days post-default , as in Moody ’ s 2011a ) , and compares them to our set of haircut estimates at _exit_ from default ( we compute discounted payment streams at the restructuring date ) . The two measures are highly correlated , suggesting that , at the entry into default , the market does well at predicting recovery rates at the exit from default . 9", "spans": [{"start": 99, "end": 122, "text": "corporate LGD databases", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 332, "end": 386, "text": "census of all distressed sovereign debt restructurings", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 497, "end": 530, "text": "restructuring and haircut dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1299, "end": 1326, "text": "bond prices in our database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kibokoni M26 Informal Settlement located in Malindi Town within Kilifi Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP ) Report county # # * * CHAPTER 10 : INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS * * - * * 10 . 1 ARAP Implementation Procedures and Process * * - Implementing this ARAP involves a number of key procedures and processes : * * 1 . Validation * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Implementing this ARAP involves a number of key procedures and processes : < br > 1 . Validation < br > Validation of the asset and PAP register will be undertaken by the RIC to ensure its correctness . < br > 2 . Disclosure Process for the ARAP < br > Public disclosure of the ARAP will be made to PAPs and other stakeholders for review as well as < br > monitoring of the implementation . Disclosure will be in the form of : < br > i . Public disclosure meeting organized in the settlement . As a requirement this Resettlement < br > Action Plan will be disclosed in a form , manner and language comprehensible to PAPs and < br > at a place accessible to PAPs and other stakeholders e . g . County Government . A half day < br > workshop will therefore be conducted in the settlement for the PAPs , stakeholders , local < br > leaders with the objective of disclosing the ARAP . During this disclosure meeting , a < br > summary of the main findings and recommendations , entitlements , and PAP register will be < br > presented . Once it is disclosed , the PAPs will be notified about the availability of the ARAP < br > document . The ARAP will be posted on the Ministry of Lands , Housing and Urban < br > Development website < br > ii . The ARAP will be available at the KISIP offices ( National and County ) and a copy with the < br > SEC . < br", "spans": [{"start": 1391, "end": 1403, "text": "PAP register", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Decoupling and recoupling * * answer is no – not surprisingly , since equity inflows tend to be closely correlated with foreign equity holdings ( Levy Yeyati and Williams , 2011 ) . * * Figure 13 * * presents a graphical illustration of these results by plotting country-by-country equity betas against US holdings , and showing how , unlike in the case of frontier markets , the expected positive link between betas and FG fails to materialize . As noted , there are important difference between the average international investor and the professional asset manager , not least of them the fact that the latter are usually benchmarked , which limits their decisions to small deviations from the market weights , forcing them to purchase or liquidate in all markets proportionally in the event of massive allocations or withdrawals from the asset class . In other word , global flows may explain the growing correlation of EM assets with US markets better than the holdings of the average U . S . resident investor . With that in mind , in * * Table 10 * * we replicate the exercise in column 9 of * * Table 9 * * using EPFR flow data . Now , we find a significant amplifying effect : larger fund flows ( both in and out of individual countries ) are associated with higher equity betas . Interestingly , the effect is asymmetric : as columns 2 and 3 show , the volume of fund flows plays a significant role only during equity sell-offs . A similar asymmetric pattern is found for credit spreads ( relative to U . S . high yield corporate spreads ) and currency returns ( relative to the inverse of the Broad Dollar Index ) . < sup > 19 < / sup > The directional causation of the previous findings is not trivial . They could reflect the behavior of benchmarked professional investors facing contributions and redemptions while keeping a balanced portfolio . However , they could alternatively reflect money-chasing returns ( or rushing to the exit ) whereby asset managers increase their positions in countries with excess returns and cut their exposure in falling markets . To control for this possibility , we re-estimate our models in", "spans": [{"start": 1124, "end": 1138, "text": "EPFR flow data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ # # # # # # Table 8 . 6 : Summary of Consultation Records with Community Members and Elders | Stakeholders | * * Points of * * < br > * * discussion * * | * * Concerns raised by * * < br > * * stakeholders * * | * * Anticipated positive * * < br > * * impacts identified * * < br > * * by stakeholders * * | * * Anticipated adverse * * < br > * * impacts identified * * < br > * * by stakeholders * * | * * Mitigation Measures * * < br > * * recommended by stakeholders * * | * * Responses * * < br > * * provided by ESIA * * < br > * * Team * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Community < br > members and < br > elders |  Concerns / issues < br > on the subproject . < br >  Benefits of < br > implementation < br > of the subproject . < br >  Adverse impacts < br > that would result < br > from the < br > subproject . < br >  What measures < br > would there be < br > taken mitigate < br > the negative < br > impacts of the < br > subproject ? | < br >  Loss of farm land < br > and total < br > displacement due < br > to substation . < br >  Low amount of < br > compensation to < br > property / farm land < br > loss . < br >  Fear of < br", "spans": [{"start": 236, "end": 290, "text": "Consultation Records with Community Members and Elders", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "internet access . < sup > 5 < / sup > The average delegation has a 35 percent ( male ) internet access rate ; the aggregate nation-wide rate is 39 percent because more densely populated urban areas tend to be more connected . Figure 1b shows how geographically heterogeneous internet access is ; metropolitan areas closer to the coast have high access rates , while these tend to be low in the interior of Tunisia and in delegations abutting the Algerian border . To match census data with our Daesh recruit data , we aggregate the census data to a level below the delegation , i . e . the cell level . Recall that a cell is characterized by the delegation _d_ , education level _e_ ( primary or below , secondary , and tertiary and higher ) , and a five-year age group _a_ ( starting from at 15-19 through 60-64 ) . We construct demographic , unemployment , and internet and media usage variables for each cell by taking the mean among men in that cell . Our data set thus consists of 7890 observations , but the population in 12 of the _ { d , e , a } _ cells is equal to zero , so they are excluded them from the estimation sample , which eventually consists of 7878 cell-level observations . Definitions and sources of the variables used in our analyses are provided in Appendix Table A1 and summary statistics in Table 1 . * * Instrumental variables * * As an instrumental variable for internet access , we use the average lightning strike intensity per square km per year over the period 1995-2010 obtained from Manacorda and Tesei ( 2020 ) . They use data collected by the U . S . National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) and processed by the Global Hydrology Resource Center ( GHRC ) . Figure 1c shows the spatial distribution of lightning strikes . The map shows a high degree of spatial correlation , underscoring the need to accommodate this feature in the econometric analysis . Lightning strikes are least prevalent in the south , which is covered by the Sahara desert , and most prevalent in the Chaambi mountains close to the Algerian border and", "spans": [{"start": 494, "end": 512, "text": "Daesh recruit data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 532, "end": 543, "text": "census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ( US $ 22 . 69 | | 40 | 2 . 10N | * * 30 / * * | * * 5 ° / * * | | | ( US $ 14 . 01 | ( US $ 20 . 20 ) | ( US $ 33 . 37 | | 20 | 4 . 000 / c | _5 . 700 / _ | 9 . 700 / | | | ( US $ 26 . 69 | ( US $ 38 . 04 , | ( US $ 64 . 73 | | 8 | 10 . 500 / c | 14 . 500 / | _25 % _ | | | ( US $ 70 . 07 | ( US $ 96 . 76 ' | ( US $ 166 . 84 | In the absence of any project enterprise budgets the detailed cost of production budgets presented in the Report on Economics of Crops and Livestock Production 1997 ( Ministry of Planning and Economic Development , Agricultural Policy Secretariat ) were used . Models of the farming systems at regional level are used to indicate the impact of adoption of improved technologies at the household level . These regional farm models and the summarized enterprise budgets are outlined in Appendix 1 , Tables 8 to 13 . The 1998 Report on Economics of Crops and Livestock Production was not available , though it is planned for publication in 2000 . While accepting the constraints of using 1997 data , in that the input and output price relativtes may have changed since 1997 , the budgets provide an effective benchmark for feasibility assessment . The incremental retums are also presented in 1991 constant prices in these Tables ( refer Appendix 1 , Tables I 0to 13 ) . In the analysis undertaken the focus is on cropping enterprises as it accounts for approximately three-quarters of the agricultural GDP . AEP did not concentrate on all crops . Four 42", "spans": [{"start": 1016, "end": 1025, "text": "1997 data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "regional referral < br > hospitals but could include < br > other priority levels of care . | < br > Biannually | Administrative < br > data and < br > verification < br > reports . < br > Health < br > Infrastructure < br > Inventory < br > reports | Periodic data collection < br > using structured < br > checklists and review of < br > administrative data and < br > verification reports | M & E Specialist , CHS < br > Planning , CHS < br > Infrastructure | | Number of isolation < br > facilities / Intensive Care Units / High < br > Dependency Units upgraded or < br > remodeled in RHDs and refugee < br > settlements | Sum of isolation < br > facilities / Intensive Care < br > Units / High Dependency < br > Units upgraded or < br > remodeled in RHDs and | Annually | Project < br > reports | Review of project < br > reports | M & E Specialist and < br > Commissioner Health < br > Infrastructure | 79", "spans": [{"start": 340, "end": 359, "text": "administrative data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "enumerators asked other 8 < sup > th < / sup > grade students in that school whether they knew the missing girl . If someone knew the girl in question , they were asked whether they knew she was definitely enrolled elsewhere ; definitely not enrolled ; or whether respondents were not certain about the enrollment status of the missing girl . On the basis of the enrollment registers and the questions asked of 8 < sup > th < / sup > grade girls during the school visits , we were able to establish the enrollment status of 95 . 2 percent of all of the girls who had completed scholarship applications . One way to think of the girls whose enrollment status could not be established is as attritors out of the sample . The attrition rate , 4 . 8 percent , is low — as a point of comparison , attrition in a recent evaluation of school voucher scheme in Colombia was almost 50 percent ( Angrist et al . 2002 ) . Nevertheless , we carefully consider the extent to which selective attrition could bias our estimates of program impact . Table 1 compares enrollment , attendance , and the characteristics of girls who were awarded scholarships and those who were not . The table shows that , on average , scholarship recipients had significantly lower socioeconomic status than non-recipients : Recipients had parents with lower education levels ; they were more likely to live in a hut or a house with an earthen floor , and less likely to have houses made of high-grade materials like cement , brick , tiles , metal or fibre ; recipients were also less likely to own any one of a number of means of transportation , less likely to own more than a hectare of land , less likely to regularly lend money , and more likely to have debts . These results confirm that the LMCs were successful at targeting scholarships to girls with lower socioeconomic status . Table 1 also shows that 86 . 7 percent of recipients , but only 64 . 6 percent of non-recipients were enrolled in a JFPR 5", "spans": [{"start": 363, "end": 383, "text": "enrollment registers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "br > Actual | < br > g < br > | Signe < br > Planne | d Contr < br > d < br > Ac | act < br > < br > tual < br > | Contract < br > Planned | Co < br > | mpletion < br > Actual | | KE-MOWI-7909-CS-CQS / Co < br > nsulting services to Conduct < br > Baseline Survey for Impact E < br > valuation for Lower Nzoia Irri < br > gation Project - Phase 1 | IDA / 52680 | C1 : Water Resources Develo < br > pment | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Open - National < br > 0 . 00 | Under Implement < br > ation < br > 2017-02-21 < br > | 2016-09-15 < br > 2017-03-14 | 2017-04-27 | | | | | | | 2017-05-27 | | | 2017-07 - | 01 | 2 | 017-12-2 | 8 | | | KE-MOWI-7941-CS-CQS / Co < br > nsulting services for the prep < br > aration and updating of Rese < br > ttlement Action Plan ( RAP ) fo < br > r Lower Nzoia Irrigation Proje < br > ct and Nzoia Flood Protection < br > Structures | < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > IDA / 52680 | C1 : Water Resources Develo < br > pment | Post | Consultant Qualifi < br > cation Selection | Open - National < br > 0 . 00 | Under Implement < br > ation < br > 2017-02-21 < br > | 2016-09-24 < br > 2017-03-14", "spans": [{"start": 248, "end": 276, "text": "Baseline Survey for Impact E", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Projectprogress report | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Establishing scalable and secure Fa * * | * * yda ICT infrastructure * * | | * * Proportion of up-time ( over a one - * * | * * yearperiod ) for the registration module of the ID system ( Percentage ) ( Percentage ) * * | | Description | The proportion of time that the Fayda registration module is available and working over a one - < br > yearperiod | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Fayda system KPI | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Fayda data analyticsplatform | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Number ofpenetration tests condu * * | * * cted toprevent cyber-attacks and loss of data ( Number ) * * | | Description | At least 4 penetration tests conducted each year during the 5-year project duration , intended to < br > proactively identify and address gaps in security ( cyber and physical ) of personal data to prevent < br > unauthorized access to or loss of data . | | Frequency | Annual | | Data source | Test reports byspecialized firms | | Methodologyfor Data Collection | Projectprogress report | | Responsibilityfor Data Collection | NIDP | | * * Inclusive and sustainable ID issuan * * | * * ce * * | | * * Percentage of population within 10 * * | * * km of a permanent , semi-permanent , or mobile registration site at least once a year * * | | * * ( Percentage ) * * | | | | The proportion of people who have access to a permanent , semipermanent , or mobile Fayda | | Description | registration center at least once a year within less than 10 km from their residence . The indicator <", "spans": [{"start": 506, "end": 522, "text": "Fayda system KPI", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1059, "end": 1091, "text": "Test reports byspecialized firms", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "refugee_pads", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 2 < br > | 2 . 8 < br > | 1 . 6 < br > | 1 . 2 < br > | 3 . 1 | 2 . 7 | | * * Panel B : Labor for * * < br > | * * ce participatio * * < br > | * * n rate , diff * * < br > | * * erence over * * < br > | * * 2015 : men * * < br > | * * aged 25-34 * * < br > | * * ( pp ) * * ( σ = 4 ) < br > | | | | Costa Rica | - 2 . 4 | - 0 . 4 | 2 . 0 | 1 . 3 | - 1 . 3 | < br > - 2 . 4 | 0 . 4 | - 0 . 6 | | El Salvador | 0 . 2 | 0 . 1 | 0 . 2 | 0 . 0 | 7 . 4 | < br > 6 . 5 | 7 . 5 | 6 . 5 | | Panama | - 2 . 0 | - 1 . 4 | 2 . 5 | 2 . 1 | 0 . 7 | 0 . 9 | 2 . 4 | 2 . 1 | # * * References * * * * CEDLAS , and the World Bank . * * “ Socio-economic database for Latin America and the Caribbean _ . ” Centro de Estudios Distributivos , Laborales y Sociales , _ Facultad de Ciencias Economicas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina ; _the World Bank , _ Washington DC ( 2019 ) . * * Ganzeboom , Harry BG , and Donald J . Treiman . * * “ Internationally comparable measures of occupational status for the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations . ” _Social Science Research_ 25 , no . 3 ( 1996 ) : 201-239 . * * Hsieh , Chang-Tai , Erik Hurst , Charles I . Jones , and Peter J . Klenow . * * “ The allocation of talent and US economic growth .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| ET-MOLF-103206-CS-UN / Te < br > chnical support on the followi < br > ng < br > • Livestock and Fisheries D < br > ata Analysis and Monitoring S < br > ystem ( DAMS < br > • Animal identification and < br > traceability < br > • Strategy and approach fo < br > r Extension Advisory System < br > ( EAS ) Good Animal Husbandr < br > y Practice GAHP < br > • Performance < br > IDA / 61650 | Linking More Productive Far < br > mers to Markets < br > Prior | UN Agencies ( Dire < br > ct ) < br > Direct | 3 , 700 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Canceled | | | | | | | | 2019-05-11 | 2019-11-07 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | ET-MOLF-103213-CS-UN / Ba < br > seline survey / by Internationa < br > l Livestock Research institute < br > / < br > IDA / 61650 | Strengthening National Instit < br > utions and Programs < br > Post | Non-Profit Organiz < br > ations < br > Direct | 433 , 000 . 00 | 433 , 911 . 00 < br > Signed | 2019-03-14 < br > 2 | 018-10-1 | 5 | | | | 2019-04-23 < br > 2019-0 | 2-01 < br > 2019-05-28 < br > 2019-0 | 2-08 < br > 2020 -", "spans": [{"start": 741, "end": 754, "text": "seline survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of households to the sample at midline causes differential attrition to become significant for T1 at midline since fewer households were added to this group ( Column 3 ) . The overall level of child attrition is around 10 % at both midline and endline , and mostly due to seasonal migration . * * 3 . 2 . 3 Quality of CPS and other preschools * * We construct measures of preschool quality based on data from two sources , classroom observations and parent reports . # * * _Preschool Quality Measures_ * * We use the teacher survey and classroom observation tools to assess how new CPS compare to SPS and IPS in terms of structural and process quality . We compare the different preschools in three dimensions of structural quality ( teacher characteristics , equipment , classroom setting ) and two dimensions of process quality ( curriculum and pedagogy , teacher-child interactions ) . Individuals quality measures are summarized using aggregate measures for each of the five dimensions of structural and process quality , calculated as the first principal component of individual variables ( Table 4 , panel “ Preschool comparison ” ) . > 25This is probably due to the fact that setting up an HBP takes much less time than building a CPS . 15", "spans": [{"start": 423, "end": 445, "text": "classroom observations", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 450, "end": 464, "text": "parent reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * AF-Ethiopia Program for Results ( Hybrid ) for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services ( P181409 ) # * * B . Introduction and Context * * # * * Country Context * * 1 . * * Ethiopia , despite being one of the least developed countries , has achieved sustained and robust economic growth over the last two decades , * * becoming one of the fastest-growing economies globally . With an average annual economic growth rate of nearly 10 percent over the past 15 years , fueled by public infrastructure investments , per capita income has increased nine — fold , from US $ 120 to US $ 1 , 020 in 2022 . Poverty rates have fallen from 30 percent in 2011 to 24 percent in 2016 , but the country remains poor , ranking 175th out of 191 countries on the Human Development Index ( 2021 ) of the United Nations Development Program . However , recent multiple shocks , including challenges such as COVID-19 , conflict in the northern and other parts of the country , and natural disasters , have slowed down Ethiopia ' s its gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth from double-digit to single-digit ( from nearly 10 percent to 6 percent on average ) in the last few years . Inflation remains high at close to 30 % driven by food inflation . These challenges are placing a significant burden on Ethiopia ' s economy and are also hindering progress in various developmental areas including human development . One particularly alarming issue is the acute food insecurity experienced by communities in conflict-affected , drought , and other areas of the country . This insecurity is putting children at a higher risk of chronic undernourishment , which can have severe economic implications . Additionally , the cost of a nutritious diet has been rapidly rising in the country , leading to adverse consequences , particularly for adolescent girls and pregnant and lactating women . # * * Sectoral and Institutional Context * * 2 . * * Ethiopia has seen significant health in the last two decades . *", "spans": [{"start": 770, "end": 793, "text": "Human Development Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Terms of Reference for Resettlement Action Plan ( RAP ) Implementation of Mwache Dam # # # # # # * * Task 7 : Communication with the PAPS and Stakeholders during Resettlement * * The firm in collaboration with the PMU Communication Experts shall hold monthly meetings with the affected persons to update them on the progress of RAP implementation and construction works . The report for communication will be submitted to the PMU , PIU and the World Bank . # # # # # # * * Task 8 : Close monitoring and where necessary take corrective action as PAPs implement their preferred resettlement options . * * The Consultant will set up , keep and update a database of areas where individual PAHs will relocate and resettle to after being displaced by the dam project . The database should include the PAPs personal details , their pre-project status and their resettlement situation . This will require continuous and close consultation with the PAPs and making observations during the entire resettlement process . The Consultant will monitor and report to the client where interventions or remedial actions will be required as the PAPs prepare for resettlement , during the actual movement and after resettlement . The RAP Implementation Team will be based at close proximity to the project area for effective management of resettlement activities by closely working with the PAPs and stakeholders . The Consultant will monitor resettlement activities to ensure that all affected persons have bought and replaced land of equal value to the affected and constructed their homes and have successfully settled down . The Consultant shall ensure that all vulnerable PAPs are given priority in processing of their compensations , have been assisted as per the RAP and VMGP to identify suitable resettlement land which they will agree to and have been moved out of the project area first while receiving additional assistance entitled to them . The Consultant shall support internal monitoring by the PMU , PIU and external monitoring and evaluation by other external consultants . Progress and status reports are to be prepared and shared with PMU on a monthly basis and will inform further", "spans": [{"start": 650, "end": 667, "text": "database of areas", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "improve governance by the water boards and to introduce performance incentives for operators . * * Component 1 ( US $ 100 million ) : * * Addis Ababa Water Supply and Sanitation . Funding will be provided to Addis Ababa City to : i ) produce and distribute more water and improve sanitation services ; ( ii ) improve operational efficiency by reducing non revenue water , and improving financial management , billing and collection , and customer management ; and ( iii ) to improve governance by the water boards and to introduce performance incentives for operators . * * Component 2 ( US $ 48 . 90 million ) : * * Secondary Cities Water Supply and Sanitation . Funding will be provided to the targeted secondary cities to : ( i ) produce and distribute more water and improve sanitation services ; ( ii ) improve operational efficiency by reducing non revenue water , and improving financial management , billing and collection , and customer management ; and ( iii ) to improve governance by the water boards and to introduce performance incentives for operators . * * Component 3 ( US $ 1 . 10 million ) : * * Program Management and M & E . Funding will be provided for costs associated with project implementation , to synthesize existing water and sanitation access data to determine baseline figures and to monitor progress under this project . This component also includes training , workshops and other capacity building measures and support for environmental and social management . ii", "spans": [{"start": 1245, "end": 1277, "text": "water and sanitation access data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* < br > * * 1 * * < br > * * 1 * * < br > sources , < br > enever p < br > e constr < br > | re < br > Fully affected . < br > 4partially affected & < br > 2 fully affected . < br > Fully affected . < br > Fully affected . < br > Fully affected . < br > Fully affected . < br > Fully affected . < br > Fully affected . < br > the project design has < br > ossible either by divert < br > ucted . For example , t < br > | < br > * * 15 * * < br > considered mini < br > ing the road alig < br > he water points , < br > | < br > * * 1 * * < br > mizing < br > nment < br > power < br > | | < br > * * Source : Field Data * * | | - - - | Similar to the accessibility to productive sources , the project design has considered minimizing the impact on all the social services whenever possible either by diverting the road alignment or reducing the width of the road to be constructed . For example , the water points , power lines , learning centres and religious structures , graves located closer to the road will be avoided as much as possible by road realignment . However , the contractor should be instructed to replace the disrupted services before the construction of the road starts to reduce the impacts on the service users . # # # * * 4 . 4 Resettlement Mitigation Measures * * The following interventions have been proposed to minimize possible land acquisition and resettlement within the project : 29", "spans": [{"start": 610, "end": 620, "text": "Field Data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "In a similar vein , the traffic information problem can now be addressed using Google Maps , which provides real-time traffic reports for the Dar es Salaam metro region . Although desktop monitors do not show this , Google Traffic continuously produces a map large enough to cover the entire metro region at 100 m resolution . However , Google provides no facility for georeferenced downloads . To mobilize this huge information resource , one of the authors has developed an algorithm that maps region-scale Google Traffic displays into a panel database of traffic measures for a reference grid with arbitrary cell size . Google Traffic provides a four-color measure of vehicle speed along each 100-meter road link , with separate speed measures for traffic flows in two directions on primary roads . For this study , we match information from Google Traffic with time-compatible NO2 imagery within a grid of spatial cells with a resolution of . 01 decimal degrees ( approximately 1 . 1 km ) . Since Google Traffic data are available continuously , we also construct a database of traffic measures by day and hour for the period March 20 - May 23 , 2019 . We convert these files to geoTIFF format for grid-based spatial computations . Using the Dar es Salaam region shapefile provided by OpenStreetMaps ( OSM ) , we divide roads into two classes , primary ( OSM classes primary and trunk ) and secondary ( all other OSM classes ) . Then we overlay Google Traffic ’ s color-coded pixels on the OSM map and estimate vehicle speeds by road class and color code using trip routings for a sample of realtime Google Traffic information . Table 1 reports our results for two road classes and four color codes . * * Table 1 : Google Traffic indicators and speeds ( km / hr ) in Dar es Salaam * * | Color | OpenSt < br > Roa | reetMaps < br > d Type | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Indicator | Primary | Secondary | | Green | 45 | 24 | | Orange | 23 | 16 | | Red | 11 | 7 | | Purple | 7 | 4 |", "spans": [{"start": 1001, "end": 1020, "text": "Google Traffic data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1070, "end": 1114, "text": "database of traffic measures by day and hour", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1246, "end": 1276, "text": "Dar es Salaam region shapefile", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 Gender * * Rwanda has a progressive legal framework in terms of gender equality and women ’ s empowerment , which provides for the prevention of gender-based violence and for the protection of survivors of such forms of violence . # # * * 5 . 2 Social inclusion * * While generally refugees are included in policy and Government support and oversight in Rwanda , their inclusion could be improved in terms of practical application . For example , as the Government has made great commitments towards refugee inclusion in social and economic life of the country , implementation and advocacy still need to be initiated . Refugee inclusion in the social safety net concerning health care has been exemplary , even under the tight conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic . Refugee inclusion in the education system has been eased both by investment of international actors , and the benefit of a shared common language and culture between the refugees and their hosting communities . However , tertiary education is expensive for both refugees and host communities , but because of relative income disparity , refugees have extremely limited options to access tertiary education , whether in Rwanda or abroad . > * The refugee numbers reported here do not fully match the numbers on the front page because demographic characteristics are not available for all refugees ( e . g . , pre-registered refugees , etc . ) . 12 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K - C O U N T R Y S U M M A R Y > * * R W A N D A * *", "spans": [{"start": 1214, "end": 1229, "text": "refugee numbers", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "mark > * * _Household Income and Expenditure : _ * * Based on a comparative analysis of average annual household income and expenditure obtained from the survey results , households in Subproject impact Kebele earn , on average , Etb 165 , 623 income per annum , while the annual household cash expenditure was estimated to Etb 113 , 659 . Across Subproject impact Woredas , both the HH annual income and expenditure was disproportionately higher among sample households in Haromaya . * * _Access to Water Supply : _ * * 95 . 0 % of the surveyed households reported that they have access to safe drinking water , while the remaining 5 . 0 % of the households don ’ t have access to safe water source . Surprisingly , all the households who do not have access to safe drinking water is found in Kersa Woreda . 5 . 5 % of the sample households in Haromaya reported to have access to potable water from private piped tap , about 61 . 9 % of the surveyed households use public hand pump as primary water source of their household followed by protected well . Page 16", "spans": [{"start": 154, "end": 168, "text": "survey results", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "two different surveys where individuals are asked to rank mutually exclusive alternatives and are therefore faced with explicit policy trade ‐ offs . < sup > 6 < / sup > Third , we account for participation in the political process as a mediating factor in the relationship between ageing and expenditure preferences . Larcinese ( 2007 ) provides compelling evidence that voter turnout affects redistributive preferences overall , but the possible effects of ageing on spending preferences remains an empirical question . # * * 3 . Data and Empirical Analysis * * # * * 3 . 1 . The Data Set and Descriptive Statistics * * This paper uses data from the Life in Transition Survey II ( LITS II ) , collected by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank in late 2010 . Almost 39 , 000 respondents in 34 countries were asked questions about their preferences over government policy , their subjective well ‐ being and their reactions to economic and political change . The Survey covers countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union , as well as in Western Europe . Table A1 in the Appendix lists the countries included in the Survey and the number of observations in each country . We measure individual preferences over policy on the basis of responses to the following question : “ _In your opinion , which of these fields should be the first and second priorities for extra government spending ? Education , Health care , Housing , Pensions , Assisting the Poor , Environment ( including water quality ) , Public infrastructure , Other . ” _ We focus on the policy areas that have been selected as the first or second ‐ highest priority for government intervention . Preliminary analysis of the data shows how preferences over policy change with age and across countries . First , health care is the top policy priority area for LITS II respondents , and education , pensions and assistance to the poor are also listed as important priorities ( Table 1 ) . These four policy categories will therefore be the focus of our analysis . Second , support for additional government spending on education is high , but it falls with age ,", "spans": [{"start": 652, "end": 680, "text": "Life in Transition Survey II", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Ferreira , and Menéndez ( 2007 ) , using Brazilian household data , find that individuals ’ place of residence , parents education , occupation , and race are the most significant variables linked to opportunity . Their analysis additionally reveals a sizable inequality of opportunities in Brazil and shows that urban residents have potentially more opportunities than rural residents . As cities plan for an uncertain future , current practices illustrate the positive outcomes that can result from the empowerment of citizens during the planning and financing of urban renewal projects . The Asian Coalition for Community Action ( ACCA ) , for example , uses small grants ( less than US $ 58 , 000 ) funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation both to leverage government and private capital , and to promote community involvement in planning urban projects . The program has enabled the construction of street lights , community latrines , transport infrastructure and other public goods in cities of all sizes in Cambodia , Vietnam , Indonesia , > 12 On opportunities and empowerment , see Stern , Dethier and Rogers ( 2005 ) . 15", "spans": [{"start": 41, "end": 65, "text": "Brazilian household data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "better management practices , and this occurs simultaneously with the decentralization of decisions . Finally , recently a number of other field experiments in developing countries ( for example Karlan and Valdivia 2010 , Bruhn et al . 2010 and Drexler et al . 2010 ) have begun to estimate the impact of basic business training and advice in micro - and small enterprises . This research has found significant effects of some forms of training on performance in smaller firms , supporting our results on in larger firms . # * * II . MANAGEMENT IN THE INDIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY * * # # * * _II . A . Why work with firms in the Indian textile industry ? _ * * Despite rapid growth over the past decade , India ’ s one billion people still have labor productivity that is only 15 percent of U . S . productivity ( McKinsey Global Institute , 2001 ) . While average productivity is low , most notable is the large variation in productivity , with a few highly productive firms and a lot of low-productivity firms ( Hsieh and Klenow , 2009 ) . In common with other developing countries for which data is available , Indian firms are also typically poorly managed . Evidence from this is seen in Figure 1 , which plots results from the Bloom and Van Reenen ( 2010 ) surveys of manufacturing firms in the US and India . The Bloom and Van Reenen ( BVR ) methodology scores firms from 1 ( worst practices ) to 5 ( best practices ) on specific management practices related to monitoring , targets and incentives . Aggregating yields a basic measure of the use of modern management practices that is strongly correlated with a wide range of firm performance measures , like productivity , profitability and growth . The top panel of Figure 1 plots these management practice scores for a sample of 751 randomly chosen US manufacturing firms with 100 to 5000 employees and the second panel for similarly sized Indian ones . The results reveal a thick tail of badly run Indian firms , leading to a lower average management score ( 2 . 69 for India versus 3 . 33 for US firms ) .", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "0 * * | * * 8 . 3 * * | * * 0 , 0 * * | 4 . * * 1 * * | | | OpenField | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 17 * * | * * 17 * * | * * 0 , 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 7 * * | | | Private | * * 85 . 0 * * | * * 96 . 7 * * | * * 91 . 7 * * | * * 100 . 0 * * | * * 1000 * * | 94 . 1 | | tot < br > * * Toilet * * | Communal | * * 8 . 3 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 8 . 3 * * < br > * * I * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | 00 | 3 . 7 | | | OpenField | * * 6 . 7 * * | * * 3 . 3 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | * * 0 . 0 * * | 2 . 2 | Based on the survey result , close to half ( 48 . 9 % ) of the surveyed households reported to be residing in residential houses having three rooms , followed * * by * * households living in two bed rooms * * ( 28 . 5 % ) . * * The proportion of households who claimed to live in four room residential house is also significant ( 14 . 1 % ) . On the other hand , while ( 4 . 8 % ) of the households reported to live in residential houses having five rooms and above , whereas about * * ( 3 . 7 % ) * * of them residing in one room house . The assessment of the construction materials used * * by * * surveyed households to build their residential houses shows that majority * * (", "spans": [{"start": 521, "end": 534, "text": "survey result", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2018 ) . In particular , we use the LASSO procedure ( Tbishirani , 1995 ) to choose , among all District characteristics and interviewees ’ selection traits , which variables are most predictive of DLT scores . LASSO is considered to be particularly suited , among other machine learning techniques , when estimates for several of the potential explanatory variables are believed be approximately zero ( Abadie and Kasy , 2017 ) . In practice , the LASSO minimizes an objective function that includes a goodness-of-fit term ( sum of squared errors ) and a penalization for the sum of covariates ’ coefficients . The weight of the penalization , the lambda parameter , is chosen by cross-validation , i . e . by estimating the model in test subsamples and evaluating its performance in the remainder of the sample ( Athey , 2018 ) . Following Best , Hjort and Szakonyi ( 2017 ) , we proceed in two steps . We first estimate a LASSO model < sup > 30 < / sup > with District-level health score as the dependent variable and a set of 40 covariates . We then select the variables with non-zero coefficient in the LASSO model and report the results of both bivariate and multivariate regressions . The 40 variables used in the LASSO model include the average for 12 selection traits already explored , separately for bureaucrats and politicians : PSM , Integrity , Big Five , NonCognitive , Altruism , Indicator for mistake in risk game , Cognitive , Risk Aversion , Assets and indicators for 3 education levels . We also include regional dummies and the following socio-economic and political District level characteristics : vote share of the presidential candidate of the NRM , Number of radio stations , Poverty rates , log Population , Share of urban population , Herfindahl index for Councillors vote share and the UCE score as a measure of education in the district population ( lower values are asdociated with better education outcomes ) . The LASSO model selects eight variables with non-zero coefficients : four socio-economicpolitical characteristics of Districts ( Vote share of the presidential candidate of the NRM , Poverty Rate , Number of Radios and UCE score ) , three bureaucrats ’ traits ( Altruism", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ Quality of Institutions and Private Participation in Transport Infrastructure Investment : Evidence from Developing Countries . ” _Transportation Research A_ 70 : 50 – 58 . - Polackova , Hana . 1998 . _Contingent Government Liabilities : A Hidden Risk for Stability . _ Policy Research Working Paper 1989 , Washington , DC : World Bank . - Pratap , Kumar V . , and Rajesh Chakrabarti . 2017 . _Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure : Managing the Challenges . _ Singapore : Springer . - Reyes-Tagle , Gerardo , and Karl Garbacik . 2016 . _Policymakers ' Decisions on Public-Private Partnership Use : The Role of Institutions and Fiscal Constraints . _ IDB Technical Note No . 1169 , Washington , DC : Inter-American Development Bank . - Royston , Patrick , and Mahesh K . B . Parmar . 2002 . “ Flexible Parametric Proportional ‐ Hazards and Proportional ‐ Odds Models for Censored Survival Data , with Application to Prognostic Modelling and Estimation of Treatment Effects . ” _Statistics in Medicine_ 21 ( 15 ) : 21752197 . 33", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "atKibiro , is < / sup > more promising and appears to be a medium grade geothermal resource < sup > with < / sup > reservoir temperatures of about 220 ' C . Kibiro is therefore considered < sup > tobe the < / sup > only geothermal resource in Uganda with clear potential for power < sup > development . < / sup > The size of a geothermal power plant that could be developed < sup > atKibirowill < / sup > depend on actual resource conditions that have yet to be proven < sup > by exploration < / sup > drilling . Nonetheless , deep geothermal resource conditions < sup > can beinferredfrom < / sup > the results of surface exploration surveys undertaken to date . By < sup > thismeans , it is < / sup > assessed that the Kibiro resource may prove to be suitable for the future development of either a 2OMWe condensing steam power plant < sup > ora 4OMWe < / sup > organic Rankin cycle binary plant , both with an operational life of at least 25 years . - SMALL TO MEDIUM HYDRO : The total capacity for small < sup > to mediumsized < / sup > hydro schemes in Uganda is 130 MW . While this total is significant , only part < sup > of < / sup > it can be developed and connected to the main grid in the next 10 years , and < sup > some < / sup > of these will be dedicated to supply local demand only , without being connected to the grid . Feasibility level studies have been completed for two projects totalling about 18 MW . An additional 10-20 MW might be developable in the long term . - DEMAND MANAGEMENT : Demand side management ( DSM ) programmes are normally designed to shift energy used during peak periods to off-peak < sup > periods . < /", "spans": [{"start": 615, "end": 642, "text": "surface exploration surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "recommended to carryout proper counting in a wholly transparent manner * * by * * involving representatives of PAHs . The risk rating from expropriation of privately owned eucalyptus trees is _Substantial , which_ is * * - * * social impacts with substantial consequences and likely to occur . However , implementation of the proposed mitigation measure will reduce the risk rating to _Low , _ which is social impact with no or limited consequence and less likely to occur . Results of the survey of affected property further revealed that , * * 23 * * households would lose * * 1 . 08 * * hectare of grazing land to the Subproject . * * Of * * which , 1 . 0ha or ( 92 . 4 % * * ) * * of the grazing land would be expropriated for the construction of Robe Substation , while the remaining 0 . 08ha of the grazing land will be affected * * by * * the construction of * * 23 * * tower foundations . Like many areas in the country , farming households in Subprojt : - f ppine area supplement crop production with livestock rearing . Households in Subpfo \" rte area use different sources of animal feeds for livestock production amongtese commu 9nd private grazing lands are important sources of livestock feeds . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ' 0 ' ~ . ~ 172 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * SMid-Day * * f ~ L", "spans": [{"start": 490, "end": 517, "text": "survey of affected property", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Bangladesh < sup > b < / sup > | 13 . 6 | 2 . 8 | 41 . 3 | 4 . 7 | 3 , 319 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Mali | 11 . 1 | 2 . 2 | 29 . 6 | 0 . 9 | 1 , 971 | | Uganda | 8 . 7 | 1 . 8 | 29 . 1 | 0 . 9 | 1 , 687 | | Ethiopia | 19 . 8 | 3 . 5 | 63 . 9 | 2 . 4 | 1 , 608 | | Niger | 9 . 1 | 0 . 8 | 49 . 7 | 0 . 1 | 914 | _Source : _ Original calculations using data from several household surveys . _Note : _ These are countrywide figures . Poor households are defined as belonging to the first four deciles of the expenditure ( or income ) distribution in each country . All figures are calculated using sample weights . Water connection is derived from questions about main source of drinking water — but some countries have information about sources of water for other uses ( like Bangladesh ) , which are then also used to construct water connection . More information can be found in the appendix . Column 5 refers to GDP per capita , PPP ( constant 2011 international U . S . dollars ) . GDP = gross domestic product ; PPP = purchasing power parity . a The figures for rural Vietnam , using the 2015 Vietnam Household Registration Survey ( VHRS ) , are much higher than the figures presented in JMP , using the Household Living Standards Survey ( HLSS ) 2012 that shows a rural rate of 13 percent . This is likely due to differences in the regional coverage of each survey . The VHRS 2015 has a sample that is representative of the population in five provinces — Ho Chi Minh City , Ha Noi , Da Nang , Binh Duong , and Dak Nong — while the HLSS 2012 is supposed to be nationally representative .", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 417, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1122, "end": 1164, "text": "2015 Vietnam Household Registration Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1238, "end": 1271, "text": "Household Living Standards Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1406, "end": 1415, "text": "VHRS 2015", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1566, "end": 1575, "text": "HLSS 2012", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * KNBS BU EAU OF VA-STICS * * Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 * * VIII . Report of the Board of Directors * * The Directors hereby submit their report together with the financial statements for the year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 which disclose the state of affairs of the Bureau . # # # Principal activities The Bureau is the principal agency of the Government for collecting , analysing and disseminating statistical data in Kenya and is the custodian of official statistical information . # # # # * * Results * * The financial performance of the Bureau for the year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 are set out on page < sup > * * 28 . * * < / sup > # # # * * Board of Directors * * The members of the Board who served during the year and up to the date of this report are set out on page * * 6 . * * # # # # * * Auditors * * The Auditor General is responsible for the statutory audit of the Bureau in accordance with Article * * 229 * * of the Constitution of Kenya and the Public Audit Act * * 2015 * * for the year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > By Order of the Board < br > Mr . Josiah Morara rn sa - Corporation Secretary < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Date : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * 28 * *", "spans": [{"start": 497, "end": 513, "text": "statistical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "2 fiscal years is ETB 154 . 17 million from DPs and 27 million from MF . The allocation for EFY 2016 is ETB 110 . 8 million ( ETB 94 . 18 from DPs and ETB 16 . 62 million MF . The budget released for EFY was 94 . 76 million out of which 90 . 196 ( 95 % ) is reported as expenditure . The budget for EFY 2017 is 67 . 397 million . The region has only about 3 million Birr in its account and expecting shortly release of EFY 2017 budget . 10 . * * Safeguard : * * One staff is assigned at the regional level and nine focal persons assigned and trained at woreda level . Retrospective preparation of E & S is under way . Due diligence ( DD ) has been carried out for 87 out of 105 subprojects at health institution and remaining are under way . For the education bureau a team of three staffs is deployed to support the DD for the school WaSH activities . Assessments have been made for the three CRW and the urban water supply project . The team is working to address outstanding issues , but it will require a serious follow up . 11 . * * Planning , Monitoring and Evaluation : * * The regional PMU has prepared the revised annual plan , quarterly reports , and also data to Kobo tool . Nevertheless , the region has a gap in updating data , woreda WaSH data base and the WaSH strategic plan . The region needs to work hard on updating the data base , which is a minimum requirement for intervention . 12 . * * Key Implementation Challenges : * * the team has identified the following as key challenges for the program implementation . ( i ) lack of matching fund contribution and budget shortage of the region . This may affect the completion of Kuneba small town project ( ii ) finalizing the DD for institutional WaSH , ( iii ) uploading documents on STEP ( iv ) regular monitoring of the CR", "spans": [{"start": 1241, "end": 1262, "text": "woreda WaSH data base", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_KenYa Social and_ < sup > _Economic Inclusion Project_ < / sup > _State Department for Social Protection_ < sup > _and Senior_ < / sup > < sup > * * _Citizen Affairs_ * * < / sup > _Annual Report and_ * * _Financial_ * * < sup > * * _Statements for the financial_ * * < / sup > < sup > _year ended June_ < / sup > < sup > * * _30 , _ * * < / sup > < sup > _2024_ < / sup > # # # # # Significant Accounting < sup > Policies < / sup > < sup > * * ( continued ) * * < / sup > * * v ) * * Acquisition of fixed < sup > assets < / sup > The payment < sup > on the acquisitionof propertyplant andequipment itemsis not capitalized . The < / sup > cost of acquisition < sup > andproceedsfromdisposalof theseitemsaretreatedaspaymentsand < / sup > receipts items , respectively . < sup > Where anassetis acquiredinanon-exchangetransactionfor nil < / sup > or nominal consideration < sup > andthefair valueof the assetcanbereliably established , acontra < / sup > transaction is recorded as a receipt < sup > and asapayment . < / sup > < sup > * * A * * fixedassetregisteris maintained < / sup > < sup > * * by * * < / sup > each public entity , and a summary < sup > isprovidedforconsolidationpurposes . Thissummaryis < / sup > disclosed as an annexure < sup > tothe consolidatedfinancialstatements", "spans": [{"start": 1043, "end": 1063, "text": "fixedassetregisteris", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "junk", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "248 ) | 12 , 850 ( 58 ) < br > GHS - 2018 / 2019 : < br > 13 , 157 ( - ) < br > MICS – 2016 / 2017 : < br > 89 , 033 ( 1 , 619 ) | GHS1 – 2010 / 2011 : < br > 9 , 542 ( - ) < br > GHS2 – 2012 / 2013 : | GHS1 – 2010 / 2011 : < br > 9 , 542 ( 406 ) < br > GHS2 – 2012 / 2013 : | | | | 10 < br > 11 < br > 12 < br > 13 | | | | | | 9 , 940 ( - ) < br > GHS3 – 2015 / 2016 : < br > 9 , 864 ( 51 ) < br > GHS - 2018 / 2019 : < br > 9 , 901 ( - ) | 9 , 940 ( 776 ) < br > GHS3 – 2015 / 2016 : < br > 9 , 864 ( 6 ) < br > GHS - 2018 / 2019 : < br > 9 , 901 ( - ) | | | | 14 < br > 15 < br > 16 < br > 17 | | | | | | MICS – 2016 / 2017 : < br > 33 , 040 ( 45 ) | MICS – 2016 / 2017 : < br > 60 , 455 ( 9 ) | | | Source : Authors ’ own estimates based on GHS 1 – 2010 / 2011 , GHS2 – 2012 / 2013 , GHS3 – 2015 / 2016 , GHS4 – 2018 / 2019 and MICS 2016 / 2017 Note : Numbers represent sample sizes of the respective age samples with numbers in parentheses representing the number of observations with missing information for the respective poverty measure . For the health deprivation , additional completed age categories are marked in blue , indicating that there is data available for individuals in these age groups from the MICS , but for comparison not used in the main analysis of this study . For the additional deprivations sample sizes are as follows : Not-in-school deprivation :", "spans": [{"start": 745, "end": 750, "text": "GHS 1", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 809, "end": 827, "text": "GHS4 – 2018 / 2019", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "unconditional basis as they are somewhat protected . They may even tempt project sponsors to misbehave and pursue riskier projects . < sup > 42 < / sup > Finally , while the fund was supposed to act as a catalyst for initiating private sector investment in infrastructure with a limited time horizon , it appeared that it created a situation where private sector investment may have become dependent on government backed finance as the existence of the fund may have taken the pressure off the government to improve the regulatory framework to such a degree that government backing was needed to a lesser degree to attract private financing . > 38 It should also be noted here that the provision of long-term financing resources was hampered by an unstable macro-environment . 39 In this context , a demand survey may have helped the government to identify obstacles to private participation and may have given important input in the designing the financing facility . 40 This policy was meant to be transitional . The bulk tariff structure under the policy was intended to be transitional and GOP was to reform its policy creating a competitive bidding structure and adjusting tax exemptions and incentives provided . Nevertheless the Government did not undertake these sector reforms ( which it had agreed to in a parallel project with the World Bank . The current problems are a result of a number of factors including the stalled reforms in the sector , a sharp economic downturn that substantially reduced the demand for power and the government had overestimated power needs which resulted in an oversupply . 41 Commercia * * l * * enders use loan convenants to exert control over management or require them to behave in a fashion that is in line with the borrowers interest of repayment of the loan . NDFC has tried to mitigate this risks by being presented on the boards of all projects it finances . 42 See for a detailed discussion : Klein ( 1997 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 800, "end": 813, "text": "demand survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "three to six months after the completion of the training event . > 13 The definition of “ gainful ” employment was increased in 2012 to 4 , 600 NRs (  60 USD ) . Throughout this report , we use the prevailing exchange rate during 2010 and 2011 of 75 NRS to 1 USD . > 14 The T & E providers running these training events are not given hard quotas for how many AGEI trainees to reach , but any female trainees aged 16 to 24 that they do train are designated as “ AGEI ” trainees for accounting and monitoring purposes . Employment Fund records indicate that 4410 young women were reached over the three year initiative , as shown in Table 1 , exceeding the target of 4375 . > 15 They reached only a bit more than half of their annual target of 1500 . 5", "spans": [{"start": 519, "end": 542, "text": "Employment Fund records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Completion Report ( ICR ) Review * * Independent Evaluation Group ( IEG ) * * KE-Municipal Program ( FY10 ) ( P066488 ) to reduced repairs and business disruption . People interviewed in an audit of environmental and social safeguards compliance , confirmed that the April May 2017 rains did not flood the usual areas . • 11 of the 14 integrated strategic urban development plans have been approved by county executive committees while the rest were awaiting approval . Three plans were approved by county assemblies . County governments , like Mombasa , were using the plans to inform future infrastructure projects , based on evidence obtained from the Beneficiary Assessments . Under the 2012 County Government Act , counties prepare 5-year county development plans . The project trained staff of nearly all 47 counties based on the Handbook and built capacity of county staff who generated the integrated urban development plans . The following outcome was partially achieved : - 69 , 200 urban residents ( target 170 , 000 ) gained access to all season roads within a 500-meter range - under the project . The government dropped some contracts for roads and drainage following the 2015 Restructuring primarily because the Mombassa drainage cost overruns reduced available resources ( see Section 5 . Efficiency ) . The following indicators were dropped as a result of the 2015 Restructuring : - at the national level - strengthening of intergovernmental fiscal frameworks to enhance volume and - predictability of resources transferred to municipalities based on their performance ; - implementing a financial management information systems at the urban level ; - implementing the annual performance assessment of participating municipalities ; - developing revenue enhancement plans for each of the participating municipalities ; - supporting the annual audits of municipal financial statements ; and - strengthened accountability of municipalities . # # * * Revised Rating * * # # # Substantial # * * Objective 2 Objective * * To improve service delivery to selected municipalities . # # * * Rationale * * # # # * * OUTPUTS * * : The following outputs were substantially achieved : - 15", "spans": [{"start": 670, "end": 693, "text": "Beneficiary Assessments", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "s administratives au niveau le plus bas , chargés d ’ enregistrer chaque foyer dans leurs quartiers , pour rassembler des informations et identifier les personnes qui sont Tanzaniennes et celles qui ne le sont pas . Si les documents tels que les cartes d ’ électeurs , les actes de naissance et autres documents d ’ identification sont pertinents , ce qui est plus important encore est que ces chefs connaissent chaque famille et l ’ histoire de ces familles dans le quartier . Faire appel aux chefs de quartier pour l ’ identification des migrants sans autorisation a donné beaucoup de pouvoir aux chefs locaux , en s ’ appuyant sur leur interprétation de ce qui donne le droit à une personne d ’ avoir la nationalité tanzanienne et / ou la résidence en Tanzanie . Dans l ’ ensemble , il semble que cette appréhension de la situation repose sur un faisceau de facteurs incluant l ’ origine ( les parents sont connus pour être des Tanzaniens ) et sur la durée de séjour dans une zone spécifique . La sécurité des personnes qui sont revenues après avoir été expulsées repose toujours sur les liens qu ’ elles ont avec un chef dans un village précis . En 2016 , la Cour de Justice de l ’ Afrique de l ’ Est a condamné l ’ échec des institutions de la CAE à enquêter sur l ’ expulsion illégale des immigrants et offrir réparation , ce qui « si son illégalité était confirmée , constituerait une violation flagrante des objectifs et des principes fondamentaux de la communauté » . < sup > 284 < / sup > Dans une affaire", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Octobre 2020 Tableau II : Evolution des chiffres par rapport à juillet 2020 . | * * Réi * * | * * Juillet 2021 * * | * * Octobre 2020 * * | * * Ecart * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * gon * * | * * Individus * * | * * Individus * * | * * Individus * * | | Bamako | 3 107 | 4 102 | 995 | | Gao | 66 583 | 63 315 | - 3268 | | Kayes | 1 624 | 2 586 | 962 | | Kidal | 890 | 890 | 0 | | Koulikoro | 2 195 | 3 553 | 1358 | | Ménaka | 20 991 | 21 144 | 153 | | Mopti | 113 043 | 131 150 | 18107 | | Ségou | 29 146 | 35 336 | 6190 | | Sikasso | 6 300 | 5 937 | - 363 | | Tombouctou | 43 617 | 43 180 | - 437 | | * * TOTAL * * | * * 287 496 * * | * * 311 193 * * | * * 23 697 * * | | | * * LEGENDE * * | | | | Augmentation | Stagnation < br > | Diminution | | Le nombre de PDIs est en effet passé de 287 496 personnes ( rapport DTM de juillet 2020 ) à * * 311 . 193 * * en octobre 2020 soit une augmentation de * * 23 697 * * individus . Graphique 1 : Evolution du nombre de PDIs de septembre 2012 à octobre 2020 Les années 2018 , 2019 et les 10 premiers mois de", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 8, "text": "DTM Mali", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "| 26-Apr-2018 | 29-Mar-2019 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * < br > IN00684438 < br > ► Average processing | No training was orga < br > time for citizen to register a | nized after the last supervision < br > vehicle . ( Days , Custom ) | mission . | | | | Baseline | Actual ( Previous ) | Actual ( Current ) | End Target | | Value | 20 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 20 . 00 | 4 . 00 | | Date | 27-May-2016 | 26-Apr-2018 | 29-Mar-2019 | 31-Dec-2023 | | Comments * * : * * | | | | | # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # # # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P151819 | IDA-58160 | Effective | USD | 300 . 00 | 300 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 22 . 48 | 272 . 97 | 7 . 6 % | # # # * * Key Dates ( by loan ) * * 4 / 7 / 2019 Page 7 of 8", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Porto , G . ( 2005 ) . “ Informal Export Barriers and Poverty , ” Journal of International Economics Vol . 66 , pp . 447 – 470 . Porto , G . ( 2006 ) . “ Using Survey Data to Assess the Distributional Effects of Trade Policy , ” Journal of International Economics 70 , pp . 140 – 160 . Ural Marchand , B . ( 2012 ) . “ Tariff Pass-Through and the Distributional Effects of Trade Liberalization , ” Journal of Development Economics , 99 ( 2 ) , pp . 265 – 281 . World Health Organization ( 2003 ) . “ Diet , nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases , ” Technical Report Series , Geneva , Vol . 916 , pp 1 – 150 . 17", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sup > the < / sup > completeness of the accounting records maintained for < sup > theProject , whichhave < / sup > been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements < sup > as < / sup > well < sup > as < / sup > the adequacy of the systems of internal financial control . The Directors of * * ICT * * Authority and the Project Coordinator for * * _EARTTDF project_ * * confirm that the Project has complied fully with applicable < sup > Government < / sup > Regulations and the terms of external financing covenants , < sup > andthat Projectfunds < / sup > xxvii", "spans": [{"start": 40, "end": 58, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ", UNICEF and IOM with the aim to support evidence-based decision-making and advocacy on issues related to refugee and migrant children . The document provides an overview of the situation in Europe with regards to refugee and migrant children ( accompanied and UASC ) . It compiles key child-related data based on available official sources : arrival , asylum applications , asylum decisions , profiling of arrivals , relocation from Greece and Italy under the EU relocation scheme , as well as returns from Greece to Turkey under the EUTurkey Statement . The present factsheet covers the period from January to June 2019 and is produced every six months to provide up-to-date information on refugee and migrant children , including unaccompanied and separated children . UNHCR : * * Edgar Scrase * * scrase @ unhcr . org For further information or any questions concerning this factsheet please contact : - 1 Data on arrivals is partial due to the large scale of irregular movements and reflects only sea arrivals for Greece and Italy . It does not reflect the recent sharp increase of land arrivals in Greece . Data for Spain includes both sea and land arrivals and is based on UNHCR estimates , pending provision of final figures by the Spanish Ministry of Interior . Figures for UASC are only available for arrivals by sea ( not for Ceuta or Melilla ) . - 2 Separated children are children separated from both parents , or from their previous legal or customary primary caregiver , but not necessarily from other relatives . These may , therefore , include children accompanied by other adult family members . Unaccompanied children are children who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who , by law or custom , is responsible for doing so . ( Inter-Agency Standing Committee ) - 3 Arrival figures for Greece are collected in the framework of UNHCR border activities and are provided by Hellenic Police . - 4 During the same period of time , a total of 3 , 404 referrals were made to the Greek", "spans": [{"start": 910, "end": 926, "text": "Data on arrivals", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1113, "end": 1127, "text": "Data for Spain", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1847, "end": 1873, "text": "Arrival figures for Greece", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "separate issues , < sup > 201 < / sup > and five assessed only violent threats but included ERW . < sup > 202 < / sup > It can also be generalised from the literature that in many assessments ( interagency and agency-specific ) beyond references to summary findings on dangers and injuries , very few included detailed information on their types or causes of injuries disaggregated by age and gender , as recommended in CPMS # 7 . The findings below are compiled from those assessments where all physical threats were considered alongside each other in the assessment process . Although the results in this table are not statistically comparable , they are an important visual indication of the gravity that affected communities place on the dangers present in children ’ s physical environment and the risks they present to children ’ s protection in emergencies . In all five assessments – which included both natural disasters and conflict – ‘ environmental risks ’ < sup > 203 < / sup > were rated as the top threat facing children ; in the Philippines Mindanao assessment as many as 93 % of sites reported this to be the case . If we consider the below findings , alongside a few key points from the survey : 1 ) less than 30 % of respondents felt confident they knew the main causes of fatal and of non-fatal injuries in children in emergencies ; 2 ) 96 % of respondents strongly agree or agree it is important to collect data on dangers and injuries ; and 3 ) 37 % of respondents agreed and 19 % were unsure of the statement ‘ dangers and injuries are not a priority issue for children in their context ’ ; it would indicate there are weaknesses in the level and quality of assessment information needed to make evidenced-based decisions on child protection priorities and programming in emergencies . | * * Rank * * | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | |", "spans": [{"start": 1045, "end": 1076, "text": "Philippines Mindanao assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Hpa-An Environmental Scoping Report | | NEAT + | | October 2019 | 15 NRC already had an organizational Kobo account in Hpa An , which was utilized for the tests . Many field staff were already familiar with Kobo mobile data collection . All tests were completed on tablets provided by NRC . NRC ’ s M & E manager from Yangon accompanied the NEAT + team on the trip , who was very familiar with Kobo and the FGD methodology applied . # # # 3 . Focus Group Discussions and Participatory Mapping Focus group discussions ( FGDs ) and participatory mapping exercises were conducted for more detailed contextual information and to validate the results of the NEAT + . < sup > 7 < / sup > FGDs were held with the local communities of Saint Chaung and Sein Pa La villages . The groups were separated by gender , and in the case of Sein Pa La further separated into property owners and non-property owners . Groups were not divided into displaced and non-displaced as originally planned , given the sensitivities around displacement , the long timeframe of displacement and the lack of displacement as a distinguishing factor of difference between groups . FGDs were organized by NRC field staff , who also provided translation assistance . The questions followed a similar line of enquiry to the NEAT + environmental sensitivity module , with some additional questions related to Shelter , WASH and LFS . A participatory mapping element was included so that participants could indicate where they were collecting natural resources , disposing of waste , and collecting water . The results of the participatory mapping exercises are available on the MapX data project but are viewable only by approved members < sup > 8 < / sup > of the project to protect participant anonymity . # # # 4 . Yangon workshop On 30 September 2019 , a workshop was held by JEU and NRC in Yangon to present the NEAT + and preliminary findings from the field test , and to engage participants in broader", "spans": [{"start": 1641, "end": 1658, "text": "MapX data project", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "groups may not be connected , and thus do not benefit from any such subsidy . These households would therefore not be affected at all by an increase in user charges , except insofar as better cost recovery might permit utilities to expand services . As such , this analysis overstates the number of households that would actually be affected , and abstracts from the very real divide between low income households that benefit from connections and the subsidies that accompany those connections and those that do not . However , even correcting for this coverage gap still suggests that moving to full cost recovery could have widespread enough impacts that most policymakers would hesitate to move too far or too quickly in that direction . > 11 Calculations are based on simulation of the cost of a minimum subsistence consumption bundle of both WSS and electricity services provided at the respective tariffs . Distribution of income data needed to estimate percentage of affected households was derived from household surveys . 17", "spans": [{"start": 914, "end": 941, "text": "Distribution of income data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1012, "end": 1029, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "en temps opportuns . Il n ’ est pas non plus exclu que , par effet de solidarité , ces réfugiés assistés bénéficient par moments aussi , de certaines faveurs des réfugiés non assistés . En définitive , il est difficile de penser à faire mieux en matière d ’ assistance alimentaire pour les réfugiés centrafricains , car des changements significatifs en qualité de consommation pourraient difficilement être atteints , si ce phénomène se poursuivait . Pour pérenniser les acquis et permettre aux réfugiés centrafricains d ‘ être autonomes , il faudrait donc aujourd ’ hui , redéfinir le type d ’ assistance à leur apporter qui devrait être axé vers le développement des moyens de survie viables . Les initiatives VCT et VCF s ’ inscrivent dans cette perspective . Toutefois , il existe probablement toujours un nombre réduit de ménages très vulnérables que le PAM pourrait encore soutenir alimentairement pour un temps . Par ailleurs , les analyses et les résultats de la dernière enquête PDM ont montré que les ménages centrafricains assistés avaient des préférences alimentaires , notamment pour le manioc que le PAM ne peut malheureusement pas fournir pour des raisons de conservation et de disponibilité . Afin de leur donner satisfaction , il serait peut-être envisageable d ’ expérimenter le Cash & Voucher qui a aussi l ’ avantage de limiter les ventes ou l ’ échange des produits non préférés provenant", "spans": [{"start": 980, "end": 991, "text": "enquête PDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "# * * Annex 2 : Indexed Indicators * * # * * Accountability Index ( including indicator sources ) * * | * * Ad * * | * * justed Accountability Index * * | | - - - | - - - | | • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • < br > • | Accountability , Transparency & Corruption in the Public Sector ( AfDB / WB ) < br > Accountability , Transparency & Corruption in the Public Sector ( AfDB ) < br > Accountability , Transparency & Corruption in the Public Sector ( WB ) < br > Corruption & Bureaucracy ( WB ) < br > Corruption in Government & Public Officials ( EIU ) < br > Diversion of Public Funds ( WEF ) < br > Accountability of Public Officials ( EIU ) < br > Public Sector Corruption Investigation ( GI ) < br > Public Sector Corruption Bodies ( GI ) < br > Corruption Investigation ( GI ) < br > Prosecution of Abuse of Office ( BS ) < br > Accountability , Transparency & Corruption in Rural Areas ( IFAD ) | | * * Sub * * | * * - Indicators removed for endogeneity * * | | ~ ~ • ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ • ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ • ~ ~ | ~ ~ Access to Information ( GI ) ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ Public Information ( GI ) ~ ~ < br > ~ ~ Access to Legislative Processes & Documents ( GI ) ~ ~ | _Source : Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance Indicators , 2017_ # * * Service Delivery Indices ( including indicator sources ) * * | | * * Education Service Delivery * * | * * Health Service Delivery * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Ov * * < br > ( pro | * * erall Education Index *", "spans": [{"start": 1229, "end": 1278, "text": "Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance Indicators", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- Vanden Eynde , Oliver and Liam Wren-Lewis ( 2021 ) . _Complementarities in Infrastructure : Evidence from Rural India_ . CEPR Discussion Paper 16139 . - Verdin , Kristine L et al . ( 2007 ) . _Development of a Global Slope Dataset for Estimation of Landslide Occurrence Resulting from Earthquakes_ . Technical Report . - Wooldridge , Jeffrey M ( 2010 ) . _Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data_ . MIT press . 28", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "droit à la vie ( article 5 ) , droit à l ’ éducation ( article 11 ) , aux loisirs et à la culture ( article 12 ) , à la protection contre l ’ exploitation et les mauvais traitements ( travail des enfants , exploitation sexuelle … articles15 , 26 , 27 , 29 ) , à la santé ( article 14 ) . Elle protège les enfants en cas de conflits armés . Elle interdit leur enrôlement dans l ’ armée ( article 22 ) et les protège s ’ ils sont réfugiés ( article 23 ) . Plusieurs articles sont consacrés aux droits et aux responsabilités de la famille , considérée comme « la cellule de base naturelle de la société » ( article 18 ) . À l ' exception de ce qui est rapporté ci-dessus concernant les tensions dues à des différences culturelles apparentes et des problèmes d ’ acceptabilité sociale de certains comportements , la situation vécue par les enfants maliens et mauritaniens ne semble pas donner lieu pour l ’ instant à des conflits spécifiques entre les réfugiés et la population locale . Ils sont cependant pertinents en tant qu ' indications pour la communauté internationale intervenant à Bassikounou pour mieux concevoir des programmes qui répondent aux besoins spécifiques des deux communautés . Pendant la collecte de données à Bassikounou , des informations concernant des cas d ’ enfants abandonnés , des cas de violences , viol , et relations d ’ adultes avec mineurs ont été recueillies . Ces informations sont corroborées par l", "spans": [{"start": 1218, "end": 1239, "text": "données à Bassikounou", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "- 32 - # # # * * < mark > Productive Safety Net Project ( PSNP ) 6 < / mark > * * # # # * * < mark > Expenditure Documentation Reconciliation ( for Advance and PBCs ) ( IN USD ) < / mark > * * | | Total expenditure < br > reported for the < br > quarter ( 1 ) | Total expenditure < br > for the year | Total expenditure < br > for project life | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Documented for < br > advance to the project < br > ( 2 ) | | | | | Documented for PBC < br > ( 3 ) | | | | | Total amount | | | | 1 . Amount must be the same as shown on the statement of source and uses of fund for the quarter . If there are any direct payments or special commitments , these should be clearly indicated in the footnote . 2 . This amount must be the same as shown on the expenditure apportionment sheet 3 . This must be similar to the amount shown on the PBC tracking worksheet ( your word document )", "spans": [{"start": 855, "end": 877, "text": "PBC tracking worksheet", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "whether due to error < sup > orfraud , ( iv ) < / sup > safeguarding the assets of the project , ( v ) Selecting < sup > andapplyingappropriate < / sup > accounting policies and ( v ) Making accounting estimates < sup > thatarereasonablein < / sup > the circumstances . The Directors of * * ICT * * Authority and the Project < sup > Coordinatorfor < / sup > < sup > * * _EARTTDFproject_ * * < / sup > accept responsibility for the Project ' s financial < sup > statements , whichhave been < / sup > prepared on the Cash Basis Method of Financial Reporting , < sup > usingappropriate < / sup > accounting policies in accordance with International Public Sector < sup > Accounting < / sup > Standards . The Directors of * * ICT * * Authority and the Project Coordinator for < sup > * * _EARTTDFproject_ * * < / sup > are of the opinion that the Project ' s financial statements give < sup > a < / sup > true < sup > and < / sup > fair < sup > view < / sup > of the state of Project ' s transactions during the financial year ended June * * 30 , 2023 , * * and of the Project ' s financial position as at that date . The Directors < sup > of < / sup > < sup > * * ICT * * < / sup > Authority and the Project Coordinator for * * _EAR7TDF project_ * * further confirm < sup > the < / sup > completeness of the accounting records maintained for < sup > theProject , whichhave < / sup > been relied upon in the preparation of the Project financial statements < sup > as < / sup", "spans": [{"start": 1305, "end": 1323, "text": "accounting records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "better at the math and science components , while women score score better at Indonesian language . Are these point estimates large or small ? What would we expect a priori of a bachelor ’ s education for example ? Of those without a bachelor ’ s degree , about two-thirds has a 2 - year post-secondary diploma , and the rest , one-third , has only a secondary education . This heterogenous group scores . 4 of a standard deviation below the group with a bachelor ’ s degree on average . Not very much perhaps . Another way of looking at this is by looking at the _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > of these regressions . They are around 0 . 05 , showing that only 5 % of the variance of the ( noisy ) test score data is explained by these characteristics . Discounting the fact that test scores are noisy , we can estimate an alternative _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > , measuring what the _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ’ s would have been if the testing data would have been noise-free . < sup > 23 < / sup > Even these alternative _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ’ s are not very big , indicating that these background characteristics do not explain much of the variation in subject-matter knowledge of teachers . Apparently there are many teachers without university diplomas who do very well on the test , and , similarly , many teachers with university diplomas who do badly . This suggests that Indonesia ’ s teacher training programs – on average – do not manage to lift teacher subject-matter knowledge to a much higher level . With more flexible regression models we can explain much more of the variation in test scores than the models presented in table 1 . School fixed-effects models ( where the teacher test score is regressed on a full set of school dummy variables ) have _R_ < sup > 2 < / sup > ’ s in the neighborhood of 0 . 60 , indicating that 60 % of the variance of ( noisy ) test scores can be explained at the", "spans": [{"start": 691, "end": 706, "text": "test score data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 924, "end": 936, "text": "testing data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Figure 5 . Factors supporting LIC progression to MIC per capita incomes * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > A . Low-income countries , 2001 B . Growth in 2001 LIC per capita C . Progression of 2001 LIC per < br > and 2020 incomes between 2001 and 2020 capita incomes < br > Number of countries Percent Rapid growing LICs < br > 70 400 9 . 5 with low starting pointsContinued LICs 2001 LIC < br > Average threshold < br > 60 New LICs 8 . 5 LICs turned MICs < br > 300 Median < br > 50 < br > Other LICs turned < br > 40 MICs 7 . 5 2020 LIC < br > 30 Transition LICs 200 threshold < br > turned MICs < br > 6 . 5 < br > 20 Low-income 100 < br > 10 countries < br > 5 . 5 < br > 0 0 4 . 5 5 . 5 6 . 5 < br > 2001 2020 LICs turned MICs Continued LICs Log of 1999 GNI per capita , USD < br > Log of 2018 GNI per capita , USD < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # # * * D . Secondary school enrollment in LICs turned MICs * * # # * * E . Government effectiveness in F . Rule of law in LICs turned LICs turned MICs MICs * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Percent Index Index < br > 90 Median Interquartile range 0 . 0 Median Interquartile range 0 . 0 Median Interquartile range < br > - 0 . 3 < br > - 0 . 3 < br > 60 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 6 < br > - 0 . 9 < br > 30 < br > - 0 . 9 < br > - 1 . 2 < br > 0 - 1 . 2 - 1 . 5 < br > 5 years before Year turned 5 years after 5 years before Year turned 5 years after 5 years before Year turned", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "construct duration statistics and presents a few stylized facts . The results of our analysis are presented in section 4 . Section 5 concludes . # * * 1 Background : Definitions and Data * * Under the terms of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees – henceforth the Convention – later amended by the 1967 Protocol , a refugee is a person , who “ owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race , religion , nationality , membership of a particular social group or political opinion , is outside the country of his nationality , and is unable to , or owing to such fear , is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country . ” Data on refugees and asylum seekers are collected by individual countries , international orga3", "spans": [{"start": 676, "end": 711, "text": "Data on refugees and asylum seekers", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # # * * 3 . 5 Staff Capacity * * # # # # * * 3 . 5 . 1 . Staffing * * 57 . At visited entities , staff are placed as per the recent job-related reform-Job Evaluation and Grading ( JEG ) . The following are staffing issues noted during the assessment : 58 . * * _Financial management : _ * * Staff data ( allowed staff number and actually available , vacant position , education qualification ) for budget , account , property management and internal audit sections has been collected and attached in Annex 4 . The summary shows that the structure has been fully filled at 32 % of the visited entities . At 23 % of the visited entities the vacant positions for the four sections was between 20 % & 30 % . Staff performance evaluation is conducted twice a year . The evaluation result is used as one criterion for future promotion , for competition for high level job etc . 59 . * * _Procurement : _ * * In MoA , the procurement unit is organized as a Directorate reporting directly to the Minster . The Directorate supervises 30 procurement experts including 18 experts employed through bank funded projects implemented in the ministry . The assessment revealed that the experts do have adequate qualification and experience in delivering procurement responsibility in the Ministry . In Oromia BoA , Benishangul Gumuz ’ s BoA and Bureau of Land administration procurement is organized as Procurement and Property Administration Directorate reporting to the respective bureau heads . At the time of the assessment , the Directorates were staffed with adequate number of procurement officers ( 3 to 5 ) having relevant educational background and sufficient years of experience . The procurement officers assigned in all the visited federal IA and regional Bureaus , have a minimum of BA qualification in Management , Accounting and in Procurement and Supply Chain Management . In addition , the officers received short term procurement trainings organized by the federal and respective regional procurement regulatory bodies . But the assessment noted that there are skill gaps on", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 305, "text": "Staff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 9812 The Impact of Corruption on SMEs ’ Access to Finance Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data from Developing Countries _Mohammad Amin Victor Motta_ Development Economics Global Indicators Group October 2021", "spans": [{"start": 103, "end": 151, "text": "Firm-Level Survey Data from Developing Countries", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "01 | | MOE / GEQIP-E / C / IS-162 / < br > Hiring financial management < br > expert < br > IDA / D2620 | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 6 , 700 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-12-14 | 2022-01-24 | 2022-02-01 | 2022-02-11 | 2023-02-12 | | MOE / GEQIP-E / C / IS-163 / 22 / < br > Hiring accountant expert < br > IDA / D2620 | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 5 , 665 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-11-01 | 2021-12-15 | 2021-12-28 | 2022-01-10 | 2023-01-10 | | SIDREB / GEQIP-E / C / IS - < br > 166 / 22 / Hiring Finance Team < br > leader for Sidama Regional < br > Education bureau < br > IDA / D2620 | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 6 , 216 . 00 | 0 . 00 | Pending < br > Implementation | 2021-10-29 | 2021-12-09 | 2021-12-20 | 2022-01-11 | 2023-01-06 | | MOE / GEQIP-E / C / IS-167 / 22 / < br > Hiring senior general < br > education inspection data < br > analyst < br > IDA / D2620 | Post | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | 6 , 512 . 00 | 0 . 00 |", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "return to their villages there may be a clash of values , leading to strains and tensions that eventually result in suspicions and accusations of witchcraft . ” < sup > 21 < / sup > _Displacing grievances against the state_ : “ Many witchcraft accusations between members of the face-to-face community are motivated by grievances that originate outside the community and … are aimed at the wrong sources . ” < sup > 22 < / sup > Accusing those near to them is an outlet for conflicts with more powerful outsiders . Refugees may find it easier to blame a neighbour than the forces that displaced them . _Aimed at outsiders_ : While accusations among many cultures are aimed at kin , others target those who are from outside the community or are thought to be at the margins of society either because of their behaviour or physical disabilities . _Overcrowding or lack of mobility_ : “ Congested and over-crowded settlements , enforced by outside authorities or by circumstance , are also conducive to witchcraft accusations … it seems plausible that it is not simply compact settlement which constitutes a problem in such cases , so much as its imposition by government , or by force of circumstances , and its accompaniment by internal or external constraints on mobility . ” < sup > 23 < / sup > Both issues — crowdedness and lack of mobility — have implications for refugees in camp settings , which are often densely populated and where movement may be restricted . _Extreme conditions_ : Economist Edward Miguel proposed an explanation of witchcraft allegations based on information gathered in western Tanzania . He found that “ there are twice as many witch murders in years of extreme rainfall [ resulting in drought or floods ] as in other years . The victims are nearly all elderly women , typically killed by relatives . ” < sup > 24 < / sup > The rainfall led to poor harvests and near-famine conditions , which provided the impetus for “ households near subsistence levels", "spans": [{"start": 1575, "end": 1615, "text": "information gathered in western Tanzania", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) # # * * < mark > ANNEX 7 : Definitions < / mark > * * * * 1 . * * This Annex provides definition of some key terms used in the proposed project . * * 2 . Information Technology Outsourcing ( ITO ) , * * is the use of service providers for delivering IT-reliant business processes , application services , and infrastructure solutions . ITO has been a business reality for decades transforming from a mere trend to a strategic necessity for enterprises worldwide . Despite the difficulties , ITO would provide huge benefits in terms of productivity , prices , profits and wages — an irresistible combination in a highly competitive world . A natural evolution of how the global marketplace operates today , ITO is on the way to becoming a mainstream business . Proximity is increasingly becoming a factor in location decisions as companies seek solutions to time zone differences , cultural issues , and * * operational * * challenges . The decline of mega outsourcing deals in favor of lower-value deals has opened a larger segment of the market to smaller and niche providers based in non-traditional locations . * * 3 . Business process outsourcing ( BPO ) * * is the contracting of non-primary business activities and functions to a third-party provider . BPO services include payroll , human resources ( HR ) , accounting and customer / call center relations . * * 4 . Disadvantaged / Vulnerable Groups / Individuals * * : Any group or sector of society that is at higher risk of being subjected to discriminatory practices due to economic hardship , natural or environmental disasters than other groups within the country . This also applies to any group or sector of society ( such as women , people with disability or the elderly ) that is at higher risk in periods of economic hardships . In order to prioritize selected of vulnerable applicants , the Project will leverage the database of NAF . More detailed", "spans": [{"start": 1966, "end": 1981, "text": "database of NAF", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Table 7 . Correlation Between Lending IRC Bindingness and Other Financial Repression Policies * * | | Full sampl < br > ρ | e < br > N | Excl . relative < br > ceilings < br > ρ | ( mkt ) < br > < br > N | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | State ownership of banks | - 0 . 284 * | 42 | - 0 . 393 * * | 31 | | Capital account restrictions | 0 . 305 * * | 45 | 0 . 377 * * | 33 | | Entry into banking requirements | 0 . 002 | 42 | 0 . 032 | 30 | | Excessive reserve requirements | - 0 . 082 | 19 | - 0 . 403 | 12 | | Significance at * * * 1 % , * * 5 % and * 10 % . | | | | | # * * IV . Concluding Remarks * * In this paper we present a new database on IRCs in 108 countries , which account for 88 percent of global GDP . There are signs of a resurgence in financial repression policies around the world , which may be exacerbated by the Covid-19 crisis . While some measures may turn out to be temporary , others may become permanent . Understanding their unfolding is therefore important for policy makers concerned with minimizing the associated costs . This paper represents a step towards that goal . Building on a survey of financial sector authorities and bankers ’ associations conducted during 2019 in World Bank Group member countries , this paper documents a key form of financial repression : IRCs , including their origins , the legal framework and their intended objectives . The data collected through the survey are then used to provide a preliminary estimation of the degree of bindingness of IRCs and to calculate pairwise correlations with other financial repression policies . 17", "spans": [{"start": 653, "end": 686, "text": "database on IRCs in 108 countries", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1132, "end": 1170, "text": "survey of financial sector authorities", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1406, "end": 1439, "text": "data collected through the survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "possibly debt or financial crises ( Boskin , 2020 ) . All of these could cause private firms to reduce investment . This channel is referred to as the “ crowding out ” effect of public debt . The impact of high public investment on private investment therefore remains an open empirical question . This paper examines the impact of public debt on private firms ’ investment using the World Bank Enterprise Surveys , which provide a large sample of firms in many developing countries . Our contributions are threefold . First , we find that higher public debt significantly and robustly reduces private investment on the extensive and intensive margins . In other words , firms are less likely to invest , and they invest less when public debt rises . Firm panel estimations reveal that a given firm is 0 . 1 percent less likely to buy land and 3", "spans": [{"start": 384, "end": 413, "text": "World Bank Enterprise Surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "of tax officials altered responses regarding businesses ’ own tax-paying behavior , there was no influence on responses to any other questions . Overall , survey results indicate businesses portray positive attitudes and beliefs toward tax administration in Tanzania . Several questions were asked to capture this element and there were high levels of agreement across a majority of these questions ; ranging from an assessment of fairness in treatment by the TRA to how much the businesses trust the institution . However most businesses expressed a concern that tax laws were quite complex . # * * Ward-level tax payment data from presumptive taxpayers * * While the impacts identified by the survey data are meaningful , it is useful to understand how declaration behavior changes as a result of this exogenous shock in the TRA ’ s local presence . Our main outcome measure comes from ward-level tax payment data . Since we are not able to link administrative tax records to survey respondents , the next best solution is to aggregate administrative data within the surveyed wards . In the presence of some spillover effects - that is , taxpayers in treated wards that were not surveyed but nonetheless indirectly treated through their own observation and word-of-mouth - we would expect to be able to identify changes in payment behavior that can be attributed to the local presence of the tax officials . The ward-level data signals that , in the aggregate , there was no impact of local presence of tax officials on taxpayer behavior in the presumptive tax regime on the extensive ( registration or any payment ) or the intensive ( payment amount ) level . That is , considering all treated wards , presumptive taxpayers registered in these areas did not declare more often or higher tax liabilities . However , given the heterogeneity we found in the first round survey in December 2022 , we also explore heterogeneous impacts of local presence on aggregate presumptive tax filing behavior . Our main findings are summarized in Table 5 . As can be observed , if we divide the targeted wards into geographic zones ( at a higher level than Tanzania ’ s administrative 18", "spans": [{"start": 600, "end": 627, "text": "Ward-level tax payment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 695, "end": 706, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 903, "end": 915, "text": "payment data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 948, "end": 974, "text": "administrative tax records", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1414, "end": 1429, "text": "ward-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1858, "end": 1876, "text": "first round survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "combine GDP data from the World Development Indicators ( WDI ) with data from the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) on primary energy consumption and with data on GHG emissions from Climatewatch / CAIT , all for 2010 to 2019 ( the latest year the data are available ) . We again use a random slope regression to model the relationship between GDP and energy consumption , which also allows for efficiency gains over time . The random slope model exploits both variation between countries and variation within countries , and in this case allows for countries to convert GDP to energy needs at different rates and improve ( or deteriorate ) in energy efficiency at different rates . We cap the distribution of country-level coefficients at the 10 < sup > th < / sup > and 90 < sup > th < / sup > percentiles as the extreme values likely reflect measurement error or historical patterns that are unlikely to continue in the future . 3", "spans": [{"start": 26, "end": 62, "text": "World Development Indicators ( WDI )", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 163, "end": 209, "text": "data on GHG emissions from Climatewatch / CAIT", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Table 6 | Internationally recognized areas of high biodiversity value within a 50 km buffer of the < br > transmission line , and the species for which they are designated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 | | - - - | - - - | | Table 7 | Breakdown of taxonomic groups represented in the species list together with their highest < br > threatened status determined from IUCN ( global ) and National Red Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 | | Table 8 | Breakdown of Likelihood of Occurrence assessment of CR and EN species over the various < br > taxonomic groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 | | Table 9 | Critically Endangered and Endangered species with possible LoO that are potentially < br > impacted by the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", "spans": [{"start": 430, "end": 448, "text": "National Red Lists", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ation of Somali Refugees from Kenya to Somalia » , 25 juin 2016 ; « UN starts sorting false from genuine refugees in Dadaab » , _The Nation_ ( Nairobi ) , 6 juillet 2016 . > 225 La situation des Nubiens du Kenya a été amplement documentée : voir Maurice Odhiambo Makoloo , _Kenya : Minorities , Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Diversity , _ Minority Rights Group International / CEMIRIDE , 2005 ; Douglas H . Johnson , « Tribe or nationality ? The Sudanese diaspora and the Kenyan Nubis » , _Journal of Eastern African Studies_ , Vol . 3 , No . 1 , 2009 , pp . 112-131 ; Adam Hussein Adam , « Kenyan Nubians : standing up to statelessness » , _Forced Migration Review_ , Vol . 32 * * , * * 2009 * * ( * * Statelessness ) ; et également les articles de Samantha Balaton-Chrimes : « The Nubians of Kenya and the emancipatory potential of collective recognition » , _Australasian Review of African Studies_ , Vol . 32 , No . 1 , 2011 , pp . 12-31 ; « Counting as Citizens : Recognition of the Nubians in the 2009 Kenyan census » , _Ethnopolitics_ Vol . 10 , No . 2 , 2011 , pp . 205-218 ; « Indigeneity and Kenya ' s Nubians : seeking equality in difference or sameness ? » , _Journal of Modern African Studies_ , Vol . 51 , No . 2 , 2013 , pp . 331-354 ; « Statelessness , identity cards and citizenship as status in the case of the Nubians of Kenya » , _Citizenship Studies_ , Vol . 18 , No . 1 , 2014 , pp . 15-28 . 226 En 2003 , les représentants de la communauté nubienne ont porté une affaire de", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "households that decide to stay in conflict zones is scarce in Colombia . This paper contributes to better understanding how households cope with conflict shocks , and how labor markets become important mechanisms for preventing further losses stemming from violent conflict . The paper also contributes to the economic literature on the use of labor markets to hedge against the consequences of economic shocks . Empirical evidence on this issue is scarce and what data are available are restricted to small samples rich in information about the use of time , or large samples with limited labor information ( Kochar 1999 ; Rose 2001 ; Cameron and Worswick 2003 ; Ito and Kurosaki 2009 ) . The survey used in this paper collects detailed information about households ’ use of time and participation 3", "spans": [{"start": 694, "end": 700, "text": "survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "here is that we are failing to detect a true , statistically significant , and economically meaningful effect because we lack sufficient observations with sufficient variation . We cannot conclusively rule out this explanation because we did not conduct _ex ante_ power calculations as part of our preanalysis plan . We failed to do this for two reasons . First , it was not clear what values should be used in a power calculation for means and standard deviations in the control group nor what a reasonable expected effect size would be . Second , and quite honestly , we did not think it necessary given the large size of the data collection effort . In total , the pre - and post-outbreak LSMS-ISA data sets contain more than 84 , 000 observations . Country-specific regressions contain between 3 , 000 and 15 , 000 observations . In writing the pre-analysis plan , we did not expect a lack of power to be something we would eventually need to address . Given the evidence on how misleading _ex post_ power calculations can be , we have not done this sort of calculation ( Hoenig and Heisey , 2001 ; Gelman , 2019 ) . Our failure to conduct _ex ante_ power calculations means we cannot provide definitive evidence against the explanation that our analysis lacks power . However , we believe that the large number of observations used in the analysis makes the lack of power an unlikely story . A final explanation , and the one we find most compelling , is that in the face of a global pandemic and related government restrictions , livelihood diversification was not an effective coping strategy . This is true both in terms of using livelihood diversification as an _ex ante_ strategy , to prepare for a potential shock , and an _ex post_ strategy , to react to a realized shock . Health concerns and government restrictions to stop the spread of the virus may have stripped resource-rich households of their comparative advantage and equalized the vulnerability of income-diverse and income-specialized households . Or perhaps moving away from subsistence farming left households unable to access sufficient food during times of crisis , leaving income-diverse households worse off . In the end , we do not", "spans": [{"start": 692, "end": 710, "text": "LSMS-ISA data sets", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "in income levels between countries can be explained by education ( Acemoglu & Dell 2010 , Mankiw , Romer & Weil 1992 ) . The skills that workers bring to the firm influence productivity and performance . Gennioli et al . ( 2013 ) use Enterprise Survey data of 20 countries – including Mozambique – to estimate that an additional year of education of an employee leads to a 6-7 percent return in productivity . Moretti ( 2004 ) finds that American firms in cities with more college-educated inhabitants are more 5", "spans": [{"start": 234, "end": 256, "text": "Enterprise Survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "21 % ) animal grazing ( 20 % ) , children cannot play safely ( 15 % ) and collecting water ( 13 % ) . While the data from the Key informant interview indicated that 88 % of respondents have no information about mines or other explosives compared to 9 % who have information about < / mark > mines in their community . # # # # * * < mark > f . Dispute Resolution Mechanisms < / mark > * * < mark > Since the fall of the former government , the de facto authorities have slowly re-established a formal justice system , but the legal framework and procedures remained unclear in the first quarter of 2022 . The use of punishments such as public shaming , arbitrary arrests , torture , and public executions have been reported across several provinces with de facto authorities which < / mark > constitute violations of international law and Afghanistan ’ s treaty obligations . < mark > Household survey data shows that informal dispute resolution mechanisms such as community elders ( 44 % ) , Mullahs ( 41 % ) , and family and relatives ( 34 % ) are preferred by the community . Women have overall less access to both traditional and formal mechanisms than men , resulting in 40 % of women reporting that they prefer to resolve disputes through their family and relatives . Quantitative and qualitative data indicate that the lack of female representation , discrimination , and lack of trust in those mechanisms , as well as restriction of freedom of < / mark > movement , are barriers to safe and meaningful access . < mark > The top three reasons for challenges in accessing those mechanisms for men and women are lack of trust ( 60 % ) , discrimination ( 51 % ) , and fees ( 33 % ) . IDPs and undocumented returnees are twice more likely to report the need to pay fees as a barrier to access justice than members of the host community or IDPs returnees . Qualitative data indicate that De facto Authorities ’ lack of familiarity with the previous government ’ s formal justice system and unwillingness to operational", "spans": [{"start": 112, "end": 149, "text": "data from the Key informant interview", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 884, "end": 905, "text": "Household survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1858, "end": 1874, "text": "Qualitative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Figure [ 9 ] : Average expenditure by Syrian refugees by type_ < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Average expenditures across Lebanon ( US Dollars ) < br > 350 < br > 300 < br > 250 < br > 200 < br > 150 < br > 100 < br > 50 < br > 0 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > A WFP secondary literature and data desk review on Syrian Refugees and Food Insecurity in Lebanon ( March 2013 ) specified that the consumer price index < sup > 15 < / sup > ( CPI ) for Lebanon in July 2011 was 115 . 6 and increased to 129 . 5 in December 2012 . The CPI is one of the most important economic and social indicators in a country . It gives an overall picture of the evolution of prices of goods and services consumed by households . CPI is also used to measure the impact of price evolution on the living standards of individuals and households and other social and economic indicators . A consolidated price monitoring report providing an overview of WFP price monitoring activities of the food voucher programme in Lebanon , from May to July 2013 , highlighted that prices remained the highest in Beirut , Mount Lebanon and South Lebanon . On average , prices in these locations were 3 % higher than in North Lebanon and 6 % higher than in the Bekaa Valley . However , prices have been decreasing in Beirut since January 2013 and seemed to be converging with those in other regions . The lowest prices were found in the Bekaa Valley and overall remained steady over the reporting period ( May to July 2013 ) . > 15 A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services , such as transportation , food and medical care . The CPI is calculated by taking price changes for each item in the predetermined basket of goods and averaging them ; the goods are weighted according to their importance . Changes in CPI are used to assess price changes associated with the", "spans": [{"start": 409, "end": 429, "text": "consumer price index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 882, "end": 918, "text": "consolidated price monitoring report", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan Report Proposed Infrastructures Improvement Works In Selected Informal Settlements In Kisumu County ( 6 No . Settlements ) * * _Fig . 5 . 11_ : Housing Conditions of the PAP Sources of Energy 5 . 3 . 7 . 1 Sources of cooking energy * * According to the Survey , 70 % of the households rely on Charcoal as their main source of cooking energy while 26 % rely on gas energy . The information is represented in the * * _Fig . 5 . 12_ : Energy sources for cooking 5 . 3 . 7 . 2 Sources of lighting energy * * # # # * * 5 . 3 . 7 Sources of Energy * * # # # * * 5 . 3 . 7 . 1 Sources of cooking energy * * According to the Survey , 70 % of the households rely on Charcoal as their main source of cooking energy while 26 % rely on gas energy . The information is represented in the * * Figure 5 . 12 * * below . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 . 3 . 7 . 2 Sources of lighting energy < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > However , according to the HH Survey done for the PAPs , the KPLC electricity access for households is 96 % while 4 % uses solar energy . 36", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 996, "text": "HH Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "to the verbal MBDC data or by directly asking individuals of their numerical likelihood information as did with the SPC approach , equation ( 2 ) can be estimated for each individual . The estimation model can be constructed as follows : Pij = 1-F ( tij ) + λi ( 3 ) where λi is an error term with a mean of 0 and a standard variance of  < sup > 2 < / sup > .  can be constant for a respondent i , but different for different respondents . Pij is a dependent variable , which is the uncertainty answer given by a respondent i at price j . Pij takes values between 0 and 1 , and can be viewed as a continuous variable . tij is an independent variable , which corresponds to the bid price proposed in the questionnaire , and tij is also a continuous variable . 10", "spans": [{"start": 14, "end": 23, "text": "MBDC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 7 | 25 . 8 | 29 . 4 | 33 . 2 | 21 . 8 | 44 . 9 | | Ethiopia | 66 . 6 | 82 . 0 | 66 . 0 | 60 . 9 | 77 . 97 | 56 . 41 | 101 . 81 | | Ghana | 75 . 7 | 85 . 1 | 56 . 1 | 66 . 9 | 66 . 88 | 59 . 17 | 93 . 06 | | Kenya | 162 . 6 | 194 . 6 | 120 . 6 | 141 . 5 | 170 . 55 | 153 . 91 | 440 . 24 | Overall , the sensitivity analysis clearly implies that our finding that resource misallocation is the highest in Kenya and the least in Cˆote d ’ Ivoire is robust to alternative assumptions regarding the measures of labor inputs , elasticity of capital and outliers . However , the figure that emerges from comparing Ethiopia and Ghana is rather mixed , the relative ranking changes depending on the alternative assumptions . # * * 10 Concluding Remarks * * This paper has examined the effects of resource misallocation induced by firm-specific distortions on aggregate manufacturing productivity using comprehensive and comparable data on manufacturing firms in four Sub-Saharan Africa countriess - Cˆote d ’ Ivoire , Ethiopia , Ghana and Kenya . Our main results are as follows . First , we found evidence that firm-level distortions have a quantitatively sizable detrimental impact on aggregate productivity , through the misallocation of resources away from more efficient to less productive ones , in all four countries we study . The counterfactual exercises imply a substantial productivity gain from the removal of distortions in Kenya , with a range of estimates from 162 . 6 to 194 . 6 , depending on the model assumptions . The potential productivity gains are also large for Ghana ( with range from 66 . 6 to 82 . 0 percent ) and Ethiopia ( with a range from 75 . 7 to 85 . 1 percent ) . For Cˆote d ’ Ivoire the gains are from 31 . 4 to 44 . 7 percent , much smaller than the other three countries . These results", "spans": [{"start": 923, "end": 950, "text": "data on manufacturing firms", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| Market Approach | Contract Type | Estimated < br > Amount ( US $ ) < br > Actual Amount < br > ( US $ ) < br > | Process Statu | s < br > Terms of Reference | nvaon o < br > Identified / Selected < br > Consultant | Dra | ft Ne < br > Con | gotiated < br > tract < br > Signed C | ontract < br > Contract Com | pletion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Planned < br > Actual | Planned < br > Actual | Plann | ed | Actual < br > Planned | Actual < br > Planned | Actual | | | | | | ET-MANR-20230-CS-CDS / < br > Panel survey | IDA / 55400 | Productive safety nets and link < br > to livelihoods services | s < br > Prior < br > | Direct Selection | Direct | | 1 , 700 , 000 . 00 < br > 0 . 00 < br > P < br > I | ending < br > mplementation | 2017-07-31 | 2017-08-10 | | | 2017-10-14 | 2018-04-12 | | | | | | Page 1", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 7 Conclusions * * This paper sheds light on the determinants of labor market power by examining how changes in product market regulation affect wage markdowns in a large sample of Indonesian manufacturing plants . The empirical analysis leverages a new dataset on investment restrictions to quantify product market regulation , as well as highly granular information on values and quantities of products and inputs used by plants to estimate the markdown . In line with the predictions of a simple oligopsony model , we document empirically a novel externality of product market regulation in the labor market . Specifically , we find that imposing investment restrictions in a product market through the Negative Investment List increases the markdown of plants operating in that market by 25 % . The evidence suggests that the effect is driven by the negative impact of product market regulation on firm entry — particularly foreign . These findings can have important policy implications . By creating a wedge between the marginal product of labor and the wage , product market regulation increases employers ’ labor market power and distorts factor allocation . This can result in lower aggregate output and employment , but also higher inequality through a negative impact on the labor share . Our analysis suggests that pro-competitive product market policies can mitigate labor market distortions . This provides evidence-based support for the policies advocated in Naidu et al . ( 2018 ) and Marinescu et al . ( 2021 ) , which propose to extend antitrust measures from product to labor markets . Any change in industry concentration , due for instance to mergers and acquisitions , should also be evaluated in terms of its impact on concentration in the labor market . 29", "spans": [{"start": 259, "end": 293, "text": "dataset on investment restrictions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by the poor project management and financial control systems , tardy disbursement of project funds , late procurement of goods and services , delayed civil works , establishment of inadequate monitoring and evaluation systems , and eventual abolition of the Directorate of Agriculture Extension and transfer of responsibility for coordinating extension to NARO . While targets for training of central and district level agricultural staff were exceeded and resulted in improved technical capacity , a high proportion of the beneficiaries left public service , and achievements for training of FEWs and farmers fell well below target . Despite all these shortcomings , training combined with the project provision of transport , operating budgets and travel allowances for extension staff did contribute to some increase in awareness and adoption of technologies . However , farmer contact and adoption of improved technologies was markedly lower than planned in the SAR . An analysis of available data indicates that the AEP did not have a significant impact on productivity and that the aggregate increase in production and returns was insufficient to justify the project investment . # # # _4 . 2 Output by Components : _ - a ) * * Strengthening the Delivery of Extension Services ( US $ 9 . 55 million , 54 % of * * costs ) This component provided for establishment and implementation of the new extension system for crops , livestock , and fisheries in 16 districts or 67 counties . Mass media was to be used to reinforce direct contacts between FEWs and farmers . Project coverage was to be phased in over three years . Pilot operations had been started in eight counties of four districts in the first season of 1992 with funding from ongoing projects and were to be expanded with 5", "spans": [{"start": 987, "end": 1001, "text": "available data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * – 4 . 1 . 2 PNAD Brazil * * The Brazilian data come from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domic ́ ılios ( PNAD ) , an annual Brazilian household survey that samples households across ( almost ) the entire country . < sup > 10 < / sup > It collects information on various household characteristics , as well as individual incomes and education levels . We use PNAD data for 1995 and 2007 . For comparability , we use the same four variables as for the CPS : real hourly labor earnings , age , gender , and a categorical educational attainment variable . IBGE , the Brazilian Statistics Bureau that is responsible for running PNAD , started including the rural Northern region in the PNAD sample after 2004 but , for comparability across years , we do not use information on the rural North for 2007 . As for the US , we restrict the sample to individuals aged 16 to 65 that reported a positive labor income in the previous year . Individuals with missing values for income or any of our three covariates were excluded from the sample . The top and bottom 0 . 5 % of the distribution of hourly wages in each year was trimmed , as in the CPS . Hourly wages are in Brazilian reais ( BRL ) of September 2007 , which means that nominal values in 1995 were multiplied by 2 . 89 to be expressed in 2007 prices . The final sample contains a total of 275 , 749 observations . Summary statistics are presented in Table 2 . – Table 2 : Summary Statistics Brazil | | Mean | S . D . | Min . | Max . | Observations | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | PNAD 1995 | | | | | | | Hourly Work Earnings | 5 . 565 | 7 . 312 | 0 . 300 | 61 . 317 | 119 , 770 | | Age | 34 . 924 | 11 . 936 | 16 | 65 | 119 , 770 | | Male | 0 .", "spans": [{"start": 67, "end": 113, "text": "Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domic ́ ılios", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "vary with the business and / or political cycles < sup > 28 < / sup > ; and whether some suppliers benefit from better payment terms than others ( Ricca , 2019 ) . All of these have important implications for competition and value-for-money in the public sector and deserve further investigation , which is possible using the granular data we provide . Several other research questions related to local public finances can be explored using these novel data , particularly when matched with other administrative data available in Brazil . Ash et al . ( 2021 ) , for example , combine the well-known audit courts data that reveal corruption at the municipal level ( Ferraz and Finan , 2011 ) with aggregate data from SICONFI to predict out-of-sample corruption . The new dataset we provide could be used to compute additional measures of local budget and procurement decisions – such as payment delays or shares of purchases from local and / or politically connected firms – which could improve machine learning models used to predict mismanagement and corruption . The granular data available can also shed new light on how subnational entities adjust their expenditures throughout the business cycle , the political cycle ( Foremny et al . , 2018 ) and in response to fiscal rules that might 28In Figure A . 6 , we document that the share of late payments was much higher in the 2014-2016 period , when Brazil faced a severe recession , and then improved substantially in more recent years . 16", "spans": [{"start": 599, "end": 616, "text": "audit courts data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 696, "end": 723, "text": "aggregate data from SICONFI", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "through : - Collision with power lines or towers leading to death or injury . Greater collision risk is associated with the thin ground wire which is located above the thicker high voltage wire ( BirdLife , nd ) . - Electrocution : Due to contact with live components ; - Displacement / Barriers : Along migration routes or to suitable habitats / feeding grounds . The environmental characteristics and location of the power line can greatly influence collision probabilities . Collision rates between birds and the proposed power line could be highly variable both temporally and spatially . There are many factors that can contribute to specie ’ s vulnerability to collisions with power lines , such as flocking behavior , rapid flight , high wing loading , nocturnal migrants , and species with poor vision ( cranes and waterfowl ) . Aquatic birds , including shorebirds , waterfowl , cranes , and herons , are known as the most common victims of power transmission lines ( Rioux et al . 2013 ) . Collision risks are higher for species with small binocular fields of vision and large blind areas . Thus visual field topographies , which have evolved primarily to meet visual challenges associated with foraging , may render certain bird species particularly vulnerable to collisions that extend into the otherwise open airspace above their preferred habitats . The concentration of water birds inside wetlands could increase the impacts on their populations . On the other hand , electrocution rates could be high for species nesting on power lines , such as storks . As well as putting them at risk of electrocution , this could escalate the probability of collision by increasing the amount of time spent flying close to power lines ( Martin and Shaw , 2010 ) . Proposed mitigation measures should help reducing the risk of collision and electrocution . However , the success of mitigation measures could be highly variable from species to species . A proper bird mortality monitoring program should then be developed and implemented in order to identify areas and species that are more impacted . Collisions are thought to be more common during migratory movements ( Morkill and Anderson 1991 ) ,", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * Modest . * * Input , output , and outcome indicators were carefully specified , with the indicators linked to the project ’ s objectives through a coherent results chain . However , there was no specified plan to monitor and learn lessons from the Phase I decentralization districts , and no evident plan for rolling out the decentralization activities to other districts based on lessons learned . Little attention was given during the design phase to weak M & E capacity in the MOH . There was no support for implementation of a baseline survey , and existing data collection capacity could not track important process and output indicators . M & E Implementation is rated Negligible . With the exception of the 2003 DHS , no systematic monitoring of the project indicators took place . Different health programs operated separate and fragmented M & E systems . In 2003 , an M & E theme group was introduced , with the goal of supporting integration of the fragmented flow of data into one national framework ; it is unclear whether this has taken place . M & E Utilization is rated * * Negligible * * . The lack of process and output data made it difficult to monitor the progress of project activities . Although the decision to restructure the project was made in part on the basis of worsening outcome indicators , there was no opportunity to use output and outcome data in any systematic way to inform further project activity . * * a . M & E Quality Rating : * * Negligible # # # * * 11 . Other Issues ( Safeguards , Fiduciary , Unintended Positive and Negative Impacts ) : * * * * Environmental safeguards : * * The project was initially rated as environmental category C . An amendment to the project was made in 2003 to include the construction of 52 boreholes , which upgraded the environmental classification to category B . * * Procurement : * * The contracting of a procurement agent and initiation of procurement processes at project preparation allowed effective procurement of big-ticket commodities during the early phase of", "spans": [{"start": 718, "end": 726, "text": "2003 DHS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1357, "end": 1380, "text": "output and outcome data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "tables in STEP ) , the country ’ s own procurement procedures may be used . When the Borrower uses its own national open competitive procurement arrangements as set forth in * * _Section 33 ( 1 ) ( a ) from 35-48 of the Proclamation Number 649 / 2009 of the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation_ * * , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 4 of the Procurement Regulations and the following conditions . - * * _Open Advertising of the procurement opportunity at the national level ; _ * *", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UNESCO 2010 _Education for All : Global Monitoring Report_ , the Quantitative Impact of Armed Conflict on Education UNICEF , 2003 , \" Côte d ' Ivoire sub-Regional Crisis Donor Update , \" 15 September , available on http : / / reliefweb . int / node / 117935 UNOCHA , 2003a , \" Fighting Near the Liberian Capital Drives Thousands into Bush , \" February 8 , available on http : / / reliefweb . int / node / 119067 UNOCHA , 2004 , \" Fighting in Côte d ' Ivoire Jeopardizes Humanitarian Aid , \" November 4 , available on http : / / reliefweb . int / node / 157760 UNOCHA , 2006a , \" Côte d ' Ivoire : Five Dead in Clashes with UN Peacekeepers in _Wild West_ , \" January 18 , available on www . irinnews . org / report . asp ? ReportID = 51196 UNOCHA , 2006b , \" Côte d ' Ivoire : UN Staff Being Evacuated as Sanctions Loom , \" January 27 , available on http : / / www . irinnews . org / printreport . aspx ? reportid = 57960 World Bank 2010 . Country brief : Côte d ' Ivoire . World Bank , January 20 . < u > http : / / go . worldbank . org / SN2JJ08PI0 < / u > Zhao , Z . 2000 . Data Issues of Using Matching Methods to Estimate Treatment Effects : An Illustration with NSW Data Set , \" Working Paper , China Centre for Economic Research . 28", "spans": [{"start": 1167, "end": 1179, "text": "NSW Data Set", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "indicator . # # * * M & E Utilization * * 61 . * * M & E data was actively used for Program management throughout implementation . * * IVA verification findings directly triggered or withheld disbursements in every Program year , and LGMSD performance scores were used to allocate development grants to LGs , directly linking monitoring results to resource allocation . The worst-performing LGs were required to develop and implement Local Government Performance Improvement Plans based on their LGMSD results , and M & E data informed both major restructuring decisions . The Program also commissioned a qualitative evaluation to complement the quantitative results framework , generating evidence on institutional change , behavioral shifts , and community-level impact that the results framework alone could not capture . Findings were communicated through > 12OPAMS was used to produce the National Synthesis Report for the Annual Local Government Performance Assessment and to guide the M & E team in reporting performance indicators for the DLIs . Page 16 Official Use Only", "spans": [{"start": 51, "end": 61, "text": "M & E data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "better address it in the future . - 5 . Easier access to social and economic rights , such as obtaining work permits , legalizing personal status in relation to marriages and newborn babies ’ documentation . - Obtaining refugee data helps identify immediate protection needs ( individuals and groups with specific needs ) , and plan long-term solutions , e . g . , by improving UNHCR assistance programmes , reintegration , employment , or ascertaining need for resettlement based on security , medical or humanitarian grounds . - The registration process itself provided refugees with basic human rights information re their country of asylum , such as right to freedom of movement , work , education , access to judicial system , etc . _F4_", "spans": [{"start": 220, "end": 232, "text": "refugee data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 that have some correlation across groups . Rural India provides a similar context , with an organization of social interactions within castes . Although social mobility and social mixing have increased in urban India , life in villages is still organized along caste lines ( Damodaran 2008 ; Munshi 2011 ; Munshi , Myaux , and Rosenzweig 2016 ) . Education spillovers are therefore expected to occur within caste , while cross-caste effects should be absent . This prediction is tested using data from the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural & Demographic Survey ( ARIS-REDS ) , a household survey conducted in rural India . This dataset has several advantages over the datasets used in previous literature . First , the round of 2006 has a _listing_ of every household in the surveyed villages with basic demographic characteristics information on households and heads of household , such as their caste , gender , age , education level , size of the household and main occupation . This is very valuable information as it makes it possible to compute the average level of education of members from the same caste using all the heads of households from the same caste in the village and not only the heads of household that have also been sampled as is usually done in the literature . The education of neighbors is therefore very precisely measured . The other advantage of the village listing is that each sampled household is surveyed twice , once in the survey , and once in the listing , which is useful when dealing with potential measurement error as explained in section 4 . Second , households report their subcaste name , which makes it possible to define the caste group at a very thin level . Finally , this round is part of a panel with earlier rounds that are exploited for robustness checks . The findings show that the education level of households from the same caste is positively correlated with farm productivity , but there are no cross-caste effects , and no effects from members from the same caste that do not have agriculture as their main activity . These results are robust to changes in specifications , and in particular to a specification with", "spans": [{"start": 591, "end": 600, "text": "ARIS-REDS", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1406, "end": 1421, "text": "village listing", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "UG-PSFU-7176-CS-INDV / < br > Consultancy services for cost < br > analysis of the business < br > licensing reforms and < br > conducting training on the < br > application of the standard < br > cost model | IDA / 52690 | Business Registration and < br > Business Licensing Reforms | Prior | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | | 40 , 000 . 00 | 50 , 180 . 00 < br > Signed | 2017-02-20 | 2017-04-10 | | 2017-05-01 < br > | 2017-08-07 | 2017-06-05 < br > 20 | 17 - | 09-14 | 2017-09-03 | | | UG-PSFU-7998-CS-INDV / < br > CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR < br > CONDUCTING A BASELINE < br > SURVEY FOR UGANDA < br > REGISTRATION SERVICES < br > BUREAU ( URSB ) | IDA / 52690 | Business Registration and < br > Business Licensing Reforms | Prior | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | | 20 , 000 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2016-09-08 | 2016-10-27 | | 2016-11-17 | | 2016-12-22 | | | 2017-03-22 | | | UG-PSFU-8755-CS-INDV / < br > Recruitment of an < br > Administrative Officer | IDA / 52690 | Project Implementation | Prior | Individual < br > Consultant < br > Selection | Open | | 1 , 800 . 00 | 0 . 00 < br > Pending < br > Implementation | 2016-12-05 | 2017", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- * * _Contracts with an appropriate allocation of responsibilities , risks and liabilities ; _ * * - * * _Application of Standstill period and Publication of contract award information ; _ * * - * * _Maintenance of records of the procurement process ; and_ * * - * * _The Bank has the right to review procurement documentation and activities . _ * * When other national procurement arrangements other than national open competitive procurement arrangements are applied by the Borrower , such arrangements shall be subject to paragraph 5 . 5 of the Procurement Regulations . * * _Leased Assets as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ * * of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables . * * “ * * * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Procurement of Second-Hand Goods as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ * * of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables _ “ _ * * _Not Applicable ” _ * * * * _Domestic preference as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ * * of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan ; Works : Is applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan . # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . None * *", "spans": [{"start": 726, "end": 749, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for males ( left-hand side columns ) and females ( right-hand side columns ) . The share of NEET young women in 2010 is already four times bigger than that of young men . Therefore , since the labor market is particularly immobile , after 10 years these women have an 80 to 90 percent probability of remaining NEET , with little chance of improvement . The men ’ s results confirm that for them is less of a problem : most of them are non-NEET in 2010 and remain that way after 10 years . * * Table 6 : Transition Matrix Based on the Synthetic Panel 2010 / 2018 by Gender * * | * * Status in 2010 , * * | * * _Ma_ * * < br > | * * _le_ * * < br > | * * _Fem_ * * < br > | * * _ale_ * * < br > | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * 2018 * * | * * Lower-bound * * < br > * * estimate ( % ) * * | * * Upper-bound * * < br > * * estimate ( % ) * * | * * Lower-bound * * < br > * * estimate ( % ) * * | * * Upper-bound * * < br > * * estimate ( % ) * * | | _NEET , NEET_ | 18 . 31 | 3 . 20 | 74 . 23 | 67 . 75 | | _NEET , non-NEET_ | 0 . 14 | 14 . 69 | 8 . 45 | 20 . 90 | | _Non-NEET , _ < br > _NEET_ | 0 . 00 | 15 . 11 | 0 . 00 | 6 . 48 | | _Non-NEET , non-_ < br > _NEET_ | 81 . 55 | 67 . 01 | 17 . 32 | 4 . 87 | _Notes : _ results are restricted to the sample of individuals aged between 15 and 24 in 2010 and between 23 and 32 in 2018 . “ Lower ” and “ Upper ” refer to", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Mexico ' s significant engagement in processing has traditionally been tied to Mexico ' s close economic relationship with the United States . Over the past ten years , however , Mexico ' s trade has been diversifying away from the United States . Figure 2 , for example , shows a declining trend in the U . S . share of both Mexico ' s imports and exports . While over 80 % of Mexico ' s non-petroleum exports continue to go to the United States , non-petroleum imports from the United States fell from over 70 % at the beginning of the decade to less than 50 % . The crisis , however , does not seem to have affected the share of Mexico ' s trade with the United States other than possibly to stabilize the values . This is important for our analysis because the lack of intercountry substitution as a result of the crisis suggests that trade with the United States is a reasonable proxy for total Mexican trade . < sup > 1 < / sup > The _change_ in trade flows varied significantly across industries during the crisis . Using Harmonized System 6-digit industries , Figure 3 shows the distribution of the change in imports and exports between April 2008 and January 2009 . The average change ( difference in log values ) in Mexican exports to the United States was about 42 % . The standard deviation was nearly 1 . 14 . The mean change in Mexican imports from the United States was smaller — about a 17 % drop — but the standard deviation was larger - just over 1 . 18 . We take advantage of the differences in the changes in trade across industries to analyze how the trade shock begins as an industry-specific shock and then ripples through the labor market . In even classical trade models , prices are fixed in small countries , which implies that demand shocks would affect quantities more than prices . We calculated the coefficient of variation across both unit values and quantities for all available products across the 24 months in 2008 and 2009 traded between the United States and Mexico , combining changes along the > 1 In the aftermath of the crisis", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". Therefore , the risk associated with each cost and price figure has been evaluated by calculating the variability ( i . e . variance ) of each cost or price based on historical data . # # # # # * * 9 . 5 . 3 . Political and Systemic risk * * Political and systemic risks are largely macro-level concepts related to the probability of large-scale political or economic changes taking place that may affect profitability . The most extreme political risks include the risk of wars , revolutions , nationalisation and major changes in political and economic regimes . Political risks are associated with policy and legislative changes that will affect the general environment for business and investment in a country . Political risks will generally affect one or more of the following : the overall conditions for investment ; market conditions ; or regulations governing forest management and harvesting . Specific examples might include changes in roundwood export regulations ; Page | 60", "spans": [{"start": 168, "end": 183, "text": "historical data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table S . 9 : Channels - Proportion of ex-combatant households owning a shop | | _Shop k_ | _eepers_ | | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | 2006 | 2010 | p-value | | CNDD + | 0 . 558 | 0 . 307 | 0 . 292 | | | ( 0 . 287 ) | | | | FNL | 0 . 12 | 0 . 448 | 0 . 126 | | | ( 0 . 126 ) | | | _Notes : _ Authors ’ analysis based on data described in the text . Clustered-robust standard errors are in parentheses . Outliers are excluded ( as explained in appendix ) . Sampling weights are accounted for . For household ex-combatants belonging to each group , the _p_ - value corresponds to a test of equality of means of the share of kiosk owners between both surveys . # * * Appendix B . Online Appendix - The Construction of Variables of Interest * * # _Appendix B . 1 . The Construction of Consumption Aggregates_ In this appendix , we describe how we cleaned the data and constructed the relevant consumption aggregates for our analysis . First , we introduce the construction of the reference price vector and the local price vectors associated with each household . Second , we explain in detail how we corrected typing mistakes , how we treated missing and vague information , and how we dealt with outliers . Finally , we describe the construction of our main consumption measure which is a consumption aggregate per adult equivalent calculated using constant prices . _Appendix B . 1 . 1 . Prices_ Prices faced by households are crucial in each stage of our analysis . First , in the data cleaning process , prices are an important to fill missing information as well as to detect and correct outliers . Second , in the construction of consumption aggregates , prices are used to make consumption data comparable across space and time . Following Deaton and Zaidi ( 2002 ) , the harmonization of consumption data is done by scaling consumption values by a Paasche index of prices . Finally , finding a", "spans": [{"start": 328, "end": 354, "text": "data described in the text", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1801, "end": 1817, "text": "consumption data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "control firms for treated and placebo firms . < sup > 40 < / sup > Larger donor pools and the volatility of the outcome variables substantially slowed the underlying SCM fitting procedure . We have very large potential donor pools made up of all the Serbian firms that imported between 2010 and 2013 . Consistent with other applications of the SCM we limit the donor pools to firms that share some similarities . In particular , firms that are potential donors and / or placebos are limited to being within the same decile of 2010 total import value as the treated firm . The treated firms for which there are continuous imports are all within the 4 < sup > th < / sup > decile or higher in terms of their 2010 import value . As noted in Section 3 . 2 we do not draw placebo firms from the donor pool used to construct the synthetic control firm for the estimated treatment effect of the IHC . Rather , for each treated firm we first randomly allocate untreated firms in the 2010 import value decile to placebo or donor status so that placebo firms are not eligible to be components of the synthetic control firm for the treated firm ( nor can they be components of the synthetic control firm for other placebos ) . The synthetic control units for both treated and placebo firms are constructed by drawing from the same ( large ) pool of potential donors . For our benchmark ( and preferred ) specification , with three pretreatment values of the outcome variable as conditioning variables , as well as for the majority of other specifications a potential donor pool of 125 firms was large enough to allow synthetic control firms to be constructed for treated and placebo firms for all outcome variables . < sup > 41 < / sup > # * * 5 . Results * * # # * * 5 . 1 Difference-in-Differences Results * * Before presenting our main results from the pooled SCM , as a benchmark we provide results from DiD regressions to estimate the effect of IHC adoption on the five firm-level outcomes discussed in Section 4 . 1 . < sup > 42 < / sup >", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "112 . * * Coordination by FMOH : * * FMOH should play an overarching role in coordinating and overseeing complaint handling functions of the Ethics and Anticorruption Liaison Directorates / Officers of the 11 agencies and 17 PFSA regional Hubs / branch offices . This is in line to the Council of Minister Regulation No . 144 / 2008 Article that states a branch Ethics Liaison Unit shall be accountable to the respective branch head of a public office or public enterprise and branch Ethics Liaison Unit shall have working relations with its respective Liaison Unit ' at the head office . 113 . * * At EPSA and regional hubs Level : * * On the other side , Ethics and Anticorruption in Liaison directorate / Officer at PFSA level will organize Fraud and Corruption and complaint handling data / information of the institution including the regional PFSA hubs . As per the reporting arrangement , it will prepare organized report and forward to the PFSA Directorate General and to FEACC . The PFSA Directorate General will also forward the report to FMOH . The Ethics and Anticorruption Liaison Officers in the ten health institutions which are accountable to FMOH including the Ethics and Anticorruption in Liaison Officer and internal auditor process in PFSA have been upgraded to directorate levels with the view of enhancing the control of Fraud and Corruption and responding to complaints related to administrative and service delivery . Experts have been assigned and this is in line to the Council of Minister Regulation No . 144 / 2008 that stipulates an Ethics Liaison Unit shall be headed by an ethics officer and may have the necessary staff . The strengthening the structure is a good initiative for the system of complaint handling in the health PforR operation . 114 . * * At PFSA Level : * * Fraud and Corruption and complaint data will be organized and reported for each separate entity . Article 24 sub article 1 of the Revised Proclamation No 433 / 2005 for the Establishment of the FEACC stipulates that there shall be established Ethics Liaison Units at every level", "spans": [{"start": 744, "end": 792, "text": "Fraud and Corruption and complaint handling data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1806, "end": 1845, "text": "Fraud and Corruption and complaint data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "foodstuffs ) , textiles and apparel , and footwear . Third , while the high-income economies have relatively little binding overhang in any sector , there is evidence of significant overhang for emerging and developing countries across all sectors . However , the greatest amount of overhang is in agriculture , suggesting that this is the sector in which emerging and developing economies have the greatest discretion to raise applied tariffs from 2013 levels while maintaining their WTO commitments . < sup > 15 < / sup > For high-income economies in agriculture , we return to this issue in our discussion of specific duties and quantitative restrictions below . Figure 3 presents an alternative approach to the tariff data by examining the share of HS06 imported products within a sector for which the MFN applied rate is defined as being a tariff peak , or a tariff applied at or above the threshold level of 15 percent . For high-income economies , nearly 30 percent of products in the foodstuffs sector had an applied MFN tariff in 2013 of 15 percent or more . Similar peak tariffs can be found for high-income economies in 18 percent of products in the animal sector , 15 percent in footwear , 13 percent in vegetables , and 6 percent in textiles and apparel . The distribution of peak tariffs across sectors is quite similar for emerging and developing countries ; it is simply that in emerging and developing countries the share of products within each sector that has such high tariffs is significantly larger . Nearly 70 percent of footwear products in developing countries had applied MFN tariffs at rates that are higher than 15 percent in 2013 . Recent empirical research has sought to explain aspects of the considerable cross-sectional variation in MFN applied tariffs and WTO tariff bindings . One important example is Broda , Lim ̃ ao and Weinstein ( 2008 ) , which exploits the variation in applied rates to assess implications of the terms-of-trade theory across a number of different empirical contexts . They examine tariff variation for a number of WTO _non-member_ countries and conclude that market power helps to explain applied tariffs for countries unconstrained by trade agreements . < sup > 16 < / sup > An alternative", "spans": [{"start": 715, "end": 726, "text": "tariff data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # * * 2 . 3 The Education Sector in Rwanda * * Rwanda uses the 6-3-3 pre-tertiary education system , which comprises 6 years of primary education ; 3 years of middle school ( Ordinary level ) ; and 3 years of senior secondary school ( advanced level ) . At the end of primary school ( Grade 6 ) , students sit for a mandatory national exam and obtain the primary leaving certificate , which allows them to move on to junior secondary education . This primary school exit examination is the focus of this study . The exam consists of five subjects ( mathematics , science , social studies , Kinyarwanda , and English ) . Performance in this examination is the key metric for progression into middle school ( O-Level ) . Usually , the best-performing students in the national exams are automatically awarded places in boarding schools . Although students with low performance in the national exam are promoted to the middle school level , they usually remain in the same schools for what is commonly known as 12 years of basic education ( 12YBE ) . The average age of starting primary school education in Rwanda is 7 , although most of the students complete primary school at age 14 as shown in Table 1 . < sup > 6 < / sup > # * * 3 Data * * # # * * 3 . 1 Test Scores * * Our primary dataset is standardized test scores of the universe of primary school students in the primary school national exams between 2012 and 2019 , obtained from the National Examination and School Inspection Authority ( NESA ) . It contains the test scores of nearly 1 . 5 million students who sat for the exam during the period . The dataset contains the standardized test scores in each of the five subjects ( mathematics , science , social studies , Kinyarwanda , and English ) ; grade points in each subject ; age and gender of the student ; and unique school ID . We match this data with a dataset on the geolocation of each school using the school IDs . Figure 3 shows the geographic footprint of primary schools and coffee mills in", "spans": [{"start": 1872, "end": 1913, "text": "dataset on the geolocation of each school", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables ; Works : is not applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables # # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information . * * The project has a CDD component and the project ’ s procurement arrangements for community-based procurement will be in line with the provisions of the Procurement Regulations and “ Guidance Note for Design and", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 156, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 223, "end": 246, "text": "Procurement Plan tables", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * 4 . 6 Coping Strategies * * * * Summary of assessment findings : * * Available data shows that many Syrian refugees rely on coping strategies when they are not able to meet their basic needs , especially food , through employment or assistance . These strategies can be food consumption-based or assets depletion coping mechanisms . Assessments generally show that the main food-related coping mechanisms used by Syrian refugees are to buy less expensive food and reduce the number of meals per day . WFP ‟ s PDM showed that there were differences between regions , with those in the North resorting more frequently to coping strategies . In terms of the depletion of assets – an important indicator which reveals possible declining access to food – spending savings and buying on credit were identified as the two most common coping mechanisms among Syrian refugees . Other studies found that PRS were also resorting to coping strategies . ANERA ‟ s needs assessment survey on PRS found that the inability of PRS families to purchase adequate quantities of food often forces them to skip meals and / or reduce food portions . There was no data or recent data available on the coping strategies of Lebanese returnees and vulnerable communities at the time of the MSNA . _Table [ 10 ] : Assessment coverage by geographic area and target population_ | | * * Vulnerable Local * * < br > | * * Lebanese * * < br > | * * PRS * * < br > * * Syrian refug * * | * * ees * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | * * Communities * * < br > * * ( Lebanese and PRL ) * * | * * Returnees * * | * * Registered * * | * * Unregistered * * | | * * National * * | | | | | | * * North / T + 5 * * | | | | | | *", "spans": [{"start": 505, "end": 516, "text": "WFP ‟ s PDM", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 955, "end": 978, "text": "needs assessment survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "reflect the actual situation on the ground , and have the most direct effect on accountability , irrespective of the different dimensions of OGD that they may cover . These include the aggregate score for data on maps , land ownership , census , government budget , government spending , company registration , legislation , public transport , international trade , health , education , crime statistics , environment statistics , election results , and contracts . Conversely , in the regression specification related to the relationship between OGD and service delivery , the Open Data Barometer Raw Scores were used * * _only in selected data dimensions . _ * * Based on the literature , for governments to make informed policy , budgetary , and service delivery decisions based on data , data on sector performance are needed as well as data on budget allocation and execution . To be sure , the results would be skewed if for instance a country had a high degree of public transport data , but a low level of health sector data — and the aggregated levels of data openness were used . Accordingly , this analysis re-constructs the OGD variables as follows : Health OGD : quality of health sector data ( 50 % weight ) , budget data ( 25 % weight ) , spending data ( 25 % weight ) . OGD related to the health sector typically includes data on Mortality and survival rates ; Levels of vaccination ; Levels of access to health care ; Health care outcomes for particular groups ; Patient satisfaction with health services ; Waiting times for medical treatment ; and Spend per admission . Education OGD : quality of education sector data ( 50 % weight ) , budget data ( 25 % weight ) , spending data ( 25 % weight ) . OGD related to the education sector typically includes data on Test scores for pupils in national examinations ( not only rates of approvals ) ; School attendance rates ; and Teacher attendance rates . > 122 Importantly , in order to reduce the chance for a distorted correlation between OGD and accountability , three sub-indicators that are particularly endogenous were removed and the index was recalculated ( see annex 2 for", "spans": [{"start": 971, "end": 992, "text": "public transport data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1014, "end": 1032, "text": "health sector data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1254, "end": 1267, "text": "spending data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1615, "end": 1636, "text": "education sector data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1655, "end": 1666, "text": "budget data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1862, "end": 1885, "text": "School attendance rates", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1892, "end": 1916, "text": "Teacher attendance rates", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Annual Reports and Financial Statements for the Year ended June * * 30 , * * 2020 # # # * * IV . The Chairman ' s Statement * * It is with great pleasure that I present to you the Financial Statements for Kenya National Bureau of Statistics for the financial year ended 30th June 2020 . This is an opportunity to report on the activities and performance of the Bureau . During the financial year , the Bureau lived to its mandate in providing users and policymakers with timely and reliable statistics to facilitate decision-making . Various surveys as per the Director General ' s report were conducted and some reports on the same were released , while other reports are still under preparation . The preparatory activities for the * * 2019 * * Population and Housing Census were concluded and enumeration conducted with great success . Four census basis reports were also successfully released and launched for use . Other surveys and censuses were also carried out so as to strengthen the quality of statistical information released to all stakeholders . The Bureau continued to strengthen the National and County Statistics Offices , but still faces the challenges of office accommodation especially in the Counties , staff retention and visibility . The process of identifying a building for leasing for the headquarter offices was completed and partitioning , electrical and mechanical works have since been completed , and staff shifted to the new offices , save for two sections that were left in Nyayo House and Herufi House . In the long term , the Bureau requires to own a building to house its headquarters . Finally , I wish to recognize with appreciation , the continued technical and financial support we have received from the Government , and the development partners over the period that has enabled the Bureau to come this far . The Bureau staff are also appreciated for the efforts they are putting to ensure production of quality statistics . * * Peter inga Kiguta , MBS * * * * 19 * *", "spans": [{"start": 783, "end": 812, "text": "Population and Housing Census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 880, "end": 900, "text": "census basis reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "village , and reach about 53 households per village . In both cases , fewer than 2 % of SHGs had bank accounts , were credit-linked , had a prioritization plan , and had received two tranches of money . Next , we examine outcomes reported by SHG women using data from an “ Intermediate Outcome Survey ” conducted by the Government of Rajasthan for 302 women from 150 SHGs from 6 blocks of 4 districts in October 2014 . The sample included 102 women in Resource Blocks ( i . e . , external facilitators ) and 200 women in Intensive Blocks ( i . e . , internal facilitators ) . The survey asked them about their SHG participation , financial transactions and participation in other community activities . The survey is admittedly imperfect for measuring program impact because of its small size , its lack of a comparable baseline and possible Hawthorne effects , < sup > 29 < / sup > but our focus is on comparing differences between the two types of blocks . We have already established that the two types of blocks were similar prior to the introduction of RRLP . Therefore , even if women participating in the survey were screened or pre-selected based on their good standing in the program , and may have provided answers that would resonate positively with the enumerators , both types of blocks would be similarly affected by these limitations . Therefore we can , cautiously , infer differences about the program ’ s implementation in the two types of blocks from the differences in their response . To test the hypothesis that differences in the style of facilitation led to differences in women ’ s benefits from the RRLP program , we run the following regression model : Where yibis a measure of an outcome of SHG participant _i_ in block _b_ , EXTERNALb is a dummy variable that takes value 1 if the SHGs in the block are being facilitated by external facilitators , Xiis a vector of controls for woman i ( this includes age of her SHG , her self-reported preprogram income and whether or not she had an income source prior to the program ) , γb is a block fixed-effect and εibis the error", "spans": [{"start": 273, "end": 300, "text": "Intermediate Outcome Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Croke et al . ( 2016 ) school feeding . As noted , the estimated weight gain in kilograms per dollar spent from school feeding is less than 0 . 01 ( from RCT studies ; Galloway et al . ( 2009 ) ) . Given the $ 0 . 60 per year treatment cost of deworming in environments where two annual doses are required , an effect of just 0 . 006 kg would make deworming cost effective relative to school feeding ( setting aside , for the time being , the issue of other outcomes ) . Examining the random effects meta-analysis estimator that is the focus in TMSDG and taking as given the variance of the effect across studies that TMSDG estimate , and the standard errors TMSDG report for the underlying studies , the implied Minimum Detectable Effect ( MDE ) size at 95 % confidence and 80 % power is 0 . 28 kg . < sup > 11 < / sup > As illustrated in Figure 3 , a wide range of possible effect sizes lies above the magnitude at which deworming would be cost effective relative to other common interventions for similar populations ( ~ 0 . 006 kg ) , yet below the magnitude which TMSDG would be adequately powered to detect ( ~ 0 . 28 kg ) . For example , this range includes TMSDG ' s random effects estimate of 0 . 08 kg , for which there is only 13 % statistical power to detect a significant effect at 95 % confidence . TMSDG also appears to be underpowered to detect effects that might be reasonable to expect from MDA given the estimated effects TMSDG report in studies of those known to be infected . This is notable because the suggestion that there are positive effects from treating individuals known to be infected , yet no impact from treating populations > 11 These estimates were obtained using the method of Hedges and Pigott ( 2001 ) . In particular , for a given E < u > E < / u > E E E E < u > E < / u > E E E effect size , we estimate power as : P P Φ � 1 . 96", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the immediate past . All of these sources of error can be considered non-deliberative or unintentional . On the other hand , intentional misreporting can arise if there is perceived social pressure to appear either “ wealthier ” or “ poorer ” to the interviewer and thus the social context of the interview may also be relevant . Finally the interviewer and respondent could suffer from fatigue in the latter part of the interview when surveys are long , or lack integrity when supervision is limited . The evidence on the implications of consumption survey design which we review is fragmentary and typically sheds light on only one aspect of survey design while ignoring resource implications of the variants considered . Thus previous work at best either explicitly or implicitly investigates how only one source of reporting error varies with design . For example , systematic variation in the length of recall can explore the net relative effect of recall and telescoping errors at different reference periods . A challenge to this previous research is the lack of a consumption benchmark , making it difficult to conclude one design is more accurate than another since there are no data on actual consumption to validate the survey estimates . Scanner data may allow validation in certain contexts in developed countries but will be unavailable for many years in developing countries where many goods are either home produced or bought in informal markets . Prior attempts to form a benchmark for consumption surveys in developing countries have not been fully successful . For example , in India ’ s NSS experiments enumerators visited households every day and gave volumetric containers for measuring food consumption but for some foods less than two-thirds of respondents used the containers and many respondents did not use the daily diary given to them ( NSSO 2003 ) . < sup > 6 < / sup > # _Diary or Recall_ In a non-negligible number of developing countries , including Brazil , China , and many countries of Central Europe and Central Asia ( where literacy rates are high ) , there exists a tradition of diary-based collection of consumption data – at least for certain consumption items such as food . This contrasts with the more common practice in Living Standards", "spans": [{"start": 1250, "end": 1262, "text": "Scanner data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * | * * 0 * * | | * * 10134 - 16669 * * | * * 40 * * | * * 20 * * | * * 2643 * * | | * * 16670 - 26864 * * | * * 30 * * | * * 30 * * | * * 6228 * * | | * * 26855 + * * | * * 10 * * | * * 40 * * | * * 14661 * * | | * * Weighted average * * | | 21 | 4391 | _Source : Author ' s estimates using 1992 Individual Budget of households Survey , NSI . _", "spans": [{"start": 294, "end": 337, "text": "1992 Individual Budget of households Survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "oRs ’ documents and meetings in Ukrainian , working with the IDP Councils ; and day-to-day involvement of local actors , including Civil Society Organizations and volunteers , for example through the organization of the Protection Cluster Peer-to-Peer event for national humanitarian actors conducting evacuations in April 2024 . Protection Cluster and Mine Action AoR have national non-government organizations as Co-Coordinators . The Child Protection AoR has consistently prioritized localization efforts in child protection , including localizing the 7 sub-national / regional coordination in the east and south regions , led by NGO partners , and capacity building for national and local actors . A Resource Mobilization Help Desk has been established to assist national and local organizations in applying for funding through the Ukraine Humanitarian Fund ( UHF ) for child protection programs . A localization survey has been launched to gather essential data for establishing a baseline and creating a tailored action plan for the Ukraine CP AoR ' s localization initiatives , supporting local organizations in accessing funding for child protection programs . # # # * * ACCESS-RELATED CHALLENGES AND ACTIONS * * Humanitarian access in Ukraine continues to be primarily driven by war dynamics . * * The escalation of hostilities and deteriorating security environment limits the ability of humanitarian actors to access * * people in need in locations close to the front line , and attacks affecting civilian infrastructure across the country impact humanitarian actors ’ capacity to operate . In May 2024 , changes in the operational environment , such as the Russian cross-border ground offensive in Kharkivska oblast , increases in strikes against Kharkiv City and the border areas of Sumska oblast , and advances by the Russian Federation in Donetska oblast have increased the need for humanitarian assistance and thus humanitarian presence . . The military mobilization of humanitarian staff is flagged by many humanitarian actors as an important access constraint , limiting humanitarian activities . Incidents involving conscription of humanitarian workers and volunteers are believed to be underreported . A total of 51 access", "spans": [{"start": 904, "end": 923, "text": "localization survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "withdraw any national standard that might conflict with them . If a manufacturer chooses to produce a product according to these standards , the product carries the CE mark , which implies compliance with the “ essential requirements ” . On the other hand , manufacturers may use other technical specifications when manufacturing a product provided there is documentation certifying that the product meets the “ essential requirements ” formulated in the Directives . Nevertheless , anecdotal evidence suggests that the prohibitive costs of the latter option push exporting companies to favor compliance with CENELEC standards ( see , for instance , Hanson ( 2005 ) and the 2010 U . S . Report on Technical Barriers to Trade ) . At the global level , the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) is the organization that prepares and publishes international standards for the electronic sector . To examine the impact of the trade liberalization in this NTB , I use the CENELEC-IEC agreement to harmonize European product standards to international norms as a policy experiment . The Lugano Agreement , signed in 1991 , and the Dresden Agreement , signed in 1996 , sought to expedite the adoption of international standards in the EU as well as to facilitate the adoption of EU standards internationally . This synergy has taken the number of purely European standards as a share of all standards published by CENELEC from 50 percent in the early-1990s to 25 percent in 2008 . In this context , the decrease in the share of idiosyncratic standards is a liberalization in an NTB to international trade . Product standards are an important , albeit often overlooked , actor in the international trade arena . Swann ( 2010 ) and WTO ( 2005 ) present an excellent overview of product standards in the multilateral system and its impact on trade . The literature regarding the effect of harmonization of standards on international trade is relatively recent . Moenius ( 2004 ) provides the first valuable contribution by challenging the commonly held view that country-specific standards act as a barrier to trade whereas harmonized standards encourage trade . < sup > 2 < / sup > In a gravity framework , the author uses a panel data set with data on country-specific and", "spans": [{"start": 2228, "end": 2242, "text": "panel data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "To circumvent the problems that arise from applying a threshold without regard to a household ’ s income , the alternative is to use a financial margin ( FM ) threshold . The FM is defined as where _DI_ and _BLC_ are , respectively , disposable income and the basic living costs of household _j_ , and _DSE_ is their debt service expenditure . A household is considered at risk if the financial margin is negative . < sup > 11 < / sup > But how is the _BLC_ calculated ? Two options are possible . The first option is to use the data provided by statistical offices on subsistence consumption levels and apply this to each household using the composition characteristics of individual households . Specifically , subsistence consumption is adapted to each household using an equivalized household size , which is the sum of the first adult plus 0 . 5 times the number of other adults in the household plus 0 . 3 times the number of children , where adults are defined as people aged 14 years old and over and children are those aged 13 years old and younger . The _BLC_ is calculated on a annual basis and per person , and is converted into annual household _j_ expenditures by and where _EQ_ is the equivalized household size in household _j_ . The other option is to estimate _BLC_ for all households in the HBS using an equation given by and where _BLC_ * is drawn from the HBS questionnaire ( i . e . , households are asked what is the minimum income they need ) , _DI_ is household disposable income , _A_ and _C_ are the number of adults and children in each household , and _R_ is an indicator variable that distinguishes between urban and non-urban regions ; this is to control for regional differences in price levels . The third term on the right-hand-side is defined as _β_ 2 ( _A_ - 1 ) and captures household adults other than the head of household ; the constant in the estimated equation captures the head of household effect . While this econometric estimation was pursued , it did not materially change the paper ’ s conclusions ; thus , to ease the exposition", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "cyclicality has a positive and significant impact on labor productivity when industry is credit ‐ constrained . < sup > 54 < / sup > A recent report , Ball et al ( 2016 ) , assesses past theories and recent empirical evidence on the tools available to central banks and their effectiveness , concluding that it remains effective in raising aggregate demand ( even in the presence of deleveraging ) , and easing credit supply . Both the bank credit channel and the bond market / risk premia channels ( portfolio balance channel ) are important for output recovery . Romer and Romer ( 2013 ) demonstrate that it is dangerous to assume that monetary policy should not be used as it is not effective . * * Figure12 . a : Official interest rates ( % ) Figure 12 . b : Balance sheets , FED and ECB * * ( Trillions of dollars or euros ) < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 6 < br > 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > FED ECB BoJ BoE < br > 2007 ‐ 01 2007 ‐ 07 2008 ‐ 01 2008 ‐ 07 2009 ‐ 01 2009 ‐ 07 2010 ‐ 01 2010 ‐ 07 2011 ‐ 01 2011 ‐ 07 2012 ‐ 01 2012 ‐ 07 2013 ‐ 01 2013 ‐ 07 2014 ‐ 01 2014 ‐ 07 2015 ‐ 01 2015 ‐ 07 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > < ! - - Start of picture text - - > 5 < br > 4 < br > 3 < br > 2 < br > 1 < br > 0 < br > ECB FED < br > 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > Source : ECB and Federal Reserve Bank of St . Louis . Weekly data . FED : FED , Federal funds ( effective ) rate ECB : ECB , Main refinancing operations interest rate BoJ : Bank of Japan , Basic discount rate and", "spans": [{"start": 1438, "end": 1449, "text": "Weekly data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "5-9 child 10-14 child 15-17 Total < br > MICS 2016 / 2017_NC MICS 2016 / 2017_NE MICS 2016 / 2017_NW MICS 2016 / 2017_NC MICS 2016 / 2017_NE MICS 2016 / 2017_NW < br > MICS 2016 / 2017_SE MICS 2016 / 2017_SS MICS 2016 / 2017_SW MICS 2016 / 2017_SE MICS 2016 / 2017_SS MICS 2016 / 2017_SW < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > # c ) Source : Authors ’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-4 and MICS 2016 / 17 . Note : Individuals with missing age were dropped from the analysis . Total refers to all individuals with known age . The below Figures 8 and 9 show the existence of an enormous heterogeneity in educational deprivation between states . In Bauchi 50 % of the children of the age group of 15-17 years , have never attended and are not currently attending school , whereas there are also states where close to 100 % of the children have at some point attended school . It however also shows that at least some of the over 60 % of children in Bauchi not in school when 5-9 years old , as Figure 8 displays , will have likely been in school at least at some point when reaching towards the oldest child age category . 21", "spans": [{"start": 373, "end": 385, "text": "GHS Wave 1-4", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 390, "end": 404, "text": "MICS 2016 / 17", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "4 As provided in paragraph 17 of the Resolution ( \" the Resolution \" ) that established the Panel , _ \" the Chairperson of the Panel shall inform the Executive Directors and the President of the Bank promptly upon receiving a request for inspection . \" _ With this notice , I am notifying you that I have , on November 13 , 2014 which is also the date of this notice , registered this Request in the Inspection Panel Register . The Panel ' s registration implies no judgment whatsoever concerning the merits of a Request for Inspection . As provided in paragraph 18 of the Resolution , and paragraphs 2 and 8 of the _ \" Conclusions of the Board ' s Second Review of the Inspection Panel \" _ ( the 1999 Clarification ) , Bank Management must provide the Panel , by December 16 , 2014 , a Response to the issues raised in the Request for Inspection . The subject matter that Management must deal with in the response to the Request is set out in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the 1999 Clarification . After receiving the Management Response , the Panel will , as outlined in the 1999 Clarification and as provided by paragraph 19 of the Resolution , _ \" determine whether the Request meets the eligibility criteria set out in paragraphs 12 to 14_ [ of the Resolution ] _and shall make a recommendation to the Executive Directors as to whether the matter should be investigated . \" _ Finally , the Panel notes that the Complaints Mechanism of the European Investment Bank ( \" EIB-CM \" ) has also received a complaint relating to the same concerns . The Panel , through dialogue with the Requesters , was able to verify that there are overlaps of Requesters and concerns with the complaint presented to the EIB-CM . In the interest of savings and efficiency , where feasible , the Panel and the EIB-CM will coordinate the processing of these complaints . All communications in connection with the Request will be sent to the representatives of the Requesters . The Request has been assigned IPN Request Number", "spans": [{"start": 400, "end": 425, "text": "Inspection Panel Register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "3 Sixth , several MENA countries have introduced special interventions to induce banks to lend more to SMEs . In addition to the use of state banks , special programs have included exemptions on reserve requirements , credit subsidies and partial credit guarantee schemes . Guarantee schemes have proved particularly popular and are in operation in ten MENA countries . The paper provides some evidence that these schemes have contributed to more SME lending , although it is difficult to evaluate the extent to which these schemes are cost-effective . While state banks and other interventions such as guarantee schemes may have a played an important role in providing finance to SMEs in an environment where financial infrastructure remains weak , the results also allow for the identification of MENA ‟ s policy agenda in the area of SME finance . Strengthening credit information systems and creditor rights should remain the priority item in the legal / regulatory agenda . Credit guarantee schemes may play an important role , but it is essential to ensure that these schemes are well-designed and cost-effective . Finally , avoiding overly restrictive entry requirements and allowing the entry of international and regional banks showing leadership in SME finance can improve competition and produce positive direct and indirect effects in the market for SME lending . The rest of the paper is structured as follows . The second section provides an overview of the two previous SME banking surveys and their main results . The third section reviews how the MENA survey was designed and implemented . The fourth section discusses the overall survey results . This includes the actual and target bank lending to SMEs , the main strategic approaches adopted by MENA banks in dealing with SMEs , the main products offered , and the risk management techniques employed . The fifth section presents a preliminary econometric analysis of the dataset built from the survey results and other sources . Finally , the sixth section concludes and identifies the key policy implications . # * * 2 . Overview of Previous Surveys * * As mentioned before , two World Bank surveys were conducted in recent years as part of an effort to investigate the status of bank lending to SMEs . These surveys share some important", "spans": [{"start": 1485, "end": 1504, "text": "SME banking surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1564, "end": 1575, "text": "MENA survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "“ survey regression ” variables listed in Table 8 ) and on a number of data series that are published monthly and are readily available ( “ public data regression ” variables in Table 8 ) . If there is a close fit between the public data and per capita income , then the equation would be viable for forecasting purposes . However , the final column of Table 8 shows that such equations never fit well , with values of adjusted R < sup > 2 < / sup > always below 0 . 15 . The fit is substantially better when one uses the survey regression variables ( first column of numbers in Table 8 ) , but these are not available in the absence of survey data . When the public data are added to the survey regression variables the improvement in fit is always very small . One could look more systematically for potential predictors of real per capita income for major groups , but our basic explorations are not promising . There do not appear to be cheaper or easier ways to determine reliably the effect of shocks on households , and so there is a continued need for regular surveys of household living standards . Losers and Winners in Recession : Thailand 2008-09 25", "spans": [{"start": 637, "end": 648, "text": "survey data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 660, "end": 671, "text": "public data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "controls , we also include a dummy for gender of the child in the regression specification . < sup > 18 < / sup > This implies that any common factors ( such as cultural norms ) that might affect the average schooling attainment of girls irrespective of parental socioeconomic status are absorbed as a shift in the intercept . The estimates in the top panel of Table 1 provide strong evidence that truncation bias in the IGRC estimates is substantial for all three definitions of parental education . Consistent with the expectation based on the graphs discussed above , the IGRC estimate in the coresident sample is significantly biased _downward_ . The null hypothesis that the estimate from the coresident sample is equal to the estimate from the full sample is rejected unambiguously with P-values equal to 0 . 00 in all of the different cases . < sup > 19 < / sup > The pattern is remarkably consistent , and justifies the widespread opinion that there are good reasons to expect the IGRC estimates to be biased downward due to non-random sample selection bias because of the coresidency requirement used in the household surveys . To get a better sense of the implied magnitudes , we report bias defined as follows ( using IGRC as an example ) , where _IGRCCR_ denotes the estimate from a coresident sample , while _IGRCF_ is the estimate from the corresponding full sample including non-resident household members . The first column in the bottom panel of Table 1 reports the bias in the IGRC estimates from the coresident sample . The evidence is clear : the estimate from coresident sample is biased downward , and the magnitude of bias is substantial across all three indicators of parental education . The bias is the highest when mother ’ s schooling is the indicator of > 18The estimates and the conclusions do not depend on the inclusion of the gender dummy . > 19We , however , note here that the formal test of equality of estimates may not be very useful in our context . Even with very small numerical difference between the estimates from the full and coresident samples , one can reject the null hypothesis of equality simply because the standard errors are extremely", "spans": [{"start": 1117, "end": 1134, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| 10 / 11 / 10 | | 10 / 25 / 10 | 11 / 12 / 10 | 1 / 3 / 11 | | 1 / 15 / 11 | 3 / 9 / 11 | | Impact Assessment survey on budget literacy of citizens | CO / PBS - < br > C-06 / 11 | QCBS | LS | 117 . 70 < br > | POST | Plan ( 2nd < br > Revision ) | 8 / 24 / 11 | NA < br > | NA | 9 / 8 / 11 | 9 / 13 / 11 | NA | 9 / 20 / 11 | 11 / 4 / 11 | | | | | | | | Plan ( 3rd < br > Revision ) | 3 / 15 / 12 | NA < br > | NA | 4 / 13 / 12 | 4 / 16 / 12 | NA | 4 / 23 / 12 | 5 / 25 / 12 | | | | | | | | Actual | | | | | | | | | | worda benchmarking survey | CO / PBS - < br > C-07 / 11 | CQS | LS | 11 . 77 < br > | POST | Plan ( 2nd < br > Revision ) < br > | 10 / 21 / 11 | NA | 10 / 28 / 11 | 11 / 21 / 11 | 11 / 22 / 11 | NA | 11 / 23 / 11 | 12 / 21 / 11 | | | | | | | | Plan ( 3rd < br > Revision ) < br > Actual | 10 / 21 / 11 < br > 5 / 10 / 11 | NA | 10 / 28 / 11 < br > 7 / 14 / 11 | 11 / 21 / 11 < br > 2 / 8 / 11 | 11 / 22 / 11 < br > 9 / 26 / 11 | NA | 11 / 23 / 11 < br > 10 / 5 / 11 | 12", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "prior to national elections . Second , FONCODES projects were directed to provinces in which the marginal political impact of expenditures was likely to be largest . The results are robust to a large number of specifications and controls . The Peruvian data thus support predictions made in the literature on \" political business cycles \" ( Nordhaus 1975 , Rogoff 1990 ) as well as the literature on political influences on the allocation of discretionary funds ( Wright 1974 , Cox and McCubbins 1986 , Lindbeck and Weibull 1987 , Dixit and Londregan 1996 , Case 1997 ) . The rest of the paper proceeds as follows . Section 2 provides a brief description of Peruvian politics between 1990 and 1995 , and FONCODES . Section 3 describes data requirements and sources for the paper . Section 4 estimates the effect of the electoral calendar on the _timing_ of FONCODES I Moncada ( 1996 ) and Graham and Kane ( 1998 ) discuss the timing and distribution of FONCODES expenditures , respectively . As I discuss below , however , both papers have serious limitations . 2", "spans": [{"start": 244, "end": 257, "text": "Peruvian data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "by size , sector and location . Any accounts collected in local currency units are converted to constant 2005 US dollars at purchasing-power-parity . Rates of growth are scaled to an annual basis . Table 1a reports sample counts by country and table 1b reports the means and standard deviations of our main variables of interest for two separate country samples based on OECD membership . Table 1c contains a detailed listing of the Enterprise Survey questions underlying the establishment-level business environment indicators used in this study . Country-level data on the competitiveness of the business environment are taken from the IFC / World Bank Doing Business ( DB ) reports . Strongly positive correlations among the major DB variables and among their categorized aggregated indicators suggest that national regulation policies come in ̳ packages . ‘ In line with recent work by Loayza , Oviedo and Serven ( 2010 ) and Djankov , McLiesh and Ramalho ( 2006 ) , we examine the effects of business regulations on 13", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "| * * Table 15 : Dev * * | * * iations from five - * * | * * year means * * < br > Percent | Deviation | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | City | Country | 2015-19 | 2017-21 | | Greensboro | United States | 21 . 78 | - 20 . 46 | | Warsaw | Poland | 17 . 66 | - 37 . 90 | | Melbourne | Australia | - 9 . 38 | - 14 . 70 | | Madrid | Spain | - 14 . 72 | - 14 . 70 | | La Rochelle | France | - 15 . 25 | - 14 . 89 | | Fayetteville | United States | - 19 . 15 | - 22 . 01 | # * * 6 . Estimating Urban Emissions * * Our econometric analysis also enables estimation of emissions levels for selected regions or local areas . In our approach , emissions levels have two components . The first , predicted by our econometric model , is the expected value of emissions from an area , given its industry structure , fire occurrences , population , income per capita , climate and mass transit infrastructure . The second component is the deviation from a city ’ s expected value measured by its regression residual . Negative deviations identify areas whose emissions are lower than expected , while positive deviations identify areas with higherthan-expected emissions . For both components , atmospheric concentration measures can be converted to estimated emissions with exogenous information that provides measurement benchmarks . For the computation of expected values , we employ standard global emissions estimates . For the translation of regression residuals to emissions deviations , we use the EDGAR gridded database of CO2 emissions estimated from sectoral activity data and standard emissions parameters ( Crippa et al . 2020 ) . # * * 6 . 1 Mapping Global CO2 Emissions * * Our econometric exercise measures marginal effects on atmospheric concentration anomalies from CO2 emissions by industry , fires , and non-industrial population-related sources . Concentration anomalies are measured in parts per billion ; we convert to emissions volumes using", "spans": [{"start": 1495, "end": 1534, "text": "EDGAR gridded database of CO2 emissions", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1550, "end": 1572, "text": "sectoral activity data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "or , more importantly , due to bad governance , inadequate financing , and poor infrastructure . To explore the answer to this question , it may be useful to compare the garment industries in Bangladesh ( case 18 in Tables 1 and 2 ) and Ethiopia ( case 8 ) . < sup > 8 < / sup > Both are least developed countries and regarded as relatively corrupt . < sup > 9 < / sup > Both countries attempted to develop their export-oriented garment industries from scratch . However , they have had contrasting outcomes . In Bangladesh , export-oriented garment production dates from 1979 , when a newly established firm , Desh , entered a technical cooperation agreement with the then leading garment exporter , Daewoo , in Korea ( Rhee 1990 ; Easterly 2002 ) . These firms teamed up because both were sure that the creation of a cadre of professionals would allow the latent comparative advantage of Bangladesh in garment production to materialize . The agreement sent 130 young employees of Desh , who were university graduates , to Korea for intensive training for eight months at Daewoo ‟ s factory in production skills , management skills , and international procurement and marketing . The garment industry in Bangladesh has since continued to grow rapidly for three decades with the continual learning of technology and management from abroad . It now has more than 4 , 000 manufacturing firms , employs more than four million workers directly , and ranks among the world ‟ s largest producers of garment items ( Mottaleb and Sonobe 2011 ) . By contrast , the government of Ethiopia attached only secondary importance to learning from abroad when it began promoting export-oriented garment production in the mid-2000s . The promotion policy offered various preferential incentives including > 8 See Sonobe and Otsuka ( 2011 , chapters 8 and 9 ) for details . > 9 In terms of corruption , probably Bangladesh was worse , as being ranked the most corrupt country in the world from 2001 to 2005 , according to the Corruption Perceptions Index , which is available at < http : / / www . transparency . org / policy_research / surveys_indices / cpi > 9", "spans": [{"start": 2007, "end": 2035, "text": "Corruption Perceptions Index", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "use a baseline . A baseline can be used to stratify the randomization on key variables , improving power and providing a basis for examination of treatment effect heterogeneity . It is often used to examine what determines take-up of some intervention . It can be useful for verification of randomization in cases where there is a risk of the randomization not being implemented perfectly , and can also be used to test whether attrition is non-random in terms of baseline characteristics . Finally a baseline , and especially multiple pre-treatment surveys , offer the possibility of matched difference-in-differences as a back-up evaluation strategy in cases > 11 See e . g . Bloom et al . ( 2010 ) who collect daily and weekly production data from plants with over 100 workers each once a month . 24", "spans": [{"start": 713, "end": 745, "text": "daily and weekly production data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Capital Controls , Institutions , and Interactions \" _Journal of Development Economics_ 81 ( 1 ) : 163-192 . Chinn , M . D . and H . Ito ( 2008 ) \" A New Measure of Financial Openness . \" _Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis_ 10 ( 3 ) : 309-22 . Clare , A . D . and R . Courtenay ( 2001 ) “ What Can We Learn About Monetary Policy Transparency from Financial Market Data ? ” _Bundesbank Series 1 Discussion Paper_ No . 2001 , 06 . De Gregorio ( 2008 ) “ Transparency and Communications in Modern Central Banking . ” At the 10 < sup > th < / sup > Annual General Meeting of the Interamerican Economics and Finance Journalist Association ( July ) . Dincer , N , N . , and B . Eichengreen ( 2007 ) “ Central Bank Transparency : Where , Why , and with What Effects ? ” _NBER Working Paper_ 13003 . Edwards , S . ( 1998 ) “ The Mexican Peso Crisis : How Much Did We Know ? When Did We Know It ? ” _The World Economy_ 1-30 . 16", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "answer is yes ; a dummy variable in general equals one if there exists ( legal ) equality between the genders , except for the variable capturing whether women are required by > 12 For details on methodology of the World Bank ’ s WBL database see http : / / wbl . worldbank . org / methodology 13 Many variables in the World Bank ’ s WBL database are available for both unmarried women ( compared to unmarried men ) and married women ( compared to married men ) . If both are available , we consider the situation of married women . 15", "spans": [{"start": 230, "end": 242, "text": "WBL database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "associated with the between-market move , which we will elaborate later on . * * Significance of job options . * * There are multiple job options workers can compare from each labor market , and workers choose one job in every period . Which labor market a worker belongs to is not a direct choice , but rather an outcome of her choice of a job . If a worker chooses the job _j_ , then she belongs to the labor market _kj_ . This assumption is more realistic and introduces an important dimension through which aggregate shocks affect labor markets . The status of an economy impacts not only relative wages across markets but also the number of job options workers can choose from . The mass of tasks operated by producers responds to the shock , and the set of jobs expands ( contracts ) as the number of tasks increases ( decreases ) . If the set of jobs expands , workers are able to sample more job options , and thus it becomes more likely to find a better job with a larger expected value . The sampled job options of our model are analogous to the vacancy concept in the search literature . When economic conditions improve , producers expand the task space by increasing _Tt_ < sup > _k_ . Then , the < / sup > number of sampled job options increases , as workers are assumed to sample jobs at a constant rate . This relationship is determined at the general equilibrium which we will discuss after characterizing international trade . Our model brings the endogenous number of choices into an otherwise standard and easily tractable discrete choice model . Different from the search framework , the parameters of the model can be easily estimated using only labor market data , since the model provides simple equations that can be identified using only information on labor mobility . Instead of choosing a job from job options available in each labor market , workers have an option to move to the residual labor market . Empirically , unemployment , home employment , and working in the informal sector all belong to this choice . < sup > 20 < / sup > Each worker compares the", "spans": [{"start": 1668, "end": 1685, "text": "labor market data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Policy Research Working Paper 5616 # * * Abstract * * Progress in educational development in the world since 1900 has been slow and uneven between countries . Providing basic education for all children in developing countries has been and remains an unmet challenge of governments and international organizations alike . This is in sharp contrast to recent findings in the economics literature on the catalytic role of human capital for economic growth and social development in general . Using a newly constructed matched data set on education and national accounts in the 1950 to 2010 period , this paper estimates the loss of income and equity associated with not having a faster rate of human capital accumulation , using alternative methodologies and specific country examples . Such loss is projected backward ( 1900 – 1950 ) and forward ( 2010 – 2050 ) using plausible assumptions regarding what countries could have done in the past or may do in the future to accelerate human capital formation . The findings suggest that the welfare loss in terms of per capita income conservatively ranges from about 7 to 10 percent . Improved educational attainment is also shown to have an effect in reducing income inequality . This paper is a product of the the Education Team , Human Development Network . It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world . Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http : / / econ . worldbank . org . The author may be contacted at hpatrinos @ worldbank . org . _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues . An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly , even if the presentations are less than fully polished . The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly . The findings , interpretations , and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors . They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank and its affiliated organizations ,", "spans": [{"start": 515, "end": 566, "text": "matched data set on education and national accounts", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "51 . 9 < br > 50 . 0 43 . 8 43 . 6 < br > 39 . 3 < br > 40 . 0 < br > 30 . 0 < br > 7 day recall < br > 20 . 0 < br > 9 . 9 12 month recall < br > 10 . 0 6 . 3 < br > 0 . 4 0 . 7 < br > 0 . 0 < br > 1 2 3 4 < br > Number of labor income sources < br > Source : Authors calculations based on the UNPS 2009 / 10 < br > Proprtion of Households < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The underreporting of both activity types and their number using a 7 day recall period means that indicators based on these data are plagued with measurement errors that would affect any micro level analysis . The measurement of earnings is one such example . Individual earnings will be understated in the 7 day recall period by virtue of missing out other income sources of the individual over the year . This measurement error is unlikely to be random . As Figure 1 shows , certain types of activities including temporary private agriculture jobs and casual non-agriculture jobs tend to be missed the most , and these are mainly performed by the poor . Furthermore , the shift in economic activities over the year by individuals and households will make it difficult to extrapolate 7 day recall earnings to annual earnings or to analyze variations within groups ( Schaffner , 20", "spans": [{"start": 295, "end": 309, "text": "UNPS 2009 / 10", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "used in the analysis . This study investigates to what extent the conventional wisdom on SME lending holds in practice – the conventional view is that large banks are not attracted to SME lending and that the SME business is dominated by small banks and based on relationship lending . Their results show that the conventional view is not prevalent in practice . Like the study by Beck , Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria ( 2008 ) , they find that the SME segment is perceived to be profitable and that most banks are interested in serving SMEs , including large and foreign banks . Almost all the banks in the sample have separate SME units and offer a wide range of products and services . In addition to relationship lending , banks apply different transactional technologies such as credit scoring , risk-rating tools , and special products such as leasing and factoring . There are significant differences across banks and countries regarding the use of particular techniques , but these technologies allow banks to compensate for weaknesses in the enabling environment . Interestingly , the use of government supported programs is reported to be low . # * * 3 . The MENA Survey * * Our survey ( henceforth the MENA survey ) was developed and conducted jointly with the Union of Arab Banks ( UAB ) , which is the regional association of all banking associations in the region and has a membership of about 330 banks . The MENA survey has 50 questions distributed into four broad sections . Like the two previous surveys , we included qualitative questions in three broad areas : the strategic approach to SME lending , the main products offered to SMEs , and the risk management techniques employed . Moreover , like the survey by Beck , Demirguc-Kunt and Peria ( 2008 ) , we also included a fourth and quantitative section designed to measure the extent of SME lending , the share of investment loans in total SME loans , and other variables .", "spans": [{"start": 1171, "end": 1182, "text": "MENA Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for every RTA that enters into force during the period of observation , while controlling for tariffs , thereby allowing every RTA to have a distinct NTB effect . Our analysis uses the newly available International Trade and Production Database for Estimation ( ITPDE , Release 2 ) put together by Borchert et al . ( 2020 ) . Those data include domestic trade flows — this is crucial to identify trade regulations that do not vary across trade partners ( Heid et al . 2021 ) ; usefully , the data also include services trade . The database has almost universal country coverage and a longer time span than alternative sources such as the WIOD provided by Timmer et al . ( 2015 ) . To measure the depth of RTAs — and hence their ambition regarding NTBs — we build on two sources that are standard in the literature : first , the World Bank ’ s Deep Trade Agreement Dataset ( DTA data ) put together by Hofmann et al . ( 2019 ) , second , the DESTA database provided by Dür et al . ( 2014 ) . We estimate a state-of-the-art structural gravity model following all recommendations by Yotov ( 2022 ) . In essence , the strategy consists in running a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ( PPML ) model on panel data of sectoral bilateral trade flows ( including domestic transactions ) with the largest possible array of fixed effects to control for other determinants of trade . In contrast to the existing literature , we cannot confirm a robust trade-creating role for non-tariff provisions in trade agreements ( TAs ) using gravity , while tariffs — once properly measured — are robustly shown to be potent inhibitors of trade . We present some evidence that , in deep TAs , non-tariff provisions create trade in a non-discriminatory fashion . This is welcome from a global welfare-theoretic point of view . However , if policy makers want to use trade agreements to grant preferences between geopolitically aligned countries , tariffs are the better choice . The result is robust to alternative empirical specifications and is not driven by treatment heterogeneity . Our finding does not necessarily mean that RTAs do not reduce NTBs , instead , the", "spans": [{"start": 201, "end": 259, "text": "International Trade and Production Database for Estimation", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 638, "end": 642, "text": "WIOD", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 843, "end": 871, "text": "Deep Trade Agreement Dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 941, "end": 955, "text": "DESTA database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1197, "end": 1207, "text": "panel data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "across countries is allowed , we find that trade flows between Russian regions and countries which signed a free trade agreement with Russia remain similar to intra-Russian trade in the reform period , implying that national borders alone have not diverted trade flows in the FSU . Third , our results also suggest that slow adjustment of production and of infrastructure has limited trade reorientation . Using past trade to proxy for linkages developed when the Soviet Union was integrated , we find that past linkages significantly influence current trade . Since past trade was centrally planned it is unlikely that we are picking up other unobserved persistent variables , such as tastes or comparative advantage . As linkages with other republics continue to atrophy , the domestic trade bias will increase to well over the 60 percent we estimate currently . Our estimate of the border effect is significantly lower than similar estimates using OECD data , despite greater trade barriers in the FSU . Using inter-provincial and province-state trade data , McCallum ( 1995 ) and Helliwell ( 1996 ) find that in 1990 Canadian provinces traded about twenty times more among themselves than with U . S . states . More recently , Helliwell ( 1998 ) estimates the bias to be twelve in 1996 following the preferential trading agreement ( PTA ) between the two countries . < sup > 1 < / sup > Wei ( 1996 ) and Helliwell ( 1998 ) estimate that the domestic trade bias among OECD countries ranges from three to twelve . < sup > 2 < / sup > One explanation that is consistent with both sets of results is that past linkages have led to a continued domestic orientation in trade in the OECD , despite falling trade barriers , and sustained integration in the FSU in spite of rising trade barriers . * * ' An * * alternative way to evaluate the border effect is with price data . Engel and Rogers ( 1996 ) examine the relative price variability of similar goods among cities in Canada and the United States . They find that relative price variability between cities is significantly greater when a border is crossed . 2Wei ( 1996 ) develops a technique to estimate the", "spans": [{"start": 951, "end": 960, "text": "OECD data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1013, "end": 1059, "text": "inter-provincial and province-state trade data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1860, "end": 1870, "text": "price data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- 3 - in half-increasing family income available for other purposes . Previous landlords from the low - and middle-income groups whose incomes fall below B200 receive monthly compensation payments for their former properties . This , of course , has generated new problems with the shift of maintenance responsibilities onto the public sector ( para . 3 . 44 ) 1 . 10 Second , government ownership of urban land greatly improved access to vacant land for house construction . From 1976-1978 a large number of undeveloped plots were made available and 141 cooperatives formed to develop them . Self-help , however , is not a tradition in Addis since feudal control of land and credit prevented most people from building for themselves , and new construction has not kept pace with growth . 1 . 11 In short , nationalization disrupted the existing system of shelter development which depended on investment of private savings and borrowing by a landlord class for rental dwellings , without replacing it with a new system . As a result , a monumental urban housing shortage exists at all income levels partly inherited and partly resulting from events since 1975 . Though reliable statistics are not available , it is clear that formal sector house construction diminished sharply . Over the last four years new construction in Addis totalling about 6 , 000 units has met only about 15 % - 20 % of the demand created by annual household growth alone . Private housing construction has been discouraged by the prohibition on private renting and high building materials prices . Despite an initial rise in house starts centrally located vacant plots are now less abundant , forcing builders to move further out and incur higher servicing costs . Recent private borrowing has been subdued . The Ministry of Urban Development and Housing has shown an increasing determination to reach lower income groups and has been implementing an EEC-assisted site and service project in nine secondary towns . Experience gained from this program has proven useful in designing the proposed IDA-assisted project . While construction by public agencies - - both direct and through such self-help programs - - has increased", "spans": [{"start": 1170, "end": 1189, "text": "reliable statistics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# I . The policy case for improved data on rural women ’ s employment Across developing countries , rural women are heavily engaged in a range of employment activities — including smallholder farming , contributing work in the family farm or business , as well as in off-farm jobs that are typically seasonal and informal ( ILO , 2018a , 2018b ) . Employment surveys typically have difficulties in collecting data on these types of jobs , as well as on social and economic barriers that women face in achieving better-quality employment outcomes . These include time burdens in unpaid household and care work , transport and safety issues , and other local norms and institutional barriers around marriage , work and having children ( Jayachandran , 2015 ) . Rural women often find themselves in particularly vulnerable employment situations , given limited access to resources , infrastructure and markets , as well as diversified sources of income . A better understanding of rural women ’ s work , paid and unpaid , < sup > 1 < / sup > and the constraints they face is critical for policy design as rural economies evolve with economic growth . Depending on country context , growth ( particularly in the nonfarm sector ) has led to rapid out-migration to urban areas , as well as increased diversification of rural incomes , although the quality and expected earnings of off-farm opportunities are often low ( Davis et al 2017 , Mellor , 2017 ) . A growing urban middle class in many developing countries has led to increased demand for food and other resources , renewing policy efforts to improve incomes and productivity in agriculture , including investments in inputs and new technology . At the same time , however , rural land ownings are increasingly fragmented across countries , leading to a rising global base of less-productive , smallholder farmers , as well as growing casual labor on farms among the landless ( Lowder et al , 2017 ) . Since rural women are often concentrated in these activities , they are increasingly targeted by country programs aiming to raise rural productivity and economic growth ( Kochhar et al , 2017 ) . But these programs need to be informed by data that more", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 366, "text": "Employment surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Implementation Status & Results Report * * The World Bank * * Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project ( P154784 ) | Date < br > 01-Oct-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | 01-Oct-2020 | 31-Jan-2021 | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | # * * Overall Comments IR * * The Contingency Emergency Component triggered under the project supported the ministry to successfully tackle the locust crisis . The ministry was able to procure 42 , 000 liters of fenitrothion and 6000 Kgs of Bio Pesticide for locust control . In addition , the use of surveillance aircraft for surveillance nearly 800 hours also helped the ministry immensely in the control activities . The component also supported the ministry in setting up and equipping of six control bases . The support given enabled the ministry to contain the desert locust from the 28 counties in March to just 3 in August # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P154784 | IDA-59450 | Effective | USD | 250 . 00 | 250 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 151 . 98 | 106 . 82 | 59 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signin | g Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "the local level are utilized to investigate the movement in earnings and quantities supplied . As a last step , those changes are mapped to the household survey and fed into the household welfare function using a farm household model so as to measure the changes in real income . # * * 3 . 1 International prices and domestic prices * * The successful Doha implementation would have an effect , albeit small , on the prices of various products important both in the consumption baskets and the income sources of Mexican households . However , it is widely recognized that the international prices of products and their retail prices are only loosely linked , as internal factors such as transportation costs and local supply of substitute products act as filters between the two ( Frankel et al , 2004 and Winters et al , 2004 ) . The isolation of local markets is particularly true in rural areas where marketing infrastructure is poorly developed or altogether missing Given the fact that domestic price transmission is imperfect , to measure poverty effects of trade reforms , it is necessary first to estimate the magnitude of changes in local retail prices consequent to changes in world prices . In other words , movement in average prices consequential to trade policies ( those estimated by the CGE model ) need to be translated in changes in retail prices ( those faced by the households ) . The model utilized here to measure the extent to which local prices vary relative to the international prices follows the approach of Nicita ( 2004 ) and is based on the tariff and exchange rate passthrough literature ( Goldberg and Knetter , 1997 and Campa and Goldberg , 2002 ) . 9", "spans": [{"start": 144, "end": 160, "text": "household survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project Reports and Financial Statements For the financial year ended_ * * _June 30 , 2021_ * * # # # # Significant Accounting Policies ( Continued ) iii ) Interest on borrowing Borrowing costs that include interest are recognized as payment in the period in which they incurred and paid for . iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) The repayment of principal amount of borrowing is recognized as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # * * v ) * * Acquisition of fixed assets The payment on acquisition of property plant and equipment items is not capitalized . The cost of acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts items respectively . Where an asset is acquired in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can be reliably established , a contra transaction is recorded as receipt and as a payment . * * A * * fixed asset register is maintained * * by * * each public entity and a summary provided for purposes of consolidation . This summary is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # # * * _f ) _ * * In-kind donations In-kind contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods and / or services rather than in money or cash terms . These donations may include vehicles , equipment or personnel services . Where the financial value received for in-kind contributions can be reliably determined , the Project includes such value in the statement of receipts and payments both as receipts and as payments in equal and opposite amounts ; otherwise , the contribution is not recorded . Significant * * Accounting Policies ( Continued ) * * # # # # * * g ) Cash and cash equivalents * * Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and cash at bank , short-term deposits", "spans": [{"start": 1073, "end": 1093, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Jordan Youth , Technology , and Jobs Project ( P170669 ) skills training activities in the education system have enhanced market relevance . The Khidmat Watan Program will coordinate with the NSC-ICT for the delivery of ICT training for underserved youth participating in the program . * * 32 . * * This sub-component will include supporting the most vulnerable youth ( i . e . , those living under the poverty line ) , women , and those with lower education outcomes by enabling their participation in online training courses and providing them with financial assistance to purchase / upgrade digital hardware and software , stipends for transportation , and childcare support . The NSC-ICT , which will implement digital skills development activities , will receive initial funding from the project and leverage private sector contributions in subsequent years . * * 33 . * * The training will ensure inclusion of women , Syrian refugees , and vulnerable youth , including those identified through the National Aid Fund ( NAF ) database across project components . The project will include the design and implementation of targeted outreach and awareness-raising activities to identify and motivate targeted beneficiaries to register for trainings and to support applicants with the application process . The activities will adopt a consistent and tailored approach for different categories of target beneficiaries and regions and will include gender-sensitive approaches ( times , locations ) , while also engaging with families when appropriate . * * 34 . Sub-component 1 . 2 – Enhancing digital skills competencies for public school students ( US $ 33 million ) : * * This sub-component will introduce quality technology courses in public classrooms G7-12 . The activities under this subcomponent will aim to identify gaps in the existing information technology courses in schools and develop contextrelevant technology learning curriculum for G7-12 . The activities will include training teachers on the new courses and roll out in a systematic way across four grades ( G7-10 ) during the timeframe of the project in public classrooms .", "spans": [{"start": 1027, "end": 1061, "text": "National Aid Fund ( NAF ) database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna_review", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "person ) < br > person ) < br > Internet users < br > Internet users < br > International Internet bandwidth < br > International Internet bandwidth < br > Madagascar Malawi Zambia Lesotho Mozambique Zimbabwe Botswana Angola South Africa Namibia Mauritius < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > _Source : _ Minges 2008 . Several of the new fixed-line operators have launched WiMAX < sup > 8 < / sup > networks , which , along with Angola Telecom ’ s ADSL < sup > 9 < / sup > service , provides a degree of fixed broadband competition . Movicel recently launched a GSM network that should enhance intermodal competition in the mobile market . < sup > 10 < / sup > It is likely that it will also launch mobile broadband based on HSDPA < sup > 11 < / sup > technology to complement its high-speed wireless EVDO < sup > 12 < / sup > network . Unitel has also launched mobile broadband services . Given these developments and the availability of international access through up to three undersea fiber-optic cables in the near future , the prognosis for Angola ’ s broadband infrastructure is positive . The government will need to enhance > 7 Conselho de Ministros , ― Programa Executivo do Sector para 2009 , ‖ Resolução n . o 33 / 09 de 7 de Maio . > 8 Worldwide interoperability for microwave access . > 9 Asymmetric digital subscriber line . > 10 www . consuladogeral-angola . hk / sub / Press / Press_2010_1201_3 . html . > 11 High-speed downlink packet access . > 12 1x Evolution-Data Optimized . 34", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "less reliably the indicator considered yields cross-states comparisons in line with those of H < sup > ˆ < / sup > . * * Table 2 : * * Assuming the joint distribution yields better comparisons than wasting the data on one partial distribution . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ < br > HM HOD HM + HOD H ( 0 . 8 ) H ( 1 . 7 ) H ( 2 . 7 ) max ( H ˆ M , H ˆ OD ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > | | ˆHM | ˆHOD | ˆHM + ˆHOD | ˆˆH ( 0 . 8 ) | ˆˆH ( 1 . 7 ) | ˆˆH ( 2 . 7 ) | max ( < sup > ˆ < / sup > HM , < sup > ˆ < / sup > HOD ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | | | | � < br > ∼ < sup > ˆˆ < / sup > H ( 0 ) < br > � | | | | � < br > ∼ < sup > ˆˆ < / sup > H ( ∞ ) < br > � | | Bias | 72 | 194 | 32 | 18 | 16 | 22 | 60 | < ! - - Start of picture text - - > ∼ H ˆˆ ( 0 ) ∼ H ˆˆ ( ∞ ) < br > � � � � < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > The key insight from Table 2 is that , in this context , the proposed method yields a ˆ smaller bias than the classical “ wasteful ” approaches for all possible values of c . Recall the classic approach consists in using an indicator coming from a single survey , which at global level essentially means using either H < sup > ˆ < / sup > M or H <", "spans": [{"start": 1151, "end": 1164, "text": "single survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "22 such information were available for Brazil . There was little alternative to attempting some estimate of the general equilibrium effects of food price changes or , at least , that part of the general equilibrium effects corresponding to the short-run pass-through from product prices to agricultural wages . Using detailed information on the type of output produced by each agricultural worker in the PNAD 2006 survey , we mapped workers to their farm sectors and estimated market income effects under two different pass-through assumptions – one corresponding to a competitive labor market in the short run , and another to a market where only half of the price increase is passed on to workers . These market income effects were considered alongside the standard expenditure effect , calculated as a first-order approximation to the compensating variation for each food consumer , and a transfer income effect that captured the increase in benefit values for two social assistance programs , Bolsa Família and Benefício de Prestação Continuada . According to our estimates , the overall effect of the price increases was to raise both extreme and moderate poverty in Brazil , despite the country ‟ s position as one of the main food exporters in the world . Even with full pass-through to agricultural wages , and despite increases in social assistance benefits , the incidence of extreme poverty increased from 11 . 0 % to 12 . 3 % as a result of higher food prices . However , these increases in poverty were much less pronounced than if the income effects had not been taken into account . Naturally , higher incomes arising from a greater value of agricultural production were particularly important in rural areas where , under the scenario of 100 % pass-through , incomes rose for the bottom half of the population , reducing every measure of poverty . In large urban areas , though , few people benefit directly from agriculture , so the standard expenditure effect ( reduction in consumer surplus ) dominated . And since Brazil is 80 % urban , the aggregate picture for the country as a whole was one of reductions in average welfare as a result of higher food prices . Behind the average impact , however , the distributional consequences of", "spans": [{"start": 404, "end": 420, "text": "PNAD 2006 survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "( ISSOS ) , has established the Labor Market Observatory ( LMO ) and prepared a road map for the Kenya Labor Market Information System ( KLMIS ) . There has been progress on updating the Kenyan National Occupational Classification ( KNOCS ) and plans are underway to conduct the Enterprise Based Skills Survey ( EBSS ) . Implementation remains slow , however , and concrete outputs to be showcased on the KLMIS website are still work in progress . 5 . * * Component 4 provides support for strengthening youth policy development , monitoring and evaluation ( M & E ) , and management of the Project * * . Under this Component , the National Youth Policy has been revised and is being disseminated , the two impact evaluations are well underway , and Project coordination has improved . State Department", "spans": [{"start": 279, "end": 309, "text": "Enterprise Based Skills Survey", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "- - Start of picture text - - > Figure 5 Location map of Homs < br > Source : UN-Habitat ( 2018 ) < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > surveyed households fell in this category , indicating that they came to Lebanon before 2011 , mostly for work but also to visit relatives ( * * Figures 9 * * and * * 10 * * ) . These figures further suggest that this pattern of migration connected workers from lower-income neighbourhoods in Homs ( UFAs 1 , 3 and 5 ) to Lebanese cities and towns ( e . g . Zahle ) following employment opportunities , while middle-income groups ( from UFAs 2 and 4 in Homs ) had mainly come to Lebanon to visit family members , staying mostly in the northern regions , especially in Tripoli , but also in Akkar and Minieh-Dennieh . In total , 1 , 056 or almost 70 percent of households considered networks of importance in the selection of a particular district for their shelters . Furthermore , around 40 percent of respondents across all regions described proximity to relatives or community as a main factor motivating their district of choice ; a proximity they mostly balanced with the imperative of affordability ( * * Table 2 * * ) . < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Surveyed < br > households < br > All < br > registered < br > households < br > North Akkar Bekaa Baalbek - Mount South < br > Hermel Lebanon < br > 36 % < br > 25 % < br > 23 % < br > 21 % 20 % < br > 18 % < br > 15 % < br > 12 % < br > 10 % 11 % < br > 8 % < br > 6 % < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Figure 6 * * Distribution of surveyed households and all registered Syrian refugee households per governorate of", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# # # Safe & Sustainable Existences # # # # * * Objective 8 : * * Promoting livelihoods and self-reliance Many would argue that the key factor in establishing well-being or even just survival for urban refugees is their access to viable livelihoods . Often this debate focuses on whether or not the host government provides refugees with the legal right to work . However , the survey responses indicate that access to fi nancial capital is perceived as the most salient factor . UNHCR offi ces also emphasize consideration of the socio-economic conditions in these urban areas — areas with extensive and extreme urban poverty may offer only very limited opportunities for refugees even if they have a legal right to work . Several respondents note that many refugees from rural agrarian regions arrive in these cities without skills relevant for the urban economies , which makes it diffi cult for them to fi nd formal or formal work . Survey responses suggest that access to banking services , including credit ; contextually specifi c training , including language training ; refugees ’ ability to regularize their status and obtain documentation and their links with civil society may be more useful than the legal right to work per se . # # # # # * * Barriers to sustainable livelihoods for urban refugees * * < ! - - Start of picture text - - > Graph 12 : Most signif cant barriers for urban refugees to sustain livelihoods i < br > Linguistic < br > Socio-cultural < br > Financial < br > Legal < br > Number of UNHCR offi ces 0 5 10 15 20 25 < br > < ! - - End of picture text - - > * * Almost all offi ces ( 23 ) cite fi nancial barriers as signifi cant in inhibiting refugees in their efforts to establish sustainable livelihoods . * * Two-thirds or more of the offi ces cite legal barriers ( 19 ) ; socio-cultural barriers ( 17 ) ; and linguistic barriers ( 16 ) .", "spans": [{"start": 378, "end": 394, "text": "survey responses", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "advent of high-speed internet . But this article is silent with respect to unemployment rates , although it does present estimates on local ( sub-national ) employment rates . This paper explores the bi-variate and partial correlations between the incidence of the digital economy on frictional unemployment across the world . The empirics rely on international data from 2000-2017 . The resulting evidence indicates that , after controlling for informality , the size or incidence of the digital economy – proxied by the share of the adult population that reports using the internet to pay bills – is negatively correlated with unemployment rates across countries . In addition , it is plausible that the negative correlation is stronger among developing economies than among high-income economies . The rest of this paper is organized as follows . Section II provides a brief review of existing literature . Section III presents the data and discusses the proxy variables used to capture the incidence of the digital economy . Section IV lays out our empirical strategy and presents the results . It begins with non-parametric estimations of the bi-variate relationship between unemployment and the digital economy across countries , followed by a discussion of an apparent omitted variable bias due to the incidence of informality in developing economies , which leads to the specification of simple OLS and IV econometric models to estimate the partial correlation between unemployment and the digital economy . Section V concludes . # * * II . Literature Review * * While there is little literature on the effects of the digital economy on frictional unemployment , new evidence has emerged regarding employment and the role of digital payments , particularly in developing countries . Hjort and Paulsen ( 2019 ) studied the gradual arrival of submarine Internet cables on the coast of Africa and investigated the 3", "spans": [{"start": 348, "end": 366, "text": "international data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Refinitiv ’ s Security Data Corporation ( SDC ) Platinum , which provides transactions of new issuances of common and preferred equity , as well as publicly and privately placed bonds . < sup > 3 < / sup > Because the analysis focuses on corporate financing , we exclude all public sector issuances , comprising issuances by national , local , and regional governments , government agencies , regional agencies , and multilateral organizations . We also exclude mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities . We classify bond issuances as domestic or international using the residence-based approach followed by the Bank of International Settlements ( BIS ) . We compare the location of the issuance with the residence of the issuing firm ( Gruić and Wooldridge , 2012 ) . Domestic securities are those issued by residents in their local markets . International issuances are those issued by residents abroad . < sup > 4 < / sup > Using this methodology , the data set includes 71 , 489 bond issuances in domestic markets and 9 , 703 bond issuances in international markets ( Table 1 , Panel A ) . Besides the residence-based approach , the literature uses two alternative criteria to classify international and domestic corporate bond issuances : the nationality-based and currency-based approaches ( Gruić and Wooldridge , 2012 ; Avdjiev et al . , 2014 ; Shin , 2014 ; McCauley et al . , 2015 ) . The nationality-based approach considers the nationality of a firm instead of its residence . Therefore , issuances by a subsidiary of a foreign-owned firm in the domestic market are considered as international , as the parent company resides outside the domestic market . Under the currency-based approach , debt issuances denominated in foreign currency are considered as international , and those in local currency as domestic . Because our paper focuses on the role of domestic markets for firms located in East Asia , we use the classification of issuances by the residence approach as our main results . But for robustness we also use the nationality-based and > 3 Refinitiv ’ s SDC Platinum is one of the most widely used databases on transaction-level research ( Henderson et al . , 2006 ; Kim and Weisbach , 2008 ;", "spans": [{"start": 2100, "end": 2112, "text": "SDC Platinum", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "While these results by themselves may not rule out a demand-side channel , they do substantially constrain the routes through which it can work . Fathers ' education could not stimulate demand for children ' s education ( since boys ' schools have no e \u001b ect ) ; primary schooling for mothers could not be enough to stimulate demand ; mothers ' schooling must therefore have a non-linear e \u001b ect on the demand for children ' s education . # Price Margin Table V provides further evidence for a supply channel by examining the price margin . Recall , in sharp contrast to a demand-channel , a supply channel would suggest that GSS construction would lead to a fall in private school teacher ( i . e . skilled women ) wages . We compare the average ( log ) teacher salary in private schools in villages with and without a GSS using data from the private school census . Column ( 1 ) presents the OLS results in the sample of villages for which we have teacher wage data . We include PC FEs in all speci cations . The results are large and signi cant : Private schools in villages with a GSS report a 27 percent lower average ( teaching ) wage . Columns ( 2 ) through ( 5 ) correct for selection into the wage sample . Columns ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) present results using Heckman ' s selection model , and Columns ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) use the \u0010 control function \u0011 approach ( see Appendix I ) . In both approaches , identi cation is based on the non-linearity of the selection equation ( see Du o [ 2001 ] as an example ) . Augmenting the instrument set with potential candidates that are correlated to the probability of having a private school but uncorrelated to the wage-bill can help with the identi cation and the e ciency of the estimator . Following Downes and Greenstein ( 1996 ) , we propose using the that have both . An alternate strategy is to check whether there is a di \u001b erence in the existence of a private school based on years of exposure to a GSS . Here ,", "spans": [{"start": 844, "end": 865, "text": "private school census", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 950, "end": 967, "text": "teacher wage data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "PSM , 2SLS , and ITTs , we find that the _Mahila Samakhya_ program empowers women in a variety of ways , via both direct and indirect routes . In addition to directly increasing access to outside employment , political participation , and physical mobility , our results suggest the program generates significant spillovers that allow non-participants to benefit via greater access to outside employment . The program also empowers participants who do not work ( and therefore only benefit from an increased reservation wage ) to participate in village council meetings . Finally , we find that participants who do not have access to off-farm work still have greater physical mobility and political participation than untreated women . # * * 8 Conclusion * * This paper uses primary data from the north Indian state of Uttarakhand to study the impact of a community-level rural women ’ s empowerment program called _Mahila Samakhya_ . _Mahila Samakhya_ aims to empower women through education and information , taking a grassroots approach to its implementation . We conceptually disentangle the effect of the program into a direct component that works through access to outside employment and an increased reservation wage , as well as an indirect component that works through information spillovers . This distinction between direct and indirect effects extends beyond the _Mahila Samakhya_ program to other programs operating at the community-level that may have spillover effects . We find evience that Mahila Samakhya both directly and indirectly succeeds in helping empower rural women . Our empirical approach addresses two sources of potential bias . First , the program may be placed in villages and districts that are inherently different from those without the program , which might bias our estimates . Second , the characteristics of women who participate in the program may be different from those who choose not to participate , again , biasing our results . We first consider program placement , and find that the characteristics of the women are similar across treated and untreated districts . We further formally estimate bargaining power outcomes for non-participants in treated districts and their matched counterparts in untreated villages and find no significant 22", "spans": [], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "constructed ToC . # # * * Program Results Areas and DLIs * * 8 . * * RA 1 and RA 2 targeted the adequacy , equity , and fiscal management of grants flowing to LGs in the education and health sectors , while RA 3 strengthened performance management across both sectors . * * DLIs 1 . 1 and 2 . 1 incentivized annual budget increases for conditional grants across wage , non-wage , and development categories verified against the Medium-Term Plan and approved budgets ; DLIs 1 . 2 , 1 . 3 , 2 . 2 , and 2 . 3 focused on the phased rollout of needs-based allocation formulas for non-wage recurrent and development grants ; and DLIs 1 . 4 and 2 . 4 required LGs to sustain or improve performance assessment scores and update grant guidelines to address fiduciary and social risks . Under RA 3 , DLI 3 covered three linked activities : ( a ) conducting and publicly releasing the LG performance assessments ; ( b ) preparing and implementing targeted PIPs for the weakest LGs and for common underperforming thematic areas ; and ( c ) conducting value-for-money ( VfM ) audits of LG expenditures . Verification included independent assessment and quality assurance , confirmation that PIPs were agreed and implemented for specified LGs and themes , and completion of VfM audits in designated years , providing a credible feedback loop to improve efficiency , accountability , and service delivery . * * B . SIGNIFICANT CHANGES DURING IMPLEMENTATION * * # # * * Revised PDOs Outcome Targets , Result Areas , and DLIs * * 9 . * * UgIFT received Additional Financing ( AF ) and was restructured three times * * . The first significant change was made during the AF approved in September 2020 ( P172868 ) that included a restructuring ( subsequently approved in December 2020 ) . The AF nearly tripled IDA financing and deepened the Program ' s ambition by : ( i ) broadening", "spans": [{"start": 875, "end": 901, "text": "LG performance assessments", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * 1 Introduction * * The ongoing debate about the extent to which democratization promotes growth ( Acemoglu et al . , 2019 ; < mark > Papaioannou and Siourounis , < / mark > 2008 ; Persson and Tabellini , 2006 ; Rodrik and Wacziarg , 2005 ) brings into focus the relationship between political systems and capitalism , and the channels through which political contestability affects incentives and conditions for firms to enter , invest and grow . How political institutions shape the trade-off between protecting the property rights and rents of incumbents and promoting entry and demands for redistribution is at the core of this debate ( Rajan and Zingales , 2003 ) . Autocracies have been argued to be more prone to corruption and capture by incumbents ( Acemoglu , 2008 , Treisman , 2000 ; Chowdhury , 2004 ) . Democratic institutions , in contrast , are often argued to level the playing field and promote entry by constraining public corruption ( Adserà et al . , 2003 ; RoseAckerman , 1999 ) and reducing regulatory protection for incumbent firms ( Acemoglu , 2008 ) . Yet , direct evidence on the impact of democratization on competition is limited . This paper tests whether democratization promotes economic competition by assessing whether the severing of crony ties to President Suharto associated with Indonesia ’ s democratic transition leads to enhanced competition in sectors disproportionately exposed to cronyism . To this end , we use plant-level manufacturing census data in which firms owned by Suharto family members and cronies are identified . We assess the impact of political turnover on both firm - and industry-level outcomes , exploiting President Suharto ’ s fall and the removal of district mayors appointed by him as a quasi-natural experiment generating temporal and spatial ( e . g . across district ) variation in the value of political connections to him . By comparing firm-level impacts of political turnover with industry-level impacts , we aim to quantify both the distributional and efficiency implications of political connections . Indonesia provides a suitable environment for analyzing the effect of democratization on competition . Suharto ’ s autocratic regime was marked by state capture . His family had extensive and highly diversified business interests and is", "spans": [{"start": 1460, "end": 1497, "text": "plant-level manufacturing census data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * IV . Methodology and Data * * # # * * a . Sample Description and Sampling Technique * * Our primary source of data comes from a survey covering three consecutive cohorts of EF trainees ( from 2010 to 2012 ) , with two rounds of data collection for each cohort . < sup > 24 < / sup > Figure 1 depicts the impact evaluation timeline . We sample at the training event and the applicant level . The main sampling frame for data used in this study consisted of all EF training courses sponsored in a given year . The number of training events comprising the sample frame ranges from 598 ( in 2010 ) to 711 ( in 2012 ) . Table 1 reports the number of events and participants by year . Sampling into this study included a combination of stratified , random and convenience sampling . First , we selected a subset of training events occurring between the months of January through April . < sup > 25 , 26 , 27 < / sup > Second , from the universe of training events offered during these four months , we randomly selected up to 15 districts . Third , from that list of training events occurring in these districts , we randomly selected 20 percent of the training events . Finally , a survey team visited each sampled training event on the day when applicant selection took place . Each event ’ s ranking sheet listed the shortlisted applicants from the top-scorer to the bottom and indicated the threshold , or minimum score needed to gain admission to the course . From this ranking sheet , the survey team selected applicants whose scores were within 20 percent of the threshold for admission to training events . The sampled applicants above the threshold comprise this study ’ s treatment group , while those below the threshold make up the control group . Immediately following the sampling of applicants , a baseline survey was conducted on the treatment and control groups , before the results of the selection process were announced . Table 2 shows the resultant sample of events for the three cohorts . The 2010 event sample comprised 64 events across 30 districts .", "spans": [{"start": 134, "end": 190, "text": "survey covering three consecutive cohorts of EF trainees", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1813, "end": 1828, "text": "baseline survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Table 2 : Average treatment effects of German acquisition on firm-level employment | | TWFE < br > ( 1 ) | Doubly robust < br > ( 2 ) | | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Average treatment efect ( German acquisition ) | 0 . 075 * * < br > ( 0 . 035 ) | 0 . 112 * * < br > ( 0 . 038 ) | | Efect by treatment year | | | | 2005 | 0 . 057 * * | 0 . 059 * * | | | ( 0 . 026 ) | ( 0 . 028 ) | | 2006 | 0 . 043 * | 0 . 045 | | | ( 0 . 026 ) | ( 0 . 030 ) | | 2007 | 0 . 040 | 0 . 068 * * | | | ( 0 . 033 ) | ( 0 . 029 ) | | 2008 | 0 . 087 * * | 0 . 117 * * | | | ( 0 . 041 ) | ( 0 . 047 ) | | 2009 | 0 . 059 | 0 . 083 * | | | ( 0 . 039 ) | ( 0 . 045 ) | | 2010 | 0 . 096 * | 0 . 140 * * | | | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 056 ) | | 2011 | 0 . 117 * * | 0 . 161 * * * | | | ( 0 . 052 ) | ( 0 . 062 ) | | 2012 | 0 . 070 | 0 . 177 * * | | | ( 0 . 077 ) | ( 0 . 079 ) | Notes : Authors ’ calculations based on Orbis data . Results include only firms established before 2004 . The doubly robust estimator of Sant ’ Anna and Zhao ( 2020 ) in column ( 2 ) has been implemented using pre-treatment levels of employment , age , region and sectoral dummies as covariates . * 10 % level , * * 5 % level , and * * * 1 % level .", "spans": [{"start": 883, "end": 893, "text": "Orbis data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "importance of these other factors suggests that tax policy is a poor instrument to compensate for various negative factors in the investment climate of a country . Many countries from South America to Sub-Saharan Africa have offered investment incentives for businesses to locate in underdeveloped , more costly , and otherwise unattractive regions with little success in generating ( sustainable ) investment flows to those areas . This experience strongly suggests that the fiscal investment incentives popular in developing countries have not been effective in making up for fundamental weaknesses in the investment climate . # * * III . New evidence from the mid-80s : A look for Details * * The relative little importance of tax policy does not mean that it does not exert any impact on FDI . Looking at foreign direct investment figures , it is certainly not a coincidence that FDI in tax haven countries in the Caribbean and South Pacific grew more than fivefold between 1985 and 1994 , to over $ 200 billion . Ireland ' s tax policy has been generally recognized as a key factor in its success to attract international investors over the past two decades . In fact , the simple position described in the preceding section was not completely accurate . It is not true that tax policy and incentives fail to attract investors ; they do affect the decisions of _some_ investors _some_ of the time . Even in the 1 970s , there were researchers who started to look into more detailed FDI data and came out with conclusions that made the result of previous studies more vulnerable to criticism . Forsyth in his 1972 study provides support for the view that inducements and incentives may often not play a key role in influencing the decision to undertake a particular foreign investment . However , once other factors have provoked the decisions to set up production facilities in a broad area , then the more precise location decision may be strongly affected by such factors . > 6 It has to be noted that in principle the locational decision of the firm may be affected by the marginal and average rates in two opposite directions . When the average level is high in one country , it is possible", "spans": [{"start": 809, "end": 842, "text": "foreign direct investment figures", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1487, "end": 1495, "text": "FDI data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023 _Graphique 1 : Evolution du nombre de PDIs de septembre 2012 au 31 Décembre 2023_ # # # # * * Démographie * * Profil démographique des PDIs Tableau 3 : Répartition par tranches d ’ âges et par sexe des personnes déplacées internes au Mali | * * En * * | * * fants ( 0-17 * * | * * ans ) * * | * * Adu * * | * * ltes ( 18 - 59a * * | * * s ) * * | * * Personne * * | * * âgée ( 59ans * * | * * et plus ) * * | * * TOTAL * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | * * Filles * * | * * Garçons * * | * * Total * * | * * Femmes * * | * * Hommes * * | * * Total * * | * * Femmes * * | * * Hommes * * | * * Total * * | | | * * 106 691 * * | * * 99 503 * * | * * 206 194 * * | * * 99 655 * * | * * 59 402 * * | * * 159 057 * * | * * 5 939 * * | * * 6 045 * * | * * 11 984 * * | * * 354 739 * * | | 30 % | 28 % | * * 58 % * * | 25 % | 13 % | * * 38 % * * | 2 % | 2 % | * * 4 % * *", "spans": [{"start": 0, "end": 24, "text": "DTM Mali – Décembre 2023", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "fr"}
{"text": "’ of the household head with the corresponding household weekly consumption , which was used as proxy variable for income . 2 . Individual-level data based on members within the household reporting an economic activity and corresponding income from such activity during the reference week . The advantage of using household consumption levels as a proxy for income is that wage-based data do not include income received by self-employed individuals . Analysis on household level data was purely based on consumption , even if there are individuals within the household which reported income . For the data set based on individual respondents , individuals ( 15 years and above , excluding those studying full time ) who had an activity during the week and reported its corresponding earnings are included . # * * 4 . 2 Limitations * * The ISIC - HS correlation is not a full match concordance table . There are ISIC codes for which there is no corresponding HS code . Hence the analysis only includes activities in which the associated good / s can be identified with the HS code . For example , some ISIC codes which refer to construction ( e . g . ISIC \" 4100 - Construction of buildings \" ) do not have a matching HS code , and such observations were dropped from the calculation of the statistics . < sup > 9 < / sup > For the > 7 The tariffs at the HS subheading level matched with the ISIC code are trade weighted averages by value of imports from each partner . We also look at how much the tariffs faced have declined from their 1996 level for specific identified sectors . To calculate the reduction in tariffs , the same methodology was used to match tariffs in 1996 for the same partners . > 8 The data on NTMs were extracted from the WTO ' s NTM database - I-TIP . The database shows the number of NTMs by type – SPS , TBT , ADP , CV , SSG , SG , QR , TRQ and XS – in each HS chapter . > 9 Only observations of selected respondents who work in ISIC sectors where a correlation with HS ( hence tariffs ) exists ( 32", "spans": [{"start": 128, "end": 149, "text": "Individual-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 463, "end": 483, "text": "household level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1709, "end": 1721, "text": "data on NTMs", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1769, "end": 1774, "text": "I-TIP", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "7 Oct 2022 # * * Gender-Based Violence Information Management System * * # * * Overview of Incidents of GBV and Women and Girls ’ access to justice services Quarter 2-2022 * * # # * * Background * * Three years of economic crisis , compounded by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic , Beirut Port explosions and political instability have left families living in Lebanon struggling to survive , plunged them into poverty and is affecting their health , welfare , and education . With the limited functionality of public services , administrative offices and courts , this multi-layered crisis < sup > 1 < / sup > had severe consequences on women , girls , children , and marginalized groups like LGBTIQ + survivors and people with disabilities . It also worsened the overall protection situation for Syrian refugees and refugees of other nationalities and deepened the vulnerability of the Lebanese host community . In the second quarter of 2022 , an uptick in restrictive measures was reported which impacted the protection space including protection partners reporting humanitarian access challenges , and additional information requests on the work of protection partner outreach volunteers . This gender-based violence information management system ( GBVIMS ) report < sup > 2 < / sup > aims to analyze the incidents of GBV in Lebanon , with a focus on the status of access to justice , where this compounded crisis continued to hamper legal actors ' efforts to provide legal aid in a timely and responsive manner . The analysis has been triangulated with other sources , protection monitoring reports , studies , surveys , and assessments conducted in Lebanon such as the Vulnerability assessment of Syrian refugees in Lebanon , and the Multi-sectoral needs assessment . # # * * Profile of survivors seeking assistance * * During times of emergency and in fragile settings affected by crises , women and girls are disproportionately exposed to human rights abuses , violations , and violence due to their gender identity . According to the GBVIMS reports for the second quarter of 2022 , female survivors continue to", "spans": [{"start": 1675, "end": 1729, "text": "Vulnerability assessment of Syrian refugees in Lebanon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1740, "end": 1771, "text": "Multi-sectoral needs assessment", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2043, "end": 2057, "text": "GBVIMS reports", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Note , on land registered as community or customary land , such as the Mwavumbo group ranch these customary rights are determined during the registration process and as such , user rights have a basis in Kenyan Law . This customary interest on affected land is provided for in the Land Act and all the persons with determined interest to the land are entitled to compensation as per the Land Act ; PART VIII – COMPULSORY ACQUISITION OF INTERESTS IN LAND . These rights are recognized under Kenyan Law and will be compensated accordingly . It is to be noted that Mwavumbo Group Ranch has commenced the process of dissolution . This will pave way for the sub-division and adjudication of the ranch land to the members and lead to issuance of individual title deeds . Land use in the project affected area is also split into two uses where a portion of the parcel of land is used for residential purposes ( homestead with primary residential structures ) and the remaining portion ( often the largest ) serving as agricultural land . Based on the results of the census and socio-economic survey conducted in 2017 , the preferred form of compensation by 99 % of PAHs is cash compensation for affected land while only 9 % had other parcels of land away from the project area where they could resettle upon being displaced by the project . Although the PAHs in the Mwavumbo Group Ranch expressed preference for cash compensation for all affected assets including land , a cash only option is undesirable under the World Bank indigenous peoples ’ policy OP4 . 10 and involuntary resettlement policy OP4 . 12 due to the vulnerability levels of the affected PAP population and the generally known risks associated with cash compensation for vulnerable and marginalized groups such as the affected Duruma Community . # # # # # # * * The approach to resettlement * * In order to manage the risks of cash compensation , the RAP implementation Team under the guidance of the RAP Implementation Steering Committee will guide NLC on the appropriate time to release the", "spans": [{"start": 1059, "end": 1091, "text": "census and socio-economic survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "1 . 19 The Cooperative Bank of Kenya Ltd . ( CBK ) . CBK was established to mobilize the financial resources of cooperatives . It was registered as a Cooperative Society in 1965 and as a commercial bank in 1968 . About 1 , 000 cooperative unions and societies , representing about 80 % of those registered unions and societies , are members and shareholders of CBK . Only members may keep an account at CBK . Under Bank-sponsored projects , CBK finances loans from cooperative unions and societies to smallholders . Performance of some of these programs has been poor in the past due to weak and inefficient cooperative management . The Government is now taking measures to strengthen cooperatives . # # Other Financial Institutions 1 . 20 There are also several public sector financial intermediaries such as the National Social Security , the Kenya Post Office Savings Bank , and several insurance companies . The National Housing Corporation and the Housing Finance Company of Kenya grant construction mortgages , and the Kenya Tourism Development Corporation provides financial and technical services for tourism development projects . The Stock Exchange 1 . 21 The Nairobi Stock Exchange has five members and 58 registered companies , of which , the securities of about half are traded regularly . Most issues are common shares , but several preference and debenture issues are also traded . The index of share prices on the stock market ( January 1974 = 100 ) rose rapidly from 227 in June 1977 to a peak of 440 by September 1978 due to the coffee boom , but levelled off at about 350 in 1980 . Although active and well developed , the Stock Exchange is still small and is not considered a significant source of capital for agriculture . # # D . Interest Rates 1 . 22 The tightening of liquidity and the rise of domestic prices have put upward pressure on interest rates which had been virtually unchanged for some time . As part of the 1980-81 Budget , the Government announced increases in the interest rates charged by various financial institutions effective July 1 , 1980 . The following table shows the principal prevailing interest rates", "spans": [{"start": 1401, "end": 1442, "text": "index of share prices on the stock market", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "five women of working age participate in the labor market . International standards for measuring poverty and socioeconomic indicators were adopted after the fall of Saddam Hussein . The implementation of a new LSMS began in 2007 , the IHSES . We use the second round of this survey , which was carried out in 2012 to obtain official statistics on poverty , food security , income , labor market outcomes , health , and education . The survey is the basis for information on the household consumption component in the national accounts and for consumer price indices . The IHSES collects a more detailed labor and income module than the norm ( relative to , for instance , countries where the LSMS is complemented by a Labor Force Survey ) and has special modules to fill critical data gaps ( such as anthropometrics and time use ) . IHSES 2012 had an intended sample size of 25 , 488 households and a final sample of 24 , 750 households . The population was stratified in 119 districts ( _qadahs_ ) . Within each district , 24 census enumeration areas ( EAs ) were randomly selected , and 9 households were sampled within each EA . Teams of interviewers were responsible for fieldwork in two districts distributed over one year . In each month , interviews were conducted by each team in four randomly selected EAs , two from each of the assigned districts . It follows that , by design , households in one EA had an equal probability of being interviewed in any of the survey months . < sup > 7 < / sup > # * * 3 . 2 Food Measurements * * A 7-day diary of the standard acquisition type was used in all interviews , with one respondent ( the head of household or the most informed person ) recording acquisitions on behalf of the household . The completion of the diary was assisted by enumerators , who visited households on alternate days to check the quality of entries , clarify any questions , and enter recorded data into computers . Instructions emphasized that households should record daily acquisitions of food and non-food commodities and meals away from home starting from the day after the first visit", "spans": [{"start": 573, "end": 578, "text": "IHSES", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "ESSA – Financing Locally-Led Climate Action Program ( FLLCA ) | * * Entity * * | * * Program Role * * | | - - - | - - - | | | among counties ; support capacity building initiatives to governors and officers ; < br > develop IEC materials . | | County CCUs | Coordinate actions within counties across all country government departments , < br > sub-county , and ward administrators ; identify priorities and communicate them < br > to the county and national governments for budgeting ; set country-specific < br > targets for actions and develop strategies to achieve them ; update CIDPs ; < br > establish and manage a registry of actions ; identify training needs and develop < br > public education and awareness-raising strategies ; report on county-level < br > actions , and mobilize resources . | | County Assemblies | Approve quarterly and annual reports . | | Ward Climate Change Planning and < br > Budgeting Committees | Mobilize communities and other stakeholders in the ward to design and < br > implement activities ; facilitate research and knowledge management at the ward < br > level ; facilitate public education , awareness creation , and capacity building at < br > the ward level ; coordinate , facilitate , and manage community consultations ; < br > participate in county planning and budgeting ; coordinate and facilitate the < br > provision of technical support to communities in developing project proposals < br > for funding by the CCCF ; oversee implementation of projects and report to the < br > Planning Committee ; coordinate and mobilize communities and other < br > stakeholders in the ward to design and implement activities . | | * * Non-state Actors * * | | | Donors / Development Partners | Implementing portions of the GoK ’ s climate change program as identified < br > above . | | Private Sector | Invest in counties ’ low carbon investments . Banks and financial institutions , < br", "spans": [{"start": 620, "end": 639, "text": "registry of actions", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "benefits or service potential related to the asset will flow to the entity and can be measured reliably . # # # # # # Donorfunds Grants received . for specific purposes are treated as unutilised grants and credited to the statement of financial performance when the activities for which they were provided for have been undertaken . Any unutilised funds are carried forward as liabilities . # # # # ii . Revenue from exchange transactions # # # # # Sale of goods / services BtrreauS-revenue-rnckde-sa ps , pu bris-teryclers ; Jibrary user fees and AIA from surveys . It is recognized when the significant risks and * * 33 * *", "spans": [{"start": 557, "end": 564, "text": "surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "The multilateral development banks also have a comparative advantage in data access — providing a public good function of collecting national data and presenting them with consistent definitions and standards across countries . Open data is a vital tool to democratize access to the information that forms the building block for economic research . The World Bank , and other multilateral development agencies , can work to facilitate knowledge generation in the south through open data , open tools and other such initiatives . Finally , the World Bank Group and other multilateral development agencies can use their convening power to bring together researchers and policy makers from the developing world to exchange ideas and experiences . This convening power is one important tool in promoting ― south-south ‖ learning among countries of the developing world . # < u > Bibliography < / u > - Acemoglu , Daron , 2003 , ― Labor - and Capital-Augmenting Technical Change , ‖ _Journal of European Economic Association_ , Vol . 1 , pp . 1-37 . - Adams-Kane , J . and J . J . Lim . 2011 . ― Growth Poles and Multipolarity , ‖ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Number 5712 . June 2011 . - Aghion , Philippe and P . Howitt , 1992 , ― A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction , ‖ _Econometrica , _ 60 ( 2 ) : 323-351 . - Aghion , Philippe and Jean Tirole , 1994 , \" The Management of Innovation \" , _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , vol . 109 , n . 4 , pp . 1185-1209 . - Amin , Samir ( 1976 ) , ― Unequal Development : An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism ‖ , New York : Monthly Review Press . - Antunes , António , Tiago Cavalcanti and Anne Villamil , 2007 , ― The effect of financial repression and enforcement on entrepreneurship and economic development , ‖ _Journal of Monetary Economics_ , Vol . 55 , pp . 278-297 . - Azariadis , Costas and John Stachurski , 2005 , ― Poverty Traps , ‖ in Aghion , Phillipe and Steven Durlauf , eds . , _The Handbook of Economic Growth_ , Elsevier . - Bannerjee , Abhijit", "spans": [{"start": 133, "end": 146, "text": "national data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "Rwanda * * 10 | JOINT POST DISTRIBUTION MONITORING * * # # # # # * * Operating environment * * Rwanda has been hosting refugees since the 1990s , providing a favourable protection environment for people taking refuge from war and social unrest in neighbouring countries . The National Asylum Law complies with international standards and includes refugees in Rwanda ´ s national birth registration system , thereby decreasing the risk of statelessness . The Law also stipulates the right to work , freedom of movement and access to documentation . With the adoption of a number of progressive and forwardthinking commitments , strategic plans and frameworks at national and international level - including the Global Compact on Refugees ( GCR ) and the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework ( CRRF ) in 2018 - Rwanda is aiming to provide durable solutions to its refugee population . These include – first and foremost - refugees ´ social and economic inclusion , as well as their integration into national systems , particularly in the areas of health and education . The Government of Rwanda ´ s Strategic Plan for Refugee Inclusion 2019 to 2024 defines the country ´ s commitment to facilitating the graduation of camp-based refugees from being recipients of humanitarian support to increasingly becoming self-reliant and self-sufficient members of society by ensuring increased access to the formal labour market . Notwithstanding the generally enabling legal environment , a number of challenges remain that undermine the implementation of Rwanda ´ s favourable approach to refugees and that foster the continuing protracted nature of the refugee situation in the country . While all registered refugees are issued with an ID card by the National Identification Agency ( NIDA ) which is to facilitate their movement and access to employment , having a valid ID document has not resulted in Rwanda ´ s willingness to officially employ refugees . Additional challenges include greatly limited access to land , overcrowded camps , overstretched facilities , as well as limited opportunities for post-secondary education . The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic , as well as continuously declining resources at global level to fund protracted refugee situations , together have greatly", "spans": [{"start": 370, "end": 404, "text": "national birth registration system", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "reliefweb", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "47 # * * Table 6 Measures of Financial Infrastructure , MENA and other Regions * * | * * Region * * | * * Legal Rights * * < br > * * Index * * | * * Coverage * * < br > * * Public Credit * * < br > * * Registry * * | * * Coverage * * < br > * * Private Credit * * < br > * * Bureau * * | * * Credit * * < br > * * Information * * < br > * * Index * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Middle East & North Africa | 3 . 5 | 3 . 5 | 2 . 6 | 2 . 6 | | GCC | 3 . 8 | 4 . 2 | 6 . 4 | 2 . 9 | | Non-GCC | 3 . 2 | 3 . 7 | 0 . 0 | 2 . 5 | | East Asia | 5 . 3 | 8 . 9 | 14 . 6 | 3 . 7 | | Eastern Europe | 6 . 8 | 2 . 4 | 14 . 1 | 3 . 5 | | Former Soviet Union | 5 . 7 | 0 . 5 | 1 . 1 | 1 . 7 | | High income : Non-OECD | 6 . 5 | 0 . 0 | 46 . 3 | 4 . 5 | | High income : OECD | 6 . 8 | 8 . 1 | 58 . 1 | 4 . 9 | | Latin America | 4 . 4 | 10 . 6 | 36 . 2 | 4 . 6 | | South Asia | 5 . 7 | 0 . 5 | 2 . 0 | 2 . 9 | | Sub-Saharan Africa | 5 . 2 | 1 . 0 | 6 . 9 | 1 . 5 | Source : The Doing Business Database * * Table 7 * * * * Outstanding Guarantees as a % of GDP * * | * * Country * * |", "spans": [{"start": 977, "end": 1004, "text": "The Doing Business Database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "# * * the Bank ’ s right to sanction and the Bank ’ s inspection and audit rights . The form of the Letter of Acceptance is attached in Appendix 1 * * . * * _Leased Assets_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 10_ of the Procurement Regulations : Leasing may be used for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Procurement of Second Hand Goods_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 11_ of the Procurement Regulations – is allowed for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables : * * Not Applicable . * * * * _Domestic preference_ * * _as specified under paragraph 5 . 51_ of the Procurement Regulations * * _ ( Goods and Works ) _ * * . Goods : * * Applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * Works : * * applicable for those contracts identified in the Procurement Plan tables * * This being an emergency project , increased thresholds for Requests for Quotations ( RFQ ) to US $ 1 million for goods and services and US $ 5 million for works * * ; * * # * * Other Relevant Procurement Information : - * * # * * Prior Procurement Arrangements : * * The Procurement Arrangements as indicated in the below table and within the thresholds indicated in the below tables will be used . The thresholds for the Bank ’ s prior review requirements are also provided in the table below : # Table : * * Prior review Thresholds * * | * * Procurement Type * * | * * High * * < br > * * Risk * * | | - - - | - - - | | Works | 5 . 0 | | Goods , It & Non-Consulting < br > Services | 1 . 5 | | Consultants ( Firms ) | 0 . 5 | | Individual Consultants | 0 . 2 | * * Prequalification", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * The World Bank * * Roads and Employment Project ( P160223 ) 19 . * * Subcomponent 4 . * * Support training activities ( US $ 0 . 5 million ) . This subcomponent will support training activities to build the technical skills of MPWT and CDR staff , as well as workers and small contractors . It will support training on soft skills as well as technical skills related to the work to be carried out at selected project sites . In particular , this subcomponent will also support the training of small local contractors and their workers on proper routine maintenance requirements and techniques , environmental and social aspects , and health and safety aspects . The implementation of this subcomponent could be in collaboration with other interested donors such as the ILO . This subcomponent could benefit from grants from interested donors . A technical supervision manual for CDR and MPWT regional offices will be prepared to improve their monitoring and supervision efforts of road condition . 20 . * * Subcomponent 5 . * * Support for Project Implementation ( US $ 1 million ) . This subcomponent will finance the hiring of required experts by the implementing agency ( CDR ) to properly undertake the implementation and monitoring of the project . * * Table 1 . 5 . Road Safety Fatalities and Injuries in Lebanon * * < sup > * * 16 * * < / sup > | * * Year * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Number of * * < br > * * Fatalities * * | * * Number of * * < br > * * Syrian * * < br > * * fatalities * * | * * Percentage of * * < br > * * Syrian * * < br > * * Fatalities * * | * * Total * * < br > * * Number of * * < br > * * Injuries * * | * * Number of * * < br > * * Syrian * * <", "spans": [{"start": 1276, "end": 1322, "text": "Road Safety Fatalities and Injuries in Lebanon", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "jdc_operational", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * HORN OF AFRICA * * GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT * * PROJECT ( HoAGDP ) * * * * _Reports and Financial_ * * Statements * * _For thefinancial year ended June 30 , _ * * _2021_ * * Significant * * Accotiiting * * Policies ( Conltinued ) * * * * iii ) 1interest on borrowing * * Borrowing costs that incILuCIe Interest * * are * * recognized as * * payment * * in the period in which they incurred and paid for . * * iv ) Repayment of borrowing ( principal amount ) * * The repayment of principal amount of horrowing * * is recognied * * as payment in the period in which the repayment is made . The stock of debt is disclosed as an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . # # # * * v ) Acquisition of fixed assets * * The payment on * * acCuisition of * * prOperty plant * * and * * eCquipment items is not capitalized . The cost oJ acquisition and proceeds from disposal of these items are treated as payments and receipts iteis respectively . Where an asset * * is acqulired * * in a non-exchange transaction for nil or nominal consideration and the fair value of the asset can * * be * * reliably established , a contra transaction * * is * * recorded as receipt and as a paymenl . A fixed asset register is maintained * * _hyl_ * * each public entity and * * u * * summary provided for purposes of consolidation . * * This * * summary * * is discIosCd as * * an annexure to the consolidated financial statements . > * * 1 ) In-kind donations * * * * In-kind * * contributions are donations that are made to the Project in the form of actual goods", "spans": [{"start": 1191, "end": 1211, "text": "fixed asset register", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "aggregate , the choice of the most appropriate imputation method is not trivial , as different approaches generate households ’ re-ranking along the welfare distribution within country and may potentially imply reshuffling in intertemporal and international comparisons . Therefore , all practitioners in charge of the preparation of welfare aggregates for distributional analysis should add to the list of sensitivity checks a careful examination of the distributional impact of different imputed rent methods , as proposed in this study . This paper offers three main messages . First , the poverty estimation process must be internally consistent in terms of methodology . Most prominently , poverty lines should always be adapted to the definition of the welfare aggregate . Second , methodological consistency should be maintained over time , by using the same definition of welfare aggregate , including using the same rent-imputation approach . Trends in poverty , inequality and shared-prosperity risk otherwise to be fictitiously driven by differences in the adopted rentimputation approach . Third , methodological consistency should be sought internationally , after conducting an accurate sensitivity analysis of the distributional impact of different methods on a larger scale . Implementing these three key points calls for a coordination effort of researchers and practitioners involved in all stages of data collection and analysis : from the design of homogeneous questionnaires over time and across countries , to the construction of welfare aggregates allowing for consistent comparisons . In an effort to push forward the research agenda , new data sources may be explored to obtain more reliable and standardized estimates of housing quality and of rental prices . A promising avenue , recently applied in a study for Sub-Saharan Africa , could be the combination of high-resolution satellite photography with household survey data ( Tusting et al 2019 ) . 14", "spans": [{"start": 1931, "end": 1952, "text": "household survey data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "not only consistent with telescoping effects but also with more general cognitive errors by respondents when they compute the market value of their consumption . Moreover , we find that the quality of recall data improves with the actual value of usual consumption , which suggests that errors may be comparatively less important for households with higher permanent income and human capital . Further , the above properties of survey errors have important consequences for the computation of aggregate welfare statistics in our study . Precisely , we find that diary errors yield poverty rates and inequality figures that are less reliable than those obtained from recall data , which yield uniformly larger probabilities of correct classification for households with low usual consumption . However , we also find that the upper tail of the distribution of usual consumption is closer to that from diary data , suggesting that deciding which survey measurement will work best ultimately depends on the policy question of interest . What are the implications for the design of household surveys ? First , there is no loss in accuracy from using a recall module despite the higher costs of using a diary : a recall survey is almost as close to the optimal design as a diary when inequality measurement is of concern . The choice of the most appropriate collection mode can be seen as the solution to a decision problem in which each household is assigned to a diary or a recall module to minimize the overall impact of survey errors . We therefore study which assignment would make the inequality and poverty measurements computed from raw data as close as possible to their true values . We show that the optimal solution to this problem is a mix of diaries and recall interviews , with relatively more well-off households assigned to diaries . Although a 4", "spans": [{"start": 1636, "end": 1644, "text": "raw data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": ". 689 * * * | 3 . 171 * * * | 2 . 647 * * | | | ( 0 . 070 ) | ( 0 . 153 ) | ( 0 . 479 ) | ( 1 . 029 ) | ( 0 . 037 ) | ( 0 . 188 ) | ( 0 . 223 ) | ( 1 . 212 ) | | Centuries since Colonization | | 0 . 068 | | 0 . 609 * | | - 0 . 108 | | 0 . 207 | | | | ( 0 . 051 ) | | ( 0 . 341 ) | | ( 0 . 073 ) | | ( 0 . 469 ) | | Constant | - 0 . 217 * * * | - 0 . 305 * * * | 8 . 424 * * * | 7 . 635 * * * | - 0 . 671 * * * | - 0 . 547 * * * | 4 . 890 * * * | 4 . 653 * * * | | | ( 0 . 048 ) | ( 0 . 081 ) | ( 0 . 329 ) | ( 0 . 544 ) | ( 0 . 024 ) | ( 0 . 086 ) | ( 0 . 143 ) | ( 0 . 556 ) | | Observations | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | | R-squared | 0 . 116 | 0 . 171 | 0 . 180 | 0 . 266 | 0 . 890 | 0 . 904 | 0 . 928 | 0 . 929 | | Pvalue Incipient = Superior | 0 . 560 | 0 . 536 | 0 . 422 | 0 . 434 | 0 . 00260 | 0 . 0191 | 0 . 000633 | 0 . 362 | _Source_ : REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010 . _Notes_ : Weighted Least Squares . Standard errors in parentheses . * _p < _ 0 . 10 , * * _p < _ 0 . 05 , * * * _p < _ 0 . 01 # * * 6 Conclusion * * We", "spans": [{"start": 858, "end": 893, "text": "REDATAM INDEC Census Argentina 2010", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "sets . The statistical matching techniques have been used by Robayo-Abril and Rude ( 2024 ) in the Romanian context . * * The data sources used in this research do not share common identifiers . * * Therefore , we cannot apply record linkage and must use statistical matching techniques . We imputed tax income in the EU-SILC data set based on common characteristics . In tax data , employees ' gross salary is reported by their employers . Our income concept is total gross labor income . If more than one employer employs one individual , we sum up the income from all employment contracts . The EU-SILC captures various income sources and distinguishes labor and non-labor income . In the EU-SILC data , we also use total gross labor income as our income concept . Both tax data and EU-SILC record the information on gender , year of birth , and region , < sup > 8 < / sup > sector of the economy , < sup > 9 < / sup > and employment status ( full-time vs . part-time ) . Although the list of the common variables is not long , it is not necessarily a limitation . Too many matching variables can generate unnecessary noise ( Donatiello et al . , 2016b ) . * * Among data fusion approaches , we utilize model-based methodologies . * * Following the approach of Bacher and Prander ( 2018 ) , we first estimate an empirical functional relationship between X and Z using the donor dataset , which in our case is the tax administrative data , as follows : The functional form of depends on the population parameters XX = ff ( ZZ ; θθ ; δδ ) and the imprecision with which Z might have been measured , denoted as An example of such a functional form could be a ff ( ZZ ; θθ ; δδ ) θθ linear regression : δδ . 0 1 1 pp pp XX = ββ + ββ ZZ + ⋯ + ββ ZZ + δδ 8 In the EU-SILC , the information is representative at the NUTS-2 level , while in the tax data , the information is at the NUTS3 level . More detailed classification in tax data", "spans": [{"start": 318, "end": 334, "text": "EU-SILC data set", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 372, "end": 380, "text": "tax data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 692, "end": 704, "text": "EU-SILC data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 786, "end": 793, "text": "EU-SILC", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1375, "end": 1388, "text": "donor dataset", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1416, "end": 1439, "text": "tax administrative data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "for home use ) should not be considered employment as no income is earned . < sup > 20 < / sup > The problem with this argument is that it goes against decades of revisions of the SNA , all designed to include more economic activities , not less . As SSA countries such as Ghana , Nigeria , and Uganda make progress on implementing the 1993 SNA recommendations on including non-market activities such as household production , their employment data needs to catch up too . Calculating national accounts under the 1993 SNA revision , including the Social Accounting Matrix ( SAM ) used in checking consistency and balance , requires more extensive data on non-wage activities from household surveys . Mismeasurement at the micro level will pose problem for the macro statistics . The argument here is that it is possible to measure employment in low-income countries in a manner consistent with the SNA and internationally accepted definitions if the questionnaire design takes into account the reality of how economic activities are performed in the country context . The problems occur when this does not happen . Statistical offices need to recognize this , and raise their game . The flagship household survey of most SSA countries is their 12 month multi-purpose one ( including household consumption ) , which is used to monitor household welfare outcomes , including poverty . Over time , as these surveys were used for policy analysis , it was recognized that employment outcome variables ( including earnings ) need to be included in order to discern the growth-poverty linkages and the reasons why growth was or was not shared . As a result , more surveys are adding questions on the economic activities of household members . To be useful , these surveys need to use formats that are adapted to a low-income country > 20 This argument was recently made in ILO ( 2012 ) , which was a draft discussion document . 24", "spans": [{"start": 680, "end": 697, "text": "household surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "o | nt with project beneficiaries < br > ies ’ demands . This is based < br > tive local < br > Gs ) and focus on the < br > ecurity forces , the selection < br > f the social infrastructure . | # * * Performance-Based Conditions * * # * * Data on Financial Performance * * # * * Disbursements ( by loan ) * * | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Currency | Original | Revised | Cancelled | Disbursed | Undisbursed | % Disbursed | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | P161305 | IDA-67680 | Effective | USD | 750 . 00 | 750 . 00 | 0 . 00 | 102 . 15 | 631 . 19 | 14 % | | * * Key Dates * * | * * ( by loan ) * * | | | | | | | | | | Project | Loan / Credit / TF | Status | Approval Date | Signi | ng Date | Effectiveness D | ate < br > Orig . | Closing Date | Rev . Closing Date | 1 / 26 / 2024 Page 9 of 10", "spans": [], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Woliso 230 kV Power TL & SS Subproject_ _Resettlement Plan FINAL Report_ Table 6 . 1 : Project Affected Household by Headship Status & Average Family Size | * * Sex of HH Head * * | * * Number * * | * * Percent * * | * * Family Size * * | | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - - | | Female | 11 | 42 . 3 | 4 . 1 | | Male | 15 | 57 . 7 | 5 . 9 | | Both Sex | 26 | 100 . 0 | 5 . 0 | _Source : RP Census Enumeration ( December 2024 ) _ * * Age Structure of HH Heads and HH Population * * As expected , the age structure of Subproject affected household heads is dominated by older age . Based on the census survey the age of Subproject affected households ranges between 42 – 85-year-old . Surprisingly half ( 50 . 0 % ) of Subproject affected household heads are categorized as senior citizen whose age are 65 years old and above , while the remaining half are below 65 years old . Next to elderly household heads , about quarter ( 25 . 0 % ) of the PAPs are between 50 and 54 years , while 12 . 5 % of them are between 40 and 44 years of age . On the other hand , the proportions of Subproject affected household heads whose age between 45 and 49 years old constituted 8 . 3 % of the total PAPs , while the remaining 4 . 2 % of the household heads are between 60 and 64 years of age . On average male headed Subproject affected households are 3 . 1 years older than female headed households ( i . e . 62 . 5 years old for male household heads and 59 . 4 years old for FHH ) . The overall age structure of Subproject affected household heads implies that the construction of the proposed", "spans": [{"start": 451, "end": 472, "text": "RP Census Enumeration", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 657, "end": 670, "text": "census survey", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "evolution of such disagreements has been shown to affect the probability distribution of forecast errors ( Bachman , Elstner and Sims 2012 ; Patton and Timmerman 2010 ) . Three risk indicators are used in this exercise : < sup > 2 < / sup > - * * Equity prices . * * Equity prices futures — especially the Standard and Poor ’ s S & P500 Index — are positively correlated with prospects for the U . S . and global economy . Their implied volatility signals changes in global investors ’ risk aversion ( Adrian and Shin 2014 , Bekaert , Hoerova and Lo Duca 2013 ) . The implied volatility of the S & P 500 returns at 6 - and 18-months-ahead option contracts at 100 percent moneyness is obtained from Bloomberg and used as a proxy for equity market uncertainty . - * * Term spreads . * * Term spreads ( difference between long and short-term nominal interest rates ) embed both inflation and real equilibrium interest rate expectations , both of which are tightly connected to growth prospects ( Cieslak and Povala 2014 ) . A rapid decline in term spreads is seen as a predictor of increased recession risks . < sup > 3 < / sup > The dispersion of term spread forecasts therefore captures uncertainty surrounding growth prospects while a left hand shift in their distribution signals a predominance of downside risks . Current and nextyear term spread forecasts are compiled from monthly surveys published by Consensus Economics from January 2006 to March 2016 . A global term spread is proxied by GDPweighted ( at 2010 prices and exchange rates ) term spreads across G20 economies . - * * Average of Brent and WTI crude oil forward prices . * * Abrupt changes in oil prices make growth prospects more uncertain . A supply-driven decline in oil prices tends to improve global growth prospects ( Baffes et al 2015 ; Kilian 2014 ) . As in the case of S & P 500 , the implied volatility at 100 percent moneyness of Brent and WTI crude oil prices at 6 - and 18-months-ahead option contracts are obtained from Bloomberg and used as a proxy for crude oil market uncertainty . Crude oil prices", "spans": [{"start": 1377, "end": 1425, "text": "monthly surveys published by Consensus Economics", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "projects that will include for each subproject : - type of subproject , name of subproject - safeguards risk level - timeline ( clearance of screening form , clearance of ToRs , clearance of safeguard instruments ) - supervision reports during implementation - contractor reports - noncompliance by contractors - cross references to the Grievance Redress Mechanism ’ s log of complaints . # # # * * _Monitoring of Contractors_ * * KETRACO will monitor and document ( including pictures ) contractor environmental and social performance for each subproject throughout construction . This will involve both spot check visits to work locations , and reviews of records kept by the contractor and of reports submitted by the contractor . The frequency of site visits should be commensurate with the magnitude of activities and their associated environmental and social impacts , but should be at least once a month for all subprojects at least once a month . Sites where serious accidents are recorded should be visited within one working day of the accident . Each visit and interaction with a contractor should be documented in the database , including identification of contractor noncompliance , the significance of the non-compliance , and guidance provided on actions to be taken . KETRACO will follow up as needed to ensure timely resolution of issues of noncompliance with environmental and social clauses . This may include additional visits to the contractor ’ s site or offices , further communications with contractor personnel , issuance of notices * * Page 59 * *", "spans": [{"start": 1130, "end": 1138, "text": "database", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "* * G . Beyond the firm : \" The micro-foundations of macroeconomics \" 1 0 * * The scope of firm-level surveys goes well beyond testing theories of the firm . As many researchers have suggested , firm-level data has become key to understand the macro economy . Macroeconomic analysis concentrates mainly on understanding the determinants of output , unemployment and inflation . Researchers have thus built macro-economic variables from industry-level data under the assumption of a \" representative firm \" within each industry . Recent studies in developed economies , however , demonstrate that seemingly similar firms in the same industry exhibit different behavior in terms of output , investment , and employment , suggesting that aggregation may obscure important phenomena . Though these findings do not justify rejecting the representative firm assumption , they highlight how we can more completely understand changes in macro variables by analyzing these variables at the firm level . Firm-level data is also useful for macro-analysis . since it helps test robustness by complementing aggregate , official , sources of data . Robustness tests are especially relevant for transition economies , where pre-transition data is often not reliable and the process of collection of post-transition data is still under revision . Firm-level surveys can help reconcile seemingly contradictory aggregate results by disentangling contrasting effects and offering a different perspective on the issue in question . Next , we provide a brief overview of the most important theoretical macro-economic issues , which can benefit from this micro approach to macro-analysis , and of the ( limited ) empirical testing done using World Bank surveys . # * * Growth and Investment * * An important aspect of macro-economic analysis is the link between growth and investment . In particular , recent studies suggest that the rate of investment is positively linked to the rate of growth . To better understand this link , researchers have focused on the determinants of the investment decision and found that this decision depends on financial constraints , the risks firms face , and the productivity of investment itself ( Jenskin , 1998 ; Gyimah-Brempong and Traynor , 1999 ) . This line of research however has used mainly aggregate ( country-level ) data . > * * 10 * * This", "spans": [{"start": 91, "end": 109, "text": "firm-level surveys", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 195, "end": 210, "text": "firm-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 436, "end": 455, "text": "industry-level data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 994, "end": 1009, "text": "Firm-level data", "label": "NON_MENTION", "tier": "tier3_nonmention", "source": "conflict", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1209, "end": 1228, "text": "pre-transition data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 1720, "end": 1738, "text": "World Bank surveys", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}, {"start": 2314, "end": 2346, "text": "aggregate ( country-level ) data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier2_declaration", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "prwp", "origin": "general_prwp", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}
{"text": "_Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report_ _Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ▪ Ethiopian Electric Power Hawassa - Shashemene 230kV Power Transmission Line Subproject – PRIME-1_ impact assessment ( identify any areas of specific concern which needed to be addressed in this assessment ) and identification of mitigation measures . * * _Description of the Baseline Environment : _ * * Information on the existing natural and socioeconomic resources is of fundamental importance for evaluation of environmental impacts . Therefore , the baseline data on the physical , biological and social , cultural and socioeconomic setting of the subproject area have been assembled , evaluated and presented . * * _Identification and Evaluation of Environmental Impacts : _ * * Key potentially beneficial as well as adverse impacts on the physical , biological and socio-economic environment associated with the construction and operation phases of the subproject have been identified and quantified where possible and analysed for their significance . * * _Environmental Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures : _ * * Feasible and costeffective mitigation and benefit enhancement measures that may avoid or reduce potentially significant adverse E & S impacts to acceptable levels are identified and recommended . * * _Preparation of ESIA Report : _ * * The final step is the preparation of the ESIA report . This report has concentrated on key issues and impacts , which are of importance in terms of affecting the overall environmental performance of the Subproject Area . This report also answers the essential questions needed to establish whether the subproject as conceived is environmentally and socially viable or shall be modified during construction phase so as to become acceptable . # # # # * * 1 . 4 Report Structure * * The content of this ESIA report is designed to meet requirements and guidelines of the Federal EPA as well as World Bank ’ s ESF . Therefore , the content of this ESIA are presented below : - Following the _Executive Summary_ , Chapter 1 is the _Introduction_ and presents an overview of the proposed", "spans": [{"start": 556, "end": 569, "text": "baseline data", "label": "DATA_MENTION", "tier": "tier1_evidential", "source": "luna", "confidence": null}], "corpus": "fcv", "origin": "fcv_pads_east_africa", "origin_model": "", "language": "en"}